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 32 X 
 
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Die 
 
 THE I- 
 
 KK-MAR 
 
 JU-N-lMTION, 
 SCIENCJ.- 
 
 mi: 
 
DICTIONARY OF DATES 
 
 CO.\II.KEIIF,.\Dl.VG 
 
 THE I- 
 
 > J-'V\\s, A.Nb G0\ E 
 
 ERNM:N't,s ok 
 
 "^ 'AMicLLARLY OF 
 
 ^HE BRITISH EMPIRE, 
 
Dici 
 
 UN 
 
 CONT/^ 
 
 THE PI 
 
HAYDN'S 
 
 Dictionary of Dates 
 
 AND 
 
 UNIVERSAL INFORMATION 
 
 RELATmo TO ALL AGES AND NATIONS. 
 
 ,'?' 
 
 ^1 
 
 ii 
 
 TWENTY-SECOND EDITION, 
 
 CONTA,N,NG THE H.STORV OF THE WORLD TO 
 
 THE AUTUMN OF 1898. 
 
 By benjamin VINCENT, 
 
 HON. LIBRARIAN OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION 
 
 OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 " Indocti discant et amem meminisse periti." 
 
 tU 
 
 THE PUBLISHER'S SYNDICATE 
 TORONTO. 
 
 LIMITED. 
 
PREF.^ 
 
 This b( 
 smaller size i 
 received, as i 
 IfiJ'dn, the 
 labours, and 
 Moxon, a me 
 the continuat 
 
 KditioN, will 
 
 undertakinj? 
 effected by y 
 Chronological 
 literary, scieni 
 body of the i 
 additions the 
 condensed or p 
 
 The TwEN'. 
 during the last 
 the more impc 
 attention has I 
 ecclesiastical, sc 
 71 pajfes more 
 
 The Editor 
 Cycloptedia, a ( 
 
' '' I 
 
 PREFACE TO THE TWENTV-SECONO |.:i,m,.N. 
 
 Ch™„l„„,„„| T„|,|,, „j , ""' f"""» incU„k.J 
 
 litcrarr soinn.ffi . .""-"""iS of llio v„l,„„c, „i,u„„c„,M„ lii.tniial, 
 
 Condons,^ or ,.,,„« i„ .„„„„, ,„,, „„, „,„„„ ,,^^„^^, ^__^^,^^. ^^.^^^^^_ J^ ^'- 
 .n? «,e la,t u,,„ ,,,„„_ „„j^,. j|_^, ,^^,__^,^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ 
 
 : r,"""""""' "-'» ^--"s "oticcd i„ „,.,,,„ ,L,.. . ' ;; 
 
 «.olc™.t,oal, sen,,,,,, c»,„,„orcial. and „l,ila„tl„.„„i,.. Tl.i, „di.i„„ „„„tau, 
 71 P»!(e8 „,„ro thaa |,I,„ |.,t puUirtcd m mi. 
 
 I'lio Editor ha, endeavoured to mate tho book a.o,„bl„ a dated 
 Cyc,opted,a. a di,e.ted ,„™a,y of the varioa, department, of L„„ J 
 
vi 
 
 FKEI'ACE. 
 
 IiJHtory, l)n»U!,'lit down tu tlio eve of publication. Tlie kindness of those 
 friends wlid liiive j)ointed out errors and omissions, wliieli are unavoidable 
 in a work of sucii scoj)e and magnitude, is gratefully acknowledged. Blueli 
 of the informal ion in tlio Ixiok necessarily depends on varying statenienls 
 often exceedingly dillicult (o verify. 
 
 The more im])ortiint events tliat have occurred during tiie jirintiugof this 
 edition, arc noticed in the Addenda, at the end of the volume. 
 
 HENJAillN VINCENT. 
 
 ,sv///., :s(is. 
 
 The des 
 
 greatest bo( 
 volume, and 
 render its p 
 that a Lond 
 merchant. 
 
 The Com] 
 received as a 
 to thbKjs as tl 
 range or desi" 
 
 I-o.vDo.v, Mi 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 volume and to produce a Book of R L-e e w ''"' "''''''''' '"'^ '"^ ^'^-^'e 
 - er ,ts possession ,natenal to et ,1 T -' """"'"'^ 
 that a London M-eCor, U indispensable on i"" ""^ ^""^ "^-^n- 
 n^^rchant dispensable, on business afTairs, to a London 
 
 The Compiler persuades himself thnf f l,„ 7. 
 
 -ce.vedasausefulcompanion toa ;t .1 T^^^^^ ''" ^''^^^^ ^^''^ ^o 
 to //..y, as those do to .rsons, and aS „! t ''''''' ""'^^'■"- ^ >^ ^^-^ 
 range or design of such pubUcations ° ™"''^° ""^ '"^'"^''-'^J '" the 
 
 I.ONDO.V, ^A(,y^ 18^ J 
 
 JOSKPH riAYD.v. 
 
TABLE OF CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN 
 
 Oreat Britain. 
 
 Enoi.anh. 
 
 iofi6. Will. I, 
 co87.WiU,ll, 
 
 Fratce. 
 
 PeninittU. 
 
 HiciTI.ANU, 
 
 I'ASTII.B ANIl 
 
 1057. MiiU',1. u/o. I'lillili I. 
 
 i<«jj. Hoiiiiiti 
 
 KKJ^. IMIIH'. ' 
 
 lo.;.(, lli'luilll 
 
 'l».Mill. 
 
 100. Hull. 1. lie; Alix.l. iioS. b.ul.H VI, 
 1194. Duv. I, 
 
 AllltMlllN. 
 
 1C<«1, Hlllll'liuil IC/'S. .'^IlllL'llll. 
 
 rcillTI IIAl., 
 
 ic/)'-,. Kunolioof 
 
 L'HSllll'. 
 
 .1073. Alfdli.siiVI 107.. Alfoii^.iVI. 
 
 1093. Iluiiry, 
 1 ivttnt. 
 
 Germany, Hungary, 
 
 lo.)4 Pi'tiT. 
 
 1036. Hen. 4, ir/14. Nulom. 
 
 1075. (leUn. 
 107I1 l.iid. 1. 
 lojH. L'lilo- 
 iiiali. 
 
 1135, Stopli. 
 
 1154. Hon. -J 115). Mill IV 
 
 iif.S.WIIl, 
 117J. (/.fW 
 iiSl;. Uii'li.l 
 1199, John, 
 
 1116. Hon. 3 
 
 137a. Ed. I. 
 
 laSa. (n'akf 
 annexeU.) 
 
 1307. Ed, II. 
 13j7.Ea.in. 
 
 1377. Rich. 2. 
 1399. lien. 4. 
 
 1413. Hon.s. 
 1433. Ilea. fi. 
 
 14O1. Ed.IV 
 
 1483. Ed.V. 
 I Rich. 3. 
 1485. Ucn.7. 
 
 1314. Alux.3. 
 
 1249. Alox,3. 
 
 1293. Jiilin 
 liaiixl. 
 
 1137. touUVII. 
 
 1180. riiiiirii. 
 
 1223. Louis VIII, 
 1226. I/iiiii'> IX 
 
 1370. piiiUpin. 
 
 1285, Philip IV. 
 
 1306. Bul«it 
 (Uriioo)I. 1314. 
 I jl6, 
 133Q.llilv.Il. 
 1 132. I'M. IJiil-i 1321. 
 
 i342.UaV.ll. |j;.3. 
 
 iig.iiii. 
 
 1371.Tlob.Il., 
 
 (HtUiil-t) 
 1390. Huh. 3. 
 
 I4u6. Jus. I. 
 
 1437. Ja.s. II, 
 14G0.Ja9.III. 
 
 1350, 
 1 364 
 
 Limis X, 
 John I. 
 Pliil. V. 
 ('lm,s, IV. 
 I'hii. VI. 
 
 John II. 
 elms. V. 
 
 1380. Chiis. VI. 
 
 1422. Cliaa. VII. 
 
 1488. Jjs.IV.i 
 
 1461 
 1483 
 
 !i4o8. 
 
 Louis XI. 
 Clms.VIII 
 Louis XII. 
 
 i.», Ihvaciuiiit 1104. All'oliso I. 1 113. Alfonso, iis| 1106. Hen,'. 1114 Hti'ii 2 
 Alfonso VI I. j iviiiU. 
 
 1126. Alfull. VII, I r .1 .. 1 
 
 1 125. Loth. 2, 1131. Ilt'Iil », 
 ii4i.f!t'lH»3 
 
 1134. numlrn, 
 
 1117, IVtiomlln ino. Alfonso I., ii38.Conr,3, 
 
 1157. SnnclioIII. uii.lHiiynioiiil, asking, | „ , 
 
 ^' ... . I .. ' |I52.lTud.I. 
 
 1158. Alfull Vlll. 
 
 1188. Alfon. IX. 
 (Luun.) 
 
 1314. Honry I. 
 
 1217, Fordin.Ill. 
 
 (Cii.stllu.) 
 1230. (Luoli.j 
 
 252. Alfon.ioX. 
 
 1276. Peter 111. 
 1284. S:inchoIV.'i285. Alfons.III. 
 295. FcidinlV. 1291. JiiiiicsII. 
 
 1312. Airuiis..xi. 
 
 1327. AlfonsoIV. 
 
 !i336. Peter IV. 
 
 350. Peter. 
 1369. Henry. 
 379. John 1. 
 
 1390. Henry II. 13S7. Jolm I. 
 395. Jhirtin. 
 
 Mrj3 Alfonso II 
 
 lu/j. Peter II. 
 1313. Jamts I. 
 
 185 Hanelio I. 
 I3I3. Alfonso II 
 1233. Sancho II. 
 
 1248. Alfon, III 
 
 279. DIonysliis 
 ui- Deiiia, 
 
 335. AlfonsoIV. 
 
 11357. Tetcr. 
 1 1367. Keriliiiand, 
 
 11383. John I. 
 
 140O. John II. i4'o. liileyirgnm.] 
 1412. Kenlinund | 
 
 of Sieily. 
 1416. Alfonso V. 1433. Eilward. 
 454. Ilonrj'IV. 143S. Allouso V 
 
 1458. John II. 
 474. Is.-\bellii. 1479. Kerdin. II 
 
 1481. John II. 
 
 Spain. j 
 
 I 1479. Fcrdinund and Isaliella. 1495. Eiiiaiiiii'i. '1493. Max. i. 
 I > 1499- SiCit::, 
 
 1190, Hon f) 
 1198. Philip. 
 
 1308. 0tliu4. 
 1215. Fred 2. 
 
 i2i;o. Con. 4, 
 
 1254, Win. 
 
 1257. Kick. 
 
 1273. Ru- 
 dolph. 
 
 1393. Adolp. 
 1298. Alb. I. 
 
 1308. lion. 7. 
 1314. Lou. 5. 
 
 i347.Cha8.4. 
 
 Soand 
 
 I StvKnrN. I .v„„„ 
 
 ,106ft. Hulstjin, l,o6g. oil 
 ,'o«o. Jngn. ,<^,. „„ 
 
 iin. Philip. 
 uiS, IliKoll, 
 1129. Swuiker. 
 
 ■103. Sl^, 
 ! and oi 
 
 |n3o. .M19 
 ' and oti 
 
 llfil. ,St,.p.3 
 
 1173. Ilela J. 
 
 1 196. Kinerii 
 1204. l.adi^ 
 
 "55. Erie I. 
 
 ifii. Char, ^. 
 167. Canute. 
 
 ;;■«>■ Char VII. CMl „„, 
 
 'ig9. Snurk. 11. 
 
 ltjS6. Swoi 
 
 120,. An- I o„fJ^I, "'"loth, 
 
 drew II. l'"»-Erloin. ,207. ll„k, 
 
 1235. Uela4 
 
 1270. Sto. 4. 
 1272. Lad, ; 
 
 1390. And. 
 
 1301. (Jhurd 
 bert. 
 
 1343. Loui 
 
 1250. RirKor J.irl! 
 ■»6C.WHldemari'"^^- *'"«■" 
 
 ! 
 
 1275- MiiKnus I, 
 
 1290 Ulrffer II. 
 
 1280, Erie. 
 
 |i36.>. Hakol 
 
 1378. Wen- j 
 ce.slas. 1382. Man 
 
 1387. Miiri 
 1400. Uuiiert ^^igisnlull 
 
 1410. Hij^snmnd. 
 
 [ '119. Maxn. II. L,^ j;,,,.,,,, 
 
 '350. Eric IV 
 ';!59, Magnus 11 
 ■ 363. Albert. 
 
 389. JIargaret. l'i^9- VniM 1 
 
 M'a. Eric XIII. 
 
 1438. Albert. I 1440. Christopher III 
 1440. Fred.3. 1440. Lid.l ' ' "'• 
 
 1445, Lad 1.448. Chaa.VIII ' 
 '1458. Mmfl 'i 
 
 thia». I ,457. Christian I. 
 
 1490. I.aiiJ 
 
 '483. John of Denmark 
 
ORARY I ^^ROPEAN SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 ' Hungary. 
 
 I, 1064. Nulum. 
 
 '1075. (lulmi. 
 I07(V l.iiil. 1. 
 , ithjrf. Culo- 
 111:111. 
 
 ,. 1114 St,.),:. 
 (.11.11. lllln ' 
 
 il4i.ai*UA3 
 llfil. .step. 3 
 117). Ili'Ia i, 
 1 11/). Kinurk 
 
 SWEDKN. 
 
 PoUnd. 
 
 Eutern 
 Empire. 
 
 riit'tu. 
 
 'il:i. Philip. 
 >m8. Iii^m 1[ 
 iiitj. Swuikur. 
 
 "55. Krio I. 
 
 1 161. Oliar, Vl[ 
 11167. Cniiutu. 
 
 ,'o9T Mngimn. 
 
 ;""i. HI^M|^l 1., 
 
 I "llll CltllCl-N. 
 
 I "•.■'. HIkuM I. 
 
 I I !,)(>. .MuKimslV, 
 
 ami otliur. 
 
 J°;6: ra"- J'^ii:!;.""'- (.008. R ,[.0.1. Alux. „ 
 
 " '071 Midi., 
 
 io7S..NI.'<'p.3 
 1081 Ali'.xIiiN 
 
 1 103, lloloH. 1 
 
 1.^2:' li',"""';"'- "'S'' l.*ll-''"7' MI<li.7.'io,, fir..,, VII 
 
 "05, Kric II, 
 
 I '.17. Eric III. 
 
 III. 
 1 1088. Urli.iii||. 
 I "'/J. I'limiil 11. 
 
 iiis. ,r,,i,i, ,,,, „ ,, 
 
 t-..i„nc„„«,l,,„^.l...„l^t';i 
 '1^4. Ilnnirr. II. 
 
 f'ltiV liar ami 
 nniirchi/. 
 
 |'>47. Sweynli|.',,45 |)„io,.4 
 "57. WnMoiimr. ' 
 
 :"3«- f*l. '.'"43.Mai,„ell;;j': /■;!!*• \[ "3'- n„ffor finis..,.,,, „. 
 
 "73.Mo<.|,.,„So.AI«x, 
 
 ,''"''• :"a3.Ai„ii„ 
 
 .99. Swcrk. II. r^*- ^"""•'•''' "82, Canute. VI. "'"'"■"■ '■«5. l»-..ux 
 
 1204. l.udlH. 
 
 lllH II. 
 
 1205. All- 
 druw II. 
 
 1235. Mela 4 
 
 1970. Bte. 4. 1 
 1379. Lad. 
 
 1390. Ami. 
 
 1301. CliupJ 
 bt'it. 
 
 1343. Luiihl 
 
 JI310. KrIcII. 
 i3i6. Jolin I. 
 1333. Eriulll. 
 
 I303. Ilukiilll 
 
 and iithom 
 1307. llaki;IV 
 
 104.Lf.sk. 5. J 
 
 I303. Wal.iu. II. 
 
 "^- ?'.!".'''3- "°4.Theodo 
 
 1350. nirjfor J.irl[ 
 .aCfi.WRldomHri""^*'"*'""'^''- 
 
 ! '! 
 
 '375. Matfiuis I. j 
 
 ■ 341. Rile IV 
 1350. Al)il. 
 "53. ChHHti.iili 
 '^.vj. Ki-iiV. ' 
 
 '202 I, ad 
 i327.U,ile)(.5 
 
 "45. l-.'iiKoii.lll I 
 
 "85. Lrilian III 
 "b7. flrui^.VIII 
 
 t'lei.i. III. ,,gg Tailored 
 "91. Cclf.sf. Ill ,,./a. Wlllian, ITF 
 "y8. Imioc. Ill 11.7 F,n M ',[• 
 
 '21'i. Iliinor. III. 
 
 "95. AI0X.3. 
 
 """■ l'24i. ''flu.st. IV. 
 
 135? Tli.>n ., \'^''3- llinoo. IV. 
 
 358' Join, "'<■ '^'>"'. 'V. 
 ■■'"""' l'2M. UrIianlV 
 
 '290 Dirtfer II. 
 
 '119. Ma^rii, II. 
 
 12S0. Kill' 
 
 |i3&ii. IlakfiV. 
 
 'iig. Viiiltil In 
 
 '379. Lesk.f.. 
 
 1290,"" 
 
 ' IIIN. 
 '2i/l. I.ndl.S.4 
 
 IJiHuai-ls, 
 • a.5(j.Mk.li.8. 
 
 I '='■'5 Mt^ni. IV. 
 I2fj8 9. Vitcuut. 
 271. (iii;«(,ryX. 
 127''. Imi.n'. V. 
 Adriiiii V. 
 '37''' .Iiiliii XXI 
 '277. .Nicliul.Ill I 
 "281. Martin IV 
 
 '350. Ciinmd. 
 
 '354. •'onradin 
 
 '358. Maiifrud. 
 
 laf'O. t'liarlcfl of Anjoii. 
 
 SioUy. 
 
 82. Poter 
 
 '■Amireh. ,,82 Andn, V"*^- "'""" 'V.' ,: P"'"' 
 
 j'.ioo. Win- 
 I'dslaM. 
 
 1383. Man! 
 
 1387. Mar.; I 
 
 t .SitfiHiiiiihl 
 
 i^snmnd. 
 
 '350. Eric IV, 
 ■359. MaKiiiLs j[ 
 ■ 363. Albert. 
 
 1.589. Margaret. ' i'9. Vnltnl to 
 
 iftlilllHi'l,-. 
 
 i.m. Ta.s. 3. I, 
 
 1330. Cliilstii. 
 jiln-r II. 
 
 '334. Iiitm-eiini,t, 
 
 '340. Wal.I. III. 
 
 ■ 38^. Slarv. 
 '3S4. Hcd'w. 
 1396. I..ad. 5 
 
 333. And. 3, 
 '34'. Jdhiis. 
 
 '294 <'ulu«t. V. 
 Ili'lilf.VIII. 
 
 1303. Boned. XI. nog. n„i,t 
 
 .)os. (.'IcniontV. 
 (Aviffntiii), 
 
 314-15. Vaniiit 
 '.iiC.JolinXXII I 
 ' 334 Jieiie. X 1 1. I 
 '34-'. Clem. VI. ,i43.,I,,,.i„ 
 
 1295. Pred.3. 
 
 '387. Margaret. 
 
 uol VI. 
 
 Albert. 
 
 {. 1440. L'ld.l 
 1445. l.uJ.I 
 1458. Mat| 
 thius. 
 
 1490. IaIiIJ 
 
 ■4 '3. Eric XJ II. 
 
 '440. Christopher III. 
 ih8. Chan. VIII ' 
 \ 
 1457. Christian I. 
 
 '483. John of Denmark 
 
 '337.Peter3 
 I342.1-Ulli«. 
 ,,. ,, '^'"' "355. Fred. 3. 
 I 111 Hung. 
 
 ■349.Loui». .37f,. Maria 
 '373. Urban VI. I,38,.cha.,. ^. * ''^'^'^In. 
 
 i38s.Laili.sla.s 
 
 '353. Inline. VI. , ,t AlldiVH- 
 
 ■363. Urban V. ' °-->""'i" 
 I (Rome). 
 
 '370. Greg. XI 
 '373. L'rb.in VI 
 '389. lionif. Jx' 
 
 '448. Christian I. 
 
 >«4.Lad.J;-r^;^r:MS!:J!Sl'-i 
 
 ■445 Casl.4.! ,'4'7. Martin V. 
 
 ^^S^y. jM4;;&la;!^--: J^'M>'^..: 
 
 '455. Cali.t. III. 
 
 '403. Mart, . 
 
 '409. Mart. 3. 
 (.UmteJto 
 Atrugun.) 
 
 '4'o. Ferd. i 
 
 '435- Alf.jn.si) I. 
 
 '433- JIa- ''458. Pius 11' I4?S Ferd I ,.,<! ti 
 h.iniet II. 11464. Paul 11: . ■'5°"'"''- '458. John. 
 
 M8i.Uajiiz.2|i47i. Hi.\tus iv. 
 
 '4'^4. . -mo. viii.I^tF^:;^^."'"- '■'''"''• 
 
 
 141)3. Alcv VI. 
 
 U"/-. Fled.: 
 

 Great Britain, 
 
 England. 
 
 1509. Hen. 8. 
 
 ■ 547- Ed. VI. 
 1553. Mary. 
 1538. Eliz. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 France. 
 
 Camtilf and 
 Leon. 
 
 Peninsula, 
 
 ARnAoo.*;. 
 
 TAULK OF CONTEMrOlJAUY 
 Germany, 
 
 POBTUQAL. 
 
 Hungary. 
 
 ^^i'^Ol'EAi; so 
 Scandina 
 
 HlVKfJK.V. 
 
 N'ORHM 
 
 1513 ,1,19. V. 151J. Francis I. 
 
 — j I (l-iifNp) I JwiLskiaiiil 
 
 Spain, I i''c'i'ilin.ll. 
 
 1542. .Mary. 1512. t;'er(l.V.(Cast.)II.(.\rragon). (EMrEiion.s-KiN.is op- I ' v'lw,',"'"'* 
 
 ■ ■;47. Henry II. .■5"''-"''"''«^I(\"fCi'"'i"-i5i9).| Hinoarv.; 
 
 TT II ",'" l'557-S<-'''a'iliaiL 
 
 1550- Franci.'fU.lijsr,, I'liilij, II. Holland, : 155S. Kerdinaml 
 
 .5'-.;..Ia3.VI. ,50o.(,'l.arl03iX.; \ .5;.4. Ma.xi.nili.m II. |«. I,,,-,. ,^,y 
 
 "ru7™'''!'r' ''-^' "'''''''^'■.- ' '57''- "'"'"'rli II 
 
 '5-0- •■lui.sti.oi If. 
 
 Russia.' 
 
 '55,i. Ivan IV 
 
 1574. Henry III 
 1581J, llunry IV. 
 
 598. riiiiip III. 15S7. Maurice. 
 
 1603. Jaa. I. fVI. (if,Seot.)'i/Jio, I.oui.'^XIII.' ' 
 
 if«5. t'liarluN I. 1621. riiilipIV. I'^ss f'reil. lien. 
 
 1649. Cnmnmnwealth. i 
 1660. Charles II, 
 
 1685. James II. 
 
 1689. Williiini and .\Iarv 
 
 1694. Willi,ani III. 
 
 ifi43. Louis XIV. 
 
 iS.'j'o. AunexaJ tn : 
 
 t>8. ,J„i|,, ,1, 
 
 Kingdom reslorctl 
 
 i6i2. Matlilns, 
 1619. Ferdinand II. 
 
 1637. Ferdinand III. 
 
 T702. Anne. 
 1714. George I. 
 
 1727. George II. 
 
 1760. George III. 
 
 I 11647. Willi.im II. ic^o. .Tcilin of 
 
 I I1650-72. A'o Uraganza. | 
 
 i66s- Charles II. I ■'^iit'WuWer. [1656. Alli.nsoVI. 1658. Le.'iiuld I 
 
 11667. Peter, 
 
 i 1672. Will. Ilen.l rrqcut. . 
 
 j (Will. III. oj ,683. Peter II. I 
 1700. Philip V. I Enyiund.) 
 
 1702-47. JVo 
 
 1715. Louis XV. 1724. (a6(/icn/fi/). ttaiUholde): 
 
 \ ,, Louis. I 
 j Philip V. I 
 
 again, i 
 
 1706. John V. ,705. Joseph _ 
 
 ji7ii.L'ha.s.6. -rrussia 
 
 '534. Fo.„|,„. , 
 
 \f '•''•'■■<. IX. ,606. n.,sii~'~ 
 
 I (Roru.inoff;. 
 Chri.sfin.i, ' 
 
 |i' <'li,is \- "^*=- '^'<^^~<'s. 
 l-'l'as.xr .676. F,„,,„, 
 
 '682. h-.u, V',t 
 
 ;i746. Ferd. VI. 1747. Will. Hen. ',,50. Joseph. 
 1759. t'lias. III. 1757. Will. IV. 
 
 '1774. LouisXVI 
 
 17S3. [United States in- ' | 
 
 dependent.] , ,^83 c,j„, jy^ 1 
 1793. Lou. XVII. 
 
 1701.Fred.1l '• |'7=7. IVterIL ■ 
 
 1713. Fred. J I'Ti". Anne. , 
 
 William il t 
 
 i742.Ch.a.s.7. ,740. Fred. J. Frcl I r^-*"- jv.m VI. 
 
 ■ 745.1'raneis 1 Aduli.ai,,, p-"- '''''ai'-'elh. , 
 
 1777. Maria and 
 Peter III. 
 
 n86. .Alaria, 
 ilimo. 
 
 1765. ,Tos. 2. 
 
 1786. Fred. 
 Willi.im 
 
 iileriok. 
 
 \'7(>-^- I'eterir/. ',- 
 Oii«tav.I|i.l ^'"''er. Il, ' 
 
 .'7i 
 
 ^., ^..^.„,.™,,.,,,,..,,,,,,,,,,^^^ 
 
 ,<!,, /(-,.„.„« n • l'?°=- ';""•'"''='*''• '3o3. Ferl. VIL iSof,. Loul.s,/i;nf,.i 
 
 .3m. (George, Pnnre ..I ,So4.Xap,.leonI.| (Mlu-mml). I ... 
 
 Wales, r.(„„/.; ,s.4.l,m,.xviii j„.s. ij.nap Netherlands. 'iS.fi. .Tnhn VI. A"stna. 
 
 ^■814. Ferd. VII. J1S2C. Peter IV. i 
 
 (TOta-f,/). ,8.4. Will. Fred. .Maria II. '.HqC Fru, I 
 
 /■■i'lll.' S82S. Miguel. "^- 1" '•"'•' 
 
 1820. George IV. 
 
 ' 1830. William IV. 
 iSj7. Vietoria. 
 
 1824. Charles X. 
 
 |33„. Lou Philip ',333. Isabella II. i.g,,, M.aria 11. 
 
 1S70. Amadeus. „ ,,,.,, ,,, I 
 .852. Xapul. III. ,''WiV«(..O.S73. .■84"-"'"-'"- 
 
 
 I 
 
 1870. ReintbUc '1873. Repv.blic. 
 , „ III- . 1874. Alfoiis. XII. 
 
 1 1871. L.A.Thiers died 25 .\m\. 
 I president.! 1885. 
 
 1873. Marshal i3S(i. Alfnn.s. 
 
 1853. Peter V. 
 1861. L\ii.s I. 
 
 !iS39. Curios I. 
 
 MacMahon. 
 i879.JuIesGrevy. 
 i887.8adiCarno't. 
 1894. Ca.siinir- 
 
 Perii'i-. 
 iS95. Keli.x 
 
 Faurp, 
 
 XIII. 
 
 1890. Wilhul- 
 iiiiiia. 
 
 {1840. FredL 
 1835. Fercla. | Willia],i fO.sear I. 
 
 1 848. Franei.s 1860. Will.] 
 Jo.seph. I 
 
 1871. Ci^lias. XV. 1 
 
 l!AK Ml, 
 
 ror. 
 
 1888. Fn 
 
 in. 
 
 1888. Willi; 
 
 11. Bsearll 
 
 I'S 
 
 39' 
 
 ■355. Ale.v. II. 
 
 . '%■ C 
 
 i;;Sr. Alex. II). 
 "^y4-Aifliola.,,II. 
 
 * Belgium.— iSu. LeoiiuUi i. 
 
 1S63. Leopold II. 
 
 1 C'"^'' '^Hirk, 
 ' *eu Article t 
 
JliAItV 
 
 ^^iJ'^l'KAN SOVEimGNs. 
 
 <:on tin lied. 
 
 Hungary. 
 
 11516.L0n.li. 
 
 .V. 'ivif). .Fn. Z.-i 
 
 ) I pnl.ski ,111.1 
 
 Fcr.liii.II. ' 
 
 RS— KlNiiS OK 
 NdARV.; 
 
 I'diiiaiKl. 
 i.xiiriilimi II, 
 
 f^H'KDE.v. 
 
 ^i- r^n.sfavii.s 
 
 '°' ''l'li.sti,ll, 11, 
 
 Russia,* 
 
 'loll'hll, 
 
 p- '-'lic.Mv. 
 p8. .7./Ii,| HI. 
 
 ,'5'J I'linVti, 11 
 
 "l'--M- '••[■edrifkl. 
 ""ilA'uneuy. , 
 
 'SS4. Cliiist. III. I 
 I '5Sy. I'Vofl. II. ( 
 
 Poland. Turkish 
 £m])ire. 
 
 I ■'iiliii., II. 
 
 ■Sl.l. I.co X. 
 
 ■S^.i. (.'Iliii. VII.' 
 
 548. .sig. n 
 
 '534. I''(.v„|,„. I. 
 
 thins, 
 iliimiij II. 
 
 ■liin.incl II r. 
 'Puld I. 
 
 Prussia. 
 
 1 701, Fred., 
 
 i7i3.I''re(i. 
 
 Wiliium 
 
 1740. 1'Vcd. 
 
 r'- •''^■■^•"I'liJ .,v,s. l),„.j,s. 
 
 I-)' ''Ills, jx 
 
 "''u'jlllllN. 
 
 '■6m. Michael 
 (""'u.-xjioff;. 
 
 - „„ ,'',^'' i',"-'7 '^74. .\.n„. 
 
 '5^8,ChH..tn.Iv .587.sL?3: '•'"""■ 
 
 •S-o. Soly. 
 mail II. 
 
 ' .' ," • ,v-lil. > 
 
 '5J4 I'il.ll III. 
 'S5u. .Iidiii.s III 
 '555. .^Iilivol. 11' 
 , ''•iilllV. 
 
 '566. .Sol. , I'"?- fins IV. 
 '■ |'5fi6. Pi„.s V 
 
 .572. r;i-eg.xiii 
 
 ''SS.I- «l.\tMS V 
 
 'S'jo. Urhaii vil 
 
 I, f-'-i-'fi;. .\iv. 
 
 '5M. Mah. J I -''"■',',"""■■ 'X. 
 > 15';=. C'luu.Vlii. 
 
 ||. rh,,.s, .Y '645. Alu.-tis 
 ^•■'''«..\I. .^76. K,.,„,„ 
 
 ;'6'7.'jiuH:,''r°°5./-eo. XI. 
 
 „ , , '618. Osin ,' r J,""' V. I 
 '"45, lYud. 1 1 ,. ,^^s j„,,j^ ^ Ivln,, apain ' "^'-.f F'''«"VIII. 
 
 Ch,as. \(( 
 
 "'76. Kfud,,,- .660 m; ,°^- '^ni- 7""wuiitX 
 
 '68.- Iva, VJ, '"-'^ Ch.i.stn.V e^^'?!'-^- 'f4o. Ibral ^-J^^-Vll. 
 
 IVt ,. I '°74..fol n 1648. :Ma|, . . .'7- <-Iiim. Ix 
 
 '689. iv e,. I ,6,?: p'^'^.',- "^87, SohVl'^^o. Clem. X 
 
 -; --^^ ■ , '^"«"«- 'i '4. Mus! :■ l'^» jilox. VIII. 
 
 17- r.H '^"'^ — — __ )'^'-I"n«';.XlI. 
 
 1786. Fi-ed.i 
 Willi.ii„ ;' 
 
 I7')7- ''Veil, 
 Wiliium 
 
 '730. .Aiiiio. 
 
 , y^'iphi,., ''■"• ^^"^"Mh. 
 
 |i:dei-i(,.|j, I 
 
 '70J, IVtei-III. 
 IOii..ilav.ln.| '-'■"I'ei-. 11, 
 
 f'"-^t^w, IV. ,;,,5. ra„i ,. 
 
 W,,;-<>,< ■ ,73„ „^,, 
 7.vi. Hi'edk, 
 •August. 2. 
 
 
 i'704. St.in.i. 1703. Ach ,' ^^ 
 
 "709- Frcdk. • '^'700. Clem. XI 
 
 Allgu.■^t^|.^ I ' w , 
 
 ■721. Imiu.xiii ■'*'*P'«8and B J. 
 ■724.Be11e.x111. Sicily. "a'flJma.t I 
 
 1 (■7JO. Clem. XII 
 
 •r„ V, ,'754.«).M„.3.|'74°--UoiJc.XIV..'7!.-?,7'l«.3 , 
 
 •'54.Mai,,=. ,757.Mu.s.3^. I ^;^"'«- ,■ 7^o. Victor- , 
 
 I ■7s8.Clem.Xin •^'"■''fSa-UlTlnri 
 
 '"■Aeh. 4' 
 7')5 Parti- , ■789..^:, 
 
 'S«>. I'iii.s \'ii. 
 
 '7i".ri,ri.st,|.\-f 
 
 '7-\^'- l-'red. V. 
 I 
 ■7CG. Christ. VI I. 
 
 Greece, .to?' ill";'- 4. 
 
 - '^08. Mah- ',0, T 
 
 mud 6. I "^- Leo XII 
 
 1840. FreilJ 
 Williui, * 
 
 iSCo. Will.] 
 
 871. Ci 
 
 J'AN emji 
 
 ror. . 
 
 888. FrJ 
 
 111. , 
 
 3E8.WilliJ 
 
 II. 
 
 lOscar I. 
 
 rii.i.s. XV. 
 
 '"»■«» a way. 
 
 !839-Cljris.VlII, '^32. Othol.' t 
 
 i '8.19. A lid III 
 
 •S48. Fred. VII. | , ''"wljid 
 
 
 ('S55. Ale.v. II. 
 
 ,'S63.Chri..„. IX . .\/,iz. "'" 
 
 ''^■"'•"' ."8..AIC. ,„ j I ■ .':/;\^'""- 
 
 '894.i\icli,l Vr '■'tl' V. .l/„„ 
 
 ^ y4.Aaliol,,.II.I '870. .U,dul./i;78, tco XIII 
 
 liaiuid II 
 
 t «^ ^n;;ie Sa^:;." '^■^ '"•"■^"Img Uulcr.. 
 
 ,;^^:Sx:?""-"«'- 
 
 V i 
 
 k 
 
 MM' 
 
roruLATiox axd covkkxments of the woin.o. 
 
 (Accovliiir It) the AbiKii'tii-h ih: (!,i//ia ; see ar/ir/i's rulTLArinN, 'iinl the countries Ihroinjhovt 
 
 the liutik. ) 
 
 C'Ol-XTlllh>: -IlKI.IilUiVS 
 
 Aiilmlt, K. l''iiiitl<ilhiH in Her. iS')o 
 ArKentiiK'I'ciiifciienition, A'.''. •'<>)i \ 
 Austrian Kinp. It. I', (after ces- I 
 
 sion i8(V)} I>ec. iSixi ! 
 
 Hadcii, U.C I>ee. jS.)., | 
 
 Ijaviiria, 7i'.(', (after cessimis 
 
 1866) 1800 
 
 HelKiiim, II I' Iiei'. t**. 
 
 Hulivia, /;.(' 'Sny 
 
 ISrazil, K.C >«n< \ 
 
 Brunswick, L i8<>o 
 
 lUiliiaria 1*11 I 
 
 Cliifi, II. 1: iS-ri 
 
 I'liinese Km|iire(estiniatoill, h. 1807 
 
 ('o!oml»ia, state, A'.<' i^is 
 
 Costa liiea, II. c i^w 
 
 l)enMiarl<«;eiili)nies, /,. (estni.l i«.)i 
 Kgvpt, A.'i- , .1/ iS-)7 
 
 K(|uator (Keuailnr), /i'.'', . • iR<i7 1 
 
 ' France alone, li.C i8<jo | 
 
 ! (iernianv, II.I\,L. anil K. Heo. i8<)5 I 
 I lit.lirltainA:colonies,/'.(estni.) r8.)r i 
 I (irecceA: Ion. Is. (.'.('. (e.stiin.l . 180(1 
 
 I (Juateniala, li.C 'y*ji 
 
 I Ifavti(estiniate(ll 18.14 
 
 I Hesse-Oarinstadl, /, i8i;o 
 
 i Holland, niit colonies. ('. , . 18^7 
 Honduras, It.V. ...... 181)7 
 
 ! ftaly, A'.C i8<)o 
 
 •I apan (estimated) i8<)i 
 
 I Lilieria, /' iS^i? 
 
 ' Meclitenstein. /,'.(' 1S80 
 
 fiilMie, (' I>i'c. 1890 
 
 r.uxenilniri,', U.i '. .... i8()o 
 Meckleuburs-Scliwiiin,t.I)ec. i8c;tj 
 
 18. )0 
 i8i)o 
 
 i8<)i 
 about 
 
 1876 
 ,897 
 i8<i; 
 
 MccklenlnirK-Slril,,^, //. 
 
 Mexico, II.V. (cstiiiiutedl 
 
 ^^ollaco, R.C 
 
 Montenegro, G.C, (cstini.) 
 
 Morocco, M 
 
 NicaraKua, /'.r. 18.17 
 
 dldenburu', /'. (estimated) . . i8<(3 
 
 I'apal .States .inHi'.(ii((. I Itnlii. 1870 
 
 l*ara};ua>\ /(.''. , . . " 
 
 Persia, M. (estimated) 
 
 Pern, III', (estimated) 
 
 Portuu'al, IIV. . . , 
 
 Prussia. K 
 
 Ileu.ss, L i8.^i 
 
 Koumania i8.)7 
 
 Russia, U.C. Poland, kr.. (est.) i8<)7 
 Sandwicb Islands (llawai..\:c.) iSi/i 
 
 San M.ariiio, /.'.r' 1886 
 
 .San Salvador U.C 
 
 Saxe-.Mtenbnr^', /' 
 
 Siise-<'obur«-i:otlm, i. . . 
 
 Saxe-MeininKcn. I, 
 
 Saxc- Weimar- liisenacli, /.. 
 
 Saxon V, /* 
 
 Scli!iumlmn.'-l.ippe. L. . ■ . 
 Siliwart/liurk'Kudolstadt, /,. 
 .Sdnvartzljiir^-Sondersliaus. /, 
 
 Servia, '.'.(■ 
 
 .Spain, y(.(' 
 
 St. Hominuo, ,'.'.C'. (estiinatedl 1S87 
 Sweden, Nor.' ..y, /,. (estnitd.) 18.10-1 
 SMitzerlaud, /i.e. and /'. Dec. 1888 
 Transvaal, or .South .\frican I 
 Republic. ('. (estiinatedl . . iH.i^ | 
 Tiirkisli Kiiipire, .1/. (estiuitd.) 1A17 1 
 
 UriiKUay, AM' 18.1) 
 
 Venezuela, II. i' i8i>i | 
 
 Wurtember^', L i.Sijo 
 
 United States of X. America,/'. iS'yo ; 
 
 -'7i,7;o Krederick, ihikc 
 
 4,joo,ooo Hen. \\(H-'ii, pvciiiknt . . . 
 
 .)i,?(=i,i2') ' Krancis-.loseiili, '■"i/iTor . . 
 1,1.50,817! !''reilerick,f/miiiWiiit. • . 
 
 5,589,182 ' (itlio, A111.7 
 
 0,193,880 Leopold II., A i».| 
 
 2,ooo,o(xi Si\. . ro !•'. .\lonzn, (ircv.. . . 
 i7,o<xi.om 1 ieii. lie Caiiijios Salles . . 
 401,788 I'riiiie Alliert of Prussia, l•l■.';^ 
 1, 110,71 i Kerdinand, jin'"c« . . . 
 ), 100.000 lien. Keilerico lirrazuriz. . 
 ,ld).24i,o69 Kwanj-'-su, iiii;ii'ior . . . . 
 5,000,000 .'Mi^'iiel .\. I'aio, )<rr.sd/(ii^ . 
 2.H,aoo Rafael iKlesias, (in.viiAiiJ . 
 2,185.(15 Cliristian l.\., *'i/i(; . . . . 
 9.700,000, Abbas llilnii, Wni'ici; . . . 
 1,270,000 Kloy Alfaro, ;ir. .<o/. (./ 
 18,517.975. Kelix Kaure, j)rc.«iik"(. . . 
 52,241,50)1 William II., eiiijjeior . . . 
 
 .j40,22o,ooo ' Victoria, 9lO'fJ^ 
 
 2,1)0,807 <Jeori,'e !., A:iHi; 
 
 1,452,00) Sen. Morales, inr.^ 
 
 i.obo.ooo i 'I'lii-'iesias Simon Sam . . . 
 9i;),659 j Kniest Louis, f/rioiiWiiAc . 
 4,928,658 j ■\Vilhelmina. 'iiieen .... 
 198,877 I Hen. P. lionilla, iireaidtitt . 
 10,158,408! Humbert L.tiiii/ . . . . 
 40,072,020 I Moiitz Hilo. niikatin . . . 
 1,500,000 Win. Havid Colman, )ir..<. . 
 
 9.1--) .loJm 11., print'*: 
 
 12,814 .Mexander. (Ji'iioc .... 
 211,088 ,\dolp)ius, .;(vnif/-'/i'A"C. . . 
 578,565 I Frederic Francis III. f/raiii?- 
 
 . ilitk-f 
 
 Frederic William, i/n»'i'iijc 
 I'orflrio Diaz, prexitUiil . . 
 AUiertllonore ( 'harles,j)i)iic 
 Nicholas I., 
 
 29 April. 1811 . I 22 May. 1871. 
 I 12 .Inne. i8(;8. 
 
 18 Am;. iSio 
 9 .Sept. 1820 . 
 
 27 .\pril, iS|8 
 9 April, i8j5 
 
 S.May. 1817. 
 211 1'eo. i8(ji 
 
 8 .Viiril, 1818 
 14 .luly. 1874 
 
 20, Ian. 1841 
 27.1une, 1859 
 24 May, 1819 
 24 Dec. 1845 
 
 97.078 1 
 
 Il,:i95.7i2 I 
 
 1.1, w ' 
 
 2ai,ooo , 
 
 8,000,000 
 
 110,000 , 
 
 I., pnttrc . . . 
 
 .Mulev Abdul .\ziz. .titltttn 
 
 idtiit . 
 
 25 Nov. 1868 
 11 .\ui;. 1880 
 
 14 March, 1841, 
 1852 
 
 5 I let. 1S40 '. '. 
 
 21 .luly, 1817 ! 
 
 i9Srar 1851 
 17 Oct. 1819. . 
 
 1 1 Nov. l'848' .' 
 7 Oct. 1841 . . 
 
 i;en. /elaya, prf.i, 
 
 Peter, 'trtnidituke .... 
 
 f.co XllL, pt^pf 
 
 Sen. KKUsjjuiza, pre.^iilt iil . 
 .Muzalfered-l Icen,. v/m/i . . 
 <;en.NicolaPierola,/jrijii/(9(/ 
 
 I'arlos, A'iiif/ 
 
 William Il.,Ai)ir' 
 
 Henry XXII., i'l'iio'i' . . . 
 I'bs. of IIohenzollern,A.'(iitf . 
 Nicholas II . i"itr .... 
 
 Dole, pf .^iilt nt 
 
 Ctipititni rttitimti 
 
 (ien. Uafael.\.( ; utierrez,))!-. .< 
 
 Krnest, I'liA'c 
 
 Alfred, .'iitr 
 
 IJeorge IL.(ii(/,c 
 
 |ij,9|6 I (.'has. Alexander. f/ni((-i'ii/,(; 
 .1.,soo,5i|l Albert, Kiiy . . 
 
 19,l6j 
 
 i8.)7 abt.Goo.ooo 
 7,500.000 
 2,6'«,7li 
 
 ,1,049,729 
 
 3l,H9,795 
 
 182,563 
 
 5,500,500 
 
 I2iJ,211,U3 
 
 109,020 
 , 7,840 ! 
 o,)(,l2n 
 tSiia 170,864 : 
 
 iS'lo 206,511 I 
 
 |8.)0 221,8)2 I 
 
 . 1885 
 , l8.)o 
 
 iSi^o 
 
 l&;o 
 
 1890 
 
 i8.>) 
 
 1887 
 
 8.5,8(ij 
 75.510 
 2, 102,75.) 
 17..5»4,588 
 150,000 
 <).773.fi72 
 2t'Jl7.75( 
 
 125,000 
 39,500,000 
 
 7-8, H7 
 
 2.12.1,527 
 
 ^2,oiS..|4J 
 
 02,981,000 
 
 (ieor;:e, pi'int'f 
 
 (ionthier, prini;e 
 
 (.'harles, /iriii.'i; 
 
 Ale.xander, L-intj . . 
 Alfonso XIII.. /Li/19 . .' . 
 L'llses Heureaux, pixsiikiit . 
 
 (iscar 11.. /•■i.ii'.i 
 
 Kutfy, prtssiiitjiU 
 
 8. 1 illy, 1827, . 
 2 March, 1810 . 
 
 25 March, 185), 
 
 -S'sjpt'. i86)' ', 
 27.1une. 1859 . 
 28 March, 1846. 
 20 .April, 18)9 . 
 18 May, 1868 . 
 
 16 Sept. 1826 
 
 6 A 111.'. 1844 . 
 2 April, 182ft 
 24.lHnc, 1818 
 21 April. i8j8 
 10 Oct. 1846 . 
 21 Auk. 1852 
 
 7 Am;. 18 )o. 
 14 Ant;. l8;6 
 
 17 May, 1880 
 
 21 Jan. ia.'9 
 
 S. .T. P. Kriit-er, pi\.<ltl,t.t , 
 
 ..\bdul llamid ' ■ . .sii'diii . 21 Sept. iS4.. 
 
 .luau L'ueslas. ;i...<ii(.ii( 
 
 lien. Andrade, ;i/-iii(Aii(. . . . 
 
 ,\\|j!!ai"'' .*■'",:' 25Feb. 1S43' 
 
 William Mckinley. ;jcu< 
 
 2 Deo. iR|8. 
 5 Sep. 1856. 
 
 1 1 .Tune. 1886. 
 . I 10 Dec. 1865. 
 . ' Alls. i8<x;. 
 
 ■ j 2 .March. 1898. 
 . I 21 1 let. 1885. 
 
 . j 7 .Inly. 18S7. 
 
 . .Inly. 1896. 
 
 . I .Ian. 1875. 
 
 . : flct. 1894 
 
 ■ i 8 May. 1891. 
 • 15 Nov. 1863 
 
 ■ 7 .Ian. 1892. 
 . .Ian. 1897. 
 
 I 17 .Ian. 1895. 
 
 is.lunc. 1888. 
 
 -'o.liine, i8j7. 
 ; 5 .Inne. 186). 
 
 9 Feb. i8i;8. 
 
 ' ,)i March, 18.16. 
 1.1 March, i8,)2. 
 2 1 Nov. 1890. 
 5 .Ian. 1804. 
 O.Ian. 1878. 
 1867. 
 
 11 Nov. i8(y>. 
 
 12 Nov. 1858. 
 
 20 .March. 181)5. 
 2, 1 Nov. 1890. 
 
 15 .\pril. 188), 
 6. Scot. i8(x). 
 1 Dee. 1884. 
 
 10 Sept. 1889. 
 ■ I Auk. i860. 
 
 11 .liinc, i8<)4. 
 1891. 
 
 27 Feb. 1851. 
 '. 20 Feb. 1878. 
 ! 25 Nov, iSf).!, 
 ' 2 May, 1896. 
 I 10 .luly, 1895. 
 
 19 Oct. i88(). 
 15.1 line. 1S88. 
 8 Nov, 1859. 
 
 20 Aiiril, 1866. 
 I Xov. 1894. 
 
 4 July, 1S94. 
 
 7 .Inne, 1894. 
 3 Auk. 1853. 
 
 22 AUK. 180). 
 20 Sept. 1866. 
 8. 1 Illy, 185). 
 29 Oct. 1873. 
 
 8 May, 189). 
 19 .Ian. i8<).i. 
 17. Inly, 1880. 
 
 March, is*; 
 
 17 May. 1886 
 
 1 Sept. 1880, 
 
 18 Sept. 1872. 
 18.J8. 
 
 9 Jlay, i8«i. 
 u ,VUK. 1K70. 
 loSu|it. 1K117. 
 16 Sept. 18..7. 
 OOct. l8.)I. 
 
 J Nov. iSi,0. 
 
 ri;Kl)O.MINANT HELKII 
 
 KvaiiBelicalC: 
 B., BudObiat. 
 
 ,. ,,.^ ^ ■'•■''•'■':''■■'*<'""•" .''•''*'"''''^: ''•''■ ''™^'1< Church; p., Protestant; A,., Lutheran- /■• 
 hvaj_iKelical(.hurch-a combhiatiou of L'alvinists and Lutherans ; I'., L'aliiniot or lieformed ; M., Mahometau ,' 
 
 Die 
 
 A A] 
 
 AARGAuTs^itzorl 
 Bcriie, was in„iio aii in, 
 
 ■of [h 0!'°"' •J'^^'-'n^io'is i 
 ot the Jesuits w.asdeman 
 Thi^^qUS, the tile 
 That 0,1 the CoritUhmn c, 
 ^'ii'hu.s, about 540 U.C— 
 
 ind Chinese. A[. ^,,1,,,, 
 at riin.sin i**!- .m 
 
 ''"'^"''■iythagoroaaab 
 
 ABAXGAY, a river 
 
 which the S ,:.„ish^^, 
 
 ?3 Ji:i;^^-""" A'vanu 
 
 l«lo >(;i poleou ,|eoi-ee,l thii 
 tio-ivl>:n-is, whieli were on 
 
 0' tla new Loiulo,, „,etr 
 "P''""'! ou ,, ,ru,u., It!--'-" 
 
 T'f\-^l!'"*^-iiw- Abdul.}, 
 he l.as oftheOnituiaiiesw; 
 
 ev, A '''■'? "■^o- '""'IJ' 
 
 -tt-i at n;i|i,d. !;;;;;[ i- 
 
 1 hen colour w;is black; tllat 
 
 AHBAYE, a military pr 
 |l>'^l''>'.s, l';iris, where 104 
 
 .vinuruiedrepublicanl e 
 3 fti-'pt. i;()2. 
 
 ApnEVILLE, N. Fnm 
 
 '"^•"/""'^i-V. of F,W ;"j' 
 
 :o i.;l;^^fl' '" ^"™-? 
 
 ihuslaiid was at JJaiP'or i 
 ^'.tiers a!.OMt36o; |„ I^l^L " 
 ill. heotl.ind III the sixth ■ 
 ?n,,rios were suppressed i, ' E 
 iflj. Saloinn. The ^ross dis 
 ^■|sli,„e„t8 occasioned the rdes 
 
 a V uues for Wolsey's eolleires 
 'A7 June, 1525; mauvsma 
 
DICTIONAEY OF DATES. 
 
 «nJ settled as such ^r -' if "^' ''"'""' "' 'Soj. 
 "f the Jesuits was SZ'din 184"/ '^' "-'"P"^^'"" 
 
 """ohus, about ;"o'^'ci!Thrn" "''•^"^"'^ ^" « "lU 
 a frame t.-,-ivc.,-.i'.Ibjst%' wires nn "V? l''!" *'''^'-'" '» 
 fiti-ung:, used for c^deu lai ." In- f? n""''} '"^^^"''^ "■^■'•'' 
 "nJ Cliiuese \r ri" ^ ""^ Greeks, KomiiM 
 «t Paris niS\r *';; L''>'"V'« Published a , a," c' -s 
 
 -^ "- i'fciea;;:^!:;!!;^"-" '='"« '-^ bee^ | 
 
 of wb^d^^;;^!'",^-,;".!^^'-"; o„ the banks ' 
 
 a.ul took prisoner Ahar^i f ^'•'"•■'=™ '^'^f'^^'"'''! 
 12 July, 133-. AHarado, a partisan of I'izarro, 
 
 '«^'^S^^r:H!?';'-r^-atUe. I„ 
 'nt-'M I'aris wli I, wn " '■^'■' '^'"'ul<l be ereete 
 
 -ected ^iii^,;^^"^s'}f^y^'s. 0^;.; ts 
 
 «' tlie new London et, ?',?'"'""•'>■ '^"'•'u Part 
 "P-'"';.! "n r., Ju,,,., ;'s3^''"l''^'i'«'' t'attle-niarket, 
 
 ;{.HS'!{^^^?}Sbjii^:il|l «f Muhomefs , 
 
 ^ul-l,;;L!;7^^i-'!Sr^-T'-^^ 
 
 8;;tt ed at lia,^4,d. I, bv a, '\) '" "5«- '^'li'T ' 
 The,r,.olour wasbla'k tlnflf Hi'"!?'": "•'^'^"t TOl | 
 
 f-^v"^?!^,^;:;^'^;;^^^^' -- St, Germain ' 
 
 jy^jn..uedrepubiie,;;;ii::rbrs^"s'i:] 
 
 ■- "-K^-;^;/^-e. Here Hen:^ „!. 
 
 4-?S'S:::;^™^J>->- wo,„,.n; see I 
 i;i.^"^'land was at J an ^or i -^^ "'''".T '^^""J'^^J 
 l'"itiors, about 360 • i. /?.? ",'.-i'«,; •>' ti'ance, at ' 
 ■". .Scotland n the " V i'"^ "' t''-.' fifth eentu-y ' 
 ?"<>.-ios w,.re sup, esst^ i ' E i; 'i'"'-)- ' '" "lien' 
 
 'I'-'l'm.-nts occasioned fhe fuT^'l' "' »'™« ««tu- 
 Aaor visitation, o/ -it ^f^r;^';-' ^^ 'Wt.in. 
 :nr:uT,i thesuj.pression of a „a I ?n ,V, ? • •^"- '^""'- 
 r.vynues for \<r!;i8oy-8 co lo" j . t ' vc'*'?'''^ ''! >•'"«« 
 -'W June, ,5.5^ .„,„;^,/[^^-;i ami Jp. 
 
 suppressed in ir,^. .,,„, ,,, ,. . 
 
 suppressed tl.rou'b.'uit I,' re' Lf ?' ^"T' ""''' 
 
 ;>-i^), 3;ri;^ r;;;;s ()-^^ 
 
 (I'l'venue 238r/. ,,, fj , , -;■', "■''8'"'S nospUallers 
 'uatcd rev^u'e .oi -84/ '/"'''', ?»"?™. 60S ; e?! 
 
 fl'V'a/-lv oharlublHs i^';^^;;'''^ publication 0^^ 
 and Jinglish abbeva w of '■.'", "* "le Norman 
 
 >.'"rfolk'and oth s, l,t"'fj' "-J- "'« duk" 
 suppressed in Austra^by'j','«?3. Abbeys were 
 
 .«^a^.Utalyi,,:f:'-SP-^^^^ 
 
 '396. Coi!^ 't a Ibo ' f '■;;''"^^'^ '0 twenty-Hve, 
 I ;:'"i St. John's, Culcheste,- en'',' v"^'.^ ''''""''ury 
 
 I'll' denying the kin-'s un,.. "^'-'cuted as traitors 
 1 surre„.ie,ing theirla. .;?'"' :^?\P'-"!j"bly for n" 
 
 ABBOT'S EirroV ; ^'-'-'*«'-//. 
 
 rSrO. "^-^ * ■''^^ J^O-"^. ^ee Iiaila'n>/ Accident,, 
 
 (4|^./ffinJs'?:;7,,.?:'tl "^^ «-'-■•' 
 
 aye the;,A„/.,vo., ordej.r's ei '■ir'''.""^ '" >•«- 
 ^June, ,Sj2, was.„pp,,,s„d w if,, ,';''!; {"^"'"'•eetion 
 ii est. events are d,.i,'ribed b^ V ie ir h''"'^!^ J""*-'- 
 Misefai/i:i " (kSoj). .* * "-'""^ Hugo in " Zes 
 
 AnDICATI()V>.i nf - 
 
 ^•"".puLsory, h:„e he.., n!,m,!;::;';^f^' voluntary or 
 
 i "Syllii, Honinu dictalor 
 
 ■ L'i|,.ii.si,uis MI. , ,!■,.. .i;„i,i ■ . • • 
 
 I .'obll lilllllol, nf.Sr,,||,,,„l 
 
 ;!tbn(n||!av,-,n,D,„r Hungary " " 
 f.Hf l.V,„ri)ui,mark, itc " 
 
 I'lijH. Kelix V. . ■ ■ • 
 
 t-'liailes v., as cmpcmr of 0, .■,.,„., • 
 
 Cbristiiia, orsw,.I.M,. ''"'-'" '^l™a 
 John C:isiiMir, ol' Pniau,, 
 ■'aiiii.s ll,,„| Kii^'land 
 
 i'H li.V. „.■,.„«„, (,v.sun„, !)'"■' • 
 
 Vct.,rAniM.|,.„s,„r. Sardinia 
 
 Uiail,.,s, ,,r.v,||,|,,^ , ' • . 
 
 otanisiaiu, .if I'dI.t..! 
 Cbai-l,;sEmuia!iu,.ll[.,ofSai..|iuiu . ' 
 
 . B.C. 
 A.D. 
 
 79 
 
 305 
 ■ 'I.il 
 . 1142 
 
 ■ 130C 
 
 ■ 12^6 
 
 ■ 1296 
 '3-x, 
 H39 
 M49 
 ■553 
 '55') 
 1654 
 1 66 J 
 
 t6Sn 
 • ■ '704 
 
 • 17J4 
 
 ■ • ■;<■■> 
 
 ■ "739 
 4 June,' I's^l 
 
 • 25 o..t. 
 16 ,Jaii. 
 
 • ifiJuuc, 
 
 lloii II ij^e' 
 
 f tJ 
 
II' 
 
 ABECEDAEIANS. 
 
 ABEE EDW. 
 
 ly Aliinl 
 
 Frnnci.J II., "f Gcnuniiy, who liucaiuo I'lnjiijiiir 
 Austri^i 
 
 Cliiii'li's IV. , iif S|uiiii, 111 fuvdur I'fliis «iiii 
 ill fiiviiur "f Ilniiii|i;irti- : him- .'•>"iii . 
 
 Jcisuph ni.impiut.', i.r N.'ii'li'S (fur Hi'iiiii) 
 
 Gu.stiivus IV., nfSwc-.kll 
 
 Louis, (if IIollMi'l 
 
 Juroniu, nf Wi'.^liiliiiliii . . . • 
 
 Va]ioliM.ii 1.. of Kiiiiii-,- 
 
 Victor Kiiiii aiiiii-1 of Hiiiiliiiiii 
 
 Pi'(lrolV.,..f l'"iliit;;il • 
 
 Cliiirlcs X., ciri-'Hiii.-.' . . . • 
 
 Pedro 1., of lir.'zil ■ ■ ■ • , 
 
 Dom MiguL'l, <if l'oitiit;iil (ti,V Iciiviiig it) 
 
 William I., of ll"lhiiia . 
 
 Louis-l'liili]i|ic'. of Kiaiicf 
 
 Louis Clmrlis, of liiivaiia . 
 
 Feriliiiiiiiil, of Aiislria . . 
 
 Charles AlluMt. of f^iirclmiu . 
 
 LeojioM II., ofTusniiiy . 
 
 Beruliaril, of Saxc-Meiiiiiii-'e.'i 
 
 iHahella II., of .■S]«iiii 
 
 Aiiiaileus, of .Simiii 
 
 1804 
 
 I May, iSoB 
 
 I June, i8o3 
 
 . . 1809 
 
 I July, 1810 
 
 20()l't. 1813 
 
 5 April, 1814 
 
 13 Mari'li, 
 
 2 .Miiv, 
 
 . 2 Auk. 
 
 7 April, 
 
 s6 M^iv, 
 
 . 8 0<t. 
 
 24 F.l 
 21. March, 1848 
 184S 
 
 1821 
 1826 
 i8-,o 
 1831 
 1814 
 1840 
 1843 
 
 2 I) 
 
 23 lliirch, 
 
 July, 
 
 20 t<cpt. 
 
 25 .lime, 
 
 . II Fell. 
 
 Prince Alexander of liiili;aria (comfuhoni) . 7_^'V^- 
 
 . . 6 March, 
 
 1849 
 i8sy 
 i8e.6 
 1870 
 187-, 
 1886 
 
 Milan, Kiiij; of Servia 
 
 ABECBDAKIANS, followers of Storeh an 
 Anabiiptist ill tlie .sixtceiitli ceiituiy, derive their 
 niiiuo from their rejection ot all worldly knowledge, 
 even of the al]ihal:et. 
 
 ABECEDAEII'M, a losieal niaehine, eon- 
 Btructed hy Mr. Williain Stanley .levoiis, and 
 described in his " Priiicililes of Science." 1874. 
 He stiitee that, hv means of symbolic terms, it 
 can iierform nil the jiroccsses of analytic reason- 
 ing Willi infallible accuracy. 
 
 ABELAED, a celebrated tcaelier of theolofry 
 and logic, in III« fell in love with Hcloise, the 
 niece of Kulhert, a caniui of Paris, became her tutor, 
 and seduced her. After a c. iiiimlsory marriage, he 
 placed lier temiiorarilv in a t -nvent. Having been 
 CFUcUv mutilated at tiie instigation of her relatives, 
 he ent"ered the alibey of St. Denis, from whieli la- 
 wns compelled to depart, accused of heresy, on ac- 
 count of iiis censuring the dissoluteness of the monks. 
 He then built and lectured at the oratory of the 
 Paraclete (or comforter) wliieh eventu.iUy he made 
 a convent, witli Heloise for the alibess. He died 
 under the eliar-e of heresy, 21 April, 1142, and was 
 buried in the PiiracU'te,' wlierj also Heloise was 
 laid, 17 Mav, lid). Their ashes were removed to 
 the garden of the Jluseum Frani;ai9 in l8a), and to 
 the cemetery of I'ore la Chaise in 181 7. Their 
 epistles, &c.i were i)iildished in 1616. 
 
 ABENCEEEAGES, a [.owerful jroorish tribe 
 of (iri.nada. opposed to the /egris. from 1480 to 
 1492 their (luarrcls deliiged Granada with blood and 
 hastened the fall of the kingdom. Tliey were ex- 
 terminated by Boabdil (Abu Ahdallah), the last 
 king, who was dctbnuied liy Ferdinand iind Isabella 
 in 1492 ; his dominions were annexed to ('astile. 
 
 ABENSBEKO, Bavaria. The Austiians were 
 here defeated by ^'apoleon 1. 20 April, 1809. 
 ABEOKUTA, see Da/iomc;,. 
 ABEEDEEN (N. Scotland), said to have been 
 founded ill the third century alter Christ, and erected 
 into a city al'oiit 89?. Old Aberdeen was made a 
 royal burgh in Il54;'it was liurnt by the English in 
 i:;^); and soon after New Aberdeen was built. A 
 still lie of the prii.ce consort was inaugurated by the 
 (iiiecn 13 Oct. 18(1^; and one of nueen Victoria by 
 the prince of Wale's, 20 Sept. 18(16. Sw ropii/d/ioii. 
 Kiiii's CfiWi-'/t w;is founded l.y liisliup William El] liiii- 
 stoiic, who l.acta bull from pope Alexander VI. in 141)4. 
 Till- I'/i/ii /-;/'/ was eui'tid in 1500-6. ilnrischiri coUaic 
 WHS fouiidid' I'V George Kcitli, earl niarisclial of Scot- 
 land, in fim ; Vcliiiilt in 1837. In 18'^S tlio nniveisity 
 and lolb'Kcs were iinilicl. Hy tlic icforni act of iSf;8, 
 tlie uuiveititica of Aberdueu and Glasgow seiid one 
 
 iiiciiiber to piiiliaiiceiit. Sir Krasiiins Wilsnii givfv 
 
 10,000/. toeiidowaidiairof patliologicalniiatoiiiy, iSSj. 
 Al'ove 30 persons diowned by overerowdiiig u boat, 
 
 April, 1E76. 
 Alienleeii farmers agitate for cliaiigc in landlawa ; abnte- 
 i iiieiit of rem, lif., .Se|it. 1881. 
 Alierdecn market ibstroyed hy lire, 29 Ai'ril, 1862. 
 initbic-iiark, ])resentcd l.y Miss Uutbie, o\ientd ^^y 
 
 ],riiici-ss IJcatrice, qj Sept. 1883. 
 Tlie liritlsli Association meets here, 14 Sejit. 1859 i »'"• 
 
 9 Sejit. 18S5. 
 ■ The iiiar(|Uis of Loriic uncovers a colos.sal at^itne of 
 
 Wallace, 29 June, iE33. 
 Mr. John (iiay Clianilieis, of Bniichoiy, berinentb* 
 
 10,000/. to found a pndessorsliip of Engllsli litevaHirc- 
 
 ill tlie university with oilier becjm st.s. Nov. lEgo. 
 Uronze statue of tlio iiueeii, by Jlr. Biicli, a.k.a., lin- 
 j veiled 9 Nov. 1S9;. 
 
 I Address to czar on bis way to Balmoral, 33 Sept. i8g6. 
 Fire at a niii.--ic lial', by panic 6 deaths, 30 .Seiit. iSofi. 
 I .Miss Jane Ciiiiksliank gives 15,000/. for & bulaiiic 
 I garden, Ajiril, 1S9C. 
 Malcolm III. having gained a great victory over 
 the Danes in the year 1010. resolved to found anew 
 lUshopric, in token of his gratitude for his suci'ess, 
 and jiitehed upon Jlortbich in liantfsliire, whert- 
 St. Beaiuis was iirst bishop, 1015. The see. re- 
 moved to Aberdeen eurly in tlie twelfth century, 
 was discontinued at the' revolution, 1689, and 'is 
 now 11 post-revolution bisliopric, instituted in 1721 ; 
 see IHsIk'Hs in Scutltiiid. 
 
 ABEEDEEN ACT, introduced by the earl of 
 Aberdei'ii, and jiasscd. 1845, to enforce the obser- 
 vance of a convention made with Jiinzil in 182O to 
 jiut down the skive trade, liepealed in A]iril, 1869. 
 
 ABEEDEEN ADMINISTEATION, called 
 the Coii/i/ioii Miiiixf/-!/, as iniduding Whigs, Radi- 
 cals, and followers of sir K. Peel. Formed in eon- 
 sei|ucnce of the resignation of the first Derby ad- 
 ministration ; sworn in, 28 Dee. 1852; resigned 
 ■50 Jan. i8.;5 ; succeeded by the Talmerstoii ad- 
 ininistiation, ic/iic/i .vcc. 
 Earl of Alierdccii.'.nr.s/ hnd a/the treasury. 
 Lord t'lanwiatli, Icrd ihttitcrUur. 
 Earl Gianv.Ue, iinikknt ofthf council. 
 Uuke of Argvll, li^rit )iririi .Hiil. 
 Loiil John Hiissell.t/e/v'ii;" scereliiry. 
 Viscount I'almerslon, Imme sicntiirii. 
 Duke of Xeweastle.J ei'lvulal and inir sfcretnry. 
 William Ewart Glad.stoiie, chunrrUar o/exchiinier. 
 Sir James Graham, //'.</ hinl afllie ailniinillji. 
 Sir Charles Wood, prcsiilent of the luilia liMird. 
 Edward Cardwcll. prcfhhut ofhmrd of trade. 
 Hon. Sidney Ilerliert, sicretarji-cit-var. 
 Sir William Moleswoitli, chief commissioner of works. 
 Marquess of Lansdowiie (witbout otlice). 
 Viscount Canning, lord Stanley of Alderlcy, right hon. 
 
 Edward Stnitt, &c. 
 
 ABEEDEEN PEEEAGE CASE. George, 
 earl of Aberdeen, grandson of tlie premier, suc- 
 ceeded hia father, 22 March, 1864. After travelling 
 in a yaelit, lie became a merchant seaman, and chief 
 mate' of the Jlcra ; he was drowned 2" Jan. 1870. 
 His brother John's claim to the succession was 
 allowed by the house of lords, 3 May, 1872. 
 
 ABEE EDW, S. Kadnorshiiv. Near here 
 Llewelyn, the last independent prince of 'Wiilcs, 
 was surprised and defeuteil by tlie lords marchers, 
 
 I * Horn in 1784; engaged in foreign diploniaey, 1813 : 
 lieeame foreign secretary, Jan. 1828 i joined tile party of 
 sir H. I'l'el, 1846 ; died 14 Dec. i860. 
 
 1 t Lord John liussell was succeeded as foreign secir- 
 tary by the earl of Clarendon (Feb. 1853), Imt continue. 1 
 a iiienilier of the caltinct, witliout otlice ; be afterwards 
 lieeanie president of the council, in the room of eail 
 Granville, Bpiiointtid to the duchy of Lancaster (Juhf, 
 
 1814). 
 
 J In June, i8=;4, the offices wore separated; the dukv 
 of Newcastle remained secretary of var, and sir Otuift 
 Grey waii iiiaUe culuniai stottttary. 
 
ABERGELE 
 
 llltj SLIIC 10 tlH' Jowol'), Hilt liriv..,! ),!■ . • . 
 
 to remove otliers IVoin ] a " , -^V M 1,? '^^'r' 
 
 :u5:^^fo';^!;^i;:i^/-;t: Jw,!':^.t, 
 ;;uen:S;;'::;-'^:;;ioi;'"^'';:;;^i:^^'-^-^^ 
 
 ley in Ins Jintish Assoeiatioii aiklrL 18-0 
 
 ABJURATIOX of the ,,o,,e w'ase'nimneabv 
 .tatate in the ivigiu of Jlenry VIIJ., ivliza bet, iiid 
 Janies T an,l ot eertain .l.ietrinos of tl ,..',, h 
 of Kome by stat. 2; Cliark^s H ,f,-2 Tl, , 
 
 U nil- the th,-ee-„a,hs of abila'tLf iS; r i 
 ^111,1 supremacy was substiliit,.,!. Kee Oulhs ' 
 
 ABKASIA, a proviiu-e „f the Caiieasus, annexed ' 
 
 Ku>siu, the last prin.eMieliaelSliervashijk.i^^ ^ 
 
 ■posrd: im insurrection a,^ai„st the lluss an a ^ i 
 
 iU,lsln.;i ^ ^"^' '^'^' '"■"' 1"^'»''J witli inueh | 
 ABNEY PARK, se 
 
 S ■. -0 .^..d'" So ;f"-'' i" '83s ; annual niec 
 ■ aborigines nhelC' 'T ^^'^ ^'"nditioii of the 
 I I"''-lia.n."t 1 s/i ,'^' «^" "" j7 ^^•^•'•'•' •'■■-'-nted to 
 
 d|uedie.;)J;.,o^^S'-^^ 
 
 Canaan is daJed 2«^'%. i ^^^;:"'A,-',-j| /" 
 l^epMiis, 2i:;3l,v HaUs ^'""''•"' '/j0-I,0O by 
 
 their,o,nnii:;h:;^i:rn,ei':;'^?^„d 
 
 1/ ui the moment of vietory,, 3 Sept. 
 
 ■■>/' 
 
 , -^>,' Cemeteries. 
 
 Iv, Jfil ;>;' '""■' !'/ Kussia, fouiuled prior to i, 
 I . s til Ih09 eap.tal of Swedisli Finland. It has 
 lurtered mueli b^- re, espeeially in ,;;s and "s'- 
 'ias seized by the Kussians in iVb. iSoV "d,d''t,', 
 
 . t liiL 111 182, . lhe_ uiuveisity erected by Gus- 
 
 i;;;:-it'ti:i,Srj82i:-'%.^:;^"4i';r^ 
 
 J.n!^*^^c.^;!',!i?IIs':^F' "- ■-•'>• i" the northern 
 In , Liiited States, opjiosed to slavery. They 
 
 I incd a small society at lioston about 18)2; wh li 
 I |metheinicleu.s of a sreat political pa t s 1 
 
 VVBORIGINES (without origin), a namegiven 
 I tlie earliest known inhabilaiils of Italy {wh,. ,c ' 
 K the Latiiu) ; novv applied to liie , .. '.^ I 
 
 fbitaiusof any count,. 'Ixiie Alorigine^rixai": ' 
 
 Montcalm 
 Wolfe, who 1 
 I "59; see Quehee. 
 ABIUHAMITES, a sect lu.ldinn- the rvm,.« nf 
 
 territoij.. in LiilnH'.ded >';^ !,, ''''''''' '«' ^"'i 
 
 :9^'^^^^^«^^^^«^«ACT;%..ed 
 
 iin^^i;!^^?,7;^,(4';n the pound,, levied 
 
 ;;^a|^e,.tees(,o^^cZ,t„^;;x:e^^:;E~ 
 
 ABSOT TVrT({-\T ' -n , • -""b'leu.x in r-83. 
 i».^^'1iid^-b^^^^ 
 
 \ Simeo^n the Sttiite to •^l,^'""'''"""^ ^^ved to 115 ; 
 
 l«Md Julia ; di.s' ,",':; ',.';:', ""'"''■'• "' ''••>■ bus. 
 
 posture cb'tc'ted l,y I ir A II,., I, v ' '"''' i'"" 
 
 rei«>rte,l to l,avc liv,,| w,, ,,.,;.' "' '"■'''""1, wa, 
 
 Saralhla,.,,l,s,,ll;w."s -'/;,: "rf';'''^ 
 
 uin,a..,^tohat:i^^ou.!i,itCii:,ss:^^;^;'- 
 
 iJr. 'rainier, at New York wns st.it..,i , 1 
 -lays .•1.1,1 niVlKs, .IriiiliiTl u .',".'';'"' '^?^'«',','«° 
 
 ,7 Aug, ,S8o. FniiM siU'n.ci,',! s,,m 1, ""' '" """'» 
 5 July, :6sl. ''"''■'''*'• ■'"'"' «» have lasted 3(3 days 
 
 II 2 
 
ABU KLEA. 
 
 ABYSSINIA. 
 
 Lniii.si' hnli'iiM, Ili:li{i:in fnimtic, nt Hnis il'IIalii(\ hiiIiI to 
 liuvi) lived twelve viMr.s witlnmt tooil, died n^'ed il^'. 
 Aug. 1883, 
 [Slie Imil reiiinrkiiblii wnunds rosemMIng tlio fltlgiimta on 
 
 tlie eriK ilix.] 
 SiKiiiir Succi, of Rmiie, said to liave fiisti'd 30 dnj'H, i88fi ; 
 I'nst 111' ^o ilii.v, nt llarri'liniii, sa Sept. -23 (let. 188K. 
 Knsteil 40 days ill Wi'stiniiister A(|Uai'iuin, 17 Marili ■ 
 26 Ajiril, iSv"o. l''ast of 42 c'ajs liy Jl. Alexai'di'e 
 -laeiiues at tlie same place, 2[ .Imie-2 An^. iSt/?; 
 a^aiii 31 .Inly-io Sept. (50 days), ihgi. Hneei lasted 
 45 days, at \f\v Yor.<, coDcluded 20 Dec. i8go; at tlie 
 Westiiiiiisler Ai|uai'i\iiji lie en(,'nK'''' f" 'i's'. 53 ilays, 
 luit htoppeil on the 4^tli day, 20 Jan. 181,2. 
 Sitriior .Merlatt', of I'ans, alli';.'ed to have fasted 50 ilays 
 ilriiikiiiK water; in Kood health lait ni-eally eiimeaiti'd, 
 13 Dee. 1886. 
 
 Many other rases of Ion}; nlistinenee have lieen r rded. 
 
 See Fdxts, Teetnliil'erf. 
 AiisTixEXT,s, an ascetie sect in Gaul and Siiain : aliont 
 288. 
 
 ABU KLEA, alimit 120 mile;! from Klnii-toiiiii. 
 Here (ieneral Sir irerla>rt Stewart defeatecl the 
 Mnlidi's troniis, \- Jan. i8.*-v See under Soniliiii. 
 ABYDOS, see ne//,'s/)0)i/. At A1)Vi1oh ill 
 I'lijjer K;;v]it n tahlet w.'is diseovcrcd dedlealed to 
 llie nionidiT n( liis aneostor.s liv Kainesea II. (aliout 
 r;22 H.r.). It was li(mp;lit for the liritisli Miiseuni, 
 1S37. ,\iioflier tiililet was (liseo\ered liy Mariclle 
 ill' 18(15. 
 
 ABYSSIXTA, till" eo:intry of tlie Haliese. 
 N.H. Afriea. Its niioient liistorv is very iilieer- 
 tiiiii. Tlie l<iiii.nloin of tlie Ax'iiinilu) (its eliief 
 town Axiini) tloiirislied in tlio 1st and 2111! 
 ooiitnrifs after Christ. The relijrion of tlie Aliys- 
 sinians is a eornipt form of tlie Chrisliaiiitv iiilro- 
 diieed alenit 321) liy FruiiU'iitius. About ()liO, 
 .liiditli, a Jewl.-li jirineess, niurdered a frreiit iiart 
 of the royal Caniily, and I'eijriied forty years, The 
 young kinir eseaped ; and the royal hoii.se \vas 
 restored in 12O8 in the ])er.son of his despendant ' 
 I''on Ainlae. In the middle an:e.s it was said to 1 
 li'i rilled by Prester John or I'rete Janni. The 
 Portuguese missions, eiimmciieed in the Ii;tll eeii- 
 lury, after niiieh striii>ffliiiff against opposition, 
 were exjielled aliniit l('3?. The elieroaehmenls of ' 
 t le Gallas and intestine ilisonlers soon after broke 
 up the empire into petty goveninieiits From the j 
 visits of James liruee, 1768-73; Henry Salt, l.So9- I 
 10; Edward Kiiiipell, 1834-7; major Harris, 184 J ; 
 Manstiold Parkyns, 1S44-7, inueli information 
 rospeeting Abyssinia has been gained. Several 
 expeditions into Abyssinia have been organise,! by I 
 ;he I'lvneh goveriiiiKMit. The brothers Antoiiio ' 
 and Arnaubl Abbadie visited the eountry 1857-4^. 
 .\byfs\nia was dividi'd into four prov'iiiees. I'n 
 1847 lias Ali was niler of Anihara ; Kas Ubie of 
 Tigre and S,-imien ; and Sahela Selassie of Slma. 
 l'o])ulafion between 3,000.000 and 4,000,000. The 
 ruler of Abys^^inia is termed XctfK.i.n title dating 
 from the I3tb eentury. The eountry is now some- 
 times styled Kthiopia. 
 
 Treaty of eoiiiinerrr with the king of Shoa eon- 
 
 idiided liy e iplaiii ITiiiris . . ifi Nov. 
 
 Mr. I'j nv.leii (iindi' llritish eonsul at Jlassowah', 
 
 1848I, uliides treaty with lias Ali, ruler of 
 
 AiMhiira 3 N,n._ 
 
 Ras Ali deposed liy his son-in-law Theodore, who 
 is erowiied. and takes the title of ai'i/)M, or king 
 
 "f liiag» '. II Fell. 
 
 Protestant ndssiomries reeelved, reiilaeing Hoinaii 
 
 eatholies 
 
 Mr. Plowden (who had .Joined the partv of Theo- 
 dore) killed liy rebels, Feb. ; his frifiid llrll 
 killeil soon after, wlieii aveniring liini : Theodore 
 overeoines the ndiels and iiiassaere.s idioiit 
 risoiiers as a s.-ieriti' 
 
 1841 
 
 1840 
 
 1855 
 
 pn 
 
 'to till 
 
 '.so 
 
 Captain c. l>. t'aiiieion appointed to succeed i 
 
 sliiln. May; reeelved by Theodore, 7 Oct.; ia 
 Mint awav with a letter for the queen, desiring 
 alliiiiieeaiiainst Ihe'J'urks ; whieh arrived 12 Feb. 1863 
 j It Is deeiiled that this letter is not to be answered; 
 I Caineron, ordered by earl Hnssell to remain at 
 Massowah, returns to Abyssinia . . June, „ 
 Hev. II. Stern, iidssionary, beaten and imprisoned 
 ' for aliened intrusion n|iiiii Theodore ., Oct. ,, 
 
 (,'aniei and alllbitlsh snlijeets and nilssionnries, 
 
 iiiilirisoiii'd for pretended insults, 3 Jan.; report 
 of Iniprisonnient reached I,oniliiii 7 May; Jiri- 
 soiiers sent to Magilala, and ehained like eriini- 
 
 ! mils Nov. 1864 
 
 Mr. lloriniizil liassaia, a Chaldee Christian, first 
 assistant liiitish political resident at Aden, sent 
 on niissjoM III .Vbyssinia ; arrives at Massowah, 24 
 .liily; lii'iit. I'riiieanx and Dr. Dlauc appointed 
 
 to a'i'i'iini|iany hlin 
 
 Mr. Ilas.sain having negotiated without effect for a 
 var, Mr. (iilliud ralt;rave is apiiointed by earl 
 liussell to go III Aliyssinia, July ; but is stopped 
 on the inte!ligenee' that Theodore has invited 
 liassain to I'oiiie to him . . . iz Aug. 1863 
 Mr. Uass.iiii, lieiit. I'rideaux, and Dr. Blnnc arrive 
 at .Maleiiinia froni M;issiiwah, 21 Nov. 1865 ; and 
 are well leieived liy Theodore . . 28 .bill. 1866 
 
 I'lisoners released. 12 Mandi ; all seized and ini- 
 
 prisoiied .... about 13 April, ,, 
 
 Mr. Fl.id sent to KiiKland by Theodore to obtain 
 Ihitish worknien, .\pril ; arrives, July ; Intro- 
 diii'i'd 111 i|iiri'ii Viitiiria, and receives ftoni her 
 an antivra|.h letter, dated . . . 401' ,, 
 Mr. Flail returned with workmen to Massowah, 
 2y Oct. ; Theodore received the iiiiecirs letter 
 
 about 19 Dee. ,, 
 Lord Sdiiiley's ultlniatuin to Theodore, deniand- 
 iii;; release 111 the captives in three luoiiths (not 
 
 neeiviil), sent 16 -April, 1867 
 
 Mr. Flad nii'ived ly the king ; and made to .ioin 
 
 liis family in prison .... May, ,, 
 I'leparaliiins for war ; sir Hubert Napier appointed 
 ri'itimaiiiler ot'aii expedition ; pioneer force sails 
 
 froiii llmnbay 14 Sept. ,, 
 
 A foniial letter Iroin the Ifritisli government sent 
 
 t.iTIi lore (never ariived) . . g Sept. ,, 
 
 Advauecd bnt^ade (lioo) sail from Boniliav. 7, 
 
 8 net. ; l;in.l at Zniilla .... 21 (let. „ 
 N ipicr's innclaMiatloii issued in Abyssinia, 26 Oct. ,, 
 I apt ives at Mat'dala reported well . 11 Nov, ,, 
 111 port lli.it the (iailas have joined the revolt 
 
 a^iainst Th lore .... 25 Nov. ,, 
 
 The liriti>h p.'irliaineiit meets ; the riueen's speech 
 anniainces the war, 19 Nov. ; 2,ooo,ooo(. voted, 
 
 26, 27 Nov. ,, 
 Third tdtiinatum sent by sir I?, Najiier; inter- 
 cepti'd by a rebel ehief and given to Mr. Itassain, 
 Willi Mi|ipii'ssi'd it as likelv to endanger the lives 
 
 of tlie eal.tives 1868 
 
 Arriv.il iif sir li. Napier at .\niieslcy bay 4 ,Ian. „ 
 
 Tl iiplives nlieveil of their ebaiiis '. 2q Mareli, ,, 
 
 Sir II. .N'apiir arrives lii'lmv Magdala . 2 Aiiril, ,, 
 Tlicmlore inassaires aliout 300 native iirisoiiers 
 
 9 April, ,, 
 Uatth' of .\riii.'ee ; Theodore's troops attack the 
 Itritlsh lirsl brigade ; defeated with much 
 slaughter ((loud Friday) . . 10 April, „ 
 
 Th.'oiloie rei|iiests .Mr. Ijas.sam to mediate; lieiit. 
 I'ridiiinx. sent to sir li. Napier, rcturus with a 
 letlcr; Tlieiidiire reecives it indignantly, and 
 sends an insulting reply . . . li Ajiril, ,. 
 
 Th lore sends a leltiriii'apologyotrcriiigapre.seiit 
 
 of cattle ; ,\lr. liass luider.standiiigthisiireseiit 
 
 to have been aeeepled, tells the king's agents; 
 the Kmopeaii artisans and families .scut to the 
 
 Ihitish cami ,2 April, ,, 
 
 Part of the Abyssinian lroo]is mutiny: Magdala 
 biiniliarded and stormed ; Tliendore" kills iiiiii- 
 
 self n April, ,, 
 
 (" I fail to iliseover a single point of view t'roin 
 wliiih It is possible to reg.-ird his removal with re- 
 gret."— .sir /;. ,V»;iiir . . . . isJnne,] ,, 
 Magdala biinit 111 the ground , . . 17 Ajiril, ,, 
 llealli of Theiiilore's iineeii . . . 10 May, ,, 
 
 II. my I'lifl"!! of the "Intelligence dcpartineut" 
 
 ABYSS 
 
 snl Plowden 
 
 (III 
 
 •il at Alassownli q Feb. i362. 
 
 goes to Abys- 
 
 Nov. 1861 ! In 
 
 shot livshoshoriibl 
 
 28 Mav 
 
 ■dlate return of the troops ;— .all h.adeiiibarkeil, 
 
 2 June, 
 
 Troops ,,„lvt. at riyinou 
 
 at Dover . 
 IC.dtlu Haul to have liei 
 '.' • 45 ele|ihaiits, 7 
 
 •iiel poiiii.s, 70,, 1,1, III,, 
 
 „'•"•>-;' ly employed in th 
 
 ■"leodiire's son Alania,V(, 
 
 hioiith, 14 July; im, 
 
 Pelisini, „f 350/, to col. C 
 '-^70] : 5000;. given to ; 
 Ulanu ; 2000/. to liei 
 
 Priiiee Aliimavoii .sailed ti 
 
 ,. ''"ledto Kagland end 
 
 Ji-X||i;nses of tin- war: = 
 
 '^"■^ '• 3,JoQ.uoo/. nioriM 
 
 ll'otal: 8,i,77,,oo;. Fe 
 
 "' port ot a commission i> 
 
 I'lditioii diseloseil niii 
 
 .'"■-'emy ami divided am 
 
 "ar liitween Goliazve. kii 
 
 kni^i.fpj^,,.,.. K..,;^,n.i, 
 
 l^oliazye lie.iiin and taken 
 
 '^ass,i p,.,,|,„s,.sto l„; irm, 
 
 "1 all Abyssinia, 21 Nov 
 
 missionaries for iiartisan 
 
 .."•ith Fgvpt . . 
 
 K.issa erowned at Axiim a,- 
 
 Jiai.l t,, i,e niliiig tvraiinirM 
 
 "arwith Fgypt: the klien 
 
 «">ia; the natives retire 
 
 tjie Fgyptians ,it Klna-ad 
 
 Loinda Ooiiddi (adespiM-a 
 
 Aliysaiiiians defeated m thi 
 
 Col, Gordon said to be iiegc 
 King Johanni totally dufeati 
 
 Menelek submits, iiennitted 
 ., l;a tic; Menelek.saidtob 
 Col, (,ordiiii cuneliides peac 
 
 Prince AIamayi.ii'ili,.,,',it 1,;^^ 
 
 iv indsor 
 Jiiiig Johanni receives adin 
 and signs a ta-aty respectii 
 
 T«-,)Aby.ssiniaiienviiysarri\ 
 lieeeivcd by the (,iiceii 
 Start on return , 
 
 Captain Harrison Smi'th, u'rit 
 by kingji.lniiiiij . 
 
 For disputes with Italvsee.) 
 
 Jtr. Portal, and a .Mi.ssion f, 
 
 mediate between Italy am] 
 
 .iiJic.,/,) received by the kin 
 
 without elfeet. •> ""- '^"' 
 
 The Italians mareh 'to Saa 
 
 anni.uneed . " 
 
 Aby-ssinians delVatcd in a skii 
 
 ""«'", '"Waain,- of ,„.t,iai | 
 
 fVM tiniig iii.ar ,S;iati, 2 
 
 tliroiigh ili.|i,.ii.|iev in eoiiiin' 
 
 peace ; two cliief.s .sent to j 
 
 Tlie Negus refuses the t.^rms , 
 
 Ihe nliau troops return to 
 
 lieljclliou ot Menelek, king o 
 
 John . . ' o 
 
 ^''';/'*>'"-'* i« -slated to "have" 
 attack on the dervishes, ,0 
 been atf.icked and killed bv 
 
 *'"*''i'>.ii fi 1 Meneli.k, kingiif 
 
 received by king ir.iniliert, 
 between ItalyandAlivssiniaf 
 
 Menelek erowned negiis of Abv 
 
 Protectorati! of Itjily over Abv 
 announeed . ' 
 
 The Italian .\alininil li.'mk ag,., 
 4,ooo,(xio Irane.s 
 
 Uus Maiigaseia and otliei' op,', 
 defeated . . _ '' 
 
 Gen. Oivio, on lieh.ilf .,f 'ji,, 
 
 -^Jaa, and is warmly received 
 
 Subnn.saion of Degiae Manga.si 
 
 meets count Antonelli at Ado 
 

 
 . ; iH 
 
 
 iriiif? 
 
 
 Kel). 
 
 1863 
 
 red; 
 
 
 in at 
 
 
 une, 
 
 
 oncd 
 
 
 1864 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 ABYSSINIAN ERA 
 
 Tl J £.'■'"'''' '^r',' '" "'" "■'"^l""-t si.rvir,..] 
 
 '^ o| : 5«„,. guv,, t,. II,.. Has.s;„„ ; ,o.i,/ f •' 
 ^''■''•••■r AlanuiVdi siiil..! to India r..!' nliu.nri.n'Jr'.'- " 
 
 ■- ;b 3 ;OO.PUO/. IMMIV Voted . ,M,.' 
 
 Ilotal: d,977,5oo;. I'H,. ,SSo.] ' "♦•"'"■ " 
 
 G. ;l.a.y,. Iieaten ,u,d lake,, |,,i.su,„.r ' " "■',"Z' '^" 
 
 ^\.ir Willi pv.vi.t : Il„. khnlive's trum.s ,.Mt , \> '^""4 
 '*i<>i.i ; til,, natives ivtii,. , f """I '^ '■iili'i- Aliys- 
 tlio l-i'V|.tia s t Ke'i /'"■'""" •""' 'l'''""t 
 
 ^aoMda(^o;u;di';a'dl:::^,^^; !);"--'-■••). "-'at i 
 
 Al.y«,u,an. defeated „1 three 'iajs' conili,.t,"^ ''• '^" 
 fol. Gordon said to be negotiating- ,„.a,.e i'oi'-'l'i^'il;; '^'^ 
 KinyJolnmni totally defeats Jlenelek, kin^jof Isil.'la,' *^" 
 
 Jleneleksulmiits, |.ennitted to n,l,. ■ "'I'''"'' "'',J""''i ,, 
 ,., «ttle ; MenelJl! sa^Uo h^'L ! f^ '""'r'^Tf 
 t.jl...o,.doneonelndes„eaee;Al,;ssiniat,;^,:ivl:';; " 
 
 liiiiK.lolianni receives adin.II.'.wi.ii' fr,,„', V 'i- ' " 
 -'d -«... u treaty resi.oeUn;;'^;;:^^::;;;:^;:'-^;;;^ 
 
 StJirt on return • • • • 20 An;;. „ 
 
 For dispntes with Italv s.'e .\)„^^„'„;,l, ' "' ^'"^'' '^^^ 
 
 The Italians march to Haati 't., f„n„'°,""^ "'■"• '^^7 
 iiiin.innced . ' "" ^ cainp, 
 
 Al,>-.sinians,h.|eatedinaskinnish' . ' ' i k;:|;- '^*^3 
 OiiKht Ije-innm.' of acfn-il h,, fiini ' ,?''''• ,, 
 
 »liKlit tiring' ,7,.ar SaaJ^X ,'.,■• ^'■"''■^' ' 
 «"-onKhdehcieneyi,;'c:;„^t^; ;''V'''\,;^''«''^ 
 P™™; two duels se,a to Kene,u^«an 'Mai;.';: 
 
 ,„tokinKiIun,l,e,t • " ^''^■- "'« "W* writes 
 uxploratiuns r '-/■ s, ',' ' "™»"id ol his 
 
 Aheha, 26 Oct. ; raliiied by I a v^ " ' '"v'''" 
 (-oninieie al tre'it\- .,011' • ' • '" ■>'"'• 
 
 iin. Al,d l,r \ ,' '•'""•■^■""ncnnerd, . Feb. 
 
 "I'ls general .li;,l "■•5^' l"'"'-'l>" '•I'ief and 
 
 J'nnd, ^■I^Ih^;':.^,,;!-^.^^,;-;!. killed, jnid. 
 
 Jiily the oar V diJ.T '1 ■•■ ^ V"' '■"'" ■ s'S 
 
 .en^,uM,r^,;i'r;:r :,:---.-;-;.. a 
 
 ' Id r'Ka^t'A ";'•'"■" ;'^ t'- -■'-- " 
 ,,,,"iii.ointe,;at*Adis'.ii,H';;''' "" ""''^"' '■-",'•■'■' 
 
 Ihe emperor nia.le K. (J M (i ' ' •''*• " 
 
 J-ient. llarrinj-ton Brit'isI, ,ii, r ,'■ • ^5 '«'• o 
 
 -nseatte,;tl,L«^.d-l:^;;''-;:^^';;,,,,:''-;|"tes 
 
 189: 
 
 icy J 
 
 3(y6 
 
 IS97 
 
 • Followers of Aeatius, bishop 
 fourth leiitury, who held jj,.. 
 
 •eoe,ved l,y kin^ Ifomhert, .,',.'." ,"f"V' 
 
 Iwtweenltalvand Vlivssini,; ,, "' ;• '^ treaty 
 
 M.'..eleker,,wne;n;.:^ln'A^^;^['-^'''''^'''^ •'-•'■ - 
 
 "^'uSsr^'^''^— Ahyssi;;!;;aoeept^,f:;;^i •■ i 
 
 l«m«asdu ami othe; opponents o?^^,;•':^ ,. 
 Gen ()r,.ro. on behalf r,f 'm,., ,;, |,,i. ' , ;'*'"'■■■- 1 >i'i'. ,, I 
 
 Adna, and is warndy reeeiva V • ""'•-•''«*''" o i 
 6>uhnnssi(,n of l)e:,'iae .ManL'Uni» ' « 7 "''■'"■ '^9o ' 
 meets count Antonelli it Adowa. ' "'"1' {,. "." 
 
 • ID •'III}, ,, 
 
 ACACIANS. I 
 
 I or Ciusurea, in the 
 ^ i^v^^^^y /-pec.i,,. the uuture of ChrJst 
 
 ^^ACADEMICAL STUDY, see A'UucaUo., 
 
 .ACADEMIES. Aa,den,i„, a shadv irrov.^ 
 C . on ho *,'; f"Jr7 -^'"^ '"''""^■'' »■"'' -statues l.y 
 
 f":^e.uic!; ;;:"'",?•' "','' 'r '■>^»--- 'o-ic the t' « 
 
 01 Academies. -l{onk« iiad iioaeiiduniies.*_i>toleMu- 
 ^ Ir ," T"'/° '""■'■' '■""'"'^•'' "» '"■'"''■•■"V "t A "x- 
 I Sn , 'f " ^'-^ "■"'• '^Merahnmu I." caliph of 
 ! ispam, founded academies about a.u --? tL, 
 aosms tho Younger, Charh.ma.n.ct u d '.vifrcd a rj 
 also nanuMl as founders of aeadJuiies Itah i, 
 
 tims 550, ol which 2,^ were ii Milan. In iX-i 
 to tlio".^, """• "•' -'i"""' l-q-'-thed about ^,^' 
 \ anna. Many of the following dates are doubtful. 
 
 iiasu, 1460. 
 
 • Wraro termed his vilhi "Academii 
 posed his "Aeademie linestions." ' 
 
 iiud here com- 
 
 I ^11 
 
 > V^i 
 
 I m 
 
 t 'I 
 
 h 
 
 1/7 
 
 llf 111 
 
 ^; ' <J ■ 
 Itl 
 
 tl. 
 
ACADIA. 
 
 6 
 
 ACCORDION. 
 
 i i 
 
 r AHh, 1696 ; of I'rliicer, 1703 ; AreliltiM'- 
 
 Miitlii'iJiiitli's, i6go; 
 
 Ucrlin ; Hoyii 
 
 UiTv, 1799. 
 BoloKim, KcclosinsticMl, 1687 ; 
 
 Sciiiiici'M ami Arts, i7t2. 
 DrjHcin, iil'tln' Kfni,iti, 16^6. 
 Brwit mill TiMiliiii, Mililiny, 1S82. 
 BrnHHelH, r.rlln l.itlnf, t/t^. 
 t'liijii, Jlilhs l.illi;.<, 1705, 
 C(i|H'iiha;;i'Il. Ill' .SficliiMw, 1743. 
 Cnrtdllil, Allliquitii'S, t-jjO. 
 
 Diililin. Arts, 1742 , I'.iintiiiK. Si'iil|iliirp, iti-., 1823. 
 
 Krfurt, iSiixoMv, Si'iciii I's, 1754. 
 
 Kiionzu. tliii t'liil'ijatni, \i'n2. 
 
 Fldri'iins I'.vllei l.ri{rri. 1272; A/'if Cr}i.mi (iiiiw miili'il 
 
 with the Flnrf:ii:,ii; ami iiiir;,'iil nin'i'r that iiaiiii'). 
 
 1582; Del rhiirnl", 1657 (liy lairililial ili' MiHlici) 1 
 
 Atit'iiiiitirs, !,-'i,7, 
 Geneva, Mt'iliial, 1715. 
 Geima, raiiitin^-, cti'., 1751 ; .Si'ii'iici'S, 17S3. 
 Germany, Xntnrif Citrioni, now Lfi'intldine, 1662, 
 
 Olittill},'''!!, 17 ! 1-7- 
 
 Ilaarh'iM, thr SriiMii'i's, i7''>i. 
 
 Iiish Aiailiiiiy, iinyal, li'ililin, 17S2. 
 
 Ijishnn, llistni'y, 17^0; .Srirni-fs, 1779. 
 
 London ; see ijni'l'in anil Snl■ll^lie.^. Hoyal Aondpiny of 
 
 t\nii Alts, 1763 ; olJInsic, 1734-43 ami 1822. 
 Lyons, Seieni'es, 1710; I'liysic ami Mathciiiatics ailiK' I, 
 
 1758. 
 Mailriil, tlio noy.il S| anisli, 1713 ; Ilistmy, 1730 ; Paint- 
 
 iiiK ami tln' Arts, 1753. 
 
 Manheini, ^Sl■il•l s, 1755 ; Scnliitiiri'. 1775. 
 
 Mantua, the Vliiihnii:, ."jeiiini'i's, 1704. 
 
 JIarseillc'S, ;.'i7'..< Lritrrt, jy^ri. 
 
 Mnssaehus. tts, Arts ami SeiiMH'CS, 1780. 
 
 Milan, An liiteriiri', 1380; Si'li'iii'i's, 1719. 
 
 Munich, Arts ami Ki-ii'm'es, 1759 : iSeienci'S, 1779. 
 
 Naples, A'li.wuim, 1540 ; Matlieiiiatics, 1560 : Sciences, 
 
 1695; Ihri'uhinc'nn, 1755. 
 Xi'w Vork. l.iti'iatiiie anil IMiili ojiliy, 1814. 
 Xisnies, Koyal Aeaileiiiy, ifiSj. 
 Patlua, lor l*ni-try, 1613: Sciences, 1792. 
 Palermo, Meiliial, 1645. 
 Paris, Sorh'Hiie, 1233; Painting', 1391 : Music, 1543^11! 
 
 1671 : Fivneli (liy liielnlieu), 1635 ; Fine Arts, 1648 ; 
 
 Imcriiilintiicl Itrik:' /.if(/-is(liy Coliicrt), 1663; Sciences 
 
 (by Colliert), le*"/) ; Ariliitectiire, 1671; Surgery, 173": 
 
 Militno', 1751 ; Naliiral I'hilosoiiliy, 1796, see /iis(i(i''e. 
 Parma, the Innminmtti, 15^0. 
 Peronsa, liisenxuli, 1561 ; fillqirtl, 1574. 
 Fhilailel|ihia, Arts ami Sciences. 1749. 
 Portsmouth, Xaval, 1722 ; cnlar),'eil, 1806. 
 Rome, Umi'rifti, 1611 ; I'miliistki, 1625 ; In.femmJi, 1653 ; 
 
 Paintiii!,', 166:;: ArnvVi, 1690; Enylish, 1752; Lined, 
 
 about 1600 : Xtfoi-i Liiirei, 1847. 
 Sandhurst, Military, 1822. 
 St. Petenitnir);, Sciences. 1725 ; Military, 1732 ; the School 
 
 of Arts, 1764. 
 Stoekhohn, of Science, 1741 ; Billci I.r.ttrcs, 1753 ; Agri- 
 culture, 1781 ; lioval Swedish, 17S6. 
 Toulon, Military, 1682. 
 
 Turin, Sciences, aliont 1759 : Fine Arts, 1778. 
 Turkey, Military School, 1775. 
 Upsal, Uoynl Society, Sciences, 1720. 
 Venice, Aledical, «tc. , 1701. 
 Verona, Music, 1543 ; Sciences, 1780. 
 Vienna, Sculpture and the Arts, 170s ; Surgcrj', 1783 ; 
 
 Oriental, 1810. 
 Warsaw, Languages, and Ilistorj', 1753. 
 Washington, United States, America, 1863. 
 Woolwich, Military, 1741. 
 
 ACADIA, sec Xnva Scntia, 
 
 ACANTHTTS, tlie foliage forming the volutes 
 of the Corinthian cnpital, .isoribod to Ciillimachus, 
 iibout 540 n.c. 
 
 ACAPULCO, Mexico. A Spanish galleon, 
 from Acaptilco, laden with gold and precioua wares 
 (estimated at above l,ooo,ooo/. sterling), taken by 
 commodore Anson, who had previoualy acquired 
 booty in his voyage amounting to 600,600/.,, June, 
 174J. He arri\ed at Spithead in the Centurion, 
 having circumnavigated the globe, 15 June, 1744. 
 
 ACARNANIA, N. Greece. The people be- 
 came prominent in the Peloponnesian war, having 
 invited the help of the Athenians against the Am- 
 
 I Iiraeians, 432 n.c. The Acnnianians were pubdued 
 by the Liiccdicnionians in 390; they took iiart 
 \.ith Jlaccdon against the Hoiimns in 2<X), by whom 
 tlicy were defeated in V)', and subjugated iii 14:;. 
 
 I ACCADIANS, a name now given to the priini- 
 
 1 tive inlmbitaiits of llalivloti. 'i'hc rev. A. H. 
 
 \ .'iaycc (I1S77) considers tlieni to have lieen the earliest 
 
 I civilisers of lOastern .\sia, and tlii'.sourc(>of the phi- 
 
 ioso]iliy and arts of the .\ssuiaiis and I'lnrnicians, 
 
 aiiilhinie of Ui'cecc. Their lihi'arica are said to 
 
 have existed seventeen cenlurics 11. c. 
 
 ACCEXT.S were Inst introduced in the Greek 
 language by Arisloplianes of Hyzantiuni, a gi'am- 
 marian and critic who taught at Alexandria about 
 .•;!)4 n.c, .\icenla were hrst used by the French in 
 tiie rei^n of I.onis XIII. (aliout 1610). 
 
 ACCESSION. The. '>., that of the House of 
 Hanover to the throne of Great Uritain, in the 
 person of George I., elector of Hanover, son of 
 Sophia, daughter of Klizaiieth, danghler of Jninesl. 
 He succeeded, I Aug. 1714. liy virtue of the act of 
 sdtlement jiassed in the reign of William III., 
 I.'.lune. 1701. wliieli liniiled the sticccssion to his 
 mother (as a I'rotestant) in tlie event of queen Anne 
 living williout issue. 
 
 ACCESSORIES to CkIXIKS. The law re- 
 
 sjiecting iheni consolidated and lunended in 1861. 
 
 ACCIDENTS, see under Co,,!, Fires, liiiihvays, 
 Scf. For compensation for accidents, see Cniiip- 
 /ic/l's v/(7.v ami r„xneii,jvs. In l8()i), it was eom- 
 piited that, in one year, about I()2 persons ar" 
 killed, and 1200 injured, in the streets of London ; 
 251 were killed in' 1875; 237 killed, 3185 injured, 
 I'Jan. 1878—31 Jan. 1879." 163 killed in'1879; 2^2 
 in 1881. 
 
 Accident Kelief Society, I.onilnii, estalilished 1836. 
 .Society for Preventing street Aceideiits and Dangerous 
 
 l>ri\iiig, foiiiied ill 1879: met at the Mansion House, 
 
 London. 30.1,111. 1880: woiiml up, i .Inly, 1881. 
 The Fatal Accidents liii|uiry Hill was i-ead 2iid 
 
 time by the ('iimimiiis .... 25 April, 1895 
 
 ACCItlKNTAr, DKATllS IN KSOLAND AND WALES. 
 
 1S56, 
 IJ'S?. 
 183S, 
 1859, 
 1S60, 
 1861, 
 1S62, 
 iSfJl, 
 
 1864, 
 
 l365, 
 
 9716 1866, 
 893c ] 1867, 
 ^947 1868, 
 
 9241 
 9225 
 9213 
 9005 
 
 9932 
 10,997 
 
 ■1.197 
 
 1870, 
 1871. 
 1872, 
 1873. 
 1874, 
 1875. 
 
 11,262 
 11,172 
 
 1 1. 03 J 
 10,725 
 10,906 
 11,316 
 11.435 
 11,284 
 11,783 
 12,254 
 
 1876, 
 1877. 
 187S, 
 1879, 
 1880, 
 
 18S4, 
 1885, 
 
 11,194 
 13,108 
 10,787 
 10,807 
 1 1 , 404 
 11,269 
 I'. 539 
 "■549 
 11,149 
 
 1886, 11,003 
 
 1887, 11,983 
 
 1888, 11,556 
 
 1889, 10,513 
 
 1890, 11,322 
 
 1891, 11,467 
 
 1892, 11,265 
 1803, 11,664 
 
 1894, n,ii6 
 
 1895, 11,977 
 
 ACCLIMATISATION of Animals. This 
 lias been prosecuted with great vigour since the 
 establishnicut of the Zoological society of London 
 in 1829, and of the Societe d'.Vcelimatation in Paris. 
 Numbers of lMiro]iean animals have been naturalised 
 in .Vustralia; the camel ha.s been conveyed to Krnzil 
 (1859) ; alpacas are bi-ed at Paris ; and" ostriches in 
 Italy (1H59). On 6 Oct. i8rxi, the Rois de Boulogne, 
 near Paris, was opened as a zoological garden, con- 
 taining only acclimatised animals. An Knglish ac. 
 climatisation society was founded 10 June, i860, by 
 hon. Grnntley Berkeley, Mr. J. Crockford, Mr. V. 
 Huckland, itc, and the prince of Wales became pre- 
 sident in April, 1865. It was not successful. An 
 acclimatising garden was established at Melbourne, 
 Australia, in Feb. 1861, and efforts made to natu- 
 ralise Knglish birds, fishes, \-o. See Fish. 
 
 ACCOLTELLATORI (gladiators), secret 
 assassins, at l{iivf nna and other places in Italy, 1874. 
 
 ACCORDION, a small frcc-rccd wind-instru- 
 ment with kevs, invented at Vienna by Damian 
 about 1829, and soon after introduced into England. 
 
 ACCOTO 
 ACCOUxVTAN 
 
 .fKltV, A.'e.,anotHcei 
 ".V ail act )ia,ssed 6 V 
 "f 111 couutaut-genen 
 aliolisljod, and the du 
 ant Ml (diancery. 
 ,ACCOUNTAN' 
 
 •It a iiieeting, 30 J 
 ^oiietv in 1872. F 
 ■■'■' "J'he Chartered 
 J'-iigliind and Wales,' 
 
 ACCUSERS. 
 
 ^^'rijipii, accusers at 
 'vhose chief is called 
 'I'iv, ell. xii. 10, the 
 'he brethren."— /•■(i/.i 
 ''.V 24 Henry VI. 1441 
 "1 !•', by 37 Henry V 
 , ACEPHALI (0 
 
 'I'riii applied to cerl 
 'lisliops and met priv 
 ■"■ mou law applied tc 
 ■'Vc., as claim or enjoj 
 ■tinii of the ordinary ' 
 ACETYLENE, 
 
 fesenililing coal gas, 
 
 "lade known in 1862. 
 
 ACHAIA (N. P. 
 
 by the Adiiei, reputci 
 son of Xuthus. The ki 
 ^»r subject to the A 
 rile .tchiei originally 
 ■"if Argos; but when 
 thence, they retired 
 *ho natives, and seiz 
 i'ellene, Jigira, JKgii 
 lihypcs, Cervnea, Oler 
 « hariB, forming the A 
 ■■^eli.iia invaded by Ep.an 
 i'he AcH/EA.v leaViuk re 
 
 280, and by other.s 
 •Vratus made piietor . 
 Xlie league joined by C'ori 
 
 i'c 
 
 ■guppnrtea by Athens aiii 
 
 ilie Aclaeans defeated at 
 
 under Cleomenes III., 
 
 _ Sellasi.i . 
 
 ''lie Social war begun ; ba 
 
 Aratus defeated . 
 Tke Peloponne.sus ravage 
 Peace of Xaujiactus 
 -Aratus poisoned at ..Bgiu; 
 PhilopcEiuen, leader of the 
 
 tyrant Maehanidas 
 Alliaul^e of the league wit 
 1 liilopijinjen defeated by 
 All the Peloponnesus join 
 War with Mes.sene : Philo 
 
 slain .... 
 
 The Achmans overrun Me 
 
 The Uoniaus ent«r Aidiaii 
 
 including Polybius the 
 
 *> ar with Koine, 150 ; Me 
 
 The Achieans defeated by 
 
 147 : the league dissolvf 
 
 subjected to Home, an 
 
 Achaii . 
 
 A(^ha\a, made a Latin pi 
 
 L'haniplitte 
 Obtained by Genlfrey Villi 
 
 frey II. . . . 
 iBy his brother William, 
 Moors, 1248 ; makes war 
 1259 .' a'l'l gains three fo 
 Succeeded by Isabella, 127 
 
 Uain.init 
 Their daughter Maud, prim 
 forcibly married to Join 
 prison 
 
ACCOUNTANT-GEXERAL. 
 
 ACCOUNTANT-GEXEIUL in Ciun- 
 
 i hUY, .Vc, fill ortii-e instituted in 1 72(), (inU nbolislicd 
 "V iiii wt im^Mid (> Auk. 1«72. lu 1.S41, the ..tticT 
 "' .'I'vnuntaHt-genenilor the CDiirtol' (XcIiuiiuit w;i« 
 ■ii)"lHliL'(l, mid the dull.., tr,iiisf..riTd to the iiceouiit- 
 
 AC0U8TICS. 
 
 1241' — 1430 
 iiiiipiit 1540 
 
 ■•'lit in chiincMTy. 
 
 ACCOUNTANTS' Institi'te, vntMUhvA 
 ■n II miTtiMK, 3u July, i«;u; the A.'countunts' 
 '. '" Ir'rV, '" J,''*"^- *'^'' '<"i''f»i''< were inciinidniti'd 
 ■'■^ iljy Clmrterod Institute of Aci'ountants of 
 ■•■-iik'liUKl iind Wales," in r8«o. 
 
 ACCUSERS. By occult H-iitcr.s, guch ns 
 ^'p'n|)j)a iicuusors are tlio eighth order of devil.s, 
 •A;liose ehiel is called Astemtli, or Hpv. In Jiin/d' 
 
 ,')'!"] ';■ ""■ .',°' Vf, ''"'■' '" '■'"'''' "'t'"' ''ccuser of 
 lebre hren. ■-/■«/«- «,r«,v,7'.v were to he lian-ed, 
 ; 24 Henry \ I. ^/j; aii,l burnt in the face with 
 111 1', by 3; Henry Mil. 1545, ,ston: 
 
 ACEPHALI (Greek ,1, no; er///i(i!c, head), a 
 ":rai fipidied to certain sect.s who ru.si.sted their 
 'usiiops and met privately, about 4^0; and al.o in 
 ' inoii kw applied to such bishop,", clerks, monks, 
 A;c., as claim or en|oy independence of the jurisdic 
 ■ticm ot the ordinary or in>;tropalitun. 
 
 ACETYLENE, a luminous hydrocarbon iras 
 feseml.hng coal ^^as, discovered by Il..rtlielot, and 
 tnade known in 1862. 
 
 }»'^£^v''^^^ '•^^ .l'';'»!'"n'ie3"9), Greece, settled 
 «nf V ►.!"■■'' 'rf" "' '''■"'■^■■""il'lt.'* of Aclnens, the 
 ^.^n of Xuthus. Tlie kin-dom was united with Sievon 
 '.;• subiect to the .Etolians until about 284 ire 
 llie Achiei originally inhabited the neighbonrhood 
 
 t Ion f h' ^"' .""'"i" "'" "^■'•'^liJa-' 'I'-ove them 
 thence, they retired among the lonians, c.xiielled i 
 ^.ho natives, and seized tlieir thirteen cities, vi.. | 
 
 l<h.f"''"V^*^"'"' ^P'"'"' J*'"-". 'i'riliea, Leontium, 
 K 1 pes, Cerynea UkMios, H.di.e, I'atne, Dyme, and ! 
 * liarie, forming the Ach«an League. i 
 
 .;\cliaiii iiiviiclud liy Kpaiaiiioiidns . . n c ififi 
 
 2Sn ';m;h Yv '■a'""' ''"■'™'' ''y <■""■• "Ities kb,mt ^ 
 200, and by others i 
 
 ■■Vratus made pnetor . • • . • 275. 274 j 
 
 Xhe^ieague joined by C'oriiith(oapture(l243),Megara; '^^ 
 
 242—228 
 
 ■feuppnrtea by Alliens and Aiitigoims Dosoii 
 ilie Aelia'ans dcf.ated at Lailocua, hy the Spartans' 
 Scl'lasia '""' "'■• "^ • t''t'''b- deaMit them at 
 
 ^'itifliXS"" '■ '""'" "''^'""''•"' '" '^-"-^ 
 Tku I'elopomiesus ravaged liy the yEtoiiiuis' ' " 
 ieace of rsaujiactus ... 
 
 Amtus ]ioisoneil at /Egium 
 
 I'hih.puejuen lea.lerof the league, .lefeats tiie Spartan 
 
 tyraut iMachamdas . . .Ji.timu 
 
 Alliaucj; of tlie league with the Kcinmiis ' ' ' 
 
 A 11 .'.'■'"'."'r" '■'•'^'•■""•■'1 1'y Nabis in a naval battle .' 
 All the reloponnesus joins the league 
 
 slah ' *''"'*'"'" ■ l'''i'"I"B"ien made pi'isonerand 
 Xlie AchiBans overrun Messe'nia with (ire and sword 
 llie Komaus enter AeliiUa, aii.l carry off mimbers 
 
 incliuliiig Polybins tlie historian . "'""l'«'s. 
 
 War with Home, 150 : .Metelliis enters Greece ' 
 ilie Acha-ans defeated by Miimiiiius at Leuenpetra', 
 
 «?.?L f^ .'^"i^ dissolved; Corinth taken ; Greece 
 
 subjected to Uoiue, and named the province of 
 
 Ai'haiA .... 
 
 '^Chamiditte * ^*"" P""'''l"'"'y'by William of 
 
 OWained by GeolTreyVilleiiardouin,',2,o'- by'otof- 
 frey II ' 
 
 fiy his brother William, 12^6 ; who coiin'uers the 
 Moors, 1248 : makes war with the emperor Michael 
 1259 ; and gams three fortresses 
 
 Succeede<l by Isabella, 1277; whomarriesFIorenzof 
 
 Their daughter M»iid, princess, yir ; thrice married '; "" 
 forcibly mimed to John de Graviua, and dies in 
 prison - , , 
 
 '334 
 
 229 
 
 221 
 
 220 
 219 
 217 
 213 
 
 2o8 
 
 198 
 194 
 J91 
 
 •83 
 
 182 
 
 165 
 
 ■47 
 
 146 
 1205 
 
 12l8 
 
 1262 
 
 Achaia, a tlcf of Naples 
 
 C..iii|ih.|v,l by tliu Turks . . ' . ' 
 
 ACIIEEN, oapital of n kingiloni X,\V. of 
 bumalra, was visil,.d by the rortugueso about 
 SO). I'actone.s were set up lifre by the Dutch, 
 IV.)0 by the Kn:;lis|i, I«.2; bv the I'rcn.dl, IO2I 
 I'or the war with the Dutcli, si.|. Simidtrd. 
 
 '"Z!ln7'\ "^ ;*""'l'"l'""l. "-ith siig.n- from «niir.ibava, 
 M a, ,1,.,1 ,,„ err, M,y „r ,h„ ,.|,i,., „,■ ,.., ,„| j, '• 
 
 dc .eieleut III iMkii li„,nM .Mielu, the lajuh 11- Tenoi 1 
 
 SI, .|,ci til the snitan m .\cl„ , ,r, .Vov. ,d3, ' 
 
 i3 lintisli ,111.1 fi fniLi;-!! sail., IS 111,1,1,. |,ns,iii,.rs • tbfl 
 
 .;apla,,, ivlcas,..!,., „,..,,ni,t,.;,.,l.,,as^.,\,l',y,^^ 
 
 11 11, IS.., hj wai'liUe attacks ail. 1 pr.illeiv.l rmiHom 
 
 n»; e..,ui, ; ,he Ijotcl, storm Ten',,,, but plisZ ^ 
 
 1 Mil. ..I .ill. 7 J, III. |3J|^ « 
 
 II .\l..s. yv,/„,s„,s siMil 111.,,.,.. The raiah demands free 
 
 (■I'lvi'i' ,■''''■'■' ""' '•■""•"•^'■'■■'1 IWtidii. Karl 
 
 (ii.iiuille reeoiiiMieiiils enncilintioii to tlie Dutch 
 Knvenmicnt.aiiliJUiiced May, ,884. See under J/a/wioft 
 
 '''Th!:;;i;'s,'26":'t"ss4'™"''' " ""''*•• ■"■■•"■"" '» "'« 
 
 The niitivcs iitta,.kii„^ lli,. |)„tcli g.rrison defeated; ,60 
 
 tl ■ ;, !' ,"'1 ' "' I ,'i'' 'i """""■■■ 'iiWiKemeiit In which 
 Ti . „ V ' ",■• "^ '""'■'' • '■'•I'"rle.l 2 An^'. ,889. 
 llie lmi,..li ivpnl.se.l lit liuiiHii-, ,i,.,ir K.li, ,. Miiv, iSao- 
 
 s„cc,..sslnl ill ciillicls al,.M,t ,,^1, .lii'ii,' l^ r jon: 
 imies; ivporicl ,391-4. Kiel of ho.stilities, re- 
 
 polteil, 2 A|iril, i;,94. 
 Kivsli ciiilicts iv,,.>it.,.,l, 3 Mar. ; victory of the Dutch 
 
 '■■■I'. =3 July, iSgb. S.... Ildi.iivl, ,896.7. 
 
 ACHONRY, Slkjo (N. Ireland), n bishopric 
 founded by bt. tiiiian, who erc.ted the church of 
 Aehad, or .Vehonry, ab.iiit S20, and conferred it on 
 Ins discip e .Nathy (Ibithy, or David), the first 
 bishop. I he sec, held with lullala, since 1O12, was 
 united withTuam in 1854. 
 
 ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, in which 
 
 colour IS got rid ot, were invented bv .John Dollond. 
 and described in I'luL Trans, of tlie Koyal Societv. 
 liOiidon, 1753-8. 
 
 ACIDS (now defined as salts of hydrogen) are 
 generally soluble in water, redden organic blues, 
 decompose carbonates, and destroy the jiroperties of 
 alkalies, forming alkaline salts. The number of 
 acids was increased by the Arabs; Geber (,Sth cen- 
 tury) knew nitric acid and sulphuric acid. Theories 
 01 the con.stitution of acids were put forth by Uecher 
 (16O9), Lemery (1675), and Stalil (1723). Afterthe 
 discovery ot oxygen by I'ricstley, i Aug. 1774 
 Lavoisier (17-8), conclu<l,..d that o.Kvgen was a con' 
 stituent ot all acids; but about ifiio Davy, Gay- 
 Lussac, and others, proved the existence of acids 
 ree from oxygen. In 1816 Dulong proposed the 
 binary or hydrogen theory of acids, and in l8r 
 Liebig apnhed the theories" of Davy i-nd Dulong to 
 explain the constitution of several organic acids 
 Uxygen acids were termed anhydh-'e? by Gerhardt 
 (died 1850). Many acids have been discovered 
 through the advance of organic chemistry. IFatts. 
 ACOLYTES, an inferior order of clergy in the 
 Latin church, unknown to the Greek church for 
 lour hundred years after Clirist. 
 
 ACOUSTICS (from aknur,, Greek, I hear), the 
 science of sound, so named by Sauveur in the 17th 
 century. The formation of sound in tlie air by the 
 vibrations of the atmosphere, strings, &c., was ex- 
 plained by Pythagoras about 500 ii.c, and bv Aris- 
 totle, 330 B.C. See Tdephoiic, Microphone, Mega- 
 phone. ■' 
 
 The speaking trumpet said to have been used by Alex 
 
 aiiiler the Great, 335 B.C. 
 Galileo's discoveries, about .\.r), i6,-,->. 
 His theorein of the haniionie curve ilemonstrated bv Dr 
 
 p!o"V T;'' ■' 'i'!''"'* ; ^""'"""' I't'i-f™t"l I'y D'Aleiiibert; 
 iMiler, lienioiidli, and La Grange, at various periods of 
 the eighteenth century. icnuusoi 
 
 %k 
 
 
 
 m 
 
ACRE. 
 
 IIiKiki- ciiliiilutcil the vllmitinii i fHouiulH liy tho Btrlkliig 
 
 lif till' llftll iill'lliss Willi Is, 1'>M- , , , ,, „ 
 
 SuuH'iiiMli.tmnicic'ii Hi.' iiu.iil.rr i.l vilimtlium Wiiiigllig 
 
 tollijiVUll licltl', lllinlll I7,«.. , 
 
 OhhmhkII; 117J r.Tt Ip.v nisxiiil, H'lHur, a|..l " "»: 
 Q68IV(a i.vNfWt.rh; icx. IV"I. ul II"' "■'"l"-'""''^ 
 3j" Fahrnilu'il, Lv I'vniUll; llif vclorlly iiuicum'S with 
 llic risciirtciiilic'iMtniv. , u,.i..i,i.,.1 
 
 ciib.ii.i (wi.n .iiis,-,! ,u<m»tiis to Ml. i'"'''i";;"i<;''i *•''■'' 7 
 
 l.ul.lislu'll llis illiprltillll ai>.'"VITUvHl'll 1 I'' llHHI'^ I'l 
 
 (Uiiril ill liivfra <'. Hiiiul !■)• liuniioliu: limnlH, cS.l., in 
 1767, mill siiici'. ... 1 » Q.„ I 
 
 Cfttini'ii.l- Lutein- imviitnl tliv >■-;;<•«<• ((.■/im''i «'■•')' '» '>•„,,. \ 
 
 Bftviiit ,1,-t.TiiillUMl tlir nini: tlio i''':;!'''''" ' ,, , , 
 
 liiiiMMii I'ur to Im lV,.m7l"=>^.<^°vllmai..llall»ul•ml■l, 
 
 lii^!l:!«avnri, Wlinilslni,,., LIhsmJ..,,., "'■'"'"""^•J^,":'!'';; 
 Ini.l Uiiyli'lf-'li, uii'l "ll"'i« 11' II"' l'i''-'<'i'l '■nitiiij li.i^i ■ 
 
 L!millyiiii'nii»i'l"iii-l<»"»l''l»^'-"''i"V'!'"w,. I, 1,,. J 
 Ovur-li.mis, Imnimiii.s, will liivcstiKutf.l liy Uiliiilii'll-' . I 
 
 uiiili'i'-tniM-.s l.y Aii.ilia. Ii, i-!7>i. „ r ,, ' 
 
 Tytiilall'M fXpiTiiNHits ,.lt llii' M.iU i f"'''';'"!' ' ,,• "! 
 
 8ii;i.iil8iiiiagiiiiT..tt(iii, .l.'iii"ii»ir.it'"l tlm the ti. i.» 
 
 iniKsiun „l'?»iiii.lis,hnk..l l.y tin' im.ii- li..m..p'ii''il> 
 
 Tlie iTsultK .it TvihImUs .•xii.iiiii.iils "'"'"'''I' ," "„' i 
 liaral.(>li(-iiiiiz/.l,' k"" "i'l' k""-!'"""". "'"' ""'' ,'' 
 iir Uichanl Cc.llins..ii» pun .■..It"" i".'k'''. " '' \''' 
 elftTtive fnK.slK'iMils. Kii,.-.i,.iii t^";'l',":V" ,„" ' 
 howilztislstlii' lirsl smiml-i.ic.liicui'; l.ul.l.lu pnv.i. i 
 
 S,m"l""l;i""l'i^ ..l,...t,flty, limit, .U.1 fn,iii ni.liant 
 
 heat, wo '/iV././i"/" iiii.N''."'"/''"'"''' ■o"'- , , . 
 
 Mr A Stn.h V.\hil.ils li.e altra,ai..ii ami irl.iilsioii 
 
 (rose iil.liim iii.,nm.lic) i.r...lii.T.l l.y .s,.iM.n.iis vil.ra- 
 
 & iiitul...s tu U..' IVl.'gial.l. Kngiiarir, .7 Al.nl, 
 
 1882. 
 
 ACRE, II lii'iil mi'ii"'"!'. fiTiniTly of iinccrtnin 
 quanlitv, ami (lill.TiiiK i" v;irimis l.ails ot tlif 
 country, 'ivas ivdii.rd t.. a staiularil l.y hdwiirtl 1., 
 about 1305. Ill l«24 til.' slaiiilanl ai'io was urUercil 
 by stututf to contain 4''<-1" .^M'l''-'- y"'''*- 
 
 ACRE, Acia, ancii'iillv I'lolinmis, in Syria, was 
 taken by tlic Wararrns in (.^.S ; by the criisailcrs 
 under Baldwin 1. in I lo.) ; by SaliuUu in 1 1.^7 ; ""d 
 again by Uiiliard I. and cthrr crusaders, 12 Juh, 
 IIQI, after a sie^e of 2 vears, with a U.aa of (1 areh- 
 bishops, 12 bishops. 40 earls, :;oo barons, ami 300,000 
 ioldiers. It was tlwn •.laiii.il .S^ Jkui d An;. It 
 was retaken by the Sar.i. .'lis in I2f)I, when (k),000 
 Christians perished, and tiie nuns, wlio had inanjiled 
 tlieir faces, were put to d.ath. Acre was gal- 
 lantly defended bv Di.'zzar I'aelia against Ibuia- 
 parte, till relieved bv sir Sidmy Smith, who 
 resisted twelve aUempts bv the i'reneh, between 
 16 March and 20 May, 171)9. when H'.ijaparte 
 retreated. Acre, as 11 Turki^ll i.aehalie, was seized 
 27 May, 1832, by Ibraliini I'arh 1, who had revolted. 
 On 3 Nov. 1840, it was stcrined by the allied Heet 
 under sir Kobert Stoiit'cid, and taken after a bom- 
 bardment of a few hours, the Knyjitians losing up- 
 wards of 2000 in kilb'd and wounded, and 30OO 
 j.risoners, while the Hritish bad but 12 killed and 
 42 wounded ; see Syria and Turkvy. 
 
 ACROBAT, from tho Greek («/.)■(/«, extremity, 
 ArtJMO, Igo), a person who does ditticult feats, rope 
 dancing, &c. In the iqih century, Farioso, indme. 
 Saqui, eig. Uiavulo, were celebrated. The French 
 acrobat, Jean Fr.in(;oia Uravelet, t opularly called 
 Blondin, born in 1824, bes;an his perforniiinccs 
 when five vear.s old. See Ni'iyani, 1859; Cry.stal 
 Palace, 1861-2. His last performanee was at liel- 
 fast in Aug., 1896, He died at Niagara house, 
 Ealing, London, 22 Feb., 1897. 
 
 ACROPOLIS, the ancient citadel of Athens, 
 built on a rock. Near it stood the temple of 
 Minerva, the Parthenon, which see. Other cities 
 had similar fortresses. 
 
 ACTH OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 ACRO.STIC, II |ioem in which the firBt or 1hh4 
 haters of eaeh lin.', lead .b.wiiwar.U, b.rm .1 w>«a 
 ,„• wiitenee, is i-aid to have been invented by 
 I'oiphvrius (IptalianuK in the 4tb eeiiluiy. Double 
 airosli'es l.eianie verv popular 111 18I.7. 
 
 ACS olt ACZ (llun^fii'.v). The Uiingananrt 
 under (ii.lKrv weiv dHeated liere by ^lie Austnans. 
 and Itiissialis, on 2 anil 10 July, l>'<4'*- 
 
 ACT OK .SK'n'I.KMKNT, *;•'•,; "V vifm-wu/i, 
 .SiiririKii/ii, iSii/)iimiiiy,ni\i\ I'Hiliininly Avl.i. 
 Thi: I'l 11/ Si III, iiinU |ia>siil in iC','. wlii.li «.iiiiril to 
 various pitsoMH tin' p..»s,'ssi..ii »ni.rii'il.-.U-sliites ot 
 Irish iul.1 Is, was re|i.'aliM l.v :ie.Maiiiatl"ii l.y the I iirlia- 
 iiii'iit siiiiiiiioii.'.l l.v ,l,iiiii.» II. ill .May, I'iB'j, anil iiiiiiK 
 inMiiscatii.ii i.r the (.loirrly ot I'l.iUslanls eiisiml. 
 Till' ael was list.. ivil hy Willian. 111. iV- 
 
 ACTA DIUKNA; see .V, »-.v"/" '■■•• 
 
 ACTA SANCTORUM Caetsoltbesaints-), 
 a work lH');un bv the Jesuits. 'Ibe lii»t volume ap- 
 peared in l().n:'the puldieation was interrupted 111, 
 i;()4, whin 54 volumes, briligiligtt|e 
 15 Uetober, bad been jiublished. 
 sumeil liv tiie .Jesuits in 1837 
 
 work down to 
 I be work was re- 
 and (. uiore voluiuea- 
 
 Imd beeii i.ubli^bed ill 18I.7. The wiiti v.s huvo 
 been naiiieil JI„/liiiiili.s/\ from Juhii lU.Uaiid, who- 
 publisbed the tiist two \i.himes. 
 
 ACTINOMKTKR, an instruinent to ineasMre 
 llie lii'iitinj.- nov.rr of the solar .ays, invented by 
 sir John V. Hers, hel, and iieserilivd by biiu in 1825. 
 Otliers have sinie b'.'eii invented. See .S«/(. 
 
 ACTIUM, a promontory of A.arimnia, W. 
 tireeee, near whiihwas fouj,'irt, 2 01 3 Sept. 31 U.f., 
 the battle bitw.eii the tteet of Oetavius t'a'sar, and 
 that ot Mare Antonv and t'leoiiatru, wliieb deeideil 
 the fate of Antonv ;"300 of bis friilbys going over to 
 C'le.sir. This victory made Oetavius master of the 
 world and the Koiiian empiri' is commonly dated 
 I Jan. 3011.C. (the Jilitiii J-^m). 'i'hc com|ueror 
 built Nicopulis (the city of victory), and iustituted 
 the Actian games. 
 
 ACTON RURNEL, "r Shrewsbury. At tin.- 
 parliament held here by Kdwiir.l l.,Oct. 1283, tho 
 '•statuteof men bants" against del. tors was enacted. 
 
 ACTONIAN I'RIZE, see under Mmjtij 
 lllslitllliiili. 
 
 ACTON MURDER, see Trmlx. 1880. 
 
 ACTRESSES appear to have been unknown to 
 the ancients, men or eiiiiui hsi.erlorining the female 
 iiarts. Mrs. Colmail was the lirst KiigUsh liublie 
 actress; she performed the part of hiiithf in l)ave- 
 nant's " Siege of Kliodes," in 1636. Victu)-. 
 
 ACTS OF THE APO.STLES, supposed tc^ 
 have been written liy Luke in continuation of hi* 
 Ciosjiel. it terminates A.l). 6^. 
 
 ACTS OF PARLIAMENT, on Statutes, 
 .s.c rui-liiiiiiciit and fSliitiilct. The loUowing arc- 
 among the most celebrated early statutes:— 
 rrovisioiis of Mi'i-lon, 1235-6. 
 Btatulc of.MarH.orough, 1267. 
 ,, of Uinaiiiy, 1275-6. 
 
 of (lloui..'ster, the earliest statute of whiuu any it- 
 coiil exists, 6 Edw. 1. 1278. 
 „ of Mortmain, 1279. 
 Quo Warranto, (let. 1280. 
 Statute of .Merchants or Actou-Buriiel, 1283. 
 Statuti's of Wales, 1284. 
 ! ,, of Winclicstcr, Oct. 1284. 
 
 ,, of Wcstiainster, 1275, 1285, 1290. 
 Statute forl.iilding the levying of taxes withoui the em- 
 j .sent of parliaiai'iit, 1297. 
 
 I „ of Pneiininire, 1306. 
 
 , Statutes lii-sl i.rintf'l in th? reign of liirli.inl III., i^R;, 
 Statutes of the llealm, from Magna Cbarta lo Geoige I,, 
 printeil from the origiiiiil records ami MSH. in 12 vols. 
 folio, under the directiou ot couimissiuuers apj^oiutsi 
 I iu 1801, 1811-28. 
 
 Tliu statutes )iasHi..l dii 
 printeil annually In 
 .Vl.stiacts are niveii in 
 
 Heiwecn 1823 ami i8.i<;, 
 an. I 44J n jicalcil In |.i 
 Nolidatioii of till. Ui\\> 
 i'.a'i ; of these ads, 
 bug.', an.l 225 to In 
 ohsolctc stat'.ites (eiia. 
 rei.eah.cl. 
 
 liy llie Statute Law l(..\ 
 wholly ii.|ii.iili..l, an.l 
 similar actn siiici. pass 
 hiivii licen ivpealcil, 1 
 of .Merlon. 2u llcurv I 
 
 " Alts of pailianicni al 
 lord Dioiinhiiia ,j |.',.| 
 
 Tlic lMtei|irct,itioii Act 
 
 1410 ai'ts (passed lictwi 
 wholly repealed, 1^67. 
 
 "Chronological Talile ai 
 end of 18O9," piil.lisl 
 1883), lUllilislied i,S84. 
 
 I'llhlieation of th.. ie\is, 
 
 1878); 18 Volllliies pill 
 
 Heport of .s..lect iinut 
 
 lislieil .luly, 187-,. 
 
 New eiliti.in of the revi 
 Sliiliih.i. 
 
 Short 'rules Act pass.'il. 
 
 Agitation for iinpnivi.nii 
 
 The gieatest imnilier ot 
 since iSoo was 570, ii 
 were local ami persona 
 In 1841, only if wen 
 of wliicli two were ] 
 of the lirst ten vi.ais 
 l.ul.lie acts. In'tlii. t.. 
 iiiiiiil.er ofa.ts, of jiul. 
 
 The ninnl.er nt' inililU: yen 
 in 1852, 88 ; in 1853, 13 
 1856, 120 ; in 1857, 86 
 iSfio, 154 ; in 1861, 134 
 18O4, 121 ; in iSi.j, 127 
 iS68, 130: iu iSOy, 117 
 1872, 98 ; in 1S73, yi 
 1876, 81; in 1877, 69 ; i 
 19 ami 48 (new iiariian 
 62; 1S84, 78; 1885, 80; 
 i838, 66 ; 1889. 76 ; 189 
 73; 1894, 60 ; 169s, 44 ; 
 
 Acts in ojieratioii ; 75 vol 
 reiiorteil ; Dee. 1892. 
 
 ACTS, in dramati,' 
 the Komans. Fice act 
 (Art of I'oetry) as the 1 
 
 ACTUARY, Ac'j 
 couiitant. The Listiti 
 1848, ^)ublishe8 its pro 
 Magazine." Inteiiiati 
 May, 1898. 
 
 ADAM AND EV] 
 
 Bible, 4004 B.C. ; see C 
 
 ADAMITES, a se< 
 130, and to have bee 
 hgious assemblies, nsse 
 sinned there would 
 Their chief was named 
 elements, rejected pray 
 cessary to confess t'liii 
 this name arose at Ant 
 under Tniidemus or T 
 
 I ;000 soldiers and othei 
 It became e.xtinct soon 
 but another of the sail 
 appeared shortly after 
 Vieard. a Flemiug, rev 
 
 [about 141S; it wussupp 
 
 ADDA, a river N. 1 
 I after defeating the Fren 
 
Ihu ntntuten iiiihhwI duiliiK eiuli MfXHloii wciu foniiorly 
 prliitid itniiimlly in 4I.1 uimI Smi. iinw In 8vo only 
 AlmtriicU hit nivfii iJi llji. Cnhimt l.tufii 
 
 ADDI\aTONADML\r,STlUTrON. Mr. 
 
 ,, - n ■„..,.,„,. I *'"• '!"*'li«: •■liKiiKvd t.. pr.KUiv Knjiinil Ci.tlicilii; 
 
 JlctHTl'll 18.1J iiImI Mm,, mt, llrlN Wriu wlh.llv irpwlll'll, I l''";""II''ltl"ll t" jllonillli; tllu lllliuM with Iri'liiiul 
 
 aM.l44jnii(;iil,.aii. |.MH,(lu,llyKilsiiiK,,ii| c.ltlu' ■ ' ""J Ijriii- iiiinl.li; Im il,, «,, „,, „ mu„.sh,; IVHiKiiiMl 
 
 i F;l). iSui. A ni.w ministry wum loriii'i'il l.y Mr. 
 
 Nulliliilinh Ml thf li.w« l,y .Mr. (iilti^iwanls sir Uc.li,.rt) 
 
 Ic'ul; ul tllfSl' urlH, l|.,4 ivlllti-.l U< Ilic l<ill-(|i,ni III 
 
 iHiKf mill .!J5 to hvimi.i Hul.ly ; iin.i in ,851, niiiiiv 
 (iii«ii|i'ti| «tJif.ilf»(i'naLtcil lictwwii 1.1S5 Mid i777)wui'u 
 ri'ju'iiliil. "" 
 By liii' Mtutiiti' l,iiw llMvisiun .\c't nf i8r>i, 77^ ,ictH wcru 
 Willi My iv|ii.|il|.i|, ami a -nni in::,i\ imitially. Ity 
 Hiiinlai'ail»sini-r|i,issril,a-iviit niiniiur ..I'maili it« 
 
 llllVll lu'llll lV|„.i|li.i|, 1 Ilirlirili- Hitll thr I'll.Viniun.H 
 
 111 Mcrluii. 20 llniiv III. (ij!5 0), ami .■niliiij' 1844. 
 
 1 ^V' l''',il'"""''" " '•vialiiin l.ill" inliuiliiml liy 
 
 l.inl l!riiii«liain u Im.|,., jms.si.il lo.lniu', iS,o. 
 Till' IiitcTiavtatiun .\i-t passi'il, jo .Vuj,'. lei-u/ 
 141a ai'ts (i.as.s,.,l lirnvuuu iiji<j ami 1770) imitialiy or 
 
 wliiilly iv|n'iili'il. i(i(,7. " / 1 J 
 
 "fhroiiniiwiialTiilili^anil Inik'X to llir .Statutes to tlii' 
 
 '■''l'"' '"i^V',' I'lil'lishiil ,d7u. Nintli Kilitiim (1335- 
 
 1S83), IlUlill.slll'il i,S«4. ^ ^' 
 
 I'lililicatiuii of till' iv\is,.(| filitinii of tliu slatutea (nj^- 
 
 1878): i3 viiliiinis |iiihlislii.,l, i87u-;-i5. 
 Iif)iiiit of si-liTt niiiiniitlcuoii act.s ol iiarllaineiit, iiub- 
 
 lislinl .Inly, 1873. ' 
 
 New iilitioii of tliu revisnl statntcH iiroMn.iuil 1888, hub 
 
 .S/c/'l/is. ' 
 
 Mliorl 'I'iUi'S Act imssi'il, 20 .May, iSy... 
 
 A({itiitiuii fur ini|iinvi'iiiciit in jVivati^ liills systnii, 1S07. 
 
 llic nri'iitf.st nninlu'r of arts |.as.snl in any miu yuiir 
 sinio idLw was 370, in 1^46 (tliu railway y,.ai); 402 
 well! l.ual anil iiiT.s..iial. 51 private, iiml ii'? ii'nliiicai'ls. 
 In 1841, only 13 wi'ic pass.'.l (tlm lowi'st iinnilii'i), 
 ol wliiili two wiMV piivatr. Thu iiviTiiKu imniluT 
 ol t IV lir.st ton years of tlir pifsmt iintniy was 132 
 inililii; ai'ts. In the ten yiMis .•mliiin 1850, tlic ayuraijo 
 iiuinlior ol aits, nf |mhlii- intircst, was lu. 
 
 TliL- nnnilii'r i>( imljlk (icnuvl arts passeil in i8ii wasio6; 
 111 1852, 88 ; III 1853, 137 I in 1854, 12, : in 1855, 134 ; in 
 1856, i2o; III 1857,86; ill 1858, loy'; in iSjy, 101 ; in 
 18(0, 154; 111 18O1, 134 ; in iS()2, 114 ; ill ib03, ii5 ; In 
 1864, 121 ; 111 18(13. 127 ; in 18O6, 122 ; in 1867, 146 ; In 
 1868, 130; in iS6y, 117; in 1870, 112; ill 1871, 117; In 
 1872. ij8 ; in 1S73, yt ; in 1874, 96 ; in ,875, 06 ; in 
 1876, 81; 111 1877, 6y: in 1878, 7>;; ill 1879, 7S ; ill 1S80, 
 19 ami 48 (iifw iiailiainc'iil); liiiji, 72 ; 1882, S2 • 18S3 
 62 ; 1884, 78 ; 1S85, Eo ; i886 (ist si-.s.s.), 51. ; ,887, 71 ■ 
 .838, 66 ; .889. 76 ; .3yo, 72 ; 18.;., 76 ; .8,;2, 65 ; ,893, 
 
 73; 1894,60; 1895,44; i!;96, 59; 1897,67, 
 
 Acts 111 oiwiation : 75 vols. Iiail bum rei.li-uuil by s yols., 
 riiporteil ; Dm: 1892. 
 
 ACTS, in driiiniitic poitry, Hrst c-niiiloved by 
 the lloniiuis. fu-e iii'ts are nieiitioiu'd by lionice 
 (Art of I'oetry) us tlie rule (nliout 8 11, u.). I 
 
 ACTUARY, ACTrAKirs, tlie Komnn lie- I 
 couiitant. Tlie Institute of Actiiarie.s finiiided in , 
 1848, ^)ublislle8 its proeeeilinga in tlie "ABsuranco 
 Magazine," International congress, London, 16 
 May, 1898. 
 
 .ADAM AND EVE, EiiA of, in the English 
 liible, 4004 B,c. ; see Vfcatiuii. 
 
 ADAMITES, a boet said to have e.xiated about 
 130, and to haye been quite luiked in their re- 
 ligious assemblies, asserting that if Adam had not 
 suined there would haye lieeii no marriages 
 Their chief was named I'rodiuus ; they defied the 
 elements, rejected jirayer, and said it was not ne- 
 cessary to confess Christ. £usMu.i. A sect with 
 this uaiiio arose at Antwerp in the I2tli century, 
 under Tundemus or Tanelulin, whose followers' 
 3000 soldiers and others, committeil many crimes 
 It became e.xtinct soon after the death of i"ts chief- 
 , but another of the same kind, named Tiirlupins' 
 appeared shortly after in Savov and Daupliiny. 
 Pii-nrd, n Hemiug, revivnl this'.oot in Bohemia, 
 about ms ; it was suppressed by Zisku, 1420. 
 
 I fA^,-'^/!-''"^'',?^- ^'."•J' I'"^«"'' ^y Sawarrow 
 I after defeating the French, 27 ^Ipril, 1799. 
 
 Adcliiistoii, .Ma 
 
 it tenniiiatcil al 
 
 lliiiry .Vililiiintm 
 ^ ei:ll,ii-i,fil„ ,„li 
 
 Lord Kill ^„■,/ 
 
 Diik.i of I'.irtlanil. hjr.l i„r.^i.l,-,il 
 
 Kail 1.1 \ye,lnii,ivlaii,|.;.ir,(;„i,.^ ,,„,,(, 
 
 l.nnl I'l lli.ini, /,„„|, s,,, ,1(1111. 
 I Ml. H n. ,J,.,ikiiis.,ii (l„i,l liawkislMiiy, ,803; mid ear> 
 I , "',';V';'' '■ ''="-^)../wr;.;,, ,n alary. 
 
 i-Jiily, iSni ; iifler vuriou»ehangu»- 
 'lit 111 .\la\, i«i4. 
 ,' .;i/,i/ luiil 1/ (/it Imkidiii uiul cImh- 
 
 ■il'litnflnr. 
 
 rnHlJ. 
 
 I.olil lliilii'il,, ■,,/„„„,/■,„,.,,,/„,.,, 
 I Karl .St. Viiiii-i,t, ,/,.,/;,„,(„/,„,„„■ 
 
 harl ol( liatii.ini. ■,i;l,ii,,i,;: 
 I L'liarli'H Vnrki', ... ,. /,/,v-,i/,,,„,- 
 j Viscount LcwHliani. Inol AinUainl. Arc. 
 
 I ADDISCO.MHE COLIJ'^GE, near Croydon, 
 i fiurrey piircJia.Hcil by ib,. |.;,,.,, i,,,!,,, ,,,|„,,,,|-;y i,,' 
 
 180<J, lor education of laiiilidalcs for scientitie 
 ! branches ut the Indian ariiiv, w.is dosed in 1861 • 
 I here were edunited, ilcnry Lawrence, Lldred 
 
 lottiii;;er Arlluir Ctton, I'n.by Cautlev, ilobert 
 [ >iMMcr, Henry Diirand, .lulm .Jacob, mid others, 
 I incluiiiiiLf lord Uobcrts of Candaliur. 
 
 I ^. ADpfSOX'.S DLSEAiSK. a daiiKerous aflec 
 j tion ol the renal caiisiilcs. described by its dis- 
 I eoverer, l)r, Tlnmias Addi.soii, in 18^5. 
 
 i ., ADDITlUN2\.LCUliATj;H,"thf swiety for 
 tlieir cni]il,iym, lit m populous places was founded 
 [ 1837 (IlighCliurch). 
 
 I j^Al>DLED rAl{LIAMENT,8eci'«W.«Mi#w<, 
 
 j ADDRESSEKS, see Ahl,„n-m. 
 
 I ADELAIDE, the capital of South Australia,, 
 was l.miided 111 f8j(,. It contained 14,000 inha- 
 bitants in 1850; about 30,(X)0 in i«-! ; 1801, 
 133,220. It was made a bi.sliopric in i847'. It wal 
 visi ed by the duke of bdiiilnirKli, i .^lareh, 186(1 
 tniversity founded, 187O; 2o,()(K)/, given by sir Thus. 
 Llder, who died- March, i,s<,7 ; he beoueathed 
 155,000/, tor public olijecis in Adelaide, including 
 (15,0001'. lor the univer,siiv, z^Mnl. for a picture 
 gallery, and 25,000/. for workmen's homes, aun., 
 10 Jlaridi, 181)7. 
 
 The yiiccns Jubilee IntcnaitiiiMal Kxliibiti.m oi)cuea„ 
 21 .lime 1S17 ; reiimtcil sncccssfnl i- .hm. ,333. 
 
 ADELPHI (Uicek for lirothers) several streets- 
 on the south side of tlie Strand, Loudon, erected 
 " > uf'n^ '^' "','■ '"•«t'"-'-S Jiilni. Kobert, James, 
 and \V ilham Adam, after whom tlie streets are 
 nained. Ai)eli-hi Tiikatue, built 1806, rebuilt 
 I858 ; see under Thcutns. 
 
 ADEN, a free port on the S.W. corner of 
 Arabia, wh(;re in Dec. 183O u Ilritish ship was. 
 wrecked and pluudered. The sultan promised 
 compensation, and agreed to cede the place to the 
 linglish. Ihe sultan's son refusing to fulfil this- 
 agreement to captain Ilaynes, a naval and military 
 torce, under cajitain II, Smith, of the Volage, wa's- 
 dispatched to Aden, which captured it, 19 Jan. 
 I8w. It IS now a garrison and coal deiiot for 
 Indian steiimers, &c. Ailc, steamer, see m-ech, 
 <) June, 1897. ' 
 
 I'rotocol llxiiiK the boundaries of the Italian and Dritislu 
 intluencB signed ; 5 May, 1894. See SmmUlatul. 
 
 Born I7V : became visconiitSiihiK.uth. Jan. i.Sog ; hol.l 
 Various oirices atterwards, and died in ,844. Uia circular 
 to the lord.s lieutenants, dated 27 Maicli7i8i7, directing 
 tliciii to adopt .severe measures agaiiist the authors of 
 blasphemous and seditious painpiaets, waa uruatly ceiv- 
 sured, aud uot carried into eUect. b'"-*"/ i-eu- 
 
 IV. 
 
AT)IAPHf*ilWTS. 
 
 10 
 
 whnVrro wllu.n. I- .^'iv. "P •■iTfmn tl.inir- t- ""• 
 JtdiinniNlK II* iiiilitl.iiMit, ii''"ii( I.i4^' 
 
 Ai^^trmn' aV.n,(,.l H..' Fnu.-U mi 20, JO Muni., 
 I ml j; April, r^'c). 
 AlMUrATOHS, H.r .!:nt'ilM>. 
 \T>\Tr\lS"'l{ATlON'S oi' E.vnw>'i> AND 
 
 'J, , Til.' sov.irL'n w,,siU,lc(ll>.v|inv.vnmurilMri., i 
 ;^ Vn.iu .Muul,, r.tlu.m.-Mn,,i. |lli.. •»";.";:. - 
 <,u..mU.lu.i.^.'.l. Tl.rM.i«.r:mnnoltl..M; m m 
 
 anil Toiii'«, .111(1 tlicii- .li>*. iHimis Inl I" uui' H '»■' 
 ^(Miun.t P"|.ul:ir .lis,»iiliiil ; rli,. kin;r «iis t 'H •!. 
 
 Aimi'. '•TliiMTanfmiiiislnrsiimyninsti niin . , 
 v..,.ku„„l rn.n, the ,l.y nflli,; .iMHin..- '; l'"];' j " | 
 im.iiliiftci-tlKjri'iwral cl.Ttion .it l(..|.^.. ..1/."/'"- 
 ";:;;i'''KVaf.ai..,Mi....,n,Mt.ir,.....h...l.nm.sniti,i^^ 
 
 Hiii... I7,x., !..•.• «.M"»"it.' iiHi.'l^ lu;a.l.|.l «ith tlu, , 
 iiaiiu' ..f till' rilKMiEU, ijnvu Moif in italun- 
 
 iS7» 
 
 ■ J79 
 
 I5«7 
 
 if.", 
 
 (ni 
 
 IlrsBv VIII, -Al.p. W.iili.nii; \ip». KWier nml 
 
 A.U. 
 
 1509 
 1514 
 
 I5^J 
 
 1529 
 
 1540 
 «544 
 
 K.ix ; I'arl nf Miinry, A:.'. 
 Cftr.lliial Tli.iniim W..lM.'.y .tc. •,•„,,• ..,.' ' 
 
 »T'n\l .M;.,r;l.l.H. ■Inustallan.M.Mi.lm.T, and 
 
 Aim (■iM,i,iiri;I..r.H-iviiiw,ll, lilt, lail .>! K«!»x 
 
 'I'liiis H.ilivii rail .'I' Wiltshiiv, A'.-. . 
 Til s,. o "I N".f"lW; ll.aiiy,,.:iil ..f Surrey ; 
 
 Tli'muis, l.n-.l A.i.U.y ; lanlmp Uar.'.iner; Hir 
 
 l,.ml \Vri..tli.-.sl.'y ; Tli.niias, . uk.; ..t N'", "'^ . 1""' 
 
 l.isle. sir William IVli,-; sir W illiaiii I'l^t d 
 Pi.wAHi) VI - l.'inl Wii'itli.sl.'V, 11. iw I'liil 01 
 •^ZXii}';.!.. ':..!. ■l.:."-l'"'<''M-"'''0;K-lwar. 
 
 earl ..f I[.Ttl.a-.I, I.u.l i.i.it.^.'t..r, . lyal."! 'HiK ' f 
 Anui.lel ; Tli.'iiiaH, l..riI.Sfyiiii.iir ; sir Win. I .ifct-I . 
 
 jJliu hu!il.'yjai.*in,.l i.isl,.'n<i.l'™rr.,f Wi,rwl,.k. 
 crcatL..! >Iuk.' ..f X.iiHiiiiiilM'rlaii.l ; J./lm, "i" 
 <iC 13«lf.a.l ; lii.sli..p G.i.Mii.'Ii, Hir Wil.aiiii tL'.al, 
 jt(i ..■■•• '55^ 
 
 Mmu l.St.Tli.'ii'Oav.iiiM.r. l.p. "f Win.-li.'st.T •. EU- 
 muii.l U.al,ier. b,.. ..I I..M1.I..11 ; William, mam. '-'f 
 Wiiiclifstvr: Hir K.Uv.1. llasliims, (ti' . • ■'554 
 
 euZA«KiH.-.Sir Ni,li,,las I) ,1 ; K.lwan 1" I 
 
 CliiiUm: Nir U..l..Tt Uii.U.y. at .Is .ail .;f U-i- 
 CfsUT ; sir William (-'.Til, alt.Is. l.ir.l lIuiI.'iKh . 1558 
 
 • Till ie?o til." .lal.iiict .■.luii.'il usually .■misistiMl of the 
 roll. wi.K tw.'Iv immilHTS t First I..nl ..f tli.' tivasi.ry ; 
 lor 1 . laii.'.'ll.'r ; l.-r.l i.irsi.l.Mit ..f tli. .■..u.i. il ; .'lian- 
 cel .r . til." .■:c,'l,.'.,...'r ; I..r.l fiivy s.^al ; mm,. l.iiviKn, 
 S colonial s....r,.tari..s ; lirst ,„r.l ;.f tli.. a.l!"ir" 'V ; av- 
 fli.leiit »r tlw l"«ir.-l "f tr^i'l'". presi.l.mt ..f Hi.' l-ai.l .if 
 ooutrol : chan.xll.u- of tli.' .lu.'liy ..f l.iin.ast.T. In .850 
 the numlii'r was hjlffn. aii.l iii.'lii.le.l tin; s.-.ivtary-at- 
 •war the ip.istniaster-K.Mi.Mal, an.l tin' .•liiul siMTi'tary l"r 
 Irelin.l In the ralinerst.in-ltussoll .•al.in.'t (iWu.'/t sir), 
 the presiileiit ..f the i«M,r.law.l.uar.l iviila.'f.l the secie- 
 tarv f.ir Ivelaa.l. In 1868 the Gla.lst.me ealnnet .■.m. 
 a.steil <if 15; that i.f Mr. Pisra.'Ii in I-'el... 1874. "' ■2- 
 ■The avnwjt dumtion, .>!' a ministry has Ij.'.ii .set .l.nvii at 
 •■;iir live, an.l six vears ; hut instaii.^.'s have ...■.•urr.'.l .it 
 
 ■ Ilvrnti.>ri of a'ininistrv f.ir niu.^li ImiK'T p''ri...ls: sir 
 ;. -• ■ Vui'.'.ile wasniiiiisterfr.iiii 1721 t.i i742(2» years); 
 W u , . to .ti... \iS yeai-s) ; ainl I^'vl I.iv. rixi..! 'Ri^ 
 ♦ ■■ ',' ,is ■•ears' '-everal ministries have ii.it laste.l 
 iif-ro^i 1 'ew -ti-uili , as the Cotilition Minislru in 1783, 
 iiii's ti'i! T( \ - ■ Ministry in 1806. The ".ihort-liml ' 
 A<si':!Su!i ■ .■•.tt.iH lasted :o to 12 V 1 ■. I74f'- 
 
 ADMINIHTUATIONH. 
 
 Winiai^l.'!'.! llurlelKli (minister .lurlnti nearly all 
 
 ' i.v.i ,x eii'l .f l-Hs-A (H fav.inill-); .hI "f 
 |,'.i,'e»le?'; eail ,.f l,ln..ilii 1 Hir Walter .Mlhlmay ; 
 »Ir Fran.'l" WalsliiKliani.*:;'. ,■„ ■_ .L ,.,;„,' 
 
 I,, il Diiil.luh ; Hoheil, earl ,if fc»»ex ; sir I hils- 
 
 Tln.;lmH'f<!!.''kville>ir.l Hm'kliurst, nftyi" I'll'. '-n\ 
 
 ^ .,a .. "sir i ■!" Kprl.iii, ntt..ny„M, M 
 
 KlIesiiMM.. ami \is.'.miit lira, kley ; sir UoLert 
 
 Jamk's''!^' TliiiMiaii, eail of' l>..rm^t ; 'rii..lilii«, lord 
 hi ."simn^ ■ rhail.^s. •■arl of N.iltlnuhaiii ; 'I lioimis, 
 ei 1, Hutl.'lk; H:.l«ar.|, earl ..t W..r...s,er ; 
 llnlTil iv.il, all.'rwanls ,Mrl ..I .Salwl.niy, *;.■. 
 
 U..lieit ('.■.11, eail of WiillNlmiy ; II m-. hH'l 
 
 ' l'u:',n.^i.;llei.ry..arl.ilN..ithiimpt.m 1 iKi.h;., 
 ,,ail .if N.-ltiimhiim : i'lMimas earl ..I Mill., k, A. . 
 
 II,.iiiv,.>..il ot N..rtlmmi.t..ii;Tl as, Inr.l I II, s- 
 
 ' .,:; |.;,hva..l,eail..lW,„reHl.;r:sirl(,.ll.. \in- 
 I'lMil; Iharl.^s, eail ..f .N..ttiiiel.:i'n ; H;.!"'". 
 vlK.^,aiiit K...^l..^st,.r, afl.ls e,.,l „l >"i"';.i"'- ; ;^'. •. 
 
 TlM.mas, I..1.I K.lles iv : Ha'tnas, ea 1 ..I hut Ik , 
 
 ■l''',l..»,..ail..f.N..ttlnK'hani; sir (i.^ap^ '■ HU.^rs 
 (a fav.Miril. I, altenvai.ls vis, .aiiit V""T',,,"r' 
 sii.r,..sslv,.b earl, maniiils, aii.l ,luke ,.l Ilmk- 
 
 Hir''*Ilem'v M'..nta|]cu. afterwar,ls' vis.laint Muiido- 
 vill.. ami I'tirl of Maii,li,.ster . . ■ ; ., ; 
 
 I. 1 i,,r.l naiill.^l.l, ult,.rwar.ls ..ail ..t Mi.llle- 
 
 I S..X • K.lwar.1, .all ..f W.ir..,.sler ; .I..I.11, ,ail of 
 linMt,,l: .l.iliii Wi'.liiims, .h.aii ..f W. simiiister ; 
 (ii.iii'K.. Villi. IS, m.w maninis ol Ilu.'kinnliaiii ; 
 Bir Kdwanl (Miiway, >:•■. ■ ■ ■ ■ ' \ 
 ClLUiiKS I.-lti.^har.l. L.r.l West..ii. nfti.rwar.ls earl 
 „r I'nitlan.l; sir 'llMmias (;„v..ntiy, adeiwai.ls 
 l,,r,lC..veiitrv ; ILmy, '■all ot .Mamh.^st..r (sue- 
 
 1,.,1 liy,laim.s, earl of .Miirll...r.iii(;li. wlm, in 
 
 tiiii., CSV., pla... t.. l-:.hvar.l, h.r.l, alt..rwar.|s 
 vise.iunl, ('..nw.iv); Willimr Uml, l.p. of 
 I..1I1.I..11 ; sir Alli..rt .Mi.rt..ii, >t... ■ ^- ^ ■ 
 
 William I..iml »' airlil.isl...l. of C-ali er .IIO' : 
 
 Kiam-is, loi.l L:.ittiiiKt..ii ; .lani.'s, inari|Uis of 
 llamilt..ii; K.lwar.l, .■arl of lii.rset: sir John 
 C..ke ; sir Framis Wjmh.l.aiik, tic. . . • • 
 
 William ,lux l.isln.p ..f l-aehai ; sir .lohii Fm.'h, 
 
 alterwar.ls Inr.I Kiii.h ; l-iaii.^is, l..r.lL.oltiiiHt.ai 
 \V,.ntw..itli. ..arl ..f Htralt..r.l : Ah;.^rii..n, -ail ..f 
 \,,ithuiiil..rlaii.l ; .laiai'S. maniuls of llamill.m ; 
 Ijiu.1, ar,.lil.ish.i|. ..f Caiit.'rl.uiy ; sir traneis 
 Wiliikliaiik ; sir lleiiry Vane, A:.'. . . . 
 
 [Th.. king li..|i..a.l...l, 30 Jan. 1640. 1 
 CoMMoswr.Ai.ni. -Oliv.r fromwell, i.n.t..et<ir, 
 nam. '.la .■..iiiieil, th.^ iiiinil.er not tu exeee.l 31 
 ini'mliers, .ir !..■ less than 13 . . •.,•.,• 
 lihhai.l t'r.iuiw,.|l, s.,11 ..f Oliver, Hiieeee.led on the 
 ,l,ath .if his fath,.r. A eounell of oHleera rule.l at 
 wiilliiinl'.ir.l hous.. . . • • ■,-,•. 
 
 CHAULKs Il.-Sir I.Mwar.1 lly.Ie, af enviir.U earl ot 
 (.■Iar,.n,l..n ; Ue.,rg.. Monk, ,r..at...l .Ink.. ..f Albe- 
 marle ; K.hvar.l M.,nlaKii, eir.it...! eiirl of Waml- 
 wi.h ; h.nl Hay., an.l .Sele ; earl of Maiiehester ; 
 lor.l S..v)mair ; sir l(..l...it L.iiiK, A:... . . . 
 
 ■ Oe..rge .Monk, .liiki. of Alhemarle, liiiide lirst com- 
 missi, mer of th.' treasury. A.'. ■. ■,•,,■, 
 "(■,i)„,r'Miiiistrv : Clilt.ir.l, Aslih.y, Bui.kiii«ham, 
 Arliii;!t.iii, I.aii'.ler.lal..(seuf..'«i.') ■ • ,■ ■ 
 Th.imas" h.r.l Clith.r.l N ;tlionv...arlof Slinftesliurj. : 
 Henrv, earl of Ar .".1; Mthuv earl .it AiikI..- 
 sev'sir Th.iinas Oslioriie, (i.ateil vlse.mnt 
 Latimer ; ll..iiry (^. ' 'ii'vy : it '*. , rge Carteret 
 1 Kdwar.l Heymou., .'. ^ • • ; ,,•,,„ 
 
 Thomas, vh....iiiit ; ilMiar.aft jrw.-'u.scarldf l)anhy, 
 
 miiile h.ril hit-'h treasurer . . . 26 June, 
 
 i Arthur eirl of Essex, (sueceeilcd by Lawrene.. 
 
 Hyil.., aft. ..arl of lioehester) ; Iloliert, earl of 
 
 Mi'imk.rlaii.l, A:... . . . •.,■.'.,■' 
 
 '. IThe kins' iiominate.l a new eoun..il on 21 April, ...111- 
 ! sistinK .'f 30 im.mhers ..Illy, of wh..m the prmci- 
 ! jial were the great ottl..ers of state and great 
 i ottleers of the househohl.J . • ■,•,„' 
 I Si.lnev, lonl O.Hl.iliihin ; Lawreiiee, earl or R"- 
 ehi.ker ; Daniel, earl of XottiiiKliam : Uobert, 
 earl of Sun.lerliind : sir Th.mias Chi.^ieley : 
 Ge.irge, hinl Dartimaith : Ileiu-y, earl of Claren- 
 don; earls of Hath an.l Hadn.ir . . . , 
 
 ifi. 
 
 163 
 
 iCtfl 
 
 16; 
 
 16: 
 
 ADMIN 
 
 Jam>x II Liniellie, 
 mai.|iils iif Halifax ; 
 wai.ls |,i|f| .lellieys ; 
 sir ,l..liii I'hnl.'V : Vis, 
 
 Tl I ,,r llui'li,..!,.,' » 
 
 llelasysi', mail., lirst <■ 
 III Ills i,„im, 4 ,lan, ; I 
 ).re,..l.|i.)ll ..I the .'ollll 
 i.li.rv of stall'. A...., , 
 
 (Till, king lefl Wlilli.jiall 
 'jiiilliiig thr king.ldin 
 r laiiif. liiT. idhs I 
 
 Wlll.lAM III. AMI .M>l. 
 
 il.Hiiil ; Thuinas ii^Imi 
 imir.jiiis cif t'lirmaii 
 I.e.'. Is ; (jeiirge, liia 
 ll.'riii'il, iilti'iH'ai'.ls 
 Mir.'ivsliiii'v, Ni.tliii, 
 of lioisi.t 'nml Mi.lill: 
 w,inls dnkei. f |i. \.,i, 
 
 M.illta';ll , I, HI III' III 
 
 Nliliii'V till. I (.,.,|,,i|,liiii 
 III' li.ir.l llaiii|uli II I 
 
 II. III.,-, vhi .Hint hy.lii 
 
 ham. A;... 
 Hir .l.'lni Num. rs lieeaiiK 
 
 loi.l .'hiiirellor ; (hi 
 
 lonl Halifax', was mm 
 
 treiisiiiy, i .May, if»,S. 
 
 Tank. 'i'\ ill.. ' . 
 Annk. .Nhlney, loi'.l(.'ili 
 
 Th.iliris, . Ill ot I'emli 
 Itiil.i.rt Hurley, earl ofd 
 
 A'.'. 
 C'hiirlis, link., of Shrfu:' 
 
 three .lays liifmi. tin 1 
 GKiiH.iK I. t'liarli's, eai 
 
 his il.'ath liv th.' larl . 
 H.ihert \l„l,„.l, , (ii^t Id 
 
 eellor of tile .'Xi'li.-i|tltl 
 .laines (afterwar.ls earl 
 
 C.iwp.'r, iV.'. . 
 Charl.'s, iiirl uf Smiihrlii 
 Koli.-rt II rlju.h, afti.rwii 
 
 earl .ifdilonl, to. , 
 
 GkouokII. Il.ilMTt Wa 
 
 [Hiv Uolii'i I'l'iiiaiiM-, 
 
 yeal'> ; lilimi'lcils rli: 
 
 s.'.. II ■<,/)«,;.'. I 
 
 E.ii'l of II ilmiii;il<iii ,' l..r 
 
 Hi. my Vtthain, in the m 
 
 de.'..asi.i| 
 "IlriKiil-hulliim" a.linln 
 
 l.ii'd llardwi.'k.., it.-. 
 '•Shnit-lhnr' a.liiiini-ti' 
 
 Winiihilsi.a an.l Uraiiv 
 Henrv I'i'lliaiii, A:e., iigai 
 Th.i.s. 11. I'l'lhain, <tiik.. I 
 
 .li.riiess. A:. . 
 Duke if liiniiixhiir ; \Vi 
 Duke of .V<'ii'i',i.«(/(', and .1 
 
 Chatham, tir. 
 Okoriik III. — link., of N 
 
 trv, (wa^'aio./ 
 Eiirl.if /(Mte; l.iril Il..iii.' 
 Oe.irge (ii-inrille ; earls 
 
 &i- 
 
 Manpiisof HmUitl'jlin III ; 
 Earl ufcliii/liiim; iliik.. . 
 Dukeof... iiiiiii ,. 1,,|.,| N 
 Kie.li lii'k, iiir.l .S'i'ilh : 1 
 ILoi'.l North was niii 
 
 till* Anieri.'an war.] 
 Mar.|uis ..f Hmkintiluim , 
 
 K.lmun.l Hurk... A'... 
 Earl of ShflliKriii- (nftei 
 
 iliiwne) ; William I'itt, 
 " VonlUinii Miiiistni," .In 
 
 C. J. F.ix ; E.linun.l 111 
 Williaia I'M: llenr.- Iiii 
 (During Mr. Pitts 
 
 merous ..hanges in the 
 HeiirT Additigtitii : duke 
 
 <!.■ 
 
 William I'M: lord Eld 
 
 IMr. Pitt died 23 Jan 
 
8. __ 
 
 iii'ftily nil 
 
 ■ llnl».|l 
 I; nil nf 
 
 Mll<liiiiiy ; 
 
 . . IV; 
 HJr ( Wrl«- 
 
 . IS"? 
 
 V.l'.i' IMI'I 
 
 mill'- Imcl 
 Ir Kiil'i'it 
 
 . . IS'J'i 
 until), I'li'il 
 
 ; 'ri|Mlli;lH, 
 
 VurnsliT ; 
 (l.iiiy, kt'. I'ft 
 iiiiiH, loiil 
 I ; ( liMihn, 
 nil.. Ik, A'... l^., 
 l,.i.l KII.H- 
 il.il|.li Wiii- 
 1 U..l..it, 
 it'ifii't. tVi'. 1^1 1 -' 
 I.I' SnIli.Ik: 
 lj;i. Vjllii'l-H 
 Ihi'i's, mill 
 . i.r llllrk- 
 
 . . 1^.1 ■ 
 lit Miu.ilu- 
 
 .'.r Mi.l.llc'- 
 liii, inil •if 
 
 stiiiiiiHti'i' ; 
 ii'kliiKlnuii : 
 
 rwiiriU riiil 
 
 lll'tlTWIirilM 
 IlI'MtlT (sll.'- 
 
 :li, win., ill 
 
 nl'li'nvnKlK 
 
 .1, Lp. of 
 
 . If.. 
 
 ^aiiterlmrj' : 
 innniniH of 
 : Hir Jiiliii 
 
 il..lin Fincli, 
 
 (.'..Hint;!. .11 ; 
 
 111.11, iiiii lit 
 
 flliinilltoii ; 
 
 HJr Frnin'iH 
 
 . . ■ >(«fl 
 
 l64q.l 
 
 iniitector, 
 
 .0 fXft't'll 31 
 
 . i6| 
 
 •I'llwl (JU tliu 
 
 t'ers ruled at 
 
 . i6: 
 vnnlH curl ol 
 like <.r Albu- 
 111-1 (.r Snml- 
 Miini'ln-'Ster ; 
 
 , . l'! 
 
 lo liist coiii- 
 
 ■ vy 
 
 Biii'kiiigliam, 
 
 . 1" 
 Slmltt'sliur>' ; 
 ;iil lit" AiiKlc- 
 I'd visi'oiuit 
 rye Carluii'i 
 
 nil (if 1 Mill ly, 
 
 56 Julio, 1 
 by LnwriMiri' 
 ilii'rt, earl of 
 
 . . 1 
 21 Ai'i'il, I'liii- 
 111 tin' liriin-i- 
 te ainl gri'iit 
 
 eail (if Rii- 
 lam : Unbtit. 
 4 Cliidieley ; 
 arl of Clareii- 
 
 . Ill 
 
 ADM I MSTUATIONH. 
 
 JAMfx II. Ijmi.iii'i., ,.ail (if Iti.i'lii'Hti.r ; « w, 
 
 li.aii|lils I.r IliililiiX ; kIi' (Jem;" ,)i'tl|iVM. iittir- 
 hiii.Ih li.nl ,l,.|||,.\«; lliliiv, 1 I l.f ('llin.|ll|..li ; 
 
 "ir.li.liii Knilcy . M^ iiit I'ri n, At. . . . ,fy- 
 
 Till' ciiil l.f lli.i Ii,.,i,.r «„, .l|,i.|iii, 1. 1,11.1 ,),,|,ii,l,,|-,| 
 llflii«y«i', mini.' lliHl i..iiiiiiinHi. .iiit ,.1 tin' tnii»iiiv 
 111 Ills l'....lii, 4 ,liiii. ; the .Mil 1.1 Mllii.l..|'liiii.| lliinrn 
 I.ll'Hi.lclil ..I 111., I'Lllllrll ; VlKlilllIlt I'll'.tt H 
 
 ii'tnry ■ilHtiiti', At if,ii-S 
 
 (Tin' kliiK lift Willi, liiill 111 tlnMilHlitdfii Dec, and 
 NiiltliiiKtIii' kliiu.l..|ii, lainli'.l at Aliililrti'iiKi', In 
 Kniii. 1'. lliT. i(,(,s. I 
 
 Wii.i.iAMlll. AMI .Mai.\ ( lini'Icd, vimiiiiiit Mnr- 
 
 d.iniil : rii..iiniii ii4l , imi ,.r lianl.v, iri'iitid 
 
 iniinini., i.f fiiiniiiitlnn. alliiwiiiil« ' diikr i.f 
 i-ccil.s ; (Jni.iv... iniihinis i.t lliililiix ; Ailliiir 
 lliTlM'it, alti'iWMi.1.1 I..1.I ■r..n'iiiKt..ii ; curls i.f 
 Mliri'U'.sl.nry, Si.ltli. hiiin, iiii.l hiiii.li rliiinl ; I'liH 
 (if |i..rsct Mini Mi.l.ll.s.M ; Willi. nil, carl (afl.T- 
 w.lnh .lllkcl I r|i. ( ..i.-liih. ; l.iid (luilnlpliiii ; l„nl 
 Mnlil;i ;ll . I .1.1 M.- Ill M.'lv, A'l'. . . i6S.) 
 
 ,Siilin'\- I., I I (,.i,l,.i|,liin , III, .man, (.arl i.f lliiiil.y i 
 
 l!i. li.ird lliiiii|.,|i I. |i|..niaH, I'lirl i.f I'cinl.ii.kc ; 
 
 II. III.,', vir,. iiiiht ftyiln. y ; liaiiicl, carl iif X,,tlliiK. 
 
 Iiaiii, At. ffqo 
 
 HIr .l.'liii hiMin I'H Iwraiiic Inrd Hmnciii In ifiy;, and 
 
 liird I'll 111, illiir; ( liailcs Jli.ntiiKii, aftcrwanlH 
 
 lord Halifax, was ininl.' liisl iiiiii.<«i,.iicr nf the 
 
 fnni.siiry, i May, i(«/i, «iiii'cc,lcd l.v l-'i.i.l, carl nf 
 
 Tank. 'iv ill.' . . ', . ,f,„ 
 
 •»NNK, .Si.liicy, liinl (aficrwiiiiU carl nf) lUnh,lphni ) 
 
 Tlii.inas, I Mil ,.t ri'iiil.r.,k,', A'c. Mav 1701 
 
 Hnl.crt Hurley, carl l.f (ij>"i'.' Mir .Sliinni Ilaici.iirt, 
 
 ''■''' I.hllle, 1711 
 
 t'liarlcs, duke nf fi/iini->ihiirii, tiiadn Inrd treasiinr 
 
 thrci' ilayn licfiiic till (|Ue.ir« deiitli, A'c. 3u,lnly, 1714 
 Okokuk I. Charles, call ,.f llnlijiu (auci'cc.lcl i.n 
 
 lii.silcatli l.y til.' carl ..|(ai lisle), A-c 
 
 Hiil.crt ir.(//,..A, lii^t l.'i'l ,.f the trcasiii'v,nii,l ('hull 
 
 cclliir nf till' i'\','lic,|in r, iVc. . . ". 1715 
 
 .Tmncs (iiflciHiirilH carl) .i7(iH/i»;«' .■ Wiillain, l.ini 
 
 •-'"«'l"'i-, Ac ,,,, 
 
 Charles, carl iif .s'liaJiT/idii^ A'c. . ... 171S 
 
 Kdlicrt 11',. /;«.(,, iiftcrvnir.lM sir Hi.licit Walpolc, ami 
 
 earl i.f (irlin.l, A'c ,72, 
 
 GkiihiikII. li.ilii'it Wal|.i.h. i„ii(iH.,r,/ . ', ijlj 
 
 (Sir Hi.lici rcniiincl |.i iiiic iniiiislcr twciityiiiic 
 
 yciii-s ; iiiiiiici'i.iis cliiiiij;cs(ic('iirriiiL' in the time: 
 
 nee ll'rr/;i../c.| 
 
 Earl (if I^l7lal»./^ln ,• li.i'il llardwii'ko, A'c. . . 17.3 
 
 Henry I'elluim, in the rni.in nf carl nf WilniliiKtnn, 
 
 deccascii .All;,'. 1743 
 
 "lirouil-lii^lmn " ailiniiilstratidii— Henry I'cUmn?] 
 
 1(11(1 Hiii.livicke, it,'. . . '. .Xiiv, 1744 
 
 "Shnii-liml" a,liiiinWratii.ii- carl of y;i((/i ,• Inrds 
 
 Winchilsca and (jranvillc . . . 10-12 Kcli 1746 
 Henry I'elliain, A:i'., iiKaiii . . . . la l-'d.' 174^, 
 TInis. II. I'clliain, iliike l.f \vimisttc ,- carl i.f 11.. I- 
 
 (h'l'licss, Ac \|inl, ,-5. 
 
 Diike if /)ii'(./i,«;iii(' ,' William I'itt, Ac. . . Nnv 1756 
 Dnke iif .Vcn'iii.^^/r, ami .Mi. I'itt, afterwards carl ,.f 
 
 L'lnithani, Ac Ii,,,,., ,^5^ 
 
 GKdBiiK III. - lliike df Newcastle. Mr. Pitt's minis- 
 try, rinitiininl ,-f^ 
 
 Earl l.f /(ate, ' liiril Henley, Ac. , . . May. 1762 
 Oenrge (.'(■( ai'i7;(-,' earls i.f Halifax and Sandwich' 
 
 . ,*'■• ■ ■ , • A|iiil, 1761 
 
 Mai'(iuis,ir/,'»rA'my;i,/.,i .■ , , .1 i.f WiiulilJHea, (fee. July, i7fi5 
 Earl df (ViK^/i.im,' link,' ..rdiiitti.ii, Ac. . An,'- 1766 
 Dnkcdfi; 'W.ii ,' l,,i',l N.,itli, Ai'. . . .lice ,767 
 Krcdi lick, n.i'd .Vf.i-f.'i ,' c.irlC.w.'i, Ac. . Jan. 1770 
 liairil Ndi'th was minister diiniiK the whole of 
 the Aiiieriean war, ] 
 .Maniiiis nf liuilhiijhnn ; Iiir.l L'amilen ; C. J. Fox; 
 
 Kilniund Hiirkc, Ac . . March' 1783 
 
 Earl of Shflhiirn,- (nftciwards mnniuis of Lans- 
 
 ildwuc) ; William I'itI, Ac. . , .July 
 
 "ConlUiiiiiMini.tlrii," tUikf "f I'iTtlaml ; loi',l Niirt'li'; " 
 
 C. J. Fox ; Kdiinind liin I..', Ac. . . Aiirll' 1781 
 
 William i't«,- Uenr.' I inmlas, Ac. . . Dec.' /, 
 
 [Dui'int! Mr. I'ltts Ion;; admiiiiatration, nu- 
 merous changes in the ministry took iilncc. | 
 Unity Aditiiuft^ni ; ihikt: of !';:i''t.!a:;i! ; l.-.n! KM.-.n, 
 
 „ ,*'' March, et seii. 1801 
 
 William I'M; lord Eld,.n : George fanning, A'c. 
 
 May, it 6ei/. 1804 
 (Mr. Pitt died 2-) Jan. ,3o6.] /• "04 
 
 u 
 
 ADMINLSTUATIONM. 
 
 "All the Tiihxh" .\w\ lliriii'tlti ; lord Henry 
 I'Vtty I lonl Krskliie ; C. ,). Fox ; «lr t'liarlc* 
 ('i"v(aftertt„i,l,i call drey). , , Feb. i8a« 
 
 ill Fdxa dentil, n Nii|it, iSo<i, led to liil- 
 
 n. o.u.s , liaiig(.ii.J 
 
 ln-ikcdrr,„(/nio/.' lord EMiiii, A, » , Mnreli, 1807 
 
 fii-'ucer /'f/'i'icW, . ,rl(.f l.lveij.,H.l : vlncoiint I'al- 
 'ii'isloii,*!'. . N,,v, and lie. ifoa 
 
 111. IS.! V, Mr N|.,'ii,., fun ml (sli,,t l.y llclllh-- 
 liaiii, II May, 1S12), Ac. . 5 I il., iBir 
 
 Karl of l.inri«->l: lonl Kl.lon ; Mr. VansKfait ; lov-l 
 .Melylllc , yi.i.'.mntn (.'ai4tli.rea«li, I'almcisl ". 
 *'' ',.. ',,•.' • • • Ma), Jill.. . iSi» 
 
 fiKoKOK l\. -Fill toff,, iT/';i,«.;, *(., . si,,laii. tgio 
 
 llMiriiiK liii.l l.lyi'r|.i,..r« l..ii« ailniiiiistratldn 
 liiimci'diis chiiiiyi s iiecnrrcl. | 
 
 aeiirue ("HHic;/.' lonl l.ymlhni'sl : vl«c(.nnt Onde- 
 rlch ; William Hnskisson ; ylscount I'allin istoii ; 
 
 .Ink,' of clarcii.i', Ac \prll, iS»7 
 
 |.Mr. I'MiiiiiiiKilicI 8 AiiMUst, i;!.'7. 1 
 
 Visconiit (.'"./.I,,/! ,■ yis,',.iiiit I'aini, ist,.n; maninls 
 of Laiisilownc : W. Ilnskisson, A,'. .An«. 
 
 Dnkc of II ,lliii'ili,ii ; Holieit IVcl ; Mr. Ilnsklssoii ; 
 
 *•'';■, ' . • )aii. 1S38 
 
 I llie niiiiislry r istnicted on llic retireiin nt 
 
 of II ail of hmllcv, |,.nl I'almcisl Mr. (iniiit, 
 
 Mr Hiiskissoii.l . . . .May ami. I line. „ 
 
 Wll.l.H.M IV. liiike of ll'(//.'»,/r„ii, Ac. ' j6,llllle, 1830 
 
 Karl ','/(,/.• maninis ..f l.iin.sdowne ; lonl Dn.iiKliiim ; 
 viscount Alllioip; call of Inii'hiim; yiseountH 
 .Mellioiiriic, I'alnicistiiii. ami (i,i,lcii,'h 1 sir .lame.'* 
 (Jnihaiii ; lonl ,l,.|iii liii-.-.ll, A,', . . . N,.y, ,, 
 
 Full (iii'y nsi^'iis, owiii;; to a nia|orltv apainst 
 him in the l,,n|s, .m the Kcfonn Hill, i,, .May ; Ian 
 rcsniii.'s his post 18 .May, 183a 
 
 Visi'..iiiii .U.7/...i/i',.r'.' Ac jiii'v^ ,gj. 
 
 |Mell.,.iiriiea.lniiiilstnilii.ii.llssolv('il, .Nov. 1814 
 The (Ink, of WcllinKt..n held the seals of olllce till 
 the ntiirn of sir ItoI.ert Fed fnnii Italy, Dec. 
 18 14. 1 
 
 air Uol.crt /',.7; ml r.yn.lliiiist ; dnkc of \V, Uinn- 
 ton ; call of .M.cnic.n ; Ac . Nov. and lice. 
 
 Visi- t .U.//...i,,„c.Ac April, i3i3 
 
 Vii'i,.iiiA.--Vis,(.iint .U.//".ii/'Hi., Ac. , 30 June, igir 
 Siilisci|iii.iit accessions, F. T. llnrliiK : carl of 
 (,'laiciiiloii : T. II. .Maranlay, A,'. Vis,,aiiit Mel- 
 lioiinie n'si;,'n,',l, ami sir liohcrt I'ccI n'ceivcd 
 
 till' i| n s coiiimamls to f..nii a new ailniiiiistra- 
 
 tlon, 8 .May. Tliis ciiiinian,! was witliilrawii, ami 
 lonl Mi'll.i.nrn,' n'lnrmil I,, p.iwcr . . k. May, ,giq 
 
 Hir Uol.crt /■,',/.■ link.' ..f W,'llinKt,>ii : lonl I.viid- 
 liurst ; sir James tirahani ; carl of Alienlccn ;'|,.ni 
 
 St"iil''y. (*-•(' MiK. ami «ci.t. ,841 
 
 lAcccssions, Sidney Hcrliert ; \V. K. Ulad.stoiic, 
 Ac J 
 
 Lord John Jtiissell; viscount PHlincrston ; carl 
 
 ^"'y- *:<■ Inly, 1846 
 
 I A.c'ssidiis; carl Oranville ; Mr. Fnx Maiilc : 
 carl of larlisi,. : sir Tliomas Wililc, created loi'.l 
 Truro, Ac I 
 
 Lonl John Hiisscll and the nianiul.>i of I.ansdowno 
 on the 24 Fell, annonneeil the i'esi;,'natioii of 
 ministers, owiiiK to their defeat on Mr. Locke 
 Kiii;;s motion respecting,' the frainliisc ; they in- 
 formed pailiainciit, that it haying liccii fonin'l im- 
 
 liossildc to constinct a iliiion niinistrv, .the 
 
 ililceii, liy till' a.lvice ..f the dnkc of Wcllii'i^iton, 
 had callcil u|.(.ii her late niinislers to n'sninc olllce 
 Lonl .Stanley (since carlof licrliy), in the int.'rv.il, 
 had liccn iinalile to f,.riiia cal.iin't . . 3 .Manli, i8ei 
 
 Earl of llnl,:i (lat.' lonl Stanley); h.id St. Leo- 
 
 iianls ; lii-n.ianiin Hisracli ; Spcmcr II. Waljiolc : 
 
 earl of Malmesl.ury ; sir John rakinytoii ; dnkc 
 
 of Ndrtlminlierlaiid, Ac . 27 Fcli. 
 
 Earl i>{ Alwrilevn; lord John Hus.sell ; vi.scount I'al- 
 
 inerstoii, Ac .^g !),■('. 
 
 Various changes of offlccs took place ; a fourth 
 secretary of state \vas a|.iidintcd, l.y the separa- 
 tion df the tmi- fniin the rvl,,iii„l department ; .see 
 SecrcUiri.s n/Slnle. The retin'incnt nf lonl J, Kus- 
 8ell, 24 ,laii. 1855, and a im\ii.ritv in the comniona 
 against niiiiisters of 157 (305 to 148), on Mr. Hoc- 
 buck'.s motion rcsiiectiiig the comliict of the war. 
 led to til,! rosignati,.!! of lonl Al.,nlccn and lii.s 
 
 1853 
 
 
 1$ 
 
 
 ■^ M 
 
 fifl| n 
 
 
 mI^I 
 
 fWiiP 
 
 
 HH 
 
 Ijli!... m 
 
 jsL 
 
 s^H 
 
 ♦Tlie duel between lonl C'astlereagh and Mr. Canning, 
 22 Sept., iSog, led to the breaking up of tliLs ailininis- 
 tratioii. 
 
ADMINISTRATIVE. 
 
 12 
 
 ADMIRALTY OFFICE. 
 
 colluiigues, 30 Jim. ; the uiiliinct wiis ivcoiistructeil 
 
 Visrinmirahnerstun; Iriil Crnnwditli : *r. 7 Fi'li. 1855 
 [Scccssi. 11 iif sir,!. Uiiilmni, Mr. tiluilstmii', iiml 
 Sir. B, llrrlicrt. Ai'ccssidU cit' liinl Juliu liiis.scU ; 
 Ciui (if Cliiri-iiddii ; sir (i. Circy ; sir G. (J. Li'Wis ; 
 sir \V. Mull sttnitli,A.M.l . • 24 I'l'i'- -. 
 
 Oil till' si'iiiii.l rcMiliiif,' nf tlif iMiri-it-'ii Cciu- 
 siiir,ii-v l.ill. til.' ndHTiiim-iit (.Icfiatiill'v M viitc 
 (jf iviisuru licMiij; ii;i.ssi'.l by :i iiiajnnty irl i'l, cm 
 the ii.otiiiu of Mr. Mihur Clili.-iuiO rcsiyiiw! iiiinn- 
 <liiil('lv ") '''■''; '^53 
 
 Enrl "f 'ikilii ; li. Ilisnicli ; l<i«'ii.i'r Wiili-ili' : 1"hI 
 aunil'jy ; sir R Tlasigur (Uiril ClRliiisf"r.l), *<■. 
 
 ;;6 I'lMi. ,, 
 
 (Til'.' Di'rliv ;iilii!iiiisti;itiiiii, in ('iiiisciiiiciii'i' nf 11 
 v.iti'of wiiiil nf cniiliili'iu-c ill it ln'i.i;;i';>.ri<'l by » | 
 
 liiaj.nitv nf 15. 10 .luiii', i.?.;9, iv.~i^iiccl tlii' !ic-xt 
 ihiy. Karl tiViiiivillu fiiiU'U tn fmiii 1111 luliiiiiiis- 
 tratinn.J 
 Visi'oimt J'ii/«iir5(i)/i ; Inril Jnliii(siiicu u.ul) lUisscll, l 
 
 ^i. lis J mil', 1859 < 
 
 ILnri'l Pill'lin-rstnli cli.''l i3 Oct. iStJs.j 
 Enrl /.'iissd/ / W. E. (ila.l.stnia' ; I'lirl nf Cliiri-mlnii : ' 
 
 ^,. ' Oct. 1S65 
 
 I lii'siminl, ill rnii.M-iiiU'iicc nl a iiiiunrity nn tin; ' 
 
 lU'fnnii'Jiill, lyJiiiu'l . • • .26Juiie. 1S66 
 Eiirl nf Del,!/, li. OisriH'li, Innl Slanli'V, (Sic. : fnr 
 cliaiiKi's .si'c /'I'/'"/ ^l''"!'"''"'"!'''"'''''. 6. Inly, ,, 
 
 lEarl nf J}ciiiii ri'sigued tlirniigh ill lnaltlij 
 
 Kelt. 25, 1S68 
 13. Disraeli rtcniistiliitfil tlicadiiiiiii.stratinii 29 I'Vli. ,, 
 Mr. llisracli icsiKiii'il m cniisi'iiiU'iice nt the 
 elcctiniis in Nnvi'iiiljcr yiviiit,' a iiiajnrity nf almiit 
 
 i,4tntli(' Lil.irals 2 l'<'i-' .. 
 
 W E (,'/Mi/.-('i)ic,- carl nf {iari'iiilnii ; linlii'i-t I.nwi' ; 
 jnllll Urinlll. "ll'lntili'ls. ivccivi'd seals q llec. ,, 
 l.nst tlh'ir iiiajiHily by tliu geiii'ial elci'tinii, 
 
 Fell. ; resigned 17 ■''•''• ■!*74 
 
 B. yjlVmi/l (earl nf Heaenlislield, 16 .\ng. 18:6), tlie 
 earl nf Derby, tlie inaninis nf Salisbury, and 
 otliels, received se.'d.s . . . . 21 Feb. ,, 
 [Fnr eliaiiges, .see liisriiili Ailniiiiistmlinni'.] 
 Lnst their inajnritv bv electinns in April ; re- 
 signed 22 Ai.ril, 1S80 
 
 W. K. liliiilflniic; earl (iraiiville, nianiuis nf llaitiiig- 
 tnii, duke nf Argyll, sir Win. llareniirt, .Inliu 
 liiiglit, and nthers, received seals . 28 April, ,. 
 
 lUesigncd in < sec|Ueiiec nf a niinnrity nn the 
 
 lindgct Hill (264 252). u .lune, 1865.) 
 Mnrqnisnf Sulifhuni: sir 6ialfnid Nnrthente (Innl 
 Iddcsleigh), sir Michael llicks-lieacli, Inrd 
 Haiidnliili Chiireliill ami nthers receiveii .seals 
 
 24 ,Jniie, 1885 
 [Hesigned in cnii.si'(|Uence nf a minnrity nn tin 
 allien. liiicnt tn th.' ;iil.lress(j:...j 2^0). 27 .Ian. 18S6.J 
 W. K.aiiulslrtin' ; earl (Irauville, earl Siieneer, earl 
 nf His.di.'iy an.l .ithers . . . 2 6 Feb. 1S66 
 
 (H.'signc.; in c.'nsi'.|UeiK'e nfa inajnrity against 
 
 Ids Irish Unini' Kiih' Hill (34:, 313) 2o,luly, 1ES6.J 
 
 Mariuis nf Sili^liHrii : an.l fnriiier enlleagins n- 
 
 ceivi'.l si'als 26 .Inly. iS36; resigns . 12 Aug. 1892 
 \\. K. i;i:i:lslfiii ; .viili sniiii' nf fnriner colleagues, 
 
 an.l "thi'i's. 18 Aug. 1892; resigns . 3 March, 1S94 
 Earl nf llosilfn-'i. with ii.!arly all Mr. Ghnlslniie's 
 
 cabinet, 3 March .7 .>..;. ; r.'sigiis . 22 .Inn.', 1895 
 
 Marquis ot't^dlislmri) ; cniiservatives ami uni.niists, 
 
 25-28.111111', ,. 
 Fnriletails ami changes, see separate articles under 
 the Fremier's iiaiiie. 
 
 ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM ASSO- 
 CIATION derived its nrigiu I'rnin iiii npiin.ni 
 thiit til" disasters wlii.-li ii.'curred tn tlii' army in tli.' 
 Crimea in l^,S4-,S ^>i'i'i' nttriliutnbletn tlie inetHciciit 
 nnd irrespoiisilili' iiianngeineiit nl" tlio varinus ile- 
 purtiiicnts (if the state. The ii.s,sociatinii was 
 organised in Lnndnn, 5 May, 1855. A iiu'cting 
 was held in Dnny-lane" tliea'tre, n'li 13 June, and 
 Mr. Layard's nintlnn nn the subject in iiarlianieiit 
 was nt'frativcd iS Jun" fnJlnwiiiL;. 'riii> nssnciatinii 
 was reorganised in 185O, Mr. Knelmck, .M.l'., bc- 
 coniing chairman, but bouu beciinie uninipnrtant ; 
 sec Civil Service. 
 
 ADMIRAL. The title, derived from the Arabic, 
 
 cniir-al-bahr, " Lord of the sea." which occurs in the 
 VhiiiisuH tie Rohwtl, Ilth century, does not appear 
 to have been adopted in England until about 1300. 
 Alfred, Athelstan, Kdgar, llandd, and other kings, 
 were commanders nf their own Heels. Jlic first 
 French udniiriil is said tnhavebeen appointed I2»4. 
 The rank of ailmiral of Hie I'-i'tlliik seas was tirst 
 given to William de Levbourne by Edward 1. m 
 1207. Suelmuii; Jii/mei: The tirst Loud llioii 
 AiiMlUAI. in England was created bv Luliard JL m 
 128;- there had been previously high admirals ot 
 r/'syViW'S— the imrth, west, and .south. The dutic* 
 have cenerallv been e.xeeuled by lords commis- 
 sioners; see Admii-dlt;/. A similar dignity existi'd 
 in SeotUnul from the reign of Unliert IIL In l()73, 
 Charles IL.bestowed it iip(Ui liis natural sun Charles 
 Lenno.x, afterwards duke of l!i. liiimnd, tlien 1111 
 infant, who resigned the ollice to tlie crnwn in 
 I-ciJ- after the union it was diseniitinued. — 'Ihe 
 digiiity of lord high admiral nf hiliind (of brief 
 existence) was conferred upnii .lames liiitler by 
 lieiirv vtlL, in May. 1^34- 'J'"' -''/""'■"' "f <'" 
 FUet'\*i\w liigliest rank in the Knyal Navy, eorrc- 
 .■iiiniuling t.i that nf tield-marslial in the army. Sir 
 Michael Culm.'-Sevni.iur, .liily. l.'>()3 ; the earl of 
 Clanwilliam, Feb. i«(|, : sir (lenllVey T. P. Hornby, 
 able and judicious. 'Ued 3 March, iN(>i ; .sir Charb-.- 
 Ci. J. Elliot, born iSl.S; serv((l in [Syria. China, 
 S. Y.. America ; diid 21 May, [.'((v \\ e have now 
 S admirals of t' tleet (the iiriiice of Wales, tlu 
 (ierniaii cmpcroi, and the duke of Kdiuburgh, 
 honorary), 12 admirals, 20 vice-admirals, 3^ rear 
 admiral.s, and 17", captains (March. 1«9.S). bcninr 
 admiral of the tleet. Sir I't'ovo Walks, born 12 
 April, 171)1, died U Leli. I>^();. sir Lewis Tobias 
 Jones, born 24 J>ee., 1 7<)7, died 11 Oct., 18(15. Vice- 
 admiral sir Uolit. O'Jirieii Fitzrny, K.C.li., born 
 1,83(1, died 7 May, l.Sijd: sir Alex. Milne, ti.C.]!., 
 b.aii II Nov. 180(1, died 2() He. |8()0; sirAV.lt. 
 Me.mls. born 1812, died 2() June, l8()7. The tir,»t 
 admiral of tlu' United States of America, David G. 
 Farragut, was nominated in i8(.(j. 
 
 ADMIRALTY, Col'UT of, n eonrt for the 
 trial of causes relating to maritime allairs. said to 
 have been erected bv Ldward 111., in 1337. It was 
 enacted in the reign". d' Henry VIIL. that criminal 
 causes should be tried by witnesses and a jury, some 
 of the judges at Wesliiiinster (or, as now, at the OM 
 Uailey) assisting. The judgeslii|i of the admiralty 
 was c'onstituted in 1314, and was tilled by two .,i- 
 more functionaries until the Kevolutinn, when it 
 was restricted to one. lUnt.wii. The judge bus 
 usually been an eminent (l(.etnrof the livil law. In 
 1844 tbe criminal jurisdiction nf this cnurt was re- 
 moved, and by 20 i 21 Vict. c. 7; (1857), the jn(ls;e 
 of the I'ldba'te court was to lie also judge of the 
 Adniiraltv court. 'The judge of the Admiralty 
 court, l')r. Ste]ilien Lushiiigtoii (appointed 
 in |8?8), resigned I July, 18(17, and was bui> 
 
 cceclecl bv sir li rt I'liillimore, who retired Mar.li. 
 
 188^. The jurisdiction of tliis cnurt was exteiiilcj 
 in i8(il. Tiieverv ancient gilt anchnr set u]i in tiii' 
 A.lmiialty Court ni the lioval Courts of Justice.^ The 
 ancient s'ilver oar is laid nn the Kegislrar's Tablt. 
 O.t. 1883. See ,Sii/iiiiiie CoKii mill I'luhate Cour!. 
 
 ADMIRALTY OFFICE dates Jrnm 151;, 
 when Henry Vlll. ap|iointed commissioners to in- 
 spect his slii]is nf war. During the Cninmniiweallt 
 the admirallv allairs were nianagdl by a coinniillii 
 nf the parliainelit ; an.l at the restoratb.n in IIA, 
 James, duke nf York. !>cianie Inr.l high admiral. !l 
 1(162 tlie admiralty was tirst ]iut into commission, 
 the great officers .if state being the eoninii.ssiomrs: 
 see suieeeding changes helnir. In I(hS8-9 tli( 
 admiralty was put into eommission, and the boari 
 
 ADMIRAI 
 
 appears to have aasem 
 lodginRs, in Clninnel-r 
 at that time first lord, 
 various changes were 
 tnents, several oftices 
 lidated with others. In 
 mission recommended tl 
 admiralty and the apnoi 
 navy deiiartment. The 
 Jan. iShg, and 4 May, i 
 of the board was taken 
 the person of the first 
 The nIVicfi reiiiove.l from .« 
 
 1874-5. 
 New buildings oreetcd b; 
 .Site Act passe.l 24 .) 
 Messrs. I.eeniing & I,ee 
 approval by |iarliaiii.'nt, 
 FIRST i..iuris n 
 
 1660. iTaMF.S, IM'KK (IK V.III 
 
 1673 
 1679. 
 
 i68u. 
 l63i. 
 .63,. 
 16S4. 
 t(^8s. 
 1689. 
 
 Kivii (,'n Mii.Ks II., 
 I'liiNCK I!iim:ht, g ,Ii 
 Kir Henry t'.ip.'l, 14 
 llani.'l Fincli, es.|., i 
 Hani. 'I, l.ird Fiii.'h, 2 
 Hani. 'I, I'arl nf N..ttii 
 Kix.i Cir.Uii.Ks II. 
 KiXd .Tamks IP, 17 y 
 _. _,. Arthur Ilerb.rt, .'s.|. 
 lOifo. Tlinnias, earl ..f I'.aiil 
 1602. Cliarl.'s, l.ird (,'nniwa 
 x(vi\. .\ntlinn>-, viscount F 
 t''i94. Fdw.inj li.iss.'l, .'s.p, 
 1699. .I.iliii, earl .if lhi.|g.'\ 
 
 1701. Thnuiis, earl of P.-nil 
 
 1702. Gkouck, 1'1',in.:k .ik | 
 
 20 Mav. 
 t7i53. Thnnias, carl of Pciiil 
 
 lltjirr ill rntnillis-iinlt 
 
 Edward, ('.'111 oforfni 
 .Sir.Inlin 1,.' ik.'. 4 Or- 
 Thnnias, .-arl nf .siial 
 Edw.inl, earl nfOiI'm 
 .lames, earl of li.'rk.'l 
 
 O.'.irg.', \-isenunt Tnl-l 
 
 .■^ir Ch.ul.'s We.'.'i', ki 
 Itaniel, ...irlnf Wiiicli 
 .Tnliii, .Ink.' .if li.'dlor 
 .l.iliii, earl .if Sandwi. 
 (I.'orge, Inrd .\ns.m. 2 
 lii.'liar.l, earl Teiii].!.' 
 llani.'l, .'arl of Wimli 
 (icorge, l.ii'.l .\nsoii, 2 
 C7(5j. (n-ni-gc M. Hunk, I'arl 
 17(13. Ge.ng. (ircnville, .'S(| 
 .Inlin, .' irl .if .Simlwi. 
 
 ,. .bdlll, cai-l of I'lglllnllt, 
 
 [7ii(). !Sir ('harh's Saiiiid.'rs, 
 ,, Sir F.hv.inl Hawk.', i, 
 .lohn, carl of Saielwi.- 
 Hon. .Xii'gnstus Kepp. 
 .Vugustus, \-isc(iniit K 
 Iti.'liar.l, visi'.iiiiit II. 
 ,Iohn, earl ..f Chalh.in 
 (ieni'ge .l.ihn, earl Spc 
 J.ihn, earl St. Viii.-.'ii 
 Ilenrv, viscount M.'lv 
 (Miarles, Innl Harhaiii, 
 Hon. Charles (ir.'y, u 
 Th.inias (Ir.-nville, esi] 
 Henry, Inr.l Mulgrav.' 
 Charl.'s y.iike, .'s.p, . 
 
 Hnlicrt, vis,',. lint Mel' 
 
 Wii.i.rwi Hkmiv, 111- 
 
 ll'lrll'l-ni, 2 M.iv, r.'s 
 
 iS-'S. nnbcrt, visc.iunt M. I' 
 iS)i. Sir .bum's 1{. ((. (5iali' 
 1834. G.'nrg.', I,.i-.l Auckl.im 
 
 ,, Thnnias Philip, I'.irl d, 
 :; -.5. Ge.irgt-, iiifd .Viiclct.ui, 
 
 „ Gilbert, earl nf .Mint.., 
 1841. Thomas, carl of lla.ldi 
 ;:-pi. F,lw,ir,l, eirl of inieiil 
 
 ,, G.'org.', eirl .if Au.kl.i 
 ,'£|9. Sir Fran. 'is Tliornhill I 
 
 1707. 
 1710. 
 1712. 
 1714. 
 
 !7'7- 
 1727. 
 
 i7:i!. 
 1742. 
 
 1711. 
 174-i. 
 
 <;3i. 
 
 [771. 
 1782. 
 
 17^1. 
 17SJ. 
 
 1794- 
 
 l.S,i7. 
 lS,v,. 
 
 1827. 
 
ADMIRALTY OFFICE. 
 
 13 
 
 ADRIATIC. 
 
 apnears to have aasomblcd at admiral Herbert's 
 lodgings, in Cliannel-row, Westminster, he being 
 at that time first lord. In 1830, 1832, and 1836 
 various changes were made in the civil depart- 
 ments, several offices being abolished or conso- 
 lidated with others. In Xfarcli, 1861, a royal com- 
 misaion recommended the abolition of tlie "board of 
 admiralty and the appointment of a minister of the 
 navy department. The board was reconstituted 14 
 Jan. i86g, and 4 May, 1872. The collective action 
 of the board was taken away, and concentrated in 
 the person of the first lord. 
 The office rcninveil from Somerset House to Whitehall, 
 
 1874-5- 
 Nhw lniililiii^,'s crcotoil liy virtue of the Pul>lic Offices 
 
 .Site Act piisseil 24 ,lnlv, 1882. Tlic ilesiKiis cil' 
 
 Slcssrs. I.peiniiit,' & l.ccmiiif;, (if Halifax, selected for 
 
 approval liy l>arli!imciit, .Inly, 1884. 
 
 FIRST I.OHr>S OK THF ADMIPtAI.TV. 
 
 if>6a. James, di-kk ok Voiik, /../■.; kbjli (i.dmiral, 6 June. 
 
 1673. Krsi: Cm MiT,i:s 11., 14 .Ini[|.. 
 
 ,, riuNcK Hr]'i:iir, q Jiilv. 
 
 C679. Sir Hciirv (':i|ii'l. 14 Ki'li. 
 
 r6So. Itanicl l-'iiicli. ('si|., 19 I-'c]). 
 
 1681. liMiiicl, ionl I'iiirh, 20 .lull. 
 
 i63j. Ii.iiiii'l, curl of Niittiiigliam, 17 April. 
 
 16S4. IvlVd t.'ll.Vltl.KS II. 
 
 tfiS5. KiXd .Iami;.-; II., 17 ■^r,lv. n/TKe in mmmiision, 
 
 1689. Arthur Hrrlprrl, i-sii., 8 .March. 
 
 ifij.i. Tliniiias, I'Milof I'liiilirokcaiiil Moiit;;omcrv, 20 Jan. 
 
 tfi93. L'liarh's, lor.l (,'orinvallis, 10 Marcli. 
 
 ifi9i. Antlioiiv, visi'oiiiit l'"all;l.iiiil. i, .\iiril. 
 
 tfi74. K.lwanl liiiss,'!, esq., (,ift. carf of Orford), 2 Mav. 
 
 1^99. .lohii. carl of l!riclt;c.watcr, 2 .luMc, 
 
 1701. Thomas, carl of I'l'iiiUroki', 4 Ajiril. 
 
 1702. Gkouch-, iMtixcK of Hknmauk, /■>/■!? Jvijli athiiiml, 
 
 20 May. 
 C703. Thomas, carl of Pcmlirokc, tlUtn, 29 Nov. 
 
 "//).'(■ in c'luimis^inii . 
 [709. Eihv.inl, c-irl ofdrfonl, 8 Oct. 
 1710. Sir .lohu l.i' ikc, 4 Ort. 
 1712. Thomas, earl of SIrallor.l, 30 Sept. 
 [714. I-Mwai-'l. c.irl ofOrfor.:, 14 Oet. 
 1717. .I.imes, carl of li.'rkeley, 19 M.ireh. 
 l-.!7, Geol'ire, viseolliit Torrili;.'toli, 2 .\ll;,'. I 
 
 i7,ii. Sir Cliailes W,i;;er, km., 25 .June. 
 i74_.. llaiiiel, earl of Wiiirhilsc.i, 19 .March. 
 1744. John, iluki. nf li.Mfonl, 27 llec. 
 i74->. .lohii, e.irl of .Sandwich, 10 Feb. 
 r73i. (ieoru'i', ioril .\iisoii, 22 .June. 
 i75fi. Hii-lianl, carl Tem|ilc, 19 .N'ov. 
 17,7. Haniel, c>arl of WiiieliiiMa, o April. 
 
 (leorj;e, lonl .\;isoii, 2 .lulv. 
 cyfi-'. C-oi-c M. Dunk, earl of M,.|lifax, ig June. 
 1763. ("leinp (Ireiiville. i's(|., i .Ian. 
 
 ,, .lolm, e irl of Saiiclwic h, 21 .\|iril. 
 
 ,. John, I'arl of KiriMoiit, 10 Se]it. 
 €7(16. Sir Charles S.iunilers, m .Sept, 
 
 ,, Sir I-Mw.ir.l llawkc, i,, Dei'. 
 [771. .John, carl of Saielwich, 12 Jan, 
 17S2. Hon. AiiL;iistiis Ke|i|iel,-i .\|iril. 
 
 ,, .\n>!;iistus, viseouiit Kcppi'l, iS.Jul,y. 
 ly.Sj. Itieharil, viseoiint llowc, j.-i .1,111. 
 i;.S.-). John, earl i>rcii.itliaiii, i6.1iily. 
 1794. (ieoive .lohii, earl Spencer, 20 Dec. 
 iS.ji. John, earl St. Vineeni, iq f'l.li. 
 1S04. Hcnrv, viseoiint Mi'lviile, 15 May. 
 1S15. Charles, lonl Itarhain, 2 Mav. 
 iSirt. Hon. Charles (irey, ui l''eh. ' 
 ijri, Thomas (ireiiville, cs(|., 2; Oct. 
 1S07. Ili'iirv, hinl .Miilj;rave, fi .\pril. 
 1S.9. Charh's V.irke, esi|., 10 Mav. 
 iSi •. Uolierl, viseount Melville, '2=; March. 
 1S.7. Wii.i.iAM IIknuv, im-kk ok Ci.AiiCNrK, lord high 
 
 'ultiiint!, 2 May, resiu-iieil 12 .\ic,'. 1828. 
 iS.'S. Ttohcit, viscount Melville, 19 Se]it. 
 i3l). Sir .James 1!. (i. Orah.iin. hart., 25 N'ov, 
 iSj4. (!eori;c, lonl Aueklaml, 11 June. 
 
 ,, Thomas Philiji, e.irl ilc Orcy, 23 Dec. 
 :S;-. 'ii-nru'c, ionl .Xiu-klanil, 2:; .\pril. 
 
 ,, (iilliert, larl of Miiito, 19 Si'pt. 
 1S41. Thomas, earl of Haihliiit;tnn, s Sept. 
 iSvJ. Ivhv.inl, eirl of |.:ili'iilioron;.'li, 1 1 .Ian. 
 
 ., (ieor-e, I'lrl of Aiiekl.in.l, 24 .Inly. 
 jS.I9. .Sir Francis ThoniliiU liariiig, 18 Jan. 
 
 1852. Algernon, duke of NorthunilierUud, 28 Feb 
 
 1853. Sir James Knhcrt George Gruham, c Jan 
 1855. Sir Charles Wood, hart., 24 Fell 
 1838. Sir Jolui Pakington, liart., 26 Feb. 
 1859. Edward, duke of Somerset, June. 
 
 1866. Sir John Pakingtoii, hart, 6 July. 
 
 1867. Heury Lowry Conv, 8 .March. 
 
 1868. Hugh Culling Kardlev Childcrs, 9 Dec 
 1871. George Joachim Cosclien, q .March 
 1874. George Ward Hunt. 21 Feh. ; died 2, July, ,877. 
 1877. Will. Henry Smith, about 7 Aug. ' 
 ■ 880. Thos. Geo. Daring, earl of Xorthbronk, 28 April. 
 1335. Lord George Francis Hamilton, 24 June. 
 i336. George Freileriek Samuel Uobinson, .Maniuis of 
 
 Kipoii, about 6 Feb. 
 ,, Lord (leorge Francis Hamilton, s6 July. 
 1892. JiJiii Poyiitz, earl Spencer, 18 Aug. 
 1895. George Joachim Goschen, 25 June. 
 
 ADMIRALTY, Whitehall. " At the south 
 end ot Duke-street, Westminster, was seated ahirgo 
 house made use of f„r the adniii-altv office, until the 
 I l'"s;",''ss "MS removed to Greenwich, and tlicnce to 
 ! Wilhiigford -house, against Whitehall." It wasrp- 
 I built by Kipley about 1 726; the screen vms erected 
 I to conceal the ugliness of the huibling, by tho 
 brothers Adam, in i7;(,.— Lord Nelson lay in state 
 in one of the apartments on 8 Jan. iSoO; and on the 
 ne.xt day was buried at St. I'aul's. 
 Kxplosion in clerks' room (ascriheil to guiiiiowdcr in an 
 1101, pot); Mr. Swaiiison much hurt; ab.ait 11 \ m 
 23 April, 1835. 
 
 ADMIRALTY Axn WAR OFFICE ACT, 
 
 to tai'ihtate ini|irovciuciits in the organisation of 
 thescottiecs, liy tile retirement of dorks from certain 
 of the civil departments by granting gratuities, was 
 passed ro Aug. i.S7,S. 
 
 I "ADMOXITION TO the Pahlluibnt," 
 
 eondcmniug all religious ceremonies hut those com- 
 
 I m.inded by the New Testament, was puhlished by 
 
 i 'V-''^','" ',",';'•*',"" '" '■^"'' 1'" presumed authors, 
 tudil and \\ ileo.x, were imprisoned. A second Vd- 
 momtum by Tliomas Cartwright was answered bv 
 archbishop Whitgift. •' 
 
 ADORXp AM) FREGOSO, two families, of 
 I which the doges were fi-c(|iieiitlv members, dis- 
 . tiirhed Genoa from the 14th to the lOtli centuries 
 ' the former tavoiinng tlie emperor, the latter the 
 
 I'l-euch king. Their power was annihilated by 
 
 Andrea Dona about 1528. 
 
 ADOWA. battle of, .SCO Ma.i.mwa/i, 20 Feb i 
 Alarcli, 189(1. '' 
 
 ADRIAN'S OR n.A.DRTAX'.S WALL (to 
 
 prevent the irruptions of the .Scots and I'icts 
 into the iioi-th,9ii counties of England, then under 
 the Iton.an govcriinient) extended from the Tviie 
 to Solway liitli, and was eighty miles long, twelve 
 feet high, and eight t,.et in thickness, with watch- 
 towers ; built 121. It was repaired and strengthened 
 by Scvenis, 207 — 210. 
 
 . ADRLVNOPLE, in Turkev. so named after 
 Its restm-er the cni|icnn- Adrian (\vlio died 10 July, 
 I3.S). Near here Coiist.iiitine defeated Lieinius iiiid 
 gamed the empire, 3 July, 325; also, near here the 
 emperor \,alcnswas , Ideated and slain by the Goths' 
 .\ug. 378. Adrianople was taken by ilic TmU 
 under .\iniirath in 13(11, and was their capital till 
 the captureof Constantinople in 145^ It wastaken 
 by the Uus.siai... on 20 Aug. 182.); and restored 
 14 liept. same year; occupied hytlii' Itussians, with- 
 oiU resistance 20 Jan. 187S." Population i88, 
 70,Soi,. fsoc Turi.c!/. 
 
 ADRIATIC. The ceremony of tlie do»e of 
 \enice widdiug the Adriatic sea (instituted about 
 1173), took idace annually on .Vsceiision-dav The 
 doge dropped a ring into llie sea from his bueeutaur 
 
ADTTLLAM. 
 
 14 
 
 JEDILES. 
 
 or slatf bai-f, bd.if; attcmlcd by liis nubility and 
 foR'i-n !inibu,s«ulurs. Tbe curuuiony was tirst 
 omittud in 17();. 
 
 AUULLA:M, ii oavf to wlibdi David lied fiom 
 tlu. pcrsucution of Saul about IOO2 n.C (I 6'"«. 
 xxii. 1, 2.) 
 
 yU: n..rsni;ui, Mr. R. l-""'''. '■^"V'V"*'u^""''',''i'''''ltin' 'in 
 ,,i,.l otU.r l.l.c'rals wl,.. o|.l."s.,l tl,.: tra.i.l,,.-,. HI 
 ,866 wen. ter.ue.: '■ A^alhnaites/' Ihm.,;^ lue 
 
 on this bill on li Maivli, i ion, Mr. l!n;;ht .sii 1 "1 -Mi. 
 a , a, tlKit Ui ■■ ba.l rctir,.! i.>to wl.at ina^- ben, e. 
 l,is ooliliiMl e.iv. of .Vbillani, to wliieb he inMte.l 
 !;;.r;;newh;,\vas in ,leb., ana every o.H.w.^ 
 
 ,iise;.nieMi..i,",vr. ( .n ,9 .xpr.i, lord [■';:'•••'''■,•;; 
 
 iniiirop.r motive has .Inv, n us into lln» 'au' w e 
 '.\ n^H nio.st hairv lan.il.v,aail,v-I nK.v .say In. 1> 
 
 lin.reasin;.- in nmnberand strenjjth, wl'.;>'_' »' » ■.'^' 
 rt-inaiu nntil we -o loith 10 deliver Isra.. "'''.'; 
 Sinn." Alth.ingl. tlieu' opposilion le.l t. t p'|- 
 
 take otilec nn.ler lor.l Derby in Jnl.v, ,S66 " 
 
 net vote lo-etlier nnilorinly m iSo?, n .1 (1 . .M.n 1.0 
 1 Mr^ Wvl.l exee,.te.l) vote.l with Mv. I la.lstone, 
 
 S-„r the dise'stablishn.ent of the Irish eluireh, . M,.), 
 
 1868. 
 
 A r>TTT,TEli VnOX. That of food was pro- 
 lubitT;i in Kii.^land iti 1267, and piuusbments or 
 it enacted, lySl, 1004. iSjt'; lS'5'. '^'j- ^'";'' 
 attention was'iirawn to it m ''V'', l'""" 1 i 'is'- 
 cti.n's book, ealled '• Ueatli m tlie 1 ot, and 1 l8„ 
 t ■ u^li Ur llas.sairs bool<, "iM.nd and Us Adulu- 
 fa^i::^;'' iiv an aet l^.r preventing the aduUenition 
 of food, passed in 1800, iiaroehuil clieinieal analysts 
 n!av be ilppomted. An net to prevent - u deration 
 of ieeds pa.^^sed lO AiiK. lS(.<), ainendeil lS,,V An- 
 other to prevent adulteration ot loud and di-uys 
 pa-sed 10 An;;. IcSr2. I'etialties lor tid.ilteratini; 
 liduors were iini.osed by the new lieeiisin- aet pa.s^ed 
 same time. The report of a eommission, issued in 
 Julv, 18-4, deelared that the puldie " were eheated 
 rather than poisoned." All the iiiiti-adulteration 
 aet,s were repealed by the Sale of 1-ood and )rup 
 Aet. passed II Au-. 1875; wliieh was amended in 
 I87<i; reiioited very elteetual Uee. 18S4 Ihere- 
 lort of the select eonimiltee appointed m Ih94,\vith 
 sut".;estioiis, was issued in July, 189(1. 
 
 ADULTElvY wtis iniiiished with deatli by the 
 law of Moses (I4<j0 n.e. ; La: x.\. io)-and by Ly- 
 curirus (SS4 D.c). The early Sa.xons burnt the 
 adulteress, and erecded a gilibet over her ashes 
 ^vhereon thev handed tlie adulterer. Ihe ears and 
 uose were cut olf uiub^r Canute, 1031. Adultery 
 was ordained to be puiii.-hedeaiutally by the parlm- 
 nieiit, >Iav 14, U.^o : but there is no reeord ot this 
 law taking elleet ; and it Wiis reiiealeil at the re- 
 storation. Ill New Knglund the minisliinent lor 
 adultery was made eajiital to both j.nrties, and 
 severarsuHeredforit, 1002. Jlrrrr/i,: liU 1857 the 
 legal redress against the male oll'emk'r was by eivi. 
 aeUon fort! money eompeiisalion; the female being 
 liable to divoree." lly 20 A: 21 Vi.t. e. 8.S (185:) 
 thi'-'aetloiiforeriminaleoiiversation wasabolished, 
 and the Court for Uivoree and Matrinionii.l Causes 
 establishei; withii'iwer to grant divoreesfor adultery 
 and ill usage; see J>ironr. An aut was passc^d in 
 l8o<) [jermitting parties to suits for adultery to give 
 evideliee. 
 
 ADVENT {iidiiNlH.s, arrival). The season 
 iiieludes four fSiiuday,s, previous to Christmas, the 
 first the nearest Sunday to St. Andrew's clay 
 (Nov. W). lielnl-e or after. lloinilies ris|iietill 
 
 1648 
 1874 
 
 i86o 
 
 1S77 
 
 l8v; 
 
 Ailveiilaie mentioned prior 10,578. Advent >Sun- , supply of provision 
 
 ' of dele'-ates from W States id' the Union, and fnmi 
 
 i Euroi.etnietat .\liehigau,7 M;":''!' •«■)>• H;- presi- 
 
 delit KIS..11 reported the Imildmg of a eol ego at 
 
 I Lineoln, Nebraska, ami thai the I'lteairii Ishmderc* 
 
 had beeome Adveiitists. 
 I ADVENTURE BAY, S.i:. end of Van Dio- 
 ' men's Land, diseovered in 177.5 ''.v '"'J't- funi^'ii'i" 
 ill his first voyage to the I'aeifie, and named from 
 his sliip Advent nn\ It was visited by eapt. Cook 
 !---■ I,v eapt. liligh ill 1788 and 171)2. 
 
 'aDVENTUKEKS, »«• .MidiLiiANTs. 
 ADVERTISEMENTS ix Njiwsi'ArEKS, 
 
 as now pulilished, were not general in hngland till 
 the bei;iiiiiingof tile eighteenth eentnry. Ajieiially 
 of ;o/.^was inllieted on i)ersoiis advertising a reward 
 with " No questions to be asked" for tliu return of 
 thiii"3 stolen, and on the i.riiiter, 1754. The ad- 
 va-li'.oiiwid dull/, (first enaeted, 1712,) formerly 
 i;liir"^ed aec'ordiiitf to the number ol lines, was after- 
 ward's ti.ved, in Kngland, at .V<- 0'/., and in Ireland 
 •it ->,< Itil. eaeli advertisement. The duly (lurther 
 Ivdueed ill Kngland to Is. iid. and in Ireland to Is. 
 . eaeh,in l8j,0, «as abolished in 185,5 
 ' r,,,7i/ailveiliseinents aie lonnd 111 •• l\rjal Uaiir- 
 ' ruict' "}' ti'':i'!l >'>''"'" 2" Maivli to 2 April, 1647, 
 and ".Vfieiii;'iW-.''')e-0'.'ii.*" . . 4 Oi't. 
 H, .sjMini.son's " History of Adv, rtising, imb- 
 
 Tli.'MViole libretto of MiKdiureii's Oper.i, Hi^hiii 
 
 ]lui,<i insirted as an advertis. ni.nl in the limca 
 
 (Ueolunins) . ■,.■,•, ■'JVi" 
 
 \ di'bat" in the I'lirtngin se parliaineiit, tr.anslated, 
 
 inserted as adveitisemeiil in the iJnilij .NVi'',s(S 
 
 .■..liuniis) . . • • . • • , .3 ;^''iy, 
 
 yovKiensiNci Vans, a ,ere,it niusanee, la-ohibited . 
 
 \dveitising ^^tatioiis (Hating) Aet, ijassed . . ifSc, 
 
 The name of Mr. 11. K. I'arlii.lge, siir^eoii-deutist, 
 
 jMibliii, was strnelc oil the ref;istry of th(! General 
 
 :\l,die,il Conned for advertising as eontiary to jii,.- 
 
 Irssional rubs. .Iiine iS30 ; conlirined by the Court . 1 
 
 Al>b.al, j:.' Maieli, i8.,2. 
 
 I'ostin" illustrated advertisements on walls, Are., 
 
 mneh <'eiisnred, Nov. 1592; .society loniied 10 
 
 check the pract lee . . . . early Ainal, 1895 
 
 ADVOCATE, Tin-: KlXO'S, (always a doctor 
 
 of the civil law,) was empowered to prosecute at his 
 
 own iiistaioe certain rrim.s about l,S')7. The Loui> 
 
 Vdvocmk in Seotbiud is ihi' same as the attorney- 
 
 general m l-'.nglaiid with ,judiei;'.l powers.— It was 
 
 deeideil in the parliament of I'aris, in 1O85, that 
 
 tiie king's advocate of France might at the same 
 
 time be a judge; and in .Scotland sir William Oli- 
 
 phant (I()i2) and sir John Nesljil (iO(jO) were lord 
 
 a.lvocates and lords of .session at the same linn . 
 
 ']j,,i/.y„i.-'nn' jiowers were diininislied in 1K81, 
 
 when John lihur Uall'oU'- was made Lord Advo- 
 
 eate; the riglit licni. J. 11. A. Maedunald, l58,S-8 ; 
 
 i Jlr J.r. II. Uobertsoii. l888-Se]it. l8()l, succeeded 
 
 I bv sir Charles John rear.soii, 1891, by Mr. J. 1!. 
 
 ■■ li'albiur, l8i|2; sir Charles I'uarson, Seiit. 181)5; Mi. 
 
 I Andrew Crahani Murray, May, l.S<)0. Mr. Geo. \V. 
 
 'I. Onioiid laililisliid his work, " 'The Lord Advo- 
 
 la'tesof Seutlaiid," iiirly in 1884. The Advoeati-' 
 
 library in Kdinbiirgh "was established by sir C. 
 
 .Mackciizii' abidit l(>82; see Judi/e Adrucalf. 
 
 ADV< )\\'SUNS, righl of 11 presentiUiou to a 
 
 ; chiinh living. See Jhiu/ici. 
 
 i il'lDILES. Komaneilyidlicers of three degrees, 
 
 ! said to owe tlieir name to having had eharge of tin 
 
 ' tcd(.s or tcniple of Ceres. I. Two plebeian adiles 
 
 were appointed with tlietribiiiies, to assist llicm in 
 
 looking after buildings, weights and measures, tl 
 
 and v.a 
 
 ay, I8'i0, 2<) Nov.; 1! 
 18W.3J' " 
 
 li|(ii, 
 
 28 Nov. ; i8(;8, 27 Nov 
 
 ter, \'c., 494 11. c. 
 
 Th. 
 
 •(///(.' 
 
 iiriiliK, at, first patrician 
 
 ADVENTISTS ( 
 
 in Massuc 
 
 eiitlr 
 huseU.s,U.S. A. 
 
 an A 
 
 pointed 3(15 Ii.c 
 
 Julius Ca 
 
 iipii 
 
 inled ttdiiit 
 
 ineruaii itnii 
 
 cufireiic 
 
 Th. 
 .•diles became a kind of police under the einperoig. 
 
 /is lid- walehiiig over tlie supldy of coi 
 
 .TIDUI OR HED 
 
 1' ranee, who were deliv 
 Seipiani, by Julius Cics 
 opposing him, were sul 
 insurrection headed by, 
 quelled bv C. Silius. 
 
 .TIGATES ISLEf- 
 
 during the first Punic 
 Lutatius Catulus, gaiiie 
 Carthaginian Heet unde 
 Teaee ensued, tlie Koni 
 tribute of 3200 talents. 
 .EGIXA, a Greek i> 
 humbled by Themistocd- 
 its works destroyed 455. 
 451, were restored by tl 
 iiewed war with Athens, 
 
 -EGOSPOTAMI, 
 
 Cliersonesus, where Ly: 
 J. leated the Athenian "tl 
 l'clo]ionnesi;in war. 
 A. E. I. O. U., ( 
 
 01 bi universi," (Gerinai 
 niiUrtli(i)i) " Austri.a is 
 was tin.' motto of flu. woa 
 l-'redcrick III. 1440 — i^r 
 
 .ELFRIC SOCIE'I 
 
 I,S50; publislii'il " II, „i, 
 if (.^anterburv," and otlii 
 
 .ELIA CAPITOLl 
 
 Icnisalem bv the empero 
 
 f EMILIA, the iMiiu 
 
 '^^arnia, .Modcna, ;iiid the 
 liuua in i80(j, and now p; 
 .ENEID, tlie givat 
 le ;ldvelltures of Jlhle.at 
 irnil, who died 22 Sep 
 inn lly corrected the poeii 
 !4ii(), at K'oiiie. 
 
 .ENIGMA. Samson 
 iiihif/< .\iv. 12) is the ear 
 ilmtes lenitmalical spt 
 iic ancient m'aides fr('(|i 
 iiiltiug of perfectly eoiil 
 ' ro's time, the 'Uoiuai 
 iietliod of concealing triitl 
 ill I'air Kosamond (mistre 
 '3I is 11 inediajval sjk 
 imili.-'i llosii niiiiuli, iioii R 
 1 old, quaj redolero sole 
 .EOLIA, in Asia .Mi 
 hinripal branch of the Ifel 
 111' .Kolians built severa 
 nliiid and the neighbo 
 icsiioa, was considered 
 
 I. EOL I AN HARP. 
 
 \ kireher, 1O50, who wrot 
 
 I'fiirc. 
 
 -EOLINA, a free-ree. 
 lilted by Wheatstonein i 
 
 I -EOLOPILE. a hollo 
 
 liiili a tube might be si 
 till century as a boiler 
 
 'iiies; a similar apii,ira 
 liriiis. first century, a. I). 
 
 l-EtiUI. ii'i ancient Ital 
 ' till' liiiuians, and their 
 ■lie struggle, 47 1 -302 n.i 
 
 J.lOli.VS, see AVl^v. 
 
 Ia]':rati-;d wateu 
 
 liiiig gases with w.iter we 
 
Mum OR HEDUI, a Celtic people, N E 
 h-;iu,:e, who wore liclivered from subjection to the 
 bcMluani, by Julius Cx-si.r, »,c. 58; but afterwards, 
 opposing hiin, were subju-ated by him, C2. Thei|! 
 insurrection h«,,led by Julius Saci-ovir, liu. 21, was 
 quelled bv C. Silius. ' 
 
 .TIGATES ISLES, W. of Sicily : near the-,-, 
 
 ihinni^ the lirst I'unic war, the Koman consul, C 
 
 LutatiUM Cutulus, frained a decisive victorv over the 
 
 artha.u'inian tlcet under Ilanno, 10 Marcf, -> u u c 
 
 cace ensued, the Konians obtaining Sicily and' .1 
 
 tribute of 3200 talents. J ' " 
 
 1 "''i^W-V;.;' '^'•''■'' ',"'■'"''' " '''^''il of Athens, was 
 lunnbied l,y hemistoeles, 48.S n.c. ; and taken ai„l 
 Its works destroyed 455. Its inlialjitants, expelled 
 4.il, were ivstored by the Spartans, 404; tllev re- 
 newed war with Athens, -,88, and made peace, \H- 
 
 .EGOSPOTAMI, (tho Goat-rivers), in the 
 Chcrsonesus, where Lvsaiider, the Laced;emonian, 
 
 cated the Atlienian Heet, 405 D.c, and ended the 
 rcuijioiinesian war. 
 
 ,'V- J^.- I-.f)' U., (for "Austriiu est imperarc 
 
 hi uinversi, ((Jerni n/h Knir l.st (},.^~tc'rn ir/n 
 
 HHlirthiiii) "Austria is to rule all tlie world"') I 
 «as the motto of th,. weak and unfortunate emperor ! 
 I'l-cderiek HI. \:^^o--\.\t)\. ' ' 
 
 .ELFRIC .SOCIETY; founded 1842; closed :' 
 I.S5'.; published " lIoMiiliesof J-'.lfrie, aivhbishoo i 
 .1 Canterbury," and otli.'r Anglo-Sa.\on works. 
 
 .T:LIA CAPITOLIXA, built on the ruins of 
 irusalem by the emiieror Adrian, 1 50. 
 
 p .EMILIA, tlie name -iven to the provinces of ' 
 
 ■vMi-ma, .\Indena, and tlie Ronia-na, united to Sar- 
 
 lluiiain 18(10, and now part of the kin-doni of Italy. 
 
 -EXEID, tlie great Latin cpii: poem, relating 
 
 he adventures of ..Enoa.s, written about 21 11 c bv 
 
 iru'll, who died 22 Sept. I<) ii.c, liefore he Inul 
 
 iiially corrected the poem. It was lirst iirinted in 
 
 I4ii(), at Home. 
 
 .ENIGMA. Samson's riddle (about 1 141 i; e • 
 
 '«./»/(•.? .\iv. 12) is the earliest on record. Gale'at- 
 
 Irilmtes ienvTinatical specclies to the Kgviitians 
 
 ancient oradcs fre,|iiently «-ave resp.inses ad- 
 
 liiltiiig (if pertirtly I'ontiary interpretations. In 
 
 ro's time, tlie Konians had recourse to this 
 iirthnaofeonceahn-lrutli. Tlie followin- epitaph 
 
 111 l'':iii' Hosa id (mistress of our Henry XI. about 
 
 ;i:i\ IS a mcdueval specimen :—'• HiV jacet in 
 iiinlia Rosa iiiimdi, uon Rosa muiida ; Non redolet 
 
 I diet, qua) redolero colet." ' 
 
 , .EOLTA, in Asia .Minor, was colonised bv a 
 
 imiipal branch of the Hidlenicraceaboui n-., I, ^■ 
 
 fl- Kolian.s built several large cities both on t'he 
 
 nlmdaiid the neighbouring islands; Mitvlenc 
 
 1 hi'slios. was considia-ed the capital. 
 
 .E(.)LIAN" HARP. Its invention is asia-ibi d 
 lurcher, 1050, who wrote on it, but it was kuown 
 
 AFFIXITY. 
 
 n 1840, and by others. Akkatei. mtEAT/is nndr. 
 by i)roces.scs patented by Dr. Uaiigliah, 1856-7. 
 
 AERIANS, followers of .Veriiis, a iiresbvter, iii 
 
 be 4th century, who held that there was no di" 
 
 inetion bi'twecn a bishop and a presbvter; that 
 
 here was no l';,sch to b,. observc.l bv Christi.u.s • 
 
 that the I,,ait and other fa.sts should not be observed ' 
 
 and t lat prayers should not be oliered for the dead' 
 
 J^pipliiniiK.s. .v.. III. 
 
 AEROGRAPH, see under .i»-. 
 AEROLITES, see Mcteoi-s 
 AEROXAITTICS a.vd AEROSTATICS, 
 
 >vcJM/o„>,s and /'/^,/,y. The Aen.nanfical Sock'?; 
 W^U \ T" "■'%'-'t^'''lished bv the duke Jf 
 
 AJ^KOi iiORE, an aiijiariitus invented by il 
 .Denayrouze, to enable persons to enter a no4u * 
 ""•""■"^"1;' atmosplu.re. It compri.ses an air-pmir 
 amp, and llc.x-,ble tubin,-. It L. tried at C -' 
 liain, 12-14 Jan., 180, and reported sucec^sfnl. 
 
 Die name 1 ,.,,,/„„. ,„s;.ivc„ to a„ apparatus, iovcntct 
 
 l.y a (jcnaMu cn-niccr, t.i intn.luer ,1 very I ,„. w.tcr 
 
 , '•;""l min |..x,i|,. ,;„.t„,,Vs p. nnllilV tl c o ,: nj 
 
 ; ellc,-ts ol th,. IVictional deetrieity ^^^nc, .to ' • ,.- 
 
 I :^ss^;i'-?..,^:;.;^>-:rv:;rs-^™^-'-^^'-- 
 
 ■ '■^?,'^?;;'^'"'^'^-^r E.\GL\E, see under Air. 
 .^.SCl LAPIl'S, go.l of medicine: his \vor- 
 ship iiUroduced .It Rome, about 2<)I li c 
 
 .T}SOP'S FARLES, see /-VWr.v. 
 
 : .T-:ST[IETICS (fnim the Uivek „Men>,, per- 
 
 '■"Ption), the .science of iho beautiful (especiall ii, 
 
 ^■•0 ; a term invcmted by lia:,m,.a.te ,. a U erma 
 
 lltdt'l':^:""^" -'-^ "-l^stheticu" was";^;;: 
 
 -T:TIII()PIA, seeiM/oyna. 
 
 ".IITIIIOPICA," see A'.«,«.,,c*. 
 .Ino.F"/^^''"^' ''""""'^■'•'' "1' ^^"tius, an Arian hcretit- 
 
 -l']TXA, see £l>m. 
 
 v't^}yVA' '" ,'-''''■.''*'■'-'' ." country n.am,.d .affiT 
 .K tolus ol Kits, who IS sai.l to have accid..ntallv 
 kile.la .sonot I'hor, us, kin.^r of Argo.s, left tie 
 
 ;■ "I "-''r' ^""' -;"l'"l lH'.-e. After the rui, of 
 
 .Uheiis and Sparta, the .litolians becatne thj r ill 
 ot the A,.ha|ans, and were alternately allies a uS 
 enemies ot Home. ■' '"'" 
 
 li.C. 
 
 I-EOLIX.A., a free-reed wind-instrument, in- 
 Icil by W heatstone in 1821J. 
 
 I .I'iOLOI'ILE. a hollow ball witli an m-ilice in 
 Biirli a tube iniglit be screwed, was used in the 
 Itli century as a boiler for experimental steam- 
 liMics; a similar app.iratus is described by Vi- 
 Ilivpis. first century, a.d. 
 
 l-ECjUL an ancient Italian race, were suliducl 
 " 111.' Kouians, and their lands annexed, after a 
 ■struggle, 471-302 li.c, 
 
 Leilas, see /wv,,v. 
 
 |VKR.\TI:D WATERS. A|.paratiis for eoni- 
 luii:,' gases with water were patented by Thomson 
 
 455 
 323 
 
 275. 
 
 Z2i> 
 
 217 
 211 
 
 205 
 
 '97 
 
 rile .Wolia.is join HpariM against Athens 
 Xlic .Ktolian Ic.ihuc oftril,es opi„,s,.H jt „, 
 
 Jl;';.:n^J^:;;::;:';;^.-i;i:-.-i;--^ues 
 
 Alliance with Home • ■ 
 
 " wlth'l'llnip''" ''"'"""• "'" -^'""^"'^ ""ke i^acu 
 
 Warwith Pi.ilip, ,00: iicisdelcatc.latCvnosceplmhe 
 lla. .K ..l,,.„. i„v,„. il„. kii,f:sor .Ma.rdon, Syria and 
 
 .Sparta, to coalesce against Die li..aiuis 
 licrcatofllicaliicsnear TlicniH.pvl'. ' ' '^^'^ 
 
 i'"ii.|ncicdl,vihclioMiansnMder'Kulvius ' ' ' |^' 
 i.eadin- p,i i-mts massacred by the Uonian party ' ' [ei 
 .ttohamadeapnivmeoofHoniu . ^ ^ ' , ^ 
 
 AFFINITY. Marriage within .ertain degree* 
 "t kmdredwas prohibited in almost every „w and 
 
 extent. I he Jowisli aw is e.,v,.„ i„ /;,,.,■<,>„, ^^-^ 
 (I4;x?li.c.) In the Knglish prayci-lmok the 'a He 
 cs ric ing marrmge within certain degrees was set 
 loi-th by authority, .503. i'roliibited nianiages 
 were adjudged to be incestuous and unlawful by the 
 
1 i 
 
 m 
 
 AFFniMATION. 
 
 16 
 
 AFGHANISTAN. 
 
 •QQth canon, in l6o^. All marringes within the for- Shero All rouses l.iniself from his grief ; raises an 
 grdden decree, are'deelared to be absolutolj- void by anny ^I'T'^.^^ll^'i^^^Z'^^^^'Tt^ ,'J 
 
 5 T 6 WiliriV: oV 54, I83S ; coo MnrViage {6f hi- ;!-;;« ^'efeatcd at «heikhabad. and «ees to 
 Wife't Sliter). Tlie prohibited degrees were set jjf"^^|| (^^,„„,„i „„,! easy), and Azlni (eruel 
 iforth in 25 Hen. VIU. c. 22, 1533-4- See Incest. ; tyraiiniral) rule at t'al.nl . . . May, et se./, 
 
 la May, i366 
 and 
 
 Canilahar 
 
 t'lhS 
 
 it'ai, ... 
 
 AFFIEMATION; sceQwMw*. ThenfBrma- ; Azi'ni and AlKlul-Haliiiian (lefeat Shen^ All at 
 
 ■sentera by 9 Gi'O. IV". ('.32 ('828), and 18 & 19 Vict. Uu<|iiurri'ls witli Al«liil-liidiiiuin ; who leaves him, 
 
 ■c 2 (l8i;"0 For iMr. J!nidlii"Lrli's ciisi, see i'«r- ami rft'iisos tn help liini . . . March, 18 
 
 ^ia>llent iko-l lS8^, and <)(itl,s. Yakoob defeats Azim'.s troojis, and enters Canda- 
 
 ^niniiatlon Bill fur M:i'.'aintr.MhicH'.l, 1883; rejected in liar ■ „ \ , \ ,• , : ' ,: '^1",'"> >> 
 
 til- commons (292-239) -,-4 Mav, 1883. Altirmatio.is A/im leaves Calml, July ; his amy dissolves by 
 
 w.,vsnl'sTitntc,lt?,'n:,t'isln^aiia;aimss^^ i83S. Oc.crtion ; Hlierc Al enters Cabul 8 Sept , 
 
 AFGHANISTAN (the Greek ArUiiia). a large Sir .lohn l.awicfc helps .here All with arms ami 
 
 *ouniy in^J^ntral Asia, successively ,mrt of the money : theattemptsof Aba«l-Uali,iiai^n.puUe.l. 
 
 Persian and Greek oni,.ires. tlj'^f ;;;|i'-^ C;^"^^^^^ s,,e,.e Mi totally defeats him and Azini (who dies ' 
 
 Herat, Candahar, Ohuznee. 1 he tribes aie luleU ^„„„ ,^,1^,.) .]„„, ,i 
 
 'hy sirdars, ropiilalion 189I, iibovit 4,000,000. 
 Early Af^'liaii cnm|uests in India . . 1200-1290 
 Coniinests of Genghis Kliiiii aljont 1221, and by ^ 
 Tameriaiie '39' 
 
 Balier ciini)iierecl C'lbiil 
 
 soon alter) Jan. 1869 
 
 Sbere AM Ijnnonnibly receiveil at Umliallah by the 
 
 vieeniy, the earl of Mayo, ami receivi'sasnlisiily, 
 
 27 March, ft scq. ,, 
 The limits of liia tcrrituries ilclincl, about June, 1870 
 
 On his iIim'Hi .\l'i;haiiistan divided between Persia 
 and Ilimlnstnn. , 
 
 The Af'h.ins rcv.ll in 1720 ; invade Persia ami take 
 Ispahan; iv|.u1miI l.v Xailir .shah in 1728. who 
 snliilni'stlie wlinl.ofllic. cnmilry . . . .1738 
 
 On his assassiiialicii. one iif liis olhccrs, Ahmcil 
 Shah, an Alj-'lian, imeli' Af^:lianistaii in.l.'pcii- 
 deiit, and rci,i,'iieil iiMsiiepiusly . . . 1747-73 
 
 ■Tiiiinr Shah (son), suceeeils, 1773; rules enielly ; 
 dies lcMviiiK2-)siais . •,,•,,- • -'793 
 
 Zemaii becomes ameer, 1793; eripiiles the pnwerol 
 
 • .- '525 Jlis son, yakoob, rebels; captures Herat 6 May, 
 
 the sirdars ; bliiidi'd and dethionc.l 
 
 Kerainoz Khan, his latlier's general, assassinated, 
 
 •luiie, 1871 
 Yaknob reconciled to bisfathi'r through lonl .Mayo, 
 
 ,Iuly ; madegiivernorof Herat ; soon rebels. Scjit. ,, 
 Uslnili, murderer of Keraimiz, killed in prison, 
 
 (let. „ 
 
 Sliere .\li .ngrees to new boumlaries, and receives 
 
 aiiotlier liritish subsidy, Oct. ; nominiitcs his 
 
 youngest son, .\bdoola .iaii, his siua^essur, to the 
 
 great dissatisfaction of his ohler son Yaki>ijb, 
 
 Dec. 1873 
 
 Malimud Shall, s ameer 1800; del'ose.l Uf his 
 
 brother, Siija Shah, 1S03 ; -Mahmud rcstoreil, 
 Kutlih Kliaii the viiiiT prediaiiinant, 1809; 
 I-'iittih blinded; MaliMiud llees from L';i1jiU and 
 
 . iSoo Yiikoob Khan, imprisoned by his father 
 
 bcioiiic'; ruler al Herat 
 
 about Dec. 1874 
 Sliere .Mi refusing to allow a Biitish Kesident, the 
 subsidy wtliii -Id ; he raises au army, and is .saiil 
 to pnii'iinte ilisaHectiiin til (he British . . 1877-8 
 
 Impolent rulers ,it Cabul ; Dost Mohainnied Khan 
 
 bi mcs ameer ........ i326 
 
 lie is delbimieil by (he British, and sent b. Cal- 
 
 ■ 1S16 Ilcalli 111' tlie licir Abdonla Jan , 
 
 7 Aug. 1873 
 
 ciitta ; Suja Shah rdiired 
 
 Stolietiilf. a liussian envoy, favourably received at 
 Cabul, June; a treaty signed; ({ussia to be the 
 gn.inli.in nfthe Ameer . . . Aug, 
 
 JJritish oecuiiatii.ii of I'nbiil causes pn-eat discnn- 
 
 teiit • iiisun tion ; sir Alesander Buriies and 23 
 
 others killed . . ■ • •, • .^■'^■''^•- 'S41 
 
 Akbar Khan, son of Dost Moliamnii'd. head nl the 
 rebels; inviles sir Win. Maenaghteii tn nieei.and 
 as.sassiii,itesliiMi ami nlhevs . . 23 Dee. ,, 
 
 The Britisli arniv retires finm Cabul, and is de- 
 striiycd bv the (Ihilzais in tlie Khybcr (lass ; iif 
 3849 snidiers. and about i2,o<xi camii followers, 
 vmlv Dr. lirvdoneand four or live natives esca]ieil 
 nne'.saere ' 6-13 Jan. 1842 
 
 ■Sir Ccoi ■•■ I'lilliiek forces the Kliyber pass ; defeats 
 Akbar Kliaii at Tezceii ; c:iiitiires Cabul ami re- 
 leases lady Sale and others, 16 Sept.; desiinys 
 the great ba/anr; retires . . . 12 Urt. ,, 
 
 Dost Slohammed beeiimes ameer . . . . ,, 
 
 alls tivatv lit irieiidshiii with bird Dalhousie (faitli- 
 
 • 'S3S The Hawaii (ihnl.iin Hussein Khan .sent as envny to 
 
 fully keiit) 
 
 He dies leaving 16 sons ; appointing as his suc- 
 cess, ir Sliere All. the tliird .son, 9 June ; who is 
 much opiiosed bv his brothers, especially by 
 Ufzul, the eldest Sim (and his son Abdiil-Uah- 
 maii, or Alidui-Kahman), .\zim, Auieeii, .iiid Sliii- 
 reef ; yet is reciignizcd by them . . Sejit. 1863 
 
 ■Unsuccessful insiirreeliiniiif Ufzul lUid Azim ; Azim 
 (lees to lir.tish tcrrituries, 16 May ; Ufzul reeon- 
 
 tlie ameer with letters Irniii tlie viceroy (16 and 
 24 Aiig.V 30 -Vug. ; disiiiissed witli presents; 
 inteieoiirsc'with the Ihitisli declined . Sejit. 
 
 .V missiiin with military escort iimkr sir Neville Ij. 
 Chaiiibeilain. ciimmander of tlie Madras army, 
 starts fioni I'esh.iwur ... 21 Sept. 
 
 At Ali Musjiil, a fort in the Kiiyber pass, iiiiijor 
 Cavagnari and an adveuee jiarty are threatiiied 
 with attaik if tliey imiceed, 22 Sept. ; they retire 
 to Peshawnr. 23, 24 Sept. ; tilndam linsscin .sent 
 with an ultiniatiiin (answer reipiired before 20 
 Nov.) 28 Oct. 
 
 Briiish anny firmed in lliree divisions ;a( Qucttiib, 
 I'eshawur, and Kuram (34,730 natives, 12,740 
 KiiniiieaiH) .... iibont 16 Nov. 
 
 Dispatch from lord Cranbrook supiiorting tlie 
 
 viicrov 18 Nov. 
 
 30 Manli, 1S55 Xo answer received from the ameer; the army ad- 
 
 \'aiices . ... . . . 21 Nov. ,, 
 
 Ali .Miis.iid shelled and oeeuiiicd by tli. Brilisli ; 21 
 
 guns taken; maior liireli and lieut. Kitzgeralil 
 
 and about 35 men killed . . .22 Nov. ,, 
 The viceroy's proclamatiim to the Afghuiis, i.ssiied 
 
 23 Nov. ,, 
 Oeeu]iation of Dakka and Pisheeu, 23 Nov. ; of 
 
 Kuram fort . . . . . 25 .Vov. 1375 
 
 eiled til Sliere .\li 2 June, 1S64 1 Knddum burnt to ]iiiiiish marauding hillmeii 
 
 Insurrection of Abdul-Rahman ; Ufzul imprisoned i De 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Shore Ali outers Cabul . . . 14 .N'nv. 
 
 Azim and his confederates defeated at Kujlilmz, 
 iiear Klielat-i-(ihilzye, by Sliere Ali (whose gal- 
 lant .son is killed), 6 Juno ; he enters Candahar 
 
 Azim .joins bis nephew Abdul-Hiihman ; defeetii 
 
 I4.1UUC, 1865 
 
 of Mainline 
 
 I Hideek from Ibrahim (Slieie All's 
 
 Gen. Roberts victorious at Peiwar pass (w/tkli srr) 
 
 2 Dec. 
 Evasive reply of the ameer dated iq Nov., received 
 
 3 Dee. 
 Thn British oeoupy Jelhlahad . . 20 Dee, 
 iSbere AU llees from Cabiil lo Balkli, 13 Dec. ; 
 
 Yakoob Khan assumes eoiiimaml ; the Jiussiaii 
 
 son) weakly ruling Cabul ; it surremleis to 
 
 mission w! 
 
 thdn 
 
 Dee 
 
 Azim 
 
 2 .March, 1866 
 
 Gen. Ibiberts piuclaims annexation of Kuram 
 
 district, &C. 
 
 26 Dee 
 
AFGHANISTAN. 
 
 17 
 
 ">&'':^,!''^;;;;lIr"'''''>-3.'a".;.iofc,t.,i,. 
 '"i''trt ;;n;;;;i:;r,'' '•'"■'• ^'■"''^'•^''''y «^™ 
 
 \V.li MMl,„nK.,l, a Mativ,. nl' (SluT,. AM, i„i,L i'h,; 
 
 Tliu A''':;''« 'M-r:,ti;\ ill a'li .ittiirl; ■ . ' is ;,;!|'|' 
 
 All, lit 46. .t till' mill liiissiiis .IiowikM liv ciiiiviit 
 wliilu crussiii;.. llic.CalMil riviT, ,0 p i„ „ M , . 
 
 (ifli'ats al'.mt 5.KW Khll.-lalli^ mar l-'utti-lialia.i ' 
 Kiillaiit iiia.|nr Wi-rai,, lia,iv |.:iil,-,l / j ( ,,ii 
 
 ^iiknol, Klian s ,f the lair aiMiri-, nnivi's at 
 
 Ga,,,la,„ak to .u.^ntiat., 8 J!,-,y ; r™„,-..is,,l as 
 
 Tiraty ,.r iiraiv; sipicil at (iaihla.nak ; (tl",,. niit'i'sl'i 
 ;> n,.,.|,,,y Kliyl„T i.a.s, ai.a 111,. Ki.iaii, n 
 I'lsluTli vall,.ys; tiiliavca l(,...i,l,,,t at Oihii ; , 
 
 I,M.ay an iiiiiiiwl Milisiily nf 60,0,0/. tu till. aiiiViTl 
 26 .May ; mlilif,! 30 Hay ; tlio iiiiti.sl, IrnlijiimiiVo 
 
 Sir I.,.,lis n,y,.;;„ali a,„l ,.«•, rt Ii„i,„„,al,lv ";;;; 
 ci'lvi',1 Ml ( aliiil ■■ 
 
 Tha|n<s,,tMi,,.i,,,us,.,,ii,,,.,uv,,t;.,i(,;,ii.vt;;'^> ■ 
 
 iitliccrs, and iinn / ■*» 
 
 Several ivj,'ii, I s „r' Ai;-i,aii ■s,,l,li',.|s ■iiTm tn ' 
 
 Cal.Ill ri,„„ U.Tal ; al„„„ ,, An ' ai,!,:, ,v ,1 ! 
 l.nlinlar,. tln.y l„.si,.p. ih,. lirili.sirivsi,l,,,|s,-\M ,, 
 alter a Inavc ivsi^t.-iii,-,. aiv iii.issaiiv.l (imlnilin.. 
 sllM..(^lva.L;ll.•n■i,Mr..l,.,,hvl,s,i,is.,'•|■^|^■ |, r 
 
 II""",""". -"1 !"■• A ■,.^..' K,.liv) \v,' ,'a i 
 
 26nal,v,M-:ivali> a,i,l 50 inl.ntiy ; a IVw natives 
 
 *'■''''''"' 3. 4 i^t'Pt. ,, 
 
 V,'''l- '*"';'','l'* '"■"■'■l"''^ t..w;ii,is Cal.nl 6 }s,,pt. .■/ s,,, 
 Mutiny at Jlei-at;inimaiy ami, ivilHoverina-skiUefi " 
 
 "s|!l!pl',"1,;'i'!,f""''' "" "^''"■'■^'■"•'■••"(■I'lnems'ld " 
 a' Hf^tisi;"'e!!m„y 'atla^k,..!- l,y ' M,,,;^,,;^^ '^^^l^, " 
 
 mii'le"ri'l''en'' ' '' '"'''"■^''' '""' '' '""'''''''''■•* '''"'■'l ; 
 
 anieer .Vak„„L, a„,l Ms s,„!, l.ij .Jik^;' nLuiy; 
 
 ''iii^^'oaia'. '"'l'^' :'•' ^^''■'•'' =3H,:ptr^™:i;': " 
 
 At'taek mi iiril'sli laiiip' at s'liiilai-ar.iaii repnlse'i " 
 
 iiatth' of' Cliar-asial. : seviTe ,.„nlli,.t willi Al^m'^^ " 
 l>elo.v(,'aliiil:,M|,iainV.„iii,M,r. Ili,ii,-ai,,li,; ' 
 l-oi-i,'Us.smi, ami al.,,;ii 70 kille,! ami woiiml,.,! 
 
 Til,, eiieiny ,l,.raiiips ; ali.iiit ,jS -nils aliamloil,'!'/'. " 
 pursneii hy eavaliy; small parties only ,,vertak,.n 
 
 li .ii. R,>liei.t.s visits til,. al.an,i„„e,l Hala Ilissar"/; " 
 
 i,v(':,'eH ''''■"* ^' "'' '""'''■ • ■''■"■'■•'''•"' ""•iip'i,.,i 
 (1,11. if,.l».rts' pn„.I,„Mali,Mi; li,.avy line; iiiarlial 
 
 .':-,;.,f;71;, "'%!;' '"■ military yoven;.,,., «'i 
 iilmlali lliis,..,iii Kli.ni . , . _ 1 1 D, t 
 
 (ir.ati..\pl,isi,.ns(sni.ii„s,.,ltr,M,li,.r,ii.s) a tliellil-i " 
 ilissar;(l,.s1i-,i,li,,n ,,r ni.nli arnis ami anm, ,1,1 
 t.,.n;, apt. filiatt,, ami al,,,ut.o,,lli,'Iy missing' 
 
 Al..Ii,.ati,.ii of Yaknol, Kliaii ann,,um.,.,i uj (let " 
 5 |iis,Miers(ii,„llal,s aii,l olli,.|s) liaiiKeil as inn|.- " 
 
 , ,.,e|.,s „l ,a.i,|,,i. L ,va,.„,i,.i ami ,„li,.,,s" ,o-,4 , >" , 
 >.;il, ,laii a tn.el,,.,,!,.,., will, a .sti-oiif.- tone ,r ' 
 aiaki t, liilzais, ,i,.r,.a,,.,| ai„| km,,, ,-, 
 
 IliWli,..sat!Siialiiiii, n,.a|.raii,lai,ai. ' ^ ' , . 
 
 •"i;;i;;i;i'a;".<a;:;::;nr"'";"''''"'^^'""' -^Ht' " 
 
 10; At^lian iiiiitin,.,.i..s, &,.., trieii ; 87 e\,",.iite'l".w " 
 ''wal.'lak'"" "'' "'""■' "'"''■'■ ^<"l'.'m'"''''l",I,m " 
 '"'sMes"''' ■'^''^ "'"'^^ ''"I'li".-. Willi 'lii'iivy l,,s,s ,„i l',!',tii " 
 
 <}>■». 'Hol'ierts' .■o,;,.,.„t;.ates' liis" f,„.,:es"in "t'i'ie " 
 Mi,.|.pii|.(.ant,Miim.|its . ,, 
 
 Mii«i Khan, son „f Yakooh, sai,l to'l,,. pr,„.V ai ,ie,i " 
 ^""i^L.r . . .,1,.,, I 
 
 ah,. lit 17 ij,.,.. 
 
 AFGHANISTAN. 
 
 1879 
 
 ' iK.f t*' V h •'"^"!" '"' ."tt^i''k'"l : retreats into 
 til,, to t, ,0 1),.,.. ; ln,l,.eisue,„iilli,.ts ,8. ic, Dee. 
 Tin Atgliaiis (,5,000, ,leleale.l will, great loss 1 • n' 
 hlier,,„r eantoiinientH, by go„s. Itol.erts aii'l 
 
 Calaillert i,y t,;,, ,,1;,,,,,,.; b,,,..;,,,J ^J.!;-! 
 
 Ti::t,^ln;';:;:;se:i'''''''''^^''^'''''i^'' -■;- 
 
 '"aJn;l„i):ii:'^'''''''"'^'''''-'-^"--"'^"fi 
 
 ^'iriM- T^'m r"' '"■''! ';'■• ^'"^" 1^1""' ''' 'I''' -w 
 
 0,1 ;,,,■, ■""'i'"'''''"" ■ ^''""it,„,laii. 
 
 I., n. li,l„.its pnielaiins ail amm.stv with lew 
 
 .■•xcoptions : the liili trilies generally siiM,,,',!, 
 
 '';;!:r;;:;^f''''""'"t"'--'*a.e.iin'ria;aeli •■ 
 
 :''S^^i;frL;:tt.i!r'''^'^'''^''^^''nT' " 
 ^!;gm.:i';);;i:':i;:i;:^^^^^ 
 
 '^kiiiS''^ !"""" ''""'■'^'■'' '-v i'."i-'-"'w.n'sol; •• 
 
 .She,,. Aii, ,.,',nsin' „f t"li,. late aim..er,'.,ia,le' wali'or " 
 a;),',!!/;;!',) ^•""'^'I'^"' •'>■ the Uritisl, (sec 
 
 Cien sir Doiiahl Stewai't liel'eats a r,i,i',MH ;,ttm.'k'llr " 
 ;;I.|;^M.. at Ahmail Kli,.l. ,9 April ; a.ain' ilWr 
 
 Col. .J.nkins, 'at rliar-asial,', attaeke,'l hv "^loil; " 
 
 Logans; ivsi,is till i.,.inf„,,.„[ ,,v ,,,,„ ^■',°'^ 
 
 : I'l'^r-'m; totally ..leteats theni .' '^ ■!- \ ', 
 
 hirl)..Me«.art liik,.s,.|,ier,.oii,nia,„l atCal,iil,';Vlav' " 
 
 Alh.ge.i, leteats ot Walls ami Uliazis i„.ar .leilalal'aii " 
 
 tlen. lininnvs (,yitli about =400 iiieio'tnt rnlm " 
 HoniLay t<ivvai,lsLaii,lahar . | 
 
 Tin; troops or the iii,.tll,.ieiit wall of Can I ', , ■' " 
 !>iiere All, revolt amIJ A.vool, Khan, ..'ll„„r ' 
 
 *"(!;.A''"':!:'r "^ ^''''^™"''> '"•"•■ K"-<-k-i-?^,khIni " 
 
 Al„lnl-liahman, or Ai.,lMr:i!almia„,l,„i„-,'^ ■';:!,:;: " 
 .-lliove, ,S,-,j ,( .«.,,,), |.,.,.„g„i,se,l as ime,. ■ ,1 ( ■il, ,1 
 1..V tie liritish (pn.viuusly an exile ,s, 
 eaiHl) aii.l pi.,„.|a,n>e.l . . . ,, - 
 
 A.vool, Kliaii (S..1, ,,t th,. late an,,.,.,., ,'.<ii..r, ,' ' 
 
 governor ot ll.rat, iiiar,.hes upon Oimlahar nil, 
 ahont ,2,,xw im.ii aii,i 20 gnus ; .hlVats th,. atla,.k 
 o g,.ii linrrowsarp.r sev,!-,. ,.„i,|li,.,s ; |„,,vv lo,s 
 onjioth s„l,.s; many olli,.eis „r ,611, r,...{|,;,' „? 
 
 Cainlahar ,'ila,i;.l lalil Lyiiiitish with mLcmu^JIoJ " 
 
 A.vool, eiieanip,.',l at k,,k,i'ran ■ . ' ' ■''l''\',!\' " 
 to.ii. sir l.M{ol„.i.|s with ahonl .o.^x-o m,.,? Iv" " 
 
 iiiar,.h,.s Iroiii Caliiil to nliev,. ,ai ilaiiar ' 1 ,;' 
 .Nr .. st,.«a,t, with all the tr,,,,ps a t,' lai in ,7 " 
 
 tn'm "lllld''".""""' -^'"""-'<^''""-". 'vilh.ll'lus 
 Atla,k ,,| I'athans (hju fril„..s)oi, tile p,,s, 1,1 k'!± " 
 
 An,,elannrinlyl,eatenoll-I,ysep,,ys!^oi'a,h;;;,s 
 In,lle,tii,;i s,'.iti,.' ri„n, ,.;„„|;,i;a,., umler" m";-; " 
 
 I'riinro.s,., against l.eli Kwa.j..e villa.-,., will, h,^ vv 
 
 J".il,.rs\aii,lal,niaii,l|.V,.n,.|,.eapt.(.i.ni",.ksh,,k • 
 hent. Marsh, ami rev. Mr. (n.niUi, ami ,3,., men 
 
 Ay,.ol, Khan's army (stiVngthem.,! l.y' ti'lHllH;) " 
 (' 111 r'°°°' "''"'" =5 -\ll^'■ ; li" ivtin.s tVoi, 
 
 G,.|i. Hob,.rts .jrrivi.s at CaiMaliMV, '„ Air'' • ,'i'!;; " 
 e ii„.s Ayooh's t,.niis: ,!,.|Vatsa„,r;iisp,.i;;i -s 
 irinyat Ma/ra ii,.ar th,. Argan.lal,; an, rapin ,.s 
 
 h,s,.,,n,patl^il,a\ValiK,.tal(s,...J/,,:,.,V's,.': 
 .y\ .oil Ivli.in arriv,.s in ll.iat ; i.,.|„,it,..l ,„,,,., " 
 ■rran,,nillityatCal,n|.aniionm.e,| " v ' '■ " 
 
 ** Imliii^''' "'■'" "'' •-■""'"'""■■ '■'■-'^ii'^ iiii'l ivlir;^ l.i " 
 AII.^,.l..Xl.,.l,sesof the wai', ,:;;5oo, i ;,4.u.4.o''' nf " 
 
 whieh 5,000,000/. pai,l l,y lirit,sh,.veh , n r] \n " ,55. 
 liissian eorr,.spon,l,.i„.e with the , r .si,;!- vTi 
 
 ■II .8-. l.nhiislie,l;,.xplaiii,.,l,,,v Hnssi ,\': 
 
 latngt,.i,i„lial,|,. wariiitl„.east , „, ,n |.\'l, 
 Ihunks 01 parliament vote.l to g,,„. |{„i'.,|/,, j " 
 
 tli,.aiiiij ill hothhonses . 5 jj'l^. 
 
 
 
 .879 
 
 S8o 
 
 '.<»j\%l 
 
 ' f 
 
 y 
 
 u 
 
 If 
 
 1 
 
 t ,'j 
 
 
 'ill 
 
 •^ i 
 
 i 
 
.1 
 
 AFGHANISTAN. 
 
 IH 
 
 AFGHANISTAN. 
 
 
 i3S.( 
 
 Pri>s|iei't of wur lictwecn Av()ol) Klmn nf Hcrnt nnil 
 
 Alxlur-li.iliiiiiiii cprC:il.iil . . Miiy, .Iniir, 1681 
 CciiiliiftslMUncii iiiiili>iii s nf the iinicfi- iiriil Aynnh 
 
 Kliiiii; till' litt.T.ii'friitcil . . i>S:ii,li ,, 
 
 Avdoli KliMii (li-fi-iits till' iiini'i'i-'s iiniiy mimIit 
 
 '(ihcilirinllvdiT lit Kiiri'Z-i-iitta, 26 July; I'liliin 
 
 Cniuliiliar ' 30 July, ,, 
 
 Gliiiluiii lly.lrr linl.liii}.- KiO;ili(lliil/»i, 6 Ami-'. I 
 
 roi'i'ivi'S I'viiif ii'ii'iiii'iils rniiii Ciiliiil . -m Auk. ,, 
 Avool. iiiv|iiiivs tn uiiurli; tlii' iihh'i'i'm tni"p» :it 
 
 'Kflnt-l-(Miil/.;ii ; icji'i'H Aynoli's iiniiinsiilrt, i-t 
 
 Sept. ; iiiuii'lii-rt to CMii'liiliiir iiliout 8 Hi'|it. ,, 
 Avcinb .li'f.iitv.l lit 1)1.1 Oiiiil.iliiir i-liiclly tin v:ii 
 
 'ilesritinii ofliifi tniii].s, lli'i's tn Ui'i'iit . aa Si'i'l. ,, 
 Till' niiioori'iitiTs Ciiiuliiliiir . . . .loSipl. ,, 
 His army umliT Aluliil-KuilMs Kluiu twici' ili'li'iils 
 
 Aynoli'sii.llii'R-uls, Oct.; iiKiiiii . • . a I lit. ,, 
 
 KntiTs Ilrmt 4ilrl. ,, 
 
 Aynnb lli'o.s In pi-rsia 4 "''!■ M 
 
 Aliilur-lialiiiinu iinw virtiiiil ruli>rnriill Al'j;liiiiiislau 
 
 (li't. ,, 
 Afzul Klimi rlinsfii liv tin' riiiii'iu' ay lii'ili.sh iv.si- 
 
 .iriit ill Cal.ul '■''■';■ 
 
 Till' amcci' ilelViits tlii' fSliinmiiTis atmut 27 A|iril, 
 
 Pcai'e luailfi ahmit ai Jum-, 
 
 Imlimi Kiivcriiiiii'iit 1,'iMnts siiliiiiily tn tlii' a it; 
 
 acccjiti'il aiJiily, 
 
 Slight iiiHiinvi'linii nf tin Gliilzai.s umlir Mnlliili 
 
 Mushki Alum, aiiunuiioi'il . . . 24 Aiu. 
 Till' innimsal nl 1111 Ar^;liaii frniitiiT I'nmmissinii 
 
 ai-i-i-iitiil liy till' iimiiT . . . • Auk. 
 Gi'ii. «ir I'i'tVr Ijiiiisilni nilli .stalf imici'i'il.s, iiinl 
 
 ■sui'ci'sstul innKicss ri-i«irti'il . . Oi'l., Hit. „ 
 Peu.iilcli aMsuivil tn AlKliaiiistaii liy linnl Aunklaml, 
 
 1S40 ; liussiaiiailvauri'S ir.-iistiil up In Nnv. 1S34. 
 
 The ainirr visits Lmil IMill.Tiu, tlu' viriTny, at 
 
 Hawnl I'iiiili 2-12 Aiiril, wlin ilio!aivH iit a uniinl 
 
 (lurliar, Enulaiul ciiil Al;.'liaiiistaii will slaml siilr 
 
 livsi.li' « 'Miiil "83 
 
 Sir PetiT Liimsik'ii arrives in Lniiilnu , 6 Jum', 
 DiffiTpnco lictwiTu Eunlauil ami liussin ri'spcotluK 
 
 tlic Zullikar I'ass luly, 
 
 StrouK Hussian Karrisnii at Askiibad . . July, 
 Tlio Hussians rflimiui.sh Ziillikar I'nss, nniiouuocil 
 
 22 Auk. 
 AriKlo-Ru.ssian rrntncnl, clnsiuK tin' illsputi', sJKiinl 
 
 in Lnnilnu i" Wept. 
 
 Cniistructinii nf Qiiftta liailway ln'Kini Sept. 1879 ; 
 
 stnppcil Oet. 1880; ri'suniiil Aluil 1884, hnwer 
 
 Unlan Hallway jniiiiiiK luilianpi'iioil . aS Oct. 
 rcuitleh given up to Russia, July, 1885, entereil 
 
 13 Feb. 1 836 
 Jnint Cnmmissinnappninteil ; First bnuiulary pillar 
 
 fnrnmlly erected 12 Nnv. 1885; the lu.sl, many 
 
 perils and iirivatiniis endured . . . ,luly, ,, 
 Joint Cninmissinii dissnlvecl. . . . 6 Sept. ,, 
 Sir Joseph West HidKeway, eliief, and tlie Cnmmis. 
 
 sion warmly .'eeeived at Cabul . . 15 "''t n 
 
 RisiuK «Kain.st taxatinu (treasure seized in Iransit) 
 
 about 30 Oct, ; rebellion said to bo repressed 
 
 Nnv. „ 
 The ameer's tronj.s defeated by the Oliilzais, 
 
 announced 19 April ; again at Khelat-i-Olillzal, 
 
 r.nnnnnced 25 April, 1667 
 
 JleetiUKH of AfKhan Frontier Cnmniissinii at St. 
 
 PetersburK; temimrarily clnsed 12 May ; resui I 
 
 6 July ; ipiestinn settled . . . 20 July, 
 
 Mutiny nf Ghilzais at Herat, suppressed witli iiiucli 
 
 bloodshed 9 June, 
 
 General Gholani reported tli.at ho defeated the 
 
 Ghilzais 13 & 16 Juno, 
 
 Tlie ameer prnclainis peace, amnesty and remissinu 
 
 of taxes fir two years, annoiniced . . 8 Jidy, 
 Great defeat of the rebels at .Mashakal, aniiounred 
 
 .5 July, 
 Reported cnnflictini.' accounts of victory of Glinlain 
 
 Hyder Khan at Kotaldab . . . 26 July, 
 Taimar Shah, chief nf the Herat mutiiu'ers, ex- 
 
 ecuted at Cabul 13 ''"ly. 
 
 Rebellion said to have collapsed 21 Aug. ; Heveral 
 
 tribes return hnmc 29 Auk. 
 
 Escape of Aynob Klmn from Teheran, 14 Auk. ; 
 
 enters AfKlmniatan with a few followers and Is 
 
 driven out early Sept. 
 
 Severe tlghtiuK at Mashakai between tliu ameer's 
 
 troops and the insurgents . . 31 Aug. 
 
 Fight liiK mar Mukin 
 
 eaplund . . . . 
 llepoiled ilKliliiiK with varyiiit 
 Ayonb Khan suiiemlers iit .M 
 
 KoMrnmeiil. ainiouiHTil . 
 
 nllthi 
 
 nbil liadir, .Inlander Klmn 
 
 . . . . 7 Sept. 
 
 ineress Sept. (iet. 
 
 bed to the Indian 
 
 9 Nov. 
 
 1887 
 
 .Vrj.diani'^liiii i|iiief, anmiuneeil 
 
 'J ^'""^■' 
 
 Hepniled enlilliel liilweell allieers tl p.s and tlio 
 
 iiLsiuKents, 60 killed 15 Nnv. ,1 
 
 .\nim'sly lu-nelanialinii issued by the ameer 
 
 10 Dec. ,, 
 
 (*nnlliel between Afglians and Turcomans, AI'Khans 
 vieloriniis 9 .May, 1S88 
 
 Hevnlt of Ishak Khan. KoveninrofAfKlian Turkestan, 
 Aug.; delealed al Tash KiUKaii an Sept. 18S8; 
 at Mii/ari Slierif 30 Si pi. ; Isliak Kliaii a fUKitivo 
 in Hussiiiii lenilory ,, 
 
 The ameer narrowly escapes assassination. 26 Dec. ,, 
 
 The ameer's Irnnp.s under (llinlam Hyder ilefint 
 the Sliinwarris 3 Feb. 1889 
 
 Gliolam Hyder Khan, made Goveninr-Geiieral 
 
 20 Feb. ,, 
 
 Al'diir-lialiniaii (twn years absent) returns tn Cabul 
 Willi slreiiKlhened power , . . Aug. 1S90 
 
 Prof. James Itaintsteter, during a seientilic mis- 
 sion in i8F,6, enlleeled the "Chants pnpnlaires 
 lies Afghans." which he imMishi'd . . . 1888-90 
 
 Hispnlcs with the liussiaiis respeiting the Pamir 
 frontier Sept., Oct. 1891 
 
 Mr. T. Salter l\\'ne, engineer-in eliief to the ameer 
 (i;.J years). re|iiMts great progiess in arts and 
 niaMiitaelnres,iiiiiny Kiiglisli being employed Feb. 1892 
 
 The ameer's eiiernaehments on the Ifazaras 
 (eheeked by the Indian gnvernment) le.ad tn fre- 
 ipient eoiiliiels, and insuneelion of oilier tribes, 
 Ma.w .lime; tlie ameer unsuccessful, iiebels.joiii 
 the' Ilazara tribes July, „ 
 
 Th" Indian government ]iroiioses to send to tho 
 ameer a deputation headed by lord Roberts; ho 
 a)iprnves. but defers receiving it, about 7 Aug. ; 
 the ameer's arm.N' about 4o,oc«i reported . Aug. ,, 
 
 The governor nf Candahar and his troops repulsed 
 liy the Ilazaras, re))orted . . . aa Aug. ,, 
 
 The* ameer's troops capture Kamsin from the rebels. 
 re]iorted ;o Aug. ; the war continues with vary- 
 ing results Sept., Oct. ,, 
 
 Tho nmcer'a troops occupy Oruzglian, reported 
 
 2 Oct. ,, 
 
 Peatli of Abdul Kudus Khan, the aineor's general, 
 reported 25 Oct. ,, 
 
 Amicable despatclips from the amcertothe viceroy 
 brought by Mr. Pyne, reiinrted . . i*^ March i5r,; 
 
 Iloundary disputes' with Russia settled by capt. 
 Yates, report ed 12 Sept. 
 
 The liritish missinn under sir Henry Mortimer 
 llnraiid and nia.j. Klles cordially received at 
 l)iikka by gen. Gholani Haidar, ao Se]it. ; at 
 iJellalaliail, 23 Sept., at Cabul, with much honour, 
 a Oct. ; cordial interview of three hours with the 
 amenr, 10 Oct. ; .agreement signed, 12 Nov.; 
 friendly speech of the ameer at ft durbah, 13 
 Nov. ; "sir Henry Mortimer Durand and his 
 party leave Cabul .... 15 Nov. 
 
 Mr. (aft. sir) Thomas .Salter Pyne in London, 
 repnrts successful progres.s, Time.i, 19 Jan. ; 
 knighted March 
 
 Fninllor warfare, see [mlin ... 3 Nov. 
 
 The nider of the bath presented to the .tmeer by 
 the liritish agent .... 16 Jan. 
 
 Tho Afghan boundary comniLssion complete their 
 work, agreement signed by Mr. Uilney and Gho- 
 lani Haidar Khan, 13 April ; ratilled by the Ameer 
 
 July 
 
 Tho Hhahzada Xasrulla Khan, second son of tho 
 ameer, arrives in London, 24 May: received by 
 tin) Prince of Wales and tho ro.val family, 25 
 May ; tiy the iiueen at rt'indsor, a7 May and 2 
 .luly ; at the Derby, 29 -May ; visits theld.-nmynr 
 at the Guildhall, 6 .rune ; tour in the iirovinces, 
 June; farewell to the iiueen at Wiud.sor, 20 July ; 
 he leaves Kngland for Paris, 3 Se|it. [returns to 
 Cabul, F.-b is./. 1 
 
 Lieut.-cnl. M'diomed Akram Khan, British agent 
 in Cabnl, and his son killed by a messenger, the 
 luurderer killed ; repnrteil . . . 4 Nov. 
 
 The ameer attacks the Kalirs in the Verim valley 
 
 ao Dec. 
 
 J'he Hashgol valley doin 
 ^re|i„rted . . 
 j'he ameer's two sums 111 
 Jne anieerswears Inyall' 
 at a dnrhah : repiirte.l', 
 
 , AFRICA, called ] 
 tlie three purtaofthe: 
 <'^t pctiiMsiihi of the 
 ■£'■/,'//'<, Ethinpin, Ci 
 ■C'ipe, Algiers, Mnroci 
 ■IrHllIca, S[C. 
 
 iCarthagD suhdued by tl 
 
 vineesgaim.il liv Pomp 
 
 Hevoltssul.iiuod liy Dioc 
 
 ^. Africi Cfmiurred by 
 
 429.35 : re- |,i,.,.,,d i, 
 
 The Saracens sub In,, th,. 
 Portuguese settlenienls b. 
 CipunfGond Hnpedisem 
 Vaseo de Oama doubles tl 
 
 I') Nov. 1497. 
 Kiiglisli luerehauts visit C 
 granted a patent tn ail . 
 ■•vr). 
 Oiiteh coloiiv at tho Cape 
 Oipt. Stiibbs saile.l up 111, 
 Mrui-e cniiiiii,.|„.,..| his tra\ 
 Sierra f.-niie settled bv tie 
 Mimg.i Park mido his tii 
 1795 ; his second, 30 Jan 
 (see I'ark). 
 
 .Ifriea visited bv Salt, i3o= 
 
 Campbell, 1813; Hnnieir 
 
 IK'rton, 1822 ; L uiig, i3s 
 
 Kxpedition t.i the Ni'ger 
 
 l.iird of Liverpool; ho v 
 
 lieut. Win, Allen and tl 
 
 the river; Jiilv, rt m/ it 
 
 The great Niger expedition 
 
 Afri(!a(fnr which iiarlian; 
 
 nf tho Allifi-I, iVilh.'i-Ini 
 
 conimeueeil the aseen't 
 
 when they reached Iddal 
 
 crews, and they were sii 
 
 tho Alhcrt having .■iscendi 
 
 from the sea, 28 .Sept. Th 
 
 owing to disease, he.at, 
 
 vessels had cast .anchor 
 
 Po, 17 Oct. 1841. 
 
 James llichardsnn explored 
 
 and in 1849 (by direetimi 
 
 Kngland tn cxplnre eent 
 
 Mrs. liarth and Overweg. 
 
 1S51 ; and Overweg dieil 2 
 
 Dr. Vogel sent out with re 
 
 20 Feb. 1853 ; in Ajiril, 18 
 
 sinated. 
 
 Dr. liarth returned to Engl.i 
 
 (lengraiiliical Society's n 
 
 travels wore published in ■ 
 
 Dr. David Livingstone, a 111 
 
 tn Knglanil in Dec. 1856, a 
 
 during which he traversed 
 
 S. Africa, and walked abo 
 
 ov..r cnuntry hitherto unex 
 
 lisliwl in Nnv, 1S57. In Fi 
 
 liritish cniisnl fnr tho Piu-ti 
 
 and left England shortly al 
 
 Oil Chaillu's travels in eent 
 
 iiuieh controversy, 1861. 
 .Seiimd expedition of Dr. Liv 
 Caiitains Speke and Grant 1 
 .1 smiree of tho Nile in Lak 
 1863. 
 (Capt. Speke was accidentally 
 aliiiie near Rath, 15 Sejit. I't 
 S'iiau Dutch ladies nnsucci 
 -N'ile, and undergo many p 
 (One Mi;,s Tinne said tii ha 
 Sept. 1869.) 
 Till- " Universities Mi.ssion to 
 iistiiig of Charles F. Mac 
 Africa, and six clergymen 
 i36o, and arrived at the Zi 
 
i887 
 
 1889 
 
 88-90 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1595 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 19 
 
 I'M.' H,.,;Vs tw„ ,s,„;.s ,u;;,i,. k.cm'.o. ■ '?vi'.i'ii'' ■^''^ 
 
 •It » ,ln,l,,,l, : roi.„rt,-.|, jj A1W..397 ; again 5 Out. .S97 
 
 AFKICA. 
 
 !■ ixiH'jit Iwii, who 
 I 31 Jan. 1862 ; suo- 
 
 *1,A?'^^^'^' '■'■']'';'' ^''''"" ^y thi' Greekfl, 0110 of 
 Oahla %'r''' ^'^'"■''"'''' ^i^'i'i'itoe, .South 'Afriai, 
 
 n 
 
 (.tlit'r jtrn 
 
 "JartliA-.! sul„Iu,.,| l,v ti„, ii„„i,„H, ,45 1, ,• 
 virii'i'sKanii-.l liv l',.iij|„.y g. 
 ^^^Its s«h,(„„,l :,y Uiuclutian; A.n. 296 : hy Tlifn.lnshis 
 
 N. .Vfrim c,„„iii,.r,..l l,v tlw Vai„l;,ls undMi- GiMiscric 
 
 429-35 ; re.c„n,|n,.,v,l l,y liWisiiruis, ,3,-,5 
 The Saracons snl„l,„. ,i,„ „„,(,, „f AlVi'lf^-ro,. 
 l"rtn^'nl■.susuttl|.nn■lltsl]|-^n, 14=0 J' ?"«• 
 
 <;.ipe.ifR.m,l II,.|,u,lis,-nv,.,nl 1,? I)i,u, 1487. 
 
 wanted a lutciit to ,111 .Unran cnnipany in ,5S3(.-'fti,/i, 
 
 OutW, Ml,.ny ,it tho Cap,. r.Min.1,.,1, ,6=0. 
 <_apt. Htiilil.s *iil,.,l np tl[.; O.inilMii. ,72,. 
 Mriici' cMmm.Mir,-! l,is tr.iwis in 1768 
 S)cit;i L....n.! sitttl.'.I l,y tli,- Kn^lisli, ,787. 
 Miin^'o I'.irk ni^.l,! Iiis llrst V(.va-.. („ Mvwn ■>. Mav 
 ('/'.' i',!','/-)""'"'"'' ^° ■'^""''"•J--'3o4. ana nt^vor i;"tn'rn..i 
 
 Ca ip u'll, ,8,j; II„runu in„, ,3,6; Dnilrini an.l Clap- 
 
 PiMtun 1822; r/iin- 1826; til.' lir.itlii'rs t/in.li.i- ,81. 
 
 Ivvp,', .t,.,,, t„ tl,e N'i,e,' on,inat.',l l,v M r. M n' .Vr .' m- 
 
 i,v L wn/'YiV';"''' "',r"^ "",' "'"' "'•• f^""i'''-^rn.i 
 
 .vi,,T ','""' ""'>''»'"le a relialilo survev ,.|■ 
 tlll■^vc'l•: .Inly, i/w./. 1832. 
 
 ''''if?7''','*.f^''"'T''^''""''V'"" '" ■''''"■' ■'' ''"'""y in Central 
 
 n ;;/ V ;"''l,'--,',''"''' 't^-"''"l6°.oooi:),,., insisting 
 
 Ml tho .lll„-rl il Mrrlnr,;; iinil S.nch.i steamships 
 .'..nmuMicHMl tho nsc'oMt of the Niger, 20 Ang 841 ■ 
 when they roaehe.! Id.hih, fever hroke nnt anmng fl ,.' 
 orews an.l they were sneeessively „l,lige,I t,. return 
 the Ahert having nseen.le,! tlie river to Ku'ga, ,2c ni es 
 fn.ni the .sea, 28 Hept. The expedition was reiin.aiislie.l 
 owing to , iseaso, heat, an.l hardships, mi.l all thu 
 j^'sselH h.'nl east auiihor at Olareneo Cove, Fernau.lo , 
 to, 17 Oct. 1841. [ 
 
 JaiiieHlliehar.ls,ni explored tho groat Sah.ara in i84.;.6 ' 
 an.l in i8.,9(hy , irection of the F.ireigi. OIBee) he left 
 hiighind to explore eentral Afriea, ai'oonipanie.I liv 
 ilrs. Harth and ()verw,.g. Uiehanlson died 4 Marelf 
 1851 ; ami Overweg died 27 8ept. 1S52. 
 
 [)r. Vogel sent out witli reinforcements to Br Bartli 
 
 sin.'te.'i '^" ■ '" '^'"'''' '^"' ""''' '" '""'" ^""^ •'"**'''*' 
 !»r llarth returned to Englaml, and reeoived tho Roval 
 (.eograiilueal Soeiety's me.lal, ,6 May, ,8=6 Hit 
 travels were piililished in 5 Veils, in ,853 
 
 Dr. Ilavi.l Liyingstone, a missionary traveller, returned 
 tn Kngland ,11 lie,.. ,856, .after an al,seu,.e of ,6 years 
 during whu'l. he trav,.rse,l a large part of the h,.art ;,f 
 \ Afriea, an.l wiilke.l about it.ooo miles, prinein.illv 
 ever (.(luntry lutlierto uu,.xplore,l. ilis hook was puli- 
 islu.,1 1,1 Nov ,857. In Keb. ,858, lie was aiipoi ite,l 
 ritish eonsul for he Portuguese possessimis in Afri.^i 
 iiii.l left Engl.an,! .slnirtly after. 
 
 Da Cliaillu's travels in central Afriea, ,836-59, created 
 iii-aeh eoiitrover.sy, ,86,. " .-ii.iiw,u 
 
 .S.T,m,l exiieilition of Dr. Livingstone, March ,St8 
 
 Ciiptams Speke an,l Grant announcie the il'iscn'm- of 
 a amire'e of the Nile in Lake Vict,iria Nyanza, 23 Feb. 
 
 ICapt; Spcke wag acci.lentally shot by his own gun while 
 ai.ine near Hath, 15 Sept. ,864.] 
 
 S..mo Dutch lailiea unsuccessfully explore tho White 
 .Mle, a.id nmlorgo m.-iny privnti,in.s. .riilv, ,s.--,,-is,i, 
 (One Mis,s Tmne sai,i to have been killed ; reported. 
 
 Tin: " Univ.Tsitios Aliasion to east central Africa " con- 
 ™ti,ig of Charles F. Mackenzie, bishop of central 
 .■Une,a, ami .six clergymen nn,l others, starte,! IJ,.,.. 
 i860, and arrivoil at the Zambesi, in Feb. ,86,. All 
 
 : hi.s 
 : .sai,l 
 
 ibeil from in'ivations an.l ,lis 
 i'etiinM',1 in 18^14. Tli,. bishop 
 ,',',',le,l by Dr. 'I'ozer 
 Dn Chailhi starts ,,„ a f,',.,,h expe.Iilion, 6 Aug. ,863; 
 
 ;, "'rr ',"'''""'•^'"■1 ""'•'■'■^' '.' n.auy privations 
 
 '.';;' "r ';'""'"" '■•■■■"- 'I'" ''"'l "1- '.^"3. 11.' gave an 
 
 i'. , ,/i lU' .";'""'■■!• ^'t ^' ""■'■ti"i; orih"u„yai 
 
 <....;,'ra].!ii.al.-„„-i.'ty, 8.Jan.-,s„fi. ' 
 
 r. l,ivn,-,t..M.' iviinns, 2,,|ulv, ,864. 
 ifeith of Dr. W If. Il,,il;i,.; ,„ ^i,,,,,. |^,,„„ jj,„,^ gg 
 Me was s,.„t ,is sp,.,.ial ,.iivov ,., the \,.gro triUH 
 ^artli,. .N.g.'rbythe F.n.igii ..Mi,',, about 7s54. Ho 
 • l..'ii,..l .■.,mi,i..rrial ivl.iliohs will, (■entral Africa 1 
 >>ali..Mal Alii...,u i-ompanv, i,-:6(. 
 Mi; (art,.rw.u,|s sir) ,s„i,„„.| li.k.r ,lis,.ovore.l a lake, 
 
 11. i,i,.d l.ak.. Alb..rt .Nyanza, ,4 .Manh, ,664. 
 ,,'v!''T'''"::''l'l"''''l''''"i'''i'<li'''>i'^''noi-iMner Africa, 
 
 24 .tlilK II, Ion-;, ' 
 
 : ^publisi;o:i'','6& ''"''''"''' ^'"'"'"' expeditiim ,833-64. 
 
 < '' sV,llr;^,t''\VH!'' v'r''l'i''' *?'■'''''''''•'• '''■■* ■'"-••'"•'^■'' fof the 
 ; soiiri:es of tho .Nil.., .Mar.'h, ij6'j. 
 
 I ISee /iM ivtrriilin liflom | 
 
 Rep,n'ts of the miir.ler of IJvingst iiic n,'ar Take Nyassa 
 
 .11 Hept. .36.-_M,r,.|i ,M;; ,Io„l,„.,l,.,„lv, ,367.' ' 
 
 s'.ii "'"■ V' 'V"- ^"""- '" ■"^"■'■1' "'■ I'ivingstone, 
 Mil.'.l 9 .Inly H67, retmne I an.l ivportc.l t., the Roy., 
 
 I "':- ;ll''"'''' J'"'i«ty Ins cnviction that Liviiigst,mo 
 [ "Is ,iii\i., 27 Jan. tSuS. 
 r...tt,.r I'lnm Dr. Uvingst.nie ,late,l Bombo, 2 Mar ,35, • 
 llear.l ,i| d.iwii t.i Hit. 1367 ' ' 
 
 "to'tl,?l'M',Mi"'''^ •■Ia,;,.n.|„„, ,lat,.,l 7 July, ,863 ; re,a,l 
 t til, It,, al U,...gia|,lu,.al S.,.',..ty, 3 Nov. ,::6q. 
 
 l.etl,T,lat,..l3oMay, ,ioj, pul,lisl„:d D..,,. iS.'., 
 
 ta,.r...|it...l rep.irtsof his niiinl.T l,v n, ■■roes .Fan 
 prol,al.|,.s,,r,.tyr,.p, 11,^1 by D,-. Kirk, 22 .iuiie 
 
 „'■ at .M.,ziml,i,pi,., sT,v. ,870. 
 
 ,',',',',''';',' "'■^i'^«'"""'l H'l-'i' to put ,Iown slave trade 
 
 ,, "" V": ^ '■ ^'1'' l^''" 'W'//.'), Jan. ,;-;7 ,. 
 
 iv\|,...bti.,iiius,.in.|, ,,||.ivi,|.,.,|„„,, ,|||,|,.|. liout. D.awson 
 
 oKi'b.'"872.^' ""■'"' "-«''^'i'''i^'^'S""i-y: .^w?t"a 
 
 ''st.ml.'l'''''^''''''"'"''"" ""^' Stanley lia.l foun.l Living- 
 "')'/ia;!!^M "rvTwi'"""'"" l""'''''^'^'l '""' transh.rred (seo 
 
 ''I nil iin ), t^ .\\\\\\^ 1572. 
 
 Ile^ports eiirrenl that Livin-stoiio is alive, M.'iy, June, 
 
 Expe.lition sent in sear(;Ii of F,iviiigstone bv Mr .Tames 
 bo,',,,nli..,i,,,.tt, ,,r.,priet,,r,,f the Soo York lUrM, 
 .It a ,..ist ,il abii,if 3.000/. : — 
 
 ^'r, „"!;'"•>' ■■*'■, ''*•■' .V. ''''i.'r of the expe.lition, left 
 
 /a, zibar, aiel, a er mu,.|i opposition from the native 
 e ts •,,.,.,,|,.Mtally foil in with Liviim-stone at Ujiji, 
 
 bn tnr''"'\V T ■ '% ^'"'■, "*7'. an,l rem.aine.l Jitl 
 In till 14 .Mil yh, ,872, wh,.n he brought away his 
 ,lia an.l oth,.r , .„.um,mts. Mr ^Stanley reporte.l that 
 
 1. igst.nie ha.l amv„i .u u.iiii ,n b.a.l c ,litiou, 
 
 Inu iiig b,.on robbe.1 an,l .l,.sert,..l by bis atteieiants 
 Mu,.li eontniversy ensue.l b.-tw,.,.,! Mr. .Stanley tho 
 meiiil„.rs ,; . lu^ut. Daws.ei's expi.litiim. Dr. L, iViiig- 
 
 : oJhe;;;.'!^,i^i]::t";^7f^-'"^^'^"^'-^"""'^'^'«--ty,,ul;i 
 
 defter from Dr. Livingstone, at U.jiii, ,Iate,l Nov. 
 187,, t,,. Mr. lienn,.tt(prinle,Hii .V,..,« Y„rk llemhl 26 
 .Inly, an,l r,.),™,!,.,! in th,. Times 27 July, ,872) . 'hb 
 ,l|.senbos his exploratbms an.l his painful journev to 
 U,li.|i; his ni,.,.ting with .Mr. .St.iiiley ; ami ho sp,.aks of 
 the Nile springs being ab,mt 600 miles soiitli of the 
 nio.st smitherly p,u't of Lake Victoria Nvaiiza ; ami also 
 of ab,iut 700111 lies of watersh,.,! in ,.eiitr,il Afrii.a of ■ 
 which he h,a,l explore,! about 600 : ami of the ,.onver 
 gence of the iyatersli,.,l lirst int,> f.,ur, ,111,1 tli,.n into 
 two, mighty rivers 111 the gn.at Nile v:,:i,-v('0 b,.tw,.o,, 
 
 ,0 aii.l ,2 smith latitu,le. »,;■ | lett,.r (,late,l Feb. 
 
 ,872),les,.nbes the li.,rrors of th,. slav,. Ira.le in eastern 
 Africa, iirmteil m the Timc^ 29 Julv, 1872 
 
 Livingstone's ,lospat,'hes, ,late,l N,',v. , ami ic ,,a,, 
 re,;eive.l by the Foreign Offlce, , Aug. ; lett.'i-'ilated 
 t July, received 2 (Jet. 1072. 
 
 Mr. Stanley descril),.d his ,lis<.overy of Livingstone to the 
 British Assoi'iation at lirigliton in pri.sen,.e of thu 
 ex-emperor an,l empress of the Kreii,.|i, ,6 An- ami ro- 
 ceive,lagohlsimtl'-boxfronitlio,iue,.nab,,ut3o7\ULr ,87!. 
 
 Livingst,mo ,lio,l ,,f d.vsentery in ll.il.a, Centril .\tri,-a ■ 
 his pupil, Jacob Wainwright, a yming uegr.) ni,.ssion- 
 
 (; 2 
 
 ' ...if 
 
AFKICA. 
 
 20 
 
 AFltlCA. 
 
 iirv, pri'si'iit, I May, 1S73; liis iviniiiiirt IntiTivil 111 ri'i'i'ivnl liy tin' klicilivp iit fiiiru, 4 Mny, at Hmiif 
 
 Wi'stniiiis.iT AIiIk-V," 18 Ajiril ; Ills last Jnunmls yn\>- 14 .Inly, liy tin' kin;,' 17 ,)iily, ijyo.l 
 
 UhIjc I, l>iT. ih;.). ' , Kill' a (liMiiiiiii cxiiluiiiiKi'XlwIitioii, west, we t'(imiT("i)n, 
 Neil) E.ii>iilili'.ii, uiiih-r sir Havtlc Frcre, to Zniizilmr, tn ' i3.;i. 
 
 HU|iiins.s till' cM-.t AlVi.viii slave tiiala ; lic\it. ViTiH'y ' Tli (.mriaii (.'"Vcrniiicnt hciiiIh an cxiiliirliiK cTiinlilloii 
 
 I.civflt (■iiiiM'riih'rt oIHt tn aiil In tlii' fni-llicninci) nf ; int"S,\V. AlVican ruust, Daniaialaml, n-lilrh s,r. 
 
 I,iviii(,'sl<ini''s I'xpi'ililiiin was accciiU'il ; sailuil so Nov. 1 KiiMirli iv|if.litinii iiitu Ilia int. ricr heUn en \.Uv. Oiitml 
 
 J872. Mi: /"n.-i'»i<-. I ^iin.l.iii and llir I'lvMcli ('iniLro iimliT M. h'oninraii ; 
 
 Exin'ililiim tn (Ai'liiiT till' ii|'|nT I'art cf tia' C'nnpi I starts li )iiass.m, 7 Maicli ; anivcil at tl.a eim- 
 
 (Mi'. VciUii^', <.t Ki'llv, to stilisnilif. atxKj/. lii.yal Oen- llniiMT..r tlic Massa iSaa^'ha and tli.' Kalli', t^ AiMil;at 
 
 K'raiiliiial«i«'ictvt"sii|.).l.' nt iD.iaippdscil Xnv. 1873. \ tli.' Smli, 1 .May; attackcl liy ii.ilivi's Jic Imins tlio- 
 
 I.ii-nt. Vciiii'V Cami'Mn. alliT thi'liialingof Livingstnni', I villai.'i'; I'm-anipcil at a vill,i,!.'c', u, .M.ny ; smldanly 
 
 cinitiTiiU'd 'li:scx|il'>rati'ris, 1871-1. ' atlaclicd, ll^ditinf; hiran ; M. Kiaiiiii'an wninidi'd, 
 
 LcaviMK L'jiii, 14 .Mav, 1874. Iw liilluwcil I,ivlnf.'stiaii''s many nfliis nn-ii killid, the rast di-ni.imli/ed and sunie 
 
 nmta ; cxplnri'il uJo niilVs .i|' IViiili'ccinidiy ; ai living; | I1..1. tvtrcat l.if.'aii under lire I nan the savages, 11 Jlay ; 
 
 at l'(irtnf;aese settleiiient-i. 4 Niiv. li^,. ' and the party ivaeliad iinassiai, i3 .'May, \X^)t. 
 
 Ila was neeiv.d liy Un\al Cei.-iaiilM'.d >'ia'lety, nnd ' Jir. .Insi|ili ■rininiMai ii'tuMis IVoni mi 1 \|iedlti(in in 
 
 pive aeeiiiiat nl' lii.^Jnmiav, 11 April, 1S76. 1 Ijiiiisli Sraitli Alriia, liaviii;; visiled llie nei^'hlmnv. 
 
 Exjieditinn nl Mr. II. .M. Sl.iuley (sn|i|«irted liy luiilit j lioiid nl'lakes Ny.i.ss.i and llaii|.Avr..I,i,ind inailetivatii'S 
 
 Tilniri'i'li and .Vi le Yuil: llnuhl); lie snrveye.l Lake , witli iiuniernnseliiels, iS (let. iSi^i lliedied ,1 AiiK.,iSc)5| 
 
 Vietiiiia Nvaiiza (j 10 miles liy 18..). 1875 : well aiuLsiie- J Sc^e A,.:ih.-l'rr„rti A'ifimiiil and nllnrs. 
 
 cessl'iil, la.^t letter dateil 24 April, 1876. .M.M. .Munleil and llailaire expliira eunnlry nonr lake 
 
 Stnnlev re|«irts survey nf lake Taie,Miiyika ; and .states , 'IVliad, Central Africa, 9 Oct., 1890 i( .m./., ratnrn li> 
 
 tliat lie lelt I'iiii ami ernss. d Alrie.i rnnii east tnwesl, I'aris. 20 Dec. 181,2. 
 
 and ideiitiliedthe l.niilalia with the (.'on;;" liver, wliieli Jli-. .1. .Seolt's Keltii-'s " rartilliili of Africa " imbllsheil, 
 
 lias an niiiiileirnptedeiiurseiif nver 1400 miles, 24 Any. l-'eh. iBy;. 
 
 1876— fi Aii^'. 1S77. ■' Dealli (if .Mr. \V. (;iilt.iii Oswell, discovcrar of laki- 
 
 Arrives at Uape 'Icinn, 21 Oet. 1S77 ; ill l.ondini. 23 i N^aliii, Ke., a cuinpaniun of l.ivinj;slonii, aged 75, 
 
 Jan. ; piililislied "Tlimn^li tlie Daik t'lintini'iit," May, : i .May, iScjj. 
 
 ,878. I Heath of sir Tlien|,liilns Slieiislona at Durliaii, aged 76 
 
 Italian ex|ieiliticiii nialer niareheso Aiilinori, well re- (.iilive in S. Alriea, iSii W ■"/■) =fi Jmn', 1803. 
 
 (•lived hy kiln,' ot .'Seichi ; aiinnnneed 2 Ilea. 1S76; .Mr. .Sdnns's "Travels and Adventures in !S. fe. Africa ' 
 
 his de.itli' ripened, Nov. 1R77. (iP,;! .r«../.) pnlilished, 23.><ept. ir..)v 
 
 l'orlii;;uese ^inii nnieiii ■r.iiif 20.000/. for exia'ditiiia peatli of Sir .S'lmnel Ikiker (see /•.;/,'//'', 1B69), n};cd 7.'. 
 
 into the inlerii'r, anniiimei d Dee. 1S76. qollec. iSy,. 
 
 Dr (Jlissl'ehl, a (ierinan, alier his exphir.dion into S.W. Heath (liy accidi'iit) of capt. I.ovett Cameron, oxplorei, 
 
 Ceiilral Allien, 1873, ikel.iivil the dillleiiUies iiisnpcr- companiun of Jiiirton and others, ayed 49, 26 .Maridi, 
 
 alile, 1K7;. i2.)4- 
 
 Mr. 11. M. staiilev.with an inleriiatioiial liclfiaii cxpedi- Sir Kdw. irerlslefs work, " Tho Map of Africa hv 
 
 tioii, expl.aed tlie loiiL-o, iS;.-, 80. Treaty," piililished. 7 Fell. iS.,^ 
 
 R. (iKooii.\i iinAi. SociKiv's siie'"ssriil espeditlon into Contiael sii;iied at llerlin tor the cstalilishinenl of mi 
 
 Kasterii Alriea under .Mr. A. Keiih .loliiislon leaves . AiiLilo-deniiaii comiiany to acc|iiira i,ouu,uoo acres ol 
 
 I''.ii;.'laiid 14 Nov. 107.-;, starts from /aiiziliar alioiit 14 land in S.W. Alriea, 2 .Ma.\ , iS.s. 
 
 Mav, 18,-1; .Mr. .l..l;ii,oiii dies 28 .liiiie, .-.ueeeeded llealli of llerr Kriediieli <li rhaid Holilfs, eminent ex- 
 
 liy .Joseph ThoiMM. 11, uhnrelinnsto Kn^dand An;:. iSSo. ' plorer, 3,liiiie, ii',,6. 
 Thk Uovm. (Ii ooini'iin m, Sorinrv ^'laiils 2.f)c>o/. 
 
 for an expedition i.i .VIrir.i under .hiseidi Tlioin. 
 
 son, whieli siarls 11 |iee. 1832; alter siieeesslnl 
 
 ex|iloratieii ani\es at Zan/ilur in .liiiie ; deseriPes 
 
 to the H. ileo. Soc. his exeeeiliie_dv iicriloiis adven- 
 tures, in lieantilnlly varied 1 ounlry, with vicious 
 
 escort, aiiioie.' sa\au'e liihcs of ditleient nianiiefs, 
 
 3 Nov. 1BS4. See ,i;.,e,.,r„. 
 
 Death of Dr. .Moll, it, inissionaiy, a|,'ed E7, 9 Aiii;. 1S83. 
 See under Ciaa". 
 
 Death of Dr. .1. A. .Mojiinv, Atiiran explorer (1802 ii 
 
 .-,./.\ aj-'ed 38, .'l tICt. lh:l\ 
 
 Deallioflieiit. Kilwaid 1). Viaint;, an exphiier, .sic a'ajn. 
 
 1.-1^7, 4 .\'"V. l,^o6. 
 
 " Tliiiiniih L'likiiiiwii .\friraii I'oiintries," li\- A. Donald- 
 son Smilh. M.D., pulilished 1S07. 
 .M. Antoine d'.Mjhailie, ix|ilorer of Ahy.ssinia, iVe.. 
 
 1S37-4S; died 2n .March, 1807. 
 " Impressiniis of S. Africa," by .las. JJrycc, juiblisln ,1 
 1807. 
 Count Teleki'sex|iedition into the Ma.sai country, kr., >I. K. A. I'oa, l-'rancli cxiOoiti', with a mission cross. >; 
 
 23 .Ian. 1887— 2t tlct. \Z?.?„ V'H- Mr. 11. M. Slanleys thecontineiit from /anzibarto the ('.iii;.'o, 1894-97. 
 
 cxiiedition t.ireli.vc Ijiiiii i.,.slia, sec .Voiiifia, Ja.i. , " South Alriea of 'I'o-.liiy," liy caj.t. Francis > oniiijhiis- 
 
 1887 o. i lian.l. liiilili.shed 1807. 
 
 Trade loiile w ::ii t si 'lions ..11 the Coic'o reported to he ('api. li..l.iilo Ivi'iis, eminent explorer, di.d 28 .Tan. if^o' 
 
 estal.lishe.l liv Mr. .-siaiiley (a -veat woik)aiinoiiinf.l, CKIi.MAN KAST AI'UH'A. Dr. Carl I'.ders eoes 1,1 
 
 14 All-'. lE^;;. Afiiea as chief a;.'eiit 'iir the coniiiiillee lor (lerniaii 
 
 Kx|i. liiti.iii of .Mr. .T. T. Last. sii|ii...rle.l hv the U..val eiil..iiiz;iti.iii, eonidn.les treaties with 10 siiltans ; tit. 
 
 lie...i;raphieal S..ri. ,v. I.. S.W. /aiiziliar, S.-].!. 1BS5. | (Jeriiiaii lla>: hoisli'.l, N..V. Dee. 1SB4. 
 ttnlianscieiiiiiieevii, i|iti..iinii.lerci.iiiit l'..rr.. mas.sacreil, j The Oerniaii l';asl Afri.an Compiiiiy, mainly fonii.tcd l.i 
 
 rep.. it. d 26 April. 1, 36. Dr. I'eters, at iierlin, chartered, 12 l-eli. i8S6. 
 
 Ur.,liiiiker rep,.rls to the li.iyal Oe..,;;ra]ihical Society , Settlements founded in the valley of the Kin^-aiu, JIarcli, 
 
 his eveiitliil travels in Ci anal Africa in 18S5 6,9 Mav, i A|iril, i836. 
 
 ,8-;t. Treaty with the sultan of Zanzibar conies into force 1, 
 
 Assas'siiiali..ii of M. Caniine D.ails. tlic explorer, while . Aiii 1886. 
 
 crossiia; ih.'.^aliara. iT|...it.'.l Sept. 1S89. Dr. I'eters, with a party of 23 engineers, nie.lical 111. n. 
 
 Aiistr.i-llini^.iiian ix] .•dili..n 1111. l.r c.nnit .Samuel A-'c, leaves (lermanv as the apait of tile (jiern.iiii 
 
 Tcleki to lelii've Kiiiiii pasha ariiv.'S invir him, but is ■ Liiiiii Paslia Helief Society, April, 1SS7. 
 
 superseded liy Jlr. ht.inlev, 1886-9. S'ce KiUiiin- ■ The (ieriiians attack iiaaanmyo and kill mitivcs, 23 Sej.!, 
 
 Ajaro. 10S8. 
 
 Mr. IL M. Staiilev in his expedition to relieve Eniin Collapse of the German settlement, attrilinted to tlic 
 
 p,aslm (see Smiifini. 1887) at Wa.lelai, ami during his Arab slav.'-dealers ; reportc.l (let. 1S8S. 
 
 return march, makes iiianv discv. rics, and le-naiaes The Last .\tVicaii Hill passed by the rarliam.nt, grantiu; 
 
 lake, S'liitli Nvaiiza (wlii.li he discovcreil in 1S87), [ money t..r the def,'i;c.' ..f Cernian inliarsts, and tli.' 
 
 Albert Kdwanl' Nmiiiz.i, 7889. ' suppivssion of the slave trade, 30 Jan. 18S9. 
 
 lIaiorCasatipiil.li.--lies hisii.i.ik " Ten years in Eipiatoria j The (icrmans defeat the Arabs at iiagamoyo, 6 Maiclv 
 
 —the Hetiirn with Kniin I'aslia," translated by the 18S9. 
 
 Hrni. Mrs. J. Handolph Clav. March. iSqi. ! Ca|.t.. after nia.ior. Wissiiiami. apjiointed iniperial ee;;:- 
 
 [Gaetani Ca.sati, scoolar, born iS;8; .soldier 1859; left ! niissioiier in Last Atrica, 21 l-'eli. (di.sseiisiou with 111. 
 
 Italy for Alri.a 24 D.e. 1S79 ; at Khartoum atiout I'eters), 31 Manli, 1089. 
 
 May, )88o; received by Emiii pasha Ajiril, 1883; after The (ieriaan Hay hoisted at llie cnnsnlatc ; capt. Wis- 
 
 inaiiy perilous adveni'iircs with Eiiiin i.ii.sha, 1889; ' iiuum assumes the conimaml, 5 April, 1889. 
 
 A 
 
 t)r. I'eter.<«i;yuiiiziiiy hi 
 
 ande.am,.|seii-.ig,.,|, .> 
 
 t^apt. Hissmaiiii, mde.l 
 
 lilishiri, an Arab slave 
 
 lo.sesSukiile.laii.l 2CI 
 
 ^ May, I B89. 
 
 C'apt. JVLssmann eajiture 
 
 -adlll. iTceluantle .seizes 
 
 to the Emiii li,.ji,.f |/j 
 
 to /auzilur, .Im,,. ; |^,.' 
 
 altera tri;,J 11^, ,1,;., ] 
 
 costs, 6 .\lly, ; |)|. |.,., 
 
 ,>.';.' '"'"'■"'■'J nofiirther, 
 
 JIlllercLc^s littwivi, the 
 
 l^wniaii.< resj„.eiii,y ter 
 
 -Mnior Wissm.inii reeeiles 
 
 andpaityal l),i-,„iiiiy„ 
 
 Alter liyhts, lliishii-ieapti 
 
 Ma,ioi- H'tssiiiMiu,, after si 
 
 lleris fmtille.i |„.sitio|, 
 
 Aiab tribes cm,, t,, lUr^,, 
 
 18. 189.1. 
 
 Jiiwina lleii liohls a com 
 
 W1.VS111H111,, ie|hiM,.,l ,6 , 
 
 i'.iaiu |«sIki, „ji,,,. .( |„|,„ 
 
 roni a windon-ii,, K,,,,,, 
 
 ^an/iliar. j M.ireii ; m", 
 
 Jnaiiii, enters ih,. (l.-rm,, 
 
 military exiiuditi,,i, t„ \ 
 
 "l'/. l8yo. 
 
 Major Wissimim, „-ciii,ies 
 .May; aksi. Mikin.lani, ,4 
 'lated Kapte in Kaiii.Lssi;^ 
 .34oLnnlisii miles liom W; 
 -May, i8,j,,. 
 Many los.ses by ,|e;i|ii ,.„|,i 
 
 iSyo. 
 -M.i.jor Wissiii.'iiiii lej\-,.s U 
 
 'I'ft in c iiii.iiiil^ .0 >i.|y 
 
 .(J.Tm.m f,,rc,-s: 207 oili, J,.; 
 Siiiid.iiie.se, 3,-J.j /iiiii.s, ,^t 
 
 ',"'il'«.i--^l'obce, , |je;ii 
 
 llci'tol 4 slealliers, besj.hs 
 1890. 
 A l.'tlcr fiiiiii 11,.. i<,.||.,.,j ,| 
 .March, iciaav.'.t 2,^ Mav; 
 t.ssnknina, ,, April, lee.i 
 Jll.'I.elUJali IVolimnelit v..t 
 . Iiican..,ervi,v, 24 June, ,, 
 -Mali'imi-.i Hill (.'a.ssim ami tin 
 
 al 1); 
 
 lyaiijoy.,, .iltei-tii;,! f„ 
 
 .liant about 8 .vcais jircvuu 
 .\iii-'l..-(icrni,iii iiiiiveniioii 
 
 l.y tiic L.iipei..r, iJiiiv, Is, 
 
 M.ij.ir Von Wissmanij, eiinobi 
 
 beilinaml other i.hi,.,..s, Ji 
 
 , laere.sl, 14 July, ,gy,-,. 
 
 Jlr. leters and j.artv arrive ; 
 
 tecKivijihstohiscomiianvi 
 
 [His treaty with the kiie 
 
 |ieeuse.lotlivili-bvraidsoi 
 
 -Vdvaii.'e of Kniii, p.i.sh.i, scve 
 
 ai ly.igo, reported 31 July, 
 
 ill' Larl lefi'is arrives in lierl 
 
 I'lie (lerinan lOast Afrie,-i ( '01,01 
 
 n.uhts to the Imperial Gov 
 
 1J90. 
 
 Tlie emperor contrihiitc.s ,,ooo 
 
 niK of the sb'anier lyisiiuiin 
 
 \ii'toria.\yaiiza, alaiiit 5 De. 
 
 I Ilie Emiii Pasha Helief Conin 
 
 Hoc. 1890. 
 I-Kiui" I'asha(i'efractorv)recalh 
 V..11 Wis.sniann, imperial com 
 J 390. 
 [fla-Ueriiian Imperial lla.; h.iisi 
 I .Major von Wissmann est.iblis 
 IJia.111 voii s,„len appoiiite.l g, 
 Alriea, Dr. Carl I'eters his e 
 |.e,icetiil progressive proj-rami 
 jlliiiar von Wissmann severely 
 ! tribeforrobU.ry, ,vi,.„-te,i6J 
 ll.itiiriisto liagiiinoyo ,5 March, 1 
 I M April, 1891. 
 
 I-Mr. i'eters' "Sew Light oii 1 
 ' H>"i>& 1891. 
 
Dr. l>e(( 
 
 iijiil 
 
 Cipt, W 
 
 AFlilCA. 
 
 'i'-i<;Wuj|zinK liis lOiMiii lt,.|i,.f 
 '■'llllcl.s i-i • ■■ 
 
 21 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 iiKii«cil, Jliurli, Apirl, 
 
 Kxpc'ilitlciii : men 
 
 Uiwl 
 May, 
 
 l.^-'lllilllll, Ul,|,.,l 1,.V j<xj ((, 
 
 'iiri, iiii Anil(.sliiv(>(li,iil 
 
 ■miuri siiil.irs, dufodts 
 
 8i) kJilu.l iii„i ^„ j,ri,„ 
 
 li'i-, Willi litllr- I 
 
 illtl-H, 1 
 
 H^ ; IJushh 
 
 dipt. WLssi 
 
 I. liiN i-iiniii (Icstiiiyud, 
 
 ^rAS'ri:;^!!^!':'-?,' ■'"«''■". ?j"iy 
 
 t(j till' K 
 
 ■tvniuntlc sci^i'.s tl 
 
 t(i /iiuzilur, ./ 
 
 'mill HiUrt I: 
 
 till «t<iuiiislii|, iWriv,, l„.|i,ii..l 
 
 Tho O 
 
 'i-'i'iiiiii I 
 
 Villi Zi.'li 
 
 'XJic'dltl 
 
 »■ 'if thr Uimi 
 
 rt'Kki iitliuki'il I 
 
 iiryiviliiiihl tiur,|H iiii,|,.r Hunt. 
 
 kllli'il 
 
 "I'lli 
 
 i.j Km 
 
 li'i i-ii'i', 111.' linit. 
 
 "ml _ 
 Aii^-. i3. 
 
 lH'l'V|ll'ililin|ini, 
 
 |"|ii'.iii.s, and aliuiii 
 
 Ian 
 
 .issiicri'd 
 
 VlU'diliilM ill i 
 
 .aft. 
 
 ;i'i-ii lii.ij Ok: siiij 
 
 Dt. I'c-i, 
 
 ^imii, and takes it 
 
 WliiK , CaplairrHu','.,! 
 
 'II i-'apturu iir anus and 
 
 '.V III,' iialiv.'sfaliiiut 3iocjo) 
 and nlliiii- oilleiira 
 
 ., 'I lialivi' llllMlllltTa 
 
 iiiailli,'si,iii,,i| J||,^y„|,^^,^^ 
 iimnitiiiii, tj 
 
 cosl.s, 6 A 
 
 is li'li 
 
 IS ri'imuislr.ilc's, 
 •ascd, till 
 
 Dili: 
 
 til in-i, 
 
 I'lTl'Ul'. 
 
 I'wd mi (Mill 
 
 l>^. I'ltl'lHdil-L-lll'd bj 
 
 -MniiiJ'W 
 
 liel 
 
 Wl'i'lJ II 
 
 :ii l>i't. i88y. 
 
 Ill suit 
 
 nil of Zi 
 
 iiaiLM ivsj„.,:iiii^r ,,.|.,.jt,„.^.^ ,|| 
 ""issiiiaiiii irii'iM's Mr. "u, .M. fst, 
 
 lii.'< 
 ii/il] 
 
 ay .lliiii; 
 
 iui-'< paying 
 
 I'liniiiiitiuu 
 
 .Ml 
 
 I'Jast .\|| 
 
 ■ii'a. al 
 
 Wjr, appnintuil ,i,'lii,j...„v,,,.,|„,. „f a 
 
 lit I Oi't. 189 
 
 lui'iuau 
 
 ;v.Mm.|,ts ,,f |.:,,,i„ p,isl,a al..nt Al 
 
 ■■»• and tlie 
 
 dialid liy th,. ( .. 
 Ill iii.iJmi' V'.n Wiss 
 llrv.At i,|- ||„. \v.„| 
 mid 
 
 llji'i-t \ 
 
 ■yaiiza, ii'pu. 
 •■^.. „..y.nu,i.'.il,,li,|y; ix'siKmitiuii 
 
 '•"IIII. 1 'il . K-iy I. 
 
 ■» a-.iiiiM t.ixaliiin; tliij Got 
 
 ;';i' '■aptain Kh'mzIit di'lcuU'd 
 
 ;;mlpa,iv;,l U.w.niuyii.'jn, 
 
 "Wlill irj 1),.,.. ,<> 
 
 AKlT ll-lils, lliisl 
 
 Ma.iiii' W 
 
 iiii rapluri'damll 
 
 88y 
 
 •iiiliy, Kiiiiii jiiisiii, n.iliiii Mill .s,»t 
 
 iimiis 
 12 Dec, diilialed 
 
 Ui'i 
 
 issiiiaiiM, .'illiT si'ie 
 
 laii; 
 
 Auili ti-ili, 
 
 ■is rmlilii'rl 
 
 imsitii.fi hilar 
 
 fl^lil 
 
 ■il, 16 Due. i38g. 
 
 "11; I'apliiii's Hwii 
 
 to III 
 
 le llli'i'ls I 
 
 1' l""-*m'sai.i';ii.,.rii||,„|i(,j. |„ 
 
 i.l"r Villi WissiM.uiii, ,1 
 
 ii'iit. ('. 
 
 III. i3i)j 
 
 icy in "iipiisitiou 
 
 ii'i'iiii- to lla 
 
 J)\v 
 
 W 
 
 ■ana lleii liolds 
 
 ''•■""laiii, 5 ,laii. ,3yo. 
 -aim.yi, and snliniit, alaiiit Ja 
 
 niissiniii'is li,r 111,.' ,1,1 
 ^•■in-a, K.| 
 
 'niilli aii,l 1)1. Pi't, 
 
 'i'«, .i"int ciim- 
 
 Tlii'i; 
 
 i3 
 
 U,,. 
 
 ""iliiti.in i,|- 111,; lerTitiii-i 
 
 '■niiNiili'ialili, run 
 
 iiil,'i,-sl 
 
 ■nii.in iiai-ii,ini,.|it vni. 
 
 ill Iv 
 
 i.o^nmni,, i„|„,|.,,.,i ,,- |.',.i,/,(j, 
 
 i'jniu lusha, al 
 
 111 11 
 
 N 11 K 
 
 imi. 
 
 li'i- a liii 
 
 ■»■ at liii 
 
 11^' iliii,' 
 
 (JO. 
 
 ayaiii.tt ill 
 
 ajoi- 
 
 ti-a'ii', s Maiil 
 
 .^fiii'a and lliosiil 
 
 ii's at 
 's J, .;t>o,oo<i marks fur (l,.i.|||,|i, 
 
 Dr. K 
 
 {aii/ili.ir. J .M,ir,.|| 
 iniinii, i-iiiirs ih,. (• 
 my ixpii,liti,,u I 
 
 inilil 
 
 .<(■'/. iHyo. 
 
 Jliijiir WissinaiMi 
 .May; ak^n ynh 
 
 ■ii'i-ipls III,, uin 
 I'inaii M'i\ !,■ 
 1" Miliiiia .\v 
 
 "ii'ca.siiiniid liy a fall 
 Di'i-. iS8y, airivi's al 
 
 .M 
 mill pa-lia'. 
 
 ■o-iil I" K. AlVii'.i li.i'x^ 
 
 'picssiiin id' tin; slavo 
 mine the slate iif tho 
 
 IS i,r 
 ml I'l 
 
 niajiir Wis.. 
 
 ■lll'l'l'ils Willi 11 
 
 ji .Mareh it 
 
 '"'I'l' -■-■ .Maivli, (Villi I 
 
 :iapliii-.'d i'\|,e,liii,,ii slarl 
 
 "f pr,n i,>i 
 
 \e. 
 
 I),' 
 
 >>■■ '•^liililiiia 
 
 :^ from Ka- 
 
 mi : siifiiTs hv 
 
 want 
 
 ilah'd Kill, I 
 
 :iiidain. 
 
 KilH- 
 
 IlliK 
 
 i'l ill, lell l>l'lli||,| |,y i, 
 
 'i> : e\pi:diiii,n d'ivide.s, 
 
 a Willi, ml lesislam 
 
 "iinanslaliiiiion iak,' \iei 
 
 'i.,'~ilnlilmanii, wlm h 
 
 Ilia, IS l''i'b., 
 
 I'll' in Kaniassi 
 
 14 -May ; letti.i. r,,,,,, i,,. , 
 
 .140 i:ii,L.'lisli miles I 
 •May, 
 
 10,1.11 
 
 '■vpeiii'liiin ,l,'|, 
 
 109 
 
 linn Wa.leiai 
 
 II.. sl.iiihL; ili;,| p, 
 
 "llieallli, r, 
 
 .Many liisses liy ,|,.alli ami di 
 
 ■ieivi',1 
 
 t,.r\, 
 Wi.li 
 
 ■il>'l li.\' Hie nali\ 
 
 iii'ar Kilimii .\j,u-,i, | 
 
 [lies to 
 ■i^purted, 
 
 '■■< in .Miishi terrl- 
 
 l8yo. 
 .M;i,i,ir Wis 
 
 lelt in ei; 
 <j'i'riirin In 
 Hiiudaiiese, 
 
 "iirliim ; ivpiirle.l 1; May, 
 
 -ni.iiin le,n-,'s li,r (J 
 '"iii'imi, .-6 .May, j3g 
 
 ■I'liiany, lienl. .Si'lunidl 
 
 i"im. ami 
 
 ■''taliniiat Kiij 
 
 ie-,ii'i'iipi,.,i Willi 
 '!■■ ^'liililmaiin al IJ, 
 
 na .\ 
 
 men kill.,1 
 '.i.iriialiamli 
 
 iii'in vim IPiluw, I 
 
 .liuii 
 
 rl 
 
 (J'rII 
 
 isinii ,,( Ceriiian, 
 
 -■n; iilliiers, military ami 
 
 i p,.li 
 
 /iiiii 
 
 I i.',j Askai 
 
 al; 
 
 lii'iil. Hill 
 
 lei'tiit.) .-le.imers, I 
 
 ii'i', a me, ileal slalti 
 
 Is, a ijiimlter nf ,Sii 
 
 ,. Hill;-' .an, 1 . , 
 
 li'an,pii||jtv ieM,,r,',i |i 
 Jiinm Mill 
 
 I'll- ii;;laiii-, ..y.iiii 
 
 1 .\iw. .„ 
 
 »illi Hie W:ili,.|„ 
 
 . killeil, 
 
 iullt. 
 
 . , the 
 
 I'piiileil, joJiina: 
 .V, ie,)2. 
 
 iMi 
 
 iitiar KiluHsa, 
 
 (I del. 
 
 1S9 
 A lettel- In 
 
 .Man'li, n 
 
 I's.snknm , . 
 Ilii'tiermaii P 
 
 .VlVie.iii sell I 
 
 ■Ni'lis wliale-liiiat 
 
 luiilary nlliei 
 
 III Dr. Pel, 
 '•<-'ivrd u8 .M 
 
 lepmti.'d.May, 
 
 K.\p|, 
 
 ■Mareh, n',. 
 
 IIS .\piii. 
 
 I'leil l.y tin 
 
 Wjveriinieiit, 
 
 pli.raliims uf Dr. Osi 
 
 ■■* ilale'l Uulia.a, in LVa 
 
 .t -M'l'il, ii'i-i'iMd 
 
 .v; amither dated ul, 
 
 ailianient v,,|e 
 
 1 .Ma 
 
 1890 
 
 .mla 
 iiiiii in ! 
 
 Lake I 
 .Mareh, 
 
 iiassi, eie 
 
 ar li. 
 
 near Vieliiri 
 
 ■'""lanii, iSyj; ili.scovt 
 
 a N 
 
 p;iii 
 
 yanza, n 
 
 pasha iiiiinleri',1 i,,, 
 
 I i;ep„ri,.,|, M„v, , 
 
 ■ W.-i.l.'Iai. ah. 
 
 .Mali 
 
 ailed Bin (. 
 
 -'4 ,lnn, 
 
 1 S(;o. 
 
 4.853,000 iimrk.s fur KasI ' ^'''iltaii .Mel 
 
 iportud, 
 ■ aoOct. l8'j2; 
 
 at I!,' 
 
 eliaiit aliullt J \ 
 Aii,L,'l,'-(ieriii.in 
 
 iissiiiiaml lla-eei'i 
 
 ■■i;;ani„y„. alter I rial n.rninnl'.r lit 
 e.iis jireviimsly, jy .Jm 
 
 'iiipaniimswere haii^-ed 
 
 Villi ,'Seliel 
 
 ''■■^^'I'l'-l'in I'liiKilii, 
 
 a (ierma 
 
 l',v Ihe Kmpeii.r, i.luiv, is, 
 
 i-hirk 
 
 Maim 
 lierlii 
 lute r 
 I Ih: I'et 
 
 11 Iiier- 
 ■•^ife'iieif at JJerliii 
 
 liar 
 
 A I 
 
 ••Sull 
 
 ■ -■ .\ii^ 
 
 a-X.iani by Froijierr 
 
 'II Vull.Selii'li.i,,,|„,i,„,:,'| ,, 
 
 I'li'a. Ji .Sep', it,,, ... 
 
 Ill -Meli sutmiits 1,1 ili,| (i 
 
 ermir i,f Gi'iai 
 
 linn East 
 
 Villi Wissniai 
 
 1,1 i.Ili 
 
 ">'• eiiii.ihled and warml 
 
 •ri,l. 
 
 ly i'eei'ivi',1 ill 
 
 '4 'Inly, ,80 
 
 '"■'■'"■'Il ll'if,' sleil at Ki,: 
 
 4 : 'ml .llleiwar.ls yiel 
 
 liim.' ; unwell, urijiiinudab.so- ; •''"'■.'■■■-slnl eampai-n „r I 
 
 '■<, lepurteil, C4 0ct. 
 '';j':i. I'^|i'tnwiniljject.s, July, 
 
 ™;:i,f;;!i'""^;."":'™"t.>!'f"^ii«"'aho 
 
 telegraphs l,i hi 
 111 
 
 ^(■inii|,any iSiliilv, i8qo 
 
 -It 1. 1 1... I.;.. _ 1. .% -^ 
 
 lilt 
 
 10 Jlllv, 
 
 ^e,i'r,i,:;V'.'i:!i.i^'"-'''^^-5^i"va.id;, 
 
 .Se\ 
 
 llhel 
 
 !n', KiiireiiKa il,'stn,y,.,|, ,,, ( 
 
 •-''•111. 1J94. 
 aiiiii Villi .s,.|i,.|,7 ., 
 
 )it. .\ 
 
 :aiii.st tliu 
 
 ■re^lainiiie, ilmamh dmu^ia i,,,,, ,, 
 
 IV. 1894 
 
 aeeused kI ii'viii- I 
 
 .Viliaiie 
 
 ill fL',l.»ll, 
 
 lit I- 
 
 y raids on th,., n.uive.s.J 
 
 mill p.;ish,i severe liKhiiiiy '^-^u n 
 
 JIii,i. 
 
 ii». ; relief 1 
 
 :395- 
 
 iiii.'s iiiidenake 
 
 hr, Carl I'eler.sarr 
 
 lepurledj, ,|iih 
 
 Till' I. 
 riirht.s to the imperial 
 
 ives ill lieilin' 
 
 8yo. 
 
 iiu Ma 
 
 vim Wi.ssinaiin appoinle,! 
 
 I'l'tnriis hill 
 
 Mel 
 
 '■rinaii |.;astA|-|ieaC,inip,inyeedi 
 
 AllLi 
 
 rt. Dec. 
 
 le, .Iiii 
 
 ib,j6 ; 
 
 ■lied 1 
 
 . -lOv. to 
 lejiurted, Feb. 
 
 'r. April, ,895; 
 
 S90. 
 
 liyo 
 'I'Ue eiiijieror ennln'h 
 ill;; of tl- 
 
 tHiveMinient, repiiried 
 
 ■sail ils territorial ! 
 
 23 Uet. 
 
 eh 
 
 I'l'l'^ 
 iii'^'ed in "th 
 
 ')■ major- 
 
 ili.'t 
 
 nte.s ,,ooo marks fc 
 
 • 1^ sti'iimer IC,s.,„„,,i,,^ ,,„'|j„ '1 
 
 iwardstlii' hiiilil- 
 
 '' ■iiiil.vtothenaliM 
 
 inissiiiiii.r, ill Alii, 
 
 of Lake 
 
 :il lleH 
 
 orih'ii'd, 
 
 16 M 
 
 Vii'Wria -Nyaiiza, abiiiit 5 Di 
 
 plaeud 
 
 lllie Ki 
 lice. 1S90. 
 
 Pasha Helief Coinmitteo il 
 
 Tw 
 
 24 Apii,, ,897, 
 
 ueh ; li 
 aiipi'.ii 
 
 I Wllile 
 
 .1 M.iii'h, 189 
 
 umisse.i 111,, 
 
 I'd .\,. 
 
 ||^'allyika, ,vc.. 
 
 Ill Willi great in- 
 
 eoni- 
 
 ii'iniry 
 
 aeliiii,'as iniperinl 
 .imiieial i 
 
 Jiiiiiii I'asha (refractory) 
 
 Vnll W 
 JS90. 
 
 recalled to till 
 
 I ill,- li 
 .M; 
 
 i.'*.'*niaiin, imperial commi 
 inian Imperial Hag hoisted at 
 
 lissolve.s il.self, 
 
 '■oast by 111.., ., 
 ■cported 19 Dec 
 
 1' 
 
 Kill 
 
 la-N.i 
 
 iVmilies 1,011, lereil l,y i,,,', 
 
 "llilive e\pi',|i|i,,i| Ir 
 
 i'<lriet. 19 il,.|. 
 
 :3y6 
 
 ■I vice and lined 
 1S97. 
 of .Mer 
 
 ille for pi'Mi' 
 
 .for l''iii',lrii'l 
 
 30 ( )e 
 
 nil .Moehi very 
 
 -6X 
 
 '•Si'hn,,!,'!', a.;.','iil. 
 
 , rep 
 
 ■u ill the 
 siicee.ssfiil, natives 
 
 i.i'M' von Wi.s.smaiin eslalilislie,! II 
 
 Ha, 
 
 I'll von .Soileii 
 
 ppiiinlid 
 
 ;-aiiioyo, 
 26,1a 
 
 ■Wiiea, Dr. t'arl I'elers I 
 
 I Jan 
 
 89 1 
 
 ,.,'.' V''''."'''i>''!ty to the iial 
 I O '.KMAN .s.-w. AlHi.'A 
 ; liAI.IAN AIKK'A 
 
 senleiiced t. 
 
 'rti'ils Fell., 1897, 
 
 5 yrs. iiiiiirison- 
 
 veriior of tierinaii i 
 
 1S97 
 
 and .1/,, 
 
 I'ttieelnl progressive pnigiai 
 
 Ii'i eomniissarv, l-'el 
 
 list ' l'0UrL-(iL-K,'SK|.; 
 
 I'l'i.i'ii Von Wissi 
 
 iMiiie, .March, 
 
 iiianii seven'ly puni.sl 
 
 "'•"'■r,'''l"'i-y, ■.■••l".rled6'.M,m.| 
 
 i';.< tl 
 
 Syi 
 
 , with a I'OliTL'drK.SK 
 
 li'A, 
 iee /„ 
 
 Ai'llICA, 
 
 liiriis 111 liagaiiioyo 15 March 
 
 iSy 
 
 le Ivishob'j 
 
 a ."iiiall foiee, 1 
 
 «■' A1'HK;a._( 
 
 I 9 Nov. 1896 
 
 I'0'I}IH, 
 
 1893, Snmalilaiul, 
 'iirnifn Marques. 
 
 e /., 
 
 . il April, 
 
 |Ali. l','lers 
 
 ■i|iriiig, i£ 
 
 reealledhir lest, rep 
 
 porte,! .._, I),.,.,.,„,„ 
 
 inassaen'd by mitjv 
 
 lint All 
 
 iiiosler, with 
 
 irli'd 
 
 'Now Liglit on Dark Africa 
 
 X.itiVH attack 
 piirli',1 , Keb, 
 
 1117, 
 
 ■<■'* ileal' Hiiiiibi 
 
 ' liilblisheil, 
 
 I. . . ..... -> loyo. 
 
 liHin.siii.:. ,\,.'iii(JA.-Tl; 
 
 '" fort Ilnmbe n'piilsed will, le 
 
 iyS 
 
 Company, si 
 
 Uia.ssi 
 
 pported In .Mr. w 
 
 |i'^lnipi'riallirili^liKast Africa 
 
 'y, gen. Donald ,-Slewai't 
 
 ill. .Mack 
 
 :i'nzie, lord 
 
 ■^(■■. iiiii'dett-c'uutts 
 
 N I 
 
 W 
 
 • Xi *i*>' 
 

 % 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 22 
 
 AFKICA. 
 
 iiiiil (itlii'iH, nil- Will. Sliirkiiiiiciii, cliMiniiMii ; clmitir 
 3 S*c|'t. itSt;; liiv ti'irlloi 'lavlii;; I'ccn ciiiiiciliil 
 til Mr. W. Jliiili. iizii' li.v tlh .tun I'l Ziin/ilmr: I'l.ii- 
 Cl'HItiMli .si;;iM'>l, 'J I M-I. I'eea ; cililirllliil, 1 Si'l't. It)&). 
 
 Tlic siilliiii 111' /iiiizilmr Min.MMlcrH all cuiiliol nwr tin' 
 I)rili.-h i:.i,t .MiiiM Cniiiiiiiiiy s iiTrilmy lnriiii niimiid 
 I'ic.Mii 1,1 III a6,<'.. il.illars; ii'|iiirtc(l aO iMr. i88y. 
 
 HiU'C'cdhI'mI tinii-iiI'Mr. .MMckulizli-tlir(in«li the I'diiiiianj's 
 t- ritiii V, Ainil, iSyo. 
 
 blr Kmiii i.-. ih' Wiiiimi n|i|iiiliitHl .■uliniiilstraliir "I' tin' 
 riHUiiMiiy'ii tiTril"iii'», .ilav ; .iiiiM's al Zaiiziliar ainl 
 IHiii'iiiIn to .MiiiiiUisa, Un' cIjh I nlaliini, l,;iiiiii, Ac, 
 
 All slaves in llie tcnilnrv (lei-laifii five ly Mr. Mac- 
 kiiiziu aliiiul 4 May ; lii» linal cleiartiire lur Kiii'nlu', 
 iimi'h ii-Lrilii'il, .•(' .Ma,\ . k;h,i. 
 
 Mr. (.iciirp' S. .Miii'ki iizic.ailmiiiintiatiir (irilif terrilnry, 
 rrliiriis III KiDjlaiiil, .Inly, Hyu. 
 
 Aii^lii-iliMinaii (Jiiiiveiitiiiii (iWiiiVi <ii), i July, 1S90. 
 
 Kaiiiliii' tliriiiifili ilroiiijlit uml locuita, reported, 90 
 
 March, 1695. 
 Kx|icillll"n nlailiiiiiiil Hawsiiii ami sir Win. Mnttlii'ws. 
 
 «nalii.st M'linirk liiii HaMlii'il, liavi'K Miiinliii.sa i.- 
 
 Ann. ; ills "(riinjiliulil taken Ml M'welt, 17 AMg. ; his. 
 
 eanip Imnit 3 del. 189^. 
 rnnilive uxiiiilitiiui ■ khi'w' Ilainis Kiinilio, mi ally nl 
 
 Ha.iheil, al ,M|i\va|iwa ; eupt. Lawrnici" killnl in a. 
 
 sliiriiiisli near (lazi ; .M|iviaji»a taiitnreil, lie(. 1895 
 All liiii Aliilnllili a iiii«er(iil Arali, senleiieetl tn 7 > rs. 
 
 iin|iri«iinnienl ami 11 line nl j.oou ruiiie* fur eruilly 
 
 to slaves : iijinrlrti, 30 I'Vli. iai>6. 
 An i'\|ieiliti n siiil liHiii .Miiinliasa a):>iiHt thi> leliel 
 
 ehiif M'llaiuk Aziz; 15-.2 Miiieli. lie anil 1,000 I"!- 
 
 Inwers snrienilereil tu ninjnrviin Wi.ssinannin (lisiin lU 
 
 leiiilnry ; niinileil 22 Aiml. 1896. 
 Ilrilisli jnilii'ial system introdiict'tl byiiviler in cuvui'il ; 
 
 () illllV, 18117. 
 .Sir Arthur ll.irilinne's ie|iiirt nil t\ie prntertwatf jinli- 
 
 lisheil, .Inn. 1898; the silver iiipK; ul (inlia orilei.il' 
 
 • ' staniiaiil euiii Irnui i Jan. 1S99; ^° '^'"V 
 
 I. jiii^i"-. .1 1 iiiiiii v'li > < 111 i"ii \i' '■■■ " ■'■/.■■'■■■,', -w.^-. ^ llsjli'il, .(an. 1090; Llie siMi'i iii|n-v HI inula niiiii.ii 
 
 's .Snerisslnl prioress; army reerniteil frniii Imlia ; cmi- to he ■ staniiaiil euiii Irnm i Jan. 1S99; ^° -^'"V. 
 
 Iji tiimeil peaie Willi the nalivis, .Inly, i3yo. ii-yS. 
 
 Ifl Kh>t Keneial 1 Iiii-nl 1 lie 1 niiipan.v, I Iim ; re|i.iil |,|(|.,.|sii CKXTllAL AKHIt.A (N. nf the Zainhcsl, 
 
 '<'J anil staleimnt III :ieeiiiinlMiail, L's. inly, lugo. i,-;,,i/i .s-i), ami a |.riitei Imate 1.1 the .listrjetn »riiiiinh 
 
 First (i ^ I ...-. 
 
 anil slaleimnt ul .leeniinls nail, l'5 .Inly, idgo. 
 Inan;;Mr;itinM nt' the railway h-lweeii .Miimliasa ninl 
 
 Viitiiria Nyaliza, 26 .Vll).'. i.Syi 
 
 M 
 
 ii-/iii7i .I'l), ami a inutei Inrate "I the ilistrict» ariniinb 
 lake Nyasa.--.Mr. II. 11. .Inlinstnn (see Kilimii-SJiii") 
 ap|i"int"eil ii'niiiiissiiiiier el' Mrilish Central Africa, the 
 
 tieiiiii.i .>yaii/..i, 20.1").-. 1.-..1.. ,. , „ ai.pointeil ii'nimissi r rl Drilisli Central Africa, tin 
 
 "'X's-'ii'"" !■«"■ I'l.i'ieis lie \\ iiiliin I'eU 1S91. ! ,|ij,,.|,.|^ >;. „|-,|n. .Smith Alrini Uimpuny's ttrritnries 
 
 Mr. (leiir-e .Maekeiizie, ilnvi lui' nl the 1 ipanj, wel- ji'ireh i8qi 
 
 eiiineilliyihe snIl.m.ifZaaziliar; 'I''' ^'''\T,','I',!"''','!',irl ' He amle'aptrOeeil Ma^nire attack the Arah .lave-aealers 
 Wiln iissmii. I.y the eimipany ; the emililiy (piite ,„„i ,,.li',se a laiy.' iiHmlicr nt slnve», Oct., Nov. ,89.. 
 
 jia. ilieil, .Manh, i.-9i. it„ii„„ t'aiil. .MaKUire with ;c seimys, rele.'ises a . iiuiher nt 
 
 l''"l;" r llie ilelimitalinn nf the Itnt.sh ami 1 .il an J|,^^,^.^ .^, ^^ caravan ami l,ni-ns .Ihnws in ;,r,-.«iM:e nf a 
 
 spheres nl nillneiiec m Kast Alriea, si^'iieil at limm i;i,.j,,. ,,,,|.tv nf enemies, hnl is killinl whi|. sv.-immin- 
 
 24 Mareh, itiyi. „,.,.|,.„„ „. i to his ship ; Dr. Dnyce ami .Mr. M'Kwan a * trcaelier- 
 
 General Mathews, II.M.s eiimml.ssmnei, niiive.s at 1 ^.|,;,,, ^^^^^,^^ ;^j,^,,,^ ,,, j,,„^^ ,.^„. ^ ^ 
 
 Zanziliar, N'pt. ibgi. . n,... .c„. 
 
 Zanziliar, Sept. 1S91. Ili.c'1691 
 
 I'rnpnseil withiliawal nf repre.seiit.-.t ive frnni L'P""hi ; ■ t,„, ,.v;.„ij^ ■,„.,,,is.. F..1I J.ihnston nml .iipt'-.r,. n trnii ; 
 Herinus ,ii„sei|uenees •'I'l;'''!"''''''''' • ,,7 ^''t' ,'•''' i Mr. H. II. .Ii.hiist.in has nnly 70 si'puvs aiel two «un 
 
 arailwiy Inun en.istl U\ lemna .Nyanza, .Sept. 1S9 . 1 ,^^ .^,^ ^,j_ ,,^,, ..,^.|,^. . ,,,,,„,,„|^ '^^,,,|,'^ ,8y.,_ 
 
 ssiiiiieranin;i.nsiu- | „|^ ,, ,| .i,,),,,.^,,,,, ,,.pnils tliu iiaeiticntiuii jf tin 
 ilistriet, alinnt 4 Aiiril, 1893. 
 Makan.iira, ami two nther chiefs, slavf dcml-erii, pre- 
 ilnininant, .Ian. 1392. 
 
 Sirderalil II. I'mliil appniiileil 1 iiiiissinneraml eniisnl 
 
 general in llritish Kast Africa, Feb. lie ami Mr. E 
 J. 1.. lleiUeliV, the ailniinistraliir, suppress 11 revolt 
 in Willi, A|iiil, i>-92. 
 
 Witn traminillizi'il hy Mr. Uerkeley ; the ex-sultan snli- 
 mils, repnrleil. M.liine, iijj. 
 
 The company's iieweunitsurinstieeat Mumhiisii opened 
 by .imi^'e CraeKnall, 10-lniie. i8u'. 
 
 Treaty nf the cniupany with llie kin^' of U;.;aii(la («7im/i 
 
 St't), 1891-92. 
 
 Di.sallection nf the Soinalis suppressed with hlnoilsheil. 
 rcpnrteil 5 Feh. iSu^. 
 
 Uganda evaeuated hy the company, 31 March, iSyj. 
 
 Meetiiij; of tlie cmnpaiiy in l.oinlon ; illness and resi;;- 
 natioii of sir William Mackinnon, 29 May; he died 
 22 .Inne, 1S91. 
 
 Evacuation nf Witii liy the cnmiiany, 51 July, 1S93; 
 the deposed sultan Fuliio (Imari resisis the lirilish 
 
 occupatinij, his strnii;;linlil slnri 1 and cajitnied, 
 
 reiiorleil, 1 j An.'. ; .Iniipni stniiiied hy .Mr. H. lindd, 
 All),'. ; the .Sninalis at Ki.-iuayn revolt ; ]iart of the 
 garrison desert, Mr. llamiliou, superinlemlent, killed 
 in an attack, 11 An^'. ; the mutiny suppressed by 
 lient. I.ewes and count l.nvatelli (Italian traveller), 
 
 Coniinissiniier .Inhnston, rpinforced witli i ^,'niil)fiats 
 itc, caiitiires Makanjiia's positions ; relmses inan\ 
 slaves, and Innmls Fori .M.aHHire nn Lake \yasa, 
 reported, 12 .lau. ; arrivps in Knglanil, reports tie 
 defeat of Makanjini. :.;eneral snhmissinn of chiefs. In 
 ma.j. ('. A. Kdwaids it ''nrt Ma(;iiire, unil pHice inaih 
 in NyHsalaml, 4 .lune. ■894; returns. May, 1895. 
 
 Death of Jninhe, Ara.. .•nltan, on W. coast of laki. 
 .N'yasa, a friend of the liritish. .Inly, 1894. 
 
 Miiiiiciiial [lowers j,'iven to Ulantyre, the cajiital ; re. 
 ported, 20 Nov. 1894. 
 
 Mr. II. Johnston returns to Zoiiiha from his tour of in 
 spectinll ; 28 July, 1895. 
 
 Successful X.W. I Npeilitinn nf Mr. rodrinKtnn ; tfealio 
 with several chiefs ; re]iiirteil, 3 .Sept. 1891;. 
 
 Zarati slavetradinj; chief cninpletely lieteateH !iy a 
 liritish ex]ieilitioii under ma.ior ('. A. Etlwanls, le- 
 tnwn necupied, 28 Oct. 1895, and many slaves releaseii , 
 expedition returns to Zonilia. 17 Nov. ; Nnrth Ny:iv:i 
 Aialis severely deteuted al'ler 3 days lighting ; 
 Dec. 1895. 
 
 AFlilCAX i 
 
 Tlie rising in ,s. Nvasala. 
 
 ;;;'1'5'"-'.. ",i-«i ..nd h,,,; 
 
 Imid earrieil |,y ,|,,,,,,„n ,' 
 
 X.,';''" •„'"'"■'• 1896. 
 
 '>orth flmrterhiml ,.x 
 
 pin 
 
 18-23 Aug, i8q;,. jl ; 8 - " -...=. 
 
 The rioters ami mur.lerers of Mr. IMmiltoii tried at Mlozi','ii.s?ave.raiiling chief, tried hvnaliv* ehi. is n 
 
 Momliasa ami ]iuiiislieil. -o .lune, 11194. ' . , _ , ," . . '_ . ., .■_._, . , , _ 
 
 " The llise of our Fast .Mricaii Emjiire," hy cnpt. K 
 
 D. I. Hazard, pnlilished Nn\'. 189,1. 
 Annual meeting (see {'[inwht), p July, 1894. 
 
 cnnimissioner Jnhiiston, condemiieil and Imnijeil, 4 
 Dec. 1895. 
 Cnnimissioner 11. 11. Johnston iiiaile K.r.Ii., te1»>"iapliii 
 
 ..* ......(.. V :■ /. .) j> .— y.f cninnuiniiatinn njieiied, nies.sjige to the *|ueen, aii- 
 
 Speci;il meeting: resnlutimi adn|iled for dividing the )„.,. veply sent, 19 Dec. 1893; arrives in UiJHfon, 
 comiiaiiy's .-apilal into 1/. shares; disenssioii on the leave, 26 June, 189*1. 
 
 comiiaiiy's .-apilal into 1/. sliaies ; ilisenssion on the leave, 26 June, iPoti. 
 
 claims of the eomiiany on the gover nt relative to .Jnii,, g. IJrabant, II.M. cnmiiiisKiontr in Nyn.salaij.l 
 
 Uganda, 22 Aug. 1804. 1S95, 
 
 Counter iirojio.sals by the goveriimenl. 14 .Nov. iei)4. Great victories over Mwssi nml other slsye-dealiii„ 
 
 Commissiumr uii 1 eonsul-geii. >ii A. It. llanlinge, J.in. chiefs, by lieiit. Alston and ea|it. F. T. Stewart on tl„- 
 
 1895. west of lalce Nyasa ; liritish fort.s erecteil ; jmjwii nl 
 
 At a meeting of directors ill London, arbitration having the slave-trade completely broken; total of slavr.s 
 
 been refused, they rc-nlve to accept 250,000/. in released, 1.1S4 ; repnrteil, 25 Jan. 18^6. 
 
 return for the siirii'iider of their ctiarler. cnncessions, I. lent. Alston eajiliiies Kitnri, a cruel \ an chief, relejists 
 
 and assets, wiih some cxcepliuns, and to request many slaves, and burns hi.s town, other Vao cli;i|> 
 
 comjiensation for expenses coiim?cled with holding submit to the liritish ; reported, 30 .Sejit. 1896. 
 
 Uganda, 27 Mareh, 1S95 ; .idoiitcd 11 Ajiril, 1S95 ; Serious attacks on the S.-W. frontier, by the Angmii- 
 
 50.0.X)/. voted to the comiiany, with lo.ooo/. for ad- Zulus under C'hikiisi. vilhmcs raided and jieojih. m.i- 1 
 
 r..i...... .....1 1 ........ .1-.. . ■. I ..jr.- ■ .1 ....... .111. i.... 1 . \i.. ^1.... ...;.... 
 
 fninist ration ol territ iry. m .Inne, 1S93 : a resolution 
 
 cred ; .Mr. Sharjie, acting-cominissinner at Itlantvn' 
 
 for the wiiiding-iip of the company, etc., passed 34 sends 3 columns under eapts. .Stewart, Manuliig 
 
 July, I'onfii'med 30 Oct. 1895. [The territory made 
 Protectorate 1895. 
 
 lieut. Alston, 12 Oct. [lient. Alston died oC lisv 
 cli lamented ; reportetl, 8 May, 1897. 1| 
 
 II. <iardm.r Wartoi, ,„'„"., 
 •■■""ilryin Central Afrie; 
 eslabhsheHfricniliyivlatl, 
 „/,'."';■■'; >^<»el. ifV. 
 '"/■dish Central .MVica.'M 
 ,,"te..pulilishei|Jnm., 7. ' 
 f-M-diiion nn,|„, „,, „."«^ 
 
 yi-'imizeilat K,|,„yu ,6 
 
 Ilie.VngnriHforr.nds ,V|. ' 
 ■nvn and he himself Lik,;;, 
 "'lids and levoli ,i|- n,,, 
 '■';i'"'«''"d by a sir.,,,,, fi 
 
 '.:',:;"..?." I""i>eskillei|, an, 
 '-"llWlese a,„l |„„,,^, ,|. 
 
 ■;'npa,gMagains,'.M|,„,„i 
 
 JiHiriiMNfK^.,,';^;.;!^,;',-"'' 
 
 FliK.VCM Wl-;,sr AFI(|,\' 
 
 ••'■'■lieh (Jiii,,,,,.,, i,.,,,,^. ,,,^,|^ 
 «e|iamte, „„„,„,.,„„• I ;,^, 
 
 Kxpedit,,,,, of- M. Mais't. ,. a 
 "t erm.anviliincuUiesaiTiv 
 ^l^e^,26.Slal■eh, ,895; ti ■■ I 
 i""' N"rra cou,',tries ,, 
 '»^nei at Paris f„,. tl„. ,.,,'„, 
 I- rimch .Soudan, under a • 
 
 „".\ov. iSyj. 
 
 i'l'i'i;?"'',"''";"" ''^'•'■"""■nt si, 
 Ilineilanil of the Ca,„i.,.|„, 
 riio k,„g ,j,- „,,,j| 
 
 llHvnT'^ '■'■'"""■•I- -6 "'"• 
 
 'p;d?^-!r;^;c':--.l:;';„;::,"' 
 p.irki,,„.,.ki;;.^;,;v„;';;:;;;;;;; 
 
 ."',>'" ''''Wll'lnealSoeietv .1 
 
 t'nvn(,„,.o„si,|,n.,i,,.ora leei 
 
 Lhurehof.Sonth Atriea •■ 
 
 '^"'"^•■'''"■A-NV(n,e,el,,,,,, , 
 
 "'tol an as.siieiatiiin i„ ,,,„„ 
 
 •■hiirterwasgnintcdtoajnin - 
 
 i«eenndeo„,,,„„y,vase,-,;„e, 
 
 to>iin,662;an,itherwasr,|,, 
 
 ""69s. In 1821 tlie,ii,,,p„i,,. 
 
 -VniicvN K.xm.i„<.,vT,„s- K,.Mi • 
 
 Krapl„,.al Society, Mav, iS,,' 
 
 AFiiiCANl.vsriri-no.s-.f,;,,,,,!,.,,!,, 
 
 ■■iKibtion of the ,i,,v,. ,,,„,,'" 
 
 Africa. Many schools have b'e, 
 
 ce.Hs, partieularlvatSie,,,,, 1 e,, 
 
 fe,',T'''\","''^-"^'''""''^^Vine, 
 
 ;;;^;,',;'°J'''j-.'886,astl,el!oy 
 
 , APRTCAN EXHIIJITl 
 
 IrhicHy illustrative of lite i,, \{ 
 aly near lake Taiiganvikii ■ , 
 iMwanl C. If,,,.,; '„,„;, ' ,, 
 
 f.x 11 bitio.i was jiatronizml hv tl 
 «ii,Anti-.Slavei-y,a„| |,,„„|;,„ 
 [m/im cxhihlthn ,a tl,|. Crvstal 
 village, w,tl, natives and ani, a 
 Mr. H. M. .Stanley, \c. ; ,8 May 
 
 AFRIKAXDER ISrXD 
 
 of tlie ilosceiidants of the Dutc 
 ifncii, fornu-(l to e.xtciul tlmir 
 prominent after tlie Traiisvmil 
 f''";' •■!"'! y''-<o,.sraa/. i,S,., 
 Bund opened ,.t Ituiglier.sdon,, 
 pntly requested fl.e l.igi, ,, 
 Town to Kct the l„nd questioi 
 
AWilCAX EXIIIUITION. 
 
 ;i''l.:;:Kt;;!,„;'^i;l:;:;:iii:;;,; - ^■. h,.,„..,.„, 
 
 ,M^'!:i!Uix;i^;:::!':;;;>-'''''".j..i.n»,,,n, ,,,,,,, 
 
 ,S:ri.;i';i!:[:;'f',.^:;;;''-|^'-.t ....,„, 
 
 "■I""-™ I l.y M si ■„ , f,;, -'"" .'^'""■■<. J I". iSqS; 
 
 ••"ilWi,.H. ,„„, I '•,, V ";'"/'i"l«'i'iip; Mr 
 _ ''.iiMIMWiMKiHiist .M|s,, 1, ;„.,•""•• -"'■'■■•■-sliil 
 
 FHK.VCH WKsr A|.'l( , X ,*.' ;^'"' '' ^'■"". /•".""», We, 
 
 i^nri/'i!;:;-;^-;;::;;:;;;^ iii"r.r;^:,^,-,; r^;: 
 
 "Nov. ,<!,,. ' '" " ^'*" K'.'v,,i„o.-, M. i;,.o,i„,, 
 flio kiiiK of Hai-ih'i i.i' II 'i-^l'iii'li, iF.,4. 
 
 ''PnM-An';;:^r";^.!:;!;„!::,'':;'?'«'''''-i.ii-,,i,,,,,,r 
 
 I''iik, Hiirclihiir.lt I,,;., *- ,"^-'"l''i>' ''.V l-i'ilvanl 
 
 t"W„ (in ,.ons, ,|,„. ,'',', -^ h' ',,;:;'},; '"^'!"'' '"•^"1"^- 
 ■•Wnuvln.fXmm/u,;!', ■•'''■''"' "J'""^'-^ "»■ tl.u 
 
 a«w,uiMr,ui,pMMvwH.,. ■,; h ,'' '■"'ii|,'''iiy in ,6,8 .- 
 
 v;;:,:^^v^;:,'r''-r.ai:y':i';;,::i^^,;„:^: ■•""' 
 
 '•;^oim.^r^yr':^;:;:'T;.t:i:/';,!;;r;V'' '"■?;''• '^''■'■- 
 
 Africa. Afaiiv sd,, , s h v ,', ' ' 'V' '•'"p"!!,,,, „(■ 
 
 '■oxx. I...rti,-„la,-lv at Si, , i , ,'"*'"'''"'''"' >""' «i"'- 
 Nation-ai. AmicAv r,,Mi.»» ■ ' 
 
 t-re,l, .o J,,l ■ 'sse a tl^c 1 n':7v''''''',''' '^S^! ^'''a''- 
 
 2;j 
 
 AGE. 
 
 I'oinri-t'snea hcM, 0|)n.,aitl„.i t,. \f, , 
 
 V"lc,l, iK.Maivli, iJi,;/! ' •^''' ^'■^■'' '"'nilM 
 
 wrr,. lurVi,l,le„ , ,' X, ;';'''^' ",'- "V"'' '''aHt, 
 
 ai- Mill nv/,;,, ;;^f , '' ,.'''l''''f'' ^■^:''^- '''"•>• 
 
 v^u>s, wc»icya;,;::ii:t,r;:: '''■='■- ''n'-^Mu.-a- 
 'ii'v-t,. t/H..,is,!iV,;s* '„;.::;'";"'• ''i-''-'''^^' 
 
 '"■"■is.T,rt..,i!„ 1 . „;■"""• " ',""-^i«t'''i of 
 
 'ill'"- .\^ni,-, after iS , . I '-'''"I""'-' "f <"un. 
 
 *tS;o '' ^'^ ""■ '■""''■'« ''f -^'a-alian. Into '^*-''*^ 
 Tmm, A,j,:(t,,tl,,. i.:x,,,|„sr,,,;,, p.,,,,,- ' 
 
 p;:A;;Kg;;fi;;:i;i?;!;':;p-;-™^a,,.„„ ; 
 
 «KVKN,HAuK(tatl,c.,avs,.,au'a.;)- ' ' 
 
 a-Kl.of u female if «; .• ™ " "t,,;; ^jl-^-'tv-one, 
 at ci-itci'ii In ici- li, '■'''. """^ °' a queen, 
 /H.I.Si,; the niaiontv of Edwai'.l VI 
 
 2.148-I9JJ 
 
 •490-1014 
 1014- 588 
 588- 4 
 
 .t/nr,„i cxinhit ,„i at the Irvst.l l'„i 
 ' village, with .mtiyes a,, 1 ,;■',,, "';';; "••^'^maliiai.,! 
 tion, iiiclii.li,,;: the e.. 1, et \i ".' ".,'""" ^'"'"''i- 
 
 lof the de.ee„.]a,uro/ the jj^^h itlT'-''''!?*'"^ 
 Jifnea, fonne.l to e.vt,.,, 1 h" r i, , , l''V^""''' 
 
 iBuiu. c;SJ'at'Z^h.;:i^;,,-V^r:V'' •''^' 
 
 at eighteen In 11:1- .1, '■ ^'""^ °' " 'l"eon, 
 »a7b3- the will's 'hu'(;.l;r"lC[ '';'"!4l''^- 
 
 .over,;.ne„t,^.^^inrrf';^e;^::\,^™'L^ 
 
 .i.'.v:::;r,::iTn;:;;;;i^?,:^;f,=^!;r;^" '^'■- ""^^* 
 
 tlM; .;lMI>vl, „,„! .H,te,e.l .St . vi-l'i ,^,fi '-'''"'," "'' f'"' 
 an.l theie eo„„„e,„,„| ult,-,a.,vv ilisi , *'''' ^-a'ai'Her, 
 aii'l /inallv,'laii„e.l to ,•,,/,'" "'"'"'i*'* '"'836; 
 -itl,eo,res,,o„,li;,i^;;, ;,,;^ ,^;:;",;'a';;;|. of the I.ei^,; 
 Ma.v, .850, Thoiaas H'lLinso,' s, , /,| ?, , v'™'*, "" " 
 si'ss...,, or hi, ..hil.l f,,,a, tie .'„„,•' "T, t'"v 1"«- 
 
 "■1 lie ha.l .separate.!)- tl,. ,, , ,; ■ "'' '"""'I'l- (frmu 
 
 the vi,.e-eha>„.el ,„■, t. '•.;,v ,1 :' ,','';''' "i'-^ '"'■"■'"■'' ''J- 
 "rtlu;i.a,v,,t>s tea,:hi,,,^.':!l,,V',V' '''■''''' ''ii'.l'"llutioi 
 ■lane .\otti.lj,'e .lie.l, havii,,- t ,f'i", ^ I'^^S. -Mis., I,„„i,s, 
 
 .i.t,.„i, ,-e..„vei-e.,! fnmi I', i,,',. '.;,'; -^"tti'lt.'!'. l>y a,i 
 In.ii.liileatly ol.taiiied. Kxtraor,lir',;rv '.li'"' ,"'*'' '""'•■'' 
 'I'a.lf iliiiiiin the trial, 25 .V,,lv ,fi '' ., n''''"'"'''''' ^'<''» 
 1S60, the Hev. Mr l>,i, , , V,, .^t^;. ,'' *'».' a"tu,„„ of 
 «'>i-<Te.le.l i„ res,„i„j5 1 iV i i ■,?','"".' """"I't". 
 They Imd both been early su ate of ' ■^^"i'"'"'^^- 
 
 
 'St 1 1,; 
 
 '^f'^^h 
 
 i.t, 
 
 »!f 
 
 
H 
 
 \\-K 
 
 AGED I'lLOUIMfSV 
 
 U 
 
 Aourcin.TUUAi, haix. 
 
 the until lit nlliiK'iiiii'f ; iit fniirtici, lie inny loiimnt »taii," in the wiir «itli tin' MiilinittiH mirrcn.lcnMl 
 
 to II iiiuiiiiuc, iir rliiiimc a Knaiiliuti ; iit irvnitrin to tlir llriliuli luircH, niiilcr ^iin'iiil l.iiki', 17 Oct. 
 
 he limy 111- III! ixiiiili.r, Hlid lit Iwciitv-iiiic lie in "t I.Soj, iillcr nlH' diiy'n "ii'k'i' : I'li pii'ii's "f "nliiiitico 
 
 ilKf; Iml luciinliin.' to tlic .Sliiliilc iif'WiIln, " Will hihI' 24ii,(»ki/. Hir'r rii[itiirc(l.- In June, iX^;, tlii. 
 
 IV. \- I Virt. c. 2(1, iM^;, iin will niiiili' Iv iiin ritv wim ahiiiKlniicil in llir iiiiilinniH lpy till' Kti 
 
 pcrxi'll UIkIcI' tllC IIIJI' (if tttclll\-<lllll Mills hIiiiU 111' jllllllll, » 
 
 liiitimk ri riiur ill till' I'mt, IVuiii wliirli thfv 
 
 viiliil. A /Iz/ikA ill twrlvc iniiv riitiKrlit tii i' mar- Wfir ri'miinl liy niiiini .MiitilK'nnn'iN iiinl inldiirl 
 riflKi, III 1(1111 111 II KJii' may iliudiu 11 j{uiircliiin,iin(l lit (iniitliril. Vi.'il n! the |iiiiiif nf Wnjis, 25 Jan., 
 ' ■ . . - ■ -..-. -..viliiliiiliiiil win niiiili' i'ii|iital nC tlii' N.W. 
 
 twi'iit\ -line nil 
 
 l«-(i, 
 
 AOKDl'ir.tililMS' KlilENT) SOCIETY, pr'niri.c- "I Imiia, in.Kml .ir.\«n., in 1«(>I. 
 
 founilid j.Sd- 
 
 iiiii!<, liS.'d mimI 18-1. 
 
 A(iI.\('()rilT. Hit A/.l.srdl-it (N. Finnn) 
 
 AOU.VM (I'miiifi'ly Zii».'nili), 11 city nf Cr.iiitia, 
 lliiiiKiny, rcNiili'iii'c nl tlic luiii; khHi'iciI niinh li\ 
 
 II >ill:iuc will 
 
 ' ll( 
 
 ?, 
 
 V. ('l 'KiikI.iIkI, Willi iilmiit ''iii-tliilimkcN, (/-I2 Nnv. I.S«ii, Sec rnmtiii. 
 
 CKKH) men, ilcfciilcd aliiiiit (Mi.tum Krcm li nn Si. 
 ii'h (liiy. 25 Oct. 141 V Of the KrciK li, ilierc 
 
 'rlKpl 
 
 were. III iiinlili;; in •.nine llccnilllls, 111,01 .. 
 cluilillK' file illike- nf .\lclicnll, llriili.ilil, :ill 
 
 Hlkilll 
 
 the 
 
 III. Ill 
 
 -I lliir, 
 I'N 
 
 A(}HA1{IA\ LAW iA;i,;iiiii /,.,), ilirrcd 
 an ci|iiiil iln inimi aiiiniiK the Itniiian |icii|ilu uf all 
 Oil' laiiil." iic({iiin il liy I iiii|iii'»t, liliiitiiif; llic acrcH 
 mill eiij"\ . It »ii» tii'nt prii- 
 
 «liiil 
 
 I ciicli |iei'Miii -.III 
 
 ,hl' lllillliislin|) nf Sens, olli' Miiiimi nil 11 en cm o, ui\^rt\ li\ llie e"Il''lll : 
 
 nincty-twii l.an.iiMir.il if,m kiii'.'^lil. ; ninl l^.mii ,„.,.,„ini,,'il lii,. jiiilieiiir iii.ii.lci- wlieii'li'e went' imtnf 
 primiiciK aniniiK wliniii were tli'iliikcs nf Orleans „iti, ,. in 4,Sv.-An iiciiiriiiii law was iiuhkciI liy tlie 
 and Uniirlinii, mid -ikxi liamns. kiiii;lits anil -eiitle- i,.,!,,,,,,. Ljeinins Sinli., C'' ; and Inr |iin|i,«inK fur- 
 
 Ti'',c ,"' '■■'!-''''' '""' '■','■ ''"'*'■ "' \"'.'*' ""■ '■■"'' tlier aiiielidineiils Tilieiiii.s (iniecliiis in | ; 1, ami 
 
 Ot Sllllnlk, and iil.ulil 211 ntlliTM. M. liemy a-serts 1,1, |„.„,|„ ,. ('nnil'lillMll 121, Were lllllldeied. LivillH 
 Willi iiinie prnlialulily tlial llie I'.ii-iisli ln-l llKKi jiniHUs. alriliiiiie, wa-niiiiileredfnrlliesaini'ciuise, 
 
 nicn. liemy \ . ,i.ni, alter nlitaiiied llic klli^jdnai ,„, j,,],,,, c,,,,,,,. |„„|,|t j„|,,l i|„, |,|elii iali.s liy pas^. 
 
 01 rrniiie. in;; an a);niriiiii la» in i'l.-— In i lern " times 
 
 AOIXCOl'UT. iriin-i'lad. Sco ymi/, I,S-|. tlie terni lias lieeii iiii>iiilci|'iiel( d In simiify a tlivi- 
 
 AUITAT<)liS(nr.\iliiitatnrs),iitHccrsaiH,(iinl.'d '*'"" "f i'"' ''""I"'''' t'"' '-i'l' ■"i"'"*-' 'I"' I"'"!-, f/v 
 
 l)v the j'.irliainenlaiv arniv ill fd-JT, In take cue nf 'I'";"".*' I'l;'.'!"""'' . ''V ilcina;;ni;nes. such as (,nur/„i.'. 
 
 itsintcii'>ls: laill trnnpni'i- naiiy had twn. The 'ahelit, cilllnr nl the J n/.,i,i >/„ I nt/j/t; III 171J4. 
 
 K'cneral Cmmwell was event iialh" nlili;.i.d tn re- I'll^iidhi nspiied apiin,! the dircelni'y with the 
 
 press llieir>eilitiniis pnwer. .\t a review he Fcized V"'"' "', "'''■."'ll!'- ■'.'Iivisam nl pmperly, wan lam- 
 
 dcniiied, and killed hiiii-ell, 27 .May, 1797. .h/runiiii 
 luli/m\ svi} III fiirtnif, l>l|v 
 
 A(iiai'()T,A'S WWA.svr lluimii, ll'iith. 
 
 A(JKi(;ri;iri!.\i. ciiir.imEN act, 
 
 pilillillits elllplnMllelll "I ehlMlell llllder eii;ht yciiis 
 
 nf ICC, and prnviiles Inr llie ediieatinii nf older 
 ..I. II. I - \ ,<j^ > 
 
 ^, 11, 1 .11 t I .III, >, < II ,1.1^ i, VII I N.ii I \ III III;;, -11 t, I I ,- 
 
 press llieir>eilitiniis power. At a review he nizcil 
 the riiii;leiiiler> Ilia iiiiitiny. slmi one insianlly, in 
 
 the |ire-en d' his eninpaiiinnsaiiil the fnnes 1111 the 
 
 griuind, and llni- reclined di-rl|diiie. !li<iiii\ — 
 Daniel O'Cnnneil, the nijihilu,- „/' lulmiil, was linrii 
 in 177v lie lu'^-an tn agitate at the eleitinlis in 
 I.f2(i;'was eleiled fur Clare, 5 July, |,S2,H ; the 
 (declinii liein,; derliired vniil, lie' was 're-elerted V' 
 July, lS2>). .Mlir the passiiix' „f the Catlmiie 
 eniaiiii|i,iliiin hiil. iie afitaled in vain fnr the rcp'-al 
 of the iiiunii, l.^iltn i.S.)^, He died li.Min, J,S|7. 
 — Uieliard Ciihileii and Jn'hn Uri.ulit we're ihe chief 
 AHti-iiii-ii-hiv- iiijittitwx. \",\\ 45.-. Mr. Ilri-hl he- 
 canie a Hilnriii iiiiifiiluriw iHiAi, 
 
 AGX.\DEr,LO (\. K.Italy). Here I.miis.MI. 
 of l''raii' e i;aiiieil ;i ureal viclnry over the Wiieliaiis. 
 some nf wliiw Irnnp.s were accil.-ed of cowardice and 
 trenchcry; 14 .Mav, ijO). The eoiillict is also 
 tcniied the hattleol the Kivolta. 
 
 children, 5 .Vii;,'. 1^7; 
 
 AGiMcri/rr'i.'AL hall, Islington, n. 
 
 I.nlidnii. , hiellv for 111. iMeelilis:s 1. 1 the Siiiillitielil 
 (.'lull. 'I'll!' Inundalinii siniie was laid li\ the presi- 
 dent, lord Meiiicrs, 3 Nov. i.Siii. 'I'l'ie hall ha. 
 Iiecn niiicli used lor indnslrial exhiliiliniis, pnhlii 
 iiieetin;,'s, t'lineslrian and |icdestriaii |ierliirniance~, 
 concerts, iV.-!'. 'i'lie hall was usiteil In the iMieeii 
 ,s .March, I.Hijl. See llmsr^. 
 It WHS n|H'iieil I'nraii cxhiliilioii (if dii;;s, 24 Juno, iSfu; 
 
 liniscs and dniikcysexliiliilcil. .Inly, 1S64, ami aiiiinalh' 
 
 since 
 
 A -v^ f ^nicc. 
 
 AG\01T..T; ffrmn tii/iiniii, (ireek, ii/iinrdiiri'). j FirsI Maillillcldiiiiniiiil ( alllc slmw licrc, fi liec. 1862. 
 
 A sect founded hy Tlienphioiiiiis of ('appadocia A kichI icl'oiia (Iciiionsiiatioii wii.s iiiaile licrt', 30 July, 
 
 nut {70 : said to hine doiilited 111" iininisciciice of ..'■''''",'■ 
 
 ahniit J70 : said to lime doiilited 111" iininisciciice ol 
 God. II. The InllowcrsofTlieiiiisliiis of Alexandria, 
 ahout 5(0, who held ]ieciiliar views as to the body 
 ot t'hrisi, and douhled his divinity. 
 
 AGXOSTIf 'S, nanio driven to philosniihers who 
 nsM'i't that we have no knowlediic lint what we 
 iiciinire hy means of onr senses, aiioiit 1X71). Mr. 
 llerhert Spencer, I'rofessnr Huxley, and .Mr. John 
 l''iske are said to he n^i'tinstics." ".\ii Agnostic 
 Aiioln;ry" by Mr. Leslie Stephen, piihlislied l.Sij^. 
 
 AGOXISTICI (from ai/r,,,, Greek, a cvi>fl!cl), 
 also ternied cinnfoiyx, 11 hrainh nf the Donatists 
 (ir/'ic/i sir) in the 4th century. They preached 
 with great holdness, and incurred severe iiersecu- 
 ti(ni. ' 
 
 AGRA (N. W. India), founded bv Akbar in 
 I,S'''», was the eaiiital of the Great iMnsul; see 
 Minisokiims. In 11,58 AiirunL'/.ehe reiii'oved to 
 Detlii.— The fortress of Agra, "the key of iliildo- 
 
 iiniad liiill In till' l!i.|L,.i:iM visitors, vnliiiitecrs and ),'an 
 
 livi(llle; inillic ol Willed IMVSCllI, i8 .liily, 1867. 
 ' Kxiclli at ImlM' -lliiws heM liele. Miiy, ,sf„s, it seq. 
 Tliciiliiiiil liiiii liylils licre stopiicil.niiiiccniiiitofe'rueltv 
 
 jS .\liir. 1S70. 
 Workiiii'ii's liiti'raiitioiial exliiliitioii oiieiicd by tlm 
 
 prime nf Wales, ii, .Inly. iSyn, 
 Niiliniial lAliiliilinii i.r iiiiiiliiiieiv. iiiipliaiicc.s, iiiaiiiifiii' 
 
 tlin s, mill |i|n.|uc.-. ii|.elicil o|, Sc|it. 1879. 
 lAlliliilinli liy lllr lillililili;,' tr.iilcs, npelieil 12 Ajiril, iSf,- 
 
 'I'.'iiniaiiiiMils (,<,', I /, ,,,) liclil liii-e 2 1 .liiiie, ,83o, c/ »V ' 
 InliTiMilioiial lonil cxliiliiiinii, o]iciic(l n i let. 1880. 
 Milling: exliil'itinn (umlir iliiectioii nf .Vatiniial Assn.i.i. 
 
 tinii ,il llrilisli ami lii^li .Millers), lo-iS .May, 1S81. 
 " ArcHiiia,' riiial eiilcrlaiiiiiiciit, .Inly to Sciit. 1887 lie'' 
 
 aaiiiialiy. 
 Naiiox.m, AriiiK ri.Ti'ii.u. H,\i,i., W. Kciisiiigtoii • loai 
 
 diitioii laid l.y the carl or Zetland 21 , Inly, 1335; iciiiJ 
 
 liall 440 feet loll,', .-^n feel wide and UX3 I'cct 111 li ■ 
 
 Willi II iiiimir liall for nllices. .Vc. ; the roof ci iisi.,ts.i 
 iron and },'lass ; di'si;.'iic(l liy the late Mr. Henry K I 
 Co..; i,i>.i.-i,t iii,.l,i|,.,.i Mr. .laraes Edaicsti.ii ; c..u. 
 tractors .Messrs. I.iica.s and others; co»t of erccti..|il 
 
 AGU 
 
 '"'■nwainl oil,,,,. ,|j.,. 
 
 AqmcULTf'JtA 
 
 .a.sHi',l ,, An;,. ,87,,'; 
 
 J"'iillords ami ,ei,„;,?;. , 
 "'hn- ini|,(irl,int acts; 
 ;■•';'''-"■ 'Scot h.ml.e.,,; 
 ', '";«"' I Jan. iHiS.,. 
 '^''■' "■•'hapliii, .,,{.',,), 
 
 'l"'';';n ofrati.livhaiV 
 
 -Mr. ( i.apliii, .,,, .4,,,,,, 
 iniiis sitti,,., 22 .May 
 J^'*^''; a siniiii,,. ,1,1 |„',. 
 
 , AGUrcirLTUHK 
 
 ;^'';'n'- 'mu c„„iwi„,.^;i, 
 
 <''iln|li'(;cns,.r(.|i,.,|,.,^,, 
 ■CI aiaeni lion,,,,, V,,„ 
 '"'■" ^ '' ■;;ies, ,., I, ,. 
 
 Prnv.'llivllii, |(ii,„„|,„„|| 
 
 ,:iUln.|l,i.i,,..||„„|,,„.„ 
 
 J) Til \ ■'''■'''''''''■'•'' I'''! 
 Jli,M is"lni|i,,„.,.,.,.. ,, 
 
 Haiilil.s " l.e..;;i,.v ■■ „, ■ 
 
 •':'i""i"ii..-^i,,;,:,i,'^rii,« 
 -A ■;;;;inn.cmii,r,i,e ,;„,",'!:, 
 
 J),; V ,'"l""''""'> ""■"'I'-' 
 
 ""■Id "I AotciiIiiiiv, ,„, .„ 
 ""'■nv.irifs |,i,.,i.|..|„ ,!,s,,, ,1 
 "■•"'V years seeici,,,.,-. f,, 
 7Vo|s.,,7„7 ,j,,. •'• "-"I 
 
 •\ '■■irlianieniiiiy coniinli ,, 
 
 ,„'';;',';"^V" " ''"'>"' 
 
 111 li^ la^v; '■■"""""'■'■ '■'■'■ 
 
 ■V "' "''I'nnn,- ae,ii,,,( 
 
 ""■'cat lliil„i„, ami 1,; |1.;.'| 
 
 i„''''r'i',''',l'''"' "'"'•"""'"■' 
 "■■al Urilain ami liel,,, 
 l'nl'h-.la.i| i„ (lie ,,i,„ii„l ",.^1 
 
 "i'l-l- Sec J,, ,., ^' 
 
 '"■''". '■'■'•koi y 111,. .\;-,.i,.,|| 
 
 '■".'"^■'"'.""■'■"■'■•'"•■ianirswi., 
 I'n'i'nil **''" '■"I'-'dalel ii 
 
 '•'Ul.iml .i2,l(w,uorj aeres ill , 
 
 I li'll'l'V" "■■412.C«,/, .Si„|.,. , 
 
 „ ''""""-ht 11,(11. .„|,iv„ii,i„ 
 llistia.v 01 .\;,.n,.„|,,n„ ,.„„| 
 
 ;j;;^^;J^^ l''"lcss.ir.la,iics| 
 
 '"^Fcinfe''' '"'«'■''•' 
 
 Nationai coiilcrcnce iin „,.,.i,,,|, 
 ■.'■■'"'"^•^ hall. I..ai,|.iii; I, , 
 
 I.OWIlie,-, clMirii,,,,, ; Mr I 
 
 ■■speaker; iviii.',li,.s i,iuii„s,.i| ii 
 '''"''"■li"".'' ce,l'ii.,!,r. .' 
 0.y.jn,lalloll.lr,ula.,■,e,ll,|, 
 7. S Dee. ||,e ,.,||-| ,„■ ^yi 
 
 '; I"' dm some coiimii's; „, 
 
 '-in,l;';;riC7!;'T;n^'r"' 
 
 M;^-.m.si,,,a.o,ir,r,t"n ';,;• 
 "■".|nentl.V|,rcseiit:„iv,„, '.'■, 
 U'aii ;, ;i„i„.,.„ ,.,,,, :- 
 
 •'"i- ; i|is«ieii. ,7.1,,,,' . ,,.;' ■' 
 
 ;;^K;.-n..Mi,'e.!,;;ii;,:!;;;,;i';- 
 
 iiiiiiiiiii Lnion," .I,!,.,.!,,,! ,, ... , 
 
iirrriijcrcil 
 
 c, 17 Oct. 
 r nnmiiiici) 
 
 iKsr. till' 
 tlir Kiirci- 
 
 fllil ll llu'V 
 
 ml nil'ini'l 
 , 2; Jan., 
 till' -\.\V. 
 II, 
 
 if Cniitin, 
 much l>N 
 id. 
 
 ), decreed 
 >|dc Ml' all 
 till' iicruB 
 tii^t prii- 
 II. c, mid 
 ellt nut "(' 
 ■d liy the 
 iiniiiK fur- 
 lU, and 
 
 d. l.ivliis 
 liir ciiliHi', 
 s lpy pas.-.. 
 I'll tliui s 
 y a divi- 
 iiiiir, frc 
 (irii<c/iii\ 
 
 ill 17')-). 
 with the 
 was cull- 
 If/I'ill'idii 
 
 H'tilh. 
 r ACT, 
 
 ilil years 
 of older 
 
 llton, N. 
 iiiithtield 
 le iircf-i- 
 hall hi,^ 
 S puldii 
 iliialii-e-, 
 e (|lieeii, 
 
 lie, iS6j; 
 uiiiiiiall) 
 
 , 1862. 
 30 July, 
 
 lid Kill-. V 
 67. 
 
 ■ferocity, 
 
 by til, I 
 
 iiuiiiurMi' 
 
 A(JUI(,U//l'lrit|.^ 
 
 'Vuiticrj/ri-jiK. 
 
 >«;i:;;'.'J",,i;;rT;,rr v''"" "'" ' J"'-"-;":;;" ■'"* - • ■■>■ .-. ... ,.„. 
 
 Jcthn. n,,, -Ir A' ."s"; .. . ; "n„„a,„i,„,, M , '" te'';- ""•/•l''Oo/,|,„ 
 
 
 'IHtlV^V l|l,l„,ii.,...l ,.. ' "'I ' "llll ll^nCII llM'/ll l.i!,, , ll,.C....l - .I'Olll.ll. 
 
 ■iiitiv.ii ,, u';.,' •'r'''''''"'i'''i<'"ii.iiiiti 
 
 '-]«i^H,,i ,.,.,»,,.j',:: !^ ■ II im?^ ■': "r;," ^^'■'■" "> '«4.. N..iwi,.i,. 
 
 value,, I ,i;,4,,,,„w, .Mlieeli ",•'"','"","""' '^S'- '■^'■''■l■• 
 . '•■"» lu-..i„li,, i„,„ eultivalinns',,.'';,";;,, '"''■'' '^""' '.••'■•< -Si.. Wiinls,,,-. 
 
 S?''i'>'''''--': i::ulc:;'l^ fc";j^^?^i-i' v-- '^-- '^'-'--- 
 
 Ibdrt- ],;-■-. '■""*-'■''', iJiil.li.shi.il.JiiiH., 1054. I. in,-,, ill 
 
 ,"!^:'i:'l^;f^''" -'■'-""H<. ww.ei-. „„.. ;^^^:;:i;;;l;:^:^,,„ 
 
 "1 ;rv';;;:ir::i;;,;:;;iri;,:;--;:;,;''T.....,,i m s,. ;J|J: ;^i;!::;r- ' 
 
 'al")UnT.v iiiel ,|,.l,..,,,,,' ,'']"' I'-ii^iut-laiiiici-.s, 
 
 "iMVlke,-; l>Uu,.,|les|,|-;,,„ .11,'.' '> /''■'I'lni, chief 
 
 piotc.eii,,„.n-,|i„.,.,i ,.,.,, ' "■""I ili"i'-<: iii.idei-al,. 
 
 7, 8 I.ee. Thee ,-,"-'.',";'','"""" "< all .-la,,,,. 
 
 '86;. \o hlerliii-. ,,„ ... 
 
 iHf.H I ,.;,. , . " "ll-I.VIle. 
 
 loir,, I .eie<'..,|i.|. ,300 V , . 
 
 ,0,- 11 . 1003. .>,.' '.fit, It,, 
 
 86,. U,,„-|,,.s„.r. ,3^,, Wi,„u:;l "'" 
 
 .S7U. <i\l.ii,i. 
 1S71. W.,Im.,- 
 
 Il.lllllilnli 
 
 '-^72. Cinlill. 
 .-'7,1. Iliiil. 
 '«74. Iii-.lr,,i-,l. 
 -'7^. Tiiiiiitiin. 
 
 I'll Kli, 
 
 1- ;l. 1),,I||.,|, ),,,._ 
 
 .-'.-■. tt'.,i-»-i(.K-. 
 
 '■ 'i. •■lii-^ti-r. 
 
 i^';4- ''aiiilii-ii|;,'((, 
 
 iS'i.v li.-irliu,i;l,,o 
 
 iSgn. I.i,i(.|.,t,.|.^ 
 
 -;-i.;nui..haia;3^:;irh;::.„. 
 
 7, 8 I.ee. Thee Vu V, ,'"""" "' ^'H cla,««, 
 
 •'llllilee sliil,. 1,,|,,|,,,,.| ... v., , 
 
 Wal.^siu ll.celj;;..',;^',,^ ;.,;'";;;-'^ '■alaoc, priiinc of 
 yrieel,Me.H;-,VeM, Urt ,P8, ''' '^'■"'""-''"'' : cour.se.S 
 
 1881. 
 
 887, liel 
 HI ; l"iii,. 
 
 is; ii'iiiii 
 
 ct lii;'li 
 -iisi.st.s..f| 
 Iciiry K. 
 
 >u ; ci-ii. 
 crcctii'ii 
 
 ,,, ri"" L III 
 
 -i.:''H;:'!rt^n;;;:ur':'';;;,;';--^^ti;;ei,;e;:ro t 
 
 " "-i.-iuV;:-;;::;;;'; i.fv,':;- ,1;: '-1 -i; wiuciisea i^;;n;u.;:s^ri;;;;";s:;r" '"'" '^ '-■'' ', iustu,,,,.,, ,,,, 
 
 •'"",- : l|'s»ieh, ,7,1,,,' ;T. ;, ,'/^;'-^ au,loll„.,.|,u.,.s, 
 ,'"Jau. ; Tuhl„i,r.,. «-,. | ' '■'""'•'" ■'•"i. ; l.iiicolii, 
 
 Hrtaei-,.s. It was ,,|„.„,.,i •'""•. ^-^^^ <>,.,.|||,i.,a 
 
 •'line, visit,.,| hv IheU, - ■* ,","' I'.lllecof W,,:,., ' 
 
 , -•luly, ,*;,,. ■ "" '^'"■'■" '''•'"b•.all,IW,^se,|,i,,^,ll],° 
 
 " ^- /t't,illiri-i „/■ ti,ri,-„lt„ .. ■> 
 
 I oi-KMNuii,'' I'h.. i' ,' "■ '7"".' "t tl. .nniiit e?'| I , '■'"'■•".-■d. .84,. ■' " ^ '"''"•••^''■■- oi-KauiscI, ,84a; 
 
 |fir.-t iMceii,,.. „- t ' .', 'i '•''• '-'"'J- I ''I'r' ''.vihe .\|,.n.,.|.s' Cui, .n,, 1 '"' "t l'^"- 
 
 I A.-H -.,l.„. I .' ■ '" ''■'! Collll.-i ,.f 11,„ v„ll ,1 "ffio,r>,/ (l,.t ,n„„ '"I'auy, l.iuiiliili ,v 11, ,'„;f^ 
 
 """ '- '^"^-t = »"■'""' , opeiicl ,;;;'•'' ""'■■" ' ■""'•!/.' at Wye, , , .,\.shfor,l, 
 
 l^»! t 
 
 ,-^» 
 
 
 4T 
 
 1 
 
 
 k 
 
 i^M 
 
 
 J? 
 
 IgF' 
 
 ^1 
 
 1 
 
i ! 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 AID. 
 
 J. I 
 
 VritUh DaUii FuiinTs' .IssnciiidViH.— IiiaiiKUratL'il ; flrht 
 slinw oipcnt'cl at AHiii-iiltunil h:ill, Luniluii, 24-28 Oct. 
 1876. 
 Hii/ml Aiiriciilliiral Ikm-vnIenI ItintilntUm. — It relievus 
 lariiU'is iiiiil tliuii- wiiluws and iii'iilmns ; fouiulfil chit'lly 
 I1V Mr. .Mi'ilii, iiifxj. 
 Tin: .■hsi,n,il,il .■l^iric'iltiirlsl.i u/ (Imtt Ilriluiii, a liniitcd 
 
 (•niii]i;tiiy, itr'iiMi.scil .Vi'iil, iSSi. 
 A(iHi(i Ml ii.M, L'liKMisriiv.— sir lUiiniiln'y liavy di'- 
 liverod Icitiiri's diitliis sulijirl (al'tiMw.uds |iulili.~lii'd), 
 nt the hi.^t.uii-i' .il' tin: H.iard ul' .\^'iiinltiin' in ibii ; 
 liut it I'xritcil littlf altuiiliiiii till tlu' iml'lic alioii iif 
 Licliigs worli in 1S41 , wliiidi made a ]inrt.Tlnl iniiircs- 
 siuii. l.ii'tiig's •■ l.idt.'rs (in .^u'riiadliin' " a|i|iiarc'd In 
 1859. li'i">^>*iiii;anlts "i:.<iiiiiniic lluralc"ap|K'ari'd in 
 
 1844; hi.s '• .\;;r"i ni'" in 18608. lie ilii'd .May, 
 
 183;. (iri-at imvu'ss mad.' liy tin- i-.>;iiiTinifnts (if 
 l..i\vis, (lilluTt, Tastt nr. and ntln-rs. 
 Tlio iniiiurlaiil ii\|i.'nnii'nt-i id' sir .lohn lii'iimd l.awas 
 and Hi. .i. H. Cillii'it (l;nl., Ann. lEq,!) l"v'aii at 
 H'ltlianislcd, lli'rts, in 184!. T1li> jnliilia' was iili- 
 .seivi'd at a nu'ftin^'nl' tin' liiival Af,'ncnltnra] smdi'ty, 
 I Marcli. iSui. tlf luini'i- nf W.iles in tin' ili.iir. wlirii 
 it was di'ti'iniini'd In set uji a K'aniti' nieniniial nn 
 till' s|iiit wln're tin' i"i|iiMini.!nts wiTi carried nn. .Sir 
 Jiiliii. Iiy till- ^'ill III ii«j,o.>i'., eiidiiwi'd tlH'ir cun- 
 tiniiaiH'e' aller Ids dealli. 'I'ln' nn'murial was set nii, 
 Jlr. llerliert (lardner, M.I'., iiresent, 29 .Inly, iSiij. 
 A(iiuc-ii.Ti-K,M. G.iNds. — In the s|iriiig nl' 1S6;, must 
 jiaiidnl e.\|iiisnreswi'n' made nl' the iirev.ileneeul'inncli 
 erneltvand inim.iralily in the (.''inw system (in which 
 linys and ^irls are emplnyed) in several iif llie eastern 
 anil midland enunties; and in ennseiinenre an act wa.s 
 liasseil 20 Ant;, h'l' regnlati.ig these yangs, licensing 
 gang-masters, to'. 
 .,\,Uiiinn lit Agrienltnral r.aliiinrers. managed ehielly liy , 
 Jiise|ili Anil, tiirmerly ,1 laliniuer, al'lerwanis a M.'thn- 
 disl ]ireai'lier (M.I'. i330 (his antciiiingiaiihy. edited 
 liy the eiinntess ni Warwirlc, pnlilislied iic,SI. was ; 
 inangurated at l.eaminglnn. Warwicl<sliire. jo JIareli, 
 187J. The mnvement sjiread. Iieing cnnntenaneed liy 
 Aiilieriin Jlerliert. .M.I'., and nther.s. TheL'niuii nn't in 
 laiiiddn, .\reli re-eleeted jircsident, 16, :; May, 1877 ; 
 at lA'illiird, 16 Si'iit. iSSi. 
 Lock-ont nt agrieiiltnial laluinrers lielnnging to the 
 Uniiin (lasted 18 weeks, ciisting the L'nii'ii much 
 niiiney), Ijegan at Ahleiton, Snll'idk, March, 1S72. | 
 
 Dis]>nte hetweeii I.inenlnsliii'e tanners and laliunrcra 
 settled, 18-20 May; Sidhilk and .N'mrulk I'armera 
 I'el'nse eiiniiirnmise, alinut 25 May: the L"iiiiin ceased 
 til sn|ipiirl the loeked-md laluinrers, leaving them tu 
 emigration, or to seek emiilnyment, 27 .Inly, 1S72. 
 The agitation sniisided ; the lalionrers were eni]iloyed, 
 autumn, 1873; agricnltiiral return for (1 real Kritain, 
 1873 ; ri'iHirted steady inci'ease in prosperity. 1875. 
 Tile delegates of the National Agricultural l.alniurers' 
 
 Union mi't, 26 (let. 1875. 
 Very great agricultural de|iressioii through liiid seasons, 
 and foreign im]itatations ; many landlords remit large 
 jiart of rents, 1S77-9. 
 Royal Conuuission of Inquiry aiipoiuted 4 July, 1S79. 
 Committee of Conmil on Agriculture appointed, earl of 
 
 Koselw'ry lu'esident, ahoiit 27 .April, 1883. 
 The Agrienltural Ketunis of Great liritaiii were issued 
 for the llrst time liy the newly-i'onstituled Agricul- 
 tural IJepaitnieiit, 1883. SSecond return |ireseiited, 
 27 t)et. 1884, and conlinnid annnally. 
 The llepartinental Committee recommend SState aid for 
 
 education, dairy schools, .Vc, .March. iSS8. 
 A new Jioard of .\gricnltnre was e.stalilislied hy Act 
 liassi'il i.> .\ug. : Henry Cliapliii appointed president 
 and caliinet minister, 5 Sept. 'I'lie Imird assumed the 
 duties previously fullillid l.va deiiarlinenl of the privy 
 council, iS8g. Herlieit (lardner, presiiieiit. Aug. 1CQ2; 
 Walter Long, July, 18,^5; (Quarterly Journal, N'o. 1, 
 pulilishcd 7 Sept. 1804. 
 International Agricultural C'.iugress, at Paris, iSSq; at 
 Vienna, 2 Sept., 1600; The Hague, 7 Sept. 1S91 ; 
 Brussds, 8-if) Se|it. ijys ; liudapeat, 17-20 Sept. 1696 ; 
 Lausanne, 12 -17 Sept. i8r,8. 
 Much injury caused hy tliediamoiid-back moth, summer. 
 
 1 89 1, 1S92. 
 The foilowiiig talile, drawn »]> liy Jlr. William Cnuling, 
 C.K., in 1827, is extracted from the Third lieport of 
 the Kmigration Committee :— 
 
 England 
 Wales 
 Seotland 
 Ireland 
 lirit. Isic 
 
 ACR1';S. ACKKS. 
 
 '25.632,000 3,454,ouo 
 
 3,1 17,000 I 530,000 
 
 I 5,265,0*10 I 5,950,000 
 
 12,125,280 i 4,900,1X10 
 
 i 383,690 j 166,000 
 
 ,M HKS. j AC'EES. 
 3,256,400 '32,342,400 
 1,105,000,1 4,752,000 
 8,523,930 19,738.930 
 2,416,664 19,441,944 
 
 569,469 , i,ii9,i5c> 
 
 146,522,970 '15,000,000 l5,S7t,.i63 .77,394,43i 
 
 At that iieriod it was compnii 
 United Kingdom was annually er. 
 projiortions : 
 
 d that the soil of the 
 'pped ill the following 
 
 ACRES. 
 
 7,000,000 
 
 1,950,000 
 
 6,500,000 
 
 1 , 1 50,000 
 
 1,750,000 
 
 2,800,000 
 
 60.000 
 
 20,000 
 
 110,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 21,OCO,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 2,100,000 
 
 46,540,000 
 
 1866. 
 
 Great liritaiu 
 
 
 Iri'land . 
 
 1870. 
 
 Gieat liritaiii 
 
 
 Ireland . 
 
 1876. 
 
 Great liritaiu 
 
 
 Ireland . 
 
 I8S3. 
 
 Great Hritain 
 
 
 Ireland 
 
 1887. 
 
 Great liiitain 
 
 
 Ireland . 
 
 18S9. 
 
 Great liritaiu 
 
 
 Ireland . 
 
 1890. 
 
 Great liritaiu 
 
 
 Ireland . 
 
 lS91. 
 
 Great Hritain 
 
 
 Ireland 
 
 1B96. 
 
 Great liritJilu 
 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Barley and rye 
 
 Potatiies, oats and lieans 
 
 Turnips, caliliiiges, and other vegetal des . . 
 
 ('lii\'er, rye-grass, &c. 
 
 Fallow . 
 
 Hop-gronnds 
 
 Nursery giounils 
 
 Inrlosed Iniit.llower, kitchen and otliergardeus 
 
 Pleasure grounds 
 
 Land dejiastured liy cattlt! 
 
 liedge-lciws, copses, and woods . 
 
 Ways, water, itc. 
 
 Cultivated land 
 CHOI'S OK GllKAT liUirAIS AMI Ini:i.A.sD : — 
 
 fccii '.'11 I'll Grasses, 
 
 Cnips. < 1 1|/^^. ,t-c 
 
 Acres. Acres. Acres. 
 
 9,252.784 3,562,434 15,964,553 
 
 2i'74>'^'J.i i 1.481,525 12,006,191 
 
 9,548.041 I 3,586,730 16,577,740 
 
 2,173, KH) 1 11498,719 
 
 9,194,669 j 3,571,874 18,056,217 
 
 1,848,487 I 1,363,224 
 
 8,618,675 I 3,454i579 >9i4(5ii29S 
 
 1,678,125 i 1,2,0,253 .... 
 
 8,145.804 3,463.706 20,452,422 
 
 1,562,463 I 1.229,092 
 
 8,075.172 3,299,647 15,865,863 
 
 1,535,102 1,219,549 .... 
 
 8.033,133 3,297,528 16,017,492 
 
 1,514.607 1,214.396 .... 
 
 7ifiS5.7;!9 3i2S6,9o6 16,492,567 
 
 l,48o.,',Qi , 1,153,527 
 
 7,416.690 3,253,591 16,726,476 
 
 1,420,721 1,147.717 I 
 
 AGRIGENTUM (now (iia/niti), a city of 
 Sicily, built aliout 582 n.c. It was governed bv 
 tyrants from ^(>b to 470; ainoiig 'iliese wore— 
 Phiilaris (see Jlriizcii Hull); .Vleauianes; Theroii 
 who, with Ills step-fatlicr (iclon, deteited the 
 Carthaginiiins iit lliniera, 4H0 : and TlniusydiBus, hi» 
 son, e.vpellod in 470; wlien a republic was estub- 
 lished. It was taken by the L'artliiiginiiins in 405 
 n.c, and held, except during sliort intervals, till 
 gained by the Ronians in 2ti2 n.c. From a.d. 825 
 till 1086 it was held by the Sai iicciis. 
 
 AHMEDNUGGUK (W. India), onee capital 
 of a state founded by Ahnied .Shah, about 1495. 
 After huviuff fallen iiito the hands of the Moguls 
 and the .Malirattas, it wtis taken from the latter by 
 Artluir Wellesley, 12 Aug. l.Stjj, and ix'utoreil to tho 
 British dominions, June, 18 17, 
 
 AIDE, see Ayde. 
 
 AID TO THE SICK A\D WOUNDED, 
 
 National Society F(jii. (hi 4 Aug. 1870, soon 
 after tlio breaking out of tlu- l'ianeo-(Jeniiaii war, 
 a meetiiiK was held in London, which established 
 tliis society under the rules of the Ueiievu Coiivcu- 
 tion, which see. 
 
 AIL2 
 
 of I'russii 
 this, as 
 pot the 1 
 a liberal 
 
 The Queen, patron ; the pri 
 col. Loyd-l,ii:d.sav, en.ciri 
 live supiiorters, liuke of .' 
 teslmry, lords (Iverstone i 
 ney,geiieral sir ,lohn Ijn 
 
 1 gniore. and eajitain (i 
 
 The o|ierations were eh 
 Henry liraekenhurv, at 
 -Mr. John Kiirlev and gem 
 A fruitless meeting to proni 
 the soeietv. It w.is then 
 h.id been received; togetli 
 
 45,ojo/. .... 
 Col. Loyd Lindsay convc.ved 
 
 from the society 40,0001'., 1 
 
 the Gennaiis iuid Frem 
 
 ledged) 
 The rrown-jirinee 
 
 Linds.iv: " In 
 
 distress, the lie 
 
 poured out will 
 
 The gilts whiih have la 
 
 Christian spirit have excil 
 
 gratitude among those mi 
 
 The soeietv affiaded niueli 
 July -Sept. 1876, and the 
 
 The Princess of Wales' hr.'im 
 a sui'idiis of 6,417/. June, 1 
 
 AILANTINE, see * 
 
 AIR or At.MOSI'HEUF 
 
 (530 n.c.) declared air t. 
 
 and the iirst cause of every 
 
 (about 79 n.c.) ealeiilatia: 
 
 sphere to lie 8(X3 stadia. ' 
 
 IS lb. to tlu'S(|uari' inch, v 
 
 rs'14, and demonstrated by 
 
 the l)arometer) about a. I 
 
 I'ascal, in 1647, to vary w 
 
 Newton, and others, tip t 
 
 illustrated the agi'iicv aiu 
 
 power by variiuise.xpe'rime 
 
 tions Inive followed; amn 
 
 of Outer of Nuremberg abi 
 
 invented by Otto von Uuei 
 
 1650; impioved bv Itobert 
 
 llooke about 1659';* and t 
 
 Mr. Sutton, a brewer of Li 
 
 density ami I'lasticity of 
 
 Boyle; and its relation to li 
 
 Newton, and Derham. 'I'l 
 
 s])here abo*-e the surface ol 
 
 considered as alauit 45 
 
 about 77 parts of nitrogen 
 
 otiier matters (such as carb. 
 
 a traeeof aninionia, <icc.) wa 
 
 (who discovered oxygen 
 
 (177s), Lavoisier, and Cav 
 
 refraction were investigate 
 
 The researches of Dr. Schiji 
 
 id' Basel, between 1840 and 
 
 tion of two states of the ox\ 
 
 rails ozone and 1)11/0:0111;. l 
 
 l.iird Hayli'igh and I'rofesi 
 
 the liritish -•Vssoejation tli 
 
 pis in air, aftcrwanh ter 
 
 i)r. Stenhouse's Air-Jilte) 
 
 * Sproiigpl's excellent nir-p 
 mercury is emiiloyeil, was invi 
 
 t Air, as well .-is its gaseo 
 ciiiiipressed into tln^ liouid 
 
 ini'ssiire and inteusi hi, iS 
 
 llelieva, and (.'aillelet of Paris, 
 111!' Itoyal Instilutiiin. c .Inn 
 Iii'ivar exbiiiited ln|iiid air olit; 
 "f - 192* Cent. In March, 18 
 ill lliii Conn of ieu. Severa 
 liipiid nir were exhibited, 
 iliioed at the Friday nioeting, i 
 
AILANTINE. 
 
 27 
 
 The Queen, imtrnn ; tlic luiiice ul' Wiilcs, lu-f sidciit • 
 col. Ln.V(l-l,in,ls;iv, .•iwinji.ii, „f <M,iiiiinttcfs ; ii,'- 
 tivo .suiii.nrt..|s, .Ink,. „r M.niclMst,!-, ,,,il ,.r ^slla|■- 
 t.'sliiiry, l.inls ( )v..rstc,iiu ;ii..i lim v, Mr Umiiv Vit- 
 liiT.Kciii.nn sir ,Im1iii liiu-oyii.', ■sui-..,.M-L'c'iu.ri,l 
 i.niiaii).iiv. mill ciiiilaiM (nil. Ml) |i„iij;h,.s (lalt,,,, 
 llu! (i|.i|ratii.iis wii,.. i-liicily ,li„.,-t,..l l,v ..apt. 
 I .■iiiy linii-kcMliiny. at tlir scat ul wai-.ainl l,y 
 -;li. Jiiliu l-iuley .'iiiil -,.|i,.ial sir Vi.ii-ii.t Kviv. " 
 
 Alniitlcssiii(tetin-toi,rui„ot..tlii.iiiiM,n,„iati(iii nf 
 tie.soiwvty. ItHustliHi iviini-t,.,! tliat 21,6.208;. 
 11. Ill licen rucunuii ; togrtlaT with .stiiri..s valiicil at 
 
 ^ 45,Oja/ J ^ll,, 
 
 tul. Lciyil LiiiilKayoonveyuil tii Ver.sailics'aml Pa.Ts 
 roni thc.soi:iHy4o,cxM/.,(.qiMllvilivi,iML l,i.turi.,i 
 the GiTiuans miil Kiemli (-iMtdullv aihimw- 
 ''«'■'" ... al,;,m ,, (),.t. 
 
 AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. 
 
 Ic 
 
 ■87. 
 
 1870 
 
 1870 
 
 war, 
 
 Till' rriuvii-iiriiiic (if I'nissia wi-ni',. to rul,.ii,.| I ,,v,i 
 
 J.iiiil.say: -■•1,1 this, ,is ,,i, ,,i|i,.,. asimis ■,.f 
 
 ihstri'ss, till' lirlp I, I- till. Knulish ,,Mlili,. h.'is 1„.|.|, 
 I'l'umlout willialil,,.ral ami an iuii.artial haml, 
 I If Kilts whi.Ii liave 1„.,.|, ciivivil i„ a liillv 
 Clinstiaii s|iint havi; cxi-ili.il a Inliii- nf hcarllc.i't 
 gratitiule among thcise (Hi wlmsf hdialt 1 s|i..ak." 
 
 The soeiety ntr.inh'.l iiiiwh lii'l|. in the Serv'i'i'n' 
 .111 y--, Sept. 1876, anil Ihc liiissn Turkish war 1877-X 
 
 ';■ nihT";'! ''"l"^ '"""•■'' '"■""■ '^"'■'^•>- ^i-"i "it : 
 
 11 snriiliis (if 6,417/. Juiii., i,s36. 
 
 AILANTINE, see fiilh. 
 
 AIR or At.M0SI>IIE1!K. .Aniixiineiii's <if' Miletus 
 (S.?0 li.C.) declared air to lieu self-xistent deity 
 iindthehrsteiniseofeverytliin-ireated. I'usidoiiiu.s 
 (about 79 D.c.) ei.liulated tile hei-lit of the ntnio- 
 spliere to le 800 stadia. The ,„vssure of air, aliout 
 I.S lb. to tlu..si|Uiireiii|.h, wasdiseovered hy Ualileo 
 1514. and demonstrated l.y Ton-iirlli, (whi'iinyented 
 the barometer) alHinl a.d. 11.4;,, and wa.s Ibnnd bv 
 1 aseal, in 1647, to vary with the liei-ht. Hallev 
 .Newton and otlier.s, uj) to the present time liaCe 
 illiLstriited the af;enev and intluenees of this "real 
 power by various experiments, and numerous inven- 
 tuiiis have followed; amonj; others, the .\iu-tiiN 
 ol Outer of Nureinlieri,- about ih:;!,; the Aiu-piMP 
 invented by Otto von tjuerieke oY Ma-debui- about 
 1650; unproved by Uobert liovle in 1(1:7, by Robert 
 I ookeabout I(,S9;* and the .\ in-nM.;, invented bv 
 Mr. |5iitton, a brewer of London, alioiit |-;(j The 
 density and ..lastieity of air were deterinined 1.^ 
 l^iyle; and its relation to li-ht and sound by Hooke 
 .Newton and I)erham. The e.vtension of ouratnio- 
 sidiere abwe the surface of the earth, has been loni; 
 considered as about 41; miles.— Its™»<»„,„V,r„,t 
 aluuit 77 jiarts ot nilrojien, 21 of oxv^-cn, and 2 of 
 
 other matters (such as carboiiiraeid,waterv vapour 
 :i traoeof ammonia, A:e.) wi,sa...,.erlaiiied bvrriestlev 
 ^vho discovered o.xy-en f;as in 177,), Si-lieelV 
 ( 1 77.S), Lavoisier, and Cavendish: and its laws of 
 ivfraction were investifrated by Dk. Hradle\-. |-j- 
 rhe researches of Dr. Selmiibein, a German cli, niist 
 nl liasel, between iSjoand l.Ss<), led to his d,.serip- 
 tlnii of two states ot the o.xv(;,.n in the air, which he 
 calls ozmiv and ,(„tozone. In \xi,.. i,S,,4, at Oxford 
 Lord Uayleiuh and I'mfcssor J(anisa\ reported to 
 the Kritiah A.ssoiiation their diseovi'rv of a new 
 j.';is in air, afterward, termed Ar.seii," »■/,/,/, mt 
 Ur. btenhouses At)--Jilte)-s (in which jiowderi'd 
 
 • Spreiigol's excellent nlr-pimip, in wliicli water or 
 ir.oiriiry is .Mnp oyed, was iiiveiitcd in ,S6i, see Vnni,.m 
 
 t .Mr, as we 1 as its ^as, s cnni, cuts, has lieen 
 
 i"ii.presscil into the Imuiil state l.y mean.; of ,.,vat 
 
 pivssiire and inten.si hi, ,877-8, l,v Haoiil I'lct^ I 
 
 'i va, and Caillelet ofl'aris, Dec ,877 .ho, ,8,R At 
 
 ilic Uoyal In.stitulion. = .In,,,. i"»"V,il";.'.°'l '^' 
 l.«v.are.xhiliit,.illii|,n,lairnlitainrd at ihc tcnipernture 
 nf.-, 92 cent. In Mn,ch, ,S„,,, he proilnee.l solid, " 
 
 m llin lonn ot ice .Several |,hysic, opo'ties of 
 
 l).|iiid nir were exhilntcd, an,l solid air wa.s nro 
 (luueil ftt the Friday niBelint,', ig Jan, i3,j4. ' »'"'• 
 
 1 charcoal is used) were first set u], at the Miinsicii- 
 house, Londim, in 1H54. In 1858, Dr. K. Ansfu* 
 I bniith made known a chemical method of ascer- 
 ■ tainm.ir the amount of (.r;;aiiic matter in the air, 
 and iiuldishcd his "Air and Uain " in 1872. See- 
 OfU'Ifii, ^ltl■u<l(■ll, Ozonr. Atmospheric Ituilway, 
 JUiUuittin, and J'lUiimnUc Jlixpiilcli. 
 
 : The An;,-si„im /■-■le/Ziic, tlie invention of (ienrL'e Wnrsoii, 
 j a ineidianic of Nollin-hain, who, l.y eniploviiiu eoiii- 
 pres.scd air united with siiam. is saiil to Inive erteeted 
 the s,iviiif,' of 47 ],ir eriit. of f,i,.l. Til,, pi,,,, was re- 
 lii.rlcd to |l„. liiilish .\sso,ialion, at Kxetcr, in An;;. 
 1800. and was said lo ad sums fully in a tUK steaiiici- 
 (fort hiiia) 111 thcThanies, ..-.Maivh, ,870. M,-. Kdwar.l 
 I'li'l.l, 111 his WW luoiiM. powir, i„t,odueeil » siiiali 
 vi.lunie ol steam into a larKc volume of healed air.ami, 
 elleelcd an economy of vA to -.o j.er cent, of .sttuui. 
 ^ [he .system w.isexiiil.iiid in I.omlo,,. .July, ,Sqi. 
 Lol, lic.iunionrs vi,:,u,ii,.r i,,i- i.ropcllin- railway car- 
 nages, tii,.,! at Woolwich, ivpoit,.,! stie.essful (a little- 
 j -leam is used), 6 Oct. ,Soo. His seslciii lalfiflv elll- 
 iMoyed III v.uioiis ways by the I'aiis Coniprcsseil Air 
 company, dcscil,,.,! to ih,. Ijiitisli Association at 
 .NcW(ast|..-iip,,n.Tyiie, S|.pt. 1889. 
 \ ielor l'o]ip .ipplies eomiircssed air as a motive power to 
 clocks, icSi. 
 I AU((n'-(r(,„,„y,/,. in which the waves of air iii a till* are- 
 employed uislead of elcetricitv, invented by sij;. Giiat- 
 fari wasexlul.itcd in London in ,8;o. It" oV>taiiitd le 
 K'old medal 111 Naples. 
 , Isaac Wilkinson iiitenPd a method of compiesshif; air 
 liy a column ol water in 17^7. and William Mam, pa- 
 tented siiiMe pumping hy e press,.,! air in 1829. The- 
 
 OK e ol i-oinpiessed air was emiiloyed ill hoiinj; the- 
 
 l-ciiis (iiiinel (se,. uiider.l/y..~ , and in making theUlaek- 
 
 i wall inniiel, ,,-.,,17, 
 
 Tram-cars driven l,y ,.omp,,.ssed air on the Mekarski 
 
 sysiini m .\. London, for a time, .In,,,., ,f3,; ivsiin,ed, 
 
 alle|. iiiipr.,vi.in,iii« made, for a time, lotis ; aKiiiii for 
 
 ^a tunc, |.,1,. ,888. 
 
 I'rof. Di'waiKave six well-illustrated liK-tiires on " Air 
 
 Kase.Misaihlli,|uid,"althu Itoyal Institution, London. 
 
 ^■b Dec. 1B9. 9 ,la,i. ,0 (s,,,,,,, of the air of tht- 
 
 100,11 was li.|iielied in the ines,.,,,.,. „f ,i„, audienc, 
 
 and reiuaaicd so for some tinii'. when Biieluseil in 11 
 
 vaeunin.iackcl); a-aiii, 1 April, iSgS, 
 
 Irol, Jiewar denionstratcd by some very remarkabh? 
 
 expcMiiKMits the intimate connei-lion between iihos- 
 
 I iihorescMie,. and pliotoKraphie aition of the eleidrie 
 
 i i«lit on l.odies coole.l to the t emp,.,i,t i,re of UiiliU" 
 
 leiiiid air at tli,. Ho.val Institiit Kii. lU ,l,i,i. ,895. 
 
 ■ I.nini. alitor ivfrie,.,aiio„ and other purposes laiileh- 
 i pi-o.liieed by iHacliiueiy, invent, d l.y ilerr Liiule • r,'- 
 I port.'.i, 21 del. 1S95, 
 
 j Trof. D.'war's iiewapi.,iratiis lor tli.. |in«l„ctioii of liipiiill 
 i lur, cxhihit,..! at Ih.. l{..yal inslitiitiou, 2 Kcc. i8qs. 
 j Kx|.ciiiiieiils with li,v.lro;.Tn. icporl,.,! 27 March, 1896 
 
 .M. I aiil (■itlar.l, inventor ,.f ipi..ss,.a air ami othei- 
 
 I _ api.aiatus, .li,.,|, al,t. 8 Apiil, ,s\i7, 
 j Th.' .1,,,.;/,,.,,;,, an air linisb, an application of coni- 
 , pri'.ssiM air. invented hy Mr. V. \.. Uurdick (1803) ; 
 uscil hy artists. ^ *■" " 
 
 Ur, Limh-'s maehiii.' for the li,pi..|aetion of nir, sliowu 
 \ at thi>,Soei,.ty .if A,ts, ,4 ,Maivli, ,896, 
 
 j New constituents of ,ii,'. N , an.l .Mi-laixoii, discovered 
 
 I by prol. Haiii.say ami .Mr .M, 11. Travels, ,6,Juiii., 1898. 
 
 AIR-GA,S-Ll(JHT-CoMI'AXY: proposed to use 
 hy.lro-carbuielted air as a source of light; estiib- . 
 lislied 1872. 
 
 . AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (Aachen), « Roma» 
 city, now 111 Khenish I'russia. Several eii-lesiaatieal 
 eoumils held here (7<).)-ii(,:;). ]te,.i. Charlemagne 
 was born, 742,1111,1 ilied, 814 ; having built the mins- 
 ter (79() 8o.j), and i;onferrc,l many iirivilej-es on the- 
 city, in which tilty-tive emperors have since been 
 crowned. 'I'h,' ,ity was taken bv the French in 
 pec. 17()2; retaken by th.' Aiistriims. Mari'h, 1-93;. 
 
 ''>' ""• '''ii 'i, '^I'l't' I7'U: wili'il to I'riissiii, 1814. 
 
 1 opulation, 189:;, 12(1,422. 
 
 First ■/'iw(,i/e./'i',iorsigiie,l|,,'rewiis hetweeu France and 
 Sliain when Franc,' yiel.led Framhe Comte. hut re- 
 tained liiu- I'ompiests in the Netlieilan.ls, 2 May 1668 
 
 I'V "<(> 
 
 »'f L.. 
 
 r ITVa \i 
 
 VI ,f! 
 
 f# 
 
 ^ tl 
 
 R '\\\ 
 
Ml 
 
 1 ;ii 
 
 AIX KOADH. 
 
 28 
 
 ALAND ISLES. 
 
 TIks sw'nud ciih lin.t(.il (,r"/i/ l.i'twciM Grcut lirit;iin, ! Fonniil iiici'tiii).' "f ll"' iunitriilinn fdiiiini.ssion at 
 
 France, il(ill;iii. I, (JiiiiiiiiiV, fipiiiii, mill (ii'iiim. dtyit! t;ciic>.i ; (•I'l.!""!"- '" "5 J'""'^ ■ i8 Di-'i'. 1871 
 
 tliB tiiutifs III \Vi'>l|ili:illii'in 164S, nl Ninii'fjiii'ii in 1678 ' Tlic liiitish iLii.l Anii-rn mii lasis, |ircs™tcil jo llcr. 
 
 •unil 1679, 111' livswiik III 1697. Ill' Ltivilit ill 1713, "f ! (iriut i-xiiti'iiiiMit in Kiinliinil at tlii' iiitiuilnctinn 
 
 IJailcii in 1714, 'ill' till' Ti-ijik- AUiaini' ill 1717, ol tlif ' iii I'lininioiis iluiiii.-. Im- iihIiiitI losses into tin; 
 
 'Qnailiiiiili' Alii, Hire in 1718, iiinl nl' Vieiiini in 1738, 
 wen; iine\n'il iiinl i-nnlirnieil.) ,Si),'iiiil mi ilie |iiiit ut 
 llnKliiiiii li.v ,)iiliii, eiirl ul' S'lmlwirli, uml sir Tlniiniis 
 
 Uoliinsull, 7 (Jrl, 174H. 
 
 Co)t;/)c,«.<iit 111!' si.vi'H'i,iiisiil'.\uslri;i, linssia ami I'nissiii, 
 assistt'il hv uiintsieis IVniii l-ji^'laml innl i''r;uii'i-, met 
 at Aix-lil-('liil|ii-lle, .'iljil II iiiiiM'lilinli si.;,'lieil, ■) Hit. 
 181S, uliii-h le I til tin- witliilrawiil "I' llii iinny "I meii- 
 jiiitinn frniii l'"raiiee. 
 
 AIX liOADS. see Hnrhrfurt. 
 
 AIZNADrX 1.1- AJXADIX (Syiin). line 
 (the MiiliDiiietaiis ilcl'iiiteil till' iiniiv ul tlie eiLpeior 
 lleraelius, ij Julv, 053. 'I'liey timk IJaiiiaseiis in (134. 
 
 AJMEKE-MEiaVA]{A (.nvn 2,:\\ .siimuv 
 iinilcs, ji'ip. 3-)2.J5'\), i,Sij2, luliil ill l.Si.S, lies 
 "ivitliiii Ji:ij|HiliiiM. Ti,e eliicf ( oninii>.'-ii)iiiT, ml. 
 'G, 11. 'i'rcviir, ifi)4; Hubert J. C'riislli\v,iite, l.Sij^. 
 
 AJACCIO, see 0,rsb„. 
 
 AKEHMAX (liessiii-a'iiii). .\ller lieiii- si'ViTiil 
 itinies taken, il wn.s i-eiieil to Kiissiii in i,Si;. Here 
 the celebnueil treaty lielweeii liussia iiinl Turkey 
 was eoiieliided, 4 Scjif, lS2(i, wliieli seeiired tur tlie 
 formei' till' naviuatiuM 111' tlie lilaek Sea, reeii^iiised 
 the Uaiinliiaii |iriiiei|ialities, tVi . 
 
 AKIIALZlKIl (.Unieiiia). Xear Iniv pniiee , 
 Paskiewileh and the liiis-iaiis defeated the Tniks, 
 54 Aug., and gained the eity, 28 .\ug. l.SjN. 
 
 ALABAJIA, a Suntheni state. uMiiiiially pari ' Final m 
 
 .Aiaeiiiaa r,isi'. luss hy tianstrr ut liaiie limii 
 Aniiliean tu liritisli .ships, ilii Teased rates uf 
 marine insiuiinee, and liisses ineident tu the ]iru- 
 
 liiiigatinii lit ihe war .Ian, 1872 
 
 Currespiiiideiiee lietweeii the );uverniiient.s :'liiitisli 
 des|iati-li, 3 Fell.; reply, I •Maiili ; eiinliniied ; 
 eiiiuiter easis presented at (leiieva . 15 .\pril, „ 
 Cuntiiined iniiis|iiiiii|eiii I-, drall I'ur a sup|.leiiieii- 
 tary tiealy : ii.s « liieh linili iialiiiMsa;;iee in rntiire 
 tu alistain Iruin rlaiiiis tur iiuliieei lu.sses jire- 
 sellled III Aliierii-ali siliale ; apprnved 1.5 .May, ,, 
 
 The liritisli mmii ill upjeet tu eerlain 1 liliea- 
 
 linlis ; llllilier lurri'Spiillileliie ; ^;leat exeitelilent 
 in parliament ; piiipuseil ail.iiinrnmenl nl' the 
 
 meelin;;iitlliearliiti,iliiiii lissimi ; ilillireiiees 
 
 aliiiiit Hie niiide ill' priiniliiri' ; euii:.;iess adjiiurns, 
 leaviii;; till- allair iinsillled . . lo.lnne, „ 
 'I'lie .\rliinaliiiii trilninal, emisisliii;.' ut eunnt Fied- 
 erie Si'liipis tor llaly, piesiiliiil, liamn ,s|ai i,.]i|l 
 
 Icirhwil/irlainl ; \ H' Ir il llajiiha l.ir liia/il ; .Mr, 
 
 (1. 1-. Adaiiis liir Uiiili'ii .■Males, ami sir Alexander 
 K. ('iieklinni lor (ileal liiilain. meet at (leiievu; 
 'the llrilisli ^ii\eriinieiil presents a iiule ut the ex- 
 i^Iiii,^ililliiiiiii's;llieriiiireiviieeail,iiiiirns, 15 June, ,, 
 I'uilliei ail.iiiiiriiiiieiit, 17 .liiiie ; tile arliitratui's 
 viiliinlaiily di rlaie that the indiieit elainis ,ire 
 iiivaliil, and eiiiitrar>' In iiiternaliuiiiil law, 19 
 .luiie ; plesidelll tiralit eunselits lii llieir uitli- 
 
 drawal .15 .Iluie, ,, 
 
 The lliilisli ;.;ii\eriinieiit withdraw their iiiiiilieatiiin 
 
 I'ur .■eliiiiirnmiiil III the eunlerenee 27Jiine, ,, 
 
 The Aruilralimi eiimiiiissi.ni leeuids its ileiisiun 
 a.^aiisi Ihe imliieri rlaiiiis.and the piupused li ng 
 iil.|iiiiniiiii'iil. and ad.jiiuriis in 15 ,1 iily 28 .Ini.e, 
 
 all Ihe ailiilialiirs a^iree (u awi.rd 
 
 daiiia^i's liir Ihe injuries di.ne liy the Alulmma; 
 fiinr, lor those il ■ l.y tlie l-lmiilii : and three I'ur 
 
 those dune liy Ihe .s/iciiiH./eu/i. The .jllilglllellt 
 
 nut signed liy sir .\. (oeklinrn, wliuse reasons 
 were pulilishid : lheihima;;esa" anled (ilielllding 
 intetesl). atioul l.jJ9.irih/. I ;.s'. 41/. those elaillied 
 
 of (jeurgia, .\. ,\iiieriea. The euniiiry win lirst 
 ■settled hy the l-'reneli. 17112, who Kiiilt M'liliile. 1712 ; 
 part (it it was eedi d lo (Jreat Ihilaiii, 17(1,',. It 
 •was grailnally aei]irreil hi llie I'liiti'd ."stales, and 
 was Iiiade a stale in lS|i|; euiiiiiiel'eial nielnipulis, 
 Jlohile. It seeeded I'roin the niiiou hy an onliiiaiiee 
 glassed II Jan. l.Sdi, was reuiiiied in liSi;^; and re- 
 adni'lfted tu euiiiiress, i.^'IlS. 
 Jliirder ul' ulimit .?fi ne-ro miners at the t'arliun Hill 
 
 eoal miiie.s. Walker euiiniv, liy while sirikers, 
 
 30, 31 ,^lll.— riolin;; ijllelleii li\ Iriiups, I, 'J Fell. i£9i. 
 I'opulatiiin, i3go, 1,513,017. 
 .i'onlliet with strikers at Fialts mines, near l!ir- 
 
 Jiiingham, 6 diyiths . . . . 17. Inly, 1S94 
 
 ALABAMA, a steam ve-sel of 900 tons, with 1 It is staled, that almiit 1,250,000/. too niueh weio 
 
 <?P'^ili<!s nf ?(X) liorsi'-power, eiiustrueled hy Messrs. i awarded Feb. 1873 
 
 Laird at liirkeiilieail, lor the eonl'edeiate' service ; i 3,200,000/ were voted; the reeei].l ol' 3,196,874/, 
 
 ,i.,l I..,.' aeknowieilged by Mr. Secretary tish 9 Wept. ,, 
 
 AM awards made ; almut 8,000,000 dollars surplus. 
 
 9.J7n.|Ui'. 1;-. 4''. (Ileiisiun hased iili till' ail- 
 
 mi.ssioii ill a (lie- . i-/i"-/y''i7'i inleinaiiomil law, 
 hv (ileal llntain liy Hie treaty ot \Vashin;;loii.) 
 
 .4 ,S.;|it. 
 The jnd;,'meiit ol' sir .\. (.'iieklinrn (a luiwerlnl and 
 
 indig I rejily In nnjiist aspersiuns, admitting 
 
 the award I'm llie .l/.i/iuiim ,• opposing' the other 
 
 awaids : vet in^elliie.' siiliiiiissiun to tiie Jndg- 
 
 nieiit), si-Ill. I 14 Si'pl. ami piililislied in l.niulnii 
 '■'eri/(c with other doeiimeiils . . 20 iSept. 
 
 21 l>ee. 1S76 
 
 , iSSi 
 I March, 1S85 
 
 launched (5 May, 18(2. IJniiug the jiiiliiial en- 
 quiries after lier eliaraeter, she sailed from the 
 
 Mersey, 28 July, the day before the Ihitish govern- ' The surplus im-reasing by interest 
 
 meiit teh'graiihed to detain her. Undir the eoninnind .Mimit 9,50,0.0. »i dollars . . . 
 
 ■of capt, Seniines, she did great damage to the (Irand hislurieal pielure of the Internatimiai 
 
 American mercaiitih- shipping, until her destrue- : Alahania Ci issione.s, paiiued by Mr, F. I!. 
 
 <ionbvtlu'federal inmelad h;„rs,„/r.r.mt. Winshiw, i-'"'';''"' '.'..• ','' ^'■''^''''^' l'|''"<''i|ted to the ,|ueen 
 
 a- Ki V I V, i.- 1 v 1 ■ ' liv Mrs. W. (.ais'i , 11 .NcHhi rg I, on theliiii sun 
 
 art Cherbourg, !<), I line, I. S( 14. Several u( his erew i ■,niv,..l it Win.lMir .,, |.',.i ,- 
 
 by .Mr. ,lolin Lancaster, 111 Ins yacht. Ad- .- .t^t. -r, . /-,tt ■• . . 
 
 miral Seinmes died Sept, 1S7 
 
 ALAD.TA DAGH.near Kars, Aimenia. Here 
 
 the Turks, under .V limed Mukhtar, after .severe con- 
 (DiseussKin between the two governments, respecting ; ,|i,,t,, ,^.,,,.,, ,„,.|ilv defeated liv the Itiissians under 
 
 chiinis liir ilaiiiage hy t he luluimd . . iSCie. 1 ,\ 11 1 \r 1 1 r 1 i ■ ii ■• 
 
 Afruith'ss ciinvcntion tor their settlement, hv a ^ ' I";. ^,i''""l'l" >'' ■\l';' '^l'''' '""1 g-'nera s Loris Meli- 
 
 ' . .' L-..II I .I'/'ii'.,!) 'Ill, II luiii'iiiii II , ." f li.f lU" — 
 
 euinniissiuii signed at l.undun , . 10 Nov. iSOS 
 Another cunventiun. si;;nei| hy the earl ut'Clarendiin 
 and .Mr. ileveidy .loliiisuir, si;;iied 14 ,Iaii. ; re- 
 ,ieeted by the United HIali's senate h April, t86g 
 
 Joint coniniissiun (l!illifli,i-nii de tirey, sir (Slalturd 
 Noiilirote anil ulhers: .'nitrinni, secrelary Fisk, 
 geiiiial tSi'hcnk, and others) to settle lishery dis- 
 jinles, Alaliaiua claims. A'e. Aniioi'iieeil, r, Fell., 
 met at Washingluii, 27 Feb., signed a Ireatv at 
 
 Washingtuu 
 
 Oimini.ssiun for .\nglii..\iiierican claim 
 
 Washingtuu 
 
 8 .Mav, 1871 
 
 t at 
 cpt. 
 
 kulf, l,azaretl', and lleimann, 14, 13 Oct, 1877, 
 
 The Turkish army was divided and broken up, the strmi;,' 
 eainii taken, with iiian> prisuners, incliiding 7 jiashas 
 and j.S Lriins. Tlie llnssian slralef.'y was highly cmii. 
 nii'llded. This iiveiwlii lliiili;; disaster, wliieli h',| t,, 
 the investment of Kars, was altrilniled to .Mnklit ir's 
 nniiiitaiiiing tun extended lines wliii'li were turned (20 
 40.000 iiieii : \\\ii-ti 200,000 were ic- 
 
 i(Uired). 
 
 AL.VXD IST,ES (Gulf uf Huihnia), taken fr. 
 I Sweden by Ullssia, l^iMj; !<v{_' Jloilliirntliu/, 
 
 ALANT, a Tartar 
 J hey joined the Ifii 
 eminre, and were defe 
 J hey were subdued 1 
 eventually iiieoriiuratei 
 
 ALAKCOS (Cntn 
 under Alfonso I.V., ki 
 defeated by the Jlours, 
 
 ALASKA, the nam 
 
 sessions in iVm-ti, ^nwr 
 t'tates hy treaty, 13 ; 
 ilullars, received' i Aug 
 territory. Sitka is the 
 
 tioii respecting tlie 1 
 
 ton, 30, Ian. i,Si)7. (;,, 
 >Vi\; great rn.sh 'in 189; 
 lS«0, 33,426; 1890,30,, 
 
 ALBA LOXCxA, ai 
 
 to have been founded 1 
 1052 l),c. Its history is 
 Aiimlius, the hroilier,,r\, 
 
 W ; killed liy Hmniiiu.s, 
 
 lather .\iiiiiiior 
 liuiiinlnsl.iiii.isand imtill', 
 
 '^""' ' lllered liy T||||„, 
 
 l""'''ited with Home (see / 
 
 ^ ALBAXIA. a provi 
 firinerlypartonh,.,,,,,,!, 
 
 became independent ilurii 
 einpire. They were sue 
 Turks in i3,S8, About ij 
 (Seanderhe-), thev ballh 
 Ii. to subdue then'i till tli 
 "hen thev siibmitled 
 I.S12, defeated the Turki 
 Albania ahlv, but criiellv 
 1N22, when he and his't 
 siirrendering under a sulci 
 revolt in Albani.i was sup| 
 All Albanian leajiie (I'lvoinri 
 III resist the ei'ssioii oraiiv 
 Austria and Mmiim ,,, j 
 
 liiisi'dlhedcalhorMHicn 
 llii'cuinitiy seiiii-iiidc|iciidei 
 ffif. Aiiiiy l'on,i,.,| rclii-lsa-ainst', 
 S llH'ha^'iier.i, sdel'caiedin 
 
 111 Lslilll, hclweeli I'ristill,, 
 
 ii'ported the euiinirv seltle 
 iiii'iils: nior,. |i,-hlini.'; All 
 and slnig;,'le aliimst over i 
 
 H"V"h ol'chiel's, .severe li^-'hi; 
 'Ideated with loss ; repurti 
 
 ;|.'"iit S .Iniie. funii | 
 
 Hie links sneeessl'iil in ij.,] 
 '"'""imeedai .tinie. L'llset 
 
 .-ilhSldillg al„||,t, ,g ,J|,|,. 
 
 i.iivers I'or annexatiiiii t, 
 l.iiieral disorder and nineli 
 ij-|. See /)«/,,■,,„„. 
 
 Till' Allianian soeieiv estalili. 
 HiHeal. moral, and inlelli 
 
 AllMiiians has hem 1 v':n 
 
 '"■■"■'iskid tii.iceepi ih,. p,., 
 
 .i, Miiian Mlaeks 01, .M,,,,!,',,,, 
 links. .Inly, An- ,s„o, 
 
 N"illi Alhania re|iurteil to b, 
 ■iiiirehy, middle Dee ,Sy<, 
 
 iiiili'igi's ciimmitled liy ,1 1,., 
 1091. 
 
 I.i'jigiie of Albanian chiefs fori 
 -XilV. 1S91. 
 
 .^I:irtial law established un the 
 ll'C 1691, 
 
 iii-riel .\rnanls nlUiek and lout 
 iiiihiiiuiny ; the Turkish f.-,.| 
 I'llndel, I \()v. ; risin.. sniipr 
 
 ' ullieta with the 'i'liiks, reporl 
 
 hiiiiuiistrtttioii of Albanians a 
 
ALANI. 
 
 29 
 
 '^^vontimlly in,.o,-,,„n,t,..rwith tl,,.;,,: ' ^''' '""' ' 
 
 ALBANY. 
 
 <iofbafo,ii,v,),,.Mo;..t:';;i;^,;j;'r;:lr:"<- totally 
 
 ALASKA, til.' niini(><riv('ii t,, il,,. If,,.^;,.,, , 
 
 stX;",:vn ,?;'it'ai ;;;;;■'■' i;;^'' ;'>■''''■ ^'"''■'' 
 
 wIhmi li„.y snl,n,itlr,|, \|i 1^,1, ,■' ' ^'•^' 
 revolt in All).iiu,i was supinvssnl in 184: ^ 
 
 ■'■■"^'■''•'"■'■'-ni, '^lir. , :xr.;?i^^■;;i^•'''■ 
 I'l'^il''.! With l,Ks- ivi.,rl,.,l ,Vr.', ' '.'■. ^"'■I>''^ 
 "'m„T,l ., ,I,„„, l' r, .;, 'J ',■,'■"",""< «"l""il, 
 
 ;-;..M;.;.,;.,,;;l';;;;:,.^^-;ri;;w'- 
 
 1 n.'iskr.l |„,„ „ /,,';',,',■''''''''■ ■•*""■'"' 'liiN - 
 
 AllMMian ,,tla,.k.s „, M ,t ' m w '■ ' '■■'■\- ■?«?• 
 
 , Tiirk,s,,)„ly, All- ,8,;', ' ' '■'"■'■'"''' ''.V till' ' 
 
 :iii.nfliy, ini.l.ll,' 1),.,. ,s' , ' '' "'■"' "f «'iii^'niiiary 
 
 |"';;;^r' '"""-"'J- "•«'■"' "'• ^50 An,a,Us, .ran. 
 
 l....u...^An,a„ian,.l,idsn,n 1 to ,vsist tl,.. Turks, 
 
 |^l:|;i.l_U«.,.s,a,,Hsl,,.,l.,,,t,,,.c.,,,,,i„,.,,fM„„t™.KVo, 
 
 I i; iiil AniaiUn aHjick Hiicl liKit l'rk,.,„„i ,i . 
 
 iMiloMoniv; tin, Tiirkisli ",,,., "'•.'''''"''''''I'l*-' Its 
 
 |i iillicts with (Ik't.u s ?,,,.'] \i ,"■■ '^«. 
 
 i.™.„stmtion of A,&s,!:t;l,Lr^:;!;ii;^«%, , „, 
 
 si'h'.s, .V,,'v. ,Sn, • t.\i:, I ■,'"■'"■>■'""•■* ""'"'II' 
 
 i"-'"".--.y,Ns::i;,h;!^ ,;'•?»<''■''"''?•' 
 i-rs.v,.ti„„ i,y i)iu,.i,aiaM, :';.■!;;;' ^rjV" 
 
 iiioiiastoi'v to lii.i ,„,.„, ,. '^ """I I -^O. A stately 
 
 i.y oita/ k!,;J'':f '■';!,":;;■';:;:'"' f>m>t 705,, 
 
 privili-os. It, MiiM.ii, • ,f -'"X'll It many 
 
 i-'-i'^""Hu,iii,h;'^^i,a ,;;r-';;r''\''''"'"f-"^ 
 
 1 50,000/. ,o«-a,.;b; . y "u" Ik rp;""V''''"''"^ 
 'va^:;;;;!,!:;;-';:;'^^--rr''^^''^^'^ 
 
 '-i'"nt:T^H'',^'^'^(:-;'';-'^^i'-^'an.^/t^^ 
 
 «inj.v,.Ta,.s,„y,,;^.r;;J;:-""' "-"-1 thekin«, 
 ■^i- Alhan.s iiHMrii,,i;itc(l l.v h- 1,.- I »-. 
 
 '''i'^rvn!;;,";t;;n,a:''7r'€?'''''r?'''^'''-''^ 
 
 >"^"l'' .-i Hly, ;.8 A ■ ' ',s„ ■ I '"'r.t't''te,l, 3o April ; 
 ■ 3qi, i2,8oV •'""■ '«77- '"I'liiatioM, ,S8i, 10,93, ; 
 
 ^>- All.„„s I!,,!.,, ^,,irn!IM •<,„,,,., un ,S6^ 
 nisi[i,rN. ■*■ 
 
 .S^o. J„l,„ W„^n„ iM'^hni^, Ji51y. '^ •""^■- '^S-' 
 
 ALB.VN'.S, ST., fUTT'PniT rr i, 
 ALBAXy OP, VriiMvv ti, 
 
 '■■•"tl'-'-' of Kin.- ol ■ I !;'.'"■''' '^'T-'f' th^ 
 ;l>'l<o of Alhanv i„ , ^/^S a, ,1 ,'l . ,i;,'"r'^''' ""^' «'•■*' 
 
 IMKfX OF .Vl.l;.v,\v. 
 
 l>i"-'.".M's l', ^if • "^'■'•""■'1 '"'■ treason by 
 
 laiis, 1485. ' '"'I'li'iitiilly at 
 
 ''■5i6r""'"^'""=-"''"--l;.Ho,latI.aris, 
 
 1 4 20, 
 
 15'.|. 
 
 i „ 8 M.Mvli, ,884. ^' ■'"•' "* ■^'■■'V, .S81 ; did 
 
 •n;^^KI'™j:i"^l'if;'-«'atoofxo,vYork. 
 
 l"M. ancl villa^os .soon aro'so ^j'',; ;"■"'■ '"'■;'-• in 
 H.W. Albany ..eceived\r-;;:t a •;--;!-i'^_i;; 
 
 w 
 
 mmm 
 
 If 
 
 
 Wttn 
 
 r| 
 
 ml 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
La 
 
 \ :: 
 
 li 
 
 VoniM-al consirss i.i.'t hrro in I7(.4. ii'ul in l«0; tlu 
 Jitv bc.Mmo tlK' .i.pit.a ..f tlir Stat... Population, 
 icSoo, 5,549; iWK). 02..Vir; i.S'io, i)4,(Ai- 
 Delavan llonso, ni. li..lcl, .l.stn.yod by Mro, 9 .IkUI.s, 
 I'stiiMatc.it, -,o [>!■(•. IC94. 
 
 ALBERT ISIE^IORTALS (Soo 7„yW, 
 
 <l<.,.,,lv liinuTted l.y tlu' -.vl.olo ,.yais.Ml "'>''• J' >^ 
 .MMMMins wen. trMn.lVi-n.(l t,. Ui." ,n:uisolrum ot 
 
 f,„s;,lot tl... l;,rs.-st known l,l...k of.MMml. w .0 
 tl;,w. A mcctins to organise a nirt.io.l "I '•'': '•'^' - 
 ^„n,nl.uti.,n. for a '-'Pat national ";^7 '^; "^^ 
 
 lar-o sum was qui.'Uly subscaalio.l. .V'." '>'■ ''^ 
 hc^n rcrrivHl on I .March; 50.220 . ou II J u, 
 ,862; imd ra.-liauu.nt vnt.d 50,(K)oA, '" .■"•'" "" 
 to the (>o,CMl. .•eoeivc.a l.y voluntary coutribntions, 
 33 April, 1863. 
 
 ;^^i,r':ri;;o^;:i:r;i^:,^::f;;:;u;'''wi;i:'i:'i':r'n!^,iu.! 
 
 aM^n"\^U-v,-s.vMitho.v„tU uut.y u, p-maai 
 
 ^'•''^ri"'''';;'''nfh;"s;,"'':''thrG:^K'n:ii^'uoJ 
 
 V^-' Vrt,; ;. im;.a..u;u-ly ,..n„i,u,.us to it. 
 ^;;\;;;uM'anyrr,,l,osaltlK,toaU,l W....U. K.„u,. 
 
 .-!-itiCvill"to thf .llUi'U lli-rsfit K'lnnll. Il,\, I'l su I aa 
 n.'v.r t -.t flat tlR. prion. liin,s,.|t l.a.l In^'oly ap- 
 P'.,/:;rilIe M,.a nf a>maaon:,l,-rtlusHur:,,t,.r ..a^^^ 
 ,Mis(..lnutlR.saui,. spntia rciiuiuoraar... m in,. (,.(at 
 Kxl i iti .. '• lu a s,'.,o,„l l,.tt,.r tl.o .pu-u ''Mavss.,1 
 iViM-i r .nti.m of personally nnitrPaitu,- towards , .ivct- 
 ;;i;.M;lu,rial,tl,at..itan,htlH.r,..;nr,l,,n,t,>.n^ 
 
 'nuiitrv to tin. uoionry of its l.,ai,lact..r, M" t ,% 
 Vft . I man itt.... was a Vl-iat"! t.. fullil brr inajcsly s 
 allir.; As snital.l,. bll«'k of granite .nnl,! not lie 
 oSiea, tin. pr,.posal lor aa obehsk was^n^m up. 
 TlR. „ae..a approve.l ..ffli,. .lesign ot Mr. Oilbort G. h.a.tt 
 ■a'- . K iior Cross, Willi a spire 1:0 feet iikIi, iie- 
 ;.„'n;,,|ini,';i by statues, &e., 22 April, .86., ; work begun, 
 
 Tl?^ Siib'^'eniployeil were M'Dowell Jo.ley, Tlieeil, 
 J,,lMi Uell, aial Armistead : laaterial, HI. ihaii marble. 
 
 Tlie'\"i'em.a-iiU, ..oniplete, except the statue, by F..ley 
 
 le V 1 r UKh il uess), was (.dveii u,, t., her i,ia.i,.sty 
 
 priv.iVelv: , .July, .S72. The gilt .statue by Fol..y u.i- 
 
 Dinale c''l)elfs''lSeserM^ive nn.l lUustrate.l .V^eoni.t of | 
 I Man leii tpubli.she,l by Mr. .bdiii Murray, ,87,3. ! 
 
 /„■ 0. '..'.'». "a" ■ .V,. -M r.nrn' on a hi.li iu..untai,. 
 
 <,verl....kiiiK lialneaal PaU.e :-" To the 'e''^ 'd 
 I ein.aT ot' Ai BKUT th.. great an.l g...;.! Prii .■.■ C.,iiso rt, [ 
 e'e'tei bvhis br..k..iidi...art..,l wi.l.nv \ iCT.mn H. | 
 r, Vug ■ k." Up.mam,tl.er.lr,.s.se.l.sab,at..w,ii..lM.s 
 below th'°above, is tliis .pi.dation ;--" lie being i.ia.le 
 lerfeetlna sh..rt time, fultiUe.l a h.iig fniie : f.a- his 
 To >1 Idea. A the L.ir.l, fheref.u-,^ haste, he t.) take him 
 rwayfr.™ ,™i.uia the v.ieke.l.--l|-«,(.™ 0/ Sulomm. 
 
 A statil..'of the 'priuee-e.uisiirt (by Thee.l) inaiigiiraf,'.! at 
 Roseiiau, hU birf h-pla,a., in the pn'seiie'e .,f the .pieen 
 ftn.Uhe royal family, :9 Aug. 1865. 
 
 - Eiii'lv Years .,f th,. I'rin.e Cais.al ;" e.litedby the Hon. 
 Chas. Givv; publishe.l 6.1.dy, .867. „ , „. 
 
 atatue by Thee.l at Ualin.a'al. inaugurate,! 15 O, t. ,867. 
 
 The statue at the Holboru cir.ais. uneovere.l by the 
 
 Tl^' Auiert iSllilSi^l amild'tt Windsor, opened to the 
 
 imblic, 1 Pee, 1875. , ,. 1,., .. . o 
 
 Life, by Tlieo.l.ire Martin 1 5 v.fs. I'"''' »'";•. ">?5~^?i. 
 •The S..ottish Nati.mal Jt..|u..rial to thi^ I'mu'e, hdm- 
 
 luii-Kli, inaugurated by the <pieeii, 17 Aug. 1876. 
 Statu.! at KitzwiUiam .Museum, Cambri.lge, uneovere.l 
 
 !«■ the nrinee of Wales, 22 Jan. 1878. 
 A bronze eiiuestrUiu statue of the prince set up near 
 
 Vip'inia Water in th,' Great Park, Windsor, by mean' 
 ol'tTi.. woni..n's.iMeiiiig, sff JnliUct', 1887-9; niieovere.l 
 bv tli...|U.vn, ij May, 1890. ... . , 
 
 M.iiiy ..111. r ni.. 111. .rials ..f the pnnee have been act up 
 tlir..ugh..ut tli....|iipire. 
 
 li,,v\i Miaair IIai.l of Auts and Sciknce.i : The 
 i.iv.'ti.iii ..r a gr.-at bull. ling b.r ....ngressi's, ..oneerts, 
 ,y.' was prop.ise.l by thi. iirin....-...iiisort at the .■Lis,. 
 
 1,1 ti Nliiiiiti.iii of iSsi. an.l an estate «t Kensington 
 
 was iiiiivliasi'.l ; a ...inimittee, with th.' prin... .,f Wal.s 
 at the li..iid, t.i er.'.'t the bail. ling, was app..iiit...l ■, 
 ,liilv iSfi.;; eiiTUlars s.ili.-iting siilisi-riplLais w.a'e 
 issiii'il Al'i'il, 1S66 : an.l the lirstst.aie was laid by the 
 .III. '.■II, ■.■'» Mav, 1867. 
 
 Til., liuil.liiig was .'I'i'.t.'.l by eol. Se..tt, elm-lly after d.'- 
 si"iis bv '-ai't. l''.'wk.', all. I e.'st ab.ait 20*3,000/, llie 
 01" an, by Willis, is sai.l f.i b.' the largest in the worl.l. 
 Vn ex'p.'Viiii.'iital .'on.'.rt was giv.'ii t.i the workmen 25 
 i''eb an.l thehall wasoi'.'ii.'.l b\ tli.' ,|ii.'.'ii 29 Mai'.-li, 
 1S71, when a graii.l e.in.'ert w.is g.v,'ii,aii.l many sine. 
 
 Th.' hiill is sai.l t.i e,oiit«in .seats t.ir 10,000 persons 
 (.ircliestra 2,000, oval arena 1,000, bidc.iny 2,300, an.l 
 
 An'ln't.'riiati.inal lee Carnival f.ir till' W.'st En.l H.>spital 
 f.ir Paralysis, \'e., inaugurate.! liy the .liiehess o!' 
 Te.'k, 14 .March, 1S89. 
 
 State c.aieert I'or the German emp.'ror aii.l I'lnpress, 
 
 Gr.-at lin'i.inist meeting (see /re/.. 10'), 22 April, 1893. 
 
 Ai.nKirr linii..ii:, Chelsea, opene.! 23 Aug. 1873; fre.'.l 
 from bill 24 May, 1879- ,„, _ ,, , 
 
 \i mair KMn.\NKMi;N-r, \,.., see rhomcs, 1869 ; Dcrlx. 
 
 Ai.UKiiT I.N.sTiri-rK, Windsor, opened by the priu. e of 
 Wal.'s, 10 .Ian. 1880. 
 
 AuiKiiT.MKr>Ai,s, t.i beawar.l,'.! to persons who eii.laiig.r 
 their lives bv saving otliers fr.iiii shipwrei'k, appoint.'.l 
 by roval warrant, 7 .Man-li, 1866. The lir.st was giv.'ii 
 t.'i Haiiiuel I'.ipiih'st.in.,' .ai 14 .^biy, 1SC6, foi saving lil.' 
 lai 23 .Mar.li i.ievioiis ; nie.lals awanl'.l to Pontypii'l. 
 miners an.l ..tlu'i's t.ir saving men iniiirisone.! in a iiiiii. 
 tlinaigh iiiiiii.l.itioii (s.e i:,,il: Ae.i.l.'iits,) April, 18-7. 
 
 Ar.aKiiT Mkd.ai. (GoM), r..iin.le.l in 1862, awar.h'.l by tli 
 Soi'icty of Alts to sirliowlaii.l !lill, 7864; N'aiiol.'..ii 
 I!! 1S65; .Mii'ha.'l Fara.lay, 1S66; Charh'S Wheatstoiio 
 ami Wi'lliam F..tliergill C. .ike, 1867 ; J.is.ph Whit 
 worth, iS63: Justus Liebig. 186,3; F.'r.linam! .1. 
 l.ess.'ps, 187a; Henry Col.', I'. H., 1871 ; lieiiry DesM. 
 111. r, 1872; Michel Kiig.'iie Chevreiil, 1873 ; C. William 
 .si.'in. lis. 1874; .Mi.'heU:iievallier, 1875; sirG. !i. Aiiv, 
 i,S7(, ; J.'an liaptiste Diiiaas, 1877; sir Win. G. Ar 
 
 strong, 1878; sir William Tl ison, 1879; Jam 
 
 Pr.'s.'..ttJ.mle, 1.S80; Aug. Wm. lloliiiann, 1S81; L.h 
 Pasteur, 1882; sir Joseph !). H.i.iker, 1883; I'aiit. 
 James J)ii..liaiian l';a.!s, 1884; Henry I)oiilt..n, iS:'; 
 
 Haiimel Gunlim' List.'r, i836; th.' Mu. , 133; (6 Jim 
 
 iiri'senr,.,! 8 March, 1888) ; imif. lli.rmann Louis Ilrlm. 
 iioltz, i838 ; J. dm I'erey, 1889 ; William Il.'nry I'erkiii, 
 sir Fie.b.riek .-Vbel, 1891 ; Th.is. Alva E.lis.in, 
 sir John lienm.t I.awes ami sir John !!. (iilb.'it. 
 sir J.iseph Lister, 1894 ; sir Isaac l,.iwthi:iii 
 ife'll,' T895 ; Uaviil E.lwar.1 Hughes, 1896; (i. T. 
 8ymoiis, 1897; Itoliert Uiinsen, 1898. 
 
 Ai.i'iiiiT KxiniuTiiiN P.4L.w'K, B.vi-rKiisEA, open.'.l 6 
 ,)uii.', 1885, cl.is,'.! i338. 
 
 ;.'(»/»/ .l/'«'r( (//'/./ii.H. .l<,.//iiia, Bagsh.it; f.mn.led 18C4. 
 
 ALBERT NYANZA, see Vicloria Xymizn. 
 
 ALBERT UNIVERSITY, the mime prn. 
 posed for a new ti'iiehiiig univorsity, in anil lor 
 London, iidvocated by University college unci Kin^''.: 
 college in iS.jr. A "draft charter was submitted t<i 
 the privy coun..il iiiul approved in , July, uSgr. In 
 Jan. l.Si)2 the lord niiiyor proposed that the new 
 university should be eonibined with Gresham c ' 
 lege and ialled Gresham university. Much discus, 
 sion ensued, and the subject was eventually referr.'.l 
 to a royal commission in March following. Sec 
 O're.i/idiii Oilkiic and Lon.lon Vinwrsity. 
 
 ALBIGENSES, a name given to various per- j 
 sons who oppu.-icd the doctrines !i;id corruptinn.i cf 
 the church of Kome, living at Albi, in Lungueij.io, 
 and at Toulouse in tlie I2th century. They wire 
 persecuted asallegedXIanichieans, 1163, andacru*aile 
 (proclaimed by pope Innocent III.) against them 
 
 1S90; 
 
 1892; 
 
 3',3; 
 
 commenced in 120;. S 
 500,000 men, aiul al li. 
 legat|. put Crii.n.l.s aiii 
 "God will tin. I his owr 
 150 of the Albii;,'iise- 
 hanje.l the g.ivi'rii.a-, a 
 drowning Ih.' gov.'riioi 
 women, lie d.'t'.'.il.'.l 
 but was liimsi'lC IciH,., 
 L\., ki'igs of Fi-.-iiic, 
 count K.i\iiiiiiiil was sul 
 and the li.'r.'fi.'s weri' 
 They had little in ... 
 (chich Kcc. 
 
 ALBIOX. lb-it.,in 
 
 by Aristotle (.lii'.l 522 
 others, are sai.l t.i '|i;|. 
 aUiim, whit..) on a.-.'.nn 
 
 ALBIJERA 01! . 
 
 Spain. Hire a battj. 
 I'Vench, coniniaiiile.l b 
 British un.l .•\iigl..-.S|i.-i 
 alterwarils lord H.'r.'st 
 allies obtained n br.lliai: 
 c.xcceiled 8000 men prev 
 the allies lost a large 
 of the action fell on t 
 22 officers, un.l 111. .re tli 
 had mounted a hill, t'clj, 
 alone ; the oilier n'gime 
 tint one-third being 1. 
 wonniled men, the reiiii 
 british soldiers, sto.)d 
 liill." yiipier. 
 
 ALBUFERA (Spai 
 
 near which the Freiii'li 1 
 <luke of .Vlbufera') d.'f.'i 
 lilake, 4 Jan. r,Si2 : tl 
 Valencia on 9 Jan, 
 
 ALCALA DE HE 
 
 Roiuau (Joini)lutuiii. A 
 printed the C'oiiipliiti'iis 
 expense of c.irdinal .Xinu 
 
 ALCANTARA, a to 
 
 A tine iiri.lge was built 1 
 The duke of Alva ,'i.'(|ui 
 <li.feating the rortiiguese 
 The Spanish militarv onl 
 tara was establisbed in 
 Spain has been grand ma 
 
 ALCAZAIi-QUIV] 
 
 Africa, where the .Moors I 
 giiese, whose gallant kir 
 Aug. I57,S. The I'ortugi 
 and long erjieefed his n 
 pearance of hve impostor.s 
 
 ALCHEMY, the for 
 
 chief ohjeets being the di.si 
 stone (whicli was to eft'i 
 metals into gold), an all 
 |«truum, and the eli.xir , 
 assert that their foun.ler 
 (thrice greatest), an ancie 
 says, the emner.ir Caligul 
 pared natural arsenic, in 
 
 • N.iw cnntra,!iet.'.I. 
 
 + M. Martia Ziegl.'r pat.'ut 
 
 vital lliii.l" |,y combiiiin}; 
 
 |li.ir.m» .'.'11 I'ontaiiiing amiii 
 
 llillo.l with niolassi's. The ei 
 
 filk threaas atta.die.l to the v 
 
ALBION. 
 
 31 
 
 commenced in 1207. Si,„on.lo Jt..ntfon nnuniiinili'il 
 WOO„om..„ M.Hlal l!...i,.rs. ,20,,, h. :uulll".' 
 
 '''""".'""-"'■'''■ ■• ■"111 lH'lH'M,le,ltl„.,.hi,.f people, 
 
 women. He ,leh..f,.,l l!:,yn,o„,|, eount oCToMh.use, 
 tmt was hnnsell k,lh.,l i„ ....s. l.nuis VUI . ami 
 
 ooi nt U,ivmo„,l was s„h,l„,,l, and ab.li,.ate<l in I -■'n! 
 
 -ni '/, I'rl.'r •"■'■'■ -'■'■'■" "I' «"""• I"'l-Hsitlon: 
 llie\ hail little n, ,-,„ii,uoii with the Walikimes, 
 U'/itc// sec. ' 
 
 by Auslotle (di.Ml 522 11. c. Jnlitis Ciesai- ,md 
 
 l';;r\vi i'; r'"' "■ ''''^'" ^''^'■" '^ ""^ ■'"""■ (f"--' 
 
 <7«K.«, white) on arr,.Miit of its elialky clills. 
 
 Spain. 11,1-e a l.atth. was fouo-lit h,.tw,.en the 
 I'reneh, eomn.ande.l l,y n,ai-sh;,l Snult, and the 
 British and Angl,,. .Spanish army, under' marshal, 
 a tenvanls lord Heresfuid, 16 Mav, ,8,,. Th,: I 
 allies ohtain,.,! a l,r;lli,-,„t vietory. The Freiudi loss 
 exceeded Sooo men pievionsly to theh- ,vti-eat ; hut 
 the allies lost a lar,.. ii„,„l,e,-. The ehief hVnn 
 « tlu. aetion fell on tl.e Hritish ; eolonel In^^lis, 
 22 ofhoers an.l m..re than 400 m,.n, out of ^-o who 
 <,ad mouiite, a lull, hdi.-out of the srth iv^nment 
 alone ; the other remments were seaively better off, 
 not one-tlnrd hem- left standin- ; f'jroo un- 
 uo.inded men, tl„. ivmnant ,d'(,ooo unconquerahle 
 Lntrsh soldiers, stood triuinphant on this fatal 
 lull. Ji ii/iicr. 
 
 ALBUFERA (Spain, Kast Central), a lagoon, 
 
 near w lueh the l-ivneh marshal .Suehet afterwards 
 
 <ul<e ot .Alhufera) d,.|eate,l the Spaniards under 
 
 Wake, 4 Jan i,Si2 : this led to'his capture of 
 
 I Valencia on 9 Jan. ' 
 
 ALGALA DE HEXAHES, Sp.ain, near the 
 Roimm tomp utum. At the nniversitv here was 
 printed the tom], utensian I'oh-lott bible, at the 
 I t'.vpense of cardinal \imene6, 1502-15. 
 
 ALCAXTAR A, a town on the Tagus, W. Spain 
 
 I 4,*'"^' ';"''!-T "-f l'"i't l.cre by TraJ.Tn I'.bo 1? 04 
 
 Ihe duke of Alva ae,iuir,,l l.,„.tu„,,i f„, g .^j.^ A 
 
 defeating,' the l-ortu,uuese army here, 24 June, k8o 
 
 1 he Spanish mi itary order of knighthood of Alcan- 
 tani was estabhsh.Ml ,n i ,56. The sovereign of 
 I SiJiiin has been grand master -since 1495. 
 
 ALCAZAR-QUIVER, ne.ir Fez, N W 
 Africa, where the Moors totallv defeated tlie Portu- 
 
 All?. r5, 8. 1 he '.;r uguese disbelieved his death 
 hind long erneeted liis return; this led to the ap- 
 \ pearance of hve impostors. ^ 
 
 I , AJ'p.HEMY, tlie forerunner of chemistry : its 
 d..cfo,j,.cts being th,. discovery of the philosopher's 
 1 stone (which was to effect the transnmtation of 
 I metals into gold), an alkahest or universa men 
 Istruum, and the eh.xir of life.f The alchemists 
 la«rt that their founder was Ilc^mes rwZS 
 I thrice greatest), an ancient Egyptian king.-!' Ynv' 
 l«ajs the emneror Cahgula was the first who me- 
 pared natural arsenic, in order to make gold of it 
 
 ALDERNEY. 
 
 it off, because the charge exceeded the 
 
 but left 
 
 I profit. 
 Znsiiniis wrote on llie siil,i,.,t at...iit .,0 
 Il.eArM™,isealliyMl,.,|alrl„.,„yan.l w,av followe.l (in 
 tie. >.,tlien,tury) .y l{o.,.,. li.iron, Allpcrlus .Ma. 'i„Vs 
 
 p',' !'::r;, ';'v ";""' '■l"'"";' "^'^'' vai™tii.e(i,or r^^^; 
 
 I aiareKas(.l',i| 15.(1), ai]M others '^Mit 
 
 tviouvl:;: i:''j|',;'f "'"l'iHVio;;^;oM a,„l silver was nindo 
 
 lll.ill.\ l.,\ ,11, .11, l\.e. .(, wl,i,.||„.-tw.isiTl„.ai,..lii, ,6So 
 
 A ,•,•„.•,; lor prartisiOK al,-l„-,ay witi, all k 1, s o , .fuls 
 
 Dr I'riee. ottiail.'lfonl i„ ,y3, p„l,|is|„.,I an account of 
 OS csreniiiynts an. I l,ro„Kht .si.erimens of ..o| to 
 be km,', .il,r,„M„. that tl,..y werv ina.le l,v 1, eiTns of 
 rc-d ,,iel white pow.ler. |i,.i„^- ,, r„|low oV ih U va 
 
 heele .V h,. was ,v,|Mire,l, li, , ,„,i„ „f ox,' Isio ' 
 
 r-.eat Ins expcnineiMs I.efore .Messrs. K rwa 1 a, 
 Uol|e(som,.s;,y lli^;mns ; l„it after nmeli euuiv ca 
 
 .,l£yiF?^^- i^^- .^''-''^^Tint of wine or hvdrated 
 .ileohol IS said to have been obtained bv the dis 
 t. ation of fermented liciuors bv Abucil^is in t Im 
 2th century; and the ,lel,x .Iration of this liquor 
 have been partially ,.|lecte,l bv Kavniond tuU 
 lus in the ,3th c.iuury by carbon-ate oY potassi,™ 
 n 820, faraday and Hennell obtaiiuMl tree "f 
 
 gen) throu-h sulphuric acid; and in i8()->' this 
 process was examine.l and conhrmed bv lierthelot 
 Ab^ohol has been artiHcially formed from its 
 eements (earlion, liydrogen an,l oxv«m) In 
 eiemists; it was solidiHed by I'rof Jjtwir ,f 
 Uic to,.,l I„.tit.,tion, ,886;^ .^ I>'uifio 
 '^xnfs, Jlr,,ml„ G,», Jl,„n. About 250 med l 
 men including the president of the Uonil C oIIc'b 
 of I hysie.ans ami many hospital ofKcials, iss„e,U 
 eaufoiiary dee aration con.a.rning the use of alcol 
 in medu'iiie, Dee. 18; i. See rtmipmnice 
 
 ALCOLEA (Andalusia, S. Snain). Near the 
 budge a Bharp engagement took place between he 
 rojalists under general I'avia v l.acv, maroi is de 
 Novahches, and the insurgents undermarshSer! 
 runo, 27 Sept, 1SO8. The former was d,.fea te Ini 
 
 to,' were' k'i'i ■' 7"Z^":}' ^."-•"Mulered 28 Sept. About 
 000 were killed on both sides. 
 
 ho^^:,Tii^. "'^^^^-KORAX, see Koran, Ma- 
 
 ' Nnw rnntrndleted. 
 I" Vital Huhl'" hv *■''"'■ I".'*'.'"'''''.'' '""tbod of producing a 
 
 pa-ii^Sto'iL'^^-aiJr.^^r''^""'''' 
 
 ALDERMAN. The Saxon ealdorman w.ia 
 next to the king and tre(,uently « viceroy- hut 
 after the settlement of the Danes tli.. titV. , 
 gradually displaced l,y tliat of r./ ^Ald u-.r ', 
 corporations are next in dignity to the or 
 
 A curious list of aldermen and their war s s 
 assigned to the .year 1 290. Loftie. Aldermen eosen 
 for life, instead of annuall>, 17 Ui,,h IT ,n, 
 Presentmodeofelectionestablished, iiGeo I \-,T 
 A_ldermen made justices of the peace, 15 Geo. li.' 
 
 The =6 London aldcnnen are elected l.y the wards T,. 
 
 i"^!Ut:j^'u,rX"^ "''^'''">' ""^ '■'^'- ^"^'il^- 
 
 ^';!^'ti;;;'i:s,^:j^;;[„!':::.^:;':';^S:"'-"-«t«i"i^i.ea 
 
 ALDERNEY (Engash Clmnnel), with Jersey 
 &c., was acquired by William the Oo^qu 'or i^,' 
 Ihe "Kaee ■ is celebrateil for two fatal oecm- 
 rences; William of Nonnandy, son of Henry I of 
 KngliuHl, and many young imble. (.40 jou^h, of 
 the prineii^il families of France and lirital.i) were 
 overtaken by a storm, and all lost, 25N0V rT20 
 The IJritish man-of-war Victory, of i5o euns and 
 II60, men, was wrecked here, 5 Q, t ,??, b^ 
 admiral, sir John Balchen, and alfhis crew ptii^hed^ 
 
 
ALDEIiSTIOT CA^IP. 
 
 N 
 
 im 
 
 Throiu'h tins strnit tlif I'lvnrli r-.v>i\>ri\ iiltrr (lini 
 il-IVatHt l.;i lln-uc> l,v:Mlii!inil.-Ku-<M'llMiMl Uncpkr, 
 10 MiiV, 1('<I2. I'lii' i(.n-lni'ti(iii nl :i liiv:iU\\iili'l , 
 ill oi-dVi- to make Al.l.nicv a naval slalmti, wii» 
 bcLiiii ill lSi2. aiiil alter having '"'' I'.vi";""' " 
 was biis|„.ii(1m1 l.v lui'liaiiieiil in iH;"- I" I", 1 'H"; 
 Imrlimii- ami lands weiv traiislenr,l IVmn llicraiiln. 
 of the l«.iii'(l of trade to that of tlie admiiall.v ami 
 the war deiiartmnit. 
 
 ALDEHSHOT CAMP, en a im.or ne..r I'ani- 
 ham. iilxait ^S ■"'1'''' ''"i" I'"'"!''!!- '" -M'!'''' I'^>l> 
 the Warelliee. havin- olilaimd a uranl el h.o,(Kio/., 
 pureliased 4CX)(i Hcres of hmd fer a periiialielil eam|. 
 for 20,tiX) men. 
 
 Addilieiiiil laiel eiuvliascil in 1856. 
 B m'uUs siiev e'veled l-er 4'-. iiilaiil rV. . . v «■ nivn l.V, 
 
 and several l.alleiies ,.r aililleiy. <i,eal iiM|.reveaie 1> 
 
 i„„lililalVee,,U,lV illt.edne d (See '■.',*,■,•,„) imdel I lie 
 
 siiiurinn iideiiee iilCai.laiii .ielii (Iniiit, ih.i?. 
 
 Visited l.v the (illeeu, IS, M .\|'nl,,lir5"- ,,,.,,,. 
 
 Tle.|re"ps lelnriied Ireiii lie (.iiiaea, revieue.l l.> l»i. 
 
 7, 16. Inly, i.s.in. . , , u 
 
 Ali.iut li.cK-J men were slate aed lleiv lS.;i, 
 Cost el- the ..11111.. s;dd t.. l.e ■.-■...l,5 !■'. "!"" I"'''- ■^'»;; 
 An iiidustnalMii.lliia-arteNliil.ili..ii.liiin;sh.dl..\ ..llli.is 
 
 aii.l la.Mi aiel their wives, ..i.eie-.l, .!.j .Inne; ,l..».'.l 14 
 
 oi'ii'in s.-nip l-r lo.aio ni.ii t.. ,■.;. enle niilil.ii.v ii,.,a..a- 
 vi'.s, AML-, S.i.t. 1871. .Many le.rs. s l.r.ike away 
 threiliiha IVinht, jo Ail;.'. 1:^71. 
 
 li.'vieu ..r i4,.x« l.y th.' .111. ell, 5 .Inly, 1. 7:1. 
 
 Simnii.'r ai.iii.i'iivivsh.ae, 1.-.74. 1S75, 187''. i->77| 
 
 Keview l.v the .|Uei'ii, i) .May, 187S ; ».«a ill lirimcdies 
 
 i.lihe s'erviee ivpreseiite.!), 2 .Inly, iS,-;r). 
 
 Atarel. eta leiee i.c|iiipi«'.| ler w.-ir. 17 An^. 18S6. 
 
 I^.viewaiidshaiall^dit, 2vli"ie, iSB?. 
 
 Th.M|ii.'.-ii revi.'wsalii.iil 6o,o<xj iiieii, ali'.iil hall vuliiii- 
 te.Ts; L'ttiiid iiiairh jiasl. -.(.Inly, 18H7. 
 
 Sir Kvi'lvii \V..i..lap|..iiiiled e.imiiiaiider, i;'.!'..;. 
 
 'j'h.'alii''l!..val l.miied .I..W11. i l-'.'b. i3S.> 
 
 Tlie.|i II i,\i. ws 11945 el all laiiks, ti Slav, i.^- .. 
 
 A sli.iiii liuht an. I iv\iew, in whl.-li alieiil -^r.-i" li.."l'S, 
 re-lllais all.l v..lllllteers, weiv ili-'aei.l. leek plaee 
 lleiv in the l.reseneei.r th.. Kial.el .ir W llllalli 1 1. III.' 
 IViiii'ess (It Wales, the Uuki- id lanil.ri.l;.'e, and ..iImms 
 lit the nival family, 7 All:-'. 1S69. , , , , 
 
 The niieen' reviews the tn.>.lis, 10 .Inly, iS...., ■■7 •'nii.', 
 
 DiikeVirCenniiiiHlit ainieiiit.!.! c.iniiiinii.h'r al lheeaiii|i. 
 
 An;.'- i^ot- . .1 
 
 Thei|neen r.'views ahout 12,000 trnoiis, 17 .vay , y,(««., 
 
 i2.lii'v, i'3i34: i.i.oo'), in.Inly. iSiji. 
 The (111. (Ill revi. 'WS nii Italian's plain ali.ail 2;',.k»i Ii ]•>■, 
 
 5,029 li.irses. anl 57 ^-""'■^. i edialiiiK Hie ( mal. 
 
 In.lian aii.l Alii, an l.irces. ^-raiid iiiareh paM. 1 .Inly, 
 
 i£(i7 ; a.,'ain. i2.o<«., triiiips, 7 .Inly, iSciK. 
 New liiispital i.iienid '.ly the diikeot Ciiniiii^jlit, 1 1 .\iiv. 
 
 13.17. 
 
 ALDTXE niESS, that of .\U« Maiuizie 
 
 (Al.ms .MaiMlliiis), at Venice, where W(M-(. ]inilleil 
 many of the tirsi editions ..f the lirei k, l.aliii, iiiiil 
 Italian 1 lassies, eommeneiii!,' in I4')( with .Mnseiis. 
 
 ALE, BKEU, 11ml Wine. Alois said liiliavclii.|.n 
 known as a li(.verajie lit least ill 40-I li.i'. lleriiilnllls 
 Hserilies the tirst discovery of tlie art of lirewin^' 
 barle\ -wine to Isis, the wife of Osiris, and a heveniKe 
 of th'is kind is mealioned by Xeiiophon, .)(il 11. c. 
 The Uonians and Uermaiis very early learned from 
 the LOitviitiaus the proeessof |ireiianii!;ii li(pi.ir from 
 corn iiy meiins of fermentation. ThiIIkx, Ale- 
 lionses'arc nu'iitioned in the laws of Ina, kill'.;' of 
 Wessex. liooths were set lip in Kii;;laml, 72S, when 
 laws were passed for their remilalion. None liiil 
 freemen were I'.l'owed to kecli iile-lionses In London, 
 15 Kdw. I. 1285. Tliey were further snlijeetcd III 
 n'unlation by s' & Edw. VI. e. 2^ (lS.^i)■ H.v 
 I Jair.es I. tl 9 (idO.^), one full ipiart of the best, 
 and two ipnirta of small ale were to be sold for on.' 
 penny. K.vcise duty on ale and beer was imposed liv 
 the ]iarliainentiu 1643, and continued by (JhiirleB l[. 
 
 ;ij AEEXANDllA PAIIK. 
 
 (l(,(«i); repealed. I Will. IV. c. .^I (18,50); seo 
 /lni\ I'lii-lci; ll'ini; l'iiii«i//t'rn. Jlieliael ThoniiLs 
 Mass,' the eminent brewer of linrloii, died 2.S April, 
 1.S.S4, lifted .S4. 
 
 Ml. .Iiihii llieki r.lykes l.oi.l; en " The Ciiriosilies ol Ah 
 an. I II. ■.1' was iiiil.li.-.li. d in i'"36. 
 ALEMAXM, ">• Ai.r, Mk.\ ((/. men of all, 
 mitiims), hen ■• Alhiiiaml, tieriii.iii. A body ol 
 Siievi, who took Ibis name, were attacked liy Cara- 
 1 alia, 214. Aflersever il ;(|e,ilses. they invaded the 
 empire under Ann r n. who Mibdned Ibem in tlirei- 
 battles, 271. They were aLiaiii vaiii|iii>lied by Jiilie.n, 
 )^li. V-,-; bv Jovinns, 3(18. They wiac defeated and 
 -uliju-aled 'liy C'lovis al T.dliiae (or Znlpieh). 49(j. 
 The ,Snaliians"are their dc-eeiidaiits. 
 ' ALE.VCON (N. !•' ranee) gave title to 11 couni 
 and diike. 
 
 I .(iS ;■;•, reler, iiiadeCoimt by his father kiiij; T,niiiH IX. 
 ij.jj, Charles 1. of Valois. made Count by his brother 
 
 kiiij,' Philip the Fair. 
 1125. Chiirles II. his son. Killed at Creey. 
 111'.. Charhs III. (his son), l.eeaine a priest. 
 iiiii. i'eler, his hrolher. 
 i.,o4. .loliii (Ills son), iiia.le DiKK ill 1414, killed al 
 
 .\'.;il]|...lllt. 141 s. 
 iiiv .loliii II. (his son), prisi r in Kaij-'lanil, 1.124-1.1; 
 
 iiiliifiaed awiiiist the l.'reneli kiuK; died in 
 
 I. lis. .11, 1470. 
 147C,. Charles IV. lied after Hie battle of I'avia in 1525. 
 
 and .lie.l sh.irtly nl'ler of chagrin. The duchy 
 
 was annexed l.y th.' crown. 
 
 i ATiEPl'O, North Pvria, :i bir..'e town named 
 lier.ea bv Sehn-ns Nic'ator, about 2()f) li.r. 'i'lit 
 pacbalie of Alep]." i- one of the Mve i;dvi'niiiu>nts.,r 
 S\ria. It was tau bv the Sara. ens. .\.i). (138, win 
 n'sl.ii'cd ils an.'ieiil ii.iiiie llal.'liiirCbaleb; by Siila- 
 diii, 11.),; ands.ickedliy Tiniour, Nov. 14(10. Its.ic- 
 popiilalioii bv llio ida'.,M"ic has been frequent ; Oo.ooc 
 pers.Mis were conipiited to liave perished by it ii. 
 171)7; many in 1827. The eliolern rai-ed here ii; 
 1852. Aleppo sulfered severely from the terrilil. 
 eailbipiakes in 1822 and 1830; and has often beer. 
 Ibe scene of fanatical imis-aeres. On if) Oct. 18^11. 
 Ilie .Mab.inietans atlacked tlie t'hrisliaiis, Imniiie.' 
 everytbin;,'. Three (hiirches wen. destroyed, tiv( 
 ..llie'rs pliindered, and Iboiisaiids of persons slain. 
 The toliil loss (if ]iroperty amoniited to about a niil- 
 
 , lion slerlin'j;; im iiiterfcVeiiee was atlemiited by th. 
 pacha. I'opnlalion in 1885. II0,(K)0. 
 
 AF/ES.SANDIUA. n city of Piedmont, built in 
 1 1(18 under tlie name .d' Ciesar by the Milanese aii.l 
 (,'renioiiese, to defend tlie Tanaro aeainst the em- 
 peror, and afterwards named after p..pe Ale.\anii.r 
 III. ll has been fre.|iieiilly besiegi d and taken. 
 The Kreiich took it in 17')0, but were driyeii out i.; 
 Snwarrow, 21 .Inly, 179'). They reeoyered it all.; 
 Ihe lialtle of .Mar'enjJ:.!, 14 JiilU', I.Soo, and held it | 
 
 : till 1814, when the stron.n' forliliealions (■re( ted In 
 Na|ioIeon were destroyed. These have beeliresloiKi 
 
 I since .Inne, 185(1. 
 
 ALEUTIAN ISLES, in the North Paciti.. 
 Ocean, discovered by liehrin,';', 1741, visited In 
 ' Cook, 1778, and settled by liussiiuis, 1785. 
 
 "ALEXANDKA CASE," see TrMk\ 
 1862-04. 
 
 ALEXANDRA PARK, Stnswidl Hill, Lmi- 1 
 
 don, N. pureliased by a company, and named artitl 
 the princess of Wales, was opened with a tloinr 
 sliow, 25 July, 18(13. .V I'ortion of the E.\hiliiti'ii| 
 iMiihlini of"l!S()2 was , recte.l lure. The w..i;j 
 
 ' proceeded raiiidly in 118(14, was suspended in iSt.;, I 
 reeominemeil in i8()(i, and eompleteJ in 1873. 
 Horse races lirst licl.l here , . ^.i .Inne, i .July, liti | 
 
 ' The prospectus of a s(,'heine to organise an institii- 
 
 ' L'HiiIan comity rmmcil i 
 ^'.li.'iii.,' . ". . 
 ."IS. ,if tlin pnla(;o oblaino' 
 liiiis: announced 
 
 palai.' rc-.ipcncil on 
 : I UK'.-' of tliu ikstiah, etc. 
 
ALEXANDRA PARK. 
 
 33 
 
 ALEXANDRIAN'. 
 
 timi rcsciiililiiiK tli<' ^Soutll Krnsinjiton Miwiim 
 iiiMl tlie Crystal I'mIiicc, l.y iiiiaiia ot u Uniting (to 
 (•.•a-ir 3o,Juin', iSSfi), was issiii' 1 . -'■..hilv 1S71 
 Ilif allairs m-n- 1(. !»■ niaM.v.,! I,y "TIk. AU^xaiMla ' 
 I'alaccaii.l .MiiswclMiill Instate Maiia-iMicnt (•..iii- 
 l';uiy(liinili>il)," I'lihlic IitIiucs iui tlji- sul.ii.ct 
 Auk. 1S71 ; tho (•(Miiiniiy's ailairs Wltu Wnmiil up 
 
 Tlio imirliasi- of tlic lan.l ami LiiiMiii-s fcr the '^'^ 
 l.ul.Iici.n.i.,,,,.,1 l,y tl„. I.Tchiiayui-aiKlotluMsJiily „ 
 
 Tlu' i.alacewaH ,,i„.|„.,l willi a t!raii.l fuiKri-t, \,'. 
 24 May; .l,;str..U'.M.y liiv . . . ^Ji,,,,,, .g^, 
 
 Jvvouniii,.iiii„Miiti,,iisly viewing tliLTilina.liun.'a, 
 .>3 JiiMu ; liiiilics ruiiMil , . . 21 Aiii;. 
 
 liu new laiJldiuK (3S6 liy 184 feet) ; nponcil i Mav' 1S75 
 y4.i=5 I'LTsuns suiil tu have eiiteicd the iiark Wliit- 
 
 llninlay ,' ^|.„. 
 
 iijilfe ineinonal festival . . .^.jJniv, ,s,6 
 
 llie estate' taken nver l.y Uif, Lomhui Finaiieial 
 
 Assueiatinn.ere.lilorsofthe I'ciniiiany . j'rO-i 
 
 ■riiO|.alai'e i-e-i.i.ene.l ,3 ■{f.,^. ' ' 
 
 Arrival ct Nnliian hnnteis, with elejiliaiits, ihiiiii- " 
 
 eei-nses, eaiiiels, dinnieilaries, Imlialnes, 'zi'l.ras 
 
 ostiiehes, ite. (imiinrted liy Call ila^;eMUeek),' 
 
 7 •'<el.t.-i5 ()( t. ,, 
 upeiiou liynewi.ro].iieli.rs(.Mr. Williii-an.lntheis) 
 
 Willi new atlrai'lidiis . . 17 Mav iSSo 
 
 117,352 visiters (liank ih.lidav) . ' . -,'(».'. 
 
 Taken liy Junes and llarlur ' , , "Nuv' " 
 
 '"" iil>l"i-«:ile: unsold .... ,,V,.i,; ,s.j, 
 
 \ii"ed enterl.aiinnents iSdi-a 
 
 .\.-\ lor reliovi}]),' the London Kinaneial Assoeiatioii"^" 
 
 I'roni ehar^'e of the I'alaee (withdrawn M.ireh rt 
 
 ,,'''' ,'..',■.• • • ii3j, a^'.iiii i334 
 rroj.os.ils lor laireleisiii- tlie land for reere.ition 
 
 ,, , , , , . , , June, iSSi 
 
 I'lit up for.siilo : no ljidder.>! . . . ,o,lnlv 
 Loudon I'inaneial Assoi'iatioii v. Sir John Keli<' " 
 Uuas ikCo. (eo?itr,-udors), and others {direetors| 
 iVe.), 400,000/. flainu'd ,is misappropriated- ahout 
 25 days' trial ; Viee-Ch.-incellor iiaeon disnusses \ 
 
 iMse with eosts 3 ,^I,ir. ,03 
 
 Ihe Talaee let to Mr. fic^orgn Colliius Lew, f.ir 
 lutrrnatu)nal lOxhiliilion annoutu'ed . 23',)nly, 
 Temporary Itulustrial L.vhil.ilion opened 31 M.iridi' i"-^- 
 ra!aue closed in ijjo; iv.op.ned for the season' "^ 
 n Ajiril, 18S7, Mr. IL W. llavw.ird, lessee ; =4 -,o 
 visitors on \Miit .Mondav, -o Mav, 1837 • rei.oited 
 uusiiceessful, F.di. iSSo ; iV-ojielieil with a -rand 
 eoucert (1,000 perfornuMs), la -May; second •■rand 
 
 •"""'■'■It oJnue 
 
 C. lehnition of tlu' 2:!icl aurdversarv cd' the oi- -aid- " 
 
 /aiion of thi' iSalvaiion Arniv ." . ,; .Fulv i^'S3 
 
 I'.r I'rofe.ssor IJaldwin's aseeiils and descents see 
 
 undiM* JinlhioHs 
 
 Tile p.iik re-opened for Ihe se.ison ;'exhiiiili„i'i of " . 
 nearly [,(»x-> nioukevs. Lalloous and parachnles 
 >\:e., professor lialilwin, .Mr. Vuuii{;, and other.s 
 
 C'ninie opera by Mr. C. Wil.row . 17 June' ir «''/' ' '^ < 
 I'reneh national iOtc, (Jen. 'Bonlunger pri'seut " 
 
 Tr.ifes.sor Baldwin, after 93 ascents ,ind de.so,'i;t.s " 
 li lin-s \,Mtli intention of retundi.g to Anieiira' 
 ■i''"iit i7,Inlv' 
 
 ■|lie London Financial Association apply for the " 
 iiplioiutrnent of a provision.il li.pu'il.alor peudiu" 
 tiir windinu'-np of the Alexaudr.i I'al.-iee and park 
 ' dKin.v, Mr. I'. L. Xieluds appointed 27.JUIV 
 
 Till! p.daee eloseil Sept' " 
 
 l.ieeiises renewed to Mr. Charles James Hayt.r " 
 
 ill I'nr reponlint,' the protective el'iu.sea of the Acts " 
 ef iSf.ri and iS77, promoted lij the association, 
 
 MiMidrawn frcnn the (.'omnions . . April, iSoi ^ 
 
 I'.in hasenf the I'alaee .and -rounds jiropnsed to the '• 
 
 Midllesix county eouueil l.v H. I). .M. Liltler i 
 
 .liuiriiian. Dec. 1891 ; pivpo.vil deferred .May,' ,p,j2 ; 
 
 ll""dii^' at the Mausiondiouse ; conimilteo to pro- 1 
 
 :.iote Iho purchase fonued (275,000/. roquircd) I 
 
 , r , 3 '■'cli. iSoi I 
 
 <■!■' Loudon county council dpclino to support llu! • 
 
 »'''"'in« ' .\iaicli ; 
 
 "IS.' of the pnlaco obtained hy .Mr. T J Haw- '' 
 
 kiii.i ; announce.l .... ^s Oct. iCg, ! 
 
 ■ ''■■ palaie rc-'ipcned on Hood Friday, !« rlbr- i 
 
 ' iiav oftho .(/i'j!»i(i/i, etc. . . '. 3 April, :S()3 ' 
 
 47 
 
 36 
 122 
 
 215 
 
 207 
 
 3-t 
 
 363 
 
 3'->D 
 
 350 
 Ci6 
 
 C40 
 64 4 
 
 1 V'- 
 
 ALEXANDRIA (K.iryiit), the walls whereof 
 
 were si.v imU's 111 eireuit, was founded hv AlcNunUcr 
 
 tlictJreut, ,532 li.c. who was buried Iniv, pa. It 
 
 ^ heeiiuu.' the rcsiileMr'u of tlip Uri-.,k soveivi-iis of 
 
 ' J'.g.vpt, tbcl'toleniie.s, 323; seventeen coiiiirils were 
 
 ! lu'ld lu'l-O, A.ll. 23I-f,33. I'opulutioll, Willi its 
 
 suburbs, in kScS3, 2o8,;;s. 
 
 I'toleniy .Soter erects ilie .Mu.scnni, the .Serapenin, 
 the lliaios, and other edilhes, and besjins tile 
 liluaiy about . . ' i- 1 onS 
 
 These w.nks eoniph led by his sou V. ridladelolnis ° 
 and hisgraudson !■. Kuergeles . ' .,.,_^2i 
 
 Ah'.Man.lria taken by Julius Ciesar; when a librarv" " 
 IS burnt 
 
 Whi.h Antony rephua's by onJ brought 'from' Pi'r- 
 
 gamus ... 
 Theeity restored by Adrian' . ' . ' ' ; p' 
 Massiu-ic of the youth by Caraealla, in revenge' ibr 
 
 an insult .... 
 Ai.xau.lria supporting the usuri»',' A.'ldlleiis is 
 
 Liken by Ilioeletian after a long sie-e 
 . .Ue.xandria disturbed by the femls between 'tlie 
 
 .Mhanasians and .\riaris 
 George of Cappadoeia was kilied, ^2, an.l .\tliau- 
 
 asius linally restored 
 
 5o,<xx> i.er,,oiis perish by an earthipuiki- 
 
 I'aganisni suppressed by Tlieodosius, wliei, a .seeoii/l 
 liliiaiy is liiirnt .... 
 
 Alexandria e.iptuied bv Chosrnes'll o'r p, ',',i., 
 j .Viid l.y Aiiir..ii, the general of the I'alipli luiiar.' ' 
 
 -. 1 Ice 
 ■ Heeovere.l by the Greeks ; retaken bv .\iiuoir 
 tairo louiidi'.l by the Saracens: whieli tends to the 
 
 dee;iy of .Mexalidlia 
 Alexandria plnndere.l bv the Crusad.er- 
 
 he l-ieneheapliii, Alexandria . .' Julv. ,7^ 
 
 liattleol Ale.xandriaorCanopus: the ISrilish un.ler 
 gen sir lialph Abererombv defeat the Fi.nrh 
 under .\b'iiou . . , ^^,,,,.l, q 
 
 •\l'^'';'- by dies of his wounds, 2S M.'ii.fi : '.M'eno,; °' 
 
 and lo.cu ITeiieh surreii.ler to iliiteiiiu^'.n 
 
 Alexandria taken by tlie ISritidi nieler Fral'r " 
 
 2..Maiv|i: ev.uiialed by thi'lll . . .-Seol'iRn, 
 
 li.v tliei'ouventiou of Alexandria, Fgypt w.-.s^uaianl ^ 
 tee.1 to Melieniet All aiel his siieeessois (and 
 greatly tavouiv.l by them) . . ,!!,, 
 
 n.ilway to Cairo formed ... 1S4T 
 
 ■New port, lirst stone laid by tlie khedi've ',5 M'ay' ,871 
 
 Fierce riots a-ainst Kuroiieans f.see l-:.i,,,i „ J,,,,;,' ,53^ 
 .line and great emigration of Kuropeaus . Jum 
 
 lioiiibardnieiit of the forts, eonHa.gratiou .an.l aban- 
 doiiment cd the city (.see i:,!,,,,!) . ,,_, , ,,„i^. 
 
 .New museum of antiipiities, &c.. opene.l bv the " 
 khedivo . . . . . ^J , i,,, ,, 
 
 -Vow harbour works by .Messrs. I'p'arsoi'i coiiiple!,.d '^ 
 
 First exhibiliou of national art and indii-ti'v' '''"^ 
 opened iiy the kheilive . . . ..\i,rii,'-, 
 
 •Serems a.ssaults on th.) liritish an.l otlier']>i ,0- " 
 I'cans ,,^.|^ ,_ 
 
 Xi'W niu.seuni and public library opeiK.l bv the "'■" 
 ''''^"''™ 20 'Sept.'.,, 
 
 , ALEX.VXDRIAN CODEX, a .MS. of the 
 Vidnugnit translation of tlio Jiible in Creek, suid 
 to luive been truu.scnbeil by a lailv nniuea Theeli 
 111 the (,th eentury, and to liave"belon"vil to the ' 
 patriarch of Alexandria in locj.S. It w.is^presenu.l 
 to Charles T. of Kngland in i(,2S by Cvrillu. I.eiie iri^ 
 patriareli ol Constantinople, ami was phi. i il in tliJ 
 lirilish -\ruseuin in 1753. It was printed in fuc- 
 siniue, i;86-l82i. 
 
 ALEXANDRIAN ERA, .'^ee J!,!ml,„e. 
 
 ' The statement that Anirou ordere.l the re...,. do. „f n,n 
 bliraiy to be biiriil is .apoeryph.il. The sayinL'of Ou'ur 
 Ihat il the b.,..ks a-rcd with the book of Uo.l ihev 
 w.'re useless: if ihey disagreed, tiiey wen pernie'lous'' 
 -is deiiiel by .Mahometans. It is iil.so attributed t'. 
 iheophilus, arehbishop of Alexandria (,,0). un.l to 
 cardinal \inicinis(i5,>j\ ^'- ' 
 
 n 
 
 N 
 
ALEXANDIUAN SCHOOLS. 
 
 34 
 
 ALGIEIW. 
 
 ALEXAXDEIAX 
 
 SOl'lIY. Tlif tii=t - u 
 fuuiuhitiull ut' Aloxan;;-; 
 uiiJi.'!' llie ip;itr"iiMj;c ut' i. 
 HA. It iiR'ludfd Ew IM 
 
 212), Ap»lluiiius(25o). 
 
 (I jo). Till-' .-flHlul .-^Li! 
 
 lasU'ci till about 400. 
 were rtnleiiiy, tlu' ai;t 
 (150), lJi"))h'autu.s till 
 
 Hil 
 
 •CJIOOLS OFPlIILt)- 
 
 -1 aiu-r iiMi!i after thi' 
 , ^52 Ii.c. It lliiiirUlieJ 
 .• rtnlumi. s till aliuut too 
 
 ';!X/\ AivhiiMi'ilrs 1,2s-- 
 
 ilr.iriliiH (l,^o), 
 
 anil Ur 
 
 .r.u-'jsf ali'iutA.u. 140, anil 
 
 II! mo.»t i.niuii'iit iiii'iiiljifs 
 
 i, r if till' ri'.lcniaii' system 
 
 uitlmutioiau (2ixi), anil 
 
 rappus tliu gt'oiia'tiT ,j, ', . 
 
 ALEXANDKINE.". vors.s (f tudvo sn Ha- 
 bits, lirst writti-a bv .Vi. .\:imUrrt Taii-, abuut ll(>4. 
 and sin.e i-alkil aiUi- '.uni. Tli..- li>t line ol tbe 
 S|iensui'ian stanza is an .Vio.vanilrinc In Topes 
 L'ssii;/ lui Cilkitiii, this versu is tlius liappi.v 
 oxuniplilied ; — 
 
 •• A iir,.Ue,s .\lix;n.4rii,e ■ :i'ls tlie soiiu, 
 Tlial.like a wuuii iol ^;..lke, drugs us slow IcHKt" 
 alyiii,'." 
 The luimest Eii.;!i-h po.jin wholly in Alexandrine 
 versa is ina> ton's IVly.I'^ion, published 1012-22. 
 
 ALEXIXATZ. a Iir.vii in ScTvia. S>evere ti),'lit- 
 iu:.' took jiianfere \f\w ^n the Turks and Servians, 
 Ansf'-Sepl. \'S-fj. Tlie :o>vn. head-(|uatters of the 
 Servians, was eaptured !I Oet. This led to an 
 anuistiee and peaee. See Turl.cil. 
 
 ALFUliD (N. Sootlaud), Battle of. General 
 liaillie, wiili a lar^-e b'j.lv uf eovenauter.*, was de- 
 feated by the niar.|uis of iloutrose, 2 Ju'y, 1(45. 
 
 ALGEBKA: bi-phautus. ,aid to be the ui- 
 veutor, wrote iijion it pro^.ibly betweai the jrdand 
 «th eenturiis. It «-a» cultivated in the rjtheentury 
 bv the Arabs, who br.,.i..-iit it into Spain; and in 
 Italv by Leonardo liuua^ io of I'isa, m 1220. In 
 1494 Liica I'aeiolo i.ubli-hed the first printed bo(di 
 on Algebra in Euri>pe. .iurd. Some of the al;;e- 
 brai(! sisns were intreou^ ed either by Chiistopbe 
 liudolph (1522-26) or Miciiael Stifelius of Nurein- 
 beri;, 1544, and others i.'y I'raneis Vieta, in 1390, 
 when algebra eaine int..L:Liiual use. Jloitii. Jerunie 
 Curdau published his •• Ai.- Ma^'lia," eontainini;- his 
 rule, 1545. Tlios. Harn-:- important di^eoveries 
 appeared "m his '-Art., Analytieie Praxis," 1631. 
 Deseartes aindied algebra to ;.eometry about IO37. 
 The binomial theorem "f Newton, the basis of the 
 doetrine of liuxions. and the new analysis, 16GS. 
 Dean I'eaeoek's "Alieijra" is a first-class work. 
 
 ALGEEI.V, see A::jiu-s. 
 
 ALGESIEAS.orOLUGimtALTAE (S.Spain). 
 Here the .M.pors eiitcreu .Spain in 71!, and held it 
 till taken by Ali aso Xl. iiarch, 1.5,}4.— Two eu- 
 gapemeuts took )ila( e lure letneen tfie English tieet 
 under sir .Jaiues Saum.uez .;nd the United I-'reneli 
 ■and Spanish deets, .lU.i ! 2 ,1 uly, i8ul . In the lirst 
 the enemy was viutoriju^; but the Urilish honour 1 
 was reJeeiiied in the lattu-r '■ uitlii t, the Vint Antonio, I 
 74 guns, beinn captured. Two Spanish sliips tired 1 
 on each other by mistake, and took rire; of 2CXX) i 
 uh'H on board, 250 wero saved by the English. 
 Alison. j 
 
 ALGIEllS, now ALGKIilA, N.W. Africa; part | 
 of the iiucii'Ut Mauritania, viiich was coui|uered by 
 the Komaus, 40 li.c. : by the Vandals, a.u. 439"; ' 
 recovered for the emiiin- by lielisarius, 534; and i 
 sulidued bv the Arabs about t.^o, I'opulaliou u( , 
 Alsreria iii'iN<'6. 2.03M I'': iSra, 2,14(1,22; ; 1S7:;, , 
 2,448,091; 1S8O, 3,9io,3.y9i 1^:91,4,124,732; 189(1, , 
 4,429,421. 
 
 Tlie town Algiers founded ly the Arabs near tlie 
 if Icosiutn about 
 
 site , - - 
 
 Deuoiuiii;; tlic .scat of the B.u'bury pirates captured 
 
 933 
 
 liy I'urdiiuihd of .Spulii, 1509; retaken Ipy Iloruc 
 
 llarl.arossa, ami iiaele tlie capitid of a stale; 
 
 ;;.iviTiii'd liv a dcv, iioriiiually subject to Turkey, 
 
 ijif. Darliaiossa was defeated and slain by the 
 
 S|iiiiilardK . . 151 
 
 The eiiii.iani- Cliarles V. loses a line licet and army 
 
 la an e\peiliti"M a;,'alnst .Vlniers . ... ij 
 Algiers tenillcd into pacilic measuiej by Wake, 
 
 iOtS : I'V l>n (^ilcsiie i6S^ 
 
 l-'or ibulimail iiinii y. Ilie city sucessfiilly lioni- 
 
 barded by the Uiitish tleet, under lord K.xniontli 
 
 27 An;;. U, 
 A new treaty fjlhwcd, and Christian slavery was 
 
 abolislieii 
 
 Ai;iier» siirrcndcic.l to a Froncli ai?ii,imeiit umler 
 
 lioiunioiil and Imi'i'rre. altci t-cvcrc c.mllict.-, ; 
 
 tlie dcy ilc]iiiscil, ami the barbarian government 
 
 wholly overthrown 5 .Inly, i£ 
 
 The Aral) diief Alid-elKader preaches a holy war, 
 
 becomes I lowerfid, and attacks tUu French, at first 
 
 succes.sfully 1- 
 
 lie is ]ccoj,'nised as emir of Mascara, by treaty with 
 
 tile I'rench 1-. 
 
 The l-'icuch ministry announce tla-ir intention to 
 
 I clain .\l^,'ieis permanently , . . jo Jlay, .. 
 
 War renewed iSj; 
 
 The I'lciich take .Mascara ... 5 Dec. it 
 
 .Marshal Clausel defeats the Arabs in two battles, 
 
 and enters Mascua 8 Dee. u 
 
 Ucn. Damreniont killed hi taking Coustantina 
 
 1.1 Oct. i,-._ 
 Abil-el-Kader, thoroughly d.efcatcd, recognises the 
 
 I'rench supremacy 30 May, ,, 
 
 War lenewepl ; rreiicli defeated . . . lice. 1; , 
 At'cria aune.xed to France, and the emir declared a 
 
 rebel Feli. i;^ 
 
 Uo is defeated by iiiiguaml at Isiy . . 14 Aug. u, 
 500 Aral):i in a cave at Kiiartani refuse to surren- 
 der ; sull'ocated liy sni"ke ; said to have been 
 
 oiiiered by j.ejiei'al reli..sier . . . iSJune, li^ 
 After a long struggle Abd-el Kadcr surrenders to 
 
 Liumiricii re 2j Dee. i-.r 
 
 I'resh revolts, 1849 ; sulidtu'd .... i:. 
 
 An insurrection of the Kabyles subdued by the 
 
 Frcncli, after several sliarii cMgagcUients . . I'v- 
 .\notlicr iusunection suiii'iessed .... 
 Tlie governmeut entrusted (for a short time) to 
 
 Iirince Napoleon 
 
 Tiie Arab tribes attack the French ; defeated, 
 
 ji (Jet. and 6 Nov. 
 .Ugiers visited by Napoleon III. . . . t)e|jt. 
 
 Marshal i'elissier, duke of Malakholf, aiipointe.l 
 
 govcrnor-gciuial of Algeria . . . Nov. 
 The cm| cior laoiiii.^cs a constitution securing the 
 
 riglits of the Arabs, saying: "I am as mucli 
 
 emperor of tlie .\iabs as of the Fiencli." . Feb. 
 Insurrection of the Aialis, .May ; submi.ssion, June, 
 Ueatli of marshal IVlissiei', 22May;MaeMahon,dukc 
 
 of .Magenta, succeeds him . . . 8 Se].!. 
 
 Fresh levolts; insurgents defeated liy.bilivet 2 Uct. 
 Tlie emperor well received during his visit, 
 
 3 .May— June, 
 More rights and privileges promised to tlie uati\e.s, 
 
 July, 
 The emperor imblishes bis letter on the policy ,',1 
 
 France in Aigeria(2o.)uly) . , . Nov, 
 
 40CH) Arabs deleated by col. Souuis . 2 Feb. 
 
 He.'ignation of marshal Jlac^I.'ihon . . July 
 Algciia I'roclaiNied in a state of siege . is.Vug, 
 .■si.ib' of sage raised , . , . 24 June. 
 
 (Jen. Chauzy accused of governing despotically ; In:, 
 
 * He, with his suite, embarke 1 at Oran, and laie;i 
 Toulou on 28 Dee, following. He was lenioved t" 
 castle of Amboise, near Tours, 2 Nov. 184*:), and ieii:.LH— 
 from his eouliueuient by Louis Napoleon, Ki (.let. isj 
 after swearing on tile Koran never to distuih Alriif 
 agaiu ; he was to reside henceforward at Brous.',a,iuJa| 
 Minor; but in couseipieuce of the earthquake at!'.! 
 pUee, 28 Feb. 1855, he removed to Constantino|iK, 
 July. ii-;6o. Abd-ei-Kader lield the citielel of IJaiiu 
 and theie proiected many of the Ciiriatians wiiei.. 
 liad rescued from the massacres tlieu in periietratin:) i;l 
 the Turks. He received honours from the \'.\\f':SA 
 Fieueli, and Saidiuiuu sovereigns, lie visited l'iri.Ni!.| 
 London in Aug. 1865. He ollered to serve in the l:u-ia[ 
 army iu July, 1870, lie died May, 1583, ajjed jC. 
 
 al: 
 
 resignation not aecc|i 
 
 July ; ie|i|aecd liy Al 
 .\ii insurrection .Mn'm ip 
 IMsp'.e Willi Tunis ; 01 
 
 Kiontnirs, ,Vi', i^m-t- T 
 .\rab insnricciiiin, lieai 
 
 he is s.iid lo be drii.al 
 Insurrectiou dreailed ; 
 
 IJou Ameenia deleated 
 said to be preparing 
 French cobinins adv 
 indecisive skirmishes 
 
 Uesignation of tlie govi 
 
 M. Tinnan .ippoinlcd 
 To|iog|-,.||ihieal expedita 
 
 killed 
 The pi'uvinee Miab anui 
 
 .Subndssion of insurg'iit 
 
 I'lagac of liieusis 
 
 Tlie chamber of .Icimtio 
 
 Mieiit to in.iuire res 
 
 atfairs 
 Uesignation iifM. f.nuis ' 
 
 M.Ucli ; succeeded liy 
 
 Unnmins of a church 
 discovered during ex( 
 Pagan relics, re|iorled 
 
 Forest lire.^ round lioiai. 
 
 Irruption of locusts ii 
 pressed iu 
 
 (,' liision bi'tween a mil 
 near Adelia station, 7 
 
 M. Lepine apiiointed go\ 
 
 fievere famine. ,M. Li pin 
 francs granted 
 
 Serious riots in eonnccli 
 (see fraiur, ir,g^ and 
 deaths and simps, etc,, 
 uver 78 persons senti 
 imprisonment, 26 Jan. 
 58 .\nli-.Seniil, ... paidoi 
 
 .M. Lalcrriere appuintec 
 
 ALIIAMA, a tow 
 
 stroyed by an i'aitlii|uul 
 5 convents, and other 
 ported deaths abo\u 3O' 
 
 ALHAMBKA, a 
 
 Ui.ir Granada, S. Spuij 
 of Grainida about 1233, 
 Christhins about Xuv. 1 
 described in a niagnilici 
 Jules Goury, published 
 part of this palace in tl 
 ham, was de.-tio\i d by 
 a lire at the Allianibra 
 the Sala de la Barca » as 
 of the Albcrc;i, oihi. 
 15, l(JSept. 1.S90. — The 
 opened as a circus, i:c., r 
 iu March, i.S^X. The 1 
 iiicorpurateil in ,Iuly I 
 in Jan, 18(15, The I{o 
 ilestroyed by lire, 7 Dec, 
 lives ; reopened, 3 Dec. 
 
 ALI, Sect of (Shii 
 
 about i98,married Mahoi 
 610 ; became vizier, OK 
 called by the prophet, 
 vi.fc.rirm? ; " and tlie 1 
 tation of the Koriiii ace 
 •Mahometans adhere to t 
 Ali was assajsinated 23 
 
 * The lirst four sueces. 
 

 Ijy |["nii> 
 
 11 slati- ; 
 
 ) 'rnri^i'\-, 
 
 liii by llif 
 
 . • ' ji 
 
 auil ;iniiy 
 
 .y liliiki^'. 
 
 . .C5, 
 
 illy l"'m- 
 
 ^Xllinllth 
 
 37 An;;, i.. 
 
 ivcry wiw 
 
 Hilt uiiiUt 
 
 ii.iilluts ; 
 
 VLTlUlll'Ilt 
 
 ■ 5 'li'ly, i". 
 
 liiilv war, 
 
 ill, at first 
 
 ■eaty with 
 
 101ltl"ll til 
 
 2o May. ., 
 
 . iSv- 
 
 5 life. I,- 
 
 Ulttlf.i. 
 
 . 8 Deu. i: 
 
 itinu 
 
 ■ 3 Oct, ,, 
 
 g'liihi's tin; 
 
 . 30 ila^■, ., 
 
 . Ikv. l; 
 
 luclarcil a 
 
 i-V.:. I , 
 
 14 Aii^'. 1;, 
 
 to siinou- 
 
 lave liuiiu 
 
 . 18 Juuu, 1-4 
 
 flllllTM til 
 
 2j ileu. i:,r 
 
 31I by tlK' 
 
 t tiiuc) to 
 
 I'ted, ' " " 
 
 lud 6 Nov. 1 ■ 
 . . .Si'i't. 1;. 
 
 aiilniillti-.l 
 
 •N""V. „ 
 ■urin;,' tin- 
 1 as imi< li 
 " . I'tb. 1;; 
 
 lioU, JUIJI', l;;, 
 
 ihoii.ilulii 
 
 . 8.Sc|.l. ,. 
 
 ivut 2 Utt. „ 
 
 1 \'isit, 
 lay— Juuc, ;;: 
 ii; uuti\ ui, 
 
 Julv. ., 
 iwliry ,,| 
 . N..V. 1. 
 
 2 I'l-li. :■ 
 
 ■ . July :; 
 
 ijAui;. . 
 
 :'4 JlllH', 1. 
 
 ically ; lua 
 
 I, ami laiiiirl 
 ■eiuuvcd t<i 
 (8, anil relii-J 
 , 16 Oil. ,•• 
 ilisturli y.: 
 lJnms.-i;i, iiti;^ 
 hquaki; at '.' 
 taiitiimii,. 
 
 I uf liain.i-i 
 tiaiis «ii..i:; 
 jorpiitiati";, 
 
 II tin: i:ii,;i 
 i.siteit I'an.'j 
 e ill tile tii-l 
 
 al:l'. tA. 
 
 uj 
 
 ALKALIES. 
 
 rislKiiutiiiii iiotacci'iitul i^y Miiinlial JlacMahuii, 
 July ; iililaiuil by Ali.i-i-t Gievy . . . .1878 
 
 All iiisunirtiiiii Minn i|iii'lk'il , , , .ii,,,^ 
 liispi.c Willi ■I'li'ii.s ; i.iiliii;,ia uf llir savajju liilii's' 
 
 Kiiiiiinirs, tVr. (sri- / (ijn'.s) , ^ Ai'iil 
 
 Alali ili^imiTliiili, lii'ihliil by Uini Aliiii'iiia, jillu'- 
 
 hi' is ....liil 1,1 bi' il, liMl.'il, i;iiil a luyilivu 1, Jiilv' 
 lnsunvi.tiiiu druailiil ; iiiini.s miit frmii Viaiu'u 
 
 abiiiit 111 All''. 
 Hull Aiui'i'iiia ikdcatcil by tliu Ficncli, nth July • 
 
 saiil to b.' iMiiiariii;; tor a fivsli ruvnlt ; IliivJ 
 
 fruiii'li I'liliiiiiiis ailvam.'iiig ayaiiist him, Aiij,'. ; 
 
 1679 
 
 iiiili-cisivf skinnislifs 
 lic«i;;iiatiuii uf the jtuVfiiiiii', A. tliuvy, 
 
 M. Tiniiaii a]i|iiiiiitril 
 Tiiiiii;;iaiililcal exi^u'litiuli attauliuil, 
 
 killcil 
 
 The iJi-uvilici; M^ab ainn'Si-il to Al;;iMia 
 
 40 
 
 AiiK. „ 
 aiiiiiiiiiii/fil 
 
 saiil to bu 
 • A|iiil, ,3Sj 
 
 ilUlloUlll'ull 
 
 I ) J mil 
 
 July, iJd3-t,i 
 
 i3iji 
 
 1894 
 
 1596 
 
 IC97 
 
 1S98 
 
 Subiiiissiiui of iusuiv Ills iUiui'UiiCL'il 
 
 lMa;;iH' nl'lucusW 
 
 Thu (liamluT ij' d^■lllltil■^|, I'arU, iliii'Lt the iipiiniiit 
 
 iiiciit to iu.niiri' ri-siicctiiij,' Alguriaii jmlitiial 
 
 "ll^iiix s .M.ueh 
 
 llcsiKIMtiiuiiil .M. I.iiii.sTiriiiaii, tiMi yi^ai-fiyiiwniiir, 
 
 JlaiL-h ; siKceudi-i 1 by M. JuKa Ciiiiiboii, anivuil 
 
 II Mav, 
 limiiaiiis III a iliiirili ut th" 5tli or 6tli tTUluiy 
 
 ilisfoviTi'il ihiriii;; •■xeavalious at Tiy^iiat, wiiii 
 
 l'ai.'aii lolirs. n'|iiiiloil .... Jui,u 
 Koiusl lirea ruuuil Uoiia, with los.s of lile ' 
 
 12 — 19 Si) pi,. 
 Irnilitiiui of lucusti iu Oiaii I'licraetically sui). 
 
 ]irt'ss(Ml ill 
 
 C'i Uision bi'tw.'iMi a uiilit.iry ami iia.isciiyer tiaii'i 
 
 iii'ai' Ailclia statii'ii, 7 oMicits kilUnl . u. May 
 M. LiJiiiiinapiiiiiiitnl >;i.viiuiii--);cii., aiTivj.s 31 Ort. 
 SiiviTc laiiiiiii'. .M. 1,1 i>iia; ainieals for hiljj, iM.coi 
 
 CraiRvs Ri-aiitijil 23 Uec. 
 
 prions riots ill ijuiiiirili.iu with the Hn-yAis cum 
 
 (si'i> Fruinv. lig, and 1 uc), against tlnj Jews, 2 
 
 ilwitlis ami siioiis, ilr., |iill,iL;,.il, 2J.2.; Jail,, i;9S ; 
 
 "Vur 73 |i('r.->oiis siiitiMKinl to various tiMiiis of 
 
 iiiijirisohiiii'iit, i6 Jan. ; iinler ru-itored, aS Jan. ; 
 
 58 Allti-Seliiili .1 l.aliliillrd . . ij.Jillii., 
 
 .M. LaluriiLie aiiiioiiited yo\criio;-geii. rnimrtud, 
 
 27 July, „ 
 
 ALIIAMA, a town of Cii-aiiiulu, S. .Spain, ilu- 
 stroycd liy an niitlniuaki', 2^ JJei-. |(S84 ; 5 iliurelies, 
 5 coiivi'iits, anil otlicr buildings throw udowu ; ru- 
 portL-d deaths above 300. 
 
 ALHAMIiliA, 11 Moorisli palaco and fortrL'.ss 
 near Graniuia, S. Spain, fuunded by iluliannnud I. 
 of Granada about 1255. It was sumndoivd to the 
 Christians about Nov. 1491. The- remains ii.iveboen 
 dtseribed in a niamiiliieiil worli liv Uweii Jones and 
 Jules CJuury, published 1842-5. A I'ae-siuiilc of a 
 part ol'this palaee in the Crystal ralace at Syden- 
 liaiii, was destioM (1 by the tire, 50 Dec. i8(j6. By 
 a lire at the Alluunbra, near Uranada, the roof of 
 the Siila de lii Darca w as destro) ed ; exueiU the eourt 
 of thn Alherra, oiher euurta were uninjured, 
 15, 16 Sept. l.Si;o.— Tliel'unoiititon {tc/iic/, .tea) was 
 opened as a circus, \:e., under the naiueof .Vlhaiubra, 
 in March, ICS58. 'I'he Alluunbra Palace Ciiiiipany, 
 incorporated "in .luly 1.%^, applied for dissolution 
 ill Jan. 1865. The Kuyal Alhainbra Theatre was 
 ilestioyed by tire, 7 Dec. 1882 : 2 liremea lost their 
 hves ; reopened, 3 Uee. 1883. 
 
 ALI, Sect of (Shiites, orFatimitps). Ali, horn 
 about srjS.murriedMahoinel'sdaujthterFatinui, about 
 Oil); became vizier, (..14; and calijih. (j5{;. Ali wat 
 called by the proidiet, "the lion of (jml, al^vav^ 
 victnn.-.ii? ; " iiiiil tlii- !'ei>i;iii= follow tiic iuter|ire- 
 tatiuuofthe Koran aecordint; to Ali, while other 
 Mahometans adhere to that of Abubeker and Omar. 
 Ali was assiijsinated 23 Jan. OOl.* 
 
 The tirst four successors of -Mahomet— Abubeker, 
 
 ALIEX.S or PouEiaXEUa, were banished in 
 "55i uciin; thou;;ht too numerous. In 1345 they 
 were e.xi lulled from enjoying eecle^ustieal bei'u lices. 
 y ' "• ■■ II. St. I, 13;,H, they were much relieved. 
 \Vheu tliey were to be tried criminally, the juries 
 were to be half foreigners, if tlie\ so desired, 1430. 
 I hey were restrained from e.\erei>iii^r any trade uf 
 handicraft by retail, 14K3, u prohibition which wua 
 rela.\ed 111 iIj(j3. 
 Alien piiiiiies (rells and estates beloiiginy to foreign eer- 
 
 »ons)siippie>hed ill Knylaiid, 1414. ' 
 
 Tiie,i;if,i .li'/iiassed.Jau. 1793. 
 Act to register .ilieiis, 17,;:;. 
 
 Baron Ueiaini., a fisliiiina'ble foreij^iaT, known at eourt 
 
 iiidered out of KiiKland, 6 April, i.Sw. ' 
 
 Ull to abolish iiatiualisatii.il by the holding of stock in 
 
 the banks of Sii.llaiiil, .luiie, iSjo. 
 Now lc;;istnilioiiart, 7 Uim-e IV. 18-6. This last act 
 was repealed and another statute passed, 6 Will. IV. 
 
 The rigour of the alien laws was mitigated by acts passed 
 ill 1844 and 1847. 
 
 " lyiri,i,ii,.i have leclainied our liiaishes, drained our 
 ens, lUlieil our seas, and built our bridges and hai- 
 liours. ,s //(,,■■, ,A-. K-ei. 
 
 Their status deliiie.l by the Naturalisation Act passed 
 12 May, i:-,7u. ,-.ee nii ler /.m/'. 
 
 The Votes of si.iiiu nanoverlans at the Stepiny Parlia- 
 mentary Election disallowed by the judges 5 April, 
 
 The prohibitiiin of aliens holdiii- land in the Uiiiteil 
 Mates of North Aiueriea a.lnptnl by .several western 
 stairs; aul al-.,, ■jliiiig.nt nstrictiniisoii the employ, 
 iiieiit of aliens in manufneliires, 1S33 d my. 
 
 A ilceive resiiieting aliens and iiiimigiaiits with re.^tric 
 tniiis was issued in France by rresident Cariiot 2 (Jet. 
 
 New iilitn iiiiinigratioii bill specially iiKainst anarchists 
 and incurables, introdiieed by the iimniuis of .-^alii- 
 bury ; lead 2nd time 17 July, 1894 ; dropped. 
 
 jVLIAVAL, 11 yilla.u-e \. \V. India, tlie sile of a 
 battle, 28 Jan. i8.jfi, between the Sikh army under 
 aadar Itunjoor Sin-h ilajeethea, I9,(XX) stroni:, 
 supported bv(j8 ]ueces of eaiilioli, and the lirit.sh 
 under sir Harry Smith, 12,0a) men with 32 j;uns. 
 The contest was obstinate, but ended in the defeat 
 of the SiUhs, who lost nearly tiouo killed 
 drowned. 
 
 or 
 
 ALIZAlilNE, a crystalline body, thn eolour- 
 iug principle of luailder, discovered 'in it by llobi- 
 quetaud Colin in 1831. Sehunek showed that all 
 the finest madder colours eontidued only alizarinu 
 eombiiied with alkalies and fatty acids. Uraebo 
 and Liebermann obtained anthracene from ali/arinu 
 in l^bS, and alizarine froiix anthracene in 18O1). 
 The cry-talliiie body anlliraei-ne was discovered iii 
 eoal mis by Dumas and Laurent in 1812, See 
 Mitiiikr. 
 
 ALJl'BAliROTA, Portnital. Here John I. of 
 
 iMrtupildeleuteil John I. of Castile, and secured 
 his country's ludepeudence, 14 Aujj. 138; ; see 
 hutiilha. 
 
 ALKAHEST, see Alchaiuj. 
 
 ALKALIES (from ka!i\ the Arabic name for 
 the phmt froui which an alkaline substance was 
 first procured) are ammonia, jiotash, soda, and 
 lithia. lilacU discovered the nature of the iliil'er- 
 euce between caustic and mild alkalies in 1736. 
 The lixed alkalies, imtasli and soda, deeoiuposed, and the 
 metals luitassium and sodium fonneil, by IJumphry 
 I<a\y at the Ki.jai Instiuuioii, London, 1807. 
 
 Omar, Otlimau, and All, his chief agents in cstaljlishing 
 his religion and extirpating unbelievers, and whom on 
 that account be styb.' . the " 1 uttii.g sw.irds lU Gmt "— all 
 died violent deaths; and his family was wholly cxtii- 
 patel within tliirty years after his owu deeease, 
 
 J) -1 
 

 
 IVr L'li' liivi'uti'il all iilUiiliimti'i. loii'- t tupi 
 
 ,,„„„„m si.lt (;;l.l...i;l.' W r";';","Vi ,„;', ' Vlluir. 
 vi'iitwl 1iv 11 I'n'iif iiiiiiii iiaiiM'l Muuiis 1.1 ■ 
 
 i iffiiiS;'S=f'fKK";-S ft; 
 
 Vaikiiw iimihlli atii.lis c.r tlusi' i.nni'SKL.a nu, now 
 
 ff alkiill, sul|ihati'H iif mnln, MilliUali oi l'»i'i»' ■ ] 
 
 wliiHi iiiiiiiaticTiis in ''^■"';',?.„ „,i„„.liiL' muriatic i. 'lil ' 
 Mr. Win. li»ssiiK'e'.< pniui'ss l..r ooliiK'li-lnt. m""ai ^ 
 
 '^"n'..r'",;ii:i lli.n'iiiiln,'. in .8,8 ; l'"-'''' \ •;- ^"s^i ; 
 riif ns luT cent. II ninriiilii :i' "' i-" '• i , ,„„„.., 
 
 ^;^^ las yLX =8 .inly, .^>,^^, -;;:;■ ';:^, s; 
 
 The IliiKni) . 
 
 Tlu'ljnailrill'li' 
 
 ■n...(jnaiimi.ii' ■ • • ; ,f, m,;^"'}; 
 or Vii'iina , «. 
 
 •717 
 
 17.8 
 
 . Wi' 
 
 « May, I7:i(' 
 
 21 .Inly, .785 
 
 ifi May. i7')i 
 
 S .\iiiil, .So-, 
 
 ,44 Marili, 181.; 
 
 . . •J4 .MariM, ,, 
 
 g We], I. iSi ', 
 . . 36 81'iit. 181- 
 anilTuikiy(alL'(iiistaiitliiii|ili') 
 
 Of Versiillli'i 
 lit'viiiaiilc . 
 Oll'arln . 
 Of St. I'l'terBlmi.:; 
 .\n»trliin . 
 or.Sweilcn 
 OfTniilltz 
 Hilly .\llliini'<' 
 Of Knglanil, Knuu' 
 
 Of PnL'lftiiilniiiirmni"'' vatilliil • • , 3,:^'",'''; 
 SiKIlia with till- Wcst.in Viiwcrs («t;i".;in) 
 
 itliiiiiili) 
 .2 Mar. i-;i 
 
 iA- 
 
 rcimrted suci .'ssful, Jan. i. 
 ll'uifc anil Univn. 
 
 92. 
 
 . ;,(ci(i'/ii/i!/C7tfmicii( 
 
 ALKMAER, ^co -B'''y'"' [ 
 
 ATT ATIABAD (N. W. Ilimlostaii), the "holy , 
 oitt^ of the In^^^^^^^ ^lahomctans .ituated «t the 
 VuLtZ of the rircrs Jn.nna an. Gatigcj... He 
 nrov nee of Allnhahail was Buccessivtlv subject to 
 ?heVovor gn« of Delhi and Ou.lo, but n; l8o< was 
 pa tiaUy audin .803 wholly i"^'"ri'0>-''te.i wi '> the 
 British posscssiouB. By treaty hem, Keng.il, \c , 
 WHC did to the EnKlish in , 7(15.- During t 
 
 1891, i75.=46. 
 ALLEGIANCE, h'c Ontf>s. 
 
 ATJ.EGOEY abounds in the Bible and in 
 Homer sjJ Jacob's blessing uron hi. sons, Iremm 
 xlix (1689 li.c). Psalm Ixxx., and all the prophe . 
 Spenser's /««ns Qmne {lyp) and liunvan s /i - 
 Tim'l I'roaress (1678) a.-e allegories throughout. 
 "vCsmclator(l1U)M Addison, Steele, and oth.;rs, 
 fb'o unit alligJ^riJs.. fho allegorical i-tterpvetation 
 of the scriptures is said to have brgnn \Mth Ongin 
 in the 3rd century ; but see Old. iv. 2.}. 
 
 ALLEYN, see Ahnshousn and Didwieh. 
 
 ALIiIA (more correctly Alia), Italy, a small 
 ri>tr llowing into the Tiber, where lirennus and 
 the Gauls defeated the Romans, 16 Julv, 3"0 B.C. 
 The Gauls Backed Rome and cnmmitted so much 
 hiiury that the day was ther.-after held to be un- 
 lucky {nefastus), and no public business was per- 
 mitted to be done thereon. 
 
 ALLIANCE, TREATrE3 of, between the high 
 European po.vers. The following are the iiniicipal : 
 6f.p Cnnlilioi:?, Cotmntwns. Tmitus. 
 
 AtLUXCR. 
 
 Of Lcipsii! 
 OfViiMira . 
 The Triple 
 Of Warsaw 
 The Grind 
 
 g April, 1631 
 27 Mii>', 1657 
 
 .'8 .iiiii. ices 
 
 31 Mrin-li, 16S3 
 12 May, 16S9 
 
 26 Jan 
 or Hwcdcii with the Wi St, ni I'liwcrs . .9 Oec. .. ^ 
 
 !^[i;»G:;.u:i;^v.M,iaani.u,i,y,wh.hH.^ 
 
 ALLISON ISLAND, in the riiciHc, di- 
 covered enrly in l^.'^;. 
 
 ALL NIGHT SITTINGS, ace rarliamnd 
 1877 and 1881. 
 
 ALL SAINTS' DAY (Nov. i), or AU-lLil- 
 lows, a f.'Stival s.iid to have beei. liegun by pii|ii 
 Itoniface IV. ab.nit 1,0-. .■ele. rated in the Pm,. 
 theon at .<ome,:.nil establwhed by pope Gregory I\. 
 Ca'oout 830) fiiv the ei.niniemoratuni of all IIm- 
 saints and martvrs in wlms.' Imnour no pavuiuhir 
 div is issi'Micii. Tlie rel'iiriiiers of the hn<:.i\-\, 
 church, 1549. struck out of their calendar n gre:ii 
 I number of linnivivsaries, leaving only those winch 
 ! were connected with popular tradition. 
 1 ALL SOULS' COLLEGE, O.xford ; 
 ; Oxford. 
 
 1 ALL SOULS' DAY (2 Nov.), a fostiv.l „! 
 ! the Uoman fatlmlie ehiirch to commemorate il;e 
 souls of the faithful, instituted, it is said, at t'luut 
 1 al-ut993or 1000. 
 
 "ALL THE TALENTS" ADMINLS. 
 \ TRATION, see (Irnivdk Admiinstrationa. 
 I ALLOBROGES, Gauls, defeated by Q. Fabij] 
 i Xla.timus, near the eontiuence ot the lihoiu' a:; 
 j Saone, 121 n.o. 
 1 ALLOTilENTS, see Land. 
 
 ALAIA, :' I'i^'ei' i» 'hi' Crimen, nc.ir which ws 
 fought' a great battle on 20 Sept. 185.I. (S, 
 Riisso-Tiirklsh /('/'■ and Cnmea.) The jMiglis 
 French, and Turkish army (about 57,000 me; 
 moved out of their tirst encampment in the Criii 
 on 19 Sept., .ind bivouacked for the night on 
 loft bank of the liulgaiiac. The Russians (i 
 mandcd by prince Menschikofr), mustering .|0,c 
 infantry, had 180 field-pieces on the heights, and 
 the morning of 20 Sept. were joined by 6000 ciivnl' 
 from Thcodosia (or Katla). The English for 
 under lord Raglan, consisted of 26,000 men; 
 French of 24,000, under marshal St. Aniaud. 
 12 o'clock the sisnal to advance was made; 
 river Alma was crossed, while prince Napoleon t 
 possession of the village under the tire of ; 
 i Russian batterii s, and at 4, after a snngmnnry figt 
 ' the allies were completely victorious. The cncr 
 utterly routed, threw away their arms and km; 
 ' sacks in their llight, having lost about ?ooo mm, 
 ' wh.im 900 were made prisoners, mostly wound. 
 The loss of the British was 20 officers and 327 b 
 ; (chietiy from llie 23rd, 7th, and 3jrd regiiiii* 
 ! that of the French, 3 othcers and 233 men kil 
 ! Tot.il loss of the allies about 3400 
 i ALMACK'SASSEMBLY-EOOMS.Kk" 
 i street, St. James's, Loudon, at tirst very exclus™ 
 
 _ __J^^^ 
 
 were erected by n Scot 
 .M'Call, and opeiied 12 
 lung liecii termed Will 
 of later jirnprielors ; th. 
 April ami July, i,'^i)ii. 
 
 ALMANACS (frmii 
 count ; or better, tlie I'l 
 Hir», memory), Tlie Kgv] 
 stnmients; "the .\le.\aiiili 
 ciilendars are ani.ient. ] 
 univi'i-sitics are sjieeiiiiei 
 flilel Nostradamus, tlie hi 
 in the style of Merlin, i. 
 Bor Augnstus De Morg 
 Ahniomcs, witl' an inde> 
 almanac may be fouinl f 
 lished in llareli, l85i,» 
 more remarkablu almanai 
 
 John Hiiincr's t'aleinhir, wri 
 line in Lanilie'li I'alaee, wr 
 First jiriiiteil mie, piililis;,i>i 
 "Slicjilieanrs Kulenilar, ' (1 
 
 liy Itielii.iil I'ynsiin 
 Tyhiilt's I'l-iigiiiwticutions . 
 A'liinnae l.ieycois . 
 Lilly's Kiihenieri.s 
 Pnur liiililn's Aliiiaiiac . 
 British Merlin . 
 Coiiiiais.saneu lies Temps (li 
 EiUnlinrgh Alnianac . 
 .Miiiire's .Vlnianac . 
 Laily's Uiary 
 Sriisiin nil the Heasoiis . 
 Gi'iitleiiian'.s Diary . 
 Xaiitieal Alinanae, liegun lij 
 
 (iiiatenally iiniunveil, 183" 
 liiitish liiijierial Kalemlar 
 Iliiiuj's Kvcry Itny tiook 
 liriti.sh .Vlinaiiiie anil Cimipii 
 Anniversary Calenihir, jmlili 
 Cli.iinher.s' Unuk nf Uay.s . 
 Tlie Stalosni Ill's Year-boijk 
 Wliitiiker's Aliniinaek 
 IlazoU'.s Anniuil . 
 i,Mr. V. .Mayor's Intornaliniin 
 
 live laiij,'»iigu3, ])ul)li.slioil 
 
 The .Stationers' coniiiaiiy 
 ir|iulilisliiiig ilmaiiacs in v 
 
 iiiiu's 1., (,'raiiting the ])ri\ 
 lUuivursitics ; hut the iiiin 
 ^..'isioa or the Court of Com 
 [0 roiicw the jirivilege was hi 
 
 The Slttnp Uulij 1111 Eiiglis 
 710, was abolished in Augiii 
 iai.'s lia\"e hoeome innuiiiui'u 
 lion with their goods. 
 
 Of .Miiiirc's(uMilor the iiiaiii 
 ^lie able computer of tho . 
 ,iiiio upwards of 430,000 cop 
 lieil i'l 1820. 
 
 Ot ForeUjit Alwtnacs, the ji 
 ie France," tirst pulilisheil i 
 "otha," 1764, in 150 pages 
 
 Livre d'Or iles Sonverains, 
 lublished in Paris, July, 189 
 
 , ALMANZA (S. E. Si; 
 
 lo.s. 14), 1707, the Eiiglis 
 iDrccs under tlie earl of C 
 iateil liv the French and 
 lames Fitzjiimes, duko of , 
 If James ll.). Most of 
 Ir ni.-ido prisoners, having 
 fortiiguese at the first cha: 
 
 I ALMEIDA (Portugal 
 pcd by Massenii, 27 A 
 
 ' .if«r;)/i,i/'s .iliiiaiUKk for 
 lost on 7 Jan. ; th.aw ami fn 
 nil tlieii thaw. A great at 
 Ifterwaras the predictiom fa 
 
ALMANACH. 
 
 37 
 
 ALNWICK. 
 
 wore orectod by n S.otrlnnun immcil Alninck (ir 
 M'Ciill, ami opLicd 12 y,.U, 1 ;(,[;. TIk^j- h:ivo 
 luiift lifeii tcniiccl Willis's i-.ioms 'iVi.ni the iiiinu' 
 al liitir j,i-(i|ii-iot,)rs; thi'v witc olluivd lor anle iu 
 Ajivil iiiul July, if<i)(i. 
 
 ALMANACS (iVom llio Amliic „! mminh, to 
 count; ur iM'ttcr, tlic (.'(iplir «/, i'iini|iutiitioii, ami 
 WK //, lUfiiion ). Tlu' K;rvj)timi.s oointuitcd tinu; bv iii- 
 Btninicuta ; the AloxaiHlriaui had aliuanai's, iilul Ua 
 calcudai-a nro amdi'iit. In the Ui-ilisli Museum ami 
 universities are speriiuciis cjI' eaily alnianaes. Jli- 
 chael Nostradainua, llieHstndoKer.'wnjte au almniiuc 
 in the style of Merlin, i^:;(,. Jlulhsiioi/. Profes- 
 sor Augustus Ue Mcrjian's valuable "" 7yoo/l- n/ 
 Almanacs, witb an index of refeiemc, by which the 
 abnanae innv be found fur every year,'"' was pub- 
 lished ill Sdurh, 1X51. • Ani.m-'the earlier and 
 more remarkable almamn's were — 
 
 Jiihn Humor's Cideiidiir, wrilleii in Oxfurd 
 One iu I,amlpi':li I'ldaie. wiiiira in 
 Kirst JiriiitiMl laie, pulilisi.e.l at Hii.la 
 
 "Slieiibi'iird's Kalendar, '(riist iniiiud in KiiJlanil) 
 
 liy liiidiurd I'ynson ... i 
 
 Tylmifs l'ri«n(istleiiti.Jiis . , . " ' ' ' i 
 
 1380 
 1460 
 147a 
 
 497 
 
 533 
 
 . . l6j6 
 
 . 1644 
 
 • * 1653 
 
 . 1653 
 
 . . 1679 
 
 . 1683 
 
 698 or 1 71 3 
 
 • 1705 
 
 1735 
 1741 
 
 1767 
 . 1809 
 . i8j6 
 . 182S 
 • 1832 
 1862-63 
 . 1864 
 . 1869 
 
 AiMianae l.iegecils . 
 
 Lilly's Kplienicris .... 
 
 FcHir lidliiii's Aliaanae . 
 
 Biitish Merlin 
 
 L'lianiiissaueii (K's Temjn (liv I'ieanl) 
 
 Kdiiiliiir^,'li Almanac . . " . 
 
 Moore's Almanue .... 
 
 Lady's Diary 
 
 Si'iwon "U the Seasons . . . . . . . 
 
 Gvatienian's Diary 
 
 N'.iatieal Almanac, lie);nn l.v Dr. Neville Mask'elyno 
 (Miiiterially improved, 1834) ... 
 
 Biitisli Imiperial Kalendar 
 
 Iliiae's Kvery i'ay Hook 
 
 liritisli .Vlmairic anil CipiMpiiainii 
 
 Anniversary Calenilar, jmlilislied ip\ \V IvipIiI 
 
 C'lianiliors' Hpiipk of Days . . '. 
 
 Tiie .Statosniiii's Year-'bcwl; . 
 
 Wliitaker's Almanack , . . . 
 
 Umolla Aunnal 
 
 Mr. V. .Mayer's Intoniatiipnal Almanae fi.r'iS9o' in 
 live l.ui^-nagus, publislieil . . . ijec. 1889 
 The .stationers' eoinjpany elainn'il the exclusive riiiht 
 f|Mililisliiiigilni,inacs in virtue c.f letters patent from 
 iiiiios L, graiitnig the jprlvilene to them anil the two 
 
 lUiiiversities; lint the laipiiopoly was tiruken up liy a 
 
 leiisiiMi iif the Court of Common I'leas in 1775. A bill 
 
 ioiTiiinv the iirivile|,'e was lost in 1779. 
 T\iv Xliuiip Duljum Kiii-llsh almanacs hrst impo.sed in 
 
 710, was abolished in AuKiist, 1834; sime when alnia- 
 
 jii'S lui\e liecomo iiuiumui'able, being issued by trades- 
 lien with their goods. 
 
 Of .Moore's (under the management of Il-iirv Andrews 
 c able computer of the Xuuticul A'/i// . iiitVi'.«) at o'ie 
 
 irae upwards of 430,000 copies were annually sold. Ho 
 
 '.led i'l 1820. 
 OtFui-eUjii Alimdiacs, theiirinciipal are the " AInmnaeh 
 
 ,c Kniiieo," llrst pulillshed in 1699, the "Almaiiaeh de 
 
 liitha," 1764, in 150 jiagos ; in 1895, 1,367, and the 
 Livre d Or dcs Sonverains," by 11. H. Hiort-Lorenzen, 
 ubli.shed in I'aris, July, 1895. 
 
 ALMAXZA (S. E. Spain). Here on 25 April 
 
 lo.s. 14), 1707, tlie Kn-lish, Dutch, and Portuguese 
 Torces under the earl of (ialway, were totally do- 
 nated bv the French and .Spaiiish commanded by 
 lames iitzjames, duke of Berwick (illegitimate son 
 If Jiimes II.). Most of the Eiii^lish were killed 
 Ir mude prisoners, having' been ubiindoned by the 
 rortiiguese at the first charge. 
 
 ALMEIDA (Portugal), a frontier town, cap- 
 fired by Massemi, 27 Aug. 1810. The Eroiieh 
 
 I • .Viir/Ai/'s AhmiuKk for 1838 jiredicted correctly a 
 tfi-st on 7 Jan. ; thaw ami frost 14th ; severe frost 21st, 
 ■itl tlien thaw. \ great sale of tha almanac ousuad. 
 ■ftcrffards tlio predictiuui failed. 
 
 entered Spain, leavinir n parrison nt Alineido, 
 
 blockaded liy the Kiil-IhIi, d April, I.Sii, Almeida 
 was retaken by Wellington (11 Mav), and Massenu 
 retired from Portug.il. 
 
 AL!\I1'jX.\1{ Ai n village N. E. Spain, whereon 
 
 2.S July, 1710, an En-lisli and German iirniy de- 
 feated the Si)anish army .-umiortiiig Pliili]i V.', tha 
 grand-ion ot l,"uis XIV. of Vrance. Stanhope, the 
 English general, killed the Spanish g.Mier.il, Ame- 
 zaga, iu single conllict ; ail act almost unexampled 
 in modern warfare. 
 
 ALMOHADES, Mahometan parti:<ani, fol- 
 lowers of Mohammed ben Abdalla, surnanied El- 
 Mehedi, in Africa, aliont 1120. 'i'hev subdu-d 
 .Morocco, 114^; entered Spain nnd took Sevihe, 
 Cordova, and Uraniida, 1140-56; uiiil founded a 
 dynasty and ruled Spain till 1232, uiid Africa till 
 127S. 
 
 ALMONER, nn office anciently allotted to a 
 dignitled clergyman whoj^avethe first dish from the 
 royal table to the iioor, or an alms in money, liy an 
 ancient canon all bishops were recinired to keep 
 ulmoncrs. The grand almoner of France was the 
 highest ecclesiastical dignity in tliatkingdom before 
 the revolution, 1789. Hereditary grand almoner 
 of Enghuiil, the nianiuis of Kxeter, i.Si):;. Queen 
 Victoria's almoner (Very l!uv. lord .Vlwvne Compton, 
 dean of \Voreester, in '1882, made bisfion of Ely in 
 1885) or the sub-alnioner distributes the queen's 
 gifts on M<iH)i(bi Tliwsilay {which sec). 
 
 ALMORAVIDES, Mahometan partisans in 
 Africa, ro.se about 1050; entered Spain by invita- 
 tion, 1080 ; were overcome by the Almohades in 
 1 147. 
 
 ALMSHOUSES for aged nnd infirm persons 
 have been erected l)y many public companies and 
 benevolent individuals, particularly since the 
 abolition of religious houses at the Keformation in 
 the lOtli century. A list of them, with useful infor- 
 mation, will bo found in ■' Low's Charities of Lon- 
 don," 1862 ; frequently republished. 
 Armourers' almshouses. Dish iiisgate 
 Cornelius Van Dan fnuiided the lied Lion alms- 
 houses, Westminster 
 
 Emmanuel College, Westminster, founded liy Lady 
 Dae re 
 
 ■55' 
 
 cs, near City road, founded by 
 
 in 1621, were 
 Mercers' ciaii- 
 
 ■577 
 •594 
 
 1620 
 
 1826 
 
 1830 
 1692 
 
 Alleyn's ainislioti 
 E. Alleyn 
 
 Whittington's almshouses founded 
 rebuilt near Ulghgate-hill by the 
 paiiy 
 
 The Kishmongers' company fouaded alnnhonses 
 in 1618, and rebuilt them on Wandsworth com- 
 mon 
 
 Haberdashers' almshouses, Hoxton, founded by 
 Hohert Aske 
 
 Dame Owen's almshouses, Islington, linilt in 1613, 
 (in gratitude for her escape from an arrow-.shot), 
 were rebuilt by the IJrcwers' company. See 
 Otcea's colic'ir 
 
 nanerol't's almshouses, Mile V.-.ul, were erected . '. 
 
 The London almshouses, in commemoration of the 
 pa.ssing of the Heform Dill, built at lirixton 
 
 Numerous almshouses since erected for iiriuters, 
 bookbindiis, diie. 
 
 ALNEY, an island in the Severn, near Glouces- 
 ter. Here a combat is asserted to have taken place 
 between Edmund Ironside and Canute the Great, 
 in sight of their armies, 1016. The latter was 
 wounded, and proposed a divisimi of the kingdom, 
 the south part falling to Edmund. Edniun'd was 
 murdered at O.xl'ord shortly after, it is said by 
 jEdrio Streon ; and Canute "obtained possession of 
 the whole kingdom. 
 
 ALNWICK (Saxon Eihiwic), on the rive' 
 AIne in Northumberland, was given at the conques 
 
 'S39 
 '735 
 
 1833 
 
 .f 
 
 ||w 
 
 HnHPI 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 HI 
 
AI-rACA. 
 
 3H 
 
 Ar/I'AU. 
 
 to Ivodo Vwi. II lm« l..ni{lH'I..ni{r.l t.tli.' I vrih*. 
 M.l.ol,,,, kiiiir m- Srntlan,!. UrMr'i<;i Alnwi'U .n 
 1,0 i.n.1 hi. i-oim 'vriv killnl .., .N..v. lo-U- I' '" 
 tal<..,liyl..vi,ll.iMllV>.'m,l .ttnnpM. •! . 
 
 I 1-1, llV WllliMl.l ll.O 1,1-n, «lM. «•;,,< ,rU-AU<\ 11 Hi 
 
 ,i,„l i,v tlu. Srnt. ill I MM. Si.in. iHSItlirni^lli'llil" 
 l,I'nfrp,.in.a,mlrMi;,:t'..lwi,).(;..Mttust. ami at 
 
 iiii'liariii,; I'Xiionsc. 
 
 AT VAC, V Oir rum), n snwicR I'f tlic S. Aiiiori- 
 
 rlntli.. It wns iiitrnilur. ,1 in., this 7"'"^\, '"'"' 
 
 \,. for tin- wovlqu.Mplc, wiis oit.I,-, at >""■""- 
 
 'li,,., S.,lt iii 1H5=. A Mat,,,; nt liiiii . t 1 :i IM I 
 
 SiUaiio visit..,! l>;. tlir ininrontul pi'inoi'ss "1 N\ »1< « 
 2: .liinc, 1HH2. ^, ,^ , 
 
 Tl,.. H"y„l Vn,.k:,l,l,vJ„Mlw. l.M,il,lthmnt Hn n r. 
 I.],,.,,,.,! hy tl,P I'llatM'^H l),.i,t,-,c',. . . 6 .Mu>, 1337 
 ALPriABET, sn rMv\ fn.m tl,;' liri-t two 
 
 T ,. 'tatomon,. t/,„t Cud,,,,,, laon.ht t ly 'l';"-;"';;;^ 
 l,.tt,.R f,n,n K^'vpt into .Ircr,.., i>"'' ";'* . ^'' 7/ 
 l„-,n,.ht then. inf. I'al.stinc .;;;■ ''•!■'■"''>•„ ' , 
 Isaar 'ravlor's loanicl w..rk, " 'Hic Alp'ii.hct. was 
 pnl.li.^lic'l May, 1SH3. 
 
 ' ,,iii,ibi',' of 
 
 was 'ljiin'i'il ajioll till' <'•!■:■ 
 
 (lilt'iavat i„it,o„s c.mtii,,! 
 l..ttti-3 :— 
 
 ... Til.' nlpli 
 tliu followiii. 
 
 Fai„'lisli. 
 
 Fit'ticti 
 
 Itali ill . 
 
 Hpa,,is1, 
 
 OiTiaiia. 
 
 Slavnaio 
 
 Knssiiin 
 
 Latin 
 
 GuM'k . 
 
 lliMii 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 33 
 
 AiMl.io . . . • 
 IVisiilll . . ■ • 
 Ta,kisl, 
 
 Snmait . . • ■ 
 Cliiiiosi^ milii'iil I'liunio- 
 wv* . ■ ■ ■ 
 Cliiia'S". alphalii't snlil 
 to be iiivi'liti'il liy 
 l.islio), Kli^iiw Cosi 
 orCiiitoii (i!i8o) 
 
 33 
 
 ALPIIONSINE TABLES, astrononncnl 
 tnlllc- composoil t,y Spanish anil Avah as.i-ono- ^ 
 morr., andcolU'Ctcl in 1253 iinilorthodu-ootion .,( A - 
 phon.^0 X. of Castil,., snniainod the \\ iso, who -s 
 said to hnvc oxpcn.l.d upwai'ds of 400,000 omwn': ■ r, , 
 compluting the w.a-k ; l,.' hhnsidt «-,-otc the lirofa, ,•. 
 Th,. Spanish povorn'nont ordurod the work of A I- 
 phonso to br rojirinti'd from the bist .Mf?S. ; tlR- ^ 
 piililiratioii began in 18(13. j 
 
 A.LPS Eui-opoan mount.iin^ Those botwcen 
 Pri'.iuo and Italy wore passed n.. Himmbal, 2I« 
 n.c, bv the Unmans, 154 n.c, and by Napoleon 1. 
 Mav, "iSoO. Koads over Mont C'enis and the 
 Siniplon, connootins Fi-ani'O and Italy, were con- 
 Btrui'tedby order of Xapoleoii, betwien 180I-O; see 
 Simn'nn. The "Alpine C'lu'.-," wliwh consists 
 of British travellers in the Alj.s was founded 
 in l8;8, mid published its first w -rk, leak-, 
 I'asses, and Glaeiei-s," 1859; and a journal since. 
 Mr. John Ball, F.K.S.,1 m- the able hrst pre.sident, 
 nndautlin,-ofexcellent"(;uide^,"died2lOet., 1889. 
 SocJiim/lhdi, Miitterlwi-H. An International Alpnie 
 Congress opened at Salzburg 14 Aug. 1882. 
 Mi'itt fenis nr Cul at Frejus Tn ,<,ic'.—\ tiiiilicl, yl m::'-- 
 
 loiia throiiyli inont Cenis, eoiiiiectiiii,' bayoy iiiet 
 
 Floilmont WIH proposed by M. Medail, and, after Ion;; 
 
 lyin- dormant, was discussi'd and plans dr.-iwn up mi 
 
 1848? Tlie execution was preveuted by the war of 
 
 1849. 
 
 i The work of exnivatlon wim be«uii by king Vblor 
 
 ' miii'lMi '.'rv ; si,- j.ower wa, ei„|.|oy,.,l In iBtio; aial 
 
 U,|t;:^V'u;l:[rai: .Ira.idis, „,.! Hoinn,eilb.r, til. 
 
 I M,.,.,;,'.! tb.' «n,k «,lliii. 111.. Klv. n tnar.'tlie Fl-iudi 
 I u„veni„i,'iit 1,0,,. ihi'olil.ffVpiMis... 
 I Tla'tlrst rNl'i'iiiiii'iilaMrip wa.s iiia.l.' In 40 mnnitos 13 
 s,. ail. Ilie luiiiii.l was holiaiiiily liiaii^inalrd by llie 
 1 ,,a!..a^.■ ..f ... .•lUilap.s In 2.. ii.lnnt.s, ,7 M^pt, ...7. ; 
 I riHiilii, trains I"'.'.' tlii'on;;li, if. dot. ih/i. 
 
 A mllw V ' ill lotives ovrr n,..iit IViii- wn« eoii- 
 
 I Mniit,..! i,p..i, .Mr. Krll's pluu in ,^.7 (see /;,ii/i.v/m). 
 i niid oi.eiie.l I.Tlnilll.., iS'lniie, i.Sfi8. 
 
 Tlie oveiiaiid mail liist travels thnaijib the tunnel to 
 
 H,.i,i.lisi,saviiiK.i4lioiirs, s-bin. i»72. 
 
 1 VI (,. il,„nl /HiMi. / (part ol a niiUviiy system to eoniieet 
 1 ■ the NoitliMea aieltiie MediteiTiiiiean), iibont oj niiles 1 
 lime.ssed .iir ..mpbived ill boiinj; ; b.«llll .hnie, 
 ■ ,3„. eompleted 2; I'Vb. iBB,,; tlii..iiKb failure in 
 ' vaullliil-'. Mav, i.S'i.,, opening ib'terred. 
 I Tl,'llist('oiiii.|etetriiii.eanvn.«.a,eliuieliedpassenKers, 
 
 ,aHSe,l Ibroiyli tl». St. (I .lleir.1 T„„„e n, 50 in„,iUes, 
 ' ; Nov. i.^Si ; partially opened 1 .bm. it-..2 ; eon,liletel> 
 
 Si.i'inb'ai'ti\,''m'l'.eoHve,,tlon for Us eonst ruction by lie- 
 Il'iliaii aiei Swiss .jcvernmeiits, signed 25 Nov. 1895. 
 
 ALKE.SFOllD, I'attle of, or Clieriton, tcAiVA 
 
 see. 
 
 \ ALSVCE El..l\ss, fwrnerlvpart of thokin-- 
 
 , dotu of Aii-trasia, alterwards the Fremh (l,.part. 
 
 I iiients of tlie Tpper and Lower Kbine. It was 
 
 . ineorporati'd with the Uerman empire in the loth 
 
 eentiirv. A por;ion was resto,-e,l to !■ ranee, 1(148. 
 
 and till', whol,., inrliidingStrasiniru, 111 1(197. Alsiiee 
 
 wasre-e.uiiiuei'ed liv the (Je,-i„ans, Aug.-Sept. 1870; 
 
 and annexed to tb'eir empire. May, 1S71; bylaw. 
 
 (1 June. 1871. The Alsatians w(.re peiauitted to 
 
 chons,. their natioiialitv, bebire 30 S( pt . 1872. Many 
 
 emigrated info l^'ranec., with mnehi-egret.— Al,s.\(i> 
 
 LouilAlsr. was eonstituteil a la-ovinee of tlie Uer- 
 
 min empire, havinu' been eedeil by I'ninee by the 
 
 treaty of peaeeeomdnded 10 May, 1871, see ]!e/tort. 
 
 The p..-ovinee sends 15 menib.'rs to the (ierinan 
 
 parliament. Adn,inisti-:itors.l>riiiee liismarek, 1S71; 
 
 tio!d-marshal Maiitenllel, I (let. 18-9; prime 
 
 Unhenlohe, Julv, 188:; ; piinee Hohenlohe-l.aiigeii. 
 
 bur" Oet I'*'i4- population of Alsaeo-Lorraine, 
 
 r.ss"^; i,:;(.4.3si; ^^'P' \ip5'io:- ^'■'iJi'!' """'!'■ 
 i,SS7, iiii'l Strnih'irq. Ihe emperor \\illiam U. 
 visited thpproviiipo2oA III. «/.«(".'. 1889, and 19 Oet, 
 1S95. The strinirent passport reguliilions greatly 
 ebixcd 1 Uet. I.>>:.(i 
 
 rel 
 
 ALSATIA. a name given to the precinet of 
 Whitefriaivs, L-iidon, is deserilied in Seott's " For- 
 tunes of Nii: 1." Its privilege of s::h. tuary w;,* 
 abolished in 1097. 
 
 ALSEN ;Denma,-k), besii.^ed by the rrussians, 
 and heroieairy defended, 2(i June; taken, 29 June. 
 1864. 
 
 ALTAR. One was built by Noah, 2348 n.n. . 
 31:4 llitli/; 2481 Cr„iii,u {Oi'ti. viii. 20); otl,ei> 
 bv Ab,-aham, 1921 {Oe„. xii. 8). Direetioiis ler 
 making an altar are given, Exod. xx. 24, 1491 ii.e. 
 The erection of altars in Greere is mythically 
 iissi.'ued to Ceorops. Tlie term " ;iltar" was early 
 aiipried to the table used in the eeU-bi-ation of tli.- 
 Loi-d's Supper in Cliristian ehurehes {]leh. xiii. Id 
 Since the lime of Elizabeth there has been nnii-h 
 e„iitroVersv r.i\ the subjeet, -.tiid th<= VuritaiiB in t!-. 
 civil war destroyeil many of the ancient stone allai\ 
 substitutins wooden tables. In Jan. 1845 it wis 
 decided in'the Arches Court that stnne altiirs \vm 
 not to be erected in English churches. 
 
 ^ALTENK 
 
 , ALTEXKTliCirEN 
 
 Inlio had deleiiled tlii. ,\u.. 
 Jnele Iliemsi.lvi'S del'ealed 
 Ifcaii. killed, |i) Sept, f,,lb 
 
 A[;rKR K(H) ( //r,^ 
 
 |niip!ieil to Spanish vnaa-o 
 o«(.r; used at Naples w 
 Jii|iiiointed vicar-geiiiTal d 
 iJaly, 1820. 
 
 ALTONA (ir.dslein, 
 Itlie Danes, i(,(,«i, and iiii 
 
 eiipied first bv tlie (lerm 
 I|.'<ii3, and then' bv the I'l 
 Ipioiistini;) 12 Fell. 18(14. 
 
 , ATiT-KA\STADT( 
 
 lofpe.iee dictated bv Charlei 
 fiik Augustus of i'oland, \ 
 Frederick, ileposcil in 
 |if I'oland after the defeat 
 
 ALU^Sr, a salt, is flail 
 tnieieil at Uoeiha, ill Si 
 iTeiind ill 'I'nseany about I^ 
 Treii,i,'ht to perleefion in 
 'oner, who established large 
 
 1 11.08 ; it was discovereil 
 In Anglesey in 1790. Alu 
 lyiing, to harden tallow, 
 Ihe paper niaiiufactnre. 
 Pissrs. Teter .Spenee ,(; Soni 
 
 crystnl of alum weif;liingo, 
 
 ALITJIBAGII, n pah 
 
 I.;,,' I.ueknmv, Oude, Imlj 
 liny fVoiii the rebels, 25 Si 
 
 lelciided by the British u 
 
 . ilefealed an attack of 3 
 
 ISiS, anil of 20,000 on 21 I 
 
 T'l.'olii, Campbell in .Marc 
 
 1 ALUMIXIUM, amet 
 
 jlaniiiia, which i.s cimibinci 
 |l,irli was shown to be n 
 
 ■111' in 1754, having beer 
 hth li,ne." (Jerstedt in 18; 
 ilaminiiini ; and in 1827 
 lean it by F. WOhler, b, 
 Jiriosily, the process beinj 
 
 ' production was uflerwar 
 hil others, more especia 
 •cville, wlio in 185C1 s 
 Insidcrable qnai, titles o: 
 |(1 of the metal sodiuu 
 . g. 2.25), malleable, am 
 I'cs not rust, and is not , 
 Jiy acid except hydrochlor 
 las 3/. the ounce; in June 
 
 p:iaiiually became much e 
 
 c I'l-eneli colours have beei 
 Ihcrcrnamentaland useful 1: 
 lllc rAluminiuni," was \: 
 Biminiiim manufactory wii 
 Iftlc in i860, hy Messrs, 
 Jptal from a French minera 
 Inium bronze, an allo\ of 
 finfcd by Dr. John F'eiey 
 Iti'li ea.ses, &e., by M(.ssrs, 
 Vc. The product'iiui of ah 
 Jfiitly increased by the use 
 lrt,ic furnace an'd the usi 
 Ichines;^ aliiniiniuni bron 
 ~u, 1,^^0-9. A eoiiipaii 
 Imcd in the United States.' 
 
 J .\ cheaper method of proei 
 |te.l hy Mr. Webster, of Holly 
 
Ar,TK\KrHCIIEN. 39 
 
 ALTEyKIllCTrEX (rr<,Mia)',"TI,i^r.T,^ " 
 
 l«lln lllKl llrl.ntcl 111,. .\U»llj;,lN ll.'lV, .1 .hlllc, |-()/. 
 
 n. tlirnisclvcM .IrlV/ilcl, ,„„1 their ^^.i,. ml, Mm- 
 
 |n:lll, Kljl'll, I') S|.|i|, I'niluwillf,'. 
 
 ALTI'llt ]•;(;() {■■iii,f/i,r (ir f'-rnhi/ I), n tonii 
 
 |nii|i!lc(l to .S|,;iiii«|| vinnns wliPii (>x..r.i»iiitr ,-,.„|,l 
 
 "«ct; unciI iit N.iplrrt HJiii, ||„. cniwTi liriiiir wii,- 
 
 |,i|i|iointril viriir-gi'iiiTul during an iiiMiiiv.tini, in 
 
 IJ.ilv, 1H20. 
 
 AMAZONS. 
 
 ,, ,, . - iinnv), noniiiri'd l,v 
 
 ■till' Diiiic's i(.(i«i, Mild iiiaili' II litv," lO'.i. If 
 
 ciipic'd first liv tl ■' - . . 
 
 llSiij, niid thrii' In- 
 Ipmic stiiiu') 12 Fell 
 
 (VLTONA (ir.dsiriii, X. r„.rm 
 
 , .' 1')'.,). If wim 
 
 ' III rillllM frdi'rill tinniis, 24 I)ic. 
 Ilic rnisKiiiiis (thr lidrnil ilUt 
 l.S()4. 
 
 ALT-KAXSTADT (Pnl«.i,l^. ,vl„MT tl,o trrntv 
 
 f|HMriMlll!;lt,,n,vCll:irl|.sXll.n|S«rdlll tn ImviI,'. 
 irk All?llsitll..<nr I'uliiiid, w:is wiM-nnl, 2} Sriil | "o^ 
 i> iMvdi.rick.driHisnliii 170.1, ri-i, ill, il tlir tin' ,111' 
 fl olimd iiltcr llii.di'fi'iit ot Clnirlis Ml., in i-on,. 
 ATjFAF, II suit, i.-i siiid tn liiivo bi'cn first dis- 
 nvvrcil lit K.iicliii, ill Syriii, iilmiit I^no; if \vii« 
 luiid in Tiisriiiiy iiliout i.t-o; its iniiiiiitiicf ur,. wiis 
 m.ii.irlit t(i iinl'ntimi in Knf;liiiid liv sir T. Clml- 
 iii'i-. who t'stahlishi'd hii-frc nliiiii workV iii'iir Whithy 
 1 li.(i«; it was disrovi'iTil in Indiind in 175-; unll 
 ,11 Anj,'lcscy in 171P. Alum is used ns 11 inurdunt in 
 
 to wliiti'ii brciid, nnil in 
 
 ByiiM);, til hiinlrn falhiw 
 jl'io paiii'r iiianiifuctiiri'. 
 Ilissrs. Pi'fi'r Kiiriicc .t H..11S iirodiifi,] n oi.lossnl 
 orystiil nf Ilium •ivcij!liln;;,,v.ToiKlit tons . April, i.^Sf, 
 
 ALUMHAGir, n palarr with othor IniihliiiL's 
 Kir Lnrkiiinv, Oiidc, India, taki'ii iluriiiir flu- inii- 
 
 liiiy fnilll thr rchrls. 2;, .S,.,,f. i,S^7, and hirniriHv 
 
 litiMidi'd hy the liritisli iinilir fir Janii's Oiitranr. 
 Hi' ilidralod nn iittai-k of ^0,000 sopovs on 12 ,run' 
 
 ISiS. an«l of 20,noo on 21 Ind,., and was relieved by 
 
 yt'olin Cani]ilii'll in March. 
 
 ALTTMTNIU:M, a fm-fal, file base of thp carfli 
 jluiiiina, whii'h is eombiiird with siliea in elav, and 
 I'liiib was shown to be n distinct earth by Slar-- 
 ilf in 1754, having been iiiTvionslv eoiiYonnded 
 nth lime. Uerstedt in l.S2() obtaiiioii' the chloride 
 ahnninium; arid in 1827 the metal itself was jrot 
 Join it by F. WiJhliT, but was hm^' 11 seienti' 
 Jiriiisily, the process bciiifj oxpetisivo. 'J'he niode 
 rodiiction was afterwards simplified by Diiivn 
 •id others, inoro especially by II. Ste. - Claire 
 livillc, who in iiSijr. suceceiled in prociirin" 
 knsidcrable qnanfities of this motnl by the 
 of the niet.il sodium.* " It i» very" li<rht 
 ■p. g. 2'25), mallcible, and sonoroii> : wlu'n pure 
 fci's not rust, and is not acted on |. sulphur or 
 hynoid except hydrochloric. In Maich, 1856, it 
 |a.»y. the oiincr; in Juno, 1S57, 1 1 «. or 12,*., and 
 ]priiiiually became much cheaper. The eagles of 
 • Krcncli colours have been made of it, and" many 
 Ihcrcrnainental and useful anil Ics. Deville'swork 
 iDf rAliiminiuni," was published in iSco. Aii 
 liiniiiiiiim manutacfnrv was eatablished a't Xew- 
 Iftle in i860, by Messrs. Hell. Tlii'y obtain the 
 M from a French niiiicnil, baui^iic." Their alu- 
 Inium bronze, an allo\ of .opper and ahiniiniiim, 
 ■ntod by Dr. John Percy, K. U.S., was nmdeinto 
 .■h cases, &c., by Mcs-in. K^id of Newca^lc, in 
 ;, The prodiicti.iii of uluminiuiii liii< been very 
 fiitly increased by the ii-^eof Mr. Kii.;, no Covvles' 
 Ttiic furnace aiid the use of powerlul dynamo 
 |icliinesj_ aluminium bronze is thus laiwfy jiro. i 
 [H,%-9 A euiii|«iiiy for tho purpose was ' 
 ni'd m the liiited States. ; 
 
 ! .V cheaper method of procurinfi this metal wn.s iia ' 
 ItHl hy Mr. Webster, ot Hollywood, near l!iriniiii{liiiiii 
 
 f'.is, ' 
 
 Mr ir. Y. Cn-tiiirH ii'iii.i'.i i'lia worku nt OMtairy, i.cir 
 lllniiliiKliiiiii, III <iicpe..tir -prratloii, May iSSv'. Vitci> 
 of uliiiiiliiliilii aa«. ft pi.tr.'! (1 jig); i». jil'. (i8oi), Hvf 
 
 A i-lcMin liiiiii b \\}ii'.]y ii,.i '.c of nliiiiilirliiiii (,ill<.y), f, 
 
 iiiiti-i's \nhj. 1; iii.trc- «i,|,., «-nB 1 iifriictcd ut 
 
 /mail tiy .McsHri. Kwher W\>» ,v Co., m»i,t, if„j, 
 
 AiinhiiiiliiiiiiM yaclit, r.,./. : . .),|iiiiiu'Iip.| oii tin. «i-lii», 
 
 The ./:./..H /lo.' ', -t r,,> 
 
 cshil.lti'd oil the Seine, |i 
 All aliimliiliim f. rpfilo.!,..,-.!, luift l,y Mc«m 
 
 l..r flic Fi.'iicli uoyeniici.t, sncceiinfullv 
 
 (lieeliwlcll, ; , .>*Mpt. ita, 
 Tli'> llritl..|i aliiiiiiiiiuiii . ...|;p,Mi\ (n.j;|sti.rcrl 
 
 Mish H-oiks It p. vnrs, iiir, iilili,-.' tile Kall,< ; 
 
 .liiiie, tec/: re«. rv.,lr V. ri> c..iiip|ct..,|, ,Iaii. 
 
 AAfADIS OF Oat-t,. 1. Spanish or Portiii 
 roiii.ince, >.t;ifcil to have 1 
 
 • li;r, wsIgliH 1: c«t., also 
 
 , Vnrrow 
 tried lit 
 
 ■>H)«stn. 
 r.polteil 
 
 ncfic 
 bv 
 
 111 written about 1 
 » c-iilarilcd by Dc 
 ;ii''t jirinted (in Sliaui-li) 
 
 , 542 by 
 
 \asi'ii de I.olieira. It was eiilaiycd by He 'Meiif. 
 
 aho, about I4.S5; and 
 1519; in Frni.-ir, i;4o.; 
 
 I A M A I,E K I T E ,S (descendants of Amalek, 
 
 j pranilson 1,1 hsiii. brother of Jacob) nftacked the 
 Israelites. 14111 ii.c , when ].irpctual war was de- 
 noiini.eda.L'aiiisf tluni. They wcri' .Mibdiied l.\ Saul 
 about 1079, by llavid. i^^S'and 105O; and hy the 
 Siiiieonites ali.ajt 715 li.c. 
 
 , . AMALFI, a city on the i-ulfof Salenu". Xaples, 
 in the ,S||| (cntury bee iinc the scat of a ivpiiMic 
 
 •■ and nourished by its eomii.erce till 1(175, when it 
 was taken by l!o-cr tnii-i aid. and ev(.nni'.i!lv incr- 
 porated with Na].li -, The I'isan.s, in th.drsack of 
 the town 111 11;,;. are said to have found a copy of 
 tlie I'andectsof Ju-tinian, and thus to have iiuiriccd 
 the revival of the study ..f lioman law in Wi.stern 
 l'-iii-o|ie; the sfory i.- n..w doubted. Fl.ivio fiioia, 
 a native of Anialti', is tin ivpufed diaeoverer of the 
 mariner's compa>s, aleiu' 1 31 '2, 
 
 AMATEI-R MECIIAXICAL SOCIETY 
 
 (»c), btanitord (Street), i.«iieil its first iaov,u,, tus. 
 I Jan. i8(,-,. ' ' 
 
 AMATOXGALAXIi. hetwepn Zulnland and 
 the I'. rtu'.ii..»e p.i.M— 1. ii«. South Africa. A 
 depn»a-i"!i from (iueeii Zaiiibila solicits jirotection 
 "t Kiiahi! ii from the ]|.m:>, and the prohibition of 
 
 leliquov trattic, X..v,-|/.-. |,S8;. The territory 
 annexed to the llriti^l: iioiH'Ssion of Zululaiid, jo 
 Nov. 1897. * ■^ 
 
 AAIAZOX, ■\^'est India mail steam ^hip, left 
 Southampton on her liis! voya^'c, Frida\-, 2 Jin. 
 l.S52,and on Sunday nv niiii.;,'Jan. 4, was'd. -tr.ved 
 hy tire at sea, alioiit 110 miles W.S.W. . t S. illy 
 (ascribed to the siiontnioous ii-nition of eonilaistibre 
 matter placed near the iiii:ine-rooniV Out of 161 
 persons on board, 102 ]> rsins must liave perished 
 hy lire or drownini;. 21 jersons were saved by tht 
 life-boat of the sliip ; ;; in. re were carried' into 
 Ilrest harbour by a llut.h vessel passing by; and 
 
 13 others were picki 
 
 du. 
 
 li t 
 
 the hay of Biscay, also 
 Warburt.'ii. a di.stin- 
 iterature. \s as among 
 
 hy a Dutch palliot 
 .iruiahed writer in icncr 
 those lost. 
 AMAZOX, a river (S. America), vras discovered 
 
 by riu/.on, in iY'io,and expb.red by Fr ..ncisco Orel- 
 hina, inl540. C.iniinj,'fr.m I', lu, h'es., ed down the 
 Amazon to the Atlantic, ■im oli.iprviiii,' conijianics 
 of women in anii- ■ n it- i. ink, hccalled the country 
 Amazonia, and ..'nc th. name of Amazon to the 
 river, previou-ly cilled .Maiafiou. 
 
 AMAZOX.S. Three nations of Amarons )mye 
 been mentiond— the Asiufi,'. Scythian, and Afriean. 
 They are mythically sail', t . have been the descend- 
 ants of Scythian.s iuhalii;iii.- Cappadocia, where 
 their husbands, having ni.iiic incursions, were all 
 slain.beingsuriirisedinambu-.adesbytheircnemies. 
 
 
 
AMBASSADOES. 
 
 40 
 
 AMEKICA. 
 
 TliL'ir \vi,l(jw* formed a fiMiiiilo state, and (Urrccil 
 tliiit miUiiiiiuiivwasashaincl'ulsei-vitudt'. (Jiiiiitiis 
 Ciirliiis. TIk'Vwciv said to liavi' bi'eii coiiqiiuricl b? 
 Tliesfus. 'I'hV Ania/oiis wurc constantly t'iii|ilo.vod 
 in wars; and tliat thi'V mialit tlirow the .ii'vdin 
 witlinioro ('orcf,tlieirrig'lit breasts were burned oil, 
 wlience tlieir name from tlio lireek, «, no, mazo", 
 l)reast. Ulliers derive tlie name from m<tz((, tlie 
 moon, wtiieli tliev are supposed to liave worshipped. 
 About V)0 "-c- tli'eir (I'leen, Thalestris, visited Alex- 
 ander 'the (Jrca' whilst he was pursmnjr Ins eon- 
 quests in Asia, with three hundred females in her 
 train. HermhAHs. l-'or modern iiiiiazons, see Ihtlio- 
 mey. 
 
 AMBASSADOES. Aeeredited agents, and 
 representatives Iroiii one eourt to another, are re- 
 ferred to ill earlv a-i'S. In most countries tliev have 
 great privileges; and in England, they and their 
 servants are secured airainst arrest. iMiglaiid has 
 ei-lit i,inh,i.-,.^adur.H (at Berlin, Constantinople, 
 Madrid, Paris, Koine, St. reter.sburg, Nieiimi, 
 AViishingteii), tweiitv-six ministers, and about 
 thirty chief consuls, resident at foreign courts, ex- 
 clusive of inferior agents; the ambassadors and 
 other chief agents from abroad at the court ot 
 London in 1S65, were 4"; in iS^S, 43; in l8;2, 42 ; 
 in l8;8, 39; in 1889, 43. 
 
 The Itus.-i.in aial.assa.lor being inipiisoncl for ilobt by 
 nluee-mcieliant. -.7.1\ily, 1 70S, led to the i.assiiig tlie 
 statute of 7 Auue, for the inotectioii ol aiiil>assaaois, 
 
 Two°iii'eii, convicted of arresting the servant of ai. aiii- 
 ba.ssad.pr, were sentenced to be eondiirteil to theli.aisc 
 ot the amlMssiidnr, with a label on tlieir breasts, to ask 
 his piirdon, and tli.n one of tlieni ti> be iinpiisoned 
 three niontlis, and the other lined, 12 May, 1780. 
 . The tirst ambassador finni the Uniteil States of Aiiieriea 
 toKiigland,.Iolin Aduiiis, picsi'iited to the king, 1 .June, 
 17S5 : the lir>t from Great liritaiu to America was 
 Jlr. Ilamniond, in 1791. 
 A Japanese minister received liy the rpieeii, 3 Marcli, 
 
 1S73. 
 Tlu- llrst accredited ainbussador froniCliina, Kusda-Ji'n, 
 
 landeil at Southampton, 11 Jan. 1877. 
 In the case ot Sir H. M;ic;irtney, secretary to the Chinese 
 h'gation c. the Vestrv of Maiyleboiie, the Queens 
 Bench decided tliat the i.laintitl was fiee from parish 
 rates and taxes, ^4 Feb. i3go. 
 AMBEE, a carbonaceous mineral,* principally 
 found ill the northern parts of Europe, of great 
 repute in the world from the eiirlicst time; esteemed 
 as a medicine before tlie Christian era : Theophrastiis 
 wrote upon it; 300 11. C. Upwards of 130 tons of 
 amber liave been luund in one year on tlio sands of 
 the shore near rillau. I'/iillips. 
 
 AMBLEF, near Cologne, Germany. Hero 
 Charles Martel defeated Chilperic II., and llagen- 
 froi, mayor of the Xeustriaus, 716. 
 
 AMBOISE (Central France). A conspiracy 
 of the Huguenots against Francis II., Catherine de 
 Medicis, and the Guises, was suppressed tit this 
 place in Jan. 13()0. On 19 March, I3(;3, the Paci- 
 fication of Aiuboise was published, granting tole- 
 ration to the Huguenots. The civil war was 
 however soon renewed. 
 
 AMBOYXA. chief of the Molucca isles, dis- 
 covered about 1512 liy the Portuguese, but not 
 wholly oecujiied by tliem till 1580. It was taken 
 
 ♦ Jliieh diversity of opinion still prevails Hiiiong 
 naturalists ami chemists respecting the origin of amber. 
 
 Il is eollsiiieled 
 
 li. 
 
 to h,He iieeU a rcsih ill.-,- 
 
 solve 1 ill vohitile <'\\. It c tteii contains delicately-formed 
 
 insects. Sir I'. lb'e\v..,ti'r 
 
 idiides it to be indnratcil 
 
 getalilejiiiee. Wlieii rubbed it becomes electrical, and 
 from its Uieek name, ckktroii, the term Klectricity is 
 derived. 
 
 by the Dutch in 1603. 'J ho English factors at this 
 settli'iueiit were cruelly tortured and Jiut to death, 
 17 Feb. 1(123-4, by the'Dutch, on an aeeusatiou of a 
 coiisjiiraev to expel tlii'iii from the island, where the 
 two natiiiiis jointly shared in tlie [lepiier trade of 
 Java. CromwVll co'm|Hdled the Dutch to give a sum 
 of moiiev to the descendants of the still'iters. Am- 
 boyini was seized by the English, ifi Feb. 179O, but 
 was restored by the treaty of Amiens, in 1802. It 
 was again seized by the "liritish, 17-19 Fell. 1810 ; 
 and again restored at tlie peace of ilay, 1814. 
 
 AMBEOSIAN CHANT, see C/iant, Litin-gy, 
 &c. 
 
 AMBULANCE ASSOCIATION, see 
 under Juliii's, ISt. 
 '.•'irst "anibulance ship" (for sniall-pox convalescents), 
 
 /,'i'JO'iK.-', construct ed for Met io|iolilaii Asylums Board, 
 
 laiHiched at .Millwall, E .Aug. 1SS3. 
 
 AMEN, an ancient Hebrew word moaning inu, 
 fdilJiliil, (■</t(i<')i, is used ill the Jewish and Chris- 
 tian assemblie.s, at the comdusioii of prayer: see 
 I Cur. xiv. 16 (a.d. 59). It is translated "■irrili/" 
 iu the Gospels. 
 
 AMENDE Ho\01!AI!LE, in France, in the 
 9tli century, was a punisliment iiiHictcd on traitors 
 and sacrilegious per.sons : the oll'eiuler was delivered 
 to the hangman: his shirt was stripped off, a roiie 
 put round his neck, and a taper in his hand ; he 
 WMS then led into court, and was obliged to beg 
 pardon of God and the country. Death or banish- 
 ment sometimes followed. Tliese words also denote 
 a recantation in open coi'rt, or iu jireseuee of the 
 injured jiersoii. 
 
 AMEECEMENT, in Law, a fine assessed f..r 
 an otlence done, or pecuniary punishment at the 
 mciri/ of the eourt : thus dilVering from a fine di- 
 rected and fixed by a statute, liy Magna Ch.irta, 
 1215, a freeman cannot be amerced for a small fault, 
 but in proportion to the oflenee ho has committed ; 
 the mode was determined by 9 Hen, III,, 1225, 
 
 AMEEICA,* the great Western Continent, is 
 about 9(XX) miles long, with an area of aboiit 
 l6,soo,a)0 square miles. It is now believed to have 
 been visited by the Norsemen or Vikings in the lotli 
 and iitheenturies; but the modern discovery is due 
 to the sagacity and courage of the Genoese Uavigabir, 
 Christopher Columbus. -f See C/iicii/o. 
 Columbus snileil on his lii'st expedition from Palos 
 in Andalusia on Friday, with vessels supplied by 
 the .sovereigns of Sjiaili . . . . 3 Aug. i^g, 
 
 • The iiniiie is derived from Amerigo Vesjaicei, n Floiei,. 
 tine inercbant, who died iu 1512. He aeeompauied Oj.il:, 
 in his vovage on the eastern coast in 1408 ; ami desirilu ; 
 the country in letters sent to his friends in Italy, lb i. 
 charged wi'tb |iresiiinptuonsly inserting '■Tierra dc .\ii,i 
 rigo" in bis iniips, Irving discus.ses the questioii in tli- 
 Appendix to the Life of C'cdnmbiis, but enines to im eeii- 
 elusion, llnmlioldt asserts tliat the name was giv. n 1,1 
 the continent in the pojailiir works cif Waldseemnllei, ;, 
 (ierniun geographer, without the km.wledge of Vespue. i 
 To America we are indebted, among other tIlin^:^, f. 1 
 uiai/e, the turkey, the potato, reruviau bark, a;..| 
 Uibaeco. See rlorenw, 1S98. 
 
 t Christoplioio Columlio was born about 1445 (or I.,- 
 twceii i435aiid 1449); first went to sea about 1460 ; aiMW. 
 at Lisbon in 1470, where he married Felipa, the dan^ilitu 
 ol I'erestrello, an Italian navigator, wbcreliy he oblaii,..! 
 iniieh geograiiliical knowledge. He is .said tohuvel.ii! 
 the ]ilans of his voyage of discovery before therepiilili.i f 
 tieiioa, ill 14S5, mid other powers, and linally Indole lii, 
 t'ouit ot Spain, where at icngth the queen isabeila in i .lii.L 
 his putioii. After undergoing much ingratitude nmlenii! 
 
 iiersecution from his own followers and the Spanish 1 1, 
 
 he died on 20 May, 1506, and was burieil with iimeli ]»ii„|, 
 at V.illadolid. Ills remains were transferred, in 1511, 1.1 
 Seville ; iu 1536 to Sau Domingo ; and iu Jau. 1796 to tlie 
 
 AME] 
 
 He hinds on the island of 
 liah.-imas ; takes possessii 
 I'erdinainl iin,l l.sabelhi u 
 San Salvador 
 
 11" discovers Cuba, 28 Oct. 
 Ilayti), wheielii! buihls a I 
 
 lie returns to Spain. 
 
 lie sails from Cadiz on : 
 -■5 Sei>t. ; iliseovers the Car 
 ; Xov. : (Imidaloiii.e, 4 N, 
 loumls Isaliella in llispaiii 
 ' ity in the .New World . 
 
 lb discovers .lamaiea, 3 .May 
 Isle id' I'iiie.s), 13 June ; v 
 llispaniola 
 
 He visits the various isles, a 
 
 Ibturns to Sjiain to meet th 
 
 Jehn Cabot ((iiovanni Cab. 
 r-.iid to have setth'd in lir 
 siiled theliee with his son 
 patent fioiii Ilcnry VII., s 
 Labrador on the coast of 2 
 
 Ce'.nmbus sails on his thin 
 . ivcrs Trinidail, 31 July ; 
 uithout knowing it to I 
 naming it Isla Santa . 
 
 (ijida discovers Surinam, ; 
 \'eiieziiela 
 
 \'ii>'iite Yaiiez Piiizon diseov 
 y '71, 26 Jan. : and the river 
 eabial the I'ortuguese lauc 
 
 Caspar Cortereal discovers L 
 Celuinbus is imprisoned in e 
 
 by JJobadiUa, .scut out to i 
 
 iliiet, Jlay ; conveyed to Sji 
 
 nltly reeeiw'd . 
 CeUimbus sails on his fouri 
 
 overs various isles on tl 
 
 and explores the coast i 
 
 kv. ; discovers and names J 
 NV.TO slaves imiiortcd into I 
 Wenied by the inaehination; 
 
 turns to Spain, 7 Nov. ; his 
 
 dies 
 
 lb' dies while treated with b 
 
 'I'anish government 
 .Sells and I'iiizoii discover Yi 
 (ijrila founds Sail Sebastian, 
 
 mainland 
 .Sul'.iugatiiiii of Cuba by Vehe 
 Tin coast of Florida discover 
 Va-i II de Balboa crosses the i 
 iseovers the South Pacilic 
 Ml \ieii discovereil by Keriian 
 Gi'ijalva penetrates into Viica 
 
 Spain .... 
 Passage of Magellan's Straits 
 Ceii.tUest of .Mexico by Fcriia 
 Pi/a:ro liiscovcrs the coast ol 
 111' invades iiiid conquers Per 
 earlier, a Freiielnnan, ciiteri 
 
 ii'iii e, and .sails up to Monl 
 ICiiijalvii's expedition, equippi 
 j Cilifcirnia 
 IMciidozii fonnils Buenos Ayi 
 
 a.Ijiicent country 
 |(livli:i-.a sails down the Aiiia; 
 Lee siaiMi eoiiipiered by Dc s 
 :l1'ii eiiiiipiered by Vaidivia 
 |}.<l'illiiininl'ein-^traiiquillil 
 llioii's Straits diseovercl by 
 lialeigli establishes the tirst l 
 
 lieaiiokc, Virgiiiln 
 iFalklaiid isles discovered by '. 
 
 Plavanim, Ciibii. The origiiiii 
 tollHVebeeii " ACastilla 
 t'olen." " To Castile ami Lee 
 JliiiiilioUlt siiys licautifully, tl 
 |vas "11 cuiiq:ii't nf nlUrii'in. 
 ISjo, tint Cohniibus' log-boo 
 Ibo sa. 
 
AMEEICA. 
 
 41 
 
 AMERICA, RUSSIAN. 
 
 141)2 
 
 WJi 
 
 1494 
 
 1496 
 
 IIo liuiils (111 till! isliiml (if Oiiiiiialiiiiii, iiiii' of the 
 lialKiiiiiis ; t.ikc's iiiissrssioii df it in the iiiiiiiu i.f 
 I'l'idiiiiUMl iiii.l iHiiliL'llii of L'astili', iiml iiamivs it 
 *ili.Siil\a.loi- .... I-Vi.lay, u (let. 
 
 II>'ilisiiiviTs L'litia, 2S Oct. ; nml Ili.siiaiiiola (now 
 llayti), wlicii'li.. builds a fort, La Navidad, 6 Deo. 
 
 llr> returns to (Siiain 15 .Maivli, 
 
 11" sails from Cadiz on Ids .irrnml i'N|H'ilition, 
 .■5 Hi'ld. : disrovcrstlH'Calilihei' Isli's.—lloniinira, 
 ? Nov. : (;uadaloU|.r, 4 Nov. ; .Xiiti^-ua, 10 Nov. ; 
 louiids Isalpi'lla ill llisiuiiiiola, the lirst Cliristiau 
 (ity in tlu! New World .... |i,.,.. 
 
 Hi discovers.laniaiea, 3 .May; and Evaii;.'elista (now 
 Isle i>f I'ines), 13 June; war with the natives of 
 llisjianiola 
 
 He visits the various isles, and exiilures their eoasts 
 
 Returns to Si'.iin to meet the eharges of his enemies 
 
 II .liiiie, 
 
 Jelin Cahol ((iiovaiini Calmttu) a Veni'ti.ni |h1o(, 
 >aid to have settled in liristol, 1472, and to have 
 billed thcpiiee with his son ISehasliaii, with letters 
 I'atent from Henry VII., and to have diseovere I 
 Labrador on the eoast of North Anieriea 24 June, 1497 
 
 O'.iinibus sails on Ids (/u'riJ voyage, 30 May ; dis- 
 . .vers Trinidad, 31 July ; lamls on Terra'Firma, 
 uithnut knowing it to be the now eontinent, 
 naming it Isla Santa , Aug. 1498 
 
 Oj.da diseovers Suiinam, June; and the gulf of 
 Venezuela 
 
 Vii ■■lite Vafiez I'inzon diseovers Urazil, Sniilli Amc- 
 . 'V. 26 Jan. ; and the river Maraftou(tlie Amazon); 
 tabral the Portuguese lands in J3razil (see Jlinsil) 
 
 3 ^i!iy 
 
 Ga<l>ar Cortereal rtiscover.s Labrador . 
 
 Leliiiiibus is imiirisoiK'd in chains at San Domingo 
 l^y liobadilla, sent out to investigate into liis 0011- 
 iluet. May ; conveyed to Spain, where he is hoiiour- 
 ahly received ,7 D,.,.. 
 
 Celunihus sails on hi.s fouiih voyage, 9 May ; dis- 
 c.'vers various isles on the coast of Honduras, 
 and explores the coast of the isthmus, Jnlv, 
 kr. ; discovers and names i'orlo liello . 2 N 
 
 Xi-^.To sl.ives imported into llisiianiola . . 1501-3 
 
 «■ Tried by the niachinations of his enemies, he re- 
 turns to Spain, 7 Nov. ; his friend, iiueeii Lsabella, 
 ilies 20 N(H 
 
 He dies while treated with base ingratitinle liv tli 
 fllianisli governiiient .... 20 Mav, 
 ■lis ami I'inzon discover Viii'.itan . . . ' ' 
 
 Ujfla founds San Sebastian, the lirst colony on the 
 iiuiiilaiid * . 
 
 .Subjugation of Culia liy Velasi|nez 
 
 Til', oust of I'Torida discovered by rmice de Leon 
 
 Vi-r.i lie Ualbiia crosses the isthii'ius of Uarii^ii, and 
 iscovers the South I'acilic I Iccau . 
 
 .\h \ii o discovered by Fernando de Cordova . . 
 
 Uiijalva jieuetratea into Viicatuii, and iiaiiies it New 
 
 Settlement in New Kiigland begun by capt. S 
 New I'lyniouth built by the Englisli'iionronfi 
 
 '499 
 
 1500 I 
 
 Uc Moiits, a Frenchman, settles in Acadia, now 
 
 Nova Scot i;i 1604 
 
 Jaiiicstowii, in Virginia, the first Knglish settlement 
 
 on the mainland, foundeil by lord de la Warr . 16.37 
 
 Quebec folin le. I by the Flench . ... . . 160S 
 
 Hudson's liay iliscovcred by him .... iGio 
 
 The Uutcli build .Manhall'an. or New Amsterdam 
 
 (now New Vol k) I'll the lludson . . . . ii'i4 
 
 niitli . ,, 
 'ormist 
 
 e.xiles if.2o 
 
 Nova Scotia settled by tliu Scotch under sir Win. 
 
 Alexander . . 1622 
 
 r)claw;ire settled by the Swedes and Dutch . . 1627 
 
 Massachusetts, by sir H. Boswell . . . . 1628 
 
 I .Maryland, by lord lialtiiiiore 1633 
 
 j Conne'.'ticut granted to lords Say and Brooke in 
 
 1630; but no F;iiglish settlement was made here till 1635 
 Rhode Island settled by Roger Williams and his 
 j brethren, driven from .Massachusetts . . . ,, 
 ! New Jersey settled by the Dutch, 1614, and Swc^des. 
 1627 ; gi:inted to the duke of Vurk, who sells it to 
 
 lord lierkelev 1664 
 
 New Vorkcaiituied by the Engli.sh 
 
 South Carolina settled by the English . . . . 1O69 
 remisylvania settled by William I'eiin, the cele- 
 brated Quaker 1682 
 
 Louisiana settled by the French 
 
 The Misai.ssippi explored 1699 
 
 The Scotch setllement at Durieii (1698-9) abandoned 1700 
 
 ' ■"'" 1717 
 
 1732 
 '754 
 
 1763 
 
 1783 
 
 1803 
 
 1502 
 
 '304 
 
 1506 
 
 1510 
 1511 
 1512 
 
 '5'3 
 '517 
 
 • 1518 
 . 1520 
 1519-21 
 . 1526 
 
 1535 
 
 1540-1 
 
 iTa-Mige of Magellan's Straits by him . 
 It'Hiriuest of .Mexico by Fernando Cortes . 
 Iri/arro discovers the coast of Quito . 
 jlh' iiiv:ides and coiit[iiers Peru . . . . i 
 Iculier, a Frciiehiiian, enters the Gulf of St. Law- 
 
 ifU'-e, and sails nil to Montreal . . . 1534-5 
 iGiijalva's expedition, equipped by Cortes, diseo\ers 
 
 (.'alifiirnia 
 
 |,MiimIiizii founds Buenos Ayres, niid eompiers the 
 
 I a-ijacent country 
 
 |Or<ii»-.a sails down the Amazon to the .sea 
 |l.iH' alalia coiii|iiereil by De Soto . 
 
 llTii ciiiiipiercd by Vaidivia ,5'^, 
 
 ■I llioii in I'ei u— traniiuillity established by Gasca 154S 
 |lia\is's Straits diseovere I by him .... 1585 
 |Kaliigli establishes the llrst English settlement— at 
 
 liiiaiiiike, Virginia 
 
 |Kalkl;uiJ isles diseo\ered by Da\is .... 1592 
 
 lHavaniin, Cuba. The original iuseription on his tomb is 
 ■ai'ltiilitiVibrfii " ACanlilla y :i Leon Nucvo .^litiido dio 
 toliui." "To Castile and Leon Colon gave a New World." 
 llmulioUlt says beautifully, that tliesuccessof Columbu.s 
 |va,s •' II iMHij.-ii •■/ iif irlkiitiiiii." It was st.ited in Nov. 
 . tint Coliimbuu' logbook hud been llslied up from 
 tlic 8oa, 
 
 New Oideans built 
 
 (ieorgia .setilcd by general Oglethorpe 
 
 Kentucky, by colonel Boon . 
 
 Canada eiiiniuered by the English, 1759-60 ; ceded to 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 I American war— declaration of iiide|ieiiilciicp by the 
 
 ! United States, 1776 ; recogniseil by Great Britain 
 
 : Louisiana ceded to Spain, 1763; transferred to 
 
 France, I Soo ; sohl to the United States . . . 
 
 Florida ceded to Great Britain, 1763 ; taki'U by 
 
 Spain, 1781 ; to wlioiu it is ceded, 1783 ; ceded to 
 
 the United States 1S20 
 
 Revolution in .Mexico -declaration of inilependenco 1821 
 Revolntions in Spanish America ; indiiicndeiiee es- 
 tablished by Chili, iSio; I'air.gnay, iSii ; Buenos 
 Ayres, and other provinces, i8i5 ;' I'eru, 1826. 
 [See Uuitii) atalts, Mciim, ami otherstates, through- 
 out the volume. For the Aiiieriean [nteriia- 
 tioiial Congress, see United Sliitcs, Oct. ISSSi.] 
 
 AMERICA, BuiTlSir, Bee Bi-ilish Ameyica. 
 
 AMERICA, Centr.vl, Republics of, in- 
 eludes Guatenialii, San Siilvador, Honduras!, Nicara- 
 gua, and Costii llica {which sec). They declared tlioir 
 indejiendencc, Sept. 21, 1821, and separated from the 
 Mexican confederation, 21 July, 182^. The states 
 made atreatv of union botweentlieniselvcs, 21 March, 
 1847. There li;is been anions them since much anarchy 
 and bloodshed, aggravated greatly by the irruption 
 of American filibusters under Kenny and Walker, 
 1834-5. In Jan. 1863, a war began between Guate- 
 mala (afterwards joined by Nicaragua) and Siiu 
 Salvador (afterwarils .supported by Honduras). T^ie 
 latter were defeated ut Santa Kosa, 16 June, and San 
 Salvador was tKVen, 2b Oct. ; tlie president of San 
 Salvador, Barrios, tied; and Carrera, the ilictator 
 of Guatemala, became predominant over the con- 
 federacy. Gen. Barrios, president of Guatemala, 
 attempts the uniim of the five states, himself to bo 
 dictator; opposed by all except Honduras, Feb. 
 He is defeated and liilled in a prolonged battle at 
 Clialeliuapa, 2 April ; peace witli tlie states signed 
 16 April, 1885. The union of the states, under one 
 prini^ipal jiresident, was proposed at the I'an-Ameri- 
 can Congress, 1889-90. Nicaragua, Salvador and 
 Honduras united as a Central American leimblic, 
 signed, 28 June, 1895. The live states formed into 
 the republic of Cihtral America, aulonouiv to be 
 lireserved, by treaty, signed, 15 June, 1 897. See 
 Barieii and raiiaiiiu. 
 
 AMERICA, Russian, sold to the United 
 States forabout 400,000/., March, 1867. See Alaika, 
 
 V !l 
 
 ' i"; 
 
 '^•PJI 
 
 iR 
 
 /I'^Ugfy 
 
 'ffiECi 
 
 iyljm 
 
 ifjH 
 
 n 
 
 'i%''.'a^M^HM 
 
 1 , .\ 
 
 
 ^k3 
 
 
 ^W m^ 
 
 
 ^^W 
 
 
 J^^ al 
 
 
 
 
AMERICA, SOUTH. 
 
 42 
 
 AMOAFUL, 
 
 A.\] 
 
 ill! 
 
 
 AAIERTCA, Rouxn, ?po Bm-Jl, Argentine, 
 rti-H, J'iii-i((/Hini, Ui-iiqiia>i, ($r. 
 
 " AMEillCA," sep y'if'<t- 
 
 " AMERICAN " s'camrr; pop Jl'ircls, 1880. 
 
 a:\ierican ASSOCIATTOX for the 
 
 AdVANCEMEXT of .ScIEXCE, ivsrnililmir tlie 
 liritish Associ;itimi, liflil its Hrxt mcotiii.u' at 1 luia- 
 ilcl|)liiii 20 Sent. i«}.S, 28tli Siiruto;,!. 27 Aiis. I«;9: 
 20tli !it liostoii, 23-2S Au-r. I8S(K iii't Ml Un- 
 oimir.ti, 17 All-. 18.S1 ; .at Mnntrc.il, 26 .Aucr. lN>2 ; 
 at Miniie.aiinr:<, Minnesota, !■; An-, 'fj^i ^ / '":'" 
 (loli)hia,4 Sent. 1884; Ann Arbor, 188; ; Bntia n, 
 I,88',; Xi^w Vork, 1887: CU'VPla-icl, 1888 ; _l"rnnto, 
 Au-. l88(); Indiannpoli.s 10 Aiij;. 1890; Washing- 
 ton'. II All-. 1,891 : J{o<liestor, N.V., 18 An?. 1.892; 
 Madison, Wisconsin. Aug. 189;,; Hmoklyn, i ) Aug. 
 I,8')4; Sprinrfeld, .Mass. 29 Au?. l8vj; lK4roit, 
 9 Aiiir. 1X97; li.jston, 22 Aug. i.S'jS. 
 
 AMERICAN BASEBALL, a p.amo rosrrn- 
 bliii" rrii'kot and rounders, introduiTil into tlii~ 
 couirtrv liv teams from I'liirndelpliia anil IJoston 111 
 18-:; withon' snecess. Tlie .\iniri,nn teams (Clii- 
 rai) rind All Ainorjeal after 11 to ir round tlio world : 
 iilaved a gam'' nt Kenniiigtcui Oval in the prescnec I 
 of the I'riufe of Vale,' and many dlBtinguished 
 spcrtator.s 12 Miireli, 1889, and sinec. 
 
 AMERICAN CLUB. &c. London, for Anglo- j 
 Saxoiia interested in the Western Hemisplicro, es- , 
 tablislied autumn 1887. A,niyu-ri)i unncti/ 111 Znii- j 
 (/oil founded to assist distressed .Vimu-ieans; hrst , 
 dinner, Mr. liayard, the U.S. ambassador, in the ^ 
 eliair. 19 Ai)ril,"l89S. 
 
 AMERICAN EXHIBITION of the Arts, ■ 
 Iiiventinns, .Manufactures, rroduets, and K 'sources ; 
 of the United States— Earl's Court, West liromp- \ 
 ton, and Wi!St Kensington. (A private speculation.) | 
 It included works of art, specimens of luanufacturc, a | 
 
 " Wild West ".section, feats of liirseinansliiii by HullJilo 
 
 Bill (col, the Imn. Win. F. roily), KeilBliirt, a Sic 'UX chief, ; 
 
 and other Indians ; butfah' hunts, Imrso catchini;, &c. j 
 Visiteil bv the prin"e aurl princess of Walfs 5 May 1S87. ] 
 Opeiicil by colnnel Ilu.ssell, the president, lord Uoiiiild i 
 
 ttowcr, 'arclideiicou Farrar, and others, 9 May, 1 
 
 Visited bv the Queen II May. , 
 
 Cliised by a meeting advocatiiif; the establishment of an ! 
 
 International C'nurt of Arliitratioii, the iiianiuis of ^ 
 
 Lome ill the chair, 31 Oct. iS3i. 1 
 
 AMERICANISMS: a dictionary of these ex- I 
 precsion.s was eompiled bv John K. liartlett, and 
 first published in 1848 ; 4th eilition, 1877. Another | 
 by John S. Farmer appeared in 1 889. : 
 
 AMERICANISTS, n n.ime assumed by some , 
 persons devoted to tlie studv of the archieology, 
 ethnology, &■., of Xorth an^l South AmeriVa, who 
 held their first international congress at Nancy in 
 Jnlv, 1875; one at Luxemburg, Sept. 1877: at 
 Brussels, "Sept. 1879; at Madrid. 27 Sept. 1881; 
 Copenlmien, 21 Aug. 188?; Turin. l.SSd; Berlin, 
 2 Oet, 1888 ; Paris, 14 Oct. 189O ; Hu dva, - Get. | 
 (the qu"en-regeiit of Spain pres'.iit), 1892; Stock- ■■ 
 liolm, ^ .\ug, 1894. I 
 
 AMERICAN ORGrAN, a fivc-reed keyed wind ' 
 instrument, reseinblin- the h!irMoniuui, with im- 
 portant dillerenees; the priiieiple was discovered 
 nboiit 1835 by a workman employ 
 of I'aris. ' The invention was tak 
 where instruments were made by Ma-on and Ham 
 lin, of lioston, about i860. 
 
 AMETHYST, the ninth stone upon the breast- 
 plate of the Jewisij liigh priest, i4'jj li.c. It is of a 
 rich violet colour. One worth 20fH-ix-dollar-, having 
 been rendered colourless, equalled a diamond in 
 lustre, valued nt 18, 000 gold crowns, lie Bant. — 
 Amethysts discovered at Kerry, in Irehind, in 1775. 
 
 ved by Alexandre 
 en to .•\nieriea. 
 
 AMIENS, n Pitv in Picardv (X. Francej) ; the 
 cathedral was'lniilt 'in 1220. ft was taken by the 
 Spanish, 11 X[areh, and retaken by tlie French, 
 3C Sept. 1597. 'i'he preliminary articles of the 
 peace fietweeii Lireat Hritain, Jlolfand, France, and 
 Spain, were signed in Ivuidon by l.,rd lliwkesbury 
 and .M. Otto, on th ■ put of Kngland and France, 
 
 I O.'t. I.801 ; and the delinitive treaty was subscribed 
 at Amiens, on 27 Mandi, 1802, by the marquis of 
 Cornwallis for England, Joseph lionaparte for 
 France, Azara for Spain, and Sehimiuelpenninek 
 for Holland. War was declared again in 1803.— 
 .Vfter a eonlliet, in whicdi the French were defeated, 
 27 Nov. 1870, the German general Yon Goeben 
 ■ntered Amiens, 28 Nov. 
 
 AMMONIA, the volatile alkali, mainly pro- 
 duced by the deeompo.sition of organic substances. 
 Its name is ascribed to its having been procured 
 from heated camels' diingnearthe temple of Jupiter 
 .\.mmon in Libya. The discovery of its being a 
 compound of nitrogen and hydroger is ascribed to 
 losejib I'riestley in 1774. Bv llie recent labours of 
 eheniists both the oxiile of tlie hypothetical metal 
 iminoiiiuni, and amiuoniiiin amalgam, have been 
 formed; and speciniiuis of eacdi were shown at the 
 lloyal Institution in 1850 by I)r, A, W. IFofmann, 
 who has done very much fiu- the ehemical history of 
 ammonia. 
 
 .iniMCDi'Viji/einc, An ai'iiaratiis for the iinprovcinent of 
 the voice and lungs, by iiihaliiig coinbinatious of 
 niiiinonia, livilrogeii. &e,, invented by Dr. Carter 
 Moll'at, of EdiiiliurLrli, 1383 He iisserted that this 
 mixturu resembles Italian air. The successful efl'eets 
 of inhaling the gas were shown at St. Janics'.s Hall, 6 
 Nov. 1884. 
 ..liiiiiMJii/''. A new explosive for use in coal mines, said 
 to be safer than those in use, eoniiniscd of pure aiaino- 
 iiiuin nitrate and iiitrn-iinplithalinc. Kxperinicnts with 
 this exjilosive "xhiliited liv sir George Fliint at the 
 works of the Miners' Safety Kxphisive Company, 
 Htanfonlde-Ilopc. Kssex, were considered very satis- 
 factory, q July, iSqi. 
 
 AMMONITES, descended from 'Ben-Ammi, 
 the son of Lot (1897 ii.c), invaded Canaan and 
 made the Israelites tributaries, but were defeated by 
 Jephthah, Il43n,c. They again invaded Canaan, 
 intending to put out the right eye of all they sub- 
 dued ; but Saul overthrew them, 1095 B.C. They 
 were afterwards many times vanquished ; and 
 Antiochus the Great took Kabbah their capital, 
 and destroyed the walls, 198 n.c. Josephm. 
 
 AMNESTY (a general pardon after political 
 disturlianees, &e,) was granted by Thrasybulus, the 
 Athenian patriot, after expcdlingthe thirty tyrants, 
 403 n.c. Acts of amnesty were passed after the 
 civil war in 1(151, and after the two rebellions in 
 England in 1715 and 1745, — After his victorious 
 campaign in Itafv, Napoleon III. of France granted 
 an amnesty to al"! political otfenders, 17 Aug. 1859, 
 .\n amnesty, with cu'tain exemptions, was granfeil 
 to the vanquished southern states of North Aiucrii'ii 
 by president Johnson, 29 May, 1.8(15. An amnesty 
 fiir political offences was granted by the emperor of 
 .\uslria at his coronation as king of Hungary, 
 8 June, 18(17; a rather sweejiing amnesty bill wiis 
 passed in the United States regarding the rebellion, 
 10 April, 1871. An amnesty a.ssoeiation on behalf 
 of tlie Fenians was active in Hritain. Oet. 1S73, 
 2245 French communists pardoned by decree, [iiili- 
 lished 17 Jan. 1879; many others during the year: 
 
 II general amnesty for political oft'eiiees passed by the 
 chamber (353-140) 21 June. 1880, An amnesty wu 
 irranted to the Cretans after tlie disturbances, livtlii> 
 Sultan of Turkey, Dec. 1889. 
 
 AAIOAFUL, near Coomassio, "West Afiici, 
 After a severe conllict, 31 Jan. 1874, the .\sliantcf! j 
 
 Jvere defeated at this jil.a 
 
 'intain liuckle was kil 
 
 kiid 200 men were woun 
 
 liegiaient was very eiierj) 
 
 AMCEBA. see rrotoj 
 
 AMOY', see C!,;i„r, I J 
 
 AMPIIICTYONIC 
 
 Iradlfioiially to have b 
 [iiopyhe by .Vmpbietyon, 
 H'.iirs ndative to Greece, 
 loiuposed of t'velve of fhi 
 lien of various cities of 1 
 yliiitoi)] n,r,, and existe 
 llViee was to aftenil to tl 
 llelphi. Its calling on tl 
 Tie I'hocians for plunde 
 liiered wars, 595.:5,Si,, and 
 
 AMPIIION, a British 
 
 h) while riiliii.r at anchor 
 pie whole of her crew fhi 
 
 Jiore than two liiindred ; 
 
 ■nil men, iierisbed, 22 Se]: 
 
 AMPHIPOLTS,Mae 
 
 junded here liy the .Vllieii 
 
 lirasidas the Sjiarfan. 
 
 '•lienian general, Cleon, • 
 
 htempt at the caiiturc' of 1 
 
 |AMPniTHEATRE 
 
 lid to have lieeii first const 
 
 id liyJulius Ca'sar 46 11, ( 
 
 [•Mtres, the people witnes 
 
 fcrs with wild be.ists, Are 
 
 liilt of wood, but Stafili 
 
 lone, under Augustus Cw 
 
 liiphitlieatre of Vespasi; 
 
 rooo person,s) was built 1 
 
 fill is ,said to have been 
 
 niphilhealre at Verona " 
 
 Lt of Xismcs. 
 
 JAirPHITRITE, Tu 
 
 Aug. I-S33. 
 
 I AMPUTATION, in s 
 
 Ttlie invention of the touri 
 Irgeon in 167.^, and of the 
 pin of Fxeter in i07g. 
 
 IaMSTERDAM (HoHi 
 
 was commenced in li( 
 Iv in 1203. Its cominen 
 Vthe decay of that of An 
 lohange was built in 1(13.. 
 liise in 1648 ; the latter 
 lililers, then a large sui 
 1,(151) piles, .Amsterdam s 
 Il'ni.ssii, wluui that priiii 
 rour of the stadl holder, 
 Ire adinifted witleuit re* 
 le Dutch goviunuient wa,' 
 icry.slal jialaee for an ini 
 Ipni'd by prince Frederick 
 \<: 18(14. The canal, f 
 irtli Sea, was inaugnr.ate 
 hi. .V new universitv w 
 li'miiiinnal exhibition iipoi 
 Internationa! .Vgriciil' 
 |.\iig. 18.84. The Grand tl 
 Feb. i8<j0. I'lijiulation, 
 |.IH.,, 
 
 lent ri.it in;,' throuirb pndiibi 
 fciial; 35 killed, ipo wounde 1 
 
a:\iieba. 
 
 ■l:i 
 
 AXAKCriY. 
 
 |vori> (li'fi'iitcil at tlii^ iilii ;> l,y Sir Gamct ■VVolsflcv. 
 ^nliiiii liiicklc was killed, niid iibn\it 20 oHii'iTi 
 111 200 men were wmnnlol. Tlio 4211(1 Ilin-hlaiid 
 |{i'?iaicnt was very ciu'r^'oiic. 
 
 AMGilBA, S(-p rr<,topl„fim, 
 
 AJIOY, sec Cluiiii, 1853-5, 
 AMPHICTYOXTC' COCTXCIL, assorted 
 
 IrKlifioiiall.v tn have licen cstaldisl.ed at 'I'licr- 
 liinpyliB by Aniiliictvnii, f,,i- tlic iiianaiicnK-nt of all 
 Irtairs ndafive to (Jrccpp. This rclehntcd c.junril 
 Imiiposcd of t'velvc of tli(> wisest and most virtuous 
 liici' of various eities of Greece, be?aii 140S [iw^ 
 rliiiton] B.C., and existed 31 ii.r. " Us itmii^diat'e 
 Iffire was to attend to tlie temples and oraides of 
 »'lpln. Its eallinir on tlie Greel; Slates to p\inish 
 ;• rhooians for jilaiidiTin? Delphi caused the 
 |iicred wars, 595-5X1,, and 35O-346. 
 
 AMPIIIOX, a liritisli fri-afe, of 38 ?nns, blown i 
 -1 while ridiiiij at anchor in I'lvmouth Sound, and 
 
 e whole of her erew then on 'hoard, eonsistiii"- of 
 Jiore than two hundred and tiftv persons, oftiecrs ' 
 Ind men, perislu>(l, 22 Sept. 1796.' 1 
 
 AMPIIIPOLTS, ^raeedon (N. Gi-eee..). A eitv 
 Jj'.inded hero hy tiie Athenians, 45- n.r. ; was seized 
 Iv lirasidas the Spartan, 424;'l)oth h,' anil the ' 
 llhenian s'>iiPi'al, Cli-on, were killed in a fruitless ' 
 pmpt at the capture of the city by tho Athenians^ i 
 
 rAMPIIITHEATRES, roundorovalbuildings, t 
 kill to have been tirst constructed bv Curio, 76 11 c 1 
 ^,1 liyJulius Ca>sar 46 }i.c. In tlie Ilonian am])hi- 
 iMtres, the ])coi)le witnessed Iheeomliatsof ;rhulia- i 
 rs with wild beasts, kr.. Tliev were senerallv \ 
 liilt of wood, but Statilius Taurus made on<> o"f ' 
 ■0110, under Augustus Ciesar; see f;liseum. The 
 lipliifheatre of Vespasian 'mvalnc of holdiug 
 ^,(XiO persons) was built b , A. I). 70 and 80; 
 
 is said to have been ■; , in 1312. The 
 
 |ii|iliitliealre at Verona " , . ,: in size, and tlien 
 ;it ol Xismes. 
 
 lAirPIirTRITE, TitE Sinr, see in-eel-.'^, 
 
 IaMPUTATTOX. in surfrcrv was frreafly aided 
 l-thc invention of the tourni<iuet bv Morel, a Frenoli 
 |rj:i'on in 1674, and of the dap-mcthod bv Lowd- 
 lim of Kxctor ill 1679. 
 
 (AMSTERDAM (Holland). TheeastleofAm- 
 ' was commenced in IIOO; the building of the 
 lyiii 1203. Its eommerce was preatlv increased 
 fthc drciiy of that of Antwerp after 1609. The 
 loliiiiiL'e was built in 1634; and the noble stadt- 
 lusc ill 1648; the latter cost tlirce millions of 
 lililcrs, then a large sum. It was built upon 
 |,()59 piles. Amstordam suiTendered to the kin" 
 I'nissii, when that nriiice invaded Holl.md, in 
 koiir of the sladtholdcr, in 1787. The Frimch 
 krc iidmitted without resistance, 18 ,Tan. i-a: ! 
 'Dutch gov.'innient was restori'd in Dee! lAl'j i 
 Icryslal pala.'e for an industrial e.vhibilion was I 
 iPMcd by prince I'reilerick of the Netherlands, 16 ' 
 i:. 18(14, 'i'li'' i^^anal, from Amsterdam to 'tlie 
 fcrtli bea, was inausurated bv tlie kiiig, i Nov I 
 hi. A new university was opened. iTec. 1*8--" I 
 lorna'ioicilcxliibitioii opened bv the killer, i Mav' I 
 
 International AKricultuiMrexliibition op'encii 
 lAii''. 18S4. Till' (hand theatre destroved bv Mr,. : 
 ll'cl). i8,jo. I'oiiulation, i8ik3, 4I-.5{9: 18.)- '• 
 |.iS.> ■ ■ ■ " , 
 
 l™trin|i,,^t1ir..ii,'Ii prnlubilion of ..cbhaitin- ,ai the ' 
 giiAl; 35 killcil, 90 wouiKb' 1 ; .-iiiiiprcsscl 2; -.6 .Inly, 
 
 liiots of tlip uncijiployoil ; coMlticls witli tic nolle.. 
 
 ali.'Ul 17 .7,-111. ,?,j,, ' 
 
 Iiit.'rn.itioiml (.xliillition op.Micd bv bnroii van licllin. 
 
 1 li.ivc II .May, 1^95. 
 
 , AMYL. acheniii.al alcohol radical (first isolated 
 oy professor Edward Franklaiid in 1849). 
 
 AMYLEXE. a colonrle.s.s, verv mobile liquid, 
 
 first nrocured by M. lialard of I'.iri-i in 1844, bv 
 
 .listilUii? fus,.l oil (potato-spii-ii) will, ,d,londe of 
 
 ^ zinc. J lie vapour wasemidoved instead of chloro- 
 
 orm first by Dr. Snow i,i i85(,. It has since been 
 
 ■ tried in many ho.spitals here and in Krance. The 
 
 ' odour IS more unplea.sant than chlorof.irni, and morc 
 
 vapour must be us(m1. 
 
 AXABAPTI.ST.S, those who bai.lizo at full 
 . affe, and rcji'd infant ba])tisin ; sec. Jl.inlistx The 
 ; name was tirst -iveii to Thomas JIuuzer, Storck, 
 I and other fan.itics who preached in Saxonv in 1:21 
 I and excited a ivbellion of the lower order's in Ger.' 
 many, which was quelled with liloodsli,.d in 1:2; 
 A similar insurrecti.in took place in Westphaliai 
 hea.l,..! bv Matthias, 1533, an,!, after his assiissina- 
 t on, by John lioccold of l.eyden, who wascrowned 
 kiii-olSion in Miin.ster, 24 June, 15J4. Jliin- 
 sfer was taken in, June, 1535; and John wa"; exc'cuted 
 13 fell. 1530. tjcvcral anabaptists w(.re executed in 
 Jvigland m 1535, 1538, and 1540. On u Jan. 16C1, 
 about 80 anabaptists in London appi.arcd in arms 
 lieaded bv tlieir preacher, Thomas Veinn.r, a wine- 
 cooper, hey fourht dc.speratoly, and killed many 
 ot the soldiers bnm-ht against them. Their leader 
 and sixteen others were executed, 19 and 21 Jan 
 Annals of EHijInnd. 
 
 AXACII0RET8, see Monarhl.sm. 
 
 AXACREOXTIC VERSE, of the baccha- 
 nalian strain, named aft,.- Anacrcon of Teos, the 
 Urcek lyric poet, whose od(.s arc much prized He 
 died in his eighty-fifth vear, about 478 ii.c His 
 odes inany sai.l to be spurious) havebeen freouentlv 
 translated ; fliomas Moore's version was publishe"d 
 
 . A'XADOLIA (Asia Minor), comprises the an- 
 cient Lycia Caria. Lvdia, Mysia, liithvnia, Paph- 
 lagoniaand I'hiTgia (W//c/, sec). ' ' 
 
 ; .AXiESTHETICS, see Opium, Chloroform, 
 I hllwr, AmyUne, Arrosoleue, Mtrnns oxid,- under 
 1 mir,r acKl. Intense cold has been al^o employed in 
 ; (leadening pain. ' .J^""' 
 
 AXAGRAMS, formed by the transposition of 
 the letters ot a w.n-d or sent(.iicp (as armij from 
 Mar;/) Mindi importance was attached to ana- 
 gr.riis bv tin; .)..wisli Cabalists, the Greek I'laton' ,ts 
 and the I'liritans. Mr. II. li. Wheatlev's work " Oii 
 Anagram.s' was publishe.l i„ i,S(,2. tngenioiw ex- 
 aiiiples: the nucstion by I'ilate, " QHtiict renfasf" 
 (wliat IS truth r) the anagram, " Ji.t rir q„i „dcst " 
 (the m.an who is her,.); from '^Hiratm XtUon'< 
 IS Honor est a Xilu" (Honour fiv-.i the Nile). 
 
 AXALY.STS, Soie.y of Tubli,., founded" by 
 rrofcssor Ke,hyoo,l, Dr. I)u|.re, and others, 7 Aui? 
 1.S7.I. Dr Clmrh.s M,.ym ,tt Tidy, an eininent 
 a lal.vst .and toxioiogist, died 15 March, 1S92 See 
 Adiiltcralion. ' 
 
 AXAM, see Aiiiiam. 
 
 AXARCTIY (Gre(.k nn, no, nrrhns, chief) de- 
 scribe,! J „,!.,, s xvii. 0. " In tliose davs there w.'.sno 
 kin^m T.rarl, b„t e^vrv.„an did that which wus 
 ii'-'lil in iisowney(Val),nit n.c. T40(i. Anarchy 
 fiviiuently prevailed in an.di.nt times. Similar 
 principles, now termed soni ilism, have been emi- 
 neiitly advanced by P. J. I'nnidhon 1809-65 to 
 
 WHfjH 
 
 m9M^ 
 
 ^M 
 
 
 i i-i-I^Ka 
 
 M^Ai in Swlr 
 
 ^H 
 
 fl^^PtSKk ii 
 
ANASTATIC PPJNTIXG. 
 
 41 
 
 ANDAMAN ISLANDS. 
 
 11" 
 
 mm 
 
 
 ll 
 
 
 
 
 IB 
 
 
 
 whom is n=cril)((l tlio miixiiii. " Lii pio.a'U'lec est le 
 vol.- Sic Ihni.r, U.t, I^SJ. -M.'HV AniU-cliisti 
 trifil una iHiiuslicil in Austri:i anil otlur i'ouutrn>, 
 l88? it SCI. AiKiivlii^ts exiidli'd IVoiu Switzui-liuiil 
 l88i, but letiini, ami cause imu'li tmublc ; tliey iiflil 
 u con','iTs, a'. Tiuitio Jan. lSi)i. Tlir nynU'ni anar- 
 chists ileclaro war a^'ainst so.ioty and all itiiuititu- 
 tioii3, ami Crcinicntlv cmpluv .Iv namitc asa destruc- 
 tive as.nt. An "■auan-lii.-t albmn," ':';.n aimng- 
 about SOO ii]iot..^''aphs of an; n-liisls publislicd l>) 
 the Frendi i:ov.rnment April. iN'H- 1 1^^' anarchists 
 term the assas i-,ation of .M. faruot au t-xecuUpn 
 26 June, i,S<)4. .-wenty-eisUt iSi.anish anarel.ists 
 arrive in L.ou ,n, 30 J"l.v. ■^'-»7 b^'o Av«I'- 
 miti: Fnimr, Sp.iw, loinh,!, lUtbj, Aiustna, 
 JJan-diiiKi. and 'J'riali, i8'P. l^)4. 
 
 ANASTATIC PllINTING, s'-'o r>Miiig, 
 1841. 
 
 ANATHEMA tlie sentence of excommunica- 
 tion (I Co,: xvi. 22), used by the .'arly clinrehes, 
 3O5; see lucomniuiiiciiliou. I'';!"' I'l'js IX. I'lo- 
 pounded a series of anathemas, Feb. 1870. 
 
 ANATOMY (Greek, cuttinfr up). The hum.in 
 body was studied by Aristotle about 350 ii.c., and 
 became a branch of : .edical education under Hippo- 
 crates, about 420 B.C. Erasistratus and Ilerophil'"' 
 Srst dissected the human form having ^l^en prc- 
 viouslv eonlined to animals: it is said that tlie) 
 practised upon the bodies oflivm- criminals, about 
 300 and 293 I'.c. Galen, who died a.d 193, wes a 
 Ki-eat anat.Mnist. In England, the schools w we long 
 lupplied with bodies unlawfully exhuined from 
 gr/ivcs; and until 1832, the bodies of executed 
 murderers xs ere ordered fo.- dissection.* Pope Uoni- 
 face VIII. forbade the dissection of dead bodies, 
 [20- —The first anatomiciil plates, designed by 
 Tifiui, were employed by Vesalius, about IS3». 
 Leonardo da Vinci, "Kapliael, and Michael Angelo, 
 studied anatomy. Tlie great discoveries of Ilarvey 
 were made in'iClO. William and John Hunter 
 were great anatomists: William died 1 783, ana 
 John, 1791. Uiiain's and Wilson's large anatomical 
 plates were published 1842, and liourgery s great 
 work by Jacob. 1830-55. Conipiirntn-e anatomy has 
 been treated systematically in the present century 
 by Cuvier, OWen, Miiller, Huxley, Virchow, and 
 otliers.— The anatomy of iilants has bceu studied 
 since 1680; see lloUmij. 
 
 AxATOMicAr. Soi:ii:tv of Great 1!k!Taix founded 1887. 
 ANCHOEITES, see Mohnchim. 
 ANCHOKS were invented by the Tuscans. 
 I'Hmi. The second tooth, or lliikc, was added by 
 Anaeharsis the Scythian (59- "■C.)- ,*'';"*»: 
 Anchors said to lia>e been forged in v.ngland 
 A I) 578. The AdiniraUv anchor was introduced 
 about 1841 . Improved anchors were m:ule by I'ering 
 and Ilodgcrs about 1828 ; by I'orier, 183H ; by Costell, 
 1848; by Trotman, 1851 ; and by several other per- 
 sons. Trctinaii's is attached to the (iueen s yaeht 
 
 • By « Hi-n. VIII. c. 42 (:54o). snif!cims were grantc.l 
 four bellies of executed iiialefactois for - aimth.mycs, 
 which iirivilc/e was extended ia I'ollowiiiK reiK'is : '>»} '» 
 eoiiaecmcnic of tlie crimes coiMinittcd liy rcBurreclimi- 
 meu in order to supply tlie smvical scliools (ro Jliing 
 churchyards and even coinniittinn nnirdcr, see y.iirtui'/;, 
 a new statute was passed in 1S32, winch aliated tlic 
 icnominvof dissection l>y jirohiliiting that of execuioU 
 murderers, and Hiade provision for (lie wants of suiKeons 
 hs wrmittin--, under certain regulations, tlie ilisseetion 
 of iVi-soiis aViag in workhouses, .tc. Tlie act also np- 
 pointed inspictors of iinntoniy, reiiulated ilie scliools, 
 inrt required jicrsoiis nmctisiiig anatomy to ol.tain a 
 lieenee. It lei.ealed he clauses of the act of i8i8, 
 which directed Uie dissection of the body of an executed 
 uiurderer. 
 
 the Falrii. The anchors of the Gnat histcrn were 
 of enormous size. Acts for the proving and sale ot 
 chain cables and anchors were passed .n 1864 and 
 1871. 
 
 /VNOIENT, see Britons, Conncih, French. 
 
 ANCIENT BUILDINGS : a society for their 
 protection from inindicious restoration, &c., was 
 established in 1K77: I'"'''' Houghton, Professor S. 
 Colvin, Thomas Carlyle, and many enimeiit artists, 
 members. Annual meetings, reports issued. 
 
 ANCIENT CONCEETS, or "Kings Con- 
 certs " London. " Tiie Concert of Aniient Music 
 was established in 177'J ''.v the earls of Sandwich 
 and Exeter, and others. Sir Henry Bishop was 
 '• sole conductor from 1843 to 1848, when the con- 
 certs ceased. 
 
 ANCIENT HISTOliY commences in the 
 Holy Scriptures 4004 n.c, and in the history of 
 Herodotus about 1687 ii.c, and is considered tfl end 
 with the destruction of the Uoman einjnre in Italy, 
 A.D. 476. Modern ?'.isfery begins with Mahomet 
 (A.D. 622), or with Charlemagne (768). 
 • ANCIENT MONUMENTS in liritain. Acts 
 ' for their preservation were passed in 1882 and 1892. 
 \n edict for their preservation in the Papal 
 dominions was issued by card. Paoca, 111 1820, ami 
 has been continued by the Italian government, and 
 similar laws exist in France, Spain, GTeeee, 
 Sweden and the United States. 
 
 ANCONA, an ancient l?oman port on the 
 Adriatic. The mole was built by Trajan, 107. 
 After many changes of rul"rs (Lombards, Saracens, 
 Greeks, and Germans) Ancona was annexed to the 
 papi'l states in 1532. It was taken by the French, 
 1797: retaken by the Austrims, 1799; reoceupied 
 by the Frcmdi, l'8oi ; restored to the pope, 1802. It 
 w"as occupied by the French in 1832 ; evacuated 111 
 l8;8, and after "an insurrection was bombarded and 
 captured by the Austrians, 18 June, 1849. The 
 J'-irches (comprising this city) rebelled against tin- 
 Papal government in Sent. i860. Ltimoriciere, the 
 papal general, lied to .Vncona after liis defeat at 
 Casteltidavdo, but was compelled to surrender hnii- 
 self, the citv, and the garrison, on 29 Sept. 'i'lit 
 king of Sardinia entered soo;» after. Population of 
 the city in 1881,31,277. 
 
 ANCYEA, now Angora or Engour, a town in 
 •inoient Galatia, Asia Minor. Councils were helii 
 
 here, 314, .35^. 37S' It '''T ♦,'''^''" ^^ t''^ I'^'sia"*, | 
 616; by the Saracens, 1085 ; by the crusaders, 1102. 
 Near this citv, on 28 July, 1402, Timour or Tamer- 
 hine defeated and took prisoner the sultan Bajazet, 
 and is said to liave conveyed him to Saniareand in 
 a cage. 
 
 ANDALUSIA (S. Spain), a province ome I 
 part of the ancient Lusitaiua and lioitica. Ibt . 
 mime is a corruption of Vundalitia, it having bein 
 held by the Vandals from J19 to 429, when it was 
 acnuired by tlie Visigoths. I'lio latter were expellcj 
 . '., -.r .___;.. _.. ,^.)^o establi.shed the kingdom 
 
 ANDEE] 
 
 by the Moors in 711, , , „ , . ,', i 
 
 of Cordova, and retained it till 1236, Andalusu | 
 suli'ered much by the earthiiuakes of Dec. 1884. 
 
 ANDAMAN ISLANDS, in the Bay of Bengal. I 
 The 'nhabitauts are dwarfs, and in the lowest statt 
 of barbarism. At Port Blair, on South Islaiid, m,i(lt 
 a penal settlement for the Sejiov abeis in l.V. 
 the earl of Mayo, vii-eroy of India, was assassiiiatii 
 by Shere Alee, a convict, 8 Feb. 1872, when goinj 
 ■ oil board the Glaiigou-. Above 200 persons perislitil 
 i on lund through a cyclone ; see // 'ruks, 2 Nov. 1891, 
 
 Chief commissioner col. 
 major Temple, May, 189.) 
 
 ANDEENACIT, Rhi 
 
 perial city. Near h.erc, 
 while attempting to depi 
 inheritance, was totally 1 
 Louis of Saxonv, 8 Oct' 8 
 
 ANDES, ConniLLf 
 
 mountain system of Soutl 
 Chimhr,m:o, perpetually siio- 
 
 Alexaniler Von Uinii'holilt 
 
 feet, 23 .June 1S02 ; liy i; 
 
 19,695 feet, 16 Dee. iSji ; 
 
 20.545 feet, 3 Jiin. : iili.l 2r 
 Colnpnxi, voleimie; asceinlei; 
 
 19,600 feet 
 lie also lirst asceiele.I An 
 
 .March : ami Cayniiibe, 19, 
 
 f.Ml these moiiiit:iiii.s iin 
 
 .Mr. Whyniper's work on tin 
 
 lished in .\l,-ircli. 1892. 
 Kailwiiy across the Andes cc 
 Kxpedition of the 1). (leogi 
 
 Mr. E. A. KitZL-eralil ; ^ 
 
 ascended liy Zurbii^-gcn, S 
 
 by .M.-. Vines, ,^ I-'i.b., iSo; 
 
 ANDOEEA, a .small 
 bearing the title of " the ' 
 of Andorra," was made ind 
 about 778, certain righti 
 bishop of Urge). The fe 
 long appertained to tlie coi 
 the French king, Henry 
 given up in 1790. On 27 
 decree restored the (dd re 
 and France. The reiiubli 
 council elected for four vc; 
 are appointed alternately 
 racnt and the Spanish bis 
 whom tribute is paid. Tl 
 5,800. .Vndorra, tliouuh 1 
 the Carlists in Sept. 1874 
 French government and 
 arrests, &i\ made by him, J 
 April, 1884. 
 
 ANDEE' S ExEcuTi 
 
 1780. 
 
 ANDEEW, ST., said 
 by crucilixion, 30 Nov. 6' 
 llit, festival was instituted 
 Society's anniversary is ke 
 The Russian order of St. .1 
 1608 by Peter I. For the 1 
 
 ANDEEW'S, ST. (E. 
 burgh after li.).o. Here lli 
 parliament in 1309; and 1 
 by archbishop Beaton, 154 
 dereil here in 1546. 'The u 
 141 1 by bishop Wiirdlaw, 
 1159- 13 iS) was destroyed 
 sermon of Joh.i Knox, June 
 list of the bishops coiuine 
 The see became archiejiiscn 
 after I689; w,aa re-instituti 
 Sir William Taylour Tliom 
 to the university, announce 
 college of Dundee joined 
 1897. I'oimlation, 1891, 6, 
 
 ' The marquis of Duto ha 
 
 i Oct. 1093, bouan exeav.'itions 
 priory, and gradually came U| 
 house (W.ispidum I'riiis), built 
 t.iiililiiK','!, the gi-e.'it liall, re 
 iiiutilnteU statuon were also : 
 proceeding.— 'i'imt.«. i-" April, 
 
ANDEENACH. 
 
 JI. T. llorsfoi-a, iHij2 ; 
 
 Chief commissioner col. N 
 major Temiilf, May, 1894. 
 
 ANDEllXACIT, Rhenish Prussia, once an ini- 
 perial city. Near lieir, tlie emperor Charles I , 
 while attempt:ng to deprive his nephews of their 
 iiiheritance, was totally defeated by one of them, 
 Louis of Saxony, 8 Oet. 876. ' 
 
 ANDES, CORDir.LKIiA dk Los, the great 
 
 mountain system of South .\ineriea. 
 
 Chi,iihi,m:o, perpetually siinwcLi.l, was nscciuleil liv 
 Alexander Von lluii,l„,l,lt to tlie liei-lit of iq,2%a 
 ti'et, 23 .Juno 1S02 ; by liiiiissiii;;niill nml Hall 
 19,695 teet, 16 Dec. iSji ; liy K.hvard Wliviiipcr 
 20.545 leet, 3 Jan. : aii.l 20,48.; fe,.t \ .Iiilv, i3So 
 
 l.,(../)fu-i, volcaiiie ; ascmdea l.y Edward Wirvnioc'r, 
 19,600 feet ...... ,'8 Fell. ,, 
 
 He als.i lirst as.M.iid.'d Autisaiia, 19,260 fi'd, 10 
 March : and Cayaiiilu-, 19,200 feit . 4 Aiuil 
 [All tliese iiiipuntidiis are ill K.'iiadnr.] ' " 
 
 Mr. Wliympor's n-.iik ou iliu " (.livat Andes " w.is rmb- 
 lushed ill .M.ireli, 1892. 
 
 Riihvay across the Amies coiistniclinL;, autui.in, i3n- 
 
 Kxpoditioii or til- H. (h'n-vapliieal .'Soeietv, ho.ided I'ly 
 Mr. E. A. l-'ilzi-'erald ; .l..„„,„,„„ over •'i.oSo ft 
 .ascended by ilurbi !--,.!,, Swiss Kuide, 14 Jan., ,S97'; 
 by .M.-. \ines, 13 Fidi., 1097. ' ji > 
 
 ANDORRA, a small republic in the Pyrenees, 
 bearing the title of "the yalleys and sovereignties 
 of Andorra," was made independent hvCharlemaijiie 
 about 778, certain rii;hts being reserved to The 
 bishop of Urgel. The femlal soTereignty, which 
 long appertained to the counts of F.iix, reverted to 
 the French king, Henry IV., in 1589; but was 
 given up in 1790. Ou 27 Maivii, iji.ifi, an imperial 
 decree restored the old relations betwe(Mi Andorra 
 and France. 'I'lie rejiublic is now goverred bv a 
 council elected for four years; but the magistrates 
 ure appointed alternately by the French govern- 
 ment and the .Spanish bishop of Urgel, to both of 
 whom tribute is p.'iid. The population 1875 ab.)ut 
 5,800. Andorra, thou-h neutral, was attacked by 
 the Carlists in Sept. 1874. Disputes between the 
 French government and the bishop, respe<'tin" 
 arrests, &e. made by hini, March; amicably settled^ 
 April, 1884. 
 
 A?fDEE'S EXECUTIOX, sec United States, 
 1780. 
 
 ANDREW, ST., said to have been martyred 
 by crucifixion, 30 Nov. (,9, at Patra), in Acliaia. 
 Hit, festival was instituted about 3-9. The Koval 
 Society's anniversary is kept on S'i Andrew's day. 
 The Kussian order <d' St. Andrew was instituted I'n 
 1608 by Peter I. For the Ih-itish order, see Tlii.stk 
 
 ANDREW'S, ST. (E. Scotland), made a royal 
 burgh after 1 140. Here Robert Hniee held his lirst 
 parliament in 1309; and here Wishart was burnt 
 by archbishop Beaton, 154:;, whohimself was mur- 
 dered here in 1546. The univcrsitj- was founded in 
 141 1 by bishop Wardlaw. The cathedral (built 
 1159-1318) was destroyed by a mob, excited by u 
 sermon of Joh.i Knox, June, 1359.* SirR. Sibb.ild's 
 list of the bishops commences with Killacli, 8-2. 
 The see bec.inie arohiepiscopal in 1470, ceased soon 
 after 1689; was re-instituted in 1844; see Jiinhopx. 
 Sir William Taylour Thomson bequeathed 3o,cx)o;. 
 to the university, announce! Oct. 1883. University 
 college of Dundee joined to the university, Jan 
 |8()7. Population, 1891, 6,853. 
 
 ■ The marquis of Buto liaviiiL' purrhased the land 
 j Oct. 109), beuaii exeiivations on tho site of the .ancient 
 pnory, and grailually eaniu upon remains of ih„ prior's 
 house (//..spioum VHus), Imilt about 1140, and monastic 
 tiiiiMiriKs, ths si'cat hall, refectory, ic. ; remains of 
 muul.ited statuo.i were also fouml. The work is still 
 procending.— TiTiU'.', 11 April, 1805. 
 
 io ANGLO-CONTINENTAL SOCIETY. 
 
 i;n Australian cohmist, a native of 
 
 who (lied Wept. iS?9, 1 iieatl,,.,! 
 
 Liiivcisitv, in accnrdaiicc with the 
 I his brother, Ur. Ale.xai: ler licny 
 
 Mr. David. I),.ri\ 
 Ciijiar in I'ilc 
 
 IlXJ.OOo/. to tin 
 
 unsigned will , 
 
 wha died ill 1,37,. 
 The .M.iniiiis of liutTerin was elected ionl rector iS'i- 
 
 aOclress 6 April, i3gi. . < -^ j y 
 
 The nmr.ie.is of Unto elected lord rectci', 24 Kov. ,392. 
 n.. Ch.arles Wordsworth, bishop ,852, -.vanu .advocate 
 
 lor iho union of 11,.. chiMchc'. ,lios. age.l S6, VC 
 
 bi^t.ipoj'Tni;':;;',.-:;^::^^^''''"- ^^■'^"-»- -"-• 
 
 Chancidlur, U,,; .Ink,) uf Argyll (,351). 
 
 ANDRUSSOV Pkace of f^O Jan. ,Urs, 
 between Ru.ssia and P..b.iui, for 13 years, with n-.utila 
 vietT-*"'"*'' ''"'"='' ""^ l.'tterliad been generally 
 
 ANEMOMETER (Greek, awmo:,, the windl 
 a measurer ot the strength and velocity .d' the wind' 
 was invcntid by \V.,lti,is, i„ ,7o,> -The extr mo 
 velocity was found bv Hr. I.in.l 't,/be 03 mile per 
 hour Oslci's and Wlieu-.dl's anemonn.ters were 
 highly apm-oved of in 1844. " llobinsou's anemo" 
 nietei is tlie simpl, st and best," JJuckaii, 18O7. 
 
 ANEROID, see JI„ro,wte,: 
 
 ANGEL, a gold c.in, impressed with an an-'el 
 weigliiMg lour iienn> wei-ht^ yalu.;d at 0«. S,L in 
 the reigii of Henry Vf., and at 10.9. in tla. udgn of 
 Elizabeth, I5(,2. The ./.,,/c/./, a gohl c.in. y°ali,e 
 halt an angel, was si ruck at Paris when held bv the 
 tngh.sh, 14^1. Ifood. 
 
 ANGELIC KNIGHTS of St. George 
 
 This order IS said to have be, niinstituted by tS.!: 
 me, who died 337 T ;,■ A,,„ lid were instituted by 
 he einiieror Aug.dus Cnineiius, 1191. -The Uuie- 
 
 ;(Crt!, an order <d' mms, founded at Milan bv L.nu'sa 
 
 ANGERS (W. C.itral France), the Il„„,an 
 Juhomagus, possessing an ampliitheatre ; cfterwar Is 
 An.lc,gavnni, tin,; capital of Anjou {which sn-) I 
 was reiiueiitly bcieg.al, ami 'many councils^ we e 
 uhl in It between 453 ,tnd 1448, relating to occb-si- 
 astical discipline. 
 
 G«)/^J^^^^''^'^^^''^ GALLERY, see y<,tio,u,! 
 
 (iM. Wales) the seat of the Uruids, who were 
 nassaered n. great numbers, when Sueton ut 
 laulinus ravagcHl the isle, 0..' It was eono e I'ed 
 
 by Agricola m 78 ; 0, pird by t'- Xormans mm 
 
 aud w^th tlie i-est of \Val,.s lu.nex,^ by F ;.'^V 
 
 '.".Abi^'f ''""'""■ "':'-"^^ "f B.aumaris in 
 S?^",r 1 !'"'V. ?"^!'"I'^'"" bridge was erected 
 1818-25, and the Ihitannia tubular bridge l8m.;o 
 
 /»1\^^,H^^-^^^ CTIITRCII, see Chu^c/, ofi:! 
 
 ...fV^GrLI^i'p-- Allusi.in is made to it in the 
 Bible ; Amos iv. 2 (787 n.c). m .nw 
 
 Oppi.ui WTide his " Ilalhaitics " n On...!.- ... :, 
 Kish.san.l n.hinu'. ab„nt 1^^ t^^ ''"'■ T*"' «■' 
 
 In the book on ■• ll,.,rhi„.,e aud llnntynqr." by Julio i 
 lieniers or Han.es p.i.iivs ; „f Sopfv..!! mw st 
 Aloans •cMpnnte.l at Wwt;iiesfre bv Wy ky,, ,1,; 
 
 Iza.ac'Widton's " Cmph-rt An.jler" was nrst published in 
 
 ANGLO-AMERICAN ASSOCL\TION 
 
 o cultivate more cordial relations beVwelni G^f^l 
 inlainnnd the Unite.! .St.tes. ostabU.hed 25 Ja 
 18; I , .1 leagu.> ionnod, i ^ July, 1898 
 
 ^ ANGLO - C( )NTIN 1:^1' \L SOCTPt v 
 
 oundcd in ,85^ to ai.luse\l,e piimdS^.^l,^ 
 
 :^r'^^{ii^i;'3:-'oet?';87';!^"''"""'~^'^S' 
 
 •Wl 
 
ANQLO-DANISH EXIIIUrriON. 
 
 40 
 
 ANIMALCULES. 
 
 An.-r.T n T>\\!TSTT p:XlUinT]ON, H()iith 
 
 Ii;u8 ; waslit'Ul by tlie Kii 
 lisli. wto to 1372, iii the ivigu of E(l;viiRl 111, 
 '' - »- - ..iA I .11.. Lni.r yi i'raui't; 
 
 the Muri|iii - , ., 
 
 aiulra»»iul"r in l.uiulun, , a 
 nicut the lii-i'.-^li l.rot.c..ii,. . 
 Fi,.iH-hl.n>t..l,iiatcuv,.i M.' 
 umlthi'diiunitiitWinolUiiiln 
 tho iiitl.iei.e. ..f iTMiice, w^i. 
 
 .,,,,,. Ily llii.' 
 liVii /niizil'iiriiiMl l\M 
 j.a-.(Mr nil' ri.'i'K"i>'-i''li 
 ,s ii Alik'ii, Miliji'i'l to 
 tu [It scUhil liy two 
 
 ■ i ,„.,^ It 'riria.' A Uelii.iilulloli cunvclillun 
 
 CdlllllllSSlolliMS ,n lUiia. " 
 
 ,„,ili,d ,,y an "'■'',''•' i^"""L„i»h.iy aKrm.in,.nl 
 
 i^iltli '"''■•■' '-«■. .„,.,.^,..T ifsiM'Hliii.' Allien. Sir 
 r,v(-Iyii BariiiK «i;,'l>'^ '■"''''" ', ji, ,.|inK of tint 
 
 cuiiliMviK'i' at ^'V'^"' ' „ J , , TiMity lor Ihii 
 pusent; i.o ",:';, •'::,•, u,„l Italian siih.'lvH ..f 
 
 ,S.ro«..on..A,..K..«^.,.Mi-.in^ 
 
 «dtk<l in Lo>"''. -" "W',*;; ^ , L .i, an,l nnlnt.Mni.lra 
 11,0 free in.v^iation 01 > /■ » ,.,ril,„MH .■nsnreil, 
 con>n,.m.cat,.n U;i«ee 1^^^ U^^^^^ ^„ j,^,,,,,^.^, 
 
 ^^i^'ii^aSi^iau r^i^'f:-..:;-r ;c"' a' - 
 s.o;iii!^u;:at;!::^:p^it'LU,n/.. ^.na., .B,^^ 
 
 ami alterwards ratihe.i. j ,,„, i^j. Uie .Inke 
 
 ^^■i?;^.^l^•;na'r"'iurei^o; the p,.ntinKo.' early 
 
 ecclesiastical cliarieis. 
 
 ANGLO-GEKMAN u^Buciutiou lonuod ii. 
 Loudou,Jui-t'. 1897. 
 AvrT n-S-\.XONS or ANca.ES, ; Unvo tiuir 
 
 ^ {M^ljh'harlniawlSnt.n >n ,7,5 : one at Cu.nl,n.lK« hy 
 1),'. Jusei.h Iius«ortU in ibO,. „,,„„,,,.. 
 
 ANGLO-TUllKISIi CONVK.NTIOxX, ..-c 
 Turkey, 4 Juiie, 1.S78. 
 
 ^««H& i-''S^^"'^;yl'i'Ko''iC; 
 s.:;^ tUortiiii^A-^uii'-s-H. 
 
 ANGOEA, sue Ancyra. 
 ,uU^ ^l^^JoViue. of AtiKoutnois, Ceiitrul 'rauce, 
 ^ma:^pcU.ut country ubout ^^U; ssm uititcd lo 
 
 tho Flinch crown i'.i 
 
 l^to to 1372- ;- -,- -, . 
 'I'liu Count of An^oulfiiiu luciimo km;; 
 
 Fruneis 1. in l^ly 
 
 ANGKA PECiUEXA; thu Gorman .oUK.. 
 mont hoR., norlh ol tlioUians. nver, booth Alu... 
 dcclar.il hv princo liisnnircJi to liu under tho 1.1.,. 
 Ifclion of the enijiiro, 24 April 1S84; alter ull.g.,, 
 yaeillaliiis liritish diplomacy, 1882-3. 
 
 ANGKLVS Fort, see Lulin, 1756. 
 
 ANGUILLA, Snake L^and \Ve>*t Indies 
 lied l.V the liiitish, M'^- \aluablo deiio.it. 
 • Mhoi'lillato of lime were found here in 1859. Ii, I 
 l^land Millered liy a famine due to long drouglil an, 
 fiiilure of crops early in 1891. 
 
 ANHALT, HorSE of, in Germany, dediai,! 
 its ori"iii from lierentliobaUhis, who made war uihiJ 
 •he 'Ihurinniaiis in the sixth century. In iCuT 
 the prineipality was divided anion- the four soii.m; 
 Joachim Kmcst, by the oMc-t, John-Ueorgo. Ik, 
 biirali fhe four Liuiic! vs — Anhall-Dessau \i,. 
 winded frem John-Ueorge) ; Zerbst, e.\tinct, ij.jji 
 I'hilsgau urC'oetheii, e.xtiiut, l8.)7; and iieini.uij 
 e.vtinet, 1863 ; (the la.sl duke died witbout l^^,„,^ 
 22 Aug. 1803.) The pniRos ot Anlialt he, 
 dukes in l8o<). Anlialt is an hereditary eoiiMir.. 
 tional monarehy (by law K, Feb. 1872) ; populaii, 
 in 1871. 203,437 • i" 1^75, 2 13,5''5 ;"!»*>«:)' -4> ."-I 
 i-'jO, 27i,;-59; i894.-7i.9''3- 
 
 Anhalt Joined the North Gcilnan Coufedcratioli, 10 A;;, 
 
 Lipoid (horn Oct. 1, 1794). lacaine dnko of Ai,l,.: 
 
 Dessau, y Aug. 1S17, and of AnhaU-Ucrui.uri,', ,,. .V. 
 
 1863. died a May, 1S71. 
 
 Krederic, duke (,r Auhalt ; horn 2,; Ainil, 1S31. 
 
 //ri/; Freihaic ; born 19 Ant;. 1056. ^ 
 Muiria'M' ol iirinee Arihert to i.rinee.^s Louise, a daiu' 
 uf pnnce and princess ChrisUaii, 6 July, IC91. 
 ANIIOLT, Island of Denmark, was l;, 
 possession of ly KngUnul, 18 May, ,1809, n, 
 French war, on account of Danish cruisers injur.! 
 lirilish eommerco. Iho Danes made 11 hmt;,J 
 uUempt to regain it, 27 March, 1811. 
 
 ANILINE, an oily alkaline body, d^^cu\lr,■J 
 in 1820 by Ui'iverdolben among the pr<di,.!> : 
 distillation of indigo. From beii/.ole (i(7,«/, . 
 lieehamn, in 1856, obtained it by successive ti,, 
 meiit with eoiieeiitrated nitric aeid and uauo:J 
 airents. The seieiititic relations ol aniline h 
 been < arofuUy examined by several elicau.l 
 especially bv Dr. A. W. llofmaiin. It N^a^ i 
 known to yi.dd a series ol co oured eompou,u.>, 
 It wan not till lSsC tbat Mr. W. 11. rerkm sIm , 
 liow a violet (,.\idation-product i,U""'Ve) touLl,, 
 npi.lied in dyeing. Auilino is now nuuiuliutuiu;:^ 
 a largo scale lor the coiniuerci m-udiutiMi, 
 "Miiuve" and "Magenta" (ro.... ilnn) ((» 
 «•(■), and se\eral other colouring matters, 
 blue, 1861; vi,.let, l8(.3; •• night given, s| 
 The patent of Simpson, Maule, uud >ichol>..ii.;| 
 aniline colours, was annulled by the house ol . : ■ 
 27 July, iSOO. ii^:oAUzayuic. 
 
 ANIMALCULES, Leeuwenhoek-sremaiK,;; 
 microscopieal discoveries were publish, d la 
 I'hilosopliical Transactioi.s ol the L">al .'^.iu.kI 
 for i(,77, ill his " Arcana Natune, at LeuK a. 1 .J 
 The great works of Khrenberg of lierlin .n :J 
 Iufu«'>riiil AnimalcuUo, &c., were issued l,S3S;:j 
 l'riteliurd'8 7»/((son(i, ed. 1801, and Mr. W . .\; 
 Kent's Mmml of liifii.mnn, 3 \oluiiies, l^Vj 
 are valuable. The llev. W. U. Dallmger ,aiu . 
 Uryadale, by their unwearied eo nuoas m;.! 
 scoi'ical obaervtttiouB of bactenu aud olliw .,j 
 
 ANIMAL ; 
 
 forms of life, huvegiuuti 
 1873-89. 
 
 ANIMAL MAG^ 
 
 by si/iiipii/Ziilic iiflccii"// 
 Uehl, a Jesuit, at Vieni 
 believers in France urn 
 Uehl for a ^liort time a: 
 they oOon iiuairelled.— 
 1799) invented ".Metal 
 condensing, and applv 
 but Drs. Falconer and il 
 pretensions by perforini 
 pair of wvudcn tractors. 
 Animal mag,U'tisni (lis|,i' 
 French Academy ol .Seie 
 closed as of a " dead bile 
 were perfoiineil by Mi 
 lady," at the All.aiubra t! 
 
 ANIMAL.S. Mr. . 
 
 tor, zealously laboured 
 in 18:4 the lii,i/ul 
 lion of Criiilhi to Jim 
 new house in jeninii-sti 
 4 May, 1869. It ojiposi 
 unison with a Fren,li ^, 
 offered premiums forinipi 
 cattle; A jubilee coiig 
 societies nie[ in Lonucin 
 tions obtained by tlie soi 
 28,209. The SOI iety pros 
 in 1887; eoiiyie.ions in I 
 1896. Annual meetings ai 
 Mr. ilartui's act was pass 
 were passed in 1X27, 18 
 Dogs were forbidden lo be 
 See Cuttle. 
 
 " t'ellon-ship nf AnhimW 
 10 Jaly, 187^1 ; earl of Hha 
 similar oliji.ct .Mr. IJu^kin I 
 The Uicky JJinl.s .Sociity 
 uumhered S.ooo niDnliiis i 
 The Animals' InstUute, 1, 
 liii-:es for inveiitioii.s for Hi 
 animals. aS ,Iuly, i,: ,,;. 
 A lai.-iliital lor animals uas o 
 Wiltoa place, S.W., April, 
 
 ANIMISM, the name 
 prupouiided by (jeorge F. 
 the siiul {iiiiiiHii) il the ] 
 '■the vital principle" in oj 
 n'ltich sir. The ti.'ini atii, 
 Kdward I). Tylor in i.Stjn. t 
 eiice of active spiritual beii 
 civili/ed and tincivili/ed p 
 animism (terniin;,' it a 1 
 religion) at tlie Itojal instil 
 AXJOU, aprovineo, \V 
 ilemy II. of Filmland (101 
 
 [ in 115b; their father (jeolfn 
 Alijoa, having married the e 
 It Has taken from king Job 
 ill 1205; was recoiiiiuered 1 
 
 I quishcd liy him at the iieaei 
 
 I aud given by Charh'S V. te 
 the title of duke. * 
 1349. 
 
 I 1360. Louis [. lUike, invested 
 
 Jumiihons of Joanna of Xai 
 
 aruiy destroyed by the jilagiu 
 
 13S4. Louis IL, his .son, receiv 
 
 j a;3u ua.stu'cessnil. 
 Louis 111., adopted by Joanna- 
 
 1 14.14- liegnier or Ken,; 1,- boii '( 
 
 "f XapK'.-i, ,yy^ ; bi., ,klHxh 
 
 llciiry \l. of Kngland, i... 
 AnjuubyLouisXL, 1474, am 
 
 The uni 
 
^VNIMAL MAGNETISM. 
 
 Ss-fi'^''"' ''"*'" ^'"■""^ i""'^''"*^J our kno«Tc^7„ 
 
 ANIMAL MAGNETISM (to cure UUcas.s 
 
 llWil, 11 Je»u , at \uiin;i, aliuut 1 774, aud li«d its 
 b.li.v..rs i„ Iran.,, and England' at ut irSS-SVj 
 
 the/ .u»n MuairilUd.-.Mr. Perkins («li« diod in 
 1799) invented 'Metallic Traetors for collec n'" 
 
 butDu. ialeonerand Jla)(jarth jnit an end to 1 is 
 pretentions l,y periornu.,,^ n.any wo.uler. vvitl a 
 pair of ,.«„,^.„ tra.tn,;.. Unnuh. H,^ Mcsmerhm. 
 
 Krir; "'^'^'■"■^'-" '^■^'"■"^•^■'' I'veonnnissions of to 
 tien.li .Veadeniv of hcienees, 1X57.8; investi-.tion 
 do»ed asof a -'dead 1. Ue,," ;84,^' K^nm^Vi^bie a 
 «ere perlonned l,y iUs.s Abbott, "ILe nia-netio 
 Iudv,"at tlie Ali.andna theatre, 14 .Nov.tvi;;;.'',!!';]^. 
 ANIMALS. Mr. Martin, .M.l>„ as a se, a- 
 
 r ,r ,',-■ '^''r'"''/' '".'•'■1"'«--- -uelty, and 
 u 18 4 the ll„yal .Wivti, for the I'rvnn- 
 Uon of Cnult,, to .i>.//»«/,v 'wa^ institnted 1 s 
 new hou.e in J.rmyn-.treet, London, was founded 
 4 Jia\, 1869. It ojij.osed vivisection in l.'JGo, in 
 uuisoii with a ireiali ^ocietv, and in Oc; iX-T 
 otfcred i.renuums for iniin-o\ ed trucks for eonveviii- 
 cattle. A jubilee cony:res.s of this and siiniu" 
 societies met in London 1; June, 18-4 Coiivie' 
 
 Vs'^n,, i'.'"-''' ''•' /'" ""■''■'>■ ''^35 to June, ,8;6, 
 2«,2(Kj. Ihe soriely jiroseeuted 4,018 !.ros,er ea=es 
 in 1687; coi.yicions in England and Wales, 7 :.o 
 189''. Annual meetings are licld. See /VnmV;.;. 
 Mr. Martin s act was passed 1822, and similar acts 
 were passed m 1827, 1855, 1857, i8io and r8- 
 1)«K. wore torbiddeu'lo be'jised ioV dnuii;h iu 8^;^' 
 ace Vuttlc. ■^J 
 
 "fdlowihip <,/ J„;„i.il..- l-rini.h," orwiniscd ■il„M,t 
 .oJaly .&7y: curl ..f .si.altcslnn'v, ■ rcsi eat \v 
 siaiUar object Mr. I;„.kn. Ioan.1,.,1 'it tit- Ws G , 
 The iJ.cky IJinls .s,„.i..,y j,, t,,„ a^h m eou ^ 
 aunibuicd K.oooiii.ial.irs in 18S' i-ouniies 
 
 AlM.siatallorimimals uas opeuod at 75, KinnerLou-st 
 Wiltoa place. S.U., April, ,896. .Scei^Uv/Sul,:';.' 
 ANIMISM, the nanio K:iveii to the doctrine 
 prcpouudcd by bcc^ryo E. Stahl about .707, that 
 Le snul (r,/<;,„„) -^.Ihe proper princijilo of life 
 '•he vital priucide in nppo,itioii to materialism' 
 wluch sa- 1 he term ,uu,„hm was givcm bv JJr' 
 hd«ard li lylor in r8(,n, to the belief in the ^xis U 
 ciicc of active spiritual beings common alike lunon- 
 civilized and micivih/.ed p.-.iplcs. He lectured on 
 amiaisai (termin.' it a n.ininium .ielinitiou 
 rth^'ion) at the ito^al institution, March ixy^. 
 
 AXJOU, a province, W. France, was taken by 
 ilcury 11 of England from his brother Ueolfrev 
 in 1150; their latlier Ueolfrey i'lantageiiet, cou •,} 
 Anjna, huviii.Muarned lheein,,ress .Matilda in T-- 
 It was taken Ironi kin- Joliu hv I'lulj,, „f i.''- 
 111.1205; was ixronouered by lidvvard III. ; rcliii' 
 quislicd by Imii at lie ocace of Bietignv in 1 to 
 ^id ^'iven bv Char les V. to his brothcT f.ouis w th 
 ibUtleof Juke. Ihe university was formed i," 
 
 I 1360. Louis r. (lake, invested by tlie dodo win, *),„ 
 
 aoimamua of Jnaiiim „(• Naples^ i .q , ■ i.i^ V r*"^ 
 
 amiy destroyed l,y the plague, ,' 83^ he'd is Ik "'^ 
 
 .3S4. Luuis II., his .son. 'receives the s.^^!,'^ ,■*',••,., , . 
 
 I Louis III., adopted l,y .loaiiiia ; liies u^. 
 
 I '4.54- .licgnicr or liejic 1,. l,„ii (a nrisiao r^ ,1,..1„. 1 1 • 
 
 A.^.^..L.uis'^^e;^^,:ii^ni;::i:;i^^::;;i;^i,[-' 
 
 I Francis, ,l„ke of Al.-ncm,, brother to Ileinv III „f 
 
 the^Em.^iY ":',?.^-^S"'^',B^^"'LE OF, between 
 id. nl i ".".^ '■'•■»'■''; ''»•' l^itter comin aiuled by 
 tilt daiipb in ,d fiance, 22 March, 1421. The Ei.... 
 sh nvivdcleated: the duke of ba^-ence w ^ t i^^ 
 1)> sir .\llan .bwinton. a Scotch kni"Iit, ai d Vim 
 ""■■1 I-nsbed on the field ; the earls ,!f' C.,^^,° 
 Uoiset and HuntiiLudon were taken lui i crs 
 
 ^:c;::::,;:-.:!rt;^:i.S.""— ^"^"^'^^'^f 
 ..^S|:ia-^-^';-i2siat.the 
 
 ca, npns,,,,a,anpiin,UchinChina,partolCam d^^^^^ 
 ■"I'l various islanus 1,1 the ChiiiMe Sea 1 do 
 have been con(|uered bv the Chiiu. n ,,^ . 
 'i"'l iHl'l hy th'em till i.i .6. In' .^f^ h'^-' 
 i-fcomp.ered it, but abandoned il' -J'lT U t'er 
 
 i;;r!n^;a;:i-::;%i 'i-n^^^^ 
 
 oecame k nj,'. In conseouen t .1 ' ■" """ 
 
 the Christhins, wai I .'le ,mt w ;'b''iT'"-T""" ,"^ 
 «,l>o defeated tile arinv 0^ Am ,,i "' o " ^' ',::'';''' 
 
 ^:i^fr^'i;e&h:':i;;r^u.i!;:i-/xi:^i;T.r^' 
 
 pressed in Eel, i.^i,-. i,„i...' .,''-• '°^-' ""« ""p- 
 
 pressed in Eeb. kSIj^. Amba's 
 
 idol 
 
 s sent from An- 
 
 mini uiih the view of n*<r;,iii'im'' ti,» ,. 1 1 
 
 t^;i^:i''-^'--it'"«''i''-i^'^;M:;:i:^!:;::To:;:j;^ 
 pich-;!,;;: Ty'';-:i-:.^- -^^-t ^;? 
 ^'^t;!,j;: ri. ^;^;;;^-iu-j^ f .^";- irder 
 
 capilal II le. ■iiiid.lh sni ' '' 7 , '" (^^'^^'-O'O. 
 uiuuaUife,ai:deducaUi;n'Kevaiir' """'^'J'' -"- 
 By a tivaty eoiirludcd 15 March ,s,> afv,, 
 
 ta;aof'th.{;,A^^,^:,l',.::|iS;:;f--;!;';;-e,auatoic.^ 
 
 lici|.hi„asucccc,ls. "^ 54, >7 July, jojj ; 
 
 Th.K,c,,ehprotcctoiatcrecog,.i.cdby treaty si.„ea 
 
 Ibc pnncc who promoted mus.sacres ,| cloittV,? " 
 
 .;j;gd-su-s?s;^teS-^^^ 
 /:^^ii:;;r;e;^-^---P^-^;tir^';f" 
 
 frciich pintectoraie: (la ul M,,,,,. '.. t ; -'i;6 Jidy, 18S5 
 „ Tu Uia- (lamici l)ouek a' ,«;,^; '.'f "' -'" "f 
 
 i;P"rted ^reat massacre ufchi^ia^ '^Vl' " ' 
 
 .INNAPOLIS, see rort Hoyal. " '"'" '"^' 
 ANNATES, see ^iHi:i>„rt,. 
 
 w 1 
 
 
 
ANTHOLOOY, ^J^i 
 
 intv..auo«l int" J ■' > y /• ,,^. ,1,0 (■(.uiicil "f ; 
 "V'T"' '" 'h.^' u -VH not ^'''H'n.lly oinph.y-.l 
 f,n- ^'V.na.HMituru. U ... us ii . l,,,,!'- to 
 
 tlu' tirst. «li.. :i<l'l-'J ; •" " > , , ,^v icl.l t!mt Christ 
 
 ;:;:'Jir(A>j;^---b^n "'•''•'-•"'"' '''^ 
 3; ?si';:;-ii:«;. ■'"*'»•« '■■■':; 
 
 ',r.T i)T;'PTi;TP,Tt a summary ot tiiL 
 ANNUAL KLGTSrLK ^^.^,^ ._^^ , 
 
 hUtcu-y ot ciitOi >^''^J, "5 "^ ;,„ comiiiomTa by 
 c.ontin.K.cl t" th.' l'"' ' " - , ,,ke at (irst wrote 
 
 t\u'. wlinlo \N"il'.; '!"^. '',>'■,,,. 1 A siiiiiliir work, 
 ?fS^;i^:aelt;:xMomUV'^">.-nn Paris. 850 
 
 AXNITALS.,:.na;nc..iv™^.o^j.Ul^bou^d 
 
 emi-u.nt ^''''1|;^';\ ''';'' Vo^.-many, and also in 
 
 LomloM 111 l^^^.v ^"\ . 
 puWicatiuiis is here giveii . 
 F„rj.'.'t-nK-ii..t(.Vrk.riiiaii's) • • ^ 
 
 Literary Souvuiiu-(lii.-.t.'.-. l"> 
 
 Aiuul''t .■••'.. 
 
 Keel»s:il;i' • • , ' ' 
 
 Uoo'rs Coimc Animal . t„ ,-,•' -o/ a I 
 
 A^>^u^^:rhK'^^-H.^;^4esi 
 
 year were s;n 11 t' .^ 1 > ihe maintenance ot a 
 ilone; and Y:J^ ,f (,, Sil. deemed eompe ent 
 gentleman, ,,0 y.^- , ^,^^,, f ,,,, i,nv, 
 
 to sui.port \-™'; 'tVemrowrni^' the govern- 
 ISS4- ^\" ="■' ''"^ °' ; , -terUii',' nnon an an- 
 ni'^iTtto borrow one " '''"^;vVi ' ^ M „.v,ir.0l-3. 
 
 This mode ot I"'' "'",^,,,t.. An aniuuty of 
 
 general ;'"»/!^' ,y " ^.ulatin;^^^ lO per cent, 
 
 l/. 2.V. l\<l-P" ininii'H,'V^^^\ mo \ ears to 20,000/. 
 
 omround interest, anion bin .00 uu»|^^^_^,^^^^^ 
 
 The (iovernment An aii u ^ !"' ,/'i,^„„Ht of the 
 Act was p.'-';; .'^i,, f ^ ^;,,,L the government 
 workin!,' il:i>!'e>, sum "; , navable in 
 
 to grant deferred ^nniu les sa ,. I^^. _.,^,„^,,,, 
 
 small i.i>tal.iiens. -^ ^;. ■>;",\j,„, ,s84. Works 
 
 t&<,f A.Uia,ies,KS72and.88 -,. 
 
 .x-vT'TTV T.\X; a tax levied to proMde 
 
 ^^^r'l.r ministers in Edinhurgh and Montrose 
 
 S^:i1:i,r';u:fnu.ehd.;d|ec^on.^.;WiJ^ 
 
 ffihehjlb^ito" ^vas^rovidedLrbyan act passed 
 
 ' A vvi^vPT \TION OF THE Virgin Maiiy, 
 
 .•omini '11 V iliug 111' '''.'"SI, . :,° „,.:„;„ is relcrred 
 
 ri't . i.Xrivod from tlie ..pistleof ,/-r»;i'.s v. 14, about 
 A , feS"""^ authors assort that in 550- fy'"^ 
 ne •;ons and nersoim in extreme danger o dea li, 
 vei oi to" «itl' coMseerated oil, ""'l tl-a ♦ j>» 
 ..Lthe ori;,'iii of Kxtreine Lnetion (one of the 
 s "nments of the lloinan Cath.d.e Chureh). 
 '' ANONYMOUS LETTEllS, »oe Thmitcumo 
 
 Lrthrs. 
 
 t^'mrnrOSCOPF new optieaUpparntnv 
 1 '^^1. IhvlVi (^^rpoMte. ,11 I8(.S. In it distorte,! 
 Kslose-tllel; disurlion when in rapid motioii. 
 
 °" \NT VOON (SM," was demonatratc'd to be a 
 univei's^il pr n^ pie throiighmit Nature wi li bem'. 
 L • 1 ',,1 l.v Sir \V. U. (irove in a diseouiHO 
 ';riheU::;'llI-tUut.on;i.ondon,20Apv:i.888. 
 
 \\-T VLCIDAS. Pkace of. In 3^7 'v-' , 
 
 inHleidas the Laeeda'inonian made peace with 
 U-t X . V - of I'ersia, on b.dialf of Ureeee, bu pn,,- 
 
 <il'lv in favour of Sparta, giving up the cities .,, I 
 
 Ionia 'to the Uir ' 
 
 •uted ill I2j- 
 
 ANTAKCTIC POLE, ^i--, the opposite to tl;,; 
 nonli or »nV/.' pole; see lioathcm Co.tuuut. 
 
 !;!::• "st;rf';';.:!^''-,rAd uay.e.«h, p..on..:i 
 
 „ "'If n^,'Jr'l' iekslm • ,^'u:.ti;;^^biirg. undcitook to >.l 
 
 •'sel bet«« a '■■">■"■■'■ "'« reinaiiidcr of tlic ex-,,,., . 
 
 ?,iii tl'ie rtw.disli t;overiiiiieiit, if the Aiistn.i.M,: 
 
 coll.nies slioul.lsubM.iibe 5,000/. ; the project appiaiv 
 
 x,^i',retie w!Sllir«l>c'iili^"i'froni nmidoe arrlvea z\ 
 
 '^ I', Sta W, FTdklaii.l Islands, ,1 Dee. 189.. 
 
 M, C K. "cli^'ieviMk, a Norw:'U,i, expl,..-,.,-, tuM •■ 
 Uw\ ■ i Capo Adair, on the S. eonlmeut, 2j !■ ■!, , .; 
 , s,i,i,ti ■ exp,'.liU„n uiHl.r liiu., cpupi,.',! by - 
 . \, Mo-s left I.,.iiM,.i. in th.' South n, ,,,. 
 " ,V 1 I nsen) lor S. Viet„iia I-anil (Aiaes Kc>;:: 
 '(;''^•^ i,d'.^'eeretary)..nMo,elay,.= Au.., 
 
 fJ^, e.'i'ti 'n Ic'l bv 1-ir. Co-k, AnaTiean es,,l„r, r. •. 
 sm'ill sliil's, with a scientilic e,a-ps from Am,.,., 
 
 T,;;I"l!' \::i'b^l^-xH?Uon in the /V^^im leaves A:,- 
 xverp, 16 Aul;., ^i^l' 
 
 ANTEDITAIYIAN HISTORY, 0«.-.;.;v 
 
 V vL A<eording to the tables of Mr. ^M,l^t,d 
 he number of pople in the aneien world, previoJ 
 
 to the flood, readied to 549,755niillionsui theml 
 
 of the world 1482. . 
 
 A-VTTTEAIS were ori,sinany antiphons-skrl 
 
 „ieee^ of phin-song sin.g.beloro the i-saliiis. ,0,..4 
 'illy responsive antiplioni'; music was use.h.i joril 
 1, learv christian worship. Hilary bishorir 
 I', i'li.i- ami ^: Ambrose composed sue 1 al,outthi| 
 m Idle M Ihe 41I' eentury, I.<mfU Ihe in,.a..l 
 "em, a passage of scripture set to nui.s,,., wsl 
 Sm'ed into the Ileformed churches m qu«[ 
 Elizabeth's reign, about IjlKJ. 
 ■^ ,, , ■„ vvTiii-M Wuinuis; 1320-1025, iy,-, 1,1,,.' 
 
 ^;;il'[uw"".i.^alnii.l.y, Wesley, Hoss,l.lv.. 
 
 .\\THOLOGY, GliEEK, a coUectio!, 
 nomib.r epigrams an.l . siua 1 poems wntlcn Ht 
 '■ • 'leehus. Sanpho. MnioiudiS, Meleagc 
 
 '■' "'";■, .^ i 'i ".j.;i,n.hus Sanii.i . 
 
 thoA,iliui..;mt.n.v.su..';mea_.;-;;.;^,^^^^ 
 
 :!"''":':^v;;;t Vi" in n^mirVof Amadeiisl.. wdio j ^°^^f ' ^J^.i^^v'ily Maximils l"la,u.,les, a-. 
 hiirirav! Iv &uled Uh'-dos against the lurks, \ otlurs, -P;^^^^,^>^,,.^ ^ ,,_^ ,„a a MS. colkdi,:, 
 J355. New statutes, 186). 
 
 ANTHR> 
 
 CoMtantiiie Ce|diala8 was 
 Sahnasiiis in iinii; am 
 1:72-6. Translation.s lia\ 
 Merivalo, and others. 
 
 ANTiriUCENE, set 
 
 ANTIIKOPOLOGIC 
 
 l/iru/io.i, lireek f,ir iniin), f, 
 of man and mankind, lieia 
 Keb. 1865; Dr. James U 
 chair. Tho"Anthropalogi 
 out m May, iSfjj. Tlio AntI 
 logical Societies were ania 
 ,iiid styled "Tho Aiithrop 
 John Lubbock, jn-eaident. 
 pological Society c-it.-iblishei 
 .-Inthropoloffieal o,ingn'3a ai 
 Aug. 1878; others sineu; nt 
 The Anthroponietrieal Con 
 British As.sociati,)ii the resu 
 v3,000 Jicrsons in the Unite( 
 Fourtli iiiteniiitloiial eoiiKress 1 
 opeiie<l at Guiieva, 2^ Au^.i i 
 
 . ANTHROPOMORPE 
 
 I to tho Auuiani, K'/iirh see 
 
 ANTHROPOPHAGI I 
 
 I see Laninouln. 
 
 ANTI-AGGRESSION 
 
 sing interference in foreijfn 1 
 I John Morley and ,>tliers, Fob 
 
 ANTIBURGHERS, se( 
 , ANTICHRIST (op,,osed 
 1 18, termed the "Man of sii 
 Ithese passages manvinterpretii 
 liinl many myths w'ere currenl 
 Iri'spocting the incarnation of 
 Itorm is ajiplied to each other 
 |aiid Protestants. 
 
 _ ANTI-CORN-LAW L] 
 
 ■curing the rejieal of the laws t 
 ■importatiou of corn), sprung 
 icotilan and provincial associat 
 Claiichestcr, 18 Sejit. 1838, and 
 Kharles Villiers, Kichard Cobd. 
 Cohn Ilenjamin Smith, ist chi 
 ■879. See Corn Laws, audiV 
 lltt'tinKs heM in varinus iilaccs 
 twiteil meeting at Maiicliester 
 lliazaar hehl at Maiieliester, at w 
 J realised lo.ocw/. 
 
 fcbout 600 deputies cinneeterl will 
 J dations asseiulil,, hi Lmuhin 
 ■he Leajrue at .Maml'ester jiru 
 150,000!,, to ,li'pnt,_. leeturers 
 loiuiitry, amlt.ipriiit pamphli-ts 
 frst meetiiiK at Dnirv-lane Tlicatt 
 ■ontlily meetings at Civent-Gard 
 liSSi'lit, ; great free-trade nieetint 
 14 Nov, 1 
 aarat Covent-Ganl.Mi ojiened 
 ■real Manchester nieuting, at wli 
 Ifroposed to raise 250,000/. 
 ■leCorn Inip,>rtati,jn Hill liaving 11 
 Ithe League is Ibnnallv dhsolved ■ 
 Irewardi'd by a national subsc 
 ■80,000/. . . . _ 
 li the accession of tlie Ilerliy minis 
 Itk Aiiti-Corii-Laiv League was iir 
 ■oteter, an.l 1 sulwiriptiou was 
 hwiliiced within half an hour 37 cj, 
 fciinei'esaary) 
 
 kill iif Richard CiWen, 3 Anri 
 JBriBlit ' 
 
 lANTIETAM CREEK, r 
 liryland, U.S. Uere was fough 
 1 1: Sept. 1862, between tho Fee 
 1 Jl'CIcUan, imd the Confcdci 
 
ANTHEACENE. 
 
 49 
 
 Constanti.R. C.phalas wmm found nt ircidclbpi-.- hv 
 8.maHi„.s „, H.,/.; ,,„,, p„bli,he'l by feet 
 
 ANTiriUCEXE, sec ^«/,-„n-«e 
 
 of man and ,„anki„d, l^ld i^ al^^^^^ Von"^ 
 
 oat in May, ,863. 'I'd AnYhropoogL^l a.fd Euin'o' 
 logical Socioties were aamlKamati'd i" tI ,ul 
 and stvk.l .. Tlio Anthn,pS^ V^i .i.iiu"; "'^^i,: 
 John, Lubbock, ,nv8i,le„t. The Lo, 1„„ b'.thn 
 HoRicul Society c.tabliabod .8;?, ccnicd 8-; Vn 
 Anthropological congress at P^.t wa opj.fjd ,6 
 Aug:, 18,8; others since; at Moscow, n Aug ,8o' 
 rhc An hroponietnc.al Committee reported jo tto 
 Dritidi Association the results of nieasurin-^ al, ,u? 
 q.ooo persons in the United Kingdom, Sm 8s" 
 -onyn^ss of Cnnnnal Antl ronoloyy 
 ^ Aug., 1896. Sec Turres 
 
 ANTIPODES. 
 
 opened at Quncv 
 .o^S^^^i^^«I^E«'~«ive„ 
 
 ANTI-AGGRESSION LEAGUE fonpo- 
 sujgin erference m foreign aHairs) formed byi^r 
 John Morley and Mthers, Feb. 1882. ^ 
 
 ANTIBURGHERS, see Jiio-g/iers 
 ANTICHRIST (opposed to Christ)" i Jo/,,- ii 
 1,3, termed the -Man^of sin," 2 S/if? of 
 I tii« passages man>- interpretations have been gl^en 
 l:.nlmany myths were current in tlio middle ages' 
 Irespccting he incarnation of the devil, ic The 
 
 ANTI-CORX-LAW LEAGUE (for pro- 
 ■ounngtlie rei)eal .,t the laws charging dutV on tb« 
 Tmportatiou of corn) sprung froi^i ^Z n etro! 
 hjoUtan and provincuil assoc ations v/ii fn„„ i 1 . 
 lanchcster .8 S.,,t ,838. and su w,:,:] ,d tjl ssrs 
 fcharlcs Vilhers, Richard Cobden, Vohn lirigl t Ic • 
 tohn Ucnjamm Sniith, ist cliairman, ,/. i-'htni' 
 ?;9. See Com Zinvs, and I'roUctioktts. ^ '"• 
 llertinp held in variipus i)laces . March .(• \,„m o 
 |xdte.l meeting at Manclicstcr ,qA.? ' '^^' 
 
 ^Laaar held at Mancliester, at which the iWJ " 
 J realised io,ot»?. . . l' 1 
 
 ktat 600 deputies cnncctc.l witli provincial^'asw- 
 Jciationsaascnilil,. Ill Loii,i„i, . Ke ».,, 
 
 the League at M.nCu.stcr proposed to ' rafe 
 Iscoool., to dcjaite lecturers tlu-ou«hont the 
 I oraitry, and to print pamphlets *" ',,0,,, 
 
 frst meeting at IJrury-Iane Theatre . , , vJan-lV 
 lloiiMv meetings at Covent-Garuen, connm."cei 
 Short ; great free-traile meetings at Manchester 
 
 m^rat Covcnt-Ganle,, '.^JZ ''''' "'"* "^l]"' 
 iMt Manchester meeting, at whicu the League 
 IlToiKised to raise 250.000?. . . ,,1),,^ 
 
 lieCurn Importation Hill having piissed,' 26 Ju„e' 
 IllifLeagae IS lonnolly dL,.,nlve,l ; Mr. cibdeiuras 
 Iw " '"""""" »"'"'"'l'ti"". ■"■"rl> 
 
 lit'lie aeecssion of the Derhy ministry a revivi"l'f^f 
 ft oAnti-C.rn-Law l...a,n,e was pro,?o'scd atJIu - 
 ■rteter, and « sul,s,rii,tion was , pencd wlieh 
 
 Lf^[.^^*^K,^i;^:^"j;7-;^^"'--.:ioAug.. 
 
 lowed by M'Cle ui On r ""\""""''li'"<l,V fol- 
 by Jackson, and at iivt^o'.loeir''''' Y''' "■"! ""'oJ 
 conHict began About, r^i^ ""^^ morning tha 
 
 , «nd the baule ragcHl tu/^hf 'Z:71 "'!""=''"'' 
 repeatedly repulsed 1, f H't' f'cderals were 
 
 f«aorate8^etffl''„;.a^^' ; :^»''';; >•„ "" ^''"■ 
 i« nnd 19 Sept K, 1,.,-, 1' i ^ rutomac on 
 
 I '^,469; tiie^'cm.f^'^^r'a'tS Mollo" ''Tn!^' 1 
 
 i. e. C. I'in '.-^^HO-'o^'h M^ r^T''7''- "^"T""'' "' 
 Geo. Berkelev, ,8r4'.8o ir J li'ri"^' '^'^J '""?• 
 
 " ANTI-JACOBIN or W 
 
 poffira^.e?e:^l;^^kI;""''^r»''-'"- 
 
 13 
 
 eyes in th 
 
 3b). Mixed with tJilT '"■ ^°'- "".'' '^''■''"'M W. 
 liament, 1648. ^ "• ^"tish par- 
 
 1S43 
 
 1S43 
 
 1S45 
 
 
 1846 
 
 1852 
 
 Se 
 
 discip es were first called Chds tiV.',r a „ ,, '',"f 
 XI. 26). Antioch was taI.-o„ ) . Ji 't, ' -• 4^ (^iffs 
 
 bythe^Saracen^ab^nr^t co^^r'id r'aieF'i^t*"' 
 emperor, 0O6: lost a-ain in Vr,»7 . , ^'■''''''''n 
 
 Crusaders in 'June iSSi llf^!' \'^"^'''} ^v the 
 priaoipulity, ^ ' a'^f },e S V thm-Tiil'^I "' ' 
 1268, when it was captured In- (l,e ! u ",' ,/""'o> 
 It was taken from tlir'^urL i th^S -rhn ^""'• 
 Aug. 1832, by Ibratiim Pad a "but rfS Th^ 
 peace. Antiocli Kutiered much In Z .tn ''* 
 and^about ito persons were kili;.d;'3 A^'ril'^nS^^t' 
 
 A Syrian church still 
 
 e.nsts at Antioch.'-'i'he 
 
 bv the early Christiim w i/n.."'^' ^Vriocb "''1 
 Alexandria; it placed t'- Creation - ml ,' ""^ 
 3. councils wure'held at AnUoch, 2si'--',^r6l "''' "•'• 
 
 .-^S'^^''^^"^^™''^ «- under >...,,. 
 
 .7Mar-.8s I ^TIPH0NS.6ee^«,A.m,. 
 
 il'CfeUan, and the Coufederutes under 'E:. | ^^^fhol ^aT^a^^reti;: Vl.^^ lL° '^-'d'-'S 
 
 
 S^f 
 
 ".Ml 
 
 M; ^^ 
 
 
 irWiifL.j'''"'!! 
 
 1-, 'V 
 
 ¥ 
 
 l-etlJ for mai^^tS/r^ri 
 
 ^1* 
 
ANTI-POPES. 
 
 60 
 
 ANZTN COAL M1>'1^>^- 
 
 APAT 
 
 •Hi 
 
 tin,.'-, r-pcTulh b) I t , ■", ^, ,,,e AiUi- 
 
 fp.m 1305 1" il.5'»' J" ''" "'" ' -' ' 
 
 from '■""H^'^.:''^7;:;'-;;'rH..v'^'--»^i^'<"''^^; 
 
 T,lr'"^:t;;iS"'to::tf -mentioned l,y A.lnnolo, , 
 
 July, i63ij. .. .„ ,.,,,.(, Ill I707 : I'l'Cfived Its 
 
 The Society of Anti<marlc» \' ;,,:,,! 'j^'/, X„v. i75> ! 
 .•l.arte.- of iuen,T(;.Mtlon tv.m ; '-^;,;- 'j,, H,„„A.s,.t 
 met in Cliunoery-lane, > -5 . • ' 1 ■' ^. , ^, . venioveil 
 llo«se(,n,u1e,l -7: ;.'";J'J '.''•, .^rniee'tinK M J">'. 
 to liuilington lioiiv, V';','. ',,.,, „i,,„i;,," llist iml.- 
 ,S75. Men.oi.s, en itle.l „,^^^' ' , :;!'' ,,,,t,,l .846 ; 
 
 (l.ed 24 Dee. .875 ; ^ueeee. . H Ij ■ ^g 
 
 ,„e e,.l of ^■''™:^^''^'',;^^,'„ ',^'ullied Dee.' 1843; 
 livitisli AreluvoIoKii «' , 1,. .\,v' 1=0-' 
 jnWlee celebiatcU 31 JniJ-?/^""j, |,'^f,, f,,,.,,,,.,! l.y n 
 
 -^;s!;;^'jl'orVKfeg;^;^^.,-'--"-^- 
 HiS;^}^i.nC«a S-r'si'^ai^^^^ 
 
 binee .S45 '"uny ^J '''? 'Ja^'^uS^^^^ Tl.e fonrtl. 
 lieen f"""^;' VL «vcl • 1 "ienl ^oeieties, =0 Jnly, 
 congress of tliOR "''-';'\'' 'f ™i.,,,ul,,,,. (i ,)nly, .89S. 
 
 Ti^S^,^iavl!J'A,";ia;i^^f^™«('^-^)^^^""""^°= 
 ..5^,!^^^;::^^?7:f^.-n,e,,;eg.n.S^^ 
 Uritisli Sel.ool of ArclKe..loK ('■>■' 
 Tr>^Sttflntc^;;lwu?^eHy),.nne,.B,3. 
 
 ANTISANA. sec ./J»* '• 
 ANTISEPTIC trciUnaut of womu 
 6'cn» ilnori/. 
 ANTI-SLAVEEY !SOCIET\. S^ 
 
 ^'aVIiSoXIN SEEUM, or An.i-voUO,n«us, 
 
 '"'ANn'raiNPTARIANS. Theodotu, of 
 
 , &(•., see 
 ? under 
 
 A VTTT^M maritime city of Lutium now For 
 
 d- An.io, near W"'"'-^,^f''„Verro fv; t the end of the 
 pendenee, b''^"™'-';' 1^' "1" ^ ''"ii U mentioned by 
 great Latin v.Mr, 340-33* f j. \ of tl..' cniperois 
 lloraec, and ^vaB a i''^"""''' ' tVd „ Uiiv vil as in 
 and wealthy V^!^>;^^ ?,l'„tued ^ 'the temple 
 |:;,j;;r;unJhe't;e:;tai;nb;Octavin.C..araunng 
 
 ''^;^^ra;'!l'^^'-theAdnatie,ced.d 
 
 tot^l^K.rrh; the liLrlin treaty, .3 J"ly, •«.8. 
 
 ANTONELLI CASE, see lU'Mi, i877-<)- 
 
 ANTONINUS' WALL. »re i?«"""' ""«'• 
 
 ni^l mVu n , i mentinurd in history m 517. U 
 
 ^;;::l^!;di'r:pb.iei-..i;en,heon^^^^ 
 
 lKh'3'l7u!<-tu;iL. \'.t.^>H.i..... .8.0, 
 
 ' ItH iine'exeliango l.nilt • • • , ;. „r ,;,„j,„; '"' 
 
 ■ Tnl<en after Miuonllm i*i>fc' "> l'» 1 ,^ ^•^,^, ,585 
 
 ■ T.i.eeofAnt«-orp(bet;ve..nS|nl,,ana Vnlte.U'ro. 
 
 ,-!:;-:\:^f^a^ir;,.e.;de.t.ye,,J.ng..M 
 
 livf'i find iiIh'UI ar-o.ooof. . • ■ * „i,,,ii 
 
 a,l'Vt f^t" .t tbeo ..ningof tbe v<.rt 'O' *'-' « ^^ ,g,, 
 
 ti-.noftln Seliel.lt dius . . ■ 3''' ^ -^^ 
 
 F,„tini-nti..nsronstriieteil . • • ' \„j; ,f.f.i 
 
 ?l;;^^';^,s;;itC'*e."'::^.eVy'u:o;{-i:ntins 
 js,^,ri^i.;^ui;^;^ ope.u.,i i.y tm. j.,. ^ _^^^ 
 
 May, 1885; elose... • -5,,,, ■ 
 
 ?;::^;;'S;?:;n'at ' ": ■^!llain■s cartridge nu.to4, 
 '■V,e;i;:^rtb;;'loeJ.sin.beport;litrgeH^ 
 
 'litesM dVn :ilr;cti..i.VfU,evvi>,.l;tl,e 
 ?^J\ui:i;ied;visitoftl,eU,,g,.3Sept.;nT;irt.l_^^ 
 
 T,t^;!!nM°.Vvllaln ai.lS. ; ..gineer, M. IVlHtmey 
 f r cmieide &<•. ; M. Corviliiin senteneed to 5* 
 V an' •« 8"t'v'itnde, and bis engn.eer W 
 lii"amu'.y, to .i years, at Urt.ssels, U -7^^^; ,^^^ 
 
 Gi^^Cat the Aftiean wanhouies ; loss^al«»t _^ _ 
 
 ES:r^.a:r;^.iinrr'nr;i5^;; 
 
 r ,n-,.; o,:,.no,l by the king and qnewi s Ma 
 ,( ; / • Aate visit of tl.e lord mayor of London 
 
 K^i:.;;^!;;;;'^;:^^^;:^::;^ M,: i..n Tiiiott,^,;d _ ■; 
 c,^!!;:;;,tsr!:tolJr;t.nTiiie.tren.rr:.d.^..^.,:^ 
 
 tratiiiii ; announced . • • • ■» - 
 
 * >7V A P.T-ST'TTAILT. or the Li^htB of Laii"- 
 .u^^tl^mJient lV'i.n, ver.i^^.n ol^ the an., en. 
 ?-^;U.Ic>ril,'ay,l>i.lr«i.ovYishnnSa™a^m^^^^ 
 
 bv Husaiii Vaiz, at the order of ^"^'''Y,"?.',,': ll; 
 
 Persi'i The Englisli translation by h. 15. i-aBtwuk. 
 1 published 1S54. Seef'.^W..'. 
 I AN7IN COAL MINES, near V.-ilenrieiu. r, 
 
 N Frme.T^ (hst tapped 24.11.110, I73.1-. The e,in. 
 
 r^anv fo in ed has h|. onie Immensely rieh :_ cab.i.a 
 Xlt^r^inerallv direetors. Output, in .7,C, 
 IsVoOOtons: in 1^7=, 2.200=0°° t""^' 
 
 APATITE, minornlidi 
 I'V' it bi'Kaii to bo largelv 
 is abundant in Norway, aiii 
 West India inland. 
 
 APOCALYPSE or R; 
 
 St. Joliii in tile ish.. of ralni 
 
 APOCRYPHA. In t 
 
 cry|)liait is saiil, "Thoso lio 
 tlie llebrne nor in tli(>Cliah 
 history of tlie Apoorvnlui ci 
 were not ill tlio ,Ji«i»h cane 
 council of Laodicca about 
 ceivcd M canonical bv tin' 
 at the council of Tn'iit on > 
 the Apocrypli:i wore adiniti 
 
 [ bv thediureb of Kiiffland, 1 
 Many of these wore e.xcdudei 
 Ri'vised version completed, 
 189.?. 
 
 I I FNdras .... 
 2 E.-idiiin . 
 
 I Tiiiiit 
 .bi^litb . . . , ■ . 
 
 I Ksllier • . . . ' 
 
 I Wi.siliiin of Soloiuon . 
 
 I Kfelesiftstieus . , , ' 
 
 j Bnnieli 
 
 |.S"iigortbeTluwCliil,lrcn . 
 
 I History of Susannali 
 
 I Del and tliu Dragon 
 
 I I'iuver of Mana-sscs . 
 , .Maeeiibee.s 
 7 M:ieeal)cc.s .... 
 
 iTIrre are al.so Apoervpli'al wit 
 tlie New Te.staiueu't, such a 
 uttriliiited to (,'leinoiit, I!;ini, 
 iiimitsof a goHiml attriljuteii 
 ill an Kgyiilian tonil) in 1881 
 translation in 189^. 
 
 APOLLTNARISTS, fo 
 
 ■n reader in the church of 
 l(j(.6) tliat tlio divinity of CI 
 Isuid to him ; that liis tlosh \v 
 tppearauco upon earth, and 
 licavon, and convoyed thron 
 lliore were two son.s', one bori 
 Iho Virgin, &e. These opini 
 ly the council of Constantino] 
 
 APOLLO, the god of th 
 jrnisic, poetry, and eloquence 
 iiiil statues, particularly in G 
 Weljihi. The statue of AjioHo 
 It .\ntium, in Italy, in i loj, v 
 Mm IL, who placed it'm tii 
 ] APOLLONICON, an c 
 Iniment, constructed (Ui the ]i 
 leys and ban'ei), was invent 
 m Robaon, of St. Martin's lai 
 kliibitcd by tlieni lirst in 1817 
 
 I APOLOGIES FOR Ciiiii 
 teiscd by Justin .Martyr to tin 
 fu* about I3f), and to tlie Koni 
 llier apologies were written 
 ios, and other early fathers of 
 
 .■iiimc a.scribe tbc authorship ti 
 
 ', inil others to Jolui, the prcsli 
 
 " lirst centuries many churelies 1' 
 
 ii'PiitUTit was cxciurled from 
 
 !f"unci[ of f.'iodicca, but was a; 
 
 ;:rils, and onliriiu .1 by tliat of 
 
 -V Altliough tlie book bad bcc 
 
 Jrliiiflis, and others, and its aul 
 
 Iws, from the time of Justin Jl 
 
 |t A|iolH;-y f(,r Cbilstiaiis in a.d. 
 
 "•nty in btill almost uuiversallj 
 
APATITE. 
 
 61 
 
 ■ <i^?/\7^^'?' ',""1"'™1 I'li'^I'lmt,. of lim,.. Almut 
 IS, . It b,.jf,,ii tn Im. l,„.f;,.(v ,.,„pl„v,.,l uHinMnur,.. It 
 
 ij-" ',"!"'',"".",' ^';™".V.''>»1 i" S.Milnvn., a Hm„ll 
 West liidm i.^ImihI. 
 
 APPEAL. 
 
 St. Joliii 1,1 the i.slo of I'ntmoa about a.d! 95. • 
 
 APOCKYPIIA. In tb.. profap,. to tbo .\po. 
 crypm It i» naul -'Tli,..,,. i,„„u aro ,,,.^1,, ,■ foun, in 
 the llfbni,. nor 1,, tb.- CImbb.." Jl,/,K; , ^ ,,,. xii ■ 
 hBtory o( tlu; Apo.a'yi.ba vmU 1,5, „.c. 'ilu. book, 
 ttviv not in tbclrwiali canon, wnv ivj.Ttcil at the 
 council of Laoilura about a.d, y^,, Imt w,to ri- 
 CMvcd as c.anoninil by the lioma'n Catbolu^ cluirch 
 at the coun.il of Tivnt on H .ApHl, i :;,(,. l>,.,-t8 of 
 thr Apocrypb;. wriv mlniitliMl to bo iva,! as l,:sso,r, 
 bv the (•luircb of LnK'b.nd, bs- tho (,tli artii^b-, i;f,3 
 Many of these wore cxclmk'd by tlic act pa.ssiM iS-f 
 
 ^■'^'■'""n ^'''iiil'Ictcd, Oct., published Nov.; 
 
 from alioMt ii.i-. 623-441; 
 734-r.;9 
 
 .'". . . . ?'° 
 11 1'. 300 or iSo 
 
 licviseJ 
 1895. 
 
 1 EsdriM , , , 
 
 2 Esilnw . 
 I T"hit, 
 
 Jil'litli .... 
 
 Kslher 
 
 Wisiloin of .Solomon . 
 J Ei'clcsiiisticiis 
 
 I Diinicli ... , , 
 
 |S.iiigofllicTluccCIiil,lreii .'.'.' ' ' . , 
 1 IILslfuy of.Susahii.'di . . . ' ' ' » « 
 
 1 Di'l ;uiil the DniHou . , , ' . ' ' ' » , 
 I I'ravtT of .Maiiasses . . ' ' ' u r' * ^ 
 
 ' .Miiccaliecs . . • • • Hr 676 
 
 ., , ' • • . . aootit ^j '115 
 
 3 Maccabees . . . f,.„,„ .ii,,,,,, ,0 P 
 
 llli.ro are also Apocryphal wrltlUKs iu eon tlon with 
 
 ".'!' ^"T .Tcxtarueiit, such as gospels, epistles, &e 
 attnhuted to Clemei.t, H(iniil«is, and oth.-is Vri^' 
 mfihts of a Kospol attributed to St. Petei aero tou'nd' 
 in an KKyptian tomb in 1886-7, aiel laioted will, a 
 translation in iSqj. 
 
 APOLLTNAKISTS, followers of Apolliniris 
 
 ■a reader 111 the churcli of Laodicea, who taueht 
 
 tm that the divinity of Christ was instead of n 
 
 fcuultohim; that bis tlcsh was pre-o.xistent to his 
 
 fcppeamnco upon oartli, and was sent down from 
 
 tmea, and convoyed through the Vii-.^in • that 
 
 lliero were two sons, one born of God, the other of 
 
 Ihe Virgin, &c. Thesn opinions were condemned 
 
 ly the council of Constantinople, 381. 
 
 .APOLLO, the god of the fine arts, medicine 
 
 |iusic, poetry, and eloquenr/., had ni.inv temples 
 
 In. statues, particularly in Greece and Italy. See 
 
 p//)/(i. Ihe statne of Ajmllo IJelvcdere, di.scoyere<l 
 
 It .Vntium, in Italy, in I.SOj, was purchased by pope 
 
 lulius II., who placed it in the Vatican. 
 
 1 APOLLOXICON, an elaborate musical in- 
 
 |riimcnt, constructed on the princiidc of the or^an 
 
 vfvs aud ban-el), was invented bv .Messrs Flirfit 
 
 i|l Robson, of St. Martin's lane, Vfestminster, and 
 
 kliibitedby them hrst in 181;. Tiiii/js. 
 
 I APOLOGIES FOIl ClIUISTtAXITY were ad- 
 iesscd by Justin .Martyr to the einpenu- Antoninus 
 tu^about 139, and to tlie Konian senate about ir.j i 
 Ihor apologu-s were written by Quadratus, Aris.^ | 
 lies, and other early fathers of the Church. 
 
 f Some ascribe the authorship to Cerinthns, the bcre- 
 L.K others to John, the pirsbytcr, of Kp hcsus it 
 k flrat centuries many chunhcs disowned it, and in the 
 h™tujiw,as excluded from the s.acrcd canon 1 • 
 lOMi nnl ( f I.iodice.n, but w.as .■w.aiii rccciv,.,l i,v ,.,hl 
 fc::als .ir.d c.nRnii, ,1 by that of Irent, held i,', \Z' 
 H Altli.>.igh the book had been re.jected by Ml liir' 
 kmm and others, and its authority qncstio e l',' 
 |iS«»,fr.un the time of Justin Martyr (w ,0 wi t . l.i 
 ^.MfW-for Christians in a.d. ,,g), yet ts-.i loni i1 
 lli'jntjr IS Dtill almost uuivemally icknowl^ged 
 
 APOSTLES (Grc.k. «;>.,..,/,„, 0,,.. sent forth"). 
 I«el'.e »erc ,,ip.„ulcd by Christ, A.i,. v \ viz. 
 
 J dm (^ollso| /,. ,,d,e:, I'hilip. Xath.iim. 1 (or liar- 
 
 ' r'sonl'.f^'i? "■"■ ^'"'i'-^-' • V'' - J''"- <'"' 
 
 J do or T , n ' "T'' ,**"""" "'" ^'l"'^''"'it»' "I'll 
 M tH i,/, '"" \''.'"' "''■")• ""'1 J"'!.-^ Iseariot. 
 M, tthias «asele,.ted 1,1 the ro„i,i of J„d:,s Iseariot, 
 A.i>. .3_> (.^ic^ 1.) ; ;iMd I'u .1 and l!;ini.ilcis were 
 appointed by the Holy .Spirit. A.li.45 (.i.v.v iiii 2) 
 
 "yobimc't;"i'i:-^^ iTT !"'■""<' " """'I' vellnm 
 
 I'll,..,. J ,""'>• .''■"'"I "!"■"' Io5«. disruvnvd by 
 
 S , ihn.;Vs:;;;;i;:i:-';,;-- 
 
 ul lis , K. il''l ' r,''':'"'";" "'"l i"'"' •liiclion, was 
 i.^t, imjii.Ar.l .■diM'.n, -prii;.-, 1885. 
 
 to H,^?;'^'^.P''*" f'IfEED. erroneously attributed 
 ,t .^'.ll r-," ""■"""",■'' -'^ tl"-' l!"man .■reel by 
 It mu- died about 410. Iremeus, bishop of Lyons, 
 'iie.l 202, gives a creed res-mblin; it. Itsrepofitien 
 n public worsh p was onlaind .: the GrcekT eh 
 
 o.nitury, whenre it passcl to iheehurch uf Lnghmd. 
 
 APOSTOLICAL, sec Oiiiom and Futhers. 
 
 APOSTOLIC L a «ect, at the enl of the "2nd 
 euitury, which reiiMUiiced loarriage, \\ jie, flesh A:c 
 
 li! n ",""■• '■'""'"' '" ^^'l'''". "-'til l"ng beard 
 
 t n^iT'bVV"'-''-''^' ';"'^' ''^"^''^^' "'^^■■^"■['■■rnied by 
 omen called spirituil sisters, prea^ liinV against 
 be growing corruption of ,h, ,,i„'„eh of Kom, , in, 
 P cd.ct.ngitsdonMtall. They renoun.ed bap ism 
 
 b^™t^ ve ;; r'^ "'■r"'f"-iess. S.,.arelli was 
 ■ r d ,, •'/.^^"■"'" "','300. aud his followers 
 vNcre dispersed m 1307, '.nd extirpated about 1404. 
 
 APOTIIECAPY ;Iiterally,akeepcrof astore- 
 
 ncnc;;^;,cc''/"°r''''v'-'^- "^^''"''"''^ "!■ ^'■■ttl". s I'v- 
 pence ;jr»v/„,„f,r hi,. >,„ Coursus dc Gangeland 
 
 .luring his seveiv iiliuss in .S.'otbm.l, ifw" 
 tuuhra; see rharma,., and M„lical rL,^' 
 ApothiH'arics exempted In 
 
 other civil oftlois . 
 L.m.lou .\i,otl,e,an.s' C...nii.aiiv scp.arate.'l frolu the 
 
 Grocers nn.l Hi..„r!.on„e,l, 16.; : hall built 
 Tl eir praetice iv.ulat.d „nd tdeir nath .ilv ex- 
 
 c. ,33, ,825; .ind by ;; >.c ,8 Vict. e. 34 
 Bj an act of ,333 a member of the Sore'n- „r 
 Al".the.'anes w,-is entitled to register as a i.n.eti- 
 tM.iier of either m.-dicii.e or sur.-crv or b.a , 111 
 
 , theactof,SS6botbwevMre.|uire.l ' 
 
 t i'",'.','"' "'"■''"" "• S'"''^"" '•■'■' ''^ sii'II^nx .Shmne 
 I.eir ,, ;, i'','''"-^'- ''•'" '"-'■ " '■""'bti..n of 
 
 I 1. '^^' ''"'1'*' '•'■^'> >■'■■"■ '"'t.V new ..hints 
 
 int t ,en- number should ancuut to 2000 ' J ,, 
 The Dublumuild incorp.iiat.d 
 
 APOTHEOSIS, a ceremoiiv of th.- ancient 
 nations the world, by whi^l.-thcy raised Xir 
 kings and h«rocs to the rank of deities. The deify- 
 ing a deceas,..d einper .r was begun at Konie hy 
 Augustus, III lavo\ir of Juiius Ciesar. i ; 11 c Tin: 
 
 ., A?,?^A^ "J -V^«'^Ii^E OF BaTTLK. Bv tl„. 
 
 ■" !.«".. "?',•'"''• ■' """ '•■''•"•i-'ed wth murder 
 u.m-ht hdit with th.. ai.pellant, then i,y t." ake 
 piMof of Ins guilt or iiin -ecu- ... In i^f- a vou,,,! 
 a.a.,1, Mary A.shf.,rd. was b. lievcd t , /mve be n 
 violate.l anil mur.lorc.l by Abraham Thornton, who 
 on trial, was acriuitt,.:!. i„ ,, .j,,,,,,^ ,,, ^.i^'^jJ^J 
 
 K 2 
 
 Ola Serving on jiirics 
 
 1712 
 1670 
 
 .874 
 
 I75s 
 174..; 
 
 Hir '. i. 
 
 
k 
 
 in 
 
 APPKALH. 
 
 M 
 
 AQUAKII. 
 
 ia/n«ht hy wus.r of Imt.le, which the cm>rt 
 a "l.mK.a, .6 April, .«.H 'I'V? l'';;?,^'',^'' 
 
 »" ■^^- '''''''';,^':';;;;r,l:;■'n'Vr,. "■ "^2.,:;! 
 
 » TJDi? \T « 111 the time of Alfrid (8fi9-90'.)' 1 
 l„ .■■rnr from the judnm.mla of th o ''^P".'"' "'. 
 
 h.v i; Aliril ; was ri'tVrrod to ii ^oWX '' "'" '";";^' 
 and Justices, Lurat, , 
 
 Tlle'^tew'^^J'^u'^'^o-t of A,,.oal flrst sat ». Nov. 
 Animinul nooeiil l.ill intio.liicMl ; wilh.lvHWii j. Aug. 
 
 APPELLATE JUIUSDICTION, see under 
 xlpjifdh. 
 
 APPEXZELL, a Swiss canton, threw off the 
 BUF« of th. ahlut.. of St. Ciall early in the .ah 
 ecnturv, and heennK- the thirteenth member of the 
 Swiss confederation, 1513. 
 
 APPIAN W VY a lloman road to Capua, 
 made by Appi^is claudius Ciecus, while ceii8or,3l2- 
 
 308 B.C. 
 
 APPLES Several kinds «ro indigenous to 
 England; but those in general use have been 
 brouuht at various times from the continent. 
 Kiehard Harris, fruitc'rer to lleniv N III., is said to 
 have planted a great number of the orchards in 
 Kent and lord Scudaniore, ambassador to trance in 
 the reiirn of Charles 1., planted many of those in 
 Herefordshire. Uav reckons 78 varieties of apples 
 in his dav (l688). In 18G6 there were 1 500 varieties 
 ill tlie c .llectioii of the Eoval Horticultural Society, 
 mam uot worth cultivation. Grand Apple congress 
 at CLiswick, 5-25 Oct. 1883. 
 
 APPORTIONMENT ACT (for rents) passed 
 1 Aug. 1870. 
 
 APPRAISERS. The valuation of goods for 
 another was an earlv business in England ; and so 
 eurlv as 1283, by tlie statute of merchants, or 
 Actou burnel, "it was enacted that if they valued 
 
 thegood. of ,.urtio. too high the "l'l"-|'i-';" •^,'"»';; 
 Ike thcni rtt^ucll price lis tlieV have limited. Ill 
 is their annual licence was raised Irum 10*. to 40.. 
 APl'UKNTICKS. Those of London were 
 .,b led to wear blue cb>aks n. »umlii.r, and blue 
 « ns in winter, in the rcigi. ot qu''^'" M";"'";" • 
 ?-cS Ten pounds «HS then a Kiral appi'"',"' ''•."• 
 ' WL twent to „ne hundred p.ain.ls w,;iy given in 
 1 he .i",. fMamesl. .«,,«■' yS»n, 7/. "' "Vl"'"" 
 ' M.ix enacted U Ueo. III. l8()2. '1 he term ol 
 Vei yea r-'"t lo -M'ire till the app;v''"'V7,: 
 2- tears old, reouired l.y the stiitute o Elizabeth 
 0*S ,3)"vasnbollhed in .8.4. An act tor the pru- 
 U ctio 1 of apprentices, &c., was passed 111 l«.,l . 1 1 e 
 ,n, Jo tices 'if Lomb.n have been at times verv riot- 
 ous thev ro.-e into insurrection agaiii.t toreiguers 
 on Evil May-day {which ace) I Maj, 1517- 
 1 Exbil.ltion of apprcntlecH' work at the I'eopl, s Palace 
 opened liy tlie |,rhiee of Wales 10 Dee. iBS?. 
 
 I APPROi'RIATION ACT passed .»""";'lb 
 
 ' l,v a clausi' prohibiU the treaMiry olhcials om 
 
 ' ,p vi g I>-il'li<' ■"""'^■yto any.erv.ce oiher.tu.n 
 
 t to w lich it has been speeiuUy appropriate|l. 
 
 Theprineiide was ailoidecl bv U.e commonwealth, 
 
 nnd was detinitely establish.'d in lU)5. 
 
 APPROPRIATION CLAUSE, of the Irish 
 Tithe liiU of 1835, brought b.rward by lord Join 
 iu ell, wherebraliy Hurpb vevenue that might 
 
 iicerue bv the working of t was to «■ ap y 
 
 nriated for the education of all classes ot tie people 
 I'he principle was adopted by the commons, but 
 rt^jectl'd by the lords in 1835 and l83(., and wa- 
 abandoued. 
 
 APPROPRIATIONS. (l"opcrty taken from 
 threluavli), began in the I""'' «' ^^ ilhan. I. e 
 
 parochial clergy, then commonly Saxons, «ere n- 
 noverished hv the bishops and higher clergy (ge,.. 
 rallv Normans) to onricli the mmiasteries posse.^. 
 bv the conqueror's friends. Micro the itlies we. 
 si appropriated, the vicar had only smd. a compe- 
 tency as the bishop or superior thought I'tJ •''''• 
 Pope Alexander it complained of this as he bane 
 of religion, the destruction of the church, uiul . 
 poison that had infected the whole nation. l.:n 
 approju-iations began after the dissolution of tl.e 
 momusteries, 153O. 
 
 APRICOT (wtvrcox.cirlyripc). rruiius Anu,- 
 niacaXm^^^'^ Minor, sa/d to iiave been tir^t 
 planted in England about 1540, by the gardener ol 
 llenry VIII. 
 
 APRIL, the fourth month of our year, tl. 
 second of the ancient Komaiis. 
 
 APTERYX (winglessV a bird, a native of New 
 Zealand, first brought to this country m 1813 an: 
 deposited in the collection of the earl of ])e b^. 
 Fossil specimens of a gigantic species of this hn-; 
 (nam.'d 7)i>iO)7ii.i) were discovered in New Zeabm ; 
 bv Mr Walter Mantell in 1843 and since, an. 
 much studied and many papers written on it hv 
 I'rofessor Owen. 
 
 APULIA, a province in S.E.Italy. The pe.^lr 
 favoured Hannibal, and were severidy punished I y 
 the Komansat his retreat, 207 B.C. Apulia was c..ii- 
 Quered by the Normans, whose leader (juiscard re- 
 ceived the title of duke of Apulia from pope Nicho- 
 las II in ios<). After many changes of masters, it 
 was absorbed into the kingdom of Naples, m I2(,5. 
 AQUACULTURE. see under Fisheyica. 
 AUU ARII a sect said to have been founded by 
 Tatian iu the 2iid century, who forebore the uac ul 
 
 .^ AQUA 
 
 wine even in the s.uran 
 tiiey met secretly at iiiu 
 '•'•"sure,! by Cyprian (mar 
 
 A(iITAKIUAr or Af 
 
 '■;'"'■","'»«' water (mannt.; 
 ■' '' I'laut.t m/iy eo-exist, 1 
 ';""■'' i ,»'Mils being intro 
 '«)'.». Mr. N. H, Ward hii 
 weeiN 1,1 artiHeial .sei,.w 
 "amiKton ilemonstnited 
 '"'■""■ Itrowth of aiiuiial 
 "■'''•I'i^i'Hlin I85jtbeirl,,; 
 
 Mltebell. 1„ fUc, Mr. 
 
 ■V'lii Hium." Air, \V. .uCon 
 road, London, who bv Iuh 
 
 'I '""""'"'J """■'• ti'iui'i- 
 
 est o( .opiaria, has been mil 
 •■"luan,,. The great ;e|u:,r 
 I.! wulo) at the Janlin ,1' 
 was constructed umlor his 
 •' ;" '•onstructc'd the aiiiia, 
 ''"ler-. 'Ihatatlinghtoiiw 
 .\rtliur, 3„ Muivh, and p 
 "''>y'"^, 10 Aug, 1872. Th'i 
 wusojieneil, Jan. i«72. 
 
 The H"V.M.AijiAiiii-.M 1,11,1 .Si-y 
 N"r|.:rv widest; s 1,8,4 
 
 "'■■ iini'oiiKli, was opene.l ]<\ 
 
 S-! ■Ian. 1B76. •^ 
 
 A w.iiaaii suriniined "Zazid" 
 
 s.-ilely shot fr a ,.ai,noii ( 
 
 .elianiealcontrlv.uice); .sun,, 
 
 laving whales shown hero soon 
 1S7;; June, ,878. 
 
 I lelnipeHal theatr»n,l,Ie,l, ,8 
 Uiesiie,,! the A.iiianain to L 
 
 l"'Ses, Jnly^ ,23g_ 
 
 AQUATINT, see Exyra 
 
 AQUEDUCT, an artiflci 
 
 tlamhiis Cavus, whil» cein 
 
 Mrueied the lu-st Itoman an 
 
 AppiKii Will/, about 3|->-3o8 
 
 »omi. remarkable aiiueduets in 
 
 IS ot great e.vtent and beautv 
 
 12') arches; and tliat at Ve 
 
 long, and of imnienso liej.-h 
 
 tare,, stories. 'J'lie stiipeml 
 
 hllosiiieri; eanal, in Engfaml 
 
 iui. 126 feet liiiih) was com 
 
 ami opened 2(1 IJee. iHo;. 'J 
 
 was iM.mpleted in 175,S, and 
 
 n.'ar^ew \ork, was constnie 
 
 1^2- Ihe aqueduct to sui 
 
 water was commenced in iH 
 
 sii;)ply London with water Ir 
 
 was proposed by .Mr. J. F. Hat 
 
 AQUIDABAN, Par.igua 
 with liiazil was ended with tli 
 IHcsKlent Lopez, i .March, 1S7C 
 
 AQUILA, S. Italy. Near 
 aiider the eomlottiere Braeeio 
 •lileated by the allied I'ap 
 Jlilanese army under Jacob Cu 
 liniecio ,1 wounded prisoner, i 
 Jiul died, 5 June. ' 
 
 •VQUILEIA (Istria), ma 
 ibmit 180 ii.c. and fo|-ti(i,.,l ^ , 
 ". w,isj, lain 111 a b.attlo with 
 
 ' lieniaiiis of these aiid otheri 
 ^:^^•t.,l i,y emperors, still renii 
 »alei to the city. ' 
 
tLi 
 
 
 "•^'■ioi-ned, j!fi,. ,Ji;2. ^''"' '" '''" ^0»tal i'ulac, | 
 
 a..i..,,.,u«h,w,.n,,,.K.,n,yti...i;::;;'i;;il,,;::i.^; 
 
 111.' I,i,|.,.,'ii,l tl„.„tiv i„l,l,.,I, ,870 
 
 ARABIAy NrOflTS. 
 
 cLvis in ^""' •,,*;:: A'**;,, '^.''"r 'v'l 'I'""' hr 
 
 l". A.l). 418; 
 
 507. U,Mry h. u 
 wild Klwin.ir, I 
 pnii.ipality f„r K,hv„r,l 
 
 . , . ■• ^''/ • Ill-Ill V 
 
 Willi liiH wito Klotinor II r-> r» ; :". * '^ 
 
 AQUATINT, see Engraviu;;, 
 
 strarl,.,! tl„. .i..;t l^,lnm. an , 1,; f r' ^ '■""'■ 
 
 ■k rriiicc in tJ62: 
 
 M.K an,l on ,1,0 eon,i,.,.t „f ,hiJ .,„!,„ .";;y '^';.; ' ^ 
 Honry VI. '""""""' "''" '"'' "'^•'" '^iS" '>^ 
 
 F,^^ Kly^'^-M"^- The term. /'<7,w«(»tonv). 
 ni Uo, ;,''•'". "''^'' ','■'■'" ""■ "'"'' t" have b.ln 
 
 qm-rl' •, ;, .^ '/; ?:♦ \?-,. "'^ Al,ys«inians .on- 
 
 ,'f S.,, '";",•/'"' "'« Arabiar.s mukr t]w name 
 ' f S,iu ..um, follower, of Mahn„„.t (born at M .,™ 
 
 CH )u ijiUy niathenintiofl, a.strononiy, nn,l cbtMiiistrv 
 I lu.ran was wr tten in A,-,a,i,"((,2.'6,2) ■ • J 
 ibk. wa, pr.ntod in Arabic in ,(,7,^ ifr>},f/J,a. 
 11,0 "i.^-,v.ssi,m of tl„. T„vks o„ tl,, soati, Arab, 
 
 till' sal,;,, 1 . 
 lasaiTfctina In W'mm 
 
 or Arabia F, lix ; 
 for i>ro«,'rv,'itiii„ 
 
 Kll...n>,.ro-;anal. iir'^SLnl iioor'rj^t'lu U^^^i;] 
 
 nearx4vork,wal';^::;j;;t/^;r^---';i;-l;;;;t; 
 
 i^^er,^r,..:;^;;;:;;;;^,'i;,-i;i;^-^--i^/'wi;^ 
 
 «as proposed by Mr. J. F. Uateman in iVfg' '"'^^'^ 
 .AQUIDAIJAN, Par.isuav. Ilore tbn „ 
 
 Mu,.„esea?,ny;H.:;:^:;,;!.,,^^i!/4™'-;i;-.;;;«i 
 
 ^^wa,=laiu in a buttle with Cons^anSS'at; 
 
 K^yptian coiaiais^ioii 
 i"oiiii„,('„t.s appoint,.,! . 
 
 lil'V.ilts |„ Y,.„„.,,, Ull|„„„u.L.,l ' . ' 
 
 t"iill,i-ts n.]„i-.,.,| 
 
 '"■™':,", '■'■"'"'< "#''i'^t tbe Tilikisl 
 xappii'ssuil 
 
 18,-3 
 
 i332 
 
 Nov. 
 5 Jan.— 
 7 K. ',. 
 of Aral, 
 Ja„. „ 
 17 M:ir. 1883 
 • «>1't. 1834 
 K"V(.|'„iiu.,it 
 ■)"n..--(),.t. ,8q. 
 
 H,l.|,„„ l„.a,l,,l l.y i,„„n y„„^,,, ,,,-:;;• . 
 
 In,a„ Ab„„.,l E,l,|i„, iiill,.,i ; tl„. ,■ holli' ,,0^. 'V 
 
 :!;;;i:':;:rn;:::;te,)'^'''"''-''^^''^'^'>'"^^^ 
 
 Ii,Mi,r,.,.ti,,„ i„ V.M„,.n; ill,. Turks', i,f,:,t,,,ii,v,',''; 
 Ia,,'o,i Ml- «,,„« i„ thru,. eiiKaf,-,., ,,, V V • M' ' 
 aaotli,.,- .spivaili,,,, Aluioll a, . , , ■ ,9=; 
 
 tak„ the co„,„„l ^l• '^•"'""•'h l«'--<l.a or,l..re,l t„ 
 
 t4.I„,;>'. 
 
 1B92 
 
 bi'Mians ol these an,l other noble .„„„,,i„,.,. 
 
 ■aa-t'.l by einperoi-H, still r..|,iin„' '"''''■ ''""■ 
 to the city. r'la.im, aial some supply 
 
 wattT to the city. 
 
 :^;:';iife-.';;^^>:'^y;'----iH;.-.ate,iem 
 
 r.^if^ 1 I ■' *'"""«'"•*'>" f'oin the Persian bv 
 ietisilela tmi.v, waspublishclin i-in v .: ■ 
 are saw to have existed in Turl'cUh ' anV'rher 
 
 lfl 
 
 Li 
 
 
 » 
 
 p 
 
 1 
 
 Hum ifv^kijf >\ 
 
 mmmi 
 
ARABIC FIGURES. 
 
 ARCH. 
 
 AliCE 
 
 u hi 
 
 If 'f 
 
 Htaiii 
 
 ^ V-h 
 
 Ea»t..n.l:u gunge, ^r J-'- ' Vl:|;;f' '" '"'" 
 lisl.r.l an EugU^li tranMatmu u. Oct. iScj.. 
 ARA]lICFIGn|ES0.^3;^';;)3-^i^;^^. 
 
 ill Loiiilnii fiulof in;'j. . 
 
 8^'di;M;itUthoboay,-nn.lvvUlri^a,.m..tb.t 
 
 linn- ot ClirUt 
 
 ARANJUEZ (t 
 royal [KiUni-. at 
 
 ,^,1 \V,.rknu..O -Vet was in.ssed 6 Aug. iS,- 
 ArbitK.ti.m A.-tl ass..\ 26 AU >33g^ ^^^^ ^^^^.^^^.^^^ 
 
 -^l;^ith.A/;r:nn;! ;;'«^^ 
 
 K;;;C';:M.j''^s:;^;a;;othenn,.eti,«,MJ-..S96; 
 
 UIBORICULTURE. Seo T^m. 
 iliRTTTUS The ArMusAmhwhne ovimUl 
 sti^ffi tn.o:wasbvo»slit to Kngla.id from th. 
 ant about 1724. 
 
 [.I'Vaut auoiii 1 , i*. . , 
 
 \ur DE TRIOMPHE, Tan., l.ot?un m 
 Alto -Uij V.i.yiiiMiKlo Vriut'o, continued in 
 
 "'" ,. . :. .uV.'j ..„ iKiinvi'- ; i:e. I1 
 
 'tUo list of battles 
 
 V 11 I hi I- ■\lucii. 1808, an insurro 
 weio eoiii liulod. Un 1, :"■'"''',. i\' .,11,1 liU 
 
 his<on. FerduiaiulMI.. l')-n-"-li' . ,, . 
 
 AR\RVT, a n.amttdu in Arniciua (al'ovit 
 
 rl^uf^t above tlu- ^e.i-k.vel,. on ^vhleb >oah . 
 
 Atin-lhrsh. 
 
 ~ 1 ii„n.. p vnit " *ei t. 1S20 ; liy Major 
 It was as.'en.lod l.y D . ' ; ''^'•i-;.,' 'mi Ju, ,es liryeo, | 
 Stuart, ■ 3^'i";^';V^! t ,S H.».' nUthe .imn.ul 
 
 bright, tr-a ^^y a V. •• t^^^ u^ ^tun, .^^, ^ , , ^^^ 
 
 rniioir. Kiissiiu;-!, All.-'. liSi. 05 •"'■ "■■ 1 ■ "■ - 
 ai 1 eai't. I.vncli. i i Sept. iSjj 
 
 J. and coniiueieu m i".v " . ,.„, ,,„. 
 
 ^•,. i;8) be- MS with Voliuy, :iO i^ept. i,92,,j;".J 
 
 i ^'"viicADES, or walks arched over. The prin.i- 
 
 Alvt.^viJJ-^>^ liiirlinntun-areade, opeiuj 
 
 ' i:^^ M.. ch '^Sio ■ e lOier-avcade, Strain!, 
 
 i one,Kdl8\'.; be wei.,1 Old lioiul-street and Albe. 
 
 opciia u,,i, „y Utraitd, and 
 
 ^ ■;!:;: ::;«;;:^;' Till. S^ii --^-n Dubui. oih... 
 
 i June 18^0, washunitto the ground, 25 Al)ia. iNj 
 : The GR^it Wcsteni-arcade, liirnungham, opeiaJ I 
 
 28 Sent. 1870. 
 
 \ T!C \DI A, i» the centre of the Pelopoiiiicsu-, 
 
 GaiN^umied after Areas, a king. [I he AreaaKU. 
 
 ^''urded their nation as the m<,st aucK'nl of Gue«., 
 
 The earlv history of Arcadia is fabulous. 
 
 apt. I.yncli, i; Sept 
 AR.U'CANIA, a proviin 
 
 Inhabitauls luaiutaiiiea 
 the Spaiiiara.s from 15 
 
 r,,u->il L'. >[anliu3, both 
 lb,, Ciuibri with much 
 
 in S. America. Its 
 uninst uuccasin.L' war with 
 ■ to 1—3, when their inde- 
 pendence was rccos..i=;n: Thei are now uomhiallj 
 subject to Chili. n o 17 Wi-mno 
 
 Ti:r;mr.ai the ieal.-usv of th.; Koman proconsul 
 Q!"servUill"oepi>,w!>.-.uMn,.t wait tor the 
 
 arrival of the army •: 
 were defeated here 
 slaughter, 10.S n. c. . . , , 1 i 
 
 MiRELV. The tiiird and dcn-ive baHle be- 
 twt . Akxamler the O.vat and Darius Codoma.m. 
 de idcd the fate of Fer-ia. I (.'ct. 3.3' ."•'■- "" » 
 oh in As-vria, betwcn Arbela aim Oangamcla 
 Canny of Darius cnsUtcl .f l.ax..ooo loo juid 
 ao.ooo boise; the >[ac.Ma.mian army ame ated 
 onl V 40,«)0 foot and 7'-"^0 hor.,... Arruo,. Ihe gold 
 a J ilver found in th- citie, ..f Susa, I ersepo 1 , 
 ad lial,vlon, which fell to Alc.NU.i r ivni this 
 victory, Amounted to tliirty mulimis sterling; and 
 he jewels and other ,.r.ci.>ns sp.il beloiignig to 
 Darius, sufficed to b.^ad lO.iXO mules and 5OOO 
 camels. Tlidanh. 
 
 ARBITRATTON. Submisriou to aibitnition 
 w..^o'i^a. . made -luival^.. m fnve tothe 
 decision of a .iury, by ', .V fo \\ ill. III. (l(x,8). 
 Further enforced by 3 .V 4 Wilb H ■<^' 42 ('•\i.) ; 
 see (III:,/ (hil/v/. 'Ihe C^.mm.m Law rroeedure .Vet 
 (1854) aiithoris he j.dues of superior courts to 
 
 ■5mI 
 "VI I 
 
 Sir IM.ilio Siaucvs .lnvu(;.t, .a lastmal loniMKc, 
 ^'\vaM',ais.cd-ia.59o,.be^tbc.Ut,ou.u.6,, 
 
 ^'S,i^^r^;'A;^.^a,lJ"l?.iaer'lK;ioti.us.a,.ut 
 
 A.^^.";u.bt=bissi;S'a«J;aiUareandtospU; 
 
 '(S;.^a;^;^.:±'ui:^a"aorsi:^s^c;:ua,isat 
 
 Ti;,''^:;:j:laan:!ia^ih;va.lJ Arcadia; and are bealea 
 l.vllH- w.aMcnc.f the eoaatry iu the ab.sciicc of ^^ 
 
 VH<Mnacs'b''ofrV.r,i,,anJuus)'p.it;to ckath-^.;- ■'■ 
 tic i^vi..U-acc to tbe priestess otDiaaa . . 
 
 :^;: ::;•:, s';;"aacUnn!vlcaged 360) abolish, a 
 ! l',y th.'Tl.ebui's ; .Met;alol.olis founded by I'.paii..- ^ 
 
 i Tlle'Arcaaians n,aU,.'allianeu with Athens, aiul are ' 
 i ,li.f,atca I'V ArcliidaiMUS . ■ . ' ■. 
 V n'lia bau,,^ .i.anc-niu' .\clueau league, ou its 
 M.piav.siniiisai.iicvedl.y Itonie . . . . ' 
 AliPVTtr\XS an ultra-conservative rrci,,.., 
 noliticai elub,\'omp'osed of a section of the maj„,)ty 
 1 lie chambers, al.d opposed to liberal mea.u.J 
 ..veil when emanating iVoio. the emperor y 1 .^1 
 the new press law). It derived its name 1 m ,ul 
 ' de !■ Arcade, where its meetings were held; hb.| 
 1868. 
 
 ARCH. It appears in early l-.gNplun .inJ . 
 svi^m architecture. The oldest aivli ill h.uv,. 
 ,;,„l,,,,dv in the Cloaca Maxima, at i^l^^'^^^'^. 
 iu-nvwA under the early; kings, about ,,hMi.c.| 
 The Chinese bridges, which are very ancient, art. 
 
 great magnitude, and 1 
 similar to those that li 
 invention. *~The Tuu 
 formed a leading I'eatui 
 areli of Titus (.\.d. 80 
 that of Coll.^tantine (] 
 arches in our parks in' 
 182S. The .M.iible Ar 
 fore liuekingliam I'ahii 
 to Cumberfand-gate, 
 modelled from iJi'e arel 
 
 ARCHAEOLOGY 
 
 see AntiijKiiiiLS. 
 
 ARCII.EOPTER 
 
 name given t,i tlie earli 
 found ill the litliograp 
 Ilennaii von .Meyer auc 
 structure aiipnevimated 
 than that of nKjdern bii 
 by Owen in i8r)3. 
 
 ARCHANGEL (> 
 
 named from a mona»te 
 cated to St. Micliael in 
 angel was iU>covered 
 liichard Chaiirxdlor in 
 seaport of lius,,ia till th 
 Croiistadt, and fouiidatic 
 The dreadful f.re here, 
 upwards of 3000 house 
 iu June, 171J3. I'opula 
 328,819. 
 
 ARCHBI.SHOP (C 
 
 given in tlie 4th ami jt 
 of chief cities, such as 1 
 and Constaiitinonle, ,vl 
 metropolitans ami bisho 
 to those jdaees. The \ 
 Apology against the Ai 
 died 373. I'our arehbis 
 are styled putriarchs. j 
 
 Before the Saxmis came 1 
 arclibisli,,ps : LoinLai, Y 
 but soon alter St. .\u^u. 
 see at Ca;it,'rl,ury, C02 ; ; 
 
 i'oik cimtiuuiil arclucpiseu 
 lost tile ai,-. ity ; si'i.. St, , 
 
 The bislaiiiri.s ii'i Sr'.llund 
 the areiaii>h,,p of Vi.,rk 11 
 el'iscopal .sees of .St. .\im1 
 14,^1 ; tliesc last were di.* 
 see Ulitsiiuir aii'l SI. Aniir 
 
 The bishup nt Ijivchin w. 
 title licia^' coiifiirej i 
 election. 
 
 Tlie rank of arcl!l,i,.,liu]i \va 
 
 Four archliishnps wure d 
 Uuliliu, an, I Tuain ; (u 
 i.'aiitorlmiy bail jmisili,: 
 Knglish lii.ili'ips, ill like 1 
 York liaa.iurisaii-ti,,]i i.vt 
 
 Of these four anhljisln'p 
 hialiopries (ijasbil and ' 
 Stat. 3, fc 4 Will. IV. l.y whi 
 Ireland wxs lo b,- rc'luce, 
 (Mti Jlish'!)!', Ca.ilnl, Tcit'.ii 
 
 ARCII-CIIAMBEl 
 
 Brandenburg was appoi 
 
 * The bridge of Cliester, 
 eomineneed hi 1829. The c 
 13 152 feet ; aiel tlie th.'i e e; 
 Uriilge, wliieli rfst on iiiassi 
 ire, the two sido ones jio fe 
 fi'Ct: thus the centre i 
 brldgo of Saialerlaiid by f„i 
 loiig-fjacd liialtu at VtJuice 
 
ARCH.130L0GY. 
 
 AliCHITECTUEE. 
 
 groat miigiiituilp, nnil iire built with stone arclies 
 similar tu tlmse tliat liuvc been cmisidrivil a Itimiaii 
 mvfutiuii.*— TliuTKUMiMiALaichosoftlifUumaUf 
 formt'il a Icadiiif,' fuaturt- in tbeirarcliitcctui-f. Tlii' 
 arch of Titus (a.d. Ho), that of Tniiau (114), ano 
 that of Constautinc (312), wmMiia-uilicuut. The 
 arohos in our pavks 111 London weru rioctud about 
 I»28. 'Iho .Marble Arch, wliidi forini'ily stood bf- 
 tore IJuckiiit;liain l^ilacc (wlicnce it was removed 
 
 to CuinberhiMil-gate, llyile I'urk, 
 
 1S5O 
 
 science of antiiiuities ; 
 
 modelled troni tlie arch of Constantine ; see IIi/ili 
 Fork. ' •' 
 
 ARCHAEOLOGY, the 
 
 see Aiitiqiiiii lis. 
 
 ARCILEOPTERYX (an.ient bird); tin 
 name given to the earliest known remains of a bird, 
 found ill the Htho-raphic slate of Soleiihufen, liv 
 Uerman von .\reyer and J)r. llaberlcin in 1861. ItV 
 structure aiipioximated more to that of a reptile 
 tlian that of in(jdern birds does. It was described 
 by Owen in 1863. 
 
 ARCHAXGEL (X. Russia), a city, is thus 
 named from a mona^tery fouucU'd here, and dedi- 
 
 ehamberlain of the German emi)ir(! bv the !.'C]ldeu 
 bull of Charles IV. in 1 550, and in that nualily he 
 bore the sceptre before tile emperor. 
 
 ARCH-CIIA.VCELLORS wore appointed 
 under the two tirst ia.es of tlio kings of Franco 
 (4l8-(>S(,), and when tleir territories were divided, 
 the archbishops of .Meiit/, ('olo-ne, and Treves 1 e- 
 camo arch-ehane(.'llors of Girmany, Italv and 
 Aries. ■ ' 
 
 ARCHDEACOX, a n.imc early given to the 
 first or eldest deacon, wlm attended on the bishop 
 withcnit any power ; but since the council of Xice, 
 bis function has become a dignitv above a priest. 
 Ihe appointment in these countiies is referred to 
 the ei,!,'hth ceiiturv. There are seventy-live arch- 
 deacons in Kngriind (i,S;8;). The archdeacon's 
 the lowest in ecclesiastical polity 
 
 court is 
 
 cated to St. Mieliacl in 1584. Tlie pas.^ageio Arcli- 
 angel was (li--covered Ijy the i';nglisli navigator 
 Kichard Chancellor in i'553, and it was the onlv 
 seaport of Kus,,ia till the foniiation of the docks a't 
 Cronstadt, and foundation of St. reterslnir.'in r-05 
 The dreadful f.re here, by which the cathedral and 
 upwards of jooo houses were destroyed, occurred 
 in June, 17.JJ. i'oijulation of the province, 1886, 
 328,819. 
 
 ARCHBISHOP (Greek archiq,iM'opo.s), a title 
 given ill the 4th and 5th centuries to the bi-ihoiis 
 of chief cities, suci: as Kume, Ale.vandria, .Vntioeh, 
 and Constaiitinonle, alio presided over the other 
 metropolitans and bishops in the districts attached 
 to tliose places. Tile word is first found iu tlie 
 Apology against the Arians by Athanasius, who 
 died 373. J' (uir archbislKips of the Jiastern church 
 are i\.)WA putriaixhH. Jiiili/it: 
 
 Before tlic Saxons caiae to Eii.^danil, tliere were tlircc 
 
 arcliUsli"iis : Loml.iii, Yi.rk, and C'acilc.,ii-u|iiiii-L%k ■ 
 
 bat soon alter «t. Auyiistiii seltlcl ihc iiieticiiolitaii 
 
 sec at Cautciliui y, C02 ; .■ice Cnnli:rJnini 
 
 York coiitimicd areliicpi.scoiial ; l.ut Loudon and Cacrleon 
 
 lost tile diK ,jty ; Mv- St. biu-UVs, 
 Tlic bishopri.s in S,;,tl,'nd were uiid.a- tlic jurisdietion ,,f 
 tlie aivlibish..]! of Vurk until t!ic eic<:tii)ii of tlie arelii- 
 cpiacoiial sees of St. Andrew's aiKlUla-i>;ow in 1470 and 
 1491 ; these last were di.-icontiuued at tile Kcvolutioli • 
 see Gliin'juir and uS'(. Aiulrcw's. 
 The bi.sliop of liiechin was clioseii I'l-iimis, 1886 the 
 title being conferred on uno of tliu bi.shons bv 
 election. ■' 
 
 The lank of aivli1ii,-,Uoii was early in Inhnfl,- see l-'i-nts 
 Four aivlibisliops wcao constituted, Annadi CaslieV 
 Uilliliii, and Tuani; (until then tlie aivhl'.ishoii of 
 Canterbury bad jarisdicti.ai over the Irish as well as 
 Kiiglish liLsliop^, in liliij iiianner as the aivliiiMi,,., „f 
 York huil.iiuisdietioii over tliose of .SioHan,!)^ ,1,, 
 Of these four anliliislioprics two were re.'lueed to 
 hish.ipries (Ciishrl aid Tnani) conronualdy with the 
 Stat. 3*4 W 111. 1\. by whirl, als.j thr nnnibcr of .sees in 
 Iivhinilwxs to !„■ reduced from tweiity-two to twelve 
 (see iJi6/i"ie', Ciutlu!, Tiuna; ruHiani, ire.), 1833. 
 
 ARCn-CHAMPERLAIX. The elector of 
 Drundeuburg was appointed the hereditary arch- 
 
 ill pi 
 iriiil 
 
 • Tho bridge of Chester, whose span is 200 feet was I 
 
 liutuuieiiecd in 1S29. The central arch of London IJriilt;o ] 
 
 is 15: feet ; aed t!:e tloce cast iron aivhes of S.aaiiwaik i 
 
 liriilye, which rest on lau.ssive stone jiiers and abutments ' 
 
 lire, the two .siilu ones .. 10 feet each, and the centre uo I 
 f«t; thus the centre aivh e.xeecils the adiniivd 
 
 bridguofSuiiilerland l>y four feet in the span and the ' 
 louji-fiiBcd Uialto at Vcuice, by 167 feet ; see JJruls/i.s. 
 
 appeal lies from it to the consistoriiif court, bv 
 24lleiiry Vin. (1332). '' 
 
 ARCHERY is ascribed to Apollo, who com- 
 municated it to the Cretans. 
 
 Lshinael •'tieeanie an aivlicr" (Ce«. -.-d. 20), ii.r. i£g2 
 The 1 Inlistnie archers. .veicai.ie.Saul(i im.xxxi. ,). 1056 
 DavKl .■.Hiinian.led the u.se of the bow to be taught 
 
 (J Sam. i. iS) ° ,^-j 
 
 .Vrchery iiitr.i.hi.'ed int.i Ent:laiid previous to a.d. 440 
 llarohl aii.l his Iw.i broth, as were kille.l liy arr.iws 
 sh.it fr..iii the .I'oss-li.iws of the Noiniai/soliliers 
 at the battle of llii.,tin;;s .... 
 Ki.'hanl I. r vived aivlieiy in England in imo, ami 
 
 was himself kille.l tiy an aiT.,w 
 The victories ,jf Cicy (n4.5). !'. i. tiers (1356), ami 
 
 Agineoiut (1415), Were w.ai , !, ;lv by archers. 
 I'.mr th.msaii.laivh.rsof the kin- suiTound.'.l tho 
 h.aisi'sot l'aili„iii,.nt icii.Iy t.i shoot ; iiacilled bv 
 the king, 21 Hi.le.nl II. (.s/cic) ... 
 The .'itizens of I.oii.lon f.riii.'.t into eoiiipanies of 
 ar.'hers in the rci-n ..f K.hvar.l lit.; an.l int.i a 
 c.U'poiatc b.i.ly by the .style ..f " The i'rateiiiity „f 
 St. Geo;;..," .,c, Ibiiry \-lII. ... 
 '^'y.'r Asehaiii's " r. .o.j..',,;.,,., thcithoul r./siwvtiii'jj' 
 
 Seorf.in Annual Aiv..w M.'ctiiigs— a silver arr.iw 
 shot for ; aiti.!es a^u-.il 1.1 . , 14 May 
 
 Royal I'ompauy ..f ;ir.li.-rs, instituted bv the laar- 
 .pus ol Ath.il, as the king's budy guard for Scot- 
 
 The hini.i h..ir was six feet hm;.', ainl'thc .arrow'tlnv'o 
 teet ; the usual ran-e from 300 t.i s^x) yanls 
 
 ""''111 II 1 is sai.l t.. have sli.,t fn.ni 600 to Sm 
 
 yanls. The ir.)ss-b..w was lixed to a st.jck, and 
 .lis.har;,','.! with a tri^-.i;, r. 
 See Anilkrii VoMpamj, Tuoqihililes, Szi.: 
 
 . ARCHP],S, CouKT OF, the most ancient con- 
 
 .sistoiT court, childly a court of appeal from inferior 
 jurisdictions within the inoviiice of Canterbury ; it 
 derives its iiaine from tlie church id' St. .Mary -le- 
 Bow {Sii,ic/ii Miirui dc Aiciibitx), Lomloii, where it 
 was formerly hidd, and whose top is raised on stone 
 pillars built archwi-,'. Cotcc/l. Appeals fr.,m this 
 court lie to the juilicial committee .if the iirivv 
 council, by statute, 1S32. 'i'lie Bean and Ollieial 
 Principal, Dr. Steplnai Lushiugt.m, (appuinteU in 
 1828) rc'signed 1 July, 18O7 ; succeeded by sir 
 Robert J. I'lulhuiore, who resigned, 1875. Lord 
 ienzauce succeeded liiui. 
 
 ARCHIEPISCOPAL COURT, see under 
 CaiitirOtiri/. 
 
 ARCHITECTURE (from the Greek avchi- 
 <cAJo», chief artiticcr). The live great orders are, 
 —the Done, Ionic, and Corinthian {Gn,k) ;— llio 
 rus-im and Comi",3ile {R:,;,u::;). Gothic in-an to 
 
 1066 
 . 11,^9 
 
 1397 
 
 ■533 
 ■571 
 1673 
 
 1676 
 
 prevail in the ijth 
 Gothic. 
 
 century. See titi. 
 
 to 
 Urthrs and 
 
 The ['yrami.Is ..f R-ypt, Iicgun 
 Sol.anon's Tem|.|e, b.'-un . 
 Birs Miuroud, iu Assyria 
 
 abjut L.c. 1500 
 
 . 1004 
 
 about 900 
 
 '/J 
 
 1;^* 
 
 V^.-^ 
 
 ^ ijM 
 
 
 
 ^M^ 
 
 Tip ■ 
 
 
 
 Y 
 
 t J if 
 
 
 
 
 
 ncA 
 
 
 
 ms 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 K<£l 
 
 
 if 
 
 t^i 
 
 mm 
 
 |f^lN| 
 
 ^M 
 
 fi^l^mH 
 
 HyLiVij 
 
 iffW^ .^hBIHH^^I 
 
 '-f ** nfti jfJM 
 
 [r Bn^H^H^iJJIn^B^^I 
 
 'ffll 
 
 i^^^m 
 
 ^^R 
 
 P^PHIPHi 
 
 ^m 
 
 If^H^I 
 

 ARCHIVISTS. 
 
 Thu Dciric order .lOKins • ■ • • 
 Dcrii' TiMiii.l.' .a Av^mi ■ ■ ■ 
 T.M1.1.U. nf Jui.itcv :uia Cluac :i MuMin.i, 
 fitlUllll'll .'"■*■ 
 
 Biilivlim Imilt 
 
 Tlie'lcinic iiriK'f lu'KiiH •. • 
 
 Tlie Corinthian unii'r lii'j;iiis . 
 
 ClKiriigic Monument ot Lysioratc^ 
 
 Arcliitecture tlmirislies at Alliens . 
 
 Ereolitlienm at Atln'ns 
 
 The I'artlienon linisheil . • • 
 
 The Panthei.n.ie., limit at Home . 
 
 The Colosseum (or Coliseum) . • 
 Ha.lrian liuiMs temples at Uoiiie, &l. . 
 Diocletian's i«ilare at Spaiatro . 
 Basilicas at Home . • • ' 
 St. Sophia, at Constantmoi'li'; \"'i-'" , ^, 
 Ro,'k-eut temples in ImlKi-' j'ves ol Lll. 
 Canterbury eatliedral, loiinae.l . 
 "Mosnue of Omar at Jerusalem . 
 York Minster (present building) begun 
 St. Peter's, lUuiio . • • • 
 St. Faul's, London . • • ' 
 
 . about 650 
 . . 550 
 
 Ui.nie 
 . . 616 
 . 600 
 
 >oUt 50O-42U 
 
 . 335 
 
 . . 335 
 
 480-320 
 
 . 450-4=° 
 . 438 
 
 A.D. 13 
 . 70 
 
 . . "7 
 
 . 284 
 . 330-';°° 
 
 A.U. 532 
 
 . 500-SoO 
 
 . . 602 
 
 . . 637 
 
 about 1171 
 . 1450-1626 
 . i675-i7<o 
 
 1 AT?POT(Ea6tIn.li03). This city (founded 1716) 
 
 w.H t.iKiu__j ,..,f ,„„;„ aniTendeird to ool 
 ri'tnkeii, 
 
 EMISEST .UlCHlTKCr;. 
 
 Vltravius, about 
 
 Born. DU'il. 
 
 . B.C. 27 
 A.D. 
 . 1324— 1405 
 . 1474—1564 
 . I51S— 1580 
 . 1572-1652 
 
 . i5yS — 1680 
 . .632—1723 
 . 1670 — 1726 
 . 1674— 1754 
 . 172S— 1794 
 . 1726—1796 
 . 18:1—1852 
 . 1755—1860 
 . 1788—1863 
 , 1S08— 16S6 
 , iSii— 1873 
 . 1824—1881 
 . 1830-1881 
 1S16— i8g2 
 
 1337-1897 
 1817 — 1S97 
 All Airhi- 
 
 Williara of Wiekl .am . • 
 Michael Ansel-,. Juonarotti 
 
 A. P.alladio .•••■' 
 Inigo Jones .•••'■ 
 
 Bernini .■•'•' 
 
 Christoplii'i' '*^''''^^" 
 
 J. VaubriiKli 
 
 James Gibbs 
 
 R, and J. -\dam 
 
 Sir Wilham Chambers . • • • 
 Augustus W. I'life'iu . ■ • • 
 
 Sir Charles Barry 
 
 C. U. Coekerell 
 
 Jami'S Fergusson . ■ • ■ • 
 
 Sir Ceo. GillKTt beott . 
 
 George Kdmnnd Street . . • • 
 
 E. Barry 
 
 JohnGilison . ■ ■ ,.,;:,,..' s.,v,r 
 C. J. rhipps, theatres : O.uelJ, sa\.v 
 
 Her Majesty'.*, 1897, He. . 
 John U I'earson. . • • • • 
 
 '"84filieHovlr.V."-urrKcruKALMesKeM.\Vestmn.ster, 
 
 °'Mir'jan.e"'lv?gSso,i's "History of Architecture." 
 4\ol3., 1S65-76. „ ,r o 
 
 APPHTVISTS, Socii-rY or. In 1893, Mr. Smxc 
 V\4ulh" rroposcJ a society wi.li this title con- 
 sis in ffof iiutogritph and MSS. collectors, i:c. .\ 
 pro fetus ^yas issued, and about 4(1 members joined 
 §'3m.ml>ers of a reference catalogue have been 
 issued. Theintblicutiouofa journal is proposed, 
 March, 1895. 
 
 ATJPTTr^VS When royalty ^vas abolished at 
 At^w^ hi ™ry of king Oodrt.s, killed i,i battle 
 foVi or 1068 B.C., the executiye government « as 
 vested in elective magistrates called archons, whose 
 Iffl,„ Continued for life. Medon, eldest son of 
 SuBoSf. n't arch. The office ...s limited 
 to ten years, 752 B.C., and 10 one year 683 B.C. 
 
 ATinOLA (Lombaidv), the site of battles be- 
 tw«.u the French under Ikmaparte, and the Aus- 
 tins under lield-niarshal Alvinzi. fought 14-17 
 tr ms uim ^^,^^^_ A..i:=tri!in.s lost 18.000 men in 
 killed, wounded, ami in-i^'ouers, four Hags and 
 eig eon guns. I'he French lost aboitt 15,000, and 
 became masters of Italy. In one eonte..t Bonapar e, 
 ^ most imminent danger, was rescued by the 
 impetuosity of his troops. 
 
 1 by colonel v.iive, j- -"p- -'J" ',,„„, 
 . , ,-A liiit ■e'ain surrendered to colonel 
 
 p'f ' ,'0 l-'e?h'l-fe- bo« 'Sed ""«! t^'ken by llyder 
 ^^tr wle°i the iffish under colonel BaiUie sut^e.-ed 
 ^^vlnede e .1 31 Oct. 1780. Areot has been subject 
 to Great Britafn since 180I ; see Imlm. 
 
 :B;^.;iJ^s»^rroutt^u^ft'^^^ 
 
 slXld be established for scientitic observations; 
 
 \ 'SU Ca,lr<a An-llc CammUlce; formed to promote 
 i another expeditimi, 7 July, 1879. 
 
 \TfT).VGH, an ancient bishopric in Ireland, 
 fo,;^ bfSt. Patrick, wlu. is said to Imve made h^ 
 i iieohew Mell, the first bishop, 4.-,4. Itus set, mm 
 i ^bKlmore since 1742. ^^''^ ''"'.^ '!' ^P'^'^'f"'" 
 i wftli Tu'™ («'/">/' -^4 It was united with Kilmore 
 ! in 1839, and with ElpUin in 1841 
 
 A-D-nATTATC a town in Turkish Armenia, 
 
 ced^??^ k"s^-?^V the Berlin treaty, ,, July, .878. 
 
 AEDFERT axt) AGHAUOE, bislioprics in 
 
 Iredand Km? united; tlie former was (u.Ued the 
 
 I i Ionic of Kerry ; Ert presided m the 5th century; 
 
 Wili 11 Fuller, appointed in 1663, becume bis Imp 
 
 of lim rick in 667 since when Ardfert and Aglia- 
 
 doe have been united to that prelacy Near he 
 
 cathedral an .anchorite tower, 120 feet high, tlw 
 
 kftiest and tinest in the kingdom, suddenly fell, 
 
 1770. 
 
 AEDOCH, see Grampuin. 
 
 ARDEES, see Field of Cloth of Gold. 
 
 AEEIOPAGUS or Areopagus, a Greek 
 
 tvibimd Slid to have heard causes in the dark, 
 
 beCm ' the lulgos should be blind to all but facts 
 
 instituted at Athens about 1507 «.c.; also ascriW 
 
 ^v.<^ Aniosf,,<,os, the hill of Mars through the 
 hndltion that Mars was the first who was tried 
 there for the murder of llalirrliotius, who hiid 
 violated his dauuhtor \lcippe. 'Ihe powers of this 
 
 ou t ^vere enlarged by Solon, about 504 «.c., and 
 aiminished by Pericles, 461 n.c. Pan preached on 
 Mars' hill A.i). 52- (-■^'■''' ''^'"'-^ ^'■'•' ^ ''"'"■ 
 
 AEEOAIETEE or ARiEOMETER (from 
 GinTek annos, thin), an instrument for measunng 
 Uie densitv and specific gravity of fluids Uau,.,. 
 ! deseribed his areometer in 1768. Others have been 
 I made by Nicholson and Molir. 
 \ AT!FOT"IPA, Teru, founded by Pizarro, 1,39; 
 ' w.ffi'.:^.y '1 In' an eartlupiake, .3 Aug. ifc; 
 I surrendered to the Chilians 26 Oct. 1883. 
 
 ARETHUSA. see Xavnl Butths, 1778, and 
 ' Chic/ienlir. 
 
 ' ARFZZO near the ancient Arretiuni or Areti. 
 i num; an Etrm'ian city, which made peace with 
 ; Uome for p yo.u's, 308 "-C, was besieged y 
 i theGalli Senones, about 283 n.e., who defeated tk 
 I Uoman army Metellus sent to its relief-a disgnic. 
 ■ avenged signally by Dolnbola Ave.zo was a= 
 , ancient bishopric : the ca hedra founded n 12,, 
 
 It is renowned as the birthidace of Miveemi^^ 
 ' Petrarch, Vasari, and other eminent men. Michael 
 ' Angelo was born in the vicinity. 
 
 ARGAN 
 
 ARGANDAB, a viver 
 
 Aji/hdiiistaii, 1880. 
 
 ARGAUM, in tlio De: 
 .\rthiir Wellesh'v, on 29tli 
 defeated and siil)'|iigiilcil'the 
 .Maliratta cliief SeiiHliah. 
 
 ARGENT AlUA, Alsai 
 I ranee), where tlie itoman ( 
 ilfl'eated the Alenianni, an 
 Gaul, May, 378. 
 
 ARGENT£NE (oi- La 
 DERATION, S. Ainerica 
 .Vyres, one). 'ihe city : 
 capital. Tills country wi 
 Spaniards in l^rj, settled 
 formed part of the viee-i-oyi 
 when it became lliat of Uid 1 
 the insurrection in uSii, an 
 in 1816. It was at war wit! 
 828, for the possession of U 
 ndependent as .Monte-Vidt 
 France from 1858-.J0. — 1 
 .,877,490; 1887, 3,805,000; 
 Buenos Aijrcs. 
 
 Iiiienos Ayrcs seceded in 1853 ; 1 
 
 .la insuiTcction in .s.in Juan ii 
 I'l'esscd iu ... 
 
 L'rciuiza, elected president, 
 siieeeeiledliy Dr. ^^. l)en(iii 
 
 Gil. Barthcdonii-w .Milre, electee 
 iunied the presidenl's olliee 
 
 I..]ii'Z, president of I'ar.c'uay, de 
 .Miti-c, and invaded the Arg 
 .May. Jlitre declared war agi 
 Apiil : and made alliauee wit) 
 
 jiiay 
 
 :■• ISnenos Ayrcs for the dispute 
 .iiid Uru::il for tlie w:ir with I'a 
 
 CI. Dominique !•'. Sariaieiitu ele 
 .!.'; years 
 
 Hr sui,presses the insurrection o 
 
 Iniuiza nmrdered 
 
 iMty with Brazil 
 
 Mi'.it of r.opcz Joiird.iii, rebel, n 
 
 Lr.N. Avellaueda inaiiguiatedprc 
 
 Ir.-i;rrection of Mitre .-it Buenos . 
 
 ippressed ; Jic submits 
 Nitieiial bank stoji.s ; suspensk 
 Its by govermneiit 
 uf rebelliou ; capture of Jou 
 
 K-futes with Buenos .\yres; set 
 
 fiicKil Hoea (ojiposi'.r to supr 
 
 .ivies) nominated to I ,nne pre 
 
 .]liesed by Dr. 'I'ejedor 
 
 r;»ial iioca becoini's picsiilcnt 
 
 r.i!i'|iiillity restored : Iiiienos Ayr 
 ..iHtai of the [{epiibli,. . 
 
 1. liueiios .\yres Kxliibitioii, nin 
 Itlie Government, opened 
 
 ». M. Juarez Celnian, I'residcnt 
 
 ■ .'"tiationa for a loan fail ; 1 
 lijfiios Ayres bmirse. 7 July ; t 
 rlijinbers natluu-ize tlie issue 
 iMMUiit of ioo,ooo,tyio dollars 
 
 wviisions in the army ; arrest ( 
 
 i.-irrectinii in Bueiins Ayrcs, ii 
 liii'iii Civicn, lieade.l by sen. .\li 
 li"l Valle, against iiresident t 
 liiiiiistry, charged witl miptio 
 
 i.vmiliiellt proelaillle.l ; theinsll 
 
 i'f tpiops and aililleiy ami mai 
 . vrtiiiiient snppoit..,i |)v inraiil 
 'iliait ot the navv ; the'eily bo; 
 -..,;;;i-- in the ..,ti'. ri^ 
 ti. iresideiit retires, leaving Dr. 
 |ir.«kliiiit, in eoinmaiid ; brief an 
 Mimed ; the government troops 
 v: lurieiis; surrender id' the ins 
 
ARGAxVDAB. 
 
 AEGANDAP., a river in Afgliiinistiin. See 
 /Ijijltiiinistaii, 1880. 
 
 ARGAUJM, in tho Dcccan, India, wlicro sir 
 
 Artlmr Wellcslcy, on -oth Nov. 1803, tlioroushlv 
 (icleutod anil .sMl.jui;al,.(l the riijiili of Berar iind tlio 
 .Miihnitta cliief .Siindiali. 
 
 ARGENTAIilA, Alsnce (now Colmar, N.E. 
 !• ranee), where tlie itoman emperor Gnitian totally 
 (Iff.iitcd the Aleiuiinni, and secured the peace of 
 (jaul, May, 378. 
 
 DT^i^vnmv^l'' S"' ^^ ^"•^^). CONFE- 
 UiiKAllUJN, .S. America, 14 provinces (Buenos 
 Ayres, one). 'i he city Buenos Ayres is tlie 
 ciipital. Tins country was discovered by the 
 Spiiniards in 1515, settled hv them in i;??, and 
 tunned part of tin.' vice-royally of Peru till 177S 
 wlicn it became that of lUo do la I'lata. It joined 
 the insurrection in 181 1, and became independent 
 I 111 1810. It was at war with Brazil from 1826 to 
 lb28, for the possession of Uruguay, which became 
 iiuicpeudent as Monte-Video ; and at war with 
 France from 183K-40. — I'onulation, in 18C0 
 1,877,490; 1887, 3,805,000; i!5<j4, 4,200,000. See 
 Buvnos Aijres. 
 
 J7 jVRGENTINE confedeeation. 
 
 iSs., 
 
 1862 
 IS60 
 1862 
 
 1865 
 1868 
 
 1874 
 
 J876 
 
 I Ilucaos Ayres sccc.Iivl in 1853 ; reunited . 
 
 1 .ui insuiTcction ia is.iu Juan iu Nov. i860 ; sun- 
 
 in-L-saecl iu .... i.n, 
 
 , ' ,. , , . ' • * dan. 
 
 J. Lniuiza, elected president, 20 Nov. 1851 wis 
 
 saocecdedby Dr. H. Diaiiai . . 8 Keb 
 
 r, 11. HartlKiIiiini'w .Miliv, clictcd for si.\ years as-' 
 
 -anied the iircsiclcul's ,)llirc . . . j2 6c>t 
 I I..i»'Z, [u-esident nf I'.u.iKuay, declared war iiyainst 
 I Mitre, and invailnl ilu; Argentine territorios 
 
 .May. Jlitre deelaie.l war aKiiinst I'araL'uay 16 
 
 ■Vi'iil; and made alliance with brazil and l!ru- 
 
 , -»'iy 4 May 
 
 |Sr./yi"f"0S/l,MK.sfor tlie disputes Avith that state 
 I jiiil Hmzil for the wicr with I'ltmijuaij. ' 
 
 ICl Do.niniiiiie !■'. IS:iiiuicnti) eleeteil presiilcnt for 
 
 ■ -ix years . ,2 O,,^ 
 
 . -uipresscs the lusuiTectiou of Corrieutcs, Nov 
 
 ■ iMiiiza nmrdere.l 12 ApriC ,870 
 
 llr.aty with liiazd Jan., ,873 
 
 IlLlrtit 01 l.oiiez Joiirdan, rebel, announced Hoc 
 |Lir..N. Avellaneda Inaugurated president (for 6 years) 
 
 |ls.-i:rrectinn 01' Mltiv at Buenos Ayres, Supt.-Nov' 
 
 I -ipiiresscd ; ho sutiiiiits . " . 2 l)ce' 
 
 l.v.iioniil bank stop.? ; suspension of sped.' pay- 
 
 I „ 'its by government . . . n, .May 
 
 |Liiof lebellion; caiiture of Jourdan ; announced 
 
 , .., _ 12 Ue,", ,, 
 
 -lutes with Buenos .Vyrc; settled June-July, ifSo 
 
 ii.ral Koca ((ipiDs^d to supreiiiaey of BHeuos 
 
 I A.vics)iiuiiiiiiati'.ltnl me president In Octolier, 
 
 |l.ns,.dby 1)1-. T,.j,,l..r . . June-Julv, „ 
 
 Mial Koca beeonic-i picsideut ... . Oct. 
 prai-iuillity restoivil : liiicnos Ayres to lie delliiitlve " 
 liijiital of the Ucpiiijlic . . , _ 7 Dee 
 lit Uuenos Ayres I'Aliibition, under tils; palroriago " 
 Ttlie tJovernnifiit, iipciied . . 15 Feb 
 ,M. Juarez Celnian, President . . 12 Oct'. 
 J . tiaiions for a Inan fail; a panic on the 
 I liifiies Ayres bourse, 7 July ; the president and 
 limbers authorize the Issue of notes to the 
 . ...."iiiiliit' ioo,o.x),'>.o ilollars . 8— 12 July 
 |i:s«usiiais In the army ; arrest of o:Tlcers ; tria'ls 
 
 J , . „ about 22 July, 
 
 |i-"m'ctiiin in Buenos Ayres, lnsti','ated by the 
 
 i"ii t'ivica, lieaile.l by sen, Aleni, Hoinero, aii.l 
 
 I Valle, against iiresident felinan and his 
 
 liiiiiiistiy, cliargeil witli eorrnptioii; a provi.siunal 
 
 .wiim. lit piiiel.iiinr,! ; Iheiiisiirgeiitssuppnrtea 
 
 lytmiips and aililiii> and iiianv eivlliaus ; the 
 
 h'HTiiiiii'iit sniipnib.i by iniantiv, armed police 
 
 ' .111 imrt lit the navy ; the ell y lioin'bardeil : severe 
 
 ■.„t;n..-mthe.stMI-, . . , -.ojuly, 
 
 ■ I'lT'siileiit retires. U-aviug Dr. rellegrini, yicc- 
 
 Ifrisiileiit, iu eoininaiiil; liiierarniistiee ; li'ditieg 
 
 iMuiiieil ; the Roverniiieiit troops under gen? Itoea 
 
 |v;.iurluua ; surrender u\ the lusurgeuts, general 
 
 1882 
 1886 
 
 rbyo 
 
 ainiiesty (about 1,000 persons killed and much 
 
 property destroyed) .... 28 July, 
 
 liesignatiiin of Dr. Celnian deinandcd, lie lefn.ses, 
 
 30 .Inly ; liiiaiii ial chaos, b.mr.si, ch.s.-l 31 July, 
 
 iioastrul ni.aiiifesto of picsidunt Celnian, ji July; 
 he IS eonipcllcd to resign, 5 Aug. ; sueeeedcd by 
 Carlos i'ellegriul, 6 Aug.; new luiiiistrv, .sen. 
 J-opiz, jjcii. Itoea, and others ; biishiess riisumed, 
 great reioicings . . . 7-11 Aug. 
 
 Ureal preparations .against a dre.aded aiiemiit at a 
 revolnti.in ahont 6 Oct. 
 
 Loininission to inquire into reported cnriuptions In 
 government liiianeial alliiirs aiiiioinled . Nov. 
 
 Fliianeial crisis at Buenos Avres, several credit 
 houses stop iiaynient ; successful int. rveiitiou of 
 till' governinent 24 Nov. 
 
 He-in-ganization of the nniinees, by a pl'eu propo.sed 
 by a eomiiiittee In London (lord Uotlischlld and 
 otier.s) , . , Mli.Hit^Dee. 
 
 Ciinlova city lloo.led by the canal bursiiiig its em- 
 bankinenls, about 150 peraous drowned, and 
 ni.aiiy houses destroyed . . . 21 Dee. 
 
 K.xclteiiient mi aecoiiiit of [.roposed tax. ,11 d.'iieiits 
 ill private baiilis ... ,- .jan 
 
 Theodlcers implicated in the kite rebellion exiled 
 
 A state of siege proclaimed In lincnes Ayres to 
 
 cheek eonsi.i. ie8 , , . . 20 Feb 
 
 Ulots at Cordo, .state of siege proclaimed, about 
 
 Fiiianeial panic, 4 jrareli ; business sus) .ended Vy 
 decree, 6— 11 .Mar.'ii ; jiaii^; ended; a natiima! 
 lo,-iii for ioo,tt»,<>>o dollars at 6 per cent., well 
 taken uii by the puljlic . . 8 .Maieli, e( sen. 
 
 Banks le-opeiie.l ,3 March, 
 
 Arrival of gen. Mitre, warnilv received, i3 .March • 
 
 he .loins gen. Hoca .... .,, March 
 
 Tho National and Proviiieial Banks . ■,<iiuiid iiav- 
 
 nient till I June by d..i.roe 7 \iu-il 
 
 State of siege .at lineiios Ayiv.s' rai.sed, ,7 A iril,' 
 
 the congress opened by president IVlle^riiii, with 
 
 ahopeluliiiess.-ige . . . . ' n Mav 
 
 Hull oil tlie banks at Ibieiios Ayres, 2 June ; panic 
 
 abaliiig through the linn eondiiet of the British 
 
 residents .... . ,„,„. 
 
 The "Bank of the Argentiin.. Nation"" created by 
 
 vote ol the Senate 12 Aug. 
 
 Forced pajw.- enrreiicy, preiiiliim on gol.l to be 1=0 
 per cent. ,Hiid (.ayiiieiit in gnhl siisiien.le.l for tw-o 
 years, ant i,..rize,l by tiie goveriiiiieiit to support 
 he national bank, 30 Kepi, ; the scheme rejeete.l 
 by the senate, rei.orte.l . . ,ji),.t 
 
 Ministerial crisis ... V_'V)ct 
 
 CoiilideiK.e in the ministry voted by the senate ami 
 deimties ... ^^ q,.,. 
 
 Election ri. 's with loss of life ami stat'e „f si,.g,. at ' 
 
 (.onlova and lucuman, ivpnited . 27 Oct 
 Destructive tornado in t-anta Fe, 10 persons killed ' 
 Ti.., 11 ■ *, ii . . nil. Idle Nov. , 
 
 TheBannofthe Arg'iiline N.ation opene.l 1 Dee 
 Baron Hirsch reports that the Jewisl, sittlements 
 .11 the reimhlie, ire prospering . j.,,, 
 
 Disturbane..s at Mendoza ; assassinations; goveVn- 
 meiit mtervi'iitiou . . 2^-24 bin 
 
 Elections for .senate and deputies 'fayoi'ir-the p'a'rty 
 [ of .Mitre and Boe.i . . . ab,,utSFeb 
 Attempt at rev.diition discovered; a state of siege 
 proclaimed ; the radical lee.lers arrested ; niilit.ary 
 precautions adopted . ,, a,,,, f 
 
 Dr. Luii Saeuz-Pefia eh-cted president, about ' 
 
 u*«*., r • . , 12 June, 
 
 htatoof siege raised 7 Julv 
 
 Tho war-vessel, lU.mha, foumlers olf ' rrngiiay,' 
 
 Consiilracy of .ilioiit 30 onicers in ilie army ' whil 
 confess theirgiillt when arrested, tried hv court- 
 martial ,, 5j| f 1^ ^^ ' 
 
 riesldont Dr. Saenz-refa assiinies olllee i2 Oct 
 Insurrection in the province ot .Santia -o del Es' 
 tero; the governor ami his nib;isters''iiri.sonei^s 
 reported ,0 (let, ; peace reston ' ahmit i Nov' 
 Insurrection in the irrovince of Corrientes, about 
 24 "let. 1892 ; again ..,, Dee. ,s ,,• ; cmltiets with 
 varying results ; suppivssed l,v gen. Avellaneib., 
 
 ll.'JIOl It'i I , . _ ^ I o In n 
 
 Insurrection in C'ataniarea . ', '. ". March 
 
 1890 
 
 892 
 
 ■^9.1 
 
 •ill 
 
AEGINUS^- 
 
 AEIANS. 
 
 ^' ;U 
 
 
 
 by sen. I.HCiu ,.ez ■,:,r,,,'.,,t 'nvoviiieos, le- 
 
 1"-'"'^'' ■ ■, . ■ . i' ,r'i..im ..All..'. ,1 
 
 Tl.p rebels enter Cumenlos ; ll.« luniioiii _^^ ^^^^^ ^^ 
 vei«)i;le<l • • • . • . 'iiein'Currieiues, re- 
 
 Ijorted 7 Sept. u 
 
 Kevolt iirJ'ucuiian . • ■ ^,;,,„ ,,eail of tbe 
 
 Itoario taken ''J' j''" ,'?' " V.^bv he a,jvonm;eiit 
 insurgents, 25 bept. ; leURu. uj = ^ ^ .^^ ^^ 
 
 Rebels in Santa Vr .lefeaH jn^^^ea ^^^^8 «e,t. „ 
 
 Colunel Esi.uKi cone.Ticl 111 n. ^^.^, 
 
 tencea to .u years ''" l'.'.'^^" T.',' .Ji'^'' . ,6 Dec. , 
 Dr. Alem arrested, :; Oct., itUasui ^ ^^ ^^^ _ 
 
 Insurrection ended . • • . ;, ^^ £.',,b. 1S94 
 
 State of siege in liiieno- \ «^J;,''-^'^ „,„t 'june, „ 
 
 General sU>le ^'""}''^"^^^'^^dh,il Saddled, 
 Extradition 0lJabe/.Ual!um.^tLJ.«, (CM j^ ^^^^^^ __ 
 
 DeS^;;^Uveearti;,uakein-*.n-Jnun, witU^..-;t ^^ 
 DesJni^^ive inundation in {he province olMemh,.;, ^^^. 
 
 20 lives lost, repuried ,; , " ,.,ji^ient'srerusal 
 The ndni ' ry resij-ns "^""f '^J^, ,',"'coneo.ned in 
 
 lo «ra..t, an anniestj to ptison. ^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 the late revolution . ■ • • . „. ,)un. „ 
 Resignation or pres. baenz-1 L a • ^^^^^^ ^_ 
 
 Dr. J. E. Uriburu ^.'"•■""."if,, "' "'"" 'a . 4 Jan. „ 
 Amnesty bill passed and !>' «-^;. f ^ ,^i„y, ,896 
 
 doll;. 
 
 , anuoun- 
 o -May, 
 2 June, 
 
 1S95 
 
 July ; national loan, 39,00^ 
 Gen. Uoca elected iiresideut . 
 See Chili, 1898, and Ita'y, 1S9S. 
 »T)r'TVT'-«T' isles between Lesbos aud 
 
 406 B.C. 
 
 ARGON (fnnii the Greek u a.ul '''■^»")j ^ "'-;* 
 Aivvj'-'j-'' \ , 1) I :„i, .,,,,1 inoi. Kauisu\, 
 
 cliemieal inertness ; see .Jir, ie<)4 5- 
 The .ubieet ^™s ->-^t Ihe Hoy S,x .^U "l^e 
 
 S^ll^nl^^Jsif^:;3/j^,:^|»Vi..theKy. 
 
 SS'SlSi;;^'^^;e>^^>U;e'SL.y.nedai;^rthe 
 T,:;'^ni^at;:X argon will. b.,..e and cAl.^ 
 
 ^•sisS^:r^;i:.^^'S'M.^eX?:;^|^i^ 
 
 The Sniilhsouian i"^"t"t:""vW"^''i''r^;i;:^;'^: u'rd | 
 
 fi,., (lilt lln.l"kins prize of 10,000 doiuis co lom 1 
 
 lla;ie^i";;d"pr:f.\villia,uHainsaytortheir,MS. 
 
 Tl^n; Da^'Juedal present.^ to prof; V^ Uam- ' 
 iuc i>. J , -, J, 1 ,,(.,,|„ti. iinae ot 50,000 U.-ncs 
 
 :^;Xrtpi"f:.^i^>y-iioidRayidKh^.;y 
 
 the French Aeadeiuy ol Sciences . . 16 UeC. „ 
 
 ARGONAUTIC EXPEDITION, dated by 
 
 Stake,rb/ Jason to avenge- the dc^ . 
 kinsman l'lu-y.xus. and i>, recover tne t -;• '=^',[; :' ™ 
 bv his niuruerer, vEetes, kins of Colelus. 1 lu slii 
 in which I'lu-yxus hud sailed to CoUdns haying been 
 i;„ed wi.h\he figure of a rani ed to the ,c 10,1 
 that the journey was to recover the gold n lUece. 
 ThJb is the tirst naval e.xpeditiou ou record. Hany 
 
 kinirs and heroes aceonipanied Jason, whose si,:; 
 was culled Aiyo, from its builder. 
 ARGONAUTS OF «T.,NICHOLAS, >m ■ 
 
 tarv kniglUs; an order founded by Charles III. - 
 Xaples, 1387. 
 
 A RGOS the most ancient city of Greece, myll,;. 
 cnlffid tJ have been founded either by na.l.,, 
 or lis son, 1-horoneus, received Us name iron M,, 
 the fourth of the Inachida-. The o«rly lustmj 
 fububius. 
 
 T?,.P'u of Triopas ; I'olyeaon seizes part of the king- 
 
 ^,„„|.dls It after his wife, .Vcssc/ua . • 1: 
 OdaJloi-'lLlt -f t'lie inachidie, deposed by Daiiaus, _ 
 
 vv','it'or'uie'H«".f.m»r,'instituted in honour of * 
 ihi. ■ in tUra, who save.l her husband, I.yuceus, 
 ,,' , ivviVtus on his nuptial night, while her 
 ?:;;K',inC'^^lers sacrili- \ theirs, at the eon. 
 niaila of their father, Daiiaus . • ■ ■ '■ 
 
 K'^a^^o!^-M^l^'u.ebrothersA..jsh.s:.^^ 
 pJrs«H!%randson of Acrisius, leaves Argos and 
 
 Tlli^ Uei'ielJlhe retake the Peloponnesus, and Ten,.- 
 nus si'izes .\rg03 ,' J 
 
 Pbi-idon's prosperous rule . . •,.•,■ '''' 
 
 War with Sparta : combat of 300 on each side . . 
 
 The Xrgfv.s line Sieyou and -Kgina tor helping tie .r 
 cneiiiv, Cleomenes ot Sparta . . . • ■ 
 
 Sparta becomes superior to Argos . • ■ 4/.- 
 
 i'"^^^'^Su!:y"\il^S- and regain -their 
 
 superiority • ■ • ; ,,'„,*,..,i i,,i,i< 
 "eh-p-ui' ii.iU war — Argos long neutiai, join, 
 
 Th-ansLcratical party makes 'jieaM with si.art:i, 
 
 •111., overthrows the deniocraey • •, • 
 V eacti.m-alliance with Athens resumed . . . 
 
 rvrrhi s f Ma.-edon besieging Argos, slain . . 
 \ ",s "iv.rned by tyrants sui.ported by Maeedoa; 
 
 ' IVecd ; join-* tl"^ •^'■''■'^"" ''•■"="" . • ■ ■ 
 
 Suliiugat'ed bv the Romans ■ 
 
 v,lms taken iroin the Veil, tiaus . • • M'. ; 
 iHrnbrti.Tuksi7i6.»ho held it until 
 UnVted'to Greece umle- king "tho (see -.,...•) ^ 
 
 Kxcavations of the American School of Arcl,.,..; 
 under Dr Charles Wableslein begun 1-eb. 1S93 ,U 
 
 i us of the t.m.ple of llera (or Juno) lu'ar Arp» 
 suoved ii the 'mi.ldle ages); reniams o ,.vc..;J 
 masonry, sculpture, &c., discovered; reported, ,, 
 
 ARGUIN, battle of, see Soiidtiii, 2 July, \i 
 ATiftYLE (W- Seotlund), bishopric of, fomi 
 about nooTKvaldus being the tirst bis n-p 
 : diocese, previously united with UunkeUl, ej| 
 ! 1688 ^'-'Vlo and tlie Isles is a post-revol; 
 j bishopric, i'847 ; see Binhopncs. 
 
 ARGYLL ROOMS, near Oxford-street, 
 ' dom opened for musical and other eiitertaim,; 
 I early in the iQtli century ; '■^-^■>:'^f^''l''>'^ '';''• 
 held by the riiilliarmonic i'"' '^•'>"- '•^i,5-.^°;. 
 appealed Sp.jlir, 1820; Weber, ^ April .S:(,, 
 Mendelssohn, 25 May, 1829. W /"If held nv 
 Chabert, the lire-kmg the buildin.j: «u, ■■ 
 down, i(^ i'cb. 1830. The new building «;is 
 tually converted into shops. 
 
 ARIAN or Aryan (in Sanskrit Hipiit 
 noble, warlike), a term now fro,|uently ait!i< 
 the bvpothetical Indo-Gennanic family of iia.i 
 including the Greek, llonian, and leutomcu. 
 ATiTANS followers of Ariuo ♦ of Aloxml 
 wilo pVc^ched ngainst the doctrine .fl 
 
 •"vriiis maintained that the Son of (1"1 ' 
 I secondary God ereuted by the Father, wlc i-e.- 
 ! far above all lu- nd oonsciuently "ot .u'."! A 
 I Father. 
 
 — — ___ "^■'^^^ 
 
 Trinity, about 315, and 
 troversy was lak.Mi np by 
 sided at the council of ^' 
 when the Arians were 
 doctrine long ].revailed. 
 Constantius II. 341 ; and 
 the Vandals in the jlli cei 
 the Goths. Servetus pul,)i, 
 the Trinity, 1531, |-,„,l ^as I 
 .inan, was burnt nt .'jniitlil 
 nasian Cneil, .'Suciiiians, an 
 
 ARICA, Peru, destroxei 
 inundated by wa\e:, of the s 
 
 ARIKERA, near .Scri 
 Cornwallis defeated Tippoo 
 
 ARISTOTELIAN P 
 
 most comprehensive everde' 
 was born at Stageir.i lii-.r.. 
 384 H.C. ; was a jjupi'l of J 
 became jireceptor of Alcxa 
 Macedon, in 342 ; and died i 
 cu'clo of kiiowlodge into 1 
 physics (including jiart of tli 
 ethics. His philosopbv wu; 
 the schoolmen (hiring" the 
 much depreciated after the ii 
 I on natural science contain a 
 and an extraoruiniiry mixti 
 merical oiiinioiis. To liini i 
 lion that nature abhors a vik 
 niauitained by eminent mode 
 
 I ill Aristulctlan Si,cnl;i, fm the 
 kwophy, was fmindi.d in the s 
 worth JI. Ilodgson, president 
 
 |M. liartli(;iciiiy ,st. llil.iiies ( 
 .Aristotle, 3j vols,, published 
 
 I .^nipynis e.iiiiaiiiiiig Hi,, b.st 
 tlie "Coiistiiiitii.n ot Atliiii; 
 and eonvejeil to the Diiiish 
 I'y the tnis;ei s, with a piviaci 
 Keiiyon, Jan, ; aiel phuin^iiip 
 lished .March, iSji ; |,ior. .J. 
 edition, Jan. iSc,-;. The work ' 
 liy extracts in ancient writers. 
 Ceiiiiine by .VI. liartlRdemv .St. 
 
 |A family tnmb, di,.,e.,veivd"at 1 
 Euboa, by Dr. Clairles Walds 
 Cuiisiihied by him to be reall 
 liis family. 
 
 ARITHMETIC is said 
 Iduted from Ivgyjit into Gree 
 IfCOn.C. The Cliiiiese used 1 
 \iiii, at an early period. It 
 liiicicnt Hindus adopted a sys 
 Ibis, 
 
 friir oldest tie,iti,se upon arithni 
 (;th, 8th, and 9tli books of hi, 
 
 [he se.\agesinial aiithinetie of 1 
 
 iiiililiaiitus, of Alexandria, was t 
 1 ton boidis of arithmetical oiiesl 
 I areiiow exlaiit) 
 
 kaati"ii by nine digits and zen 
 I kiii.ttii at least as early as the 6t 
 
 (lust.'iii— introduced i'roiii tliei 
 I jkiiit 900 — into S]iain, abiuit . 
 
 lifGerbert, ,soon alter— into Kiii 
 
 14II1 ur i5tli eeiituiy, 
 "iriiatc in Caxton'a Mlmur 0/ 
 Icbaracters, is , 
 
 Irillini.'tie .if deei!ii,al,s invi'iili-d 
 ■ohii Sherwood , binhopnf Durham 
 Ijfadiiiir, printed at Ii rme 
 irst work printed in i:i,glan.l t 
 Ijrfe .•<,ij,i,Hl'i,ui;) was by Toi 
 ll'iirmuii . 
 
AEICA. 
 
 59 
 
 Trinity, ubout 
 
 315, and Uieil in 336. 'J'lie cun- 
 
 AEMADA. 
 
 t oUKsy was tuk.-n lip by Con.stMUtn.o, wl,„ pre- 
 sided lit the n.Lincil of .\i,M., Junu to Aii-- v\ 
 when the Anaiis were condemned ; but then- 
 
 Con»tantni3 II. 341 ; and earned into AtVu-.x by 
 he Vandals in the 51I1 century, and uitu A.ia by 
 he Goths bervetu.s pubjished his treatise a-ain^t 
 the Innity 1531, ,,,„| was burnt. 1^53. L.^gutt, an 
 Anan, was burnt ,',t Sn.ithiiebl in 1014; ^ Aiha- 
 nastan tnitt, .Sucuiian.s, and i'ldturiuiis. 
 
 ■ ^^^Ph' ■^'■■''"' '''-■•■^ti'^yi'd liy an carthnuakc, and 
 inundated by wave,ultlie sea, 13 Aug. 1^68. 
 
 ARIKERA, near Seringapatani. Hero lord 
 CoruwaUis defeated Tii.puo .Sahib, 15 May, 1791 
 
 ARISTOTELIAN PHILOSOPHY: the 
 
 most coniprelien.-ive ever devised bv man. \ristotle 
 was born at Stageir,. 1i,...„'e teriunl tlie Htageirite') 
 3b4 D.c. ; was a i)upil of I'bito from 2(4 to 317' 
 became preceptor of AU.'xancU'r, son of I'hilM, of 
 Macedon in 3)2 ; and died in 322. Ho divided tlie 
 cu'cle of knowledge nil., metaphysics and In.rie, 
 physics (including part of the science of mind), and 
 ethics. His lihilosopliy was too much e.xalted by 
 the schoolmen during the middle ages, and too 
 much depreciated after the lieformation. His works 
 on natural science contain a vList collection of facts 
 and an extraordiiiiiry iui.\tu.e of sound and chi- 
 merical opinions. To him is attributed the asser- 
 tion thiit nature abhors a vacuum, an opinion now 
 mamtumed by eminPiit modern philosophers. 
 All Arish.tdkm S„v:,l,i, fm tlic systciiiatii' study of i.lii- 
 
 v'ntl'^.i Tr I'"""'''' '"■','"^' ■■'''"■'"s "f '88°; i''-- «''•"'■ 
 
 woitli 11, ll.iilg.son, prrsi.liiit. 
 
 ' "iri^o.'in'""-; •■?'■ ''il''i'r«,'-''""plctc translation of 
 Austotlc, 35 \„W:, iiiil.li.sl.c.l oariv in iSgi. 
 .ll.iip,vnis cnhiaiiiiiig the lost tnati,se of Aristotle on 
 tlic "Co.isluulioi, of Athrns," .liscovcrcd in E •v," 
 .iiid coiivcMdlcaUe iJiiii^l, .Mu.sciim. was publisfi'a 
 liy tlic tnistc. s, witli a pivlacc and im.Ics l.v .Mr V (i 
 hcii.voii Jan. ; a,.d plioh.-iaphs nf ihe Mti. wciv pul,: 
 !i.^lie.l -Mareb, 109, ; prof. ,J. E. f^andys's elaborate 
 .-lition, Jan. ,8c,j. Tbc work w.s lutlierio onlj known 
 l.yc.xtnict-ni ancient urilcis. -flic .MS. was eonsideie, 
 ^..nume l,y M. Uurtbclcn.y «t. llilai.v. 11 a a^ ,89 
 
 Lvfannly ">" S diseoveivd at Kivtiia, in tlie island of 
 lal«ca, by )r. ClKirlc, Waldstcin, early in ,3o,, ,Tas 
 his'lii'mil'v '"'"^' """ "' ^^'■i-'*'"tlJ ami 
 
 ARITHMETIC is said to have been iiitro- 
 IJuicd Iroin Kgypt into Greece bv Thale.s, abou« 
 ■KOn.C, I he Chinese used the alacus, or siran- 
 W"! "';'." J'aiiy period. It is asseited that the 
 ■lucicut iluidus adopted a system having ten as •. 
 Ikiis. 
 
 rii. oMest tiv.-itise upon aritlnnetle is by Euclid 
 [ (;tli, Bth, ami ,jtli books ul bis iVnatate), ab.ait 
 
 i.xagesimal aritbinctic of Ptolemy was uswl 
 
 lii,.l.iuintns, of .Mcxandiin, was the autbor of t)ih-l 
 1 tctuliooksofaritbinctical.iuestionsfof wliicli six 
 J ire now extant) .... .,|„„it 
 
 tutati"!! :.y nine digits and zero (Amhic /?.;«,■,,) 
 I laiuHii at least as early as tlie ctli century ii, Hi,;: 
 I Jiistan— introduced from thence into Aral.i-i 
 jUnit .,00-into Sjuiin, about ySo— into I'Vanec' 
 
 lijOirlier .soon alter- into England, probalily ill 
 J i4tli or i5tli century. •' 
 
 Kit Jatc in Caxton-s Jfi'rroiir ,/ ihe \Vu,Ul, Arabic 
 
 I cLinicfers, is ... , 
 
 Inthini'tir- ofilc.imals iiivenic'l ' ' ' ' 
 
 Ito Sherwo,»l, liislio) , ,,f Uuibam's i,ic(as .iri'f/.wty'- 
 IJ/iidom', printed at li inie 
 
 Ifctwork piintc.l in En;;Iand on a'rillunetieV,/t' 
 lirk !-.i,,riit'iii,h) was by Tuustall, bi.sh..|, of 
 Imrliiini .... ' 
 
 '^'in ills /Sl;l":^;;f' """"""^ ''"'•'^'=''^^' '^y ^"i''^ 
 
 rociier-sAiitbnietic appeared in ■ .' .' ' 'I^JJ 
 Sawyer's " Antonnilie Mysteni," published ' .' '. 11% 
 
 ^./^^RITHMOMETER, see Culculaliny Ma- 
 
 ARIZOXA, a territory of the United Slates, 
 originally part of Xew Jk^xico, was organised 24 
 lebiS03; capital, luc.on. it was colonLsed by 
 
 in n,?"','^ n ""V"''' '•■'•■'""'■^•- i'"l"'l"tion, 1880, 
 40.440; lO'A 59,620. ' 
 
 li.V tlic iMustingof tlie great dams at Preseott, ticymore 
 ' '" '""■'■ i"!..".^' villages were Uestniyed b 't c L "eat 
 
 ;:Hsb;!dr::^'i;j;riC"* ^° '-■--- "-'t*^ '-- 
 
 tr,^}^^\ ,:'^f;,'""t4™';'t. ("■/"■'•/' «'<■) is venerated 
 
 V ' /.' .';';''^'' "\ "?, '^","S the place on which 
 ^Noali » Aik rested, after the universal deluge, 2548 
 pr,;,' .•^'•■^■, ^<'"- VI- ^•u. Some assert Apani|.a, lu 
 St ,-.k 1 .i''^ T^' '""^ ""-■'1"'^ '''"•<•• been 
 
 e t, \'ni>' '"". " T'^ ""■"'^' "■"'^■'•''' "'"1 tlie 
 
 V . 1 V ' 'T^■v^'' ''rP '•."'"' I''"^''-' i'^ 300 miles 
 «e»t ol Ararat Ihe Ark of the 6bn.«««^ made by 
 Moses to contain llie two tables of the law, iJi 
 
 i.c. (i.,W. .XXV.), was placed in Solomon's lemple, 
 1004 D.c. (I Auiijs viii.). ^ ' 
 
 ARKADI, a Greek blockiide-runner during the 
 Gretan insurrection, was destroyed by the Turkish 
 vessel I.eddin.oli Crete, 19 Aug. i3o7, after at least 
 22 successful voyages. 
 
 ee,b;n^^^'^A^'r.°''°'"""y P'"' °^ LouiMana, 
 he nrM''^!",'" •™"^'' '"'^3; und purclursed !.>; 
 the Lnited States 1,1 1803, uas made a territo,/, 
 
 r> M.,'v"",'i/; ^^t"'^'. >'>; i^eceded from the union 
 
 6 Ma , ,861 ; iv-adnutted, i8(,8. Several battles 
 
 eulought in this state in 1862. Capital, Little 
 
 Lock. Population, i,-'90, 1,128,179. 
 
 Clieiokee .Stiij), a reserve, opened to settlers 
 
 arrive ; towns planned . 
 Littlo Kock partially deslroN ed by a 
 
 deatlis .... " 
 
 Great lire at Hot Springs, 5' lives lost 
 
 burnt ... 
 Tornado at Tort .Smith e-ity, ■bnil.iings 
 
 liy lire, 31 deaths . . . " 
 
 many 
 . 16 tSejit. 
 cyclone, 8 
 • j Oct. 
 28 houses 
 22 I'eb. 
 destroyed 
 2 Jan. 
 
 1893 
 894 
 
 895 
 1898 
 
 300 
 Ijo 
 
 >S6 
 
 1. 1 80 
 
 l4Sa 
 
 fo,^?M ^^^^ ^'1" ^V^'-''--'""-), Where a buttle was 
 foiig It between the in>urgent Irish, amounting to 
 
 si ^wm-'l' f"f"!" '■'■S^''^"- [">■'•■« '^f ^niUh, wKich 
 Mgii.illN defeated tlicm, 10 June, 1798. The town 
 was ncitly destroyed by the insu^ents in May 
 pr.nious.-Xative gold was discovered iu Ark low 
 in Sept. 1795. l'i,il. T.UHs. vol. 86. ^""^i"". 
 
 AELBERG, see under Tunnels. 
 
 ARLES (Arelatum, from the Celtic Ar-lait 
 ■HMr the waters), S. France (said to han, b ,1 
 iound,.d 20C10 .,,<■.), a powerful Konian cit v, wag 
 niadc-^capital of the kingdom of Provence b " Ilo on 
 
 8,9 .VI). ; and ol the kingdom of Aries or Trans- 
 jurane Uurgiindy by Kodolph II. in 933. He wag 
 succeeded by C'ourad I. 937'; and by l^olph HI 
 993 i who in 1032, transmi ' his kinif- 
 dom to the eovcior Conrad II. Afte various 
 changes it was annexed to France in i •% 
 councils (314-1275) were held at Arl"-' ■ 
 celebrated m 314, when liritish bLi' 
 present. 
 
 eo;dm^VPm'r'"?^r I^"^IJ*•f'^)LE, collected and 
 gation of England. Moranfs historical account 
 
 Many 
 
 most 
 were 
 
 |,:'f!Jir" 'wffil 
 
ARMAGH. 
 
 00 
 
 AllMENIA. 
 
 (nceompanyins Pine's oKravingB of th. trtF-tric- 
 
 Marco, vicai- ui th. 1''"',""" M,.;ii, " ■ mi a . 
 
 Tic Eiiiilisli llfct 2n V;",'\ " ',,. i,,|,j, Haw. 
 
 ci iS ea lvf"i-s,v.. and tin fL armies .m 1" I" 
 
 K|!::^?:LSC':^X;^at.;eCham,doirC.n,w^^, 
 
 ARMENIA, A»i!i Minor, after forming )wr,|i,. i 
 
 lllH- 
 
 May, 
 iwnfl, 
 
 S;";rana >!inm^. but tiunrrnue,u.e over r 
 
 s3r 
 
 1588 
 
 Armenians have nmintai^ledtl,o^^.pslOl.M __ ^^_ 
 
 I 'sahjc- '{, are printea in the Armeai.a .-nguag" 
 
 Sufferert in a scries of enf;aB"^"'"t« (t''^V^';'.l''>lv! 
 Mr. Chai.iMiiii, wlio cIk"! 1616 , iiwa» 1 ^ ^^ _ 
 
 B.C. ll 
 
 Of 
 
 .... _liai , 
 
 Ht. Mary-le-B"w . ■ , , , 
 
 Tercentenary «f I'ly""""';"' '■'^.'; 
 
 tions, »c., 1? ■'"IV, i888 , > ■' 
 
 t lIU'lCll 
 
 I at 
 
 la Aiik' 
 
 ll with I'Xlillii- 
 
 onal iniMiiiirial 
 
 "The Spanish .:':...■!«, n vinj ai u""'j 
 
 Tlicatre; first .■r'- ■■;! 
 i lirnnze statue nl H-it 
 
 line as a Xatima' ' 
 
 Armada, v.-as unvi i 
 
 onbelialt'.ftli'^Miic 
 
 iR--? 
 
 iE83 
 
 Mr 
 
 V'llt. 
 
 ;'., ....tuii ill ri'.ii" '111' 
 
 '.,1 i,f till' a-IV.iiv "! Uio 
 
 ihi- d.ii.'' of Kdliiburnh 
 
 il Oct. 
 
 ..'rn.ada;- ' ,V Mr. J. A. 
 
 1890 
 i8g2 
 
 The'Sjiani^li stiiy »t 1I 
 
 Fr&uile, I'll) M.slic.1 • • • • . , 
 
 '"^t^r'''\^':ii(^Jiu?!n'^tffi :;idt^ 
 
 of the first f ^^^'^f ' V S 1^ tiU its lirst bi«lii,p, 
 hrve been foumle, "f St. 1 .^ k « ^^^^^^^ ^^^.^l 
 
 f^' tl^'.alr he Roman calendar l,avo been 
 
 tent 
 ayei 
 per annum 
 
 ritv of Artaxarta built . ■ 
 
 An i.Kd, :.. Kl.ii>lia'..s invades Am. T. a . ■ 
 Titfrancs tlic Urcir^ rrmns m Af'.,i.iiu M.,..r . 
 li'tnmcs King ..f Syria, and as>...a,ie3 tlie liUt 
 
 n:;^;r?fi;vLSU.:9;i.ei''i'>^--™--**''^ 
 
 „!^': ■ .;'■ ':;'i:S;s, r,.i«ns, 54 ; he assists P.,,nv.T 
 nB.u'.N'. -I'llius Cesar, 48: R'"' the l.iitlnaii^ 
 auaurst .^larc Aiitiiiiy • • • ■ t, .:ti, ailvci. 
 
 Aiitiiny subdues, and scuds lum bi.vb. , «ith siU. r 
 
 \;mxhH';,';'^^l;N.ade-l.:,i.bvti,erartliian, ' . 
 nl'iilmedb 0.. Itomans, .vbo .ut.i.onc •^'raue. I . 
 Armenia .subjected iol'actliia . ■ ,.,.,;,. .,,, 
 Kec.a,,,uere,il.yacM,.av..;.>s,granasnna:M,^,^^ 
 
 After nia.iy cliaiige,, Tu>.:;i;cs Is m,. (< Uus, i.y ...i 
 
 ^ Tl""lSiauco»a."T"r=, ''t Ani.ci.i,. ncexrcile.l 
 
 : H,'|;™s t^i^^es V„la,arscs-Uing-of rart of Arn^ema. 
 ClirlstianitV introduced, between . , . • -^-U- "> 
 Arnienia added to tlicl'ersianeuiiaie . • . 
 
 Tirldates obtains tlic tlirone tliroUi-'U I'jocle U. . 
 1 X; is exi.elled by -arses, .94; ''e^torcd l^y 
 
 Galerius . . . ■. 
 
 . Onliisdeatli, Ariiienia ■■ 
 
 ..J ; is iiiaile neutral !■ 
 
 Who divide it liy treaty 
 
 Armenia comiuered ami '• 
 
 and I'er.siaii sovcrciKni 
 
 And I'y tbc Greek emv 
 
 AEMENL 
 
 received by tin- sultan, w 
 general aiiiiK.,ty. -.Mi grem 
 
 ■|u' 1 tral 
 
 re) 
 
 PKltiull a; 
 
 nimid,.,. f,„. reform 
 
 lyiinst tho Turkish y 
 
 ;o 
 
 leath of Abji. Chorcno Nnr ]) 
 'l^'icehdant of the house of Ln.si 
 
 aa eiuiiiciit (.readier and wntei 
 saccoeded by M^r. Khrimiau, !;„, 
 siilirmiifl iialriareh 
 
 ileir, 
 
 '" ''lirlstiaiis, asallcKedrev 
 
 •■■■'> death at Angora ; a 
 
 ■'l-";,;d unfair trial, fresh a 
 
 linti^li intervention ; se 
 
 '■'I Ml senses ; othorcases 
 
 i-oiimuiit, exile, and hard 1, 
 
 ■' ■'.. (b93; investigation, son 
 
 iti.eii ; i;oiiri.sonersrelea.sed re 
 
 inKiunary eonllict between the 
 
 rurksat i iizM.at, . Feb. ; foreign 
 
 l«rted, I Maieh; attcniiited assi 
 
 .Umeiiian patiiarch bv clisconten 
 
 ,i])|,. 
 
 .3.! 
 
 ;.Mi!c)i , Ik 
 
 resigns 'his olllco 
 
 .y ff 
 
 ^•o'liies suliject to Persia, 
 V Uouie and Tersia, 3S4 ; 
 
 omiuercd by the Orcel; 
 . rs and Mahoniiuedaus 
 . iled to Rome, aliout 
 
 ;^r&V5J.::i::;^T"itu;a{edat.<^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 year; ""<! ""'il l"t^'l>' ""' "'"rfH 1 fs .; ' YW- 
 lythe Dane^ on iS^er-'day, 852. ""<: ^ O'N.. n, 
 lation, 1871, 8,946, i8»l, '9'"'" , o. ,,()d., 
 
 Micliael Curd. I.oguc, U.C. abp., l8,9. 
 
 , taken piisonev 1.; 
 be die.H at I'aris , 
 
 APAtAGXACS, a political p'nty i" Ffn"'",'"' 
 
 Burgunchans, 23 N-;^ 1^;. ^^^^^^ ^ 
 
 the duke of Burgundy. 
 
 l^rrfi*fem^^78.V..owed,aml,U^^^^ 
 ratiHed in orde^ to cause t''V\rt«',^ ''"-,'; .P^Hn. 
 
 ^is[ai^:^r:n;^^^u^rw::;;;s^;S -f 
 
 80, 1 Pavk > .U-t.-oved the lleet of Detnuark before 
 dissolution of the Armi ■• • utnility . 
 
 The Arineuiaii church recoi., 1 
 lyon VI., last king of Arniei^ 
 
 (hehnracena, 1375 ■ lelease. 
 overrun by the Mongols, .. r, ; by Tiniour, , iSj . 
 
 by the Turks, .5.6; by the IVrsians, .334; ''1 "'^ 
 
 Sli'il'i' Abbas, of Persik, surrenders Arnie'uia to tli, 
 i'lliks, but transvorts ..,o», Aruieniau taimlas 
 
 into his own states . 
 
 Aviiicnia overrun by the Uussians . . . ■ 
 
 HiiiTeiider of Krzcroum . ,.-,„.■ ,',,■: 
 
 " Vec.S'i/rmaud IU,sso-r„rkish Ilfl« . aj.d Li 
 Ilv the Herliu treaty, Kars, Ardahau, and liat n 1:. 
 %ere cede "to Ku.sVia, with other cli.augcs .i .ilv. 
 The Turkish government charged with opiiirss,, , 
 ! ^ ,uid"ri.eltv': Aug. ; doubted by son... . N^t. 
 Moussa Ui'V, a Kunlish chief, trie.l at Constaim. 
 .Pie IV.r all..ged cruelties, 23 Nov. ; ac<,uitt,-. ,:. 
 ',',;:!v ,, iid refused). . Uee. et .e,. 1889 ; .H^enlanl.y 
 u;;:i;:;;;;j;;idl;eu between ■Armeuiam| and Mu^ 
 : mans at KrziTouin, 9 l'^'''»o"» 1-'">'J- f''l';;,|;;; 
 
 i The Arnii'nir.us in Conatanlinoide attack tli.;- 
 ' PHtH ireli Achikiii.i.inacluircli . unng s,.,;vi;v, 
 ■ it sun . essed by tlie military with loss ..1 i;.. 
 
 yr.lnlv; many arrest...! Aug., a,„l ,.iun> ,. '. 
 
 Oct -the p,atriarcli resigns, 3' •'".'y : th- cii,. 
 
 l.!;,ier sent.Micc.l t.. .leath, others to '"U'ris^nm. :^ 
 
 The sultan agrees to many reforms in Arn,.'!, 
 
 fp.irti'.l 
 \iniiii i'iiiid .•f Armenian. 
 
 fr.inticr .lisiiersed li^ *ii 
 
 ,vp<,rt...l . . . 
 l.'rien.ilyii.'g.'tiatioiis- 
 
 to the. sultan, aii.l i 
 ! wilh.lraws hiii I'csi ' a 
 
 A 
 
 on th.' Tur,'.i.liii>-.i 
 
 Turks aii.l l<ii>Mii 
 
 . ^ Ni 
 
 I'orte ; lovala.i.l;. 
 
 -eplv ; th.' palrii.; 
 
 2S 1). 
 
 ■ ! "' '^■-'1^113 HIS omci 
 
 Ariojiiii.ns ini]ioverislieil b, , 
 
 Kiiro.s III the districts of 
 
 )ir<n, iMc., (iiv unable to pay tl 
 
 .'-.?, un.l are consmiuently sub 
 
 -..Ity an.l o]ipr,ssioii, 1892-4 i 
 
 iv;,; 13, 15 April, ,895] : ^ 
 Air, an Ariiieniaii teacher who' 
 ^.rt their wrongs at CoiLstaiitiiio 
 Bitlis . . , _ 
 I. lays' eonllict between the'Kiin'l 
 arkish trooii.s an.l the Anneiiiaiis 
 ibtrict; 41 Armenians, whoha.l s 
 loause of an amnesty, iiiassacrcd 
 
 L.>acre of a great number of fnTiti- 
 iii'liike, 32 vill.-iges burnt an.l t| 
 Md by the Kiinl.s ujid 'I'nrkish 
 
 t;.li remonstninco ; investigatioi 
 lebiiltan, .\ov. ; a coiiiniis.sion 01 
 i-iiagof ileli',i..;<ti..s of Great Uriuiii 
 lissia, apiHiim,.,| 
 
 . liinirlmn eleeted iwtriarch.'Dei 
 kum-Kapn, 8 Jan. ; receive.! by 
 
 fjreign comnii.ssioii holds its lir 
 
 Mols of the lirs't 12 sittings, ^s.^iue. 
 r;,5oci political jirLsuiiers reporte( 
 
 .Mahoniolans aud 
 .-..,, r is killed . 
 
 "Iff'."'*.'''"*''™' I'ri.soners at 'Cc 
 '"" ' ' ' Armenia, rupor 
 
 Pliilip Ciirrieieportsto the PoA 
 iJuliprosaion b. the Armenians an 
 ll .laiiger, if ic.lrcss and tlioroiigl 
 i!jT«nteJ ; favourable promises giv 
 mission apjioinu'd by tin sulkii 
 !.;heme for icr..,r,urt i„ Aniieiiia, ( 
 (orstantinoiil.) . . 
 liiiei!tin,<iii.'<i. Jaiiies's hail. Lone 
 ti,e atrociti,.s, the .luke of Arg 
 :fof nestniiiisLor presiding 
 Puhi,Tnrkish coniman.ierof tho 
 tedm the ni,issa..'res ; recallo.I 
 a of Aniieinaii reform ilrawn 
 ili>li,trenc!i. iiud Hussiaii amba.' 
 Wto the sultan; terms: appoii 
 dcommiasKjncr, general amnesty 
 fnionurs, ixililical reforms, abolil 
 i.sc, about . 
 
 ramissioneri visit tlio sc'i'no ,]r th 
 lap. 1894, in tho s.'isiiii di.Htrict p,- 
 * villages aud ilisL-over two nit 
 
 'Mmd wholesale th 
 
 nr*»A 
 
 le victims of t, 
 
 ting at Pari.s on b'l 
 
 European me. 
 
 tuiins .... 
 
 (eisn delegates insulted" by 'tl 
 
 (It Mush, end ol M.ay ; satisfucti 
 
 (Forte . 
 
 ;.:-:;*s" 
 
ming )i:ir 
 1 einpiii- 
 i\v\a, n(U: 
 
 B.C. ■n,. 
 
 f Armiiii 
 over tluu 
 jrossioii s 
 
 01)1 f'i 
 
 pntri:!;- 
 
 nouiaii c 
 
 ...k:l O'l 
 
 ngung". 
 
 ARMENIA. 
 
 11.' i." 
 
 
 . B.C. 
 
 lilK.- oi' 
 
 •n at the 
 
 riimvy 
 'uithians 
 
 itli silviT 
 
 itllS 
 
 nine!' !l. 
 
 . A. 1). 
 
 ig l.y l..e 
 ! cxpelU'il 
 Ariiu'iiia. 
 
 . .*.U. Us 
 
 liocli'tiiin, 
 itdvcd liy 
 
 to I'crsia, 
 rsiii, 3S+; 
 
 the Oicik 
 
 • 5r 
 Dniniodau^ 
 
 ', IlliirtU , 
 ivisoiu'r liy 
 it rmis '. 
 (iiir, i.dj: 
 34 ; liy tl'if 
 
 ■nia t(i til. 
 m faiiiilks 
 
 . g.luh', 
 1 1, aii'l lii 
 111 Jiat'illla 
 ea July, 
 oiiliri'ssimi 
 . S^l't. 
 CoiLStaiiii- 
 
 lCI|nittrd|:l 
 
 cvi'iiluai.y 
 Si'lit. (lit. 
 
 ,11.1 Mussiil. 
 
 d, n'i»iil..i 
 
 27 JllM'. 
 
 ttai'k tli.ir 
 
 iU^ SlTVir, 
 
 liiss "f l;:-, 
 I piiiii>lii"l, 
 ■ ; til- eli.i 
 iliris'iiiiiii; 
 
 16 Av. 
 ill Aniii'ii. 
 
 so Ai; 
 
 in'o-llllssl: 
 
 111 Uus.siiii. 
 
 . 2Ni 
 
 l.iviila.lil;! 
 
 liatiiai 
 
 Vath of Ab|,. (;i,orcno N„r Hoy I .ishnrnt'",; 
 ile.scu.i.lai.l of the hoiiso of Lusi'^na,, ,r¥ ''''' " 
 an oniim.jit jireach,.,- «,„l w e.^ ?8 Nov' '""' 
 .snccuedt.,1 liy.M,.,.. Kl„.i,„ia„, |jec ,8,2 anoi ft','.!! 
 
 i3. ,. ;uK-.;,.,l iiiirair trial, fiTOluirroats ,6 I, '! 
 
 mi. !i,;'!l III 5|.ase.s ; other ca.sf.s, various ilp.'n'w 
 ...,..., omiieiit. exih;, ami hani lahoi!,.^^^ ^ 
 ;,',', ;V.- '^93;.investiKation, soiiii, .seiiteiiVes re 
 iiiitteil ; i;oi,risoners releaseil, report..,! ,nS,.nV 
 
 Arnienhjn patriarch hy .iiseinttiint ^L i" 
 .■,.yi;rh, l„.re..4iKli3hl.somco . ,2Am.ii 
 
 ,;;Kfrii;''«SS^^/^^---;kr 
 
 :!i|.^'a?:'™;;-;;;j^,---t'S 
 ct3;t':i'i:rn:;;,'^!-^ '^•"'-- " 
 
 ifkiir tiii Aniieiiian teaelier ivlio ha.l icen to m' 
 jj,rt U.eir wroii., at Co,i..tai,ti,>ople, ha'nl-e;! at 
 
 Jays' conlliet hetvvecn tlio'Kimls aiiie.l hy'th,'. 
 irk,.h troo,..s aii.l tlu, Armenians in t eS 4 ik 
 ■irict; 4, Ariiioinaii.s, wliolia.l surronaercd on 
 «iiu3e 01 an amnesty, massacred by order 
 
 ...ci-e of a Kreat number of fn;;itivef on^Moimt 
 
 .IzMiirlian eleetcd patriarch, 'Dee.' ; enHironS ' 
 Kuni.kajn., s Jan. ; received by tllesl.ltS?,"-'' 
 
 foreign conimission Iiolds its lirst meotinfai 
 
 :cols of the first 12 sitliiiK.., i.sined ' . 2 March' 
 ■;,5oo political prisoners reported R Kl'.l,.^' 
 &t between .Mahomelans 'and Chri.stta, s*t 
 ikit, 5 pei-MiM. killed . . . 20 Marc 
 
 n\ ecele.sia.sti,..-il pri..oners at Constanti.mple 
 .eased and sent to Armenia, reported 
 
 Piiilil. Cnrrie.eportsto the l'or\e uio'So 
 :1 Wression f. the Armenians and he iS 
 
 r™nlS''il^.'™"fr''' "!°^"''«'' ^'''^"^"™ 
 i,tnintt.a,Uv 0111 able promises Kivori.jo April 
 "f:'™ «l'l;'"°:'-'l. I'y tl.« snltm to con,i"nr 
 
 ln>ectin,,,'in .SI. Jaiiie,-s hall, London, Ve.fp^'t: 
 iiioatrociti..s. the duke of Argyll ami thn 
 l>of Hestnn.isior ^re.sidiiiK . , Mav 
 
 ^Hn'^";"'''' '^"'""'•■'■"iTof tho trooi«, con: 
 aej lu the iiias.saores ; recalled r Vav 
 
 !( of Armenian reform drawn up by' the 
 
 -1, frencM. u„d liussian ambassadors pre 
 Nto the sultan; terms: appointment of a 
 
 .commissioner, general amnisty and rel"ase 
 TTbo'iTt '"' "''''"■""' "''"''"«» ^f toN 
 mmi'ssionori visit the sJene of the atroci'ti^ 
 1* .94, in the Sasiin distiict, pass Uiroi '^'^ 
 irivillagos and di.sc-over two pits in wli? 
 juried wholesale the viotims of tho soldiery! 
 
 mZ'^" """"""^' '"^''"■'••'on I'ohalVome ' 
 Wijn delegates' insulted" by 'the 'AmI[ ' 
 
 . 2 June, . 
 
 ARMENIA. 
 
 1S93 
 
 1894 
 
 r"":uri^^l.^!^,«"»"'' ''■^^'•-Wunc; 2:000/, sent 
 
 I Amnesty to ,,oli,ical pn.so'ners,' many released''"'''' 
 
 Keiiewod conllicLs between t!ie Malioii,edans''a'if;i 
 
 Tu;k^s'oSi::r::i;/rr'''''''''^^''^^'-V 
 
 '^'kMi;.ll'';;'-n '';■■'•■"« '■ Anncians at liaibnrY, VL 
 killeil at other places ' ' '^'^ ^"''- ' '"^ '"^'"y 
 
 iJIIJ^p-^ilnnJgSrrn;''^!:;;;^"'-'--^^^ 
 
 Tie elorm „• i,,„„ fur«ar,led to Siiakir pasha' 
 i to?aetlon''"""'"'''"^'^™'"'-'--t''i-l".ct^!l^ 
 
 ' "l^^he'aigrllC:'"^ '''■^'"- "^ ^^'^'^^'^^ ' 
 
 "p91hri:tl-?^r;;;'Al'^.-"'--^ ■ 
 
 deaths, rcporteil ^' • 4Q.ooo 
 
 Or at distress in six ilistricls, reported ' ^ vc " 
 provinces, reported ^ ''""tructions iu the 
 
 'S9S 
 
 1895 
 
 •"^iri^l '^"•^"■■"-'^ '■■ Sivas, Iii,.,.,yi,., ^,„ 
 
 "giv^n'i^?Lr^--''^'-''3o-sepU,:^i!^;; 
 ,Mil;;c.^';;^i?^!i^>;^:;;^«^.^-^^^^ 
 
 f ^.^^;i^:^.kfrnta5''V""^-= 
 
 ^^llt^s'i^-i^r'irii:/!--!--;^-^:: 
 
 ,,?t^?i.'c!^;.i,rrSirt;.,r--^'i--^^^^ 
 
 Hinting at Adana, Ij Anno n a ns killed ' p'T' 
 
 r.je,nassacroof,3Ar,neniannunl{lil:;ip„ta^:l;; 
 
 •';^i;^ic:d"'°'!'"^'r"'''^^^"''"''''"^'"^^^^ 
 
 Disturbances at Van r-irir,rt.„i ' t ' ' Aprb, 
 
 c^;;Si-^'"^^=-"-^^'-tj;^ii^s:i; 
 X^Sai^s--±,«-s-^.vi;;r; 
 
 Massacre of Armenians bv Kiir,l« «„ 1 m.",A"K- 
 
 ';.^;f;^;ii^Se^rkiii;:f'- -^ ' 
 
 SI»nght«r at Kaiserich, Ghemerek and KK T,' ' 
 
 "distri^iljiiiosr^^pi-'^'^din vu^;!; ■ 
 
 • • 38 Oct. , 
 
 1S96 
 
 i ' 
 
 i! 
 
ARM^ 
 
 l^Qfi 
 
 I'fii 
 
 ! 
 
 1S97 
 
 1S98 
 
 Armenian refiig''e9 settleil in Gi-cocp nml Dn'Kn^'l"^ 
 
 Eniz pnslm, v.ili of Dliirbelir, tnnciTncl in thr hit" 
 iniissiicres, iliiiinlHsed . . . • v'V 
 
 K.\oi-iitiiin iiri-cfnniisniil(n™l . . ,■ ," , 
 
 M;,'r. Miilaeliliis Dnniiuian, bishop of Arnm-n, 
 cli-cti'il iiiitriarcli . . . • /, '" "' 
 
 " ArniiMiiaii Ciivii," «ee li^nvh, Uw. 1E96. . 
 
 Sir I'liillii Ciirrii! iiiipiMls Col' 11,000/. to tlu' "J't^'M; 
 lime.' tor (li'slitiile Anneniana, 30 Ui'C. ibgfj , 
 2,wjo'. sent 23 Jim. ; a.^ain . • • ,■/'';"■ 
 
 40,«x, ArniiMiian emigrants sottle 1 in S. Un«8 a, 
 lolici- snit from Muscuw anil A.strnliliiin, man) 
 cliildivniimsli; iviicntcil . • . ■, ,^.f. •^:'"- 
 
 Massacre ol 100 Annfnians, lioiisosnacKc.l at 1 .l-.ar, 
 ,Q, 20 Marcli; tliis umluissifs d.'miin.l ndnws, 
 niW sniil c'.msuls toatlcii4 tlle^urk^^ll commis- 
 sion of inonifv, nn.lei' Hassan Kolimi p;i.sl»i, 
 roi«rlod,27 MMi;:i. ; y Miiliomcaaiis scnti'iicfl to 
 ili'itli, C(.nnnnt.-il to penal servitu^le tor lito, 
 21 An>!.; ilisturl.inccs in Adana and otlier pro- 
 vinces, rcporle,! . . • . • .f' •^'■"'^■''' 
 
 Concessions grantcil to the Armenians by ir.eie 
 
 30 ilarcn, 
 
 Fresh iietition for tlic execution of r-.'fofms ; pre- 
 senteil by the patriarcli to tlie porte ; ^'^^V'^^^]^^} 
 
 A ooniinission api.ninteil by the sultan to raise snb- 
 Kcriptioiis for rebnildin;; sclionls, churches, Sc., 
 deslroye.1 .Inrin- tlie ilisturlwnces . . Ocl. 
 
 The patriarch receives i.ocon'. Irom tlie pi rte f,.i 
 ilistresseil Anueniaiis, an<l 10 prisoners relcase.l , 
 reported . . . •,•,.,■., /."'"'■♦• 
 
 Mr. Waugh, liritisli vice-consul, distnbute.s i,8o'^- 
 in Oiarbekr, in 9 iiiontlis, ending 31 -Marcii, 
 
 See Tiirl;eij, 1S95, iByO. j 
 
 AKMENIAN ERA, commciicea on 9 July, ■ 
 Ecz ; the ecclesiastieiU year on II Aug. lo rccuice 
 this lust to our time, add 551 years and 221 days; 
 and in leap years sul)tract one day froiii I Mareli ^ 
 10 Aug. Tlu- Armenians used the old Julian style . 
 and months in their correspondence with -buro- | 
 peans. 
 
 ARMILLAEY SPHERE, an astronomical 
 instrument composed ol brass circles disposed in 
 such a manner that the greater and lesser circles of 
 the sphere may he seen in their natural position and 
 motion. It is said to have been invented by i-ra- 
 tosthenes, about 255 H.c. ; and was employed by 
 Tycho Brahe and otiicrs. 
 
 ARMINIAN8, or EeMONSTR.V.\TS, derive 
 their former name from James Armmius (or llnr-. 
 mcnsen), a rrotestant divine of Leyden, Holland 
 (died 19 Oct. 1609) ; the latter iKinie from his lol- 
 lowers having presented a licmonatram-c to the 
 states-general in 1610. They separated Irom the 
 Calvinists, objecting to their views respecting pre- 
 destination, A:c. Their doctrines were condemned 
 in 1619, at tlie synod of Uort {ivhich sic); they were 
 e.\iled till 1625'. The Calvinists were sometimes 
 styled Gomansts, from Gomar, tlie chief oppo-- 
 neiitto Arminius. James 1. and Charles I. favoured 
 the Armiuian doctrine. 
 
 ARMORIAL BEARINGS became here- 
 ditary in families at the close of the I2th ecntiiry. 
 Thev were employed by the crusaders, IKX). Ihe 
 lines to denote colours iii arms, by their direction or 
 intersection, were invented by Columbiere in 1639. 
 The armorial lioarings of the English sovereigns are 
 given under the article i';(y/(/;(f/. Armorial bearings 
 wore taxed in 1798, and again in 1808. ''"he tax 
 produced 64,515;'. in the year ending 31 March, 
 l,S68 ; 1872, 04,228/. ; 1876, 83,527/. ; 1878, 83,104/. ; 
 1879, 81,854/. ; 1H81, 79,014/. ; I8S2, 79,191,,', : 1884, 
 78,766/. 'Ihe tax is now 2/. 2s.; if not on carnages, 
 it is l/. IS. annuallv (1889). Sir liernard Burke's 
 " General Armory,'' 1883, contains the arms of 
 above 66,000 British families, &c. Sir Kopcr Leth- 
 
 io(3(> 
 1100 
 
 1 199 
 
 1211' 
 
 '351' 
 
 I5« 
 
 bridge, in hit "Golden Hook of India," describes 
 the earlv armorial bearings of tlie Indian princes, 
 especially tho Uajpnts, 1S93. 
 
 ARMORICA, now Brittany, N. France, was 
 conouered by Julius Ciesar, 5', n.c Many Gauls 
 are saiil to liavc retired there and pri'served til.' 
 Celtic tongue, A.I). 584. A col-ny -.f West Britons 
 settled in Arniorica in the latter jiart of the dtli 
 century, hence the modern name ihitanny, iflacfi 
 ace. 
 
 ARMOUR. That of Goliath is described (about 
 I0<j3 iitc.) I 6'('wi. xvii. 5. Skins ami padded hides 
 were early used, and brass and iron armour, in 
 plates or scales, foll"Wed. The body armour of the 
 Britons was skins of wild beasts, exchanged, after 
 the Honnm conquest, for the well-tanned leatheni 
 cuirass. Tdcili'i. Hengist is said to have hail 
 scale ar'uonr, ad, 449. 
 
 The Xiirmiin nrmonr formed breeehcs and Jacket 
 Tlie iiaubeik hii'l its hood of the same piece . ^ 
 J(,hn wore a surtout over a hauberk of rings set 
 
 edgeways 'x *' ,,* 
 
 The heavy cavalry covererl with a coat of mnll. 
 
 Suiiie horsemen hail vizors and skull-caiis, about. 
 Armour exceedingly splendid about . . . . 
 Black armour, used not only for liattle, but for 
 
 mourning, Henry V. . . . • •. • ; 
 Armour of Henry VII. consisted of a cuirass of 
 
 steel, in till" form of a pair "f stays, about . . ._,„ 
 Armour ccase.l to reach belnw the knees, Charles I. 1(125 
 ill the reigii of Charles II. ollicers w.ae no otlier 
 
 armour than a large gorget, wliicli is ciimiiiemo- 
 
 ratod in the diminutive ornament kmnm at the 
 
 present ilay. Mci/ricl: 
 The Z.schille armour sold at Christie, Manson, and 
 
 Woods, 862 lots, realised 11,237'. '"• • ' '''''''• '-9? 
 
 ARMOUR PLATES, see Iro)i, and .Vcfcy oj 
 EngUmd. 
 
 ARMS. The club was the first offensive wea- 
 pon ; then followed the mace, battle-axe, pike, 
 spear, javelin, sword and dagger, bows and arrows, 
 \ I'liny ascribes the invention of the sling to tlk 
 ! riKenicians; see Ciinnon, l-'iniinni', Sifordt, 
 ' Hi(;/oiicts, anil other artieha on the variom 
 : treapoua throughout the volume. 
 
 Committee to cmiuire into the arms (swords .and 
 
 j ba.yonets) supplied by the War iHfice to the 
 
 I Aiimiialtv since 1871 appointed (Sir Ilnssey 
 
 I Vivian chairman) . . . . 14 Keb. rt .sc,/. i_;- 
 
 Reimrt these weapons to be badly designed anil 
 
 manufactured and untrustworthy . 29 March, „ 
 
 1 ARMS, see Armorial bearing f, and IleraUnj. 
 ARMS BILLS, for the repression of crime and 
 1 insurrection in Ireland, were ]ia.,ii d 1807, l8ro, 
 I 1823, 1829, and 15 Oct. 1831. Th suns registered 
 under the last act at the close of the first year 
 scarcely amounted to 3000, and the number was 
 equally small of all other kinds of arms. The new 
 Arms bill, passed 22 Aug. 1843, has been since ri- 
 newed, but was not rigidly enforced till 1867. An- 
 other Arms bill brought into the Commons, "An 
 act to amend the law relating to the carrying and 
 possession of arms, and for the preservation of iiulilio 
 peace in Ireland," to last till I June, 188') ; Itnyal 
 Assent, 21 March, 1881. Act renewed till 31 Ucf, 
 1887, 4 June, lS8(i. Sec Irel'ind. 
 ARMSTRONG GUN, sec under Cannov. 
 ARMY. Mnus and Seiniramis had amiit* 
 amounting to nearly two millions of fighting men, 
 Ilioiloru.f. The first guards and regular troops as j 
 standing army wt-r*' foi-med by S;iul, irs;,^ I'-f. 
 I tiiim. xiii. 2.' The army of Xerxes invading Greeco 
 is .said to have been 1,700,000 foot and 8o,a)0 horse : 
 480 11. c. One of the first standing armies of wliieh 
 we have anv account, is that of Pliilip of Macedcn, 
 
 [lie army wliidi Darius oppo 
 
 I'cat (332 B.C.) is set down n 
 
 1 million. 'The first standiiif 
 
 ^ such, in modern times, was 
 
 Cliarles VII. in j^.r. 
 lilions have Imd in their 1 
 l-mies: Spain, 150,000 men; ( 
 Irussia, 350,000 ; Turkey, 450, 
 liissia, 5(jO,000 ; and France, 
 liiiiher in ihiropc i,, 1^5 
 looo.ooo horses, 11,000 gii" 
 Tjwers arc still increasing the 
 I consist of 12,000,000 men ii 
 
 lim.iry, 1888— fierniany 
 ,, lYaiice 
 M Hussla . 
 „ Great Itritairi 
 
 IARMY, BkITISII, maiiil\ 
 larles II. in 1661, in con.seqiii 
 I feudal tenures. The first 
 lili.sli infantry were cstablisli 
 KiO. James II. established 
 liyoon guards (1685-8). In 
 Ited of 7000 foot and 1700 c 
 leu consisted of about i :j0,( 
 lot. Standing armies were iiiti 
 1 1638 ; tliey were declared 
 Cur. II. 1679; but one ■ 
 Jiiiiiig, whidi was maintaim 
 fci), when the Mutiny Act v 
 Tlistory of the Britisli Anny 
 bl. See liegimeuts, Uteri, 
 ttlmtecri. 
 
 BRITl.SII ARSn 
 
 te, Time of war : troi, 
 
 ■s i,f the 
 
 line . 
 
 
 «!. War 
 
 
 0, War: army includhi 
 
 t,' foreign 
 
 troops 
 
 
 .-, Last year of the w,'i 
 
 . . 
 
 0, Time of jieai'e ; wai 
 
 incuin- 
 
 hrances . 
 
 
 p, Peace 
 
 
 0, Peace . 
 
 
 c, Peace 
 
 
 I, Peace (cxcc],t KmIHi 
 
 war) . 
 
 4, War witli Uussia . 
 
 
 Ti.lal 
 
 
 men. 
 
 (■f.nVarwith Russia 
 
 
 t-:;, War with Persia 
 
 265,466 
 ■75.858 
 
 ■;.;, Indian Mutiny 
 
 I-&, Chinese War 
 
 2^9.551 
 
 ^2 . . 
 
 2;..S,854 
 
 =12,773 
 
 t .-.■.■ : 
 
 223,<j73 
 
 220,918 
 
 ■'-'5 ■ • . . . 
 
 -T'D 
 
 219,430 
 
 2U,52l 
 
 ■6:, Altyssiiiian War . 
 
 203,404 
 
 =■^4,455 
 
 
 2oj,l57 
 
 ■;i, Fmico - Gerinaij' 
 
 '91,073 
 
 War , 
 
 178,000 
 
 
 197,911 
 
 -J ■ 
 
 196,606 
 
 '4 ■ . . . . 
 
 187,928 
 
 •?5 
 
 =24.833 
 
 
 225.931 
 
 ■;? 
 
 ■1^ 
 
 I3-,S84 
 
 '33.720 
 
 
 '35.'-'2I 
 
 
 >3',859 
 
 '.Supported by 1!„ ludu,i . 
 tKiuliiig March 31. 
 
huMirm} «Iu(hI)arii.Hoi,p,,,od to Alexander tho 
 f''',' , (332 BC.) iM set Jown mh,■tm'o^^ 7^0,000 and 
 1 million. J 1,0 first Htandinp armv wh'id,' ^ist" 
 tsurfi, in modern time., wa., maintained in France 
 JvtlauW \II ,„ ,^^5. The chief Kuinpean 
 imons have ha,l in their Berviee the follow e 
 |mies: Simin,isoooc,men; Great llritain, Jio.oool 
 •russia 350,000; l.irkey,4so,,x^; Anstria coo ooo 
 l,.Ma,S(X),ooo;an,ll ranee, i,Of«,ooo. J stin Xj 
 Lniher 111 J-.urojx. i„ ,863, 0,(^,ooo sold oVb 
 I000.000 hoi-.scs, n,ooo Kuns. The Jiuropcan 
 Itom arc 8till increasinK their armies. Estimated 
 ^consist of 12,000,000 men in Nov. 1S88. 
 
 Kxiiemled l,.v nriny purrliase eoiiMnl.sHiun :_ 
 
 '^340,000 
 683,500 
 7>3.974 
 
 1S71 
 
 '872 3 . . ■ . ■ 
 '873-4 . . . . • 
 
 '874-5 • . . . ■ 
 ficgnlar troopH for i„,mio sorvicu ■-! 
 'S53 
 
 Cnv.ilrv . 
 Artiile'ry 
 Knjiliici'rs 
 Infautiy 
 
 7,fc'fi 
 
 8,710 
 
 i,o)9 
 
 53/151 
 
 1S75 
 
 ".045 
 
 18,853 
 4.074 
 
 limary. 
 
 8— Geriimny 
 lYniice 
 liii.H.sia 
 Ciroat Uritaiii 
 
 • . 2,650,000 
 • • • 3.750,000 
 • 5.2io,oo<3 
 ■ • 680,374 
 AlOIY, BUITISII, mainly arose in tlie reiL-n of 
 .ules 11. in ,601, u. eonsequenee of the extinction 
 frmlal tenures. The tir«t five regiment, of 
 itish mfantrv were established between 1633 and 
 ijo. James ll establish.'d several regiments of 
 ayoon guards (if,8s-8). In 168= the armv eon- 
 lad of /GOO foot and 1700 cavafrv. The Militia 
 |eu cmisisted of about 130,000 nien, horse and 
 i Sfaiidwg armies were introduced by Charles I 
 1638; they were declared illegal in Kn-land' 
 Cir. II .679; but one was then graduV 
 juug, which was maintained bv AVilliam Ilf 
 H when the Mutmv Act wa.s pas.^ed. Grose's 
 istorv of the liritisl. Anny" ,vas i.ubli.shed in 
 Ltecn. ^''^"""'"' ^'''■'•'•"'""y, ^yHi'ia, and 
 
 BRITl.SH .4RMV. I 
 
 Mm 
 
 r tllO 
 
 '^79 - 
 
 iSHo 
 
 iS8i . 
 i 1882 
 
 iBSi . 
 
 'S84 
 
 1885 . 
 
 1ES6 
 
 1S37 . 
 
 i833 
 iSSS-g 
 188.3-50 . 
 1 850- 1 
 '891-2 . 
 lSy.-3 
 '893 -4 . 
 'S94-5 
 
 iSgfi (ii I Ice.) 
 1S97 (ji Uec.) 
 I'ulinitrers 
 
 AviTii_'o stn-i 
 
 71,006 99,243 
 ;,'tli I't the nrniv. 
 
 579,' "5 
 
 i8S3 
 12,633 
 lS,o8r; 
 
 5, 018 
 71,65 6 
 
 '^7,396 
 Cist 
 
 trooji- 
 
 ,, Time of war 
 line . 
 
 '. IViir . . ' . ■ 
 ■0, Wiir: army indiulinK foieii,M'i 
 I troops 
 I5, Last year of tlie w.-ir 
 
 I, TiMieof]icaee; war inci'iin- 
 brances .... 
 
 ', Ppaie . , . ' _ ' 
 
 , Peace . 
 It. i'pnce . . . * . ! 
 
 , IVace (cxcei.t Kaflli- war) 
 
 l. War witli itussia . 
 
 Total 
 nicii. 
 
 L'.nVarwitli Russia. 223,224 
 t-;;. War witli IVrsia. 265,466 
 h-i, Imlian .Mutiny 
 
 r' • „ . • 
 
 b-i), Cliinesc War 
 
 Sum voted. 
 
 i[,),ooo 
 160,082 
 
 300,000 
 300,000 
 
 £7.847,000 
 '7.973.000 
 
 26,748,000 
 39.150,000 
 
 88,100 
 89,300 
 
 93.47' 
 99.118 
 101,937 
 
 "=.977 
 
 In India 
 men. 
 
 li). 
 
 m-fA, Aliyssiiu'au War 
 \f>j. . . . 
 
 i-;i, FraiHd - Gerniaii 
 War . 
 
 ■ '75,858 
 
 ■ 222,5,, 
 
 ■ 229,551 
 • 22S,S54 
 
 ■ ='-',773 
 2-8.973 
 220,918 
 219,450 
 213.521 
 203,404 
 =04,455 
 203,157 
 1 9 ',073 
 
 178,000 
 
 ■97,9" 
 106,606 
 187,928 
 224.835 
 
 225.93' 
 '3-'.S34 
 ■33.720 
 '35.''-2j 
 '31.859 
 
 18,253,000 
 6,991,000 
 6,890,267 
 6.763,488 
 7,018,104 
 7.387,000 
 Simi voted 
 (hieludirig 
 ordnance, 
 &,:) 
 29,629 £32,006,603 
 26,363 20,811,242 
 30.197 14,405,850 
 92,739 13.294.814 
 14.915.243 
 18,013,896 
 .'6.854,299 
 16,264,700 
 '4.723.976 
 14,382,672 
 '4.569.279 
 
 '4.675,540 
 '5.418,582 
 15,000,000 
 '3.565.400 
 
 91,897 
 71.528 
 60,041 
 83,523 
 72,676 
 72,684 
 71.044 
 65.827 
 65,292 
 64,466 
 63.907 
 
 62,963 
 62,864 
 62,957 
 62,924 
 62,840 
 62,850 
 62,849 
 62,652 
 
 62,588 
 
 '3.430,.(. o 
 '5.521,580 
 14,729,700 
 14.426,990 
 '4.59'.434 
 
 15.281,600 
 '5,919,492 
 i.>. 019,900 
 12,797.900 
 
 191,290 
 i3S,9S6 
 
 lS3,7yS 
 
 189,229 
 181,971 
 183,004 
 193,064 
 203,805 
 203,574 
 211,105 
 211,105 
 
 2IO,2yS 
 209,221 
 209,699 
 213,540 
 217,279 
 219,12; 
 920,869 
 221,487 
 
 . Great liritaiu, 
 '72,891; Ml 1875,181,080; i 
 245,648; ,879, 206,265; i83o, 2o6;5,'7 
 1-S2, 207,336; ,883, 206,(65; isll 
 "93":'2V7,'/4'.'' "«■"== >887!22S,o;8 
 Militi'l. 1872, ,39,0,8 ; ,879, ,2,.,. . 
 
 ','S7?^T,'= '882,f 92,094 ;Y8'8l' 
 ,800 ',; *'' "9.356; ,886, ,22,4^3 
 , '890, 113,163; ,893, ,24,692; isj, 
 I '05,531. 9' 
 
 .88,, ,0,6,7 ;','882 '',=',;•. .'s's,".'""' '\^S' "'598: 
 
 ■< '885, 1 .,590 ,386 :4,^9" : 88,'' 'Vffit • 'f*' '■■188 ; 
 
 I '893, 10,400; ,897, ,o,V34. ^' '■'^'- '^^°' '°'«97; 
 i lUHTuits of all cla.sses ill .«-,, ,, o t, „ 
 
 Army Ser\;,,e .Aets : i; i- ,, Vi,.* '„ ' / V ' '85' 
 ^ 1.S47), .ind ,8 Vi,,t. c 4 ^ '• '^- -^7 ^" J""'". 
 
 *£'6,945.i.i3 
 '5,025, ,45 
 14,680,762 
 '5,733,002' 
 
 '5.133,451 
 '6,095,32c 
 18,600,338 
 17,027,084 
 18,429,272 
 18,167,196 
 16,700,300 
 '7,384,732 
 17.897,900 
 '7,545.300 
 '7,54', 700 
 17.939.700 
 ■7,899,800 
 13.459,800 
 18,269,800 
 ill 1862, 167,921 ; in ,872, 
 1878, ,93,026, (H-itli staff) 
 
 ,„,-, ,5Sj^ 208,308; 
 
 215,015; ,885, 
 
 ■ S90, 221,048; 
 
 ■ "So, 130,33, ; 
 "6,642; ,884, 
 
 1337, ,2, ,4,,; 
 "7.773; 1898, 
 
 Iioiiitiiieiit ordered 
 
 9 April, 185 
 
 iSr'^M ''-V'" '"'"■■'" H"veniiucut. 
 1 fciKliiiy Mareli 3,. 
 
 t!!,'.' ri;".','V'"i"'''-': '■"■™il"l for Indian war 
 ihe-Q,',, '.'.',"" """"""'^-^ """.v "-^ tni'nsferrcd-lo 
 
 wl, .s.re'lit .''*'''«;''*■''■'''-• •''t''''«<-' 
 
 t i;'^'','''' "" "'■'■"""» of Russo-TurkislT^^ 
 ' Exclusive of liish. loiHi.sn H,ir. 
 
 t ICxclu.sivc of aruiy peusioncr.s. 
 
 J7 
 857-8 
 
 1859 
 
.'\ih 
 
 'III*'- 
 
 m 
 
 AllMY. 
 
 l'"f-t' ^"«i''' :"m 4 l.y the Iwu-f of .^.m- 
 
 
 ■t 
 
 1859 
 
 fore bi'int; Ui'Vili- ''';„.,, ,, 
 iJy Un|.roveiu..,s ,U 
 
 rccrultluB.K'l"""'"^"*'""' 
 
 . N' 
 
 , 111' 
 
 i368 
 
 iSr^ 
 
 1870 
 
 ...hlisliini'lit of II 
 
 „„„,,,„.„,, „,y to .UoUl.--;V\^,^,„, Ju„.. .. 
 
 fi-MiM I Apnl, !■■■ 7 . "> » i „„, ,|,iiitw to Join 
 Ac.ttofor,M«.v..vv.'" )',''■.! . »oAUK. .. 
 
 Uc.y.l co.n..omln,, "•"•';'",> i,u ,,,.ui„n..ml.aim.H 
 3) .hiiii'. K-»i "' . . • *"■'■■ 
 
 U.iu.a.i(.out. . • • ,,^.,1 „f voluntiicm 
 
 royal wii'-'-ant . ' ,i.„',,uivlinsi' bystiui, &<■- 
 Hoyal 'Y'-^'n'; iTm-H ,vo,.,ms.s tl.c " „v.. 
 
 ..Uulatioi. l'i'>!";"^.^, u •■Aru.y Kulistirn'Mt 
 UfLniliitioiis lui'Ui tilt uiw . j^ ^^uj,. ,, 
 
 2,000,000!. \Oll.<l ^ . ' AW„. .. 
 
 Deaths in the iii'.i! "'";,„,,. i„„„-..veimnts, Ac, 
 'mtor.75.4f'0>H;».?3.7y7 »'"''="■ , , J„„e, 1S71 
 
 An./v Bejiuhition '■'H ''"';,, !\,„n,moi.s, =8y-23'. 
 .>.;iem, 'S;''-).''';:^' ,,,'i the h.nl.. .3 July: 
 able Breech ot "". J i> _,,„),:. a.m., ic luly, „ 
 iavou.1 U July ■•,':;;;^t^,'-e,':,v royal «a.r.u,t (iu 
 
 Purehase ^ysteii. ' '■"''"'"■^ ,.;,-i«.. VI. c. 16, aii.l 49 
 n'm" e'":'^)'"U ami after. No.j^.. 
 
 l,e.ulatiou of the Forces Act, .a-e,l ^^^^^^'A^ . 
 
 ^„,(,mn f'""ro;"' , ,; k .' "caml.i.l^re an.l othe.s 
 uuMiongagY'. nee of Wales and I'li-'ce Arthur 
 
 Manfeuvres accuidiii, to i j. .^^,,,,. ,, 
 
 lieM days, &c. • • ^,, .^loy aii.l Carey: 
 
 •'r;l:■iti.^'t-.^u^S"S".^..d-a..ys.H.;l;e _ 
 
 sJ;^;:s;^fl.attlesnear-thclIoB^BacU.Ald^^-U _ 
 
 battle . . Fox's-hil , ^•'' «> "!• ,„;ig„ilicont ; cavalry 
 m^iTtol ruuUf: •"^'"'■'f,,,!.'' transport insulh- 
 
 -••T"'i;^;f .U^hKl; It risi.ousihility 
 
 cient , tn-.o<^i 
 
 ttMioni; offleers needed.] ,4 Oct. „ 
 
 «ln>". ll^ht ; }f'l-:«-"';5T "a"K"rating thJ new 
 Warrant Tfl' - ;. ° "f ohicers u.a.tly by semor- 
 
 l.md, 8;lreUn>.S-65 ^ ^ ^^1^ report w 
 Tlu' duUe of *-•'"'"', .firh in . ■ """■'' 
 
 laid hefo>-'= 1"'-^"^"'': 1' ;? , „ ons (.34-63) «- Mar. 
 Anny estimates ,.ussed" c^^nu.^^^^ 34 ^^^^ „ t_ 
 
 lievicw of 14,0^ i"*-" "^ ' 5 <'"'>■. ' 
 
 ^mauded by ^''- f'' '",*/; ;,',,,dun, o, sed 
 
 i:;?ir;l''^.u;"'>reX*A..in..UinnUh. ^^ 
 
 «iTHSSe,n.l.e,.en..b-,,wnrlKK..tWm,.| _^ 
 
 Hattle of WlHhfonl, 7 ^ '■'■„•,, ."j'le'.n Hill .^ He,.t. .. 
 8eid.;Knindnuo,l • ;^tn u ' . ^^,^,,, ,„i,. 
 
 The new drill an<l t.ietlta lui mc ^^ <.„y^ __ 
 
 Hulled . ^. ,■,,■„.,„„',<,.( ill. -reasin^' pny 
 
 i":;f^i:ri!rrr:^ax,.intofachief..tb._^^^ 
 
 I jCnm^ry intelllgenei Dci,art,ncut ctabiljhed ^^ 
 Kevlewof troops at Windsor, bor.n, lUu^ sUVi, _^ 
 
 ^,,.n.»«...r'-V''^Sin''""''''''''"'^y'!^'^- " 
 
 ,„„1 at the ^'"•'■';« j,"! ....ati.n. to otlU-rs for 
 Uoyal Commission on toniiii,n .1.1 ^^ ^^^,^ ^^ 
 
 '' '■" ■'. ,r!;?™«.illbe«at' nr,l with what- 
 
 u:isiueisti..aoi '^cisw iii< » ii,em) June, 1274 
 
 ever the mithm chooser l.^ iblrdy' (after- 
 
 tliciiueeii . ; .I,,,' 1,,,'t . June, ,, 
 
 Summer ihmuvre^ at A' ™ ''' . ,i,,,,tlons for 
 New reRulatlons respecting llrst .'l 1 ' .j^.^,, ^^ 
 
 eommissioiis ; issued. • .;, ,,,.,„|„,tion ; ga- 
 Hoyal commission on more i.ipid 1 1 un i ^^ ^^.h^ ^^ 
 
 zotted •■,,■,,■■ . July, I-?; 
 
 J!;;;!r;;^m.:^t^»u« ie«i.'-.al e.cl.,,^s, 
 sj:^;r^^r|^ijt^a^S^nobilisationofi.,o..;.y. 
 
 announced . .•,,,.,,V„i ■ 1,, •ienii;'nis«a;-li't 
 
 other changes . • •.„, l ,„V,,„:,c.', alioul 
 Sew organisation of Uie ntllKiy !■ 1 _^^ j, 
 
 Mana^uvres on a 8iu""f';«''; . ;,, ' 
 Uoview by the nucen at "W indsor . 
 A?nlv promotion ami velinna schone 
 
 rant imblished • • • , 
 New army medical warrant issmd 
 
 . : , * -_ -..,.1.11 *^ III 1877 . < 
 
 ^b^uCo:^ recruits in ,377; announced 
 col. F. I Stanley, wa,see.e,a,>_^^^. ■ 
 
 . July, „ 
 . Jo July. ,, 
 royal wur- 
 28 Jnl^, 
 I Sept. . 
 Mar. 1 
 . J April, . 
 uoi. r. .»• ""■■—•■■ , ,..,11, ,1 ,,ut 2 April; com- 
 liesems (about s'i."''' ''' ' ,i Jidv 
 
 mended ; J,"','"";',';; „-„i,,,„, o„ ihe' mutiny .,ts 
 The report of the . ' J,", .-'^ „. ,„„tinyacts and 
 
 -■^''"^?r'^\'';^tr,ic:;miuU::;::^ia.id ;:"■;: 
 
 Uictors") agrad.; lietHLUicoInn.i. ^^ ^ ^^^ _ 
 
 ,Tj^r'e.itrrdis.dp,i.,;., cib-,.,;,,.., hilleli... 
 ^^oirt.martiaK mdiUiry aw,^ ^^_^^,^ , ^ 
 
 ^',i:^^rlSe-;C.'.87.;;u,euded^,.. 
 Mr UuKhE. Childers, warsecrctui>, 28 Apul, 
 NeVsystem of Military Exa.uin.-uu for .lllceivi; 
 
 a"'*" ions in omcers' 'dress, by ord.rs N«v. 
 
 System of .ompulsory retirement .d "'"'^'■'•V;?',';: , 
 cJ!^!tZr*e^rmme;surJslaidbeVivti,eC,,,,,: 
 
 . •:?,^,^a^''ln''the unborn, and. rg^iis. 
 
 ■lie infantry ■ .• „• , • ' '''", 
 Now 'rKanizatiou conies mtoctlea . .1 
 
 See riogginu. 
 
 All^t^ 
 
 Army .\ (, ni,i led 
 
 Keserves calleil out (for Egypt) 
 Milecess of tlie changes In tile ai 
 strated by the Kgyptlaii ciii 
 weeks a large well appolnteil 1 
 3000 iiilleH nmler niunt nnruv 
 and achieved the object o 
 
 Kevlewof til.' ivturii trooiw and 
 by the (|ueeii in .St. .lumen's p. 
 
 Queen's thanks imbllsheil 21 N,|i 
 nicdnls. \c.. al Wlmlsor 
 
 I'ornmtloii of an Army Telegrn 
 
 Army Medical Servlens nystom 
 repo' ..fiord Morley's cnmml't 
 
 fireat mereasu of ri'crults ; abov. 
 
 Report of eonimittee on .■olonr . 
 mending changer re.l to grey, 
 29 .March ■ ■ . '. 
 
 KtfectivestrcnKthof the annv rei 
 iS8,ai6 ; about 35,000 a.lilcd . 
 
 miler ptolilbitlngolHecrsan.l sohi 
 ing military Inli.rmatli.ii in thi. 
 
 Training of b..ys bctwei.n 14 ai 
 .if Imttfilions, ,vc, siinctlohcl 
 
 OiiMnilltiM' to ln.|iiirc int.. tli.' 
 ailiiiinisl I iitlon of thi' manufacti 
 i.f the anny appolnteil ; aiinoiin 
 
 <niH?iislon (if compul.sory retir 
 
 .U'lrceofnll arms fullyefiniiipeda 
 ' atAldershot . . . 
 Ilt.yal ordnance coininission mi 11 
 iiiilnted (sir .1. K. Slepli..|i, si 
 I'ercy and others) ubont 16 .Se 
 .N'liv. 1886 ; thc\ reiiort the .syst 
 iiielticient ; resu/^ bad, guns am 
 charge of corriiplem imt pn.vi 
 sinners recommend revival of tli 
 ..f <»rilnance with council. 
 Clia..ges in discipline made ; coi 
 iiiiieh discontinued ; summary 
 • ilicers I Jan. 1887. 
 Iliicluding the yeomanry, the gem 
 anny, tirsi .-lass army reservi 
 fi.rces, 577,7, , ill ,886; 595,159 
 iBnrgaiilzation . ihe WarOtllce, c 
 .iiiiiiaiiiced in f'.ininu.iis 8 
 
 srningetnent a, iceil . 
 
 li'vai coniniission Vaval and .M 
 !r,itlon (winch sec) ; lord Haitiii 
 
 Jliliointed 
 
 piiiiinution of .severbv el's to' 
 
 irT'gnlnrlties ; rc).. 
 
 flarniiit for removal iindoi'rahh 
 
 :.\:terations mad. .iter comi.lnii 
 
 »■ arrangements ..r Ihe niilitarj 
 
 J III lie effected In April . 
 
 |iicn.ased vote 5,004,500/. f.ir 152,26 
 
 [..fal estimate for 1889-90 17, j,5,9< 
 
 first report, containing various « 
 
 :!li evidence, issu. -! 
 Klilary exhibition (ic/n./i sec) oj.eii 
 the Jubilee offering of the army p 
 l.,;icen at BHckinghani palace V 
 lUiiilirldge (8ee,/H/,ita.) . 
 Isiibimliuation of Mime of the 
 I Grenadier Guards at tVellinL;ton 
 I ! July ; court martial on 6 of the . 
 Isenlenced to imiirisonment with 
 Iran to 2 years and dismissal wi' 
 ln;.n, 2 Years ; 2 men, 18' month. 
 Iiri'lease<i, 24 Nov.]. Colonel Maith 
 |Tlie lattalion, under col. Eaton, s 
 
 llHighly commended there, returr 
 
 |J»!y, 1801.] 
 ?.iU!t Wnlselcy, adjutant gebein 
 
 |fucci.ciled by sir Redvers Buller . 
 
 ' .luke of Connaiiglit appointed 
 
 j.' '"iithem inilitnry district 
 
 m iranituvrcs Dear Petersflehl, 1 
 
 |I«rt of lord W.-mtage's committc 
 
AUMY, 
 
 64 
 
 Army A t (iiiii'ii.li.'il .... 38 Ajiril 
 
 m^stTvi., CHlIccl „„t (f..r KKVI't) . . 35 July', 
 
 Hili'C<'K« nf th,. cli.anK'N in the imiiy svnti^iii il..|iinii- 
 
 Btriitcd t,y till' KKyiitliiii I'liihimlKii , wltlilii 7 
 
 WCtlks « lillKr w.'ll lippcill.tcl linilV W.lM CHIiVi.Vl'.l 
 
 3000 iriik.« iiriiliT inn«t iinfavniinililii cotMlltl^ns 
 unci iicliii..vwl Ih.) oliji'd „f tim ("X|.i'iliti,,i, 
 
 Itevlmv nf tlM' ri'tuvn trn,,|,N ,in.l IiiMiiiii e.mtTi'iii.M.t 
 
 liy tlii' i|iii>,Mi III M. .Iuiii,.»s i>,irk. . 18 Nov. 
 Qiiei'ii'H tlmiik.s piiMiHlif,! 3, Sm: ; slic .UslrllMitcs 
 
 iiii''1/iIh, ,Vc'., lit Wlinlsiir ... 21 X.iv. 
 F..nimtli.ii „f 111, Army 'IVlogmiili Oiii'is orilcrwi 
 
 Fell. 
 Army Mwlicdl SiTvIno: iiysti'in, *c, ct'iimiriMl l.y 
 
 re]"' "f liinl .Morlcy's I'diiiinltt.'o . . May 
 Ori'iit im-ii'iiKi. (if i-fcrutts ; hIkivc jj.ooo . 'in 
 
 Ki-iHirt nf luiiiiiiitt,.,. ,,1, ,.,,|,,iiri,f iiiiifonii rcrom. 
 
 im'niliiiL'clmiiKi'..rie.l to givy, Julv, lESj : i.,8ii,.,l 
 
 29 Jliiri'li 
 
 t:ircctlvi'«trciii!tli(if tli.'dniiv rrportod i' Dec' 1881' 
 i38,3i6; aliniit 35,000 ilMmI . . . April! 
 
 nnlcrpi.iliiliitiiiKniHcir.snii.l.soM|er8frompiilill.sli! 
 
 iiiK military iiifnnimtl.in ji, tlif prc«n, &c. i April, 
 liwiiinj; i,f b(iy.s livtivc,.,, ,4 ami 17; f.,rmntliin 
 
 i.t liattnliiiiis, iVP., «iiiicfi..m-.| . . , .Iim,. 
 t'..iiiiiiltt... to iiniuiiv int., till' ,.r;.'aiHzati.'ii ami 
 
 "''"I"""'' 'li f tlirmaiiiilii|.tiin„;,r,l,.,,„rtm,.i,fs 
 
 nf tlii'ftririy appiiiiitcd; luiiiiiimcfil . 35,11m,. 
 )iiH|Hfiisl(iii iif cniiipulsury rctlri'iiient nf oHIf-ws 
 
 Af.ircpof all arms fully i.f,i,i,,p,,,ia» f,,r wariimrth.''s 
 .It AliU'rulint 17 AiiL'. 
 
 S.iyal nrilnaiico ccMiimissinn ..n military stniv.s an! 
 
 jiomti'-l (Hir ,1. K. SI,. I,, sir A. All*,,,, D,-. 
 
 Percy niiil ntlnTs) almiit lO Si'pt. ; first sat 16 
 .Nnv 1886 ; tliiv ivncrt tti|. systi'iii tu i,r liail ami 
 iiicltlclwit ;resn,'sbail,Kimsaml Hf(ip..iisfaiiltv • 
 
 clmrKC nf corriii n ii.,f prnvi'il ; lli,. o„iiiii,h: 
 
 MuiiiTM ri'cnmmi.mi riivi\;il ,.f tin. ulli.-i- nf Jlasl.-r 
 of Oriliiaiirc with fiiiiiioll. Ac. .May, 1B87 
 Cha<.rit's III (ll.sciplliiL> 11111,1,. ; cniirts-martlal t,. li,> 
 imifli ,iiseniitliiiUMl ; smiiinaiT powers itivun -.i 
 iilicerH 1 Jan. 1887. 
 
 llnclmlinK till' yeomanry, the general total of the 
 army, llrsi 'las.s army reserve, ami iinxiliary 
 fiTces, 577,;, ,ii. ,886; 595,159 . . . j„ 
 
 IE.- rfc-anizatinn .., the WarOltlee.olvllainl niilitan', 
 aummnceil in Ciiiimnn, 8 Sept. 1S87 ; iiew 
 
 jrraiiKenient a. leeil . . . Feb 
 
 !«yal conimisslon Naval ami .Military AilminlH'- 
 tratimi (i,'/ii,'A sec) ; lortl Hartiiigtoii.'ehairman, 
 
 UK AC AN. 
 
 ,ii 
 
 April, 1801), 
 
 'liseilMMOll 
 
 1883 
 1883 
 
 It 
 
 i88j 
 1886 
 
 IHSIIHIJ Fell., 
 
 ■ .May, 1893 
 
 ■893 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 1 oriilie ami 
 
 . < let. 
 
 ieers . 3 Jan. 
 
 •'an. iBgo) 
 
 "t pri.p.ised 
 
 . Jan. 
 
 :i 12 March, 
 
 . M eh. 
 
 j ,iI'Iioiiite,l 
 
 pimiiuitinn nf severity i.ls tn' 1 
 
 r.';;iilarities ; rep. 
 ftirrant for removal iimlesirabl,' ■ 
 ..^Iterations mail,- alter eoinplnii 
 irtarranj?ements ,,i the inilitarv 
 .'lii'eHecteil in April, 
 naseil vote 5,<x)4,5oo/. f,ir 152,2^,, 
 t.'tal estimate for 1889-90 17, 535,900/. 
 first report, containinj,' varimi.') recomniendati.ui.s 
 :ih evidence, is.su"l . . 20 March, 
 
 i!:iryexliibitinii(i(v,,,7»secj,>).ene,l . 7 .May, 
 th'T Jubilee olferiiig of the army pr'jiented tn thj 
 I'lUteii at UiickiiiKliaiii palace liy the iluke nf 
 I lanitiriilge (see Jiihilce) . , . ,„ j|„,. 
 
 lisiiUinliiiatinn nf some nf the 2nd liattalion' 
 ICrenailier Giianls at vvelllnKton barracks, S.W 
 I ; .luly ; court martial on 6 of the oMest private ■ 
 Isentenced to imprisonment with hard labour (,' 
 |ii!ant0 3 years ami dismi.s.sal with inii..ininv\ 
 I'll, 2 years ; 2 men, i8'montlis), i3-2i.)'uiy 
 lirj'ifasci, 24 Nov.]. Colonel Maiflaiel superseded! 
 ITLe tattahon, under col. Eaton, sunt to Beriiiuila 
 I j; .'uiy, 
 
 ■IHighly commended there, return to England 28 
 |Jii!y, idoi.] 
 
 :'"i!!t Wolselev, a.ljr.tr.nt sf-n-iiti f-SSj ct vn ) 
 [succeeded by sir Redvers Bnller . . ' I'oct 
 ^e 'luke of Cnnnauglit appointed command.'r nf 
 'iic wiithern military district Aii" 
 
 iSJ'Tr' ,™?, "'■•"• Pff«rsfield, Hants' a, Sep't! 
 tpon 01 101,1 W,iiii,i){|. s comiiiittee on service in 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 «882 the army (app, 
 
 eviilence April, 
 
 Nee /(» I,. "■*■,,. 
 
 ^'irln'tT"' V",?''',"""""' ^■"'"'•••'•'rK) III Surrey, 
 
 sir H,\elyii \\,„„| an,! otloTs . iS .Inlv-Jt, Aiik 
 
 ;'',rvi':!!-':J ■""■'''"" """"'^'"""' »l'l'"in'te,l .ecrt 
 ['ir> KJr war' . . i8 Aiii/ 
 
 ''ihi'mnm' """'' ''"■ "'* "'•itlsh'Emiilre" llrst 
 
 .Mameiivres, llorks, jiants', and Wilts ' 
 
 Summary court-martial abolishi'd by slaude'^"'''' " 
 
 ''''crvrr;l",rd«'rT""*' '"" """""•"'""" -t "rt"'" " 
 
 Army estiiimteH, ,8,5-^ .'^.qP^ ,00/! '. ! March' "" 
 ( haiiKes 111 the war olftce (le/in/i «,) announced " 
 
 Arniy mnmi'iivres in Surrey ami Hants, iiiidl.;.''!!!!.' " 
 duke nl (■oiinaiiKlit ami l,„d Mi'thiien , A iiu' 
 
 retlr iiK frnni the eomiiiand.iii-ehief , „ i i.t 
 
 ei:;^,^?r;;i,ii;v'"'''-^''''"*>'''''-"">'"V"*' " 
 
 man,fer-ln.ehl-.f ami others , *' 3, v ! 
 
 Ariiiv net estimates, ,896-7, ,8,o,6,6oo^ ' , M, relV ,H,.fi 
 
 Six re,'lnient.„r,l,'re,l to South' Africa en,l?,f Apr ! 
 
 ArniymaiKeuvresat Aldershnt, fic. -e A iil' 
 
 W.^n"!"'''''*"- i"'' '"■'''"""■'■ "■'"■'"nes siiic'e ,85o! " 
 
 r ; " A'"'"*"'- """''^ K-f'-U.. .J.iu. .897. .See 
 
 "^abnml'' 'nf^ "Ponditiire has a,|vance,l fiom 
 ?ept"te,l '"'""' '"•t'5i-l»rMm' th„ last 3oyeMs; 
 
 '^ ali'ihVi'n ''"««^,ii'r,;'''>'"»'i' 65 «t hnt'ne, pr,;:!;' "i 
 
 u Iditinn nf 2 batt^dmnsof Guards, makin.'a total 
 
 III nine ; iinnniinceil , p-i, 
 
 Army net estimates, ,89,-8. i8,34o.;oo; ' Mav 
 
 Army mameiivres at Aldershnt . ,6-., A,m' 
 
 crease 880,000/. ; |,roposed inciva.se of men 
 25.083 (exelusiv,. nf lmlia).-7iiii(.,, . 21 Fa 
 
 Arinyinan(euvresonSalisburyplaln,.I,iIy,A'ugSept' 
 AEMY (ANNUAL) ACT, sue Mutiny Act. 
 
 ZO^N^i^^s!? Ot'OUPATION. By treaty, signed 
 20 j>o\ I8i,, the alli, I powers established thn 
 boundaries of Krance, and stinuliit,,! for th. o.iu! 
 pation of certain fortrosses V foreign troons for 
 hree years.-The departure of'the Go?," a„7rm^ of 
 lesSTs;!.''"'" '""' '° ^''"' ''''■7«;eomplrted 
 ARNOLDISTS, followers of Arnold of Brescia, 
 
 who protested aij.itist the eorniptions of the Papaev 
 and who was burnt alive by |iope Adrian IV. 1 155 
 
 AEpGEE. Abyssinia. Here sir Robert (ufter- 
 wardslord) .Napjer defeated the Abyssininns, who 
 lost about 700 «lledand wounded, 10 April ,,S68. 
 Xhe British hud 20 wounded. 
 
 iA^^¥^'^l^^- '^'''■"" "fAgri-ontum is said 
 to have been the first who caused .mat fires to be 
 made, and aromatics to he thrown into them, to 
 punfy the ,iir, by whiili means he put a stoi .hi 
 plague at Athens, 42;, n.c. 
 
 AEPAD DYNASTY, w-e Hwmry. 
 , AEPINUM (now Arpino, S. Italy), the birth 
 
 ARQUEBUS, see Fire Arms. 
 
 ARQUES (N FranceV Near here the league 
 army commanded by thoifuo de Mavenne. w,.s de- 
 feat-d by Henry Iv. 2i Sept. 158.), ' 
 
 ARRACAN, a pronnce of N.E.India. Aracin 
 the capital, captured by the Biirmeso, 178?' was 
 taken from them bv general .Mirison, I April, ,82c; 
 The subjugation of the province followed 1826 
 
 1897 
 
 1S98 
 
 \l 
 
 '- \ 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 •■ 
 
 
 ■ '1' 
 
 Ir.... .JUi 
 
 ■K, 1 .; ;>-■" 
 
AHUAHiNMKNT. 
 
 > > I 
 
 If 
 
 N 
 
 guilt V. IWiiuTlv, l"i-"»- V ' ,' ,h l,v\vciKlit* 
 VURAN MURDER, -o Tr..h, N^'v. >«*)^ 
 
 ARRAS (N. ^/--■);f*^^^':i;u:';S 
 
 Fnincj ,111(1 link, ot I'' '*;■''"''>,• , 21 Si'pt. 143.S' 
 
 Aiii.thfi- tir..lv «(i^' ';"","'':' "> ^i„.ri.b> Bui- 
 
 j.„„,lv ,.n.l AitoiH W.-.V tfiy I to tlir 1 ^_^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 nmnli.!:.M""-tvn"-=.? I'"' M, ,0, , U 1640, wl'^'" i' 
 lu.1.1 liv tlie Austni.iH tyni 1493 »" '"•♦"' 
 was taken by Luuw Mil. 
 
 of arms, horsi'uih toot, '"'V^'.j "„ the Vw i» 
 s'renuouiilv .-ppoaeil as illegal. 
 
 1375 
 
 1756 
 
 1827 
 1829 
 
 ARRKST K.,H DEBT The ,.erson»^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 U;:S:.n.-fonnia«.i,viae sen-ice pHvUeged. 50 
 
 «..!;;!:„'">.■>...,;.. fr.>,„,lebts under .o!..).y 30 
 
 <''"■ '"■ •„ ,,ii i f,.,,,;, nm-st while K'dng «"• 
 
 "x!^;in":M""-i''''-''^f-'"™»"'"'''" 
 
 liiiMiii.'ss ut th.'H ',ti'"'^- J i,„ made, nor 
 "';,;;:^.:;^^'.;un':n';:«mXy;tl>islawwasex. 
 
 ..•'■"'!"^"'-^„^''ih"n.v,nted l.V «et. May, I733. 
 ^'?;^!|;i;:m::Uo;'au:an.o/.oa„r.eess,.779_i;;|;;> 
 
 -'^"','' ,- ; . '„f, fill. iK)\vcv of iiiil'ri»™i'"-"t 
 
 ;i;:i;.;;:;!;.;;;'n;.'.^:M:..;H,;i.„exen.tin. ■ 
 
 .i;^V.rd.d.t,>ra.ti;aU>-«i.oUsUed, with certain 
 
 «,-ci.lions, liy 32 K 33 \ !>-■•''; f- 
 (See Dcht.) 
 
 ARRETIUM, see An-zzo. 
 
 ART KS I AN WELLH. 
 
 ARsKNiANS,P..r.i--;;f^A^Xlut^;;;:^^ 
 
 ,,fC,ms,antinon..wl>oex,^^ — 
 S:;;;l)^nUr;:';:...undiu. deposed ..04. 
 
 ARSENIC. usteel-.ra>^eolour.^''ri^ J?;-: 
 ral .xtrernely IMa-<>"";|;. k;toW' .^^^^^^ 
 
 ;ii-,:S::^fra.SaS.Utoi u. 
 
 U I-"m''''f''!';^ij:;;;t;"'wUi!..n Anthony wus 
 dc.srees <>' " ! , "-^^^ ;'^ «,t ...an> h.-nses 0.. Are, 
 ,.mv.eted of " 7'\\ '7,;i,,*\ ti,e reward for Riy.ni? 
 for the s..ke >' '"t'"'. J y ,,,re many inoend.ary 
 
 "'""'■• y '; K.h'o k ...d other eountlos in 1830; 
 rires .n Ke..t *' ,' " f ; X," in S. Northampton- 
 
 f'";;:,''!^^ ar.on in Kngland and Wales ln.887-8. 
 
 I ,,5: '388-9. «'=^' ,.,,„, „f ,„„rd,T for settlnnHre 
 
 \Vn,. N!.»h »■'"" "'t 'i ' w an.l .-auainn six 
 
 („ liis house lit ^""'"^' ',',', ....aHitreprievecl) 
 
 deaths. 30 May; s,M.tenee,l to death ^vml rtj ^ ^^^^, 
 
 ,.,„„ s.,rn6 sentenced t,> ^^'i'^^;;^;,^:^^!] 
 , ludeforai-s 274Strand(piop<.ty'"" ^, j„„; 
 
 '''" '■•'"^v'To defn ,d insuraiice 'con.l«nies l.y 
 Coi.s|..nicy ailn 1 >n ,_^^^,^j ^_^ j.,„ 
 
 arson: '""!>''.,':." wieehT to 5 years' penal 
 1 —Tiew and Mis. >VIiicim "J s j ,6 Keli. 
 
 servitude . . 1 i,, ,0 voars' penal servi- 
 
 William Parsons '''■'''•' '"'V ' f,?/*^ / ,B Fel.. 
 
 tnde r.a- arson at l^mKli- • • ,. ,„„ai 
 
 Edward reters, 22, ''.""j' ' '/" ^ \ ,5 Jan. i:g, 
 servitude lor arson, .n London^ . 5 
 
 iS3. 
 
 i333 
 
 1391 
 
 (« 
 
 I'il'l!'. 
 
 .S87.) 
 
 1846 
 
 1S5. 
 1869 
 
 V ny A ( ' 1 b !•: :> I'urthiaU dynasty, brgrin with 
 AKlSAVjli-'-r'. ■' '^ ..ndeil with Artubanus, 
 
 ^■uxraj^iHi^t;:^;S'^tnderofthe 
 
 .Sassanidio, A.n. 220. 
 
 ARSENAL, ii S-Tcat miUtary or naval reposi- 
 torv; see H'uolaidi. 
 
 A TJ«f>TTF (Svria). At'n battle here lUeha.d I. 
 of ^-^.?iffl eo m;.;andinK' the Cln-i^tian ior,.^ p. 
 ^L!:"!!;' o;xKylef^.ated Sah..Ws a^^^ 
 
 ::;;^iivp.;s^.iC-iu'.t.«-^^'-'^.^^'^''"'- 
 
 \^S,;iLd I'ortnut GMry. 
 
 ARTEMTS, a Greek goddess; called by th. 
 Romans, lUaiia, u-hirli see. . 
 
 AirrVMISIUM a promontory in lii'l»M, 
 
 ARl bi.M.li^lL'^"- .J .1. ,,i,iee between 
 
 TheriiiopvUe. 
 
 AlJTVSTAN WELLS (from Mma, m 
 \,*1^ in ^''rmiee, whe^e tliev fre.iuently oceui a. 
 
 i^:.dbyiri,i;throu^if.t,n--;V'fr: 
 
 V'^''l -i, V ui T ' miitains in Trafal.-ar-siiu.re 
 the boring tunc. ^ ""- " " , i, ,e„ ^upphrf 
 
 . Arl'aHfti!" Un-nelle well U79« '-* deep), ~| 
 
 ARTHU 
 
 'onipIete.lii,,84j. after oiKhr 
 
 »" Ut I'llHsy, HThiof, it U *uJ ' 
 
 «r.» or f„r.,o„rly 5,K.,o<x) purson 
 M'\ oornpluted in i«()0 by M i 
 
 I ''".'^ '"."'''"-ttl 8oeiety'« ^arde 
 yuUodSS,j,o<X)g,.llo„,ofwatoi 
 '"I, «I l-ilir., m twoiitv-four \ 
 tissuiife.i vv,H ociinpletud in 18 
 
 I MO now common. 
 
 . ARTHUR, kinK of llritain, 
 I liuve lived A.J). 500-532. 
 
 V'Lrz7}\f- ■''' '"■" "'"» "'« 
 
 pouts lalliwin, LIvwareli Il.in 
 were l„,:„r.mnlted*^lIi'to''l,i" '^ 
 ll-oirrey ,/ .Mo,ii„outli. al,out 
 
 ','"';? W.i.u auon aft,)!-; md 
 
 I^W'"^! la cillod Hrut hv l,.,y 
 
 IWItor M.p i.y l„,,„r|.„rathig in 
 
 ■f'"' i »'■' II"ly Unwl. mtr 
 , IUi;HH..loiii,«it about . 
 
 r^v^remo!.";"^'^""""-'''^^" 
 
 ItirlLyttonVs' KlnjiArtiiur.-piil, 
 I Mmyson's" Idylls JrthoKin^'" 
 
 I ARTrG«(3KES aro JiJ t 
 ■diiwd trom tliu h-int into Wost 
 ■l5tli century, and to have roact 
 
 llbtb. 
 
 . ARnCLBSopREuoto.v. 
 
 ilwr miioh disputin-, the lin^.U^ 
 »i'i;Ml piidHhed ".Vrticles doer 
 litlmoss Henry Vlfl., «rlio put 
 •■Vatutu of Six .\rticlus," duore 
 r I^UJut of trauiubstantiatioa, c 
 k:«J, vovys of chastity, private r 
 Iw ulerffy. mid auricular couf 
 ►(r; punishable ,u horetios. I 
 
 ropronired. and published in l 
 
 ' litie.l by tho eou vooation, and rt 
 •:v8iu Jan 1563; .mj they r 
 Irliority and the authority of pa 
 Ine Litnhefh Articles, of a more C 
 %. |iroj) )sod by archbishop Wni 
 im m coiisjiiuenco of tfiu diar 
 luibeth. 1595. One hundred 1 
 
 t dr.iwn ui) f<ir Ireland by arol 
 ill; but m i6js the Irish chu 
 |i;Ih1i articles. Seo Perth Ar 
 
 ?les wero order.'d to bo rei 
 liliCiat O-tford m Nov, 1871, 
 
 |.lRTrGLE.Soi,'WAHweredo 
 |tl:'a,ird I. uud John. Those mai 
 llpSappcir in '• (/rose's Milit.i 
 particles of war now in force at 
 Uusedby Willium III, in i68q 
 Kvibout to engujfo in his oontim 
 
 URTrPIOERS AND M-vj 
 
 Jfiralt.urs wera sovorely regulate, 
 fe'-f"- '31?. 1350, Ijto, , 
 r , ^ ,• , ^'"'>' were prohibit 
 JiiaiiJ. and those abroad were oii 
 init return within six months 
 litliem. A line of 100;., and iii 
 K mouths, were thu penalties foi 
 nUese realms, bv Q Gen. H d 
 p^Xiiu \nw w.u moditiad in li 
 V, norknten, &c. 
 
 IRTILLERY, a term inoludij 
 PiOi, now restricted to eantton 
 'watrivei by Schwartz, a Gen 
 
ARTHUK. 
 
 «7 
 
 l(""l((ul![' '■? '"•♦'• "''"' "'?•>' y^i'^i^^Ti^i^^ by 
 
 ^^^T^?^.^' KTC. DWKLLINOS. 
 
 u-i..u,;;u"s:i;^^;f,-,.-rr;^;li/:,i:^ 
 
 ' prliitttl by 
 
 I30] 
 
 H71 
 
 ■ 485 
 134J 
 
 |).ic.l Lytto.i's • Kbi({ Artimr,"' piibiuhBd 
 
 I'liiiy^toa'^ •■ Myiis ;?f t|,u Klli^" ^ 3 ^ 
 
 ARTrOflOKBS aru ,aia to h.vo b,.o„ iatro- 
 
 ||j:^-Uur,.a„atohuyer«aclJEMr'iut 
 
 AUrrCLESopRELKKO.V. On 8 June ,-.,, 
 
 t; ShS rrV """r'"""' ""••i 
 
 1 i htio.l by thu o.)i, vooiitioii, and roaioe,! to Tu i fr v ^ 
 |;li)nty,ind tho authority o/parliam.r„ti„ ,1, ' 
 
 Vpr.,r,s..d by ardibi.hop Waitgift, wire wUh" 
 tm m «oa..,iuc.>i,:oof the diapL.urrof nT.oen '' 
 
 ■aabeth, 1595^ Qno hundred and four Art X 
 
 y di ivvn up f,.r Irt-Und by archbishoiruXr in 
 (I), but in lOjs tho rri.li churoh a bpt^^^^^^ ! 
 
 *.-,Hli art.ole.Seo Part/, Articles Yho w 
 
 a.«at^d:zrSy.'°,8^:/^""'^'''' ^-™ '^' 
 
 terP/"^"^, ^r^'^^Aif ^"^« dsor^^J i-i the time J 
 
 lv,)fi-(,V K •'■^ ' J,.' '549- and espe- 
 b „,i ^ f'.i ^"'-■>' *""'■" I"->^l"bited from leav 11- 
 kbJ, and those abroad were outl;uved f tl ? 
 
 I return withm six months after the notk.^ 
 vlr.; -^ ^"^ i^ '°°'-! '">J i'npHHonment fo? i 
 
 '""""• K'hut.s, tire.anni. "Artillerv iti l>r . 
 »re«aiid INvnent I'.Hition - bv !•• W \'i i T 
 
 I ""^"i'av"'fAiinr.i.Ki.v(;„MPvNYofr,.„„l„„ Th„ 
 
 IRTILLERY, a term inoludiu? properly all 
 l«l«,novy restricted to cannon. A smiU ui,!, 
 l^o^triyed by Schvvartz, a German eordeli^! 
 
 I ) Ml w.iii,iiit 12 Mareh; prurnulRatcd 
 
 •V-v ro,ulati.,„s issu.l by tbe War Om^o'.^^lt' 
 
 tr!l^;,e.rfa , u ^'''lljs"":;;;:.'" 'l ^""' f'"''- '"»' 
 
 'l'1'^i,;^;:^;'r-' «-'■-- ^^^eU^^^ 
 
 'l'lli!ailu-'u,l^'n'nh,l„n. ,...,p ...,., 
 
 the liritisli 
 Artillery 
 
 .every (i,„,. '' "" '^''"■■"loc, reported to 
 
 New oi«,. ,i»ut„„ ;.,. tne a,ti„,,;. ,„J,,„^„j ^ 
 
 26 Feb 
 
 1890 
 
 1899 
 
 l...m^,tt,u„,„„„,.t^^,,;„,.^,„^^^^ 
 
 1870 
 id77 
 
 DWPr'TTVa^''''. ^^O LABOURERS' 
 
 passed .^une,^;sS'^:t^f;;,-'tl^Ue: 
 
 F 2 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 nF 
 
 ' 
 
 •I 
 
 ^'li 
 
 
 %■: 
 
 w| 
 
 1 
 
 ■+ 
 
 -^•^ 
 
 ,fp- 
 
 .kl^-:.•^|^l 
 
 fw!^^ 
 
 hm 
 
 
 %3h 
 
 c' 
 
 ^ '^i W.f, 
 
 "1 'J 
 
a: 
 
 
 \ :f i 
 
 BH{i# 
 
 
 ^^^Hi <L 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 estates m ^i";'""*,,, I'i^,, ,e wtofonimlly o,..-i.»l 
 Shutt*Bl)uryL'f>t«tf (II "If "f '"' ,8 July, 
 
 1874 
 
 The ..ive,.t,. mr. ^j;';" ^f we^'-n-'"' '?'? 
 (Mr. Wni. ■•*«■"»> ''J "'""■„ liir. E.lw.l. Sall.'.y, 
 imiirisoutil 18 iiioiitlis , •,;"'.,' ,,1,1111; tcHlclrii"" 
 
 the conipaiiy "1 al'""* 24.3 ,.,„„iitii.u .;f 
 
 Mr, Saimul M'"'''>'."^, ',, ,884. i«t iiii.l J"'l 
 March, First 'f \° *';.,' V '..Uy t- d.l.ct.v. 
 
 local authont. ^-"l""'''.' f ti'«l"'^^'''> ''>" .""' 
 tt' .„i,,i; of the foiT Act ^l»u ^„j,. 
 
 Si?C. bilkf lays f"V"''f*"' "u Huston . .i>iiy- 
 of buil<li"HS ™ '■''.»"'> ""n-.es ol'eiKil tl","' 
 ,885; ami thf rnnci- (.1 V-'i^s 1 
 
 
 irs^ 
 
 1760 
 
 1877 
 
 I76E 
 1887 
 
 uly, 18S6 
 
 iSCE 
 
 1889 
 
 1S90 
 
 St„Guswell Krt.by "^ "' 'ti, , general ami 
 Artisans' Instuvte. tur l"'.""""V,'^„^i„'8 Uun' ; 
 ^ techni. al UnmvUMlK;; • >';' ' ^ ,' of k.lfor.l. l.>r,l „ 
 estal-lishoil by aul n e '' ■'^'•^,„„,,,, . ,, o.t .S74 
 Lvtti'lton, Mr. S-. « ' >• ^ „,t,.rwar(l3 Baron 
 
 5o,ca>(. to be f .t , ' "^ ' , ,,nts to the trnst all 
 S;^VfSin'cS^i^value,latabouUo,c«o,., 
 
 T^'i^Sni.l.s'-Cna.any r"-nt ^500^ ^;',;>- ,3,, 
 
 Tlii imi ortaiit Uonsmt; of tbt >> "f"^' *> ,5 „,„i ,894 
 l,a^sAl .8 Ant;.; aim..jile< ■ j,\.„,„„i,le Work 
 
 T^^S^..H.'s-p.^m..i.mM-e.i893-au,4 
 
 Institution, estiibUeheU 1014. 
 J'toirf, 187'- 
 
 n53th.?re.:r several- yoa;s, till the Royal 
 ,823 ; «tyl<''> ^■■''■''''"'^ ' ' ' ' .V .rii . ■ • '=•'■1 
 
 Tl ei.- Ilrst ^•'^I'i'';"';".;:'':;;' ,;. ,?n.e l.rominent about .8;o 
 ':-«^'nim*Knn'.n4i--'t ^'^ «- ^'^^ ^'''^ ,858 
 ",f;T±^'b'«aninrrani-eanaGerii.any.arlyUi 
 
 ■ the i.resent «-''*;"2'; t^,,iis,i,e,l at Eilinbnrgb. 
 The nrst in lintaiiij-' s ^»^^ '' y,„„„,, wi,« 
 
 The .li' !■»'■"« ^vH ■wrtionsofUeoiw'Go.l- 
 'rounaeiUclnettyby -'^ ' .,,) ,.vb. ,837: 
 . win, the "'■'^'''""^^V,, ^s.o The Art Union .11- 
 i i„„l ehartere.1 i 1'" •. '? . Vuiz 1841. S"b,ierili- 
 ; eianity aet Nvas V^-:-T\i!f'',ss'ibL (.lei>ru,'.i.m 
 
 otart,&i;.,fo»"'l;;' .. • • .„,„„tu,n iiniver- 
 
 A memorial o ".^:" ",'*'';, Us oa't I"'' <'"' '"'J','- 
 sallyrei.ro.lnet.ons ^Y 1^-^' ,i „e,l by the 
 
 lit of i.mseums of a 1 ' "" .,„„;, of I'lussia, 
 ;i.iueeor\yale-sl^ulthe;. «" ;'^ 
 
 Wssia, 1''-""" >',,^n' ike «f Marlboro.ig 1, 
 others, was sent to till "»«■ ,:,Mauh, ,, 
 
 .. The Grosvenor Gallery," Bou.l Street, V, ov^'-l ^^._ 
 i Mr. Hubert nei.om«;s„..v^.i.;^WA;:;^:;^I^: 
 
 iThi^sr^Tiin^^^ion-^''^'-'-'^'^^^ 
 
 has 73 " centres. ^y niicnoil 9 Hay, lE;; 
 
 o The Sew «■'"'■'■>•„''-,'* tie A.lvancement of 
 o>;„tional Af ociat on 1 '^ Leinhtou. estab- 
 
 Art," V';'*i''"'t/'Lst ee i»S (at Uvri 
 
 second congress at Eainbur,h,rre™lent,U,eM.r. 
 
 Thi;^rmrin;;;«^-M--'-t>u.j.K.uo.^nH.A, 
 
 i; 
 
 ^ri:^,^'t:\MS«^-f'i^;;;;.!'^"^:™;?^ 
 
 ^^V"'?["!:;i!-^i!:;Souuto.^to.s,.,.o 
 
 ^H."m(C,..;Vs5;,0idMMr.,Vrm^b3rriO^^^ 
 ^',i,- E,) «"™r'''''rVxhibiti..""sin.ehehl. 
 
 ..:^':;::;l';^s:^r:^S.alUi^«irKdwinA,-,..M^ 
 
 -"Mr. U'Oyly '-•«;«;','^'; :; .';;i,,;,rmOo.i. be.mi . u 
 7-„ei/»i.u ^''-'^^I'J in opened in the All-m 
 
 "'i^i/^!:.x;^\895;r»''--f''^ 
 
 Mr 'g. K. Walts, It, A. • ;, ,' ,Jiilv. k 
 
 his grandson. CLarleB l^nV'l' 'c., „" 1824. .ool, and I>>n'»^\"'^^",.J,,, „t the late duchess el 
 
 ^ec^^.-i^::-^;:,i::2;t,/,.,,..Bo ^^v^^:z^.^^^^y 
 
 Mrs, Lyne Sleidiens art cuuetuoi , i^ _^ ^j^^, 
 furii3.557f , • , 'n a' exi'laiiis his "New 
 
 Prof. H. H';',H'-V"-'';,.t ■■ to the Fine Art society, 
 black ami '.Vhite Ait to mt ^ ^ ^^ ,^^^ 
 
 London . ,•.„,,■ ,„,.;ps' cxhibiiion of English 
 
 ^';«s;!:"';o\;^»'u!i"^ii;:yiu:oiieKeofAn, 
 
 i The late Mr, Heckschcr's collection of worksM.ar. 
 
 became lurg ;ib ^"■""" " ■ , AnKustus 
 
 AcmiTred.^'wUh Flanders, throngh marriage, by the 
 
 ^^hm, to the Lease olAustiui ■ ■ . 
 
 Restored to !■ ranee .■■_., 
 Keverted to Austria , • • ^ ^ . , 
 
 Conanea-d for ''"''l'"'^'-' ',,., ,,' , ti-ealy of KimegH'^n; 
 ilntdiy eoiihrnied to it bj tl" tK"'* ^^ Aug, 
 
 1237 
 
 1384 ! 
 
 I 
 1477 \ 
 1482 
 149A 
 1640 j 
 
 1678 i 
 
 
 ARUNDEL 
 
 AEUNDEL CASTL] 
 
 haxons about Soo. The dr 
 «arl(loni of Arundel, as ,1 Co 
 ance and possess-on of the c 
 creation. I'hilip Uo,ea,d, 
 <luke of Norfolk, was ma! 
 ■junimous, as possessor of tli 
 tliur&ughij- repaired by a 1 
 (wnse. ■' 
 
 AEUXDEL SOCIEl 
 
 .ifthekuowledseofurt, was 
 pudliahes fae-aimiles and \^h 
 
 AEUXDELIAN M^ 
 
 Oxford Marbles ; one eoutai 
 ancient history from ij.S^ tc 
 have been sculptured 2(14 n ( 
 statues, i2,S liusts, and 2;o 
 found in the isle of l';„-os, ill 
 about lOlo. Thev were coj), 
 
 purchased by lord" .Vrundel, a 
 sou Jleury Howard, iifterw.u-, 
 the universitv ofO.vford in r 
 .'ulh'd also ().\Foiin .M.\uiile 
 die insenplious aro Greek 
 the luseriptidus, l,v Maittaii 
 and 11 hue one by Chandler i 
 tions by Seidell, 1628; bv 
 Kuld's Tracts; and I'urnoii's 
 
 AEUSPICES, see Ilaru 
 AJtYAN, see Arid II, and 
 AS, a Uoinau weight and c 
 was a pound; us k eoiu, it h 
 but the same value. In the 1 
 JS weighed a |)oiuid of lirass ; i 
 It weighed two ounce-, 2O4 11 c 
 war, one ounce, 218 n.c. ; am 
 ounce ; its value about three f 
 ASAPH, St. (N. Wale,), 
 (lavebeen touiided bv ICenti"ei' 
 On returning into Scotland'nl 
 Asajih his successor, from wlioi 
 I is valued iu the king's ho< 
 llie pi-esent cathedral was ere, 
 man, I4;2-<J5. Hy an „ide,- i, 
 .ees of St. Asaph ..nd liangor 
 uniU'd on the ne.xt vacancy 
 (iislioprie of Manchester crea"t( 
 innulled in 1,^46, I'reseni i, 
 ikiiehestir. 'I'he cathedial re 
 Scott, re-opeiic.l 2 Sept., i8;j. 
 msmii's OK sr. as 
 
 .>l;illlHlH.mle.y, .lieM^Oet. 
 
 \Villia!,; rieavcr, ,lied ,5 Ma 
 .John Lu- ■,,,,,,„,, diecl ,,,;,„ 
 \Vill..,m L.ncy, ,licd , , .vpt 
 Ihoiuaa Vowler ,v|,ort, resii 
 >3 April, ,8y.-. ' 
 
 t i,'?''";',"»«l"'». ''''"l^i Jan 
 .89, Alfred (Jeor-e Kdwaids, elci 
 
 ASBESTOS, a native fossil 
 Ik split into threads and ttlaiiK: 
 endued with the property of rem, 
 tvlire Cloth v.;m made of it 
 {Jlmiiotus), and najiLina in the 
 aiid also naiuT, The spinning of 
 \emcc, about 1300. hrtii. As 
 DuWe paints tried ill, and propose, 
 ^e,2U>ee. 1881. ABlJstoi pr. 
 lator for electric wires by Al I 
 Sfjit. 1X82, Kxhiliition of'(ii-,..'re» 
 T„i.;o uf asbeslou by the United l< 
 SI. James's hall, opened u Mav" 
 
 ilireil the late n( rii,L.uici,, a 
 
 iiii. 
 lip, 
 ii46. 
 
^AKtrNDEL CASTLE. 
 
 S.i?S?at!A5»Su,„) bull. ,„ ,i. 
 
 OxflK^E^^^^ MARBLES, called also 
 fou "a ;.'the I ;!;• i'.'"' '='' "'^"■'l"i«»^. "..d we^; 
 
 abofj!,^'ri;e'^:;-;ii-::,'^f^,»^^-«^, 
 
 imi-oliasfd hv lord Vruiid,.| .mwI „; ^ i ' , ■ ' ^ ' "J ' 
 
 AEUSPIOES, see Ihau.,pices. 
 ARTAX, see .Jrm;,, and Langmge. 
 
 69 
 
 ASHANTEES. 
 
 »"oicuioi le.u of Ihe crusaders by the sultan, isro. 
 
 tala>n possession of l,y the Enghsh, O?.! llVl ' ""* 
 
 da^''^K.^<^^I,?,-^Y also eallod Holy Thurs- 
 our Su'o r f, ';."' I^'',""'l'i-ates the ascension of 
 
 is said r,y 1 ■^ ■^' ■'•> ' '"*'' '■""imeniorated, it 
 ^AL^^S,;^n':'T''''■V'*9,5, h May; ,894. 
 
 ->!•'), KS9S, HjJIay, i,S9y,„May; 1900, 24 iiay. 
 
 ASCHAFPEXBURG, ontlie XIai.ie, Bavaria 
 ians deleated\he (i Inl, Wi^ ,' ^^' ""^ ^ '''^^r 
 
 Ah, a Kornan weight and coin ; as a wei-ht it 
 
 war, one ounce, 2.8 i .c f a,ui' ten • ,n ''^^ ' I'""' 
 ounce; its value about three'i'rui;;,y:':;,i:,l;i!i'"" 
 
 on returning into Scotland'Xut 5^^ 1^ ;^'q^' 
 
 ^^^^,:iri;rX'!;-.:t;Lrr:lrr' 
 
 ™^/^::1h-!;eit^.^:s•dE^^^^^^^ 
 
 6isli...,ric of Manchester ere ,n. 1 T • ' ""' "''" ' 
 ^nulled in ^B'^ VrL^I^^-'^Lni''!:,^' "i:: ' 
 MaiieAesdr. 'i'l,e cathedral, resLn-d In K^rhi 
 Scott, re-opeiu. I 2 Sept, 1875 ^^ "irOilbert . 
 
 HIS1£01'S (IK sr. ASAI'H i 
 
 Willi. I,. •" •"-■» 4 w( t. laoo. 
 
 W Ilia ,; 1 .eaver, .li,.„ ,5 May, ,8,, 
 
 WiilUm t,u.y,;,ied, /;.'".'■. !r f 
 
 ';3ApU';^^?'^"'"-'''-«-^i^^'^-8;o.dicd 
 
 Josliuallugl.e.s ,lie,u, Jan. ,88a 
 Alfred (Jeor^-e K.lward.H, elected t Marel, 
 
 (W...), and nap::i,;^i,f tlfet 7ne' V^^i^,?''-"r 
 Sept. 1882. l.;.xhiUitio„ of-rtr::re":tiv"w" V «'■''' 
 
 
 ASCOT RACES, see Ji„ccs. 
 
 V.'a'^i?^'K-^?^' 'Tp Ascoli, Apulia, S. Italy 
 2,V. n.'-. A.seuhiiii, a citv of the i'iceui with „l 
 
 I >r^i'^'?;?*'\y'^^^^' "'"'■'''*'' '" »™'''9 of West Africa 
 
 I ti. , 1. . I i> * 
 
 1S06. 
 1:15. 
 IJ30. 
 1S46. 
 
 iS;o. 
 
 iind Judea. 
 
 Tho 
 
 : Ti.cywere totally ,!,.re,,t,.,M,v,,-„, p„,,,„„ ^; •';';;• 
 Ireatyof ,,ea,-,. iiUd ...iiMnerce con, 1 de 1 In J t' 
 
 I The ^iveinnr of (■,l,,e 6mst (Jastie bcKan »?,;^i!!t!; 
 
 ! ^e!;;;:::s':tr;;;,'^;,.,:„;'^^3; suspeuJiea t,^ i^l: 
 
 uie I rail atlaeked and wounded : 4 lueii kill.O 
 by peoiile of fhiiinali, wl.ieh is* bomlmrded 
 
 «ir O.irnet Wolseley (see Hu.Uon /!«„) annoint'Jifi 
 
 :^:'^iti;;:!:;r']ir^^''''^^-'^'""-'^i'^' 
 
 AshantH s deleated in a eoinli.t in tl,;. ,,„V a^ 
 
 31 Oct 
 
 1824 
 1826 
 
 1831 
 1S64 
 •873 
 
 Qt^h-''^ 
 
 Vw' • '*' 
 
 
 
 .„.AJ 
 
 m 
 
 
 lii 
 
 i 
 
 
 jl^J 
 
 
 
-l^j^T^^T^ZIJ^'^''^^^^^^ 
 
 Tlie Asluiiiteen said to be retrcivlmi:! m '""^'y,';.;,; 
 Sir Gamot Wulsfh^y mnvcl.es t..w,.nls <l't'^'^l'[;;.';; 
 The King Knlfco Kalmlli vrctynds to i'";';!'' "';; 
 
 Skinnish at liorlKi'iassio ; captain N"ii'"l '^'"'■'_'; ,,,„ , 
 AslmrtecB .tefeato,! l.y .sir Gan,d WMs.l.y^^at 
 
 Amoaful . ". , ' iv ' „ ' "i Kcli. 
 
 Bo(Miual. .■aptured l.y sir A. Al...m • • , . 
 
 Tlic liiiig takes cviuinanil : .li'liMtcil at i'>|,,^,,_; 
 
 Sir Garnet Wnlseley ..ntm C^onmssie 4 KeK 
 
 Tliekingnot accedii.tttciliK.liosais, i> i ^^ ^.^ ^^ 
 
 D>;^!^S\l.rough Cu„>nassie V.'01.t. Sar,,.n,^, 
 
 Tl.e British retreat -a featy of veaee (teriMs: 
 ,,erpetual,.e=^e;i,ue,,,m.yof5o^<x»o- 
 
 ^i;iS';\r;:".M'gu;r,^..eea;ian„a,,^a,.ri- 
 
 T,!!;'^^g^a^;."'-^:'i;rb'r'''^^';;K;:;:: 
 
 first instalin.^iit ..Vg"ia ■«»;';„ ,,,„■ t cU le 
 Sir Garnet Wolseley ••'";;'- „'^;j„„*,^L^ avll 
 
 deleated in nis auai ^^^^^ 
 
 Tli^'S^ den,a„ds-.>n;e,;der^f a m|.{,ve y^.. .;y 
 
 MgLds,l,e golden axe to tl,eau.-,.wK 
 receives it at Windsor Lastle . • 3o.nme, 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1876 
 
 Maior Ferguson dies of fever at Pralisu . 9 J«''' ^V 
 lZvar,.nd Abodon,, ,dared 7 '- , ^'t;^^..J „",; 
 te.'tion by treaty signed bj »'»' 1^'"-' '" ;;■]!,"" 
 C.!^rssi;-ocenpiedmH.H;ose,l-bysiVv-vancis«<.,tt, ^^ 
 
 Grand oalaver ; J.dn, and Albert A'"^"'', '■','";>,"' 
 e rned from K.igland act as mfri.rete.s the 
 ki "rendndedof liisoMeiiets. by governor Vax- 
 w:T,a'c"ies,oalltbellrUislMb.nmndsn,eud.ng 
 the navn.ent of so,i»o oz. ot gold loi tl' '>• 
 wns's o'lbe expedilion; unable t„ pay In* is 
 rioted will bis relatives; U- war-cdnels, and. 
 the ki gs of Man,i.on, K.jesn and (Mesii, seemed 
 as 1.0 t w" , ilobi, and Albeit Ansal, anesled l«v 
 llege,l Rirg^ry, ^e. ; - •'^'"■•."■':T'^ h,::" r'tir " 
 ''■"'T'^'YiAI^'^I" ;•'■'' ioialn . 
 
 Od'' lCld'Mew.n; "H."i..ted UHtisb resident 
 ■it, a letaebment of trooi« at <-'""'";;«« « j 
 : "J .Ian. (major C. li. Tigott teniporary jting ^ 
 
 GJnend'mdive' rejoicing' at iiriti^U «™,^.-e^ ' 
 S|Iedal1(Mviee eori,s witbVir vVancis J^eot^t i>rinee 
 'vietor and stall' retnrn to Caiie Coast t as tie, 
 T I'Vli arrive in Loni'.on . • • ,, i ' 
 Ki^,i'pi;;n;;di and ,.iso,,ers arrive at Ca,«Co^^ 
 
 Castle, en.baik for KUnma •,(.;, ,„.,-^^i,'e' ' 
 
 Ml- MaNwell on bis tour nortli of (ooinabBH, le- 
 
 1 • ,eived vi 1 groat entlinsi sin at nsnta 3 J'^'J- 
 
 5 ','96, reaties'eoneUided with 7 "",'-.; ,^ '.■ <t",e . 
 
 j sir Wni. llaxwell) returns to Caiie Coast (astle , 
 
 li,'S"hnpr«^;lnents at cJomassic ; reported, 
 
 Cnl riL'ott relieved at Cooinassie by capt. Donald 
 i'tewartS-ov. ; country .,iiiet and tv.aue reviving, 
 
 ASHBOUBNE'R (Lokd) ACT, see 7>v7»,-./, 
 
 I ,d Ui^ 1M5. and Kov. l8!s«; .lew act passT.I 24 
 
 L^ec 1888 'Reported very sueeesslul, IJec. i8.jO.| 
 
 ASHBUETON TREATY, co.iehided . 
 
 wTstoittoiQ oAug. 1842, by Alexander Ion Ash 
 K tin ,md Johii TvKt, p esid.'iit of the Lnitee. 
 'st "; uined tlil'liJui'idaries of the respeotiv. 
 countries between Canada and tlie Btute oi Mai., 
 settled the extrudition ot ennii.ials, 4:c 
 
 reoeives it at "incisor Lasue ■ • .r" „„:,:„, . countries oeiviccii v......-.-- •;-■- - 
 
 3 and 5 
 
 noiineeil . • • • a,,,, _Xov. 
 
 Ho and Mensali prisoners . • ••»*>• 
 
 Bl^t!inr;^-f,d, reported.- .; , Aprii 
 Pre'nipeh the young king of Cocnassie nistalled 
 
 ^Sp™'S against a British protecU...e 
 
 ITie king's envoys not received at the colonial oltiee, 
 summer . ■.,,',■ Oct. 
 
 Coast Castle •__••/,, ' >-„v.i-T)ee! 
 ^?^^o';i?^th^'H-r;;^;"om.ieted,ie,.rt^. 
 
 Tho oad to Cooiiinssio cleared by the withdrawal 
 ^ of t™ Ashanti pickets at Essiun Kwanta, 5 ■'«"• 
 
 isa4 
 
 1893 
 1694 
 
 1 895 
 
 U" >r or'S;''i:;ri;"n.pt'i.red by tHe^rMUs,™ 
 from the Israelites, about 1141. h.c. 1 6am.., 
 Ashdod was taken by tl.e Egyptians ai er 29 F»r> 
 siege, the longest recorded, 3,.c;. 6.^0. JleroMm 
 
 ASHDOWN, or ASSENDUNE, now t lougli 
 to be Aston K, where Ethelred and his brotl. 
 Alfred defeated the Danes in 871. At Ashdo«, 
 near SafiVon-Walden, Es.ex, Canute defeated U 
 miuid Ironside with great slaughter, lOlO. 
 
 Tradition says that the day after the Iwttle 11, ■ 
 
 A^red 'avisi'd'his aiuiy to carve the lignie ot a wl, 
 
 i horse he Bt«l.dnid of Ueligis , ni '!'« v"''-,,. 
 
 ■ Thoiimi Hughes ("Tom Brown",', m his book 1 
 
 s mrngef tbe Vuite Uorse " (1859). desentivs 'i 
 
 i ™r,-or led at intiTVals troui time ,w,»ieuiorn 1. He,. : 
 1 Cfo iid«.f Ibe "»c«uring" m ,755. ^7 l'"y. i?;^ 
 I May. .78., .785^ '803,. i8w or >8i3. 18.5, >9. " '''i' 
 
 '^'CtVuriiig wus again .tfectad under the din-o!» 
 of Mr T i.ew Dudgeon by order of lady Craveu all 
 cost of 1 ' ; reported Jan. 1893. 
 
 ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM (books, mar. 
 
 «erii^ts "•oili", &(■•). was presented to the umuM 
 ofTfo d by Elias Ashiuole, the herald ami »n 
 oLn- and opened 1682. It included the coUecti. 
 of 'tlieTradescanw, to wiioui he «ao cxi,ui..T. 1 
 d ed at Lambeth in 1692. The .J Man i,oc, 
 Oxford (scientific), was estttbliBhe.l in l82«. 
 
 ASHTARl 
 
 .ASHTAROTH.Tph^ 
 
 sionally worshijiped by tlis 
 u- 13) about 1400 B.C., and ( 
 
 984 B.C. (I Killffs xi. 5.) 
 
 ASH-WEDNESDAY, 
 
 which in early times be'-ai- 
 oalled the first in Lent! 
 i-elix III., i„ ^S7, first add 
 oeding the old Lent Sun.lav, 
 tasting days to forty ; that iii 
 590) introduced the spriiikliii 
 ot tlio four additional davs, a 
 J^ies Cinenon, or Ash-Wedn 
 mation this practice was al 
 mere shadow, or vain show 
 '«0?, 15 Feb. ; i,So4, r Feb. ; 
 l;* 1-eb.; 1897, 3 Mar.; i8q 
 J'ob. ; u)Oo, 28 Feb. 
 
 ASIA, th(! largest division 
 it w.is so called by tb(> Gre(4 
 and Its islands is estimated 
 miles. Asia was tiie first ( 
 peopled : here the law of God v 
 here many of the L-reate-t nu 
 had their rise; and hence 1 
 seienees have been di^rived. 
 derived from the Bible and I 
 relates the wars of Cnrsus, Cv 
 Central Asian Kailwav from t'l 
 eand constructed liy general . 
 which now possesses verv grei 
 country, opened :H88. Jt Svi 
 explores (r2,00O mi.) in Centr 
 bci'lopiita/ioii, Mr.., China, I 
 iind the other countries. 
 
 ASIA MINOR, now An 
 
 the Ionian colonies on llie coai 
 Greek civilisation, and the conn 
 Lycia, Bithynia, Caiia, Lydia, 
 &c., with the cities I'roV, K. 
 xehich see). From the tihie ol 
 svnan monarehv, about 2000 
 Tiirks under Osman, Asia Mii 
 field of the eonquerurs of the 
 tluirchi's. 
 
 First settlement of (he Ionian Grcf 
 
 -Vsia Minor subdued by the Medes 
 
 LiiiKluered by Cyras . 
 
 Ciintest between the Greeks and P( 
 
 Asia Minor (■on,niered by Ale.xande 
 
 tentende.l for l,y l,is sHrces.sors 
 dolus I'stalilislied . 
 
 firaduall.v ac(|iiirea by the Hoiuans 
 
 Pes.sessedby the Persians 
 
 l'.irtiall:. recovered liy the einijcror 
 
 liivaJcd by Timour 
 
 Taken from the Greek emperor -uii 
 ae umpire by the Turks imde'r xMa 
 bee turkey. 
 
 Ilie Asia Minor Exploration Furnl 
 sir Clnirles Wilson and others, 
 lliimsay to (Hintinm- his research 
 were reported in ,884 from l.vdia 
 "I the (xrceks. IiiJan. 1800-^1 i 
 f.ir (.ecunittiT help. ,See Hitth^. 
 
 Hiwilts of Mr. Anderson's n\idorati 
 27 Aug, ,897. 
 
 Railway from Mersina on the .■< 
 .VlaJia, 42 miles, conslnieting un 
 Aeg. 1684: tirstseeti.m opened, 
 "lielied Aug. 1886. 
 
 OiiiHictsbetwoenClii'isti.iii-ai.,! Ji"'i 
 n.e jirovinces ; .Nov. ,892 'tt seq. 
 Tnrkeji, 1805-96. 
 
 •tiLirchy in S^.^J. provinces, Moslem 
 reported. 13 Jan. 1897. 
 
ASHTAEOTH. 
 
 71 
 
 AWSAM. 
 
 JS^J^S^^ 2^^^f^^j-;:P^^ 
 
 8io„«lly worshipped' by th^I^^it^r^' y^^ def^otle^J^^^'^V^^- ^he "Asiatic 80. 
 
 -• -J/ ""vui, i^uu M.i;., imcj 
 
 904 B.C. (i Ainffs xi. 5.) 
 
 wWd,^;T^,?^^'^I^AY, tho first .l.y of Let, 
 
 i'eliv m <?'«'"" Le,>t. It is saiJ tlmt pope 
 ,^>!in„ fl ' ') ;^**'' ^'^^ ''dJ'''l fl'<3 four ,luvs pro- 
 
 -m( ^trT *" /"■;'>■ ' "'" ^'•' ='"T tlu. Un.:,t (pop.., 
 "the four additional .lay.,, an.l hi'iici. th.; names of 
 
 mton'T,';r''''"^^^''-^^'■'''''-'''.v. .u ti,. Xfo- 
 more shadow, or vain show." Ash-Wedn, din- 
 olVl^ ?8;i '^'W'^'t-- 'S'W. 27 Feb. : ,890 
 
 if ^,¥^' "n '•;";?''»'; '''Vision of th," -lobe; part of j 
 
 ^%r- r'"r' !'^' *''" ^"■'■^'- ■^''"-" »■'■'■■••' "f Asia 
 .inl Its islands is estimate.l at I7,2?s,8<)0 s.nniv 
 
 pe,)pled : here the law of Go.l was Hrst pnimuh-ateil 
 
 liad their rise; and henee m.«t ot the arts and 
 seieuees hav,. been .i.-rived. Its .-arlv h t. ,■ s 
 rJ.V"^^"" ""■.^"''^'^ '""' '■'"■" "'■>■"■• tusvl, 
 Central Asian Railway from the Caspian U> Snmn. 
 c^"u eonstrncted by ...neral A„n,.nLo; h,r K ^ C 
 whieh now posse.s,.es very ^reat intlnen... ov..r th. 
 country, opene.i r88,S. M. Sven ll,..lin sue.essfull • 
 e.Mlor,s ,2,000 nu.) in CUral Asia, durinj, .V/. 
 i>ee2,,pHl,itwn, Mir., Chin,,, In,U„, lirsia, llr/J',/ 
 uitd the other countiies. "',J.i,iiuy, 
 
 the'^L.nhn^V^*?^' "","' AXATOLIA. oomi,ris,.d 
 he Lmian colonies on the coast, the early seats ,jf 
 Oreek civilisation, an.l th.. eountri,.,s.Mvsia, Phr\ ..ia 
 Lyca, Iithynia, Caria, Lydia, Cappadocia G 1 U j ' 
 &e., with th.. cities Troy, Kph.i.sis, SmVrn } 
 
 which see). From the tiin,. of the rise of t e As- 
 svrmn monarchy, about 2000 l..c., to that of the 
 Airks under Usmnn, Asia Minor was the hnttle- 
 ImJ'" conquerors of the world. See *r,» 
 
 Ti^' " itov^ Ui"?' ^"sV.phi.aI limVt; of A.ia." 
 int tto\al Asiatic So.-ietv,' which un <.-v,'r,] 
 brancbes in India, was fo„n. e,l in 82 It et 
 
 id icasi'd to e.\i-t in If- 
 
 ftb.ait ii.r. 
 
 fihuiit 
 
 . aliout 
 
 13 begins 
 
 ^ kill. 
 
 >o.i3 
 7' I 
 546 
 544 
 
 3J2 
 
 to A. 11. 15 
 
 d as 
 
 • '413 
 
 First settlement oftli,. Inniaii Giveks . 
 A.S1.-1 Minor siih,hu.,l l,y the Medes 
 lipiKluer.-.l liy (Jvi-us 
 ti'iitest hetweei; flieOi-wks 'an.l fvini.u 
 Asi.i Minor ,.,„„|„eic.d l.y Alexander 
 
 ":i;;instLl;;is,::V''^ ^''"•^^^'''^- -'-^''^ 
 l:™s:^:^^i:p^i:;^'iierJu!;;: """"""' "■'^■^« 
 
 r..rtiall:, reco.-crcil l.y the eiii]ier.ir liiisil ' 
 Invaded by Tiiimur 
 
 Tiiken from the Greek empei'o,-, and estahlish 
 an empire by the Turks .uid,.r Mahomet 
 Hee iitrfcey. 
 
 ^'«ii^cLri!^'''u^'"!:™*r".f"°'' exfeiblished, .83., bv 
 .>r ciiaries Wils.ai ami ..thers, enableil Mr \V M 
 Ibmsay t,. eontinm- his researches. V,., 1; ..• „u'- 
 7UVnT^ '"■8«4 •■'■">" l-.vdia and tlu .arhl ." ,t 
 
 ;;i/nc<^;;i:l;h..};;.'"';:;,vte;"''^^'''''''''''-''''>>'"'' 
 
 "'vAug.'.t;.'"'""''""'' "^!""""'""''' ^'■l""'t-i. ?■-«»■ 
 
 Railwiiy fn.in Mersina on tl ist t„ Tn,..n. 
 
 A iu,a, 4. miles constructin, nnd"^ s ' T^T^ncn:';' 
 Ai'K. ,684; /I rst action ..pened 4 May, .886 wh I v 
 "pciii.d Auk. .886. '' ' """10 
 
 C..iillict«betwe..nOhri.sfinnsa!KlMa!mn;«l,i„thru.-i:Iin-r 
 
 tiire in 18O5. The I'un 
 IrF^F vIIh^'T' '"/""■^>- ''^nn mainlv In- 
 
 .«f.;V|..{-,.tes,ri;s;;;.,--;;; 
 !r,if;Sf>&..?y;:7;:, — ■"■■ 
 
 1 ending in the retreat ol Nan, 1„„„ 'n ";,',' ^^''' 
 loss exceeded 20,ax) imo„ I '" ..■''" .•^"'*'"'"' 
 
 : Marshal I.,„nesmor;a,yr:v:Ud;:.,'rM;irS 
 ; f,l ?!j >• ri"\bn,l;:e ,.!■ th,. Danul... was .lest rov ,1 
 
 i 1 ear \,m IW „' ' '""' '"'" '"^'•"Vcr.-d beds .t 
 11 near j.>euteliate in 1-1 ■> Asnb.iit t 
 
 f"und at Sin-ssel near (Jene'va n ' 80. ■ ml' ,r;'' 
 
 .cvera! fdlures, count Sassciav ' Sd'it "„m we 
 
 for pacemcnt about 1822 'I he ■ivHHn- ,1 . ^! 
 
 "btalne.! from gas-works' r,...,„t„ I. ,Ke ''''"'^ 
 
 ASPIJnVALL, or Colon, .see P,,,,,,,,,,, 
 
 ae^^Kf]Kd^;^;!-ii-;-tl:f^^ 
 
 ASSAM (X. E. In.lia^ ac,|uir...I |,v th.. ]3ritish 
 
 ^^Sin^sXr:;;l;;:ai-!':;^«^ 
 
 i. khi,8iT "-m-nemlcl by l„r,l William 'Be - 
 
 chS;t.i^'^£„r^,r;);;:r"tHef;:e!;-^.;;;>;r'-' 
 
 was established ;n 185.,. .\t, .,. sev ■■ ,1 ■ ? ' 
 phintations suHWvd sew-, i^i/'i 1 ;,,.,.' 'f' '•''■ 
 
 tiller e..mmiN.si,M,er, William Trskine War,1 ^ ' '^'" 
 
 Oe.'rtruetive ..arthnniike • i.i'iii,,'. -,'■■ " '■cb. .8c|2 
 
 aest.,ye,uu,^!!j;i^:c;B.':i;w,!:;;;r:;'!^];;;l«'^8^;: 
 
 
 u 
 
 *H* ' 
 
 f^ 
 
 '- f^^' 
 
 
m 
 
 V '\i 
 
 ASSASSINATION PLOT. 
 
 ^ASSASSINS. 
 
 VSSASSINAiiurx iruyj^- 
 
 "assassination plot to um wuuam l!;E.V{i,:K'^l^^:X 
 
 xxobleinoM and otlier. 7'''^' f''^ j^. "' vIk-uI forty 
 
 horror of the mm.'. 1 ht; '"'"""'"".,,,,,,,, . sir Jolm 
 -Ch.uMOcl;, Kins, and ivoyc.-, '» * ' ': ii,,,);„.ood, 
 Friend and .ir Wn,. I'arkvns 3 -V 1 , H , 
 
 Lowieli, and Cr.m: cui;..', 29 ,^I' ' ;^, ,'?; ',097 
 John l4uwi.k (i.N attainder), 2«^J.|"».">,;^ ^j^'^ 
 Sir George Barelay, a 1 
 escaped to France. , 
 
 ASSASSINS or^ ^^t^^'^JT^U 
 
 >lulum,cta,>., eollejt d ' ■'»^.^, ^,,. „,„,.l,ned the 
 ..settled m Per.^a about ."")'■; ",-„.i^ of Bavaria 
 maniuU of Montlerrat '" , ' :^' ^^'-^i^ '", .'^V They 
 in 1213. ■""! the klian ot l;"t;"> "' '*-f+,^ ^vria 
 .vere eit.rpatod iu P--',,f - ^^t^ nained 
 
 about 127:;. ,J "';■"/„■' and "OW M">' "-> 
 "Awu'iit "f the MoioiUnij, ana 
 the Moiwlmn:' Tliev trained 
 
 K.lward 11. 
 
 l.,,lwurd V. 
 
 Estrai), M. : <(""»)'' • , 
 
 l.-,.ny, JulJS, ex.lreueli 
 
 l]reiaier ; by 
 
 July, B.C. 
 
 36 Miireli, 
 
 18 Miiicb, 
 
 27 Sent. 
 
 . July, 
 
 . 21 (let. 
 
 Auliertiu 
 
 .....,, — . 10 Dec. 
 
 KrancU Joseph of Austria ■ aUm.t, '.y UbenyU 
 
 .■^^!;^ik^^^;.;;^I^•^o^lit.n.o,...<>yHo;^; 
 
 r 'vifil,! (Ot.n ) 'nresideiit of the Oiiited Stiito» 
 ''';i;ra,lrle"julisUuiteaa):Wa.hin«to„,_.July._^^ 
 
 ; a;;ae.o: 2«'januarv, .(K,7. ^ 0,:^;^'i^':'ly;S^;t^^-'t>.;;---, Karditlt"'"' '^ 
 iWiof or-aniser of the plot, Geoige I. ol Oieete, aUn.qi. lj ^^^.^^^_ ^ 
 
 ' Guise, Henry duke of; by order of Ueury^HI. ot 
 G,i::t:"usIli:ofSwed..u;byA,.kar.tron,,.6 March, 
 
 lli'uy Ill.'..f V^-nv. : by Jaciues Clement, ■ Aug. 
 
 ,,''"^^'' IV ,i''l.-i'ii'i,-..' 'i'lln,ii't, b'v Jean Cliatel, 27 
 " 'I;:';' :,r 1 ii n.v UavaJuae ■ , , . .4 May, 
 
 " : ;'; ^l-:^>l.b.s, .7tbNuv. ■S7S;c./OK^ by 
 ri,.lru Aceiarii.i, at Home . . . ^^ Apru 
 
 330 
 940 
 
 97'J 
 1327 
 1483 
 
 1885 
 
 1S50 
 
 I7v2 
 
 16 10 
 
 assassuiate sn,di V<^?']^Jl* '{ll^l^i^'them' num- tl 
 Ti-ihuiuih. 
 
 „„1 ..OW .»" y Iv oAcdaH.u.atko.ae 
 I „[, young peolile '. ^^,^^^ ^^,,„i „„i „tl„.r 1- 
 
 eir cl.iet had devoteU ii.,.;saii. a Circassian offlee 
 Uiioclla 11. nfSi.a 
 .Meru 
 
 •ur'ki.sU ministers; Oy 
 
 „ Circassian officer . . '5 J»»e 
 
 11 ,rf Spain ; ,m,;a,,t^, liy I-i K"';'; ^ ^'"> ! 
 
 ■,847 • V .leu.o, 2 Feb. 185. ; by l*'«y""""i 
 
 1S76 
 
 28 May. 
 21 Feb. 
 
 M37 
 
 1876 
 
 iSSS 
 
 UKMAUKAOLE ASSASSINATIONS '^^^^^^ 
 
 8ee Kom., J;my-c-. for many ass,u.s.mUons. 
 
 Abdul Azi., sulbm .see ^'--^:,;^;^t,„-. ^Z^^ 
 AUlunaliman, Ameei "t Ai„Lian. ^(.xi^c. 
 
 Albert I., c„„.eror of Genuany, by bis la^bj.-v 
 
 ^S,,erirofUassiao,.,,..;.byKai*^^^ 
 
 ""l-^Tf^ ;4;"^^'Ale^i.dcrS..lovie.r, 14 
 
 r^;f J: S:::;:i^w,u;;!;:^f::cr;^i 
 
 li,.e. 1^79. "> 'Y' „„ i.iii.,,1 iiv i-xp "Siiai or 
 
 r;:m;:'"i;.^J.fb^'^^:--:;rr;'feil: 
 
 )<,, l>,.t,i0.ui); . . ,,:,,.,."i,' ',03, ■ Mav 
 
 1 III •, iff, »i Ills I 1 ,>EilH 11, 10'^/ ' 
 
 Aexauder III. , " I'lui'i^. li • J oiirasi 
 
 ^''"?r;''' V'bri^rueas' cn!.lm.al«, 30 Uee 
 An^.:i^s:luke\!."A'Ma, wbcu kiug ol ^,,nu 
 
 A;;::Xs-in.:.flVrsia;byBagoas. 
 
 K^:Srtu^f:^;uui,^r;;f;;"ciited.^iunu. 
 
 l)OV(l) . ^; ,' . „ niiini T Miiv. 1866; 
 
 Bisuiaick, l.riace-, ,'tln«,>t. b.v BUu.l, 7 ^•■'■; ' j,,,,,; ,s;4 
 
 liy Kullmauu , . .r,,,,;,,.,^ '. l,y Avelino 
 
 Bordaldiarte, i.re.sident ol Liu„ua> , y ^_ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 Arredondo . ; ,. ; . ■ nllcmiit. by ■!. 
 Bnitiams I'lemicr ol Houm.ima , ( ,^ Dec. i.53o 
 
 Bm'k!nS;am. Oeo.^e VUliers, duke of; by^J,dm ^^^^ 
 B^&.Jolmtl,eFeailess,dukcof;byOrleam^s,_^_^ 
 n .,. Tolins- l.vnrutusandotliera i5Marcli,ii.<-. 44 
 
 si^t^o:^"-..x"''''''^'™''''"'''8'^;;:.:.8,; 
 
 Snot, Marie ^'f>':'%^':^'y^'p:^^GoyiZl 
 French reimblie (se« tio'cn), bj l.esare u^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 C,Ssb,bu,lF|e,lenck.-cbier secretary lor ire. 
 
 i33S 
 1879 
 
 . 19 July, 1S72 
 aliout K.e. 338 
 
 . 13 Sept. Ii!4l 
 
 . 2'j May, 154'' 
 
 29 Dee. 1 1 70 
 
 1 = !V 
 
 175; 
 
 1S2O 
 
 ui:::rAi.;M,:!ol::^fM.VfCnitedStates,N.A; 
 
 Js,-'rl:^l:;^■.1b-tull;;\of,b/^Ju_; 
 ^;;£'lS;[SiS:':u;;;;:y^^^^^ 
 
 ujui.i iiioiii vlibiia , 2S June, 1836; In 
 
 M..un^.' 7'u;c%;6 byi;arm6s,.5 0et.,84o; 
 
 . ,. I . , ;,iH' .4 V ail, .346 ; by Henry. 29 July, 
 ,.:;^,.m;'l"d:vb^n^ohnL;c«om„M.y^sa^^ 
 
 ^l;;-H!;^.rrto;:;;l--.u;,r,u;i.a;b^g 
 
 ^,^:: ,;:r;u^i^c^:a:v:y A"i"^d::;is • ., ; {^^ : .. 
 
 ^l;.l;^:;n!.ca.l.o,is;o.ua.Ksee;^M.«)4_^1-b^^ 
 Mi-liad, i.rniceolseiua . . 2^. Oct 
 
 ^i;i;';!,;^j:;^:::;:^^r,';;;r;'ieu,ofHeotb,ud,:ij..^: 
 
 V , ,.,'.1. 1 -rltrmpt. bvinbanal maclune, 24 Uec. 
 
 "'!';t;;;ni.;:;.:4'>!>^':^-n.foisi;i-^f^d 
 
 14 Jan. 
 Iiiil.'of i'.Tsia; by MoUahKeza 
 
 N 
 
 ,. .11 1.; 
 
 il.M.i, III •■,--. 
 
 Uelleniarre, 8 Sept, 
 otiiers . 
 X:isr-ed-V>eel 
 
 iS-! 
 
 iS«: 
 
 iSvi 
 
 , ISjI 
 
 'land, aii.'ri'.U. Burke, unde 
 Park, DuUlni, !>y 4 >" " 
 
 iSji I 
 
 :. ■ ... I May, i;y< 
 
 .,;:.„:;'? Willia..;. prn,eeor; by Ballbasar^OeraW __^^ 
 
 organs, Louis Valois, duke of; by Durgun.lians _^^^ 
 
 ,..nua, Ferdinand Charles III., dnke of; y^ Ma,vh, _^^^ 
 
 l'.u,'l"'c?ar..fUussia; by nobles ' ., 24 Ma'cl 
 •: o 1 1. f I livuil ; "". "'r'. ''y ^"1" , • '5 Jul) 
 1;. a « u'lcer, premie/: by Ik-Uinglunn, ,. M.r 
 ■,|,,l„,li.,lfMacedon;byl'a"samas . • - 
 Prim niarslia ; 28 liec. dieil . . m,!" 
 
 1 «si eontc Pelles^riuo, Homan »t4.tesnuin .5 . 
 i^Sv' m! W. A., abp. of Paris, by J««» ) "n^- -; ,^.^ ^ 
 
 , svamliolotr, M., ex-premier of Bnlgirla. '.sjldy. 
 Ui^'^lrla, ,,ueen;,m;mp^V(O.Wd- .ixfo„l. ,^ 
 
 lili 
 
 "V. Ittt-J 
 
 Crisp 
 
 Paolo IjOga 
 Diuiiel, prince 
 
 Fumeesco, priunier of 
 
 Italy ; ««"»)''. by 
 
 tor a, oueen, unrm"" >■/■ •-;•. 3 . li.. 
 
 uie, .3io; John Francis. 30 M«y^ .84.; He 
 ,,-■.. ;=,,. iViii. Hamilton, vj .Ma\,i«49. 
 
 , Jr.l 
 
 K. 
 
 [6 June, 1804 
 
 of Moute'ieur 
 
 Darboy, Georges, anii. 
 
 r Paris ; by eouiimiiiisU 
 
 Aug.' 1S60 I WilUai 
 
 •lean, at Windsor 
 
 2 Mareii. is;! ) 
 
 Oscai 
 
 n. ai *> ou»r*"i . ■ .. .1.. 
 
 l' or Prussia and Germany ; altem,,uM 
 Becker, 14 July, 1861 ; by Hodel, n Mnv, 
 
 24 May, 1871 
 
 i;iii 1*,:. ,....1, ■ .f " - . 
 
 r3 ; ie. Dr. NobillHi 
 
 ASSA-i 
 
 William III. of Englau.l see .i 
 MilliaiM, prince of Wiirtembei 
 Mailer .... 
 
 .ASSAY OF Gold axj 
 with the bishop of Salisbur 
 the reigii of llunry I. Jjit ' 
 Kome species of assnv was pi 
 Reman comjuest. .issay ear 
 laud was regulated bv" stal 
 1705.^ Assay masters appoiii 
 Slietfleld and Birniinglmni, 
 S()ectiiig assay were anieiidi 
 'Ihe alloy of gold is silver am 
 is copper. Standard gold is 2 
 line gold. Standard silver i 
 to I£ 0Z9. 2 dwts. of Hue si 
 Oiinpaiiy and J'l/j-. 
 
 ASSAYE(K. Indies). T 
 -Jienerul Arthur Welleslev (.if: 
 lingtou), entered tile .Maliratt 
 took the fort of .Vliinedniii,'g 
 fe.ited Scindiali and the rajii 
 2j Sept. 1803. This was ' \ 
 battle, in which lie oppo.^ed 4. 
 men. The eiieniv tied, leavii 
 
 ASSEMBLY of (130) 
 
 Westminster, i July, 1043, 
 nuHianient to consider the liti 
 doitrines of the ehureh. Two 
 foreiich county. The presl)vt( 
 the Scottish covenant, and" d 
 for public worship, a eoiife.ssio 
 no»' used by the elinrch of 
 (ll()3rd) meeting was on 22 F 
 of ^Scotland. 
 
 ASSENT, see Iio,/„iAssc. 
 
 ASSESSED TAXES. I 
 
 fi'iTcd to Ktlielbert, in ')<)i ; t 
 
 :iiiil to William III. 1O81), wlic 
 ■sed ; see /,(/;,(/ 'D'X. 'The a 
 1 1815 (thela^t lear.if thewi 
 
 i.eiJ-ta.'c, 6,524,700/., tludr hif 
 I iuiiinsts have varied in their 
 urding to tile e.xi-emii's of 1 
 I nmsiderably advanced in 1797 
 jri'duced in i,Si(), and in siibs'n 
 I for the re|)eal of certain us.sest 
 life iSc 17 Met. e. go, 20 Aug. 
 jaiik'uded by 17 Si 18 Vict. c. i, 
 Ifur the belter securing and aci 
 Isessed and Income Taxes, 10 A 
 lanJ/Hrawfl Tajc. Clian.ges w 
 Isesseil tn.xes, their lime of i id 
 llieveinie act, passed 24 .fiiiie, 
 Iservaiita, dogs, and arne'rial lie 
 ItraJiiced. An act to jirovido 1 
 k«sessnient of rateable in-opert 
 ■lis passed o Aug. 1869. 'i'lie 
 fcssessraent '' first met 19 Mai 
 
 &'(';/ iui('. Land ( T<ix). 
 
 , A8SIENTO, a contr:.ct b 
 Kmh and other powers, for fur 
 iominions in America with negt 
 llie Flemings, liy the treaty i 
 rij, lUe IJritisirgovernmerit 
 Isoo negroes annually to Spniiia 
 tears. Tlie contract was reiiewi 
 
 pin 1750; see Guinea. 
 
 [ ASSIGNATS, a forced pap 
 > the Katinr.a! Aswiiiblv of 
 lublii: credit during the Vovoli 
 Itoue period, eight milliards, or 
 
 ipounds sterling, ef this piiprr 
 
ASSAY. 
 
 73 
 
 _ :lis2canits nf alloy to 22 of 
 
 Mlvur is IS ihvts. of copjxT 
 
 silvfi-; see Gutdsniitlij' 
 
 * t!t! ATr 20 Oct. 1839 
 
 wi^i the Lisl^.n B^J-?- ty^'° ^I^^'ER' "'-iginated 
 wuii tne hi.shop ol baliaburv, u rovul treasniw in 
 tlie reign of l/eury I. JM-Ca.,,.} CZ^t^,^ 
 «miie species of u.say w«s practised as ea.lv s the 
 Ronum eo„,,ue»t. .Issay eirly e.taMishe in I, - 
 laud was regulated by statutes, I2?8, "m and 
 
 Slieffleld ai.d Birniiughani, 17-5. The laws re- 
 flpectiug assay were auiemled iii i8u and 18- 
 
 tine gold. Staiidar 
 
 to II ozs. 2 dwts. of tine 
 
 Company and I'l/x. 
 
 ASSAYE(K. Indies). The Uritisli army under 
 -general Arthur Vellesley (..fterwards du " If Ve 
 Imgton), entered the .\(a1,ratta states on the south- 
 took the fort of Alunednu,gur. 12 An- • ,nd . ' 
 feUedScmdiah ,u.d tl,e ra^h ;,f mrnl^T^t ' W^ 
 23 Sept. 1803 This was WelK.sley's tirst great 
 battle, in winch he oppo.-ed 40,000 with only o./.oo 
 men. The enemy fled, leaving tlieir artillery, iccC^ 
 
 ASSEMBLY of (i;o) Divivfs held it 
 
 ffestniinster, , July, H^V co„y,,k..i ';. oX ^ 
 
 ?f rh',r„f H '"?"'"; '''^;/'""=y. S,"'vennnent, an, 
 aoitrii es of the church. Tv.„ luenihers were ele, ted 
 orc;ach county. 1 he pivshyterhLU majority ado,,ted 
 he bco tish covenant, and drew up 'the Vlirec .„■■■ 
 for public worslm,, a confession, and the .ateclusm-s 
 no*' used by the church of .Scotland. The last 
 |,l<grd)^n.et,ngw-ason2^ 
 
 ASSENT, see I{oi/iH Assent. 
 
 I t '^fFyF'^ TAXES. By some the date is re . 
 foTcd to L helbert m ')()| ; tu He,„-y VIII. 1,22- 
 ami to William III 1O89. when a lani'l-tax was iM.J 
 
 u 18 3 (the last > car .. the war), exclusively of the 
 
 la,id-ta.-t, 6,524,700/., then- hi^u'hest amount. Th,-se 
 I imposts have varied in Ihcir nature and amount. 
 I acrording the e.vi-eiicics of th<' state 'i'hey « ,.-c 
 
 ooiisiderably advanced in 179- and i8oi, ot ,1',,., 1 uf 
 IriMueed in i8l(j. and 111 suiwcfout y.-i„s Ar ct 
 
 for the repeal of certain assessed taxes was passe.i 
 1 16 i- 17 \ let. e 90, 20 Aug. 1853, e.xplained and 
 lauiemled by 17 & 18 Vict, c ,, ,7-fvb. i8s4.- Vds 
 Ifor the belter securing and accounting for the \sl 
 Isessed and Income Ta.xes, 10 Aug. 1854; see T,uv^ 
 \mAhmme Tajc. Changes were maJe in the as- 
 Iftssi'd ta.\es, their time of cllei'tion, &,-., by the 
 llfcveiiue act, passed 24 ,Tune, 1869. Licences f..r ' 
 litrviiuts dogs, and armorial bearings were also in 
 ItMJuccd. All act to provide for uniforhuf\ in the 
 <siucnt of rateable property in the metropolis 
 
 was passed ^ Aug. 18O9. The "Court of General 
 
 fcx.^ (V;::): "> ^'''^•' '«-- «- ^- 
 
 .\iSSIENTO, a contract between the kiii" of 
 BMnimd other powers, for furnishing the Spanish 
 Kummioiis ui America with negro slaves, be-an with 
 |lie Flenuiigs. IJy the treaty of Utreelit i; lulv 
 
 ASSYRIA. 
 
 in France audits dependencies. Alison. Assigiiats 
 were superseded by mandats in 1796. 
 
 ASSIZE of Battle, see Appeal. 
 
 ASSIZE of Bread, ie., see Breml, and Wool. 
 
 ASSIZE of Jerusalem, a valuable code of 
 
 laws compiled under the direction of Godfrey of 
 liouiUon, king of Jerusalem, in 1 100. 
 
 ASSIZE COUllTS (trom a,,uleo, I sif) are 
 very ancient m England, and in old law books are 
 defined to be an assembly of knights and other sub- 
 stantial men, witn tlie justice, t.) meet at a certain 
 tine and place; regulated by Magna Cnarta, I2Is. 
 llie i)resent justu-es of assize and Xisi J'niis are 
 d^-nved from the statute of Westminster, 13 Edw. I. 
 1284. (ol-e; M,r/csf,me. -'The king .foth will 
 lat no l.„d. or other of the country, shall sit upon 
 the bench with the justices to take" assize in tlieir 
 
 r.Tr,',',"'V",."", '■""",'/'•'' "^ l^"Sl'i>Hl, upon great for- 
 feiture to the king." 20 Ifieh. ir. ,390. Statutes, 
 /?/ w;//i .ir/. Assizes are general or special ; general 
 wlien the judges go their circuits, ami special when 
 ■•> eominission is issued to take cognisance of one or 
 more causes ; see Jl/oodi/ Assize. 
 
 A««OCIATIOXS,see lirUM,Xatm,»l Asm- 
 ciiitwiis. Christ, ,111. iiiv. 
 
 ASSUMPTIOV, Feast of the. 15 Aug. 
 
 a IS .ibserved by the church of Uonu' in honour of 
 
 lie \irgin Mary, said t.> have been taken up to 
 
 leaven in her coriioreal form, body and spirit, on 
 
 tins day, A.i) 45, in her 7sth vear. The festival 
 
 was instituted 111 the 7th century, and enjoined by 
 
 the council ol .Meiitz, S13. '' 
 
 ASSUKANCE, see Insui-ance, 
 
 ASSYRIA, originally Assur, an Asiatic country 
 
 between Mes.,potaniia and Media, was the seat o"f 
 
 he earliest recorded monarchy. Till recently its 
 
 iHtory was mainly derived from Greek historians, 
 
 tresms, Herodotus, „nd ]>iodorus .Siculus. lierosus 
 
 ;| •■r,e,;o-Chaldean m-iest, and the Holy Scriptures. 
 
 lie discovery by ^Ir. (alf. sir) Austin Lavard of 
 
 , he Nmeviteauti.imties.nowin the liritish Museum, 
 and the deciphering ..f many an. i. nt cnuciform inl 
 scnpti.uis, by Grotefend, sir 11. Kawliuson. and 
 other scholars have thrown much liuht upon Ass\. 
 nan history. 1 liechrouologers, iilair, Csher, Hales, 
 and Clinton, diller much m the dates. The results 
 ot recent investigations are given in the rev G 
 b.awjiiison s '• Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient 
 iv'i', , ""' ".','"■"• -.V ^'.i'*-''' " Vvvia.its Princes, 
 arti '..'\'"' ^■'";i''!' . ';^,^5- -Mr. W. li.scawen's 
 aitlcle .Vssyria in '■ ChamI.e.s' Kii.'ycl<,inedia," 
 ^1888, has been used 1 .r much of the following sum- 
 
 ^ the Ilritish government engage.l to furnish 
 
 Itouegroes annually to Spanish A.nerira forth rfv 
 
 leurs. The contract was renewed in 1 748, but Kiv,.n 
 
 pill !750; see Ginneu. '^ ' '»'"" 
 
 ; A.S.SKxNATS, a forced paper currency, ordered 
 ..::•" -••'.'""•'■ .'''S«=ii;'ny of France to sui.piirt 
 |ur«i. credi during the rev hition. April, i~,J; ' 
 ItoiR. period, eight milliards, or nearly jro mill!oiu 
 
 ^pounds sterling, of this paper were 1,. circulation 
 
 Niiarod or Hdas reigns , . „.,.. f ,. ,. . 
 
 - Assl„irb„i|,l..,l NiMcvcb ••('->«. .V u/alout^' ^^ "\l 
 
 IH^■ Cil]iltal Nllie\i'ii , I ,,a /' I /: 
 
 Bal.vlni, taken l,v Xhu.s, who, baviiig sub, 1 f^ .J '"^ 
 Aniieiimas, IVrsians. liaetrmus, and all \s,'i 
 .Minor, establishes what is pr„|«.rlv tlie Assyriiiii 
 ;;|';;»"-'^^'^;,;;f «■'"'■!' N-m>'vef. was the seat of em' 
 
 Niiiyas, aa'iMraiit.Mlcci.MlsNi'mis' ' 1^"" tM 2059 
 
 .Viairamls i,„.thci of Ni„y,,s. usurps the' govenil '°'^ 
 meiit, enlaiges a,„l ciaU.lbsbes Ikhvloii [.no " 1 200, 
 
 ■-he invades , bv.i. Kii,i,„ „.i ....1;.. ^ ,3°\- 2007 
 
 Leii'jlet 
 
 Me invades Libya, Etliinpia, .iml lu.li'a 
 Nhe is pat to deatli by lier son Niiivas 
 
 N myas put to (leatli, and Arius reigns ' ' ' 
 Heigii of .\ra!iiis . »■■... 
 
 Heluclitis, the last kieg of tlie ra.'e of .N'inos ' ' 
 
 i-ir aakes hi, .laojibbT .vt..ssa, sunmiaed Seiiiiraniis 
 
 11., his associate 01, the thrmie "loaims 
 
 At.is.s,i proiMires the death oflier fatlier.iind maiTiea 
 
 Helatores (or Uehip-res) wlio reigii"- "'a'fles 
 
 '975 
 1965 
 19J7 
 1897 
 '44* 
 
 1433 
 
 143J 
 
 M' 
 
 'm^ 
 
 ''mi 
 
 '. 
 
 ^H 
 
 1 
 
 { 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 im 
 
ASSYRIA. 
 
 "ASTRONOMYy 
 
 ASTROJ 
 
 f ni,|i 
 
 !,! 
 
 \'if< 
 
 S.,r,l„,iap.ms. luxurious nn.l .•mMnlnHto ^hm^ 
 
 based ujiiiu till' iv.'i.i'li- ,i. tin. .him 
 
 tablets ni.a I'l'' liil";;- ,„.,,„n,.s It-dqu'l:. 
 
 ,b-.„t ; tirsl knit;, l!''';'^"! .'^; ;. ' , -,. l ; Kii.i- 
 C08S.M-S tbi' UhiK.b.m IS *-»■'>,'- „,■. 
 
 His s(.ii, Sb;ihMaiMsn- I. b.i.ii Is ' ■' ' , 
 LTambscm, •n,b.tl>,Vlar l..-:>b""- ■'' ' ,.„„: 
 
 (Hieror niicl tlie mil louiidti "i 
 HU;i;n^ss,,r-b;;bKala,aw..,,i.,.n^ 
 
 ^'i;=\:^b^:ue;^^s,;irHi;;d;;.;:;in,..i ... ..^^ 
 
 Hi;;t^:Ki;at:'r'n.n;a,...ar^M.on,,u.s,s,,,^^;^ 
 
 Haniath . • ,,•,,,,■,,,■ is,., mis. UiiMunin II. 
 The tmiiire unlarncd by lii« «"". ™ '"" „ ,,^ 81,3-810 
 
 1'". 
 
 ii.f' 
 
 11 Ki 
 
 i-8Sy 
 
 -tt:^t^;^"brii"';.r;:i';iy;^:n«^^ 
 
 nJrw.tksnn.kbabnancM.rlV. kin, 7=7 ;;.;;■■;;■;'; 
 
 liabvbm, aii.l is lirocliiiined km- . . • • 
 Sargnn is killeil in bis new palace . . .r> . , 
 His son, Scniiacberib, suoireils liiiii. 
 
 ^»'^^'?i[ed'''ir i^^;t't;:nl::l::"ir'er; :^^^ 
 
 ^b.;!;;^bran:MiUi,..^;;i.,;;-:;|;;'^ 
 
 B:=S^a^lBrbrt-,!::rb^,i;? 
 
 beeunieB ruler nf neuny all the an. n nt ^'^'^'^.l '^,, ^,„^ 
 
 Disturbed liy a risii.j? in Kj-'yi't and cmspiiuciesat 
 home he makes bis wm,, Assui'-bnnil.al, kiiiw it. 
 
 Oc 667 Ass ir.i«ni-l'al (Sanl«ia.|mlns 0, we.ik 
 but »i.ibitious,C(mtimies ihe war .11 .•.uyp t and 
 
 ^ptures Thebes, invades nic'ia and earlnies 
 
 TyiT. 
 
 7Jn 
 
 7'7 
 
 710 
 7".S 
 
 63 
 
 " fed-ratlun under the coimnaml nf Kaxarll (Cynx- 
 
 iii-i'S the Mede). ,.i,,a,.,i l,v the siCL'i; anil 
 
 Disini.tlim and iinareb eb.sid by o ^^ 
 
 ile..triiitlon I, Nineveh . ■ • 
 x';,, l,een„,es,-,. Median ,..-ovin.P. ^, 
 
 :J.:Ha subdued '^V ■),I;-- i;"' ^"tt"^n«;iomH nf ^^ 
 II subsi.c|Uenlly lnnneil v.iii •■"^ " 
 
 Syria, l'ai'l'l''V;'''^l''' T',nks . • *■!>• '^■' 
 
 l!^:i:;;:;;'lir:;:b'H-">V'u.a the- Euphrates _ex^^^ 
 
 |,l,,rin«exi.edilii'n ■...,■.,;,.,. s'ivnrh' ■ 184^ = 
 
 li'^'vi^vi^smMirir;^! M:sf;;"., b^an t,/ - 
 
 Mr, (b'lirKi^ ISii itn, "' '"" | ,,i,i fr.'in pr"- 
 
 slndy Inserildions 1866 ■ ' 'V,, , ;.,, ,„eNp m-e 
 
 The;M:ffii.;nsre;,uneaby Mr. Hi'vmusd Hassan,, 
 
 ASTEKOTDS, u immi' iuipi-"l»i-ly S'^'*^" *" ">- 
 minor pl.m.'ts, scf umli'i- /'/«;«■.'■«. 
 
 ASTLEY'S AMPHITHEATRE, ace uml,, 
 ThattrcH. , 
 
 ASTON RIOTS, -'•'• nmmmihn,,, 1884- 
 
 A«Tmjn-A (X W.Siiaiii),tboiim'ii'iitAstunr. 
 A,S^w!?«tio;n,y.lV.l:;n.n.h,..Apv.l,,.l, 
 
 anil tri'iiU'd witli groat seventy . 
 
 AMTUACAX (S.K. Kussia), a l)ro^^nee a,. 
 
 mill settb'il b> liitrun ■^ ^ .•.„,„ ,n rle'itlis- n.l 
 between two steanieiv '^» '''^\\'''';;'',i'i;, ;''« X," I 
 porteil, l(. Sept. 1897. I'opulatioii, 18W). 32»,Sl9. 
 
 tuTunT ABE an instnitneut fur observn!.! 
 lla^S^t I tifliiu'e been employed by IHppar,!,.' 
 ^Xut lio H.c; and by I'toleniy about 140 .u 
 •ni;! moirn HBt^olabe wa.dosenbed by tabrfnusH 
 
 '^ A^^TT?OT.0GY. Judiiial astrology was tulti-l 
 
 r ti L r.reeks and llomaiis. It was much :J 
 
 ;'L\fn'lUiV.nHl France it. the .6th ecnt^nf 
 
 ul Lid iTiat Bode, 6-3-73S. «•,« adjiota 
 
 t, i ami Roger Bacon, 1214-1292- Lonll!,..| 
 
 i«l.' i8 lid to Iiave ealeulated the nativity 
 
 • f/aboth, and she, and other pnnees were . mns. 
 
 U ee h. astroloLHT. It is stated tlu.t Lilly w. 
 
 .onsu It.d by Charles 1. respeeling Ins projofc 
 
 •b" m from\:..risbrook eastle mjUi^. tn^^.A 
 
 ABtroloKieal ulmnnaesarestiU published in I.ontJ 
 
 MieliaerXostradaniiis, a Kieiieb pbysieian (1503-1* « 
 
 , itv„t;.d istrob'"v, pulilislied alnianaes, and 111 1;: 
 
 enltiVllteil .islioev: , 1 llw nrneles eLiiti..l'i 
 
 " I'l.nturies " .ind " I'resages. Ills oratn s, uiuw ,| 
 Mr c' is. A. Ward, api eared in .892. He wi» ..-. 
 sIilUMl by Catherine de Medici, Ueiiry U. .l 
 
 ' Tln'"Ai^n'^i™l'«'"^y of Great Britain founded,;, 
 '..Neptune* an astmloKer, lined (or I'^^tijiij, 
 
 II 
 
 HJaoiKants his brother, Sainas-sniii-yukiii, vicer.iy 
 ot K by imi, who heads a Kieat revitt, wbnai as s 
 fivfveirs ; Uabylon is taken ami the rcb< 1 prim .■ 
 tons idmselt in his palace with many ..t hi- 
 
 oSri^ll of ■the cnipins-ievir revolts; KK,,i 
 
 ^vir iH'Coni,. iieb pendent; Assnr.bani.pal Mii- 
 
 JeeXd by his son, A^sur-etibiliyukliiiii . ■ 
 
 E^r. laddmi II. (the Sanikos of Utesia-), the last 
 
 rnK-tleN.K. provinces invi.ded by a vast .'on. 
 
 ASTRONOMER-ROYAL, see Oree-. 
 
 A«Tnn'VOMY. 'l"he earliest astrou. 
 „b^n™ s^^ made at liabyhm it is said 
 22U I. c. Tlie study was much advanced in Ui 
 under NabonMsar; was known to the Chines., a^.i 
 r.47 " l^c; some .ay many centuncs belore,»l 
 h'dwH) Stars, I'lands, Comets, .Swi, Mo,„i,J,>^%9 
 
 Lunar eclipses observed at Babvb.n, and reeenW 1 
 
 ''" Hpi^.,?^a& .t the ..irti, ami U.; true ea,«. ^l 
 . hmar eclipses, taught by llialcs .b.™* 
 
 Further diseovei'ies liy Pylha 
 
 ihictt'ino of celestial motion 
 
 plurality of habitable wo 
 Metoii introduceii the lumir-sr 
 Treatl.ses of AriHtotle "cone 
 
 and of Autolyens " on the 1 
 
 (earliest extant works on iis 
 Aratus writes a poem on astn 
 Arehimede< observes Holstiee.- 
 Ilipparchiis, greatest of (Jree 
 
 mines mean inolinii of sim 
 
 precession of equinoxes, ite 
 The iireiession of the el|nillo^ 
 
 nlaces and di.staiiees i>l' the 
 
 I'toleniy , . , . 
 Astronomy and geo^:raphy en 
 
 about 760 ; bront;ht intii Kii 
 Alphoiinine tabli'S (i/'/i/e/i sre) 1 
 (,'loeks lirst il.seil in aslrononn 
 True doctrine of the motions . 
 
 revived by Copernicus, t'oiii 
 
 iiomv ; his " licvolntion oft 
 
 jMiliiislieil 
 Aslninomy advanced by Tvli 
 
 the Ptolemaic system an.'l si 
 
 ill which the sun is sii|iposi 
 
 earth ... 
 Galileo coiistrnets a telescope 
 
 ,!n|iit"r's satellites, itc. 
 True laws of the planetary 111 
 
 Kepler ; ist and ami, 1609 ; 
 Viiriiius forms of tcleseop(-s a 
 
 used in astronomy invented 
 Cartesian system jmblisheil lij 
 Tlie transit of Venus over ti 
 
 served by llorrocks 
 Ilnyt-'lieiis completes the disci 
 Oissiiii ilraws his meridian li 
 
 Unhyiia .... 
 The aberration of the liyht 
 
 covered by Horn. bow . 
 Gregory invents a relleeting te 
 Disenveries of Pic.ard 
 Charts nf the moon construe 
 
 greiius, Ilevelius, liicchdi, i 
 Discoveries of Homer on the 
 
 his observation of Jupiter's 
 Greenwii'h Observatory found. 
 Motion of the .sun round its 
 
 Ilalley .... 
 Newton's Vrinciiiia pitblisbetl 
 
 now taught, demonstrated 
 Catalogue of the stars made bj 
 Ca.ssiui'3 chart of the full inooi 
 Satellites of Saturn, i'c. , disco 
 Halley predicts the return of t 
 Flainsteed's lUetorUi Cn'lcttti.t ] 
 Ahe,rration of the light of the 
 
 explained by L)r. Ura.lley . 
 John Harrison jiroduces cbn 
 
 minuig the longitude, 1735 e 
 
 reward .... 
 " Xautical Almanac " lirst juil 
 Celestial iiieipialitiea found by 
 Uranus and satellites discovei 
 
 (korgium Sidu^ 
 Mkanique Celeste, by La Place 
 Royal Astronomical Sociktv 
 
 1820 : chartered . 
 Beer and Miuller's maji of the ti 
 Lord Riisse's telescope ciinstni 
 The planet Xeptiiiie (icAicA see, 
 liond I'hotogniphs the mooi 
 
 rele^tuii) .... 
 Hansen's table of the moon jm 
 
 '!•» British govenimeiit . 
 Trustees ;'f tlie rev. Kichard 1 
 
 10,000/. stoil' to Trinity Col 
 
 liromotiou of ti." study .jf asti 
 
 ami magueti.sm . 
 
 l«'etruni analysis applied in 1 
 
 Irum) .... 
 rge jihotograph of the moon 
 
 ;oyal Astronomical Society re 
 
 l-(i,.uoe io i>UiIIli(;ioil-iluup 
 
 ivo satellites of Mars discovi 
 Hall, at Washington, U.S. 
 itRinoiiiioal Congress opened 
 
ASTRO NOMY. 
 
 Further ilisc'overics liy PyUmKoras, who tan-ht tlii. 
 ihictriiio of celestial m-ituins, and liclii'vcl in the 
 liliirnlity of haLitalile wnrhls; iIIim) . ,ii„,i,t .,„ 
 Melon introiluccH the luiiiir-soliir cyele . . .,-. 
 
 Treatises of Aristotle "e.iiicciiiiriK' the hi'aveiis ''' 
 ami of Aiitolyciis "on the motion of the solien.'" 
 (earliest extant Works on astronomy) . aliont ira 
 Arafns writes a poem on astronomy ' . . jg, 
 
 Arehinieilei ohserves solstires, (Se, . . . 2ii 
 
 llijiparehns, greatest of (ireek astronomers, ileter- 
 miiiiis mean niolion of snn an<l moon ; disi-overs 
 preeession ofeiiniiioxes, A-e. . _ i6i-i^c 
 
 The preii'ssion of the eiiuinoxes conlirmed, an.I flie 
 nlacesanil ilisfames of the' planets iliseovere.l hy 
 l't"'''i".V. . . . . A.i;. ,,,-,6. 
 
 Astron y ami geo-raphy enltivale.l l.y the Aral.s 
 
 aliont 760 ; liroiiKlit into Knrope ,' . ali.int laoo 
 Alpliou^'ine tables (ic/i;,/iM,.),.,,||i[„isi.il . ahont i^si 
 Clocks lirst nseil in astroriomv . . . ahont 1500 
 True (loetrinc of the motions of the planetary l.oilii's 
 reviveil liy Coperniens, I'onnder of mo.hiij astro- 
 nomy ; his " Itevolntion (jf the Heavenly lioilii^s' 
 
 pnhlislie.l • ^ 
 
 Aslronnmy ndvaneeil hy Tycho lirahe, who oj. pose,; 
 
 thel'tolemaie system ami started cini' of his own, 
 
 in which the sun is sn|)posed to move rcmnd the 
 
 earth • • • ^ , . . . . ahont 1582 
 
 Galileo i-onstriiets a telescope, 1^)09; and disi'overs 
 
 ,1 npit'TS .satellites, *,• 8 .Ian. 1610 
 
 True law.s of the, plam'tary molion.s aniionm'ed liy 
 
 Kepler : i.st and 2nd, 1609 ; 3ril .... i6,8 
 Various forms of telescopes and othiT instruments 
 
 used in a.stronoiny invented .... 160S-40 
 Cartesian system imhlished by Des Cartes , . . 1637 
 The transit of Venus over the sun's disc first ob- 
 served by Uorrocks .... 24 Nov. 1639 
 IIuvKheii.s cotnpletes the iliscoveiy of Saturn's rin|4 1654 
 Cassini draws his meridian liin', after Halite, see 
 
 HvliyiM jg.. 
 
 The aberration of the light of the fixed .stars dis- 
 covered by ilorrebow . . ... 1659 
 Oregon- invents a rellecting telescope . . . . ,(,(,, 
 
 Discoveries of Pii'anl ,g(j;^ 
 
 Charts of the moon constructed by Sclieiner, I,an- 
 
 greims, Ilevelius, liiccioli, Ac. , . about 1670 
 
 Disi liveries of Romer on the velocity of light, and 
 his observation of ,Jii]iiter's .satellites . . . 1675 
 
 Greenwich Oliser\'atory founded 
 
 Motion of the .sun rcmnd its own axis jiroved by 
 
 Hnlley ,6,6 
 
 Newtnii's rnnciinii ]mblislied, and the sv.steiii, a.s 
 
 now taught, demonstrated . . '. . . ,6Sj 
 Catalogue of the stars made by Kl.amsteed . " '. ,6fi8 
 Cassini's chart of the full moon executeil . . . igq, 
 1 gatellites of Saturn, i'c., discovered by Civssini . 1701 
 Hnlley predicts the return of the roinet (of 1758) . 1705 
 Flaiusteed's Histuria CielestU published . . ,^25 
 
 1 Aberration of the light of the stars discovered and 
 
 j exiilaiued by Dr. liradley lyj- 
 
 i John Harrison produces chronometers for deter- a. 0. 
 ' mhiiiiL' the longitude, 1735 efsiv;., and obtains the 
 
 reward ,76., 
 
 I ' Nautical Almanac " first published . . . . i^ij. 
 Celestial inequalities fcmnd by I.a.Grange . . 1780 
 Uranus and satellites discovered by llersidiid ; see 
 
 (korgiumSitlus ,3 March, 1781 
 
 I Mkaniqut Celeste, by La Place, publisheil . . ijng 
 
 1 RoVALAaTKONOMK.'ALHOCIKTY OF LONDON foUUlIed, 
 
 j 1820 ; chartered ,83, 
 
 I Beer and Mitdler's map of the moon published . . 1834 
 I Lord Rosse's telescope constructed . . . 1828-45 
 I The planet Neptune ( whUh sect discovered, 23 Sejit. 1846 
 I Bond I'hotogniphs the moon (see I'hotoyrnphy, 
 
 I cUmMi) ,85, 
 
 J Hansen's table of the moon jiublished at expense of 
 
 S'!"" British government ig-. 
 — -Trustees .'f the rev. Uichard Sheepshanks jiresent 
 lo.oool. stoi)' to Trinity College, Cambridge, for 
 promotion of ti." study of astronomy, ineteondogy, 
 
 and magnetism 2 Dec. 1858 
 
 |8i'iitruiii analysis applied in astronomy (see Spec- 
 
 h-um) ,861 
 
 Lsrge iihotograph of the moon by W. <le la Rue , 1863 
 Boyal Astronomical Society removed from Sunier- 
 
 Bet-ii.'uhc ill iJiiilinguni-iiuusB 1874 
 
 .ifo batrllitea of Mars discovered by prof. Asaph 
 Hall, at Washington, U.S. . . 11,18 Aug. 1877 
 LBtronoiuieal Congress opened at Pans ; cn-angc 
 
 75 
 
 ATHANASIAN CREED. 
 
 1S94 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1894 
 
 I ineiits made for photographing charts of Hm 
 
 I heavens at dillcrent observatories 16-26 April. i337- 
 
 \ Met again, Seid. 1889; Aiiril, 1891; vol. ii. of thu 
 
 charts begun [go, 
 
 j Mr. O. V. t;hnmbora' " Handbook of Astrononiv," 
 
 ; . newedilioii .',889-90 
 
 ; Mr. C. IL !•. Peters, ,d' Uamillon college observa- 
 tory, .N'l'w Vork, discovered ^'i minor olanets and 
 several comets ; born in Schleswig, ig'Snpt. i3ij', 
 died, ri; .July, rSyo ; his son, |irol'. C. A. !■'. Peters, 
 of the Koiiigsber- observatorv, died . 2 Dec. 
 Ui'itish Astronomieal associatioii ; first meeting 
 
 24 Oct. 
 Mr. Win. Itiiggins, )ircsideiit, at the meeting of tho 
 Hrilisli Assoi.iation at Cardiil'.describrs the results 
 of tlieap)ilicatioiiiirs]iectriuiinnalysisanil photo- 
 graphy to astrononiv .... ig All". 
 AsrnoNo.MlCAi, Sociktv ok Fiiaxh: iiiaugurated 
 ,, .. 12 "et. 
 
 .ur. Norman Lockycr announces his theory respect- 
 ing the conslitiilion of the heavenly bodies (see 
 
 i under jUi/<()m) ,7 Nov. 
 
 I New star discovered in Auriga (see ilfi//.(/ vmi) 
 I „ , ' I Feb. 
 Mr. (alt. sir) Norman Lockyer's "Dawn of Astro- 
 nomy," published Feb. 
 
 Jlr. John Hiissell Hind born 1823, died 23 Dec. 
 1895 (.sec yV'<H/^<allll o.mds). 
 
 M. risserand, dii tor of the I'aris oUscrvnton', 
 
 born 1845, author of '• Traite do .Mecanifn'ie 
 
 f'elcste, " dieil 20 (Jet. 1S9& 
 
 Prof. Hu-'i (iylden, direidor of the Sfnckholm 
 olwrvatory, died, aged 55 . . . 9 Nov 
 
 ASTURIAS (Ovicdo, since 1833), N.W. Spain, 
 an imcicnt primupiility. Hero Pciiivo collected the 
 Uotliic fugitives, iihout 713, founded 'iint'w kingdom, 
 and by liis victories clicckcd Moorish conquest. For 
 liis successors, sec Spain, Tlu' heir-apparent of the 
 monarchy has borne tlie title " prince of Asturiaa" 
 since 1388, wlien it was assumed by Ilenrj', son of 
 .lohii 1. king of Leon, on his niamagc with a de- 
 scendant of I'ctcr of Castile. In 1808, the junta of 
 Astmias began the organised resistance to the French 
 usurpation. 
 
 , ASYLUMS, or PlilVILEGED PLi^CES, "t 
 hrtit were places of refuge for those who by acci- 
 dent or necessity Imd done tilings that rendered 
 ihein obnoxious to tho law. God coinniiinded tho 
 Jews to build cities of refuge, 1451 B.C., Numhcrit. 
 .xx-v .—Cadmus is mytliically'said to have built one- 
 at Thebes, and Uoinulus one at Mount Palatiniv 
 151 li.c. ; see Sanctuaricn ; Metropolitan District. 
 
 ATALANTA (formerly Juno), training-ship^ 
 left Dermuda on a trial voyage, under capt. Stirling. 
 .?I Jan. 1880. On board, 15 officers, and 265 pettv 
 officers, seamen, marines, and boys; never hearih 
 of again. Many merchant vessels were wreckeii 
 during a tirrihc gale, 12-16 Feb. 1880. See Man- 
 sion IIon.se F'oi/is. 
 
 ATCHINOFF INCIDENT, see under 
 Russia, 1889. 
 
 ATELIERS NATION AUX (XationalWoi;k- 
 shops), were estabhshed by the French provisionai 
 government in Feb. 1848. ' They interfered greatly 
 with private trade, as about 100,000 workmen thn-w 
 themselves upon the government for labour andi 
 payment. The breaking-up of the 8ys»*-in led to- 
 the fearful conflicts in June followirig ; and the 
 system was abolished in July. 
 
 ATHANASIAN CREED. Aihanasius, of 
 Alexandria, was elected bishop, Xih. He firmly op- 
 
 Soaed the doctrines of Arius (who denied Chrfei"* 
 ivinity), was several times exiU^i, and di«d ii» 
 373- 
 
 L,umby, in " History of the r>.'eds ' (1874), asserts th«t 
 this creed, beginning " \- inuiique viiU." was not ot«ii- 
 posed by Athaiiasius ; that it is made up of two iU»- 
 tinct parts, and waj originally written tu Latin mk% 
 
 :i Ti" 
 
 
 |'i:f**jii'A\i 
 
 W 
 
 l5,i ' \',t>i 
 
 ly 
 
 J 
 
ATHEN 
 
 ■I •'Ml 
 
 i.ut int.) its V'-'-''"'"' "'''''I'rS^.v a^nv'''n'^'«'''''''''\' 
 ioimcctfd with Atlmnusiussi,inM.yii^. ^^^^^^ ^^|^^,,,^ 
 
 >- , . Vf forth" m^'t "in U:nil, I'houl 
 
 authority heloio ^'/, , ..rL' ',',',1 v, Unl^'"'. *=^' • "' 
 
 This ilrcil ilHMMts thi' inoi i.tnii I. .... f 
 
 %fc;:;;ni"u:i:^Mhy^.^i=ho,„«uathc 
 
 Iiiah'ttiTtotho .iivl of ^i'''"' "".■;,. 1 ..Niurssi'il thfir 
 " 'h"sho,.s of »'^"""^''";,>,,:! :^,:^,^' h, n.a,U„« oftlic 
 lioiw of (lrvi.si«>! ■>. »a> o ;'" r.irulsoiy. 
 
 Great ii.efting ol hi.t> iit bt. J.ii.R 
 
 ATHEISM ,.(";"•".'". ^^'t't-as :rolVs.«l hy 
 27.U,, God, sot. Vsahu M • )• t^,^, ',^,., ,,,,„.. 
 
 Epicurus, I^"',"'"" . „a,;.' of :, similar doctrm. 
 Spinoza was the .'V'^'i!^,Vini mihliflv taught iith.- 
 ( 632-167:) . L>";''» .^, " "'k C . 1 "to l"'. i'"'-'" "' 
 isu. in Franco and «^';-,, ^"^ , ,,, „f HoUte n, 
 Toulouse m 16IO. ,,^' " '". ''1 Uad upwards of a 
 
 o|..-dy Ff riV''^'u: ;.u ailout .1.74; ''"f"- 
 
 thousand (bsoiplfs m V' ' ' ,,l hi^ follo^vors wero 
 v,lU.a to >"='ke.l''™^'\\':r;,,'"h' ludd thatthon; 
 called ComvuucHU-u'^, ,„' -' :,>, - Though a small 
 is no othiT deity than oonsiKin,'-- ■„.,.. .^thvKsxw. 
 
 MdUm O'Connor, slain 10 Aug. 1316. 
 
 » rrtlT^VK the capital of ancient Attica, and d 
 ATHEN h, "'V,., rirst sovere sn mentioned i. 
 modern Ureeee, ,/, J. f^' f ,\„ ...fd was umBter uf 
 Ogyges, who "■\«"^'^;;i/^r;al>tion .tales that i„ 
 Attica, t^'-'V' -oIb ')a'hd..Ke laid waste th. 
 his rcign (about ^''4 »■ « *-, , ^^^...j^^i „,■„,„ 
 
 country, which «'' ' ' X, "i.v whom the laiul 
 EgyptianCecrw. >1|;»^^^^^^ 
 
 was ■•KM'^'»l'l'' 'V' " ' ', I, .en first called Ceciopia, 
 "^^^ T;:':l uu 1 A hens in honour of Minerv,, 
 was afterw uils "'"""^ ' , : ^ been ntroduceU >« 
 ruhenc), 1'^''\"->,"1' ' .Ifsw s ruled by seve,. 
 fcrechthcus, !3«3 •'-• '\'"'!' ,.,,„,,). bv thin..™ 
 teen successive lungs U«, > ,l^„;,nial ar- 
 
 years). It •'"'''' ,"J^, ohitne, so fereat a nuiuWi 
 
 !;nuuf^.-;-cu;--^'-"-'''"^'"'''^' ''■'"' 
 
 IS no ouici >""■.■ ■-,-_ V 1 ., ,„an into atheisin 
 
 araughtof philosophy > '.'^ „„ bin. iu.'!: again : 
 a rf„7) draudit wiU p;^''}" : , y; ',;,. Athei-m ore- 
 to the belief of a Ood. ^"'^J^ , -,^^ till 1801 ; 
 
 'lTHEN^A^^'7-t.^f^Une't;ri:i^ 
 Athens in l'™""^"^ ?,','' .. thev are mythi- 
 Paiiatheiueu the j' ;;;>• \ ' ^;!j , .' t,,..hthcus or 
 *allv said to iKiy^ '^r" e ' livviVed l,y Theseus, 
 Orplieus, 1397 "' '■♦Ip, "•,';;',.' ,,1 bv uU the Athenians, 
 
 ATHEN^uM, . I"- •>;,r:;;;i;..:"i':;ied 
 
 Minerva, where the p.-ts I" "^..'^^..t beauty, 
 
 their eompositions Ihato. ' '""^^ . J- ,,,._The 
 
 -as --tLd by ti;^ e-F-^i^ :;;;i\,;,?^,,,,824, i 
 ATHEN.t:v'M <-»:>- not London •' ^^ 1 iit,.rary 
 
 <>>vtlu.a.sociat..uofp~d .-..^ 
 
 attainments, am aitists ... ,^ ^,,. Over- 
 
 men, patrons ot learning, \' .. > ,"j ,^,,,,,vne, Dr. 
 
 P\U Abor'l^-'- «'^;"'-i^ : >j^ ;:;'!;:i;„b. Fara- 
 'l'. Young, Moore, Ua^^, bcot • ^^^^ ^^^^^^.^ 
 
 Uay, Ci-oker, Chaime , La« n . ^^j ._^ ^^^,^.^ , 
 
 premiers. l^>Vl p Ju n vib cC it is of (.irecian 
 The site of the bite CarlpaW it 1 ^^ 
 
 architecture, and the ' ''-f'; ,^,^,. 'f,„Vued the frieze 
 the Panathc.naic P"':;:,^, ''" ^ i/ a hona-um was 
 of the Paithenon.-lh^L- ;>: -t,,,. j^^.^,,^^_ ^^„j 
 
 S^'Ui'pb.^^und.igs under ^^^ 
 
 in relation to Htcraturcs «^;'^,'^ '„(^f„ '^ ',t appeare.l 
 
 originated by James hilk ''''_^' ;''" '^- ,.82, died 6 
 int828 JohnFranc.s.j.utd,sh,n|83.>^ 
 
 Apal, inaj. ^'- " "^ ," --jj . ^./,/„„,f «,» became me 
 July, lS<.>S. See r;oW.«, I8,v 
 
 Jan. 
 /'/a/os'ii'/i!/.) 
 links, 1433 (-Vi'alc"! 
 
 [■499 "• 
 . [14S1 II. 
 
 I; 
 
 1 ■«.; 
 
 ■ U"l 
 
 ■■l: 
 
 ^::!.;;;;,t'o;:x:ML,....B,.o.;.a„, 
 
 '^';'b:!n,::i^'atiooofA;hc;.,waspuhUshedhy,h, 
 13,UishMusc«.,,^.^.^^^.,.^ 
 
 Arrival of Cucrops [155S 
 
 The'lrcoungus estahUslicd 
 l,,.u,.ali".wnTives in Att.ca 
 l{,.ij;nor.\uil.hicty.;u . 
 '1'1„. I'anathcaa.au Uamcs 
 i Vt'ifhthouius r*.i>:us ■ ■ • * ' 
 l;;::,;;:,';custca.O,csha.J«u.;.y. ^^^,^,,,; ,, 
 
 : Kleusimaa 'I'-^.f ■-■ ", 'A\ . ti. the Kleusiniaos 
 Krccl,tl|. us !<;"'■;».'■',;, ;.e,„ls the throac 
 
 i 11,. throws l'Uii>tU u t , y,„..W,M..<. . ;. 
 
 ''•■'''■•^'H''o;;n'.as7^d»-iy'« 30 years . 
 
 ]];r:^;.t:id:"u"cc,sm;o one city, and uamcs ,t_ 
 
 ,.jl'l;'on.ucsthcus,,.o5;.vfDcmoi,hoou. . ,. 
 
 ,^^;ntofliphotcs.;sta..,jhcd . ■ • ' . ;; 
 
 Mi^:lX;u:r%tlusiusln„ocomhata,aiis_ 
 
 H^^''^?%\lf^u:";cfi;u!^o^nl;isuiuc,,;i;' 
 
 I„ a V''"'^;:^,' ' , ' ; . ,1 tl c o Vac.le having dc.-lar.l 
 
 ,,,a,le.- "f '''""\j ^^,j^„, governed by archoas, 
 Iloyalty a)"lsh«l, Aiacus b (,070 //.) ) 
 
 Medon tliu lirst . , • ■„ • ... ^ ' 
 
 Vl. aeon, last ;.cr,)d«( arcao. dies .... 
 
 I'lP oi,s lirsti'tctHHiu/arclioii . • • • 
 
 ■?'"' ,,1.H them hy his excelk'Ut code 
 Solon ^"l"'-",' 'r V."tv-a, t ■■ seizes the sui,reni« 
 IMststiatus '"^,,.,,'i'.' Solon, 559- P'sisti:.!..* 
 
 ' i;;taf:is.^^bi'^-"--'^-"'^-"'='='"'"'"""^ 
 
 FuilrtniedV i^tcdttt Athens, on a waggon, l.y 
 
 nu!;»m'hus assassinated by Harmodlus and AiisU. ; 
 
 TlJiflawof ostrai'ism establislied ; Hippias aial tl« 
 
 Pisistratidie haiiishcd 
 
 I ..,,,„os taken hy Mdtmdes • : .. 
 iTio Persian iiivadeio dctcatcd ut M..i.>th' 
 
 'irl^ld:^'!^--''the,/a.<...uished 
 i£r?Wui,ytl,cl-e™anXe._xes 
 Uumt to the ground hy Maidonius 
 
 Hchiillt and fortilloil liy Themist 
 TlieiaiHtoclcs banished' . 
 t'iiiioii, sou of ililtiadcs, overnu 
 IViiclea takes part in imhllc al 
 Ciiaoii aihini Athens, 464 ; tlie 
 Athens licgiiis to lyniiiiiisu oven 
 Tlie long wall huilt . 
 LiU'i-ature, philosophy, and art H 
 iho tlrst sacred (or sooial) w.'ir ; ( 
 Tiilniidiui eiaiducts an expedition 
 is defeated anil killed near L'or 
 The thirty years' irii..(! Ia.tw(;i.n 1 
 
 Lacedainonians 
 Herodotus paid to have read 1 
 
 I'oniicil at Atlit.ns 
 Pmcles olitdins tlie governnieiit 
 I'ericlcs sulidiies fjainos 
 Siitirical eomedies jiroliihited at 
 Alliance lietwecn Athens and t'oi 
 with (Jorinth, 433 ; Icails to the 
 (lasted 27 years)'; it hcKan . 
 A (hcadful plague, which liad 
 Liliya, Kgypt. and I'l.rsia. extei 
 coiitimies lor five yc.ars . 
 Peath of Policies of the jilague 
 pisastrous exiieditioii against Sii 
 luinnianders. Ilcinostlienes and 
 Heet destroyed by (iyli|,|,u.s . 
 I G'lveninient of the "four luindiei 
 I Al'-il'iieles defeats the Laeediemoi 
 
 (leliiehsee) .... 
 I .ik'ihiades. accused of .aspiring t,; 
 
 liaiiislied 
 
 .Alliens vii'torious in a sea light at 
 I .Ulienian Heet destroyed by Lysii 
 
 I tanii ' . 
 
 |Hel»sieges Atliens by land and .« 
 destroyed, and it e.'ipituiates, 1 
 nesiari war terminates . 
 iRulcof the thirty tyrants, who ai 
 Ilir.isyhulus . . , . 
 IS'icrates (aged 70) jnit tfi de.-ith. 
 ■Tlie Ccriiitliian war liegiiis . 
 lO'iina rehuilds the long walls, 
 
 I Pineas 
 
 Iriato f(piinils the academy . 
 IWiiraiiaiiisl Sparta 
 fliie Ijiceda'inonian fU'et defcatc 
 
 Clialirias 
 
 Oi'iiiTiil place .... 
 jl'Mlil', kiiij; of Maeedon, ojiiioses 
 see M'lxiedoH . . . . 
 fcet'iind sacred (or soeial) war . 
 first I'hilijinic of llemostheiies . 
 ffufe with Mat.pdon . 
 
 Battle of Cheronii-a (ifhi,h .lee) ; 11; 
 
 Tliehaiis defeated liy I'liiliii 
 tliiliiia.wnsKiiiated hy Paus;ini,as 
 ttheiia suhiiiits to Alexander, who I 
 iiMtli of Alexander . 
 [Ik Laiuiau war ; the Athenians 
 T against Maeechm, 323 ; defeat 
 
 Uemostliencs jioi.scais himself . 
 Aliens sarreiiders to t'assander, w 
 
 ;i3 ; execution of Phoeion 
 tlemftrius Polioreetes expels [lemi 
 laml restores the Athenian di.ni 
 I latter hikes the chair of philo.soji 
 
 laifclie hftween .\thens. .**parta, ; 
 Jtlieiis taken hy .Vntigonus tJonatd 
 
 liii, 56S ; rc^tori'd by Aratiis . 
 pif Atlieiiians join the .-Vcliu-an lea 
 
 I'yjiiin the ..faolians .against .Mac 
 I for assistance to Home 
 \Uoriian Heet arrives at Atliens 
 fii' Kimans iiroelaim liberty at .\t 
 111 jik'.ition of Greece 
 
 Athenians implore assistam 
 ll.i.mans fripni Mithridates. king c 
 l^riierai, Arehelaus, makes liin 
 
 J Athens 
 
 |the]is liesiegeil hy Sylla, the Ronii 
 ii-f»i t" surrender bv fauiiiie 
 Indies at Athens, -g ; and 1 
 lie Atlieiiians desert Poniiiey, to 1 
 Irv^Isof Ca-sar 
 Ithens risited liy the apostle Paul 
 
s , . 
 
 i;;5 
 
 » 
 ites it 
 
 !:■; 
 
 
 11% 
 
 lUiU is 
 
 11:: 
 
 
 icy 
 
 ATHENS. 
 
 lii'lmlltiindfiirtilli'il liyTlieinlHtnclcs ; PIm'-.islmllt 
 
 Tlieiiiistoclus biinlnliiMl 
 
 Ciiiiiiii, mm of iMiltiiiili'M, nvi'iniiis all Tliincu ^ 
 IVHclea takt's piiit in |mlillf iifliilrn, j6q ; lie nnii 
 
 Ciliiiiii iKl'ini Atlifiis, 4f,4 ; tliu latter iHiiiislicd 
 Athi'im lifgins tci lyramii.se iJverGreeco 
 Tlie IdiiK wall luiilt 
 
 LiUTature, iihiliisopliy, mill art Hniiiisli 
 The llrst sacrwl (or siiiial)\var; (ic/ii/'/isrc) 
 riphniiliuiciiniliii'tHaii I'xiii'ilitinii intii Bcuotia, ami 
 
 is ik'feati'il ami killuil iii'nr Cnrniica . 
 Tlie thirty years' tiuco lii-twufii tliu Atlieiiiaiis amj 
 
 Lai'i'iliiiiioniuiis 
 
 Heriiiliitus yn'ul tn have ruail Iiis liistury in the 
 
 , I'lmiicil at AtlR'HM 
 
 PiTic'lt'S iilitaiiis the government . , ' . ' ] 
 Perii'le-'i suhiliies .Samns . . . . ' ' 
 Sntiiioal eiinicdies iiniliiliiteil at Athens . ' . ' ] 
 Alliaiiee lietween .\thens ami Coreyra, then at war 
 with Ciirinth, 4jj ; leads t" the IVhiponneslan war 
 
 (lasted 27 years) ; it liegaii 
 
 A ilifailftil plague, whieh had ravaged Kthioi.ia 
 yiiyn, Kgypt, and i'ersia, extends tn Athens, ami 
 
 cimtiniits fur five years 
 
 Death of I'oiicles iif the plagwe . . . ' . ' 
 
 1 Uisastriius expeditinn against Sieily ; death nf the 
 
 luiiiiiianders, llenmstiieMes and Niidas ; Athenian 
 
 Hcet destriiyed hy (iylippiis . . . .415 
 
 I Goveninient nf the " fiiiir hnndred " . . . 
 
 I AlciliiadeH defeats the Lncedieiniinians at C'yzicus ; 
 
 I (u'Aic/i see) ' . 
 
 I Ak'ihiiides, nceiised (if aspiring to sovereign |iiiwer', 
 
 liaaisheil 
 
 I Atliuus vii-tiiriiius in a sea light at Arginnsa^ . '. 
 Athenian fleet destroyed liy Lysaiider at iKgnspo- 
 
 i tJiiiii 
 
 I He liesieges Athens by land and sea ,• its walls are 
 ' ilestriiyed, and it eajiitulates, and the IVlopon- 
 
 nesiaii war terminates 
 
 Iliuleef the thirty tyrants, who are overthrown hy 
 
 I Tliiuiylmlns 
 
 IS'iiTiites (aged 70) jmt to death. . . . [ 
 
 ■Tliet'iirhitliian war iiegins 
 
 Ic.iiina relmilds the long w.ills, and fortilles the 
 
 I Pinviis 
 
 Ipiatn Ibiinds the academy 
 
 l\Var against Spaita 
 
 nriif Ijieedienionian fleet defeated at Naxna liy 
 
 Cliiitirias 
 
 fctiR-ml peaee ] 
 
 Triiilil', king of Macedon, ojiposes the Athenians : 
 
 \ see Mcmfon 
 
 fcewiulsaered (or soeial) war . . . ' 35, 
 
 b'iiit Pliiiippie of Hiiiinstlieiies 
 
 ivaii' witli Mai-ed.iu * 
 
 liattleiif Ciieronaa (irlilrh sec) ; the Athenians ami 
 1 Tliebans defealeii liy Pliilij> . , , 7 Aug. 
 thiliii assassinated by Pausanias . . . ". 
 
 fclhc'iis submits to Alexander, who spares the orators 
 
 lii:itlief Alexander 
 
 till- Liuiiiau war ; the Athenians and others rise 
 
 iijiiiiiat Macedon, 323 : defeated at Cranon ; 
 
 J litmostlienes poisons himself . ; . . . 
 
 ktlieim surrenders to L'a.ssander, who governs well, 
 
 ■ 3; exeention of Phocion 
 
 Btiiii'trius Poiioreetes expels rieinctrins Phalereiis, 
 \m\ iTstoies the Athenian democracy. 307; tile 
 : htlrr takes the chair of philosoiihy . 
 J Iragiu- between Athens, S|>arta, aiid Egypt . B.c\ 
 Itlifiis taken by Antigoims tionatas, king of Alave- 
 
 Tilnii, 26S ; restored by Aratns 
 
 hit .Mhenians join the Aehiean league 
 
 fK'.vjinn the A;tolians against Macedon, and send 
 
 I ti.r assistance to Home 
 
 I Hoiiian Heel arrives at Atliens .... 
 BicKiiiians iMoelaim liberty at Athens . ' 
 
 ptijtigatiun of (ireece 
 
 lit Atlieni.ans implore assistance against the 
 llaniiatis from Mithridates, king of P. intua, whose 
 Ijitiieral, Arelielaus, makes himself master of 
 
 I.Mlii'ns 
 
 Itheiis besieged by Sylla, the Roman general ; it is 
 
 ^r.'.lni.l'il to sliTM^infier >iy fniiiit... 
 
 ,,,, -liulies at Athens, 79 : and Horace . . . 
 if .Ulieiiians desert PomjH'y, to follow the iiite- 
 
 |rf>tsof Ctcsar 
 
 Uims railed by the apostle Paul . . a.v. 
 
 ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAYS.^ 
 
 478 
 471 
 
 461J 
 
 461 
 
 459 
 457 
 448 
 
 er 
 
 Alarii 
 
 cted by Hadrian 
 
 . and sii.ired from slaiiKhler 
 de la Itoclie, and afterwards 
 
 122-135 
 
 447 
 
 445 
 
 444 
 
 440 
 
 431 
 
 410 
 
 4 -'9 ; 
 
 ■41.! 
 411 
 
 ■ 905 
 
 '444 
 1456 
 1466 
 '479 
 
 1827 
 ■833 
 
 i336 
 '394 
 
 1896 
 
 407 
 406 
 
 405 
 
 404 
 
 403 
 3)9 
 
 393 
 
 393 
 388 
 378 
 
 .•^76 
 371 
 
 359 
 -355 
 352 
 346 
 
 338 
 336 
 335 
 323 
 
 322 
 
 317 
 
 296 
 277 
 
 256 
 229 
 
 215 
 211 
 196 
 144 
 
 Many temples, <ti 
 
 Athens taken liv 
 
 Aciiniivd by IJth 
 
 made n diirhv 
 
 Snlijeeled bv the Tlirks 
 
 Hy .Mahomet 11. . , ' . ' 
 
 Hy the Veneti.ins ..'''' 
 
 llestonxl to the Pnrks 
 
 Atliens snlteiedmn.il liming the War of Hid'eiMm- 
 dence, ,821.7. Taken by the Turks (see y™,") 
 
 ■ ■ .nes the capital of the kingdom of modem 
 
 Uni.isii .Soiiooi r,F AiuhIkoloiiv, I'nnch'proilioteii 
 by .Sir C. T. .Newton, ,883; (llrst director K.C 
 l'cnr..se), .iiien.il . . ' y^^,' 
 
 The Parthenon and other bnihlings' iniiire.! bv 
 e«rth,|iiake(,c;„-,A ...,.) . . 20 April, .,„;/. 
 .^ee lii-eere. ' ' 
 
 The restoration of the ancient stadion in mnrblo by 
 
 .11. Averolt ; see Oiiimidc aumex 
 
 Destriietiv,. tliiinderstorm, slight shocks of earthl 
 
 l.ake, ov,.rtl,iw or the Kephisos His.sos, houses 
 
 ami budges wrecke.l, great destruction Et the 
 
 1 mens serious loss of life ; (r,.lief fund opened 
 
 by the king) . . 26 \ v 
 
 .Stmlent i-iots in Athens, military "callJd out', "27 " 
 
 i^\^''Vl '"■ '""^■'■■■■■'ity held by the students, 
 
 bl.,eka(le.l by troops, 1 onllicts with tlie police 
 
 I 29 Jan. ; intervention of the professors, revolt 
 
 I ended. . ikoh 
 
 j 3o.Jan. 1897 
 
 [ ATHLONE, Hoscoiiunon, Ireland, \\m burnt 
 (luniig tlic civil vMir in Hui. After the buttle of 
 he Jiovne, colonel U. (Jnice held Athlone for 
 Jiinics II. ng.iuist n besieging urinv, but was killed 
 when It was taken by assault by Uinckel, 30 June. 
 I091 ; see AHyhrim. "^ ' 
 
 m'^T^^^''^- ,'^ """'"*''"" '" Kouinelin, termed 
 Jloiitc Saiit.i fr.iiii Its iiiiiiiorous mona.steriea whose 
 libraries i<intnin many M.S.S. especially of the old 
 nnd new testaments, of great antiquity. Professor 
 Lambros is preparing a catalogue, i,S89. 
 Uj- a great lire in the b.rests, nianv monasteries and 
 herimtagi.s were. lest loyed.an.i about ,2 monks 
 or hermits pen.s bed, reported about . 2 Aug. ,800 
 A mona,stery was burnt about , . ,4 Junt .89? 
 
 ^ ATLANTA, GEORfiiA. 
 
 "JOJJ. '"^'-' I'liile'l ■Sfxtcn, i«()4. 
 
 ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH, see £!ectrU 
 Jdajnipli, \xm\vT Lhctnaty. 
 
 ATLAS, see Charts and Mercator. 
 
 ATMOLYSIS, a method of separating the 
 constituent gases of a compound gas (such as at- 
 mosiiherio air) by causing it to pass through a vessel 
 of porous material (such as graphite) ; «rst made 
 known in Aug. 1803, by the discoverer, the late 
 professor f. Graham, F.K.S., master of the mint 
 
 ATMOSPHERE, seeyiiV. 
 
 ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAYS. The idea 
 of producing motion by atmospheric pressure wa» 
 conceived by Papin, the French engineer, about 
 1680. i,.xperiment8 were made on a line of rail 
 laid down aero?a A\ ormwond .Scrubs, London be- 
 tween Sheiiheid's Bush and the Great \Vesten> 
 railroad, to test the efficacy of atmospheric tubes 
 the working of the air-pump, and speed of ean-iages 
 upon this new principle on railroads in June, icSdO 
 and then tried for a short time on a line betweei> 
 Croydon am London. 1845. Atmospheric pressure- 
 was also tried and abandoned, in 1848, on the South 
 Devon line. An atmospheric railway was cnm- 
 menc cd between Balkey and Kiliiuey, in the vicinity 
 of Dublin, in Sept. iif43; opened 29 March, i844"- 
 discontinued in 1855. A similar railway was pro- 
 posed to be laid down ill the streets of London by Mr 
 
 population, 1890, 
 
 
 •■ ..';!) 
 
 I 1' I' 
 
 (I 
 
 
 
'atomic'theory. 
 
 raUway station ana NNh.U'u 11 « 'SI , j^^^ „ 
 
 ,86s. Atmo«,.l»'.ic ,>P-uro j^'^^fin 1869; Boe 
 submarine railwaj fi -ni Uo\ tiu v« . 
 I'tmmatielkniiutth. 
 
 ATOMIC THEORY iucUeini^-deaU 
 
 the inaiviBible I'^"-^ ' \' f, '' '" ,f i,ia predecessors 
 somewhat iiieoliereu 1 'i'l'"';^,;^' ^.j^^d bv John 
 (Bueh as Wenzel, •" '7' ;'•*:',,,,,,,., .portion, which 
 iialton to four aw« ..I ^»" ' ^ ,7^ Iheory.' ' Uin 
 iiave received the "'""'".'f '\ | „ tlie exposition 
 ♦'Chemical Philosophy,. ^' 'j/»""Vf/t;. Uaubeny's 
 of his vicws,appeurecl in 808^ published in 1 850. 
 work on the Atomic T] «»^ / ;';^; , Dalton tn^es 
 I„ his «t«"J''" °' f ,"" vb.M onunencod hiselabo- 
 Jiydrogenaal. "'•'tfri'.iect in 1848, adovt^oxyKcu 
 rate researches on the «" ' ^."\'" '^[Ji „ this country, 
 ,as 100. TliefonncrBtauUid «u?^^ ' ^ ;, ,^e- 
 
 the latter on t'';' /;' '" ^j t n.Her cheniists. .In 
 oopted bv some, and rejetteu u) hypothetical 
 
 ,855 lllnriehs I'ropouuded a ; , I',„„j,„..ed 
 iciince,^^«m.r;K»u..,m« '^ f"' »4,,„helnical 
 of panatoniB is ^e,a.dcd a the^P . ^^^ ^^ 
 
 principle. '^ i; ^ ^,, 4ir H K. Uoscoe and Arthui 
 
 in obedience to "i™' ""' .''/J^' „ ,„ like those of 
 
 .consists of free ^'"""'j '•,/ ^,^" ,, rlv .'hance. His 
 
 fire; and that n"^/''";,!^ 'V^'l^l^^.^ru, (,bout V*> 
 
 philasophy was »'I«P''-'' ^V, i^nuslv expounded 
 
 «.a.), whose .'>'fr"'««l'^;„™"'"i^"ii' '■'"'' -^■"- 
 by Lucretius in his Kieiit .poem, ^ ,j,,^^, 
 
 atomic philosophy, in '■ 1 ' -■ ■" 
 
 '^ ATTOliNEY OENERAJL. 
 
 , afti-i wiu-ils lord Soiuevs. 
 , afterwards lord Trevor. 
 
 A. II. Sir Wm. 
 
 atomic pnuu»"i"'.v "; ; -..^ ,,,-- a.h. Sir >' 
 ,used by Gassend., whc, ^^'-J i,,.J^. „f ^^t,„„; 
 -ITiomson's discourse ' '• _• ,„a, :., ,„.i„tet 
 
 883, is printed m 
 
 "lliomson's discourse , 
 
 the Koval Instituu-'i, ? • ^•'• 
 the " Proceedin^js, ''nv. i. 
 
 ATREBATES, a .Ki.ji. people, subdued b> 
 
 Cffisar HTB.c; sue^Wois. 
 
 L t™1{ Acts of, whereby a person 
 ATTAINDEK, acts ot ^^..^^ ^j. 
 
 not only forfeited ^^'^'^^^T %,,^ witne-..es in 
 tainted, have l'^;^" ■":;" .ry where corruption 
 cases of high t>-^'a^"'\' f,"';' , . , ,,rty accused shall , 
 of blood is incurred "I'l'/o^y'ii '111.^694-5. Black- 
 <;oi.fes8, or stand mute, ; .V » v '"'• J^^^ Jl^i \ ,,0 was 
 ,toue. The ?«amfs''/^f,i'^ felds 2 July, U-S.^^as , 
 beheaded in L>"?;; " '"f fj^ f,8o' The rolls and re- 
 
 cords of the acts of 1 •"'";• 1' ~ii,i,. i,„rnt, 2 Oct. I 
 JamesII.werecance eda dp oil . ,^^^^ - .^^„„ 
 
 1695- Sir John l•cnl^vl-^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ 
 
 executed by act "f " , ,' ™ .,\' 4, the attaint! 
 Among.st the lust ^"j';, . ' \^^"t; t.-erald (who was 
 of the children of lord lY.";"!,, f, Aaud uf I7'j8)^ 
 i^licated in the v. ^eU^m m I, d - , 
 
 I July, 1819. ,|!\ ',,'■+ spveral attainders reversed 
 
 ATTICA, see ^M.»».,^^__^ 
 ATTILA.suvnam- Uo >^^^^^^^ 
 
 thus diBting-i^;''- ^'"^ ^^'^^^^''empire from -U5 t" 45°; 
 
 Suflolk, "'^ ! V^uiiiber of attorneys practising m 
 irriMtcdKngr.. was said to bl 13.824 ('872). 
 'IV q^aUticatiols and pracrice of ""oniey^ and 
 iJ^iVirfare uow regulated by 
 
 Se(^ Solicitors. ^ , m f 
 
 ATTORNEY- GENERAL, a law officer of 
 
 the cin«V, .u,iminted by letters patent. He has to 
 \ ;i ,f r laliona and prosecute for the king ui 
 
 In te 's S 1 an^^ ril" ^lls in exchequer, for 
 
 ;v claims concerning the crown in inheritance ,,r 
 an.v claims concei I » ^^ ^^.^^^^ ^^^ ^ ,^ 
 
 '•uo'rney The llrst attorney-ge.reral was William 
 Bonneville, 1277. 
 
 ,660. Sn- •Jj'l''y';:5'j'*i'"".^i aftcrwanls earl of Nottln«hui„. 
 %l°; % l.{nuurNo'rtlI:'kut"anerwar.ls lord Guildlma. 
 ,67-, Sir William .Jones. . 
 
 679. Sir <Jresvel I-eviuz, or Levinae, kul. 
 ,681. Sir W.iliert Sawyer, kut. 
 -687 HirTliniiias I'owi.i, kiit. 
 
 Henry roUexfcn, es(i. 
 
 Sir George Treby, kiit. 
 
 Sir John Sunuiieis, kut., 
 
 Kdwanl Wanl, es(i. 
 
 Sir Tliniiias Trevor, knt., 
 
 Kdwar.l Norlhcy, es.i. 
 ,707. SirSiiumi Uaicouit, knt. 
 '-^■^i^SuKiS.'^L. art. lord Harcourt. 
 
 ^JehrS^ri^-l'ft.lonll.echmere. 
 
 SiiM^ert Iliivinoad. aft. lord Itajnmud. 
 
 Sir I'hiMp Y,.rke, aft. earl of llar.lw.cke. 
 
 !<ir,Johii WiUes, knt. 
 
 ?i;;,r^Sl^,.Ki>':^^.ft.earU,fMaj,s|l^^^^ 
 
 iV, i„i,.Mt Heiiluy knt., aft. carl ol Northniiitoii. 
 
 Sir Charles l-r.att,^.it., ifterwards lord Camdeu. 
 
 ''T; TvS:^^^- kut., art. lord Grautley. 
 [Ill- 1 0, .' 'imrles Y<,rkc,a«ain ; afterwards lord Mur,l..„, 
 ^ '■ .iiM lord itliancollor; see Chuticf'n-s 
 
 « w I .m di Orcy, alterwanls lord WalsiuKbiuii. 
 "^^- K, vu' 1 i'luu-low, es.,., afterwards l..rd Tlmrluw. 
 1558 Alex We.ldcburn, aft. lord LoUslU.oroUKli. 
 liso! James Wallace, e.<n- 
 178J. l-loyl Kenynii, esu. 
 1783. Jaiues Wallace, esii. 
 
 " l.'l'yd Kenyon; again : afteiwards lor.l Ivcnyuii. 
 
 ,,3. Sir UiclKird I'. Arden, alt. lord Ahanley. 
 
 788 Sir Ar,liil.ald .Maclonald 
 
 ^ s- liihn Scott aftijrwards lord tldon. 
 
 ,„3. S ■"';';*, V ,,.„,„,,^,,is Inrd Hcde.,dale. 
 
 'J^'^- s ■ Kdwaid I I V, alt. lord KUcnl.orougl., .., IVl'. 
 
 Is^a Iba!. S .en|. ';• I'ercival (murdered by Uell,n,l,a,. 
 ■ II May, ihi2), 15 Apn. 
 
 Sir 'iCi'nalsPhim'eVarterwards first vice-cliaiicillji 
 .ir Kuglaud, 26 June. 
 i8ii Sir William Garrow, 4 May. 
 
 ;^;j^i^^;i;:^sim»^?^oi«v>rd,^au,y 
 
 ^s.T Sir JohnSiugleton Copley, afterwards lord Liiw- 
 
 buist, yJ''^"- „ „ . 
 ,826 Sir Cliiu-les Wetlicrell, 20 Sept. 
 1827 Sir James Si'arlutt, 27 April. 
 
 8,8 Sir Cliarles WethereU, again, 19/eb. 
 
 820 S r,.as. Scarlett, again .; aft. lord Abinger 2,Jim. 
 Isaa Sir XUos. Uemaan, aft. lord Denman. 26 Nov. 
 
 1689. 
 
 1692. 
 1693. 
 1695. 
 1701. 
 1707 
 
 1718. 
 1720. 
 1724. 
 1734- 
 ■ 737- 
 1754. 
 1756. 
 1757' 
 1762 
 
 iSia. 
 
 ATTORNEY! 
 
 ■ii!3. Hi< dllani II(jrm\ if, Nov 
 I'm. Sir.iiiJni L'ainiiliell, i Murcl 
 ., Mir Freilorick l'iil|ii,.k, 17 U 
 i3)5. Sir John Cainiiliell, again, 
 bell (and, 18=,,. l,,id chai 
 1841. Sir ThiiniaH Wilih', ) July. 
 „ Sir F. I'olloek, again ; aft. 
 1844. W'r William W. Fullctt, 15 . 
 ,34;, Mir Frederick ThcslgiT, 4 Ji 
 1846. Sir Thiunas Willie, iig.iia ; 
 and liinl cliahielliM-, 6 Jn 
 „ Sir John Jervis, afterward 
 cianiniin pleas, i (.Iiily. 
 
 ; i3so. Sir Jdim It illy, all. n'liwl 
 
 1851. Sir Alex. James Kdinund t'l 
 
 ] 1853. Sir Frederii'k Theslgiir, n 
 
 Chelmsrord, and lord elm 
 
 Sir Alexander L'm'kliurn, a; 
 
 of eomnioii jilens and ((ee 
 
 1 1S56. Sir Hidnirii Helhell, 15 N,iv 
 
 1S58. Sir Fitzroy Kelly, 27 Feh., 
 
 ((. 1 880. 
 
 1 1859. Sir U. Ilcthcll(siMii'liird W( 
 
 celhn), 18 June. 
 |iS6i. Sir William Athcrt.in, 37 Ju 
 I1363, Sir Uoundell I'ulmer, aft. h 
 thani:i'll(ir, 2 Oct. 
 Sir Hugh M. Cairns, aft. lord 
 cellor, 13 July. 
 ,, Sir John Rolt (made Justice 
 11S67. Sir John Karslake, i July. 
 iii68. Sir Robert I'orrett Collier, i 
 lfJ7i. air John Duke Coleridge, at 
 lord ch.ef Justice, 10 Nov. 
 :i873. Sir Henry James, Nov. 
 
 1874. SIr.Iohn Karslake, Feb. 
 
 ,, Sir nichiird Itiiggallay, 22 A] 
 
 1875. Sir John lliilker, 25 Nov. 
 i33o. Sir Henry James. 13 May. 
 iSSj. SirUichard K. Webster, Juii 
 336. Sir Charles Hus.'ier 
 ., Sir Hichard 15. Wi 
 ,391. Sir Charles Unssel 
 394. Sir John Itigby, 
 
 Oct. 1894). 
 „ Sir Kobert Thresbie Heid, iq 
 iSgj. Sir Kichard E. Webster, 9 Ju 
 
 j ATTORNEYS' AND 
 tCT, passed 14 July, 1870. 
 
 J ATTRACTION, describee 
 ■bout 1520, as an appetence or 
 Ircator impressed upon nl; pa 
 leplcrasa corporeal alfecfion ten 
 li ibX;, sir I. Newton publishe( 
 
 fcntaiuing his iuijiortant researc 
 Jee Gravitatiim, MagiietisDi, am 
 I. William Siemens e.\liil)ited h 
 
 jtheKnyal Society, 187O. 
 
 LmVOOD'S MACHINE, 
 
 Iwsof iiccciiTiited motion by the 
 Iveiiti'il by George Atwood ; d 
 [fj II July, 1807. 
 
 lAUBAINE, a right of the Fi 
 
 liited fmm the beginning of the 
 
 J they claimed the property of e 
 
 Ifd in their country, without 
 
 •alisi'd, was abolislied by the 
 
 I i;90-9I ; re-established by I 
 
 ■■ Liially aunulleu 14 July, 18I' 
 
 LrBEROCIIE, Guionno, 
 
 ■luf llcrliy defeated the Freni 
 .e, 19 Aug. 1344, 
 
 «'CKLAXD, capital of N. 
 
 liiiiii). was tonuded Sept. I-SjO. 
 
 Ill' district, ill 1857, was est 
 rope HIS, and 35,000 natives; in : 
 J", >;,6lO. Tlie seat of governi 
 Wtlliiigton on Cook's Strait, U 
 
 , about G 
 ebster, 26 J 
 1 3 Aug. ; 
 May (loi 
 
ATTORNEYS' ACT. 
 
 |345' 
 ■ 84S. 
 
 1851. 
 
 1833. Hi/ illiaiii U(irm\ j6 Nov. 
 i8j4. Sir./(>Jiii L'iiiii|i1hi1I, i Miinli 
 
 „ Sir Frciluriik I'l.lL.ik, 17 l),c, 
 ,3j5- HIr .loliii t'aiiiiil.i.ll. ,ik,i|i,, ,ift,.rwiii'(U lord Caiiii,- 
 Iwll (unci, 185.), Iiii'il I'liiinirllDr), to Aluil 
 SIrThiMimH WiM,', ,,July. ' 
 
 Mir K I'Mlloi'k, amiln : uft. clilcf Imi-dri. 6 .Sent 
 Mir Wlllluiii W. (■■nllctt, 15 April. ■ ""^V^- 
 
 Mir Kri'iliirirk Thc'slgi.r. 4 .Inly, 
 Sir Thnmiw WiMii, ii^.-ilr, ; aitorwanU lord Truro. 
 
 mill Inrd clmii'i'llrir, fi.hily. 
 Sir Jdliii .I.'rvlH, iiftiM«ar.lii chM JiHtleu of the 
 L'diiiiiiiJii jileuH, iT.Jiily. 
 1850. SlrJnlm Koiiillly, alt. innster of tlii! rolln, u Julv 
 .«". air Alex. Jiiiuua Kilnmiiil Corklmrn, 38 Miuvli 
 , Sir Freilerlck Tlwsiniir, nKiilii : afturwuriU'lonl 
 ChelniHford, .ind l.ird I'li.anci'lior, 2 .Miin'lL 
 Sir Alexander Oickluirii, nKalu ; ul't. elder iiiHtieo 
 1 of comiiK.ii |ilea« and iif.'en'H Ijeneli. 28 llee 
 
 1856. Sir Hielianl Hethell, 15 Nov. 
 
 ,858. Sir Fitzroy Kelly, 27 Fel,., alt. ehlef baron, 1866 : 
 I (I. 18H0. 
 
 1 ,859. Sir H. Iletliell (Hinee lopl Westljury, and lord ilinn- 
 I cellor), 18 .Injji'. 
 
 I i36t. Sir William Atljerton, 37 July. 
 1 1863, .Sir Uounilell I'aliner, aft. lord Selborne, and lord 
 I tliiineellor, 2 Oct. 
 
 |i866. .Sirllu^h .M. C'airn.H, aft. lord Cairns, and lord cliiin- 
 celliir, 13 July. j 
 
 , „ iir John Holt fnindeJu..<tieo of ajjiioal), a8 Out 1 
 
 I1S67. .fir John Karslake, I July. ' ' 
 
 |i,S68. Sir Kiitiert I'orrett Collier, 12 Deo. 
 
 I1871. Sir,Iohn Duku Coleridge, aft. lord ColcrldKc. and 
 
 1 lord el-efjustiee, 10 Nov. 
 
 ■ 1873. Sir Henry .lames, Nov, 
 
 1(074. **'■' ''"'"' Karslake, Feb. 
 
 T „ Sir Ricliard Ha»,'K'allay, 32 April. 
 
 11875. Sir.lohn llolker, 35 Nov. 
 
 CsSo. Sir Henry James, 13 May. 
 
 1335. Sir Uiohard K. Webster, June. 
 
 |336. Sir Charles Uus.sell, about Feb. 
 
 I., Sir Hiehard K. Webster, 26 July. I 
 
 l3gi. Sir Charles Russell, 18 Au'.<. ; see /!;)(». i/, ,804 i 
 
 1394. Sir John KiKby, i .May (lord justice of appeal, 1 
 Oct. 1894). "^ 
 
 Sir Kobnrt Tlireslile Heiil, iq Oct. 
 
 IS55. Sir Uiehard E. Webster, 9 July. ! 
 
 70 _ AUUMKNTATIONH " CXJl'ltT. 
 
 moi'(tb^m.Tb9r' " ''"{'."f^'il'-knovn. toth«Rora;uii, 
 The Hrst In I't.h ■'''"• ^''7' '""' 1'^fo.iiu, Arbiter 
 1 uu nmt in bntain was about 1 700. bv EUahii Yab. 
 
 irrr "'^'"'^ """^«''' "''^Madras, in th^' 
 hC. a',""; •'''"' "V" r''!'"'^'''""'J^ ''« l"iJ brought 
 li'mif. Auction and saCs' tux bfiran i—o VaHm.a 
 j aou of parliatnent buv.. rcKulat^a't'i;! andTm 
 
 • III • '•'••'5(l«4S). the duties were ropcsled, 
 ' t bv T" V""'''^ ';""."'" 'i^f"'^oto be taken 
 lol-^ T^t.T''" '" "'" ^"'""^ Kingdom, of 
 10^ in I«s8 there were 4358 licences Kr.mt' ,| 
 
 Miork.outs, caused by combinations of brokers 
 und others, excited tnucli attention in Sept 1866 
 
 it s:;d\-Xv'',«?-"'r °/-''""j '•>' "'"^t'on «^; 
 
 pa»sid ij Julj !«(,- Certain sales urenowexempt 
 
 ii^^o^ . '*^"""i"''"'';' ''•■ " "«""««'' auctioneer, su,fh 
 M (foods auu ■h.ittels under a distress for reu and 
 sa es -mder the provisions of the Small Deb?s' a,", 
 
 ^ryilJi'Sn"' '""'""• '"' ■^■'"-/ ^-"-^'A 
 
 tatuiF wh*^^^'- ^"'1"*''" "^ ' °f Mesopo. 
 
 tiumu, who, havinff been expel tlie Svrmn 
 
 church on accou „t of his sev , a^proviur he 
 
 became its bisiiop. He was banished to Scythia 
 w ere he is said to have made many converts!^ JIU 
 followers ce ebruted Easter at the time of rt.e je«dsh 
 passo. T, attributed the liumun figure to the Mtv 
 and h ,.i other peculiar tenets. ® ' '"" "^'"y' 
 
 ATTORNEYS' AND 
 /^CT, pinsed 14 July, 1870. 
 
 SOLICITORS' 
 
 J ATTRACTION, described by Copernicus, 
 ■bout 1520, as an aiipeteiice or n[)[ietite which the 
 Ireator impressed upon al! parts of matter; by 
 leplcrasii corporeiilalfVction teiidingto union, 1605. 
 Ii KjX;, sir I. Newton published his " I'riucipiu,''' 
 InUinini,' his important researches on this subject. 
 Ite Omvitiifiiiii, Mdfiiietixiii, iind Elect r i( it 1/. \)r, 
 \ William Siemens exliil)itcd his attraction-meter 
 I the Kn\al .Society, 187O. 
 
 J.mVOOD'S MACHINE, for proving the 
 Iwsofuceelenited motion by the falling of weights, 
 Ivented by George Atwoo'd ; described 1784': he 
 Inl II July, 1807. 
 
 IaUBAINE, a right of the Fivncli kings, which 
 listed fruui the beginning of the monarchy, where- 
 I they I'lainied the property of every stranger who 
 H in their counti-j-, without having been i\a- 
 aliscd, was abolished In- tin.' national assembly 
 [ 1790-91 ; re-established by Napoleon in 1804", 
 .. Hially amiulleu 14 July, i8iq. 
 
 lU'BEROCHE, Guienne, S. Fran,.. The 
 \\ of Derliv defeated the French, besicing this 
 ,l9.iu!,M3.^4. 
 
 iUCKLAXD, capital of North Island (New 
 blaiun.was f.iuiuled Sept, 1.340. The populatinn 
 Itlie distrii;t, in 1857, was estimated at i;,ooo 
 bopems. and 35,000 natiyea; in |8<)I, total 281773 ; 
 I". s;,6lt(. The seat of government was removed 
 |Vtllingtou on Cook's Strait, Dec. 1864. 
 
 AUDIOMETER (from ««,/,«, I hear), an in- 
 : strument lor the measurement of the facuttv of 
 , hearing; invented by professor Hughes. It eon- 
 j sistsota battery of two Leclanohe's ,llls comie Xd 
 
 ' ^the'SV"'- ?''•'""';;'"'' "'''••I''^''"^ ; de c bed 
 j to the Ko^al Society, 15 May, 1879. 
 
 ! 4-t^PI?H0NE, an instrument to assist the 
 ' partially deaf, luyented by Mr. R.G Rhodes of 
 
 ■ 11 880"' 'Vr' ""'''^^r \'^- ^'""^J"" of Geneva 
 • bw ^ "'i'l''"* "/ "^ """ sheet of hard ebonite 
 ubber or card-board. This should be placed 
 against the teeth, through which and other Wes 
 tlie vibrations ..re cniveyed to the auditory nerve 
 .AUDIT-OFFICE, So.nersct House. Com. 
 
 'ZSt^'^'S "^'-' P"^"« ae^unts we" 
 1 ufir^ ,^- ^ ''^^5.. and many statutes regulating 
 their duties liaye since been enacted ^ 
 
 ^ AUDLEY'S REBELLION," see MeMUo^s, 
 
 AUERSTADTfPrussia). Here on 14 Oct 1806 
 he i-iench, under bavoust, signally defeated the 
 i'russians, under IJlucher, see Jem " "^'"•^'^ ""^ 
 
 AUGHRIM, near Athloiic, in Ireland where 
 on 12 July, i(,,,i, a battle was fou'-ht belwLn tb,? 
 
 he''F "n 'r' ''•\"'^' '•'■•'^""^ ^-ne^al sMruth" ad 
 the tn.g ish under -ciicral Giiickel. The foriiier 
 
 ouiy ,:^'kiM''/'"^'"^' ''^* '»-'; the latt r"^ 
 otuj 000 killed and ,;(« wounded. St. Kuth vis 
 slain. Ihisengagcucnt proved decisively fa al to 
 earl'iV'al'""'''^"-'''"'^"-^^^''-- 
 AUGMENTATION of Poor Livrvf^«> 
 
 not L.\ctcding 50/. nr annum, were found bv the 
 commissuuiers under the act if Anne^anabie nf 
 auL'tnentat 1)11, by means o' fl 1 '-"P^"''- of 
 established. • ' °' '^'-' ''^""^^ then 
 
 in^Sf-^i;,f-Vi?,^S COURT, established 
 "» 'JJ5 >'\ 2, Hen. VIII. C.27, in relation to nan •>« 
 
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 WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 
 
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 AUGSBURG. 
 
 80 
 
 AUSCULTATIOX. 
 
 1530 
 
 154S 
 1555 
 
 all iiiuiiKsterit's liiiviiitr 2(x>/. a year. The cmirt wa« 
 abolishtil by Mary, 1^53, ami iTstnicd by Klizabetli, 
 
 AUGSBURG (Bavaria), originally a roloiiy 
 settk'il by Aiigiit^tiis, abimt l2W.t. ; bi'came a free 
 city, Hiul tl<iiiri8!i('(l (hiring the niiililli' ages. Here 
 many important diets of tlie e)iii)iri^ liiive been held. 
 In A.u. 952, a loimeii eontirnied the order for the 
 celibacy of the priesthood. A\igsbiirg has siitlered 
 much l)y war, liaving been frt(|uently taken by 
 siege,— in 78S, 1703, 1704, and, last, by 'the Freiulj, 
 10 Oct. 1805. who restoreil it to Havana in Jlanh, 
 1806. I'opulaiion, I,S(/), 75.523. 
 -■I?(f/.-7>fn"(/ /'i''^, sunnnoiM'd liy the eiii]ieror Charles 
 v., to settle the nligicnis ilisjiutes of Genuaiiy, 
 met 20 June, and sej'ai'ated . . . Nov. 
 Coitffnaion n/ AiHi.-<liunf, e(piiiiiiied by IVIelanehthoii, 
 Luther and others, signed hy the I'ri'tcstiint 
 Iirlnees, invsenti'd to tlie enijieror t'imrlis V. ,n/)d 
 read to llie diet .... 25 .June, 
 Ihlcnm 0/ Aiiiifhiirii, a ilmnnient issued liy 
 Charles V. ; an Htteni|itto reeoiM ii.. tlie CatleOie's 
 and Protestants; (it was IVnitle>> and was with- 
 drawn) re.id 15 .^lay, 
 
 *' Peace of Religion " signed at Augsltuix. 25 yejit. 
 LeuQuc 0/ AiKjylntiij, for inaintenjiiiee of the treaties 
 otMilnstei, Niniet;\ic'n : a treaty lietwien Unlland 
 and other I'owers against I-'ianee, signed 9 July, 16S6 
 
 AUGURY. Three aiigur.s. at Home, with ve?- 
 tals and several orders of the priesthood, were 
 formally constituted by Xuma, about 710 11. c. The 
 number increased, and was lifteen at the time of 
 Svlla, 81. The college of augurs was aboli.shed by 
 Tlieodosius about .\.i). 390. 
 
 AUGUST, the sixth month of the lioman 
 vear (originally called Hij'ti/is, or the sixtli from 
 March), by a decree of the senate received its ]ire- 
 sent name in liono\ir of Augustus Ciesar, in the 
 year 8 ii.c, because in this month he was ereated 
 consul, had thrice triuni])licd in Konie, added Egypt 
 to the Homan emidrc, ami made an end of the 
 civil wars. He added one day to the )nonih, making 
 it 31 days. The appearance of shooting stars on 
 the lOth of Aug. was ol)served in the middle agt s, 
 when they were termed '• St. Lawrence's tears." 
 Their periodicity was noticed by Mr. Forster eaily 
 in the [ircsent century. .See u.uler Fr<inix, 10 
 Augttut, 1792. 
 
 AUGUSTAN ERA began 14 Feb. 27 ii.c, 
 or 727 years after the toundation of Home. 
 
 AUGUSTIN or AU.STIX FhIAES, a religious 
 order, which ascribes its origin to St. Augustin, 
 bishop of Hijipo, who died 430. They first a]iiieared 
 about the lltii century, and the order was consti- 
 tuted by pope Ale.xanJler IV., 125b. The rule re- 
 quires poverty, liuniility, and chastity. JIartin 
 Luther was an Augustin monk. 'I'he" Augustins 
 held the doctrine of free grace, and were rivals of 
 the Dominicans. The order appeired in England 
 soon after the comiuest, and bail 32 houses at the 
 suppression, 1536. One of their churclies, at Austin 
 Friars, London, erected 1354, and since the He- 
 formation used by Dutfli ]irotestants, was partiallv . 
 destroyed by tire', 22 Xov. 1862. It was restoreJ, 
 and reopened, i Oct. 1865. A religious house of 
 the order, dedicated to " St. Monica, mother of 
 Augustin, was founded in Hoxton-square. London, ' 
 1864. Letters and doeunients of the Ihitch Cliurcli 
 of London, 14(12-1874, edited by J. ]1. Hessels; 
 comidcttd, 1897. 
 
 AULIC COUXCIL, a sovereign court in 
 Germany, established by the emperor .Ma.timilian L, 
 being one of the two "courts, the first called the 
 ImperiRl CbHmber civil hiuI eriiiiiiial, instituted at 
 Worms, 1495, and afterwards held at Spires and 
 
 AVetzler, and the other the Aulic council at Vienna 
 I 150(1. 'J hose courts having concurrent jurisdictinn' 
 were instituted for apjieals in jiarticular cases fiom 
 the courts of the Gernianie states. 
 
 AURAY (X. AV. France). Here, on 29 Si pt, 
 1304, the Knglish, under John t'handos, defeated 
 the French and cajitured their leader ]Ju Guesi Im. 
 Charles of Jilois, made duke of lirittany bv tin' 
 king of France, was slain, and a peace was made in 
 April. 13(15. 
 
 AURICULAR CONFESSION. The lo^. 
 fession ol sin at the ear (Latin, (iiirin) of the priist 
 was an early jiractice. It is incorrectly stated to liavi- 
 been forbidden in the 4lh century by Sectarius, arth- 
 bishop of C'onstantinoiile. It was enjoined bv thi- 
 council of Lateran in 1215, and bv the council df 
 Trent in 1551. it wa.s one of tile si.x articles i,f 
 faith enacted by our Henry VIII. in 1539, but «ii» 
 abolished in England at tlie Keformation. Its n- 
 vival liere has been attini]ited bv the church iiaitv 
 called I'useyites, Tractarians, or'Ritualists. 
 
 The rev. Alfred Poi.Ie, aeur.itc of .St. lianialins, Kni l,ts. 
 liridge, was susiieiided \,\ his liislmp ficni his oHIm- i,,| 
 
 liiactising anriiiilar lessimi in June, 1858, nial ,|,|. 
 
 .■.nsiiension was eonlirnieil in .Jan. 1859. Much ex.jtc 
 nieiit was civat.-d l,y a siniil.'ir attempt hy tin- m 
 'fiiiiple West at lioyne Hill, in i<e]it. 1S58. 
 
 Ill .May, 1873, 48.) eleigynieii of the Cluireh of En-Iiml 
 lavseiitcil a i«titi..ii tn c.iiivneiitii.n for thii eihii-,-7ti,.i, 
 selei-ti"ii, and li, •!. using nf.luly inialilie.l eonfessms n', 
 in-eoi-.|aiice with tin- I'luvisiims of eaiioii law. htiiiii''lv 
 disil].l.|c.v,.,| oftiy the l.isliu|,s. 
 
 Letter Irnni the liislmi, i,f l.uinlon n.ssertilig that confi. 
 sioii shniiM l.f to (Jul ; that to the minister oiiliiii.il 
 21 >luly, 187:!. ' ' 
 
 Airhileacnii lieni^^oii (in a letter) deelnies war again. t .ii] 
 "lijiosiiig auricular eiinfissioi,, 22 Aug, 1873. 
 
 96 jieers ,si-ncl an a.lclnss against auiieiilav (■onf(■s^i,,I| |„ 
 the arehliis!io|i of CaiitcTlaii v nlioiit q An 187- 
 
 Fcir refusal of cdifessms to' give evidence s,'-'. 
 
 .See ;/(7i/ (■)■...-,«. ' '■ ' 
 
 AURIFLAMMAorOniFLAM>IE,them ticiiial 
 banner nientioned in French liistory, 1 ilciic 
 iiigto the alibey of St. Uenis, and susp'eniit'l (■>„ 
 the tomb of that saint. Louis le Gros was the ti-t 
 king who took Ibis standard from the alilnv,, 
 battle, 1124. lUhianU. It appeared for the i -t 
 time at Agincourt, 2; Ocd. 1415. TUht. Otli.-r* 
 say at Montlhery, id July, 1465. 
 
 AURORA, FltlGATE, sailed from Britain in I 
 1771, to the East Indies, and was never acain 
 heard of — Antou.A, daily papal new,spaper "an- 
 peared at Home i June, 1880. ' 1 ' 1 
 
 ^AUROR.E BOREALES axd AUS- 
 IKALiJleS (^ortlll■rll and Southern I'tdar Li"iii-' 
 though rarely seen in central Europe, are frcoiicni 
 in the arctic rtnd antarctic regions. In March fic 
 an aurora borealis extended from the west of in. 
 land to the contines of Kiissia. The whole hoii/ra 
 lat. 57' N. was overspread with continuous haze A 
 a dismal red during a whole night, Nov. \-.U\- 
 Mr. Foster, the comicanion ol captain Cook, '-iw 
 the aurora in lat. 58° 8. The aurora is now aitii- 
 buted to the passage of electric light througli tl,, 
 rarefied air ol the polar regions. In August unci 
 September, 1859 (and about 24 Oct. 1870^ «li,.-. 
 brilliant aurora- were very frer|uent. the 'electro 
 telegraph wires were seri.iuslv affected, and cdiii'. 
 municationsinterrupted. Aurone were seen at linnif 
 and Based, and also in Australia. A magiiifi.-dit 
 aurora appeared in New York and other Blatf 
 evenins: of 13 l-eb. t.8!;;. 
 
 AUSCULTATION, see Stethoscope. 
 
 auste: 
 
 .^AUSTERLn^TTt; 
 
 lattle was fought tetwc, 
 jillied Austrian and i{u,si 
 
 ihree emperors eommande 
 Iraueis o Austria, and .V 
 Kille, land wounded ...xceed 
 the allies, who lost forty 
 cannon, and thousands cjf 
 victory (If the French led to 
 f'gne<l26Doc, 1805; see i= 
 
 AUSTIN FRIARS, s 
 
 AUSTRALASIA, the 
 he world. This name, or 
 lirosscM, includes Australia: 
 or Tasniania), Xew Giiii,,. 
 Jin tain Xew Caledonia, ,S 
 within two centuries. Accic 
 made by the Spaniards as e 
 hrst accurate knowledge oft 
 
 the coast of p„pua or Xev 
 Spaniard, passed through tlie 
 ins name, between that islar 
 
 ihe Butch continued their c 
 1800, and Flinders again fi 
 survey U^Culloch. LsUm 
 Australasian colonies in is'r 
 4,410,124. SeoAt,.stn,lin, G 
 
 Gen. 13,lwardes having recomnw 
 =i.>'tnm of all the Aiistril H^ { 
 acfcace Jfr. U. Gillies .".v^ 
 itninieate., liis ajiprov-a to s H 
 ol New .South \V,',les who i, ij. 
 tiatthe fedora! ecu I i;j', 
 thrscomhrned action ^.,,1 * 
 
 tin. estaUishniont :^:^ 'Vu™n 
 
 tM'c;?;;,?'','i"''-'^'''''«''''| "-itba 
 
 tli.1t of tlie Ooniinioii „f Cam,l 
 
 ;rK"'"r«'"^^'^'-'^i^« 
 
 Conference of (ielcLMtoa 'r .,., ' ,. 
 calciiies at Mell'ct^r*, t';,"^'o,;',' 
 Australasian federati.m diwI ,• 1 
 Dunoi;n Gillie.s cle,.t "10 ,f ,'■'''"' 
 
 SirILPa|.kos'mo/h;,V '^S; 
 uuJerone government ,11 ,! 
 
 Loyal ,ia,ln.s.s to the cp.een voted a 
 
 il.i natioiia convention in a ' 
 Mr.tioschen'splaiMb,'' ,89.«g 
 
 te^'T"'."r',''^'''"'""^'^<'"'c 
 June, 1890; to begin ' 
 
 Tlw fed..|-nl council nic'cts nf 'rT„i 
 
 £»^;;c'n-££;S 
 
 ;-t'""''^^sa:;i,:i'^&^:- 
 ,,::-^i";^'^.-Si!;;";'"^''"-" 
 
 rtitVb tl,,"^'"""""'"*"'"'"' of 
 
 L ■' t s ,' n ■'*°''"'''' ''"'01' cs ,1 „I c 
 -iu.™ .1 u";"7STheViet',r;^ 
 
 JTl;;Coin,no,i«.ca,,h bin pa...oa in South 
 
 '^SfSl'Ld'y.lt'"'' ^r'^laxian 
 fomcr, li,r''f"",''7''-'l'«,i'-u>an, .M 
 ' ' '""idiigtoii, lurd ri„^, 
 
^>'^^^^^SA:tJ::::\r ^"-v'- -here ,. 
 
 HHied Austrian "ad Vn, .^'•^■"^'' ■■"'d the 
 
 Three emperors n,,,.t' T'''"'', "' "'■'^- '«"5. 
 
 (filled and wnu.ul ' I v vi^', in"^"' ^'•""■«- '^'''" 
 tl'o aliie,, who lost f ; ■ .fd'mr';-.'''''-^''''' "^ 
 >'annoii, and thousands uV nn' „,; ' '?.? l'"^''''^^'' of 
 vietorv of the Fr.'n ■ k, o' tl n , *-'"; ^>'-' '''■'■'«ve 
 ^^.nc.d'26 Dee. KSo, !' t:i 'p.l'r;;:^">- "^ ^-'-^burg, 
 
 AUSTIN FRIARS, see .i«^,,,-,f,,„,, 
 
 thc^S^^l^it''^,r.^;/he tifth great division of 
 
 Bros.es, ineh.d": Sal '^V^il'^.f ^•'^" 1' ^ l^e 
 (or Tftsmania), Sow ■ \ x" ^"''iien's j'and 
 iiritain, Xevv Cal.doni S.' '"' '^'"'■■'"''' ''^'•'»' 
 -itIuntwoce..turie ''A'cc.d:nt.n'-' '"^^'"^•'-''•''J 
 made by the Spnniartls as mmK '^'^'^T''"'^ "■^■'•''' 
 first accurate knoM^Z Zt^' '5^6 ; but the 
 due to the Dutch, wl i .T^S"""!'''^'';" ''.nds is 
 the coast of Papua or W^^''^'''"'''''' " l''-"'t of 
 Spunani, passed 'h oug , «,o stnit^^u/l"- J""''^^' '^ , 
 iHsname, between that ihnd'.nl >.'' ",-"' '''•''"• ■ 
 ?avu the first correct renotnf^^ Australia, and 
 
 hcontinuedSS'dilv"'""^:''.'^- 
 
 B..>u i,uu iirst correct rmmvf «f .T ■ 
 
 The Dutch continued th.?ir H« "'"■ '"' • - 
 
 1800, and PHn.I„,.rl„!'f ":i'«'''>^'e"M- Grant in 
 
 1800, and Flinders affain">,8nrrr"''- ,'^''""t 'Q 
 survey. M^Culloch. FsUm fto l"?^ completed the 
 Australasian colonies in Sn, f "P"'"^'"" "^ the 
 
 ■'^•f.'nce, Jlr. D. Gillies S.Tof'vi ^'"•^"'"'""1 
 JiMimcites his ajii.roval to Vi H "P '■''"■''''' '"""■ 
 o Xew.fouth Wales who i m„^ •"'?"■''■ l"'''"iw 
 t uU the federal cm ,eM .^,7', '"'-fi- cou.si.lers 
 t n. conil.ined action .1 ^rstro ,,.,•''''' """'"rizo 
 tlH' establishment of ,a a„!h''!!J reconnuen-U 
 with ,-, gove^Ku•.Kene^wft ''■''''■■'", .f ''''''ratio,, 
 that of the Uo,„7„inn'I;f V\i' ..^ ','",^",*''"" "'^'^ 
 '"«•tnlKofaelegat,^sf,■o,,,e,e;, i' '^'"J '•''■'"■"^ a 
 the matter ' ^'"-'' '-"'ony to consider 
 
 Coi.feicice of delegates f.-o,,,' ,,,| •.„„ •, 3o Oct. , 
 colonies at .Mell.mn-ne to en, J 1'" '^'""ralia,, 
 Australasian fede,viti n a ,1 ,' 1 '7 ," '^'■'"'""' of 
 
 u"'ieroae,ovj;5;;;;i?;r,;!;-|~t;;e.,....ies 
 
 Loyal aJdr'pss to the ,.nec„ vote,l „ 1 ., '3 '''''''• 
 nl a national eonventi ,, in 5 ' "'"' ""' "'"etinK 
 
 •Vr Cioseheu's pl 1, I ,r ,iV '^,'' "*'T ' '« M VaZ 
 
 (2j''-) accepted 1 •■, ti, ™. ^'"'"'"al l.ostai-e 
 June; ,890; to iV" "'" '^"'o.nes, .-eported .Ma^! 
 
 Tlji' fe.leral council n,|.ets ot "ir^i " x ' '''""• 
 V'n.ensla,„l, and Tas , , idl ,,.n,"""'V ."'"'oria, 
 'ir^^^ to the aueen ,es,SVK";!;;;!r""'^'' 
 
 i'la.vford; Tasn,'a,Th, h,,-;'^""^?' "• ''?"•, fh.anas 
 -iiMland, sir Geon-e (' , „V "• '•.»«h ; .Vgvv 
 l-"n. .ol,n F,l;.;.'tM ,'/ '■ Venn""?.""! •^"••"^•1^! 
 
 i"™;'"»t.; sir sau, ,e G m ? ^'^ "'"^''"'i 
 
 ™e'"i« in the leL'islative p,;! ' ,* "-''-President ; 
 
 "■■'ri;!s!?^|;:;;^-;i''":^;;/-an.?co^;;;in,^;i:- 
 
 T'-imres th,. title t le el, , l^''v'"'■''' ■'■'rlianicnl 
 jv.^ilth" to •• fVde,-,itio, '■ ^'-'' '^''"" "Connnon. 
 
 |r,^.n.,no,„vea.,h bill passed n, South A,^;!;i!j' " 
 
 T, , ■ "'"' o'l'i'rs, reported 
 
 J lie fedcvil - )i„|pi| , , ^^ ,r , , autinnii, 
 
 boeon„„n,„veal,l, I,i U,,,,?' .".'^.'^'■'r'. ^.^ Jan. ; 
 
 '1 " Ans(,:.lasiaM fedei, i ' , ' ' ''■'"^'"1. 3 VAk 
 
 '"'"r.M^ ehai,-,,,a,,,, !;;' '\')'.7 ';■ ""•ot.« at .Mel- 
 
 - "^ ^ -'"■'" ^'eden;tio,/t',^::SeS'^i:^t^^» 
 
 ^Ste;d::^t.!r■;;^:^,^^,"■^•r-^^^-'; 
 
 frmn eac-1, colonv pi™,os" ,"" '",'° ''"'"«ates 
 fo'leral institution to bo s,', ''."^'',''' to frame a 
 A," rala"'""'";-'", ">• '"'"eoh, .""""" '° """1'^"" 
 ^W^^^-;;;,.^S--;:ei,o ..u.d-^- 
 
 Tlie Austialasian rede, ,1 ";,|^, ■:"''■"';" • 31 Jan. 
 
 :;^|;e;^;;B,3;a,,,e,.d,,,J,,^?^;i'^;;«-tapp,.ved 
 
 ' 'i;;'"';;-^p;^sc,Ks& 
 
 thanks returne.1 an, o,,„e 1' "' '=' "'""•■ '^gS; 
 
 , Queensland (/e/i/cA sw) ""°"'''' the oppo.sition of 
 3:»X.r!^-^,SS^^'-..eetsat,^,ba..l-!; 
 
 'Iraft <=onstit,,t,'"n b "^^e ';,';,':'l'','"'i.3' ^^'rel i 
 t2 April ; carried l"^'^'''^"ted by .M,-. Ba,-to„; 
 
 f«.en.tio„(co„„„on^Ja^^;ti:^:Vo;!^^-S^;:^ ^3 
 
 thci^SS4^,.t^JAX A,,^^^^^^^ I 
 
 by the exertionsof prof hLr.n '""'i'i'^'' '"'"»'v 
 
 fars ineeting i„ Sy!nl,.t^r•^f,°^•«SM'eld its 
 
 I Jlelbournn 7 r.,,,-^ .„■" "■"»• loao the 2nd n,- 
 
 -^I-ller.^n^ - pr f'^w'^T'",';-;' • ''»™" vo, 
 
 3'J Ch>istchurch,\S'ew 7 ', "■, '=''1»'» Spencer; 
 
 I 4th Hoba,-t, 7 j"n ,802 :'/K"f', ,'5 J""' 'X'Ji 
 '«93;i^risba4,t^,rgj4Ade,atd^ 4,: 
 
 'S93 
 
 i3,j3 
 
 ,:q7 
 
 897 
 
 ' largest^ffl^/,^ f;;^.™-'y New Holland), the 
 
 area about 2,0,4 1-.'' """''"^'t ; estinwted 
 
 e^eprovincesi'v-^t-^o'uthTnl'"' ^''^^' »'=ludi g 
 Port Phillip), South >,lr'*'J"=toria (formerly 
 
 Swan Kiver) a ,d d„ , ™,''*'.^^''8t Austnili,, or 
 Population, w th Tas ^n '"''""f i«^' «'''M> U) 
 I8rr, abotlt r,958,6 "%::"'' New Zealand, i^ 
 z.roS.ro); 1882 %jT,J„.'Vj8 ^'334,210; ,8r8, 
 4.32J,i;r. ' '^-^"'W. i«iJ8, 3,54^,-25; ly^,' 
 
 '331 
 
 , ■ iGoi 
 • -'laieh, ,606 
 
 th, l,y 
 
 ■South, l,y 
 
 fiemen's 
 
 1627 
 
 N'l.'W 
 
 1642 
 
 Idgj 
 
 ^,jcu;?iv^.f^^:'ic,:^^^;*r""''''^^-'->-»- 
 'i«s--''^-^'-''^^ 
 rheS's;;!^:i;/iTr'i^^^"^traiia ■. ■ 
 
 T— eoaJtsS.'^^^,/i--.Va,. 
 !^^l-;dl^t.^r::;^;^',;i«t™l-)ua,,,ed 
 
 S!"o";t'n;r{^^;]l''"-"/-tralia . j,,'«4:So 
 
 Cant 1' , t ,'"""""• (-'arteiet " ''""■ '0'6 
 
 (^^i»> l-J, and n,n„„ u,e c;,unu-;.. x;„'^:;^;« 
 
 Jackson, vviul'^.ij';";^;/^;"''' sy-i-'oy «;.,. ,;„,^ '"3 
 
 26 .ran. i^sj 
 o 
 
 " %'^ f It! 
 
 
 t«i 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 , ' . .1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 M^i 
 
 
 1 
 
AUSTEALIA. 
 
 82 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 [The Sjiiil nniiiviTsnrj' of tliis event was kejit with 
 
 miicli festivity, 26 Jim. 1S70. ] 
 Great distress in ennsennenee (if tli« liws of the 
 store-sliiii "Guiiriliim," cinitain Kiuu . . . 179° 
 
 Voyages of liligli 1789-92 
 
 First church erecteil Aug. 1793 
 
 Government gazette first jirinteii . . . • 1795 
 
 Jimm'A straits diseovereil by Hass and Flinders . 179S 
 
 First luiclt cliureli buiit »8o2 
 
 Colony of Van Uienien's land (now Tasmnnin) estab- 
 lished 1803 
 
 Grant, iSoo, and Flinders survey the coasts of Aus- 
 tralia >8oi-5 
 
 Insurrection of Irish convicts quelled . . . 1804 
 Governor Dligh for his tyranny dejioscd and sent 
 
 home '808 
 
 Suiierseded by governor JIacquarie . . . • 1809 
 Expeditions into the interior by Weutworth, Law- 
 son, liloxland, 1813; Wxloy, &c. . . 1817-1823 
 Poiinlation, 29,783 (tliree-fourths convicts) . . 1821 
 irc»« J inindw formed into a province . . . 1829 
 
 I;egislative council establislied 
 
 Hturt's expeditions into South Australia . . 1828 31 
 South AMStralia erected into n province . Aug. 1834 
 
 Sir T. Miteliell's expeditions into E. Australia . 1831-6 
 First Homan Catholic bishop (Folding) arrives, 
 
 Sept. 1835 
 Port riiillip (now Victoria) colonised . . Nov. ,, 
 First Church of England bishop of Australia 
 
 (Bronglitnn) arrives . . . June, 1836 
 
 Colony of. v„iir7i .■li(,?(r(iri(i founded . . . Dec. „ 
 Eyre's expedition overland from Adelaide to King 
 
 George's Sound 1B36-7 
 
 Melbourne founded Nov. 1837 
 
 Capt. Grey explores N. W. Australia . . . 1837-9 
 Count Strzelecki explored New South Wales and 
 Tasmania, 1838-43 ; discovered gold-llelds in Batli- 
 nrst, Wellington, Ac. (kept secret by sir George 
 
 Gp;'.<) '839 
 
 Suspension of transportation , 
 
 Strzelecki explores the Australian Alps ; discovers 
 
 Gipps' land ; Eyre exphires west Australia . . 1840 
 Great exertions of ilrs. Cliisholm ; establishment 
 
 of " Home for Female Emigrants " . . . 1841-6 
 Census— 87,200 males ; 43,700 females . . . 1841 
 Very numerous insolvencies .... 1841-2 
 Incoipiration of city of Sydney .... 1842 
 Lamlor and Lefroy explore Western Australia . . 1843 
 Sturt proceeds from South Australia to the middle 
 
 of tlie continent 1845 
 
 Census (including Port Phillip)— 114,700 males; 
 
 74,800 females 1846 
 
 Kennedy's ist expedition 13 Aug. 1847 ; killed 
 
 13 Nov. 1848 
 Dr. Lcichhardt's expeilition leaves Moreton bay, 
 Aug. 1844 ; arrives at Port Essington, 17 Dee. 
 1845 ; starts again, not heard of after . 3 Ai>ril, ,, 
 Great agitation against transportation, which had 
 
 been revived by e.-irl Grey 1849 
 
 Port Pliillip erected into a separate jirovince as 
 
 Victoria 1S50 
 
 Gold discovered by Mr. Hargreaves, ic.* . . 1851 
 
 * Gold Di.scoverv.— Mr. Edward Ilargreaves went to 
 Califcjrnia in search of gold, and was struck witli the 
 similarity between the rocks and strata of California and 
 those of ins own district of Conobolas, some thirty miles 
 west of IJathurst. On his ri'turn home, he examined the 
 soil, and after one or two months' digging, found a 
 quantity of gold, 12 Feb. 1851. lie applied to the colonial 
 government for a reward, which he readily obtained, 
 with an appointment as connnissioner of crown lands. 
 The excitement became intense throughout the colony of 
 New South Wales, rapidly spread to that of Victoria and 
 otlier places ; and in tlie first week of July, 1851, an 
 aboriginal inhabitjint, formerly attached to the Welling- 
 ton mission, and then in tlie service of Dr. Kerr, of Wal- 
 lawa, discovered, wliile tending his shecii, a mass of gold 
 among a heap of (piartz. Three blocks of ([uartz (from 
 two to three hundred weight), found in the Murroo 
 Creek, fifty miles to the nortli of Batlmrst, contained 
 112 lb. of pure gold, valued at 4000I. The "Victoria 
 nugget," a magtiiftcent mass of virgin gold, weigliing 340 
 ounces, was brought to England from the ISendigo dig- 
 ^Tii/R ; .Titd a itiecc (if pure gold of tnfi lb. weiglit was also 
 found. From tlm gold lleids of Mount Alexander and 
 Uallarat, In the district of Victoria, up to Oct. 1852, there 
 
 C'ensna— males, 106,000; fcnndes, 81,000 (exclusive 
 of Victoria, 80,000) 1351 
 
 Mints estaldished March, 185-, 
 
 Transportation ceased " • ,, 
 
 A. C. Gregory, acconiiianicd liy Ferdinand von 
 Mueller as botanist (see (■7dui'i<i, Oct., 1896), ex- 
 jilored the north and interior . . . 1848,1855-8 
 
 Death of arehdeaeoii Cowper (aged 80), after about 
 fifty years' residence July, 1858 
 
 Queenslanil made a province . . .4 Dee. iKrt, 
 
 J. M'Douall Stuart's expeditions . . . 1858-62 
 
 Exi>edition into the interior under Mr. Ijandells 
 organised Aug. iS6c 
 
 Uolieit O'Hara Durke, Wm. John Wills, and others, 
 start from .Melbonnie . . . .20 Aug. ,, 
 
 Burke, Wills, and two others, cross the Australian 
 continent to the gulf of Carpentaria ; all juM-ish 
 on their return, except John King, who arrives 
 at Melbourne Nov, 1861 
 
 Stuart, M'Kiiilay, and Landsborough cross Aus- 
 tralia fnun sea to sea iS'ji-2 
 
 Remains of Uurke and Wills recovered ; public 
 funeral 21 Jan. 1863 
 
 Strong and general resistance throughout Austraha 
 to the reception of Britisli convicts in West Aus- 
 tralia about June, 1664 
 
 Cessation of transportation to Australia in three 
 ye.irs announced amiil much rejoicing . 26 Jim. 1S05 
 
 Morgan, a desperate bushranger and murderer, snr- 
 roimded and shot April, ,, 
 
 Boundary disimtes between New South Wales and 
 Victoria, summer 1864 ; settled amicably 
 
 19 April, „ 
 
 Total po]mlation of Australia, exclusive of natives, 
 1,208,667 J.iii. i566 
 
 Koyal Society of New South Wales (originally the 
 Philosophical Society of Australia, founded 1S21;, 
 established May, „ 
 
 Meeting of ministers from tlie Australian colmiies 
 at Melbourne to arrange iiostal commuiiicatinn 
 with Eurojie Marcli, 1867 
 
 Exploration of South Australia ; capt. Cadell dis- 
 covers mouth of the river Roper, and line jias- 
 toral country, hit. 14' S Nov. „ 
 
 Despatch from lord Kimberley objecting to the 
 complex tariffs between the Australian clonies, 
 
 13 July, 
 
 Meeting of delegates from New South Wales, Vic- 
 toria, South Australia, and Tasmania ; tliey object 
 to imperial interference with their mutual tiscnl 
 arrangemeiils 2^ ' ,, 
 
 Synod of the church of Australia and T.-^. 
 held at Syiliiey •. .S72 
 
 Mr. Ernest Morrison walks across the co. 
 from the Gulf of Carpentaria to Melbonnie n, i;o 
 days, starting .... about i3 Hue. 1-12 
 
 Completion of the direct railway between Mel- 
 bourne and Sydney June, 1JS3 
 
 Gradual formation of a defensive Auitralian lleet 
 and army ,, 
 
 The Intercolonial conference of delegates on jirn- 
 
 posed annexation of New Guinea, at Sydney, ru. 
 
 commendecl, 6 Dec. ; and the formation of an 
 
 Australasian federal council 7 Dec; closes S Dec. ,, 
 
 Canon Barry consecrateil bishop of Sydney and 
 
 metropolitan of Austndi.-: . . . i Jan. i;;) 
 
 Mr. Charles Winnicke's ex)doring party maiiied 
 
 40,000 miles of unknown country, aunounced .I;,ii. 
 
 Victoria, Tasmania, and Queensland accept the 
 
 scheme of federation, Aug. ; oiiposed b,v New 
 
 South Wales .... about 1 Xov. 
 
 Ijord Derby's dispatch defeiTing consideration of 
 
 the federiil scheme u Hoc. 
 
 Several states protest against the German annexa- 
 tions ill Now Guinea, &c Dec. 
 
 were found 2,532,422 ounces, or 105 tons 10 cwt of gold; 
 and the gold exported uji to tlie same date represente'i I 
 3,863,477!. sterling. In Nov. 1856, the "James Haines" 
 ,ind "Lightning" brought gold from MelbouriR' valued I 
 at i,2oo,oool. The "Welcome 'agget" weiglied son) [ 
 ounces; value, 8376!. loJ. lod. , found at Bakir'a Hill. 
 IS.'dlarat, II June, 1858. Between May, 1851. .imlMiy, I 
 i.Soi, gold to the value of q6,ooo.ooo(. liad hVin broni:ht| 
 to England from New Soiitli Wales andVuloria. Mr. f 
 Ilargreaves died about 1 Nov. 1891. 
 
 1871 
 
 AUSTRA 
 
 > II..,. oV "ales and New 
 
 --■Jtilobarton'^riJ^J^- 
 '";;'nt''1^?"l^"t'-""™re;,nest^ 
 
 I'ldnese,,,^';:;, ;;■'"',«.".« 
 
 I"cal.acti',,' :'''"''■ '^'■''^■t^' 
 '^ee /ni,vria! Dcfmn ' 
 "pl^ii:;n};"'""^'^''"'»tory 
 
 5-'-^usSS^, 
 
 .Memorial of Mr tViii ' 'F.^-'. '''' 
 .st,«esman 8-,-l88'"^r'V' 
 
 a"'ll-arty,tr;'eT:;-Sam.T''^ 
 
 i-x^^ '^^;e':;;i-3 ''r^' 
 
 after insi,eetii,S f ,*- '? '""■"'. "r 
 
 „S.i:S'S.5?*"A 
 
 nViv ,5„ .'."'""'> and ('if 
 MeS.n^^a'e';^;;; -«"='' "f colon 
 ;. A-n.lian SS^'^j^^ 
 
 IVAiistnilianSr r'™!-'"l 
 I ■^Vll^ey . 
 
 "«";'xrs:;::f-'^''"ntoc.i 
 i"x'^"^^'-"^i^!4;;^s^ti;ri 
 
 I ^nse heat, avem.-bi,, ' = , ' ^°~^ 
 
 ^^l^^the proposed Federatio;, .^^ 
 
 Jfl-tai.. Arthur Phillijf^^''^'"'""^- 
 J^ tain Hunter ^ ' • . 
 RiH™ Philip G. kiiii;' 
 I'l*"" William Bligh'' • • • 
 
 i«;iln^f:?X ''""'"■"'« O'bie ami 
 
 Is5?:'?"^ ""'■'•''" ■'.■' 
 
 MlliamT. Den]so,l"-'"™"-'""^Mti 
 ^"^S*^'^;:,^"''''' Wales on, 
 
 m.3*-,;Vicf et''^^i"-'V''-'-6i 
 UAiin^ the^sa le of w'^ste ^l^'i- ^■'«-5°)' 
 
 i»™'*»,5&6Vi:t"t.'Ve:t''j';;,/e"( 
 
iS6o 
 
 9 "I'l.'. .83s. Tllu f m ")''*■ ^'■'"«l"l, ■•"Pli Ir , 
 '-.|,|;t 'lobartu., ;'<:';<;i;', "; '«3«6- The c...„'ne"l 
 
 Pj-rnti„n lrn„i "^^gg to /sIr"'^ "^ ,A»st,„Ii„„ E\-. 
 Tlio .Ui.strali,in cofonici cnnVHi,,;, •, ^I"'' <■' «■'/■ 
 
 '" ""•• ""'■'^ '"'^-'■•'■■■•^ "ffl::;;:';ji;^;,',1.3;.w. 
 
 •^Tv,?','.'''';' ,'*■''"'"> Inuncl,P,l n^ V •'^'•I't-Der. 
 laul.s, Loii.loi,, unveileil ""^ "^''^'t' "I' «t. 
 
 ','''7.) to Urisb, ne/ina h™" ^''^•'i"''"(:->6 All: 
 
 . ei; inspecting tl.e to'™ ip'T'''« 3- Man-h, 
 
 '"•* .l""iiey sotth (about',," '".', '^'"""'"■ee. 
 
 I „'«"<:liin;,' Adelaide ^'"^5 nuies), 9 Aj.ri; 
 
 II.0 auxiliary squ,,jro,ivi8its „;, H ■ ,• ^3 Mav, 
 I „""«»;".g,„,e„sia„a^^"'"'""'« colonies, l-esin- " 
 -"■■ "">'"' Liiidsav pomm.',. 1 ■ . • All", el sen 
 .xii,.ditinnin>f ,(;,,r^""'«'''er of the exiHonW " 
 
 >4'ict. 189,; nienilx.r Vli "' J'-spemnee bav 
 ^'"^thee4,e;,iiir^^-a,;epo.ted.3J^;^; 
 
 h-,Au«n.lianrederaU-'-ei;ir'o„:^e^f«>i 
 
 l5";™^!S^f;n'r-^-'WA^^ti 
 
 83 
 
 AUSTKIA 
 
 ■ SS5 
 
 1893 
 
 ''-?s;i^:SK«;,'??:,!;'"^^-le:in'vi^: 
 
 ^,i^.^tl.,.o,„seaPede;,t,„-,^;^,_.^:3^^n. 
 
 lOl^^ih. Arthur Pl.niir^""""''^- 
 
 ■ujMiii Hunter ' ' • • . 
 
 f>Mm Philip a Kiiiir' • • ■ . ' . , 
 
 f jtai.i William nu^^ ' • • • . : ] 
 
 I aJ..iini»tra?io;o ."•"■•""""•■ ("'"« ""J sueeessfui " 
 
 KMS^'-'^'-- . • . • . • • -'i 
 
 prGmrseGiiijis ' • ' • ■ ' s 
 
 te^!S?;STS^ir'"^"iHh.:...;'« 
 
 I'filliam T. Denis,;,;""^ ^^'■■•'""" Australia '"' ,., 
 
 r",,M:^:^;;r!"!'™'"f Australia. ,„«..,, J,. 
 
 Vm. .3 A- -,4 Vict c t ' "^'."- ^^' '■■■ 68. n Ai.l' 
 
 'AthiK the .sale ofVa'stcH,';^;- ^-'^'o). ict for 
 
 :|Sl^t^.5;;;:;>i:^;;"y.nv-sstc.,,.,,i,, 
 
 ^•"•Hossness^f ,i^. 0.;:.' ,?')"-"• "'■^' ''"■"""' t 
 
 -upwards of 60 bv tl c 7^ • ' '"'.'^""■^ "'•.■ivs,,, d 
 tlie rest b,- a Norwe,',,, ,!:'"' '' K"'''''^' '''"'l-e 
 
 «""-,% 5od^„[^^7^;;^ ,i'-il^""-'' Ki»g.io,„), 
 
 ne.xod to the Itomati ,,;','' '■'""""in, «°is ,,,1- 
 ''y tf"! Huns, Avars (."'■''''•53; "-"sovcr- , 
 
 70^ i^h-x?"*^ taki^ t;;/ti;cnf,"%.?"S "■"'''• 
 
 79r-796. Hedividedthei v . '^' •^'""•'"iMKHe, 
 
 establishing «m,y,., m tf ,"'"' °f ""^ '•""""V 
 
 Austna. Louis tl.e Ge,*, "„ ^"' "';iV H^'varia a.,d 
 
 n^ure about 817, sub , '("d^" ',' '',""'* ''' ^Im,,,. 
 
 nused a civil ,var if, B v^- '"''-'"^ "^ "'« i^'d' r 
 
 3= ;'b,r3i H?"^S'Ss:3i;3 
 
 , '^;-?i?lVii■;V.S:'■■'"=" 
 ;«0VX«iiUVm,,„(„,'j "; Monro,- „f (■„,,. 
 
 ■lares tb,. !,„k. :?;'!',."' C'liarlos \;. 
 
 '734, which deoE"heluIiviT^l- "'--'■ 
 
 iind rules the order of su',' """'"•'■ "^ "". en,,,irj 
 
 f-'t^tionofFrandsII ; uf '"s -'• ;^'''^'J"-'^' 
 ■S9; ^"JPeror of Austria on- { *^h t /•' 7''^'" f>'' *'*'«' 
 
 Joseph, 20 Oct. I860, ihorJbv ■''''""" "^ *''■•'"''» 
 tm. power to tlie proviu , N,, .""P;"-t«l l'-?i^la- 
 
 also establish..^ i„ Stl "n '"" 'V "un.arv v ,s' 
 
 l^-ehj-. or AustSTt, ;^' ,; !'f-H"".nrl:n 
 (808. On K) Oct r8,Sii tiT • • '''''^^''et', IJ X,,,- 
 ^« -styled '•Imp.^.'i^.r^;,' ;;,;'"'!>• -il^ 0^'X^Uu. 
 
 #5'fe°^^'^iu^^a.^;e;ti; 
 
 i'3*thi!'riv";?i;;';;;;j'"^^:"7:!-' intotw;:;;;;;:;:^;-^ 
 
 2 
 
 1^ 
 
 'f|. 
 
 '(? 
 
 
 I 
 
 itH 
 
 I i « 
 
AUSTllIA. 
 
 84 
 
 AUSTllIA. 
 
 Tnins-Li'ithiin provinces, is.5o<),455; tlio .'mpirc, 
 in 1880, 37,882,712; in kSi)o. 4i.34>32'); ''"^W. 
 42,8l3,2,il : Rvcnuu, iH'tO, 1,025,1)27,0(^0(1. ; ex- 
 penditure, 1,003,870,00011. ; IS.^, Austriii, revenue, 
 52,qlO,0(X)/.; expenditure, 52.740,000/.; I«9«. 
 revenue, 71(1,900,00011. ; e.spenditure, 715,000,OCX311. 
 
 Frederic II.,tlie l;ist uiiilo of tli. li"ii»f of Diiinl)(>rg, 
 killed In iKiltlf with tlu' Hnii^.niiiiis , ^5 Juiu), 1246 
 
 Disputed su.i'cssiou .' the cnipcr"! l-'irditic II. 
 (juestered the iirovliu-es, iiiipointiiij 
 
 se- 
 : (Itto, eouiit 
 of Eber.-iti'in, governor in the n.iinu of the em- 
 peror ; they are seized Ijy Ludi.slaus. nmrgraye ot 
 Momvin, in right of hU wife, Kredene's niece, 
 Gertrude ; he died childless . ■ „ • ,• ; 
 
 Herman, niurgnive of Hmlen, marnes Gertrude, ami 
 holds the jirovinee.s till his death . •,, ■ ' 
 
 Prcnnshis Ottocfir, of Bolicnda, aetiuu'es the pro- 
 vinces , • , ■ 
 
 Compelled to cede f^tyria to Hungary, he mak(;s wai 
 Mid roci.vers it. in ctiscipience of a great victoiy 
 
 He inherits Carinthia, 1263 : refuses to Iwcome em- 
 peror of Germany, rj72 ; and t.J render homage to 
 Uodolidiofllapsliurg, elected eiuperor . . . 
 
 War against Ottoear as a rel»d : he is .■omocl eel to 
 cede Austria, Carinthia, and htyria to Koilolpli . 
 
 The war renewed ; Ottoear perisiies iu the liattle ot 
 Marelifeld ^^ -^"*'' 
 
 The emperor Rodolph e.itaWishcs the dnchy of 
 Austria, &c. . . • • • ., -,17 ^''^■ 
 
 Alhcrt I. as.<.asainated liy his nephew while atteinpt- 
 ! to enslave the Swiss . . • ' J'")' 
 
 "47 
 
 1254 
 1260 
 
 mg 1 
 
 "73 
 
 1274 
 
 1278 
 
 1282 
 
 1308 
 1307-9 
 
 «3i5 
 1363 
 
 I3P'^ 
 M37 
 
 1453 
 1463 
 
 Successful revolt of the Swiss . •, , , . 
 
 They totally defeat the Austriaua under duke Leo 
 , pold, at Morgarten .... 16 Nov. 
 
 The Tyrol acijuired . . . . .•,„'■' 
 
 The duke Leojxdd imposes a toll on the Swiss; 
 >yhieli they resist with violence : he makes war 
 on them, and is defeated and slain at Sempacli 
 
 July, 
 
 Duke Albert V. obtains Bohemia and Hungarj-, and 
 is elected emperor of Germany . . . . • 
 
 The emperor Frederic III., as head of the house of 
 Hapslniig, creates the archduchy of Austria with 
 sovereign power 6 .Ian. 
 
 Austria clivided between him and his relatives, 
 1457 ; war ensues between them till .... 
 
 Tlie 1 ow countries accrue to Austria by the mar- 
 riage of Maximilian with Mary, the heiress of 
 Burgundy , ■ . ■ '••77 
 
 Also Spain, by tlie marriage of Philip I. of Austria, 
 with the heiress of Arragon and Castile . . 1490 
 
 Bohemia and Hungary united to Austria under 
 Ferdinand! '520 
 
 Austria harassed by Turkish invasions . . 1529-45 
 
 Charles V., reigning over Germany, Austria, Bo- 
 heniia, Hungary, Spain, the Netherlands, 
 their dependencies, abdicates (see Spaui) 
 
 The destnictive 30 years' war .... 
 
 War of Spanish succession .... 
 
 Mantua ceded to the emperor . . . 3, , 
 
 By treaty of Utrecht he obtains part of the iluehy 
 of Milan ... . . ii.\pril, 1713 
 
 By treaty of Rastadt he ac(iuires the Netherlands . 1714 
 
 Naples, iS:e., added to his cUniinions 15 Nov. 1715 
 
 Further additions on the e.ast (Temeswar, i-c.) by 
 the peace of rassaidwitz . .... 
 
 Naples and Sicily given up to Spain 
 
 Death of Charles VI., the last sovereign of the male 
 line of the house of Hapsburg : his daughter, 
 Slaria Theresa, becomes (lUeeu of Ilungai-y 
 
 20 Oct. 1740 
 
 fiiloslan w.irs 1740-2 ; 1744-5 
 
 Maria Theresa is attaekeil by Pru.ssia, France, Ba- 
 varia, and : ax my ; I'Ut .supported byGieat Britain 1741 
 
 Francis, duke of Lorraine, who liad married Maria 
 There-sa in 1736, elected emi.cror .... 1745 
 
 Peace of .Vix-li-Chapelle : J'ainia, Milan, ic. ceded 
 to Spain 1748 
 
 Seven years' war ; Silesia <ieded to Prussia . . 1745-63 
 
 Oalieia, A'c, ai'ipiired from Poland .... 177J 
 
 War with Fiaii.'cvsee /)<i»/w) .... 1792-7 
 
 By the treaty of C.inipo Fonnio, the emperor gives 
 up Lcnibardy (icAicft «f) and olitiiiis Venicn 
 
 IS Oct. 1797 
 
 Treaty of Lunevilh.' (more losses) .... 1801 
 
 Francis II emperor of Germany, bee(mie8 Fmnclsl. 
 of A untriu : declareil hereditary emperor of Austria 
 
 His declaration against France . 
 Capitulation of his iirmy at L'lm 
 War; Napoleon enters Vienna 
 Austrians and liu.ssians defeated at 
 
 md 
 
 . ■ 1556 
 
 1618-48 
 
 . 1701-14 
 
 Jan. 1708 
 
 1718 
 ■735 
 
 inoy 
 
 IGIO 
 
 1SI4 
 
 1815 
 
 .S;s 
 
 Aug. li.x 
 
 . 5 Aug iSuj 
 
 20 I let. ,, 
 
 14 Nov. ,, 
 
 \u.sterlitz, 
 
 a Dec. „ 
 
 Bv treaty of Presliurg, Austria loses Venice and the 
 •^rvrol ........ J""- i5v6 
 
 Vienna evacuated liy the French . . . 12 Jan „ 
 
 Dissolution of the Geriiianie confederation, and 
 formal aliclication of the emperor. . 6 Aug. ,. 
 
 The French again take Vienna . . .13 M")', 
 
 But restore it at the peace . . • 24 Oct. 
 
 Napoleon marries the archilueheas Maria Louisa, 
 the daughter of the emperor . . . i April, 
 
 Congress at Vienna 2 Oct. 
 
 Treaty of Vienna . . . . . . as K'b. 
 
 [Italian provinces restoreil with additions— Lcun- 
 bardo-Veiietian kliigd"m estaldished, 7 April.) 
 
 Francis I. dies ; Feidinand I. succeeds . 2 March, 
 
 New treaty of commerce with England . 3 July, 
 
 Insurreetiou at Vienna; flight of Metternicli, 
 
 13 Marcli, 
 
 Insurrection in Italy, see .Vi^an, Venice, and Sar- 
 dinia '8 March, 
 
 \notlier insurrection at Vienna ; the emperor llees 
 to Inspruck 'S-'? J'''!'. 
 
 Archduke John apiiointed vicar-general of the 
 empire 29 May, 
 
 A constituent assem1>ly meet at Vienna aa July, 
 
 Revolution in Hungary, see Hungary ■ 11 Sept. 
 
 Insurrection of Vienna ; murder of count Latour, 
 
 6 Oct. 
 
 The emperor abdicates in favour of his nephew, 
 Francis-Jose|>h a Dee. 
 
 Cimvention of Olnuitz .... 29 Nov. 
 
 The emperor revokes the constitution of 4 March, 
 1849 31 IX'c. 
 
 Trial by jurv aliolished in the empire . 15 J.in. 
 
 Death of prince Schwartzenburg, prime minister, 
 
 4 April, 
 
 Attempted ass.assination of the emperor by Lilieiiyi, 
 18 Feb. : who was executed . . . 28 Feb. 
 
 Commercial treaty with Prussia . . ig Feb. 
 
 Austrians enter Dannbian ]unncipalltlc3 . Aug. 
 
 Alliance with England and Fraiu'O relative to 
 eastern cinestion 2 Dec. 
 
 Great reduction of the anny . . .24 June, 
 
 By a concordat the pope ac(iuires great power in the 
 empire 18 Aug 
 
 Amnesty for political offenders of 1848-9, 12 July, 
 
 .Vustria remonstrates against the attacks of the free 
 Sardinian ju'css lo Feb. 
 
 Finn reply of count Cav(mr . . . ao Feb. 
 
 Austrians quit the Danulie prineip.alities . .March, ,', 
 
 Diplomatic relations between Austria and Sardinia 
 broken oil' in eoiisei|Ueni'e . . 23-30 Manli, „ 
 
 Emperor and empress visit Hungary .May, „ 
 
 Death of marsh.al Radetzky (aged 9a) . .5 Jan. ijji 
 
 Exi'itement throughout Europe, caused by tin; 
 address of the emperor Napoleon III. to tin: 
 Austrian ambassador.— " I regret that our leh- 
 tions with your government are not as goml iis 
 formerly, but I beg of you to tell the einperi)r 
 th.it my personal sentiments for him have net 
 changeil " I Jan. ijjj 
 
 The empi'ror of Austria replied in almost the same 
 words 4 Jan. „ 
 
 Prince Nap.d-'on Bonaparte marries princess 
 Clotilde of Sardinia .... 30 Jan. „ 
 
 Austria jirepares for war : enlarges her armies in 
 Italj ; am) strongly fortities the b.anks of the 
 Ticiiio, tlie boundary of her Italian provinces, ami 
 Sarilinia F(d). k Manli, 
 
 Lord Cowley at Vienna on a "mission of peace, " 
 
 27 Fel). 
 
 Intervention of Rnssi.v— proposal for a congress; 
 disputes respecting the admisshm of Saiilinia 
 — Sardinia and France prepare for w.ir, 
 
 March A' .\iml, 
 
 Austria demands the disarm.anient of Sardinia aii'l 
 the iliamissal of the volunteers from other sittva 
 within three days .... 23 April, 
 
 Tills demand rejected . . . .26 April, 
 
 1350 
 
 1S51 
 185) 
 
 '85.1 
 1854 
 
 1:5: 
 i8;7 
 
 AUS: 
 
 The .\ustrian8 cross the Tici, 
 T le Jieneh tro„,,H enter Pie, 
 The Jrencli emiieror (hrla 
 
 Austrians from Italy) 
 liesignation of i;„uiit H|,„| ' 
 pointnient of count Hechi;, 
 The Austrians (li.fcatcl at M, 
 i'alestro, 30-3, .M.iy ■ at 
 ,'»alegnan(](Marignano) 
 riincc Metternich ilies aa 
 actively engaged in the wa 
 Napoleon I.) . 
 Austrians defeated at Solferin 
 the emperors of Austria ami 
 Sardinia present 
 Armistice agreed upon, 6 Julv 
 n July : the preliminaries o 
 •■'•''"•" (Lombardy kIcmi i 
 an Italian confederatiun ]ii(, 
 
 JIaiiifesto justifying the iie.ace 
 u'July; to the iicojih. 
 
 Patent Lssned, granting givatlv 
 t(PtheProtestants,-ann..ui;, 
 
 tOMference iK'twecii the envn 
 France at Zurich 
 
 Many nati(uial reforms prop„sei 
 
 Trinity of Ziirieh, conllrming 1 
 Villa Franca, signiirl 
 
 Decrees removing Jewish disab' 
 
 Patent is.sue.I for the sinnmonin 
 cnuncil(H(.ichsrath),comp.,.sc 
 eleete.l by the provincial diets 
 
 Dis.'overy of great corruptions ii 
 arrangements, a dellciency, if. I 
 covered ; general Eynatten c,, 
 persons arrested 
 
 Austri.i protests against theanne 
 Ac, by Sardinia 
 
 Rirun Uruc-k, suspected of cumr.l 
 frauds, dismissed 20 April ; 
 
 Tlip ncichsrath assembles, ,0 M 
 
 tlie enijieror . . 
 Liherty of the jircss further rcsir' 
 Uisetted state of Hungary („./„•,./ 
 
 lrieM,llyineetiiig„rtheeini,er„ra 
 Prussia at Toiilitz 
 
 Free ilehates in the Rcichsialh • ' 
 cencordat, the finances, ,tc . \,] 
 rate eonstitiitiuns for the iTovin, 
 
 The lieichsrath adjourned . 
 
 Dipli.iiia conferring ,in the I!,.i,.i, 
 
 jwis, the e,inti„l „f thclina,,, 
 
 l«toi.ssuedtothei,opnlati„ii.si,| 
 «ell received) . . ^ 
 
 MiTtiiig of the emperor with tin'' en 
 
 and prince regent of Prussia at \ 
 iMitant result . . . 
 
 I The gMvemment professes ' noin' 
 Italy, but increases the arni 
 
 I The impress goes to JIadcira f„r he;i 
 MecfVenetia, publicly spuken „f, i 
 
 I Ministerial crisis : .M. Schincrlin- be^ 
 
 -mere p„litical eouccs.si,,,,, ° ' 
 
 Tliil'iusciihedllnngaiian, count T, 
 
 ;len, IS given up to Austria, whi,.li 
 
 "Hlwiation,about2oDcc.;heisrc|, 
 
 I Tlie statutes „f (he m'.w ,:,,„stit„ 
 I Austrian n,onarchypnbii.,hc,|'" 
 ICi lan.l,inhtical rights ,-;-.„uel (,,' 
 I 'l^'f Hit the ei^iro exci^t iu' 
 
 l"S!!;i»f Reichsi-atl. J„o d,,,,„t;,, 
 - "■■••^■.rj, Ci-oatni, Tiaii.,j hania, Vcu 
 
 ■Ministry of marine created 
 
The AiHtriuim crews tlie Ticin,, 
 
 The Fi-em.l, ein,,cn,r 1','' "'''';, ,, • ^7 A|„il, ,/^ 
 AUMtnunsfrou, Italy) "'" ('" «l'fl tliu 
 
 ncsi«natiiiii (If remit Hii,,i ' f,„.,.'i„„ ; . .• 3-^''iy. .. 
 
 TlM.AustnWsM(.f™t.'.|,- \ ,:,,, ,•, "3-'8 .May, „ 
 
 Xapiileon 1.) . ■'"" '"-^"tiatidiiH of 
 
 Austriaiis defeated at Sniferin,; f,„.;,r fl,'. ,V •'""!'■ " 
 Hi.' eniiiemrs i,f Austria - 1, 11.'. , Miiuiu) ; 
 
 Sapliiiia present ' *"'"™ "">' l<i"K "f 
 
 Aniiistii'e ayreed ni.oii, 6 July • '(i,„ ,,' „ , ''■• ''"'"'• " 
 u .Iiily ; the prel nii/un-iesnf'i, ,?. ' ''I'-V',"'*''' 
 
 -itaii....eo„n.dei.a4,„;.:;/:,^::,t;t';;^:,„;::;;' 
 '^"^;nyVt:'IS?;;';i;,!;:;;,--'-'"t"t..J^;l!;;^; •• 
 
 ratfiit issued, HniiitiiiKLnviltlvi'r,,. ,■.,.;.. 1 ' ''.•'"'>'■ .1 
 tn tlH- l'r„testants,-atn' ,n| ,. ' ' ' "'""''^ l"''vneKes 
 
 toiifi-ivace lietween the eiiviivs „f 'v., . '■ ^^^'^- ■• 
 France at Zurieh '•"*">'' "f Aiistria and 
 
 JIa.iy natinnnl refonns'iirn,,',,sed' '*''' '" ^"'"- " 
 
 Treaty of Zuricli, rcnlirnn'nL' lli,.' ,„. r ■ ' ■''^- •■ 
 
 Villa franca, signe.l *' I'li'liminaries of 
 
 Dnrees removing Jewish Uisal.ililics, ' '° ^''"'' .. 
 
 Patent issued for the sinnmoni„,4'l,c",r'!.;,'',','- '^ ^^^- '^^ 
 CMUMcil (Reichsrath), eon ".;! ,n,,^'™' ""I":""' 
 eleded l,y the provincial diets "•'"^■«"';'tives 
 
 Diseovery of great eorruiitions in the' -iro.'v I " ,' 
 arrangements, aden,.iem'v,f a ,,, ', -^ 'Inannul 
 
 ?=^i,s;:}' ^'■■■""™ --;^^ ™Se:t 
 
 'Srir'S^MlHir"^'*'"^ «a,ionofT.^:an?; 
 
 Daren Briiel<,siis]iectod of euninli,.i',v j,,' *, *'»"''i. 
 
 tauds, disn.issed .0 A^r/;r';"^n:/;s*ti:ir 
 
 "i;j'e:^;:r'""™^''^^'3°''ny:nddr:^:^i'',^;; 
 
 Liheity of the j.ress further res'tr lin'ed ' ' '','","'' 
 
 DisetUed state of Hungary Mlt ' I , ' , ''"'y. 
 
 Fricanlly meeting of the einpe ■,..,, Ii ' •''"J'-'^''t. 
 
 Prussia at Tojiiitz ""''-'"l"-"" ■"»! tlie regent of 
 
 Free debates in the Reichsrath ■'«(■■! .i,, ^''■'"'J'- . 
 cmeordat, the finan.'ci* Ac " j, ?,,'"';! "" "'« 
 rate constitutions for the priivii, c.l i, '';^' ^'l'"" 
 
 The lieichsrath adjourned """"''^»' Aug'- & Sejit, , 
 
 ^'l la conferring on the l{ciei,„-a,i, i,„?m'*1'?'*' " 
 
 I'liwers, the eontnd of the li, , 'es I , ''^^*-'-''l''"\e 
 lesto issued t.) the p..nulatiri? r ..' • "■- """"• 
 well received) . . ''""•"'""•■' "f tha enip.re (not 
 
 Jhrtiiig of the emperor with the emperor of «„"'•'' " 
 ai.d i.rince regent of I'russia at Wars J ,, '" 
 I'.'itant result ".usaw. no nn- 
 
 Oct. & .\„v' 
 \.iv 
 
 I Tlir einjiress goes to Ifadcdra f„r heall h ' v ' ' 
 
 SalcofVenetia, puhliely spoken of, i, repudiated'hi 
 Mini-tcrial crisis : M Schinerlii. , 1 . "^'''- •> 
 
 -more political eonce!^i:;ns"° '"■"""'■'"•""i«f'T 
 
 i..d«nation.a,iu,t.o...:,';;'i:;i';,^i;;;-:r:;,f;;:;-;! 
 'r|^h;LC"''"'"''^'''-'-''"''"«-y,c^',^i:; " 
 
 |Riactieiiary]iolicyof tlie court! Ut ■ '''""• '86i 
 
 I general disalfecti„n """"''■I'l^ to increased 
 
 I Tlie statutes of the new c,,„..'. ,.■'•"'•* fVh, ,, 
 I Austrian n,o„arc;:^p,;;^^„,"^'""""" ^^^ ,,.e 
 ICivil and iiolitical rights -int,.! I'n • =^ ^'d., „ 
 .--.MU the en^,i*--:;\^'' ^--.^^ | 
 
 r';j!!;!ii;f'if'"^»'^>'--.i.'putiespr,.sent^\^::i!; " ! 
 
 5 ....'.=...>, c.uat«, Transi IvHuia, Nei/etia, or Istrja i 
 
 JMiuistry of marine created =9 -M.ril, „ ' 
 
 ■ ■ • • • Jan. 1S62 
 
 •■'«'"'ationoftheijanu,,e,c„usT;7;;:;;;;7:^ 
 
 •-'-.■'^"rn.J:ie;!a,t;S!;,;,'--;,^;:f' 
 '<":Si:;:,;fi^:rL,^-r-^«' «^^^ 
 
 ''l^l^-llwair't -'.«dU::!;i;„„ndersin1;r:- 
 
 "':';'i'i:t';;;^:^;:^^i;rrh:;;^"''^^ 
 
 icisse.l ^ """ '"" haheas eorjuis act) 
 
 'jfAnstVia at :;;;''i;^.'' V "■''''■''''■ '■'''^•■^"'■ 
 
 iigieed to "'" '^i-ral constitution 
 
 ;;«:;d^.^rtSt;';;i'i^;:it-;;;.'^,i'.^ oo-.ii;.iV;it - 
 
 ''r:;;,;!:ir''™^»'^' ''■--'•'' -I-enma^^i^' 
 Oahen, a,ulCra,ow declared toheina state'of 4;^;: '''* 
 
 i"-"U.c,orand,l„.,ung,;frrussiameetatCa;li;:;;!i " 
 
 Hesiguatiou of count Hechl„.,-,r r. ■ =? J"'"-'. „ 
 „ su,aa,ed,.d l,v c.,unt M ns I ,M> ■n'*''" '"''''■-t^'r. 
 >•■"■'■ «ith Denmark s e 'tV;,'' ','"-^' ^7 Oct. ... 
 
 -^^Ute;thesta,e'ol'^;;l^-,--',,;^^^^^^^^ 
 M'V'U.,a reunion hetween Austria and P.!':!:. " 
 
 " -m^r;.ic\:!;ti:!.:^^ ■•'■'■'"-' -'-tioniX'^^^ 
 
 C-Uestl,etween.hcg„vernment-andthechan,t;^ ., 
 I Reported failure of -Mr ii,,,,. . . . April, ,, 
 
 I topr„m„te free tiole """""" '" '^'''■'ina, 
 
 I "i'»- ministry form., 1 •,.,„■,„» M ■, „• June, ,, 
 I"vn,ier ; counts 1! li- • ' ! „,|'i!'T,';f ■'''^ """""■•'i 
 t>'rs: cmeihatoiv nr si s t,'';'^^V'' ''"'''«- 
 |^pr"|.osed . • "'"'"'^'' t"»'H-ds Hungary, 
 
 ) ConventicmofGa.steiiif'see^'ov/./ \ ■' , ^7 July, „ 
 tmi.erors rescriof s on. "^ ^'^'"■'" M Au> 
 
 With the view f ; 7, ; ii'i'^', ""■ '•""^'it'itio;; •■ 
 ( (irhirhsci) '^'^"'= •'utonomy to Hungary 
 
 ^tlt'Sllal'i;::'^^''-^' '^•" -l-"t-n.e.ion7?.l?,t " 
 Treaty Of eommeree With Gre,;t Rdta^rsi^^i ^ 
 Amnesty for Italv issued '^l^W- „ 
 
 Harm.lisputeswith I'l UssiafaL-'iesi-iv i' ' ''""■ '866 
 the settlement of HoNie ,V *'='"-'"^)' 'esiiecting 
 
 ' ?K;:c!:^:L!":.f;;;;;,';;-;;, „; ' • ' .y^^:'!;, ;; 
 
 -t^-w,rmy,...,;^'i^i;-:--||;K.^_oMlm 
 
 ^\ ar declared l,v rrussii ,97,, , '2 May, ,. 
 
 see) . .•""'""'•'• 'SJ"iH': I'y Italy (,c/,u^ " 
 
 The Aiistrians enter Silovi-, ' o I ' ' 20 June, 
 
 ,^ «ians liohemia '''' '^■^""^' • '■""' "'t' Tnis: " 
 
 The Iiaii.iijs ii^.f ,.( j I ■, • • 23 June .. 
 
 (-■ustozza . ' ""- "'^■'iduke Albiwht, at 
 
 I nr,',"','''," y'^^^tories'nt Xmdiod A-e' ' "■* •?'""•■■ .. 
 
 Ilenedek totally defeated at ko iig-rat/,^;!'','""-'- " 
 
 I ffor details of the war see ;>. ■ , ^''"'^'' " 
 I T,,, '"■ "ai see Pnifsiii and rti^/ ) 
 
 1 Theemperorce.l,sVenetiat,,.i, '^ 
 
 p and re,,iiests int, rvenVio "■'"'"■''"'■ ■'>''''""™". 
 
 Italians . * ""^■^' aWTeudtied to the 
 
 Baniii Ferdinand' von' Deust I-ltn c "-'Q Oct. , 
 "f foreign allairs, inad "us'tria , .^"''■''' """''«■• 
 Austiiau loreign mini.ster 
 
 30 Oct. 
 
 ■ ft '^li' 
 
AUSTRIA. 
 
 AUSTKIA. 
 
 MiTlinciiftlie IlolilnnUi 
 
 '9 
 
 S"V. i3f6 
 
 CiiliiiiitiriiillrratVttltli lMiiiuc(t(ici)inim'iiiT i .Inn. 
 
 181.7). »iKii.''l '■ '"''■■ 
 
 Oii'.'il ilissi'iiiiioii nui'.r.g tin.' imtlinialitli's iif the I'lii- 
 
 IIU. 
 
 l)i.( 
 
 Ext.iii..rillnnrv(ll,.tci.iiv..lml(f'"- 25 !■<■''■). :(•''<'!■ '^''^ 
 Kiil!il.li«liiiii'iitMrimtnii..ii,yf..i Iliiiis,'iiO''iii'i""ii''''''i 
 iii.niilv Ilh. wi.rk ..f \'..ii M.'iist ; ri'sintiiitii'ii i.f 
 l!>.l..ri'ili, 4 I-VI.. : Will lifiist iimcl.' invsiilcnt nf 
 
 II 1111.. il ,7 I't'''. •• 
 
 l!i.s..|i|ii iiiHlnHiii.' n si-jiiivnti' ministry furllmigiiry, | 
 
 .■.iiiut Anilr.'issy i.i.-iil.iit . . _.„ 17 ti'". .. 
 Di.iith „f nicliilukt. .>-1.'1.Imii (i..ilatine of IIiinKiiiy n i 
 
 ,-;4S) '•''';■ " 
 
 ('.ihiiMi.i.|.i.il tivntv Willi Itiily. signed . 33 'M'nl, „ 
 
 Hi'i. Iisnitli iipi.iii I lit Viciinii . . .20 ""Vt •■ 
 
 Till' Czvi-lis (.if n..lMiiiiii .-111.1 M(.raviii), Ci-.mts, Slii- 
 
 v..iii;uis. Hc-rlis. li. uiriciis (..f TrMiis.\ lviiiii;i), "iHl 
 
 liiu^iiiiiiiis (.if (lali. i;i), iir.4c-.st aj;iiiiist iil.-.iirii- 
 
 (i..ii, aii.l .1.111:111.1 iiali..iial Ic-glslntivr imwers 
 
 May & .Inly, ,, , 
 rainfnliUatlii.f tin' aivli.lui'licss MatiLla tlir.i'igli 
 
 liiiiiis '■•I'""'. •• 1 
 
 Til" .•iiii'frnr aii.l I'lai'ioss crowned king ami imccii 
 
 ..f lluiiL-arvat llii.la .... SJniii', ,, 
 V..11 n.ii.,t iiia.l.. iliMii.flli'rof thecmiur.', 23 June, ,. 
 Til. <ultaii visits Vi. una . . . 27 .Inly ■ Aug. „ 
 Tni' .iiu.i.i'.iis 111' .Vustiia aii.l France iiiiut at Salznnrg 
 
 ' 1 3-23 Aug. » I 
 
 All ingeniiMit.s f.ir till' .lividing the tliianclal all'alr.s 
 
 "I Aiwtriaan.l lluii.i;aiy. sij;iieil . . 13 Wept. ,, 
 Cli.iii;i's (i-espeetiii^: iiiarriiige and edneation) in tlii^ 
 
 e.irdat, i.roi...s...i . . . • • .Sept. „ 
 
 -S liisliiips deinaii.l the niaiiiteiiance of the eone.irdat 
 
 28 .yept. „ 
 Lell.'r frniii tlie em], lor t.i cardinal Ranseli, ile- 
 li.iviii.. fill iiipl.l.' lilii'itvof eon.seieneeinl)ppo- 
 sill..ll'tM the .-..i .iat ; tlie eoneordat aliinist 
 
 iiirmlh-.l liy till' l.'wer li.iuse . . . . Oet. ,, 
 KiiipiT.ir of Aiisirin ami king of rnis.sia meet at 
 
 1) s, near Ha.ieii Helen . . . .22 Oct. „ 
 Einp.iior airivi's .-it I'.u is. 23 Det. ; leaves 5 Nov. „ 
 i) lalisni a.-i-ilite.l liv the Heii'hsratli at Vienna 
 
 Xnv. ,, 
 Ne«- Aiistiiaii iiiiiiistvy under jirinee Anersperg 
 
 ...lislilllte.! 3o|lee. ,, 
 
 Oi\ il iiiariiiiges l.ill (annulling eleri.'al ,)iiMsdietum 
 over tlic-in)liassiil l.y the iijiper house. alter sharp 
 resi.stanee, 21-23 .Mareli ; received the emperor's 
 
 absent ^5 May, 186S 
 
 German sliarp-sli....tiii- match, lieUl at \ieiiiia, 
 
 26 .Inly, ,, 
 Von Beust jusiifi.'^ the inaintenauee of an army of 
 
 800.000, 11 'lit. : is lu.i.l.' a e..iiiit . . Dee. ,, 
 
 Continued iipiiositi. .11 1 r ilieelergy to tlie government 
 
 Jan. i86g 
 Th.' frigate R'uhl.tlii lilnwii U]i, aliout 3(0 lives lost 
 
 20 Fell. ,1 
 Tile crown piiiiee of Prussia visits Vienna 7 Oet. ,, 
 Tlie emjieror visits the East ;- at .lernsaleni, 10 
 Xov. ; present at the opening ol tlie Suez eanal 
 
 17 Nov. „ 
 Sueecssfnl insurreeti.in against tlio conseriptinn 111 
 
 lialmatia, (let. : eiasid .... Nov. ,, 
 The Ueielisiatli ..|iei]iil l.y the einiieror at Vienna 
 
 13 Dec. ,, 
 Ministerial ( risis. .T.'in. ; '.he Cis-T.eitlian ministry 
 
 resigns : count I'otneki. lu-iiiie minister 4 April, 1870 
 Neutrality in the France •I'russian war aiiiiouneed 
 
 18 .July, „ 
 Tlie concordat with Dome declared to lie s»s- 
 
 p.-iided ill eons. ,111111 if tile iinimulgalion of 
 
 the iloetri if papal iiifalliliility . . ;o .hily, ,, 
 
 The lieiehsratli op.iie.l liy tie eiiiiieror; no ilejiuties 
 from lioheiiiia 17 Wept. ,, 
 
 Dissension lietweeii the federal and national |iarties 
 
 2.jSelit.,Oct. ,, 
 
 The Reielisratli adiiiuriied . . . 22 Nov. ,, 
 
 The miiiistrv suppml l!ii-,it Hritain in op)„ising the 
 Hussian reiiudiatiiiii of the treaty of Paris (.see 
 ;.'.i.«;-i) Nov. „ 
 
 Anstiian army, Efi4,S'^o regulars ; 187,527 landwelir 
 (militia) . . ' Dec. ,, 
 
 The new German enipire recognised liy the emperor 
 
 Jan. iS?! 
 
 Dismissal of Potocki ; count lloheiiwart, minister 
 
 Feb. ,, 
 
 .Meefingiiftlie Ileielisiatll. . . . ao Full. 
 Il.iitli of adlii. Tigetlioir, mucli lamented 7 April, 
 First meeting ol "Old Catliolie.s " at Vienna, 
 
 26 .[uly. 
 An liiternalional exlilMtlon at Vieiimi in 1S73, juo- 
 
 lli.sril Wept. 
 
 Meeting iif emiierorwith emperor William 6-8 Sept. 
 
 Meeting of 17 proviniial diets ; struggle lietweeii 
 
 the (Slavonian) conservatives and the (Oeniimi) 
 
 (.iiiistiluti ilists renewed . . .14 S.'|it. 
 
 Pnlitieal crisis : dis.sensiou lietwcen Oerniiin and 
 Slavonian imrties, Oet. ; resignation of the llolieii- 
 
 wart ministry 25 ''et 
 
 A ministry formed nndiT liamn Kellerspeig 4 Nnv. 
 liesigiiation of count Heiist, the areli-eliai!celliir : 
 
 iiiiicli excitement 6 Nov. 
 
 Count Anilrassy see Ihnfjiiry, 1849 '' ■'"'''■)• li.ivim; 
 opposed von Ileiist's policy of nllianee with 
 Fiaiiee, succeeds liini as minister of the imperi.i! 
 lioiiseliold and of foreign all'airs ; Von lieiist to l.r 
 nmliassadoral London; Lonyay, premier of Hun- 
 garian niinistry 13-14 Nio-. 
 
 New Austrian ministry formed liy prince Aner- 
 sperg I'liout 25 Nov. 
 
 The Heiilisrath ojiened liy tlie emperor with speech 
 anniiuneiiig pnlitieal and educational reforms 
 
 . 8 Dee 
 
 New constitutional law promulgated, giving th.. 
 
 emperor power to order new elections nf th.. 
 
 eliamliers ij Maicli, 
 
 Meeting of the emperor with the emperor of tier- 
 many and other sovereigns at lierliii 6-12 Se].t. 
 Hefiirm bill passed elianging the Heielisiath iiit" i 
 ualional representative assembly . 10 March, 
 Great international uxliibition at Vienna ; openiiii;, 
 
 I >Viy, 
 
 Financial crisis through overtrading in 1872 ; 
 
 panic in . . .... Mav, 
 
 Visits to Vienna; tho prince of Wales, 28 April; 
 the czar of Kus.sia, i Jimo: the .shah of Persia, 
 30 July ; the king of Italy, 17 Sept. ; the empi.r.ir 
 
 iiftiermany 17 Oct. 
 
 Elections for the Heichsrath ; 228 constitutional- 
 ists ; 125 federals, 30 Oct. ; the Heielisrath opened 
 by the eniiieror, 5'Nov. ; 25th anniversary of the 
 emperor's accession celebrated throughout the 
 emiiire; amnesty tor jiolitieal olleiiders . 2 Dm.. 
 ' The emiieror at St. Petersburg . . 13 Feb. 
 
 Encyclical letter from the pope condemning the 
 new ecclesiastical laws, dated . 7 JIareli. 
 
 Protest of the Austrian bishojis ; adoidion by bnth 
 jiarties of favour's cry, "A free church in a In.,. 
 
 state" \viil. 
 
 The empress at the Isle of Wight . Jiily-Aii;;. 
 
 Ofeiiheim, railway finaneierconnected with Slessis. 
 
 Hrassey, after "long trial for fraud, acipiittcd at 
 
 Vienna 27 Feb. 
 
 The emperor warmly received at Venice by the 
 
 king of Italy 5 Ajiril, 
 
 InnugiU'ation of the new bed of the Danube by the 
 
 emperor 30 M;iy. 
 
 The czar meets the emperor at Eger . 28.1iiiii', 
 Death of the ex-emperor Ferdinand . 2j .Iiiiic. 
 Koloman de Ti.sza, president of Hungarian miiiistiT, 
 
 20 Oct. 
 
 Delleiency in the budget for 1876 ; revenue ahuiit 
 
 37,Soo,iJoo/. ; exiieniliture, 40,300,000/. . Nuv. 
 
 Death of cardinal Uauscher, jirince bislioji cf 
 
 Vienna 24 Nov. 
 
 The czar and the emiieror meet at Ileichstaiit ; 
 agree to neutrality in the Servio-Tuikisli wai. 
 
 8 July. 
 New treaty of commerce with Great Britain, sigiie.i 
 
 5 Ilee. 
 Declaration of neutrality in Russo Turkish warl.v 
 Austrian and Hnngarian ministers ; fmvi^ii 
 ]iiilicy to be for " the interest of the innnanliy, 
 to tlie exclusion of all autiiiathies and sviii- 
 liathies," M. de Tisza(Iiuiigaii.in) . 26Juiii'. 
 Resignation of Austrian ministry, 26 Jan. ; wllli- 
 
 drawn 5 Fell, 
 
 Prince Auersperg announces disagreement with 
 
 the propo.sed Kiissian conditions of iioaee, ig Fell, 
 
 Deatli of archiJiiko Franei.s Charles, the eiiii)eroi'.s 
 
 father 8 March. 
 
 The Sphinx burnt at sea, near Caj.e St. Klie, 500 
 perish 8 March, 
 
 1C71 
 
 AUSTI1 
 
 Ileslgimtlonofmliiiatry: with. 
 Count Andras.sy at the 
 
 ^l[el,!..p,yin..,, I.y (,,,aty „r i,„ 
 
 The .Vust 
 
 iiaiis enter, an.l „.;,r 
 
 ^hi^'iielc^s;;^,;^--""^ ■'-' 
 
 Uiisliia oc(.|ipje,l (except Nm i I 
 Jtamn lie Pretis tails t„ Cm,, a 
 .V»- ministry i„„ie,- I),.. n„.,., , 
 ■•silver wedding of ti,e emper/il 
 
 l.iheral niajorily at el,.ction,s 
 
 Itaiguatior, .,r ,..Mint And,-,.," 
 
 iiiiiiistry funnel i,v ,.„„„( |..,, 
 
 l.ar.111 voii llayiuci'le, ibrcign , 
 
 Disiiiarck s visit to Vienna ; w.ii 
 
 Heichsrath opened ; the C'zeeli <; 
 
 Aiiilrassy formally i^eslgns ; sn 
 Haymerle a.s foreign ministei 
 the conned 
 Olieiiiiigofall tl,e,li,,.t,;nftiieei 
 Jiiiiiien death of bar,,,, Havnieil, 
 111.; king and ipucii of Italy w 
 
 )ie,ina . . _ ^ 
 
 Count Giistav Ka'liioky become.- 
 
 Teiiipnrary rupture with R,,,,,,,,, 
 Diuuibe about . 
 
 Insurrection in IIe,'zeniiviiia & 
 
 iiigageiiients with Austriai'is, 
 
 (.'ciita ilefeated 
 rnnisloiial government said to 
 
 liy iiiauigents . 
 .\ll..geil defeat of insurgents atG 
 
 iithur small engapenienta 
 Severe conflict at Cettinie ; ailei 
 
 Austrians ; small i,iss by insnr 
 Jkihoiiietana sympathiso w'-itli Chi 
 
 .■Successful advance of the Austi 
 
 Dragali aiinoiineed 
 Iiisurgeiits adopting guerilla warf, 
 ".NcwGei'iiiiin People's party " f, 
 IHihlished . . i J ■■ 
 Fall of a railway bridge over the 
 
 siiliiiers ,11 a train drowne.l 
 Iiiaurioetion siippiessed, aniioimc 
 tiecatiiin of Overdank, a soldie 
 
 assiissiimtioii of emperor 
 600th aimiversarv of the ,.,s't,bl 
 
 House of IIap,sburg celebrated 
 
 dniiure . . _ 
 Slavonic agitation against Gcrniai 
 
 jura and taxation, see ( ■,•„,//,•„ ,\, 
 
 ciiiatiiry policy .idopte.lbvllil.",',! 
 Marriageof the archduke r;,,1,,||,i, 
 
 Stqihanie of Delgium, 10 .May 
 
 lifincess . . . •" 
 
 .Much aoeial disafTection at Vienna 
 
 pulicenien assassinated, Illubcl;' 
 Corporal Hermann Htcllmaclicr as. 
 
 fii|itureil 25 Jan. ; a g,-e,it .•' 
 Jiirtcd; law decreed by count Ti 
 putilie meetings, the prcs.s, trial 
 30 Jan. ; many arrested or expclle 
 Another polii.eman murdered 
 I Coverumeut measures adojited 'by 
 
 700 exiielled at Vienna . . ^ 
 The crown prince ami princess visit 1 
 
 Uiigo Sohenk and .Schlossnrck cxecu 
 
 of several servant giils 
 Slellm.lcher executed 
 Hans Makart, historical painter die. 
 drand funeral at Vienna . 
 For 1885; estimated revcnue'soi.S 
 
 penaiture siy.Joo.oooll. . 
 
 Pnnco Ailolph Aiicrsperir. states,,,.'., 
 
 ! Dissolution of the Reichsrath, 22 Api 
 
 the new Heichsrath . ' 
 
neslBnatInn of ministry; withdrawn /; i, 
 Count Amlraasy at tliu IW|\, ' *• ' •'"'V, 
 
 UiKllill lll'ciiliicil Cc'Vfi.lit V',, I li v • 22 Oft, 
 
 Lllinnil majcrity at ,• tions "■* •\''V'' 
 
 ministry for,,,,.,! 1 v ,„;;:■.•,.„"«" '"■"''."'"'■: 
 
 Rcichsrath openea ; ti.e Czech ,U,,„tie,s auJ?,,'"'"' 
 
 count Gu,tavKal„„ky ,,..,.;„„.; r,r;i„.t^;i:j?f- 
 liisunection in HerzcL-iivini t. " ' =7 "ec. 
 
 Provialoiml Kovfrnniont Nai.l to ha've l».',.n fo,-,,,,; 
 hv inaurtjents >"■" '"""I'll 
 
 Mahou,etau. syn.fathi.e with Chri.suim insnf-K^.^its 
 
 Successful ailvanoo of the \iMh-,-ni,o * '''^'''' 
 
 Dn.guHann,mncoa Au.stnaii.H ; oaj.ture of 
 
 |iisuixeiit.s a.l„i,(in« K„erilla warh.ro aVouVifviv' 
 "AewGenniin l'i'oiili''.4 i.n-t,. " """"""' 12 .nay 
 
 l.ul.li.he,! '"• ' *'''"> ''"■"":"l. manifest,) 
 
 Fall ..f a railway hri.l-o over tl„. i>,.,,'.""' ^,' '^'''5'' 
 
 s>.ldier,s In a tmin ,lnn™e,l '"" = "^T V 
 
 liisiimctiun suppressed, annnnnecii ' V,'i'':' 
 Evocation of .Merdank a ol 'f,;, ,tten. ,t:. i 
 
 assasaniation oftnijienir ^'. '"' Rtn.n. pted 
 
 Slavoni,' ai!ltation aKainst Germans a- d tiie^'lm?■ 
 
 y«r!i and taxation, see (Vo,,/;,,, A " til t,^T 
 ciliatarv |«i ev adooted liv n, , . * ' . ' '""■ 
 
 Stj^^ieoflielKium. .oM^JV'l'skrCr:? 
 
 Mueh secial disafTection at Vienna'- two deteetiv,; ' 
 pohcemen assassinated, Ill„l,ek, liloch '*-'' j^ ," ,= 
 
 'r!mu e "'"''''r" "'^•"""'^■'"•r."»-sas«i„ of Bloeh 
 
 aptued 25 Jan. ; a great eonspiraey su, 
 
 J». ted ; law .leereed by fount Taafi. r ni-essi ,,; 
 
 I'lililu: meetings. tl,e ,,ress, trial* ,y h n- i"^ 
 
 30 Jaa. ; many ari-ested or expelled . ' tn' 
 
 Aiiutlicrpolieeinan murdered ' l- '' ' 
 
 tioverumeiit measures adopted hy the cham1>er3 ' 
 
 ;oocipellea at Vienna . . aliont ,, ^.^"1''' '' 
 n.eero„n ,,ri„ceand priucessvisifconst;^,;^;^^; " 
 
 U«go Schenk and Schlossarek exe..uli:elX",nnrd,?; " 
 
 of several servant L'irls . '"'' -ur inuider 
 
 Stellmaehorexeeuted " ' • ■ 22 A u-il, „ 
 
 Hans Makart historical painteV, died ' VOet' " 
 orand funeral at Vienna . > ■-" . 3 Uet. ,, 
 
 For .885 : ostimatod revenue" 504,800 ko fl ■ .'v " 
 penditurc 5,9,5oo,oooll. 5 4,-o>.,ocon, ex- 
 
 Hi-avy bank framls; suicide of clihirif^ ' n " 
 Prince AdDljiI, A,,er»p,.rr. rfiV.M ,, i-' , -V*"- - 
 i Dmoiuti™ 'dtlu. 1 JiVhsVath ^, , .S"''"'^ '^ •''"'• 
 I the new Heichsra h ' " '^'■"' = "■"'^*'"« »/ 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 ■ 
 
 1881 , 
 
 :882 
 
 1885 
 
 "'' 'T;;:;:'"^^'^'"«'-"t"t"-cr>nnaotof„ p,„„ 
 
 "■■ath of Co nt J •;■;'. ' , ■ ■ *'J""' ^'lune, 
 
 ■"in, ex cllan reii,';"' "''"-^t- Kreat liberal states! 
 
 Iiiereasedannvestinmt('s v.,f..,i * " »4 <-'ct. 
 
 ^.vatyofaiihmcej;ir^ij;;l;;;,,,,;,,,i,;aF.d.. 
 
 Ana;.lns,s sentenced to Mnprisonnienforlr!.;!;;;;:;!:: 
 successful nnlitary- „,„,;.,„,;,, :, Trnf^dli 
 
 ;;^t^^X-~vi;;..,th.n.h„^^^^ 
 
 Changes in the Tnaffe ministry . 3 Oct. 
 
 "cS:;.:!n;'Si;:f tm^miperoVs a^cesi^:;:; 
 
 I CJiar,«esinthecahinel,„ ,,u ,' I " " ,5 ■•'•'• 
 
 I CaUndic congress of m.bles and clergy ^n^r't 
 DeathofcountXlfredroioekiistaiesmau,^^'^!';^; 
 Tl.e en.peror and his nepi.ew -yiait- Deriin" ^^"'' 
 
 I'ornnitionofthe Vu'd.i \iwf,'.|.,„ ' • ^^ ^7''9J'">. 
 
 a"-i;tiH.rs, /iireito;s):ir,i,i;,',<'^""^ '^">°^ '»»^;-^ 
 
 I ''"I'ortcil unsuccessful, M.areh .s^,'i 
 ,;Hint JiillusAndrassy diesin Istr.; ' ' , i- , 
 llurty- wo persons oiit.VfV 1 . • "3 Feb. 
 '•'■iininal | re "VVsifni, ''"'■*''''■''' '""'^•''■'"'1 of 
 
 ■iuk.i.>,,S™„;;;"' " '»"«««... ti„,M,. 
 "^ isr '» "" ""■""•'■'■ 1™' •"'' j»i.»tM."i, 
 
 ° '",,';*' " '"• "'' i""i»">- *™.Bi. .10,'.' *ffi 
 
 ch." ") i the s: '^,?9'''™»""-' rai't'iin of a mcr- 
 The compromise between the Gernmns .ind^M!,'. ' 
 
 The archduke Tranz Ferdinan.i d'Kste heirlo 'fl',''. 
 14 Feb. 
 
 1333 
 
 II 
 
 i838 
 1887 
 
 i333 
 
 1890 
 
 iSgt 
 
 
 ! ,;t mi 
 
 f 1 
 
 
 
AUSTRIA. 
 
 88 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 l8c;2 
 
 Result nf cli'CtioiiH : (liTtiinii I.iliiTiiln, no: Pnlt'S, 
 57; V..uiiK('zfiOi.s, v.: nlil f/irliH, lu ; cliTii'iilH, 
 II ; liolii'miaii CuiisdViiIives, it:; Mliiri.lliini'niiH, 
 OV. tntal, 3vr. r<'|«irtc.l . . 15 .Mari'li, ifg' 
 
 Til.' (Icnimii XiliunaM iiml I'di's «iiiiiH,it loimt 
 Taiitll'S mliiislrv, iiluiiit . . . ■( Maiv 1, ,, 
 
 Till' li.iflisralli opciiiM . . • .iiAl'i'll. .1 
 
 Ni'W tivatv (if <'(iiiiiiiLMci' lictwion Allstl■la•llll•l^,'ary 
 uml Ui'imany, Hi^'iicd lit Vienna . . 3 ^i"y> •> 
 
 Tlie triple .illlunrf lencwi'.! . . s8 .Imie, „ 
 
 llUilary nmncuuvivs at ll'mi, tli« eniiicnir an'l tlio 
 fiernian emiieror )iiT»cnt . . 3 .St'Pt. tl «'/• n 
 
 New iiiiicrcial treatv with deniiany, Italy. Ucl- 
 
 piuiii, aii'l Hwitziilan.l, a.l.'liteil by the lowor 
 hon«e, 1., 'en., hy the senate . . ■ f.'^ •'■',"• 
 
 Conference ..| Anstiian liisho]'!* at Vienna . Miitrh, 
 
 t'linvnc'V refiiriii hill Jiasse.l . . . 27 -May, ,, 
 
 By ,1 IBinie in a. chnri'li at Vina^'ora, in L plier Ann- 
 tria, (hiring a gale, 25 iier.<uns were ciKshed to 
 death 3' <J<''- " 
 
 The ^ovenimont defeated on a vote hir secret ser- 
 vice money by union uf Germans nud Czechs 
 
 ' 3 Dec. ,, 
 
 The new Bonrse tnx pns.scd, 18 Sept. 1892 ; c(niieH 
 Into operation . . • ,,• ,• ., '•'»."• '»« 
 
 Tour of the nrcliduke Franz Kerdinnnd, the heir- 
 Iiresimiiitive ; Btiirts, 14 Dec. 1802 ; visits CVvIon, 
 s Jan. ; Bombay, 17 .'an. ; Hyderatmd, 24 Jim. ; 
 Calcutta, r Feb. ; Sydney, 16 3Iay ; Uouk Kon;.', 
 Jnlv ; Yokiihamn . . . ■ ; 2 Anj!. „ 
 
 JleetiiiK of Christian .socialists, many eminent jjcr- 
 sons, at Vienna >3 > "'ch. „ 
 
 The Keichsrath proroKiied . - •. 26 .March, ,, 
 
 Ilei.vy ruins and destructive inundations in lliiko- 
 VI ilia and in Oalicia, leiiorted . -7 ■'"""i " 
 
 Strike of s.onoiiiiner.i! at Kladnii, reported 12 June, ,, 
 
 Bir tdward Monson, British aml'assador, arrives 
 
 27 June, ,, 
 
 The lieichsrnth reniiened ; count Taall'e introdiicesn 
 bill for electoral reform, leading to universal 
 
 siitri-iigp' . . . ■,.■,•'" J!'''' " 
 
 Wliiisterial crisis; conference of heads of jiarties, 
 4 Nov. ; count Tiiatle, the premier, succeedeil by 
 prince Wiiidischnhitz ... 12 Nov. ,, 
 
 Opening of the Keichsrath ; statement of prince 
 TVindischnratz 23 Nov. „ 
 
 Dr. Kohn, Dr. Platzau, and H. Pick, mountaineers, 
 perish in attempting the ascent of the Cros-s 
 Glockner 24-25 Dec. „ 
 
 The UmlmlUta (irhirh .«/(), a iiolitical society, active 
 iniSgi; trial bega'i, 15 Jan. 1894: many sen- 
 tencecl to various terms of imiirisonineiit tor 
 treason and other .serious olleiices . 21 Feb. 1694 
 
 Trial of anarchists (14); B sentenced to various 
 terms of imprisonment, 6ac(Hiitted . 10-23 Feb. „ 
 
 Ottokar Dolezal, Franz Dragonm, and Josejili 
 Kriz, memhers of the imhulimi, charged 'vith the 
 murder of Jlrva, an olticial at Prague, 23 Pec. 
 i3q3 ; sentenced to ten years' penal servitude 
 
 20 March ,, 
 
 Jleetingof the Austrian and German empeior.H at 
 Abhazia 29 March, „ 
 
 Commercial treaty between Austria-Hungary and 
 Hiissia, ratilled 6 J")}'' o 
 
 Schniiil Bibrovic, a Jewish fanner, and liis tamily 
 (8 persons) iniirlered, and his house plundered 
 niid burnt, at Boschewin ... 24 Aug. „ 
 
 Death of the archduke Albrecht; eminent m the 
 army, libeiiil and iio]>iiliir; liorii, 1817, son of 
 archduke Charles (see .ls/» I") . . iS Feb. 1895 
 
 Dei.tli of prince Hichard Metternich, diplomatist 
 
 I March, „ 
 
 26 students tried at Tarnopid. Galicia, for high 
 treason, and conspiring for the independence of 
 Poland, 4 March ; nil aciiuitted . . 13 Jliireh, „ 
 
 Kesigiiation of count Kalnoky, prudent foreign 
 minister, on account of differences with Hungary 
 re.ipecting the action of the papal nuncio, Mgr. 
 Agliardi, 16 May ; succeeded by count Ageiior 
 Golnchowski, conservative and cUrical 17 May, ,, 
 
 New electoral reform bill in iireiiaration . May, „ 
 
 Resii-nation of the Windischgriitz (coalition) iiiinis- 
 tn-, through the withdrawa'. of the Genmiii 
 
 liberals 19 June „ 
 
 Provibicnal cabinet : count Kiclmanaegg j.i eini^r 
 
 20 June, „ 
 Deatli of the arcliduke Ladislaus by an accident 
 while hunting 6 ^^I'l't- » 
 
 New inlnlstrv, count Badeiil, premier . a Oct. i3(,- 
 
 opening of tiie Heiclisralli ; count liadeni deidares 
 a neulriil pidle> 22 Uot. ., 
 
 Aiii;-Semitic iiiip\eiiieiit ; see F/fii/i" . - 189, ■/ 
 
 Finiiinial crisis at Vienna and Budapest In ridatlon 
 toTiiike\ 9 Nov. .. 
 
 Death of count Tiialfe, eN-premier, aged fi3, 29 Nov. ,. 
 
 The emperor and empreHS received by(iiiceu Vic- 
 toria at Nice >3 March, li , 
 
 Visit iifthetiernianeinperornnd empress at Vienna; 
 14 April; grand military revh'w; liaininrt, the 
 two emperors present .... 15 April. . 
 
 Death of the arihiluke Karl Ludwig, heir-nre- 
 siiniptive, mil di laniented . . . iq May, ., 
 
 Eleelnral rel'orm bill passed by the Btichsrath, 
 and ad"liteil by the peers . . . 28 May, ,. 
 
 (iei man progressist party founded . . 29 June, ,, 
 
 Dilhieiiccs between Austria and Hungary settled 
 bv conipiomlse at a meeting of the iiiinisteis in 
 Vienna loJiily. .. 
 
 The archduchess Maria Dorothea niece of the em- 
 iieror married to the duke of (Mieans at Vieniiii, 
 
 5 Nov. ., 
 
 Sir Horace Humbold, OCB., 1S97; appointed 
 Ihitish minister ; 18 Aug., 1896 ; received by the 
 emperor " •'"'!■ i: ■? 
 
 Till Ituilway labourers' association dissolved by 
 goveriinient order .... 21 Miireh, ,. 
 
 The Uelchsiath opened tiy the emperor, luirnioiiy 
 of the powers rcjiorted . . . 29 March, .. 
 
 The Uadeiii cabinet resigns, 2 April; reslgnali. n 
 not acce]iteil by the emperor . . ^ April , 
 
 Griiiid niilitarv review by the cmpororH Fniiicis 
 Joseph and William II. . . . 22 Aiiril, . 
 
 The emperor arrives at St. Petersburg, received In 
 the czar 27-30 A)iril, .. 
 
 Iinpeachineiit of the minisiry; disiuderly scenes In 
 the Keichsrath ; 6, 7, 24 May ; dcadUick ; the 
 session closed, a June ; reassembled . 23 Sept. ,. 
 
 Agrarian aHsociation founded at Vienna . 29 Avi^. ,. 
 
 Duel lietweeii count Badeiii tin premier and Hen 
 Wolf in coiLscijuence of insulting language iise.l 
 bv the latter, tlie count wounded . . 25 Sept, ,, 
 
 Renewed ili.Mirders in the Keichsralh . 19 Oct, ,. 
 
 Nearly 24 his. delmte In the Keichsralh on the re. 
 newal of the Avn'jhich with Hungary; 12 lirs. 
 speech by Dr. Lecher; 28-29 Oct. ; long sitting, 
 bill read ist time, amidst great disorder, 5 Nov. ; 
 violent scenes, socialists e.\pclled by the police. 
 24-26 Nov.; Keiclisrath prorogued, 27 Nov.; 
 count liadeni resigns, 28 Nov.; baron (iaiit«li 
 fiirins a new miniatry, 30 Nov.; deadlock, li 
 Dec, ; the Keii lisrath closed by decree 29 Dec, . 
 
 Count Kalnoky, born, 29 Dec, 1832, foreign min- 
 ister t'riini 1881-95' died . . . 13 Fell. 1:',; 
 
 Political agitation, large meetings in Styria and 
 Bohemia 27 Feb. ,. 
 
 The language ordinuncea (modilied) publislii'l, 
 
 5 March. , 
 
 Baron Gautsch resigns, 5 JIarch ; new cabinet 
 lorined by count Thiiii . . . .7 Maicli, ,, 
 
 Prince F'eiilinand received by the emperor al 
 Vienna 7 Marcli. , 
 
 Increime of the navy determined on, 31 March ; 
 30,000,01x1/'. demanded for foitilications May. , 
 
 Bills for the renewal of the Ausijlriih with Hun- 
 gary, introduced aoAiuil. .. 
 
 Iinpe.'ichineiit ofconnt Badeiii carried by a majority 
 of 8 ill the Keichsrath . . . . 26 A|iril, ,, 
 
 Jubil f the eni|ieror's reign celebrated, exlii- 
 
 bitioii ii]ieneil (see rioiiKi) . . . 8 May. ,. 
 
 Reichsrath re-a.sselnbled (deadlock), i June if ,i"/. ; 
 priirogued i3.liiiie, ,. 
 
 Anti-Semitic outrages, &c. in W. Galicia, lionsis 
 piiindered in 30 villages, troops called out, imt- 
 briak spreading, 24-28. 1 line; inaitial lawandotlirv 
 
 strongmeasurcsadopted willig 1 ellect, 29 June, ,, 
 
 (Sec (?cnHnii,i/, lluinjin-ii, I'/maii, ilc.) 
 
 MaHOHAVF.S ok AlHTKIA, 
 
 Leoiiidd I., 982 ; Albert I., 1018; Ernest, 1056:1.0- 
 pold II,, 1075 : I.ei.iiold III,, 1096 ; Albeit II,, 1136; hv 
 pold IV., iij6 ; Henry II,, 1142 (made a duke, 1156), 
 DuKKa. 
 1156. nenry II. 
 
 1177. Leopold V. tie made jivisoner Kichavi! !, cf Fa.-: 
 land wdien returning ineognito fniiii tliecmsail!', | 
 and was ciini]ielleil to surrender him to tlit ilii- 
 jicror Henry VI. 
 
 AUTHOR,* 
 
 1194 
 
 11 ;3. 
 WJO, 
 
 1371''. 
 13,18. 
 
 139- 
 IS"- 
 
 nil. 
 
 I !(.!') 
 
 Pre,IerleI.,t||,,,.„th„i|,, 
 I;eoi,„|,| V|.,t|„.j,|,„.|„ • „ 
 
 '■"■|.;.-cll,,thetvaillk:' ^i 
 
 Iliidolpl, I, 
 
 '^lj"il I. and his l„„t|„., ,, 
 
 eST=i-"i-;' 
 
 •j;{;;;;i}i.«mioti,o,hi,b,.,,,,H 
 
 ll'idoiph iv. 
 
 •^'''••;' III and Le,ip„M „ 
 Selii|,|„.l|) 1 ' i 11. 
 
 ^;?r'.';-":"'nr":fi;^" 
 
 ;^',f^A,istria and Carlnthi',;', 
 All'crt V duke of Anstrl,., • „,, 
 .Moravia:,leeledklng , i 
 
 W.17; dies, ,43, ;,,„';,„;„,;,',;" 
 
 ^;;!'i!::i^^'i?''!'-,"i'iMiess.,4 
 
 ;j57. lilt' L-iniuTipr Fn 
 
 ■''■"<■ III. ami A 
 
 :,ii- Ma.\imilian 1,, „„„ ,,rK,JdHHH 
 •■■'"I'eror ; see ^Vnmoij/, "''"' 
 
 F'-'WhI. (lateteini of 
 I'XM'erororAustiiaoiilv , "., 
 ^'Wre of Germany. el^Atil-rV 
 
 1 ,15 '''■;''j'|"i"l. |il.s son, 2 March ; „b 
 oM,i,s nephew (i,j,s|„.„,|,...' 
 
 ;v;;''''''"' '''»'■'«'■<«). 2 Dec,78 
 
 [,..3. F''^^»;;;^-Jo»eph (son of r,„„„,.,.c 
 
 ^^llg- 1830 : Hlieeeeiled 2 l)e, 
 
 jt,;i';;,!'i/854. to Eii.„,,;,i ,; - 
 ?'r:kJ'^^;i;i;;?i;, (^"^2 '^i; 
 
 to princess Stejlha.iie Ch, ii,., ' 
 
 |.M.f^^;pt?;j,'l-;y^--!;3 
 
 horn 30J11IV, i8f ,Ii,,i xV 
 
 f™*Wi>igmcnil)crs; i,i i.SnV .,f 
 iviit a deputation (,, Hie c.i i .' ' 
 .niiver,sary'of the S,ei"" ,,■'""*"" 
 r-,,oDec.,887. -^nmu.; nn-elS 
 
 AUTO DA FK (Act of faith) th 
 llliopimisliiiient of a heivti ",,'„„ 
 
 fMntlictedbytheI„<Sti<;;,n 
 
 IfTOGRAPHS. J.G.XicholIs- 
 ■ B'val and Keinnri-,.i.i.. t. """"« 
 
 and JJcnmrlirtbic 
 
 I'i-'r,soi)iig-c3 
 
 jBrr.liifograjilis" in tli . Jieiti .1, >,' ^ 
 fwhs)Jrstpubltti!!;''ji!^v''"^ 
 lirTOMATON PIGURF^ 
 loiDKS) made to imitatl. Hv n!^;^ 
 
 |;i.vc„tion Friar Baco,. is said to 1 
 N™ head which spoke A I) ,,/■, 
 
 !•; fmctwns of „ real one Jeuti.ig; 
 
AUTHOK8 
 
 I i: 
 
 "04. Prt..I..ri,. (,,tl„.,,„|,„||,. 
 
 „ '"•'•"nM.«,.|,i|„.|,.i„'< "'"'"'I'll II. AIImtI 
 
 I, id. trcliTii' I ' '■ 
 
 |;]jAn;;:;:;i[''"""""'''"'"'^"th..r. 
 '^^'■ffS-'W''M".o.. ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 
 
 J uy Till' CI,,.,,.!.,,,. K,.,,,|..,.j,. , ,'" ^"'i MS/. I 
 
 I e"'l'Mru.-;H.e^v;.„;,',',,j:/"'"''^'k m. 0(,^•/»^,il.e), ; 
 
 '^^^- "::.!?.:;■ i^t^'Sv!. ---».), .y.../ 
 
 I «83s. •'"*'• "="6; 'lieil 3 .Mar 
 
 _--;'-" '.is ,.iK.,ts)::;'C";a;3-Mi;:!':;;:y^;;;« 
 
 J-f 'M'lil, ,854, to Kllz,, ..(h , (■ i„ '*^'' ■■ """Tl'"l 
 
 , , Jl'iy. i88, ; .suiV ,1,., J,, '''';''■ '^f iiL'lgiuin, ,o 
 
 |;.':r lMV.Slllill)t V,., I„.,itli,.i ,„ ; , ^9- 
 
 I '""■"3oJ.llv,8j ■',,', ""'"'r C.'li«rl''.s L„„lH, 
 
 JJl'c. :86j. "iiiinaiKl ilE.sto, In.riL le 
 
 -AUTHORS. Sec Cop„n-ohf, t. « • 
 
 Iwill'Dt, mot l8 Feb i„Pn,. '."'./ ''""PO'l. 
 
 |lar,s, .o Dec. ,887. .Vnnnal ,„„, • ^'^, ''•■■ Lc'ttrc..s at 
 
 AVIOXON. 
 
 •^■'■(''•l n.„l,„ ,'"*""''''• K'l-I," I.S(K). .S,,. r/,,, 
 '."111(111, Jiilv ,«,,,' "' °'- Jiinic.V.^ lui) 
 
 WLsliunt,. „( n,.;, , „..;.-\ ," '"""'"•'t"n liar,- 
 1'"' traits „„ ,f .' ,"*^'V;j'K !'l;"t„,.vai.l,lc 
 
 80( 
 
 due 
 
 1 .; <u laiis {,«vi' 2'o.isi0i/i.stii) i,S,S- 
 
 i 4^^,^'''''' DECLARATION, see J^,.„„.., 
 
 "■' c..rtlu,uakuin .8.59. See V;/.!';,/''''""''^"' ^^ 
 
 ^■onturie8^,,b H. dbv a.ri r '" ","•' "'' '""^ 7'h 
 "n eiglit years' war. ^ ^'""It'inag,,.. about 799, a/ier 
 
 aaMKST'of''[h.^"''"'; (^Viltshire). Here 
 
 hv..Vubrey,i6.8 ).\s,,,i, P '""''' ''"'" surveyed 
 ""are, in ,8 ^V/nJ/ ^^1"^ ^-^^ '/^o; andsirll'c. 
 
 ^■-lered to have been set .■ . " " -i;; " Vi.^A'^ "'■« ''°1: 
 ■" ■" ■ IS anV . ,'""''"■' stone nse," 
 
 '"., When weapons an( 
 formed of fliat material. 
 
 '?;"ov' 4to, 1829 '' iii:;.SI^'l"'T!'"»'^^'' 
 
 ''■I«.U. F.G.N M;-"';^ ' '^''■- J" "'^' >'^Sng\fX/-H'" '^?^- "^.°^' 
 
 rfe," iW)0 " If , ,1 iV . ^.'^""'•j'-ok of .tiito- ; '■fi'tius Ferrcrius usi J> i .' '•■'"' .•^'■"tniy Vin- 
 
 ■■i"fogr:l^;bs--^ \' ;, te''':!'. literary, ami ^ ^'V'««,. "»^'' " l""°>-'-' !"« discourses. 
 
 liUTOMATON FIGVllV^') * 
 
 ioiDES , made to imitate liv,,^.- '-'"' An- 
 |;in;-cntion. FriarCo i l'-,?,"''/'""^^' "'■« of 
 K head which spoke An ' ru''';i> "'■''" 
 I?iii3 spent thirty years in .«:,!,■■*■ 4""''-tus 
 Mmd ttt-o horses wit , ., f '"''■""» •'•notlier. A 
 I i.v inside, we -e ^\ad'^' , ! ^ j »""' ■'"1'' imj,'e, and 
 l?achnd;thehot!:^,|;n">^^"»XIV. 
 f".'' ^'i^HisIy, and nerfectlv i?.,, %'• '''' ""■ 
 |:j«. made an artifida d ; k I'P- , ^ ""'•■■^nson, 
 fcrf„n„ti .„ ""■"!' '""K, which performed 
 
 20 May, 1635. •-" ""'•■"'^■d the Spaniards, 
 
 angefffieH^U.e's-iVlin *,V„/"!»t"tion of the 
 
 n formula of devotion |\" ,^i,f',.';,,!«^^.i«^ '""'I'-" 
 
 •32(>. In 
 
 oeiitius F 
 
 liiiif/lidiii. 
 
 I "i^™Ii?lkab!;ri^'S:'i;:^.;]''""'i« of this 
 
 ! Sanson in i8,S2. '^^ iliscoveivd by Jlr. 
 
 -^^fS^nl!!^^i'',if' Thames Embank- 
 P-'^J'ffL *^?^k:\4i'i,f -.^^ F--. -ded by 
 
 ;r;'"r»'-'^j i>y n.i,i,!.nt V. hi^vi^iiP'-jp"'. ?««' 
 
 p^^-onr;rare:;rr^^;S-^--^ 
 
 was removed by t'lemi.nt V l{\ ■ '"" ''"P"' «««' 
 ' In r^.fXCleinrntVI 'nb^' ' ,-^''^"''"' '" Hog. 
 Jane, countess of p ."„;';"V"' ^"^•''«iK"tv rfom 
 In IJO,S, the Freiuh wean- <■''!','"" °f ^aplos. 
 P^'llea Benedict xill l^'tf "'" ''^'^'^^^^- 
 
 
 ,i/p»'''il 
 
AXE. 
 
 00 
 
 AZTECH. 
 
 DAAF;. 
 
 !' ^ 
 
 , Ihi'l. 
 
 I'.vlliit 
 
 .totva »(.v,.n.l ti.ii.-. l.y tlic Krrnolj \\W*\ tho l.» 
 tim. n..t.Mv.l, I77V It wmh ,l,.imnl l.y tl[.;imt.oi ml 
 a«».'iiililv, 171)1, aiul NMi« ."iilirnMi! tn ';™"'' '> 
 til,, n.nknaa t.f aovriTl«l.» ill iHij I" "'*■ '''J;'' 
 linnililc mii8«iiore» took place luTu. bi'u ^m'> 
 
 AXE. fnMiupiitly nu'ntioncd in thr DiHl.' 
 xix. i\ Jwlijn, ix. 4H; I .S'"". xi". ^'^l 
 Ixxlv, 5, itc, Si'f V'wj/». 
 
 AXTTV or Al'XI'MK, u town in AliVKsiniii 
 
 poonlo w.Mv cnnvcit.il to Cl.rutm.ulv !.> Hinmn- 
 tius iitiout 3P, luul wi'iu iiUic- ot Juslinmn, 33.V 
 
 AVAri:riT() (I'lriO. Here tlie reniviiinn 
 finaiw'^^ilv." .In'ir ini'pendence by defeating 
 the Spaniiirds, 9 "'^'''' '•'*-•• 
 
 AYDE, or AIDE, tl.e tux pi.i.l l.y "'y;"™''"' 
 thrihief lord iilion urgent occumomm. In biiimi 
 '„„d KnKl.nd an'.,* was due for k-K ;■"«■';•; 
 kintt'8 ..iar.t Hon. One. wa, den.an. .d > .1' 'P 
 
 llir 
 
 : w 
 ur- 
 All 
 I 111. 
 
 kin;('s noi'si son. uiii- >i"5 "^ _ ■• , f ■ 
 
 the Fair, I U V The aide duo upon tlie birth of a 
 p inee 'n'lainod by the statute of \V-tm;n«t.r 
 ?Edward I,), l2.Sv was not to be levied uii il he 
 iaB fi eon ear. ofaKe. for the ea.e ,.f the subiye 
 The m<k for the marriage of the king's ,.Ide«t 
 daughter could not bo dcuiande. in thm coun ry 
 until h r s,.venth vear, In feudal tenure, there 
 wa, an ,wk for ransoming the chi..f lord ; .0 when 
 our Ui.lmrd I. was kept a prisoner by t'"-' '-";l"-r"f 
 of Gevmanv, an oule of 2<),v., to redeem lum, W'U 
 enforeed upon ev..ry knight's fee ; see Benevolence. 
 
 AYLESBURY, I!ui.kiushanishire,\vaa reduced 
 by the West Saxons in 57 1 • Incorporated by charter 
 in liJW; absorbed into the county iSHg. llie 
 nncieiit parisli elmreb was restored by sir 0. O. 
 Scott, l.44.i-(.7. Visited by the ciueen 14 May, 
 1890. I'oiiulation 1881, 7,795; l«9i,H,(),4. 
 
 AYLESFORD (Kent). Here, it is said, the 
 Britons were vietorious over the Saxon invaders, 
 455, and Ilorsa was killed. 
 
 AYR, capital of Ayrshire, S. W. Scotland; char- 
 tered and endowed by William the Lion, I2th 
 century; fortihed by Oliver Cromwell.- By a sud- 
 den fire at Teuipletcui's carpet wo-kfl, 29 persons 
 perished, 16 Juno, 1876. Statue of Burns at Irvine 
 unveiled bv Mr. Alfred Austin, poet laureate, I !^ 
 July, l89(..' Town hall, &e., burnt down, estimated 
 loss, 20,()00/., I July, 1897. Population, .881, 
 20,821 ; 1.S91, 24,800. 
 
 AZINCOUR, see Agincotirt. 
 
 AZOFF, Sea of, the Talus Mopotis of the 
 ancients, coi-^nmnlcatcs by the slrait ol leni- 
 
 kali" (llie lloi,in'-u« Clniini'i'luK) with the Utii.k 
 Sen, anil i* .'iilir.'iv nurroundecl by UuHnlan tmi. 
 tory; 'I'liK.mroif and Ki.rli.h liehiu lb" priiiM|.ii 
 plu'i',.8. An i.xpedil'.in, <onipoiM'd of llritlsh, Frrii, 1 , 
 and 'rurkitb troop*, eomniandeil by ulr U. llroHn, 
 arrived at Keiteh, i.\ May, l8i;n, when the 1Ui.>m ,;,, 
 retired, after blowing up liie fnrlilbatlonii. Oil II,. 
 25111 the allit.* luiuvhed upon Yi.iiikale, wlib b il,,. 
 uil'eri'd no ri.siHlailre, On llie Kaniii eveiiin;! 
 allied Heel eiitirul llie Sea id' A /nil', nnd ill H 
 days (oiiipleted tlielr oeeupalioll of it, after cm| 
 iiih' a large, iiiiiuber of iii<. rebuilt venseln, \i'. 
 inline. ns(. ainoiiiil of nlorex wax dent roved In 
 Russians to prevent their falling into the hiiiel- ,.| 
 the allies. 
 
 A/.()l.Vin>K, a e.aiipoiiiid of liydroieii iii|,| 
 ! iiitnigeii (azote), ,1 vi.ry expbwlve gas, oblaiii,,| 
 I from lagiiliie wuircet, sueli as heli/.oyl-glyeollif mi,! 
 1 and liippurie acid, by prof. Cuilius in i8()o li 
 f.iriiis kmIIs by eoiiibiii ilioii with metiiU; it ij 
 ' described ill .V('/«/c, 111 Uee. I89I. 
 
 AZORES, or Wehtkiin Tmleh (N. Atlami,;, 
 
 belonging to rortiigal, llie mippiwed sili. el' th, 
 ancient Atlantis, are niiiil to have bei.n discivcn.! 
 ill the !5tli century by Validiiberg of llriig. ■■, wh 
 was driven on llieir coasts by llie wi.alher. riibnil, 
 sent by the I'urtugueso court, fell ill with St,Miiry'« 
 in 1452, and in 145; llu'y were all discovered ii'u 
 named Azori's from llie n'liiiiber id' goshawks luunj 
 on them. Tliey Wi'ie given by Alfonso V. \.. \\k 
 dui'hesa of lliii'giilidy ill I |(ili, and cidoni^cil ly 
 Fleiningi'. Tliey were siibji.c( In Spain i^Sn-i'-io, 
 The isle Tereeira, during llio usurpatioii nl'd,.., 
 Miguel, declared for Uonim Maria, lHj.|, imj 1 
 government was established at the capital Aii„t;i, 
 '1830-33. A vcdcano at St, lli.orge's di.stmyid the 
 town of Ursulina, May, 1.S08; and in 1811 iivhIi'ium 
 apiieaied near St. Miehael'it, in llie sea, wlicrc the 
 water was eighty fallioliis dei'ii ; an islaml tli.; 
 fornu.d gradually' disappeared. A ileHlrui.tiviiiml.. 
 quake liisfing 12 ilays, Inippeiied ill St. Micliiui's, 
 1591. The telegriipbic eiible from l.islinii t.. ■' 
 ' A/ores was inaiigiiralcd by llie king and ipicni a; 
 I Caivavellos, 27 Aug. 1893. 
 
 1 AZOTE, the niime alveii by French cliciiiiiis | 
 to nitrogen (it'/i i'i'/mci) . 
 
 AZOTUS, see AMuiJ. 
 
 AZTECS, the ruling Irlbe in Mexicoat llic^ir,, 
 of the Spanisii inviisioii (15I9). In Juiw, |.Sy;,t»t 
 pretended Aztec (.bildreii were exhibited in l.niul.r.. 
 Thev wero considered by professor Owen t.i '« I 
 merely South American dwarfs. 'I'lii v were ni,irrii-i 
 ill London, I Ajiril, 1.8(17, """' exhibited I'jr s.ie | 
 time alter. 
 
 llAAL(Loi-,l), the male dei 
 niilions tieiincntly worsbippe, 
 eKpeciallv by .\lmb, ,,18 11 .■ 
 viitarie. were massacred by J^ 
 drtiled, 884 n.c, 
 
 o,^i'^'V',l"''P' .."'-^MOPn,., 
 
 " Itvol tlie , Sun"), „„ luieiei 
 winch maKniticeiit niins ,.,iii:,i 
 in 1751), and otlieiN. l(s,,ii..i,| 
 Here .Sejitiniius .Sevenis ImiU , 
 200. 1 he city was sacked l,v tie 
 liy Timour Ke^, r4(K). See '//, / 
 BAHA WALL See .;/;, 
 1880; ami M,i:,<i. 
 
 BAIiliAlil'], M'v Cih-iihti,,,/ 
 
 Kcb:\8N'.^^'^''"^^^'^ MURD 
 
 BABEL, TowKii of, built b 
 
 ■•■'', "•';.■ ,(/'''"<■.'"*. eh. xi.) ' 
 Ifiiiple ot l)(.l,iH, asserted to lui 
 this tower, is siiij to l,i,v,. 1|;„| 
 many statues of sold, one „f tlie 
 111 the umier part of Ibis tinnil, 
 llie founder, Jiehis (the Nimiocl o 
 lures), who was di.itb.d alter de' 
 Uirs Nimroud, examined li\- l{'i 
 others, is considei,.d by so'me 1 
 rcmiiins of the tower of llabel ' 
 
 BABEUF'S CONSl'IUAC 
 
 Law. 
 
 BABY-FARMING, see Inf, 
 
 BABYLOXLV • (liabilu A« 
 teiini, the Shinar, ]iiil„.I, u, 
 
 •Tliccityofl)Ml,yl,„Mv„s„t,„„. ,i, 
 .IrratMlllioH-oiil. Tlie Jl,,,,,,;,,,, (/„ 
 asliaviiig .euu of « Hi,iiare i.,tn,. „, 
 alMve another until tliey r„.s,. ;is i,i,,|, 
 ril.v,tiea.seeiitl,eiiigfr„ii, tcn-.ie.. to 
 mewlieldinle was Nu,tiiiiicil liv v,ni 
 tl.ir arches : ami „„ i|,e t„|, ''„■,.,, 
 .•iiHiitcil togctlier witli iihister „r 1 
 
 "UWI with .sheets ,,flc,,,t, ,,,,,,,, ,v|,i 
 
 .;rilK.giir.leii, where there were lare,. 
 II mis with various smts „( vei;, la 
 
 ' l.«uftlic..seKiinlciis Mehen„t,,i„in^-a 
 •*, and disjinseil i,, Uw f.inii ,Tr 
 Mnita ■ Dioilunis. Plii.y sai.l that in 
 taladesuhitu wihlernuss. .Mr liiili v 
 iSn, anil sir U. Kcr IVnter in ui,S 
 i'anlie.sor.M|..(aft,Tsii-A. II )l aacl 
 « ll.tta.aii,| others, anil th.faVc.;, 
 mJ Imught to this couiltiv l.etweel 
 iSjs, havccauscil very ni;;."'i all. .mi,,,, 
 
 hWorj. of li«l,yl„„/ Mirny,,-" .", 
 ciiiii.ifon„ or iveilge-like el,«ia,.tc.,. ha ' 
 ni.,.||ial y l,y col. (after sir ll,.nrv li , 
 !A..lmtlio Jmirnnlof theli.ival 'xsi 
 
 hWo iSjs he returned to Kimhni 
 ;"'5'™ ;">Wb relies, ,li-,wi„gs. A-,, w] j 
 llrnish Museiim. IleKavodiJemii-^s 
 
 I elioyal Institution, London, iiT 
 
 lliellev. A. Sayce lectured ..11 lialilm, 
 
 "9i^^i;kr«j^diy!^;r;;rvi,£ 
 h.^'=;!n-!:.s^"':^i!^ 
 
 |.«areneHiHl, niuter .Mr. Havnes 1 ,r^ 
 JP»', orXiifer, ami JIuMil ■' uE u ./^^ 
 |«cavat«l;rop„rteil, 7'.-me..4J.ine,;sg 
 
iiA.vr.. 
 
 01 
 
 IIAIU-ISM. 
 
 ItAAL (r."r(l), the iii.il,. iliitv of til,. Pl,„ i,i,.i„„ 
 v.'urie, Ver.. ■„, 1,, i '''",1'!'.' •»" ""'I 
 
 i!A]!i!A(ii':, s,.,. c„/a,h/w,/ ^f,l,■^,i,l(l, 
 ^,BAnn[C(JMBE MUIJDEU, sc 
 
 B. 
 
 1 Sept. 
 
 Triti/n, 
 
 
 Ni.n ,'■'■''''''';• "''1'''''"''' '" '"'v !"■'■■. tl.o 
 . . 1 n, Akkn, (.v„„ti,.), wl,i,.h Wrnmv ,„r. 
 
 , tl^m. o„ ,;,l,l,.|.s r,jn;fully ,|mI,.,I (Von. 22<W to 
 ' ma'rk.s n', '.""■''",""',' '■ll'"Moloxi,.ul neri,..,. Su.n- 
 
 Kuril, ■.it iNlr..ii,.ii,|,.„| 
 
 many ,tatuo.,,f«nl.|, on, :,/;^;i„',l^-. /;-;;! 
 
 others., i. coM«i(li.>,.,i l,y .,, m- ,.!,.: Vf' "1"^ 
 r,m»iii8oftheto(vi.ro(fiab,.l ' ' '" '''' "'"' 
 
 BABY-PARAIIXO, s,.,. I,>r„„iid,k 
 BAUyLONIA • (IfMliih, Vssviin, II 1 • . 
 
 alN,vt anotli,.,' until tl„.v,„s,- IS ,'i,, , '^' "»•<-■•■< '">'' 
 
 other ar,.|,e.s ; an,l „„ t|,, t,,,, '„■, 1, II "'"*',■'' "" 
 
 ftinriitivl t,.K,.tl,i.r with i,| 1', .,',•" "'"'"'^ '•'"■»■'}' 
 ,.™,1 with Hl,..,.ts ,"f ., , , '.,,;'.'",'"■"■.,■""' tl'-'t 
 
 live "f those winhMis, oa.h ,„,,, 'f „'' '' f,, ''"''.V "'>■'•« 
 M"i'«/ inV,/,,,',,,, rilmrai, ,,„'". "'i'l'l'"„.at.-e. 
 l,»taJe«„l„tewil,k.r„t.ss. , ij 1, J", ',','"" ''• "•'■" 
 ,Sii,«na sir a. Kit l'„rt,.i' i ' ,' V T ', "' •'■"'"" '" 
 
 M, li.,tta, ,u„l „\hors, a aUl,, , ■;,;;,';■ "• ""»'i"--"". 
 .™'lhi„UKl,t to this iM.UMt • I , ,;, r, ' 7''^'-'''''''»-atc,l 
 
 history „f Haliyl,,,,. ■* JI ■ ,, ' '" '"' Ki'',.,, t„ thf 
 ni,fif,.rra ,ir ,v,.,La-lik , i-, , '"■".'■I'l'tion.s l„ thi' 
 Iri».il«.ny liV e, Vt.V, I,: 7;^^^ "■'•" »'"i"<lat>-,|, 
 
 II' r<-tiiiMi..il t.. I.',. .1 1 . . '.""^J- III Iht' 
 
 Nai,onnssa,.„v,,,„„,,^,. i,i, „;;„-jT,;;ij,;;, 
 
 ill llal.yhiii, 
 .'J 10, //. ; jjjj, 
 7J4; 
 
 0.1 
 
 73a 
 
 7Ja 
 
 705 
 
 623 
 
 Ii;riiig"fi3jihurctuniu,l t 
 
 , .™hmWen.ii,.s,,lriwii,«s. J.;V 
 
 I ii.iii.vvahial, 
 
 , 1.., , •' ' •"",'-iy. iij tijf 
 
 '-:■»" of .Niir,,r, near IJal.v o t , 'M'onition of tho 
 
 |..cavat«l ; rei,orte,l, Times ,4 J „" .g^^" "' ""*'}■'"'>..•. 
 
 ilisi'ivathiiis 
 li.r. ..JH 
 
 »r.;v,.if,i-i;i;,.ini:k/;f^;„,,„„f 
 
 *',h!'l,''l''i"7"' •^^■^v™. '■il'tun.,; Ilal.vhm'; M,'t,i1 
 
 3 ;!; !^;':,,t^^:!ri:;!;;r;;;!;,,^!r': -- 
 ,,,;v,T^„''r''^•^■'■'''''•'''''''''■''"'^■'■'■^• «-■--■" 
 
 nnll'in Jh''im;h"'''"5:^^'' "" "l»»"'"ml.Ic tabloU 
 xxxn.^, ./,,,, xxxvlL-xxxIx.; Hi. j' 7,,„„vv, 
 
 "';iM';Im'r/';''''''f '!"• 5W: 'W,,| ,l,.str,,y, th,.,.|ty 
 
 lil Mh'l'. ^^3 '"ll^ "" '""^"'"^""^ '^^'l"»-.» to 
 
 Kvil.M,.|,,,h,,.|,.'5r,, ; x;,,| li',., 'l^. • • • • 
 
 ''ti::ii'^;;,n;;;,/""""""'-'"«'--^"~'w55.; 
 
 H',i,v „■,,'■'''''?''■"■•'''""• """'■'■'V. . 
 
 .,>;"'"'■"'",' ;"'■'' ^^ "•'■.. tmnsfcrs the 
 
 ii' ■,-, r ; ;t'I'' '" ^^■'•■'"■'••'. "'"i Hahyh,,,!., 
 
 hlis 1,,, ■ "" "■"« '■'""IM.'ie.l hy the far- 
 ;"^, ■'' ' MO H.,'..aa,l l„.,Mnie i.irt „f the 
 
 ■'Hj o* -uii/a All .MalioiiitM , an eiithusii«t nt 
 bhiraz. ] ,. t.n,».d Inniself tla- ''liul " , r '41. " 
 
 561 
 
 559 
 
 539 
 
 538 
 S>8 
 3»3 
 
 
 
BACCAEAT CASE. 
 
 82 
 
 BADMINTON LIBEAKY. 
 
 BAFFIN'S 
 
 "? %' 
 
 l.v the shah Molmmmed, but n^ly ''/it''" '* f' 
 wuscxecutc'cl IS July, i»4'> /H''' '™'l "f,.„ "[ 
 
 •'Bill) cl fluk," giite of truth. Tlie m..-secuti.l s;ct 
 lias boon I'avunp"' '»■ 'I'lirlccv. ami 
 hittei-ly at lia; 
 " Xarrativo " ii 
 in l!:'')2. Hue !'< 
 
 rare ui u Liiii' * n^ r- — -■ •-- , 
 
 ed by Turkey, auil b.^cn sottlea 
 ilail. Mr. "iMwd. 0. 1 'O^V * 
 
 ^|,.rting liabi-isni, was published 
 >i„, I May, i8</>. 
 BACCAEAT CASE, see Truih, Jmic, 1891- 
 
 BACCHUS, the name given "ft^''' l|'^ ^'J! 
 tentury n.c. to Dionysus Or/:ic/i ••«•), the Uuek 
 god of \viue, poetry, and music. 
 
 BACCON or BACON, see Orkaiis. 
 
 BACH SOCIETY, instituted in I-^;!"!"" i" 
 184.1, for the eoUeetiuM of the works of J. h. IS.itn, 
 a„Tl the promotion of their !■>' ''i'\l'"-^^;'.;:;; I.^^ 
 The original eomnuttee "V-''^'',''! , ^ V.^ . m d 
 Bennett, Sir G. Smart, J. HuUah, (, Tottei, nd 
 other eminent musicians. 'Ihe society «as dis- 
 solved, 21 March, 1870. and the music given up tc 
 the Koyal Academy of Music. 
 
 BACHELOES. The Roman censors frequontlv 
 imposed tines on unmarried men ; and men 
 fulUge were obliged to marry. A tax laid upon 
 bachelors in England, twenty-live ye;"-B of aj,c 
 (varying from 12I. I0.s. for a duke, to l*. lor a 
 common person), lasted from 1695 to 1706. Bachi- 
 lor" (Uomanist"priests excepted) were subjected 
 to an extra ta.x on their male and female ser- 
 vants in 1785. A onnni bnll given by 84 l)acho- 
 lors at Kensington llouse : the pniiee and princess 
 of Wales present, 22 July 18S0. lie Bachelors 
 Club in London in 1891 consisted of 800 members. 
 
 BACILLI, see Aui.iHdviih.f and Genu Tlieovy. 
 
 BACONIAN PHILOSOPHY propounded 
 by Francis Bacon, specially m his "^ovunl Urga- 
 non," published in 1620. Its priii iples are Ltility 
 and Progress ; and its objects the alleviation of the , 
 bufterings and promotion of the comforts ot man- 
 kind. MacuuUiy, 1837. I 
 
 BAfON SociETV, cstal.lislic.l in llcccinb.r, iSSs, for tlic ^ 
 stuclv of tlie w.irks, diaractci, genius and life of ^ 
 Francis Bacon, and Iiis infliuMiec on Ins ow-n aii.l , 
 suceccling times, and t.. investigate claims for Ins , 
 sui.lioscl aiitlinrship of certain works, iiiclialing the 
 Sliakesp,'arian .Inimas and poems. A journal is • 
 iiiiblislied. Kce under .S7i»;,c<y.r<oc, 1887. I 
 
 A selieme for the construction ol a great uiiiversit> , 
 in California, fouialed on liacoifs priiiciph'S, brought j 
 ■ forward in i8(j7, was discussed in the luuea, 10 Jan. 
 i8q8. I 
 
 BACTEEIA (little rods), see Auimiihuhs and 
 Germ Tluunj. 
 Mr. Edunr M. (,'ronl;shMiik, nullior of " liact.Ticdogy," 
 
 was appointed I'mf.'ssnr .if Uaeterioh«y at kings 
 
 Odlege, L.iiidon, in May, ifiS;. 
 
 BACTEIANA, a province in Asia, \vas subju- 
 gated by Cyrus and formed jiart of the Persian 
 emiire, when eoiuiuered by Ale.Nandcr, 330 11. c 
 Aboat 254 n.c. , Theodotiis or Diodotus, a Greek, 
 threw otf the yoke of tlie Seleucida-, and became 
 king. Eucratides I. reigned prosperously about 
 181 B.C., and Menander a' out 12O n.c. The Greek 
 kingdom ajipears to have lieen broken up by the 
 irruption of the Scythians shortly after. 
 
 BADAJOZ (S. \V. Spain). An important barrier 
 fortress, surrendered to the I''rencli, under Soult, 
 II March, 181 1 ; invested by the British, under 
 
 lord AVellington, on 16 March, 1812, and storini J 
 and taken on 6 April following. Ihe iM-fnch n- 
 treated in haste. A short military insurrection, 5 
 and 6 Aug. 1883. Population, 1887, 27,279. 
 
 BADDESDOWN HILL, or Jiount Bade,,, 
 
 near Bath, where Bede says the Britons defeated the 
 Saxons, 493 i others say 51 1 or 520, all doubtlul. 
 
 BADEN (S. AV. Germany). The ''""se .f 
 Baden is descended from Hermann, regardeil a^ the 
 first margrave (lo;2), son of Berthold I., duky -1 
 Z.ihrin.'en; but Hermann II. assumed tlie titl-, 
 Feb I no. From Christopher, who died 1527, pm- 
 ceeded the branches Baden-Baden and Badcii-l)n,„. 
 lai h, united in 1771. Hi"!''" '" an hereditary n.,,. 
 stitutional monarchv by charter, 2O May. I8l.^ ; n 
 joined the German einjiire by treaty, 15 Nov. iS;o. 
 ■■- ■ • - T, . .b.. -^^r, 1, 5(12; Dec. ih;;, 
 l8(/), 1,6^6,817. 
 
 Poiuilation, I Dec. 1871, 
 1,507,179; 18H5, I,(X3I,2S5; 
 
 >;i4 
 
 Louis William, maiv'rave of Badeii-naden, a great 
 
 general, lioiii 1665; sallied 'ait Irom \ leiiiia and 
 
 defeated tlie Turks, i6Sj; died 1707. 
 Charles William, margrave ol Badeii-Hourlncli, li.'i.i 
 
 1679. 'lied 1746 ; succeeded hy his .son, 
 Ch.iiles Krederic, hoi'ii 172S ; margrave of Badeii- 
 
 Douilaidi, 1738; acHUired Baden-liadeu, 1771, 
 
 made grand duke liy Napolcr,ii, 1806. 
 Trmtu o/Hii'len :- Landau ceiled to I'l-aneo, 7 hept. 
 Badeii made a ijniHiUUuhy, with enlarged tern- 
 
 A representative' constitution granted hy charter, 
 
 18 All/. i„i,, 
 
 Repntilicaii au'itation • , •, • ., •„ / '!'"i','- '-'- 
 Insurrection ; i.,iiied hy tlie free city Rastatt ; tlie 
 
 grand-duke rtees . . •. • , • ■ .•^'■.'>'' '-<;' 
 Tlie I'russiaiiH enter Baden, 15 .'uiie ; defeat tin- m- 
 surgents c.oinmaiidcd l>y Mierolawski ; Ha^ta!t 
 surrenders, 23 July ; tin grand-duke re-entcs 
 
 t'arlsrulie 'S My. „ 
 
 \nests for political olfences . . . g.JiUy, i;;- 
 Coiicordat with tlie p'd'c signed . . . 28 Jiii,.-, il-,) 
 Greatlv o|ii«ised l>v tlie ehMiiil>ers ; aiiiinlled by tlie 
 L'rainl-duke liy a' manit'esto, .securing autonomy to 
 the Catholic and Protestant churches ; sigiie.i 
 
 7 A|a-il, I'M 
 Interview .at Baden-Baden of the emperor Napo- 
 leoii III., the prince regent of I'rnssia, and tlirt 
 Gcriiiaii kings and princes . . . 16 .June, ., 
 The new ecclesiastical law (adoptdl by the cham- 
 bers) la-omulgated . . . . . ifi<ict. „ 
 Opposition of the arelibisla>p of Friliurg and the 
 
 eUrical party . •,,■;,• ; ,• ,'^'*'J 
 
 Disputes ill the Oernmn diet ; the graiul-dake 
 vainly endeavours to obtain a recoiieiliation ; and 
 remains neutral . • ; .• • 'I'"!''. ':''^ 
 
 Bailen i"ins theZoUverein (ic/iic/i .w) . . July, i;-- 
 MeetiuK of the chambers ; lilicr.'il measures p,,,. 
 mised, 24 Sept. ; universal siillrage adojited hj- 
 
 tliescciaid cliamb,-r 29ivt. pv, 
 
 Civil marriage in,ideobligat(.ry . . 17 N"V. „ 
 Baden joins Prussia in the war with I ranee, abmit 
 
 20 July, irj 
 Gambling houses suppresseil : llnally cdosed 31 1 1. 1, r;.. 
 Death of prince William brotlier of tliegralid dcko. 
 
 27 .Vpiil, i;;; 
 
 lillANl'-PlKKS. 
 
 1806. Charles Piederic ; dies iSn ; suci-eedeil hy Li 
 
 j;i,i,nls"n, 
 iSit. Charles l.ouis I'redcric, wli., dii'd without issiieia 
 
 181S ; succeeded by his Uncle, 
 1S18 L'lUis WiUiinn, died without issue ini?3o;su- 
 
 eeeded bv his laothcr, 
 1810. Leopold, .lied ill 1852 ; sueeeeded by liis swal 
 
 S"ii(tlic first being imbecile), 
 1852. Kreileri.' (born q Sept. i?2f.), reg.-nt 24 Ai.ril.iS:?; 
 
 (leclaied graml-diike, 5 «ept. 1S56 ; beeuiiiM i]l, 
 
 his son ai'iuiinted rcjAent, 11 Nov. iSSi. 
 Jltir: his Sun I'rcdeiic Willi.im, boriigjuly, 1S57. 
 
 B \D:\riNTON LIBK AEY. A scic. .f :< 
 vols, by eminent writia's relating' to spr.rts aiil 
 liasfinies, editcil liv the duke (d' Beaufort. dcJicitei 
 to the prince of Wales, publi^icd fN85 9(1. 
 
 BAFFIN'S BAY (X. A 
 
 ^^lUlam Baffin, an I':iigli.*hm 
 ol this di.scovery ^yas iuui> 
 e.vpeditions of It'oss and Pai 
 was substantially accurate in 
 entered Lancaster Sound, and 
 known by his name, in 1818. 
 al Cumberland Sound, territt 
 dam goveriinient, Sept., i8r 
 r.i.ssnge. 
 
 BAGDAD, in Asiatic ' 
 Maiisour, and made the seat o 
 abniit 762. Taken by the T 
 pat to the Saracen rule, ijcS 
 Per.iians, and retaken by tli 
 hhiiighter: the latter have hek 
 iaticii, 1885, 100,000. 
 
 BAGPIPE, an ancient G 
 etrument. On n jiiece of am 
 turc. now in llome, a bagp 
 dre.--ed like a modern higlila 
 to have played upon a bagiiipt 
 regiments retain their pipers, 
 celebrated Irisli piper, died 9' A 
 
 BAHAMA ISLES (X. 
 
 first point.s of discovery by C( 
 vador was seen by him on the ni 
 he landed next day. New Pro 
 by the English in 1629. The\ 
 the Spaniards, 1641 j returned, i 
 in 1703. The isles were forn- 
 Knshsli in 1783. Population in 
 Ojeloiies, Oct. 1866); in 1871 
 43,521; m 1888, about 48,000 ; 
 Bahamas profited by blockade-r 
 .Inierican civil war, 1862-5. G 
 liawson, 1864; sir James Walker 
 Hciinessy, 1871 ; Wm. Robinso 
 Callaghan, 1879; Charles Cam 
 i88i ; H. A. Blake, Jan. 1884 ■ 
 Oft 1887; sirW. P. IlnvnesSm 
 Gilbert T. Carter, Xov. 1897. 
 
 Chief Jastico Yelvertoii's seiiton 
 ririsonnieiit against Mr. Moseloy e* 
 court, May, 1892, annulled by the iu 
 the firivy council, 2 Feb. 1893, 
 
 BAHAE (N. India), a provir 
 
 Baber in 1:30), with Bengal and ' 
 
 j dominion, became subject to the 1 
 
 company in i ,"65 by the treaty oi 
 
 quit-rent of about 300,000^. 
 
 BAIL, By ancient common 
 
 since the coiKiuest, all felonies v 
 ! murder was excepted by statu! 
 i 3 Edward I. (1275) the power of 
 i son, and in divers instances of f 
 I n-i)-. Bait was further regulatct 
 i It is now accepted in all cases, ex 
 where a magistrate refuses bail, it 
 bya judge. Acts respecting bail n 
 I ;iiid i8g8. *^ 
 
 BAILIFF, or Sheriff, said 
 
 I onsui. London had its ahire-rcve 
 . it, and this officer was general 
 j countios in England in 1079. Hei 
 I Rich. Reynere were appointed bail! 
 I London iu 1 1 89. Stow. Sherifis w 
 I llublin under the name of bailiffs, i 
 |r;:riic iv.as eliauged to siioriff in n 
 Istil iilaccs where the chief magi 
 JbiiiK as the high bailiff of Westi 
 |Mi'i/i8 a corruption of bouud-bail 
 
BAFFIN'S BAY. 
 
 93 
 
 BALANCE OF POAVEE. 
 
 Tl^'vmd^L-Z ^f}]-^^^' y^'ionietan festivals. 
 
 .""V,""). tlie Great liiiinim, nr feaat of s'ln-i 
 '■'•.- takes plane ;o .lay.s after the .hurt one! 
 
 tM,^ iPt' " ','';''■''■' »f conrse woollen nianufac- 
 BAKEli AXD BAKEHorsEs; see Brea.i. 
 
 01 tlU3 discovei-y was mueh iloul.te.l, until tl, 
 oxpLHli ,ons of Uoss and Parrv proved th a in 
 was su Mant.ally ac,:,n-ate in lus itatenien 1" a • ?• 
 entered Lancaster Sound, and diseovered tl ^ i/l n I'l 
 known by Ins name, i„ ,8i8. British lla/l, st ,1 
 at Cumberland Sound, territory annexed l.v CanV 
 di:in government, Sept., 1897. See Xc 
 
 Yurt/t- ITist 
 
 BAGDAD, in Asiatic Turkey, built by Al 
 
 ' i;ut"-63""T"kt m'h'""t''';'^ Saracen e5.i.^ 
 , iu a ^'" -V *'"•' I'li-tars, and a neriod 
 mit the Saracen rule, la^S. Often taken Cth. 
 Icr.nms, and retaken by the T.X, wit?, t'. 
 .lauRhter: the latter have held it since 1C38 IW 
 latiun, 1885, 100,000. ju. iojni- 
 
 BAGPIPE, .nn ancient Greek and Roman in- 
 ftnaacnt. On a piece of ancient Grecian sen- 
 turc, now in Home, a ba^liiper is re,,re8ente d 
 dressed like ii modern highlander. x\eri is "aid 
 to have played upon a bagpipe, ?!. Our hi 'hi ,nH 
 re..me,itsreta „ their mp^,(s.'^ Patrick Boha, he 
 celebrated Irish piper, died 9 April, 1884. 
 
 BAHAMA ISLES (N. America) were the 
 first points of discovery by Columbus.'^ San Sal- 
 vador was seen bv hira on the night of 11 Oct, 1492 ■ 
 he ndednext <1ay. New Providence was settled 
 by the tnghsh in 1629. They wore expelled by 
 the .Spaniards, 1641 ; returned, 1666 ; again expelled 
 m 1-03. The isles were formally ceded to the 
 in^dsK in 1783. Population in i&l, 7c 287 rsee 
 O/e/oim, Oct. 1866); in 1871, ^9,162 • in ^isY, 
 43.521; in .888 about 48,000 'l^a, J-WT- The 
 fiahamas profited by blockade-running Jurl^g the 
 .Imerioan civil w.ar, 1862-5. Oovern^rs, w"?liam 
 awson,i864; air James Walker, 1868; John Pope 
 Hemiessy, 1S71 ; Wm. Robinson, 1874- Thof T 
 Ca igljan, 1879; Charles Camei-onlV76ot 
 *'":'^ Blake Jan. 1884; Sir Ambro e^Shen 
 
 GiS: citl-; Sol-'-^s';;^ '"''' '^"' '''' ■' ''^ 
 
 BAHAR (S. India), a nrovinco (conquered bv 
 
 Baber in K30), with Bengal and Orissa, a princelv 
 
 dominion, lecamo subject to the English East Ind a 
 
 company m 1-65 by the treaty of Allahabad for a 
 
 I (luit-rcnt of about 300,000/. 
 
 B.-VIL. By ancient common law, before and 
 
 smce the conquest, all felonies were bailable till 
 
 murder was excented by statute ; .and by' the 
 
 3 Edward I. 1275) the power of bailing in^trea^ 
 
 m, and 1,1 divers instances of felony, was taken 
 
 i away. Bail w..s further regulated in "kter re gns 
 
 J It 13 now accepted in all cases, except felony ; and 
 
 where a magistrate refuses bail, it nmy be granted 
 
 'jni'Xt ■^'^''''P'''^'"Shdlpa,,A 1826, ,852, 
 
 BAILIFF, or Sheriff, said to be of Saxon 
 
 I origin. 1 0,1,01, lud its ,/nre.rere prior to the con" 
 I quest .ind this officer was generally appointed for 
 Immtiesin England in 1079. Hen'cornehill ..nd 
 iBieh Keyiiore were appointed bailifTs or sheriffs in I 
 I LonJon 1,1 , 189 Slow. Sheriffs were aj-nointed n 
 I Dublin under the name of liailiffs. in rjtW- ajid the ' 
 |r.;irr.cw,xs changed to shoritf in 11:48'. Tl ere 
 ht,n places whc-o the chief n,agistrate is c! 
 tif^if' L'.!^^ "'"l'": of f-tniinster:' "^un, 
 
 ;.e..^:,;h.;^l!^:iAt'^Vet:;'rr!^°rt};e'^;:t 
 
 BAKU. See under rdyukum. 
 
 wi?h'\^mw ^f ^^' ■■' ''"''" '""'" in tl'e Crimen, 
 A eV\",',"| "'. r^'- '° '• »• f ft-om Sebastopo" 
 
 i^tl^:,S^26'si;:t.i.,4:'""''""^^'"'--'^ 
 
 "",',",'; f '*';'""'"•" ••-AI,»ut 12,000 Russians co,n 
 
 line' 
 
 .854 
 
 1855 
 
 m.asupportca«!!^''>:r;f^;-™;»-u;^. 
 
 a ,ove 4,000; receive,!, .3 j„ly .s," ' ''^' '^^' 
 A sortie iron, the L'ai-idi.in „f s, ,1 „ .'^ ' , . 
 
 -.ki.iia,a;;:;ffi:a!:^te.g!.ffi 
 
 ^';n^;;L;'^'^^'^'^" '^■"•"-aand-thetreaJS " 
 N.^M^S^^„-— abit^Sand, 
 
 fiio frpiity of ihinst.i, 24 Oct iolS tv,„" ^ 
 
 s are mcnts for the balance of now- r f.fi;' '"' '^"'^^ge. 
 allod 18.S, without th" consent of VL '"""P", """'« '» 
 n.. I -nUr^sconcerned.'ir^t^it.P'l'L"^ the 
 
 ^^./^isaeornli^nTbJJ^XSl^r^y fe [ ^r^fe^--^''' '^^^^ ^^'Xlet'J^ 
 
 1 ,J 
 
 5^J 
 
 
 t. 
 
 'i%^ K' 
 
 i '■ f " III 
 
 ■i 
 
BALAWAT. 
 
 94 
 
 BALLOONS. 
 
 BALAWAT, eoe Nineveh. 
 
 BALDACHIN, or BALDA(nilXO, more pro- 
 
 Kltiir in some ancient .•liurclies ; the l""«tice be 
 ginning about I130.was intro.lucea '" ^' 1^;"S Q 
 12-0 Tlic nionosal to erect one ni bt. Uarn.iuas 
 h;.?;.h, Hn'ilia,, was opposed in t.>eco.msU,ry 
 
 court luR l87V 'l''"-' *"»' '"""^ 1'^"" "■^' "^f ,',„ 
 LrTastniracfeciaed against the erection of the 
 
 baldachin, 15 Dec. 1873. 
 
 PAT.-RARIC ISLANDS, in the Mediter- 
 ran^efn^ cdi?d by the'^Greeks iialearid^, and by 
 the Romans Baleares, from «li'^/''^,=^";'"*-\,°[„,ii^ 
 inhabitants at slinging: they include Majmca, 
 Minorca, Ivi(;a, Formentera, Cabrer , Conejera 
 and other islets. They were f»X,,t a d d26 
 Romans 12^? B.C. : by the Vandals, about A.D. 420, 
 and Tnie^ part of Charlemagne's e,n,.ire ^n 
 700 f'onaucred by the Moors about lOOj, ana 
 1% by t^m till- about .286, -hen they were 
 anncKcky Arragon ; see Majorca and .Vmo««. 
 BALFOUR'S ACTS, see Inland, 1890-I. 
 BALHAM MYSTERY, see liravo. 
 BALIZE, see Honduras. 
 BALKANS, the ancient llicmus, a ringe 0' 
 mo^untains extending from the Atemc he 
 Fiixine The piussage, deemed impi icticable, was 
 ?om& by tLllu^^ans under Uie^^^^^ 
 the Russian and Turkish ^^'"•, 26 Ju > 1829. An 
 armistice was the consequence and a treat} 0, 
 nence was signed at Adrianople, 14 Sept. following. 
 &;akans%vere crossed by the Russm^^^^ 
 Gourko, n July, 1877. see AW'-r^/^i«A W«> 
 // B • the treaty of Berlin, 13 . ily. l«/8, the 
 Balkans became the frontiers of the Sultan s Euro- j 
 pean dominions. I 
 
 The Balkan States are Scrvia, nulK'ana,.aml R"n">clla 
 r«,;,M s«\ In Sept. 1889, the I'anslavist t^Jmm ttee 1 
 ITmo c^'^'ci^culaSd leaflets tern.e,! ••The Ten t un- 
 mnnilnients of Uuss tt," proposuig the i^iHrt'einui: 
 Ttlie Balkan. suites by the annexations from neigh- 
 bouring territories. 
 
 ■R AT.T.ADS maybe *raced in the British history 
 tottitAn^Saxonl Tamer. Adhelme, who died 
 700, ts rae^itioned as the first who introduced ballads 
 Into England. "The harp was sent round, and 
 Aose might sing who could." Bede. Altred sung 
 ballads Malmesbary. Canute composed one 
 Turner. Minstrels were protected bv a charter of 
 Edward IV.; but by a statute of Elizabeth they 
 were made punishable among rogues and vaga- 
 bonds and sturdy beggars. VUm: Fletcher, of 
 Soun died il\b) in a I'^tt^^'' to, Montrose ex- 
 pre sedhis opinion that making ballads was more 
 Fmpo tant than law-making. The sea-ballads of 
 oXin werevery popularin tt French "J : h'^d'f 
 20 Jan. 1833. Mr. John lioosev s Ballad Con- 
 certs," St. James's Uall, began l8()6, 
 
 Co/;ec(io..s.- -Bishop IVT.iy's ''Hcliques '/ Aijcient 
 VnaVmh. Poetry," 1765 et .«('•(• Pnbhcatioris nt the I eri ) 
 W .840 si ; of the U lln.l Society, .868 .. m-, .»■ 
 cludinK the Hoxburgho t)aU.iils. ,,..,•« a 
 
 I'rofessor Child's collection. 8 vols., iBoston t.S.A., 
 1857-59; 'lis greater work is in course of publication, 
 
 '^Jolmson's Scots Musical Museum, t vols. .787-1803. 
 
 Many smaller coUectiiins. , , ,, , ,1, ,,,,., ,1,,. 
 
 New edition of the KoxbnrL-he ballads edited by the 
 rev. J. W. Ebsworth, with much lab.mr ond expense, 
 completed, 1897. 
 
 BALLARAT, an Australian town in Victoria, 
 which arose after the discovery of gold in 1851; see 
 Amtralia and MMmrne, 1854. It possesses many 
 haudsouie buildings and churches, and has i ro- 
 
 testant and K. C. bishops. Population 1881, 37,260 ; 
 
 1891, 4<',03.V , , ,..',, 
 
 BALLETS began tlirough the nierotricious tast,- 
 of the Italian courts. One nerforme<l at the inter- 
 view between our Henry VIII. and Francis I. ,;l 
 France in the Field of the Cloth of Gold, at .Vrdres 
 1=20. Guiviardini. Ballets became popular in 
 France, and Louis XIV. bore a part in one, 161.4. 
 They were introduced here with operas early in the 
 l8th century. 
 
 BALLIN AMUCK, Longford. Here,on8Scpi. 
 1798, the Irish rebels and their French auxiliaries 
 were defeated and captured. 
 
 BALLISTITE, a nrarlv smokeless gunpowilei-, 
 invented and patented by )>lv. AllVed Nobel, ;nul 
 assigned by him to a company in 1892, see Coiulde. 
 BALLOONS.* A just idea of the principle of 
 the construction of balloons was formed by All.ert 
 of Saxony, an Augustine monk in the 14th eeiitury, 
 and adopted bv a I'ortuguese Jesuit, Iraiicesco 
 Mendoza, who died at Lyons in 1626. Ihe idea is 
 also attributed to Bartolomeo de Guzmao, who died 
 in I "24. The principles of a'eronaatics include ;- 
 I tke power of a balloon to rise in the air ; 2, the 
 velocity of its ascent ; and 3, the stability of its 
 suspension at any given height. In 1872 Helmlioltz 
 thought balloonsmight be steered, if moving slowly. 
 Fatal accidents to the voyagers have been estinnitej 
 at 2 or 3 per cent. The Aeronautical Society of Greut 
 13ritain, founded witli the objc-ct of fostering and 
 developing aeronautics and aerology, by the duke 
 of Argyll, Mr. James Glaisher, sir Charles BnglU, 
 and others, 12 Jan. 1866. 
 
 Francis Lana, a .Jesuit, proposed to navigate the 
 
 air liy means of a boat raised by four hollow lialls 
 
 made of thin copper, from which the air luul 
 
 been exhausted . . • • ■ ■ ■ if;o 
 
 Joseph Galien suggested the llUing a bag with the 
 
 ! tine dilluse air of the upjicr regions of the atiiio- 
 
 1 sphere . . • •,.,•.,■, ' ' . '''5 
 • Henry Cavendish discovered that hydrogen gas is 
 
 IO-8 times lighter tliaii cniiinion air . . . ifs 
 And soon after iilai'k, uf Kdiiiburgh, filled a ha;: 
 
 with hydrogen, which rose to the ceiling of tlie 
 
 room , ,• , ' ' ' ' '"" 
 
 Cavallo tilled soap Inilibles with hydrogen . . i;;: 
 
 Joseph Montgollier made a silken liag ascend with 
 heated air (first .rt rf ^(if/n««) . ■ ■ N""v. „ 
 
 Joseph and Stephen .Montgiillier ascend and deseeiid 
 safely by means of a lire bidloon at Amioimy, f.ir 
 whieli they i-eceived many honours . 5 J\iiie, i;i; 
 
 First .ascent in a lialloon lillcd with hydrogen, at 
 I'aris, by -Mil. Itoliert and Charles . 27 .\n>:. „ 
 
 Joseph Montgdlfier ascends in a baUoon inllate.l 
 with smoke nf Imnit striiw and wool 19 ^•e]it. „ 
 
 First iiei-i.al voyage in a lire balloon— Pilatre >!« 
 Kozier and tlic inanpiis d'.Vrlnndes • . 21 Nov, „ 
 
 Seconil ascent of Charles in a hydrogen hallodii to 
 the height of 9770 feet . . ■ • » 1>"- .. 
 
 Mr. Trtlcr ascended m a Montgolfler balloon :it 
 Edinburgh 27 Aiy. i;i« 
 
 Ascents become nuiiierous : Andreani, 25 leh. ; 
 Blanehard, 2 March ; Guytmi de Morveau, tlie 
 chemist, 25 April and 12 June; Fleurant iiml 
 Madame Tliible (tl'e first fem.alc .aeroimiit), 
 aS Jmie; the duke . f Churtres (Philip Kiialiti) 
 
 iQ Se|it. ., 
 
 The first ascent in Knglami, made by Vincent bii- 
 nanli, at Moorflehls, London . 15 i^vyl. „ 
 
 [Centenary : three bnll is ascend nt s,inie place, 
 
 one of them "The Colunel" ontuiiiiiig C"l. Brine 
 
 and M. I/Iloste, fmiii Finsbury, 15 Sept. .884.) 
 Blanehard and JetTiles aseeml at Dover; crojs the 
 Channel ; alight near Calais . . 7,l,.ii. ;r: 
 
 [Centenary celebrated at liuines, 25 May, i?3y] 
 
 Tlie first ascent in Irelaml, from Haiielagh gardens, 
 Dublin I'jJ-'r. . 
 
 • " Astra Castra ; Experiments and .\dventures in fr 
 Atmosphere ; by Ilattou Tumor," a copious weik, il' 
 p cared iu 1865. 
 
 BALLOO 
 
 nraer and I!,,m,ii„ kiiie,! iu ( 
 Jioulogne; the iiall,.,,,, tonk llr 
 Piiraclmtes constructed alw ,,' 
 
 .Miller wl,„ made many p'revi, 
 hnglaml, fell i„t„ the. si, , 
 «as taken nj, ' '" 
 
 .M,i.l,iino Bl„iieliar,l ascended frr 
 
 r a r'^;- '*'"*'' »»"ounded 
 
 killed . "■''" l"''-'"l'it"t'-'d I 
 
 .MrClKiries oVecir's first ascent n 
 
 ,uMs in liall(.„i,i,i„) "'■'-'" y' 
 
 Liciit. Harris killi"! i,, n ballo„'n r 
 
 .^a.ller.jnn., killed, fa|li„,-f,.,„,i 
 
 lhegrcatNas.saul«ll„„nr;/i^.;^, 
 
 inevionsly been exhibited to t 
 
 London in rei.eate.l aseents fn 
 
 (lens, started from that ,,la e , 
 
 vov;lg.^ Mr, C. Given, .\'lr K 
 
 Ifonck-Mason i„ the car, and I 
 
 oigliteen hours in the air losecn 
 
 intlicdiiehyofN.a.s.san 
 
 .Mr, Cocking ascended froiii 'v.^i 
 
 liaraelmte; .n its .le.scent fro 11 
 
 collapsed, and he was thrown 
 
 .\n Italian aeronaut ascended fr( 
 in Denmark ; his eorjise was sulj 
 on the sea-shore in a eontiguous i 
 
 J, 11. L-issie's model of an " aerial 
 tlie screw w.as used, was snbmitteil 
 
 iIgtm,'u.S '"^^'■•''''^'^'^ 
 
 "[.riyi'i;"','' n- '■"' ""lO'-s'iiscended 
 (ariei tKUellmg 1150 mile., the\ 
 Jeflerson county, New York, near 
 
 I N'ato's great balloon (largest ever m 
 
 I iinliited ccmtaiiie.l 215,06, enbic f, 
 
 «r. a cottage in wick t w, ,k ^..^ 
 
 :.tMs;Xadarl.ope,l by „•'"■ 
 
 steer a balloon in tlVuie^Veuah 
 mill .4 jiersons, su(.'cessrul 
 
 I His second ascent ; voyagers inbn 
 
 l-reseiieeofrnmlof M.Jules Go 
 at.Nieuburg, Hanover 
 
 I N.i4ar una his l,all„„u at the' C) 
 
 .<,vJeiiliam . "'^ •-' 
 
 i«..ty for promoting aiirial 'navif. 
 
 .it.M. .Nadars, at t^aris; preside. 
 
 lG-..lar.rsgre,it Montgolfier or fire ba 
 
 |)lrCi.,vwell ascends from nelfast'ini 
 sfveral iiersoiis ai-e iii,jiire,l by tin 
 >.'iiiiiig uiieontrollable; it es<.apes 
 
 li.rtit ef Xadar in his Geant hi 
 
 ■Mr Coxwell said to have made 5, 
 .i"** cilia . , ^ ■'■ 
 
 I.I11 atrial screw machine (helieopteri. 
 la IVis, ,863 ; .lescribed by /, j 
 ?"'■, m Loiulou, at the Hoyal 
 
 fir II.Klsnian crossed the Channel f 
 ' •""' 'li'sceiided at Appleby, W 
 
 -■nat balloon eiliibited nt Ashbui 
 I W™, escaped, and was c.a,^ured 
 
 h™tr^o,,o,tedtoU'su;eessfil/''""' 
 fv ';;'?/■. y^,^' >!'-!'l'os..l to cross the' M 
 
 It'iiiii a lifting ,,ower of ,5,9oolbs.. 
 
■7 
 
 lS02 
 
 t8l2 
 
 iSig 
 1821 
 
 i8j6 
 
 1S51 
 
 1S59 
 
 DnziiT and Riijnaiii kill,.,! i„ ii ~- ^^ ~~ ' — 
 Parachut,. con.tru.te.l' 'al';,? te.l ,,y 'y^^C^ 
 
 was tuki'n ,1,' '"'"""• "'•■•'. 'ifii- IloIyliea.I, l,„t 
 
 Ore, ami al.e wa.^ia'e ■ ," , 1 ..^ "'"*■"'■'"<. took 
 killed. . / "''"■'""' w tliffeTouiMl and 
 
 Mr. Charles Green's first n«,..'.„( n, • I . ■ '' J'''y. 
 ^M.sin balloonii,.')"-"' (''e'»tro(lH,.e.l coal 
 
 Liuut. Harris killul in a Inll.i.m ,i„; .' '9'fiily 
 
 Sa.ller, jun., killcl, fa lfn„ f '^'S'"' =5 -""''y. '8=4 
 Il]eKreat^^as.,a,ll;al^ I SvV;, A, '';',;'' • . • 1825 
 
 Ulon in re ™te itl'V,' '" '''.'""'"'""« "f 
 dens, started f.'om t r f, "" ^"""^'■"H gar- 
 
 voyage, Mr. C Gr ' ' ifu 'V\\ ^'''V""",™"" 
 
 figl.teen li.n.rs in the air dj^" , ik,"^ ' „' "^!"'?,""'" 
 ill the clneliy of Nas.sau "•*''*•"">■'' at Weill.mx, 
 Mr. Cocking a.sccn.led fr.iin 'vinvlioi?'* 7 ^'.'V- 
 paraclmte; in its ,lesce t fru , 1 ^n*''^' ''''' 
 c*,.ed, and.,ewas\\'i'r,';;;''o{.';\;;r/'5;V||,,lt 
 
 on.^»ea.lWeia^^^,.)--';S-|yn;,.nd 
 
 J. R Lassie's model of an " ae'rini »'i,i, .;•'■• *','-'.l''- 
 the screw Hus used, wass ubmi e.l . 1 '" "i'''"^'' 
 of sciences at Pari.,', .85, a d ei.n i ^'r^'T, ''"P' 
 iiigtoM, U.S. . . ^*' '^"^'-'""l"ted at Wash- 
 Mr. Wi.scaiul three others 'ascended 'frm,; s* 'r ■■ 
 afli'r travelling ,,50 niile, t liev .b. „ -i^"".'-' 
 Jcfiersoiieount^-, Xc^w York^ nel.'ly'lS)" ' '" 
 Xailar's great balloon flarcost ever ,„„i \ =3 Juno, „ 
 inllatea cmtained ^Ns^efab eZ tf ' ".'.'^ 
 .ar. a cottage i„ wic^k er w, ,k ral^p,', "^ «"V,.""' 
 at Paris; Na,lar hoped bv meaus '/ ^5 soUliers 
 steer a balloon in the heavens hi, fll f ''''''''■ '." 
 with .4 persons, sueoessl^ri ' '"' ""*' "'«;«''. 
 I Ills second n.seeiit ; vovagers ininr„,i' *? '^^-^ 
 ' I>r«enee of mind of M. J, L Clod ..'l 'T'^ "? 
 , at .Vieulmrg, Uanover ""''' ^"''■"''; ilescend 
 l.\a;lar ana his balloon at the' Crvstni i^P"*' •• 
 I SvJeiihara i-Ostal Pahiee, 
 
 IChrd's great Montgolfier or fire balloon asmids' '^^^ 
 ^Ss^L^"""-'^""'-''"'^^"^^;;!.^.:^"^ " 
 
 coming uii,.ontrollal,le: it eir L ^"""'"l V"- 
 lA«n.ofXadarinhisGer\a„oon,^'::;r''^ 
 IM. CO..., .aid to have n.ado sso si'S "'' 
 |a>. aerial screw machine" (heMcopteriol"^,!;;,/'';"!' '^^' 
 
 , ■"■'at balloon exhibited nt a.ii , =^ '^I'l'il, „ 
 U.;^-,, escaped, an,i;;l.,'^,:lS!^':^-M^;^. 
 
 FS^i^i^^sr''*"''*^"^'™''-'^"^"''' 
 
 Ut reported to be sl.Jce'ssfi^'''^^-^^'''-^^ ^^^^ „ 
 
 |dianK.ter,,o fee ,;'.;:;,,'''.'' ';»"""". >oo feet in 
 |»>™hry\:aC\rfS1r"' "i"' " «"1'1"'^- 
 
 .873 
 
 "«lci|iiatc, .Sei t ■' as,,' I ',."■'* ''■l""''-''' i»- 
 
 i"K a stnr,,,i„x^rUimec&t'''t ,;'"''■'■'''''■'' •""- 
 escaiieil v-unnLcucut ; the men narrowly 
 
 "i«l.t or a lir I '1^ brSt i'^; ^'i '"';''>'^" "'^ 
 (■ended from Crn ,„.*', '' '" r-mi'hin ; as- 
 
 foni a 1 eiglit be\" ' ' "*' 'V •■""' ''"»"'>h1«1 
 '9 Jnne / at 1 is I.e; M.'f /'"'' 4°",f™t in E.ssex, 
 
 either detachc lb bin,. .'r"'''*i ""•' '"^"''I'lite 
 disarranged ai 1 1?„ .,"'t , ".'■''y aceideiit, was 
 
 Un,ler th "g/.v me, t ,,Vll oi; , [.'"''"'f '''"'''■ ''^* 
 t'o.xwell ascend . 1 It iv.] '■ .''''"'"""'-•e, Mr. 
 
 I 'Irifted towards \ow.n ,""" ' '" "•"'^■'' "nd 
 I at Grimsby ■'' ' "'" "'-'""'auts were lan.led 
 
 I ^"™"f'"'J"tliers ascend h-om'the Crj-st'al-fe'' " 
 I Jlenier's new hot-air balloon fails on trial '5* s^i'f " ■ 
 
 the wmd above the ei;„;^;'^;;;:^:^';-™;jf 
 
 "i^t^^^;s^5^?si':;';^^^,i^"!«^ve,'^S - 
 ™i^"^1i?^s\'t;S"'^v *^-"-^ 
 
 Tiisandicr reravered ""'""''''' «"«"('ation ; 
 
 Reriorted failure of rii-rni'o i- »■ iSJuly, ,. 
 
 Paris . ^ °^ *'''"°' ^ '^'TOting apparatus at 
 
 Five balloons start frni.i ,.o.- , '^ '^'' '7 '\ng. 
 
 I '1,,,,, ."iiipet , rfor?'o™"™' ,1' "™s "ear Lon- 
 Balloon SocletV the "Ow ■'• M^'li"'-' ^' ""•' 
 Commander Clfe yne traveU^d !« ..m"'''''' ""*' 
 , ""ir (11" niedaUwarded) ^^ '""'•■'* "' ""^ 
 
 In ernational balloon contest at ■tlu.rv /> •• V^-'P*- 1880 
 England (" Ecliose 'V Mr w ■ » ^J,y«tal palace; 
 Fc.nvielle; bot alighta ml i?''V P'''""='^. «• de 
 Oitrard and fae Uine's a,^r , Kn,-^ "'''^"'°''"'' =■ Oct. „ 
 , ful for direction .speed Ac'"'"'™'^' '" besueeess- 
 Ml-. Kiigciie (who had as'eende'd about ,' i'''"\ '^''' 
 narrowly escaj.es destruetim bv „ '°°? *'""'■''> 
 Vienna "i-stiuetiou by a storm at 
 
 Mr Waller Powell, M.P.," crowed "ti.n 'n'^'l*''-, •' 
 Channe n a balloon n>, V , ™^^'" ."le Bristol 
 
 two fell out ■ t c ri '''■'•"•",'ls "ear Bridport : 
 
 and drifts to' sei'/m't'you'ifi'-'""' "•"" '"■ ^V"'' 
 
 '*orc^^^c]il^:;:r;^.::;;;'«;A«r'--'«tt™S " 
 
 l».ll.,oii picked up'haif!;;"^"'^'"-*''' t"<^>- "'"1 the 
 Col. Biirnabv crosses tbo rV™ ', - " ♦ '"'"'■ '86» 
 , «nd lands iear i)ivpp"'" ^'""""■■' f"'" I>"ver. 
 
 M,.«in,m,,,,sgoes,romM,ddon;EsseMoAr;^^:^ „ 
 
 I'oar Klushi,,,: (,"0 md el o,' aV'"'' ,'" ""'lekerk, 
 ByMr. Sinimoils'aml Jr 8,^,ri.'"' „■ ' W- .883 
 ^ Cai,e La Uauul ("VnT^) ^" ^'''■"" "astings to ^ 
 
 '8S3; again from I3ouSe^o^-[°w''«'' ^'''''- 
 2 hours , >'u. ■^m, ^o rsew liomney, 
 
 7 Aug. ,884 
 
 ^>y'- 
 
 1875 
 
 1879 
 
 -^ 
 
 ,i t 
 
 'l^^'^l^^'l*! 
 
 n , I 
 
 
 i ifr 
 
 fs .H'J|) 
 
 J ri 
 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 '•1 
 
 hi. 
 
 4;M| 
 
 f»l»tf '■■'■'- 
 
BALLOONS. 
 
 90 
 
 BALLOONS. 
 
 
 ^^H' 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 
 's 
 
 1^ 
 
 is ■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 L 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ;':'4 
 
 i3E6 
 
 Geu. Briae crosseB from Hytl.e to H'"'vi;i»^M.™ 
 
 UMIor,,, mviwiti.m sai.\ t,.lu. HlVrt,;.! Ly M. li'n:";;l 
 
 alM,.,ia..n:i'Vi.i...l,rti-;.alii™-hiuo qAn.. 
 
 Alintl.rTtli.ll, ivsult iinu.Tliiiii . • '-^, / 
 
 K,.i.nit.'.l HUcc'ss l.y M. Tis.s;.iuluT . ^^g*^-,'"' 
 
 .M. 1.1,', si,. ,Tnss,.s fn.m t''i';'VV'''H;* ,■ r 1 ■ .-. 
 ,„,,„■ l.„i„l,,» : attain..! lu'iylit 3,600 hxx, 1"«, "t 
 
 M;:T;;;^rr.'n.m,;t t,, ,M.. anU.;ov^^^ 
 
 r,,iilai;iiii'(,'thnrp.Ts,,ns, fails . . ^+f.7;, " 
 MM. .l,,visai„l Mall.'t r,,i."rt tlmt th,.y <•';•■>';''■;',,' 
 allitu.l,. „f 7,000 i.iOtivs, in an ascn.t at^ U. M _^^^ 
 
 Sncc'ssfnl v,w,. of Mr. .M"rt..M tVni U"V,.r^U' 
 
 L,i.,n, iii^ar Dunkirk . • • • •>..,,■. ' 
 M Ih.st,. an,l M. M.mu-it as,-iMi,t at Mon.li.li.i 
 
 Ajnmant'ical Exhibition at Vi..n-,a,,,Fni.a . Ai.ril .833 
 
 l'n,r,.ssor llaUhvin, at Hockaway ^;''";, ^'/''^ i";', J 
 tol.av,.,Us,H.n,l,-l.saf.IyfroniahaU.,ona hM> i 
 
 l.vnu'unsofa i,aracliut(MnS4 s,-<;on,l»,Q A K- iSs?- . 
 
 H,. ilid the sa no at Ah'xan.lra Park, "-''i""', -;• 
 =S , y 333, an.l sine,.. Aft,.r th,, .oth tnn. the 
 ball,,,., soei,.fy wave bin, a koM ''';:'"';',,'} if" 
 ,883 : i,r,.v.mt..,l in !,is att,.n.i. „ , '"^ ' ^ ^i , 1 i 
 
 .analtiti„kM,f twoniiU's; ,h.sce„Mioin "it"'" 
 6 :^a;„l 7,00. feet, .3 «el,t., ■"''"r.JT,' 'oet ' at 
 at Ihmchester, 24 Sept ; (9, .-^ ^' .,«,,?,', l./t t 
 SherileUl (42nil ,1,'scent) 22 < let. , lln.u ,u si-' ' V^ 
 Al, ■xan,l,"a Palace, 5000 feet, the Prn.ee of^\N ales ^^ 
 
 Th!''uT,'na.it Mr. Jos,'!.!. Simnnins, aseenils froni 
 ^'m;;,;,!!;, Loiub.n, W.; ana i.s kme,! ,m h.s ,le,sceat ^^ 
 
 r..„.-..,. IliL'L'ins an EnL'lirthman, descen.ls fnoii a 
 '"baUo,."'i^ a' parachute at Lea B.i,l,e^^R.«a ^^ 
 
 *seiM,t of Mr. Pcrcival Spencer, with,,nt bis 
 ,n,'ach«t,., at Calcutta .9 March ; after«ar.ls with 
 bis parachute ' ^.,' i,„l 
 
 Prof. Dale and Hve others ascend from Gibniltar 
 
 M^'"pcre;vri s;:^nJ.i at- SecnndeVaW. ci.trai 
 
 ,allo.m, the air being heated by bun.M.K '■ ' - 
 'afd sWrit insi.le the balloon; he ,l,.seen,le.l^ by 
 
 ,„'a«/:;[E!S^ne (iodard, a^ed 6,, at lirussels, saui 
 to have inaile 2,000 a.scents . ■ ■ " •^"'- ' 
 
 M Iliwins, aeronaut, killed at v,rkst<,ll n,.ar 
 Lee,ls; tbrou>;b a rarachute ,lesceut . • 8 ^^'.'fc; " 
 
 Mr. Logan ascen,ls with a parachute at Deti'o t 
 
 l.;;;::rtl'^,SeisHenry'ofPn.ssia,ti;?^.u^ ' 
 ,luke of Hes.se an,l ,.tl,er person,.«e8 ascen.l n a 
 balloon at Frankf.rt . • • -23 »ipt- , 
 
 Al Pen' ™l Spencer asc,-n,l3 in a very largo bal- 
 .'„ n at I ovcT, an,l lands near UastniK« 24 Nov. 
 
 Liellt Mantliel.'L at lion.bay, is kill,.,l by talln.g 
 fio.n his balloon, whi.^h l,ur.st . . o " «; 
 
 Miss Van Tassel, at Da.va, ,lese,!n,bn« with her 
 Hrachutc, fall* .6 March, an,l -lies . ,8 Man'h, . 
 
 rant \Vn,. D.inean Dale and thr,>e <.th,irs aseen, in 
 ba 1. at Ih... Crystal pala,-c ; tln^balloon bn sts 
 ,- ,t Dale kille,l by the fall, 29 •>'"»•• ^'f' "' 
 v''shinu'olt 'lies, B^Jnly ; WiUian. l>al''(»") "['J 
 Mr ,Iohn Macintosh, mnchin,iure,l, rec,)\er J il>, 
 ' iCipt Dale had nia.b- nearly 200 ascents.] 
 
 AI Mallet in a balloon left Paris, 23 Oct. ami 
 arriv.'d at Wallenrod, in Darinsta,lt, 360 direct 
 
 Co;nn:andaiSt^SrdVnow-.;,liH^b^ 
 with oronidlin),' nieehanisni, descr bn,l . 25 Nov. 
 
 CaptWhelan (after 3.5 a^™"^) dio, aft,;r a fall 
 from his ballooh near .ihrcwabury (vj A-g^)^^^^^ 
 
 M. Charbonnct, his wife, and an aoji^Jant, af j'";! 
 in Pi(!dniont; be is kil.cd by tlie tall of the bal- 
 loon, near Turin " ^^^ 
 
 ■9: 
 
 ■7^4 
 .S51 
 
 1S61 
 1S70 
 
 ih 
 
 lS3q 
 
 iSgo 
 
 .Miss Uass,.tt killed by an ncci,b'ntt,.lior parachute ^ 
 
 Balloon aeei.biits near Paris iluriui,' a storm, 4 
 
 aeronauts kilh'.l ^t"'"'!' ' 
 
 Miirruiv ,vNn I'osr.M. Ari'LirATioN.s. 
 
 Gnvtoi, ,!,■ Morvean as..en,l.,l twii'c , luring th,. battle 
 ,;f Pl,.unis, and gave imi.ortant inlormatiim^b. 
 
 T:',>''usi, of balloons f',,r j.ostal i.ui'iioscs invente,! by 
 
 bimoo'ls wc^v used din-ing the' battle ,,f 'Solfemio; 
 24 Juno, .S59 ; and by the Federal army ..ear 
 
 .\/\mn'iof '''-nveye.l the nmil bags from Paris i,] 
 
 ' ■l-onis .luring the si.'ge . . . ■ =3 •'''■pt. 
 
 Postal ball.„,ns Iroiii Metz aiul Pans . Sei,t.-Dee. 
 
 Postal ball,">i. s,.nt ui, from Crystal iialaee, hy,len- 
 haiii (siuvessfully) . . • : » "'■'■ 
 
 M tian.betta. with his .secrctnry and aer.innnt, es. 
 'cai,i',l from Paris in a balloon, ami lell m tin: 
 Fi'ret ,lEi,iiieuse (Homme) 7 Oct. ; he arrived at 
 
 Sixt'v-six ball, ions with i68pers,,ns,lesi)atche,l fr,,i,i 
 
 Pilrisaml ,,ther places (',Vii. nrine), 23 .Sept. 1870- 
 
 20 J.an. 
 Military experiments; a.scent of L'liivers ; very 
 
 col.l weather ; \-alve burst ; several hurt ; near 
 
 Vineennes ; no ileaths . . • ■ 8 l'e,v 
 Military asients an,l ballo,m ,',iuii.inent formilitaiy 
 
 i.urposes a.lopted at Woolwi,li, announciul April, 
 Captive balloou at the volunteer review, Bng'liton, 
 
 * 29 jiareti, 
 
 Roval Engineers' Balloon Corps arrives at S.iuakiiii, 
 " ' " ^ March, 
 
 Mr F \ G,.wer's experiincnts at Hythe, .luin', 
 
 I'sSsVa.seeiide.l ami not heard of since . .Inly, 
 Mr Erie S. Bruee's ni.iile of electric signalling fr„i,i 
 
 balloons reported successful at Albert jiaUu'e 
 
 20 July, 
 
 EQVE.STRIAK ASCENTS. 
 
 Mr Green afflrmeil that he ascen,le,l from Lon,l,iii, 
 oil a horse attaeheil to a ballo,>u . . May, 
 
 He ilicl so from Vauxhall gardens with a very 
 .liiiiiimtive pony . . . • • July, 
 
 Lieut Gale an Englishinan, uia.le an uscent with 
 a horse from the Hippodn.me of Vineennes, ne.ir 
 Bonleaux On ,lesi'ei.,ling and detaching tlie 
 animal fnni. the balloon, the people who lielil its 
 ropes from s,,nie miseoneeption, [.rematurely I,t 
 them go ami the unfortunate aeronaut was rapi.lly 
 b,,riie ill the air before he was ipiite reiuly to 
 resume bis vovage. (He was ,Uscovered next 
 morning .lashed to pieces in a Held a mile from 
 where the balloon was found) . . 8 Sept. „ 
 
 The ascent of Ma.laine Poitevin from Crenii.iin! 
 ganiens near Lon,l,in, as " Europa on a bull" 
 (a feat she liail often p(.rf,)rnie(l in France), and 
 several asi-eiits on horses, brought the parties, 
 concerned before the police-courts on a eliarge ..f 
 iM-uelty to animals, anil put an end to experiments 
 that outraged public feeling . .• ^ • .-.Aug ijii 
 
 M Poitevin as,i iiilcd on a horse in the vicinity dI 
 Paris, about the time just mentioned ; wasneiirly 
 drowi'ieil in the sea, near Malaga, while descemhiii; 
 from bis balloon (ami dieil so,ii. after) . . . \k- 
 
 SCIENTIFI'' ASCESIS. 
 
 Gay-Lussac ami Biot at Paris, 23 Aug. ; Gay-Liissai- 
 (to the height of 22,077 feet) . . 15 Sept. 1 mi 
 
 Bixio ami Barral at Paris (to the height ot iq.om 
 iVi't They passed through a cloud 9000 futt 
 
 1S23 
 iSjo 
 
 ■S93 
 
 thi.k) „ : ■.,':»■ 
 
 Jlr Welsh ascends, 17, 26 Aug. 21 Oct,, 10 .Nnv. ijji 
 Sei,'iitill,' balloon ascents having been rei'i.i,,- 
 nieiide.l bv the British Associatiim ami IuihIh 
 pii,vi.le,l, 'Mr. James Olaisher comnieiiecl his 
 series of ascents, i,ri.vi,le,l with suitable apia- 
 ratiis, in Jlr. Coxwell's great balloon, at W.ilv,,. 
 hanibton; ho reached the height of 5 ii„l,s, 
 
 17J11I.V, 
 He ascended to the height of ab,mt 7 miles ,it 
 Wolvcriiampton ; at 5} miles liigli he l.ir.ui,. 
 insoisible ; Mr. Coxwell lost the use of Ins h,ui,i,s. 
 but W.1S able to open the valve with his tetlli; 
 they thus ,lesceiide,l in safety 5 ''>'l'l " 
 
 Heas,'en,le,lat til,' Crystal palace 18 April, 11, ii 
 Julv ; at Wolverton, 26 June ; at Newcastl,', during 
 thenieeting of the BrltUh Associatlou 3' A"l? i-'l 
 
 ■M 
 
 BXLU 
 
 His i6tli asi'ent ; anrvevs I on. 
 
 His i7tli ascent at W„,,hvi,. 
 
 lii-aii.lon .s .smr.ilk (,st win 
 
 tnry) i2,,in. ,864;as,-,.,„ls 
 
 time) 30 Dec. ; 25th a.s,v„t, 
 
 a.s,'ellts . , T o,'t 
 
 Glaislmr's" Travels in til," \\,-' 
 
 .V-. t"XW,,lls as,viit at H„n,s, 
 
 Aso-calleil "navig.abl,. 1,-|||,„, 
 
 i„'arl)eriiii caught lire ami e' 
 
 til,' inventor .ami his ,',,„|,,.|,; 
 
 See X.K. ,C If. />,/ 
 
 Rilloiin voyag,' bv Mr. Ch.-is 
 
 bourne to Doimirt n,'ar Vbli,. 
 Thri" l,alloojis s,.|,t o], iv,,,,, i 
 ni'oiis ascents in other ruunti 
 
 IIAI.LO1IN soc 
 
 Tlie I-'reni'li Ai'ademie d'Aerost' 
 !;i,|iu', anlhiii'is,',! , 
 
 Uai.i.oox S,„'iktv dp Giii'iT I) 
 21 .July, i83o. bysoiiu' iiii'inb, 
 ti.'iil, Oi',,gniplii,.;il, .Vstr,„„,Mi 
 Jli'tcirologieal so,'i,.|i,.., ,,,„[ 
 dies, to i,r,.niote aeroimnti.s ii 
 li.se oh.servatioiis mn'le dnriii 
 iiioilals wereawarileil Ibr aseen 
 
 Gi'i'iuaii Aeronautical Society 
 
 luti'iiialioiial congress 011 aiirost 
 sljurg • . . . 
 
 BALLOT (French Ml, 
 Secret votiuj? was [.rnutiscd b^ 
 and Uomans, ami the mode 
 now eiiiplo)('d in France, in 
 Xorth America, and, .since 18- 
 and Colouies. Soo ^cru/iii. ' 
 A ballot-box used in the electio 
 
 L'lIHlotI . . , _ 
 
 It.'Useby the comi,.'iiiv of in,''r,'l 
 in eluetnig an agent, ],i'i,lubit 
 
 Tlie l,all„t-hox u.scd bv tin' "Ii.,t'i 
 at .Milcss ,',,ir,.e-hous,'. \V,'stini'n 
 
 Atn,'tenlill,',i "Tin' Hem.n, „f 
 I'i liavebeiii wntti'ii bv Amliew " 
 lisluil ill the "St.ite trai'ts " 
 
 Fi"l",si'd, in a pamphlet, to be U3( 
 „fni,nil,ers„f jiailiament 
 
 .Uiillauliiorising v,,|e bv ball,,t 
 m"ll.s, bill lvj,rt,',l by t'lie l„r,|s 
 
 (n'lrdL-Grot,- iiiti,,dii,!c,l into the c 
 bill .six tiiiii's . 
 
 The ballot an open iiuestion in wl 
 
 Thf liiiuse of coninions re|ceted 
 
 I biing against, an,l 1S9 for'it 
 
 I J'Wt voting existcl in th,. chambe 
 
 I I-ninfefniin .8401,11845. It lias 
 
 I since the coup d'etat in 
 
 I Til,' ballot authorised in the' Metroi 
 
 I uii'ntact ' 
 
 rill' ballot adojited in' Vi,'t',iria,"Ausl 
 
 |.tl«.balI,,tatMai. ',,'ster ; Ernes 
 
 I Iw the city; lie ,1- the next , lav 
 
 IFMr many years an, ;iy prop„.se,l 
 
 I U,'rk,'l,.y;r,'j,.,;l,.,| ,.. J„ly, ,867 ; ] 
 
 |il . E. Leatliaiu mtroiliiccl a ballot 
 
 ', hi'ineiit, Mari'li : ami Mr. Gla,ls 
 
 tl"?,!n ';"'"''*"'"• '"" »ith,tra« 
 
 r .1,? 1 "'f- '•"'V'".^-"' i» ^lectin 
 
 1 .school boar.1 1119, listiii.ta 
 
 piii;baUotr,','„miiieii,l,.,l in the que 
 
 I y'Oiahilltoritiiitimliu'.'U, nius8( 
 
 .moM:rejeet,.,n,ythelor,ls(g7t,' 
 
 M \; amend the law ivlating to 
 
 arliameiitaryaiiilmunhipai electi, 
 
 tli''h,iliot,,vadinthecon; ,s 2 
 
 ■3 •ib.ipn.s.sed the commons, i'" 
 I Md second time in the lor,ls (86-,; 
 I 1.11'iiJmeiits carried in conimitU.I 
 i,''7^'''f''":"'':(!f'^yi). i.-ad a thi 
 
 I'? iiv'tl,"'"^''"'''^'"'"™'""'-'" 
 I ,1 .7 l'^'^""""""'-" ; the o|,ti,mf 
 
 I la Witt till 31 Dee. 1880) 
 
BALLOT. 
 
 07 
 
 His i6tli Mivnt ; mirv,..vs I.„„,l(,u „ „„. 
 
 ' SoH V v",";:'.'l'^"""' l<ill'-'l " June, 
 
 Tim.. l.all.,n„s s,.nt ui, r,„,„ I,, villettJ s m.ilta 
 
 n«.u.s iiscents i„ o:l,er ,.u„„t,.k..s ' s Ji',„;!" 
 
 BALTIC SEA. 
 
 gff i;:,:'^;;r:i,;;^;'l;i 
 
 1672 
 
 1866 
 
 1871 
 
 'S73 
 
 .S97 
 
 iSgS 
 
 .!<■ 
 
 i83o 
 
 1526 
 
 nArj.O()\ SOCIKTIES 
 
 di-s, to prnmofo «Un.„„;„^:J, '^^.^ ,"^ ^ ^j- 
 
 niclals were au-ai-clea l»,- Lsl j,"?- «''';'' 
 
 GiTuiai, Aeronautical Society founaei at ft.rmi 
 
 '"Ito '"."'■" "°"^'""'' "" '''^^'•"^tatic« "H-t at hS: "'■ 
 _,_ ' ■ ' ' • • • 31 -March, 1898 
 BALLOT (French ia/!r,tfe, a little balh 
 Secret voting was i)ra..tise(l hv the nn, .Vnt r r 
 and lionjans an.l tlte nlldJr. Ve.uS audi: 
 now employed in France, in the Un teU s'tates of 
 .North America, anil, s nee 18--' in (Jn.nt nt-r- 
 and Colonics. Svchn-Jh' "' " ^"•*' ^"'"'"' 
 
 'Nnl!;ilm" ''"■■^ '" "'" '■'^■^■''"" °f '"J'-'nncn of 
 .\tmotei,tme.i '• Tl„. Ii,.„eli. „f „,, R, i|„t •■. „,.,; 
 
 '':^;;:^i,;^;;^^';;;;;;l;:;i:;„:r'"^"-'i'"«'-'ec«on 
 
 .\ bill iiutliorisiiiL' Vote Ipv liall.it ii''wo.„i' ti, .' 
 , ra,.U3, but rejeetcl hv t^. l,,,,|s ' ' ""' ™"'- 
 
 I 'KXi;'""""^^' """ "- ^'■"'"— l-'.not 
 
 I Tl.„ bdlot an oi,cn ,,„e.tion ii, whiy goVernn.entH^^"^' 
 
 I TW house of eoi.inions rej,.ctea tlie li'illot „'^-'^"'^ 
 ,lKnii,'«K.iin.st,an,l ,89 for it .0 I^inf.' = 
 
 N.m.tvotny existed in tl.eeliaml.erof.iepmic.s n ^ ^' 
 
 , ";^t-:;.;f^^;at'^«- '<"--"'."i:N^^d 
 
 JTk. ballot a.loiiteil in' Victoria 'Vnst'ralia' " ' '?=j 
 |.M..sM,all,,tatMa,: '....ter ; Ern'eilrj^e.s elected' "=' 
 
 f..ithi.cit.v;he,h the next day . 22 „ J ir 
 IF., many yeara an. ;iy ,u-oi,osed I,y Mr U 'n f '„ 
 I li.Tk> ,.y , reje,.te,l ,. July, .Sfi; ; he die, ,0 JIa7 
 
 bfSiHi;f»5% 
 
 lui'l 111 . I r,''';'''''*''''.''l'"''"''''-l'"'''esiven 
 
 'ry 
 ; Mi: .lanjeji 
 .eliljc v..tinK 
 13 4T T .1, -I,,- ,, ■ • '3 Jan. 1S8S 
 
 -n ;n-wP-""^f-^'^'" •''•^'■"""), where a sau- 
 
 Scotch noiiwi •,■';.'"' '"''*'■'"' ''S'il'li"?, iu the 
 '»• Mr. \n?n!thW'C;."n'"'""''^-""'''^»'ff"' 
 
 22 Sept. -3 Oct. 
 
 1637 
 
 1659 
 
 •693 
 1705 
 1710 
 
 ■n 4 T TIT/-. £-,T-, . .JeiM.-J ( let. ,856 
 
 'ru.,.ia, and Gcrumn ^ 1 cchr V.tn//;;'f ^'"'"''' 
 >»"-c^by treaty between Uu^ andS.^' ?-^ 
 
 Hei^ ^,:^ !^ r:r.";,.":'''' "" «--'"y. '^'-^^ed ti^ 
 
 IS69 
 1870 
 
 I87I 
 
 i3 July, is^j 
 
 Pru.ssii 
 ni 
 an 
 Ch 
 
 to^^Se::'^::-,;;:!'!:!!^^^^^"^'"'^^^'^-^'"^^^^ 
 
 ,^!:^f™::n!^\::\lenfc,;-^--'-;"Y;-r"" 
 
 Coinpletiiinuttlic Work ■ u,.r'i-;.i : ■ , ° -'l'"!. 1601 
 3 Ucc. 1894 
 
 2. Under a.lmir:'! (lanil.ier 'an,!' Inr i f^i '"■' ' '^°' 
 
 I '■W';-r»™i-'ftin.iiue,ilfeen j;a '^',^;; r,;!/;^' 
 
 I ""u bngsa„d,„nb,.ats.urrend:;td';othelwHJi*- 
 
 Unmved in Win,o-S„„,.a, , 3 March/a^;, ^rtl!;;'«=^ 
 The gidf of Finland bloeka.i;.,! ' ' '?,''v'''''','' " 
 
 ■«^:uri^i;-:r-i-vs^^^^ 
 
 suirinde. ot tl,e yarnaon ; see Uomar.und, 
 
 ''"fi';v!n?:r' '''^■■'•■" "-t^l'-Sin to return l,onn.;^"Si " 
 ■ J •__• JjOct. „ 
 
 rodem?['n,f;,'e';r',r''' ?^ ''"'"''''• « l<ind~of v^^u,^,^ 
 
 on.;d;'Kfi£?-:;r;;S!^-l;i:^t:^ 
 
BALTIMORE. 
 
 08 
 
 BANGOKIAN CONTKOVEllSY. 
 
 I «4^ 'i 
 
 i] !£•• 
 
 i" Hi 
 
 It .■niwisU'.l Mf 85 l-.ns'Usi ships (Y'Snuns) 
 
 Tliivc vussi'Is silenci'.! tlie Russian Ij""'^™'!*,,,'^,^ 
 TllMh'l'nM'uve'ltM tMWai-.is C.'n„sta,lt. ' yUm i"- " 
 
 Sliuitly itl'ter the lli'^'t ivluniwl t" KnjilaiKl. 
 
 T UU-.r AN.. Hi.AIK.SKA t'ANA... ..CuriV .,000 
 
 il 's t.. b.-iii at Uiiia, S75 iiiiK's m caiiali/."! 
 MS , ., iM.i.'s ,.Noavat..l,en.UnKat ClMTsm, ; 
 l„-„|,«su.l,X..v. ,897 ; estiuiatcl cost .o,ooo,ooo(., 
 wuik to begin siiniiy . . • • 
 
 TtiTTTMOKE, II nuuirtme city in Miiryliind, 
 U,a,r;iStSi;m.U'cl i,. 1729. 0" '2 Sept. .«I4; 
 tiri!ritislinnnvuii.lo.-col. Ross ,idv,URrd agui mt 
 
 '^:::J^.^>^:ZZ!fl:fJ^^^^^ ^ 'J^NDA isles (te„). Eastom ArCun.. 
 
 r Cud tllo Anuii.an urn.y, which lost 600 visited hy the l'ort>.i;uesc. in _l^ 11,^ who settle 
 iaiU-daud womul.<l and ^cw m-isoners. 'I'l'r P';''" 
 , M ittack on tlu" town was, however, abandoned. 
 •^/ i S e r.v'/ ■SMc., im. About 70 persons 
 dn w ed while on an exeu.sion on the I'atapseo 
 
 ;!^;:;.;';l;ta3Jniy..88,. i'?;';;;-^'^™";^ 
 
 •it.ilheatre 24 persons were killed, 2, l)u . 10^3. 
 See )» CW/;./<r,v and CMi, 1891. Topulation, 
 18>)<J, 4344 j9 
 
 ! BANBURY, Oxfordshire, a Sa\on town. Tl„. 
 castle, erected liV Alexander de lilois, bishop „f 
 Lincoln, II25. has been freiiuently iK.sieyed. In 
 1646 it was taken by the parliumeiitarians and de- 
 
 I miUished. At Edgecot or Uanesniore, near liuii. 
 
 ! bury, during an insurreetion, the army of Edwaiii 
 IV., under the earl of Pembroke, was defeated ',v 
 oueen Margaret and her adherents 26 July, l^i»j: 
 the earl and his brotlier were soon after taki'ii 
 prisoners and executed. Haubury cakes were iv. 
 nowned in the time of lien Jonson, and Baiil)iuv 
 Cross was destroyed by the Puritans. ^Cakes w, re 
 liresented to the iiueeiuit lianbury 30 Xov. 1866. 
 
 BAND OF GENTLEMEN PENSIOX- 
 ERS, see Gintlemcu-ut-Anns. 
 
 BAND OF HOPE, 
 
 1855. 
 
 ,ee under Tempo 
 
 1)V 
 
 .,_, ^. , --1I <.ii 
 
 them, 1521, but were expelled Tiy the Dutch alKint 
 1600. Kohun island was ceded to the Kngli.^li in 
 1616. The liamlaswere taken by the latter in 171)11; 
 restored in 1801 ; retaken in iSlI ; and restored iu 
 Aug. 1816. 
 
 ■RVTTTMORE. fisliin? village, Cork, raised 
 
 from l'.enurv t > in» P^'-''v ''>' •'"-' jutHoions beneh- 
 
 .' ,e liaro.less liur,lett-Coutts, aided by 
 
 • er Davis, sii.ee .877. She op.'ned an Industrial 
 riJhingScliool, 17 Aug. 1887- i'ro-^PerUy reported, 
 Oct. 1S88. 
 
 BALUCHISTAN, see Bdooehistan. 
 
 V. XMTiERG (liavaria), said to have been 
 -fomideU Iv S,^,,,,s,in 804 and endowed with a 
 c u eh bv- Clia.lemagne. ^It was made a bishopric 
 im- imd the bish-.p was a prince of the- empire 
 1 met- 1 V of luneviUe, 1801, when Bamberg 
 w s ecu ari^ed. 1 1 was in.-orporated with Bavaria 
 , 80 Tbe noble cathedral, rebuilt in 1 1 10, has 
 bJen n'oentlv repaired. Bamberg was taken and 
 pillaged by the Prussians in 1759- 
 
 n VATBOROUGH, or Hamburg, Northumber- 
 U,mi:^™ing to the' " Sa.xon Chronicle,' was 
 
 built bv king Ida about 547, ""^ "''"""^.^^'^i" : 
 bur'h" Tliecastle and estate, tbe property of the 
 Fors ers, and forleited to the erown, through the. 
 takin- IKirt in the rebellion in I7l5.;v;'i-e nurchased 
 I Nathaniel lord Crewe, bishop of Dmiiam, and 
 bequeathed bv him for various Aiar.table purposes. 
 Tlu valuable \il)rarv was founded by the trustees 
 in 17-8. The books are lent to persoD.s residing 
 within 20 miles of the castle. 
 
 •RAMPTON LECTURES (Theological), do- 
 iM-eml at Oxford annually, began in 1 780, with a 
 
 eture bv James Baiulinel, U.U. The lecturer is 
 ZL out a the proceeds of au ,ft'"« bequeathed for 
 the purpose bv the rev. John Bampton (died 1751) 
 and 'the lectures are 1-Wished. Aniong the n^.^ 
 .■eniirkable lectures were those by White OW). 
 
 namm\' ('832), Mansel (1858), Liddon (18OO), 
 Hatch (1880), Bigg (1886). 
 
 • Those were cones of g.ilvnniseil iron, 16 iiielies in 
 
 .'w.leV, with appamtt-s for linnjj l.y sulplm,..' ae„ 
 i ittl,. .ianl'itin was d-.i... l.y tlii'ia. lh..y were said to be 
 tiie iuveiition of tlie pl.ilosoplier Jacobi. 
 
 BANDA ORIENTAL (South America), a 
 portion of the vieeroyalty ot Buenos Ayres, oiui part 
 of which, in 1828, was incorporated with Bn.zil, 
 while anotiier part beeunie independent, as ti,c 
 republic of Uruguay. 
 
 BANGALORE (S. India) was besieged by tl.c 
 
 British under lord Cornwallis, 6 March, and tak. n 
 
 by storm, 21 March, 1791. Bangalore was rcstcn/a 
 
 toTippoo in 1792, when he destroyed the strong fori, 
 
 ; deemed the bulwark of Mysore. 
 
 BANGKOK, capital of Slam. Estimated pn[)i;. 
 : latioii in 1891, 100,000. 
 
 BANGOR (Banchor Iskoed, or Monaeborum;, 
 ■ Flintshire, the site of an ancient monastery, vun 
 ' populous, if it be true that 1200 monks were slaiii 
 : bv Ethelfrid, king of the Angles, for praying inr 
 tfie Welsh in their coiitliet with him in 60;, 
 I Tanner. 
 
 BANGOR (^. Caeniarvonshire). The cluirtii j 
 ia dedicated to St. Daniel, who was a bisl)op, 510. 
 ' Owen Glendower greatly defaced the cathedral; 
 and the bishop Bulkeley alienated many of tlie | 
 hinds, and even sold the bells of the church, Ijjj, 
 The see is valued in the king's booksat I3l/.i(),t.4i L 
 kn order in council direeti ig that the sees of li in- 1 
 gor and St. Asaph be united on the next vaciinovinl 
 either, was issued in 1838; but rescinded in \h;,.\ 
 Present income, 4200/. Bangor was iinorporaleil 
 in 1883. North 'Wales University College orii*/0,| 
 18 Oct. 1884. Population, 1881, 9,005; l^)I,j 
 0,892. 
 
 BISUOPS OF BANGOR, 
 
 1800. Wni. CIc»ver, traiislatcl to St. -Vsapli, 1806. 
 1806^ .John toii.lolpli, translateil to London, 1S09, 
 1809. Henry WilUnm Mii,icii.lie, did 9 July, 1830. 
 1830 Chri-stopher Hetliell, died 10 April, 1859. 
 1859. James Col.|Uliouii Campbell. Resigned .^pril, 
 ,890. Daniel Lewis Lloyd, electe.l 27 May. , 
 
 The cathedral was re-opened after restoration, n JlirJ 
 1880. 
 
 BANGORIAN CONTROVERSY was «.i 
 casioned by Dr. Benjamin Iloadley, bishop of l!;ir,-l 
 gor, preaching a sermon before George I.,3l-MaplJ 
 1717, upen tlie text, " .!/,'/ kuKjilom in not of <M 
 U'Oi'lti" (John, xviii.jd). in which ho dcinon<trii«l 
 the siiiritual nature o"f the eliureh and kingJ.'iii -f 
 Christ. He thereby drew upon himself the iiiji.i 
 
 __ban:.<:H.\ 
 
 nation of iihiiost all thee' r'v 
 dredsofpiimplikts. 
 
 ,,ViF®^')'ENT,ananei 
 
 6anuhedoucofthe'realm:anl 
 iftheyret>.rnod;see2;Y.;»y;" 
 
 BANK. Tlie name is J„ 
 bench, erected in the market-n 
 of monev. The H.st was estal 
 by the tombard Jews, of wh 
 Lombard-street, London, when 
 reside. The Mint in the To 
 anciwitlv the depository forme 
 Charles r.seued the monev as a: 
 traders lodged their mom^v wit 
 Lombard-strc.et. Hvx^m,Hk„fl 
 Sooh; Draft,; 6'„,i„y, j^JJ. 
 
 Egilie's bank at Habylon, nientione, 
 ITIie Uank „r Kn^land (1S90) m„s. 
 liaknjte, siippo.iedtobe,.tllie,4t 
 '^abmit'"' .'"'"'' ^"•"'""' "'^'i"a 
 SmuelLamb aLoinion I'.ank.M- re, 
 Protector Cromwell to establish 
 
 Fram.is Child a goldsniitli, estab 
 
 about 1663 ; he died . 
 Ran m the Lond.in bankers (,s,.ii,l to 
 Cliarira IL arbitrarily susi.eiida al 
 I «i"Kt.rsoutoftheuxel,eVuer of," 
 tlR.re by them ; they lost ultinul 
 
 Hoare's bank began about 
 
 Bankuf Enj!laii,I est.iblishci (see'nett 
 
 Dram.noad's bank, Chnrin--<To,8 
 I was loumled by Andrew Drummor 
 .«ountst™th.,llo,,,a.aeobi{r^i 
 
 I .'^"'''■("^ w.na cleared from tlie eh- 
 J f«tr m tho insurroction, an.l pr/y 
 
 ItniT^^ "''"'^" '"• *"«" 
 
 I i list of bankers given in the " Royal 1 
 I forgeries of Henry Kauntlcn.y, banke 
 
 I*,7?."n5''","-'"'"".' ^'-P-'b-anker ar 
 ^ iif3t.Bartliol,)mew's lio.spital,abseon I 
 J. heainountofaoo.ooo'. ; 70 o^ , 
 • -; (erased a great depressiorTamo: 
 
 Ifctiblisliment of joint-stock banks 
 iBofeTO's b,i,ik robbed of nearly jo.cxioJ ( 
 I rtmvants returned) 5".o<x«. ( 
 
 l&r.. of Strahan, Paul, and Batcq 
 Wully used); private banking mu, 
 p»iue Bank (which *«■), opened in 
 
 J ;.'tt's, Dimsdale's (London) unit,.,1 , 
 r^diatlOandMilc-s'sdiHiiolu',";!; 
 
 Ipulh named Mackenzie, i,, the \,ti 
 I tiBiiis ii.ooo;. in bank notes . 
 faihof Mr. liertrain Wodelinuse Oiirri 
 JmofOlyn, .Mills, furrie & C " 
 
 V-fEi'glan.i . ^ou, allow. 
 
 m\\ privat« banks . ' 
 J^MMat-stoek banks (see i,,^,; ' 
 
 ^hinScntl.ind . ' . " " • ' 
 iiia Ireland . ' . ' ' " " 
 
m 
 
 iy, (v^ho published hun- 
 
 natioii of almost all the ( 
 arc'dsofpamphk.ts. 
 
 if thoy returued ; ^ee'fc,^,*:,^. """''' '° '''■"'"^ 
 
 Lombard-8tre.t Lond, ;, «•!,' "'" """V ''^■"'^■'' " 
 reside. The Jli t h t'l. T ! ""^f r""'"-'™ ^"" 
 ancie.nlvthod.?^o^t„' 'fo, ; X° London ,vae ; 
 Chark« I. seized tliemoiuvUr ''"', •"''''• »""' I 
 traders lodged tl'iVlVwtr/J,' ''"''.'<" "'HP"^^ 
 Lombard-street Sin'/lZi Vl- ' '» So'^smiths in | 
 
 '^f";:J',';""|:""'^"'V>"".m.„tiouea about B.C 
 
 B»;o;..a ba,.M..Hiest exisunM::;:;'^;:,:;^ 
 
 Ssmucl Lamb, a LDniidn i.n.i-,,',. . " 
 protector do„nvJ,l'^"'S;^;---|fMtbe 
 
 R.U, on the r.on,I,m bankers (saM to bo the flAt?" .'.T 
 
 there by the^.'!'^,^:^'i;^?';!,;^-™--';:|;«ru.. 
 
 Hoare's bank bewail about * "''"'• 
 
 toik .if EMKhuKl established' fsfc ■„,,/;,,.,• ;% • • 
 VM's liank at tJloucest. • tif.i /''"'''' ■ 
 eitabUshed . '"y""'^';^'-' ' "'" 'J'dest eouuty bank, 
 
 DraraiMouil's bank, nharin". ..r^.,, i".» ^' . ' ' 
 ns founded by And ew iTr ,,?,f ' T"?'""'"*'''"-. 
 
 p.Ki^rt?:^,;;Jr:?tr^.^l%;i^[«v^»: 
 
 ./George 11. a„a Georifo Vn \Ji™''i"..'t<''=°'';'t' 
 
 700 
 
 , Venice formed . 
 
 I Oeneva . ■'••., 
 
 , Bareelona ."■'•• . ' . 
 
 Genoa . ' ■ • . . 
 
 tallies , • • • • . 
 
 Auistcrdam . 
 I Ilanib-irj; 
 I ""ttcr.lani 
 
 Stoi'khcjlni . . , , 
 
 ! EiiKliind. ■ • 
 
 ; S(v.(land . ■ ■ • 
 
 9"l"'"hai,'.!u . ' ■ • • 
 
 Horlin. ■ • • ■ 
 
 [;:2;;';''Eseon,He, Jiaue.; .■.■_■■'■ 
 
 St. IVtersliurK ' ' ' ' • • . ' ' 
 IntheKastln.li,,/ ■••••.. 
 '"North Anieriea. ■"•••.. 
 
 Moili,;,':""^"'^ '^^ ^"Poieourald^d by coint 
 Italy ■■■•.. 1800- 
 
 ""LerialUank of Germany (fo„„e„yo,p™ssiaj'''^' 
 
 I Jiin. 1876 
 
 • "S7 
 
 • '345 
 
 • 1401 
 
 • M07 
 
 • '539 
 •607 
 i6ig 
 
 .'III 
 1594 
 1695 
 
 »73fi 
 176J 
 1776 
 ■783 
 1786 
 1787 
 »79I 
 
 1401 
 
 1673 
 1680 
 1694 
 
 I iiMij ..1 uiu insurrect un ami nrk.nf; » 
 .George 11. and George in! '^P/^^tpr^aT'i'.l: 
 
 I ilist of bankers given In the ■■ Royal Kaleudar " 
 fo,er,es or Henry Kau„tU.roy,ba'.ker:':x»;,ted- 
 
 1 I., the amount of Jc^ S !' "'''"';"!"'-'* ■ 'It'faulter 
 |M,.(eauseda«^^:;,JS;:nL-J-;;;;;.;er 
 
 ISiUblishraent of joint-stock banks "*' ^'^"' '828 
 
 tkfn's bank robbed of uearlv sr. rS^j n 1 " , ' '^34 
 I iftfnvaiils returned) ^ ^ '°°°'- ('''"''' ""'"s 
 
 ■fiilur? of Strahan, Paul and n'.f,.. > ^^ ^?■'^■ '844 
 
 1 >.«fuiiy used) ; Vrivate ."!;li!^^:^„fl:'^;j;;^:i: 
 
 pm Bank (,../.,-cA *«■), opencl in Pall" jhu' '^55 
 
 iv.utli named Mackenzie, i„ the \,tin„„i' »'"• '^9' 
 
 ISiJih III 1855. \''„ „■ 29 Dec. i8q( 
 
 %k of England . ^ "'" «''<""«'' '» '"•• iwacT^, 
 
 plisli iirivate banks ' • • • i .*!j4,ooo,cioo 
 
 feS)'?'*'''^ •^""'''^ (»«« ■»'"<*».■ " '•'''''•''♦ 
 
 pki is Scotland " . ' 
 Isio Ireland , " . ' * ' • 
 
 Pat:.™ %o^I^^^^ by William 
 
 the Jifficultye.perienced bv \V^N- ^"rTr"^.' '° "leet 
 I the supplies for the *.,, 7 *?'""'" HI. in raising 
 
 intfuenoe of Paterson ami V^ ."1 ,1 ''""=«■ ^^y thf 
 I chants (aided by Charlef Vo''l^°''';™y-40'»er! 
 ' 500,000/. towards the sum nf."*"^"*) subscribed 
 
 to the government at 8 per ce:;t°^n°°°'- *?.''« J«°' 
 of the subscribers bein„. ;/„ '•' '".""""^ewtion 
 
 The scheme wTviolenliionnP"™,''^'' *"» ^ank 
 but the bill (a tlnnaBe Lt^P"'Kf •"" f^liament, 
 assent 25 Apr 1, i6m fn,l mV' "'''"'"'-'(l the roya 
 27 July followin J »t,f" .•'*'' ''''•"■'" was granted 
 
 deputy-governor. tL bank n '^'"''-■y 'lie fii-st 
 pperations on i Jan. 160? at Zl ''°™S''[;"''^ "cti^e 
 "suing notes fo? 20^,^' \'n^/''""' Hall, Poultry, t 
 
 3,dq'^:i!::^Yl;'^-;:^.f ^percent, discount; 
 
 «■'■ Vaiighan hanged fi-'f?;!:!;',';'';"'''''''^"''. «^1H 
 'o(. notes issued *'"'" ""'<'■'* • ■ iMuy 
 
 5'- notes issued •'"••.. 
 
 ^';^'dir'i;;'^^i^,;ir'""''"'- '" ^-"^^HtyVith-au 
 
 ,,,;','"'='■ !i"tes issued ■ ■ • • ?f'''^''- 1797 
 
 Uank restriction act passed ' ' ' *''"'''h. 
 
 3 May, 
 
 1696 
 
 1708 
 1710 
 1738 
 
 »74S 
 '753 
 '759 
 
 1780 
 '793 
 
 67 3.418,377 
 "> 3.087,209 
 8 6,354.494 
 
 * .Hupi)orte.I by laws i,..i«„,i 
 J prd, .806. Th^la^^w } 't,,;^':; '. •fc^. and » 
 lu 1810 Napoleon said that itV,!,,."*'"' '^ •'■1I'- 1808 
 ■It all ti,n,«at4 I een int.. r"''''"'"'"*''''^^ 
 coi'iit till .3.5, 6 tier cent n?= average rate of, "is^ 
 '393. 2-50; the lowest f.y ""-'' variation since -in 
 . o.ned w'iti, .ithe-rhf s Mfo.t''ir\r '" '^9° ""^ ^A, k 
 /-o«''o«, N-ov. iSj^. ""PPo'tU'S Messrs. Baring, aeo 
 
 w.^uj:i')^r;;";;ri""s!;;'^r«'??:'"--'"-"'e.street 
 
 a-1 the bank rem^?^^;„"ih: It^^'^V' S-vernor* 
 
 '••t:;?,i;;±i-i-'"^.'.«oa,^.,^;;;.;5-;--|'ite^^^^^ 
 
 ^° £3', 859,424 
 
 I ,,,""• ^■'.>"",''iiM"hn«oane ami \i, ,V",V"i''"''« •' sir 
 
 It lowoociiioVsthesiteoffln', ,' ' *^- «■ Cockoivll 
 
 I i;;'"-sl; "f .^t Chiist,,pL ,e i'to ks'^'W,''''' .'"■■^'■'>'"" the 
 
 I iiiw teiiiiud "theL'iii'iii.ii •• * 1'. "'" ''ln'rc lyanl i, 
 
 ' '" I'rinces.strcet, ,382, "^"""'^ "'f«"ce opened 
 
 n 2 
 
 McMASTEB UNIVgBsiTv LIBRARY 
 
 I) /■ 
 
 
 
 
BANK 
 
 Vuluntnry contributluu of aoo.oooi. tn the govern- 
 
 nn-'nt • 't i' ' 
 
 L(..i« liv Asl.'tfH rraiKln (nee l-.ifhaiucr) w.°97': , ■ 
 Ucrtignki..ii of Abriiliiim Nowliiml, 50 JtHis ™«lil'''-. 
 
 lininml.'s miicliini' fnr iniiiilic-riiiK ""t.'S ftiloptcil . 
 Tlie bunk isain's silvir tuk.iin lur 3s. mi'l I'j^™'- 
 
 Peel's act for the griiiliiiil icsiiml'timi of <-"»li 1";>;- 
 ,„(.,it^ JU15, 
 
 Ciisli i.«yments for notes to lie in liullionnt tliciiiiMt 
 uriaMMay, iSiiiiutlieuiUTeiitcumottlieiviilm, 
 * ' "^ 1 Miiy, 
 
 QiTut CMimnercial imiiic - niuny. i'- n"*f /"'''■''.'S''; 
 tally foun.l in a liux) issiiuil witli most l«'»'''jj^'||' 
 
 The aet'*for the estahlisiinioiit of 'joint'-stoek hanks 
 breaks up the nionoiioly . • • • , .• 
 
 By tlie ailviei. of the fc'ovcrnnii'nt, hraneh hanks 
 .,)«iie,l at Uloueestei', 19 July ; Manchester, ai 
 Sept.: Swansea, 23 Oct. . . • ■ ■. 
 
 An.l at liinninKliain, t Jan. ; Liverpool. 2 ■' '0 . 
 Jiristnl, ,2 ,lnly ; Leeds, 23 Ant;.; fct'-'.'''^ >7 "" ■ 
 
 The hank loses 360,000;. hy tauntleroys forgeries, 
 
 Statements ' of the bank' affairs imbllshed (inar- 
 
 Pe'erXi'nk rharteract (7 * 8 Viet. c. V);,«"™; 
 charter till i Aug. 185s. and huiger if the debt 
 due from the publie to the bank (ii,oi5,>oo(.), 
 with interest, A-o., be not rai<l after due notier • 
 established the issue department ; reiiiiire., 
 Weekly return* to he published ; limited the, ssue 
 of notes to i4,ooo,ooo(., ie. . . ■ ip'"."}. 
 Comn.eivial I'lnie : lord John Itusse 1 authorises 
 relaxation of restriction of issuing notes (not ai ted 
 on) ■ bankdisi'ount 8 percent. Sunday, 24-25 Uet. 
 Gold bullion in the hank (eoiisequeut on discovery 
 ofgold in Australia), 21,845,390;. . ■ 'oJ"'>;> 
 Branch bank, liurlington-gardeiis, London, ^V. 
 opened . • • ; ^ ■ • ' V*^'- 
 Committee on the hank acts appointed . la May , 
 Bank discount 9 per cent. ; lord Palmerslon autho- 
 rises addition to issue of notes [to the amount of 
 2,000,000!. were issued] . . . .■,}^^"\ 
 Much aliinn through tlie announcement of the liank 
 solicitor that a miantity of hank paper had been 
 stolen from the makers (forged notes soon ap- 
 peared) ;..•'*, '^"^' 
 
 The culprits, soon detected, were tried and con- 
 victed (see Trials) .... 7"" J""'' 
 See yh/lJo/J'.'jf^.n;;?, 1873. 
 For the Vagliano case, see InaU, 2 ^ov. iBBB. 
 Branch bank, in Fleet Street, opened . 17 l'/'''- 
 The bank authorised :iii accordance with the Act ol 
 1644) to increase their issue of notes hy 250,000;. 
 
 abimt " •■''''• 
 
 The bank, aided by the Dank of Francf and others, 
 assists Messrs. Baring, and thereby averts a 
 
 ,,.i„jc '5 ^ov. 
 
 Important changes in tlie manapementof the hank, 
 proposed by the chancellor of the exchequer, 
 4 April, approved by the directors and adopteii 
 bv the proprietors .... 16 June, 
 Resignation of Mr. May, chief cashier, on account 
 of grave irregularities ; the loss to the bank, 
 250,000;., (overed by reserve; bank dividend 
 43 per cent, reported . . . 15 March, 
 One"-lifth of ihe metallic reserve to he held 111 silver 
 
 bullion, pro])osed 10 Sept. 
 
 Disapprove 1 by the London hiinkers ; at a meeting, 
 " 22 Sept. 
 
 1798 
 1 803 
 
 1807 ^ 
 1809 
 
 .8..' 
 
 i8i(, 
 
 1823 
 
 1835 
 1826 
 
 1827 
 1830 
 1S33 
 
 1844 
 
 1847 
 
 1852 
 
 1856 
 1857 
 
 5 ■ reituml to 8. Alav 19 ; to 7, May 26 ; to 6, June \' . 
 Tai.iril to 7, .Inly 25 : to 8, Aug. 4 ; to 9, Selit. 5 ; ic 
 tluail to 8, Nov. 10 ; to 7, Nov. 24 
 
 1865, raliiml to 5J, Jan. 12 ; to 5, Jan. 20 ; rin«c.; to d. 
 Marcli 2 ; rediical t" 4, Maivh 3.. ; rinsul to 4i, M;i.v 
 4 • rtducril to 3J, June i ; to 3, June 15 ; mi.m; to jj. 
 July 27 ; to 4, Aug. 3 ; to 4J, Sept. 28 ; to 5, Oct. ^ ; 
 to 6, Oct. 5; to 7, Oct. 7 (Ihni: times 111 one ireek) ; u 
 (film; to 6, Nov. 23 ; mi.inl to 7, Dec. 28. 
 
 1866, nihtd to 8, Jan. 4: reitiiceil to 7, Feb. 22 ; tii(. 
 March 15 ; riiheil to 7, May 3 : to 8, May 8 ; to 9, M;cv 
 II (jvdiic— susiieiision of Hank Act authorised by -^^ 
 vernineiit) ; to 10, May 12; rt'.;ior(; to 3, Aug. i6 : ,., 
 7, Aug. 23 ; to 6, Aug. 30 ; to 5, Sept. 6 i to 4i, Sept. 
 27 ; to 4, Nov. 8 : to 3i, Dec. 20. 
 
 1867, rci;iicc(; to 3, Feb. 7 ; to 2i, May 30 ; to 2, July .^5. 
 
 1868, mined to 2i per cent, Nov. 19 ; to 3, Dec. 3. 
 
 i36g, ritiscd to 4, Aiuil i : to 4i, May 6; riv;i .; t.i 4, 
 
 June 10 ; to 3J, June 24 ; to 3, July 15; to2i, Aug. i^; 
 riiiscd to 3, Nov. 4. 4 ,r 
 
 1870, mised to 3i, July 21 ; to 4, July 23 ; to 5 (f ii/ie-,. 
 Pnissian M'ttr), July 28 ; to 6, Aug. 4 : redmnl I., 5), 
 Aug. II ; t0 4i, Aug. 18; to 4, Aug. 25; to3j,Sept, i, 
 to 3 Sept. 15 : to 2i, Sept. 29. 
 
 1871 raised to 3, March 2 ; rcdiieed to 2J. April ij ; t.. 
 2}, June 15 ; to 2, July 13 ; raised to 3, Sept. 21 ; to 4, 
 Sept. 28 ; to 5, Oct. 7 ; n'i;i(ci;c( to 4, Nov. 16 ; to 3}. 
 
 Nov. 30 ; tn 3. IJi'i'- M; ^ , ., . ,, 
 
 1872, raised to 3!, April 4 ; to 4, April ii ; to 5, May9; 
 reduecd to 4, May 30 ; to 3J. June 13 ; to 3, June 23; 
 raised to 3!, July 18 ; to 4. ^cpt._ 18 ; t" 4I, Sept. i6 ; 
 to 5, Oct. 2 ; to 6, Oct. 10 ; to 7, Nov. 9 ; ruiuitd to 6, 
 Nov. 28 ; to 5, Dee. 12. . , , 
 
 1873, reduced to 4J, Jan. 9 ; to 4, Jan. 23 ; to 3}, Jan. to; 
 raised to 4, March 26 ; to 4J. Jlay 7 ; to 5, Jlay 10 ; to 
 6 May 17 ; to 7, June 4 ; rcdurefi to 6, June 12 ; b. 3, 
 July 10 ; to 4J, July 17 ; to 4, July 24 ; to 3J, July 31 ; 
 to 3 Aug. 21 ; raiscif to 4, Sept. 25 ; to 5 (panic in \pw 
 York), Sept. 29 ; to 6, Oct. 14 ; to 7, Oct. 16 ; to 8. Nov. 
 I ; to 9, Nov. 7 ; reduced to 8, Nov. 20 ; to 6, Nov. 2;; 
 to 5, Dec. 4 ; t0 4i, Dec. 11. 
 
 1862 
 1863 
 
 i333 
 
 1892 
 
 1897 
 
 Bunk Discount. 
 1 858, 3 per cent. Feb. i. 
 j86o (ileiuand for gold in France), 6, Nov. 15. 
 
 1861, 7, Jan. 7; 8 (demand for money in Fiance, India, 
 United States, &c.), Feb. 14 ; 3, Nov. 7. 
 
 1862, 2j, Jan. ; 3, April ; aj, July ; 2, July 24 ; 3. Oct.— 
 Dec. 
 
 1863, raised to 4 per cent., Jan. 16 ; to 5, Jan. 28 ; re- 
 duced to 4, Feb. ; to 3j and 3, April : mi..>. t.. 4, May ; 
 raised to 5, 6, in Nov. ; to 7 and 8, and reilucecl to 7 in 
 
 iB6i, raised to 8, Jan. 20; reduced to 7, Feb. 12 ; to 6, 
 Feb. 25 ; raised to 7, April 16 ; to 8, May 2 ; to 9, May 
 
 
 1874, reduced to 4, Jan. 8; to 3^, Jan. 15; rm.^td 
 April 30 ; reduced to 3}, May 28 ; to 3, June 4 ; t 
 June 18; raised to 3, July 30; to 4, Aug. f. ; reilwd 
 to 3j, Aug. 20 : t.J 3, Aug. 27 ; raised to 4, Oct. 15; to 
 5, Kov. 16; to 6, Nov. JO. 
 
 1875 reduced hi s, Jan. T, to 4, Jan. 14: (03, Jan. 2;; 
 r«i«i( to 3i, Fell. t8 ; to 3, July 8 ; reduced to 2}, .luly 
 29; to 2, Aug. 12; r"i,sft; to 2i, Oct. 7; to 35, Oct. i,- 
 to 4, Oct. 21 ; reduced io 3, Nov. 18 ; rcisrc; to 4, Dec. 30, 
 
 1876 raised to 5, Jan. 6; reduced to 4, Jan. 27; to 3I, 
 March 23 ; to 3, April 6 ; to 2, April 20. 
 
 1877, raised to 3, May 3; reduced to 2J, July 5; to i. 
 
 July 12 ; raised to 3, Aug. 28 ; to 4, Oct. 4 ; to 5, Od 
 
 II ; reduced to 4, Nov. 29. 
 1878 reduced to 3, Jan. 10 : to 2, Jan. 31 ; rui.<p(ilni. 
 
 March 28 ; reduced to 2J, May 30; [rainimion omittfl 
 
 in bank notices, June) ; raised to 3, June 27 ; te 3!. 
 
 July 4 : to 4, Aug. i ; to 5, Aug. 12 ; to 6, Oct. 14; 
 
 reduced to 5, Nov. a'- , . ^ . , „ 1 
 
 1879, reduced to 4, Jan. 16 ; to 3, Jan. 30; to 2!, Jl,mli 
 13 '• to 2, April 10 : raised to 3, Nov. 6. 
 
 1880, reduced to 2J, June 17 ; raised to 3, Dee. 9. 
 i88i, rniseif to 3J, Jan.; reduced to 3, Feb. 17; teil, 
 
 April 27 ; raisc(i to 3, Aug. 3 ; to 4, Aug. 25 : to ;, 
 
 Oct 6. , , i. T. . . 
 
 1882 raised to 6, Jan. 30 ; reduced to 5, Feb. 23 ; t« (. 
 Mar. 9 : to 3, Mar. 23 ; raised to 4, Aug. 17; to ;, 
 
 i883rrc</i«crf to 4, Jan. 25 -.to 3I, Feb. 15 ; to 3, Jtoln; 
 
 raised to 4, May 10; reduced Sn 3J, Sept. 131 to }M'*-'r 
 1884, raised to 3I, Feb. 7 ; reduced to 3, Mar. 13; to jl 
 
 April 3 i to 2, Juno 19 ; raised to 3, Oct. 9 ; to 4, U't 
 
 ,885,' reduced to 4^ Jan. 29 ; to jj, JIarcli 19 ; bij, May 
 7 ; to 2i, May 14 ; to 2, May 28 ; raised to 3, Aov. 1;; 
 
 me^rcduc'cd to 3, Jan. ai ; to 2, Feb. 18 ; raisai to • 
 May 6 ; reduced to 2J, June 10 ; raised to 3J, Aug. i! 
 to 4, Oct. 21 ; to 5, Dec. i6- „ , , ,,. . 
 
 1887, reduced to 4, Feb. 3 ; to 3J, March 10 ; to 3, a™ 
 
 24 ; to 
 
 4; to 
 
 ,.3; 
 
 14 ; to 
 rcifiicrti to 3i, Jan 
 
 April 28 
 
 I aj, April 
 
 i. fleiit, I, 
 
 to 3i, Jan. 12; to 3, Jan. 19; t" i]. >"■ 
 16; to 2, March 15; raised to 3, May 10; rolncnfto 
 ai, June 7 ; raised to 3, Aug. 9 ; to 4, Sept. 13 ; to f, 
 Oct. 4- 
 
 1S80, r«/„m/to4,Jn„. ,„ , ^ 
 4, April .8:m,>,/t°'3*'„ 
 •''cpt. 26; to 6, Dec. w ' 
 
 - , ' r "I i.ec. 30. 
 JS9.3, reilucnl to , K|,i, 
 
 M; t" 3i. April,., ;•(,, 
 -'"; to 5, July 
 
 to 
 
 ' 3i Api 
 
 s,.„, -. ,">: J"; n'.i„r..,i t„ 
 
 ,»i|'t. 25; to 0, Nov. ,. ,.„,„,, 
 '^^•;'-educe,lU, ^,J„u.s to jJ 
 
 Ji 
 
 '"{'".■;■'' to 4, June 4; to /j 
 
 •"""•■5;'-.1',/-t',?3,-^",;/"'.«? 
 -'4;r<.;«c,,/t0 4,sept r:?,; , 
 
 dgs, uuilinnijn/. •'.1-02, 
 
 .390. ""«</ to 2j, .Sept. 10 . 
 iW, r,,/„,„/t„3j, ,,',,„, ^; 
 
 June 
 
 May ,3 
 
 '' t'J 4, 
 
 »i, Jill 
 
 ;'■«"' to 2i, Sept 
 ^MtiI 7 ; to 3J, . 
 
 Sept. 14, 1859 
 
 -tllf. io, 1862 
 
 ■I'lK- '), 1S65 
 
 Mar. 14, i366 
 
 Sc'])t. 26, ,, 
 
 June 19, 1S67 
 
 •Mareli,, 1S6S 
 
 Die 29, 1S69 
 
 ^iiiie 2, 1870 
 
 Jm. 5, 1S71 
 
 June 29, ,, 
 
 Jan. 3, 1872 
 
 ■'"lyj, „ 
 
 Jaii. 8, 1873 
 
 July 9, ,, 
 
 Ut!''. 17, ,, 
 
 ■li'h I, 1S74 • 
 
 Jan. 6, 1 1:75 
 
 I June JO, ,, 
 
 J.iii. 5. 1875 
 
 July J, „ 
 
 I ''ail- 3, 1877 
 
 I July 4, ,, 
 
 J.m'. J, 1S73 
 
 June 26, „ . 
 
 Jan. 2, 1879 
 
 I ^"'y '' ,1 
 
 I Jai 1, 1S80 ' . 
 
 I ''"'y '1 M . 
 
 I Jan. 5, ,881 
 I June 8, iSSi . 
 I Jau. 5, 1882 . . 
 I June 28, ,, . 
 I .Ian. 3,1883 . 
 I July 4, JJ 
 I Jan. 2, 1884 '. . 
 I July 2, „ . 
 I Jan. 1, 1885 . 
 I Jan. 6, 1S86 . 
 iJin-ij. 1887 . 
 ■ Jan. 4, ,888 , 
 
 Assets. . 
 
 Jiily4. i333. 
 •'an. 2, iSJj.. 
 J'llyj. iSSg.. 
 .'an. I, 1890.- 
 Ji'lyj, 1890.- 
 Jin- 7, 1891.— 
 
 I Jiiiyi, 189, 
 J™. (, 1892, 
 
 ■ • 3 
 • 3 
 
 • ■ 3 
 . 3 
 
 • ■ 3 
 . 3: 
 
 • ■ 3' 
 
 ■ 3( 
 
 ■ ■ 3/ 
 
 ■ 3: 
 
 ■ • 33 
 
 • 30 
 3fi 
 
 • 33 
 
 • • 39 
 
 • • • . 38 
 32 
 
 • 35. 
 
 • • 35, 
 
 • 34. 
 
 • • 37., 
 
 • 44. 
 
 ■ • 34.! 
 
 • 4'.. 
 
 • • 39.: 
 
 • 39,<, 
 
 ■ ■ 3SrS 
 
 • 40,4 
 
 • • 37,4 
 . 4I16 
 
 • • 39,8 
 
 ■ 41,2 
 
 • • • • 33,3 
 
 • 4l,6( 
 
 • • 41. 4^ 
 
 • 37,51 
 • • • • 38,iJ 
 
 -(ioveninientdebt, n 
 
 N'otes 1; 
 -Government debt, i. 
 
 Notes il 
 -Government debt, ,, 
 
 Notes i! 
 -Government debt, ,,, 
 
 Notes J! 
 -Governmont debt, ir,. 
 ,, Notes is 
 
 ■C-ivenuncnt debt, ,,,c 
 
 Notes is 
 -Government debt, ,,.( 
 N,,tes Isj 
 ■Government debt, ii,c 
 -Notes isi 
 
«S8o, mtuml to 4, Jni, ■„. ,1 1 " — 
 
 4. April ,8, *^uJu\\?-AuJ"s't: "V'J«''-3.:t 
 «''l't j6 ; tn 6, Doe. ,0 ''' ' '" ••• ^I'fr 29 ; to r, 
 
 JDOO, rt'tlnrnt to - l,\.l. ' 
 
 J6 t" 5, July J,; n,,,J,:,n '' '[„•""*'"", 4, Juii,. 
 1891, m^acW lo ,, j,,„ I: '"'/'', '" 5, life. 4. 
 m;«m< tu 4, J I,,., ,.',,, ■•; •''•'>• 7; to 5, Mny , T • 
 
 ";« to a^s. .t.\1;;' ,^' ■''i';,'-; "a;. to =*, ,j„-Vi: 
 
 Dec. 10. '1. 10 4, (Jet. 2^; raiucal to ij 
 
 1392, m/i/rc? t„ , j„. .,,.,,,, 
 
 ■K■■;■'^^';:4:'■^1;c:;r'•^^'''v.:to3J 
 
 ^4; rurn.-ni to 4, .-si.pt , r; l: 'i tj •V"''- ■" • '" s. auk 
 .94, r.i,,,r,i ,„ :!,4, 1.1, ;. ',v to h\T- "•'"'• "J='- s- 
 
 i3g5, Hiii-hiiiiijiil. • ' . lo 2, h|.(j. jj, :■ I 
 
 1390. m;«,/(,, 3t ,.5^ ,, .„ , c. . i 
 
 1398, i»'<i'>/ Uj 4, Aoril 7 •"to i' M^-^ ' ^° 3, Oct. ,4. 
 
 ; r -""-or ,„s.K 0...S.0. KOTK.s,.c,actXAr,;;:. 
 
 "'«' • ■ • 7oiHsol,1"- • • -e-S.^-S.^o 
 
 1810 . ■ ' '5'^5o,ooo I ,850 . 
 
 l8n ' ' "3.^04,000 I 1853 . 
 
 'sit . • . • • "?• °3.5ao ,8^ . 
 
 •• ■ ■ 2U|620,000 
 
 I9,j(ij,j27 
 
 '9.776.SI4 
 
 • 9,t'i(),6a7 
 21,036,430 
 ='/7u5.78o 
 
 .-l.«.v,7ji-Scciintloa 
 ,. , UuUion 
 LiuhilUka . 
 
 Nov. 
 
 .I«.(.,_.S,.|.,„.|t||,g 
 
 Uulllon 
 I'iubilitiis 
 
 I'Kf- 27, 1836. 
 
 ta9,, 
 'o, 105,000 
 
 4:29,484.000) . 
 
 ; £39,389, 
 
 ,coo 
 3f',3-9,«>o 
 Balance £3,250,000 
 
 Sept. 14, 1859 
 Aug. 30, iS6a 
 .lug. 9, 'S65 
 Mar. 14, ,366 
 Sept. 26, ,, 
 June 19, 1S67 
 Jlareli 5, ,863 
 Ui'f- 29, 1S69 
 ^une 2, 1370 
 Jm. 5, ,87, 
 June 29, ,, 
 Jan. 3, ,872 
 My 3, „ 
 Jan. 8, 1873 
 Julv 9, „ 
 "»■■ 17, „ ' 
 Jnl.v 1, 1S74 . 
 Jan. 6, 1875 
 June 30, ,, 
 Jill. 5i 1876 
 July 5, „ 
 Jan. 3, 1877 
 July 4, ,, 
 Jan. 2, 1S78 
 June 26, „ . 
 
 I Jan. 3, 1879 
 
 I ^"'y2, ,, 
 
 I Jan! 1, i88o ' , 
 
 I J"')' I, „ . 
 
 j Jan. 5, 1881 
 
 I JniieS, 1S81 . 
 
 I Jan. 5, 18S2 . . 
 
 I June 28, ,, . 
 
 J Jan. 3, 1883 . 
 
 I July 4, „ 
 
 I Jan. 2, 1S84! 
 
 I .'"')■ '. „ . 
 
 I Jan. 1, 1883 . 
 
 ■ Jan. 6, r586 . 
 
 ■ Jan. 29, 1887 
 iJaii. 4, >888 . 
 
 •''1I.V4, i333. 
 
 Jan. 2, 1889. 
 ■'"ly 3, 1SS9. 
 'an. 1, ,890, 
 
 •'ii'y;, 1890.- 
 [ ■'an- 7, 1891.- 
 
 M' 1, 1891.- 
 I Jill. (. 1S92 
 
 •■'«''•■'• -.Securities. 
 
 • • ■*-30,oyQ,i7j 
 
 • 30.1015,295 
 
 ■ ■ 31,823,066 
 
 • 29,415,059 
 
 • • 34, 418,382 
 ■ 31.849,662 
 
 • • 31.226,793 
 . 34,040,941 
 
 ■ • 32,402,200 
 . ■ • ■ 32,274,967 
 
 • • 34. '00,342 
 
 • 36,393,708 
 
 • • 37.090,281 
 , ' ' • • 32,138,990 
 
 • • 33,395,344 
 
 • 30,922,266 
 36,596,872 
 
 • 33,983,823 
 ■ • 39,66o,j65 
 
 • 38,398,983 
 • • 32,247,018 
 
 • 35.998,482 , 
 
 ■ • 35,865,522 . 
 
 ■ 34,335.978 . 
 
 ■ ■ 37.366,472 . 
 
 • 44,286,663 . 
 
 • ■ 34.931,837 . 
 
 ■ 4', 3.30,212 . 
 
 ■ • 39.398,901 , 
 
 ■ 39,955,274 . 
 
 • • 35,890,517 . 
 
 • 40,438,605 . 
 
 • • 37,486,806 , 
 
 • 41,638,522 
 
 • • 39,827,144 .' 
 
 • 41,217,256 . 
 ■ • 38,323,187 , 
 
 • 41,663,958 , 
 
 • • 4>,446,936 . 
 
 • 37,545,74a . 
 
 • • 38,133,062 . 
 -Goveniiu,.„t ,!,.«, „,o,5,,oo?. 
 
 .Vote.s i.s.siieil, 36, 
 -Govern,M,.„t,|,.bt, ,,,„,3,,^; 
 
 .Vote.s issii,.i| ,, 
 -Government ,l,.|,t. ,,,0,5,, J; 
 
 ^otes i.ssiii'il, 38, 
 -Government ,l,._l,t, ,,,0,3^,,^; 
 
 ^'otes issued, ^^ 
 
 ■GovernmeMt,leI,t, ,,,o,5.,oo/. 
 „ Notes issneil, ,6 
 
 -Government ,|e1,t, ,,,0,5, „;„f 
 Notes issued, 39 
 -Government ,lel,t, I, .0,5.,^/, 
 N'.tes issiii'il 43 
 -Government debt. ii,o,5,,oo7. 
 .Notes issued, ^S^ 
 
 Coin nnd liullion. 
 
 ■ .fi'7.120,822 . 
 
 • '7,678,698 . 
 
 • '4,223,390 , 
 
 • '4,327,618 . 
 
 ■ ■6,929,2.02 . 
 
 ■ 21,882,770 . 
 
 • 21,136,192 . 
 
 • '9. '96,622 . 
 
 ■ =0.494.392 . 
 
 ■ ".382,934 . 
 
 • '6,609, 5.,o . 
 
 • 25,291,761 . 
 
 • 24,065,094 . 
 
 • 24,051,413 . 
 
 • '•,374,582 . 
 
 ■ '',477,563 . 
 
 ■ 23,929,601 . 
 
 • ",085,3,1 , 
 
 • 26,690,116 . 
 
 • ","5,761 . 
 
 • 30,190,692 . 
 . 28,214,163 . 
 
 • '6,948,340 . 
 
 • '4.386,794 . 
 
 • 23,438.504 . 
 
 • 28,088,36, . 
 
 • 35,286,269 . 
 
 • 27,601,562 . 
 
 • '9,3'9,390 . 
 
 • '4,269,276 . 
 
 • '5,902,, 59 . 
 
 ■ '0,249,034 . 
 
 ■ '4,380,94, , 
 '0,353,79, . 
 
 ",'66,535 . 
 
 ",437,3'-'3 . 
 
 '5,075,683 . 
 '0,695,496 . 
 '9,964,811 . 
 '3, '90,671 
 20,164,214 
 
 IJuhililirg, 
 
 ■ *43.503,2,4 . 
 
 • 44.453.778 , 
 
 • 42,528,577 , 
 
 • 39.934, '50 . 
 
 ■ 47,039,390 . 
 
 • 50.6,2.342 . 
 
 ■ 48,752,29, . 
 
 • 50,134,262 . 
 
 • 49,799,528 . 
 
 • 5', 512,339 . 
 
 • 57.594, '33 . 
 
 • 58,497,293 . 
 
 • 57,894,811 . 
 
 • 52,772,403 . 
 
 • 52,338,203 , 
 
 • 50,248,377 . 
 
 • 57,315. 0'o . 
 
 • 52,786,516 . 
 
 • 63,252,,,, . 
 
 • 56,362,426 , 
 
 • 60, ,86,939 . 
 
 • 61,091,620 . 
 
 • 59,682,894 , 
 
 • 55,560,422 . 
 
 • 57.726,8,3 . 
 
 ■ 69,062,479 . 
 
 • 67,067,079 . 
 . 65,866,659 . 
 
 • ^5,634,195 . 
 . 61,006,233 
 
 ■ 58,72, ,o63 i [ 
 57,505,540 . 
 SS, 772,276 . 
 58,856,634 . 
 58,939,347 . 
 59,53', '53 . 
 60,236,3,0 . 
 
 59,243,143 . 
 
 58,109,621 . 
 
 57,635,104 . 
 
 nn ■ 5=''75,337 . 
 
 .5a.'"^;;^;s-'?^rfi4«;^i-""-'>''>.'Hon 
 
 ,6;9:^rXiIi--;;^?r^^.«^iJeoU, and bullion, 
 .;9;j^r'l^^i-f'--r^JoMeo ,b...,„„ 
 
 ^3:^!^:'''i^S-?^-^-^«::M^-^ 
 
 .5S^xi^i;^;f;«j^ti8i'/''"' ■''''''■''■'-' 
 >.9irzteef;/iirt:S ""--'- 
 
 735,5;o,:ii;^!S ^;;'nZ^:J^l/^"^- """ "•"""". 
 
 other sei.nrities, ,:,jn, no.-,/ n,,i 1 " ■ 
 ■40,030/. lialauee u^?ctr3.4oi^i48;:'''''' ""' '"'''™ 
 
 ". i857(nii!e,//V(,iic). 
 
 ■ £35,480,28, ) „ , 
 • 7, '70,508 (" *42. 650,789 
 
 39.286,433 
 B:ilaiice or rest £3,364,356 
 
 . i£3. 716,787 
 
 • 3,331,215 
 
 • 3,517.879 
 
 • 3,808,527 
 
 • 4,108,254 
 
 • 3,120,090 
 
 • 3,610,694 
 
 • 3,103,301 
 
 • 3.097,069 
 . 3,145,562 
 
 • 3,115.749 
 
 • 3.188,176 
 
 • 3,230,564 
 
 • 3.417.999 
 
 ■ 3,431,723 
 
 • 3,15', 252 
 . 3," 1,463 
 
 • 3.302,6,8 
 
 • 3.107,, 7, 
 
 ■ 3.252,320 
 
 ■ 3.250,771 
 . 3, '2', 027 
 
 • 3. '30,968 
 
 • 3 '62,350 
 . 3.078,163 
 
 • 3.312,545 
 
 • 3.171,027 
 . 3.065,115 
 ' 3.084,096 
 
 3,218,3,7 
 3.071,608 
 3,182,099 
 
 3.095,471 
 3,185,679 
 
 3, '54,333 
 3. '23,468 
 3,'62,56o 
 3, "6,31, 
 3,302,126 
 3.051,309 
 3,121,939 
 
 i'o,3i6,92oi. 
 
 ■8,439,030?. 
 
 '- ",719,385?. 
 
 ', '7,"6,69o?. 
 
 20,084,600/. 
 
 '3.352,6357. 
 
 '7,283,330/. 
 
 1, 2,,65o,02j<, 
 
 ''V 
 
 l.r( 
 
 
BANK OF IRELAND. 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 Jan. 4, 
 July 5 
 Jim, 3, 
 
 July 4, 
 
 Jim. 3, 
 Jiiiysi 
 
 Jim. I, 
 July I, 
 Jim. 6, 
 July 7, 
 Jnn. 5, 
 July 6; 
 
 1694 ■ 
 
 1%:- 
 
 iBt3 
 1E94 
 1S54. 
 1895 
 1895 
 1F96.- 
 ifi.6. 
 i£97. 
 1S97. 
 1898. 
 , 1898, 
 
 -Ouveniini'iit iliil.t, 11,015,100/. 
 
 NutOH liHUC'll, .19 
 
 -auviTimiPiit (li'l't. ii.ois.'o"'' 
 
 NutCH iKKlllil, 44, 
 
 -{lovcnmioiit il«'l>t, 11015,100'- 
 
 NdtCH ISNllCll, ?9i 
 
 -Gi.Vfniiiieiitili't't. ".015.100' 
 NotCH insncil, 5^ 
 
 .-Oovprimieiit (lil't, ii.o^.jo"'. 
 Nolcw ishihmI, 47 
 
 -GDVOriiincnt (Ii't't. 14.481, 477'- 
 Noti'S insiioil, m 
 
 -Covcrninentili'lil. 11,015, uk>'. 
 NutcH l8«neil, 59' 
 
 -OovermnLMit il-l.t, 11,015. '"''■ 
 Notes issufil, bi' 
 
 .-Govermiii'nt lU'l't, ii,"i5,'oo'. 
 
 N(.U'a irtsm'il, 49. 
 -Govcrimieiit dvU, 11,015,103/. 
 
 Xiiti s Hsuril, 5< 
 
 .-Oovori.iiienl <l''l't. ii.oiS."""'' 
 >'otl'.s ISKlll'll, 45 
 
 -Government ilelit. 11,015,100'. 
 Notus is.sia'il, 51 
 
 Otlicr «i'i'Uiilli'iii 
 ,,V)J,i5o'- it'»'i"i^''' 
 culler BCi'iirltieH, 
 395,c,65'. Diilimi'" 
 Oilier KcnirltieB, 
 332,720'. lliilimce 
 Other nei'iiritleM, 
 1,286.455'. l)iilimi-'» 
 Other »ecnritien, 
 ,649,895'. HiiliilK'" 
 Other seiMiritles, 
 ,3.19,820/. Uiilimce 
 other sociM'ilies, 
 ,768,32s' lliihmce 
 other sfriirities, 
 ,929,4110/. lliilimco 
 Other serin it ies, 
 162,765'. Ihilniice 
 Other securities, 
 201,990/. liiilnin'C 
 Other seonrities, 
 q88,o6o'. Uiihmec 
 Other sociiritii'S, 
 536,595'. Duhmct) 
 
 5,434,900/. (lohl eoln imil 
 briuHt, 3,236,171'- 
 ,,434,9,«(. (lohl i-oiii niiit 
 iir iest, 3,349.4.'4'- 
 5.434,900/. Gohl i'"l'' "■"' 
 or feat, 3,344.4.17'- 
 5,764,000/. Gul.l I'oiii ,111.1 
 or rest, 3,i54.°98'- 
 5,784,900/. Gohl colli anil 
 or rest, 3,192,427'. 
 22,512,705'- Colli c.iiii .ilel 
 or rest, 3,074,457'- 
 5,784,900'. Gohl eoiii iinil 
 or rest, 3,01,056/. 
 5,784,900'. tiolileuiiiim.l 
 or rest, 3,123,614'. 
 5,784,900'. tiohl I'oin mill 
 or rest, 3,406,871'. 
 5,784,900'. Golil loiii nii.l 
 !or rest, 3.33'.f'73'- 
 5.784,900'. fiohl coin nnil 
 or rest, 3,388,138/, 
 5,784,900'. (loM coin nml 
 or rest, 3,43^.734'- 
 
 btilUun, 
 huUlon, 
 
 l.uUion, 
 
 l.ullion, 
 
 liiiUion, 
 
 Imlllon, 
 
 Imlliun, 
 
 l.ullion, 
 
 liulli'.n, 
 
 liuUion, 
 
 bullion, 
 
 bullion. 
 
 £1,200,000 I I?'" 
 3,i75,o»7 1 '72' 
 
 rUBUC PEBT TO T.,r U.NK oK — •><- ,,„ . , 
 
 . •. •/J;;^;:^|l"6' . . • "iese.ooo I .844-'889 
 
 33,053, l5^>'• 
 ^7l945l965'- 
 22,682,720/. 
 36,486,455/. 
 30,849,895' 
 37,933,836'. 
 42,968,325'. 
 
 46,is9,,tcul. 
 
 33,463,7C3/. 
 
 34,401,99c/. 
 
 39,188,060/. 
 
 34,736.595'- 
 
 .£i4,686,o« 
 , ii,oi5,i» 
 
 blinks occurred in '7,27. '/33. "5" ''f°^^ ^f 1,-1,. 
 gradually to the '^,»'''>;l'«''n^V,,Mli Juno 1783. ! 
 Innd at -St. Mary's ''^b^'j;- ^"} '"i ' rrliament ' 
 The business was removed to the ''''^ J''" '"' j, 
 
 Xslrisli Hanking Act passed, 21 July, 1845. 
 BANK OF SA^nNOS, see Savwffs' Banks. 
 BANKERS' BOOKS EVIDENCE ACT^ 
 
 •to & 40 Vict- c. 48, I'nss^'l IlAug.lPyO, ripeu 
 
 ■by a fresh act 23 May, l879' 
 
 T) A-KT-K-P-RS' INSTITUTE, trccting to estft-- 
 BANKKKh ^^o'^sh-Jolm Lubbock elected 
 
 ^"'^'\^,''^,, Mar h' .'8:5 . «",ural meeting 23 
 
 presiilent II l*in"", '"(''t " ,00. \ 
 
 Slav, 1879. (1952 members, Ma>, 188,.) | 
 
 ■A » XT-D-a r^Tj cjrnTT \Nt). The old bank of Scot- 
 
 Rlv'IlbankofScotlimilehfirterea . ■ 8 J"ly. ;7=7 
 
 ?Sr^^"';!K-'^"tl^;k'f Scotland lahl3June. .80. 
 
 Coinniereial Imuk ^ ,gjj 
 
 Nati..nalbank _ ^ ,330 
 
 Union bank • ,• , ,• • " ' . . 1839 
 City of Glasgow bank . • 
 
 . ^.,,. „v r.iAsfiow B.NK (with unliuiiteil liability) ; ' 
 
 {[^r?i5vS'^is;^>few,\^^'!iS^:s^?:i 
 
 ^3"•V, "«,e i! nk to ^ea Oe investi*:ation showe.l ! 
 
 ? «f l?,,r; I ew s r tter H- balnii.u.l. Win. Ti.ylor, II. 
 i;,^^:::^i:^Mai,athe,.,,..erH._^ 
 
 ::t^';S^vliua o^li^sli^>S ana fabricutinB balatice 
 
 Scotch banking act vassed . . ■ aiJidj, 1845 
 Western bank of Stotlaml anil the Glasgow bank 
 Htoi.l'cil, causing much distress . . . Miv. 1857 
 
 BANKS, Joint Stock. Since the net rf 
 l82(), a number of these banks have been estiib. 
 lished.t In Inliwd similar hanks have been 111. 
 
 sl^'ts (18 months' iinvrisonment ; the others of ntterini; 
 the same (t luontliH' inil'risi.mncnt), 1 l-eb. iB79- 
 
 The liiiui.lators rei.ortcl that about 1819 coiitrihiiton 
 luKl i.ai.1 about 4,5oo,cco/. ds-"- 4''- 1'.' «'"> I'"';"'!) 1 l^"', 
 ,810' 20.S. in the l.oun.1 rai.l to ilei.ositors, 3 March, uk. 
 
 Mr James N. Fleming was arresteil 25 Jan. fur cm 
 bezzleiiieiit, anil Beuteiicca to 8 Months imi.nsiiiiiiiHit, 
 
 ^ Ch^s'e'ftMhe liiiuiilation ; 13,644,856!. l-aid, aniioiinctil 
 
 ^'tIu' rmipts by subscriiilion, &c., for the relief of the 
 snllcrers anioHutcd to 380,000'. ; inturest 47,000/., maliirt 
 a total i.f 427/300/. 1 , ,- 1 1 ■ o 
 
 ■f The Hovai. Hritish Bank was estabhsheil 111 i8(,. 
 
 bv Mr John MiGicgor, M.l'-, anil others, niiiler sir K. 
 
 Peel's' ioint-stiick l.imkint-' act, 7 * 8 %ict, e. 113(1844); 
 
 as an attcuii.t to introilucc the «cutch bimkiiiK system (4 
 
 cash creilits into KuKlaml. I )n 3 Sei.t. 1856, it stei.H 
 
 1,-ivnicnt occasioninn mnrh distress and nmi to nun; 
 
 siiiall tradesmen and others. In coiiseiiueiice ef strons 
 
 i evi.lence of the existcii.'c of fraud in the niima(;™,iil.( 
 
 the bank elicited during the examination heforc llv 
 
 I court of baiikiuptey, the government m.stiuctcl tlinl- 
 
 I torney-gcneral to tile e.i-ujHvio informations nfinnst t * 
 
 ' inauiiL'iM' Mr. 11. Inncs Cameron, and .several of llii | 
 
 1 -ctm-s'. They were convicted 27 , Feb. 1858, .ifliT ,j 
 
 ,b,vs' trial and sentenced to various degrees i.l uiiiTiiU- 
 
 n'lent Mtemi.ts to mitigate the i.nnisliiiieut faiW 
 
 (Mav' 1858); but all were released exivjit (.'uineron.n 
 
 Es lailc ii July, 1658. Ill April, 1B60, .liviileliils lud I 
 
 b^ii ai. to the aim.nutof i5.<. in the ,.„u„il Tlie.l. 
 
 ton ey-gelieral brought in a bill called the Friuulukt 
 
 Trustees' Act, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 54, t" l"->-'Vcut tliu r.-cw- 1 
 
 rcncc of such transactions. , 
 
 on iQ April, i860, adellciency of 363,000'. wasilmvcrM 
 
 ■aX.r confessed himself guilty of forgery amlfnu.l.JDi 
 was seiltenced to 20 yc^ars' imprisonment 
 
 on ,8 Feb ,861, it was discovered tliat John PuHfi, 
 -1 clerk of tiie Commorciid /iiinfc 0/ y.i.m/im, liiul r.-Hwl 
 ?,i-cn,],b'yers of 67,000'., of which 46,^'d. iiii|;Ul.j 
 
 ■■"i'lf J')'i^c''i864, J- W. Terry .and Thomas Ihireli, nimp 
 and secretary of the VuWj Hank, were eoniimlHd,<il 
 
 BANK HOLIDA-! 
 
 "tltuted, the first beinir the II 
 
 lie now Coiiipunies Act, piis.se, 
 I'nnted companies „,„,■ 'r .,,i,„ 
 .I'M'i -stock hanks agreed t . .1 
 
 ;'"-'""'. i"id to isHiionioiitlih 
 June, i?<i)|. ^ ' 
 
 , '■'"'■•^ '■""■' r..i„i.si,..-: ,i..,a; 
 
 i,..ii.i..n,i ("(j,';;;,',;'"'"'-''' ('«<"««/ 
 
 K"Ck::;'C.<:;r''"'" ''"''''' 
 
 '•"^'"""'' ■ • Ot'lll,, ,'sfl, 
 
 ^t;"'^'."^' '-"""kh'nUw 
 
 A'-.iSfe'ivcnu, inn,.an,Ah,u,l 
 
 {^, 1. ;:h..'.ly by th. instrum^ 
 
 IbNK IlnUl,AVH._/J„„,,„„, „„,, J 
 
 ' .;,st-'"","^\ '" Vliitsun.weei 
 .ui.iist, JO l.'cccinb,.,. (ir „ „., 
 
 ^i).the„ll„„.i„j,j,„n.|,yt„bt.a 
 triday;llrst .Monday in i,,,j. ami 
 
 n.VXiaiUPT (siffnif,ing ci( 
 tr.,^..i;.atrader,leelaredtc/be 
 ;;i.t.lL0t8. Ihe laws on tlie suli 
 «'y.) were consolidated and amen 
 I»j2, 1854. 1861, i8f>«, i«6g, |8«: 
 L-.r.l Chancellor Thurlow refused a 
 
 i:ortilcate,b,.eausehehi„ii„st/|ve 
 lime m gaming. . ' '"*• 
 
 Eiiaited tliat inemberH of the h'oiis, 
 k-ciniiiiK bniiknii.t, and not i.uvi, 
 ia full, sTionMvai'-aie their sea's* 
 
 L,irilll,lon8Aetai,i.ointingcoiMmis. 
 
 N«v Uankrui.tey Court, finelud ii ig 
 
 ,L,,rd_«rongh«,n'» Act,; otlicial 
 
 Bills ferruforming bankruptcy law 
 kiiuglit before parliament 
 Dill l.y the lord chancellor Wcstlmiy 
 R. liethell), 24 ,t 25 Vh-t, c, ,,.■*„ 
 
 pi'ut eliniiges made ; the irt I'oV 1 
 
 Vfiit 1 lehtors alK.lisheil, „iid iiicre 
 piven U> the eomiiii.sHioiiL-rs in I,,,,,!, 
 tlif new orders issued 
 Byl.inlHatherley's liankruptc'v \ct 1 
 iS69,niiewbaiikrui.tcycuurtwa.s',' 
 l-laceof tlieeoinmissioiu-i-s', which > 
 wlii-n iihove 300 Jietitioiis of b„nk 
 reiT:veil,3i Dee. ,869. " Paid Iriisl 
 ilaiises 125, 126, termed "n uenth-m 
 mtiiig rill or debts." The I'je •" 
 J.TOifs liacon, sat 
 
 folwCilliiriUhejudgeofthoUankn. 
 U'lt lec.led(ii, thecaseof tlie ,|n 
 ia.<llc) hat a peer can be made a ban 
 w, winch de.-isio„ was ainrincl ,„ 
 tW liuu-se ot h.nls in the fo||,,wiiiu 
 iTtitiimsagamst peers have been III, 
 JiTiileil that hankriij.ts cannot sit in 
 '|i|'t'era . . , ^ 
 
 B,1NK1HPTCV lll.sgiAl'.IFIl ATION \<-T d 
 
 iwrfrom sitting or voting in i.arliani 
 
 in>l. l,ai,knii,tcy law., consolidated i„ 
 i.rilii-r.iiucii.led in 
 
 *li liankniptcy laws c'onsoii.latJd ii 
 
 fimlii.-raiiieiide.l in " 
 
 (iwljaakmi.tcy Act for Ireland,' imsseii 
 .ir liiiiikniptcy bills iiitrodnce'l by 
 ril'.r Ciuriis, and withdrawn 
 iakriiiiieies li-ive diminished through 1 
 
 '« "f l,"l"idat s by arranged con 
 
 Miysaul to he fraudulent,- 36^1 
 ■:;o;ii.97'5ini879; abont 20,000,0001 
 i«laiikruptey bill brought in b? J^ 
 ' ' • - • - S April, 
 
 Icharje of conspiracy for fabricating 
 kuittd on their trial. ^ 
 
J^^NK HOLIDAYS ACT. 
 
 J,....., i«,V: '""" "'"'■•'''.^ ■ •'iaur..lu...lH, M„_v, 
 
 ''''''■/ '<>ill,l„„ J„t,it.si„r\ /!„ I.I-, 
 
 '■"^■"""'< ■ . Olhi,. .'sum' • • • '8J9 
 
 linu' in piminK ' "*'-' •""""I" '" ""« 
 
 ".full »T,„ul,l VH,'.,a,,', „ ., ? « ""■"' '^^^"' . 
 
 ,L..a^_nn,,,«„„,n'H Act,; o„iHal aJiiJ^.^'af^ 
 
 Bills fdi- rcfunniiiK Imiikninli'v iim. ;...'• 
 bM,t.l,tl,t.fmx.ArIiaSr'^ '"" '''''•"' ^'i" 
 liilll..vtliul(jnl fliaiicelldr UVstlmiv Vf.,-', i 59> 
 
 «nt ,lol,t,m alH.lisI,,.,!, an i .,.,., ,',''''" 
 llif iitw (u-iUts i.ssucd ""^"'l'"}, Ac-. ; 
 
 .569, a „,.«• bankrui.t.y ,.,',„rt w a. ', X iVi^; *;; 
 
 »fcn above 300 i.witi,,,,. '.f l,,.,,k , ";. '^l ;'• 
 rnwved, ji Dec, i86n. " I'aid tiii^t, . LV . m 
 
 I L.iiirt, (I.TMleil (111 tile case nf tlie iliikc "..f v , . 
 6i)9,wliieli ileci.siun w.i.s ,illin,ie,l „ii ,i„„.. j ,V, 
 H.tio„sa,-,ii„.s, ,,,,,, ,,„,„ le™ ,^r', ' i, l.'.':: 
 Jj«tl.at.,a,iknu,t»ea.iii„t.itluL'U:;2 
 
 I i..rfrum»itti„gorv.,tinKin ,;u-iLu;::;!"";:!:;:,;f 
 p*r"!:::;!,tTi^r" "'''«''"'■'''-' '-'■■856,a,,,i 
 
 i.iv lj:a.kraiit.y Act for Iivlaml,' jiassed ' 6 An.-' i' 
 i™ ttu,kn,|,tey bill. intnMlu.'e,! by lord Vb * '^'^ 
 InliTCuirns, ami witloiraivii . 'i'\ „ 
 
 piikrapides liave ,lii„i„ishe,l tliri.iiKb creat nii'.n 
 l<r «f l„|„„lati,.ns by arrange.l coin, sti , • 
 
 >..»>■ MM to be fraud ,,1^365, / J, i ' .l 
 
 l>:;o; .,,976111 1879; about 2c,co5,ooo « ste.l 
 |«l«.ikru,,teybiU br,n,«l,t in hy-'^:\]i:!:X:,. 
 
 ' ■ ° -^'""''i i3oi (drojijied) 
 
 103 
 
 Xi' 
 
 JBAJWOCKBUItN. 
 
 NIMHKI, OK DANKHtPTM ,S ,m.,:aT ..lUTAlN. 
 
 .d'eoioi,,,,,," """^' '" '" ''■'■" "' »l'e I.OU80 
 
 tliHtsat . •"iiit.d JUHtlee.J,,,,.; iiewJudKe 
 
 llarikniiitev n)i<r'lj/ii!„, ,.,' 1 /-.i' • • '8 Keli. 
 
 «'^Aib.lt,,^i,;r^^l-,:;;;:,t;'-')^«^,,. 
 
 18 AUfc'. 
 
 '7UO 
 
 '735 
 
 '775 
 
 iSlKJ 
 
 iSio 
 1820 
 1825' 
 
 18 JO 
 
 I84U 
 184s 
 IS50 
 1857 
 i860 
 
 i86j 
 1864 
 l8ti7 
 l8(i.j 
 1873 
 ■ 876 
 
 1334 
 1887 
 
 lS(^^ 
 
 KiiKland 
 ditto . 
 ditto 
 ditto . 
 ditto 
 ditto . 
 ditto 
 ditto . 
 dittot 
 ditto . 
 
 33 
 
 • . 4'f' 
 
 • 4.1^ 
 
 • • 530 
 
 about 2000 
 
 • '.158 
 . . 2683 
 
 . 1467 
 . . IJ08 
 
 . 102S 
 . . 1298 
 
 . 1488 
 
 • . 1268 
 
 • 8470 
 ■ • 7324 
 
 • 8994 
 
 • "0,396 
 
 • 915 
 
 • • 976 
 
 873 
 1S7,; 
 
 iSt'o 
 I SS I 
 
 It; J J 
 
 ■ S34 
 
 i-i, 
 
 ir-37 
 
 i--:3 
 '■-^) 
 
 l3, , 
 i8,)i 
 
 i3,.,3 
 iS,;4 
 ifii:; 
 
 lt'97 
 
 illlt' 
 dill., 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 dilti. 
 ilitlii 
 dilto 
 .lill.. 
 .iitl.. 
 difl.. 
 .litto 
 .litl.i , 
 
 ilitl.. 
 
 ditto , 
 
 .litlo 
 
 ditto . 
 
 .lilt.. 
 
 dill-. . 
 
 .litto 
 
 ditt.. . 
 
 . 108^ 
 
 . 11-6 
 
 . W5 
 
 , UXit, 
 
 W5 
 1046 
 2.1'l8 
 ."l"5 
 4566 
 4681 
 
 ■t4IJ 
 
 .I<i.l4 
 4 MO 
 
 4575 
 4805 , 
 47U2 
 
 4Hq 
 4K.9 
 4074 
 
 . i37'5, 482; iSSo, 
 In Ireland : iSfi,, 
 
 1831 
 i860 
 
 i86i 
 
 J870 
 
 .871 
 
 1857 
 
 "'■','i^"'l''»'"«"'tlai,d: ,86,,, 443 
 
 885,362; .890,339; ,896, ',//.' 
 
 '085, 216; 1887, 204. ^ ' -' '• 
 
 its vSB!f?f"-;*- 
 
 iHsupd: (lissidved, i.SfV, "^ volumes we,v 
 
 ^gBANNER CK08,S MUIiDER. See i>,„A, 
 
 lb.it wi^revimi^iv (;,:;:„'/ ';v'^;'-. 
 
 ; hrskitie, in i~(,< nnl f.,r •nlMiii'.l I' 1 '"''■"" 
 
 Knight, llieker^!;,,,,, J, VerZ;!,!---';"''^''''''"'^ 
 
 eSa^a;;-:?a!e',;--: Stt 
 wl;^nt:s:iZ,'',[;^Qr'-^--':-";ni;v::] 
 
 te:^s&'''''''^'-""8««-'''t«;but 
 
 .•^«^o;^?eb^^26^;;;:l:!'l*l',•■'''■''^''''V''>-'^" 
 
 partners ; aii.l 2o..tli \ b- k ,, ^ r't' ' i'"^'" 
 
 'l.rlare,lins,,Ive,it ikey'e" :;'■•''''''■',''■■' ''^''' 
 toa.M r„.,„ seventv t.. a 1m i ;| , , r ."i''"''/'''''' 
 and ninnuraetiirers , ilie b I , " Tr-"' '" 
 period ,d- bubble s|.e,nUti..ii , ' ,■ , n,-,. ' ''," ."■! 
 "'"■<;ial eiiibanassliieiit ami rni,, ' ""l-'-^'^'ebtcl 
 t Lbiuulationa now preferred to baiikniptey. 
 
 t the 
 
 the 
 
 itj .44 
 
 been 
 
 il.lced 
 
 liTS, 
 
 the 
 
 I (->m- 
 
 I -'P 
 
 
 %' ■■ •' 
 
 i'Hiiii 
 
 .•'/ 
 
 to m 
 
f 
 
 I 
 
 HANXS. 
 
 IC4 
 
 KAIMIAUV. 
 
 '41. 
 
 II! 
 
 lh« 
 
 
 '■""'l'''''' • '*^' ' '^ ■ n-HiVi... (3) At 
 
 ^,.,,,.,0 «...-e Uul,.i ' „„„,l.'f('»U.U 
 
 ,S:,n,l>irl,„n..n.Mr ... ; " r.k.Ui.m. 
 
 Illl'l ollllll I'll " ''"'"• '->■ ' • 
 
 HAWS ill tl.r IVu.l:.! law, "civ ii -1>" 
 !!u,,,.,.,,r,,.U,,..j;.;in;.--;vjn..^^^^ 
 
 p;;i7ii:i;i,;Ji"Mlin tu. .uurai «a.tuc.,ui.jcx.t«i 
 
 |.;,uli-li an.l .iiaii.- "■,■,■.■ .Invm li..ii. tla n '■''"' 
 IlViti^li ill l.sii, Init «asn.,t.iira M lln' i'l'i^i' 
 
 tli(. |M11I|. ill 1^1 !■ 
 
 Yi \NTiN< ■ 1 s^^. «'■'• (-"/v"'"'"'. 
 
 R WI'UV It VV (^- lli'lali'l). «'"■!■'' 11 t'li'ii''' 
 
 :aiofti„.'iiiw ^i>"""'""^''"-^'i";"';:;^;;^'^^i 
 
 md aeviutnii Iraii-imrls, aiirliuml liciv l"i a '< « 
 
 Itaiit Vv Hav s,i,ia.li-.m mi'l"!- aainiial MilrlM 1 v u» 
 i Ic., VSoi In Jan, l.S(.2, luvnty-t^o M the 
 
 rui-t,ia.aitli, wlu'ii srvnlcTii wcro r...i. Hinu 1 ' 
 .Irutli, ol' «h.H„ rlcvrn W..1V ..xcailn ; lieotl..- 
 were sentcncr.l tn rni'ivc <-ii.-l, 2.xj laslit'i.. la' 
 ox.'.'uti'.n. t..'.k ,,la,e on liuar.l ''['' : ''y^^'^/'''.'- 
 
 l8 Jan. kS02. -Mi"k liatllo lii'i'e, 30 Jiini', l.^f<.v 
 
 BAPAU^IE. X. FuAXfE, tlie Mte of H'vert 
 
 imk'^^iv^.iiu»^'-iia'"'^ '"■■"■ '"■' ""' '''■'■'"''' "''"'^' 
 oftlu' norili uiuUt 1-,.u|| .tI..'. .muI tlic Oeniiana 
 uniU-r Maiiti'Utlol ; tla' I'lvinli n'trniteJ, 2, 3 Jan. 
 
 ■n VPTISAI ilif "iiliiianic' uf iiilniissirm into 
 th. '"luiirli.' pni' ti»'.l t'.v ali elni-liaii .•<i'.;t>i. except 
 Uuak.TH. j'.Ui. Il"' 7;.7'''>'. I'^'i'"*^'.'! ^ "■'s'. 30- 
 iMiill iii.) lulaiit liapti-iii 1^ MMiilKiniMl liy Ire- 
 ,„eus almut o;. I" 'l"' i'' i-" '.'' <-"i...tantiii,', 319 
 banti«tei-i('s wm' laiilt iiii.l iiaplL-ni «i.s prrldrnied 
 by dipping tlu- l"'-^"" ^''1 Hvrr. In the w.st spnnk- 
 lin.r \vas''dopt''d. Ma.li .■..ntn.ver.y has ari.irn 
 8inrel8!l (pirti.iil.ulv m 1N4.1 and 1.S50), in the 
 church of Kiuiand. iv-perlinu: liaptiMual rejienern- 
 tion, which the Ar.|ie>' ('..uit ..f tantcrhurv 
 decided tc. he a d".trine,.t the clninK .d hnsland. 
 See Ti-iuh, l.S;o. ai;-! >nl< ■ Hciiiandiii},' tecs t(,'i 
 baptisms was made u -vlnl hy an act passed !!• 
 July, 1872. 
 
 BAPTISTS («•• .•! . ■• '■•■■• / ^'';' '•;'; 
 
 tin'Miished hv their o'Hi.i/ ff.pectl ,^l) tlie 
 prop,.rs»/v' <■/.», and (2) !i<.. i,"- r w--^ ••! M,.p isni 
 the former tlicy alfirni u, .c ', .■;. w.c, are able to 
 make a profession of iuiil. v... h,t:er to tu. tota 
 imniersi.'n. Th.re ar 'ven «'c. n-.i ol I aptists- 
 Aniiiniaii, Cah inistic (or rartuuliir), i:e. llie 
 tirsl Baptist chui.h f..rmc,i in 
 
 Jap—- 
 
 160-S. They published 'h 
 1643; revised in 16K9 
 
 ..nndim was about 
 ifession of faitli in n 
 
 lt,iptl«t I'll."'" "I' III" I'liH"! l\lii|-'loi" ; aiiiiiK'l 
 
 mi.|.|liiK |i, ■•'* .. , , 
 
 |.„iii,„lo I'.' • rniMl,..lul.li.lMil . . rn 
 
 Uu\i\M .Ml"i. .1 . c.ci. I> ',',,• • ■ " 
 ll][i.h»l 1. Iliii... ll.^'it •< all,, lolMiili'il . ■ I i' 
 
 :n;;lun llatu, ,.pcn,,l, .1. Miinh, """;, ^'i',;';,'^ , 
 
 A h'm'IihI r'aTtorV rollcwe I V 1(, ioii«.ie.l h>^.J1r.' ^^' 
 
 pMr.'tluiil,'« liii.ldi'n Np'iiiK,.,'ai wi'i« l»,rii >9'liii"'. 
 
 8u.aiMl«lica.|Mil'Mi,.'ii'li I ,',' r" 
 
 ..leiMlnr, .illniclliiK; l.n»c 1 umm.iI '< "I" 
 
 ,'ll,„l,„ .M.ntonc, n.lna. 1 'o.-. 'Mi, f" wii- n very 
 
 u'i,.alc,.he..iu.<..al lii.laiM'i.illi; N"i« '''',"", 
 
 t.TV, II |.'eli., 01. whirl, ,la> S, I l,,n i.!'|;,M„.| 
 
 t„ hv ill iiMiiirnlnu, III," " Aai maphy I'U - 
 
 iisii,.,!, I i''')j, jii'i v.'i .Miw. I y. '";:;" I' 
 
 'nioiiiiis fipiii^ i.ii.ln.il il« pimliT, IJ April, 
 
 .\ 'Jrnii lal .■rmiclc at !<hoi"lllcli (iw. Win, Cain, 
 
 li,"i'i,Uc.l Kleti:.lomi,7U'cliMi„'l»;' ,v,4,^,.J l"i|'ll'*'''i 
 in('liil..'is III it'^ I ; 1, (j> h:i|icl«, y.(,77olia'liil',i», 
 repoilcl '' '"■' '* : 
 
 BAK ai-u AfiU':, \, K.. I'mnce II.i.. ii„. 
 Frimdi, iiiolc r Huiiinol an, I Miiclonahl, wiriili. 
 fealeil liy th,' alii,", 2; l''ih. IM |. 
 
 B.\l{ltAl><>KS, aWe.l liiillii inland, on,'..f;i,, 
 
 \Viiiil«ai,l i'liT, ,11 ieri,l h\ Ih,' Porliik'nis,' :il.,,i,i 
 
 If«(), taken poNses'loil "f h\ ihi' Kimllsh 11,1.^, ,,i,,i 
 si'ttlci hy sir Will, Conili'i'li, who f,,iilide,l .lain,., 
 town, ll'iJS' •^* liia'1,1 r,,\all«lK »ellle,l h,n , i!„ 
 island wan' tak, 11 h\ llie pi'irliiiimnlariiins in |i ;, 
 l',.i, Illation, i";l',' HiJ.ii.jJ: whili', Id, 5(H); .,. 
 h,nre,l, l4,vlK2i iHHl, i:3,5J3 ; lt<i(I, l«2.322. 
 
 A .InM'H'iil lioril' aac, .'V.'i' .( ,l,.iilli» , i..(i,l ij.^, 
 
 V lai(;,' |.|iiiilal|..ii ullii nil II" InilliUliK" ili'sli,,),.!, 
 by 111,, laii'l r.iiM.Uiii; rinla IN orlKliial sil,' |.i 
 aiHitliur, iiiiil ciM.rlliM i.v,.|,vllilii(( In Its pc.|vi;iiii;i- 
 tioii . • 17 "I i;-i 
 
 All iuumlatloli, Nov, ij.yj , mid two Kr,.iit llns, 
 
 May and H,','. 1;,*, 
 
 nislioiirlc estal lUlicl . , , . . i;.., 
 
 Awful ilcviislall Willi l!a. l,,sK of llioUsinitN uf 
 
 lives uiiil of liiiiiii'iiw' I'lopi'ily, by 11 liuni,;iii,. 
 
 Aii^' r, 
 
 X, ally i7,.<,<, I'ci'Noiis dl,',l of i'liol,'l'ii . . i,v| 
 
 rr,.|„.rty t,, tli,'Miii..iiiil olalioiil ,),«,,,«x./, ib'stroy,'.! 
 l.v a Miv at llrl'ini'l'.wii , , ,14 li'l., u'.j 
 
 Oiv'iit iii.i,.as,- 111 Kii.Hlli ot I'oll iH('4 J. 
 
 (a,iv,Tiior, ,lalii,s Wiilk,'!' iSfi 
 
 ,, Kawn.iii W, liiitt«,,li , . . , iMi 
 I ,, ,|,iliii r.'].,. II, 1111,. "»y 1S75 
 
 l'roi'os,.il,.,.nl,ib.nilli.n,,l 111,' \Viii,l\viiril lulcit -n;- 
 l„irl,il bv tie- K"vciii,'r In 11 ►pi.i',.|i, j Mar, Ir , , 
 
 |.i.s,.,l by ' I" (.lillil, IS , , . . Miorll 
 
 Til,. ,','l,>ui-,.il |...i'idi,li..ii li'iioiaiilly i.\p,.c|i ,,. .1. 
 
 vaiitii;;,. Iii'iii 111,' ,...iir,.,l,'Hill,,li, l'i»,', nllii'l' ,. 
 
 aii,l,l,.slr,i\iiiKiaa' b i.n.|.,'ily iiiiil ,.Mlni'; ii,„i.. , 
 
 killcl aial'w., 1111,1, ',1 l..\ poll,',' ji.jj April, „ 
 
 Cleat jiaiil,. aiianin til,' plali|,'r» ; tli ■ kovi'Mioi nii.l 
 ' eleiuy salil to Imv,. ii,.|,',l .|ii,ll,.|,,ii»ly ; pi'ii,.,. r..- 
 
 s|,.i,'.l J I -Vl'iil. „ 
 
 Til,. nov,.ni,,r ex, in,. nil,., I I'naii mi.iIoiih binm,. ,liily, „ 
 Trial "f 450 rloti'is ; 1'. piilili<lii',l (17 pi'iinl sfni. 
 
 t'1,1,. ; ,'tlicrH IIkIiI s, lil,ii,',.») , . la-ai ll,'t, „ 
 Cii|it. Ui'o. C Htiiiliiiii ii|'p,,liil, ,l i,',iVi'llior ,N„v, „ 
 
 Sir II. iiry llnlwi'r, Ko\,iiior i.:3« 
 
 lir Williaiii Ib'bliiH uo\ellior , . . . v.h 
 
 ,sir ('. (', l.,.,.s, n,.\,.iii,ir . . , , All... 1 ■; 
 
 Sir Wall, .r.l, S,ii,hill S,.|.t 1 : 
 
 ^ .i'.Iaiia-s Sliaw lliiy fVl., i-,j 
 
 BAKBAUY, ill N. Afrleii, I'oiiKidercd I" oui,- 
 prise Alf,'cria, .Morn,', ,1, 1'',/, 'rniiis, and 'l'ii|..ii 
 
 ith 111, 
 
 pen 
 
 l'ir!llic;lt «t!llc« (11. 
 
 iiUv siihjeit to 'I'lnkey'i, v.(.|'(. founJed on tliccoait 
 
 In 1851 'they had 130 ' oy liarbii'rossa, about 151K, 
 
 haimikk 
 
 J'.VlnjKKN lived in (ire..,., 
 '"" '"ollieiM (he 3r,l,.,.ntlii 
 ';imcrl;.t.ehi,.,„es,„C„ „ 
 the l.arl„.r's, an,! h.' wa* ,!,.»„ 
 
 f;«"K...N. .A London ,',,1 
 
 I,i"^' ,l"'d II 'porale, 
 
 piirlially .lis,sidn.d in 1-^ 
 
 "■^'.'i'"',';'"" ""i'ltf any shaving 
 
 .Ir.ii "hall 
 
 I4112, 
 U.i, an, I 
 "liavin^t 
 "ciupy |,„y »|ir,,,,r, 
 
 lai-n.att,.r,,.x,.,.pt only ,|n.\, 
 (1,11, \ III. i-^u. 
 
 l).VlUtri)A, „ -mall We, 
 l"ii'''"" "' •IniiKna, wf,l,i, «... 
 
 liAl<CA(X. Airi,,,), Mienr. 
 
 ';^k'.^''i". It wa. MI,.,., ively 
 Pi'MallS h,-ypfi„„,., ,„„| «,„,,, 
 sultan holy man ,, ,„ ,j,„,,i |,„^^, 
 ci,ii,pa'l'e,l pa.<h iImv ■ ' I'l-ipidi. 
 
 BAHCELO.N.V (\ K ,s 
 
 niiintnm. city, sai,) to have b.'en 
 '•;ir ll.ir.'ii, tatli,.r of tlie -n.at II 
 B,c It was l„.ld by th„ l{„„„ 
 
 iiKlIranks, ami, with tl„. p,.„vi 
 ''■ capital, was ina,le an in, I, 
 
 il""it A.I). K(,4, ,„„i i„,„, .,„ 
 :i(;4. t "■ last count beeominV kii 
 .iiilcreil mu,.|i by w,'ir. Tli,. si, 
 in lf„)4, was r,.lieve,| by th,' a'|,„ 
 Ml licet, commandcl hy adiiiinj 
 fity was taken by th(. i.|iil „f l^i,. 
 It «us horn l,ard..d ,111,1 t,ik,'n by 1 
 n.kimd the K|.,.n,|i in |-i,;„, 
 N;ii«'coii in i8o,S, and r,.taiii,.,l 
 
 Iti'il a(fainst the ijin'en in i,Si 
 
 ■■ Iti'i a(fainst the iii„.,.n in |,S 1 
 Oirdi'dand taken in l)ee. 1842 b? 
 (f.\M msurreitioiis here • ,n\v 
 1^4. An e.vl,il,iti„„ op,.,;,„l by, 
 .UI 4 Marel, iX;;. 1);,,,,,|„„-. 
 
 9. \i"lcnt not. ona,.,.onnto, 
 .Mar., latal,,nm in a state of si, 
 IW. Ilanelona iriuninil, , .Vi,ril 
 11011,188,-, 272,481. ' ' ' 
 
 |.l!iiiitiTiinti,.iiali.xlill,iti,,|, ,,|„.„,„| o 1 
 '■fSi«lii, iiilli,. nan,,, ,,|. d, , i,,,.,,,,', J 
 
 «''«i'Vi' 'i<"'"ai .111,. I,!';,'; 
 
 Mli,'rr,.yal |«.|s,,iia-,.s, ..„ m,,,,. , ,,„ 
 Mli,i,l,..l naval e.vlijl.iii,,,; r,;,,,',.,. , 
 
 hrr,. nml in Catalonia, see .s>V;„ u 
 
 iBvllu.e.iplosiiin of b bomb thrown li 
 
 ^ be nu'l.ence, at tlio Lie,.,, ,|,,!",'' '' 
 
 foraiaiioe, so porsoiis were kill,.,l ai ,1 
 
 »aiiy«iiuii.lii.si.s arn.,st«,l , Xuv • , 
 
 .^■iiiK 111,. i,owei of air.,sti'ii.' ','„ 
 
 -;'r-'!'i' ■"''.' 'xii^ii-'^pi-j 
 
 [ms,,!,,, „ii,|,.i.arr,..st, .. X„v ,0 
 
 i;.auivlibt lalionitory ,lis-,.nv,,,,e,l i,',^ 
 
 • », aial 1,,,.,.,, ,„iantitie,, of '., 
 
 Malln.iivra, 23 Dee. ,3,;j ' 
 
 n, ':'!■;' -';'."''"'■'"' '", ''caHi r,j,. attem 
 
 .,,ir.li:il (iini|,osaiMl ,,i1m.i-s, ai„| f,„ , 
 
 ,li.'Oiitiiw.attln. Ucuili,,,,,,, ' ' 
 
 |WM,rferlir,.,3oA,,,il;. ,;,,;,,^,|'''' 
 
 f. «' ,1' Fraiiel, coiMViiim.,] f„r ,'',,; 
 
 |ll.M.iceo lii'iitre, u.liil,-; evw ,.,| 
 
 f;m^.ii;-liL.i,,,is,,,.,,,.,..s.si,,',,, ■,.,,,•„ 
 
 fc,'ro,v.,,Hl„ji,t,3p,.|s„„sw,.,,,.|, ' ,," 
 
 IcJitmlirstsnrrest,.,!; , ,),|,|,, , ,' J ' 
 
 t«,,A,oii,.ri.j,,sa,tue'tii,.i ,;.,;;?,',:..,, 
 
 |lN'l5aiiarclii.stss,.|,tence,lto,|,'ati . ,, 
 
 |i:o; Ms,.aton,.e,l to impri.suniM,. I't ^ 
 
 F l,,l„,..,„„n.nce,I to life !,„,,,( /ea, 
 
 [BARDESANISTS. folbnvers ,'f 
 
 •' ■ r;:miia wh,. en.brace.i the err 
 
 'V,^tTrefuting them, and nd.Ied 
 
 «4iun,rcsun-eetion,itc., about,; 
 
I'AIUIKHN. 
 
 f 
 
 • 111 till' iih ciritiiiy, 
 '■"""■.V it.c. Ill l-Jmhiriil, 
 
 ilAlfUKKN livni in (in., 
 
 ■'til I KmIjic 111 tlir j|-,| 
 
 fill 111! ih , tlir liii.iii..^": ..(■ . 
 
 '!"■ I'^'i*' r' . . . . w i I ""■'*'"" ","" '"""-I '" 
 
 I , I" ,"''""'"*>' "">■ •liiiviiin "I- hailiiiv In,?' 
 
 (I'M. vm., -40 ''""'> '''"'"'"f '■' t.Tth." 32 
 ll.VHJIl'DA, 11 Hiimll Writ ii,,i, , I.I , I 
 
 uidlTirnks, mill, witli tin. i,i-,,vi "'."";•, -"'"iN ' 
 lli= <a|iit„l, w„H MK, ..,,',' ;'' «''i'''i It is 
 
 'i'«'t A....'«^.,, li,,; ';;■''';''''':!'/ '•""■"fy 
 n.,4,tiu.i,Ht,f;u„Mi,., r ;^' ^>;' ■ ^V"«;'"' 
 
 , .iilHrnl iimrli l.y „,„. T "Ji >•, ^ " ''I'v Im.H 
 
 i.hiia'..n,Mi,n:.,M;''v' ii';rii;''i ''r'l^r 
 
 oity was tak..M l,v tliiM.iil',;,"'''' ■''''' •'"■ 
 
 it«a,b,„iii,„,,i..;i all,: ,"."■;;:;;'' '"';,"''• 
 
 NaH..n in .«<,«. ,;:i,i",.,',;,:t, ; ";;;, i"^^; ,!'> 
 
 .S^:Ila,v,i,,la,nl,:i;j^.,,i^'■^l;;, /'.?''•-"'. I 
 
 lAniiitmiatiniiiil cxlilbltlni, ,,,„, ] o ,„ ., , ,. „ ! 
 
 ' ifSifllii, ill (lie nam,. „f n, • ii,,k '■''''" '''''''■'' 
 
 MliiT nival i»T.s„i„i,.,.s .'.m'/'h, ■■•''''''',''''«'' "'"'■ 
 fffliiiiil,..! naval ..xl,ll,iti„„ iViiivs ,,','i',";''^ 'm' '"'' ""• 
 
 ^ toiauce, .o lor.soiis » ',■« ki ,i'. i ,'"'"'*-' "'" I"■'•• 
 
 >w,ils, \,.., ,v -,..1 w ''"7/!/'^' '''''"■"'■■'tt.liil,, I 
 !« si„i,i,.|.:„.,„,f;^',';';;.;',^,(l'-;f t), an,l .n-o.' ■ 
 
 M* a- Fmii,-h,.„i„'|,.„, ,, If" r '')■■' ■'"•'■' '^'^*- 
 Nv .1 idiKi.Mis pnKTs,si,;,i a „,,•„'' •);'*■■ ■^94- 
 
 la) 
 
 HAUL 
 
 i'v'i^m,Vran,V;v"';h;;i';" 'I ""•""'?:'■'' "" " ^"^'» 
 
 """"IK' til,. , , . M , • '"■'"•'""« «" S'tn.U, 
 
 "-« Ti.;"r; ;i i"^^"'.".',""'-' ^'^-1.1 ,,,, ,:„',i 
 
 '•'•Viv,.,l ly tl.« T, fi' "'"• '"^"""i"" «.H 
 
 i';i-t,.,i,if„. (,,!., ''.•i,n:,T;r'i''''C' '""' ""•"• 
 
 t,..l,li„,| „ \/,,,u?^,; .,'•; I ':, "">■"' >-»""ii'il i-;iH- 
 
 ! •'"'•""'■von, ,, s.. t isso-" \ 11 ;,''",',"'„ -^V*^' I'^'^-i! 
 Auif i,S,S-' \t-, Ji \:. •'""'" """> I-'mioii.g 
 
 I. s.' . .',i',". *S -.Sl'T'', '" ■*!'■ "i" • "'.'1. 
 
 '«'/.; .vAv,,o -2 (/ \ '^ '«„b:.i|i"';iu.!no,29 Ju,,.., 
 
 f.M-...,'.l til.. Anii',,-^, ;■/■/';''''''■'■■'• Kvan IJavi,.-, 
 *'li"lai- a.r,„| w , , ' ' ' ' ,V ■'''■"' "'1 '''iiiiieut Wrl-h 
 
 i -n;\^S!;?T,J^;';?., PARLIAMENT. Cro.n- 
 '22 |H.rson« 8u, „i , ;. 'f"'f '""'". summoned 
 
 ■^I'ii-it, pr,,p,,s ,/',,."';''■'''' ".'"<•'' «<■"-.• iiiid 
 
 smWenlv (iiss„lv ,l ,^ I, "' l""''"i''"'iit was 
 
 j .n«.iol„^r,i;mSt'::i: '^ '"''^' "'53. "..J Cronnvell 
 
 rrc-nch navy was , ostV^ ,,' 1^, ^''"'-1'!. '-J-*^'' ^'^"-" 
 
 .a,„i..an..ien,ane^tl:i^^,,;r;;riIrH^,^5 
 
 >,w 
 
 
 i 4 5C; 
 
 ■^ 
 
 '0 
 
 '*. 
 
 I • , .-3' 
 
 
 
 yr^ 
 
 IP^f 
 
 ©''): 
 
 ^>| 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■USr- 
 
 
 
BAEIXG ISLAND. 
 
 106 
 
 BAEOX. 
 
 nt\ 
 
 III'. 
 
 century it becnme siilijcet to the ciistcni I'lnpirfc, 
 and romiiincil so till it wits taken U Itobi'it L-ii's- 
 card, tlie Norniiin.i'l.uut !()(.o. A -r.cat .■(clcsiastirai 
 council was held heic .m I O.t. 10,8, wli.n he 
 filionite p.rticle of the mr.l and the iiniue^>um ol tne 
 Holy Spirit were the sulijei ts of disiiission. Con- 
 flicts between the nwlitMry ami i.cini.iiee with 
 bloodslied, 9 Jan. 1894 ; and lt<i)S. 
 
 BARING ISLAND, Arctic Sea, <ii^;'ovored 
 bv captain I'cnny in l«50-[, and ^0 nanud b h m 
 after sir Francis Baring, tirst bird ol the ad.iinalt\ 
 in 1849. 
 
 BARIUM (Greek, lmn/.i. lieavy), a metal found 
 abundantly as .arbonate and siilpliate |.'"' "^.'"'; 
 baryta was first recognised as an eartli diMuut lion 
 lime by Schcele, in 1774; ""';■ H'^ "'"'".l"//'," 
 obtained by Humphry Davy, in 180S, // «»*■ 
 
 BARK, see Jesuits' Bark. 
 
 BARLAAMITES, followers of J^^";'"^";' " 
 learned Cabibrian monk of the order ot »«■ ^''"'j 
 who maintained various peculiar tenets, attacKcu 
 the Greek monks, supported the Latin against the 
 Greek church in a controversy at Constantinople, 
 I«7, and acted as the emperor's envov in iin attempt 
 to reconcile the churches in 1339- "i- died about 
 
 '348- 
 
 BARMECIDES, n powerful Persian famih-, 
 celebrated for virtue and courage, w;ere^massacreQ 
 through the jealousy of tlie ealiph Haroun-al- 
 BaBchid, about 802. His visir Giatar was a Bar- 
 mecide. The plirase Biirmccide (or imaginar)) 
 feast originated in the story of the barber s sixth 
 brother, in the Arabian Nights' Entertainments. 
 
 BARNABITES, an order of monks, established 
 in Milan about lyo, were much engaged in in- 
 Btrueting youth, relieving the sick and aged, anu 
 converting heretics. 
 
 BARNARD'S, SmJoiix, Act (7 Geo. II., 
 c. 8), entitled, "an act to prevent tlie iniamous 
 rractice of stock-jobbing," was ii.assed in 1734- »"" 
 repealed in i860. Sir John Barnard ()iurn i(>8S, 
 died 1764) was an eminent lord mayor ot Lon^lon. 
 Bai-nard hcrdfjc case, bce Trials, 30 May, 1^92- 
 
 BARNARDO HOMES.. Dr. T. J. Bamardo, 
 of German extraction, born in Ireland, came to 
 London, and in l8f* began energi'tually to pro- 
 mote the welfare of homeless children. 
 His homo for hoys at Htc|.ney, founded 1570, was fol- 
 lowed by one lor -iris, nl Harkingside, hssex, with 
 inllnnc.ry, scliools, \c. ; all were reported siicccs.slnl 
 
 A"mhk-^ Cii'tk at Uawklinr.st, Kent, fcr 100 infants, 
 opened 9 Aug. 1886. . , 
 
 His disinteiesteilness and inaii.apcnieut Iiavnig t'cen ini- 
 inigncil, lie-.w up tiie nianagenieiit t.. "■n>tv;;s, am 
 invited investigiitinu. Tlie nrbiteis il;in..n Miller anil 
 Messrs. ,1. li. Maide and Win. Uialiani) in tlreir leiiort, 
 after eomnuMilini,' on ilie imperteet evnleiiee, com- 
 mended tlie eliMiilies, and generally exoneratea Ur. 
 Bariiardo, 15 Oct. 1877. , 
 
 See Coffee Vuhice.i ami Kiist End Jiinmh- .Wi.v-eii. 
 
 Several legal decisions, re^iiiiriug Dr. ll.;vn;ii.lo to pro- 
 duce eliildivn who liad lieeii committed to lus eliargc, 
 were iironouneed, 1S89-91. _, 
 
 Dr. linrnardo's ajipeal resp-cting a boy named (nissage 
 to the house of lords was dismissed, 30 .Inly, tHgi ; 
 again, 25 ,7uly, 1892. The boy was not fonnd. May, 
 
 Occupants of tlie homes at Stepney, 3,725 '•">■» "'"' «'■''''• 
 
 Jan. 1891. . .,, ^ , ,, . , 
 
 Xwenty-piglitli annua! uieetiuL' at the Albert nail, lord 
 
 Urassey in the chair, 2^ June, 1S94. 
 Jubilee testimonial 3,^17!. la'. 4''- t" d'- Bamardo a 
 
 Exeter-li.all by 1,100 snbscriliers, presented by lord 
 
 Kiiinalrd ; 26 Nov. 1895. 
 
 Continued success , u.ii.s cliildirii dealt with in 1897: 
 r,.4i2 eliildreii admitted 10 llie homes up to 31 Dn-. 
 1^97. 
 
 BVRNET, Hertfordshire, ll-rc, at filadsMn-.. 
 heath, Kdward IV. gained a dei isive victory m, , 
 tlie Lancastrians, on Kaster-dav, 14 April, l^ : 
 when the earl of Warwick and his I'rother the mai- 
 (luis of Montacute, or Montague, •.ere killed. A 
 erdunin commemorative of this 1. ttlo lias lieci, 
 erected at the meeting of the St. Alban's ami 
 Hatfield roads. 
 
 BARNUM'S SHOW. Tlio great show .., 
 Messrs. r. T. Baniuiu and Mr. J. A. Bailey, een- 
 veved from Brooklyn, New York, arrived at Olyiniiiu 
 I N'ov., opened 11 Nov. 1889, dosed Feb. i8>jo; 
 re-visited England 1898. 
 
 Tlie show iuclndeil a It.aimn liiiipodroinc .and a trii',.. 
 Vnieiii'an eiiciis, a museum ol living Iiuinan enrio.sili, s 
 termed "I'reaks of nature," a double menagerie, J^lnll.li^ 
 sl<eIeton and stnlfed skin, perfonniug nieii and aniiiiaU 
 of iiianv kinds (17 eleplmnts); Imie Kivalfy's gtan.l 
 s'leetaeie, " Xero; or, the destnietion 'icmie" (i,;r,, 
 Koniiin eli.aracters, wild beasts, &c.). A great iijai,\ 
 siiunltaiieous iiei-formaiices. 
 The establislimeiit included about 1,200 people ,anil f_-^ 
 
 Visited by the prince of Wales and family, 20 .N"rv. 
 
 George iStcvens, an attendant, accidentally killed liy ai, 
 
 elephant, 3 Dec. 1889. 
 The show closed 15 Keli. ; Ifr. Barnum reiiortod liis 
 success, and thanked the British jiublie, 17 Feb. iS«. 
 iriiineas T. liarnnm, l)orii at lielhol, Conneetieiit, 
 U K.A., 5 Julv. 1810, died at lindgepoit, 7 Ajiril, 189,, 
 Besides verv' ditfereiit oecupations, he speei.-illy ,|, 
 voted himself to catering for the aniusement of t!..' 
 people, bv setting up museums, shows and ntlur 
 entertidumeuts ; in 1842, lie brought out Cliarlts .• 
 Stratton, generally termed Tom Tliiiuib(see Iiimf/,), | 
 and in 1846 he engaged the celebrated vocalist, ,Ieiiiiy 
 Lind, afterwards .Mile. tJoldschiuidt. In 1887, liis 
 great inenagi.'rie was destroyed by lire, but was S|ieu(lil) 
 renovated. His life, liy himselr, published i883, ami 
 other works sinee.l 
 
 BARODA. See India, 1874— S, 1892, 1896. 
 
 BAROMETERS. Torrieelli, a Florctitiiic, 
 
 knowing that water did not rise in a pumj) tliniii;!, | 
 
 what was supposed to be nature's abliorrence el ; 
 
 vacuum, imitated the action of a pump with nur-L 
 
 curv, and made the first barometer, about 1643,1 
 
 Pascal's experiments (1646) enhanced the vnhv ill 
 
 tlie discovery by apiilying it to the nicasuremratit| 
 
 tieights. Wlie('i barometers were contriveil in lUi; 
 
 peiuient barmneters in ifiOj; marine in I7(X); aiiiij 
 
 many improvements have been made since. In tlitl 
 
 aiier'nid liarmiuter (from a, no, and ncnts, watery; [ 
 
 no liciuid is emidoyed; the atmosplierie pressiircl 
 
 being exerted on a" metallic spring. Its inveiilionl 
 
 (uttribiitedtoConte.inl798,biitduetnVidi,who(liriir 
 
 in April, iSW)), excited much attention in l848.(|.l 
 
 Barometers were phieed at N.K. coast statimi.M!)' 
 
 l8t)0, by the duke of Northunilierland ami olher.v 
 
 Mr. .laiaesli. Jordan's very delicate glyeerine baruiiuii: 
 
 in wliiili one iiieli is expanded to nearly eleven im Li-J 
 
 was ileserilied In tlie Hoyal Soeiely 22 ,lan., 1880, ai.l" 
 
 was .set lip during llie year at Kew and otlier vlw 
 
 Tlie )iulilieatioii of two-liourly variations uf out 
 
 the nltiee lie^;llll ill the Tiiili'X 25 Oct. 1800. 
 
 A new very delicate baromoter, invented liy Mr. C 1 
 Hartriim' and made liy .Mr. J. J. Ilicks, uf Iliilk; 
 Garden, I."i,don, aniionneed Aug. 1S94. 
 
 BARON, formeriy the only title in our pcoratfj 
 now'tlie low'cst. Its original nan.e in hn-liiiiJ] 
 Vdvasaar, was cdiaiiged by tlie Saxons into r/.nj 
 
 n,i.-l by the X.irmans 'n\b^ Baron. Tl iranni J 
 
 the reiiliii was composed of tlie greater baron*, thi 
 lesser barons were merely tenants of the ir(i«Ti| 
 Many barons had undoubtedly assisted in, or ba 
 
 ^ARONET 
 
 summoned to pariianientriT^o 
 
 HI, 2[>5. liie first rai.sed to th 
 was John do Bcauchamp, ereaf 
 minster, by Rich.ard li 's- 
 anns against king J„hn and com 
 1I.C great charter'ofou,.'lib,,.n 
 I our forests, at Rnnnymede, ne 
 I 2b- Cliarles II. granted a co 
 I tis restoration, i6rx). 
 
 , BARONETS, the first in r,T 
 
 :>y, and tho only knighthood , 
 :-^"'>nstituted by James I." 6 
 .n Lister seems to have givJn ,• 
 kvlng been requiredof.abaron, 
 to pay into the exehequer as in , 
 
 Uin. "thirty soldiers\hr,.e 3" 
 av in the province of Ulster in 
 further required that a baronet si 
 iB^n born and hayo „ ek • es 
 
 I annum. Ih„ fjr.st baronet was s 
 whose .successor is therefore styled 
 
 \h>;.n A„!,l,a^, 22 May, ,6n 
 Ireland were created in i6m- tl 
 Fr,incisIilundell._J)a,.onets^ofI^ 
 
 ny^^S' «!■• R"l'ert Gordon 
 -.Ul baronets created since the Iri 
 jreofthc United Kingdom. Bet 
 
 ljfcofEngland,"5yols.4to,,8oi 
 I formed, 26 Jan., first annual nieetir 
 
 BARONS' WAR, arose in CO 
 Jiithlessnes8 0fHenryIII.,andthc° 
 Ijv„untcsini2s8 Tlie barons, hea 
 lllon fort, enrlofLeieester, and Gil, 
 I of Gloucester, met at Oxford in r - 
 
 Ijtatutes to which the king Ob ectef 
 l&piites were in vain referi^ed to 
 
 I ^r}^-^- ^.™"''«' ■^Vi"' broke out 
 li: 4, he king's party was totally (Q 
 Iri De Montfort became the Vbt 
 |b»|<lo,n. The war was renewed a 
 
 lLve8ham,4 Aug. 126s, DeMoni 
 lit the barons were def ..,t..,i . Y 
 
 |-;*rtl,eir final subnitLm/^^ 
 
 |f lis war was published by Jlr i 
 ■1111844; 2nded., 1871, ' 
 
 BAEOSSA, see Barrosa. 
 
 jB.iRRACKS(from"i?„,„,,„,_ 
 MkHMatscn camjmgne p.,ur sc mtt> 
 lere not numerous ii/this co f 
 p). .A soperintendent-general v., 
 I?!, since when eonimoifious barr',; 
 Ikf in the vario„,s g„rHs„n town 
 pints of the emp re —A r.-nnlt 
 
 |liif.i8sed, 23J„iy, ,8,jo. ' ' 
 
 B.1RRAGE. Sec under A7/,. 
 
 |BARRATRY,isageneraltermfort 
 K< ml jiuarrel., among the neopl 
 Nolhcioiis.nterineddlingi,,, ';,,, 
 
 Niiigoither party with money o 
 Uishnble by n{,! .,t,t,.( .,";,>'' >:" 
 
 teTl'''''».-"!'i'»Pnsomi;m:''c 
 > legal b rgain with either plain iff, 
 
 iarotn (he profits of the niVtIer in; 
 
minster, by Kiel,,,,-,] iT 4- ' t ''"", "^ K""'''''-- 
 OTiisngainstkinL'.Tolin .','n, r '' ,V'i' '""'""9 took 
 
 the groat elianJrVf 'l b,t r»'''"i' .^""' •"e™"' 
 our forests, at U»nr,„ ., ?' ""^ '>'; ''''"'•''■r of 
 
 ■sets KdiS'V^} '«'■•£ I 
 
 . having been req.aro offl. " ^ n" k'''''''''^'!' i' 
 to pay into tlic o\dicn i ■ ■ . ,' "" '"^ "-cation, 
 
 Uin -"thirty snV'l4s^h ,'%""''''' ? T»>'W main^ 
 davin the proviiu'eofl-M^ ^- '"t "/ "Shtpmce a I 
 f-thor requ'ired"hat a ban .t";ht' rV'-" '' "^ ' 
 man bom, and liave a "l r nj , ''^ ^^ " S*^""*-'- 
 annum. The first baronet wa, si'. N''^, ',°°°^- P"' 
 (whose successor is the,vfir. slvl .r7.-"-'^''''i' ^"'•''n 
 
 fon..ed, 26 Jan., fir^st annullfCtl;!; aity!"^^' 
 
 ;llcS!f E?iini",r"^«'l"™.« of the 
 I favourites in I2s8 tL 1, Vro ? I W^^^^^n of his 
 
 llontfort, earl of Leie st<^ and Gilb''':' ^n^'™"" ^e 
 1 of Gloucester, met at Ovf„v?i • '7*''"' ^Inre, earl 
 I statutes to which the k 1 Ob f ?^^ ""*' "'^^t"' 
 l&putcs were in vai„ Sd JlM^",''^'^ '^'''' 
 IkusIX.ofFrance "varbVnlf \ "'^ 'i'^cision of j 
 1 1:64, the king's par V vaj tot^.lfv 7, ^ "f ,°" \^ •^'">-' 
 lad De Jlontfort became th'vi, 1 ''''f'^''"'^'^; 
 Italom. The war was renew,, '"■' "'"H''" "^ ""e I 
 Iff Evesham, 4 Aug 26c 1)1 m' "."/ "' ""^' ^""le ' 
 J.»d the barons w!^:o'S,f^.!/^'T'f"'l «"« sl«i„, ; 
 |.ndor their final ^r^l^^^^'^y^^ ;-ol ' 
 
 |f this war was published by Mr w 'w ^,^'''"'J- 
 linlS44; 2nd ed., i8;i. -**• ^'"auw, 
 
 1 BAEOSSA, see 'jiurrosa. 
 
 •'^hii 
 
 Mr. "radlaiiKli'snctiniinL-aiiist V,. v "T ' 
 
 ten.incc i,, t],, case f r" • ,. v ,: ^''"''W'to f"r main. 
 
 BAEREL-ORGAXS, see Or,l, 
 
 '^r^^^h^^z:'' (r-"!^-" -f '-- -d 
 
 be League in F ance i r'-K^H"" "'^^™••*' '^ 
 barncmhs bv means nfVli,^' ,f'"-',!"'"l'l'> "::i.;.! 
 
 of the iM-onde, a b , ' u lo v 'J''- V"/ ••"« ""■ ^^"' 
 27 Aug. If,, 8.' Jiarr ,;""•'' '"'•<''• "'"i Paris on 
 vbiclJs, &!•., were er I ^,, ri"'--' "^ "\'-'-""-"ed 
 ,.!.';" "' "''ris in theinsur 
 
 -hen_sangui^>^.^;!i^i,i;«3'^-c> 2^-26 J,,ne, .848, 
 
 ;^J^^-ngua-^^-3.^d2^^..^^^^^^^ 
 
 E.SltK^hJ§^f^J,IEp- The fir..t, between 
 Hi'Sue, 29 Oct. i-oo for Z', '"■■'' "-"'''' «' f^e 
 '712; another treaty wL I i'?';P''"' ""nuHed 
 
 were eedil to h eemne.^r n'''','''%V^^' ^''"'"ri^-* 
 by the British, ImiriaT ^nd nVl' "•"? «iS"'^d 
 15 Nov. 1715. ' ^"'i"-"a'. and Butch muiisters, 
 
 earlier ment on of pr„fcl;'ion^^^^ '-'^i, but there is 
 various ranks askln^W "I"'""'**'''- Jbeyareof 
 
 certain number of "- m ' nt M, ''' ^'"' !""'t keep a 
 viously to being ea Lrn^, /'^ VJ"' "*^ ™"''^ Pre- 
 .«S3 ./.ust pass'f. 5,1 • .:^;;|„|;[„;|- -*=-lation^s of 
 
 Court, i,icr-,.,l into tli . ,r,„ . ','■'"'""' '» tlie Inns of 
 of the bar m Li!! ', , ! ^ ' ! l'?.''!;''' ', ^' " "'^ting 
 council, a compronu'.sc wi,. ;.'?'''■',' by (be general 
 Court agreed t.. ijiveini,?,,,'" V "*■'';'■■, '^'"' '""» of 
 to the bar, ,9 Jun*:', g," """"'" coutrilnition of 600I. 
 
 ■terer.ot numerous in Of. „ . " ™"'''''-' ") 
 l;% AsuperiJuende^t-g™,'""^';? ""''' =''?o"t 
 lra,sin,c when eonin olio . ,"'T"""'''' '" 
 
 m in the various ^,',! Y''''^' '""'^ ''^u, 
 atsoftheenpirJ'; V,° "t '""'"' ""'' '•'""■»' 
 ten of n>nnv L rracks ? .s '.u"'"''"","*^' "'^ ™"- 
 
 "rdslonl) rrerbert; see ' ^^^1 ' ^1^'% ^f ^''■- 
 'ff's scheme for ncrc'l^sn .n i-' ^^'- ^- '^'an- 
 ■ncks, camiis \- t! "'', ""I"'ov.'ment of 
 
 ■tra8sed,2.sJuIy, 1890. ' ' ""• J*""-acks . 
 
 B.\RRAGE. "see under ,Vrt, ! 
 
 IMRRATI{Y,isageneraltermfnt.(i, .• • 
 f ;*an quarrel.s luuor.g tl e - eoSe " ^^'."T">S"P 
 Im ofliciuus interuiediHin" i,' .:' ,' " -''"""'■'"««• 
 feting either nar • f ''""''''''' or suit ; by 
 
 Lishablel,r^f!!::^,»-'^;^-othc.nWse.'rt 
 
 f^"eituh?profit^^;ii:-i'; -J;^.d.nt 
 
 BARROSA, or B A lio'?'? 1 f"? o • V ,„, 
 British army, comniaiub.^ h'. (^•. ^I'"'" • The 
 Thomas Grafiam.Xnva 1 T ,"t'''J'"'-,«'?«™' "r 
 defeated the French undo mivi ^^Jl^'o^'', totally 
 1811, the French k^ivinl^'l"' ^ '''"'•' S March', 
 
 I piecJs of cannon and a?,^^';""'-:, ^"^ ''^'"i. "x 
 British had t" ken t e ?oss of' t*;; '\! v-''^ '^'' '^e 
 
 : men kille.l and wounded """''' '™''' "69 
 
 by'^?i^K,^i^^^^,^-''yS-). discovered 
 
 -honour of johiiij;...j^;;^-£:-:;t,»r:^]:),^in. 
 
 I«J?:'i^^?K;^P^ESS (Lancashire), "i^ 
 ^#h,in .H6 'fe,^ ' '^P^- ;/;o„ of aboutl3^ 
 
 •874 to 35,cx^, i„ consen 'e hc'i;r'''"'^ '" 
 lacture of iron from the ,, , n, .■ ^'l""'^ "'anu- 
 ^■' 19 Sept. 186- ,iw\ ['"-'"''''■''') *^''"''<1 there. 
 
 presence the d/k. so IJ. 7-''^ "P"' ^ '" the 
 (proprietors of'" he tX T '"'r 1 "',' ^"'"""^^ 
 othcn. Barrow WIS I. o-^' '^''' . *?bidstone, and 
 i^T. Si,. jZs ., ; ' " ""'""ipal borough in 
 of the pros,! u'o/'' ';;"'»» ^■■" "ent promoter 
 
 •^^?ffiK^^SCX.Arc,ieSea),e.- 
 
 "• 7f 20'X., and loi,g ,'5'' -^^■'\'! " '«"".J. 
 namej after si,- j.,,,„^ ^^Jj^ .• /,;;^ strait, 
 
 ^e^"jy wj:;:^.,:!^ "—'- ^ si-ti;^ 
 
 c, 
 
 i Mf 
 
 ^ 'I 
 
 £4^ '':^^%'^' nil 
 
 ^^/•^' 
 
 'J! 
 
 >»> i 
 
 5«fi • 
 
 .*iMi? w 
 
 BARROWLSTS, 
 
 lirou-niKls^ ulik'h see. 
 
 a name given to the 
 
BAEROWS. 
 
 108 
 
 "iASSExiillE^OADS. 
 
 J' i 
 
 :i02 
 -'3 
 
 1546 
 1609-43 
 . 1662 
 
 ■ 1729 
 IS43 
 
 IS78 
 1879 
 
 ■RARllOWS, circular or obloii- mouiuls, fouiia 
 
 nlrStoneIu.,sc to he opened; iut,-.om«..c^^ 
 Celtic, onmincnts, Midi as hiKuU, ^)uck Is, aim 
 broodios, in anil.cr, wo.,,, aiul pld J« • »o°- 
 230 barnnv. wen' opened and ^li^',"";; f " , ^^^' 
 cfiictiv in Yorkshire, l8(.0 .f s.p under '-^^ ™ P^ 
 intenQonce of tlie rov. eai.on W n. i^J":"' , ;'• ^j'.'! 
 published his elaborate xvork, -British Bairovvs, 
 in December, 1877. 
 
 Barrows at Aldl.ouri.e, Xortl. Wilts, were ';l';™".'o ,'^' 
 canon Givenwell and rev. Walter Mone>, SH't. Utt. 
 
 Cn^a?nGrecnw.llgavo urns and "therresuUs oHns ex- 
 plorations to tlie Uiitisli imisenia in .379- '1'- 
 still cn:.'a-ed in liis ivseaiclics, Wt. i-V). 
 
 BARS i.i music appear in^^tv'''' l-rlctol 
 Instrumeiitalis," 1529; i'"*'."' ^\f2.r a ve s 'd 
 Music," 1597, for score music. llcnr> L.i«ts umU 
 them in las '• Avres and Dialo-ui'S, 1O53. 
 
 BARTHOLOMEAV, ST., the ArosTi.E 
 martyred 71. The festival (;24 Aus- '..■,., 3 >=^Vi- 
 N.s.) is said to have been instituted 1 130. 
 Monmteni of St. Barthol.ancw (nf Austin Friars) 
 
 fouudo.ll>y lialiorc, a minstrel i.f Hem j 1. ■ 
 
 The ;ios))i/.(( f.puii.ied l.y linn . ., • .-'^''"Jf 
 Kefoun.led after tlic dis.nlntion '" ""'"f'f ,''.('' 
 
 then i-ntained too beds, wit 1 i pliysieiau and 3 
 
 .surL'eons). l^44 ; inenriioratcd . . 
 Wmlmnllarves physiologist, pliysician here 
 
 Earhest recoril ot niedieal sehcol 
 
 Hcspital rebuilt liy suliseriptiou 
 
 Medical college founded . ■. ,•,„„„■,,„, ^., 
 
 5803 in-patients; 160,520 (.ut-patient:, tieatcl, 6^3 
 
 New 'buildings for 'MidimI sk^ul, nmseuni, .^c., 
 opened bv the prince ot W ales . . 3 -^ >■ 
 
 The Convalescent Ibaiie at fewanley, I^cnt, 1 r 
 which C'.T. Kettlewell gave io,ooo(., was opened 
 by the prince.. f Wales . •..;, ,,' 3 "".,'• '^^5 
 
 B«/(/eA.mo,c the than. St., near iSmithneld. Hie 
 bnildingofthe cliur.l, sai.l to have l'c«"" •■°^. 
 restored liy subscription and rcnp-ned 29 M.iic 1, 
 ,863- a-ain, 14 Mairli, 1891 ; further restored; 
 re-op'enwl by the ahp. of Canterbury. 5 Ju'";. 
 ,893 ; the Lady Cliiipd re-cipened . .8 Ma>, .S97 
 
 Bartlfal.mew fair. The '•'""■'^,'- ;™-„ Sli't el 1 
 Uenrv I., 1133, and was long held 111 »i uthnLlo, 
 Khichm thf sleiws were .liseontiuued 111 .850, 
 and tlaVaii was proelaiiiied for the last tune m 
 j8ss In 1858 Mr. H. .Morlev published '.le. His- 
 tory of Bartholomew fair," with many illustra- 
 
 The"jUss.\cRF. OF St. n.\RTiioi.oMi:w coinmenecd 
 at Paris on the night of the festival . 24 -^fr 
 
 According to Sully, 70,000 Hugnei...ts, 01 11.1 
 Protestants, ineliidiiig women and cliddren,.>tre 
 
 murdered thronghont t he kiiig<lom by seiu-et oi. hi s 
 from Ch.irles IX., at the instigation o his mother, 
 the iineeii dowager, Catherine de .Vedicis. 
 La PopelionOre c*ul.ites the viitims at 20,000 , 
 Vilriani, He Serres, and De Thou say 30,000: 
 Uavila states them at 40,000 : and Peivlixe makes 
 the number 100,000. Above 500 persons ol laiiK, 
 anil 10,000 of inferior e(Uelitioii, perished 111 1 aris 
 alone, besides those slaughtered in the proyince.s. 
 Pope Cregory XIIl. ordered a Te Ikiim to be per- 
 fonaeil. with' other rejuieings. 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW, ST., a West Indian 
 island, held bv Sweden. It was cdonised by the 
 French in 1(48; and haa been several tunes taken 
 and restored bvthe Hritish. It was ceded to Sweden 
 bv France in ■17HS ; captured by tlie hiiglisb ond 
 restored, 1801 : ceiled to France, 1S77. 
 
 BARTHOLOMITES, a religious order ex- 
 pelled from .\rnicuia, settled ,it Gcno.i 1307, where 
 IS preserved in tlie liartholoiiiite idiiircli the imag.' 
 which Christ is said to have sent to kiiiy Abgarus. 
 The order suppressed by pope Innocent X. I(>50. 
 
 BARTON AQUEDUCT (near Manchester; 
 was constructed by James ISrind ey, to carry the 
 liriib-ewater canal over the Irwell, at a height of 
 39 feet above the river ; completed in 17O1. 
 
 BASEBALL, see Amcricun liambaU. 
 
 B VSEL (Basle, French Bale), a rich citv in 
 Swil'z. rlaiid. The I.Sth general e.uiiicil sat here 
 from Dee. 1431 to May, 1443- >l'"'y, inil'<"-tii"t 
 ri-forms in the church wore proposed, but not 
 carried into effect : among others the union of tli" 
 Greek and Uoman churches. The nmversih- uas 
 ' founded in I4f)0. Treaties of neace between Inmre, 
 ; Sliain, and Prussia were concluded here in 1795. It 
 was made a fr.;e imperial city 1392, but joined the 
 Swiss confederation 1501. Population, 1 888, fx),8(»). 
 
 B \SHI-BAZOUKS, irregular Turkish tronps 
 employed partially in the Crimean war, 1 854-6. 
 
 B \SIENTELLO (S. Naples). Here the army 
 of Otho II., in an ambuscade, was nearly cut to 
 pieces by the Greeks and Saracens 13 July, 9^2 ; 
 the erajieror barely escaped. 
 
 BASILIANS, an order of monks which ob- 
 tained its name from St. Basil (who died 380) ; w;is 
 reformed bv pope Gregory, in izfyr^.—Ksn-l, fouiul.il 
 by Basil, a' plivsiciaii of Bulgaria, which rejectej 
 the books of Jloses, the eucharist, and baptism. ;ina 
 are said to have had everything in eoninion, mo, 
 Basil was burnt alive in II 18. 
 
 ■ 57» 
 
 BASILICA, a body of law, in Greek in- 
 eluding the Institutes of Justinian, the lamlerts, 
 Sc, arranged by order of the emperor l!a>il the 
 Macedonian, and his son Leo the Philusnphir, 
 8-;-9l I. The tenn basilicii (palace) was ap;ilie4to 
 places of worship by the early Christian eir.perurs. 
 
 BASILIKON DORON (Koyal Gift), pro. 
 cepts on the art of government, coinpesed Iv 
 James I. of EnL'land for his son Henry, and first 
 published at Edinburgh in 1599. The eollechj 
 works of this monarch were pubhshcd at Lonilen, 
 1O16-20, in one vol. fol. 
 
 BVSQUE PROVINCES, N. W. Spain (Bis- 
 cav (iuipuscoa, and Alavii). The Basipies, cmi- 
 sid.'red to be descendants of the ancient Ilicri, wore 
 termed Vnscones bv the Kiunans, whom llieysuc- 
 ces.sfullv resisted. 'Thev were subdued witlipw.t 
 ditficultv bv the Goths aliout 580, and were uiiit.J 
 to Castile in the 13th and 14th eenturus, Tiuir 
 language is conjectured to be ot lartar origin. 
 
 BVSQUE ROADS (W. France), l-einttcn 
 French ships of the line, ruling at ancbnr luw, 
 were attacked bv lords Gambier and Codiriiie ttW 
 ' latter conimanifing the tireships), and all wore 
 • destroyed, II-29 April, 1809. Coidiraiie acnwii 
 Gambler of negbrting to sujiport hiui. At a court- 
 martial, 20 July— 4 Aug., lord Gamluer was iie- 
 ipiittcd. 
 
 B VSSANO (N- Italv). Here the .\uslri.ii;<, 
 undi'r Wiirniser, wc-re det'eated by the Fremli urnlir 
 ■ Mas-ena, 8 Sept. 1 796. 
 
 B-VSSEIN, Boinbav: a Mahratta town, hikfn 
 
 bv the British, 1774, "17^11; t-'tally annexed liv 
 
 tfnm. 1818. By treaty here, 31 Dec. iSo.'.tte; 
 
 engaged to support the peishwa s rights. 
 
 BASSETERRE-ROADS, St. Cliristeplur*, 
 
 \V (■■■;( Iiidiea. Here tlie French adnnrMl, tl;e ooii* 
 de (M-asse, was rejiulsed with loss in tlirec .li'sinriK 
 attacks on tlie Ilritish licet, coinmandcd by sit 
 Tliomas Graves, 25, 2O Jan. 1782. 
 
 ^BASSE 
 
 BASSETT, or Evs-SETi 
 
 a game at cards, said to hu' 
 nolile Venetian, in the i;th 
 into J ranee, 1674. 
 
 BASSOON, a wooden doi 
 ment, said to have been im 
 Miion of Ferraru, early in the 
 
 BASSORAH BrssoRA 
 Mmor), a lurkish eitv, fou 
 Oraar, about 635. It has beei 
 and retaken by the Persians ai 
 
 BASS ROCK, an isle in 
 (S. Scotland), was granted to 
 puivhased for a state prison, 
 Jacobites, 1690 ; surrendered, 
 Dalryniples, 1706. 
 
 BASS'S STRAIT, Aus' 
 surgeon ol tlie liduoicv, in an ' 
 Jackson, in 1796, penetrated 
 Port, and affirmed that a stri 
 Xpw South Wales and Van Die 
 tenant Flinders cireumnavi"i 
 Land, and named tiie strait afu 
 
 BASTARD. .^.m;M not bon 
 Au attempt in England, in li-if 
 tard children by the subsequei 
 iiarents, failed, The barons ast 
 liamcnt of ilertoii answered : Xo 
 mi(/(in'(" We will not have th( 
 changed"). Women concealin 
 birth deemed guilty of murder 
 In Scotland bastard children e 
 their movable estates by will 1 
 act, fncilitating the claims of mc 
 iereral provisions for proceeding 
 I was passed 1845. The Bastardy 
 Act was passed 10 Aug. 1872. S 
 
 , BASTARN.H, a warlike tril 
 IWdavia, hired bv Perseus, kin 
 I his wars with Kome, 168 h.c. ■ 
 I Hiiiube by M. Crassus for their'en 
 
 .BASTILLE, Paris, a castle 
 I \„ king ot France, in 1369, for th 
 I against the English ; completed ii 
 I wards u,sed as a state prison. I 
 I veteran army assailed it in vain 
 I Pans, during the war (1587—1;, 
 I with the iron mask," the most nr 
 known, died here, 19 Nov, 170J • sc 
 1 14-15 Jul.v, 1789, the Bastille w 
 ^by the populace ; the governor a 
 Jwcre conducted to the Place de Gr 
 ■anj heads were cut off, and the 
 Ifikfj through the streets, A cen 
 |bratcJ 14 July, 1889. 
 
 BASIITO LAND, near Oran 
 
 mn iiielud.iig the Transkei te 
 fesed to Cape Colony in 1871. Poi 
 pWes, 4(19; natives, 127,70'' • 1 
 ►atives, and 5^8 Europeans. He 
 
 Iwer, col, .sir M.J. Clarke, Jan. 1} 
 ^ikw, 1895. 
 
 loiroso a warlike ehiof, entrenches 1 
 mountain ,111,1 „.akes j.re.latory » 
 
 ;• lia.sut,)s order,.,! to give up (iipir s 
 
 Im,!;.;'.'"'! ","'."•''"'• »"'• others 
 I nder, atlii<.k,'d by Masiipha, Ler, 
 
 *Mmie,Jii]y;«.i,o„,aiew'aroa 
 
BASSETT. 
 
 109 
 
 m™M?i? to^', ■I'vo'T'^™ douWo-reod win.l instru- 
 ment, S.IIU to have bci-n iiivcntei by Afi-aiiin .. 
 canon of Ferrarn, early in the sixteenti cent™;'. 
 
 BASSORAH, BrssonAir, nrBvsit vii f\sin 
 
 or Jbout 6T''^'l/r-^' .'"'"^'^'^ bf the".Vli ph 
 um.ii, aoout 03, It has been several times taken 
 and retaken b.v the Persians and Turks. 
 
 i^h^^^..3P^^' '■'" ''''' '" ""^ Frith of Forth ' 
 
 Uite.iC9o;sur;e,K;;^;;g^;t^;iv 
 
 Mrymples, i;o6. -»-> > o'auini 10 xne 
 
 BASS'S STItAIT, Austkalta. Mr. Ba«, ' 
 surpon of the JMuow, i„ an oj.en boat fr,.n Port ' 
 Jackson, m 1790, penetrated L far as Wesfe •„ 
 Port, am aftnned that a strait e.xisted be vee" 
 >ew South Wales and V,a„ J)ie„,en's Land. I eu- 
 enant Hinders .■ireuninavi«ate,l Van Dien en^s 
 Land, and named tlie strait after Mr. Bass, 179^ 9 
 
 BASTARD. .^ .-i.ild not boni in lawful wedlock 
 f^'l^»lim^nEngHm\, in 1236, to legitin.ate bas^ 
 tarJ children by the subsequent niardage of he 
 mronts failed. The barons a.ssembled in the pa,-! 
 Iiamcnt of Merton answered : Xohwms leges AngL 
 ,Mto,( Me will not have the laws of En-Cd 
 changed' ). Women eoneealing their ehildren's 
 irth deemed guilty murder, 21 James I., 624 
 lu .Scotland bastard ehiklren could not dispose of 
 their movable estates by will until 1836. Anew 
 act,facaitating the claims of mothers, and making 
 several provisions for proceeding in bastardy eases 
 was passed 184^. The Bastardy Laws Ame idniliU 
 Act was passeJ 10 Aug. 1872. See liusxia, iSoi 
 
 BATH. 
 
 iS3i 
 
 '^c;;rH;:';;Ir'"""' '" "*'"'''' "■• Mafeten«,,ycoI. 
 
 "a's:^^!iS;^-'^--'''>->^^^ 
 
 LerotlHHlis vill,,.,. .t;,,,„„;i „„,f „, f,^,,^^' ^.^9 OH. „ 
 Moletsane'sstrongl,,,!,, .,u,nao,I l,y colonel darl'.':'- " 
 
 Ml- IF, u' :,'''■'''■ "''f- • "■'"' '-■"icf«it,.;i 
 
 IT, '1 I ; ,"i"''"ini ; aiuidunccl . ,,, \- „. 
 
 A;',ni";i!;.';f,;,;^^,:i"''-=""' ai,out,o,^; ',;;,: 
 Iw'i^S^'r'^'^"'^'''- ■ about^yici;; 
 
 ',,";;;::;clc;!rs;;;r''^"'''"-^^'i-«'-™a.i;.^ 
 
 Peace ivstoivd • 
 
 crown .,,,,^.,,,^,..;-;;:;;,:t^''^:'™''"'*j-,!' 
 
 Battles between Khetisa, Masnpba, and=i:^-,^ii;:^ 
 
 ^'s™/;^" '"'!" f-^^"'!''"'!, is .Tan. ; Mas,n*;; 
 
 I Feb. 
 
 1884 
 
 1S9? 
 
 BASTARN.E, n warlike tribe in Podolia and 
 
 ll.ldavi,., hired by Perseus, king of Macedon in 
 
 IS wars with Rome, m h c. ; driven across tie 
 
 ]'.nube by M. Crassus for their JncroaehmenTs, 30 
 
 B.iSTILLE, Paris, a castle built by Charles 
 
 .,k,n?ot tranee in 1369, for the defence of Paris 
 
 1 3?amst the English ; ..ompleted in 1383, and af w- 
 
 I wards u.scd as a state prison. Heirr/lV. and his 
 
 with the iro, mask, "th^e'fiist nfLo .s'JAsZ r 
 
 Ir ? ■' ,''*J' ',^® Bastille was pulled down 
 I .vtru. populace; the governor and other officers 
 l.cro conducted to the Placi de Greve ; their Tuids 
 fcu«'''''r';,'"' "ff-'ind the heads carried on 
 |K7jt,'!^^^^^^^ A centenary was e.i:° 
 
 BASUTO LAND, near Orange River South 
 fc; '"!■'•""'"-, *l'^' . Transkei territo v^ was an- 
 f wl to Cape Colony in 1871. Population in rX-r 
 htcs, 4(x,; natives, 127 707 : In Sm 218 xil 
 
 tSis ^^'"^''^'^- '8W: Godfrey Y. 
 
 ""■«>>, a warlike cliief, entrenches bimsclf nn « 
 I «." -.m and makes l^redatory 4/ ' Feb ^" 
 .Juri'n'; l,:thf ""'" '"'"''''" »■"' """^-^'f ^»M 
 
 I (.rcds . ' ^ • ''" '""'''' "''^ °^ ""■' colonist 
 
 uSejit. 1880 
 
 7/SS:'"'^ "■■" H.".vviak-Eetoiiuc. .» 
 
 BATH (Somerset), named "Aoure »«//,'• h„ 
 hore, 973. See i vS,!^ ' ^'^'''' ''"'' "°«'"'^'* 
 
 moted fame of the water'tn-fa^,!;'^!'',,,^;!", J.^T, 
 
 Feb. 1761 
 
 reign of William 
 
 Present assembly-rooms Imitt 
 
 Theatre IJeaufort-siiuare, oi.cned ' • • • 
 
 Uahphdosophicalsocietfi.rmed . ' " " ' 
 
 Ushec?'" '""^'■^' ""^ "^■''^"""'^ institution establ 
 
 S;e;rtt''^"''^"''>-P''"'^«^« Victoria '• ■ 
 
 Uestoratio„nftheah!v,ThyPi;G ri s.^tf^ ^l!-"'\ 
 
 British a.s.sociation met here wSent /sfi "'^nH «^^/' ""'• 
 Museum destroyed bv flv '••°'I"- '^^4 ; andsSept. ,888 
 
 "b™u.d'?l";,4lr''.-''^'y oentenaif^c'el"; "'' 
 
 1771 
 
 '797 
 1805 
 1S17 
 
 1825. 
 l8w 
 i8fo 
 
 \l 
 
 > ?f 
 
 n§ 
 
 !'('• 
 
 
 , ..^ 
 
 
 "^Nt.. ■ >-f: 
 
 
 . I, 
 
 i 
 
 I, s 
 
 1; 
 
 #: 
 
 
 
 • I 
 
 
 i?!^ 
 
 -#!■■■■ ijirl: 
 
BATH AND WEI.LS. 
 
 110 
 
 BATTEEIES. 
 
 
 Reinuins of Rnnmu l,atl:s 'li^'^';™},,,,,,- elc^'fc-" '"'' 
 The art iimsoum, contmniii),' inctmes, ej'- "" „ 
 
 Ml ch sullei-ins; tl.n.u^'h overrtow ", tlu= .^ u . .Nov. i»9+ 
 Death nlMrs. Uoxlmrgh, '-cnefartR.^s to tht city_^ ^^^^ 
 
 X.w ,.,.,M,,-ro..,„ .penca ...l U.c Victoria ■irtKalU.M-y 
 fouu.t.il by til.' auku of Ciiiiibrulge . . i3 Uct. i097 
 ■RATH WD WELLS, BiSHOPllIC OF. TJlB 
 
 «.?if \V^.lt^ wl.olM.uthe;iral .hur.h was but -v 
 
 Mmmmm 
 
 monks of Bath and the c.moiis ol ^\';'"V ,,Vr 
 
 se 
 annum 
 
 «8o2. 
 1S24. 
 1S45. 
 
 iS54- 
 
 IS61). 
 1894- 
 
 Lueu 111 t"'- "*"o . 
 
 i'reseut iucoine, sooo(. 
 Recent Bishops 
 Uioliar.1 Beaaoii, cUlmI . 
 Genrne Ili'iivy Law, ilieil . 
 Kieliai-'l liajint, die.l 
 
 21 Avril, 1824 
 22 Sei't. 1845 
 . 5 May, 1854 
 
 16;, 
 l6y; 
 
 '74; 
 lofo 
 
 1863 
 
 ;S.;n;b;mmAu,.ldau,l,resigiio,168eia 
 Loia irtbur rliarles Hervey. elected xo^_ov. 
 
 Geo??e Wvmlliam Keiiiiioi\, bi,: of Adelaiae, 
 olecled 4 Heiit. 1B94. 
 
 1869 
 
 1S94 
 
 T^ATH ADMINISTRATION. Mr. Polham 
 ..^^Si^feg te.taen;a their ..JgnaUont 
 
 ii;:^;HtXt;~^ lord ;{l^ri>.a..n/; lova 
 
 Odi^chJpn /seal; \orii\inc]nUoa, pst lord 
 ^oTaLM a,.d lord Gmuyi e one U 
 swrotaries of state, with the seals of the other in nis 
 Docke '' to be given to whom he might choose. 
 ir relham aud^is colleagues returned to power. 
 
 BATH, Order of the, said to ^^e of ead>- 
 
 .^i-ilrii, hut forinally constituted II Oct., 1399. ^V 
 H^rv IV two days previous to his coronation lu 
 the tower; wheii he conferred the order upon 
 fortv-six. 'squires, who had watched the night 
 Sre and liU After the coronation of Chai-e 
 II the order was neglected until 18 -M.u, 1,25 
 when it was revived by George I., who U.ved the 
 number of knights at 37. 
 
 The l.rinee re-ei.t (afterwards G^'K^ IV.) ;,™(ite. 
 ..lili<H.i .if kuiuhts uiaud crosses (72), kiii„'lits eoni 
 ma'to (.So), wit*!, au uulimited number n.^oa,.- 
 
 Bv ™'" mder, tl'iB eiistiu's^ statute's of 'this order 
 
 \e . aim. led; and by new statutes, t"" "'.'l'^^; 
 
 hitherto exclusively military, was ^'1'"^-'^^^] 
 
 Br 'I'yon Plavfair and oilier iu-onioters'of the'creat 
 Exliibitioirreceived this honour 
 
 L'oNHTin'TioN. MiUli'vy. CivU. 
 
 ij( Class. KiiiKlits grand cross, 50 =5 
 
 iniii'h'Sf. Kniglits eonimanaers, 100 5° 
 
 irii Class. CoiiiiKiniiins, S'S ^°° 
 
 ^ The order was further enlarged, June, .36.. 
 
 ■RATHOMETER (Greek, irt/Awi, deep), an 
 apSiniT.^ inTenttd by Dr. C..WiUia,n Siemens to 
 meastn" the d.pth of wutei- without submerging a 
 souiiding-liiie, 1861-76. „ . , 
 
 Us ueti.n .ici.en.is vu tltP din.iiiuUo.i of the effect of 
 L-rivitat . . the surface of the water as eonipare, 
 ^ It^'ellv.t on the earth owing tntlw. mass ow-a^e 
 (of less density) wliieh replaces earth ("I gie.itcr Ucn 
 -iity) ; which is duly registered. 
 
 1815 
 
 1847 
 1851 
 
 BATHS were early used in Asia and Greece, 
 and introduced by Agrippa into Kome, where many 
 were constructed' by Augustus and hia suci.'essora. 
 The thernue of the llonmns and .ryimusui tlie 
 Gieeks (of which baths formed merely an appenda-e) 
 were sumptuous. Tlie marble group ot Laoc'ooii 
 was found in 1506 in the baths of litus, erected 
 about 80, and the Fiiruese Hercules m tliose 01 
 Canicalla, erected 211. 
 In LoxnoN, St. Allies Le Clere, in Old-street-road, 
 
 was a spring of great aiitninity ; baths said to 
 
 have been formed in 1502. , , . 
 St. Clia,rs-well, Gray's-iiin-road, derives its name 
 
 from St. Chad, the liftli bishop ol l.icii led, 667 
 V bath openeil in liagiiio-court, now lialh-street, 
 " Xuwgate-stieet, London, is said to have been the 
 
 llrst b.ath in ICiiKlaiid for hot bathing 
 Old Uath-house, Culdbath-square, ill use . . 
 reorless (I'erib.us) V"ol, I!aldwiii-stieet Lity-road, 
 
 mentioned by Stow (died 1603); enclosed as a 
 
 b.ithing place ....... 
 
 7'iiri-i4*siw!(iii!;(":»i.'i became popular • . • • 
 The Oriental baths in Victoria-street, W estmmster, 
 
 coiiil'leted 
 
 PfbLIG BATHS AND WASH-llOfSES. 
 
 The nrst established by .Mr. Howie in the neighbour- 
 hood of the Loiuhin doclis . ... . ii» 
 
 The public baths and wash-houses 111 Liverpool 
 fdinded (through the instrumentality of Catheriiie 
 Wilkinson, who in 1832 began to lend her room 
 and appliances to poor peopbj for washing) . „ 
 
 \cts passed to encourage the estabhsliment ot public 
 liiths and wash-houses, " for the health, comtort, 
 and welfare of the inhabitants of poimlous towns 
 and districts," in Eiiglaml and Ireland . . . iS4£ 
 
 -^7 145 bathers availed themselves ot the baths m 
 'London, ami in this psriod there were 85,260 
 washers in the quarter ending ... feept. 185, 
 
 I'ublic baths and wash-houses have since been estab- 
 lished throughout the empire. ^ 
 
 Daths and Wask-hmses AH authorises establish- 
 ment of cheap swimming baths, .ice, 27 May, 1873, 
 
 amended, uij 
 See Laundnj. 
 
 BATHYBIUS H^CKELII (Greek, 4«(/,.,,, 
 deep i bios, life), the name given bylluxley to a suj. 
 posed low form of animal life, a gelatinous .u!>. 
 stance found on stones at tlie bottom of the sea, in 
 Ikep Sea Soundings {which see). Its e.\istiue..- 
 doubted by many naturalists, 1879. 
 
 BATON, a truncheon borne by generals in tte 
 French army, and afterwards by the marshals of 
 other niition's. lleiivy III. of France, before It 
 ascended the throne, was made generalissimo ol'tk 
 army of his brother Charles IX., and receivcillht 
 Imti'm as the mark of the high command, Ijij), 
 Henault. The baton used by conductors of ton- 
 certs is said to have been introduced into Englani 
 by Spohr, in 1820. 
 
 BATON ROUGE, Louisiana, rniteJ States, 
 was captured by the Federals, 5 Aug. 1862, aftcn | 
 fierce conflict; see United States, 1862. 
 
 BATOUM, or BaTUM, a seaport in Lazis'a 
 on the Black Soa. After having repulsed the Riis- 
 
 on iiie i>iiii-ii .j^>i. ..I..-. ■■■• — o --i , ,, 
 
 sians in the war, 4 May, 1877, the place was idejl 
 to Russia by the treaty of Berlin, 13 July, li:8, 
 to become a free commercial port. Tlie port wsi | 
 closed by Russia on and after 17 July, i.SSb. 
 
 The inhabitants at llrst resisted, but were liersiiidcl | 
 to submit ; many eiiiig-ating, July-Sei't. The Uussiiiii 
 entered, 6 Sept, .878. ., 1 
 
 Kouudation of a new cathedral laid by the car, ;*l. 
 
 .8i3. 
 
 BATTERIES alorg the coasts wcrecotistructei 
 by Her.rv VUl. (wh.) reifrneil !,=;«)-■(;)■ ''''^ ",' 
 Heating batt< rio.* with which Gibraltar w,is atWKtJ, 
 in tlie 8ie;;e o? that fortress, were mveiited i 
 U'Areon, a French engineer. They resisted IM [ 
 
 BATTERII 
 
 heavy shells and SJ-iiouiic 
 Jielded to rod. hot shot 
 (jibraltar. Formidable Hon 
 erected. See Xav;/, Electri, 
 
 BATTERING-RAxM, : 
 
 otlier military iniiilements 1 
 inverted by Artemon, a Lii 
 ployed by Pericles, about 441 
 
 Wrenemiilovedabattering-r 
 walls ol old St. Paul's eathed 
 
 BATTERSEA PARK; 
 
 passed m 1846, empowered 
 missioners of woods to form a r 
 tields. Acts to enlarge tlieii 
 in 1848, 1851, ii„a ifj.,. .f, 
 bridge connecting it with Ch 
 •luril, I8c8 ; the bridge f,o,, 
 , "'^' a},^ Kxhibition pa 
 June, 1885; closed 1888. 1 
 ILlVs by Act passed 25 June 
 SM bridge opened by tlie earl 
 iSgo. See ray/:s. 
 Batter sea Truiniiig College, 
 
 BATTLE, Trial dv, or 
 by combat tormerly allowed by 
 defendant in an appeal of nrnV 
 the appellant, and make proof 
 or innocence; mo Appeal. 
 
 BATTLE-ABBEY, Su: 
 
 ttilham I., 1067, on the plain 
 Eistings was fought, 14 Oct. u 
 ted to St. Martin, and given to 
 who were to pray for the souls 
 I original name of the plain w 
 Hastings. After the battle of 
 Ukcn of William's eliiefs, amo 
 called the '• Battel-koll ; " am 
 the lands and titles of the foilo\ 
 Harold were distributed. " X 
 .Ibbey," edited by the duchess 
 published, with notes, &e., in ij 
 
 I BATTLE-AXE, a weapon 
 I Irish were constantly armed wil 
 I At the battle of Baniiockburn 1 
 I clove an English elianipion dov 
 lone blow with a battle-a.xe, 13, 
 I guards, or beaufetiers, vulgarlv^ 
 ■and whose arms are a sword lin 
 ■raised by Henry VII. in 1485. Tli 
 ■attradants upon the king's buffi 
 \m Guard. 
 
 „ BATTLEFIELD, Battle 
 
 mmj, 
 
 BATTLES. PalamedesofAi 
 taidtohave been the first who rai 
 •■esnlar line of battle, placed sentii 
 »nd escited the soldier's vigihinee 
 Watchword, and to liave been treae 
 Pe Greeki before Troy. See Xavai 
 »lic following are the most me 
 pinged in chronological order; 1 
 Jhe greater part are given in si 
 I. sigmties naval. 
 
 iTIie following are the battles desnr 
 hisy m his •• Fifteen Decisive Battle 
 
 B.C. I 
 
 . 490 I Hastings 
 413 j Orleans . 
 331 I Spanish A 
 207 I Ulenhoiiii 
 A.u. : Pultov.-a 
 9 .Saiatoga 
 45. Valniy 
 732 I Waterloo 
 
 p.iUion 
 
 fnaise 
 
 iirfa 
 
 Ittaunii 
 
 Inn 
 
 . Oct. 
 
 IQ Oct. 
 
BATTiilNG-ItAM. 
 
 ■ill 
 
 Wren cmnloved a b-itterin- ■.,,,, i„ , V'"-'"''"'^' 
 
 walls of old Jit. Paul's cu,'ir;.;i;.;;;' '"i'r"°''"'""«- "" 
 
 Alu-iiliaiii .l(..r,., 
 J'l^luM >ii!„li„ 
 
 T 
 
 the 
 
 i/«««-wfl r,v,i,i/,i^ Co//rffe, founded 1840 
 
 BATTLE, Thial by, or aVaqeu of \ t,.i„i ' 
 
 y combat formerly allowed bv o„H,f" "Jl'^Te ^ i 
 
 defendan in an appeal of niuVder mi.^l, HlI t „-it, ' 
 
 the appellant, and make proof thereby of h 3 lil ' 
 
 orinnomice; aao Appeal. ^ "' "'3 feuut 
 
 BATTLE;ABBEY, Sussex, founded bv 
 Wiam I, 1067, on the plain where tht battle o^f 
 Hastings was fought 14 Out. ,066. It as dediea- 
 tedtobt. Martin, and given to B.nedictine monk 
 who were to pray for the souls of the s "in The 
 ongiiml name of the plain was Iletliel ,, ,1 • \ll 
 Hutings. .Vfter tho battle of Hastin", , V "^ 
 
 11 dthe'-BArrEL-uoii.; " and among theseS 
 thekndsand titles of the followers of the defeated 
 HarcM were distributed. " The Jinll nf i! ..i 
 ibbev," edited by the duchess of PI Li f^'"" 
 published, witli no\es, &e" In ,889. ^'^'■'''"n''' "••''^ 
 
 B.C. 
 I913 
 1451 
 1245 
 lrg3 
 IIS4 
 
 941 
 
 66g 
 
 livil'i;'""^"""^" ('■'■"• =^iv.) 
 
 28 or 29 Sept! 
 7-9 Aug. 
 20 Oet. 
 
 400 
 480 
 
 479 
 
 
 22 Sept. 
 r. . -22 Seiit. 
 
 miuns.-CimoiO . B.C. 46,, 
 
 ■ 457 
 
 • 4S6 
 
 • 447 
 
 • 437 
 . 426 
 
 424 
 
 
 ns : Clcvn anil 
 
 Fl'lli.ii'ti... / r . .' . ■ • 
 
 •«*) 
 
 . 422 
 
 . 4«8 
 
 • 413 
 
 • 410 
 
 • 406' 
 
 • 4^5 
 401 
 
 395-387 
 
 • 395 
 ■ 394 
 
 j}'[ii'Miu(!.!mui,lcrt;il'M) 
 
 376 or 377 
 
 ■ 375 
 
 cfee 
 
 CaiiiilliisilelVats'tli 
 
 idunms 
 
 10 Oiuils 
 
 over Argive.s, 
 
 BATTLE-AXE, a weapon of the Celts Tlie 
 Irish were constantly armed with an ly,, n, 
 I At the battle of Bannoekburn ki,^ Hnb..^^ "*' 
 
 lolovo an English ehampiondownohe"ehin;'"a? 
 lone Mow with a battle-a.xe, nu Th, I,.,ffi 
 
 guards or beaufetiers, vulgal-^^-^oalli^b^f-' ^u^'rT 
 land whose arms are a sword ind lanee wen fi,^; 
 ■raised bv Henrv VII. in u8; Thev w, . I • ■ °,','' 
 lalteuJants upon the ki. i's' burtit'- ^, 7"Sinallv 
 \tk Guard. ° '' ^'■'' ^ '■"'««« 0/ 
 
 ^BATTLEFIELD, Battle of. see s;u-cu-s. 
 
 BATTLES. Palamcdes of Argos is nivthicallv 
 said to have been the first who ran-ed an .r ,! f, ^ 
 regular lineuf battle, placed sentiJIels round "an" 
 b .«ited the soldier's vigilance b^• givim. h , i^i' 
 WcliworJ,and to have been treaehJrousl Si, "U 
 k Greeks before Troy. See .Yuval liai/ll i' • vf 
 rtol owing are the most memorable b, e s 
 ranged mclironological order; further do , ! of 
 
 Taniynie (iK.dnnZ then) ' ''^^'"""'"""''« '>''«"0 • 
 
 Arliela (diWt) , 
 PauiJosia (Ahxamk 
 
 Aug. 
 
 urius) 
 
 22 May, 
 Oet. 
 
 367 
 
 364 
 362 
 358 
 
 .139 
 333 
 335 
 334 
 333 
 33t 
 326 
 322 
 32t 
 
 monian Lake («,-«.■<««,;' " " 
 H'":'f"''iisdf/mtsAiifi,i„„ 
 
 1 . K ' ' ■" "^""•'"S ''t Arreti 
 
 ^I'^^i^ {oelt'iifiis iletf(it< .tut;,, . -''■"'•■"W • 
 
 Kolalifll 
 
 i'lni. 284 ; defeated by 
 
 I' signifies uaval. 
 
 Iriie follwing are tlie kittles dcseribed by ProfP«nr 
 
 >A>y m his •• K.tteen Decisive liattles of the^^ffoHd "f!f 
 
 pnthon 
 
 lacuse 
 
 Itla , 
 Ittiuras 
 
 ■iitoliurg 
 f il»in . 
 lurs 
 
 I Oet. 
 
 10 Oet. 
 
 j Hastings 
 j Orleans . 
 I Spanish . 
 
 i Puitov,-a 
 S.iratoga 
 Vahiiy 
 Waterloo 
 
 14 Oct, 
 
 29 April, 
 
 AniiuUa July, 
 
 I-! .\iij:. 
 
 8 Julj-, 
 
 . 17 Oct. 
 
 20 Sept. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1066 
 1429 
 I5S8 
 I7C.4 
 1709 
 
 »777 
 1792 
 
 Va.lMi,»,,ia',, Lake (Elniscaiis ih-fcaM') 
 
 Jionuau) "'"•-^"■■'■'us (Uanuibal dcfcaU 
 
 TieiiuisaiidTr,.|,ia(,/,7/„) ' * • - 
 
 309 
 
 301 
 295 
 
 283 
 
 280 
 279 
 
 =73 
 264 
 260 
 =55 
 250 
 249 
 241 
 
 226 
 225 
 221 
 
 220 
 
 •SJune. ,8.51 Uapl,ia(.4,;(,W,„; ,,./«;,«,,, ,,„J, 
 
 miojmltr) ' ', ^'^ 
 
 » » 'il'^fl^ 
 
 if 
 
 vs ' 
 
 
 1 
 
 ' % 
 
 i'^-~ 
 
 ,■1' ■' I 
 
 ft 4 . 'I'' 
 
 5; 
 
 
2 Aug. i'(> 
 
 Pi 
 
 I 
 
 It' ^.mi 
 
 2 Juno, 
 
 . 9 June, 
 
 . 9 Aut;. 
 
 ' Veni, vicli, 
 
 17 Mnrcli, 
 27 April, 
 
 Cannu- (VMnry n/ Iluniuhal) ■ 
 
 MiiivcUus an.l llauuil.aU/"™'',- /..( ' , /„ ,) 
 Motaurus (.Vrn, -?./«.(« IlmdrnM, ichu ishUlui) 
 Zimia(SfijiuM'<:frii(W/i<«'ii!«(0 • • • ^ 
 
 Boii .lefwiU'il at tlic Vii.lim.mMn lake . 
 Tliormniiylii- ('-"'Wts "<'A'i/'''') ,■ , ' 
 Magnesia (Noi)''" ''f/"''* ^'"'"f "'■') 
 Pyilna (Komii lis c/f/f't i'crac;'-;) ■ 
 EU-asa(Jiii'i'».^'"mi!'«-'"''' '•■'""'' • • • ^ 
 
 LfU.'i.petra (Mmnmius ih'fcnt-^Arhaans) ■ 
 Cai-tl.ane tak.n by I'nl' ni-i hciim. 
 Munnuius taken Conntli ,■,.,;., .■:,,,.. ' , 
 All"lir,i;,'fS ,U:leat..vl by Q. tabula Maxiniu.s 
 MutellumlflVat^ JiiKurtba . . 
 
 A, ,11,1- Sii.Mtiii' (Aix ; Muniis (kfii't^ tUf- ie«wnt...i 
 
 Clneronen (S,,Ua i'<'/"''V'';";';:"s' /, ' 
 
 Kicriiiurtus(.lf.(r MS '((/«''""'!/ ■N'"'0 ■ 
 
 r-LSav defeats t'assivelaunn^ m li it.uu 
 C ml!a (t-m.s.<s dcfmlcd hy Parlhuou) 
 Phai-salia (C<rmr defif^ '""'''?l:,i,es ' 
 Zela (C'rmr defeats Vharnuca., » / nes, 
 
 Tnav'sus (O-'sar dejeais Pomj'fi/'s/ricH'ls) 
 MutiM^('i/fr'('i-s <■(#«'« ^^i;'""?/) • ,. • 
 
 Actiuni II. ('''''"''"f '•■'';'';\\ , , ' „1 . AD 
 Tentoburs; (Varus defeated 1,1 lU , min) 
 Slirniisliire(C.ir(ic(cii'ii.«(i".i«) ■ • 
 
 Sunlinry (?) (^'""" "•■"'''■'''"' ^'""""^ ' 
 Jerusalem taken by Titus . • 
 
 AL'i-iiola (•(inciuers Mima or Anglesci . . • 
 UaS 'lefeuted and Deeebalu. slam . . • 
 
 lSSUS(.Vl>:l-s'lll") •„.■,• 
 
 ^ \•t•^\\t.^Sel•en(S defeats Attaiuii-} • , .:, ,. ' 
 Verona «"J'"-<"- J''i iUV '"fi">^'! " '"' '^'""'^ ' 
 Deeina defeated and slain by ^"l}'^ ; ' ' 
 Valerian .lefcated and caiitured by h.\\m . ■ 
 Nais^iis (C/««rfC<s defeats doths, iimny sUan) . 
 
 ChaionsU""'"""''''^""!".''"' '■"■"'• 
 AUeetus defeated in Untam . ■ 
 
 Constantine def. M="'."'"»j(f'^r^" Ll' 
 A.lriancple (CunstantiM defeats /.ic.iuus) 
 A<Muleia(Co)istafl(ino /'. shiiii) 
 Julian defeats Aleraanm . ■,,;,, 
 Tl v ra and Naeolea {Prneoyvs defeated) 
 Ar«ent;,ria(r;ra(H.iirfir/™/;'l'"''"»''') 
 Adrian(il.lo(';«ii/s<rf/cu(l'"'''n'') ■ 
 Aquileia (,t/(iximi(s s/om) . 
 Aqnilei (Kiifffiiii/s slaiii). . • 
 Pollentia (Stiliehu defeats Alat it) . 
 Borne taken liy Alanc . . • • 
 
 Ravenna taken by As^ar 
 
 Franks defeated by Aetms . • • • 
 
 Koissons (t7,ins defeats ^ya.jnus and Ii^r,ians) ^ ■ 
 Verona (Tlumlorie defeats Vdaaeer) ■ ?7 SU't 
 Tolliaoh or Zuli.iel. (floms defeats Akimnm) 
 Vonwle (Clovis defeats Visiijoths). ■ ■ 
 Baddesdown liiU (Britons dcfat !^aiom) . 
 Veserouco {tlniidcmar defeats tliHlomr) . 
 Victories or 15elisarius in Africa, *o. ■ 
 
 Narses defeats Totila, 552 ; '""■J""' ,-, ' ' ' 
 Heraclius defeats the Persians (CAosiot^) . • • 
 
 Beder(rt«( i-if(o'T/<'/-'^f "'"'""■'■'. ^ ' ' ' 
 Muta (Mahometans defeat Chr^tMns) ■ 
 
 Ai'nadin(.Snraa?is*/«i(//crac(ius) . '3 •!" 5. 
 Yenniik(.-;fi™«iiirtc(ora) . • • ^^ '^^: 
 \evm\ik(!>arace AS defeat Ikrachus) . ■ ^"'' 
 Barac:ens subdue Syria . 
 Kiulseab (Arabs defeat Persvinsj ■ 
 
 27 Oet. 
 . 3 July, 
 
 Mareli, 
 . . 356, 
 
 . ' »lay, 
 9 An;,'. 
 
 .28 July, 
 6 Sept. 
 
 . 29 Mar. 
 24 Aug. 
 
 2t.i9 
 
 207 
 202 
 200 
 
 198 , 
 
 "17 
 
 ',?" 
 lyo 
 1 68 
 161 
 149 
 147 
 146 
 ») 
 
 Tt21 
 109 
 105 
 lOZ 
 JOI 
 
 86 
 
 82 
 
 7' 
 
 69 
 63 
 54 
 5i 
 43 
 
 47 
 46 
 
 45 
 43 
 42 
 36 
 3" 
 9 
 
 50 
 61 
 70 
 78 
 84 
 106 
 ■94 
 197 
 249 
 251 
 260 
 269 
 274 
 296 
 312 
 3'3 
 340 
 
 357 
 366 
 378 
 
 u[l'uln.l-!, ,hf;ds Penda v'ho is slain) . . . 
 11;iVoftlic famel(vt;i nd"i-) ■ ,■ . 4 -^u^- 
 Haracens defeated liy Wanilia, in bpain . 
 
 TestriC'iViiiMd/fiiNVViin/;/)^ • ■ ' , i,',, ..' 
 x'.res Wraeens defeat l:.«l,rie) . 19-26 ■l'>lJ ■ 
 
 A , blef and Viney (CIn,,: Martel def .%,„.(,,„«. 7. 
 Tmirs (Charles Martel defeats the ,S,(i<l.:n,.s) 10 Oct. 
 Victories of fliarleniaj-'iie • • ' • ' ^'= 
 Uoncesvalle.sO/("(/io//.V/ii»(). • ■ 
 leiigestd.,wn(/'.niw.(e/r«'c.(/ivK|;(.e;) . . • 
 Clminioutli (FMuhn.lf defeated la/ the Iiaiie*) ■ ■ 
 f'1 tenaille\.r Kontaneta (Lothan-e d'fexM ly 
 Charles and l.auis) . . ■ • SjJum, 
 
 t'laviio(.l/i«"S'''/i"'''''). • ,1 • 
 K^'Z^h:^I„saandM..arsd,:fr,tal) . . ■ ■ 
 i.anes deleat kiiw Kdinnnd of Kast .Vngl.a . . 
 
 Vsseiidon or Ashdown (/)<!»(.< i'i;<"'"') • • • 
 i!a,sins; and Mcrtoii (;)./!!..< i''ffon.»K) . 
 
 iiafstiord(/;.i'«/i'w>i'/«(;"-«."»;',' '■;;■'»'!') • ■ • 
 Wilton (iAiH'.i fi'("i-i<j"s oi;i'''--'y'';") 
 
 \ndiTnacli (fharles the Ilalil defeated) . 
 Etliandun (.l'/'T(/ .'r/i'"(.; »!'"■«) 
 Farnliani (/linos (ft/c"'i''') • • 
 Zaniora (Alfansii defeats Mnnrs) . ■ ■ 
 Bury (/•,i/ii-iii'( <'i/i"'s Elhelv-ald and Danes) 
 Tettenliall (Mints I'l'/fiilt'O ■ 
 
 Soi.s.sim8 (limi I!<'''ert. rirtar killed) . 
 Merseburg ('..•i »i"ii.-- ,/p/.i(( i/iiii'/«i-wiiis) . 
 Brunanburg(.Viir(;imMi/f/«i'fi') • 
 Siinancas (.--'j'lni 111 ivfs defeat Moors) . 
 Nicenliorus Pliocas defeats Saracens . 
 Basientello (Otho 11. defeated liy t.reeks) 
 
 f4" 
 
 ''75 
 ''7 
 711 
 
 775 
 83; 
 84c. 
 
 844 
 8ip 
 8:;- 
 
 '71 
 
 3 Oct. 
 
 6 Atia 
 
 6 Aug. 
 1 3 July, 
 
 Climtarf aio'i''.'' defeated in Ireland) . 23 -\l'ril, 
 ZcCiiu,,i(;!ii(i,iii"ni.-'i;M''''') : • =9 •';'>;• 
 
 nieiitford(/-.'i(»iH»''<'''.fr"'» """''*' • , • , ■ May, 
 Assinidoi,; Aslidon (foil i-^' defeats Kdmnnd) 
 
 9.U 
 Jj7 
 «■; 
 
 1014 
 
 stt>kiTstadi\'»/"/i'i/i'«^;'^v.';i^<';fe) 
 
 Civitclla (.Vio'iiiiiiis defeat Lea IX.) 
 I)unsiiiane(.V.ic'«('M/i/fii("') ■ ■ 
 Fulford (.Vioi(v;,i»ii,s defeat hnyhsh) . 
 Stan.ford Bridge (llan.ld defeats lostaj) . 
 Hastings (I|--7/miii /. </iA"(s lla""l) . 
 Fladenlieini (, iiijifi-oi- Henry defeuteil) 
 Ciiisdid'scommenee •,, ,• • . .• 
 Alnwick (Seats defeated, Maleolm slam) 
 Uorj-teum(Crii.'«(i'<'isi'('/<''i' ^'"'*») • 
 Asealon (Cni.«o'/tis n'odn-mi's) • • 
 Tinehebray (Robert of.\annandy defeated) 
 Brennevillc (Henry I. defeated t r.:nch) . 
 Fraua (.1/oois i(i/oi( Sjianiards) 
 Noi'tlKiUertoii, ' 
 
 29 July, 
 
 20 Sept. 
 25 Sci.t. 
 . 14 Oct, 
 
 13 \'1V. 
 
 I July, 
 12 Aug. 
 
 .Aug! 
 17 July, 
 
 lull .^ttnitini\ii.f ■ • •/ — .■! 
 
 or Battle of the Standard (Iiavidl. 
 
 22 Aui;. 1 
 25 Jiilv, 
 2 Feb. 1 
 
 f493 
 
 394 
 403 
 410 
 
 425 
 428 
 
 439 
 451 
 455 
 457 
 486 
 489 
 496 
 507 
 5" 
 524 
 533-4 
 553 
 622 
 623 
 629 
 633 
 
 634 
 
 636 
 
 . 636-8 
 
 638 
 
 9 Aug. I 
 
 . 12 July, 1 
 
 29 ilay, 1 
 
 , 4 July, 1 
 
 (iiiir^Vor^KfiVi'iirci;). ^ ■ , . 
 
 Ourii|Ue (Parlinjuese dcfeeit Moors) 
 Lincoln (Stei>h,n defeated) . ■ • 
 Jaen(.l/o»'si(c/.'«(e(ni.i/.sj)fiiiini-'s) • 
 Carcano (Krederie I. defeated fii/ Itediuns) 
 Alnwick (;i'i7;iiim the Lion defeated) . 
 U'simnnOlalians defeat emiieror) . 
 Tiberias (.Sidailin defeats Crusaders) . j. , - -- 
 ■\scoli{raiicm; -/i'/fii(s eiiijicior Henry 1 1, s army) . 
 Acre taken by Crusaders . • • 'jJuiy. 
 
 Ai-souf (iiif'm rd I. defeats Sararens) .6 be 1 . 
 
 Freteville (Richard I. defeats rhilip II.). l^ Jul), 
 Arcadioiiolis(ifi</;;ni-i«"si(<-/io'empc'-or/s(i(ic) . 
 Alarco3(J/oorsi(c/catSjiiiiiiiinis). . .19 J'"!;. 
 Gisor3(fiio'i(in(/. dc/mlsi'VcMh) . . jobei't 
 
 Tolosa(J\f«oi-sii(/f«*i'<'). , • • ■ -'^S' 
 Muret (^/(lOKiiscs c'c/cii(C(0 • • • " « 't 
 Bouvincs (Fic'iu-ft defeat (.lermans) . . 27 {"!. 
 Lincoln (Fi-c/i./i ('r/i-'KaO • ■ , •,, • '°'i^l' 
 Corte Nuova (FiTi/f ricfc II. defeats Milanese) iT-Sa\. 
 Taillelmurg (Fit luA defeat Henry III.) . Jo July, 
 Carizmians defeated twice . . • ■ • ■ 
 Fossalta(a;Miiic,s*/«ttoO ■ , • . / , f ">■ 
 Mansourah (Lnnis IX. and Cruseulers defeated). 
 Largs (.Scofs i(c/f<i( -Vorl/iincn), ■ • • 3";^ 
 Lewes (Kiw/ish /Juroiis vMoriOHS) . . M ».«; 
 Evesham (ISarons defeated; De Montfori km 
 
 Benevcnto (Chns. of Anjou defeats Manfred) 26 IVb. 
 Tacliac-ozzo (Charles defeats Vonradin) . 23 An?. 
 Marclifeld (.liisfriuiis defeat llol'emians) . 26 . ng, 
 \ber Edw (Llewellyn of H akt dc/cuto/) . ii Uti. 
 
 'M 
 
 BATTLE 
 
 .ll'irg.'irt(.ii(.s-,i,/.«,7/,i. / j',^/- ■'' 
 
 Si'W-oaglilM'idKc /! w/^^^^ 
 -Miilildorf(/i,7,.„V'- ,'''','/'■ '''■/'•<• 
 
 II' ", Mill (/■,L f nffJf";[ 
 
 .yibcrnelie <f„r! n/ Ijfri,,, defeats Fr 
 '■'■■■n(Kaulisk defeat Frene,\ 
 
 '■'l'"'i'ol)iu .nte'^v;''""^ 
 
 l''itici-s(«,,,,/iV,,,,, ';vt^""'' 
 
 ■>"".>■(«„ ^-ii^/;,! ;;,.;'„;;,;'/; '^"»' 
 
 M.iiti''l(/Vto-o/CWs^,V,.*/;.,.te/) • 
 
 "i;iM;'rt.^f;;"";*'''-''"""'«"'f'U) 
 
 H,:i,w(A.:y,/;:;;';^/l^-^;;^^"w' 
 ivi in IfV^^^v "'?;?■' '"'^''"^'"^ 
 
 t"'l'^M{.ae,ie relierrd) '' 
 
 l^-vmks ,/,„* Cade '/./,.., NS7,, 2, /» 
 ||l.ir(^,m,„.,.,..,,,,;;,,,„,:,;V:,:,{'^''> 
 "■^- ^^■''"""J Ciuntley de/ts Cn 
 
 ''■^'■io'^^lMilhu, (French defaitTalbc 
 
 .o»-t„k„osks-vork,stsa.vd"' 
 
 m.fath (Yorkists iHctorii) " 
 
 l"'t"-'MI."iirastrains I'ictora) 
 
 I,, .',""'■''"'"»■< rictors) 
 in'iaiii(l-„,.;,- ,■.,./,,,,,■,.,,„.<) 
 
 fctktsbury (,;i/(o) . . ' ' 
 
 v'i?'';'*-! ''^ «"''' kiite<i) ■ ■ 
 .'^■■'■Mdic.urd in. drimted) ' 
 m^''i^rtSimneltakni)' ' • 
 \}f>^HOrleans defeated) 
 h*r„, near Banii,,4bur„ {y;.„^> 
 
BATTLES. 
 
 
 113 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 »7 A|1H:, Ijg6 
 
 loMi'pt. ij.^j 
 
 ■ 2 .July, ,2g8 
 22 .'illy. 
 
 Jn.|.im (/■;'/,.,,, «,'(,'^' -■''"''•'''''•'•) 
 
 "■'li'i"" Hill (/v/ m /,/'''/V^''''> 
 
 JIaivli, 
 
 '"•",'■" "I'll yr.inriirii ^ 
 i.inlii {.Vimrs (lrii;,i,.,i) 
 iiiiii.i 1... /. . .1 ... ' .' 
 
 ■ .l'J2 
 
 1303 
 
 -, '311 
 
 24 June, 13,^ 
 
 ■5 N"v. 1315 
 10 All);. 13,6 
 
 5 Oct 
 16 JImi-, 
 28, Sept. 
 All 
 
 1313 
 1322 
 
 ■332 
 
 
 • 19 ''iiiy, I .J3 
 
 'il;:;^r;;r:;S-'''>(«^-^^'-^-« 
 
 28 or 30 ih-i, 
 «9 AllK 
 26 An- 
 «7Ui.t. 
 
 19 Sept'. 
 ■ 6 .Mav 
 29*'pt, 
 
 1340 
 ■344 
 '346 
 
 ■347 
 '336 
 1304 
 
 3 -Vpnl, 1367 
 
 •4 M.livh, , jo,j 
 
 =7 X.iv. ijSi 
 
 lMriio/Tmst,i„mir) 
 
 m.i ,i.m (Che,., CIms.: ; sl^'^ton) ' 
 ->■■ (A.,*. Uefiat .W>,,Ua,u, awl k.,uu:uh f. 
 
 ■ '4 All-. 
 
 9 Jlll.V, 
 
 Ally 
 
 ■38i 
 1386 
 
 .v.r,.wlm,y (/■,,■,■;,.,■, ,(;■ ,i,'a',m\' ' 
 lliiiilum M Ml' f//,.,,,.,, rlr' , ■'{ ■ . • 
 
 ■3S9 
 1396 
 
 «q.t. 
 =3 .^,.pt. .,,„ 
 
 • 7 M:ly, 140^ 
 23,lulv, ,, 
 
 ■4 «i'pt. „ 
 
 23 ''iiiy, 
 
 • 19 Fei). 
 ■3 .fulv, 
 
 24 July 
 23 Oct. 
 
 »4 •July, 
 ! JJiiruli 
 J I .Iiiiii) 
 
 2 JUllH, 
 
 Pel) 
 
 ■ 403 
 140J 
 1410 
 ■4" 
 ■413 
 ■42J 
 «42t 
 
 , 1423 ; 
 1424 i 
 
 .M;iii;.'.uiMn(AVo,,7MifoJ:s';„) • • 
 
 cappci(i^;::;;;;;f::^-'v.nv„,.„ . 
 
 AN..,.c;,v (j;„^ ;,//,;;; fff/^'-'W. reikis) 
 
 M;in;:u';'in:;i;!:!rr'fe«''-ick-. 
 
 t.il.-iH(/,eiv,i) ' ^"■'- '''^'- J'reiich) , 
 
 <il'il\-fliti(;,s // fV,,,,,/ r. r'' '. . ■ 
 
 "icii.v. in y,::n,.!,f, '"'■'■/' f- /■"'•'■"«/»). 
 
 l*'irMiiii.s (.;.,,>,;,,/;, ,,. ,7 ' ■"'A'*; 
 «l'niisliA,-Mu;ia^;,,v.i'.'|'^;"'^''«) 
 
 • 6 July, 1495 
 
 ■ 22 Juni!, 1437 
 31 Api-il, ,503 
 
 . 23 April, ,/ 
 ■ 27 Urn. „ 
 
 • ^4 -May, ,509 
 '■ April, 1512 
 . 6 Juno, icj, 
 
 . 16 Aug. , ■* 
 ■9««|it. ,.' 
 
 '3-15 «cpt. 15,5 
 2j Ajiril, ,5jj 
 
 • =■»■;'"''• '525 
 '5 May, „ 
 
 • 29 Auk. 1526 
 
 • '■'■*'='• ■531 
 '3 May, ,5,4 
 
 ■ 2 July,' I'ij; 
 
 25 .\ov. ,54j 
 ■4 April, ,5., 
 24 April, ,547 
 
 ■o S.ipt. ,, ' 
 Au- ,54, 
 
 • 3 Aug. ,554 
 10 Aug, ,357 
 
 • 7 Jan. 1558 
 •3 July, ,;■ 
 '9 Ltec. 156J • 
 
 ■3 Juilil, 150- 
 ■ 10 \ov. ,, 
 
 ■3 Ma.y, ,563 
 ■3 Much, ,56„ 
 
 • 3 Out. „ ^ 
 7 Oct. 157, 
 
 laOct. X573 
 
 • 4 Aug. ,37s 
 24 Juuc. 
 22 Sjpt. 
 
 20 Oct. 
 
 July, Aug. 
 
 21 Sc]it. 
 
 1580 
 1556 
 1.187 
 :53s 
 ■389 
 1590 
 
 ■429 
 
 ■429 
 '434 
 ■443 
 ■444 
 
 '443 
 
 ■iiis(«/«K relieiv'l) 
 iJMif (K/iv'Wi iMnM h,',.r,yni ot A,t) " 
 
 Ki«.ibit2,i (//.,,i,,/,w,,, ,,,,^;;;''"f^ :^'f ) 
 
 kH,i.«..tianaf«„.«;;T,;^',:>i,„,„^,.23 
 
 :>^!iil«ii Ciiatillon, rftvMA ,/./«,( r^rtoO '^ '^''^"" " 
 
 29 April, 
 18 June, 
 
 23 ,May, 
 
 24 l)(ic!. 
 
 26 Aug. 
 
 10 N'liV. 
 
 '7 Oct. .„, 
 ■5 April, 1450 
 27 ''uno, 
 
 23 Oct, 
 
 tp -may taken l,v liu,,,.,. jv ,.. .; • ^4 -M ircli, ,,^„ 
 Bla'k\vatnrr/'//---i/w„ii,j: ,..,,,, S June, 155, 
 
 1452 
 
 V-. -■■•->.''■' *■ ^ <"*iM 11)1,1 I'ciipli ,h,e u 
 
 Kiivi ,^^'^y;;^-^- ;;.;vr:^..;4 
 
 Mllli,n(r;,,v,,,.,M,/,,fe,;, ;,,,,„) • .„.,,,, 
 
 ^■■■■■"^ ■ ■ ■ • • • (-v-s.) 16 Nov 
 
 1600 
 
 • • 1603 
 
 • 8 Nov. ,6jo 
 
 25 April, 1626 
 
 28 Oat. 1623 
 
 :-i"^■ltll(^'»■/,■|■,^^s,■|■c'^'l'(^5)' 
 
 »"'""",':'■'•■«'»■ '■"■'nn-.)«s) 
 a'Siani(l„,ti.,-fs ,.;(./„,,,) 
 
 t«Bml7/' "■"'':"'.'-^' 0'"-A-/s/a <hMtk) 
 itikfSbuiy (,/i(((,') . ' . ■ ■ 
 
 I461 
 
 t---''^nh:aT,-d III. ,l,,fe„ted\ ' 
 
 23 Sept. i43,j 
 ■ o..'uly, ,460 
 
 • 31 Dec. 
 • 2 Feb. 
 
 • 17 Fell. 
 29 -Marcn, 
 
 • 13 May 
 26 July 
 
 ■3 .Maii'ii, 
 ■4 April, 
 4 May, 
 
 1464 
 , 1469 
 • ■470 
 
 1471 
 
 .y'ir.lli„gHn(.s'„,,.,/,,,,,,,,^, ■,,,,,, 
 ^-■■lliuge,.cy,„.,.,i„.,,,y,„,,..,,„i,.,^,;^.,_ 
 
 «• „ , . """'^^ ^^'-^K '-•' E.NULA.VU, 
 
 4 Sept, 1456 
 16 July, 1465 
 3 March, 1476 
 22Jun«, ,, 
 ■ 5 Jan. 1477 
 "Aug. ,483 
 ■6 June, 1487 
 .fS.July, ijsl 
 
 J-ieritonor Alresfor;i(,i,7fA ' 
 <^iopri!ilvJj|,i,|,,„/r.i, ,y. ,' . • 
 
 27 Aug. 1634 
 ■oAug. 164J 
 23 Oct. 1642 
 • M.ay, ,643 
 Aug. 1644 
 • ■645 
 
 23 Sept. 1642 
 23 Oct. 
 Jan. 
 
 1(543 
 
 
 29 March' 
 '6 May, „ 
 
 • 18 June, ,, 
 30 June, „ 
 
 • 5 Julv, ,, 
 '3 July, ,, 
 
 ■ 27 July, „ 
 2 J .Sept. ,, 
 
 »9 .March, ,64 
 2jJn:le, 
 
 • 2 July, '' 
 
 • ' ^''pt. ,, 
 ■ 27 Oct. 
 
 ■ 4 June, 
 2 July, 
 ■-Vug. 
 
 1645 
 
 -'■a'*v'* nil 
 
 0,xh\ 
 
 •u't. 
 
BATTLES. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ^1 Vri'LES. 
 
 RJ 
 
 nciil)url> (O'.Vfi/; i/f/i'/iM ;•;«(;/ i.-A) . 
 |(uiiKaii-liiU(/i-''.</i''./'''('''0 
 Vri'Ait^ii (Cninim'n fi'-tor) 
 lUtliiiiinus (Irish lliijiiilistH di'fi'ilril) 
 i)rmi\m\ii(liil;enhii .ilnriii) 
 Citr\iU'm\nlv (Miiiil -me ili-jhitc'l) . 
 Diiiihar (Cr'<"i"ir» i/i'/i kN >>•»'.<) 
 Wiirc(>9tcr(tV"/iiiiv/; lUfeiUVhiirkK II. i ■ 
 Oalwiiy(<iiivTii JcmO . . ■ • 
 Davisntry (hiiiilhit ile/mkil I'll .lfi.«/.) 
 
 Arras, Fnmcc (Tiircniie ilvfmts Ccn'l') ■ 
 Dunkirk ('litto) . • , ' > ' 
 
 Kstromii?. (Wo« ■lnhn ilrf. Iiii Srl„iiiil,r,'i) . 
 St. (J(ittlinril(.lfnitte"ri(/MM"/.i litil:.<) . 
 Villa Vii'iiwa(/'"rriii;iiHC(/i/i''i/>>""iVi/'((s) 
 I'oiitlaiirl hilla (Cominnkra ilrfrnhtl) . 
 Caiidiii ((fiA-oi '«/ '/'")A-s) . . . • 
 V.\m-/.m\[A„hieskiih'Oalsriirk«) . . 
 .Sciii'll'c (/•'ivno/i mill Imteh, iiiilu-isn-r) 
 EOllsiMll. illl {TniiHiU 'lrjhll.1 lil^iin-iillish) 
 
 MiillmiisiMi (<';//") 
 
 Tiirckliciiii (ililtii) 
 
 Salzliarli (yrirciDir Ai7'iv0 . . ■ ■ 
 Uniiii.'lc.g (CtiniMulers ilifeal Clinrilimfc) 
 Bothwell Drij;!,' (Mtmmoiitli. ' '■ 
 
 VIomia (Til rls ilrfiatnl hit Snlirdi) 
 Hi-<\ni'immr(Mi'Hmiiiith ilijeil'il). 
 ilii\mr/.(Tiirkii'lerinli'l) 
 Killiui-raiikic (Hi'jMini'lfrx ihf. Murl.nit) 
 
 NuWtown-lllltliT (.liin:l,itea ih/ntlnl) . 
 
 Uoyne (illlli'im III. 'Irfnil.i ./"uirs //.) 
 FIcurus (Charii'ini, I.iuniihwii;! nrl„r) 
 Atlilone taken Ipv (iini'kfl. 
 AUKlinio (./(iiiiis //.'« i-iiHsf rii'iiu'l) . 
 Saic:ii'kfnn'n (I.miLi nfltmlni lU-f. riirki) 
 p;n(;liein or .Stui'nkirk (WiU'uiiii III. 
 
 himi\e,n(\i'illUim III. ilrfeiiM) 
 Mar9aglin(Pignerol)(/M''inVi nvlnrii) . 
 Zcnta (prince EuiiiiK ilrffits Th/'/.s) 
 Narva (C/iiir/cs A7/. Ji/iir(s /.'".«'""<) . 
 Carpi, Modena (.U/h.-.- ikjhit In iirli) 
 Chinri (Au-itriiini! ihifi'iit ymiili) . 
 Clissau(CAnr!esX//. ((i'/"rM /'(i/fs) . 
 Santa Vittoria (French riclom) 
 Friodlingeu (French ilefeiit IkriiMns) 
 Pnltnsk (.s'i'Tid's ikfint i'nk.t) 
 lliichstailt (Frnuh liefiKl AiisUimis) 
 l)(inauwiTtli(.U»i7'">;o»;//i I'idvi) 
 Giljraltar 0'i/;ni liii llimki) 
 Bleuheim or Hucliatadt (Mnrlli 
 
 ■ 27 
 3 
 
 ■ 3 
 
 June, 
 
 Ailfr 
 ' An;;. 
 
 An^:. 
 
 H,.pt. 
 April, 
 Si'pt. 
 
 St'pt. 
 
 Al'iril', 
 
 1646 
 1647 
 
 1649 
 
 iV,5o 
 
 1632 
 i6fto 
 
 hciith' briikujom. 
 GlailHinnIr near Preston Pann (rehch itr/crft Cnpr) 
 
 ■2\ Sfpt. 
 
 CV\nim'^mr(rclirhikfmkir) . . 18 lliv 
 
 Falkirk (rrhth ikfnit llawkii) . , . fj J.m. 
 C'nllii'lun (Cnmbtrliinil ikjeiitn reheh) . »6 April, 
 
 14 .Iiini', 
 a .Iiini', 
 I An^;. 
 
 23 Nov. 
 6 Sept. 
 
 II Nov. 
 
 1 1 AilK. 
 . 4 (»i't. 
 V IVe. 
 
 .■ ;.laii. 
 
 ■.7 .Inly, 
 
 r .Iniii'. 
 
 kfeuls Cuvcniiiilcn) 
 
 22 ,lniu', 
 
 12 Sept. 
 
 6.(nly, 
 
 12 AllK'. 
 
 27 .Inly, 
 
 30 .Inlv, 
 
 1 .Inl •, 
 
 . I .Inly 
 
 30 .Inne. 
 
 12 .Inly, 
 
 10 Anu'. 
 iklhil,,!) 
 
 24 .Inly, 
 
 19 .Inlv, 
 . 4 Oit. 
 
 11 Sept. 
 30 Ni'V. 
 
 .;.lulV, 
 . I Sept. 
 
 20 .Inly, 
 26 .Inlv, 
 
 I4()et, 
 
 . I .M.iy, 
 
 20 Sept. 
 
 . 2. Inly, 
 
 24 .Inlv, 
 
 '<>54 
 1658 
 i06i 
 i6fi4 
 
 1 66? 
 1666 
 
 1(173 
 1674 
 
 ir,75 
 1679 
 
 1683 
 
 lf.85 
 1687 
 1685 
 
 1690 
 
 1 6.) I 
 
 l6g2 
 '693 
 
 1697 
 
 1700 
 1701 
 
 1702 
 
 rtmih victiir), (ci. >^.) 
 2 Ani;. 
 
 Tirleniont (Murlhoroniih mccfusfiil) . 
 Cixtiinno (lirince Eughie ; imkrisin) . 
 Mittau (taken hij Knssinns) 
 Ramillies (MarUiorimah ikfenh French) 
 Turin (French ihfentctl hij Kwiene) . 
 Kalitsoh (Kuisiann ilifcut .'Annies) 
 
 .Inly, 
 16 Anj;. 
 14 Sept. 
 23 .May, 
 
 7 S'l'I'l- 
 . 19 X"V. 
 
 1703 
 1704 
 
 ■70s 
 1706 
 
 Alnianza (French defi'tit J/'ii'.-) 14 ('<. .s.) or 25 April, 
 
 OiKlenarile (Marlliiin,ii\ih rici,, 
 Liesna, Lenzo (llu.vinns ikfeut .•< urik.i) . 
 lAiilo(takmliythi .Ulie.i) . 
 Pultowa (Peter ilcfeal.i Charkt XII.) 
 Malpla(iuet(.lf«i-;/io«)i(i;/i rirtnr) 
 Doliro (Kiissians tkfeat .Mcc're) 
 Alineiiai-a (Auslriuns ik.fait French) . 
 Saragossa (diltn) . . . • 
 ViWuVicmsa (Austriiinsdefeitkil) 
 Arlcux (Marllinroiiijh forces French liiieii) 
 Bouehain (tnken hij Marlluirnn'jh) 
 Dennhi (Villarxdifiiit.i Allien) 
 Frilmrg (taken hy French) . 
 Fmnton (rebels drfeiiled) . . . . i; 
 Dnnililane oi- Slierill-Muir (iiulecUine) 
 P(.ti'nvanlein (Eugene defeats Turks) . 
 
 lielgrade (lii/to) 
 
 Bitonto (Spaniards defeat (kmans) 
 Parma (Austrians and French, indecisive) . 
 Gnastalla (^liis(i-i<rii.5 i/./ivfri/) 
 i;rivan(iY(i(iir.Sftfi/i ('i:/((i(.s T" '■'•■■-) . 
 Krotzka (Turks defeat Au.^trin 11.1) . 
 ilo\v(itz(Pnssiam defeat Aus:riiins) 
 UettlHReu (deorge 11. defeats French) . 
 Font«noy (SiMt, tkfeuts Cumberland) 
 
 .Inly 
 antmnii, 
 llec. 
 
 8 Jnly, 
 II Sept. 
 20 Sej't. 
 28 .July, 
 20 .\n^'. 
 10 I'ee. 
 
 5 AiiK. 
 13 Se|it. 
 24 .Inlv, 
 
 7 Nov. 
 
 . 13 Nov. 
 
 13 Nov. 
 
 . 5 Ang. 
 
 16 Aug. 
 
 27 May, 
 
 29.1niie, 
 
 19 Sept. 
 
 June, 
 
 22 Jnly, 
 
 10 April, 
 
 16 June, 
 
 30 April, 
 
 Uvhentreihwg (Prussians defeat Austrians) 4 June, 
 
 1707 
 1708 
 
 1709 
 
 1710 
 
 1711 
 
 1712 
 1713 
 ■715 
 
 17 16 
 1717 
 ■734 
 
 "735 
 '739 
 174' 
 »743 
 1745 
 
 4 .Inne, 
 16 Jim., 
 II (i.'i. 
 2 .Inlv, 
 19 Jnlv, 
 
 15 Sept 
 
 9 Jniy, 
 20 .luiie. 
 
 Ht. t,s\zim>(.'^arfliniiiiis drfeiit Freiu-h) 
 Plaeentia (A ustnii us defeat French) 
 Uaneonx (.sViw ilefents Allic.i) . 
 lialVeldt (.sVirc defeat.i Cumhrrhiml) 
 V,\'Mc:: (Sardinians defeat Fretu-h) 
 Bergeii-op-Zoom (^iAt/i) 
 Fort iln (juosiie (Itraddack klltcif) 
 Calcutta (Uikrn by Su rajah lioirlah) 
 
 SKVKN VKAIts' WAR, 1756-63. 
 
 Pnigiie (Frederick defeats Allies) . . 6 5l;iy, ]■ 
 
 Kollin (Vrc^frie;,' ././i'r/"0 . . . i8 Jnie-, , 
 
 Norkitlen(/ii/sjiim.»d.'/m/'-'0 . . . 13 An.-. ,, 
 
 Hnahnch (Frederick defeats French) . . 5 N"V, , 
 
 Brcslan (/iN.^'riiiii.^ i'irt"c.<) . . . 22 Nov. ,. 
 
 \,isnn(FrcilrricJ: defeat.i Au.itrians) . . 5 Dee. „ 
 
 Cn'VcMKFcrdinanil defeats French) , 33 .liiiie, 1; 
 
 Zoiiel.>rir(F™./rcii-fci/f/oi(..- l!ii.islan.i) 25, 26 Au„', „ 
 
 lloelikirelieiiC^lii.^d-iViii.'./i/efit l'rusai(tns) i j I ii t. „ 
 
 lierj-'ell ((■'ivMi,''i''f,/l'o' 'I"''") • • • '3 April, 1; 
 
 Znllielian (;i«.«siii/i.'i''/e(/r /'(■».s.siriii.s) .23 July, „ 
 
 Min.leii (/•'fn(i"i/io' '''■./■'"'■' '■''•(•iie/i) . 1 .\ng. „ 
 
 Cnnni rs.lorf (KH,s<i(iii.s'./i/i"* rrH.wi.iii.s-) 12 Ant. .. 
 
 Wamlewasli (t'i>(i(f i/i/i"'-' '-"".v) • . 22 .Inn, i- 
 
 I,;indslint, Silesia (/'ni.wi'"!.'- ,;,;/; (i^ciO . 23 .Inne, „ 
 
 WarlpiirKC/'eri/ni'iii'/i/i'/nr/.i /•'reiif/i) . 3' 'Inlv. „ 
 
 rfallendorf(y^'m/t'i-"-A-./i;/i"N /^l/i.<(rio)i,«) . 15 An;', .. 
 Kloster CainiK'H (F.ni/li.ih anil (k'nunns with Fn'ii<-li, 
 
 iiidcci.iire) . . ■ . . . .15. "■'"'t. ., 
 
 ' Tariiini (Frederick defeats Austrians). . 3 Ni.v. „ 
 
 Kirclideiikern (Allies defeat French) . 15 .Inly, i;. 
 
 ' Seliweiilnitz (fro/cM'''.- ". dcf. Austriniis) 16 .May, 1;: 
 
 ; Joliaiiiiisberg(/.V''i»7M^('/e.(M'/-i(s.<irt)i.O 30 An;;. „ 
 
 yri:ihi;rg (Prus.iiuns defeat An.itriaiis) . 2v, U( t, ,, 
 
 Plas.suy (C(iiic'« nWon/) ■ • ■ 23 .'"iii', i-: 
 Niagara (f.'a'/'ui/i (ii/.i' F'"'() . . . 24 .Inly, n 
 QniOiec(II'()//e, I'lXnr, A-i7te0 . . . 13 .Se|it. „' 
 na\M(.yuurridrfea.tsarmyiifl>ude) . .23 (let i;- 
 Clioeziin (l!us.iia'ns defeat Turk.i) 30 A|iri\ it 13 July, r- 
 (;alalz(/(«.<.'i"i".'.' I'l/m? TiirA'.*) . . . Ni>v, „ 
 lieieler taken by Hnaaiaiis . . 28 Sept, i- 
 iirailow (A'i(«siai(s ((<•/«(( '/'«rA'.<) . . i9.Jinir, i;- 
 Silistria (taken) 1;: 
 
 AMKniCAS WAn. 
 
 Lexington ((laiie victor, with ijreat loss) 
 Hniiker'a Hill (Jmcrimiis rrpi(/.snO . 
 liong Island (/l/iu'r/('(iii.«((f./'m(fi/) . 
 White Plains (Howe defeats Aincrican.-i) 
 Itliode Island {(aAcii liy Royalists) . 
 Princeton (irii.'iAinf/^iit defeats llriti.ih) 
 Brandpvine, (//iiKY defeats Washinyton) 
 (iermanstowii (ISuryoync's victory) 
 Saratoga (he is compelled to surrender) 
 Driai-'.s'Creek (Americans defeated) 
 Camden (Curnwallis defeats Hates) . 
 Guildford (Cornwallis defeats (kites) 
 Camilen (/ImcnVdiis (A('.'c(i(ciO 
 Entaw Springs (Arnold defeats America 
 York Town (Cornwallis surrenders) 
 
 (Many inferior notions with vari( 
 Arent (llydcr defeats liritish) 
 Porto N()VO (Coote defeats Ilyder) . 
 lio.liiey's viutory over De Grassu, n. . 
 Anici^ (Coote defeats Ilyder) 
 Attack on Gibraltar fails 
 Beilnore (taken by Tippoa Sahih) 
 Martinesti (J!(s/n(in.<((('/t'"( Turks) . 
 Ismail (((lA-rii by storm by Snwarrow) 
 Bangalore (^laken by storm) . 
 Arikera (I'ippod defeated) . 
 Seringnpataiu (ditto) .... 
 
 . irjAiiril, 
 i7.1niif, 
 27 .\n; ri 
 . 28 Ot 
 8 Del', 
 . 3 Jar,, 1 
 iiSejit 
 3. 4 «rt. 
 7 0,t. 
 3 Man-li, 1 
 16 Ani 1 
 . 15 Manii, rj 
 
 25 April, 
 
 ns). 8.Se|it, 
 
 19 Oct 
 
 lus sneiT.«<.] 
 
 . 31 Of!. 1 
 
 I July, ijj 
 12 April, ijj 
 2 J imp, 
 ■3Sfl't 
 . 3Q Apnl, i| 
 
 . 22 l5''pt i| 
 
 22 llec. 
 21 Jlarfh, li 
 . 15 Mav, 
 . 6 Fell. li 
 
 FRENCH RKVOLUTIONAUV WAR in:OINS, 
 
 Qnii!.vrain (French repulsed) . . .>8 Airi!. i| 
 
 \i\Uny (French defeat Prussians) . . 2o.S('iit, 
 Jeniappes (French vicUiriuus) . . . 6 N'.iv 
 Neerwindeii (French beaten by Austrians) 18 Mairli, il 
 St. Amsnil (French dffmtal !»)/ Baj/w/i) .». May, 
 Valenciennes (ditto) . . 33 May, 26 Jnly, 
 
 BATT 
 
 :'"'!>" C-elaken hi, J!ri,i,\''' 
 Minbrav(fv,„,.^-,',,^,, /) . 
 
 KHpierre... (/„<■„„, ,//.,•'"' 
 I Mvvcsnav.il vi,.(;,rv ' 
 
 (liarleroi ,ir Fli.nn,//';,- ' ■ . 
 
 MaeiejoH-lce (Poks ikfeated) ' 
 Niinegnen (French riel.' 2s) . 
 IVap (IK,,™,,,, ,,,;,,,,, ,,'^,» 
 
 biMiiort's vctorvoirid,.! , I 
 
 h..nl.elm(/,,/,.f „,,„/,.,,„'. 
 \.'M\o (h reach ikreof i„ ,, • ' , 
 
 l.n.|i (,/,■«„) ' ■ ■ ■ ■ 
 
 .Ulenkirchen(.(»,,^.;-„„,;.,^, ,; „ 
 
 .lltenkirehen ((«,/,.;,, , ■'.''"'"'i 
 
 l!;(SS,ino (,/,7/.,) .""' ■^(.^^■H,«, 
 
 liilicraeli (diit,,) ' ' • ■ 
 
 lliteliiiiovo{,/,(^„\ ." 
 
 I.'ivnli (ditto) ■ ■ • 
 
 u|«St. Vincent, H. (,v,,„„;„,.,,;, 
 laiflLiniento (P.onap.U ,,"r"''; "-J 
 
 fmipcrdown, „, (/,„„,„„ fi,.;;^;;!^ 
 
 "Usn RKBtl.I.I,,.N- nK(il.S.S 
 
 Kilfllllen (rebels SHeecis/,,/) 
 
 ^.uis(rctjeisilefeate,l) 
 . to (rebels ilefcatcd) . ' ' ' 
 \Miirt(rebeU successful) 
 
 forey or New Ho.ss (rel,eh dcfcai . n 
 
 .\«trim (rebels defeated) '''•''■'""') • 
 
 .ItkJoiv (/•f/)t7s beaten) 
 
 Billyaalniicli (.Vi,„,.,,( ,/,,f,:„,, •, , ,• 
 
 y,„eg«riiiii(L,;,./,^^;[;{';:;,;;j-'.*) 
 
 *, n. (.W.o„ 'defeats ke Tfl'i'^ 
 I El toeh (FreHch defeat Turk^V ' 
 XmstoriimlhijrHinapa,,") > ■ 
 IfUMAiistrians defeat French) 
 Vma(Ai,strians defmi /•>,.« M ' ' 
 hm^oWra,, dcfeniu-eei A\ ' ' 
 
 lu,>,,„o (Snwarrow defculs ./■„)*' 
 VM^'Ouvrrow defeats French) ' 
 l^^}i:mmppi,okilk,l^"^- ■ 
 
 |weh(A>„cAV'rM) '^ "'"'^ • 
 ■WiJ (Snwarrow defeats Frem-k) ' 
 Itesjimlm (taken from French)' ' 
 ^■'Avt (Turks defeated b, iTlmrtc) 
 
 W-">':'^\»p (French defeatal) ' 
 
 T-YmT ' '^"''"f' ■(-(/fe d/eatedUe o; 
 teth(,lW,„ aefeats Russians) ' "' 
 
 ^^X^Mebndcfe,itsTiirk)' ' 
 
 P^-^/JI'^tsAustriani) '. ' 
 
 prarh (rfi7(i)) . ' • • . 
 
 T"'M]n(A,istrians'i!efealejD ' 
 ,S, /';'""'*"■'" 'l<-M'^ Austrians) " 
 
 h'H^/"'chdefel,tAllMr^ans) ' ' 
 mt (French ile/eateAl) ' ' ■ = 
 
 t^''>"^(Mercroiiibie-s vicloru) ' 
 
 l^^7;i^ik!^:!j^,^?\ . ■' 
 
 Si- I 
 
 ti! ; 
 
BATTLES. 
 
 '?«5 
 '7l' 
 
 M. 
 
 Irnlsvilll., I.MU.IlVrv;/,/ ' I • 
 
 Iliivvi'simv.il vli'i.'iv ^ ■ 
 
 .NinitxiU'.. (/.VnirA ,-M., ■!,„,] 
 
 KiUpurfs ^•i,.(,„■y.',H "•'■"'") • 
 
 .«,iiinheini(^,/,f„ ;,„/v,./„,,,.'! ■ 
 I.oauo (ft-f „r/i I/,/;,,/ („,,;,■,', 
 
 -Ul<'nkircliiMi (.(h,./,.;.mm ,■/,./; ,; ,> ' 
 lla<liif«,lt (.U»m, „ h,,, { "> ■ 
 
 Aik.nkirci».n (.-, ;;;x;/: ;'"''■';'« V) . 
 
 BMiano (,liit„) . ■" "-"'V' ("«.«) 
 CilKTai'li (ilillii) ' ' ' ■ ■ 
 I.mal,Kin.lc„.stiKli',„„. (;/,•,,„) ■ • 
 
 NiTiSlii'lMl (.l/,„r,r,/ ,;,./■ ,< ,■ 
 
 ' '''■'■ ""■'<■' "I'-eCh,! I k.-<) 
 
 79.1 
 
 ..«.<; 
 
 .lrn]la(/>'0)i„;,„,v,. ,.,-,,/y 
 
 l«tl'lllNliVll(,/,-(M ■ 
 
 Kiviili (,//«„) 
 
 7. 8 ,S,.|,t. „ 
 • " .Si'|i(. „ 
 ■4 .S>'|it. ,, 
 IS. ifiOit. 
 
 ly I 
 
 • ^4 A|.iil, ,7,., 
 
 3" April, ,; 
 
 i8-M.M(iv, ,, 
 
 " 'M/ii, „ 
 
 ' ''"ii'r. ,, 
 
 sfiJlllic, .. 
 
 ■4*'|i>. „ 
 ■7So|,t. „ 
 
 ■ 4 -NiiV 
 
 • 22. Mine 
 2t .Inly 
 2o .'Scji't 
 
 2.1. 24 .V.IV. 
 12 .\|,|i|, 
 
 • 22 April, 
 lo M.iy, 
 
 • 4.'llll'c., 
 S.'niv, 
 
 • le.Srjit. 
 4 •'^'■pt. 
 
 ■ 8 ,S,.|,t. 
 
 • 2 (),■(. 
 • 3 5 Allj;. 
 
 lo A li;,'. 
 
 ^ I^ATl'LES. 
 
 '7 .V..V. 
 
 2 A)iiil, 
 
 M "il, 
 
 I7-2oOr|. 
 
 i8,,4 
 /So3 
 
 f' 
 
 
 
 i8o6 
 
 I79S 
 
 
 /' 
 
 1807 
 
 I7y0 Hnylei, (.v 
 
 ''"""■'"■''» ''</<'!< fVr,u7,) 
 
 ' ■■;"".Ma (.iA,„,, ^.;;;;;f ;,':""' >v»'»/.-,v/,.) 
 
 i:-iri'i.siint(->,7;;,,""""''':/'"M 
 
 »4 0<t. 
 
 '7 Oct 
 
 . 26 He,.. 
 
 25.)ni,. 
 
 • 1 Kl,. , 
 
 7. S y,.\,. 
 
 ■ 16 i-vi,. ,; 
 
 ■ sJrilv, ,' 
 ,. '•' «t-|". ,.' 
 
 "•'"l.v, i8o3 
 ■ -"•''il,\', 
 
 
 inisii aKiif.M.„,.N- liK.ji.vs 
 hKtl,nMsUe/eiital) . ' ' ' ■ 
 
 Bill.raaliiricli (.v»,7e)i/ ,/,.(■„■ ,, ', , • 
 
 '4-17 N'"\ 
 
 = 1 .V( V, 
 
 ■4. 15 .l.'lll. 
 
 14 l''('li. 
 
 ■6 Mnirli, 
 'I Oit. 
 
 2t Ahl;, 
 
 i6.;aii, 
 
 2t)A|.ri|, 
 
 Apiil, 
 
 1. 
 
 i8o3 
 
 '797 
 
 » 'IKrnin (../ „.</,.,„,,, ,. , ,' ' ■ ='.22 .M:y, 
 
 
 timsionwl hi, r„mai)„ik) 
 
 I.UIa,5„„„r™» ,fe/c.,,i /v;';^^ ''"> ' 
 
 ■Zi'iih (f rfnc/i ikfmlid) ' ' 
 
 ■i.<s.in,lria (taken from French) " 
 
 I " (^"p'>-ro'i> .hfeut, Freu" ""'^ 
 
 V^'>'i»iHI'm„-h,le/enM) 
 iJiranaiiil Alkiii,i..iv a,/,.' , ! 
 
 ■ 23 -^liiy 
 24 -May, 
 2O -May, 
 27 .May, 
 4 .riiin., 
 
 7 .'line, 
 io.;iiii(., 
 ij Jiiiii', 
 
 21 ./IIIK', 
 
 27 AiiK. 
 
 8 Sent. 
 21 Jlliv, 
 • I An'g. 
 
 ■ 18 Fi.l). , 
 
 7-IO .Marcli, 
 
 25 Maicli, 
 
 28-30 March, 
 
 5 April, 
 
 16 April, 
 
 ^7 Aiml, , 
 
 /I aver,,, (1 >„,,,,„''■', '■.^''"' . 
 
 ') 
 
 ^ilainaiion (nvii:,... "."> 
 
 i8j2 
 
 799 
 
 
 4 Vav. 
 
 • 20 May, 
 
 5. 'line, 
 
 ■7-19 .'mm, 
 
 21 .'ulv, 
 
 2S.'ulv, 
 
 ■5 AiiK. 
 
 9 «eiit. 
 
 fe;aS^'^^^r-oet..^^:;|;J: ;; 
 
 m^l<'''^HKkbf.r riefe,,ls Turk")' • 25 «ept, ,',' 
 
 r" ',",," v'torr aejeius Turks) 
 hSl^-Jl^'^AuUri^ 
 
 iltifn.'li (rfi7/o) . ■ • • 
 
 iBtel*lln(,!„,„,.,-„„,,-,,,^„/,^,» • • 
 
 |*u:ia.len (,(,■«',) "^ "' ''«■'"•"<«.■) 
 J^HrmukMeat AuMrians) ' 
 %imim{Ahmr,mlne; virtoru) ' 
 
 |=f.iiiiimir(ir,/;,,;„„ *>/!"" '^1 • 
 
 ti^i^ilUlleiley victor) , "' 
 
 .M(]skwa ) 
 
 Bnj-„,|in,i \ (ditto) . 
 
 ''eresina ((//(to) ' ■ • . 
 
 5. 6 Jlliv, 
 27. 28, (ulv, 
 
 26 .S('lll. " 
 
 ■ '9 .Vii\-. 
 27«e|.t. iSio 
 
 ■ 5'V"''''l. '811 
 
 ,, ■, II Mar,!,. , 
 "'^■"'- Mimoiia) 
 3. 5 -Mav, 
 j6 MaV, ,; 
 
 • loNept. 
 • 28 (Jet. .'.' 
 
 4 Jaij, 
 
 19 .'an. 
 
 6 April, 
 
 II April, 
 
 22 .'ulv, 
 
 23 .liilv, 
 10, 31 Jlliv 
 
 .■.•"',„■) 
 
 '5. J9Allt,'. 
 
 • 7 Se|.t. 
 
 • i.i .Sept. 
 13 Oct. 
 
 19. 20(J(t. 
 
 24 "et. 
 '4 Xiiv. 
 
 16-18. Vnv. 
 
 25-29 iViiv. ' 
 
 »2,)nii. 
 
 13 Keli, 
 
 5 April, 
 
 ■3 April, 
 
 ■ 2 .May, 
 
 20 May 
 
 , , „■ 21, 22 jf.,;,' 
 
 '"■'/••""). 22 Ma.J,' 
 
 1813 
 
 19 .'line, 
 ■ 3 I>ec. 
 
 • 25-27 Din.. 
 
 • 8 .Mareli, 
 ■ 21 March, 
 ■ 2 April, 
 " AUB. ifo, 
 
 • 23 Sept. „ 
 29 Nov. 
 
 St Dil';" 'J'" •^""•■•' ^'"' Krendr'"'" "■■"»-'"Ke.nen t.s 
 
 Bri™;"7,i;;;'Sf;''';r' ■*'"'')' • "'"'^i-e... 
 
 La Uothi^;./\- ^ ""'>■ . 26 Jan. I 
 
 '^.i«othiere(A„^,o/eo„,,^^„(^-^ • • 29 .;,„,. 
 
 ■'' » Feb. 
 
 t '■ 
 
 'it / 
 
 '^l»i^ 
 
 
BATTLES. 
 
 no 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 I. 
 
 n) 
 
 Dar-KUr-Aul»'(.l"ie»i'ii''" , , , 
 
 Mill, ill (;"■ /•.'"!/'■"« ''''"'« .i"*'7""''> 
 
 L'liiiiiip AiiliiTt {h'iriiuh itijmt Alliia) . 
 M"iiliiiliull(''i((..) . . • 
 
 Viiiii'lmiiip ('"'.'"I 
 
 Fip|iliillii'lili'Mii(./i(f.)) . 
 Jlniili'ifim ('Ml") . • , ■ 
 
 ()rthc«(IIV//i"'if"iM/i/."/s. *"'"") 
 Cniniiii..('''"'"''i nW.w») . • ■ 
 
 BiT«(Mi-iiip-/ 1 iilhiliiiMikjctilril) . 
 
 I.ii.iii (/•■/".. 7. ./.;;r<i/.W) . , ■ • • 
 
 uiiHiMs(.v.';»>'i"" '''■/■"'■■<■'''■ ';■'"'' • 
 
 TMll»■»(l^.»i«|/^)lM'l7iu^.^"W') . ■ 
 Fiiv (:imiii|"'iiiil«' (f /' iir/i liifivlnl) . 
 
 Ht. |)izlcT(F/V)i,';i firhir.i) ■ ■ 
 
 I'iiris, M"iili"iiili''. H iiuvilIrO iCo) 
 
 Uiittlciif till' Hanh'i'«. Jo Maivli ; (Manuonl n 
 
 . 7 Fi'li. 
 
 , 8 F.'li 
 
 lo-lj Fell 
 
 . n Ffl.. 
 
 M K.'l.. 
 
 . 17 Kcl.. 
 
 iS FrI., 
 
 . 27 Fi-li. 
 
 ^ Miii.li, 
 
 , ^.^ M.iirli, 
 
 j-:o Miinli, 
 
 ij Miinli, 
 
 so MiUfli. 
 
 35 Muri'li, 
 
 23 Sliinli, 
 
 30 March. 
 
 iSm 
 
 l<,iria mill Hif AlHii tiilrr 1') 
 T.m\i'\\M<(ll>lliii,iliiii ilcfMt* S:lllll) 
 Tiili'iitiiid (-l/i(iciM/i/in.M) . 
 lMM(Wi>i-lii'rreiililii'il)- • 
 OiialiHHra.i(.\ViM''y"i/.w'/). ■ ■ 
 Wiiti'ilno {S'ttmliuitJ'i'i'liy ''"''i'"). 
 
 AMF.nUAN WAB. 
 
 Fnt fli'dW (("' • " ''.V Aiiieriii'iii) . 
 DlllllliKt.iU llrij;litH(.l"in"'.,,„ iviiteil) 
 t'liiyHtlcr'H I'nin;, Caimila . 
 Dlark-i.iHt, AMi.ri.'n ■ • 
 
 LnllKWnoil ('■'«■'"<'"''/'■"''■''> • 
 
 \ (luiihh ilefmU-il) 
 Clu|il.a\va \^.i„„.rhnii»ili'liiitiiil) . 
 Fi.rt Eric (l:iilish ii'iuiheil) ■ ■ 
 
 Hlii.lcn«1iiir|.' (•''"'■''"■""■'' ''"fi""''' ■ 
 iMhiU- (Ilnli.ili n-inilsi'il) 
 
 ])altiiiiore(/.'//dWi i'"-'"") ■ 
 New Orleans (/.'rids'i rtliulii'') 
 
 31 Mar'li, 
 10 Aliill, 
 3 May. 
 i6 Jiiiif, 
 16 Juiit', 
 i3 Jiilii.', 
 
 S7 May, 
 (j Jiiiii', 
 u Ni.v. 
 28 Dei'. 
 . 4 May, 
 
 5 July. 
 
 . s5 July, 
 
 isAiifc-. 
 
 . 24 Auk. 
 
 30 AUK- 
 
 . 12 Sept. 
 
 12, & 13 Jan. 
 
 1813 
 
 1815 
 
 Afulinii War. (Mee hulia.) 
 ,\fiv(Hliirmiil I'll Allii'ii) 
 Kiitiiali (.S,/in/p; Kiujli.ili fidorn). 
 riiiii'ii-|'e (/'.'iw'i'.i'i I'ie'"!'.*) 
 C.iiit"!! (Eiii.ilhh liikv ItiiiJiieforU) . 
 
 Aiiiny ((»'.'") 
 
 Cliln-liae, A:e. ('<i/.f") . . • • 
 i;aihlulmrM/(/'i"ai"''',A'"'i'') 
 NiiiK|Hi (L'/ifiiiw i/i/fiif"') 
 ,Iellalalia,l (Kluihrr fiin/oixol) . 
 Cllill-kealm(l''Arn) ■,■..■, 
 
 01iiziiee(.l;:i/i"a.i'''/f"''''"'!/'^"") • 
 Meeaiiee(.Vfijiiir((i/iii(a -liareis) . 
 
 lIv.leralKi'l ... ,• • 
 
 Miiliaia||">,.r('M.i";/i ilr/iH. MnhmtUia) 
 Mv (t'n iii-li ihfivl AM-d-Kiiihi) . 
 M.ni.lkee (i;..i"'/A ilejmta Siklu). 
 
 "K,-r,,/,e»liali (,/;»':) 
 
 ' Aliwal (Swif'i i'r;i"'.''SI*'i'') 
 
 ' S.iliiaiiu ('.',"i';'i ''<./'"'» .^'t*'"') 
 
 ; I'ill.i Alt,i (7',n//.,r ili'fiills Mf.riiiillH) . 
 
 ! M"iiieiT(.Ui.riV../n,),/. liiiAniiriniiis) 
 
 '' HiK'iii, Vista (.Iwi'i'i.vdii ilcji'iit Mfj-iotiia) 
 
 St. i;iie»(;'"i7"'("') . . • ■ • 
 
 1 l/^iiiiteri. (.•l,ni'ii'VH,s ih'fiiit Mi:i:ii:iinii) . 
 Vlrii^huiiiilhiiiiHilifmt irheh) 
 llallllliwelke {I'l-liaiiillin ili'jful |ll•lll■■^) ■ 
 Ciirlatciiie (.■l".<>iiiui.i i/t/i'(i( tUiHniiii) 
 l'Ms|iizza(''i'll") . . . ■ • 
 Vel. 11. ■/.■■ C'l '"!'.< "'"' lliiiiijurmns) . 
 },l«>\Un(Sikliiiriiiil.ii'il) . . • 
 Chilianwaliali ((;oii|//i ikfiaU Sikhs) . 
 
 (liiiijerat (i'i7(ii) 
 
 Grail (//ii"iyiin'"»» I'ii-'OM) .^ . 
 
 < Niivara (li'iihnkii ihkats Sanliitunis) . 
 
 ■ Velletrl (/.Vmiiii UtiiubUains ilrfcat 
 
 
 I -If 
 
 Algiers (huniliiirileil hjl KiMnntli ) ., ■ 
 <'lwliahue,i {Cliiliitiis ilejin' Simiuiiril.i) . 
 Kiikee(/Ai.'.(i«(;«i'iir«".'' I'iiiiliinri's) . 
 M.'lia.lpnre (//iWii)' ilffinta Jlolkai). 
 \Mnu\ (Turks ikfialrti) ■ ■ 
 HiM^asiliaii UimliiiUi ihfmted) . 
 Tripcilitza (.-■/'iniin'' '<.i/ (Irei'k.i) 
 Tliiiiiiojivla'. (Greeks defiat Turks) . 
 Oirliith (Wi'.T«) ■,•.■,,,■ ,; > 
 Aeera (Ashinilcca defeat si r C. Miicarthy) 
 Avaeiii'liii (I'eniiiUuis defe.nt .s>miuci/s) 
 ninirtjirire ('iikrii liy Comhermere) 
 .\i-i'ri\(Ashiinlei:sdiifeateil) 
 .Vtli.iin (lakt.ii) . •„■,.,•-,; 
 Navarino (.'I IHfs destroii Turkish fleet) . 
 Draliilmv (/(i(.«/niis ««'( Turks) . 
 Aklmlzikh (diltn) . . , • ■ 
 Varna (.<""'i'"''''''S '" ''"■*'""'"'' • 
 Silistria (dilln) ~ ,\ 
 
 Kaiiilv(/i'"---"("s ''<•/«'"' ^"'*'') . 
 Balkan (imssed liii Itiissiiins) . 
 A'lriaiio],!!' (Kii.ssi'ias ''a'«'') 
 AlKiers(c'iyi^iiT'( ''«fre»c'0 • 
 Vms(DnilsnfJulil) . ■ ■ 27. 
 Crwhi'Vi '(Poles dffiiil Riissiiins) . 
 Yn"i\(l'iitesdefrnl Itussiiins) . . 
 Wawz (Skrtimerki defints lUissinns) 
 SriiWU-i' (I'nles defeat liiissiiuis) . 
 
 Ostroleiika (diltn) 
 
 ■\Vilna (/'(I'fs "»'' ^«ss'""«) 
 Warsaw (tukeu hij Ilussiaiis) . 
 
 Hoins (Kniw'i"'^K ''^''"' Z'"'';"} • 
 lieylaii (Mm/i I'm i'«A'i'» '"'*•''■) 
 Koiiieli (E!l!iVi:i'>"i '''/«'' Turks) 
 Antwerp eitailel taken liy Allies . 
 lIeriiani(C".'-'i.s7s '(i/mtaO . 
 tit. Si'bastiaii (dillu) •,;.-, ■ 
 Billica (sii"ie raised ; British Legiuu) ■ 
 Hi-in.iM (Onl I sts reimlsed) . . . 
 Iniii (Ilrilish Le;iiou defeuls Carlists) . 
 X:\\i'iitiii (Citrlistsatlncked) . 
 Jlerera (Dnti Carlos defeuls Buereno) . 
 Constantina (Alqiers; lakeu hy french) 
 St Euntaoi' (Canadian rebels defeated) . 
 Venneeerraila (Carlists defeated) 
 Pieseiitt (CmMi'.ian rebels deftated) 
 Alien (liikni) . • • ■ 
 
 '■'iiziiee((aJv" ''.1/ Keiiiir) 
 S: Imi (takni by Xa]iier) . 
 lieyrmit {Allies defiut Kijyptians) . 
 
 1816 
 1817 
 
 . 87 Aug. 
 
 12 Feb. 
 . 5N"V. ,. 
 
 21 Dec. ,, 
 . 27 May, i32i 
 
 III June, ,, 
 . 5 Oct. „ 
 
 13 July, 1822 
 . 16 Sept. „ 
 
 21 Jan. 1824 
 . 9 Dee. „ 
 
 . jSJaii. 1826 
 
 7 Aug. „ 
 . J7 May, 1827 
 
 .2ol),t. ,, 
 . 18 June, 1828 
 
 24 Aug. ,, 
 . 11 (Kt. ,, 
 
 30 June, 1829 
 . t July, „ 
 26 July, „ 
 . 20 Aug. ,, 
 5 July, 1830 
 28. 29 July, 
 19, 20 Feb. 
 . 23 Feb. ,, 
 31 March, ,, 
 . 10 April, ,, 
 26 May, ,, 
 . 18 June, ,, 
 7 .Sept. „ 
 . 8 July, 1832 
 
 aqJuly, ,, 
 . 21 Dec. ,, 
 
 23 Dee 
 . 5 May 
 
 . I Oct. „ 
 . 24 Dec. ,, 
 16 March. 1837 
 . 17 May, ,, 
 
 15 July, ,, 
 
 24 Aug. „ 
 13 Oct. ,, 
 
 . 14 Dee. ,, 
 
 22 June, 1838 
 17 Nov 
 10 Jail 
 
 23''uly, ■• 
 27 Sept. 1840 
 . 10 Oct. ,, 
 
 Pereil (Itusstans defeat Hiniijariuus) 
 .\i'!t(llunijarians rejuilsril) . 
 WiMzvu (taken by Uussiaus) . 
 Sehiisslierg (llnssimis I'-Jeat Hem) 
 Teiiieswar (llayuaii defnits II 11 iiijariati-) . 
 IcNti'ilt (Iiiines defeat llolstriiiers) 
 Xaiikin taken by Imperialists . 
 
 , 3 Nov, 
 
 . I Due. 
 
 1 Jan. 
 
 . 2« Feb. 
 
 27 Aug. 
 
 10, IjOct. 
 
 , 10 ^larl■ll, 
 
 tu March, 
 
 5, 6 April. 
 
 21 Jiilv, 
 
 6Mc|,i. 
 
 . 17 Fel., 
 
 24 Mai'cli, 
 
 29 Die 
 
 . 14 Aiu, 
 
 18 D, I . 
 
 21, 22 Die. 
 
 28 Jiin. i-, 
 . 10 Fel,. , 
 
 . 8, 9 .Mav, ,. 
 
 = 1-23 Sept, .. 
 
 22 Fil. 114. 
 
 yM^iy. ,. 
 
 19, 20 .\ll;^, 
 
 . 9 Al'lil. 1:4: 
 S3 April, ,. 
 
 29 .M:iy, „ 
 
 • 2i Jiiiv, „ 
 . S9>V|,t. ,. 
 
 • 7 N"V. „ 
 n J.iii. u, 
 
 . 21 Fell. „ 
 . 27Fe„. „ 
 
 23 Maleli, „ 
 Xeoiiolili'iis) 
 
 19 May, ,. 
 . 21 June, „ 
 2 & lu.liily, ,. 
 
 17.I11I.V, „ 
 
 3' July. ,. 
 
 10 Aim. .. 
 25 July, 1:;: 
 19 July, lij: 
 
 . 4 Snv 
 
 30 N'lv. 
 
 . fi .1.111. 
 
 13-13 June, 
 
 . 7 Jul)-, 
 
 29, 30 .lull'. 
 
 An;. 
 
 1831 
 
 llLaSO-rUHKl.SH WAH 
 
 011011112.1 (Turks repulse Uussiaus) 
 Siiiiipe, 11. (Turkish fleet destroyed) . 
 CUdli^ (Turks dijeat Uussiaus) 
 
 Silistria (ditto) 
 
 (iiiirgevo (ditlu) . • „ ■ , • 
 It.iyazi.l (Uussiaus defeat Turks) 
 Kiiiiik-Derek(i'i/fu) ..... j •-■•^ 
 Mini (ICuylish and French defeat Uussians) 20 ISe|.t 
 
 l)Mlaklavat.(/».,) 2-,"'l. ,. 
 
 nik.'rnniiin(.(i7(») 5 ><'v. .. 
 
 Eup.ltiiria (Turks defeat Uussians) . . 17 fell li; 
 
 Malaklmtf tower (.i'/ifs and Uussians; indee. imjlil 
 
 eumbats) ". 'i. M May, „ 
 
 Capture iif the Manielon, <te. . . . 7 June, „ 
 Unsuei'essful attciii|'t "ii MalakliolT tower, aii.l 
 
 Keilaii (J//iM""'' /''»»■'"(».«) . iSJuiit^. ,. 
 
 Tchernava or Urklgc of TraktirC-l/d'csi/i/. Uiisgiuiis) 
 
 16 An:. „ 
 Malakboir taken by the French . . S Se|.t 
 lie.'our(7'i(i'Asi'i/t.il /(a.*.''''i"s) . . 6 Xev. „ 
 
 Uaiilar(/''re'ic'i <'t/t<i' ."">■'•"'«'"') • ■ . 8 Dec. „ 
 
 PEKSIAS WAR. 
 
 Bushire (Enqlish defeat Persians) 
 K.."sliab(.'i»o) 
 Mohamiuerah (ditto) . 
 
 <'■] 
 
 '•H 
 
 . 10 IVc. 
 
 . 8 Fell, nsj 
 26 Jliirili, 
 
 1836 
 
 iB.W 
 
 iNuiA.v MfTiNV. (Seo/aJw.) 
 
 Conflicts before Delhi. 30, 31 May; 8 June: 
 
 4, 9, 18, 23 July, I 
 Victories of General Haveloek, near Futteliimiv. 
 II Julv. C.iwnpore, i'c. 12 July to 16 An^. 
 I'an.liiii Nuililee(c(c-(on/(i/iYf;;;) . . 15 AUi 
 Xiijutlghur (i/ml/i o/.ViV/io;.<oii, i'ic(or) . 25.^11?. 
 Assault ami capture of Delhi . i4--.!ciSr|it. 
 
 Ciiiitlicts bel'iire Luckiinw, 25, 26 Sejit. : 18, 23 Nov. 
 Victories of Ciil. Oreathcil 27 Sept ; lolW. 
 
 ('awnpore(nW.iri/ii/CumjAeH) . . . 6Uw. 
 
 Futteuhur (./i((o) 'f;"'-' 
 
 i.:\t\iHrietory iif lUilUs) .... 4 j,' j ■ 
 
 Alunibagh (victories ofOvtram) 12 Jan. ami 21 Icli 
 Coiitliets at Luekniiw (^lU'ii) . . 14-19 March, 
 
 BATTI 
 
 Jhaniil (Itoie I'lelorlnus) 
 KiKineh Idltln) . ' 
 
 (Imlliir ((?i7^o) 
 
 NgliUr(J/,7cV«, ■/,/.„;,, 7.,,;,,,, 
 1 111"- lea Klier,. ((7,,,/,. ,,,f,„,l 
 Inn. Horsfonl ilefeats the It 
 .Vfliia .Sahib . '"" " 
 
 taman w^n. ( 
 
 .(iHtrlnns croHM the'rieino 
 Krwicli troops enter I'le.lnimit 
 
 Mu'riila ((//(><,) . 
 .M.ili.gnano (diti,,) 
 .s..|fei-iiiii((/Wr,) . ■ ■ 
 
 (AriiiiMtlcu agi-eeil to, 1 
 
 Tiikn, at tho niniitli of the IVII 
 (f.iujlish attack on the chim 
 
 Tiku flirts tflken (see China) 
 
 t«:iil-eMta»((/i/(o) 
 
 I OiMillinl (darlhatdi def,'^^i7x7am 
 
 \i\Ami(i:,u-ihmdefcalsS\.,,,J/,^ 
 
 uM Jiiiarih. (SnrdinUins d,fc 
 
 Utmm (narihdhi! ihfaiti, \r„n,.l 
 
 kc.,,,ikei,nvt,„.s;ii,;t:i;;;;r"' 
 
 I links .lefeat .Montenegrins 
 
 I .t'|iriini<iiite (Harihaldi and hi's ,;. 
 
 I >■!! Koyul Italian Tmaiis) f ' 
 
 Itarreetlon In Xew Ze^U^'. k, 
 
 J 14, a .March ; 27 June • ,„ ,' i 
 
 \)iMkH}!aories defeated) 'f^' 
 
 CIVIL WAR I.V l-NITEn STATE8'- 
 
 iBiK Bethel (Falerals rejiulsed) 
 IBmiiievllle (.f !/,)» ,/,/„(/., Cmfederutn 
 
 llli(ii.Meiint-iin (i/i7/o) 
 
 lUall Him or Maiiass.'is (Fedcml dej 
 
 jsiirinfflel,! or Wilso„'„ Creek (Fc,h 1 
 |l,iniifes (tn-yUlosencmns defeats Fi„l 
 
 Lcsineton (taken hy Cnnfederatc) 
 
 ba;.'- .Suiith America (.1/,7,-ri ,hr r,- 
 
 MM(Fedendsd,fiat"n^-'-'' 
 
 ,; lil'rin«s, Keiitu..ky(o„,/,,,,,;.„,,, 
 
 Ulm<,,Mrul y.alUcaffer killed) ' 
 
 f"'" ^""^- Arkansas (Con/alen 
 
 l^rt Dnnnelson (taken h,, Federnls) 
 |.i Ridse, Arkansas (Fe.lerals S,,) 
 Vrnm ruails n. (Mcrrimac rep7sl 
 
 ^stars^Laniling, or HhUoh (M,ou, 
 ^mU (l^ore Uichmoil^Me^l^;^ 
 
.Viiiiii Nnhlli 
 
 BATTLEN. 
 
 .llmnKl (Hm$ t'IrtvrinuA 
 
 K»»ni'li (ililtn) . > ■ . 
 
 (ImllorO'iV/n) , ' ' • • _..,, 
 
 . loKuh, 
 
 (See Ilahj.) 
 
 • 57 April, 
 • Aliiy, 
 
 30 Mll'v, 
 
 30. .11 Mii.v, 
 
 4 ''line, 
 
 ■ S.lilhe, 
 
 34 Jiiiie, 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 
 17 8i|it. 
 8. 9 (lit. 
 I)e< 
 
 TAI.HN WAR 
 
 .(iHtrimiH cviiHN tliMTIrinn 
 Krfiiili tiiiopv ..liter I'ieiliniint 
 
 Miii!ent»(i/(//n). 
 
 JIali'pmnn (iHtlu) 
 
 S'ilfcriii" (./(«(,) , ' ■ 
 
 (AririiNtiio n(,'ri'(.il to, 
 Iikii, (it tlin nidiitli of tiii 
 
 (t'lll/ZlsA (!«,(,•*■ oil Ihr 
 
 '859 
 
 859 
 
 wi;:;:;;;:!;;;!;";;':;;}[!;:^^7^V^' ■ "'■'"■ 
 
 1863 
 1803 
 
 6 July. 
 
 ■ IVIhn or Tlen-Tsin-lin 
 illiiirM fiiiU ■i./ivtrd) 
 
 V M V. w„„„; s.l'.'iine, ,859 
 
 ltanj,.kia.wan. ,8 «..,„. ; „,„, I.„.,l.,:|,|„„- (V,:^;;,^ '«*" 
 
 ■ SI Ni'l't, ,, 
 
 Iikii f»r(.< tnkeii («.(. niinn) 
 ',lian(!-kiii-i -« .. . ' 
 
 ilr/mltil) 
 
 ,,''iiu,>,viii.. (,•„,,;;.,;,,,/"' "^"'''■'"'■''"' 
 
 - n. 
 
 3-4 Miy, 
 
 • NJillie, 
 
 'J .Inly. 
 
 19 JO .>S,.pt. 
 
 3j-a6 N'liv. 
 
 iieiir t'lmii- 
 
 C'^^.'M^^ 
 
 '"""-"I i>'''hc!,i,.x:i'^::i\ ■"♦ 
 
 I'iVt 
 
 !il:li|-el-HjlH((/i»()) ■ _ ' 
 
 • I .'nil. 
 4 Keli. 
 
 33 Miiivli, 
 
 ^■'"•^"^'""' (■^«'^'""- C;"7l;°)^^.;!:;!f; 
 
 U,,.a,ik,.,,i^t.i,..:a:;;---"""i«tH 
 
 iTiiik.s.ivfeiit.M.iiileiii.jtriiiH 
 
 Fur.,,.- 7 >^.' """■""'■'''"''' 
 
 "'■i"l«l'iirKf'/i7(o). ■ . ■ • 
 
 NlHTH AMEIIICAN WAR /■«..„ n ■> , 
 
 15-18 Jlllie 
 
 • ly Me|.t. 
 • II) "if. 
 
 30 Nov. 
 
 ''Kill) 14-16 |)|.|.. 
 
 • I Ainll, 
 6 Aluil. 
 
 6 Fell. 
 
 •8 Apiil, 
 
 I June, 
 
 'I July, 
 
 i{ 
 
 1B65 
 
 i8f4 
 
 1 ^■^1. 
 
 
 
 •if 
 
 19 Oef. 
 
 .i-Iiriiiiioiile {i:nrilH,hli„n,l hi-, ..„/' 
 .■4,.'i,.Miireli; 37,J,„„..- ,0, ,y .sl'iV. " 
 
 I (»et. 
 
 I7<)it. 
 
 3 Nov. 
 33 Jan. 
 »3 fell. 
 31 Nov. 
 
 i860 ''i>to lie la P„tri„ (,•„,,„.,.;, ., 
 
 ■> , '>™m (.4//,Vj ,.,v;,„.,,) "' 
 
 '■ .^--'elnVelli,,,.,, (,,;„„ ' 
 •■ , ',".vuly(.4/^V.,,/,yi.„„,;» • 
 " ; .Vinijimti (,litin) ' 
 
 ■• : },"y»<y (AiihH i-irio,;)' 
 
 "■"!l"oy„i,s; Vru,im,„„n 
 
 17. 
 
 1861 
 
 18 Mept. 
 
 • =5 Fell. 
 
 • 16 April, 
 
 2 .Miiv, 
 
 i6, iSJnl'v, 
 
 19, 22 .Sejit. 
 
 30 (let. 
 
 1? June, 
 
 \)im\ii:{\i\(y.miiesilejh 
 
 ted) 
 
 'illj:IUnil 
 
 39 Aug. 
 
 rejiiil.scd, 
 ', 12 Oit. 
 6 .\„v. 
 
 CIVIL WAB IV l-NirFD KTjiiu- 
 
 lli.llo.l,el(.V*,v,,.,,J;L:;r "'""" ''"'"'• 
 
 B.H.i«ilk.(.r,,,„,,,,y-„,,,,^.,,„,,_, ; • 10 .June, ,86, 
 
 :^"<taiif[tnlm,t ririnn/) 
 lliMi .Miiiiiiiain (i/,7^) ' 
 
 J^l"»a {.lilin, n.iml hoiiL """"""I ■ 34 June, 
 J riiMiim n'l'/n/iVc 1.,^ i,,J ., ', • 20 July, 
 
 LleliHian, Tiirnaii, P,"|i,|V ' '™ ''■«•-'""). 
 
 1865 
 1866 
 
 186; 
 
 In ih 
 
 '^^ 
 
 
 1866 
 
 '#^ " 
 
 i860 , Xili'llnil, 
 
 oniier. 
 
 iS June, 
 I""" """ -^■"'"--i" &okr„! .Ic/eat nJj^iJ!^ 
 
 10 8ept. 
 2oiS,.pt 
 -,.. ,. ,.,„„ ,,./,,„„,) ■■••'• ^ 'V'"".) .7 *>;ei,t 
 IJIill spnnL's, Keiitiiekv ri ■,.,,(-,. I ' . '. 3i Oct. 
 U,ir'senen,t iioWcll /^ '''' " *^''""'' "'"' 
 Ronokc Inland, \. c. (Fe<h,vl' ,.,-,./„;..i ' '9 ''""■ 
 !».« creek, Arka.ia. ti^^::^, ^J,^^;^ 
 
 Midge, Arkansan (^■e;/„.„/, .I^^^J,-,) ' « s \? *'■''• 
 
 9 Mareh, 
 
 taington (^it™ 6y Cn„fc,!(mte^\ 
 Pan.: , South America (.1/i/iv, ,/»<• r- .■ . • 2" .Sejit. 
 
 I Konlfjpatz or .Sailowa 
 
 j Nenn i,,c|,, ^ J,,, ,, ■ ■ • 
 
 '"'utsclian, ,j J,„j.. ii„„„„2,_ 
 
 |Taulier.Bi8cl,oftheiin, Werliaeh, 
 
 -N'euliruiin, Helni.sta.lt, Oercl,K|,c|,„ 
 
 ' fietors) 
 
 ,86j ! Monte Ri.toml,, (H„rih„hli„n 
 •• •l'",;""""';";'7'"''''''<'/mfr,/) 
 
 „ i M;;:i:iai::;,t,^;;;;;(-«^™">"<«»./^«/.o 
 
 fZ, 28 JllIU), 
 
 oelnvcin.sihJiiK.i^ 
 29 June, 
 
 • 3 July, 
 r, : 5 Jul.v. 
 FricilcricH- 
 ■ 10 July, 
 
 • - , 14 Jul.v, 
 2» July: Hiif, 
 
 II ,?3J"'y. 
 
 ilocliliau.<en, 
 
 24 July, 
 
 25 July, 
 
 • 28 July, 
 
 1867 
 
 37 Oct 
 
 3 Nov. ,, 
 ,. ■■ : >., -ci April, ,868 
 
 «"-.ans.le,eatBok.,ar,„n.a„„oecupySaini,^i;^il; " 
 
 25 May, 
 
 ■'•'"■" """"■'l">'^»'hMn„i,or) " AI<.olea(.<;p„„,-sA^„,,„,,.,,,,., , „ 25 May,' 
 
 liHmml(mcfm/i(; «,,,•/;,„,, ,-/„,.,•,.■ . 5 May. .. ' , . ._ ■'"^Nfo-rni-ssiAN war /■„.i,-„i. ...v 
 
 mfHMjmiu defeat yrem-h) 
 
 t'^kstttlFedend^repidVel) ' ' ■ '« May, 
 |«r Orialia (Freao/. difm7t„im,, ,\ ' "* ,*'"-^'' 
 ^iroak. (in/-o« Rkhmoil nd"Z,^ '-^ •'""^■. 
 '"■' • 3' May 
 Jiifkahoiniiiy (sevcrr mii «,•,»„ 1 /. ■ June. 
 
 If-lfrifemJrer™,/) ^'"' ^"^T "''''""""d- 
 lai.,iiH,„ige((„/,f,i In, FedcmM '^ """ '" ' ''"'J'- 
 h r"'" (/'''■''''-''Wo";;l„/.,„...;..> 5 Aug, 
 
 Vnnfedemtes) ■, 'a,,J| 
 
 23-29 Aug. 
 =5. Jo Aug. 
 
 «r.e;To.?';';LS!" -"«''^t«rof w,;;;,^^ 
 
 ■ ^ "7IU.S or Pangc (d,n,) ' " 
 .Stra.sliiirg(,/,-^^,) ' ■ 
 
 <.i.neliitt<.nrKczonvilli. (,m/„) 
 Ueauin(.nt(i/,-(to). ^ '■' 
 
 Carignan (ditto) 
 ih-t/.(d.;;.., . ■ ■ • 
 
 ' Sedan (//,«()) ' ' ' • 
 
 'Tlion^-'r'i''''^^™"'"*'''''^''''''''')" . 
 
 Aug. 
 
 4 Aug. 
 ■ 6 Aug. 
 
 6 Aug. 
 
 • 14 Aug. 
 ■ 16 Aug. 
 
 • 16 Aug. 
 • 18 Aug. 
 
 • 30 Aug. 
 - Ji Aug. 
 
 ■ , -31 Aug. 
 
 3« Aug., 1 Sept. 
 
 30 Sept. 
 
 5 Oi't. 
 
 6 Oct. 
 
 1870 
 
 
 m^M- 
 
UATTI-KH. 
 
 118 
 
 UATTI.KS. 
 
 BATU 
 
 T ' * 
 
 \y' 
 
 ArU'iiavc'i'l") • • 
 
 i:htt\ey {iiniiiiiiiM ifi'iil'ril) 
 DrloftimifinicA (/,/.">«/) . 
 
 ErollU(ii"/fi'/.iti'r) 
 
 L'l.lllcilUilllll (h'rfi'rh ih/rotnl) . . 
 
 fciulml.'IK, iii'ur Oili'iius (Hcriimin il 
 
 NivirAliil.'iis(Kir/i.'/i </i'/."'nO ■ 
 VIlUciw. iH'liiH! PM\f,(fniiili lelieiil) ■ 
 
 llfimKiMicv (■'(»(i) 
 
 Nult»(.//'f^:) . ■ ; > 
 
 Piiiil 11 N»H'llc« (/-VcHc/i i-liiiiii " |'l(■^M•)/) 
 Hiiliiimiii' (""'"''■" !'<> , . ■ ■ 
 l.i' MMn,<(n"Ar/»irr» . . • • 
 
 l,i' .Miin»(C7i<ni.-7i'<'/ '>;/("•■ '•«''• <'""»■). 
 
 •St yii..htlli(/-'>'/.//ii'.7,^(^;iii(f./) . 
 
 E\>i\\m(.A«li<i'ilm'lKl""''l ''11 lliift^li) 
 ElKlietn (Corlht^ ■"''.( (.. '«■ n-,7..n.»i..) . . 5. 6 -Mv 
 .MiiiVrii((>i/Vi,</.< ,i,iilH<iii'>'hfim.i: Mn/nMnr) 6 < >rl 
 Alimkiim|iiii(.l»A"<i'"«''i/''<''c'') ■ • 5. * -J"' 
 
 I)nil»TOH»lc> ('/i/'") ao.liii. 
 
 A iliil(.'^(»") 3' J'"' 
 
 K.iiiUiuiimli('''""> 'V-V- 
 
 ■oniiiii«i((/i'f") . •..•.■.■;} I, 
 
 .«(,,-» iiiC'H") . . ,,• •, ; ?/'">■' 
 
 Ksti'lla hhurv mnfiM»; Otrlinh rrlmil ; OmiHa 
 
 kilhl) »3. 37 •'111"', 
 
 UmHL'>rnm,lrf,vhCorlUi) . . ■ '° ^ '.'''■ 
 «..ri)M, IViil (/'iV.uM iniit hmiriinih ilrfoilnl) 3 lli-i , 
 Nivii T"1"H« I' ■„,/;sr<nrH;.sf ;,.»"") . _?. » 'i";. 
 KluikaiMl(A'i;.v<""i,< iiiiiln- Kitiiftii'iH ihf,,itlhc hlion .s 
 
 ^•.,"P. .ir.) 4. 2i«;;i';- 
 
 .i}.„^.:.,,,,„i ihf.itt h'llllnfiiniS .... '""l. 
 
 . 7 Hit. 
 
 |8?<. 
 
 . icj(h'(. 
 
 ,, 
 
 luOit 
 
 ,, 
 
 . 11 Oct. 
 
 ,, 
 
 140.1. 
 
 ,, 
 
 iHOi't. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,/,„le:l). 
 
 
 ,), 10 S«v 
 
 M 
 
 , jj X"V. 
 
 11 
 
 30 Xi>v. 
 
 
 % l)f'. 
 
 M 
 
 4 Uir. 
 7, 8 Dei'. 
 
 ,, 
 
 tl 
 
 ISIIH'. 
 
 ,, 
 
 at 1 
 
 ,, 
 
 a, 1 •lull. 
 
 IS7I 
 
 . 6 Jim. 
 
 ,, 
 
 10 ij .Ittii. 
 
 M 
 
 15-17 .Ian. 
 
 M 
 
 M ,Iaii. 
 
 ,, 
 
 K^ Jan. 
 
 •• 
 
 . 4 Muv, 
 
 187J 
 
 13 Jul))'. 
 
 1871 
 
 5, 6 -Viix. 
 
 ,. 
 
 (it) 6 Oct. 
 
 ,, 
 
 J, 6 N(JV. 
 
 ,, 
 
 1874 
 
 Simovalii till' ll«lk«h«( /'!"'.• i«',A.'i(«') -^-itiJiui. iH-i 
 
 I N««rl'lilllpl"'l'"lln (■(!«") . 14. isJ*". .. 
 ArciiMN W*ii (i4i'i' ,t/(i/piiii(«(iiH . 
 
 All Mii«|lil ia|i(iiii'.l li\ llilll»li . . »iNiiv. 1I;; 
 
 IVIwar i'a»« nrl.nv/ "./ ((■ /i /i'h'hi'-) . »""','• •■ 
 
 Kulttluiliail (ni^iir,/ ii/'i/rii, '.'""i/'i) . , « A|irll, r 7', 
 
 C\n\r-im;iU{.\/ttli'i«,il,/,fl.'l) . . . « Oi't. ,, 
 Si'ViTi' IlKliliiiK iM'iil' t'alMil . lli'i'. 1H71) A|iill, i-r, 
 
 Alll \ li\\f\ iSlrli'iirl ilijnih .l/illnnin) 1,)- j j Ainll, ,. 
 
 KnHi'likl-Nakliml "!■ .Mamiiii'l (.l)(""'. A'/i'i" 'l'/"ilt 
 
 Itunoii't) ■J7J"'y. 1. 
 
 Ma/mnr lliilia Wall {ll^hih Inlnllu ilr/uih Aii'»'li 
 
 Aftun) I *'|il. ,, 
 
 ' /I'l.r Waii ki'c Xiiliiliiiitl). 
 
 Inallilllla(/l/-((l«/l Hiiniili-nt ninl :lrliiitiil) 3) Jnii. l,j,) 
 
 UlillKli IVthiniiiti Mtiltii itijititnl hi hint Vlielmi'- 
 Jonl) 4. 'Illy, ., 
 
 I'ltlCMN »SI1 I'KlirV I \N \V,»I1 (hl'M CftZ/l). 
 
 Iiiilliliii^(('/ii/iini»i(./i.i/ /, Ml/' H/i.) . . Nov. „ 
 Climikim ami .Mlnillnli'«(i(i»") 17 J»li. id;i 
 
 IdHHIAN \V,\I1, 
 
 (ii'iikiir Di'iitllill Ti'|iii (/^ludiim iiml Tiirkumiiiii, In- 
 ihihiir) )Mi^|.t. Iff) 
 
 GiMik Ti'|M' ('"■«(>i/n/ Itfi lliianliiiiii, uri'trr mnjtii'la), J4 
 Det'. iBIiu, 4, 4, I'J. Jan., laki'ii , .>4Jati 1S81 
 
 TiUNN\.ni Waii. 
 
 I.aliiK'H Nfk {llrill>li ilrfriiltil) . 
 
 jV'ii»iiii'iii^'i'f"it Einiiil'""' ■ 
 
 \-im\u-{Klfil.'ni.l ,liii/»,h/mlnl) 
 
 Smiiiin »'•('»■ lit'i^nifi .... 
 
 .SaitHcli«r(M''vir,i.ii/fM7;<; .SiTrfiiiw irlrivt) », 3 
 
 Vrh\i/.mMiiiilnieiiriiii<il(fi'i'.lTiirk.t) . . 38 
 
 TniKisii Wmw ii-illi Suriii, uml iloiiknujro, i\e 
 
 A .TiiK' 
 
 30 Jan 
 
 I Jlll.V, 
 
 38 July, 
 
 1875 
 1876 
 
 Haml ,-,''?M'J\ 
 
 Ziiiuar or Saitsilinr ('/■«!;,>■ Mill' .'•ViTiiiiis, (/ii'iri«irO 
 
 3 •'"ly. 
 
 N'nvi llaznr (■/■.ii'As w"' '" '"• i'iV/cir.<) . 6 Jul.v, 
 
 UrllUza(.U('"fMir|/ii".< rirl:,i:-l) . 
 
 (iMI'HUsiiviit/. C/'h//..-' n'l'i'i.i) . 
 Mi'iUiii (.l/";/l. iimi'iiK I'ii'/i.r.s) 
 
 28 J Illy, 
 
 . 5-7 Aug. ,, 
 
 , 7 111' 14 -^''K- " 
 
 Sionivii" viiilrv iii'iir Ali'xiniitz ("ci'iit miiflkts. In- 
 
 rmi-nhlf <■• ill rkf) ■ 19-27 .\"i.'. ,, 
 
 P.iilKniirza (.U"iili'iii''/i'i".i (''''("''■'■) • • 26 Ail^;. ,, 
 AU'xinatzi ;■»//,.< viehr.*), 1, 2, 28, 29 Hi'l't., captiiml 
 
 31 Oct. ,, 
 
 Pmco lietwi'i'n Turkey mill Hervla . i ilaiili ici77 
 
 llrssii-Tl'liKlsii \V,Mi(ii''iiV;i .>(•.), Invaii . 24 Al'l'il, ,, 
 
 T,iliii'(7V.'/.-i),/,..f.-/) . . i6Juiii', „ 
 
 Nir(iii(ilis(.'/'<i';mi' hii lliifMidis, finirjhjhl.^) 
 
 IS, 16 July, ,, 
 
 I'li'vna (l!ii.-.-'iifiix ,lrfi.nt,d) 19, 20, \ jo, 31 July, ,, 
 
 Kiiiiikiliiru III' Ki/il Tciu. (i'i«i.) . 24, 25 Auy. ,, 
 
 Valli'Viiri.oiii(i'i7/") .... 2.^-24 Ai'K- .1 
 "■ -I - ,,/,,. .sii;,|. 
 
 Ml'lli|lka I'a.'iS |,s../r.UH'M Kr/HUril^ . 17 .-":|il. 
 
 Ni'iii' Kill's (/,'ii-.«"i,'/.<i'i/i"(i'') . . • 2-4 Oct. 
 AliuUii I'lWli, Mcai Ka^»(/'lllA.^ II ii'/ii'.Vii/./i 'ill /"(""</ 
 
 il.ff.tird) Ml li Oct. 
 
 Ocvc-Hovuii, Ariiiciua {T'tils uivkr MidJildr ilc- 
 
 Ji.'tnl i'J'Iri-'.i linu,:'ji!lltliil'l) . . 4 NiiV. 
 
 Azi/i, lu'Ul' Krzcn ma (/'iK.iinii.'ii'r/rod'iO . 9 Niiv. 
 Kai'ii taken liv stnriii liv Uiissiiiiis . 17, iS N'nv. 
 Elena (f.iteit '"/ T'lrl:^ ufl, r .s/mr/i eoultiel) 4 Hcc. 
 Plevna (Ogmmi /'n.s/in . ,i.'riii'i'i(i'.-i '" 'ni-nt 'Ji((; 
 
 tuhiliyite/tdhil; ninnfh is iiiinnn/i'i'iiiii/'i/) 
 
 9, 10 Dec. 
 
 Iiino^o Klver {.lilhi). 
 .MiOul"> ll»< ('''"") 
 
 38 Jan. iS3i 
 
 8 Ki'li. „ 
 
 •6 Fell. „ 
 
 WaII in HiiVI'T (nee l.[l!llil). 
 
 Iliiiiilinnlnient iil'tnilK at Ali'>iaiii|rhi , 11 July. iS3: 
 Tel-clMaliiita iilul MiiPtaini'll (irM' ilr/eiilnl In, 
 
 Itrilinh) 24. »5 A"»t. 11 
 
 KnNna»in (i/i""! . . , »8 AiiK. anil 9 Se|it. ,, 
 
 Tel-el-Kiiliii'(i.'i"ii--i'i'i''«/iv) , . . i.|Hei.t. „ 
 
 llSeli .Vi.lli'iiii.j 
 
 lleliels In til" Siiinlan ilcfi'Mleil liy lllekn 29 Alull, i3Sj 
 Kl Olieiil III- Kimli«al (llul.niinl lii< "1111,1/ limtrum:!) 
 
 3-5 Niiv. „ 
 
 Tiikai-tf.Vii/iidiiiiii'iyiii'i'i') . . . . fi Nov. „ 
 Near Tell, llakcr Willi l''ny|illiin" «"" ilel'eateil |,y 
 
 relicls 4 '■'ell. l;3i 
 
 Tell ('I'l'ii'ii'ia '"'ii"W I'l.'iii'" "'"'") . ■ 39 I'Vli. ,, 
 
 Fur Clilne»e aii'l Freiiell Hiir, m'li '''idmainl Tuiijuin. 
 
 A'lil Klca (.s7i ii'in' i'i7i'ii'« /r'n'/n) . , ■ 17.IHI1. 18S: 
 
 (llllial (n(n7«i'i/nl/riO 9'l'l'l. „ 
 
 Kcrki'lmn (I'i"", 111", /'.'iii/i't'/"!'') . . 1... Kcli. „ 
 
 llashe.'ii (ii'ir/.v 1(171. 1(1. /) . . . a.j.Mar.li, „ 
 
 It.'li.'l attack near Hiiiiukliii ri'iuilneil 'J2 .Manh, , 
 
 Ak Tapa (/.'insiiiim i'i:/iii' .I./1//111111) . -v" March, , 
 Cliuleli iiaiia( /I.I ii'iim ihji iilul miil I, illiil) nee .1 111. 1 i. 11, 
 
 I iilhill 2 Ajll'll, ,. 
 
 Kisli Creek (CiiiiiiidiiiKi i(./iii> ii'ii/i") . 24 A|ii'il, ., 
 
 natil.'fiii.l (i/i»iil . , . , 1 .May, .. 
 
 liatiielii' (i/i7(.i( y May, .. 
 
 |,Sce /111/. im ill, /iiii'i.iii/i, mill .S'..iii/iiii.| 
 l)nK"ll near MiiTi. mall (//.i/lii.i< 1/. ■./r.i;/i'i/ in /i.i.i.'o 
 
 11/(111/.' .Ill .|(ii/.<.^i.iiiiii») |Hei. .|/..|i.,«ii. /(i| asa'i Jan. 1,= ;- 
 
 Jelupla l'iis«(7'i(../iiii«i/iy.ii'.i/) . . 24 Sept. ,5-; 
 
 Ta>kkiirpin ainl .Ma/ail Hlni If (/«'i.i/,' /\'/iiiii, I'Ar', 
 
 ililillliil) a.j-jn .S.'pt. ,, 
 
 .•^iiakini O'l^i'"' ".'"" •'"''' /'. 11 /"/ii.' 'ii/f/i'ii. Iliiiifill) 
 
 2' I Ill'l'. ,. 
 
 DiTVliiliea r.'pnlH.'il, i.j, jy, |.i April; a Jiin.'; 4 
 
 July ISyO 
 
 Ai'i,'iiiii C'li/. H'l.i/i/i.'ii'.' i/../iii/» /i.nii/if.-). 2.1iily, ., 
 
 Aiialii (/i.'ii'i.^/i.'. I'l./iii'ii') . . . II .lull, „ 
 
 T.i.-iki (i/(//.' 'i/( i/ni.'.iiii./.'/) . . . .{ MiK. „ 
 
 Witti Htfiinieil, Mi'e /(iii;//.ni' . , . 27 Oct. ,. 
 
 \V. mil. led Knee /'reck, Hi'c /iii/diiiii . . a.j lie.'. .. 
 
 T.'kar, ><imilan (11.11111111 /iiiimi i/r/m/r./) . 19 Keli, irii 
 I'liicilla, C'liill {/lii(iiiiiii.(.i ilijiiiliil (1// I'liHur. .*«(<(.!) 
 
 .•'■' .Aug. ,. 
 Iioglia (Dali'inieymiH ili'l.'Ml. .1 liy llie Freni 10, 
 
 17 Ht'pt. 1:;: 
 Ailuwa(7/.i/i.iii.i i'i;/.ii/.i/ '.// ,|/i//»"i»i"ii.»), 
 
 ■ji) Keli.-i Mareli, 1:'^" 
 Ferkeli, Hiui.laii (hi irixhin ilijuilnl Im (/en. A'i(- 
 
 I'/lCllf .') .7 Jlllll'. ., 
 
 ni.la (Iniliilnilijiiiliil); M'M \!iiir . zfi. 27 Fell 1:3- 
 At'iara, Snu.laii (/lici'/n/iiiii/r/iii/ri/ /n/i/fii. Kill hem 1) 
 
 8 Al'lil, i;;i 
 
 ... »■ / ,.**" '" K.IMKA. 
 
 r<'lt-}'m((Jiin.'.v,l./n,U,lhyJ 
 Uhitiv»r{ilnv„l-.,llll..) y 
 »(illi«|.»el (l«iinlioT«liimiit) 
 
 . , , ,.,f'»*''"-TrHKi«« Wi 
 iiiallp.HU(/iir*a ,1,/riitnl) 
 
 !""|!'",» '•""'• ('.■'■iiA'i.rfi/n^',;) ; 
 
 l.iri«.. plnl. „f i,in,k, ,1r/,;,h'i 
 lVui'piK'aiJl«(^'r,e<', i/,./ii„,,ft 
 l'liiTi.«U ('/mla ,/,y,,„,, j^ '' 
 ^Irilnii.) (iiii;ci.|'.,(„.) _ ' ■ 
 |i.iiie.kii(ii((fi'r(»(i.,.) 
 .-iimiilnh-Aiiierlenn war (u'/i'/.'A «, 
 It.irniinieiiiiMNniall e.mlli.'tH ft,,, 
 ;;ri,....'.i.iii »-i,r, //„.-,.,„„.,„, „ 
 .Mdii.id'ii, /i(i-A',.„, Ci.i/.i/ s'(„/, 
 
 ("';'. /''■■'"/.i/iiiii/. Chill, Sun, I 
 
 Ml*, Hnnwh, Mii^i,,nr. hi 
 .V.m/iiiiii./,iii,/, /(„,,,',,,. „„,.^ 
 «.'.«"ii'.M, /.■/i.i./i.si'i,, A,..,„',„|| 
 '.■iiKiit(.'mf nig m... „;«„,/, „,,f^ 
 J'l'lm, 1897. 
 
 DATUM, «f(' Jt„toi,m. 
 
 BAUOli, «i'o W ///««. 
 
 liAUTZEN, I. town i„ 
 .li'Npcruti' liattlcH wi'i-e fought • 
 lHl),lletw<.el)tli,. l.Vi.lle||,,.onil 
 
 mid thu Hllii'K under flui iMiipcr 
 kiiiK of I'ruasia. Tin' strutfiflo 
 pjtii, with a eoiitcst on the r 
 eiicliarniy a Iohh oCalmvi. 2(xx) 
 (at Ilautzcii) the J-'rciii'li wm. r 
 All the 2i«t (lit Wiirschi'ii) H 
 (H'lkl to retire; but Niiiiol,.,,,, 
 ii.nt mlvuntiiRe. Duroo v.mk) 
 Oyiioannon-liall, on 22 Jluy. 
 
 BAVAUfA ((mi't ofaiicieni 
 
 clclicnn, a kiiijidom in South G 
 
 from the Celtic Gauls (Hoii) by 1 
 
 I (mmlfilxy The I'ountry was, 
 
 iyduke««ulij,vt to the Prench 
 
 i'HiU.wiiBdeiKW'ii hv Chiirh'nniK 
 iimrKrare.H in -HH. " The nia,-,,, 
 
 I fnhi-r of Armilph tlie Had, ia at 
 Uiivan.i made a kiiiffdom from 
 tiiaJe H coiiKtituti.iii.'il lu.iiiai-t.] 
 It jaincd the (ieriimn empire 
 
 |i'i|iulation, 1 ]),.('. |«;i, ,V; 
 
 p,o:2,W; |8H5, 5,420,199; ,8q 
 
 I )hiach. ' 
 
 iliwia mip|,ii't.s AuHtria in the 
 I l'ru.ssiii . , ^ 
 I ''l.i'le |ieate will, Pie.s.sin' . 
 I I'li'iiliitlon (after ccssi/(n.<,' i86fi) j s' 
 l.lii luteniatuiii;..! e.\liii,iti„n in V 
 J i'1'.'ll.vl . 
 
 |Tlia'liaiiili,.w.|i,s,.,iv,,,'|,n3,thrniiKl,a' 
 1 iiiipi'e.si.|..nt waselceti'.l 
 
 |"'"-'"''l" Mil., ministry, 2? .Vo'v 
 
 J «,'|,t,'i|l,ylln'l,'inK ^' ''^''^•' 
 r.'l.' iif u'.'Uil i,r e.iniiden,.,. in'prin: 
 1 ,lll.',|il'l'.1l.|em, ,., |.',.i,, ; ,„, ,.,„i '„','" 
 ll]ii'hiii;;,'ii,ii..iii,e,.slii.si,it,.nti,ii,„f j, 
 I 111 th,. »:,„.„ ith Kran.'c . , 
 
 lllifaivai'iaii.'.mtinp.nthifjlilv distil 
 Mr'"'''""'"' ''<"<'' of jJav.ari! 
 
 IfMlfnt of enun,.i| 'an,! f.ir.'i.rn in 
 
 I'fretMeliiier , . *' 
 
 I-., ,. f''^''<'^Vi'ni-p./'n(.M/i,ii, '(I 
 
 rr..ani^ "'."IcItert.ithtkiiiKor.'iaxi 
 
 ltatl,ckin«ori'rus.siashoi;i,li;e I, 
 _ "lOfiinany. 
 
 l^l.M'fe''''''''''"''"''"'''''*'-''! for on 
 
 ,;"*;:^Jiin?i;;f l^-teH reetJi 
 
 Ci''Vi-niIl„i,|t ,,r,.,.,.*g ,...,- ^^ ,*. _ 
 
 '.'.'Will,,,). *ii"-t l.rt|.a! lui 
 
 I'ul'l Citlioli,. "■ elmVi.l, njiencd lit 
 
..,,.ii,.i,rn!?;r.x)::,,r,r""*'*(-"''^\-> 
 
 i,illl,.« Push (r;.-...l.. J../!.. .X ■ • >"> IB 
 
 BAVARIA." 
 
 ." fiillM . 'I'I'"«"1 to auniiiiii uiilty, , Heiit. 
 
 l'lifr«»ta (',>i-ci-„ ,/,/5„^ j) ' ■ 
 
 |i»m"ki>(iA(>rrlii||-,) ' ' ■ 
 .tianlnli-Aiiiiirlcan wiir lwhu\ u,\ 
 
 - April, iBo7 
 
 • 7-19 April, „ 
 
 ■ '» '\prll, „ 
 
 •»-»l April, ,, 
 
 •S-«g April, ,, 
 
 • 5 Mi»y, ,, 
 
 • M Miiy, „ 
 17 M«)-, 
 
 /.i"to, 1897. "^^ "'"•"""""(•'M. Krontl.T w»r ; HPo 
 
 BATUM, «c(' Hiiioiim. 
 
 HAUOK, SCO Anjau. 
 
 DAUTZEN, .1 town in S.uony, n.mr wl,!..l> 
 
 mid the nlllcK uiK «T the ..iiiiii.p,>i. ,>(• 1/ ">/^T"it'"i, 
 
 I Oyaoanno,,-*.!!, on « Akj. """"^ '" KHi.htnbach | 
 BAVAUrA (jmitoCHiKu.iitXoricumaiid Vin- 
 
 Ojo .ml 6<x, . The ..oj,','; 'V!;!. n/ r^ X^S 
 I ;:dulie«»ul.j„.t to Ih,. freurU monurcl,/ fa^n. 
 
 ,„f„ii, •" "l'l"'»"" <" Uiniuii, unity, . Hepi 
 
 I ''r::;,,!:!!™ "•"'"■ i-Hy c-p.-puu, ut^^,rv'" 
 
 •■■■li"'' l.iiitp,,!,! priiHnli,,"..,! u' ; ' " '^"«' <88o 
 t'I- |<l"«- ntll llln'"" "'«"'" '■» "'•"""■'t -r 
 
 BUKKH. 
 
 ;.V ' """ ' """"^■'' "»= '"-'..t^H. Matlia.. 
 M20. IliMiry tli« Illmk ; l,i„f!„.r 
 
 { ' "J ' I AlHtll,i:l,|„||„.l-; ,(, ,„, 
 
 Otlm,^ n„„.t ,„■ Wlt,.,„,„,.',i, „;X d„k, . ,, 
 
 I.1M1I1" : Hiiii. 
 "tli"ll.,ll„. IlliistilmiM 
 
 '111(1.; llH«ll.sHir|||t,.,| 
 
 •347- Hti.|ili,.ii I. ; «„„.,, 
 
 ■175. .Iiilm: liriitlur ; J. , ','"' 
 
 «397- Ki-iii.st: lirnlli,.,-. ,/ v/.'s 
 
 1418. AMint I. ; s„„ . ,/ , 's?,* 
 
 Mfe •I"llNn.,.,ll.|.Si,.is„ll/,„r;„,„„ 
 
 1180. 
 1 183, 
 
 ■ ajl. 
 lag4. 
 
 ; mill 
 
 1331. 
 
 ; gained tlio palatl- 
 
 Davan,. maili" a kins-lum (Voni Jan /x^. ' 1 '"°- i T'' '" ■ «">':'' .-,71 
 
 "isill""'''"'''" .^^'""•" '" ^''" «"''t««t with 
 
 rM,i.i,.|i(.,i|.,. wiih I'n..ssiu' ' ■ Juiii. 
 
 !■ tul.tiuii (lift,.,- i-e.vswi,K, ,866), 4,8.4 .;, " n?" 
 
 Sqfi ; il. j6a6. 
 
 the fiist KLKCTdR of 
 
 tlio iiulatliiute ronUireil, 
 
 1 866 
 
 1867 j 
 
 I 
 
 1869 ! 
 
 1870 
 
 '745- 
 J778. 
 
 1799. 
 
 »a Auj;. 
 
 'ii'allibilitv, 18 Ap 
 /'■rsityiifMuiiiil, 
 
 h*lUtli.li.- .l,u,.,.,, Vijiencl at Mnnit'''' 
 
 <'l|i| of.Srjit. 
 
 - . "|i|iii:(iii^''|,npid 
 
 elueteil rector of the iini. 
 
 iMiixliiiilliin thr (Jrnit , 
 "luiirlii, ^5 K,.|, ,,,', 
 "148; </. 27, Si.pt. If,',, 
 16^1. I'l'i'iliiiiiiiil-.M,,,.,. . ,1 -,r M,,,. , 
 
 -'^^i.i.,,,,r:.::i;':^i,^t:;r«:te^4"'"' 
 
 I'.i'l Ills clilaiiil t..,.. '""*''■'••* "I'll™", niul 
 O't, iSiiir. .'!'■'! "•'."'"'■"'«l to liim, 
 
 ""■Vk^S^s:'- ■■'""""'"'''- ^'"^^". >848 ;Mlcd 
 ■Miixiiiiilii,h..|„s,.|,)| II. 
 ilifil lu Marcli, ; 764. 
 
 1825 
 1848 
 
 ; born 28 Nov. iSii ; 
 
 lire. She ileliverel lee '■"•'''" ' " "•"'"''■""g 
 |iniee,.,le.ltothoL'nit,ils.,i ."'.!'■■ '■" '^59: tl.eiieo 
 .7 Ja.i. ,86, ' '"•""■■' i "'"' J'»-'J "t Xew York. 
 
 
 If' 
 
 ,#«, 
 
 
BAVENO. 
 
 lai 
 
 BEANS. 
 
 i 
 
 1 oil] 2 = 
 II Jlllll', 
 
 1864. Louis II. (snii) niiiinbii' mid icniitric 
 
 AHg. 1845 ; ili'po.si'11 10 June ; Miiciili- _ 
 
 1886. Otho Williiim (brnthcr "f I.t uis II.); 13 •^»w. 
 
 bfirn 27 Ai)ril, 1848 (insiiiii.). 
 Rogcut (lieir) I'riiicr Liiitji. 1.1, uncli' ; to .Iiiiie. lESf) ; 
 (born, 22 Miirdi, it.31.) 
 
 BAVENO, a villntrc of I'iciliiiont, on tlie Liil'o 
 Miiggiore. At 11 villa lieii' (|m'i'ii Victoriu rcsuloil 
 from 28 Marcli to 23 April, li<;<>. 
 
 BAY ISLANDS (the chief, Rtmtan), in the 
 bay of Honduras, central America, belonged to 
 Siiain fill 1821 ; then to (ircat liiitain, "Incli 
 formed them irito a colonv in T.S:;2, but ceded 
 them to Honduras, 28 Nov. [><y) : xw Iloiidiiids. 
 
 BAYEUX TAPESTRY, mytljcallv said to 
 hi vc been wrought bv Miitilda, i|iic.ii ot W ilham 1., 
 or to have been miicle under the ilirciti(ui oi his 
 brother Odo, bishoji of l!a\cii.\-. It is k) inches wide. 
 214 feet long, and is divided into conipartnieiils 
 showing tlie events fniiu the visit of Handd to the 
 Norman court to his deatli at Hastings; it is now 
 preserved in thepublic lihrarv ot Jiaveux near Caen. 
 A copv, drawn by C. .Stolhard, and coloured alter 
 the original, wa.s publi.-hcd by the Society ot 
 Antiquaries in 1821-3. It was icnroduced by auto- 
 type process by F. li. Fowke. with notes, lH;5. 
 
 BAYLEN (S. Spahi), where on 20, Inly, 18^8. 
 the French, commanded bv generals Dujiont and 
 AVedel, were defeated by the .Spaniards under Ked- 
 ing, Coupigny, and other generals. 
 
 BAYONET, the .short dag'^er Kxed at the end 
 of tire-arms, said to have been invented at liayonne, 
 in France, about 1047, 1670, or 1(190. It wiis used 
 at Killiecrankie in r'189, and at Jlarsagliii by the 
 French, in 1693, " witli great success, against the 
 enemv nnpreiiared for the encounter witli so for- 
 midable a novelty." The ring-bayonet was adojiti d 
 by the British, 24 Sept. Kxjv 
 New iiBttcrn of bayonets adopted hi 1876 ; asserted t" be 
 
 (U't'eetive in tlie Soudmi ciiiiipnigii 1884-5. 
 Strict cxamiiiatiiiii ordi'i-ed 1885. See inid'er A-ms. 
 
 BAYONNE (S. France), nn ancient city. It 
 was held by the English from I2gs till it was taken 
 by Charles VII. The ijueens of Spain and France 
 iriet the cruel duke of Alva here, June, 155(1, it 
 is supposed to arrange the massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew. Cliarle.s IV. of Spain abdicated liere in 
 favour of "his friend and ally " the emperor Xajio- 
 leon, 4 May, and his sons,' Ferdinand jirince of 
 Asttirias, don Curios, and don Antonio renounced 
 their rights to the Spanish throne, () .May, l8i.'8. 
 In the neighbourhood of liayonne was much des- 
 perate fighting between the French and British 
 armies, g-13 l)ec. l8n. liayonne was invested bv 
 the British, 14 Jan. 1814; on i4Ai)ril. the French 
 made a sally, and attacke(l the Kiiglish with suc- 
 cess, but were at length driven back. The loss of 
 the British was considerable, and liout.-gen. sir 
 John Hope was wounded and taken prisoner. — A 
 Franco-Spanish indusitrial and fine arts exhibition 
 was opened at Bayonne in July, 18(14. 
 
 BAYKEUTH (N. Germany), a margravi.ite, 
 held formeily by a branch of the lirandenburg 
 family, was with" that of Anspacli abdicateil by the 
 reigning prince in favour of the king of Prussia, 
 1790. The archives were brought (in 1783) from 
 Plassenbnrg to the city of liayreuth, which was 
 inco.'porated with liavaria by Najioleon in l8oti. 
 
 BAZAAR, or c.ivered market, a word of Arabic 
 orijfin. The magnificent bazaai of Ispahcn was ex- 
 celled by that of Tauris, whieh ha.^ licld 30,000 
 men in order of battle. In London the Soho-s(|Uare 
 bazaar was opened by Mr. Trotter in iSlO to relieve 
 
 the relatives of persons killed in the war. Tli(> 
 Queen's bazaar, Oxford-street, a Ycry eitensive 
 one, was (willi the Diorama) burnt down, and ilii- 
 loss estimated at 50,000/., 27 May, 1829. Jt -ms 
 rebuilt, and converted into the Princess's Theatie. 
 opened 30 Sept. 1841. The St. James's baaaar (built 
 by .Mr. Crockford) in 1832. The I'anthcon, matle d 
 bazaar in 1834 ; see I'liiit/uoii. The London Crystnl- 
 palace bazaar, 1858. The most imposing sale tevrm \ 
 a liazaar was opened for the benefit of the Aiiti- 
 Corn-Law League, in Coveiit-garden theatre, 5 Jla\ , 
 1845; in six weeks 25,000/. were obtained, mo>il;. 
 bv ailniission money. The Corinthian hazanr. 
 .VrgvU-street, Oxford-street (to replace the bazanj 
 at tile I'antheon) opened 30 July, 1867 ; elo.sed ii) 
 1868. 
 
 BAZAINE, Marshal, trial, &c., Der. 1875 
 and Aug. 1874. See Metz and Frdiice. 
 
 BAZEILLES, a village in the Ardennes, N,R 
 France. During the dreadful battle of Sedan, 
 [ Sept. 1870, Bazeilles was burnt by the Havaiiaii>, 
 and atrocious outrages were said to have been cmii- 
 niitted. Of nearly 2000 inhabitants it was assertu', 
 scarcely fifty remained alive, and these indigiiautk 
 (bnied'having given provocation. M\icheontrine;>v 
 ensued, and in July, 187T. geii. Von der Tami ii>. 
 sorted correctly that the number of deaths hud heiin 
 grossly exaggerated, that there liad been nnuji 
 provocation, and denied the alleged cruelties. 
 
 BAZOCHE-DES-HAUTES, near Orleans, 
 central France. Here a part of the army of the 
 Loire, under gen. D'Aurelle de I'aladines, wa* 
 defeated after n severe iiction, by the GerIllall^ 
 under the grand-duke of Mecklenburg, 2 Dee. i8;o. 
 See OrlfdiiK. 
 
 BEACHY HEAD, a promontory, S. E. Suss,.,. 
 near whieh the British and Dutch Heet, eoniiiiiiiiil|.(J 
 by the earl of Torrington, was defeated by a aiiie- 
 rior F'rench force under e.dmiral Tourville, 3(iJiiiii., 
 1(^190; the allies sutfered very severely. The Uuidi 
 lost two admirals, 500 men, and several sliips— 
 .sunk to prevent them from falling into the liaailj 
 of the enemy ; the English lost two ships ami ^(x, 
 men. Tlie admirals on both sides wen' blaiiinl; 
 ours, for not fighting; the French for not pui'suiii',- 
 the victory, 
 
 BEACONS, see Lighthouses, JiibUce, 1887. 
 
 BEACONSFIELD Administratiox, see 
 Disraeli and I'top/v's Tiibittr. 
 
 BEADS were early used in the east for reokmi- 
 ing prayers. St. Augu.stin mentions them 3(/,. 
 .\bout 1090, Peter the Hermit is siiid to have maJe 
 a series of 55 beads. To Dominic de (jiizmuii i* 
 ascribed the invention of the Rosary (a series ,.f 
 15 large and 150 small beads), in honour of tli,' 
 lilessed Virgin, about 1202. Beads soon aftorwiiv 
 in general use. The Bead-roll was a list of di- 
 ceased persons, for the n'post! of whose seal- ;i 
 certain number of prayers was recited. Beads have 
 been found in British barrows. 
 
 BEAM AND Scale."!. The apparatus for 
 weighing goods was so called, " as it weighs so 
 muidi at the king's beam." A public beam was .set 
 up in London, and all commodities onlcrcd tn be 
 weighed by the city officer, called the wci»h- 
 master, who was to do justice between bnyi'r laiii 
 seller, stat. 3 Kdw. II. 1309. Utow. Beams iiiitl 
 scales, with weights and meas ur 's, were ordered li> 
 be examined by the justices at quarter 8cs,siiiiii, 
 35 (ieo. III. 1794 ; see U'liuht.^ and Maisuyn. 
 
 BEANS, Black and White, were used iiy 
 the ancients in gathering the votes ol the pcdplo lor 
 
 BEAR-B. 
 
 pi-eccnt o Pythagoras to al 
 «./r//-iv has been variousl 
 
 the election of magistrates 
 absolution, and a bladj "^ 
 
 111 
 
 I • ... 'arioiisl 
 
 do not favour mental tran 
 diier kinds ;,f beans wer.. 1 
 vegetables, in Henry VJIL 
 
 BEAR-RAITING, an 
 
 sport, prohibited by pariiair 
 
 BEARDS.* The Eg 
 heards; the A.ssvrians did 
 for centuries bv the Jews' 
 mar tlieir beards, i,(,o nc 
 Tartars waged a lung war 
 flaring them infidels, bee,, 
 their heards, after the cusi 
 Greeks wore their beards till 
 who ordered the .Maeedouj,, 
 the beard should give a liai 
 ijOH.c. Beards w(.re worn 'b 
 Ihe emperor Julian wrote 
 
 ;■-"""/',''.'/"'' ''),ai'aiiistw,.ari 
 In Englanil, thev were not 
 ■iinqaest, 1066, until the i? 
 discontinued at the Hestoril 
 enjoined the Kussians, even 
 was obliged to keep oH1e|.rs 
 Ward by force. Since 1851'tl 
 the beard gradually increased 
 
 BEARN, S. France, the a 
 was held succe-ssi vol V livthel{r 
 and Gascons, and beiai'ue a he 
 ^\% under Centule I., son of 
 rony. From his Caniilv it jmsi 
 Cabaret 1 134; of Jlomad,', i 
 and of Bourbon, 1550. Its 'n 
 wiis decreed bv IleniV IV i;„ 
 -MIL, 1620, • ' ^-^ 
 
 BEARS and BULLS, see 
 BEAIJGE, see A„j„H. 
 
 BE.4.ULIEr, Akdey o 
 
 dietincs) founded bv king Jo], n 
 : H.™.Ps'ii>-e, in 1204, ..md ,i,.,|i,.' 
 Wrgiii, had the privilege of ,an 
 ana.svlum to -Margaret, nuee,, 
 the defeat of the earl of S\ 
 14 April, 1471 ; and to Perki 
 
 BEAUMONT, a village n, 
 ment of Ardennes, .\.E Frinice 
 of the army of marshal .Mae.Mah'r 
 jwhioh, after vainly endeavourii 
 
 iTOretrenting before the Uermai 
 Iprmce of Prussia, was surpris 
 
 Ita-enacrossthe Mouse at Jlou; 
 I The French loss inelud..,! abo„ 
 iMnyguns, „„,] „,ueh camp eq„i, 
 IwaschieHy gained by the liavariil 
 lli,W^^^ONT TRUST. : 
 |B.wberBenumoiit, artist, financie 
 
 I,. 1 V '""'•"'"' la'cselited to 
 »;'«:iierbeai,| raeasured ,* ya, I 
 
 T;\'f " "^■'■■i '-'t I'.iiis with- a ais 
 H. e i,Hly e,,v,,,e,l with liair. / ■, 
 P* Margaret, governess of the N , , 
 
 i-iMtiir K'ard. In liavar ,•,„/) e 
 
 f J"!, l.aiKe whiskein, and t|,i,.k i,„ 
 |"«n.roml,erneoko,;herUl:k.\,|;r;, 
 
^AR-BAITING. 
 
 the election of niaeistritpe » ,. i -^ i 
 
 absolution, an,l 'u,! ck ■no'\",'S '""" ''^'""''■-' 
 precept of Pytha. '„•,«?,, .,?, , .•-"'>'■"''"">""• The 
 
 finer kinds :,f 1 mJ' , ' 'l'''"V>- (''''''>■'>■ The 
 vegetables, in JIollrl^'lTl'rnS. ■'"' "'"' """■■• 
 
 ,p^?iS^J'^J^^ii;;;;--i-»,p^p.'i-Eng,ish 
 
 for centaries l.v the , wi' «• ,■■'""'; '',"'" ""■•" 
 mar their beanis , «"f;,"'"} "•^•'■'■. f"--''i<l.len to 
 
 flaria. them nti, "/ li ,"'" ', ""' '''■'■^'•"'^ '1^- 
 Jl.eirb.anls. after ';^„!':,~7^y-;!;-t. 
 
 (jreeks wore tier l.ear,l< till .1, .' i • ' ""' 
 who onlered the M ',o ,,''"!'' "^■^''■•^•™'l^'>-- 
 
 jMB.f, Bear.lswAvvv^,, ' ,' '',"""" '•'"•"'ies, 
 lie emperor ,r„!i , , \. , -^ ,1"' .H'Mnans, 3,k)-h.c. 
 ^' .Umpom, ••) ai^ i ,, i„ ,'''^"!-''«' ('■"title.l 
 
 In England, thov were / t f ■■■'''''^■'■''- ■^''- — 
 ■■.mque,.t, .066, unti h.^hl"''''" '""•'■ ''"' 
 •lisointinned ai th { ,, -J '■^■", "r>' ;'"'", "•^''•^ 
 enjoined the Russia,,., „vi ■':,„, "■'• >"" ^reiit 
 ™ obliged to k.M.p ofti,,," ,, f V !" ''''■''"<■• '"'f 
 
 .i.ei..rdgrad,.aii,-;,.;:!i:^,^';;;;'!;:^--:|^,;v-"". 
 .Se!;i^:^''^^-J'!';;;r:;;r^;n;;'-n>;n,,. 
 
 mid Gascons, and l„Va,„e a he,' ■:,..""• ^"'"'.''• 
 .Sl9, under Centnle I., so , i '•,, ir'''"'";y "' 
 
 .'ony, Fromhisfamilvit ,,,'s.; 'o, 1' "* ^""l 
 Cabaret, r.34; of Mofuad ,-, f K '""'"""f 
 and of Bo„,-i;on, uro 1,'.,,',": ■' ^'"\}2nf>; 
 wasdeoreed bv H.mIu V . 1' ' 'l?,':'" '", 't'""' 
 XIII., 1620. - "-''594. I'rtinned by Loiii3 
 
 BEAES and BULLS, see .9/«,./., 
 BEAUGE, see A»jm. 
 
 ^™p,hi,.U„ ,204, and, a' :a!;t^h;' «;?■'"'; 
 \ir?,n hn,l the p,-ivil,.j;o of sanet,, r v T'] 
 
 anasvhnn to Jfai-fraret n„e,.> , ' ii" '''"'"''ed 
 
 .l.edefrnt,,f tl,;e,:;i'i;rw « :k'''-i,' i-'''7' 
 ;4Vmr.; -ul to ,.e,.k,n"(vU'k;t;;: i 
 
 BEAOIOXT, n village near S, ,1..., , 
 mcntofAialennes, V.K. FniL" V "' "'''l''"''" 
 
 wret,™ting before theGenna ns un,)'" ' '^''■'"' 
 prmee of Prussia, was s,, • ! ,1 , r ""','^^'-<'«-'' 
 'Iriven across the Meuse at \l n ' ''^''^^'"•'■'l. '"ui 
 ,The French loss'inrde S r'-ol^' "f ''''>■ 
 
 i^KS^«^SLi-i>s-r 
 
 U'l 
 
 JECHUANA LA^^ 
 
 . ' A WmM wo,„an was tak™ l,v ti... -j 
 
 Jtattlc of p„!t,nv„, aa.l ine ".,,t ,1 X, , '*','■■*•■"""" "t <be 
 
 •"f liecn sirn at l'a,is with , „ , ",""''i" is said to 
 
 b-at MarKa,-,.). g,„-,.,-„,.ss of,,', v , , '' {'' '';"•■"■ The 
 
 ^niatG,,,,,,, (it was s, i„ 'g ' J'" "■'. ^'^'""■' 
 J"iil'in. in ,8,,,.,, ,,.,,,,,, " ,'> '" '»'4; was cxliii.it,,,] i,, 
 
 |»l.. large whiskis, a„,l ,k hi ' "■■'"■"">'' '''■'"■k 
 
 f-.«..er,,.ko,;,...i:::i;.\,!z„;:„;j;i---. 
 
 ?^S:iSa[i::;r'>.Sf;:'«-({-^'^^ 
 
 t>'"i for tl e „,o,,,l .,,1,1 >^ t.l r ''•"'' "" '"*'>'"- 
 ""■ »">-ki„i, e ,;'.",(" '^■^■'""l y-P'-ovement of 
 
 'I- n,„d i„ .»;,,.. ,o"6'^',;;,''t;'-.«'"' -"a.iy otV...rs 
 
 r'!,s,,.,.s ,„,,,,„,,.,| tl,,! ,',ve;i ' ;■' . , •' 75,o<W. Tl,e- 
 
 '•■ iii..lii,l,.a laihlif. lih,.. ,.,,,,'' ■' f. ' eoi.lfs Palace,'- 
 
 swi„„,„„„ l.a,l,sa,,.i;,v, aJa ri "' "^ '''•"'"''^ '""'' 
 s,-,i|,ti,,„. *■' """ I" I'lii'tly s„,,,„„.t„l by sub - 
 
 i'v till'ili'i';;:;:,:;',;^,;',,^;^''; "Qnecu's ban- «.«» i„i,j 
 
 txlobiti,,,, „f Kasf l,.,M., I,' "™"it(n"velist). 
 Qii'''-iis Jnbil,.,.-. ,„;''"> 24 -May, ,887. 
 I'dieviti,,i,a| ,-las„.s 've , , ' 'V 'V^^' =4 June, ,887. 
 
 IMlIsi,-. ,B£,, u'„„,'J'' ■■'"'"'■■'ys lo|. l-|.a,li,|j; n,„l 8,,...,.,|| 
 
 p'"'''-sM\vaNs;6;;;,V:';^'^^''''''^^ 
 
 t'.?^^^^;^e^^lf^S^^PE „ vi„a,e in 
 
 C'l-.Mles, in a, ,, , t' r.',, ',""1 ''■ '"■'"■'' '''"''''■'■■^■'' 
 F-mtainebleau to r v 'J'^''" '"'-wti"" of 
 
 Kreneh 1-s w' ',•,',. ,/,™-f '^"^-^ '«ro. Th,> 
 
 '«« , d, 4CXW w ,,.■,"" (^^■'•""»is to be 
 
 ; Tl,,.iro„,,Yt wari,,.,,;;:;"' "'"'"••" '^00 prison.Ts. 
 
 i lO^n't.Ym. ^^,:S:^,'' Spn, Helium, 
 
 I eounii-i,.s. M I.',, ii, , rir • ' i"'P','''*'"t"'ff "liiiiv 
 ' l';-.i a„n„;, ; it' ;;"'""' A 'h-V-lireetor, pro! 
 
 .•|«<''I I.\2oSer>f iS«K »', < e,de of Guadeloupe, 
 
 vn^m:^,^Z^,!!^,£;/™"::')-, "'" i'-'^em Tlello- 
 \Vh,.n l,esi,.,.,,| b CI, ri, '''■'lV,"P""'''f^'''""-''y- 
 
 '■':"i.|uet ,„■ Lam'^ t'\, ' ;\";"7 ""Jer Jeanne 
 ii-VbK that w,.apo„, ,,artic ,.„i . ""'■.''^''t';'. from her 
 f'lves, and the duk ' ■ ,i ' , , •' '.''"'"'KU'shed tliem. 
 
 ilelivei-an'.e. ""^ anniversary of their 
 
 nm.^P".l',1^t;^«,f^^.^iD: So'ith Africa, a large 
 vm,/. - ^ ^^'' ''1"'"'. V ryburg, gee ^Vffw*. 
 
 Uritisl, vol„,„,ij,V '>'''""i-y sulKlueU by 
 
 rei,la,.,.,| bv .M,-. |J|,!"|'','"«" ''y ""' lJ"t,.l, pilrtv, 
 
 Tl"i;;a:!:';iyi;s,!;'';;^;;:p-;!'i---issb,,,or1;:f^: 
 
 ;:^?^t?;:r '-B^H'^iiTn^ii-ti^-:!'^.:^;;:^^ 
 
 Dec. 
 
 1876; 
 1884 
 
 
 
 C^^^.i 
 
BECKET'S MUKDEE. 
 
 12J 
 
 ,BEEF-EATEKS. 
 
 h 
 
 1895 
 
 i8Q2 
 
 IS95 
 
 .Sg6 
 
 Sir Ch»rlc8 Wiirrnn m.v't«i>resiil.'nt Kni;?.;i', 24 ■I''"- 
 
 iin.l com.« to -.11 iv^nieinjiit . . • =;J ■ ' 
 
 Military Koverniii.^nt esUiblisliL-d liy sir Wum.n, 
 
 Arrest or Mr. Van Niokirk, prosi.lent "'«''.";''' 
 reimblic, and oth.TS, on drn:,-o "f ''>""'' '.■^''; 
 
 Marcl'i, 1335; relwis-a ab.iiit 27 Ma). Si - 
 
 Warr-n thanks till' voliiiit-ors. . ;. "''.'"jV 
 
 Du.liju aiiipiianl noniinat^'.l a<Inimislrator , sir «,. 
 
 Warren after great success reealle.l . •',;;• 
 
 Beclmanalan,! proclaimvl Dr.fis h f'''''''' ,. J "', ' 
 A proposal to annex it to Cape Holnny was nenatn 1 .1. 
 
 «ir^;;ev"shii.pu;;r'no.ninate.rco,„n,issioner: 
 
 Ki!r;::Y^'o[u.;e,.i,^s.re^eiv..at,n.eC;;^^ 
 
 ofllL'ebyMr. CliiMi'ierlmn, u •^'M't; •,. „ .■■ive'l 
 niinghan. an.l oth n- plaees, Se,H., ) .. , re^ > <\ 
 presents from the ciueeii, at Wiielsor, 20 >^n ^ , 
 
 C^nSw^h th^S. Africa eornpanyseUeiuY; 
 Mr. Chamberlain ; imperial t;overnuient Krjnt ul. 
 
 Sn'F:j:t;;^on';';>.">f;:^^-!'i-tcon.;nis^,me^ 
 
 3IoS:;:^iIka;.niniwiti...™wntJ.n,.ln2.i;N; 
 S. Africa company an 1 plaee.l '.'"'"f^V" nt 
 connn^ssi.mer ; Mr. Hnnnon appointed as.istnnt- 
 
 commissioner: annonn I •. • „ • ,„ ,° , „,/ 
 
 •Sir lUchiril K R Martin, appointed conim nid.int- 
 •"'".en. of polie. forces, and depnty-connmss.oner 
 for S. Africa ; announced , ■ . '-•""V; 
 Distress thr.niK'h tlr> '-■""'■•''""'''■''' ' ^' [ri, „ t,, 
 K.i^;"'i?si,;« thron.li the killing of dis™ied cattle, 
 at VokV'mi : cMK-lition sent nnder nuior Pe.ik- 
 
 pSii'l^^lUhwe'; strongl,;,m, ^ak™ by M^ 
 
 Robinson and nafvi's ron ..1 27 l>'^'-. , n. y 
 
 natives captured, n ng .p,"'"'';'- „ • .,„ J,'^,' , ,; 
 
 Mr Robinsoii, ,1 tn.djr nurdere.l on t le Mashos\ iig 
 
 fiv^r; the IMtla OS tribe in revolt ; reporte,! ; 
 
 5 Jan. : further ra,-. rep.u-ted .. • » ' ' "■ 
 
 Uebels totally .lelVated, 4c killed m the Ti.k » 1 
 
 district ; reported . . • ■ . : , ,;° [ ! "i: 
 
 Capt. Wood an.l a siniill patrol surprised 1 ^ rel el> 
 
 in Langeberg ; lient. U..pkins and I'nvale \e 1 
 
 killed, rebel loss lieiivy ; reported . S !•. . 
 
 Camasei, I.ukas ,Iant -'s village cai.tirel and 
 
 1 , riit lient. II oris killed, 6 April ; oth T kraals 
 
 burnt by col. Dalgetys column, annonmvd .0 
 
 April ; further lighting, reported ,• 3°^.""' 
 
 ■Tot.Vs stronghoM captnre., by col. Dalgetv, 3 
 
 privates killed . ■ • 
 Rebels repulsed with loss at Cania^ep 
 Keiiifurcements sent to J"V'*^'''"''Y,-,,,.'. ,i,.„i^i,. 
 sfveral skirmishes reported, 25 ■> d.N , ""'si^-; 
 Tict.iryover the rebels, at Uiii.gebcrg ^oMy 
 and I Ang. ; many surrenders . . 2 Auj,- >. 
 Major Ooold- Adams appointed resident-conijni|.- 
 sioner; rejiorte 1 ^' '"'• " 
 
 BECKET'S MURDER.* Tl.omas licckct 
 archliisliop of Cuntorlniry, \vas uuiraurcd at tlit 
 ■altar, 20 Dec. 1170. The km;; was nlisolvcd 
 ■guiUv knowlclgo of t!ic eriinc .1. n;2, am ilu 
 nenalice at the tomb in 1 174.. 'H'; '.'"'"■^ "f IHn,' * 
 'vcro enshrined in eold and lewcls in 1220. i h( \ 
 ■were ordered to be Imrned in the miin n( llenr\ 
 
 1897 
 
 q May, 
 3 .lune. 
 30 ' ■luni 
 
 • Tlinmas Bccket was bon, in , , .9. His f" '";'•"'" "* 
 was a London trader, lu, 1 bis niother is stided ol,^ 
 been a convert from Maleemdanisn. He was cd 1 ' e 
 •at (Word, and made airbdearo,, by Theobald, aivlibi^bop 
 ofCanterlmiT,wliointrodueedliimto l,ekll>,^l eiuM. 
 
 He became (dianceMor in 1.55. Im' "." '"i";-' '•■';''■'' '' ' ' 
 bishop of CantiTbnry in iiC^.bc resigned the clianrelloi- 
 slll to the great ..tlcnce of the king. le opposed 
 St imiously the ,.o„.ditiitions of Clarendon m .„.4. -n; 
 Bed the coiintrv; and 111 iififi, esvnmniunieale.l all he 
 ."S,.\ „i,o ".'ived to abide by them. }!.■ and tUe king 
 inet'at Kretville, in 'rouralm', on 22 .Inly, 117". .'i"' «'"' 
 frmallv reconciled. On bis ivturn he r. -coniinimce. 
 hi.s struggle with .he king, which led to his trie^ical 
 4catli, after which be w^i.s caiioni/i'd. 
 
 VIII 21 .Vpiil. I,i3^- A atone cotHii, supposed by 
 rto.iie persons to contiiin Docket's bones (.■•),dis. 
 covered in ft crypt ut Canterbury cathedral, Jan. 
 18SS The .Mercliiint Adventurera were at one tini'' 
 termed '• the Brotherhood of St Thomas a 
 Bei'kct " A Uomm ciithohc church at Canter- 
 bury, dedicated to him, wiia opened by cardinal 
 M.iiining, 13 April, 1875. 
 
 BECKETT-DENISON ART .COLLEC- 
 TION, (including much of the Hamilton CoUcc 
 tion) sold for 92,231;., 6 June-IS July, lH«5. Mr. 
 Christopher Beckett-Denison, brother ot sir hdinuiid 
 Beckett (since lord Giimthorpe), died suddenly in 
 Ireland, 1884. 
 BECKFORD, sec under Libraries. 
 BED The ancients slept on skins. Beds were 
 afterwards made of loose rushes, heather, or straw. 
 The Uonians arc said to liave first used feathers. 
 ^ An air-cushion is said to have been used by Ili'lin- 
 1 gabalus 218-222 ; air-beds vfcro in use in the i6t]i 
 I century' Feather-beds were in use in England in 
 I the reign of Henry VIII. The b 'dsteads of the 
 I Egyptians and later Greeks, like raidem couches, 
 became common among the Koraaii upp t classes. 
 The ancient gn'at bed at Ware, Herts, capable of 1„.1.|. 
 ing twelve i>eisoiis, was sold, it is said, to Charles 
 Dickens, 6 .Sept. 1864. 
 A bedstead of gold was presented to the iinecn on 2 N.jv. 
 
 i8<;o, bv the Mahara.iahofCashinerc. 
 \ir-beils "and waterdieds have been imvle since the m.iiiii- 
 ' faetiiro of india-nibber cloth by Clark ill 1813 ; and by 
 
 Macintosh in 1823. 
 Ur. Arnotfs hydrostatic bed invented in 1B30. 
 
 BED OF JUSTIC?:, a French court prcsiJeil 
 over 1)V the king, whose seat was termed a " bed." 
 It controlled the ordinances of the parliament. 
 The last was held by Louis XVI. at Versailles, 
 19 Nov. 1787, to raise a loan. 
 
 BEDER (Arabia). Here Malioniet gained his 
 first victory (over the Koreish of Mecca), O23. It 
 was considered to be miraculous. 
 
 BEDFORD, a town, X.N.W. of London, re- 
 nowned for its many free ediicatiimal cstablish- 
 ! ments, endowed in I^6I by sir Win. Ilarpur, a 
 i loiidon alderman. Here John Bunvan iireaclicJ, 
 ; WIS imprisoned, and wrote "The I'llgrim's Prn- 
 gress." Population 1881, l9.S3.r. I*) I, 2.^0:3. 
 A statue of liniivan, the gift of the ilnke of lieilfonl, 
 was uncovered heir, 10 .lune, 1874. Ilnm/.e gates f..- 
 the Biinvan clinrcb, given by the diikc, weiv iiiniyii- 
 r.ited by liini 5 .Inly, "876. New extensive buiMiii!." 1 
 the grainmar school opened by the tluke "f He.ltnil, 
 
 Statue' of j'oiin Howard, tlin pliilantliroplst, l.y Mr. 
 ' Alfred 'iilbert, in the market-placu ; unveiled by 111' 
 
 dukeoflicllord, -23 March, 18.M. 
 Heercation ground presented by the duke, April 1594. 
 
 BEDFORD LEVEIL, a portion of tlie prwi 
 fen districts in tlie eastern counties, dniiiieil iuthe 
 early part of the 17th century by tlie carl of Bi'd- 
 ford, aided by the celebrated Dutch ciigitieer.sir 
 Coriieliiis Vcrmuyden, amid great opposition ; «■<- 
 Lnrls. 
 BEDL^YM, sec liethMtem. 
 BEDOUINS, wandering tribes of Ariibf, living 
 on the iiliinder of travellers, kc. They profwa 
 form of Mahomedaniam, and are govemcil by 
 sheikhs. Tliev are said to he descendants of Isii- . 
 ; ,„.„,i, ,„„l apjiear to folKl the propliccy respcttiiij 
 I \nm, (hii. xvi. 12, 1911 ibc. 
 
 BEEF-EATERS, see liatth-axt. 
 
 BEEP SI 
 
 "BEEP STEAKS^th 
 
 wiis established in 1 7jr by 1 
 O.rden Theatre, in thi?pai„ 
 nicnibera dined upon l,eef. 
 be-aine faehionabk-, and Ion 
 ■"^■'■ibers the prince of ^\\ 
 
 <;. er eminent person,,, „,.o 
 ih, t lu< ,0,-ous regulations. 
 86„ Its kst place of nicetin 
 
 Lyceum theatrp It. i ■ . 
 
 Brother Arnold In 18^,.'"^'°' 
 
 /■^F^^iV""'' Ale, lireivers 
 Condensed beer patented by \ 
 Oindcnscd wort patented lA- I 
 
 ?Wed i/" '?53. Heer a.i.l' 
 tinted Kingdom : iS-6 ,u, 
 
 412,192; 1884, 4,;4,'. ^"li 
 
 W,22l ; 1890, .62,r/i. ' i, 
 (l«93)6«.3,/. perWrel;nd<liti 
 ,..^fER-HpuSES. Law 
 
 V >vin. iv.c.64,,830: 
 
 BEES. Mount Hybl,,, on , 
 
 erous dowers, thyme, and abun 
 
 b«n poetically called the "em 
 
 mettus, in Attica, was also (an 
 
 hoiiey Ihe economy of bees « 
 
 «irkest ages ; and Euinelus, oi 
 
 poem on lieee. 741 „.t.. jj,, ' 
 
 into Boston New Enghuni, i, 
 
 since .spread over the con i„, 
 
 ».tmcal"Fabk.ofthel!ees"' 
 
 Hnber pubhshed his observafio, 
 
 I ,Vfe"""S»™t.vhadanesM 
 
 j'lel riill, near London (1800-2 
 
 ,vanmothehonev.beewrssu^.e 
 
 J into England in ig6o 
 
 hS;t;t'^'il"^^^' '\«»'"'ia<i.n, fi 
 , ii. Crj-stal p,-,l,aeH, .*• U'""''';' 
 
 %'%fe«,ofA,„en™, ori^/i, „ 
 m.iutiimi.or,87,; fir.stat ;, ; 
 
 Ms,™l,a,i,|otl,erbe,.sbegane V 
 Ifffir^^^'S^'^jS'g^ ^ 
 
 BEET-ROOT is of recent euli 
 
 Jifto beet-root n i-j- \t 11 
 
 i.*t.ugarfro„,iV,V,7.|/;;tr 
 |™co,,it the instance otli,,,,,, „ 
 
 IbMe sugar from tl,e I ,.,,';'/' 
 
 |«ofs,ig;,r al.oul),alfthe consu 
 >Mla<tu,v, in J-'rance fro,„ be 
 
 Uj-mamifaetured in oilier coiin 
 K'U?ar from beet- root li.rs been 
 TliMiM Wlik, Clielsea. The eulti, 
 >|>"Kngl,,nda,idlrel,,nd ,,," 
 
 pte:;;i'tsi!ni^^;;:r'''''"' 
 
 I RECiGAK.S vy, re tolerated in a 
 H'U,un,8icinnsundballad.si„g 
 If.' 'W' I547-SO severe l.iwa 
 fc' ''«■"'• li.v .4 Eli/., e c 
 
 if;^VantA,d(,824), sGeo I 
 itt^Hs«i.are liable tor,V;;nth'«i,! 
 
occamo fashionable, and Inn / i ?!,■, i 7'" '""'''y 
 members tie prinw. "f AV? ''"■>'' ,""'»"» ''= 
 otla-r eminent ne,so„,„i,„' "■"•'" '^''^ra, and 
 
 ■867, its last Plac^of 'nH^i;,„^.Vi,7''''''' "•^^""■' '° 
 Lyceum theatre. It« hiJ," °. '^""" " ",""'« '" the 
 DrotherAnioldini87i. ^ "■"" PuWished by 
 
 I'nitcil 
 
 .f ^ej;';y-J^^|;!;";- ,a-u„t of its odo,.i. ! S^l^li^t^i^r "'^^«'5-^ 
 
 .lettus, in Attica, was L f. ',!"/ '^f «; «>- : p, •'>,."'. **>« ••^•i?''^ of Henr v-r?"""' •""■""" 
 honey. The eoononn- of b^i's ?' '^^'" '.'^ '^'■'■s «nd Elizabeth, «hen even won.e.?nf *K " ? """y- ^n' 
 ->-t a».s; and i^u^^fc^J^''^^ ;n»> the i - P^ri^hed ; tl. a,ed ^H^.l *^^ S" !>-' H'oo. 
 
 
 honey. _ __ 
 I oirlifst age„ , „„^, i.,u,„^ 
 
 into Boston, Iv'eV England i,^ "^f-' ""'•pdueed 
 
 Theeooion' of b,.;''"?' ^7 '.'«''''''« ""J Elizabeth, whenev „ Von 
 
 r\/;f .": >- -"i;.ts;!:ed ":!::!!' ^ >"''y^»"?G;^^'i'^^„f ^^-^"-^ ^; 
 
 thus Deris))n(l 
 
 luiiy Jane Grey, 12 Feb", i^'^'^ - ■ 
 
 Unssia. He thus n- ' tlmf H '" "'" ?'-'"'^'' "^ 
 Asia and AnM.rieaaiVst.nVf *'"* ?"tuients of 
 tt'irty-nine n.iles, ,-28 I „^™r' ?"'' "^l"'"' "bout 
 island in ,;.,. i,/ f^^ /, .'^'«'l "t liehring's 
 veyed the coasts of ImH. ' ?'" '''""*•'« Cook sur- 
 
 1 iMli. Ul uif MC)IieV-l) 
 
 J into England in igoo. 
 
 ' in Ciystal ,,ulacc, ,. *• ' |''''^",';"t,V "■•8texhil,iti f, , 
 
 in autumn „f ,875 ; lir.st , t*"; 1 .J.. "'■";'"«" ^'"'"1"-. 
 musical, aii,l other lici.,s lic"„ ,. .1". ■■ ' /■'■"K''a]iliical, 
 
 I^S l;;,.^?;■'S^•«;':^•'^i:!^ / "-"-tery was 
 
 i«;iS;:":jrri"'"7^'"^n.- 
 
 fcltat sugar fn,„, it\1r, -,,;/;'; i'':','''''>;'"<'-:J ex- 
 Ifranoo, at the in>tancc „ Vj ,, '' ' '" -''e'lnsts of 
 ItMfd sugar fr„ni t , . I ct .'"•"■"'l'"'S"''>- ^'•v- 
 |"f .ugar. about ), 'f , '';*", if^' <^.«)0 
 |«ufoturc.l in i.-r,,ncc fro .T V "■'''■' 'T ' 
 lM.vmam,f.cjurcd in other countnVs , ♦• '''''° ' 
 Psufar from bcct-root liw.; 1,,, ''* i-ehiierv j 
 
 T^'«« bank, Cl,c so Tl e rZ'T"^ '" "'■^- ' 
 k"Englan,l,,nd Ir e hn 1 ?„ ,^ """" "^ '"'''l- 
 k?ain, in i.S.S^, «hc i^ i / /'''^ '«r», 
 
 f«.BoI,Jn,offreslnnn;'t:.r.'''''''''' ^""■'"'' ''y 
 IBEGGAKS Wire tolcr'it..#l ;., 
 
 fe.fe,."^i?%'^^V;:- i-/were';;^i 
 ^^^^...,rc,i:|;Kn^n^;^i^,|W .. 
 
 The czar Alexander r i„ ,0, , , 
 ^■as rinsed tn Inreii-n '1 ' ''"'''■■"■ed the Buhrini/ 
 '''"';-' l'.v -Mr. J (J i e .""f„',.! "-^ »■«» «t once" repu« 
 Lnited .States Ah-ik \L ■*''"""*• si^cretary of tlie 
 
 Hi .s.siaii claim ui.nn t „. '' ■""•"vanls a.s.sumd the 
 V"l"'.ihia'.s scali,^. J ^„,- '"%;■""' «'i2e.lthe Urit h 
 !><"m„„.l sealer l,v t h L.s ^ .'r r""™ '"' «><.• /i/ac/,- 
 •"b-. was ,le..la,ed lelal l.v M, ''^'' ''""'''■ /'"■"'. 3 
 
 'cynii.i the tc.rril,. rial j„"e,."f "•'•'""'K iu waters 
 
 '," '■'•fertile ,|„esti„„ t. ■ ■ itV, ,, *- 'LV'\'''''''''"t8 aRree,! 
 
 dent Harris.',, i„-„c| ,,;,,,,""""• ■•'■''• 'S^o. Pr, s - 
 
 unlieonsed seal l.s,, ""','"' ,"''1""'S sea clnsed 1 
 
 published, ,5 .\„K'":.,n',ai ;;,:'■,„•' """^ «-k w, » 
 
 : licfweei, fl,e tw„ «.\e,, ,.,'*>,."'" '^'"■'■"sponrtence 
 
 : ;, AOK. ,Sn„. T,„r „, , '," ■/^"';.' ,■ St'i.t. ,886, to 
 
 ' '.■>», pc„,li„. a,-l,i„.a,i ,"' ,i,i" "'""■■!■. ''•-'""'"ded 
 
 Sinn, „,„ ,,e n.olest !',,,,':' ,";•»""« v,.ssels 
 
 M,n„|,| he ,„.,„„,.,,,,, ."Id^My (hat ,f so, thev 
 
 'iS,;li;:!":"" -' '-rhfe,;i!r,.n,seahv..r " 
 
 t'""cs,,n„,|e„ce referre,!' to the U.S. cn,',V,'ess"' '^^ 
 
 Tl,,. owner of the Hritlsh sealinLr »,.i, " 3 •'''»• >8qi 
 ••xiVicrrr,/ (which was seiy. 1 '^ ."'■'"'""cr, )('. I>. ^ 
 
 ■887;, s„ ,,„„,;;, '11' t ,1"^ ':;:; ,;■■"" m..d i,; 
 
 b>a,,j:s .l,elfch,i,,./;4\'^i,,V: •'l''U Knve,-,,,neut, 
 ■''iiprciae Cant ,,1 uL , ■ ^''^""' '''« U.«. 
 
 (-;;';-;h.,..nn..,.,r,;nh.:iS's;i;: - 
 
BEHRING'S STRAIT. 
 
 l:;4 
 
 BELFAST. 
 
 Fi'rtlii'r curresiK.udeiice ; Icnl Salislmry <;"iis.:iitrt 
 to the proiKisal t" reler tlie iiintter tdinl.itniti"", 
 
 Letter fniiii Air. niainc to sir.inH(in Pniiiii'L-lrte, 
 specifviii^' six i.niut.-ilnr iirhitraii"!]. 14 M""' " 
 
 A moilua ••irn.ili i-fsi.iM.tiiij.' Hi' sial lisliery a^iwi 
 (lu l.y (ireat Uiitain ami tlin Lmte.l statts 
 
 ratcliiti« of seals l.y Dritisli sliips proliiliit.'U tVoui 
 24 June, .S91, to I Mav, 1892, l.undvn '•":'"'■• 
 •^ ' ■' 24 June, ,, 
 
 Sir George Badeii-PoweU and Dr. G. M. Uawson, 
 e(>nimi.s.sioners respecting the seal-lishery, an \i. 
 at British Colund.ia. 15 July; interviews xvitli 
 sealers, 16 July; anive at UnnalasUa i«li"»l. 
 
 25 July, ,, 
 
 The Bchring sea l.loeked l>y 3 American and 3 
 British warshijis, announced . • ,.=71"'^ " 
 
 Behring sea cniniission meets at AVashnigloi , 
 Fekt sign their rei".rt . • ■ 4 *'">'. "'=9 
 
 The governments agree to refer the (inestnai to 
 arbitration; arhiters to be appointed by ltai>, 
 France, and Sweden . . •„.•,.: „ '^ 
 
 The arbitration treaty signed at \\a.shinglon, 29 
 Feb. ; ratified bv the senate . . 29 -Y'';"' " 
 
 Mr. Blaine, after requiring the renewal of tin. 
 
 modus vircuh, a pts the arrangements pi ■ 
 
 posed by lord Sali.sbnry . . • , =^, ^'"V, 1 " 
 
 nJw vwdJ rinudi (to last till 3. <"'t-.!'9"'"V ,v 
 
 19 April and 4 .Ma>, ,, 
 
 A "tribunal" of seven arbitrators appointed to 
 settle the dispute ; British, lord H"""''" »"'•■'' 
 Jobn Tbompsoi. ■ American, .Mr. pistiee Harlan, 
 and stnator J. F. Morgan ; '•'i"i"^l'.. ''''j:'.''' ^ : 
 pb..,.-e a« Courcel : Italian, niarquis \ iseonti 
 Veiiosta; one Swedish, M. Gram . July, Aug. „ 
 
 The British steamer (V»/"'"""'- ""'' ^.5 '<™''';^ '"•• 
 longing to Viete-i', British Columbia, seized by 
 the r. .!l. cmter Cenei,,, 22 June ; the Canadian 
 government pro. ests . . . . • • "'.^' " 
 
 The British scho... er niiiijnd seized by the U. h. | 
 
 ■ j>i,a. . . .... =oJnl>, „ 
 
 g»veral Victoria .se, rs seized in the N. Pacitic by i 
 
 a Hiissian gunbc.t, as being in Hussinn waters , j 
 
 the crew- nnde 'o sign jiapers and dismissed, 
 July (Ja,..ii!ian government jirotests and act.s 
 Sent. ; cir.ilruversy ensues .... >-'ct. o I 
 
 The seizur-. of the Canadian schooner O.war and 1 
 
 Ifattic declared legal at Victoria ; appeal 5 Jan. 1893 ; 
 Russian commission appointed respecting the 
 seized British sealers-, about 9 Jan. ; agreement 
 settled, reported .... .-,,•'"'"'' " 
 
 Britis-,. agvMits: l-n. C. H. TiippeiN sir Charles 
 Ku.ssell, attornev-general, and sir Richard Web- 
 ste>'. United States agents: Mr, toster and 
 Mr. Phelps. „ , , 1 
 
 The arbitrators -..leet at Paris, 23 Feb., baron de 
 Courcel chosen president, 23 March ; able 
 speeches delivered; arguments closeil, 8 July; 
 award delivered, generally favourable to Great 
 Britain (Russian territorial claims set aside; 
 Ameriean tlsheries liniiteil to three miles trom 
 Behring sea islands ; three months' close tune lor 
 seal tisherv decreeil ; claims for injuries on b,tl: 
 sides to be settled) . . . .• ,,'SAUg. 
 
 The treaty bill passed by parliament in England, 
 
 23 April, 1894 ; ill United States, 7 April ; came 
 
 into oiieration . . • . ■. A ^ ' "^l- 
 
 Several vessels warned for infringing the terms ot 
 
 the treaty . . ■ •„.•,•, ''"'."'; " 
 Claims of British sealers on Lulled States lor 
 seizures to be settled by payment of 425,000 
 dollars ....... ^ Sept. ,, ■ 
 
 Agreed to, but disallowed by congress .March, 1895 j 
 The agreement for i6q4 not renewed . . May, ., 
 A treatv settling the dispute concluded in Feb ; 
 ratified 3 June, i8g6. I473 151 dollars voted by 
 the U.S. senate for |iayiiient of British claims, ^ 
 
 21 April, i8q8, paid i6th June, 1898. 1 
 Dispute renewed ; despatch Iroiii .Mr. Sherman 
 to col. Hav, U.S. ambassador, London, for 
 the suspensicm of pelagic sealing, 10 -May, 
 .But ; negotiations : (U. Britain declines to join 
 a conference where Rossi i and Ja] an are rejire. 
 
 sented - ,7 <.'''t; '897 | 
 
 Conference between Russia, Japan, and Lulled , 
 
 States, Mr. Foster chairman, at Washington ; 23 i 
 
 Oct. ; convention signed for a temporary sup- 
 pression of pelagic sealing ... 6 Nov. 1897 
 
 Canada refuses cm sent to a years suspension of-' 
 pelagic sealing, biitagreesto a, joint commission ,,' 
 
 The Canadian and U.S. commissioners renort to 
 tiieir governments ; awarding 464,000 dollars to 
 Canadian .sealers for losses by seizures Irom U.S. 
 cruisers, iEf/>-97, 23 Uec. 1897, see ahnir, June, iSg'i 
 
 40,000 dollars indemnity received by Canada from 
 Russia 4 March, ,, 
 
 BELFAST, capital of Ulster, N. Ireland. It~ 
 castle, supposed to have been built by John dr 
 Cotircy, was destioved bv the Scots under lidwanl 
 liriice, nii; nvv'Oidiii/c. lielfast returns four 
 M.l'.'sliv Act jiassed 25" June, 1885. Population. 
 'uS2i, ^r.'ii;; 1851, about 100,000; 1881, 208,122; 
 1891, 255,8(/j. 
 
 Belfast granted by James !. to sir .\rtlmr Chichester, 
 lord deputy, 1612 ; and erected into a corpo- 
 ration . ' '^'.' 
 
 The I'ing bridge (21 arches, 2562 feet Uiiig) built . 1682-6 
 The first edition of the Bible in Ireland, printed here 1704 
 
 The castle burnt 4 April, 170* 
 
 The bank built . . . . . • . 'T^J 
 
 The mechanics' institute established . . . ib23 
 The Queens bridge (5 ari'hes) built on site of the 
 
 huig bridge . •.■,',.••■ "'^' 
 
 Of three colleges established in Ireland in 1845. one 
 inaugurated in Belfast (see Cvlkots) . . Oct. 
 
 Victoria Channel opeiml 
 
 British association met here . ■ . • . • 
 Much rioting at Belfast through Mr. Hannas open- 
 air preaching July-Sept. 
 
 "Victoria chambers" burnt down; the loss esti- 
 mated at 100,000/ 1 .luly, 
 
 Exciting religions revivals •,■,,.• ,**;',1'* 
 Fierce coidlicts between Roman tatholii'S and I'm 
 testants on account of the foundation of tli 
 O'Connell monument at L'ublin 
 
 1849 
 les"! 
 1857 
 1850 
 
 864 
 ,863 
 
 1867 
 
 1872 
 1674 
 
 1B94 
 
 -9 lives lost and 
 150 persons injured .... 10-27 Aug. 
 
 Rioting again , ■ 3oAiail, 
 
 Visit of the lord lienteiiant, the marquis of Abereorii 
 
 2-4 Oct. 
 Severe rioting; much destrnctiim of property and 
 many persons injured. Civil war raging between 
 Catholics and Protestants, 15-21 Aug. Peace re- 
 stored 22 Aug. 
 
 British association here (2nd time) . 19 Aug. 
 End of strike of linen iminufacturei-s . 26 Aug. „ 
 Riots at \V. Belfast between Catholic and Prote.stuiit 
 woikmeii, with loss of life; suppressed by the 
 li'ilitarv and jiolice, 3-13 June ; more rioting ; the 
 town ilroelaiiued, 21 July ; violent conllict.s he. 
 tweeii tlie mobs and the 'iiilitary and police, 11 
 killed, many wnunded ; order re.-it<ued by ailili- 
 tional military .... 9 Aug. <( ..v./. 1SS6 
 Renewed rioting suiiiiressed . . 14, 15 Aug. ,, 
 Uuietness reiiorted 18 Aug. ; occasional rioting 
 ^ I Sept. W mi. „ 
 
 Part of Albert bridge falls with loss of life . 5 Sept. ,, 
 Rioting (2 di-aths) 19 20 Sept. 26 Sept. and 29 Sept. „ 
 A commission to iiniuire into the riots began lo sit 
 
 4 Oct. ., 
 Rei«irf published ; Protestant attacks on the iiolice; 
 
 weak magisterial action referred to, about .isJin. liij 
 Renewed noting; the police ccunpelled to lire; 
 
 abi'Ut 50 arrests 29-30 Jan. ., 
 
 Prince Albert Victor of Wales opens the new 
 Ah'xandra docks 20 .May. and lays the fouuda- 
 ti(m i>f -Mbert bridge . ... 22 May, lEE} 
 ■ Victoria channel extension opened for trnlllc 
 j 7 July, ifoi 
 
 ; The mayor ordereil to be styled " lord " . May, 1192 
 Meeting of Lister Convention {u-hn-li see) against 
 
 ' Home Rule 17 June, ., 
 
 See rWer, 1S92 3. Fighting between Catholic niid 
 ' Protestant workmen, suppressed . 24 April, 1S03 
 Visit of the iliike of llevoiishire; banf|iiet g Nov. ., 
 An art and industrial exhibition opened by the Njnl 
 
 mayor 24 .M. 'li, ti^ 
 
 Art and industrial exhibition ojieneil by the mar- 
 ] ' ipiis anil inarchioiiess of Londonderry; |,ictiires 
 ! sent by the (pieen and rjlliers . . 11 April, iFa; 
 ' Eight servants of the inaniuis drowned by the up- 
 netting of a boat 011 Straiigford Lough 11 April, „ 
 
 BEL] 
 
 •"iWke in the shipbuil g 
 
 about ,.000 out, closed -i 
 the men ' 
 
 >-ewE.iipi,-H theatre ilaninu 
 -Messrs. H. M. H„t,|, ,^ ",.,'; 
 
 Hi-o.s. Warehouses destni, 
 Usit of the duke ami duel, 
 «1 arp n„|i„j; (.Shankhill-,-,, 
 
 trooiis ami |„jliee, houses 
 
 BELP(JRT. or BEf 
 
 AL^aee, K. l.'raa,.t., was i, 
 j^ov. i8;o; capitulated i 
 France wlieii Alsace was ^ 
 4ne trennans Aujf. iS;;. 
 
 BELGIUM, the .south 
 lauds, and ancieiitlv tlie te 
 were flually comiuored bv 
 8ize IS about one-eiglith 
 govorninent is a lilieral t 
 loiindedin i8ji. I-'orpivvi 
 .\'//ter/mih, and JI,M„i,/. 
 I862,4,8?6.5(i6; iHtr^. ,qf 
 
 1893,0,147,041; l8'j(j,i.^; 
 
 The revolution coinniences al 
 Tlie pronsiunal government .1 
 
 iieiiileut (M, Van de Wever 
 Antwerp taken (except tin. ci't 
 Iflgian nuleiiendeiice aeknoi' 
 
 powers 
 Dui de Xeniours ele('ted Ui 
 Freiiehking, refused his en 
 .Siirlet de Ch.ikier is elected rei 
 I,e"|ioM, iirinee of Saxe-Co 
 .„'■"'"'.",• "2 July; enters Bins- 
 War with the.VetheriamlscMu 
 Inince .«eiids 50,000 troops to 
 
 ail armistice ensues . 
 Oiiifeience of ministers of the II 
 ill London :acceiitance of 24ai 
 
 C'eiirenti.m between Englai.a , 
 
 liellaiid 
 Aimverp besieged,' 30 Nov. ; the 
 
 I reach . 
 Till' Freucli army returns to Fra 
 
 I r.'liminar>' convention with Ho 
 Hi"tatBius.sels(see/;,-„.swri,.) 
 Iiwity* between Holland and 
 
 L Inn 
 
 Clerical educathm bill jessed 
 
 <^ii«a of England visits Belgium 
 Vii- knig and Ins son visit Engia 
 Li.iease nf army to 100,000 ineii 
 Oliptwitina to religions charities' 
 A new ministry under M. Cliarle, 
 Tie rhainhers dissolve,! ; re-assc 
 riie king proclaims Belgium neii 
 war . 
 
 liiitli of priiiee Leopold Ferdinan 
 IMtli iif.M. Putter 
 
 Till- king visits Knglaud . 
 \a,;ue rumours of annexation t. 
 warm loyal addresses to the kin 
 Tile oetruis abolished 
 
 ."^uceessftil military volunteer imn 
 Oiminereial treaty with France si. 
 Cniitnme,! illness of the king" 
 
 .iiiieiidinent "" 
 
 C'umiMercial treaty with Great iir 
 
 tlieclininher. 
 
 This treatyarose out of the con 
 1 tlie Belgian question ; by the , 
 tMtyof ,3 Nov. i8ji, was main 
 mrrcMimeasati.mofsixtvmill , 
 BeLnam /„r the territories a.lju 
 Jeelared iiiadiiiissihle 
 
 !.i!t'M,«"',''r ■'"!"''""'» '830, the r 
 '"t the .idiiiiinstration of th" mi 
 
 • iV ; ^'i.P"'!"-'''. 'be bead of the n 
 
 I for tins purpose, but was c in, 
 
 11:1 eventually to resign ' 
 
tho nifii ^ ■ '"' a'lraiieo coiice.led to 
 
 -"■■'^^n^e i El"— ^ 
 
 till' Germans Au- i8;j "• • 1"'"'-'^ "^J' 
 
 BELGIUM, tlR. smithoni portion „ftli,> V,..l, 
 ln".ls, a„d uocR.ntly the t.rrit, rv I Ic 1 ""'' 
 w.ro flua ly oon,jut.n..,i l.v Julius f,' r 
 size 18 about one-eiMith nC c. V li"' . 
 government is a liber .,n .in ?'' ''•'"""• Its 
 loiMHleUin [831. Fonvv M Ir '' '""■""■->'}•, 
 
 .862, 4,8,6.^6^; .%?'; ,84 I'r "''i'^'TP' ^'■■^■•^ 
 1893,0,147,041; i8yj,o;4,,5,.s86 
 
 Tlie revoluti..ii eo,„„K.|„.,..s ;it linissi.N 
 
 Antwerp taken (,,xi.c.,,t ,|,;. I'i't ,1,. ^ ' ■* ,'^'''- 
 
 "^ifiiiii^i""'^"-"'-'- •u.kn,„v,e.i^e,. LytiJif;;:;:, 
 
 l)U( Ue Nemonrs elect,.,! 'kin./ n,;! f ., =^ '^*'-''- 
 Snrlet , e Cl.okier is ele,.te,l r,'^,. t ' , ^ >■■ 
 
 War ».,tl. the .\etl,erl,-.„.ls eom,,,!',,.,,. ' '9/l\\y' 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 ce, tt-lio 
 ; 5' "-C. Its 
 
 test,.„tssu,;i,^„';;"''""-;V ■'•'"iJ-: th/po: " 
 
 "II' i;ew kiUL' iiriil ,,i,„H,i i-jit p , ' ■ iolii',v jS6! 
 
 .. (jh,.„t "r„r„tl ,. .' ;,r;„ ,' '>''»l'"' >. S July ; a,„l ""5 
 
 Jlr. PhiMiii,,l,,i,| ,,,„.^;,,/, ,' ■ 12-16 Oit 
 
 v"i""t,.!,rsV;siM^^i ,'';;:; !;;;.• ;:'';' v*!'''"''^'' " 
 
 "K'7,;;f^;-" ™'»-ithareassuHn«:^::;;;. - 
 
 .l"-"«e,l l,y tl„. n'ilita,v '''"'" '" "•''*■'"■' • .""D 
 
 'T.,Jrs 
 
 S.9r4.'743 ; 
 
 1831 
 
 Fmnee»en,ls 5o,«» 1 , s ;7T.''i''r,, , ■• 3 Au;;. 
 ail armi,sti,.-e ensues ' ''"'■'''■ '^'^''suiiii, an,l 
 
 Omffi-eiiee of ministers of tlieilv,.,r',.,..,t,' „ ' '}"?: 
 ill Loudon :aeeB.,t,n ,ri ...'r' ''■'.''''» '''■■^ li''l J 
 
 i); liluT.ii ■ 
 
 M".iun,ent.oc;iKU-,en,a,ne«tLie«e,1^J;;«^:;;;;:':/ " 
 'iitern. congress of H-,,ii,.,ii..i, „t u , ^fiJniy. ,, 
 
 Coii,-,.ssi,in of a r,uv,.i„i„.„,. , •,' ' 22 Jan. i86q 
 
 of24artieiusofiiaoill'ea'ti,In 
 
 0.™ti,.u between E„«,an,l and Franee^^;;:i „ 
 
 Aijtweni besieged. 30 Xov. ; the citadel t^i^^^^X "" 
 
 Tb French army returns to Fraiio,.' ' ^^ fj™- -. 
 FKlinnnarj-cinvcntiim witliHolIin,K'i,r„..'i ='7 Uee. „ 
 
 ■mm signe,! in 
 
 igAiiril, ,8.Q 
 
 Kiiigan,! peojil,. . •"" <--.^piesse,l l,y tli 
 
 Tri'aly r,,]. till, II ,n, ■,,, ■ • ... S Ana 
 
 Aft,M-,surren,i,.rnf.'Se,lan iiianv Kno,,.!,' 1 .■ " -'^"S- 
 'ill,-,. . .1: , "I'lii.i rHMu'h soldiers enter 
 
 and Bel- 
 
 ■ Aug. 
 
 (let. 
 
 10 May, 
 
 .June, 
 
 9 Nov. 
 
 10 Dec. 
 
 1833 
 1857 
 
 Tivaty" lietween Hollanil 
 
 Loll,!, in 
 tlerii'ale.liication'liill jiassed 
 
 QuwaofKiigland visits iiidgiuin ' ' ■• ' '^••■ 
 iir king an,l his son visit Englaml' 
 M.rease of army to 100,000 nu-n vot,>,i 
 0|ili,)siti,;n to religious ,-harities' l.illt ' 
 Anewmimstry un,ler M. fliailes I ogier 
 Tifehamliers,! ss,dv,.,l ; r,-ass, ,„ IM 
 Ii.a-ingproeluuns Belgium neutral inthoTtJh.u 
 
 llirtliofprineeLeopoM Ferdinand ' ' /'"J'' '859 
 Iteithof.M. I'otter "•'uiiuinr . 12 , June, „ 
 
 Til,, king visits England ' ' ' •"July, ,, 
 
 ^asue rumours ,>f aiiiiexati,)n t,i 'Prin,,,. „;.; '1','"^^' '^*° 
 
 warml.iya a,ldresses to the ki g " ''"."'■" 
 
 Tii,joctr,Msali,)lishe,l * ' • 'J J'me, ,, 
 
 •""■••''«f".' "'ilifiii-y volunteer mov'enient " ''^]'!!',' 
 
 iiiien'ial treaty wit 1, Ki^au,',. siJn ,1 ' y,'^' 
 
 I Mill,., iii„„o; ,,,. ,1, , , . "'binii . . I May, 
 
 ot the kuig, with o,.,.asi,mai 
 
 •May. ,Ju„e 
 
 1871 
 
 ,1,. W,.v,.,., 
 revolution of 
 67 ; ilie,l . 
 International < f,;,.^,,.',, ^^■ 
 
 Cmtiuue,! ilhitss 
 aiiii'iiilment 
 
 <XXi:Lr'^-ithGre,.U3rUain,;d;;^^^ 
 
 i^;;;^^?,iSim'^fVi:;rn;^^ti;; ?-'"''« ^ 
 
 Mmm It the ter ritor es ; 'i'''";''' '"''•"'•J '')■ 
 
 Jsi'fareilina.lMiissifil,. ' "'"JU^K^"' t" Holland was 
 
 iiiaevcmually to resign. 
 
 . . ■■■■■,'■"'.>• "I'lugnt in a 
 -omiielled to withdraw it. 
 
 ,,...,. — ^ ' ■■' iiiiiiistiv aunoiii ,i ', . 
 
 "Aug. 
 
 ' 'at 
 
 'e, 
 
 Belgl.:n-d,;arnSa;:;ZS^''.';C 
 
 designation of ij'AuethaM ■ \r \t,i ', ^^'^S Nov. 
 ■""lis a ministry • ■^'- '^'"'»" 0' 'ini.lerate) 
 
 The e,,nite ,U, Cl.amlwi-d arrive's at' v I "'''' 
 
 ,/;;'iU'nm;;:;^r;!:;:r"''"''"^i«'-'"4h';;;i:];: 
 ;™.,!:nr^^t^?s/'^""""-"'-r '•"''" 
 
 Treatv of i.omim.r,.,. u-if r ' '. • =9 Mari'li, 
 The,;^aratCs.;il;"'"'*™''"■'*'«■'^■'l • 5 Feb.' .s^j 
 M. \an ill. W....,.,. «(,,t.,o, ' ■ . • 22 Mav, 
 
 ^s^r^:^!:b=b,?'t!j^„fe^;^ " 
 H«..ts„fnent;^;!:;'SA^!:-r;i,!r^'^'''' 
 
 Notes from the German government I'mi'.f '^"«' " 
 
 ^^ZZ:^^ -Jhbisl!;';^S,::i: t^. assassi: 
 pignilied lielgian rei.lies ' " i. ; '5 AP"'. 1875 
 
 Mueh,,opu,aropp-!ri:^^igr^roeesst:!;- " 
 
 The king visits knghmd ' " ' -^'''J. •'im", „ 
 Catholic 8U,.ees.ses in tl 1., ,.': ' ■ ^9 -''ay, 1876 
 
 tliemat UrnsseL an 1 ntw^l^, '' ' "'"" "«"""« 
 Statue of Van de will'r „ r ' •'"■"" "^' '? ■''""', „ 
 
 l>y the king "*''• "' Louvam, inaugurated 
 
 'thli:^Zs=S''^''"'--''-""^ •'vgi™,..'^;:'; -> 
 
 Cuimiie niiimrityin eleet^^is; the >4C'i,;iZi'^ " 
 liliemlndnislrv "• '^'- *'"--'-Urban forms a 
 
 Giganti(. wi.jr for wa'ter-distriliiif ,■„,', „» i ??.,''""''i '878 
 "earVervie,s,inaugu,S'l;;'th:^[n^"^5'5W^:: 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 i I- 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 12'> 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 ( 
 
 ' f 
 
 M 
 
 1S84 
 
 The kind's Mlv,.r w,..l.lin« ciitliiisiastirii^b^ <m|1>;- ^^^^ 
 
 eJ;;^!;:' r Ki;.it,u. u„;»i.n v,.u.y. ■■i';;Kyxin;k 
 
 ,.r Hi'lKinin (.49 tlMills) ; tlio j;"V,.ni(.r !-"it,ii •«, 
 (.f fnimliiluiitlv rel'iUTliuj.iiii,' slmrurt, &■ . 3 ' " ■ •• 
 Tl,.;kiMg.«im.ti.mslh.' ■..■« Ihw of inil.l..' .nstrM.;.- _^_^^ 
 
 P»«t'nri,l ..f th/u. c' liicrinvl.y im-ainst the K"vi'n>- 
 
 rWiis.-'l t.. teacluis an.l pairiils, it'.) I'"'''i^|j;,"' 
 
 pr::::;rt";;it:n;;;;io,.a ,.^hi„iun„ ;,peno.^_at ^^ 
 
 Ei""!m;;!\;riui-iia,M;Mt Tsev,.;.. «v:"»«^ ';!:;"';;;" 
 
 liUTals a>..l cl.Ti.'al |.arty n.H,,.,tin- .dnr,. . 
 liberals ivtaiii iiH«U'iiitr iiia.inrity • ■ • • " 
 National rtliil.iti.u, at lirussols (il.i'Med I.5 the^kiM| 
 
 H:';:':i":;a"iv« at u. vati,;.,. -;-;^;[,£::;sii " 
 
 uV,.k.siasti.'al ,|isi.ut..» ; susiKMisK.n ..t 'lil;l^"ji-'^|;; 
 ,H;l!r'jon:l:ta.:.nali,.narin.l,.l,n,M;.noe^8',[uly; ^ 
 S tle..f l..'.M'"l.l I. u..v,.ilnl at l.a,'k,Ml 21 .(il>, .. 
 !• t "Vi W ■ in tla. Ii.us..ls ..xl.il.it on .6 Auk. „ 
 iCo;irlna„dandl.,.onlVlU,.. lor -^^^^^^ 
 
 faitl,l.s.H wilV and hvv aenanidiccs) . 27 Nm . ■»»= 
 ^;!;;:re «Mo,io„ at Uu,sl.o.ten, near Iin.sseU : _^ 
 
 Henri On,s,MH...s on,in,;nt nationaU-'len.islM.n,t 
 
 :,ud novelist, di,-d, atji'd 73 . ;,■ ,,„;.i,H,', tl e 
 Death oleanlinal IJes.l.an.i.s, ab].. ol ^I'^>'1^1^'^;||;' 
 
 T.!;'kll?i■a,d;,neen^va^niyrecei;ed.^.^mst..,^.,u ' 
 King and ..neen of Holland varndy ■■eeeivnl_^at 
 
 Elec't'im's'' niai.iVitv ot eleVieals through ,lis,sension 
 ,,-ode'ai liberals and relonner.s, ab mt 
 :ijZ resipndio,M.rM.Kr^re-0,;l.an,,Jnn>^ „ 
 
 M. ,lules Malou t-orms a eonservauNe .atl.olic ^^ 
 
 Sen'ile'oissol'ved.June": new senate clerical Jidy! '„ 
 Great meet n^of lmrj;onn.ster.s at Bru.ssels to o);- 
 rse M. Jaeob-s' new re.aetionary educatn.ii btU 
 g Auk:, which is aecert..d by the ,lepuiie3(So.49), 
 
 x.kr^i,;t:'^t^i^™» 
 S;;^i=;s^;r;tauib... ™jo^ty ,^ ;; 
 
 MM. Mah.n, Jacobs, and A\a-ste (catholics) iisiMi, 
 
 M lieernaert becomes liremier . . ='t^.'\'.- " 
 ^-^"i::;:^r*|^oclai,ned,overei.,,oftl^^n.w ; 
 
 ColiKo state I \, , • 
 
 Universal exhibition opene,! at Antwerp by the kmg 
 
 Death of Cltarles Rogier (aged 85). numiher of the 
 provisional government in .830, six tiii.. s "'"'jj^t'^i 
 
 Hiotous strikes in theeoul districts between Namir 
 and Lifkraiid collision with the mditary many 
 kille ml wounded ; c.nvents, country houses 
 Kries, .^c.. i.iUage,l, works «t';W-\i'b-t 
 
 Liege nuieted by vig^ousaction ; «re.d .lis..rdc. in 
 
 MT!;iuU:;^nI-Crd!:.tan,,e,nber^^ 
 "••con^ted of killing his wife, a scandalous case , 
 
 ,= years' penal servitnde . • • %•■"''' i'o. 
 Increased army expenditure propositi 8 t eb. .887 
 
 T, • „i ,f .strikes- arrival of French dynamitaixls ; 
 «'u"utsL^ru^;:gedeinanded; the strikes s,ibsi,,e ^ 
 
 ^TLn,' Rill' rrjected "by the Chamber |6a-^62) '| 
 State trials of =7 socialists at Moiis, nearly all 
 
 1886 
 
 1889 
 
 flivat colliery strike at Cliarleroi, &c, about 20,000 
 
 men out 2. Dee. e( s.'/. 
 
 .Settled by coniproiiiise .... "3 J?"- 
 Tlie castle of l„iekeii, built 17B2, 4 miles from 
 lirussels, a roval iialaee, di'stioyed by lire; the 
 .'overii-ss of piincess Clemeuline, Madame du 
 rjraiidei.nr, pcrishi-il. Valiiabli' works of art, 
 furniture, historical ilocumenls, &e., lost, i Jan. 
 The king visits Kngiand . . . 10-26 May, 
 Loan to Congo State, see t'"Hr/r, , , . July, 
 National fete, 25tli anniversary of the king's acces- 
 sion ; i!rote.s(iiic proi.ession of giants, &c., at 
 
 lirussels 19 July <!( Sf./. 
 
 .Sjiike of about io,o<3o miners at Mons, 22 Aug. ; 
 strike over . . . . • . ; ' *'''''!■ 
 Death of prince liahhviii, aged 21, greatiy lamented, 
 .. 1. Ian. : grand funeral . . . ■ ^9 ■''"'■ 
 (ireat political strike ..f c...lliers at Mons, Cliarle- 
 roi, and other places, with rioting, about 2 May; 
 state of siege in the I/iege d'strict, about ioo,cj«. 
 
 men out . • •,,•.•,., .? ?';',>■' 
 
 Strike of the metallurgists in Cliarleroi district, tla^ 
 pro'i-essist party denniiid the revision of the con- 
 stitution about 10 May, 
 
 Strike aliating near T.iege, Ac. . . 13 -Jlay, 
 
 Kn 1 of the eoal-miiiers' strike of 70 days . 9 July, 
 
 {.■oaliiiine explosion at Korihies in Hainault ; .7 
 
 'deaths 19 .Sep'. 
 
 Meeting of the ehambers . . . . 10 Nov, 
 
 Tlie hoii. sir Kdmiinil Monsoii succeeds lord \ ivian 
 as liritisli minister .... Jan. 
 
 Death of M. Kmile ile Laveleyo, eminent publicist 
 Mild writer, aged fig . . . 3 ^a". 
 
 T're eommereiiil treaties with Austria.Hiii.^.iry and 
 (lirinany ailopted by the cliamtii'r, 2S Jaii.;_l.y 
 the senate l '■'eli. 
 
 Discussion in the chamber on the revision ot tlie 
 eonstitution of i8ii -' I''eli. 
 
 KlectiiMis : clerical majority, June ; the new senate 
 and chamber unite to torm a constituent a^s.i]|. 
 hiy to consider the revision of the constitutinn 
 
 12 July (7 s..;, 
 
 'I'lie cninmittne of tlie chamber meets 3 Oct. ; iiiii. 
 versa! sutl'ragc re.iectcd, 2 Nov. ; houseli.,!d 
 sutliage adopteil 1 Nov, 
 
 Itiotous meetings at (ilient and lirussels deniaiul. 
 ing universal sutlrage, ciuelled by police 7, 8 Nov, 
 
 'I'he chambers opened liy the king, who advocates 
 revision of the constitution, 8 Nov. ; nniverfial 
 suffrage re.jeeted . . . ' .18 Nov, 
 
 Referendum : manhood suffrage voted for at Brus- 
 sels 26 Feb. 
 
 Ail revision proposals rejected by the chamber, 12 
 Ajiril ; c.'iiseiiuent large strike of workmen in 
 the Mons district, etc., 13 April et ar,/. ; riotingat 
 lirussels, 14 April ; the civic guard at Mons Mres 
 on the miners, 4 men killed ; iibove 1,000 dockers 
 on strike at Antwerp ... 17 April, 
 
 Manhood snitrage with plural voting for some 
 jiersons adopted by the chamber (119-14) iS 
 April ; by the senate . . , 27 April, 
 
 Tlie strikes end ; order restored 18 Aiiril 1 ( .«,.;, 
 
 Sir Francis I'lunkett appointed British minister 
 
 May, 
 
 The bill for the revision of the constitution nititiwl 
 by the senate 2 Sept. 
 
 Strike of iiiiners In the centre coal fields and tlio 
 Cliarleroi district, reported 28 Sept. closed by 
 compromise 10 Oct 
 
 Parliament re-assembles to prepare for the new 
 constitution 17 Oct. 
 
 The Flemi.sh volksniad (peojile's council) opposeJ 
 to predominance of French influence, aiiaiial 
 meeting at Brussels .... 1 Nov, 
 
 New electoral bill passed by the chamber 17 Feb, 
 Resignation of M. Beernaert the premier, ami M, 
 Lo Jeiine, minister of justice. New ministry, 
 M. de Burlet, liremier ... 25 March, 
 
 Opening of the chainlier . . . . 3 April, 
 
 Kxhibitioii opened at Antwerp, ii-hiih sfe 5 May, 
 
 Marriage of the iiriiicess Josephine, daughter of the 
 
 count of Flanders, to prince Charles of IIolicii. 
 
 zolIern-Slgmarliigeii at Brussels . . 28 May, 
 
 Tlie elecbjial reform bill Ilnaliy pas.icii by the 
 chamber, 6 June ; by the senate . 27 June, 
 
 Treaty with Great liritaiii respecting the Congo, 
 vhkhsee 12M8.V, 
 
 Parliament dissolved 
 
 ui, H ''"'•■"""fntary elections • 
 
 '3'P ■ ,,.,^9 socialists and rarlie.i' 
 
 Iho chambers oijcned 
 
 Annexation „f (),e CoiiLm 
 
 government . *> 
 
 •'*''!"'^- '[""iaiix after 2, 
 
 deathforpoi.soningjreli 
 
 The chamber of represent 
 conversion of the ,i „ 
 cent, stock . ' ' 
 
 Cieneral strike ordered b, 
 agam.stfhec(„iii„„naieb 
 
 .Moj.ped by the leaders 
 
 Hiolmg at Heiiiii.x, collisi 
 man killed 
 
 The masters yield to nii.n's 
 LalMjur bureau with larire 
 
 cleeri'O . _ '' 
 
 Great meeting at^Antwerp 
 
 governnienl'spr„te,.fivo, 
 lie-adjustment of the ni 1 
 
 becomes foreiKU minister 
 
 v'dt'd ''"•'""■"I "'■ tliccli 
 
 .\ationaI deinon'stration ai; 
 "incation bin (lelinloiiN j 
 l'"ls"ry)atHr;i,s.seIs . 
 
 t.li.catit,n bill i,a.sse,l 1,,- .] 
 royal as,sent . 
 
 Ai.nexatlon of the Congo ,slal 
 Parliament oj.eiied, with a, 
 
 ii.iert . . _ 
 .M. Frire-Orban, eiiilnent lib, 
 
 i3i2 : died 
 llwigiiation of M. ,1;, DnVle, 
 
 hi M. de Smet de Xiioyer 
 Royal warrant withdrawiiiL' 
 
 aiinexatlon of the Congo 
 
 chandler. . '^ 
 
 Xew chamber of (lefuties- , 
 
 nils, 29 socialists ; reported 
 Jan\erhas, eniiniMit iiainfer c 
 (.en Uratsine, minister of\ 
 
 scheiiieofmilitary reform be 
 
 chambers ojjened 
 (illioial use of Fleniisii ordered 
 coal iinners' .strike, ,6,500,1. 
 
 The Aiiglo-Iiolgian comm'ercia 
 
 aiimilled ,1, ,898, announced 
 
 .Vwehamberofdeputics, „2e 
 
 '""> ""'Venue, 346,667,000 fri 
 
 355i593.ooo fraucs. 
 ■ 390. InijK.rts, 3, 189,, 60,016 
 
 2.948,151,841 francs. 
 
 KtNOS. 
 
 , Lcoi«,ld,» first king of the 
 
 1790 ; inaugurated 21 , 
 
 married 9 Aug. ,832, U 
 
 Lo,ii,s Philin,,e, Uiu^ „, 
 
 II Oct. ,850), He died, 
 
 ■ Leopold n., son ; born , 
 
 an hduchess Maria Henr 
 
 '853. 
 
 r>'i«ghler Princess Louise, born 
 
 . , ' "ke Philip of Saxony . 
 
 Ilnr, brother. Philip, count of' pf 
 
 1837; married Marv, prii 
 
 Sigmariiigen, 25 April, ,8 
 
 3 June, ,869; ,lieda3Jan 
 
 April, 1875. 
 
 BELGRADE, an nncioni 
 
 ■e ight bank of tlu. Daniibe. 
 
 '"10,2; gallantly defended ; 
 
 »ipt. I4j6, when the latter was 
 
 •S8 of 40,000 men. Belgrade 1 
 
 ^"Hnian, Aug. ,521, and ret 
 
 1 ■'.''^.T''' "liirried, iu May 18,^ 
 :'"e of ffaies, daughter of thiiri,^ 
 
 1S31, 
 
 1S63, 
 
rnrliiiMHMii (li»s()lvi.,l — 
 
 =9 socialists and rm "ah ■* '""'■'*• 's'iborals, ''■' 
 I li« chambers openivi ' • • Ji Ort. 
 
 Annexatidii uf ti,„ f<„' ' , • • n Nov " 
 
 KOvernment . "*'° '"""o l'™lio8ec| ty the " 
 
 Milme. Juniaiix after 2i',lavB' in'.} ■, ''■''"'• iSo 
 
 .>-thfon,„i»oni,„3re,a;'/;^;fi;fl,-;iJ^;;;;;;^..; 
 
 •■ent. stock . ^* '" ' '^''"'- 'fi'lo into 3 ,'e, 
 (ieiieral strike ordered bO (I,,,' 1,1 • ■ '3 Pi'h. ,, 
 
 against thccoMiiniinal 2.,. '■'?,'"' syndicates 
 
 «..l.l.e<l by tl,e leaders """""' '"' • =« March „ 
 lilollllK at liiMlaix, collision «'it. ".. "' -'" ^''"''b, . 
 
 man killed . '"""'""'' "10 imlice, one 
 Tlie masters yield to il]env',i„. ' .• 3° March, 
 Labour hureau « iU, .le , '1'""'" • 3. March " 
 
 <lc'ireo . ''"^^'' IH'Wers estnhlished |,y 
 
 Great PieetinK at' Antwerp' |o nrnt^l. io April, „ 
 
 OTvernmenl's I.roteclivo poHev ■■'K»"'st 'be 
 
 He-adjnstment of the mi, r^. . •„ ; =° M".V. „ 
 
 becomes foreign niinistiT ^ ' ''• ''" "'"'"t 
 
 'n;i;-l.;ayn,cntofthe,,el,tofth;con„;fs^:;i^' " 
 
 Xational demonstration 'a.-aij't ti,„ =7, 28 Juie.; „ 
 "bication hill (icli.-ions /,,'?, ''." K"vernment 
 l'Ulsoo-)atlinisseIs '"''"""^l"'" made com- 
 
 Eiliication bill jiassed 'liv t'),., i' ,' =8 .Inly, , 
 royal assent I ^ "'e chaniher, 16 An),':; " 
 
 Ainiexation of the Concn Jt.,1 ' .' ■ 'Z'Serd.' 
 .,r.nnentopem.,l:-tur;;^'',Kr[^Mfdf: " 
 
 .5.2; died '.""'"''""•■■•■" "talesman, hon,; " I 
 Resignation of if. de lln'rlei- ' l>' 1 ' - •'">!• 
 
 by M. do Smet de Xae er " "' ''■ ' •■*"«'"'"b'.l 
 Royal warrant withdrawim- (i,» " ' '■"'' '''''b. 
 
 annexation of t e Coi.S, i? '''''''™''' f'"- ""■ 
 
 rlianilier. . ^°"*''' "''"''. "■ad in the 
 
 Xew chamber of deputies- ,/, ,.i,;,. ,• ,• •9'''>M 
 rals, :;9Socialist,s; VeportiM ''"""'"• "'''"■■ 
 
 Jan\erhas,einin('nt painter ili,.,i „' ■; '3 July, 
 
 Gen Ura^sine, miin-.'t", of' :'' f'"^-^' 3' "'•^• 
 sehetneoftnilitary reforn/l,e 'VjeS' "v '''' 
 phanibers ojiened * "jLtiod, g j,ov. ; 
 
 'illioial use of Flemisii ordered ' • • "o i^ov. 
 
 toal miners' strike, 16, ^co men n„; ' , ^ '^'*'*- 
 rejiorted . '^ ""^" °"^> round Alons ; 
 
 The AnKlo-IielKian comujerei..! t,„\ ,' 3o June, 
 annulled in ,898, arrnced ''^"'^ (-86=) to bo 
 .ii'wchamber of denntieu ,, , »i ',■ • ' Aui!. . 
 .339. ii--cnne, 34nfc'^f;^, '^l'-' fj'.f"-,-. ■%= 
 
 355, 593>ooo francs ' '^"('"'"'ittire, 
 
 ■890, ImiK,rts, 3,, 89,, 60,0. 6 franc, . „v * 
 
 2.948,151,84. francs. '"'"=■''• exports 
 
 KINOS. 
 
 1S31. Leopold,' first kiuLr ,,f ti... n < , 
 
 n.arrie,l, 9 ^'i, "' 8« V'f.m-J; '^V' ."'. ^rassels : 
 
 BELLJIEN. 
 
 I"-inc,. Eu^nw I, V,,^ '"*'' '" '"^'''v. '716 v 
 200,000 .f^,„ ; a, rom. .d-',;',';"" '''".■■l<i«'.'n,^,^. 
 Aug. a sansuinatVb, tie «,, ",''!''■'-' "• ""d ^n't 
 ' ".». in wltic.), t),:; T .y^ II'' '«"ght at I'eterwnra^ 
 •i^'fHatcl the Turks ,r.! .'.' ^.°'''00 ""■n. Eugco- 
 
 16 Auji. 
 
 '7. nnd lid- 
 
 , "- ' "IKS Here 
 
 ;""ii«he.i.' It w,s-\^^,^k, ;"■ ; 7!i'""^ '','"■ •"■^n <! - 
 
 .'"^•"•gents l.n.l ].o,ss. „^\.'/',5."^. '»>e S.rvinn 
 fiirkey. TI,,. (,„..i« j.'""^'^ -Milosci, suhieet tn 
 
 '"• '9.'j.t>,e ,;«! f '"tXiT" r'-"'"'-^'' '" '»^o ■ 
 
 '^^■'- hnns on the town du, ",,'";' "V::"' dismissed 
 ™ilere,l by the T.,,.,.!' .'"H'?- J''0- 
 
 S6| 
 I tli( 
 
 S96 
 
 1897 
 
 L.mi.s Phil ,'J; kTi „rih;: t'''';'''"v""''^"f 
 
 •'•"'■'"■""■'l h.'.-o, 22 A u^' ' l'r'"'';''ce of Seryia 
 »clgra,ie reeeiyed by e'l,,d' ^''^ ""'J'"'- of 
 
 BFT P P \ -irr • i-*'45o. bee Sennu 
 
 ;-tro;^:^^^i^^^^/.;;r iii^r^r;^"^'"'^' °^ t". 
 
 l"""njf,„o. to tl,e niunn L of w . '^^2 »pon land 
 also viscount JiclKraye!' ^^ "stmiuster, who is 
 
 i BELIZE, .SCO //„;„/„,„,. 
 
 mymouy of c.xc:„umu„^: ,^,^/'^,; ,"? '^^ Ro-ni-sh 
 bell ,s run;., ,l„, i,,,,,,. ' . {uneh .,.,), ,),e 
 
 sfrvi.c and the .suern.n , a's^ "^t/'"" .'"."¥''. divine 
 to the 8th century. ■'^^ ""gi" is aecribed 
 
 froSL^iSa^^f LIGHTHOUSE, nearly i. 
 Itntain; it is ,,r fert I'i'h-''^'''^', ""««* in Great 
 that measures j2-f.><.f •*^,' '' '"''" tjpon a rock 
 ''-adth, Ul ^<^- y> ..ngth, and/'2oo Ut 
 
 erected m,8o6-,o. It has toVel';?-, «,•'''"•* ^' ""S' 
 
 ■RPTTtTT. .., °'"^ 'or hazy weather 
 
 attS^f ^;/,-[|;,An.rica. The town wa. 
 
 -bduchess Maria llent^e^l^/Ui^l^ii,^^:;!^' 
 
 ;:t^u!;e'y^;iii;,'S.,!;ni^^^V«^« ="'-■*'■ 
 
 llitr,hnthfr. I'hilin ccjunt ,f pf ' '^?5. 
 
 .837;"mr;&d"MrvVfe,=/;-"^4March, 
 
 SW'uarinL'en 2^ Air I .si '1' benzollern- 
 
 3 Jane, .869 'lied 2 Jan Vs'""' nV''"'"'' '^"''n 
 April, ,875.^ ^ '''"'■ 'S91 ; Albert, born 8 
 
 the Greek emperor by 80 on nn b- "'"".^jken from 
 
 "• .'o:^; galLtlyleSWjfhn' h""?"?' 
 against the Turks! under Mahome? If ^^^'"^'r' 
 
 *m», Aug. ,531, Td ttren^'b^ fcl't^? 
 
 ^ !:'»^^"';s:^i^Co?'i;fcSe''^r-- ch^^ 
 
 7 ',•"'.' wrviees, jy Lonia Yv ii ..'"O an* 
 
 ^aken by the Bri ish^ f; "' '^^•, B^'Hsisle was- 
 Iveppel and general ilod "0^, " 'ff ■" '^"""nodor^ 
 resistance, 7 June i-^,, 1 T ' after a desnerat^ 
 in 1763. ^ •'"°'' ''^"- ''"t ^vas restored toTanee 
 
 BELLE,S-LETTRP<a t, 
 
 iXG, «^'«-/<;«rf<^»«w,a.^^i;y;; Polite Learn- 
 
 of 
 
 , -• I>rKS&f;";;;^ld republican stronghold, 
 ured by L'Admin.u^lt I ^ •!?"-'^ade8, was^ap. 
 I '«7i,whenthei„sum.ctionwaBsZ'n'7. f8 Ma?, 
 BELLTTP ,. o "^ ^"I'Pfessed. 
 
 by Mr'^Ca^Kmnnifs^f ^" -I'^osire invented. 
 g.euera , were numerous aboutVcc/" '=,?«■'« b^can^ 
 
 , ^^::£i':^^>^ight, and \\t '^i-^i^te --^o 
 
 »'■■ ..,«1«If-" 
 
 . ij ■, ii^it^ 
 
 •i. 
 
 JM 
 
 l^l« 
 
 tim 
 
 ffij 
 
 W^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Wi'i 
 
 
 «,i 
 
 1 .'Mm ' t'{ 
 
 ■m fr 
 
 , *| 
 
BELLOWS. 
 
 128 
 
 BELOOCHISTAN. 
 
 i f ' , 
 
 tire ...1(1 candle, bo charituble to the poor, aud pro}' | 
 for the dead." 
 
 BELLOWS. Aiiiii'liiifsis, tlu; Soythwn, H 
 
 the ,,ottor-« wh.rl. .nW.ors lur ,^ '.'l'^' >^; ; f ",^1, j^, 
 wore act used in the fuinares ot tl>e KomnH. lie 
 jrreut b,llow« ol'.mr I'.uiudrie. nui.t have been eail) 
 Used ; see lilowiii'j Mdchims, 
 
 BELLS were u«h1 anioni,' the Jew^, ^'''■^■k^ "»;' 
 il^a.!^'^ The responses of tl.J, Uo^— "'.' 
 Mere in part conveyed by '»■";• .,;^,':''. ,; . 
 Uiouument of 1-orsenna was ' ^■'■'" 'y " "^\ [" „ 
 ..aeles, each surmounted In; bells. //" / • h.^l'^ t" 
 have lK.-on introuueed by 1'='" '"'';;.'''■ '."Vrmee 
 in Oanipasna, about 4»'; ^'"'l ^\- '^^ . o 1 ra ce 
 in ten The arinv of C othau'e II., Uini; ot 1 ranee, 
 
 . ?i,h}e;:edVmnthesie,eofSensl.ydu,^tn..ng 
 of the hells of St. Stephen s church. He siumu 
 :ilo"ofourkin|E,l,ert ""■-'-;;^^ -lli^ 
 ,,riest at the proper hours, f. -''"' ' '\ ! , /'^ ■ 
 ;.hurch Hells were used in c hurclu^s h\ oic ci oi 
 
 luvtlieallv said to have been cas b\ i "'^\"'; 
 iIIk! of -England, al^out 94.. ' he eokdu-at 'd 
 ■"S.m.r of the liell," hv Schiller (died iWOa), U.is 
 bJntJ.^v translated. The b'"'-''^,. '^'^ 
 that L'ivcn bvWlr. \i. li^-k'-tt-UeuLson (a tte, a 
 Ln-dGriuithorpc) in his diMourse '\'' '»' '%^ J''', 
 Koval Institution. 6 March, 1857. ilj'" ^'^.t' »' 
 thellev. H. 1{. Ilaweis. at the same place, lei)., 
 ,879 was well iHust^^^"'- »^''-" ^"'i'"'"'^ ^'"'" 
 
 '"''■• ^Vei«ht. 
 
 Tons Cwt. 
 Sloscnw, 1736;* 
 
 liroken, 1737 . 25° • 
 Another, 1817. . no ■ 
 Tliree others. 16 to 31 
 
 Novjjorod 
 
 Olmitz 
 
 Vieinia, 1711 . . 
 
 >Vestniinster,i856,t 
 
 "Hii,'I?eu" . 
 Erfurt, 1497 • • 
 Vestiuinstcr.iSsS,: 
 
 "St. .Stephen" 
 Sens . 
 Paris, i63o . 
 Jl.piitreal, 1847 . 
 CnleKne, 1448 
 liri'slaa, 1507 . . 
 iiorlitz. 
 
 71 o 
 
 '7 '3 
 17 14 
 
 15 8i 
 13 If 
 
 10} 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 Ynrk. 1845 • • 
 
 liruj^cM, i63o 
 
 St. I'etcr's, Rome 
 
 oxfnrd. i63o 
 
 Lucerne, 1636. • 
 
 Il:illi..rst;elt, 1457 
 
 .\m\vcrp 
 
 Brussels 
 I Uautzic, 143} 
 \ I.inc'iln. i3,H 
 ' St. raul'a, I7i6§ . 
 
 iMicnt . 
 
 li.iuliignc, ni w . 
 
 Kxet-r. 1675 
 [ (il.l Liic'.ilu, i'lu 
 
 Fiiurth iiuartcr 
 liell, Wi'staiiii 
 I ster, 1857 
 
 Weight. 
 Tons Cwt. 
 10 15 
 10 5 
 8 o 
 
 .i 
 
 * The metal lias been valued at the lowest estimate, at 
 .65,565" G"M iUMl silver are said to have been thrown in 
 as votive offerings. , i>i , n ,„ „ft„r 
 
 t The larKcst bell in England (namcl Big Ben, alter 
 
 sir Benjamin Unll, tlictlien ^\H'''V''''''T'"\';'''''^..; w.Tn,",' 
 cast at ^^.uglltnn4e.S,..■ll.g, nuH.anU.y Mes • ] -y^ . 
 wider the superinteudeiiee of Mr. h. Beekett-Uei i»o . 
 .and the llev. W. Taylor, at an expense of 3343(- u'- ') '; 
 The composition w.as 22 parts eo|.p,"r ami 7 tin, 1 e 
 diameter w.as 9 ft. sH"- : the lieiglit 7 ft- '"i "'■ The 
 «lamierweiKlieil i2cwt. Rrii II . Tnihr. 
 
 J The bell "Big Ben ■' having been foiuel to be craeked 
 <j'i 24 Oct. 1857, it was broken up ami another bell east 
 with the same metal, in May, .858. by M''^''>-% "f !■»• , 
 Whitechajiel. It is ratliei .liltercnt m sliape from its 
 predecessor, "Big Ben," aii.l alioutz tons lighter Its 1 
 .Jliameter is o ft. 6 in. ; the height 7 ft. 10 in. It w.as , 
 .struck for the first time i3 Nov, .S58, The . appei 
 weighs 6cwt.-lmlf that of tlic foniicr bell. 1 he n..te of ; 
 •the bell is E natural ; the .luaiter-JjcUs being O, B. hi. | 
 ■on I Oct. 135.9, this beli wa. :,).■■ f-nn'l t<> be. er.arkeil 
 
 4 The elapiier of St. Paul's b.'U weighs 180 lbs. ; the ! 
 ■diameter ot the hell is <o feet (Mr. Walesby says 6 ft. | 
 oMn ) aud its thickness 10 in. The hour strikes upon 
 this bell, the quarters upou two smaller ones; see tioc/.s. I 
 
 Weight. 
 Tojis Cwi. 
 r.oiKbm, i832(8t. Paul's), Great P.ml|| nb.mt 174 u 
 Cologi..'. i837li .... ahoiit ^6 ij 
 Hactism (IK Bki.i.s.— They were anointi'd and b,ipti/..| 
 in el niches, it is .said, lioni the .oti, eenlury. Ii, 
 /.„.,,'. The b,.lls ut the priory of I, ttle Imnmow, u, 
 Ess.'X wciv haptize.l by the names ot St. Micba,;!, ^ 
 ,|„hn'. Virgin Mary, Holy Trinity, ire, in isoi- I ";o 
 The .'ri' It bell of Notre Itamc, ol Pans, was baptiz.-d l,y 
 the minieofdnkeofAngonh.nie, .8.6_, On the .■ontii,,.,,;., 
 in lioinan Cathobe states, they baptize bells as He,^, 
 ships, but with religions solemnity. .Is'ic 
 
 HiNiil.N'i' OF Bki.i.s, in ehungcs of regular peal.s, i, 
 aliii..st pecuhartotlc lOiiglish. SInu: 
 
 .■C panic olth.^Seliollei-sot Chepeside, 1603; •■■,.. 
 
 eietv..r('ollc.;e Youths," 1637; " Society ol Cmiihii. 
 
 laicls, • i63( ; the "Society ,.r L'nion .Seh.dars ,7,,; 
 
 tlie "Societv of Eastern Scliohirs, 1733; •Loinlui, 
 
 Youths," 1753; " Westminster Youths," 1776. 
 
 Falii 111 St.'.liaan, about 1650. inveiiteil a system known 
 
 '•is' "Stedniaiis principle." licii,laiiiiii Auable ,sg..ii 
 
 iiiterinveiited "(iraiidsire Triples." 
 
 720 ehangcs can be rung in an hour upon 12 bull,; 
 
 479,001,6.x. clianges rung upou them, recpiire 75 yeur,, 
 
 10 months, and 10 days. 
 
 Nell UwvMiie left tlic riiigeis ot the bells of St. Martin s-is.. 
 
 thc-liclds money for a weekly eiitertaiiuuent, 1637,111,4 
 
 iiiaiiv otlieis have done tile same. 
 
 V central council of Chiindi Bell Uiugers, repivseiitii,; 
 
 iiiaiiv soeietic..:, was established at tlie liius ol CVhu; 
 
 hotel, l.oii.lon. 10 .\pril. 1890. 
 
 L'\nii ioN> aeolh'ctioiiot lu'lls, arranged 111 two or tin- 
 
 ■.•hroniatie scales, played b.v pedals or kcTboaid.s, .. 
 
 bv machinery. The tirst set is said to have bei-n ui/y. 
 
 at .Most in Flanders, in 1487, and that eoiintiy a:i 1 
 
 Holland are renowned bir carillons. Matthias viiii,!.;, 
 
 (ihcyii was an eminent niakiO- (1721.85). Ese,.l|,.i;_ 
 
 ' caiiilon macliiiies are now made by Messrs. (iilli-r. 
 
 Bland iM Co., Croy.loii. One at Maiiehcstcr wasst-irKM 
 
 I ,)aii. 1879. It 'plays 35 tunes on ao bells. 
 
 BELOOCHISTAN, the ancient Gedro.^i, 
 
 (S Asia). Khelat, the capital, was taken by till- 
 
 British in the .Xt'gliaii war, 1.S39; abandoned. Juiy, 
 
 1840; taken and held a short time, Nov. 1840. 
 
 The klian was sulisidiscd in 1854, under ceriiiiii Cf-i.- 
 
 ditions, wliich w,-re not observed; the arr.iM-i-iiK-;it 
 
 was broken up in 1873; the negotiations ol' luiii,, 
 
 (after sir Itolicrt) Sainleinan in 1875 were siu-cMsiii;, 
 
 and Quettah was oec:upied by the British in 1877. ;ii;. 
 
 has since become a prosperous .station. The l,l..i;: 
 
 )ir.)ll'ered assistance after the defeat of gen. Uiiir.,,i. 
 
 Quettah', 'with' districts of Pishiii, Thai Chotiali, a:,-! 
 Sibi, annexed to British territories, and placed iiiil-r 
 aeliief comiiiissiouer ; announced, Nov. 1337. 
 
 Col. sir Koliert t). Saiideman, the chief coiiiuiis-ii.ii!..:, 
 brave and conciliatory, dies, 29 Jan ; he »a.ssK- 
 eeeded by major-gen. sir James Browne, Feb. li;;; 
 dieil at y'nettah, i)Jun», 1896. 
 
 The Xh^'i I'li'/cv annexed by sir Robert Sandeiinn s: 
 the reipiest of tlie chiefs (i883) ; 25 Hec. iCS^. Tl.- 
 tirst station was named Fort Sandenian. OouJ ii';.,r 
 received, Oec. 1S92. 
 
 Khan of Klielat, Mir .Mahmud Khan, 1893. 
 
 Lieut. George J. Home and 6 men killed near l-'oit 
 Sandenian 6 Jniw, i:;; 
 
 Col Hiddich appointed commissioner in .settling 
 the frontier between British Beloochistan .iml 
 Persia ; announced Keii. r,,; 
 
 Lieiits. R. H. M. Yeates and O. L. Hownes and 2 
 men killed by a mad sepoy at Fort .Sandenian 
 
 A survey party under capt. J. M. Hnru and lit-m. 
 Tiirne'r attacked at Kej, in Makrah, by Giclikis. 
 native guards killed, cam]) looted, 13,0x1 rapi-p< 
 cairied'otl', and Pasni looted ; rising among tlic 
 tribes general ....•- o-'^"- 1 
 
 :' Height, 8 feet 10 in. ; diameter, 9 feel 63 in.; iifc 
 K7 • materials tin aud copper : cost about joool. ; 0*1 
 |iv Mr, Tayl.ir, at Loughborough ; raised to its pljoe;; 
 jiav, iledi'cateil 3 June, i332. , ,,, 
 
 •1 Height i4i'fcet; diameter at the mouth iijw; 
 note C3 or I) ; materials chicHy French caiiiioii; 0.1st tf 
 Andreas Uamiu of Fraukeuthal ; dedicated July, iJ)-. 
 
 BEL": 
 
 Kiieiiiyfi,3,„) r,„|,,,,| , . 
 
 ahoiit 1 .,, men iii||,.,| ' 
 .Meluat) khan b.-sic •,.,! „t t, 
 
 evacuates the fort" 
 l.leiit.-eol, (i,iisi',,i-,| 
 
 aiiliazi . 
 
 political 
 BELT CASE, sec Trl. 
 
 BELVEDERE EXF 
 
 powiltf (note). 
 
 , BE.VARES, in l,„iia, , 
 ,1003, abounding it, t,.„i,,|,„ 
 nabob of Oude, Asoph-iid-l 
 in 1775. An in3urrccti,,ii t 
 kJ nearly proved latal to ti 
 llmJostau, 1 78 1, the r.iiiih 
 liwil m eonsequoii.e of if 
 cipt. Conwav, and otlie,.,' 
 lienarcs bv vizier Alv, 14 
 1S57, col, Xeil succeed,.,! i„ 
 of the imtive infmtrv to 1 
 Mm. Visit of prince' of W, 
 Xw water-wnrks : f,,u,|,|:„i,,„ 
 Victor, Jan. 139,; op|„„„| ,,., 
 lonii,' with rliu saer,.,! w\tJ. 
 nofs, with destriietion „f i,r 
 the miiitiry, ,6, ,7 xmil ,j, 
 
 C0lll]il-oniise. ^• 
 
 BEyBURB, near Ann 1-n 
 
 iV.Vi'ill tot.iiiy defeated th,- £1 
 5 June, ((4'j. .Moore says tli 
 iTMt victory since the d.iv.s of i 
 liranrrisli chieftain in tiic can 
 
 BEXCaOLEN-(Su,u-,tr,) 
 liiiu comp.iiiy iniide a settleiii 
 
 i -^TreJto tliciu thcpi'pper trade 
 Jiipojsessedtheiuofn.ititiin lO'' 
 fTt ivas erected by the K.is't I,, 
 In Iby a dre.idfiil mortality r-i.' 
 bv the town beiif,' hiiilt 011 ° 
 Mon? others the governor .-iiu; 
 Ine trench, under eoiint U'Kjt 
 
 J English settlement, 1700. Hp„; 
 
 I Mil residency under the fovernii 
 
 |lSoi,andwa.5 ceded to the Out, 
 ' liinge for their possessions in ),{ 
 
 BENDER. Uessarabia, fun,, 
 |it«-,isthca-syluniofCh.irles XII 
 IhijJofcitat Piutowa bv .he cza 
 8Jniy, 1709. The peaJe of 13eiu 
 ■ini-l, ft,.„,ier;vast;,kc,ihvstofn 
 p Sept. 1770: w.is taken bv Potei 
 M"'" ''*^'.' ff >v..i. restore 1 
 jli-'.v, hut rcMmed at the pe.ice ot 
 
 jBEyEDrCrrXES,anorder, 
 |)-M. Benedict (lived 483.7 15) ,..■ 
 
 liiaMtic life i„t, Western li'urope 
 ■oanded the monastery on .Mjiite 
 ljih;i,;mJ eleven oihers afterwai 
 r'"™'™;" (nib' of the monks), 
 lonimon rule of western monachtst 
 ■Per hn lieeii 90 rem-irkablo f.r 
 liiJiik'nofiioteaiid le.irnin.,- ■,, t 
 Im? Its bran-lies the chief wei 
 l»nJ.Hlin9i2; the fisteroians. f, 
 |l reformed by St. R,,,.„,„.j,,, 1,1, 
 |i"; iuid the rartlmsi;,,!,, from 
 Ii« Ch:,rte.-l,ouse), founded b 
 i». llie !e,iedictiin> order was ; 
 ]i5.MdbrAugustin,in59!>; and' 
 j !>bey for ,t on the plain when 
 febiigs ff.is fought, io6i)- <,ee 
 
 Pi^-nt at Lowes in Sussex, in 
 
BEI/: CASE. 
 
 ;ili..iit ..,, Mi,.n kill,',/ • ""■^"'' '''■■■"• Jfiirlttt, 
 
 J.iout.-cil. (l,u.<c,inl ij,iliH,.,i ■.!■ ■ • q Kijli. 
 a(ih;izi . . ' '"^'""■'1 "lli,„r, niiinlom,! I.y 
 
 15 Miirch, 
 
 JJEXK-': :i.L\CE,S. 
 
 BELT CASE, s,v r./.A, ,,ss. , 
 
 BELVEDERE EXPro'^rot' 
 
 liowJa- (not,') -i"^tLUSIO:s, see (;«„. 
 
 BE.VARES, in India, i l,„lv „;, f ., „. 
 nabob of On,le:A ,, , 7;,J';''''; '■«','J"J '-y tl.o 
 in <7:.v An infun ! ,i l ,1', '" ."'" ^"*f'"'^ 
 
 bJ ...any ,„-ovo,i (at: t iSf V f^. ''"'^' "i'"'?'" 
 
 P*'J i,. .•onie,,,u.„,.. „( ?(, '.^ 'li •^"'';- «;•» •i'-- 
 ,'apt. Conwiiv, ,„„1 „ti„,,, l,'^- •^''> ^'"■'•'•y, 
 litM.ur..., bv Vizi..,. Al ; r ,-;:?■'"/""«'' ''' I 
 
 185;, toI. .Veil su Lit '''^■- ^" -^""e, 
 
 of'tho native, i. a .fv o„ in'T.''' '""^.''"'•■"'Pt^ 
 
 /*. Visit of p'r.^/vz,t^;,r;'8"-^6^ '»"' 
 
 Victor, J,i.i. ,39,; „, ."',,;,'"'.'""••' -^"Wft 
 
 riots, H-itl. ,l,.stnieli„„ ,,(•,.,,;,'.''■'''''''•■■'; '*'f'"u.s 
 the milltiiiT, 16,17 \..nl ,' ' -• *i'P|iiv=i.seil by 
 comproiiiUe, ' ' '' '■'^' ■ l'-'-" I'lMturu 1 by a 
 
 5Ju,.e,,^..., .M,o.v sa' that U ' ' l''tt^"T' 
 ..-reil vi,'t,)i-c Min,.o th,, ,iavs „f Rri ,, n "'« only 
 
 va,.[ris,.v,noftain.n;h::!.,°^:,^/;s.:r''"^''' 
 
 BEyCOaLEy(.Su.u.,t.-a). Xlu. En.^li.l, P . 
 lull:, ooi.ip.iny made a si'ttli..ii.,,f ,,.=.' > ^'"" 
 
 TheFrenoh, ....dor r„ ,, t U'l.' •'"",'■'' P'Twhed. 
 English settlom,.,. , - H,' '""i^' ''f^troyod the 
 
 t„,%«=;,i..„,„ '':. '.(."'• "'""'"oleu was reduced 
 
 ='^ r"-n?.ai:1opalri' 'I'"^ ''"- '"-40 pop,., 
 
 '"fl" part in politic? h.f'T''''""-'%'""'" '■"<«» 
 ^••'■uahle literary V ^ks '";/,|,^*'" P''"'!'"'--''! muny 
 
 M''urfublish,.dthJe,'u;bra,,. '■M'\'*'TT'l 'i" "'' «'• 
 
 or 
 
 r.Ke,br,hei..p,l,'^j;;:.;;'ij,^f;-;^m«- 
 
 |.,BE\;DER, Bes...-abia, K,n-„pe.n R J.h V 
 litTOthoa^vlu.a of Charl..,! Yff .' M t ' ■^'•'"" 
 
 I Jiily. 1709. The pea!i. ' ' 13ea e « m "" I''?'' 
 In .:a. lt,.,.,l,.r «-as [■, k.>,. I, ■ ", ' bv tb T'^'"^''^ 
 1^ Sept. i,",-o : «-,,s tak,... b • P. ,! uk?,,^ '.'Ll''«"^' 
 
 fn.-, but ivfined ,.t the pe 'rof is, '^^ ''""•'" "' 
 
 lf^K5i:^^^:'';:]'-;;f"7^^'^-ded^ 
 
 |m.lic life .,.,\ We tin. i/,fro. .''".'"-"'"''"f'^ "'e 
 |..nJed the .n.naste ■ Z \I .' 'r ^l'"'' -'''f-" ''* 
 Ijnu, :.,.,! elev,... ,„lu..-. AerZt lu^^'r 
 V'*itkrm (rule ,.f the i„„„L-„ . , '' -'''i?"'" 
 
 L,.,r,.ie,if.e.t:.,'';c ;ii^r"j^:'i::;ii^ 
 
 ldn.enof..oteau,l 1, mi ., a. thf It"'' r'^^^' 
 [«git8 b.-:„.,.h,.5 the el iL'fveretlf ',''"'""•'■ 
 
 •K^rS/K'f''^^"^'^-''-^'vouO. 
 
 •«uturv, H-he.itle „ •! ,,"'' ."^'-"""^■J '■' the 13th 
 
 , feudal-lay ,syl' no*^/ ^ ^'^;"' "'f,- /„ i.uitate tho 
 
 I fertain d.ities : till the , H ' • '' '^'"' ."■■'■tor.uing 
 
 { byahns and obh t i, '1 ', ^ ''".^If " "■^•'■" -^"l-porte! 
 
 perpetual our..,.ie,s, ,, d .'; ^■ 1 V^-'^fage.., reetorh.s, 
 
 benefiees, ine,,.tr liltin,, ' l'"";!'''' '"'" t'-''-"'«<l 
 ' bishopries A-e 'r;';"*""-'ion to ,lii,'nitie,s, .,,!,h as 
 
 'V'«^'Vto\tUp:u^^^^ 
 should beeoine vaeant , 't , •^" >fr.,.tiees that 
 
 "^ere given bv p^^^ c erne, t vf'/"f' f ''"' '""""". 
 (Jfutropoli.) .Vet\v? ,'':,"-'''•"' "^ '!"""li.c.s 
 
 t'^'-' ''"«meuutionof pC t,'" i'*',- "l" "'^' ^"^ 
 ''""^' of thoie in tfi,?^ be.ieUees by the .s ■ of 
 
 (--':ai,,a t,,, .,,,..„;;:!':, --v -,,,,, 
 
 BEXEPIT OF CLERGY, see JC" 
 
 JS^^" SOCIETIES, see /tw.. 
 
 .37, 
 1398 
 
 ■"'••'" wtiere the batth 
 
 tor it on thr ,„a,» vvner,. »(,„ -,,..(1 f 
 -iilii.gs w.is loivrl.t .V.,.. ""- ;"G battle of 
 
 totally deteated ncM Z, ',';''^'^''''' "'■^'"'-V. >v .. 
 't ^as ere,.ted the tri. . 1 b ,1 "'i' '"^n""- •^' •"■ 
 "4. iitM.evento w "Zn 1 ,"?'' "'.^'•'■ian, a.u. 
 
 t26t, Manfrt^i,kit;5ofsS\v:;''^,'^^ '"'^"r ^^> t'eb. 
 , b:S-Charlesof .Vn j„u' [ ,, th '^\ " '" 'J'-'%at..'J ,tnd 4aia 
 of Italy, Theei^ I.. ..i, '"""'■ ''"''"^'"y"" ter 
 nea.tv destroyed byanear/i^'-J' l'^^' ""^•" ^^as 
 archbishon, a7tor«-ards ,:'?'"•'• ,"^«^:/'-bo.i tho 
 Jug out „t' the ruins alve'.?,^^! ''"-^'l'''^' -^"1.. vvas 
 fequent rebuild ,°' ''7.^' '"^J '•""t.-.buted to a. sub- 
 
 king of Naples but -^-stored to'^H '"""'' ''>' "'o 
 
 f^,y:er-eh,,;k^^;i';esterr';o?IS 
 FoK?aI?!^pSS'lA:'''^b^'™'P'^''-tua,.y 
 
 tfiough a Stat .te^fi^Ak din , ,1,''^ "^•' '4«5 (u!- 
 
 K 
 
 
 '%r*;^-U"H. 
 
 ^y'^"- • *'mm 
 
 m 
 
 ■■ i '/W! 
 
Ai 
 
 !N 
 
 p 
 
 BENEVOLENT. 
 
 13U 
 
 BEKKEF.EY CASTLE. 
 
 Oliver St. Jclni. M.l'., whh lln.d frcf./.. ...lu! .l.M 
 mode. ..f ii.iMnn im.nrv. ll.n'V...'mi'» M u iU 
 duml ilU'L"..! 1 V \hv bill ol nula., let. itNi. 
 
 Stiini^ii.-.' Friiiiil Sc 
 ; l...i,ii (Mi(i.-ty. i.^trij""- 
 .•iftv 111 St. ratriik. I7^^• 
 
 BENEVOLENT. 
 
 cidv, thtMlili-liul i;.'^? 
 cii'ly 111 Uhu.s 1^24 '• i!'" 
 
 BENGAL, .hidi.n.i.i.m^ of it'i'W; i;>;|^^; 
 
 w.u' iiM-iiited l.v till' scVdHsrs ol J'^H"- , 
 UxisMu It r..»nR. iM.Ui.Hul.i.t It«ns.Kl.M 
 
 '34'! 
 
 ■ liv lliiliu-. :il'"Ut 1521); "'f 
 iv'l.uliitioii I.'M,(('-i''Vo.';3; 
 
 In 'tl'lf Ml'i;ul 1 111]'! 
 Jmliii iiiul I nil II fid. 
 
 ii<t)\, 7ci,ijci'). :•'«'• 
 
 Thr Eh>;li.-1. li.»t 1. nuitt..! I" V,"'''',,'','v""''^"'al,„iU 
 Thr.V .Mul.lisli M s.ttl.l.Hlit lall."..!, > . alH.lU 
 
 Kiictcrlis I't till' Kiviii'li Mini lUmx si-t "1' 
 
 "lii'i.''nv, '■>• "lu.i, it gMiiaa the ■^"V^"-''^;"];;^' 
 
 '534 
 1' 5-' 
 1114 
 1 f bo 
 
 i6ei 
 
 i6g8 
 
 
 tliernniitiy 
 Mr. Wiuni, l!.T.t.ii;:» ■^.Aviyi'r . ■ 
 llidiii Hill : lJ,i,t;iill;.M<l,Tln.- rasldtrnj 
 
 inlMt ..f iUclillltUU' ihlilMl^lllll ■ 
 
 Bi^lii'iM.l L.ucnltuui'liuiutnl 
 Hiiilwiiy I'lii'iiid . .■,■,•,' 
 Awlul tiiiiiin.- in Ons.'^ii (I'Vi nl' "" ) 
 LifUt.-«"Virii"i, li"»' Will. (■Mv . . • • 
 
 {.{>;: t::au]<hiU . ■ ■ 
 U,tiH.iuy 111 niiiifull; ...i,h.iiIuiii faimiie ^(sw 
 
 Cj^lonu^; Jlcaiiarn,. d..t..y.'a ; ai.out 2ccoVcri^l.• 
 
 Lieut. -Siovtri.fr, Ml- liiiliui'l Till ill' . 
 
 li( n. i.ir Aslilfy Kdin • • ■ 
 Jlr. cnlt. sir) liiveib Tlicmi;"!! . 
 
 SirC. S, linvlcv . . AjTil, 1EP7 
 
 " " Sirtliiis. .\:i:iliott . . • ifso 
 
 " >ir Ali'xaiiili'i' Mi"'l<<-'ii/io . . it<,5 
 
 Mr.li.lii. \Yi.inlliiirii . MiiiTli, 1*9- 
 
 ll,.'i'„al T.lm.iO- Hill luissul . . . ■■ il'^^'Jl; '^25 
 fvtU'Ui' liii the t-Missa cdftst ; about sc^" l","'" 
 
 ■^ 22 >i-\>\' n 
 
 For cliaiiijes in tbo j»ry system, »ee ^_"<'"^,^^'.;^j;; ^^^^ 
 
 TliVii'iiliKO crol'.s iiuuli iiijun;.! by ttoGUS . Aui--. ., 
 Ki.lileiiiicufmurJn, arms nilK'd 111 . i?"l'i- ■-i'" 
 ijistructive cydune at Cliitta-n.g, 3 deatlis, 
 
 ; MllUlllH' 
 
 i6Jiuii', «773 
 
 ;i Jul;. 1E13 
 
 15 Auk. 1654 
 
 . 1S67 
 1B71 
 
 1S73 
 
 1874 
 
 it77 
 
 mitrill"ii»ni"lBal.l t,..'aii<r imlliic.tlMii ; a cdiijM ' 
 li,|ul.l form lias iic'ii i.U'l.iuul by Jlessis. All^ i, ;, , 
 lliiiiliury. Li'iiili'ii, i-v-i' 
 
 BEOWULF, :ili iinii.nt Al.cb-SaMnn .]' 
 iinriii, ai>cribiiiu' event- vOiuli prnlMibly u( :iH. 
 Ill the niiddU ul tlie :;tli eelltury, Mil'li.-ed t;. Ir 
 been wiitlei miI'm ipu ut to 51,7. An ecliti. ri 
 Keiuble wii> liublisliod in l^'v -I lia- been ti;n .. 
 luted bv Keiible. 'I lioriir, and W mkorbarti.. 1;,. 
 traii-luiion by Win. Morris and A. J. \\.Mitl ,\>t, 
 niiieh iii'liroved. 
 
 BEBBK'E (■-;. Anieriia), settled by tlie \< ,1,;, 
 Id-x, wlio >urrendered it to the l!rUi-li, ;,; .\|,i;i 
 17r,(,, and 22 Seiit. 1^03; and tiiially 111 iNii. ji 
 was united to Heineruni und named lirilifli (n.i 1, :, 
 J83I. 
 
 BEKDITSCIIEFF, Kiev, S. Ku>sia. .\! ■,„ 
 biiiiiini; ot a ein u- here about 300 iierson- \'uv... 
 : i3J;,n. KSf<3- 
 
 I BEBENGAKIANS, followers of Bin n(!i,rii„, 
 i urehdeai on of An^ei>. who .djout 1040. o],).c m-,, i,„ 
 ' llmiish doi-trine of trlln^ub^tllntiation. or tlie rui 
 i [ireseiue in the l.ord'> siiii;.er. Several iniiii.ii, 
 ' of tlie eliureli eoiulenni'd his di'itriiie, Kjc-;^ 
 Aftirniueh eontiover>y he reeanted about 1071^, ai.u 
 died (.'rieved and weaned in Jan. IC8S. 
 
 BEBESINA, a river in Kussia, ertisi-ed bnU 
 Fieiuh main auiiy after its defeat by the l;^l^^i.l|,., 
 2^-2<> Nov. 1812'. The Freiuh lost \iii\miii1. .i 
 20,^0 men, and their retreat was attei.ilul 1; 
 great ealaniity and siMering. 
 
 BEllG (AV. Geiniiniy), on the extiiuli' 11 il ;:■ 
 lini> of K'lints, in 134V, was incoiii.iiatd: »iil | 
 Julitrt. NajKdeon j.. niade Murat niand-iii.ki ii, 
 1806. The [.rineipal part is now held by I'ruMii!. 
 
 BEEGAMO (N- Italy), a Linibard (hnliy. «,, 
 annexed to Venice, 1421-!;" which eliii lly hiui';!:;.. 
 it revolted, and w as joined to t'ie Cisaljjuie n y\.k.: 
 I-(|-. It was awarded to Austria ni 1^14, :i I 
 ceded to S.irdinia, 1S511. 
 
 BEKGEX (Xerway;, founded I('70; \v,i, !l, | 
 royal residence during ihe 12tli and 131!: uiuUiio, 
 r.'iimlation uS()l, Sj-'j^*^- 
 
 BEEGEN (ill Geriimiiy), BATTI.t (tf, '<■ 
 twein the French and allie>, the latter c,il.:i'i 
 
 BENIN lUVEli, i-w Oil rivers }ji-ijtidumiA. 
 
 BEX NEVIS, a mountain in Inverness. shire, 
 the loftiest in Britain, 4,400 feet above the sea ; 
 see Mitiurohiijij, l!^S<3-4' 
 
 BENWELL TOWER, about t«o miles W 
 
 01 Newcastle [value above i2.a.o/.], was preseii ed 
 
 bv Mr. John Win. Tease to be the palace ol the 
 
 ii'ew bishopiic of Xeweastle-upon-lyne, Nov. l»hl. 
 
 BENZOLE, or Bex/T.\E, a compound of 
 
 hvdrogen and carbon, discovered by Faraday in the 
 
 oils 01- portable gas (KS25), obtained by MitRlier ich 
 
 from benzoic acid (1834) and by C. V,. Mausheld 11 
 
 coal tar (1848), the latter of whom unfortuna ely 
 
 died in eoiisenuentc of being severely burnt while 
 
 experimenting on it (2O Feb. 1855). lieuzole' has 
 
 Income useful in the arts. Chemical research has 
 
 laoduced fnmi it (iidlinf {irhiih 4<r), the source of 
 
 the celebrated modern dyes, mauve, magenta, and 
 
 many others ; see Alizurim and Jmliffo. 
 
 Aromatic ess.iiccs and pe.-fumes have been obtained 
 
 frin' benzole by I'erkin, Tiemann, Uarrmann, and 
 
 oiliers. l'V-billUt;e iiudicincs, by O. I-isrli^r licv.,ir. 
 
 lIcKendrick and others, in i8£i ; and saccliariiie, a 
 
 nrii.cinle 220 times sweeter tliau cane sugar, byhahl- 
 
 berg and Kemseii, patented in Britain m i2So; not 
 
 . ' April, 1752. — (In 1I(ii.i..\nii) l.Theallie, 
 tlie* uuke of York were ilefeated by the Fr 
 under gen. Brune, with great loss. 10 Sept. i:'/*] 
 2. In aiiolh"r battle, fought 2 Oct. same uar.i 
 diike j;aiiied a victory ov. r Brune; Imt ii: :i 
 (itli, the duke w.is defeated before Alkmaer, mk-; 
 tlie'20tli entered into a convention, by \vlii< I: L| 
 army was e.xi hanged for 6000 F'remli aiul 1Ju::I 
 prisoners in England. 
 
 BEEGEN - OP - ZOOM, i" Hollain!., Vj 
 iilace, wlio>e works were deemed inipiegimlil, ». 
 taken bv the French, 16 Sept. 1747, ami ;igaEijl 
 I7(j5. An attenint, made by the Briti.*!) aal 
 general sii-T. Graliam (afterwards lord Lmi(u,.:,| 
 to carry the fortress bv storm, was defeated; 
 forcing an entrance, tkeir retreat was cut lii' 
 
 ; a dreadful slaughter ensued ; nearly all weit i 
 
 : pieces or made prisoners, 8 March, 1814. 
 
 BEEGERAC, France. Here Jolin of Gaal 
 
 ■ then earl of Derby, defeated the French, ir. I.sl 
 and here a tenii)nrary treaty of peace bttwiwilli" 
 
 i Catholics tind Protestants, establisliiiig lilt.".; a 
 eonsciPiicc, w-ae. signed 17 S"pt. !577, 
 BERKELEY CASTLE, Glouccsteriliir.t 
 
 i begun by Ilenrj- 1, in 1108, iud finibLtd in lliti'ti 
 
 BE 
 
 reign, If..,e i,Mw„r,| l| 
 till contnvanc,. of lii.^ ,, 
 
 ,'■■■»'■'■)• "lid f 
 
 i.ii.i 
 
 .1 
 
 March. 2. Sept.7 2 ;■"•; 
 tlws, "le„rI,ul|,|o'|,,\,,v 
 
 ',:'.""'"•'' 'lis niotl,,.,- i,; 
 lii'iiilf, near Lynn, in .\c 
 
 '"■"''■'I"tcdm,„Ti„i,| 
 
 '".,.;""■"'•■'■ suit nwi,,^.,,' 
 
 lli';a.,;is ..|..ivt,„, Kip^ ,,: 
 '•"■'• ,K"I l''il/ ll.ir' in..' 
 
 Icyw.is ii,,t Knint,v|,' ., , 
 " KJVilc;;,.s,,rtl„. i,:,„-,. 
 '•■namofciirl Fit/lmrdi ,V 
 lli"iii«.s Ucrl.cl,.v for I !" 
 c"aill|itteedecidc.li„,, „ 
 j;Jidy,,S9,, ,|,„.s,.„„||,„; 
 
 1,1 
 
 BERLIN (capi,,.i of ] 
 
 cif lin,iidenb„i-„), ,,n,l ,i,„ 
 emiiiic, „ll,'gc.,l to I,,v , 
 maignve Albert fi„. ij,„,, 
 ili»ti-:ct.s were united ,i,„ien 
 audit was sul,.o,,ucMtlv,„,-, 
 ami grcatlv iiiiiiroved' bv 1 
 taken ;ind fiehl l,v the liu 
 to. I7(x). Kstabli,!,,,,,.,;, 
 bc'ieiicea, i-o->- ,,c ii, 
 Oct. l^J,, atier the Un,,. 
 h'eii,;!, entered Ji,.rli„ ■ ,„„, 
 le.w issued the lanKMH J,',, 
 apuilst tlie cOMliiioree of Ki,. 
 flared i ,c h-iti.,li i.l,.,,,,, ,„' 
 a(ie,imd ordered all Jin^li,!,, 
 
 ocuupicd by French tro,H,s to 
 -t«ar. Un5Xov. ,«o.S, X, 
 lonvemmn »ith lVu,.si;, 1,,- 
 
 l'nissi;,ihcsum,l,„.„ntlu.\v 
 mainoihi.strooustoi-ei„c„,, 
 >';e iV.Y ,„(,, ,§C6, IS-, 
 i.<'",304. 
 
 The railway t,..Ma,'delai,« „,„,„<,, 
 Tlielir.,t,o„.,tituent,,.ss.m:,; ? 
 .\ain.,umTtioii,.oin..,,,„.,.,it.'' 
 MiiMV„s declare,..,, a state I- . 
 llitcujitmiiat,on o,' tliis .., . ' 
 
 ;S;l, -".out ft/t.cl;-,:; 
 
 Tlifiuoiiiiiiicit or vi,.;,,,.,. 'i„ ,• 
 ;vmif.,.i,.ii.k(.s4t^^;. i'r; 
 
 (,87c.,) ,„,,,„„|j. ,1,,^,, u 
 
 ''f7^::.rrM:!i:Tn;;!v-b'; 
 
 Kovemmct i„„| „„t i„ . ^ ' ,'" 
 
 !j^.;-,-i-e,:te;rv;„.;,;;^s; 
 ^^Si';;^r;;,!;h'i^i'^^^^ 
 
 tl,i.croi,,|],,.j,„.j. fee.\,.i,p 
 
 PJM:v";^>r"«r''"'''itionb, 
 
 I li.vtheeu,|„,;,. ' ^'■""'"' harlia,n 
 I l«™ti„„a| art exhibition op;.,,,.! t 
 
 r-tesi^^--he 
 
Wins, n,.,„. l.!,>i,|,;„'.n\ ,:"',"■'■""■■' '■'"-'■'! at ,1,,.. 
 
 aif Ikrleh,, ,...„„ . "' '3J/ 
 
 iiKULIX 
 
 / :i^'" 
 
 "■Iuj:;,. m,.,.i.-..i.... r '" "■" 
 
 li> ",,s not Kii.ntnl, ., '' c"'!' ''•',',""> ""■ "■■Ik.- 
 i'laMii8i,c ivi,.) Kit/I,, ,ii "' '"i'l» nii'i ''..■... isi, I,. I- tli," 
 
 BEKLIX (canit.,! „f r,„ . i • , 
 
 .^'"I'ln', Mr^ed t„ ],;„,. i„ ,;'v '"; ',"•■''"'"" 
 
 murgr.ve Albn-t tl... j,,, " ""'"'''1 l>y tlu. 
 i'";i ,^'vatlv in,i!ov.- 1 "■',""■ '■^'1'!'"' -n'vnJn 
 
 Oct. i.s'u,, aiu.- ti„. b! ,, 'V I '■• ""''■ " ' 2; 
 
 le<m is.u«l tiic. lamaiw )•/;/' ""M'la.v Xumo- 
 iii'iuibt tl„. .■on,,,,,.,,,. ,;,■ ]/ ' ,'' 'V''''"v''' intt-nlift 
 eked tlie liritisl, i.la ,1s ; 1 ''• -" •^^^•' ^t 'i'- 
 ade,ami .nWn.l .1 £ Hi ' , 'T,,'"/' -^V"" "' '''"''k- 
 ocou,.i..d l,y FrtM.l, tn„H ','„''"'"" '" ' "'""tries 
 of «iir. Un 5 N„v. ,.So,s V, i "'''' •'' l"'^"iii'ra : 
 jonvcmiim with l',.,,,,].,; hV vi i,'.'.? ,'■'"'■'■'■''. """ » 
 
 See l'n< .i.,. ,L ' S- ' p'',!f,;,"':'.»" " Spain. 
 'A" 304. ' ''• .'"I'l'laHoa 111 is,j^^ 
 
 '"""'■""•■•■""■-nv,.i,.; „„,,•,,,.,.„„„,_■ _.^i)™, ,8..,, 
 
 '■ 'v..„„i,i,:,.,i:.,N "^'"■^'""■"■-N u..i ,„i'.;: 
 
 \, ".'' " -Ma,.' I, iSn,). ,1.. I , ■^''-•. (■"''■ 
 
 ^'•■'ti'.. uf ti.i . i,*j; 't„;;";i"-'''"'- f.>.-.i..ik:k ; 
 
 Iii'lustiial ,.x.|,ii,i,|. ■ ■ • . . ,,■,,,.,, 
 ...•^I^iy. .E96!cl.K,.,|,,7.. ^ !!"■ .i,,)...,,,,, , " 
 
 r . ,, . IL. .,, I., ,1, ,,„,„„,j|.^ 
 
 Ll llUMK nillllK, fllJMI.SH ,,„,,.„ 2 .M„v, .. 
 
 .,,"'■''''•"'■""• '('■'! Ka«l. ■^""'■^'"■'". "•o.iv.» ti,; 
 '■''•..„il..-i-..i- iirivfils !.pf th',. .„i,i , • 'sJiiiif .. 
 "f '"■iihlu M,it,i,.s wliu'l, „',''"'"■"■'' «i'"'U"< 
 
 '-' -Ma.vli, 1 : ,; 
 
 The a,hvay t., Ma...k.|,u,j,. „,„,„„,, 
 
 Will »;,s .Ifdaiva .1, a slat, ',(■ .1 ' ' •^'•"''■''. 
 
 illegal "itliuut s c^,r.; ';',""%''^^-''"'^""" l,e 
 i treaty uf iioiico bctwcf',, I'lnssi,, '„„ , w '^ '^l"''- 
 Tl,f,u.jaiiim.|,t „f vi,.'(„, , •, ; • • -■! Uct. 
 
 Wl, IA-I,i,iark (.864) Vilstri. ' ri'"'7 "'' "•'' "■"■^ 
 
 iiS:'i,:'^^'^;!!:-,;;!;.u-: -iy. A,is„,;^:;!;:i 
 
 t. Turkey „i, tiiuv.,,/,:,, ,':';;':,".'"" '""'"' '""" 
 
 iwtedate,! ., May ; a.r.'i , , '„• .'•^'""■'^■■^'■'l i" a 
 the earl „f U.-il," ',, .^.,f, ^l; v''-* ''"-I'ta,,.... I,y' 
 
 thicroiwi iiriii,.,. = i\.-ilMti„ii «ii-ih;1 l,y 
 
 •National tlieati-e bun' / '^ ' '■'"■'"'' 1-^ <'.t. 
 
 >t«ue3.,f Willielii, ,i„,|' A|,,,:„„,, V -4 .Vj.nl, 
 
 I t.vtheeia,,er,;r " ""'"' I""-'"""ei,t.b..,i.s,. y,,' 
 I '"'"""""nal art e.vl,ibitiV,„ ^,,,;.,„,, •, ^. ■ 9 Ji>n.', 
 
 ■ ■'I'liuimiit t.i Frp,li.ri,.i. u-iK 2-' .\fav 
 I «>.«per„r '"''^ "'"""" 'V. >,„v,.i;,.,| |^' 
 ll^'Wi Victoria "-armly 'mvi'v,.,i ■), • '"Jum', 
 
 ■ •^"'^I'^'CeUi.iiiarei .; A , '• ':,'.'■ ^^-'V'-'V 
 
 J •I'll,, ait. 26 April, 
 
 'S41 
 1842 
 1843 
 
 1S49 
 :S66 
 
 1873 
 
 1S76 
 
 i33o 
 .SS3 
 
 .3S4 
 1S86 
 
 iSSS 
 
 IIKIII.IN (UN, ,.| ,. ■ '- •''•'"fll. 
 
 «''I'»'«.„tativ..s(«.i,b',.,. m"? "''"'""' >^^-«""'^. 
 ! •■>"ty&.'^-""'^'^ »"' "'Hi la.„ „,,,,,„,,. 
 
 !' feam^:'''s;fc<r^^^ 
 ' ^itr:i.:i;;iL:-^^--:'Knv-^ 
 
 ;'"'■"■" 'iL'tbaM CI, stia,; '''''''■• ■ '""I'i- 
 
 '■J' a" Austria,, V, i,,-^,:' ' '",'"' "i-itauisea 
 
 _, :::^^..^;.f;..:;i^^S;.;:;i';;a!;;4:-''''^-' 
 " m;;;ttf "■" '" •- '■Hiq:e,„i,.iit, ,,„, „^,^ 
 
 •> ■io~4)- Hlllll„alliil tl, ,,,. :„ , 
 
 :; p~ri,/''p;:!.;,r'7:!;i:^",^;-j;;.^-. 
 
 ■' &,i];;:r""'"'"'"-Mn- til,,,.. .„„,.,„„.. 
 
 ^Jn^afrSi'iii..;';^,^. ,^^im,i,,. ..,.: -riv '^^^ 
 
 tu the loivib',, ,,„we,,s ■' '""■'«» •■^'■•■■!vtai>, 
 
 ■ . ,,^'av, iSSo 
 
 
 V 
 
 •f'^Aijjf'i 
 
 Jf'l 
 
 

 IIKWLIN WORK. 
 
 11)2 
 
 ItK/rnr.KltKM IIOHI'ITAIi. 
 
 fi 
 
 U 
 
 !.'! 
 
 1890 
 
 UCIII.IN niNKKIlKNCK (l'> .InPH' 1 Jn'V, llJS'O- 
 
 Tl.o aiiiti«H».ii|..ii. I f.ii- llivnt llill;iiii. l"i'l "'[" 
 Ku,M'll cill.T, l.ii.l Ainl'Miill) ; I mi.mt ryl" ^ 
 .1.' SI. ViillhT, ''U: |,iv^i.l.'iil, I'lin.v J|.ilirlil"lii'. 
 lli'iiiiiiu liiri'lKM iiiiiil<li 1. 
 
 Milti.i. ..!■ TiMk.a(iMnii,« 111.' ,,uii.i,.l.i nt m ■ 
 
 liKIlM llll.l C'.*<i„ll Ml luuvill.rslnl ■!•), .*nij^ll ^ 
 
 UKlll.'lN"'n'iN't'K.ltKNVE n'Klil'ftlllK ll "M.mi.Hl "I 
 
 tl,,. WnlklllK rla.s»OH lunp..*.,! I.y tiM' •"■'■|1"'" 
 
 „n|„.i..i', ., I'Vl.. Vu' .l.lr^ulr« (Willi tli" " ■ I"'*" 
 
 »ail'.r»iii:aiiiinHli'i»)niiMt . ■ '.5».f' 
 
 1 Uf li'UUli'ii ; liKMt DiiliiiM.sir.InliiidnrsI , Hull", 
 
 ' MJiil,« s, ,; |t:,lv, .s.iiulM,. t,„n,r.l.., i.n.l 
 
 „tluMS. TlM' ...„r,.ivll, |..'. liy I'ill"!! VOM 
 
 Ui'ili'l'Hi'li, I'nusiiin inliii-'liT <■! (•"iiiimn ' . 
 ■Iccli'l M ■si.lMiil, .s Miin'li, il'H-l -•- >'''"■''■ 
 XI. ^s'„l,|,.,ls,lH,u-H..l: ,,.,iil...i..,i ..I h. ;.."J. 
 
 |„ niiiirs, uf Mun,l„.v hil ■, ,.ii.l "I liii' I.1I...1 1 M 
 
 cliililivii mill \"iitlis. H.'c:"iiiiiitiiiliiU"ii^ Ma..l.k.l 
 ivU-nM l<' 111'' ri'^lK'ilivi' Irjiislaliirri. 1 
 
 F,ii' oUm'I' iiHiiii I ivi'i'ii.'.'s, "';'■>"""""!,, '"::*• 
 
 illlilCnnr, iS?'> I. 
 
 BERLIN AVOKK, ^'■'' /w" '"""/"•.'/• 
 
 BPntMl'DAS or .SL-MMKliS' Ist.E.S, u gjoui' 
 in llii' Norlli AUiiiili"' "('.'.'Ui, iIhi'iivciciMiv Jiial 
 llniniKlas, a Snaniai'd, in li22. hn\ ii»t mlialutc(l 
 
 until KKK), "i.i'M sii' ui'ni'n,. ^""'''•'rv"'r, i'"?, 
 
 uwav uiM.ii tl.t'in. Th.'V ».'iv ..'111."! I'V /'"' ' 
 Jain'.'s I., 1012. AmiiM!; lli>' <'^il<-':< Iroiii I'.iigla in 
 .luriiiK 111.' -ivil WMV w.is Wall.r, tlu' I..;i't. wli" 
 wrnli', while n'si.li'iit hi rt', a piicUi'al il,'M'n|ilion nt 
 thi' i>lanil'i Then' was an awliil hiiii'irain' herr, 
 JI Oct 1 -Si), anil l,vani«tlii'r, a Ihiril nlthf lioiiw.'jwas 
 a,.aln,M';i, anil thi' shiiipin;; iliio'ii aslioi-.. 20 July, 
 
 l8n " A liirgi' ii 'li'v ''""'^ '"■''-'• "''"'' ,''"■"' 
 
 JCOOOOA, wa.'*"low('il IV.iin llu' .Mi'ilway to tlii' lliT- 
 imi('lii.'»,in,Iiinoan,l.liily, |S'«». lll.Vl'l'U.ll■^, sir Pri'il. 
 E. I'haninaii, iSt,;; -I'li. .). II. .I'li'-'y. Miir';'!; 
 i8-i ■ Sii- It'ilii'it .Mii'liiU'l I.Hlfaii, I'i'h. [H;;; ilu'd 
 ■'•''M.'ii'ih, 1S.H2; lu'iit.-j,'i'U. T. 1,. .I.Uall'.U'y, 18S2; 
 ril'ut.-!;i'n. N. Ni'wiliuati', .luly, iHRS; liout.-i;.'ii. 
 T C. Lyons, Jmii', iNo: ; litMit.-Ki'u. Uwp' 1). 
 liai'kcr. .\\n\\, \X')(>. Visitnl l.ythi" pnnoi'.ss I.omsi', 
 Jan 188s. Itoval cnfrini'cr nlli"' .'it I'msin'i't burnt 
 down, 14 Jan. i*)7. l'"piiliition, 181A 15,013. 
 
 DERNAL COLLECTIOX of aitide-s of 
 lasteanil vi'itn, f.M'nu'd liy Uilpli Hi-niiil, Ksn., many 
 yi'ars chairniaii of ,'oniiiiitti'i's of ways and nn'^^ins 
 'in tht' hi, use ,if I'oiiiiiums. Hi' ilit'd 2f) Auj,'. 1854. 
 The sale in .Manli, iSjO, lasted jl day.s, and elinr- 
 moiis pi'iies were ijiyeu. The total sum rualiBed w:i 
 02,680/. Us. 8(/. 
 
 LERNARD, MOUNT .ST., so called from a 
 monastery founded on it by bernardine Xtenthou 111 
 062. Velan, its hi^'liest peak, is about 8tXK) feet 
 hish, eiivered witli perpetual snow. H.mnibal, it in 
 said, conducted the Carthaj^iiiians by this pass into 
 Italy (218 ii.c); ;inil bv the same route, in May, 
 1806, llonaparte led hi.s' troops to Italy before the 
 battle nf Mareuio, 14 June. On the summit ol 
 Great St. Ueniaid is the aueient iimnastery still 
 held by a community of monks, who entertain 
 travellers. 
 
 BERNARDINES, or White Mo\ks, ^n 
 
 Htricl order of Cistercian rnmilis, eatablistied by bt. 
 Dernard of (Jlairvaux, abuut 1115. lie fouuded 
 many mmiasteries. 
 
 BERNE, the sovereign canton of Switzerland, 
 j.jined th'o H'.vir;s T.eaiue. !3"2: the ' >w!i Beme was 
 made a free city by'the enipenir Frederick, May, 
 1218 ; it successfully reiiated Riiloluh of Hapsburg, 
 1288. It surrenderud to the F: leti under general 
 
 The |n«ll 
 
 iiiliiiiil'' nn 
 
 liiK bears fm' 
 alill mailitaiiH 
 
 IW 
 
 Uriine, IJ April, i;')M 
 
 arms, "ind soinri,! ilie* 
 
 onfiimUspirialK provlijed fm Hie purpose, it 
 
 mad pilal lit' Hwit/erliillil, |8|H, ropiilai 
 
 1««H; Hint S.(''>''r'»; 'o«li, ■4'M)"i; lH'»7,4i), 
 
 'I'l,,' 7., Ill aiiiilM'iKiiry lit llii' liiilii'litlli'ii of "eiii'' 
 liv iliiki' ll,'ii'lil"l,l V. Ill /iliiiuiii'ii, I'i'li'bmti'il 
 
 14 17 Aiw, 
 Mii'liMUiil 111!' Iiiliiiiiil il il""Kmplili'Hl «ii'" 
 
 !■• 14 .Viii: 
 l.aliuiir il'iN; ;' n iiii''"i'''l . n'mi'l Ji ■'mir 
 
 BEUUIlXiK IIKIJI'EST of 152,0.^.1/ 
 pliilantliropii piii pii«eii. ItiHerint «iims were '.:iv, n 
 til the .Nnti'liiil Niii'lely lur rrninnliim Kdi.':ili in 
 and i-iiiiilar smiilim, to tlie .Sanitary Inslilm, ,,;' 
 (ireal lliil lin, lu llo' I'lumbeis' eoinpany, to K)iia's 
 
 Ciille^e and riii»rr»il> Colletfe, I Ion, and ntlut 
 
 iioilies, reporli'd, ~ Oct, |.8i)J, 
 
 BERRY (llle iini'leiit nihil iijiiw »r.7'«), I'l'iitiiil 
 
 Frame, held li) the II mis "im'e llo' '0111111,1.1 1\ 
 
 Cu'sar (58. 50 li.c.) till it Wii« siiliiliied by llii' Vi.;. 
 jjoths; troni wlmm il wii" taken by Clovis in ,\,ii, 
 tir. Il was eri'i'teil Into a din'liy by John II m 
 "1 !«'k), and was not im m p'llaleil liitn the riuiil .jr. 
 niainstiU HxH. The due ile llerrj , mhii of niinlc,, 
 and father nf i mule lie CliMliiliord, wiis Hssiissiriat il 
 15 Feb. 1820. 
 
 HERSA<iMKRI, ilio slmrpKliooters i.f \\k 
 Sardinian aiiiiy, tlrxt empl'\M'il about I848. 
 
 BERWI('K-()N-TWKI';i), " fortitiid tH«,i 
 
 en the uorth-iaNlextiemlly of Kiml.iiiil, tlii'tlii'.iln. 
 of many bbmily ciintests while KiiKlaiiil ami .'<n,t. 
 land wi'ie twii killKilom" ; it wiis elalmeil liy llv 
 Scots beiaiise it stood on their side of the river. IIiti; 
 John Italiol did homaue lor Si ollniid, ,}u Nov. 1:1,:. 
 It was anne.vi'd to Fiiulainl 111 I V(.} I and iil'lcr li.ii. 
 injf been taken ami relakeii many limes, was tiii;i!l\ 
 ceded to Kn«land in I |H2, In 1551 it was iii.i'ii 
 iudepemleiil of both klliadoniK, The t'nvii M:r- 
 rendered to t'riiinwill in lii,(8, and to ({cneral M'Hk 
 in lijji). Sincu the union of llie crowns (Jmnol, 
 llxlO, ''"■ "'I'oliK' forlilliatioiis ha\e been lii'^flcaul 
 The boroiitfh was alimirbeil into Nortliiimberlaiiil in 
 l,S8i in respect In piiiliiiliieiUiiry elei'U"i:<. Ilv an 
 explosiuii III 1 room {'or iiiiiiiuliieturinx n'ti'|ili.'t». 
 Mr. A. M, C.'cihill, the pnipritflor, and j olhiu 
 were killed, and much ihiimnfe doiu in tUe iii'i;li. 
 bourhood ; 2i Auk. iN'^i, I'opulation 18S1, ij.i;^; 
 i8.)l, l.?.i:^' 
 
 BESS.VRABI .\,alVoiilici province of Euro|'(,,ii 
 Uussia, p. lit of III!' iilicii'Mi lluclii. After lu'iiii 
 pousessi'd by the liotliK, Hun -, \c., if was i'oni|tH'rcJ 
 bv the Turks, ||;), si'l/ed by the IliHsi.ui*, \-y, 
 ■liid ci'dcil to them in 1812. 'I'lio part uimcxnl t'l 
 K.iumania in 18^1, W'u» lestol'eil to lUissiu at tit 
 doso of the war in |8;8, In e.xi'hum{e f.r th. 
 Diibrudsehu, by the ii'eaty of Merlin, l.j July, ;iiii 
 jjivenup, 21 •»,'t. 1H7H, I'opulati'in l8M(,, i,(ji.m;3, 
 
 BESSEMl'lR, "ce ,S7('c/iiml Sliam Aiirii/Ktim. 
 
 BETIIELi;S ACT. Ki'e h-amlnkut. 
 
 BETIILEIIKM now contains a larKCcmv.iii. 
 enclosing, as is said, llie Very birthnliu'c nf t'lin.t, 
 a chui'h erected by the etiipi"'i'«s Helena intlidra 
 of across, ab..ul jij; 11 chapel, eiilled the fli.,!.; 1 
 the Nativity, wlicietlicv pretend to show the m.m.'ir 
 in whichCdi i-t wasliiid ; aiiollier, eiilleil llic (.'liii|il 
 of Joseph; ,iiiil a Ihii'd, of the Holy Iniwiiii:. 
 Hethlehem is iiiiicli viNiled by pilKiinis.--Tlii'M 
 leliemite nmnks c^ I'teil in K'n^l'md in 125;. 
 
 BETIIf.ElII'M ll().MIMTAL(s'if!i!Nfrfni 
 haviiiK' been oriifinail) the hospital ol ist. Jlarvi'! 
 Uethlehein), 11 royal iMumlatloli for the i'cn'|ition 'jf 1 
 lunatics, iacorpoi'iited by Henry Vlll. in 154;, Ilf 
 
 I'M IMIilehern Mo.-pilal.M 
 liuic'l down in iNr4, was 
 liiilciie* at I'liris. The 
 (irnrL'c's-tields was li, jr,,,, 
 ill l''<i5. In iHzi, ,.,„,,„ 
 
 ciiniplcted Milder tliedircetii 
 Ilii'iiiiie l8,"(), i^,iHi/ 
 
 HKTflNAL (HiHE> 
 
 |M|ial^'iii parish; said loh.n 
 lie .M'iMlfort, hero of th,. ' 
 Oi'i'cm" (/V/c// llu!!ii,ls). ^ 
 n'i'clill\ erected b\ the jii 
 
 Bl'i'iniricld and others, and tl 
 fiiieand liy the bai-uness |ln 
 Liiiiilcii Museum here, ,'i b 
 
 Ki'llsilluloll, was ...irlleil bv 
 
 June, 18-2. Sir liichanr \ 
 twiic.icollcctiiin of tine pi, tl 
 silii'scllcctcd by the mai'iiii 
 .\»f. I.Sro). Sir l(i,.hird ' 
 |.S<)0. See ir,in,if Culhrti,,, 
 K) May, 187:. See l;,i/.s 
 I'.v .Vi't of l,8«5. I'opulalio,', 
 120, IJ4. 
 
 BETirUXE, France, an 
 simetli.' nth ccntiirv, wasan 
 bv the treaty ofl trecht, i;i ., 
 
 HETTERMENT, islt..' 
 
 ■Ill|ll;eil I" the lluprovenu'llt 
 
 liiniiiiy, by the I'Npi'Mdiiun 
 "llii'i-ttise, and it i, th,.|',.|i„',, 
 lii'rty eiu'lit to be callc! ujimi 
 liv.iliiiii. Tile i|Ue,tioii was 
 |S.Si)-i)(i in relaliun to the j 
 bill. 
 
 rii'; Mrii. 'iiile iiilrn.biccl in t|,„ 
 III. ^f.Jiiiie, iSy,; relerreil ti 
 
 I'lnls, .May, 1894; r,,j„„.t favoiii 
 
 limy, iNj4. 
 Il'.'»«i.«^ till' ojiposit,. jiriiicii,! 
 
 iiilroiliicfil III tbo ToWi'r-bri.lL 
 
 Hill, .'7 .Miiy, ,6,15. "■ 
 
 BETTIXG-HOr,SES,art; 
 
 ;'l"'ii ";pmiin(,'anilcnn.H.,|ncn 
 l-icr clash's, Were Miiipicsse.i 
 J IV.! (Ill A: 17 Vict, e I,,,) 
 inmliialMtiiu: machine, in \uir 
 lbriil;'.'E'ccliaiii:e,"ali,.ttinL'con 
 («vi'.',lnla.cililleftal, see AVer, 
 l|'i"<'il, 1874 and iiSyi. 
 
 Il i-4lliisA't»asapi.lic,| t,,|„.tti 
 .'Il I'lecc'ihiiL's apiinst .Mr. |(. 
 ' III". I.'i'li.'y (lab, were i,,,,,.,),..] 
 , .11 .Nrwiuarki't. 
 
 |Il'!liii;'ii'p„rt,,ll„liaveLT,.atlvhic 
 
 |.Mi.|iHticcfrawkiiisaii.l % „il,;,r ,^ 
 
 ■ H,irt,. ,'. Dai.ii an,: .'>I'|i,,ui,.v ,• | 
 
 'o'kiii.ikiMK aici Lcitini; in -i'.. 
 
 Ml.. ;i,' |.,„'I,.,.,| |,|„,,., ,,, ill ; 
 
 l"'IMlu,,,Act„.,S3i; ,,.Mar,.|, 
 
 ,, BEVERLEY, K. Vork-liire 
 
 »..', ..r Icyerle-.i. .St. J„l,„ ..f 
 
 ["•7.",' ^"ik. loiimleil a .stat.'l 
 
 Nilu'il 721; and „n his account' 
 I'^ii'urs IroiM Athelsfaue, Willi, 
 
 t^T }' '"'■ ''i"'''>iehise,l 
 I .altera lonjr investigation. 
 |i-l'v 1891, 12.531). 
 
 I liEYROUTdh,' ancient lierv 
 l'ri:i,o<,l„nM.d from Si.l,,,,. 'j,'-\, 
 
 In'nrtliqiiakc, c,.,; „,ns U^U 
 
 I" .Jl")ss('Sse,l by thefhi'istiat'. 
 t'ei'nianychan.v.s, fell into 
 P". It was taken during the 
 
nETn\Ar;„,{j:K.\. 
 
 l.in... at iw"'' " : ,;;';;"'''''7'."'t'M.' 
 
 llMTffXAJ. (iKKKV i- i „, 
 
 r,r.„(h Vrert',.,! |,v 1, 'i,, ,'•' 'iHiivhr. Imv,. I„.„„ 
 
 Mlic. n.Jl.rt,.,! I,v tl„. Nil'. ,";■ '■ '^''''',|i'n.,. 
 
 I') M.n, l.S-:. S,.,. /•„,/ '''^'inl.'iH,,,,,.,,,.,! 
 
 l,v l.t'nf i4)5- II , ''*• "''liiriis (no \\ 1> , 
 
 m " '"''"'"""" '''*^'. '-'".'/.. ; .si,: 
 
 lUBLK. 
 
 •>'■'. I«40. Si, [■ ^v' ""V"";). I""k i.lar. 10 
 
 '■"»f^iKr>l 11,^ „ ,i :,";',"'" "T l';"».'li"li ,„ln,ir,.| 
 
 #' 
 
 ' •" "^'l 1.11 1 lllllllfl'N. 
 
 DETTERMEXT, i. a tiTu. i„ i,„,.,- , 
 I' itv, l,y ,l„. i.'xp,.,,, , ',. ;; IV'-O- ... a..) 
 
 "ii..'.«i.-.., a.„i it is ',)„.,...,i , !,,,';■ ""!"■•' '"■ 
 
 INS.,.,, ia ,vlatlu„ .. t) : s ': ' ,"-""*••' i" 
 
 bill. ^tl, 111,1 Illlj.l-OVl.lllCllt 
 
 Til.- iiriM/inl,. iiitio,|iico,l in |1„. | ,,,. ,, 
 
 Hill. -7 May, ,895. ' "'I'l.M' Month Ai,|M„i,cl,os 
 
 !l\-;>l">\: 17 Viet, run) V' ■ 'T T' '" 
 I limuul lirltiiij.- mailiiMo, ill \ ,|,n ■,,„ I '""",'-"; ■' "'■ 
 
 «.r..,l„l,i,.e,l ill.;. , . y t 'v'-' V^"-*'' '«'"0. 
 
 I •■■4llli.S Ai t HMSl||,|,li|.|| I,, I ,.: 
 
 i"«'ki...'iki„K ,„„i .; ,:;'', 'T''''i''''',':'i''<'iii«tiiat 
 
 "" "'""■-■ Art .1. ,S3 i ; , , M,,:;'.',! "; ""'"Mance witl, 
 
 BEVEKLEY.E, Voik.l,ir,.,'th..S,vn„i.,. 
 
 |'':o,;,ftHralo,i^r iiivr.ti li , I '■"'■'■"I'l.-m in 
 
 1 liEYROUT, til,. ,„,.{,.„, u,,,.^.,, 
 l,>m,ook,iM„,l trom Si,,, ' ,;>'"^)v' ■'"•'I'""t oC 
 I ™rtl,qu:.k,.. ;(,<,.„.,; ..;|.,,i,"''' .irst.'„y,.,l l.v 
 
 .'.n-.it.a.ta,;;;,;/:;!.::'--i^.--A„„.- 
 
 ''•'•■'••'''-t"n....l.;;;^/'^;;;'7X;— [.".)u..^ 
 
 """"""'"•'•'■'""" ""■'"•'".aJalMva , .Vaiik .ES- 
 ''■•"-''-. v.;. Si. .;&'-'"■'' -I' .ni 
 
 ""•kill Hv.^iii,.;! I ,,'';';■, -5, J""' V'".^' "•"' "t- 
 
 •Mnhnitta rl, .V 'J .A ,,' ''Ts 'r'", "!"'. ""'^'"•' "'" 
 
 of l.l.-l|.t,,,,,.,^,i,.;:;Vi;^,iJ ,;;<'■-•). '!-n,jah 
 "'iI'mI tiTi t„ii,.s tliaf li,„l I- "".^ ''"'^ "' r-upccs, 
 
 ;'"• '■U^'l.^s,lratll, »,'i, ' ,' .•.'V-^I'''' '«".v On 
 '■'"• i'lcap:.! if- ,. II, ;i , '"' "'■''"i''U:ili «'t a«i,l, 
 
 ---"y. ..,,„.,„,; .?'ii;:;i^,;;-:-t -v..,.ns ...... 
 
 -''^i-t>.-.i::,i;y;; v,1^" ;'"•''''■^•'''l''|M■- 
 ^■.■l v.- liia, k.s) Ji..',,!,, 1,. . ^" ''|;";'P"»>mI til,. 
 
 ll"- P"i«t Dam,., i„ ,,, 'li;; """?,"■'""" «''-^ 
 '"^'i.'anil tniial. p,.„il;:,-, ,,,,''" "-■''■"Is,, 
 
 •"pi..vs.c.,ii,y ,„,,,. jC,;;;^;;;-,;;^;^'. -ii wm. 
 
 l-'-oWrs; aiultl.u., ,■•„;•"'• '••'"■.v^Il„.,i,.i „„j 
 tl..'"..e, an.l tliii. ,.s„.^lj, ;., 1' r '."'■'■'' "'"'" ""' 
 
 "^'•SKr^,!;;;i::::n'^"V"- ""> - 
 
 "'"niaw, 2.;ja« ,«;! 7,5 ""; '•''■"'■''- '"> L" 
 I by tlK. o,ii,„.r„,. ami !^;l;,.ei' "'"^ '^'^''"'^""j- ^i^it"'' 
 
 ' Visit,.,! hyQi,,.,.,, vi,.t,„ia m , 
 
 , ^,^ 7Ma,-cl,-.A,,ril, ,88,;. 
 
 '/H., anil un.l..|. K.-ay,yM;;^~^;^':'' ''"'""'■• ^ 0,a. 
 BIRT.E (fi-nni tin. (J,.,.,.,. ,.,, 
 
 "^''"'•'■-Pnia Ivu V. f. ,1 . „Y li'- " '"'"'^)' ""• 
 01.1 -IVstaninit i^ s. 1 ...."■■ ■^'■'■''"'"■"■^- T''" 
 ^;''a,l.^.,l l,v E,,,, b. tvirn ;'s " '■""'■'■'"' '""' 
 
 1? ,)) 
 
r 
 
 1 < 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 ^l 
 
 !, t 
 
 ^^■b 
 
 1^' 
 
 i- ■ 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 W^ ' ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Hi ' 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 B 
 
 r. 
 
 
 Hii 
 
 'wfi 
 
 Il^l 
 
 j 
 
 mtU 
 
 'f pi 
 
 1 
 
 ^^B ^H> 
 
 '^ i'^m 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 li 
 
 
 BIBLE. 
 
 134 
 
 BIBLE. 
 
 tUo Uouinn Cntlinlics. but not l)y tin' J<'ws and I'ro 
 tcstiinis;* see yl/iocri/p/c'- 
 
 OLD TF.STAMEST t 
 
 GiMM'sis c-..iit,iins lliu lii.st..ry cftlic wnM 
 
 Iroiii 11 ('. 
 
 F.xoilus .... 
 LcvitirU..i .... 
 Numl.frs .... 
 Ui'iitcniiiciinv; . 
 
 .7. ill 
 
 .Iil.«IUlll 
 
 .ImUfs 
 
 Kiitli 
 
 I9t ;iliil suil Hal.UK'l . . • • 
 ist ;niil 2111I KiiiLTs .... 
 ist aii.l 2114 Clii"iiiili's . ■ . ■ 
 Ud.ik III' rsiiliii.^ {I'liiu'il'.ill.v !'>■ ll:iviil) 
 PruM'ilis wiittiic . . ■ ■ 
 
 Siiiij; "f Sciluiiiiiii 
 
 Ei'i'liwi.istes 
 
 Jdiiiili .... 
 
 •loi'l 
 
 Husea .... 
 
 AliiDS 
 
 Isuiali .... 
 
 Micali 
 
 Nalium 
 
 Ze)iliaiiiMli .... 
 
 Jcivininli. 
 
 LiUnriiUiliiiiis 
 
 Haliakkiili . 
 
 Diinii'l 
 
 Ezi'kiul .... 
 Oliiiiliali .... 
 
 Ezra 
 
 E.sthor. 
 
 Bangui ... 
 
 Kf. liariah . . • • 
 
 Ni'lu'iiiiali 
 
 J1al;i.-lii 
 
 4004—1635 
 . . 1635— M90 
 
 . I4-yu 
 . . 14.J0- 145' 
 . 145' 
 al'iiut n.c. 1520 
 
 fnim 1451- '420 
 
 I4-V5 
 
 -1 120 
 
 alinlll I 
 
 lllllllt 1014 
 
 1322— I3I2 
 1171 — 1017 
 IOI5— 562 
 
 1004— 5j6 
 io6j— 1015 
 700 
 
 alwiut 
 
 illlnUt 
 
 977 
 662 
 
 a!iuut Soo 
 aliout 785— 725 
 aliiitit 787 
 
 760— 698 
 aliiiiit 750— 710 
 aliniit 713 
 
 630 
 
 629 — 5S8 
 
 533 
 
 626 
 
 607— 534 
 
 593— 574 
 
 537 
 
 aliimt 536— 456 
 almiit 521— 495 
 
 520 
 
 520— 518 
 
 446— 434 
 
 397 
 
 abiiiit 
 
 IlllilUt 
 
 abiiiit 
 
 all! lilt 
 
 aliiMit 
 
 fimii 
 
 fimii 
 
 alinllt 
 
 almut 
 aliimt 
 aliiiiit 
 alniut 
 
 N^.W TEST.AMENT. 
 
 Gci.'^PEi.s by Jl:itllic w. Mark. T.nkf. ami J"lin, 
 
 Alts iiftlii' A]! istlcs . . ■ 
 
 EpwTi.Ks-ist ami 2111! nfraiil tn 
 
 I'll Galatiaii.^ . . ■ 
 
 1st Ciiiiiitliiaiis. 
 
 ami L'liiiiitl.iaiis . 
 
 Hoiiiaiis ... 
 
 Of .lames 
 
 jst .if I'eti-i . . : ■ „ 
 T'l Epliesiai.s riiilii.l.iaiis. C 
 I'liilcir.i'ii 
 Titus, nii'l ist to Timiitliy . 
 2U1I toTiini'tliy 
 2II1I iif I'eter , . . ■ 
 Of .Iiiile . ., ■ 
 
 1st. 2iiil, ami 3i(lof Jiiliii atler 
 lli'Vilatioii . . . • 
 
 5-A.D. 33 
 . A.I). 33-65 
 Tlii'ssaliiiiiaiis abf. 54 
 . . 5« 
 
 59 
 
 . 60 
 
 . ' . . . . 60 
 
 . A.D. 60 
 
 . . 60 
 
 lldilcWS 
 
 64 
 65 
 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 90 
 96 
 
 • In \iiril i''C=; wasiiulilislii.il a iimimsal for raisiii« 
 .,f„, M«V'|.ii..;;P.Hl''sli.H' in ii.il.r til illustrate the 
 ■liiM,. by ai,i..i':a,Tin ami seiei.tili.' investwatinu : see 
 
 ^''t''Tlu''ilivi~:. 11 if the Cilile iutn o;»'Ji(i'rs 1ms been 
 .,., lilieii t.i ar. hlii^lml. Laiifrane in tlie iitli, ami t.iareli- 
 i, ,. I lanut.M. in tlie i5tli .■eiitiuy : but T. Ilartwel 
 I ,1 „e e nsi.lirs tlie i.-al aiitlior tn have been ear,|,iial 
 
 , ',, lie Samt.i faro, about t li.l.He of tlie ijtli ;vi,- 
 
 „„v. rii,. liiviMou into seetiiili. wa.s e,.liuueueeil by 
 Ralibi Natliaii (amlior of a fiimmilanee) abmit ■44:,.i ■ I 
 ,.„mi.lete.l liv All.ias, a ,Iew, 11. ,(,6r. 1 .e piise.it .iui. 
 sioi! into I'cr-...* was introilueeil by the eelebrateil priu ei, 
 ■R,ib..rt iStei.lei.s, in liisGieel; Testament (1551) ami 111 
 
 '''" 'rre'uIemsoPpm'iousof tl.is book, on leatlier, as- 
 ^ert.-.l to hav.. lieeu written about tlie Stii oeutuiy h.c, 
 obtaineil rr..n. .\rabs in .Jeru.salem by l',,'^''''!'';';;,;;';'-;; 
 exbibiti.il in tl.e Diitisli Mu..<euMi, .\m;. 1S53, a ■! alte a 
 erifi.-al examination by Dr. Gin-ber.,' ami iiUier.s, .le- 
 ,.|are.l to be forne.l. M. ^lia|.ira, |ir" bab ly insane, eoiii- 
 niitfil suiei.ie at liotliivlani. .> .Manli, ir-4. "'■; 
 Haikavv.of ^t. IVtersburx, |iiibli»lie.l a reimit about 
 Ana. iB34, ileMiibinj,- some alipaiently aiieieiit ll..brew 
 MS rolls of l.ainentntiiins ami otln'r books, sanl to 
 Iiave been fo-,ml bv .lews in Ulimli's about 1S50. 
 
 The most aiieieiit eopy of the Ihhirf Seriptures existed 
 ■it Tole.lo ealleil the CoileX of llillel ; It was ot very 
 eiilvilate. inobalilv of the 4tli ei'iitury after Christ : 
 some sav about oo'v.ars behue (.'hrist. The eopy of 
 Hell Vsl'ier of .brusaleiii, was luaile about 1100. 
 
 The rei'iibil ohli'st eopv o| till' Old ami New Testament 
 in ';'vi/. is that in the I'nllran, wiiieli was written ui 
 the 4th or 5tli reiituiy. Mai'seilitioii a].i.eai(!ilin 1.S37. 
 The next in a^e is Hie ..W.Mino^eMni. lulex (referre.l I,, 
 the stli ii.nturv)in the Hiilisii Museum, iireseiite.l by 
 tlie Greek natiiareh to Ciiarles I. in 1628. It has b.eii 
 nriiitid in i:iiL;laml. eiliteil by Woide ami Babcr. i;-;'— 
 1S21 —'■'"'" '■■V'""'"i'. '"' "-''"'''^ Ke^iiis, aserib...l t„ 
 tlie 5th eeiituiy, in the Hoyal Library, Pans: i.ubhslii.l 
 liy Tisehelldoli ill 1843. , ,, .^, ... ,, 
 
 Tin. tvw'ii .siioo'oii.^, luobably written 111 the 4tli .■.■n- 
 lurv was iliseoveie.l by M. Coiistantine Tiseheml.iif, 
 at hi Kathi-rini.'s momisti-ry in iS44aml 1859, ami ].i..- 
 seiiteil to tlie rzar of liussia, at whose eost a spleiehil 
 eilition was imblislii-.l in 1662. . 
 
 The Hebrew I'.vilter was i.rinteilat I?olo}ina 111 1477- Tlip 
 
 , iplfte llelirew Bible was tirst ininteil by fSonrninj,, 
 
 Italv in 14S3, ami the Greek Test.imeiit (..liitnl l,y 
 Erasmus) at Kottenlam, in 1516. AMus's edition was 
 iiiinted in 1513 ; .•ileidieiis' in 1546 ; ami the iejtiif n- 
 Ci-i,ti'^ (or reeeiveil text) liy the Klzevirs in 1624. 
 th.vnsi.ations. 
 
 The Old T'Stament. in '.'iiv;,-, termed the Seiitna;;ii:i 
 
 (vliirli .-fi). ..-em lallv eoiisi.lereil to have 1 n nia.ii- liy 
 
 order of I'lol.-mv rhila.lel]ihiis, kiii^' of E^yi't. ah.,111 
 286 or 2S5 ii.f.;' of tills many fabuh.us aeeounts are 
 
 Oitieii after .spemliiif; tweiity-eifilit years in oollntiiis 
 .MSs' eommemed his )«hiiil-l Bible at C'ii'sarea in k.\.. 
 
 U, ."it I tallied the (ireok versions of A.iuila. .<ym. 
 
 niae'hus, and Theoilotioii, all made in or about the 2111I 
 eenturv aft. .r Christ. , 
 
 The followin- are an.'ieul versions :—.s,i(™ir, 1st or 211.1 
 eeiitnry : the o!.l l.'il'm version, early in the 2iiil cen. 
 turv, I'evisf.l bv Jeroini', in 384: who, liowev.r. ..im 
 iileti'il .1 m-w version in 401;, now ealled th.' \ t i.oatk 
 (le/ii.'/i I.-..) ; th.. llrst e.litioii was lainteil (with..ni iliiti) 
 about 1450; tlie lirst .lated 1462 ;— 1 oiide, 211. 1 or 311I 
 eeiitury ; Elhmyii- ; Anmiiiini, 4th or stli ei'iiturj-; 
 ^./nroHo' otli ei-ntitrv; ami the .l/oxi-f.Virti.-. by Iltilas, 
 the ai'.istle of the ibiths, about 360, a niaiiiiseii],ti..iy 
 of whieh, ealleil the Co.lex Arneiiteiis, is at fpsal. 
 Th.. Psalms w.'ie tninslated into .s'.ix.m by liisli.), 
 \l.lli..liii, ab.iut 700 ; I'a-.liii. Ill's nietrieal i.ara|.linisi. 
 ^ta I'.irtioii ..f the Bible, about 680 : and the G.isids 
 by bislii.|i iv^'bi'it. about 721 : jiarts of the IJiblo l.j- 
 Bede, ill the 3tll eeiitury. 
 lUhle •;■,■o)..«^|»l'■ a .-.'..e.'i'fi;, tounded by Bai.tists ami otliir<, 
 24 Mareli, 1340. 
 
 i;xc;i.isn vi:h.s|ons and editions. 
 .M8. paraiihrase oftlie whole Bible at the B.i.lleiaii 
 
 hibrarv, itxf..i.l, dated by L'sher . .12)0 
 
 Versioiis'(fr..in the Vul.u-ate) by Wieklilfe and his 
 follow. ■i>(ab.. v.. 170 MS. e.iiiies extant) . lyy^-S^ 
 
 ll'art i.ubli^li.'.l bv L.'wis, 1751 ; by Bab.r, iSio; 
 
 tlii.wli..h' bvMa.l.l-n.aml l.'.irsliall.at Oxtonl 1S5.1.I 
 
 William Tvn.lal.'s vershm of Matthew and .Mark 
 
 from thi.'Giiik iirinti-d, 1524 ; of the whole New 
 
 Testament. 1 1523 ; 6 e.liti.ins. .1525-30 
 
 Miles Covenlale's version of the whole Bible ; pniit- 
 ' in-nnishe.l ,',.■,. '., ■ 4.<"'f '333 
 
 (Orileiv.l bv lleiiiy VIII. to be hii.l 111 the ehmr ef 
 everv .diiii.h, "f.ir every man that will t.i l....k 
 aiel'ivail 111. 1. •ill."] . , , , 
 
 T Matthew-' (•..lid to be ll.titious name for .bilni 
 
 li.."eis) viisi..ii(i..iitlvbvTyiiilale*aiiilC'.ivei.lali.)i;;7 
 Craniiii'r'- (iieat Bibl.' (.Matthews' revised), th.. (list 
 
 iirinli-.l bv authority r,y, 
 
 fBlble rea.liiijJ lirohibiteilj .... 1302-;? 
 Geneva v.rsioii, •■Bieeehes Bible," (the lirst witli 
 
 li-ur...! verses), 1540-1557 • pul'lislieil . . . 1561 
 \ri.hbisli.i|i Parkias called '•Tli.. liislio|is Bihle 
 (ei>;ht of the fotirleeii [leiMiiis eiiiiiloyeil heiiii; 
 bisiiops) '5'i 
 
 " He was stran^;Ied at Alitweiji, 6 (»et. 1 5 36, 11 1 tlie 
 i„,fi,,iin;,.!! ..f ll.niv VIM. ami his eoumil. His last 
 
 Woi.rs wer... ■■ l,.'l.l,'.i|.ell til.. klllKof Ell^ial|.i"srt.>:' 
 14 edili.ms of his Tent.imellt ha.l Iheii b,.en puUisiiel. 
 
 jlis statt n the Thames eiiibaiikineiit was uiiciivfrel 
 
 7 Mav. iS?4. 
 
 BIBLE CHI 
 
 liiiliiaii Catholi,. atitlioii.se.l 
 meat, at Jiheinis, tjSj ; uhl' 
 
 KiiW.faiiie.s's Bible, th • pn-sen 
 
 -lyvisioii benaii rSj, ; 1,1,1,0 
 
 •Dr. llemaniin Blavii..N-s |.'.vi„' 
 
 Aiitli.iii-ed ,tewi.,li |.;n'-li,si, viT 
 
 Tlie (•,n<(o,i..f the Kn^li^h ver 
 '■""'■"""de.l by the bis;i.,p,s 
 1J70. The eoiiimittee, im-lu.i 
 
 r.iri.ais.ie niii.iti.ins .11, i,,,] 
 
 lirst iiiei.tiiu at W, sti,iii,.;t,.r 
 
 IMMoi. ol the .New Testanmnt 
 "I 407 days), u X,,,.. ,5^0. ,.. 
 
 17 .May, i33i. Bevi.si.m ,,'(• t 
 
 plet....!, July, 1334. Piihlishe. 
 l:wi,im,,h J!, 1,1,: pnl,li<|„.,| j„ , 
 
 iSci: he the Tr.ii.t .s, ,..j,.ty ; 
 
 .wliuseits. by li|.. o.it tS^, '■ 
 .N/w.te? I1:IjI( kll.iwii (4ix.,xt 
 
 3}nz.), issued froni ( Ki'iiid L'n 
 ; .Mr.,,,,* y.v.V,. (.b,„„.. , 'i,.,,.,,.,., 
 2). Jii.lj,'e.s, I'.salnis, I.saiali, im;.] 
 
 .MotiEltX IKA.V^LA 
 
 Fli'iiiisli .... 
 .<l.;iiiisii (Vaii.m.ian) 
 li'iinaii ... 
 Ki.-lisli . . ■ ' 
 
 Ki-n.'li ....'• 
 .siveilisli . . ' ■ 
 
 I iMiiisli ... 
 I IMtdi ....'■ 
 I Itillau . . . . ' ■ 
 
 li'lllilill .... 
 
 I llii<i.iuf|.art.s) 
 
 I It. i~ii ... ■ ■ 
 
 H'::i:.!iiia . . ' _ ' 
 
 I ]J..il|.|]li,Ui . . 
 
 ITiisli ....'• 
 I Vii..iiii.i]i Imliaiis 
 
 llriMi 
 
 |rn..ii-,'iaii ..._'■ 
 I P.itiii!iie.<e . . 
 htiiilis. 
 |Tiirl<isli . . 
 
 .sjiKi'iit ' " 
 
 |M.idiiGre..k. . ' , ' 
 
 lj5{«ni'si'. 
 
 ItIii. Biitish and Forei-n liihlu' 
 Iniake anil print traiisla'ti.jtis of ti 
 Idiali-ttj uf tile world ; .<|.p P,,hiqli 
 
 BIBLE CHRI.STIAXS. 
 
 IJMIio.lists lieifaii 111 iSr^ !»• 
 rinusli lav jireaelier ; iiriiieiiKilh 
 ■ot tiishmd. ' 
 
 BIBLE DICTIOXARIE.-. 
 
 lurk-aWeaiv Caliiiet's "J)i,.ti,„ii 
 r;:-S; Kitto's •• C'yrlo[,a.diaot' ])i' 
 IS4jaii.li!,5i: Siiiitli's elahoi-at, 
 PrlliWe, i.S,xi.,5; atul •'Xew 
 BlWi'. .iteiieral eilit.ir, Ur J I 
 Wished. .\I:„.,.|. r,S,,S. ,s,e ,}„>, 
 
 BIBLE SOCIETIES. .Vm, 
 
 N Oldest toilettes whi;!, have ma, 
 ►Mini the .•serijituiv.s .i eollatoral 
 1>.l«t, arethefoil,nvino.:_ 
 
 "■;■;■: ';";.''':"""'"'S.*^l'Hstian Know 
 llto '''"l'"S'"ii'.^' the G..spe, 
 
 MgiiiS,.,itl.„i,i,t^,,-p,,„;,.,ti„;^CIir 
 
 l^O^fer Prom ithi. Religious Ktniw 
 
 |-sr.v,ftig,ters.r..i„,|;,„, (;,'•„.'. 
 |l.l«';liulext..the Person p.,. es 
 
 r "'"'''^^•"""■''■■ipuljlislieasiiie, 
 
BIBLE CHKISTIAXS. 
 
 I(.illl:lll C.ltlliilic ailtlii.i-iaii.l ,. ■ ,. 
 
 i.in.t, at lila.ini ,5^, u IT f '" ' ^''"' ''''^^'••'- 
 
 '■■. Ijaj , Ulil iL'.stlinii-llt, lit IJiiUiiy, 
 
 1570. ri.e o.i„mitt,M. iilLii ,"''■'•'""• "= t'".'''. 
 
 'II 40; .lays), I, X,,,-. ,53o- vin, r' '^^^ ''"■"""■-'. 
 
 ■ 7 .May, ,3S,, lU.vi,i', °„V \| , ' ; '''."';"^ imniislaM 
 
 ij*-i, July, .304. i'..i,iisl.V', V .V :■:'"'■'" '■'""- 
 
 s:iolius.'ItH, l.y Mr. c.it 'i'.! '* ' ''" '-■""''"'Ib'o, Mas- 
 .Mm'te-f /;,6/o kllnwii (.i>,',^vi i„ ,1, . , 
 
 ,} .>2.), issn.M rr.,,„ , K,',?, 'r,;, ' ' I' ■ '"■'-'" ">"!>■'• 
 / ,(?/»•-.»„ y;/Wf (.^a,,,..ri,i|;, "'"'■' ''J™'*' '-"'t- "875 
 
 .,j,MK.s,r.„„is,,..i,:„!";^',!/,4:.;fj/s,;-!;>-'^'^^ 
 
 M.llU:i:.N TltAN^LATluXS." ' 
 
 Flmisli .... ^'^ Ti:.sT. 
 
 .-j'aiiisli (Vuli'iiii.iii) . ' ' 
 
 1 il'iiiiaii ....'■■ 
 I KiijIhIi . . . ' ' 
 
 I H-!i>'li ... ■ • 
 
 .-■iv.iisli . . ■ ■ 
 
 Ihiiuli ... ■ • 
 
 )':'-li. . . ' ■ 
 
 Itili.iii ....■' 
 
 >Mlli.sll . . . . ' 
 
 llo-i:lll (pal'ts) 
 
 iv.i-h ... ' ■ 
 
 i ll::;iili,lll . . , ' ' 
 
 JMi'-iiiiitii . 
 Il'.ibli . ' . ■ 
 
 I V;;.'i:ii;iii Iii.liaii.s 
 
 |/:i.li ■ • 
 
 |0'''ir,,'iaii . . , ' ' 
 
 I P"rlii),iie.<e 
 
 J.M,iiiks. 
 
 iTiirkisli ... 
 
 I.^i.-'iit . ' . ■ 
 
 I .M : 111 Greek . . 
 
 17S0 
 '785 
 17.J2 
 
 1S04 
 i3o6 
 1812 
 
 tSr; 
 
 15.22 
 1526 
 
 1326 
 '5-'4 
 
 '543 
 I5t9 
 1567 
 '574 
 
 I DM I 
 1602 
 
 I7I2 
 1748 
 1666 
 1808 
 l6jS 
 1S14 
 
 liiiii.ri. 
 '477 
 ■47S 
 15.W 
 '5.?5 
 '487 
 '341 
 '530 
 '475 
 '47' 
 1561) 
 1822 
 158S 
 • 589 
 I4S8 
 1561 
 
 1686 
 
 '74.-! 
 '748 
 1767 
 1814 
 1S22 
 1821 
 
 I82J 
 
 lS38 
 
 BIBLE DICTIOXARiKs ti„. „ » 
 
 >"' .«"-!■ ■».■<. stcJ, ;;,";■,;'■'- '■ 
 
 Myfiiirniiiiotin- c'hrHtiiiii k-n,.u.i,i 
 
 WmSo.41,i,i.l,r„.p,.,„;„„i„.ci,ristian Know! "'°' 
 ^^yhr P,.„„i ,.in^ Hcli^ims K,io„-l..;,«, ainong ''"^ 
 
 • '750 
 
 [■'iVIl.i. liihl,. .Sn,.i,.,v.- ■ • ■ ■ • 
 
 ";:^it:;r'''':'"''^'''''''''' «'"-■•>•.*("•...,; ,803:0.. 
 
 'liliiTiiiaii Jiilil,. >s,jri,.tv ■ ■ • ' ■ 
 
 Aj;;['^;.;:i"^,;^-:^;-^/^'M-;'ji^ty ; . ■ , 
 
 liiHto, •^ , with "vt ../'■- '"',"*"'«i'>',' scripture 
 
 BIBLICAL AKCH EOL f 'v ' «"" "'' 
 
 •■unls of til,, p., t • ' H ; ; l^ '"'!■ l'"''''-^l".''l. ••lie. 
 l^.yptia„^;„!,';:;^;.,/[-::--™;'^.c Assyrian. 
 
 ^, BIBLICAL BK(3THERH00D V n 
 
 ni..l-nu.s,n witl. Ch,lsti,.,dt;^ ' •''"'' '" ■■"■'""•"° 
 
 O..^J;^^S?^:^P{IY, the SLienoo of Books. . 
 
 [ ' i,ii"ot, Manui'l. . • . 1763 
 
 lloriR., IntlHilui'tioil to till, stn'i,. .•n.. ■• ■ '823 
 
 liiitish C'atalo-HM, by y;,,,,:,,, ■, ■ • . iS-'8-64 
 
 "H^"H^',,;,;:;i-,.ri''^''^''-'-^-.324:oa-^-^« 
 
 '■,J;|;l;.^li.l.l,n.a■.l,,lK.,.■.s.Ma,„lal, .,,,,„,„. ,„,,„. 
 
 "'«'ii"si^!i'"n;!.;:;^''''''-^''''''-'"'i'-s.o-;5t.,.i'f"-'^ 
 
 "B'Mio,iM,,|,ici,/. parts l'. -vi. puWisl,e,i ' "''-..l^^^ 
 
 quests 111 Milan. t'liuln io^t Ins con- 
 
 BICrCLE, s,.,. r,-,orip..,/, ., jj., , 
 
 ^-,Keut,o„i^riCa;:::Hi^:'^-;l!!';!^- 
 
 I Tklithkof Evrru la),,! " „ i 
 
 "■n"l'erha,|ris..,it,4lo44;u. n\\'«'''. ^^"^'l '^'^i- »'« 
 '875 t" 76.432,723: 1n mIi'I^.^iI' "s'f , "5='669.o8,,; in 
 ■ 384 to ro,3,.„3.„r, . ji, .i.'V, ' ' '■"''^'4,448; in 
 
 t;; .23,929,0461' Fif^V V;,- -'V.^^'"' '" ■^9°- 
 
 Tho inooiiie of the. veai- iS,o u-t,*'/- ' , ^'; ■55,529,954- 
 
 ^''^'°i^y ■8W795, i:233,,62; ,8. ■/•-." ■,^^91'<'. 
 
 /, 212,077 ; ,801-0= f ■,-,-, ,A J- *'"''7''. I'l 1889-go, 
 , .he.,,.i,.,y p^|„Ei^;i;^3.|62^.8,7 ^2^.49. 1,^; 
 
 \ut,,na.stivi.t, I.on,l„n wis 1 ',,'''' :'""'^''. M'lwii 
 
 •"■■""■"'■■I traniliuio,,. „■? tl',' jjiX?',,, ,''',' ^"'■i'.''.^ "^li 
 '^'i';i>uy.s or ilial.cts in ,89- " """■" "'"" 34° 
 
BIGAMY 
 
 136 
 
 BILLS OF MORTALITY. 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 ^j 
 
 M 
 
 dcfraypd from the rental of twenty acres of lund, 
 in 1875 vieklinK about 2o/. a venr, the reputed 
 bequest of the Ifiddi'uden maids, two sisters nanied 
 Chulkhurst, said to have been joined together like 
 the Siamese twins, and -.o liavo died in tlie I2th 
 century. In 1656, "Wni. Horner, the rector, was 
 non-Biiited in an attempt to add the "Brend and 
 Clieese lands " to his glebe. 
 
 BIGAMY. The Eomans branded the guilty 
 party with an infamous mark ; and in England the 
 punishment, fonnerlv, was death. An act respect- 
 ing it was jiasseil 5 Edw. I. 1276. Vhiir'n Sliituhs. 
 Declared to be felony, without benetit of clergy, I 
 James I. 1(103. runishable, bv imfnsonment or 
 transportation, 35 Geo. III. 1794; by imprisonment, 
 24 &25 Vict. c. 100 (1861). 
 
 BIG BETHEL (Virginia, U.S.). On loJiine, 
 1861, the Federals were defeated in an attack on 
 some Confederate batteries at tliis place. 
 
 BILBAO (N.E. Sjiain), founded about 1300; 
 was taken by the Frencli and held a few days, July, 
 170s. It was delivered from the Carlista by Espar- 
 tcro, nssi.^ted by the British. 24 Dec. 1836. It was 
 besieged by Cailists from Feb. to May, 1874, when 
 the siege wns raised bv marshal ('(■ncha, who entered 
 Bilbao 2 May. Population, l.'^87, 50,772. 
 Strike of ironworkers, riotous |irc«'ciiliiigs, coufti.t 
 
 with the iiolice, state of sifj;e, aiul military occu- 
 
 iiation i4--fi.May, 1890 
 
 Grcut lire in tlie dockyard, eslimateil claiiiji(;e, 
 
 2,5fx>,oo.) i.csitiis 1 ■'■".v. i°9» 
 
 Great strike ul' miners, mid.lle .Jan., di.sturbauces ; 
 
 intervention of tlie military ; state of siege, 27 
 
 Jan. ; work resumed, 8 Feb. ; 'luiet lesti^red 
 
 16 heb. 1892 
 Meeting of the Iron ninl Sti el li.slitiUu i S.'Iit. 1S96 
 
 BILL Ox^ EXCEPTION'S. The right of 
 
 tendering siu-h a bill to a judge, either to his charge, 
 to bi< detinition of the law, or to other errors of tlie 
 court, at a trial between jiarties. jirovided by the 
 2nd statute of Westminster, 13 Edw. I. 1284, was 
 abolished by the Judicature Act, 1875. 
 
 BILL OF PAINS, 4:c ; see Qiwi CuroUiie. 
 
 BILL OF RIGHTS, &c. ; see liii/hh. 
 
 BILLIARDS. The French ascribe the inven- 
 tion to Ilcnriiiue Devigne, an artist, about 1571 ; 
 tile game was mentioned bv Spenser about 1591, 
 and bv Shak-pcare, 1(107. " 't ^^'"* deseiibed by 
 Cotton' in his " Compleat Gamester," 1674. Slate 
 billiard tables were introduced in England in 1827 ; 
 other changes since. 
 
 BILLINGSGATE, the tish-market in London, 
 is saiil to have derived its name from Belinus Mag- 
 nus, a ih-ilish iirin.'e. the lather of king Lud, 400 li.c., 
 but Stow thinks I'rom a lormer owner. It was the 
 old port of London, and the customs were paid here 
 under F:thelred II., A.l). 979. *'""•. Billingsgate 
 was made a free market, 16119. Chiiinhcrhiti. Fish 
 by /(((('/-carriage, as well as sea-borne, now arrives 
 daily here. In 1849, the market was e.xtended and 
 improved, and a new one was erected in l8:;2, Mr. 
 Bunning, anliiteit. Another new one, erected by 
 Horace Jones, fouiuled 27 Oct. l8;4; completed 
 Sept. 1876: lit by electric light, 2; Nov. 1878. Bil- 
 lings;;ate market was dc(dared to tie insufticient tor 
 tlie lish sujiply of the iiu^tMpolis in the rejiort of 
 tl]e lommission apjiointed by the city corporation, 
 presented to the common cuuncil, II Aug. 1881. 
 
 BILLS OF EXCHANGE were invented by 
 the Jews as a means of removing their property from 
 naliciia wlieiftliey wereper-i r>ited, ll'ai. .■U:i!t>-st>ii . 
 Bills are said to have been used in England, 1307. 
 The only legal modeof sending money from England, 
 4 Kiehaid II. r v'^'. Hei-'ulalcd, l6<j>5 ; first stamped, 
 
 1782; duty advanced, 1797; again, June 1801 ; and 
 since. It' was madi' caidtal to counterfeit bills of 
 exchange in 1734. In 1825, the year of disastrous 
 speculations in bubbles, it was coini>uted that tbtre 
 were 400 milli<ins of poumls sterling represented by 
 bills of exchange and jiromissory notes, 'ihe present 
 amount is not supposed to exceed 50 millions. Tbi 
 many statutes regarding bills of exchange were .on- 
 solidated by act 9 Geo. IV. 1828. An act regulatinj 
 bills of c.xeiiiinge passed 3 Vict. July, 1839. Grcut 
 alterations wero made in the law on the subject hv 
 17 it 18 Vict. c. 8? (1854). iind 18 Ac 19 Vict. r. b; 
 (!835). Dnv.- ot urace wereabuHshcd in the ciise of 
 
 ' bill's'of excliaii-e' payable on si-ht in Aug. 1871. 
 Forgery of bills to obtain discount was detected bv 
 the baiik of England. 28 Feb., after 102,217/. lia'd 
 
 ' been paid. The culjoits (Americans) were tried 
 and condemned to jienal servitude for life, 20 Aug. 
 1873. See Trials, Aug. 1873. 
 
 A Dills of Kxchangc Ait, iliilaiing the law ivliitiiijjtu 
 acci-litnnce, inissed ic Apiil, 1378 ; new Ait liussiil i£ 
 
 I Aug. 1SS2. 
 
 BILLS OF MORTALITY tok Lomiox. 
 : These bills were first ronij.ilcd by order ot Crmnwel!, 
 : about 1538, 30 Hen. VIII., but in a nuireformal and 
 
 ■ recognisid uianntr in 1(103, after the great pliii;iii. 
 ; of that year. Xo couiiilcte series if tlum bus Lc/u 
 
 ■ preserved. They have been superseded by ihi. 
 
 ■ weekly returns of the regi-tiar-general, since iV,;. 
 See )'iihliv Hdilth. The following slmw ih,. 
 numbers for London at decennial periods:— 
 
 VlirUtauMjf. Uiiiiulf I rhn.^tciin/i-. l;ut'mU. 
 
 20,507 I 1830 27,026 
 
 23,068 j 1840 30,387 
 
 ig,S02 I 1850 39.97J 
 
 ig.?48 1 
 
 BILLS O 
 
 1780 
 1800 
 
 1S20 
 
 16,634 
 19.176 
 
 IC).9TO 
 
 26,138 
 
 2.5.5^4 
 26,774 
 
 'Aw 
 
 mniis. I'd'th^ 
 
 1S40 502.303 35f'.6j4 
 
 1845 54.1.521 349.3(C 
 
 1849 578.159 440.839 
 
 1853 612,391 421.097 
 
 1856 657,453 390,5^.6 
 
 1S5S 655,481 449.65'' 
 
 1S59 689,88: 441.790 
 
 ESOLANO ANll WAI.ls. 
 
 Itirthf. i'liK/i.v 
 
 1865, 748,069 490.909 
 
 1566, 753,8-0 500.689 
 
 1567, 768,349 47'.o73 
 :368, 786,858 480,622 
 1869, 773.381 494. S2S 
 1670, 792,787 515. ?2y 
 
 1871, 797.428 514.879 
 
 1872, 825,907 492,205 
 
 1873, 829,778 492,520 
 1S74, 854,956 526,632 
 1875, 850,607 546,453 
 
 1576, 8S7.968 510,315 
 
 1577, S83,2oo 500,496 
 
 1878, 891,006 530.S72 
 
 1879, 880,^89 526,255 
 
 1880, 881,643 528,624 
 1S81, 883,642 491.935 
 1882, 8Si),oiS 516.654 
 1ES3, 800,722 522,097 
 1884, 9116,750 53o,-i:2S 
 1S85, 894,270 522.750 
 i836, 90^866 537.276 
 1887, 886.331 530.758 
 
 , j88S, 879,868 5lo,v,7i 
 
 j 1880, 885,944 518,353 
 
 I 1890, 869,937 562,24s 
 
 I 1891, 914,157 587.925 
 
 I 1892, 897,957 5591684 
 
 I 1S93, 914,189 569,923 
 
 i i8q4, 890,289 49c, 827 
 
 I 1895, 921,860 568,758 
 
 I 1896, 517,201 5:7,929 
 
 I 1897, 921,254 54'i428 
 
 IN EXI.LANP A.VD WALES. 
 
 i860 
 1S61 
 1S62 
 
 iS6^ 
 1S64 
 1865 
 
 684,048 
 696.4C.6 
 712.684 
 727.417 
 740.275 
 74S.0C9 
 
 42"'.;;i 
 43*1.114 
 4.!fv=-; 
 
 473.5i7 
 495.!,!l 
 4QO.()o;. 
 
 seoTLAXD. 
 
 r.iiths. Iiatth/. 
 
 iij,i;6 
 1 1 v639 
 114.115 
 
 115.673 
 113.395 
 115.423 
 
 1 16. 127 
 118,873 
 119.738 
 123.795 
 123,693 
 1:6.749 
 126.S24 
 126,707 
 125.736 
 124,652 
 126.214 
 126,182 
 124,462 
 120,041 
 126,110 
 127,927 
 124,418 
 
 ;3,2f9 
 
 70.S21 
 
 71.273 
 69,024 
 69,386 
 
 75.789 
 74.067 
 
 74.644 
 75.741 
 76.S57 
 80,676 
 Si. 785 
 74.122 
 73i946 
 7^.775 
 73.329 
 75.795 
 72,301 
 72.966 
 76,167 
 75.128 
 74.C03 
 7!,622 
 74.546 
 1..174 
 
 niEU.SM.' 
 
 Hirlhs [iftlk. 
 
 I44.')70 
 I46.2i7 
 144.318 
 146,108 
 145.659 
 
 '.151 
 
 93,131 
 
 93-Qii 
 86.S03 
 
 89.3?3 
 r/o.% 
 88,7:0 
 97. 517 
 5;.537 
 91,:,^! 
 98,04 
 92.1:4 
 93.'4.. 
 W.6j; 
 
 1:2,763 73,238 
 
 78.97? 
 
 83.578 
 
 75,568 
 79,641 
 71.113 
 
 61,864 
 ?o,^J4 
 
 1:1,5.30 
 
 125,986 
 
 125,011 
 127,040 
 124,367 
 126,454 
 
 I5l.ff5 
 149.292 
 144.377 
 
 141, 2fS 
 138,320 
 140,469 
 139,65.;, 
 134,117 
 
 135,3;? lO-.oJy 
 
 I28,c86 102.91^ 
 
 125,^47 'p.<.':i 
 
 1 22,646 CC,;(0 
 
 118,163 0.::; 
 
 !iB,875 £:,i;4 
 
 115,951 9c.;i: 
 
 113.927 87,2:2 
 
 112.4CO £8.515 
 
 uj.^t? Ss.ffS 
 
 107,841 82,9M 
 
 105,254 S;,£!0 
 
 108,116 85,999 
 
 104.234 V>,'U 
 
 106,031 62,8:2 
 
 105,354 83,52; 
 
 106,113 S4,i9i 
 
 l.:7.641 75:- 
 
 Al>proximative ; icgistnition dcfcilivt. 
 
 1854 . 
 
 1856 
 
 1858 (Female,. 43,400) 
 
 1864 .'.',■ 
 1867 (Females, 54,8621 
 
 1865 (53 week.sr . ■ 
 1S69 . 
 
 1870 . . . ' • 
 
 1871 . 
 
 1872 . . . ■ 
 1871 (53 weeks) 
 
 1874 . . . ■ 
 
 187s • 
 
 1S76 (Famtks, 62,095) 
 
 1873 . . . ^^' 
 1879 ■ . . . 
 18S0 (Fcmulcn, 64,659; 
 
 16S7 . 
 
 i388 (52 wcek.s) 
 
 1869 . 
 
 1890 
 
 i5gi . 
 
 1892 
 
 ■893 ■ 
 
 .S94 . . 
 
 IN LO.NDO.V A.ND SUBU 
 
 Hir 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ■ 84, 
 
 . 86,1 
 
 • SS,( 
 
 • 97, 
 
 • 102,1 
 
 112,2 
 
 115,7 
 
 • 111,9 
 . 113.4 
 . 112,5 
 
 • '17,21 
 
 ■ 121, 1( 
 . 121, 3< 
 
 ■ '22,87 
 
 ■ 127,01 
 
 ■ 129,18 
 134,09 
 ■32,17 
 
 . 133. 20< 
 
 • I33,65e 
 
 • 132,951 
 
 • "33.35? 
 . 131.08c 
 
 132,223 
 128,161 
 134,003 
 
 '31,535 
 132,975 
 130,553 
 
 BILLS OP SALE, am 
 
 amend the law for prcventin" 
 by secret bills of sale of nonse 
 Uit. c. 31) passed 22 July, iS 
 
 BI-METALLISil, "the s 
 
 st,iiid,ird metallic currencies ii 
 fiber, much advocated by W 
 i.. Lin-elcye, iiiid others "since 
 II.o.<i8 ,8r(,),it,vasonae 
 only should be legal feiuier 
 "K-rc thaii 40.V." in tliis com 
 silver being previously unlinii 
 iiirreiiey was establislied in I 
 «:i> rceoMunendeu for German 
 disiiissed at the Moui'tan, r, 
 •ll'iil, 18S1. The unresfrieied 1 
 fii.<pci)dcd in the countries term 
 111 187J. 
 
 ■'"l,,"!"!-''*'''"'''' '''■''^"'' ''"''' " <^"" 
 
 III,' uwniuis of .>*alisiiurv 'unci ifr 1 
 
 tlieir neutrality to a 'deputj\tioii 
 
 Mr. .Saiimcl Smiths rcs„l„ti„„ proi 
 
 ,";" ■■'' '"iiference 01, bi-metillis 
 
 tlie.-iinilliniis, 1S3-87 
 
 n",llimet;illir l.eat:»,.\\eo\kn t'h 
 "i«ti.st.,s,.,.ure the opening oft 
 l«lMi- ii.uions, to the unrestrie 
 'il7«ndgold atallxeU ratio > 
 ;'"1;"H'".« 2 March, ,89, k.i 
 
 111.' commons re.iects bi-metflllisni 
 .41. ii,il meeting of the Hi-meu 1 c I 
 I ;tater,6Kel..,694,-Lomron"^ 
 l"l"iiatioii,il hi-nietallic confereu'e. 
 ■Mi-tioiisp. London ""i-mi 
 
 .Hi-metallie league formed in Pari.s 
 
 ITl l.uM,S|iUidiiriU),.fi.neeAsso,.i„ti, 
 |liit.iiiati,iMl(,i.n,etalliceon'erencen; 
 
 '^;?;^"is;ht;— j^-- 
 
 J. LiiliUiok 
 
 ilicks Be 
 
r I 
 
 1864 . 
 
 1867 (Fcmles, 54,862) 
 
 1865 (53 wecksr 
 Ml) . 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 . 
 
 1872 . . ■ ■ 
 
 1873 (53 weeks) 
 
 ■874 • . . ■ 
 ■875 ■ . . , 
 i8?6 {Femiiks, 62,000 
 1873 . . /^' 
 1879 . . . . ' 
 18S0 (fVmi(fcs 64,6;qi 
 1ES2 . . '^' ■ 
 
 16S7 . 
 i388 (52 
 i3-9. 
 1890 
 I'lgr . 
 1892 
 1093 
 'S94 
 
 weeks) 
 
 • 84,684 
 
 ■ 86,833 
 
 ■ S8,6jo 
 
 ■ 97.114 
 
 • '02, 187 . 
 
 • 1:2,264 
 
 ■ "5.744 • 
 
 • >".93o . 
 
 • "3.449 . 
 
 • "2.535 . 
 
 • U7,2oo . 
 ■ '21,100 
 
 ' ■=•.394 ■ 
 122,871 
 
 ■27.015 . 
 ■ 29,184 . 
 ■34.096 . 
 
 ■32.173 {fcimlc 
 '33.200 . 
 ■33.656 . 
 •32,95 J . 
 
 33.359 
 
 • Oa 53 WKKICS). 
 
 DeaOii. 
 
 ■ 73.697 
 
 (^,«,to.3.;3'9)6l;8'82 
 
 • • 66,930 
 • 77.723 
 
 • • 70,588 
 ■ 74.908 
 
 • • 77,933 
 . • ■ • '7-278 
 
 • • 80,332 
 ■ 70.893 
 
 • • 76,334 
 
 • 76.606 
 • • • • 81,5,3 
 
 • 77.4" 
 ■ ■ • ■ 83.695 
 
 •, , 85.540 
 39,426J 81,128 
 
 • 82,905 
 ■ • 80,57s 
 
 • 80,946 
 • • 82,449 
 
 '-o'"tiunsn.v,„f;.;nr,:r:;u;,;?:;nt|,-,^^i-i; 
 
 A Kold stamliiiil ii,|m,te,| In- T ,i,.,„ .■ , '* -■^l"'' '896 
 aiinomicecl . ' ' ■ '^■'l''"i li"i]. (let. .snr 
 
 -y the British L-.ner , ,.; , " "''""^'•"» 'leeli.ie,! 
 "■<■ li^meUlI,•e°L, '; ' :• '''"'"''''■•■'l. 22 O.^t. ; 
 
 6!aii,li,r(| . • """"iieati.Mi ,,(■ the p,l,| 
 
 I'et. ,. 
 
 
 •hieh counts 
 
 ,. tlie i)ro]icrty 
 
 S "MS invented 
 
 S'S'ssi€S'Ei:s-.^^ 
 
 78.848 
 76,026 
 87.689 
 90,216 
 87,749 
 
 9', 536 
 77,039 
 
 • 131.080 . 
 
 • 132,223 
 
 • '2S,i6i . . ■ 
 
 • '34.003 
 
 • '3', 535 . 
 
 • '32.975 . 
 
 • '30,553 . . . J .^j- 
 
 bysc-ret bills of s,fle of ne L " t"JP°." " 
 
 'iIv.T, much advocated bv MM H /?"•■• ^'°v'^ ""^ 
 K, Lineleve, i.nd others since .S?'-^''"?"'"'" «'"' 
 in.o..,8 (1^16), it ^va;e," L fh';» -^' ^^ ^"'• 
 onlysh.mld be lethal ten er n '"^ " «"'" ''"in^ 
 more tli;m 40.V." in tliis .„m,frv *,P"^'""'"*^ of 
 "iv<r I'""? previous yunliS ' the tender of 
 nineney was tvstahlislled i^ p'j '^ hi-nietallic 
 >«.rec.o,nn,endea for Ger unn in %"' '^^"f ^' 
 
 III.' Uiiiiot.illie Leaffue hi,I,l n nr,„t 
 flicstcr . . " conference at .Man. 
 
 Ilif iii,iri|iiis of .saiisiiiirv iind \f r r.. >' 't.-'^l"''', 
 
 11.™ aeufahty to a deput«ton?3rtV'';'88T 
 
 tlKM i,u,.ns, ,83-87 '" ""^t"'!'''*'" negatived l>y 
 
 Tl* liimetahie l.eaKue decl.irc t'l..,, n '.^ ^I,'"'' '^9 
 ■'l*ctistns,.,.uretheoi,e,,n^.„f.i ' "'"' ''"'ii''' 
 '«lii« n.li..ns, to 1 e' u ?e' • ' ':,"""'-^ "f "'- 
 «iv.-ian.l ,.oia at a tlxed S \ ■ '"i"''«'^ '" 
 «il iiiwtna 2 M.ireh ,«,,,„./. 'V; an- 
 
 1 IkHcoiiamins rejects bi-nietallisni o r, k 
 
 .tiiniial iiieetini,- of tlie Hi.,n,.t» 1 ' r , ' ^^ ''"''• '895 
 , •fester, 6 Feb. , 894 ; I.mKlo'f ^^^"^ "' M-^"- 
 Ii^!"imtlo„,il Li.,„etallie confcren'cc at th'l xV''' '^'5 
 ■iuii-lioiise, London ".uil as tiio .Man. 
 
 ■Hnuetalhc league formed in Paris' ', m'^'";''' "'i'-* 
 Til" prnieiple nfcejited in Cfeiiniiiv ' i,^ ^'if'''' '^95 
 
 Ti"2? ', ^^"''•'! ««•■''"». '■■'"<^>' «■ ' '"■"■ ^li'^' 
 
 !- .oets ia .S.lh,:";*S"e:;™!;- 
 
 ri*...atie„„l,,i.„,e,„„ie.;,„„erencon,eeU„^f:i:;]- " 
 lAmoliition. iiroposiiiL' a ooiifur„,„ ., 'o I'ec. ,, 
 
 iianoii,, ,.-, Keh ■« f;'--"->- »"Oi.t"d t;y fl,e 
 
 J. liibUicI; ■ "• ""•''■'' iJi'aeh and sir 
 
 • '7 lIiuWi 1896 
 
 ±/";:':::!!^.™""-t".'wi,h' 
 
 on.l3- two parts conned,!;,' i;|'- '^'•'''.'^ompotied of 
 ''"««*; a term tirst u.l" ',,,'.'; '^'■""^ Pf"^ or 
 "■.lien he ntiblislied his A L ,'";,'; "''o'" lijo, 
 bwomhl thonm f N.^v't if '''• l^'' ^'Ichrated 
 discovered in iWjj " ' '""' »o have been 
 
 ^' 
 
 '838 
 
 'S92 
 
 •S^'^'^^^?lt&''''';:;^7''*'-.iit^«nd 
 
 ^:aInl,le.•• The boo i'/' ■""'"■>■ <''aching by 
 KWhy of the l-atr^th • ;3'h,''";-'"'"1 "'^ ^^^O' 
 Unst. I'lutai-rh wroe t T ■ *^"''"''* '''at of 
 A«"i; Corneluis X . ,ol v,.^7%,"*;. ^""^'Hous 
 manders; and Sueton.'us t ,' l'"''.""'-^' <^"'"- 
 Ciesars(allthr,.einth fi,s, '■"' "' ■^"•' '^""•'''^•e 
 
 l>i"frenes Laet-tiusLv ,,'',',, 'I ,'''7 '"'"• Christ) ; 
 20S).-Boswell's Life , M ""'ofl'lK'-^ (aboit 
 h-90) is t)ie most ren,. l,bl !-""r^i"'''''^''ed in 
 Mr. John \\Mlso„f',,k'.'' , ';; "^''"'' Woicraphv. 
 A ma<..nirt,,„t edit, n , ,iit • i.'''''"'^"'"' '" 'S?"'. 
 pubUshed by Mess ."i ; " , ■ '' "■ "^'-^ ^'ni'ier 
 IfDt edition bvDr G, ,,,.'.•: .''^N' -^'i ^'^''fl- 
 rfon I'ress), published VuiTo "^^^'"^ "'" ("-en- 
 
 '8"-62 ; .V.Mivelle ' f),,'.',^,?',' '•'"-■ ';""'"'"i'llc,Ss vols 
 
 ■852.66; «™e,-aii4^, ;;";;■, •■'-■ale, 46';;;;^; 
 
 l-halmers, ,2 vols ,r, ' >. "icti.,i],irv, liv \I,.v 
 Ideinentary vols. ,898. ^'^ ' '"'■ '>■ '898 : 2 .,np; 
 
 oxS?^'t::i!:;;r^::;^-"-nivin.thi„g«. 
 
 "itioio,'y, ,1,,. Phil,,.., ■: ■ "■""■"' "' Ws 
 
 published ,802-i li L, ■ 'V''','- "^'tm-o," 
 anthropoWv, bot'nv, " %J^: '^""^ 'T^^Sy, 
 Herbert Spencer's " I'riii ,"'-;': "''''"■''' *"') 
 hshed ,S(,5.(,;. Prof. '" ''';';■, ^"' "«.V." pub- 
 '«2.v..l.e, 2-, .(one, ,,s,,^. , , h|"?.', ""-".4 May, 
 ^truetion in liiolo^v," i'^!: , , 1 ' J^' •t>''i'l in- 
 animals were known im,l\i<n L ,''■ '' '"" "O'OOO 
 
 '?^!;^'^m^'a bills' ::;Tr}h''V'V'^ '•■-™- 
 •^S;:5:ils-^;^ri;i,Hl^^^^^ 
 
 known as the Ji,nd„ ;„^ , y • ; -^ '' , ' '•;■ Wrch tree 
 gardens fn.dand, b ■ mV '' / "."'"V^.^'to Kew 
 N--tLAmerua,,;o2.- 7/^v<;' '" ^^ ;;j''"». fro"' 
 
 
 
 5= i:"l'*^ 
 
 ,'t ,3' -I 'J 
 
 1 .t^a 
 
 4,!' 
 
ifci 
 
 
 BIEDS. 
 
 138 
 
 EIRMINGHAM. 
 
 BIETI 
 
 i'^ 
 
 St'C 
 
 i375 
 iSgi 
 
 i383 
 
 1893 
 
 BIKDS wiiP (livirkil liv Liniiii'us into six orders 
 (l-iO; hv bluMuiilao.i into oiglit (1S05) ; and )} 
 buvuT iuu, ..X (IS.:). Tl.. n^st n;">^I'-l<^''^-.^^-^ 
 are tlinse imblisho.i liv John GouUl, K.&., tnc) 
 
 consist of 44 I'^l'" ^■"'"""•'^ •;'■ '■':' ■'■'"' ' V .■.? 
 &c. riirv imvv in.-lu.lo thu 1.11 els ul ■uiopo. A s , , 
 Australm.-firr.t Hril;.in. Mud -Now Onmoa. l-osldt^ 
 mono-iMnhs o.-' tho hiininiin;.'-lnMis, \-r.. "^^'rJ-- 
 
 joitn^ionM dio,! 3 F,i.. is.^i. ;;-^" f^"'l^};^, .''' 
 
 lud.x" of l>is work, by Mr. U. l-'^'^^Xn's 
 was pnldishod >tay, l^9.V„ I"'- ''" " , "'* 'Z. 
 "Synopsis of birds," i78n<)0.„ J"'"' ^J""" 
 Audubon's " liirds of Ainewa, IS2O-40. 
 Tfl/il Hir(h. 
 "British oniitli.au-ists' l-iouii" fum.k.l iSsS; 
 
 inililisliodtlii.-'H'is" 1S59, (•'.-■''7. , 
 
 A\norpl.dogir:d.l:,>Mli;:m.mo. bmls(l.. d 
 
 Nevom; Kii. y.b.| lia linlMiim.:. ./I. .:d 
 
 Intcrnati.u.ul Cons-arss ,.1 ( ir:.Uhobyi»ts, ,.t \ 1. 10 ■>, 
 
 A •'nm..a«.. l....i,i:m. ■■ ''.nuel by l,„l> M. t- 
 TeniDl" ii'V. v. O. -Morris and othns t.. ohi.ck 
 tlaMl.'sn-ucti"i...r wild birds, wbost. plunia^.Ms 
 
 Mr^.'^;;™rr"Uriti;h im-ds,' •411. edition .-b: 
 
 Tw'e'ntv-n'i'ntb al.nnal bird show at tbo Cr.Mlal 
 Palace 27 Kelj.-= March, 1892 : 3otli. 11-15 feb_ 
 
 The rev: i-'. U. Morris, anting' of •' A His ory of 
 
 British Bird.,' :M edition, 6 vols, ityi, dicd^^^^ ^^^^ , 
 
 Mr. Alfred Newton's and others "Dictionai.v <.r 
 
 Birds,' eon.;.lete<l M"" '-97 
 
 See .^elbnnii- .S'lCirfi/. 
 
 BIRKBECK LiTEUARY axi. St ientific 
 
 INSTITUTIOX. liiiani s builoin!;s, W .(.., tliL m- 
 sent name ot tlie meclianics' institution toundca 1)) 
 Cr. liirkbeok in I.S2?. Foundation stone of now 
 buildinj: laid liv the Duko of Albany, 2; April, 
 188;. Xew building oiiened witli an address bj 
 Dr Tviidali, 22 Oct. 1SS4; fornially by rnnce ot 
 Wales, 4 Julv. 18S5. Ko.,ni for 6,000 students. 
 A run oT, the' /.'nl'-'i' /■"«'. caused .a teiapor.iry 
 ■lanic ; well met by Mr. Ilavenscrotl, manager, 
 snpported by other banks . about 12-15 .'sepl. 1892 
 
 B'EKEXHEAD (Cheshire), a inodcrn town 
 on the .Merse\, opposite to Liverp<>ol. Ihe great 
 do..k liere wai projected by Mr. John Lair.i, coii- 
 Btructed bv Mr. KeiideU, and opened 111 Aug. '84, 
 by lord M;irpctli. In 1.861 liirkenliead was made a 
 parliamentarv- borougli, aii.l Mr. Laird was eieetcl 
 first representative. He died 29 Oct. 1874. Mr- 
 kenliead received a cliarter of iiuorporation m l8^». 
 Poimlatinii in is^i.a.io; in l8<)I, 51,649; "',"'7'' 
 65,971 ; in i8Si.',S4,(Xjii; i89i,9').''~^4. «i'^' '''•<'<*». 
 1852. 
 
 BIRMAN EMPIRE or Emfiue of Ava, 
 
 8CP Buriiuili and Itiilia. 
 
 BIR:\IiyGHAM (Warwickshire) existed in 
 thereifin of Allied. Tbeic were "many sniytlies 
 here in the time of Henry VIII. {Ld<iiul),\m\. lU 
 great importance comnH.i'.ced "i ilie reign ot 
 William 111. See rnpii/iitton. 
 
 Oraniniar school foundd hy Kdwaivl VI. 
 Besieged and taken liy I'lince Kiipert . . . . 
 Button nianulai'tincsctalilislied . ■ ■ 
 
 Soho works established by Matthew lionlton ab.ait 
 
 1764 ; anil steam eiijiiine woiks about . 
 Birmingham (,'anal originated • ,' ' 
 
 Dr. Ash's hospital founded, 1766; llrst liirmnit:hani 
 
 musical festivaUbr It 
 
 Riuls a-.ain-t !"■ Prir-stlev ind others eonuiiemo- 
 
 rating the French Hevidutlon, mneh proiicrty 
 
 destroved MJuly^ 
 
 Tlieatre ilestroyeil by lire . . • 7 Ant; 
 
 Theatre burnt 
 
 Political Union, formed by T. Attwood Feb ,831 
 I)irmin«ham made a borotigh by Heform Aet (2 
 members) '°32 
 
 ;:;;;i;!ca('l;';"'n dissohed itself- . • . ■ .o-May;.S34 
 Uirniinnham and Liverpool railway oiiened as he 
 
 tJran.l.hinction . . . • ■ .4 •"'!>. '837 
 London and Jitrmingham railway opened its entire 
 
 17 ><cpt. iS i- 
 15 July, lov, 
 
 =9 -^"S. 
 
 ' 27 Oct. 
 
 12 Sept. 
 
 ..Ian. 
 
 IS47 
 
 l'M'< 
 
 57 
 
 1532 
 1643 
 
 1689 
 
 1774 
 1767 
 
 1768 
 
 7 ,laii. 
 
 1791 
 1792 
 1820 
 
 len'_'tli . ■ - , , 
 
 (Jrcat Chartist riot ; houses len-nt 
 Town inci.ri>oratc.l, and IN.licc Act i>asseit 
 Vei'ling of British AssMciatiou 
 Queen s College incorporated 
 Corn Kxehange opeiieil . • 
 Dritish Associatinn (meet again) . 
 Oueens College organise! 1 . ■ ■. • . . 
 Hirmlndnim and Midland Institute mcorporate.t . 
 Puhlie park opened (ground virtually given hy 
 
 Mr. Adderiey) 3 Aug. 
 
 Xew musicdiall opened . •, , • , • ? ':'' 1"' 
 
 Vnother park opened by the duke of tainbrnlge 
 
 lo-i.ooo i.ersoiia present (grouixl given by lo.-,! 
 
 Cilthnrne) ' June, 
 
 Iic^ah'.r tl. F. Muntz, M.P. . • • 3o.lnly. „ 
 J,.hn Bright electc.l M.P. 10 Aug. iS37. and April, 1059 
 The ciueeii and prince consort visit Birmingham, 
 WarwicK A:c.,l'orthe llrst time, and open Aston 
 ,,ark . . .... 14-16 June, i3=8 
 
 The Free Ulivary opened .... 4 Al'i'ib 1S61 
 
 Factorv explosion: 9 killcl . . . 23 June, iS6j 
 Peo]ile's park Jiurchased by eorporatioii . Sept. 1864 
 New Exchange opened . . . . .aJan iSCs 
 
 The bank of Attwoods and Spooner stops i.ayniciit 
 
 ;ind causes much distress . . 10 Mircli. ,, 
 
 Meeting of British Ass .elation (3rd) . 6 N.iit. .. 
 Stoppage of the " Banking Company 13 .Inly, 
 
 First annual horse show 
 
 Great Itefnrni meeting . . . ;„•,'■ 
 
 Vi(dent riots through the lectures of Murphy, an 
 
 anti-l'olie-y orator, at a tabernacle 17, id .Inn... 
 
 Vn ailditioiial M.P. given to Birmingham by 
 
 Itefoiiii Act . .. . • • 15 Aug. 
 
 Meeting of Nat. Social Hcience Association, 71111. 
 
 First (.iiib house In.re openeil . . . 3 May, 1S69 
 ^ Erdington -irphan houses, eiulowert by Josiah 
 Mascai, a manufacturer of steel-pens ; begun 1858 ; 
 
 iinished ^ • • J">>'. 
 
 National E'lucaticm League meet . . 12, 13 (7ct. 
 F-q,losic>ii at Kvnoch's cartridge-faetory, Witlmi. 
 ' m..mv deaths ami in,iuries . . . 17 N"^' 
 
 Fxidosi'Uis at Messrs. Ludlow's eartndge-fact..ry at 
 ' Witton. 17 killed and 53 iiyuretl, several .lying 
 s.,.in after: no..n, 9 Dee. ; 33 .leail up to 13 Dec. ; 
 
 Pi.]n."''A'i'tbur ..pens Uoy:il H.iitlcultiiral Exhibi- 
 
 ;i,m 25Jnae, 1E7! 
 
 s;ir Josiah Mason (knlghtcl 1S72) en.lows a college 
 
 f.ir i.ra.'tii'al S(.ieiice 
 
 Canii..n-bill i.ark (presente.l to the town by Mi.ss 
 
 livlaii.ls)..i.cm..l . . • • ■ I Si'l't. 
 
 Si...,'.|.h .if Mr. Bright (after re-election on resunimg 
 
 i.mc.c as ebam.eUor of .lucby .if Lancaster) t.j 
 
 ab.iut 16,000 iiersons in Biiigley hall . 22 Oct. 
 
 St'itiie of I'riestl.v (in .■..mniem.iratioii of his .lis- 
 
 i...vcry of oxyg.'n')uiiv..ile.l by prof Huxley 1 .Uig. 
 
 Vi.-it of the prin.'c ami [.rimess ..f \Vid.:», 3 Nnv. 
 
 Foun.latiiiii ..f ..^ir J.isiab Mason's college lai.l by 
 
 himself an.l Mr. Bright ,...,- •, ^3^>'!' 
 
 BirniiU'diam Phil. is..iilii.'al Society foun.le.l 2;l.eli 
 
 Win. Du.lley bcpie itlis 100,000/. for eliaritabl.. )iur 
 
 jiiises in Birininghnm .... .Manli, .. 
 \nnual meeting of the Uoyal Agricultural S..ci,.|y 
 
 17-24 July, ,, 
 (iri.at "WesU'ru arcade opened . , .28 Se|il. ,. 
 Mr W E. Uladst.ine a.ldresses about 30,000 p.rs.ms 
 
 in Bingley ball . . • , ■ ,' , ,3' .^'"V, '=-:: 
 Birmingham liberal feil.. ration formed . May. Jiuie, ., 
 Fiiv at .Mr. Denisou's, (.onfectioner; Mrs. Ii.nisnii 
 anil 3 .itli'TS jierish, 20 .Vug. ; venlict at iiLpii'sl, 
 arsi.n, criminal unknown . . . 30 .■ji'l.t. iJ;: 
 Ci.iitral librarv, ...jmprising the I'liief I'r.'e refTi'iue 
 lilirary ami" the Shaksp.'are library, Cervaiit'S 
 c.ill....'tion, A:.'.,witli priceless treasures, aestr..,ve.l 
 
 bv niv "/■'"• ';■; 
 
 Death of sir. I. 'siah Mason . . . 10 June, i3si 
 Disc.iverv of iiitiu-glvcerini' manufacture e.'irrlt'.l 
 
 on by Alfred Whitehead (arreste.l) ; box .-onveywl 
 
 lii^fj 
 
 136; 
 
 1 368 
 
 i8;o 
 
 ■S73 
 
 >S-5 
 1:7'; 
 
 t..Lon.h,n.seize,l4 Ai.rl!;ft 
 ii'to .l.vnaniite, at great' H 
 
 Fesliyal in h.mour of J„i,„ ^ 
 l..r Uiriniiighani . 
 
 .Statn.. ot' th,. ,p „ I,,. .J.' ,y ' 
 
 t :.t o the prince cmsort 
 fie.' Library, uni..,\.,.re.l 
 
 Great reform .l..ni..nstrati,.n", ! 
 tliainberiam piesci,t 
 
 Civat Con.servative ilenionsti'-i 
 Stillfen N.,r,heote, 1,', !' i 
 an.l ..th,.,.s), pr, .,,„t,.,| ,„. , 
 light; many wouml,..! ami m, 
 
 Tli.i iiriiiee of Wales opens a sub, 
 
 iifivartgall.'rv 
 .Kn ii.iliistri,al exhihiti.in oIi..!,,.,) 
 M.rting..ftli,.U,.itishAss.ei tio, 
 R..ti.™ssev,M,.V.P.s|,y„er ; 
 TH,,u,..mlaysl,„,„i,„i„„ ^ 
 
 (UiiOCmrts"; about 500,0a, 
 ilisturbance or casualties, 7^ 
 M,ir^neaii the nwy„r, k,„,,;i,„^, 
 .Miss Rylaii.ls iires,.nts 2,000'. t. 
 I«iik . 
 
 lliriiiiiigliani Liberal fnionisf '; 
 Cli.iinb.'riaiii ..lcct,..| pn-sMenl- 
 
 JI.'.PI,.Mni,t.,ancmii.,„V.''vis 
 Diniiingliaiii cr..ari..| a citv 
 
 "f I"''' •'*'''' -^ 1 isa Ann Rvlami 
 
 trM.stotliet..wn.ag...l7- " 
 
 n..ithofMr. Jul,,, Bright, m'p 
 ";Vi;"p"''"'' -^""'rt Hi-Wit, eiec 
 IlpyiL..i.,.ia law court.; oi.end ' 
 
 Bini,i„(;h:iii, Water bill (siil.|,lv 'to 
 lli.^rive|.s|.:ia,iai„lciaenvai', i,i 1 
 .seciiiiil tune . . _ 
 
 I .WiTiiiaii Thomas Avery and his . 
 I n,«x>;. to h.jspit.ils, \,.. ; repoit 
 
 Tleliiniiingliam canal l.nrst its |.i„ 
 li.iiii|)toii ... ■ ' 
 
 Visit of th.. .hike and.li'iches, of V, 
 
 .stoiiolaid.-l,., newgem-ialhospii 
 
 liiniiiiigliam ..h.moer of arbitration 
 
 I De,itli of the lev. Dr. R. W. Dalr 
 
 I Tl"l'o""ri'''',' """'"'•>''. eilMcation 
 
 Tl.i: ntli..i,(l,|.| ,.i,nl',.|Teil,.i, th,. „„ 
 
 |ll.|.iimi...s, .hriMiaii opens the n 
 
 Ilii.-geiieral hospital 
 l-^;;;;.';;;:""""'l^"t"Pene.ll,ysir,Tan' 
 
 |)ii.ciii,i„i,e,.hii,s'sp,.,:,.i,, ; J,' . 
 
 ,.'r=,,,..,,nst,.(;i. Biij,,i,,'si,lati, 
 r.-tr,|,«I,,„„,„ .,r , Birminghani ,1 
 
 '■""'"'■' I""' '111- i'lliiriiiin-ghani 
 
 -'"P'.-'SHit..;;,,^^;. .lonationsaiin 
 
 HBTH.S. The births of ,.hi 
 
 |l'il-"irianil,ciz. : bi,(|, of ,1 ,i„I<,. 
 
 Ir-i). -',.., 7 Will. III. „^_,- .j;.; 
 
 iTOWous; l,„t it is reeonlod ll 
 ■Uu-l,,.,^(;8,.pt. ,;84).a,.,Jthe 
 I "b e 0.xii„.d.,„;,rket, Lo,id,.n 
 pf .•lulilr.-n at a birth, The n„. 
 
 >basinalU„n,ofmom.ytoa Mil 
 Jirtll to three or more living eh hi 
 
 ^.BI.^HOP ^Gr,.,.k ep,s<;,j^o,, ,,,, 
 
 r";:-!J'^^^''"'"i^'"'to/hose w 
 '■' >. n of tlic city. The Jews a, 
 H,ke„,fic..rs. 81. P,.„,r, stvh.; 
 r" '-. «'as inartvred (jr. Tl'ie nr 
 
 l""m of ...mtention about ilj 
 l»M'.\..lu.sively ,.ia,„„,j ,,,. (^ ; . 
 
BIRTHS. 
 
 Fe.sln;il m liniioiir of J„i,„ mh,, V ''^■'■' 
 
 Sfcitiirof til,. ,iii..,.|i,'|,vf U-, '..i., ',* "-'3 •'line, ,, 
 that of the Vriico'c.nsn, ';'''^.'\'''''''''"I'''" ■ 
 Fr«' Library /Mii,.nv,.n',i' '* ''"''^■>>' '" ""■ 
 
 anaotlM.r.), p'^::,;t, '' '/;''';l';lpli Ch„r,.l,ill, 
 
 ;^iV ■■-■>■'-••■■•'- a,:;^:;;;;,5;':,;:--,'';^ 
 
 Til.' priiirt'iif Wales (.npiHT „„i;„,.i " , • • '^ct. 
 new art Kalh-ry ' «iil>iiil,ai, hospital a„,i 
 
 An imliistrial .•xhihition oi),.i),.,i ' '^'-^ ^'"^^^ 
 Mwthif,'"f thi'liritish As.!,,,.,-.,? 'i ' =« Aul'. 
 
 III,, iimrii lays loiiM,lati,,ii ,,,„„ ,.',■ n ' ,.^,5. ''""•', 
 (I-w) Courts"; al„, t " ' "' ""' \i''t,im 
 
 Miss RylaM,ls l-resents '."^r ou^av^vtr^!' '^^Z 
 I<iik . . . . loiai,;,',. Nictoi'ia 
 
 Cl,anrb,.rlain ,.1.,;.,, ,, I '!' Association ; Jfr. 
 
 Mr.Pl, .M,mt.,a,i Hiii,',,.,.,'/,: Lii'iaii ,ii,.,,=' ^l^' '^^S 
 Dini.|ni;haiii rnat,.,l a --ity '"•"I'li'.'lii.,! 25 |i,.p. 
 
 139 
 
 BLSH0P8. 
 
 ■8S5 
 
 1 836 
 1SS5 
 
 k'athof .Miss I.V.iiisa A,',','! I)vi.,',„],. ' ,.. ; , '4 •'sui- 
 tress t,> rill. r,.,vii a.',.,| 7- ' ^"■"' '"•'"•tiic- 
 B,..ithof.Mr. J,,li„ijri-lit m'p ■ • 23 .Jan. 
 
 H^s™,M,..,i.Aibo,t, fright; ..i,.oto;. His =^,^;i:t 
 
 \lor"™ '"" '^""•'^ "l'™"' W the l^in}:'^f ' 
 Biriiiiiijjliaiii Wat.T liill fsiiin.lvV,, i,.." 1 ' ?' ■'"'■''> '8 
 II. riv.rs Kl.-m aii.l CI „' ' , i 1 M ,«"",''''! "'""• 
 seen,! (im, . "'"'""" -'Ii'l WaM; r..a,l 
 
 AlJiTinaii Thomas Avory aii.l lii' „.if , ^ •^'•"'''lo "!' 
 ..,oco;. to Irjspitals, i, J ,J'!'- '^•"l'i™'Ii'''l 
 
 Th'Bir .KlmniVananmrs; i^' ,[,' ,„.„, ?J '■■«1'- i3< 
 
 liaiiiptoii , "^.^'.""I'Sncar Woivi-r- 
 
 Visitofth,.,liiknamliU'icliPssof VnvL-'. r "^.■'".'•V, „ 
 , stone Iai,l olH „mh- k.mi,. ral lio,,,!?!, • '^^""'''•■•tioii 
 Birn,i,,«l,aiii,.li,i,,,.r^,J,i;l/-)^<»^,^_;^J^s,,,t. „ 
 
 I Death of th,. i,.v. Dr. [(. w. Dal,. „,.„,, J ^•"'- •< 
 ;i,-ati,)i,ali,i I sti'r, , .'it i, ist" ^°,• '''^l'- 
 
 rfc:.h:;:;^\i;r'''^''^ •''-■- '-H.un^'ifr'^'' 
 
 yZ::;' '•'"'""<"""' '■^•^''■.'"messnii.iri^rr''' 
 
 --.hii ;;^v^;:;;ui-!r!;;!iv^-:tv'|-;-^^^ 
 
 N* a small .niii of , , , f.^•Vn .,1 """'">' I"''^^- 
 
 h'l.ln- tlR. Athenians to fho o\vh,; .. 1 1 ''™'' 
 
 i»u. :„ ;, bisi„,„ y;,:', -r -^i'^' v}y^^y^''^- ^a. th' 
 
 ■■"'•^•ivcJ up to3i im':';s-8' civi'/s/ '"'^-^ '""""'" 
 
 ^^:^^'!T:v^;;-:!:;^v;h,.t;:,i,,,;.,,,ay,.e36 
 -3;s[;^^j^;^;3:'v"».7^^4r:^= 
 
 rag,), ^''^'""'- ('-'^o'- li'oMi lor,| Ivua-ii, K,?l,. 
 
 j ?''SS/;^-fe^;if* -<■■■'> '-^"•al with 
 Y. ■".vthi.allv .said t,, rm. i . ;'f -"T r/'''^'""'°" 
 k...?of liritain. - 1 osl it ' L 1""','"' ''/ L"""^- 
 
 I l-^ said to iMv,. i.o .,1 pr 0, t^ • ''"''"P "/ f'"'"'"" 
 
 W-sh,.i,s iiia.l,. 1,.;,,,,,; "' '-" '"■'"" •■"■«■ 'louhttiil. 
 
 ''''';:;u;;^!.''''''''''-l''M'Hnr,.^.r,lto.,isiiops;,3th 
 ; lliu o.„y,; ,r/-:!i,c„( ti„. i;i,„, f. ,., 
 
 23 lli.iirv VIII *''"- '""'" (-"'W -/■A7,>e, 
 
 ' "'ven';;,!;;:;::;!;^;;^''-^^^ . 
 
 mont ;;^;"i^;^i;;;;r\i;;;.';;^s:ii-y"n..,sofpariia: 
 
 9 Oct. 1646 
 1661 
 
 1072 
 
 'S34 
 1540 
 '554 
 
 '555-6 
 1641 • 
 
 i";''"'l'?.'%'aiiiVlit.irs„ats 
 
 A-ii;riiS,!;;"j:ir'!;;S'>f'';^'^i.'..oste,^«i: 
 
 tlie to«-,.,. fornoti',,' ,/,"''"""■?"«'') .■^ent to 
 
 , ^a-ri^a;^,^i;r ; "5 ^■i^t^V^a^^'ih" 
 Tir:-i^,^-r,;;-:i,-:3i" --■'""! 
 
 "i« to tak. l,V,,a iVs P,'; ■'''■''■'■'''''■'I f'"- fffws: 
 I .l,.i,iivi.,i . . '""" '"^^ '"'■"" ai„l .Mary, ,689; 
 
 j l*'-'t.,',-nu.nt ,,f |,isho,,L . Ti',,. i.i.'i ,,■ 
 
 , ;-;:;|,'. A„,. .S6,;nia,,,.'^::;^:,;-|^rs 
 
 ' ]Jislioj,ri,. ,,f St. \li,.Mis', .,..„;. I ■ , ■ '4 ''line, 
 
 i i-'"i"'i,wi,„.h.:' ,,' „,'^;;;..^";i'ii «« „f 
 
 ; ,,,38 -t 3,; Vi,.t. ,.. 34; ,:,s^.'.,r"""-''''-'' '■•-■■arraiis,.,!, 
 
 ''p!3''':'^'';''-"'^'-'-^'>,39*;oVH.tr^^'^;7 
 
 The 13islio|,ri(.s A(.t 41 .t i-i V,' f ' ^„ ' "An;,'. 
 the en,l,',« iiieiit of Vni, m,., K,'',,*'' .••""l''"''"™ 
 
 .Sniitlnv,-!! (Cant,. rl, ■,) V ', '^"'''^' ■ •■""! 
 
 „ i" l..arlian„.,t is n, 1 1, ^he i,,'., '';",'■■'■"'■ '''-''"l'-'' 
 Coiilinuation of ,.le,.t ,. ,,f 1 ^^■'" ',. • "^ .Mi;;. 
 
 ™nvo,.ali,,n """"""" ''i'*'"'!'.-, (lis,.„,ssions in 
 «-CVn,/,.;,„„^.,,,:„,;,,-,^,^j6.=7J^n. 
 
 1690 
 
 ■856 
 ^8i7 
 
 '87s 
 
 M 
 
 i8./6 
 
 1873 
 1897 
 
 ■ct i,t 
 "as am ieiitlv 
 
 I'seselusivelvil 
 
 Th 
 
 ti'ntioii iihout 
 
 e episcnpat,. lM.,.ani(. ' Au ,.r,I. 
 
 KNTil.ISFI nisHopnics. 
 
 f'^miilol. ,s>|., ,, , , 
 
 5 ;;;w.t.Uo,„h,n (.«„/.„„</„„) : £j 
 
 tl,.. title of ,';,:; ;,,'"^lf;"^,^,,»;; 7''a7 an,l Vork 1,^^ 
 Winchester have in,"., !,,.'?, .,■';''.'';'"■ ""■''am, an,l 
 '■••"Ik aoeor,lii,g to .seni,.ritv of!,..', - ."!•'''' • ""-' """''•» 
 
 Sees. 
 I-nnilon (abpr ) 
 V,,rk liil.jir.) 
 
 .Jo'l,,r',.in,l.Man 
 IJaielall 
 .^t. Davi.l's 
 lian-oi't 
 
 "s»unii'(l hy ali hisl 
 
 •44-. I'liL' title of I 
 
 iinieil h\- Urc; 
 
 "l-.V \'II. 
 
 i"|is and 
 
 Ha 
 
 in eithi'r 
 
 •■r III eoimeil, Oi.f. 
 
 !■ .iii'I f<t. Asajil 
 
 1 t,i l„ 
 
 -rafioii. 
 iSjS. ilireeteil tlr 
 
 th. 
 
 l'"73-S^S)- I was 
 
 '•'!Upoll,. tl. 
 
 an.l .Manehest. 
 
 unit,.,! on n,, 
 
 e sees of 
 
 rt'soiiKl.il iSjrt 
 
 lis or,ler, as 
 
 I'r. a r, w 
 roganle.lth 
 
 I' next vaea 
 
 t,i h, 
 
 I "iiionof the 
 
 ncy 
 ,.rei"ed 
 
BISHOPS. 
 
 140 
 
 BISHOPS. 
 
 I- 
 
 Is 
 
 J 
 
 ii ' '' 
 
 1?i 
 
 irii 
 
 EN(il.ISH blSHOPBIlS-ClillHllWfl'. 
 
 Srcf. 
 
 Jlath . . • • 
 Kly . • • • 
 Ciirlisle . . 
 
 (Ilou.'cstci- ■ . • ■ 
 Diistol- (n-f(ii:sti 
 
 tilted 1S97) . 
 Chi'stiT . . • ■ 
 
 Oxfnlll 
 
 Rilli'D . . • ■ 
 
 Jlum'luster 
 
 i^t. Allwii's ■ ■ • 
 
 Tniio 
 
 LiviT]'""! . • • 
 
 IScwcHStlo . 
 
 SmitliHTll . • • 
 
 WaketleUl 
 
 J-'uinulttl. 
 :o88 
 
 Sees, Finiiided. 
 
 LiiidisfariH', or Ilnly 
 
 Isliiiiil (iiltcnvaiila 
 
 Iliirham, goi) ■ • 634 
 West Saxiiiis, (altcr- 
 
 wai'ls Wiii.'la'stcr, 
 
 705) . . ■ . f'35 
 Mcriia (aliTwanlii 
 
 Lic'lifiekl, 66g) . . 656 
 Hereford , .676 
 
 ■Worcester . . . 680 
 Linilissc (afterwards 
 
 Lineciln, 1067). ,. 
 
 Slierliorne (afterwards 
 
 Salisbiu-y, 104?) ■ ■ 7<'5 
 Cori:\.-all and Kevoii- 
 
 sldre (afterwards 
 
 Kxeter, 1050) . . 509 
 
 Wells 
 
 Selsey about 6S1 ; re- 
 moved to Cliiehestcr 
 
 nliout 1082 
 
 BISHOPS IX l^i^^'-''^'>''''\f'^fYL-':h^d 
 consecrated in tlie 2nd century ; ^evClnm/i of J) < laiM. 
 
 Prelacies were constituted, and divisions of tlic 
 liisliopries in Ireland made, by eardnial Paimro, 
 Icuate from iiojie Kuj.-enc 111. • 
 
 Several nrelates .Ic]. rived by .ineeiiMaiy . . ■ 
 Bi.. Atlierton suller.d deatli iKn..ininiously . • 
 Twobislioiis (lei.rived lor not taking the oaths to 
 
 ClST^n:;;!..^d!;isAet,,{,rredu;d,,«then«nda., 
 
 of bishops in Ireland, 3 <S! 4 Will. 1\ ., «.'■ 37. l'"^"«' ' 
 
 * 14 Aug. 
 
 rnv this statute, of thefour areliliisleipviesof Arinagh, 
 
 ' IJu llin Tuam au.l Oishel. the last two we-'^' '' '* 
 
 ab,.lisl,ed on the dcase of the then ^irehi.rcla es 
 
 which has since occurred; au.l it wa.s enacted that 
 
 eieht of the then eighteen bishoiuics should, as tliej 
 
 bcTanuM. bell, iiccfortliunitedtoother.sees, winch 
 
 was aeeomiilished in 1850; so that the Irish eliureh 
 
 nt iiresent eonsi.sts of two arelibishops and ten 
 
 liishops.] 
 
 i:o8 
 1133 
 
 1541 
 
 1542 
 
 1836 
 1847 
 1876 
 1877 
 
 i83o 
 
 1 588 
 
 1151 
 '554 
 1640 
 
 1691 
 
 ug. 1S33 
 
 Ossorv 
 
 Trim . 
 
 Killala 
 
 Armagh, 
 
 Emlv 
 
 Eli'hiu 
 
 Ardagh 
 
 Cloglier 
 
 Down 
 
 foumled 
 
 about 
 
 445 ; "W 
 
 about 
 
 before 
 
 „ about 
 
 Ardfert and Aghadoe 
 
 before 
 Connor . aliout 
 Tuam, about 501 ; 
 
 llhjii-. . 
 Dromore 
 Kildare . 
 Sleaih . 
 Aelionry 
 Louth . 
 Clonmaenois 
 Clonfert . 
 Ross 
 
 about 
 before 
 
 about 
 
 402 
 432 
 434 
 1 152 
 44S 
 450 
 454 
 493 
 499 
 
 500 
 
 1152 
 510 
 519 
 520 
 530 
 534 
 548 
 558 
 570 
 
 alK.ut 
 before 
 about 
 before 
 
 , before 
 about 
 
 . about 
 
 59S 
 604 
 <k.6 
 612 
 618 
 620 
 631 
 632 
 665 
 
 Kerns . 
 
 t'loyne . 
 
 Cork . 
 
 Olendalough 
 
 Deny 
 
 Kilniaciluach 
 
 Lisniore 
 
 I.eh.dilin . 
 
 Mavo . about 
 
 Hai.lioo . . liefore 
 
 Cashel, before gei ; 
 „lr<: ■ ■ ■ 
 
 KiUaloe, cif'K- • ■ 
 
 Watciford . 
 
 I.iiiicriek. . before 
 
 Kilinore 
 
 Dublin, ii?/j)C. . . . --.,- 
 
 Kilfenora . before 1254 
 (For the new eonibina- 
 I tions, ace the sejia- 
 
 I rate articles.) 
 
 probably 
 
 1152 
 1019 
 1096 
 1106 
 1136 
 52 
 
 1561 
 
 Kniseopaey iiboUslied, the bishops in a body de- 
 posed, and fipui excommunicated, by a parliament, 
 elected by the people (crvenanteis), which met 
 nt Glasgow • „, "''''; '' i'- 
 
 EpiHcopacy restored ; an arehbislioji (.laiiics hliarj.) 
 and three bishops con.seeratecl by Shehlon, bishop 
 ofLombm ,•,.'?, "'''• ""' 
 
 Tlie Scottish eonvention expelleil the bisho|is ; 
 abolished episcojmi'y : ileelaied the throne vacant ; 
 drew up ft idaiin of right ; iind proehiimed W illiani 
 and Mai-y , ■'. ■)\'"'] "'^'> 
 
 E]ilseo]iaey formally abolished, and the bishops 
 revenues sequestrated . . . • t9 Sipt. ,, 
 
 The Episcopal church w,as thus reduced to the 
 I'onditioii of a Noiieon.".irniist liody.at llrst barely 
 tolcratccl. It ojieiied its llrst congress, 19 May. 1874 
 
 Hi.shop U<..se conileeteil thi' established episcopal 
 ehurcli of Scotland with that form of it which is 
 now merely t(derated, he having been bisho)! ol 
 Edinburgh from 1687 till 1720, when, on his deatli. 
 Dr. Fullartou became the lirst post-revolution 
 bishop of that see. Fife (now Ht. Andrews, s,. 
 called in 1844) now unites tlic bishopric ol 
 Duukeld (re instituted ill 1727) and that of Dun- 
 blane (re-instituted in 1731). lio^s (of um-.'i- 
 tain date) was nniteil to Moray (le-iiistituted m 
 1727) in 1838. Argyll and ihf Isles never existd 
 indepemlenlly until 184 . having l.ciii conjoin. .1 
 to M.iray sii.l It.ws, or t.i Hoss alone, previously 
 to that year. Galloway has been added to the s.e 
 of Glasgow. 
 
 Orkney, founde.l. E.linbni-gh . . . 1633 
 
 Uneertain. 
 
 Isles . . . . 360 
 
 Galloway . before 50c 
 
 St. An.lrews, 800 : 
 
 1470 
 
 BISH 
 
 „;,„: 
 Glasg.iw 
 
 ithpc. 
 
 Caithness 
 
 lireidiin 
 
 Moray . 
 
 Hoss . 
 
 .\berileen 
 
 llunkeld 
 
 Dunblane 
 
 Argyll . 
 
 Hi'itKiniiit Ilifltoprics reviveil 
 
 alumt 5C0 : 
 
 . 14S8 
 
 about 1066 
 
 before 11 55 
 
 . . 1115 
 
 . 1124 
 
 . . 1125 
 
 1 130 
 
 1153 
 
 1200 
 
 before 
 
 I'OST-RF.V.ll.fTloN 
 
 Hisiioes. 
 E.linburgh . 
 Abenleen aii.l tlic 
 
 Isles .... 
 Moray (and IIo!.s). 
 Hr.'.-hiiKpc.'mi'.'' iSS''). 
 Glasgow (ami Giill..- 
 
 way) ,, 
 
 ht. An.lrews (Diiu- 
 
 kel.l, l(unblaii.,.Vi,) 1733 
 Argyll an.l the Isles . 1S47 
 
 172D 
 
 1721 
 1727 
 i7ii 
 
 by 
 
 Tope Leo XIII 
 4 Mar. ■ 
 
 l8;8 
 
 BISHOPS IN Scotland ^ 
 
 nuniiiiatcd in the fourlh centurv. 
 
 The Heforniers, styling themselves "the Congrega- 
 tion of the I.or.l," li.iving taken up arms aii.l 
 rt.'feat.'.lthef|Ueeii-niother, Maryof Guise, calle.la 
 iiarliam.-nt,wliiidi set up a new form ol .huirh 
 jiolityon thi' Gencvcse 111. "Id, in wliieli bisliops 
 were'repl.aci.lby ••sup.Tinte.i.lcnts" . • • 
 
 Eliise.ipaey restored by the regent .Morton (see Tul- 
 cluiii llithopf) •, „J57»-3 
 
 Tliree iirelates for Se.ittish sees eonseerated at 
 Lanibetli (.I.dm 8p..ttisw.....l, Gawin llamiltim, 
 and Andrew Lamb) for Glasgow, Galloway, ami 
 Breehin " ^'^^- ^^'° 
 
 * The sees of Pristnl and Gloucester were united, 
 1836, separated, 18S4. See lliUhd, 1S34, «« no/. 
 
 Seoteh Protestant bislioj.s protest . 13 April, ., 
 
 BISHOPS, American. The first was Saimicl 
 Seiiburv, euiiseeriited bisliop of Connecticut liy fmir 
 nonjnrirg prchites, at Aberdeen, in Scotlai'ul, 14 
 Nov. 1784. The liislioiis of New York and rcmi- 
 sylvania were eonseerated ir. L'lndon, liy tli.' iireli- 
 b'ishoi) of Canterbury, 4 Feb. 1 787, and" tlic lii-lnfi 
 of Virjrinia in 171)0. Several American l.i>li..].s 
 formed part..! the Pan-Angliean synod, atl.auil.i'tli, 
 24-27 Sept, l.S()7. The first liamdii i'ii<)iijl,ch\<\io\, 
 of the United States w.is Dr. Carroll, of Maryl.iiid. 
 in 1780. 
 
 BISHOPS. Colonial, &e.» I!y 15 \- 10 
 Viet. e. s2 (1852), and lb i: 17 \iet. e. 41) (hSi^), 
 the colonial bishops may perform i.ll ejiis.-opal 
 functions in the United Kingdom. Imt have no iuds- 
 diction. 00 colonial bishops in l.S.).S, 
 
 Nova Scotia . - 1787 I .Jamaica . . r.:i 
 
 grebee . . . . 1793 Ma.lras . . . . 13:5 
 
 Cah-utta . . . 1813 Australia (see .•-'i/ifmi/) iji6 
 
 Barbados . . . 1824 I M..iitival 
 
 • Between 1847-59, Miss (now baroness) Bunlett ('..nils 
 
 gave 6.1,000/. to en. low .■.d.'uial bishopri.-s. In iS(* <ii.' 
 
 petiti.me.l parliament, on ad'ount .if s.mi.M.f tlicl.i>li..|i,s 
 
 imifessing iinlepemlence of tlii' .liur. h ..f Eii^l.m.l. 
 
 .Siui'e then, colonir'. bishops have been api...iat.'.| uitli- 
 
 out intervention of the .ivil p.iwer. Mu.h .lis.iKsire, 
 
 : took place ill i867,tiirougbthe.lepositi..n..f Dr. C.l.i:- 
 
 1 bish..p .if Natal, liy his metropolitan. Dr. Gray, l.i>lii.| 1 
 
 ; C.ipcuiwii, ami the attviiil'ts ..f the lattnr ?.> .-.-.lis. . rst. :; 
 
 new bisho)!, in opjiosition tti the law ; see under Ajtm, 
 
 , and L'huKhvf EmjUvul 
 
 .337 
 1839 
 
 ■ 841 
 1843 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 I. 
 1' 
 .\ 
 r 
 \ 
 
 .V 
 
 .M 
 Hi 
 .Ml 
 
 'S52 ' Qi 
 
 •853 : i-'h 
 
 „ ; Tn 
 «8S4 HI. 
 : Sel 
 Ziil 
 Lei 
 
 ■845 
 
 1849 
 
 1859 
 
 1861 
 1S63 ' 
 
 1) .mbay 
 
 N'.'Wf.,iiii,|i,.i|„| 
 
 T..r.mto 
 
 Giliraltar. 
 
 -Vcw Z:.,.ilan;i (see 
 
 airisMiiinU) 
 -tntigiia . 
 
 Otiiaua, S. America ' 
 Iluiiiii, Cana.la 
 Ta.iin:inia , ' ' 
 
 Oil.unbo, (\.y|„„' 
 Fr,..l..ni't.in, .V. Bhiih' 
 .blcl,.i.le, S. .vustralia .S^; 
 tape I.iivii . . ^' 
 
 .Molhiiiiriie . ' ■ " 
 NViviMstl.', v. ,sj tjf ' " 
 
 Hyhuy (Mct,;,j„,Us 'of " 
 A II •trill in) . ^ 
 
 Ru|icit's Lainl 
 
 Vichiria, llong Kong' 
 
 .Sierra Leone 
 
 Urili.ini's-town 
 
 -Vatal, S. Africa . ' ' 
 
 .Mauritius 
 
 Liliii.ni(joine.lwitli'siii,.. 
 aiLire aii.ls.i.call,.,!) ,3. 
 
 Clirbtchurch, \. z itrt 
 
 Perth. W. Australia ' ' 
 
 Wi'lliiigtoa. \. z. ■ ,0' g 
 
 .ViUon, X. Zealan.i ' ^ 
 
 Brisbaiie, Queensland 
 
 British Columbia 
 G.ulb.iurn, \. s \y 
 St, Helena . .' ' ' 
 \Vai,a|iii, X. Z. 
 Uiitari.i. (■aiia.la 
 N'msiu, Bihamus 
 tofti.ii, Australia ,sfi, 
 iiim...l!n,Xe«-Z,.ulaml ,S66 
 Mintzhiirg, S. Africa. i86q 
 ,\:i.klan.|. XewZeaM ^ 
 liitlmrst ' " 
 
 Cillil.iii.l Isles . ' ' " 
 lliir.iii . , ■ 
 
 • • I671 ; ,,.,„k; 
 
 BLSHOPS. SUFFK vo vx i 
 
 IMS, e.uste<l in tit,- eaWy T'h 
 .ippomtedby Henrv Vlri. k,? 
 ho-- '5..=;3. and restored b'.-tTi' 
 J* appointed IS said to have bet 
 oehesfM-, i(«f,. The appoint 
 Wros was revived in ,8(19 and 
 JMenziesiiffrasan bishop of \ 
 of Lincoln), was cnisecrated " Ft 
 
 ■I|"im' of Canterbury), -:■ ^[^' 
 «>n appointed "sincel then 
 0.:. 1892; 2jsu»rasans and 
 
 ^•:i!iilffril;/„il. 
 
 ^WSLEYC03niOX..Surre 
 
 BISIIUTH w.is lecu^nised a< 
 Agncol:, ,„,„ Itisyeryfu 
 
 »J of .lyiUowLsT. white colour' 
 Br8.SEXTILE,see6>,W,„., 
 , ..BITHYXIA. an a„,.i,.,u pr 
 Pmor, .s said to have been itvul 
 
 b^ria . iAdian.'v::^^;;;i; 'z 
 
 I't '>'•"""'■« were rebuilt by ui 
 |W.il,„i,rev.ilte.lan.lreig„e.l ab.inf 
 |B'lWhlss.m,suceee,ls ' "* 
 
 lfe^fois,sonofB.nyn.s, 376;„ 
 
 |K:&;^^:~.txi,.o„ 
 
 .leri 
 .Mel 
 
 : 11,11 
 
 I Z.in 
 Al 
 Xig, 
 Ma. I 
 N'orl 
 •Iipa 
 l-'olei 
 \ Mid- 
 -Muni 
 W. E 
 West 
 Lik.ii 
 O.sak: 
 
BISHOPS. 
 
 (see 
 
 iSj7 
 1342 
 
 ll.mli.'iy 
 
 N' "■fnlill.ll.ilhl 
 
 Ini-ontc) 
 tiiliinltiir. 
 
 (liiiaiKi, «. Aiiieriuii 
 Himm, C':iiia.la 
 Tasmiiiiiii 
 CMi..mb.i, Ceylon' 
 Kiv.l.Tiet.m..VB,,;„; 
 
 M.'ll.Minie • " 
 
 N'fUiMstle, \. s ^y ■ " 
 Sjillley (Mct,;,i,„lis 'of " 
 
 Ruiicrt'a hmA 
 Virtiin'ii, IIiMi- K.in-'' 
 Sierra hnnw ° ' 
 
 Uraliaip's-toH'ii 
 
 Xatiil. S. Africa . ' ' - 1 -r,: 
 
 Mauritius ' 'J ■. ' ''Viiru-ureai 
 
 L.liuan(Jui,,e,|«-ith.Si„«:^'* I S^A'I'f "t«i'' 
 
 fc't 
 
 1845 
 
 1S49 
 
 lSj2 
 '853 
 
 rriniila.l 
 
 Uil.'arat . 
 
 MiinsijMee . 
 
 AlyoiiM . 
 
 «..;r.hir,s, Kairnria 
 
 Atliahasea . 
 
 ■^■iskateliewaii 
 
 •Niagara 
 
 'iaiijj'Doii 
 
 iMiisvaal. 
 
 l.:ili„re . 
 
 IVef.iria 
 
 .•;'"rtli giieenslaiiil '. ,a„ 
 
 ■>uivtalo.lnnia(llritisli '^ 
 
 triluiilllia) 
 
 ,,'.'"■ Westminster 
 
 "iviTilKl . 
 
 ■Y.-ii^kenzie Hiver 
 yiiAi.pelle. 
 '•'""" -VajJimr ' , 
 
 !"i'l Cochin 
 
 '373 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 1877 
 
 1873 j 
 
 i33o 
 1883 
 1334 
 
 1890 
 
 '856 
 1858 
 
 Pertli, W. .Viistmlili 
 H'rlliiiyton, .V. /,, 
 Xils'iii, X. Zealand 
 Bnslnne, Qiieeiislaml 
 Britisli L'oliiniljia 
 G'Ulljoin-n, X. s li- 
 S:. Hi'lena . . 
 Waia|iii, .V. Z. 
 Untaiiii, Canaila 
 .Vamii, U ihaniu.s 
 llraftnn, Australia ,,„, 
 
 Diiudin.Xeu- Zealand ,866 
 lantWM.rg s, Africa. .869 
 Auifcian.l, XcwZeaM 
 Billiurst ' " 
 
 filfclaa.l Isles , ' ' " 
 
 Lebonibo , 
 
 1391 
 
 ■i:^'^,':!of;; ■'"-'■ - ''^-;te;:rv'^;:i^:; 
 
 te:^;i!:s':;//:S;.-'l.^.^-.ities' .• 
 
 Ai.aniea, his .lau,-h,er' •^''"■^•''"''. ""'1 nmnio. 
 liestorcMlfytlL'X;^^^^^^^^ . •. ; 
 
 'Siiir!!;;^!::;;,^!:-!:;:; '•''..; I' • ■ • 
 
 '^A\^^^^tj^ltX,^^' Mo„t,,,nur «„a the 
 
 328 
 223 
 
 2j3 
 
 ■83 
 180 
 149 
 
 9' 
 tl8 
 84 
 74 
 '"3 
 
 J2JI 
 
 •ri'rusaleni . 
 •■ , Melanesia , ' ' 
 
 859 . Ilonr.luhl 
 
 >• I Zanzihar and Central 
 
 '» Africa 
 
 " '^^m- Territ.iry . ' ' 
 
 Mailayasear. 
 
 •>')i-tli China ' ■■ 
 
 ■Japan 
 
 I'orea. 
 
 •Micl-China ' , ' 
 
 Mombasa 
 
 W. E.|uatorial Africa 
 
 Western China . 
 
 1S61 
 1 36 J 
 
 1841 
 i860 
 1861 
 
 1S63 
 1864 
 1S70 
 1872 
 1333 
 
 1890 
 
 '893 
 ;393 
 
 im. cxistca t lu. ctK, " f ^■^t metropoli. 
 J'")-, ISSJ, aiul rest, re i i. •■Wi ''T, ''''"''*''wl by 
 
 r«lche8t,.r, , tor,. Tl e a noi. ^'^''^ ' "'''''"P "f 
 ki*V was revived n i,S(." a ' "l,S ""^ '"«™K"» 
 
 of Lincoln), ,vas on, c'r ted -> K T «^ '""' ^'''''^■^■''' 
 
 ' ' 'efn a,,,,oi„te, iiiu;-^ tW ''' '^'°-. Of^erg 
 ?ee*,/ro,/„^,f "iia,ans and assistants in 1898.' | 
 
 ,|rSLEYCO.AI.MOX,.Sun.e,, see ,'..„,,,, 
 
 I "Jofayellowisinvhite cnlour-^"'"^'^' '""^ ''"«'«' 
 BISSEXTILE, see 6V,../,„.«,,,^,^^. 
 
 I Most -he cities were rebu It bv }! •^'"''"'f'uans. 
 I WaU, revolted and rei™^ , \ '"*" '"''^Wlists. ; 
 b;.)™,toson,suI'e;,V.^":'''-'^'"-'t • b.c. 430-440 
 VVl^' son of Uotyras, 376.. repuises the ^^« 
 
 |DfS'S";';-"'^'^r.ysin,aclms' 
 hiS*?'«n^::jX.,;'f.whom theeldes.' 
 I isu) , -'-^'^'•<'» (lie invites the Ganls into 
 
 tefe;^^;--'txico„w. : 
 
 ■ '^ ■ ■ about 
 
 '"tters demar.ding nione *', ' "'"''"'= """"ymous 
 
 BLACK a/d WHITF "" 'T'"'^''- 
 
 "IK!-. «.-st publiiheaTpVb^; Sor"'''-'' '""^trated 
 
 »iliit;mson. the miur."ii,^ ,■ ^'' P^'^"" M. Mr 
 
 German "a.thods o'Sulioi'r^''"'' '"'^ ^'""""/^J 
 
 BLACK ART, see AMu-m,, ur-> , . 
 |I...CK ASSIZE. .jtX:* r* 
 
 "oS^Sra ^---'»-. so c..„ed i 
 , "l-kbnr^ Xe e:n":d"!;r'"'''^"f-i^tKlW 
 
 seded by I»ackbuin t,! ''., "r '" '"50, ^vas super- 
 ! f eaves, of this to«n 1,*L {" '^'^r. James if". 
 ;for wliich he was evei f "fl'i'' '''•' ''''''•""S-j"nnv 
 
 See RwtK, 1878 P,>, ,,i V' ""^^ •''■'ff/.v, Jul.- ,0.^ 
 120,064. ' ^"Pul'it'on, i88r, lo^o,?' J^f' 
 
 ■SSaSi;:;;::: ■" '■- « 
 
 BLACK DEATH ' n';'"'" ''"''■"■' (""te). 
 „ BLACK FLA a .,..,.-, . 
 
 3j8 
 326 
 
 278 
 264 
 250 
 
 BLACKPPr itsf'T ' '^^"""■"'■'■"««- 
 
 first stoia. ofM^'S^. BKIDUE, London Th« 
 ' '""^ "^ temporary bridge 
 
 r 
 
 '.'4 
 
 I. i' 
 
 ^ik,# . j/\.;i#i 
 
 'v^y/^' . H 
 
 
BLACK FEIDAY. 
 
 u-i 
 
 BLACKWATEK. 
 
 iV 
 
 ll 
 
 '.A 
 
 HIV 
 
 r 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 WWwEil 
 
 1 
 
 1 t 
 
 1 . 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 orcctfd. The fnuiidiition "f n now ttvo-iirehed 
 bridnv, desi>.'iK'il \iv Mr. Jus.'i'ii Culutt, wuh liild I'V 
 lord mil v.ir ILilr, 20 Julv, iSd^, ;ma tlie lirulf;;' was 
 opimi'd l)V tlic iiuc 11 (I Nov. l.'^Or.;. Tht' lirst railway 
 trtiin (Llmduii, L:l.^itl.,Mii. mid Hover) .nt.iod the 
 I'itv of I,Miid"ii oviT tlio tiiw r,iiliC(i:> hm/i/t', liliiiU- 
 frim-», (j Oct. |H()4. Aiiofhor rnilwiiy Imdgf opened 
 7 Jan. l8«4. 
 
 BLACK FlIIDAY, u May, i8(^, tho height 
 of the .■uiiniirr.ial ]iaiiii in London, thruugh the 
 stonnatrc of Ovrroiid, Uurnev, A: Co. (limited), on 10 
 Mav. .\le>.^r.-. J"lin Henrv and Ednuind (mrney, 
 and their paitm-ij, eoniiuilted fur trial for conspirai'V 
 to defraud, 21 Jan. i8(m). weiv tried and ac'cimtteil, 
 11-21 Dec. l.Siifj. On Iridav, 21 Xov. mtO, a tem- 
 porai-v panic was produced ly the embarrassments 
 of Messrs, Itarinjf lijotliers. 
 
 BLACK HAND, see .*>>"". ^^^i- 
 
 BLACKHEATH. Kent, near London. Here 
 Wilt Tvler and his followers assembled 12 June, 
 1381; and here ,d>" Jack Cade and hi... 20,000 
 Kentish men eiicaniiied, 1 June, 1450; see Y/AiT 
 and Oide. H.ae the Crnisli rebels were defeated 
 and Flammeck's insurrection quelled, 22 June, 
 1407. The ancient cavern, on the ascent to Jilack- 
 heath. imimlarlv ter]iied "the retreat (d Lade, and 
 of banditti in the time '' '•- "■•" "''■^ '' 
 
 of (.'rumwell. was re 
 
 • dis- 
 
 eovered in 17,^0. Several daring' hif;hw.iy robberies 1 
 were eomniitted mar the heath, and the youthlul | 
 culprits )mni.shcd, in 1877. See Triiils. , 
 
 BLACK-HOLE, see Calcutta, 1756. | 
 
 BLACK LEAD, see Graph itc. 
 
 BLACKLEGS. A name eoniiiionly given to , 
 cheatin;; namlilers, was unjustly jiiveu to lion- 1 
 unionist worka,en I'V the unionists and others 
 durini; the labour agitation in 1S89 and l8yO. 
 
 BLACK LETTER, emph.yed in the tirst ^ 
 printed books m the middle ol the 15th century. ; 
 The tirst printing' tvpes were Gothic; but they \vere | 
 modified into the pre^-cnt Roman type about 1460 : j 
 Pliny's Xatuial History was thiMi printed in the j 
 new characters. 
 
 BLA.CK-MAIL. a compulsorv payment for 
 protection id' cuttie, .\;c., made in the border counties 
 was prohibited bv Elizal)eth in K.oi. It wase.xacted 
 in Scotland Irum the lowlanders by the highlanders, 
 tilll-4S. It checked aiiriculturalimiinvemeiit. Ihe 
 term'4/«c/-»i"i/bas been ajiplied t.i the payments of 
 new commercial com]iani(S for notices re.sjiectinic 
 them in certain newsiiapers, iSStj-yo. 
 Five men coiivictcl aial seatcuccl for lilack-iaad- 
 
 in- (\inhvwGiaiit and llcrlicrt CoHlton— piiial 
 
 seivituae lur life) ... ■ Julys. >S.^7 
 
 BLACK MONDAY, Easter. Monday, 14 April, 
 1360, " so full dark of mist and Kail, and so bitter 
 cold that manv men died oii their horsebatks with 
 the cold." li'lof. In Ireland, Black .Monday was 
 the day on which a number of the English were ! 
 slaughtered at a village near Dublin, in 1209. 
 
 BLACK MONEY, base foreign coin so termed, 
 
 I335' 
 BLACK MOUNTAIN EXPEDITIONS, 
 
 see ///'/i^^ 1888 and l8.jl. 
 
 BLACK MUSEUM, at Scotland Yard, is a 
 collection of relics connected with crime, begun in 
 1874. 
 
 BLACKPOOL, Lancashire, a watering' place. 
 The foiindatioii-Kt.-ini' of an Eillel Tower was laid 
 here 25 Sep. 1891. Population in 1851, 1664; i 
 1881, 14,229; 1891,23,846. ! 
 
 ':;t 
 
 BLACK PRINCE, EDW.utii, eldest -on ,| 
 King Edward HI., born 15 ,luni>, 1330; viitoi- nt 
 I'oitiers, 19 Sept. 135(1; at Najara,'] April, 131.17; 
 died 8 June, 1370. 
 
 BLACK REPUBLIC, see lla,iti. 
 
 BL.'^CK ROD has a gold lion at the top, ,,,1,1 j* 
 carried by the usher of the order of tlie kniglita >jf il„. 
 garter (instituted 1349), iusti'ad of the ir \[^. 
 
 also keejis the door when a clia|iteriif the..idcris 
 sitting, and during the sessions of iiarlianicut 
 attends the lioiise of lords and acts ns their iiie-eii. 
 ger to tlic comnuins. 
 
 BLACK SE.A., the Eu.XIXE {Vuntus Eaxinu, 
 
 of the ancients), a large internal sea between tlit 
 
 S. \V. provinces of Kussia and Asia Miie r, cnn. 
 
 necteil with the .sea of Azotf by tlie straits of yenik;.;!', 
 
 and with the sen of Marmoi.i by the chauiul (jj 
 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Tliis sea was inucli fr, jieiiteil ttv tlic (Jrccks ainl 
 Italians, till closed to -M nations l.y the 'links 
 after the lall of Constantinople in 145!. 
 
 The liussians obtained adlnlssiuu by the treaty of 
 Kainaidii lo.Ailv, 
 
 It was jiartially oiieneil to Uritlsli and uther tia.h ri, 
 (since which tinie the Itussiansgiadmdiy ubtaiin'i 
 the iircponilciani'c). , 
 
 Kiitereil liv the Hritish and Kreiieb tieets, ;it tin- 
 reiiuisition of the IVate, altei' the ilcstuntioa of 
 the Turkish Heel at Sinope l>y the Hnssiaiis, 
 30 .Nov, 1S53 ;,Ii(ii.' , 
 
 A dreadful storm in tliis sea raged, anil eausfil 
 great loss of life and shippini;, and vuluahle.sturea 
 for tlie allied urinies. See Uusiu-Tvikhh ir.i,.. 
 
 13 to 16 .Viiv. 
 
 The Ulaek Sea was opened to the eoninarie nt all 
 nations by the treaty of 1S56. 
 
 Tlie article of the treaty of Pans, 30 Maich, ,,-50, 
 liy which the sea was openeil to the eonnm.i, ,. iji 
 all nations, anil intenhcteil to any ships nf war ; 
 and the erection of military inaritiine arsenals Ui\- 
 bidden, was repudiated by a liusshin cireular, 
 •lated ..-..'.. 31 (lo)ijit'. 1-. I 
 
 After some coiTes]innilence, the nieetiiig i.|' a eim- ' 
 ferenee on the suli.ici t, in I.onilon, was agreeil to 
 liy all the powers eonicrneil iu the tiuaty , 
 
 The conference met in Lonilon 17 Jan. uVi.aaila 
 treaty was tigned by whieh the neiitialization uf 
 the sea was abrogateil ; l.ut it was a^-rci..i l.y a 
 sjiecial ]ii'iitocol, that no nation shall lihoateitM'lf 
 from the ohligations ofa treaty without the ...n,. 
 sent of the others who signeil it . n .Man li. 1 
 
 Ijloekaile of the Ulaek Sea declared hy Tiakcv 
 diu'ing the war , . . . about 3 .May', i:- I 
 
 Hevival of the lilack Sea Fleet: Tclusm'i, irniiciail 
 launeheil by the Czar at Seba.sto|iol (i.tlars tu 
 follow) 
 
 The iilaek tsea territory reoi^anizeil ,.., i. 
 province hy decree ; announced . 
 
 BLACKS, or Scri ; see Bianclii. 
 
 BLACKWALL (London), the 
 commercial docks and warehouses. 
 The Blackwall railway was ojiened to the pulilic. 41 
 July, 1840; the eastern terinimis l>eing at liljii-f 
 wall wharf, and the western in Fenchunli stref!,| 
 See 'J'hiiih/x, 1S91, 1't siij. and -Vidv/, Juno, iSt'i, 
 
 BLACK WATCH, armed compunicscflfcl 
 loyal elans (Campbells, .Monros, iJcc.) empliiuJ ! J 
 watch the highlands from about 172;; t(i'i;;ij, 
 when they were formed into the celebi'nti.d jaii 
 regiment, enrolled as "The Koyal lligliland lilacs 
 Watcdi." Their removal for foreign serviie piMiaWvl 
 facilitated the outbreak in 1745. 'I'hev udre'liril 
 tartans, and hence were called JJ/ack U'otch. liit 
 distinguished themselves in the .Vshantee «iir, Jail 
 Feb. 1874, and in Egypt, 1882-5. 
 
 BLACKAVATER, Battle of, in h,id,l 
 14 Aug. 1598, when the Irish chief O'.N'cildiliaiiJl 
 
 ■ 3 .M,iy, 
 
 lius.siau 
 
 4 Aii„. 
 
 lilt 
 
 «ite of liiR. 
 Sec li'ich. 
 
 '''8 Engli,,h under si 
 Clement ^■^I. ,,,„( o" 
 ;';'^lKm.jted to his follow' 
 
 to Clli.s,.|||t.|..s, 
 
 JJLACKWOOD'.S 
 
 •■tabhshed, lSl7;o \Vi| 
 Magazine," by .<;,,. uljj, 
 
 bladensburg 
 
 BLAXC, see .)/,,,, y;, 
 
 BL.VXD ACT, .see r 
 BLANDPORD'S A 
 
 BLANK VERSE, se 
 
 BLANKETEER.S. 
 
 "■'"'• ;;" 'O .March, 18?- , 
 ■"•■ar Manchester, /nanyl,' 
 
 backs IJiw was term,.,| 
 They l-roceeded to march to 
 disiiersed by the niagistraev 
 olyct was to comnienc '^, 
 bee JJa-/,;, Evenluallv ( 
 interview with the eal,inet 
 understan.ling l,,twe..u the 
 goveniinent ensued. 
 
 BLANKETS are s.iil t 
 
 at Bristol In- TJ?o.."1j,X 
 This IS doubtful. 
 
 BLASPHEMY wasp,, 
 tie law of .Moses (/,.,. ;ti."; 
 coJe of Justinian, a. ,/, 'A,/ 
 heciyj!andeano„|a„.„,^K; 
 
 tried and convieted i„ /, ' 
 .ym;ii,i8i2. Kobe, tT,M 1,7, 
 
 Masplicinons writin-s were coi 
 
 BLASTING GPr \tt 
 
 ■"tn.-.d.veerinea,Hl^,^,t:,\^,^ 
 i;vj«"c;l by .VllVed \obel, 
 
 BL.\ZONRY. Bearin. e 
 Mm'd atid became C^^, 
 %laadabo,., r,92,,,w.i;,'^,\7, 
 hwr hanners with ,|i(K.,,.,r, e,; 
 
 "?x:"'-' - ^"" '■■■"-^' 
 
 BLEACHING was know, 
 *}stem was adonied I,,- Vi, 1, 
 
 ^ '"'• to lierthoUefs di.s .Cven 
 (oiiibinutioii Willi lime A " Vl 
 
J^LAUKWOOD'S. 
 
 nh^Jn;^^^'""'''''''''*''''-.!'-.!. .8-8 
 
 '«'<1, X.SC6. 
 
 ;;LANKVEiiSE,.n-,t;"" - 
 
 backs. flu,s „,,, tc.r„„.l '^, ■■'■'';■'"■'' '" tiu'ir 
 
 understand!,,. |,a«.t...„ Z, ,k ,-, f'^; "■"' " I'^'tter 
 govi'r,i„if,it I'lisuuil. ""'Kills I'lasM's a,id d^. 
 
 :'t^^^^??^;"i;i:l' ;».''''r '""•" m-st ,„ade 
 
 This is (loubiful " ^' '" ""•' Mti, ,.,„;" ,'.5'.' 
 
 i U't'W »t\ ,., |5) ,-„, I ; ' ■' ''''"'i' lol,;f ,t 1 A,,„ 
 
 -;!';''7^.t,; ;^^;,,^;,:^^, - ;-- .11;. K,t^iishi;^ 
 
 ""■^"UKli, ami th,. F,vi„l, • V ,''"''^' "'■ -^i^ii-l- 
 
 £?s;!;s»;,s;;;;i;i.i.t,;S'lK;;i,,,S 
 
 f"'" tl,.. l,„i,..,, „,. Jjj,,„,„.i,;, ;^ "«■■", a.„l ..,v,.tc.cl lor 
 
 W, "! .]| 
 
 the 
 
 mJc of Just-hii;",,; A.].. r„. 
 
 (jeo. III. r. S (iHiu{ ii ' , , - 
 
 trial a„,l ..onvi .to, f^ i', ,^""|"' '^•'■"" Kato„ ,v,s 
 
 limd. Julv, iX;,- ,; ;;"l"'^»iiiiio„t, ami lai-^h- 
 
 ."'S;5^S:^^,„^^^;^^E]a ,„1.,„. ., 
 
 tmi,„.;,i^,,r(i i.ec.;.„,^l";.'rji';''''j.^-?f-»':'n» «■„., i„. 
 
 Wand about [,n, „„. „. 7 / ■\ "? ^ '■'■"t' .■ni,| 
 ;heir.ba,,ne,.switl,';iiKH4"''";'^'''V'-'''i"' 
 
 "?:;t.:'"™ --' "-^-'i^srt 
 
 -jstcm Has a.loytoil hy \L i) , V"'"'?*''''' '•'"'iiii'vi] 
 
 ■^ '!e tn l)lrthoIlo-.\.C::;,''''V"^''' '''-''■''"'*? 
 lombinatin,, with li„„./'*Vi*' .•''""'* 'jS^i. Its 
 
 api'tfiit Ibr tl„. i,roc,.,s ii, , - ''i *- "* • "''"took out 
 '^f^'^'^'.^nviv'n,^, ,^^"'yJ'^rl'isli.mi 
 Pf'shed a„ elaborate . t es of ^ ^" '^" ^^''^ L'l'f 
 
 llr.j,„.„b Banios Tliom, .n,' I ?''''V'"t'"t''d tv 
 'r'-"^d sur,:,ssiul, A "? '.'ss r' '}f "''Iton.and 
 
 ^^'■:™:-fci£l ^--"--s 
 1 ".two _vc.a,-s alt,,,., i',,''^- ': ''«•■■".',. ,iu,uh and 
 /J'; if"W. of 11„.,,„ [?'i' "■ " »" «-,dl tauifht bv 
 
 '->,(, It liiitam, 21, dH- 1,1;., I •■>'■ ""^'''*-' Were iii 
 
 '"•-'4 'Wiiab.s; +^;„;'"'; i";'--".^; (i.;,-j ,„ jj' 
 
 •^'S 22,800 i„ i.SS, I, 7„'a '"■;"-'l<",-' to tlu. 'en- 
 V'"J.. ■''u.T.v, i„ainv V :'"''' '■^'3' « -Vor- 
 
 "' i ;,";«C"v, '"■ '■"■"'•S .:;:',;;;:.';, V": 
 SsJH'S?r vS^'i"" '•''■■■'-'• 
 
 "^ ' "'""' 6. T. England 
 
 faure „f Meaehinj. no'vler Jf^', ^''^' '"""U- 
 
 desti-uyed t ,;. •• t',-' '"'" ""'"ke out at thi« , 1 
 
 t" ./o'l, ,'.??''"■'"" \'''''"'- An,,, 1. ' ' '"■■.""■^■« : tl,e 
 
 - I iSso ; ,-md was np. 
 
 i l'''''Jtfdii(isf,,'i'|ist!.'.-';r!','''' ,'^74 'an I 
 
 
 .1 
 
 '^iii»;'!i 
 
 
 w: 1 fi 
 
 ii A -•'•ihalF .- ! J; I.1-4 i. 
 
3,133. Thu (■..innilnsiuii met witli yivat ""' < it'""i> 
 
 •I'hellV,;,/,/ .s'l/mm.rrj/.ft iih« -purer for tlio '"'•,"' 
 IWuM in Lun.lon „n \VG.lh.-s,l«y«, »turU'd li. June, 
 
 EUMm.l,tnrv K.ln.atl,.. (Ulln.i nn.l V.i^f CUMn-u) Act, 
 
 syslnii nf pni.tii.k: for ti.e l.llii.l, lu l>,t. .^94- 
 BLIXDIXG bv ruiHumiMi,' th.' ryi'balls with 
 
 from total bliu.lne-s to a .linumM.on ' ' 'K • '^. 
 whole anny of UulKanans was 'l^'n^J''! ' / K't b^^^ 
 
 the vrnvvvor llasU, 11.4. ^';'''"' " ,. ,' ,d 
 emperors had their eyes torn Ironi then IhmUs. 
 
 RLISTEKS, used by llippoerates (460-357 
 n.t^), ma.leTit is said, of eantharides {w/nch »«■). 
 
 ULIZZVRD, an oM term applied in the Mid- 
 
 ^uythul^' blann;,', lilnuliiii.'. or stilliiii:. <>t lato 
 , ,"vi,ri..nt snow-stornisliave heen termed bhzzurd 
 ^.Ithe United States ot North Anwr.ea as we a. in 
 Britain. See W"'»i.s, 1 1-13 J''"- ! ■""' "-'3 •^^''-'-"' 
 1888, and since. 
 
 BLOCKADE i« tlu; elosing an enemy s ports 
 to all eommeree; u praetii-e mtrodiieed by he Uutch 
 about i;84. The prilieiple reeogiiized l>y the 
 Copean power., is tf.at every hloekade, l" "d^r to 
 be bndiw^, must l,e eMe.tnv. Cadiz blockaded 
 -n .9; ti;. Klh,. was bloc'kaded by Great Britaui, 
 180?; tlie Baltic. l,v ll.unmrk, 1S48-49 "nd 1»"4- 
 the Kulf of Finland bv the Allies, 1^54; and the 
 ports of the Sonthern States of NorUi Ameriea by 
 
 President Lincoln, April ^'>' }^^'- ^'\'^fZZ 
 hmcil, and Il,r/i,i. I'art of th.> east coast of Afuea 
 was blockaded bv England and l.ennany on account 
 of ,he slaye trade. 2 Dee. 1888-1 Oct. 1889: see 
 
 BLOCK BOOKS, see r,-u,tiiiff. 
 
 m 
 
 BLOCKS employed in 1 lie rigging of ships \vere 
 
 "h imi.roved in 'their const ruction by ^\ alter 
 Tavlor, aUut 1781, In 1801. Mark 1. Brunei in- 
 vented a mode of making blocks bv machuiery, 
 which was put into operation in 1808, ami m IM., 
 WM said to have saved the country 20,000/. a year. 
 
 BLOIS France, the Roman Blesuni. The 
 .oilnt Gu-'U. sold it with his domains to Louis 
 duko of OVleans in 1391, and eventually it ;u'crued 
 to the crown. The states-general were held liere 
 ,=70 and IS88, on account of the religious wars; 
 ,,n!i here Henry duke of Guise was assassinated by 
 order of the king, Henry UL. 23 Dec 1588. The 
 ^■iipress Maria Louisa retired here in 1814. 
 
 BLOOD. The circulation of the blood through 
 the lungs was known to Michael Servetus, a Spaiush 
 physician, in 1553. Coesalpinus published aii ac- 
 count of the general circulation, of winch he had 
 some confused ideas, improved afterwards by 
 experiments, I5</). I'aul of \eiuce, or Fa her 
 I'.i'.ln (r.-,il name Peter Sarpi). discovered the valves 
 which serve for the circulation; but the honour ot 
 the positive discovery of the circulation belongs to 
 William Harvey, between 1619 and 1025. treina. 
 
 A mpmorial window in the church at Folkeston. , 
 
 his birthplace, was uncovered <t April, 1 874, and n 
 
 statue at the siime place, Aug. 1881. 
 
 F.ATiNd Ilr.ooD was prohibltiMi to N.iah. 'fVii. lx.,tntli,. 
 Jews Ia'i: xvli , Ac. and to the tJeiitlle converts l.y 
 Uio opostlcs lit ail assembly at .leiUHiikMii, .x.u. 5,, 
 
 I)i'oou.|>KiNKiNo was anciently trie.l to give v;«/iir \., 
 tlio system, Liaiis XI. in liw last Illness, ilmL,k tin. 
 wanii bluo.l of infants, In tbe , ,ini hope of lestoruii,- l,i, 
 
 .lecayedstrunKtli, M-l.l- W'""""- „,,.,,, , 
 III tlie 15th ceiitniyan oi.lnlon i>revailea II at the ,:.. 
 (•lining \i«our of the aged might I'C repalicil l.y rm-.- 
 KCSiNci Into their veins the blooil of youuK p'l- ■,, 
 It was (•iiunteiianceil in Kniiue by tlie liliv-iM.u,, 
 about i663, and prevftlle.l for many yeoi's, till lli. n,,,-! 
 fatal etfects h iving ensncil, it was suppressd by m, 
 diet "An I -•llsh iihysiciau (Louver, or l.uw.i) 
 iiractised in this way ; he dieil in 1691.' i-in.-W. |t 
 was ultemi.ted again in France 111 1797, and ii,„„. 
 recently there, in a few eases, with success ; and m 
 Kiinland (but the instances are rare) since 183;. Tiinl 
 at Vhiladelphla, f,S,, April, 1877 ; In London,,,,,, 
 sui'cessful, 10 .Mai . 1877. 
 
 BLOOD'S CONHPIRACY. Blood, a .Hs- 
 carded othcer of Oliver Cromwell s houscliolil, with 
 his confederates, seized the duke of Ormond m )„. 
 roach, intending to hang him, and had got liim t. 
 Tvliurn, when he was rescued by his friends, ii ll,r. 
 Iti-o. Blood afterwards, in the disguise id' a r\.Ti\- 
 man, attempted to steal the regal crown fn.m tl,,. 
 Jewel-olfice in the Tower, 9 May, I()7I; yet, imt- 
 withstanding these and other otfences, he was nit 
 only pardoned, but had a pension of 500/. per annuji, 
 settled on him by Iharles IL I()7I. He died 24 
 Aug. 1680. 
 
 "BLOODY A8SIZES," held by JiUVcysii, 
 the west of Knghind, iu Aug. 1085, alter the dcl'c.it 
 of the duke of .Monmouth in the liattle of Seib.'iiioor. 
 Upwards of 3(X) [lersons were executed afler slioit 
 trials; very many were whipped, imprisoinil, ;mu 
 lined ; and nearly 1000 were sent as slaves to tin; 
 American plantations. 
 
 BLOOMER COSTUME, see a note to aiti.V 
 Dress. 
 
 BL00M8BURY GANG, a cant term ai.pli.,1 
 to an intlueii -l political party m the rci;,'M ui 
 George III. , who met at Bloomsbury IIou-c, tlir 
 residence of the duke of Bedford. The mar,|Mis 4 
 Stafford, the last survivor, died 26 Oct. 1803. 
 
 BLOREHEATH (Staffordshire), where, :; 
 Sept. 1459, the earl of Salisbury and the Y"iki-;,< 
 defeated the Liincastri. ns, whose Icadi'r, 1 ij 
 Audley, was slain with many Cheshire gcntlii.i.!!. 
 A cross commemorates tliis coutiict. 
 
 _ BL 
 
 BLOWING-MACHINES, the large cylin- 
 ders, used in blowing machines, were erectc.l k 
 Mr. Smeaton at the Carron iron works, 17O0. Uii. 
 equal to the supply of oir for forty forge tires w.ii 
 erected at the kiiig's dockyard, Woolwich. The 
 hot-air blast, a most important iniprovcment, causiii: 
 great economy of fuel, was invented by .Mr. Jjiiin 
 B. Neilson, of Glasgow, and patented in 1828. \h 
 died 18 Jan. 1865. 
 
 BLOW-PIPE. An Egyptian using one is 
 among the paintings on the tombs at Ihebes. 1! 
 was employed in mineralogy, by Antony Von Swab, 
 a Swede, about 1733, and improved liy \\o\hm 
 and others. In 1802, professor Koliert Hare, ol 
 Philadelphia, increased the action of the bloiv-piw 
 by the application of oxygen andhydi-ogcn. livtlie 
 agency of Newman's im'proved urnv-pipm, in •'!■., 
 Dr. E! D. Clarke fused the earths, alkalies, metals, 
 &c. Works on the blow -pipe by I'lattner and Mui- 
 
 BLUE W.Ls ,),„ ,;,,„„ 
 
 ,^'■':"■'*.|.eean„., „;,",,' 
 
 '7 "'"'88; ami 1..," 
 
 7th c 
 ' whiij 
 
 ",' 
 l"''''''';'''lin'KSo2."Ti,,",'l'i; 
 
 ^ucs,,reMowol„„i,„.,';„ 
 
 r*tmne of ,(„. ,.,,(,,, "; 
 .yc".'ate.„n.,t, r,,„„,, • 
 
 W."U552;seer/„V,r >;;, 
 
 ■' '':'•'" I'j'piioii to ii,,.r,;,v 
 
 «'"/■)• 'leiijimiiii .Stillii i.r 
 aelive mei.il,,.,., wor,. 1 1 , ,^ 
 
 ;V''"""- ■'•'"■ i.e.i„,r 
 
 ;ll:nv»„,,, M,„, ,,,;',, -^l 
 
 )\t*. .Montague, y//, - 
 
 I'W-r, |,S82. ' 
 
 '<''"' JitM 
 
 BLlE-nOOKN, repori 
 
 l'n;|^'<ll.v order of pa,.,i,;,,:^ 
 
 "Mt. their vvr,a,,,,„,.,. -^j' 
 
 II"' I'lrd.s, ,1,11 -(.Vol., V, ;. ,1 
 
 IV "tticial eo|„l„ ,Vf l^,,*^^ „,:' 
 .™ii,y«.^,VM,„|y^,;,;V 
 v.to,.\..l.,^mv/, Austria,,-, 
 
 BLU.\rENAU,Low,,rA„, 
 
 llie .liisinaiis i„ i„„„, 
 
 ^"-^^'1 1'v the i-n,Li:,r ;: 
 
 '"'""t the armistice ,i:;,-,,,';n 
 tJe^uneeyenuigAustriaiisanu: 
 
 BOARD OP ADAiriM 
 
 ITKE, Co-VTUOL, G, K -1-:} 
 ri;.tDE, A:e., see »nd.vM^, 
 
 .>llil>"r.; l'ut.-hmaM,;il„„,f ,, 
 
 «"<;«,-i.Mv„,„n:!Mr'^:^ 
 
 I (liilonr.vahiabl,. Boit-I,,,- 
 
 ;*j.«io. «eeL,;i;:r;::; 
 
 ^::F»t:v-zi'l::;i-'r 
 
 '■"; '■'■';''.>■ l'-iiii,'d a boat on ,i„'. c, 
 I;' 1774- llo!«.,t Piir'-,'; ■' '""■ ■■' 
 
 J'iuwti"ll «v,-,. ,1 , "f""'< e\p,.|.|,„ 
 
 h''«''iry U 1,, ,' ;'^:■;■l;f'■d'(early 
 l':i^t•■b,- .,,,,,|,'''^'.'''''f'■'l'■f'■''at.>^t 
 
 |eii«"(ton),.,l„,"', '"'"' ""-ere 
 |««liai,n,to„ ,v„t,'? ™'' »uccessf, 
 
 ■ 
 
UfEOTrA. 
 
 BLUE »■,,» ,(,„ ,•.„,. 
 
 "■'ll)f JUT n,ii,.,,| tl„ ..■'.';.'",'-'' "" tll(. covi.,. „(■ ,1,' , 
 
 ;;"""";• "f tt,.. Wiim ,,„. t , j/L''"'"''"' '" "-e 
 
 ^'; "' '552; «"' ^'■'''''- • >/ '^./ "; i.'''"' '■> '■■'^^'"J 
 ' ';''■'" ,'f'l'li-.l to lif.nnv 1, • "'■^■'^■'^'■"'•KiNo, 
 """■'■"■'' "II •'•""■ii'tv,.,,- ••'■'• "■'"* "rik'iiiullv 
 
 «/"•,, ,,S,Sj. ■'"'''""' An,,,,, set- 7(w^tu ' 
 
 BLl'E-UOOK-^ - 
 
 "■ l"nls, a„.l ;„ ',.'„,,. f, '.",'"• "•'•'™ I'rint,.,! ,„r 
 Ih'oltlcial nil.Mir „f I.',. • '"'inii""^ in l«-/ 
 
 Gi'rnwiiv ,vhilc \U\\v „.■ \^* •''"■"""■. .Si)aiii rni 
 
 '""^'. in -- .1... "* '" ' I'lwJii,, I , . '"" 
 
 :;;"iJii;;;S£?-,H&-.;:.u-„.,;,:^:! 
 
 •'"^"•k"i iiv ti.,. I'ruLi' ,7 ' ;;' . "n'* I'l^no «■,.,■; 'i^n-r i......: ; . V'!.>. ^■■ifm.sM.x- ti.,. ,.i.,l...^"i.''!'> '■-■>• 
 
 *'•■""■'; ',' «''vnv ,.„„,li,. ;,',' ";,■;■■ '"■■"■'■'' '"wanin 
 K'l'ther. "'^.iiuu I'ussianslrivoua.ki'd 
 
 A. 
 
 BOARD OP AD-MlifATTv . 
 
 'yKiK::!;''!rj,;-'« brought i,uo„,, 
 ''fi''"'"i"ii 'It ii„«.. ,„.■,■ It " '''■'■'•'<■'' '"I- its 
 
 *'f^rr,„a.{,n;;i'aj;;u;:";v;; >'"iV« "iMn, 
 
 ^^hz:^^ !-^.:wXa'^v\lr 
 
 w.iiitli . •* "'-' '"'ik: nniviiiy at Vi\ 
 
 pr'''!-'-'"i»'"'''^'-ii"K":^etr.^ 
 
 ",'""""' '"^'"■«, "110 is safil (1. ii..,. "i ■ •J'lly. iS8. 
 ■<vs.srnlatt,;,,,/" ■^.'.'.'''^■•'■'■I'tl. 
 
 
 ''111', and 
 
 lit) 
 I'iaii 
 
 
 I E'lniw-aii 1)1-.., ,^ 
 
 , •-■■•■ ' ' !»• .■i.i|,l„v,.,| llu^yT ''V^f-'Ckli,,!,,, i„ 
 
 |l»mMnr,i,i,k ■>' tl.. ,v,-r "'• ""' '"'■■" "■■IV- 
 
 |«'*'";i..u„i,t,I,'';.,l;'f ""*■■' xiiece.s^fuijy";';;.,;:^ 
 
 i9-2oDre. 1SS7 
 
 (;''H.-'«Jan. ,6,,) ,,: 
 
 , '"''■■"■.-." iMi.iisiK.d,",;s •^"""''' ■"■ the ij,„;,'" 
 
 '« "■mI:;,*' ■H£~r\:!:;:;;;;:;'; .; 
 ^^•('■■"iiiii.mda.., a c„,i , '• ""f'"''!, I »,.n,o . i 
 
 ?/r'^i;'';"'-^''-!J^'"ani' • 
 n)„j;i';:""'^ '"-Ms,, ,.„.„i;. (-^.^^ 
 
 "1^; Tl„.lv,„sti^i,t with t!„. »,, • 
 
 Jill' .>|>ait.iiisaii|iiiLMlio TI, '1 
 m.|iisi,HarTai,'',':^a'''' ^'"■*'""' ''^'''■I't tli,. aU,..: 
 
 ':utn!,nr''''\'''"''''^''t'-rhobaii, ;,,,,,., ,,,^ 
 
 "f ..I,. 
 
 ■'llitv 
 ■ii-^a't 
 iailist the 
 
 I|0? 
 
 i,,S3 
 
 126(5 
 12..S 
 1213 
 
 llqj 
 
 479 
 
 437 
 
 ■•47 
 
 ! i /tVil 
 
 
 'Ci 
 
BOEUH. 
 
 146 
 
 TIOHKMIA. 
 
 i1: 
 
 m 
 
 VI 
 
 ,17 > 
 J' 4 
 
 3U 
 
 17" 
 
 Till' Thrtiiiim. iih.U'r Ki.iiimIkoimIiin iin|l IVlHl'MriJ 
 
 Kl«inl.M.i,.his M..|VatH th<- l,acy.l,.iiMili u ik lit 
 
 ' ''n''lrii. nn.l i.-tun.H 'n,..l..-H U< l,Mle|-n.lrn.'.> . 
 
 IVIcl.M.iH klll.'.l "t tliH Latllii (if L}li.w..rli.il* ■ 
 
 Kpm'n',' '",1- uMn» the vlet.M.v -f Manllnoa, l.»t l« 
 
 I'hi'l'il'.' klim "> >l 1"". 'Iffwitn' tli.< Thfliuiw mill 
 
 Clreece; iiml »!i'. - i 'I '■> ""' "'">' """" ' ,^[, 
 
 Mahomi'tll ...•■'•" 
 
 kHiI.m' in Snutli Alli.a. "i"''' the lOtb antury, 
 whoHtill ivtiiin tlnir ii.iiion;.! ';'i"i':"*'''\. /'fj;"; 
 tciiti'd "ill. ll- I'lili'l' i"l'' '" ""; ')'" "' ."^i' 
 
 witlnvi.nl-, Mi.l r.iMHlMl llic OniiiK;.' I'trt. Sfiit • 
 M8 6J;,Ml.Y,/l^:ii,-v,,,lH.Ti.Mi.(.«4.HVitt.Tn,u,li 
 
 HttlitiiiK «itli til'' ii'li*!'". !"■'■ Irini^nial lN_)l. 
 
 BOGOTA. Saxta Ff; DE, <iiliiti>l "f ^''•* 
 
 (Jri'iiiiilii [ii/iir/' «',. iMiiluli'il '?.}'*<• 
 
 HO(tS, l.r.'t;:ililv till' irniiiilisnf f„re*t*, coyorcil 
 wit u t,l,„l 1,....,. s„il. AniHt fmMl.i'ilni.Mngr 
 
 Ireland Im- I- 'hi .....n.Mr.l :it .j.aw.ax) «.n> ; tlmt 
 of Scotlntiil ..t upwariU uf 2.«X).(XX) ; at.,1 tliat t 
 EiiKluiid lit iH'.ir 1,000,000 ot lUTi's. In Jim. l»4'>' 
 U, li,,. I!..... t.".k ..It . patent for iiftai. 
 valiuibk. pro,lii.t. IV 111 Iii-li I""'- Cundlrs and 
 various .itLr mtirlrs prndn.rd hum poat Imv. beoi. 
 
 sinoe Kuld in London. Imu-I for miUav onsuu.* aiid 
 other purposis «a« mi'de fiom peat (.M";". ''^|3' • 
 and a (leat. umI. and ihuno .1 . "nipany e»taldi»lied. 
 
 Muelid.'Klni.fi.ai lia. ii lans.-.l l;v ''"' '"""'"' "' 
 
 l«,g« LWan.l (alnait ,546) M"'"t<>. "f I'liat .Mo«s doiOK 
 
 "'Miseliu-fwa.d..i,.v,t Kn.iwlii""!". Inland, 3 J111..1S5 1 : 
 
 and farni i.on-'s m„.i iLids lo.ai iniiniioie "■';'■;::;;;;;;. 
 
 Oct 187' Tliroiu I i..a\y niiii' and tliH peMol.it oiiui 
 vvnt'ertii. Ki.neknuciTlia t«...' a n.il.' lon^ and a 1 Miile , 
 
 broad «. Ra,i,i.H,n.1i, K.,K..n.v .av »ay.,'";;' ;;,;;;' 
 
 nelh- I'aniilv (8 n.TMiiir.) at yiiany-lod;;!-, on loMl l\' ii- , 
 
 mnri's "slat.' "' H'l '/-l ; ^,!.u..n llsh.Ty m the river 1 
 
 Flesk, and so. all laniier.s niirii'l. 2S, 19 Uee. iUgfi, | 
 
 BOGUE FORTS, i^ee a,u„i, 1841. | 
 
 BOHEMIA, fornnrlv the Ilereyniaii forest 
 (Boieniuni T"itiiii). derive.- its name troin tlie H"ii, 
 a Celti.' trilie. It \\m j;o\erned liy dukes (llorzivoi 
 thetir-l Sen '. till Uttoe^.r a.suimd tlie title ot knif?, 
 1IQ« Tlie Uiii'.'sat tii--t held their territory from 
 the empire ; and the ennvn was elective till it eame 
 to the liou-'e of Austiia, in which it is now here- 
 aitarv, I'rafe'ue. the capital, is famous for sieges 
 and Wtles. I'opulatiou in 1857, 4,705.5,25; '" 
 1870. i,l40.i;44; i" ''"^'A 5.«43.250; «•'-' 1>>'<JM- 
 For Bdliemiaiis, see (J:'P'<iif. 
 Tlie Czechs (ISlavonians) coiiHinr liuheiiiia al.oiit 5th 
 
 century. 
 
 City of Prague f.-iundcd 759 
 
 Introduction of Christianity . . • • • S94 
 Bohemia eoiaiucicd Ijy tlie iiiipevor Henry III. who 
 
 spreads ilcvastatioii tliiouwli the country . . 1041 
 Ottoear (Preiuishi.'.) 1., Iii»* kin;; of Boheiaia . . 1198 
 Ottocar II. lilies over Austri.i, and cdit;iius iityna, 
 
 &e 1253; refuses tlie iiupi'iial iTown . . .1372 
 Ottocar vnnqiiish.d l.y tie- cmi.i rnr Itiididph and 
 
 deprived of Au-tiia, Htyiia ami Caniiola. 1277; 
 
 killed at Maicl.lcM . • ,• , •,^. ^^ '^"«' '^7^ 
 Kin.' .lohii (////■ /I'/l. slain at the Lallle of Civey . . 1346 
 Johii Hush ami Jer.)ine ..I Prague, two of the l.r.^t 
 
 roforniers, Iniint for hi'ie.sy ; whi.di occasions an 
 
 insurrection '4«5. '4'« 
 
 ZlHka, iea.li.r of the llii«»lle., Iak.» I'mnue, 141 ^ 
 
 .ll|.s orilie pl.lillli' i|.| 
 
 Alhi'il, link.' orAiKllla, iMiinle»lhcihiiighl.T.,f,tlM' 
 lati, eiiipipi.i ami klliu, iiIhI re. eiven 111" cnwiis.if 
 llohi'iiita ami lliiliuni'V u ■ 
 
 Til.' sm. I'saioii iiirrliiti.''l l.y l.ii.ll'hiK, ""H of th.' 
 kiiiu of I'oiaii.l. 'i»d lli.irui. I'lHliid.ia.l, 11 piot.- 
 laiit . hl.'f Ml . It : 
 
 l.a,li»la», kliiK ..r I'.ihiml, eleel. d klliu of llohemi ,. 
 „ii the.l.'iiih.iri'.p.li.'l.lii.l . . , 1471 
 
 Tl mp.ioi !''. r.lliiaml I inaiil.'a Aim.', Klalcr ..I 
 
 I.oiils 111.' lilt.' klhu, iiml ohiiilii" Hie erown . . i.... 
 
 The elllpel'ol' Kel.llll.lh.l If, oppl.'«»lll(< tllH pl'oli- 
 tallH, Is .l.'posiil, llli.l Kle.lill.' Hie .'l.ctor.pal i 
 
 timi, eh'.'lcil klliti . , , . . 5 ".pi. iCi, 
 
 Ki.'.l.'i'ie. totally .letciili'il ill t'niijiie, llces p. 
 
 Ilollaml 1 Noi. 1';. 
 
 Il.ihi'iiil.i S.-.I1I..I I.. Aii"li|ii l.v treaty . 1',. 
 
 .sil.'^ti iiml illal/ .'."l.'.l lo I'liiola , , . . i;,.. 
 
 I'lMgll.' laki n li\ llie rni»«liiii» . , . . t;;, 
 
 riii.^niiiiis .l.'l.'i.l Aii>lilriii« III I'maue . , 6M.n. 1;,. 
 
 H,V..II of III.' pc.lvlllllV i;;, 
 
 Klii.'l .if'l'.ili'ialloh Pio|iiid«ati'd, 1;; 
 
 Till' l-'iemli oi'.npy Vi'MBii.. ilJ 
 
 liisiin.'.'ll.ili III I'muile. u .lillii' ; Niililillnnlon, state 
 
 of siegi. iiiIhi .1 jo.Iuh, i;j 
 
 Till' Prussians enter Holieliilii, will. Ii ln'cniB' Ui.> 
 
 ii'iil ol war (sei' '.Vi III..)../, i<'.'i) . • 34 ■'''!. ^ 1!'" 
 Agilati fllie 1 /..'. Ii», who li.i|iille the i'ii,| .-..i 
 
 III he clown..! kiliK o| ll'iheiiila with the einun ■■t 
 
 Ml. W. 11. .•slas III I'l'iiuiie , , 1111I11111I1. i:'.; 
 
 Hints at I'nmuii ; halieiii. eorpiis act siispiiiel.'.l, 
 
 loO'i ,,': 
 Hohi'iiilan agitation roi'seir'Hovniliiiieiit , n.|.lr.'»«. . 
 
 pi Ih.' elllpelol , 14 Hepl. ail.l 3 llct , J; 
 
 .Mllllih>.l.l ..I III.' cllipch I M .>iep| ,.., 
 
 ll.ih.'lidali .l.'pillle< ali>i III rioin the ri'l.'hspitji, 
 
 I'l'C .. 
 
 The o YiiniiHf'/.'eh" pai'ly .ler.'aled In llieelctioiK 
 
 •lulV, t:-, 
 Czech il.'pntieHi'litel lei. hmiilh . . Sliet. ,..^ 
 The im.ll.in of Hie Voiiii« r/eeln In Hi" asseinhly 
 
 for ll iioiialloli of Hill I'liipei'oi' iis kiiiu "I 
 
 ll.di.'iiila m.;{allv.il, iifl. r si'velal days' wnini 
 il.'l iile ... 9 Xe\. T.': 
 
 I'eilii'flll selHellielll el Hie .ll>plllcs liel w.'i'li Cz-i In 
 ami Ih'iniaiis, in iieoiilereiiei', hy the liileni'iitjei. 
 
 of Ihe ell. pep r 17 I'^'lll'. v., 
 
 P.'a.e e.iiiliinieil al. a liieellnK oflhe .||.'t oj .Miiv, , 
 Mlrike of alioiit ft,.««i inlli.T* al Nilrsehuii ; luk 
 with iiiililaiy ; Ihe liieii klllo.l , .ly-iiyM.iv, .. 
 
 Th.' lli.'l le-iipelied 14 lll'l,, lIlC YoUII(( t/..,.iH 
 
 oll,llUCl li'ulnlllioll . ... Oct , 
 
 Meet 11K ot the ili.'l ; 111.' VnUIIK CZel'll plllty i|h. 
 slnii'liv.'; 111.' I'.', .iii.'llliilloii of lieiiiiiuii. iiinl 
 
 Cz.'.'hs il.'lay.-.l X..V. „ 
 
 The Ih'i.x mine iiiiilulali.l Ihroiixli heavy rains. :; 
 
 collleis perish, iiiilioiili. 'C.I , . juNm. ., 
 
 The ciiip.'i'.ir iiilei\eiie» lo pii'liiol.' Hi.' passing ef 
 
 till' , .iiiipi Ise.l hill hy Ihe dii I ; th.' YoaiiK 
 
 Cze.'llH re.illire lllltoliohiy like llillll^lin 
 
 mi.hlle H. i ., 
 
 Gradual dlsKolulloii of I tin Old Czicli party (i 1. . 
 
 rates) II".. 
 
 Till' Aiislihin U"*'cl'liliii'iil deleriiiliie to liiiiki' ii. 
 
 niiile eiill.'.'Sni..ll» lo III.' I Cecils ; alll|..lUln"l pi 
 
 the illi'l .... 5 Jim. i:,: 
 
 Csellll legi»hlll'i|l III Ihe diet olisl I llcli'il l,y liif 
 
 Voiiiig I'ze.hs, ah.inl , . . .I'j.lai, 
 
 Til.' V.iiiiiK Cz.'.'hs »l. I.irl.iii.s III the eh'.lii'iis ; II;. 
 
 Uii'ner, Ihe vi'iieiiilih' l.'iid.r of Hie Ill.lOcliJ, 
 
 ami his parly, loiidly .lel'eiited, a -4 Maicli; lu' 
 
 retii.'s from pnhll.' III.' , . Mnr.li, .. 
 
 The emperor visiU I'liiuiii' to pl'oniolc pi'iico 1»'- 
 
 twe.n Ih.' Ui'lliiiilis ami I'z.clis vf. Hepl, -i 0.1. 
 
 Kxph.si.ui of a hrlilu.' iil llosrntlial, over hIii.Ii 
 
 the emperor was evi'i'i'led lo pass . 3o!?ei'l. ,, 
 The governiiHIil coiiipiomls.. ilUeiis».'d In tin- iliil 
 
 ami strongly op|..". '.I . . . -..4 .Mar. li. 1';: 
 fire in the gieal mlMir liilne, llirkeiihi ly. iirai 
 
 Pizihram, alioiil .lij.lealhs . . ji M"! . 
 DisagieeiiiiinlM In III" .llid ) uidBliid to he rlose.i 
 
 ijihy lis I 
 Pistil I'hanees of workiiieii lit ProKue niiil Drmni, 
 
 suppri's.scd sM'.^ir „ 
 
 Hepiesslon of tlia YoUlig Czech iiKllatloli hi Praniie, 
 about jSei'l' » 
 
 BOHKMfAK 
 
 Aiiim.slv„,,,|,f,„| r„|. ,„,,,' 
 Plhekvi:'^";"^""''"''"'' 
 
 iiyS. £iemi,las Of (,„,„.,'"' 
 
 |jj,j. Weme,,|aN III 
 
 1^51 ';""ilsl,.„o„,„ „ 
 
 "'■' j^^'''""'i'is IV . k ,i« ;, 
 
 Ijuj. H'.'M.'.',|,|, V ** 
 
 IJ.A |lu.lolpli„rAn,(ria 
 .J'.;, l.'.ii.i ..rcarlni , 
 i.uo, ;',"liii"l(,iix>,„|, ,'^,. 
 1.141. t.liail.', I.,em,.,.. , /^ 
 
 141';, .siKisi„i„„i I ;, ' ', ;.' 
 
 I4l^. Alherlof Vi,; , ,' ',' ' 
 ■440' r.a.lislas V '""■ ""I' 
 
 '453. (1 -g.' Mill P.„I,',.|„.„, 
 
 .4;.. .'idisl,„Vf,K., V ',, 
 ijid l,..nls, kiiig,,rii,,„„.. 
 
 '■!'•■ '"I kinx 'see i;,'!. 
 
 christian.s in ,h:;;..„,J!"^-;^ 
 
 fcini he Cal.xtines („'/,/,', 
 
 «»n-|ill,eiits., (iieihuilh, „ 
 
 ..cs,ai,, hehltlH'seript'nr 
 
 .mil. Ihey pi'es,.„t,.,|.;,„„ 
 
 Liidislas in Uoi („ i,,^,:,',, 
 
 laid to their lliln.;,,.:'.'.'^'!.,, 
 
 commmiiraiioti with tip, \v 
 
 titl.t fr..ni them. J,,,,,,,, jj 
 
 inty of do.'frim.. „„,, ^ 
 
 th.'lr dlseipllu,'. Thev W,',', 
 
 rfiiKi-nis wars of Germany i„ 
 
 "IIS4'' Ihlswas followeil 
 .|U:inini, .si'icntiti,. anj iu,,,, 
 (XJOvohinie,.,. These wm h , 
 andlUdyin i.shM , ' i' 
 j-lmne, Jlr. vX„ .,i;,"^ 
 II..- pictm-cs am! works of , 
 I9,:20/. .Mar.'h, 1885. °* ' 
 
 . BOIJ, a Celtic people of V 
 
 s: 8 i,'j'"''rr' " ''^'•-'-' 
 
 BOILER.S, STP»\r \r 
 
 f ^y their expl^^^^^',?«; 
 W«ow ir.,ii.works, c Jranh 1 
 j; ihe li,vhilMro„J..k^' ,^; 
 .'*^Boue,-sE.,p,o,i„„.^„,_p,^ 
 
 If)' lilt exi.l'i.sjiiii of n ,1 .r,„.' 
 
 ■ *''-'^^' =5 deaths ; J„„e_ ;g 
 
 ,BOILL\G OF LIQUIDS 
 
 Lim,1,„i ■ 53 '-'dir. j Pl„,s|,i„„ 
 
 jWater ' J^ " | Oil of fur 
 
 ■'''iWi.'aoiil' ' ''al " I ''^"lidinr 
 
 I "Wuricacia : ^' " -Md'euiy 
 
_BOirKMlAX mjKTirKEN: 
 
 II) 
 
 KINCIN. 
 
 111. 
 
 ItlllKlllluVil 
 
 uor.rvrA. 
 
 ■lllllH 
 
 llyS 
 IJJI. 
 
 1.1.7. 
 
 IJ73, 
 
 I4I)- 
 
 14 H. 
 
 1440. 
 
 1433- 
 
 1471 
 
 1516. 
 
 1346. 
 
 " ir II. 
 
 . kiiiM, 
 
 ■rP"inii,i. 
 
 .'locyj. 
 
 £l>'lnls|,N(>t, 
 
 WlMI.|.,|,|N III 
 
 j;"lll(-.|;M()ft. 
 Y,l'll..',|„^ IV 
 
 »ni.-,v,|,,N V 
 '"'"l|'ln.r.\M.,f,i,,. 
 
 ■'"|i"iiir.s. 
 
 'vi' (ivp, ,,i,,i i„ ,: , ' '•} ."'.if. 22 ii,.,i, v/ir 
 
 f'T .1 Minil,.,. ,,„„,., j^ Mar,'), ,- , v'"'"'' ''>'»"ner 
 
 hdft 
 
 pOH(,|l,.,| liy 
 
 ' "ctWrili 
 
 f'i'lllillilll.l I 
 
 •ily (,( 
 
 Chn.f ,„s ,„ l':h..ni'"^™*K-y. " 1' 
 
 f.alh. TliMv pnN,.„t,., , ; '".' "'I'll- "Mlv n,|,'„f 
 I.iiili«^i-' in' 15.U to H f i'"'''","' '"'"i '" kill- 
 
 comnmiiir.itiuii „;,) ,, \v.,l ,"'''■"', '" li'ivc liiid 
 "n^t f,'u,., ,|„,„. j!,;,,,,.^j ';'',''-';• '"". w..n. ,iM. 
 pimty nf (Inrfiii,,.. ,„„| '\ 1. ;W;, "'""■" '" ""■!'• i 
 
 r.-lit{i'H..swai-a.,fG,.,,na„y i, ,;'':',"' '''"''"' "'" I 
 
 -111'"!'- Mr. vXu !iIUT^^:^1sh:""^ ';"'^''- 
 
 His piclure.s ami works o( "m-V i '-^'V' "K'''' 'p. 
 19,2:0/. .Uanh, 1.S8S. '"' **>■ «"'^'. r^'^ilii^Vd 
 
 luikMMthl.Ofh,,,,.,,.."".^! ,'■'"■"'1""':"'' KV tho 
 
 " ."J 'ly "i" Aral.. ai„ ,'•'•',? "', ,-'""'".^' '" "'« Tth, 
 "' 'iii-^t'Ts it was , ,|,,i ,„;, i';. ,'/ ■;'; y'l'-'-'iis ch.aiigeH 
 
 '"'""/•I SI'"l'l:.it ; n„ ,■, „„ /'"• ""^1' Hnoy,, 
 '" Ji'i"', l.S,2. J ,[ .„;'""'• .''X ""■ khan, al,," t 
 
 I {i..ss,a„H „.,,, ,,,,,.(„ '.,;'.''■,'.' •'''l.v.iW.;. The 
 I '"■'•i'l"i''l Sainaiv.aii.l tl„, ^'t -,-^ ^^V.' '^A anU 
 
 I'l'-"!^ «c.v ,„a,l,. In tl I Li ''"-'• '■/"'f'^''- ''"n- 
 I «;iipH.un..l l,v tivafV X„;"^«i;^''^' "'"1 ^aniareaMa 
 
 '"' '""iiii-'ivi.al trnil\ u-H, I, • ■ '^ "i'**' Political 
 
 '''■^I'l'tcl, li,>ai,|„,,K.d t,?'i( V ■/'"■"'""""t bfinif 
 
 '■"»•• ■"* Jan., at .St iw . . '' ^'"''"■' • I't .M03. 
 '«'),?; •■'-''.., -Mav.Jnni'lg:'"''''' '3 Ji"'.-9 Fob. 
 
 ""^y ^an^t^' 'V;:;:';"'"'' '" S-uth An„.,.i,.a. ^.r. 
 
 BOri,,iCVlM,. peonlonfV I, I , 1 '''^'J" '(' ■•*'ii'ii't«lj'2,o;),i",'x^^'°°°* "^'^' ''.'«9!soo:' 
 
 iiilo Itah, iinil nVr 
 Wi;, 283 B.C. Th,.v 
 
 -S^;2;i;.s= 
 
 ::u';'i:";';;:"!!-"™"'^j"y 
 
 ?fWtl„>i,...,,,;^,^^,;V'f- ,fe "■•^o hare be.n 
 
 , ,,!■%, .886. "- '^'""' "'"' '7 i"T«..n.s i,,";;;';,'- 
 
 ' ""' '^9^97. 27 ilt\itli.s. 
 
 Ut 
 in 
 
 BOTI rvp riw T- X ' '"9^97, 27 ilMtli.s. 
 
 4S^,i?e??,,^S'?«-I^r.Hooke.abo 
 '■" aft..,- tlu>v hailon 2 e^rr ;ioMn,.r..a«.ci in 
 
 !*«ngboiii,„poi,:;:;i;;,|!;:'L:;;;;';-;;m^iy. Ti»e 
 
 Tiipa,. .U,aii-i, V ,1,1 ,',"■", """I"'-''. 
 TIa. ■ "Miilrv , rl"., '?■ ,'' '''"^■'^' '"••"■« 
 
 ■^•■•■||'v.i hyn .,■,''■:,'';'''''''■"',''■>''■« 
 
 'l'""k til.. I, I,. , 1? '■'^>'"""''li" ■ 
 ii.,livai- ' ""'''■'"• ill ''""our 
 
 f'iwt <nri-r..s.s iii,.t . ' ' ' ■ 
 '"■lU'ial .Sii,-,r >,„v,.|.,„.,i .;,,,., 
 
 ■•^aiitaCnunil,.,! ' ' ' • ■ 
 V'''';,V''la-i"'. I'lv.Hi.lrnt. ■ . ■ ■ 
 
 ^;Z llt,^-". i"VM.i..nt .•.■.• 
 
 Kn.L.-tm,|,.,„-,„.|;,i|,„,,| ■ • • • 
 ••eiic-.ial Cnlova, pn-si.|, nf ' 
 
 si.-^^.M'i;i;se"r:^"rr"'"-'"-'''^''" • 
 
 B,.mnu.s,li,.tal,,,-,,f,|,en.,,,,l,H,, ' ' =^"'■'•■ 
 
 T"ui,;i-;K-X^i^^ri"-^^'f"-"^-';i: 
 
 t,aui,.. at \, ,,,.,,,, ,j,,,, ,,|,i,ii„,„..; 
 
 , 3< 
 
 , , '73a-, 
 ■ 6 AliW- i8j4 
 , ■ 9 iJi..,.. „ 
 '' Ki'iii'ml 
 
 • "■)">;. .825 
 23 May, 1826 
 
 i8.>6-8 
 ■ ■ i8j« 
 
 • • i828-ja 
 
 • 9 Ffl). ,j|5^ 
 
 • In 1S4, 
 
 • ""til ,853 
 
 ■ .853 
 
 ■ M ■ , '^53-7 
 •'larcli, ,85, 
 
 • '860 
 •Vay, i86i 
 
 18(54 
 1S65 
 
 lEtlier 
 
 li»"li»i 
 JWai,r 
 
 |Xitrii.,cH' . 
 
 'I'tiurii' .U'i,! 
 
 ■73°F,-i!.r. j ri„,.,,,i,„|.,|, „ .„ , 
 
 •>''-' ""-"tino I ,' '"'"■■ 
 f5"l|iliin. r " 
 
 .Me,-,.u,y ■ . ; 1^^ .. 
 
 '73 
 212 
 
 187 
 600 
 
 ^ nil ninii,..sty 
 ■p"l'l".,'ssL..s a ivv„|t 
 
 < f'l.'laiin.s an iiinnc..sty 
 (nil war . ' 
 
 T',.. piv.si,l|.i,t 
 i",iiiii.ii.il 
 
 A. Mora!,.!;, t'sj, . 
 
 24 Jan. 
 
 ■ 17 Oct. 
 
 21 Dei'. 
 
 1,66 
 1867 
 
 saia lu l,;,ve heen""' '■' 
 Jan. ,8,, 
 
 • «''pt. „ * 
 
 ■"ill wiirajjain^t Chili (,;,,■• rl'!?/, '"7° 
 
 April 
 L 2 
 
 i ^^^(l 
 
 #fl 
 
 '! '*'m^^^H 
 
 
 
 
 
 /I 
 
 f.WmmKt 
 
 n.r 
 
 ■# ■ 
 
 #%!* T^B 
 
 ., -'N 
 
 '■''li»:l, 4 
 
 miiff^^m 
 
 li 
 
 
 w'ii 
 
 
 ij 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 H /V;, 
 
 7; 
 
m 
 
 i395 
 1196 
 
 infi 
 .167 
 
 1506 
 iS>3 
 
 i<J53 
 
 1815 
 1831 
 1849 
 
 t8s9 
 
 Jl 
 
 Revolution ; Dnza ,U\mM;\ ; llwa ; CainiH-ro vrosi- ^^^^ 
 
 pJ!m" with Chili: eomliti.ins llnally s.ttlV.l V IK.-: .SSj 
 Anict" Arce (pro.si.l.M.l .5 Aug.) supprcss.-s^a ^^^^ 
 
 InsuVrection of K'en.'ca.imclio'sniil'r'^-f <'. ««»• l'"'' 
 Marian. Baptista ileelave; presulon ,: „''r'^ '«• '^'^= 
 
 Ultimatum a.idrussea to Vmu, ''''!'">''' !;':,.-X't 
 liicrion witliin 24 liours, for invasiiui ni temtory 
 lilniuKthA-ivilwar, ,0 July ; liMivian „nn,st,..- 
 recalled ; invasion of IN-rnvian troops '"poiUj. , 
 ,5 July ; the ili^M'Uto to be rcferre.l to arbi- 
 
 SH^'Mattai the'ciiilian niinistor, assassiiulVa by 
 J,Kf Cni'Uar, 15 An;.'. ; ilieil . . • 16 Anj,. 
 
 SfV.To Kcrnand.v. Al.mso assumes the presi.leney , 
 ,vporte.l ^°--^"-' " 
 
 BOLLANDISTS, ^eo Acta Sanctorum. 
 
 BOLOGNA (lenlral Italy), the ainielit Fel- 
 Bi,m .n^tV,^rmls lionnnm, a eity ,list,nv'uishea fur 
 its architeeturc, nnule a lloinaii colony, I»9 h.l. 
 I'oinilatioii iScp, 143,(107. 
 A university sui.l to have been foumle.l by Theo- 
 
 (losius, ab„Ht 43.^ ; really m 
 
 H,pl(i"na joins the LomliarU League . ■ ■ • 
 Popt'julius II. takes Boloyna ; enters m tnuna.l. 
 
 It becomes part of the states of the CImreh , 
 
 In the cl.mrh of St. I'etronuis, renwrkable lor its 
 pavement, Cassini .brw his n.eu.lian hue .Aer 
 ,ne drawn bv K.ither Ignatius Hante m 157.S) 
 Bologna was taken by the Kreneh, '796 : b.\ the 
 .V.lstrians, 179.. ; again by the yv.u.h -M.v e 
 battle of Marengo, in iSoo ; aud restored to the 
 
 A ivvult'suppressed by Austrian interferen(>e. . 
 
 Rebellion. 1S43 : taken by Anstnans . '6 '"iiJ- 
 
 The Uistrians evaeuate Uologna: an<l eardnial Fei- 
 ,.,.t"n de|.arts : the citizens rise and form a iiro- 
 vishmalgovernnunt . ■ • „ , ■^, '"'J'S' 
 
 Which dcrees that all imblic acts shall be headed 
 •• Under the reign of king Victor Enimamiel, ^&c 
 
 He enters Bologna as sovereign . . • 2 May, jSfo 
 Exhibition opcne.l liy th,. knig and q'leen . 6 May i3S8 
 The king unveils statue of \ ictor Ennnanuel, 
 II June; establishment of the University cele- 
 brated . . . ■ :i-i6Jime, ,, 
 Seri('ms atirav between the army and the populace 
 thr..ugh caricatures in a Bologna paper, i, 2 Aug. 1S91 
 BOLOMETER (Greek bolos, a throw or cast), 
 an electrical instrument, invented by prot. &. 1 . 
 Lantrlev, of U.S., who also terms it an "acinic 
 balancJ." It is much more sensitive to radiant 
 lieat than the thermopile (Xatior, 3 Nov. 1S8I). 
 By its means he made discoveries m the ultra red 
 rays of the speetnim. 
 
 BOLTON, Lancashire, was stormed by prince 
 Kupert, l()44. It was an early seat of the cotton 
 m-.oufacture. Cotton velvets were mild e here 111 
 I7;6, ar-l Miuslins iii 1782. Temple Opera-h.uise 
 burned K. April, 1882. Bayley s cotton works 
 burned, several persons killed, and nmny injured ; 
 about f«,CXX);. w(U-th damaged, lO Aug. 1882. bee 
 Stri/.;: 1887, i8</). Topulation 1881, 105,414; 
 1891, 115,002. 
 
 Theatre Royal burnt, 4 Jan. ; ioo(. reward f.a- discovery 
 Id suspected ineeiidiarj, ab..ut 5 J-uu i5S8. Uubert 
 Preston seiitenceil to twelve years penal servitude 
 for arson, 7 Fid). 1S88. 
 
 BOMARSUND, a strong fortress on one of the 
 Aland isles in the Baltic sen, taken . sir Charles 
 Napier, commander of the Baltic expedition, aided 
 bv the French niilitarv contingent under general 
 Baranuav d'Hilliers, K, Aug. 1854. The governor 
 Bodisco.'and the garrison, about 20 ■ men. became 
 prisoners. The fortitications were ii.otroyed. 
 
 BOMBAY the mo?t wrsterlr and smallest of 
 our Indian presidencies, was visited h\ the Portii- 
 guese in 1509, and acquired by them in 153c It 
 
 was given (with Tangier in Afrira, and 300,000/. in 
 money) to Charles U. as the marriage portion nf-li,. 
 infanta Catherine of I'ortugal, l(i()2. In l«.().S, it 
 was granted to the Kast India eonipany, wlio !i,iil 
 long desired it, "in tree and coiiiiuon .sucitfre," 1, 
 cf the maiio; "f East tjreenwieh, at an annual r^ -it 
 of 10/. Contirmcd liy William III. i(j8o. Th... 
 two principal castes at Bombay .1 re the Parseis 
 (descendants of the ancient i'ersian fire-wor.<li>|,. 
 pers) and the Iho-ahs (siu-nng from early cmverts 
 to Islamism). Thev are both remnrkubb^ for cm- 
 mercial activity. 'Population: presidenf.v, iss[, 
 l6,4(.9,i99; 1891, 18,825,080; city, 1891, S2l,;^4. 
 
 First British fac t.>ry estaldislied at Ahmedmiggur . ,f,^ 
 Mr (lyllord, deimtv-governor, 100 scddieis, and 
 
 other Engli.sh, peiisli through the elnnat.', 
 
 Old. i675--Feli ;.';0 
 Captain Keigwin usurps the goveniment . . v'-x'u 
 nuinbay made ibief over the company's .settleiiieiils :i ,7 
 The wliiile island, exee\d the fort, seized and held 
 
 fi,r a time by the mogul's .■idmiral. . . i ,; 
 
 Bombiiy becomes a distinct laesidency . .'.-:_ 
 
 Additions to the Bombay territory ;— Bancot rivev, 
 
 1756 : island of fJalsette 1-;: 
 
 Bishopric established it;; 
 
 Lord Elphinstone governor . . . . ,S:j 
 
 The lienevolent sir Jamsel.iee Jeieebhoy, a Parsee 
 
 (who erected several hiisiiitals, Arc), diesis Ajivil, .f;; 
 His son .sir Cur.s.d.icc, visits England . , iV,, 
 
 Sir G. K. Clerk, governor . ■ , ■ , ■•. 
 
 Riotingagiiinstiiie income-tax suppressed ^ov. lliv. ., 
 Sir Henry Bartle Frere, governor . Mar.li, ,5^3 
 
 Greatly increased prosperity through the cotton 
 
 trade, leads to innnense siieeulation . . Xuv. 1S54 
 Reported failure of .Mr. Byraiiijee Cama, a Paisee, 
 
 for 3,300,000?. : other failures, and great depres- 
 sion ; the projected international exhibition in 
 
 1867 aliaudoned .May, I'r; 
 
 Recovering from conimerei.al crisis . . Aug. ,. 
 Mr. (after sir) W. R. Seymour FitzgeraM, appoint, d 
 
 governor, Nov. 1 866 : arrived . 28 I'-li. 1:6; 
 
 Held a durliar of native princes, at Poona . 6 1 1. 1. u'-j 
 Grandreception of the duke of Edinburgh, II Manli, ;-., 
 Sir PhiHp Wodehouse, governor . . .Spiil. ..-;;2 
 Riots : Mahometans attack Tarsees for pnblisl.ii- 
 
 iiart of Washington Irving's " Life of Mahomet ■; 
 
 lives lost and property destroyed . 13-15 Keli. -p. 
 
 Culprits punished liy the British 
 
 The prince of Wales warmly received, 8 Nov. 1875; 
 
 sailed from here for home . . . 13 Maivh, ,;,* 
 Meeting of loyal M.ahometaiis to petition the nueoa 
 
 in favour of the Sultan . . 24 f>e|t. „ 
 
 Dreadful famine, relieved by governineiit and 
 
 by British suVjscriptions iS;; 
 
 Statue of theiainceof Wales (given by sir Allien 
 
 Sassoon), micovered , . 26or 27 Jiiiif, i-;) 
 
 Sir James Fergusson nominated governor . IVl,. iijj 
 \ iiatriotic fund to relieve sulferers by Afghan nar, 
 
 liberally subscribed to liynativesand others, Au.-. 
 T.ord Reav appointed governor . . . Pf 
 Native troops sail for the Soudan . . 23 F.'ii 
 For the Crawford Case, see //ii/iii . 
 George R. Cinn-ng, Lord narris,appointedgoveriwi 
 
 (Lord Heay havi.jg resigned), 18 Nov., iBfo; 
 
 arrives , „ • n April, 1 
 
 An epidemic prevails resembling influenza, 
 
 Feb.-M.licli, 
 Thi duko of Connauglit comnmnderin-chief ef 
 
 Bombay, with the duchess, much esteemed, l.avfs 
 
 forhon'ie 13 Manli, 
 
 Princi Albert Victor of Wales lands at Bonihay, j 
 
 Nov. 1889, after a tour in India; departs for 
 
 England 28 Mairh. 
 
 Lady Dulferin's hospital for women opened hy tlio 
 
 viceroy . • • ; 24 "rt. , 
 
 The collapse of a large ill-built house in the city; 
 
 about 30 persons killed . . . i7rfi'. , 
 
 Great Are at Poonnh, over 200 houses destroyed 
 
 12 J.in. liji { 
 Destructive floods through heavy rains aliinit 
 
 29 July. 
 The viceroy opens the new Bomliay waterworks, 
 
 .>Vi=at uiidrrtakiTi:.'. designed by inai.or Tullooh 
 
 " 31 .Miirih, is;i I 
 
 62 I OTSons drowned in the great tank . 17 April, i:(j [ 
 
 ■ tut 
 n-) 
 
 Bo; 
 
 Banking diiti^.iiitj,,^ 
 
 Gen. sir John Hudson' c. 
 »"ay, killed In- a ( r, 
 succeeded by m-aior-''e , 
 
 2:;;,"Vl«l M^'lioinet^nM-io 
 end 01 June ; renewed ■ a 
 nej.s,pios and lemjiles del 
 1, 5M arrests 
 
 (Kiotsattrilmted'totiieCc 
 Beiabay and .Madras Armies 
 Lard,^^.,„,„urst app.^^Ii^J* 
 
 Stalue of Lord Hr^y u'nveil 
 
 '^;!*l''''!'r*'="f'^"|«»''^ti 
 
 rianti,! railway 
 
 Sir Albert Sas.suon, an embi 
 city, born ,8iS, , lie,! at B- 
 
 El>i'leiuic 01 bubonic pi".; 
 reiiielial measures „o7 
 patients, &,■ Oct • ".'''' 
 
 offood.riotin'ganJbliidwie 
 ■^96; grcu mortality anio, 
 
 jO Ap, 
 
 Pepiilation retuniin.. 
 
 iiuniial . . ^ 
 
 Many person, iiu/culat'ed l',, 
 
 --Jl|ly-lao-«,a„t:Viii,l;^ 
 
 Ccatliol .siirg..o;i.inaiorRobt'' 
 se^ee liosjiital, aeti^•e iny,,^ 
 
 '■jil'-w^r'^.r't^'""''"'^'' 
 
 JIJ. n. I. Rand, Pooni ,,i., 
 mi, tally wounded, eaiPo, 
 S*lit,ous leaflets circula'e, 
 !-:';•, Jiiiie ; inc,,,„|j,, ^ 
 
 aj,,,,sttl,egover,i,,,e,,t Ao 
 
 Puin ive police ioi-ceueeioic;'! 
 
 ll«t,„g of citizen, /In 'Cm,. 
 
 masL^trate . '^l'"- 
 
 Ilit i>,otlier.s N'atu (two Hr'.i,,.,' 
 
 Ji'l'oried for di.s o"- 1 y '" " " 
 
 ,ae,it under a lettn ,^ ,.,,'' 
 
 I«-1 May, .S.S-^'o.her'na.','; 
 
 brse peaceful meeting of Malio,,, 
 
 ?o"^i'11i:;^"^;:-il^^-i, 
 S'Ta[;-i'-eci;i:-t 
 
 ,l':"tolbygoven„ne;,t '■'• "'"'^ 
 Stnous riot i„ Gujarat, s'sepo'ys 
 
 Destruetive riots against the „la , 
 '^"""'■. a hos,,ital ...ssista,.,' kil 
 
 Dawd.,rCI,ai.ekareo,,f,.ssest,. th, 
 ^'1",: "■''tf^y''«t(seeabo"' 
 I r, .f' "'' """te'iiced to iluith 
 C,.,,,,cr.„,e of plague sine, Dec 
 '"I't. 1C9O, to eui of Feb ,^,a. 
 ;"tl'o.««rii,',,,troop.s., ie,''^,^ 
 -".Maivh; town ,, „,., ,;\i, ' 
 i«Uar.sli.iiiker 1 vill . '* .'''''' 
 
 '''■"'yti,..wi„t|.,.,";oy/i7 '"■■■^'■' 
 
 IJIJ have l),.eii in,-,,,„,,,j .,, ,. 
 
 mmfm 
 
 . BOV.i. •ll.-,..'i-! • ;,„ " I 
 
 |F«l^from,heAmbs,Uay!i8j 
 
Banking (li(tt,.,iiti,.s 
 
 Gen. sir John Hiulsnii n,,! ' , Jlardi-May, 
 '"■"ly. killH,! "a 1 f™ ;'"';"" '7 "<■ Bombay 
 
 end Of June r^^^ "Z^^ f^^M by troops 
 
 Bi"!;;:,^ una 'ii:;:;;:^^-!^^^:^ ';'^'-'-" «-i^') 
 
 L«r,l San.lhur.st m; „' "'? t' ^''""--'^ ■ 5 Uee. 
 arrived 'i'i"Jmtea governor, Dec. 1894 
 
 Statu, or Lord near „„vei,«, by W,.a,^^,t^^'=« 
 
 '^n^«Si;:^;'"''"-"""'o''of.hoAh,naf;::;[: 
 
 &r Albert Sas.so.iii, a„ eminent I,.', f •. '■»'''-■•'■ '896 
 city, boni ,8,3, died at n ■ -n, '"^^""•■f«tor of the ^ 
 
 El...leM,ic o( bu'bonie nK'y,' n ' , '* ^'^■ 
 lom.Mial niea.snre., .,7,,,',,'' Bombay citv ; 
 H'ltients, &,■ (j,.(. . '"".'I'teil, sH,'i|.;,-afi jf 
 
 ofluod, rioting and i)liu'd's|'i,.d".',l sfi'"' ^'-'"■"fy 
 
 ib96 ; great mnrtalitv , n , ■"'l";'''!""' 3 Nov. 
 
 ■" •""""- '"'ttle, no fodder 
 
 Pepulatioii returning, ,0 Anril • , . ,. J'"- 'So, 
 iwriiial . . "' J° ^1'"'; iii'>rtality abont 
 
 Many peraons inoi'nl'it'n.i 1' ,' • ^3 .May 
 
 Deatliol surgi'oii-niaior ii.iht' \t ' ' • ^t:i\- 
 -yeeho.„ita..aetA-^«;^^,^^;-;:^;^[,^-W 
 
 "SI- W.^.^-[,^i^^,;,l-i While dr:vin^ti 
 
 nuitally wounded neii i>,„ , ' " C"'i""i.«ioiier, 
 
 Ss-litiou.s leaHets circula'ed h n ' ==''i'ne, 
 
 a.,n,ust the .over;,?;.,, ;"ir'''l'», !'^>'">.' jot. rnals 
 
 Merfiag of citizens, llr w,,;,''''' , „ 3o .fune 
 iiiasisti-afe . ' " ■^"''-'ch of Mr. Lainl,, 
 
 Ilic brothers .Vatu(tH'., ijrih.ni'.N ■• .• 3o.)une,' . 
 Jeiioried f„r .li.sb^, 1 y 7 " -^'""I'l-f '"'..l and ' 
 lutiit nn.ler a l.'ttiv ,., .,.,"'■""''' -"veri,. 
 
 '-'May, ,39s ;5":;,;t';;;i;';V^:^;;!r;i-=<- 
 
 L;irgei)eacefulnieetin.'of\(.,i, ,„ , =^. aji'uly, . 
 atK..iMa . ;''°'-"'''""»e'J.in.sandHii„lHs 
 r.;i},-iloiMer.'asin!,' in ij.,,|,i' ,..,;,_ • • z Aut. 
 
 .4fl;t. ; appeal fe.jeoted ^ 'i';„t"."l;",f ^'"'"^"t. 
 \i're.l . , ' ^+ '-epc. , otl,er.s coil. 
 
 BH....i,stracfi.)n of tile ci'tv c',„,-. '.■ ■ ^'"•'- ,, 
 J"rt«l by government''' •'• ■^"'"'•'t"">. '•t...,sui.. 
 
 &nous riot in Giyarat, j'.senoVs kill.,,1 ' ' "^'f- -. 
 
 1 3 ■•'ii'">> Killed ; iv|i,)rteil 
 I!e.stni,;tive riots a-ain.st the i,1to,.. , '■' "'"''■ 'Sg 
 
 *""-. a hospital a..is,,;;t"l;ir;;:;!";^-;;i«s?: 
 
 Daiuo.hr Clmpekar confessiM t„ , I . ^9 J'Hi. „ 
 
 Ka...l aa.l li'nt Aye,";, ' ' .; In " '"V"''''''' "•' •'>'i-- 
 , . ■;«?,• tried, sentence i , .b H "' '"' ■""">• ■» '><-t- 
 
 Cwt,iicre,ise of nia.Mie s;;;; 11 ' ' 3 Feb. 
 I J"V''»"'^"^"i'bui, Tri--'' '397 .-ex..!,,, " 
 
 '"til essof hf,., ti-oop.s ,;, i„ j-','^;,; r""''' '-i'-tms 
 
 *■■■ Jlaivh; toH-n ,, niet 1 \ . ' '"-'".v ari-estsT 
 , '"lj"i^""ke,-,avill',;. :^;^,? '•;^''' V'^'-'"^ Hot 
 
 ^f In- the Turks ,,; th" , . • ,■";;• '» '495- a.icl 
 
 ^™^^^^^^^'^ -'■■■ '"V-e,rt'V;;;i;!,.f'';i-S;: 
 
 Genoa in the r^ti, 1"^ " - 
 
 -ttled i„'^:;,2^ Se "KbleV'f ^^''T'^'''"^*^ 
 tionaryoflJi.,jr,-apiiy/' ^''"''^ m ^ mcenfs "Die- 
 
 '803 : "; X^i^i; -763 ",a.le k,n^ of Two Sieilies. 
 ill Liiited states ,s'*'"' *'''■''". 'SoS ; i-e.side, 
 
 f- •NAP..r.K..N r\;.nr,t,'ro;,n,."' ,''''•'■'''•■'-■■ =^ •"">■ -S^ ' 
 
 !• I.U-iKx. prin,,. , ,■ c.,;, " ",'5 Au.i;. 1 769 (see F,..„I« ) 
 
 "». I'mtber .V.i|...:e ,„;•„'""■", ,'775 : at li,-st ai led 
 
 'f'vef.sal ,n.i„.;„. ,v '• j ' . ' 'f/' '"^ I'lojrress towards 
 
 ]'" "ay t... Ani.rie.i: a, d re 'id, f ■"" ;.''' ""■ ^:"-'ii»ll "it 
 
 He die. at Viteihn t ''^ ' '" f^iwaiei till iq,> 
 
 «in'iv"'; "" ^"i^'^t .1 '.i;:d'rr '"•"•■^"'^ 
 
 Kngbsh .liate™''^:^:i;l:^f':"«-"-tIie'Biblei,;'^e^f 
 1 1;-- inti^h g,.vernn,e, ' ij'^, ^'^^>' ,-'' =50/. from 
 
 i''"^ '5 Julv, ,^6 'iJv ■,'""''■■'""'"'' """and, 1806 • 
 B^K.liarnai.s .l;,„ldde, ,f' , '""•""^''' "'H' HoV S 
 'f«. IH' In.l three s.'ni ■' [ 'v., ",',''"'^'V^ J"^ephine), „ 
 
 3- <-H.ARl,fs.I (ill„ V, 
 
 "lii.atel n.Mer tlH;;,';"-''?'',,,''?''''.^" -Mini, ,3o3; 
 »'«-,t2e,-lan.l. anl a ' 'la,, '' »,'l""l'>'r at Areniberg, 
 
 i^-J'bi'^;^^h^^-'-'-~tS;-;rti!;'i^:^ 
 -;:^^.i;^if" i r''-^^^-.w^....vu...a,o 
 
 1840. 
 
 f-ii;.K.o,uil --;';-to,rii 
 
 E;e;i;;i:il^;;^-";;;^M:;nd;f?^,3. 
 -iV"-''uc^^^;;^,;;;S''''f- 
 
 wai-shal, ,3,0 d,, I ""' 'nv.Hi.l... ,8ls ,mi 
 
 Mathibb.:^';,;,;,';' ':\^'%'''° • '-^ -idbiJ^L'""^ 
 
 .,A. >emi.lottin,s;, '^' '^'°- "lanie.l to prince 
 ^•'l..i|e.in, b.irn „ s,T,.. o 
 til.leot Sav..,' „, „'5"; '""n-ic.1 ,„-i„eess CIo- 
 
 jeparatesf,.„mi,i,',;,t ;,'^\ ::',V'^f : I"'""" Vieto? 
 B'"iapartists ; the f,, , ,;. /^ ";"' "« ':'iiH- by the 
 spon.lenee, .1 .oV, l''"'.i.sl ,.s painful ,.,,rrp. 
 
 (f' ^■^■ ■■> -Va ■ .'1 1 '^si'.'';;:":' '■':"'" Kmnee 
 
 wli balls, aiK ,1 ||,ri,t,.,| ;, ' .4-'} IS a bomb tilled 
 
 E BO.VA, A!. !-, ■ •„, " , 
 
 hin.,in cowp,r.i,Vtili -«. ■' '/;"'"" '""'f'"" Fronoli 
 
 ^'''^^^s,!:;;:'i!;/;:;j-f-:--".e„i,,^^^^^ 
 
 BOXDAGE, see r/7 ' ' '^"'■"^"' 
 
 BONDED WAREHOrSFS ,>n r 
 
 BOXE.S. The .,rt of . f, ' ^'■"*''- 
 
 «>u.re,l about i(,88 ,, I tb, v'""^ ''"'"'' "''^ Jw- 
 ,<;;itlory nmiuifaetiire i ."^^> "''•'■^' u-i-M in the 
 l^he .ie,.la,.o,i y^C' ,^'th^"Ctf> ^'f^*^'--'"^ 
 i'thei- aiiimals,a,,U,,f K J V'" '''-,''' ^'attle and of 
 impofted into the i'.,-'' /'^;'"^'^-i" of «liuIe.H,„) 
 I n'j^^ia. Holland. 1) em laik "'v'"" ''''"'" ^'"^^ia 
 
 •SKI!;.,'-' IS«i ^B'l.iifiii. 
 
 m ":^m 
 
BONE-SETTIXG. 
 
 'tn 
 
 indies in diuini'tcr. oiiili ucinjr a n'liaiiito tl•cati^^■. 
 'J'lio first rKlMKi) lioiiKs (si'f rfiiilinii) wun 
 
 Titlr pii^'i'S to )iiiiitiil bniilis ill Eii^'l.-iii'l wrrc imt 
 
 illtnulllCcll till sllCPltIv lirfi.lH 1400, tlifV WlTi' 
 
 Used Ijy Wwilivii ill' Wriili', tint hilt liy Cixtun. 
 ill tlif ijtlM'iiittny. Mr. A. V. I'ull.iriVs " Lust 
 wiiiils 1111 Title ]iiigi'»," aplieii.i'eil in 1891. ,See 
 y'lVH^'iii;. 
 BmiUs of aHtronniiiy ami L'Kiiiielry wiTe orilcreil to 
 lie ilestniyei) in kii).'laiiil as lieiii^' iiileitecl with 
 ningie, 6 Ei'w. VJ. (.~^(oi') 1552 
 
 employed in niannre since the [lulilieation of laelng's 
 rcsearilies in 1K40. 
 
 BONE-SETTIXG fannot lie said to have 
 been jiraetised seientitieally until 1020. Bell. 
 
 The i;iiiiiniiit " 1, .iie-setters ' nl'Ii-ii iliil f,'iioil anil 
 often liaiiii ; tlie priiifiiile n)ioii vlii.'li tlieyaeteil 
 i< now ailopteil liv sirv-'emis : ami is sit I'mtli in 
 \'v. Wharton llm.ir.s work on "The Setting and 
 Treatment of Joints," 1871. 
 Mr. Jnhn Iluttoii, an eiiiineiit (niiprrfcssional) 
 " bone-setti r,' diiil July. 1687. 
 
 BON MAECHE (eheap). Name given by 
 eonie shopkeepers in London t; their mode (d 
 Eellini( g-oods to the jiom- at very small jirotits. 
 The svsteni was oriirinateil at Taris by Aldine. 
 ]ioneii'ault, originally a slmii-giil : iiboiit 1842, 
 she, with her hnslmnd, opened a sliop in the 
 time of deep distress for nieetin^' the wants j 
 of the poorest people. In tiin.' her bnsiness | 
 greatly inereased with enlarged i.reniises, and she j 
 udoiited the system of the divi ,111 of protits with 
 her enijiloyed". Slic realised ■. large fortnne, and 
 became a munitieeiit benefae'.ress of the city. 8he 
 died in Dee. 1887, worth it is said four million 
 pounds sterling:. M. Crespin de Vidouville. a simi- 
 lar eoecntrie character, died at Paris 20 P'eb. igS8. 
 
 BONN, atownon the Rhine (the Roman Honna), 
 was in the electorate ,if Cologne. It has been 
 frequently besieged, and was assigned to I'russia \ 
 in 1S14. The academy founded by the elector in 
 1777, made a university 1784 ; al'olislied by Na)io- 
 leon ; re-estaldished iind enlarged, 1818". Here 
 Albert, our late prince eon-iort, was enferid as a 
 Btudent, May, 1837. ropnlatioii i8fp, 39,801. 
 
 BONNY EIVER, Guinea, West Africa : a 
 seat of the palm oil trade ; king (ienrge visited 
 England in l87.'<. .\ sanguinary liattle was fought 
 between the king Oko Jnnilio and the peo]de of 
 New Calabar, who were defeated, 9. \pril, 1 882. I'eaee 
 made by British intervention on Aug. 14, 1S82. 
 
 King Oko .Inielio \isitril Loiid"ii, suiiiiinr 1885; left 
 15 .Inly, 1PE5 ; his death leimrted Aug. 1891. 
 
 GoviriiiMeiit otliees, etc., destroyed by lire at Old Cala- 
 bar, 24 Xov. 1B95. 
 
 Death of king Ijnke, the last of the Old Calabar kings, 
 lit Duketown, early Xov. 1696. 
 
 BONS HOMMES, hermits of siniiile and 
 
 fentle lives, appeared ii' France about 1257 ; in 
 Ingland about 1283. The jirior of the order was 
 called le boii hommi by houis VI. 
 
 BOOK (Anulo-Sa.Min. boe ; German, hudi). 
 Books were originally made of board.s, or the inner 
 bark of trees: afterwards of skins and parchment. 
 Pajiyrus, an indigenous jdant, was adopted in 
 Egypt. Books with leaves of vellum were invented 
 by Attains, king of I'ergamiis, about 198 H.c at 
 wliid. time books were in Milumes or rolls. 'I lie 
 MSS. in Hereulaneuni consist of pa]ivriis, r^,, d 
 and charred and matted together by tlie tire, and 
 are about nine inches long, ami one, two, or three 
 
 •eparate t 
 rriuliinj 
 printed on one side only, tlie leaves being [lasted 
 back to back. See LUnnnis. 
 
 ) 
 
 BOOK. 
 
 act, 1709, relating to the 1 
 
 
 
 Anne's 
 
 rice of In 
 
 oks, 
 
 lepe: 
 
 led 
 
 
 
 . . I71', 
 
 2o;,2 vo 
 
 nines of new works. 
 
 Hid 7731 
 
 f new editions, 
 
 were 
 
 ]'ii1ilishi'd ill Comloii ill 
 
 
 ■ "Sf, 
 
 J^^9 111 
 
 w works, and 1159 
 
 new editions, ,".iid 
 
 9i>8 
 
 j.aiiii 
 
 hilts, Were laiblisliei 
 
 iin . 
 
 
 . • ibjj 
 
 355.5 VI 
 
 luiiics were jiiiblishci 
 
 lin 
 
 
 • i''->' .\ 
 
 I'ubl 
 
 shell ill Ureal Uiitain :- 
 
 
 
 
 .New .New 
 
 
 .New 
 
 New 
 
 
 Works. Eilitioiis. 
 
 
 Works. 
 
 Kditioii.v 
 
 1S70 
 
 • 4775 
 
 1885 
 
 • 43"7 
 
 I ir. 
 
 1871 
 
 • 3547 i^t-8 
 
 1SS6 
 
 • 30t'4 
 
 1:26 
 
 1872 
 
 . ,1419 J 100 
 
 1887 
 
 . 4410 
 
 I..76 
 
 1874 
 
 • 3351 <)6« 
 
 18S8 
 
 . 4960 
 
 Ifrjl 
 
 1S75 
 
 • 3573 I33> 
 
 1889 
 
 • 4694 
 
 »37:. 
 
 1876 
 
 ■ 2931 1957 
 
 1S90 
 
 • 4414 
 
 1321 
 
 1S77 
 
 • 304 J 2040 
 
 1891 
 
 • 44.19 
 
 '-77 
 
 1878 
 
 • 3730 1584 
 
 1892 
 
 • 4913 
 
 '339 
 
 1879 
 
 . 4294 1540 
 
 ■393 
 
 . 5'-.) 
 
 
 i33o 
 
 • 4=93 1415 
 
 1S94 
 
 • 5300 
 
 11 V: 
 
 iS8[ 
 
 . 4110 1296 
 
 i;'95 
 
 • 5581 
 
 935 
 
 1882 
 
 • 3978 1146 
 
 1896 
 
 • 5234 
 
 '319 
 
 Tas3 
 
 • 4732 I4>3 
 
 1897 
 
 • 6=44 
 
 If.:.' 
 
 1884 
 
 . 4832 1 54 1 
 
 
 
 
 The production of a Uiiive 
 
 sal Catalogue of In 
 
 oks 
 
 luilited ill the Cllited Kingdom, piojnised by the 
 >>oiiely of .\rts, ill the ", Journal " . 11 April, ij,, 
 III I'aris, 6445 volnines were laiblisliedin 1842 : ainl 
 7350 in 1851. See JlihUo'jrapliii. 
 
 I'niCKs OK liooKs.—Jeriinie (w'ho died 420) states tli.it 
 he had ruined liiiiiself by buying a eo]iy of the works of 
 Origeii. A large estate was given by Alfred for a book 
 on cosniograpliy, about S72. Thy liomiiii dc In Hn^./: w^i^ 
 ^-lild for about 3a^ : iind a hoinily was exihaii;;e<l Inr 
 2c-:> ^.heell and live c|iiarters of wheat. Books lii-r|iniit|v 
 fetched ilouble or treble their weight in gold, Thev .-nli'l 
 at prices varying from lo^ to 40/. eaili in 1400. a'hii.v 
 of Mii'l liii's milk, ornaiueiited !iy Mr. Toinkins, wn's 
 declared worth 500 guineas. Uulk'r. A yet more si'ij.i.rl, 
 coiiy was insured in a London oftiee for 3ooo^ .ijee 
 lii'CCftcno's Ihitiiiu'itnw. 
 
 Petrarea by lieniardiiiodi Xovara, 1488, at the Sun- 
 derlaml s.ile bought by li. vjuiiritch for iqju/., u 
 Nov. 1SS2; lie gave lor sir .lohn Thorold's Maziiiin 
 bible, 3900/. 13 Dee. ; and his 'Tsalniornm Cidex," 
 
 4950' itv lice. 1S64 
 
 IloiiK-HixniNn.— Tlie book of St. Cuthbert, a very 
 early oemiiiiental liook, is supposed to have beelj 
 
 bound aliiiiit .6=0 
 
 A Latin i'salter was bound in oak boards, 91!; 
 
 A .MS. ropy of tlie four Kvangelists, the book on ' 
 which our kings from Henry I. to Edward VI. 
 toiik their coronation oath, was bound in oiikeii 
 biiaids, nearly an inch tliiek 
 
 Vi'het was the covering in the i4tli lentiiiy; and 
 silk .--oiiii after. ViUuiiiwas iiitrodured caily in 
 the i5tli century; it was stamped and oiiia- 
 nieiited about ^^^ 
 
 t.i'.ither eaiiie into use nliout the same lime. 
 
 The lolling imichine, inveiiteiriiy Mr. Win. Hair 
 w.is Mihstitiited for the beatiiig-haiiiiiier, ;ind ga.s 
 stoves began to take the phice ipf the cIkiiioiiI 
 files used to heat the giUb ;-'a linisliing tools, 
 
 about itjc 
 
 Cloth liiiidiiig superseded the coniiiion bmirds 
 geiierilly about . . » 
 
 Caoutchouc or india-rubber bucks to aecouiit-hooks 
 
 and large volumes were introduced in . 
 The use of thin metal plates instead of piistc- 
 
 board introilnci d 
 
 " Uookbindings " by Eyre and Spottiswoode 
 
 " Eiij-'lish book-bindings in the Uritish iiiiiMUiii. ' 
 
 ifcf, :iiid " Foreign book-bindings," bv W V 
 
 I'letelier ■ . ; 
 
 Exhibition at the Society of Arts, ojienid 24 ,Iaii! 
 
 'I. 'I 'I. 
 C'ni:.\e LnoKs. — Airs, (aft 
 
 of the Simbeani," N 
 
 i£4i 
 
 lS9^ 
 
 . lady) lirassey's " Voyage 
 
 ... 18S1, published lor'si'x- 
 
 )ieiiee (she died, 14 Sept. 1887); and -Martin's 
 " Life of the Prince Consort," lor 2s. Nl. 
 
 Aimiiim i35i 
 HooK-II.vwKiNii SoriKTiKs (already in Sciilliin,!) 
 bcgiin ill Kngland in i8;i bvaich'deaeon Wigiaiii 
 (alteiw.llds bisliop of Horliestel), The h:r.v|.vis 
 vend moral and religious books in a similar man- 
 nei to (be I'leiieh coljiorteins. 
 
 BOOK-] 
 
 " Books about Uooks,'' a 
 ». J. Hardy '.s '• Jio.'.k 1' 
 
 A liook Plata or Ex Libri' 
 KQ. ; e.\-hibiti,jnsbeld i' 
 
 ■ lie Uook-hniiter in / 
 ioberts, is full ,„■ j,,,;,^, 
 
 .SilenlWk-piatesiiiL,,n,l 
 
 il. a Vheatley'.s " I'lu.^... 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING 
 
 entry, called originalK- 
 tiikcn from the course 
 llurgo, in the 15th ce 
 Gowghe, a printer, p,a, 
 kepyng of the faniouse re 
 am! Creditor," London, i 
 work on book-keepin". 
 imik-hipim/ in i^^tj!" J 
 
 llnefelnstrnctiun andM'i 
 of Acconiiits," in irt^g 
 piililislicd by Benjamin B< 
 Ilios. Jones in 1S21 and i' 
 
 BOOK OF co:j.^ 
 
 Book of iiportx, si'e Sports 
 
 , BOOK SOCIETY, : 
 
 •abhshed for the grutuitoi 
 audgood books, 1750. 
 
 BOOKS, National, Col, 
 
 BOOKSELLERS, a 
 
 iawkers, became kiiown „' 
 pra.:tKe of ]m\ing booths oi 
 streets and 111 markets. 'i'J, 
 re.vatious restrictions, from 
 in 1758. 
 
 Tlieearliest bookseller's cit; 
 piiWislieil by Andrew .Mani,s..'i 
 to .luwn Elizabeth 1395 
 
 "Btinksellers' Provident Ii-s 
 ■?'•■■''?,'. ■'\,l'l'Ot'sLaii,;ley,PJ 
 
 flie ]o'.h<ilk;; a iiionthlv n' 
 fiiiiign literature, jiublfslad' ii, 
 
 BOOKSELLERS' AS; 
 chiel publishers in London ft 
 an .issociation and fixed the t 
 be allowed, 29 Dee. 1S29, ai 
 stncted the retail booksellers 
 ivorks under the full publish 
 
 ari.wastotherightofthelati 
 wliich had become theirs by n 
 
 prout as they might deem suf& 
 lie disiiute was referred to lor 
 ■'iH at 8tratheden house, i 
 lonLduD gave .judgment aga] 
 vhich fed to Its dissolution, in 
 Lonilon Booksellers' society w 
 
 M?ural dinner took place 2 Oei 
 |.f book«.llers of gLm Brita 
 l*l> Uispuies still going „„ ; 
 
 BOOTHIA FELIX a 1„ 
 
 l«t of America, d.^,'r^^.','l 
 l>jo, and named after sir Feli 
 Pr«'|,ted liim with 20.0^/ 
 "peJition. Sir Felix di,.,l7tJir 
 BOOrHIS.M.see.,S'„,v,... 
 
 ; BOOTS, said to h:,ve been t; 
 j I'Uans, were mentioned l,v ]i, 
 
 |f"™?,niayl,escrninFairl!!,l." 
 .■•*>•;, a:i iiisirnment if ton 
 Ii- -lin Scotland 5; 
 
 i» ' ■'•' ■', I 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 1839 
 
 " Books about Uooks '.i >„^i„ „ 
 
 «•• J- Wanly 's -t,kl^Z:'' ',!''• ',' ''''■ Mr. 
 
 A Book Plata or Ex IJl.ris "oni,..,^^' " "■''• 
 .,«.; exhibitions h^l.^MLo 2,,™' '^'•'"'•'''" 
 
 -«^"^:!v^"n'on;i.!;;;;;;l;;;^"^y-M...-w,„!^-^ 
 
 ■ ^'iJV. 1S95 
 
 'S97 
 
 BORNEO. 
 
 Sale of book-, . lates ill IM,;',,- " , ■ ^"v 
 
 liooks i)iiblis)ie,| 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING Th,. . > /"«• 'SgS 
 
 entry, called onginallv itnlf. , r' '''," ^>' ''""''l^- 
 
 J;"''S<;. in the 15,h\\,, ',,.''^'l",P>'l.'f'-^li-l by 
 (jovfThe, ,i print,.,., nia.Ii.,.;i' .,'',,. .■■""■'■■■ J"'"' 
 .1.,.™, of the ij„„«;i ,:':: t4 "^""«^ "on ,IK. 
 mid Creditor," London, ir,," fiL: ; • • U'''^itor 
 work on book-kt'ppin.^ fj,f;„„ p '^ '>* O'"' iMrlicst 
 
 I!rief,.Insf,.u,.ti„n-,ndMinn,^,.. "';' P»Wisl„,i ...^ j 
 of .iiH-onipts," in 88 „'.""■ "'^"'I'^'^"okes ' 
 Published by liHijainin Bo. th' -8o^'-^'-''r,"-^ ^^•"'-' 
 Tlios. Jones ill 1S21 and is' i '^ "*' ''^' -E''"'- 
 
 rJ22^V,S^ PS^'^ PLAYER, see 
 
 BOOK SOCIETY '8 /'^•«^«^""- 
 labiished for the K^aiuit'o^s'iH ."l"'''-'™^*-. es- 
 amlgood books, i^so! ^ Ji»lnbutton of bibles 
 
 JOOKS, National, Coloured. See under i?/,... 
 
 haSi^Sffi, ;;^;;:;;t -i^-oo- like 
 
 l.nKti,e of bavins b o l" " . ^TT:I' ^""" '^"'" 
 olivets and in markets. They « Ir/ ', "'" '■"i''."''-'' of I 
 V— srestrietions.fVoinS\,!:^\-^X^^ 
 
 Tlie earliest bookselK^'s eitil , . . i 
 
 l'nUislie<ll,yAiidivw.Mau,,s;.', f ' l^''''"! to be that 
 toMUeen Elizabeth. .595 '"--'• "^ i-otlibuiy, dedicated ] 
 
 "Booksellers' Provident ri.^tit,,.- ,. „ 
 
 ^le^n literaturJ, publishu^ i ""s^ ':";^!„"' "'"'^'' "".1 
 
 an .issoeiation and tixed the a n 1,,,. 7 ?-'''''' '"'o 
 be allowed, 29 Dee. 18-0 .n^f^ "*^ dis..'ount to 
 ^tricted the' retail booksdtrs roit. ','|!"'' •"■"^« ■■•-'- 
 «-.rks under the full n. blihi,"' -i '"».'",'''" "^ 
 arose as to the ris,^ht of the ,t .,?.'• ^ '''*'l""'-' 
 wbichliad beoo„re the 1. bv pu e 1 k e'''^' "?"""*« 
 prohtasthev miifht deem J,M^; \'^' ''' ^'"'b '^s 
 
 TiH■disimte^vasS■edtoo^■^'l•^ 
 beil. at Stratheden hoite , ^"''^.J'"*"^'^' ^'"mp- 
 loni^hip gave judginem ... t, f ''!',''• '^^'- »« ' 
 ;vhieh k\o its'lli^sdution 1;? In. ''i. ''■^^"''''"i^-n. ' 
 Loniion Booksellers' hoc etV -^ ^„ "?'"',^' 'J'''" 
 :'u?ural dinner took pla ■ 2 Oct ,8?^"''^.' ''"' '»" 
 .'f booksellers of Gre, t jfrita i, **'°V ^'^'*"^'i"t'on 
 
 '*^-5. Ui^l'uves still .:fng;,',lr',8ir'^'"'"'''''' ''^"'' 
 i»30, and named' aftei , ^ f,,->, '{[ Jfhu K„ss in 
 
 BooTHis^,see,.,.:f:;tj;r^^''-«5o.! 
 
 Hueiitly by the Jfo,,,,,,' ,;, ; '>'/ H.o,, and 
 
 I f«nnsDiay !„. seen in Fairl 1,1, " I:'!'- , ^ "'"''•^y "^ ' 
 I™, .in iiistninuiit ^f ";;;.'"'""""" ii"g- 1 
 
 «»(' was used ii S . .1 > "'"''' '•'''""'il "the ' 
 (aboutiOfib,""' '" *"""""^ "I'on the covenanter, ' 
 
 A new systiiii .if b.iof i,,.,i. ■ — - 
 
 I- l.ion aiMl Mr F ■;,;''"'- '"'""liiee.1 bv Mr w 
 
 ,,J^|;...de.,ispi,tes,.ee «,...,,,.,,, .3^^^^,,,, 
 
 i-^-;™'c':t:™°^'''"'-'-'^'-t.,,e^ 
 
 '•eiceslei-arbitinfi... , 1 ,. 
 
 ,;;,;r<--^i;5^^-;/;'-.v-,.^b..a95,_^ 
 
 i"^"i^^^te; '.;:;■" "•."'-"H-.nts, used 
 ;;-<''is wa^called'"!;^ : .^r'";^; «"''' -'1 otb!? 
 '■iturally i„ the iiio,;„ta nl ;<• ■.'; i""' '"'"^"'•■''J 
 f'"",-:bt to £.M-ope Vr I ]"i,'^ '-';'"■'■ '""' ^^"8 
 "■'■ff ni 1,-02 .ii.sc .ver ed i , , v'> "' '''■■=• """'- 
 
 i.bfnard, and H. ]).," '"^"' '')■ Gay-Lussae, 
 vunisly unknown elene.'i^ , "''^■''''';i' '""' ""• I"-^- 
 boeii fomid in Saxon 'Wi'"- ' '"''•"• '•"«l"tely 
 faetured fro,,, the b i-a,.io ,, i'lT' Y^'^^ ■"'"'"- 
 I'Xi'it ill the ,r.,. .,..";" "- ;,"-''' J""nd ov lliefer to 
 
 as a 
 
 by then- owner, .M. fird";el,'4,ce^;8;8 '"" """"' 
 
 ! fSS^t^^^JlT'^, the Roman .P.ir- 
 
 •'.vClovis, 50S. ?'v'a ;.in'!'!.''l ''^'^'-' ^^"ths, 412 ; 
 
 ! n'am,ige with Elea.i roi W I'/'-'- ^'■"'■^' "• "» his 
 
 t'H' Itlaek Pnnce bro,,.^,;*}:'''!'. "^'- £"ward 
 
 ^■'I't've t this eityX th, h'.'^i''',"'^i''™n'=e, 
 
 19 Sept. ,356, and , ■ ■[. lo ,''■'."'' "^ ^oictiers 
 
 .y«>rs: hisson,'o,irHi,. ...,'',''' '"^ ',""« i-'lfven 
 
 ''•^'"'.x-, 1366. Aftersevei, I,";:. '',';' '',""' '" ^or- 
 
 surrendered toCharles V I , , p*' ' '''"''' ''"■'^ finally 
 
 .Jl'e tine OQUestiia ,tatu of T^'"-"'x^V'-f "'''• '453 
 
 , '" .'r-13. Bordeau.x w , e,^ln7'r-^\' "^" ''''^^^^ 
 
 injured in^ tte p^irt ",Ti .^.IT,''""" ■•'"J "'^-s 
 
 explosion ofpetrdeinMi-'s's' '^"'""" ""d 
 
 i '■■•'■neh dele.'atp ml ,'"'** ^''I't- '''<'J9. The 
 
 :tativesoffoi:::i!' ^";^r';''''''' ",n;l the represen! 
 
 i " P^'o- lS;o. M.'Gani;;"^^''"''^'''''"' 'lours, 
 
 ' "-"Ij the a'riiiv of th ;'.. '"';■'"';''' '"'■ ■•• ti"'e 
 
 : iiordeaux," between -lie irt' , V "'^" " I^^te <le 
 
 n.'itional assemblv, M Thi , .^' "" ''""'!"'^ "^ f'e 
 
 executive power,-.- Kb S-, '":;;;"" V'"'^^'' '^t' '!"> 
 
 nation fo,. the Adva, ce,,,^/- 'i'^'. '"'■''nHi .Vsso- 
 
 h'st meetin.' here, /se '«-''. ^r^V" ''^■''' it« 
 
 president. Great tiv^ i„ ,;. ';,',' > -^'- Quatrefages, 
 
 i^a."^"- ^« '^"^ "^.i':"t;^^f:;i-r~ 
 
 guinea, was early kno.vil'^jVSr'""^"^ 
 
 ^ 'i'6o9'!'alli'n;|;!n U^J'^^^^* ■ -toI;lish fa,.,o,.ics, 
 
 «<"-;.. settled by .i,.'5:-..^'C:i:':';,;!;;;;i;,,, 
 
 ;:'«. i;K-or;,„.ated i t '^,;'';;',"^ ■l.Tniiloi.: 
 ■■rinally t,.,ken lio.ssessioi,," ,",''' '•"'l'^'''. ■•i"-! 
 
 U.irnean ..hiefs ' " "' "' I'leseii.e of the 
 
 J'lmes JJiook.., rajah of N,„.„;,.,,7. /,„ ,; ■ ^ l>e.', 
 
 j^i'MUi, an.l .■onsul.g., ',:;*, 'S4f). governor of 
 „, ■■'^''i' ""' r. ives m ,„,„.,' •"■"^■■'. visits 
 
 if ;:!^:nr;;i^?:i-^^f-;: p!.i^li^: -^' 
 
 Tlie Chines,, in Sar.iw.ik lis, m ' "* "'''• '85^ 
 
 ma.s8aere a niinii,,.,. „■,.•,"," "'^"iTeetion ,.,„| '°55 
 
 -'■ai.es by swi„.,,,i,,,,,-;^:;,i;^!;;;-r^.,.^f,,,,,^. 
 
 1776 
 i8«t 
 «343 
 
 . 1846 
 
 
If' 
 
 BOEXOr, 
 
 15'-' 
 
 BOSPORUS. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 III till' I'ailofDiTliv 
 
 111' Siiniwiik, wliii'li 
 
 30 \uv. 
 
 20 Xiiv. 
 
 slli-i^PC'It'il by llin 
 
 11 Uriidkc (liiini 3 
 
 II June, 
 
 •857 
 
 1S5S 
 
 i860 
 
 iftunia with a fnri'C of Miiln.vs, iki'., mid iliiis- 
 tines tlic iusui'Uf^iits, of whom 2000 arc killril, 
 
 17. :8 Fell. 
 
 He eoiiuv to Ens;hiii(I to sock hel^ frolii theyuvcni- 
 iiieiit, without sueeess 
 
 His liealtli lieiiij; hi-i.kiii up. an iii'i.e;,! for u suli- 
 scription for liiiii m.i.ii- 
 
 Di'iiutiitioii of nieieliMiits wiiits 
 reeoniniendini; tlie iniicliase 
 is ilei'lineil .... 
 
 Sir J. Brooke rt'turiw to Boniei 
 
 Keturneil to En.alaml : .li-.l 
 iit-pliew, sir Cli.nrlt's .Inlm-i 
 .Iiiiie, i32g) .... 
 
 Till- ra.jali of Samwak, "itii an expeilitioii of Malays 
 amlDv '..-i, dileat." ihmI piuii»las a iiiarainliiig 
 .leiapit.iiin;,' tiil.e of livak.s . . . June 
 
 Biitisli Xortli lior i I'Miiipanv cazptte.l, 8 Nov.: 
 
 threati'iieil prol.-.st oi spaiiisli ■.■overniiient Nov. 
 
 Mi'-'tiiiy ofeoiiiiMitiee 111 l/'ii'loii . . 3" ■^■ 
 
 ri.uilolll of trade in tin- alellipeia.no settled hy 
 ilroa. l!rilaiii,Gerin.iiiy,.i!id .■^pain. [£77 j further 
 with Spain 1804 
 
 ^uit.iii Hasiiii Jalilal .\lani succeeds . . May, iSS.i 
 
 Ni.itli Borneo rejinrted inosjierons . . May, 
 
 ItelK'ls defeated . . 1., Keli.. war over April, 
 
 Haiali Brooke, of .Sarawak, anne.ves the Liinliaiij.- 
 ivijiuii of Brunei on .... 17 March, 1890 
 
 lie proelaini.s his son. Charles ^'yiier Brooke, 
 aged 17, his lieir. as Hajah Mnda : annonnced 
 
 7 Au.i;, 
 
 North Uoriieo, with Sarawak and Brunei, consti- 
 tuted a British proti-eti irate. i33;; governor, 
 Charles V. l.'rea],di, li,.' ; l.iieester I'aul Beaniort 1095 
 
 Mat Salle'., native clii.-l'. and fv- lehels attack and 
 burn Ciaja, 50 mi. north nt l.abi.an ; the treasury 
 looted ; Mr. Neiibronner and two others taken 
 prisoners, 11 .Iiilv, 1807: rescued; HitJht of 
 rebels 16 July, 
 
 Anibong attacl;ed by Mat Salh-h. residency burnt 
 down, rebels retreat to tie- hills . i , Nov. 
 
 r.-'ipeditioii of about ^^ pulice, niiiler ad.jntaiit 
 Junes, Mr. Hewitt, the resident, and two ottici'i's, 
 attack the rebel fort : adj. Jones and 6 Sikhs 
 killed ij Dee. 
 
 Fort Ranau taken, 105 reliuls killed . .9 Jan. 
 
 Final subnii-ssion of Mat Salleh . . 19, 22 Ajiril, 
 
 BORXOU, an c.^iciisivf kingiloin in ceiiival 
 Africa, explored by IXiihisui and Clappcfton (sent 
 out by tlie liritisli ifovoiiimciit), in 1822. 'Ihe 
 popu lilt ion is cstiinutcii bv Itcnhain at 5,000,00c. 
 by Harth. at 0,000.000. Uabali, an auventiiror who 
 had subitncil the kingdom, defeated by Sandali, the 
 riglitfiil sultan, anil executed, reported 21 Xov. 
 
 BORODINO, a Kussiaii village on the rivtr 
 Jloskwa, near which a sanguinarv battle was fought. 
 7 Sept. 1812, between the Freiull under Xapoleou, 
 and the Uir^.-ians under KutiLsoil'; 210.OOO men 
 bein? enga^..iJ. Each party claimed tlie victory; 
 hut the Uussiaiis retreated, leaving J[osco\v, wliich 
 the French entered, 14 Sept. ; see Musco>c. 
 
 BOROX, see Hoim: 
 
 BOROUGH or Bl'ROH, anciently a company 
 of ten families living together, now such towns as 
 send members to jiarliament, sime the election of 
 fciiri:esse,sintlic rcign of Henry III. 12O5. Charters 
 were granted to towns i)V Henry I. 1132; which 
 were remodelled by Charles II. in 1082-4, but re- 
 stored in i(i8,S. 22 new English boroughs were 
 
 1870 
 
 1882 
 
 iSSg 
 
 1891 
 
 i;97 
 
 1S9S 
 
 created in r ; 
 
 liur; 
 
 were tii'st .idmittcd into 
 
 the Scottish parliament by Robert Uruc 
 
 nd 
 
 by Robert Urucc. 1^20; a 
 into the Irish. 1 505. Acts to amend the itepresen- 
 tiition of tlie I'eoplc in England and Wales passed 
 7.1mie, 1852, and 15 Aug. 1807 ; and the Act for 
 t/ie Kegiilution of >''iiiiicipal Corporations, 9 Sept. 
 !8J5, see Oi>,./i'/.-.v,Y/ 
 
 BOROUGH-BRIDGE (W. R.of York). Here 
 Edward II. defeated the earls of Hereford and Lan- 
 
 caster, 16 March, Ij22. Lancaster was mounted on 
 a lean horse, led to an eminence near Pontcfratt, 
 and beheaded. 
 
 BO-.OUGH-EXGLISH, an ancient 'tenm,. 
 by winch the younger son inherits, is mentioned a„ 
 occurring 834. It was abolisheil iu Scotlaiul bv 
 Malcolm III. in 1 102. 
 
 BOSCOBEL, near Uonington, Shrop>hin . 
 
 Charles II. (after his defeat at Woif ester, 3 .Si pi, 
 
 I 1651), disguised in the clothes of the I'endriil..., 
 
 ! reiiiained from 4 to 6 Sept. at White Ladies; h,-, 
 
 i - and 8 Scjit. Le lay at lioscobel house, near v ' . |. 
 
 e-ii^ts an 0.1k, said to be the scion of the Royal Oak 
 
 iliwhidi the king was part of the time hidden with 
 
 col. Careless. Slinrpe. The "Boscobel Traits" 
 
 were first published in 1660. In 1861 Mr. F. Man. 
 
 ning publislied " Views," illustrating these traet.«. 
 
 \V. it. .Vinsworth's " lioscobel." a story with 
 
 authentic details, published 1872. 
 
 BOSXIA, in Europe.in Turkey, formerly part of 
 I'lmnoiiia, was governed by chiefs" till a bro'ther-iu- 
 law of Louis king of Hungary was made king, ij;(.. 
 He w;is det'eated by the Turk^ in 1389, and beeaine 
 (heir vassal. Dosnia was incorporated with Turkey 
 in 1463. Many efforts have been made b\ the 
 Bosnians to recover their indeiiendence. A re- 
 bellion, begun in 184:, v.'.. -• .led by Omar I'asha 
 in 183 1, 'the Bosnians ; , ic.i the insurgents in 
 Herzegoviiiii. Sept. 1875 ; .'"•'olt was subdued, Au^'. 
 1877. See TiD-kei/. 
 Abou." loo.oco Bosnian fugitives said to be in 
 
 Austrian territories .... July, ,8;S 
 
 Procliniatioii of the emperor before his troops enter 
 
 Bo.'.nia (in eontorniity with the tnctii !■/ Ikrlin, 
 
 I"! July) 27 July, „ 
 
 Advaiiee of the Austriaiis, 29 July, vigorously re- 
 sisted bv the Bosnian begs, aided bv 't'urks 
 
 4-f. Aiiir. „ 
 The Bosnians defeated lietween Zepce and -Va^'lai, 
 
 7. 8 All/. „ 
 The .Vustrians occupy Tra^^lik, the ohl capital. 11 
 
 Aug. ; slightly repulsed , , . 16 Aug. „ 
 Victories of I'liilippovieh at Han Belalovi'li, 10 
 
 Aug.; of Tegethotf .... 18 Aug. „ 
 Serajevo. the eapital, bombarded end taken by storiii 
 
 19 .\iig. ; otiM'r successes . . 30 Aiy., 5 Sept. ,, 
 The forties binie volnntarilv surreiideis 
 
 7^'ept. „ 
 Behacs tirinly resi...' 10 .Sept. ; taken 10 Se|,t. ,, 
 
 Seiikovies, a strong ..irtresa, with arms and aiicun- 
 
 nitioii, taken 21 Sept. ,, 
 
 Zwoiiiik. a stionghold, surrenders about 25 s..pt. ,, 
 I.ivii" 111 iiiibanled. and taken . . 28 .S'pt. „ 
 
 Other plai-es surrender . . . about 12 Oet. ,, 
 Resistance emlcil ; general amuestv issued 
 
 about .-, \i.v. „ 
 Austrian loss estimated slkjo killed, Woundeil, 
 
 niissins: Xnv. „ 
 
 The eiuintry settled, gradual piditieal reforms Jan. 18S0 
 I'o|iiilatioii, i,5.i4,o-pi ; anmjuneed . . p,.],, ,355 
 
 BOiSPHOTlE EGYPTIEX, see J-:;i>/j,t, 1885. 
 
 BOSPHORU.S, ThRACIAX (now channel of 
 Constantinople). Ltarius Uystaspes threw a liridiip 
 of boats over this strait Cvhcn about to invailt 
 Greece, 493 11. l". See Cdii.stmitikdjilr. 
 
 BOSPORUS (improperly BrtSrHOltrs), i»w 
 called t'iiciiMiii, near the liosphorus Cinimeriiis, 
 the straits of Kerteh or Yeiiikale. The hi.<tory of 
 the kinirdom is involved in obscurity. It '«:i.s 
 named Ciinmeriaii, from the Ciiiiii,eri. »ho divelt 
 on its borders, about 750 H.c. 
 
 The Areluenaetidie from Mityleiie rule . 
 Tliey are disposse.ssed by Mpartaeus I. 
 
 Seb'ueMs. 4:1 : Hatyrus I 
 
 I.eiie.iii. j.ji : .siiiaiiaeiis II., 351 : Parysiido ^ 
 
 Kiimeliis. iiin.ing to detlirmie his biotlier .'..iij- 
 riis 11 , is defeated ; but Satyrus is killed . . 310 
 
 BOST 
 
 rrytanis his next biotlier «, 
 is.imrdered by Eun.elu.s ' 
 
 kili'id '' '" ''"''"' "" '"s 
 
 The Siythiaiis conoucr Boson 
 
 MUlllld,ltes\I„of'r",t„':'^ 
 
 H.-li"isi.nshin,.self;andtlio] 
 rll.iriiaees. liilc 
 
 liittleol'Zel.i, ^rai„e,n,v j„,i 
 
 ■'.■» I's II. (Ciesar writes ho, ,' 
 
 e.iiiie, I saw, I eoii,,i,ereil ") 
 
 .t.^iuder usuii.s the ,.,,nvn 
 
 I'l.-^ar makes Mithrid.ites of P, 
 
 I'.i.eiiiiiii CO,,,,,,,,,,, u,,,,,^, ; 
 
 -Wiipjia. rei-iis ' 
 
 !;■'''■":":! i=l""'.''>-''a''baHan8o 
 ri'leiiiiiii II. reigns 
 
 .Mitliridates II. reigns 
 
 .M.tliiiilates conducted n' iirb 
 
 order lit Claudius; Cofvs I 1^ 
 .\!ist of kings give,:,. ^■;,'„ 
 
 S;iiiieiiiates VII, ■* 
 
 BOSTOX, Lincoln.hl,■e• 
 ,1st:,pelorwool, 135;; St. i 
 lifty tower, was erected abi 
 m, 14.941 ; 189,, [^,933, 
 
 BOSTOX, Massachusetts 
 
 jiuit 1027 Here originated^ 
 
 liritish authorities which le 
 
 pnuleiice. The act of iiarliai 
 
 t.M, pajiers, colours, Arc 
 
 ?ie,,tly c^iitecj the iudignati 
 
 11)4011. Population i8()o, 44f. 
 
 ■ Histim News Letter," (irst Am 
 a|i|i"ared 
 
 111' duties on p,ipcr, &e.,' were si, 
 te.i, rebiiiied ; the citizens of 
 le.i 111 three vessels in the harl 
 into the sea . 
 
 B..<Mii .seipoit shut by the Eili 
 un il restitution should be n, 
 liiiliat.iiiipanytorthe tea lost 
 
 .\trivalof geii.G.ige.isco,iiiiiand 
 
 Lolonies, with troops 
 liie town besieged by the Aine 
 
 Imises di'stroved 
 Bittieef Bunker Hill,' between' 1 
 
 inilelieiiileiit troojis ; the hit 
 
 Tiieiitycvaeuated by the king's tr 
 iiil"-trmlexliibithinoi„.„ed 
 [ dr. Mtiioaee Jubilee: concert of abi 
 jiii'l 1094 mstriuueiits, with an 
 
 laliiiiiitiniial ]ieace.ju'bil,.,.'; ,.||,',|.„, 
 
 "Miesira, 1000: with niilitiiiv b' 
 
 ip ;'n"eis of ,liH,,,.,it nations; 
 
 lliii»iigi'e,iadier guards' band- i 
 •J'li ii;itiiin . . 
 
 T:,imi,.|,iiis tire ; gi'i-at loss o'f life 
 
 1 al«iii 80 acres of buildings i„„. 
 
 ,, '7 '.«""'«■').' 35 I'crson.s'kille' 
 IliiMl tire; many buildings destro 
 ■s s,ooo,oco dollais. Two tii-cnc 
 
 |MMyl,iiiI,|i„g,,ie,,troycdbvfi,.e. , 
 tmiiile, I0.S.S, 3,ooo,oc» dolks • 
 
 I Aiiiillier lire, 500 families homeless ; 
 
 ' airreat lire i„ warehouses, estiiua 
 1 TO.ooo dollars 
 
 I riMiuctive blizzard, city blocked, 30 
 
 BOSWORTH FIELD, L, 
 '' '■■' "";. thirteenth and last |e 
 «>«eliork and Lancaster. 22' 
 lM:ir,l III was defeated by he c 
 I ft.™,itds Hen,-y VII., „ ,d ','[, 
 I fcemon of Sir Wm. Stanley, 
 Itarywas ci'owncl on the ^nr.t x> 
 i'iwi,iimoun,l in a hawthorn iush 
 i ..^'^TAN'Y, Aristotle is eonsidi 
 ■oflliesaence(ubout347B.c,). JH, 
 

 'KUhlr.'''''^ '•'''-•''""'''« relations. 30,; a, 
 Till' .Sr\'thijiiw (.ill. _'r» ■ ' • . 
 
 riuun;i,',.,s. ki,,.' "• ""ii''"is iii:iki. his son 
 
 liittkMifZfl,. ° ■ 
 
 309 
 
 304 
 
 2S3 
 So 
 
 S!'wH,!:Li!::!!'",F-?-."Ver>har: '' 
 
 . vici, 
 
 •I 
 
 l.y 
 
 iii,..< ri (r' . ■' '""Ills 
 
 A-">l..Mvi^ns ""■■'I'"'"''. ""'1 n,v„mva ,„ 
 
 I'ulei II. iviiiMs '""■""""Of the Palus JT.TOtis .-..d, 
 
 Milljiiihiti-s U. ivi-Ms '■'■■• 
 
 onlororChMMil;' ;'c'.tysV S"' ^" """"'• ''J' 
 'sm.^nul^oi^lf" ''^' ""'"^ "•■•''^■" ^"'Ix with 
 
 49 
 
 BOSTOX, Liiuo|„.;h,re- ,,',. v' ■ ^'•* 
 
 ashl'K' for wool, n;-S .'.„;>''' "'*• '"*"' '""de 
 l.fty' tower, was' e^f.^'t^.f abt' '"o^''"r'' T"?' " 
 
 m. 14.941 ; 1891, [4,953 Poi'''iution 
 
 r.Jut 103,". Here ori^imt ed' .V"'''^'' .^'""-'8, built 
 ll.m.h n,',thorities vh h w in' T''^'»''^ to tlie 
 
 w, papers, rolour.s, \V:e /,','• r' '^""''■' °" I 
 greatly excited the i idit'iatiou o th/" >■' '"'^"^ 
 llxton. Population r895,!;V8 "-' ''"- "^'f'^^''"* of I 
 ■li'istmi News Letter " iiiNt »„„'.„i"' I 
 
 n|i|.arf,l ' '"" ''■""^"'"i" newsi«i,er, | 
 
 Til" duties oil n.iiipr, ic wnn. ^.-ol .' . '^ -^Pril. 1701 
 !ea, retained : the c l/ens of 1 ' i!''"'' ^ ''"' °" 
 tea ill tliree vessels 11 the hi -ho^?.'"" f''" ""■ 
 into the sea . ""■ "'""'"'f, aii.i cist it 
 
 Bist,.ii si.ai,„rt shut In- th'e E.wii.i; , 'v^ ^'^'^ 
 "»til restitutio,, sl,ou|,i Ik. , iTwe t ■ '"r 
 
 hidia Ouiiiiaiiy tor the tea lost *''i*, *"?' 
 
 .\iriialol gen. Ua«e .is eo.nini'i .1 .'. • ',^3 .Ma,rli, 
 
 Colonies, with tiwps '^"■"'"'""''■■■""•cliieCor the 
 liie t.iwn hesiej-'eil by the A„',.„.i ' ' '■' -^'"J'l 
 
 iMises ile.sti-ov?d ^ '^l"'^^ii<--ai,s, an.i ^i,, 
 
 Eittif (.f Bunker Hill, between' tl,.. ',. ,. ,• . ' 
 
 inittendent ti'ooiis ; the , •;,'•',•'''*' '""' 
 X . Mil, latter ileteate.i, 
 
 Iiiirityevaeiuited liy the kiie.'s t,„,. '7 June, 
 
 I:i luminal e.vliil,iti,ui o, ','mM ° ''" ' 'M'ril, 
 
 (.iv.it iwiiejuhilee : eoiieert of ,nl,i,„t ' ' '^'''t- 
 
 ^^^..94 i...t,.uu.eut,, wiJi!tv!L:°;;:^^:-':i;;- 
 
 l:it..iiiati..i,al i.eaee.ju'l.il,.,.'; ,.i,;„.„^ • ■ >3 June,' 
 
 I T.'iiiii-iiiloiis (i,-e : mvat loss of lif'.^ J"'"'— 4 July, 
 
 l.:5'l»elli„gs): 35 |,e," ,s'kil ,,^ ■ ^^^ ''"Uses 
 Gi«a til-.,; many hu idi,,. " ,1, J • ;. '^i' "■'■ " '^"^■- .. 
 
 i--s.oo.,cx:oii;,i,a,s."'^o1;^;;:^r'i;iu:r""""' 
 
 I Maii.vliiiiMingsile.stroypd by fi,-p. ,!,.„ , ?,S -Vov. iSSo 
 ^ fNiateil loss, i,,^,J, j„,f, ' ^ - '» « ^'''aths, es- 
 
 I Ai»iil,eril,-e, 500 families Iiouiele,. ,'= ,.-, v '"'■'^''' 'S93 
 I a.™, lire in warehouses, est'u.^ eVltss '•^'1''"'' 
 , i-xB.ocw dollars '•""•'^eii loss, above 
 
 |ri-.liiietivehlizzard,eitybloeke;i o 'i ' '^M-iy, ,804 
 I ' ■' " 'O'-'^"'. 2ooho,ses killt^il ' 
 
 others,\vrot . b . ,"^:., ' ^:^'. "i;;"'"; ^-■-^i'll""u-S .md 
 I'nd i.-i-aii-,.un.,t ,,■ i,^^-"' ■'"^ '.f^- ilit' system 
 k^o^ynabc^ ' -,V -inl h,s"/ ^'°''*"^' was made 
 on TouruetortW?,;,!'" u;^,r. ',? '' T"'",'" '''"""''"^ 
 
 I'lanis actually de<i..i-ih,. "°; •""■' *I"--'-ie9 of 
 
 fall short 1 • ooa^'°'^;''7:'7"";"':'''''-^i>''i'^''"»ot 
 
 P«'<liaofl'l,-n "'•T.mJ' '-'• -"'"l"'"" s '•iiuuvrlo. 
 "ppeiu-ed s^q '"", . ^''"M'-joheusive work." tirst 
 
 Svstemati, Xat'miHs h!^ „; V '"."> -1- ',',rrodro„,us 
 ^ol. 1. appeared i^sisfvv*^'^^ ^"*' "'''''■■'^ 
 
 Aliihonsi vho d ed -f^:., st ^"""."'''^ ^'^ '"* '^''n 
 Inte.-„ati«'„al Uou ,t..r' ,'^; .•^'"•"' '*'3- Au 
 
 fs^^^Si^s^E^^^ 
 
 {«^?J,ar:ir[;ot^::i^^J!'''"- '^^^^ '^ Ju.y, .SS,. 
 
 ' *> '• "OlJlUst. l|. 2J JllUB, 1393. 
 
 '773 
 
 ■774 
 
 •775 
 
 '776 
 1356 
 
 1S72 
 
 P..ib,a 
 I -Mo„t|,ellier 
 I,ey.len . 
 Leipsie 
 
 Pa'i-< (.Jn,-.li,i 
 llantes) . 
 Jena . 
 Ox(-,„-,i . ■ 
 L"p.sal. 
 Chelsea . 
 Kdiul,u,-yh . 
 > lenua . 
 Miidi-id 
 
 BOT.VNIC OARIlENs. 
 
 , ' .. f-^t'-'hlishfUiliout 
 
 1543 I Kew, 1760: Ki-eatly im- 
 
 i4i-C5 
 
 des 
 
 •55S 
 •577 
 1580 
 
 • . 1624 
 
 • 1629 
 
 ■ • 1C32 ■ 
 
 • 1673-85 
 
 • 1680 1 
 
 '763 
 ■773 
 1785 
 
 '793 
 iSoo 
 
 1821 
 
 1839 
 
 I'loved , 
 
 Cu,nliii.lge . 
 Coi,iii,,-a^ 
 
 St. rrter.sl.urs ." 
 Cal.iitta. 
 Dul.lin 
 
 Iloiti,-iiltiiial.s,,;.n,tv. 
 
 Chiswii k 
 HoyalBotanirSoi.ii.tv'. 
 _ HiM-'eiifs P.iik. " 
 ■753 1 Royal Horti.-ultuial 
 • '755 I Socety's ; sne //.,,■- 
 
 ;.P«K? »„ i;«»'i5r'.ii.,ov..„.d "by 
 
 Se^e^SSj^ ^K^lE, La„ar.shi,.e. The 
 i"tole,-,,„t govm, uuM^t of n •nl"'' rf™' "^'""''^f '^'' 
 tlu. celelu-ated CI ;: ,0 ,,V ,?),."•' ?'"' '^'^''''"^ 
 I6;0, «e,-e totally rout" 'bv ' le^ rl'^Hv ' ''"°''' 
 nt Both,yell Bridge, "2 Ju e .-n "', ^'«'"»outh 
 soners ,yere tortured u,d e n, ed^' "'"^ "'^'""^ P"' 
 
 .msWOETH FIELD lei /, "•"^■^ 
 
 f'^i the ti,irtt;.„th i^.^j^t b- ', ifV";'"""' '^ 
 
 Kuliwil III. wasdefeited 1„- ft, V^'n',-*''^' "'''fu 
 
 N*.'™,irds Hear vn ,,,1 '' '•'"'' "( ^"■-^'mond, 
 
 Jj«io„ Of sir-Wm.'-'st;,ln'"i; l'-'"""^'' ,"'^' 
 
 |H™rywaso,-o>vued ou the ™.t ,,,;!, ',' '""' '"'^'f 
 
 I^^Jlou,^ ma hawthorn ius.:;;:;.^';y^:;-"^ 
 
 lofSe^lboS/'n cr"&' '^^ '^""''" ■ 
 I J+/ "■>-.;. Jltntoria Plaiitarum 
 
 '.'-lupedero.;r;;;,tl^^:[l';i't-'|;|;an-.aud 
 dri>,ki,,sXU;,.sk„ov J''%.*^'',r '^""''■■^ '""J 
 
 "•• "■ <=»« " »s 4." "Tale's :r 
 
 
 m 
 
 ^ '::i1 
 
 
BOUILIi'BT. 
 
 1^4 
 
 BOURIGNONISTS. 
 
 k 
 
 Wi 
 
 taini'd two liogslii'iuls was j "vii, we are told, at 
 Leitb, ill 8cofl;ind, in .Inn. i;47-^; sec W((*i. 
 AKliU.y's iwtciit f.ir niuliiug ylass bultli'S by lUito. 
 
 malic luaoliiiH'ry i:,N(n'. 1866 
 
 Buttles largely iimdc ipfiinper ill Aiiicrica . . 138? 
 
 BOUILLON, Belgium, f'onnorly a duchy, was 
 Bold by Uodfrcv its ruler, to Albert, Ijis^lio]) of Liege, 
 to obtain funds for tbe eiutiide, 101)3. ^' ^^''''^ 
 seized by tbi> French in l(i;2, and held liv them ;ill 
 1815, wfieii it was piven to the king of the Xetl.c:- 
 lanils, as dnke of i.uxeinburj;. It was awarded to 
 Belgium after the Revolution of kSjo. 
 
 BOULANGISTS, si'o f-v.-m-c, i8f*6-9i. 
 BOULEVAEDS (lUilwarks), sites of old 
 fortifications in I'aris and other French towns, now 
 planted with ro-.s of irees. The ]uactice has been 
 adopted in some London snl)urban roads, 1875, 
 ct St//. See r/'n/iji-oHiKl. 
 
 BOULOGJCE. .1 SI aport in Pieardy, X. France, 
 added to Uurguudy ;4J5; to France, 1447. Here 
 Henry VIII. and l-jancis L conc'uded u treaty to 
 oppose the "i■a\■\^^'. 28 Oof. IJ32. Ro." ij-ne w.is 
 besieged by Henry VIL 2 Oct. I4ii:\ i ■! n low days ; 
 taken by Henry VlIL on 14 Sept. 1541, b\!t re -.t. red 
 for a sum of nioiie_\ , 1550. 
 iiord Nelson attiickcil a I'ltilla here, iljsabliiil.' Ul\ 
 
 vessels ami siiiliing iiic . . . ;< -*.iW- lioi 
 
 In another atteiniit lie w.is repulsed with greai ^'^-r, 
 and captain Parker offlie Matiixn mid iwo-tl.ini.j 
 of his crew wore killed . iS ;'. ..'a. „ 
 
 Bonaparte asse.ijiblcd i6o,cxxiiiieuanil t.i.ooo hoi »e3, 
 and a ilotilla 01' 1300 vessels iiiel 17, ow liiiilori* to 
 invade England n'l 1S04 ; the eoi;.-.ts of iCent and 
 Sussex wei'e covered with niarteilo to.vers and 
 lines of defeui'e ; and nearly half the adult i».pu- 
 liition of Britain was forn.cd into volunteer corps ; 
 sir Sidney Sniitli unsuicesxfiilly attempted to 
 burn the 'flotilla with lire nc-.-hines eahed eata- 
 
 iiiarans 2 Oct. 
 
 The Kvmy removed on the breaking out of war with 
 
 Au. ■;'.■!"! 
 
 Congre\e .ockets used in another uitack, ,and set 
 
 I 1815. They were first legally granted in Knxlinid 
 for raising naval stores in America, 17(13, and Iciv.. 
 
 i been granted to the herring fishery, on sail-clntK 
 linen, and other goods. See under .V/o/'(r. - 
 
 B( jUXTY MUTIXY, took place on I., a,.; '. 
 Jioiti ';i, an armed shiji whicli quitted Dtaheite, ■ iri 
 bread iruit titcs, 7 .\pnl, 1781). The miitii. , 
 |nit tl'-'r captain, liligh, and nineteen men ini., 
 open 1 'at, witli a sniall r.toek of provision^, i ■ 
 Annain.dka, one of the F'riendly i.lcs, 28 A 
 1789: .hoc reached the island of Timor, soiiii, ,,; 
 the Moluccas, in June, aft. 1 a voyiipce of ikmi-Iv 
 4000 miles. Some of tbe mutineers 'vere irie'u 
 
 15 Sept. 17;|2; six were c..nd"nined and lln e.\- 
 
 eeuted. Fo.r li.e fate of ot.iier i, ...'e I'itcuini's l.s'iiiul. 
 
 BOUKBOX, HOUSB op (from which ,,inu' 
 the royal houses of France, Spain, and Xii|ilc<), 
 
 1804 
 1805 
 1806 
 1840 
 
 the town on fire 8 Oct. 
 
 Louis Nap Icm (afterwards emperor) made a fruit- 
 less desceii'. here with about 50 billuwcrs, 6 .\ug. 
 
 As emperor, In. ii.view(.i; the French troojis destined 
 for the Bait.". 10 .July, 1S54 : and entertained 
 prince AUiertand ;lie king of the Bclgiiuis, 5 Sept. 1854 
 
 Statue of Edw. Jenoer here inaugurated 11 Sept. 1865 
 
 Pilgrimages here to 1 lore an image of the Virgin 
 and Child, said to have been miraculously brought 
 in a boat in 633 ■857-75 
 
 Law iiuthorising construction of a new deeji-sea 
 harboiii', by JI. Sbecklin (in 15 years), cosi about 
 f.So.oooi'. : pa.ssed 19 June ; first .stone laid, by 
 M. Freycinet y Scjit. 1878 
 
 Great fire", shiiiiiing and timber destroyed, sy Sept. 1S95 
 
 BOUNDARY ACTS. Commmioners were ap- 
 pointed by the Uefonn Hill, passed 15 Aug. 1807 
 Viscount iKversley Kussell Unrney, sir John T. li. 
 Duckworth, sir FVancis Crossley, liud John Walter, 
 first sat 16 Aug. England and Wales were divided 
 into 18 distrhts, and other arrangements made. 
 Another boundary act was passed 13 July, 1808, 
 
 Boundary c'linuiissioners aiijiointed to carry out 
 the redistribution nl' seats bill Nov. 1SS4. Wmk 
 
 eoill|ileted 1.7 Fell. 1885 
 
 [Sir Jiihn Lambert (chairman), hon. T. H. \V. I'elliain, 
 
 sir F. H. Suiidford, .Mr. J. T. Henley, heut.cid. \i. O, 
 
 Jones, and M ijor H. Tnllocli 1 
 
 Boundaries cnnimission appniiitcd by the L'.cal 
 Government (Bnundaries) Act passed 16 Sept. . 1687 
 tEarlI!riiwnl"w(cliaiiiiiaii), Ijnid Ediiiniid Filziiiauricc. 
 
 Lord 15asing, sir Henry Sehvyii Ibbctsoniiiid .Mr. Hilibi' !.■ 
 
 BOUNTIES, premiums granted to the produc • 
 exporter, or inipurter of certain arlicle? ; .t priliei; 
 introduced into commerce by the British jiarliameiu. 
 The first granted on corn, in J()88, were repealed in 
 
 i Is, li.v,.-: „f 
 
 1 l.V .,( 
 
 72 ;-.i d 
 
 luk, , r 
 
 derives its origin from the Ai'hamb 
 Kourhon in Herr y. 
 
 Hobert, cniint of (.'lerinont, sun of Loo 
 France, married the heires.s Beatrice in i 
 iji7;and their son Louis I. eieatei. 
 Bourbon and peer of France by Charles 
 The last of the de.ieendants of their elder s,in pj 1,1 
 L, Su.s.'iina, manied Charles, duke of Mentpen- 
 sier, 11. table of liourlion, who, oll'endeil liy his 
 soveri igr Francis I., entered into the serviVe of 
 the iioiNior Charles V., and was killed at tlie 
 
 »l ;ge of Itoine 6 .May, 
 
 From .lames, the iioKinjcr son of Louis I., d(.se( •■ {.',[ 
 Antony, duke of Veiidome, who married (ik;v) 
 .Ii.Muue d'.Vlbiet, daughter of Henry, king of .\'.,. 
 \Mne. Thi'lr .son, llenry IV., born at Pan. 14 
 Dec. 1553, became king of t'l'iuiee , 31 ,)■<!■,, 
 The cniwn of .Spain was settled on a youu. 1 
 branch nf this family, 1700, and guaranteed I r.- 
 the jieace of L'treeht (V,'«;ii'«). ... 
 Bourbon F.xmilv Compact (a defensive alliaiier 
 between France, Sjiain, and the Two Sicilies 
 concluded by M. tie Chniseul) . 15 .\iig. 1-' 
 
 The Bourbons expelled France, 1791 ; restun'^l ' 
 1S14: again ex].elled nn the return of Bimapaite 
 from Elba, and ag .in restoreil after the battle of 
 Waterloo. 1815. The elder branch was e\pelli'd 
 once 111' ■'■, in the person of Charles X. and, his 
 faiiiilj ■ 1830, in conseiiuence of tlie ivvelii- 
 tion lit .' memorable ilays of July in that ye.ir. 
 Orleans braueh aseended the throne in tin' inis.in 
 of the late Louis Philiiipe, as " king nl iho 
 French," 9 .\iig. 1830 ; deposed, 24 Feb. 1848 : and 
 I his family also was exiielled. 
 i The Bourbon family fled from Najdes (6Se|d. iSi>A. 
 i and Franeis II. lost his kingdom ; ex|ielled Inuil 
 S]iain, Se]it. 1868 ; restored by Alfonso XII. y 
 I Dec. 1874 ; see Friinec, Sjiaiii, Xiijilcs, Orhmis, 
 '■ J'aiiUfi, C'oo/f', and I.fjUlmhh. 
 i The fusion of the parties supporting the eonite de 
 Chanibord with the Orleanists, said to be accem. 
 jilished.s .\ug. 1873. TliecomtedeClianibord,|;ist 
 of the eMi'r lir.inch, ilied aged nearly 63, 24 .\iy. iSj., 
 See Fiitin'i: and Orkans, 
 
 BOURBON, Isle of (in the Indian ocean), 
 discovered by the I'ortuguese about 1542. The 
 French are said to have first settled here 111 1049. 
 It surrendered to the British, under admird Rowltv, 
 8 July, 1810, and w.as restored to France in 181'j, 
 An awful hurricane in Feb. 1829, did much mis- 
 chief. liourbon was named " I'lle de la Keunion" 
 in 1848; population, 1892, 171,731. 
 
 BOURIGNONISTS, a sect founded li 
 toinette Hourignon, who, in 1658, took the .V: 
 tine haliit and travelled in France, Holland, 
 l.md, and Scotland ; in the last she made ■ 
 converts about 1670. She maintained that 
 tianity does not consist in faith an'! i die. 
 Mward feelingand supernatural impui ' 
 .lined ('.nirt left her a g.„:,.l estate. ■:;• .;. 
 1680, and her works, 21 volumes »• 0. ■.'■erp pui 
 lished ibHG. 
 
 i.«7 
 
 '527 
 
 ■5S9 
 
 ;n 
 
 \n. 
 
 , BOURXOUs, I Ik. u-.i, 
 -'.;'■'• "I l'..-m into Ko.-h, 
 
 f -..teoatth.-j,,,, ,,,';' 
 
 Mi .'f ranee a. is viei,.,- 
 
 M :.,i,...IU,.. ..• ■ '"■'-■• ore, I 
 
 iJi .lilies, ( Ollsisti . 
 -ouiil... of Klanderl.' 
 
 I., retl, 
 d Boul,, 
 
 ■Ts 1, , ,,,-'■ , 'I" Wind 
 ,.j^''""' ^^'"'"'^ -^ ialisb 
 
 BOVILL'S ACT. 25 ,k - 
 
 jrMtes to petitions of righf ' 
 
 BOVRIL, "Cv-strenth" 
 loiipivjiarationofJeni ;"(♦■; 
 ■r OPerc...;,X;j^™ 
 libuiuen .oiu lib ..m VI 
 
 ].. lai.ai! 1 abfHi! ,v~, ,, ' 
 !-«i"fae.".!r. I by , , , , ," 
 
 :-5^^'.^..t;u'Sr''b: 
 
 i a., llr. J. L. Johnston, viee-eha 
 ^.-..ported from S.Am;ric;.;;;r 
 
 mVLS or BOWUXG an 
 
 |».vasthe,3,hce„tun^ H.m', 
 |Rve<i at it, and a^o Charles 
 
 BOW-STREET, see .IA„^,,,, 
 
 i.-usfbr",;^;,.-^;:-^teoa,s, 
 eiwially Townsend w ■ '! '"" 
 
 --"--.'^d^'th:^;::;;;,^;;; 
 
 BOWS ..VXD ARRo^vs, see../,. 
 
 |fe«^l.,.-l>o possess"" „,i"~ 
 fcj^ty in battles decided b; tile 
 gilou's aniphitheatre, behin.l o 
 
 tewls opened in Eri'cri.in.i * .' 
 
 fete opened he Iv.e ,'"''■■■''■'' ''"^i 
 
 NWmter(nickn,'n,e; '«")""■■''"' 
 
 »err::^;!ii^u.,is'"ri ■/'«' 
 
 ItoPoiitefract in ,sJ die, '' '""' '"^" 
 
 ^ »i«"d 5 feet I .,/;«;'''''.,", ii«i 
 
 b-toiieia Bov'n' '*■''■""' ''"I" 
 ''«"i"cli. Strwii^tl f ■^""■"'"". 
 
 ^Km, tet Mace, and Obtained the dn 
 l"tta,,Se,,t.„.„dHee,ian(nea;iy, 
 
 flio,1tnJ again """""Ked, on jiromia 
 ^lllt;!^;:,/''*^ ^-'-.ipionship ,.«er 
 
 "^sl;r;'^::;:!;^::^i-enMaee,.mH 
 
 -.lieu i.j the ane».i 0/ 
 "!* liroliihited eni.i-,.i„.. 
 ■■%'". 3. i;'vM:'e"f,^'^'-«;""«»i.r 
 
BouKxors. 
 
 nv 
 
 15S5 
 
 Borijxous .1,0 ,,. I- 
 
 l.>5 
 
 BRABANT. 
 
 Fi-.iir,.). the site of „ JesiH'. 
 ,'' i^;;" "^-nc. w,.r,. ,:,K-,,, , 
 
 1S60, 
 
 BOUVfXGs V 
 
 ■-t.;Wlttlt, i;j„i^; , 
 
 ;flranee»,,svu-i, 
 
 iui allies, oiisiHti ,, ,,., 
 .ounl;j of Kliiiidei-' ..' 
 ■'■•'ra, .11, ! tilt; e,',; ■ 
 .'.ii'in. 
 
 BOA^ILL'8 ACT - t ,, v 
 
 rnatcs to potitiun. of njjFn "* ^"■'•'■- 34 
 
 !o a preparation „f ],,,„ ; '-, ' : •''f^: » niie given 
 ■■'"'t 75 per ,,, ; h" ' '™"' »'"''' the water 
 itami .,;.; inn.ne ti Vn, '-r''^'''"'; ^""1 e 
 
 ohnston, „.ho be.-un ; ' , i,''-' -V'; "^^ Dawson 
 n lanai!:, abou; .v-j 'i"!'", mental researehe.s 
 MiifaeJiirui bv a eo,p,m,„ v ■ '«."<'« Jar-elv 
 
 * Ur. J. L. Johnston, viV . ' I ' '" :''""-"»m, 
 :.!.:'P^rted from S. AinerA ,'!'""!"•, ^^"'^' beef 
 l^9^)• "•'■""' -Australasia (June 
 
 BOA\XS or Bowi Tvr. 
 
 1S82 
 
 1897 
 the 
 
 iioiit. vijuius 11, at iun bridge 
 
 ',^;,3-;™ET,see.,r,„/,..„,... 
 
 Via;;.rae;^» ;;^,;i;;;;';;';i;;i:;;l"'-ly Kiven to t,,e 
 :Be MetrcjioliM, eo,,,,,,,, ,iv ™ ,'".''"^'" "'""■ <'f 
 I ™ts"lron, tlu.ir ', " ^...•■'^'^■'l "Ji"bi„ Ji,,,i! 
 '»m tor the .l,.|.c. i, ,"", r"/-:'-, , J'''^-.v "ere 
 ':i»cia My TowMs.iui, „. ;f ''"'len crimes, 
 k;i:fc' Gc'orye III. an I lo„ . ," I'lvonrite of 
 •tomnus, Jealous ;.;„:■ „'","J-. |.iM.berh«,n 
 
 BO^VSaxd Arrows, see ../.w„.;v/ 
 
 '-^,-.co„i^n.^,r.:i^^^,-ti^-^^,Hept.; 
 
 ii/^'^a;!'^;---;i:..-;--in,ja,a,-ai--- 
 
 "" >-5 a.,M, 7 Oe.- , ,11', i Ja.m!?-"^ ''■'"■ ^^ |,"./ 
 
 Bffiif;f!riiic^;,"„,^,"v''' ^'•'"'■''"')' -'"■'•^' 
 
 "M-ork, was":fean-VvT."p"''"! ''>' '•'" 'J"k\; 
 »^p took 2000 pHsonersindei u""^' '*-T"l'lican8, 
 T i>epf. ,;g^. ^ ""'"^ «nd eiglit pieces of eannon, 
 
 exSSS;^;;:'^'^^/o this coun.r,, ana 
 a large bo.x-tree at Uo^hili "*'''■'"''■'■'■ >■" '«IS 
 ;'"<! realised a larg^. s"'' m"'"1, "f '"' ''''*", 
 
 the trees were ,.,,. 1 . •^^"'■I'lHoch nivs th'it 
 
 upwards of to ^ '..''X"' '8'5. jmd prVd.lie'd' 
 "^"-'^ "» ">« till Produeed about S^'/'" ^'""'"S "^ 
 
 BOY-BISFTOP i> 
 
 ehoir-boy wa?"!;^^enth Zf /''' '2''''"" "^^^ « 
 J'-y, 6lJee,andleldomeet ; ""c'l'' ^'i^'''olns' 
 torn was suppressed in &,!] ,',',""' f^l^- 'J'I'eoug. 
 '■"^•^■■ed for'inne tinie .U'tl?! "' ''"'•^' '542 J but 
 
 com^,^!^?J7thT?.'o,fr,/'r'"y' '««o. 
 
 ?"tt fund to ai--st „ ,t°' ' ,'° /}P".l- I8««- 
 
 182 
 
 JBOXLVG, or P,„vT, Tf,r. 
 
 lb.li,.who possess so .''Z?''^'"'' "-"^ the 
 V|on,, in battles deeidedb;.','H:.'bn[^ '''^■'" 
 te""^ -ll'bitbeatre, bebiad Oxtokl-i.^ 
 
 |«s,beatLan«un(lbr ,^ *\^' b""''-' "tlier vie- ^° 
 ■uGiillv, originally ,1 !,„ ,,,„„. ' „ ' i June, ,82, 
 liHf-Djiliti'r, aeiMiiiviu-,,, 1, , ""; .afterwaj-ds a * 
 IfaPontrfraet in' ,"35 ",^: "'• "'"' beea.nu .M.P 
 
 ^ltraleooaHiftatl-ana.oi'oi.L-1, i , ' 9 •^•'"'■b, iS6j 
 Ibb, aUiiit 5 CeetS in, .1>. .'*'''•' ''{.'lit Sassev 
 
 |fc''toi,.iUo,r aj;'-^,;''"^^ ' 
 
 lite I nicli. StVeij.'fl T -^""^^"ean, n l.eivht 
 |?il'"l. i^"tlMaunii'j;i^:taVi,^^;/'f-{"''"^''' 
 ^J»«tetMaee, and Obtained t„e.<.S^ 
 ^.«o.,,Sep,.,a„;,He;.aanO.,„:,,,-^- 
 
 fc.lwol„ia,,,ionsbij,l,etive,.„\f„ ' ,■ '^ '^•m. 
 
 W- I'Mliiliited eanviii.r „ 'sOet' t 
 
 "■•'.■I". 3. & 32 Vk't \. f ,^'"''-™"'^ K'-'i-S to a 
 
 Condemned bv the 7'o„°pV''r"'',"'' "***o> ''' ."V. 
 
 ft"^astefi-'5F^vZhi;^«^v^ 
 
 "--^-^'-"^'ie-^u^tlllrxi:'^^^-- 
 
 (I« July, l6qi^^,vT*M^?§> 'n**tituted by his will 
 earl ofCoA^//.;! ^t'l^J-? («°» of -the yia 
 Senius, virtu .aiidben^vnl'' '''^'"'P'ished b/ his 
 '.''9' • -Eight lee "res ?fn, "'•'"•'' "'''« ui^-'J 30 Dec 
 
 I lecturer IS tenable for three e.;, ^ ''« <'*'=« of 
 l'7/a ^f{^.K?s'a-^.-ar which Wil. 
 
 ;V""ber (out c^*' "'o^'™>- '»/' "bout\, third^cd'?h^ 
 , tlienee to Wateif.o'd^nl •''""^■'' «i'(J to Dublin 
 I 'luke of Seho, I ::';;'^;' '^^f'ni to France. The 
 
 own soldiers as he WV .- '"' l'-^" ""s'-'ke by hk 
 ! •;'>«o was killed he rev (''"'«"'[;■•"•'-■'■- =^'"i here 
 
 >*plendid obelisk rcni; .■ ^u .■^''•'"' i'rogheda is b 
 by the rrotesun, ^„? th'j'j" ?i!'^'.'"> -•'-t'^'i i" . 36 
 of this victory. "^ '^'"l"'" "> '^commemoration 
 
 «r;^<aT-i;^:^;u:;;;';,',:'{-^ii^.;^'^,.^.guns. destroyed by 
 
 I'oi'tions were 
 
 un 
 
 '^^IJi^l'l S"''''^^'^« Apparatus. See 
 
 -'u^.^it^?J^,?;,;^'|';;'-'^J!f Holland and Belgium ,u 
 to his s„„ ,',,,.■; ''4<-''HHe,nagne'sempir™'feU 
 ''U'W i,.:,,led at fir,;t Lowe/Lo'r'"^'; ■" -Write 
 
 ^^-r.heentu,.itts^SVaU-af^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 I ' 
 
 ! ti,'" f' 
 
 : ^#¥|*| 
 
 •'!®I4*^'!' 
 
 
 LI, 
 
 
 m 
 
 «IP 
 
 w'a 
 
 ^' 
 
 ■1 
 
 i^^i f 
 
BRAY'S AS 
 
 it 
 
 , i 
 
 I 
 
 Austrin, lis Dutih rtrabint and the WuUikjii pro- 
 viiK (.'i, iiiul uiuli'i vviut many I'lmn^'es thruusli tlie 
 w.ir-i nf Kui-iiiH'. Till' AustiTiii diviMuii was takoa 
 by the Ki-cni'li in 17411 "'"I '794 ^^ "'"* imitLHl to I 
 tk- Xothrilauas ill 1S14, Imt Soutli Hnil)aTit was ! 
 ivou t(> llultriuni, 1S30. Tlio heir of the tliroue of 
 ifljfiiim U st\ k'll chike o' Urabant ; see Jiiltjiiini. 
 
 BRACELETS were wi.rn by tlie ancients, anil 
 oriiiillii weiv K.iriiau military rewards Those of 
 pearls ami i:"lil were worn by 'the Uonian ladiea. 
 
 BRACHYGKAPHY, sec StuMinipI.ij. 
 
 BRADFIELD RESERVOIR, "te ShrpiM, 
 1804. 
 
 BRADFORD. West Hiding of Vorkshire. an 
 ancient >e.it -'f the wo dleii niaiiufactare: made a 
 patiianientarv li 'roiii,'h in 1S32; has thriven since 
 1S51. liradtord returns thre.' M.P.'s by Act passed 
 25 June, l8^v; made a eity June, 1897. See 
 I'uimiuiKi. I'oiuibition, lS"8l, 194,495; 189I, 
 210.301." 
 
 New town-lialMvas opened . . . 9 Sept. 1873 
 Urilisli Assiie.ittiMii ii.et here. . . 17 Sept. ,, 
 Stntiie of Sir Titus Salt unveileil . i Auj;. 1S74 
 
 Statue of K Cob.li.a unveiled . . 25 July, 1S77 
 New tecliuienl selioid opened by the prince of Wales 
 
 23 June, i832 
 Full of clilinney of New Lands mills : 54 killeil, 
 
 230 injured 23 IJec. ,, 
 
 Statue of .Mr. W. K. Forster, lou!.' M. P. fra-Brailford, 
 
 uuveileil liv till iiiaiipiis of Uipon . 17 May, iSijo 
 .Strike of alioiit i5,oooo|ierativesattlieMamiin;;liaai 
 
 nulls. Due. iSgo: eiiiled . . 27 April, 1S91 
 
 Hiotiiig sii]>pres>c.l by militiiiy . 13. 14 April, ,, 
 
 Kire at Messrs. Siitclitle and Sons' cotton mills, 
 
 etc.. ilanmge, about 2o,oocJ. . . 27 Nov. 1S93 
 Lord Masliam pronii>es to found an institute in 
 
 JIaiiMiM:.;liaia park May, 1898 
 
 BRADLAUGH CASE, see hnliomcnt, 
 18S0-5. Mr. diaries liradlaugh, M.P. lor Xorth- 
 nmpton, died 30 Jan. l!S9[, asfed 57. 
 
 BRADSHAWS RAILWAY GUIDE was 
 
 first imblished by Mr. Ci. JJradshaw, assisted by Mr. 
 
 W. J. Adams, in Dec. 1841. Tlie Coutiiicutal 
 
 Bradfliinv was establislied iu 1848. 
 
 The bet'iniiia^:; of railway guides is involved in 
 obscurity. Mr. liradsliaw i.ssucd his lirstrailway 
 time tables iu two forms, oni' for the Liverpool 
 and Manrliestcr .listriot, and one for Limiion 
 and till' Hiriicia,:li.'iiii ilistriet, ig.aii.l 25l)et. 1S39. 
 Ilis Hailwav L'l.iupauuiu appeared in il;40 ; (V. 
 Ma.laii, .l/;.M,.i.'.,«) Dec. 24, 1S87 
 
 BRAGAXZA. a city in Portugal, gave title to 
 Alfonso, natural s.ui of John 1. of Portugal (in 
 14.22), founder of the house of Ijraganza. When 
 the nation, in a hlondh'ss revolution in 1O40, threw 
 off the Spanish yoke. John duke of Bragauza, was 
 called to the throne as John IV., and his descen- 
 dants have ivigned over V'trtinjul till the present 
 tinie, and over Di-azil till N'jv. 1889. 
 
 BRAHMIXS, Hindoo priests, the highest of 
 the four castes. Pythagoras is thought to have 
 learned from them lii< doctrine of the Mrtriiipxi/c/ni- 
 4(.v .• !iiui ir is ariirnied that some of the Greek pliilo- 
 Bopliers went to India on purpose to converse with 
 them. The Bnilinuns derive their name fjom 
 Brahmah, one of the three beings whom God, ac- 
 coruing to their tlieidogy. created, and with whose 
 assistance he formed the worhi. .See I'cdus and 
 
 hlitlilil ism . 
 
 BRAH3I0 SOMAJ, .see Dnsm. 
 BRAIN, see under Ci-CHiulodu and N-rve^. 
 
 minoritv in a parish vestry cannot, levy a chnr'h 
 rate. 
 BRAKE.S, see under Ii(u!u;ii/s. 
 
 BRAMHAM (W. U. York) : near here the , ,rl 
 of Northumbcrhind and bird liardolf were delc.iicj 
 and slain by sir Thomas Hokeby, the (reneral of 
 Henry IV., 19 Feb. 1408 ; and Fairfax was defeated 
 bv the rovnllsts under the earl of Newcastle, „ij 
 March, 1043. 
 
 BRANDENBURG, a city in Prussia, fuumlcl 
 by the Slavonians, who gave it the name of i;,//;/,,,-. 
 which signitied Uinird of tlu Funut, accordiie.' V: 
 some; others e.^jilain t.ie name as Itiirg, or . itv, 
 of the lirtiiHu. Henry I., surnanied tlie b'l.uliV,' 
 after defeating the Slavonians, halitied "Hni,- 
 nibor," 92O, us a rampart against the Hun-, ai,.! 
 bestowed the government on Sigefroi, count of 
 Kinirellieim, with the title of margrave, or profeitf.r 
 of tlie marches or frontiers. The emperor Si.-js. 
 inund gave perpetual investiture to Frederirk IV. 
 of Nureinburg, of the house of llohenzoHern, 
 ancestor of the royal family of Prussia, iu:vIp 
 elector in 1417. For a list of the margraves sinrc 
 1134, see Prussia. Population, 1890, 37,823. 
 
 BRANDY (German linuinttriiti, burnt wine), 
 the spirit distilled from wine. Alcohol aiipiars uj 
 have been known to Kaymcnd Lnlly in the ijtli 
 century, and to have been manufactured in Frami 
 early in the 14th. It was at first used niedioiii- 
 allv^ and miraculous cures were ascribed to it> in. 
 riuence. In 1852, 3,959,452; i" iS'^O, 5,021,930; 
 1870, 7,94^,965 ; in^ l»74> 3.378.057 ; in i8;6, 
 
 ,,913,012; in 1877,2,962,697; in 1879, 5,024.f/>s 
 
 m 188: • -"" - . ■' . 
 
 2,655,004; in 1889. 2,»5»,774; in 1890,3,100,450: 
 :.. .v„, ,-,^ ,-.-. ;., ,».'„(. -,749,624 gidlo 
 
 m 1883, 2,202,344; in 1887, 2,826,108; in iSSS 
 • 1889, 2 
 
 BRAINTREE CASE (in Essex) was decided 
 in 1842 by Dr. Lushmgiou, who determined that a 
 
 ,858,774; in 1890, 
 in 1S93, 2,739.455 ; iu 1896, 2,749,624 gallons wen 
 imjiorted into the United Kingdom. It is now 
 largely manufactured in Britain. Manufacture of 
 genuine French brandy almost ceased, announnd 
 1885. 
 
 BRANDYWINE. » river in X. America, neir 
 which a battle took place between the British, iniiler 
 Howe, and the Americans under M'ashington, in 
 which the latter (after a day's tight) wer,' defeated 
 with great loss, II Sept. 1777. Pniladelpluu f.il 
 into the possession of the vict irs. 
 
 BRASS. That mentioned in the Bible was 
 most probably bronze. When Lucius Mumniiu- 
 burnt Corinth to the ground, 146 H.c, he fuimd 
 immense riches, and during the contiagration, it is 
 said, all the metals in the city melted, .iiid ruiiniiij 
 together, formed the valuable compositir.n described i 
 as Cofi)itliinii Brasa. This is well doubted, fertile 
 Corinthian artists had long before obtained |fre:il 
 credit for their method of combining guU and 
 silver with cooper. Itii Fnsuoij. Some of the 
 English sepulchral engraved brasses are said to be 
 as old as 1277; a white brass produced by Mr. P. 
 M. Parsons, about 1.S75. 
 
 BR>VOCASE. Mr. Charles Dclauney Turner 
 Bravo, u.irrister, died suddenly and mys'teriousli 
 (at Balham, county of L'nidon), suicide "susiicftoJ. 
 18 April, lS"6 ; oiien verdict at iniiucst ; new in- 
 quest ordered, 26 June, 1 87O ; began 10 July. Ver- 
 dict : " Wilful murder by administration of tartar 
 emetic ; but not sutHcient evidence to tix flic guilt 
 upon any person," II Aug. 1876. 
 
 BRAY, Berks. Fuller says that its viiar, 
 Symon Symonds, was twice a papist and twice s 
 Pr.3te»tant— in the rcign.s of ilciuy VIII., Ed- 
 ward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth (1533-1558). Ipon 
 being called a turn-coat, he said he "kept to nil 
 
 principle, that of "livi,,^ 
 Ui.iy. The ..t„ry is .l,,,* 
 refers to the jiolitical ch.ii 
 o'liliiries. 
 
 BK '^Y'.S A.S.SOCLVJ 
 
 libraries ami siipp„rti.,«- 
 *tv began in 1723, !„. |,,: 
 Slicldon, aiijiointiii- tni.it 
 |ii''ifll''>l by Mr. I)'.\ll,„u 
 nci-ioes. I„ ,-35 „i..s,. t,.,; 
 .cut name, and tlicirfuiid v 
 ill 17O7 and 1708. 
 
 "'■ Biay. H-lio was one of II 
 I r i'lnpH-ntinn the O.pspel 
 iirallyaseoniiiiissMiy n, y,\„ 
 
 I. 'Iliiell. ibi.lit ,(i ,6 ,|i,.|| , 
 
 !■"• ;■!'";., i<s to'Ni,,,, ,., 
 
 1 ir.»l,ul I, „arv, ,„„|,.,. ,.,,,,,^ 
 "■"''■it.^l'ii.lst : ,|,„| ,,,„„ „ 
 
 I'lirpeSCS. rile assnei-.tes assi. 
 
 ■ 'I"i'l''.s, alei paiueliiiliihr 
 
 , BR.4ZEN BULL, said 
 Vl'.rillii., .'it .\tliriiv, t;,|. p 
 .viitaiil, 570 „.,.. I, |,,„| ,,, 
 ailoiit the victim.s. anil u tir 
 neatll to roast them to ,lei,tli 
 irlbt to make the first cxii, 
 \" "•'■■.) "peaks „t ,l„. ,./„, 
 later writers givcliini ,1 ditfe, 
 
 BR.-VZIL, an emjiire in S. 
 -.-ivcivd liy Vin.i.nt Pin/on 
 Alvarez dc Cabral, a PortU" 
 .>asts by a tempest, XmW ?. 
 tadofthe Holv CiMsi- Imt 
 named Brazil, ,,„ aeeoiint o| 
 French having seized on P, 
 mval family and noidcs enib' 
 liiiJed 7 -Mareh, i^oH. The' 
 limnCath.die; but otlicrsa 
 
 tutiojiof25 March, ,S24; modi 
 12. May 1840. I'npuTation 
 fmniate.1; ;,S9i, r7,ex)o,a)0. 
 
 Iheeiiiiworwas,|ep„,„ , ,., ,, 
 
 Tin: I \iiKii St.itcs ,,k ij,,.v 
 .Wi389(«r'W,„.);,,,,„,/,:;,'^ 
 pated, 22 June, 1S90 aii.l ... Fel 
 aimi,l,.nf, electe,! for 4 ■,>.,„■,, 
 senate and a house of represent; 
 
 teilexplorclbyAnieriw.Ves,.,, 
 Ividedintoeaptaineiesbythekii 
 M.!Iin,le,so„z,,|ise„versUi„, ,,n, 
 i;nrei..-aiieoI,,My,-it.s,,n Vini.ent. 
 J..».sl™iisli,..llnini I'.irtiiKal to lii 
 &..Salva,l„r(ii„l,in)r„„n,?e,lbyT 
 triiirli imitestaiits oci'iipy bay ,,f I 
 lita-itian foancled ^ 
 
 Bnuil, with I'ortiiKal. b,.e,;n,e.s 'sub 
 tales Lancaster eapiuresl'c.rnaiiil 
 Til Freiieh establish a enl,,|,y at M 
 fcldiif,am,|ed bvCaMeria 
 Hit French e.Ypeilcii . 
 
 EeDnteli seize the coast of Hrazil 
 Ptrnaiiibuco . ' 
 
 W«it.M at Guararnpes; ,646 ; give 
 
 C'H nulling eoniinences ^ " " 
 
 Utshiietien of Palmares 
 
 fel'iviieh .assault aiij eai.tur,'. Hio 
 
 u,«el,a,,,es,liscovereili„Sezz!" 
 ■liMllt.5i.tlielleil . 
 
 ai'italtraiisferie.l from Ual'iia to Hi 
 
 M family ofPortup., arrive at L 
 
 Fii^t I niting-press esfablislied 
 
 ten iieeunies a kiiiploin 
 
 kills bdm VI. returns to PiirtiiKiil 1 
 I '•■ esre^'ellt ^ ' 
 
 I B ilaiesit»i„,|i.,„.„;|,,,„,; 
 
 1 lt.Ji'1 1. (.Towiiecl cniiiercr 
 
 Aiweonstitutionratilied 
 
 l*i*iiilein;e recognised by P„rtug,ii 
 
JBRAY^S~ASSOCIATES. 
 
 BRAZIL. 
 
 ^^^^^ 1 lit.uil ,h.mg.« of the ,;,h :,n,l ,«,^ | .A),nlltin„ ,„■ ,,„,„ f,,„,„ ; , . . 7 A,„ll, ,s„ 
 
 , I 13V) . 'lllJMll (Ur.t firi'l'lcl till 
 
 .■i.■tvb(>^^Mn i-V, |..'?,"^,S'" *''''';'9- Tins so- , «t..„u..l,i|. li,,,. t„ f„ :,,„,,„„;,„ ■ • =j Jul ■, ,, 
 
 
 -"' ":m,o, anil fi ,!,:';; ":':7v «>;■'■• '•^^- A"'- " ' ..:'';^;„^'';r'„ ■'■ .''^:''» -....k,.,, ■ .„ '^ 
 
 i" T'T and .;08. '" ""•"■•'■^'•'1 l')' k'jfudus , s,,,,,. ,„■,],, ,;„;:;'."; ,,'";''"• ,'«, Mun.lwv.l i,v 
 
 ' " , "l'"ilt7Ji ; ,S6, 
 
 
 
 isryy" 
 
 ./•!^/ 
 
 '|>"'| ••li'i.i^tMji,.,. ,1,1,1 ,,,„, ■ ii.iiu.i i-xi.|v>stli,.iir ■,, , ".'",'"' ""■ "'•ili'tli t.i 
 
 iidniit 
 
 •^ittiiiil cn.lLli'ttT. ,. '1 ""■; ' " . -'ii. .^cwiMiI ['s I',.,-'; . ".•;•"" 
 
 BKA/^IL an, ■mj.irf III South Amcri,"! n-.,.,i; ' ' '^'""''" ('"■i'!vcriui,(ly) .simk'i 
 
 Airi :i^ rrra'i^::;;;:!!.:'' ^^'v- '^- i^"f- ' ''"" "'" ^'-"--- ■'-- -' ^- 
 
 iiiists bv I 
 IsiiJ (if the 
 niiiiicd Iii-;i 
 
 anir .;;i;;:,i";;;r i;'...:'^_ -r". «•"'!'>• The i „_ ti,.rAv;c;.nti;,r,i;;.,:;;ii;:«"^o-, .i.ei,.,,.s war 
 
 A I nil. 
 
 '■""';'"«t,.,„.,,'.M,- s . ' ^Th I "'•'•..• art,.,- 
 
 -'1 . -■r:;i^':;;[M!:;;iJ'(;!f ;-'"''•• I'^.^^ii;; 
 
 Ho H;;ir'c^;,^i'rU"]r;^:;f *:i i^ : : ^'i;:;;.r;^;;:/;^';.:r.';-;.- '-■■-." ia.;S: 
 
 ,11,. ,,.,.1 „„■.., ' V"."'gal 111 iSor. ti,. , Tnaivi „.,,..,.,.„ „'."'i;:.__ . A.,iM 
 
 iS56 
 
 ?!;:!i::'^:;;^r!;r:-,^^.'::^i;;;i-;n:-a^:f " ;i- 1 ^ -'-- -^ "- -"1.1 .,„;, «,, „ . ^^ ^'^^y 
 
 Eui>p,.an,„l„„y;it.s„, Vh„.,.„t,. 
 
 ""'';""?'"'■"""" ''"'"Wit, .linizii ■ ■ •'■''■'" 
 
 M:i&.,lv;i,l,,|(lj,,l,i,|),-,,,,,,| , , ''^ • . . ,54s 
 
 Frrti,.l,i„-,,t,st„„t.s „;v„,,j. bay ,f 1 , 'j , ',,^?"^" ■ '549 
 .Sttastiiui f,im,il,.,i ' ' ^ ' '"" Janeiro 
 
 I .■l''''«ivel,,iltle there 
 ' i»"'iilwir,lnn.|,t„rtln,„ 
 
 Two,l,,y.,.,i«htatTi,y„ty;„„i,,,,,,r„,„,„," 
 
 litless iiieetiiij;, 
 ail'i;,il«is,ils,,riiei„., 
 
 ai-aii:i 
 ■ 4 June, 
 
 ;Sr'~r:il':!?;;':>'':-''-''t.Hp,^^ 
 
 tail, with i'ort,,p,i,i,....,;„,,.,;,,,,(,:,,t ,,;,,,,,: ■ ^^^\^^»^^^^'"\^^"""'''''''"''^^""\"^^^i^^'& " 
 
 Jm,sLa„,,,st,,.,.a|,,,,,,,sP,,,,,,,,,,,,.;''>'^l''''» • .580 The alii,:.' ,,„„,, l,,,;,,,,,^,,;, . . ' ^ ,.7-19. -^= Sept , 
 
 P.niamhm.o ■^"■"''•■''=". -630 : aii,n,„M The Pari-navan, vl .f 
 
 M«t."latGuarai..i„W,646-.-ive,„;., •■■ ' ' '^i° "^ ' ■''■'-"•'>«ns vi,.t„rs, ,4 «,,,,( . 
 
 lWiaitioii„fp„||„;„.,.^ ■•■■.. Ifig, 
 
 '5-02 Jlllv, 
 
 severely ,l,.r,,,„,-,, 
 lr,i]i,isalsf,prii(.a,.c Iivl,,!,..-, I i- , ! aii.l 2, o,t 
 
 -i..si,Mi;,e;Jin;ui;i:,i:,]''''''"o.nKt,,the;,,;,i,^, 
 
 6 \i)v. 
 
 
 '"'■' ^•'.;:i---"—'.ai;a ,......;,„ -3 - -v.i,.^-,S'-^-.'--„ta„y;...,S^ • 
 
 , B liires its ii„|t.)„.,„i,.,„,, 
 lnii"I. <'nnvne,le,i,|„.r„r 
 
 iSst I T 
 
 II Dee. 
 
 I -. -■.■■... .vM i-uijH'nir . " * ^ 'n^ ^^^ , - , 
 
 '"'"""•'^"•'^"^"''"-""'^-n.lofthealli,:?,,^,,,. 
 
 =9 A,,,.. ,825 L"l'ez,lcfeate,l in severe eoiKlicts 
 
 S .May, 
 "• '6, 18, 21 Aug. 
 
 
 ^'. J 'i f.ii 
 
 :.%CM''££J 
 
BRAZIL. 
 
 lo8 
 
 BRAZIT.. 
 
 J 
 
 B! J 
 
 
 L(i|ic/. ili'fcili'.l icu'l kill.d II' 
 Ticiily iifpi'iiri' with I'aniguii.v, 
 
 :\r till' A .lllillllillll, 
 
 1 MiHcli, 
 i.Ull. •.ull.llli'il 
 
 so .Imif, 
 
 The rdiiiit iiii'l I'oiiuliKJiirKii airlvi; In EiikIiiii'!. 
 
 13 f" r ■ 
 
 Now inliiiHtiv iin.liT vlscdr.iit M. Vliicmt, 7g^<y*- 
 
 Till' cniiicnir'^iii.l . iiiinvss nmr to Kiimiii', miil vlntl, 
 piililii' ini.l Bri,.|itlMr iiisiituli..ns, iM,imil:i i'"i''» 
 iiidmil DritiliiMii.l nllu'i c tiirs, Jim.' -AiiK. 
 
 Oni.luiil sliiv.- i'niiiiM'l|i,iti"ii liiU I'iis*-'! !i.v tlics 
 wiiiit.' ; K'riMt rt'lnicliiKS . '7' '** ''''';;• 
 
 Tlii'ciii|icMiii-iiii4i'iiiiiri'>rt, utliT vi»iliir,' thr itr 
 
 Iii'iit, return t.p llnizil • J' M >'' "• 
 
 Tri'iitv with til" Aixintiii.' ivpiililii' . . J.m. 
 
 Pr(mo.'iiti.Mi ,.rilicaivliMHlin|. nl ivniainl.ii." niul 
 iithiT iHTlMti'.s, Inr inrractitin "f iIm- cpiislilntlnii 
 
 Scpt.-I'oc. 
 
 In H aeltli'ini'iit i<! Oprinan . ,,ii^;riMt« at V>'vUi 
 Al'Wf, a iiiiiiil'iT nf fanatiis, |pn|,iilarl.v tciiiUMl 
 
 il/,„'Aw(livi itcs). liCTilcl l.y.l.M..liiiiii Maiiivr. 
 
 a luMi.lict.'hs wliM ilaiiiM-il t.i !"• a t.'inal.' tlirlst, 
 an.l iMT prifsl llaiis (!.■.,; M ninT, attempt t.i 
 
 , vfit tli.ir 11. uhliiiius I'- I'liri'. anil deanlate 
 
 the lanpiTtvortiiMSi' Willi i . 'i. ISlie anil iiww-lv 
 all lierli.in.i are killi"! alter s. unil eimtllctrt witli 
 their iieMiliimrs.ai.Killiyt.ie military 
 
 31-26 July, 
 
 Great linnk failureRnt Ri'i.Iaiieini . May. 
 
 Duke lie Caixias piv.sl.le it i t mllilstfy .25 June, 
 
 Emperer anil empi-ess a ..pining nl Phlla.lelplna 
 Kxhiliiti.in, 10 May, if,yf> : 'ravelleil in hnrnpe, 
 &e., letlirneil to Kill Jal-eii.. . . Wept. 
 
 A niinisteri.il crisis reipeetiii>! emanciliatmn "t 
 slaves (see miller .■'Viiiviv/) . . . ■ ^I'l't. 
 
 The eiii|ieriirMippnrts his minister liantas; 1,200,000 
 .slaves in lirazil . . ■ • • 
 
 Resifjnatiiin "f Daiitas, nnti-slnvery minister, mi 
 ace.innf "fniiimrity in the chamber . 5 May, 
 
 The new minister Seraiva intrniluces u. Krailual 
 eninncipatiiin bill , , . . . 12 .May, 
 
 Ministry resigns, sncceeileil by liarmi ile Cntegipe. 
 
 abmit 20 All);. 
 
 Bill fiir jir.ailnal ab.ilitinn "f slavery pas.seil by 
 senate ami ilepntie.- .... ,,*■!;'• 
 
 New ministry ninler Men. ile Oliviera . March, 
 
 Bill fiir t^iial abnlilimi >•( slavery passeil by the 
 chambers, 10-14. May; ilecreeis.siieil(al.i Hit 700,000 
 persons I'reeil) .-''"yi 
 
 The emiieriir visits Knrnpe ; arrives at Pans, 30 
 July, 181)7 : returns to Kin .laiieirn . 22 Auj,'. 
 
 The eiiipemr tireil at by Ailriano Valte, a PortiiKiU'se 
 rejiubliian ; nut injureil ... 13 July, 
 
 Revolution at Kin ile Janeiro, bejjuu by the army ; 
 barim ile Lailarin, minister iif marine, wounileil ; 
 a repnblie pnielaimeil ; mar.shal Deniloro ila Fnii- 
 seca, eliief of a pnivisiimal goverim;eiit ; jieiiple 
 uuiet ; the emperor imprisniied. refuses to submit, 
 15 16 Nov. ; the emperor ami family forcibly coii- 
 vcyeil to the Abi'j'vs: sail for Europe . i3 Nov. 
 
 The emperor, at St. Vile ent, refuses the otlerof the 
 provisionel government to give him 5oo,o.-jo/. a 
 year ^'"■ 
 
 Otticial announcement tliat the repnblic will lesiieut 
 all state eiigageiiieiits ... 18 Nov. 
 
 All the provinces support the republic, separate 
 governments organizing: siill'raKe confeiTeil on 
 all who can reail ami write ; the republic blesseil 
 hv the Abp. oflirazil, reporteil. . 2j Nov, 
 
 Tlie" republic recognized informally by France ; the 
 United States of X.A. .nd Hwitzerlaml, about 
 
 29 Nov. 
 
 The ( inperor and family arrive at Li.sbon, recei\-ed 
 by the kinn 7 "<-'t^- 
 
 Deciee nxing the geiienl elections for 15 Sejit. and 
 a meeting of the constituent assembly for 15 
 
 Nov. 1890 20 Deo. 
 
 Decree banishii'.' '<- emperor and his family and 
 viscount de "lo Prelo, the late iMemier, and 
 recalling tlie Kivint to the emperor and su.spending 
 ids annual iHowanee .... 20 Dec. 
 Mutiny of two aitillery regiments at Rio auiiine.s.ied 
 witliiuuch bloudsiied ; about 20 ringleaders shot ; 
 
 Se\eiul citizen^ .tlle..i(ed . . lc)~..*.j il'"'.'. 
 
 Sudden death of the empress at Oporto . 28 I tec. 
 Decree for the .separation of church and st.ite 
 
 7 Jan. 
 
 li/O 
 
 1871 
 
 1873 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 1875 
 
 ■ 877 ; 
 
 I 
 13^4 
 
 II I 
 i 
 1885 
 
 iSdS 
 
 The i'm|»'ror arrives at Cannes 16 .Ian 
 
 Tb r poblle formally reeognlzed bj the L'liite.l 
 
 ' - .> A, 2IJ .Ian. 
 
 flunk of the United States of llriull, est.ib. 
 
 .1 5 Keb, 
 
 .-■ei - . i.turlnimos In Kio Oniiide In oppositioi, 
 lo ^o\' rnmeiit llnancial measures, 1 May, (■( «■,(. ; 
 rioting clierke.l by the iioljce ; military gmerii. 
 iiieiit appoint' .1 . . . ij May, il .. -,. 
 
 New c'listitntion proinulgateil . . sj June 
 
 The republic formally recognised by Great lliitain, 
 
 about JO net. 
 
 The first congress of the republic meets ; the pre. 
 sldeiit transfers to it the powers of theprovlsioml 
 governnieiit 15 N-.\. 
 
 Decree rem'inding tb '> .' ' ' of the late im. 
 
 peilal ininlsti 1 . ;i N"in, 
 
 Secret decree »( encourage iniinigratlon, 2y June, 
 i.ublished III Wars iw, 26 Dec. 1B90, about 23,0,, 
 Polish emigrants said to be lecnivevl . .Jan, 1 
 
 The tli'st repnbliean iniiiistry (sen, J, C. de Faria 
 Mviiii and others), resigns , . . 20 Jan. 
 
 NiW cabinet tornied by sen. L'elioa . . 23 .Ian. 
 
 Itei'iproeal treaty of commerce with the United 
 States N. A 5 Keb. 
 
 A new coiisiitiilion imsseil by tlie Constituent 
 Assembly, 2j Feb. — proinulgateil , , 24 Fi b. 
 
 Marshal Dendoro da Foiiseca elected preHiileiit in 
 four years, gen, Florlano Peixoto vlce-presiil.nt, 
 25 Feb., installed . , , . :6 Feb 
 
 The legislative session opens ; cheerful spi li of 
 
 the president 15 June 
 
 The llritiMi Foreign olHce warns cniigrants agaln.st 
 Invitations to Brazil \ui;. 
 
 The congress, having ]ia.s,sed a law opposing the 
 veto of president Fonseca, is dis.solved by him, 
 and martial law I'mclainied, j Nov. ; he assnmes 
 the dictatorship 4 Nov, 
 
 The provinces of Kin liiamle do Sill and Onm Para 
 declare tin independence. . . 10 Nov, 
 
 Insurrection 111 Kio lirande siireading ; the gover- 
 nor, sen. J, Ca>tilllo, deposeil, 13 .Vov. ; piii. 
 
 visional govenimeiit estabi lied under sen, Assis 
 lirazil, about 1; Nov. The inn ta holds all the pm. 
 vince, and prepares t" resist tiie dictator Fon.seca, 
 reported 17 Nov., about 30,000 men In arms; 
 Foil... ca'8 proposals ivjeeled by the junta, 19X11V. 
 President Fonseea iiroclaims the election of a new 
 congress fur 29 Feb. to meet on 3 May, it'i/j, 
 
 21 Xdv. , 
 
 Insurrection of the irivy and otlier.s against pi,.. 
 
 sident Fiii.:.'oa; he resigns an.l i.s siie(.ei.i|( 1 ijv 
 
 geii. ''!. riaie. Peixoto; no bloodsheil, 2) .Vnv.", 
 
 he issues a iiuiuifesto declaring the iv-e.stjihiisii. 
 
 25 Nov. .. 
 r Pedro II, at Paris -, liic, „ 
 Plioiiited go^ vnur of liio 
 
 6 Ilec, „ 
 le Janeiro province siipiiressej 
 
 S Dee, „ 
 :un I J Dee,, Ihegi.uT- 
 1 5 tier, 
 
 nient of legality 
 De.itli of the ex-eini 
 Gen. Koeha Osori- 
 
 Gr . le . 
 Disturbances in Kio 
 
 with bloodshed . 
 RevoPitioM ill Silo Paulo, 
 
 nor rcsi 
 
 189c I 
 
 .^' ting of congress ; the president's niessa'.!i. satis- 
 
 i ictory ..... iSDee. 
 
 Revolution in Espiri' 1 Santo ; vice-governor ilc- 
 
 posed ig I),.,.. 
 
 Sen. Silvoira Martinez appointi.l governor of Rio 
 
 Grande about jn Hee. 
 
 Coniiiiereial treaty witb ' ' . lUgal signed . i; ,);in. i 
 Mutiny at the fortress . • ^aiita i.'riiz ; .■ torts laji. 
 
 tnred by the • bels, who ilemand the resturatinn 
 
 of Deodor' ''oiis.".i ; the niutiiiy snppn'8,soil 
 
 bygovernni 001 , . igjan, rfs.. 
 
 The chainbe ..'gii' II May . . ,Tan. 
 
 Revolt of 11. inci Matto Grosso, 12 April; 
 
 suppresseii June. 
 
 The .Sii/iwofs, ,..iiioiir-clad war-vessel, foumta nif 
 
 Cape Polonio, Uruguay, about 100 men driiwnnl, 
 
 21 May, . 
 Death of geu- Deodoro da Fonseca . 23 Aug. , 
 Insurrection in Rio Grande do Siil; 8ii|ipressoil 
 
 4 Nor. , 
 Oiitrng" on Itnlians in Ri.> Grande, Noi., De-:. 
 
 1892 ; reparation claiined . about 35 Jan. i-yjl 
 
 Disturbances in Rio Grande, coiitlictat Iiihaiidiiliy, 
 
 reported 7 May, 
 
 BRAZ 
 
 '"■'""'"" •■"opped by til 
 
 :.'„ti's'", «'•''■> '■-.-"u" 
 'z^;:l^:: ■•«"" - the pr„ 
 
 rebels ^'""^ frontier to 
 
 /i» M.ru;gl:;;yi,',t.r'"' 
 
 '«];:GS,/"-'^'-""^-'-'-in 
 
 ^11. Fredurico I.ori»iin'„„,.;,i„,., 
 
 .HiiliMit, byndm, ,1„ Mull' 
 nailyh.iinbar,l,i,,,r,,r'jl .';/'P" 
 
 (t,.iiisp,i,.,) ab nt '"/"'''';" " 
 
 ll™>ve,|bo,„i„.r,|,i,entofN|t.the 
 Tin- nisiir.,ents hoist n,„ ,, , 
 
 't;'s;:;t^.™-"' •^''■■"•v'san 
 
 liiilecisHe warfare 
 
 Renewed bomhanline„t of »i,, ' 
 
 ^r::^s::s!i;:;!'!;"lr"- 
 
 of Parana . -''""'■"••*« .govern n 
 
 Tl' ""'"Xcnts hol.l posses'sion ' ,f 
 
 ■ tlie lormg,, „ava| coiun n 1 
 
 «..;.. Id adi,;:!!;f^:;-- 
 
 l:^t:!;;^!;r':,f'':,:,:,;:;«:;f«'>'"nc, 
 , i::":;ie^^^^^----rn!; 
 
 K^&of-ain^^;--- 
 
 ■■^^-.-^ongagements nea,"^^ 
 
 Sfwtightiiig,„p,,r,;,| ■ • 
 
 |>^<»r«,.„s,le|eate,iin'Hl,]^i];:^;;,^:;';' 
 ['U'raiieiitede Moraes elected presi, 
 
 I pr'^et!;-, -,!;;: :.f^. 
 
 I litioiialsiiiTeiideroftlo', ''"■''"■''" 
 . ..''■'ll'^iM.rocIalme.l president 
 
 '".■;";Sd''""""«^"'«-«^''-i. 
 ,,^:Y«-''^-"i':is?:r"i°"""-"' 
 
 " "" '" ''« south, 26 An 
 
 1 istii,..! * ^^V 
 
 ■»*■"■' ro A.scBnsioii island 
 
 I, ■•.»irvsettl».|, remr-n '^ "'*"^''»- '' 
 |l«Pto»nlic relations witiri>„,.'„„,„; , ,• 
 
 ]«i«ttotheesc«,«.!['|„Vur!^fti,'';.;;!; 
 
Tim C'jiiirimiiili.ra of'f,.,. 'i ' • . 4 (Jet 
 
 ff'"»f II." i.'mi" nhf ;^':!, y;r»i'NH „?„to,i 
 
 K.V|,| 
 A iii'w 
 
 (ttrl 
 Ill'lll'W 
 
 of vi'Ti'"" '"'■""'' ''l'l"'Hiir 
 
 i>i\olt. xnititi'Ij, 
 
 3 ■'nil, 1895 
 
 »tra,iior „ff tl,„ ,,„rt 
 
 7 ''an. ,. 
 
 N.,;'L!.!:r.V'";J'' Ri" On, 
 
 J I l'V|>, 
 
 "lIUI.iii li,.tiv,...|i I 
 (i.,iij<p.,rt), ,ih.,iii 
 
 iiHuHMop . «" "'t"'"l, tliruiiKli Hrltis), 
 CluliM, ,,(■ i,„|.. r. ■ . I. M.,„.i . 
 
 "'■ Italy f,) 
 
 •'7 11ft. 
 
 ,'4 Marcli, 
 
 ''l"f''/int mill ;/;,, ., ,' ; ^■ 
 
 • , ..,,....,,111 vx) lliHw I,, t ■I'liiiin} 
 
 Explosldii „f ,, iKui-.lHr h n , ■ '"I""-!'''! ..70,.t 
 
 j I liy ailui. 
 
 iwrtarjt p isimn 
 
 .V.V.' 
 
 Stt.5'E!':,;sS;S 
 
 'la GaiMH. 26 JiM,H. I, •■■'''''■i'''i'-'ra'l<nra 
 
 '»• l''MVl)t(i. 
 
 •^'"''"■'/ sank 
 
 Til" liisiujiHiit \'(),Hsel 
 
 fort.-^i.'l J,„x„. 
 Imlwisivn ivii,-f,irH ' ' ■ 
 
 Reiiinv,..! liMiiilmnlincri't „f Hi,, ' 
 
 "u nuaiii,.e.i n sovenir„,.,it 
 
 ' "■""':;:-';±,l".^!v'i-;..,.v;i,=^;:'^^«i 
 
 > Sill ; 
 
 7 .V')V, 
 
 Mrih,'fr,,ri, 
 
 • --■ N,.v. 
 
 J-ii l).'c-. 
 
 r,f P»n»w V" -^"""^"^ " SOv.ern„„.„t i„ „;,. ^^l;, 
 H' MsiirxontH li.)l,| nos.Ho«i„„ ' r .1' ■ ' •'»»■ 
 
 .Uiji. llnnliani 1 
 imtwti.iii „ ■' '''«"ini iHiart 
 
 Kwfii?htiiis.,„ p,,r.;ii., • 
 
 ! E»|J"*ini, nil ||„> i„„„.,e„t • 
 
 • tmii.ji. 
 
 -'■'-^ "I" , >, 
 
 III iif tliti (aril)' 
 
 ri!\K 
 
 -■■Oit. 
 
 ■ Iwl-it: 
 
 I -.J4 
 
 TIlM 
 
 'it-s (Iri'.l > 
 
 Wtimt'i,„„ct,.,i;,.,i,.^,:'t^;;; 
 
 „„ ,;i^ii|Mi,yti,„,„.;,i,;^;, 
 
 !';• Iii"^HHMf, tlM-u 1 I 1' "'''.'V"''"''''!. '9-Vuv 
 M 111U..I \-. p„.i,.i; ,^^ ,^. vi™ prBsM«nf. iJr. 
 
 iitil 
 
 1896 
 
 ' t- ap. 
 
 ■MltlB.H 
 
 i Ian. 
 "ily, Ki'li. 
 ■ 1 I'Vh. 
 
 »■ IIHIch 
 
 9-12 Kpb. 
 I- vossH (■;.,;„,, ("i/j 
 
 IimuTwti,,,, „ni Fa'niti^" ' , ^^ -^'arcir, 
 
 '% 
 
 -Victli, 
 
 ,'""""•'"■'"'■ aihl ,2 i„.M, k ll^Vi . '; ,''""'■ tl" 
 
 i'--ms,i.,™te,h„,i;j';Ji^;;-i;-;;;;l,27F..i,, 
 
 loiiK 
 IMMi' 
 
 W,P™i,.„te,lB >rorae.eleot«,l pr.si.lH,,. ■' JJ"^''' 
 T-rms of siirrn. „.,■ proim,^,! 1 ' ' *''"''^''' 
 
 ^■'" '"' '-'^ - "- 1;-":;;.!-'''!;^.,:;^^!:^ 
 
 :<llll IlllCOtl. 
 
 '3 Marcli, 
 
 ith 
 
 
 
 ^iieso 
 
 ,26 Marcl 
 
 
 ^' i^i/';'"""" ''"fell,..! In- 1|,,. ,, . 3,Mard;; 
 
 ■•'l-'K", .■aptuTOl b" "' ^ '"■■lifN aft,.r a 
 
 "-Khtei, A„tonL^;:^;;:'s/™;^»; 
 
 ;«';"»iHprod«l„,^,p,e,i„e;,tnt-|„'^^!;; 
 
 'Kiirjfents 
 , . reportai 
 |i'i'=- lis Afello ,,„,| 
 
 
 i:«iitli.orepub||,.atB"eZ i' "'""'«'■ to th« 
 
 t:li' Brasilia,, ,„|„i,t„, °"' ' ■-'"'■- ^''v-m, up 
 ': ■■•» Oaijia ami j^q insurant., „ ' ' ApHI, 
 
 ^ ■• '-"i-se tmns,»jrt to Mo t^ -T"" '''"'" tlia 
 
 '-'toA.scM.sioi, i.slai,,! ' '^l"'' = """"•« 
 
 p-mm\c relations Vvitiiiv)rV,nn.f i .• 7 May 
 
 iti, 
 
 '4 May, 
 
 ■ mol) 
 Colo, 
 
 , 'ii'l'-tiall.vveHacto, Itii V/',l""'t'"l. rj \ov .' 
 {^oiim,.,., el,,,,.,,' " ''■" "} till' p,'e.sul,,,,t s l)e" 
 
 ,a;;-b(----,^^j'^s---i.,j: 
 
 cetit. o„rrm,cy bm.d.s . ^'^" '-"■"-'•te.l i„to 5 pe^ " 
 
 I July, ,, 
 
 •023. Do,ll Pc,l|„r,,f p.,,.,.., 
 
 i,ifai,t SOI,; , A„rii"';».': ''•';i''';'l'-'l in t.ivoui-of his 
 
 : ■•iba^.-il,.. 
 
 ^ai"- (burn ,4 Ma,l;te '''|i:::i'^;!^ /;''"'''»^ Of 
 
 "111 2S I) .,., ,gg , 
 
 : „' Wi. 
 
 
 
 II:, .. „. . ^ .'Jj*^ 
 
 
 rKT 
 
 itik- 
 
 i0&.^^'*' 
 
if 
 
 BREACH OF PROMISE. 
 
 im 
 
 IIKKDA. 
 
 i ' 
 
 lil ', '^ 
 
 Hi.' , liuiliA ill till! cutlieilral ut Ht. Muicnt, 
 
 i,l»)" 11, iJ l'"''- iS'*i- , I , . n,,» 
 
 "'''■'*\^"1 ";:;,i!;v:.nr'%u.^. t t..».u.ciie 
 
 Sriiii.mM'"'"' ^9 April, 1842). 
 
 11,:,-. V..11". I'Miii i5"''- '^y>- 
 nvv\rn OF riiOMTSE "f Mi.ninKi': ■' 
 
 !;:i;;;,'iii,..iH.om,mn„,(K.<.-'.^),o 
 
 TIPF V n Cliiiii:-N'""i>f' "»• »>i''''''9»"'" "Z /"'>'- 
 
 was „K"n...ratnl .1 '.VV '' ,. ,, ,,2. „„, 
 
 f ,„ fr!., V 111 l8(i2 a coniiiiinv was forinud to 
 at for n'.riil:.ti.i!.' bMk.l.nu.^es wi.s liasscl m Ju , 
 
 X'ls-^ ^^7^ i;!/"/^/!:-*:^^". tbrn,..! ; .nej.t- 
 
 ^lv:,,Uini^.;.U.rsii,I.o.ilo"..l;-Kin,hn..,.r^^^^^ 
 averted hy ooiici scions, >ov. IPS9. 
 
 iliiiiii, 
 1881 , , . h 
 
 188,1 , n 
 1884 
 
 ■ 88^ 
 
 i8t« 
 1867 
 1888 
 .8f.j 
 
 As.Hizt: «i IIIIIMIi 
 
 
 lllU', 
 
 .lllll.' 
 
 6 
 
 In 
 
 .735 ■ •'''■'■« 54''. 
 
 1745 
 
 1755 • • • ■ 
 
 1765 . • • ■ 
 
 1775 . ■ • 
 
 1785 • 
 
 1795 • 
 
 4} 
 
 ■ 5 
 
 ■ 7 
 . f^h 
 . ('\ 
 
 . lA 
 
 I iSoo . . i';'iw '75;' 
 
 1800 . (Kit 4 Wffks, 22J1/. 
 1805 . . • '" 
 
 Foi(r-)i"")i'' l.mf Ciiff) 
 
 1823 
 1825 
 1830 
 
 1835 
 1840 
 
 184s 
 1850 
 1854 
 1855 
 1856 
 1857 
 1858 
 1859 
 i860 
 1861 
 1863 
 1863 
 
 l8w 
 
 iDmi . 
 
 il!.(a , , ft' 
 
 idol . .0 
 
 l»V4 . J 
 
 iBm , . . \ 
 
 \y.t/. . . y 
 
 ,H„1 . . . - 
 
 |M.,« . . - -; 
 
 Till' (li»l <tiiliiti' for till' hvm: •; - 
 
 if till' mill' lit I'Muil H.m l.lollll, I.<"1. Till' lllll I ,; 
 
 ' I'liiiv, mill a liiik'i' i'hhiiii|i»|ii|ii'i| liy tlii' king, li.i 1 : 
 I liiHi..c'tl"ii "f 111'- iiN«l/,i', Miiilhiif /'.'./<, Tl|, ,„, 
 
 HllS IlUtlirl MVMl.ll'il liy Ullllllli' III M lll'll, III i;. 
 
 aii'l a Aiiiii', i;ii'. (Iri'ml A't, Iri'liiinl. I'lin'lnu it» ..1;, 
 
 on III!' •mil'' toi'liiiK :!• Ill I'liiulmi'l, 1 Virt. \h\^. |ir, , i 
 
 I wiiH .llii .■It'll III III' m.lil l.y wi lulil ill l.iiinliMi In r .'.■ , ti,. 
 
 Mtlllllli' ■• A»»i'»«il I'illliU" «IH ll'|il'lll|i| in iSjJ; 111. I t 
 
 .lair .'!' Iiii'inl llii.iilulinilt lllll I'liiililiy win ii'^iil.iiul 
 l8|ii 
 I III Fiiiiii'i' llir lllll IliW" wi'l'i' »l(|ii'i'»i'ili'i|. mill .1 !; ", 
 i.niiliiiiiK till' iiiiiiiii'iliiiillli'K III lix '111. |iiii'i. ..f !,n ,1 
 (still iiiiii|iriili ill »iii< I ii'iril, .Inly, 17^1. 
 
 BREAD-FUl'IT THEK. n naflv,. of -j. 
 South Ki a luliiiiiN, \ Vi'««i.| iiTiiliT i'ii|ilaiii IlU.-ii 
 
 j Willi lllliil I'llt I HIVI'V "ollll' of tl|i"l. till', |, 
 
 • viiriiiiiii llrili-li iiilniilni in 17^1) (mo lliif(iii,i\, m„\ 
 ajf.iiii ill 171)!. Tliii liiiiiilii r tiikiii on li.iard 'i; 
 Otiilii'ilo Ha» iiV' Miiini' wiTo li'ft lit St. IIiliii,,, 
 3C2 at .Jiiniaini, iiliil llvr wiTr IT«i'rvi'il l"i' K. 'i 
 
 I uiinlriis, i;i)V 'llii' triT was «ut'|.rii<fullv ru'ti- 
 vati'd in Fii 111 li (iiiiiilia, |H(I3. 
 
 BREAK W ATI-; Its, Tlio tii.t *u„ i ,]., 
 
 Plymuiilli lii'i akv».ili.r wan jnwiroil iz.ViiiriHt, i.Vi: 
 It'«ti-i'trln'« SJ'^tii li'il ill riioii llir Mniiinl, i* ;iii i,,' 
 in liivadlli at tin' liotloiii anil nioii' tli.in ;ii m t!{,. 
 top, and iiiiisiiiiii'il 5,(i<i<i,(KK) l^itiK of ifiaiii'li' lilmlci, 
 from lllll' III tivi' liiii« iiirli, up tii .\)iril, KS4i, anj 
 cost a Miillion ami a liaif ulcrllinf. Tlii' ari'liitnts 
 wcro Mr. Ji.liii Ki'iiiiio iiinl hl« wm sir .Inliii. Th,. 
 Hmt Ktoiii' of till. IIkIiiIioiiiii' mi ll>. \vi.,ti'ni rxtiiiuiti 
 wan laid I Toll. |H.)I, llri'iikwiilcrH liivo li.'in ,,n'. 
 striii'tnl at llolvlii'iid, I'orlliiliil, llovir, Miililli*. 
 boroiijfh, iVr. A yri'iil liarriiT, almiit t«-"-tliir,ls..| 
 11 niilo loiij;, iri'i'li'il to di'fi nil tlir linniatili' ii"i. 
 mini's near tlin Diidilini culiniry, wm loniiili'ttil i-,- 
 Messrs. I.ui'iis U Aird, ulr John ('mjilr liriii; tl.v 
 cn^riiu'iT, Ort. iHi/ii, 
 
 BREAHT-rLATE. Unn wan worn bv tk 
 Jewish hit-'li liriinl, l,l';l II,'', {V,.i;„l. xxxis.) 
 Goliath " wa- iirmi'd with 11 I'oat "I mail." i.jj 
 B.C. (l Sinn. \y\'\,) Hri'iiKl-pliitcn ilM-iinlliil t,, tl.r 
 diniiiuitive iforu-i'ln, ,\lli'li'lit lireanl-i.l ili s arc iiu:;- 
 tinned as made of Kojil iitid nilver. 
 
 BREOHIN', Hi'olhimli i>ll»laili('d i <ii.i:i.;i.Mii;.tl 
 the army of Kdwuril 111., 1,^^^}, Tli" li;itt:.' I'l 
 ' Hri'i'hin or llunlly'hlli wao ('o'lik'lil lutwcrn \U 
 earls of Iliintly an'd C'rawforil, the laid r ilif.ntiJ, 
 18 .May, !.4!;2. 'I'lie -ee of llreihin was f.iunili'dbvl 
 Diiviil I. in 1150. One of its lii«hiips .Uexiinilirl 
 Camphell, was niailii prelate when Imt a Imv, i;;'.. 
 The liislioiirie, dii.i'ii|itilliieil nomi aftir thc'ri'v''' ;• 
 tion in \lM, was revived in 17^1, 
 
 I BREDA, llollainl, win taken fram tlu 
 
 Spaniards hy prim e Miiiirii'c, of Na«,,'iii, in iwi 
 
 ■ retaken hy the SpiiiiiirilK, ninler !S|iiiKiI;i, JJiiJ 
 
 I 1625; and" hy the Dlllejl, Oel. 1(1^7. Tin. " (;„ 
 
 \ pniiiixc of Ilii-da" wim 11 piopii«,il lo Pliilip U..i\t\ 
 
 preeatillK hi" liar»h llieiiKlire* ill the Ncthi liillil 
 
 presented and relimed in ts,lili. (liir C'liiirli.< Ilj 
 
 resided here at the tliiiii of the ri'Ktoratinn, iinii hfr 
 
 ill! isaiied his '.hi:l(fiili':H of a '.•:■•■ iri'iicra! lari 
 
 and |iromi»ed reliuiniin tolerai , 14 .iprif. lOtol 
 
 I bue lUatofciliuii, Bredii win taken hy tliefniuii 
 
 _UREK( 
 
 Augustus tVe ar "l,";' 1 ' "■' 
 
 Hied friin.K,,;:''^,, ;■■:;'; 
 
 the ';, Irenhe., Jli 1,1,. '.">,, 
 '^"'•'"•r),|ii.hlish,,|,,fl,^" 
 
 BREEDS mLL,Hee; 
 
 oflri'hmd, saidtol,,.:'^;"'" 
 
 thestatiid. „f Kilk',,,, ir 
 «liould sul„„it to fl ill'. "" 
 
 nitive iiHh til|,V„-o A ;, 
 
 '^%— .leM;.";,.,,^"-"' i 
 
 BREITEXPELD.Jz, 
 BREMEN" (\ n 
 
 f™"''"'it!^S«, ,„;,t™""»■)• 
 •f""'^-'iin.tow^tf1he';^:; 
 "lloa ill I640. I„ ,6.V' /'"• 
 
 •hen It was taken >,„1 • " ''.' 
 
 , whom it was . / '7«"'<'» "i 
 
 Lfcn hv the F,. ,,„,y; """"ver 
 
 J'VheKanovn-ian'i '',75y> 
 
 V-Niipaleoti totho FrVn,.^ ■''' 
 
 iiHl'liendenee ^va,s res?, '■'"'"'' 
 tofhisesi,, r8,V t'l ""**' 
 
 JllUiY. 18-: sia. /) ''•'■■'''''WW" 
 enipi'i'iir, AVI Ilia , V^"""".''- Tl 
 
 , BKE.VXEVILLE Nw 
 |''.Vo™iindy,2oA',g;,S""'«"" 
 
 l»"'' It was t'lL- . , '''fi'i'ted th 
 I'w .Stuart KnJiT ,^'-'lV""''''^'' 
 J BRE.SCrA, N. ludv (th . • 
 
 I"meiii)n„rtunt i„„l, Vi ^ i' "'"•'-'I 
 
 h»"^|.x..dto^l..,.,'Ci^i,«49.o,.. 
 te;^^:^^ «"-'■.. -tnt 
 
 r-f prime lioven «• ^ ''"■"'"ms 
 ^^vtni, who Mas defeat 
 
1*01 Til L* - 
 
 and in If,.|y, u iH',,, '""•'' ""itl„T„ ,„i,„i' 
 
 <""• '"• 7). pi.i.ii,,::, ,.,f">^ ti,e ....n,i...in;"i;,' 
 
 BREKD'S rrir r 
 
 ,f>'K.i,,v ";!;■:;■''"'"■• "« 
 
 he s,.t„(,. of Kilk,.,,, X; I' "-..^ .'Mu,:, ,: 
 'JJ6. I1h.,h,. |,h, |,o,v,,r '"■'• ■♦" ^'i^y- II 
 
 BREITEXPELD see/.- ■ 
 
 • .«»''.",l " seat ,,M,1 „ ,.„t, , ;,»■■"••"'"■■ L.-„tfu,, ,v s 
 ™'te, into it ,|,u.l - , ,,f,„ ., T"^«'""l»ns..; i 
 
 I |k.n bv the Fn.„,.h i ,':''" T.^r. It Vat 
 
 l^ljondt.nco ,va,s rest, , "''''•'' '" ''^'o; l,wt ,' 
 
 l^>- 't w„,s tal;,.„ /y,[ ' '■'1 l''o Danes, Af'n 
 |»"W Stuart KnllT ,^'''» '""'i-ft o,,,,,,,] ,,,";' 
 
 J BRESCIA, X. Italv ftl„. ■ 
 
 r[""l'"rta„t M„,l., |„yy ,"I""-;nt Di-ixi,,), be. 
 1h'^.im. i;,i. A ti ,-,,V .V, ^'■"I'Tick IF of 
 
 '757. BfMliin Was tiiif,.n. 1 7"^ ' ~- ■ 
 
 ,V ';/;'■'' i"-'-^"' "i.o,u ij ''i)\ '"^'"'-v. ■^(atist'i,..^X'' 
 
 F 
 
 m$mm 
 
 "''"- "s a^:t,er''lr w :;:''''''•'■■''>■• "''o-A hv^the 
 
 (al •,,>"'"■' (^''""'t <>). t rol Ak'"""-^- "bout 
 i,.iooi t 12), „„„ (-..K . :;' ""w (about 0) RPvf. 
 
 I ibed't "" '"-i".-^",^^"';") li^hed^;!tra,^. 
 
 '^"-'etothep.,,it^;;;!',t,^-t/"''^'^''sivi: 
 
 '"'"/liiiatea M.ss of n.""^ ?'' """■■■■i." a ooii .■ 
 ■''"'■'■iis.-iors '„,,' ' ■^"' t'l" •■m, „.,■,„■ f'l ',""'"■"'■<. for. 
 
 '• '^^^^^: " o «:;;: i?" "^ '"•''''- > y"f r'V' , '"'^ '■'^ 
 
 >■ 'Oil alreaj ,^i\' " '," '^''t lo tlio |), i f' C"lm, of 
 
 M 
 
 P/ 
 
 '^iit,r 
 
 p^ 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 ,1 
 
 'I %w 
 
 5ii'':jj 
 
 
BREWERS. 
 
 162 
 
 BRIDGES. 
 
 Catliolic, and lim- clauKlitor .loau. V- • *y-«ix " I'""'<^ "'' 
 Hours" sold in tin; " Asliliuniluiiii " library, 7 Vvc. 1897. 
 
 BREWERS lire traced to Egypt. Brewing was 
 known to our Aiislu-Saxoii iiucestora. Itndal. 
 " One William Murle, a rich maltmau or bruer, of 
 Dunstable, )md two liort < all trapped with gold, 
 1414." Utou: In Oct. 1851, there were 230? 
 licensed brewers in England. 146 in Scotland, and 
 97 in Ireland ; total, 2548 ; these are exclusive of 
 retail and intermediate brevvers. 
 
 There w(fre 
 
 40,418 licensed brewers ;in tlie United Kingdom in 
 iSiJS ; the revenue from whom to the state was in 
 that year 81,030/. In 1 858 in Kiiglam! there were 
 20s great brewers ; see Ale, Poi-ter, and / uciiiiiii. 
 
 In 1880 till' brewers' licence (fcir s.ile) was iiiadc i? , 
 
 not for sale, 6s., a duty was laid npuii beer calculateil 
 
 upon the speeilic Kravity iit tlic wfrt (43 « 44,) 17- e- 2o). 
 
 Brewers' exhibition at tlio Ayri ■ ural Hall, Loudon, 
 
 began 1879. 
 
 BRIAR'S CREEK (N. America), near which 
 the Americans, 2000 strong, undcM- general Ashe, 
 were totally defeated by the English under general 
 Prevost, 3 March, 1779. 
 
 BRIBERY forbidden {Deut. xvi. 19). Samuel's 
 Bonswereguiltyofit, U12 B.C. (I .S'((w.viii.3). 'Inos. 
 de Wevland, li judge, was banished for bribery in 
 1288; he was chief justice of *he common picas. 
 William de Thorpe, chief justice of the king's 
 bench, was convicted of bribery in 1351. Another 
 judge was fined 20,000/. for the like oHence, 1616. 
 Mr. AValpole, secretarv-at-war, was sent to the 
 Tower for bribery in i;i2. Lord Strangford was 
 suspended from voting in tlie Irish house of lords, 
 for soliciting .1 bribe, Jan. 1784. 
 
 BRIBERY AT Elections. In 1854 an im- 
 portant act was passed consolidating aiul amending 
 previous acts relating to this olt'euce, from 7 
 Will. III. (1O9S) to 5 & 6 Vict. c. 184. 
 Messrs. Sykes and Rmnbold lined and imiirisoued 
 
 for bribery "4 -Marcli, 
 
 Messrs. Uavidson, Parsons, and Hoppuig, nniiri- 
 
 soued for bribery at Ilcliester . . 28 Aiml, 
 
 Mr. Swan, M.P. for I'euryn, lined and imiuisuned, 
 
 and sir Manasseb \m\wz senleneed to a line of 
 
 lo.ooof. and two years' imiirisuninent for bribery 
 
 .■\t Grainpiinnd 'Jet. 1819 
 
 TU.; members f(.r Liverir.nl and Dublin nnscateil . 1831 
 The friends of Mr. Knight, eamlidatc for CambriclKC, 
 
 convicted of bribery 20 t'cb. 
 
 Elections for Ludlow and Cambridge made void . 
 Sudbury disfranchised, 1848 ; St. Albans also . . 
 Elections at Derby and other places declared void 
 
 for liribeiy 
 
 Corrupt Prncticcs Act passed 
 
 In the case of Coniiei- v. Slaile, it was ruled that 
 the payment of travelling exiiensca was bribery, 
 
 ' i; April, 1853 
 
 Gross bribery jiractised at Gloucester, Wakelield, 
 
 and berwiek 
 
 Jlr Wni. U. Leatham convicted of bribery at Wake- 
 
 llcld 19 July, 
 
 Government comuiissions of inquiry respeeting 
 bribers, sat at Great Yarmouth, 'I'ntues, Lamas- 
 ter, n:.; Ucigate ; and disgraceful diseh.snres 
 
 were 'r.nde Auk.~N"ov. 
 
 The b(a-(,ugh8 weredisframhsedby the Uefurm bill, 
 
 passeil "5 Aug. 
 
 The Parliamentary Klecti jUS Act cnaetcd tliat elec- 
 tion petitinns shoulil be trieil liy a ecjurt ap- 
 pointe<l for the viiriMise, passed . 31 July, 1868 
 First trials under th:-< act; Mr. Unger Kykyn (at 
 Windsor) was declared duly elected, 15 ,laii., and 
 sir IL ftraccy (at Norwich) was unsi^ateil, 
 
 18 Jan. iSr,. 
 Dr. Kinglake, Mr Fenelly, and others, were sen- 
 tenced to be lined for bribi'vy in iiariiamentary 
 
 electidiis 10 May, iS- 
 
 Beverley, Bridgewater, Sligo, c!. 1 Caslicl disfraii- 
 ehised fur bribery and corrnpi a . . „ 
 
 1776 
 1804 
 
 1835 
 1840 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 1854 
 
 •859 
 i860 
 
 1866 
 1I67 
 
 Much corruption during the elections of April; 
 members for O.xford, Chester, Boston, and other 
 places, unseated . . . •,•..,■ • '^'° 
 
 Stringent Act against it brought ni bysir 11. Janifs, 
 attorney-general, was passed in . . . . lioT 
 See don-iiiil J'rdcturs. 
 
 BRIC-A-BRACS (French), old curiosities: 
 such as cabinets, pieces of ironwork, i&c. Tlie 
 collecting began about the time of (jucen Anne, 
 1702-14. The publication of Bric-d-llioi-, u 
 monthly price list, began in 1869. See Striialnriii 
 Hill, Ildmiltoii and tipitzvr Fuiitliill. 
 
 BRICKS were used in Babylon, Eg^pt, (Irecr, 
 and Romo ; in England by the Komans. The size wus 
 regulated bv order of Charles I., 1625. Ta.\ed, \-i<^. 
 The number of bricks which paid duty in England in 
 1820 was 949,000,000 ; in 1830, above l,loo,oo(.,ooo ; 
 in ;840, i,400,ooo,o(;x); and in 1850, 1,700,000,000. 
 •The di'ties and drawbacks of excise on bricks were 
 repealed in 1850. In 1839 Messrs. Cooke and Cun- 
 ningham brought out tlieir machinery by wlddi, 
 it is said, l8,0CX) bricks may be made in ten li mis. 
 Messrs. Dixon and Corbett, "near Newcastle, in uVn, 
 v.-ere making bricks by steam at the rate of ijoo 
 per hour, 'rhe machinery is the invention of Clay- 
 ton i Co., London. 
 
 BRIDEWELL, once a palace of king John. 
 near Fleet-ditch, London, 1210, was given to 'In. 
 city for a workhcuse by Edward VI., 1553.* The 
 Ni'W Bridewell jirison, erected in 1829, w.is p-.lled 
 down in 1864 ; that of Tothill-tields was relmilt in 
 183 1. 
 
 BRIDGES were first of wood. 'There ai\ 
 ancient stone bridges in China. Abydos i.- lumous 
 for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built lurcss 
 the Hellespont, 480 11. c. Trajan's nmgniticeiit 
 stone bridge over the Uaiuibe, 47-O feet iti length, 
 was built in a.d. 105. llrollicr/ioorlK far biiililiuij 
 brid(/es existed in S. France about 1 180. The Devii'^ 
 bridge in the Canton of Uri was built on two liii;li 
 rocks ; and many stories have been invented to iw 
 count for it. At SchaHhausen an extr.iiirdiiiary 
 bridge was built over the Uhiiie, ^00 feet w ide : there 
 was a pier in the middle of the river, but it i.-; doubt- 
 ful whether the bridge rested upon it ; a man of 
 the lightest weight felt the bridge totter under him, 
 vet waggons heavily laden passed over witliout 
 ilanger. The bridge was desteoycd by tlic French 
 
 i ill 1790. See H'liiimer.smitli, Luiiiluti, ll'iilciiw, 
 
 ' Jll/tchi'i-iars, Sniitlucnrh-, Forth, Tinj, Timer. 
 ll'est'iiiiiiKlcr, and other bridges, in separate ar- 
 ticles. The chief Thames bridges were freed from 
 
 : toll 24 May, 1879, and 26 June, 1880. 
 Triangular bridgi' at Criiylaiid abbe; referrcil to in 
 
 a charter dated 94i 
 
 Loudon briilge : inie existed about 978 ; cine linilt 
 
 j of wood, 1014; line by Peter of Coleidiuich. 1176- 
 
 1209 ; new bridge llnishcd iS_;i 
 
 A stone bridge erected at Bow, near Stratford, by 
 
 (|Ueeu Matilda abnutiicx^c; 
 
 Bishop's bridge. Norwich nrj 
 
 The llrst large iron bri<lge erected over the Severn, 
 
 i Shriipshirc 17)? 
 
 ! Sunde-land bridge by Wilsnii, too feet high, an 
 arch with a span (d' 236 feet i;rf 
 
 ' The chain sus)iensiim bridge at Meiiai Strnit . . iSj; 
 Old Westminster, dpeiii'd, 1750; old lilackl'riais, 
 1769 ; WaterliKP, 1817 ; Soutiiwnrk, 1819 ; lliuiiiir- 
 
 i ford, 1845 ; CheLsea, 1858 ; Vauxhall, i3i6. 
 
 • Of the old buihlings little remains: merely iiHiccs 
 and a few cells for refractory city apprentices. l)y ll» 
 Chnritv Commissioners' sclieuic(i86o)tbe:inMiiiil iiicoine 
 
 (14,682/. ill 1870) is devoted to the maild, 1 of m 
 
 industrial schools : for boys, at Witlcy, Surrcyi tureirls, 
 ui, ^'t. George's llcKls. 
 
 BRIDGE V 
 
 ...'^'"""'torth (not execute, 
 The very Wide Victoria briil^^ 
 
 lord HaJ'ri) "-■'""" •^""'"".i 
 
 i6ooceiitra snan . , ,„V ,, 
 Tay bridge (w/,V/,',.)° XV.' ^ 
 min Forth) ' '"''7 
 
 11 lie long), ,.„,|,|,,,.(j ,, 
 .'^liarjaie.s.s Point, tl„. .'".t , 
 ^cx»,ooo;.),was(b,•lldy ,'^ 
 <.r«.t railway bri.l;.,, uver 1 1,'^ 
 
 Saratov government, built 
 .-ii,spen.s,ou bridge from <•,„. ' 
 (5989 feet long) (jj„.,|,.,i 
 
 . ^M^^t^^^ATER, Sou 
 
 rmi.ted by king ,/„),„, ;,; 
 ™ taken by the p„,,ian,;^ 
 I 45; .Here .s„od „„ ,„„,; 
 il-a<h-.sed ,luke of .Mo„„„, 
 ■:li";>ied king 111 lij^-^. xiie t 
 
 BRIDGEWATER f'AA 
 
 work of tlie kind i„ En^hm 
 
 <iueofIii.idg,..vator,tl^nX 
 m this country, in j-cn .„„| ,, 
 
 James lirindlcy w-a.s'fliV";' " 
 (itWorsley, ,s,.v,.,i ,„ii,,,., f, 
 
 Ilartuii Bridge is an aijueilui-t 
 ..f.'op .vards e„,„.,, '„, 
 
 l™-ell. ihelcugth of thecal 
 iiiiie mi e.s. Tin. duke's ,., 
 Thames, Ifumber, Scvoru ■1.1,1 \ 
 H..11, Bristol, aiuiLivo'l'i^oi''^^' 
 
 BRIDGEWATER TRE; 
 
 Francis, carl „f Urid^jewatei d 
 I™ngbywill8,oooAtob;;,:.i 
 aatliors, um.oiiited bv the pn.si 
 >-«iefy, who should Write an es' 
 "isil'iiii, and goodness of Go,| .,' 
 ■natiuii." 1'he es.say8 (bv si,- ,' 
 Uiahiiers, Jolin Kidd. William 
 frail, IVter M. lio-,., , '? « 
 Wh.wclla,idWilIia;,Mci;.l,t 'J 
 
 11 
 
 ■OMl 
 
 BRIEFS are the letter, of tl 
 "I'nw.s ami others on public a 
 
 ""'■".*l"";..«itlioiitpref„ce„ 
 \m\ m which jiarticulars tliev 
 from ««//,. The latter are ail M 
 mlimeiit Drii-fs are s..,]! "' 
 
 e«.;dof,heH«lH,,,„a„,„ s 
 !«lwa3's 1,1 the presence of the 
 
 i"yf'"'"'mels,"«u,horiJi 
 
 r,he8 for cliaritable ,,„,,„„,,, 
 ■Llmrcli liriefs," b\- Mi- W i 
 
 iiu!'' -^ '""■^■^''^ brief is f 
 I 'iiMiieiit s ca.se, 
 
 BWEN\e"(X. E. France^ 
 '""'".^ tilclremh, 29,;aii n 
 
 uiS^^^DAGE. See i/,,/, 
 I """•'«/'^i '>"«, 1870; audi 
 
 l>i-Sum'h?^'^EASE.ade, 
 
 ,}mmm, fonnerlv Bri.- 
 |«'K'tow,,Su.sse.v, was, .lade ',', 
 
 ~{ 
 
BRIDGEWATER. 
 
 li 
 
 .N>'W York and li-,okUhJ ,''''' '"'"'■'''■. 'f''- 
 
 Tay bridge Or/lit \'4? ';''LV"«'' ,:. ■' 'i\y- '^7^. " 4 
 
 nwWr Forth) ' '"7'-7 ; 1-ortli briilg,. (mm 
 
 ,Sl,ar|,„,,.ss' i>oi„t" th,^ ,"' 't ^'^-'T: '"' '^'«" "'il'l 
 1,000,000;.), was lun„.,i V ,, •■'"'"^"'•'"'•"' ('■"■•it 
 c™t railway b,-i,|/;,r:v'7t7;'.;:' ' '^ '"•'• '8/9 
 .Saratov «ov.,ni,„7.nt, built *= '' '""'"' •'^■»'''»". 
 
 (5989 fe'^t long) o,„,„",i -^'" ^"''k "> Jirookly,/^ "° 
 
 ^4 -Miiy, 1883 
 
 163 
 
 BRISTOL. 
 
 1651 
 1782 
 
 1849 
 
 BRIDGEWATER S,„n ," , i • '" ■^'"^'' '"'' 
 
 l".' bribery, iSro i' m,,, . „ l'^"' ^^''^ <lisf™„,.l,'i«„a 
 12,429. ' '"''"""'' '8*'i> 12,00;; i«9i^ 
 
 BRIDGEWATER f'AVAr ,i ^ 
 
 work of tiu. ki„,l i„ K.X^'^^^-" "" '''''' -'■''"* 
 
 111 this comifrv, ill i-r,) .,,'1 "'^' '"ii'i'iivisi-don 
 
 j:..n.siiri,.,ii;.;,',^;^^;,'!!,?i;;;:;"'|rJuiy,,;6i. 
 
 atttorsloj, s,.v,.|i mil,., f,. m \i /' '■""imoiifcs 
 «f m y,nQ, .on '!,''„": '"■''- '"'• ,"l"vanls , 
 nine niilf.s. Th" ,1 ,k .v """', '••* "^°»* twenty- I 
 H"ll, Bristol, and Liyorpool' '^^''^'-^ i ""'' ^'""'"". 
 BRIDGEWATER TREATr<?T?« ti 
 
 !»-ins by will S^t): t^Wn to'ti;^'"'"', '^^^'J' 
 authors, appoint,.,! bv tl . n," • , . """'°'" "'' 
 
 ^«0Hy:wl,,sh.,nMwri^ar t''-',;; tl"'"''^'*' 
 "sdniii, and Koo.lnoss of Go,l ^^ L.,, ■ * "•.l.""^''''-- 
 •naiion." fhe ,.,s'.vs rbr .^ '" '"(est,',! in (he 
 
 fr^iil, Peter M. 1 i,-, ,' " ' "'J''"'"'- ^^ illiani 
 J.»e,UndW,„ia;-j^Mn''",t,;^^J^g;^ 
 
 BRIEFSarotheli.tteiyof tl, , ' 
 
 t'liriiu'es and otlicrs , , nl I. V;. '■'"'"' "''■■''P"<'1'<'<1 
 wrltLMlshoU, wit lontnrf, ""'"'■'■*' '""' "«""»v- 
 
 bmtulh. Tl.e l.itt , .^'''•^'"•''''"'fii.K'iislieil 
 Mraoiit. i iefi , ' ,',!''r''"^':,"'"' ,"■'■'"<■" on 
 
 anJalwiiysintli..Mrese„,. ' f i, ;• ■'"^ ,'" " bout, 
 
 ■l'".bes for ,lia t bh. nmt""T ,^f "''''"''' "' 
 
 W'-'*;:. A la»-,^,.'g bn-.V,- • ^'"T^ ■'"''"■"'led 
 
 "SKiK^g'^:;;''.-"";..^ u,..,\ 
 
 ' ■■fik «i'-li:ird llri:..ht ' "'Vestigated about 
 
 ?»&;&::;-:: !,i?"".'5ffSs.''-;..,, 
 
 1 ;'r of tl„. elite ivil ; ';,. . t' ,i;,,,.„; • ^6 .Marel,, ,73? 
 \oImit«.r reviews Iieri! 01, F.,sf,;,. a, ; ,^5 AuKu.st, i36i 
 
 »;ltisbAs^,i!S^.rb::,^'^' """"">-■■ -An;^ .873 
 
 : ''KS-^ei:;;^°^,:;'';:;-:^f,:'^^">...cordyiii;i.;^:;i::; -^^ 
 
 Atwiit 2000 Kr.;mli and Ijel-iin'^i., „L ' ,'■♦ '''"'J- '878 
 eians in,.et . "i-ioi.m .Miw>rs anrl mnsi. 
 
 Orand concert rooni,'&e.."l,iini'e,I ' ' ^ Sept. 18S1 
 
 H.Vl«'ay to DeviTs'l .r. 'e ,'L"'« '"^'J-o'' • ^ -Vov. „ 
 International exldbit' (11 f,,, ', • ' ««|it. 1S87 
 at Hove opene'l ' ■'"'* "i"' '"anufactnre.s ' 
 
 •Vmv terra.'cs, sheltered walk b-iiU ' te ' '' ',¥• '889 
 
 tbe mayor ""> "■'H'*. A-'-., oiieiied by 
 
 ■Miisenn, ofHritisl, i,i,.,|s 'beone.H,,'.,! , ' .,^5 -May, 
 ,..l)y.Mr. K. T.JJooM, oneniM 1,^'., '" ""' '"»■" 
 
 \isit of tlie princ.. fW.,.rr .',''''■'■"''• 3 ^''V. 
 
 «time(e.te,isio,.)',;';,:it:;ie:^':^;:;:;™-/;;ti™ 
 
 Visit of the .bike and ,lnche,ss of York ; see Tn:^;;'^- 
 New (deetric railwav 011 the s)„>r. , 9 'M'rii 
 
 1890 
 
 1896 
 
 "llier daina- 
 
 4 Oee. 
 
 S'-l> i;n.der;?Uway .m the Devil's Uyke op,.,;.;[ 
 
 r';:^i>;.;-5s!;';i,ri:i2,!;'iS'''''-^"'''^''''^'''^ 
 
 111 1616. "''""tt'i to Holliuul, was restorr-l 
 
 K'liiny was ,,nistitiited ,S, . '/**5?' ^''"'''l tho 
 at ,S.-Bi-i.l,a„„ iTmi J r,''''>' .'''."■'^ "P™«'1 
 steanuM- Pan-/ about 1, , , e.„ «'P«i/ing of the 
 till' lirisbane .ive^ ifV. T 'o;'"'?,^''-"""^''l «« 
 ',««: (with snl.urbs) -^-f uVl^i';, iV'''"i"ni„ 
 tl....'oat Hoods, see U^;!:;j:i^A "3,65;. For 
 
 «th'..ontu.-; it .,,".'•. V"",' '".>■ I2f'' to tl 
 
 i An iii.luitrU, ;, t'lefrtH ."l ■;■ '>''>'""'-':<"*>'e.. 
 I Dnstol i-eturtis fluv -MT^.'s by A^of'Isff '''''''■"'' 
 
 
 
BKISTOL. 
 
 164 
 
 BRITAIN. 
 
 Taken by tlic tarl of (iloiRTstiT, in liis ilHfcncc 
 iif liis sister .Maud, tlio ftniipriws, aHamsl Kuii,' 
 Sti'plien ■■...' ' ;■ 
 
 Eleanor of liriltanv (ilaiiwlitcr of dwittroy, son ol 
 Henry 1 1.) 'lira in the fastlo arter jg years nii- 
 ijrisonnient . . • - ,• • • : 
 
 Churcii of St. Mary UiMlclilf bmlt 1292, reatoreU 
 1376 ; a^ain 1470= •'*I''''' •■ompli'tiMl • • • 
 
 Bristol made a distinct comity l>y Lilward 1.1. . 
 
 Bisliopric inundi'd by Henry VIII. . . • • 
 
 Taken by prince Uuijert,26 J nly, 1643 ; by (.roiiiweii, 
 
 10 hepl. 
 
 Edwd. Colston's hospital, a free school, and other 
 charities established [his birthday, 13 Nov. k«lil 
 
 [Aiinna? dinners: the u'ollihin Society (coii.serv.i- 
 tivc) since 1749; the Anchor Society (liberal) 
 since 176S; Urateful Society (neutral) since 
 
 1757-1 
 
 New cliartcr ■ ■ • 
 
 Act passed for new exchaii^'e, 1723 ; ererteil . 
 
 Bread riots 
 
 Bridge built . . ■ ■ 
 Attemiit to set the <liippin-nn lire 
 Kiot on account of a tidl : tlie tio 
 populai'c, and many are wounded 
 
 Docks built 
 
 lliot on the ciitraiice id' .sir Char 
 
 1138 
 
 1241 
 
 1B72 
 
 1373 
 1542 
 
 1645 
 
 1708 
 
 J710 
 1741 
 1753 
 1760 
 
 1777 
 
 to ])i-ovide for tlioir iigiiin bceomiiiff si'pariito 
 bishoprics. Anii'iulment, 1894, and l8</). Suli- 
 scriiitions received Aug. 1896 ; tlie bisho'^)ric re- 
 constituted by nn order in council, 7 July, Ifsn;. 
 The cathedral (under repair since 1844) was n - 
 opened in 1861 ; a new nave opened 23 Oct. 187;; 
 restoration of the Lady Chapel, tower, etc., je-,,. 
 neq., the choir reopened, 5 Ma\, 
 
 Mav, 
 
 . 22 .bill. 
 
 ps lire oil the 
 
 25 Oct. 1793 
 . 1804-9 
 Wctherell, the 
 ide'. inlollie citv, lie beiu^' opposed to the 
 reform bill; the iiiaiisiuu lions,-, tlie bishops 
 iialace, several iiieiehaut^' stmes, .some ot the 
 prisons (the inmates lil eia'id). iie.-irly .00 houses 
 
 1831 
 
 1832 
 1836 
 1841 
 1864 
 
 1876 
 
 , loss be- 
 
 
 4-25 -May, 
 
 ,, 
 
 2j Feb. 
 
 J877 
 
 JI.P. lot 
 
 
 . njOet. 
 
 .S37 
 
 Nov. 18SS 
 
 burned, and above 500 per.soiis killed by the nub- 
 
 laiy or]. dished • • • • =9-31 •->';*• 
 Trial of lioteis (four executed; 22 transpuiteo), 
 
 2 Jan.; suicide of eol. Urerelon, iluriiit; trial by 
 
 eourt-niaitial 9 'bm. 
 
 Jleetintjof Briti.sli As.sociation . . . -inn. 
 
 Railway to I.ondoi mpleted . . 3oJi"ie, 
 
 Clifton suspelisi'ili-bnd^enpelied . . » llec. 
 
 In.lustrial KNhibition op.iM.l . . ighn'^. 186; 
 British As.soi'iaticii, 2iid nieetiMj.' . . . • iB?:) 
 Proposed I'oiiiiihit inn of a colle;;e lor scienee and 
 
 htevatnre hi re f.ir the south and west ol Liif-'laiid ; 
 
 meeting', 13 June, 1874; opeiie.l as University 
 
 Colle-e . . • ■ ■, '°«''!" 
 
 Great hie ; Clutteibink s. ilry .sailers, *: 
 
 twcen 80.000?. and ioo.cx>o/. . • 24 
 Avoninouth dock c.]ieiied . . . 
 Statue id' Jlr. Sanniel .Morley, Icaij,' 
 
 Brist'd, nuveiled . . • •,„,,., 
 Destructive exph.si.,,i ,,f 30° 'm"''''-'*...'''^ )-"':''"' 
 
 naphtha on board the Jersey keteh Ihe Imhil; 
 
 Cm'atHo.ill; d'aiiiatieabuiit im.ooo/. . 8-9 .March, iS8j 
 Trade piiralyzed by .strikes ; settled by coniproiiiise 
 
 Oct. -Dec. ,, 
 About n .'« of the boot trade lucked out, 23 Dec, 
 
 1889 ; .ettleil bv ei.mpromise . aluait 20 Jan. itgo 
 Dock and other ' strikes ; riotiiii; checked by the 
 
 police .iiid iiiilitaiy . . . • 23 Dec. 1S9J 
 Visit of the duke of Devonshire; s] ch a;;aiiist 
 
 Irish liniiie rule bill . . . • C April, i3,)j 
 Art and industrial exhibition upeued by the mayor 
 
 (Mr. Barker) . . . . - r'*^ Aiw .. 
 
 Statue of Edmund Burke presenti-d by sir Hni. 
 
 H Wills, unveiled by the earl of Uo.sebery with 
 
 « speech' 30 (Id. 1SQ4 
 
 ■\VesleyaiMdiapel,lbdlaiid-roiid, bund down, 24! let. 1E90 
 
 Visit |pf hud Dulhl.li ; receives the llv,-dnlii ot tlie 
 
 city and lays the hiiiudatioii of the Cabot Lover 
 
 24.luiie, i£9j 
 Colatoii-hall and Messrs. Clarke's faclury luiriit 
 
 down I i^''l't' ■-9t' 
 
 British association, 3ril nieetin;; . . . 1 Sept. ,, 
 
 BEISTOTi, SkK ok, one of the si.x bishopries 
 erected l*y llenrv VIII. out of the ppoils of the dis- 
 solved monasteries, 1542. The eaUudral was the 
 church of the ubbev of St. Auslin, founded here by 
 llobert Fitz-Ilardiiit;, sou toa kiiifjof Deninark, and 
 a citizen of Uristo], 1 148. The see is valued in the 
 king's books at 358^ 8,v. 4'/. J'aul Jhishc, jirovincial 
 of the Jioiis-iiuiiiiiie.s, w.i.s the hr.st bi;-;iop, iu 1542 — 
 deprived for beiii;; married, 1554. 'J'he see of liris- 
 tol was united bv an order in council with that of 
 Gloucester, in l8;(i. but in 188.) nn !iet wis passed 
 
 1893, el . 
 
 Kl\ 
 
 eeeding 
 1S95. 
 
 nisnops OK iini.sToi.. 
 1803. Hon. G. Pelhaiii. translated to Kxeter, 1807. 
 
 1807. John Luxinooie, translated to Hereford, iSo8. 
 
 1808. Will. I.ort .Mansell, died, 27 June, 1820. 
 1820. John Kaye, translated to Lincoln, 1827. 
 1827. Bobert Cirav, died 28 Sept. 1834. 
 1834. Jo.seph Allen, the last bishop, translateii t" 
 
 in .lime, 1836. (In October the iliocese \\,\^. 
 united with (jloueester.) 
 1897 (He-constituted). George Forrest Browir-, D.l). 
 (bp. suir. of .Stepney), elected 16 Sept. lioy. 
 
 BRITAIX (culled by the Uomana Britannia,* 
 from its Celtic name 'I'rydaiii, VoiikIcii). 'flu 
 earliest records of the history of this island are the 
 nninuscripts and poetry of 'the Cainbiiaiis. 'Ih, 
 Celts, the ancestors of the Britons and nnnlr.T. 
 Welsh, were the first inhabitants of Britain. It ii 
 referred to .is the Cassiterides or tin-islaniU l:v 
 Herodotus, 450 11. C. ; as Albion and leriie (Kiidaiiil 
 and Ireland) 'by Aristotle, 3.50 n.c. and PoIvUm-. 
 2(10 n.i.'. Britain, ineludin'fi: Kuglaiid. Scutlanii, 
 and "Wales, was anciently called Albion, the naiin 
 of Britain being applied to all the islands . nllcv- 
 tivelv — AUiion to only one. I'liini ; see .llhm. 
 Eiiiilaiirl, tie(i<l(i)l(l, and Wales. Y.wxXy history ai:{I 
 d;ite3 doubtful. 
 Divitiaeii.s, kiu^ of the Snessiuies. in Gaul, siii.l to 11, 
 
 have siiiaemacy over p.irt of nritain . ,5, 
 
 First invasion of Jhitain by the Hoiiians, uii.le" 
 
 Julius Ca-sar 26 .Vii;:. -. 
 
 Second invasion ; he defeats Cassividaimus, Biitisli 
 
 neneral n 
 
 Cviiibeliiie(i.'nnobeliii). kiiiK of Hntaiii ■ . t 
 
 Aulas riautiiis defeats tlie Biitons . . . .\.v, 4: 
 
 He iiiid Vesp.csian reclue.' S. Ihitaiu ,- 
 
 Caractaeus defeated by Ostoiius, 50 ; earrierl in 
 
 eh.lilis to Udlili' ;i 
 
 Itoiiians defeated by Boadicea, ipieen of the h- 
 
 70,000 slain, and 'London burnt: she is ihle 
 
 by Suetonius ; So.ooo slain, jdace mieeilain 
 Ap'icola, tiovenior, coiniuers Anglesey, and ev.i'- 
 
 ruiis nritain in seven campaigns, and refeiiiis tlic 
 
 ^'ovi'rnuieiit -I 
 
 He defeats the Caleiloniaiis under Galgaeus ; .sur- 
 
 riiideis the islands 
 
 The eiiioeror .\driaii visits Britain, 120 ; and builds 
 
 a w.ili troiii the 'I'viie to the Snlway . 
 Lueiiis, kirn; of the liiitmis, xuhl lo have si-iit iiii 
 
 embassv 011 leli^iims allaiis to pope Khiitlieiiu<. 
 
 ahiuii 
 The Britiius (allies of Albinus) defeated at l.yens hy 
 
 Seveius 
 
 Southern Britain subdued and divided by tlie 
 
 Koiiiaiis into two provinces .... 
 Seveius kee|is his I'lmil at v,,rk, then called Fhnri- 
 
 cuiu, 2o8 ; llnishes his v II, and dies at Ynik, 
 
 4 Fel'. 
 
 Carausius usurps the Ihvoiie of BiitMin . . 
 
 He is killed by AUeetlls, anntlier USIUpel- 
 
 Ci.nstaiilins ri'eoviis Britain ami kills .Mleeliis 
 St. Alban anil 17.01K1 Christians niartvied (/.'iif/') . 
 Coustanllus, emperor of Uonie, ilies at V»ik. 
 
 25,111!' 
 British bishops at the eiaineil of Aries . 
 Scids and I'icIs invade Ihitain, jOu ; imilr,! 1. 
 ThcodosuiH 
 
 lOe.l 
 
 • The liouiaus eveiilually divided Ihil.iiiiiiil'i/.V'i 
 i »;.< ;',iiii« fciuntry .south of the Thames and Scviriu; 
 I lliil'iilil'ii .sreii/i.c' (Wales): Htnii' C" se. iV.i-i'.- (IfOWei 
 1 the Thames, Severn, ami lluinber); Muiivf 0's"'.'i>> 
 
 (between the lluiiiber and Tyiie); and t'e/calai(l*twen 
 
 the'l'viieaiid Fiitli nl l-,,rtli). 
 
 BRIT 
 
 JlORiansKividmilly withdraw 
 
 iieigii of Vortit,'eru 
 
 •flie Saxons and Anyles'aid 
 
 Tlie Humans f|ui't Hritnin ' 
 flie .\iiHlo-.Saxon invaders ,' 
 Wales ami Cornwall 
 
 -Miniy Britons .settle i„ Anno, 
 Die .Saxon Heptiin.iiy. jj,.j, 
 
 eriiiure kiiit;,|,,i„..< 
 £lla invades South Bri'tain ' 
 ufSiisscv . ' ' 
 
 Sii|ip«sed relKiis of Vorti,,,',,,. 
 471 ; Aurelius Anibr„siiis '.■ 
 ilragun , , _ ' ^ 
 
 •Tireiit .Saxon invasioii'iimii'.,. r, 
 •file reiiuwned kin- .Vi-tlin,. s.,i 
 Airival of. St Aii«,7s,i„ (,':,! V 
 
 iiieiit of Christianity 
 Oi.lmillader. last, kiii^ of (!„'. i 
 IniilLshinieeliurchdestioved 1 
 fci;l*rt, kmyof We.s.sex.viitiia, 
 
 -(54 
 4S8 
 
 ^■16. 
 
 <40. 
 
 664. 
 t,s. 
 
 % 
 
 748. 
 76a 
 
 794' 
 ?A 
 
 KI.S-|;.S OK TIIK HKeT,VIl(I 
 
 Kkxt. [Tliosln 
 
 ■ "<■"«'>,*■ U73, MaxoiiChn 
 • ''■■'*;■• '•■'"■■b "!■ K.seus, son , 
 
 whom the kiu^s of Kent 
 ^bsenijfs. 
 
 'leta, son of .Ksc 
 lleniieiilie, ui- Lniienric, s 
 bt Kthelbert; lirst Cliri, 
 AiiijbiiHiii). 
 
 f'"""'!''. «' fKthelboi-t 
 
 tieeubert, or Krcni„l„.,.t s 
 f.ehert, or K^bert, .„u „f K 
 {."tliar, or Luthnir, hmther 
 bdiie ; slain in 687. (The 
 vanoiis leaders J 
 Wihtied, or WiliL'tr,,,! 
 tiidbert, \ 
 
 Kthelbert ir.. '.••ions o 
 Alric, ) 
 
 Eilhert, or Etlielbert I'r\n ■ 
 tathred, or (iuthird ' 
 
 ttddled;(yllo lust his life,,, 
 EoBEUT, king of Wessev 
 
 S0.:rH HA.VONS, (.s-,,.^,,. 
 
 491- Ella, a wai like iniiiee. Slice,. 
 314. Cissa, lis SUM. wliuse reig,, 
 exceeding 70 years. 
 
 (Lie ,Sonlli,s,-,.\„i,.s then felH, 
 1 lelieeo,, H,,. lii„,„i,„,, „ 
 
 «48. E,lih,;il,|, Kdilwa.l \ , .. 
 
 m. Aatlinn ,„„i Herthnn l!,"' 
 v.uii,nisl,e,l by /. ,, ki„y „,. 
 ciiu.iiiered in 725. " 
 
 «'E.T Saxoxs. [Dcks, Jfampsh 
 
 i'orset,lMfoH,„nd,Kirtc 
 ■19. Cenlic. 
 
 •■'*■ ,9'"''','.'' '"' Kenric, son of Ceiii 
 iw. teawha, sou ol Cyniie ; hani.s 
 .•9t. Ceo r„. ,„.,,i,ew to Ceawliu. 
 ,v7. tenlwiilf. 
 '11. K'ynegils, and in 
 '14. Ifwieliel,,,. i,i.s.s„n ,. • , , 
 y. (eiiwii), Cenwalh, or (.'cmvahi' 
 '■'■ *«l'inwi, liisipieeii. sister to' 
 
 1 . '''''•'. "I gieatiiualities: p,,,!,,' 
 4.E8e«nie,withCeutwi,„ /, I 
 
 I t-6. Uiitwiii,. 1 iil,,.< a|,„„. ' " 
 tSj. fajhvidio : «■,.„(,„ (•{„ 
 liloiKl and d„.,l there. ' 
 
 Heine : l(.ft ail exielhuf u..,i.. 
 
 ;•■ W'l^lliea.;!, ur Ftliela n. , 
 
 .' ^;d led aolliertoKthdle 
 
 ..-( ^Keliiit:lit,orSigelH.rl,havin 
 Uiiiihra,,, gov.Tiior of i , ,;„ 
 
 ( »i"'"f ds victim's reUi,"^' 
 ■"di(=..nt.-„fCcrdK , miii,|,,,.y 
 
BEITAW. 
 
 riieSuxons 1111(1 Aii'Mmk iiM i,, ' ,,' • ■ • ^si 
 
 au.l Hc(it,s . " "' ' '" cMn-llMife' the Vku ^ 
 
 Till) K.Jiuan.s quit Jiiii,,,-,, ' ' ■ • • . 429 
 
 •nn,u,,v Ui,,.l,i,,;;,P ' ^"•""' 'livi<l«l into seven ^" 
 
 £lliiiiiviicle.sS(mtli Uii't,.;,, ■ „ • f ,■ , ,• • . 
 of. Sussex . "•""■ ■t77 : fniUKls kiiigiloni 
 
 5iililiuse<li-eiKiiH(>fVr')itiiii'er ^fi, . V »• " ' • 
 47' .■ -Viirelius Aiiiln„.s'/s^'.,n' '>'.?'' "«'""• 
 (IniKiiii . . • *°' • '""l Artliiu- I'eu- 
 
 /ii«itsaxoi,i,iv,,si,„i',i,i,i,:,c,.;,,i,, • ■ • • 
 
 flie iiiiowiiecl killer .\|.,|";"|'- . . . 
 Arrival ur«t.A,,«,:sti(,vu,,'f' ' ' 500-53, 
 
 SlSe';,ir^:;^;;::'-^n.,i,s^..i ;, . ■ ; 
 .«.e,-.,kii„ofwesse..'v,;.;;Ll;^.^r;^r^;;.,, 
 
 BRITAIN. 
 
 
 East Maxoss. 
 5=6, 
 587. 
 
 457 
 491 
 
 500 
 495 
 
 , jm.l «ewaid ; all slain ' ■'""'"^' ""'' «'«''l«rt 
 
 »23- .Sij;elii'rt ir. sni-nained iho litfi . 
 
 6.5v siL'cl,(.i-t irr .../." "\"'.' '>">e : s(in iif Seward. 
 
 597. 
 614. 
 
 597 
 678 
 
 794 
 8.7 
 
 , to 
 
 KI.V(;S OF THK HKFT.VKCHV,'' Hee Il,r/,r,n 
 
 West. ITI.e slnre'n/Kl.Y .'''''"■ 
 
 ^st Ws(.('^',^',^''-^"''<-''''-''''''^''-l 
 
 «l'"'»«l'ekinK.S(^fkc tl..''i'*''' '""'"'"■ "^ 
 
 vRsciiiifS. ^ "'■""•^'wxometiiiieeallcl 
 
 !i2. Octa, sdii of .Kse 
 
 A.nihn,m). '"' ^-'"""'^"1 king (s,jie,l /.„ 
 
 ^16. &'lhal(l,,s„i, (,fEth,.||,ert 
 
 6„.i..|.ia„.,(,i.,.;:tiia?;;;:;,;i!,^^;;--:^ 
 
 694- Wiiitiwl, ,11- Wiliytie.l. 
 
 2i?'"- f^"" "^ J!;'i:^:?L~aiii« 
 ...Kii,,,^;;:;:;;::--,^;:----''^.^ 
 
 "■p...lh^;o:^,::!r^''^'---'"''«an,.,,e,.eem, 
 ITIicSdnfli , Saxons then fell iiit,, „. 1 
 
 I«'M.I,.n,.e „„ the ki,.' | , (•*;,"" "'"'"■"t total .le. 
 «48. K. i uaM, K(lihv„l, > "' ^Vcssex. 
 
 «-l,„ oallln;':;,^'';;^; :;,'■!■ Kthehva(.h. 
 
 ViNMinished |,y (. , 1^: „,■„,• If'Kned jointly ; 
 
 «M„,ue,e(l in 725. ' " '" "•'■"■^'^■■^■' 689 ; kingdom 
 
 ...Uo.n,,ne„hewtoc;ea,vlin. 
 
 ^■i. I.C'.vne);ils, and in 
 'H. IL'wiclielin, lii.s.son, lei.rn,.,! i„i,..i 
 <Ji.tVi>wal,Cenwalh,,,,.\>7 ,jl''"'"^- 
 <;^ ifxhui,.,,, his (ineen. sister ' P,.,, ,„ , • 
 
 na : „f Kivat ,,ualities , r , ,a| 1 (' ,•„ '""^; "f «<-■'■■ 
 ';4. EscMiiie, with I'entwiiie ■ , , i ■, ''y'^i'- 
 
 tSs. L'ailwidio: w(.|it to iini„o 1 
 
 ,„ l'l"'KUm,l,l,,(l ,,;,;.;;""''• *"«M'mte his deed.. Of 
 "8. limor Inas, a hrave and .,-,■. 
 I , H"".e : left ,.,„ ex d ,' , , r,! 'j^ -' •• Jmirneye.l to 
 7'«. Ulidheanl , cr ICthe , , • te( » 'T'"' 
 _:.a .alied hr(m,ert,,KtM3 
 
 ! ,.f.|,,. (.. ,.r"v''". or Lennlne ■■ ....\.<. - 
 
 - •" ■"•■'' "f ^"''i' : iiaii-dt.red " "' ' ■>""'" 
 
 055 
 
 661 
 663 
 
 700 
 ;o9. 
 738. 
 792. 
 799- 
 
 iood.-l/idtheruf.'Sebcrt: 
 
 ';^uto^^!l/,r'^™"-'^''^''-' 
 
 i-™ne;'^S''-'"'''''^^^"''«^'''''."'-^ebba.wl,o 
 
 o^r";;;':,;;';'^'«"'""';'''"""«"<">ivi.i. 
 «"HHi:d;t:'r^,;;::;f'""-- 
 
 «)vithred, „r .Swithed ; a hni" rer-,, 
 
 ;5l«;;n.^..ie,ii,,ai,ii«Vini:^,;;^;:i,,,,, 
 
 823. Kinadun. seized by K,inE>,T of Wessex. 
 
 t -^oithninliria Wiis 'It iwt i- ■ 1 . . 
 
 from the Tweed to tle'iV,,, '„,.'"'','"''' »tiet,ddii.r 
 Tyne to th,. ilnn'l,,., ^ ' "'"' ""•' '""'-■i- ''"i" thS 
 547- Ilia, a valiant Hax„n. 
 
 '^kI "•kir';!r[r''^'^'''«"f">'n".'w.. 
 ^,No;th;;;!i,,;t;;;'^^;;'"--'''«tiies,dek.sof 
 
 ?7J;He:!:i;v;,;f':'V];:';-,f^"-="'^-^'i'^ 
 
 fP- ';';'^^'>'l"-"lf; lie.nieia'. 
 
 fs«' ll',''"l''""' : Uernicia. 
 
 588. hthelne ; Jl,.n,i( ia 
 
 593- Kthelfrith, siirn.inied the Kieree 
 
 6'7. i--.ilHin, .soiK.f Klia ki.V,,ri.- • 
 
 «34. kS;;i^.,,^--4:; |"^.^;j,;:\f$iii^r' 
 
 I'lit to death. ' '"' ' '^""'' '" I'tiiH ; hoth 
 
 635. O.swald slain in battle 
 642. Osweo, orOswv; a rei-n „f„.. ,t 
 670. Eelrid, „r K.rtvid' ki„ 'T ■ v "17* ''■"""n. 
 685. Alefrid, or /."'I'lfrrth " "' "^ '"■"""" '"ia. 
 
 JNicd, ,n- Kaldferth. ' 
 
 f "'"■ • ••'I'l'iinK from Ida. 
 
 Osric. son (,r Alefrid. 
 
 L-;"»-ulf;di,,d„, k, 
 
 K;'i'«-al.|.(,rJM,;," i ',:.-;t,on. 
 
 Aj-e(,A,lred.„rAlnred ,1.,,;^ ' 
 '^■""^^''■•■''' ^ t-Moilo.-exjJlled 
 
 705 
 7.6, 
 718, 
 729. 
 737- 
 737- 
 759- 
 765- 
 774 
 
 789. Osred, son (,r .M, ■. .'■'"' "'"' ■'*l""'- 
 
 ; <lies ill 553. 
 
 789 
 790. 
 794- 
 806. 
 6'o8. 
 809, 
 
 Osred, son (,f Aired; ||,.d. 
 
 !£?-s-s=i" ■ 
 
 Kiilnlf restored. 
 Kaiired, 
 
 ]^^^^^.^^r^^tJl:^ 
 
 841. Kingdom annexed by Eodkrt. 
 
 5.a.mi::dr^-^""'^'^-^'^'^-^""^""^".'^'^.i 
 
 f;rji?(lL,';:fVir,;i;;™-i-iilt<;'-ir.tk,ng. 
 
 ^^'•'S^;;;;;r"'''^'"-'^"«-'-ti,Hnecoft,,e 
 
 6^2-S'';,'';^'f!"^'»'--'"f;''|Hval,I. 
 
 ^s: I !; :'or^v!i5^;-;:v;;:;;,li-'-t;;^i[ 
 
 ''^4- ^>Muif, or Vldwnlf. 
 713. Belred, o : '.eli-ed 
 7«6. Aliihwul :. 
 
 7^1; ""rxli^*"""'^''' •'-'">■• 
 
 7O1. Ktlieli(.(|. 
 
 ■ ij!-.; 
 
 
 il^^^PP. 
 
 i ' vfe.l • ' %i'! ' P 
 
;!■ 
 
 i-] 
 
 
 BRITANNIA TUBULAR BRIDGE. 166 
 
 BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 
 
 704. 
 709. 
 T16. 
 755 
 
 794- 
 
 823- 
 825. 
 838. 
 852. 
 
 700. Ethellicrt, or Ethelbryglit ; trcnclicionsly rut to 
 death in Meroia in 792, wlim Offii, king of Mereiii, 
 overran tlio , .antry, wliic:li was 'InallysuWucaby 
 EiiniciiT. 
 
 870. St. Eilnmnd (vassal kin;;) slain by the Danes. 
 
 Mebcia. laioiicester. Ilerefonl, CImter, Stafford Worces- 
 ttr, Oxford, Sahp, minncJ:. Derbji. Lnrester 
 Bucks, Nortlinmpinn, Notts, Lincoln, Ikilford, Uia- 
 Utnd, IlHUthioiloit, umtpart o/Hert.i.] 
 
 586. Crida, or Cridda, a nolile chieftain. 
 
 593. [Inten-cgnuni- Ceiilrie.] 
 
 597. Wil)ba, a valiant prince, his son. 
 
 615. Ceorl, or Cheorl ; nephew of Wililwi. 
 
 626. I'enda ; llerce and crnel ; killed in battle. 
 
 655. Peadn, sun of I'enila ; killed to niaki> way for 
 
 656. Wulfliere (brother) ; slew his two sons. 
 675. Kthelred ; became a monk. 
 
 Cenred, or Cendred ; became a monk at Home. 
 C'eolred, Celled, or Chidreii ; son of Kthelred. 
 Ethelbald ; flain in a mntiny by Ids successor. 
 Hem-nred, or Bernred : himself slain. 
 Otl'a : formed the great dyke near Wales 
 Egfrid, (.r Kgferth, son of Olfa ; did suddenly. 
 CVnnliOi rciiwnir, or Kennlph ; slain. 
 Keiielni. nr fcnelni, a minor ; reigned live months ; 
 
 killeil liv his iiister (^nciidreil 1. 
 Ceolwnlf,' uncle to Keiu'lm ; esnclleil. 
 Beornwulf; killed by his own subjects. 
 J.ndecan ; a v.diant niler ; slain. 
 Withlafe, or Wiglaf. 
 Berthnlf, or Itertiilf. 
 Bnrh'eil. or Bnrdred. 
 874. t'eolwulph : dcpn.sed by the naiies, S77. 
 
 [The kinijdcini merged into that of I-.ngland.l 
 
 BRITANNIA TUBULAR BRIDGE, see 
 
 Tubular lirUUje. 
 
 BRITANNY, ov Buet.s.GNE (N. W. Fnmco) 
 the ancient Armoricii ()'•/,/,•/, .vcc), formed part ot 
 the kingdom of tlie Franks. Tlie Bietous still 
 retain much of their ancient Celtic language and 
 customs (1891). 
 
 Nomenoi' revults and U'comes the first count . . 841 
 Britanny ravageil by N'oithincn, 907 ; ceded to tliem (jar 
 
 GeottVoy I., the tirst duke 99^ 
 
 Alan v., u)o3 ; L'onan II. . • • • • ■ 'o4'^' 
 Hoel v., 1066; Alan VI 
 
 Conan III •, •, , • ■ • 
 
 Hoel VI. expelled; Geotfroy of Aiijon duke . 
 
 Conan IV. iluke, 1156; on the death ot Geotlroy, 
 ceiles Britannv to Henry II. of Knglaial, and 
 Iietrotlis his daughter, Constance, to Henry's scjn, 
 Geotl'rov (both infants) . . • • • 
 
 Geollroy sueeceds. 117: ; killed at a tournament . 
 
 His son, Arthur, dies nivsteriously at Koueii, his 
 uncle John snspeide.l ; his daughter, Eleam.r, 
 iiiiiiri.soiied at Ihistul (for jgyeai.s) . Aprd, 
 
 Alice, daughtir of Constance by her second hus- 
 band, Gov lie Thours, inoclaiiiiid duchess, 1203 ; 
 nmrries Teter of Dienv;, made duke . . . 
 
 John I., duke, 1237:. lohii II 
 
 .lolm III., 1312 : 'li''" williniit issue . . . . 
 
 The .succession disputed between .lohn of Montfort 
 (John n.) supiiorted by Edward of Kiigland, anil 
 Charles of Blois, made duke by I'hiliii \ I. of 
 Fi'iUice. John is made prisoner ; his wife, Jane, 
 liesieged at Henneboiine, holds out, and is re- 
 lieved bv the English, 1343 ; Jnhii dies . . 1345 
 
 Charles of Blois defeated and slain at Aiiray, 29 Sept. ; 
 John v., soiiof Jlontfort. iliike . . . . :3<>4 
 
 John VI., duke, 1390 : EruieisI J44' 
 
 Peter II., 1450; Artlinr II! .1457 
 
 Francis II., 1458 ; takes part witli the Orleanists 111 
 France ; defeated at St. Aubin, 2b .Uily, 1488 ; dies 1488 
 
 Aline, his daiigliter, and heiress, marries ist, 
 Charles VIII. of France, 1491 : 2iid, Louis XII., 
 M99 ; '"■'' '''''est daughter, Claude (born 1499), 
 marries Kraneis, count of Angonleme, 1514: king 
 
 of France ,• 'J""'- 'S15 
 
 Britanny formallv united tithe monarchy . . 153a 
 
 Britannv held bv the Spaniard-s. ihoi : re.'overeri by 
 
 Heniy IV. ' • • . • i594 
 
 The Bretons tviUe part In the Veiidean insurrection 
 
 (see V.ii rrH'(ic)iu i79> 
 
 BRITISH, see ylrf/i!7pf^»;.^«<'?M«n'«»;JJff«A-.«, 
 Joint S/oek; Guiana, Houduras, Xational^ Medi- 
 cal, Orphans, Societies. 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA (see America) com- 
 prises tlie dominion of Canada, Nova bcotia, New 
 Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward's 
 Island, Labrador, British Columbia and Vancouver's 
 IsUind. 
 
 Delegates from the lirst six provinces met nt Quebec on 
 10 t)ct., and agreed to the basis of a Federal uiiicin. 
 with the ipieen as the executive (represented liy tli,- 
 giiveinor-geiicral), a legislative council of 96 nieiiihers 
 for life, and a liou.se of eommons ot 104 nienibcis, 20 
 
 Oct. 1864. 
 The secretary for the colonies, Mr. CardwcU, exinvssi.l 
 
 his approval of the idiiii. 3 Dec. 1864. 
 The plan oiiposcd by New Brunswick. 7 March, 186;. 
 Me.ssi-s. C-irlier and Gait came to England to advocate it, 
 
 April, 1805. 
 Act for the union of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New 
 
 Brunswick, under the name of "tin' doiniiiion ,f 
 
 Canada," brought into iiarliamcut by the earl of Car 
 
 narvoii, 19 Feb., passed 29 .March, 1867. 
 (Tlic British gnvernmeiit giiaiautecd a subsidy ot 
 
 3,000,000/. to comiilctc tlie Inteivolonial railway ) 
 By the British North America act, the piirliaiii.iit „f 
 
 'Canada may establish new provinces, 29.)uiie, 1S71. 
 i BniTisii A.MKiiu'.vs, see Ceonjr, St., Sdiix nf. 
 
 I BRITISH AND FOREIGN lUblo Society, 
 I cstalilished l8o4(sei' muXvv Jiihli) ; —School Society, 
 ! 1808 ;— Sailors' Society, 1818. 
 
 BRITISH ASSOCIATION for the Advance- 
 I ment of Science, was established bj- sir Dnvi(i 
 Brewster, sir 11. I. Murehison, &c., in 1X31. I'm- 
 fe.siior ,)ohii I'hillips was secretary till 18C13. It ln.lili 
 aiinunl meetings; the tirst of which was held at 
 York on 27 Sept. 1831. One of its iniiin objects U 
 " to promote the intercourse of thiise wlio cullivalc 
 scic'nce with each other." It appoints coniinissiuiLi 
 and makes pecuniary grants for Bcientitie re.«eiu-ch; 
 i and publishes annually a volume containing Reports 
 of the proceedings; about 6() local societies are now 
 \ in union (1895). Kew ob.servatory preseiitca to 
 ■i4 i the association ny the queen in 1842. Superinten- 
 dents, FranciB lionalds, the first; John Walsh. 
 1852; Balfour Stewart, l8S9. It was purohascil IW 
 the Iloval Society by Mr. J. P. Gaasiot, in i8;i. 
 
 1112 
 ■155 
 
 J I. so 
 
 2 
 
 il8b 
 
 .3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 .S 
 
 1203 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 1213 
 
 
 
 1286 
 
 10 
 
 1341 
 
 II 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 14 
 
 1831 
 
 1832 
 1833 
 ■834 
 1835 
 1836 
 1817 
 1838 
 1839 
 
 1840 
 
 1841 
 
 York Meeting . 
 
 Oxford . 
 
 Cambriilge 
 
 Edinburgh . 
 
 Dulilin 
 
 Bristol . 
 
 Liverpool. 
 
 Newcastle . 
 
 Birmingham 
 
 (ilasgow 
 
 I'lymouth 
 
 Manchester . 
 
 Cork 
 
 York (2iid linie> 
 
 Cambriilge (.slid) 
 
 Southampton 
 
 Oxfonl (?nd) . 
 
 Swansea 
 
 Biriiiinghani (2nd) 1849 
 
 Edintiuigh (and) . 1850 
 
 Ipswich . . . 1851 
 
 Belfast . . . 1852 
 
 Hull . . . 1853 
 
 EiVei]lool (2nd) . 1S54 
 
 Glasgow (iiid) . . 1855 
 
 Cheltenham . . 1856 
 
 Dublin (2nd) . . 1857 
 
 Leeds . . . 1858 
 
 Alienleen . . . i8s9 
 
 Oxford (jnl). . iSiSo 
 
 .Manchester (2iid). 18OT 
 
 tjambridge (3rd) . 18C2 
 
 .N'ewi rt.stle (2iid) . 1863 
 
 34. Bath . ,86, 
 
 35. Biriniughaiii (3111) ifo; 
 
 36. Nottiiighaiii . . iSf>i 
 
 37- 
 38. 
 39- 
 40. 
 41. 
 42, 
 43' 
 i 44 
 
 1842 i 45. 
 
 1843 
 
 1844 
 
 ■84.S 
 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 Duiid 
 
 Norwich . ,5,-.;. 
 
 Exeter . , iSr:^ 
 
 Livi'ipool (ill!) , ,c. 
 
 Edinliiiigli ( J.!) ;-- 
 Brighton 
 
 Bradford. , . ,,■ 
 
 Belfast (2iid) . i5-4 
 
 Bristol (2ici) . , i3-; 
 
 46. Gla.sgow (3id) . i8;6 
 
 47. PIVlllontll (jll(l) . l8;j 
 
 48. Dublin (jiil) . . ii:j 
 
 49. Shettield . , ie;9 
 
 50. Hwan.sca (2111I) . i8J> 
 
 51. York (3rd) ./afh'/pt 1881 
 
 52. Sou til map toll 
 
 (audi 23 Aiii,'. i83? 
 
 53. Houthptu-t.irjSept i;»j 
 
 54. Montreal . . 133+ 
 53. Aberdeen (anil) 9 
 
 Hciit, vM 
 5(5. Hiiiniiiglmiii(4tli). iji? 
 
 57. Manchester (jnl) 
 (iiii«tsneee.s,sful), iSJr 
 
 58. Bnth(2iid),5.Sr|.t ■':'! 
 
 59. Newcastle (jni) . i3_'} 
 
 60. Leeds(2iid), 2.Seiit, i';) 
 01. t'ardiir . . . is(ji 
 62. Edinburgh (4tli) . li;.' 
 6(. Nutliiigh:r,ii|:ii'l) lij: 
 
 BRITISH 
 
 64. Oxford (4tli), 8 
 
 ^ I ■ , ■*"*?• 1894 
 
 65. Ipswich, I, Sept. ,895 
 
 66. Liverjiool {4th), ,6 
 
 *'l)t. 1896 
 
 p'!.S'°v7'''T'- Visconnt 
 3. Prof. Sdgwiek ; 4. Sir Tl 
 lintho oiiicw Lloy.l ; 6. Man, 
 ofDurlingtim; 8. Duke or N,| 
 \eiiionHareoiiit; .0. Manpii 
 fessor Whewell ; ,2. Lord ^r„ 
 R"»«';; M- Dean Peacock; i, 
 16. Sir K r. Murehison: ,7 j 
 qaisofNortlmiiiiitou; ,9. lie, 
 hir I). Brewster; 21 Prof 
 Sahiiie ; 23 .Mr, W. Hopkiiis 
 ?S- I'like of Argyll : ,6. j,,.. ,; 
 lir Humphry Lhivil ; 28 Pr. 
 
 ■^^/\>' ^v°-,r'"''' '^^'"ttcslev 
 TO R. Willis; 33- Sir Win. A 
 Lyell; 35. Pnif Joi,„ i.,,),!,-,, 
 Duke ot Biii-clcueh ; 38. l)r 
 G. 0. Stokes; 40. Prof, T 1 
 Tiionison ; 42. Dr. W. B i'ai 
 Williani.sn,, ; ^4. I.,.„f, J ,^^.,,,1 
 Shaw ; 46, : 'lof. Thos, Andrew 
 son. 4« l„. Win. .Sjiottiswoo 
 50. Prof. A. C. Itani.sav; j,. > 
 ('. Will. Siemens ; 53. a'. Cavlev 
 Mr Lyon Playfair ; 56. ,si,. ,j,',] 
 .Sir Henry E. Ko.scoe, .M ]' • cS 
 5j. Profe.s.sor W. il. Flowc? ■' 
 III-. W. Hoggins ; 62. SirA.Geik] 
 t4. .Marquis of Salisbiirv; 65 Si 
 Joseph Lister; 67. Sir,j,,ljn Eva 
 
 BRITISH CHURCH, 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBI 
 
 June, IX5«, news came to Ci 
 gold had been found in abuiu 
 of iVorth America, a little to 
 \ancouvcr's Island. A great 
 (in 11 few weeks above 50,00c 
 the consequence ; and Mr. 
 Vancouver's Island, evinced 
 nerving order. The territory 
 was made a liritisli colony \vit 
 placed under .Mr. Douglas. 'J 
 iiated and tlic goverimient set 
 ■ . 99 (Aug. 18^8), and a laisho 
 Mailed by tlie iimnjuis of 
 Louise, 20 Sept. i8«2.— Kor a 1 
 see ['iiilril Miitt'y. Vancouver 
 porated with tlie colony in i} 
 made the capital, 24 ilay. i 
 '^M-ernovs : Frederick SeVino 
 .Mus?rave, 1X69 ; J. W. Tnitel 
 "ill; HnghXulsoii, Feb. 180' 
 "c.v. Or. i«92. The colon 
 tinada, 18,-1. Population, i8( 
 Disimlrs with Canada respectin.r | 
 
 tionorraihv.iys, middle of 
 Miitof lord lliilIiTin, gov .,,en nf 
 Aiiti.Cliiiicscl.-islatioMaiid oin.rt 
 
 tile Privy Co,,,,,! i„ K,r^Unu\ 
 \isitoflor,l,'-i,iiii,.v, g.iv -gen 
 
 ;i.s,toftlied,ik,,and,i,ichessof6o 
 hfStruotive floo,|s with l„,ss of lif, 
 
 overflow of til,. Fra;:er Hi ver,rei 
 
 .V«- coal iaii„.s opened aii.t tov 
 
 ho ,teiiav distri.'t, during ,89, 
 
 i8,;6; ami ni|)i,l develop ,tof 
 
 l«rt«l .Mig ,, .„,,. ; 6 „,„ 
 il'illar., i-apitalizati.m, in 
 Sii,Kv.sli,les,,„ th,. Chilkoot ami 1 
 iwiileiltlis 
 
 BRITISH EAST APR 
 
 M'leu- BKiriSIl NOIJTH i L 
 
 BHITISH ECONOMIC j 
 
BRITISH CHuicH. 
 
 67. Torniito, 
 
 68. Bii.sti)! . 
 6g. 0(j\-er 
 
 8 Aug. ,897 
 ■ i8q8 
 
 64. Oxford (4tli), 8 
 
 i j„ ■ , ^"K- "894 
 
 65- Ipswich ,, Sept. ,8^* 
 
 Si'I>t. 1806 I 
 
 fiartlmloinew L .y/l .'•g m,, , "f: J',"*''"'!" ^ 5. ^■l■o^■<,.st 
 of Iiuilii,j(t(.ii • 8 I'lk,.' ,;i- \ tV^ ' '^""■'"'"wne ; 7. K,rl 
 Vernon H^arromtV o^\ 1^, ^'^".'l" Y '"','' ^ 9- «'=v. W. 
 feasor Wliew,.ll ; 12 i/ Xlf p^ "■ I''"" 
 
 Ro«se; ,4. IVa . IV.,, .li ""'i'^ H*'rt<)M : ,3. Karl (,f 
 
 «ir I). Urow.st.T- 21 iv„f (■;,"■ ""'"»»""; 20. 
 Sabine; 23. .M,- \V H,,, kL ' i- .' ■ ' ' "' ''"'■ '''• 
 
 Dr. H.nnpl.ry T-lov 1 f-.s jW /i 'i;;"""'*'= =7; It.'v. 
 Albert; 30. Un\ Wr ottcslm w "''J'.'- =9- ^ '""•'■ 
 
 iTuf It. Willi.s • 33 "V, Wn V'^.^ ^^"'- ''""'"'in'; 32. 
 
 I>uke of Ji,n-,.l,.u,.l, ; 38 l)r V n jT; t "■"^ : 37- 
 Thoni-son: 42. Ur w H I'iv """'''V J 4'- Kir Wni. 
 
 SirHonr,vE.H,..sc.:,.,M i> ! .s s ,■ K '•'»■■■<""; 57- 
 
 d4.Marqnisofsaiishiun- eTkVMw:'! iv ,;'''''::r''''; 
 
 J.«e,.bU.„.r; 67. Sir ,),W„fkv^,^^r6^!t;^ ^ ^.^i:-^,^:^!,?- 
 
 JRITI,SHCHUECH,.ee67.ov/,„/ii;;- 
 BKIJISH COLUMBTA (X. Amorka) In 
 
 sold lm,l ,,.,.,1 toun.l ■„ abuiulanc. on th ■ n ninlC 
 of. North .\m,.ri,.„ a little to the north an ™-.t "f 
 .ncouvn- s Island. A great inliu.v of ko d-d Lrs 
 i"iil..«-we,.k.s above 50,000) from all parts' «'s 
 !u"wnseq,„.n.e; and Mr. Douglas, g,»'m,or I 
 \Hn,nuv,.rsI.slaml, evinced n.ncli alifitvi. pre- 
 serving order. The territorv with adia ', iit i^lfmV 
 was njade a liritish colony with til!, a b .' 1 'UnJZul 
 placed under Mr. Uo„glas. Tlu- colony w ts ,'0 
 
 167 
 
 BKITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 • (y,l\u>r ,K-vr ,. u-T""'- ".V2I dC22 Viet. 
 v- )?■ .1''^ ^' '""' " '"■''"'P ""111 "ated in iSw 
 \isiled hv tlie nianiuis Mf tome -m,! !,.;., ^' 
 Ioui<i' 2nSi.,it i«w-> V ^.'"'"i- 'inil princess 
 
 porated with the eoio,,;r;«^trU;u;'w" 
 
 made the caii.tal, 24 Afay, ,868. l{e,. en ! . t 
 -■.ivernors: Frederick Sevniour iW,i i.V 
 
 M.j;g.uve ,«69;j. H'.T,^;;;;i;';Hf-'c F'^r 
 le '"""'',^;;^^^'••'^^^'"■'•'-'^-■Jv;v- 
 Sadl:;8;;«^^>op2,:;;•on:te,^;'^,;— "- 
 
 VWtnfl,,,,! h„-n,Min, p,v..«cn. of Canada ' . An.' '^"^ 
 
 •jierjiun or [!». hra;:cr Hiver, rciiortcd ,ri \i,... o 
 .\e«- n«l niines opened and 'toi.,. V. nilt' n /. '^'^ 
 
 J^l^l ':;i;tanm(o^. if "'""»""-■ 34S.cxi;ooo 
 
 3-iu April, 1898 
 
 BRITISH EAST AFRTPa 
 4(W™. BRirifrSm:^^S <^^^ 
 
 ^^,1™H ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION. ': 
 
 M^^^^W^ EMPIRE, 8ee £,>nf„„a etc 
 t . T,n/t' ^"':'«« L..:,u,UK, eUablirfied fo , mintain" 
 the unity of the Empire, and to succeed the lut 
 Imperial Federation League, ,r/,/,/. ,,'; the duk^ 
 
 Jlu}, 1893 inaugural meet iig at the Alansio , 
 
 nan, 3 Dec. I8y6. Annual meetings. 
 
 BRITISH GUIANA AND HONDU- 
 RAS, see Guuuia and JiomfwZ 
 
 : 'iTo;" i"'";,;: "»,?■,: "••• '■■i '--;.a 
 
 iRh7, V • **■♦• ,^'^" uiiai)pronnatcd, \ov 
 
 S-iieiiirfrrt^^er'"^'''^--^^- 
 
 eol^?.^I.!,^:^iL^»TON, raised by lord John Kay, 
 
 Hm i , „.■ « ^ '' '"'^ """•'" t« »s«st queen Isa- 
 
 bella bpain against the Carlists in i8^= defi-ited 
 then, atUernani,s May, 1836, andut &^X 
 
 soc?Sf ^ MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 
 BRITISH MUSEUM, originated with Hm 
 
 .brary contained 50,000 volunicsandvahlX-Msl 
 "J 69.352 ift.des of virtCl enumcratcl in the cata" 
 logue Montagu-house was obtained l,y go" nnie^t 
 h . t ^n '<• 7 '•"'"■ ";"'Pti""' 'I'l"-' .nuseSn, ( n," u . 
 
 ug the Co toman, Uarleiau, and other collections^ 
 opened 15 Jan. ,r59. and 'nw since beci le W- 
 
 The' ^W"r:;var i'5^°'"-'' '"•''"'•''^' '""' l^^^^^^* 
 l-c- Alit^nr.i '"■'"'^■•""' -'^■'■•» by George II 
 
 £i^;w.^^1,^;r':fVJLii?^'-'"dditionsi^givi; 
 
 iiw. See Mummiiii, 1898. 
 
 23-47 
 
 1852 
 
 •Vcw buildings elected by sir If. .SmirUe ,f 
 
 liou lading coiiipl, ted ' ' " 
 
 IbeK'ieat leading inom ,.,ri-tcd' bv Sv.lnev Sinirko' 
 
 .■cording to a |dan by Mr. Antoid o Pud, ^hJ 
 
 l.branan (.'ost ; ,t ,50,000/, ; heigl t / ;„ ,^ 
 
 106 feet ; .liaincter, .40 feet : contaii s bout 
 
 ■ * • . lOOI 
 
 The miinber of visitor, t , the m'lc'nf cmII, I'*' "S-^''-"'. 
 (exlnbiti,.n vear), 2.524 7,4 fi ,8'.„ """■""" '." '^Si 
 (exhibltioojvarl 8Q,j;^:'-ii',sV. ^'o S'7'893: ui 1S62 
 
 '■-f- 453.q5"- Ad.iilions lo' lit mry "in "Tm ■'■^ '' ' 
 
 F^xpe..ditureo„3 , , \, St' ^'^'"^ 'r"? "'">■• 
 "' '883. .52,983'; .89;':^4,"oi7X6:%T,'.^'?.'- "™"'^'-» 
 
 . ^ '; 
 
 ^^W 
 
 I „■ I 
 
 .J 
 
 i 
 
 
 fp^,- 
 
 J-fi 
 
 
J" 
 
 BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 168 
 
 BROAD ARROW. 
 
 i'ik^ 
 
 The jii-(]i«itcil8i'i«initiciiHpf tliciiiitiiiiiiuiiiii. "tciary, 
 nml scitiitilli' collHctiiiiiH, was clisiipjinivfil liy a 
 commisiiiiiii in i860 ; and a bill to iTiiiove t!i(5 
 natural liistoi-j- r(illi'''ti.ins tu South Ken«int;t(in 
 leji-ctcil liy tlie cnninHins . . . 19 .May, 1862 
 
 Xuiiilicr of books ((.'stiniatfil) 1,600,000 . J|in. 1870 
 ,, „ „ 1,350,000(50,000 MSS.) 1884 
 
 60C0/. Vdtf'l tur a Natural Histiiiy Alusfuniat Soiitli 
 Kensington » Aug. 1870 
 
 PhotdgraiiliH of above 5000 objects of antninity 
 (sniiiilving fvidenei; of n'.an's pi-ogress in eiviliaa- 
 tion), fiublisliHiI for about 116/. . . . Ang. i87» 
 
 Castellani collection of golil ornaments, gems, 
 bionzes, &c., jtitrcliaseil tor 52,000/ . . . ■ 1872-3 
 
 TliC uiusenni partly openeil ilaily after ii Feb. 1S79 
 
 Eleetrie light ailoiiteil in the reailing-rcponi for 
 evenings in tliu winter months . . 20 Oct. ,, 
 
 The White be<iuest (60,000/.) 1880 
 
 The new Jlrilifl: Musnim fvr Xatvivt Uiflin-i/, South 
 Kensington; '11:1], ling eomiilcted, Nov. 1880; 
 part of the 1 oil.'eticjn openeil 18 Aiml i83i : 
 tli recta m, .sir liichanl (Iwen, iS56(K.C.li. 1892), 
 professor W. H. Flower, 1884 (K.C.lt., 1892; iv. 
 signed .Jul". , iti.ir; ; sneceeded liy profes.sor K. Hay 
 Lankester, iBo'i) ; opened on Sundays, 17 May 
 r'H'i., it.96. i'rofes.sor Owen died 18 Dee. 1892. 
 At a meeting of the Hoyrl Soeiety, the prince of 
 Wales in the chair, it was resolved to i)lace a 
 marble .stal ue of the professor in the hall of thn 
 Natural ULstory museum, ot which Im was the 
 chief originator,'2i .Ian. 1S93 ; statue, byT. Urock, 
 idiced JIarch, 189; 
 
 Johi! GouldV: liummiug-binls, &c., bought April, „ 
 
 Nev buildings in Montague-street, founded (by 
 means of Mr. Wm. White's legacy of 63,941/.) 
 
 23 Sc|it. 1882 
 
 New Assyrian room (including Mr, Rnssaju'a col- 
 lection) o]icned I""- 1884 
 
 New catalogue printing, Dec. 1884, ct .w/. ; new 
 catulogu"s of the bible i.ssued . . Dec. 1892 
 
 The Marquis of Twecddale's ornithological librai-y 
 presented by rapt. Wardiaw Ham.say . Oct. 1887 
 
 New galleries opened ; glass and )iottery, 1888 ; 
 Greek sculpture, 1889 ; mniiimies, etc. . . 1898 
 
 Electric light set up in the public galleries, ojicned 
 in the evenings, 8 to 10 . . . . i Feb. 1890 
 
 Gallery of Keligions in the nmseum at Blooms- 
 bury, opened 19 Feb. 1S94 1 
 
 Jlr. J. Ii. Martin and his wile, Mrs. Victoria Wood- 
 hull Martin e. the trustees of the British Mu- 
 seum and Mr. K. M. Thompson, librar'an, lor 
 giving out books containing libels against 
 Mrs. Martin, relating to the Beecher scandal 
 (see {■«//«; ,s7(i(c.', 1874-5), iineen '8 bench division ; 
 verdict of the .jury, the defendants acted with 
 Innn fidrs and not negligently, but did not (by 
 their ofticers) discharge their duties with projmr 
 care, caution and judgment, damages, 2a^\ 23-27 
 Feb. ; judgment given by baron Pollock for the 
 defendants, with costs ; appeal granted 3 Jlarcli, 
 
 dismissed 19 April, ,, 
 
 British Mnsenni Purchase of Land (of the dnkeof 
 
 Bedford) Act, i)a.s.sed .... 17 Aug. ,, 
 George BuUen, r.u., library assistant, 1838 ; keejwr 
 
 of printed books, 1875-90 ; died . 10 Oct. ,, 
 Sir Charles Thos. Newton, keejier of aniiiiuities, 
 
 1868-85, died 28 Nov. ,, 
 
 Mr. Keginald .Stnart Poole, keejierof coins, 1870- 
 93, died ....... 8 Feb. 1895 , 
 
 The Malcolm collection of eariy drawings and 
 
 engravings inese!ited by Mr. Wm. Mitchell,, July, ,, 
 Mr. U. Secbolim becpn'aths hia ccdlectiou of bird 
 skins and skeletons to the Nat. Hist, depart- 
 ment, Kensington ,, 
 
 The museum ojiened from 2.30 to 7 p.m. on Sun- 
 days 17 May «(««/. 1896 
 
 Important Adiiitions(/)oh(//i( or ffireii). {Kihmnh.) 
 Those marked * were gifts or beipiests. 
 
 •.Solomon Da t'ostn, Ilebit'W Libraiy . . . 1759 
 *(;. Thomason, collection (jiolitical) from Geo. III. lyta 
 
 *Solander, fossils 1766 
 
 •Birch, library and MSS „ 
 
 Hamilton vases, la 177a 
 
 •Musgrave library 1790-9.5 
 
 'Crttcherotie iiiiiary 1799 
 
 Hatchett minerals 
 
 'Alexandrian collection (from Geo. III.) . , 1803 
 
 Lansdowne MSS. 
 
 1804 
 
 Townley nuirbles 1805-17 
 
 Greville mineials ', ,8,g 
 
 Hobeits, Ei'idish citiiis 
 
 Hargiave lii .ary . . . . . , . ig', , 
 
 Phigalcian marldes igjj 
 
 Elgin marbles ig,,- 
 
 Burney lilaary 
 
 "Bunks' arclneological collections 
 •King George III.'s library, given by George IV. 
 •Payne Knight's collections .... 
 *Sir J. Banks' library and collections . 
 
 "Egcrton .MSS 
 
 "Arundelian MSS 
 
 Mantell, fossils 
 
 Syriac MSS. . 
 
 •Lycian marbles (by sir C. Fellow.s) 
 ♦Greiiville library, collected by right hon. 'Ihc 
 Grcnville (20,240 vols.) .... 
 Jlorrison's Chinese library .... 
 As.syrian c(dlei^tions(by A. l.ayard) . . . 
 Ualicarna.ssiaiuindCnidiaiiinarble.s(byC.T.Newlou)' 
 
 . itii 
 
 . 1S24 
 
 • 1827 
 . 1829 
 
 • 18^1 
 
 • ''39 
 1841-7 
 
 • ■«45 
 ■ "547 
 '51-fo 
 
 !-:53-6o 
 
 iSfo 
 1 81 4 
 itt.6 
 18C8 
 
 1S73 
 it76 
 
 Carthaginian antiiiuities (by N. Davis) . 
 Cyrene marbles (by Smith and I'oicher) 
 
 Cureton, (Jiieiital .M.SS 
 
 DukeofBlacas iiiuscnm (bought for 48,000/.) . 
 
 •Abyssinian aiiti<inities 
 
 'Slade collection (gla.ss, die.) 
 
 *.\lr. George Smith's (tii Ikdly Tclegitiph) Assvriai 
 
 collections ' 
 
 •Elamitc aiiti<niities, by col. Ho.ss . . . , 
 *L'rns, implements, ornaments, Siv., from 234 
 
 British barrows (sec Ikinutrs), by rev. (anon 
 
 (ireenwell iStq 
 
 About 300 Babylonian tablets imrchased . June iSEj 
 •Osbert i-ialvin nml F. du Cane Godinan's collcc 
 
 tion of American birds, itc |g;. 
 
 'Indian birds and eggs fioni Mr. A. O. Hume . "^ 
 •The inar(|Uis of 'rwecddale's cidleclion of birds " 
 
 given by capt. Wardlaw Hamsiiy . . . Oi.t 
 •Mr. Octavius Morgan's collection of watchi's, 
 
 chicks, keys, rings &c., reported . . dcf' 
 A great present of books and photographs Irom 
 
 the Sultan of Turkey .... Jiav 
 The collection of sir Augustus WoUaston Friiiiks' 
 
 hite keeper o( aiitii|nities, bcipieathed . 
 
 Prim ii'.Ai. I.inRARiAXs, 
 
 Dr. Gov\in Knight 
 
 Dr. Matthew Maty ' 
 
 Dr. Charles Morton 
 
 Josejili Planta 
 
 Henry Ellis 
 
 .\iitiiiiio Panizzi 
 
 ,1. Winter Jones 
 
 Edward Augustus Bond, Aug. 1878 ; resigned, June, 
 1888; K.(;.B. I.Ian. 1898; died . . 2 ,laii, 
 Edward Maniide Thcimpson 
 
 lU^ 
 
 Ii94 
 ■'57 
 
 '753 
 1772 
 1776 
 
 '799 
 1S27 
 i6s6 
 iSt6 
 
 . i£c3 
 
 BRITISH ORCHESTRAL SOCIETY, 
 cstablislied 1872. 
 
 BRITISH PRODUCE Supply A.s.,o. iatiim : 
 iliructors, the tarl of WiiicliiLseu, lord Kesleven 
 uml otliers ; started early in l8(Ki, for tjic |iun lia>e! 
 ealc, &c., of liritish affricultural proilucc. J,o ni 
 bodies forr.iinjj:, Au){. ; central depot, Long Acre, 
 opened 21 Oct. 1M96. 
 
 BRITONS, Ancient, Society of, established 
 1715, sec Jl'ii/di; 178th anniversary celebrated 1 
 March, l8i>3. 
 
 BRITTANY, see BnUimnj. 
 
 BRITTON, an ancient treatise on English Law 
 written in Frendi by or in the name of king Kdward 
 I. aliout I2QI. Coke attributed the work to Jolink 
 Hreton, bishop of Hereford, who died in 12;!. An 
 edition of" Itiitton," with a translation iiiiSngiiih 
 by Mr. F. Nicholls, was published in 1865. 
 
 ^BR(.)AD ARROW-^ AH attempts to ascertain 
 
 Stated that timber trees fit for ehippitift in the 
 forest of Dean in 1639 were marked with the crown 
 
 IJ 
 
 "BROAD BC 
 
 and broad iirrow. It is said t 
 ovtseountayUney^, ," 'y 
 
 of the ordnance, io^3.,;o2 
 
 TIOV^^'A^ BOTTOM" 
 
 ^^■11^'" ^''llwm admit 
 
 «;assoe,.ledbecausef„rmed'b 
 .10V. 1/44. 
 
 BROAD CHTTPPTT 
 
 Church of K„,^^„u^S„ n 
 
 .onal beliefs „„d ,uUti me 
 "negative tlieoloKy." t"k„" 
 
 >¥, throu,^h thf ic.ct, res'^^^ 
 ,1 more through the "Th* 
 yir. i. u. JIauriee in iHe.- 
 iVviews' {winch ,c,) i„ ,§^ 
 ti.*op Co enso on the /'en", ",7^ 
 and of abp. Whatelv Cr-«- l 
 
 Kingsley, and others. ' 
 
 BEOCADE, a silken stuff , 
 r/dver, and enriched with' 
 
 originally made by the Clii „.. 
 
 ™ established iitVons',';';';^!' 
 
 BEOCCOLT.saidtohavebe, 
 land from Italy i„ the ,6th cent; 
 
 BROKERS, both of money 
 M-e known early i„ En.H.md^ 
 
 Ttcv are licensed, and th^ir dell 
 
 «;■" jfW-O, ,8,6, and 826 
 
 .V^4/y;/tw,»w,.,-o regulated in ,7, 
 
 M. Brokers m the city of L.m 
 tii'supernsion of the lord ,„ 
 .l,o,^ere relieved ..omit% 
 
 BROMINE (from the Greek 
 .if»i8onous volatile li,,uid elem, 
 Mit rater by JI. luxh„^^ ■ \'^'^ 
 
 -nibmution with metals and ',!i„e; 
 
 , BROMLEY COLLPHP k 
 
 J ICAfor widows of Wen. r^,f H, . ') 
 I Mtoiee and pension.^- "'"'^'•'" 
 
 BEOXTOiMETER. thunder* 
 luaiiparatus invented l,V UVll 
 IukI commended b>' JI.: i" "i," ^' 
 
 BEOXZE wail known to the ar 
 
 «unedV;o^-tbs.- -Z^f 
 Its',""' "'l--^e&Vl 
 
 <Hi™c).cam..i„tori,.cula2;Vj 
 
 *ii theoti-e burnt ■ilmi.f 
 
 Wf fro,,, Nbh v;.k t.-'S^.'":',"'' 
 ■'■'"■Kiu, i,Ia„ .1, . Brooklyn , 
 
 "-''"'"''''"•™l'"y«l by lighini 
 
'bSb chub r ""°^""" a-^4S;.?^-f;:&- 
 
 ■' • • -36 Feb. 
 
 ■89s 
 
 Chureirof iC.^^U «V" SCHOOL in fhe 
 .ional beliefs and "'',,"« t. ^i'^ 'C T"^' "'""- 
 ■negative tlie„lo<ry." IM,„ ,.. '"'^ ^'-''^" t«""e(l 
 
 --I1II more tiirouBh tlie ''T < ■- ^'"'"1"'''". "'id 
 b» hop Co OM.0 on tl.e l'e„ „ Umm^i; 1'"' "'I' »'"•)<« of 
 Kinjfdey, and othe,;. '''' ''''"" St»»l^T, <.anon 
 
 r^K'^K,;;;::;;:^:^^? -""^-tH «ith ^ow 
 
 ...established atlyonsi,. j;:!.' ""-' """'"f''eturJ 
 
 iS^'!^;.i;il' K^n W "i:" -"-handise, 
 Tley are licensed: and UwtZ:,,; ^'"' -'W''"«-.v. 
 I«. n U.js-O, .8.6, and 's'''"!';;';?'''!'.''-''' ''-V 
 <vWra/lw,v\verere.rul,it,.[l n ,-.^ dealings of 
 
 fflJ subsequently ; see /V,/.,,/,. V^' '"11'»nd 1726, 
 ML lin/kersi/i'tie^tvoi ",;'■'.'• '""{ ^^'"•""'•^* 
 li. supervision of the l„nl ,n '" ^''''^ ""J^''- 
 i» ';o-. were relieved f^m Tl^" '""' •'W^''"'"", 
 All?. i8;o. """ " °y »" act passed q 
 
 BEOMINE (from the Gre,.i- /, - ' 
 
 .1 poisonous volatile liquid el ',i?T*' " "''"''). 
 .It water by M. Jialar'd / ,8^ "* 'J'?«'';-^''-^''l in 
 < ...bmation with metals and mineral wateir"'' '" 
 
 — ....Mtiiu waiei-s. 
 , BROMLEY COLLPfip t- . . 
 
 |4S5SSSlS"?;*r, ...-. 
 
 luil ooniinended bv lli- 1 « ' '"'■'"'"'. "I I'aris, 
 IWr.iSgo. •' "• ''■ ^ynom, i„ J^w,,,.,,' 
 
 J BROXZE wad known tn n,„ 
 U^bwuzo statues veLels tf """f'"'*'. snme of 
 J)l.*ura. The bronxe em !'i, •"■■'''" "'« l^-'itwh 
 |IlV.,.(/)9,inthel^loe W;'" f'^"*-: of Louis 
 
 latontained 60,080 'lbs. 'Bronl ■■""'"'■''■■"'"<'» J 
 |»randtin, vitu «n>.,e^""''Vh>r'''"'"''' "^ 
 |k:. riie preset t 6n >t:e J'"L, ' ''' '"'"' ">'<1 
 ■w.v,,ii,d /arthinir ^Mno8t^to '^-' '"'""••' '"'"■- 
 rau.ne,,ean.:i„tS;^2;;l-^^ of copper, 
 
 P"S^?J'^^i*^e;tM'°-^^'''"'''^'H.o 
 
 ftit,. Out.h Kov .n. :' of i-'' "'. "'■''"' "'Xani,.',! 
 
 ■ ^^"'"in.!, ,tes(„.,ye.l by |i,-|,tai,;^ ''"J-- '"Sj , 
 
 I ' "S-Mureb, 185;, 
 
 "■»■-- .•em;4:i^:;';!a.!;":s;^.^ri:vi^""'^ 
 
 '>eSS^)J'" P"P»1'"- vehicle said to have 
 "' its adontion bv lord H ™,''^ """"^;' '" conse.,uence 
 '3i: 14 Vict , ;, .""^'""K'li"". lii-omihnnhAct 
 
 Victor Jr.M-sh.v, V««,V. '0 r"4'l '^^^'- '''■"'■•■■'•«''• 
 wa8pr-;e.s,orin ,895;' ^- ^'"^'•'"'Sl^n, -M.i)., 
 
 ■V.^S^©"''^ I^'SUERECTIOX, see IT^iUU 
 
 Ro^^ffl^l^cffiK -'.^ T"^'^ ^-^ ' 
 by the aid of ti, ' , ,■ '"'it'^i' botanist, who in 182- 
 
 f t'.' 'uted to ru,liu " turv i if 7'"''' "' «'«' >^"« 
 JtVMdedtobedue to 'Cents, w' " "T, """'^'"■•'Is 
 t- of temperature arirevaS;?^'' ''' '""l"""" 
 
 ''"■^'■'ission of >!..■ work; of u^ J '/'',■; ""' .«t"''y and 
 ganited at Tnivrsitv '.lie .5 /'''7"'"- """'- 
 , l^^l; <lis.s„hvd, i8n'- M ' 7 • -■'?"<'"". 2« Oct. 
 .HH9, aged -- '..7,V. ,V • "ro'^">"Sdiedi2Dec 
 
 ; SI: ^"•"-i».-li..l^nttin!l:^t'a^'S 
 
 i '>4K^^Ef,:;:.BAKHow:sT.. the tirst In- 
 
 ' a "choohna^^,, 7;' %^^^^'^ "",•-■'• ^'obert Brown, 
 
 Vnrv, Henry I! "row ' ot'he'r li" '5«0- John 
 
 cruelly ..xecuted for allege Led io,f'":'x?''' '"-''■" 
 
 ;'Ahyssi:ri^/l,„™VELS J„,^ Bruce, the 
 
 discover the source of the X |" ,'. ^'"'l-' ''^^' ^° 
 t^airo, he navif,^,ted the Nile >Sv '""'^''"'S «'-8t to 
 t''« desert to the 1 Jd Se 1, ,r' '''"' ^■^''""' "'o^*'! 
 I«»«''l «".ne months i, 'a b '., v \'"»' '" '''^^J''". 
 v^-nous detentions rea ed Uo d-n- h'' ""'' ""^■«' 
 Abyssinia, in Keb. i;-o ()„ v' ' "'''""' °^ 
 tamed a si..hf „f tl, ." " ?4 ^^ov. i'-q, ho ob. 
 
 It sutfered much throm.l^ '^^ 
 and the consequent Sio" »'?;"™^'«o.. in ,488, 
 Irancein rroj to tlVo v T > ^* "'"s ""biected to 
 Belsi-im in '.^^o'" I^^Xi^^'Z^V"}^ ""'• *» 
 
 wi^^£f^BURG (Hupposed bv ^m« - - - 
 
 Northmen fro S,/,.,h'p''' "'"'' "» ""■'Jo 
 of Scots, landed «V>„'"''.'^'""*'«"tine HI ldn„ 
 
 burg by Athelstan, -,3;^. ^""' "'""'Si'ter at iJrunan- 
 
 •> 'i :■*!>" 
 
 .ii: 
 
 
 ■aaa^ j «ai 
 
 ?. , if 
 
 
 )|i 
 
 
BEUNDISIUM. 
 
 170 
 
 BRUSSELS. 
 
 ■ 
 
 »n(«t 
 
 5i 
 
 
 ^■M 
 
 '" 
 
 
 11 
 
 i, 
 
 
 H^;fl 
 
 
 ^^^^^K sfixa'^ 
 
 
 ^^^^^B 1 «KK.' ' 
 
 
 BJBi 
 
 
 ■w 
 
 
 1 
 
 W"- 
 
 
 1 
 
 j^BHri 
 
 i 
 It 
 
 
 BRUNDISIUM (now Hrindisi), S. Italy, ii 
 Greek lity, taken by the Romans, B.C. 2()7; and 
 made a colony, 244. Here Virgil died 22 Sept. 
 iq B.C. 
 
 BRUNN, ciipital of Moravia, since 1641 ; was 
 entered by the French under Murat, 18 ^ov. 1805, 
 and by the Pruasians, 13 July, i8(j6. I'oiiulation, 
 1890, q5.342- 
 
 BRUNSWICK CLUBS, established to main- 
 tain the house of Hanover and the Trotestant as- 
 cendency in church and state, began in England iit 
 Maidstone, 18 Sept. 1828 ; in Ireland at the Rotunda j 
 in Dublin, 4 Nov. same year. Other .aties lormeU 
 similar clubs. 
 
 BRUNSWICK, Hoi'.SE of. The duf hv of 
 Brunswick, in Lower Sax. my, was conquered by 
 CharleniiiKue, and governed afterwards by counts 
 mid dukes. AUiert-Azzo II. marmiis of Italy ana 
 lord of Kste, died in 1097, imd Ml by his wile Ciine- 
 goude (the hciiT«s of tiuelnli duki' of Cannthui in 
 Bavaria), a son, (Jucliih. wlu) was invited into Ocr- 
 nianv bv Iinitza, hi.s mother-in-law, and invested 
 with" alf the iiossessions of his wife's step-father, 
 Guelph of Bavaria; foo Jliiirinii. His descendant, 
 Henry tlie Lion, married Maud, daughter ot Kerry 
 II. of England, and was tlie founder of the Bruns- 
 wick family. His dominions were very extensive ; 
 but having refused to assist the emperor l''rcderick 
 Barbarossa in a war against pope Alexander 111., 
 through the emperor's resentment he was proscribed 
 at the diet at Wiirtzburg, in 1 180. The duchy of 
 Bavaria was given to Otbo of Wittelsbach, ancestor 
 of the family of Bavaria ; I lie duchy of Saxony to 
 Bernard Asciinius, founder of the house ot AnbaU; 
 and his other territories to ditCerent persons. On 
 this, he retired to England ; but at the intercession 
 of our llenrv II. Brunswick and Luneburg were 
 restored to him. 'i'he house of Brunswick in I40<) 
 divided into sevcnil branches. Brunswick was in- 
 cluded by Napoleon in the kingdom of Westphalia 
 in 1836, but was restored to the duke in 1815.— 
 Population of the duchy of Brunswick in 18-1. 
 312,170; 1875, 327^493; iS^o. 34')-/'7; 188.S. 
 372,452; l8cp, 403,788; of the city, 101,047. 
 Brunswick joined the North German Confederation, 
 18 Aug. l8W.\ 
 
 1735- 
 1780. 
 
 1806. 
 
 1813. 
 
 1830. 
 
 1136. 
 
 «>39- 
 1195. 
 1213. 
 1252. 
 1278. 
 1318. 
 1368. 
 
 1409. 
 1416. 
 1482. 
 
 1495- 
 1514. 
 1568. 
 1589. 
 :6i-. 
 
 mKI'.S OK UlllXSrtKK. 
 
 Hcmy, duke of Daviiria. 
 
 lIclllV tllC IJlIll (S(lll). 
 
 Ilfiirv tlic i.xnn ana William (sons). 
 
 Otlid I. (sou ill' Williiiin). 
 
 Albeit I. (sou cifpiciciliutc). 
 
 Allicrt II. (sun). 
 
 Otlio, Miigims I., ami Knicst (sous). 
 
 Magnus H. (T.)i(iUMtiis)(s(iii nt .Magnus I.) 
 
 UCKES OK BIU'NSWI(K-W(ILKKNUi;rrt;i.. 
 
 First llnniih. 
 Hcnrv I. (sou of Magnus 11.) 
 Williiiiii I, mill llciiry II (siius). 
 Krcclcii;' UM.I Nyilliiiiu U. j ,„„^ „,■ wiUiaiu I. 
 Hcmv III. ami Knc ) 
 
 Hcur'y IV. (s .f Uciiiy II.) 
 
 ,lulius(sciii iif I'lccciling). 
 
 Henry Julius (sonX 
 
 Freilcric-L'liic (siiu), aied without is.'.uc. 
 
 Secnmt ]iroth-ik. 
 
 1614. Augustus (s( f Uemy ot Luneburg). 
 
 1666. K.icli)lpli-Aut,'u>tus; who asMH-iati'illiis next hrother, 
 Authony-Uliu', in the gixernmciil, fvoiu 1685 ; 
 iliol, 1704. 
 1704. Antboiiy-Ulric now rnleil »'(>»♦■ ; Ijccaine a Roinun 
 Catholic in 1710 ; died in 1714. 
 Ani;UMtiiM-WiU)»ni (son). 
 i'pwi»-K<»l<ilph (lirolhcr). 
 
 Fenliniuiil-Allicit, duke (if Hiuuswi iv-Bevem, 
 married Autiiiucttc-.Vuicliii. daughtci of Lewi»- 
 Hiiilnlph. iiml siu'cci'di-l hliii. 
 
 ir!4 
 
 t73I. 
 »735- 
 
 1409. 
 
 1434. 
 1478. 
 15.12. 
 1546. 
 
 ■592- 
 1611. 
 1633. 
 1(136. 
 1648. 
 1663. 
 
 Charles (sdu). 
 
 Charli'H-Williiiui-Fcrdiunnd (siai); 11 great 'geiiii,il 
 (served under his uuele Ferdianiid ill the Se\iii 
 Yeiirs' War, 1756-1763); mariied princess AUKii»t:i 
 of Kaghiud ; was UKirUdly winiiided at tlio liiiltli 
 of Aiierstadt, »4()ft., and died 10 Nov. i8o6: sii. . 
 ceeded tiv his I'mirth sun (his elder sons Ui:i;' 
 lilliid, alMlieated). 
 
 Wllliaiu-Fiederick, whose reign iiiiiy lie dated from 
 the liuttle (if I,ei|isle in Oet, 1813; fellatyuMi. 
 Urns, eoliiiiiiiiidliig the iiviuitijifnle under the ilul,.. 
 of Welliiigtijii, 16 June, 1815 ; succeeded hy li., 
 eldest snii. 
 
 Cluirles-l'iedeiiek-WilliMiii, (very ceeentrie) ; :i,. 
 sinned goveruiiient JO Oct. 1823. IHevnliitioii it 
 Hniuswirk ; the ifuke (deidareil iucapalili' ,,r 
 reigiiiug Iiy the (ienmiu diet) retired tii Fiiglin.l, 
 7 Sept. 1830; died at (ieiieva, beiiucalhiiij; lii> 
 iiinueiisepiiiperty totliat city, 18 Aug. 1873.I 
 
 Williiiui, liiiither; lioni 25 .\pi'il, 1806; siicrnili.l 
 ja'uvisiunally, 7 Wept. 1830 ; iiiid, uii the deiii;ii,.i 
 iif the Genuauii^ diet, deiluitively, 20 Ajiril, iS;i : 
 ]iiniinn-kil ; died, deeply laiiieuted, 18 Oct. 1JJ4. 
 (His iiiiiguiliieut pahiee was destroyed liy lln'. 
 24 Fell. 1863.) His .juliili'c cclelinited j; April, 
 1881. .Succe.ssiiiu chiiiued hy tlie duke i,f Cam. 
 lieriaud (set aside liy the diet, 30 .Iiiue, & 2,... 
 Oet. 1885)1 regency assuiiied, 18 o.-t. 1884. 
 I'riuce Albert of I'russia, liorii 8 Mny, iS;;. 
 iie|iliew of the ciiipcnir of (leriiiany, eli'i'l.Nl 
 regent -ix Oct.; accepts about 24 Oct.; waniily 
 received ill liruuswick, 2 Nov. 1885. 
 8ee Milder t'ltmht'dtinii, 1892. 
 
 uiKKs OF ime.Nswu'K-LrsKmnK. 
 
 Beruurd (sou of Miiguus 11., duke of Uraiiswiik. 
 
 ^I'R allure). 
 Otho mill Frederic (Ids sons). 
 Henry (sou of Otiiii). 
 Finest I. (.son of Otho). His sous were 
 Henry (fouiuler of xmniil liritnrh of liniii^uii k- 
 
 Wolleiilputtel) ami Wilii.ini, whose seven sous 1 ,i>i 
 
 deli'iiniii" who should uiiiny. The lot fili 
 
 si.\tli sun. Four of the hiutluis 
 
 ._„ viz. : — 
 
 Kruest II. "i 
 
 *;'"■''"';"'■ Lo issue. 
 Augustus. 1 
 
 Frederic II. ) 
 
 Cliristiaii-I.ewi.i(sou of the Oeorgp iiliiirc-hieiitiornl) 
 
 Gi'orge-WilliMUi (liiothcr of Christiiiul.ewis), liirs 
 
 ill 1705 : leaving as heiress >?neniA-Ii"HoTUK.v. Iii 
 
 .1 .1 ...rli, .... \>-I.., 1 .1.1 1'l'i... 1 ill .f\Q.> li.i*. ....ii^'i.. ....;.. 
 
 lots to 
 
 on (iKomiK, 
 
 reiKUed. viz. 
 
 Ill 1705 . i,"ii ^ 01^ 1I-.1 iiro 1-^n .:"' .1 iitrt- 
 
 daiighter, who uianicd in 1O82 her cousin, 1 
 Gkokcf.-I.kwis of iliiuovcr, afterwards (_i(.or;,'r 1. 
 of Kiigland (sou of Krue.sl of Hanover, jiaiiii,'r>i 
 son of the tthan'-iitrntiottril George). 
 (See 7/(1 aoiri- and EihjIkihI.) 
 
 BRUNSWICK THEATRE, Wdl-stnrt. 
 Kast London, built to replace the Hoyally (burnt iin« 11 
 II April, 182(1), was ('iiened 2-; I'tib. 1828. On tin- 
 29th the building was destroyed by the falling in 01 
 the walls, too much weight being attached to llit 
 heavy iron roof. Fortunately the catastrophe Imp- 
 |iened in the day-time (during a rehearsal of ''(jiiy 
 Miinuering"), and only twelve persons perislieii, 
 
 BRUSSELS, once capital of Austrian Bral.aii!, 
 now of Belgiiiin (since 1831), was founded by .St. 
 Gery, of Cambray, in the "th century. It is iclc- 
 brated for its tine lace, carpets, and tapestry. The 
 Hotel de Ville was erected early in ttic 15th foii- 
 tury; has u turret 3O4 feet in height; uiul oiiil* 
 top is a copper figure of St. Michael, 1 7 feet high, 
 which turns with the wind; see Bilijium. I'oimla- 
 tion, 1890, 182,305. 
 
 C.ilhcdnil of St. Gudiile (iK'gun ioio?)eoiiiplete(l . 1175 
 Made capital of the Low Couuti'ies . . . .1507 
 
 Ruled tyrauiiieally hy Alva jjo; 
 
 " L'nion of Brussels " to expel the Hpiiuiaiils . 1577.7s 
 Bonil'Hidcd li> lualstiid VUii-lui . 14 « liuti:tie.i aliU 
 
 10,000 houses destroyed .... Au|,'. 169J 
 Taken liy the French, 1701 ; tiy Mai'lhonmgli, 1706; 
 
 liy Hiixe, 16 Fell. 1746 ; and liy Duiiioiniez, Xiiv. 1702 
 
 BRUT' 
 
 Tlie rov(,Iiit|„„ .•om„„.,||,es 
 
 ThecoHtlyfur„it,„.""f'6|,„ 
 -,ue„...of„,U.,,,,,,„f,, 
 
 Mitritlme ci,»fere„c„ f,', nhi 
 "glcilolwervationsheldl 
 11 enia mmil ,,|,il,.„tliro|,ic 
 Iiiternatii.ual association fo 
 
 Brnsieh Con/ereiice. The .Soc 
 tio" of the condition ,^- 
 '■;''culars (,l„tcd 28 .March) 
 <>» ■? April Hn.s.sia issimd 
 si.leration „( the cnnleic 
 "rticles, euihniciu- nil tli 
 
 iliiH'd tnediseii.ssioncd'iiite 
 ;i""i;ra .sir Alfred li,„..sf„,,, 
 ■iviit Bntain without acti, 
 lil'i'rty of actio,,. The e, 
 
 ■1^ !/•'.?''"" ''"""I'i ('rill 
 I lie United .States not reiire' 
 were secret. The .■onfe,-,',,,.; 
 l".runt results, 28 .Vug ,f 
 inihlished ,11 l.,„„luii i;,,.r'ir 
 
 Belgiiialmliisti-ialcxhiliition', 
 Iiiterautioual exliihiti,,,, of „|,i 
 
 lie healthand safety, oiieued I 
 a congress met 
 
 Iiiteriuitioual congress of conin 
 
 (■(imiiiercial Mnseuui opened 
 Till- iiiiigiiilleeut new Palace ol 
 
 the king . , 
 The parliament houses burnt 
 
 ilestrnyed ; loss aliont 480,00c 
 hiiliistnal exhihitioii .i|„.ni.d 
 Iiitmintioual Exhihitinn oi,en, 
 
 king, 7 June ; closed 
 TliiMlre lie 1,1 lioiiis,. ||„|.||t ' 
 
 .tiili.sluvery I ferciicc nii'ets ' 
 
 -irrival of M,-. |l. ji. .Stanley f 
 
 taiiiiiii'iil hy the kill};. Arc 
 Givat lire lit the palace of u,, 
 
 fiiniierly the I'esidcncu of th 
 
 many of whose ivlics a,e ilcslr 
 Thclnteniatiomd Colonial Instil 
 , J™>'.','»-,Leoii .Say and others 
 Afornnilahle explosion in a hoii.si 
 
 Htiinated loss, 5oo,<x»if. 
 Alarfc'e hall ami biiiMiii.'s ii, 11 
 
 attribntedtoexplosivo.s. 
 Dwrec .si-ned changing the city' 
 
 flleimilde i„er" . ' 
 
 Oiieiiiiig of the iuterimtionnl e'xhi 
 
 irali rein-eseiitod, ,1 (;„„;.,, vj| 
 
 rtC.),llere,Tedin,.o„seillleiieoo 
 
 ilUfiesse d Alem;oii, awrurii 
 
 i-'I" I 'l'7.,"? •'*'">'= visit of ti 
 ..taiiiiel l-hillips, 3, J„ly;e, 
 
 kills;, I Aug. ; elo.sed . 
 .Mniiimieiit to Clmrles Hoi-ior tin 
 
 "f 1830, unveiled . ' 
 
 ■wialist ilenionstration liy the 'lain 
 iiternatioiial colonial conjjivss on, 
 l»™thnfVd„,e. Aii.Miste'-ConvrT 
 
 I'l'lnlclll . _ _ 
 
 BRUTTIUM (now cilab, 
 he liruitians and Lucanians 
 Alesiunicr of Knirus at Pandot 
 were eonquerea by Rome, 277. 
 
 BUBBLE COMPANIEf 
 LwslluMle, and fi„ut/,-sea lin 
 
 BUCCANEERS, cruel pir 
 French, l,„j.iisi,, „„,! Dutch, wh 
 
 ;|epredationson the Spaniards of 
 he latter had taken possessi^m of 
 the flest Indies, 'fheir nunibe 
 
 i™M.!Ar:'-J--:truce: 
 . .,.,.,..,. if, im-j^ ^n J] „, 
 
 <f^m joined the buccaneers 
 stall-money in England in 163; 
 Mpense ot chastising these pirat 
 
BKUTTirM. 
 
 The rovoliitid 
 
 171 
 
 "f OraiiKi. . '""^ "^ MurUuwM to the lu.nw 
 
 I."lcl llcil,y(tol'(J,7.„t ll,.|. ^ .'"*"*>'''■•* "' Will," 
 
 '■'■•"■'■"1 sii- AI(V,.,li ,1 '"■'""""' '"»■• 4 .'iilv. 
 'i'-l Uiitai. »V, 1 t ti •."■'n r'" ''"'"«"'•■ '■'"■ 
 
 iml.li»li,..| ill /,,;„,?,;„;,■,*:■, ,.^74. IJntisli K,.,,„,t 
 WgiiiM lii.liistniil ,-xl,il,iii„„ „,„•,,„,,, • • =4 Oft. 
 liiliTuatiiiiiiil |.xliil,iti„ii „r ,,l,i ... J 1 ;■ 5 .V'lit. 
 
 lie' Imiltli, 1,1,1. surety , ,," i,. ' 'J ''•''.'tiUKt,, |„il,. 
 
 .1 1'oiiKa.ss iii,.t ^' ''■"""'J"i''l<|i'K,-.i6Jiiiiu; 
 
 Iiitcniiitioiwl ,.-i,ii"iv.s'.s ,>f ,'.,„„„' °^ ''^''l''.-~^ '*'■'■ 
 
 " '"i"nini,.n.e iiii,| imluHtiy, 
 
 ('..mIMITcilll Musfllll, „|,un,.,l „, ''7'^ '^'I't. 
 
 T,.,.,«nme.iit...At;;j,,,,,,,/:^:;:;t,;7^^ 
 
 liiiliiatniii i..\liiliiti,iii,i|i,.|i,.,| • • 6 Due. 
 
 lntmiiiti,Miiil E\liihiti,iii ,,„„,', i ' ,.■ "' 'J'-u. 
 
 klng,7J,,i,.; ,i,«,'.;r'' "'"•'"■'' -9 -May, l.y flu, 
 
 Thi'iitri. .],. 1,1 limns,, hiinit " ' ' " '>"v. 
 Anti..sl,iv,.|v confeivii,.,. „„,,,.„ ' •.„.: 7 Jan. 
 Arrival „f M,.. H. V s ,|" ,, • '8 -Niiv. ,.^ «.,,. 
 
 Civat liiv i,t til,, ip.ila ,'f '.I ;, "^"-'5 A|iril, 
 
 Aformi,lal,Ie,.xplosioiiinahoiis,. tT„. L„ 'i? " '' 
 Mtiluatwl I0.S.S, 500 ooif """ '" "" ""'■ 'if'Mil ; 
 
 i'Vtli,.ki,i«, ,0 May: V isi ,',,.f,,?,'','-y • "'"""■" 
 
 .Mumiiiieiit t„ <'li,irl,.s R,.Ki,!r, 'the ii,.l..i'„„ 'f.^-'V 
 «f 1830, unveil,.,! ""Kian patnut 
 
 .S)ciali3t,U.iii„„stmtionl)ytliei;il,orii-i,.„'K.^'''."'-^'' 
 nteriiati„„al ,.„l„„ial ...inl,".", ., ''"'J "S-yV- 
 
 ueaii, or M.inie. Angus,,, ^o;:;-,;!;;;^-;,,;,. ^^,;^::i^ 
 
 BUDA. 
 
 1830 
 
 1834 
 
 ■853 
 1856 
 
 1 86 J 
 
 1874 
 
 l6ro;Grnm,)itm.V^p;if' •'^ '^'l"''''"" f""'' l'»nami., 
 took Car gena fK- rr''''''>'' ,'^'**5 1 ".ul Poitttii 
 The biiccanir "00, kl;r,n.v S.'"" 'i'' 7""'"'o"« booty, 
 'be peace of llyS-:',o ^^.p^",^':'''-' "P "»>-o"K»V 
 
 VeS^?^^J^Ri,.v..n,..Hie,jtheao«eo^ 
 I2th to the i8tll letltmy Adnatic, from the 
 
 Mr?.K?;j,™l('" '™"""") ■■ /»•"'«■- of 
 iK-r followers di"pe™.d.^'' ^" '^"^^'' '" '"'J'- "'"^ 
 
 should beti; L&f tlu /vn "'"^ "■" '^"'"^ 
 
 1876 
 
 •383 
 
 powera altered in. ifii- ^p *i ' "• ^ "" ■'.-^"' ^'» luesu 
 Sufhare" s "e , j^, "t\'?';7-^"'i"' "^ ''."^ "'^■aty- 
 
 8go 
 
 1892 
 ■ 894 
 
 -lareat was o,'i 
 
 Aiistrinns »ii,.,.essiv'elv in" ti... /. ■ ' • 
 
 la.st ,,„itte(l it iiriX-i il • *-'"'"■■'" '■'"»■■ The 
 
 BUCKHUILST PEERAGE, see TrMs, ,8-6 
 
 n.SS?!J;^^i,f^Jta^?^l • 'V ^-"o" 
 
 was built on th ''M^.i' ^"'' ""',''^"'J^'ham.hou.st^ 
 
 SheffleM, dukeo flii.,^^!t;rfr ^:'"t''>- i°'"' 
 was bou-ht by G,.oi-e ? l? ' j ''P^' ^" T^l it 
 
 on his queen, CW.adotU 'si. , " i'"'"? r'"'''*^ '' 
 r-idenci; and here all lu.'^'eh.;^, " '"" *°"" 
 '.'l'l^'.''f. wi-'-o born. Here „•, re ' 
 
 1897 
 
 |",ii,lcnt 
 
 2J Oct. 
 
 BEUTTIUM (now Calabria Olta) ' S " It..K 
 W'D linittiana and Lu(.aiiians <lefe„t .,1' 1 , >' 
 Alexander of Eotrus at l" n^ia 6 b c rt^' 
 wreeonquereu by Itome, 27-. •'" ■'^''^J" 
 
 . . e.xcept the- 
 Yo.-k and"pri;i;;:;s Frederic'.' Vpni'"- '^'J' '''''^'' °^ 
 the duke if Glouee.sU.rV. ,d , ritce ■'';i'.,;" Ji?/ ' 
 
 , of H.sseth;; me vear 'n '^k'"' '''"'*'''"""■ !'""''«''* 
 in 1825, and he ire';.nt 1,^^^ 
 site After ., . P'"*"}t I'"hioc commenoed on its 
 
 , Ornamental buekle^ becam'.'lishti^.ble, 18- f""''^ 
 was taken 1„ cLr .'n i^" ??P"'!.' °^«™gFy- ft 
 
 ;:;?/l.!!:!^!;».l'> c!""-i-"'«-.i.. 799: a.uis;;^k;;;f b; 
 
 ^^ymanli; ,;^r trg:^,:;y'^-,-/^S b 
 Hun-arian king, Louis w,, k ll„!i 5' "''"' *'"' 
 
 BUCCANEERS, erne' -•-- ■ • OttomanemniV.. "-.."''?;"/ :',■■'^'l"".''«d to the 
 
 20)andproperty'b;r;to.;:^,'^,^;; 
 
 
 '**• 
 
 
 M 
 
 
ilUDDHISM. 
 
 Populii- 
 
 'u '*•: 
 
 I' t 
 
 -I AuiS. iRq5' 
 set) Uii'K.i'ii'il. 
 
 lH7S; iiiuitluT Htorm, II July followiiiif 
 
 ti"n of Iludu-l'ostli, iHiA 5<J<'v?'^4' 
 
 ■J'lir niiiiiv,.r«iiv iif tlic ri'.niptiiiv nf lli.' cita.lfl "f Hii'l" 
 
 tVoiM tlic 'I'lirks aft IT ten w. i-k«' .-ii'K' ■•■ ■J-'P'- '™°> 
 
 WUM iMithiiKliwtlfally cfli'hnitnl mi 2 Si'pl. iM"- 
 Jliiiivilrow I ill till' Paiiulii', lliiiiiiKli tin- I'li'iKini: '" 
 
 tile lei', 4 .Inn,; ili'Ntniitivi' iiiiiiiiliili>iii« tliiunyli rl»iM« 
 
 iit'tliii Itiiiiill"', I) Marcli ilit'i., iSiji. 
 '('■.iiKrens niiialMiiiiilltii'M of K. Kiinil"'. t 
 .Milli'linliil iiiitioiiiil •xliiliitiiiii ii|ii'iieil, 
 
 2 May, rHyO. 
 
 BUDDHISM, the chiff religion in Ai<iii beyond 
 the (iiin:,<('a, anil in C'hinii, J^imn, luul Cevloii, oriK'i- 
 imted with (iiiiitiiina Siildartliu. tlic Siikya .Miim, 
 gem-ially tciiiieil HuiUllia, or " the enli^ihtenci , iv 
 iirinieof KiipaliviiKtu in Ceiitrul India, hiiiiI to hiivo 
 'fieiii horn (123, and to have died ,S43 »•'•'• 
 
 .Iii.liilV,5q4H.i.,ilinK»''ti''l»''"'""''""'"'*''""''"n'"'"'" 
 luiim, 111' ii'tiri'il Iruni the winlil l"ni tiliii', iiihI '""'"i"- 
 iiiK forth, prwK'hi'ii a new lelinioii «o hui resHfilMy that 
 It ini'iloniinatecl In In.lln till the loth reiitiny, ad. 
 
 Uii.liUilsiii Ineiileati'.s Mtiiit inor.ility ; it IoiI.uIn killniK, 
 stealing', iiiliilteiv, Ivliin, ""'I ilrnnki'ii'K'Hs, "ml I'very 
 Hhaile of these vii'es, iiiiil ili'i'laii'M eliaiity or l"ve to lie 
 the Hoiine ol all virtiie.'H. Some wiiti'is assert that 
 Jiiiil.lhisni inehiiles heliet in the tiansiiii;:nitioii ol 
 
 souls, ami the iilisoiptloii of k I smilH iiil' 'I l"i»- 
 
 seir, from wlioni tliev have eiiianatnl; others reckon 
 aiiiiihllation nr eternal sli'e|i .tlie Nirvana) anioiiiist 
 Hiuhlhlst tenets. 
 
 A tiiini of Hii.hlhisiii, teniieil the reli^'ioii ot 1'", exists 111 
 fliina, hesiiles the svsteni of Confiieiiis .iml |jiot-se. 
 It is .suiil to have lieeii intiiuliieeil in the ieinn ol .MniK-ti, 
 
 ■U'. 
 
 Hilalie, 
 " IJiiil- 
 
 'M (Jii-l- 
 
 ii(.l.|> of 
 
 <• l.e Ijoiiihlha et sen Heli}<ions," liy M. .1. 11. St 
 
 WHS i.iil.lisheil in i860. Mr. T. Itliys Davlil 
 
 ilhism," in 1878. 
 'The Jiuilclhists in the world are CKtlinateil nt : -^ 
 Unililliisin in ,la|iun repoi-ti'il to lie ileeli,,M 
 
 temples in Kioto, the old eapltal, nnil ^ :■'} .! 
 Mr. Hiian UoiiKhtun Hudi<son, eminent '■ ' ^." 
 
 ilhisiii,ete., ilieil,n};i'il 94, jo May, iby/ 
 The kiiiK' of ^Siunl siilweiiliPH to the ,.ii''lv 
 
 a tninaliition of liiiildliist sacred lH)ok«, 1693. 
 The ii'pnted liirlliplaee of ituddlia ami other .D.t'.iim- , 
 
 tie^i il'iseoveied, 1897-8. 
 
 BUDE LIGHT ("o named fion. lUidc in Corn- 
 wiill, the rcsideneu of .Mr. (aft, sirjduldswoitliy (iur- 
 iiiey, its inventor), consiHts of two or more coiiientrie 
 ^argand gas-lnirners, one rising above another, which 
 produce a most brilliant Hame, like the petals of i\ 
 ao3(!. The illuminating powers were increased by 
 subjecting manganese, ice, to the action of the 
 flame, in order to iirodiice o.xvgi'n and hydrogen 
 ;ga8. This light was iiutented 1859 and 1841. 
 
 BUDGET (from the French hoiujefte, Latin 
 btdga, a. small bag), a term applii'd to the Kn^lish 
 ■chancellorof thcexcheciuer's annual atateiiient of tho 
 .finances of the country, from the dociiinents having 
 *een formerly preaenteil in a leather bag. The 
 budgets of sir U. Peel in 1842 (including the income- 
 tax) and 1846 (free trade), and of Mr. Gladstone 
 in i860 (in connection with the treaty with 
 France), were veiy important. A surplus of about 
 •6,0(X),000/. was aiinounccd by sir Statford Northcote, 
 16 April, 1874. See Kei>eiii(e. Mr. Childers in his 
 ■budget i)roposcd the reduction of consols from 3 to 
 .2i per cent, for capital raised to 108/., and tho 
 coinage of lav. pieces worth (>«. to meet the loss by 
 ■(vear of gold coinage. Coinage bill withdrawn 10 
 .July, 1884. 
 
 nmlfjet of Mr. Childers, 30 April, 1885, to provide for 
 cMliiintcil exiienilitiire of 88,872,600/., and tt vote of 
 credit for 11,000,000/. on neconnt of war in the 
 Aiuciaii, and prolrabl'.- war with iiiissla. 
 
 " Mr. Edwin Arnold's "IJglit of Asia,' 
 J879. 
 
 172 BUEXOS AYKES. 
 
 ' Income tax riiUeil to S'l. liicrcBse of duty on iKir in 
 Bpirils, siiei'i'sMloii diificH, duly on property of Corp. 
 rate hollies. 
 
 1)111 ii'lei'ted on swonil reniUiiLC (264-352), 8-q .Inue 
 
 Il'lleil liy Sir M. Illeks-lleacli, new duties kIvci 
 
 and 4,<KX),iW. exeheipiiT lilIU, 16 .Inly, 1885. 
 
 .Mr. (lo^cheiiH liMilHi t introilncd 21 April, i"??, InclialHl 
 ahslrtetioii of 2..-»jo,oo<)/. Ironi Ih slnkiiiK Ihim!, 
 redietioii of liicoinii tax fioiii 81/. to 71/,, ami ..f 
 toliiieeo duty from 3«. 6//. to 311. 21I. ; u grant In aid .,f 
 local rates, ,ic. 
 
 .Mr. (ios( lien's liiidKi't iiitri»liiced 26 March; almin- 
 lit a peinianent ei|nil;i''le ndjiislnieiit of imperial ,11, (| 
 local taxation ; ineomi lax redueed tii6i/. ; resnhiii.i,, 
 adopted 9 April ; .Mr. (iliidstone's nmenilinent on i||,. 
 snccessioM diilies rejected (310217) 23 April; nil 
 passed 16 .May, i838. 
 
 Mr. (hischen's liiidijet introduced 15 April, 1889, pr,,. 
 vided for the increased expenditure for the ainiy iiinl 
 naw, liy ilealins,' with the consollilated I'lind ini.l 
 sliKiitly liicreasinx the succession and I rdiiti... 
 
 .Mr. (losclieii's liiidKi't, s'.irplus, 3,549,00)'.; house duly 
 redueed to -..i/., 41/., and 61I., 540,000/.; iidditioiii'l 
 duty oil spirits, 6<(. jicr giiUon— i-esolntioiis c.irrie.i 
 17-22 April, 1890. 
 
 Mr. (Jiisclien's liudget introif'ieed 23 A|iril, 1891 : siirpliK, 
 1,756,000'.; proposed (,'rant for free (or assisted) ediim. 
 lion froiii 1 Sept., about 2,000,000/. a year; rcsniii. 
 tidiis H;;r I to, 27 April, 1891. 
 
 .Mr. (losi'l s liiulKi't intriBluei'd 11 Ajiril, 1892: surpm 
 
 1,067,000'. ; the duties on spiirkling wines eipiali>..,i 
 to 2.1. a gallon, 16 .May, 189.'. 
 
 Sir Will. llareiMirt's liudgel iiitn«lnced, 24 April, ifi^.; 
 delicit, 1,574, («-»)/., 'uct liy aililitlon of o'. to tlia in- 
 eonie tax, niakliiK it 71'. ; passed 12 May, 189 
 
 Sir Will. Hareonrt's liiidgct iiitroiliiced 16 April, r.j; 
 delicit, 507, i««i/., ineonie tax, raised from 71'. lo /, ' 
 apprii|iriatioii of sinkint; lund, death or estiile i|i;t.«' 
 additional duties on lieer (61/. per liaiiel), spiitj 
 (6<'. per gallon) ; Finance Act, jmssed ji July, if^j. 
 
 Si.' Win. ilarcourt's liiiilj;el: receipts, 94,684,000/., ex. 
 pendiliiris 94,588,<xii.'., surplus, 766,00../. ; tlii. adili. 
 tioiial s|iirit duty ilroplicil, 2 .May, 1895; act pawil 
 ^o .May, 1895. 
 
 Sir .Michael llicks-lli^ach's luiditet: receipts, xai,i)i^,m>:.: 
 surplus 1895-6, 4,210,000/. ; expeiidituie, 97,764,o(x:'. 
 16 .Ajiril, 1896; estiiiiati'd ex|iciiditiirH, 11:96-7. 
 i(x),o47,(xxj/. ; relief from llie death duties, reh..fif 
 aKrlciiltiue, rediictioii of the land-tax, etc. ; KiiKini,.: 
 Act passed, 7 .\ii(,'. 1896. 
 
 liuilf,'et ; receipts, 103,360,000/. ; esliiuated expemlitiiri', 
 ioi,79i,oo(V, ; estimated surplus, 1,569,000/. ; ilis|r,i.;i| 
 of surplus, 1897-8, navy, S. Africa garrison, p.-t. 
 iilhce, etc., 29 April, Kinaiice Act pa.ssed, 15 JiiU, 
 1 '197. 
 
 Iliid),'et ; receipts, 108,615,000/.; estilimtiil expeinlitiiri', 
 lo(,b29,ocx)/. ; estiluatei' surplus, i,786,o<kj/, ; ri'ilili-. 
 tioii of iucoiiiclax, death dntii's, hind tax, tdUwi 
 duty, 21 .\pril ; linance act pa.s.sed, 1 ,liily, 189S. 
 
 BUENOS AYRES, a provinoo of S. Amcrici, 
 now part of the Argentine republic. The countiv 
 was explored by Sebastian Cabot in liJO, and tlic 
 capital, lluenos Ayres, founded by don IVdro 'W 
 Slendoza in 1535. In 1585 tho city was rebuilt aiiJ 
 recolonised; and madi! a bishopric, 1620; mid 11 
 viceroyalty, 1775' L" Plata, the new capital, 
 founded liy Dr. Itocha, the governor, 24 Xov. i88j; 
 made seat of government .\pril, 1884. I'opul.iticn 
 in 1888 : province, 3,793,800; city, 500,000; 700,a() 
 jn 1897. See Aigvittine VouJ'uderutiuii. 
 
 \ llritisli Meet and army, under sir Home Pojilinm 
 and general lleresford, take the city with slijjlit 
 resistance, 27. June : ills retaken liy theSpiiiiinpIs, 
 12 Aug. ; liy the llritisli ... 29 Oct. ifrf 
 
 Monte Video "taken liy storm liy sir Saiincl Aiieli- 
 luuty, 3 Feb. ; evacuated .... 7. Inly, lEo; 
 
 General Wliitelock and 8000 British enter iiiieiiiis 
 Ayres ; were repulsed with great slaughter 5 July ; 
 rctirc'i fixim the country oii degnulitig leiiii^', 
 
 6 July, „ 
 
 a poem, in |Hb was cashiered for inelllcieiicy.] 
 
 [nile|iciiilence of the province declared 19 July, 1E16 
 
 BUFFAL 
 
 ''iiii'u'iop''''""''"*''' "'"""'• ""■ 
 
 (irihi'ilefeatcil liy general L-r,pi 
 Ayres capltiiliites ' 
 
 RiMiHllees, arrives at I'Unioiill 
 Lnpilza deposed, 10 .Sejit ■ ,, 
 
 *'lllBSUcce,s.scs heretics' 
 ('ilntltullon voted 
 
 I'll''","" Ayres scccles from the 
 I'll ,01, and is recoKnl.:e,l';is' , 
 the llrst governor, Dr. I). lv,.s( 
 
 brV.denlln.Xlsi,,,, ,.,,,.,,,,, 
 
 ";;::';dn'';:;:dd''i':i?;;;«^r'" 
 
 .Miv.il.v signed, by which Itiie,: 
 intlithe.vrgcntineconred.r, 
 
 H«li contests; Mitre deCe,,,. U 
 '''' ''•'*■• ''"'"test at Pavoi, 
 
 N'atlHiial eongresH at niienos Vvr, 
 
 Mitielnslalh'di.resldent ■ 
 
 J,'»liits'coll,.p. ,„„|, ,,,,,,,/ I, ' 
 
 .aid several priests killed, by, 
 
 tml liiw proclaim, 'd 
 (l.'iieral .iniiiestv l,i|| um^^.'a 
 liiti'iiiiilional exhibltioii 
 .\eiv.locl<soiielied bylhepreshle 
 Oift! Anintlhir II,; 
 
 BrPFALO.acityii.X.., 
 Ill noi; in 'i-poruti'd iXj.' j,, 
 Jm'Uig llic ,v..r, iHii. l'',' 1, 
 1^90. 25.v"(.4' .See :Vu„/<,;.„, , 
 
 BrPFOOXS were ;.,.igi„„ 
 be I'linaii theatres. Their shi 
 liv Domitiaii, auU abolished I 
 Jeslers. 
 
 BUILDIXG. In I'arlv ti 
 oaves; wood and clay were the t 
 mU. liuildlnL;- with stone wa' 
 Tvrians. „ ,.,.l,„„i „ ,,„(,,, 
 Tuim bythe king of Conmuprh 
 ir J ";• ',";"■ ",'"' "'"•"inmo. "a 
 "n''';^ '?/'''• "I'iMingwi 
 oaml by the Kouians into their 
 mouriged it i„ Kngl;,,,,! i„ HHi 
 ytlie earlol Aniudel, about ,: 
 tiiou almost wholly built of wood 
 /.';;/'/i(W«Wswerep,,s,scdl,vI':iiz.,l„., 
 ."Ill 1592: and by t'liailes il i„ 
 ■H* ai'i' very numerous. Ti,,: u,, 
 III" Mi'tropolis, 7 .t 8 Vi, t c 
 ■'";'"'ii"l i.n 1855. iSfe, ,860, ,87, 
 ';''"';/*e'e/o',, fori,,edto,:',;,,iX;, 
 
 '""■'> '"I aceit.iin number of >','■ 
 
 yvuvvndunihu d, beg,,, ,^ ,1 
 
 '■'<' :i''t w.is iLissed for thcM- i,u, 
 wumaiid obiects havi,,; ,:,!;' 
 <i"«i''l, a new act was iTnssed \ 
 ;™l"'ij.394. iiuildingSiJi^th'si, 
 
 ■>«i'»:ilua'eti,igs'of^?,;,.'|;,l;;:y/'f 'J 
 
 ■iti.in held 1 Feb. ,89.; ,„,,,,;, ,„; 
 ■■"l;m .mil (ieneral liai k est lli 1 
 
 :''*^'li".iii'lue rMr,,ut:'a 
 
 i''':'ionw,tlithel,ih..r,-aor •erm.i 
 
 -"l;l closely c'Olubiaed witbtj,,, 
 
 :,;■' '"mjiany and rteveml o!|,.': 
 
 •""I'H >-ii.ii IS tei-med til,, •' |j;,,r 
 
 '"- My professing to have ' 
 
 •■nooo/., hynu'ans of pros ..f,,:, 
 
 "^"•*a..dbal..ce-shJe^';^;n!i^; 
 
I 71 
 
 BUFFALO. 
 
 It 
 
 1851 
 185J 
 
 vi'iirH.) »'"l'<i««, iiiiil otlin-H, r„i- iiiiiriy 
 
 ':ii:S.r'"" -"-' n.,,,,,, ,,v,si,„.,, 
 
 Riwii^ ll.'..«, ,iiii\|.s,it I'lviiii.iifi, ' • : ^VI|. 
 L'r'INlza ,lr|,n ,,«,,'/ ,V„ „■ »5 .V|mH. 
 
 »..iu,. sii,..,.s,s,..s 1, . ,, t . ■ '"""'■■' "'" '''ty ■■ "ft.'.- ■ 
 
 Cnii..tllutl,m vnf,..l • • • • I ■ „ 
 
 IIUi'ri.i.s A,vlv.-)«cr|.,||.M fi-,,|ii 'il„. i,. •., ■ ^.1 -^'".v. 1S51 
 
 I"-. V..ln.tln.M»i„aH,.,.t,.,lj,„vm,„r '%',"'■ " 
 
 A tiv.t.v ,i;.,„.,|, l,v whiVl, H , , -V . ' , --I ','"'• 
 «ith tl,,. Aiwiiti,,,. rnnr" M i,; ■ ■■' '" '••■"I' '"'I 
 
 hiv<l]c"iilr.<ls: .\iitic.l,.r..,V ' •' , ■ '-^"V. 
 I'l" « '•"Wt,.s[ at pI/^.V;'"!;;."" ■■'" ■'"'" 
 
 ^L'LOAUrA. 
 
 S59 
 
 A Vies 
 
 iS«i 
 
 lS6j 
 
 '875 ! 
 
 \ati»nalc,iiiKiv.s«,it iJiirMn 
 MitnMhslall,.,! ipivsnlcnt 
 jMUitH'r„||,.-,.arhlai,.|il,is| • 
 
 mUvumi i.iirslH killiM 1,, 
 
 tiiil linv pnii'laiii].'.! 
 (I.'iii'ral .UMiii'stv hill i,,is,si..'l 
 
 llltlTMIlli-Plial .■.vhilMlioll 
 
 Xeivcln,.k.s„ia.ji,.,ll,.vtli,. |,iu,i,|..nf 
 
 Ciiv Anjniiii,,. z,',.^, „/,/;,. j 
 
 Mt 
 
 i'ini/,1 iftii-i.s 
 
 7 •Si'|p(. 
 
 !5 M:iv, 
 
 ■ -■ "I't. 
 
 ipalan.l,ii|.|||,i,,„.,| 
 
 " Kii'iit iiiuh ; niai- 
 . 38 Ki'li. 
 • .• , Auk. ,88^ 
 
 24 J'lii.' 1897 
 
 ^M,"t;:;!;i;''!r,;-' I'^i^it;.: _ B„a,o, ^,: - 
 
 ""'li'"ini.nnl.', (iMI,., S *? '''™'''''''- ''li" hank 
 '"«•■, '89=.; y...M. n ..'.',. ; ""o "l'l"'""'"l 
 
 ''■ll'IS, ll'pcill,.,! '' *'"■'"<■'' lllMlllJ llJMIlf. 
 
 ""K"li«tl(.i,.s f„r . vt ..,, r '^V'"' ■J""' ' ' 
 i". ."t. «ii.'ni,.|'«(,,mcii ,.;.i, ' ,' ■ * ^ 
 
 .„ 'I^tinn, a.r.pt,."-'''' ^''^ ''•<'■'''■'"'. r,,rli,|, 
 
 li'I'il lialjiliiics, 8.'j6.,b;,.; .' • • '"'' , 
 
 ;^•°.^,^M4^;3),,UX,n.lM'|• ■"■'1'1"«>''I "s««t.s 
 
 Js ,. ,,. «',.i«i^:;?'.^!; .!;;•- ■ ^a,ooo,.,-..,iit,„.«; 
 
 'lii'liilliiiv .-aiiH,.,/ „.....,,'.■'•... • ■ =5 Oft. „ 
 
 8..i'».,8o4/, 
 , .-.'«) »iiai(.)„,l,|., 
 <'lwtcisstat.Mi„.„t) 
 
 
 '^^""""- ^■«""H^f:ea"^:i;;;:jat'^n::;! 
 
 BUILDIXG, 
 
 In 
 
 cave,; w,„„l aiul .lav v.^, ,,• 1 "n- '''"''" "' 
 
 rials, ]iml,|i,„. with st ,,,1,' * '','"'''"'- '""'"- 
 Tvnan.. I,, hvian a , n,, « ?'''r ^""'""^- ""' 
 T.unl,yth.H.i,„'o^l;:;:;^,:^; ;;■;■;■ »ton. at 
 
 ta almost wh,.lly,n.i,t;:;^:oJ^t,^^::;^;j,^^ 
 a..;l.S9^:m.,| l,y Clanl,. /r Wr^^'; ■'^' 
 
 Miii l»..i ■ . _ '* 
 
 liiilwina aiwl l>...., ,, ''' 'r.'/-«- 
 
 ■«7'.: /'"//// v,.,,..)/,,,^ r,,' :,"'■ >"•':/■•"!//"«.', 
 
 liiili-'Mna ,.„„slit„t,,,| an aa't ; ;_ ■• . 9 "''t. 
 
 K 
 ZiiakiiiV 
 
 -^I'l't. 1876 
 
 un. 
 
 S'-ictyf;Ma,..,lail,'a;i;al!:''y,;!;;7'';'''IV|-' 
 Rvuvivnttiialaarllnr,! I,,,,,,,' .' """™'l <>l 
 ■■'« .i.-t was I.ass,.,i,r' ■';'"."*■'''• "-l"'" 
 
 l)i)!la,i,l aa,f Wales; s ifo- 's ., ,1 1 '„ 1 "^^ ' *" • 
 l"i'l, 59; total .. ,8... fin- L. ,""'"'• ''■: I"'- 
 
 ^■'I'ler til,, iallu,.,,,-,. „t j:,i: ' ,r ',:'' '" ■8S2 
 "tioii with tla. 1 il„,-' !;,..'' "^'""111-. Ill (•„„. 
 ■"■■1 1"v,..uua, ,Wt1 li T''"'"'''''' """'"»« 
 ■ioi, ami olosely e,ni , ,' ! ',' ^''■^'"""'ie,! i,7 
 
 li„ii l.roiij-iit f.awaiil ' ""' ''^■w<'"Mstiti.- 
 
 ' nn,..U,..a,,,l,.,., ,,■„,,,,.; .,,,-,,,,^..^^..^^a.l.Vb. 
 
 T"k... the „aths to U.e «,nstituti;„, al Ti™!;;!:; 
 
 J)nl--.iriasai(lt„|,e,.,iif,.,ii,,. (1, i, ■ 9 July, 
 «'m,t,.,.i„i,|,m,.„l,j,'s ,,, '^,^;; ''-';'Ms,7J„i. 
 
 ^1"' I'll ill. „H,S ths, ""''■'■'' '8"''|-- 
 
 ,/i--^,'*-'inl,ly,a„.l lhn.al,.,s I ','""""« " '""i-"i:'l 
 '^•■'iilv.,iran,l,,t|,,.,.m„,, i\ ,^7,«.",,, • ,9.Mn,v, 
 f'llliiiK tlu. pii,,,.,. i, t ';'''"''■'• ''"''I'- 
 
 1878 
 1879 
 
 ( 
 1:1, 
 
 ., ■■SSL'.S 
 
 ;!;;:- 'i-.iati„„alas.;.„„,,y.,-t.,,,,;^,,-Jmj., 
 
 ■^''■'■'iiiK "1' th,. assiMi'iPIv' tin.' ,„-i„ '''■"''""' "•"■'/• 
 'iii.iiiiiii"iish-a,-,.,.pt,.,r. i„. ,,: ".""■'•■■< l"-ipiwal.s 
 'I I' 11. Ii,. pruinisM ivlbiia.s ami 
 
 i.llirivni'i' tl, tl 
 Til,, lat,. Iil„.,al laiiiist,., 
 t''iapuiaiilyaiTi.sli.,| 
 
 litlltii,!. 
 
 '3 •'lily, 
 
 ^■iiikiiir aii,l .Slaviukiiit' 
 •iliiMit 2j,;iiiy_' 
 
 '111' •■ iiiilll 
 
 ■'iii])aiii,- 
 
 '"I"' Knui],." 
 
 
 . - ■■■1 ■""* iuii'sicu 1 •'•^'vtpu, 
 
 t;;:';^!^.!;;^.i;r!;[:;t:'.*i;;n"i ^^'y^^. 
 
 ^^ ''^'''-•^-■''-""i';tii.,:.:iTed;^ 
 
 '111' piMic! virtnallv dicfaf,,!. . n, , '5 Jlm-cli, 
 
 •'-''-"'. ti,e,,i,io,a;ia::!j;,;;;i;r--H<^-, is 
 
 '3 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 
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 11.25 
 
 |22 
 
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 2.0 
 
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 Sdences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 
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 BULGARIA. 
 
 174 
 
 BULGARIA. 
 
 ' hi 
 
 JIonlfoHto iif till' pihici' ipstiiriii),' tliu Tirnova coii- 
 
 stitutidii; Zunkiitriniiiistfi-. . . 20 .Sept. 1883 
 ■Oil. Ri'diglier, wiiv iiiiiiistcr, niul otlici' Hussiiiii 
 iitHocrs suimimrilv ilisiiii«Heil liy tlie iirince, 
 
 26 Oct. „ 
 Peaceful relations witl. Itnssiii re-estiililislieil nlKHit 
 
 15 Nov. ,, 
 •Clmnges in tlie cnnstitutiim jiropiwed liyK"vein- 
 
 nieiit inliipted 17 Dee. ,, 
 
 Disputes with Servi.a respecting refugees anil 
 
 liiiunilaries -Mii.v, .lune, 1884 
 
 Al. Znnkotr's ministry resigns; sneeeedeil liy Kiu'ii- 
 
 veloff 'Illy ,. 
 
 liiiiil.s of Servians re|ielleil ; tlie Bulgarian poverii- 
 
 mcnt protests .... Sej't. Oet. „ 
 Disputes witli Servia nnsettlnl . . . I'ee. ,, 
 Re-union witli Uonmelia (tenneil South Bulgaria 
 Aiiril, i886)cleelanil; alioiit i3 .Si'iit. ; all IJnlgiina 
 aniiing; aetion suspemleil mi adviee of the 
 powersof Eumiie . . . . alioiit 15 net. 1885 
 lleelaiation uf war liy Servia 13 Nov. ; oireular to 
 the iiowers alleging liulgarian ag„'ression ; denied 
 hy priiiee Alexander, 14 Nov. ; liulgaria invaded 
 at lour points ; skirmishes, several killed and 
 wounded, and small jilaeisoeeniiied by Servian^ ; 
 prince Alexander apjieals to Turkey for liii]i, 
 
 14 Nov. ,, 
 
 Desperate lighting: Servians take positions at 
 
 Rnptclia, Hulgariaii.s retreat to Slivnitza; 400 
 
 liulgariauseaiitiireil ; 50 Servians killed 15 Nov. 
 
 Servian attack repulsed, 16 Nov. ; renewed with 
 
 artillery with .success, many liulgarian prisoners 
 
 17 Nov. „ 
 Dulgarians defeated between Kiila (Adiic) and 
 
 Widdiii 17 ^'ov. ,, 
 
 The Bulgarians bravely defend the Dragoman p.iss, 
 attackeil by 40,000 Servians, but letire at 
 
 night . '. >5 Nov. ,, 
 
 Prince Alexander sulimits to the I'orte and orders 
 
 evacuution of Eastern Houmelia . . 19 Nov. ,, 
 Prince Alexander and the Bulgarians attack the 
 Servians at Slivnitza ; severe tlghting ; king 
 Milan and the Servians retire, leaving 400 jiri- 
 
 soners :7-iqNov. ,, 
 
 Bulgarians tot.ally defeat the Servians near the 
 Dragoman pass 21 22 Nov. 1885; near Zaribiod, 
 which is occupied by prince Alexander . 23 Nov. ,, 
 ■Estimated Servian loss 6,cxxi killed and wounded, 
 
 17 21 Nov. ,, 
 • Scndans retreat to I'irot, 24 Nov. ; prince Alexander 
 enters Servia, deteats Servians and occupies 
 Pirot after severe contlict, 26 27 Nov. ; siege of 
 Widdin, Bulgarian sally reiiulsecl . 27 Nov. „ 
 Cessation of hostilities tlirongli Austrian inter- 
 vention '--'8 Nov. ,, 
 
 -Servian iiroposals rejected . . about 2 Dec. ,, 
 Sir W. M. White at Constantinople snjiports the 
 
 Bulgarian unioi Nov. Dec. ,, 
 
 ^Protocol signed by International Coiiiinlssion ; 
 Pirot in Servia and Widdin in Bulgaria to be 
 evacuated ; armistice to last till i .March, 21 Dec. ,, 
 
 The powers in a collective note call n\ the 
 
 Balkan rulers to disarm ; refused by (ireece and 
 
 Servia about 16 .Jan. 1886 
 
 Virtual (not nominal) union of Eastern Roniiielia 
 with Bulgaria; prince Alexamler representing 
 the sultan, his s i?erain, for live years ; Jan. ; 
 
 Decree promulgated 2 Feb. „ j 
 
 ■Peace between Bulgaria and Mer\ia signed nt i 
 
 Bucharest 3 -March ; mtilled 17 March ; by the 
 
 sultan n March, ,, 
 
 Prince Alexander demands goveniorshiii for life, 
 
 about 15 -March, 1886; not agreed to . -March, ,, 
 The conference of powers at Constantiii'iple; 
 Turco-Bulgarian convention iirotocid nominating 
 prince Alexander governor of Eastern Roninelia ' 
 
 for live years signed 5 April ; acci'liteil with 
 reservation by prince Alexander . S .^jiril, ,, 
 Bulgarian asscinbly opened; Kastern Roumeliaii 
 
 deputies present i4.1iinc, ,, 
 
 ■Conspiracy at Solia, prince Alexander carried otf 
 
 a priscn'er 21 23 Aug. ,, ' 
 
 •Provisional government formed by .M. Z.inkolf 
 
 and others ...... 21 Aug. ,. ■ 
 
 Their proclamation disavowed by the army and 
 
 lieopfe at Solia, I'liiliiipoiiolis and other iilaces ,, 
 M. Stefan Stanibi loir a lawyer, an ardent Bul,gaiiaii i 
 
 elected ileputy at Tirnova, 1879, president of the 
 sobraiye 
 
 A loyalist provisional government formed at 
 Tirnova by Stanibolotf and others, which issues 
 manifesto in the prince's name . . 23 Dee. 
 
 The iiriiice landed at Keni Kussi in Hiissian 
 Bessarabia 
 
 CoiiHicts with M. Zankiifl's sujiporti'rs . . . 
 
 The i^ebelgovcrnment prisoners or fugitives, 25 Aug. 
 
 Return of prince Alexander; triumphant reci'iitiou 
 at Rustchuk : he issues a |iioelaniatioii, 29 Aug. 
 i836; arrives at Philippoiiolis, i Sejit., at Solia 
 3 Sept. M. Zankotf and others released; iirince 
 Alexander submits to Russia, announces his 
 intention toalMlicate, 4 He|it. ; regencv apjiointed 
 Stambidoff, -Miitknioll, and Karavelotf . 6 Sept. 
 
 Prince Alexanili r leaves Solia with simple dignity, 
 8 Sejit. ; .Solia in a state of siege . . , '. 
 
 The rc\oltiiig .soldiers degmded and otileers arrested, 
 
 about 8 .Se]it. 
 
 Arrival of gen. Kaulbars as Rus-onn agent, iiitimi- 
 ilatingiMdicy 25.Se|jt. 
 
 M. Tisza, iliingarian Piinie Minister, declares for 
 iiiaintenanceof the treaty of lii'rlinand Bulgan'an 
 indeiiendenee 30 Sept. 
 
 JI. Radoslavoll, jireiiiier, and ministry, lirnily resist 
 general Kanllwrs, 4 Oct.; his mission in the imi. 
 \^iiices unsuccessful (i,-t. 
 
 Elections for the scdiranje (parliament); majority 
 for the regency (about 400 to 20), 78 Zankolhsts 
 
 10 Oct. 
 
 Gailban EfTendi, Turkish envoy, impugns the 
 elections and requires delay of the meeting of tlii' 
 Kobranje ; resisted by the regency . 20 Oct. 
 
 Russian war sliijis at Varna ; state of siege renewed 
 at Solia 28 Oct. 
 
 The sobranje opened; the rebel olHcers releasi'il 
 
 I Nov. 
 
 Gen. Kaulbars threatens to retire if Russians are 
 ill-treated ; 100 Russian .sailors land at Vaiiia 
 
 1, 2 Nov! 
 
 Captain Xabokolfsatfeniiittocn'ateaninsunectiiiii 
 in favour of the czar at Bonrgas (piickly sup. 
 pressed 4 x,,v. 
 
 Prince Waldemar of Denmark elected iirince by the 
 sobmnje lo Nov. (declineil 13 Nov.); resigniitimi 
 of the regent M. Karavelof 10 Nio*. ; succeedecl 
 by M. Zivkolf ,3 x,,-,. 
 
 Important speeches of the marquis of Salisbury 
 (9 Nov.) and of count Kalnoky against Russiaii 
 aggression 13 Nov. 
 
 Gen. Kaulbars' ultimatum unanswered ; he and 
 Russian consuls quit Bulgaria . 20 Nov. c^m.;. 
 
 Prince Ferdinand of Saxe.Cuburg invited fir 
 election as prince by Bulgarian delegati's, 15 Dec. ; 
 jirince Nicholas of Mingrelia reconiineiided liy 
 
 Russia 
 
 The delegiitcs (M.M. Stoiloll, Grekolf, and faltclien) 
 visit various courts; not received at St. Pinters- 
 liiiig ; received unoltlcially at Vienna and 
 lierliii Dec; I.ondiin (favorably) 29 Dec. i386 ; 
 Paris 9 Jan. ; Rome 18 Jan. ; Constantiiiopli. 
 
 29 Jan. i; 
 
 -Military revolt at Silistria, col, 
 
 quickly suiqires.secl 
 
 Military insurrection at Rustchuk 
 killed and wounded ^ .March ; su]ipresseri by tli 
 militia and |ieiiple 4 .Man'li ; several liiigleadeis 
 cxecuteil 6 .March ; many inipris I 8-9 .Maieli, 
 
 Solia in a stateof siege ; .M.M. Kanivelolf, Nikofuroll 
 and 22 others arrested 4'Mareli ; released 6 Ajuil, 
 
 Reported execution of 14 rebels at Itiistelmk, 
 
 Ti Maiili, 
 
 M. Mantotr, prefect of Rustchuk, shot at at 
 Bucharest 3, Mardi. 
 
 Prince Alexander dclinitively declines re-ilectinii, 
 
 about 12 June, 
 
 Jleetingiif the sobranje at Tirnova 4 .lulv ; mi. 
 
 molls election of prince Feidinandof Saxi^.t'dlmrg 
 and (iiitlia as prince 7 July; he accepts eoiiili- 
 tionally 8 July; the ministersand regencv resign, 
 aniioiineed 9 .July. .M. Stoilnlf fcunis a iiiiiiistry 
 1 2.1 Illy; the regency oil request withdraw resigi);i- 
 'ion about 14 Jiilv, 
 
 Prince Ferilinaiid arrives at Tirnova, and signs the 
 constitution, iVc, and issues a iiroclaiimtimi, 
 
 iH' 
 
 Kristelf shut ; 
 
 1, 2 March, 
 
 lighting, many 
 
 BUL 
 
 14 Aug ; the R„.s.si„ 
 against this . 
 The prince well received a 
 
 and at Solia . 
 Tlie lultaii declares prji, 
 
 illegal 
 
 -Stainbulofr forms a st'roiiL'' 
 
 I'niposed missiiiii .if g,.n 
 
 opiwsed by the powers e^ 
 
 .stall' of siege closed ; the o 
 
 nieiit active 
 The lUcbjuria luiblislies a" 
 specting tlie Geniian Con 
 contradiction publislied 
 lialgarian government, ai 
 .Si'iit. ; niatti'r referred t 
 iiieiitttbouti4Sept. ; pacil 
 
 Elections for the sobraii 
 
 iiiiaistry(26o 3j). „■„(«• 
 
 with bloodshed, lokill,.,! 
 
 .S.pbraii,ie opened by the niii, 
 
 liisiirrectiun at Eski-Za"ra 
 
 liilled . . o 
 
 Russian note to tlie"sultj;ii an 
 the Illegality of pri,,^,, 
 
 Russia supporti!il by Fi 
 
 Austria England and lu 
 
 iimlille Feb.-.Maicli 18S8 ■ 
 
 toM. Stambolotlthatpriii'i 
 
 IS illegal, 6 .March ; noaiisi 
 
 Ti-iiipoiiiry resignation „f tlie 
 
 Priiiecherdinand'slirstunni\ 
 
 .M. btambolotl' reconstitutes 
 
 .\bout 60 eiuineiit men arre.sl 
 ter iielitioning the E.';arcli 
 liivouring M. Zankoir 
 
 iMith of Zacharia Stoiaiuifr, 
 Imiiije, eminent jiatriot, at 1 
 
 rniioe Fenlinand visits Gen 
 apiionited regentj . 
 
 file Unssiau ]iriii(.e Dolgi.r,,,, 
 tngui's with the Zaiikolllsts, 
 
 iMn of 25,000,000 francs at 6 1 
 the railways aniiouiiced 
 
 Priiiee Ferdinanil, after a sue, 
 winch he visited Paris ,6 Ui 
 vebinis to Sofia ; the parlian 
 
 liiHsiiincircnlaruotetotheiiiiv 
 I,™^, ?'»''«. loan are euntM 
 Ucrl 11 ; tins IS denied by tlu 
 iiMit; the loan fully s„|„„,.j 
 times at Vienna, Berlin, &c 
 
 JlajorPaiiitza.ahigharinyoiiic 
 .iiTosteilonaehargeofplotti, 
 aii(lgoveniiiieiit(ii, ,88,..^,. * 
 
 'Si'"'™'"''' *'' '^'"'"""I'Jlf i 
 
 Trial of iMiijor Paii'itza and ,", „. 
 
 coiL^piriiig to overthrow the 
 
 itifflssMiate Iirince Ferdinand 
 
 9 iilticers 4 civilians, and , 
 llibsiaii, also arraigned. Coi 
 15 .Miiy ; sunteiii'es, iiiaior P-i 
 apt^KalobkotluiuJyeaVim 
 KirolTandil. Arnodolfsxye, 
 .vm, one man live months 
 
 io.M,iy; seiiteiieesconllnueiii 
 Major Paiiitza" .shot at Sella 
 Ilieffoveniinent.sendsacourteoi 
 
 10 Parte requesting the ivco 
 Jeiiliiiaiid and religious ai t,,,, 
 loiiiau Bulgarians '. "" 
 „ , [Answer deferreil ii 
 
 3«.te™_hishopsinMaS:liii!; 
 
 B.21.roml by the Greek patri^ 
 K.ili'ljfcoir, the Rrissi-m i'.,t..i " 
 
 lulled fro,,. iiui;;;;;:i^'„i;i;-«"<'";. 
 
 Uewa., born at Tirnova i3-^ ■ 
 pnstiiiguished himself a., iAiVr' 
 'Serve.lliilgariaiiwar"vas av, 
 ^■"J",ai>du,nvim,iglysu'u,uittcd 
 
indtcsts 
 
 ■5 Aug. ,887 
 
 M Aug. ; till' 
 iiSiiirmt tliis 
 
 Till' priuce Well rep(.ii„,i „i m ■,. ■ ■ '5 Aug. 
 
 Till' »ult«» declurcs in'iiip..' p.,..'ii '■, 22 Aug. 
 
 JStamboloff f„nus a «tV.,ng'i„i„i;trv ' " " J^'"-' 
 
 BULGARIA. 
 
 Hii.s.Hiiiu 
 
 "l'lK).se<l by tliu ,„,;',,!;';.'.;,' ! ^■"■■"H' (RusmL) 
 iMfiitnctivu . . ii"""i;i">' t.<) tliugdveni- 
 
 contradiction publish ',1 hvi,!! '""'"■'■ ^»'i- i 
 Uiilgariau g.n-,Vnm™t,ud, '',■"■"'''"■' "'' »'"' 
 .S.l.t. ; ,„att,.r ndilnv 1 \'i ''?,^'-'''''l'l''''««'.i 
 
 t 1 >-. , I'aciucsL.ttluuifntaiiniiuncoil 
 fiir tli(. 
 
 «»venini(5iit, VepoitHd ^'""''"'e« "ffiiust tl,e 
 
 imiii.stiy (260-32); riZ./ , "■l"'''f>' ''"• tlu. 
 
 • 9 <J<.'t. 
 27 Oct. 
 
 witiibi;HHisbc(i,"ro'iiii"j,.;i' 
 
 ;.ibran,i.' (.i„.ni;cl_by tl„. j,,.,,,,,,. 
 
 (.•"Unl H,„tvMa„')'.,,f„' ""'"''••'■ "'• Jiatteuberg 
 
 «;;pt;v--l,'''\^'™"-',".'ae;',„„tV,ftb,.„v;^,/t'^ 
 
 i"ei.t; the kwu fully ,,,f,;g',^,"!''f: 
 
 times at Vienna, Berlin &c ^'^ "''■''''^ 
 
 JliMorl'anitza.a bighunu'vo(ilei-.l' «„i' ■ • •'"»• 1890 
 
 amateil on a .-baiw of lottmr ,',.»■ ^* "A" ""»■'■■■' 
 
 andgovmuneut (in rSS,"? ',''''' "'"''« I"'''"-e 
 
 M™ arrests; M. Sta.ubolotf «c-ts « "....nf' /'''''''■ •■ 
 (lohcc. . . ^'''' ■"' piefedt of 
 
 Trial of major I'an'itza and ,4 others ;.|,„.. ' ', ''"^'j- '■ 
 consii.ruig to overtln'ow the i.m.„r, *'"'f '*''"' 
 Msassinatc i)rince Ferdinand nM,iT^'""V'" »'"! 
 g nlltcer,s, 1 civilians n 1 ^J"'"""''»te™: 
 ftussiaa.alsJ a r« g „;, ""'! ''"l' ■ Kalobkoff, a 
 
 '.ipt. KalobkoH ninJ vS'iT, ,;''''' '" ''« "'lot. ; 
 
 KiMaud M. Arno,^' '^ " !™"'''""'t; lieut,' 
 
 years, one man five months tlo',*,. I""'''' ""'™ 
 
 ,30 M,.y I sentences co it rn ed' ,, *"*' ."^'I'l'tted 
 
 Major Panit^a- shot at Solh "''''""' '« •''"'<'. , . 
 
 Il;eRovernnient sends a courteous 1,,,; ,1 "^ ''""•■• ■■ 
 
 le Porte requesting th " reZo, "'"■'. '""'■'" 
 aoiiiau Bulgarians " """"""'"y to the Mace- 
 ,, , , (Answer deferred Tniv o' ,^^J'"'e, ,, 
 t^2S,^'""'»"'^'-"'o"i^a^l.:^;S;^.bvthe 
 ^27-' by the Greek patri^.rCwho^J,^;;/^' „ 
 
 ~ . • • »5 Aug. „ 
 
 . *UewH»bom;itTirnr,¥a rq-.-l — " 
 
 MJmint'Uished liiuiself as ieufer'of ';!"''""," "" '"'vocate ; 
 th Servo-ih.lgariau warrwasfv 1 ?■'""'«'''■ l«ud i, 
 ^'*r, ana unwiUingly stibndtt« T. ' " .."^y C'"™ Alex- 
 
 Ti,., " I ' ". "» fe-opened . ■ " "X y 
 
 >Sr.''''''°.''«-'^''^'-'e.'n-neowithaeh'e^n:i 
 '-'.of.4.,;8o.ooofranc-sf„rrail,;.ays-, .thofiPe?,'" " 
 
 Revision of the constitution • P,.,.i"''°",' " ^°'-'- ■■ 
 
 beirs to remain K. C. ; bin ,;,,^:' ''"'''!''' "»'l bis ' 
 
 111", bill passed pern, itti.w "''".!"'''■ '6 Uec. 
 
 '!« Ilrst successor o be "a , ''jif ,f "-''/"""a and " 
 belong to the Greek clmrc '"""*''' "'" ""« to 
 
 .M. Zankotl issues a fruitless nmi,iV. ^ ' '9 Uec. „ 
 
 pniice and government """"f''«to "Kainst the ' 
 
 ibe metropolitan Clement „,.." , ."boiit 24 Keb i<!t, 
 
 the people against r'orenM^','-"'' «"^'ti"K 
 
 at Tirnovc) . f."* eminent in a sermon 
 
 Hussian circular to the "dowb,-., ' • • ^6 Feb. 
 
 ebaiiges . .'"' P"""'^'* a8""ist Bulgarian " 
 Ilia Gheorgietr convicteil oL „. ' ''"'out 15 March 
 
 """■J" of .M. Beltch^ff "" '"=<^0'"l'lice i„ the " 
 
 . lAciuitted and discharged ' " "'""'^''. ., 
 Marriage of prince Ferdin.n, f '-^ ""' 
 
 l.omse of Parnia at Florence '"'""'''■'"' "aHe 
 Mee ing of the gr.a,,d sSie /a,' '° Mml, „ 
 eoi stitution passed 27 Mav ■ 1 J^ ?'">■ • "'e new " 
 Public entrance of tim 7 ■* ' '"^"claimed 20 Mav 
 ,,,,«o,la; great fesUviti'.V"""^'-' "'"' Pn-eesrafi^ " 
 Ihe metropolitan, M. rien/ont" '°' " J»iie, 
 banishment for bis serin, ?/'i'v. r'.''*^''™'' to " 
 commuted to 3 years' in ^'* ''«^-)' " July • 
 «overi,ment lua/orityln """';■ '"' • '° Nov.' 
 The first Bulgarian s^o,>„,i''-'^"°"-^ ■ toJiiK- " 
 ,„ inaiignratefat Viu-n^'"'^''''' "''"«atio,. c'ompal?; - 
 _r i» sobranje open..,! bv i/rince'Fer ir •■ ="9 ^m.' ., 
 ^'scoveryof a plot to ass iss ,,"""'"■ ^' Oct. ; 
 
 "a^™'l; the sobra^'ie " 
 • I Jan. 1894 
 
 Hill lestrictiii 
 "iljuurns 
 
 the pre.. 
 
 
 *r. 
 
 I 
 
 M J' 
 
 h II 
 
 v'M<. 
 
 "1!i. 
 
 
 
BULGARIA. 
 
 176 
 
 BULLETS. 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 
 I i 
 
 It 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 ui 
 
 
 Trial of liPiit. I.ukn Ivaiiott' iiiiil Hto.iiin Ivniioff 
 
 bo;!iiii 26 Jim.; Lukii sMitencfiil ti) 15 yen is' aiul 
 
 Mto.iiin Ivnin.n to 3 yearn' iiniirisdiiiiifiit 30 .Tan. 
 Archbishop Clpim'iifs appcul disiiiissi'd, 21 H«t). ; 
 
 Tmrdmied t>y thepviiicB . . 15 .March, 
 
 ResiEiiatiou of JI. Suiiiho'.otI' and niiiii.stry, 
 
 ° 29 May, 
 
 M. St(-iloir forms a nmv ministry . . 3" ^lny. 
 HiotiuL' at Snlia, (■ln!Cl<ed liy tin' police . i .lunh. 
 Prince Ferdinand, in a warm coniplnni-ntary 
 
 rescript expresses deep rci-'ict at tlie retirement 
 
 ofM. Stamliolotf . . • • . '^ ■>'}'"; 
 M Stan.lioli'll', for ntt-riiiK reniarl;s against prince 
 
 Ferdinand, is prnsccnted and liaileil . 5 f^"!''- 
 Tlie sohranje opened l.y prince terdmami, =7 •'''■ 
 M. Stoilollreconstilntes Ids ministry . =1 Dec. 
 Ainnestv for political ollences -ranted, with some 
 
 excoptions 3" i^ec. 
 
 The sohranje closed . . . • , • , ' '/,,', 
 M Zankoir reluiiis to Solla ; waniily recened hy 
 
 the people, 4 .Ian. ; and the prince . 9 ■;"'■ 
 
 Elections ; Koverni it majority . . 4 '''^i'- 
 
 Prosecution of M. .Stainbolotl ; m ill health .his 
 
 iwisHport refused . . • ; • ■;'">'> 
 
 KnintiercoiiHicts and disputes with Inrkes, Miice- 
 
 ,l„„iana;;itatini,ivpnited . ,. iq.lmie, 
 
 Rni.tnre with Tiirlicy, M. Diiuitioll (ninustei) re- 
 
 eldlod ^i ,"'l"'' 
 ^^lllL'■ll■iall note to the priweis . . . B.llll>, 
 il. .si'lmboIolV witli histriend M. Petkntf attacked 
 and dieadfidlv wmnided in Ins cainaKc by three 
 assassins, I = .lnlv; leM'.ics 3 a.m., 18 .Inly ; mu.li 
 svmnathv e\plcssed to 5Iadaliie St;iliibolotl by 
 iu.eeii Victoria end other lorei^'ii jiowers; iq.)iily, 
 public funcial; address iiy .M. IVtkolf, socialist 
 
 I3iil''ari"ii inissio'n well received by the c/ar at fit. 
 PetersbuiK. 17 J»'y '• "" reeoiieiliatioii with 
 prince V'erdinaiid ; I'ctiirns to «otia . 4 -V"!-'- 
 
 The siibianie opened with a favourable spi'ech by 
 prince l-'erdinand . . • • 'J' "'.'''• 
 
 Comniunicalion of lecMneiliatioii ol the Russian 
 • ■(jveriimcnt with I'lince I'erdiiiaiid, in coiise- 
 oueu''!-' of bis assent i,, the coiiver.sion ot primv 
 Uoris to the (iveek church . . . 8 beb, 
 
 Jl Htoilolf bonoiuablv received bytlic snltaii, who 
 
 semis reprcseiitatnes to the luiiice's conversi 
 
 Q Feb • conversinii of prince lioris from the 
 Homiiii to tln^ Hieel; eliuich : solemn ceremony ; 
 the czar as siionsor ivpreseiited by^eii. kiitn/olf, 
 14 Ki'ii • the sobninie presents six\oon francs to 
 prince 'iioiis, to iv.uain in <li.' bank till his 
 niaioritv i4l'eb. 
 
 rriiice Ki'r.linaiid rceo-ni/.ed by all th,' powers ; 
 auminiiced ig I'd'. ; warmly leeeived by the 
 sultan at <''instantino]ih, 20 March: receives 
 Turkish honours, April; arrives in .St. Peters, 
 buri; receivc's honours from the c/ar, lE, 
 21 \'pril ■ at Paris, receives the curdoii of the 
 lei-ion of honour, 25 April; arrives at licrliii 
 30 \pril : receives iKmours, May; received at 
 lielKiade by the king of Serviu, 7 .May ; returns 
 toSolia 9-Miiy 
 
 Dissolution >if the sobraiije ordered, 22 Oid.; re- 
 opiMied with a speech from the prince ij llee. 
 
 Trial of iiersons iiiiiJlicated in the murder of .M. 
 Staniboloir, 21 llee. ; Mdme. .StaiiiboloM' suiii- 
 moiicil to the court, asserts the innocence of the 
 prisoners, and that the real assassins are known 
 to the court, 27 l-'ee. ; i priscaier acipiitted, ami 
 2 others seiitcnced to j years' imiirisoniiient 
 
 JO Deo. 
 
 The sultan grants three new bishoprics in Mace- 
 donia ; aniiouiiced 24.^)1111 
 
 Kxplosioii at n cartridge factory ne.ir Itustchuk, 
 about 81 deaths ..... 6 Auk. 
 
 The sobianji- opened, 27 Oct. ; closeo . 27 Dec. 
 
 llaids, mm'ders, 4:c., by Arnaiits, in various dis- 
 tricts, reported H "ec. 
 
 Three neiv bishoprics granted by the sultan 4 .lau. 
 
 Capt. lioitchcltaiid -M. Xovilitch, iipdect of poliie, 
 convicted of the murder of Anna .Simon, and 
 1 to death .... 25 ,laii. 
 
 rmsiK. 
 
 Alexander f.Ioseiili) I. (son of prince Alexander, 
 
 1894 uncle of J.ouis IV., grandduke of Hesse), bom 
 
 5 April, 1857; elected 29 April, 1879; deiiiised 
 
 ,, (see nhoir) 4th Sept. 1886; declines re-electiiMi 
 
 12 June, 1887 ; dies 17 Nov. i?;. 
 
 ,, Ferdinand, duke of Saxe-Cobnrg niid Ootlia, born 
 
 ,, 26 Feb. 1861 ; eliTted 7 July ; married luineess 
 
 ,, Marie Louise (daughter of Uobert, duke cd' Parma, 
 
 b. 17 Jan. 1870), 20 April, 1893; hiir, Boris (son), 
 
 born, 18 Jan. 1894 ; Cyril, bcnii . . 17 .Nov. rj): 
 
 BULL, 01- Edict OF THE PdPK. TlnOuiii;, 
 
 is properly tlie seal, eitlier of gold, silver, lead, ny 
 ',] wax. Onone side are the heiulsof I'eter iiiid I'au'; 
 ,, ami on tlic other the iimiie of the pope, and \car of 
 
 Ills pontificiito. A luiU against heresy was' is.sue.1 
 
 " bv Gregory I.V. in 12^. I'ins V. piihlislied a luill 
 
 '^''^ against E'li/iibetli, 25 April, 1570; in 1571 ImlU 
 
 were forbidden to lie jironuilgntcd in England. The 
 ,' bull riiii/i'iiifii'i (beginning with this word') agaii;st 
 
 the Jansenists was issued by ('lenient -\I., 171;; 
 .. I'ontirnu'd by lienedict XIII., 1725. The (jnlili'n 
 
 linll of tlie C'inperor Cliiirles IV., so-called fruiii it,- 
 " golden seal, was made the fiiiidaniental law of th.- 
 
 (ierinan empire, at the diet of Nuroniliiirg, i^^i: 
 !! avc Jlr/izin hull. I'ius I.\, ]iublished an encycliiul 
 
 1S96 
 
 errors, 8 Dee. 1864 ; 
 
 1897 
 
 189S 
 
 enteiiced 
 Btrong appi 
 of prisomr 
 
 Is to tlie sultan respecling torturing 
 
 iiitragcs, &e., a 
 
 t Ko 
 
 iiva, and di' 
 
 iiinii 
 
 lim; tliiMlisiidssal of Turkish ollicials, 31 Ja 
 
 mid 1 I'i'b. ; rejected by the I'ortt' 
 
 Feb. 
 
 letter cenanung niodern 
 under 7io //it; see Slock 
 
 BULL-BAITING or BTLL-FioHTnY;, w;,s 
 an aimisenient at Stamford in the reign of .bihn. 
 1201); and at 'i'utbury, 1374' -I" 'l'"^' S/'ciis (,/ 
 I-ji;/l<iii(/,\ve read of the " Kaster tierce lumts, wlie'u 
 foaiiiing boars fought for their lieads, and lust\ bulls 
 and liuge hears were baited with dogs" ; anil iicir 
 the Clink, l.oiulon, was the I'aris, or bear (ianleii. 
 so celebrated in the time of Kli/.abeth f(U'the exhi- 
 bition of bear-baiting, then a fashionable ainiise- 
 nient. A bill to abolish bull-baiting was tluowii 
 out in the commons, chietly through the inllueiiie 
 of Jlr. William Windham, who made a speech in 
 favour of the custom, 24 May, 1802. It was iiiaiie 
 illegal in 1835; see Cridlt;/ la J>iimi(U. Ihill- 
 tights were introduced into Spain about 12(0: 
 aliolished there, " cxeejit for pioic and //ulriofn 
 purposes," in 17S4. JUill-tights are very coninioiii.i 
 Siiain. -V bull-tight at Lisbon, attended by lo,or 
 spectators, on Sunday, 14 ,hine. 1840 ; one tc ' 
 place at Havre, 5 .July, 18O8. Somewhat tlieatiu, 
 lights with Spanish bulls, at the Agricultural Ihil;, 
 London, were stopped 28 March, 1870, for iruclty. 
 At a bull-fight at Marseilles about 17 persons n'eic 
 killed, and 230 injurecJ, by the fall of wooden st.inils, 
 Sunday, 14. Vug., 1881. .V buU-tight at Ninies (since 
 prohibited), 12 June, 1884. 
 A biill-l-gbt at the Hippodrome, Pa'-is, for sntl'erers 
 
 by iniiiidalions in S. France, very successbd, 110 
 
 casualties, Spanish ambassador ]ireseiit i6.hiii. i£;; 
 liul'-tights formed jiart of the entertainineiits at 
 
 Paris during tin- universal exhibition in iS8g ; 
 
 ■.eiiewed with restrictions . . .May 1/ «.;, ij.), 
 Pmliihited ill Fiaiic:e .... 25.Sept. ic,4 
 Hinting at Marseilles through restrictions at a Irnll- 
 
 lighl 9 .Viy. i;7j 
 
 BULLETS of stone were in use 1514. Iifii 
 ones are mentioned in the Fwilcra, 1550. Lcadni 
 biilUds weri^ made before the close of the pjih 
 century. 'I'he eoiioidal i^up rille-ball was iiiveutid 
 by capt. Millie, about 1833 ; a modihcatioa ef tliij 
 (ionoidal but without cup), hy Mr. I'ritchett (lSi;\ 
 is Used with the Enfield ritle. Other bullets liaii' 
 been since devised; the '•inan-ldlling bullet" in 
 l8()8. 
 
 .V hiitlit-pnm/cmxt or cuirass invented by 'ir. Down 
 at Vienna : siiccessfnlly testcil at Mannheim ; r. ■ 
 liort.ed c'llicicnt but heavy ij .March, 1894: testi"! 
 at the Albambia, London, in the presence of tlin 
 duke of Cambridge, and other oltlceis ; report :is 
 
 BUL 
 
 to practical value indeei 
 
 iriissian war o|||,.e, ,,1,, 
 
 the cuirass to be wmtlil, 
 
 Mr. .Maxim's bidlet.pioof I 
 
 ^^".'••'■"'.^J , and at 
 
 .Mr .oris biil|et-p,„„f ,„„ 
 
 exhibiteil at the Civstiil , 
 
 Cipt.Uoyntoirsblille't-piu,! 
 
 and reported siiecesslnl 
 
 BULLrON, tincoine 
 "liulhon Keport " of 1, „ 
 I«IO, principally gniddl 
 (altenvards Sirl{.) i',.,,| 
 that paper iiionev is alwa 
 and conseqnentr\- dvpn-v 
 limes immediately convi 
 priMcilile has been lulop 
 iU'raiigements; svu J/„„/'- 
 vAi.n: OK Bi i.i.iox |,„.,,„. 
 CoM. 
 
 ■ 853 
 
 iS63 
 
 1870 
 
 1.^74 
 
 1S76 
 
 ■S77 
 
 1878 
 
 1S79 
 
 1 8 Jo 
 
 i33i 
 
 i332 
 
 1333 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 i336 
 
 1887 
 
 i383 
 
 1839 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 .393 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 *=2| 793,1 
 
 I7.I3'5,I' 
 
 l8.8o'i,7; 
 
 l8,o3i,oi 
 
 2J-)75.9J 
 
 15.441,08 
 
 20,871,41 
 
 '3.368,67 
 
 y.4.S4,S6 
 
 9.9''),oo( 
 
 '4.37^,551 
 
 7.755>8<A 
 
 »o,744,4,jf 
 
 13.376,561 
 
 '3.392, 25f 
 
 yi955.J.^li 
 
 '5.787,588 
 
 l7,9l4>o,i9 
 
 '3.568,049 
 
 .30,275,620 
 
 = '•583,232 
 
 =4.834,727 
 
 =7.572,347 
 361009,329 
 •4i4tiS,58o 
 
 BULL-RUN BATTH 
 
 BULWER - CLAYTO 
 
 Wudedrg April, ratified 4 Ju 
 HtnryLyttoniJuhver for tlie 
 ton fur tlie Americaii gover 
 neither .should obtain e.xehr 
 i'roposed shij) eanal throuo-b' 
 w'eet any fortifieation on any 
 Disputes afterwards arose w 
 trraty, and the connection «: 
 tlie .\ o.squito territory (u/,/, 
 settled in 1857. '' ^ 
 
 lIs.il>regatioii was pr„p„seil bv t 
 
 ■;n.icc.mnt of DeI.esseps' ,L 
 .\iiimca. ' ' ' 
 
 BUXDSCHUH.see/,,.. 
 
 BUNHILL- FIELDS I 
 
 H'J), a burial-ground noa 
 i Loudon, tmned by Sonthev 
 "t the Dissenters ; " first used "i 
 
 "iterred Thomas Goodwin (i,,-J 
 «e \atts (,748), Joh.yj ;,?, 
 
 f«, the Quaker (!(;<)()), „oner.i 
 wofCromwell ,692 anSii 
 'mi,w!//,aoi. An a;^t for tlie 
 ground as an open space was L 
 J It was re-opened by the 1, 
 m; and a monument to I)e 1 
 I') boys and girls, was inaugura 
 ..BUNKER HILL, mo 
 
 ;'•" Ueariioston, L'.S.). n^,,... 
 
 m, after severe h/ss, eo ,n, 
 
 I ''"'moans (about soa.) to retm! 
 
iSq, 
 1895 
 
 Mr l,ori,s- lM.ll..t-| , r !„„'""""" 9 ''"'"^ 
 , .•Nliil;it..l at t)„.'('; V, , ' , "^"•'■■l"''-f .■»„„ss,.s 
 
 l"""'il'l^' '-- b..c.'„ ;i, ' •"^■-^Id. Tins 
 
 1S53 
 
 r363 
 
 1S70 
 
 1.^74 
 
 1S76 
 
 1377 
 
 1S7J 
 
 1879 
 
 iSdo 
 
 i33i 
 
 i33.. 
 
 i33j 
 
 1334 
 
 i335 
 
 1 336 
 
 133; 
 
 i333 
 
 1339 
 
 1390 
 
 1391 
 
 1S92 
 
 1 39 J 
 
 1394 
 
 1395 
 
 1396 
 
 ■«-6.7'>o,o64 
 7. 716,418 
 '".648,940 
 ' -',298,169 
 I3.57>i,a6g 
 2'. 710,814 
 '1.551,545 
 I u. 786, 86 j 
 6,799,021. 
 6,901,402 
 9. 24 2,925 
 9.463,002 
 
 9.6j,!,495 
 9,4J.i,6oj 
 7. ■471, 6^9 
 7.819,438 
 6.2i_!,94o 
 9.181,400 
 '".jSs.fiio 
 9.315,398 
 ■".746,382 
 
 ".9'J.395 
 ll.'xi5,4,7 
 
 n>,66n. i^'j 
 
 '4. ,,21), 1 ui 
 
 Unl.l. 
 '622,793,126 
 '7.136,177 
 18.806,728 
 '8,081,019 
 =3.475.975 
 15,441.985 
 20,871,410 
 'J.368,67, 
 y.454,S6i 
 9.963.006 
 '4.376,559 
 7.755. 8iw 
 10.744,408 
 '3.376,561 
 '3.392.256 
 9.955.326 
 ■3.737,588 
 I7,914."39 
 23.568,049 
 3". 275,620 
 21.583,232 
 =4.834,727 
 =7.572,347 
 36,009,329 
 24,468,530 , , , , ■ . 
 
 BFLL-RUN BATTLES sec / "'" 
 
 BUWER - CLAYTOX TRF \TV 
 
 duded 19 Api I, ratified j li.Iv 7«: ,'-^^> '^O"- 
 
 ton fuiMla. AnaM-ican gov„^,^^^ 
 
 Mthfi should obtain ?xd, siv ' '"' '"'•''1 that 
 
 .•ropo..l shii, canal th™ ugl ■ , i"!'';' "^■.'-''- t"<^ 
 
 Dispute., afterwards mo. ■ with ,, ' "T '-""""-.v. 
 '[™t,v, ami the .■onn..,.t! „ ol r, '''.r'. •*" """ 
 the Mosquito tcrritorv 7,^; l' ^''■.''"'» ^*-i"i 
 
 it.<alm.gati(m wasjiriiiios,.,! i.vfi,,. i,„ • i 
 
 "naa;„„„turiJ..Leie,.s^,la„ ,;\''''''''-'r '" 'S^o, i 
 
 ^- London, termed b 8out lie .1 'JJ'^, "" y-^iuuire 
 "f the Dissenters ; " hVl^eHn^^' ■'■''" Sauto 
 
 .*aac Waffs Ci-.i<i i 1 ^,'W. John Owen fiOSjl 
 r V ti A ,'.''4»). John Jiunvan ddXi^^ >,"•'-'' 
 ^"■"1, the Quaker (K^jo), -renei-Ll '1,, V V ^^'^^oi'ge 
 I'lw of Cromwell (1602 Smii V'f^tw,io,|, soii-in- 
 
 .around Is a,i ope, Jp.ee , vaa n. '"'?''"''''/^'» °* "''^ 
 
 i^ssifvS" r" -iff: 
 
 'oiilliit, 17 June ,--. 1, 1 , ,, , — 
 
 present at the Imttle ,11,/ ' ' ^j","'''"". »ho was 
 •044 jear... ][ .;','' :"^ ,«" 2« J>i'<.'. l.SO... aged 
 
 Ware.s%vhen i A, ,' 1,."";""^'' '" "'i' I"''"™ "f 
 '■«li'l.rate,lJ„„e, ,«-!"''• ^^'"'^■"•'O of the battle 
 
 BUOXAPAltTE,8eo/?,;.„^;„,,, 
 
 ("SK^JJr.K.^-,/'';' "-.'■•^■■■"Hon given 
 
 Pietended Jae obite i, b ,' ■ T" '"" ""'''"'^ '" •■' 
 
 •^''■'inn^". iindltls;, ;.;'':^ !';;■■'' '''-'ITy was 
 
 ™'■lL^«Vl,el■,.Mr.l^ut(■he ,1 T- , ^''■''"'•^' ^"""«. 
 ■-ii- CoMstantine i'h , , '"'1' I'.'*''''!' "'itoehe.ster 
 lord Crave ". Mr ';*|.';',','-"'" ">"''"• 1°''' Hi"sU'y 
 liathur^t. M,. Sh ppH ; i ,'',",'' «'»'-.sdale, lord 
 bers. This «t„ry waV 'e , ' ' Hr"^''', ''"■^- ""-">'- 
 '■itions of lord Cow er,,', ^'' "•"'■'''" ''''''''- 
 "f this elub was pu i, ' l',''' ■'"';'""';''• 'i'''« ""t 
 printed in White V, ", ^''",/' '■'■'^^•''// Journal, 
 "■"s onlered to p e r'.,t b .''" "';" ' ''"' I"-"'t«r 
 ^•b-'onded. .Mar^i;:'!';.;". ""^^Zn' "'^' """'^'■' ''" 
 
 ' TI">J- «-ero railed to ■nte;' ■"",' ''."rporations. 
 I m 8'cotland in ,20' .:"'',''', ^^T'""''' '^^5; 
 Jiiirgo^ses to be rfi uint n the n "'"' h""" '-^^S- 
 ' •■"■"ted in piirlianie i ,r ' ' v'"' ""•'>' '"^'Pro- 
 
 , Vio/w^/,. ' ■""""' ' ^I''". V. (I4i3);'8ee 
 
 ' Jnl^±::%,fr'''^''- ^""•°'' t'o„ventio„, 
 
 '•liurih of S,.otlanl 1)X ." '■•'■^ ''"■"'«'' from the 
 t.'rpretation of the burre« ',°,'" '^''"'^ to the in- 
 twu.se,.ti„ns with the irret,,''''' ""•T.'iivided into 
 •«20 they were reunited 'T",V''';r'V", '"'^' ' I" 
 ' Svnodof the Sece8.so„ l,',.,. '^„'^'; '■'•^ ^^"-"Viate 
 84,7, jonied theiteli, ; ehur ■ U, ''T '3 '^'•''y. 
 United l're.sbyterian .•hurtli. ' ^"8' *''^''' ^"rtning the 
 
 ^•oS.l^K^&;:Lied?("" f"™-^" till ,829. 
 from parish ofHces, .(^'.'s t'^. , ',''| l''" was exempted 
 1-06; and 6 Geo. I. i?^o {. *^^^^ 
 and other goods to b/t'an«p, t^d mr .''ife' P''*'" 
 Persons having upon the , n . 1 ' 1 , '°' "^- '/"O. 
 deemed rn«.,.„ °a"Vi .. .t'";"' P"''^' H'k-keys, 4:c., to be 
 
 deemed ro'gues'and v.ii.'.'.lmnT "' "^-''«ys. A-'c, to be 
 The laws with r, snec^to 1? , 'l '^ ^^''- "!• I/Ta-J. 
 Mr (afterwards s'llobiM-f'')'!?:!.'',^- ^^f •'; "meniJd b^ 
 and ,829; by the erim n / -^ ;^f ^^;-"^^'^"' /S^i 
 Act passed, 14 Aug. i^./, "'"' ^ ""'' by 
 
 "■%t^.5:5 = '';rr3^-.^';3^>-'''-'' Wales. 
 
 ^tfi^&l^Xvl^^S^^--^'^ 
 
 ■896, 5,9=2. ''^^' '^»'»' ^■74°; '895, 4,i65; 
 
 ''JS;i>;eS;';s;;:,;^;-!:):,):;i;-.."..ea,,.o,,,,tof 
 
 City n«i,l, I,„„d„,|, g ^l^. " " ' • '■"' t.iveni, Wliarfroad, 
 iTi'derick Clark .Tinl , ,,11,,;, ' 
 tiMieed to various tm ,s I n,.n''r •""V'^l"! and sen- 
 
 '4''S^-ifi;Sn/?^f:;;::^'l.'''--fthecid, 
 
 after the battle of Sala I'ln, ";"-S»s "» 19 Sept 
 
 The castle wast^ eg .^h .'' tt''l '^"■•^"'>'; '«")• 
 army, but th.- Hi.'ge w si,. , >,.'"" ?.'"^ "'""d 
 vear. The fortilieati s ':'''' ^' ""'• ""'"e 
 i'reneh, ,2 June, .K,,,''10;,nla,i',',',r;8«^''^,'|a/'' 
 
 tribe who overnin (Ja /'"..''"'-'"dian.s, a Gothir 
 
 ■»■"■" "-'•'" I" ..ii'vS'sfij:;\;:j 
 
 '"Mi 
 
 
 % 
 
 iif 
 
 ' 'HP .'ill . 
 
 
 
 
 
BURIALS. 
 
 178 
 
 BURMAH. 
 
 I i i 
 
 1419. 
 1467. 
 
 were defeated bv Mnxiniin. In 413 they cstiiblished | 
 a Kingdom, comprising the present ]3ur);undy, \ 
 large parts of Switzerland, with Alsace, Savoy, ] 
 Proveiiop, &c. Gondicar, their leader, the tirst | 
 king. It was (onquered by the Franks, C3J.— The | 
 second kinftdom, consisting of a part of the tirst, 1 
 began with Gontran. son >f Clotnnel. of France, in 
 r;6l The kingdoms of Aries, Provemr, and I runs- ^ 
 jurane Burgundy, were formed out oHIic old king- ; 
 dom — Di'CHY. In 877 Charles the Huld made his 
 brother-in-law Richard the tirst duke of Ijurginidy. 
 In 0^8 Hu"h the Great, count of Pans, founder of 
 the house nf Capet, obtained the duchv. His de- 
 scendant, Heiirv. on becoming king of France, con- 
 ferred it on his brother Uobert, in whose family it 
 remained till the death of Philippe de Kouvre, 
 without issue, in 1361. In 1363. king John of 
 France made his fourth son, Philip, duke , sse 
 Aimtria end Gennaii!/. 
 
 IlUKES. 
 
 1363. riiilip the B"M ; luamcs Maryaret, lieiress of 
 Flanilcrs, 1369. . 
 
 1404. Jolin tlic Fearless (son) : jniniMl the Kiiglish iiiva- 
 (lers of France ; privv to tlie iissassuiatioii of tlie 
 (lukeof f)rleaii,siii 1407: see .l/'uici/imc; Iiiinself 
 nssassinateil at Montereau, ill jireseiK'e of ttie 
 ilaii)iliiii. Heiit. 1419. , , , , 
 
 Philiii tlie Gdoil fson), tlie iiKist pciwerfnl duke. 
 Cliailes the Dohl ; iiianieil to Margaret of York, 
 sister to Kdwaril IV,, 9 July. 1468: invaded 
 Fraiiee, 1472 : Switzerland. 1476 ; killed in an 
 engagement with the Swiss, liefore Nancy, 4 
 Jan. 1477. 
 
 1477. Man- (daughter) ; married, 19 .Aug, 1477, to Maxi- 
 milian of Austria : ilieil, 27 March, 1482. 
 
 1479. LonisXI, annexed Burgundy to France, The other 
 dnmiiiiiins fell to Austria. 
 
 BURIALS. Abraham buried Sarah at Tilacli- 
 pelah, l8(k) n.c, Geu. x.xiii. Places of burial were 
 consecrated under pope Calixtus I. in A.l). 210. 
 Emebius. The Greeks had their burial-places at a 
 distance from their towns; the Romans near the 
 highways: hence the necessity for inscription.. 
 The firs't Chii. fian burial-place, it is said, was in- 
 stituted in 506; burial in cities. 742; in conse- 
 crated places, 7So: in churchyards, 758. Many of 
 the early Christians are buried in the catacombs at 
 Rome ; see C'atacombu, Cemeteries, and Dissenters. 
 Vaults erected in chancels .ir.st at Canterlinry . . 1075 
 Woollen shrouds only iierniitted to he used ill Eng- 
 land •, ,• ■'^''^ 
 
 Linen scarfs introilnced at fnnerals in Irelainl, 
 1729 : and woollen shrouds used . . . . 1733 
 
 Burials taxed i695 
 
 A tax enacted on linrials in England -for the liuiial 
 of a duke 50/.. anil for that of a ciininion iieisciii 
 4,<!,— under Will. III. 1695, and Geo, III. . . . 1783 
 Acts relating to nii trnpiilifan Imrials jiasseil . 1850-67 
 Parochial registers of burials, births, and marriages, 
 instituted in England by Cromwei;, lord Essex, 
 about 1538. St<, 11: 
 " Enrth In earth" system of liurial advocated by Mr. 
 Sevinonrlladen; wicker-coHliis exhibited at Staf- 
 ford-house 17 June, 1875 
 
 Consecrated burial grounds in England, 13,673 ; 
 
 closed, 1411 1877 
 
 Biiriah ,.|i7 (jieiinitting any Christian service ill a 
 
 parish churchyard jiassed . . . 7 Sept. 1880 
 New bill read second time in the eoiniiions. 
 
 6 .March, 1895 
 "The London Hurial-gronnds: Notes iin their 
 history from the earliest times to the present 
 day," by Mrs. Basil Holmes, iiublished . . 1896 
 Bee Iiisnenlfrs. 
 
 BURKING, a new species of murder, com- 
 Tnitted in Hritnin. thus named from Burke, the first 
 known criminal by whom it was perpetrated. His 
 victims were killed by pressure or other modes of 
 suffocation, and the bodies, which exhibited no 
 
 marks of violence, were sold to the surgenii> fi«r 
 dissection. Ho was executed at Edinburgh, ;,^ 
 Jan. 1820. A monster named Bishop was appre- 
 hended in Nov. 1831, and executed in London 
 5 Dec. with Williams, one of his accomplices, fo.- 
 the murder of a poor friendless Italian boy, named 
 Carlo Ferrari. They confessed to this and other 
 similar murders. 
 
 BURLINGHAME TREATY, promoted hy 
 Mr. Anson Biirlinghame and a Chinese embassy, 
 and signed at Washington 4 July. 1868. It authd- 
 rised mutual immigration. California prospered 
 through Chinese labour; but depression in l87r).8o 
 led to a demand for its expulsion and abrogation of 
 the treaty, 
 
 BURLINGTON ARCADE, riccadilh, 
 opened 20 March, 18 1 q. 
 
 BURLINGTON FINE ARTS CLUB, for 
 
 exhibiting works of art, and promoting intercourse 
 between artists, amateurs, &c., founded 18O7. 
 
 BURLINGTON HEIGHTS. Afteratiene 
 contest here between the British and the Uiiiteil 
 States American forces, 6 June, 1813, the liiitish 
 carried the heights. 
 
 BURLINGTON HOUSE, Piccadilly. I.on- 
 don, was built by Denhani for lord Burlington, 
 about 1664 ; and "rebuilt by lord Burlington, tlie 
 architect, about 1731. It was bought for 140.(00^ 
 bv the government, authorised by vote of the house 
 of commons, on 27 Julv, 1854, It beciime the home 
 of the ]{oyal, Linnean. arid Chemical societies in 
 1857 (w-ho occupied new rooms in 1873'), and of tin 
 Ahtir,iiaries, (5eological. and Royal Astronmiiiial 
 societies in 1873. In l866, sitcs'for buildings for 
 the University of London and the Royal Academy 
 were granted in the grounds of Burlington House. 
 The entrance, colonnade, &c.. were removed in 
 1868, and the exhibition of the Royal Academy wu* 
 first ooened here J Mav, l8()<). Burlington cHarity 
 school near here, founded l6oq. 
 
 BURMAH, or BURMESE EMPIRE, 
 
 founded in the middle of the l8th century hy 
 Alompra, the tirst sovereign of the last dynasty. 
 Our first disoute with this formidable power in i;ij; 
 ; was amicably adjusted hy general Erskine. Hos- 
 tilities were coinnienced by the British in 1824, and 
 thev took Rangoon on Jlay 11. The fort ami 
 pagoda of Syriam were taken in 182s. After a short 
 armistice, hostilities were renewed, l Dee. same 
 year, and pursued until the suicessive victories 
 of the British led to the cession of Arraonn, 
 and to the signature of peace. 24 Feb. 1826. For 
 the events of this war. and of the war in l8i;i, spt> 
 Itidiii. Pegu was annexed to our Indiiui enipirp, 
 20 Deo. !8«2. The war ended 20 June, l8;^ Po)iii. 
 lation of I'nper Burmah, reported in 1802, ov.r 
 3,000,000 ; Lower Burmah. nearly 4,750.000. Ciipi- 
 "tals of Burmah : lower, Rangoon ; ujipcr, Man- 
 dalay ; northern, Bbanio. 
 
 Rebellion against the king (of Upi«r Bimiiali) 
 suppressed bv British aid . . abniit Sept. iff* 
 
 Treaties with Great Britain . . 1862 and 25 Ort. i»; 
 
 Burmese embassy in England, 6 June ; introdiiifil 
 to the iiueeii . ' . ". . .21 .bine, lE;! 
 
 The king Mindniie siis]iccted of inciting I'hini'ac 
 to attack British cxiieditiou to West China (see 
 Iiiili(i) Fell. i8js 
 
 Sir Douglas Forsyth's mission to the king; arrives 
 at Mandalay, 14 June ; submission nf the king 
 annoniiced about 18 Julie : he refuses pmaigsiim 
 fur HHtisli inMipn bi malcli as a .•..iiv..y tlirmiirli 
 his territories to China: sir V. Forsyth retii**, 
 
 June, , 
 
 C(d. Duncan scut to Mandalay . about .Vug. 
 
 BU 
 
 Till' king (■ventnally ncc 
 
 inands : aiiiiniiiiced 
 Tlie king dies, abdiit , .Sei' 
 His successor, Thebaii 
 Thchaii) kill.s immv of 
 their friends 
 
 The British re.si.lent'and I'.tl 
 The king, attacked bv .sn 
 
 atrocities 
 Prince Nyoiing's rebellinn 
 
 he enters British terriln'r 
 Political ina.s,sacres at .Mai 
 
 iioimecd 
 Destructive lire at .Mnnd'al:, 
 .Another great (Ire 
 Mlsgoveniinent j massacres 
 prospect of British inter'vi 
 Town of Bhaino viidently ci 
 
 (iil'fain Tcnnlnip nf the st. 
 
 iiiissinn..|n'es and others 
 Treaty between France and' I 
 
 niiaiiio recaptured by the Iin 
 French negotiati.nis "with the 
 ilispiite lietwecn the Imlf n,,, 
 loyniid Hnniiah Trading A 
 raticiii from Hritisli cumini. 
 insolently rejecteil ; envic 
 kiln; refn.ses the arliitrati', 
 
 India; the comniissio ■ i,i 
 
 for 8.000 men 
 
 ntimatnnisenthvhinl IliifTer 
 settlement of the ili,spiite- 1 
 resident with a guard ; 1, 
 siihiects, A,'. ; rciectii.n • 
 iil»iiit 8 \(iv. ; advance lif 
 Harry X. I). Prendergast 
 Ilnriiiese war steamer raiitun 
 .inil Giirgvong (brts take 
 lioat. I!i>bt. A. Dnrv killed a 
 riie army advnnci'.s ; Magwe 
 PflCTii and Myingvan 
 Tlip kiiit' sends (lag' of truce- 
 liiinself, his army, and V:, 
 
 iiPCUpied 27 X,,v. ; J,,,,, j 
 
 Manrla'ay without resistance 
 Xativerintiiigwith hlocj.sbed i| 
 Sliarp engagement at Xyadaii, 
 
 l!rr.it quietness in M.indalav . 
 
 Ihfoit pillaj;ing outside Maud 
 .'"iitiict.s with several bamls ' 
 killed . . ^ ' 
 
 Tlifbau mid court sent 'to Madra- 
 Rqwted massacre of three smu 
 
 ami liunnah Co. nt Keodat 
 
 nvor . . , 
 IliPtairs brother Yssm's a 'pror 
 
 British nil(. ; arrival of .Mr. Bei 
 
 provisional government 
 Ifneral Preiidcrgast uarinly ivc 
 
 Hfbols (lefeateil at Moutshobo h 
 
 Tvimlah Mengyle, Tliebaii's inin 
 
 iiinnler, .sent to Rangoon; f„.o 
 
 Himne appear with tin dacoits 
 
 j ^"W™ Heath killed 9. /an. -Aloi, 
 
 oi>ptiired,,;an.; tried ami. ;h,.t 
 
 Baniipsedcfeat«latKa(lid,i6Jan • 
 36rfh<.lskilled;therelel,r p^^ 
 
 l»;|iP,'oats defeafcl by nia , - w 
 Ma.s river . .1 • " 1 
 
 W«.ri,i, the v^eroy, arrives 
 M. ; well received ,3 Keh. ; leav 
 
 Tkiiw""'"''*''' "'"' ''"'■'■'"-■'i ' 
 
 h?*"''"'';l"''"rZcniethcri. \ 
 
 «M ilefeatelsApHI: Hritish re 
 ! ,tn;i'?}''''';'!''">erMyi„:«inJ 
 i •■■ Mia .Mandalay ; the palace d 
 
 I *^«fiil expedition of col. Pit,,v, 
 ' diii'fs .surrender . *■ 
 
 <ii 1 
 
i879 
 
 1880 
 
 J8S2 
 
 Till' kill),' (liVs, aliiint , ,s,.,'|t . ' ,„ : •, • Oct 1875 
 
 Hi; successor. TliA,.'S\v ';''.'•'•'' , = OH. ,87! 
 
 Tlicliiiii) kills iiiaiiv „f (1,,. ''■^ '' I"''"'''- «r 
 
 llifii- fiicii.ls • "" '">"' f""iily "iMl 
 
 The Diitisli resilient nil, I I'li). ..,,■, ,,,,;„ •, , • •■''■''• 
 
 Tlie kiiiK, ,itt,ick,.,l I v, 1. "'^ '','''■'">■ 8 <''■'• 
 
 .■itriicilies . ■ "'"''"-l'''^, coiiiiiiits {„.„], 
 
 Prince \v„iiiis's reljellici AImV Tm,., ' '= -M"'!!, 
 IK' niters Uritisli teiTi|',n-' ' •'"'"• •■<i'PI"vsse,l j 
 
 Pciiticiil massacres at Miiiiiriln;- ,•«..' ^' ''"'"'' 
 iiniiiiceil . . •''""'■""} "''■"iiiiiieiicp.aii- 
 
 Destriictive fire at Mniiilii.,.- '„. ' 21 April ,„„ 
 
 AiiotlierKivnt (in- ■""'""''''•'■^ •i""""nce,l ,, Ajiril,' .rsj 
 
 ''X::^™'o^^;i;;^iris;;!,?^r''"'"^-''-^!'' = '''' 
 T,nvn,,f,,,aiii,,vi,,ie,iti;;;,;;{:;;!;n,vt,,ea,;;^,'3 -■ 
 
 CiipMin T,.rii,lriip ..f t|,e steamer A',./,/,,, tl" '^"'- " 
 iiiissiniitiiics and ndiers '^''li'nfn- rescues 
 
 Trmtyl,et„-ee„ France ami n„rmalisi«„.!;S-,',^!,;;;- - 
 
 niiaiiiiirecaiifiired l)vtlieli,in„e«„ni ,i , J? ''''"'• '88s 
 Frnich ne.Mltiati.iiis with tli, k i, ' '^ '^ -^''"■'•'■' " 
 
 IfepiKe hetween the half ,„a,i |; ,,„ „„;, ,, • ./•''f' „ 
 
 tovniMl liiirinal, Traili,,,' Ass, ci^fin '" " " 
 
 rati-.i. frnm Uritisli c,u miivTi , ,0 / ?'"'"'"'"• 
 
 ins iiflv rejentcl ; ,1 'v'.v ,t '"^' '" =? Ant;. 
 
 kiiii; rffiises'the arliitiati',,,, ,,(• tm!'''I''''' ' "'" 
 Inilii; llif'ooiniiiissi,,,,, ,,r , ii'' '"'[">' "' 
 f.ir 8,000 men '" '^"''' "m nmli nsks 
 
 riliiimtmn sent by Innl imfferi,, rcMiirTr" ' V'^f' " ' 
 
 Harry X. I)^pVell,i, i^i'st ' ""' "'"'>■ "'"'"^K".!. 
 
 . .i.'nt. H„l^ Arnilrrkille,^'^;,, \ ^{H^ »""'•'<, 
 riif »n.iy advances : M„,,„e oaptiir 1 , 'v '' " 
 I'asnii and .Mvinjrvan "'I'timd 20 .W. ; 
 
 Till' knt'si'iids tla^ of triicc-'- n.., ',.,.., I ^"'''- 1. 
 
 liiiiisclf, his arinv, !u M:u^.Z ^""1 "" 
 
 ..rciiliied 27 \„v • -CI, I, I • '^™ f"''f« 
 Manila-ay with.iiit resisWe '""''■"-'""f '•'it<'^» 
 Vativeri„fi,iKwithl,l.,ndsl,edi,i,cII,.d ' '^ ^r,' '• 
 sliarp cii«aKenR.,it at Xyadan, .stockades' t.iken " 
 
 liratquietiiessin Maiiilalav . ^ ,"™' •' 
 
 IMt Iiilla-iiiK outside Mamlalav Dec • '1 " 
 
 ^rr^^""^"™' -N-r'^'ofe 
 
 Thito and court sent t., Ma.lras • ; rrhe'*^^ ' i'.""' '^^* 
 Rq»irt«l massacre "f Mirecserran'ts ,f )" „'^ ',*'''"- '885 
 and nnniiali Co. at Ken.laf , 1, ,'''no,''''''»y 
 rivor .... <^niiid\viii 
 
 Tliftau'.s hrotlier "i.ssii.'s a 'iiroci,ii„.,t"i„„ ' ^■"^'• 
 BritiH li nile ; arriinl of .Mr.'u^rnarir," ' h'??'!'!'"* 
 pnivisienai covernineiit """»"' <.'»tabliHl,i„g 
 
 n«.en,l I>r,.|idcr,..st ,™riii|y recei>;d „"t Wiamo' 
 new. .l*t.l at Montsholio ,,y major y^^i^li 
 
 , "'rinio,. ar\vi"li'%',"dacoiN' '"■^■^""""'■■^ '" «"- 
 
 >»rKC)li Hi.|ith killed Q. Ian ■ A I ' ,.,' ' • •''"'■ 
 
 oapt«rc..l„la„. ; tried 'iliii .;imt '"• " '"•*••*""''■'■. 
 
 llonm.seikf,.«t«l„tKi,dol,,6,ia,, .,,,■„,„/.. , ' 
 
 , 3« fh-'ls ki ; the rcl el I r c,".; fl e ^"""."'' ' 
 
 'n<nn;™t» ilefentrtl 1)V ni-i , \r m- • "i •<>"'■ 
 
 Jfc river * '•'" "lllli'IMSoii on the 
 
 !*«^^r'i-^ --a-i'::;v;:r:^:^: 
 
 *?lWskill lear Zcnictlien ' . ' '8 •'*''"''''', 
 
 I '"WralPn. iXtlea'esM ; 1 ,"'"'"<■ =6 March, 
 
 R-Wsdefrat^^fA,' ')'■;,.■ '''''''''•'■, • 3- March 
 
 I '"^""'^-""'.y:tliepaSSlv'ii& 
 
 rS'^S:;!f'''"^'-''''f''^^«''-l.'Mn5i^a 
 ' ■ ■ • May, 
 
 The 
 
 IS86 
 
 'tzj:^x;:':r^ '■- ^mct'./;;:'-:; 
 
 .Major Hailes reiinlsi'd uKi.' I '■ ' iJ.lnne, 
 
 , ii™rTiiniinoo' ' ""'' ''""* ''X "le Hiirmcse 
 
 "iiiriHii UiiiM,,,, i',,e|i„'ii„„" ., • • 19 June, 
 
 IVnnsserlin,,.,, ,sti Id I i'r ^V'?™";, I^'W. and 
 
 tl"' ahic lliW , I , n^'- ;^"' Arthur Plmyr,., 
 
 viceroy, |,„,l 1), . ,^ , -^ l""clniiiatioii „f ,h,. 
 I'artiailv In, , ',■,;/""•,■. 86 (the Hlian states 
 
 ' '^S«-!iai!;^;=-MU:lv-^^ 
 
 I , "iliriti.sh IndiahvHece •''""''"""'''■'"•I" 
 
 ! ''tr::id/;;:;;;;;;!^J[;,^^y:;and r: ^n^-: 
 
 ...."rilcred to li,. sent 1 ,n',, ,1 '' '■'""""^^'""K-rH 
 
 |^tii;r'-'''''''-''--"-^^:.-sirc.ner,;i;^;: ^ 
 '''7^!^;:r'""' '=-nyc;mce;sion;;ii;;^^i • 
 
 "^;i^;!!l :■""■■: -^a^ementsr major X^^^ ' 
 Rcmforceinenfsonleieil >,■,„,,' I. !■■ • i Au^. ,. 
 
 nafJillaS^^lini^illS -f 'i"a.aln " ,^ ', 
 
 Ncrioiis llylitlii« 2S An;;. „ 
 
 OeiiemI Jfacoheison n, ,' " . .' • iCNeiit. 
 
 waddy near I'lom '20 1) r' ' '^''"T "" *'"^ 'I'-a- 
 
 ,/«■ I'V rick H,'l,e,^° ■ • '^"•■^■'■"'■'l by general 
 
 Minhla Imrnt l,y (he ,el,els ' " ' ^' "'■*■ .. 
 
 S,,^;;;:;;^'''^^ "■•''-•' ---fni-witiri^;;:;; - 
 
 I Conflict near Pakoki • ,.,,1 <■. » =3 ^'ov. . 
 
 ; „ 'a"H'is.lispe|.s,.tl,e ;.e;::,'; '"'''"•'•••• a"-l lioinlmy " 
 I J'^xpeditions ayainst nosln.-.i,. ^ 1 ;., ■ " '*<«• .. 
 
 '■iNVfs ; thcFr .stniih, ,••,..?';' ""■""• ''a«'it 
 ; -lisiN.rsed by kcu I „., '"""■'.' «'"' kind,, 
 •* '' '-'"^ •""' "ia.|or Syiiiond.s 
 I>n<-o.,s defeated i„ skirmishes ^''-v. Ik-c. „ 
 
 "I « proclamation the Hhii,l,ii<f ' • , .'^.'^ I>w. „ 
 
 •■ ""^-"""^ ""«';^^a*';fu;t 
 
 Attack o„ noshwayscamp ; he esea,K.s ; au,i?,;„!i^:;i 
 Ociiiral Hobi.rfsaftermvit „„„„ , 24 Jan 
 
 M,c..ed,.ii,y«e,ie;,/i':^;;;^;j;;;-':--nunm.i,, 
 
 ' ^;l.;har;r«:i;;;i;,7"' ^y Hyicnihad oa™;;!^; 
 
 ,^'"■111 •siubilcccelel,'raf,.,i„tAi"","',""'''''8f'cli. 
 
 ^V-nntho rsaubwa, a^^^li^lS'^li^^^-S-K;;.. 
 
 l'''atli of nia-Oo rei),„.(,.,i "•"'"^ 5 March, 
 
 ■;"'l"'''"»,'< l>''tty (iyhts ; ilacoits def.'.nt,. i' w'^'"'"' 
 Hoshway's partv defeat .,1 1, 'a'"' • March, 
 
 f'"l. Dance llefei^ts ilaCiN' '" '"''■■'"'■'' " Mnrch! 
 
 &t,;:!;n:';;^;;;^-!-;aeoits- ««(-!|; 
 i>-i;^^.n.atedbyM,^i-slli-;;;;iU,-,,;:^.;^ 
 
 Skiniii.slies ,at Sidotia ; captain A w n" ,=,3 April, 
 ^o .^iril ; rc.e^ved skin!,' Xs"^' ^^^ """"" '<"'"1 
 
 Jlic I-iniliiii prince, the last le„in,..'„* ;,'"■• May, 
 prince, siirren,!,.,^ 'I'Kitiniat^ Alauiij.',Kia 
 
 Hesulhiry war with dacnjts ' ' ■ ^3 May, 
 
 a"<ieapt«i„i^,vi„ekiil!:;;';;::u{;;;f;-J^;;;;-;r 
 
 ;xri;:;i;;;^^-'::;s^r'"«"*-- *"^- ' 
 
 ^'^.^:r^:^;;;i,-r;dr;i3i-^-;S'£ 
 
 iS£^, 
 
 1887 
 
 i333 
 
 
 
 
UUKMAH. 
 
 1«0 
 
 UUKMAH. 
 
 45 
 
 riil^ 
 
 Doll «whV iumI iiii.iiy r..ll..«vis Uilliil, iiiiiM.nnn'.i 
 lluccits il,'f('iit..l nii.l Mv.. nl- tl.rir ihU'U Uillnl 
 
 25 Oct. ,, 
 Vi,.t,iH.MH Onullicls nl- ^'rli. ('"ll'tl » it M '"'liv ^ 
 
 clii.rs; iimi,v..ftl ii.-iM- kil • '■'»<'■ '--) 
 
 ■ril.MlllC.iitsil.'l.'llt.'.l in ^.■vrlllll'..lllllcl- • ■'■■"'■ .. 
 
 Sawl.ii, n.pluiv.ll.v i;.n. Cnlli'lt . • 9;""i'- -. 
 
 l{„b-l l."»il .11 I'"i.i. st..nnMl l.v llu' IM<- 
 
 liiigmlr uii.l.r iiuii.., l--ninHsll..u:ii.l -1 ;;;'•, ■• 
 
 Kaihviiy tn H,iiip...i, tniiMiillv npn,..! al M.in.Uil: > 
 
 " 27 r t'll. ,, 
 
 KliMi.u, t1i.'''iil.itnl ..nil.' I..1.11 Kii<-liyens,uii.li7 
 viUiw« .l,.M;..y..l i.y !!"• Hriti^li "■""'j'5',„.";|' 
 
 uJn:"woll.l..v'. .NV".li!i"n HW.i,;st tl^,' i'liinilluM 
 ■IsiiwDivu M.irls [_i April; li.. raiiinivs ■' V ''W'' 
 ,8 April ; nturus t.. lilm , Miiy ; iln .,'i ■< 
 
 vH-yuutiv... -.i„T,s,r,ii iiis.,111,. -'•^■'■';^|,;;;;'^!Jj;;J:; 
 
 A "leiit tin; nt M.ui.laliiy, 45" i"'"«''^ '"""'. ", ■^'■'>' •• 
 
 Mr. Dymtu. iis-.isiiii,t i...iiiiiiissii r, lui.l utlii'i.-., 
 
 killcliii 111! misiiwi'ssfiil uttiii'li 11111.11 till' 'l"''''^"^"; 
 
 SaviiK,''"t'rii...s i„y..i'i,l tl... rr..iili'.r nV Iliirmiiii 
 l'n,,„.r; iii.-it.-l l.y r.'l"'l H'ln.""^'' '■ln'i'?,; ''■■ 
 iluml to sill sswii l.y th.. 1...11.'.' ■"'jl^il'"',',';,',',? 
 
 Fiwuiciit eiit-'aKi'iii.'iits willi ImimU ..I ^I'.'j'^'^'jJ^ 
 
 Hi.lK.l ..liii'l- li..li Kv.... riiM .k'iViitc;! iiii.i liilli.il Mii.l 
 aniiscii.miv.l l.y Hill., llri^'ail.' .M..iiiiti;.l InhiiitiA 
 Hlidi.r liiMiIs. K. .1. .Mu.:liHi/i.' iiii.l 11- *■• .M:i.|Hi.lif 
 
 2 3 .July, ,, 
 Mr C A. Mii..|i.imii.ll iiiii...iiitiHl clii.'f (•(iimiiis- 
 ■ siiiiifr in tlic alisrii 1 sir (.'. (■n.stliwiiitc, aii- 
 
 niuiiii'i'.l . ■ ■ ^,')"''^' ■' 
 
 (Jen U.ird..n nr Miiii.iiilny ..r).'iiniziiin nil (.xpuilitiini 
 
 iiuiiinst till- Chins iiu.l i.tlu'r li..nl.v IviIm'S iibont 
 ° 22 Si.'].t. ., 
 
 Imiirnvc'd .•..ii.liti..n ..f tin- (■..niitiy iimlcr sir ('. 
 
 Ci'iistliwiiil..sii.lMiiiiistmtii.M iriH.rtc.l . hcpl. ,, 
 Sm'Cessliiliittii.k,s..ii tlic Cliiiis l.y iMl.t. (..loklnis 
 
 16, 17, ig Oft. ,. 
 Tlie Mingni.n |.riiifi. ..11 Hii' fri.ntiirs . . 3 Nov. ,, 
 llltlTlK-'il l.v till' I'lvnrll lit Sili},'.>ll . . >>"v. ,, 
 
 rriiiw AllHit Virti.ri.r Wiilcsiil ll:int;i».n. 20 lli'c. ; 
 
 lit Miin.luliiy . . •,,•„.•., ■•'■♦ !'■'■■ ■• 
 Tlirco Chin villages (lestroytil liy lintisli . Doc. ,, 
 
 Mr MafUonnt'll retires after smTt'safnlKovcrinMunt 
 
 Dee. ,, 
 
 Ueimlse of tli.' iittaek of the Chins on the British 
 a'lvaneeil eiiiiii., a stockade cai.tnrcd ami de- 
 stroyed, rei.orte.l 30 '"'c. , 
 
 r.owsaing cai.tiiiv.l . . . ; \}^,"\ '^'^" 
 
 l>"eoits very trouhlcsonie; ilcstriietivc attack ol 
 rclielson Sanih.wav, Arriican co.ist, repnlsed liy 
 police, rei.orte.l ." . . •,•,?= ''''''• " 
 
 Tlie ihicoits l.nrii Kaiigyi, <-liiistiseil l.y police, re- 
 pi.rte.l „ =>««'li. .. 
 
 Conspiiacv to l.nni Man.liihiy ami set .Moungl.a.an 
 Aloiiipri'i pivten.hT, on the throne, ,lisi oyere.l, 
 and ariv.sts iiia.le 9 Mai'cli, ,, 
 
 Major lUiiiideirs expedition I'roniliha , to pnnisli 
 
 KiUi niaing,clii..'rof the .Swesaing Tonh..n Ivaeh- 
 yens, tor raids on liritish territories, and for 
 harlxmring the Allionipra preteii.ler Kiiwyaniii. 
 Starts 15 Dec, severe lighting -2.! Dee., alter 
 further .successes the e.\peditioii ri'tnrned to 
 Bhamo April, „ 
 
 Gen. Gordon (successful) reliiHini.slies hiscoiiiniand ; 
 siiccee.ledl.y l.riga.licr\V..ls.h.y . . .Inne, „ 
 
 Mftiiv dacoit gaiiiis surrender, two e'.iiiieiit chiefs 
 ca'ptnred, reported . ... 21 June, ., 
 
 Uoh Yaiiynn, a .la.'. .it header, surrenders to Mr. 
 .M'Doni'ihl, his lite l..'iiig«ssnivil . .'nl.V, ,. 
 
 Many iiitercessi..ns f..r him, y Aug. ; tniiisi.ortcd 
 for life about . . . • , • 23 Aug. ., 
 
 Oreut Hoods, .Maiulalay in danger, about . 9 Aug. ., 
 
 Gen. Wol.sclev coiielndes i.eac'c with the 8iiiyiii 
 Chins; tribute pahl, and pri.soners excliaiigeil, 
 l-eported = ^''l'*" >■ 
 
 Mr! (aft. Kir) A!cx. Mackenzie n).i".inte.| to sncceeil 
 sir C. Ci'Jslhwaite as cliief coininissioiier, re- 
 ported 31 Oct. ; iirrives at Rangoon . . 3 Dec. ,, 
 
 In Upper linrinah Kaiilaing, a rebid chief with n 
 largelollowiiig,ai.pearsat .Mamvaing about 3 Dec. ,, 
 
 Mr Wcthercll, piditical olllei.r, killed by the Chins 
 in aiianibn.sh, at Vokwa ... 21 Dec. . 
 
 |)ai'..it rai.ls ami niiir.lers report e.l n'mut 24 Vai' 
 
 \ strong punitive fore., sent against th.. Chins and 
 uthers, reaches Thi'tia; alter a repnlse.l attack, 
 ■Ihettii snnenders; lieiit. James and two men 
 killedabmit =•'""■ ' 
 
 Fxpedilion again.st the Shan stat.', Momeik, to 
 punish outrages, about 17 Jan. lighting ; a villag.- 
 iniriit, many natives kiUe.l ami woiimleil aboiil 
 
 M'lior Nixon, lieut. James.n, adjutant ami two 
 Sepoys killi'.l by a nia.l rathaii at l''ort ISteilman 
 in tlm Whan states . . • ' ■ '''eb. 
 
 The Kaiihow eliiefs chastis.'.l for raids; Mibmi; 
 restore ,-iii.tivi'saiiil pay lines to capt. Uumlall ; 
 live villages attacked iinil destroyed, rel...it.'.i 
 
 15 I'cb. 
 
 Iiisiirri.ctioii in Wuntho, a frontier slate; preli'iide.l 
 i.bieetions to the nnlwiiy ; capt. Smith presi'iit 
 Willi 4.« KiiropcuMs ; reiiiforceincnts or.l. iv.l ; 
 arrive '9 '■'■!'■ 
 
 rroidaination issiu'd, deposing the Tsawbwa of 
 Wiintho for his attacks, and annexing his ternb.ry 
 
 22 reb. 
 (leii Wolscley takes the col ami in Wnnlli... 2.j 
 
 Keb. : the'rcbels at Okplio attacked, ab..v.. 3., 
 killed, arms anil amiiHiiiition captured 
 liritish force at Kawliii, 600 men (200 Kiirop.'aiis) ; 
 eapt Hastings punishes tlie I'am-haung Cluns tor 
 Iheir raids, desti'oying villages, ic, reporle.l 
 
 23 reli. 
 The Kaiihow Chins siibducil by capt. Him.lall, 
 
 suiTeiider captiv.'s ami pay lines . . 24 l-eb. 
 
 Wuntho occupied by .Major Smyth, without .. p]...- 
 sitioii,25Feb. ; tlie villagers lay down IheiraiMis ; 
 the T.sawbwa Hies ; his pahice biirnl ; capt. Al.x. 
 Hutchinson defeats rebels near Oklian, alter live 
 hi.ni-s' liglitiiig (lie died of his wounUs] ; Kaiihoco 
 chiefs, raiders, submit about . . 25 Kel.. 
 
 The Tsawbwa solicits panloii, which is pi lise.l i.n 
 
 ! speedy surremler, but not re-inslateiicnt. ab.nit 
 
 27 I'eh. 
 
 More villages surrender about ■ . • • 
 (leii Steilman leav.s for Kngland ; in four yeais he 
 ei'eated an elledive army of military police (:il.i.ut 
 
 20,500) ^-' '''■'■ 
 
 Cell Wolsi'ley holds a durbar at Wuntho. well 
 
 at'tcmlcd, liiitish Hag hoisted . . 3 March, 
 
 \ilvance of gen. Wolscley an. 1 cl. .Miiegieg..r iiile 
 
 Hie Wuntlioterritory ; the two Tsawbwas retreut, 
 
 rep.n-te.l ,• II. March, 
 
 Sc.veral lights with the Chins, with casualties re- 
 
 ' ,„,rt,.d April, 
 
 Distnrbaiici's on the tra.le route between liliiiiie. 
 
 re -t.'d . . • „• , ; ;, 'J-^1'!'''. 
 
 den Wolselev veturiis to .MandaUiy, the caiiipuiga 
 
 ,.ii'deil . 4 May, 
 
 I Marmiiigdeli.i.ncy of rain in Upper liiirmali, Aug.; 
 
 ; liill of rain in some placi's, S.-pt. ; iiivi'stigalicii 
 
 by sir A. .MacUen/ie ; his iiui.nte piiblislie.l 1; 
 
 •.;ept. ; relief-vorks begun, early Sept. ; pri.speets 
 
 I improved '■•'^t. 
 
 Gen Wolsidcv transferred to Helgaiini . . .Nov. 
 
 lioh I.e, a dacoit len.ler, kilh.i. ami his baii.l cap- 
 
 tiireil or ilisperse.l by lieiil. .M.igrath, assistant- 
 
 I iinamlaiit at Katlia, rei...ii(d . . 31 Hit. 
 
 Miior Vide captures Sa.lou alter two days' lightiiij; 
 ■ ' 6 Jiiii. 1 
 
 Successfiil iiperat ions of lieut. Macnabb in theCliiii 
 
 c.miitry , • ., • ,. ' l'""' 
 
 Seven, lighting in Uppi'r liurniah ; the kacliiiis 
 ivpulscd ill their attack on sa.l.m by lieut. 
 llirrison; successful advame ol nia,i..r \uk 
 
 ig l-'eb. f(,.f7. 
 
 ; (Sailoii le. named I'ort Hiirris..ii,| 
 
 loincil by capt. Davies at Sailon, about 25 Fi'L. 
 Omtiim.'d lighting at Sadon . . 28 Feb (,' <;•.,. 
 
 IKiichius, a warlike but not inlraclable tribe, in- 
 ; habiting the hilly tracts cast ..f he, .1 wal.Ms ..I tii.' 
 , ivrawa.hly in Upper IJurmah, adjoining tluiiM 
 I iirovinces. 1 , ,, ^ 1 », 
 
 I boll Minlnuug, famous Arracan doc. it, captuml at 
 
 Kildoiing about 26 Feb. ; senteiic. d to death Willi 
 I others ab.mt .... 14 ■•''"tl'. • 
 
 Jlr, Ciian Toon, a DnrincMe 
 about .... 
 
 Falam, hcail.piarfcrs of tiie 
 the liritish about 
 
 (iivat lire at Mamlalay. de 
 ..nice and a targe part oft 
 
 I.'XK^.OOq/. . , 
 
 f^eiilcnci. Of death upon the 
 i.tlierHcoiillrmed 
 
 Sir A. Mackeiizii. ill, lea\c.H'f 
 Fryer appi.inteil ilepntv 
 
 Fimiinegreatlv relieve.l ' 
 
 Aianesty I,, the Tswabwa ,', 
 lowers : hoenlers China al 
 
 Lieiit. Nightingale repulses 11 
 ill till' S. Shan states 
 
 Hi-ingof the Chins ; 7 sepi,\ 
 near Fort Whiti^ Tlo! Chin 
 ..f lieut. Ilene-an with .;,, 
 reinforced by lieut. Wanlel 
 
 riiiii rising checked ; sineial 
 
 K\|.loriiig expedition to the C 
 
 (■..iilhcts with the Kachins, 
 
 I q.t. Morton killed .Inriii.- a c 
 
 I liins pniiishe<l lor rai.ls 
 
 ill.. Kachins repuls...| in tli. 
 
 (le.nanii.d Fort Moil. .11), 
 
 i--.;.. Jan. ; thevnre ileleale. 
 
 ■' .-";..• lieiit. Williams kilb 
 
 ivpi.rteil 12 Feb. ; major lU 
 
 Myiiiand Nwengal Chins to 
 
 Tlieiiini and round Sima, 2r 
 
 i.ient of the Chins, reporle. 
 
 .lacoitgany, h'd by Tanka, c- 
 
 ni.. viceroy warnilv received at 
 
 .Miin.lalay, \c. ; lernes U.in-,. 
 
 t'niiitier .•.iiiventioii with China 
 
 riiiiitivei'xpcditionnmler Mr. V 
 
 Ilip Kaswa Chins for theii' 
 
 Xiiingtaiiiig(Feb.) 
 
 TiUl«iil.niis»ioii of the Siyin CI 
 
 Till' Chins complelely disariMci 
 
 'jllieteil . , ^ 
 
 Tlirtt.i occupied wilhoii't resisla 
 Tliijiize, rnler ..f the .Shan state, 
 soiirjf Thebiiw Tswabwa, app.'i 
 !-:s||»lition against the .Sana Kii 
 ti..ii: ri'iiort.'d 
 ll:ii..r(;. II, Atkins,. M .|ii..i of fev 
 <:rFr(Hl. Win, K. Fiver, chief eoi 
 a.liirhar at .Mandalav, ami be> 
 ;lieiiortliern Shan cliieCs ; rep,', 
 I j|t, Kliott successful in som,. 
 iiitlitlie tribes in the Wa .■ouit 
 I'liiitivo ex-pp.litinn against the 
 pi'ls, 19 March ; very 8llcces^ 
 '".iseil, .Vc.,aiinoiiiii'i',| 
 Fjiiiii-o itf crops, relief works sti 
 !:9«; famine in Upper Uiiniiah 
 ivorks Dec, 17,000 reported 
 ra.lnffainiiiBanminnceil 
 !;:nNili placed iimler a lieiit.-gov 
 !;vpr) with a loe.il h.gishitive 
 Jlav, 1897; lirst na'ctiii" 
 l'i>;"rii.g party (Upper lrawa,b 
 li.in',1 I'l.ttinger attackeil, 2 kill 
 .\>( Angln.f'liinese fnmtier a"ieei 
 Ite tllele eoinelition of iSq. 
 '•mt llritain tlie .Shan state ,', 
 , -ifWl, It Peking 
 'l:..<r(,tt, siiperiiiteinli.nt i.f the .S 
 Mo ,111 ainbiis,'aile in the Wa c, 
 '.nv.'ii hack with hoavvlo,s.s, 6 l)r 
 I !'"''•'■'' ■ • . . 
 -«!wk.>f25 Hii.niaiis'oii Mainh'ilaj 
 itille.l, 14 captured 
 l^l)N.it,iti„i, of the Hurnio-ChinVse 
 
 'tllif Taping river . 
 >rFre,l. Frv,r hidds a .luibar at I 
 ">l|ii'.ttperity re|,oite,| 
 
 BCRXETT PRIZES, to l 
 jorar,, to tlie iiutliors of tliu t 
 "liio evidence that tlicrc is :i 1), 
 
HUKMAH. 
 
 )l,.ri.,nT,.,,,,,ali,,n,,,.s..„nnis,e,,,„u,l..„"MK, 
 
 liHMt liiv at MiiiMlaliiv. <U'sl,ny\„^ Vi,,, '/ .■^'»'e''. .. 
 .>m;.a^,U.a,«n.a,■t;,rt.,l^.f,^^^^lL•*?i•];!:'; 
 
 Hi-iii^'iif tlic Chins : tkcijovs k'iil..,i 'i,, ./''.'.'."'' " 
 
 ■ •■iMfon-fMl l,v li,.i,i. WanlHI ' " ",'" " 
 
 il.iii lisinj,' cl„.Wi,.,l ; H.vnal villas., hurnl'' " 
 
 Kv|il..miK ex|H.,Iiti„M t„ tl„. Chiin..,. f mi m,?,'.' i',','''; " 
 
 I'rpt. Mnrtoh kiM|..l ,luri,n- a .•uiKI ,' r , V 
 
 •IV Karhiiis ,H,M,ls,;,l in ,i;„i,. .jita.'ks ..n Nh'n " 
 
 v;j;;i!;.;,.;'v^;^,^a-'^kiii::,--;;.yi;- 
 
 , limit -iM.r l..,i 1 ,■ 'f,. 1 ' .Maic'li : an o i 
 
 'i.ioiiil ;.,iiis, li'il l,j laiilia, raiiliii,.,!, r,.|„,iii. I 
 
 riMMiivmy vvaniilv r .iv,.,! at Haii;-,,,,,,, ;'s v'.'.v'' " 
 
 Maii.l^ilay, .Vr ; !,.■„,, s li,,n;,.„„„ "^ "' ;, |,,!,;' 
 
 Kniiitii-ri'.invi'ntioii uitli China si. 'ii,„l m.,, i' I' 
 
 ri...itiv«,.M,Hliti„n iniiliT Mr. w, N. !• ati.i-T'. ni',' '^■■' 
 
 T;UlsMlMiiis.i,,iioftlinSiyiM('hin.s ■* " v!v' " 
 
 IVUiins coniiih.tiily ,li,siin„.,l ami th;. .-oiiniiV- " 
 
 iWttjiuccni.ipd H-'ithnii'tnisisiHiin) ' ' /'i, ',',','' h' 
 T1I..U0 nil,.,.„nh.. Shan s,at,. rnnnved ■ «: ^v ' ' '^ 
 
 'S;'i;:sr' "'" """" '^'"■' - -'' r^- " 
 
 M4ir(i. II. Atkinsnn ,li,.,i ,ir tVv,.|-' ' . i'"!'' '^^"^ 
 
 ^:rFml. Wn,. H. hVyr, .hic ■ n, nissioiKM 'h !" '' " 
 a'luri,.ir atJIan.h.lav, an,| 1,bX w Z ,', J ' 
 tI,enortl,«ni Shan .hi.'rs , ,,.,„„ t?l' """;',,;," 
 
 iij't. Khntt SMcneHsfnl in son,, slian) sl-lr niji " 
 
 "ith tiM. trihps in (In. Wa ...nnln ' I'T 'T 
 
 Wve ex|ieilit,loM against th« Vimln ri"ii,,J V' ,'. " 
 ;™ls, ,, March; v,.,y Hn,;..„ssim ' ,n, "^ [ ' 
 !««!, ,<:,.., annnnni'i.,! ' ■'! ">'-'' 'i- 
 
 F.,:te5,.f crni,s. ,vli,.r wnrks sfarte.l,' Ocl'.\!n- '^' 
 "96; foiinne m L'l.pi.r Unnnali ; ,0,000 on ivul'f 
 works n,...., ,7,roo leporteil • , wi » ' 
 wlnffaMiinPannonn..,.,! "' •^'""' '^<)7 J 
 
 llTOili ]ila(.,.,I nmhT a linit-wn'-craoV (Si'i' K w " 
 
 5Kls^!'',,;;t'n:::;!,^-^^'''''^-"--^''-'-'' 
 
 N«Aj,«J„,:hin..s„n.onti,.,,^:;:'l;,;!n,-,„„ ,^;>- •■ 
 liie tni.ii. i.onvcntion o ,Sq. ami ,..„i; , . 
 ■ir^'t Dritain the Shan «ta. ''.'.f ,, ,' ' "'^' " 
 %'ii.il.itPi.kinK . '^'iK.uif.', &,.., 
 
 'I:..'<''"tt, sii|„.iint,.mh.nt of! I,',. Shim st-',t,.s I'.'i'l!; " 
 ;.>oa„ ,„„l.n...a>l,. in ths Wa r? ,v' ,e'w 
 |^-;|l™.k with heavy I0.S, 6 Mntlsh^dl!;::,^:: 
 
 ["itlf^riii^if!;!;,:""' -^''---'v-min.'S - 
 
 25 J uiy, 1 8yS 
 
 181 
 
 m-lL\L\Q THE DEAD. 
 
 \' 
 
 „ iimtXHAM nEECIIFS I)u,i .h • /' 
 '••^'liic remains „t„n ainW . ^ I ' **"' '"'■*"■ 
 
 '8?). U...li"nt..,l^ ^'t. Ihh';?''"""" ^f ^""''"» i" 
 
 '-"-'ii'v':,iis !fc:;:'■"-■■il:;|--™m,te- 
 l"■|■.■'"n.s lav,. 1,0,., ,, 'V ""■/„:,. M„ny 
 
 Oct. 108^. "'"'"» "'''I'l^ "ii.lrr Monmouth), 23 
 
 BUlJXLVf} THE DP AT. 
 
 •"""'i!f till' Uivi.jts ,11,1 ,y^^-^^ "''I' Iinicti*:c(l 
 
 mid ^^a,s iwiv.', , s 'V "T'"''"' ■''""" '22'! "•«.. 
 l"-a'ti.s..d i , arts oY ^1 ,'i' "':";' ' '^ "<'■ ''• >« «tili 
 ".'•vonitnl i.i't h H i.^,';', ''^''■^•/'"'l >'''« been 
 
 ■oiurouis. """^'^' ''',3; set" 6M<to«, 
 
 : '873 
 
 I -'(.nnitnm socii.iii.s f,„,,, I 1 ■ ; ■ ■ . . 
 
 ! Uerlin,.t,. '"""''■'''"'-'""' Vi,.nna, ami 
 
 lady l>ilkc,T,.,nal,.,l„". n,..!.,., .■ • '3 •'■■ni. 
 
 !-i"lyllilk,.n.,.,nat,.,latl.),,:s,h.,; 
 A^,,,.n,aton„n, eiv,.t..,| at Milan, ., a,.. 
 
 10 Oct, 
 liSj ; ill 
 
 1874 
 
 !^'ivinati,,ni„,.,.,asi'n;-at Ron,.. ' ' ' • • 
 
 :^:;,a,!^«- • ^3^^-".B^artn:^^]hr;;u' 
 
 Thoev,Jc.„,.etl■at.ll.rcM,saI^.in,.a^,S,;i; 
 
 ';'vi:'n7:::i,;:;ii.!;-;;:;;'^"iath,n or ,,,.., nnitio, 
 
 ll- Cremation soei,. ' "k, ^t^nfl^ i 1? i^'"''' =284- 
 
 ■390; ill iS,„:,,„ ■ ,7' 7„" '3=8; 4., 11, ,88, ; 5, f, 
 :^r''i; tl».t of tl,.'ina?o;i°^ ,■',;»■ "\ '^'»-i<::it".. 
 '""'"I '{"Iieil.son, .>•''',,•'■';'' -V"''' -889: sir 
 
 •'"• 'Ink-' of li... Ion ,V, i,,; • '\"'Kl''<''. S.raii, ,89,; 
 M J.'.y, ,s„_,.. ,i,, .Sai'iinVw l.,i'"- '"','' «'-""»™ll 
 A, U. Lavaiil, o.lnlv ,0' . i "".'^i'''- 4 Jan, ,894 ; ^h 
 
 '■'"if,v Harlev, io ct, 8,^ ■'■'"..",'■'■ "Soft; l)r 
 »:"'. =7 .Nov. •, 96; Vli ; Mafi ,,'"„'■ ^"'' "'■'■'">i-'l- 
 ■sir saac I'itmai , ^8 jan 8 "'"'i'' ' ""<•■ ^M; 
 8 Fell. ,897; Klizalieth , ,«,9^/i:''i^l'''''''''- ^^'""S 
 ;,<> A|,iil, ,897: ],>• el °» ''''■'^'.■"' "'■ '''■''l''''d 
 
 < ''CI , - Fell ,c-,,o,' r. „ 1 ', '=''8; Ion Saekville 
 ,ggg_ ■ ■"<;- , .Ml- h.hvanl JJi,n„..,Jones, ,„ Juii, 
 
 1-1','lllatloll s.,i,l to lie ,„■ »i • ' 
 
 , Italy, ,Soo, ' '" Sicatlyiiiereasi,,,, „, j,-,,,,,,, ,^„j 
 
 ,,a:&: 5 :'*!tLrKs;'i,:'i;s;.:;; 
 
 • '■'■Illations near \evv v,^;a ■ 
 
 ,.■•^.'111. ifo4. -^'^ ^""^ iiiQ.veais, i,_.6.; r,.„orte.l 
 
 ' reinat.ii'.nn oorn,.,! .,» r ,„ 
 
 ''""'•'"•I'"IT""1, iiS,.|.t. ,£96. 
 
 
 
 
 ,1 ,: 
 
 li; 
 
 .] ) 
 
 
;Vi 
 
 BUKNma-OLAHH. J82 
 
 BURNING-GLASS and Co-MAVK Mik- 
 IlOim. Their powiT wan kimwii to AirliiiiuMlcs, 
 and it U my thiiiilly Btiited tlmt l>y tlicir iiid lie jH'i'it 
 II fleet in the hiiiliour of Syiaiuse, 214 lit- 'heir 
 poweri* were iiicreaueil by rfcttalla ; Taehiiiiliaimeii, 
 1O80 ; Buffoii, 1747 ; and raikcr anil otlieitmoie ir- 
 ceiitly. The following experiments were made aliont 
 |8<X), with Mr. Tarker'n Iouh m buriiiiij; niuror, 
 wliich cost 700/., and ih Haid to have been the 
 hirifest ever made. It wa8 «(>ld to eapt. Mackenzie, 
 who took it to China, and left it at IVkin. 
 Snl,ft,iiimfiiiie'l. Weiijlil. rime 
 
 Pure«(il(l 2oi!iaiiiH4HeeoiidH. 
 
 Silver 30 ,. 3 M 
 
 Cuiiper 33 .. 30 ■• 
 
 Platiim 10 ,, 3 .. 
 
 Cast iron (11 eulu') . . . . 10 ,, 3 .• 
 
 Stci'l lu 
 
 A t(i|iaz 3 
 
 All I'liienild ^ 
 
 A erystal pebble 7 
 
 Flint >" 
 
 Cdiiieliaii '" 
 
 PuiiiiiH! stniie . . • ■" 
 
 Or«eii wood takes lire iiistantuni'iiusly ; 
 
 iiii'd lately ; iKiiies are eiilcineil ; and 
 
 BUTTEK. 
 
 BUSHEL This nieamire wan ordered to iwh- 
 taiueiKhttfallonsof wlieat, 12 Henry Vlll.,' IW.; 
 the leL'ul Wineliesler bushel was reKulated <) Will 
 
 » 45 >> 
 .. as .. 
 ,. 6 „ 
 .. 30 .. 
 
 ,. 75 .. 
 
 ,. 24 
 
 water IkiUs 1111- 
 tliiiij,'s not eu- 
 jialilo of iiieltiiiH at oiiie lieioaie red led, like iron. 
 
 rtURSE, see Exchange. 
 
 BURTON CRESCENT. London. Here Mrs. 
 Hachael Samuel, a widow living alone, was mur- 
 dered in the nislit 11 Dec. 1878. No robbery. 
 Mary Donovan, a charwoman, was arrested and 
 disehargcd, 10 Jan. l87(). In a house here also, 
 Uary Ana Yates was found murdered, 9 March, 
 884. 
 
 BURWELL FIRE. A number of persons 
 issembled to see a jiuppet-show in a barn at Bur- 
 well, near Newmarket, 8 Sept. 1727. A candle 
 having set fire to a heap of straw, seventy-six indi- 
 viduals perished, and others died of their wounds. 
 
 BURY ST. EDMUND'S, Suffolk, named 
 from St. Edmund, king of liast Anglia, who was 
 murdered by the Danes on 20 Nov. 870, and buried 
 liere, and to whose memory its magniricent abbey 
 was founded. JIagna Charta was prei)arcd here by 
 the barons on 20 Nov. 1214. Henry \ I. summoned 
 a parliament in Feb. 1447, when Humiihry, duke 
 of Gloucester, was imprisoned, and died liere, it is 
 supposed by poison. It was almost cjnsumed by 
 fire in 1608, and was desolated by plague in 1630. 
 Population 1881, 16,111 ; 1891, 16,630. 
 
 BURYING ALIVE. In Uaotia, Creon 
 ordered Antigone, the sister of Polynices, to be 
 buried alive, 1225 B.C. The Konian vestals were 
 subjected to it for anv levity that excited suspicion 
 of their chastity. The vestals buried alive on a 
 charge of incontinence, were Minutia, 337 11. 0. ; 
 Sextilla, 274 B.C. ; Cornelia, a. u. 92. Lord Bacon 
 (fives iustances of the resurrection of jiersons who 
 had been buried alive ; Duns Scotus being of the 
 number. The two assassins of Capo d'Istria, presi- 
 dent of Greece, were sentenced to be iniinured in 
 brick walla built around them up to their chins, 
 and to be supplied with food in tliis species of tor- 
 ture until they died, Oct. 183 1. 
 
 BUSACO, or BUZACO (Portugal). Here the 
 British, under lord Wellington, renulsed the French 
 under Massena, 27 Sept. 1810. The latter lost one 
 general and 1000 men killed, two generals and about 
 3000 men wounded, and several hundred prisoners ; 
 the loss of the allies did not exceed 1300; the 
 British retreated to the lines of Torres Vedias, too 
 strong for Massena to force, and the armies re- 
 mained in sight of each other to the end of the 
 year. 
 
 III. 1(X)7; the imperial corn bushel ot 22I«I')J 
 eiibio inches is to the Winchester of 215042 »s i-' 
 to 31. Kegulated by act 5 Geo. IV., June, 182.1, 
 wliieli act came into operation I Jan. I«2(). 
 
 BUSHIRE (on the PersianOulf), attacked by .Hiii 
 by sir H. Leeke, and by land by general Stalker, *;.« 
 taken 10 Dee. 1856. The place proved BtrongerlMii 
 was expected, and was bravely detended. Brigaii:er 
 Stopford and col. .\lalet were killed in a previous 
 attack on the fort at lleshire, 9 Dec. Ihe loss nl 
 the British was four otlicers killed, and oiks 
 wounded ; five men killed, and thirty-five wounded. 
 
 BUSHRANGERS, Australian higliwayiiien, 
 formerly escaped eoiiviets. Morgan, a dispirite 
 robber and murderer, was surrounded and slim 
 April, 1865. The "Kelly gang" seized and pillugcl 
 the town" of Jerilderie, New South Wales, 8-10 
 Feb. 1879 Ned Kelly and some of his gang were 
 captured and taken to Melbourne, 27, 28 June, 
 1880. 
 
 BUSSORAH, see Baiaorah. 
 
 BUSTS. Lysistratus, the statuary, was the 
 inventor of moulds, from which ho east win 
 figures, about 328 H.c. I'liiii/. Busts from the face 111 
 piiister of paris, were first taken by Andrea Venochi, 
 about A.u. I4()6. Smaller busts and statuettes urc 
 now accurately produced from larger ones by 
 machinery. 
 
 BUTCHERS. Among the Uoimins there wcro 
 three classes : the .Siiarii provided hogs, the Iharii 
 or i'<r«rt*u oxen and sheep, which the A("(ii or C'aoH- 
 /iren killed. The biiteheiV company in Loudon is 
 'ancient, though not incorporated till 1606. 
 
 BUTE ADMINISTRATION. John earl 
 of Bute,* tutor of prime George (afterwards George 
 III.), formed an adiniiiistratioii in May, 17O2, 
 which, after various changes, resigned 8 April, lyOj. 
 It was severely attacked by Junius and Julm 
 Wilkes. 
 
 ,rolin earl of Iliite.yiis/ lord if the tmmiry. 
 Sir Fraueis Diisliwond, diantrllor of the excheijuer. 
 Karl Greiiville, pirsiileiit of the eoiiiifil. 
 Duke of Uedlord, inirji mil 
 Karl of Hulifax, lulmimltii. 
 Karl of KKri'inont ami Ueorge Granville, sinr'ariw iri 
 
 .ittllC. 
 
 r.cail l.igoiiier, m-iliniin'C. 
 
 Henry Kox, afterwards lord Holland, iwyiiwster o/l/if 
 
 forces, 
 Viseoiiiit Barriiigton, leeiiHitirrofthe mivil. 
 I,oraSaiiilys,,ni.'i(;fi/-/'i/'"iyc ^ , , „ .. , 
 
 Duke of Marlliorougli. earl Talbot, lord nuntingdini, 
 
 lord Anson, lord Xortli, i;e. 
 
 BUTTER is said to have been used by tlif 
 Arabs in early times, hut not by the Greeks mid 
 Komans, who had excellent oil. It is not men- 
 tioned lis food by Galen a.d. 1 30-200. It bus Ion; 
 been used by northern nations. Various statutes 
 have passed respecting its package, weight, and sale: 
 the principal of which are the 30th & 38th Geo. 111. 
 and 10 Geo. IV. 1829. In Alriea, vegetable butter 
 is made from the fruit of the shea tree, and is of 
 richer taste, at Kebbii, than any butter made troiii 
 cow's milk. Muiiffo Park. The import duties of 
 is. per cwt. on foreign butter (producing in 1859, 
 104,587/. on 421,354 cwts.) wore repealed in 18O0, 
 
 • .loliii Stuart, earl of Bute, born 1713; seeretar)- of 
 state, Marcli, 1761 ; prime uiiiiister. May, 176a; Uie 
 10 March, 1792. 
 
 BUI 
 
 Butler iinported, 1846, 2 
 
 1874. '.619,808 (Wt • 
 
 &'"«^>''S'.MJ4ewt.;(, 
 l8«H(butter;, I,67(,4J{,. 
 '•«•'• ; '««9 (butter ,^1,,, 
 l,24l,f)(JO ewt. ; |,s,Kj ( 
 
 (margarine) i,07(,,«50ew 
 eivt. ; (margarine) i,2,», 
 J,o.i7,7l8 ewt. ; (rnaigaii' 
 
 "H'n""' ", .'■'""positl.a. , 
 bittrr, MoM „, |,,„„,„„ 
 
 wlHdesnnie l,y ,.|„i||,.|,(, , 
 
 be name to nl,.„„„„.j,,„ 
 bi'.UKlit in uiMl ivitlnlm, 
 Deeiicv As.s,H'imi„„f,,n,„, 
 
 Uy tbe MaiKai-l,,,. Act itS8, 
 stances like l,u(t,.,. |„n,t h 
 after I .Ian. ,888. 'I'l,,. t«r 
 tbep,„duet„rniilk,.rei-™ 
 
 Uutter nianiiliic'tuieil fioni c, 
 nulling into use, ,888: 11 
 lioiii wlienee the nuts mv 1 
 
 riie Mianiitaetiiii^ of Jr lio 
 butter, liegmi „t .Moutlianip 
 
 BUTTONS, an earl vn 
 those covered with cloth 
 eouiage th<' inanufiutture ot 
 i;2l. Buttons largely 
 ladies' dresses, 1873 t-f aaj. 
 
 BUXAR, a town in ] 
 ^i.*'- '7<H., niajor, afterw 
 (with 857 iiuropeans and 
 great victory over tlic troop 
 to., 50,000 in number ; 6o( 
 and 1 jo pieces of cannon wi 
 the Jiiiglish Was trifiing. 
 
 BY-LAWS, or Bye- 
 
 nanees, made by subordiiiati 
 eoriiorations. i'licsu laws in 
 the law of the land. By 1 
 those made by corjiorute bod" 
 Jisullowed by the king's cot 
 alter their enactment. 
 
 BYE PLOT (also ten 
 pnsiiig Plot), planned by G 
 ot lord t'obham, sirtiiiHiii I 
 ttiltonand two Boinaiiist iir 
 to eompel him to cinnige his 
 tolention of their religion, , 
 
 
HUTTONS. 
 
 <«74. I,6l.>,«(,« ^',„, .i); '**'"; '.'59,210 owt.i 
 
 "*rr. iMrlot ,wt ,«s- ' ' ''''sy.4')2 cwt. ; 
 
 (butter/ ifcSfA;'^., v. ',™-^' 2.f)'.,jr.{ .wt.; ,««; 
 
 '■«■(• ; '««y but .)f^' ,;-'•«. i'",";!!'":"'"^ '•'-5''n43 
 
 miiixiinne) l,o-i, HiC r^t ■ .u \ n' ''' '' '"'• I 
 
 T;',::;^;;,;';;;''r::,!;;:;■^«^::^- ,^H"i«.it.,t,. ^,/ 
 
 IM,.„cv As.„„.i„ii„„ ,„M„" ',886 5 *• ""■ "»tt.n„„ 
 U.v the Marj{«iiii,. Ac! ifix, i,?.,?' ■ 
 
 aftrr . ,J,i„. ,888. Tl,t« ,/.,';;', !'.'V""''" mi'l 
 
 liuttci- niai.iiliii'tuiv 1 r , , , '"'' ' ''^ "''» '"■'■ 
 
 iildies' dresses, i8;3,.f„^, *-'"?'"> '^'^ '" ornament 
 
 18,i 
 
 BYZANTIUM. 
 
 BUXAR, 11 town in Bensnl neir u,l.i,.», 
 23 0ct I7(,4, major, »tterw«,"«* i, h "..t^! M ' "" 
 (with 85; iiuropoans and 02u -nm V ' in I"" 
 greiit victory over the trootm ,,,>>,,' '-'"'\''\S""";'J a 
 to,, 50,000 ni nun^ber Zv, '/m ""''"'' "* ''"•J", 
 ana <> pieces of ctn o'n^^'^t;;''-' ^:;";; f '"^"i; 
 the English was trifling. ^'"' '""" »* 
 
 those made by corporate bmliesK ,-,• '**.^4' 
 
 "f loid Cobban^ sir tiiittf,, \ .ntl,,, I n'"^^"-'" 
 
 Wilton .„d t^v,;i{o^■a list ,h:n''";.IT', ?'■'■>" "/ 
 to compel liim loeban-e lisnii.'f .''''""''' ^• 
 tototua, of tlieir re h.'io i' 'T, ! ""'^ '"»■■"" 
 n.ii„ioii, 4,c, ijie uoiHpuators 
 
 ' a m-o o'f ?;, '• '" *'">■• '7.S".."Mden,ned,for 
 
 iV.:,;:;^a;'«Si:^;d:;4Mif::"'rsr:'' ■^'^" 
 
 lelflEi''^ VOYAGE. Commo,lore Byron 
 
 "twiSiI;;;:;':'.""' '» "» -i-" »' *• «"• 
 
 pace II 1',.';''!,"''' '"' " P'-'d'-stal near Hamilton- 
 pron'ised bj Ihe oVeik* '^ """''''" 1'^"^"^"" *"* 
 
 .iu^I^K;-vSor'tHro"''in'',s-!'\''"'-^^' 
 
 was changed ,0 Oti.i^i a^'ihe'h,- '^j^/^hlXit 
 
 Sa^KicirxS^r^iabr 
 
 toKmy ot Jlegariana, under Byzas, (Mr n c ■ but 
 
 z:s:i^ivrlhP*^^\T'r"^«r°' '^ "-'''"""» 
 
 a..8 r„ Y,n ^„ .'"'• ^'if'"' Athenians, and Spar- 
 ta 8 In 340 B.C., in alliance with the Athenians, 
 the Byzantines defeated the Heet of Philip of 
 Macedon. During the wars with ilacedon Syria 
 
 two ,. r!' i '^- .".'^belling, it was taken after 
 t«o J ears siege, and laid in ruins by Severus in 
 
 dfd\oJ\"''"' '"^r"^"'^ by Constantine 1^,324" and 
 &,Wr'.' 'f *'"h330,all the heathen temples 
 bng destroyed; and from him it received its name 
 ronw;;f:;;''r^''p Bvzantine art tlourMed 
 BYZAvr.vl V Constantine to about 1204. 'l'h« 
 
 •om /2-tf?;, -"'^ ',• '""»« Historians," 
 -lT-^.n?,l»fl^53, were,.; bl idled at Paris, 1645. 
 I, II , and atVeuice, 1722-33. ' ^-^ 
 
 i:;.'^ 
 
 
 /It'*"! 
 
 ",^^",j'i/'^ 
 
 •"':w 
 
 ./■" J 
 
 
li 
 
 CAAIU. 
 
 1H» 
 
 ( AHl'IOLKTM. 
 
 c. 
 
 (•l. 
 
 ' .* 
 
 fj''^ i 
 
 ii I 
 
 CAABA, till' sli'ini'of tlir Kiicrrd liliM'k ■(tiiiii', 
 kept in ii lcrn|ilc iil Mi. r;i, miiiI Vfiiiiiili'il liv tlic 
 Anilis, liiii« lictnii' llic CliiUtiiiii cni, U* niiiirmiiiii, 
 Mil' IrilM' of K'nci^li, Hi IV (l.'li'Mlrd l)y .MallDlilct, 
 liy ivlicirti' Icillcuvcru it h slill vi'iicnilcil. 
 
 CABAL. Ill Kn;<liKli liiHtciiv tl.i- t.rm liiiM 
 bfcii iipplii'd 1(1 till ciililni't (if C'liiirlfi IF. H>li'-~.>i ; 
 the wcinl C'lilial liciiiK Iditncd hmii tin- iiiithilM nj' 
 
 tlicir liiiiucs ; Kir '11 lUfi, iil'tcrwHiil.i Idid Cllirinil 
 
 (C) ; the liird Anlilrv (A), (iiflirwiiriU c;!!! <'( 
 Slmftcsliurv) ; (ici>r<j;r VillicrK, duke "I HikIuiik- 
 ImMi(lt); llciirv, liiid Arliii);t(iii (A); iind Jcdiu, 
 (iukc iil'Ijiiulrid'iili' (I.). Till' term Imd lii'fli lire- 
 viiiiisly ii|)plicd to II wii'ct liiclidii CI- ciiliiiit't. 
 
 CAHRAGKS. .Somu' new kiiiiU were lirmiltht 
 toEiiuliind t'liim Hullaiid uliinit l,;io, it i^^ said liy 
 sir Artiiiii- Vsliliy nf Dmsrt, iind iiitrodui'cd into 
 Scotland by Croniwrll's ■^nldici-s. 
 
 CABBALA, a JiH isli system of pliilusopliy or 
 thcosopliy, diTivins its name fnmi a Hi'lacw word, 
 siffiiifvinc reception or tradition, said to have lieen 
 (■iveu'byUod to Adam, and Iransniittecl frmr' fallier 
 to son liy liis desceniliints. It is said to liavc iieeii 
 lost at the Hahvhmian captivity (5H7 II. c), Imt to 
 liave been ruvealt d a^'ain to Ezra. Its supporters 
 assert tliat tlie cablifilistic book '• Sidiar," or 
 "Splendour," a mystic couinieutary on the I'enla- 
 teuch, was first ciimniilti'd to wntin;; by .Simon 
 lien Jochai, A.i). 72-110. 'I'lii' Irucdate (d'the books 
 contuiuint; the cabliala is now co^^^idered to ranjfe 
 from (jth to the 141)1 centuries, and their ori^'iii to 
 be the minjjliiiK of talmudism with the (ircek 
 philosophy termed Nco-I'latonism. Some of tlieir 
 diik'mas are akin to (,'hristian tenets, sneli as the 
 trinity, tlie incarnation, icn. Tlie cabbala e.\ercis( 1 
 much' iiitluenc<' upon the mental development of 
 the Juws, and even captivated the greatest thinkers 
 of the lOth and I7tli centuries, 
 
 CABEIKA (Asia Minm). Here Mithridates, 
 kill!,' of I'imtus, was did'eated by LucuUus, 71 It.c. 
 
 CABINET COUNCIL. There wer<' councils 
 in Env:land as early as the rei|,'n of Ina. kiiif; ol 
 the West .Saxons, (lip; Olla, kinjfof the Mercians, 
 758; and in other veii;iis of the Heptarchy. State 
 councils are referred to Alfred tiie (Jreat. Sjiel- 
 inan ; sec Af/iiiinhfratioiis* 
 
 CABLES. A machine was invented in 1792 
 for nuikiuf; tliciu, l)y which human labour was re- 
 duced nine-tenths, "rhaiu cables were introduced 
 into the British navy about 1S12; directions for 
 testing' them enacted, |S()4 and 1874. " 'V(/y/c 
 J-'iinii," see .li/firii/fiO( , |S()4. 
 
 CABOCHIENS, an armed liur-undiau faction, 
 indiulin;,' 5(X) b\ilihcrs, named from their leader 
 Simonet Caboche, a skinner, I4t2. They ruled 
 I'aris with violence, and eun.-trained tlie doctors of 
 the Sorhonne to become their allies and the dau- 
 ]diin to recognise them i;s the "White Hoods," and 
 reformers. They were e.\t<Tininated by the citizens, 
 in 1418. 
 
 ' t'.uiixKT Xiiili, or " Dark Closet," tlic cbaadicr in 
 wlii'-'i ii'ttcrs enrrnsti'il to the Frcm-b post were ojicncil 
 for state iiarim.scs. I'lic svsteai, whieli lic;,'iiii witli 
 J.iiuis XI.. WHS iaii.ini.-.i'ii uiiiier I.nuis XV. ; lUiil is saiil 
 TO have iii'CM itiscnntiiiut'il ia i8fi8. The Spanisli ^,'ovcrii- 
 mcat have .1 .^iiuilar syslini— ■' (ailiiinfe ne^;ro." 
 
 CABIMOLl'lTS (rii/i/o Cabs), onc.)i,ir-iJ 
 
 vehirle>, weie iiitrmh I inlothe streets of l.oncleii 
 
 in lH2\, wlien the number plyiii« was twelve. Ii 
 j |8}| thev had increased to Ki^ "ml ''i'" "i' 
 I licences were thrown open. Tlie number in I.Vli? 
 running- in the uutnipnlis exceeded (««) (of wbi. I, 
 I about I.SiK) olih plied on Sunday). rrevioa> 1,, 
 I throwiu;:: open the traile, the number of haikin) 
 carriage' was liiiiiled t" I2i«i, when there were li » 
 omniba~i- Niiiulier in 1871 was 7818; in 1H.S1, 
 i)(ii2; l8i);. 7.|i)^ lianMims; 5,(11 5 clarences : l.Si)), 
 7.2(18 hHii>"ms, ^.(i.'i) rlarences: l8i)(i, 7,^8:; han- 
 soms, 3,44') chirclices. See lldckiHi) dviivhts. 
 
 Mr. .(iiscpb .Moysiiis llalisoia, iircbitcct, Ipivciitcil 
 his paleiit saVety cab utioiit 1833. He illcil jy 
 .lane, laSj. 
 
 Cull Stril.r Oil .i3 ,1,uie. iSsi, nil act (lallc.l Mr. 
 H'ilzHov'i act) WM1 pa-scd for " tlic better ivj;ala- 
 
 tloii of' tiopnntiia sla'^e anil iMiikncy caniiiKcs. 
 
 and for pinliil.illiii; tlie use of adveitlsliiK 
 
 Velliclcs." liv wlliell tlie eali flllcs v.'CIc rcilllccl 
 
 to fii/. a iiiilc. II caine into epcratliin 11 .laly, 
 ami on tlie jtIIi a v'cniriil strike i.l' the I.iiimIihi 
 calaiiea look iiliicc. .Minli inconvciilcnic \v;is 
 felt, anil every Uiml of vehicle wii.< eiii|iloyiil lo 
 supply tlie ih-lieiciicy. Some aUcraliMiis liaviii^' 
 been laailc ill Iheiiit, the caliH re-aiipcarcd oil tin; 
 staiiils on the iuth. 
 
 Cal n's clubs licKiUi at PmlilliiHtoii In . . Feb. 1859 
 
 .\ l.iindon (tcncral Cab C.iiiipaiiy publlslicil its 
 prospectus, pi-ii('esslin; a reroriia'd syslciii, .Inly, 1862 
 
 Cabs riiiiniiiK In l.oniloii : in 1855, 121)6 ; in 1867, 
 6141); in 1S74, 7Hf).( ; in 1877,111101118001. 
 
 rah Tnnii'.hi. Si. II. Iluiil, a servant iit lillthr ami 
 
 McCulloeb's, s Isiinn. C.iveiit-Karih 11. I.nmlun, 
 
 piiisoiieil his H il'e ainl ehililreii in 1 call, mi ? Nnv. 
 186] : ami liini.ieM' "ii o Nov. at bis own lioasc, 
 lust lielole his .iplilehelisinn. 
 
 The eiiliiiii II ill I'aris .stiilie iipiinst a eniii|iiiiiy : 
 
 ' alioee juK.Vellirles stii|.l" cl, ift.llllle ; liclVI. attlli'k 
 
 ' on men Willi ;;ive ill : strike subsides 3\.laiic. 1S65 
 
 Senmil riihSlril,e. Metro|iolitaii Streets .\et.,;!. A: 
 31 Viet. e. i7(passe,l jo .Vn^;.) rci|iiiicil laakiiiy 
 earriiws to carry laiiips : ami clianj;ei| Inwcst 
 fare from 6'(. to i<. Tlie cali-piopi iciors iiml 
 drivers struck at 1 pin , 3 lice. ; Imt liv tin- 
 intcrvcntiiai of lonl Klrlei, an iirraii>;eiaciit wn.s 
 ni.iilcwilh Mr. Iliilh.iine Manly, the lioiae si. ic 
 taiy, all.l tiie sllike .eased . . . 4 lire. 1^*7 
 
 TliirilCiihSliihrt lapel railway .■iinipaiiies toilis- 
 
 continne privlli>>e.l e.ilis . nnsnecessful, 5-9 Si'i.t. iSfS 
 
 Lieeiii'i's on cabs iTiliiceil from iql. ami 17/. t.i 42-'. 
 bv net of 1861) I Jim. '':" 
 
 C. l',.(lih-n:-i' l:,'iirnJ'iit .l,...i,.;«(;iia lollllilcil . . , 
 
 First I'i'hiiii'ii'K sh'll' I- ..pcni'il by Imn. .\. Kiiiii.iinl 
 at Ml. .lohn's.wii.iil, e I'eli. 187s; otlieis .s.inn 
 after. Cithitiei,'^ Mhsi,,,, lli'll. KiiiK's-cross, I..111- 
 iloii. \.. opeiie.l 12 S..V. 1875. Tliirty-iiine 
 Shrltnstn iS3S 
 
 Disputes .■ilieiit wa^cs : l.i.k.ait of ii»i ihivus 
 (liansom), ■27 .Iniie. ifS2. . h'si'.l : prop..sc.l i>l,il.. 
 llslimellt of Cab-ilrivers' C i-ii|.erative Cub .■..ill- 
 piiiiv, about SQ .Inly, iE8j. 
 
 Strike of till! Shrewsbury-Talbot I'.ib eniiipaiiy's 
 iiica . ...".... April. iNa 
 
 SI like of about iiKi other cabmen i4.\|.ril; .Iciiieii. 
 si ration in Ily.l.-paik 10 April ; striki' t;r:iiliiiilly 
 snbsi.lcil . 
 
 The cab ilistancer .r.l.r ami faie-iii.liciit..r ..f 
 
 .McHsi's. W. (J. Owen aii.l W. lirimes il.'s.'i-ilii'.l. 
 'I'imci 2Q Sept. ., 
 
 ITm lanvly-biri 1 I. . 111. b. 11 Cab-drivers' iiiiinii 
 
 oiilers a" sinke a;;:iinsi ibe iiiii|iiiel.iis. wiiiiii 
 bejiiiis lO.May, i3u4 ; littl.. public iiicoiivcnii'iif.': 
 about 7<x<) ii'Cii on strike; niediatiun .if Mr. 
 Asi|iiitli ; nieeliiejs a! Ilie bouse of coiiaiiuiis. 
 
 (MBUL or (<v,„„ 
 alieiK 1774. In I'iniMiir .S 
 .\li:li.inistiiii. .V lliitjsh 
 f'"(,r SCO .l/.//,„„i.,/„„ ■ 
 Ijo Shops burnt, 4 ,|e,iths 
 
 CACHET, see iMfir 
 
 CADDEE. <M- hKM> 
 
 (lie leajjne 01 llldepeuden,., 
 Iiy the Uris.ais to resist ,1 
 I4I.J. A see. mil leiii^iie ,>| 
 (III' (irise or (ira\ i.e.ejiu 
 (lie l.caKiie of Ten .luri.. 
 14,^(1; see (,'nmi,.\. 'Hn-y 
 
 (.'ADE'iN IXSl'UUE 
 
 Ink ( .idc, an Irisliniaii, w 
 M.iilinier, laid befure tiie 
 pl.aiit iif the I oniiiions of 
 :ii,i).Ki Kentish men, who 
 iii'iiistcrs, and jiro.Mire a 
 II.' ilcfcated anil slew sir 
 .S.veniiaks, 27 June, enlei 
 .■mil lielieaiied the lenl tre 
 n.'Vcnihillicr per.siiiisof eons 
 ilii' iusni'ifcnts lost jirounii, 
 I'l'i. laiincd, and Cade, de-ert 
 .1 reward haviiiff been oll'eri 
 Ii.' «iis discovered, and refi 
 N.iiii liy Alexander Iden, (,h, 
 
 C.\DET'S COLLEGE 
 
 C.VDIZ (W. Spain), an 
 
 iii;iii tiades ; said to have liei 
 
 ■""iSiiliuilt 1100 li.c. J'(,|ni 
 
 "ii.^ liiiiiilreil Vessels of n,,, .si 
 
 >li...vi'il ill (li.'piii'i l.vsir KiMi 
 
 '■I'llZMllShlk.ll l,y (he Kll.-lisl, 
 
 KiM-.v, mill pliiml,.i,.|| 
 V.iiilyiit|jiik..| liv sir (ieoi'ire it 
 "''"l<ii''lc'l hv llie liritish 
 
 '""'^•';i< .^ i.a.ist. Viii.cMt'r, 
 
 .V;iii1i..miImi.U.,1 l,yil„. 1,1 j, 1,1, 
 
 .Ui™.lisipiaili,iii„r In, .ships 
 liVnlu sari'einler to tin.. ,>j,„ 
 
 "'t'-'-'l by the French, I,nt flit 
 'irii'illic battle (if.Salaiiiam'a 
 
 iMirii'itiiin ,8,5; iii.'is.sai'ru of 
 i.y tlii-.si)iih.iy . 
 
 l'ik.'iil.ytliel'Vea.Iiin()et'. ,823 
 hi'.l.a.'(hi Iri'c piat 
 l!.<iam'li,m ii;;aiiist the ,,iie'cii ]„ 
 lit'ii'|si'i..>.V».i,o . 
 
 "'I'lil'liciniiiisiincetioiisn'iiiire'Hsc 
 
 N':ilali'.vliihiti,.i, ..priinl 
 
 C.\r)Mir.\r„ a metal, 'disc 
 '"111 lli'niiiinn in iKi,S. 
 
 C.IDOUDAL, see Oany,:, 
 
 C.i:ciLL\N SOCIETY 
 
 ' "''"11'" iV ''"' ""' lii-i'liii'iuai 
 
 ','■"' y I'aiaiel's. M fn-^t 
 
 -"'17' 'iftcrvvards at variou.s , 
 "'Ifiiinllyat .Albion hall, Moi 
 ■'"U!i"ii in i,S(,i. M,-. z \y 
 
CAliVL. 
 
 '■'""I"" ''-il'.N.t |„i«<,.,| ■ ■ • ■ " ''l""'. "E'M 
 
 >*<„i ■ .,'.„7,„.i ' . , " '"""'ly ^tiiiiniiH, jn 
 
 • ,■ "I'i'lii'il lailiii f II,,. ,1,.,,. V . 
 
 trniHiil |iilMlr«,, HjHtnji at niilu-ny 
 
 CA iiu: 
 
 ■n .. t Mi"' "'"■'!":"!'• «'" i't.V- n.i..,. iMuny 
 •■"imi lit i)ii]||.,,i„|,„i „„„„., |„|^_ ; 
 
 nn'\^:^. ;V ^ I, ■...,..), a plm,. .,f i,n|,n:tarht. l.,.f„r,. 
 
 t'iki 11 1^:'7.; '?''■'■"''''''' '''''''''•*''''■''• i'^"" 
 
 Klii'IrIc' rnliH, N,. 
 
 .IMMMiH , ,1. ■ V j .1 '•■""" """'" '"I'ltul i.f 
 
 CACIIKT, NIC l.vllmih Cmlui. 
 
 1.1'kC.iilis an Jnllnn, , ;,V,a-saa,; /iV'"^' '^5". 
 
 ^:;.i.i:;:!:^rV''i^!r:z. r'r --^^^^^^^^ 
 
 till' iiisiii'jf.iits list uniiinil a ,',,,. ii-^-, " '"" 
 A ivwjid liaviiijv HTM (ill'cird f,,;. i,i , "i-'Slled. 
 
 ''^7'ii;-vi'^^i,aM,i:.;,;:l,!^' ^3:;:;";;'';' 
 
 C.\DET'S COLLKGE, «.■.■ .sw»,M„,.y. 
 ('ADIZ (\y Spain). aMri.ntlv Ga.liz tho I{„ 
 
 i: ;t:t^^;;;^^;^'''^];'"■7'••'''^^'^•'f';'l'i-^- 
 liiiJiiliril Vi'sscis (if till, Si,.,i,i 1 , ' 
 
 /;->•■'' ill nH',.i.i-.i./sN'V"lH^";,r ''''''" "'- , 
 
 K:^::::;^;:!;Ji:!:;,'^''«''"'''-'|''M)"'i-i..r-^^' 
 
 V.iNhiilliirki-.l l,v .siiMl, .,„■,,,. i'),„,i.' ■ '3 Ni'l't- I5y6 
 "'*l™'l''ill'Vlli('Hi'itjsl, ■ ■ ,-, • '?''■= 
 
 .".... .iiin.n.l..r t„ „.. i, \Jt' ^^lltx^^^ 
 
 ':r:i;ii:?;^^ '''''-'•"■ '■f-'-yiniiiniiianis'^'^ 
 
 ;i',?'iv;.ri::;;'''''''''-«^^ i^;'Hi^lr-'^";;^:r 
 
 's;i:'";;^;;;"' ""■ ''"'■'•" '"■^'"' ^viti.ti,,. ti,...i '"'» 
 
 "■l'"i'i"imiUMun.,.ta.,.s,i,,,,,..s,.,l,vitl,i,l„;ri;o;^;;;'^^« 
 ^vali'sliiliiti.'ii ,,|„']ii,l . •5"'.< "'■<■• ,. 
 
 C.\T)MirAr, a Mictal. (li<c(iv(.i-,.,l 1„- u. " ' ' 
 
 CADOUDAL, «o OV«;y/,.v. 
 
 ''"«>' Sufterwanls at various ,•;/.- '" I";"'"*'-' 
 
 ••''.^''"llya,Alf,i„„),^ll'^„;'i^,^;fl-'^^I->K 
 
 CAlOItLEOV, ^^,alnlMutll»l,i,■,.,aI^,lna!l^tati„n 
 
 II iMn,.,j It to .Mnicviu, now St, Oavid's, 5;;. 
 CAKltVAUVoxcx, \v„l,.,). In th,. ,'a.ll,. 
 
 » It , K ; •' V "';■ "'"' ""'■ "IL'harl,.,, but 
 ". -s ,UM MK ( ollrn.,, ,1,,,„,„,.,| l,v li,,, 2„ ^ 
 '■^Vl. l.ipMlal.uM, |X«I,,0,2^,S; ,,S,),,,,,H04. 
 
 "'I'l^iX!,!:,!,^;; ;;•,•-:" "•^■' J^"-'-.«tlu.l,istonan 
 
 1^. C, ISMS,,, .V,,,„,.l. K,,,, is ,,.,l<OM,.i f,„,M .n 
 
 I ^ lsMs,Mvasal,ol,slM.dinalltlM.,.ln,rclK.H 
 
 "'It in lianT,,Ma. IVdr,. I V. „f AiniKon 
 
 in ■I-" 1; did til,, sanir ill I <«5. |t „as n"rd 
 
 St,; •,! ' '".","" ""' """• i'lt" llmt „C. Mir era. 
 
 suhti,„.t lurty.,.,.lif li , tl„. v,.„r; butilb.fo.J 
 
 fl"' ( linstian ,.ra, sul.tra.t thirty- iiiiij, 
 
 "ii^a'''r.!inMMM^^"""'' '''"'^'P- " '■'"■" "'kaline 
 ;;^,!vi';,'- '"-'-"f "'- "Sla.,.,n,Mi analysis," 
 
 i;;,,;;.|,;:nMMaMi,.d,,i.ii,,,),,^;::;;;-i:;^''-- 
 
 !;J' II^M.v :,| 111, tw,. was ,„.„v,,l by J.'.b.st and Mulder 
 4AFFUAHTA. AM. CA..KK Wak. .ee 
 CAGLfAllI, sec .V-vz/rv, n,ite. 
 
 IIU I II,.,, ,n I,,,.,.,.,,, ji, ,„-,l|.,.t„, ,.„„ tbeeni.niv 
 
 "n';,ss;i; •■"• ?;i ';^;„?' ,;:;',•, ^'"'«>'^ ':-< ""'tins, font 
 
 
 
 )<( ' ,f*''»*t'',;l''li 
 
 ;rti«^l 
 
 
1' 1 
 
 i! 
 
 Illi 
 
 i]'» ' 
 
 s 
 
 If : 
 
 CAIRO. 
 
 186 
 
 CALCUTTA. 
 
 969 
 
 ■ 517 
 
 ■ 754 
 
 1793 
 
 1801 
 1811 
 1862 
 
 1879 
 
 CAIKO, orGUAMiCAIliO, IliciiKHlfni lapititl 
 of fcigyjit, rciniirKiililu lur itsiiios(iiii'.s, ;iiiil iliusi'iml- 
 (jlires of its l-'atiinitc iiiliplis ; set' Eyi/iit. 
 
 I'iirtiiilly l.uill liy till' S;(r,i( I'lin .... 
 
 'I'likcii liy tlic liiiks 'rnni thi- Kgyiitiiiii siill.iiis . . 
 Kuiiii'il liy Mil nrtliiiiKikr iiiul a giviit tin-, when 
 
 40.000 [■(■rsitns inTislifil hiiir. 
 
 Taken iiy tlic Kiciicli uiiiU'i Napiili'iiu Uiuiaiiaiti' ; 
 
 they I'litiT till.' lity .... 2 j, Inly 
 Taki'ii liy tin' Uritisii iiiul Turks, when 6000 I'lem li 
 
 <-a|ii*ii'lat«'il 27J1111I-, 
 
 Massairv cif till' Maim liiki'.-, . . . i March, 
 Vi.sit (if thi' iiriiiru of Wales . . . Miinli, 
 
 Hints amiiiist Nil bar I'aslia ami the British iiiinisters 
 
 i3 Fell. 
 After their victnry at Tel-el-Keliir, 13 Sei't. i3ii.>, 
 
 the Hritish eiitereil taiin the next ilay. 
 Kleetric tramway niieiieil, i An.:;. 1898. 
 I'dinilatinii ji liec. iS;i, j.'7,40:< ; 1897,576,400. 
 Wee Vlivlirii, 1SS3. 
 
 CALABAR, Old ami Xew, rivors in West 
 Africa, sue lioioii/. 
 
 CALABRL-^ (the aiu'iciit Messapia of S. K. 
 Italy), was L'OiKiiicri'il In the Koiuaiis, 2Wj U.c. It 
 tbriiii'd part of the kiiii;doiii of the Ostrogoths under 
 Tlieodorie, A.u. 493 ; was re-i-oiiquered (for the 
 Eastern empire) by lielisariiis, 530 ; .siilidned by the 
 Lombards iuul joined to the dueliy of iienevento, 
 "2. After various (•liani;i's, it was coniinered by 
 Kol,ert (iuiseard, the Norman, w-fi. who obtained 
 the title of duke of Calabria, and eventually that of 
 king of Naples. Topulation, 181JO, l.30<),554; see 
 Naplen. 
 
 CALAIS (N. W. Frame), fortitied by Baldwin 
 IV., comit of i'lamlers, 91)7 ; taken by Kilward III. 
 after a year's sie^'e, 4 Ann. 1347. It was retaken by 
 the duke of Unise, in the reign of Mary, 7 Jan. 
 1558, and its loss so deeply touched the ([ueeii's 
 heart, as to eanse some to say it oecasioiied her death, 
 which occurred soon afterward.s, 17 Nov. same year. 
 "When 1 am dead," .said the queen, " Calais will 
 be found written on my heart." It was taken by 
 the Spaniards, April, l^jt), restored, 151J8. About 
 12 persons drowned in a limise by liursting- of a 
 reservoir, 30 Jan. 1882. The neiv harbour and 
 'lorks were opened by president C,u'iiot,3Jum', 1889; 
 sec Tiiinii'1.1. 
 
 ■s. Sept. 1890 ; eniloil by 
 s . . 3.J ( let. 
 
 Gate III' (ilinis" itiveli to 
 
 li\ the link W.'St- 
 
 . llee. 
 
 Great strik.; of l.-.ce-worl, 
 coiieessinii of the mast 
 
 Hogiirth's picture ot the 
 the National (ialleiy 
 minster 
 
 189a 
 
 1895 
 
 Li;' 
 
 CALATRAVA, see K„i,,/,f/„>o,/. 
 
 CALCIUM, the metallie baae of lime, was dis- 
 covered at the Koyal Institution, London, by Hum- 
 phry Davy in 1808. 
 
 CALCULATIXO MACHIXES. To avoid 
 errors in eomputiiig and iirintmg logarithms and 
 tables of figures, machines to calculate and print 
 have been devised. Pascal, when nineteen years of 
 age, invented one about 1O50. The constru'ciion of 
 Mr. C. Babbage's ditferential machine was com- 
 meneed at the e.xpense of government in 1823, and 
 continued till 1833, when the work was suspended 
 after an expeiulitiire of 17,000/. Tlie portion 
 completed was jilaced in the library of King's Col- 
 lege, London; it is now at ISouth Kciisiiigton. I'ro- 
 fessor Clifforl, .11 his lecture ut the Itoyal Institu- 
 tion, 24 ilay, i<S72, stated that Itabbagi e.Kpeiided 
 20,CXX)/. upon his machines, and that the analytical 
 niiichino was nearly finished, and w \ild eventually 
 bo luui'h used. •' Babba^e's Cal, ulatmg Engines ; a 
 Collection of Papers relating to them," was published 
 by liis son, lien, IJabbage, in 1889. 0. Itabbagedicd 
 l87r, aged 78. In 1857, Messrs. li. and U. Seheutz, 
 
 two Swedish engineers, ])ublished in London spn i- 
 men tables, calculated and printed by machini.A 
 constructed between 1837 and 1843, after a study ni 
 the account of Mr. Ualibage's machine. -Mcsm^. 
 Seheutz brought their machine to England in 185), 
 It was bought for 1000/. by Mr, J, h\ Kuthboiie, an 
 American merchant, to be presented to Dudle\ nh- 
 eervatory in his own town, Albany. In 1857, Sle>Ms. 
 Seheutz were engaged to make one for the liriii.-h 
 government, which was completed, ilr. Wibcr^ '^ 
 machine, exhibited at Paris, peb. 18O3, was nnnh 
 eommended. Tables constructed by means m 
 Seheutz's machine, and edited by Dr. W. Parr, wei-,. 
 published by the government in 18O4. The ai ith- 
 mometer, patented by JL Thomas (deColniai) in 
 1822 ('r), exhibited at tlie International exhilntini,,, 
 1851 and l8ti2, is said to be in use in assuranic 
 olhces. Geo. B. Grant described a simpler maeliuu' 
 in the "American Journal of Science," Oct. 1.S74. 
 Other machines have been constructed since. 
 The ''ealcnlating boy," tieorge 1*. Bidder, hoin 
 14 June, i8u6 ; noted in 1815 fl ••^''ij. ; president 
 of the institution of civil unglncers, 1860-61 ; 
 
 died 20 .Sept. iS^-i 
 
 An "arithmometer," for aihling up lignres ami 
 prinliiif,', was invented by .Mr. Biuronghs in the 
 L'liit-'d States, .iml introduced into this conntiy 
 
 by .Mr. H. 10. Winter in iSq. 
 
 M, Jaciines Inauili, a yoniig Italian, eiiiineiit in 
 ineiital arillimetic, \isiteil I'aris and London in 
 the spring of 
 
 CALCUTTA, capital of Bengal and Ihitbl, 
 India; ttie tiist settlement of the Lnglisb here Wii- 
 made in 1O89. Population, 1881, -L>(),2i)H; i8yi, 
 840,130. 
 rurehaseil as a zemindary, and Fort William bnilt i6iy-, 
 
 170; 
 
 .Made the head of a separate piesiileney 
 The flirt attacked ami taken by an army of 70,000 
 horse anil lout, and 400 eleiilnintr (146 of tlie 
 British ciamineil into the " Ulack-hole prison," a 
 dungeon, abmit 18 feet sipiare, from whence 
 23 only came forth the next inorning alive) 
 
 20 June, 17s 
 Calcutta retaken by Clive . . . 2 Jan. 175 
 
 ■77. 
 17»< 
 
 l3l, 
 itiij 
 
 i86t 
 
 1867 
 187J 
 
 Supieiiie ciiiirt III jiiilicature established 
 
 .Asiatic siieiety tonmleil ... 
 
 College I'unnileil ijo 
 
 Bishiipric of Calintta instituted by act, July. 1813 ; 
 lirst bisliii|i, TlioiiKis F. .Middleton 
 
 Bishop's cullege liinndeil 
 
 Cathedral foiimbd 
 
 An industrial cxliibitiini iipened . . . 25 Jiin. 
 
 Ureal cychine, luUiiwed by a " bore " or spring tide 
 in thcliiioghly ; water r'i.ses 30 1'cet high ; inuiieii.se 
 danuige done to slii)>piiig and liouses ; aliutit 
 6'j,T<x> iiersons said to have perished 5<*ct. 
 
 Aiiiithcr cyclone ; aliitnt 30,000 small houses iin- 
 roofed, tnuidi small shipping in.iured : anil the 
 crops in Lower Bengal de.stioyeil (about 90,000 
 persons drowned ; 75,000 die of ehoier.i), 1 Nov. 
 
 Visited by the king lit Siani . . . Jan. 
 
 Visited by the prince of Wales, 25 Dec. 1875— 3 Jan. 187' 
 
 Statue of lord .Mayo unveiled by him . i Jan. ,, 
 
 Statue of the iiueeii given by the inaharajiili of 
 Biiiilwaii, unveiled . . . . i Jan. \ip 
 
 Diternational exhibition opened by the viceroy, 
 the maniuis of Itipon, the duke and duchess iif 
 C'liiinaiigbt present, 4 Dec. iSl)3 ; closed 10 March, 1884 
 
 Destructive cyclone; the Sir ,/nlni hnrieiuT iiml 
 tlie tug lieh'irrir lost, uljoiit 700 lives Inst, 
 
 23 May ft >f'i. 1287 
 
 About sixty persons killed by tlie collision of a 
 ferrysteanier witha tug-lmat near Calcutta 6. Nov. ig-j 
 
 Visit of prince Albert Victor ot Wales, great fes- 
 tivities 313 Jan. 1891 
 
 Fatal religious riot, -May, i3gi ; trial ol rioters, 
 
 5 Aug. 15)1 
 
 Statue of the nianiuis of DuM'erin unveiled, 8 Dee. ,. 
 
 Cydoiip; 64 men drowned while unloading the 
 ''.■iim.i/ini, reported , . . . 29 .May, i3j; 
 
 Destructive eartlupiake, the cathedral, chnrclii's, 
 and other buildings damaged ; 8 natives killml in 
 a panic, 3 |i.iii. . laJuue, lij? 
 
 CAL 
 
 Serious Mahonnidan rii 
 called out, n rioteis 
 imlice, 29, 30 June ,, 
 elli'cted 
 
 '■itatiie of lord llobcit,' 
 
 Hi'V. J. K. C. Weildoii, I 
 natcd bishop . 
 
 See Jleiiii 
 
 CALEDOXIA, tin 
 bcolland, north of the w 
 liy iiicitiis, wfio died 
 that it retained this 1 
 was invaded by a tribe 
 Heotiii. The ancient inhu 
 the Caledonians and P-c 
 passeil over from the opp 
 the beginning of the 4tl 
 era they were invaded (as 
 liytheScnythsor Scytliii 
 having driven the Puts in 
 
 Lowlands, and gave their J 
 see HcoI/iiik/, 
 
 Caleiliini.in monarchy, nivth 
 
 foiiiiileil by Fergus' I. 
 The I'iets from FJiiglainl sett 
 Agiiiul.i, the itoiniiii, invade 
 lie defeats tialgaciis, and bn 
 
 Fiiitli and Clyde 
 Wall iif Aiitiiiiii'ins biilH 
 L'liiiii.s .Maieelhis rejiels their 
 I'hi'i.sli^iiiity introilineil in Hn 
 The L'aleilonians invailcSontl 
 by till- eniiieror Severus 
 Moray Fritn . 
 Cali'ilonia invaib'd by the So 
 
 Ireland, about . 
 t'ali'iliiuian nioinirchv revived 
 Kclllletii 11., king ol'the .Scott 
 (liiiiiaiis and I'icts, nnd lo 
 imnnlSivlliinil. 
 
 CALEDOXIAX AS^ 
 
 I'hildreii of indigent lespei 
 Islington, London, eatablisi 
 l()0 thilJren were inaintaii 
 C'aleiloiiian Society of Loin 
 vals, 25 Jan. Burn.s's birthd 
 
 CALEDOXIAX CA> 
 
 Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, 'J 
 lion received the ro\'al asse 
 the works were eoninieiiced s 
 intercourse between the wi 
 liritiiin and those also of Ire 
 anil Baltic, is shortened in .s, 
 in others 1000 miles. A sun 
 iterling was granted b\- jiar, 
 time ; and safe ua\-igation fo 
 Aov.1822. It has not been su 
 Annual income from tonnage 
 Mpenditme, 6951/,; annual i 
 0541/.; expenditure, OlK)8/,; re 
 ;,530/, ; expenditure, 10,001/. 
 
 CALEXDAR, see Jeui.s, 
 I le Komau calendar was int 
 'vhodivided the year into ten 
 304 days, -38 B.C. This year 
 liinatum than the lunar year 
 "laii the solar year, and its coi 
 
 OTi'e.^poiidwithaiivfi.xed.si.aso 
 ,'3»'t'', added two months ; a 
 li'f', to make it more corre<t ti 
 3()i (lays (1 hours, everv fourth ■ 
 or leap-year; see Leap-i/ea,: ' 
 '•f''<'tive. Hs the solar year co, 
 ) II", 4? nnnutes, «ml not of 
 llii'pontillserroueoush in.sertei 
 
 \\h 
 
Slat,,,, or loniHui;,.,,, •„,„;„,„„■,,, ^,„. ,-;,;!;^;v. 
 
 Milted lllsliop . ' "' "•■IIIOVV, |,„||„. 
 
 See iw„,„',l ji„i /,„,;„, • •^"•-' 
 
 1393 
 
 CALEDOXIA, tlu. R„„,„„ „,.„>,. fo 
 bcDtlaiKl, nor )i of tlio will nt i.,t - 
 
 tnat it .otaintMl tins n.Lv , , !-«^''t '*">■* 
 W..S invaded by a tribe fh.n 1^ ' ';'"'" " 
 
 theCaledoniansand'^l;:;';:;; :^'-';^--^-. 
 passed over troni tlie oomisil.. . .,>.,./ ./ , ' "'"* 
 
 Ihe [.ginning of th.i;^n::,n;^\;;'^;;:^^,,,^-;t 
 
 iTatlievwcromvadcil rwsfit,.,! I,.. v^nu.stian 
 
 by the Scuy tl.s or «c U ^m .t ^Xls:'! T'^f ^ 
 Lowlands, and gave; tlicirii-mi,. t„n. , V^'^ '" '"*• 
 
 3J0 
 140 
 
 84 
 140 
 104 
 
 2U[ 
 
 209 
 
 306 
 404 
 
 TI,elVtsfn,.nK,,,,,,i,|s,.uioii,tlu.-so,,t'l "''''"■' ■ 
 Aglliul.1, the Kolllall, ilUMdes (•;i|e,loMi-. ' 
 
 Keith and Clyde . """"""''•' «'ill liHweei, the 
 Wall of Aiitoiiliius Ijiiili ' ■ ■ • • 
 
 UliihisMareelliisreiielstlieii ii„.„|.,|„,,^ ' 
 (.'hnsliiinity nitrodii.-e.l In ti,,. ,,.i„,i ,.i n 1 i' , • 
 Tla-Caledo,,ia,,s invade ^Sou;';,|;,^:J^"'-;,,^ 
 
 '■Si: ;;!;:;;;'■''. "'^'.'''^ «'•''•''- "■■«-'ti.'fn..u 
 
 CalwhaiLin inonaivliy ivviveil l>v Kei..n^ ii' 
 
 Kiwlh II., kins oMhe,Neotti,-.sulMn.s the r-ile' 
 (liiiaaiis and I'uts, nnd looiel^. .,,, ' 
 
 iiaia,,l.Ve»„«,/. '"""'" """ ""marehy, 
 
 8^8 to 841 
 
 CALEDOXIAX ASYLUM T?nv.r . 
 
 shngon London, oatablishod in 18. I 'i« :> 
 1)6 du dren wm' niaintainfd and ed o.nf,.! r "' 
 
 ^^^t^^^^.^f^^.lZ'.^^ No"'' 
 
 intercourse between the wes ,?, .^'"'"■'dt'cal 
 BriUiinand those uL f I d ,^''t, '^ V ' ^^'^ 
 andUahie, is sliortened in .so ei, hi «''"' ^''" 
 in others 1000 .niles. A "mn fv' e e lin **'^'n'""^ 
 
 r,530/.; e.M.endit..re, lo.roi/ ' ' '"'' '^^'J'- 
 
 ■oent el s'thi ,!',',, ?"' ':'-''""OV"»ounted to 
 
 part of ^-M^,-^'o?'S"ftion/^(tt]'rS'^''' '"''^ 
 
 '■ ' :^^,n.ne^ ^U^^Tf^^^^^^^^ 
 
 not be l.iss.4tle vfth ttn l'*-^ ^l centu-y should 
 
 ;:i^^~ ff^"T■»" 
 
 1893 
 . 661 1 
 
 5«5«-o9 
 
 ■ '3'5 
 
 2051 
 
 I22-I2J 
 
 . 60-61 
 
 (iiisti- 
 
 W,,.tne«„,.,d(.,e,vi;„,ear).:. \s,,:,, 
 l-onndathiii o|- Home (Van'o) ' 
 
 LmtedSUUe.VlndepeVdellee . ' " ' 
 
 »e,u otyiieen \i,.[ori:i 
 
 ^'Bi'ir^iSB'Brri^-^^it 
 
 ilmuer, Ans l.t e A !, ' [^ M.ee.«M>^ly t„ Mosen, 
 
 l-r.de,e, a 'lii I, f ". «• *'"<k,.si,eare, Ueseartes. 
 ""■na.ra.ed every, lily ' "" '"""^•"' '"■'■»^'» »•'» ™u,: 
 
 CALEXD8 weie the tiist dm-Q «f fi, . d 
 
 other ,„ontu. lu.d the A«y».,» on tlie uu „nd tn.. w 
 
 ""the inn. Astlie(i ,.'"'; 3tu Hid tlie/flfe« 
 
 i as rill oieek., bad no Valends, "on 
 », (Ul Urtcma ViileiiUua, meant 
 
 u>i the ijtn. ,V 
 tile Ureeiv Ualend; 
 luver. 
 
 ,iu-^H??' "'""" ,"'""'• "^'""'J f'-"'" Calicut a 
 the nianutaeture has been e,e,,ly rneVeaseU bf i^fj 
 
 CALEXDAR, see Jewish Era and r,,/-.., / 
 '"■■' "- '"*'■' '!^"!fe-...-n.,appUeationsofseienee. C;Und.is tor ^in^: 
 
 ?Oidav« "jSnr. ri, " "'"'"hs, eoniprisin. au 
 
 J&t(£' 1^ 1,^^^^;;;;;^ --"^^^y .l-lv les^ : Z. engraved bv-g:;^,ni;i:""7 '- I'"»t"'K -e 
 
 'h:m llie solar ^ear. I,";!! •),?';,;.'.''.'^ "' «'■«.>-"...' less I have been intiociu«: i v .Z', ''"^ '""">■ ""-T. ^yes 
 
 ;i3 "c, added t«.; months ad J " 'r'"'"''"'' 
 HX'., to make it more correct hxedt »..:'' **" 
 m Javs hours, eye,-,- f„,,f|,;^' '.,'*■ ''■"' >""' '" 
 
 fAvtive. as the solar^^ cons s '0 .'ic''',"' ""^ 
 ,«i"^, 4? .ninntes, and „„t of Oc d ,^ ''r. t^'' ^ 
 n.o pontdls erroneously inserte,! ^ \ft' ■ a u "d.?.: 
 
 te-;;i5-S:KHsSi?z 
 
 John Jli'iver. a ki, 
 30 Nov. itJdo. 
 
 at inipidver or 
 
 DyeiiKj. 
 
 calico-printing, died 
 
 Ensrlish i-w,. 1 ? , .'' ''** '"ken by tlie 
 
 
CALIFORNIA. 
 
 188 
 
 CALPEE. 
 
 1^ ! 
 
 CALIFOIiXIA (fiom the Spiinish, Calieute CALIXTINS, l. Ascctacrived IVomtlie Hii- 
 
 Funiidla, ]\ii{ funiiK'c, in ullusion to tliu clinmte), sites, iiIkhH 1420 demiiiuledtliui'iip ([(iicck./i"/,..) in 
 
 WHS (lisfcivcivil l)v Cdi-tcz in 1537; otliors say by tlio Lord's supper. Tliry wriv ulsoiiiUcd Utraipiist,, 
 
 Ciilirillo ill 1542 ;■ and visited bv sii Francis Drake, as parfakini; of both elements. 'J hey were iv. .,i|. 
 
 who named it New ;vlluoii, in 1579. Californiii was eiled to tlie Uoinan elinreli at the eoiMuil ot llnsli.., 
 
 udniitted into tlie United States in l8sO. The 14,5.5. 2. The followers of (ieor.,'e Calixtiis. a I.u- 
 
 popiilatioii in i,S3(, was 506,067 ; in icS.So, 864,(X)4 ; tlieraii,who died in KjS'i. He wnitt! a-aiiist the , ,11 
 
 ill IiSoo, I.20.S,150. .State capital, Sacraniento. liacv of the iiriesthocal, andiiroposedare-iinionol Cu- 
 
 San Fraiieiseo is tl:e liir"est eitv. tholii'S and I'rotestants based on the Apo.stles' 
 
 Tlie Spaiiisli c.stalilish iiiissioiiiiiy and military 
 
 stations '0«8 
 
 <',ilif'ornia lii'iMiii.^ snlqiit to Mexico . ■ "O-^J 
 
 Altera III Ih'." iv\oinlion, it liecoines virtually 
 
 indipcndint '^'^ 
 
 <l.iii|iieil hv lie- .iiiiiv of tlie Uniteil States . . 1846 
 (iiil.i iliseov, i,M ill -ir.it aliiiadaai-e liy capt. Kiilter 
 
 ami .Mr. .Mar>liall Sept. 1847 
 
 (.'.■lied to the fiiit.'.l St.ites '848 
 
 Millie a .,ove-,ei-n stale '**5o 
 
 Niiiiieioiis niiiiilii.s in San I'raneiseo l.yneli law 
 
 inevailint; "Ssi'i'-i 
 
 Ailliereil to the union ihiriii- tlie war . . 1861-4 begULS. 
 
 .•s,,ir,re,lnineh.l:,ina,u'eliyane:,ith.i.i:ike. =.Sei.f .868 CALLAO (IVvu). After an eavtlinuake, lh, 
 
 '';t:'h' t!::i":;;.r;d'^;:",i::;hair''s;;|ie:';;.d .e,r;?tired f^mShe ^hoi-e, and retnriu.d'i„ in:,n„. 
 
 MiieiilT' of ■■the prini-e," Win. C. liidsl iiia- tainons waves, which destroyed the city in Kj.S;, luiil 
 
 najrer ,..'.. , aliont 25 .Vii;,'. 1S75 on 28 Oct. 1 746. 'J'he iitteiiijit of the Spalli>li nil- 
 <lriatoppositiiiii t" inereasinj;(.'liinese iinmi^nition, iiiinil Nnhez to bombard Callao, 2 Mav, 1.'^(|(^ Wii- 
 
 , , ,, . March 1876 defeated bv the r.riiviar.s; blockaded by C'liiliiuis. 
 IViIitieal a«itatinu canse,! l.v llennis Ke:,r lie - ^^.^, ^.^^.^ I'opniation, 1876 55.^0:. 
 
 i^'ainst e.ish paviaciits MiK- "'7'> ' ' 1 > / 1 .1.) .i 
 
 CALLIGIIAPIIY (beautiful writing. Calli- 
 crates is said to ha\e written an elegant di.-tielidii 
 a sesamiim seed, 472 H.c. In tlie Kith 1 eiitiiiy 
 I'eter Hales wrote the J.ord's I'rayer, Creed, anil 
 Decalogue, two short J.atin jirayers, his own ii:iiiie, 
 motto, day of the month, year cd' our Lord, anil of 
 the reign of iineeii Kli/abcth (to whom he proeiitnl 
 them at Hainpton Court), all within the liirli. ,,| ;, 
 silver pcnnv, enchased in a ring and border nf gulil, 
 and covereil witli crvstal, so accuratelv dune, as to 
 
 rci.cl. 
 
 CALI YUGA, tlie Hindoo era of the Deln;;c, 
 dates from 3101 Ii.l'. (according to some, 5102), an,! 
 begins with the entrance id' the sun into tlie llindm, 
 sign Aswin, now on II -Vpril, N.S. In i6<hi tin 
 year began on ' .\pril, N.S,, from wliicli it has iinu 
 ailviinced fourdavs, and from the jirecession nf tin 
 ei|iiiiio.\es, is still advancing at the rate of ;i linv in 
 si.\ty veai's. Tin' iinmbcr iirodneed by snbtiaitiii;: 
 ;I02 foini any given year of the Cali Ynga era will 
 be the Christian year in which the given \ia. 
 
 Ni'w eiinslitiitiiiii (exiluilinx t'hincse from i-itizen- 
 
 ship; alteiiii;,' taxatiiiii t" favour the working- 
 
 . -lasses ; restri.tlii'-' comii.inics, ite.) iiromoted by 
 
 lii'iinis Keanicv, the iif-'ilator; passed 8 May, 1879 
 I'niitieal disonli-is: Mr-, de Voiiii-, an e.litiir, dau- 
 
 ui-ronslv wuinnls rev. .Mr. KaUock, the elei-tcd 
 
 niavoi- : \ug. ,, 
 
 Violent reaction anainst Kcarncv, who llees ha- his 
 
 |j|-,. . . ' Inly, 1880 
 
 Anti-Chinese hill ].asseil : rcsiih-nt Chinese may 
 
 i-ein.-iin, immiyiants |iinhiliili-il 13 Miin h. 1891 
 
 'Inwiis and \ ill i,.'.-> ill the Sai rameiito valley sill' r 
 
 liv,- ,-irtlM|U.iUe .... 19 April. 1892 be plainly legible, lluliiislicil. 
 
 I alitoniia intcniational eshiliition (midwinter fair) 
 
 at .San l-'raiiei.»co, ojiened liy gov. -gen. Markliam 
 
 'J7 .Ian. 1^94 
 .■Sacramento oecii]iii-il liy I'l-.h-ral troops in ccai- 
 
 si-ipience of tin' /'h//w.i// railway strike, 11 .luly ; 
 
 mail train wrecked m a liridge liy strikers, 
 
 several death-, n .July; martial law, lilooilslied 
 
 I j. luly, ,, 
 
 C.\LIPER COMPASS, whereby tlie bore of 
 eaniion, small anus. A;c.. is measured, is said to have 
 been invented bv an artilieer of Nuieinbeig in 1540. 
 
 CALMAK, ITxiOX(il.\ The treaty wlnnln 
 Denniark, Sweden, and Norway were united ainliV 
 one sovereign, -Margaret, qne-.-n of Sweden and Ni.i- 
 wiiy, " the Semiramisof the north; " June, lyy;.-!.- 
 fiira/cii. Tlic union was dissolved by Clustavu. 
 Viisii in 152.5. 
 
 CAOIUCKS, see T,n-/,n!/. 
 
 CALOMEL ("beautiful black"), a eoiiip.-uii.i 
 of niercurv, sulphuric acid, and chloride of sodiiiii), 
 
 tifst mentioned by Crolliiisearly in the I7tli n r,tur\. 
 
 issumcd b\ the soplii of iVrsia, as sucee.sJor of The tirst directioiis given for its preparation uerc U 
 md, since 1517, iiv the sultan of Turkey, as liegniii in 1608. 
 
 -■ ■ ' ■ "" ' CALORESCENCE. In Jan. I,%5 ri-.^f,-.., 
 
 Tyndall rendered the ultra-red rays of the spcitniiii 
 of the electric light visible by eausing a f 1 -ii* ■ I 
 them to iinidngeon a plate of platinuiu, uliicli liny 
 rai.sed to a white heat, lie termed the plieii"imi i-i'i 
 Calorescence; see Ftilnresfeiicc. 
 
 CALORIC, see JInit. 
 
 CALIPH (Arabic), Vicar, or Lieutenant, the 
 title 
 
 Ali. ___, 
 
 succes.sor of Mahomet, and .sovereign of Mecca and 
 Jlediim. The ealiphat liegan with Abubeker, the 
 fatlier of the iirophet's second wife. Sir Win. 
 BIuir's"Caliplia,-e 'published i.Scji. 
 
 iK .MtAlU.A. 
 
 r VI. It'll 
 
 632. .Miuliiker. 
 
 6j4. Omar I. 
 
 644. Othiiian. 
 
 655. Ali. 
 
 661. Hassan. 
 
 The 0.M.M1.V1IKS ruled fifii-75o. 
 
 'J'lie AHn.Asmrs luleil 7,,, -1258. 
 
 Ill 775 the\ were stvl.-il ealiidis ot Uugdad. 
 
 Haroun-al ll.iselii'l nihil 786-S09. 
 
 See tjuuniiuif^ and Ahintaitha. 
 
 CALIPPIC PERIOD, invented by Calippns, 
 
 about 550 n.c, to correct the .Metonic cycle, consists 
 
 CALOTYPE PROCESS (from the C.i-Mt 
 
 /:<i/<ix, beaiilifiil), by which oe.^ativc pliiit":ia|il;- 
 are produced on papi'f, is the iiiientioiinf .Mr. limn 
 Fox Talbot about 1840. .Vlso called T,\i,i<utvi'K. 
 See l'/i<iloi/f(i/i/ii/. 
 
 CALOYERS (meaning f/oo,! o/,l n,tn). Tin 
 monks of the (ireek elnin-h, (d' the order of St. Ifcbil, 
 Their most celebrated motnislerv in .Vsia is at Mcuii! 
 
 of four cycles, orof sevenly-sixveai's, attheexpini- (.^i,,,,; etidowi'd bv Justinian (died ;(.;); tlic liu 
 £....1: 1. ,.. : .1.. : : 1 «l. ......... .....1 . . . .- .... ^ J J/ » 
 
 tioii of which he incorri etlv imagined the new and 
 
 full mooii.s i-eluiii to the s.inu day of the solar year. ; 
 This jieriod began about the end of June, third year 
 
 I ropean one is at Jloiint Atlios. 
 
 CALPEE, India. Sir Hugh Rose defealc! tl. 
 
 GALA 
 CAL\-A1{Y, Moux 
 
 (leemer sullered death, c 
 tliHfuii, 2(); others ■>>>,)■ '-^ 
 M t le tiuie of hispe,.;.;, 
 erected a teii,,,k> of Jupit, 
 ■I temple of .\J„„i, „,; ,1 
 
 lir ■''"''■",'l"'''ss Helen, 
 p) ; see Jlol;, I'l„as. 
 
 CALVES' HEAD 
 
 p'nlemen, who aresaid ti 
 heads at the wiml.nvs „|'.| 
 iiiiHver.sarvoi'tlii'exeeut'i, 
 mall was dispersed, and tli 
 
 CALVI (Coi-sieii), Th 
 llielortre.ssofCalvi, 12JU1 
 iiysMtsuire,i,l,,re,l on 10 
 ihcl-rencli in i-(^(,. 
 
 CALYIM.STS, name, 
 (hauviii), wiio was born a 
 •liil.v, I.io<). Adoptino-tlieri 
 t'l Angoulenie, wlii'i-o lie , 
 nimtiniue .lirliijiouiK in i; 
 He retired to JJaslo, and s,' 
 he died, 27 Mav, 1504. II 
 bunniig Servetiis foi- deiivii 
 .1 foi'iiial separation betwe 
 l.utlicrans took place after t 
 111 IjOl, where the former 
 tditli and other articles of t 
 Inii'?, and took the name of 
 >si-c UiKjiiciiols) tlie\- took 1 
 iiiTseciitors. Jlenry Iv., ori, 
 iw-oniiiig king, secured their 
 imih, ill 1598 (which .see). 
 
 i|ilH-ariiitho articles of the C 
 iiitlu' confession of the Churc 
 held liy many protestant sect 
 ■li-tiiiation, particular redeiii 
 iiTi'Mstihle grace, and the ce 
 'lie , -Hints. 
 
 CUIALDlTLESorCv 
 
 ^uu. order founded at Camah 
 Kiiiiiiiald about 1022. 
 
 CA3IBAY, sec ///,/,■„, iH(j 
 
 CAMBER WELL, .so 
 
 mmiaiir school was establishe 
 till' lev. K. Wil.son, 20 .Sejit. 
 
 son, 29 .Sei 
 ; ; Feb. 18. 
 
 of Ii2th OI.Miipiad, year of Home 424, and 3,50 'n.c. , mutiiui-is here, and took the town. 
 
 ■liiinli was burnt " Feb. 1841 
 ,j,i»'"il)erf to parliaineiit by 
 IIh' iiubhe librarv jireseiit- 
 Livese.i-, opened b\-" .sir K d 
 me lilt gallery, library and 
 
 .>lr.I',issiiioreL'dwai-ds;-eentni 
 «iieil liy the jirince of Wale 
 Wiess of York, ., Oc-t. kSoj, 
 
 *-.«.!: 1891,23,5,3,2. •'•' 
 C.UIBIUM REGIS; see 
 
 t'AMBt)DIA, or Camlioia, 
 
 ;';i-|l Asia, Ibrinerly snbje,. 
 '•'■ .*'">"-m'- Theenimti-y 
 ; le remains of early seuli, 
 lalm evidences of ),ij,.l, eivih'z 
 
 '.:".' ",'"('""'''f'""i'"'J "kin t( 
 ^i"n being Jluibihis,,,. i.„,, 
 *i-'. S,oo,ooo. Capital, l>nom 
 
 Wulation, .894, 5o,'ooo. 
 
 •';!i''{;;'";r'^ii"l ''>■ the I'ortuKi 
 
 -JWrj, Disastrous voya.'e -111,1 
 "'""hrtaeLagi-eeontlierTve, M 
 
'leiii, 
 _ " t 
 
 CALVES' 70] \n rn-T, ,, 
 
 CAMlJltlDGE. 
 
 
 !l tl'llljjic of Ail.iliis ml !l, 
 
 m 'I'l, -'"'"IIJS oil nil' lll.lllniT ilt UpH 
 
 "ii'hla.rciibo 
 
 IlKuls 
 
 CALVr (Corsi,.,,) 
 lllc(>il'tivss„CC;|lvi, i^ 
 iliysit siiireiiilii|.|i on" 
 the Fi-eiuli in i ;()(,. 
 
 It's I. Aiian-rv 
 xiilipivsseil. " ■ 
 
 '"■will Willi !1 
 
 •>ll>:. l6(-{ ; lliu 
 
 ;■?■'- ^"""'"^ '-'i i-./;^^;:-^ -- - 
 
 Til,, 
 ./line, 
 lu Au 
 
 iin'tisli f.ji-ces l),.sii.n-,.d 
 1794. 'tn,.,- tiitv-iiine 
 
 g- It MIlTclulc.ivd to 
 
 .IM.|l,yL„,,isXI. cfK,,,, 
 .ikn, l,y c;i,irl,.s V. 
 y til.' ,S|,,iiii:inls . 
 
 !V'l;"l-"i"l I .■.nn,'x-,.,| 
 
 .•|'i";NiMi,i,„l,.„,|,l,isl,„i, 
 
 Jill' 1-IVMi'll w ■ ' 
 
 lli'c; 
 
 July, .;<..,. A,ln nl i,,;^2'',''',"\ l''''anlv,\o 
 lie ntired to ]i ,slo, „ 1 s^'^l' ]'"''/''"''' "' '53". 
 
 iiuniiiis's.^-m^^'f,^'^^:,,, :;,-"'^'™„K.Mt,.ii„ 
 
 111 lif)!, where til,. foniHT 
 tfiith and other artic 
 
 111' l-'lVMi'll WrlT ,k.f,'.,it,.;i „)' ,. ■ . • 
 'ii'i^'M,ni,i|„„M|j,vt., I ,,,',•■"■''■■' ''i""!'' '" ""• 
 111' ViJl I; ' • "- "'""' •'! I'ly iiinlii' the link,. 
 
 't »;i,s iiiv 
 rcpii 
 'mills to siiri 
 
 ' of J'oissv 
 .expivssly ivjectcil the 
 
 imr^. luui took 'ti^r;.;;; f c'iivioH ""V '',;^"K^- 
 
 ;*«■ lh,ne.ot.s) tlioy took u,' a,,-, "' ^ ■?;"■" 
 
 |llT>«lltui-.s. JI,.,„.,. Iv „,i„ ,,,"■" •?•""'. f't^^ll- 
 
 ^.omi,^ kin. sec^a-,.,! Iheif ' V b^'y^V"" 
 .^ttiie, in i^itS (ir/iirJ, v,.,A V -■ '> \"^ J^'fiff of 
 
 , folvill,. . / "" "'"'■■^li. "iii'l'T sii-cliailes 
 /.C"!/!!!' ./ (•,.„,/„■,,„ ,|„!.|,t', I • ■ ■ ::4.Jlllir. 
 
 "'.ili'"'. i"'"l l.misX '',/;■■• 1 .',''■ ':,"'i'".'.'"'',;^'"'''- 
 iifSiiaiii, ,.„t,.,v,l into ""■ "'"' '•'■■'■'liiaiii,! 
 
 .v:..^iiy,f.oLao/4;v^;:^:r^;!r;:'';;;;!-;-;; 
 
 ■'iistiia, aunt of tin- 
 
 ■477i' 
 ■344 
 
 1007 
 
 •6y5 
 
 '794 
 
 '7'jS 
 
 150S 
 
 ki'ij,', ami 
 ^ I'liilicior) 
 'i'li'.ity lictwi'cM ih 
 
 I'liilip V. ofSimin 
 
 JI»r«aivt of" 
 
 poi-sc>i.ranco of 
 
 ,CAlIALDTTLESo,CA.Mvii,oim.-. « . i- 
 ,Moibor,k.,-fouiuI,.rl at C^.nn I, loii ,,, .n^Tr ' * "' '■ 
 llJiiiiialJ about 1022 ■"""" "^•" i'lomue, by 
 
 eiiiiioror flniilis' vi.' .,,„■, '^^'' 
 ■ '7245 
 
 CAMBRIC fim „ia,io at Ciiiii,,,,.. , 
 i;"glarid,anaHcco,int,.a a .ivat lux^n'^^k^X.^! 
 
 CAMBKIA, ancient name of W, 
 
 CAMBAY, see L/,/i„^ iHijQ^ 
 
 CAMBEKWELL, .south Lomlou The 
 
 Its importation lestnct,.,!' j,, r-,--'. ',•■■- 
 , I7S8; re-adniitte.!, t7«0; 'prohlbilf..! I'^y';;""*"" "' 
 
 'CAMBRIDGE, supposed to be'tl",,. P 
 
 Ciimboncum and the Saion r ! ,^ ^oirnxn 
 ■ quently n.entioned by the e ics i,' a '; tn'^ . ^'■- 
 ! WIS burnt by the i>anes i, x-, , ' ''"^'"■""'«. 
 table i„ iV''/''//.^ iry!,w,^;.,'',,r'.''..'.0'0. .See 
 
 I 
 
 mraibiTs 
 
 to 
 
 piiiiiaiueiit by the 
 
 I"' l'"Mie lib.-ary-,;n.seMt;:r'bv'M'f 'f-^-^5- 
 tivcsn, opened bv si • K. Clarke' .si t ''w'''" 
 
 iliidiiss of York. ., (lot S . I , '".''"!<'■ ""J 
 
 i«8i, 
 
 CAMBIUM REGIS; see 7?„y„/^-,,/,„,^,. 
 '™2P^'n:!rlv'''''!';'i''V''' "»"'^"' «^''"' i" 
 
 |:;"tili.,l l.y William L " ""O^m.,. 
 
 I'Mmdcivil l,y til,. I„in,ns ■"•••. 
 
 "■iK,s:;i';;,.^:ti/:;;i,.«^--;:;;'''Hiion, t,,; 
 
 Giinisoi,,.,! |,y enmnvHl ■"-••'""" • . 
 
 'i;n!;'S./:i:iir"''''''''''«"'^'''v-'^'''Hs,i,.,iin.8,,; 
 
 IJailw.iy to i.omlou o,vn,.,l ' ' ' ' 
 
 'omHi'lnl'''"*"''''''''^""''''^ 
 IWli.sli,-isso,i,iti,\n m,'.tl„.i'-,. ■ ' ',0 ■ • 
 
 J'sitori,niu.,.andpiim.e.ss„f\v;,le. ' '^^3.1345 
 
 loy« Aj.,ieiilliin.l.soei,.tysliow ,'. T.f,"'' 'V""'- "^^M 
 
 Jun,., 
 ■''«8j7; 
 
 107c 
 108S 
 
 1381 
 1642 
 
 184s 
 
 .847 
 1862 
 
 'I'l 
 
 m.ii',|iiis or 
 • '9<>et. ,395 
 "■AMimiD,;,.: i:.\ivi:i,snv 
 
 lavoiir,., IV llfiirv I ,.. ""'•"'" "' Im*,' li,.,.,, 
 tlie lli'st .'b..rter'iV.'2 "alKaVt^Si ,"',p"'"'t"'l 
 
 alt.MWi.nU he'ai e . ollp,^'"'"' '"'•"•^t''l'* »l,i,.|. 
 It 1.^ .said that tl CO w,.''^"", "'".'",■''. '"t''"' «»i'its. 
 "''iv,.i:sitv h1 ,',K.,,r, , .,f '""''''" '" "^°- Tl'" 
 two m..i„l,ei..s To , [' n"V "''',;"■"' ^""t 
 
 t-ts„c, passe,..', ,,u;;;:':vr'^;;iv.J/^;i;'^:;l!^ 
 
 t?'^ 
 
 '^m.^, 
 
 J^'^. 
 
 d s- 
 
 ^'■*^ 
 
 ^''^ Mi,.'^-:!',' 
 
 1^' 
 
 i'.kl'' 
 
 % ^^0^i^i^}m 
 
CAMBEIDGE. 
 
 190 
 
 CAMERON'8 ACT. 
 
 i'^,'1 
 
 .'iL iill 
 
 ,„is»i„n rcsi" -•this; i.rHi^'rty ;vas ,;'i;i;;;"';;;:|„J 
 
 New Mns,...n, of Clu.ssi.'al Art anM A.rl,.'..l.W ^^^^ 
 
 I?,, f i-^f ilivishill .if tllr clilHslCill tri|...s. Ml^s H. 
 'f the ,n^;ii»-val u,mI ..HuU.n. l«„«ua^.s^t.,p..> _^^^ 
 
 ^l!I^'fr?'Kaw.'ott;N.'wnlm,;,(.lMM«l.t;r,.fth.lat,. 
 ''l:;lwL;.5;a'.ov..l,e..m...'W,angU.r,,..,u>,h.;-^^^^ 
 
 T.;r's;:nat. s|,H.„i.s n.. nunpul.n.y s,,uly^ nf _^^_ 
 
 wciiini ; MU! W,n,u„, .896-7 • -^'■"•-" '"■"'■ " 
 P,.„.,l,ous.. r„11,.«,., fnuu:;' ';"i'yH..«" ■■>■ Hal-*!.".", _^^^ 
 
 ,;,!^;vMi;-';mlCai„s.i;yK,lnM>..;iG,mvillJ . . ■ uf 
 K„law.l l,y Pf. .l-li'i ';i"'s . • • ■ .^» 
 
 s/."ln,'sC..il.w-;.namv,.,M.y Margaret, .•.mi.t.ss^___ 
 M;^,K:;o:ne.O,yTh;.nas;,,ar,;nA,;,..ey . l.^o 
 
 l^Z"^lls.s\^U<,': l^.m..l.Ml by Krau,.,.s ^ali.ey, 
 
 ,,;ST:n,^rip;sirc;eor«;M.,,ivnin.,i,ywiii:^^^ 
 
 Ri;U.^'lIalMil'''"l^«i-'0, lo»..;iatinn.st,Ma^ lai.l. _^^^ 
 *lwyi. College, r.MMul,'.! . • • ■'J'""'. 'SS- 
 
 TMIIKK IIAT.I.S. 
 
 Clam Hall, or CoUeKr, lirst lom,.l.-.l ''V •';•■'';;';'",;' 
 H.Hli.n ill ii'O- ilcslroviil by Inv aii.l i''- M.il'- 
 
 Ti'ii'iitv'llVll.' bv Wm. liit,.ii.an. bisliop of Xorwi.-li, 1350 
 
 ii Shfrlnl-'sColl,.,',. or Hall, t;m,al...l . . .473 
 
 [Camhihiije L iitmsi'lj to.ii iinni.i 
 
 (llANI'Kl.l.oi-.S. 
 
 riLirlos, (lukiM)VSoiiiiMSct, elei'teil .... .688 
 
 Tlioiims. .Hike of NVwnislle . . ■ • • 74» 
 
 AngnstUM Henry, .InkeotOnif on . . • ■ 768 
 
 H H H. William Kre.l.ri.k, .liikeof 01o^.•e^tel . . 18.. . 
 
 .lolm, ina.Hiii^<'aiii')'->' , ,• , "Jf, ' 
 
 HiiL'li ilukeof Noiiliiiiiilierlaial • •„,■"„■•" 
 
 Tl:;^pi■i,,ee.■o^so,■t|,lie,ll.ee ,4,.86.1 .SUA. ,847 
 
 William, a.ike of Devonshire (.lied 2. Dey^ .^So'l ^^^^ 
 
 Spencer a, iliike.if Devonshire . . 4Ja»->Sy.! 
 
 I'niSCll'AI. PIlOFKSSOllSHII'S. FofNUKU 
 
 Divinity (Udy .M.iigaret, mother of Henry VIM.) 
 
 .,o2 : Kegiiis . . • , • . • • • '5^° 
 
 I,:iw«. Hebrew, Greek, ami Pliy»ii! . • • ' j' 
 
 Aiabie . ■ ■ ',11 
 
 Miitlieniaties (l.iieasian) ^°3 
 
 Musie I 
 
 Clitmistry . . '7°^ 
 
 .\slroiiiiiny 1704. nvi 
 
 .\nalnniy 17117 
 
 MoiliMii History, llolany i7.'4 
 
 Natural ami Experimi'iilal riiilosoiihy . . . 1781 
 
 .Mineralogy '. 1808 
 
 I'olitiial Keoiioiiiy i86j 
 
 Slaile (tine art) 1S69 
 
 C'AMnRilK;t: Union Hociktv liegnii as a ilc'bating 
 
 elnb at tl Ueil I. ion" in 1811; settled in its 
 
 new biiililiiig in 1886. Dr. Whewi'll wasiiresiilent 
 in 18.7. l.oril Houghton, sir Alex, ('iieklinrn, 
 lords .Maeanlay and l.yllon, wi'i-e early members. 
 
 iiiKKs OF ( amhhipiif;. 
 
 (leorge AiiL'Uslus, eleidoral prince of Hanover, 
 ere.ited duke y Nov., 1706; king as George' U., 
 I] .Iniie, 17^7, see h'li'jh'inl. 
 
 Adulphns Kreileriek, lifth son of Geol-g<' HI., liorn 
 ^•4 Feb., 1774. ereateil ilnke 27 .Nov., 180. ; vieerny 
 of Hanover, .816- 17 ; dieil 8 July, .850. 
 
 George William Krederiek Cliarles, son, born jfi 
 .Mareli, i8iq ; duke, 8 .luly, 1850 ; colonel, '^ 
 Nov., 1857 ; commanded the! Ilrst division in the 
 Ciimeaii war; general eciuiiuanding in chief, 5 
 ,7uly, .856; eommander-in-ehicf by patent, 1E87"; 
 resigncil from, Nov. 1895 ; a marble Ui«i of the 
 .iiike was unveiled in his presence in the (luilil- 
 IimII. and an address of thanks, in a gold casket, 
 presented to him in recognition of his public 
 service.s, iq f)et. 1896. 
 
 8ee /■,'/ii/;oHi/ (royal family) end. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a eity in Mussueluisetts: tii-st 
 settled ill 1(150. Tlio " Hay I'siiliii-liook," said it 
 he the first liook printed in liritish -Vnierica, «■,> 
 
 iiulilihheil licre in 1(140. See lliirninl Cul!ii/t. 
 'oimlation in 1H70, 39.. 3*4 ^ '*A 70,028. 
 
 CAMBUSKENNETH, near Stirling (Ccti- 
 
 tral Sc'otland). Hero WiiUaee ili'feateil tlie Knglisli 
 
 tinder ■\VaiTeiine nnd Cressiiigliain, 10 Sept. I2(j;, 
 
 Til. iibbey, one of the richest in Scotland, was l.iiiM,|,.,i 
 
 liv king llavid I. in 1147. «as spoiled nnd lli.' taliiii' 
 
 nearly destroyed by the refcu'iiiers in 1559. 
 
 CAMDEN (S- Carolina). Here 16 Aujr. 1780, 
 lord Cornwallis defciitcil the revolted Americans, 
 under (iiites. At a Koeond battle (also called K.ib. 
 kirk's liill), between jreneriil (ireene and lord Haw 
 don, tlie Americans wen- again del'ciiled, 2^ .\\m\ 
 1781. Camden was evuiiated and burnt by lli 
 Britisli, 15 May, 1781. 
 
 rnt' by llic 
 
 CAMDEN SOCIETY, establislied lS.5S,|ml,. 
 lislii's Hritish historical documents. 157 volumes 
 had been i.ssned, April, 1895. 
 
 CAMDEN TOWN, N.W. London. beRun hv 
 land let for building 1400 hou.ses by earl Catiideii 
 in 1791 ; leci'ived his iianic a few years after. 
 
 CAMEL, Day of the. 4 Nov. 656 (accnnlin!; 
 to some (158 or 659) when Tallin and Zoheir, leliel 
 Arab chiefs, were defeated and slain by the caliiili 
 Ali. Ayeslia, Muliomot's widow, friend of the 
 chiefs, was jiri'sent in a litter, on a camel, hence the 
 name. 
 
 A '■iniul ccr/o was raiseil during the Soudan rHiiip,^i;.'iis 
 of 1884 =;. It eonsistcci of iibnuf i.ckx) caiiu'Is, rieii- 
 trolled by liritish ea\alryaiid iiiaiiucs. 
 
 CAMERA LUCIDA, invented by Dr. Hooko 
 about 1(174; aiiotlier by Dr. AVollaston in 1807 
 Camkka ()rscihu, or dnrk ehnmbcr, oonstnuteil, 
 it is said, by Eoger Bacon in 1297; im|irove<l bv 
 Baptista Porta, about 1500; and reinndclled by sir 
 Isaac Newton. By the invention of M. Hii^mTri', 
 in 1859, the pictures of tlie eamera are fixed; sw 
 I'/iiifni/rap/ii/. The Caiiiern Cliih (photogmiihep), 
 fouruled 1885,, holds annual meetini^s. 
 
 CAMERON'S ACT, Du-, see Bdt, i8«o. 
 
 CAMER 
 CAMERONIANS 
 
 to the Keformed I>„,.s|,;.( 
 
 the descendants of the eoi 
 
 tury, the established ehni 
 
 sijtneil the League „„a Ci 
 
 ofreeoyering his kingdoms 
 
 and revived episeopacv. 
 
 "hen many covenanters w 
 
 Pcntliind hills, &,f.), luid i 
 
 nath.j required, nnd deilin 
 
 viiM'ieiice, died on the s 
 
 cruel tortuiTs 'n,,, „,„„ 
 
 fnini Kichard Cameron, on 
 
 ivas killed in a skiimish 
 
 that year he and others' i 
 
 oliiration for relij;i„iis \\]„ 
 
 iv,iM kept in 1880. In i(,H 
 
 s.iliiicrs to siippiii't Willi 
 
 thcni under the eoniiinind 
 
 Jdth rejrinient, since .so fl,i 
 
 iicwed their piililic eovem 
 
 ill (ine of their tracts us "tl 
 
 mill aiiti-jirelatieal, iinti-eru 
 
 ihiiivh of Seotliiiid." '1'1|( 
 
 thirty and forty con"re,r„t 
 
 roth regiment {fMi,irroj7' I 
 
 i?Uhy .Allan Cameron, has 
 Caiiieroiiians. 
 
 , CAMEROONR. Jfoim 
 Unca Dr. Xaehtigall foiii 
 lii'iv, Aug., which was reco' 
 'iiol 24 Ap'-il. 1885. 'IV, ' 
 linti.sh colony Vietorin, 28 M 
 
 .\ (imiian evpedifi,,,, i,, .gg , 
 'iiiilcr the coinniand of lieut 
 iiii'ii, to investigate the inla 
 Nil'iM- tribiitaries; after siil'd 
 •|"iis and troubles with the 
 "irr 100 men, lieut. .Moi-,.a„ ., 
 l.r..iight from the Heiiii,. nve 
 isciit of the royal .Viwcr ,• 
 
 "A«ioiial flj.hting with th,. n, 
 i.nivenreiith killed, reported 
 
 Jliitiiiy of 60 Dalioniev s.ddid- 
 'niiien; the women ■tto.-.r..,! 
 W«t,.5nee.;tIierisi,igTii,,pi 
 nftlK! //,„.„„ and otheis V, 
 .fistisieealledtolieHin, \mn 
 'lilt accpiitt«d, 16 Oct ,8q. • 
 
 MwVLpiitwoiii'appi'Mntei'l eliiei 
 , *:• •*""■» ; 'ua.ior von Frane, 
 •111' troojis, reported 
 
 Hfliilrik Witboois stron-hohl "st, 
 
 lie surrenders unconditionally •] 
 Bija captared by tlieGeinmns .ii 
 
 the natives, reported 
 ll.k'iko tribes ,lefe«te,l:',ia„',,e,; 
 
 Mistaiico, repotted 
 Niitiveoatbreak suppressed 
 I»i> eiD.-agemeiits near Gobiibi' n 
 
 Willi loss, byeapt. Est.irif 
 
 V- ii.siinwtioii of Hotteiito'ts 
 lajor Leiitwein ; reported . 
 
 •Tlifywr:rfre,pieiitlycalle,|/i,7/., 
 "liii'li they were (reinieiiflvi ,. 
 
CAMERONIANS a ri„,„ r 
 i the H,.fon.i,.,l IVrsbVte ri ; '''^TTJ^' K'^''" 
 
 tiiiT, th« .establish.., .1 ,";;,''' r^'^i''';./"''' '■'■"- 
 
 CAMPBELHTKS. 
 
 ""l'Hlioiih,th..,,„iU,, ,v,„vss,.,l 
 
 fi'TlMiinS, 
 
 ■'"If, ,8,;6 
 
 niiiiMa, It 
 
 : j'er..,.,uioM"';;,'-!:,::;'^».?^'--"i:'n..*f 
 
 ttie 
 took 
 
 III 
 
 Afi 
 
 "piiistth,. nivalis ,;■ "''■•*'",""'' ■•••sisfan,.. 
 * ""trev..l, an,!,;, ,;!':;;; ;;!";;";'"'l by ,nar«hal 
 '/".i, wh.n tin. ins, n ,; ' ''""''^ KclliTals, till 
 
 fj'vci'al of the lic-o c 1 ..„I ■ ';.""■' """'■,v etfortA, 
 
 ban .sum.„d,,, C.vai';,, ''''"'■'■'' '''■""' >•'"'"• 
 
 '^'•an-y out a treat a,', w , Vof'"'''"'' '">"'''<• 
 
 '■04,<'.iter,.<l the Uriti l-v nl ''";■•' f '''''^^'^ in 
 
 "< Jersey, ,-^0. ""''^•^' ""J liied goveraor 
 
 -■■'"'let firsf ,.a,„e h 'n (Vom 'n""'' "''k. Oriental 
 I6to. .iMhT.son, ' ^"'''"SUfse India, in 
 
 CAMEROpXS. Mn„„t,ins and Hver S W ' ''''^^^^^-v^^n^/monev t"'*^' "f '''•'"''^'■'^■•^ "^ 
 
 imliihi'iiee, (lied on the si"iH1,m' 'I.V,''"' "",' '^'">^ 
 rii.l tortures. The 'mo / ' ""•'' ".'"''"■K"i"R 
 from Kichar.1 Can, "on , ^' "!^>r""" !> }x <Ierived 
 «i,. killed in a ski,„, 1 ' , ,/,x n"' """'■^''•J-S «l,o 
 tlint year he and otl, .,"' "''t^i < ", ''""« "' 
 Ar;,fion for relif;io,,s Hi ,,''.'' '!' *"""l"l>ar a do- 
 wn, kept in .««o. In ,,X ,;„''"• '','-'"!'f"iiary 
 s.l,lie,-s to s,i|,,„„t Vi li'„ n,''"-"'' " '""'>■ "f 
 th.l„ under the' eo„„ , , '' f , , i' ,"'"' '"'""'■'1 
 :(.th n.jjiment, sin,.,. „'''"' ••^"f''"S,as the 
 
 ""mltln.ir puhli,. ,. ..! ' f-,., '' T'^ tl„.j. ,„. 
 
 :.'i'l anti-prelatieal, a, i.,..i ,"',"" """,-''"'"»''. 
 .huivh of S<..tla, ,1." t'^.'' ','"'"■ l"''« '.Vfnian 
 tliiitv and forty e„n.n.,., . L • o""\'' ''.■twi.en 
 
 riiliy Allan Came , ,.,sV'^^'""*'''' ' '■•■'■'! in 
 C'lmcTonians. ' "'"" "" ""'""■'■txm wul, the 
 
 i8 
 
 I'lAAuff, which was reco-nised Oet >SX,' 
 
 W -'4 April, i,S«v 'I'o it V,-. ■♦, 
 
 British colony Vietori,,, ,8 .Mar,.hV ,88;"""' 
 
 .Uii.|i,iai, cxpi.,liti,,„ ill ,oo„ ,„f, ,, „ 
 
 '""l"!' the e„„„„aii,l ,■■ ^i^.'i'it'"^,, 'r f-'"";;>-o"ns 
 
 «"■>', to ilivestwit,. tl„. .,, ,,1 i'--',"'. "■'"' =5o 
 
 ■i"ii.s iind t,.oi,l,l,..s wit, ' "" '"•■'">• l"-ivn. 
 
 "«,• ,00 ,i„.n, Ii,.u(. Mo,.' '' I, r;"' '""\ ''«"'« 
 Lrmwht f,u„, tl,e li.., ae . v.' . ! ':', ^'''"''>' '""'■>' 
 agent of the roy,. V ;,, ," ,' ,'" •^'<'"<« ''Van 
 .)"■ ->iKei e,,„|,,a||y^ ,i.|ioi-tea 
 
 o-asloaal flrli(ii,L' will, th,. „nti "" ^'''reh, 
 
 ii™ven,.e„th kille,],,!,,,,,,^,',',, '"''"'"■■'. '"'Pt. vo„ 
 
 ^r';^;^i^^;:r:^'^^::;"^;:i'r?™-^ 
 ::^r"""'"" -"»"i^-m'ih!:"i:;:;^irr 
 
 ■li'' troops, r..poi.t,..l ' "^ '•""■"'■* ™'i"oaiMler of 
 IhKlrik Witboois sl,.o„.l"„i,,, :st,„.,;„„| "'" ":'"■''' '°'"» 
 
 liesi,rrei,rle,.s iiiieo.iditioi,„iv .,",„.'„ T '^J"^' '• 
 U.« capt,„-,.,l l,v the (/eniia ; ; t, ? "'"• " 
 
 thf natives, reported "^ slao^'hte,- of 
 
 R*ilvoti'il)ps,lftfHate<l:',Ja,in,lB ,',p,.„,'. i 7 '''''b. 1895 
 
 Mistanee, reimited . '"""'"'"l"'-'! "•,tl,o„t 
 •Vitiveoiitbreak Si,|ip|.,.ss,.,| ■ ' ' 7 ''mie, 
 
 T«'i e„|,>at,'PM,ents near fiolial, ;■,',:. ' "'""■ 
 »i»i 1"«. bv eapt. Estortr '^'*'''* '■'■Pulxed, 
 
 nwGoUihis . . "^"""""■'""ii'i Hei-eros, 
 
 ■Hi.. iiisiM-reotioii of "Hotieni,,', . ' '^''9 April, 
 
 s«.iorLei,t«-ei„; r«p"',,, '""'^ Mippi-essed' liy 
 
 ■ • "9 Jane, ,, 
 
 ■Thevwr:.efi.|.,|iiei,tlv<.n|l,.,i;,;;) , 
 
 "l.i;'htl,..vw,.,.:. fVe.p„.„l'v , " ; """'i'? "' Wo,sl,i, 
 (™«i .lolin M,..Mill..„,' th . ■ .1 ,,•■:"!'' •^''••Milla,iit,.s, 
 
 *; Iff""! the ehi,. .If ,v',V', '"••'*'■'■• "«'■■• tbei; 
 
 f »m.i,.,„.,v t„ the KoKlislive .;,;'" "V'.'""''t "f its 
 
 ™:^r 11,.. "RefV,,.,,,,.,!'/. :;;,:.. „y '7 asM„„..,l „,t: 
 
 He 
 
 the 
 
 Italy; aliout^oOnnorl'ti'^lrt'"' ''>■»'»' ^nff^f 
 
 The Caniorristi are said to""!,','.".';.'''!"-".' "">' '«9'- 
 named ■•Jlah? Vi„l'l? '"«'"'8t e'">ie of 
 
 v.. I.. \..-. . 
 
 the so(.iet\ 
 
 ; '59 ii,e„,li|.,.,s ,,r the \f.,i., vi. '. 
 
 , Ta,.a,ito . \ ■^'■''•' ^ "" -^''-iety ai.r.sted at 
 
 CAMP The U K ' ■ ' •'^'areh, iggj 
 
 S'if ''>''-"'-So:i";;rr'r'i^ r «-^ 
 
 ino Koinaiis and G'lnls 1, , i • , "' -.W^ '"«*«'•* .) 
 PI'-"I>l;'i"«; andvSso s,,;^"''"' '■'""P'^ i 
 '" K>if,'hnid and Scot L.m , '^ ''"'' t" this day 
 H}<le-park in 174, „nd 81 1 )'-'/ ^V" '''"'"'••I iii 
 
 ■"^'ot, and /i,W„ .?^ '"'" '«'-^' ^^'••'^' CVwi/,„m, Aider. 
 
 '""^ "■^•'•f awthorisci liv 
 
 is'96 
 
 plantiiurw;^ra;ili;o;;:^i te Jf^. drainage and 
 '>'".v, ,8r8; works coniplet;^;,tlv"*,X"5 '""""' ^' 
 
 "i^i'S'^i?^^^L^«a.:;;r^^'^''^''^^«''-'- 
 
 B.C.; eonqueivd bv e J< , , ^ '" '»» favour 2,6 
 was Capua Or/^/rAiJi. ■""""""*• ^'3- It. capital 
 
 C-fflK;.l.^,?,T«^"r.'-''' V John 
 8lan,Ier.s, 6 Jc r Vm n a^ },o'\^>^""'^i libels and 
 
 rS (.«4.S). 2.'To con p -f .. i »^;\ • ""'1 8 & 9 Viet, e": 
 
 conipensation for injui' es bv, ,' r ^"'Panies to make 
 
 '.O \^ct. e. 93 (,846 ^ Z " ' '.''''r '"^cidents, o i 
 
 t'o...s prints'^^cTao &^2fl'!,";'' "'i^''^""'- Pnbi^., . 
 a<cordance With 'tl° * '..J' ,; ^V.^i 08.^7). 1„ 
 g.'"tlema„ killed through the i;., '• '^^""'^y "^ " 
 obtained a verdict for ,,^;'f'"S ?*' " >•»'. 
 
 ^:^r Jd?' ->• -p''>'y:"Sn S:!a/';L.^:;;;! 
 
 ehnr,. 1 of S.otland for t™,^i ? t ,,!' '''"''''j' "^ t^-^ 
 t''-.to,ie„,ent,aiKlo,lici."d!;:;^,:i:-;;-;-|ityH 
 
 ■ ^■^ 
 
 pnHB 
 
 
 TfiraH 
 
 ( 
 1 
 
 '-'^'Jm 
 
 'W-!^ . , 4 
 
CAMl'EACHY-UAY 
 
 '\: 
 
 \t. l: 
 
 .liuivirs sl;iml!inl. l)i'. C»iii])lioll .■sfiililisli,.! ii 
 .■0li!,'ivKnti,.n ill (ilMSuow in iXjj. 'Hi;' " DiMiplc^ 
 c,f L'linst," ir/n,/i ■-('(', »rr lllso sdllictllllrs tcllliccl 
 Cuiniilicllitis. 
 
 CAMrEACHY-BAY (Vn.MtMii, (Vi.IimI 
 
 Aniciini). ais.uvr,v,l .l-unt 'ST- •''?!' '"■.'""'^^ 
 HpiiiiianN in 154"; tiil<'" I'v tlir Kn..-li-li 111 lf.S9. 
 hv tliv ImnMiU'crs ill lO^.S; mid In Hi. Inrl«„.l,'i« 
 „!■ St. Doimii^'o in l(,S5. Tl.rsc l;iM l,unit tlir town 
 ,„ul lilrw HI, tlir cita,!,'!. 'Ihv i,nj;lis . ouwochI- 
 iiittns ni.ulu tlu'ir scttlcniciit here abdiit I0(i2. 
 
 rn\IPElU)()WX: sdiitli "f tlic Tcxcl, IIol- 
 h„„i: ncarwln,.!. a.lininil Dun.j.iHl.r.Mf.l tl.,. Ihit. 1 
 ti,.,.t, c-aniiniiiulra l.v adininil Ih' W nit.T ; tlic latlci 
 losin- tiltcrn slii]!-, citlicr takrn -r dostrny,., II 
 Oi't I-i)" TIh- liiili>li admiral wasniailc l"ril IMiii- 
 ,.;,n'(it'(-'aniFnlu« 11. JIf died suddenly on Ins way 
 to Kdiiil)iii-,i:li, 4 -^'li!'- •^"4- 
 
 CAMPO FOKMIO (N- Iti'ly). Ho.v a (naty 
 WIS ,-,,n.liidcd lirlvvcni Fiamr and Austria; the 
 1 , Iter ^ ifldiii,!;- tlic Low Cnntri.s and II10 "iiiaii 
 I'sl'ind's to Frame, and Milan, Mantua, and Modina 
 to tlio CisalpiiU' i-ipubli.', 17 Oct i:<)-. By a s.rivt 
 artirlr tln'oinpiToi- gained the \enctian dominions. 
 
 C\MPO SANTO (H.dy Tiidd), almnal-placc. 
 Tint It i'isa, sunoundi'd liv an arcade erected hv 
 ■irciilii'shop nialdo, about 13<K), is celebrated lor 
 tlie frescoes painted on the walls by (J lotto, Meinnii, 
 and others. 
 
 CAMPUS RAUDIUS, nearVermia, N. Italy. 
 Here the Cinibri were defeated with great slaughter 
 by Marius and Catulus, loi n.c. 
 
 CAXAAX (riilestiiie), is eoiisiden'd to have 
 been s'ettleu'by the Canaanites, i()()5 n.c. {C/oi/o^, 
 2088') \braiii, bv divine comniand, wont into Uw 
 land of Canaan, n.'c 1921, (ieii. xii. The land was 
 divided among the Israelites by Joshua, 1445 (i/c/cs 
 1002). 
 
 CANADA (N- Ami'ricii), was discovered by John 
 and Sebastian Cabot, 24 June, 14-);. In 1524, -^ 
 French expedition under \erazaiii (orliied a settle- 
 ment named Ni'W France, and 111 i;?5 , J;'"!'"'" 
 Cartier (a lireton mariner), ascended the M. Law- 
 rence as far as the site of Montreal ; see Jloii/niii 
 and (Jm'"<'- Canada has been termed "the Uo- 
 niinion," since its incorporatK.n with the olher 
 American cohinies, I July, iXl.;. 
 liesi.lc^^ the govcriiov-i,'cnend there uiv the lieiit.- 
 u.iveriiois ot Ontario, yuel)ee, Nova ^eotiii, Cipc 
 lireton Islinid, New linmswiek, Jhuiitolia. I'ruiee 
 I'Mward Isliinil, liiilisli (.;oliniibiii, and Western 
 ferritorii'S, iSy.' ; N.W. territori.'S, 1807. 
 ropiilatioii ; 1837, l."wcr Ciniada, i,.>-">.;i4 J iJI'l'cr 
 Uiniida, i,35o.9-^J : <''' tlie Uoinimon. .87,, 1 
 
 1,788,614 ; 1881, 4-j5?.9.!3 ; 189',, nearly 5,ooo,.x«. i 
 
 1886-7, revenue, 7,3tJ4.9'6'-;expciiditiire, 7,3-26,920/.; 
 1890 revenue, 39,879,925 dollars; ex|„.ndifinc, 
 35994,03. dolbus; 1693, revenue, 38,108,609 
 aoUars;' expeiiditurn, 36,314,053 do"'"'--*; ''',94-95, 
 revenue, 36,374.693 doUiirs ; expenditure, 
 .85^025 dollars; 1S96-7, revenue, 37,829,778 
 dolliirs; expenditure, 38,349,759 dollars. 
 1886-7, inipm-ts, 23,io7,o35'- : exports, 18.393,660 . ; 
 ,890, imports, .21,858,241 dollars; exports, 
 96^49,149 d.dlars; 1893, imports, 129,094,268 , 
 
 dullars; exports, 118,564,35- dollars; .897, iin- ' 
 
 ports, iii,294,or:i dolliir.i ; expojts, 123,959,835 | 
 
 (lolliirs, j 
 
 First permaueuts-ttlenicnt; Quebec founded . . 1608' 
 Cuuada taken by tl.c K..-li.Hb. .C-y ; restored . . .e.j2 : 
 War be'diis in 1756 : Canaibi eompiered by tin' l-.n;;- 
 lish T759(see V"' '"'■>, conlirined to them by tin' 
 treatvof Paris, .signed . . . 10 I'cb. 1763 . 
 
 m CANADA. 
 
 Letjislathc ('(umeil I'.stiililisln'd ; the Frencli liiw> 
 eonlirnu'il, and religioii.s lilieily flven to Hoiiian 
 Catholics r;;. 
 
 The .Snierieaiis under Montgomery invade Omj),l:i. 
 ami snrpri.se .Moiitri'al, Nov, 1775 : expelleif l,y 
 Oirh'tiin Mm-ili, i;;. 
 
 L'anad.-i dividcil into I'pjier and Lower . . .1-1 
 
 Tlic "ehrjiv rcsi.rves " cstnblislH.d by parliameiil 
 iini. sevehlli ot tin' waste lands ol' the eolon> ap- 
 propriateil f'lr tin' niaiutennnce of the I'rolc.stiui' 
 clerHV (clin in^; the .lebates <ai this bill the (piurri'l 
 between .Mr. 1)11 Ike and .Mr. Fox arose) 
 
 Oiiiail.'i ni.nle a bishoprii' 
 
 United States loniv. under liener.d Hull, invii.li- 
 C'Uiaila; ilefented at Hrownstown, near Toronlu. 
 8 .\n,^'. ; surrender .... 16 Ann. 1-1 
 
 Americans lake York. 27 .\pril ; Fort fieorge, 27 
 .Mav ; deb'aled at Chippewa, 25 .July ; pen. .. 
 si;;ii|..l at Chi'llt 24 |1..,-. 1 ,, 
 
 (i],pi.^iti..ii t.. Cana.hi |.|ergy reserves . .817 .( .,, 
 
 Treaty with Unit. '.I Stall's respeetin^.' lisbi.ries . ,, ,, 
 
 First railway in Cana.hi opi'Ue.l . .Inli.i-. 
 
 Til.' I'apin.'.iii r.'I.i'lli.'ii ciiiiin'ii.'.s at .Mcaitii'al \.\ 
 a b.iilv I'.'ilh'.l Fihile I" l.ii'dte ,. ,- 
 
 The rcbi'ls.leb'ate.l at St. Knstiiee . . 14 II.'... 
 
 K.^pnlse.l at Toronto by sir F. llea.l . . 5.I11M. i^; 
 
 /'.■ri,7 ri/' /i".'/'"'i' .ippointeil f;ov.-};eli. . lo.liiii. ,. 
 
 Ij.iuiI . '111. 1 .Math. 'ws (rebels) hail},'.'.! . i2.\piil, ,. 
 
 Liii'.l l)ni'lninr> onliiiauee prohibiting the return ot 
 banislii'd r.'b.'ls to ('ana. la under pniii of deulli. 
 28 .June : i.ensnr.'.l by the home u'overnnient ; h., 
 annuls the or.linance by proelannition, 9 (let.; 
 .jnstiHes bis eoii.inet. resigns, and returns to 
 Kngland (where lie died in 1840) . . (let. „ 
 
 HebelliiMi appi'ais in lieaiilniruais, 3 Nov. ; the iii- 
 siii'Kcnts at .Napierville, uii.ler Nelson, rinite.l, 
 6 Nov. ; ri'belli..n suppl.'sse.l . . . 17 Nov. ,, 
 
 .s;,' ./iJiii Ce//,..; ,..', jtovernor .... 11.'.'. ,. 
 
 Acts relating lo g.ivi'rnment of Liiwcr Caiai.la, 
 )i,'issed in Fib, .'838, and . Aa.-. i_,,, 
 
 C/."x. I'ltvUII V'/e.i«/i,-»/i (afterwards bird Syileiiliiuii), 
 f^overnor tSi'].t, ., 
 
 Upper an. I Lower Canada re-nniti'd . 10 Feb. 1-4, 
 
 .s//' (7ie.~'. /I'le/e/. governor .... (Ii't. |lj| 
 
 .s';,. (Vies-, r. (alt. lord) .U('(.'"//i', governor Feb. 1^4, 
 
 /'.■,,,/ ('e(/i.'o/'/, governor . . . Mahli, 184. 
 
 /•;ei'/ e//..7i);'", J,'ov.-nenel'al .... Oit. ,, 
 
 Hiots in iMontreal 1 parliiinii'iit liouse huiiit 
 
 26 April, ,,;,: 
 
 Canad.'i clergy reserves abolislieil by tin' liiilisli 
 parliainelit 9 May, li:- 
 
 Conelii.le.l a reciprocity treaty witli Uniteil Sliit.'s, 
 
 7. inn.', i5;, 
 
 Tlie (■iriin.l Trunk railroad of (,'iiiiada (S50 iinl.',), 
 from ynebee to Toronto, openeil 12 N. .v. i;; 
 
 On ref.'ri'iiee ni..|de to the (lUeen, Ottawa, formerly 
 ilytown. appointed the eaiiital ; this ilei'i»i..ii 
 niipopular Vii;; i5;; 
 
 Canada raises a r.'ginient of soldiers (laaile 01 t 
 
 the line, ami culled the .cotll) 
 
 The prince of Wales presents the enluurs at Sli.iiii- 
 clill'e 10 .hill. iS;i 
 
 Tlie prince of Wales, the duke of N. wca.stle, A-i., 
 arrived at St. .lolin's, NewfouiMlhin.l, 24 .Inly : 
 visit Halifax, 3o.liily : Quebec, 18 Aug. ; .Montri'iil, 
 and opens the Victoria railway bridge, 25 A11.2, : 
 Ottawa, I Sept. ; leave Canada, 20 S.pf.; iifi.'i 
 visiting the United States embark at l'oitl:iii.|. 
 '20 Oct. ; and arrive at I'lynioutli . 15 N.iv. i^c 
 
 7,(»'(J il/.i/i.'A' assumes .illi.e as gov.-geii. . 28 X.iv. i»i 
 
 111 eniisi'iiaence of tlie '/'mi( aifair (see inHnl 
 Slitli:<, 186.). 3(xx, Itritisli troops sent to Caimla ; 
 warlik.' ],i'eparati.iiis mad" . De.'. .. 
 
 liritLsli N. Aniericau association fonn.le.l in L.uiilnii 
 
 Jiiii. iS(: 
 
 C'artieFs ministry defeated on Militia bill; .Mr. ,1. 
 Sandlield Maci'loiiald, premier 20-23 Jh'i.v. .. 
 
 The assembly vote only 5000 militia an. I 5',m> n'- 
 serv.' towai'.ls the defence of the eoimtiy ; lliis 
 I'au.ses di.seoiitent in F:nglanil . . . ,)iily, .. 
 
 Mr. . I. Maedonald again premier . . 20 Miiy, iSiii 
 
 New Militia bill passed .... Sepl. .. 
 
 Military nieasiires in progress . . Sept i;u 
 
 Meeting of alioiit 20.000 vohiiiteers: ; i!eles;:ites fr.!!ii 
 N. American colonies at Qiieliee, to dilibeniteuii 
 tlie formation of a eunfederatioii, 10 Od. ; iigre.' 
 on the liases aod.t. „ 
 
 CA 
 
 Between 20 and loarnieil 
 
 ■■ual enter the lif tie tow 
 
 rob the bank.s, steal h, 
 
 kill one man anil wmi 
 
 (-aimda, igUit.; 13 are 
 
 .hsdiargeil on ,.,'e„„„t 
 
 by JudgK Conrsol 
 
 (ireat exeifenieiit in u'li 
 
 preelaiiiis i'e|iri«als ' v. 
 
 CaiKLla to ib'fenil the I 
 
 eelii reseiml.s IH.Vh ,,,,„. 
 
 The ennfederatioii « ■\'n,^^, 
 
 wii'k . 
 
 The l)ntislij„'i,'li,„;,e,|t;,r„ 
 Canada . . ° 
 
 Tlie .St. Albans rai.ler.s' 
 Mr. .■sewanl gives up ,'iai, 
 
 Messrs. Oalt anil Cartier vi 
 
 eonfeileration 
 Tlietliieatene.l invasiiin',,f 
 
 .0,000 volunteers eaileil „ 
 Tin; renewal „f reciproei 
 
 liiite.l States . 
 
 TheCana.lian j.ai'Iiniiientoi 
 atdttawa; the Habeas 
 many teniaiis (lee; 4,0.10 
 
 Discovery. if g„Mi„'ij.,sjl„^ 
 
 .let for (he union of Canada 
 Ilranswiek under (h,. na,,; 
 Canada, wi(b iiarlianien( t 
 ,1 senate 0(72 members an 
 i>f 181 niembers, jia.s.seil 
 
 (iinaila railway luan aet |,a.ss 
 
 I.m'il Moiiek sworn in as v 
 virtue of the act f„r (he 
 provinces in North Anierie 
 
 .New pai'liaiiient meets at Ott 
 (l.aialil premier) 
 
 li.t'.i'te'l agitation against th 
 
 .Neva Ne.ltl.l 
 
 Mi|r'k'riifMi'. Parcv MeClice 
 AK'nian raidinto Camula v 
 the iiiilitia 
 
 Visit of prince Alfred 
 
 iirJehn Yininq (aft. Inrd IJsn 
 
 Dor-general in I'ooni of lo'i 
 
 arnves . 
 Hudson's nay tc|.l.i(,i,.i'e,, m 
 
 couditions, for 300.000/. (sl'i 
 la eoiLSeiiuence i,f (he |.^.,,',.^,, 
 
 settlers (see /,'„/,fr/',, /„,„,„ , 
 
 colonel Wolselev, .'irrived 
 
 acoiieilia(„ry|M'o,'Iama(i«n, 
 Rupert .s Land formeil into a pr 
 
 tolia; Mr. Adams G. A. Ari'b 
 
 t'orei'iiiir 
 
 aMda.lefenees loan net pa.s.s; 
 Imputes H'ltl, United Statisresi 
 opp,,s,,,,m,,,the,.sl,ei,.|.,„„! 
 
 livtlie l)ntisliN„rtli.\„ieriea, 
 
 ..flaua.la may establish new 
 
 Itntish Chnnhia iiniteil („ the 
 
 lii'P.irtui'e,.flas(ba((alionofi'o 
 ■*Bla™' """'""■>' '■""■•^tituted 
 
 .(.'Hieral; luaiigurateil ' 
 
 Nrueorjje Cartier statesman, ',1 
 ■Mr. Areh, 0,1 heliaif of iJn is) 
 
 file ministry- of ,;i,. J„h„ -a,^. 
 teed with ,.o,.riiptii,n I'.nm 
 
 (.'miiii.ssion of in,|nii.y . ' 
 fartaent meets, 23'()et. ; 'the 
 S.Nov.; Mr. Ale.x.!Macke;Jef 
 
 rted \, 
 
 N'ewrepiiirnpity tn',3(v 
 
 Ilie.Ciiuilian ami United S(a(es (I 
 *ir.W,,x'a,,derUaltfor0.iala 
 f^T Liuteil .Slates, ana .M Ddfi 
 
.\i'™i(int; 
 
 Ntlilr.S, lllV, lllHl 
 
 """■If. 1111(1 irtiini to 
 
 Ifctween 20 1111(1 ,onniic(i ,.,,„f, I ■ 
 
 i>u,i..ntn.th.,^„;::r;!, y^''™:'<M"it<;:„i,i(ia 
 
 " <!■« ImnkN, st,.,i) li,„..s,., ,,,■)' 
 
 .li-lmrK«?,'.^/',;,^,;;;;V™»':l.-<'..t. ;.,,,,,,,, 
 l',vJu.lgHCni,rs,;| "'"• "' ■■•"""-• '''feMl iliffli-ultv, 
 
 Oiii,„l,i t„ .I'f.'u tiie , i '" '■""'■'' '"" i" 
 
 Tl.e,.ni,fe,le,,,ti„„^lj:;, "^^^^^^^^^ . . h,-,.. „ 
 
 wi.k . . "•)'-"«'' I'y Nuw linins- 
 
 The Hriti.sh iiiiiliaii'ieiitL'i-niit ,„ ' i /■' 7 March, isg, 
 Caiiii.ln . . '"' fe""'t 50,000/. for (|,.f|.,i,.,. , If ^ 
 Till' St Allmn's ivi'i.lpi.,' ,ii.„'.i,,.. ' . ■ ^3 Marcli, „ 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 '"'"!"'':-'.,",',''<'' nt Halifax 
 
 ^;r''^''""'^^'''^="'''KHi:^'iiS 
 
 visit E,i^.|ai„| to n.lO!'!,';"; 
 '•'■"liiMs. q March • 
 
 Messrs. Oalt mid Curtic 
 
 confecleratiiiii 
 TlieiliicatiMicil invilsidii'df fi 
 
 10,000 V(iliiiitcci,s I'aiicl ,„,, 
 The rciicival „f rcciinv p J /, . ' , '■' M.-ircli, 
 
 I'liitHl .«itatc.s . '"^'''""^"y trenty declincl 1,): 
 TheOii,a.liaii l'arlin,„;,„t „;n.,„.;, . • , '7 jMai'ch, 
 
 atdttawa; the ilahcas c ■ ,', ''"-'"»< tun,., 
 
 iiian.v Kc.iia.i.s tict- , L , '", '";"- -""^l"''"''''! 
 
 Discovery ..f g„M iri'n,.,„;,„„„' ;,.. ,..■ 8 JiMic. 
 
 Aiiicri,'aii linlii'i'incn'l,, r,„-i„',. t.' '■'J. 24 ^hv. 1877 
 ; -, '"vakiiiK law.s res ci, ,;"">■ "n>,rM f„r " 
 
 Klccti.ms : Kivat im4 n "a.^ ^ ' "•''"'■ '878 
 alHiiit . •'"''■' ""'""•'t the j-iivcriiiiiciit, 
 
 !'"""''■''''" '^^"'■-^'•l'l-".t,;.,ovcr,,;,r.;:^3; '• 
 
 nfniKiiatioii of iiiii,!,.,... . ^,,. , , ,, 14 Oct.' ,, 
 
 „^i new „„c ..,l,„„t "■'"•^ • "" •'"'"' -MacdoimMJormi " 
 
 ll«lifa.vaivar.| i,ai,l ' " ' ■ • "9 Oct. „ 
 
 "H,S"'r"'''-""'« -">•'■"-■- Lnniso^l.^j'^Ii ,. 
 TlK, (Queen's tclc^n,,„;,,,,;,^,,i,,,,^,;,,^,^,.^^^.5_Nov. „ 
 
 A linitccti,,iiist Iiiiiloct iinixcl ' ' ' ' '''''-• ■. 
 UMUmiio,, i.i'lnstrial cx'S ,.i:,t„H ' '^ ^'"'■- '879 
 ., ''.V the inaii,Mi.s of J,„r„,l """ '" '"<"»■' <'l""ie.l '^ 
 '•';rtiine.l,a,vatli,ir(.Iaii 
 ''V tile earl of Salisl 
 
 »6 0ct. i83o 
 
 I ill Ha.stiiit,'H'e(m„'tv 
 
 .let for the iiiiio 
 
 Oiuailii west] 
 Nov. 
 
 lininswh-k tr*;^:!";;;;;;;^™ «->tia, n,„i x;;, 
 
 C.n,..la, With ,,arlia;„e ' „ "l rifT" "^ 
 ,1 .<i-nati. of 72 iiieiiiUers an ,1 V'"' '^""'i', 
 
 of 181 iiieiiifiers, ,,',««,„,' " '"'"■'"' "^ '"i"i"oi,.s 
 
 '8'36i„vi,i,;:^,on;;,;:,,^i;:;-'^*^-rrf;;'y:,it 
 
 .iu^':n:;;;;:r'''''''''''^'-''>-'''"-'''yt.,e,„ar. 
 !:Sn;i.yi;^;;;:r;^;:;i;'::;;;;-vr.,,iN., ,^ 
 
 ''V:'on'»«tean,,.r.sii,k ,'.''■"'■'■'' ■ ■ Mav, 
 life (.we ;/V,r/,;) " "" "'■"'I'-.s, great lo.s.s of 
 
 f"rliinc.l,a,v alliiir ; ',5 000' -i^vn- 11 ' '■* '^'"V- 
 
 hu.'ecs.sriil,,ro,'res.s,'f(K,, .;'''''''' ' =8 .Mav 
 
 *■ • ""^i^"^''™"i-Keiieralthroic;i 
 
 the dm 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 J'a.ssed 
 
 Cmida railway loan act i.as,in,l ' ' ''> ■'^'an'h, 
 
 I.011I Moiick swoni ,1 , f vi •, '^ 'M'lil, 
 
 virtue of the act f r tl,„ "^' "^ Canada, li^ 
 
 l"m-i„ce.sii,Nortli (■„,!,','•,"'"'''» "f the Jiriti.si', 
 
 '"ffl^;;:;i^^!.:r^'^^'""'"-(j''>'>"Aier!iffi:: 
 'tr;!;;!i;r '"''"«'''"«'"'« "«^vo,;,iA.de,.?i::;7;i 
 
 Mnnli'r of .Mr. Harcv McGhpp ' " • '^''"■ 
 
 .U'lnian raid into L'niiada vim>v^„Ji ■ 7 A)iril, 
 
 the militia . """"' ^'8"ro"sly rciiclled l,y 
 
 Visitofjiriiiee Alfred ' " ' "'"',1" 24 May, 
 Sir Jehu yuiinq (aft. Inni ri^n„,.\ ' .^<'Pt- rt ^eq. 
 
 .ior.ge,a-ral i'/ roo, '^f S Vo'^k'^''' >""*"• 
 arrives ... ' -"onuk (resif^ned), 
 
 lluii.son's Riv tcriitoiieci ,>„,.„i ' , • =7 ^'ov. 
 .omlition.,, 'forXwfseT/! "/"'''• •^'"'•i''''' <" 
 
 111 <ol,,„.,,„ence utthTn-^wZ/'-T'^'''/!) '^'"V. 
 
 .0.0,11.1 Svolseli.v'ani^' '. 't' 7.,',';,':"»''">- """'-• 
 aeoiieiliatorv iiroelaiiiatioi. ,. ,0 ■ ' 9"'''.V- ""'l 
 lluiiert'.s I.andfoVni« 11 ',;™.^, f '■«' =3 .I..ly, 
 t"l'.i: Mr. Adams G V \r, 1 '"••''"'"'''' *'*'■""- 
 ^Mvenior . "^- A" '"Ijal'l named the (Irst 
 
 Omaila,iefei,<.e,s loan act passed ' ' " -.^"-- •• 
 Ifel'ii es with United .States res ertin:, fii ■- « i^""'' •• 
 "l'l"«ition to the lishervcinl I •%''*'''''*-'• '^"V- „ 
 
 Washiivt.ni . "-^ ''""«■« 1" the treaty of 
 li.vtlie liiitish \orth .\meri,.T ■,,'* ti.' ' ,. ''"'"'• '871 
 
 ''f^»-a,ia,naycstal,lisf:;;;.:. ,;,^,,I"'r"""""'t 
 fnusl, O.luml.ia united ,0 the '■,),,•;, 
 Mature of last hiittidioiiofroyaV;;"" 
 A lihenil „„m.t,.y constituted under Mr. ,^,;;;;;i - 
 
 SrUeorgefartier statesman, 'dicr " '^ '',',""'• '?73 
 >"■ .\ieli, on he nilf of Hnti,,i 1 ' ^° -^'aV. iS;-. 
 C.in.Kla . . "iitish lalmiirers, visits 
 
 riie iniiiistrv of .sir Joi,„'.ii.„" ,• , "utiinin ,, 
 ctawa with eor „,fi ' ,, ^', ^,^""'"'' .Maedonald " 
 "S'-railwav; the arlime, f'i'' "■"li the 1>„. 
 bylo„l Duiterii! '''"""""■''t suddenly in-oroKucd 
 
 Cnimiii.s.iion ,.f in,|iiii-v . ' ' " • '3 -Vn^. ,, 
 
 I'arliaiiu-iit meets, 2^ (),.)■. 'd, , ' ■ .' , ' ''^'-'l'''- >• 
 5^-v. ; Mr. Alex^Ck' :Jl:'V,l!l"'"'t.T, .vsIkiis 
 
 1867 
 
 isn 
 
 arrives 
 I Canada 
 
 •'idy— Oct. 
 
 a* Birkenhead 
 
 • 21 .Ian. 
 
 . . 2o Aiiril, 
 
 Literature and 
 
 Ti.— niini.in 
 
 I'll' mar.|nis ,,f i,,„.,„, 
 p,M,,^"V-.'S8,; returns t, 
 P.iedlc railway bill ,,„ssed 
 S^'Ciety for the Advaiicemeiit of 
 
 «elenee founded in Ot w, 1 '.r 
 
 Lorne . Ottawa 1,, the mar.iuis of 
 
 . 25jMay, 
 
 - ., ..isuicrs ■ \. 1, 1. "•'"'''' ''ivid'ed into 
 
 , Alherta, and . hid as," , '',''i'' •:^'"*''''tchcwan, 
 Mar,|uis of |.,,rne re ,'' i, ' „"''''' "I '•"""''i' July, 
 ^"i-itish Colunihil^'^^^, , .•'"■^.•■■-i. a visit ^o 
 ^i-'"- I'arliainent meets ^ '^'- • 3> .'an. 
 
 '""^'^ ^'-"-'-arrives at -QueK 
 
 22 i)ct 
 
 V ■«.-■;;'""•.'"".'"'' " " 
 
 ..>. n. lerritoiies ( 
 
 i.?3j 
 
 art;.;i.C'^!;S'^i""'- 
 
 '"■"';"w:'t:t':iv;i'""-S'>nii."Keh: 
 
 'Utohii), 
 March 
 
 29 J line, 
 Nov. 
 
 tle.\. Mackenzie forms a ministry 
 Sw„n,rnoify trenty ..Jeeted by ,„e U.8 ^„1^;::- 
 
 ^'^ >:"itea Mates, iiA'^r'Mndi^r^T 
 
 '875 
 
 Th 
 
 KoVenior-K,.iier,Ii 
 Canada otters m' 
 Insurrection in 
 
 ierritoiles (see Manilohaj' 
 
 Insiirroction in N'.w temf,,,.,-.. 1 , . , March, 
 «i'-I, of liatoche (SI ./'•■■';■''';!''''■'' ''y l^"l>is 
 Parted l,y hY,„c|, half.l 1 iV ,", /',"■";. '870), sup. 
 "IK political and soe , ',':,;'' ^'l'l"T' "''"'"■ 
 Iflnised in ,870; l- ,n ' '' ''.'r"' t" lave been 
 "'"'"t 24 .March ("inJ • ' '^''"''^ '^''ized, &c., 
 ■"any rAels, but reii ' ,V "■;i"l' 'V^'^ '""'^»'^ 
 1 ^ and hnrns l-'i.rt Carl, t„, ' '• '"""' '■'"cnates 
 Tin..|.s desiiatehed from 'vni. ',. ■ ^"^=7 .March, 
 dominion '""" ^■"■"ns |,arts of the 
 
 '^iU:^l-,"-•■•--'-^"i^i;''Kll^;^s,ri:;:: 
 
 Oen. Mi.ldleton defeats rebels 'It Pisl, f' ^1 '^'"'''' 
 
 •y ,"■ ■■"idliet, and simi ,, miiel iv '''''''' ."'♦'■'' 
 
 iif sliari)shi.( iters ""-"nfeniiieli by an ainbn.sh 
 
 Col. otter defeats tin" rebels .iff..,, i' ' ^■* M<>H, 
 
 ^ ance nea, liattlcfo,,! '''■.sjieratc rcsistl 
 
 Oen. .Mid.lleton iittacks'[i„f ■ 1 ' ,' 1 .May, 
 
 »an riM.r, wc-llc •,,,'' ''",',;",' tin' .SaskatcliV- 
 
 , *<•■ DritisI, suee .^ '^ , . , ^''^ "I'l' 'iHe-plts, 
 
 ciMiraKc of ca,,t. llinard ' ' s '-f'"' ^l^'ll and 
 
 I <atlinK gun, which n v,'.,! 1' '".}"*'">< the 
 
 I (Uatoche captured) ' '""" tlie my 
 
 i llie Indian chief l>,,nii,i,i,.'.i. ' .' -9 May 
 
 I .I^^su^^iS;-;; -■;'^"''™i^^"i:!l 
 
 ''mill""'* '" '■ tJiK-U' 
 
 hohl out, reported . 
 
 .•surrender of the Indian chiefs' I'm,,, I,' i"' *■*'">'■ 
 lenders . "Ki.s. 1 '•on.iiiMkcr .sill- 
 
 General .Strange ' attacks "ifi,, ii ' • 26 May, 
 «""!'. !"""itto ini es iVnn, >;. 'r ',r ,"",ti''>nehed 
 111 goo,l order " ""t ^ I't, butretrents 
 
 13iK-Hcars army divided ■|„„Jn,.,i i„. '^' ''^ *'"y. 
 
 ''i^^-ind«tn.i«e;ilij;!:;^;;::';;>,S'^«Mid. 
 
 o 
 
 oSSj 
 
 1884 
 
 many 
 ■5 May, 
 'iindmaker 
 
 
 
 j4k 
 
 mm 
 
 W ' 
 
CANADA. 
 
 194 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 i^':»ir; 
 
 m 
 
 
 A . > 
 
 886-7 
 
 1886 
 1887 
 
 cui)tuml 3 .July ; Hcntciici'il witli (.tliiTs ti. Iin- 
 Iirlsiiiinicnt 37 Mi'|ir. 1885 
 
 Cwimdiuii PnelHc Hailwny nmiiilctiMl «l)imt 2900 
 miles ; first tlirmiKli train fnuii Mmitrcal U< \uii- 
 
 ciiuvir 8 Nov. ,, 
 
 I First imbllc diillv train 38 Jnno, 1886. 1 
 
 McssaKi^ cif cmiKratiilatliin IV.mi tin' Quivn to tin.- 
 iii'nplr' of Canaila f';^''^; " 
 
 Trial of Lonis Hid at llcnina 20 July ; rnnvirtcil 
 I AiiK. ; 2B Jirisonrrs pliwl t;nilty to treason 
 felony 5 Auk. : app.'nl for Hiel on Kroiim of 
 Insanity (lisallowc.l loWc'l't. ; aiiinal ilisnnssiil liy 
 iirivy council, l-omlon, 22 < >i't. ; KIclcxccntcii near 
 
 Mi'ufnn '^ ^''^'r " 
 
 Krcnch (li'nionstrations against the gnveriinient at 
 .Montreal uiiil yueliir witliout rintiiij,' 17 Nov. ,, 
 
 EMit Inilian niunlerers lianneil at liattleloril 
 
 27 Nov. ,, 
 
 Hi'lzurp of American vessel for illegal llsliln« in the 
 Hayof Fumlyannounceilalsait 2.t April ; released 
 
 about 27 April, i836 
 
 llnriilj. Aihiw.', U.S. llsliinKVessec, sei/e.i at l)i^'l>> , 
 Nova Kcotia, for alhreil llhral prnrtiees, an- 
 ncnniced 8 May (captain lined 19 .Inly); the 
 Americans seize the ,s■i»^ /■<, a Canailian sniacls; 
 In ri'taliation (releasid 30 May); Mr. liayanl, 
 U.K. minister, apiii'als to the liritisli government 
 for release of Dmiil ,1. A'tnim; Canadiiin armed 
 Heel sent (put ; new leKls'.alion at Ottawa May, 
 
 Helzure and counter-seizure of 35 vessels . .1 
 
 (leni'ral anuM'sty to all persons Implicated m the 
 rehellion, except murderers . . 9 .Inly, 
 
 Dissolution of I'arlianu'Ut . . . 17 Jan. 
 
 Nir Alexander ram|diell aiipointed liij;h com- 
 mi.ssioncr for Canada In L(Midon in succession to 
 sir Charles Tni>i>er ,''','''■ 
 
 Klections, majority for K"venimeut 49, 23 feh. ; 
 House oiiem'd 13 April, 
 
 Kisheries lletallation liill passed by the United 
 States couKress .... 3 March, 
 
 Mr. Wm. O'Drlen, cditorof L'liitnl hrhniil, arrives 
 at Montreal 011 a mission 11 May ; visits Ottawa, 
 Toronto, &c. ; (lenerally unsuccessful, and fre- 
 (piently stoned ; left .... 28 May, 
 
 .Joint commlHsion on lisherli's dispute (3 liritish, 
 inclndlii),' Mr. .1. Clianiberlain, and 3 United 
 States) appointed . . . about 30 An;;. 
 
 lirilisli vessels seized by United States authorities 
 in N. I'aclllc waters . . 2. 9. 12, 17 Au^'. 
 
 Croat railway brldfie over the St. I^awri'iice at 
 Ijiclilue coiniileted .... 30 .July, 
 
 Arranyeinputs maile for a fortnightly mail siTvice, 
 &c., frinii London to the East by the I'acilic 
 Railway by government subsidies . . Sept. 
 
 Treaty respecting llslieries slKueil at Washington, 
 U.S. (see rinhnks) 15 Pel'- 
 
 The senate refuses to ratify . . . 21 Auk. ,, 
 
 TliP/Mi'WJ. Athm.tawiW.Uii Dmnjlitu, the American 
 tisliiuK vessels, release<l ... 28 Feb. „ 
 
 Tlie bill for trade reciprocity with Uniteil States 
 iiCHativcd after 15 days' debate . . 7 Aiiril, „ 
 
 Tlie mariiuls of Ijinsdowiif leaves Canaila 23 Slay ; 
 succeeded Ity I.onI Slinih'ii of I'nvldii (sci: Snl Ixlnini 
 ylrfmi'ii.;; who took the i«tli . . 11 .Inni', ,, 
 
 Commissioners report the capability of the izwut 
 Mackenzie basin, &c. (about 1,260,000 sipiarc 
 miles) for colonization ; annoniiced . . .Sept. „ 
 
 Proposed cxtenshui liy Manitoba of the lied 7{iver 
 railway across the I'aclHc railway; op)iosed by 
 the Canadian Taclllc Comimny ,as interferins 
 with their monopoly, and disallowed by the 
 Dominion parliament; a coni|ironiise agreed to ; 
 the Manitoba government determine to proceed ; 
 thi' Canadian comimny resists, Oct. ; conltict 
 between the men, the com|iany successful, 26 
 Ont. ; decision of thesupreme court In favour of 
 Manitoba announced 23 Dec. ; leave given to cross 
 the line 28 Jan. 1889 
 
 Pmimsal of a petition to the Queen to give the 
 Koveruor-Rcneral independent action in foreifin 
 afliiirs negatived by Parliami'iit (94 66) 18 Feb. ,, 
 
 Jesuits' estate act, restoring property to them, 
 much opposed by Protestants in Quebec ; tiieir 
 ]ictltion against the act disallowed by goverii- 
 iiicnt Aug. ,, 
 
 Destructive storm from Ontario to Qiieliec, 14 Jan. 1890 
 
 Parliament opened, general prosperity announced 
 
 16 Jan. ,, 
 
 i83B 
 
 Tlin commims of the dominion unanimously vot- 
 a resolution of ailheslon to the mother country ; 
 a coiiy to be sent to the ipieen . . 29 .Ian. i\,, 
 
 The Maultidia railway iiamecl the Great Northfyn 
 railway of Canada 'an. ,, 
 
 Crowfoot, the lawyer chief of the Hlaekfeet Indians 
 dies, sending a message of Ihankn for kindness 
 received from tlie government . . 26 April .. 
 
 Hesigiiation of gen. MicUUeton, commander of 
 militia (under censure) . . alsiut 24 June, ,, 
 
 Dariil Vriielrit, U.S. schooner, seized for Illegal 
 llshing, near Prime Kdward Island, released on 
 bonil, reporteil 28 Sept. „ 
 
 John Ileglnald nirchall, an educated F.ngllslinian, 
 tried at Woodstock, Ontario, fiu- the niunler In 
 Niagara swaniii, of .Mr. F. J. Henwell (whom be 
 hail deioyed from Kngland Into a farming part- 
 nership), 17 Fell. Dlrchall wrote a forged letter 
 to Col. Beiiwell, reipiesting liini to send 500/. to 
 Ills sou : evidence clrennistantlal ; eight days' 
 trial ; Ulrcliall convicted 11.45 p.m., 29 Se[it. ; 
 executed 14 Nov. ,. 
 
 The Indians of Ontario and Quebec, at a meeting 
 on 21 Nov., agree to petition the government to 
 release them from the political franehise, and to 
 jiermit them to elect their own chiefs as formerly, 
 still remaining subject to the (lueeii ; petition 
 presented, and reserved for eonslderation, Dec-. 
 1890 ; parliament dlHsolved . . . 4 Fell, li^i 
 
 Sir John Macdomild, the premier, and the eon- 
 servatives, iiropose reciprocity with the Unitid 
 States, restricted to natural products ; Mr, 
 Laurier and the liln'rals jiropose unrestrieted 
 reeiproeity 
 
 Elections ; estimateil result, for tlio government, 
 124 ; for the oliposition, 91 . . 5 March, 
 
 The Canadian Pacillc railway completed by giving 
 au eiitranie to New York over the New York 
 central lines, by agreement between the eom- 
 panics . 23 March. ,, 
 
 The new parliament opened by lord Stniih'v. 
 
 30 Apiil. ,, 
 
 Death of air John Maeilonnld, aged 76, greatly 
 lamented, 6 June ; public funeral at Kingston, 
 
 10, II Jlllle, „ 
 
 Tlio lion. John Joseph C. Abbott becomes pri'inier, 
 
 14 June, ,, 
 [K.C.M.fl. 24 May.] 
 
 Motion In favimr of unre.stricted reeiproeity with 
 the United States, after 15 days' debate, rejecteil 
 In the commons, by a government majority of 26, 
 
 29 July, „ 
 
 Great strike in the lumber mills at Ottawa begins 
 
 14 Sei.t. „ 
 
 Sir Hector I.ouls Ijingevin, mini.ster of yn\A'v 
 works, and bis friend, the lion. Thomas 
 McGreevy, an active ministerialist M.P., ami 
 otlier olti'cials, charged by Mr. Tarte, M.P., a jour- 
 nalist, with cormiitiou in relation to eontraet-. 
 for government works in 1890; the matter r''- 
 terred to the atanding committee on privileges 
 and elections, which met 21 July ; sir H. 
 Langevin makes bis defence, 11 Aug.; his r.- 
 aigmition as minister accepted, 7 Sept. ; Mr. 
 T. McGreevy makes damaging admissioiis, ami 
 retlivs to the United States ; the eomiiiittee in 
 their report exonerate sir H. Langeviu from nil 
 I'harges, exccjit that of negligence ; they eensuic 
 Jlr. T. McGreevy, and certain oltlcials, 14 Sept. ,. 
 
 Report adojited by the house . . 25 .Sept. ,. 
 
 The St. Clair tunnel connecting the Canadian and 
 the United States railways running to Cliicaiie 
 opened by sir Henry Tyler, chairman of tlie 
 Grand Trunk railway . . . . 19 Sept. ,. 
 
 Lady Macdonald created n peeress as haroiies.s 
 Maedonald of Earnsclitfe .... t)ct, „ 
 
 Very large crop of wheat in the N.W. territories, 
 
 end of Nov. ,, 
 
 In consequence of the restriction of N'ewfmmdlanil 
 ill its supply of herring bait to Canailian llslicr- 
 men, the Dominion govenimeiit imposes a diity 
 on imported Newfoundland llsh . . 8 Uci'. „ 
 
 3Ir. NicliOhei CoUolIy and Mr. Tlinmas: McCrn-.T 
 committed for trial .... 24 Dec. „ 
 
 Lachute, ou the Canadian Pacillc line, liunit, 
 
 7 Jan. i5j.' 
 
 ( 
 
 Miietliig at Washington 
 
 I'aiiiida and the Unit 
 
 pi'eelt.v, no result 
 
 .Vegiitlatlons broken otf 
 
 Tlie ilomlnlon iiarliamei 
 
 of Preston , 
 
 DllfleiiltywithNewfouml 
 .»to/iMof 1889 • 
 
 .Mr. Thomas .McGreevy 
 liiipri.somnent 
 
 riie lion. Alexander .Mail 
 niiLsiin, came to Canada 
 beeaiue liberal premier. 
 Important acts and pron 
 visited Great Ijritaiii am. 
 1875 ; died aged 70 . 
 
 Motliin for a new recijn 
 Britain, adopted by tl 
 (g8-64) . . . 
 
 Death of sir William HII 
 stjitesiiian 
 
 Resignation of sir John 
 Nov. ; succeeded by sir,. 
 
 Department of trade and ci 
 
 'Hie seiitenro of Mr. I'lioi 
 from 12 to 9 months' imp 
 
 Parliament opened ; prospt; 
 clo-ieil .... 
 
 Treaty for reciiirocal trade 
 Canada signed at Paris . 
 
 Lord Stanley of I'reston bee 
 
 Tlie carl nf Ahrnliv,! apjioii 
 
 -May ; arrives at Ottawa , 
 
 .Meetings of the liberal com 
 
 promoting tarilt' reform, 
 
 elective senate, &c. . 
 
 Sir Alexander Gait, statesn 
 
 Sept. ; Sir John Abbott, aji 
 
 Mr. Tlionias Mctireevy and 
 
 .sentenceil at Ottawa to i 
 
 for consjiiracy to dofrau. 
 
 22 .Vov. 1893 ; re!eaae<l . 
 
 Xew tarltr hill, favouring trad 
 
 iiitrothiced . 
 Annual meeting of the Canadi 
 tion League held at Ottawa 
 Intercolonial conference opei 
 
 Co/o/iiV.i) 
 The earl and countess of Abet 
 
 sive tour in W. Canada . 
 Deatli of sir John Thompson ( 
 of heart disease, at Windsor 
 sworn in as jirivy counclll 
 funeral at Halifax, St. Mary 
 the earl and countess of A 
 eminent persons jireseiit, 3 J 
 .Veif ministry formed by Mr. Jl 
 
 i<« Mring SImils and MaiiiM, 
 ujieiiiiig of parliament, federatii 
 
 land (ic/iWisr,-), proposed 
 lleiwrtot ro.val coniuiission on 
 
 with recomiiiendations ; prolii 
 
 of; issued . . 
 UuJget announced, 1895-6'; 
 
 4,5co,ooo dollars, to "be 'n 
 
 tiisation .... 
 Tiittenhaiii [lartiaily liestroyed I 
 
 lianiage, 150,000 dollai-s 
 First exliibltion at Kegiim, N.fl 
 
 by tlie gov. -general 
 
 tranco-Canadian coninicroial tre« 
 
 Ilic Imperial government agrees 
 
 r.!"""™, t<i sujiport a fast 
 
 facillc cable between Gt. Ijrit 
 
 . announced . - ^m 
 
 ' I'll™f,'*ii-;i°»''''^','"''^ bountiful 
 i 'Iraft bill amending the Copyriij 
 
 ,,ciinipr,m,i.se) brought forward "^ 
 ■"■-> river, the iiaiiie Ki\'en to a 
 f;;ver6il by sir Robert Be , 
 
 , Ottawa, reiiortc! . 
 
 I 'o„ *'■"■' ?'»' countess of Abei 
 UtUwa after a long visit to the I 
 
t.>^ 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 (■,.n„na iiii.l til,' U ted s„"' '''"'''''' "' 
 Np(,'"t,liiti(inH lirr.kcii (iff " ' ' '°"'5 *'"''• 
 
 ™;;;!™J;;l;''' '''''■"''"''■'''■ '''-""' '^"-a^ta;;!;:^ 
 
 nie lion. Alexaml,.,- .Ma,k..n«i,., „vM,u,ny ustulHu 
 Motion for a nrw i-i'ciiinii-itv taiKr ..-in'' '--V'"'' ' 
 
 Br^n.„,i„„t..,i,,y{,.^j^,^;;;l«;'|.,«-t 
 
 Rc8wnati«n nf «ir Ju),,,' Alihott m'!,';,?,' ■'^''''•- " 
 Nov. ; »„ccee.lt.,l by sir John T{>. 'I'l;^;,';,',':;;,, '' 
 
 Department of trade ami cn„„„eree to be creafj,"' " 
 Tlio seiitenoo of Mr. Tliom/m \i„n..„ . ^^'^- " 
 
 m,ni .. to, nioiitbs' in,7:ia:.,f,i;,?r'^ ?'K' 
 
 ■""elosJ!" °'.""'"^' ' '"■"■^"«"'>- f«l'"r>e'l,' .6 Jan. I " 
 Treaty tor rceipro'cal trade'between 'Kranc^ ami 
 Canada .siKiii'd at Pari.s . '■'""Cb ainl 
 
 Lonl Stanley of Preston beranies earl of "Oerfiy " 
 
 Tlie mr! n/Mrr.l, ap„ointed fe'ovenior'JenemI' " 
 
 May ; arrives at Ottawa e".'>oiiior-),Biieml, 
 
 .MeetiiiKs of the libenil convention at fiit^?,. !''' " 
 proiuotiiiK tarlll' refoni,, reeipocitj- "„ ' ',''■ 
 elective senate, &c. •'' ., ' '"' 
 
 Sir Alexander fialt, statesman,' ageil ,«"','i „ i'"""' " 
 .Sept. ; Sir John Abbott, awed ',-(., /' I '. '.'' 
 
 .Wr. Thoin,!, Mctireevy mid Mr X K r ,, " 
 senteiice.1 at Ottawa to , v tar's in,^H>,,""""^ 
 for cons),iracy to defraud Hm ""'"'■"""""'"t 
 .2.\ov. .8,,; rel™.,«l " "'* «"vernni,.nt, 
 
 'i:t^i;je;i"'.''™:'""« "■""" "•"" '"^^'--^ ^^^^-, "'' 
 
 AnniLil meeting of tiie Canadian l'nii)eria7pil''''''' " 
 tioii LeaRue held at Ottawa ""'"""" '•e-l'T"- 
 
 "'S!.™''" """'""'"''> ovenk at Otta«?. (««';; " 
 
 Theearl and connte.s's of Aberdeen Wns'i'n",'' •'!''-^' - 
 sive tour in W. Canada '^"''"'™" ' 'O"" "» e«en- 
 
 Deatl, of sir John Thompson (born « NoV'^s "V " 
 of heart di.iea.se, at Windsor Castle after betn,; 
 sworn m as privy conncillor, i" Doc • fe I 
 
 uneral at Halifax, St. Mary's 'cathedral' H ?• 
 the earl and countess of Aberdeen , ml ...i ' 
 eminent persons iiresent, 3 Jan fsg; ' """"' ' 
 
 New ministry fornie.1 by Mr. Mackenzie Bowell 
 
 190 
 
 CANADA 
 
 '893 
 
 14 Dec. 
 Jtan 
 
 Sea Mriiiy Slrnih and Mnnituha \i ," 
 
 "±f =* «■ „r5^'iS 
 
 lottejiham partially destroved'bv «r., ' .-^ '^"J"' 
 
 'taia«e,. 50,000, lolla,"^ ^^ "" ' ""''"'"'ted 
 
 First exhibition at KoL'ina n'w rs,.„ 1 "*•'""»-'. 
 
 Vtliegov.-Keneral ' ^•"^- f-"""''". opimed 
 
 , Fmco.Canii,liun conimcn'ial treaty mtifl,.)' , n.^;- 
 
 The Imperial (,'overnment atiees to ^r, nf ' 'V 
 
 perauuum to support a f isV . .m -"'aoo'- 
 
 Wine cable botwJrol irWi uandraLT''' 
 . announced "nuiiu ana Canada ; 
 
 Tliankagiving day for a Ixmntifid hnrv,.,? '' v''"'' 
 A ilratl bill amending the o' i yrUt a^^^^^ 
 1 „c;»npromi.«.)brouidit forward *^ ^ '^,|9 (a 
 
 , Ottawa, reportCl"' "'""• "«"■ "'« "I'I"t 
 I Hie earl and countess ',,f aV ■' ' ^''^'- , 
 
 "7n;inis;jrf::.i^;;^'"»'^^^''->^.^"^^^;^^ 
 
 Ministry rei„natltiit,"i| " • • 5 J."i. 
 
 •''•ir Charles T,i,.,...„ ■ ' ' • • »5 Jnn. 
 
 " "'1''""^' J'"'.. -Htwretary of „ta»e 
 
 "■"I^m!;:'^" .^ftHl^nr'"'^' ''■'^=. -ported ^^'^i 
 "«jjtish empire ,ea«„e^ n.etlng h,dd ^/""• 
 
 "i:<:;^;^i'^;^^';';:^r-^^"(M;niitoba);m^::;i 
 
 '''■l«te on 1 ,. th J';,.^a?i '""'irr 'f'"»f. -o March 
 <al dllleremes n .V ' *" '"'""""•' a"'! |),ditl- 
 ti.e h,.iis,. a, |,;,in ,f,''.« '""":" ''"■'tinuoMH .sitting 
 
 '"'»-•'' 'lie dei« r. ',sp;ded'".'i';"*;r59 """« 
 
 "lent proi„y,i,.,| ""'*l"-''deil, ,6 April j parlla. 
 
 v^:i.i^^^^n^l^;rte^-''"-ti;n.'^;^-; •• 
 ''^?«i;i)^^,d'r?ib;;r- ^^™-^' '•""■•'•■M?.^:^; •• 
 
 HeslKnalion or .sir Clmili.s flippy- ' ''i '','","•'• •' 
 
 '"lni;^MCl;;.>- ■" '•■".e,u.ivy^;::l^i " 
 
 llict (34) '" ' "^'•"'' '""jority in tjrst con- 
 
 'All^rri^i^'i-- ".Hvs-at Mon^^^!'^ - 
 
 !nel;?';t;:;;;:,^'''-'""'i»>-".ed-i,y„?,^i^: -. 
 '"i?^.i'V^;;,^;:!lr'^-'"-'»way:.sl.?;;[:': •• 
 
 Pailmment prorogued * " * • 7 Oct. „ 
 
 re;!:,r^^i^«'. «™"t^" ".Ti;. during tho^:^;^: ■• 
 
 '"utt;;i;';'!;;i;;i;:i:ir' ---atio,...' .t.r^r:ii - 
 
 ^^ar eagle mine ill llritiui. ,■ 1 , .' ' 3 Jon. igoy 
 
 a TomntosTi/licntHfr/ "''"''"'■'■''"■'''•'''■ ''>' 
 Parli,.iiie„top.;,Vb^.&°',<»°:l"l'"r'< . Jam ., 
 
 I Undget: new t, riH mv , '■^,";'r''''*'i'' . =5 -March, 
 the union wi h 7it i) i , 1." "' f '"'•.■iKtl'ening " 
 «i"K the Unit, Sta es • n "'""""' ' °I'1''>- 
 
 tobacco, .ediu-t ., I on in , T"; "" T'''"''''' "■"' 
 
 I ^.M-oposeil: « A r 1: i, ."'•,,? o'; "'"' '""atioii, 
 
 !«.r Donald siiiitii!hi^s;iis:^j:;^;-,,j^.^;-. ,. 
 
 1 arliament pror„j-ued ' ' " ' • »' ''uiie, „ 
 Tim alien labour laws" in f i,„ A .. '. '' "'"""' » 
 •■"■•fed against Cidiais,^,^""^'' ^""'"^ «"• 
 nation: repurhHl'Tjnlv.' ,'»"f.-!."Hich imlig. 
 "iii'ounced . ' / * ' "-■'"liation enforceil ; 
 
 Gold discovered in" the" v \v ■' i '■• •'"'>-' >. 
 .liHtrictandCoii th. "kI idyke wii ',■; w'''p« ^'"^"'^ 
 
 ^ AValsh a,™oint"e'dt';.;it''«fr',8o«l"*'^' ^"1'^°^ 
 
 "=>iSrs'^^'-?;:^,.Ss|,..rs,^-i •. 
 
 i^-^' Knl^^^Y'"'- »"""'y welcJ,„ed-on his reti^rn " 
 
 ""n!:s:si&s';-'';i;>^^;:'i;St''r""'^- "' 
 
 "^S''^-'^"™'"-«oHC^;awa^*i^: •• 
 
 basisoffreetmd„!'re,wt,r''' '" ^° """' th« 
 Aew government niiiiinir,.,r.,i„f;„ ■ ■ • '3 Nov. „ 
 
 'listrict ; issued . .*' '^'^^*'"'»''0"s "• the l-ukon ' 
 Gold discovered iu the Ha'v dI.h- , ' '7 ''an. ,898 
 ^ >'vers that run into he G?™t s ivi?' u""" °"'" 
 Parliament opened wit . n , 1 ^ , '"''" ■ -fan. 
 Kosignation of the' Td of Jr""^!" "P"'"^''' 3 Feb " 
 „Oct.)at.uou„ced "^ Aberdeen (to leave i.i " 
 
 Purlianiont prorogued ' * ' ' "3 May, ,, 
 * • Tune, 
 
 2 
 
 1896 
 
 i|i f( 
 
 ^^';jA 
 
 '**'W 
 
 vC.I 
 
 ^% 
 
 ?^^'J^^'' 
 
 '^'. I'M 
 
 
 ■■ lli 
 
 lyw 
 
 ' i ' ^uH^HB 
 
 ^ 
 
 \W\. 
 
 j^n 
 
 y,i^ 
 
 / y«j 
 
 ^S^Ht^uS ^^H^H' 
 
 III 
 
 ii 
 
 
 1 
 
'( 4 . 
 
 m^: 
 
 ■J' 
 
 l>t 
 
 CANAL BOATS. 19« CANDAHAB^__ 
 
 ~^i<^: BOATS. US...1 a. aw,^iin«-. «n act , ;;!;:K^i;i;;';s!v:;;;^;;^.e.i •.■.•.• ./.r 
 
 i8"- fjo & M Vict. c. (lO); ainciKlcd, IW4. •^'- Mitmi v, iipi'iicil '77' 
 
 8tod,8aiiMn»tinnl.vtixHlr.mm.8, tucd between H.v,n^^^^^^^ _^^^ 
 
 Aiitwi'ip and Liejtc, bi'pt. I««2. i ]i,.|„|f,„il, icniiilclcd . ' 
 
 CANALS.(ay.i.i.iaMva.H-,.ou^5..s) Th,.i.vw,^ ..,..,, 
 
 perial canal in China, .•omni.nci'd in I i 311 ^,,,„,,^,';.,,,„,, ,„ ,^„,y ,7,, 
 
 century. Uf^aid to pass nv.T 2000 milfs, anil to 41 j ^y^^i.^.^,^,,,,,,„„, „j,,,ii,i,j,,„„„ 
 
 .•itira-'sei' </(/"'/<.», •!>■"<-■, "'"1 ''"""'""• j Miincla'stiT, Holt. ni, and Itniy 
 
 TlKM.u,alorl.M,,K.a■.^..; Ca.ml. M )«1 'J'^^ ' rri.nm. Art!yllsl.i,v, rut .... i79i.':u, 
 tl„. M..lilmaiRnu«itl. Ihu Atliiuti. UMaa, WM'* ^^^^ H„r.islcv, cat ■;« 
 
 iianiilttccl . -, , ■ , ii... n'.,ii„. ',.11111- H.H'lida'li', "I't passril 
 
 TlmlordilniuslioaLtla' LoiiT to tlK'S.'lai .oni^^^^ llu.MrrsuVld, art pass.-d 
 
 lai'aci'd ,.j, Dcrliv, coiiiiilcti'd „ 
 
 S';:'^^™tiuM.ani,.auat„;.No;t„.;.a.atKi,.i: i^-iii^i -;^^i:;r;;;:K!;;: .•.•.•.■. : ;z^ 
 T,;;'t ■■:;;' nou,-..«n; ,„.nv....u t.a.-sdu.. aad oiso: iv-t-i^^S::;!::;:.:'...! .•.■.-.•: s 
 
 coniiiu'Uci-d . ■ ■ Til, H to Kfuny Wtratlonl 
 
 .Seine and LoiiT, opfiaM . • • • ;,„.., «io Hurkini-'lnini laniil 1801 
 
 Tluitf>vnitl,eCatt.>N.ttot,el^ tU . • -7^^ l,„„l Suney. art passed 
 
 ThuKi-fat AnuMieiinbra/ianal, A, nulismkn^tn, ^^ U|.,.,.knoek lanal 1801 
 
 wasei eneed . ■ • • ■ ',o,g.j, odeil.aiiau canal liegun 1801 
 
 ThatofAnistei-.lanitothesea. . • ■ "1925 j.,|,.,„„.„. ,„|,„.,i,„.t ,805 
 
 S'";::i;;i;n";i;aic^dani aad t.,« No,-.i.^ea _^^^ i\:^!;[>i^,!;^;f;':';,l;;d;'H"^tto Rye. ■.■.-:&, 
 
 oS^analVoniiecti,;^ the Atlantic and M^^^^ i^lrriinHlanln. ,>,.n,ed ' .' / / ! isi, 
 ten-anean (between B,a-dea..x and -Nail^mm* ^^^^ V.'mCs anil Uvcpool. opened ,S,6 
 
 ,i^i[;;!Sxo,-tbS.^™|ml(6nalleslon^pn^ ;V}iU;;;U"nd .Glasgow Union- .-.■.•.: ,k 
 
 Jan. .834;<-a,plete,l,see;, /ncaalA^^ S hellleld, e.nnplele.l iS„ 
 
 minnd navigataai conyre.ss at li.usstlb opin.a ^^^ Wwnfs eanal, .r'"''d • ■», 
 
 .. I <„ \ " ■ ' Caledonian eanal, 'lanpleted . . 30 Oct. igj2 
 
 Maacliester ship canal (see -A/aac/ic-ff/) •,„.'„",838 Dlnnin-ham and l.ivcii 1. licfnin 8:6 
 
 K,iihvay and Canal Tmltlc Act passe, • " A «. .83d -^ |" ., ,)crkelcV, ship-anal, completed . ,8=7 
 
 '^'^i;;ll;.;:^lter:n';S;^"^ ntt l'ui:^-'"b^^ .^9= Nlrwid. and Lowestoft naviKatio„ opened . . . .S3, 
 
 Joint iiui-liani'entary coinniittee sittum • •'"||«. J^M CANARY ISLANDS (N. W. Afri.'.'O, known 
 
 Canals p.olection([.ondon) act pass, l . ..5 .I'd) , i8y3 yAiNAttl ,^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ,^,|_^^ 
 
 (See(;aar,,,s'ac--oaa..;andi'.<aj««''.) r°.,lLovcred l.v a Xonnan named Itethencourt, 
 
 HHiTi.su <'A^-*i-;;- ,„i I „i,„ut 1400 ; his desccndaiita sold tlu'iii to tht 
 
 Thelh-Ktw.as hy Henry 1., when the Tient was J.uma " '^^^^j^^j-; „.',j„^,,,..„„p n,„ster9, 148V Tlie crrMry. 
 
 Fmncis\Tatl ew in'',656, and Andrew Vuranton in .f77, 4,W, a mitiv;. of tlioso isles bron|tl,t to Lnjjland 
 
 in vain stroaKly urged improveinent in internal navi- nbout I i^OO. Tenentle is the largest island, fmv. 
 
 ,.„tion. ., , 1 .,„ • the most south-western, was appointed the Prench 
 
 In Englaial there are said to he 2800 nnles of (•anas, au |,,^,j.i,,j„„ ,,.^. Louis XIII. in l6;2. Hestru.tive 
 
 a5.«ndlesof rive,-s taknig nie ljM«th .f th^^^^^^^^ .^^ jj-_ ^^^^ estimated iflimage, 70,OCO;., 
 
 that are '^"^■^';|;:,;^'^*"'' 53°° """^'*' <"'^- *""' • vi.portcd 22 Fe'-. 1806. 
 
 In'hlhuT.fTht'J^'are' 30!; lailes of canals; '5° "f ""viK"^^^^^^ CANCER IIOSriTAL (Free), lirompton, 
 rivers ;and>.ailesol la. M,anno,nav,gabl.hcluw Oa.> ^__^^^^^_^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .^^ ^^^.^ ,^^. ^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 T,'''l'c'!';erltv\;r ■^nlds f. •■■'a t n e 1 gelv checked hy Dr. William Murs.Uu (horn Aug. l^,), whoactivciv 
 
 ^' 1, ' haloaUon of railwavs! is nmv greaTly rcvive.l ; and superintended it till his death, lO Jan 186-. The 
 
 railways are connected'witli them (.878.iS8y). foundation-stone ot the Imildiiig was laid by .Mia 
 
 INI AND NAvruATio.s. (aftcrwurds liaroness) Hurdett t'outts, nn rarlv 
 
 Kew river eomineaced '^ iii,(.nilbeneractoi-,30 May, l8.V)- See /')Mi%i(»;, 
 
 l)r<aight to I-on.hai ■ ■ , • • • ' [J] founded by Dr. Marsden in 1828. 
 
 ^i'Xu'nilvlgllKl'u.^idln^:''' .-.•.•: >:^ CANDAHAR. a province of AfghanistanM 
 
 Caernmrtheiishire canal "756 by Uuranis and Ohilzais. ( andahar, the capital, 
 
 Broitwich to the Severn . . „• ■ ,■ ,,\ " is said to have been iounded by Alexander the 
 
 Luke of Uridgewater'snavlgatain(hrst great eanai; (;,.,..,t f^-li- \2l II. c) After being suhject to sue- 
 
 eommeneed (see ;.Vo/;(eieWcr) 17^9 "; .■•^;\]ip'/'of I,„lia. it was made capital ot 
 
 Snuln'S'lhe Silm (Ihc Grand) ' . ' . ' .765-783 Afghanistan by Al.ined Shah, ,747, hut the .at of 
 
 St Zrd an.l W.acester. ,-c nc..,l . ■ ,• - government was transferred to tabul m I"4. 
 
 Grand Trunk (Trent and Meisey) cominence.l l.y .,.„kenau,lii,dd by the British 7 Aug. .Stoto^j May, i!(: 
 
 lirindley . . • ' „ ^. ^cjtt (with nia,i"r Hawlin.s,>n and niajia- Laiir) 
 
 Forth to Clyde, i-oniinenceu .7™ " ,,^f,,|,ted tin- Afghans near here. Jan. aad Jan.', „ 
 
 Birnnngham to liilston ,'i. ti,,. miverniaent ,,f Camlahar eonferre.l on Slien; 
 
 Oxford to Cov,'ntry, <(inunenced . ._ .7f9 "';,f,,, ,.„„^i„ „fthe late ameer Shere Ali),witUtlic 
 
 L..a made navigable fr.aa Hertloi,l to War.', .739 : luie oViro/', I'v the vheroy of In.lia . A).vil, ,& 
 
 to London '' ; f^i,„,.e All resigncl, and went to Calcutta ia Ike. „ 
 
 Leeds to Liverpocd . • ' ' '.«,.,. ti,e disaster of Maiwand, 27 July, 1880, tall- 
 
 JI„nklahd(S,v,th,nd) mmeneed . . • ■•' ^X',„',, „„,-i„|,, l.y liritish during the winlrr ,?^-i 
 
 EUesmere and Chester 'i'' , ,||,. (i,,,,^^. ,,f i,|,.|is mi the earl of Lvttoiismu. 
 
 Basingstoke canal begun •• ,i„„t,j ,.,.t„in CamUdiai, 1O5 voted for it.s ivti'ii- _ 
 
 Liverpool to Wigaii ■ "^ . ,6n„,iiiist . ... 5 Marcli, i» 
 
 fitroud to tUe Bevern '775 mm, 7Da^,,Mist 
 
 ca: 
 
 The hoUHo of ,„ii,„„„|« „ 
 for retention, 330 v,jti^ 
 
 t'andalmrevaitiiifeil 1,.. ,1 
 Sirdar Kaslilm Khan (,',n I, 
 
 aiaiTrofCabnl>,.nt,Ts(' 
 luvasi,,!. of .Vj„„i, Khan; 
 
 army at karci-l-Atta, m 
 
 After a itevuro eonfllet, 21 
 Candaliar , . 
 
 See A/j 
 
 CANDIA, the inediu 
 Crete, of wliii.li C'andia !■ 
 the .Mediterranean .Se.i 
 itsl()0,itie.s, itsecntre \l 
 kiiiK Miiios, and it.s labv 
 taur. It \vas euinjuered 
 ropultttioii eatiinuted 188c 
 Hi'lzed by tlii' ISanicns 
 llftaken by the (irwks 
 .s.iM to thi. ViMi.'tians 
 lldiellcil ; rnluccrl 
 Uaiaeil hy the Turks, 'aft,,,: 
 
 Mcge, .lining which ab,,nt 
 Ceiled to the Kgyptian pacha 
 IWaiiM to Tuiki'v . 
 hi.Hiirreetions suppresseil, iSj 
 IVrwTiitionofth" Chri.stl.ms 
 TlcUlinstiansilemariil rnlrv. 
 Tlii'yi'stahllsh a " sacrcl bati 
 I'lililish an adilres.s to tliepDW 
 
 flic Cretan general nsseinblv 1 
 
 cif the Turkish autlioiltv 1 
 
 with (ii'ei'cc , 
 
 Comiiii'Mccnient of hostilili,.» 
 
 Hiaaaaiiili'il by .Mnstapha 1' 
 
 flrtek.s vlctorionsln si'v,-ral !■,, 
 
 Tlietireek .steamer I'miliilliiii 
 
 vuhuiteers, i,'.. tn Cimlia 
 Vnasteir of Arkaili bcsii.g,., 
 Iifeiiders ; girat loss mj |„,t 
 ra.iifisitiiMi of Austria, I'rn.vsi; 
 land to the sultan to give nu 
 (letliiU'il ... 
 .Many deltau'dcss villages sniij ( 
 Ciillirlive iiidi'lVom Hu.s.si,i,in,| 
 till' Plate to susjien,! hnstilitj 
 liiikrisive contlicts . 
 The Ad-ciili Oreek steamer, afte 
 mil' 22 tiaies, laialing Ore 
 liiiiiijiiig away women anil ,di, 
 the lurkish vessid lzi;lili,i 
 Assemlily of delegates meet the 
 lii.wrreetiiin subsiiles ; the gran 
 Sept. ; proclaims an aiiinestv 
 funus ... ' 
 
 SiiiTPiisfiil hlnckiide running by' 
 I'aslia, till' Turkish general re 
 in tile island 
 Tlie delegates' demands 'granted 
 Tilt mr reneweil (indecisive) 
 llie Petropanlakes landcl about 
 site sides of the isle, 10 IJ,.,' 
 attempt to unite ; after seve 
 wliioh they lost alsmt 650 men 
 (anil were seat to Oriieee) 
 Tlw provisional goveriuni.nt .siirn 
 "'"'",7 Tm-kish governor, Unu 
 aiiiUhehloekadeeialeil 
 Thf "Oisanie statute," a .scliem 
 
 piled 
 hijumctiua annomieed, with 111 
 JllfUt . . . ' 
 
 L'liioii with Greeco lirocla'lnied' 
 liy a general ns.seinbly ' 
 
 Insurreetion unsuhilued ; anarch 
 Jedares for enforcing legal and 
 
 Pacidcatiou hy Mukhtar Paslia th 
 ||fse!f-goveram..nt, kr. . 
 
 Tke Pact of Ilaleiia drawn up „„ 
 ence, sanctioned hy the porte 
 
 losarrectiou ou account of rell 
 
L'nmliilinriiv.icimtcl !,v tlj,. 11,1.1 1 ^l--^'' Miiirli,' 
 Sinl,,r K„sl,l,„ Klmi, (,,,.1, ';''•., ,"-" ,-M'iil, 
 
 Aftor n HfVfiv f,,„(i|,.( ,, v,,,,, ,. 3'jJiily, 
 
 Uii.laliiir . ' '•■ ^' '''■• "'" "iiiwr .■iit.-r« 
 
 tin. M^iifna,;';, 't ;;^! ,,^!>l\^''' ':v^';"v';" 
 
 *l2.-l I.V tl„. ,S;,r„r,.,H 2"^.0<». I«'J,, 2S0.000. 
 
 lirtakfil by till' (■i,.,.|<, ' ' • • • A.D. 8^3 
 
 Solil tip IIm' Vi'iii'tiali.s '■■•.. 961 
 
 IIi'Im'IIi'iI ; ivilllidl " ' • • A"B' U04 
 
 U;iiMiil liy till' Tiuks, 'nft,..' ., ,\^,.„,\. , ' ■ • '364 
 
 lir»t..i,..ltiiTmk,'y . . • ■ . . . 
 
 liwimTtiiins Hii|i|'iii.ssi'il 'ii),,'i„. ' ;,,.,• 
 11...- .-..' ' ..."."• '"41 : liy (■iiiii'iliiitliin. 
 
 CANDIA. 
 
 IVniiriitiiiiMiftli" rhiistliiris 
 
 ififig 
 1830 
 1840 
 
 Tl..;yi;»t«l,l(.sh a •■.s,.|.,,,„i I t^|,f.'.''-'^"'"'"^' •'""". i866 
 l'M.l.«l. »n «cl,l,.c.H« to the ,.owe;':;',.oU..tiu« )l^^!t " 
 
 with (iivi'ci. . . ' ' ^'"loiii. niiil uiilim 
 
 t'limmi'iiiriiiiMit of 'lin.stililiiH • tlii. Tm'.h ,= ''*''I''- .. 
 
 Owk» virtiMiiiiis In srvi-nil c H i ,. >< , ► " i*^"'"- •• 
 
 viiluiitwra. &,■., tofiiiiilli ^ '' coiivi.y 
 
 M .iia»tiM-y iJl- Aikiiill iH.sii'.,.,.,! .' 1,1, ,■,,, , ,; , "'■'■ .. 
 
 aifeiulm ; Kinit lo.s 1,1, it!, /, ^ "1' V''" ' 
 
 IViil»i»ltioiiiilAiistii,i. l>ni,sl,i 1 , , ■ ,J^'/^"^'- .. ' 
 
 .|.at.,t,.»u>t,.to'j;;:-i:^'i;l>-':;^'^;t-- ^ 
 
 Maiivil,.ri.iici.lc».s viili,Ki'« SMiii to I,',. l„,;,,t^' *';"■'■''• '^*" 
 
 iiiilirisive I'liiiHicts . ' 'sJniif, „ 
 
 llii'.l*,,/, Ui-wk »twiim:i', nrtiTi-ii' 'u tl,..'i'f"'j'' " 
 
 *li' 22 t iiics, laniliiiL' (iivi.k- V- *". "'"■'<■ 
 
 111.' l«i»h vessi'l /.-,,/,/,-,; " '""• ''"■"t'oyea l,y 
 
 SiiiwMfiil Muckiiilc niiininK l>v'tlii. biv.i-^ -^r'^"^'' " 
 I'.i.'ilia, tl„. Tuikisl, yeiluial, k'Vi ns I, » , "'"!' 
 
 ill tilt islauil . . •"'"''"'""■•* '-•oimimiiil 
 
 TlitMlelegatt'sMoiimiKlsL-niiitcil ' ' " ^i'^- •> 
 Till war rciicwfil(iiii|,.ri,siv,.) ' * "J'",''- ■> 
 
 liiePetmiiauliikes laiiil.nl alioiit s'joo inon „'„ n, , '• '^*^ 
 site sales „f tli,. is!,., ,0 {),;■ l,,^,- ? . ' '"'" 
 «tteni|.t to uait.. ■ ar„ sivi'. b '1' ""^''' 
 wiiiHi they lost al„'„ "^ 1 ■ . Il1.',','',''r, 'P' ',» 
 (anil were sent tDCJivfc,.) ' " "'""'"''CTed, 
 
 Th._>Hh«anic statute," a solienio 'of rolV,^,!^^;:;!;: 'S^S 
 
 l.H|™rtiuu n„aoa,>«.a. withMoWslii.a.l k,;!!:;;;^ 'S^r 
 
 L-iiion wlthVjre«.o pVoclaiiiieil, ,, Ja",""l° ',:'"''; 
 liyaseiieralassonil.ly 3' J"". , ilecTeeil 
 
 InsuiTOtioii unsuhilufil • nn'iivliv • tj. .• "*"'"• 
 aeoUresn.ren.urci„«,;,!!l';;;;,l'];'„»;::;^;;t.j;a^ 
 
 Tie Pact of Haleim 'drawn up under Britl-l", i.'i'''- 
 
 ence, sauetioaed by the port.' '' "l?"' 
 
 taurrediou ou a.eouut ^of r^Ilgi-o.,. aifllcnaitl' 
 
 3 Feb. 1884 
 
 „l.ow..rHfi,r,ni.d' i;„ "' '"* "'''•':" '""I "th-r 
 
 Photlaih's, re,ii,i,„i|,,,„ .. ," . ' . "'""" ' Mi'IlIi, 
 
 noun,M.ii '■'""""'"' yoveinor for hv« y,,,rs an! 
 
 Tenipiimry ilistiirlmMc.H, ord'er r-itor,.,'! * 'V'i'.''''' 
 
 .Vali,m».tanH,Maf',,l^;''i! ,;,'*- ''•I'tl''"'' ■»!.( 
 
 ♦-'■et.', I, Jlllli. • i„- ' V '■'''' """I"' "''ii' 'o 
 
 t.i rostiMu , ',T.r' '""*'^"""'' Kovernn.ent foniied 
 
 MohuMMid DJellalledin 'iinshu Ti„l,i" 1'^ ''"""• 
 
 'l"iii"0'l«ai"nsl tVu'iV;. •■^","'","'*"'"f "x^-inbly 
 
 Assert.Ml inMiinnPo of fir,.,,k „„it„, ,., '^I'l'lj'' .. 
 Iiisum..tl.ai inrreasiiiL ^!..M .' ■ " ''"'>'; 
 
 (ii tiv. or IJr ti»l li^it, ^ 'or aiihexatli.h to 
 
 trooiw . "*"* '" '"l^" (^omnmn.l ..f tin. 
 
 Rlza imsha aoiinlntpil ti.„,„ ' • • « Aiil'. ,, 
 ^,extrapo»>^i ■,,.' .7,,,^'' P''''-.v governor, witi, " 
 
 FiKiitin«\.oin« on v,i;;'t:' :;'';;';,,,,;, ■•r'- •• 
 
 reported . ' iuiKlsU trooips m Crete, 
 
 Rlza i'asha, the i!iivpni,,i. .' n' . • 7 Auk. ,. 
 
 «''''kir pasha, ,vim/;';,\;:; ",''■; ''■-'■'''•'■.■'l i.y 
 
 ^'mr!"!!';«""'"""y ^•'^'"r^^ ^y Turkish n.;:i;i;;{t ■■ 
 
 Til.' .V.itald.'sa.hiress 'the sultan H,,;, n ' 1 , ^'■'''*' o 
 
 ,^ Ins Kooil Kovernni,.,," ' *'""''^''i« I'l'" for 
 
 J iirkish circular to the -,.„„, ,' „. • 28 .Ian. 1S90 
 
 'I"- l""'illeati f c'ret"e 6 Xy'T'- '■"'""■'"'" 
 
 ev''.'l.k to ,8 I'ersons coilviet,. f ' • .""""•■"fy. 
 hoiuieed . . .-onMct.'.l of eimies. „u. 
 
 ffivat return of refiiL-ees fr.m 'r'„„ ' ,' " -^'io'ch, 
 lievail „„„i,„ "'M.'-'*.""'i'Orew'enlMiut lu May, 
 
 ■|»' 
 
 1234 
 1337 
 
 ■ 334 
 
 
 iSgt 
 1892 
 1894 
 1S95 
 
 1877 
 J878 
 
 , 'Von. .if .-Shakir 'asha «"'^'"""''"'""t 7 July, In 
 
 ''(i;)e;:!;,*!!;;'b't;:;">''>r'-«''K"v,:rn„r 
 
 ahont . ^ """ """'••• B'i'i'U vlzi.-r) 
 
 mnrbancos;-«„ye;.aleonmets With the -^i^k!;^; 
 Turklnin pasha nppointei'l .rn'vnrnor • V"^'' '' ''"■''■ 
 
 among ttn> peoplV, rop,, od "' ' '"™"''""t 
 
 Alexan.ler Karatheudory uasln z,, fi' ■ ..'3 Aug. 
 
 pointed «overn,n' ^ ''''""'(» f-'instmn) ai,. 
 
 ^ *''-'''""ii».lL'nianil..il liv'the'Isne.M'i.i,. .■„ >• ' .^'"''ch, 
 porto ; reporteil •'•''■wnibly ; n^fiisal ofth.. 
 
 San«uinary Vimmk he'tweeii TnVkisI,' t,. '^ ■'*'"^'; ■■ 
 Cret«n.s at Kainpos imKish troojis «n,l 
 
 Turkish trooiis deieati.il u-rii, 1' ', ' 20 Nov. ,, 
 
 in Apok.,r.lna ' ''''•''^•y '"■•"' nt Vryses, ' 
 
 iiit'iit ; reported . " ^ikv\. govern- 
 
 Karatlie.)<lorv. L'ov -irei'„.,.,.>'„„ ■■ • . •ajFeh. 1806 
 
 ..•.■e.led by Tm^ila.^ Vl a' ''^'«"''' ^^ ^f^l ""<=• ' 
 
 GiMeral amnesty i.roolain.e I . " -.o^J,'"™'' •• 
 
 S^'rious conllicts iHitwe,.., T„„i •, ,'8 March, ,, 
 
 I , >"«ny kille,! ; reporJI^f" """' """^ CHistians', " 
 
 Turklmnpa.slia recalled ' " ' 3° Jlay, „ 
 
 H.M.S. Ho., and other . . :i',^Mvar.ships-„rr?v.*'"»'' - 
 
 TurkLsh trooDs lium o- 1 ■ ™ . ^* ^'ay, '' sf/. . 
 
 vU:a«eH; ;e'iortea ."' "^ '^'""^ T-^'^'""' ■"'" <>"'" " 
 
 • • • I June, ,, 
 
 1 
 
 ¥!rni^^ 
 
 ! - 
 
 ^'"l^lflHI 
 
 
 !a: 
 
CAKfPIA. 
 
 198 
 
 CAffMA. 
 
 
 It 
 
 i =1 \; 
 
 Annrchy o?i«1 rir««hH.m-'Oov.r tin' wi-ntiTii l«>rtl<iii 
 of the ("luinl ; lucCT-Mn) ' TieBwn liy llii' Tiirkit , 
 ntnte cif .,^«> ! '- -'niir..,| ; , ;".rt.,l . 4 •]»«'• 
 
 .\»tliiu • II •I""''. 
 
 ..tc.l ani( l"iriit by ll'o 
 
 ■-I)itl"n8 at Al''"'""!''!" 
 
 ^ . , June, 
 
 .III* (Mi.liWWWa I' th« 
 
 'llIM', 
 
 I 'Alt'- 
 
 June, 
 FrPii"'"' (•iir<'iihteni iiiul iimHwicrci Ijy Turkish 
 
 Tiirklnh trc- ' 
 
 tiulutll Ull'l 'I 
 
 Turku, (1 i J ,1... 
 
 fi>r ri'lli'f of till' »imin ' 
 Troti-it iif tin- fcirci^.'. 
 
 Bovprnor-Ki'ii. ... 
 
 TIjh C'ri'taii ri'llcf .oiniiiltti'e at AllidH"' ii|>|pi'iil t" 
 
 the worlil for iihbIkU . . • M .i""''. 
 
 XliKTurkiMli iirdiluiiiiitl Ml iirdiiiliilnn refi.riii», itc, 
 
 illicri'cllU'il ; thii CrituriN iIimiiii'hI n'curltii'K 
 
 19 J' 
 Tim 
 
 tronim. riMinrtf.l .... >9-" J""''; 
 Gcirifl I'lUliitll.'rHVitili.lirlnCcnrSiiiriMii.iiiiiH. ritp.1 
 
 govi'rniir-ui'iKTrtl orCri'tf, rei«irlrtl . a8 Jtmc>, 
 The CrcUin rdiiiiiiltteo l»r.Uc> n 1 irculur rullliit.' l"r 11 
 
 iimvlHlHiuil goveninieiit au.l iiiilim with (lrci«i' 
 
 The iKiwerB ircninnitii'l thiit the purtc rIk.iiM uriiiit 
 n C'hriKlliin Kiivernnr-Kcnenil, tlic revival "I thi' 
 llah'iia coimtllutliin, the' liMiiii'illati' cmnia'allim 
 of the aHwiiilily, ami a nMi>'al "iiine»ty ; all 
 KrantiHl 3 J»l>i 
 
 The thrlHtlan (h^imtlea arrlvK at Caiiea ii-i« July, 
 
 The a»Hc>inlily (ii*imm1 liy Um govi'miir . 13 •'»')', 
 
 Dftultory lighting nf«r Caiulia, Hetiino, ami other 
 Iilaccn '"'>• 
 
 VIllaKC'M ilc'stroVfil, 3 Auk- : nuarcliy luil rIotiiiK at 
 Hfiakllon, 4 Auk ; y,,rna MalioimMhiii« fiitiT 
 thft'Wii, HiKht -if rhrlxtiaiiM . . 5-0 Au((. 
 
 llcfiinii •■luiMiiiltcc '.llnmilvwl ; new ri'volutioiiary 
 ami-i' iv foriuid al Caii.a; tlay i.v(pfp«« snl>- 
 IniK^ 'othi' ircnilpr ami dcpulleH, u'lil awa.l 
 thvii 11 111 tlie pdWTr.H, ri'|Mirt«(l . g Auk. ,, 
 
 Tlie luupi.nlcrv of St. John at Aiiojiolie attackfil 
 anil burnt, 33 inni, woiiieu, ami rhllilren ami 1 
 luoiit' kllldil. ihuirhes ami otlivr villanin 
 bun , • 8 Aiig. „ 
 
 Zihni jiasha, Hperlal Poniiulssloner, ami Ibrahim 
 iiaiflia, military njiniuan Icr, arrive in Canwi 
 
 13 Autt. „ 
 
 Finir Chrlatlan vlUaHcs and two luonaatcrles micki'il 
 
 11 Auk. ,, 
 
 Greek offlcerH anil volunteers land on the W. ami 
 E. coasts 16 Auk. '■' "■!■ „ 
 
 ViKhtinp at Tencilos In Oindia, ri'imrtcd . 16 Auj. ,, 
 
 Turkish troojia litsirged by ChrlMtlanB nt Ka.sti'll, 
 re)iort*(l =4 Ang. ,, 
 
 The amlassador's sdicniP of reforms; politu'al in- 
 depemliMici- of the Island, etc. ; Christian gover- 
 nor for 5 years to be apliointeil ; acee|it<'il by the 
 jmrte, as, 39 AuK. ; I'y t'"' f K'an dejiuties, i 
 Sept. ami by the InsurKents . . tlBept. ,, 
 
 DevastJitioii and massacre at I'lataiila, near Caiiea, 
 reporU'd '9 Aug. ,, 
 
 New " organic statute " C"i. wising the Hcheine of 
 reforms, rroinulgateil .... 2 Sept. ,, 
 
 Georgi Pasha Ucrovitch rc-appoliitcil as the llrst 
 Christian governor-Ken., reported . 11 Heiit. ,, 
 
 Three villages looted and burnt in Moiiofatsi by 
 armed Mahoimibins liom Caiidia, re|Mirteil 
 
 27 Sept. „ 
 
 Saadeddin paslia, the sultans envoy, recalled, 
 through tlie rfnuuistraiices of the iimbassadors, 
 announced is Uec. ,, 
 
 Organisation of temiiorary gendarmerie prnceed- 
 Ing I J .Ian. 1897 
 
 Anarchyaiid mui'dersat Heraklion, Hetlmo, Oalata, 
 and Canea, villages bunit . 14 .la-i.-j Feb. ,, 
 
 Bxodrsof 5,000 relu^'ces in l.H'iKn war vessels to 
 th» Pineus and Oivek islamln . 6-7 Feb. ,, 
 
 Canea desolate ; 2 entire sti> the bishops 
 
 house and schools ilestroypii, v. ■. ! ' i>.' ; tires 
 suppressed by bluejackets fn-Mi liii ''•■is*' f.'-'t „ 
 
 Major Uor ap|siinted coninian.'iffl 
 dannerie; aiTlves and takes nnl-'i 
 chief offices guarded by iiiariiics , 
 
 Mahomedana cajituie rifles fron; tiii 
 Heraklion; jianic among the Clu'-S,. 
 
 PpBjwrats tight at Kiwiiun K.wt-'i: i'.,)iin; 
 children killed ; 22 Mahoniedans ..il>d 
 
 H.M.8. Revenge, flagship of ifaradniltal Harris, 
 arrives at Ketiiiio, and H.M.8. Tiv/ulgar at 
 
 HfWkllon ; eonfllcts ,if Nina, vlltagea burnt and 
 eastern districts blofkaiU-.l by rhrlatlans, re- 
 
 piirtiKt 9-1" Feb. 
 
 ' 'lioniedans plumler Heraklion . 11 Feb. 
 
 li. Itorv llghllnK; Hotllla of torpedo Isiats, 
 
 uu.i r prince Un rv of tireece, arrives at Canea 
 
 11 Feb. 
 Halejia declarwl iiii'^il territory by the Cretan 
 
 Insurgents ami lii. 'vlgii consuls, aiiuounced 
 
 12 Feb, 
 (Iwirjrt Piwha Iterovitch, goveriKjr-geu., resigns to 
 
 Mushavlr Uniall bey, ami takes relUKe in tl.ii 
 
 Kiisslan flagship iin' Ualepa, n Feb. ; Ibrahim 
 
 imsliB, ii'ilitarv KoN. also i-nslgiis . . 14 Feb. 
 
 j I he Oriek coiisuIh leave Canna and other plaicH ; 
 
 .; m. 
 
 .11. ca; 
 
 , !■■;-.. 
 
 .«' iti 
 
 F." -. 
 
 •ii.d 
 
 / 1- eb. 
 
 Canea boinbanled by theChristlans, frMiuent con- 
 flicts, with much lil'ittslslied . . 14 Feb. 
 
 Naval occupation ofCama, ller.iklloii, and Itellm., 
 by tliH allied powers; the tireek comiiMsloie 
 called on to wllhdniw . is Feb. 
 
 Greek forces, iimliicol. VasHos, lanil atColumlxirl ; 
 IlKlitliiK repoHed near Heraklion . 15 Feb. 
 
 Col. Vassos issues a iiriK-lamatiou in the name of 
 
 king (i Ke; the tort of Aglila attacked and 
 
 captured, 400 .Malioniedanstjikeu iirlsoiiBrs, two 
 (lieek oltliers kiiltil .... 16 Feb. 
 
 The portc appeals to the powers to lutervine 
 
 16 Feb. 
 The Italian admiral, on behalf of the jiowers, warns 
 
 the (lieek comnnslore that any attack on tliesea- 
 jiorts will be repelled by force ; the Orcek Kovein- 
 ment loncurs and the (freek consulate is re- 
 opened ; the (Ireek army remains In the Interior 
 
 17 Feb. 
 Massacre of prisoners at Sltla by Christians, 
 
 18 Feb. 
 riiotladcs Knratlieoil«ry pasha made Kovernor, and 
 
 Saadeildin pasha niililarv commander ; Turkey 
 preparing for war .... iS Feb. 
 
 Massacre of 104 Mahoniedans at SarakinainSelino, 
 IncliulInK 23 women and 61 children, repoitHii 
 
 18 Feb. 
 
 Tlielireek army attJic 1- 'he Turkish outisisls at 
 rhitani.1 ; thetowei of liukulles eaptureil by the 
 lirceks, 7 Orceks killed, reported . . 19 Feb. 
 
 The forclKii consuls reject the proclamation of col. 
 Vassiis concerning the annexation of Crete by 
 Greei:e >8 Feb. 
 
 Circular note from lord Salisbury 1 1 the iiowiis 
 rceoniinending autonomy for Crete, annoimeeil 
 
 18 Fell. 
 
 Col. Vassos iin.. lalniH the occupation of C'lete by 
 Greece at Hetlmo and Candia . . 20 Feb 
 
 Insurgents take jioHsesslon of the heights above 
 Halepa, and are llied on from the Turkish out- 
 jjostH ami lioniliarded by the foreign siinadnii. 
 21 Fell., 3 men killed (Turks afterwards declaiid 
 to be the aggiessoi-s) ; constant nring kept ii|i 
 by the Turks on the insurgents and on the 
 Greek outposts at I'latuiilu but nol retunnd 
 
 22, 23 Feb. 
 
 Turks and Mahoniedans (2,000) besieged at Can- 
 llano Fen. 
 
 Seven days' armistice agreed to In Selino 22 Feb. 
 
 The zone of protection ii.iler the jiowers extended 
 
 25 Fell. 
 
 The Clirlstiaiw blockailed at Hierapelra, lilH-rated 
 by the Italian warship KliKt ; announced 25 Feb. 
 
 .Sharp figlil at Malaxa and near Uetimo with IiIchhI. 
 shed 27. 28 Fell. 
 
 Union with Givecc demanded by the insurgents, 
 Tcwiik imsha, new militiuy governor, arrives 
 
 28 Fi b. 
 
 Fort Stflvros capluivd by the Cretans, 3,000 Turks 
 prisoners; rejairted .... 1 .Maieli, 
 
 Mull.iy of the Turkish K<'udarmerie at Canea suii- 
 presaed, Suleiman Uey (col.) and 2 others killeil 
 ' 2Mai-cli, 
 
 Collective and Identical note from the jsiweis in- 
 fornii'iu *he Greek governnienl of their decision 
 tog'' , I'l'tioiny to Civte under Turkish siize- 
 ralm- diidwitiidrawftlof the Greek forees within 
 6 days iieniamled .... 2 .March, 
 
 The Greek Kovernmeut declines to accede to the 
 rtiiuest of the Jiowcrs .... 8 Murcli, 
 
 Hmfhof Mgr. TIumII 
 
 landing at thu I'lneii 
 
 |lrel,ii..lloii of n.'iilnill 
 forelun admlruls 
 
 Turkish oiitragis coutlii 
 
 Ciil. Vassos oiiliri'd by 
 lunlllcts, ileBiiltiiry II) 
 ea.it coast ; (iii'eksiinli 
 
 >lirA. UlllottI, IliUlslic, 
 force nmlur capt. Iti 
 rescues the iHsleged \ 
 in Canilano . 
 
 •reek roluiitiers(vm) la 
 
 I'lie flirt lesHofSplnaloiigi 
 And Greeks 
 
 I lie Ulterior of Crete held 
 .Uiikninedans reseued I 
 warships from Kisauio 
 
 liiteinatliinal geiidainiei 
 leaves (.'aneii 
 
 ilie Greek fleet leaves Cii 
 
 .\ii»iiiioniy iirochiliiieil |i, 
 Ci)l, t'liernisldo apj..iMitiiil 
 
 sioiier In Crete 
 llliK'kaiiiiof the island by 
 llriicli ; theGi^ekgiiver 
 Cijiillic's near Candia, .Mu 
 
 llrllish and forelKii trinifis 
 
 ilMilsMalii lighting iH-twei 
 at .Malaxa; .Malaxa bo 
 He't • - . . 
 
 Turkisli troops lire on a b 
 (lug iif truce 
 
 Kurt Uiitsunaria occupied 
 
 llemiltiiry fighting near Itr 
 KBiits driven Imck, 3 
 IxJinliardment ; Fort I^^in 
 fontiiiKent ; vilhiKes bur 
 
 Mukiiiiieiians attack the Ini 
 are afterwurils disarmed 
 
 Turks reimlsed near Hetlne 
 Fruitless ncKotiatioiis . 
 Inmirgeiits Isimlinnled by t 
 Kasleii ; reliiKees t).keu a 
 
 Iiimirgfiits iKimliarded by 
 
 Kulyvi-s destroyed . 
 Itahi-bozouka disarmed at 1 
 llPlaxation of the blockai 
 
 rcteijit of relief 
 (ireek army recalled ; learci 
 Insurgents retire alter « sev 
 liazoiiks at Klia ; major .M 
 
 liisiircents Kriidualiy disarm 
 ■Malioiiieilan raid from Can 
 
 lii.riit, 14 jiersiiiis killed. 
 I'lie insurgents institute « iir 
 
 ri"n)rted . 
 
 ".'luiiieilan outrage, on CI 
 
 '1 iii.Kasteli audi Imr ij ,1, 
 
 ■! June; anoti 1 .-..,il . 
 
 I liristian delegates style 
 
 ilie "(ienera! Insurrection 
 
 tuns," Dr. Sphakianaki iiri 
 
 ilucuiuent to the fnreigu 
 
 their eimstitiition . 
 
 CiiiitliL'ts between Hashi-boz 
 
 rt'liorted . . . . 
 
 .Maliuiiieilan outrages, inuhlei 
 
 .Maiionieiiaiis iirohibited froi 
 
 July; 2u arrested and ti 
 
 Eur(i|Hjaij ships 
 
 llievuil pasha arrires aa ml 
 
 Canea .... 
 .\ii nswiiilily of deimtie's pro'c 
 ufuutunomy 1 Aug. ; nulilh 
 
 A-' iutcmatiunal ciinimission 
 uf suiiiijiary jurisdiction lb: 
 ■5 Aug. ; .\|. Vundenbrook ( 
 
CANDIA. 
 
 IW 
 
 "^ts,!;:""""^ y'J"?; 
 
 Tiirki.n ,MiiiHK.-H .•.„.ii,„i„ • . • • .1 "';;«•'. 
 
 fur<<- unjlei- .■„,,t. |t,|„l,.,. „r |^M .s ; " ' 
 
 «r.rk »,.iiii,t....,x (vx,) iii,;,i,,i ■ . • • ,;' ■;;;;;:';• 
 
 il 'I'urrkL ""'" '*' '"""'""^l"'! 'V in' mv. .,!.: 
 
 ll.HiiUTlor.ifrVH.' iiH.1 i,v(l.,rkKan.l I,,'-?,,"'"'','"' 
 
 lenvi'H Cain.ii . . "'" ' "'" 
 
 •Jlie Um'\i (l,.«t l,,,v..,. ( ,,.ta„ ttilt,.,. ■ '' ; '•':•■ '• 
 
 rMl.(;i,min»l,l«,,,,j„H,,.,.i J HtU i,,lll»n, J.' '■■'■,''• 
 
 iii,«.ku,i,H,f th. M, i,v ,!,„ hk ,„;,w.,-,;L.K,m' '; 
 
 Uniili ; the tiiwkKiniTniiM'jit i)nili.«fx ,* \i f 
 llritUh mnl f..rHKM tr.Hi.H h.n.ln.l '*;^,' •>{"":!;• 
 
 Kurt b„t,inmr(u ,h't,ii,(;„| bi- « (•,;,.,,|„,i chnn'^.I'm''' ' 
 
 mu ,riv..i. «ck, . kiiiwi, hv M^f/, nil 
 
 OANDLK.S. 
 
 189; 
 
 ,•- ■■ --■■■■nil miUIIIIMI nv 
 
 contiiiKi-iit ; vllluKDM biiint hy TuiklMl 't 
 
 M tKHIIM 
 
 3"t i' March, 
 
 Mal.o,„,.,lu„s«tt«.;k tl,« ln.„rK.,„s ....^uMi'M^'uilli' 
 ur«ult,.m,ir,lH.li«ii„„.,| i,y Euro,,«a.. t.CpH 
 
 Tiirkii P'|Mils,.<l iiwir Hctlijj.i . ^"J ■^i"'!!' 
 
 (■•ru,tl...n..«,„mt h. . . . g..^ a'.h,'; 
 
 kiwtel, ; r.,IUK„..s tak.m away by IblnK.. »i'ii« 
 
 (Ir«kiiiniyi«ca;ie.l: l..ar,.M . " ^o-%6 M"v' 
 lN«urKent« iHliy «n.,r a mhv.to CMiHict witirHashV 
 Uiuuks at Elia ; i.iajor .Mu«Uii.l,a boy kill," 
 
 InsuwMitH Kmiliially ilLsniniiiiLj . ^''^ J}"*'" 
 
 Mahoinnlai, ,ahl fn.iii Caii.lia, Cliilatlaii' vlll,.i« 
 ,!".".>, ,4 |,e™,i,«klll.!(l. . . Jv5 
 
 r" "Zf :"" '.'""'""" " '"■"'■''""'"" K^vmnnZ* '; 
 ^ m.Ka,t«lian,l, i„r - .ceHbunit.nmVvk'lre'l^^ 
 
 I'liiiju; aiiuti 
 
 ■-...cl 
 
 ■7 •'Illy, 
 
 , U «tlan (le r(,'at«a «tyk. tli,,.|r bcnly at L ni 
 
 ai.», Dr. Sphakiaiiaki i,reKi,lm.t, a ,„",,., '" 
 
 Sc^ll^t^tfT /^"■""'" """"■^' '-T'^ 
 
 ''a"im.,l"""'*". """'"•'"'""■""' «■"■' (iln'litTunJ; 
 
 Mahom,.,luuo'utn.Kfls, immb'-iM, Ac. ' ,, lejiilv' 
 .M«lioin«l„n« i,i„l,ibit«d from cttnyJiiK ttn„« ;« 
 
 l»ievaa^|.a»lm arrW™ an -ailiWy •co,„m„"„,i;!;."^{ 
 
 AiiaswmWy of (l«imtleH proVlaiin tlicir acrm.ti',','''' 
 ufautu,.«u.y . Au«. ; „!,tme,l to the aamlrlllr^" 
 
 .r.iiitcniatluiial e„i„i„issi„„ ap,„,l„te,l as a nmr. 
 of ™,„na,.y .nis.Ucti,,,. f.,r {lie iHl.n.l ' ^^VrH 
 bAug., M. Vaucleiibrouk (France) jiresi.ln.t 
 
 21 Aug. 
 
 189a 
 
 "A:..i;im;'r.!;::ix, "'"."":"•"'' ""^^-i^i 
 
 0,1 M,|,am.r <1,„ by H,.. ,„,«„„ „, ,L„„I:^| 
 
 li.t..rn»tlon«l curt ImlUi Itx tir.t -IttliiK at falu-a ' 
 ApjiHal fr„„, tl,«Cr,.ta„ a»H„„.bly („ ||,„ j^J.^Zi- 
 
 n:i!:f.!7:i;.';r:';,;;:r— "' ^.-7,^' 
 
 ''';uunl:!'!r!;;:!ri' •■> --.m-u t., „ j,«„ . 
 
 ''S^t;:ii;oi;;zi-:,:--;::;'«™,£.15 
 
 franc.', wo |)„c, ; „i,|„,«..,| by tl„. ,uit„,. „"'' 
 
 ■'iuny,an,rAu,t,ia,,L;n. .898 (.IcfcrrX ' "' 
 
 lUHlrcKH ill tlic i»|„ri,l incivasInK . ,),.„ 
 
 "":::;ik:;?:::;;:i!;;^!;r>- ""--'i-riush.: 
 
 Tliu L'i«trtri uswiubiy aihlics^ n lliclimVlalto t'L 
 
 1"W'" 'W'i""t t .i„b«,Hui„i"' n 1, H 'r r 
 
 tliiiKiiVHriiiiiciit.,rtlici»|„ii,| |iu»"iH liPI 
 
 t«.alltt,,ilbmc.l by l.a.Hl,i.|»,.„ukH irep'mtc-i .o.ia!,"- 
 
 I £iSf'i^e!^:i:;;ur:fri;-,,-r;y;i 
 
 I f. i';;;;;:',!" '"'''' "^ "•^^"'"■'' ""•' «■•«"' •n'tr.""; ■• 
 i"s: '^^"""' '-'^■'vfMm.n-^.^f;; ■• 
 
 Tuiklsli coriloii'i- ;„,.,! In, n'ra ''"' " .^■'■•'l' ■• 
 
 MM.lci l.ritisli protcctio, . "' 6"v ril ',7'""' 
 
 Ih" ailniiials ibvl,!.. ,bat tim isla m1 slitllV,^', ,;';.;'; '• 
 
 In. .4 I'riivihccH iiMilcr the 4 p„w,.rs ,u l, 1 . 
 
 military tiilmnals institutcl . ' ' |" 'W' • 
 
 CANDLEMAS DAY. 2 Fob. i, kcpt'in t\w 
 1 urcl, „, nu.,n„rv of tlic pu.'iticuti.m of t . vLi, 
 who presented tl.e ii.laMt Jcmi, in tl.o IV 3e' 
 riom the iiiinilicr of callllIe^ li» lit i ^'."'P'."- 
 
 I Un.llo;.mH, „h wcl, ,„ th./puriScat on Its .^i^ 
 , 11 ascribei .)■ Itde to noi,,. Gclasiiis ii- il.n Mb 
 
 ;:^nturv. Tlu. ma.tice ol^i^tinK 1 ' .hmcl " it 
 
 forlmJen li,v onlc.nf ....uncil. 2 £,lw. VI cIs'Ti ? 
 
 u Hfll continued i„ ,hc .hu'rch of Kome. fcle. 
 
 mas IS a Siotcli (,unrtt.'i-.diiy. ^anuie- 
 
 „„p|N-DLES. Tlu, Roman candles were com- 
 
 119; 
 
 pitch Splint.. ;;f w:^,;t,^ :-; .[^.^ajs 
 
 among the luwcr cla«s,.s in lingland. b out i ,m 
 
 vcre usuully burnt. Tlie Wax Chandlers' com 
 puny wiiH iiicorpiinitod rj«j Arm. 1,1 n 
 -..id; to b. the il.ention'ld-'tho'l e 'r L^'t Z 
 
 ' t.T- ^<r"'"":" ^■"■""'■^ '"•« of modern mmiu 
 
 faeiure ^fhe Chinese make cuxlles from w« ob 
 
 I tHlue 1 from the candleberry-tree (jnynca c7rifera^ 
 
 when' i?w,is •r;i^a,;!d in' . HJi" \^"y'^at i'mZt^ 
 ments n the manulactu... „V eandKe iu7to th.", 
 father of the futty acids," Chcvreul, since iSli 
 
 It , 
 
 if' 
 
 f 
 
 'V' 
 
 ''M' 
 w 
 
 jW 
 
 : .1 
 
 f^ # !:ij| 
 
 .r/- ■**' 
 
 ^^1 
 
 
 
i' i i 
 
 CANDLESTICKS. 
 
 200 
 
 CANNON. 
 
 .'.! 
 
 * Gemw Canning Wiis liin-n ii April. 1770; becnmo 
 foreign siM'ictaiy in tin' Portlnnil ailniinistnitinn, 1807 ; 
 fought a (Ini'l witli 111. (.'a.stlcri'iigli ami ivsigiii'il, i8oq ; 
 j.lf.siil.nt ()t'Tli(' Indi.i lir.,int in iS^j; lii.sapinuvcii iif tlio 
 <iueen's trial anil iv.sigiiMil in 1821 ; aiiimintcil giiviinnir- 
 grncji-al (if Inilia in 1822, »""n aftiT foriMgn si'iTctaiy 
 ; 'I 1827, when liu Ifuanie ini'mii'i-. Ho iliuil S Any. 
 xninc yi'ar. 
 
 1111(1 piiWishod in 1823. llo ilinl <) April, 
 l88(;, aged 102. At I'l'iie's nninnfintory Ht 
 Lniiiht'lli, tlic principles iiiVDlvcd in nniiiy patoiita 
 iiiv carricil into (■.Kci-iitiini ; iiirluiliiig tliosi' of 
 Gwyiiiic (18401, Jones and I'licr (1842), and \Vil- 
 Hon in 1844, for caiulli's Mliiili riM|niri> no snnrtin^' 
 (tcriiu'd mm/i(isifi). I'alni anil ruLoa-iuit oil? Inive 
 been cxtcnsividy used. In i860, at tin lielniont 
 works ()00 porsiiiis woro oniployicl. and in winter 
 1 00 tons (7000/. wiirtlOol .anilUswi'ivinaniifactuiTd 
 wecklv. Candles are inannfaetured at lielniont 
 from the mineral oil of tar hmugiit from Kangoon 
 in the Diirniese eni|iiri', and from Tiinidad. In 
 1870 the maimfaetnre of e.andles from a mineral 
 subatnnce naiueil uzohiif l)egan. F.l-flrie eaiidks 
 of Jabloehkotf and .lainin ; tee under Ekclncity. • 
 CANDLESTICKS (or l,<),ip-.s/„mh) with : 
 
 seven braiiuhes were regarded as enibleinatii'al of 
 the priest's oltiie, and were engraven on their seals, 
 ciljis, and tombs, liezaleel made "a candlestick of 
 pnre gold" for the tabernaile, 11. c. 1491 (iiUW. 
 -xx.vvii. i;). Candlesticks were used in lirituin in 
 the davs id' king Edgur, 05') ("silver eandi'labrii 
 and gilt eandelaina well and honourably made "). 
 
 CANDY (Cevlon). was taken by a liritish de- 
 tnohnieiit, 20 Fe'n. 180J, who capitulated 23 Juno 
 following, on aiM'onnt of its unhealtliiness, and 
 many were treachermisly nins.sacred at Colombo, 
 26 June. The war was renewed in Oct. 1814; the 
 king was made prisoner by general Brownrigg, 
 19 Feb. 1815; and the sovereignty was vested in 
 Great Britain, 2 March, 1815, 
 
 CANICULAIl PEKIOD, see Doff-star. 
 
 CANK^Ti (Apulia). Here, on 2 .\\vj;. 216 ii.r., 
 Hannibal with ;o,u<)oAfricaiis, Gauls, and Siianiards, 
 defeated yKiuillu.s Paulus and Tereiitius Varro, with 
 88,000 1,'omans, and their tiUics. This great ariny 
 was nearlv annihilated, the far greater part_ being 
 slain on the tiidd, inchuliug the i-onsul .Kinilius 
 Paulus, his chief ottiiers, above 80 senators, with 
 many other persons of high rank, lliinnibal is 
 said to have lost abont (1,000 men. The other con- 
 sul, Vari( who hail escajied with some cavalry, con- 
 ducted hinisidf with so niueh discretion andtirmness 
 after tlie battle, that the senate, instead of blaming 
 him for the defeat, thanked him lor not despairing 
 of the Komaii Commonwealth. 
 
 CANNIBAL, an liidiun term, thought to be 
 a form of Carnlial ; as Columbus, in 1493, found 
 the Caribs of the West Indies gross cannibals. 
 AnthrojtoplKiiii (man-cater.s) are mentioned by 
 Homer and Herodotus ; and the practice still exists 
 in some of the South 8ea Isliimls and other savage 
 countries. I'or J//'/«««c^^' case, see Jl'nc/iij, 1884. 
 Superstitious cannib.ili.sm practised in Hayti, 1884, 
 A nuialicr of .Mclane>ian lalw nrcrs said to liavc 
 
 killed anil eaten the iMiliiv cn« ota ship convey. 
 
 ing tliian to Apia, Navigators Is'aiid , «. Dee. 1886 
 
 CANNING ADMINISTRATION.* The 
 
 illness of lord Liveipool, Feb., led to the formation 
 of this Hdministratmn. 24-30 April, 182". Mr. 
 CanninK died 8 Aul'. following: see Goi/tridi. 
 George Canning, Jii^l bjitl uf tlic Ircafiiry uiul chiiiiccllor 
 
 o/thr firhtiiHi'i: 
 Earl 01 Uarrowliy, vrf.i'uhiil of the conncii 
 Dnke of Portland, (oji/pi-iei/ .iedl. 
 
 Viseonnt Dudley, viseonnt Ciodcricli, niid Str. Stur;.-!-, 
 Itonnie,/''r('/(/j(, cnhniitit. iin't himie tie'-n'hd'ii^. 
 
 W. W. Wynn, iimlileiil Kfthv liuliii bmiril. 
 
 Win. Hnskisson, himnl iiftrii'k. 
 
 Lord ralincrston, sirrtlin-ii nt inn: 
 
 Loril Ue.xicv, cliuinrlhir uflhe iliirhi/ of Litiicusler, 
 
 Dnke oi Clarence, tonl Iiiijli tfihnif'l. 
 
 I.oid J.yiulhnrst, huil cliniirclh'r, dr. 
 
 Maniais of Laiisdowne, withuiU njfife ; afterKonti Ir ih 
 .sel■^(!^o7/. 
 
 Earl of Cai'lisle, irooihnndfitve.-itti. 
 
 CANNON. Gibbon describes a cannon em. 
 
 ployed by Mahomet II. at the siege of AdrianopU, 
 
 1453; see .Irlillenj. 
 
 The lii'st cannon east ia Kngland was Uy lliiggct, at 
 Uekllelil. .Sussex, 15.13. 
 
 Mung Mt'ij, a large cannon (ahove 13 ft. long, 30 
 inches ealilirc) in Kdinlnugh castle, said to have 
 been cast at .^Il)ns in ilainaiitt, iit i486, hut iimi.' 
 lirohahly forged at Castle liongias, (iall"W;iy. I.y 
 three liiotliers niuueil .M'Kini, and iiresentiMl 1,\ 
 them to J;inies 11. at the sii'ge "f Thricve cattle, 
 1455. It was removed to I.onilon, 1754; hut. at 
 the reiincst of sir Waller Scott, restored to Kdin- 
 bnrgli, i82g. 
 
 A cannon of Mahomet II., dated 1464, presented - 
 the liritish government hy the snltan of Tnikiy, 
 anil jilaeed in the Artillery Museum, Woohvieii, 
 1868. 
 
 Mtiiill.-e-Mdiihni. an Indian bronze gnu of lieejapijor, 
 ealiliix' 23 inches ; r;!!) century. 
 
 At Khrcnhreitstcin castle. i>ii|iosite Cohleiitz on tlie 
 Hhine, is a cannon, eighteen feet and a liiilt hmg, 
 a foot and a half in diameter in the Imre. aii'l 
 three feet four inehi's in the lirceeh ; the hall fui- 
 it weighs i8olti..and its charge of powder 94II1. 
 It was made by one Himon ,-,, 
 
 In Dover castle is a hrass gnu (called (pieen l".liz;i. 
 lii'th's iiocket iiistol). 24 feet long, a lU'cseiit fioui 
 Cliaries V. to Henry Vlll. 
 
 FitM- specimens in the 'fewer of London. 
 
 A leathern cannon lired three times in the Kiiig'.N 
 park, Kdinbnrgh. I'liilHi'S , . 2301-1. 1703 
 
 The Turkish iiieie, now in tSt. James's park, was 
 taken hy the Kreneh at .Mexandria ; lint was re- 
 taken, and idaecil in the jiark . . .March, lios 
 
 Messrs. llorsfall's monster wronght-iron gun was 
 completed in .May, 1856, at Livei|iool. Us length 
 is 15 feet 10 inches, and its weight 21 tons i7e\vt. 
 I (ir. 14II1. Its cost was 3500/. With a ehargeoi 
 25lh. it struck a t.iiget 2000 yards' ilistanec. It 
 has lieen since presented to go\erninent. 
 
 Killed onlnanei mmiltee a]ppoiiitcil . 20 .\ng. i:';J 
 
 Heeeiitly great iinpro\eineiits have lii'cii maile in 
 the eonstruetion of cannon, hy Messrs. Whit, 
 worth. Mallet, Armstrong, and others. .Mr. Wm. 
 U. .\rmstrong knighted . . . i3 Ki I.. 1:3, 
 
 He had been working for four years on gnn-niakiiig, 
 and had succeeded in proilncing "a hmvli-lur,!. 
 ii\[l ritleil wronglit-iroi; gnn of great ihnahihlv 
 and of extreme lightness, lomhining a great ex. 
 tent of range .iiid extraoidinary aeemiiey." Tlie 
 range of a 32-lti. gnn, chaigeilwith 5th. of pnwiler. 
 was a little more than 5 miles. The aeeiuaiy nl 
 the Armstrong gnn is said at eipnd distame^ p, 
 he titty-seveu times more than that of oiii- iiim. 
 iiion artillery, which it greatly exceeded als.. ia 
 destrnetive elfects. The governnnMit eiigagi'il tie 
 services of sir W. .\rnist long for ten years (enm. 
 meiieing with 1855) for 20,000/., as consMlriiiir 
 engineer of rilled ordnance . . 22Kih. 
 
 A iiailiamentary committ n ordnance was np. 
 
 iminti-il 20 Feb., and reported 23.1aly. I-/ 
 
 His gnn said to Ir very clfeetive in the attack liii 
 the Chinese forts .at T.iku . . 21 Aug. i;' 
 
 Mr. Whitworth's gnus and ritles greatly eonnacinl'il 
 
 An Amtfiran cannon, weighing 35 tons, .stated te 
 he the largest in the world, cast . ... i;:.v 
 
 Great endeavours made to improve the coiislriiitinii 
 of cannon, to connteilHilauce the strength given 
 t>. sliii'ri ..f Win- hy iron pliites. Trials at t^liev 
 linryness. Kssex . i;t,2 
 
 Targets of the thickness of the Iron sides of the 
 Woninr, three 5-ineh plates of wronulit imii 
 bolted together, pierced three times hy 156II1, 
 
 C^ 
 
 sliotft-oni an Arinsti 
 
 naizzle-Ioadcd with eh 
 
 twee, and once of 3011, 
 The Hoi-sfall j;un, nientie 
 
 "r75tb. of jioHdL.iand ; 
 
 Wairioi- target 
 Ml. Wliitwortli's shells s 
 
 plates and wood.\vi,||; 1 
 Sir W. Armstrong resignc 
 Clark's target destrov,"| 
 Aniistrong'sguii " \i\^ w 
 
 to lie ]ierfect : weight, ■ 
 
 range with shot weigli'ii' 
 
 Rei'il's target tried sueee.s.- 
 Till' eeinpetitive tri.il la-tv 
 
 Wliitworth guns hegan 
 Inm-plate eoiiunission exp 
 Caiit. Palliser, aftenvard- 
 liiissliown that iron slml 
 instead of hot sand, is n 
 steel : lie also suggested 
 Hitli ttionght-iron exits 
 siiiiessl'nl 
 He iveeived 24,o,xV, frniii' 
 "tlier remuneration 
 
 Tlle lilietitive trials ,,(' 
 
 ivnitli's {■.■iniion upon tli 
 I'liitsiiioiiHi closed 
 "llcniilest.uget." 4 ft. 3 
 
 inm, resists 300 p"nndci> 
 Xatiiiiial Artillerv .Vssoeiati 
 Pilil hetn-een the /;.'//iv.,/,/„ 
 rilleil naval .service gun w 
 iiiul pinvder charge of m 
 tlllTct i.r the It', III, I s.ii;- 
 rules : the eipiiliiiiiiiiii (,r 
 tallied hy ,iny anionnt of ] 
 
 At Slleehlliyni'SS I'.'llliser' 
 
 (isolti.) hy 43th. of |„„v,l 
 liiailiiig wronght-iriiii Woo 
 tini.iiglia target ofS ineln 
 teak, and j inch iron, and 
 
 [His patent is dated 27 M 
 .Viwiiiyth had previouslv 
 eliilli'il iion.J 
 
 Many experiments made witli 
 Sliiieliinyness 
 
 Tlip Aiiieriean 15-inch naval 
 splierie.il shot 453 »,., ^,|.,.at 
 target; other experimen 
 
 Coiitimieil experiments at 
 liinuth model fort, with 
 plates, tried w tli 23-toii 1 
 lirariiig 6oolfi. I'.illiser shot 
 .stmyi'il : interior intact ■ 
 giinslimvn to 1k' sniierior ti 
 
 ^ siaii great guns 
 
 Capt. Miiiiirietrsiiroterteil h.ai 
 
 wliieli the n il is utilized f 
 
 S<liiii'liiiniiess and proved sii 
 
 l"liti'itatfihoeliiii-viiess : the 
 I'f .•^liellield resist the Whiti 
 
 Talliaer shot said to have fa 
 
 "Wenlwieli Infant." 33 tons- 1 
 liiaile ; length 16 feet j iii|.|„ 
 tllluMVitll cnil,.,! hiveeh pi,.,,, 
 70011.. pii.jeetiie, will, ,2olt 
 Wiiiilwieliiii 1870: when trit 
 
 Jiiiiertiihe Clacked: otlieis n 
 
 Duel iK-tweeii the //n 
 
 S/,l 
 
 "(witl 
 
 tiuii, heaviest atloat. with 1> 
 ami Sslli. of powdci), aiidtli 
 wlmsi! tinret jilates siieees 
 attack (aiiiii, als in the tiinvt 
 till. .Moiierieirs hvdio-pnenm.it 
 wvinveiiteihihiiiit April- th 
 1))' mr Will. Ai iiistrong for' hji 
 
 ll'oo/i(ii'c/»/„/„„(._KxpeHnienta 
 atni.ihm-h; 80 tons; j, f,.,.| 
 
 »M;3ooni. or powder ' 
 8i-ti)ii gnu tricl at Woolwich- n 
 
 ofpiiwder; i2men ran d |i 
 
 I'Oiietniteil 50 feet of sand • 
 
CANNON. 
 
 shot fi'om an Aniistriiji" .-I111 <.,, n i 
 The H.ii-HfiiU L'liii nii'Mti,,!!,.,! /.I,.,. ■ ■:, 8 Aj.nl, 1862 
 
 Sir \V. Annstroii'' n'.si"iwcl iii^ ■,! ,' 1 .' 'i.>ii\. ,, 
 flark's t„wt .lo^trnvnl "l'l"""t"»'"t 5 I'VL. .S6j 
 
 Reel's t;ii-Kc-t Uiod sii,-,.,.ssfullv "i n"^'' " 
 
 Inm-|.h,t,. .■un.nussl,,,? e.vppHniHnts .-l.iso ';M','i!l- '^^* 
 tapt. l'alhs(.T, a tfi-ivjii-.ls sii' \v i„- ... ^ * 
 iias.hovvn that i..m . . .t,' t m', , l^n?'""]'}- 
 
 ^^:rr^:;':r:i:-;ji:.,i7;;;! -'''•" '"^^ 
 
 H.'irwivwl 24,000/. fni|ii'tli<'K,,v,TiuiK.i'it Ih'.si.l,." 
 "tliiTreiiiiiiimitii.il Muiiuit, ii,.m,1i..,s 
 
 III. ,-»ii,p,.titiv,. trials ol- Ain'istinn^.'s ;„„| whit' 
 worths i-,-iiiii,,ii i|.,„ii t|„. ,„ , 7„„ "',""" 
 P"rtsiii,„ith,his,..l •'-' t''>«^-t--liil' at 
 
 ••Il..iviil,.starK,'t," 4 ft. 2iii,'tlii,k, ,,i ii,',],, ."''f 
 inm. irsists 300 iii,l,.,.s " u„ 
 
 NatiMiial Artillery A.ss„riati,„i (s,.,. ArinirnA 
 
 ri'V' ''''V'l -"-■'•.".! -in." i!'M 1^:^73?;';'' 
 
 At Sli.i,.l,iiivi„..ss l'aMis,.i--s "hi i,:! •„ /^J"'"'' 
 
 feon..)hy43tt^o.';:::.;,rriil''a'^,,r :,,;■;:' 
 
 «lii« wrnUKht.irun Wnohvirh liif,, ^ , ","',f , " 
 tlir.iiij;h a target iil's im^hMs n,l|,.,l ir,?, ,ci i1„ , ' 
 tak, ana } inch iruii, ana alKMit .otWtSl:;"^::!: 
 
 [His imtiMit is ,lat,.,l 27 May, ,8(5,. Mr'^,JaX; 
 Nasiiiytli had iireviiiiislv sii.-.,,,,,,..! l. '''""is 
 ^,l_.|l^.|.^_^^^^ 1 iMMi.,i> Mi,^o.>t,al thu use of 
 
 5l.iiiy..MCTiiiients niadu with rannm, ,in,l tai-cts at 
 .'iliiii'hiirviicss "' > uiip(,[a,i[ 
 
 201 
 
 CANOE. 
 
 , x8 St-iit. .875, 24.,6 July, with 370 lb. of i,„w.l.i- 
 
 Ucn. von Uchatini'si qt..ni 1,...., •♦ '^"*'- '37<> 
 
 Vienna w q ' "™ '''"'""ii makiii- at 
 
 Sir W 11 Vn, r '^<'5' '■''l'""'''! ™i'ia™fnl, Sept 
 
 A,oo-,,,n.,,,,triea;.tW;,olwi,.h..3,I,,ne;Sll-"''' 
 
 '"hI!^";:; !'*■ '':■"''" -:---f"iiy trioA at Me;,'e?i; '"'^ 
 
 lias siiiiiili,.,t'n„„!., i'. „'. ■ • 5-8 Aug. „ 
 
 iSfi:; ! 
 
 i866 
 
 Ilia,';.,! "^^' ' '"•''• '^": '-'•''I''"'''^'^ when donlde^ 
 
 i • iTri I •'■V ^- '"•' *-■'""»' 96U "'»• "f Kiini«nv,ler 
 I «;:«l.t „t ,,r,,,ea,le .Sex. ?bs., m„«e'„f'|;i:nt 8 
 
 ' ''wleh'^'rj;^ ^''-■'-'^^|y>-'"'"''v;ii fro,,. w"'i: 
 
 ' Mni'an,'rL.?a'''''''^''''*' ''■''''*'■'■-■'• t'Wmvate 
 
 ^i.ytiiel^i;^s^^;;;;;!;;;,:;r'''''^'''"''^'''''-f?^ , 
 
 K^'^;^;;;,;;;:'f;-ii:t[i-r--'''--' 
 
 1887 
 
 i33S 
 
 133^ 
 
 1867 
 
 1S68 
 
 1S70 
 
 Till' Aitii'rir.in is-im-h na\al "iin' witu „ 1 i .' 
 
 s,.li,.n.,lsl,ot^53ll.."i;eati^'':him^^rtn;:!; 
 Mr,'.!; other eM«Min,ents at .Shoehmyn'ss,' 
 
 Coiitiniie.l experinients .it .Shochnrvness^^ ''piv' 
 
 ;™ti' '".-"i-i fnrt, with ,5-in,h s, ;r 'siii ,• 
 
 plates trie.1 «• th 2j-tnn nun "f , .-i , ■], , 
 
 l™nw6oom. I'.HIiser shot": exteri,!,- ,, " / 
 
 stiii.w.! ; interior intact ; -the ,o.i„,.|, I-,' ,1 ,' 
 
 g.mslio>v,itol..s,ii,enortoA,i,c ,,,1''^;:^' 
 
 siaa iiivat Kiiiis . •■n .1110 1 ms. 
 
 Ca|it. .Mniicrietrsprotc,-tc.liiiiliett,..-M„ '""^-f •"""■. 
 
 >viiiHitiier. lisiitiiu r.^ ^ r^m^irvif'*''; 
 
 S I'uryncssan.l piovcl s ,c ■' sit | *^>' "'" f 
 
 C"i,P,tatShoelnirvi CSS ; the iron t'li -efsof ii, '' 
 
 cISIiclliclil resis the \V li itm 1 I , iT w M 'V' 
 ralli,or shot «ai,l to h.y,tXnl:'Z llc'Zl!:. 
 
 " H- mhvicli Infant." ,3 tons ■ lai st ..,0, ti '■"" ''""■ " 
 
 ■":"!'■ : iHi^-th ,6 feet iiicl, '".'■,.,» ,' ,. " '7"',' 
 tl.l«MVilll coile.1 lirccc I .ice ■■, si " a*''"'' 
 
 -oolh. prnjcctilc. with ol, ■ l^n "■''" 
 
 Wochvidi i„ ,3;o ; wll.n t He 1 , c ' .s""'".,'" 
 
 ii'Wtiihc cracked ; others nn,, ' '^^i, the 
 
 Uiii'lln'tnceii the «»:<,,«,■ (with' I- t'oi, '• i' .,,■'87= 
 
 >W turret |,latcs siicccssfiillv res i ' ,; 
 
 "ft^s^'-8;^^!rr^rii::^.^;r'^:r'riP " 
 
 sMijooll.. of powder •*' ' ' '^i°^- 
 
 S.-t;ai i:im tried at W « ich ; simt . ' «>'■ .V t^ '^'^ 
 
 1590 
 
 i39« 
 
 1392 
 
 »;i.;i.ji,'l:,;:3r;:„;lES';,a« 
 
 i m^y^^;ic,^:enr'"'^'''iv''>'w»^«'^j.""as?ored^ 
 
 fully S.d\arEV;Ier''''''' '''''''■''^'■■'' ^'"''^ "''"•••-• 
 Messrs. Viekers Smw .,,,,'i \i ' 'r. ' '-April, 1807 
 
 : trav.lW nbortt i ti^^tlsa^'nuic^^^SS"!:;;:;/';;^! 
 H i,^ f i ^''■'''"•'''l «'"' Sura cunal, Nov.,aiul p 
 
 ; iS(.- '1 1, , fj 1 -^""V "1 1! Hours, ID Aiiir 
 
 100,. I lio Koyal niiioe dull foundnl iX(V, Ti 
 I prince of Waloi provident, 18-6 ' ^^'^ 
 
 19 Aug. 1878 
 
 /- ?t) 
 
 I 'f 
 
 
 
 
 
 y\ 
 
 
 r, I 
 
 M9 
 
 V t 
 
Ml 
 
 f ' 
 
 if ■ ^n \ 
 
 WM 
 
 CANON. 
 
 202 
 
 CANTERBUKY. 
 
 CAN-] 
 
 I 
 
 Mm 
 
 CANON, a piece of music in two or more parts, 
 imitating each other. " Non nobis, Donuue, by 
 Birde (died 1523) is iin early specimen. 
 
 CANON OF SCRIPTURE, see Siile. 
 
 CANONBURY TOWER, Mnsf""',, ^• 
 London, relic of undent priory, built by 1 nor 
 Bolton, of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, Buid 
 to have been visited by queen Elizabeth. \ 
 
 CANONICAL HOURS, see iJ/ci'/«'-y. 
 
 CANONISATION of pious men and martyrs 
 as saints, was instituted by pope Leo ill., aoo. 
 Tallent. Every day in the calendar is now a 
 saint's dav. The first canonisation by papal autho- 
 rity was o"f St. Udalrioua, L'lric, in 993. Previously 
 canonisation was the act of the bishops and j)eoi)le. 
 Mtimult. On 8 June, 1862, the pope canonised 27 
 Japanese, who had been put to duath on S Ueb. 
 ISQ7, near Nagasaki, and 25 others, on 29 June, j 
 1867. Among persons canonised by pope Pius IX. 
 in Oct. 1872, was the late nueen of Naples, bir 
 Thomas More, Bishop John Fisher, and others were 
 canonised, Jan. 1887. See I'opex, 1881. Francis 
 Xavier Binachi of the Order of the Bftinabites 
 canonised, 22 Jan. 1893. Anthony Zaccaria, born 
 ic;02, died IS39, founder of the Barniibitcs, and 
 Peter Pourier, born IS65, died 1640, canomsed at 
 St. Peter's, Home, 27 Slay, 1897. 
 
 CANONS, AroSTOLIC.VL, ascribed to the 
 Apostles by Bellarmin and Baronius, by others to 
 St. Clement, are certainly of much later date (since 
 320. The Greek church allows 85, the Latm 50 of 
 them. The first Ecclesiastical Canon was promul- 
 eated 380. Usher. Canon law of the church. 
 Gratiaii compiled a text-book of the canon law as 
 it existed in his time, about 1 130-50 ; it was iiitro. 
 duced into England about 1 154; ski: Decretals. Ihe 
 present Canons and Constitutions uj the Church oj 
 ingtand, collected from former ordinances, were 
 established in 1603 by the clergy in convocation, 
 and ratified by king James I., 1604. A new body 
 of canons formed by the convocation in 1640, were 
 declared unlawful by the commons, lOUec. 1641.— 
 An intermediate class of religious, between priests 
 and monks, in the 8tli century, were termed canons, 
 as living by a rule. Canons in some of our cathedrals 
 and collegiate chureties resemble the prebendaries 
 in others. The eiidowmont of canonrics was facili- 
 tated by the Cathedrals Act, 1873. 
 CANOPUS, see Alexandria. 
 CANOSSA, a castle in Modena. Here the 
 emperor Henry IV. of Germany, submitted to 
 penance imposed by his enemy, pope Gregory VII. 
 (Hildebrand), then living at the castle, the resi- 
 dence of the great countess Matilda. Henry was 
 exposed for several davs to the inclemency of 
 •winter, Jan. 1077, till the pope admitted hira, and 
 granted absolution. Matilda greatly increased the 
 temporal power of the papacy by beiiueathing to it 
 her large estates, to the injury of her second hus- 
 band, Guelph, duke of Bavaria. A Canossa monu- 
 ment, near Harzburg, against the papacy, was in- 
 augurated 26 Aug. 1877. 
 
 CANTERBURY (Kent), the Duronmum of 
 the Homans, and capital of Ethelbert, king of Kent, 
 who reigned 560-616. He was converted to Chris- 
 tianity by Augustin, 596, upon whom he bestowed 
 manv favours, givinst hini land for an abbey and 
 cathedral, dedicated to Christ, Oc)2. St. Martin's 
 church is said to be the oldest Saxon church in 
 Britain. The riot at Boughton, near Canterbury, 
 produced by a fanatic called Tom or Thoni, who 
 auumed the name of sir William Courtunay, oc- 
 
 curred 28-31 May, 1838; see Thomitei. ^ The niii- 
 way to London was completed in 1846. — The'AutH- 
 BisHor is primate and metropolitan of all Englsnd, 
 and the first peer in the realm, having precedency 
 of all officers of state, and of all dukes not of tlie 
 blood roval. Canterbury had formerly jurisdiclim 
 over Ireland, and the archbishop was styled a 
 patriarch. This see has yielded to the Church (if 
 ilorao 18 saints and 9 cardinals; and to the rivH 
 state of England, \2 lord chancellors and 4 lord tieii- 
 surers. This see was made superior to York, 1073; 
 see York. The revenue is valued in the kiiii^-'s 
 books at 2816^ 7s. 9^;. lieaisoH. Present incoiiic, 
 15,000/. riie Cathedral wiia sacked by the Danes, 
 101 1, and burnt down 1067; rebuilt by Lanfranc 
 and Anselm, and the choir, completed by the prior 
 Conrad in 1130, and in which Becket was iiiiir- 
 dered, 1 1 70, was burnt 1 1 74. It was rebuilt hv 
 William of Sens (l 174-78), and by " Kni;litii 
 William," 1178-84. A new nave was built and 
 other parts, 1378-1410. The great central towev 
 was erected by prior Goldstone about 1495. The 
 gorgeous shrine of Becket was stripped at the 
 reformation, and his bones humt. Here were in 
 tt'rred Edward the Black Prince, Henry IV., car- 
 dinal Pole, and other distinguished persons. Piirt 
 of the roof was destroyed by an accidental rire, 
 and the edifice narrowly escaped, 3 Sept. 1872. 'Flu,' 
 clock- tower was nearly on tire, 2 June, 187O. lU- 
 storation of the cathedral and cloisters proccediii!;, 
 April, 1897. Chapter-house re-opened by tlu 
 prince of Wales and others, 29 May, 1897. Sw 
 Huguenots. Dr. Beaney, of Melbourne, bequeaths 
 10,000/. to the city, announced July, 1891. Popu- 
 lation, 1881, 21,848; 1891, 23,026. Great tire at 
 the barracks ; estimated damage about 13,000/., 16 
 Nov. 1891. 
 
 By the Airli!iislioj)'a court wliich existed before tlip 
 Refonnation, Tims. Watson, bishop of St. Diiviils, 
 was dcprivcil fnr siiudiiy, 3 Aug. 1695. Dr. E. Kinj;, 
 bisliop of Lincoln, was cited before this c.iurt by 
 Head and (itliers, and appeared l)efiire tliu arclil)isliii|i 
 and tlie bislmps of Liindmi, Wiiicliestfi-, liiiclicstir, 
 Oxford, and Salisbury (he was priisecut<'(l fur ntualistic 
 practices connected with tlie lioly coniniunion ^ llic. 
 1887 <■( sell.) 12 Feb. He protested a^uinst tlu' juris- 
 diction of the eimrt, and the case was adjnnniiNii, 
 Feb. ; ciiurt ad,iiiunis 27 March; met and dcciilnl tu 
 ujilicild its.iurisdicticin, ji May, i88q. 
 Tlie trial of the bisliop of Lincoln lielcnc tlie arch- 
 bishop and other bishops at Ijiiiibeth be-all (sir 
 Hoiiice Davey and others for the pmniuteis (if 
 tlie suit, Dr. I'hillinioreaud others forthebialuii.) 
 
 4-7, 20-25 Feb. 1890 
 All the charges ngninst the bishop were disuiisaeil 
 except two ; his practiiescif breaking tlir tiicad 
 and taking the cni' " not before the iieii|ile, ' and 
 making the sign nf the cross while prunniinciiig 
 absidutioii and liem'diction, were deel.-iicd t" he 
 unjustifiable additiiiiis to the eereiiKinii's nf tin- 
 ( hiirch, and wore ipitlered to be discontinued (iiii 
 costs allowed on either siile) . . 21 Xuv. iEc« 
 An njipcal to the .indicial eonimittce iif the Privy 
 
 Council, .July, 1891 ; was dismissed . 2 Aiif;. lE,; 
 Mr. H. H. Wilsons saw-mills destroyed by lire, loss 
 
 about 2,ooa^ -'7 Aug. lia 
 
 Dr. lieaney bequeaths 10,000/. for an institute; 
 foundation stone laid by the mayor . 16 Sejit. 1E9; 
 Archliinhnju of Caiitfrhur]). 
 Ht. Augustine, or Austin, died 26 May. 
 St. Lawrence. 
 St. Mellitus. 
 Justus. 
 St. Honorius. 
 Deiisdedit (AdeiMliitus). 
 'riiriidnre. of Tarsus. 
 Ilerhtuald. 
 Taetwinc. 
 Nothelm. 
 L'uthbfi-t. 
 Urcogwiue. 
 
 602-605. 
 605-619. 
 619-624. 
 624-630. 
 
 631-653- 
 655-664. 
 0(S-(-~j.-,. 
 693-731- 
 73«-734- 
 735-741- 
 74«-758. 
 759-762. 
 
 763-790. Jaenliclirt, or 
 790-803. jKthellicard. 
 803-829. Wulfred. 
 829, Fleogild. 
 
 S30-870. Ceoliioth 
 870-889. ^thelred. 
 891-923. Plegcmuiid. 
 923 (?) jEthelm. 
 928-941. Wulfclm. 
 941-958. Odo. 
 959-988. St. Dunstan, d 
 98S-989. yKthelgar. 
 990-995. Siiteric. 
 995-1006. j-Elfriir. 
 1006-1011. St. .(tlljili.igp^ ]i, 
 1013-1020. J-ytiii),', (jr M\ti 
 1020-1038. iDthelnoth. 
 1038-1050. St. Eadsigf. 
 1050-1052. Ibdiert of .lunii 
 1052-1C70. Stigand : deiu-i' 
 1070-1089. St. Lanfrane, d 
 1093-1109. Anselm. 
 
 [See \-aoaiit 5 
 1U4-1122. Radul]ilnis (It; 1 
 1123-1136. William lie t'uii 
 1 139-1 161. Theobald. 
 1162-1170. Thomas a Beekt 
 
 (See vacant.] 
 1174-1184. Richard. 
 1184-1190. Ualdwin. 
 1191. Reginald (•.'*.. .Jc 
 
 (S.'ie vacaut.j 
 1193-1205. Hubert Walter, 
 .'oln: Grey, bi 
 eessi \\\y chose 
 1206-1228. Steiihen l.,aiigtoi; 
 1229-1231. Richaiil Weathei 
 1233-1240. Kdninnd de Abin 
 1240-1270. Ronifiice of Savo' 
 1272-1278. Robert Kilwarby 
 1279-1292. John Pei-klinm. 
 1293-1313. Rolicrt Winchelsi 
 1313-1327. Walter Reynolds, 
 1.127-I333- Simon de Mephai 
 1333-1348. John Stratfoiil. 
 1348-1349. ,I(ihn de UHbrd. 
 1349- Thomas Brad wail 
 1349-1366. Simon Isliji. 
 1366-1368. Siiuon Langhani (i 
 1368-1374. Will. Whittelsey. 
 1375-1381. Simon Sudbury, : 
 
 Jniie. 
 1381-1396. Willium Courtenai 
 ■397-1J98- Thus. Fitzalan or I 
 ■ 398. Roger Wahleii (exi 
 
 1399-1414- Tho. Arundel (rest 
 1414-1443' Henry Chiehelcy. 
 I44.V14S2. John Staffijid. 
 1432-1454. Jolin Kemp. 
 1454-1486. Tliiiimw Bmicliier. 
 1486-1500. Jiilm Morton. 
 1501-1503. Henry Deaiie or D( 
 1503-1532. Win. Warliam. 
 1.533-1556. Thus, t'ranmer (bui 
 1556-1558. Reginald Pule, d , 
 '559-1575- Matt, Parker, d. 17 
 ■576-1583. Kilin. Orindal, d. 6 
 1583-1604. Jiihii Whitgift, d. 2. 
 1604-1610. lid. Bancroft, d 2 ! 
 1611-1633. ff«i. Abbot, d. 4 At 
 '633-1645. Will. Laud (Indieude 
 « ^^ -n."*^'" ^■"I'a'it 16 yea 
 1660-1663, ^Vni, Juxon, d. 4 Ju 
 1M3-1677. Oilh. Sheldc.li, (I q 
 1678-1691. Will. Sancroft (depr 
 
 ''i93- 
 1691-1694. Jiihii Tillofson, (I 2- 
 ■'95-171S. Tlius, Tenlsoii, d. il 
 '7I5-I737- Win. Wake, d. 2. Ja 
 ■737-1747. John I'ntter, (i. la 
 ■747-1757. Thus. HeiTing, d. i, 
 ■7S7-1758. Matt. Hutton, d ig 
 •l^^lf. Thus. .Seiker, d. 3 A, 
 ■7M-1783. Fred. Cori.wJllis.^L 
 ■783-1805. Jnlin Moore, ,1. ,8 J,, 
 
 Ls «f ^,"' ""«-le.v, d. ,iF 
 1848-186 John Bird Siimi.er, d 
 
^NTERBURY. 
 
 203 
 
 763-790. 
 
 790-803. 
 
 803-829. 
 
 829. 
 
 S3o-87a 
 
 870-889. 
 
 891-923. 
 
 923 (?) 
 
 928-941. 
 
 941-958. 
 
 959-988. 
 
 988-989. 
 
 990-995. 
 
 995-1006. 
 7006-ioir. 
 1013-1020. 
 1020-1038. 
 1038-1050. 
 1050-1052. 
 1052-1070. 
 1070-1089. 
 1093-1109. 
 
 1114-1122. 
 1123-1136. 
 1139-1161. 
 1162-1170. 
 
 1174-1184. 
 1184-1190. 
 1191. 
 
 1193-1205. 
 
 1206-1228. 
 
 1229-1231. 
 
 1233-1240. 
 
 1240-1270. 
 
 1272-1278. 
 
 1279-1292. 
 
 1293-1313. 
 
 1313-1327- 
 
 I327-1333. 
 
 I333-I348. 
 
 1348-1349- 
 
 1349- 
 
 1349-1366. 
 
 1366-1368, 
 
 1368-1374 
 
 1375-1381. 
 
 1381-1396. 
 1397-1398. 
 
 1398. 
 
 1399-1414. 
 
 14I4-I443. 
 
 1443-1452. 
 
 '452-1454. 
 
 1454-1486. 
 
 1486-1500. 
 
 1501-1503. 
 
 1503-1532. 
 
 i.W-1556. 
 
 1556-1558. 
 
 ■559-1575. 
 
 1576-1583. 
 
 1583-1604. 
 
 1^4-1610. 
 
 1611-1633. 
 
 '«33-i645. 
 
 1660-1663. 
 1M3-1677. 
 1678-169!. 
 
 lf'91-1694. 
 "^.5-1715- 
 '715-1737- 
 1737-1747- 
 1747-1757- 
 1757-1758. 
 
 1768-1783 
 1783-1805 
 1605-1828, 
 1828-1848, 
 1848-186 
 
 • <1- ig May 
 
 Jaenlwlirt, or Lamberl, 
 
 A;tliellu'ai-(1. 
 
 Wiilfreil. 
 
 Fleogild. 
 
 Ceolnijtli 
 
 .*tliL'In-(l. 
 
 I'li'Ki-iiuiiiil, 
 
 jEtlielm. 
 
 Wulfeliii. 
 
 Odo. 
 
 St. Uunstan 
 
 yKtIiflgur. 
 
 Sigeriu. 
 
 illtlic'lniitli. 
 St. Kii(l«i(,'i'. 
 
 R'llicrt iilJuiniegcs. 
 Stiyaiid : (k-privcd. 
 St. Liiiifiaiic, d. 24 Mav 
 -inxebn. •"■ 
 
 (See vaouit 5 yeai-s 1 
 Raduliilms de Turhiiie 
 William lie Cuibellio 
 Theobald. 
 Tlioma« A Becket : iimrdered 20 Dec 
 
 (ate vacant.] ^ 
 
 Ricliard, 
 Ualdwiii. 
 H.'Ki.iald ?•:♦ Joeeline, died 26 Dec 
 
 [>!!e vai-aiit. j 
 
 .'"111, Grey liislio,, „f Nonvi,!,, were mio 
 .:e»8ive ly elioseii, but set aside ] ^ 
 
 otei.liei. Laugton, died g j,,)... ' 
 
 Riihaiil Weatliei-slifd 
 
 Kilniund de Abingdon' 
 
 Ucinifaee of Savoy. 
 
 Robert Kilwarby (resigned). 
 Jolin Pec-khani. ' 
 
 Robert Winchelsey 
 
 Walter Reynolds. 
 
 Simon de Mejiliani. 
 
 John Stratford. 
 
 John de Utlbrd. 
 
 Thonnis Mraawanliii. 
 
 Simon Isliji. 
 
 .Simon Langham (resigned). I 
 
 Win. Whittelsey. ' 
 
 Simon Sudbury, beheaded by tlie rebels, .4 ' 
 
 William Courtemiy 1 
 
 V.Z\- iv' n'""/'"' -^'.'V'"'"' (ottainted). | 
 
 Roger Walilen (e.vjielled) ' 
 
 Tho. Arunilel (restored).' I 
 
 Henry Chiehelcy. ' 
 
 John StJiB'ord. 
 
 John Kemp. 
 
 ThoiiKLs Uoueliier. 
 
 J(jhn Morton. 
 
 Henry Oeane or Denny 
 
 Wm, Warham. 
 
 H'gh,^:rii:;i:::<^"™^-«-'^")- 
 K;i!:i;{^;i!;;i;^:'d.'^5ir^«^'^'^"™'). 
 
 John Whitgift, d. 20 Feb. 
 Ha. liaiK-roft, d. 2 Nov 
 Geo. AblHit, d. 4 Aug 
 Win. )jiud (iHdieuded,' 10 Jan ) 
 
 (.•iee vacant 16 years,] 
 «in. Juxon, d. 4 June, 
 •oil). Sheldon, d, g Nov 
 Wni. Sancrott (depiived i 
 
 1693. 
 , John Tillof.son, d. 22 Nov 
 Ihos. Tenison, d. 14 Dec. ' 
 Wm. Wake, d. 24 Jan. 
 John Potter, d. 10 Oct. 
 
 Malt, llutton, d. iQ Mar. 
 
 1 nos. .-i(( kcr, d. 3 Aug 
 
 l-ivd. I'ornwallis, d. 19 Mar. 
 John Moore, d. ,8 ,Ian 
 Chas, Manners Sutton, d. 21 July 
 flu. Hon ley, d, 1, Feb, ' 
 
 John Uird Sumner, d, 6 Sejit 
 
 CAOUTCHOUC. 
 
 1882. 
 
 1896. 
 
 F«li-). il. 24 Nov. 
 
 .868 .882. A^^|l..bal,l 0.m,,bell Tait.'elected 4 Dec. ; d. 
 
 *Dcc"'elec{;'d" "",'''°" l*o™"«- ^'"'" Tn.ro). 
 S^m.'lav ,^t h' ■''"'; '^83 ; U. suddenly on 
 Ciunduj, at Httwarden rectorv, u Oct • 
 
 p""';"-" ."'""«" ill the cathedral, I'fiOct i8^' ' 
 
 by t e/cVs V ^"""■•'!";''.''ftera protest 
 oy int rL\ . s. U. Brownjidin, 22 Dec 
 
 i,-H \v? ''''° ^^Y. Ca.tton). A codv dutpd 
 
 l-rajer, and especially the " Song of Solomor- 
 
 overhung from", fixed base •^"1',.'" n - '■T^'''^ 
 
 adopted in the Pn-tb i, • 1 V"\ P"""!''" was 
 
 bridge (,;",//f:4 "^"^ ""'' '^^ Mississippi 
 
 . CANTON, founded about 2nn n r. tu- 1 
 
 aS 'he-et/c7-'^'^,.trb'^' 'f^^" M'^'''"'"'« 
 m 85;';^'eS Canton was taken by the BritiSh 
 
 S^tis3';?x:xr'?r'- 
 
 ,tlin.t.,di.ti,<i4Min,lri.^' l"l'"l'"'»« •»■ 
 
 > Mexico Vfi-ir.,. „,, f - ' """tn Anienea, 
 
 !^.^^fe^^.^-;.d'irl,^-^«^« 
 
 I OlLserved at Hayti by Columbus (Ileirem) 
 'Described by Torquemadu l"«'«'«) . . .1493 
 
 ; Discovered by La Condamine ii. Quito fter..,;.,l I.,", '*'^ 
 natives cdAoiK-cAoi,) ■ brought to F m. V*^"'"-',' ".V 
 Dl'. I'ricstlev said that he la, »l?.,,.. "'''■' , »''"'" '735 
 
 "'SSS'"'"" •" "^y ";S'p..i ..a ■"" 
 
 '839 
 
 
 
 
 J^^iw 
 
 I'ui.i 
 
 ;. .S 
 
 I Ml- J 
 
 I'Hij, 
 
 Tbif"' 
 
 if * "J 
 
 ^^1^1 
 
 s'.4 
 
 :)j: 
 
 

 M 
 
 A 
 
 CAPE BRETON. 
 
 201 
 
 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 
 
 Iiivfiit(.'.l also l.y Mr. T. Uauc'ui'k (of tliu lliiii of 
 Maiiiitiisli & Lii.), iiiiil I'litcntcil . . • ■ 
 
 Mr. Uciu.lvcai- iiiviiitid llie liiiril nililii'i' (tcrinKl 
 Klionitu'; us 11 .siitiaatute for lioru uml tortoisu- 
 
 »wn .•.•.; 
 
 A iiKKlfi (If ri'tiiiuinn Indiii niMu'V iii it;i iiatiinil 
 tliiiil iitato (liv api'lviiiH ti> it li.im.l animuriia) 
 liatchtcil ill Kii^laiKl U>v llic iiiviiilur, in. lli'iuy 
 
 Lfi: Xonis, (if Ni\'-' Yiuk 
 
 See iiiuler I'riiiliwj. 
 
 Afrii'aii caniitclinuc iiiii«atfil iiitn Eii;;laiul . . 
 Caoiiti'huiu- iuiimrteil in iti.io, 7617 cwts. ; 111 1856 
 28,763 cwts. ; ill i8b4, 71,027 <;\vts. 
 72,176 cwts. ; ill iS/o, 152.118 cwts. 
 120,163 cwts. ; ill 1876, 158,692 cwts.; 
 in 187.;, 150,601 cwts. ; 
 ; in 18S7, 237,511 cwts. ; 
 ; ill iSSij, 2j6,,uo cHls. ; 
 1893, 293,373 cwts. 
 
 1843 
 1849 
 
 1853 
 1B56 
 
 ill 
 
 159.723 '■"■'"■ 
 229,101 cwls. 
 2*0,350 cwts. 
 264,008 cwts. ; 
 
 1806, 
 1874, 
 
 i377, 
 in i88j, 
 ill i838, 
 in iSyo, 
 
 CAPE BEETON, '<■ lii'-.S" islanJ, E. cast of 
 N. America, s-id to have been discovered liy tubol, 
 1497 ; by tlie Ku-lish in 1584 ; taken by tlieFreiicli 
 in 1632, but was atterv\ aids i-entured; and aijaiii 
 taken in 1 745, and re-taken in 1748. Tlielorticss, 
 Louisburg, was c;ii)tured liy tlie iMighsh 2b July, 
 1758, when tlie garrison were made iirisoners, and 
 eleven French sliips were captured or destroyed. 
 The island was ceded to Knglaml, 10 Feb. 1 763 I in- 
 corporated with Xova Scotia 1819. ropulation in 
 1881,84,202; iSijr, S6,(il4. Lieut.-governor, hon. 
 Jt. U. Daly (189O. Chief town, Sidney. 
 
 CAPE- COAST CASTLE, in Upper Guinea, \ 
 S. W. Africa. Settled bv the Portuguese in IMO ; 
 taken bv the Dutch 11)43 ; ilemolislied by admiral 
 Holmes'in lOOl. All the British factories andship- 
 ping along the coast were dcstroved by the Dutch 
 admiral, De Uuyter, in 1665. It was coiiKrnied to 
 the English by the treaty of Breda, in IOO7. See 
 Ashantees and (J aid Vunst. 
 
 CAPE FIXISTERRE (N. W. Spain). Oft' 
 this cape admirals lord Ansoii and A\ arren de- 
 feated and captured a French tleet under De la 
 Jouquiere, 3 Ma\, 1747. 
 
 CAPE IIORX. or Hoouy, on t'.io last islaiiil of 
 the Fuegian arciiipelago, the southernnio.st point ot 
 America, was dl-coveied and named iiy Schouten, 
 1616, after his birth-plai e in the Xetherlands. 
 
 CAPE LA HOGUE, ^see LaHoyue (correctly, 
 Hague) . 
 CAPEL COURT, see under Stocks. 
 
 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, a promontory on 
 the S. \V. point c^t Africa, called " Cabo lornieii- 
 toao" (the stormv lajn-), t'"-' " Li"" "'' ''"^ Sea," 
 and the •' Head "of Africa," discovered by Bar- 
 tholomew de Diaz ill 1487. Its present name was 
 given bv John II. of I'ortugal, who augured favour- 
 ably of 'future disioverics Iroiii Diaz having reached 
 the e.xtremitv of Africa, ropulation of " Cajie 
 Colony" in "1856, 207.090; in 1881, 7'0.9«4 ; "i 
 1891, 1,527,224. t'ape Town and suburbs, popu- 
 lation,. 188S, O0,ooo ; lt-'9 1, 83,898. For governors, 
 see below. 
 The cape was duulilcd. ,ind tlic piussiige to Imlia 
 
 discovered by Vasco ila tiania . . 19 Nov 
 CaI'E Town, the capital, loiinclcd liy tbc Dutch 
 Colony taken liy the KiikMsIi under adiniial Klpliin- 
 
 stoiie and geiicial cl.nkc ... 16 .Sept. 
 Restored at tlie peace nt Amiens . . 25 March, 
 Taken by sir IJ. liaiid and sir il. ropliam 9 Jan. 
 Filially ceded to KiiKlaiid . . . 13 Aug. 
 Britisli emlt'iants arrive .... March, 
 The kattirs iiiake inii]itioiis on llie Diilisli .scHlc- 
 
 iiients, and ravage (Jralianislowu ; see Kuffrui-in, 
 
 Oct. :834 
 Blsliopiie, of Cape Town founded ; Dr. Koliert Gray, 
 
 first bisjioi 1847 
 
 Mv 
 
 '551 
 
 5t 
 
 lifj 
 
 u6i 
 
 1497 
 1650 
 
 ■793 
 1802 
 180C 
 1814 
 1820 
 
 The iiilialiitaiits successfully resist the nttempt to 
 
 make the cape a penal colony . . 19 May. 
 
 Territories iiortli of Great Orange river placed iindcv 
 
 Uritish authority. 5 Feb. 1848 ; annexed as the 
 
 Orange river ten'itoiy .... Mulch. 
 
 The eiiijstitntion granted to the colony proinulg..leil 
 
 and i.ivfullv received . . . . i July, 1853 
 
 General I'latorius, chief of the Transvaal republie, 
 
 died Aug. „ 
 
 The Uritish inrisdietion over the Orange river 
 
 territory aiiando 1, 30 Jan. ; a free statu was 
 
 fornied ; sec ((/■e/M/f /•icfi- . . . March, 
 The lirst parliament! meets at eaiie Town i July, 
 The Kalliis imu'h excited liy a prophet naiucl 
 L'nihla-kaza ; by the exertions of sir George Grey, 
 the governor, tiamiuiUity maintained . An;;. 
 The cape visited bv prince Alfred in July, 
 
 The Mist railway from CapeTo«n, about 58 miles 
 
 long, opened about Dee. 
 
 Giiveruor, sir I'liilip E. Wodeliou.se . 
 
 Disputes lictwceii liishops of CaiieTown and Natal 
 
 see tViHi'i/i e/A'»i//riie( li' ;-5 
 
 L'aiie Town visited by the duke of Edinbni;;li. 
 
 17 All-. iSi'7 
 Discoverv of diamonds ; leads to disiaitcs bitweea 
 
 the free states and the tribes ; see Uiitiiti'iula 1667-70 
 Large tracts ot territory devastated by lire Feb. i£6i) 
 Death of Moshesh. all cnnneiil chief of the IJasiilns, 
 
 friendly to the liritish . . . ii Maivli, ,:,,, 
 New haibniir. Ineakwater, and docks at Cape 
 Town iiiaiiguratcd by the duke of Edinbur:.;li. 
 
 12 .Inly. ,, 
 Sir Henry liarklv appointed governor . .\ug ,, 
 
 Energy of sir Henry Darkly, in repressii,;^ 
 aggressions of the president of the Orange river 
 
 territory Manli, 
 
 Colniiv of Gricinalanil constituted . . 271111. 
 
 The liritish Hag erected ainid.st the diamond lieMs 
 
 witli ^'i-eat acelaniatioii . . . .17 Nov, 
 
 Great success ill the iliainond ticMs ; robbery uf 
 
 diainoiids valued between 35,000/. and 40,000/. : 
 
 uiiprcssioliot the natives stopiied bysirff. 13aik!v, 
 
 Aug. 
 Death of bishop Gray, dei.jily laineiitecl . i .Sept. 
 .Maeonio, ail eminent Katlir chief, died . 11 S(']it. 
 Insnrrection of Langalilialele, a chiet', suiiiiivssi.l 
 
 (See XiUul) Nov. 11,'e. 
 
 .'.■./»(/i Afi-ioni Cioifritcmthiii (vhkh sir), iiin|i.ise.l 
 
 bv earl of Carnarvon ; opposed by .Mr. .M..li,..iii, 
 
 ai'id his cabinet, May; long debate coniiMeMie.l 
 
 on it in the Cape iiarliaineiit . . . ii N.iv. 
 
 Earl of Carnarvon, in a despateli, propuses that tlie 
 
 conference on the confederation shall he tnius- 
 
 1 ferred to England, 22 Oct. ; much resented Xnv. 
 
 : Earl of Carniirvon's despatch ex|iiessing cinikst 
 
 ! desire for the confederation, and pnii.iisih>; a 
 
 meeting of delegates in l.ondon, their de. isi"ii 
 
 j not to be eonclusive, 15 Nov. ; parliament pm- 
 
 I rogiied 26 .Nov. 
 
 i Conference of delegates in London began; earl ut 
 
 C.iriiarvon, not .Mr. .Molteno, present . 5 .\ii^'. 
 
 Sir II. IJartle E. Erere appointed governor ninl lerl 
 
 high e.ii.imissionerfor Soiilh Afriia . . Nuv. 
 
 lie opens a successful exhibition ut Cape town 
 
 ' 5 April, 
 
 Transvaal republic, (•chleh see) annexed 12 Apiil, 
 
 Tnmblesiiin.' disputes between tribes (I-'ingoes air.l 
 
 Galekas); lead to war (see A'r(/i(:iii9 . Seiit. 
 
 The minister Molteno oppiises einplnyiiig iiie 
 
 perial troops in the Kaltir war . Jan., Fch. 
 
 Mr. Molteiios ministry dismis.sed ; one lornieil hy 
 
 .Mr. J. Gordon Siirigg, about 12 Feb.; repnite.l 
 
 snceessful M'"'. 
 
 Kalllr war ended ; amnesty to surrendering rehels 
 
 announced 2 July, 
 
 Thanksgiving day for restoration of peace i Aii;;. 
 
 Zulu war begins (see /i(/ii(»"./) . . 12 Jnii. 
 
 Insiirrection in the Transvaal (»Vi;,/i .«) Dec. „ 
 
 Telegraphic eoinmunication wtli Great lirit.iiii 
 
 completed ; telegram from the ipieeii te .»ir 
 
 liartle Frere and others . . . .25 IVi. , 
 
 Government projiosition for conl'ereni'eof delegiile- 
 
 to promote federation, lejeeted by the a-sei,!l.ly 
 
 alieiit 24 Jiiiii. i;:o 
 War with Busutos ..... Jiiiit, „ 
 Uecall of sir Bartle Frere, i Aug. ; aiiieaiiKvil 111 
 parliaiiieiit 2 Aug, 
 
 1S71 
 
 1S72 
 1S73 
 
 ii-6 
 
 ''1^\ 
 
 CAPE OF 
 
 Opinions ra.H to his „„lic 
 
 govornnientgreatlvdit 
 Sir Hercules (j. jj, .,■ , . 
 
 »-' i-rd Iligl. comni'is 
 
 Hrsignatinn uf Mr. Shvl 
 narrow escaiic i,( vnt,. ni' 
 Mr. Ncanlcn ,'in<l .Mr. Midi 
 
 Sett led diltlciilty „.il,l, Tiai ' 
 
 Ministry .le.eated, rcsi- is 
 iiiimster . " 
 
 Tliey .igree to .sii|,,„;,, ,,- . | 
 leiircssiiigtl,,, u„.,.,||.| ', 
 
 Ilnhvayto Kimberley ,,,„.,,, 
 
 TheIio,i.,esofparlia,„„„t„,, 
 The Pon.los Invade Xesib 
 
 naiioimceil 
 .Vew ministry ; sir J. o, ml, a, 
 
 y-w registrati.in act rlisfrai 
 imsed;mi,el,,i,,p„.„.,|^„„ 
 the home ;,.,ivcr;„„,.„t " 
 
 Thr. .S.iiitli Africa,, .hihUco ] 
 brahanistmvn by sir Hero,, 
 
 Cuiifereiic,. „(• ,lci;.;;atcs Vi'm 
 ami the Orange K,-ec st.ite 
 iiCiistonisii„i,i,iandrailw,.|\ 
 nniorenjcMt towards .s AlV 
 fereiice elo.sed . 
 
 SirH. lj,-oiighamr.oehap|,;,ii,; 
 I'.iraini.ssiiiner f,i|. ,s,,iiti, ^1 
 
 1509 ; arrives 13 |j,. 
 
 He 
 
 tlieqiieeii in fnait of the 
 Cijie Town 
 Ctfcat of the iiiiiiistrv'oii the <' 
 about 5 July; n.si-,„i,i„7 
 bFigg, under wlioia the 
 
 Xfwministry f.irmo,! by .Mr C'e 
 "diamond kiii^-," f,„„i,|Jr ^ 
 Afi'iea eonii);inv 
 
 F.iiliire of the Ca'pe e' Good Hi 
 run on it ; iiin..li alarm thro 
 !4 Sept.; repurted dellcic„c^ 
 
 South African Laiigmijit. A.ss„d 
 "lipiieil at Cape Town . 
 
 Sir Heui-y Loch and Mr. ni,nd 
 .1I.5CUSS South Afrh-aii affair 
 laeiit, 2-27 Feb. Satisfactoi 
 
 Gi-eat lire at Capo Town; n,o p- 
 
 :iii.I .ither [ilaccs destroved 
 S.H.R Loch ojiens the, iiineti, 
 
 ^^v Colony and the Free .^^f, 
 .1 i.ew fnincliise act oppused 
 
 |-,pulat,oii (1892), not ^■etoed 1 
 Mr. teci Kliodes returns from 1 
 
 :.\iirch; he resigns; reconsti 
 
 iiif'tiilingsir J. Gordon S,,,.,,,,, 
 \jte.l,.s,iii|,roving Mr. feci 1 ^i; 
 
 ,-is iirBuner and a director of t 
 
 iaii.v, resieeted (57 2) . 
 Mr. Cecil Rhodes arrives n't Cii 
 
 Mur through Masl,„„ala,„i :„' 
 reports the eoiiq, lest of Mitilir. 
 .V Henry Ii. Loch arrives in y 
 .-.•turned to C'a|)e 'J-ohii 
 !liiiKet:.si^,rphis, 3J4,,6,/. . ' 
 
 M.-.tecilI{liod«snmde privy c.m 
 .Vll.rcuies Uobin.soi, a,,,f,j„' 
 
 Henry Loch, Feb. : warml v 
 
 lown ... 
 S..- Charles Mills, agent-.,'enpnil' 
 
 i::!,.'! so/., a brave soldier an, 
 
 !»'ni in 1825, died 
 *"; l-'PlK-rt, formerly m.-mager o'f 
 
 vfCapel.jwn, sentenccl tu7 v( 
 
 mle for torgerias on the ba'nl 
 
 :o3,ooo/. 
 British Becliiiaimlnlid ai'inexJd by' 
 
 'Ir Cecil Uhodes accused of com' 
 
 »!1S aeti.,,, ; „,o -jy^^ 
 
 -We.,6Jan,;sneeeedeabyB 
 
 ^•i'hi"T!i'l""",'^'V'"'''^"'l'is 
 •J llie Transvaal (le/iicAsu) , 
 
iSS8 
 
 ^PE^PjJOOD HOPE 
 
 licsiKiintmn dr Mr. Sin-i„„'= . ■ • , " ■'^"H- iSSc 
 "■'"■""■,.,sc„,„.„rv,„,.' ■''"'' ""iiistr.v, thmutB, """ 
 
 Tk>llmlsosof,,a,•li,,„l,Mlto,,p„„l =S\„v. ,S85 
 
 '"'""""•'^■= "'-• J' «"■■""" SLHwrri,,,;,,,^,^;:; 'SS« 
 tlie linn:,. ^'..vrn.m.Mit "^ ''-^*' l'^- i Mil.],,,,-!,.,! hy 
 
 ami th. (),■«,,«,.' Pi::r^;X^I"',,^';l;>Ny, Natal, " 
 a inuv..,a.„t t.nvan Is « aWc^^ 'r.''''' J'''"'""""' I 
 
 Sirll. ]ir<iu-liaiiir,(,i'l',nni,;,i„f,;,i„„,' ' '^ ■■"'■''• 
 
 onm.Missiun.r t;,r S,,,\l7m;!f ,::"!"'■"'''' '"«!' 
 iTSg; amws i, |j,.,. ii„ , ''.""it == June, 
 
 ""■'"',;■'■» "' '-'■"'■t " ■ti,"hoH^,'^',f ? ■^i':'''''' "f 
 
 .Vi'ffiiiinistry f"niip,l l,v Ml- rvr.ii t„i „■ '"J'llv, 
 •■ diamond kinsr f" .11 k"r f If 'V; '"''="■"• ""' 
 
 Failure »f tin: Cape r' Good irow Iiim'i.- ..f/'' ''."'•^■' 
 niuon ,t; iiun-li al,.,,„ tlir ,Td, m ti ' . i'''''« 
 24 Sioit; ri-ii„i-t^.d d,-ti,-iM,„.v ,i '■"I'ni.v, 
 
 South Afi-ic-aii Laii-u„ -H v'-l;i',*'t^-*'°°"'- '^ "J''t- 
 .il.eiie.1 at C-ip,. iC? •^"^"'="'t'"". 'St Oiiit;,-,.,,.s 
 
 SirHfUr.v Loch and .Mr. R|ind,..< v(.,;f'T -V '^'''• 
 >fec>is.s South Af,i,-aii aiSVi Sh'""''"'' *" 
 -t, .-.y Feb. «ati.,ac,o,y';i^ll,J^,^::-;| 
 
 A new franclii.se act onjii.sr.d' l,v m,^ '" •V''"''''i. 
 Miulatioii (,802), not v, t in, i.v'.i "'" <^«I"''™1 
 
 .llr.(!:ecil Hhodos rctni-ns f' o, l'\. l-l';'"™"','''''*'- 
 ; March ; he resigns ; ree ms 1 1, . , '" ^'.'>i''">'h 
 i.io';i.liiiKsir,I. Gnnl'on Wi''^ '"' '"""Jt'T, 
 
 \»le tli,saii|iroviii- Air. C,.,- 1 iTh,,,!.,'.- ,■..■• •''■'■*■ 
 »* |.re...i.r and a diroctur of' ) ^'J ?;,".:"''''"™ 
 laiiv, rcic'cted (57 2) " "■ Ulrica com- 
 
 Slr.Cwil Rho.|«s ari-iv,.s at C,n,. t' "''"H'S 
 *.liron,hMashonah;;fd^;!:,^;-,;;^^:;N.is 
 
 ' .! -'an. 
 !i Ain-il ; 
 
 7 Nov. „ 
 ■ 4 •'line, „ 
 
 -■ *■"'.'■ ■393 
 
 1853 
 
 . l"rUliod,..sia ^'"""luM-laiu, 6 K«h. ; i„^vhs 
 
 '•",)'■■'.',. '■"'"iiial l,.;wi'io f;„-m,.:i . ■ : 'o ^>^l. 
 
 I arlianii'iit opiMicd " • • • =S April,' . 
 
 ""• Jf liohin.son leaves' for 'p, i' ,■ ' ^'"v, 
 ; "■'■''^;N)aron lio.sn ,?,nl , iH^ "f "';' ; ^" May " 
 'ipi'Toivn ' ""' '""J (1896); returns to 
 
 Ml'. tV.-il Khndes warinh-r,.(.,;,-,.,.,,\„ „■ "•'^'^>'^- - 
 ,f ,";■;■■ : -ails for En;;land '^ *^''''"^' '"»■" I 
 
 ' I. 
 
 f-1 i h'u 
 
 E.\pli, 
 iniiii' 
 
 ,. ., ■ IS Ki'h. 
 t.M'il liliodi-s, ami 
 ■''fliiciin-r, at tliu 
 ?Q .Alarch, 
 ['■latiiii., lit a 
 
 J 890 
 
 .Milni-r ; aiinomici.d 
 l-ivat iiiiM-ii,,^- inti,vo,ir(,f mV 
 
 s.Alnaconiniit,,.,., Undon. 
 
 '■• "''"'"^^ '"■'■"•'^'< otcnp. Town; w.di ;,^.^i!:::j' 
 
 r.'ird Rosiimad loaves for Fn ,i„,„i -" ApHl,' 
 
 ^.r^.n.,onspri..-s^u^^-;iti,natod^,;;i;;< 
 
 ''^^«■^l^^'S;,;!^i"•^■-t■T,.^...at;.d^^'^,;li 
 
 «"■ Alfred llilner arrives at' fan '.T ' =" •^'"■'''. 
 . received "' ^"1'^' ''J"'" ; cordiallv 
 
 SoI.Miin i;ist(,3 ,Jun,;), o,vin„ to f),'„ , ' , ^ •'*'".^-. 
 'I'-rpest. proclaimed '" ^'"'''•■"' '^f "n- 
 
 Suicide of Mr. li. I. linrmtn li,. 1 ' • • =3 Mav, 
 tl.« .>-Vo^ (in.«a,,e) ,^ ,',".'!' '•''•''1'''',;-' "Verl.oan 
 
 '" K'Jl'l and 'liai 1 n sand 'rv'^^'H-''''''''''"*"'- 
 .H r i^.."""' '"Id \ei-y iiiHueiitial in 
 
 .7 — ...I't luium 
 
 Atnoaand London . 
 
 I'lamond .jiiliileu celciiratioil thro,i.,i, ' , ^'i •'"'"^' 
 
 icioiciii^'.s at Cape To '•," ""^"""''o"*-^- Ulrica ; 
 •■'i;' .L Gordon Si ri- '- , m.'i ^ -'o 'June ,7 «„, 
 
 "'•■.Capn parliL ent o„^" "m",.'^ jVXl'un^ccd by 
 
 l"i-'l ')f the adniiralf lo,,. /",'"''"■"' ">^t 
 
 ■«t class i.atticsi,ip,a^'„*'^j ;;;;'. "'"/"■-' "f a 
 
 (j'Jloiiy, ,o,July; propos.M to .?k l";/''";" ^'"I'" 
 
 tli''paymei,toftlie veii-l •- . ''"^' '"i" form of 
 
 niiiiouncea . ""- ^'""0 "'•'^^'•'■■st (aht. 25,000/.); 
 
 "ploiiial toiirof sir \ifi-,.,ruii ■ ' • '6 Oec 
 
 «■««.„. the Pomio ,.,[;' •.' ''-V 3oA„„-.-.6«ept 
 
 J.'"ve,nment as , la, ,!',!; f,'^''," ''.5°°'- fmm the 
 
 anrnmnced . "''"•"'"' 'i'lfi-' niipri.sonment; 
 
 Galisliive, rehfil ehi,,)'- ,.-im„,.„'i , • -30 Uec.' 
 
 iiient . ^' ^' ' ''J "3 yrars' impri.son^ 
 
 II Fell. 1 
 
 •394 
 
 i-^l;itive council', lissolved' 
 si.-A."Mil!m;""-'"''"""™"^'>""-ay,-npcne,f';;;; " 
 
 TlH^Cust,,,iis union e,;n.-,-;.nco-opone,.^.^':j!;;^ „ 
 
 !'oG"^';;;^nrriii:;;f^:-i:'"-'"^nsii;,'^^i;!:i; .. 
 
 iar lam,., It ,)p,.,„.,| jQ w'. .■,,•. •. 20 April 
 
 ■" ™iit of c„ii(l,h ,°ee V ,f' „1 •^'^'"■'■;""''' '""ti"" 
 111,'iit prorogue,! '' ""'"3 ''mic ; iflrlia. 
 
 Hcvi-mic ,,,60,638/.," ,.xi„,,mit„re' '^ •'"»'•• .- 
 
 lSd6-7 lliipovts Cn-^fi,,-/ ' 3,332,907/., 
 
 .8S7; .eS^V, a,^S ' ^^ ;;,;i^'"f ^' 7.7i9,??5/.: 
 Iicmlitur,', \iit,. , o,n ""'„ 4.430,050/. ; e.v. 
 ^••16,149/., nxjiemliturp '',-!• t^l'V' "■vmuu; 
 clmlin^r specie, u ^6^ i.ft/'*'^"-''" ""'""■'". '■''■ 
 I .,'2,956, 554'- ",364,836/., e.M,orts, ditto, 
 
 • IviZ^r'"' ^™ ^"-"''-"'. ^"!»'«n„, and 
 
 Hwntmcn. were cai turn oV '1 "."' '"'Shty raer- 
 F.-eTu.h,r6Ju„o, ir'fl'^"/ ''''^''''■^■'''1 ''>' the 
 
 Spanish Hec.t of t<vent°'sev« "h "'''.Af *'?'» 'h^ 
 fj.,« ■ , . . .' ■■'i.vtn siiijis of thj line off 
 
 reports the con,|,„.st of M,italiel,.la , 
 JT Henry 1). Lix-h arriv.-s in K ,. ■ , 1 
 
 Muriied to Cape 'J'owii '^''-l-""! 
 
 lialliet; swi-plus, 3^4,161/ 
 
 f; Cim,-le,^ Mills, .aKciit--,.npi-al' f,,r %!,„ ■'° ^''^y< 
 !>™ in 1825, did " '"''" liiiancier, 
 
 ;«J;^; .^r«eri3s on tS.l",^^;,:'-,!-!^^,--;; 
 tash Becliuanaland annext'd bvthe assj',;,bli;''"' 
 
 J-;*"*; 6 Jan. ; si.cceede I brsi^'i'i ""p 'Y ' 
 . imn ... •' ""^"■""ii Gordon '<»'.""'"""i'-'L't ol twentv-ifv,,.. „i •'""' o"',"-""'" "" 
 
 
 
 
 -jpiL 
 
 !:•? if'i 
 
hiU: 
 
 CAPETIANS. 
 
 206 
 
 CAPUA. 
 
 \\-> ' 
 
 f i 
 
 cnRaged in this battle. Near this cape the fleet of 
 (lorn Pedro, under admiral Charles Napier, captured 
 dom iMiguel's fleet, 5 July, iSyi- 
 
 CAPETIANS, the third race of the kings of 
 France, named from l[u!,'o Cnpet, count of 1 aris 
 and Orleans, who seized the throne on the death ot , 
 Louis v., called the Indolent, qS:- Jt""".'""-, ^e 
 first line of the house of Capet ended with Cliarles 
 IV., in 132S, when Philip VI. of \aloi.s ascended 
 the throne ; see Fnvicc. 
 
 CAPE VERD ISLANDS (N- Atlantic \ 
 Ocean), helonRins to PoitUH;:il, were known to 
 the ancients as Uor^ades, but not to the moderns till 
 discovered by Antonio de Noli, a Genoese navigator 
 in the service of Portugal, 1446, 1450, or 1400. 
 Population, 1885, 110,920. 
 
 CAPILLARITY (the rising of liquids in 
 small tubes, and the ascent of the sap in plants) 
 is said to have been first observed by Niccolo 
 Aggiunti of Pisa, l(xxD-35. I'he theory has been 
 • ■ • '' vton, La Place, and others. I)r. 
 
 2iJ 
 
 '30 
 
 93 
 64 
 
 and 
 
 e.xamined by Newtc, . 
 
 T. Young's theory was put lortli in iBOj, 
 Mr. Wertheira's researches in 18^7. 
 
 CAPITAL, estimated amount {I!. Gifftoi) :— 
 
 Ormt Ilritiiiii : bCKiiiiiiii},' of century, 115,000.000;.; 1S43, 
 sii.ooo.ooo/.; 1851,262,000,000/. ,, , , . 
 
 U)lUntKiM,,lom: 1855, 3o8,c-oo,ooo;. : 1.S65, 396,000,000!. , 
 1875, 371.000,000/. Sec l.aimn- tumiiussioii. and In- 
 foiiw Tc.x. 
 
 CAPITAL PUXISHMENT, see Leat/i. 
 CAPITATION TAX, see roll-tax. 
 
 CAPITOL said to have been so called from 
 a human head {caput) found when digging the 
 foundations of the fortress of Rome, on Moiis lar- 
 peius. Here a temple was built to Jujiiter Capito- 
 finus. The foundation was laid by Tarquinius 
 Priscus, ()l6i).c.; the building was continued by 
 Servius TuUiua; completed bv Tarquinius Super- 
 bus, but not dedicated till S07 n.c. by the consul 
 Horatiua. It was destro\cd by lii,'litning 6 July, 
 183 ; burnt during the civil wars, 83 ; rebuilt by 
 Sylla, and dedicated again by I.utatius C'atulus, (k) ; 
 again bui at a.d. 09. 80 ; rebuilt 70, 82 ; sacked by 
 Genseric, June, 455. ''-"lie Homan consuls made 
 large donations to this temple, and the emneror 
 Augustus bestowed on it 2OC0 pounds weight of 
 gold, of which metal the roof was composed : its 
 thresholds were of brass, and its interior was de- 
 corated with sliields of solid silver. The Ciipttohiie 
 games, instituted 387 n.c. to commemorato the de- 
 liverance from the Gauls, were revived by Uomitian, 
 A.D. 86. The Campidoglio contains palaces of the 
 senators, erected on the site of the Capitol by 
 Michael Ang(>lo soon after 1546. Tlie corner-stone 
 of the capital at Washington, U.S.A., was laid 
 18 Sept. 1793. 
 
 CAPITULARIES, l.iwsof the Prankish kings, 
 commencing with Charlemagne (801). Collections 
 have been published by Baluze (1677) aud others. 
 
 CAPITULATIONS: a name given to the 
 judicial rights granted by treaties to foreign consuls 
 in Turkey. After many years' opposition, the 
 sultan addressed a memorial to the sovereigns of 
 Europe, in June, 1869; and modifications were 
 agreed to, April, l8;-o. The sultan decided on the 
 abolition of the capitulations in Egypt about July, 
 187s. 
 
 CAPPADOCI A, Asia Minor. Its early history 
 is involved in obscurity. 
 Pharnaces said to liavc founded the kingdom B.C. 744 
 
 Cftjipadocia conquered by Penliccns, regent of 
 Macmlou ; the king, AiiaiiitlieH I., aged Sj, 
 
 crucified Uc. ijj 
 
 Rucovers its indi'ipcndeni-c ji; 
 
 Oomiucrcd liy Miflu'iiliitfs (dPontus 
 Held liv Sclcucus, 288 ; imleiPciicliMit . . 
 
 Arliirat'hes V,, Pliilopator, reigns, 162 ; dftUr 'd 
 
 liy llolophemcs, 158, but restorud soon al'tcr liy 
 the Konmns : killed with C'nis.sus iu the war 
 against ArlstonicMis . . ... 
 
 Ills (|ucen, Laoilli'C. iioisoim live of her sons : tli« 
 Hixth(AriarathcsVl.)issavi'4 ; she is put to death 
 Aiiaiathes VI. inunlered liy Mlthriilates Kupator : 
 who sets up various jiretenders ; the Itoniaii 
 senate deehires the country flee, ami aiiiuilnts 
 
 Arloliarzanes I. kinu' 
 
 He is several times e.x)ielled by Mlthriilates, ie., 
 
 but restored liy the liomans ; dies 
 Arloliarzanes U. supimrts Poinpey, aud is slain by 
 
 C'rassus 43 
 
 Arlnrathes VII. deposed by Antony . . • • 36 
 Arehelaiis is favoured by Augustus, so lie. ; Imt 
 aeeused by Tiliei'ius, he comes to Ucime and dies 
 there oppressed with age .... a.d. 15 
 
 Caiipadoeiii beeomes a Uoinan iirovlnce . . . ,. 
 
 Invaded by the Huns 5,5 
 
 And by the Saraecus 7,7 
 
 Ueeovered by the emperor Basil I g.,; 
 
 Conquered by Sollman and the Turks . . . i^-.^ 
 
 Aune.wd to Turkish Kmplre ijt.;, 
 
 CAPPEL (Switzerland). Here the reformer 
 Ulric Zwinglius was slain in a conflict betweeu 
 the catholics and the men of Zurich, 11 Oct. 1531. 
 
 CAPRI (Caprese), an island near Najjliv^, the 
 sumptuous residence of Augustus, and partieularlv 
 of Tiberius, memorable for the debaucheries li'' 
 committed during his last years, 27-37. Kemains 
 of his famous triremes which lie at the bottom of 
 lake Nemi, discovered, in 1897. Capri was taken 
 by sir Sydney Smith, 12 May, 180O. 
 CAPS, see Hats. 
 
 CAPS AND HATS. About 1738, Sweden was 
 much distracted by two factions thus named, tlie 
 former in the interest of the Kussians, and the latter 
 in that of the French. They were broken up anj 
 the names prohibited by GustavuslII. in 1 771, who 
 desired to exclude foreign influence. His assassina- 
 tion by AnkarstrSm, 16 March, 1792, set aside all 
 his plans for the improvement of Sweden. 
 
 CAPSTAN, used to work ships' anchors, is 
 said to have been invented, but more I'robiibly w,is 
 only improved, by sir Samuel Morland, who died 
 30 t)ec. 1695. 
 
 CAPTAIN, H.M.'s iron-clad turret ship. 
 capsized during a squall, 12.15 A.M., 7 Sept., 1870. 
 Capt. Hugh Burgoyne, capt. Cowper Coles, who 
 designed the vessel, and 481 persons perished. See 
 under Kav;/ of Eiiyland. Subscriptions for relief 
 of the widows'aiid orphans of the lost up to 17X0V., 
 3.1,894/.; 3 Dec, 38,004/.; 31 Dec, about 46,000/.; 
 May, 1871, about 55,000/.; 25 June, 1S71, about 
 55,700/. Total, 57,824/. The fund was transferred 
 to the Royal Commission of the Patriotic Fund. 
 
 CAPUA, capital of Campania, took the p.art 
 of Hannibal when his army wintered here al'lir 
 the battle of Ciinnre, 21O n.c, and it is said be. 
 came enervated. In 211, when the Romans re- 
 took the city, they scourged and bel!eade<l all the 
 surviving senators ; the others had poisoned them- 
 selves after a banquet previous to the surrender of 
 the city. Only two persons escaped; one woman 
 who had prayed for the success of the Roinan.s, and 
 another who succoured some prisoners. During the 
 middle ages Capua was successively subjugated by 
 'he Greeks, Saracen?, Normans, and Gennaiis. ll 
 w.is restored to Naples in 1424, and captured hv 
 Ca'sar Borgia, 24 July, 1501; was taken by Garibaldi 
 2 Nov. 18O0. 
 
 CAPUCHIN FRI 
 
 named from wearing a C 
 down upon their backs. 
 Matthew Basclii, about 
 the pope Clement VII. i 
 feasors of the queen Henri; 
 were imprisoned by the pi 
 
 CAR. The invention 
 Eriehthonius of Athens 
 nmiati) were used by the 
 aoft cushioned ear),ne.\t it 
 enrpeufim, a two-wheele 
 covering, hung with costl' 
 the carruca;, in which tl 
 ■friuinphal cars, introduce 
 were formed like a throne. 
 
 CARACAS (S. Amer 
 discovered by Columbus i 
 arms, and assigned as pr 
 German merchants, by CI 
 tyranny, they were dispo 
 crown governor appointed, 
 its independence, 9 May 1 
 de Caracas, on 26 March' i 
 sons perished by an earthqu 
 ;o,509. See J\->iczuela. 
 
 CARAITES, see Kara, 
 
 CAEASMIA, see Khiv 
 
 CARBERRY HILL 
 
 lord Hume and the confeder; 
 royal army under BothwcH, 
 of Scots prisoner, 15 June, n 
 
 CARBO-DYNAMITE 
 
 of the nitro-glycerine class 
 lieid and Borland, was tried 
 1889 was said to be iiracticall 
 
 CARBOLIC ACID (or 
 
 by the distillation of pit-coa 
 is' a powerful antisej)tic. Ii 
 tured for surgical purposes, 
 fcigeously used at Carlisle am 
 riffltion of sewage (1860-1); 
 during the prevalence of ehol'e 
 It was successfully used for ( 
 sorSeely in 1868. Professor 
 gratnianufn.'turer of this acii 
 
 CARBON was shown to 1 
 by Lavoisier in 1788. He in 
 belts purest form, and convc 
 acid gas by combustion. 
 
 CAEBONARI (charcoal- 
 fffret society in Italy, whid 
 according to some, froni the Vi 
 became prominent early in the 
 aimed at the expulsion of foreij 
 the establishment of civil and r 
 March, 1820, it is said that 6: 
 liety, and an insurrection sooi 
 Naples, general Pepe taking 1 
 kin; Ferdinand made political ; 
 inllucuce of the allied sovereij 
 Ferdinand to annul thera and , 
 
 party.Jan. 1821, when the Carbo 
 
 as traitors. 
 
 , CARBONIC ACID GAf 
 
 pound of carbon and o.xygen, for 
 productofcomlmstion, re^.piratioi 
 , Ibe Orotto del Cane vields 200 f 
 j .>o annual can breatfie this gas 
 cbampagno, beer, &c., is dile t 
 wasuquelicd by atmospheric pre* 
 
CAPUCHIN FRIARS. 
 
 207 
 
 CARDINALSr 
 
 See 
 
 feasors of the queen Henr ItH ,.,.., ''"''";■'"" ''on- 
 
 ..../) we.-e used ^X l^Z^' tH"/. ^'a^ 
 soft cushioned car), next invented, save dace tntle 
 f,.;;f«^v;« a two-wheeled car, 'with an arched 
 coveinig, hunjf wuh costiv clotl . Still T,t,rup.„ 
 the ca,ruv<e, in whi,.], t),e otK.ers „f s 'e ,"7 
 fnuinphal cars, introduced by Tarauin th%M„J" 
 «re formed like a throne. ^'"I""' 'He i!,lder, 
 
 discovered by Cofunibus r^^.' YCl:^ZTt 
 ;.rm8, and assigned a. propertv to the W eltri 
 (,ernmn merchants, bv Charley- V. ; but for tS 
 tyranny, they were dispossessed i, , :=o and . 
 
 CARAITES, see A'ffCff,y(.,s, 
 CARASMIA, see A'Airrt 
 
 CARBERRY HILL (S. Scotland) Here 
 lord Hume and the confederate barons dispersed the 
 ro,..lannv under liothwcll, and took iarV queen 
 01 boots prisoner. 15 June, ,56;. llothw-dlVd " 
 
 CARBO-DYNAMITE, a powerful explosive 
 the mtro-slycenne class, inVented b, C,A ' 
 Keul and Borland, was tried in isxx .,„ f • V . i 
 i% was said to be practia.'ly pifcct. "' •^"'^■• 
 
 CARBOLIC ACID (orphenic acidi nU ■ , 
 !,v the distillation of pit-^oal^ b" lSI.IsT- 
 IS a powerful antisept c. It is ln-o.„l.. , '^i " ' 
 turod for surgical purposes , ml l.^!7 '""""'^a'^- > 
 tageously used atc'arli'X al.d i\e in"';L ".''T- 
 raition of K'wage (l8()0-iV ind ns ,. r ■%'''""''°- 
 
 g«tmanufa,.turerof this acid, died ,8-3 '"'' " 
 
 i.v'ifKr^r85"^^Hj;'::;.:a'^i^:'>?M>en.ent 
 
 belts purest fortu'. and conlxnc:l^u uo'arboVic 
 acid gas by combustion. t-arbonie 
 
 CARBOXARI (charcoal-burners), a powerful 
 ^"•r.. society in Italy, which derived its"^ orL'in 
 acording to some, from the Wald.-nses, ami whi ,' 
 i«amepronunent early in the invsc.t cd turv I 
 aimed at the expulsion of foreigners fro.., lJ.7l.^ ' 
 teestablishmeStof civil and .l"f^ ou^ I bmO ' "In 
 Maroh, ,820, It IS said that 650,(^,0 jo ned the so 
 Mrt ,and an insurrection soon after broke c ,t f..' 
 .q)le^, gonera Pene taking the cc^inmaml The 
 lin? Ferdinand made political con-c^ionrh ,t ft 
 ■iitlueuce of the allied sovereigns it r^vh.h ''! 
 Ferdinand to annul th.-m and funn'ress „ "h"? '"'^ 
 
 par^,Jan.,8.,whentheCarboJfretS 
 
 I .N»ammalcan breatlie this ^^ The Lkkn'!'""'^ 
 ehanipagno, beer, &c., is due to its p. Se,' ?f 
 «:«liquel,ed by atmospheric pressure 1^ Fa , day in 
 
 under (,'a)i»o,,, 1889-90. 
 CARCHEMISH, see Jlitfi/e,. 
 
 wwsl^Km,m It'b'f,.'';;:!' r' "" """'""t 
 
 Kobert, dukeof Nonnand , ; , \ts'onof'wnV"''r 
 IS said to have been imni'ism,;,,! / "I'lmml., 
 
 death 10 Feb .,,- "^ '«""''' from ,,(y, ^■^^ ^.^ 
 
 lias bee,?gn. tlv if,?.;,,, .'d'lni.'''''*-"."^ *'"' t"^^>« 
 
 '■"""1 (T'M) .1. d ,'0 ,r „d bvT'V'"'!'"" "f " 
 
 motcd by tT.e JIann , of lii . , X'^""^^- ^tc, pro- 
 established, 1883 '^^^ " '' '"^''^'-sity College, 
 
 M::''i;c^,'t;;;it^^rk,;:'?''r-''--'^3;^^ 
 
 Uiiin.h Co.iKrcss a.ccts l,cr" ' '^ *^'"''^'', i3go 
 
 [ f'ran.ca's ConKruss "- • • . i Oct. isL 
 
 ii"i;!:i,s;"l'c?:ir'^;;^l^'f'^'f^A?;K':;: 
 
 the .lc.aultcr;.,,;uis''^^^;':"" ;"•■"■" I«-tiy by 
 the 8eo,.et«.-v and dire .ors_,-,?,rf ''!''',''''" ''>' 
 
 Hobb,ussc,.tc.,ccdt,.,u^::,.,i;i;;;«-'^^«:|m.,.y. 
 
 Vmv^ "f .■•»'l™.v servants, see .sYnV.rs- °^ ^i";''''' '^^o 
 
 'ri:::,:if '?•'"•"- ^^"""--i by the i.^^:';;f " 
 
 •Sim. .S7. ,■,,,„■„,,, p,,,,,g-;. . .7«cp;. 
 Ae.-n,BofI!..i,isl,As's,,ci«fi,,n '■'■' ' • • „ 
 MMke of about 4,cxx3 ,.,cn of the buil,lin« t^.^b^l""' " 
 "'■ "" 3oApi-i|_3,,,|„y; 
 
 tou.aii villa ... ...f™*'.. ■ .'.9 '^ov. 
 
 olliccsdcstni,,-,, ,,v 
 i<c.j,ai.isof .% Hoiniiirviii., ,„,, ,„ ■ .y...jv 
 
 ' , .Jol... Storric, rcno,'t,.,I ' ' '''■^™>'ered by Mr. 
 
 CARDIGAN BAY, se;i,v«;"'""^^ 
 
 , th«?^f U^'iA'rSLVetd""'' "'^o™"- 
 ' college," at first were th...,r,n •.'"'''?'''■ sacred 
 
 'umbentsof thepaK n'Z?"^ f''"^?'" <»• in- 
 been called f«,-rfV„«/;;' i^,"^,^ "'"I^! •'nJ.M'd to have 
 
 sume the exclusive power of J.f>' ''^i'" '» as- 
 j'bout 1, 79, They flr^t wore the rh"/.''" P^P*" 
 them that they ought to shpd fi,^ ..'," *'"'''™"'d 
 
 liSion if required, and we.v dec. b I '"'•""'^ '''»' ■•«- 
 cliuivh by fnnocentIV ,2,' ' .'''.'^P™"'''°fthe 
 
 giivethe scai-let habit, ,46. "*i,, l^.-*S- l'""l U. 
 title of Eminence in 162? or ./„nT^''T.^'"- the 
 «.xed their number at 1 bu^°u/" 'S86Sixtus V. 
 vacancies. I„ i860 tl t°e we.-e V!^*^ are generally 
 '«;.?- 5 of the orde.. of bishopB ^ '^''.'■'J"'al«. la 
 '•"ns, 4.S n all. Nine ca.dinals^tf "?,''' ''''''"- 
 were made, 13 U,mh iSr s • \-\ " ^"""parte) 
 d nalsappointell, 12 March ,«*- ^'f''"."*^'^ ''«>- 
 dinal bisLp,s. 2z pH s ' , I ,„"• ^'^ '^^S. 6 car- 
 Jan. .1894, ' tii^.i^'w . f- il ''S'V, "• "»>. lu 
 
 52 pncsts and 14 deacons oc.'r'l' "^ '"^'"'l'% 
 ><"v. 1895; 4created 22 V,,,? """^'''""'s created, 2c> 
 4 on^?^; 3 FmV^f,iniay,''';«^?;^'''- '«^' 
 
 iV'""- >83<) : Nicholas Wis ,'/^''''i '8301 Cblv\l; 
 .■„ry Eaward Ma.ming. ,g!"^ '■ y° ''^'I't- .850-6,: 
 
 I eiiry NcH-nia.i, ,2 Jav ,«.. '^.'^"pt. .892 ; ,T„l,„ 
 
 Mccnhc, 27 Ma.-cb, .882 '(I "rVnl'^^^io '^s' = «»' 
 \auKban and Michael Log,;;,,J'ja,".'';s9f =' ' ^'"""'^ 
 
 ■''■..'"ii'.V 
 
 
 Mil 
 
 l.'lJ'i 
 
 
 » # 
 
 

 CARDROSS CASE. 
 
 n 
 
 p 
 
 ii 
 
 I ■■.($ 
 
 \^f 
 
 r I 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Ji 
 
 CARDKOMS CASE, set. 2Vm/.s 1861. 
 
 CARDS, rr.AYIXn. The "ii;:in of the K.imo 
 is unc.Ttain. It is said to Imvc Ihcm linuiKlit t" 
 Viti'ilm in 1 ?;<). Curds wi iv illiiiniiiiitfd lor tlmrlps 
 VI. of France, 1^)2. tlu'ii depressed m imiid. 
 \f. A. riiiitto's wo'rii on tlie '• History o; 1 liiyniK 
 Cards," pidilislied, iH^H. Ti'iuet mid nil the earlv 
 mimes are Freiicli.-Cnrds first taxed 111 hnglan. 
 1:10. 428,000 Iiaeks were staniiied in 177.-,, »n" 
 q>(6,C)00 in 1800. In 1825, the duly heiiiK' then 
 is. 0(1. ner liiielv, lesa than I.SO.cxhj i)a(Us were 
 etami.ed ; Imt in 1827 tlie staniii duty was rei need 
 to IS., and 310.8^ luuks jmid duty in iSV'' 1*"'> 
 waa paid on 2^1,200 l""'*" '" ""' > ear ending 5 Jan. 
 1840; and on near ^fK),(KX), year ending 3 Jan. 
 l8to. Bv an act passed in 18O2 tlie dutv on cards 
 was redueed to V'- I'er pack, and the sellers were 
 rcnnired to take out 11 liic^nee. Hiity received 111 
 1874, I3.i?i/. : i" '87.i. '3.«'o/- *^'''' '■/„;.sf,>Hi.s. 
 
 his 
 
 CARTA (Asiit Minor), was conquered by Cyrus, 
 .() II. c; liy Dereyllidas, a Lacedaunonian^, 397; 
 
 AL snece-^isor Ileoatoiiinus hccauie king. 385 n.t 
 for liis son Mansolus the MiiKmhmn was erected 
 (u-hich scr). Caria was anne.\ed hy tlie Komaiis, 
 129 Ji.c. It is now part of the Turkish empire. 
 CARIBBEE ISLANDS, see Vest Indks. 
 
 CARIC VTI^'RES were drawn hy the ancient 
 E-V,)tians,'(ireeks, and Jioinans. liufalmaeo, an 
 Italian painter, ahout 1330, drew .•aricatures and put 
 labels to the mouths ot his figures with scnteniTS. 
 The modern caricatures of UiUray, llowhind.'^on, 
 H. B. (John Doyle }{', = IB), Richard Doyle, John 
 Leech, and John Tenniel are justly eelcbrated. 
 The well-known "Punch" was tirst pnblished in ; 
 184I. See Chin-iniriwwAriiiicli. M r. T. W right . 
 published a "History of Caricature,'; 18O5; and } 
 ** the Life and Works of James (iillray, 1873. Mr. 
 J. Grego published T. Kowlandson's "\\ orks and | 
 Life, 1880. 
 
 CARIGNAX, i> Pliiiill *""■" •'"'""'* twelve miles 
 from Sedan^lepartment of Ardennes, X.E. France. 
 At the plain ol Douzv near this place and the en- 
 campment of Vaux, a part of JlacMahon s army, 
 retreating before the Germans, turned round and 
 made a stand. 31 Aug. 1870. After a long, severe 
 engagement, iii which the same positions were 
 taken nnd retaken several times, the Germans 
 turned the tlank of their enemies, who were com- 
 pelled to fall hack npon Sedan, where they were 
 finally overcome, I Sept. 
 CARILLONS, see Bills. 
 CARINTHIA. 11 Havavian duchy, annexed to 
 the territories of the duke of Austria, 133O. Popu- 
 lation, 1890, 361.008. 
 
 CARISBROOKE CASTLE (Isle of Wight), 
 said to liave been a Uritish and Konmn iorlress. 
 Its Norm,an character has been ascribed to W ilhain 
 Fitz-Osbonie, earl of Hereford in William I.'s time. 
 Here Charles I. was imprisipned Nov. 1O47 to Xov. 
 1648 ; and here his daughter Elizabeth, aged tiftern, 
 died, 8 Sept. 1O50; museum opened, II Aug. 189S. 
 
 CARIZMIANS (tiei-ee shepherds living near 
 the Caspian), having been expelled by tlie Tartars, 
 invaded Svria in 1243. The union of the sultans 
 of Alenpo.'Hems, ami Damascus was insuflicient to 
 etrm the torrent, and the Christian military orders 
 were nearlv e.xtenninated in a single battle in 12J4. 
 In Oct. they took Jerusalem. They were totally 
 <lefeated in two battles in 1247. 
 
 208 CARLSBAD. 
 
 ' CARLAVEROCK CASTLE (S. Scotland), 
 taken hv Kdward 1., .luly, I jixi. the subjett nf ,, 
 contemporary jioeiu piildishcd, with illustralii.ns, 
 by sir Harris Nicolas in 1828. 
 
 CARLISLE (Cumberland), a frcmtier town (,f 
 
 England, wherein' for many ages a strong gani,^. m 
 
 was kept. Just below this town the famous Y\.w 
 
 wall began, wliiidi crosM'd the wlicde island to New. 
 
 eastle-ii])on-Tvne, and here also ended the great 
 
 Roman liigliw'ay. Of the great church, ("illcd .St. 
 
 Mary's, n large part was liuilt by David, kin- of 
 
 Seotiand, who licld Cumberland, Westmon-hinil, 
 
 and Northumlierland, from the crown of Englim,!. 
 
 The castle, (h'strovcd hy the Danes, 875, resteicdin 
 
 1092 bv William ll., was tlie jirison of Miiry queen 
 
 of Scot's in I V18.— Taken by the parliamentary t'Hires 
 
 ill 1643. and bv the younu' Pretender, 15 Nov. i;^:;; 
 
 retaken bv the duke of Cumlierlinnl, 3(1 Dec, -min. 
 
 year; partly destroyed by tire, 18 Jan. lHc(i).— The 
 
 ire was erected by Henry \. in 1 132, and iiuiile 
 
 suH'rngan to York. ' The cathedral had been foiindid 
 
 a short time ]ireviously, by Walter, depuly )„r 
 
 William Uufus. It wa's almost ruimil by ('rniii. 
 
 well, 1(148, and jiartially repaired after the'lbstcrii- 
 
 tion. It was reopened in 185(1 after reiiev.itiiai, 
 
 costing I5,(XXJ/. 'J'be see has lieell held by one l„iii 
 
 (diaiicellnr and two lord treasurers; it is "valued in 
 
 the king's books at 530/. 4.''. II(/. per aiumni. 
 
 Present income 4>(xi/. "Home for Art and 
 
 Science," with a lilirary at Tullie Hiui.sc estidi- 
 
 lished by the c(U-ponit'ioii, cost about 20.0X1/.. 
 
 opened bv the mavor, ,S Nov. l8i)^. Populatiuii if 
 
 the city 1881, 3(1,583; l89l,39,I7<'- 
 
 lUSIIOI'K OK CARI.lsl.K. 
 
 Kilward V"iial>lcs Vcnioii. tnuis. to York, 1S07. 
 Haiiiuel (loodeaoiiuli, died 12 Aug. 1827. 
 llu-li rercy, did \\'h. iSsfi. 
 Hon. 11. .Montagu Villicis, trans, to Dialiaiii, 
 
 Mav, iSfio. 
 lion. Samuel Widdegrave, di.il 1 u.t. i86q. 
 llarvev (i Iwiii; eonseiiated Jan. 1670, diol 
 
 25 Nov. 1891. 
 Joliii W. Hardslev, translated from Smlnr aiij 
 
 .Man, Dee. 
 
 1791. 
 
 i3o8. 
 1827. 
 1856. 
 
 i860. 
 1869 
 
 iSgT 
 
 CARLISLE ADMINISTRATION, «. 
 
 ILilifdJ-. 
 
 CARLISTS, see S/iniii, 1830-40 and l87:.(j. 
 The legitimists of Kuiope subscribed to their 1 hum 
 1K73-6. A committee in Loiulun sui)plii(l liiii;- 
 and monev. 
 
 CARLOVINGIANS, oh CAROLIX- 
 
 QIjVNS, 'he second dynasty ot the Frencli liiiigj, 
 752-987. Charles Mart'el (7 1'5-74!) and I'cpin liij 
 son (741-752) were mayors id the p.ilacc. Tin- 
 hitter becaiiic king 752; see Friinif. 
 
 CARLOW (S. E. Ireland). The castle, ciMti'il 
 by John, 1 180, surrendered aftcra desiierate siei'ito 
 liorv Oge (J'Moore, in 1577: again to the piiiliii- 
 nieiitary forces, in lOJo. Here the roy.d trwf- 
 routed the insurgents 2'4 May, 171)8. 
 
 CARLOWITZ, Aiistria.^ Here was conoliiilni 
 a treaty of )ieace between Turkey and tile alliu, 
 Germany, Ru.ssia, Poland, ami Venice. 2() Jiin. iiOi, 
 in conseliueiiee of the great defeat id' the Tuiks i v 
 nrince Eugene at Zenta, II Sept, 1(1117, liy whioli 
 ' liungary was finally secured to .Vustria, 
 
 CARLSBAD (or Charles's llatli), in Mumi, 
 
 the cidehrated springs, said to have been ilii^coviriii 
 
 by the emperor Charles IV. in 1370,— On I hp 
 
 I 1819, a cont-n-ess was held here, when the jniit j 
 
 powers decreed measures to repress Hib liiifmi | 
 
 i press, &'c. llestructive gale and inundatinns.eiti' 
 
 [ mated damage, 2,500,000 dorins, 2J-25 Nov, 189c, 
 
 CARMAGNOLE, .. 
 
 (lance, written about \wr 
 
 during the reign of terror,' 
 "Uansons la Carmagnole: 
 
 CARMATHIANS, a 
 
 math, a Shiite, iilwutSiw • 
 guide, the director," &e' 
 representative of .MaliomJt 
 ami the nngel Gabriel 
 Rihrein in 900, and devast 
 (ions arose amongst theins 
 soon passed away. 
 
 a\EMAUX .STRIK 
 
 CARMELITES, or " 
 .Mount Cannel, one of the 
 lantswith austere rules, foil, 
 ijjij, and settled in Franc 
 ilieir rules were modified abo 
 iiitcession from Elijah. The 
 astmes in England, and a 
 'vilhout the Temple, west of 
 « ntcfnara to this day, after 
 oriliT, founded there in ,,,- 
 at Kensington was founded bv 
 J«l.Si86s The Carmelites,- 
 »™e.xpelled from their horn 
 
 mXATIC, a district of 
 Htendmg along the whole r 
 H; _er All entered the Caniati 
 (*, and was defeated b, 
 "r.KvreConte, iJuivand 2- 
 'Wvely overthrown '2 June' 1 
 «a.* overrun by Tippoo in l-a 
 
 ■'■r^^hreautho^i'tyoverth^ 
 
 0' July, 1801; wviihih. 
 
 C.\ENARVON,seeCVm; 
 I CARNATION, so called 
 l^eslMngof a'Hesheoollr 
 ^^rjllvarletiesweretirstpla 
 "«Ilcming.s, about 1567. Wo, 
 
 WRNETAN GAMES 
 
 ^'«.iau cties, purticulariy at S 
 
 i m instituted "in the 5tl'ei.t 
 
 'f Apollo, 8un,anedCa.^,eu;)' a 
 
CARLSIU'HE. ~~ y„„ 
 
 CARLSRUHE nita, of „ 7~,~,~ C,-AROLINE LSLAXDS; ~ 
 
 ^UI..sr,„.a.d„kon.n.n,;^:s"r'"f"'l'" •'«-('>. -'''"li'' ™Mnh ,^' l/. "tJ" ?'"'>•'"•"' "'f^'r 
 
 ';|'«'". IS pl«y,.d at ,ii ' '".''"^'J- "f •"■"tiMM. 
 
 hero «i,s supprossocl l)v j", ,L ',.^' . / .''''"''""on 
 
 CARLYLE cr Tai V ^^ . 
 
 of (lisi'ussiiifT tic ji'li. .,■„„. , ... ","- tonctliir and 
 Mem.s (.vat;,! '.f il. llu";:;, ';:''''''' V,""'' -'i"! pr,'. 
 Tlmmra-ciiihanlvriieMt' CI, , '' ""* statue on the 
 
 ,Vi'.. at l.iH hons., ('l, '"', ""'•'■V"" "I I>orhaits. 
 fund); felol„„ted 4 Ue. Is, ""■'■'"'•"''' ''>■ " "■"« 
 
 (Ifsir 
 
 F/,:s/,. 
 oilier 
 
 Italy. 
 
 in S. t'laine and 
 
 !■' 'S'-^- "..lcM« (i ,.^" "J '■: 'f '«• ">■ 1'.^ 1)0 Leon 
 
 «s" '-i^'i«"tt ,r ,t t",;r" '^^i-n '^''-t 
 
 W;'s gninted t„ |,„d CI ,r .,, ,' "-<« ! '""1 Carclinu 
 Jl": '/"Itivation ..trie'va ,:'";' "' T''^ '" "'''J- 
 ^'.'"'1' "1 '(M,-„ and s .|"w,, ''.''''''■'■'^ ^y S''v<Mn.r,- 
 s .tnti„n dn.wn'np l.v j ,' I ' •'' ''""°"- A con- 
 J 'I- provinn. waJdiv do to v"',r' ",l"">'l"m'd. 
 
 8tj.te.s, n.,,,,,t e.v,i„.n„.nt mx-.? '"'" ■ ''""? '*''''o 
 •Sto, on aooonnt ol' A .-K '}'•' '", '"■'" '" ^^'«v. 
 
 
 ra!;;.'-""" """••'•- ^^■' 
 
 .laSSeffi^^;,;',i:;i'''-nte.o .on. and 
 
 "OniisonslaCaniiajfnole- viv.. I„ ^"'7''""""3 was 
 " "• • *^'*^'' Ic son du canon ' " 
 
 m\c, the di.'ecto> "T'-^S,'^'' title of "the 
 rejii-esentative of Malion J{ 'i""''"» """ "f the 
 and the angel Gahr . ' h;'' /*? '" "'<> a'Ptist. 
 
 H»ns arose amongst them«cl • w ,,„i"J ; ■ ""'"'■ 
 soon passed away. ' '""' their power 
 
 1892. '^A-lflKh, see Frniur, Aug. 
 
 CARMELITES, or WirrrP 1? i 
 
 I"imt funnel, one of the ZuJ^^', FWABS, of ! 
 "itMvith ausf .re rules fi!,.f' ,«'•< V" ."f nicndi- 
 
 ?.5June, ,«6«' KnleWlenenf'^'L'" «''« U"i"n 
 "odicial rin.'" r«t. t , 1 " "'^ '^""f'' Carolini 
 
 I't'twccn (he whites and',' ■/'"''■'''!■'""» '■■salfcetion 
 
 at Charlotte, N\ t m l.^f- T;';'°'r'"'' ««'""^' 
 
 '"J' .««0, X. Carolin • V^":^ ' I^^J- Populal 
 
 0^>.Srr; .8„o, N (•aroiina'.-^'^c?,^.''.' s'^r''"" 
 
 '■^^ity.cin;H;:^;-XS=,^!' 
 
 51: 
 
 ; .,/ '^■' "■" "1 ine lonr 
 
 raitswith austere rules f„„n.in 1 1 t. , "'- 
 
 ;;56. and settled t V^^'i^\^^^'j^-^^^t 
 Jtarrules were tnodiHed about -.n 'Ti ^^':"''""- 
 succMion from Klijah ThZ i '^1 ^ '"">■ I'laimed 
 iistfiics in Kngland and ,\!. ■'"""?'""» ""'"- 
 
 ordiT, fo„ 
 iit Ken.sin 
 Jul; 
 «fre 
 1 
 
 'xS^i!>n?'thc't!;ISlc°'"co"''/''T"n"'"''-t->. 
 
 H.vd.- Ali e„te,^.d tin C . . t ,?' :. th's^^r";""'''^'' 
 "1 i;8o, and was defeated » ","" ^o.-OOO troops, 
 
 '"a* overthrown 2 June f-sT 'ti" /i!'"^ '^'■■ 
 
 »:'.^ ovorrm, by Tippoo in i'-<i' \,,i » •?•"?."'"'•' 
 
 , I'i'fwl entire authoritvov,'..Vin ^ '"^. ''"''tish ac. 
 
 •S 10 eon let nt Hakersville v f.„,„,. 
 
 iJestrnctive cyclone (over ,Joo .i;..,t., " -^ ''""• ' 
 , ". (aroln,a . ^ '"°° "<atli.s reported) 
 
 law, 30 .Manli, ,80] • Hl,^r " *""'''' - '"nrtial 
 
 - Suiit.— Nov. 
 
 CARNARVON, see tW,.;,„,v«;,. 
 ^Sj^^'HS.*^-'»<be original 
 
 |?plS?f!*-iii;to=i 
 
 <';'™aim\;„^^^™-iPl'),Sp"inin,§6:The 
 
 «•'"«'' «l;aiu p.otested in"'vu'' Jl's-"'^' ."^""'-^^ 
 
 ;<'ssel arrived at the ish.nd of "v„n ^-'Z . ''P'""-^'' 
 
 t'l'imaiis land and set iin 1 c I »^' ^'.•'^"^' = *''" 
 
 '""•''- 24 Aug. ,Sce .V,Z-; Ti ""^, ."•'"'»"t resist- 
 
 to the pope; the sov r /; . " ''"1'""-' ''efeiTed 
 
 ;:'.»' .-'m"H.;.iaconeeiof,"t'^' /.'"■'''<''''' *° Spain, 
 
 , ntaiii ; ngr,.enient .sig d U Vor-""-'' «"' ^'''■'•" 
 
 , l.'ome, I- Deo. 1S8; \n^,i,, ^ ' ^""'•''led at 
 
 signed, 8 Jan. ,880 jfi ?'""^1""".'''' protocol 
 
 -ttve. kill the gov!!:;;o,S;:z:M;r-i= 
 
 ...lost 7,n„.n killeu " epo h'f '""'"'' ^'''^'Spanisi: 
 an'i tl„. Aaiericai 1, sifii ,«''*• "'« ""'ives, " 
 
 ■39^;abo„t3<«p„r.:r';;^i';r,-i-tjii^i^ 
 
 • - •. . Feb. „ 
 
 
mil 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 si' 
 
 CAKrENTAUIA. 
 
 210 
 
 CAllTIIAOE. 
 
 i 
 
 CARPENTAHTA, K"lf "f >'■ Au-nali.i, .11^- 
 
 (•(ivrrcil alioilt I(i27.iiml ^aicl ci h.ivc liri'li Miiiiifil III 
 Ikmkhiv (if riilfi- t'liijieiitiiT, 11 n-tiii'il jjdVtTiior ul 
 tlic Dutili IiidiuH. 
 
 CAliP, i> fiv«h-WMt<'r or iionil tisli, wii«, it is 
 Biiiil. Iii-8t lirmi^lit li> thcxc .(.iinliifH uli<mt l.S^.S- 
 Wultoii. Itis iiii'iitioiii'il by luily Jiiliiiim liciini» 
 ill licr bciiik piiiitid 141/). 
 
 CAKPETS iii-i' of aiiiii'iit line in tlir East . The 
 niaiuifactiire of Wdnlliii cariii'ts was intivdiU'cUinto 
 Fiaiife from I'craia, in tlic reiK'ii "f Hi'inv IV., 
 betwi'cn 15*) and l(MO. Sonic artisiins \vlio had 
 (iniltod Fraii.r in ili.-tjnst olablislicd llio Knu'lish 
 carpia niiinnfacliirc, aliont l^ju. A lork-uarjiut 
 conipitny was formed in 1MO2. 
 
 CAKl'ET-UAGGEKS. a name Riven to ad- 
 venturers in t'lesoiilheni states of Nortli Anienea, 
 wlio. after tlie conelnsioil of the war, in iKdi, en- ■ 
 deavoni-ed, from interested motives, to promote the 
 jKilitical predominance of the nefiroes. 'J lieir 111- 
 tlnenee eonnteraited by tlie eoniilialury measures 
 of president Hayes, l877-f(. 
 
 CAllPI (N. Italv). Here prinee Ku^'eiie and 
 tlie Imperialists defeated tlie l''reiieli() July, 1701. ; 
 
 CARPOCRATIANS, followers of Curpocrutes, . 
 a Uiiostie, in tbe 2iid century. | 
 
 CAKKACK or K.VUll.VCK (Italian, Ci(,;Hrii), 
 a lai'Ki ship in the middle a-e-. The Santa Anna, 
 the jiropertv of the kiiiKlits of St. John, of about 
 1700 tons, "sheathed with li'ad, was built at Nice 
 about IS30. It was literalh a lloatinif fortress, and 
 aided Cliarles V. in taking Tunis in ijiJS; It e.m- 
 tained 11 erew of 300 men and 50 pieces of artillery. 
 
 CARRAKA, a town in X. Italy, piovinee 
 JIassa-t'ariara, near which are the celebrated 
 marble (|uarries (now about 4(*i). which lia\(' been 
 worked about 2,txx; years. Population in iHHi, . 
 1I,><(K); of which the Kilter ])art are marble : 
 worker.'". Disturbaiicss attributed to anarchists, ' 
 cheeked by the military with loss of life, and a 
 (itate of siege iiroelainiVd, i(> Jan. ct xi>/. l8()4. 
 JIaiiv arrested and imjiri.soned, 5 l''cb. lKi)4; *'"!'''; 
 Uattini sentenced to 2: years, and I'ietro (iattilii 
 to 12 years' solitary contineiiieiit, and ^S others to 
 varying terms of imprisonment, 17 leb. 1894; 
 ftatc of siege rai.sed, 3 June, 1S94. 
 
 CARRIAGES, see (■hariotf. Kude carriages 
 were known in France in the reign of Henry II., 
 A.i). IS47; '» Kngl"'"! i" '.S5.v Hi'ii'T ly,' of 
 France had one without straps or springs. They 
 were made in England in the reign of Elizabeth, 
 and then called whirlieotcs. The duke of Buck- 
 ingham, in 1619, drove si.v horses; and the 
 earl of Nortliuinherland, in rivalry, drove eight. 
 Carriages were let ior hire in I'aris, in I()50, 
 nt the Hotel Fiacre : hence tiie name, fuvre ; see 
 C<ir, Cabriolets, Cuaihcs and IJcciice (liit;/. — 
 Annual licence duty for carriages : d wheels, 
 2/. 2.«. ; under 4 cwt. or less than 4 wheels, 15*. 
 Carlo liianconi successfully introduced cirrs 
 into Ireland about 1815: lie died, nearly <)0, 
 10 Sept. 1875. G. A. Thrupp's " History of 
 Coaches" published, 1877. The duties on carnages 
 altered by Customs Act, 1888. 
 'J'lic motor-Ciir chili foriaed to promote the borse- 
 less carnage iiRlustry, exliiliitcd spcciiaens of 
 such carriages at tbe Inipcri.il institute; bico- 
 uiotion obtained liy coiapresscd air, gas, oil 
 .■aiiiVie.Rtinii, stciiii. lev., or electricity, is Feb. 1896 
 lilt ernatioiialexliiliitioii of carriages (horseless, ite.) 
 cpeiied at tlie Crystal )ialace liy lord mayor 
 Wilkin. . ,■ ' f , . . . = -May „ 
 
 Light loc.iiMollves I'll bigliways, act pimsej 
 
 14 Am;. I"),/ 
 Motor-cars lieiilised to rmi in I'ariH, Aug. iBi,i, ; 
 I pnlille service of curs, opened . . . 1 .liiu", j,,^ 
 Hcguliitioiis leMpeeliiig iiiotor-ears issiieil liy ||ii. 
 
 l.ical go\('niiiicnl tioard conic into force 14 Nn\'. ^^ 
 
 llieat meet of iiiotor-caiM near Wliitcliall-plnee, luid 
 
 Wiiiclillseii, .Mr. Ilanv l.iiwsnii and olliers piv 
 
 sent, iiioM'hienlH iiiipcdcil by crowds aijil 
 
 I ychieles; .'4 ears st;i?t, 10. (3 a. 111., 11 of ihc 
 
 I dubs curs iirriM' at lliiKliloii between u. loiiinl 
 
 (1 p.m. ; .'ocais from llriMon aniveil duriiiu lln' 
 
 ; evening. 14 Nov. iSi/j; miotbcr meet 8. Mine, ,, 
 
 .\ Mill started liy .Messrs. 'I'linriiyc 'ft at Chlswirl,, 
 
 10 1 lee. i8y6, arrived at Ciinlilf . . 3 .luii. i-.gj 
 An eleclrieiil omiiMiiis, llailclill'e-Wiird systeiii, 
 
 siiccessl'iil trial trip ill I. oiiiloii . . o.Tiiii, ,, 
 A motor-car race from Paris to Troiiville, uliiuit, 
 K.S miles, won by .M. (iille's ear in 4 Inmis ju 
 
 lllilllltes 15 .\iig. „ 
 
 Kleetrie cabs started in London, 10 Aug. ; reported 
 suecesst'iil ISi'iit. „ 
 
 CARRICKFERGUS (Antrim, Irelaml), It, 
 castle is supposed to have been built by Uiigli ,1,. 
 Lacy in 1 178. The town surrendered to tlieiluk,. 
 of Sehomberg 28 Aug. 1(181). The castle siirieii(l,.re(| 
 to the Freiicll admiral Tliiirot, Feb. 17U); sei- 
 T/ilintt. 
 
 CARRIERS ACT, 1 1 Oeo. IV, & i Will. IV. 
 I c. 08, 1830. 
 
 CARROCIUM, a vehicle containing a criirifii 
 and a banner, usually acconipaiiied Italian aniiicMn 
 the middle ages. Tiie Milanese lost theirs at Cur. 
 tenuova, 27 Nov. 1237. 
 
 CARROX IRONWORKS, on the banks (,f 
 the Carroll, in Stirlingshire, established in !;(«,. 
 The works in 1852 eniiilo\eil about 1600 iiiin. 
 Here since 177O have been made the jiieees of oij. 
 nance called carruiKuUi or Kiiianlivrs. 
 
 CARROTS and other edible ro.its weie im- 
 ported from Holland and Flundcrs, about 1510. 
 
 CARS, see Carri(i<iis. 
 
 CARTEL (eliallcnge), a name given to lli,. 
 powerful coalition of the eoiiservativcs ami national 
 liberals, whiell tor five years formed the govoni. 
 meiit iiiainrity, 23, in tile (iernian Imperial parliii. 
 ment. The nm|ority was lost by the eleotioiis. 
 Feb., March, 1890. 
 
 CARTES DE VISITE. The small photo. 
 (fraphio portraits thus termed are said to havolinii 
 tirst taken at Nice, by M. Ferrier, in 1857. Tli, 
 duke of I'arnia had his jiortrait jilaecd ii|iim his 
 visiting cards, and his example was soon followed in 
 Paris and London. 
 
 CARTESIAN DOCTRINES, iiromulgatiii 
 by Keiie Descartes, the Freiieb iihilosojilicr, in 
 1637, His mctapliysic'iil |)riiieiple is, "I tliink, 
 therefore I am ;" liis ]ihysieal prineiiile, "Xothin; 
 exists but substance." He accounts for all iilivsi- 
 cal |ilieiioniena on his fheiiry of vortices, motions 
 excited by God, the source of all motion. He was 
 born Ij'lt), and died at Stockholm, the guest of 
 queen Christina, in 1O50. 
 
 CARTHAGE (N. coast of Africa nenrTunii), 
 
 founded by Dido or IClissa, according to the legem! 
 
 adopted by Virgil in the .Kiieid, some time iu the 
 
 9tli centu'ry n.c. ; 878, 853, 82O are iiieiitioneil, 
 
 She fled from her brother i'ygmalion.kingoflVre, 
 
 who had killed her husband, and took refuse in 
 
 j Africa. Towns subject to Carthagi^ were gradually 
 
 I founded along the coast, and colonics in Spain .iiid I 
 
 , Sicily. Carthage disputed the cinpirt- of the ff-rH j 
 
 I with Rome, which occasioned the Punic wan. j 
 
 1 The Carthuginiuns bore the character of a faithlea 1 
 
 ^ CART! 
 
 people, hence thn term /' 
 m eiide.l his spe,.c|„.s i, 
 ,' l<„lh„;,„! ..c,,,.,!,,, 
 .Muiiy coiiMeils were li, I,| 
 
 ,5';"';'"'i""';"''''iiHiaginla 
 
 iiiM aitiiiiKiiii,i„,s i„ ,4,,, : 
 
 II > scli.l ,ioo,c«omcli ||,|,J,> 
 
 liilicAgngeiitiim 
 l''ic,ileilattli,. sii.j,,. ;,,. ^ ■ 
 :i|"'';.ii'li"glnlansl,i,,,||,,-|,, 
 
 llii',/i'.-M'niiic warlMc||„,L, 
 rii.'liirlliagi„i,|„.s ,l,.|t',,',| 
 
 .llll.MC , , 1|,,|,|,|„ ,.|,,, 
 
 m.j;iihiHwtb,UMirm,v, .,,„„, 
 
 Ji'C'teil . _ 
 
 .Xiiiitlili.pns .Icfcals Uc'l'uIiis 
 ll.mlniluil ilefcHt,.,! |,y .>[,.,,.|i' 
 lia'iil.is. prison,.,, acn.nip.i 
 lloiiie to .ropi.s,, ,„.,.„ ,,, „'.|,i 
 
 ' i>»X'' ol Lilyhii nm 
 
 lliuiil' '1 I'liica, successful eo 
 
 Tlii'^,. 11 [tiiniiiliiii l.niri 
 lli'inia lanal \ict,iiv near tl 
 l«.ce; Sicily losthyc,,,,,,,,^ 
 ,iMiH.,.ltomi,ls.\,.wC„rtliai 
 
 «,irl»iwe,., tln.c'artlmginians 
 
 ii.nics 
 
 ll.iiiiilcar lliirca H,.nt' into' .Sn 
 lliiiiiiilpiil, at tin. ,-,j;|, ,,,• ,||,'|^' 
 
 ™|'lim| swear an ,■(,.,,,,,! ,.„ 
 II mill' ar killed 
 libilriilial a.ssassiiialcd 
 """"''•dcoiiipieis.Spain, as far 
 
 11" ."M'linic war bc;;ins(lis 
 
 lliiiiiilial cius.ses the Alps aiMr, 
 ll-ilifi'atstlie Koiiian cuVsnls 
 
 rivl.ia..,8: :,t tl„. lake Trasii 
 
 I aiiMie (,/■/!» /!,»,,) 
 Tl. iwu .Scipi,,., in Np„i„; „t ■„ 
 
 Mill and sl.un liy |1„. young 
 
 Kil<Mln|ller . . 
 
 TV. Uciii.ins take .Svr,, ,.„',.„. " 
 iarliiii«iiiians from .■Sicily * 
 lliiiiiiiluliin.ililcto relicycL'aiMi.i 
 Mii'i'lii's to li„mi., |,„t (|,„-s iio't 
 .:im.m,.rs,aml^Ncyer..|y;,nni 
 
 'iTLihi;!': "' .'""T'"": f-- 
 
 rilJiiHScij.,,, carries warinto .sii, 
 MiliiilKe . . ■' 
 
 lli"liiil«larr,es with an army ,' 
 jI till' .Mi'taariis ^ ' 
 
 ' Ntiiaj.'iiiians expelled fron'i .Spain 
 Nil'ii; amies in .MTiea, and j;„ins • 
 liamUil recalled to Cartilage 
 ,:'l'f;:'^'^" ;tZan,a(eV;/eA«;; 
 
 ll™.iWreron,is the state, and pr, 
 "iiistwillilioiiie, but is exiled 1 
 
 ■ .tiitioehiis IlL, kin- ,'t'svv 
 
 .';<apiinst Home, aller wln.sed, 
 
 ; ml at tlie court of I'nisias, kin- 
 
 ;»tookpoi.sun, when about to br 
 I !w lliiliiaiis . 
 
 ?:,;i:r'''i;'"'-^'''iv^'''i'i''ioyades 
 
 H'lllufc taken and burned, l,y ,„.d,., 
 
 , . "I'ltled at Cai-tliage liy c n™. 
 
 -.M,il,lii,,,,|a,,nedl,j:j„ii,;;^ 
 J-W'Mrlltedl,yliissncee.ssois 
 l"»wcityli(ronies(iL'liristiiii li'i 1 
 |''l«li"lilsaeoaneilhere ''■"'^''' 
 I '•nliyliviiseiic the Vandal ' 
 jH'MSililiyllelisaritis 
 I Jy*"! liy tin- .\ rails 
 llibli and ilestloyed l,y liass-in 1 
 
 |Wli,i|.;ii„a„a!,ii,,uiti,.^/,.^,,.,..,- . , ■ 
 I* litwonh .Smiths ..carthag.,",„a 
 
CARTHAGE.~ 
 
 5ny 
 480 
 
 • ■ 40(1 
 
 • • .)«f. 
 
 • .t7« 
 
 '"Usui 
 
 - -jfio 
 
 .Many ,,.»,„.,.il, w,.,v l,..l. i tn In ^';,;''lf "J'-i !" 
 
 lA'' Al^rij-i'iituiii > 
 
 iH''.ii''iiit III,. Mi,,,,,. ;,,.«,.• ,„• • . , . 
 IV •^'i;|V'«i.nm^s^.MMi\^\' I '"'••"'•'■ •^"•''i/ . . 
 
 Ili^nr,.' I'liiiii' H,ir i,,,,|,,„;i '; • • , . 
 
 ll''''"''l'"«iMlMns, .,1 ,,V'k.\V >■'■;!'■'') • • ■ 
 l'"'li"'<iMiinMviil,.t, ,, \""' ""iiiii'i 
 
 «..H"SiHiy; ii:,;;;,:,;'«^:^ :;;;'■-.• Myi.. . . 
 
 liOlllls wltlimiilnilVrn«H,wt., i,'- ■ • ■ .*4'/ 
 
 l.--'»i'V-"ri.il,vl,„,ini """""■ • • • . „ 
 """"■" ""'VM, sM<v.,Mul ™„.,;„„„|,:,, ,„ ;^l^lj^o '■' «-7. 
 
 Tll'v • 'I ''iMMlilllll IhiI'I, -47 ''«"/. 
 
 i-;.o.;;s,nivi,,s,,,;.;i:;:;,,'^;:-^*''o«: treaty,,,' *r 
 
 llhillPl,,,! t,,||ll, S Xi'tt- (■,„.||,„,7.. ^, . '., • • -241 
 
 211 
 
 ''A.SIIMKUK. 
 
 229 
 
 221 
 
 219 
 
 218 
 
 rililil' III 'II .-%» I 
 
 llniiil,'!!!' kill,.,| 
 
 lljviiMl,,ila».siw«|ii,i|,.,| 
 
 ll,iiiii:«ii,„,„|ii,.r,.s,,„i„, ,,-, ,. .■ • ||„:,„, 
 
 lljimil,al ,.n,s.s,.s tli,. Mi.s ,„,, I, .^ 'I ■'■■"> 
 
 ii-i,.ivatsti„. n,,,,;..,;'!:,';;, ";•';- i',;iiv . ,. 
 
 n-l'ia.2,8; nt tl„. lak,,. 'f -asii ,., ' """ ■■,""' 
 iiinim'(„7„-,/i.w) . ""■•'""inii.H, 2i7;,i,i,|at 
 
 Til.' nv,i Ni.(|ii„s li, .vspaii,' at 'llrsf '>„.n ' ,-,•*"«• ='6 
 
 |«'''| '""I "i.iiii iiy till, vo i,L M,; T "'■''■■;■''"'• '''■- 
 
 l<,l\l,i..llK.r . \ .^"'i"«ll».s,lnil,al, Ham.i. 
 I'c llciiii.iiis tak,. Svniciisi. ',,-',' • • ='2 
 
 I'lrtlia^'iiiinnsCriiin fSirily ' *-'•""' ''^^I'l'l tin- 
 ll.iiiiiilsil iiii.-il,l,.t,, i'|.lii.v,. Cai,,!,, ,.,' >■, ■ • ='" 
 
 "»"■l.-t,,l^,ml.,..,,,:;,,^^'|;:;^,^;:^ri^• '?-'/•«"'. 
 
 -mrri.hTs, an,l is ,s,.ii.,.|.iv lamis In , " ' '-"l""' 
 I'Mil', kiMt; „r .Ma,.,.(l,,i,, |„V ,, , ,• ' . •. • =11 I 
 Itailial . ' '"'^'"ti'il ii<mt j„iiii,ijr I 
 
 r»l.|i,H*;i,.i„ caniesVaf int., Sl.iiiKu.,! .ak,."!^"^ '" I 
 
 '''iiK'iiii Mas tiikV,, |, , v. •;■ >"'/' """''■■•" <'"l- 
 
 ;'/ •"'•«i,.k; .v„; • /',';,, ■"^■'' ';y ti.r ,iuk„ 
 
 '■"". «'iH lake ,v '''.*"'".'"''.'"• «""tli Am... 
 
 '"«4.t,. Chain-..!,": t^^:i;^-7'"'i<.n .bout 
 
 '■/ J jiUMliinr. Tli..irans .,, ,,V" ""' ■""""tams 
 l'.'"'l al...,U ||«„, and ; inn, 7 "''P''"'"'' "' W 
 
 Ch:.i;t..,..h,,„.i^'''i;:>.;,^'/--;/-iN'onh..pro,e^ 
 
 <-'i'tliiis an iii,« ,|,.|- „f ( ,,1 ,.''<" t(i--hou.se. The 
 
 , «a. «,st coi,!,:^';;,;. a'j,:"-^:^;^!""'.. at ChurtreuHe: 
 
 ; to^SlS?^'^' oJ-'k ^^"'«^ P'vparatorv 
 "' ..umber) ,v".,v 1 : H,° 'r^, :';-^«'' (t«-..nty.fiv;. 
 eba,.,„.,,s of thi. Vat ■■ I in I 'T".'"'''^ "' "'« 
 
 ■ ^^-"-X. about ,s,o to n^io T, '■ •'"''"' "• ""'1 
 «;.".•« |'Ur,.h;,s,.din I-'Ian le I.v 1/ ""^''i" P'e-''i'rve.l 
 
 ih..y „i.,e r,.n,„^., , ,oL, ' "^J" I'alai'e in 1629. 
 '«<'..v-'i'h.. tap,..st, L ev.. .,h;'';""'°'' =8 Ami/, 
 
 "Way by inva.l,.,s ,,4 ■/!'■;; '^^'f ««rnej 
 ''ou.esorpa|.,ia^n..,/J;?,,,::-;-Jo.tb.,Bg,, 
 
 l'il!liiaj,'0 
 
 ll:wiiiil«iUrr,,.s uitli an ni-,'„v. .1 r '. , ' 
 :.iMi,. M,.taiirus "^ " '''■f''"'"'! ami slain 
 
 I iiili.i^'imaiis ,.x:|„.||,.,i c,.,,,;, sj, ■, , • , .-, . .20 
 
 Vi|.i..uTiv,.si,,:\|Vi,.a.ail k' sv^lnw''''' • • -° 
 
 liiiiiihal r,.,.all,.,l ,„ Cartlia,-,. ^' ' "''' ' • 20 
 
 .t,,l,y,l,.f,.at,.,iat J!ania(„-/,,VA,.,;) " ' • • -'" 
 
 h.|,.llli,.s..,.„n,| I'liiii,. war ' '' ' • • .20: 
 
 ll.iiiiiiiial r,.|',,riiis th.. sl.ito „,. 1.' ' • ■ • 20 
 
 '■'^Htwi.i, Ho,,;, b!; •& ^ ^n^i^'^'.a iv,.sh 
 
 «!tli.Mili„cliiis III., kiiiir ol' Sv, 'ak,/sr,:l,i;ru 
 '■••swanst Home, n,l.';vlos'>i ;:,"■'""" '"' '"- 
 v.Wattliecourtof I'l'.i.si^^s k „ , r V-.','-'"' .'"' '■"■ 
 i.lnok|,oisun, wl„.„ al« it't, ? ' "'•''.V"'a, till 
 i!.HK„m«iis .' ■'"""t I" I"' siiiT,.,,,!,.,,.,! to 
 
 Tl.-«Pj,ni,. w,,|. : M,.i,,i;, inva,l,.s'Ar,i,\ "'""" '^-' 
 
 ''''*" '''™ '■"''' ''""''■■^'■yo.''in-.!rtL.s..,,,.,,;--'« 
 
 |'''«ys,ttl,.,la| Carthair,. 1,,. r ,, July, ,^6 
 
 Jj|.\nlll,.,||,yl|ia,s|„.,.t,,,,.,„„.^ • 
 
 p:a;':;:srir^''^'"^^''"''^'' 
 ^^is;;;.^!^''"''"' "• '• ' 
 
 ""lajnl |,y the Arabs 
 
 ttie .Sanieenicj 
 
 ab,,iit ii'fi 
 
 • . 46 
 
 ■9 '' ."(',/. 
 
 • *D. 200 
 
 • 252 
 q Out. 439 
 
 • 533 
 647 
 
 |l'".n,ai,[ ,l,.sf,„j-,.,i i,y Ua^ •,, 
 
 |Ufc,|,|,,|,a,,,j j,j • . _f 
 
 |„i-'«a) brought t„ .he I ■itVsl, ,„,..;■* ^''' ^^""'a" " 
 
 , 'I'if:'^ "™''"^ "■'■'-- at tbe cue or tl,e 
 
 3IO I *■ ^.j"' "™th of Ananias. 
 
 207 ; e: ^a'saeHM:,^;:?;;;;',;,^;;;;",;' «m. nii„.ines.. 
 
 .06 i '• ••^'uHV,.a,-liin(;,!t.;,i,,.,,s""''''''"'^'''l'-i''t.u. 
 
 ™4| CARVING, s..e*..„/^<,,,,,,. 
 
 ( CAsmfrT'"'^"'"^''"^^^^^^ 
 
 f.;un,l..r or .-..stonT of tlie ...Ibmh.' ."" "'" ""P'^^ed 
 
 P'.'1I; see /'«///„« "'[";y,J'^,">^-'«'<-d with t^o 
 
 k.ngVs bo.,ks, 29 Hem'v VIII T,r ■''''''■'^ '" the 
 money, liv tl,,. n>,ii 1, 'p "' '^'- 'J"- 4rf. Irish 
 
 and by the t.-aty of LahoVf ^ a{ ^''^ ^'^^'' '8'9; 
 Oholab Singh, as tribfltaV.- -^'"^ Maharajah 
 
 r 2 
 
 
 
 
 ' flu 
 
 •■."l 
 
 J\ 
 
 fiU joWl 
 
 wB^' 
 
 m 
 
 g^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 #! 
 
 . r;^^ '' 
 
 u*''i ;i,^y^,. 
 
 
 
 
 
CANITAN SKA. 
 
 I'lUmlutiiiii, iS8i, 
 
 pi ^14 
 
 n 
 
 h\l 
 
 IJO rupers vurli, about 1030 
 
 uiiiiiiih iiii-<, » ■ ii''i t'.v 111" "i"> niiiiiN'iT, i» 
 
 mvimrer..)' .•iliiiili.iii, if^?: »l". i-HlxtK In Hiip- 
 i.n'«»iii)/ IIm' lii.lliiii mntlii.v ihmI ivci'ln'-. fMillM'i' 
 Knnn.iil.-i". . . . •,•,,•„ ""';''■ ''*° 
 
 Tl". iiil r \V,ilc» wiiihily iWflMMl liy llir iiiiiliii' 
 
 nOiiliMt. 1 • „• "^.•'","' 
 
 Diviulfiil liiiiiiiM' (pMitlv dm- tti niiitliiiiia <W 
 ittriii'tl\i'»iiM«»l'.riiH, i»rl. i8;7-Miiy, 1878) 
 
 MitiiiiiM'r 
 
 Til iilmmliilHllr^ ...Hi'pl. i835l '111- ;'''•'', ''■;''','' 
 
 iTsi.l.'iii Hivuilv iiu'iru-i"!; Ill ii> uiiimlly 
 
 Hiilil.vtt.. ili..'\ N.> ..r iM.lm tlii..ii«l, li"""i- 
 
 iiHtrii,vaiiiM..|lvnril,p i.MliiiniJMh . . iH38- 
 
 ThV lll'i'inv "I' llhllll IlltiHIMM Ihl' IMilllillMJilll t)ml II 
 
 III. ivlol'lil I i\ l«Mr»l..|Vtl In puWiT . Allh'. >8fl 
 
 IlliTl'ar.r(l l.li«|.nllV Hill"' rnlll.liy iv|...rtnt .Nov 
 
 VUltiillli" viivn.vnriiHlhi ; iHiih.iinihly ri'celv.'il 
 
 RtSriiiiipir. II iiplliil . •, •, ,• -■'!,"■'• 
 
 Ilicifiisi'il |.nvvii,<Ki\.ii lu tins iiiuliiini.liili . Oct. 
 
 H,v hnlhi, Id'C. l3i>l. 
 
 Hi>i' /■;<!. f//./""/.'', iSdv . , 
 
 DMtnictiw MiKch, with Innnnf lilV; imil iil Srlim 
 pir s"i'|il iiwuy, ic'iKiilcil . . • .vi'liilj 
 
 CASPIAN' SEA. I»'t«i'in Km"!"' mul AMiu. 
 Thf Tiaiis.t'ii»iiiun KuilwHV (UusHiim) IVoiii tln' 
 Di'ii t" SiMiiiii-nni.l, optncil Miiy, iSX'). was ri'porti'd 
 Burccssfiil ill Xiiv. lHi)2. 
 
 CASS'S CHAHri'Y. Sir .Inliu Cans, n citi- 
 
 zoii of l.uiiil ill 170') hc(|iii!itlu-il l>ro|)rrtv ti) 
 
 found ii Cliiiich of Kii^iaiiil Krliool 111 tin' |mnsli ot 
 6t. Dotolph, Alil^nitc, wliicli liii.s cxistcil Iniiii i:io 
 to the pifsciil time, witli »"»»' altiiations. 'I'lif 
 value ol till' i>i-(iiicrty liaviii(;i'iii>niiou»ly incrcasi'il, 
 thi" cliaiitv roiiimissioiii'is innpostil a silicnio 111- 
 ▼olviiijr iiripm-taiit ( liaimi's, I'Vli. i.SiiJ, iippiwd liv 
 the iiarisliioiiiTi*, IS May, iHi)^ 
 
 1376 
 
 7'; 
 
 l8,y.. 
 8.JI 
 
 ■ 39,1 
 
 CASSANO (-N'- Italy). _ Site of an iiuliuisive 
 condirt bi'twrrii prince KuguiK 
 i'rencli, lO Aug. 170V 
 
 uguiie of Suvoy and the 
 
 CASSATION', CoiniT ov, the liijihcst court 
 of ujipeal in 1' ranee, was estulilishod 10 Nov. I7(>3, 
 by the national as.ieinbly. 
 
 CASSEL, formerly the capital of nesse-Ciisscl. 
 Central (jcrmany.aciiiiired importance tliroush bl- 
 ooming' the refuse of iM-encli protestant.s after the 
 revocation ol the edict of Nantes, i08v It "'i'" j!'o 
 capital of .lerorno Koiiaparte, kiii^' of Westphalia, 
 1807-13, and Wilhclmshobe, a iieiKli'murinK castle, 
 became the residence of Napoleon III. after his 
 surrender to the kill^' of I'mssia, 2 Sejit. 1X70, ar- 
 riving at 9.35 I'.M. .S Seiit. He went to Kngland 
 in 1871. ropulation, iHip, 72.4'Ji- 
 
 CASSITEKIDES, see Ml!// hks. 
 
 CAST ALIA, see under Steiim. 
 
 CASTEL-FIDAKDO, near Ancona, Central 
 Italy. Near here general Lamoriciere and the 
 papal arinv of 1 1,000 men were totally defeated by 
 tht! Sardinian general, Cialdini, 18 Sept. l8()0. 
 Lumoricit'ie with a few horsemen lied to Ancona, 
 then besieged. On 2<) Sept. he and the garrison 
 surrendered, but were shortly alter net at liberty. 
 
 CASTES, distinct sections of society in India. 
 In the laws of Menu (see J/c/»/), the Hindus are 
 divided into the Uralin.ans, or sacerdotal class; 
 the Kshatrya or thuttree, military class; the 
 Vaisya, or lommercial class; and the Pudraa, or 
 sooders, servil" class. " Hindu Castes and Sects," 
 by J. N. Bhattacharya, pubhshed l8(/j. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE (N- Iti'b")- II<^tc the Freiuli 
 under Augereau defeated the Aiistrians, coiumunded 
 by Wurmser, with great loss, S Aug. 1796. 
 
 'iVi CATACOMBH. 
 
 CASTILE (Cenlriil HpailiV A Gothic ni.v. •■„. 
 nieiit was iistiildislii'd lieio about 800. — H.idiii, k, 
 count of Cii'tilc, 8(ii) ; Kcrdinciid, a count, l).r;,i||, 
 kiiiu:, liijv I'erdiiiaiiil, kiiiK of Arra^'oli, imiriin; 
 Iiiiibelhi,'i|iiii II of Ca'.tllc. ill I474, allil foinicil m|„, 
 nioiiariliy, I (7'): see p. viii., and S/iiiin. 
 
 CASTILLKJOS (N. Africa). Here i,n 1 ,',„,. 
 {Hit), was foiulit the lirst decisive action jii 1]., 
 war between Spain ami Monu 10. (jeiieial I'lm, 
 lifter a vinormis reHistallee, repulsed the M.p.ii, 
 iinilei- Mull \ Alilias, and adviineed towards i'etUiin. 
 
 CASTIIilA)N', liu'enne (S. France). I(, ,,. 
 tile army of lleiiiv VI. of Kiuslaiid km dctiii,,i 
 by that lif Cbailes' VII. of France, and an einl put 
 to tile Kiinli'h dominion in Fniiue, Calain alum 
 remaiiiiii:,', 1 7 or li July, MiJ. Talbot, eaii ,,; 
 iSlirewsbiiry, wii^ killed, 
 
 (^ASTLEHAH (Ii-eliiud). About lioo FimhI, 
 troops, under lliiiulicrt, laiideil at Killala, ami ,i.. 
 tinted by Irish iiisiira:eiils here, compfUed the kin;', 
 troolis "uiiiler Lake to relreat, 27 Aiix. \Ji)H; In.t 
 were compelled to surrender at Hallinaiiiii, l^ 
 8 Sept. 
 
 CASTI,1'',I'( HJiAHD (Ireland). At an air, ,v 
 ut II fair here lietweeii some peasantry and a lii^v 
 of police, tbiilci'ii persons lost their lives.iind inin.'i 
 were wounileil, 23 May, lf<3l. 
 
 CASTLES. The castle of the All-Iu-Siivnii 
 was a tower keep, either round or siiiiaic, ;iii,| 
 ascended by a lli;.'lil of steps ill front. Willneiil. 
 erected 48 strong castles. Several liunilicil>i, built 
 by perniissiiin of Steiihcli, between 113^ and ,m, 
 w'ere deiiiolislied by lleury II., 1 154. ^lally «vh 
 dismantled ill the civil wars. Uicbboro!i;;li,' .Slim- 
 fall, and Durgh are c.\isting speciinens nf Itoinm 
 
 CASUAL TOOK ACT. V-, & ¥> Vi. f. 1 . v, 
 
 passed 18 An;;. 1882; auolber bill witliiliawii :; 
 .liine, l8i)2. 
 CAT. Th, 
 
 I that ' 
 
 v.^fii. ■■■• generally received iipiiiioii , 
 
 domestie cat is derived from the iMiiopcaii wilil 
 is doubted by Mr. T. Hell (1827). Uilppdl ^,li,,i 
 171)4) f"<i'"' ■' "■'''' '"' '" Nubia, whose ci.iil.uiiii- 
 tion agreed with that of the Egyptian cat nuinimi. •. 
 See Miiiiiiiiii.i, Cats fetcheil high laiccs in ||i,. 
 middle ages, and were protected by law in Wali', 
 about 048. Cireat cat shows ^are held at li,. 
 Crystal palace ; 2lith annual show tlieic u, 0,:. 
 1894. A cat interrupted the debates In the run. 
 nioiis, oJulv, 1874. A cat asylum foniicil iit liatlir- 
 sea, Dee. 1882 ; and at llampstead, .Iiiii. iSijd, M.i;; 
 lost eats received up to July, l8()8, 
 A ilisciissinii icspictiii;; till' use III till' "1 at of iiiiir 
 tails " tmiU place ill the i niiiioiiiis, and navy mi, 
 and iithcrs wcic ius|icili;il (sec Unii'jiu'i), 5 ,liily, i-j) 
 
 CATACLYSMISTS, sec Con I ii, nil;/. 
 
 CATACOMBS. 'I'lie early depositories of ike 
 dead. The first Christians at" Koine met fui'Wi.r. 
 ship in the catacoinlis ; and here are said to lim 
 been the tombs of the apostles I'etcr and raul. 
 lielzoni in 1815-18 explored many E^'yptian rata- 
 combs, built 31x10 years ago. He brou;?ht to Kii:- 
 hind the sarcophagus of I'sammetiebns, foniinl "f 
 oriental alabaster, exiiuisitely sculpt iircd. In llif 
 Parisian eatai'oiiilis(fornierly stone iiiianics),liiira;i!i 
 remains IVohi the cemetery of the liimiccni- "tre 
 deposited in 1785 ; and many of the victims .if tilt 
 revolution in r7i)2-4, !"'e interred in tlieiii.-Oii 
 31 May, 1578, some labourers digging on tiic \n 
 Sahtria, tw miles from Rome, discovered the '-•.'.- 
 brated catacombs of which an account with ciiinv- 
 ings was published by Autouio Bosio, iu hii "Kom 
 
 CATAl 
 
 Soltiraneii " (K.jj), „r 
 ilhcTs. John Evilyn km 
 nri'iinnt« have beon'piil,! 
 all iilislrael ol whose res( 
 "lliiiim Sotteiancii" „f 
 iiiiil \Y. H. ItiiiwiiiiHv, It 
 
 CATALOCJUEH, sc 
 
 CATALo\IA(\.i.; 
 
 (icths mill Alaiii, ulicii 
 (iiimcens, -12; ncnv,.,,.,! 
 iiiii(rne(7«K), It formed p 
 ami the territory of the e 
 hi). The natives m,,;. 
 qiiriitly unruly, tlieir 
 ubiillnlu'd in 1714. s,,,. j 
 
 CATALYTIC Foj) 
 
 iSl'lhr i'lieiiard of the d 
 of hyilnigcn by jilatiiiuii 
 l»:i 5l Its pi'opertv to igi 
 (.TU and oxygen, i'oiiiieil 
 iloi'triiie of catalytic force 
 ..iiitiut or presciiee," put 
 .Mituchcrli. b. 'J'lieir vuw 
 Lii'liig and other elieinists. 
 
 PATAMAIUXS (or 
 
 I'ii'dPKtnniiig ships; tried 
 .Smith, JUct. 1804, on tile I 
 k Ilenitpiii'le to invade En 
 
 (^\TAXIA (the aneieii 
 Klliii, Sli'ilv, Was I'ouiujeil Ic 
 ii'MU:p )i.c. Ceres hid' 
 iiiiiii' lail Homcii. Catania 
 Ihriavn In an eriiptinn i,fj.;i 
 Mas Miai'ly swallowed m, lIi 
 moment more than I«,(kk) I 
 liuiii'il in the ruins. i,, 
 (iiiiiiiigr', 22 Fe'-. i,Si7. 'j„ 
 «•».« h"hl hy (Jiirilialdi and 
 piuilion to the Italian govci 
 tamlijn2i)Aug. i'oj,ii|„tio 
 
 QTAPHKYOIANS 
 
 "iiliay who tnllowed the 
 Tlii'v are said to have baptizi 
 iiiiiinap', and mingled the |„ 
 L<''.ils Slipper with the blood 
 
 r.mPl'LT,?.], niilitnr 
 l»'W liiiiil, fur tlirowiiijf hw 
 (lii't- 1111(1 arrows ; said to h! 
 to'iiysnis, the tyrant of Svrai 
 
 CATCH CLUB, Xo.ii 
 
 TLKMH-N-i^, foriiicd in i-(, 
 iiiii'ii'ians of the time. lvi> 
 fiiinally; sniiietiiiics, since iS; 
 a ^iililiir silver cuji. 
 
 CATEAUCAMBl^ESIiS 
 
 m" •' -5 ;ll"'''; !?.i9, l'«'ace wai 
 
 I'lirv I „ France, Pbilip 
 
 Kli/alicth lit England. France 1 
 
 I™ n™ly2oofortsiiiItalvai 
 to I'liihp, 
 
 . CATECHISMS are said 
 I" 'MthcXth or .,th cent,, 
 (iMhhci 1520 and 1:29. Th 
 
 '.kiivlioltndaiidintTielir.,tli 
 
 ; Jliin'li, 154'), eontained ni.' 
 
 "».lliecn,',|, the ten conini 
 
 ll-'.nls priiycr, with ex-p!,,,..,.;, 
 •'"»' Ihe liishops to luiii an 
 WamUs,,6,2.'Thecat''chs 
 
 I tout was published in 150O; tl 
 
^'ATAlAKllTKs. 
 
 21.1 
 
 CUTO-MTltKKT (;()\S|.IUA(;Y. 
 
 I CATHAY, nil oM name for Cliinii 
 
 .■.,1 , ,|h P,,,,,, •,'■•, i"J' '"' "';■ I'KMlMll,.,, „| 
 
 ^;i;;wm..n,,,;:::;:,t'&;;;:::i';; '" "■ 
 
 i^^^;'r^■;f''^ '^'-- iU:;'';i;:r^n,,';^]! 
 
 Mimlnjinrt Ksii,.,l """•*'. . . Lvi.. ,88j 
 
 Ajiii:, 1885 
 
 - '"»ftn.vi.i;.:on',;;.Mi:i,"l?' '".'."■♦^ '•;'"•""•»«" 
 
 .n,lW.lf.l.,,„v„|,„,,VK;,'IiV8-^, "■ •'^"'■""■"t" 
 
 (;,^;™'ii::,!;'2;!r'Sf''^---'''ri''y.h.. 
 
 un.l the triHt..i» »( , , ' V .'"l"","-'' '"""-^li.'K 
 qiH'Ntly unn.lv. tl. li? , .1" " ■' S'""'« ''"■ 
 
 .Muh..iin,;i| i.w};;;,';t:,.'"""'"'«"" "•■'•''• i 
 
 0. hy,i,n.,.„ 1,^. plan „ ; nv''i;.,;' '"■''■"^'''" i 
 
 ^,™. „f ^.^"l; ti:;;;;:.!.,'!:i:,«;:;;;;; ;-^,<; ,,;>- 
 Li.big,„>.l other 'hl'n.i't;!; '""""""■"" '"'"I't'^^'l l-y 
 CATAMAIUXN (or rarmsrO fin. „ 1 • 
 
 hv lioiiupart,. to ita,i.;^;i,;;';;i*;''' ''"'■"'' ''"""'"' 
 
 CATAXIA (the ancient Catnn.il „ 1 
 1.01.- but u,anen. (ata ,„'''"'''" 'r'.";,"l"'" to , 
 
 .lioment nlore than .«,(<«.(','" 1 .''?'''r '" " 
 bmi.d in tlie ruin». In L ,M '"'";'"'",'."' ""'■« 
 
 wh'ld liv Uarilail(i an iVi.^*"; .' ^''^ town 
 p,.i.ion t„ -the Italian «,.„,, ,,"'''•,' '■'■'•^- "' "1- 
 
 l-U .upper w,th the Uoo.lo,j.„,,;,t :^;'i:,,:;;, '''^• 
 '!"■'* ^""1 arrows; ^i^to^et'""''- '"^ "•■" "^ 
 
 I'i"") --. the tvra„t:/(^:.tu;;';;;; :;;'■"''■'' i-y 
 
 a;"ilclor«ilver euj. ' '"' " '"'"I'osition, 
 
 I 10 1'liilip, "'"^ ■""' ""-' Low Countries ; 
 
 CATECHLSMS nro sai.l t„ h,ve l„„.v '' 
 
 , l"l"l 1" llic «th or nth ee inv I .1 " ™"'- 
 
 ■.»uu liie insimn. ,„■!.;,:,'•'''" >..''"t JaiiK-s 
 
 I TttLt » 
 
 1S71 
 .373 
 
 ;."■•'"'• "'• ''"li- . 't ■ i !h t r nk in' T'^- ^" 
 foiin.h.,1 hv I'eter the ».(.-• 1 ""'"'" *"• 
 
 •"•..very oi- l.iH «n e • UeV it '"rl'"''''' "''"" 
 I'" <li;tin"iii8he<l ''.''"',,•'""'' ine. Ihey were to 
 
 «.■t•y^^X•.,an,lAV,;);L'^^ "' '"" '""' '""""«'" i 
 li^^o!^:/^!. ASSOCIATION, »ee under 
 
 Knfflish 
 J^nslish 
 
 ct;,tu;;io:;':i;i„':':;i;ir''" ' • "- 
 
 "'^ "'-•'■«' ^•■-.nt;;[thj^;^;,;;:rH':-^s'<'". 
 
 CATHOLICS, se.. Jiomiu VutAo/ivs 
 
 TUVrlV^^'^^ l^NIOX. an.l C\TH()LIC 
 
 nam .So..tety. see J!o>u.,„ CtM^.tm^ 
 . CATILINE'S CO VSPTJ? \PV t. • o 
 
 ;-;:E^i::;.?i E; ;;^-;■r- 
 .S^ft.,£7' r '^'--iSr^- 
 CAT ISLE, sen Salvador. 
 
 CATO-STREET CONSPTPApv 
 
 , ..,.,„.,.. , , , of desperate niei.lieuhyf.vi.n ■.?■■,'' S'^'f 
 
 ;be ^^„p ,rui' re;|,H;:;;i -- ,^ , as.n.hied i„ Cat;-;:;;;::;;' j^,,t::;!^i. f :^--< 
 
 
 
 j^!f^'\^.. 
 
 
 cabinet dinner. Th 
 
 »us«;;rs;^;»„a2.,Kj;ss; 
 
i' 
 
 H i 
 
 CATTI. 
 
 214 
 
 III ! 
 
 |: ill 
 
 " 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 iMii; 
 
 I 1^ 
 
 m \ 
 
 Davidson, Ings, iind Tidd, were oxecutod as traitors, 
 on I May. 
 
 CATTI, a German trilio, attacked but not siili- 
 ducd bv the llonians A.u. I.S, and 84; absorbed by 
 the Franks, 3rd century. 
 
 CATTLE. The importation of horned cattle 
 
 CATTLE. 
 
 Ni'W fiircif,'!! cattle iiiiukct ib'tcniiiiicl 011, Niiv. 
 1870: ■.pencil Dec. 1871; sutlers liy great llie, 
 aliout lo.cKxi/. Inst .... i3Se]il. r! 
 
 I-'iiiit-aiiil-iMMUtli iliscase in Knuliinil . .luly, Anj,-. ,,; 
 
 Ali|"'arMnce nf tlie I'Imhuc in Oernnm cattle ; further 
 ini|«irt:itinn sus|ienilccl . . aliout ;( AUij. „ 
 
 Cattle-plaj;uc .■ippcirs at I'dcklinnlon. Yorksliiir: 
 viHurnusl.v tri'ateil, j.Sept. ; strin-ent (prdcr Irnin 
 tlie piiv.v eiiuncil . . . . ■ 7 Se).i 
 
 CATTL 
 
 from lU.nd and Scotland i.Uo Kn.land was ,n;o- , I,ive caUle iu.ported to Glasgow Iron, Au.er.ca 1,> 
 
 hibitcd by a law, lU(,y, I'"' "'^''-M'o'^^fj.'f, " , i.-o-allnouth 'disease in sou'.e Kufedish eountic.; ' ' 
 
 from Ireland became very oxtunsivo. In 1842 the ; " i j^„.^ j^,,|„ _j^. 
 
 importation of cattle into England from lorci.sn , ,j(,,,,|,,,p(„.nnpo of eiittle-iilngup hi F.UKlaud ; rcslnc- 
 countrics was subiccted to a moderate duty, and in ,|„|,., j„ i,„nil„n and other places ; mncli eatlle 
 
 1846 thev were made duty free ; and since then the kiii,„i Iau.--M„v. ,r„ 
 
 uunibers' imported haye enoynioiislv "ly.'''"'^'* f''"" '••'' "r,'.";,' 
 
 lau.— Miiv, 1877 
 
 ,„.,„„„ .niniission eularKccl, 3 May ; phifjiie 
 
 numueis luMHuiuu .....,, ;'":i,'V'li,.'it,.,i TfinLnlon' ' Miid o lie stanipe.l iMit ; restiictiiuis rcnmvcl, rf, 
 Horned cattle imported .nto the United KingUon. s.oii ^.^^^^ ^i^^^ .^^ i,„„,lon ; restriction, n- 
 1849, ,3,480; 1853, 12V.S2.5; '255 (''"'2', '".«(,'-' .smnea.j.lnly: reiiiove.1 . . . 3- J"l.v, . 
 
 i85o I04;s6.); i80v 2^^271 ; 18W), 237.739; !«(_', . 
 
 I77,m8; i8(.8, I ?(.,(.88 ; 18O9, 220,l<)0 ; 18,0, 
 202172; 1874, i93.8<^2; 1870, 271,57'^ •• i«/M 
 
 474,7;o; 1887, 2%<<^n \ 1888, 377-0«« • i88c), 
 
 555,222; i8(A (.42,.S'»(); if<<)2., .S02.237 ; i8;w. 
 
 34^,04^ ; I8<,0. ^(12,553. See under Shy, Smith- 
 
 "fifM, Jfc/rojM/Uan Oitth-mnrkfl, <nid I'Oir ffii 
 
 Cattle-market. 
 
 A eattle pla-ue bcKaii in Hungary : extended oyer 
 
 .'.... I .».,...-:t..r .L nil hull I'.-itt •■ i: 
 
 ;^':ri::Xs;;,;;;^^;in;iilhm cattle .7.:-.4 Scycn.at.M,.s, 
 MtMiiii 1.1 I 1 . o i.'n„hi,,.i .,,1. west AlmtiiiL' iii Kiiy 
 
 A seycrc cattle plague ra^cd in hUKland and west 
 Kuroiic(:ili"at i niiilinu cattle pen^h) . . i745-oO 
 
 Tin' piivv conin^il ur.lere.l .liseasi^d lieasts to be 
 shot, and their skins destroyed ; granting niode- 
 ralec pensation . . • , '7 -^ •;.''■''• '7-»^ 
 
 Great .bsei„e ancng fi.rcign cattle ; cxdn It mm 
 
 thisii.nntry hy prohihitinns . . . April, 1S57 
 
 The catth' plague a|.pcars at I.aycock s dauT, 
 Bainslmiy, Lundoii, X. ; rapidly spreails, al.nnt 
 
 24 .Inne, 1865 
 
 27,432 beasts had been att.aeked : 12,680 died ; 
 SlogS slaughtered, up to . . . . 2. Oct „ 
 
 A ro'val conjniissi.m to iiapiire into the can.ses o! 
 eattle iilague and .suggest renieilies und lust. 10 
 Oct. ; repnrt of nia.j.nity ccmsideivd the disease 
 
 to have heeii iiniiorted, ,ind rceci ud shmghter 
 
 (if animals, and stringent pinhilpitiuii ol pa.ssagc 
 of callle aem.ss pnlilic r.uuls, A'c., 31 Oct. 1865- 
 
 Xi'W (.'attic C'nntMgious Diseases Act passed iij Aug. ,S;i 
 Order in cciuucil prohibiting iinporlatiou of living 
 
 cattle trc.in eii..,tcru li.ilf ot Kuiupe after i ,liiii. 
 
 1870 : impiirts iiennittcd fi- some cnuMtne>, 
 
 .■little til lie slaughtered ; (no restrictiun respeit. 
 
 ing siiinc eouutiies) .... 6 Dee. ,. 
 Kiidt-aud-miinth dis.'ase in K. Ijincashire, Aug. 
 
 ,881; ill tStallordshire, Aug. 1882; Norfulk (let 133, 
 Internatiiiiial eatth' slmw at llanibiirg . ,Inl,v, 183. 
 iMiot-aiid-niiiuth di.sease prevailing in Knglish mill. 
 
 hind eiiunties, ,Iiilv J in Kent . July, 0/ «'i(. ., 
 ,-,evcrc lit Oilcssa '. . . Oct. 1883 M,iy, ,3)^ 
 Aliatiiig in Kugliiud throngli siisiieusiun nf tiiiis, 
 
 itc, iiniiunnecd April, ,, 
 
 Cattle-men of I'liitcd States ; above i2,oooileh'gate- 
 
 hold a cnuvcnlion at St. I.ouis, oigiini/e ,1 
 
 uatiiin.il live stock associatinii, and reciiniiiieinl, 
 
 the lormatiou of a natinual trail ten miles wul,- 
 
 liirthc iiassngcof cuttle fniin the Hed Hivcr tn 
 
 the Northern lidundary utthe States 18-22 Nov. „ 
 Contagious Di.scases Act (ameuded) 1884, 1886, 1890, 
 
 1892, and Siif 
 
 Vodt-and-mouth disease stamped out, hurl Siieiirer, 
 
 28 May ; favouiable repiirts . . . Dee. i3Si 
 Cattle disease iu Leicestershire! . . ■ .liiiip i33;, 
 Fodt-iind-mduth disease ill Germany; importaliim 
 
 into Kugland ehecked Oct. „ 
 
 rieuid-iineuiiidnia and anthrax in the irnitwi 
 
 Kingdiini repdited 6 l-'eli. tl. 
 
 sei I reiidit, 5 Vi-'-: : iid repuit 
 
 Orders in ceuneil fur icgul.itKig the cattle plagni 
 (111 cdnfiirniitv with the act (if 1830), 23 Niiv. and 
 16 Dec. 1865: and 20''"". '866 
 
 Di.sease raging; ntlicial repnrt; cattle attacked, 
 120,740 ; killed, 16.74= : 'bed, 73.75° ; rccdvi'ied, 
 14,162 :unai unted bir, 16,086 . 1 I'co- ,, 
 
 Cattle Disease Acts pas.sed 20 E-'eli. and 10 Aug. ,, 
 
 Orders in ciinucil making unifdiia repressive mea- 
 sures thrdUghdUt the cnuntry . . 27 March, „ 
 
 The disease materially abates . . . April, ,, 
 
 Privv cdnncil return : cattle attackeil, 248,965 ; 
 killed, 80.597 (lied, 124,187: iccdvcred. 32,989: 
 unaeidunted bir, ii,ii»2 . . . . 22.luiie. ,, 
 
 The disease nearly '• stamped did" . 27 Oct. ., 
 
 Order in cduncil directing that furcign cattle lie 
 landed only at certain poi-ts (alter 13 Xnv.), there 
 to be snhji'cted tdipiarantine . . . 10 Nnv. ,, 
 
 Cattle pbigne re-aii| is in Cheshire and Lanca- 
 shire and Viiikshire Dec ,, 
 
 Re-apiH'ars at liarnsliury (see 24 .Inne, 1865), 46 
 
 I .May, i856 i--oiit.aiid-nidiitli disease at the Metroiidlitaii cattle 
 
 market detected iu .sdiiic Danish cattle; all 
 sliiughteied, 4-6 l-'eli. The .side (if live <attl.. 
 
 tenipiirarily suspended, 3 f'l li. 'I'be disease si 
 
 alter appeared in Kent, Surrey, W. H. Vniksliire 
 
 t Chester. West relaud, Ivlinliuigh, Clas;;'™. 
 
 Paisley, and was vigdiously .stamped (Hit liv the 
 aetiiin'dt the linard of agriculture . Keli.-.liily, 1;,:. 
 riciird-pneunidiiiain Dun(leeaiiddth(M-|daces, (let. ., 
 Imiiortatidii of live Canadian eattle proliiliitiil 
 
 : Oil , 
 
 I Koot-aiid-nidiitb disease iu N. I.iiiidnn : iiinM'iiiem 
 dt cattle prdhiliited, 2 .Ian. ; the disease d^- 
 aiipearsy .Ian. ; iirder rescinded, 16 .Ian. iSo ;, re- 
 appeal's iu Ksscx. CaiuliridgeshiK! and Kent Nu\. i;.i 
 
 ' Cdusdlidatidii Act passed in 
 
 (Ireat s]iieail (if rilidei |iest in S. Africa, April f/ifv. \iq 
 
 Diseases df Animals Act, (irdeiing i li.ite 
 
 slaughter iif diseased foieign callle wl 
 
 II iiiiiileil, 
 
 Re-apiiears at iiarnsliury (see 24 .iniie, 1805;, 40 passed 2<i.liil,v ,. 
 
 aniinalsslaughlered .... 2 Kcli. 1867 i,, ,3^^ three-fourths of the live eiittle and neiiily 
 Ke-appearanec in various places . . .Inne, , luly, ,, ^jj^-sevenlbs nf the fresh beef imported inli. III.' 
 
 1 ,....* ;..,,. I i;.j..,i.j„u ^\iitiii,ilsl V.-l l-eliewed ^?.f^^ '. l',,i,.,.l L' iii.riliini f-iitiii> fi'dlii the I' liilrii Shltes ' 
 
 Contagiiius Di.sea.ses (Aliiiuals) A.t renewed 1S67 ; 
 
 aiiieniled ■ '860 
 
 Order of enuncil i>erinitling cattle to licreiiioicd 
 
 frmn the nietn. polls .... 25 .luly, 1S68 
 New geiiei-iil orders Issued .... Aug. 1869 
 Preyaleiice of " foot - and - mniitli diseiise " iu 
 
 Kugland . Aug. 1869- lice. 18711; .luiie,,)uly, 1871 
 Diseiise appears at Kaiserslautern, rear (if the Oer- 
 
 nian army: caiitiouary regubitious pnininlgated 
 
 liy the privy coiineil .... 9 Sept. 1870 
 
 • Sale (if 30 of duke of OevonsUlre'a uhorthoru bulls 
 for 19,993/., about Sept. iSji 
 
 Inited Kingdom came fnim the Lnilid St:ili's ; 
 
 still inereasiiig 
 
 Dr. Kiieb in Cape 'I'dwn renders eattle iiiiiiiinie liy 
 
 means of a mixture df seiiiin and iiii'lei|ii'.>i 
 
 tiliiml ; announced . . i.i Keli. i" »/• i",7 
 
 Outbreak (if pleuid-pneunidnia iu Ksscx . . IVli, .. 
 
 Boycdtting)iiactiseil liy certain hutcluis ami sales- 
 liien .igainsi farmers and others in Seiillaiiil, 
 rcspectiiig the sale of cattle, ehecked by ai; 
 agieei. eiil, tlic icsult , if conferences iictivirii ll:i- 
 liiiard (if agriculture, the .Scottish cliaiiilHT uf 
 agriculture, and .some of the leading sale-iiarii 
 
 Units, 28 and :9 Sui- i. 
 
 CATTLK ANlJ SIIKi:e 
 
 l.v 
 
 Ctilll,, 
 8.570,000 
 91083.416 
 9,078.282 
 9.235.032 
 
 9.34fi,2l6 
 
 9. 718.505 
 
 '"1 '53,670 
 
 1874 10,281,036 
 
 1575 10.162,787 
 
 1576 9,997,189 
 
 'S77 9.731.537 
 1S7S 9,761,288 
 "79 0.961, 5j6 
 
 1866 
 
 i8(i3 
 1S69 
 1870 
 1S71 
 1872 
 ■ 373 
 
 Sliri')), 
 26.38o,r>oc 
 3.> 607,81; 
 34.250,27: 
 32,786,78j 
 3'.403,5ot 
 32,246,643 
 33.082,404 
 34.837.597 
 33.491.948 
 32,252,S7(, 
 32,220,067 
 32,571,018 
 32.237.958 
 
 CATTLE SHOW, s 
 CAUBUL, see CMia. 
 
 CAUCASUS, a loft,- 
 of the ridg-e of Mount 'J'ai 
 ami Caspian seas, Tlic i) 
 were called Giiicaxiic J'oi/ 
 tlM'ougli tliem the Siirniati 
 provinces of Koni,., a d 
 proWiice, 1885, 7,«24,s(.-'; 
 see CircdKiiia. 
 Tivii explorers, Mr. \V. F I),, 
 
 aiul their guides lii.sf. 
 Aljiiiic chill .search party 'lin 
 
 lirojierty . 
 Fiist agricultural exhiliitidu'i 
 
 Violent rioting against the , 
 siipiire.s.sed by the militar 
 piirtei! . . , 
 
 Bri,s.'aiiilage and miirder'in Hat 
 ri'jiurted . , , 
 
 CAUCUS. An Anieric 
 private meeting of the le.ulii 
 to agree upon tlio plans to 
 ficftion or session of coiigre' 
 now a very po\verfiil ant.ago 
 The word is said to be derived 
 Bfrtiiigs, A "caucus club' 
 Adams, in 1763. Ihrtlelf. 
 oiciLsioiially held in London 
 liberals; one was held by J[,. 
 the ballot bill, 6 July, "iS'i 
 the system was arou.sJd in 18- 
 Ilii' liiniiiiighani l.iheral assiici', 
 
 f l'"»'i'il'id ci IS. sv.sti.matiz 
 
 liiirst, very elliei.'iit 1875 rt „■,■,/ 
 v.itive as.soeiatidn since f(.niii 
 similar sncieties exist tliKiugl 
 
 Till' r.<iiiil.iii r.iii.Tal and Hadieal 
 araiiciis, active ill 
 
 io,=iW, presented td Mr. Sehi 
 l.il)(Tal.s, 9 .Marph, ,33, . j,,, 
 tics ... ' 
 
 CAUDIXE FOKKS.' ne, 
 
 rm-culce tmdiiKp (in Sanininn 
 
 nmowdeliles or gorges, united 
 ains on each side. The itium, 
 
 lirstpas,s, but fmiml the second 
 tunuiijr tliev found the first s 
 *mg thus henimed in by the 
 fomraiimlofC. I'ontiiis, t},,,,- ,.,, 
 .™.,i2ll'.c.(afterafruitle.ssc 
 
 ff^'ty C. l>o„tius. taken nri.< 
 >mmte war, was executed at l\ 
 
 . CAULIFLOWEK, said to 
 
 iMtypnistoJingiana'abouti 
 
 '«™Un.mtowoodorivoi 1; 
 •f^'^)«>' He painted hUu^i; 
 
 si l! 
 
CATTLE SHOW. 
 
 OATTLK AX1> SIIKKI 
 
 Cull!,: 
 8-570,000 
 9.08.1,416 
 9,078,282 
 9.235.052 
 
 9.3J^2lu 
 ..,- 9,718,505 
 '873 '0,153,670 
 
 1874 lo,28r,aj() 
 
 1575 10.162,787 
 
 1576 9,997,189 
 1877 9,731,537 
 1S7S 9,761,288 
 "79 9,961,536 
 
 1866 
 i863 
 1S69 
 1870 
 1S71 
 1872 
 
 ,/''"■''■ r„«7.. 
 
 '°« 9.832,417 
 883 10,097,943 
 ■084 10,4^2,762 
 '883 10,868,760 
 ■836 10,872,81, 
 ■S87 io,6j9,u6o 
 1883 io,..63,6oo 
 ■889 10,272,765 
 '890 10,789,838 
 ■89-1 10,780,796 
 1S96 10,942,423 
 
 CAWNPOUE. 
 
 3b,'5o7,8i2 
 34,250,272 
 32,786,783 
 3',403,5o<J 
 32,246,642 
 33,982,404 
 34,837,597 
 33,491.948 
 32.252,579 
 32,220.067 
 32,571,018 
 32,237.958 , 
 
 Slur I,. 
 27.896,273 
 27,448,220 
 28,347,560 
 =9,370,787 
 3".o86, 2(x) 
 
 =^.955.240 
 29,401,750 
 28.938,716 
 
 =9,484.774 
 31.067,193 
 
 30.037,818 
 30,853,809 
 
 ■ ^ii'it/iJlcM. 
 
 889 
 
 1894 
 1896 
 
 CATTLE SHOW, seo 
 
 CAUI3UL, soe Ca/mr 
 an,lCi.s|,ian seas. tL ''':,'''''' ^^'■'■•' «•»' ''■'"xi".' 
 
 province, of Ii«„u., " aa" '""""« V'^'"'^''' ""' 
 
 Fovinc..,.885,7,845("-;1/'i:vi' ^?t-;''c'' 
 K-e Cirain/iia. -^ '" "'< -^.Jm.Sj : 
 
 Fii^tagrknltnn.I .■•xliiliitimn,!,,,,;,,,, .it Tint'.''"'-": 
 Violent rinlin- afrainst the ,.atll,. sa„it.,,^J '^''''^• 
 
 Bn^u.1.,,. nml n^r^oM,, liatu,,; an,r Kli.^;.;;;::f; 
 ■■•■«. 7 Xin ' 
 
 no>. a very powerful a t.Ci.t ion,!'r '""•""•' '^ 
 
 «a.ionallyUdi„3„^"!l»-:;^^ 
 hboraLs; oti,Mva,s held In Mr Ul,rN'r '•""' 
 
 tho ballot hill, 6 Julv, ■ 8-1 J "1 '" '•'^^■■'I"''"njr 
 the system was arou.sed in ,'8;8. -^ '■'■spe, tiiitf 
 
 III'' DiniiiiiKliaiii l.ilii.ral associ'iiti.,,. 1, 
 
 Tl«T.,„.lo„ r.il„.ral a.,,1 lia.lical eo„„cii ,f '11,'",','" "^^^ i 
 araiicus, active ill . " "■"""ew, aeliiaily , 
 
 CAFDIXE POKKS.' aec^irdin. to Li7: t' 
 
 luniiii'' t lev foiiiiil till. «...f • ■, ,' "' "" ''•'- 
 
 B™.rhu.hemZll^vtrS."'""V"'7'- 
 Mmraiiri,lofC. I'onti,,,. A,,,, ^"""'"t'S under the 
 
 """. i-'l I. c ,-, te . ■'„/ -^ «urren,lered at disere- 
 
 i^»S^^'^5S,;;i^:!t';^:v^-'"-K"t 
 
 .p;'/;l^.^v:r;;!,.;::;:t^i''-!^;;;;^-.uHower^^ 
 
 tnu,l.tl,yL,,eMnuM:;rlw "^ r'^^-f--. J^-- 
 i I'.H^™h^r>^Nl,, TOWXS (Holland), („1> 
 7-;;.ive„t':nee.fKSrinT!.T''''^''''^^!'^' 
 
 r<'l.ublic'liy>a„iesr!i;;76,r'"'"' "^ ""^ i""''!' 
 
 ' =^"Si^ll^^?Hif kin Jll^,.i'f'"l''''""". given to the 
 
 nun'iber of -e tin en f . '^' ""■■/' ^" "■'^ f™'" a 
 I l""ly-J...ard'C e \r'";f •'':7"^'1v... into a 
 
 , o.^.J^UMh.^„,. „.!!--^'^ .J^;;,,^,ii;.,;_ were 
 
 '4.K^Kr\i^5"' 'V,/'- Canaanitesin war, 
 
 '■""""ander always a-'xx.f! ,",, ' t/''",,'"'''."'" ^ "'^' 
 '".«» horse at lla.tho '"«,';: ^ "'''i'"'^ '''"' 
 
 f:"-'e, in 1840 was ,0 T?!-^ 'iTiX - 0"''™*»liy 
 lino, 10,02?; in deiofs l,s " '?'^v. '■•'val'-y of th , 
 .T.^'W ;'in-',88o to "^,5" : I '"'!"-,^f ■ v""^'l. 
 
 
 'u^«rank^;,;:?mer7;[^,;rt:n^S':'''';?'''T'' 
 
 J/«««»ir,., on the IJerks I,.' I) '' ': ,'-"''<'/''.'/ 
 
 I '""Its, director, ir Ad ' ^^'T' ""''' ''■-'- 
 
 ••onniiand, sir iVik. r (, ^ 1 V""' = R''"ml ii, 
 
 Uitattlx. &;• '> i.i,,-- 'Jt|'i- '09,5. see Horse 
 
 -■i^ve,yi*'«-„,,C\:;;;;S'-;':^-ui,,v.hy,en: 
 
 t" yo.iths voui,;- er timn t , ' "'"'•'■■'"y edueation 
 '.:^'i's, ami Ie.vin'"'arl,.''l' ;:'';"'"'•'' ",' """■'• .'"1- 
 •'"S'liateilhytheduk ofl), 'V'."'""^''). "'a.^ in- 
 
 , •■■artli, l.veoniparin- thP . ,■ . " ''''""'^>' "* ""' 
 ti'in with that o fo ., tfr M "'^■'•'■••■«"-ial attra,- 
 
 known n,a,n!tulle ' n 'Z :;r' v"'"" '^"'""^'^ "^ 
 I torsion halaiiee y^•Jw. t ' V. ■ "''""'' "' "'<' 
 ! '•"■• 'lHM>nlilieaVi,i„ of , Iw „,,• ' ^■C''',^'''"li''l' Soeiet,, 
 
 (840. ^'Hinistiy (I,S48.;2), was established 
 
 a«^SJi.'r;:nf!:T':;;;!/^,:r''''''"7' i» ''■'■ liiM. 
 
 it. Hawkins- ''Cav;:i; ,f ,' ''.'f-l'''''':-*- '^I'- W. 
 
 l-:videneeofCave;res,e„r, ";:''\"'''"'^ "" »'"' 
 lyf Knrope,'. w," pX ^ ef' 8-l"'{^,. •:'''''"'-''^ 
 ( >»'Von, discovered 1810 • Iv ■ •, ./I'.'^V 1 i"" '"'*''' 
 .' Kent's Ifole Tor,, ,,,v „//'"' ^"'''^"'"'"''. '«2| ; 
 
 manyo,l^..s,,,av;'u^,/S^;;i;;;-;. '«5<); ""'^ 
 apefflKfiwlufoaL!" ^"'l'';'' "'' """ D""!.. 
 
 tivo troopiumu." ; u^,th' \Sr"'-"-;""'i '7 -a: 
 
 ont into revolt An 1 , ?. I 1^' ■, ^ '"''"'' ''''"k'* 
 
 friendly tenns w ih he 'triu h .""' '""" "^'•'l "" 
 •"■!'■ assistan, e, bu n, d th r "' "i;i"'-""«.V i . 
 pla.'e after three K' si .I'^/^'r "•''""ktlio 
 «pifo of a treatv niassue ,■,.?!*'' f^ •^"'"' = '""1 '■» 
 
 --Lnanner. ^^^^^^.{^^l^ ^:^ 
 
 t I 
 
 h* 
 
 
 ^ v., 
 
 Si- , w 
 
 /, 
 
 . ' it 
 
 : »v,-^ 
 
 ^.f»^" 
 
 Jl'i' * -i 
 

 (i. 
 
 
 ■« ' 
 
 
 1' 
 
 Hrif 
 
 
 CAXTON SOCIETY. 
 
 21 G 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 Snhib, l6 Julv, at Futtelipuio, aiul ictdok Cuwii- 
 poie, 17 July. Si- Colin Caniiibell dctoatod tlie 
 
 rebels lierc on 6 Dec. foilowiiii,'. A colunin was 
 erected here, in niemorv 'f tlie suftenrs, by their 
 relatives of the 32iid re-inieiit. In Dec. l»oo, 
 Nana was said to be livin- at Thibet ; and m IJec. 
 l86l was in-orreetly said to have been eaptiireU at 
 Kurnichee; see Jii'dia, 1857. 
 
 CAXTOX SOCIETY, established for the 
 publication of chronicles and literature ol tlie 
 Jliddle Ages, published sixteen volumes, l»44-54. 
 Cdxtoii Celebration, see under J'l-iiitiiii/, IS". 
 
 CAYENNE, French Guiana (S. America), 
 settled bv the I-reiich, iCoJ-.l.v It afterjyards came 
 successivelv into the hands of the tn^lish (ib.sa), 
 French, and Dutch. The last were e.xpe led by the 
 French in 1677. Caveiine was taken by the liritish, 
 12 Jan. 1809, but was restored to the iroiich in 
 1814. Here is produced the Capxniini baeccliiiii, or 
 cayenne pepper. Many French political piisoiiers 
 were sent here in 1848. 
 
 CECIL CLUB, founded about 1 889 to opjiose 
 rash, deinocratical and radical chan;.;es ; supported 
 bv conservatives. 
 "CECILIAN SOCIETY, see Ceeitian. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK axd MOUNTAIN, 
 Virginia, U.S. On 19 Oct. 1864, gen. Sheridan 
 eonvertfc.l the defeat of the Federals by the Con- 
 federates under Long-street into a comiilefe victory. 
 At Ckd.vr Mountain gen. Stonewall Jackson 
 defeated Banks, 9 Aug. l8()2. 
 
 CEDAR TREE. The red cedar {Jioilpeni.'t 
 rirqiiiiitiia) came IVom Xorth America before 
 1664; the ISerniudas cedar from Bermudas betore 
 168? • the Cedar of Lebanon {Vinits O (/nis) imm 
 the Levant before 1683. In 18,0 a grove of vener- 
 able cedars, about 40 feet high, remained on 
 Lebanon. The cedar of Goa {CnpresKHK iKfitdiiicn) 
 was brought to Europe by the I'orliiguese about 
 1O83 ; see C;/j»-cns. 
 
 CELERY is said to liave been introduced into 
 England bv the French • larshal, Tallard, (luring 
 liis captivity in England, after his defeat at Blen- 
 heim by Marlborough, 2 Aug. 1 704. 
 
 CELESTIAL GLOBE, see ainb,.i. 
 
 CELIBACY (from ca-/r!i.\ unmarried) was 
 preached bv St. Anthony in i:gyi>t about 305. His 
 early converts lived in eaves, A:e., till nioinistcnes 
 were founded. The doctrine was rejected in the 
 council of Mce, 325. Celib.icy was enjoined on 
 bishops only in (Sy2. Tlie decree was opposed in 
 England, 958-978. Tlie lionii.sli clergy generally 
 were enjoiiied a vow of celibacy iiy pope Gregory 
 A'll. in 1073-85, and its oliservanee was established 
 by the council' of I'laeentia, held in IO95. Mar- 
 riage was restored to the English clergy in 1547. 
 The marriage of the ckugy was jiroposed, but nega- 
 tived at the council of Tn'iit (15(13); also at a con- 
 ference of the old catholics at Bonn, June, 187(1. 
 Sir Bartle Fiere termed the Zulu army " a eelihale 
 nian-shiying machine," 1878. 
 
 CELL THEORY (propounded by Schwann 
 in 1839) supposes tliat the ultimate particles of all 
 animal and vegetable tissues are sinall cells. Some 
 of the lowest forms of animal and vegetable life 
 are said to be composed of merely a single cell, as the 
 germinal vesicle in the egg and the red-snow ))lant. 
 Prof. Virchow asserted in his Croonian lecture in 
 London that ;t!l rieW cella proceed from old oncii, 
 16 March, 1893. 
 
 CELLULOID, Kee h-cy. 
 
 '03/ 
 
 1641 
 
 .85; 
 
 1S50 
 
 . >850-57 
 
 CELTIBERI, see yitmuiitine War. 
 
 CELTS, or Kelts, a group of the Aryan 
 family; see Claiih. Cliieriy by the exertions »\ 
 I'rof. 'John S. Blackie a Celtic professorship at the 
 university of F^linbiirgh was founded 187(1 • 
 11.93"/. subscribed .'Xpril, 1879. One was cstalj- 
 lislied at Oxford in 1876; see Ouc/U: 
 
 CEMETERIES. The burying-places of the 
 Jews, Greeks, Koinans. were outside their towns 
 (Mat/, xxvii. (X)). Many public cemeteries re- 
 sembling " I'ere La Chaise" • at Paris, have been 
 oiiened in all parts of the kingdom since 1856; see 
 Catucoinbi, liiiiiltill-tivlds. 
 
 rriiieijicl Jldrd/ziiH/dii Cemeteries, 
 Kciisiil-grecn cenictei y, sjaiTi's; coiisccnited, 2 Nov. 1833 
 South .Slctriipiilitiiii iiml .N'orwodil ceniutery, 40 
 
 acres ; ciiiisecratcd 6 Dec. 
 
 llitjhgatc mill Kciitisli-tnwii I'i'iiii'tcry, 22 acres; 
 
 (ipcTicd and ciiriscciatcd ... 20 Miiy, 
 .Miiicy I'aik ceniclcry. f~t"kc Ncwingtoii, 30 acres; 
 
 iipcned liy tlic lord major . . . 20 M;iy, 
 Westiiiinslcr, or West l.iiiidoii cemetery, Keiisiiig- 
 
 tnii-road ; cdusccrateil . . . 15 Jane, 
 
 Xnnlicad cemetery, aliout 50 acres ; eiinsccriitcii 
 
 29 .Inly, 
 City of I.nndiiii and Tower Hamlets ccmi.tery, 
 
 30 acres ; coiisciiiitcd 
 
 l.iindoii Xec-nipiilis and Natiimal Maosolenm, at 
 
 Woking. Wnrrcy. 2000 acri's ; tin nip;uiy inciir- 
 
 IHiiiitcil ill .luly, 1852 ; iipcncd . ,lati. 
 
 City III' l.iindiin cemetery, llfnrd ; niiened, 24 June, 
 
 and iiuiiiy utliers since. 
 .\ets respecting liurials passed 
 
 CENIS, Mount, .see vinder Alps. 
 
 CENSORS, Itoman magistrates, tn survey 
 and rate the property, and correct the manners of 
 the jieople. The two tirst censors were aiipoiiitcd, 
 443 II. c. Plebeian censors were tirst appointed, i ji 
 H.C. Cato, the eeiisor, cdecteil 184 in., streminiblv 
 endeavoured to restrain the luxury ami vice of tiif 
 patricians. The oflice, abolished by the eiiipeiois, 
 was revived by Decius, .\.i). 251 ; see I'ress. 
 
 CENSUS. The Israelites were numbered liv 
 Moses, 1490 n.c. ; and by David, 1017 ii.c. ; Ucim'- 
 triiis Phalereus is said to have taken a cen.su.n of 
 Attica, 317 n.c. Servius Tullius is traditioinilly 
 said to liave enacted that a general estiiimte of 
 every Uoman's estate and pi'rsonal elfects, almiilj 
 be delivered to the government upon oath every 
 live years, 5()() n.c. \ e; lisiis of the people i'i 
 slated to have been taken at Florence in 1^2-; 
 at Venice, 1 584: in France, 17(X); in .Sweilcii, 
 1749; and ill the liiited States, N..\. I7f)0. In 
 Fiigland the jiroposal for a ci'iisus in 1753 wus 
 opposed as |)rofane and subversive ef libeity. hi 
 the United Kingdom the census is now taken ;it 
 decennial periods since 1801 ; 1811, 1821, lX:i, 
 1841, 1851, i8()i (7 April), 1871 (3 April), 1S81 
 (3 April). l8()i (5 April) ; act [lassed 18 Aug. iSip. 
 (ieiisiis of London taken, 29 March, i8i)(). (mv 
 J'o/iii/iitioii. For the latest census of other couiitric*, 
 see T.yni.K, facing page I. 
 
 CENTAL, a new name given to the lOOllis. 
 weight, LoikIuh 0'i/:e/te, 7 Feb. 1879. 
 
 CENTENARIANS, see iMnieril,/. 
 
 CENTRAL AVRICA, see under y//,(M. 
 
 CENTRA.L AMERICA, see./mo^rK.a-//?™/. 
 i A large American steamer of tiiis iiaiue waswii'rkeJ 
 
 I * Pcre I,« (.'halse was the favourite ami coiifwsiirMt 
 I I.oiiis XIV.. Willi iiiaile him sii)ieriiiriif a giriit "Stnlilisli- 
 
 iiient iif till- .Icr^uitji iin *.h\^ ^^]lllt, thesi ii;iiiu'il Mii::! 
 
 Liiuis. Thelmnse and giiJiindsHeie luniKlit fiiniiiiitiinui 
 
 cemetery, wliieh was laid out liy ,M. Uiinisniait, ami first 
 
 Usui on 21 .May, 1S04. 
 
 CENTRAL CB 
 
 during a gnle in the gu 
 Of about 550 iiersoiis 01 
 ol these after drifting 
 Jhelossof about 2i mil 
 vatcd the coinuKireiul i 
 after. The cajitaiii und 
 
 CENTRAL CRIJH 
 
 hshcd in 1834. Comni 
 
 fifteen judges of Englan 
 lotiition at the Old Bai 
 hvery of the gaol of > 
 
 offences of greater degree 
 and parts of JCssex, Kei 
 district is coiiaidered as 01 
 
 CENTRAL HALL 
 
 under Albert, 
 
 CENTRAL PROV 
 
 ooiistitiited out of territoi 
 jiiovinces and Madras in 
 chief coimnissioner. I'orm 
 1891, 10,761,630. Cauif 
 i*M, 117,910. Chief con 
 kenzie (1889) ; A. Putri, 
 J. Woodhuni (1895); Mr 
 
 CENTURION, the' 
 mmider of a subdivision of 
 ronsisted of 100 m.-n, and 
 liy tlie Koman census each 
 Mas called a eenturia, 55611 
 
 CENTURY. Tlu^Gri 
 theOlympnids, beginning - 
 chiinh by Indictions, the t 
 !)ppt., A.i). 312. The inetl 
 liy icnturies eommenced fi 
 Clirist, and was adopted it 
 Hist in France. Jj„^,ii_ ,4;, 
 
 CEPHALONIA,.)ie«; 
 
 If the Ionian islands ■ as ta 
 
 jivtheRnnians, i89B.c.,and 
 I'.v Hadrian, .VD. 135; g,.,, j, 
 
 11 was liclilsuiressivclyliv,),,.,, 
 "'■.'•™i.il<s 01 the ,2tli centi 
 
 (^EPHISys, a riv;.r i„ 
 flilter d(. Ihienne. duke of 
 and slam liy the CatulHius, 13, 
 
 (;EEBJ;RE, a French g, 
 If' ""'"•. i'l'd ■•'"•en gun.. 
 I.Onrtit,witlim pistol-shot o 
 raptiiredinainost daring mam 
 togli an. 111 ,1 ,,utter with Ki c 
 '«;« boats one uf which was 
 ^liipmim I'addon. Tlie ,,H/e 1 
 I l^^-.v but ineUecfual tire 
 .'I' July, i«oo. yieola.s, 
 
 CEREMONIES. M\sTF 
 
 ■»;m.,.cd for „,e mo,f -)S 
 iitesadors and persons of 
 I James L i(x>3. T),,. order 
 ;«*.-oftlieee,emoniesat t; 
 "^ ".1^1"!.' of Bath," led to t 
 
 ^fc 1,1 ormnary assemblies; J, 
 
 CERE.S, a planet, 160 mile, 
 Nou.redliyM.Pia.,i, „t 'j'. 
 
 eiia.iied It after the goddess I 
 Ike aiident Sicilians. ° ""-""' 
 
 CEKESUOLA (N. Italy^ 
 
 ULJutliemarijiusdeOuasto, 14 
 
CENTRAL CRIMINAL COURT. 
 
 of these lifter di-irfi„.r ;„ V.^f-;. " ""•-''; seven. 
 TiM. loss of about sifllio Inl /'•'"''' ^ '"*'^''<- 
 
 otleri.esofg,-eaterl,°-,.„ *'''•• "'"' ^Ix' trial of 
 .".<! parts tf KjoxK^'r^'TL''^ '" ^^"'Wlcsex 
 <ii«tri'c.tiseo„sid;.;::i'a!^;;;[:,«;;;J^^':""-.v; the new 
 
 u„!l^5^^.^^ H^^I- OP SCIENCES, see 
 
 oo£E?^,hfS;?S.^,OP INDIA, 
 jnovinces and Madras i„iHr,./'r ^^"'-H'-West 
 'liief comnn\,si«ner -0, . .:/ "■'"' 'i'.^"'"' ""'I'''' a 
 .89>, io,r6.,630 Sr'Y:'''^*^''9.«58,ro. 
 ■i*;!. iir.o.o. Cl.iefW '■;;*'''"''' J'°Pu''Hion 
 
 CENTURION, the caMt'n-,: , '• ''5- 
 
 maiHlerof a ^uh.ii^isio 'of '{'•''?''''.' "■• ■<»"- 
 .onsisted of ,00 men, and v m? ' n .''^'""'' "*"'»'''' 
 By tlie Konian census e." In'.n . "I "''''"""■m. 
 ^vas called a eenturia, 556 '..^"'^'■'''^ "' "'^" l»'0].le 
 
 tlieOlm^.lKe^i^n'";,,!?'::';''^ ooniputcd (i„,e hy ' 
 
 <hmvh- b • Indietions ' r' iiVst of',:/- V'f '^""'■■'" 
 Sept., A.I.. 5,2. The letho nf '""'' '^-"" =4 
 In .enturie^'eonnnf^^, , ' .'" "[ oo„,,,uli„s tim? 
 Clirirt, and was adopted > I,. '"""•"■itio" of 
 SrslinKran.e. JjljZ ,S ...y^ "-"'"S'"" '"»""> 
 
 217 
 
 CHAIN-BRIDGES. 
 
 def-'ated thT'dt d .Wurs""'' /''*,' ^"'i'"^'"'' 
 28 A])ril, 1503. ^^'■'•louis and tlie Freneli, 
 
 fe^J^ffil^?:^«.,^^— r C inthus, a 
 bn.ed Judaism witi:t^:^,5;ii--;>'"'-veec^„. 
 
 KlShathe;:[^X|."'^'"'. 'i-'overcd by 
 
 the southern mllar of hI? , '"-' '""^^"-■"' Abyla, 
 fronjthe Vanda' t]",ii"'^ '^ It was taien' 
 
 : by the Goths, 6i8Vvtrv '"M"'^"»"". 534; 
 «l'"m it was taken'bv tl c Po,fr "*""'' ■°9. ^'om 
 Po'fugal. it ^vas unn^xei jn , -£ 'r's'^iS- '^^'i'h 
 power still retains it. See "z'^f",;" g^j];'"' '^^ieh 
 
 in^^TiiSl'&l'^ia feblne), an island 
 of paradise. It bee in ,. . • ."'^ 'J""*'^*' "'e seat 
 "•c, and HMis know', n\, .i'' "^ l^uddhism, 507 
 lVpuhition;8^3,'^;"'°0^'!'-\J'"'''''''t^ 
 
 -4.195-36; Rs., in ,8<;3. ' -■•'•*°''*2 Jis. ; ,,.x2)orts, 
 
 ■ 307 
 
 =37 
 1071 
 
 •f^'"- ''ee JJictiiiiiiiiiis 1880 ' 
 
 of tl^!om^,fili,^5f '. 'i's'/'iken';' ^'^l''"'"-"ia. one 
 In tlie Romans, ,89 h c ndt ?'" f'"' ^^'^'oHans 
 WUadrian,..k^^;^-:;'2-;;'j;y|- Athenians 
 
 VHirtia.is / / ' '"'I'-'. '479 ; bv t.|„. 
 
 CEPHISUS, a river in A.V ' '5""-'797 
 lVall.rde]f,.ie„i,o,duL.^^^f, ;■'•"''«'; ;vhi..h I 
 and slam bv the Catalans ijri ' '"* ''^''^ated j 
 
 CEEBKRE a Fivneh sun-bri.- wi.li ., 
 ' » men, and seven gun. i,, tl,',. 1 ' "'''"' 
 l/Oncut, within jiistol-sho f t ,■„ '""' '""'' "f ' 
 «.pniredin a Hiost daring ", ,,';',•'''' '''i''''"' ""^ ' 
 Cogltlan.in a eutter witl , ,,,' ''.""'• J»'i-einiah 
 t«o boats, one of which J. ?s ''"''','■', ''''J"' ''v 
 ^iiipmanl'addon. T l,,";^ w 'I'''''"'''' ''> ""''J- 
 » l«v.v bat inefleet al tire V "'1!''' "'" '""'f-' 
 
 . CEREMONIES. M v.stfr op t,,.^ 
 iMitutfd for the inore ho ,o,M.,?ij ^"^'^ ■'"' "*'■<■ 
 "lal-Jssadors and persons fn'V-/'-'''''''*''"' "*' 
 iJmesI. itoj. The ord.1,.,^ •"''•'■ "' ••°'"«. 
 
 ;«*.-nbee.:?emonl:.s'':t kr-irwlSV'!'^ 
 the "liinjf of Itath," led to ' , 1 •" ^•"*''' I 
 
 '*'M„ orilinarv ask-niblies 1 ,"'',"'!""" «'' «li'- < 
 ."»r.i:Ol, A.hc. ''""""•«' ''^' df'I in bis 88th j 
 
 Stc^:^ii;:tj:ff ■" •"'"-'-■. -- ^ 
 
 f; ".™.od it- after ,1 e-'g-o de i' WMnl^ ' /""• *' = 
 li'f ancient Sicilians. *= "^"* "'="0 i-'steenied hy 
 
 I C'EKESUOLA (N. Italvi w r. 
 ^'"■tan, count d'Jinghi .,,,•• ■.,,,?"•«'.*>«""« de 
 "«J^'r tk. laariiuis d'ouasto, ^'aJ, li',' T^Z 
 
 ^ "'-" -- -.a.,i.„ed all'iC'Ul-^^f;.,^;;;;; 
 
 WH.;;;;;",!"'/'"" "'■""' "'""bars "•'■ 
 
 i 'i-;";"i^al;'s:,,;;;:-^'- --.-,. a,.u,..,i -03 
 
 ■..teivonrse w!t,. .bi'lSM :^::^ '"'" -I'">'ed) .664 
 
 ^'8^:>!;:n^i.;;:;;''-'-''^"^-.,nien;i„'''3 
 
 Cev;on.iseede^..;'{]--il--,,..,,.^,^^^^,. 
 
 "i'wsl;,„^r'i;';\,*:-!^'!"^'"«'y'n.a^a,.,,:,i .,^ i,„ 
 
 ,sec(;,„„',/'^ ""•■ -^"'Kar of OiiMly, at 0,I,Ii,„„',' 
 
 j <-"iniib'tc sovereii'iitv of ti,'.> ; i' , ' 26 June, 
 I KiiKbiiid . *= ^ "' '1"^^ I'^land assuiiial |,y 
 
 -,,Mmpri,.,,f(,.,,i,,,,,,,,;f, ■ • • • . 
 
 Prcispcnty ,,f (Vvi,,,,' ..,„.',, 1,. : • • Slav. 
 |al,ni„istmti„n'„f.i,'i,''{|^„^;"'-"a'^"l „m,1,,. die 
 
 Tbe dnke of E,li„b,„.j.,, visi,,,, cwion ' ^r< '^^S 
 ^ Artl.nrK. llaveL.rk . ' ' • „■ ^-■l.. .883 
 
 fi -Viiv. 1897 
 
 '783 
 
 . "795 
 1802 
 
 1803 
 I8IS 
 
 '84s 
 1851 
 
 ruini 
 
 defeated by Svlla, a, "L''/r-^'''''''d'.'t<>H. was 
 
 «!"">, «6 li.c. ;• seJ 6b,o;,' „ '°°" <-"l'l'ad«omn8 were 
 
 CHAIN BRIDGES, sec 6V.^.,„/„« ^,^^„_ 
 
 
 fiJI?!*^ 
 
 /' 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 ""to.-- 
 

 CHAIXCABLES. 
 
 218 
 
 CHAMPION. 
 
 H|i 
 
 m'^'' 
 
 m\ ^ 
 
 m 
 
 'Ki 
 
 
 HHJ 
 
 w 
 
 
 ^p'l 
 
 
 UjlKti'' -^ r "^ 
 
 
 nBm^^^ " 
 
 
 wfi' H'i ' 
 
 
 
 
 Uwrni'wMiitKKw^i^wV^ "^ 
 
 
 UnHiiii 
 
 
 
 
 
 i • 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 ^^BHE^I '1 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 CHAIX-CABLES. PrMpa, and Shot. 
 
 Iroii<hiiiii-iitl)l('sweie in use by the Vcneti, a people 
 intimiit:>ly oonneoted with the' Ilelsie of Britain in 
 the time m' Cirsai', ^- ii. c. These cables came into 
 use, jjeneially in tlie navy of Knaland. in l8l2. 
 Aets for the provini; and sale of tliain-cables and 
 anihorswei-e passed in 18(14, i87I,and 1874.— Chain 
 Shot, to destroy th.' riji'uiiig of an enemy's ship, 
 were invented by the Duteli admiral, De "Wit*, ni 
 l6<)6. — CiiAix-I'iMrs were lirst used on board the 
 F/orn, liritish frigate, in 1787. 
 
 CHALCEDOX. Asia llinor, opposite liyzan- 
 tinni, colonised by Megarians, about (^84 11. c. It 
 was taken by Diiriii.s, 505 H.c. ; by the Kimians, 
 7^ II. c; pluniiered by the Goths, a. I). J59; taken by 
 Cliosroes, the Persian, (xx); by Urelian. the Turk, 
 1338. Here was held the "'Synod of the Oak," 
 403 ; and the fmirtli ueneral ooi'.neil, wliieh annulled 
 the act of the "Uobber Synod," 8 Oct. 451. 
 
 CHALCIS, see Eiiha;u 
 
 CHALD.<T<]A, the ancient name of Habylonia, 
 hut afterwards restricted to the S. W. jiortioii. The 
 Chaldieans were devoted to astronoiny and astrology : 
 see Diiii. ii. itc. — Tlie Ciiai.d.v.an Keoisteus of 
 eelestial observations, said to hav(^ coinmeneed 
 iiiw 11. c, -•■ere brought down to the taking of 
 Baoylon ny Alexander, 331 H.c. (1903 years). 
 
 CHALGROYE (O.tfordshire). At a skirmish 
 bere with /ri'iic Ki;iU'rf, 18 June, 1643, J(diri 
 Hampden, > ■' tiie parliament party, was wounded, 
 and died 24 June. A tolunni was erected to his 
 memory, 18 June, 1843. 
 
 CHALI EXar.it, see Deep Sea Somidhigs. 
 
 CHAL()\S-S;ri{-:iAKNE (X.E. France). 
 Here tlie ei'iiieror .\ur..:.in defeated Tetrieus, the 
 last of the iiretendeis .' tlie throne, termed the 
 Thiny Tyruts, 274; ; nd here in 451 Ae'tius 
 defeaie;' Attil.i tiie Hu.i, compelling hun to retire 
 into Pann'^nia. 
 
 CHAM, See C/icrir/tri. 1 
 
 CKAMBERLAIX, early a high court officer 
 in Fr.nice, ucrmauy, and Knghmd. The otliee of 
 chsaiberlain of ?be e.xche(iuer cea.sed in 1834. 
 
 ■Jorvr-IInii;i>rrAav Loi.) (iitKAr Chvmhkiu.aixs ok 
 Esoi.A.'iii. — Tbc sixth {,'rcatcilliccr of state, wliase duties, 
 niii(iii(,'"Hievs.ri'lat('tcii'nriinati"iis.'Ui(l piililicsiilciiuiitics. 
 Theolticc was l.iiit,' licid bv tla' l)c Veres, ciuls iit Oxfi.nl. 
 granti'd liv Ki'iuy I. in 1101. On tlic dcatli of .luliu lli' 
 Vere, tlie sixtccntli carl, ^(ary, his snic dan^htcr, 
 ni.arry'iii; lord WilloUHldiy He Krrsby, tlic ri},'lit was 
 establishot in that iinbleinan's t'aniily by a.jiidKnicnt of 
 the bouse of jiccrs, 2 L'harh'S I. 1623. I In tin' ilcath of 
 his cicniendant, unmarried, in .Inly, 1779, the hnnsc n' 
 lords and twelve jni|;.'fs cuTicnrrcd that the iiltii'c dc 
 volved (11 lady Wilii.u^liby lie Kicshy, and h<-\- sister tic 
 lady Ocnr^tina Cliarlniia licrtic, as hi'irs to tlicir laotlicr 
 
 Robert, dnkc ot Aiic.isler, ih ascd ; and that thi'y had 
 
 powei-s to appoint a dc|iuty to act for them, not under 
 the degree ot .1 knight, w h.p, iC liis ina,|es(y aiipnivcd nC 
 hlni, might odiciidc ai lurdingly. IWntvni. Tliis ilignity 
 was for some time held .iipintiy by tin' lord Wiliongldiy 
 De?;resliy and the ni.irqnisof t'iiolinondclcv, dc!.ccnd.'inls 
 of Jolui de \ere, cari of (txford. Lord Willimgldiy 
 IJe Kresliy died without issue 27 Aug. 1870, and had 
 Aveland, his sister's m\\, was appointed to act. The 
 marcpus of Chcdmnndeley died 1(1 l)ci'. 1384, .ind w.'is 
 snceeeded liy his gnunl.son, (ieorge II. II., tlie present 
 laaripus, 1SS4. Lady Willcpu^-bby De Kresliy died jft.Inly, 
 1879, was snceccdcd by lier suns, the eaii of Aneaster 
 and loid Carrington (earl, 1895), 
 
 Loiu) CiiAMBiau.vix (IF rni: Ilorsiaioi.D. -An ancient 
 odiee. The (itle is IVoni tiie Krencli VhinnlirUan, in 
 I.atin Ceil. CM ;■/■'.<•. sir William ."St.iuliV. km., attdw.irds ; 
 beb"'ideil, was Inid chanilH'rlaiii, i llenry Vll. 1485. 
 A vice-eliamberhiiii acts in the alweiice of the chief; the j. 
 
 ofllces are co-existent. Ilfulsnn. The earl of I.atlion 
 1885; loril Carrinntoii, 1892; earl of Lathom, 1S95. 
 The Chambi'rlain ot London is an ancient otliee. 
 
 8.'(; Commerce, Agriciillh 
 
 CHAMBERS, 
 
 Shipping. 
 
 CHAMBERS' JOURXAL was first publibci 
 at Edinbui'gh in Fid). 1832. Jubilee kept 4 Ii '. 
 1882. Hobt. Chambers died 17 Mar. 1871. Willinu 
 died 20 May, 1883. Chambers' Encyelopadi;;. ,,.,. 
 imder " KihiivJoihiiLh."' 
 
 CHAMBRE ARDEXTE (fiery ehamber), ,„. 
 extraordinary French trilnnuil so named from the 
 jiuni.shment frei|uently awarded by it. Francis I. 
 m 1533, and Henry 11". in 1549, employed it lor tin" 
 extirpation of heresy, which led to the civil wm- 
 with the Huguenots in 15(10; and in 1(171) l.uuis 
 XIV. appointed one to investigate the iioisonin- 
 cases which arose after the execution of tlie luar^ 
 chioness Ihinvilliers. 
 
 CHAMBRE INTROUVABLE, a name 
 given to the chamber of deputies, elected in Fr;im e 
 in 1813, on aeeount of its ignorance, incapacit\, ami 
 bigoteil reactionary spirit. 
 
 CHAMPAGX^E, an ancient provinre. X. E. 
 France, once part of the kingdom of iiurgnndv. w:i^ 
 governed by counts from the lofh century till it 
 was united to Nnvarre, count Thibaut beooniiii" 
 king, in 1234. The eoiintes.s Joanna marriiii 
 I'liilip IV. of Fnince, in 1284; and in I3()i Chniii- 
 pagne was annexed by their descendant king Jnhii. 
 The ell'er\escing wine termed CliiimiJiKjix; becaaie 
 liopiihir in the latter part of the l8th century. 
 
 CHAMP DE MARS, an open square in front 
 of the Miliiary school at I'aris, with artilii i;d 
 embankments on eatdi side, extending nearly to ilic 
 river Seine. The iiucient assembtiesof the Fraiikisli 
 people, the germ of parliaments, held annually in 
 JIareli, received this name. In 747, 1'epiu cliiu"i;:iM 
 the month to Jlay. Here was held, 14 Julv. i-im 
 (the anniversary 'of tlie capture of the iiastile), the 
 "federation," or solemnity of sw.'aiing tidelitv to 
 the " patriot king " and new constitution : g'rciit 
 rejoicings followed. On 14 July, 1791, a secoiiil 
 great meeting was held li'-re, diivc'ted by the Jacolim 
 clubs, to sign petitions on the "altar of the countrv," 
 praying for the abdication of Louis XVI. A loii'i- 
 nienioration meeting took place, 14 July, i-i)2. 
 Another eonstilutiuii was sworn to liei-c, umlci'tlic 
 eye of Napoleon I,, 1 May, 1815, at a ecreiiwn\ 
 called the Vhum)i rlr Mai'. The princcpresidcn'; 
 (aftei-wards Napoleon III.) had a grand revie« in 
 the Champ de Nlars, and distributed eagles to 'lii' 
 army, to .May. 1852. Here also was held the in- 
 ternational exhibitions opened i April, i,S(i-, and 
 I .May, 1878, .see I'Krh. 
 
 CHAMPERTY, see Ii,nra>n/. 
 
 CHAMPIOX OF TIIK Kl\(t OK EXCLAM) 
 
 (most honourable), an ancient ottice, since I (77 lias 
 been attiiched to the iiHiior of Scrivelshv, I'li'lil liv 
 the Miirmion family. Their descendiiiit.'sir Henry 
 Dynioke, the seveiiteenth of his family whii Inlil 
 the otliee, died 28 April, 1865 ; succeeded by iiis 
 brother John ; he died, and liis son Henry l.'i.iinl 
 succeeded, who died Dec. 1875; snceeeded liv 
 Francis Seaman Dynioke, who died 2 June, [$i,y. 
 succeeded bj' his son, Mr. Francis Seaman Dynioke. 
 An neeount of the champions, and the llarmiiii 
 and Uyrnoke families, is given by the rev. Saniml 
 Lodge, in his " Scrivel-by," i8()3" At the ftp.iji- 
 tion of the English kiiigs the" champion used t> 
 eliallenge any oiio that should deny their title, 
 
 . crrA 
 
 CHAMPLAIX, SI 
 CHANCELLOR 
 
 HlOII, the hist liiv sill 
 l''"("l "'Oal. Am'ieiitl 
 iiiioii some dignified , 
 kniix, or rloorkeepiT w 
 sovereign's invseiice. '\, 
 to the king (William th 
 tlniham, was I,,,,! ,.)|,| 
 ■I'homas a Jiecket was 
 ihe first person oualitii 
 causes upon his own ii 
 Jlme, appointed in ,^-, 
 officer was rather a sfatiT 
 .Sir Christojiher Hatton 
 in 1587, was very ignoi'a 
 first retercnee was made | 
 gm-it .seal has been fre,,u 
 the lord ( hancelliirs ,,„ 
 officials by act pas.sed ill 1 
 liC(-(Jiii)/rr//or Was estii 
 
 rice-(7iiiii(r//o>:~Snlar'y 
 housi.' of lords, 4000/. " ' 
 
 I.OIlI, lliiil, , , 
 
 14S7. John Moreton, archhi^l 
 1504, William Wariiaiii act ■, 
 15.5- "lomas \V„lscy, caidin 
 1320. hn IhoMias .More 
 1532. SirTlioiiias Aiidlcv ker 
 ij.y. Sir Thomas Andl,.\' ,.||., 
 
 '■-«■ S'T""' !'""'' "'liol'hesi 
 1547. Hilham. lord .St, ,;,,i||, 
 „ liicliaid, lord Hi,.;,, i,,,:,; 
 
 1551. 1 loieas Goodrich, hi,;,,, 
 
 1552. 1 lie .same; now lonl clii 
 
 '''f v'T'",'" f;?'''i""'i-. bi,.iio 
 
 .5;. Nicholas Heath, arch hi.si 
 
 1553. .'5ir .Nicholas IJiicon i^,,,,. 
 i-g. .Sir ■! honias IJrondc\ |„|', 
 'y-r .ij,"' Christopher nation 
 ijvi. I 111' great seal in cominis. 
 ijv.'. .Sir.Iolin I'liekerin;; l,„-,i' 
 .;». Sir Thomas Kgerton, lord 
 iwj. I^ir I. Kgerton, lord Klles 
 
 1M7. Sir Krancis iiacoii, lord k, 
 ifit. .Sir l-niiieisHacoM, ci- 1,| 
 
 '? 1 .''■"'T"V""''"'-"""''issi 
 1623. John, bisho[, of Lincoln 1 
 
 „ Sir I'liomas Coventrv, alt 
 lord kei'iier. 
 
 1640. Sir, Join, i.'i,„.|,_,, ftp,, 
 
 1641. Sir h, ward Lyttelton, alt: 
 
 lord keeper. 
 
 1643. Tliegreal seal in the hand' 
 1^45. Sir liieliiird Lane, rovke, 
 .C46.n the hands oreoii,i;,iVsio, 
 i649.Incijniii,i.ssion tor the com, 
 1(53. NrKihvard Herheit, kin'-'s 
 i"4. bicoiMiiiissiondnriii-thrc 
 itto. Sir Kdward Ilvde, "loni 
 
 ,on.,ited lord liv d,.,„,|,|„. 
 If;. Sirdrlaiido Itridg '„ , , ,' 
 
 '*'■-'■ •*"' '"".V Ashley, eurl oC S 
 
 eel lor. 
 ■';j. Sir Henenge Kineli, lord kee 
 lio. Hi-neaj;,., ,„,„• lu,.,, y^^^^,^^^ 
 
 ., „.";',"l"'''iilof.Votlii,gliai'„ 
 ^••^'^'•'•""■'•^.Vorlh, cr.Toi ; 
 !&;. riuicis h.rd (inilford, ; .SI,. 
 
 ,; .eoiv,., l„r,i ,l,.|tr,.y.s, u'l-^i"!,, 
 i6^. Illc^llllnli.^si,ill ^" 
 
 1690. SirJiihn Trevor, knt., sir Wil 
 ami sir (ieorge lliiiehins 
 orkecpi'is ' 
 
 1% Sir .luhii.Soiiicrs. lonl keener 
 i^7.SirJuli,i.Som,,,, ,,., ,„'^,'i' 
 
 ,." ^,!'t'!""' **■'■'«'''• l"id keen, 
 
 'M. Kight hon. Wiliia,,, fov, ,e. 
 
 »ai>ls loril Cowper. ' ' 
 
"" CHANCELLOii OK IRKLXS^ 
 
 f^irAMPLArx. 
 
 CHAMPLAL\,.sc.eZ„/.„,,„,,^,,„,, 
 
 
 officials by alt :,ri,!";«sr -"''"r'' r-"'- ''^'' .77. ,;"":"^ "'>''-'^''' " ""'^ "■"'■" ■'"' '- '''^ 
 
 U'V.U ,„r.,t , „ANrK,.,.„„s. 
 
 ,487. Jolin Moi-ct<.i,, aicl.iii,!,,,,, ,,.,, . , 
 
 ,504. Willian, W„,|,aM ", t ;, ; , "»l'>lMir.v. 
 
 ,5,5. TImiMas \V„ls,n, ■ ,,Vi, ' , ,''' '" ' ""''•.iMny, 
 
 ,532. SirTl,„iiK,sA,,,||,,v, 1;,,,,,,,,, 
 1547. «iiliaiii, loid Sf. ,(,,1,1, i.v, ■ 
 
 i;79. •Sii-'liioiiias IJronilHv Icid ,.'l,.„„ 11 
 159.. 2 ,"',- '.'■"f r"",! i" (■"inim.s.sini, 
 
 ,in. Tl.n,, Teat seal i„ .■M.MM.Is'i, ,',■'"""'"' '^'- •'''•■"'^Hor. 
 1625. John, bi.sIii)|,of l.iiiuiilii l,,i-,'r i- 
 „ Sir Tliiaiias Vuvni r ,'r '"Tl""''- 
 
 l«.il k,.,.,,,.,. •'■ ""'■"var.is lunl Coventry, 
 
 1640. Sir Joliii Kiiieli, afterwaiiK I, r.i l- , 
 
 l»r.l keeper' "' ""^'"''"'-^ I'-i'l r.yltelto,,, 
 
 "<■'■ T'»'n'i-eal seal ill tlifl liari,|„nf,„. • . 
 .6li. Sir Kielianl Lane, r„v keen.M '"""'■'*'°"'''''<- I 
 
 .646. ..tiiei,,.i,as„r,.;,,,,i-:/ilt , '• ' 
 
 1649. '.1 ccjiiinnss on C.n- ti.,. ,„ . 
 
 .tesirK,i»ai-,ii;;„',;m';:^:j:;;;»-'i«n. 
 
 «4. l.ic.)ii.nii.ssi„„ .Iniii .,":',"' ' ''"•l"''■• 
 
 A. Sir Eihvanl llv e '•i,, '""""",V''"'"'- 
 
 ,^ ^.c.-ea,e.l lo,-,| li Mb'., ,.■',",'';.■'; '"•. ■•.<ter„arcl,s 
 
 >((7- .Sir(lrlai„|„ liri.liina 1 , . . . , ""'■'^'"1""- 
 
 lip. Aiitliony Aslib-v.e 10 '4 ,:'''.''• , 
 
 cellor. " "' •^"alle.sbniy, lord dmn. 
 
 .'7.i.SirHei,en^'eFi,i(.I,, I,,,,, , 
 
 ii;i. Heiira^e, now loid K,,,,.n 1',.;; , 
 
 „ wanls earl of \otti, ., '„ '""' '''"".cellor, after- 
 
 ■nis^ionns ' ''"'" '"'^I'. ami others, com. 
 
 7^-;';s;:i,,^'''''''-'"'.'..".r.oii«,,,,o,.oi,«,,,,i., 
 
 'Soi. .Toliii .vjcoit. Nm'.I km, ,11 
 
 ■807: '''l'''^I'r:('KMI■;,^t''';;n ''■''"•'■'' '""^ ^rHkine. 
 
 ?:Jj;!;:-i;-:;-->i5>..;r..te,,,oi.,,u,,,„,^ 
 
 ! 1 oLert .Muiisev ."' /." '■■"«''"."l. an.l sir 
 
 be Kivat seal. ' ,9,,;,,,;, "■^'■' <'"'".".->.H.lels of 
 
 •• l*"l't. .Monsevli,!.,'^- '''■""""'«• 27 Feb 
 ■ '839. .lolin, .„,,, ,'ai i',7, • ''" ' t "'•bns/or,l, 26 Keb 
 
 1S65. lioliert M-.nsev Holf,, |„„, ,, 
 
 „ i83q. 'i-aiiiis. n, i.,,|, . ,|i,,,, 2 . I, 
 
 .836. j^r i-aiivi"rie ! ; I :^; '! ^'';"^;)- ^4 ^.nJ^ "• 
 
 •• Hauling.,, fiidai.l |„ ', ,' "^'l"-''!). 6 Keb. 
 .89=. ...nl Ilerseliell, ■.a'v,',,!''"--'^""^- =6J»)y. 
 
 '^' "nl ";n;;^'%n:%;:^r <^'- ^'-■' ear. or 
 
 ^ ii^k.:.;."'^" """^"'-' '^'■•■. coninM^sij;;;;: rank. ;i'i.e office orw^^;';;'::i^:/''-'"^j to thu 
 
 if93. Sir John ,Snn„.rs, lonl keeoev Ireland in 1212, GeolfW T 11 "^ ^''"* """""> in 
 
 .(9;. Sir John .s, is ,.,.„, i- Dublin, bein^so n ^ •^ nC' '"''"O' aroliiieaeon of 
 
 ' '^""Hia..,ioi^;:'l!e.;:;:;r';^;;l^'^'»''^ehe«,iab 
 
i:h 
 
 CHANCELLOIl OF EXC'HEQUEK. -i^O 
 
 CHANTING. 
 
 
 
 i 
 1 ' 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 '»ii^ ' 
 
 
 
 ■gl^ ' 
 
 
 
 |i^ ' 
 
 
 
 ffC 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 ^^^^H 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 MMi 
 
 
 Hi'i 
 
 
 
 ^itij 
 
 f 
 
 
 1'. 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 g 
 
 L 
 
 ., 
 
 i6i)7. .(■ Mi'tliiii'ii. 11 Mui'ili. , ,, , 
 
 ,, Kilwiuil, I'lirl Ml' Mi'utli. Vriiiiiis. .■mi of l,.int;liirrl, 
 iiii.l .MiuiiMiKli, visiMMini llk'ssiiigliin, mviU 
 kf't'jii'rs. 21 Dec. 
 J702. T.iircl .Mi'tlnii-M. hinl cliaiii'i'llni'. :fi AiiK. 
 1705. Sir KiiliMnirux, liiiit., 6 An;,'. ; ivsiKi.r.l in 1707. 
 1707. liii'liiiid rifc'111.111. .Iii:n'. 
 
 1710. IlnlliTt.cillI Mf Kil.linf. ilV.lllilslli.il (Uriiulli'V) "f 
 
 Dulilin, mill Til. .mas K.'inlitl.'V, .•..iiiiiiiski..ii(M-.s. 
 -8 N"V. ,, . , ^ , 
 
 1711. Kii- Cinstiiutini' riiilips. 22 .Ian. It.'»:«ii.'.l h.'l't. 
 
 1714. Alan iir.i.lrii'k, arti'i'war.ls vis mt Mi.Mli t..n, 
 
 II O.t. licsit;n.'.l .May, 1725. 
 172s. Ui. hanl Wi'St. .Inn.'. ,,„.,, » 
 
 172;., TlM.iiia.s Wyii.lliaiu, aft.'rwanl.s l.ir.l Wyii.lliani .)f 
 
 l''ill^l;is. 21 Di'c. , , 
 
 173.1. lt..li.Tt .l.i.'.'lvn, altiTtt-mils l..r.l N'.'H|.i.rt an., visct. 
 
 .I.i.-.'lvji. 7S,-|.t. ; .li.'.l 25 o.t. 175')., 
 1757. .J.ilm n'.iHi's, att.'iHiinls l"iil D.iwcs .it (.i.inly.in. 
 
 22 >.!aii-li : ilii'.l 1767- , . ,. , , 
 
 1768. JaiiH'S II. 'Witt, at'tci'wanls vis.Miiint. I.in.ir.!. ij Jan. 
 
 .li...l 28 April. 1780. , , „ ,,, 
 
 1789. John, l.ar.m l-'itz.!il.l..in, aft.Mwai.ls i-aii ..I Liar.'. 
 
 20 Jnni' ; .li.'.l 28 .laii. 1802. 
 1S02. J..I111. liar.n. li.vU's.lalc. 15 .Mairli. Ucsi;:;iiiil I'fli. 
 
 ■806. , . ., „ 
 
 1S06. O.'.irm' I'.ins.mliv. 25 Mairli ; ivsi«nc.l Aiinl, 1807. 
 1807. Thoni.is Mann.'r.sfsiitt..n, l.ir.1 Maiin.i-s, pivviiMisly 
 
 an Kn^'lisli l.ai-..n .if tliu (X.-liwiiUT -May. Ui'- 
 
 slKiii'il Nov. 1827. . , . , 1, r 
 
 1827. Sir Anlli.inv Halt, invvimisly vi.'.>-.-liaiic.'llor of 
 
 Kn^'lan.l. 5 >'"'■■ Hcsi(,'ni'.l N.iv. 1S30. 
 iSjo. William, lianin I'hinket. 23 l>ei:. lifsigni'il Nov. 
 
 1B35. .Sii- K.hvaril llnitonsliaw Siifidcn. 13 Jan. Ucsi|,'nea 
 .Api-il, 1835. , . ... 
 
 William, liar.. 11 I'lnnUi-t, a s.'.-.in.I tun.'. 30 April. 
 U.'.sii^ni'.l Jnii.', 1841. 
 
 1841. J.ilin CamiilH'll. ,Iiiim'. U.'si.;ni'.l f^.i't. 1S41. 
 ,, Sir Kihv.iril Sii^'.liMi, aft.'i'war.ls l.ml St. I,..inanls. 
 as.'.- I timi'. O.t. l(i>si;;iii'.l,liily, 184O. 
 
 1846. MaziiMv lira.ly. 16. Inly. U.'sit;ii..<l K.'li. 1852. 
 
 1852. Fian.-is lila.-kl.nnn'. Jlairli. Iti'.siyiiua Dei-. 
 
 185.3. Mazi.'i'i' Hia.ly, ajiain. Jan. 
 
 1B58. J.is.'pli Xapii-i-. 1-Vli. 
 
 1859. Mazii-n- Ura.ly, acain. Jiini'. 
 
 1866. Ki-ain-is Ulai-kliinni-. July, li.sijjiii-il Marcli, 1867. 
 
 1867. Aliialiani l)r.'\vst.-i-. 24 JIar.-li. 
 
 1868. Tliiinias, I..1-.I O'Hiiymi. Hi-siKiieil, l-'.-li. 1874- 
 1875. Jdlin T. Hall. I .Ian. 
 
 1880. Tliiinias, l..r.l (('Hajian. .\l.ril. i{.'sit,'n.-.l g .N.iv. 
 
 1881. 
 t68i. Hn(;li Ijiw, .li.'.l loSi'pt, iSSj. 
 
 1SS3. (in iinissi.ni) 22 S.'pt.. sir l-Mw.l. Sullivan. 5 
 
 Di'c. 1883 ; .li.'.l 13 April, 1883. 
 1885. J..lin N'aisli,ali..nt 25 A)iril. 
 
 Kilwanl (lib.s.in, l..nl Aslib..nrn.'. 2j.Juiii'. 
 1S86. J.ilin Xaisli, ali.int 2 K.'li. 
 
 „ E.lwar.l (lili.s.iii, l.ir.l Aslili.inrii.', 26 July. 
 1892. Sanin.'l Walki-r, Aii^. 
 1895. I.'.r.l Asliliiinriii', 25 Jiini'. 
 
 CHANCELLOE of the EXCHEQUER, 
 
 eve Exclttqiief. 
 
 CHANCELLOR OF SCOTLAND, Lokd, 
 Tlio laws ol' Jlali'olm II. (l'J04) say:— "Tlie 
 flhancellar sail at al tyrae.'J assist the king in giving 
 liim eounsall niair "scorotly nor tlie rest of the 
 nobility. . . Tlic chancellar sail he liiilgit ncir 
 unto tin: kinsfis grace, for keiping of hi.s bodie, and 
 the seill, and that he may be readie, bi-ith day nr.d 
 nicht, at the kingis f-omniatid." .S'//' Jniiic-s liiilfuiir. 
 Evan \v,is lord ('iianLellorto>[al.'olm III., ('anniorc, 
 1057; and James, earl of SealieUi, afterwards 
 Findlater, was the last lord ehancellor of Scotland, 
 the office having been abolished in 1708; ecu 
 Keeper. 
 
 CHANCELLOR'S AUGMENTATION 
 
 ACT, passed IttdJ, enabled the lord ebaneellur to 
 sell the advowson of certain livings in his gift for 
 augmenting poor benefices. 
 
 CHANCELLORSVILLE, Viighiiii, U.S., , 
 large brick hotel, once kept by a Mr. Chancellor, 
 was the site of severe sanguinary conHiots between 
 the American federal army of the Potomac under 
 general Hooker, and the i-oiifcdcrates under general 
 l,ee. On 28 April, iSOj, the federal army crossed the 
 Kajipahannock; on 2 ilay, general "Stonewall" 
 Jiii'kson furiously attacked a'ld routed the rifjl.t 
 wing, but was mortally wouinlcd by his own partv 
 tiring on him by mistake, (jen. Stuart took his 
 command, and after a severe contli.'t on 3 and 4 
 May, with great loss to both parties, the fedeniln 
 were compelled to recross the Uappahannoek. Tlip 
 struggle was compared to that at IIo\i<>omoiit 
 du'-ing the battle of Waterloo. Ja. ksondicd 10. May. 
 
 CHANCERY, Court of, is mythically aai.l 
 to liave originated with Alfred (871-ijoi) or Wil- 
 liam I. (loWj-1087). Its power was pri.bablv 
 >:erived from the i-ouneil of state, under whi.h it 
 a.'ted, iiiul of which it beeami gradually iudepen. 
 dent. Its a.-ts were frei|ueutly complained of In 
 the commons in the 14th and l.;th .-cnturies. lis 
 lirol'essed oliject was to render justi.-c complete, 
 and to moderate tin- rigour of other courts 
 tliat are hound t.i the strict letter of the 
 law. It gives relief to or against infants, not- 
 withstanding their minority : and to or against 
 married women, notwithstanding their .ovcture; 
 and all frauds, deceits, breaches of trust and . mti. 
 ilcnce, for which there is no redress at coi; dn 
 law, are relievable here. Jl/iichfoiir ; see t.'/noi- 
 cr/toiv of lUifiliiiiil. The delays in ehan.-ery pro. 
 eeeding.-i having long given dissatisfa.-ti.m, the 
 siibje.-t was brought before parliament in 1825. and 
 frequently since; which led t.) the passiu'.;- (if ini. 
 portaiit acts in 1852, l8;5, i8';5, 185S, and 18(17, tn 
 amend tin' practi.e in the court of .-liau.-ery. See 
 ^IcCDitiitdiit, Viimilij CviirlK, and ISiiprnut' duuil 
 Jin-Mcij. 
 
 The t'liaiivirij il'irUinn of the high court .if 
 justice now consists of the lord ehan.'cll.ir and Bvc 
 judges. 
 I li<iiii-f iJi/oriji m '■""•, sen un.ler 'I'rli'ls, 4 l-'.-l). iSS3. 
 
 CHANDOS CLAUSE, see Cuh,iIU\s. 
 
 CHANNEL ISLANDS, a group about 80 
 miles south of Knglaml, see Ji rm;/, ilj-c. 
 
 CHANNEL STEAMERS, see under Simm. 
 
 CH.\Ny EL TUNNEL COMP.VN Y, regis- 
 
 tered !■; Jan. 1872; see Tiimivtx. 
 Tlie .'.instrnetioii (itacliaiiiicl liri.l;;e I'r.iiii Dover to 
 Calais was pr.iiiose.l in Talis, if.Bg, by .M.M. 
 S.-liiieiil.'r anil Hei-scnl, ami sir Jolin l-'owleiaml 
 II r. (al'l.'rwar.ls sir Jleii.jainiii) Baker, ami .lis. 
 eiiss.'.l in 1800. 
 .Al. linnaii Varilla, of Paris. en;^in.'cr, publislips his 
 plans I'.ir a iihkIc of i-.immnnication lielw.'.'ii 
 '• Dover ami Calais, i-.insisling of a piei or via.lii.-t 
 lialf a mile long, on each si.lc coiiiii-eli'.l by a 
 I tunnel, and estimat.-il cost io,ot)o, 000/. . .^Iay, iSgo 
 . Sir K. .1. H.'.'.l proposed the c.)nstrncli(.n of a 
 tubidar railway, aboviMlie lii-.l of til.' s.-,i . ,Sgo.| 
 III r.-latioii to a jiniposed Cliaiimil bii.k'.', a new 
 i survey of the Slriiits of Dover was nml.'ilak.'ii ; 
 I a report on the scheme was piibllsheil 26 l)e.'. . iSgo 
 Meeting held, 29 Dec 1S92 
 
 ! CHANTING is attributed to Ambrose, about 
 38(1. About f)02, Gregory the (ireat mldcd tunes to 
 
 I the .Vmhrosian chant, and established siiijring 
 
 I s.hools. M. (Jevaet, of Itrussels, in Oct. 18)4), 
 asserted that this statement is legendary and that 
 it was Gregory III. (731-741) who made tlie 
 cliange. Chanting was adopted by some dijsenters 
 about 1859. 
 John MariiP.'k's "Hook of ('.million Prai.-r ii.itc(l"(i559) 
 
 i is the lirst a.lnptutioii of tli.; ancienl Latin anisic to 
 
 CHAPLETS.'the"strii 
 noiiian Catliolics in recitin 
 Jfiii-iu, i-i-, ; see liiadx 
 
 ,. CHAPTER. Aneienti 
 
 hvodmthei-,-itlicdraj, thel 
 
 iiilierfoimingholvotfici'san 
 until the reign of Ifenry VJ 
 .111 iHsenilily of the cler'v o 
 oiithedral. Vuwe//. 'i'h;. ,. 
 imnster-abliey was built ii 
 Ihe abbot, the commoners 
 iwrhameiits ihei-o f,.,„u ,. 
 
 hdward VI. granted them tin 
 
 CHAR-ASIAB, the h 
 Md by .•\fi;|,n„ mutineers, 
 livyeneru Uuker, with the ■ 
 itli Ohoorkas, 6 Oct, ig-n ' 
 Jffeiitcd with severe 'lois 
 niinciiii, and lient. Fer.nis' 
 ;|,«.it70oftheJMti.sh(brc. 
 ri.jitet,shworef-.lselyae,.u, 
 
 .CHARCOAL AIR-PII 
 l).vDr..rohn Stenhou.se, V.U 
 '^ m\ of the l.-.st centu,.' 
 ;lieiuist,diseoveredtliatehai-c< 
 1 e i)ro|ierty of deodorisin.- n 
 *»rb.ng and .lecomposi,,,: \ 
 Kbiisedonthis propc'-fv, 
 Ih apiihcd to public buik 1, 
 'V nhouse ,ilso invetited eh 
 ''>">i«ii'«J{espi,-t,/o,:'.: 
 
 ..CHAELV(}CRO.SS. Att! 
 
 ■•™J iiio last of the memoria 
 ■■■emory of Kloanor. q, em of 
 fommy with her wil?. She d 
 
CHANTKEY LEGACrr 
 
 11 
 
 CHANTKEY LEGAPV ' ' V, 
 
 were institiitcl l.v tli • ,li,n,. /,:,/„ ""'"""'• ^^''o 
 Chapels Act p«,s,.,l' ' v j;,' ,«-',' 'n''"' '''•"•^"^' 
 
 nu".her that 'v,,s ori.. ,] ' ,, ' ''T'l'^' "'"' »'"■ 
 by 21 Ken. \-rir. c. ,! a-V; ""' *" '''"•'' ''"'k, 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Ari'liliisliiji 
 link.' 
 Ilisliop 
 M.ir((iiis 
 Karl . 
 Visi'diint 
 Damn . 
 Cliaiicoilor 
 
 ; K|M■^:llloftlH.^„■„•tol• 
 •Uirclii.pih'ss ' ■ ■ ■ 
 ''"iiiiti's.s. . " • ■ 
 H.'irDiii'ss " ■ ' " 
 
 MMstRi-orti,',. rioiis ■ ■ I 
 
 'f'l.viil Aliuoiicr ■ ■; 
 
 Mariu, &,.. ; see licaX ° tl'e Lord's prayer, Ave 
 
 i.. i.orfon,u>„ iiohom;. ',!;/'' "•'^'■^' ,"'" ''"'•'.■T;;- 
 
 until the reij.,, of Jfe rvnf 'V^;'''"f ""■ •'"■nh. 
 a,i assembly of the d" -, of' .' ,1' '-'"''"V '^^ »""• 
 cathedral. Cuwe//. nl ?/'','■""/'""■' '''""■''' or 
 "ii"-^to;-abl,ey was b, iU ,,7^-o''T" "' ^^'''^• 
 
 heH^At^^^^^H,!^,'':!^"*^ •r'^n. clb,., ; 
 
 Wspncnil Wakor, with tl a' -2n fr"iT">; '■""'■'' 
 SthGhoorkas.oOct 8-'i 'ti "'Shianders an,i 
 Jefe:it«l with severe iL ^'7; '"J"'"'/ "'as tofallv 
 niino,,,,, and lieiit Fe '^L ''"P'' ^"'"'K-. Dr. 
 about :o of the J Htiih t? n'iir?'" "?'""''' "'"' 
 The British were false yac"!.edf '",' "•o."'"'''-)- 
 victory. ^ ^' "*'''' "f eruelty after the 
 
 CHAKCOAL AIR-PrrTPRt! 
 
 k.v Dr. .John Stenhou.e Vw'i^^'^ u'"''' <J"''«''l 
 
 ""■ ™l of the Ic entn'ri t' ■■ '". '**53- -^l'»"t 
 
 .hon>irt,,lis™vered .at ' .u'-^oa^;;! '• J' ^^•'■"'"" ' 
 1 .■ Foperty of ^leodor .,i o' ° t, .V",^';;') l'°^«''«s«l ! 
 
 'feil^si i^irbffi,^- ''-^^ 
 
 .'oihouse also i ive cd • f ,' '"'"'■'''' ^'- Dr. 
 ^<'v„,.„',s. liapiiworf ""'' ''^"l"' ''tors. See ! 
 
 CHARIXG f!Ro«« <f, !,-.•!! . 
 ™-i the last ofllL. memo,;. '""''^•■'"'^'''^''■ins 
 l"n.or.v of lOleano n ;rof r^TwfTr"^'''*'-''* *" 
 f«,ty with her wil?. sia° j ^d is v' "' ™"- 
 
 The ero.ss remained tnTTfiTT,! ~Z ' 
 
 «»■■< '■'"'■Nr.i.Mit of p,,i,V f '•."'■';" " »•'"< 'lestroved 
 ••'■""■' was ereote, ( . ) ''^"V,"";)' ''I'e |.reaen 
 
 nf Cl.arln,.,.ross wen bu iV u ^l'"?- '''I'- I'onses 
 "■«»" in 1.S2.,. The H s '" ":'^' "'ten.fions 
 
 -i>'<ni was laid .; . , , r ,,l';;'::f"'/''""-i"^-.T.«: 
 
 '«>'. WiiM-erford-briil.Wm ,.1 >"**"'-^'' 'S N^pt. 
 "■a., opened i .Nfav. sl- 1 ,.^ ''■•'';'"--'■'■'«■•< I'-nilg,.) 
 ''"•'fl'eniaterialsVm do;,,! ,'''■'' '''V"' ''"Iv, l«02, 
 
 "^■>'VU 2 Dee. 1X(,5,,„„ ';;.,: ■""•"'■^t "••'!" parsed 
 
 ''' ;i"-.> with bilek pier. \I '"'"'V '"''''j''''. ''wilt 
 ('ift. sir John) Jlaw, sha,,"''V',""'*;'-'"'V'l ''J' ■"'•■ 
 ;.'l''''>';'l.toll free ,- oTTh'-H PI '""f-'"'i'l«e w^i* 
 ""■"' 1" excavations Vo,'m ^ '^■"'f"''ene fossils 
 '':"'«• eavelion, nZunlo h C'''','""'' ^ ''"'"'"■o 
 <-'^''-- Autumn, 1882. '"' ^"^'' ''w', '-Iiinoeero.s, 
 
 'n;;rgjj:;'™::',,:^;;;;,ro„.,.^^^^ 
 
 ■hanots wer,. elfe.tivelv use,, ^ ^ "■;'!"''"'■ "'■"- 
 f iesar rehites that f, ■ : 1 • ""' '"""'* n Italv 
 
 f other tmve! ' et,d;u:rm:'r^' '^,""- "'^'"^ '^ 
 ^>--s about his pe.;;!;";;i-i!;,^- 4000 wa.: 
 
 '«"0, and a b,a?,l"for fr",:!''"/";''! "> '7 "4 2d 
 of the ..tablieheclehm 10^" i'TL «''";"r '.-elate, 
 U b„,„, ch„,it„|,,, ji,^ ^'^; ■' «2.S. The Uon.aa 
 and an act for the betr,,, . ■ ' 'S'^sei in iSj j 
 talde Trusts in 8;- w I '"'""""'t'ation ofClmrf: 
 , I'O "ted, who"h!,vV'fro "t^""!"' -^i'!"^r« ^vere : 
 mn.nous reports. Cnd Zn '' ".""^ "'"'"■^''''l 
 
 ii;^":. g'K^?^.f«S™Ex. „„ o,.„e. 
 
 A^ffi;^^^BLE PUXDS INVESTMENT 
 
 S^-lf e^S RELIEF, soeioty fo.. ,„.. 
 
 --'^SpSf-^^Su- 
 
 "."«^.fT«^«?.i;.^;^J^^«TSACTS;;853-6^^ 
 
 ' ^-" ""• puoiisned Oit ..., 1 XT ■ ■""■wit 
 
 «-SA?.'T,'^.s,sf ™ ACTS. ;,53.»,, 
 
 ■.■.'^'Sn^??fflt?i™gHooj,s, 
 
 . ; Ijsffl 
 
 
 ?¥' 
 
 
 15J / 
 
 
r" HI 
 
 ii 
 
 Hi 
 
 CHAIUTY CHILDREN. 
 
 CHAKTKK-HOUHE. 
 
 1S74 
 
 to imrliiiincnt thiit tlii' cmlowi'd iliiiritics iilnnc of 
 (iicat lliitiiiii iiiiiiiiinli'il to i,s(X),(kx)/. aiimiully 111 
 1840. Chai-ity sclioiils wri'ciiistitutid in Lomloii to 
 jiicvnit thi' suiliictioii of the infant jiooi' into Koniun 
 <'iitlioliisi'ininiiiieH, ^JiinicsII., kA'-H. .Mr. Imw <* 
 "Charities of London" was iim1)1isIiciI iW)2, anil 
 Irciiucntly siiicc (l*)4). '^''- ^^'^ J- '',"'*■''/ 
 •• Classiliiil Diri'ctorv to fliu Mctropolilau Chan- 
 tirs," imMishcd anniiallv, 1.S7S il mi/. The house 
 
 <if lords, on ajipcal in a s] ial case (tlic Moravian 
 
 Uritliriii). diTido that nligioiis ami 1 liaritable 
 societies are exeiii|it from income tax, 20 .Inly, l8<jl. 
 I-'irsl eliiirilv coioiiiission oii^in.-ilcil liy Mr. (ancr- 
 waiils liMil) JlroiiHliaiii i" 1810, apl"'iatcil 111 
 1818 ; iMsucil reports in 38 vols, (income of cliari- 
 
 ties, 1,309. 19';'-) • •, ■ •„, • ,. '^'5-'t° 
 
 New coiiiniisMiPiiHrs appointed iSj.) ; olMce, (.\vy- 
 (Ivrlioiise, Wliileliiill; powcis iiiiivii-cl . . i8fxj 
 
 A nieetili^' was Iield at tlic Mali^i .n Imilsc, I.niifloii, 
 iDcoiisiili'r oPjectioiis to I'liarity eloctioiieeiiii;;, 
 witliont iiioiiediate result . . . .so l->et. 1873 
 
 Adilitioiml coiniiiissioners appomteil tliroiiKli aim 
 lition of (lie Eielo'ved Heliools eoiniiiission . 
 
 The Clinrity Vuliiij.' assucialion lield Us llrsl 
 iiiiiuuil iiiiietin;; . . .•,,•• '^ T , 
 
 'J'lie .Metropolitan eliarit ies reeei veil about 3. 195. ' ^ ■ '■ 
 in 1874 ; 4,114,489'. ill 1875 : 4.447. 4.i'''- "1 1S84; 
 4,918,653/. ill 1889-90; 5.fi.i8.-'7o'- m 1S96-7. 
 
 'I'lie (Minritv Coiiiiiiissioners' selieiiie lor the ( iiinp- 
 deii estates, Kensin^'ton ; iioieli oppose.l ; con- 
 llriiied liv f'lianeeiy .... 27 -^''ly, 
 
 •J'he earl ol' iSlialtestjiiry, wlio died 1 (Vt. 1885, and 
 liird Kiniuiird, wlio di.'il 20 April, 1887, were 
 i.|iiinent siipiiorter.s of pliilaiitliropic institutions. 
 
 •J'lie City of London rarocliialCliarities Act. passeil 
 -.„ AiiV- 1881, liliieestlieparoeliialeliariliesat the 
 
 disposal of tlieCharitv Col issioiiers ; they re- 
 
 eoiniiieiidedtlieapplicMtioiiof the funds of the City 
 E'arochial Charities (ahont 5.i..»«./. a year) to the 
 .■eneral lieiietil of thepoor of London . . ."^ejit. 
 
 Their sidiciiie issneil Sept., which was ojiposed by 
 the London Comity l.'oinicil. . . • "ec. 
 
 Sir. Henry yninii lieiplealhs 50,000/. to London 
 charities ■' „' n ' 
 
 tlross ineoiiie of panwliiiil chanties 111 1879-80, 
 I don, 116,960/. ; Westminster, 33.i7.l'- 
 
 Hesolntioii in the <'oiiiiiioiis iiasseil. reeomnienilin;,' 
 liarliuiiientjirv control over tiie Clinrity coiiiniis- 
 sion, 30 .March, 1894; a select eoiiimittee of the 
 <'omii'ionsoii the working of the Cli irity com- 
 mission sat May, 1894; another resolntiou 
 stopped, 2i April, 1S95: the animal report shows 
 tliatthey held intrust i8:t millionssteilmf?, end of 
 
 S'r Alfred Marriott, di"d 28 .Inlv, he,|neatlis 
 250,000/. to charities, i8a6; Mr. Kdw. Mackeson ^ 
 lieiineatlis ahont 100,000/. . . - 12 March, 1098 
 
 CHARITY CHILDREN of Loudon ; meet- 
 ings boKim at St. .Vndrew's, llolborn, 1704 ; lieul at 
 otlicr ehmelics in following years; in l«oi and 
 nine<> at St. Paul's, with intorinissions ; no meeting' 
 in 1878, and since, the erections interfering with the 
 ordinarv services. 
 
 CHARITY ORG AXISATIOX SOCIETY, 
 see VhufUabIc Iti'livf, 
 
 CHARIVARI (Frcneli for " clattciinp: of pots 
 and pans," \:c., noise made to annoy obnoxious 
 jiersons), the name a.ssumed by the French illus- 
 trated satirical journal, first published I Dec. 
 1832, edited by Louis Desnoyers, .Vltaroehc, and ; 
 Albert Clcrc. Xmons the artists were " Cham." a 
 name taken bv the eointe do Noii, who contributed 
 from 1842 tillliis death, 6 Sept. 1879. See rmuh, \ 
 " the London Charivari." j 
 
 CHARLEROI, in nelgium ; fortified and | 
 named bv tlie Spanish ^'ovtrnor Kodrifio, 1666. | 
 Several great battles have been fonnht near this ' 
 town, cspeeiallv in !6oo and 1704; see l-'liiinis. 
 C'liarleroi was besieged by tlie iirime of Orange, 
 1672 and 1677 ; but he was soon obliged to retire, j 
 Near here, at Lignv, Xapoleon attacked the I'rus- ; 
 
 "397 
 
 sian line, making it fall back uiion Wavres, 16 June, 
 
 181 ~ 
 CHARLES-KT-OEORGES. a Fremh V,.. 
 
 fcl, professedly conveying free .\trican emi;;ra!i's 
 } (but reallv sl'ives), seized by tlie I'ortugiie-ie, ni 
 
 ! (.'ondneiii 1)iiy, 2t) Nov. 18^7, sent to Lisboi j 
 
 ! condemned as a slaver. 'Phe French Koverniiirni 
 I sent two ships of war to the Tagiis, and the ve<vl 
 
 was surrendered under l)rote^t ; but the empen.r ul' 
 
 France ^'iive uji the free eini;;ration s.heme. 
 
 j CHARLESTON (South Carolina), foiinde,' hv 
 
 I jieople from old Cliarlestown, 1(180. The Kimli-ii 
 
 : Heet here was repulseil with t:i'eiit loss, 28 .lunc, 
 
 I 177(1. It was liesie;ied by the Itritish troops at ihr 
 
 I latter end of .March, 1780, and snrremlered 13 May 
 
 following with (KXX) prisoners; it was evin uatcil, 
 
 14 Dee. 1782. (Ireat commotion arose herein .N'dv. 
 
 l8(X). throiijrh the eleution of Mr. Lincoln for the 
 
 )n-esidem.y. he being (i)iposed to slavery, liii 
 
 12, I,; .April, l8()l, the war liegiin by the ci>nl|.il|.. 
 
 rates' bombarding Fort Sumter; see Viiiltd Si„i,s. 
 
 In Dee, i80t, the federals sank 11 number of vcsmU 
 
 laden with stone in order to choke up the eiitianie 
 
 to Charleston harbour. L'nsuccessful attacks were 
 
 made on Charleston by tin federals between .\pril, 
 
 1863, and 17 Feb. 18(1-;, when the coiifederatis were 
 
 eonlpelled to retire; and the federals replaced tlieir 
 
 standard on fort Sumter, 14 .\])ril,tlie day on wlii.h 
 
 jiresident Lincoln was assassinated. 
 
 .\boiit three-funiths of the city deslroyeil byuueiiitli- 
 
 iliiidie, i<,|i.iii. ji An;;. 1SS6; 96 persons killed. 
 ro|iiilntion, 1890, 54,955. 
 
 CHARLESTOWX (Massachusett.s) was burnt 
 by the liritish forces under general tiage. 17 June, 
 1 773. Churlestown taken by the liritish, 7 May, 1 779, 
 
 '• CHARTE CONSTITUTIONNELLE,' 
 
 the F'rencli political constitutiou aekiiowlodgej bv 
 Louia XVIII., 4-10 June, 1814. The infraction of 
 this constitution led to the revolution of 1850. The 
 amended " Charte " was promulgated b'v Louis 
 Philippe, 14 Aug. 1830; and set aside by tlie revo- 
 lution of 1848. 
 
 CHARTER-HOUSE (a corruption of Chart- 
 reuse, which sir), London, formerly a Cai-tliusian 
 monastery, founded in 137 1 by sir Walter de .Manny, 
 one of the knights of Edward IIL, now an extensive 
 charitable establishment. The hist prior. John 
 Houghton, was executed as a traitor, for denyiii;: 
 the king's supremacy, in >Iay, 1535. After the 
 dissolution of monasteries in 1539, the charter- 
 house passed through various hands till I Nov, 
 161 1, when it was sold by the earl of Snilolk t" 
 Thomas Sutton for 13,000/., who obtained letters 
 patent directing that it sliould be called " the Iws- 
 pital of king James, fminde'd in the Charter-house," 
 and that " there should be for ever 16 governors," 
 &c. On the foundation are 80 Jioor brothers and 
 44 poor scholars. Sutton died, 12 Dec. 1611. The 
 expenditure for 1853-4 was 22,39))/. ; the receipt.-, 
 28,908/. ; receipts in 1885, 30,3(4/. This selioel 
 was affected by the Public Schools Act, 1868. In 
 Sept. 1872, the school was opened in new buililin^'s, 
 at Godalming, Surrey. The old buildings, ada|)ttd 
 for the Merchant "Taylors' (day) school, were 
 opened by the prince of Wales, 6 April, 1875. 
 The buildings for the poor "brethren" were 
 also modified, and in Nov. entirely new arransc- 
 ments for thiMii were proposed, liill proposing 
 removal of the " bretliren " (55), who are to 
 become annuitants with additions ; and erection 
 of buildings on the site of the old buildings 
 and land ("four acres), a total reversal of 
 Sutton's will, introduced; opposed; withdrawu 
 
 CHAR 
 
 7 May, 1886. 'Jhe ' 
 ;";''', '!,^'J"'-^Vm.U 
 
 Jished 1879. 
 
 CHARTER. PA 
 
 tnercliants and niastei 
 and cargo, mini to hav 
 uliout 1243. 
 
 CHARTERS, gr 
 
 jin.tect their nmniifin 
 modified by Charles J I 
 restored in 1698. \{\ 
 .Mnniii|ial JteformAct 
 anil lli,roiiij/,,s. Amiei 
 limited in Kenible'a "( 
 
 CHARTISTS, th, 
 
 b.rthcs of the lowei' ela« 
 
 of the JJefoi m Dill i,,', 
 
 (ne people's C/iaftcr* { 
 
 Uiiiirrsal fjiiffrai/i; Vot 
 
 minis, I'ui/mciil 'of the j 
 
 rmperti/ Qiia/ifi'cnlinii 
 
 icSiH), and ]':,jmil Eievti 
 
 I liartists assembled in vi 
 
 ai-incd with guns, iiike^ 
 
 Mrrying torches and t| 
 
 iiaued against them, 12 L 
 
 tint liirmingham, (> .\, 
 
 piriiiiment by Mr. 'i; 
 
 Ihev committed great 
 
 ij Jul}, 1839, and at Ni 
 
 l8W- JlteyJieldforsoni 
 
 (ailed the "National C 
 
 men being Feargus O'Coi 
 
 .Stephens, iVe. On 10 Ap 
 
 .ioida meeting of 200,0 
 
 .omnion, London, to man 
 
 Westminster, and present 
 
 tint onlv about 20,000 can 
 
 rstablishments were fbrtifii 
 
 measures adopted, and not 
 
 of nil ranks (including Lo 
 
 (iiiperor) were voluntarily 
 
 ..iistables. 'The chartists 
 
 ."untera with tlie police, ai 
 
 III detached rolls, was sent 
 
 'oiinnons. rrom tliis time 
 
 (liartists became insignifica 
 
 CHARTREUSE, Lv 
 
 nionaslenesoftlieCarthusi, 
 the rugged mountains nea 
 'vas founded by Bruno of C( 
 tlie revolution in 1792, the 11 
 
 tieir valuable library destro 
 the monastery after the re 
 -Nov 1880 they declined to 
 
 die decrees for cxjielliiig the 
 frimoe. 
 
 .CHARTS AXD MAP 
 ■Miletus IS said to liave beer 
 yraphicil and celestial chi 
 Jloderii sen-charts were brc 
 Mholomew Columbus to il 
 J™;V''Tr''''8^ a "-estern f 
 trs tolerably accurate map 
 IvOeorge Lilly, who die^ i„ 
 'j'tor published an atlas of 
 ^'mor. The daily paper,. 
 
 JI.;«.<.Ab.Ortelius,Et.itonieTIiPi 
 _»l'eit,4c.,ofthe_H-orl,l'„nd'c 
 ■ Will. Lovett. its alleg^dlii^ 
 
CHAKTEE-PARTY." 
 
 11 b- 
 
 7 May, im,. Tho "CI,,,,.. ,. i 
 IisJkmI iS;,). '"• "'"» J'"'«", li'iul nmst.r, ' ' 
 CHARTEK-PARTV „ 
 
 tni'iclmnu ,.,„l .nasi, "o,^,;," ™'-;'."""t boUT,.,! 
 "Nci .argo, said f, i,„v« been , '■'"*",'" ^" "'" "'"P 
 
 F'''-tth,.ir,„a,;,,^!:;:,^ -If >•''''■ (owns to 
 modihwl by Charles ii i , h,x ' ,, '-^ •'• '" "?2; 
 
 CHARTTSTS ^""^-^ JJ.plo.„at„.,„," ,8,,j. 
 eno people's 6'/,«,7 , * bf 'if' ;" '„'"■'! d-'.H.Hli,,," 
 
 .iniiciJ with ™iia nikrJ V .1 ' ""•' lounti-v, 
 
 earning forces 'a^dif^,;:'"' .""''''• «™I'nns, an,i 
 
 iijuedaffainstthem. labcr" 'n, P''''^'''."|i'itioii was 
 
 t. at Iiirmingham,'( Aoff .sVs '',''"'"""" ^''-''''^^ 
 IMriiament by W • i 4,. ,-5*^ ""* P'-<-''«"''ti.d to 
 
 'iKT comn>itt..d groat outn^os' l-^.r"""' '«.^'' 
 li/ulv, 1839, and atLuMnr^^ f ,J^"-"iii.sham' 
 
 223 
 
 CHATHAM mMryLSTRATION.- 
 
 > "II p.iratn,. Atlas ■' ,«,i 7'' '^- AiTo»>i,„iti, 
 
 -■'^;^:' 'te'^KJ«{;■•'•^;v;l?:^Nas,^v3K 
 
 CH A, S.SEPOT TMT.'TT.' 
 
 ?•;-'. IM.J „ hreech-loaie^^^^;;,, ,;; T'"'"''. '"''"'le. 
 '^'I'lw.nse Chassepot) Hd , "k'" ',"* '•» '■"tor, 
 
 ■.;«'";-l to the troops. In hi, 1 V '"■'«' ''''d been 
 
 ^•'l''. '/be .'hassepot )^.s 1 '„^'."' S''"- ,!>« Failly 
 
 5 ;";'rally considered s.cTessf',, '!''''''• '' ^«« 
 J he ranife of ti,. 1 "'•'^"'"''ui in the war iH-r, , 
 
 i''»t "'th.^a" 1 le;:; ';':rx' 'f-^ >Hm ,;,. ,J°; ,• 
 
 ""■ ('""nans in afl h i r^el^'"'''!' '^' "'"'70) 
 '2f)opaee.i before t,„ """''» '""i l" travem^ 
 
 2 '''■pt. l«;o. "'" ^ "-'"^^n •irmy at Sedan, 
 
 -% ■'i'lu'vlie d fo son t'^n ■' ^"''"■'■''' ■^'■^)' 4 ^'" '.' 
 .&U,e;.Natio,;ra^;ir^»[,i-f."ent 
 men lieing Fearpiis O'Conno.- VrV •,,■ '•^'"'"ng 
 Stephens, ie. On 10 Am rixVs t'i[ ^ '"•■""'' "'*' ' 
 l."M a meeting of 200 oor,' .^ ' ""'.I'.P'ni'Osi'd to 
 amnion, Lond'on! to i^,',?^ , 1 " ."" J^"■'■'"^^'ton. 
 IVestniinster, and nrese a „ ,"' '" P'"«'s«i"n to 
 but only aboi'it 20,Cc me ' tC". '° .P'"-""'""'* ; 
 .stablishnients wc.'e fort (iVd'bv , if "'' "'"' ""'«'' 
 measures adopted, and not 1 .si/""'-''' I"-«v<'"tive 
 "fall ninks (inel id iTo, k V, "'! '50.000 ,,ersons 
 .r»peror) were voliin ar ly vo "Jn ""', '"'"■'■"'''■•'l^ 
 .^tables. Tlieehartistid nersedai't ".' y"^''"' 
 -miters witli the poliee nnd ,i , '!" '''S'lt t'n- 
 .« detached rolls, ias se'n ' h, fb T the j"^""""'- 
 "Hiimons. From this »Jm„ .1 "^ "'e house of 
 
 cbartists became i„lig„iK,t J"''"''^"d"'8s of the 
 
 CHARTREUSE, L v ait ^vnr t r , 
 monasteries of the Carhmsian o'.^der fi',/' 1'^,^ "^ "'« 
 llie lusrged mountains near G rennl.lL • '..'""""S 
 ;;as founded by Bruno of Colog u""at',,t''JoS '""T' 
 llie revolution in 17(12, the iimnL.... ' , 4- At 
 
 • eir valuable libn ry de ?ro "i^' Tb! '''^'''■•"'•J ""d 
 the monastery after (he res m-.f^'/''""'"'"'' *" 
 Nov ,880 th,?y declined to , ."m •n.I,° '^'h ^" 
 'liederrces lor e.xiielling the AM, i "'*^V""' '^■'"'n 
 france. ' ""«"'•- ^'''igious orders from 
 
 CHARTS AXD MAP« i 
 •Miletus is said to havfbec^, /l,,. f "'"""""dpr of 
 n.i;hieal and celestial char " abouf'"c-''^ «'"'- 
 Modern sea-charts were brono-tlf ♦ ,.' ^/O Jt.c. 
 llarlholomew Columbus to ilhfA .*" ,^"gb'nd bv 
 theoiv respecting a western ein,■'''"^^"' •""ther's 
 first tolorailv «cc-u?ate , an of Pn" t"''^ '•♦^9. The 
 l.v George Lillv, «ho d c^i°f f "f '"f. «as drawn 
 f'lor puMished an atlas of l^^^' •^•"■'"d Mer- 
 ^'-cLr. The daily' pip^L '"X- V> '595 ; see 
 
 J-n.apsillustn.l^nrthr'S^^/'isjSt. 
 
 'tSrS^^^»-'':^-'.-iP-Hpnar,,n,n.i,Ji 
 
 'bFi^^Syii^Jl:^;.-!^'' '^!'>-. N. C. France 
 ;■■•;• wor.. .nassaced, 2"' J^,ir'':',«"-''° !'''"•' '4^ 
 iwlian^ons, fanatic niavena eVu. ,'1'' ,">"' 7000 
 9 <xtenninate tJie Albi"L ,,'""""'«" hired 
 "I'niy, abbot of Cl,^.l ^ "•' '•>' ""' ''aid nal 
 ,'';;ome the scou"ge^i .*,"oun't?v"'V .'^'"'J ^Td 
 chons" were organised Ltl- 1'' "'"' "'" "bapu- 
 "■"'"'•■n was cfpCed bv til, p''''''^''""- ^^4- 
 scv.Te eonlliet 0/ about i,' „, ^O''"'"'-^ after a 
 "•'iricades had bee e ,. / • ''",'"''- '« O't. 18-0 
 -"b; Mobile foligt' ;t;" 'Ir '«-"• ""d th°e 
 '>''Hin..ibytheF,;.„,.i;;'(^\^>;._ ■""■ town was re- 
 
 ;"^f^™^ti^ar:S'''"-'l-'«-.Uionoftho 
 l';i'zal)eth, has ,,,;"'• '""'tiH'iiced by queen 
 
 <^biitha,n^^,.J:,,' Xf'oft.'"'''"'''^''-^he 
 brayed ..eamen, ori.^i , v „°, J '.'■."otinded and 
 
 ':\"X, was renioveil t,> ,r" "''- .''ud Hawk ns in 
 ■o Juno, .'K.7?i Dull? «"';""■'', "' '«03 On 
 "".vt<'r,sailed'np to 1 if . ' """''' '"'""i'"' ^^ 
 »"'u-of-war; bu the e t,-. , ' ""'' '""'>' «'ver.a 
 "ow .b.fended by Sue ."'''" ","" ""-' ^edway s 
 julditional fortili^caH,, '.,,;""' ,""»'"• <orts, i„d 
 0.18-1, Feb. .861, y 1, "'■"""' f Chatham 
 "•a.s .siip,,r,..ssed by the n i?," * ''■''\''f ''"'^onWet; 
 o?S-.. About looo'w,';''^..';'"'' •""'■y '-ioters 
 «•™.^^■d. and many nerL ,, \v,,. '''''''•'''■'■ '''"* de- 
 >"0W docks and a basin s.,-! ,'' ■^''''ously hurt 
 '""•■^t in the world ',',:; :, '^^'\l''^ J^^l^'^'^t a, d 
 
 ; «'stle a,Ii«i„istr,.,tio , ,V "^' •"-'Of'tarv ,'„ the \w" 
 
 m 
 
 i>'?^ 
 
 1^ I 
 
 1- '*'VV ..h41 
 
 
 
 Llyi'i-^-r.^tJN 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 "m^ 
 
 ^["ur'A 
 
 Vi 
 
 I,, 
 
 f 
 
 I 1, 
 
 &< tl 
 
 iVi 
 
 's- ¥) 
 
 
ill 
 
 CHATILLOX. 
 
 •m 
 
 CHEMICAL WOHKS. 
 
 I'to 
 
 
 Clllllli's Tmvli'.lii'IKl. ihn.nrlhir iif the r.iilwiufr. 
 KarldrNnrllMiiHtciM, /"^<'/»v■.«ll^■/|^ 
 
 ^j.rl III' MiH'iiMiiiMMiii.i ^••i»""'ii-'"'i»">'' *''''■''"''',''",;'' T\' 
 
 Sir Cliarlps Suimic1i'I'.h(»iiccw(Ii'(1 !))• Mil- Kdwunl Hiiwkc), 
 
 itih)ii>'iittii. 
 MiininiHiiriiniiiliV, nrilniui-r. 
 I.iinl llill>liiir(Mi«li,,rtr.-r /.»'' n/hvih: 
 
 Vlsciiinit lt,iniliKl<ill, .mivlmil nl ''■ 
 
 l.diil NdilliMiMl »ir(iiMil-iii'<'i"iki', jmiitjiiii.imitlfrs. 
 Visi'Diiiit ll.iwi', h,;.-<inniiflli'- n'lrii. 
 Diikc of A »tir, loiil If DeHiM'iiciT, *c. 
 
 CHATILLOX ("11 tlio Si-iiiP, Fniiific). Wl''''^ 
 II cciiiKrcss WiiK held liv tin- fuur jjmtt powrrs hIIumI 
 iiL'aiiKt Fiiiiii 1', ut wliidi CaiilaiiiiMJilit uttemlocl Inr 
 Niipoloon, 4 l''cl>. 1H14: till" iiouotiiiliimM for pwicf 
 were brnUeii ntVun H) .Maivli (ollowLiig;. 
 
 CHAT MOSS (f.iini'asliirr), n pent Img, twelve 
 Iliilfs siiuarc, ill iiiixt placrs so soft nn ti) l)i' 111- 
 fnpuble (if xiipporlin^' a man or lioisc, over wliicli 
 (iforirf Htcplii'Msoii, the railway onsiiiccr, camod 
 the Livi'rpnol and Maiulu'stcr railway, iifti-r over- 
 (•nmiiiK dlHii iiltits (oiisidi'iod iiiviiuiblo. Tlio road 
 (litonillv a Hoatin?; onr) was lomiilctt'd by I Jan. 
 l8u), when till' tir^t experinu'ntal tram, drawn by 
 the Koiket locomotive, passed over it. See Jloij.i. 
 
 CHATTANOOGA (Tennessee). Near here 
 the federal i;ciierals, Sherman and llioma», dc 
 feated tlie eonfederate -eneral lirag;;, after stormini? 
 the entrenibments, 24-2^ Nov. 1X63. liratr}; re- 
 treated into (ieor-ia, and Loni^street into Mrginia. 
 
 CHAUMONT (on the Marne, Franro),TKK.VTY 
 OF entered into between Great Dritain, Austria, 
 Kussia, and Prnssia, 1 Mareh, iHt.l. This trciitv 
 was Hueeecih'd 1)V that of Paris, 1 1 .Vpnl, by whieli 
 Napoleon renoMn<ed his »overei,u;nty ; see I'tin.^. 
 
 QJJA.I'A'IXISM, a team said to bo derived 
 from Chaiivin, the inincipal eharaeter in Scribe's 
 "Soldat Labouri'ur," a veteran .soldier of tlie first 
 empire, tilled with intense admiration for Napoleon 
 and for all that belonjte<l to him. Scribe was born 
 24 Dee. I7<)4, died 20 Feb. lS()l. 
 
 CHEAP TRAINS ACT. " & 8 Viet, c 8^ 
 1844. Another act passed, Aug. I««3- °*^o JCini- 
 
 CHEATS were punishable by pillory, impri- 
 sonment, and fine, and a rigorous statute was 
 enacted against them in 1542. I'ersons cheating at 
 plav, or winning at anv time more tiian lol. or any 
 val'uable thing, were deemed infamous, and were to 
 sutler imnishnient as in eases of perjury, 9 Anue, 
 1711. Jiliifhlom: 
 
 CHEE-FOO CONVENTION, see China, 
 
 I87<J- 
 
 CHEESE is mentioned bv Aristoth', about 
 •?;o li.c. it is supposed by Camden and others that 
 the Knglish learncil oheese-naiking from the Uomans. 
 ■WiltSjGloucester.andCheshire make vast quantities. 
 In 1 140 we imported from abroad abo\it 10,000 tons ; 
 in i8si.384,i')2cwt.; in 1866, 872,342 cwt.; in 1870, 
 1,041,281 ewt: : in 1876, 1,531,204 ewt. ; in 1881, 
 1,840,000 ewt. ; in 1884, 1,927.139 cwt. ; 111 1887, 
 1,836,789 cwt. ; in i8ip, 2,244,974 cwt. ; m 1893, 
 2,077,462 ewt. : in l8<A 2,244,525 ewt. Exporfeil : 
 i8-(), 17,411 ewt.; 1880, ii.()03 cwt.; 1885, 
 I2,'708ewt.; 1890. 12,211 ewt. ; 1893, 10,917 cwt. ; 
 1896 10,33? <wt. The duty on foreign cheese, 
 producing annually about 50,000/., was taken off in 
 i860. Large quantities are imported from the 
 United States. 
 
 Tlie Cliwliliir svsteni of cliecsciuaking, named after a 
 village in .Su'riHTsi-tsliiiv, with rm i>iit iinprovciiiiiit^ 
 lias lieen l;irgely adopted in llie Hritisli iloniinioiis and 
 till' United States during tlie present century. 
 
 CHELSEA (Middlesex). A eoum il held 1„ ,, 
 27 .Inly, 8|(). Xirii/iif, \ theologiial eolle^e lu'i 
 founded by .James I. in i60(), was eonv(;rtii| |,j 
 Charles II. in 1(182 to an asylum for wounded :ip,| 
 superannuated soldiers. The erection was iiuiiiil 
 on by .lanies II., anil completed by Willian. III. in 
 I(k)(). The projector was sir Stephen Kov, i;i.ii„|. 
 father of the oiatorl'. J. Fox ; the- architi'ct h is ir 
 Christopher Wren; , iid the eosf :50,0(K)/. In ;H\i, 
 there were 70.(xk) onf- aid 539 iii-/)cn.\iniirni,' .. 
 The physic garden of sir Hans Sloane, at Clnl-r,,, 
 was givi'ii totlie .Vpiifheearies' cunipaiiy, f7Ji. ii,,. 
 Chelsea waterworks were incorporated, ['22. [l,,- 
 first stoiii (d' the .Militarv .\syliiiu, Chelsea, ua- l,iic| 
 I liy Frederick duke of Vork', U) June, 1801.— Th.- 
 ' bridge, coiu tr acted by .Mr. T. I'age to connect ( 'hcl-i , 
 with liattersea-j)aik,"was openeil March, 1858. T|„. 
 Chelsea emliiinkmeiit was dpeiied by the duke kicI 
 duchess of Kdinbiirgh, i) May, 1H74'. See VVw',,, 
 July, 1870 and 1872. Creiiiorue public :;iinli',is 
 I'los'ed, 1877. The .Mberf-bridge was iipciK^d j, 
 llee. 18-2; bidli freed from loll, 24 May. iH-i/. 
 The parliamentary borounh of Cludsea, creidcil li\ 
 the Ueforni act, 15 .\ug. 1867, eonsi.ced of CheUcI, 
 ' Konsington, Fulhani, and I'ammersniith. liv llir- 
 net of 1855, Chelsea alone returns i liieniber. ' 'flic 
 Chelsea .Savings Hank siispende 1 liiiyincnt : lii- 
 bilities to be sustained by trustees, 18" Jan. iSijo. 
 Free library opened by carl Cadogaii, 21 Jan. i,Si|i, 
 Thos. Carlyle s house, Cheyne-row, opened ii» :i 
 ' museum, with jiersonal relies, 26 Julv, iHif, 
 : I'opulation, 1881,88,128; 1891,1)6,272. 
 
 1 CHELTENHAM (Oloueestcrshire). Ifscclc. 
 
 , hraled mineral spring was discovered in i;i.S. 
 The king's well was sunk in 1778 : and other wells 
 by Jlr. 1'. Thompson in l8o(). Magnesian suit \vii< 
 first found in the waters in li^il. 'I'he tliciitic wm 
 erected in 1804. (Irammar school and alnisiiousi-., 
 endowed by Uiehiird I'ates, 157^. Chellenhiiin wm 
 incorporated, 1876. I'opuhition, 1881, 45,9-:; 
 1891, 42.914- 
 
 C'llKI.TKNllAM rol.I.Kor Was foUlldcd in 1341, lIKlililv In- 
 
 .Mr. George >Siiiioh Hari'onrt anil . Mpt. .liuiies Sliniliii 
 
 Tredcll, for a classical, niatlicniatical, and nm 
 ednealion in stiict eonforniity witli tlic piinciiil.-. 
 the clmreli of Kiiglnnd ; anions the iinpils Imv.' Ii...'i 
 Lord I'lniiket, areliluslio|iid' Dulilin. sir ll,.|iiv,iaij,. - 
 aft. lord .Iniiics ol' llcrcl'oni, prince .Miiiiiayli, shim 
 
 Tlieipilore negus of Abyssinia, iirii l.nuis N'apnli.i.i 
 
 and prince h'laneis of Tecdc. TI Ilc^c was visiliii 
 
 and the ]aizes distrilinted, liy the dnkcid'Caiiilniil;;.' 
 21) June, i83j ; and by the lUiehcss of Teck, 23 Jiu:r, 
 1886. 
 
 CHEMICAL SOCIETIES. One fomicii i,i 
 London in 1780 did not long continue. Tin' 
 present Chemical society of London was est.iMiihiil 
 in 1841 (jubilee eidcbrated at llurlington lioiisi', :4 
 Feb. 1891) [Mr. J. J. Tustin gave 1,000 guiiiras 
 to the society's Kesearch fund, Jan. 181)7] : tbt j 
 of I'aris in 1857 ; ti.at of Uerniauy at llerlia, iSd;. 
 The Iiis/ihitc of C/icuiis/yi/ nf Cvmi WnUiui 
 formed; professor Kdward Franklaud first iiit- 
 si<lent, 1877; first meeting. 1 Feb. 1878 ; char- 
 tered, Oct. 1885. Vlitiiiiiiil liHlii\tnj Sijfidi 
 founded 4 April, 1881. 
 
 CHEMICAL UNION of manufacturers nfj 
 bleaching powders, alkalies, ie., was pinjci tnl I 
 July, l8<,0. The union, named the united iilknlij 
 eonlpany, advertiacl shares for sale to the iuiioiiiitj 
 of 1,256,000/., Feb. 1891. 
 
 CHEMICAL WOEKS. Royal oommissionj 
 appointed to inquire into Hie inaniigtiiieiil ni 
 cheniiciil works, to ascertain the effect of gases anill 
 
 CHE.\r 
 
 vapours given olf, „„ | , 
 the commisai„,„.|.g „,,^ . 
 
 IN Jul), 187^. J„ t,„,j 
 Ihpy recomnieiKleil i„(,,.,,.,, 
 -trmgent regi,|„ti„,m. Se 
 
 CHEMLSTUY was i 
 
 tlic .Moors, about irco 'J'l, 
 
 'I"''","" ?'"''y «e,|„ai„t„„ 
 
 :.^f chemists were' the .\, 
 
 lull chemistry w.-is not , 
 
 ;;'iil"r.v; (luriuif „.hieh its 
 Ita'oii, looke, M„v,„, ,„ 
 
 piutolthe,«thceniury I 
 Miirulation of l',„-in,u,tl '■ 
 lemporary «oe,|,„„v,, _ 
 ;l'™>8fiy with ine.liH,,,, 
 ^1' Icrgnnm, Stahl, itl,.,,k'. . 
 IiiililHhed his le,seai-ehes on 
 llio ga.ses oxygen, amiuoni-i 
 iiifiiccil a new eliemi,;,! eri 
 
 III ('.ivc;ndish, .Sel |„ V.. 
 
 "!'"'"• .The 19th eenfun- op, 
 taveries of Uavy, eo,if-i,„ ,, 
 Tliomson, ice. (),;j„i,ic a,,, 
 irfatly advanced In fli-r/e 
 
 Laiireiit,Hofmann,Cahonrs K 
 .;infel830; see iv„„ .„„„," V 
 
 For the analytical pnuvsses 
 aihim, invented b. K;, 
 (1861), and "///<//y,*/.v ••(,«),' 
 (186!), invented In- M,* .;' 
 Iimco.,-The/e«y„/c,iv/,,;^/„. 
 I f'^ f.'""l.»n. was est.ihli.i/f 
 South Kensington) — Ff,.,„'v\ 
 IWMry of Chemis^r^,•• I,,,',.,,, 
 ™"',f*';^'''i|'""«."'888,;j; 
 t\--- ^,''' ^^""■'z'seqiiallv 
 k Chirnie," 1868-85. I'r of T 
 
 lionarv of Applied Chemistry" i> 
 Un, « Sept. 1848,, liseovere- 'of 
 I osiiiips, theopJieiie, 1SS2, 6ce \\ 
 
 J., Jul), 18^3. It issued cheni 
 
 (fcuo r/.) available for p," 
 «l sums and is suited for', 
 Wer. The plan, ,|ue to ^. ■ 
 iifotor, has been modified ^.'i 
 CHEQUES, see Drafts 
 CHERBOURG, the great n 
 
 « of France on the cost o 
 M«r miles eiiui-distint >■, 
 
 ^g* an lost „i,4-,^. i;„J 
 
 wwsAn., some works were ere,. 
 
 fjt^'iuban, which with s,,m, Shi 
 fcfjed In- the IJritisI,, .\ 
 
 Arejumed by Louis XVl' 'J, 
 ■achorage for nearly the who, f 
 
 ■''fr«nne;i liy clio mistsl,','';,,"'''' ''"''" 
 .*» i« thus broke ,hw,''"r','."'»''' 
 fl%or,,878 "*""""»"• Indigo art 
 
 i&iii 
 
 i|:t A^ 
 
cjrEMrNTKv. 
 
 vapours (jivnn ,)((•, i,,, j ,,,„ 
 
 llu' n,M.mis,u„„,,« „,,^„ ," , ,"1';;|"^ "f Pivv,.ii(i„„ 
 
 |ipili'H.sni-s Alicl, A Willi,. •*" 'I'liiiv, ,.,ii-| |',.r, . 
 
 ilii'V roc,)n,i,i,.n.l,.,l in,T,.il'.,' '""'''.''' ■^"^- !«;« 
 -irin>f..i,f .•,.s„l„tio,m. 807///'^"""' "'"' mor 
 JIIEMTSTl^V 
 
 till' 
 
 22.5 
 
 M 
 
 CHESS. 
 
 ;;'"'"^Vi<l»nn«^vl.i,. ',;„":,;,'';■•• 'ill "- .r/i; 
 
 'iii'iiiistiv w«h ,„„,|i,.j„„ ",',"' Hu« „ti„|, „,. 
 
 piililishfil iii.s r,.s,.,„vl,rs „,, 'i, I '"'2' I'ni'stl,.,- 
 llip pw's oxyKni, imnn.mi! a',: "*■"'^' 'I'^i'-voivil 
 "™'i"i''wHi,'MMial IT, ' I •■""' '''"'* i''>iii- 
 
 \) Civi'iidisii, ,s,.|„.,.i,. '■ „, '!''. "'"< 'I'i'y .-,.,.oii,i,.,i 
 
 A.™. Tho ,9th ,.e„t,.;.,, ;;;,";.:,'';;■•,. '';';'i''''i. a-ni 
 
 matly n.lvanced l,v lUrtl '', '"l" '"^'■" v.-n' 
 U„mit,UofmHnn,C;.l,„ ;'k ; , '^'"'nx, DnuuJ, 
 
 'V'«.v,,,,,. '>.^ '^.;.';<'.*;;";i»ti.er. 
 
 '540, nml plmifod in 
 
 ........ v.. .,.UV*III|(||J 
 
 jllice 1830; 8t'0 Inunnaru h 
 
 For the a,v.lyti,.al l.ron^s,:?";;™!!;! ' .^f •""'•""• 
 
 », invented In- i[,T^;. "";'""'''""'/,/.«• " 
 
 «, London, wan .'stal, i, l/f;:'",'^"'^' 0-^(">-d. 
 Wh Ken8ington)~lr,„ "T! "'84,5 ("'"v „t 
 ii'".v of Clu-mishT." I,^.„, ■«;, *f^''"f " J)i'.- 
 iiieiil8;ncivedition3,"i8S8<-7v, "''U. las suppli. 
 
 Je thimi..." i868.«c. iMof V • l^"'""'"'ai.i' 
 tenarv of Applied C'licnii,,,..; ,„, ''- {.'""•pi''» JJi.- 
 
 lUto I/,) available Co,- p, i?, ' " .^ "■"-''' "'""•' 
 
 I mil sums, and i« Huited f. ', *' "' ^'■'"■'""ittinL'- 
 
 taker. The pla„, ,,,;;,' ' ;■.'•'«';••' Hot having. „ 
 
 tetor,h«.beenmodiri,.d, Al\\tT:\>H''^'- " 
 
 CHEQUES, see /..„/// ■^^^"'•'««°- 
 
 , CHERBOURG the o,-,..,f 
 Imilof Fran "!;;; H , « ^^ "^t^'^'^' «"'l 
 Jfcorro milea equi-distant h„l. '""">'• "'"'"t 
 IfraMiith. It wna rant , n.,1 1 ' "'•'■•^""Hith and 
 I'liS, and lo8t in 74 '^ "l"' ""in- V. 
 
 |m\aul),ui, wliii.h Hift, ""'.'•'il here bv the 
 
 Iwrii- resumed by Louis XVI i.pf''^'', ' "S«' The 
 |4; revolution. The break „',hM ""'■'''■"I'te'l l>y 
 Jip.resumed by Nai),)le .i, r ! ' '■"""m-need i,, 
 
 liKlorage for nearly the wl „1 . 1, ''"''IJ'i!'' ""ordinff 
 lg*dhv«tron«fHtl^e „r^-^,F™"'-.nn5 
 
 'V.iS/S. "• ""'ifi'irtilliially f„ni,",i 
 
 3''''«" v,«,t Cherbonrif ,a- • , " 8".v, and 
 
 ! war, A:e.,8.r, Ai,^. ,««,'*" '"'""•'' "« a nian-of. 
 
 fc': i''««''i>i. ab;^'t';^r"'^^«''«'.P'"ntedi^ 
 ICnt 
 
 CHERSON.^eeAV,..,.,, 
 
 " '■'"■te.st took Phi!; h,,,,^' the mouth „f this river 
 
 ■79., die,i;;rL;vc™'''- '''■'''''»''"' 
 
 
 by 
 
 """ 
 
 Cheshunt in 1792. She ,i,^,' ^\ "'''^ removed to 
 vecctt college is «m ' '"June, 1701 Tvl 
 
 , /'■S^''^^.-,^');' intol'' ?'"•'■, "^'■''^'•''•n origin 
 
 S'^^if-^tX^tJt^-/^ 
 
 Oeimru's """"'•■'' "1 .807, ana St' 
 
 H;'i-r Pauls,.,, j,],,,,,,, . • • . . ' *>'■ 
 
 ''« ^^"" «ve,'a 1 0, 7' f ''™ "t ""00, lif wl,i,,; 
 ,5, \ lonnu (M. HtHnil;./ ".','.'!(^'„-^'"l«-^''-n), .g/o'. 
 
 '795 
 •833 
 
 i86t 
 
 • J.lll. 
 q 
 
 IS73 
 .874 
 
 1876 
 
 1878 
 
 i38o 
 
 I 
 
 \ If. 
 
 f ** ; <'i'^ 
 
 
 
 ji HMp^^ I '.^^^mI 
 
 
UHEHTKK. 226 
 
 CHICAGO. 
 
 CHK 
 
 i'sf 1 
 
 Chi'M tdiiriinmeiit iil Wlenlunli'Ti, ij .Inly, 1880; iit 
 
 lliTllii, V AiiK. iBSi (i»t \Mk; Mr. Ulm'kli irm) ; ! 
 
 lit VI », llrxt Jiiiii', M. si,.|i,|t/, . J4 .'"'I''. '88' 
 
 In l.iiiiilnii (M. /iikiitiiil, i«t I'li/il, w6 A] 111— ! 
 
 aplmi.' , • 'S*j ' 
 
 M. .1. II. Zukirt. it illiil im-iil <« . . ail.'"",'"' '"" 1 
 
 liiti'Mmll(.iiali'lif»Kl.iiiriiiini.'iit, X..« ^ Hrk,<'lii»Hl ; 
 •.iiiinl i.rl/i'H iiwunl.il I" llfi r Wi1h« (Viiiiiiii) »I"1 
 M. TlMi'lilKi.riii(HnH«li.) . . . ..:7 >'<>■. '88i; 
 
 One at AiiiNtiTiliiiii, i8 AuK. i88y ; nt .Miiiii'lifHtiT, 
 
 (iKt iinzi., \U. TanaMcli, HtNiir hny), j.s Aiiu.- 
 
 SSfiit. i8u<,;nt lUfxilm, Dr. Tairascli, 18-39 .luly, 
 iSui; LelpKir, HKpt. 1804; llastiiit.'», Ann. i8g5 ; 
 Ht. IVIi'IkImiik. .'i"|' ". N"r<;l"li"iK. ■*">•'• ! '""''*; 
 iN'Ht, Hi'iit. iSufi. Miili'li iH'tMiMMi ic. KiiKlI'li aii'l 
 10 U.H.N. A. rl"v>r» liy rnl'ie, I-'inilnn, won by 
 
 KiiKllsh, si t..4j ua ". 'J. U ^'''''• '■;V' •','"""„'' o"" 
 
 wiin Ijy til.' Ilriti«li (s.J 104!), 18, w .March, iSyS. 
 
 {iHi.icN, ill wiiii'li til.' iMi'Ci'x w.Ti' i..i.lar..l by livmK 
 iiitm, wcTi'lilavi'ilat SI l,i'.iiiar.l:<, Nuno'N, u .I"". 189' 
 
 "TliK H«Htln(;» Chi'sn T..Nniaiiii'iit, 1095," >'.llt«.Ml 
 liy Hiiruci' K. Clifhliirc, piilillslieil . . • "890 
 
 CHESTER (Ennliincl, N. W.), the Dritifli 
 Caerleon mid the Kmiiiiii D.'vh, the Ktutimi (i( tlie 
 twentieth Ujtion, fahiia Viiinx, (luittid tiy thttn 
 about dof). 'I'lie 1 itv wall wii« tii>t limit by fcdel- 
 fledii, iibdiit ()<)«; I'li'l "iinh (I'AbnniTK, railed 
 LupUH, tlie earl, nf|ilicw of William I., rebuilt 
 the Saxon lantle in I0«4, and the abbey ol bt. 
 Werbuixh. C'heKter wan incorporated by Hetiry 
 HI. and made a distinct county. 'I'lie palatine 
 juriHdietion wa« aboIiBheil by parliament, 23 July, 
 1830. The HKK, anciently part of LicliHelJ, one ;i) 
 whose bishops, I'eter, removing,' the seat hither in 
 107s, occasiiined his succssors to be styled bishops 
 of Chester; but it was not made a distinct bishopric 
 until Hciirv VIII. in 1541 raised it to this dignity, 
 «nd allott.'J the church of the abbey ot St. \\ er- 
 burgh for tlie catlicdiitl. After extensive repmrB, 
 the cuthednil was re-opened, 25 Jan. 1872. Thi" 
 see is valued in the kiiiK's books at 420/. m. m. 
 per annum. I'resent income 4500/. Topulation, 
 i88i,3(),7<)4; 1891,37,105 
 
 Tiikcn, iiflci- llirce iiioiitlis' siege, for tin 
 Fatal g»ii|Hiwilcr cX|ilusioii . 
 Itoyal Apiciiltiiml Kociety's sliow . 
 Exchange anil towii liall liiiint 
 
 parliament 1645 
 . • 177a 
 July, 1858 
 30 IJee. 1862 
 
 A. nail>;f aim ..." II "'"•">'".. ". ■ J~ 
 
 A imijecteil attack of Fenians on t'liester castle was 
 del 
 
 ...ifeiited by the vigilance of the autlmritics ami 
 the anival of the military . . 11, ij Fcli. 1867 
 New town ball opened by the prince ol Wales 
 
 15 Oct. 1869 
 C'ntbedral reoiiened after restonitiou liy sir (iilbert 
 
 U. Siott 7 Ally. 1876 
 
 Ancient tower of Wt. .John's llninli fell 15 Ajiril, 1881 
 Foundation stone of (Jrosvcnor .Museiini and 
 Hdiool of Art laid bv the diike of Westminster 
 
 I Fell. 18B5 .ipciicd 6 AiiR. 1BS6 
 
 Royal Atiriciiltiirnl Soiietys show . iqjiiiic, 189J 
 Towii-liall council chanilier hunit . .7 Mnreli, 1S97 
 Keniains of » Uonian Imsilica, dale about .)oo a.o., 
 discovered July, ,, 
 
 BKCF.NT BISHOl'S uf CHKSTKK. 
 
 1800. Henry Win. MiOeudie, trans, to UaiiKoi', 1809. 
 1810. Dowver Kdwanl Hpaike, trans, to Kly, iBia. 
 i8ij. Oeoi'ne Hciiiv La.v, trans, to Bath, 18^4. 
 
 J834. t'lias. .'. lilomlleld, trans, to Loud Aug. 1828. 
 
 1828. John Itird Siinincr, trans, to Canterbury, 1848. 
 
 1848. John Graham, .lied 15 June, 1865. 
 
 1865. William Jaeolwon. l{esl(<ueil Jan. ; clied 13 July, 
 
 1884. 
 1884. Will. Htubbs, Fell. ; translated to Oxford, July, 
 
 1888. 
 1888. Francis John Jayne, elect*'.! .6 Jan. 
 
 CHESTER LE STREET. It is stated that 
 a bishopric founded in llolv Islniul was removed 
 10 this place in 875, and "to IJurhmu, m^; s»e 
 Durham. 
 
 CHEVY CHASE, see OtUrburm. 
 
 CHICAGO. <)li ni. from New York, lllim,!,, 
 Uiiileil Htaten, a HourishinK eity mtlled in iSji . 
 incoriioriited 18^7; iiopuliition, i8(»7, abovnjixi.oinj 
 in |88<I, 503,18's; l8c^), l,0'W,85ij. 
 
 Lhlcat(o was nearly destniyeil by lire, oeianloiHil In 
 
 11 pscttln»( of a paiaitlii lamp . 7-11 Oil 1871 
 
 Abdllt Jjopersiilis li('lislicd,llllil98,s<s)Wfli' Icliiteleil 
 ilestituti'. 'fill' loss mis leckoiicd at 2(>(),i)iio,u<Mi 
 dollars. Lai'^c hiiiiih were cullecte.l t'oi' relict <>r 
 thcsiilleri'rsiii l,oiiiliiii(io,(Kiu' ill a few Iioiiih)uiii| 
 other lliilisli citirn, as well UH ill Nintli .Vnieiau 
 The area of the lire was computed at I'luiii tliir.. 
 to live Bi|iiaic' niiics. and about 25,oi»i lMiililiiii:s 
 were ilcstrovcil 'flic heart of the city was nun 
 i.iiscd of old Hlll^lell biilidiutis. 'I'he cily was 11 . 
 
 liiiill most eiierKelically ih7a , 
 
 Another tiieut Hie ; many homeless . . 14 July, u-^ 
 A convention of Irish National DeleKates met 
 
 I9~.i2 Allu icC 
 Hoeiallst riots witii blomlshed on 4May, 1886. Hi. 
 
 ('iM(ii( SIdliii 11 .Nov. iM; 
 
 Till H'cilii^ (iilaiiihiiin t:jt)iiisiliiin, 189J ; Chicuun 
 chciseii lis the site (7 111. Iroiii the city, 586 acres, 
 with many hiKiHiiis) .... 25 Keh. iKy, 
 Mr. 'fhoiiias W. I'almer, ot Michiitan, chosen a> the 
 
 presiilciit ot the fair .... wy.huie ,, 
 .vir. (ieorxcK. Davis elected llil■e('tor.Kenenll,Il^^ept. , 
 i'lesideiit Harrison anil. ainces the day of ..peniii). 
 
 to be I May, to close 31 Oct, 1893. 
 t'laigrcssvoti'S 2,500,000 ihilhirsforexiienses 5 AiiK. itiyj 
 
 Solcniiideilicatli fall the biiildlnns (41x1), " While 
 
 City " (eenlial dome, ,'75, ft. Iiinh), vsilli prayers 
 bv'John Ireland, aichbisliop of ."St. I'aiil, ami 
 Charles II. Fowler, bishop of California; a 
 ileilitatory ode liy Misa Harriet F. .Mdiiiiji., 
 several addreHaeti, an oration liy .Mr. Chaiincey 
 Depew, and niiieh music, in the presence oftlie 
 lion. L. P. Morton, viceprenideiit of the I niliil 
 States, the members ot the xoveninieiit, ami 
 iitber offlcials, forelKU representatives, muiiy 
 eiiiinent persons, and about icxi,(x>o spectatora, 
 in the manufaetiiiea and lilieial arts hiiililiiii.', 
 21 Oct. 1892 (the fourth centenary of the laiiiliiii; 
 ol'Coluiiilius). Hee i4»ie/'M'o, 1492. 
 Il'resident Harrison was absent through the ill. 
 iiess of tiis wife, who died 25 Oct. I 
 The exhibition openeil by president Clevelaiiil in 
 the presence of a distinituished coni|>aiiy, iiicliiil. 
 iiiB the dnke of VeniKUa and family, u lineal 
 lU'Sceiidaiit of Coliiiiibns, with ureal rejuiciiiiis ; 
 by pressint! a button tin' president starle.1 a \afl 
 aniouiit of niaihiiiery ; Handel's " Hallehijiili 
 Chorus" was » iiK. and followed by utiiii 
 demonstrations (about 300,000 jiersons pioeni), 
 
 noon I May, lE.), 
 
 The British exhibition m Victoria bouse iijcliidKl 
 work sent by the 4111'en and princess Beatrice, 
 \ and sjieeimens of works of art and iiKinufaetarcs 
 from all jmrts of the worlil ; lileriii , Mienlillc, 
 and other congresses, and also a ' woiiiis jtar- 
 liameiit of religlona," were liehl ; c alogiies iveni 
 liiiblished .... Jiilyif .ifi/, ., 
 
 ; Hotels and other buililiiit!" destroyed by a (jreat 
 wave at Chicago .... 7 April, „ 
 
 (ireat tire at a warehouse In the groiiiuls, 17 
 deaths, loJulv ; .'Senate hotel burnt, 8 deaths, 
 
 n/Mf. .. 
 " Itritisli day" at the fair ; iirooessions, Ac. 19 Aii|{. ., 
 (ireat hre in M. Chicago, 5, cxxi homeless . ..4 Aii|;. 
 " Chicago day " at tlie fair ; 713,646 paying visitJirs 
 (6 kille.1 by the crush) . . . .90(1. 
 The fair eloseil without festivities owing to tlif 
 murder of the mayor, Mr. Carter II. llairisuL 
 (28 (Jet.), 30 Oct. ; I'rendergast, the iiiiirdei'er, 
 executed. 13 July, 1894. 
 Total iiumlier of visitors, 33,529,400; e«tiiiiiit«l 
 
 surplus for Nt<x-'klioldei», i,cx»,ooo dollars 31 Oct , 
 Medalsawaideil toartists; Unit<id Htates X.A.,90; 
 British, 7a; Oernii.iiy, Si ; Austria, 26 ; Italy, is; 
 ,H|Kiin, 29;Swe.den, 16; Denmark, 12 ; Holland, 27; 
 Japan, 38 ; France did not compete. 
 Sculptors: United Htate^ 14; British, 6 ;(ieriiiaiiy, 
 .y ; Hilly; 13 ; Austria. , : Siiaiii, 6 ; Swcilen, i ; 
 beumark, 3, ami Jajiaii, 7 
 Financial aticfesit reported, surplus, 1, 404, 84iilollani, 
 
 26X0V. ,. 
 
 Almiit 411,000 im.ii out ol 
 JHirteil ... 
 
 A.le»triictivf llrBlii Him 
 
 A iiiiinliei lit the exjill 
 .i, acres, biiriil by Inc 
 ^.liily ; coiilllcts iaiH'i 
 I'hielty forelgneix ; „e 
 i|i"»lriictioii ot proii|.|.|i 
 
 rie«lileiit Cle\claiii| |,|.,' 
 .Milei at the h.'a'l ii|' Fi 
 pn.M'.l tralllc iiiii|,.| n, 
 
 Mr Kngeiie Debs nmi „| 
 run Kaihvay I'liiiin ( 
 the MialM an. I other c 
 
 HIIIIH 
 
 Stiike ilei'lareil mer, i j 
 
 4.,«.i,,<«, (l.illais prijpi 
 
 re|«irte.l 
 Vr. Ilebs an. I iitlier leml 
 
 ■.elitelici'it to tt'Iliis of 
 
 leasHl on Uiil . 
 Irisli iiiitloiial convention, 
 
 .Mr, (li'oi'ge M. I'lillman, 
 tlie I'alliiian ear systei 
 1874; .lii'.l, agi'.l f:f, 
 
 Tim edliseiini, a large bii 
 ileallii; estlniate.1 loss, ; 
 
 CHICAMArOA (" 
 
 t'hiittannojtn, 'renricssce 
 lure the confrdi.raf.'s m 
 liy lon^'strcet, tiitalu dt 
 Ifo.iencraiis, if), 2n .Si'.jif. 
 oil both sides. The rrodi 
 liiileil to Loiijfstri'i't ; its 
 
 CHICHE.STfiH (S 
 
 about 540. The cathedi 
 
 1108, burnt with the city 
 
 bi.ihop Setfrid about 118-. 
 
 m» erected diirintr the'i 
 
 fell JO Feb. 1861 ; the foui 
 
 liiiil 2 May, 18(15, compleK 
 
 ilriil re-opened Iter repiii 
 
 liisliopric originated thus 
 
 Vork, I'oniiielled to Hoe by I 
 
 nerlaiiii, preached the goa\ 
 
 built a church in the Isle < 
 
 fi8l Sclsey beeanie u hish 
 
 until it was removed to 
 
 CiMHii-Caestcr, from its bu 
 
 iiboul KvSz. This see lia.s 
 
 two giiints, ami to the natio 
 
 It is valued in the king's bt 
 
 aunum. I'resent iiicoiiu", 4 
 
 iib*orb('il into Susse.v, i8t 
 
 Kiq: iSi)U 7,8}2. 
 
 KKCK.Vr HISHol'S III 
 
 i;g3. .loliM lliickner, ilieil 2 M, 
 lin. Koliei'l J. Carr, trans, to 
 i3,u. Blwar.l Maltbv, tran.slat 
 i3j6, Cluirles Otter, ili,.,| ^,, Ai 
 1^40. Tbilip N'i"liolas .shnttli.iv 
 iS(i. A.sliuist Tinner (iilliert 1 
 lijo. Rirhaiil lliiinf,,ril. i|i,.,|' , 
 i'95. Ernest Uoland WilherVc 
 castle, Nov. i39s. 
 
 , CHICHESTER" tn, 
 
 l.'ss London bovs, establishec 
 Mmfteiburv anil Mr. Willinr 
 till' refuges for destitute ch 
 •trcet. 50 boys placed in it, I 
 liiShly ^^('ce3,^ful. The bar 
 ?'ive 5000/. in ;874. l{.j[ ; 
 >itol to a similar object, thV 
 '■ility of the same 'persons, 
 h„liiif/i traiiiiii!: shin «•,.« I 
 xvtiiii iivcs were lost". See I 
 
 CHICKAHOMLVY B.' 
 
 '"iiiaudf/ii^v/.s-r,,^,,,;,,,,,, 
 
CHICAMAUOA. 
 
 2^7 
 
 AilMtiiiitiv* tliB 111 till, i,.,(i,i'| ■,■,■ ,," "''<^- i8f>i 
 
 .» "I'- or .iiH «xi'ii:ml;,^f^ , 'Vt";,'i:''- ■««4 
 
 *,iu>ivi., Iiiiriil ,v ihc.ii.lluiiH. ...V ' ,">"''"« 
 
 ,,.uiv;..onHi,.,,f,Hu..:;i'l;v7r;,, r, ;:;;:;:• 
 
 ;iM^i;.t!:;;::;i'i:;,V,.,^7'-" "'^-71':!;.^; 
 
 Mil... ..I II... l,.-,i,| .,r F ,.| t,„„,, '^ , iTy'-^i • 
 
 IHiiii'. Inilti- lill. ..| lliilllaiv i,.,,l...,.l ■' : "■ 
 
 M, K.,K»iiH l.el.« Mini ,.|,n;,r, '',',''• V'"'y- <• 
 .■an Kiiihva.v I'ni,,,, 1. lc,",r,"', "*":'■''• 
 
 ::;:,:" • ""-■ ■"'-'■:': !:;^i.:i'r';;;::;« 
 
 si,ikH,iH,.ii.,...,i„v,.r, •,,,;■„„..■ livCiiiVt ■';;!>,• " ' 
 
 t'HILI. 
 
 reiKirlwl 
 
 ■8i)3 
 
 iRg; 
 
 Vr.1l..h« Uh.l .itli..r rnof tlM. niilwii'v^' h'l* ' 
 
 Imanl i.ii I411I . . ' "•>•. re- 
 
 Iriuli iiiilh.iiul .■..iiv«iitlon, Htm I'nlM Slai',, "' 
 
 Mr .i..,.,ve M. Pnll,,,,.,,, ,„ll||,„ia|r,., l,^:^;U";!r 
 tlif I'liiliiiiin I'lir sysU'iti i-'rt,' J.™ ;. '; 
 
 Tli« .•..llHTOMi, a lait'.. iMill.llnj., I,',init',l„w, . 
 
 .lentil, ; .,ti„i«t.,i i,„s, 7,^,0,:; ,i„ii;;, "';*'! -,^9 ^ 
 
 U.:,ttuMn„;,„ |,.„„..,„,e, North A.n.,.,i,., ^'v'.r 
 lart' the idiilcdcrii's under ir..iii.H„l 11.. ■■ , 
 
 [,'.n„,.„...t.,„t,i,. ,i;^;,.!{'ri te,:::^::^ 
 
 ;.n iKith MiiU... I h,. .■r,..,lit of tli,. victory wan , f I 
 ^>»n.i to I.0MS.tn.,., ; it. nuitU.|,mu.ss to IW, "" 
 
 CHICHK.STKR (Sussex), built bv Ci'sna 
 HlHiut 540. 1)... .•athedral w„h •■oiupli", ,,| , , ""' 
 1108, Imnit with the litv in .i,. „i, V i ■' 1 i 
 
 bi,hopSeHHdal,ou, n«/'U?'Kf ah I,^ 
 wii» cmted diirinif the inh in,..„ ",,'"■"' "f"' 
 
 Mi^Feb..Hr,,:?.,o.,u;i!Il^i;,;;:!j';^;,,it/(;'^ 
 
 .H 2May, l».5,...m|.letedJu.u., M,. Thea.L " 
 M ro.„,H.m.d Iter r,.p„irM. ,4 Nov. .«6- t' 
 Mioprir onirmntfd thus: Wiffrid iircbl.i.i,,^ r 
 V„rk. ™,„,u.llHd to Hee by E.^.Wd king'^f K L 
 nerimd preaehed thego,p,d ir. thiH%o,m rv 3 
 Imiltaohurchin the Isk.ofSfl.i.v ibmi} A-V i ' 
 Wl Silwv b,.,.anu. a bisho, ,- an, .""* ^'"^.- ^l 
 
 l,««n-Ca,.sf,.r IVotn its builder. Ci«sa'. b StiJ n I 
 ahout „*2. This 8,.,. has yielded t, tie .f "eh' 
 
 " V^.- tor nl;., ;,«:,;:," '",-ln.reou».«il,. 
 
 iiiter.lietiim tlio o'liMn , ',r"T' '" '■' •""* '"""'•l. 
 M'nnittnl. i.r.i', ','''.? *■;''•• '"!? "i"^" i 
 
 i«;,s. 
 
 hi.v„iu,^i„theki„,';b;;;.kru^^,rr^:^'-;;; 
 
 ann,™ Vse,^ ,„eo„u., .-00/. Tl ■ borouKh wZ 
 
 »w...n,,to .ussex, ,8^5. i.opuh.tio,;:'^^^:: 
 
 lUrKSr HISII.,|..s ,,f , lllrllKsTEH 
 
 i>r .loliii llai'kiici-, .IJH.I 2 Mav 182,1 
 r-^. H«l«it,J, Can-, tniiis, t.i WoicestHi- *...» o 
 .So. Rlwanl Malthy, translate, | ,".;,*'' o'^J'' 
 .A Ciarl.,s Otter, die.l .0 Auk. 840 ' '^■'*' 
 
 . *o, Pli h,, XMiolas .>(linttlew.,rt ,,1m,,| , j„,, ,„ 
 
 "CHICHE,STER" frai,.i„K.»hip for home 
 
 .f.'X^'wd!':t.^t:^'S,;:;;'S';:'-'h 
 
 ■ 71. 50 bovH pliieed i„ it, ,8 I)e ' ,C,^ "";"■; 
 l"ghly 8u,.ce,^(u'l. The ba ,Ve , ' Wb' t T"";' 
 
 >"N to ,. siiiiil 'obie, t di.^h the 'in ^^ ''"' 
 •^llty of the same .erl;""' u^.h'I ''"nr 
 '">IMI, tminiuj ship was bm-ii' " p''*' ^'''^ 
 ■.ver„i lives were lost. See /r/wi-^ri.Sr'J.' 
 
 tiioi"iK!^,. *«:!:';,;?•:'*"" """""^ ^--j""-'! 
 
 '■**■'■'•«. an.I th . (i eks^,^, ■'";: "" ""-• '"'"^'' <.r 
 '■•'"''I "Of. -u port or nl I ,t 'f^*''>''.-*'"'" ""-v 
 •l)<7;wen;pri/e..;ed'by^'';,, •■'''.•,,;""";•'''-«-. 
 ol l'.n'.il sh imreiitM s.llii „ ." ' ' "I'' < u^tnni 
 
 "'•;■ .See A^»y;•'^e7/^ ' .''^ "Mute, about 
 
 '"h;;:i;l,r;:;;;:^i.!r;i;;,r':ji"'^'""'''''"^^^i"'" 
 
 '■■"" ""K'"''t,lll-ns,,«e nll'^f-*;';.' ,"';■'""•» 'I'""' 
 lar soeiet.v ..stal.lish. ,| o..i,,|i|y (A Hlini. 
 
 1.S3), was yery.-ffl.-i. .:■ , ' I'ool, ,, April, 
 
 j-re.iueiittirosej.iiti, ,v,i';, ,;''•'' • <9<>et, ,89, 
 lVveiiti.,n,,f,.ni,4^ .,,>"'' ^•>i''.r • 'S<ti~\ 
 
 1894. It Mst,.f..,r,,„'™,;, •''■''' •■ohsolMat,..(. 
 '■.■.s;s.,f l„.v, ml"" "Horrn'Mit In certain 
 
 • ^I'H. lal lis.'""" "'"'*■'• 7 in certain 
 
 o"---.'.e,iDee.*,4'''A;!i.,!.;|';:;;i^;ii:;5;. • 
 
 '■■tsos l.\. 
 limn, 
 
 ' ''r.s, ^! 
 
 l'"'r law hoard in .■..riir/.,.'"* ,. "■• 
 
 55 n,..„i,,„rs, , iV.. ,.,'f I ,';, : I-.'™! cbil. 
 
 iioiril : nroii 1 Jm, 
 
 •ii'ly of the 
 
 >tu...l 1: ..'">' "^"n g.(, issue I 
 
 New , 
 llreii 
 
 f tii.i iiiii,,!,,,,. si'iM,., ».;,■, ;;.;',"■' "'"oi'i"'' 
 
 ,.,.,,-• M.ro,,„s;,.,i„l;:;'^^'l«ove„,in,.,it 
 
 '"""a/a, i.vsu. ":.r;';^;!""' ■ ■ 
 ''•:i;o.ti.as..,i,'„;'j,,;:;:,' '""I't^on.s 
 
 elul.llH'n (.V I ' 
 
 rrt96. 
 
 ■ 897 
 
 TiiiUfi 
 
 ;^E.ri?;;"---"--'^i^=; 
 
 It was exploVedb/'e'. 1 '"',';''■'' '" <>'''il''e, 1520. 
 found., I, c,,. Chili' w!s,,'m ^■P,'^"'- SantiaKo, 
 
 Iiidiaiis. J'.i«'>«X), ,,n,i niiout 50,000 
 
 n,ili ib'elare.s its Indeiieiel,., .... „f v • 
 
 -'•>'--.7:thepi:!;'i:.:>;;!,----;^;;-..e. 
 
 'S75. 
 
 Faif- 
 
 IVaee with Spai,i 
 
 '""■■■"■'"■ '"■'■•'titution estabiishei'l 
 
 "".jci.ir^L. ,^(.(1 II n'fk-s IX-- \i , ;. "■^'.■'•.".11 esiaiiiKtif..! 
 
 press..,! 
 
 JoS|. .1, l\.,;,y 
 
 I'resiilent 
 
 12 Feb. .R,R 
 
 i8j6 
 
 in .May, ,8j< 
 
 • '8 Oct. ,8s, 
 
 '858, Slip. 
 
 •M'lil. ,859 
 'S.'-'.pt. ,86, 
 4 2 
 
 ill 
 
 » » 
 
 ''t- *' 
 
 
 P":- 
 
 i..y.«',U 
 
 W|" ...%V^ 
 
 ' . I fif" ' 
 
 13) 
 
I 
 
 1 '■ 
 
 j' • 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 H 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 ii .i i 
 
 P 
 
 ! , 4 
 
 
 llfi; '; 
 
 Liil-i 
 
 CHILI. 
 
 CimflRKratl.m of the .Icsiiits' rhuirli at .Siiiiliiwi> 
 (feaStiiilitiiii'), mcire tliiin 2,<xk> piM'S'iiis ihti^IiimI 
 
 6 Pt'C. 
 
 Kuiituro betHfon Chili ami Uoiivin respecting the 
 "Giiaiifr'ish's I March, 
 
 Disputes witli Spain icspectiM« I'ern setth'(l tiy tiie 
 Spanish minister, 20 May, ilisnvoweil hy his 
 govurniiient 25 ''"'>'• 
 
 Religious tiileratiun enacteil. . . . .July. 
 
 J. J. Pen'Z attain pruelaiiued presiiient ; vitsorous 
 prosecution of the war . . • • *'e' • 
 
 The Spanish adruiial I'are.ja ajipears le'lore >al- 
 paraisi) clainiins; satisfaction for Chilian inter- 
 vention ill the war witli Peru, 17 Sept. ; icltisc, , 
 21 Sept. : he declares a hloekade, 24 Sept. ; Ciidi 
 declares war anaiiist Spain, 29 .Sept. ; joins leru. 
 
 5 Deo. 
 
 The Siwniards boiulmrd Valparaiso 
 
 Knd of the bloc'kade 
 
 J. J. I'erez re-eleeteil |iresident . 
 
 F. Errazuriz elected iiresi.lent 
 
 Gold mines diseovereil near IiiiiiMUi' 
 
 2-28 
 
 CHILI. 
 
 iS6j 
 1E64 
 
 1S65 
 
 ,1 March, 1866 
 
 ' 14 .\pril, 
 18 Sept. ., 
 18 Sept. 1871 
 (let. „ 
 
 The Ttini'i (capt. Uvde), overhMde.l, lertlAaipa- 
 lai.so, 7 .March ; soon alter .sank; 19 (s c chil- 
 dren) drowned ; captain and officers .savc'l : lie 
 was reprimanded at Valimraiso, and set free ; 
 afterwards. seize.l bv orders of the Chilian Koverii- 
 luent at Lota; eventually released and c.i«i,.ni- 
 
 salrd •„ • •, , '^" 
 
 International exhibition iirovisionally opened at 
 
 Santiaiio, 26 Sept. ; to the jaiblie . ji Oct. 1875 
 Anibal I'iiito, president (till 1881) . 18 .Sept. 1870 
 Bolivian forts seized by the Chilians . Ilee. 1S78 
 Chili refu.ses to recognise a trejity between I'eriiMud 
 Bolivia (6 Feb. 1871) respecting boundaries ; they 
 declare war against Chili . . • Aliril, 1S79 
 The Chilian wooden ve.s.sels Ksuunililn and (V.n.. 
 f/nii<//i blockade Iiiuiqiie ; the Peruvian irondail 
 turret sliiiis (with niins) Ilimmir and linlri„ „■ 
 
 dem-kf attempt relief; l'>„innhhi sunk by /yicr* 
 
 (about 110 perish); linhiunilnirhi runs nsliore 
 while chasing I'urmhnniK ; capt. Pratt and 6 men 
 climb up lliiii.irin- and are killed liglitiiig on the 
 
 deck ='.2.5 J'''.v. .. 
 
 Huasmr enters port of tii'iiinie, and captures 2 
 
 vessels 29 July, ,, 
 
 Blockade of liinii|iie raised; nnnouiiced 4 -^HK- >, 
 llmt.<cr>r capt'.ired bv Chilian fleet otf Mejillones, 
 after 6 hours' gallant light ; the admiral aiel 
 many officers killed .... 8 Oct. „ 
 Pisngmi bombarded and captured by Chilians. 
 
 2 Nov. ,, 
 Coniliined Peruvian and Bolivian army defeated 
 noarIquiiiue(wliicli surreiulers) Nov.; again iie:ir 
 Tampaca, which is taken . about 27 Nov. ,, 
 Naval engagement ; da.shiiig conduct of Peruvian 
 
 vessels =7 ^'<''^• iSfo 
 
 Callao blockaded bv Chilians ; alarm at Lima, 
 
 about 18 April, ,, 
 Battle of Taciia ; it is captured by Chilians, 
 
 26 May, ,, 
 Ariea taken bv the Chilians . . . 3 June, ,, 
 Pierola dictator of Pern ; declares for iierseverancc 
 iu the war; excitement at Lima ; levy ni imi.w, 
 
 28 June, „ 
 Chilian transport /..w sunk by torpedo, by a Peru- 
 vian launch apparently laden with fruit ; Callao 
 
 greatly shaken .(July, ,, 
 
 Chilian Ves.sel i'ltntihnirfii bouibanling town, sunk 
 by Peruvian torpedoes otf Chancay ; about 115 
 perish ; (severe reprisals) . . . 14 Sept. ,, 
 Chilians storm Lurin, 4 Jan. ; di^feat the Peruvians 
 at Chorillos, rj Jan. ; at MiniHores, 15 Jan.; 
 occupy Lima without resistjince, Pierola flees, 
 ttbout'17 Jan. ; Callao taken soon after . Ja-i. 1S81 
 Conditions of peace reported ; cession of territory ; 
 750 million dollars indeinnity; occupation of 
 Callao; working of mines till indemnity i«iid; 
 
 nniiounced 30 Jan. ,, 
 
 England and Knince requested to mediate by Peru 
 
 Treaty of jieace between Spain coiilirnieil 
 Cahleron elected pivsident, Biinoiiiiced 
 President ; Domiiigo S.mlu-.M.irla . 
 Treaty of peace with Bolivia . . . 25 Jan. 1882 
 Peace protocol between Chili and Peru, agreed to 
 
 March 
 
 I'll. 
 
 . Sej.t. 
 
 . I Sept. 
 
 li .Sept. 
 
 25 Jan. 
 
 War resumed; skirmishes; Chilians generally suc- 
 
 cessful July, 
 
 Peruvians defeated by Chilians in several engage 
 iiients, 13, 15, and 16 July, also 8 Aug. . • . 
 
 ' Coneepcion Imnied, aniioiin 1 . . 19 July, 
 
 lleporled peace ; cession of Tarapaca and Taciiu 
 
 28 Sept, 
 
 Negotiations fail, announced ... 8 Oct. 
 
 Peace said to be signed ; Peru cedes Taciia ami 
 
 Ariea to Chili for lo years, reported 25 .May, 
 
 Severe battle, Peruvians defeated with great loss at 
 
 Huaiiiachuea 10 July. 
 
 Peruvian leaders defeated at Huanchuco by ci.l. 
 
 j Grostiago 9 July, 
 
 j Peace witli Peru signed at Ancoii . . 20 (let. 
 
 Lima evacuated 2) Oct. 
 
 Seflor Don Jose Manuel Balmaceda, presiilmt 
 
 18 Sept. 
 I After much agitation, great electoral reformscarri..! 
 
 Oct. 
 
 The congress issues a declaration deposing the |,n.. 
 
 j sideiit. for treason against the constitutinii, 
 
 I tyranny, and misuse of the iiublio inoiicy, ami 
 
 ' designates sen. Jorge Montt as its assi.stiiiit in 
 
 restoring the due observance of the constitiitinn. 
 
 I. Ian. 
 
 The navy (under capt. J. Mcnitt) revolts against 
 
 the jiresldeiit ; the army remains faithful to liim 
 
 about 7 J.in, 
 
 ' Valimraiso, held for the president, bhickadeil |,y 
 
 the navy; frequent skirmi.shes ; contradicteiy 
 
 i rejiorts ....... 16. Ian. 
 
 : Small British .siiuadroii sent to Chilian waters 
 
 abdiit 17 Jiiii 
 
 The navy blockades the coast . . 20 Jan, 
 
 ! Coronerbonibarded Viy the navy, reported 25 Jan. 
 
 The congressists take Pisagna . . . 26 Jan. 
 
 A French scpiadron ordered to the Chilian coast . 
 
 abcuit lis Jan, 
 
 The governnient troops re-take Pisagiia ; theci.n. 
 
 gressi.sts occupy Talta . . . about i l''rli, 
 
 I Fighting at Castro; congre.ssists defeated; i,„ 
 
 killed rtqiorted 4 Keli. 
 
 Insurrection coiitined to the chief harbours 5 Keli. 
 ' Pis;igua anil Iquiipio burned by bombarilnien'i 
 
 reported 13 Feb. 
 The ]iresident's troops defeat(!d at Dolores, 15 Feb., 
 
 and Iqiiicpie, 19 Feb 
 
 I The coiigressists defeated at Pisagiw . 22 Feb, 
 Iqiiiqueliombarded by the coiigressists ; the Ihitisli 
 admiral Hothain intervenes to save wninen ainl 
 children ; cajit. Lanibton, of the Wiii:<itili , passes 
 through a heavy lire to obtain an armistice ; tlie 
 town and troops surrender to the coiigressists 
 
 20 Fell. 
 
 Taraiiaca taken by the congre.ssists reported 27 FhIi, 
 Coiillictiiig news . . . Jan., Feb., .\larcli, 
 The troops at pisagiia declare for the coiigressists. 
 
 repcrteil 3 Marcli. , 
 The president's troiqis defeated at Pozo Aiiiieiiti', 
 
 4 March ; the province of Taraimca held by tlie 
 
 congress luirty . . . abcnit s Manli. . 
 Part of the army Joins the congress parly, vvhiili 
 
 liidds all southern Chili . re]iiuted la .Maicli, 
 Col. Hobles, with tlie piesidenCstroops, totally lie. 
 
 fi'ated ; he is killed after the engagement at I'u/o 
 
 Aliiionie, 4 .Marcli. The prnvince of Taniinira 
 
 held by the congress iiarty . . . 8 Maivl,, „ 
 The |iort of Antofagasta taken by the congressist 
 
 fleet 18-23 .Mnicli, ,, 
 
 Taciia and Ariea occupied by the coiigressists 
 
 without resistance .... 7 \\m], ,, 
 A provisional government or .junta establisliHi l>y 
 
 the congress iHii'ty, at Iquiipie . . 10 April. ,, 
 Part of the regular army (2,450) cro.sses the Aigeu- 
 
 tine territory to reach Santiago, rejioited i4Apiil, „ 
 Newdy elected congress (his iioniinei'si opeiieii liv 
 
 the president ; his conduct reporteil very (yniii- 
 
 iii(,'al 21 April. „ 
 
 The coiigressist ironclad lUniifi /■.'/ic/r/ie/n, in Oil- 
 
 dem Bay, Atacama, sunk by Balmaceilas terpe.!.! 
 
 boats eiirly 23 A|iiil. „ 
 
 lievolt of troojis at Coiiniliibo, to the coiigressists. 
 
 -•5 Ajir.l. 
 The rongie.ssist cruiser .Miiijrlli'iii.-:, in \al|iarai»" 
 
 harbour, beats otf a llerce attack of three Kevciii- 
 
 nieiit torpedo boats . . . .28 April, „ 
 
 liU 
 
 1336 
 .350 
 
 CH 
 
 Cu|iiaiio, thecaiiital of At 
 
 eimgressists 
 Presiilent Balmaceda iiiViti 
 
 XcKiiti/itioiis bi'tween theg 
 gressists fail . . 
 
 Tlie lltilii, and llolwrt and 
 perls, supply tl,„ p,,,,,,,., 
 Iniiil article.s fnini New 
 tliey are chased by the l\ 
 
 Aniieable arrangement bet 
 and the L'nited states 
 
 Ci'ikMI . 
 
 lialaiaceda's ships, 
 
 ['tMifjiie . 
 Tlie otficers and cvciv of 
 
 l.iiiiich (liivlila, shot for 
 
 Till' stntenients respcctin.r 
 111! I luovements of the two 
 ami frequently eoiitradicto 
 
 Tlie ciiiiga'ssioiial provisinn 
 issues decrees respecting 
 
 Tlie Unia surrenders to the 
 liliiiipie ... 
 
 Tk' innvisional .jiinta' at iiini 
 iiete to the powers denonm-i 
 cisla as a dictator, and ji.ski 
 asaU'lligerent, 7 .May 
 
 HainiaiTcla's squadron bonibii 
 li|iii(liie . . ' 
 
 Iir]»ineil n'igii iif tci|.,ii. ill ,;,. 
 
 tyranny of president Balimic'i 
 
 Tlieoengressists occiipv Hiinsc 
 
 .•^eii. I'edro Montt and sen. Var 
 
 CMiijjressists, declare (Imt tlr 
 
 . if president Balmaceda will n 
 
 Ilielli .... 
 Tlie ten coiispirat.irs whli att'i 
 
 Italiiiaceila's ships at Valplirai 
 Till- judges and legal olHcers ,, 
 
 diarsed by Balmaceda and 
 
 i;tiiiraat jiartLsaiis ; no .scon 
 
 Tlie ciiDgress jparty oeeiii>y the 
 
 Tie diiigre.ssist army, abiiut ,oc 
 >Vf,,comiiiaiiiled by eiil. c-mt,', 
 Riv, 20 Aug., ami after' a nil 
 I'liiililetely defejit Balmaoe.la'' 
 tlie eimgressists have about' 
 iiiaeeila lias about i.ooo kille 
 aiivance and fake Saltr 24 An 
 25 Aug.; inarch toward Vali 
 lai);e nuiiil*rs of deserters froi 
 encamp in a f irin-lioiise 
 Ilallle of Plaeilla : Balniaceda's 
 Weil ; alwiit 1,000 killed ami 
 (•iiii!;n™is(s, 400 killed ; the bi 
 ;;,o to 10.30, and 11,,. eoiigi-e.ssi 
 Miiiiiir\al|iarai.soat i v m 
 .Siiiti;.i;.Mi<.mipied by the congi'ess 
 I'liistitutainal government 
 li-iiil'inil n'sistaiice at CiKiiiimb,,'- 
 iiiareilo's officers shot . ' 
 
 Tiif iiniat imivem recognise the 
 iKiiiiialgiiveiuineiit 
 ! Naiiiiiial Imliilay with grea't . M,'.;,.,- 
 Ililiiiaceilas minis lieing,..M„„-,Ht,,,i 
 
 »*« to the amount of ,2,ooo,«> 
 sizes tars of silv,.|- ,n|„,.,| ,,'. 
 
 ilif metallic mserve of tl,,. ? 
 
 ■Mly alters it for sale, will',, ,, 
 
 »•(. .■ 16 lien forms a iie(c ,.„„.' 
 
 '' -^pHhainl negotiat,.s f„r ti 
 
 a «leaiiier at Montevi.leo win,,,, 
 
 Uiied.v. Mritlsh minister ,, (i 
 
 ■It lialiiiaeeda's ilisiiosal 11 m . 
 
 «vey tlie silver l«,.., ,„ „„„,•;, 
 
 ■■HSsllverlmrstmnsferre.lt,,! 
 
 liilieonveystliemto.S„„thnim, 
 I Lilralinn.,,.,,,,,! betwf^i, (h, n f 
 
 ' *LoMloiun.lKivei'p,',;' ,; 
 
 ;™cecli,i,.„ey„„ t|„. bars fsl ,' , 
 ™l..v tlie court of appeal i, 
 
 tlie (liver to the comj,,,,- '■" 
 
CHILI. 
 
 229 
 
 ItaMent B,.l,n„ce,la nlvit,.; fn.^^::!::^^^,^''", 
 Si-KntmtUmn lictwecii th.. ,r,,v.„. ''''I""'f"l 6 Miiy' 
 
 Tiir ;/«/.-, «n,l /loheii n,,,-. Mi],,,;/ Ji^!^' 'V'"*'' 
 jKir s, suni) y til,. rmR/i„w„ .' l"'"'f>' frans. 
 
 th.yan,clm.e,lby,nei-;.;:;;v^5A,.,.,,^^^«.,.^ 
 Amicable aiTaiigeiiioiit lictwcoii tl„. n''!"''*' *'*'•"''' 
 
 Tlie offlcers and civw of n",r '. i .' ^^ *'">'i 
 
 »ii.l frequently c„.,t,M,li, ,,„':" ^'"' "■'•^''■"■'■'■t''iu 
 The CMigifssional piovisicuil irnti,' n."^' '■""'• ' 
 
 Tl,e^M^.un-..„,l..,. to ,,,e America,, n-uK.;^'^ • 
 
 Till' iimvi.sidiial ii,,iti, at iniii,.'.,.. ,' ' 4 •'mie, 
 nets to the |«.wt.,-» I,! „,','!*■''.";■•' » '■"Villa,- 
 ccia a8 a dictatM,-, a, k * ■.•s„|e„t H,.l,„a. 
 
 Wn,aee,l„» .s,,uacl,.„, bo.nl,,,,,,.'' - j^I '' ■'"''• » 
 l(liii(iue . . "Mgiia, B June ; 
 
 t.vni]iii.v.,fp,e«i(l,.„t 13ali„„e,' l", " ^l' "'" 
 
 Tliecrinxressistsiipciipv HiiiiKci' ' ' ""S .'iiiii', „ 
 
 ;;r,™,.i™t,.a.,,,,.e.L^:^,;t;i;;:';;;:;,;;™^i'- 
 
 ll«lmace,las ..1,1,,., at Vah.a i ',," *" '''"* ,"'' 
 .■tawsl by Bal,„ace,l« a,„l ,,', :„,,'> ""■ 
 Tl« o.,ngres» ,«,.ty „ee„py „,„ A^:;" ;;^,;l^ " 
 Tli.'C(i„(,'re.s.sistari,iy, al,„iit ,oooo will, L.^V'"/'^' 
 
 7i"l.leWy,lefeatliai;,,,elMl'^'..,,.''i"'j',' '''«y 
 
 .«;"•.* i.«.s ab„„t"?;^"; ,,.1^'''^, ■*;■"'•= ,^'- 
 
 aihiinceand take Suite o, a, ,V . .*',•• '"-'y 
 
 larsf ,mi„kT.t .,f il,.se,teis f ,' ,n , ,? ' ''•^'•'^'''tf 
 ™mpinafii-„|.|„.iis" '" "'" ^■"'■'".v, a„,l 
 
 IWl. «f PlacM-lla : Halinac.laH ;„.„,y' tntillv^'i'*''- " 
 fialnl alKJiit i,ooo killed ■i,i,l , ,!il ■ -^ ''''" 
 
 ;;o tn ,0.30, a,al tl„. c, ,,i^^,!e«s its f ,1 ' "■'"" 
 »« fV«l|«irai.s..at i ,, „ "'"•""■''t'* t'"'l< piw.se.s- 
 
 H-inil r.'»i»taiicpntCi«iiiiiiil,„'. s»v,.,.,.i ■*'i' .I'r 
 
 Tiif rfnat i«nve,^ ivcoxniw tl,e „,',"','. '.''''''"■ 
 
 iwiiialKdveiuiaeiit "I'K'v.ssist pm. 
 
 Xitioiial ImlMay with g,-™t .■-','..i„,':""L' "^ ''^'^I't- 
 
 llilNi.,a,Ia'.f„„-,l., I,ei„t. ."h„-,»ttn'"'i"*-=^"'^''l"- 
 
 n"t™ to the ai,a,„„t of , "Z i ■""? "•'"« 
 
 til' metallic ivwn,- „f the , ,>,.m.'^'"'""" '"'"""• 
 ■l»-'»".V'itle,,, it fn,. sale wi ; Z'T^ «'"' 
 
 l«i». April; ami ,„.;:„ti„,; | 7 ,7 ',;',. ".""""''t 
 a mraiiiw at Moateviilc,. >..Vf l""<'ha.se of 
 
 k™.«l,v. Iiriti',,,ls,",s,! „""*"■' • *''•• 
 :il l)aiina<T,hi'« ,li«p,„„ ' u m'"'^T'- '',''"■"'" 
 '■■'iivey the silvoi- 1« rs t<i At ,',;i;.,.'i 1 '■''•'";"''• '•> 
 ;r.,j3»ilve,-tara,,.a,,;f;;„;t^^^^^^ 
 li li eohvey» the,,, to Moiithai , ,t i,, JT"''' 
 
 I llie Lo,i,loiiai„| liiverPt« I ,'[''' "1^' "'' "'"' 
 
 iMllvtlie coiiit of apiieil in, ""'"'"'''■''"• 
 llie«ilvertothoeoii,i,ai,y '■"'"I"" awai'ile.l 
 
 CHILLIANWALLAH. 
 
 ,„ ''■tt';i-, a„.l is .S..C ivt Iv la ,1^1 ''"«''''''**'^ 
 
 "t l^,,■:;4,^7 or%Km;:ri^"''''™'=^'i; 
 
 '•••'iios th,.,i, or hi,,, 6 "a .il''"' ■'*, "^''li-M 
 tl'HSH vessels ,aise Votiler ,.'"! ':','"«"■«" '^'» 
 ifirt, 8 Jill V the L^Li 1 "' •' '■'"iich law 
 alter e,„|,, „'„ , - to enlist',™'" ""''''^^"nx, and 
 
 1891 
 
 ''Imp 
 
 "I K.„„p, ;.) ' ."^, ,? Z.'"<»> at se^•e,■al „ s 
 
 "10 iv:ir to 
 
 Klectio„„f,e„ntnn„,l,|pp„ties .■'^''Pt. W.,,,/.' 
 
 •M,-. I'atiii-k fcan the ir S , • . .' "'"'" =' I'i't, 
 
 '-■•each of ,;: .'ali y M- f on'?''' '^ll'T'-"'" "''t'' 
 
 l'aity,|„ri„^MI,e»'ar ^ """''""« Ualn.aee.la's 
 
 U"i!'^^;;i;^^':;-,f j'- I-P-iace issa.nt'ti^ 
 
 l-^maiMls ,.„,,a,alio„ ; tl,'. chil^,',^' «°^'«""""lt 
 .. I ,„,I"-"i»"*si„ve.stiw,tiu„ ^"''""' K'-'ve,„i„ei,t 
 
 ; "ro,,T?^'''"-^^ '''"'''''"■ -''-"--e;. by thi{;::i 
 
 _^ I '■'"""""'•" t'"' fi^ll'iwe,-, of lial„,tu^,i,V 
 
 .. -■'v:f^:;;:;7o7:;?:r-^^^ 
 
 ' '"« 111" sai|o,-s .,f th ./w/ ^ ''>' '",'■ "■■'"ault. 
 " i I,>i-es„|,.„t apoloKises , ICuTi "> ■'■"'• ' »''» 
 
 >. : ^""'•I'liilher eo,-,-,.si„in,ie,ieH' tl „'».,■,•• • •'"»• 
 
 , A;5''w^i,;;sr^^:;^^;;:«-K^'- -"^^ 
 
 „ Mm,: , ■ '""itiif't iiinlei- sen. Edoiianlo 
 
 ; >>';»• 'iii;M''l,y fo;„„.,l"by.s;„ Harm'i'i","* '^ •^'?''^''' 
 
 ; , ■■"I'l the L-,iit..,lCt™ ^""'"' ^'''"■«'-'" Chili 
 
 ."''."'""■■"i'liiufth.M'abinpf ' ' \ ■ -*"«• 
 
 Halinaee.listplotsinth ,V,., ' ■ "hont 8 N'ln-. 
 
 , , A„ii,est\ ..,.,,„.? ' ' ' .',V''> ••<'!I'1''-B«'<e.l, Nov. Dec 
 
 I s,.,n..;.^,.IZV' """"«™''''« lia>-ti.sa„s, w,'li 
 
 N'-w ,iiiiiist,y; sen. IV ^o'^, •„„"'l'"".^'l 10 April 
 -■\rl,it,atio„ 'on.n.iss , I, on t ,?.n,l'"'^"'i'"' '^ April 
 
 '';"=;;:e,!:;i'n5 {''"""St- • •.«' 
 
 ''•■7nat,oi;;\;;,:: ;p'-™}«;n.y. ...jii;?,; 
 
 ;a:i:it^;;ti;i;r!;i':-i'{i,;?i:^- "'.r;!:?'?-';^;;; -. 
 
 Fi'iaiieial panic ■ I .,nL .,!^ f' ""'y ■ •'nlv 
 »iitli..ris,.,| • ; """"'. 'oJuly; pa,,Hr „,„„^y 
 
 ■■^'■'''/V,«; Apiil, ,8g8. • =°''"'J' '. 
 
 CHILLED SHOT, ,ee «,««„«, ,8,,.,, 
 
 ,111,1 tJ„. itri,;., '" " ■'"'•xKli'iubl,. st-..„».K' 
 
 wore ,.on,p|.,t,.,, .■o,.f!;u,;^ j^^^-^; .J'-o S'-^'l' 
 
 1893 
 
 893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 >> • 
 
 ,1 
 
 1896 
 I* 
 
 1897 
 
 7 A„{f. ,894 
 
 «orc. .onipL.t;,;;.: « ",, 3 r-, '^-f'J. Tl.e SiU,, 
 
 ■• '7\ 
 
 
 JP: 
 
 
 
 
 I'nliii 
 
 
 ''£' 
 
 Ti^i 
 
 
 V ^1 
 
 m -m 
 
CHILTERX HUXDKEDS. 
 
 230 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 m 
 
 
 CI 
 
 WmM ^i 
 
 MHS '*' 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 I- m 
 
 m 'ft 
 
 1 
 
 ^W 
 
 
 ivi 
 
 H 
 
 liffi'^l 
 
 m 
 
 ' 
 
 mt 
 
 1^- » 
 
 t i 
 
 liiiC 
 
 4000 woundi'd.* On 21 I'cli. lord ticiii^h iittiiLktd 
 the Sikh ariny, under Shcn' Siiigli, in its position 
 lit Goojerat, witli uomiditc sui'ffss ; hiuI tbe whole 
 of the enemy's 'jamii fell into the hands of the 
 Uritish. 
 
 CHILTERN HUNDEEDS (viz. Hurnham, 
 Desborough, near Stoke), an estate of the erown on 
 the chain of clialk hills tliiit pass from east to west 
 through the middlj of liiickinghamsliire. The 
 stewardship is a nominal office, with a salary of 25*-., 
 confen'ed on memhers of pailiitment when tlicv wish 
 to vaonte their seats. The strict legality of the 
 I>ractiee is questioned. Tlie praetiiebefriiii in I750- 
 •■The Chilteiii IluiKheds," by A. J. Foster, pub- 
 lished 1897. 
 
 CHIMBORAZO, hitt!ie>t point in the Andes, 
 S.)uth Anieriea (altitude 2l,o()« leet) ; was as- 
 lended bv Iluinbiddt, 23 June, 1802, by lioussin- 
 jiaultand' Hall, 16 De( . i8ji ; by Edward Whym- 
 j cr, 3 July, 1880. See Aiia,-i<. 
 
 CHIMNEY-TAX. .see Hearth. 
 
 CHIMNEYS. Chiifiiig-dishes were in use 
 previous to (he iiiveiiti 'ii of ehiunieys, whieh 
 were first introduced intu Britain about 1200. 
 Chimneys were general in domestic an hitecture 
 in the '14th eeiiluiy. At the eheinical works, 
 Glasgow, is a ebimney (tliere termed a *?»//) 
 420 feet in height ; Die height (jf the monuiucnt 
 in London being 202 feet ; of St. I'aul's, 404 feet. 
 Act to rpgtdatc <7n)i'i"i/-<in<;.iiii/, 2B <ieo. III. . . 1789 
 The chimncy-Htnejiiiiii iiuiihim- wiis iiiveiitcd liy 
 
 Hinnrt 1605 
 
 A statute regulatiiin tlic lr;iilc, tlm appreuticHsliij) 
 
 of children, tljc coii^tiui tiuti of Htit's, prevcntinj; 
 
 calliii;; "swcci)" ill tlic streets, &c., iKissH.I . . 
 Uy 3 & 4 Vict. c. 65 (ie4i>).il is iiol lawful for muster 
 
 sweeps to t«ke «'i|iii'nticcs uiiiler sixtei.u years 
 
 of age; and no iii.livi'liiil under twenty-one to 
 
 ascend a cbininry attci . i .hdy, 
 
 Knforcementof this law iiiihle iiioreslTinyent . . 
 Joseph (jlasii, inventor of tlie sweeping; inacliiuc 
 
 now in general use, vit ;"'^ nfnf, died 29 ilan. 
 New chimney-sweepers' ai'ts piisseil . 187, and 
 by the fail of a dummy at Marsli Mills, lleck- 
 
 heaton, Yoiksliin', 15 persons weie killed, | 
 
 24 Kelt. 1892 I 
 
 CHINA (T.xixr.), the "Celestial Kniidre," in 
 Kustern Asia, for whi di the Chinese annals claim 
 an antiquity of from 80,000 to loo.axi v ars ii.c. 
 The three religions are Confucianism, Taoism, and 
 huddhism, which see. Mi. U. C. lionlger's" History 
 of China," 3 vols., 1881-84. I'rofessor Legge lia.s 
 published "Chinese Cl.i.ssics" and a translation of 
 the Chinese " sacred books." Population (as stated 
 at Pekin) in 1888, 303,241, i/k); 1890, 360,250,000; 
 1897. 303>24i.9f'';- " 
 
 The early condlti.:))! of (;iiina was triliid, wliicli 
 gradually ineigcd into a vast feudal system, 
 nominally ruled liy muty {'oiitemjioraneons 
 dynasties, dated from im'}, n.c. Tlie king of 
 Ts'in put down all otii'-r rulers and assumed 
 the title of liiniii;) Ti, or emperor, declaring 
 that "as there is lait on-^ sun in llie sky, there 
 ihoiilil be but one riilri ill llie nation" * . 
 
 Prineijial dyimstips ; Han, 206 n.o. -220 a.h. ; Tang, 
 618-906 ;. Sung, 960 ■K7'): Yiian, tbe.Mongid, 1280- 
 1367; tlie Ming, nfiS iC.4i ; tbeCli'ing, or Ts'ing, 
 MrucIiiI Tartar, if^ t to tie present ilate. h'lj'ir. 
 
 Literature and tlio art of luinting encouraged , .^„ 
 Battle between I'liniutes and the IScythians ; the 
 Chinese aided the latter, and ravaged the coasts 
 of the Caspian : tUeir llrst appearance in liLstorv 
 
 (/.i'«</W) \ „ 
 
 The religion of Ijiot-so begun 
 
 A form of Huddliisin, or the religion of Fo, intrn- 
 
 dnced about a.d. oJ-r 
 
 I Nankin becomes the capital 
 
 I The atbeistical philosopher, Saii-Shin, flourishes 
 
 ; The Xostorian Chri.stians permitted to preach . 
 
 I They are proscrilied ami extirpated . 
 
 j China ravaged by Tartars, 9th to nth centuries 
 
 I .Seat of government tniiisferred to I'ekin . 
 
 I .Marco I'olo introduces niissionanes . . ] 
 
 i Kiiblai Khan estaljlislies the \mm or Mongoi 
 
 I , 'l.vnasty about 
 
 j Miiig<lynasty 
 
 I Canal, called the Yu Ho, completed 
 Eiiroiieans first arrive at Canton 
 .Macao is granted to the I'ortiiK'iese . . ' , ' 
 I Jesuit inisnioiiaries are sent fi'i III! Kome . 
 [ The country is compu'red liy the eastern or .Man- 
 chu Tartars, who establish the present reigniie- 
 
 Tsiiig dynasty ,5,^, 
 
 Tea brought to Knglaiid 
 
 44V 
 
 IZ^fi 
 
 1275 
 
 • I3f5 
 aboat 14a, 
 
 • '517 
 • • I'.r' 
 
 1575 
 
 16O.. 
 
 1S34 
 
 1842 
 1B64 
 
 1868 
 1894 
 
 ■7." 
 176,. 
 
 ■7S5 
 '79.i 
 
 Supposed age of Oonfiic in .(Kuiigfutze), the philo- 
 
 iopher H.e. 551 -479 
 
 Stupendous wall of China completed . . . . 211 
 
 n 
 
 
 • The duke of Wellington (coinnianiler-iii-chief) did 
 hut think ihcvictni;. [■ompif'tc. floiigh wassupcrseiii^d, 
 and sir Cliarles Napier sent out (March, 1840), who diil 
 not arrive in India till Ooiigli bad redeemed Ids reiiutn- 
 llon. 
 
 An earthipiake throughout China, buries 300000 
 
 persons at I'ekiii alone . . . ' 
 
 Galdaii, a jiriiice of .Taiigaria, contiuers Kash^'mia 
 and lieconies supreme in Central Asia, 1678- 
 checked by Kang-hi, 1689 ; totally defeated ' ,60- 
 Commerce with Kast India Comiiany begins . | ;«' 
 .Jesuit iiiissiuiiaries preach . . . . "_ ' j^' 
 Commercial relations with Kussia . . . ',i,,. 
 
 The Jesuits expelled • i-a , 
 
 Another general eartluinake destroys 100,000 per- 
 
 sons at Pi kin, and 80,000 111 a sub'mii . . , 
 
 I iSuccessflil war in Central Asia ; Davatsi and his 
 
 opiHjiient Amursaiia, sntjilued hy Keen-hin.^ 
 
 j 1755 et sri/. ; Kashgar, Khokand, the Khiigez, &c 
 
 I annexed 
 
 j III a salute hy one of our ships in China, a ;.'iiii was 
 inadvertently fired, which killed a native; the 
 government demanded the gunner ; he was soon 
 
 strangled 
 
 Earl Macartney's embassy arrives at IVkin ; his re- 
 ; eeptioii by the emperor . . I4^^eut 
 
 j [This embassy threw light 011 the empire; it ani 
 lieared to bedivided into 15 provinces, containing 
 4402 walled cities ; the ixipulation of the whole 
 was given at 333,000,000 : its annual revenues at 
 66,000,000/. ; and tbeariiiy,inclndini<theTartars 
 1.000,000 of infantry and 800,000 I'avalry ; the 
 religion Pagan, and the government alisoliite 
 Learning, ami the arts and sciences, were eiicoii- 
 riiged, and ethics studied.] 
 He is ordered to deiiart .... 7 Oct 
 And arrives in Kngland . . .6. Sent 
 
 The affair of the Company's slii]) .Y./././„,, when a 
 
 Chinaman was killed 
 
 Edict against Christianity . . . . ! ,„, 
 
 Chinese rule in Central Asia weakened . . ' .' '^'' 
 Lord Amherst's embassy ; he leaves Kngland 3 Feb. iji' 
 I His lordship failed in the objects of iiis inissiijii, 
 having refused to make the prostration of tlie 
 kfil'iti, lest he sbiaild theivby cnnipromise tli- 
 majesty of England.] 
 Teiii|)oniry insurrections in Kashgar . 1826, rl n 
 Exclusive rights of the E. I. Co. cease . jj April, iSji 
 Free-trade shi|)8 sail for England . 25 April] „' 
 Lord Napier arrives at .Macao to siiperiiiteini 
 liritisli commerce .... 15J11IV, 
 Aftair iM'tweeii the natives and two British ships iii 
 war ; several Chinese killeil , . 5 Sfpi. 
 Lord Napier dies, and is succeeded by Mr. (after- 
 wanlssir John) Davis . . . . n Oct, 
 Opium ilispute lieglns ; the trade prohibited by tliv 
 
 emperor >'ov. 
 
 Chinese seize the Anjulr and crew . . 31 Jan. isV 
 
 Opium burnt at (Janton by Chinese . . 23 Kili, „ 
 
 Caiitaiu Elliot, chief llriti'sb coniinissioiier, 14 l)i-. . iS/ 
 
 A British coiiimissioner settled at Canton, -Marcli, 183- 
 
 Adiniml Maltlaiid arrives at Macao . . 12 July, 181: 
 
 Cnminissioner Liu orders seizure of opiiiin, rS 
 
 March ; British and other resiilents forhiddeii to 
 
 leave(;antoii, 19 March : the factories siirrouiided 
 
 and outrages committed . , 24 March, 1839 
 
 ■794 
 1J17 
 
 C] 
 
 C'a|it.iin Elliot roiuires 1)1 
 
 to liun all opium, prom 
 
 27 .Miirch ; half of it i, 
 
 to tlio Chinese, 20 Am 
 
 cliests) surrendered 2, 
 
 the British merchants 1 
 
 opiinn dcstrovral bv the 
 
 Aftair tjetween the Britis 
 
 and the Chiiie.^e ; a nati 
 
 Hoiik'-Kong taken . 
 
 Tlie British boat /ll,„i- J„l. 
 
 iiiiirdered, 24 Aug. ; thi 
 
 tire from Macao . 
 
 Affair at Kow-lnng be'tM 
 
 Chinese .jiiiiks 
 
 Attack hy 28 armed junks 
 
 l'n^(;;('and Hiiiu-intii -seve 
 
 Tlie British trade with Cbii 
 
 the emperor, and the last 
 
 leaves this day 
 
 Eilict of the emperor iiit, 
 
 iiiterconrsR with England 
 
 The Helli's shij) attjicked h\ 
 
 hlockade of Canton by a' 
 
 from sir (iordon Breiner 
 
 with a flag of truce tirei 
 
 Tiiig-hai, inCliii.saii,siirrei 
 
 estalilished along tlie Chin 
 
 Stainiton carried otf tit Cai 
 
 Captain Elliot, on btjanl ■ 
 
 enters the Peiho river \m 
 
 The ship A'l/e lost on a siimLI 
 
 irife anil a |uirt of the crei 
 
 natives, and coiKined in ca' 
 
 I.ia filiuily degmded ; Keslii 
 
 coniiiiissioner, 16 Heijt. • ca 
 
 hiiii . . . ' ' ' 
 
 Briti.di pleniimtentiaries off J 
 
 .tdmiml Elliot's resignation a 
 
 Mr. Staunton relea.sed 
 
 .Vi-ljotiations cease, oHiiijr tn 
 
 tlie part of the Chinese emi. 
 
 Chiieii-jie and Tae-eoc-tow uii 
 
 to Kngland) captured .' 
 Hoiif-Kong ceded by KcHliii, , 
 6,000,000 dollars agreed to he 
 to the British authorities 
 Hoiig-Konj; taken possession o 
 Tlieeaiiienir rejects Kesbin's 
 tilities resumed, 23 \. .[, . 
 !, Keh ; rew'anls procdaim'e, 
 
 iiodieiioi Englishmen, dead 01 
 to be given for chiefs . 
 
 BoKiie forts taken by .sir (i. Br'ei 
 killed; 4!.9 guns captured . 
 
 llielin'i.'ih .sipmdroii prw.ed.s 1 
 
 "I. "', •'I'"''''' '"'<™ roninii 
 -•March; hostilities again ,sii 
 m\mm resinned, 6 March 
 li.v the emperor . 
 
 riotillaoflioatsdestroved. Cam 
 fomgn factories .sei?;^], ami , 
 the British forces . '' 
 
 Vn'i'omiiii.^ioners from Pekin', 
 
 ,"","»*'?;:■".''"-•'"' "'-"tpubli.she, 
 i,i|il El lot pre|«ir,..s to attack C 
 H'ichU hehind Canton taken 
 rii.'oityrinison for 6,000.000 
 
 Ikmlilown; hostilities cease 
 llriluhforceswitlalrawn, iJiine' 
 
 resi|ieiiBil . . ' 
 
 .\mval at Macao I'.f .si,- Heil.-v 1 
 lileiM|ioteiitiary, iina-hiinis th, 
 iiMioii ; capt. Elliot supersede 
 
 .tay taken, and 296 guns d^..,tr,v 
 
 riifliORiie forts desti-oveil 
 
 TniKliae taken, ,jft^r,„|,,.,t' 
 
 «iiiiie.| hv the British 1 o,'t 
 life, ami ('Kiiig.iiiia' ' •* ' '" 
 
 P'llseil with ^,.,.a, (,„ „^ J, ';. 
 
 w routed nwirT'e-kci. 
 |i'«|.ju ntiaeked ; defences de.stn, 
 "* Unlish scprndron enters ih 
 
 ■iJnne; capture of Woosnng a 
 
 "»'l "tores i6Jni,ei,Slittiig-li,u,?, 
 
CHINA. 
 
 io l,i,„ all o,.h, ';,,»'■ Jl'^ieetH t,..,nrre„der 
 J7 March ; lialf oV t s L 1 ' ^"" '"'"" "' ''• 
 to the ChineH,., 20 Airip » ' ''""'"^ '"trabaiul 
 
 the British niflnha ts lA ^ r„, ''*"'" ''"'"•■ '""' 
 
 Affair Iwtwpen the Uriish A, • 3 June, , 
 
 aiHl the Chinese ; a >'„ he k L^'"'''''™'' ^ameil 
 
 HoiiK-Kong taken . """•"""»l . . ^j„iy 
 
 Thel)riti8h boatW»r/;„/,,„-„„v , •„, .fiAug. 
 
 iniirilereil, 24 Ang ■ the HritLi, ' ',""^<""e"' 
 
 tire from Manio . . """'' "'^'n'lants re- 
 
 fliinese Junks *: ."""" "''•i'*'' boats ami 
 Attark by 38 armed innks m,' tho'n ■.'■ , 4 Sept. , 
 
 |-«/.-,.,..an,l '/v-n^M; 's" ,^n° ,^» B""'^l' CriKates 
 The Uritish trade with Chrmcesns !'."'' "f'l^"'- . 
 
 tlieeMi,,eror, an.! the last "ervii /J? "" *"''' "^ 
 
 leaves this day . "*'•"""« "f the company 
 Eilic't of the eniperor in'terdictinil' nll'fr™ 1* ""'■; " 
 
 nitercoNrsfl with Kngland c'r ev^ "" '"''o «'"' 
 TliP /W/".« ship attJicked hv ar.iie.i ;,„ , ' S ''nn. 
 
 Itekadeof Canton bv ,;^' ru^' , L''"^': " *'»>•. 
 
 from sir (iordon Hrenn'rlii ,.*'',''>■ ''''''''™ 
 
 »ill. a Hag of trnee red '""' • ""' '" 
 
 231 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 nrnvnu nn^ 1.1. _ •. ' 
 
 i.19 
 
 1840 
 
 The llritidi arman 
 
 se>r;ral°aiMln'a,',,^nfM,lJ''''''« ''•'<"" : the 'J'i.rta,; 
 -■ July : tl" ' il'^^ ,, '^L«''::r,':;°» ™""'">- Hnieii" 
 4 Aug.; the whoPl^eet „;rlP ''''".'''' Nankin 
 l-arkation conn lenc-es' "I '«?■ «"''.'''« '"»«'«: 
 »t Xankin.with ^.l^'i.^J^^l^ &}lj,'^ 
 
 a»'l Keying ElepoQ. am] S^.^wf' ^°' Kn«hu.,|, 
 the ChiiiesS emperor rn,,;*^''" "" "■« l""-t of 
 »nd fr/endshi ;ie wel. ^L twn"l; ''^"''"« '«""■« 
 (7 pay ^i.ooo/oooofdo liar' ■ r^^fP';"" • ^''""a 
 ehoofoo, Ni„Kpo an ? si^a^ Canton, Amoy, Foo 
 open to the UrtHhan,. '''"»>•» *« ''« » rown 
 cities ; Hong Ko' 'to te''?^" '»'"'''«' t'-"'" 
 p'«land,&c.^;C^^J° ■'»<•"'«' "' P«n«'tnityto 
 l^y tlie BritisI iMit il Tl p , ' ^:'':'''''K-«'' tolw held 
 iinui the provisions are fnltllled tl 
 
 n 
 
 TiMg.hai, in Ch,,.;;,;;;;u'r're'n,ler'/J f:Th? "'"'J' = 
 estal,lishe,l along Um VMuel7coL, ''' \ ^'*''"'''" 
 .StaiMiton earrie.1 off t-. Cant™ ''' '° "''">' = ■^''■. 
 
 Captain Elliot, on bfjanl n •.'■ , ' ^ Aug. 
 «,.te,^thel'e'il,o ri«rr,ear Pekin'' "'"'""-'"P. 
 
 rhH.,liipA\VHo.stonas,nd.ta,k ,, 'iH " ^"«- 
 »ifeaiidn|wrt of the crew LrJ^ '.''''''■'*''''''''■■•« 
 natives, and contine'lTn ii^.T "^ ''"'"'"■'"' ^y ""» 
 
 Uii liiially (legnided • KeshM, ',..,'. • 1 . >5 f^ept. 
 ™mnii.,.s'ione?, ,6 Sept c"t I' i, •",'•*".' ""'""'■"" 
 liiiii . . . ' ■•'''"• *'"i'Jts truce with 
 
 Briti.sliplpniiKitentiariesofrM'.en,-,' ' 6 Sov. 
 .WiiiiralKlliotsre.signalioi a innTM,;. . " =° ^'^v. 
 Mr.Stannton release?! '"""^'^'' • »9 Vov. 
 
 .\-iji)tiatioii.s cease, owing to br.-icl, \e p '■!■''''''■ 
 tliei)artoftheChine,He;,,,lror "^ faijh on 
 
 Cliiieii-iioaiid Tae.coc-tow iiii.p ' ', o Jan. 
 loKiigland) captureil ''* «""'*('«'>"« sent 
 
 HoiiK-Koiig ceded by Ke.siiin to fire, t ii'.* . 7 •'»»• 
 6,ooo,«iodollarsaireed l» he ,,,,1,'^ '''•■•'"• «»'' 
 to the British aiithoritie^ ' ' " '""" '"" ''»y« 
 Hong-Kong taken pos.se.ssion of ' ' =° •'"»• 
 Tli.;™i»ror rejects Keshins treaty ',, h-J^f"'' 
 tilitips resnnied, 21 h "b • ci,, "• '""*" 
 
 u Kel). ; rewanis prm-la med , V ■"" ."""■'""t'-'l, 
 l-*.ofKnglishni/MMle:ion. .,. ■■•.'';"'' f;'"- the 
 lobesjiven for chiefs . ' J"'«"'lollars 
 
 ft«iie forts tjiken bv sir fj Hre„,„,!. i' ■ .^5 ^'elp. 
 
 kiii«l; 4,9 guns captnr':,"'"" ' '"-' •'" ««"" 
 
 llipBri'ish .sciiiadron iiriK'. ...r.. f„ ■ ." 26 Jeli. 
 
 .March; ho,!^tilities L ' ' ' '' V^ "'" »""y 
 an,i again resuined^ 6% r.d TesP'' -!»'»■•«••> 
 Iiy the emperor . """"i . Keshiii ilegra.led 
 
 HiilillaoflKiatsdestroveil f',„i„,: ,1 ' .'^*l"i'i'll , 
 foreign facU.ries .s ™M ;,nd .« l'"-"""""'!, the 
 theUritishfijrces ' ♦*' «""•* ""'"ii bv 
 
 Vwoonnnissionersfron, Pekiiu.rrived aU^^S ' 
 //)»;; Kmiii Cm.tl, first imblished '* '*''"' 
 
 i_a|it. Klliot pri'imres to attack Canton 
 Heights beliiiMl Canton taken """^"" 
 nifi'ityran.s()Mied for 6,000 on., ,'l,>ii.>; 
 „|xiiato.n; hostilities "c^^r ''''''■" 
 llnluhfiirre.s withdrawn . Iii.,l . '■ .. ' j- "■".> 
 
 reH,|«nfi,l . """»"• ' J""e ; n»d British tnid,. 
 
 .Arrival at Macao of sir H..i,',-.- li ..' 16 July. 
 plenilKitentiarv, n-mdah tl '""l'!""!'' »"". ax 
 
 ■"i-io"; capt:El'lio^s;,'p:;J, ', "''■'"'■^■^ '"■ '"^ 
 
 Aiiioy taken, and 296 guns dest.-, ve.1 ' '° ^'«- 
 
 nieBogiie(brtsde.stnive,| ' ' '7 Aug. 
 
 Iiii8liaet.ik,.„, ,jft ^.,„-, ,.„pt„r„,- ,■ , M Sept. 
 «iipie.l by tlie Briti.,h, , o ct •' tl el /i ",'.', ''''• 
 li«'. loOcl.; Xing-iK) ,, ( .[': V ■* 'akeChin- 
 k'.'.aiulfiong.i,,,?,' ' ^ '^■' ^"-.vaoii, Tsw. 
 
 niiiiftwafjick .Ving.iH) and rhii,'i „« ' ."^ "'''"• 
 
 P«l«l With great loss >.,'"''/'''' '!'•.'' >■«■ 
 
 »ii'roiite<lnr.;.rT'e-kp.- '^'"""' ''"X) Chinese 
 
 ;ii»|wii attacked ; defences de^h..,'... i ' ' * *'"'vh, 
 
 11« Urilish SMUadron "e'lrt^r^Th ," L '\.*'"y- 
 
 843 
 
 • — '""'o iNiniied tj 
 
 I'ottinger . """"'"t'ls room of sir Henry 
 
 Bogiie forts captured by'the FiiitiJi. ' '* '''e"- '844 
 
 ?^:^r;^p;:o^n-n;S 5. ---"^ -; '^^' 
 „e^^iKiU;'S-f-t;x:!;--- 
 
 "t^; aS:'^^'"" "™*->-3-piraie innl^iJt 
 
 ,. -!™.tioii,,f'b,,in'";,''„'.,^ .'•''"'"'■■••^Huu'r, «"'! <\^- 
 
 1848 
 1850 
 
 V'ssfill progie.ss of 
 
 1841 
 
 rniv . , - 
 
 ; tlie i.npe,S i7 hflVh^yfT""'"'''' *" '^ ' 
 an.lnnliiyi,„;',:rili^ f'''«''«''«-.,ae, 
 
 O. gcontheBriti.sl'. lorcha J^rro,), i,/ , 
 
 MiraMe to the rpiwls. 
 Aiiioy, 
 
 Canton 
 8 Oct. 
 
 '854 
 
 185s 
 j8.s6 
 
 •He took 
 
 frrangingTh-e ^mXy^ot Zluuhu'^^""''^ authority) in 
 ... conse,,uence con.iiii, e^to d™ /'r' '^S?; He wa.s 
 
 tllie non-fu (iiiiie,,, of n.i- »™ . T" -^ "".en e. 
 ™''^f '«56-57. "'" '™"'>' '"" »r«d,mlly to the 
 
 _ I the emnprnr Tn«.. r^.__ 
 
 I .Mav,' 
 '7 Ma.y, 
 25 .May, 
 
 SiOO<),000 
 
 .3' May, 
 
 1842 
 
 , "'(...i.in.ii enters the 
 
 ]''''el.ell was'jJh;*^ 
 
 '''."'.l.tui-cof.vani. _ 
 ""' ".e execution of the 
 
 S It was iHianiwI by the rhin»».. m 
 
 '■•■;• "f .4 'HM-'K ca Tied "r ^ m';'^;;'''''' " ■n^'l ont or 
 
 1 down .m.. i 1. . ' "" "'"' the nat onui «..„..... 
 
 tl I 
 
 t 
 1 
 
 
 ii..:...,'';#|ft 
 
 r? ^•, 
 
 !i'^ 
 
 '^^y;;s^^^ 
 
 te'* 
 
 >f^fv'-^' 
 
 4^ 
 
 '^ ./.ifa 
 
 ■;A-'f ' ' iJ 
 
CHINA. 
 
 232 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 n"il^ 
 
 ii? 
 
 '4 ""4 
 
 11',; i^ 
 
 ■ 3. 4 Nov- 
 
 . 6 Nov. 
 
 turiiij,' three 
 
 21-23 Nov. 
 
 : yov. 
 
 Dee. 
 
 . . . Dec. 
 
 30 De(^ 
 
 AltPi' vain iu>t,'otiatioiiN witli ('(iiiiiiii.s«i()iiei' Yell, 
 
 (.Imituii forts attiickeil jiiicl taken 23 Oct. 1856 
 
 A CliineHe lleet (leNtroyerl ami Canton lioniliardeii, 
 
 liy nil- M. Seyniour 
 Injiieriuiixts liefeateii, (luit Sliang-liae 
 'J lie Anicineans revenge an ittaik liv 1 i 
 
 foit,4 
 
 Kebels take Kr.iikint? . 
 
 Other foHs taken liy the Uritish 
 
 The (.'hinese burn Kuittjiean t'aetitries 
 
 Ami mttiiier the crew of the Tlii^llc 
 
 The Mahonn'tiins of I'anthay, in Ynnan, lieeome 
 
 iniieiienilent iluring Tae-jiini' n iK'llion . . ,, 
 
 A-iuni, a (Jhineae baker, aiiiuitted of iharge of 
 
 poisoning the bread 2 Keb. 185J 
 
 Troojis arrive from jMadras and England ; and lord 
 
 Elgin apjiointcil envoy .... March, „ 
 No change on either side : Yeh said to be straitened 
 for money ; the iiiiiwrialists seem to be gaining 
 ground iiiion the reliels .... May, ,, 
 
 Total destruction of the Chinese fleet by conn lore 
 
 Elliot, 25, 27 .May ; and sir .M. Seymour and coni- 
 
 iiKMlore Ke]>iiel i June. ,, 
 
 Blockade of Canton Ant >■ 
 
 Stiigiiation in the war— loi\i Elgin (Icjiarts to Cai- 
 I'Uttfl, W'lh assistani'e to the Knglisb against the 
 Sepoys. 16 July ; returns to Hong-Kong 25 Sept. ,, 
 Gen. Ashburnham dejiai-ts for Iinlia, and gen. Mtrau- 
 
 ix'iizee assuin^'s the coniniaiid 19 ('ft. ,, 
 
 Canton bombarded ;iiid taken liy English and 
 
 French, 28, 29 Dec. 1857 : "'•'" enter it . 5 Jan. 1858 
 Y'eh* sent a )irisoner to Call ntta . . Jan. ,, 
 
 The allies proceed towaixis I'ekin, and take the Pei- 
 
 ho forts 20 May, ,, 
 
 The exjiedition arrives at Tien-tsin 20 May, ,, 
 
 Negotiations commence, 5 June ; treaty of iieace 
 signed at Tien-tsiii liy I011I Elgin, baron Gros, and 
 Keying (who signed the ti-eatyof i842>—[Aniba«- 
 sadors to be at iMith <'oiirts ; freedom of trade ; 
 toleration of C!,*'istianity ; expenses of war to lie 
 )ia;il tiy China ; a reviseil tJiritl : term / (bar- 
 hiuiunj to be no longer aiiplieil to Euro]ieansl 
 
 26, 28, 29 June, „ 
 Lord Elgin visits Japan, and concludes an im- 
 portant treaty with the einpeior 28 Aug. ,, 
 The Uiitish destroy about 130 piratical iunks in the 
 
 Chinese seas .... .Aug. and Sept. ,, 
 Lord Elgin jiroceeds up the Yang-tse-Kiang to 
 
 Nankin, Jan. : returns to England . May, 1859 
 Mr. Bruce, the British envoy, on his way to Pekin, 
 is stoppeil in the river Pei-lio (orTien-tsin) , ad- 
 miral Hope att^-nijiting to force a jiassage, is re- 
 pulse 1 with the loss of Si kilh'd, and aliont 390 
 
 wounded 25 June, ,, 
 
 The American envoy Ward arrives at Pekin, and 
 refusing to submit to degrading ceremonies, does 
 not see the emperor .... 29 July, ,, 
 Comniercial treaty with America . 24 Nov. „ 
 
 The English and French iireiiaie an exjiedition 
 
 against China Uct. „ 
 
 Loiil Elgin and baioii Gros sail for China, Ajiril 26 ; 
 wrecked near Point de Galle, Ceyloii, 23 May; 
 arrive at Shang-hac .... 251 June, i860 
 The war tiegins : the iiritisli ciinimancit'd by sir Hope 
 Grant, tiie French by general .Montanban. The 
 Chinese defeated in a skirmish near the Pei-lio 
 
 12 Aug. „ 
 The allies rejiulse the Taeping rels'ls attacking 
 Shi.ng-hae, 18-20 Aug. ; and take the Taku forts, 
 losing 500 killed and wounded ; the Tartar general 
 San-ko-lin-sin retreats .... 21 .\iig. ,, 
 After vain negotiations, the allies advaii'-e towaiils 
 Pekin ; they defeat the Chinese at Cliang-kia-wan 
 unci Pa-li-chiau . . . . 18^21 Sept. „ 
 Consul Parkes, captains Anderson ami Brabazon, 
 Mr. de Norman, .Mr. Bowlby (the Tiinejs' cor- 
 respondent), and 14 others (Europeans and 
 
 and Ceylon for troops. On 3 .March, 1857, the lionse of 
 eommons, by a majority of 19, censured sir Johu for the 
 " vicdent measures " he had imrsuoi. The niinistrv (who 
 took his part) dissolved the parliament ; but obtained a 
 !ar„'c niajnrity in the ncv.- niii-. 
 
 • He died peactlully at Calcutta, .j April, 1859. He i» 
 said to Imve ordered the beheading of alsiut 100,000 
 rebchi. 1 
 
 1861 
 
 Sikhs), advance to Tiing-chow, to arrange con- 
 ditions tor a mecling of the ministers, and 
 are caiiturcil by San-kolin-sin ; capt. Urablizon 
 anil abbe de Liic beheaded, and said to 1ki 
 thrown into the canal ; others carried into Pekin 
 
 21 Sejit. i56j 
 
 The allies march towards Pekin ; the French ravage 
 the emperor's siimnier palace, 6 Oct. ; .Mr. Parki-s, 
 Air. Loch, and others, restored alive, SOi't. ; cajit! 
 Anderson, .Mr. De Norman, and others die of ill- 
 usage 6-1, (),.t. ^ 
 
 Pekin invested : snrienders, 12 Oct. : severe ino- ' 
 clainaiion of sir Hope (iiiiut . . . 15 Oct. 
 
 The bodies of .Mr. De .N'orman and Mr. Bowlby ' 
 soleninly buried in the Itiissian cemetery, Pekiil, 
 17 Oct. ; the siiiiinier palace (Yuen-mi'ng-yuen) 
 burnt by the Biitish, in memory of the outraged 
 lirisoneis ,8 Oct. 
 
 Convention signed in I'ekin liy I011I Elgin and the " 
 prince Kuiig, by which the treaty of Tien-tsi ; 
 is ratilicd : aimlogy made for the attack at Pei-ho 
 (25 June, 1859) ; 11 lii'K'' indemnity to be jiaid ini- 
 Imiliately, and coiiipensati'in in money given to 
 the families of the iniiriliicd iirisonei-s. Sir. ; Kow- 
 loon ceiled in exchange for Clnisan, and the treaty 
 and convention to Iw luoclaimed throng out the 
 ("ipire 24 Oil. 
 
 Allies ipiit Pekin 5 .Nov. ' 
 
 Treaty between liussia and China— the former uli- " 
 taining free trade, territories, &e. . 14 Nov 
 
 First instaliiient of imleinnity paid . 30 Nov " 
 
 Part of the allied troops .settled alTien-tsin ;"i on- " 
 sulate established ^ j„u 
 
 Adni. Hope examines Yang-ti.e-Kiang, itc. . Feb 
 
 English and French em Ixissies established at I'ekin 
 
 ,. . , .. .March,' 
 
 The ein])eror Heinfnng dies . . . 21 Aug. 
 Canton restimid to the (,'hiiiese , . 2, oqj] 
 Minist«'rial ciisis; sevcml niinistein put to death 
 
 Nov. ; Kiiiig apiioiiited regent . . 13 Dec' 
 Advance of the leliels; they seize and desolate 
 
 Ning-po ami Hang-chow . . . . Dec 
 They advance in Sliang-hae, which is placed niuler 
 
 protection of the Englis'i and French, ami 
 
 fortiheil j„|, 
 
 Rebels defeatcil in two engagements . .\]iri| 
 English ami Fieneli assist the government against 
 
 the rebels— .Ning-po retaken . . 10 Mav 
 French admiral I'lotet killed in an attack on reiki's' 
 
 Captain Sheianl 1 islioriie permitted by the Uriti.sll 
 govsriinieiil to iMganise a small fleet of giinlKKiLs 
 to aid the imperialists to establish order July 
 
 Ini]ierialistsgaiii ground, take Kali-siiig, Icr. Oct! 
 
 Tnngiini (.Mahometan) revoltin Central Asia; mas- 
 sacre of Biidilhists 
 
 Comniereiul treaty with Prussia ratified 14 ,Ian! 
 
 The Iniiierialists under col. Charles Gordon deleat 
 the Tiiepings under Burgeviiie, &c. . Oct. 
 
 Goi-ilou captures Sowchow (after a severe attack^ 
 27, 28, Nov.); the rebel chiefs treacheroiislv 
 butchered by the I'hinese . . ^,5 Dec. 
 
 Capt. Osborne came to China ; hut retired in cuii- 
 seiiuence ol the Chinese government deimrtiiig 
 from its engagements ..,.;, Dp^. 
 
 Gordon's suciesscs lontiniie . Jan. to April' 
 
 Repnl.sed ; he takes Cliang-chow-foo 21 March' 
 
 He tJikes .Nankin (a heaii of ruins); Hnii-seii-tseiin| 
 theTien-waiig.liic rebel emperor, coniMiitssiiiciile 
 by eating goid leaf, 30 Juno ; Chang-waiig aiaj 
 Kaii-wnng, the lebel gei;ei'als, are "cut into a 
 thousand pieces ' . . . . iSJalv 
 
 Great mortality among 'iritish troops at Kowlooii,' 
 
 Jan. 
 
 The Taepmgs held Ming-chow; the Malionuaaa 
 rebellion (Duiig.iiiese/ piogressing in Honaii, 
 
 Jan.-.Miirch, ,, 
 
 Taejiings evacuate Ming-chow . . 2iM8.v, 
 
 Hebellion in the mirth advancing . . June,' 
 
 A rebellion of tlie .Nien-fci in the north ; I'ekin in 
 ilunger ii.iy, ,, 
 
 The Chinese general .San-ko-lin-sin defeated aiiil 
 slain ; his sen more successful . . July 
 
 Prince Kniig chief of the regency again . ? .Nov.' ", 
 
 Sir Huthelioid Alioek, aliibas.sadur at i'ukin, 
 
 26 Nov. ,, 
 Chinese news|iaper "Messenger of the Klyinj; 
 Unigon." uinie.iis in London , , i4JaL. i£66 
 
 isej 
 
 i:*4 
 
 iS6j 
 
 Crc.it victory over tlie > 
 
 (hiaese commissioners 
 
 liivaliyof-two gn-at pi 
 
 Hung Chang and Tsei 
 
 Iie|iorted victory over 
 
 lialists 
 .MiilmuiBd YakoohBegih 
 supreme in Kashgai 
 Kuriipo . 
 The rcliels seize Ningpo 
 ■llie pcoiilo at Yang.cho\ 
 (Icanieil classes) deslri 
 lioii.ses, 22 Aug. : redrt 
 si|iiiidron pnweeds to 
 ri.v Li-HnnB-Cha;ig 
 Ihitish ilemands accedi 
 ( liiiiHse enilwssy (.Mr, j\ 
 Kiiiig, and Suii (;||ia > 
 Juhiison at Washingio 
 treaty (see Jliirliiii/hniiu 
 dun, .SeiJt. ; received b\ 
 Cliiiii'se embassy received 
 
 I'okin visited by the duke 
 
 ,Siii<|)leinentaryronventioi 
 (June, 1858) for additioi 
 slftned , 
 
 Biirlinghame ilies at St. j'l 
 
 .Sii.cessliil rebellion of Ma 
 jii-iiviiices reported . 
 
 C'niil iiiasaacre of the Fre 
 Kiiiiian catholic jiriests • 
 iDiis), beside.s many na'ti 
 ,fo children in the oridiai 
 is said, the complicity c 
 missionaries wereaccused 
 
 liiorrased hatred of the peor 
 
 tsiu; lukewarm proceedii 
 
 iijiiinisttliH murderers 
 .Ma, a viceroy of Nankin, (iii 
 
 ii.ssii.ssinated 
 riiaiwls destroyed at Fatsha 
 'ilif French ultimatum refu 
 
 llie Minis unpunished ; Chi 
 
 liuiis reiiorted 
 ■lii.'ii-'ioiis mandate from the 
 
 Ian, Mcnlijiiting the mi.ssio 
 
 )"!.' tlieir massacre . 
 16 molips beheaded, .5 Seiil 
 
 'ifiiiiiity to the sufferers bv 
 
 ri'imrteii 
 
 Kiiil of the difficulty aniioiinc 
 
 1 liiiiit;-hi)iy, an envoy, arrives 
 
 •llfiimrinladdiesseil to the Ch 
 
 -I r. Hart, inspector of ens 
 
 ■•liaii(!i's in civil and iiiili 
 
 'Ilie .voiing cmiwror married 
 llirmeil at Paris ; aiiologiz,.., 
 
 ires, iUKl ii.,H)rts redress 
 liiissiaiiiuiexesKnldja 
 Win. Aniistrong lin„.spii c^, 
 
 liislmiioi.Ni.rth China 
 ^';,';,.,^'l"l'<"-'^'-''"""JOMly; he a; 
 
 ■raiifwcap'italoftheinsurgeni 
 laiis, captniwl ; thousands m 
 
 sltlleil hy t|.p„|y_ 
 
 ni'i Mr. Miindy, and a foreign 
 JWI.lanites, wlio came on b 
 lai'tain and otiiers, and carr' 
 ■'N ™we; the wounded crew' 
 
 I'nllioftho'eniperor ' 
 iMamati,,,, „f |,i, snccessoV, 
 "ii"i,7thHonofTaou.Twang(: 
 ■■M'ii'niig cxpclition under col 
 
 i*r™ kill' ,*';■• ..^'"''»">- '""I 
 
 iwure, kllleil at Manwyne, 21 h\ 
 
 Ix 
 
 !r'* 
 
 
 i ii 
 
CHINA. 
 
 «,.,uvictoryove,.ti,eNie„.feian;;;;;;;;;nrtc«;toM 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 hiiiiMe coimiilsHioners visit Loiiilon ^ ^j'"^'' 'S^** 
 
 Hn"KCImi,j(«,„| t4„.i<„o fai. '^ '" '^'""■■',' 
 Iie|.orteil Victory ovfi' tlin V n r ' ' . ''" 
 
 . U. 
 
 ■'"ly, „ 
 
 .iDpe- 
 
 .M«liorii()<IYnkoobIJe,r<lef™tat).!.T„,' ■ , '""'• '867 
 
 Kiiniiw . . !^ ' '^^^' '« lecognised by 
 Tlip itIwIh seize NiiiKpo '■■'■•,, 
 TiM' i.fople (It Yui,«.cl,ow, incite t,v tl,H ..' Kt ".';V, ''*^6 
 
 (Icurnwl classes) destrnv ti;," i ... • i^ liteinti " 
 
 «|M,.,lrou P^x^ee;l " IS"''*""'"' : ^".iti.sl. 
 
 Uiitisl. .Ie.,m!;,|sacce,le'l ""'""^"'"L an,l ii,„ 
 < liiimse eiiilmssy (Ml- A?>y,,i, ii,.'.- ; '4 N"i)V. ,, 
 
 Jol„'s'„„ at Wash !l,™'^"'',T,',y"' 'y l"'.-i.le.,t 
 treaty (see Jholin hn,")- ' l', ' .*■. ' "" •'' -*'«" « 
 
 (lH„.se onbassy receive,] by (i.e e.l.j^Vor at Paris " 
 IHin visited by the,l„ke ofEdinburKl,, i„nl-M!t'o, '^'^ 
 .Siiliijloi]ientaryooiivpiitintif„ti. .. . *'i't. „ 
 
 (^-,.B3S)^.rad.YarSi^^;^:;;;-^ 
 
 imivince.s reportwl """""""""« '" iioitli.w..st 
 
 Crai'l Miiissacre of the Kreiicli rr,>,«,',i .f Vr- *''''>'' 
 
 iloiimn catholic priests si,ters?M^ '■'■n-tsin, 
 
 MUis), besides ,„,„y native ennvl;,''''-''".! ''''■■ 
 
 ..-io„arieswe.^.^;.;ir!„^lS,;;:;!;;;;;^^:-,;„^^- 
 
 iNcrrased liatre<l of the peoDle tn fn.o,- . *' •'""">>' 
 
 apinst the iimnlercrs Kuveniment 
 
 Ma, n viceroy of Nankin, favourable t/, p ' ''"'■*• 
 assassinated . '■""""'"'»''> Eunipeajis, 
 
 iliaiifls destroye<l at Fatshaii ' " "'"" '' '^"« 
 
 llie Krerii'h tdtiniatinn refnseil 
 
 iiiissinj,' . *■ ' " *"''• ; "onie of the party 
 Throned) ne.rotiation^ nf \f' ,.." . " " M^'di, «3;s 
 
 '''«iMS;;{:';;i;,;;i;-;;''-.>;"tween chie^f:?^ •■ 
 
 •■".ioinin^r pro « \r ' 'f'' "'"'l'<t"'-», about 4 Oct 
 'l'elHK,a,n f™ ,Tr W '"■"" "f "."'■iKn.rs, A Oct ,. 
 Kimrantees, s hf",", „• IZ^T "l^dned necessary " 
 
 „ ««■■>■, and t'onc^ssio s fo for I!;',','?''"!'"''-'*''- M'"^ 
 Oeii. LBe-sec.ta.li..o ,1 . '"■^•"K" trade ,3 (),.f 
 
 ,.Ka. ys nmn ere : ? .'Tf' ""■ I'™'. > ■ Feb. ; Ma ! " 
 ^.rst milway in C d , , o, ''s'i::^,?:/'.''''' . ' "".^•' '^7^ 
 
 1870 
 
 tied -:■"'; '"■"■ '» "« "'Kiied, .3sApt-;";;tl. 
 
 ^;n;"'^;!^:';^^;;:;:i:'«'''''=M;.n„s-captnre.[^^?i^, 
 • "o:;;^;!^;^!;;""'"' -'-y w..o.t«:zhan) iJ:^':, 
 
 " - ' ■ • - - .fan. 
 
 ?'™adn;te!e']«';i;;,ton".-s«Chri, 
 
 l''oi.r more C fes. Z-,""'" '"^'Vi'ieea 
 
 'louriicd ""iiciictud after ^ 
 
 Tlic railway from ,S| 
 
 Off }*''!„' '■'■si'iiicd 
 
 ,, ■ =1 Nept. 
 the murderers nf 
 
 ll'e n.uis unpunished ; C nesV wwlZ"'''"'''" " 
 li'Hisrejiorted ^"'uese wiiilike pre|,ara- 
 
 ■M,.i.iious mandate from the niandarin 'l\,.f T''^' •< 
 Ian, pndpatn.K the nussionahes • d "T,^"'"- 
 MiK tlieir massacre ""-'jjes, ..ml cunilcinn- 
 
 :6moliM beheaded, .5 Sent '..i ' ■., , "''t. „ 
 'iMMiiity to the suHerers 1 V Vi.l .^■' "'"''"' ■ '"■ 
 rniwted . "'"""""' ''y tl'e outraKe ordered ; 
 
 Ki»l(iftheilirticultyann'(,nn,;.,l ' ' *''.'."^'- " 
 iliiiiix-liinv, an envov, ariiv.-i i„ I, ; I ' J -^"v. ,, 
 
 Jta.mrial addivsse,! to e Chile ;'"'' ' ^^"'''- '^V> 
 ■Mr. Hart, inspector ..nisoms ';'"''"''''''''' ''V 
 
 '•'"""'- '" •■'^" ' -"Mtai^"'a;s:^;;::i;:/: 
 
 Tlif yoiiiijj enjiwror uiarrieil autuiiiu, 
 
 llmnmlatl'aris; apidoKizes forT,,., •, • '6<'<t. ,, 
 
 ™s,.uuli-e|K)rtsre,lruss ''^''-tsiu i.mssa- 
 
 llii\sia annexes Kulilja ' ' ' -'J "Nov. „ 
 
 TI;e™,W» majority; he assnn,e»U,..,o^^;;:^: 
 
 lalifoo, capital of the insurgent Panti,,,.'. u'^ '"'"''■ 
 
 laim, captmvd ; thousands , as,"" ''•* -^"''"I'T- 
 
 twJiKri liMh sters for the lir,it t . '. ■ ''•''•• 
 
 HMiwor "" "'""rst tune received by the 
 
 DiNiule with Jaimii s,ip *■„.. .' •. ^9.'nne, 
 
 sftttal by ti-eaty ' ^'"'""w, Jnly-AuK. ! 
 
 Tlie.s>,A sails from Canton to v,.^ " 3' "it. 
 
 ■""i ■«'■: .Mnndy, and vW,' '.'"•:,•■'■''• "'"">• 
 
 ;w«; pnatHs, who came ," ,, , 1 ' ','""*"■"• 
 
 '"I"'"" "'"1 others, and c r v , ' T'T'-^- ,"<'" 
 
 -wuhe wounded c;;!;^,^;•^:'^^»:;;;^^ 
 
 I'fJlliofthoenipernr ' " " • 22 Au^. ,, 
 
 Iruclaiiiation of his sncl'i.v,.,,',. ■•<' ■ ■■ '-'Jan. 187c 
 
 '''•'•■.7''-o"of...ni:^;-^,^-;;--.;v;;.j^^^ ''' 
 
 '■M'lmai,' exiiedition under ci 11 . ■* '''•'''• ,. 
 
 '*'»«■ killed at Jlanu"^;, , "tel ■ '' Tm ^"''"« '' 
 
 . ■" r(,[). , tol. Jrowne 
 
 istians, i Feb. 
 iices . 
 
 • I April, 
 years ; an- 
 
 . iesun,ed """''"" ''""«''» t» be. st„ppe,t 
 
 '••-ti'z/;n^;:i;;*S:!i'i''v-'i''''''''''''H^ 
 
 - „l.^'!i■;''.«';"" '"•ally .lefeate,! by the 
 
 iuated, 
 1 ; end 
 
 187; 
 
 Vukiiid 
 Chill, 
 
 CliJiie^eKeiieml T« . fl .">' <'W«aled 1 
 
 Tlie Chinese mini'ste 
 
 be,. 
 
 •'•■■■' "rst grand eveniiigVece|!ti 
 
 I, ~ S">^ie|iiioll 
 
 iJeMriK'tion iif niis.ii,in .. . ig Junt iS^jH 
 
 48,303^ for 
 
 '■'iiuiine abati 
 
 /:ni,'l«M.l . "' 
 l'"' «lmi.(,'-hae railway 
 
 L'ljinese imnuVmn'ts virtuall, 
 ■a m by a |,„|i.,,„. ""'■"U 
 
 """"'"" ""<«-""K-M,aiin„uiM,.d 
 
 I'l'lief collcet°ed"'i;i 
 
 plant removed to '"'Kofi 
 xcltided from Au.s^ 
 
 1871 
 ■87J 
 
 »'^"'iiUH fsOiiK, the 
 •!""■»•« in l,on.|ou 
 
 
 J^'Jiinese- «,„i,assi; 
 
 „„,,/^ '^'''- • '"■'■••"■"ts his ere: 
 
 ,, .• "ith liussia, wh.i'i,,.,„L . ' 20 March, 
 ^''''Oaterritoiy,,!,j;:;;,;'«;-,<;;_eva..m.,ethe 
 
 J^-Vang.tsai...,K.lchie,;cap,u.vd;a„uo;r^|'"'^- 
 C'hun;;-Hiiw the It., . .1 • 2 Dec 
 
 'tr^or^"" '^-"»"'" -ia ,0 invade I^l^ 
 
 fiS;''^-;-^ -":«-'"" «oes-.o..hina?^;;;:i 
 
 v''','.!'?''"V'"'.'.'*?' (,'uven....'- ...■■ .. -• •■ Jii'ie 
 <-'li'!.;-ll(nV leleased'-"i',..,;„,„,„;i .. ' .-, "'"'*. 
 
 KUTn up ; announced ' "'"' "'"' ""■"■'ii 
 
 Tioinas duke of Oeuoa aails in. .1;., v ' '5 -'"'y. 
 
 "I an Italian vessel ' "'" ^'-"K-txe-Kiarig 
 
 1880 
 
 ".^N, loi'tiiiesm;;:,;;,;;:;, '",„';i>-*'"i«;iitan' ,,ro. 
 
 •*'l«'l by col. (loill,,,, . ""■ ''"''"al. June ; 
 
 
 ii'H' 
 
 ■9Auf;. ,881 
 
 
 k 
 
 ,;f 
 
 1 
 
 m^ 
 
 "} 
 
 ],/S 
 
 1 
 
 .\ '■'■,■ 1 .' 
 
 .>i 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 >f..yy 
 
 
 --fi 
 
 i 
 
 
 •' . *' • ' 
 
 
 If 
 
 I'JM^u:- 
 

 
 Pi li 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 J 
 
 .Mr 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■A ■ 
 
 ^^^^■n^P?L^> 
 
 f 
 
 
 p. 1 ' 
 
 
 ku 1 
 
 ■MBil^ ' " 
 
 
 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 231 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 Conij'licatinn with Fram-i' ifsiicctiiiK Tuniinhi (see 
 
 Tuiiijiiiii) I^i'iit. 1883 
 
 Mr. Ldpiti Nciiti'iiced to si'vi-n yruis' lu'Miil sfivi- 
 
 tutltt for killing; u t'oiilic at Caiitnii . , Kept. ,, 
 Canton xicatly ex(?iti' 1 ai;aiic»t fiirei(,"i(Ms . Oct. ,, 
 Corrtwiiondi'nt'eiifKmnii'iiiiclC'lilimirsiK'i'tinnTdii- 
 
 qnin ptililhlifd in tlic 'liiin!', Imtli linn 29 Oct. ,, 
 Warm reception of sir Henry l'arl<is as H';.i»li 
 
 an)t>aHHa<lur 8e])t. ,1 
 
 China isHucH a cinular cluiniini; Annnni m n de- 
 
 jiendeni'y Nnv. „ 
 
 Coup d'etat at Peliin etl'ected l)y prime t'linn, 
 
 fatlier (if the reit,iiing emperor, whu Iweonies 
 
 dictator; jirince Kung, and tlie viceniy I.i-HunK- 
 
 ChaiiK, dejidsed . . . . 11 Aliril, 1'/ w/. 1884 
 
 The luarciuis Tsi^ng recalled fi'om Paris, aniiniinced 
 
 2 May, „ 
 Ke|il«eed liy IJ-Fonji-l'ao . . alioi.t 3 May, ,, 
 Tr>!aty with Frame, signed liy capt. Fournicr and 
 lii-Hung-t'hanK, iitTientHin ; Freneh iiroteetonite 
 orAnnam ami Tonqnin recognized ; three suiithern 
 provinces opeiieil to commerce . . 11 .May, ,, 
 The Chinese lireak the treaty by attacking tlie 
 
 Frencli marching to occniiyl.angson (see i'lOi'/iiiii) ,, 
 The French demand evacuation of *lie Toiii|Uin 
 
 frontier forts, and 10,000,000/. indemnity . July, ,, 
 The war jiarty at Pckin oppose l.c empress anil 
 
 Li-Hung-t'liani; the viceroy . . . July, „ 
 The frontier towns to be surrendered, the indeiuiiity 
 
 refused, annoiineeil .... 30 July, ,, 
 China otters reduceil imli'midty , . . Aug. ,, 
 Kelunv; in Formosa bombanlcil anil forts destroyed 
 
 by alleged treadiery liy adm. l.es|ies 5, 6 .Vug. ,, 
 Adni. Courtn't at Foot;liiiw . . . 10 -Vug. ,, 
 
 Negotiations at 8liangliai Vul;. ,, 
 
 IiYance declines meiliation of the powers ; France 
 
 issues u circular to the powers . 17 Aug. ,, 
 
 Indemnity clainu>d tiy France, reduced to 3,200,000/. 
 
 19 Aug. ; refuseil by CIniui 
 
 Tlie French amliassador, Kcumlle, leaves Pekiu ; 
 
 war ensues 21 Aug. ,, 
 
 Adni. Courbet with his tli'et sails up the Min river 
 unattai'ked ; destroys the (.'hinese fleet with 
 much slaughter, ' Vug. ; bombards the arsenal 
 atFoochllW,anlllll^ antics the forts; destroys the 
 forts and liatteries, kr., at .Mingan ami Kinpai; 
 French killed, about 7 ; Chinese said to be at»)nt 
 
 1000 26-28 Aug. ,, 
 
 Li-Hung-Changdeprived of his highest otticcs about 
 
 23 Aug. „ 
 Chinese declaration of war, iu a manifesto to the 
 
 lieople, aniiininced .... 6 Sept. ,, 
 
 H..M. g\in-lioat Xriihyr tired on by mistake, 6 Sept.; 
 
 Chinese apologise .... i3 liept. „ 
 Chinese said to l>e defeateil at Kinpai Pass, about [ 
 
 16 Sept. „ 
 Europeans, at Shanghai and other places, protest 
 
 against the war Sept. „ 
 
 Li-Hung-Chang reappointed viceroy almut 24 Sept. ,, 
 Adm. Courbet captures Kelnng i Oct. ; adm. I.espes 
 bombards Tamsui, 2 </ .ic/. Oct. ; lands ; retires 
 
 8 Oct. „ 
 N. and W. Formosa blockaded . . 23 Oct. ,, 
 Kelungoiwupied by French ; little rcsistiince 8 Oct. ,, 
 1000 Chinese defeatei: near lamsui, 2 Nov.; re- 
 pulsed in attack on Kelnng, announced 12 Nov. ,, 
 Fruitless iin.'iliation of cirl (iranville with maniuis 
 
 Tseng, aiinounied .... 10 Dec. ,, 
 
 Reported Chinese defeat near Kelnng . .13 Dec. ,, 
 The native press, originally otticial (/VAiii il'izettr, 
 
 ancient), t^ecomes political and )>oi)uIar . . ,, 
 Foreign Kulistment Act proclaimed ut Hong Kong 
 
 23 Jan. 1885 
 French attack near Kcliing, Cliiuese works carried 
 
 25 Jan. „ 
 Chinese defeateil with much loss 31 Jan. ,, 
 
 TwoChiuesejiinkssunkby French torpedoes, 15 Feb. ,, 
 Bombardment of Chin-hae, at the mouth of the 
 
 Yung-Kiang river .... 2 .March, „ 
 Siege of Tuyen (Juan, much slaughter 23 .March, ,, 
 Several forts at Kelnng captured, 
 Sanguinary conlticts . . . 4-12 March, ,, 
 Sir Harry Parkes, aTut.assador, dies . 22 -March, ,, 
 Pescadores I.slands captured . . 30 31 M:irc!i, ,, 
 Preliminaries of iH'ace, through intervention of sir 
 Robt. Hart, signed at Pekinabout6A|)rii ; treaty 
 Hignc'd 9 June ; rati tied . , . 28 Nov. ,, 
 
 iSic; 
 
 IS.7 
 
 Sir Itobert Hart, Dritish ambas.sailor, 33 June; 
 resigns about 31 Aug. igs^ 
 
 Formo.sa evacuated about . . . 23 June, 
 
 Introduction of railways autliorlzed — m'w policy 
 
 about Aug. 
 
 Disputes with .laimn scuttled ; reporteil . Aug. 
 
 The emiM'ror agri'cs to receive a i)ai)al agent to 
 protect II. C. missioimries . . . July, 
 
 Death of Tsii Tsung-Tang, a great statesman and " 
 guardian of the king .... 4 Sept. 
 
 •Sir Jidni Walsham Dritish minister . 7 April. 
 
 Liu-shin-fun, auilNissjidor for (ireat Hritain, arrives 
 
 28 April, 
 
 M. Agliardi appointed Intcmnuclo . 14JUIV, 
 
 The sclu'me susis'Uded by the Pope through French 
 opiiosition .... ab<mt 15 Sept. 
 
 Corivention with many concesshms by the Uritish 
 govennuent respecting the lluriuese frontiers 
 and tmde signed at Pckin . . . 24JUIV, 
 
 The French ccmsent to the transfer of the Pehtai'iJ 
 Caihednil from its contiguity with the pala •" 
 
 Nov. 
 
 The Chinese annul the French i)rotcctoratc over 
 all christians Nov. 
 
 Decanville railway successfully opened 21 Nov! 
 
 General priK'lannitious for protection of christiaii 
 missionaries and converts, exclnding foreign 
 protection .... . . .j,,". 
 
 Remarkable presents from the e, I'lerortosir Halli- 
 day Macartney, secretary of the Uritish and other 
 
 legations (for g 1 services to China) received in 
 
 liondon i.',.i, 
 
 The emiK-ror, aged 16, assumes the govenuneril 
 
 7 Fell. 
 
 Convention iMdween Great Hritain and China, 
 respecting Uurnnih and Thilx-t, signml 24 Jiilv' 
 ami ratitlwl 25 ^nV 
 
 Chinese Meet of live ironclads (three constructeil hi 
 Britain) at Spithead ; sail for China umiLt 
 Adnural Lang with others lent by the Admiralty 
 
 Conunercial treaty with France, 1886 ; signed ami 
 ratilied aujj. 
 
 Reported cmi vent ion of Li-Hung-Chang,thevicirov 
 with count .Mitkiewicz and an American .symli^ 
 cate for intnxlnctiou of railways, telegraphs, 
 telephones, Ac, ami a loan, Aug. ; repudiated by 
 the Chinese government . . . .Oct. 
 
 Overflow of the Hoang Ho, or Yellow River, laas- 
 ing innnense destruction ; about 1,500 ["oimlous 
 villages destroye<l, and the important city 
 Chuhsion Chen narrowly csiapoil with loss of 
 suburbs ;inillionsofpersons.saidtnhivei)erisheii; 
 fandne imminent ; the government active in pro- 
 viding relief Sept. -Oct. 
 
 Treaty with irnii^lStatestoallowChineseinunigra- 
 tion for 20 years with some exceptions (lawful 
 marriage and chihiren, property worth 1,000 
 dollars, ic.) signed 14 March, 1888 ; Chiiia 
 refuses the mtiticat ion .... Sejit. i' 
 
 The empress-mothei announces her resignatioii 
 of the administration of government, whieli is to 
 be assnuieil by the emperor . . 27 Julv, 
 
 The Chine.se Kxclusion Act vigorously carried out 
 at San Francisco, and at other places middle Oct. 
 
 Railway from Tientsin to Taku oiH'ned . Nov. 
 
 Conventions with Itiily and (ierinauv for them to 
 protect their nussionaries . . announced Dec. 
 
 New R. C. cathedral at Pekin cofi.secrated 8 Dec. 
 
 Great famine iu conse<iiu>nce of ininidatioiis of 
 the Yangtszeaml Yellow River valleys announceil 
 Jan. 1889; relief money .sent from London, alxjve 
 30,000/. (gratefully ackiiowlwlged) (see Mniimn 
 Unllsr t'lliiil) ,5 
 
 Riots at Chin-Kiang, the British consulate ami 
 foreigners' houses burnt . . . 4, 5 Keh 
 
 Marriage of the Kmiieror . . . . 25 Ki'h, 
 
 Hsieh Ta .Fen ains)inted ndnister for London, I'aris, 
 Brussels, and Home, announced 4Jiuk>, 
 
 Lnchow, iu the proviiu'e of .Szechnen, destroyed liy 
 tire, about 1,200 i)ersons ')erish . . 27 June, 
 
 The Yellow River bursts its fmnksat Shantung, niiii 
 imuulates the country, and countless lives are 
 lost, n'pnrtcii ioJiilv, 
 
 Great inundations in North China through ty- 
 phoons ; about 5,000 iwrsons perish, reiiortwl 
 
 30 Aug. 
 
 ■9 
 
 The bellow River again 
 
 Muich destruction alKjii 
 
 Insurrection in the i„„ 
 
 pressed;, 00 insurgents 
 
 The construction of a trii 
 
 Hankow, 700 luilfs, prt 
 
 Tiie project IxjstiKijieil th 
 
 liisinreetion in tlie Aim. 
 
 n'liorteil siicce:,s of th 
 
 town Lan-iiei-liiaii; j 
 
 bottles : announced 
 
 Cjllapse of a (,.„,,,i„ „, 
 
 Sliantiiiig ; about 250 im. 
 
 Iiaperial decree for refor 
 
 services ; promoted by t 
 
 ftjiiveiition Ibrtheoiien'iiii 
 
 coiiiriiercesigiieii at Peki 
 
 Death of the niaripiis Tsi 
 
 Tlie iliike and duchess of 
 reieiveil in Canton am! S 
 fireat HixhIs at IVkiii Tii 
 business »toj,,„,,|^^ j^ 
 Hirer inundations early } 
 viiices .Shantung and Cli 
 •mlpiosjiectof fiiiiiinere 
 Kvplusion of the governme 
 fiiiitoii, killing niaiiv ners 
 houses, 15 Aug. ; a s'imilai 
 tu, 3ooijer.sonskille<l, rei 
 Mas-iacre of many native 
 luytsiii and other places 
 reported . . . ' 
 All ini|ierial decree,' grai,t 
 emperor to reinnsenfativ 
 is.iue<l . 
 Tlie first audience 
 Ikntli of prince Chung, (,,: 
 
 reported . . _' 
 
 Disastrous Hooils in Sliue.,Sh 
 
 other districts, about 1000 
 
 Aiiti-KuroiHstii riots at Wnhu 
 
 British consulate wrecked 
 
 wifeescajie; iiniet rt-stored 
 
 liifreased iwpularaiiti-foreigii 
 
 t'huia, June ; the diplomat 
 
 govennuent ; the emiieror i' 
 
 lirotaclioii of foreigners i 
 
 «i;6res»orsal)oiit . 
 
 Kre..eheliurch and oriiliaiiage i 
 
 by tire . . . ^ 
 Um of life and much d'estnic 
 
 the Vaiig-tse-Kiang about 
 Continued persecution of forei 
 (Ipcree ineffectual; thediplon 
 pjverniiientabout 
 Till! Kolao Hui, a .secret societ 
 to foreigners and Cliristiani 
 TlieAm 'i mission at Ishaii" 
 Theoiil .igaiiistforeignersl 
 niatic lusty rejwrt to their 
 iiieiitsalwiit . 
 toat I)rit.iin, France, fiernian 
 Matc.i, .N.A., unite for the ci 
 tlieii- people against Cliine.se 
 
 ('oiii|iens;itioupaid tothesnlTeri 
 
 viceroy alwiit . . 
 Britisli sipiadron an<l other ve 
 
 aiKl other jiorts alwiit 
 A »i.«/».( virnnll with the CI 
 
 arranged by the Kuroi.ean n 
 
 liairraclioii in Mongolia and : 
 foreigners and native Cliristiai 
 acre,, Nov. ; suppressed by gc 
 
 "fter ba ties, witli much slaugl 
 Afreniimt • • the Hunan swiet 
 
 l-m, &c uhlished at .Shang 
 » iminids of the vicen.vs of Nank 
 
 Wtributiiig the anti-foreign out 
 "iiiours circulated by cons,n-m 
 
 .oo,»>i/, t.i Christian ml.ssions 
 
 «'('htT?"'T "'"'•''''•■< «"'"o'l 
 
 'fimh John, missionary, oNsert 
 '"n-W nut breaks oriKi„a,;,'r«.if; 
 
CHINA. 
 
 Tlie pro. Hc liostiMnjp,! ti,,Jv„, 1 ' .' . ■ Aiik. 
 town I^M-i ™t ,a ■ n„f ■■."'?• "«'^« •!'« 
 
 llic iliike anil (liicliess of r'^.,„ w , " -April, 
 n-<;Hrl i" Canto.ur.aus'h^.'^^h"""'"" ""''""^'|1"> 
 
 viiicrs «lmraoiiK«n.l crm/'-',M V," "'" I"'"- 
 
 tuytsMi and other ulna's l/v „ f,i^.l- f ''""«- 
 reportcil . . ' "* " '"'"'tiral society 
 
 All imperial ilecree L'nintii.,; „ V ' '^*'^- 
 etiipeiiir to reim-s .iih?t v. l*' ,""!'"''."■'' of tlie 
 isHile.1 . /"'""" i"»tn«s o( loreiKi, powers 
 
 Till' first aiidieiice ' ' ' ' '2 I>bc. , 
 
 iwth of prince Cliiinir ii.o,..',. ,.,"n 5 March, 
 
 reported . . '*' '""'" "^ '''» Bi"l»ror, 
 Disustious Hooils in IShne-.Sh'ai.L. 'w.„.'r', ' ^ ''""• 
 
 other di.,trict.s, ,.l,o„t <S^ 1 ^' ^,,' '';*^''''',''\'''''l 
 ANti.Biiro,)ean riot« at W ,C • IZ '"V ";"'>' '••'''• 
 
 British consulate ^M: Z'^yl^lZaT = 
 
 wifeHsca,«; <|nietrestOTe<l by force ,' "'"''"'' 
 liirreaseil Iwpn aranti-forBiirn ..,,if„.- ' .,^' '^ *'"5i 
 
 China, Jmie ; the .liStiX;! •"^'.V'"'"/'?''"''' 
 
 protrtctioii of foreimiers ,„, r" ' 'I^V^e for the 
 aggressors al«nt '^"^^ "'"' Pimishment of 
 
 'Vto'!'"''". ;-l".aniKeat W^K^iehhe^i!;;';;! 
 
 l/m of life nnil iniich (I'estrn'ctinti hv Ji,^ 9^»<'«, 
 theVang.tse.Kiai,K«lK,»t ' " ''•' "'" '■'■■*'"«, "f 
 
 Contniiiwl iier.secution of lorei,'rn«~'. .i." •^' ''"'>'• 
 ilpcree inetleetiml ; the di Z^",?,?',!:','''' ""I'"'"' 
 toveniuient about '"""'"""'"ti" bo<l.viiress the 
 
 TlioKolao Hiii, a secret sociefv qfr.,t,;,i.. '^ '^"K- 
 to foreigners and Chris?^, n ;. «e^,^-°'r '*'''' 
 
 23.5 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 1890 
 
 „ placards, &;.","re,:,r't'^r """ ""'""' °' """'-ive 
 ine rebels in the noi-ti. 1 '. 1 ; . • • "^t^' i8qi 
 defa.U.dbyV,:!r,,;;':,l^,,,'™>l'-'l '-y U H,,n«, " 
 
 't;;^ii';^i^i;¥itb.-;-uob.arr:s^;:^^^ ■• 
 
 the onlI^ero^ r«7S ed I V mS 1' " •""'''•"'^■« by 
 
 rejected, early ^* "'" '""■•"«'' ministers. 
 
 Hill for the strinsent'evcliisiMii' of /•■ ■ ' ■*'"■"• •> 
 
 Krants from the Unlt«l mates N i""r" "","^'- 
 confjress "mus, iv. a., jiassed by 
 
 ''r/!;:::^,^ «:'"-t5;.iunksd.;tro;t;{ri •• 
 
 3iri;:^;^s:^^.t?eS;i^r'-- -^T '■ 
 ^^.^X-.,;^^i:^tn;i-'-""'^-» " 
 
 The ancestors of sir H.lli.i,,," « ■ .■ '3 Oec. „ 
 mandarins, reporte- ^ Macartney raised to 
 
 Bee. „ 
 8 March, tSo-i 
 t in the 
 
 ■07.47S 'II the 
 
 i89t 
 
 t, ■•; ■"■■'. reporte". 
 
 Pan.lne ,n N. Shen.si repor eil . 
 
 Unft^ i"s';!t'"'""-^'"" ('"""iKrat on) 'nc 
 L.nted8t..t«s con.es into ettect; (4';', 
 
 i ''rSr •"""""•"'"«"'■ lifter at St; ,,,^S; 
 
 I '^'ielX'""^':'""" ''''"'■'"^■" '''" I— • by ILTh. 
 
 ' /,"';,'''';«'ti"'ii»Maiiehiiria;eimrted ' " ''v'"*'- 
 
 I Ofi. liiiKsent to suppress the H,i„„'„, ^'.*^'''>'' 
 
 Un^Krie™„ces,r4^.rted:':j;,:,:ri'^it'i-; 
 
 War with Jaiwn, see Com- ■ ' >4 June, 
 
 at Mao-Ya g ' th. ,'„ rS'''""'';'"; '"^ ™''"sra 
 ,_omcersde«n.,id,re;K,;"ed '''!'■' "^"^'^Ts Helll 
 
 1894 
 
 r7''"''"''''««'"''"-™i«n"ilsre:^,;^"«; 
 
 Tlie out. 
 
 nmtie l-ly re »rtlo •ffir'^CcHVi'"' 
 mmtsalwMt rfcxiwctiNe Kovern. 
 
 ...eirpeopie\.;:;;'^f^,'!L-S^^;'m;;;Kof 
 
 'srii:,r""""'^"'^--'"W"..ubX - 
 
 British *|nadron and other vessels at V„™ "''■!■ " 
 ami other ports alKMit . """"'"• at .Nat-a-Haki 
 
 i ti'nlii.t ririiifti with the ri.!.. ' ' ,^.) "''t. ,, 
 >™.g.l by the Kl!ro^n^tE^.,^;'J^:i;i:j 
 
 *»''re,, Nov. • si iVivsse, i,„ ' ' '^''I'"'ted mas. 
 
 .f.wbatt,es,\3;ZT'si''a^.|f;;i;r;'"'-'''T''-^ 
 
 k<"»mt ■ • the Hnnan swiet es aualnstV'"- " 
 P"»l,iesChi.,ese,,fflcials«Z"^„? .I^,''''-'^^ 
 
 ^wi-sK'-^^tiitt-^S " 
 
 ^^.loiitbieaksoriKin.i^e/l'^'fUlru:^;:;^;; 
 
 ! Treat\ 
 
 Great t.., 
 i W'Sorintni 
 ^ reiwrted'"'"" ''^'"'•rnnieiit and itsresoiirces 
 
 I '« e^iLnJ;;^t^e^s,r7r'^'' ' "''■ " 
 
 I missionaries ' '"'""^''"" "' foreigners and 
 
 i;;}v!;;^^'f;;-fiii'i;;^^^".;er.ededby'^^:^;; ■. 
 ' ' -;;c?^"':«'ttS^'"i^ i »''«'P " 
 
 rBtiirns to jwwer ^"""' ' ^i Hiinj; Chang 
 
 ' note's ssionaries .safe jq 
 
 ''Hi"ss^%'e^^-r'- "'"■""« '-" ^'---^'aZi - 
 
 ;™^p..^^;;ed,»^H'- '«He.^-: .. 
 
 '-.:;l«:ni^k^,.-f.,i---i£;j •• 
 
 S,Kii-cbeng,;-;U.-r:^)^.,Wbasa^. 
 
 The Uritish yoveninientde'mands immediate r'A " 
 Jajmn demands an iiideiPnitv f,„. ■ ■ '7 ■*"*?• •> 
 
 '.'■""■tong I-ninsnla ev J.,,, i.nf fo''*iw'''' •''" 
 first pavmeiit An,, ."'"■""■'"'i-' to begin du 
 signed' .' '"• • "iiPPli'inentary treaty 
 
 'be Cliiiie.se governn'ient 'aetiili; with ti.M r ^'''*- " 
 
 i^onwi s ; arrestK 1 ' '"s "I'h "'k foreign 
 
 jMirteil . •""' Pimi-shes criminals; k- 
 
 AilditionaloiitmL'e.s reiioi-f...ri,. »■ ' • ^"g' >. 
 of the Vegetar^ui siZ^^^^ = lonienilK-Fs " 
 
 about »8 AiT , cri,^,,"''' """'"•■^ ^"'.victed 
 clieng ** • ' f^f'iiii'ials executed at Ku- 
 
 '7 Sept. „ 
 
 
 
 .,:■>; ::i^-^^ ' 
 
Iff 
 
 4 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 236 
 
 CHIOS. 
 
 I 
 
 i "Hi 
 
 J 723. 
 
 >7.36. 
 
 IiisuiTcctloii iif tlip PuiiKmis, ClilncHC troops 
 ili'lVated iiciir Mii-cliau, ni'ii. Houl bclicmlHil ; i". 
 
 IMlltwl o2 H|.|it. 1895 
 
 lli'itlHli iiltliMHtiiin ilcijjiiiKliiiK tIjK ilt'Krnilatiiiii of 
 till' vlpcriiy (if .Szii-i-'liimii anil otlii-rs, j8 .Si'iit. ; 
 _ac('(']itc(l by China . . . . , 30 ^(iiit. 
 CliliiH aKrm'H to jiay Cdnipc-.isatioli to ficriiiaiiy for 
 tin' iiiunderiiiK ot'a iiiisHion station at .Hwatan ; 
 an aKri'einent conrhKlcd at Hliaiiglmi for a cj-owii 
 I'onci'sslon to (iiMinany at Ilan-kan, 6 Oct. ; an<l 
 
 at Ticn-tjiiii ; ri'iMiiti'il, (o Oct 
 
 'J'liB vlrcroy of Ko-kiiMi iiftri'Hs to tlifl trial ami 
 punlHlnnont of those ronvioti'il In tin' K>i-clnii(,' 
 MiasMacres, owln^ to tin' anival of tin' liritisli 
 admiral; reportrd .... 15 Oct. 
 
 An t'Xplosion on the transpmt Kiiiifj Vni, jic.'ir 
 Khinhan, 500 soldiers killi'd . '. 14 Oit. 
 l.an-chaii-fu, capital of Kansii, cajiturp<l by .Malm- 
 
 incdans ; rcpcjrti'd 31 Oct. 
 
 I.I-HnnK-ChanK charnfil with onlcrs to silpimss 
 llh' Insiirri'i'tlon ; mutiny of troops at Kin-kiann 
 
 KhIanK Nov. 
 
 iSlrC. M. .Macdoindd appolntcil llrltlsh envoy and 
 
 minister at I'ekln, .Ian. ; ai'rives . .-2 April, 1896 j 1795 
 AnKlo.(ierinaij loan for J6,ooo,ooo/. at 5 iier cent. 
 
 sijined at I'eldii .... 24 .March ,, 
 Mir Hobert Hart ajipointed superlntenilcnt of ]«jsts 
 
 and telegraphs ; rejiorted . .30 March ,, 
 
 China eutors the postjil union . . . 2 April ,, 
 M. (Jcrard, French ndnl-ter, rei'alled . 2 April ,, 
 Mahornedan rebellion : a town in Kansn captured 
 
 by the Duncans ; repoited . . . 25 May n 
 I.I-HnnK-Chanc, Krand secretary, received by 'lie 
 (.'Ziir at .St. Peti'rsburt;, 4 May; travels in (ier- 
 man.v— Berlin (hononred), E.s.sen, etc., visits 
 iirince Hisinarck, 25 .Inne ; at the Hajjue. 4 .Inly ; 
 HrnsKcIs, 8 .Inly; Paris, 13 .Inly; London a]id 
 other cities, 1-21 An;;; reeeiveil by the miii-t|r.is 
 of iSalisbnry, 4 An^. ; received and decor;ited by 
 the (|UceM at Osborne, 5 Aug. ; arrives ,it X.-w 
 York, 28 Au^. , received by pres. f'le\'cland, 
 ■?a An^. : Canarla : Toronto, 7 .Sept. : leaves 
 Victoria, full of Kratltnde, 16 Se)it. ; Y.ikiibiiMia, 
 '7 SH))t. ; Pekin 20 Oct. ; a|>polnted niinist"r foi' 
 
 foreijrii affairs 26 Oct. „ 
 
 Second pavnieiit of war indi'mnity to.lapajj at the 
 
 Imnk of England (4, 400,506/.) . . . 8 May ,, 
 Tidal wave at Hai.chaii, 4,000 lives lost 56 .Inly, „ 
 Rpi)aratl(in Kiimted for the in.inrles done to French 
 
 inissionnries, at Kwel-cban, since 1886 Sipt. ,, 
 
 Hnii WenorKnn Yat .Sen,niedical student, detained 
 at the ChiiiHse leKation, Londor, on suspicion of 
 bein^ a conspirator. 11 Oct. ; releaseil by the in- 
 tervention lif lord Salisbury . . . 23 Oct. ,t 
 MlTdsteisapi.ointed in London. Washin^jton, Herlin, 
 
 and St. Petershnr;,' : announced 24 .Nov. „ 
 
 Chinese Eastern, or Russian Manchurian nillway ; 
 
 see Ifn.fRiii ; Dee. 1896. 
 Huron von Wnhll«nn appointed first Anstro-Hun- 
 
 gariau minister at Pekin; announced; 10 .Ian. 1B97 
 Slienn Ta-.ien, director of I'iiilways ; cipntract for 
 the constrnction of the Han-Kan railway si^-ned 
 with a lieltfian svndicate . . . lo May, ,, 
 Cliaiij; Yin-huau, special eiLVoy, arrives In Kn:;laud, 
 
 26 May, „ 
 Prince Ouklitonisky's mission to Pekin ; well re. 
 
 cei\eil , . ' May, ,, 
 
 \'(.w liussian Ijaiik ojiened at Pekin . 27 May, ,, 
 The West liver openeil to foreign trade . 4 .lune, ,, 
 Uepnrat.ion demanded b.v flernnmv for the recent 
 murder of 2 Germau missionaries ; troops landed 
 at Kiao-chau bay ; the Chinese retired, 14 -Nov. ; 
 Indemnity, 200,000 taels (alsuit 3:;. 000/.), etc., 
 refpseil ;"29Nov. : | Kiao-chau, ceded to fiei many, 
 with ad,iacent territory, 99 yra. lease; 5 Jan. : 
 ratified ; 24 .Jan. 1898. 1 
 Russian fleet, arriv-M at Kinchau, near Port .\rthnr, 
 
 with China's approval 8 Dee. ,, 
 
 M Hun« Chang recalle<l to l)o\ver . . 1 .Ian. 1898 
 NegotiatlouH with Gt. Britain and llnssia, re. 
 
 specting loans, fail Jan., Feb. „ 
 
 Trains blown up with dynaudte, by the insurt'cuts, 
 
 near Ntievitas ; 1 ileaths ; repcM'ted 25 , Ian. ,, 
 
 ■Japan claims payment of the indemnity, 9 Feb. 
 (11,0.18,857'. juiid by the bank of England on 
 behalf of China, 7 May). 
 
 See Adoksda. 
 Inland waters to be opened to Hrltish and otlier 
 
 steamers, with regulations, in 'June . 20 Feb. if, j 
 Pile Favier (30 yeaiB resident) poii.iecrated as ^' 
 
 bishopat Pekin 20 Feb. 
 
 Chinese loan of 16,000,000/. at 4I percent., between ' 
 
 Hong-konj; ami other luinks ; ratified . 3 March, 
 Four ports oiicned to trade, .\prll ; see A'a.isia, ' 
 
 HiiiiUuhI, and Fruncr, 1898. 
 Death of prince Knng, aged 68 . . 29 May, 
 \Vei-liai-W('i, occupied by the liritisli, 30 May ; con- " 
 
 vention iigneil , ,j,||y 
 
 Indemnity and concessions granted to Franco tor " 
 
 the murder of pile lieithollet . . 7 .June, 
 
 CHINKNE E.UFF,HOH8. 
 
 1627. C'bwang-lel. 
 
 1643. Shun-che (first of the Tsing dynasty). 
 1662. Kang-lil, an able sovereign ; consolidated the em. 
 pire, com]>lled a great Chinese dictionary. 
 Ynng-ching. 
 Keen-lung, warlike; fond of art; greatly eialjoi. 
 
 lished Pekin. 
 Kea-king. 
 
 Taoii-Kwang. 
 
 1S50. HIeng-f'ung, 25 Feb. 
 
 1861. Ki-tsiang (alterwl to Toung-chI) 21 Aug.; bom ., 
 Apiil, 1856; married 16 <Jet. 1872; died ijJai", 
 1875. 
 1875. Tsai T'ien (alt<n-e(l to Kwang Su), aged 4, , . .Ja,, 
 ICIiina was ruled by two empresses (Tsze An and Tsze 
 Chi), 1861-1881 ; and by one (Ts/o Chi), an able woman 
 1881-9. 1 
 1887. The emperor assumed the government, 7 Feb. 
 
 CHINA GRASS, or Khea ; :i prize of 5000/ 
 was offered by the Indiim govoriimeiit for nnn hinerv 
 to prepare and cleiume the fibre, 11 Jan. 18-0 
 Mr. John Greig's machine was exhibited in Edin- 
 burgh, Deo. 1871. Various unsuccessful machines 
 and ]irocesses were tried ; eventually .Mr. Goiiicss 
 invented processes by which a vurietv of fabrics can 
 be iiiiiuufHcturi'd, und a Khea Filire Treatment 
 company was formed in London, witli associations 
 in India, Europe, and .\merica, reported .\ug. iXq(,. 
 
 CHINA PORCELAIN, introduced intoEng. 
 land about 1531 ; see I'uttery. 
 
 CHINA ROSE, &c. Tha /en.vfl imiiea wni 
 brought from China, and successfully planted in 
 England, 1786; the Chinese apple-tree, or Purun 
 apvctabilin, about 1 780. 
 
 CHINCHA ISLES, sec Pent, 18(4-5. 
 
 CHINCHONA, see Jemits. 
 
 CHINESE WALL, said to have been com- 
 pleted about 211 B.C. Reported in 1879 t. 1,. i-jjj 
 miles long, 18 feet wide, 15 feet thii I, at tlie top. 
 
 CHINS and Lushais, savage tribes living in the 
 moiinlainoue region between Lower llengal atid 
 Upjier Burmah, of very primitive habits. 
 
 For their raids and chastisements, see Jlnrimih 
 1889-95, and IndUt, 1890-2. ' 
 
 A conference of the autlimities concerned at L'al- 
 cuttji, to consider the best means of keejiing in 
 order the Chins near Upper Hurmah and the 
 Lushais near Assam and Uengal ; the transfemice 
 of the southern Lushais from liengal t<i A.ssiun, 
 reeommended Jan. 1802 ; this is effected, i April) 181)1 
 
 ( IIOS (now Sci"), an isle in the Greek Archi- 
 pelago, revolted against Athens, 412 and 357 H.c. 
 It partook of the fortunes of Greece, being con(|uereil 
 by the Venetians, a.D. I124; by the crusaders, 1204, 
 by tlie Greek emperor, 1329; by the Genoese, 1346; 
 and finally by the Turks in 1594. A dreadful nias- 
 saore of about 40,000 inhabitants bv the Turku took 
 pi.ice II April, 1822, during the Greek iiisnrrettioii. 
 About 4000 ]ierl«hed by an earthiiuake ; the town 
 
 Chio and many villages were destroyed, iAiuil; 
 
 iiamy shocks since up to , . j2 April, 1881 
 
 JHII 
 
 CHIPPAWA (N. I 
 under Kiall weri' defeaf 
 l!io»n, s July, 1814. 1 
 liy the Jfritisfi under Dr 
 following; HiuU was wo 
 
 CHIROMANCY, > 
 
 CHIROPLAST, a, 
 i-arrect position of the hi 
 invented by J. Jj. Logier 
 
 CHITRAL, asmalli 
 
 .v. India, subject fo I he 
 iiiid under Jhitish inflnei 
 Mardor of the niehtar repor 
 His younger son, Af/ul-nl-J 
 
 ment, rojiorted 
 Ho is mnrdered by his 1111 
 ffhousnriisthBgovenime 
 .Slier Afznl defeated liy \j 
 
 Afghanistan, about 
 .NIzaui-nl-Mulk recognized b 
 Dr. Roliertson, Hrltish Agf 
 rivcsat Cliltral ; well receb 
 Civ Dwar reported . 
 XiMiii-nl-MnIk, able and' ei 
 Ills brother, Amlriil-.Mnl 
 enunont, reported 
 Invasion of Uiiira Khan of .In 
 Or. Uohortsoii arrives at Chi 
 recognises Amir-nl-Miilk a 
 L'liira Khan retreats to IJrosl 
 .SInua-iibMiilk made temiio 
 lloliortson: Amir-iil.JInik 
 
 .Slier Afzul esca]ies from (J; 
 Kli.iii, reported, 3 Jlarcli ; 
 .igaiiist Unira Khan issued 
 
 Ailelaohinentof 60 men niai-i 
 touanls Fowler and Edwa 
 tacked In a defile at KaragI 
 tribesmen, 8 March ; they 
 perately ; capt. Claye Hims, 
 killeil, 10 .March ;lieiit.Joiie; 
 on Uoal and thence to Jlast 
 
 Malalianil pass held by tribesi 
 relief force under major-g 
 enemy's loss heavy, Uriilsh 1 
 
 .'iiuces.sfid advance" of the J 
 afalii reiailsed with loss 
 
 l.iciits. Fowler and Edwards ' 
 
 after seven days' vigorous dt 
 bytreaeliery, and held pri.soi 
 
 at Barwa, reported 
 file liritisli cross the Swat i- 
 
 Uiok with loss 
 lo.val oilers of siipjiort to the' 
 
 cliiefs .... 
 f'ol. Kelly's force crosses the SI 
 
 ft. Iiisli) and reaches Laspn 
 
 ili'fe.iti'd near (Jaslit ; lleni 
 
 Mastiij 
 
 Tlie l'aii.ikora river crossed 
 l.ienl..ciil. F. U. Uattve, of thi 
 
 Si'iHiys, killed In a skirmish w 
 
 at Siiilo oil the Paii.jkora ; one: 
 
 ('Jilt.' A. h. Peeble.^ aged 27, f 
 
 lanjkoru 
 l.ieut. Edwards released ; iiri 
 
 'Mini; lient. Fowler and otiiei 
 
 CjI. Kelly defeats the tribesmen 
 
 .iljoiit 3,000 of the enemy reimlsi 
 sii'l Jliinda fort occnpied ; fligl 
 
 riiini Khan siirreiiders to Gliola 
 comiiiaiiiler, near Asinar 
 
 -':;;o/r/,,7m/;;„., |,^. (.ombin'ei 
 Mian ami Hlier Afznl ; bravel, 
 ;n,j,!,,Sikli3,cto.; 4i-,( combati 
 Umnbcll (wuimded), C. V Tt 
 ;;"™" "'"I Harley, 3 March, r 
 Mj'ilonald Baird, inortallv ivoi 
 -iioeessfuLsaUybylieut. Harlc 
 
C!HIPPAWA. 
 
 aa: 
 
 .893 
 
 1894 
 
 Drowii. c Julv ixV Ti A- "'« Anu'iuaus under 
 CHIROMAN(n^ s..e /W.„v.^ 
 
 iimiiUU l)j J. B. Log,,.,.; imteiitfd, 1814. ^ ' 
 
 CHITHAL, a smilllfioiiti(;i«tatt. in Kafiiiofn,, 
 .N. India, sublet to the in.ili,,,.,,; ,1 I- JV , "'""1 , 
 :,ncl under ]l.iti.hi,"H,Ie„," '""•'"'' "' ^"«'"»ert., 
 MuriloroftlinniclitarrniwrliHl » 
 
 Uisyomi«er«o„, Ar/nl-,il..Mnlk, s,.'|/hs u,„f,™rn' '^*^' 
 iiieiit, reportod • ■" "^i iriH^noru. 
 
 who usurps thB Kovo •„ ,! , ',? .TrtH^l'"' '^i!""' 
 sl,.rAr.„l defeat e,l I,,. .Ni«.Vu Tl k -• H^^t;; " 
 Afghauistan, about ' ""'^J. '" 
 
 Xizam-ul.Mulk rRcoKUimi by tl,(> Uritisli ' ilT' ■■ 
 Dr. Hobertson, Uritisli AL-ent ui 1 ■ ' ■ ■'"" 
 
 rivoHat 'Jbitml ; well reX. ,' "3 Ja, ' le.'.vr'T "'^ 
 (;iv ilwar reported ".JSJuii. loaves Juue 
 
 Xmm-ul-MuIk able and ediiente,!, MMmleredbv 
 lH.s brother, An, ir-ul-Jlulk, who ie /4 t e l-ov 
 eriiiiieiit, reported ■'fisuieKo;- 
 
 liivasioiiof UinraKlinnolJaiidor ' ■■^•|"»- 189, 
 l)r, Hobertson arrives at (Jhitral, au.'l teu'iDorarilv " 
 
 recogmses Auiir-ul-Mulk us uiUa-.u '?' Ja * 
 
 I'liira Khan retreats to IJrosli fort i!' " 
 
 ShHia-nl-Mulk Uiade I pornrv iiiehiar bv Mr " 
 
 Uohortsoii : Auiir-uLMulk under si.neillaLe 
 
 Sl.er Af/ul escapes fro.u fahul ai,d ioiu,"i''l',';'!.!; " 
 Khiui, reported, 8 ilareli ■ HritiJ,,, ^"."'' 
 
 A|lelac uuent of 60 u.ou nuuel,i„« to'rel eve '. ' " 
 toiianis Kowler and Kdwanis at Kes Im, ,■ I' 
 laoke.l hi a.letlle at KaraLd, |,v ., i.r.j ," '," "';. 
 tribesiiieu, 8 March ; t liev etiUt .7l?t ''i '" 
 perately ; a.pt. Claye l^«s, ±7; an ' '%;.'i■'• 
 kille.l,,oMarcl,;lie^■t.Jo„;s't'ud C t'^Mu^^^ 
 uii Hoiiniud thence to Jlastiii 'i-"ieilluck 
 
 Malaka,,,! i,ass held by tribesumn ; s'toriiie,!" v |i'« " 
 rfliel loire uud,.r niajor-geu. sir Hoi t Low^ 
 eiieiiiysloss heavy, British sli«ht , h"!f 
 
 snrcessfiil advance ot the JJritish ; the em', v " 
 again repulsed with loss ^"leuuin 
 
 Lieuts. Fowler aii.l Edwards with 'a sii'iall^rnvtv " 
 after seven days' vigorous .iefence, are cat " red' 
 
 a;^ja,e,luear«asht; Meiil. Jo^,,^';'^- --? 
 
 Till' I'an'jkiira river crossed ' ' „ a',.,:'? ^\'"'''' 
 
 l.ieiil.-C(.l. K 1). Uattye, of the Oui.L , '1 h"''"'' 
 
 Seioys, killed iu a skinuisb wl r«:on , i w'r 
 
 atSailooii the Paujkora ; eiiouiy iosrSdy, *" 
 
 e;.l.t/A. U Peebles, ase,l 37, fatally wouiilt'i'at 
 
 CHLOROFORM. 
 
 ei'i'el!,'-v'"n''""''"'"'"«°' ■? April 
 tMiiii.N, (he,,iHKeraised (lirltish 
 
 sie;;e,' 
 
 (Nix uioutli 
 
 HiKlit of the 
 
 loss diiriiigtliB 
 
 "ililitloiial iiay 
 
 I. 
 
 Koll, s force after u brilliant niarch friu, .i,',ii"'; 
 Order nstored in fhitral, rei,oit..d ■"' »'"■,','' '^« 
 
 ''uSa;f,t!^it^-^«<^'"tna:«htija.,il^?I:^; - 
 Houoiiis „„d proiuotions of 'officers, e'tc. KaJeUe;i' " 
 I'.;.Hob..rts„„i„adeK.C.ofthestarofIu,li^'""^'' ■' 
 
 ■If p;;H==»»rt' ■• 
 
 „.^"UMKhusUiud, published >■■■'• .null-, h. 
 
 ^^dhlv,e..|,..,;^ tLanceofthe^fc " 
 t-liitral, see Vunex, ,, Dec. 1897. """y 
 
 Md t') 
 
 th?"\cMn^^f«rr Z "f '''0 fc">lal system in 
 
 m§0sm 
 
 lUr?:o;:our' and"' a^;?;'r "'^i^ifr'""'' f''^-""- 
 tlie lotidul sv"tein Sc.f V P'";"'''^ '-"''l'"''-''' «it'' 
 
 I'anjkora 
 l.ieiit. Edwards released ; arrives 
 April; lieiit. Fowler and other pri 
 
 t4 April, 
 111 camp ,, 
 "iiers arrive, 
 
 (jI. Kelly defeats the tribos.ue.i at ISano-lmr;^'"''' 
 
 About 3,000 of the enemy rei.ulsed ueir \tL''„t''i'"'!' 
 a.M Jliuida fort occupfed ;' lli^ht of 'Lr'ni^^riitu,'' 
 
 niira Khan surrenders to Gholam Hvde'r' a^'."'"' 
 coniiiiaiider, near Asuiar ^ '' ^[>^^"f" 
 
 ^:>f¥rhil,vljint l„- coiubin^l fvirces VfirZ\l^ 
 KianaiKl Hher Afzul ; bravely def,m,ed*,,^'» 
 
 srs^r^y'K'iiaifS^S" 
 
 medicinef^r guttle., ^v,i;lu;;r;;-;;;i,;X.' 
 
 g;mesewith,.„;riatlenyroV^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 eonmion su/el'oride of .•"*'! *"^''^'" " ''«•'"* 
 with linie i fonr be h ! . •''""'^' ".'"* <='>»'l'iued 
 f''cta,,t,eho;idcof mr f^ 
 l^.ntdayeo,ti^;|^ea^;J!;;itl?-2- '"'''' 
 
 Aim'. .879. UteAv',. SI, ,. if '"'■''• "■'"* '""""'"'■■cl 
 
 '"•-o^;i.ar:;a;;.r;^h^rr,::;^:t;;--' to exist 
 
 >^^^!'^Sft^^'"-^'>=-''-fthohypo- 
 ivdi-0- en . 1 I -^ ^ " " compound of carbon 
 
 Soi .eiiu in fsi',"^ ''"r • "; ^' ^^"^ discovered bv 
 '» '832 , and Its coniposition was deternlined b'v 
 
 th 
 
 
 *!*■,.,, I. 
 
 .^•^' 
 
 .-s 
 
 !."ryy ^ 
 
 
 
ill 
 
 In,. 
 
 '^f 
 
 S * ill 
 
 liiM 
 
 w\w 
 
 Ef. 
 
 !^ ' 
 
 k 
 
 k^ 
 
 mm 
 
 
 CHLOKOZONE. 
 
 238 
 
 CHOLERA MORBUS. 
 
 Dumiu in iH.?4. Tlic term "chlcnip <'th(T" wiw 
 applied in 1820 to a mixture i)f cliliiiine iinil 
 oletiftnt Ki'-*- ('I'li'i'cilbnn wuh first jipplicd ii« an 
 iiniB8theti(^ expcriinriitiilly by Mr. .Iin"'' Hell in 
 London, in Feb., anil i»r. SiinpKi>n of iMlinburtfli in 
 Xov. 184; : its jubilee wn» irlebrated by tlie xoiiety 
 of AnieKtlietiHlH, iSNor. |8<)-; and WHHMilministered 
 in England on 14 Dee. 1848, by Sir. Jani( s UobinKon, 
 Burijeon-dentiHt. A 1 ..umiitlco of tlie Itoyal Medieal 
 iind Chirurgical 8o(i. fy in July, |8()4, after I'xaniin- 
 in(f atatistica, reported tliat the use of iinierttbetiei 
 bad in no decree inereasid tlu' rate of mortality. 
 
 Dv till' ihvltiltiiiU iif till' Nizilln tlllMU^'ll tlie l.iinrel. 
 'llr. Liiiiilci' Dnint.io iinlvi'il at llydemliiiil. n 
 
 Oct., 1889; iinil tlicri' with iilljir dieal iiM'Ii 
 
 luvi'stlKiiti'il I'XiMTiiiicntally 1111 llir peculiar 
 (irtioii of flilciinlOiiM Tlic'V niiue to tlic con- 
 cliiHioii Unit the ilatiKiT I'f il» "« »"« ""' 
 Kjiecially line til its elteet uiHiii llie heart, hut 
 upon res|iiratiiiii, whii'li nmUl he easily oll^iate(l 
 l)y proper ointiun. The Niziiiii reiiiitted i.cxxi/. 
 fiir the expen..,'S of the einaiaissiini. l-aiuit 
 
 ,)ait. Mareli, 1890 
 Full r»'port Issued (estiiiialeil cost lo.oiw/.), flee. 
 1891 ; book iMihllslieil .... Aui;. 1S96 
 
 CHLOROZONE, a new disinfeetant, intro- 
 duced 1873. 
 
 CHOBHAM COMMON, in Surrey. A mUi- 
 tary eamp was fonued here on 14 June, i8S3, by 
 a force between 8000 and !0,ooo strong Only one 
 serious ease of iniscoiuluot was reported during all 
 the time. 
 
 CHOCOLATE, made of the eoeoa beiTV, intro- 
 duced into Europe (Irom Jlexieo and the Unizils) 
 about 1520, was sold in the London coHee-liouses 
 Hoon after their establishment, 1650. 
 
 CHOCZIM, Hessarabia, 8. Russia. Here the 
 Turks were totally defeated bv Jolin Sobicski, king 
 of Poland, 11 NoV. I()73; and by the Kussians, 30 
 April and 13 July, l'(y). 
 
 CHOIR, This was separated from the nave of 
 the eliurch in the time of Constantine. The choral 
 service was first used in England at Canterbury, 
 677 ; see Chanting. 
 
 CHOLERA MORBUS (Asiatic iholera) yvag 
 (leaeribed by Garcia del Huerto, a physician of Goa, 
 about 1560. It a])peared in India in 1 774, and at 1 
 other times, and became endemic in Lower Bengal 
 in 1817, yvhenceit pradually spread, till it reached 
 Russia in 1830, and Germany in 1831, canning off 
 more than QOO.ooo persons in 1829-30. In England 
 and Wales in 1848-9. .S3.203 liersons died of cholera, 
 and in 1854, 20,097 ; see Giiiii Tlieorij oj Jhxeim:* 
 Cliolern apiicnrs at Suuderlaiid 26 Oct. 1831 
 
 And at Edinhurgli 6 Feb. 1832 
 
 First ohserycd at Kcitheiliitlie and I,ina'hmise, 
 
 London, 13 Feb. : and in Dublin 3 March, „ 
 
 Deaths reimitcd in EoKhual in 1831 2, 52,547 
 
 .Mortality yeiTureat, but 1 e soiin thcl.'ontincnt ; 
 
 i8,ooo"deiith8 at Paris, lietween March ami Ant;. ,, 
 Cholera rages in Home, tln' Two Sicilies, Genoa, 
 
 Berlin, &c., in luly and Aug. 1837 j 
 
 24,014 deaths in Palermo in 17 weeks . . . ,, 
 Another yiaifcition of chcdcra in Kngland : the nuni- 
 iHTof deaths in Lonihai, for the week ending 15 
 Hejit. i849,wns 3,183 : the ordinary ayer.'ige, 1,008 ; 
 and the nundier (if deaths by cholera from 17 
 June to 2 Oct. in I-ondon alone, 13,161. The 
 mortality lessened and tlie disteniiier disappeared 
 
 abiHit 13 Oct. 
 
 1849 
 
 • Dr. Ferran inoculates by nucrobes many persons ; 
 repfrtef! 'iii,-'.-'PSsfnI ; sti.ppi'd .Iinie ; piTtiiittcil 53 .tone; 
 I commission reports it unsatisfactory, Oct. 1885. .Many 
 persons inoculated in India liy Dr. W. M. HaDkine, 
 June, 1893-4 ; successful lejiorts, Jan. 1896, il sr(i. 
 
 ■«S4 
 
 iM; 
 
 Neweaslle-oPonTyne, Ilexloiin, Tvneniiaith, and 
 iither nni'thein tnwiis, sntter nmili I'mni ehul; r.i, 
 
 ^tc|it, ,85, 
 
 It rages in Italy and .Sicily ; alxpve 10,000 are snid 
 
 to have died at Xiiples ; it was also very hital to 
 
 the allied troops at Varna . . autnnnr, 
 
 (,'hiilera very severe for .1 shnrt time In the snulln la 
 
 parts of l.iaidiai, ami in ShIio and SI. ,)iinje..<.|, 
 
 WcstndiiHter ... .\iik. and Mept. 
 
 KaviiJg ill Alexandria, , lane : almted ,lii| 
 
 Prevailing In Aiicoiia (843 deaths) Ani; , subshliug, 
 
 .Sept. 
 \i ly severe In t'oiiMtanlinnple, nearly 50,000 deiitlis, 
 .\ng. ; sulwides after the great llif! fi Nepl.' 
 
 Cases at MainelUes, Touhin, and Hoiithaniptniil " 
 
 end of Mepi' 
 Chidera prevalent at Marseilles, Paris, Mnliid, imd " 
 
 Naples .... .hily-(),|. 
 
 An international nieelin;.' it Constantiiio]de, tiiiiai- " 
 sider pre\elltlve llleil^•.^lres, pl'oposcd, Oct. iHdz 
 met 18 Feb, iHfi6, At the last sitting the i.omli|! 
 sioiis adopted were that cholera iii.iy Ih' piopa- 
 gated, and from great (liHtaiiccs : ami a iiuiu 
 bcr of iireveiitivi' measures were ri'eoninienili.ij, 
 
 j6 .Sept. iS6^ 
 Cholera appears at Hrlstol, .4 April ; at Mverpnnl, 
 13 .May ; at Hnnthanipton . .'nlyl 
 
 Cholera severe In east of I.omlon ; 346 deatlis in' " 
 
 week ending ..,, ,)i,iy^ 
 
 House to house visitation ; Metropolitan Iteliif " 
 Association fornieil ; large subscriptions receiveil 
 
 ((Queen's 500/.) Inly ami Aug. 
 
 Chidera subsides [.(,..|( " 
 
 Veiy severe at Xaph'S .... Sept! " 
 
 Chidera HeliefC'onimittee closes . 31 Oct. ' 
 
 , Cholera declared to Ih' extinct in Loiiilon iDie! " 
 
 Cholera ill Home, Naples, ami Sicily, .\ng.Si pt. ; ' 
 
 in Switzerland ... 
 Alai'in of ap]>niachiiig chideni, ,Iuly 
 
 severe in Kniiigsbeig in Prussia . . ,\,i), ,3., 
 
 Cholera severe in Vienna, .\ng. ; Paris. . ,s,.|,( ,g' 
 
 IC{iill<l, at Daniietta, Iiine; at Cairo abiint 16. Inly; 
 
 Alexandria abmit i Aug. ; the disease al alin;,/ 
 
 Aug. ; deaths up to 31 Aug. — 27,318. imlMiliirg 
 
 140 among Dritisli troops; chidera lingering,' "i 
 
 Alexandria, Sept. rt unj. ; mi eases ji f),.(,, 
 
 fiiiiKT, ,)iiiie ; registered deaths: Tniilnn, ego, 
 
 18 June— 26 Oct.; Marseilles, 1700, 27 .Iiine j6 
 
 Oct. ; estimated total deaths in Paris, nemly ,)oo 
 
 Sept. — Nov. ; the disease apjieared at Aries' 
 
 Nantes, Yport, and other places ; total deaths in 
 
 France estimated 5000 nj, to . , 15 Hept. ifj. 
 
 Iliihl. Cholera severe 'it Turin, 7 Aug.; spiiail- 
 
 mg 19 Aug., increi. ig at Spez/ia, A-c, 23, 
 
 24 Aug., and at Najdis and Turin 2 Sept. ; veiy 
 
 many deatlis at (ienoa 24 Sept.— 8 Oct.; very 
 
 .severe at Naples (visited by the king) 2 Seiit— 
 
 2 Nov. , 
 
 Sjxiiii, 1884. Cholera apiK'ars In Alicante i Si'pt. 
 It .so;. ; niiich )ianic ; at Toledo, Madrid, andnther 
 idaccs Sept.. Oct. ... ... 
 
 .S';«ii/i ((irenada, .Malaga, Valencia, .Miircia, A-e.)] " 
 
 91,000 deaths (993 in Sladrid) . .May tn 11 .Srj,tl if^g. 
 
 (IffiriHl irtiinixfiir all Simhi, 12,337 deaths, Mairli "' 
 
 tii7,Iuly 
 
 Total since iintbi-i-ak 61,521 , 
 i!iln'(tlttir, 191 deaths in 
 y'li/c/mo, Sicily, 2.540 deaths . 7 Sept. 
 Mil mtUlis, i,25odeatlis, i Aug. U> i Sept. ; 
 
 diminished u|) t 
 
 Tiiiilnii, slight iiiitlireak, 6 deaths 20 Aug. ; 32, 26 
 Aug. ; gradually diminished till . . 18 Sept. 
 Iliilil, 1886, Urindisi province, 4—31 Jnlv : I'miir, 
 a few deaths, May-Aug. ; Jtinritiiii, aliiait 178 
 deaths, Aug., Fiiime, aliout 55 deaths, July; 
 ISdIivjiiii, about 95 deaths, Aug.'; iliiiiiilii, ("iiil 
 
 about 611 deaths Au^'. 1SS6 
 
 Jiifxin. 37,000 deaths . . . Jaii...Si'|it. 
 HuiiijHrii, princliailly Pesth and Szegediii. 966 
 
 cases ; 409 deaths .... Oct. Die „ 
 Trkxte. 882 cases, 544 deaths . . 7 June Oct, '„ 
 htiia. 671 eases, 374 deaths . 13 July Oct. „ 
 Xiti'les, lUindiKi, dr. Temporary outbreak .Sept „ 
 c.reat ei>ideiiiir r.f .-^h.Jpra in In>lia 1887; N.W. 
 
 Provinces, 30,780 deaths In . , . Aug. itij 
 Sii-ily, provinees, July Oct. 1887; ilraths iliiily 
 varied from 1 Ui 27. 
 
 Oct. 18^7 
 said til lie 
 
 IK I 
 
 22 Aug. 
 
 •Selit. 
 
 , tn JI Oct. 
 
 giailiiallj' 
 16 Sept. 
 
 CHOLE 
 
 1 39; 
 
 ,l/.-i/m. llenthMilailyi, 
 fiili'iuin, Sept. Iieiiilis 
 
 .Sept. . 
 
 V'lll'i. Deaths daily v„r|, 
 CIikIi la III MeHiipiit/imij 
 
 1889 ; ,f,ou>, fatal ea^. 
 
 ,I«n. ; It jMiNseil oil' ill 
 
 Ciiiilera Helen- at .Mecca 
 Araliia, July Aug. ; at' 
 
 fli.ili.ni ajjpears at |{i,,| 
 Valeiitla, S|ia|ii, , j jj,, 
 viiiecand nelglibiiiiiiin 
 
 up III . 
 
 ('Iiiilcrn seveif at Oiiateii 
 
 «i-veri weeks 
 
 Till' piiigress of cii„|,.|i, 
 
 rxirtiiaia of the lutenii 
 
 It Tur III Kgypt 
 
 CliHleni .severe' at DaiiiaNr' 
 
 at .Mecca (alKiiit n.ooo 1 
 
 lit llenares, 130 deaths 11 
 
 Till' iliseasB ajipeariiil in 
 
 n.oxj deaths in Cahiil ai 
 
 Here reported; and alsi 
 
 mere unto 
 
 ;v,,./». Total ileath's reii 
 
 (ilwilhs in TeheiHii rose 1 
 
 2iAug. nndgradiiallviip 
 
 II:iMiii. The disease apji, 
 
 llieace tniversed the e 
 
 severe in Baku «nd 
 
 m. Pet«rshurg, total ilea 
 
 .411 Uussia, since oiitbiBnl 
 
 >ViiiirT. Total deaths, ) 18 
 
 H'unlmtii Slate. Total deatli 
 
 lil'linin. Total deatlis, 564 
 
 Cull llritiiiii. A few isolate 
 
 urn, .some fatal 
 l:«'hir.il. Total dHathg 
 M"nt, 6,721 deatlis 
 ■li'l'hh. 1,586 deaths 
 .<«i'iriiii. 42 deaths 
 I'llwrnii. About 700 deaths 1 
 
 ;;«.««(, 369 deaths in ,. pn 
 "may deaths, June, July 
 1,200,24-31 Aug. Moscow 
 ■St. Petersburg, 47 deaths 
 'Ipatlis daily, reported . 
 '" n,„iiiii, .\iiilelieii^ near Halli 
 H'iMhmj. j6 deaths 
 ^iiiliii. 41 deaths 
 /"'III*. On thecoast, '217 d'e 
 SaMrs. About 17 deaths rei 
 Kni, etc. 250 deaths 
 Menkiia. Alsjiit 30 deaths 
 inhni. 400 deaths 
 l'y<"-«. KiKliiimt, 153 d^tlb 
 Nmm. 81 deaths 
 H'mmnlii. 594 deaths 
 ■'•I'liiijiilliiin, 99 deaths 
 E«'jliiiul. Several deaths fron' 
 linmsby, Hull, etc.- ,, ' 
 
 TOrkhouse, Ang.Oct. Gov, 
 lisneU 
 Itmi.i Severe thrcJugliout 
 Poli.sh frontier during the 
 
 ■leatlis weekly, 2,500, re,„,rtc 
 >'. Iflmlmry. ,,0,4 deiiths, a 
 
 fimsing . . 
 fti'iWd and llidoi'i'im. Total 1 
 
 Aiig.,report,d, sSept. ;decrt 
 ';«»'«)/. 490 deaths reported 
 ';'l'i». 16.000 deaths up to 
 
 l'«lolia,64 deaths, 21 Aiil' -.. 
 tW.; St. Petersburg, ,,Vt1 
 
 ''";''"•, 'nociUation for cholera 
 W^Dr.Ha.fk.neinthe'i', 
 
 '*,';,''""'''■ (English .npervisio 
 ri'ict -"'• " '89«;'i''''^ 
 
 ■^!'ini'',^-,* "• *'«""«■•. from ( 
 'In* to fruit, Ac, taken on 1,!; 
 
 «mvedatpiy„,„;,„,':s';»°y.''; 
 
CHOLKUA MOKUUN. 
 
 .83.;; ,,,cx,, fHtii , , :^j''i?ii„™"';r ■" ""•""'». 
 ":;r;ii:!M;;ir:(,r'::i';^;i;a' •r-'"!';^^::^; 
 
 flinl,m ii,,,..«,„ ?• Hi, I ,?'',;""' " '^V'"'. AiiK 
 
 > ""»i •'•■'«''1"'uh' dV o'r,." ""• '"■"• 
 
 lip t" . . ' '•"*" ''''lltllS ICJIdltid 
 
 Willi WffkM ' ■•*■• '•=00 lIl'lltllH ill 
 
 wi-tloiisof tl„. liitiTimti I ,■<>'"■'' '7 'I"' 
 
 ,it T.ir ill KKvia '""""""""I yimi,,Miii,. f„,„,,| 
 
 Clml.™ . sever.' Ill |i,i,i,„spu, ^'j ; 'intiiinn, 
 
 lit Jleimren, i.w.lmtlis u,, t„ ■'•'"'•"»"/•. 1891; 
 
 Tlie .liseam apiwireil in India '|„ m„ ,"'' 'V'"'. 
 
 6.iBoilratliiiiiif;abiilaii,l , *'«rcli ; al«,iit 
 
 wererepoiteil; «i„,:;,':^,^;:;^'l«'';^^ M Herat 
 
 OlmthHiiireliHiai, r JV"u iT .0 .'oT '^ "V'^^''' 
 mAiik nmlKiailiiallyileciBlH,'" ^"" ''""-V, 7- 
 ;,»t<iii. J lie ilisease aiipeared In ti,„ .i 
 llieiico traverwil Die e ,, L 1 """"' ""'1 
 levere in Baku an,! i Im' ''".'"'■ " "as 
 
 All HusHia, sure (luthreiil.- -,«. '" =3 0ct. 1,150. 
 
 IM.„ru.SI„„. Total lie ,|,J , el, ..„1r'"'^'.'<=t- . 
 ;iA,(„„.. Total deiitlis, 564 ' '' " ^°^iiK.-.7 -Vov. 
 
 (.V„i( llriM,,. A few isolated eiise. ehf h^'".' ' '•'"• >■ 
 
 trn, some fatal * ' ' "iwHy loreign- 
 
 /.■-/..,.'»/. Total deatln, m. ' " '^"K--«''l>t. „ 
 
 .1/ ". 6,721 ileafliH ■'"' ■ • M Nov. ,, 
 
 J"IM. 1,586 (leatlm ' ■ • ,'''i''B-''iily 189J 
 
 .-'/I'mii. 42 deaths " ' =9'liiiie-7 .July ^- 
 
 ''''"'""■ About7cx,Ueatli.s«liK.e2, .Sep^";Vxti",!ei " 
 l!«mi. 369 deatlis in 14 uroviiiees t ■*' J^''- » 
 M."y .leaths, June, 'ji'il • t [ , j, f,','"-,^ '■"I'- 
 
 Nt. Petersl.nrK, 4, deatlis a' ' , *. ' ^"'= ^iik. 
 .I'aths daily, repined '' ' '-•'■'• ' "''""t io 
 
 II '.«;•(/. 46 .leaths ' t*''""''!" Jan-,lKeb. 
 
 .*"oi. 41 .leaths ' ■ 'fi^ept.-aOct. „ 
 
 ■V"'.'. Abo,,. 17, leach's ?«'«;■,■'•'""•-■'' ^''"' .. ' 
 
 2a0_ CHRlNriAN 
 
 BItOTHKUH. 
 
 1890 
 
 It 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 ' Hept.-Oct. 
 
 ■■ A, ,);.-( )i't. 
 
 • -Ai,R.-i9 (Sept. 
 
 Aiij,'.-i, Nept. 
 
 .("•^eiif.-soct. 
 21 J,ily-4 tipjii 
 
 =8Sept.-,9oL-t. 
 
 ."""». rti)o,,i 17 Ilea 
 
 I!" 'I. etc. 25Q deaths 
 
 li;'il'ril,„ii. Atioiit 30 deaths 
 
 ''"'I'w. 4no.leaths 
 
 //""'Mf.V, Hi„l(,pest, :53 d^tli 
 
 / ''"i/iii. 81 .leaths 
 
 ll'imnm. 594 deaths 
 
 ■'/'"», /((76mi, 99 .leaths " o «j - ^ i" 
 
 >;«*,.,/ Several .leaths from cliolen.fp''i"'» "'''• 
 linmsby, Hull, etr. ; ,, eatl sHr '"""'"""' 
 
 workhouse, Auk.- Oct f)„ ^v, . «fe''invicli 
 
 iHheU /'^ '*'■""• ""^e'-'i'imit report pub- 
 /!«(«(. Severe tlirouKh.Jilt I he .'.-^ •' •*'"'"■ 
 
 Polish frontier iliiriiiK the »f,„n *""'**" «'"' 
 ;l5«ths weekly, 2,500, Te.^r'ted""""- ^^'^>^ 
 H^^;^*".. .,oM.leiiths,8,,uly:;8ep?^^^^^^^^ 
 Mma ami liidom iia. Total de»'ti,„ ' "'''• ''«''■ 
 
 •lug., report.. 1, s Sept. d^creas.i''. '""»' ''"'y- 
 
 "• «»■ 4go.le'ath«Vep^,'te" '*• ' 'T'"^Oct. 
 
 •;'i»"i. 16,000 deaths up to ■ ■"»> -'><'.•. 
 
 /.««!. Volkynia, 3,08s di'aths An/ " '^"'K- 
 
 l''«l"lla,64 deaths, 2, Aub -,1 Sh,.. ^'r'^ **"!" ! 
 
 tW.; «t. Petersburg, f.'.t«ttis •"I'.-.i'.'il'i'er^'''^' 
 
 '«a;;^iS:fi^te--'*''^^^ 
 
 fPIwrted . '"" """h (42,445 cases) ; 
 
 %', /x<W)-(Kiiglisli iii„'erviJi>,„i' " ^l'^- 
 
 •mvedatP,yn,„;,,hC,uu';Ti:.Stlis.'^:';'^C!: 
 
 thu 6th .•oniuiy ii.i „„ i,,!'"""'"' '"'(finning In 
 ■"odcrn oratorios and ..p. ,,,.'"''' '"''•" •"■'Unue.f in 
 
 '^'"••f Jean Cottcreiiu ' u.i Hi, '''^*' *'"'"" 'heir 
 "'. '794. OeoiKes C, .'l , ,j rf,""'' , "<' «'"^ Wiled 
 
 i^';^x«i.o,eo„.h.n«i^t'.:;^x:;::^ia 
 
 vS^r'St;--' '^-the 
 
 Musk, saflioM, cinnamon r ^"'""" -hunhM 
 
 "■•e >."<'ntin„,.d;,s'Cd with tT"' •!'"•'' f^-'kinc-nse: 
 
 ;--^oh..t:':.Xh;x''ir!iyi:;:'~ 
 
 CHlaST.see/.,,,,^/,,,.,^ 
 ^VSS.CHUIICH. sc z..«,. rourr and 
 
 "" the sitt. of thv (irov K I ^^•*."' ''> ''''""'•J VI. , rr j 
 '"«ti.al ward ^n^Z.^^ZlTT^'^l ^ "mt^/^l: 
 
 heedihcehuyin^, I'allcn int odet v /;'""'' 'T^'on^ of 
 
 (25 April) thf duke,,f iCk I, il ;';•''•"» J i" 182c 
 the magnitiecnt new hal In ^ """ "'"t stone of 
 
 hSl'"''- •''''■'''!• ^ ''" -on in'Jhe*';'- ''.54. the 
 nogpiti I, censured the svst,. .. J . '•'""■ch of the 
 
 ?"'eral adminietrat.in -o/ I ^ ^'Ju'-ntion and the 
 
 "m„y,mpr„ve„u.„,^'C °ii ':;,r'''''"''''"H'"t, i^d 
 
 C. Hell successor otlr J -oh ,Z ^^- ^ 
 
 rhe .subordinate s.'hool .t I , wV'^'^,"^^' '«68-i8;6 
 
 alioiif („ ^, ^:~-'ni' HnnuHl 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 
 income varies- CiJUilT *,"""•"■" >n i(> 
 
 of the school to the .00,," '■''■. ^''"i-moval 
 pyernors, 2(. AimL ,H-' V "^'»''«v..d bv the 
 but dings and «n.und sfiouM "' '"""'"'*'«' ""it the 
 •MkI- London It^iilw v (• . '"' I""-o'»"scd b»- the 
 "<;' 'arried Z >r]t\T'K ^"^ ''«°.ooo/ was 
 «^' "cne (or the r..(orme „,In "•'*/ pominissioncw' 
 l''«al jniblished i„ tl "Iw "o m'"*'?" "'' "'«" o^. 
 J''.' a,,peal .,f the .mve. ' ^ '"'''''• -"SS- 
 
 ?'>i.iiiiissloner.s' ,ed e '" "«"''"<' "'e cliaritv 
 Ijl'licial ciiiniittee Of le 'i'f,,'""'""''*-! to t) , 
 
 H,! uS! 7-,;"-n:,^:.v"">' -""^'■. .3 June"; 
 
 The t"w L. V. ■ ""■ ".'■'*■ ■•"''■.■me «iven ' '* P"'^- '889 
 
 j,;^«'-'tobepSa»«,"""'>^'' "' "o"lia,„,s„„, 
 1 Foi,',', dat "X';:' <^''»»«>-» to be lade''*' "="';7"^- 
 
 ; ''H„ee.,fVXt^?;^,;s;ii;o,.,s,aia,^'yir««« 
 
 . i'rf' 
 
 /^^ 
 
 m I 
 
 t] 
 
 
 ' H 
 
 hi 
 
 
 4i|^l 
 
 .Tf - 
 
 ' j'p" 
 
 ^-^tU 
 
 c 
 
 /*m^ 
 
 ^« 
 
 ►- # i • ' 
 
 
 
 -U^ 
 
 j^^H 
 
 ^^^^^^H 
 
 '.%: ^ fi 
 
 d|^^^H 
 
 ^^^^^^H 
 
 . aJitoti 
 
 ^^ 
 
 l^^^^l 
 
m 
 
 m 
 
 CHRISTTAN COMMUMTV. M» 
 
 CHROMIUM. 
 
 
 :(!,;; 
 
 
 CHUIHTIAN COMMUNITY, fmHi.lrO 
 about KiH!,, rt'-(iinM'ii/ti(l bv Jnhii WchIcv iiikI 
 othfiniii 1771, (or vinitinif iiiKlpii'iiiliiiiK tl"' nuHpcl 
 in workliiiincii, hkviuiiim, '(kiiiik, iVc. ii'itl in llic >ilivu 
 uir ; mill for tll«trlbiitioii of trartH. 
 
 CHKIHTIAN EuA, «« •^""» /Jowim' Mo«t 
 Chkihtian Kino ; Vhi-ftKnimfimiiii Hix, a titli' 
 iiont'rrred bj;iMipi' I'lnil 'I, ni I409on tlic crafty 
 Loui» XI. of Francf. 
 
 CHULSTIAN EVIDE\( E SOCIETY 
 
 I'gtaliliaht'd by call KuiMcll, tlic Ijisliop (il Loiidon, 
 anil otliirt to counteract " llic currcnl foriii» of un- 
 belief among the cducatcil lailKCM," IH70. I.CC'lUICS 
 lor this purpoao were kIvcm in St. (ieoiKc'" Hall in 
 1871. beninniiii,' with the archbirtliop of York. 25 
 April. A public meeting wan held June followniK. 
 Six vohiiiics of IccturcH anil triict« for cinulation 
 have been published. Annual nieelillKn are lieiil. 
 
 CHRISTIAX KNOWLEDGE, Nocikty 
 
 FOK PnoMOXlNO, fouiulcil Kh/S, to pnuuote 
 eharitv sehoolK, and to disper-e llihics and lelijfi.uis 
 trneta.' 1877: income, for 1 h.irltable pnrpo»ei (in- 
 cludinjr leKiieicH of l(;,00o/.), SZ.SXl/. ; lH')2: 
 4I,0(X)7. ; income n>****7'" expenditure 5|,25')/., 
 leportcd Dee. !«</.. Jlililen, \c., Riven away; 
 ehuiches nnd achooU helped ; bi«lioprics iimiii- 
 tained, etc. 
 
 OlhcCM ivllinvci! llMIll l.illiolirH lllllFiellls to Noltlilllll- 
 
 lierliiuil Avfiiii,', oipcni-d ^ Nov. iSjc^ 
 IJI.eciit'Miiirv i-eli'liniti-d, iiicctiiin at llie (iiiiliihiill, li 
 
 Miircli, 181^8. 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSION, see Sulmtion 
 AritKj. 
 
 CHRISTIAN SCIENTISTS, «e MimU 
 cure. 
 
 CHRISTIAN SOCIALISTS, see under 
 Hoeialixi. ' . 
 
 CHRISTIAN UNITY, Association for 
 
 THE I'iloMOTIOX Ob', on the basis of the three 
 creeds, formed by thirty meiubcr.i of the Greek, 
 Koman, and Enjjlisli C'luiri lies, S Sept. 1S57 ; 2()th ; 
 anniversary kept in London, 8 Sept. 1877. A meet- ' 
 ing to promote the reunion of Christendom was held 
 in London, 19 July, 1878, the bishop of FredBriclon , 
 in the chair. 
 
 CHRISTIANIA, the capital of Norway, built 
 in 1624, by Christian IV. of Denmark, to replace 
 Opslo (tile ancient capital founded by Harold Haard- 
 rade, 1058), which had been destroyed b\ tire. On 
 13 April, 1858, Christiania 8u tiered by fire, the loss 
 being about 250,000/. The university was established 
 in 181 1. New Storthiii!; (parliament hou.se) built 
 1861-2. Statue of Charles John XIV. unveiled, 7 
 Sept. 1875. Population, l8i)l, 150,444. 
 Visit of the (icrniaa ciMiicror . i,liilyfrM7. i8(/i 
 Destructive Ihf, 9 ileatlis. . . 5 Auk. i8y»i 
 
 1)1. Ileurik llisHii's 7ctli liiitliilay ccli'lanteil willi 
 great Icstlvities ai .Mini h, i8q8 ' 
 
 CHRISTIANITY. The name Christian was 
 first given to the disciples of Christ at Antioch, in 
 Syria, 43 {Acts xi. 26; I I'e/tr iv. fi). The first 
 Christians were divided into epi.stopui (liiNliops or 
 overseers) or preabi/tcroi (elders), (//««>»(// (iiiimsters 
 or deacons), and pintoi (bidievers) ; afterwards were 
 added catechumois, or learners, and eiuii/iinniiK, « ho 
 were to be e.xorcised ; ace I'eruTiitioiis. 
 Christiniilty jircaclicd in Jcnisiilciu, a.d. 31; Sa- 
 maria, 34 ; DaiiJii.scus, 35 ; Asia .Minor, 41 ; Uypriis, 
 45; Miuedoiiia, 53; Athens, Coiintli, Alc, 54; j 
 
 Kpliesus, 56 ; Troas, i'C., 60 ; Home . . . 63 | 
 Christianity said to lie taitfe'Iil in liriiain, .'il"'!!! : 
 
 64: and pro|iagatc(l witli some succesH (y.'iW.) . . 156 
 
 Christianity said to lie iiitroilineil into Hcotliind In ( 
 
 the reign of Donald I. aliout 212 
 
 till' Oreiit piofuMeii the C'lirlHtlan 
 
 lllMIIlt 
 
 (;onstaiit!iic 
 
 rcilKioo , 
 Kinnii'iillii., prciii'lii':* In Alivimlnln 
 
 Intiodi I aicnnii the (lollis liy UltlhiH 
 
 Into liclMid ill till' s.'.iiiid ii'hliny, liiit with ni' 
 
 siicei'ssiirtci til.' arrival of Mf I'litrlck . 
 OlirUtliiiilty I'stiililNlii'd III Kiaiice liy Clovls , 
 
 ('iHlVi'I'slnll iirtlli' «l\iillS liy AllXllstill 
 
 ImIii"'iiii"I lilt" llelvctlii, liy lilsli iiilNaioniirU'N 
 Iiilii Hiiii'lci's III the -til century. 
 Ihtii Haviiy, hy rhiii'li'iiiiiKiii' .... 
 Into liciuiii'irk. iiii'liT llariilil . . . , 
 Int., lli'le-iiii.i. Mii'liT Itorslvol .... 
 
 4:^ 
 
 '■'1 
 
 liitii II11--11, liy .Hwiiiiiwhif , . . , niMiiit ,,. 
 
 lilt" I'i'l hI. eil'l.'l- Mel.'l.Hhllls I '^\ 
 
 Inl'i lliiiij^iny. iimler (leisa • ■ . , 
 
 liil" \orw;i.\'iiiiil li'.'land, niiilcr Oliif I. . 
 lilt" Swi'ili'ii, hi'twi'i'ii lotli Hiiil iith leiitiirh'H. 
 Intii l'iii.-,...i:i. I'V til.' Tcutoiiii knlglits, when they 
 
 wi'ie ii'tiiiiiinK IVi.iii the hilly wars 
 lilt" MtliM.iiiia : jiiuaniNin WHS aliolishi'd iilNiiit . 
 lilt" (iiiiiiiM. Aiin"lii, and I'liiiK". in the nth 
 
 I'l'iitniy 
 lilt" Cliiiia wlii'iv it iiinde smile proKii'Hs (hut win 
 I :irii'rw;ii'lH i'\tlr|iated, and thoiHiiiids iif t'liliii'M- 
 
 fhii-tians w.'ie put I" death) ... 
 j Into liiili.'i Mii'l Ani.'i'icii, 111 the ir>th century. 
 I Int" .I:iMiiii, liy .Xiivh'r and the .li'siilts, 1541J ; liiit 
 
 the Clliuli.llis w.'l'e exti'llllilliltcil 
 I Cliri.<tliiiiity le-i'stiilillshed in (iieee 
 
 W-' 
 
 1IJ7 
 
 if 
 iijj 
 
 CHRISTINOS, Riipporters of the (iiiecn-rciniit 
 Christina a'j:!iiii»t the Ciuiists in .Spain during tin 
 war, 1833-411. 
 
 CHRISTMAiS. II festival ill comineinoiation of 
 the nativity of Christ, the o.Kaet time of wliinh j, 
 quite nnkuiiwn. Its observation appears to Imvi. 
 begun in the seioiid century in ilill'erent moiidis 
 I January, April or .May; fur two or three eeiiturir* 
 I the K.istern chunh kept the feast Jan. (1 (src >;«,. 
 j phniii/), whilst the Latin eliiiich observed it 2; I ici- 
 rile Artneniiuis celebrate both feasts on 18 Jm 
 The liolly and mistletoe used at Christmaa arc <,ii(i 
 to be the remains of the religious observanie.iiot lli,' 
 Druids; see Anno JJoiiiiiii. 
 
 Cliri^tl:!!!^ ('.inf., _.\ll"llt lartjpii'tiuesof rohillS, lldllv 
 
 ic., on ciiiils, diwigneil liy Mr. .Iiiliii Leightiin, wn,' 
 iasui'd liy Messrs. Uoiidall of l.iiiiihiii, piiiyinxiiii-l 
 makers. Artistic designs 'leie intrinliici'il in r>\- 
 (ircat iniin'iiveineiits were iiinde in (h'liniinv, Kraiu.' 
 anil 111 Loiidiin liy .Messrs. de la Hue, .Maii'iis W.iril -uni 
 "tliiTs, 1879-83. 
 
 CHRLSTMAS ISLAND, in the Pacific Oimn, 
 80 naiued by captain Cmik, who landed here un 
 Christmas-d;iy, 1777. He had passed Chri.itiiias. 
 day at Chris'tiiias-sound, 1774. On the slmrc d 
 Christmas Harbour, visited by him in 1 77(1, a niiiii 
 found a piece of parchnu'nt Inscribed: " Liidmin. 
 A'/'. (Iiiuiiiynni ni/i; el il. Jlai/iifi, ri'iji HH(Vrcli\ml 
 )V.s iii'in'/iiiiii.s, niiiiin 1772 c/'l"3."' On the otliiT 
 side captain C"ok wrote: ^' }\in->:i Jtim/iilmi tl 
 Dincorci;/ ili' ii'f/f Maiimr liritiuiiiiw, ])ec. l'"" 
 and plaied it in a bottle. 
 Aiiii.'M'd to the Sti-.iits Scttli'iiK'iits . . .liiii. ,;;,, 
 
 CHRISTOPHER'S, St. (or St. Kitt's),,! \v,,i 
 India Island, discovered in 1403, by Cohimlnis, ttlin 
 gave it his own n.itne. Settled' In 'the Kiiglisli ,i;,(l 
 French, 1623 or 1(j2(j. Ceded to Kiiglaiid In tlif 
 jieiiie of Utrecht, 1713. Taken by the FiVmli 
 in 1782, but restored the next year. ' The town of 
 l!:issi'terre sutt'eri " ' 
 3 and 4 July, 1,867 
 
 all the town Were destroyed. About 200 lives lost 
 by inundations, 11, 12 'Jan. 1880. I'oimlatioii in 
 8<)i, 47,(/i2. 
 
 CHROMIUM (fireek, rln;,u,a, colour)." rare 
 metal, discovered by Vauiiuelin in 1797. It is found 
 combined with iron and lead, and fonns the colour- 
 ing matter of the emerald. Chromium liii,^ beonii- 
 
 ,.w...u ...i ... .1. > I t.i . Jin- lUHd 01 
 
 red from tires, 3 Sept. 177(1; uls„ 
 (■>-, when the cathedral iinil nciiilv 
 
 f^HROMo-r 
 
 •:i'""y pr"'|)arrd i« |„,. 
 
 "' ''"' "''''tne furnace ( 
 
 OffROMo.j ,,j,j, 
 
 III ( (llalirn. 
 
 cniiomcLKH. 
 
 Jews, Chinese, i,,,,] if: 
 ;ir- two "Honks «f CI, 
 Mnnis of H,„ „,„.,,^ 
 lulii'il liy Camden, (V«|, 
 
 Jiresenl ceufiiry hv t|„. 
 
 ;V I" /^S'^th," ml,, 
 \ cmiinaN .,,(;,,,„ „^j 
 
 In l.'<45 .Macrav s •• M ,,,, 
 *«' I'i'blished.- Soma 01 
 .iron"*- di-civ(ii(|.,i 
 
 CHHONOORAM, a 
 
 ■iullilings, medal.s, \-, "„ 
 MIH'i'sscd by l,'tt,,,.„ /(, 
 logt'ther as they „,,uV j,, 
 
 •oll|'i'Hiinof.'(;),ron„^n,' 
 i^phiMtmns^wasiiuhii,,,,, 
 m l»^j, i.x^j, and 18,^0 
 
 CHRONOLOGY, t,,„ 
 
 iu,IA/Wi., Val„al,|„„.„rk 
 
 <''!",""';fv,i733(„..weditio 
 inilbvjf^' tto...,. ,„ ,f^ 
 
 lo.'icill allies, iK,H. Hlrn,, 
 
 '[Hi-t-y..«.j3;..ow,'dtio 
 
 %y,2iHiedition,l8lO; Woo 
 ^inliuofChroimloi. ,«"' 
 
 t™'H Fasti H„iu.„i,,i*;^;,, '«'_;; 
 
 CfllJOXOMETER, Huo 
 
 CHRONOSCOPE. an „ 
 
 professor WheaUtnn,. i , «, 
 "lierv-ilsoftinie. It has b,.,,,-^ 
 
 "I projectiles and of the electr 
 y was invented by l-oui] 
 others ..m.e, Capt. Andtow 
 ^illiMii Armstrong) invent,. 
 Jetenninhm- the <eL,'i{ of ,, 
 •Y«onii 111 time is diviJnd i it, 
 
 *lrii's,wrk is employed in"., 
 ^^-..Theappa'ratusw 'xl 
 rfn,emAug.,869,«ndi„[; 
 
 I CHRYSANTHEMUM.'il 
 
 .«t;; England from Cto,^X. 
 
 CHRYS()POLIS,orSctn 
 
 Serewascoiu'lmleira't,;!;',"^^^ 
 We and fj.vernor Ifustin.r; V. 
 'IS relieved of his debts to the P- 
 
 ,^»-".ti«nofhisHei^1,"X-, 
 wiM,hi,s mother and .rrfmlm .' 
 « "P to the En,,l " "'""'^■n,""' 
 
 I i.„^.^^^f^Q'™>"«''ly derived 
 
I."' 
 
 4)'' 
 
 »'.'4 
 
 • IJJ7 
 
 ■•'ciirtv nrciximl in u,.. 
 
 WniHs 
 
 ^'11 
 
 iin 
 
 '•ffflJCn (,F HXOLAXI,. 
 
 "|""^^^gr). - -- —■■■'•j.iiii » Im weed.,! „» i. 
 
 J--, Chine., fu^l |fi,I ;::"'''«"i'r«.ll..«,. „f the 
 ;tr' two "Honks «f ci,' , ?' , " Scriniiir.. t|,„,.,. 
 
 IW'ci l.y C,.,u,l,..ir/il .'":",""''■« ''"'" '»■<■" imll- 
 
 ii- MiHt..,- of ,i,„ ij,,,,; 7 /'"■ iiMv,tio„ of 
 w- i.ui,ii.h..,i; Son, ' '' 'j,;;' "'•" "' "i^fwi.u^^; 
 
 mMiu»r,li„.„.,ii,,.,). ""' WmkiHli diroMi,.l,.H 
 
 OHHoyooiiAvr „„ . 
 
 T'r'- "^.'''''.v X . "*;,' ;;""'••'•"'") -''-i'' 
 
 ..xpiiont.on,. w,.., ,„,l!^i„hoi l.v ,'",""'•"'«"" ".i,l 
 
 H,..'ll 1- .. ' 
 
 :;'';'w-u;ji;:) ;:{^.--.«n. ,.u,;,;;r;'^ 
 
 M,s,V, ; '""' '""';t'M>r., u,.; ■„,;,; ■ ' .'; '/Vi Annual 
 
 
 ■ "rtu.quartsrt, 
 
 bpn-'liu of Chronoloi.' .S,!. ^r'""'' ^-'^'Im' Kn,» . 
 
 CmN.XOMETER. H..„ 6v" . . '//^■■'"^- 
 
 rr.f.«r »Vl..a,V,',n,.7„''';s';f''"r'''"« invent,.,! l,v 
 
 'iiwrvilsoftim,.. It hiis l„. .?/ ' fl' ,"'0'i..<iir,. «Miafi i 
 
 ■.fpn.ic.,.til..« an,, of t,.l 4 ''.!;'"' •"""•' vK.ei 
 
 «»pe«::H i„v,.nt,.,i l.y 1',h iihr'''"'''A A ...hn.no". ; 
 
 *"»"";■ Capt. An,l, ,w Z;,'" '8+4. a.ul by . 
 
 det^rmmi,,^- ,|„, v,.l:;,.i ^Jf a nrn? "VV''"'''^''''''" '"• ' 
 V'""J"''tinioi8 diviid infr"-!',',"'''"' '" " IfW 
 *tri,.,,,„.rki,on,,,lov u Tn m" T"'"""'-^- '""i tl 
 l«av,,... TheappaVatL; ^v^^fe 
 '"■Tyne n. An,. ,869, and in lS ' L'.' iir^i'i^' 
 
 .»>.; England from ChtJ,^Xut 7Z ""•■'"'•"-i 
 .™.....e. Cente„a^.e:^lS',rt;;i::7 
 
 Utenby thrii;.it;:,,,VSW^^ miia, 
 
 8ereM8,o,„.lnd,,! a tr™ \ LV' '' '".""'"i, J768 
 
 inoimiit.,,,1 „f i,i, „,i^j T*-' "' '"'ii.i Oompanv, 
 
 « "P to the English ",Q w"""'i' "'"' ''"livoriL 
 <»*.l thf nabob to tako/h,./- '^'- l'l'i'< tren v . 
 Uhilla chief, wh:hLSh'tt*'^"''''''KC^^ 
 
 ^*Si Kti'l"'-';''/:-» "- Greek ' 
 
 I wV "'"r*?""""." in tho !,''■'"",■"'. it 8ifr- 
 l«'--4iteetureco.„.U|^d:,^!t.S;?; 
 
 i;:'f;.'«„,,;S'«i:>T,.0N ,,„,,,,„, „ 
 
 i'S^-S-Sr '• 
 
 -ue™m,niH.io„, o/i,fi, .«■>';• '""WoH biiL,* to^ 
 
 '""""■>■. '"'"I s,.,.,„"i ;;^„','"' '"•chbisi,,,,, ,„. c„„. 
 
 j , CHURCH' nv U ' ' ■' *''"■'-'''• '388 
 
 "■^V^V"'^""''' fe\^"' Tl,.. earliest 
 
 l.ishi 
 ,.ol,)n 
 are 
 
 •■liHn,...||,„.„ 7.""".* '>i.slio|,H. -i').,, ,,, '" ' Khty.ono 
 '4,25o^,repoi-tca,3^,; 
 
 
 "•■".-^ 
 
 v1^ 
 
 :-'W 
 
 
 '.V |1 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 
 i«.fitf*fi 
 
'!! 
 
 iNiL 
 
 5 
 
 " *« 
 
 ill 
 
 CHURCH OF EXGLAXD. 
 
 242 
 
 CHIECH OF ENGLAND. 
 
 ^ll(l)> III' l.olldnll, 
 
 ml to hlive bl'tl 
 
 uiid Adi'llius ol' 
 luc'Sfiit at tliu 
 
 314 
 
 9C0 
 
 1383 
 '534 
 
 1535 
 
 lil'StitlltUS. 
 
 Ciuili'i.n, 
 
 couiii'il (if Ailis 
 
 Hisi' ami sinriid i.f tlie IVliiniaii licnsy, 100 t,' s«/. 
 Tlif piTsccutiniis of the t^uxnii iiiviidiTs, drive 
 tlir Lliiist 1.111 into WakH mid Curi.wall, stli 
 and till cmlur 1 s. 
 Tlif Maxims ciinviited liy Autsustili and lui' I'oni- 
 
 jiaiiiiiiis, 597 (•( .(I/. He lalidrd at Kbbs Meet. 
 DuiiHlaii tstiUdislies tliu sinu-iiuaiy uf the ii.uiiastie 
 
 order.-, abniit • 
 
 '»'!"! agyraiidiaiiiK jioliev (if the Chinch, bwteivd by 
 Ji Iwaid the Cuiifessdi-, (■lieik(.'d \iy Williaiii 1. and 
 
 his suceessors 1006 cf sriy. 
 
 Ofi'i .est between Ileiiiy II. and liecket re-speitiiit' 
 
 " Constitnthins (if Clairi. (1(111 " . • . 1164-117" 
 Ciintost iicMMin iiati'inal (ir KukHsIi iiarty and 
 
 Hoiiian |.,ii1y((hielly Ndinian) nth and iitheenttini's 
 .l.ihii Hiirii'iKh IS liis eidwn td '.he iiaiial legate . 1213 
 Rise of the Lollards-Wieklill'e [iiiblishes tracts 
 agiiinst the eirois of the church of Uoiiu, 1356 
 and a version of the liiblc, alidiit . 
 The clergy regnlaled by iKiilhiineiit, 1529; tlieylose 
 
 the lirst fniits . • • 
 
 The royal suiireiiiaey iiniiosed on the clergy liy 
 Henry VIII., 1531 ; many sntl'er death for rclnsiiig 
 
 to acknowledge it , ; , ' 
 
 Coverdule's translation of the Bible eonilimiided tu 
 
 be read in cliurclies . . • 
 
 " Six Articles of Religion " iironiulgated . . . 1539 
 First Rook of (-'oninioii Prayer issued . . -549 
 The clergy iierniitted to marry . . . . . ,. 
 "Fortv-two Articles of Religion" issued . . 155= 
 
 ReBtoiiition of the Roman forms, and tierce iicrse- 
 
 cutioii of the Rrotestants by Mary . . • 'rSS-S 
 The Protestant torms restored by Elizabeth ; the 
 
 Puritan (lissciisions lii.giii .... 1558-1603 
 JIalthew Parker, consecrated abp. of Canterbury 
 ' at Lanibeth, by \i\)s. Riulow, Hodgkins, and two 
 
 others (see .V(ri;s ;/i«(0 . . • 17 Dee. 1559 
 " Tlnrtv-nine " Articles published 
 Hiini]iton Court contVrence witli the Puritans 
 New translation of tlie Uible iiublished . . . 
 
 Book of Conn 1 Prayer suiiiucssed and Uirectoi-y 
 
 cstablislK d by iiarliamciit . . ■ • • 
 Presbyterians established by tlie Communwealth . 
 Act of Uniloiiultj (14 Chas. II. e. 4) ii:isse(l--2ooo 
 noiiconfonning ministers resign their livings . 
 Attem)its of James U. to revive Romanism; " De- 
 claration of Indulgence " imblished . . - _ 
 Adiuittal of the seven bishoiis on a charge ot 
 " seditious libel " .••■•,■• 
 Comiirehensioii bill for dissenters introilnced 
 The Non-juring bishoiis and others deinived ; (t.iey 
 iormed a sejiarate communion) . . }'"'''■ 
 " yueeii Anne's Rouiity," for the augmeutation ol 
 
 jioor livings ■ 
 
 Act for biiilding 50 new ehurches jiassed . - 
 
 Fierce dis|.iites between the low eliurch and the 
 
 high church ; trial of Ueiiry Baclieverell, for 
 
 seditious sermons : ri(ds 
 
 The Bangorian controversy begins .... 1717 
 John Wesley and George Whitelleld oommenee 
 
 liiraching . . . ■,•,•,•,■ '^^S 
 Rise of the E\angelieal party in the church, under 
 Newton, Romaine, and otlieis, latter part of 
 
 i8th century 
 Church of Engliind united with that of Ireland at 
 
 the Union "^oo 
 
 Clergy Incapacitation Act passed . . . ■ looi 
 Incor.orated Church Ruilding Society established, 
 
 6 Feb. 1818 
 Church Inquiry Coiiiniission, appointed 23 June, 1832 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners incorporated by act, 
 
 13 Aug. 1836 
 Acts for building and enlarging churches, 18"° 1838 
 200 new churches erected in the diocese of Loud. ■ 
 
 under bishop C. J. lilonillcld . . . 1828-56 
 " Tracts for the Times " (No. 1-90) published (much 
 
 controversy ensued) 1833-41 
 
 Church Pastoral Aid Society, founded . . • 1836 
 Additional Ciiratfi' Society, founded ... 1837 
 New Church Discipline Act (3*4 Vict. c. 86) . . 1840 
 For tlie liorliam and Dciiison cases, see Tritih, 1849, 1B56 
 Anghi-C-.mlinenta! Society ("■'"■'''' ■"<-), founded . 1853 
 English Chinch Union, establislied . ... i860 
 "Kssa\sand Reviews "imblishi'd, i860; numerous 
 Kepli'i issued (see Emiyt and lievieivi) ■ 1861-2 
 
 triie Church of England is now said to be diyided 
 into High, Jloderate, Low (or Evaiigelic»l), mid 
 Broad Church : the last inclmliiig iiersons who 
 hold the ojiinions of tlie late Dr. Arnold, the Rev. 
 F. D. jMauriee, dean Stanley, canon Kingslejr, and 
 otliens.) 
 
 i'Uuirh Cangnsses began at Cambridge, 1861; and 
 at Oxford Jnlv, ni: 
 
 Dr. Coleiiso, blslio|> of Natal, jiublislies his work 
 on "The Pentateuch," about Oct. 1862 ; thv 
 bishojis, in con\(ieatioii, declare that it iMHiliiiiis 
 " errors of the gravest and most dangerous cha- 
 racter " 20 Slay, 18'.-, 
 
 A Cliiinh Conijre-'s at Manchester 13, 14, 15 Oct. ,,' 
 
 IJishop Coleiiso (lejioscd by his nietroinilitan, lir. 
 Cray, bLshoji of Capetown. . . iG A]iiil, -,se,,_ 
 
 " Oxford Declaration "(autliorship ascribed to aivh- 
 deacoii Dcnison and Dr. Pusey). resiiectiiig belieS 
 in etcriiid iiunishmcnt, drawn up and signed 01 1 
 25 Feb., and sent by post to the clergy at lari,'( ■ 
 for signature : about \ooo are said to have signed ; 
 it was presented to the archbisliop of Canterbury 
 
 12 May, „ 
 
 Blslfii> of Loniloii'.f Fidul, for remedying spiritual 
 destitution in London, established 1 863; tlie(|in.(.|i 
 'iigages to give (in three years) joool., and ]irii 
 
 of Wales 1000/. 
 100,456/. received ; 72,(X)3l. promised 
 Tlie iiueeu engages to give 15,000!. 
 
 7 .March, ,, 
 31 lice. „ 
 30 ycais. 
 April, i3f = 
 Oct. lEdi 
 
 1563 < 
 1604 
 1611 I 
 
 1644 
 1649 I 
 
 1662 i 
 
 I 
 
 16B8 ■ 
 1689 I 
 
 1691 
 
 1704 
 1710 
 
 C/nnrft CJoii-j/rcss at Bristol 
 
 Church of y.nijhinil Kihiivilun Society, founded 
 
 Church AssociiMuii (against popery and ritualism) 
 
 established i86= 
 
 District Churches Tithes act passed (reetories eun- 
 
 stituted) 
 
 Bi.-dioii Cidcnso's nppeiil eatue befoie (he jniiy 
 council, whi(di declared bishnp Gray's |irti(Tid- 
 iiigs null and void (since » colonial bishop can 
 have no authority except what is granted by par- 
 liament or by the colonial legislature), 21 Miiieli, ,., 
 London Free and opeii Church As.sociation, I'ouinltd ,, 
 l\cw form of chriciil subscript ion pro|i(ised by a 
 
 eoinuiission in 1864 ; adopted by parliament, ,lilly, „ 
 c/iare/i Congress at Norwich . . . 3-7 Oct. ,^ 
 Meeting in London of three English bislnniji, |ir. 
 Pusey, and nearly 80 of the clergy and laity, »itli 
 counts Orhitl and Tolstse, and tlie Russian chap- 
 lain, to consider on the inacticability of uniting 
 the English and Russian churches . 15X11V. „ 
 Bishop Colenso publicly exconiiiiunicnti'd at llaritz- 
 
 burg cathedral, by bishop Gray . . 5 Jiui. iStf 
 Bishop Gray declares himself indc)ieiulfiit, istali- 
 lishes synods, and calls his see "The Chnrch nf 
 
 South Africa" eailj iu 
 
 The Church MissioiiarySociety refuses tii .snpimit 
 colonial bishops, unless they keeji within the for- 
 mularies of the Chundi of England . early in 
 C/iarc/i Co/if/rw^ at York .... 6 Oct. 
 Much excitement caused by the iirogrcKs of liliinl- 
 isM (which S(c) .... Sept.-Xov. 
 Bishop Colenso r. Gladstone and others (trii.stccsof 
 tli(! Colonial liishopric Fin d) for witliholiliiig liis 
 salary. Verdict f master of the rolls, furplaiiitilf, 
 
 witl. costs 6 Nov. 
 
 UiKiualllied condemnation of ritualism by the 
 bisllol^^• i'' coiiNOcatloii, 13 Feb. ; the lower liniise 
 
 (iincurrei. 15 Fel;. ifbyj 
 
 The bishop of Sidisbury (Dr. Hamiltcm) in a chunA 
 asserts the doctrine of the supernatural gifts of 
 l»riests, the Divine iiresence in the sacraiiieiil ; 
 imbiic jirotesl against it . . . ifi .Mny, 
 Trial in Court of Andies, Mariiii r. Mai kdiidi'liir, 
 lesjiecting extreme ritualistic practices at St. 
 Albau's, Uolborn : I'ase deferred 21 Jl.iy, 
 Royal lUtualistic Comniission appointed bi iiuiuire 
 respecting rubrics in the Prayer-Bodk, table iif 
 le.ssdiis, &(■., 3 .lune ; liist report, censuriiiK in- 
 novation, signed 19 -^i* 
 
 i Pan-Anglican Synod (xchich see) meets at Lamlietli, 
 
 24-27 Sept. 
 I Church Congress at 'Wolverhaniiiton . . 1 dot. 
 I Meeting of ritualists iu St. James's Hall, claimiiiu 
 
 i i'berty 19 .Nuv. 
 
 i C.se of Martin v. Mackonochie, begun 4 Hec, 
 I lasted 14 days ; resumed . . 16-18 Jan. il 
 
 CHUKCH O 
 
 Jhntiii ,'. .'Mack,,, 1 ■ ; '"■' 
 Great ineetiiiL' at .St i.,, ' . 
 
 "-"^'"..'^.i.^lbte;' 
 
 I'l^trict Churches ,\,.( „ 
 
 ("'■fi"l'"f0.xford's v.'n 
 t..ocAC,.„,,,T,«„ti,uM,/'' 
 .'''■■■I'l'. party contests at , J, 
 
 1---^ ^ecl:;;-'-,:,^/.. 
 
 "'""' ""^'-■""e of ritualists 
 First meeting of „ ^•^,,,,. , „ 
 """'■'1 "Lit, r^V., '"■''.«' 
 KImry, (-hairnmn '" """'""' 
 ('Imrcli conference af ^ii,,.,,, ; , 
 
 '1^'*" ''■ -Vackon;,!, ,!'.'"' .„ 
 
 I'liry council for ,..(■., i,,:,''' 
 
 fi.*;< of Loudua'sTiUli};'!!! 
 
 "Cli'ri™n)i.sal,iliti,.sAct"„.,. 
 
 l.irt Cliiirch .sch.K.is ""> ^"' 
 I^v. Mr. .Mackoi,i„.iii.. ' 
 to(*«i.mtlis'i;v' ,,^";:''™'l 
 ^•v.i<ling former sent.,'™™ "^ 
 Rev. CVoysey sentenced to l'„. 1 
 
 »!'l«'l to .i«di(..ial • 1, ,'■':''' 
 
 ''i«n«wed (see Koy,,„,j """«"" 
 
 ;'H--s-f->^^: 
 
 I. inilieuts' Hesignation \ , 
 ,'--^''i""f''i'a-viv ),' i.t''''^'^'' 
 k'-^'*C"«!/r™atN,,tti I;;';;'!»■y. 
 »lt.■lrdl.. Bennett(fo. t : ., •''' 
 I MW iu the saiMvinienn ''''"''" 
 
 LsjjiSSs'Sit' 
 
 i.-";nv..catidi, authorise It,, ''•.■ 
 u tlic Prayer B„„k '•■'"" <'on.si. 
 
 uaiijireldrm meeting at .Sf' i, ' 
 J;;alc,ii,aci|srecon„n,:,^l,,"'"""^ 
 I J" .)"lni Pure has, of R,.- ,: 
 
 ^M.liities for,,, eve .«'""• *" 
 
 Ifalircuceof hishidii ,1 
 
 |Si.;var,|,^licn,,ett J ,t; ,''f""'', 
 I S'TiisiiiwI J"">>'uent fordi 
 
 |J' Mialls nintioi. f.'ir rovl ; 
 
 IHtsaiiliiliops 
 
 1 tii'iniizf tlieir 
 MiMi. 8ayl„,-,'d\i; "■]»■'■". "s tlie di 
 
 h:*n»aiarhcliefs .!,,.'" ,"" "«' 
 
 W'«t'.re,p,;^^.,'.;t,, V'''''."io" "'"" 
 
 , '-"T state, i,',,t ;,*■",.'".■■'»'"''•* 
 
 It'ojtinevervfanih. ,1-^ re Woiis e, 
 
 J ;'>lition,,,ay-|i.'S •,,{'.'.'' '■""■t..fthi, 
 
 ^^S?(^^"^^^. 
 

 2ia 
 
 -^K^^^I^ EXGLAX5: 
 
 1 86 
 
 ■S JPlCSfMit, 
 
 1871 
 
 llMi-ict CJiiin.Iics .l,.t 
 
 1864. ■ t'*'"C/lf,,H,;,.(,s,, .,f ijii-y. '>. llilSSWl . 
 
 ill..,al ;"■".'■'= -rtam Htualistio^ ;t h!^' 
 Martin V. .Miick,„„„.| • I ,• •, • • \ (),f " 
 
 "'■"•op Of io«,/„«'r/-';;;,7.^™";;-^^ . 4 iv''"^ 
 
 ,.,.T • , „. 411,839/. rtrcivwl, 
 
 lort Clnnrl, sWi.^.ls ""* '"^'"> '°.°oo?. to s,,,,; " 
 
 ^">l"«(oinu.r,i:„t,,,;.i'-'- "f l'"vy ooum-n for 
 Rev, CVnysev ,s™t,.n,-,.,| ,,,,',„,' . ' =3 -Vov. 
 
 Urlilvrt V. Puiv||,.,s, of ij,i„,,; • • 'o Kel). 
 
 «eu,ai,tforol(,.,;,.,..' ,"S "" ■ '■"""'■t ••Wiilist 
 
 '«»ue,e,l a g,,,,t d.fe ' ' f tV.','.''''';'''"'''''^'' ''"v ; 
 
 ,,'™;f ,,"""■'' •.•■V<'it,.„„,,V' "'" "t'l'ili.sl.s, ai„i 
 
 Jli.MiiWl.s i-esoliitj,,,, ,■,,.,, ■ ,;. , • _>; |.vii 
 
 1- I'liiviicatiijii autliori^,. I t 441.199?. ,, ii,,,. 
 
 , ."tl'e ft-^iyor Hook ""*•'' '" "^"'*i''''i- "Itumli'.H 
 I Umh reldnii iiifetiiiK at St' i ' . • • Fvl,' 
 
 |i.j;«Mreofl)isho]',s ,l,..,,w 
 
 'tU,.,msi,i.r,.ai|,,,i,.^,V;!;^;' •■'"">"< at Un,- 
 .: J ;;,;-'"- ;.iu-.K,„e,;ia,^„„^ Man.,, 
 
 in- .ilull.s motion f„r / , • ■. . S.Jiini. 
 1 !:;"-" ...a.,.^[^-^-.,j;v.;,,te., A 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 
 ■S holf '■■ ^^' '^•"1""' an I ,':'■"";!" atl,is 
 Ian" "'^ ^•'"""mniun at St vllr' ?'""J '■^■'«- 
 
 Circ'h'of'V" ,'■'■'"- ''"■'"'""'••'"'^ a."l ah,;, t 
 
 ..S Si? JJ'ife *"-«... :ft 
 
 " English Chn,., .."■'■""""I' ■ 5'^"«- 
 
 16 Jan 
 
 
 
 '875 
 
 ' I, ?k^^^' 
 
 
 1876 
 
 1872 
 
 (•„ , '" ■'''"■'*'"'|W votu f,„. , . • -3 April, 
 
 •877- 
 
 
 
 mmmm 
 
 ■sl^^i'^Qi^ iS 
 
 Wm«Si 
 
 
 Tj&MM 
 
 :'; -'ikl wd 
 
 mdWmmA 
 
 '7tliC7(»,v.A(^„, ' ' "•«""■ 
 
 ..--■'^;^^S,:^.^-':;-!^'an.,,,,,q- 
 
 ia;;.V«^,,.a„Oo„«r..s(u4;::"tet:7\°'^'- 
 liisl,„,,.iX'»,.t • . • . ' "-' "' I-'ini- 
 
 vo,,,-*,t;;r':-'«t«'-'"iw;,,ar;.,,i,i;,?4-'«, 
 
 "- ■ ■ »4 0ct 
 
 :878 
 
 I ,'"")■ stall', in |.v,.r.." „"i-"''""'''*"' oiiinioi, 
 I Million nwy iH) trami ••'"'"' "'i'l iiii*.ttl,.,i 
 
 
 "880, ana 8 j,in 
 H 2 
 
•- ,1 
 
 i 
 
 
 1* 
 
 l> p.. i 
 
 i'- 
 
 i'^, 
 
 f 
 
 
 CHUECH OF ENGLAND. 
 
 24 i 
 
 CHUECH OF FEANCE. 
 
 CHURCH ( 
 
 
 f -« 
 
 ^^^^^Hlilintf ' 
 
 
 
 ^^MHiiu 
 
 ■■IH 
 
 '"I'i 
 
 1 584 
 
 i856 
 
 Moin.iriiil to tlic nirlil.isl,..]. uf Oiiit.T mry, ln.n 
 
 live ,l,.;iiis (1).-. i:lnMrli, .le; f M. Pun s mimI 
 
 (itlicr cl.Mvviiici.i HI tav.iir -.l' ti.K ration ,il .livei- 
 
 Couiit.T imMii.nial Iron, l.islioj.s PaiTy "ii'l H.^'' ■ 
 ilonii Close, ami otliiT clfims and fliTKy""". 
 opposing toleration oriinsuviplnml practici'^ 
 
 Mr. Maekonocliie'a appeal to the house of lor<ls 
 dismissal ; sentence of 3 years snspens on 
 
 alH.'ineil . . • ■ • ,p- ? ^\''' ' 
 2,Ht (Innrh r,.,»;n,s,satNeweaslle-on-ryne4-io«'i-t. 
 
 Catholic liaigne forniert . . • • ,'''''''> 
 Death of Dr. K H. I'u.sey , . . >6 >'' I' • 
 22ndC;i»rc;,rn,.ff,r.« at Derby . . rf>^"- 
 Kov. A. Mackonochie resigns liviiif.' at M. AlDaii s, 
 Holboi n, at the lecinest of abp. ot Canterbnry,^^ 
 
 23rd CIniirh Cmnims at ReadinR . . j\>''.\: 
 "OmiHal Year-book of the Clmrch of Ei.glan.l 
 
 Chnreh School Company formed, 1S83 ; ' -.stannnal 
 
 24th Chinrl, (■ou{irr^'< at Cariisle . . 30 »y t. 
 Church of England Purity Society, see inHf (to., 
 
 2ctirC'AinY;i(-»i.i;rf.« at' Portsmouth . 6 Oct. 
 Agitation for disestablisli^nsnt and disendowment 
 
 DreiKiratory to elections . •,,-.,■ -• ' 
 Addre.s8 to the nrchbislioiis and bishops from 
 
 iniportJintmeiiibersoftlnMiniversityofCambndge 
 
 advocating church reform . . . J" '^ "X- 
 
 rronosed ilisestablislimeiit of llie Church 111 Wales 
 
 negatived in the Commons (..41-229) . 9 -Marcn, 
 
 26th (7i «/■(■;! Cnujnss at Wakelield (Chnrch lelorm 
 
 discussed) ^ , 
 
 Proposed erection of a Church House for genera 
 
 business, meetings, &c. ; onimittee appointed 
 
 at Lambeth Palace ... • 18 Oct. 
 
 Church Patronage Hill introduced ; see I'atnmatie, 
 
 13 May, 
 27tli CAin-.;. 1 -oH^iTM at Wolvorhampton began .^Oct. 
 Chnrch House 'Cor)ioration, lirst animal meeliiig 
 
 21 July, 
 
 28th Cliiinh Cmigms at Manchester; disputed 
 ciuestinns boldly discussed . . . i I'et- 
 Declaration and remonstrance of clergy and laity 
 adopted at a large meeting . . .'3 '^"^■. 
 
 Jtishnp iif hiiuh 11' s fund received i5>5"o'- '" >'">7 • 
 21,000/ in i838 ,. II- 1 1 
 
 2glh riunrh (•„«;,)•«» at Cardift ; position ^;f \\elsh 
 church discussed . . •,,■„.• .,',,,: 
 "(7n/ir/imMi ill ■■iiini.'il" initiated 111 /ion College, 
 Mav, 1889. Large meeting in Westminster towii- 
 lial'l to promote the relief of the chnrch by ob- 
 taining for it, from the state, the iiower ot settling 
 its differences in doctrine and ritual in a liberal 
 spirit, bv the agency of convocation . 6I-el). , 
 " rmlrMii'iii cUimhmniS uUUim," lord (.ninthorpe 
 president ; olyect to iiroiiiote the substitution 
 of deprivation for iiii|irisoninent ; support ot the 
 b shops reported ; fin.t general meeting 25 Feb. i! 
 3othc;n/iv7i CuirrMsat Hull . .3p.«<'I't.-3 <>'■ . 
 „9t (7i,,r./i (■,.„„,■,« at Hliyl; the hi.shop ot St 
 Asaph president ; the abps. of Canterbury and ^ 
 
 York iiresent ,. 6 Oct. i, 
 
 A declaration of faith in the divine inspiration ami 
 truth of the Holy Sciiiitiii-es,on tlie tostimony of 
 the universal church, iiidepeiidcnlly "t human 
 criticism, signed by dean E. M. Goiilbiiin and 37 
 other eminent clergymen . . Vimcs, 18 Dec. 
 32nd(''iun7i r»«(;rf.s»at Folkestone ; the abp. ofCan- 
 
 terbiiry president 4-7 Oct. i 
 
 Secession of a small body of clergy in coiisecineiice 
 of the Lincoln .iudgmca ; see Ciiiilrrliunj, they 
 pro|)Ose to form a new evangelical sect . Aiit. 
 Meeting at the Mansion-honse, London, convened 
 by the liishoiis of London, Hoclicster, and St. 
 Albans, to consider the spiritual needs "f t'>« 
 
 iiietroiHilis 17 I'eb. 
 
 Protest agaiiLst the Lincoln judgiiieiit aigneil by 50 
 sflet't"! i leigyiDon . . - - 27 I'eb, 
 Great meeting of the bishons, clergy, laymen and 
 cliiirehwardens, in IjOiidon to consiiler the 
 (Welsh) Suspensory bill (i'7n'.7i sm), and ilcre..--! 
 of the National Clmrch (convoked by the arch- 
 
 iS3 
 
 1889 
 
 J 90 
 
 893 
 
 bishoji of Canterlniry), 13 March; at the Albert 
 hall, after a serrice in St. Paul's 16 Jlay,i»iji 
 
 Many meetings throughout the country ojiposiiig 
 the Welsh Suspensory bill . March, April, ,, 
 
 33rd Cliinrh Coiiqrcss at lliriuinghaiii ; the bp. ot 
 Worcester president, 3 Oct., 1893 ; (disciissicjns 
 on the pioiiosed bishopric of liirmingham ; paiisli 
 councils bill; church disestablishment; crema- 
 tion). , , . , 
 
 Declaration of t lie archbishops and bishops ■igiiiiisl 
 the Welsh ilisestablishiuent bill . 17 May, i;,, 
 
 j4th Chiiirh CoiM/nssat ENcter, opened, the bislinp 
 of Exiter iiii'sident ; discussions on relijiicms 
 instruclioii, Clinrcli refori tc. . g-udct. „ 
 
 Letter from Cardinal Vanghaii denying the valiilily 
 of Anglican orders (5 Oct.), iiiueli controversy 
 ensues ; I'inir". 5 Oct. <t wi;. 
 
 The >sotli anniversary of the execution of abp. 
 l.aud, celebrated at the church of All Hallows. 
 Harking, London, E.C. ; an exhibition of lelirs ; 
 addroHsea by the bp. of Petertioroiigli and otlnTs 
 
 10 .laii. 1855 
 
 35tli Cltiiri-h CoiHircss at Norwich; the bishop of 
 Norwich president .... 8-11 Oct. , 
 
 Since the passing of the education act of 1870, tin' 
 church has raised for her voluntary schools 
 n,i44, 775'., reported .... Apiil. „ 
 
 Iiiangiiration of the " Cliurcli Reform league" at 
 the Church Hous(S Westminster . 27 Nov. ., 
 
 Voluntary contributions in 1894 to supiiort tin- 
 church", 5,851,986/.. reported . . ao Feh. tigi 
 
 Anglic:!! church conference held at Vienna, 3 June, „ 
 
 .Vnglic'in orders, see i'ojii', 1896-B. 
 
 Mr. Alfred Marriott, of Hopton, Dewsbnry, be. 
 ipieatlis 400,000/. to tlie cliurch and its societii.s ; 
 announced • , 3 Oct. „ 
 
 36tli Chinrh Cdiiiiresn at Slirewsliiiry. the bishop of 
 
 ' Lichfield president; discussions on clinieh iv 
 f.Tin, clerical iioverty, fee. (see VIenjy) 6-y Oct. „ 
 ■ 37tli Chnirlb Voiijimsat Nottingham, the bislinp of 
 j Southwell president . . 28 Sept.-i Oct. 1897 
 
 n.C. celebntion of the iitli centenary of the land- 
 ing of St. Augustine at Ebbs Fleet, Ramsgiite 
 I 12-17 Sept. , 
 
 "The Cimcersion of England" in relation to the 
 
 landing of St. Augustine, a spectacular historical 
 
 jilay by the rev. Henry Creswell, resembling the 
 
 mysti^fy plays (see iJriimi), saiil to have been 
 
 1 first iierformiMl at St. Peter's, Vanxhall, in i86,, 
 
 revived at Canterbury, anonymous actors, in- 
 
 ! eluding clergy and laitv, 17 Nov. 1897, and at 
 
 j the Church House, WesMiiinster . 15 .Ian. t( .sc^. i3iii 
 
 The abp. of ("iiiterbury and lips, ami convocation 
 censure changes in the worship contrary to the 
 book of comnioti prayer ; 11 -May; hitter from the 
 bp. of London to his clergy to the same elfect. 
 
 'y/l/li'.--, 27 .lime, „ 
 SeeCaukrltKnj; I'uhlic Warship Itttjiilnthm Art: Trinli. 
 
 CHUECH oi'' France. St. Pothinus is say 
 to have preiicliod Christianity to tlie Gauls almut 
 1(10; became bishop of Lyons, 11 .d sufi'ereil maityr- 
 (lom with others, 177. For the reforineil clmrch 
 see Iluij (Mint ni\m\ I'rotistiiiil.t. 
 A mission of .seven bishops arrived in 245 ; foUimnl 
 
 by severe persecution 236;^ 
 
 I'hristianitv tolerated by Con.itantius Chlorua . 29; 
 Council of Aries convoked by (Ninstantine, alirnit 
 
 600 bishops present; the Dimatists comleiiineil . lu 
 Christianity established by Clovis . . . . 45* 
 Pragmatic 'sanction of St. Louis restraining the 
 
 impositions of the iiope ; and reatoring the ri^'ht 
 
 of elei ting bisho|ia, A;c 126} 
 
 Pragmatic sanction of Bourges, declaring a geii.'ial 
 
 council superior to the pope, and prohibiting 
 
 aiipeals to liiiii ,,. ' , ' '*" 
 
 Concordat of Leo X. and Francis I. aniinlling tin- 
 
 jiraginatic s,<nction .... 18 Aog. r-r 
 Disputes between the .Jesuits and .Kansenists . i6ij 
 Declaration of the clergy (drawn up by liossuet) in 
 
 accordance with the pragmatic sanctiniis, cini- 
 
 lliiiied by the king . . ■,-?,-' ?'•'"'''• '^■' 
 The .lansenists eycoiiiinnnicated liy the Hull u 111 
 
 genitns , ' „ ' 1 '''•' 
 
 Concord it with Pius VII. and Napoleon 1801 ami 1:1: 
 The principles of the concordat of Leo -K. reslDieU 
 
 by Pius VM. and Louis XVlll ■=■'• 
 
 Tlie lirst bishop elected by ch 
 more, &c., archdeacon Darli 
 
 ■llleged migration of clergy to 
 Warm discussion upon tlie rei 
 
 Tlie lirst general a.sseinblv ol 
 :imVc. 1560. 
 
 The (ifiieral assembly conslitn 
 Mtital court ill the kingdom -it 
 
CHURCH OF IRELAND^ 245" 
 
 The arehbishoi) of Paris „i„i „ti„,r prchitos resist 
 
 ,i,«„K.Of |«ll«.l M,tHllibilit,V attlH, cl.M.dl Ht UoiUH ,870 
 
 ■llifclnrKyatllrHt su|)p„rl,Ml Na|„,|„,,„ III. ; lmt,n,. 
 
 siii.|«)it MiK'.Malion s hiinistry, in ulBcUims, d,<,,t., 
 .Earclibiahoiw, 77 l,isli(,|,s . Uca. 1877 
 
 rim abbii b.Mif,'aii,l ass.Mls tbat th.Me are' 26-,8 " 
 
 lunshes witlim.t priosts, aiul ,„k„ parisb^s 
 
 CHURCH- WARDENS. 
 
 178 
 St. 
 
 1869 I 
 
 CHURCH 01.' lUEL.WI), foiin,|..(l bv ,^t 
 I'iitnik 111 the stii iciiliiry ; ucccptcd th,. Ui.liirniM- 
 tun about lySo ; unitiM with that cjC Kri-laiul as 
 the nited Cluircli of Ku^-land and I,-,.laiid in iMoo • 
 fan Jl,'</iOii.i Ivetnml, 18OS, and Anirmh. 
 "All net t<) put an end to the .■stabbsbin.Mit of tlio 
 cliuicli of Ireland, ■ introduced into the h.iuse ol 
 C(piiiiii.)iis liy Mr. (ihidslonu, i Mar ■ vote ior 
 sreuml residing, 368; against =5°; 2" a.m., ..4 
 M.nroli;fortlm-dreiidiiiK,j6i ;aKainst,.47 ; j, .MavT 
 hitrediu'cd into the house of lords bv e.'irl liri'ii 
 illle, I June; read tliini time, 12 ■.Inly s.oiie 
 aiiieiKbiieMts by the lords ae.cepted, others re. 
 jrttcil; receiveil royal assent (/o vumv into rm- 1 
 
 !■''>"• 1371I 26,lnlv' 
 
 .^Jilress of bishops t.i the clergy and laity ilati'd! 
 
 Moftiiigoahe general syno,l of the IriMliclmrch'tn 
 
 .H. Patricks cathedral, Dublin, for re-or'aniza- 
 
 liciiuiftlie general council . . 14 Heiit 
 
 OmfereDce of the laity; duke of Abercorn clrii"' 
 
 '"I'll ii(Jct 
 
 ('li)irohof Ireland disestablished . i J'ln' 
 
 k sHftrntiUioii, fund esUiblislied (well snpp,irled') 
 
 First elected bishop (Ur. Maurice Day bishr,n„r 
 
 Cashel) consecrated at .St. I'atrick's, Dublin, 
 
 Ilieiiew ecclesiastical court meets ; tries a''ca.so lit 
 
 ritual pnictices 26 .June 
 
 Tlie Irish Church Act amended . . June 
 Keceived for the snsteiitiitioii fund, -ij.sVj;. up tii 
 
 Tin- lirst bishop elected by clergy and laity of K\\- 
 more, &c., aicbdeacoii Darley (12 candidates), 
 
 Allesed migration of clergy to Kngland . Autuiim 
 \Unailiscu»sion upon the revision of the liturgy, " 
 
 May! ,875 
 
 CHURCH OF Noui'ii America, was cstah- 
 lilieil 111 .Nov. I7«4, wlicn l,islio|, Soaliiiry, cliosoii 
 bytliechiiicliesiii Coniiocticiit, was I'oiiso'cratcd in 
 Scotland. The firat conveiiiion was held at I'liil-i 
 Jclpliia in 17CS5. 0„ 4 Feb. i;,S;, bishops I'n.vo'st 
 and White were consecrated at i.iiiibcth I lie 
 (■enteniiry was celebi-atcd at Luiiheth, 4 Feb' xW 
 Two American bisliops, l.vman and I'ottcr* were 
 pment. In 185 1 there were ^7 bishops; i,', i<S«J ! 
 there were, 111 the United States, 48 dioce.ses, M 
 bishoiia, and 3,559 priests and doucons, ace I'au. 
 Amilicaii Si/ii(i(l. 
 
 After iiiiieh di.scussion, for several years, the church ' 
 ™m,,t,,.,M,assed a stringent cauon agaiimt ritualisni, : 
 
 CHURCH OK .Scotland, see jii,/,„p., ;„ ' 
 
 .V'.ffeW. On the abolition of lOpiseopacv, in i(,28 ' 
 resbytenunism became the establisheii ivli-ion' 
 ts tormiiki-y of (aith, .aid to have been ,„i,M,i led 
 by John Knox, m r5(«, was approved by the nui- 
 taieii ami ratified in ,567, Hnally settled by' a„ 
 Hdotthebcottish senate in i6(/.. and secured bv 
 tlie treaty union witli Kngland in 1707- ^'e 
 llunithiie, J>,ilro,i„,/,, and .'lis/i,,/,.,. 'l\w elm>ch 
 . ^gu late, hy four co,i,,s_,he j/ereral 'a'sse, 1 j 
 lh.'Mnod,thc preshyiery, and kirk se...ions; sio 
 hah^tmanx. Vov important secessions, see 
 Uirilhen (17,2), and Vm V-hvvrh (,K., ^) ' 
 
 1871 
 
 1S72 
 
 C74 
 
 cbnich was held, 
 
 Tile first general assembly of the 
 .'olVe. 1560. 
 
 Tlie general assembly constitutes tb.. hii:hest eeele^l 
 :«t.cal eourt III the kingdom ; it meets annflally h'.^Elli';!: 
 
 burgh ill May, and sits about ten days. It consists nf -i 
 
 deegalHs Irom laesbytm-ies, royal boroughs, and uni™ 
 Kites so ne being laymen. To this cimrt ,dl a eals 
 f.om the interior ecclesiastical courts lie, and its ,E'm 
 
 V s,. , Iv Viit ,V 1/ '*'53; bis appeal to the Oeneral 
 .v.->M m J, (lismissed (icij-go), 29 ILiy, ,884. 
 
 teH,';,''T '■■'*■," '"" '■'"■ '''■-'""t'"K -'.unio'i of I'resby. 
 
 ^7 March':';^:-^ """^"'^•'"' "' '"" ^''~M2o2 .7^7) 
 
 th'id in ib;:Sm,r ';;y^i^rc(: '^;'^f^«^ »-•'- 
 
 , ' p,'"' I "I' ^.'""" " '"'t"'"'!' the Church, the United 
 
 i re iorted"'"''' ""■' "'"' '''""■''''' '""' ■'''"^'" """•'■^' 
 
 lime, 1898 
 
 bliSFl^P^^ HOUSE. A lorporation was esti.- 
 t^ s led to eornmeniorate the (jiieen's jubilee of 1R87, 
 
 !■„,', "■'^^'•■"°'! "'," '^"i''li"^' i" London for tl , 
 general nae ot tlie el^u-gv of Kngland 
 
 *"l'lle•.M•'!;;^'f^'^'■^?''•"''^'' ''"'•" -^"Iwcribed, by 
 \ZX\- '"'I.'' '"'■• ^'■*'-'' "■^«''"' l'"ildiugs, in 
 Deans ^ard, Westminster, was purchase,! a 
 
 ' wT:'re7llv' »''''■'/''' ^' 'V"^' ■8«8; "»" wha 
 was leallj the ist general meeting of the cor- 
 pora ion on their own premises wa"; held on .6 
 •'lie, 1890, the archbishop of Caiiterbur) being 
 n the cdiair. At a meeting at Norwich,, Keb? 
 
 su?;Jcril,ed."' '■""""'' "'"' ''°'^'- ''•"' '"»'" 
 
 rth,,;^ .< "'I'","ii'"' "■» ••"'"■> '-9. (architect,"? 
 Art ur Ulomheld) ; npene.l by tl,e duke of Yoi^, 
 
 ;,',',„';,'*• '"•"*'"■-•" '" tl'" two archbishops and 
 
 ^,, II l-'eb. 1896 
 
 CHTRCH LEAGUE, for separation of 
 
 .lei";;;-',:";"'""' "'■^- '^- "• -M^'konoclue, pr^i: 
 .CHURCH PASTORAL AID SOCIETY 
 
 tii I'V-agcnts in densely populated .Us- 
 
 tacts. Annual meetings are held. 
 
 CHURCH PATRONAGE, see i;„vuu,„n: 
 
 li ucl in rcMir belongs to the parish ioner-s «ho 
 
 I ha^e the sole power of ta.vin^ themselves for to 
 
 I expense when assembled ,n v«,ry. Th , ', f '...'Jt 
 
 ^ n"'..t ot payment which is contiiii-mUy ism rb: 
 
 il^mters and others, belonged to th,: eecl ■ i ^ ic?l 
 
 ' '"Its Many attempts «,.re made to abolisd 
 
 '■ |>M' l;-rotes befoie -Mr. dladstone's " (J ,m Is 
 
 C a,r,diM-ate Abolition ■•imi, passed 31, Inir.S. 
 
 ^coumrcii^^Jf^--'-'-!'^ ;V:;</;r,3„ 
 
 CHURCH SERVICES wee ordered by pone 
 \[tehaniis to he read in J.a-iu, W,!; 1 y , "m 
 thzubeth m 1558 to he IV, d in Kuglisli • ' 
 
 CHURCH-WARDEXS, oHicers of the 
 
 hu h appointed by the tirst c„n„n of the svned of 
 l.ow\.,n. II, M.>7. ,)v„'s,.ers in every purush were 
 
 a so appointed by tile same ly. aml-th'ey c ,tU . e 
 
 10 nearly as the,, ,.onst.t,„e,l. .MunJ.s r.0/0 v 
 
 chosen aniuiiiUy. ji "" lu ut 
 
 
 I-!; 17^' 
 
 
 5 I. ^ ."HH'^fc "I 
 
 ir ^1 f 
 
 
CHURCHING. 
 
 246 
 
 CIRCAS8IA. 
 
 ^i 'mm 
 
 nil 
 
 CHUECHIXG OF "WOMKN is tlie net of 
 retuniiiijr Uianks in tlio cliuicli Iv wnnicu uller 
 child-birih. It bc-.iii nlioiit 214. jr/iiatlci/ ; stv 
 Purificntiu)). 
 
 CHURCHYAEDS, said to b.long to tho 
 parson, who lias jjower to inclubit the erection ol 
 luoiiumcnts, i:c. Sco Oiii.-'tcy'itiiiii uiul lUinulK, 
 
 CHUSAN, a Cliincsi' isle; see C/(i»«, 1840-I, 
 i860. 
 
 CIBOEIUM ill imlv Chrif^tian times, wns n 
 protection to tin iltai-lable, tirst a tabernacle, ami 
 iil'terwards a baldarliin (ner tbe altar, and also a 
 canopy used at solemn jirocessions. C'ibnrium also 
 means tbe vessel in wliich tlie euibarist is received. 
 
 CIDEE (■?.'/'■'■. r.erman). «lien first made in 
 England, was called wine, al-ouf 12S4. Tbe earl of 
 Mancbester, wbeii amlmssador in France, is sanl to 
 have piissed otl' eider for wine. It was sub]ected to 
 tbe excise in 1763, rt .■^n/. Tbe duty was taken olt 
 in 1830. Jlaiiv ca-ebards were planted m Ilerclonl- 
 shire l)V lord Sc'udamore. aiulias^ador IV n Cbarles l. 
 to Fninee. Jolm l'liili|is |uddislied bis poeni 
 "Cider" in IJOO. Tbe Xaiioiml association of 
 Cidenuakers founded, in I.endon, Oct. 1894. 
 " Cider," a niontlily periodical, appeared in lX%. 
 Gnat increase of liiaiuifaetnre of cider in Franei-, 
 llirougb failures of tbe i;iape crops; reported l8<jO. 
 
 CIGAE SHIP, see under Sfi'om, i8(j6. 
 
 CIGAES, see 7«/,ff,v«. 
 
 CILICIA. in Asia Minor, partook of tbe fortunes 
 of tbat country. It ln'iamca Unuian jirovime about 
 64 i).c.,and was comiuered by tbe Turks, A. I). 1387. 
 
 CIMBEI. a Teutonic race from Jutland, in- 
 vaded tbe lioMian empire about 120 n.c. They 
 defeated tlie Romans under Cneiiis I'apiriiis Carbn, 
 113 11.0.; tbe consul .liiiiius Silaiius, 109; tbe 
 consul Cassius l,(iu:,'i'ni> (wlm was killed) near the 
 lake of Geivva. 107: ami tbe miited .irmies of tbe 
 consul Cn. Mallius and llir pro.-onsul Servilius 
 Caepio near tbe Kbone, lOv 'I'beir allies, tbe 
 Teutones. were defeated bv Slarins in tw.i battles 
 at Atpue .Sextia' (Aix) in Oaul ; 20'j,ooo were 
 killed, and 7i).n(» made 1 rjsoners. I02 I'.c. The 
 Cinibri were deleated b\ Marius and Catnlus, at 
 Campus Kaiidius. wlieii about to enter Italy; 
 120,000 were killed, aii.l *«),rxxi taken prisoners, 
 101 B.C. They wi'Ve aftci wards absorbed into the 
 Teutones or Saxon-. 
 
 CIMENTO (Italian, i.rp'riii/nif). Tbe ".\eca- 
 deniia ^M Ciineiito," at Fbavn.c, lield its first 
 mceliiij: for niakina:seientilic expia-iments, i8,Iuiie, 
 1657. It was jialroiiisi'il bv Feidinaiid, firand duke 
 of Tuscany, Tbe Hoval Society of London was 
 founded in i6<iO, and tbe .Vcademy of Silences at 
 Paris in i6(V>. Tbe y^ion, Cmioiln, a scientific 
 periodical, ]iuljlislieil at I'isa, began in 1855. 
 
 CIXCHOXA, m- ClIIXdlOXA, see Jesuitu' 
 Bail,. 
 
 CIXCINXATI. \ society eslablisbed by 
 officers of tbe .American army soon" after the |ie,ice 
 of 1785. "to pnpetoate fVie'ndsbip. and to r.iise a 
 fund for relieving tlii> widows and orplmns of tbose 
 who Ind fil' w daring the w.ir." On the badge 
 was a figure ot Ciiieinnatiis. 'Ihe peoiile dreaded 
 militarv iiiHuem e. and tbe society dissolved itself. 
 
 CINCIXXATI. ilo 
 
 ef citv of tbe state of 
 
 Ohio.Nortli .\meriia. lounihil 1780. Thistii uri-bin' 
 city dusolutcd b) aniiiundatiou caused by the risiny 
 
 of the river Ohio, n Feb, 1883. Several livc/i were 
 lest, and about 50,txX3 rendered homeless. .Vnipl,. 
 relief allbrdc About 50 persons killed and 1^0 
 wounded in .in attack on the gaol to ex.'iute 
 murderers (espei'ially \Vm. lierner) ; new couit- 
 bouse burnt, 28-30 ' Jli'rcb, 1884; one reginicie, 
 refused to niarcb. Ten ]iersons killed by a tiani- 
 way accident, 15 Oct. 1889, I'opulaticn in iSSq, 
 255,139: in 1890, 29(1,908. 
 
 CIXEMATOGEAPHE, see Iuii,m<it„,/r„,,h 
 and Kiiiftosctijiv, March, 189O. 
 
 CIXXAMOX, a species of laurel, if> meiilion,.,! 
 among tbe ]ierfumes of the sanctuary {Exmlii^ \\\, 
 23) 1491 li.(-'. It was found in the American Invests 
 by dou UUoa, 1736, was cultivated in Jamaica aiij 
 iiominica 1788, and is now grown in Ceylon, 
 
 CIXQUE-CEXTO (five hundred) ; hr ,¥„/„, 
 &e. ; see note to article Iliili/. 
 
 CIXQUE POETS, on tbe south coast ,.f 
 England, were originally, //re (hence the niuiie)— 
 Dover, llasting.i, Ilytlie. Itninney, and Samiwiih; 
 Winebelsea and U\ e were afterwards added, Jmki. 
 Their juriMUction was vested in barons, callciluiir- 
 dens, ' These iiorts, institiifid by Sas -1 11101, archs, 
 were constituted by William 1, ' . . oedingkiii);*, 
 who reonired them to supjily •■ m]!.-. 10 defeiiil tli.' 
 coast, Xeavly all the barbours, e\ce|it Dover, Iiavr 
 been destro, ed by the action of tbe sea. The liitc-t 
 lo:'d- wardens; tlie <luke ipf Widlingtou, i!S2,S-52; 
 the inaniuis of Dalbousie, l852-(x); lord I'alinei'stnii. 
 1861-65; e: rl (iranville, appointed IJee, 18(15, ilin! 
 31 .March. (891 ; W. H, Smith, -May. died d (let, ; 
 the marquis of Dutrerin and .\va. about 4 Xov. i8i)i ; 
 resigned ; succeeded liy the maniuis of Sabsliuiv, 
 Oct. 1^95; installed, 15 Aug. 189O. Their pcculi"a- 
 jurisdiction was abolished in 1855. 
 
 CIX'TEA (Portugal). Here was sigii,.J „„ 
 agreement on 22 Aug, 1808. between the Fiviicli 
 and English the d.iy after the battle of Vinicira. 
 As it contained the bases of tbe convention sigiu-,] 
 on 30 .Vug. following, it has l;een terined file ivi;- 
 vention of Cinfr, "iy it Juiiot and bis ariiiv wm 
 permitted to evac te ''ortug.il free, in liiiti-i. 
 ships. The coiiventic.u I'as publicly conilciiiiiiii, 
 and a court of iiH|iiiry was held at Chelsea, \\\\v\ 
 exonerated the llritish coinmand' as. liotli Vk\- 
 lingtoii and Napoleon justified sir Hew l)ub'viii]il., 
 
 CIPHEE, a secret manner of writing. Juliiis 
 Cies.ir and .\iigustus when writing secret dcspatilic. 
 are said to liave emidoyed tbe second or third Ictlir 
 instead of the first, and the same scuucnce with 
 regard to the others. This ciiiher was in use till 
 the reign of Sixtus IV. (1471-84). when the sirr.t 
 was divulged by l.eou Hattista .Uberti, and :\\\n\ 
 sort of cipher sprang up. The father of Vcii.tijii 
 cipher was Zuan Sia'o, who nourished about ifii. 
 Riiwiliin Hi'oirii. Cijiher telegrams, .sec Traimibil, 
 29 .\|iril, l8r/j. — See (Jnjjttnijriiph, 
 
 CIEC ASSIA (Asia, on N, side of flu Ciuic:!-.: ;. 
 The Circassians, said to be descended from the ,\i. 
 banians, were unsubdued, even by Tiiiiour. In tl,. 
 I6th century they acknowledged tlii' iiutlioiitv "! 
 tbe czar Ivan II, of liussia, and ali"iit 174;,tl;r 
 princes of K.abarda took oaths of fealtv. \w. 
 Circassians bi 'came Mahoinetansin the iStli(inl;i 
 Circ;issi;i sinreiiilenMl to llnss'a li>' Tiiiki'y by t 
 
 tic:ity of .Vdhaiiople (lait the (,'ireassiaiis, iiiiu,. 
 
 HeliMiiiyl, Ioiil; resist) 14 !<r|it. 
 
 Vii'tories lit ilrtielliaiii over theia, .Iiiiie, Nnv.,Iiir, j;. 
 
 He Mlli.Iues mu.ll e"I.Otl,V, and ..\|iiln till- ili!>,i;ii. 
 
 t:lllls \|iril. iS;j 
 
 cliMiiiyl, tile ure.-it Cheis-i.oi li-.elci', c.i|itinril, nii'l 
 
 tivatid witli lliucll lespecl 
 
 "tl- l^i) 
 
 CIECENSL 
 
 .About 20,000 Ciiras.sians 
 niiplc, .•julfei- ii,ii,.|i ,|ist 
 
 Vai'Lir, tlio last of tlii' 
 ri|itui-cil and tlie «raii,l 
 the war lit an eiicl 
 
 Many tliou.saiiil Circassiiiu.s 
 ]>iatiiilly relicvcil liy tli 
 
 Si'liaiiiyl a, 1(1 Iiis huh hj ti^, 
 witch, 9 .Viiv. 1866: liedi 
 
 JRcvolt iigaiust liiissi,-i ; sin 
 siaim Dee to 'finki.y ;ii'„j j, 
 
 CIRCEXSIAxV QA 
 
 the Koman circus (at (ir.st 
 joilaf councils, hut afterv 
 Juno, and iliuerva), said 
 fivaiider, and establisbei 
 Uoiimlus. Taniiiiii name 
 celebration continued froii 
 
 CIRCLE. The qua, 
 dianicter of the circle ti 
 f.iccreiscd the ingenuity 
 ;igc.s. Archimedes, aboiit 
 2Z; Aliraham .Sharp (i7i- 
 mab; and Lagny (1719) a! 
 
 CIKCLES OK GEI{^r 
 
 niiliaii I. about i^ix), to di; 
 tk' diet of tlie empire) w, 
 Bavaria, Upper liliine, S 
 Lower Saxony ; in (^[2^ ,v, 
 Ithiiie, the i'al.itiimti.^ \]i 
 dfliburg wia-e added. In i 
 anindlcd by the estalilishi 
 tioiiof the Rhine, in kSo6 i 
 
 CIRCUITS ly Evor, 
 
 three, and three justices \ 
 fI7(i. They were afterwa 
 «ith five justices to each 1 
 Tlieylmve been freiiuentlv 
 Wales were formerly div 
 tnivellcil in spring and sunn 
 uiil maiiniil i asi>s, the lar' 
 «iutcr for trials of crimina 
 ''pm« the cii-cuit." The i 
 order in council, ; Feb. iS-f 
 S'jsioiis for the city of J.Dn'd 
 dle.^e.?. 
 
 The circuit .system was iiincli 
 "f jiiilges, with the, ol)|i.|.t ,,f , 
 luii'lim, and eeoiioiui.sing their 
 
 The s.istem was iij;aiii e|j,iir 
 a.|"|itoil 111 |,lacc of f,„„. „.j,i; 
 aiiiicriiiiiiial Feb., .July; ra-imi 
 
 CIRCULAR IROXCL 
 
 attributed to the liussian ; 
 Murch, iS,i,S; one of these' 
 TO lauuehed at file jinrt of' 
 The admiral stated that lie 
 the works and views of JI,- 
 stnietor of the British niiv' 
 hisapiirobation of tlio adiiiira' 
 
 CIRCULATIXG LIB 
 
 (flit txiokfloii hire in theniidi 
 <ii iilatiiig lihrury in Englan 
 Fiiiiourt, a dissenting ininisti 
 !:|0. failed; but similar iiist 
 in LimJoii succeeded, and oth 
 thmiiijlinut the kingdom. Tli 
 lilirarv lit Crane-court, Lomlo 
 iiatnl.iguc in two vids. w.as . 
 ;ffl Iw tiikcu from the Uritisl' 
 IMicial iiurpiLses, but the HI 
 Society and the nrincipal scien 
 ttaoflh^Rovnlrnsti^tufion ] 
 
CIECENSIAN GAMES 
 
 871 
 877 
 
 -About 20,000 Circa-iui'iiiu .,,..: * 
 
 Vaidar, tlio last c,f ii,,. ,.,■,.,.„.., , =3 Apnl,' ,860 
 
 thr ivnrat :m ...kI Mii'liacl . I. dares 
 
 Miiiiy thiiii.siiii. I (.';rc,issi''iiw ,.■„,,• ,.'. ■■. SJiim., 186^ 
 
 J ".iM, Miiiaii s K'lvcniiriciit, 
 
 SclKunyl ,1,1.1 liis sum at tli,. ,i,„.,.i. 'f".',"'' ''' ''■''■ ■• 
 
 wit.l,, , Xov. 1866; I,. „i"" "■'*-' "' ""■ '■z.ir,,. 
 
 «,,-,, .„j ,..,,;i;B,'ii,l" ,;;",;' ;'S";,","' :;: 
 
 .eicbnuin,. oo„ti„uoi'z,,;';';o 'u^r'"" ^ ""■"■ 
 
 «erdse,I the i".e„,,l;/;:,'!;,;' i i:" :!>--/|;,, 
 
 CIRCLES OF GEHirAXY (for,n.,l l,v Afaxi 
 mihaii 1. iihciut icixj, til .listiiuri,; 1., - -^iiiM- 
 
 * diet of tl,c- c.m,. ,,. w, ' ■^'-":' ■"'■■"'^^■■•«,"f 
 
 Bavaria^ i^i'i-. uiu.i.U;^;!;! ' «>:^p,^;f!!^™;;;;;i 
 
 Ithine, tl„. hllati,,?,!. U,,,s,v "''''''■',' ^f "■'''' 
 ■J..nlmrj Mvre a.hl,.,l. J , ,'| ^ .i^ ^ i'' •"■"' "''''"- 
 
 Cionol tlu. Hlutio, ill ,,So(, („./„■,./, ,„,,) ^"'"'-''"■i- 
 CIRCIJITS ly EvoL.vxi) w,.,-c.',iivi,iod i,u„ ' 
 
 ll„w, ami throe jusfi.vs ,„.,■,. npimiiit,.,! „ ,, . » 
 «I(). Ih,.y were aftiTwanis d vi,| 1 „f" V ' 
 
 ,iti, V,.. justic. to ..a,.h .iivisioi 'n's„"'''^i;;';,:' 
 
 They have been fiv.|ii™tlv :,lt,.,.,,,i ,■, i.^i-^ 'i ' 
 Wall, w.1.0 foniioiiiy ^iJ'l/tJ'^^Zh 
 
 ™.rwtnids,.„h,-;;ai;!^ '■;:;; T::i,':i 
 
 ■"(ffllllff tlKM'llVlMt- ' 'I'l,. • ■ • ^'"'-^ IS (,1110(1 
 
 oniiTin rouiioil, ? I'V ). i«-(, 't'l„„J -^'""'lln 
 
 ...... the ..i\,.,fx:«;L,:,;^--.--ijiy 
 
 Till' ciri'Uit system was iiiiipl, nin,liii,.,i i„. n 
 .'f judges, with tlie, oliin't ,..,?, ' *''•" ?'"'"•" 
 L.i,.|,m, a,i,l c'.'niioMiisiiK t .i, H ." '"T ■""'""" '" 
 
 u.acrimi„a/F.4,., ,Jii,y^.;!i;:;;,;:;;»,-7;);l--; (Civil 
 
 CIRCULAK moiVrr \T><a ti ' , ■ • 
 
 m< »iii„.|„„i ,., ,i,„ /,.\l'.''" ".' '""'I liimsi'H, 
 
 SPvT.r.,! • ; '' "'""' qUillltV of tlu, books- 
 
 ' f r^w ';;^: ir';!' .■'"""■'""™ tho„s,i„.is, of ."'^s 
 .ithtrcol;;;!^— :i'\,ri^,:>';^-'i^ 
 
 p-n!i.:;;;;;;:i:'::;;;:,;s;;l'---- Tho Live.. 
 
 CIliCULATION OF THE Plood, see mood. 
 
 'tru.tor of the Dritish m'-y xv^u, ,' ' '"'" ''""; 
 l.i*a,,|„-ob:ition of tlio aclniTra-V', woilj'"' "''^"''"''^ 
 
 aoalal„.uo in two vols. «"''';',',;,",, /..j'^' ^f T'»f ' 
 
 oa,-thi„,sIy-22. '^^"■"<""" vigation of the 
 
 M.Wllaii or Ma-alhiicMis, a native ■,{ r„i-t,„-,i • ti 
 
 ?t'^si;^i^'^;:;'^''^!r'-'''i'r^t;;;ii;°i:?^;^i 
 
 "i.'t 01 ;,,l.|,i ,:,i = V,', ,'•• »■■■'>, Kiljc'l in a coi,. 
 ^^W.as,ia,, del S'l;,' ):-,^^,^l:"'. '5=r . Il,,,„ 
 
 m„iini,Kslii|, or live, reaelieil S:u ho," ' " ^ ,T 
 
 Alviiivi.li, Siiaiiiard ''■■■• 
 
 iMeinlaiia, Sjianianl ■'■••• 
 
 I Sir Kniiieis Drake, flik ICnHlisli' 
 I taveiMlisli, llrst vov.iue 
 I 1-.I' Maire, l)ut,.|| , 
 i L'uiins, .Spaiiianl 
 I iasiiiaii, Dulel, 
 
 C'owley, IJiitish . ' 
 I I'iiihi.ier, FiiKlisli . ■ ■ ■ 
 ! tooke, Kii^riisi, . 
 : Cli|)iieit,iii, liiitish 
 
 lioKgeweiii, |)iit,,|| 
 
 ;V"""' <"•''''■''"■'"■* lord) 
 ' Hyrori, Kn-lisl, ' 
 
 Wallis, liri'tisli 
 
 Carteret, lOii-lisli . ' " " 
 
 Jioiifraiiiville, Freiieli 
 
 .laiui's r.iok 
 : On hisdeatli tlii' vov'a"e u 
 : I'ortloeke, liritisl, " " 
 
 KiMKancl Fitzroy, British ' 
 
 lieleher, liritisli 
 : Wilkes, Aiiierieiin ' ' ' " 
 
 i^riui-aif^itekti!^;-^- 
 
 s ill' ;i,i:;-3[:'>,r ■''''■ '"^^-^v'l-da;^! 
 
 r.a.ly Itrassev ,mi li b,:^ '•. o„ ,• =^ *^ '"'■'' ■= J'H.v, 
 (.vaelit) in 876 s,S : sbe • f';,;" •'"' •'•■"«'"•"»'" 
 
 CIRCUS (Givok, Itipno,lroni,-1 Tl„.,„ 
 c•;^'ln (soino say to,,) l„!i', H ™":^- .ji'T- f ''f 
 
 it.aso,,,aS/^!j^^u;sSi^.«:-y^ 
 
 oiitiiined by King' 
 
 /oalaiid 
 24 Aiijr 
 
 1522 
 
 • 1537 
 
 • 1367 
 
 ■ 1577-80 
 
 • I3S6-88 
 
 ■ i6is-i7 
 
 • 1625 
 
 • . 1642 
 . 1683 
 . 16S9 
 . 1708 
 
 • 1719 
 1721-23 
 1740-44 
 1764-66 
 1 766-68 
 1766-69 
 
 1 766-9 
 176S-71 
 
 • '779 
 . 1788 
 
 1 8 26-36 
 
 1836-42 
 1838-42 
 
 to 
 
 1883 
 
 ■33s 
 1887 
 
 i^4i' sLiffif '4" 
 
 
m 
 
 CIERHA. 
 
 •-'48 
 
 CIVIL LIST. 
 
 11 r 
 
 fi; ' '■■ 
 
 I'll: 
 
 r*>- 
 
 personn, mid was rebuilt In AiiKUstus. Julius 
 CiBaHr introduced into it liir{?c euniila of wal '•, 
 whieh could be (luickly ( overed with vpesiila, iind 
 represent u seii tight. 'J'/iiii/, see Ainphitheatns, 
 and Fiictiotis. 
 
 CIKRHA, 11 town of riiocis (N. Greece), for 
 811. rilego, razed to the ground in the Sacred W ar, 
 S86 n.u. 
 
 CISALPINE REPUBLIC, including the 
 territories of Milan, Mantua, Jlodenn, Uerganio, 
 Fernira, liologna, liavenna, iScc. (N. Italy), 
 formed by the French in May, 1797, from the 
 Cispadane and TnniKpd'luiii: republics, aekno«- 
 ledged by the eniiieior ^ f Oi-imany by the treaty 
 of Campo Foniiio {irliuli sec), 17 Oct. following. 
 It received a new constitution in Sept. 171)8; was 
 remodelled, and named i!i- It.iUnn republic, with 
 Napoleon Bonaparte piem! ■i:l, 1802; and inerged 
 into the kingdom of Italy in March, 1805 ; see 
 Hall/. 
 
 CISPADANE REPUBLIC, «;.h ihej 
 Trunspadane republic, merged into the : •.■•«1- | 
 pine republic, Oct. 171)7. i 
 
 CISTERCIANS (the uf.lcr of Citeaiu), p 1 
 powerful order of monks founded about icxi? t>>- j 
 Robert, a Henedictiiie, abbot of Jlolcsmc, nnnien , 
 from Citcau.x, in Fran: c, the site of the tii>t ( onveut, ( 
 near the end of the ilth century. Th- nionks ; 
 obai ! ved silence, abstained from Heali, hiy on straw, j 
 and wore neither shoes nor shirts. They were re- | under Wellington, 19 Jan. 1812. 
 
 CITY GUILDS REFORM ASSOCIA- 
 TION held Hfth annual meeting, 2 Sept. 1880, If 
 had recoiiiiK luled the aiipointnient (jf tlie royal 
 eomini.><sion -i inijuiry of 1880. 
 
 CITY LIBRARY anu MUSEUM, si. 
 
 GkUiIMI. 
 
 CITY OF GLASGOW BANK, sc ...ae, 
 
 Jiaid.s. 
 
 CITY OF LONDON COLLEGE (fm , „nji 
 men) establish, d |8(}I ; began hi 1848 :i* M rd.- 
 politan Evening Plasse.-". 
 
 CITY OF mXDON COUliT, the namt 
 given to the Shen.'i'- Court (cf! illi h.'d 1517) by 
 the County Courts m t i.f Aug. 181.; . 
 
 CITY OF LONDON SCHOOL estal .i,,,- 
 by parliament in i8j,4, (!ased on uii ( 1; '.iwnicut b\ 
 .'ohn I'arpenti'r in 1.142) was ojieiieil tii .• \j, 
 lloney-litne. Tlie foundation of ;he new tmii 
 on the Victoria Embankment laid 14 Oct. 
 opened, 1883. 
 
 CITY OP PARIv^, Atliintio steamer, set 
 II r'.t-,', iiareh, 1S90. 
 
 ^ 'JTY IJOAD, from London to Islington, wa.-. 
 i'r",)cct, '.' hv Mr. Dingier, and cut out alu.ut 17(10. 
 
 JiritAI) RODRIGO, a strong fortified town 
 in Sp iin invested bv the trench, 11 Jum-, ifiio 
 rind surrcndired to tlicni 10 July. It rcmaiiud in 
 their possession until it was stormed by tbf liriti.tl: 
 
 -ing' 
 iH8o- 
 
 fomieC oy St. Bernard ; see Bernardiinit. 
 
 CITATE. The Russian general Gortacliakof!", 
 intending to storm Kalafat, threw U' redoubts at 
 Citafe, close t > the Danube, which were stormed by 
 the Turks ui .i'T Omer Pacha, 6 Jan. \''^^A. The 
 fighting contiiwf on the 7th, 8th and gili, when 
 the Russians w.-:r compelled to retire to their 
 former position :.v Krajowa, having lost 1500 
 killed and 2000 wouiilod. The loss of the Turks 
 was estimated at 338 UJD'd and 700 wounded. 
 
 CITIZEN. It w-as not lawful to scourge a 
 citizen of Rome. IJvy. In England a citizen is a 
 person who is free of a city, or who doth carry on 
 a trade therein. Ctimdni. Various privileges have 
 been conferred on citizens as freemen in several 
 reigns.— The wivi s of citizens of London (not being 
 aldermen's wives, nor gentlewomen by descent) 
 were obliged to wear minever caps, being white 
 woollen knit three-cornered, with the peaks pro- 
 jecting three or four inches beyond their foreheads; 
 aldermen's wives made them of velvet, I Eliz. 1558. 
 Stow.— On 10 Oct. 1792, the convention decreed 
 that "citoycn" and "citoyenne" should be the 
 <»Illy titles In Fraiuc. 
 
 CITY. (Latin n'rilas, French citt, Italian 
 citfd.) Originally signihed a state. Cities were 
 incorporated in Spain, France, and England in the 
 nth and I2th centuries. A city has been usually, i 
 but not alwavs, the .><eat of a bishop. Truro and | 
 St. Albans we're made cities in 1877, Newcastle in - 
 1882, and Liverpool in 1883, having become 
 bishoprics. lUrmingham was made a city, Jan. I 
 1889. 
 
 CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON IN- : 
 
 STITUTE (see Eiliicdiidii, 1878-81). Foundation j 
 stone of Central Institution, South Kensington, laid I 
 by the prince r.f Wales, the president, iK July, !,R,Si. | 
 
 CITY CHURCH PROTECTION SO- 
 CIETY, founded to preserve old churches, 1879. I 
 
 CIVIL CLUB (at the New Corn E.xch.inije 
 Tavern, Mark-lane), was estalilishcd K) Nov. 
 1669, for the purpose of promoting fellowship, 
 mutual assistance, and the revival of trailc afttr 
 the interruption to business in consequence of the 
 fire, Sept. 1666. 
 
 Only one person of the Kiiiiie trade or picifcssicin laii In 
 a na'iMlicr of I',,.- lull, iiiiil Ilic iiieiiiliers ii|i'iij;i> tliciii- 
 sclvcs to give 'Hcrciice to caih other ni tht'irn'- 
 
 si'cctive callings. The <'hilp meets iiionthly, ami tin- 
 nieialiers dine together Cour limes a yeiir. Its ulticials 
 arc a ti-casurer, stcwimls. aailiteis, u sinvtaiy (all 
 mcri'haut.s of Lomloji), ami a chaphiiu. 
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERS, see E»giMen. 
 
 CIVIL LAW. See Cathx. Civil law wa.. 
 restored in Italy, Geiniany, &c., 1127. I'tair. It 
 was introduced into England by Tlieijl)ald, a Nor- 
 man abbot, afterwards archbishop of Canterhiuv, ir. 
 1 138. If is now used in the spiritual courti '■iilv.'iind 
 in maritime affairs; aev Jhcto/n' Coinnioii\, ami Lines 
 
 CIVIL LIST. This now comiirchcuds tin 
 revenue awarded to the kings of P.nirland in lieu ot'. 
 their ancient hereditary income. The entire invenuft 
 of Elizabeth was not uiwrn than (xkxooo/., and that 
 of Charles I. wm about 800,0001'. -MtiT llju involu- 
 tion a civil list revenue was settled mi tile now king 
 and queen of 700,(XX)/(. (in i,(j<)0), the pai'liaiiicnt 
 taking into its own liiiud.H the s»i])povt of tbv limcp. 
 both niaritiine and military, 'i'be civil list of 
 George II. was increased to 8oo,ooo/.. ; and that of 
 (ieorge III., in the 55th year of hit reign, wat- 
 1 ,030,000^ 
 III 1831, the civil list of the ."teriicijtM was lixcil at 
 
 5io.<v>o/., ami ill l)i'ii>mlicr. 18(7, tlie civil list "fi 
 
 tl •■ .1 en was llxeil at jSs.toj/. 
 Prii. ' v.'ci-t obtained an exclusive sum Jruiii jta,- 
 
 li. ' ' i >T jo,oiViL I'pr mm. . 7 Fol 
 
 S'" 1; ;■ .. lell's motion for im|iiiry iiit" the civil li, 
 
 led to tlie resignation of the Wclliiigtnn iuliiiini! 
 
 tratiou 15 .Nov. „ 
 
 A select eoiuinittei! was appoiiiled l>y the liniwi* of 
 
 commons for the piirjiose . , » Feb. i;' 
 
 See Vriitrii I.tntda. 
 
 CIVIL^ROi 
 
 tiVJLPflOCEDi 
 
 ■'. 59, pKSC, J !^ Au-, 
 
 ■li -ivil proieediiiDg-,. .,, 
 ..: iu;:-. 1881. " 
 
 CIVIL ,SER\lt"i 
 
 iViie CMjiloyed in tii^ . 
 the ■.eaFur,' , .iiul tie b, 
 ate! revenue offices, A-, 
 ported most unfavouoil 
 of appointments, and 
 were appointed to e.\ani 
 of tlie candidates, wlm 
 order of council, 4 June, 
 t''ive e.xaminiitioii v.a.^' 
 !6/0, Th" eici) s .ivico 
 in April, ihit). d.il 3^, 
 jlllnrch) iS^s, c( !.* 7,7->i 
 i5')7, io,,i;,7;i,bi9^, ; ('871'," 
 ma") i':,r9.77'/ ; ti 
 i],iu,.i42/. ; 1883.1, 
 1: ■.,7.254/. I 1885-6, 
 i3,0(xS,69i/. ; 1888-9, 
 iSui9.oc)2l. : 1890-91, 
 l7,o()(),875/.; 1892-3,17,31, 
 18,120,929/. ; 1894-5, 
 19,297,744/. ; 189^)-;, 
 20,i67,<)68/. ; i8()8 9, 21, 
 mittee to inquire into th 
 Feb. 1873 ; issued its repoi 
 changes made, by order i 
 See I'lib/ic Jhpin/mtiii.t 
 ihiiiiges in the lower, now 
 .salaries limited, to be fro 
 Feb. 1890. 'Jhe fourth 
 lioyal Commission on Civ 
 30 July, issued 28 Aug. 185 
 
 CIVIL WARS, see 2 
 .'Unlin, C'/itli, ice. 
 
 CIVILISATION. Tl 
 Siition of mankind was grai 
 low savage state is advocati 
 in his "Origin of Civilisat 
 Edward B. Tylor in his " |'i 
 
 CLAIM OF RIGHT 
 
 to by the Scottish Convent ii 
 burgh asserting the eonstit 
 kingdom, accented bv Kiii"'- ^ 
 Mary IL at Whitehall, iTj 
 
 CLAIMANT, The. St 
 
 France, 1874. 
 
 CLAMEURS, see Haio 
 CLANS are said (0 have 
 the reign of king Malcolm 
 legal power of the chiefs 1 
 horitable jurisdiction were 1 
 and liberty was granted to . 
 oonsejiueuce of the rebellion ol 
 is a list of all the known cl; 
 the badge of distinclion aiii' 
 The chief of each elm wears 
 in his bonnet, in addition to t 
 \ iiistory of the elans by Wn 
 ihed in 1775. 
 
 •Viime. Jiinliie. 
 
 Biidianan . Hiri'h.' 
 Ciniiron . Oak 
 
 llvrfle. 
 Aider 
 Hazel. 
 Chiiiiiioii 
 sj'Jlow. 
 Holly. 
 
 CanijilK'U . 
 Chisiiiilm . 
 Colqulimiii . 
 Cumniing . 
 
 flnimnioiid. 
 
 Far, 
 
 Keif 
 Foil 
 
 Fi.ii 
 i;,,ri 
 (iral 
 Cirai 
 
 Lliiii 
 
'm 
 
 ^^VII^EOCEDUEE ACTS. 
 
 .iJ'.enr;'!:^.:';'';:!:^ •;:■?'; ''"■';■•-"'•'■, 
 
 ai>.) rcvor.ue offc.,.s, ,, , In s' " ' ':"""""'•' '"""• 
 
 if appointments, a In 2 M ' ■ '""^. "^■'"'■"' ' 
 were ai,poi,.tt.(J to ov .„,..; ,f„ '•""""■f^iom.rs i 
 
 order of coun,.il, 4 'juu" .«-,'., '"'""">• - ■">■ «" 
 
 31 March). ^^S,,,s' -c J ,/ ',« 'r •'"' ^'•'"'"'S 
 ' •" '"•••...O'O/., '»<;■. 1.5,1 r(.,05,y.; l«;P(..«ti- 
 
 CLARE. 
 
 M'Alislci- 
 
 •M'li(,iiiii.|| 
 
 •M'tiiiiiKai; 
 •V'^iirlaiic 
 
 mall') K,, 
 i],lU,U2/. ; 
 l-:..M.J54/. ; 
 13,W»,(k)I/. ; 
 
 l7,o(«,875/.; 
 i8,l29,92(y. ; 
 
 20,|6;,<)6H/. ; 
 
 ■9, 
 
 i88q 
 
 Sx, . '- '.S.i55.,S"/. ; 1881, 
 
 888-9, 18,037,750/.: ,««,,." 
 
 l892-3,l-,.5l0,920/,(.,s,;„,,,te,;,8' J' 
 
 ,h:mge8 >n ho Imv.r, now n„Mu.,l x,coml SZ 
 s,lmes hmited to be Cron. ;(,/. to 2,0/. a year V 
 reb 1890. 'J he fourth and last re por? of th^' 
 
 CIVILISATION. The opinion th..tth,.fivili i 
 salion of mankind was g.ad.ai'l.v.i;."."^^ ^ ' ; 
 low savage state is advocated h • si,- Jo) m T „M?„ 1 
 in his "brigin of Civilisation,-' 18-0 ,1 k^m"'' ' 
 Edward B.Tvlor in his " iVi„,i,iv';\.iu':.e ''\l-\- ' 
 
 > ?>W ^^, ?.^^HT. A .Inenn.ent' a«r/ed 
 b, the Scottish Convrnti.,n parliament at Ed n- 
 urgh asserting the ..onstitut.onal hherties ,^ 1 1, 
 
 li:?'^:^«.,l:jif?ffi"r;;;"-"""<^- 
 
 CLAMEURS, see Ilaro. 
 
 CLANS are said to have arisen in c..„ii 1 • 
 the reign of king Mal.ohn l^^^,^;^'">'^,i.'■' 
 M power of the chiefs and".; ' I'^.J^ 
 hmtable jurisdiction were abolished in Seoth nd 
 and hbert.v was granted to clansmen in nly w 
 fonsequeuce of the rebellion of 1741; 'I'l, ,.'/,'+"'. '" I 
 isa list of all the known ela ni'^of S, o 1 ,, . "".'.'f 
 the badge of distinction an ' e t vo n v' '"k' 
 The chief of each elm wears ,\,'";J'; T^' ' 
 in his bonnet, in addition to the, ,|, ;*-';.,', /''■'' 
 U.t.yoaheela„sb,W„i.m.^l-.,/;JrS:^ 
 
 '''"■•'I'lbarson Piu-ple f„x. 
 
 Iliiiliie. 
 licrsfwort. 
 • C'nilwiii]i|ii 
 tree, 
 f'ivc-lciivcil 
 
 lieatli. 
 licl|.|„.,ini. 
 iliajMliiiii- 
 
 llcatll. 
 Cypress. 
 C'loud-licrry 
 
 laish. 
 I'iric. 
 
 Hex-wood, 
 liall-i.usli, 
 l)c(.r-;;rass. 
 SI. .lohu's 
 
 Wort. 
 Moiiiitiihi- 
 
 a.slj. 
 llliii.klicrry 
 
 licath. 
 lied whortli.. 
 licrrii/ 
 
 i iViD/lf, 
 
 M'Xal. . 
 
 M'NVil . 
 M'l'hirson 
 
 ■M'Qniirrie 
 M'Hae . 
 
 •Mcn/ii's . 
 .M Hiiro 
 
 ■Manny . , 
 "Kilviu. 
 <'li|pliaiit 
 Uoliertsoii . 
 
 Itose . 
 
 Uoss 
 
 Sinclair . . 
 •Sti.wait 
 Sutlierlauil . 
 
 Jlllilllc. 
 
 . Hose iilai.k- 
 berries, 
 Sea-WHic. 
 Variejjiited 
 
 I'ox-wooiL 
 lilucktlioni. 
 Kir-rluli 
 llinss. 
 Asb. 
 Kii^lf's 
 
 leathers. 
 JMiiilPcr. 
 llawtliorn. 
 Clrcat iiiaplo. 
 l.'|.rii. iir bre- 
 
 clllIIIH. 
 
 Ibi'ar-rose. 
 liear-liiTries.. 
 (.'lox-rr. 
 Thistle. 
 Cat's-tiiil 
 (trass. 
 
 ^^^.•uJnh'l-ll'i^'v^ror^rf:;-,;-^ 
 ^''::ii:^^£{r"^7'-"-i-'^^^ 
 
 Messrs I'ai-s. '.?"""■' \ *'"^ "'""">" "^ of 
 
 Irish P.r i . n ,nf ' ' '""' °'^'"' "ii'ii'bers of thfe. 
 
 i < e iirture •' t |7 '''''!>'0^''" "'iyi-'ated a " new 
 I l-e «ntiThvn™"."rf ''^'/"PPrt "»■ the Irish 
 
 "ithout ?e { '^ 5v fin"*"'"'',"." *•"■"' tl'eir farms. 
 ' Oael is said to be tbl I ? 1 r ^^^'''^^ "^ '^e Chm-na- 
 I perfectly i^rid .pend,^ t "„f f "^^e"* of Ireland as a 
 ' party (•' IWelh^m ,n!) r ' " )? ""'^'^''^ " ''jnamite- 
 
 188;). ""■'" ""'^ Crime," series III., June,, 
 
 lonii of violence ^""=»K". declare ngnnist any ^ 
 r^-r ,^ ' ■ • ■'"ported Feb. 1890 
 
 '■vimi^^M.i^i^t^e^J-,'' -V'%S--n .0 th. 
 by the rev &v Sn, It, ''"'.'L^ ?^ England, first 
 iStli .enturv.^ 11,1 ,.?""'»'" *<; latter part o'f the 
 Clapham, , d seven, ofit"'^ ^*"" ""' ''''^^ ^^ 
 there. Th .eet ;.w 1 1 ''!'"",{;"' '"embers lived 
 Zaehary M ca, lay f. t. ' ''^f I\. Wilbcrforce,. 
 H'eFn'. W RomL^':'''"' "^ '^' b"tovi..n), ani 
 
 -iStu'ii Bhig;;:;:;,;;:;!'^^:,^" »- Ja-'-^^ 8te,,he„-s •• ec 
 
 Sitme. 
 Biiilianiin 
 Otiiitroii 
 Caiii|.l».ll 
 L'hisliohii 
 Colquiioiui 
 
 llrummoiid. 
 
 Jlfuhje. 
 liirch.' 
 Oak. 
 Mvrtle. 
 
 AllbT. 
 
 Ibizei. 
 
 CiilMlllOU 
 
 sidlow. 
 Ilollv. 
 
 Fe|.f,'ii.son 
 Forbes . 
 Kr;iyt'r 
 
 leirdoii '. 
 
 ('laliaiij . 
 
 Grant 
 
 Piiiple 
 
 kIi'Vc. 
 Tol'lar 
 
 Hr „. 
 
 Vcw. 
 Ivy. 
 I.iinrel. 
 Craiilierrv 
 
 heath. ' 
 
 'U(^x^^^,l^?rP^'^^J^'^^^'^ (Suffolk). Richard 
 l...n.a mom terv ori'lur""'-, '^ Tt *" '""^ ^««t«d 
 the first of this kind f n'^'^r"^ ^'""^ ^^^'mites, 
 England I2j8 7^ niendicanfa who eame to 
 
 wan Ilf }f.: ■'""'''■ ^""'<''' third son of Ed- 
 
 killeil at ttai.K.^, " I" """> '^■). '"'™ .389; 
 William IV "fergi III.), afterwards king 
 
 "'°-^';;r;;ie^^;;f'ffi^:r;,^W'r^^^ ^^'""• 
 
 county t;;wn. Lr ).,nH o'rnn"'''.,''' ^""''' "»^^ 
 
 I; r 't; 'V'! 
 
 t^ . ?i^ 
 
i^! 
 
 
 CLARE, NUNS OF ST. 
 
 250 
 
 CLEMBNTINES. 
 
 
 »:i r 
 
 ^.:i 
 
 hi 
 
 J. 
 
 u 
 
 \l\ 
 
 J" 
 H r 
 
 of till? (.'utliolio Knmnciimtidii Aot, in 1829, being 
 ru-eliTtcd 30 July, 1X21;. 
 
 CLAKE, Nir.\3 ok St., a aistcTliodd, ciilleil 
 MiiKiri'sdca, I'duiiilcil in Itiily hy St. Cl.iri' iiiul St. 
 fnincis d'Assisi, iilxiiit 1212.' 'I'licy weir also called 
 li'rlmiiistj" ; tlicii- rule liuvirifi lieeii rnoditied bv linjie 
 IJrbmi IV., wlin died 1264. 'I'liis miler M'ttlcii in 
 France abaut I2('xi, ami in I'JiKl.ind, in tbe .Minoiiis 
 witliciut Aldj,'atcs Loiidon, ahiait 12i).J, liy lllaiicln', 
 <|ii(M.n of Navarre, wile cif lOdiiiund, earl of Lan- 
 caster, In'otber of I'Mward I. At the su|i|ire.fi<ion, 
 <he site- was };ranled to tbe bislioiirie of Batli and 
 \Vell«i, 153'). Tinnier, 
 
 CLAIJEMONT (Surrey), tbe residence of tbe 
 Iiriiicess Cliailotte (daufibti r of tbe prince-recent, 
 afterwards (ieor);e IV., niarric.l lo priiire Leopold 
 of .Sa.ve-Cabuin, 2 .M.iv, iSld) : bere sbe died in 
 obildbirlb, 'i Nov. 181;. I bc> bouse was built by 
 air Jobn Vaiibru^rb. and was tbe scat successively 
 of tbe earl of Clare, of loi'il I'live, loril Ualloway, 
 ,'iad tbe eitrl of 'J'yriuiiinel. It was purcbased of 
 Jlr. liliis liy ^oveninieiit for (ivixK)/. for tlie prince 
 .and princess of Sa.te-C'olmr^ ; and tbe foriner, tbe 
 late kiuff of Deljfi'ini, assijined it lo prince Albert 
 in 1S40. 'J'be e.\ileil royal faniily id' France took 
 up tlieir residence at (Jlari'Mioiit, 4 .Marcli, 184^ ; 
 .and tbe kin^s L<iuis riiilipjie. died tliere, 2V Aug. 
 1850. licaiK'bt by (iueen Yictiuia, Maicli, l8,S2. 
 
 CL/-RENCIEUX, tbe second kins-at-arms, 
 isnid t' bave been nominated hy Tbonias, son of 
 Henry IV., created duke of Clarence, :4II. ilis 
 <luty w/is to arrange tbe funerals of all tbe lower 
 nobility, as baronets, kniirlits, esqnirc.s, and ^eiille- 
 nicn, on llie sontli side of tbe Trent, from wbciue 
 4ie is also c.illcd sur-roy or .soutb-roy. 
 
 CLAUENDOX, C(i\sTiTt"riox.s of, were 
 enacted at a council li(d<l 25 Jan. 11(4, at Clareii- 
 <loii, in Wiltsbire, to retri'ocb tbe power of tbe 
 olcrgy. Tlicv led to Heckci's(|u;inel witli Henry II., 
 were annulled by tln^ iiojie, and abandoned liy tbe 
 kin,?, April, II74. Tbe followiii',' is appro.ximative: 
 
 I. All suits coaccniiii;,' advowsiais to tic dctcnnincil in 
 •"ivil cduits. 
 
 II. 'I'Ik! clergy accused of any crime to lie tricil I'V civil 
 jnilncs. 
 
 III. No jicrson oJ'any rank wliatevertobei-crniittcd to 
 Eeave the rcalai witlioul the roy:i| licence. 
 
 IV. Lilies not to he accused in spiiitnal ciuiits, cxccjit 
 tiy li'K.al and ri-patahlc prtanotcrs ;uid witnesses. 
 
 V. Xochicf tenant of tliccrowato hecxcomnmnicated, 
 nor his lauds put under iriterdiet. 
 
 VL Hevciiiii'S ot \ ai' ml sees to hcloiif; to the kiiij;. 
 
 VII. Goods I'oi'I'citcd to tint crown not to he protected 
 tn churches. 
 
 VUI. .Sons of villciuM not lo ho ord.aiaed clerks with- 
 out the coaseiit of their lonl. 
 
 IX. Ilishops to he ;-e>;:irdcd as liarons, ami 1ic snli- 
 <eeted to the harthcns liclon.i,'iii;,' to tliat rank. 
 
 X. Churches Ipchainint,' lo the king's see not to lie 
 .granted in pcr|a'tnily against his will. 
 
 XI. l")xc(niiiJinnieatcd persrns nut to he lioniid to give 
 jHeeurity for conlinaing in their ;ihode. 
 
 XII. No inlialiilant in deiacsne tn lie cxeommnnicaled 
 for non-appcar.'incc in ;i s]iirilnal court. 
 
 XIII. Itaay tenant in nipitf should rcfn.se snlimission 
 to spiritual ei'airts, llii. cii.se to he rcl'cncd to the king. 
 
 XIV. The eleigv no h.Mgei- to pretend to the right of 
 <'nfoi'ciiig dehls lonlraete.l hy oiitli or promi.se. 
 
 XV'. Causes hctweeii laymen and ecidcsiaslics to lie 
 <Ieteniiincd hy .1 jury. 
 
 XVI. .\ppeiils III iic ultiiiiatcly carried to the king, and 1 
 110 further without his consent. 
 
 CLAKEXDON PRESS, Oxi-'oiin. Tbe 
 Imildinff was erected bv sir Jolin Vanbrugb, in 
 17! 1-13, tbe expense liejou' d'd'raved out of the 
 profits of lord Clarendon's iliatory of the Itebellion, \ 
 the oopyrijfht of whieh was pfiveii to tbe universitv ' 
 
 by his son. The ori«ital biiildinif was converteil 
 into a innseuin, lecture-rooms, icr., and 'a new 
 printing-ollieu erected by Ulore and Kobertsoii 
 1825-30. 
 
 CLARIONET, or ClAUTNET> a wind insln,- 
 nientof the reed kind, said lo bave been iiivcnii | 
 \ bv Jobann Cbristoiiber llenner, in Nurcmhei- 
 i about llx)0. Mr. James Clinton's " couibinaliMn~' 
 I clarinet was e.xbibiled at the Uoval CuUce m' 
 j Music, 7 July, i8(/j. 
 
 I CLASSLS. The name was first used by Tiillim 
 ' Servius (the aixl.'i king of ucient Komc>, in 
 I inaking divi.sions of tbe Komiin jieople, 575 'nr 
 Tne first of the si.\ classes were willed c/«.v,(,',, |,v 
 way of eminence, and hence autbors of the 'iii:t 
 rank (especially (jreek and Latin) came lo I,. 
 called c/(in.sii:i. 
 
 CL.-VVECIN, French for Imi-psicluml. Sie 
 1 I'liinofortf. 
 
 \ CLAVICHORD, a keyed-stringed musical in- 
 strunient of various forms in use in France, Siiain 
 and Uermany, in the idtli unil 17th -enturies. Sec 
 rir(/iiiii/s, l^piiut, lliiiji and l'i(Xiio. 
 
 CLAVICYTIIERIUM, an npri-bt muMed 
 instrument, probably resembling tbe bariisiehunl 
 used in the lOth century. 
 
 CLAVIER, German iox pianoforte {whirh sen 
 
 CLAY'S ACT, Sir AVilliam, 14 & ,r Vici 
 
 c. 14 (1851), relates to llie cmnpound bouselilildcrs, 
 
 CLAYTON - BULWER TREATY, 8... 
 
 . CLEARING-HOUSE. In ,775, „ buildi,,, 
 in Lombard-.-treet was set apart for Ibe use uf 
 bankers, in which tbey niiglit excbai!{;e diuft. 
 bills, and seciirilies, and thereby save labour and 
 curtail the amount of lloating "cash requisite to 
 meet the settlement of the dilferent bouses if 
 etiected singly, liy means of transfer tickets,"triui<. 
 actions to the aniount of millions daily are scttlnl 
 witliout the intervention of a bank note. In iSOi 
 tbe clearing-bousc was used bv 117 companies ■in,i 
 in May, 1804, it wasjoined by the liank of Kn4i'iii| 
 In the year ending 30 Ajiril, 1868, 3,257. 411", joq/' 
 pas.sed through the cleariiig-liou.se; 30 "\pr,| ',)j-,' 
 ().oo3,335,a)o/. ; 1877-8, 3,o(/.,:;33,w)o/. ; iW-i' 
 5,9<«).WOOO/. ; 31 Dec. 1887, (),077,o<)7 c«o; ■' 
 
 1890, 7,801, O0O,0fJO/.: l8')2, 0,482,0.X),(X»/.; l.So;' 
 
 6,478,(KX).ooo/. ; i,S(j(), 7,575,ij<)(i,()(xV. The Jdiii'. 
 u'ui/ cleiiriiKj-lioiise in Seyinour-street, neai iiii.sieii. 
 square, established 2 Jaii. 1,842, is regulated bv m 
 act passed in 1850. In 18(18, it regulated |;'««, 
 miles of railways. The jul.ilee was celclirateil ji,n 
 1892. A cleariiig-honse for tbe svslcnialjr ivHi.i' 
 
 of the uiifiiiptni/iil ill London wa.s i stitalcd iit 
 
 the rolytechiiic Institutioii, liegcnt Street. It w.'.s 
 aided by the Duke of Westminster, and nthir 
 eminent persons; well sup|iorled bv subscrihiioii 
 Nov. Dec. 1892. " ' 
 
 CLEMENTINES, apoeryjilial )iicces, iittri- 
 buled to Clemens Komanus," a contcniporan' uf 
 St. I'aul, and said to have sueueeded St. IVler m 
 bishop of Koine. He died 102. Xinraii. Alsolliu 
 decretals of pope Clement V. who died 1314, miti. 
 lished by his succe.s.sor. Jjoici/ir. Also Aus'ii.stiiii' 
 monks, eaidi of whom having been a superior nine 
 years, then merged into a conimun ninnk.— 
 Cl.nMH.NTlXKs were tbe adherents of Kohert, sun nf 
 the count of (jeneva, who took the title of CI • 
 nient VII. on the death of Cri'-^^n-y XL, i;;8, :;::; 
 Uuhanists, those of pope Urban Vt. ciiristtmliiiii 
 wa.i divided by their idainis: France, Castile, Scot- 
 
 CLEOPATR 
 
 land. Arc, adhering to 
 England, to Urban. 1 
 when Alex'mlcr V. was 
 resigned ; , |. Aiiti-l'uj, 
 
 CLEOPATRA'S ] 
 
 CLEPSYDRA, a « 
 
 CLERGY (from tb. 
 hcritance) in the first 1 
 byters, eldiu-a, or bisbons 
 (epiicojtoi in orencers), 1 
 in tile .second century 
 (about 330), and, iimll.r 
 recognition and jiroiecti 
 Under tbe Lombard and 
 the 7tb and 8th centnrie 
 (.tis temporal Jiower, as o 
 the establishment of nun 
 iniide lietweci, tbe re<>-iilii 
 from the world, in acnn-di 
 and the xinilar (worldly) 
 English chn-gy write 'e/e 
 legal documents. Bee Chti 
 Bis/iopif. 
 
 riie clergy were first styled 1 
 k'iiigeliiisen alter the N'mi 
 oi-iler, and the olllccis hci 
 lliatdeaoniiiiatioii, whicli t 
 sliiite. 
 As the Dmids ke|it n,,. I;e 
 Jelt.Ts, .sci.iiil llie priests kc 
 tliey iiloiic iniikc jiroressiu 
 li'tti-is Hiis called a clerk, ii 
 tile name of clerkship, /',i 
 
 Bentfitok (Ji.Kiiijv, J'n'rili,/ 
 retail 1 Jill id hy Chrisli.in '1 
 I'lmsisted lit: LSI, an e\cnji 
 tn n'li,gi"iis duties rnmi ,■, 
 tliel'iianilalion of s.inetu.iiii 
 jw.siiiisiircler-vnien fViiu, 
 swiiliir .iu.lgc, in pii.ii, ul 
 on'niiial niciini.ig „t f|i|. ,; 
 Ifitdl iif i-lei-'ju was aftericii 
 Willi could read : :>n,\ it „.,.,., 
 Iwapierogjitlve allnwcd In t 
 wlioeotdil re;ii| vi,-rf tn I,,. 
 Iiisliiipdi'llie ilincesc niighl 
 ailcik.iiiid ilisposi.iiriii'Jinii 
 -., ! ■ aiiglit lieeiM inect. 'I'll 
 -iiier III the hiu- a l.iitin | 
 ili.iiacler. iViini wliicl, t,i rci 
 llie iiiiliiiary siiirj, ■• z,,,,,,-^ , 
 like a elerk"). the iideuiler 
 liaiiil : etbenvise, lie snlh-rcif 
 
 Tlirinivilege was rcstiicfcd hv 
 alieli,<lii..l, with respect tn ni 
 iriiiiiiials, hy lleiiiy \||I., 1 = 
 
 UiTKiiliiig w.is disei'intiuu,','l |, 
 
 lieiiellt of Clergy was whnllv n 
 0.25(1827). 
 
 ei.Kiiov oHAn 
 
 ffilli.iTii .Vsslietiin, an cniineut t] 
 liistpniiiiiserofii pfiii tn ,,|-,, 
 
 dfiyas,.,! elergy. IIu ,liud Sei 
 
 Ftstivalof the " y.nnn nfthr. t'leri 
 Paiilsciitlicilral, insl'itntcd iiii', 
 the eliaiily culled th,. ",s,,„.s 
 wi'liau and wiilow eiirii,i,i|||,i, 
 
 i6;S, 
 
 ClfW Orphan ciiiponition. 1740 
 FneniliiftlK. Clergy ,-orpo,.„t,,,,,; 
 St .Inlaia loundalion school f'c 
 
 i8ii 
 
 Pwr Clerff (J-ilief corporation 1 
 
 loraleil 
 Tlifteiiiv ...eral other charitic 
 
 '■»;):. .See IWdinUii CiUeqe 
 ne-lerev prevent,.,! fcnn lie.ilig i 
 
 ;','^<il.eii. III. c. 6,. ,Sq,. 
 
 AiiilU<ire|»Ml this act was lost i 
 »i), 11 Miiy, iSSi. 
 
CLEOPATIUS NEEDLE. ~ 
 
 CLEOPATliA-S XEEDLE, ... r;W«.,. | 
 
 CLEPSYDRA, a,v,.t,.,-cl„el<;,.eC/«rf,, I 
 
 CLERGY (fn.in tli(. (in.,.1.- /■/ I ' 
 
 (about 3io), „„(l, ui„|.rr, ,"'";'■ ''""■'""i" , 
 
 Under tl„. Lo,nlmV,l a>i 1 N,, ■,.,,■ ''''''',' ■'"'""'•• 
 fes,s temporal powur, ,s U., ,, P '"""" ^^ '"*■ 
 
 from tho «-orlii. i„ a,^° d ,,, 'f.V " '"' 'V''' "l""'' 
 /;/*/»;;«. '^'' '^ ^;".'//««rf (not..) and 
 
 CLEVH8. 
 
 I £96 
 
 i89d 
 
 I'nrrrh/ „/ til,. (■/,.,.,,,, , „ 27 .Iiimm, 
 
 5"'- " year, 3,,oo «s |,m'' T '""" '""''■' 
 
 U'-en, ,-,V/,„^-„ (■;,.;/ 7;,"'.,,,;, • 4. Inly, 
 
 y A,!?f«^-!?-\^iJ^.f,«ABILITrES, annetpaxs..! 
 ^'I'ilities upon tl e , 1 . '''','"!" '■'^'•'''•''' 'H,-,- 
 
 had resifjiied. ^1"" 3' Jk'c. 1873, jjq 
 
 ^-?VirPl^^r ''SUBSCRIPTION ACT 
 
 ,^-9\K,.,..,,3,,,,,,,, , ^^^u^^._ACTj 
 
 l>e taken hy tliu clergy 
 
 "'111 iiiodiliod' , 
 "'lie -diiiiicd 
 
 CLERK, see aerff!,. 
 
 «i-.i.'r, aiHl tl„, „||H.,.r.s 1,,'i !^.|, "'"'l^' V'" ''''^ ^ i 
 
 As tlie Omids kioif flic l;i.v< ,,r ii • ,. . i 
 
 Idtrrs,s,,dMth,.|,n,"sk..,,l M '1 ■ '■'"''"'"" "'"' "f i' 
 
 tli..M,im,M.r,l,.rk.sl,ip a!" ';,' .''™ '•-■""""« "-..nt :,y ] 
 Bexecitok (Ji.i:Kcfv, frirllniiinii r I, ,■,;.„ i ■ ' 
 
 (•n..sist...l ofr ,st, „„ ex-,,,, ,;■',. 1,^'" '■'""■ell, ,ll„l 
 Midi!,- s ,l,lti,.s In,,,, ' ,. ' l'l"e,.s ,.„„s,.,.,,„,,,| 
 
 tk.io„„.ii,tio„ of s,„ ,.,,,i '"";,, ■■"'■'■»''^. »i,i. I, „-,,.s 
 
 iinp',l,:ll „,i'i,„l,i« of (hi. ,„.;,.;,■• "'" " "'^ "'e 
 
 i«.Mei,,,a,ie,:„i!;,l;^; r, '^ .;:'■ ''I'r ?"r '^ "•■ ■ 
 
 ..isi,„,.orti,..,iio,.,.s,.„,id ;,:;■;, '". '.''■■■'i';. 'la. 
 
 !'"a,:;lit „, „„.,.t. Tl,,. ,,,,,, V .''■''•'■"■'■' ' 
 
 ■Iwrac'ter. I,,.ii, whii'li I,, i-e,,,, .,',. ,,,.. ,' ' '^"'""'' 
 
 t: -.lin.oT .s,ii,|, ■■ hnit t ;/'."■':,"■•"■"•■ "1"! if 
 
 like a el..,.k^-), tl,;. ,.»■,■, ,,,,'.''„':':'''■? ,(••'''• 'eioLsl 
 told ; n,l„.,-,vi.s,., I,e sum.,,., ,1, ,(,, "'■,,'"","' "' ""■ i 
 Tkl'Hvile:;.. was re,st,io,,.,l 1, • ., ' .\w "■ '■ ^'^'-t). 
 
 ,ri,„M,„ls, l,v 11,.,,,! \„, ,".",".''";'■■* '""1 "tl,c.rt;,-,.,t 
 
 i'i,Kni,v ciiAurriK.s. 
 William .Vssl„.to,i, „„ ,.iiii,,|.|,t tl,|.,il,,'ri,..,i, -t 
 
 denasnl ,.|,,.L'V. Ill- ,li,.,| ,J ,, ' '"' "■'' 'a»'ll„..s of 
 
 Fi*l;v:,liif the "Xnii.ii,nhfCI,rnii " i.„i 1 
 
 I'»^'ls..a,l ,„1, i„.s,^i„„ .,1 a ,'^ ''.'""""".l V at St, 
 
 the oliaiity nilh.l th,. "Sois ,r I-;;'/, """,',' ;'<1"-'"'^ 
 
 sr™" "'■'""• '"■-'^■■■')^-.■^-Sd /';1';;g^ 
 
 ClfwOriiliani'oriioratioii ,,,„ 
 
 Frienihiftla-L'h'rKy eorpoi-.iti,,,, ,o,„ 
 
 SI. Ml,'. lm„„latio„ „,.i,„„, „V s!L of :„„,, ,,,,,,^^. 
 
 street, whore the ,„L /■,.,''" "■"'■""') "> ""V- 
 V'vstery.plavs ; „ , , ' ,f .^'t- '."•'•^'■;""V"ll.v aetj-d 
 
 Hie remains of t l.e , ''irv f ,V '" ".'""■'^'"'•■'-' 
 
 .joh>,of,i...,„s„i..;,' c.'ri.. v.r',,'''''*^'''''' "'■ «t- 
 
 "1 "'15- i" lieu oltheio ,1 ,^ I'n.^on «„.. huilt 
 wlii.'h wiis f,k,.„ ,1, ?,. ' '"""" '■""'''' tlie Ca-c. 
 
 well l.avnJtV, ,:,;,,'''i/'''i-.''''' ""■>> Hride: 
 calli.l th,. Hoiis,. (■ I : ; „ r"*'";'"; . 'J''"- prLs,.,, 
 ••"Imilt in i,S,«; a.',.i ,i" ";'■'''', ""■"^'"■"^ 
 la-re, «.... y.;.,//,,;,.,/ !, ';if ^•';'; tlie .;.xp-lo.in„ 
 '■'"■•<e forme, ly stool th l,n ?! ' " f ,0 '^''■'■''""^^ell- 
 where so,,,,. s-,.pp„" ' ,, V*" "^ ^'l'^^^''' f ro„,w..ll, 
 «-"«.sis.ie,l, Ja!,' hI^I;" '''■""'-^^■"■■'■">>t of Charles l. 
 
 '^e;;;!;;™^^!:i::;;;:n;;^-''t(.it..,in.,,,,,,ki,,,,,.,.,. 
 
 «"-'-^- ''-"--l--"".' Uie eK' h;.,.1° '^^'^ '^^ 
 
 ^'^"- '••-'■-•':'■■' lV'Z^;^r;;rj,„,'^^;- .393 
 
 CLERMONT (Knmee^ w '^-"""^'s 
 
 'ii-.^t er„.s„l,. a-., nit ' "\.'\"^> '" "■'"'■1' tho 
 
 "I"'". ^'"'1 «"X of' ,";■'■■' "-^'.^ /l^;ten„i„ed 
 
 '"'""' it. In this',.,,,, ,, "" "I'P'H.ited to e,>m- 
 
 t" Imv.. 1„.,.„ ,i ; ! ' ".'■ ";"»'■,"' pope is said 
 
 oathoii,.,.),,,,.' ,;,:^V :;;;;.• "■-!"!• ti,eu,,„,a„ 
 
 p.-eviously to as„me ■, '', 1 "'.','''?' "■''"'"'ed 
 «'as (,. ;,eo„,| tme .' ' '"''1' 1- »» l^'nince 
 
 u.s.seml,ly. J/rLl)"' '■"™""'"'"f"f"i by this 
 
 CLEVEDON r;oTi?T « 
 
 strov,.,lhyfire2- V, ■ ,'''''•' """""1 KIton ; de- 
 2; '^'''- '««2-'hiinaH-e about 20,(X)0/ 
 
 t«>raergy Relief eoi.|,o,.atio„, estalilisli,.,! ,s f • 
 
 »M. Of.;. 111. ,.. 6, ,So '. ' ""■'"'"•'■« or parlia„,e„t : 
 
 iWlltoreiK'al this ai-l was hwt i,, h 
 
 M), 11 May, ,83 1. '" tlie eoi,i,i,„„s („o ,„ 
 
 tl:?S?\^^' ^^<' ''"('-"-""> Ohio, US- 
 
 |-.^-;3!i:;";:tij''-^^^---«-.^ 
 
 ■'/?a' : ij^^^ "iON DISTRICT, .... 
 
 ^ti'e::,;iz;is:4'^''-^'r'"^'''''''''^''^^ 
 
 ;iul<eo.cK:,'l;:'Xi,li''; J"h" William 
 
 -I ■ if pH 
 
 w- 
 
 ■ ■'!,; 
 
 ill 
 
 »?fi 
 
 !■ 
 
 
 1 ''■••lyii^B 
 
 : .'y": 
 
 
 It": 
 
 '■ ' ■■ ■ ' 'i I '"!i 
 
CLIFTON BRIDGE. 
 
 •262 
 
 clo,stehhb:ven. 
 
 ]H 
 
 ir 
 
 /^alt'fl 
 
 
 ceBsiiin. Evt'iitimlly Clovfs wim iihuIkiu <1 to tlui 
 elector of Itrandciilmrjf in HidO; aeivni by tlic 
 rrcMih in 1757; rc'.itorid iit tlif liiacc in i;i'.i, and 
 now roriiiH pint of llie I'riiHuiiin dominions. 
 
 CLIFTON KUSPENSI(.)N - UlUDGE, 
 
 ovfi- the Avon, connoitiii),' (ilo^l<•(•^t^■l>lal■(■ iniil 
 Sonicrai'tsliirc, constriictt'd of tlio iiTimvid Unnfrci ■ 
 for(ll)riil«('i was coniiileti'd in Oct. and (i|)<niil 
 8 Dff. 1^(14. It i^ said to Inivo tho larjcfst np.ui 
 (702 fi'ct) <if any chain hrid^'C in tlic woild. In 
 1753 Alderman Vick, of liri.ilcd, bc(|ncalhcd Hi 
 to H<:cumiilatc for tlic erection of a hridtte over the 
 Avon. In 1831 Uriinel hetjan one, wlii di was aban- 
 doned after the e.xpenditure of 4ii,CKX)/. 
 
 CLIMACTERIC, the term aiipliul to certain 
 periods of time in a man'-i life (miiltiiilc^ "I 7 or ')), 
 in which it wan atUrmcd notable alti raliimti in the ' 
 health and eoiistitntion of a person h.ippen. The 1 
 (jru)iil r/imiKicn'i- is (13. | 
 
 CLIMATE. The condition of a |ii ice in regard 
 to natural phenomena of the iitmosiliere as teni- ! 
 perature, moisture, iiv., see Miliorohiji;. 
 Inteniatloiml CnnKrcsscs on Clio' itol ii;)- ijiet lit riiris I 
 ■ Oct. 1889, llll'l Home ill l8ga ; at Lu„'e, .15 Sept. l8y8. 
 Dr. Loinlwrd's Traitc de t:fiinatuIijf;iH piibllHlmd 1877- 
 
 80 ; lie cllfil at (Icneva, a^fA nearly q- jj Jan. iSqs. 
 
 CLINICAL SOCIETY of London, for 
 the cultivation and promotion of |)iactical medi- 
 cine and surgery, established in Uee. 1867 ; fli.<t 
 president, sir Tliomas Watson. See Lectuns 
 (clinical). 
 
 CLIO. The initials C. L. I. 0., forming the 
 name of the muse of history, were rendered famous 
 from the most admired papers of Addison, in the 
 Spectator, having been marked by one or other of 
 them, signed consecutively, in 1713. Cibbcr. 
 
 CLISSOLD PARK, Stoke Newington, Lon- 
 don, N., jmrchased by the Charily Commissioners 
 and the Metropolitan Hoard of Works, in;., forpulilie 
 use, 1887. See l^iikt. 
 
 CLITHEROE CASE, see //Viv.v, 1891. 
 
 CLOACA MAXIMA, the chief of the cele- 
 brated sewers at Kome, the conntruetion of wliicli is 
 attributed to kingTaniuinius i'liseus ((kk) h.c.) and 
 his successors. 
 
 CLOCK. The clepsydra, or water-dock, was 
 introduced at Kome from the east about 158 11. i'. by 
 Scipio Nasica. Toothed wheels were applied to them 
 by Ctesibius, about 140 11. c. Clocks said to have 
 been found by Ca;.sar on invadi; ',' Britain, 55 n.e. 
 The only clock supposed to be then in the world w as 
 sent by pojie I'aull. to I'epiii, king of l''raiicc, a.d. 
 "Jijo. I'aciticus, archdeainn of Genoa, invented one 
 in the 9th century. Orij^iiiallj the wheels were 
 three feet in diameter. The earliest complete clock 
 of which there is any certain reconl was made by 
 a Saracen mecliinic in the 131I1 century. Alfred 
 is said to have measured time liy \\,\\ taeeis, and 
 to have used lanterns to defend them iioni the 
 wind, about 887. 
 
 The scaiieiai'iit usciibcil to Ocrticit .... io<.io 
 A great clock put up at Caii'. . i n\ latla-ilral, cnst 
 
 30' 1292 
 
 .\ clock coiistructcil liy iiicli.ii.l. iihlmt nf .St. 
 
 Albaii's about 1126 ! 
 
 John Vfsconti sets up a cloi k ,il (leiHpa . . 
 
 A striking clock ill Westminster .... 
 A perfect one made at I'aris, by Vick . 
 
 Tin- first l>..ititl.!f ■■m- made 
 
 In England no dock went nciairately Ix-foie that 
 
 set up at Uaiiiptoii-court (maker's initials .V. O.) 1540 
 
 '59B 
 1(141 
 
 l3.Vf 
 1368 
 1370 
 1530 
 
 I .....< ( j|j„ I, Oeiiiian eloek, 
 
 I HlH' I ■■ 'MJrltig; I'ver out ol'li'iiiiie ; 
 
 I ■■ ■ r ; aright,." 
 
 ' fie iH'liihlHf H .<.il.| tu lllive lu'ell miplleil to clocks 
 l.\ liic J , II,, ill Oallleo, 16)9; and by Uiclianl 
 l^iri 1.1 1, WHO erected a clm-U at St. faul's, Coveiit 
 ^.llileli) 
 
 v'liiistlaii Ilii)glii'iH said lie iiiaile Ills peliilllluia 
 clock picvioiislv to .... 
 
 Kiumaiitil, a lliitcliiiiim. Improved (lie peiiiluliiii. 
 
 allOUt iftr, 
 
 Itcpcatiiig dock:! and watidies Invented by Uailmv, 
 
 aUiiit ifjjf 
 .>S|iiral pciidiiliim spring Inventrd liy Rnlv : 1 TTookc, 
 ainiiit it'158; cylinder aic' - -iiti' i... , ' _, I'luw' 
 
 'rompioii ' . 11, - 
 
 The dead liciit, and liori/.oiital escapements, l,y ' 
 
 (iraliaiii, alniiit itj^i; eiinipeiisatiiig peiiU duiii 
 The spiral lialiiiice spiiiig siiggestcil, aii.l the duple: 
 scapeniiii', iiivente.l by l)r llookc— |iivi>t Inil,., 
 jewelled liy Kici.i ; the detMclieij-scapeinent, 
 invented by .Miidgc, mimI iniproved by lieitluaiM,' 
 Arnold, Kainshaw.andi'tlieis In the i8tli century.' 
 
 Ilanisons tliiic-|il (-fhnh xrt) ciiiistructccl 
 
 Clni ks anil watches taxed, 1797 ; ta.\ icpealid . ' 
 Clinrcli clocks illuniiii.iled : the tlist, St. Jlride 
 liOiidiin ...... -i \},>y 
 
 The Hoinliigieal lii-titiiteestablJHlieil 
 
 The gnat WestniliisiiT clock .set up . . jo Ma\ 
 
 .S'.l /llll/V, ,-'. 
 
 266,750 eloeks iiid 8,6ji watches Imported into 
 the United Kingdom in 1857; asH.eaS chicks, 
 372,420 watches ill 1870; 687,271 clocks ill 1877; 
 
 «39.934 m 
 
 The duty came oti' 
 
 .Messrs. liarraud ami Lund's electric system of 
 .syiieliroiiisiiig cloelcs ; eity ,. London eiicnit nf 
 108 I'locks ill action .... Nov. 187F, 
 
 Victor I'opp of Vieiin.i ipiilles comin-essed air us li 
 motive power to cloi-ks ; aiinoiineed .March, 1861 
 
 See EUctiii: Vlwk, under UltititcUi). 
 CLOGHER (Ireland). St. M martin, a ai.«,inli 
 of St. I'utriek, ti.>:ed a bishopric at Clogher, \\\,:rv 
 he also built ui abbey "in the street before the 
 loyiil seat of the kings of Krgul." He died in ccKj 
 Cloghei takes its name from u golden stone, Inim 
 wliiidi, in times of paganism, the devil used to 
 muMouuce juggling answers, like the oracloh ^,l 
 Ajj ■llii I'ythiim. !iii- Jiaiien ll'iiii'. In 1041 the 
 eathcilral was ',.uilt anew, iinil dedieute' n, its 
 founder. Clogher merged, on the death 01 it, |;,st 
 prehib! (Dr. 'rotteiihain), int.. the urcluepiscoiial see 
 of ' nagh, hv ti.e act of 1.*^ j. 
 
 LlA (NFEKT (Ireland). St. Itrendan loumled 
 an abbey at C'onfert in 558 : his life is extant in 
 jingling monkish metie iii the Cotioniaii iihiarv ,it 
 Westnlin^<ter. In his time the cathedral, fanii.ii* 
 in line'. ■( .,,iys for its seven altars, w.is erec!, 
 and Ccigan makes St. Diviid n its founder ami m. 
 first hishoi.; but it is said, 111 the Ulster Ammh 
 under tlu' year 571, •• Mwiiii, bishoii oi Chmfert" 
 Urenain, went to rest." Clonfcit, liish.signiti.,- 
 a wonderful dcu cr retireineii (n i8^(^ the sn- 
 merged into that of Kill !oe ; see llMops. 
 
 '7ir. 
 
 ■735 
 179? 
 
 iHsf 
 185c, 
 
 itEl 
 i8ci 
 
 CLONTARF(;n 
 
 fought on (iood tri- 
 the Iri.-^h and Danes 
 lioioiiulie, inonareli 1 
 invaders, after a long 
 wounded, and soon afterwai'ils ill 
 chard also fell with manv of tl 
 
 blii 
 
 fori I 
 
 ehiiid, 
 
 thcBiteofahuttli 
 il, 1014, between 
 bi'iideil by liryim 
 « ho defeiiteil 'tin 
 d iihiody engagement, mm- 
 t. II is 8011 .\Iiir- 
 nnliility ; ij.ooo 
 
 Danes are said to have perished in the liaitl 
 
 CLOSTERSEVEN ( Hanover) ('o.\VE.\no.\ 
 01'', was entei'ed into 8 .Sept. 17^7, between tin- 
 • !.ik^ of CumlK.vi.iii.i, tliiid sou 'of iJeorge II., 
 hardly jircssed, and the dnk(> of Unhelieu, com- 
 mander of the Fieiicb. Hy it 38,000 iliinoverisns 
 
 CLOt 
 
 laid down their arms, 
 tii'atv was disavowed by 
 the (hike resigned nil lii« 
 
 CLOSURE, see (M 
 
 CLOTH, Hoe ll'oo/' 
 
 CLOTURE, the ,,ov 
 the Kiencli (ham her of 
 pri'sident. A similar po 
 )tiven to the sfieakcr oft 
 Nov. 1883 ; first enforced 
 lUiiile part of a standing 
 By a new rule the power 
 
 liout f IiX), 28 Feb. i 
 
 expiiised in 1888, and 
 iXSrand 1893, 
 
 CLOUD, St., a palac 
 Vrinic ('lodoald or Cloui 
 there in 533, after the mii 
 died m 5(10. The iialnce 
 lentury, and in it llenrv 
 limit, 1 Aug. (died 2 .\ug'.) 
 the jiroperf, of the dukes 
 hy Mime A"toiiiefte in r 
 Tw'ilence of the emjii'ess ' 
 ;inil his f imily, and of the 
 It was biiiiit" -inriiig tin. 
 iiivn fired upon hy the en 
 l8;o. '"'he ruins' were elo 
 •will, July, l8()2. 
 
 ff UDS consist of mi 
 ■ifti: 1.1 a frozen state, float 
 Mr. Luke Howard piiblisli 
 clouds, now generally ndoji 
 prira.iry forms— cimi's, cum 
 comiiounils of fins, furms 
 black rain . louds (1 iiniulo 
 .ilitioii of Howard's £.'!.sa\- c 
 in l8bs. 
 
 CL()\;ESII00 (now C 
 
 helii an inijuirtant council 
 concerning the .rovernmeiit 
 church, .Sept. 747; mid otlie 
 803.822,824, 
 
 CLOYNE (S. Ir.daiid), 
 thcWi (iiitiiry hv St. Colcm 
 to that of Cork, umj so contii 
 TO united with that of Cor 
 
 iilll'ips, 
 
 TLUBMEN, iLssociatio 
 »ml!ierii and western coiinti 
 strain fh( excesses of the iir 
 iiars, li);2-9. They ni'ofessi 
 
 111' 'iiwards ii|,. king, , 
 ^■ii jij.- ^ . his opiiDiieiits. 
 
 CLl'lliS, originally eoiisisl 
 ■•! persons of I, iiidred" tastes n 
 L.^'fther at state) times for soc 
 flub at the .M. unaid tavern, 
 fnj of the Ititli eentUIV, Cf 
 •Sliiikspeai-e, and others. ' /ten 
 '•■ 111'' Hevil tavei-n. Addisoi 
 lm|i 'itly met at Button's 
 *tribeo 111 the S/wctator. Si 
 'i'S'Tibcil in No. I) of that 
 i:i>il. The present Londo 
 pniin^ ;oo, othei-s iilj.iijt /Vy 
 iimdsonie, liixurioii»lv furnishi 
 Ml Mall. The members ohtai 
 ^es at moderate charges, am 
 
1 LllJIlHthj, the IIIUVCI- (if r fH Mir n .l,.l... ,, 
 
 vMUury.an.l in if {l,„nill.wassh, bel hv • ,' '"'':"■«''•. Lo.i. I,,,, .•. ' ■ • -SoS-s. 
 
 J.f i;^l.f::;';'/;^;i^t<'i!'-:-''^.l^:-;.^ &-■• .•.•.•••■.■.•.• :|i 
 
 r«'( oner o( tho c-npri'ss Josrjihin,', of Cliarle.. Y F"""'' ''"iversitv '8»' 
 
 :iml his family, (111(1 of till. (.inin.i-(,i- Van ',|„„„H,' '';',"»"t.vii.-, AWiWmr,,* . '. ' ' ' • -'San 
 
 b«fM-o. upon liy.li,. rreiuhth.MH,.|v.v,, ,,(,t Um, J'Lrvice(l,;,,ioi.i 
 
 iSra he ruins «■,.,.,. ,.l,a,.c,U,vav, and thLif,: W.v,,,!),,.,,^ <'"'"" .8^7 
 
 sold, July, I8<)2. ■' .M'litlui,,!, «,„„„,„ • • >323 
 
 nr TTTMj .... . 'I^''"''' ■■""' *''"i"*>nil«6 '' 
 
 (I UDS eon.si,st of mini.u , articles „f water, *",'""" ('■"'"'•nv-//i.,.), ro,i,„|,,l l.y tl„.',i„k,; of w»r '^'^ 
 
 )ft:: ,1 ,t frozen sfiite, Hoatnifir (111. air In iXn, „ ''"Xt"" anil otliBrn . J nii. ,1,1k,. of Wei- 
 
 Mr. Luke llowani pi,bli,l,,,/hi -a H,.ai ,1 n- rir''".'',- ,• • • • "• ' " ' "*^' 
 
 olouds, now Kcm.n.l V ndoiited r . .?,„'* \' ty '>• .omion rinb . " 
 
 pri„„.ry.J.nn. cirru^euiJintai, 'Z^.ZZ k!^;!^.^;^^""^"' • .•.■.•. : X 
 
 ™m.ouni> of (,.,.. f„rni,; ainl the nimlni. or '■"Hiliioh .'V Hit 
 
 back niin^lou.ls (.iimulo diTo-strntu^ , Army m,! Navy . ' ' ■ • • ■ „ 
 
 ...iition of Howard 8 fissav on the CI ,o..,.,.r„i '*''-'''"'»-'. /^"n/"" ..■'■• -'837 
 
 in 1865. • ^' ■ 'l'P»arP<l HpiiMinj;, Alitrd.rn. '833 
 
 CLO'vESHOO (now Cliff), Kent Horn v "'wli'im . . ' " ' • • ■ ■ '340 
 
 held ,m ui.inirlant eoimnil „f nobilitv ,ind clei T.'.'H'I'"" ' • •'•'.' " ' ' 'I" 
 
 oonormin^^ the .Tovernnient and diseiplino of tlu- „'Hie"f' " ^•'"""''•"' ''>■ l'""«'«" J^errohi i,i,i '^^ 
 
 % tt; "'" • " °""" ""'■*' '''^" '"'■■'■■ ^^ , i;S' '^' Unlted-«„rwee ' . " ■.•.•' J^J* 
 
 li Wiuturyl'v St. Coleman, was in,,,, unUe "'■"t"" • .' '862 
 
 tothatof .ork,a,id8oeontinuedfor20oveiirs It '.^'■'' ■ • • '^^J 
 
 mis united with thnt of Cork and ItiKs i«7, ' Junior ( ■.niton . ' ' ' 
 
 BMps. v-^rKanaKo^9, I834, see Tliat,-b,.,| 1I01186 . " ' ■ •'864 
 
 Cobili'ii Club 1865 
 
 iSK,e;n:;;;i;r of^S^lz-i^ ^ ■ ?S^--"- •• ^ •••:•■•■•■•• "S 
 ^t:rT^::^^'rr''^^'^'^^^ ^^'-■^-■■^ • ■ . ■ • ■•■•■• -^^ 
 
 vlliip,, towiirda file kmg, and vvere considered ■-*'i-»"'le . , ..s;r 
 
 CTiiniM hy I118 opponents. " I W«MilHr..r8 . . ' ' • ■ • ■ 1874 
 
 U.lBS,or,KinallvronMstcdofa8mallnnml)er ^'i'■y'■ ml club . 
 
 per*m8 of kindred tastes and [lursuits, who ni,. ^'''■'"''>" <''"'''■'"■,'/ ."W ,sv,Vni,^c) 
 
 tiz .::i'o,h:":"'-^M -f'"'. ^^'tes ^^.^^nr-^'^^ ••■•••.■.: ;^;^ 
 p:teir:;!::'-^Ad]t;;nf^^^^ ■•••.-. •. :;^^f 
 
 friw. ntly mot at ButtonVs (olteeWiouse as de ' P"^"*''"'''- ''''"'I street '883 
 
 mbiu la the .S>,Wff/o>-. Some odd efuhs nrp vT'™'! 'V''' ^'''••"'=«'' •' • '4 
 
 * Jtli'rl,,^"'!!^' .'^.'•.-'■- com- ! Artsan„L,t..r,s . ' ' . • _ • • • |88; 
 
 M IWI ' 'Vp'^'i"'"';' funiished editi.es in It n'Z Amphitryoi,. Albemarle, .sir.,., ^x ' " • V 
 
 UllMiUI. The members obtain ''hoiee viimds and o'^"'' " "'*''"f' Wni,\s ./n/, /,/„.,• V;,,,' ■ •,■ '?»" 
 ™.aat,„odon..e chargen, and many eliii:™ V^'i^.^/^S^^- « -(n/e.'A.'e^tlrT. pVoSt'; 
 
 f I' 
 
I|)i 
 
 . S,l'' 
 
 »ii* :! 
 
 I' 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 Cl.Vnfi. FREN'CII. ->.n 
 
 CIA'DH, FuEMCIt. 'I'lii- llr«t iirciw .ilmiit 17X2. 
 
 Tiny wci urtcMliiilly iHililiiul, iiinl )triid\y i(iii- 
 
 • ciilt'd ill till' ri'V.iliiliiin. Tlir C/ii/i /lii'lmi Ipi'Ciiiiji' 
 till' cclcbratiMl I'/ii/) iliH Jiiriihiii.i, miil tin ciiih 1/1.1 
 Voiilrlitit ('niii|>ri»i'il Hiii.intf itK ini'inlii'i-- lliiiitini 
 iind Cmiiillc DcniiiouliiiH. Frniii tlicno two ■iinic 
 lllu Miiiiiildin iiiiin wliicli iivcithii'W the (liroiidistH 
 in 171;^, iiikI It'll I'li its turn in 171).). 'I'lii' i'IuIjh 
 iliwi|i|ii'iirci( with Ui« Kiiri'liirv in X'lf). Thny wiri' 
 ri'vivml in ; '^^H in nniiidrralilr iininiMM", Imt did 
 not iittiiin to llicir forimT I'lniniiM'r, nild Wfiv ■<n|i- 
 [irt'iimil liv ill! rt'i's, 22 Jnni', 1H41), iind 6 Junr, 
 l8S0. Hmiillil. 
 
 CI AriJ-FUUT, « deformity duo to tlie iliorli'ii- 
 iiiK of one or mori' of thi' iiimscIck, altlionirh iit- 
 ti'iniiti'd to lir rclii'vcil liy I.orcnz in [■X4, by 
 onttinif tile ti'iido AcliiUiH, was not cllt'ctnally curi'll 
 till iXjl, wlun Stroineyer of Krliiii^'cii 1 oii'd I(r. 
 Litlli liy (lividiuK tlic Imiloiia of the contnirted 
 inuKi'lcrt with II very thin kiiifi'. 
 
 CliUGXY orCi.ir.w, AiiiiKVui', i" FrHncc, 
 foi'Mii'rly irnHt nmtrniticcnt, I'oniKlcd liy Hrlii'dictiiica, 
 iindir the aliliot Kern, aliont <)io, iiiid HUHtaiiicd 
 aftcrwMiils by William, diikr i^f Hirry ami Aipii- 
 taitir. Kii^lish fonnilation.s forCluniai' iiioiikH wcro 
 instil utrd Koon after. 
 
 CLYDE AND FOUTFI WAF-L »aH built 
 
 by Attricola, 84. The Forth and I'lyde Canai, wan 
 eoinnii'iiied by Mr. Snu'iiton, 10 July, I7')K, and 
 wai opened 28 July, l''p. It tonus m communi- 
 cation between tliB 8eu8 on the eastern iiiul western 
 eoa«ts o( Scotland. 
 
 CNIDUS, in Cnrin, Asia Minor: near here 
 Conon the Athenian defeated the LucediBinonian 
 lleet, nnd( r IVisiinder, _5()4 11. c. 
 
 COACH (from coelie, Siianiuli), Iteekinann 
 states tliat Charles of Aiijou'» (|iieeii entered Naples 
 \n >\. airetta (about 1282). Under Francis 1. tliere 
 were but two in Fans, one belnnjtintf to the 
 Hueen, the other to Diana, the natural dauffliter of 
 llenrv II. Tliere were but three in Faris in ISJO; 
 and llenry IV. had ■ 'le without stiap.i or sjirinjjs. 
 John de I.aval de Hi i — Daupbin set up a coach on 
 account of his enormous bulk. 'I'he tirst coaeli seen 
 in Kii({land was about 1553. CoachcH were intro- 
 duced by Fitz-Aluii, earl oi Anindel, in 1580. Stow. 
 A bill was brought into parliament to prevent the 
 elleniinacy of men ridinj; in coachen, 45 Eliz. i(iOI. 
 Uartc. Kepealed 1(125. The coach of "the duke of 
 Iiiiekin;,'httni had si.\ hoixs, that of tlie earl of 
 Northumberland eight, idic). The coach-ta.x com- 
 menced in 1747. Horace Walpole savs that the 
 
 l)resent roviil state coacli (tirst used Ifi \ov. 17(12), 
 
 cost 7,528?. The lord mayor's old state coach was 
 
 not used 9 Nov. 1867 ; see'tt/c, Ciuriayes, C/iiiriotn, 
 
 Haikmy (Jnoehei, Mail Vuric/irn, &e. 0. Thrujip'g 
 
 "History of Coaches" Jiublished 1877. 
 
 AcMcliiaiikcrs' exhlliltlon l.niulon, ii].ciieil s.Jmic, 1879. 
 
 A lirivnte university tcadiir is tcrnicil a " C'lxic/i." Dr. 
 
 EilwnrilJolni Houtli, of Ciuriliriil;;!', out of 631 jiuplls 
 
 produccil 27 senior wranglers, 1858 88. f)ii bis retire- 
 
 luent bis olil pnplls prcscntwl bis portrait to his 
 
 wife, 3 Nov. i883. Mr. Walter Wren, eminent coocA, 
 
 died Auy. 1898. 
 
 COAL.* It is contended, with much seeming 
 truth, that coal, although not mentioned by the 
 K<iiiian8 in their notices of liritain, was yet in use 
 hy the ancient liritons. Brunilt. Henry III. is 
 said to have gnuited a licence to dig coals near 
 
 * There are five kimls of fossil fuel : antbraeite, coal, 
 lignite, bituiiiiuoas shale, anil liitnnieii. No satisfactory 
 ae-liiition of erw! Ii.:;; •. :t 1,^,,,, given. The eoiiipoaitioii of 
 woml is 49-1 carliou 3 liyilrogeii, 44-6 oxygeu ; of coal 
 &16 carbon, 56 hyUiujen, 118 oxygen. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 .Newcastle-upon-Tjne in I2U; some imv i-arliir 
 and others in 12(1). Hea-conl was |iroliib'ilIil j,,,,,,' 
 lieintf used ill an 1 near London, as beinif "prip,. 
 ilnial to hiiinai health;" and even smiths w,r,. 
 "bliifed to burn wood, 127^. Ntnw. In 15(^111,,. 
 K'eiitry petitioned a),'ain»t its use. Coal h'hs tii t 
 iiiaili' an article of trade IVoin Newcastle to I.oml 
 4 Kicli II. 1^81. Jt'/mei'ii Fwilna. Notwithstnii 
 the ,iiy previonn ciiiiiiilainis against coal : 
 (lublic nuisance, it was at length geiierallv bii 
 111 London in 1400; but it was not in eoin'in 
 ill i';iiKliiiiil until the leiKii of Charles I. |(,2 ;.'(■,'., 
 was brought from Dublin toNewry in 1742. c/.i 
 declared a coiitraliaiid of war bv Oreiit llri 
 Ajiril, i8i>8. 
 
 c 
 
 n. 
 
 Nik' 
 " II 
 
 nriH,l 
 lion iiw 
 'ill 
 al 
 '■nil, 
 
 l7tx> eoliHUIlM'i 
 '7.SO 
 
 l8tH) 
 
 iHlo 
 1 8 JO 
 
 ■ «30 
 1»1J 
 
 ■ 840 
 i8.su 
 
 In r.ondi 
 
 111 
 
 . 3>7.ooocli;i|il. 
 . . Slo.x'i .. 
 814,000 ,, 
 
 • ■ 980,375 ,, 
 
 '."7I.I7* „ 
 
 1.588. il'.o ,, 
 3.399.816 tlHiM. 
 
 • 3.638,a56 „ 
 ,3. '■138,88,) „ 
 
 iSjfi, >,8j6,58a/. ; i-f,, 
 '878,7.1,30,474'.; i£-:j,' 
 
 i4.73i,9c>V.; i8(si, i9.^'.;o..''g/. ; i8gt, 14,37. 4,6/. '' 
 
 11 al-tlcldsofOreiil Hriliiihaivestliiniteilai ,„« 
 
 ■■"I"""' "I'l" ; of liiiiliiini I NortbniiilicihMiil 
 
 733 s.iniire miles, Jlnl.iuvll. In 1857 al'oiii ca 
 millions of tiais were .xtraeted (viiliir iil„,iit 
 10.348.676/. ) fl 0111 ao,,^ collieries ; nliollt j, tiiillious 
 nsiimed annuiilly hi tlivat liritain. ,63j 
 
 Ceal and In 
 ,s, 165,668/, 
 10,645,919/, 
 
 ■ ■>:|iorled : viilae 
 i«7l. i3,iS8,5ii/. 
 
 1887, lo,l6'),y<|i/. 
 
 arc 
 colllcrl.'s, 
 
 3.759- 
 
 (Aiiil iihliihiril ill (ireat nritain and Ireland :- 
 
 .854. 
 1H61. 
 1S62. 
 1863. 
 1864. 
 
 64,661,401 tons, 
 
 83,635.214 
 
 81,638,333 
 
 86,3gj,ji5 
 
 93.787.87j 
 
 1S65. 
 1866, 
 1867. 
 
 1809. 
 
 98,150,587 V' 
 101,630,544 , 
 lo4.5oo,4>o , 
 103,141,157 , 
 
 '"7.437.557 , 
 
 1870. 
 1871. 
 187J. 
 1873. 
 1874. 
 1875. 
 1S76, 
 .877. 
 
 10,431,192 tons value 
 
 17,353,038 
 
 18S5. 
 1886. 
 
 '33.497..1>'5 
 137,016,747 
 i35,o67,oit) 
 131,867,105 
 '.33.344.836 
 134,610,763 
 
 1878. 132,654,887 
 
 1879. Ii4,,xj8,228 
 
 1880. 146,818,622 
 
 1881. 154, 184, 3,K) 
 1882.1156,499,977 
 
 1883. 163,737,327 
 
 1884. 160,757,779 
 
 ■59.35'. 418 
 157,518,483 
 
 1887. 163,119, '12 
 
 1888. 169,935,^19 
 
 1889. 176,916,724 
 
 1890. 181,614,288 
 
 1891. 185,479,136 
 
 1892. 181,786,871 
 
 1893. 164,325,795 
 
 1894. 188,377,535 
 
 1895. 189,661,362 
 
 1896. 195,361,260 
 
 1897. 202,119,196 
 
 United Htates, 41,752,609 tons, obtained in 
 Mr. Hopwitli, in i855,coiiip,ite,| the aiiimul iirodnct 
 oftliecoal-niincsof llnrliniii mid .\oitliiniil»al;iiu| 
 at 14 million tons :— 6 millions for I.oiMlmi -i 
 millions exported, 2^ iiiillions for coke, i iiiiliimt 
 for colliery engines, ic., and two luillleiis for 
 local consiimjition. 
 By a sti|iuiatiiiii in the coniiaerclal trcat,v of iPfo, in, 
 conseiiuence of the French goveriiiiiciit (.'i- I'tly 
 reducing the duty on imported coni, the |i 'isiv 
 
 37.6<i7,798/. 
 
 35,205,608/. 
 
 4<>.3I 1,143'. 
 
 47.''3'.38o/. 
 
 4.1.849,104/. 
 
 46.163,486/. 
 
 46.670,668/. 
 
 47. "3.767/. 
 
 46,429,210/. 
 
 46,902,879/. 
 
 63,395,414/. 
 
 65.538,327/. 
 
 44."?,4o9/. 
 
 46,054,143/. 
 
 43.446,183/. 
 
 4l.l,i9i4o8/. 
 
 38,145,930/. 
 
 39.093. S30/. 
 
 43,971,276/. 
 
 56.175,426/. 
 
 74.953.997'- 
 
 74,099,816/. 
 
 66,050,4^1/, 
 
 55,8<«v,8o8/. 
 
 62,730,179/, 
 
 57.331,21.3/. 
 
 S7ii9o.i47'. 
 
 1872 
 
 t Tlic plan adopted for obtaining the valoe «< tie 
 coal produced was cliungcd in 1882. 
 
 K">'iniiiiiit (It Is tl u 
 
 .•llfc'rMcd to lliy III, ,|||(j, 
 
 )WS, /l, ,H,,; III,,,,, I 
 
 '■"".'"wi'i xporteU, ufv 
 
 (a rmili'e. 
 .VnMaiiilH«lon(,.,„|„|„tl„„^ 
 II I. MiiicliJH,,,,, 1,1" 
 lliimsay, ami otliers) ai.e 
 t'l.'iMolwhIe ipi.intltvol 
 111.- Initcl Klngiloin, *,■ 
 J7 •!'"(■, 1,^71 : 
 
 AtUlll..l.lc,,n„||lltyof,.„„l 
 cull ll.'l.ls 
 
 Prtilwl'l.' avallablii coul ' 
 
 |t|llCi'S , 
 
 j4J million toiiNexpnrl|iiltii 
 
 rDiiiilrles ; reported 
 Sail' af Colli llegnlation .Vet 
 I'iir ilutles on the ex|M,i talii 
 lia.l existed since the 16 
 tirallv reiiealed 
 
 Sir H. IVel lni|>ose<l a dn't. 
 niiiscd iiiiicli diss.itiNfactil 
 
 Wuiiiiai weiv Jiroliiliiti'd fro 
 ...lilialcN In 
 
 Till' caiiMiimptloii of coal ii, 
 40J,ot<j tons, ri.ses to 6,000 
 
 Tlif United State.iiirodiii'cd i 
 uftiiiis: Uelginm, 5,„3„^m,y 
 
 .ill .\ct lor the regulation an 
 [liliwe'l 
 
 |)ii|illciit<) shafts act pas'seil 
 
 Oiiil-liilMien's strikes fn-ipi,., 
 «i-vm' one arose in Stallord 
 Heleir.i, .March, 1868; in iS. 
 
 ('>i/-i»i «.•.< miuliiHiiii iirt^ t.,.||i 
 jily, |««sed 10 Aug. 1872 ; 1 
 
 B/anethcr act in- ■.linj. |,p 
 
 till' i'lllployiiii.|it i.f w,iij„,j 
 iiiiili'iKi'-uiid was i)roliil,it, 
 (it iimiuigers is to Ii,. teste 
 utliiT regulations mmle 
 .Uoiil-ciittiiig niaehliie at wi 
 
 70 tons in 8 hours (work 
 
 atti'IiiluiK'u of ) 01-4 iiicii 
 
 rcjiortoil succe'ssfiil in .North 
 Girat ilwirtli of coal In Loml, 
 
 oHil siK. a toil 
 iMij .11 CmI lironght to l.omb 
 
 a !"« for London iiupru 
 
 33i,.>4i3/, 
 KirliiiiiiuiitJiry coiiinuttee resju 
 
 Eshllilllon of coal-raising mi 
 Mmifhester, opeiieil 
 
 R'lval C'liiniiil.ssloii on S|ioiitam 
 ival(Mr. H. U. Cliilders, j.roi 
 II -N'.iv. 1875 ; report issued 
 lifalworiitlon of ox.vgen, need 
 
 .\ dmimlsslon to iieinire hit 
 Miwhes for exjilosions was ai 
 .(Ifssrs. Wiiriiigtoii W. .Smy 
 Abel, and others) , . 
 H^lin.iniiry report Issued No' 
 i5.M«rch, 1886.1 
 
 itml ri'diictioii of aecidents 
 lamineiiient aniioiinced 
 
 .\ii"Wiiictlii)d of Masting hyqu 
 ) iH'itel bySiiiitli and .Vloor ir 
 
 liMwscof wages olitained In <■ 
 iiuncrs aiiiferfnce at .Manclies 
 
 I'Tkililre Miners' Association (I 
 anil othersldeiiiand diminution 
 
 iii'hlrawise of output in ordei 
 
 ■faal 
 
 iJ'Vfrniiient circidar isaiiei'l, re 
 use nf Fleus-N ai.pnratna for 1 
 mi'iralilo lifter explosions (see 
 
 l»i|")rtaiitnieeliiig„f delegati's f 
 meri reiiuiring ,5 per cent. I 
 
 _aHrilm('k 
 
 ;-,:.;„„», oiiiieii deployed iaitsid, 
 bijcaslure and .'jonth Wales; 
 I'Miibit tins negatived by the c' 
 
COAL. 
 
 t.. Kntiir... ' ' *"" " »'.l«>i.^«N tdim wont 
 
 An>iiiinif4N|t)ii (i-oiiMiMtliiir (.r »i i > 
 II- I. Mmrl\|«,',;""",'r« "(„ '■ '';;•<" "f Amvll, ,|r 
 IkiiiBily, himI "tliiTH),i|,„„|„, .1 , ,'i ;;' • J'i'''l'' 'Hiir 
 
 "rib"';;' t"'""''"''' *'• v;.!,;;,.' '"""""'■'''" "^ 
 
 4l;"S',i?''''"'^'"™'"l,.kn„w„ 
 
 • • i>u.3u7,.joo,ouo 
 
 ' 5'*.a73,ou.i,<xx> 
 
 GOAL. 
 
 , i8(*, iv|piiit,,|| 
 
 ml rii'lils 
 PriiluM.' avullnlild ,..o„i 
 
 Jil/U'i'.i , ^ 
 
 »4'>.48o.cicKi, 
 
 (4iiiillll"ii toiiHi'xiinrdiil t,,»i,„„,,p, ..7 n — ~ • 
 
 Mir "I' (Mill lirLtlllillliPli V('t ' ■ ■ ■ ^"''' 
 
 ..u,.,lnm,.|MlHs,.,|.f,,|l;';,;^.t;,,, ,'■''■' .84.; 
 H.i,i..hW,Mv i.n.l,|l,it,M| f,„,„ «■„ 1(1 ! i, 'l.,,,,;, ,■ 
 
 nrllJc'lll'N 111 . ' """n IM LllKllsll 
 
 Till' ('llll«lllllllt|(iri (if ,.,,,. I'l,, Lv..,,, ' ■ 
 
 |lll|p||('lltll«lmriM(ll't IIUHMCil ' ' ' • ■ . I 
 
 OMipiliiii'irs slriki's I'lviiiiiiiitl'i- ,„..'.,,., ' 1 ■ • ' 
 
 By«ii..tliiTiiet pivivMiiiK u,4s ; ., ,■;. • ' 
 
 t •niiil..viii.- lit or »■,,, 1 ,,,'', ''"''*'i'','''''''i. 
 
 "tlirrr,.Kiih.tioii.s luail, ^^ •^""mliim-s, aiul 
 
 AroakiitliiiK liiaclilii,. „t wink, iim,|ii,.i,„. ,f!'''''; '' 
 p toiH ill 8 lioiii-N (work or lo , ' V ** " '"'" 
 :.tt,'ii(laii™ of J or 4 ,,„.„ ■•" '"'■'.'>• '■'■'Ii'iivs 
 
 n'|«irti»l «iiocfH«fiil ill .\ortliiiiiil„:rlun',i""' ''v'''' 
 Gn.„t ,|™tli of i-oal I,. I-oiWoli" V,:' " a-e,,) ^Z 
 
 f' 'V 'it'od/ In-uiiKht to LuiuUm' □,/ ,. t,„: '^ i**'*','- 
 INHiamciitviiycoiiiiuitto iv«i.«.fl„K ,„,.i „,;t „„,j 
 
 ^C£,:;!,;i:;t:s"-"'«"""-'"-'^"t^Si: 
 
 oXov. .875 ; report isi i.'l ^ .lii's 'o V? '"''' 
 'fal'soTtioii of ox,Keii, necl i.f vnitilaU,;!;;''!;:' 
 
 A "'I insioii to liKiuirn Int,, ti,„ „„„ '^"K- 
 
 Mn«lif« for exiHoHioiis w«H ., ,,oii ,,, ' r? ,"'"' 
 
 SlSi;!^"' ''■ -"yl-ir^vnli^iir^^^T 
 
 Ajrat rraiutioii of ft(r,.|i|,.iits throiiL.)! i„ 
 i i.iN,iKemi.iit aiiiioi ,.,1 "'rough ini,,rove,l 
 
 Ai«iiicthoaof l.la.stiiig livoni.'k li,,',,. „o'. .,"*'• '88 
 
 , liveiiN by Smith ana M,,U' n ic .•erm,Y*''''f ■? 
 
 lipase of w«K,.s ohtaiiuMl ll, "'mL,^ '7'^' '^8 
 
 mnm conference at Mane lestt • ' ""L-","-' 
 
 V.*lilreMin«rH^Vs«,,natioim.,la,i\i,;''l^^^^ 
 ">. ;.tlier»)deiiian,l,liinin„tiont?i"eofla^;":' 
 -a^mueofuutpntinonlertoiSu^;::!:;^ 
 
 ^«"f Fil,,'.''''"'''" '"."""•''• '■^"""'".■.nl'iiiK^the " 
 use irneiis'B apparatus for riMiiii.ri>,„ f , ^ 
 
 l»i|">rtai.t iiieetiiiK of ileleKaU^sfi, ,'■„„**'"'''''• •• 
 
 i'rohibitt..i,„egativea^;'&r,;;,ot'*;;ii^:.83^ 
 
 ,'„ "','' '^ l"'yloiiiiii,.|s; KMiio. 
 'x.M pt in Moutf, Wales, Noithi 
 a'", \^orces.e,■sl,i^^M,;.,r,,,'S• 
 
 '874 
 
 87(. 
 
 1879 
 
 ■883 
 
 „"i""k,., aii.iii,,',^ ,'id7 ' """' '""' <•■""»»""■« 
 
 ,,;;;"' "•;i;"ii ver!:,';:!,i:;ii,;r;'"" •^""■-i'. 
 
 III" ''o |..|H' ,leii,u,„l r.i ,■. I ■ "■'""■■ 1 1 Keh. 
 I«.v, re,|„t,.!| ' '"' '"''■"" ••' [""■ •■'•lit. 
 
 '''-.'"f;«^.;';x:h"''f'''''^^'''«^'''i''^'-- ('.'';!;; 
 
 ■ "'Ivan™ -^r Iront is n' «'■'"•'■"'•":"<" "'I'" 
 
 The itrikt) lw«liis' ."'■■• '5 •■'''''• 
 .MeefiiiKofilelei/ai,,,. (•,.,!,„ I, ',, . •. ,• '5 March 
 
 ■ll^'l" a.|vaiK.,f f^ I .e 1; ',"";""' = "'"' '""""• 
 "trike closes ' ^ '" ' I'"'' "" AllK. 1 llur | to ; 
 
 1 ''i^";;/^'p;';:;:ir:;^ ■•-'"-'•" '-- 
 
 5 I'cnsioi, „r work ( ,;- fi Mai I, 1 ''■'/'■"■'"ly •"'■•<• 
 
 > ! "illyacoeijted, ex - ■ ■ ' ^ 
 
 I i'"i;laiHl, iJurliam 
 
 ' I aiel .Scotlaial 
 
 I I'rices nilsHil In I,oii,loii '(,„'.' • • I''''''- 
 I <.oii,ioii, &C., teiiiiioiiiry ,iaiilo 
 
 I "W-iers' r,^ nil,, " i^ ', .^- .;,;"•'"" : th. coal. 
 Hllentei by the iiit.ii^-e, H , r .' ■• , ' I"'"inlsi> 
 
 "'•eeptc.| l,y |„,fh i«irti s r ,, ' "' I"'"' "■'"• 
 
 I ''""•''■i^'-a.wCr'midi's;;^;;;,;:;;:';'''''''^'''- 
 
 j ThHre.|iictionof = laircfint n„ „.„ •^'"''Ii -.Juiia „ 
 th»N^.rthiiiiihH«M,,'^^" ;"'";««"'< ''^ tiy " 
 
 J>y the lJ„rh,i,„ iiiiiiBrs ' ' ^"''- '«9^' ''■-"''■ 
 Mllkeof«l,oi,t i,o,x) oulliers nV d. ' l- '* "'•'•'■ll, i8q.- 
 «Kuinst..„,nee;,wa:^!i;'/3;;f,'|-J;o-t;,n>.,. ^- 
 
 "■'I- M««tlnssof', alone >",!'''!'' "' '8«8 e( 
 LoiHloii I the nil, 'rs r" ■? V"' '"''.""■" ''"''' '" 
 arhitration, ,, J ,|,? 'S' t "'", ■■'v"'"''tloii aii.l 
 inin-rs he^ „s a^a nsV ,'e, , "' "'""" ^«'.«« 
 MtrikH exteii, Is to N V V. le V "t i'^ ""y " "'V. I 
 Hcotlan.l, 9 AiK^alioif '■'"''''''•'''''' '"^-W 
 AiiK. Strikecvlhp'.i ' 'wiV'""" '.""." "'"• '"'''• 
 . I'V the iiiijit.iv o n ', '''^^■'* = '"'"t'''K'-li'"''k«»'l 
 Notts. . ^ '" l^"fl'y'<l"re, S. Yorkshire, 
 
 Hesiiiiiptli,,, (if ^o-il „t ',, ' ■ Aug.— hept. „ 
 
 Oct. • Joint com°r«i,"at v^if T ".' """" '"^t». 
 "0 result ; by « lw • ,",' Mr n"";'r''' *-^ ^'"'- 
 i-onfereiice meets at. V.-/ ^'a'l'*t"»». « .joint 
 Rosehery ohuiri, a^i • r,? S7'«" ""'••''. "'« «irl <rf 
 
 ■"an, Willi a Sii Vvo „ '' 1 ""'" "■"' " ''•""■•- 
 y«ai- ; work ti he i*;,' "/ ^''^'^ m«>Me,\ for a 
 
 of w««e8 till Fob 80IT. l?"'''; "■', "'," "■'' '•'"« 
 wueks) . _ • '"«•» '■""« «tnl,e lasted ,6 
 
 Destruction of the works at l„.'i x,' u '' ^'»^- .* 
 I«ry, Keathorst ne near ?LL ","",'""" '" ''°>- 
 i'lteryention ol^hn iTl.J,. '''"'' ' ''>' ''i°te™ 1 
 , .lanies Ou^an kil ,1 a iMn. "■■" ^'^'^"' ""<' 
 
 W._„«..,e.Uoth/^ttr^7;^ta.y,s^n^. ., 
 The strike occasions n.uch ■■.'., . ' / *'"'■'=''' '^M 
 
 ' ■ • • • Sept.-Oct. „ 
 
 I I 
 
 »''-\l'''' 
 
 188,^ 
 
 181^ 
 
 
 1891 
 189* 
 
 873 
 
 .h 
 
 L-lg '«■*' 
 
 *^fii' 
 
 1J3 , i 
 
'•t)f 
 
 COAL. 25fi 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Ji'4: 
 
 ■h 
 
 '8trikoof a.'ntch cuiil-miiiers for an ailninri^ of is. 
 IMSFflay, 22 Now ; about icx>,fxv> nieu oiitol vork, 
 4 Dlm', ; t!Mii of strikt! by coniprimiisK . ii Dei'. iSgj 
 Tlio foriM.i^ion of a coal-tnist for thii Unitor] KiiiK- 
 ilom, proposeii by sir O^or^o Elliot ami othcrn, 
 l)y tlu' co-opHi'ation of coal-owners, bankors, .tc. 
 asa coiniiaiiy— 7'iiws, 20 .Sept. ; aehiMim favour- 
 ably nvHivwl at a conference i.. Newrastlo-oii- 
 Tyiie, .\ov. ; sir George Blliot. originally a pi:- 
 lail, Kradnaliy ros" through liis (jrejit abilities 
 tn bea wealthy proprietor ; ilieil, a^eil 78. 21 Dee. ,, 
 ■Joint conferenee of masters ami men al West- 
 minster to eonsi'ler the lormation t)f a b').ir<l of 
 conciliation; the sele.ition of ,1 ehaiiinui re- 
 ferreil to the speaker of the hon.se of eoiunions 
 
 i.i Djc. ,, 
 The increase of 5 per cent, recently (jranlieil t ■ 
 Northuiriberland miners raised to /i per cent. 
 
 ij .Ian. 1894 
 Miners' conciliation board: 2nd nnetiii;,' in Lon- 
 don, 15 .Tan. : lord Shand noniitialed 'airman 
 by the speaker, lejiurted 26 .Ian. ; at;* ■ .1 id at :i 
 ini'otiiiK 14 Fel). ; 4th meeting'; loro .Sliand 
 present; rnlesailopted . . . j April, ,, 
 Wa.L^es to be reduced 10 poi' cent, from i Aiif^. i.Siu 
 to I Jan. 1896; settle 1 at a meetiiif; of tlie con- 
 ciliation board 19 .Inly. ,, 
 
 Strike of aiiont 5.000 in the Wij;an district r An^'. ,, 
 
 ■Great strike of Scoteli miners (at)ont 6^,o<>i) l)e;^an 
 
 26 .lune; nejiotiations fail; conti'ilintions for 
 
 their snpport from the British miners' fedTi- 
 
 tion received ; work grailn.ally resnmed : end of 
 
 the strike 22 Oct. ,, 
 
 S. Wales coal trade .slidiiiK-.scale, .arransement, 
 
 settled for 18 months ... 28 .March, 1805 
 ■Coal Mines Regnlatioii Act of 1887 amended 1894 ; 
 
 and 1896. 
 <3oal stiifies: see Tni'^d .s'/.i/«, April —Inne, 1894. 
 Earl of Durham sells his colli(M-ies. sliiiipin;;, etc., 
 CO. Dnrhani, to Mes.srs. .loieey .and Co. ; re|ioited, 
 
 2j Miy. i39'j 
 "London Coal combinatinn : 8 lirms form .1 coni- 
 
 pany, headed by Wic. CiH'y and ^ion . .S"pl. ,, 
 Death of Mr. Win. Armstrong', .■i},'ed. 8); ?ninin.' 
 
 etc'i M-. " Father of the I'oal trade " j Nov. ,, 
 
 "t)nr Coal resources," by Edw. Hull; pnblishe.l 18^7 
 Discussion respeetiii;,' tlieontpnt of I'oal Dei'. ,, 
 
 The use of dangerous p,.x|ilosives i]| coal mines pr 
 
 hiliiteil ; order issued 
 
 Uniteii States, iq8,25o,ixx) 
 
 April, 1898. .See SlriLes 
 
 tons ontp.it i 
 
 De.r. „ 
 1 1897. 
 April, 1898 
 
 A(:ciDKNT.:.— About iixx) lives 
 explosion and accidents in mines, 
 lost: 1S78, 1413: 1879, 973 lost; 
 •954 lost ; 1882. 1T26 lost "'' 
 iSJs, 1150 h.st ; 1886, 9 
 
 are lost annually by 
 
 (185676). 1877,' 1208 
 
 i38o, 1318 lost ; 1881, 
 
 1883. 1034 lo.st ; 1884, 942 lost ; 
 
 3; 1887, 995; 1888, 338; 1889, 
 
 i.iio; 189.1, r,2o6; 18)1, i.ojo; i8gli, 1,025; 1897, q^o 
 <i374 84. 11,165 deaths ; 2562 due to (•>:p|osioris ; 86oj 
 <l»e 10 otliT cans.'s. sir K A. Ahl, 18 .Voe. 18S5.) 
 More men employed than f u'uu'rly, consequently more 
 
 '' 'Ithsat e.tplosicms(i886). Pits dec|)er than formerly. 
 
 Du-t as well as after-damp causes lixplosion.s. 
 
 D; 1858, by explosirns in coal-mines, 52 iiersons perished 
 .at Bardsley ; 20 at Diilfryn, near Newpi-rt ; 52 at 
 Tyldeslcy, m'ar Leeds ; and about j6 in (litfere:;t parts of 
 the country. 
 
 1859--5 .^inil, 26 lives were lost at the chain collieiv, 
 near Neath, thron:,'h thi! irruption of water. 
 
 1860-76 lives were lost on 2 .March, at liurradon. lie ir 
 ■Killiii},'woitli ; i..; .it lie' Hisi'a mine, near Newpo t, 
 Moil., I Dee. : aie.. 22 at the Uetton mine, Northumber- 
 land. 20 D 
 
 I86I 
 
 'in the Claycrosa mines, Derbyshire 
 
 85 lives were lost at Lalle c'oal-iniii' 
 1861. 
 
 1862—47 '!'■'''' were lost at Oetliin mine, Merthyr 
 Tydvil, S. V/.iles, 19 Feb. ; at W.ilker, in'ar Newi'asti.- 
 ■on-Tyne, 15 lives losi, 22 Nov. ; Edninnd's .Main 
 Barnsley, 60 lives lost, 8 Dei'. 
 
 1863— n lives lost at (,'oxbridKe, Mcir Newcastle 
 •6 March ; v) lives lost at Marram. .S. Wales. 17 Oct 
 lives I0.1l at llae.siei., .S. Wales, 26 Dee. 
 
 1865—6 lives U)st lit t'layeross, 3 ,Ma.'. a at New 
 
 n :it 
 
 Dedwellty pit, near Tiedcgar, 16 .luno ; expl, 
 Ucthin mine, Merthyr Tvdvil, 30 lives lost, 20 De 
 
 1866 ^Explosion lit Hij,dibrook colliery, ne.lr Wi-n 
 f..iiie:isliirc, ah.iiit jo lives lost. 23 .Ian. ; at lliil;ii,iri,i 
 near Ashton. 37 lives lost. 14 .June; at I'elto,, |.',. 
 eollh ly, near Durham, about 24 lives lost. 31 ijn , 
 o.iks eolliery, lloyle-mili, near Uarnsley, il,,,,,! '„ 
 lieisons kill.'d. 12 Dee. ; 28 searchers killeil (iii.iu 'iV. 
 Mr. I arkm •'elleoek. iiiinin- engineer) by fresh explusi.i,r 
 H De.'. ; at lalke-of-the-hill, Staflordshire, ulLeit L 
 persons perish, 13 Dec. ' " *>» 
 
 1867 -Explosion at O.irswood coMiery. near Ht II,.|, ,,' 
 
 14 liv.'s lost. 29 All},'. : Sh.inkhoiis liiery, (.'ramlii, .i„„' 
 
 Noithumberlaiid, Hooded, i man drowned i Nov I 
 plosion at Fernd.ilc collieiy, Kliondda vdlev, (ilanior.i,, 
 slurc, about 178 lives lost: attributed to'iiaked li.;?,!" 
 
 (For still more fatal accidmits, see lAindhiV .|,,,i 
 
 It'UtlOfj.) ' '"" 
 
 47 lives lost in a mine near .lemniapes, netdm 1 ,• 
 Aug. 1868. " " '' '' 
 
 1S68. l-kplosions : at Oreen pit, near RimI,,,,, ,, 
 persons khie.l. jo Sejil. ; at Arley mine, llindl.v-.-i'e,. , 
 mar Wigaii, 62 kiMed, 26 Nov. ; at Norlcy mine"- 
 Wi,'an. abmit 7 killed, 21 Dei'.; at Haydiiek 
 near St. Uidi'ii's, 26 deaths, 30 Dec. 
 
 1869. Urierly jiit, near 8tonrbrids,'e, inundateil „ 
 ...::!'"h. many lost; -some rescn.'d, an •., Mini 
 E.vplosions at llinlibrook eollierv, near Wi'.in ' -ii „ o 
 y persons perislu'd, 1 April; at Ferndare eeili,.,'. 
 Id.imorg.msliire, about 60 lost, 10 .Inne; llavd.iek i,i" 
 St. lleien's. about 58 lost,2i .Inly; Mo.ss (JoalL'onini, ,': 
 pit, near lliiidley, about 30 lost, 22 Nov. ' ' ' 
 
 1870. Explosions -at Silverdale eollierv, Stalfenlshe' 
 19 killed, 7 ,Iiily ; l.lansamlet, near Swansea, ,q m..{ 
 2 1 .Inly; Hrynn-lmll. near Wi-an, about ii/ Kl ,5 
 
 1871. Explosions, Ilcnisliaw park colliery, Eekiii-i,,,, 
 ne.ir ShelHel, 27 killed, ,0 .Ian.; IViitVe . [j ''v' 
 Uhon Ida valley 38 kiilid 24 Feb : Victoria, ne.ir ",', 
 Naie, Monmouthshire, about 19 killed, 2 Mareli M 
 Fits, near Wigaii. 70 killed. 6 .Sept. ; Orisons, Detmir 
 30 killed, 27 Sept. : Gelly pit, Aberdare. 4 killed . , 
 
 5 Oct. .4 "11.. 
 
 eollienus, 
 
 I' 
 
 8 
 
 llt'.ir 
 
 : Kreiil 
 
 eliiiiv. 
 
 '11' et buir',.. 
 
 27 Sept 
 Sealiam, ju killed, 25 
 
 1872. Evplosions-Idvnvi v.illev near Ibid .,.„ 1 
 
 killed, ,, .Ian. ; lilaek iaki lieiv, S St'll e'd J i, 
 
 killed, (through carelessness), 23 Ian. ; Morley ni,i 
 Dewsbury and Leeds. 7 Oct. about 34 deiths ■ 
 carelessness and bad discipline ; Uaiiisniine V 
 6kille.|,6.Vov, ; Moneeaux, department of San 
 about ,8 killed, 8 Nov. : I'el.sall hull, Wal.sal! ■ih„„. 
 drowned by influx of water Ironi ,111 old working, ,/x„" 
 
 1873. Explosion at T.iike colliery, N. Stall'orlsl'iii'e Ceil 
 and Iron Compnny's works, about 20 killed ,0 p,,, 
 Driiinmimd ,.o||i,.ry, Nova .Scotia, explosion' ,,",1 ;, ' 
 about 75 pcnshed, ,3 May: Shamokin, l'e„,,svlva ,' 
 
 eidiie^^.t'Nov."'"'""^""^""^ '■"""■'■■ " '^C: 
 
 1874. E.vplosions-Astley pit, Dukiidleld, nciir M„„ 
 ehe.ster, 54 killed, (attributed to gross ignorane,. '„ ' 
 palde eaieles.snes.s), ,4 April ; Saw-mills pit, ne.ir Win 
 iskill'."!. 18. Inly; llawmar.sh eollierv near l!,,!!,,.,:,' 
 explosion t irougli naked lights, aboni, 23 killed, 20X1 ■' 
 
 iignall b.all eolliery, near Dudley, sUlfonlshiV 
 llUled, 24 Dei!. 
 ,'?,75- Kx sions -Aldwarke M.iiii, near H..tlii.||,,i,, 
 
 ?.'"'"''•■ 5;',"i',- • I ""'•'■>■' ''■'■■^•' l>"<ll''y,4l<illi" 6. 1 
 
 Uiinkers Hill, North Slairordshire, (th:'„ir.h 1 .m n' 
 powder fuze), t, deaths, 30 April; l)onnini,d,m' w" ', ' 
 Shropshire, 11 killed, n ,Sepl. ; Ashton Vale near l),d' 
 nmister 4 killed, 7 <)ct. ; llaigli, near Wigiiii', .\\,vm\u 
 
 pit (:'";'i; cut with desi ling cages), 7 killed, , 11,,. • 
 
 '1 Dnllryn, New Tredegar, 22 killed, 4 De,- I.l,,,.' 
 
 Fentyrch. (naked light), ,2 k 1 ^ ' ' "' 
 
 17 
 
 oily. 
 
 ill Fnnce, in Oid. 
 
 ■ June, .. lives were lost through an in'mdation 1 ,;utH:rn™'fe, 6 kllh.ih'D^iS^^ 
 
 ' '^""'"fV ii™'- Mima, Delgium, atimit no kiile I, ,4 p,, 
 
 1876. Explosions-Talke, North Stallordsliire, , kill,, 
 5 Jan. ; St. Etienne, France, about 30 killed, 4 W 
 llirlcy, near .Slicllleld, 6 killed, 26 .luiie ; Aliertilk 
 M.mnnmtlishire, 17 killed, 18 Dee. 
 
 1877. Explosions, hi'. -Stonehill, near llolton, .linml 
 
 im 1 I.-,' '.',!'■,■, ";"''''^' '^'''''''' '"■"■ li"ltnii, abmt ,0 
 killeil, 7 I'cb. : lyldesley, near lloUoii, 7 killed, 6 Mar. j, 
 .\ew I :.rce^ter pit, H-,v,ii„ea, t3 or 19 kiiiid, 3 .M.ir. 1. i.'- 
 uwlr lit— lynewydd mine, near I'oiitv|iridd, ,1 Wal.'> 
 sevuraldn-reea, II April, several rescued by excavatiiJii 
 
 t a 
 
 ''■y. 
 
 near 
 
 14 
 
 "I'JwufP'""!"-'^""" 
 MbfHMciltth, 2a Ai,ri\ ■ M 
 
 iMilpahle negligence, af(..r 
 King Fit, Fcnil«.,ton m 
 (iiieludii.gMr. Walker'tli. 
 ,itteiii|iting rescue) I, o,.f 
 Mi'.1»r.s. DLxon's jiits, .iboi 
 Kirliy, near Barnsley, r„,„ 
 i3''8. Exjdosions ' &,. _ 
 .March; Kilsyth, Htirlingsl 
 M.m'h; Kearsley, ,„.,T, J 
 
 March; Apeilale, near t'hcs 
 30 ]ieri8lieil, 27 .March • W, 
 
 di«;k, nearWigan, alKuit i 
 \alecoliery, Abercariie , 
 mmitlishire, about 268 oiit , 
 1879. Explosions, Ac — 
 (ila'iieiganshire, .'ibout Vi- 
 
 l)i;<;|i"|'it, near W,',ke/icl,r 
 lelheiy, Snydale, i,,.:,,- w', 
 'a;!P broke, 8 killed, 7 M-o 
 sliiic: ihain broke, 6 kill',. 
 I'lillieries, Dixon & (•,, o 
 j<ilvci',lale N. Wtallordshirc 
 l,hv,vd, Ebbw Vale, Monni 
 Slieillicath, near Wolveil', 
 Siowerefts, Kearslcy, near I 
 18S0. Explosiinis, i,. _ 
 iimlcr-Lynie, about 7, ',1,,. 
 (France), about 20 dejitlis ,' 
 .Vi'ivpoit, Moil., about i'm 
 iioarSiiiulerland, DiirliMn, ,, 
 '•™;''*-™f»..'°U"-'risi;cd, 
 1881. Lxplosums.-Wliiiii, 
 fenl, -.0 killed, 7 Feb. ■ Hanle 
 killi'il, 21 .Nov. ; Cockerill coil 
 .itait 9 Dec. ; Ahram collie 
 Unslieil, i9l)ec. (,3exp:«.,i,,i 
 m. Evplosions-Coedlae, 
 
 '■'■.'*• 'J"'" Grange colh 
 
 lllaiiia, .Monmouthshire 5 , 1,..,, 
 Fi.|i('t'liOii.ses, Durham, fafl,, /'si, 
 14 .March; Tudlioe eollierv iv. 
 I'*'. -8 Aiu'il, West sf, 
 'St, .9 April; |„,,, i^,J^^l 
 li.iveii,4killcd. 25 Aiu'il; Uaxi 
 :'".'"'. """vii'kshii'P, abimt ,-, 
 .iiiacelliery, Brantclilf .AloilV. 
 .>l.ij;aiycrn.ss, above 45, i|..,i|'i 
 i383. Kxplosions.-Wiiarm.li 
 1 .1, 17 deaths, 19 ((,.t. . K„i, i 
 
 .\.-'wi'.istle-iindcr.Lymc, 22 (Jc 
 
 MrAcTriiigton, Lancashire, al 
 
 ■ 84. fcxplosioi.s, &c._ciaf . 
 
 "ales; rii|ie broke- eaL'c f, ii 
 
 '"'"'I'lJ;' > 'ii.'y, (iian,;,?^„ 
 
 J™lK.b,n.;,Vchi„\o,/;;^ 
 
 'M™,i,.M„ravia, about';, icatl 
 C"llier>-,ncarSt„kc-o„.Tn',t CI,! 
 
 t;'«-.-si.riiig ahont „;;:,:;,;« 
 
 '*\^;}^:'l!!>^i::u',Tt^ 
 
 >ia;^ycem;;^^p!;;,;-;v^i «4' 
 *i,.9tl;we;f^;,;r,*^'"^;;; 
 
 l'«,.27.M:lri'h; Wood., ,,' 
 
 ««t iWi. S.W. Laii,.,H ., 
 
 "?^Mi::;':;i:;:;n\.:dSii 
 
 m, f.iiir ki ed x, ■ ■ ."^H ""' '■ 
 " taths, 2 Dec • iV ; r '■"""■' 
 
 ''r^''i-; ^Nied'J;.";^;?:;,,; 
 
 ^"*"■v^-';:u'^^,^;!m^';:^l'^ 
 
COAL. 
 
 aftt'r ten dnys' imnnsmim,.,,. . 
 
 J(ft..^./«M/,,,.„AV;i Mr Tui'nn' 1'"'""" """"■». -"<> 
 kniK I'lt, ('..riil„.it..,i i,,. „• w ' ' '''••n'l^ 17 Miiv - 
 (i"Hu,Ii,,gMr. «-.lk,.!:t • ,„^S' ;'''V"' 33 KHsIm.,! 
 .ii™iain«r.wc.u.;,,(),.t . I," '*'i •''''''"'• ''^^ 
 [.■.s.sr.H. Uix„„'s i./tH, al,ov; ,«*;''';■'.','">■;■'■• >'"!' (ilMS„.,„.t 
 
 ff^^«K?Si;ri-^;^^^ - 
 
 257 
 
 "■'"'I''' .M .VrivcistI, 
 
 'M8. .St. ll,.|,.,rsn,||i 
 
 l(,.st 
 
 "'■iKiiiin, 2, liv, 
 '889, ll.v.l,., 
 
 a, Mh,'v'' ^3 I"'ii-li, .a May; 
 
 '(; ApHi;-A);;.;\::;n;;;;,";^,^;;;«t;;".ai>u,,, 30 lives 
 
 16 iiiiiniiic 
 ...4.1 I'l'iislii..] 
 
 m.iiith.sliire, (ll.out ;.68 oilt'of '^8';' ',' ','•"."' ,''*'''»'l''''i'', 'iU 
 
 s>l.t. 
 
 I"l. fi iMJlis t.'iilii 
 
 s ••'■il.v : S,,|||,.,,„. 
 , 8 ,s.,,.,. . ,. 
 
 , X. 
 
 IMI-V- 
 
 <l,lf- 
 
 I2. Kv|.l,,sint,s_(', '. """""■"' 99 lives). 
 
 .879. E.v,,l„.si„„s, A-, l.ni'°f '"■' »"-l. >. fSei.t. 
 IM;.P ■ lut, iirar \Vak,.|i,.l,r, J ' , ' '-\,-''"' •■ " I),-,:, 
 
 ■oge broke, 8 kill,.il, , M v ' ' ''"'"' "f '''■^'■.■ii.li.H^ 
 
 shire; .•huiii l.r„ke, e'km' '' ' 'r'"'"' 'il^>n„„; .t 
 
 ollieries, Dixon & Cu 's knt ' ""'' • "'i-';' HlMiit'',. 
 
 Slmill„N,th. near Woh'.y '''''' ''• J l^"!"!. ^' 
 
 ....■,w.»,Kear4"':™:" ::!;:;:'• ';,!::;'-'. -^ 
 
 .«8o. Exi,l(wi„ns, i,. ^,„', V ''''"'■'■ ^5 I'f.-. 
 iiiulcT-Lynie, nli(,i,t „ ■,l,..,,i: ' "' "™ XeivcastI 
 
 N>»T(.rt, .M,.„., al,o,,t 'o ;i, . t ; ''"^ 
 
 ii™rsua,..rla„,|, l,„ri,anr.fir , ,]'' 
 friii.', S. Wale.s, 10, ilmlsI ,.,,', ' 
 
 .88.. L\t,Io8ion.s.-VVh ,,■,.? iT- 
 for,!, :o kill,.,!, 7 F.O • ;,''"'"',;:'■>■• •■'"■II 
 am, 2, Xov. V c„,.k,.,'ill . H,' • "'•'""'•''"Iniv 
 
 .iliout 9 " 
 
 H rished 
 
 .382. Kv|.l,^sioris_cV.|'i',',.''ri' """* '" '^^ "'■'■■'*'- 
 
 nF.I.;Trinnl,MKJr.an„",; ;,f;.'''''"''W'.'i^l.i.v,f, IJVe.s, 
 ltlaiim,MnMm..iith.sl,in.%,i,. I,; ' 'iJ"-"--^"-<l, 16 Kel, . 
 
 u Maul, ; T.„ll„„. ,.„i|ier\ \V ' mU ',* '^« ii'M'ii.s-'.,.,! 
 ■.^, .8 April: ttVst i^ .■,,:""•,'""'■""• 37 livv.s 
 ■*t, ,9A,,n; l"i-.l l...ns,l ,-•,.„';■""• '3 Hvv.s 
 
 ;t"..MVarwi,.ksllire,'„l„;nrVV ? \"T' 'V '^""■>- 
 
 Ma^ Claj^ross, al.nve ^5 .ieatl s, ^ x„ r'"''^' 7 kiHe-l, , 
 iJSj, l--M'liisinns.^^wi,arri,-liti. 
 ey, ,7,leathH, .? (..■t. ; Ka ''.;'',''';''■"■ "'■'"■ Ii.-.".«- 
 
 waiAciTiNKtdii, Lane; Shi,-,. .?] ' /'"' i-'H'M 
 
 1S5. E.V|l|ll.si,llls, i^p — |T,.„.,„.ii 
 
 yi..:al..ut 4. ,i;atl,« 2 m, .'/', 
 Nurtrfick, al,..ut ,40 iim-is ' 
 
 onllim- n,.arSt„kf.ni,.T,v,f s,i .^;, 
 
 •'1 ; liiiilcv, Ah.,l,l,. V 11, ,7r,J"nsli, g.,o ^' ' 
 
 ■;i»^i.voHiii,TV i-I,,.,' V ,v^i s*"^.',;','i. 9 k,ii,.,,,-\o J,;;, 
 
 'II, i-'vaiK 
 \ S ;■• ■'',«'"'•'''' '''"i-'lvf Vi'v ;'•''■■"■'■ !"''i»>le.l. 
 
 . X 
 
 "V. 
 
 '"Ill, f(.lli|.|-y; 
 
 ■'■>. -i" A|„i|; (■n||i,,,;'';,';,,;/'y,7r'l"''l_iiea,ly 
 
 -'6 
 lia, 
 el 
 
 alimit 
 
 44 'li'atlis, 
 
 ';;;;;'|..iia,,,,,,™;^:,-'-^'4|;;:i^;}.n;,a'/:iii.,,f^^ 
 
 14 liec 
 '89.). 
 ^7 
 
 1<'II«I, ..(-.Jan 
 ■7 ilcalhs. 2.1 
 
 '89.). Explosions *,. _K-,„ 
 
 "lli,'|-y, 
 \'. 
 
 ..N, . ■ ■ --• ''"II- ; 
 'M-"xim,, alK.iit ,, 
 
 "i»i' Ti-cleKar, ,4 
 
 ii';iii- X'-w,-a.stle.„n. 
 •';;i"l'l'a.,s,.„, „,,,„. 
 
 -- Man-i, • K,,,,,,, 
 
 ■■■-.' ," I'm, V 
 '■"ll.<c-l,litt iliil,,-, 
 
 kill 
 
 '"'"'.'=; ■M:iM;r;-^::,!:;:i^;--;i;;:;j;:-Aj^^^ 
 
 '>''sf Uisl'i, .s.w' , 
 'J Aug.; l)«li„i„st,.r 
 
 , i>r Hi-rlimil , 
 
 I.a,„-a,sl,ir,., ,.xpi„si„„ 
 
 V*Pt.:Snl,alk,., ,„ ttV 1 ila « , ■^""^'r'^' 3 k"',-,! 
 
 "lira IS, 2 (i|.| ■■r,,,,, >• AltiiJts a,- W|,L-,.,i.,, . 
 
 ^«li, .Mr I- ki„' /,""""" '-"'lifi-y n.-ar As v ' '' 
 
 1*1. f'liir ki ,,1 \v,V .^''""» '•"lii'-ry, n,.ar IN , V 
 
 IM7. li!(liln.s iiiis ,!.,.■ V , 1 ^ • 3" D'-c. 
 '1^- l"st. ,s K.|,. 
 
 ' ""iii.l, G,.,-,„a„y, tlre,U,, ■ '1.,; H?'''^' •• '"Iv: 1",: ! 
 
 ^'■^'^•i^^''';r';;;^;,*v'''^'™--X:::;'i;f^ 
 
 Ai'-;.i -^lio?,'?' ,il s'tC? !^V "^"'-i^ ' ihe 
 ai>;;:it 286, i,.,„i,i,ij ,;',',„;.""'" '"""t.vi'ii'i.i. .^. w,,i,lr 
 
 Kav n,anaK,r. a,,,] ',, I .iJ'Vm, 1''"" J''<iirh..st,.r' mV 
 
 t'6 ,,..-,t|,s, 30 A|„il ;' n.|. ,-'•,, ' ^'•"■'•'■-V. M..,-,r ;,,.,."' 
 AMi\ hrai,..,., 25,l,.,-|!,s , 1, ,,„ 'v'" ',<''''I"'Ml,.. ruM,- 
 
 '.897- Expl,,si„„', .v,...',t' i,';.!|.',';.''..',."l"'rtnl, 20 1,,.,. 
 
 I";" Ilk, l."ic,.st,.|-sl,ir<. 
 
 iSq8, W 
 li.-.illi.s, 
 M ili'atli 
 
 . !7j";",'""'"'' 
 
 .'5 Miiy. 
 
 See M 
 
 JIlHI.S.. 
 
 'ymntg, ,895 
 
 IM?- li!(pln.si„„s &,. V , ,""'^''' 3" I),-.'. 
 
 '1'^ '"(.8,-/ i'l ''• "'''''il-"!!.'! .V 4, o,, 
 
 iS''''-^<inK'»t;',t,,,-:j\!:;r;;;t;'''"'''''«'''-i 
 ."'""""K.I I'.'iu-iii.^i ,,'."; '•>• ■^''■- ■'. It. 
 
 l'l".\'''l ihiii,l,,a,linn ,,., I ,,,''' ",! ""■ ""•" •'"i- 
 
 ■34', 
 
 
 
 '4L l,"-W 
 
 4 ^* f 
 
 'f»P!#f!< 
 
 i^-i 
 
 
 4 
 
 4f 
 
 ir^i 
 
 ^p) 
 
 
H' 
 
 •Wfc> f • ' 
 
 1 
 
 ml i 
 
 W' 
 
 ' 1 
 
 ! 
 
 i:<l 
 
 !i' '1 
 
 
 COAL DHES. 
 
 250 
 
 COCOA. 
 
 foniicil liy ail in't nf liniliaini'iit 111 1843, liisti'il 
 
 till 1856. wli II tlip iii:iL-(nvin'r» tliciiiselvus esta- 
 
 bli.slu'il ;i u'Iiiit)iiiit' otiici*. 
 
 COAL -DUES, on mal on'tring the port of 
 Louden I'oi' ini'tiifje iirp nicntinni'd in 1444. The 
 right of the CoriKiniliiai to 4-/. jior chuUroii wiiscs- 
 tablialiod in 151)1. 'I'hc iuiioiiiit of tho tax and the 
 term of levyiiiir it have brcn freiiiiently ehangid 
 since l(>q.\.' In !8;i, the tax was directed to be 
 levied on all coals enlering London by water or 
 railways, to be legiilatcd by weight aiul not by 
 measare. Thi' lax of ij'A per ton by the act of 
 1868 extended to 5 July, i88q. The' receipts in 
 1885 nnioiinied to "440, ,54,5/. Latterly the money 
 has'been expended on extensive City improvements. 
 
 uih discnssiiin on the snbject, 18^7-9. 
 An act for tla' al)"liti.>ii of tlicse dues rcci'ivod tlie 
 
 royal assent .Iiilv, i8Sg. rnvisiciii was iiiadc fur tlic 
 
 continuance of tlicse.iiM'saiinfliiM- year to enable (lie 
 • corporatliiii tn pay deUts due for the Holborii Viaduct 
 
 and various city impiovements. They ceased 5 .Uily, 
 
 1890. 
 ■COAL TAR, ?ee T^n- and II,,koIc. 
 
 COALTTIOXS AGAIXST Fr.VXCE gencnUly 
 - arose throu<;h Eiigbind subsidising the great powers 
 of the continent. See Treiitirs. 
 Austria, ^l■lls:^ia and Great Britain .... 1793 
 Great Urilaiii, Ueiniaiiy, liussia, Naples, Portugal, 
 
 ajid Turkey, signed .... 22 June, 1799 
 Great Dritain, Hiissia, .\ustiia. and Najiles, 5 Aug. 1805 
 Great Biitaiii. Hiissia, I'riissia, ami Saxony, 6 Oct. 1806 
 Biiglaad and Au-tria .... 6 April, 1809 
 Russia and Pru.-^ia ; the treaty ratilieil at Kaliseli 
 
 17 .Maieli, 1S13 
 
 COALTTIOX MINISTRIES, see Ahn-dcen^ 
 Giriin'l/e J J., rcllnnn. I'ortlaiiff, and SiiUshm-ii, TIT. 
 
 COAST GUARD. In 1856, tlie raising and 
 governing this body was transferred to the ad- 
 miralty. A coast brigade of artillery was establislied 
 in Nov. l8!;o. — Coast Volvxtekus, see tindi'r 
 Nani nf Fjihhii«1. The importance of electric coast ^ 
 communication in time of stm-ms, i:c,, was iniieji ; 
 discussed in 1892. .V royal commission on the \ 
 subject met 18 ,Iiine. 1802,' see Lii/lithoiisrs. Good 
 results from electric conimnnications, reported Oct. 
 1892, sec Ilii(h(i])hui,i\ \ 
 
 COASTING TRADE of Great Britain thrown 
 . open to all nations by 17 Viet. e. 5, 1854. i 
 
 COBALT, a rare mineral f miid among the veins ' 
 of ores, or in the fissures of stone, at an early date, 
 in the mines of ( ■ rnwall, wliere the workmen call 
 it mnndic. ITitl. It was distinguished as a metal i 
 by Branilt, in 173,^ 
 
 COBDEX CLUB, instituted to spread and 
 develo]) Cobden's luinciples; held first dinner, 1 
 "W. E. Gladstone in tlie chair, 21 .Inly, i,S(i6. The j 
 statue of Richard t'obdeii. at Camiicn Town, was : 
 Inaugurated. 27 Juin, l8f.8. 12 out of 14 cabinet 
 ministers were iiieiiibers July, 18S0. 
 At a meetln:.' of tlio eluh, u May. 1690, eail (iniiville in 
 
 the eliair. ,111 .eldie,,.. was pies.'nti'd to .Mr. T. li. 
 
 Potter, i'li,iiiiuan for .'4 years, and .Mr. W. E. Glarl- 
 
 itoiie ga\ e a discoiiise op I'ri'c trade. 
 
 COBURG, see S,(xe-C<,h,trg. 
 
 COCA, a ]iowcrfiil narcotic existing in the /;>//- 
 <A(/.)7//ri»r/.,c('.tiSoiith.\meriean plant known in 1580; 
 men taking a little of tliis aie enalded to endure 
 hard labour witlioiit any food for six or seven days 
 and niehts. Dr. .Mantega/za's ]irize essay in 
 German wa- luibli^hed at Vieinia in 1849. Cocaine, 
 an aniestlietic obtained from this plant, said to be 
 very ctheai ions in opiitiialmi,: and oilier delicate 
 purgiciil openitions in 1884, | 20,.(4;,.59I 
 
 I COCCEIANS, a snuiU sect founded by Joim 
 
 Cocceiiis, of Bremen, in the seventeenth century. 
 
 I He held, amongst other opinions, that of s visible 
 
 i reign of Christ in this world, after a general I'oii. 
 
 version of the Jews and 'ill other people to the 
 
 Christian faith. lie died in 1665. 
 
 COCKEREL (near Evreux, N. W. Franc.). 
 Here Bertrand ilu Gnesclin defeated the kin? tf 
 Navarre, and took prisoner the captal de Biicli, ib 
 >Iay, 1364. 
 
 COCHIN (India), lield bv the Portuguese, i cqj • 
 by the Dutch, 1663 ; by Hyder Ali, 1776 ; takeii by 
 the British, 1796; ceded to them, 1814. 
 
 COCHIN CHINA, previously provineo nf 
 Annam, was ac(|uired by the French in 1^1:14,2 
 and tlieir sovereignty recognized by treaty, 25 Aii",' 
 1884; liy China, () June. 1885. ropulation, i88c 
 I.792.033- Cajiital, Saigon • jiopulatinn, ln,,!;' 
 17,235. Lieut. -gov. J[. Ducos (1895). See Lidll 
 
 VlilllH. 
 
 COCHINEAL INSECT {Coccm c„cU), ,ic. 
 
 riving its colour from feeding on the cactus, became 
 known to the Spaniards soon after their eoniiui -t of 
 Mexico in 1518. Cochineal was brought to ij,],,],,, 
 about 1523, but was not known in Italy in j-.s 
 although the art of dyeing then tlourisficd tli'eie' 
 In 1858 it was cuitivafed successfully in 'reiieritle 
 the vines having (ailed through disease. 2(10,000 iw' 
 of cochineal wei-e imjiortcd into England in ix^g' 
 1,081,77(1 1'''^. i'l '''^45; 2.3rx),ooo lbs. in i.s'-,,' 
 3.034.97^' !'«• i'l '«.S9: 47.^JO cwt, in 1S70; umi 
 32,094 cwt. m 1877; 27,952 ewt. in 1879; 3n,o(- 
 cwt. in [881 ; 21,440 ( wt, m 1883; io,oS(y cwt, in 
 1887; 7,808 cwt. in 1890; 4,471 cwt. in iSoj. 
 5,697 cwt. in 189G. The use of cochineal \v,\> been' 
 much replaced by the coal tar eoloui's. lliitvrp, 
 pealed 1845. 
 
 COCKER'S ARITHMETIC. EdwardCoder 
 an eminent penman, born 1631, died 11)75, compilfii 
 a book which first appeared in 1677, edited bv John 
 Hawkin 
 
 COCK FIGHTING, practised bv the Grcck.s 
 was brought by the Ueniansinto England. Williim 
 Fitz-Stephen,'in the reign of Henry IL, describes 
 cock-fighting as the siiort of sdiool-boys on .Slireve^ 
 Tue'day. It was prohibited bv I'Jdwa'rd HI. ni,-- 
 by Heiiry VUL; and by Cromwell, 11)53, ami 
 latterly in 1849. I'art of the site of Driiry-laii,. 
 theatre was a cmk-pit in the reign of .lames f. ; rinl 
 the Cock-pit at Whitehall wascrecled liy diaries \\ 
 Formerly there was a Ojck-pit- Uni/al in St. Jrnn.s', 
 Park; but the governors of Clirist's llospilal \v,y,].\ 
 not renew the lease for the building. Cock-li,L;litiiii,' 
 is now forbidden by law. On 22 .\pril, ifflj;, ^j 
 persons were fined at -Marlborouith-strcet in'ii'iii-. 
 olhce, for being iireseiit at a cock-fight, li »-.,} 
 popular in New 'i (irk, 187^. 
 
 COCK-LANE GH( isT, an 
 
 tised by William Parsons, his « ■ 
 
 by means of a female veiitriliKiuisl 
 
 1761, at No. T,\, Co(.k-iane, London, was at li'iit'tii 
 
 detected, and the parents were cdiideniiieil to tlit 
 
 pillory and imprisonment, 10 July, 1762, 
 
 CfJCOA <ir Cacao, tlie kernel or seed of TIkh. 
 brnitid aiciin (Linn.), was iiitrodueed into this 
 country shortly afti'r th^' discovery of .Mexico, where 
 it is an artie'le of diet. From 'eoi'oa is jirnilii.tj 
 chocolate. The cocoa imported into the riiitnl 
 Kingdom, eliielly from the Diilish West Indies ami 
 Guiana, was in 1849, 1,989,477 lbs.; in |N^:, 
 7.343458 lbs.; in igi.r. f),o8o.288 !!:s.; in i.sfi!, 
 10,308,298 11)8.; hi 1870, 14,793,950 Ihs.; in |,V!,, 
 
 imiiosition prik- 
 
 ' , and daiifilitiT, 
 
 during rixianj 
 
 in 1877 
 
 ■,n5'j.3()4 lbs. ; in i,S7j, 
 
 COCOi\ 
 
 26,ii;5,78SlI,s. • in ,i 
 27i352,.S'>8n)s. ; i„ , 
 32,9.*'?,oo5 lbs. ; in If. 
 
 COCOA-NITT T] 
 
 supplies the Indians v. 
 bread, wafer, wine, 
 honey, sugar, iieedb's, 
 basins, baskets, jiaper,' 
 iige, nails, coverim' 1 
 In .Sept. i82f), .Mr."S( 
 lirocurmg ste.irine am 
 It is said that 52 tons 
 ill II month fmni tiies 
 «ori;s, Lambeth. 
 
 CODES, see La,m 
 
 (irst collected the Itonia 
 Scrvius Sulpieius, the 
 ibout S3 B.C. T),e (^,. 
 x'odes were published ; 
 v'oik' commenced by or 
 429; and published for 
 111447110 transmitled to 
 stitiJtions profiiiilgated .1 
 4(8. The celebrated cod 
 111 529-a digest from tl 
 Mi/ic/r. Alfred's code 
 :a«s, is the foundation 
 Kii»;land,887.— TheCiDp 
 ;if France, was pronml,. 
 Till' emperor eoiiMdered it 
 iiicnt. It was jirepared 
 the most eminent jurist, 
 previously existing, ■ ami j 
 countries. 
 
 .V miilerenre ofjiiiisfs an,l 
 ,iiiiiitcniation,ileode|i,.ld ., 
 
 Tlii.|iinr(;i'iiiiaii civil ,.,,.!,, .,'| 
 ira.<p.1.ssedl,y tlie,„,rlia'nie 
 
 CODEX, see under T1H 
 
 C DFISH, see 7ro//,w 
 
 COD-LIVER OIL v 
 
 remedv forchronii- rheiinia 
 !,-8.', for diseases of the li',, 
 pnilessor Hu-hes Dennett 
 treatise on cod-liver oil wi 
 1S44; in English, is^q. 
 
 ^CmwiON BILLS. 
 
 CCEUR DE LIO.V or Til 
 
 asunmmegiven to lUehard 
 «ntofhi3 courage, about ,, 
 Ull.of Iriinee, whosi.niilis 
 Mdes, and in his wars against 
 
 .COFFEE. The tree was 
 m.riibi,! to Holland about 
 tiiM est Indies in 1726. Fir 
 Mmbyth,, l),it,.h, ,'-,n ... ' 
 
 ^-'f'lni the plantations about, 
 ; • li'iich colonies now gio' 
 ' • ii-Ms a Mrm/c is traced 
 '"'■?" I'lto great repute in \,-.,|„ 
 »J!"».edthc„ec\„foK, j' 
 
 5^-.htitt^Fra,^l,',t^ 
 
 I '•'*''..':""'»-'l'' i'lto Knulaii.l |„. 
 :/ .'1,' ,',"'■"'• "■'"' "eide 
 
 I . VMf llllli,, ,.,,l|e..e IKf,,,, 
 
 ''"■■iimc,IJ,,e,,l,s.i„Oxf,':,,| ' 
 
COCOA-NUT TREE. 
 
 3^,*^A00S 11... ;' i„ iS',3ll!i;srX3" !,'r- ' "' '''»' 
 COCOA-'SUTTTivv r/- 
 
 ^;pph™ the in,ii:L\^,^^, ;;::» ;;'/;f-''. Li-m.). 
 
 breml, watci-, wi,„. vir„. ', i ''' , """>' "'''^'''. ii** 
 honey, .,>?ar, ,„.,MilA , ,H \ "■""'."•^•' '"'"<. "il. 
 ba.in8, baskets, „„ . ' ,'';'•, '■?"'• '^"1'^' ■-1"'""N 
 age, nail., c.o;e'rM/'f,''H.i;''h'''''*'' *'"'*• '""•''- 
 fn Sept. i,S2r,, U,- S. „ ' '^'"'''™. '■V'". Ji'i,/. , 
 
 It is said tl.at ?2to,s„'; i'™',"'''''''"-'i''t'>il. ; 
 in ,. month fro,'- the., ,./■,' '''"■'■ '"■''" '"•■'■I" 
 worb, Lanihoth '"^'fnals at the Holmo.it 
 
 "!;'-!M"ur/:;;„'^K'!:i;7^/::ir^ ■'■-:'-"^. hn,,,«,,t 
 
 "■"""-V -..ree-h:,u,se 'Te L Z-,. :'-'""""• 
 
 652 
 
 CODES, see r.„w., \ I f,.„„ „ . v 
 
 .bm.t53 „.cJ. Tile (U. , "; J>b"''"'.l the,,, 
 
 ^•oto were published A.l^ " o h, Ti'''"l'''.'^''' 
 coJe commenced by ,„.,i,.,. ,",' -n. ""' ihcndosia,, 
 4.'9; ">ul puMished l',„. , , , ' t,!,^'°;'"^'."^ ."■ i" 
 fn 447 he tn,ns,„i„„, to ' 1 ,', '" ""''"•'-' "' 4.?'<. 
 
 448. TheVeleb,,,u.Ie,d , ' ''^'''''^''•'' ^^'-f in 
 
 *«/«-^. Alfred's ,.„de . J: ,.,,'';■"' 5.?.^ • "■'■ 
 :n% is the I'oiindatio, ,(• , '''""' ^'^i'^tiiii;- 
 
 of Kranee, was ;,, ,„ uU.,.,,' y''""^'' t'"' 'ivil e„de 
 
 raent. It was prepan'd ,,,';'"''"'"'^' """"'- 
 the,no..t e„„„e;,t i..,-isN ' ";i,''"l"'"'^i">' '"• 
 prm(.ii.«lve.\-istins,'a„,i i.L u , -t"" -^vsteins 
 
 countries! "' ' "" '"•■<-'" ''<'"Plfd by other 
 
 A mntVren.'c ef j,„-ists ;ind |,iil,li,.i.,. , 
 
 ■ '•'Illy, l8g6 
 
 I ^ iiuisaac ., 
 
 t Cndee-hfiiises smim-,... .. 1 1 ' 
 
 -^?.::^^;;-s; H !tf-ti;e'S;.s'«- 
 
 '" ^5": s:!,35 rib '''''•"'■''''' '"'''these ;;il;;j- 
 
 » '876, I, ,61,642 ewts ■ y-'' '^3,39>.57') lbs. ; 
 
 ;;; 'fro. .,6o,:,8^ ew .:■ : «|7. '.SoS.^S. ,.,vt.s. 
 
 Ill tfB;, 1,045,69a on-ts • i ,flr^'»^"*°'''34 RWts. ; 
 ■893. 826,825 ewts. ; i, ',L r A''^* '■"■''* ; '■ 
 l;''''li''-bnn.s'es f ; . J.?,, '■'; "'"-"f I" tc, r,,,,,,„,e 
 „ " I'liblin Castle, •• iAa "'"■■""'• '^^3 : the 
 
 ""> -ports the destr„e;^\*'=-„,,-'--. '882 
 
 June, i838 
 
 "557 
 
 1676 
 1869 
 
 1S76 
 18S9 
 
 O.il 
 
 wlio had speeial eliar-e of il ",'"''"'"■>' '''"""•il, 
 househohl. Sir H, ■?• f" , ""''''" "*''■" of th, 
 Kli.abeth. I>; , ' 3 ,e omee. T ''"^''' '« 1"- 
 
 COPPLVN. 
 
 cottiiis of etd,,,' 
 
 CODEX, see „n„e,- m/,, Akx„n,!ri„„ &, 
 ( DFTSH, io-'v 7M/,„„/, ,,,- 
 
 COD-LIVEK OIL was r.L 
 
 -mH-forehronierhe,l;;i:^,/™^j;!7'li-' ^is a 
 i;!', f»r diseases of th,. In,,.,., ., ■ "'^- ,' i'i'''val ,„ 
 l-feor flushes CneUi^ tr'fi^-'-i""' ''^■ 
 
 , COEECIOX BrLL,S, see ...... ,,„ ,,„„ 
 
 Atlieniaii lu-i^oes we,-e b,i.-;,.l ■ 
 
 "'Pt'lile qualiti,;. 7W/ ,t'''''';!'l^" ^""' ""=01- 
 i"'.< «fono we,-e used bv H . I ^"'""''' »'' "'■I'-Me 
 
 ;;ajdtohavebeenb„ I' t;e';;r-,^''"^'""''-^i^ 
 '■ 'ffins liave been fo„„d i, ," ' ' «:'!''' = i""! Slass 
 01 mns were invented i, -J '." •,/';"r'^' Pi'tfu 
 comns,jdve..tsedat,,i,.,,,i,;^)i::;,,;;;';;^'t,,.etallie 
 
 ;-'"■•'- '359, io'hi^^r';:n:;;i^r 'r-'-"' 
 
 7';ii-ts, notwitlistand ,; . "'".'"^t-'!' t'"' sfcnhir 
 
 '■"V.T K-athe,e,! tojf,.the, i,^ ,L f " "''" '"'"n 
 "'• llPlniet, ti,e niireri. 1 '"• ^'"''" "f n skull 
 
 !"V'"'^"^'''"^ i '^;f.:v:7™^'»<^'■- 
 ''"'•k iwteh at the tup o( th r'^"''.'""j' into the 
 
 '^ '':'«'/i'.- .listin^uii;,^'!;:;,.!;;'-^:^^!^ -;?. ^w,i,.h 
 
 suraanie given to Ki,.h..„,r,,-;'1.!^-"RAI!TK1), , COLMBRA was n, „b. ti, • , 
 
 ^ntofl,isoo,„.a^e. abol," m!;,':'.,!:';"';"'<I. -!i -- h- Allbno, tl,e tn;;^ ji;;'!" ; '^ ''^'I!''^'! of ro,-tu.al 
 
 Klll'se u„iv,.,sitv was fi-ausfiMT,'.,! (■' "".'•^ P'"''"- 
 
 cou,ltofhlsco,iiMt,.-e, about ,„ ,. , , 
 
 nir.,.f Fi-a„ee, wh, i . 1 /f,' •""' ;''"' t" '■■■Hi' 
 
 rt<'«istr„di„sin i-2( ,,"',•,.'""' '■"•'■i"il to 
 
 nam hv tl„. l)„t,.|,, ,i,,s - ■ ,:' '' 'IHvate,! at .S,„.;. 
 «?eJin tlie plantafiot'.s a l,o, -','!. ""''V'?'' "'"•-""■- 
 
 fo !«,« a /„r,ra,„- is a.r.rto ,1 "1 "'"'•'"'■"'" ^■■ 
 «Mtito great ,-eimte i, ,■ L, V " ^ '',''''""^- ■>' 
 
 andlBiaw,! .!,„ ':... .,' 'I'll'lll l-el|,i(, about t.Kl- 
 
 to 
 
 ndMwil t!,e,„.e into j.;.,., , . ,'s '•^' "'"",'* 'Ivt; 
 
 ^'^Shtitt^f^atu'e, t;r"'^4:':;•'-■'■^e,^ 
 
 ., ':ri»:fMt ii,,iii„i ,.„„„.„ ;';^.;!; It iiHeom,,,,,,, 
 
 ^1' '"'^''j'^'i^inHlaft.Tw'Vds w ft. ,''T-'''' ^'""■"- ^'t 
 
 '.;;r''^ '""'■•''-•' ^» '3^5:' iy«a/^i; 
 
 J'-^'n; i,ltl-';-^^;;f brass n,o,,^ 
 I-vdians, whose „„„„.„'" f I'fi-ilied t,. the 
 '"thwe,-eeoi„edb !,,i,,^^ir,"' *-'"'-! ■""1 hII, 
 
 -"s an. Mae,.jl',; ,■;,.,, „''f."'"-' ■•nine,,, kno^' 
 "'""7 ;'"!>• was in u.e a' |?, ':''""">■ " ^^ i^r.ass 
 
 ™'!'^'^' 2<""<■'^ i.-ou;;,o,r;!,;!';;:";.''"W«a; 
 
 •"■^ ■: :, ..li.i till ill |||-ji.,j,, 71 .<■ "' -^lairia 
 
 ■•^"■'';:'- 'Ij'VH ,.f J(,„„, .",;!■,, if ';?■""■'/■ In the 
 
 "'•'^'-'-'''■-■■''-;^'';:;u;n;;,uhe 
 
 Hours. 
 
 "', "le seiiati) 
 
 ' "-'xaniplo 
 
 I ;«■ 
 
 w 
 I. 
 
 
 m 
 
 ,'l i 
 
 s 
 
COIN. 
 
 260 
 
 COIN. 
 
 i- '?!!' 
 
 m 
 
 hthV 
 
 WHS soon foUowcil. Thr liritons nnd Siixons coined 
 silver, — Itev. Ko^'er lindiiiji's " AnniiU of the Coin- 
 age of Great Brit;iiii," ]iiililished 7817-40.— The 
 gold and silver eoiniijri' in the world is about 
 25(),ooo,CK)o/. silver, and 1 5o,(xxi,ooo/. gold . Tiine.s. 
 25.hine, 1852. See GoM, ,Sl/rir, Copper jmA Onintvs, 
 and other Voins imder names. An international 
 confercnee relative to a univer.sal system of coinage 
 met at Paris in l8(>;; and a royal commission was 
 appointed in Lonilun, Fcli. 1S68. £ for /ifo-tr, 
 Roman jiimnd of 12 ounces; s. for so/idi (Ang-lo- 
 S.ixon sii/l or xcilliiii)) ; </. i'or ilniarii, the Jlomaii 
 penny. 
 
 The first coinage was at t'anialoiluninii. <ir Col- 
 chester. 
 Coin was made sterling in 1216, before whieli time 
 rents were nuwtly jwiil in kiril, ami money was 
 fomiil only in tlie coti'ers of the liarons. Sluu: 
 Coiniife-e reffiniieil liv f>lwaril VI. . .1547-53 
 
 Qaei'ii Elizalietli caaseci tlie hasf coin to be recalleii 
 
 and genuine issneii ^S^'^ 
 
 T)\n-nig tlie nitrns of tlie Stuarts tlie coinage was 
 greatlv ■ieliasi'.l liv rli|i].iiit.', (tr. A connnission 
 (Charles .Mcintni,'r,r, lonl .Scniiers. sir Isa.ic Xewton. 
 anilJolin Loclie) was aippi'iiiteil liy Williaui III. 
 to relOrni the cuinage; an act was passcil, witii- 
 drawiug tlie debaseil coin from circnlatinn. and 
 1,200.000/. was raised by a wiadnw-tax duty to 
 
 defray the exi'cnsc 1695-96 
 
 Broad-pieces called in, and re-coiiicd into guineas . 1732 
 The gnld-cuin bruiiglit intii the Mint by pmclania- 
 tion. aniiinntcd tiiabdut 15, 565, 591/. : tlicexpen.se 
 of ci.llccting, melting, ami redlining it, was 
 
 754.019/ tjiyb 
 
 Act for weighing gold coin pa.ssed . . 13 ,hinc, 1774 
 The coin (d' the realm valued at ationt i 2.ckxi,ooo/. 
 in 1711. Ihn'i:uitiit. At 16,000,000/. in 1762. .^la- 
 derson. It was bo.ckio.oco/. in 1786. Chdhitcrn. 
 37,ooo,<xxi/. in 180C J'hittips. 
 
 New .silver coiUiige 1816 
 
 English ami Irish money assindlatcd . i .Ian. iSad 
 
 Tliegcild i^ 28,ooo.ooo^,'and the rest iiftlh' nictallii' 
 
 tairrcacv is X -;,cKx>.ooo'. JhikrvfWflllinitini . iSjo 
 Metallic curreuc>' calculated tn reach 4-,.(.kx).(k)o/. . 1840 
 Estimated as aiiproacliing, in gold and silver. 
 60,000,000/. ........ 1853 
 
 Silver ciiineil in IjOniliai, v.due 11,106.265/. is.'^. 1816-40 
 
 Ditto, value 2.440,614/ 1837-47 
 
 Light gold iidU'din 1=42 
 
 Napier's cDiu-wcigliing machine at the bank of 
 
 England conslructed 1844 
 
 The law respec-ting coimige fitlencea consididated . iS^i 
 New Coinage ai:t, 4 Aiiril, 1870 ; amended 5 .Aug. i8qi 
 
 Tlie first gold coins on certain record, struck 47 
 
 Hen. Ill 1257 
 
 Gold llnrin llrst stnu'k, Edw. III. (fc"i</(n) . . 11537 
 He intrn.luccil gidd 6f. pieces, ami nnbles of 6,1. 81'. 
 (heme the lawyers fee), afterwards Inilf and 
 
 (piartci nidil 
 Edw. IV. cciiiicd angels Willi a figure 
 
 lliedr.igiin, tlie original uf George j 
 Sovereign'* first minted 
 Shillings Mist cdin.'il (lii: A".//,./) 
 Crowns ;ind lialf-irnvvns coined 
 Irish shillings strie k 
 Mille.l .-liillingof F.lizabetli . 
 First large copper ciijnagc. putting an 
 
 circulalion ot').rivati' leaih n piece-.. A: 
 Modern milling intioibicid 
 Halfpence and farthings . 
 Copper coined by governnunt 
 
 , . 1344 
 
 f Michael and 
 
 iid the dragon 1465 
 
 . . 1489 
 
 1503 I'r 1504 
 
 . . 1553 
 
 1 560 
 
 ■\u\ to tllf 
 
 . 1620 
 
 . 1 6 1 1 
 
 . i60$ 
 
 . 1672 
 1661-64 
 
 . l"7i6 
 
 • >797 
 
 Oiiineas (value 20.'.'. ), 2-guine,iaiid 5-guincaiiieecs, 
 Quarter-guinea coined, 3 Geo. I. . . . 
 
 Two-penny copper pieces 
 
 Gold 7.«. -pieces authorised . 29 Nov. ,, 
 Sovereigns, new c.inage.St. George and dragon, de- 
 signed liv I'istrucci 1S17 
 
 Four-Ji-umy iiiices (sec '.Vo«/) coined . 1836-56 
 
 Tlii'ci-pi iiiiv pieces : 3,290,208 coined . . . . i86i 
 
 li.'ilf-tai filings coined 1843 
 
 Silver ;loiin (i.«.i ie4.) 
 
 A'o erowns(ia4S-7tJ 01 haifciowns coined . i84&-73 
 Bronze coinage issued, i Dec , i860 ; a new penny 
 issued in 1895 
 
 Coinage act [msseJ 4 Ajiril, ,(;,, 
 
 Hf. (boige and dragon soveieigiis ic-issned 14 .4aii, 18-, 
 
 Ilalf-erowns again coined: reeommeiided by bankeis isi. 
 
 New die tor gold iMiin finished . . " .Maieh, ,53,; 
 
 The bankers complain ol great less, by recriving 
 light gold coins . . . , " . *^dj., . 
 
 See lli((l(irl, 1884. ' "'■■ ' 
 
 Sale of Mr. Whittall s great collection of Greek and 
 other coins, 1,668 lots lenlized 5,051/. . .Inly, irij 
 
 Proclamation against inifmrtation of foreign bronze 
 coins |to be icceivecl with slight rednetioii at 
 postoHieesiiptoMay 31I . . . 25 March, ,c;- 
 
 rroc!amation rcs].eetiiig eli.inges in coinage, viz. 
 in ]iieccs value of 5/., 2/.. 1/., lo';., 5,'., 2.s-. 6</., 2\', 
 i,'i.,aiid 6(1. ; also .Maundy monies viilne of ^il,^ ,,/.' 
 21/., fi lit. New coin ordered, ilouble florin 4-. : 
 new eftlgy and designs 13 .May ; new coinage i»sia .i 
 
 _, 20 June, 
 
 The nniiortation of imitation coins was- prohibileil 
 by act jiassed 26 Au". 
 
 Mr. (loschen introducesa bill for the withdrawal of 
 light gold coin issued before June, 1857, and ili- 
 suli.stilution (d coin of full weight proVisiouallv, 
 at the exjiense of the mint, .Iiily : ]iassed 30 Au"' 
 I'nieofferexpiied 13 Jan.. extended 1031 SfarciL 
 
 Thecoinagecomniittee sir.bilm l.ubbock", sir l-'red,..' 
 rick Leighton. the de],uty.inasterof the mint, and 
 others) recommends that new designs bv vaiicvs 
 artists be ado])ted for the sovereign and other 
 coins, gold and silver ; report iiresented, .March ,'■ 
 
 PiiMdamation for the issue of the m-w coinage' 
 30 Jan. Lonihiii Cn^t/tt . , , 14 rdi* iP,o 
 
 j Designs : vl,,; ,:«■ of all coins, the iineen's head us 
 
 modelled by Mr. Krock ; ,./,/■.«■ of 5/.. J.. ,;., , „ 
 
 5.-- , St George and the dragon, by Pistiiicci ; .,-, ,:,i 
 
 by Mr. Brock ; 2-. ami i«. by Mi-. Poynter, 6(/. and 
 
 31/. as iit |iresent.| 
 
 Permission to Victoria. .Australia, to coin silver 
 granted with conditions . . Sept' ,8o- 
 
 New Coiunge Act p.assed . . .28 March, 189!, 
 
 AMilCST OF MOSr.V COISFP. 
 
 f i'-"'","' . • ... £-„3,2,c« 
 
 ='/, .■-■.■.• • . ■ : 1;:?- 
 '-'■""I"'- ' .,000.00c 
 
 i63(. 
 
 ■/'■ 
 
 Charles IT 
 
 .l.imes II . , . 
 
 William III ' ; 
 
 Anne 
 
 Gorge I. 
 
 George II. . 
 
 f;"'"-"' •'.' goiii 
 
 George 1\ 
 
 William IV ' ! ,. 
 
 [Tiie (inantity of gold that pa.ssed through fla Mi,, 
 since the accession of ip.een Klizabeth in 1^58. tn t' 
 beginning of 1S40, is 3,353,561 iioumls weight t;,^ 
 Of this, nearly one-half was coined in the ni. 1, 
 George III., n.imely. i.5o',,o78 po'inds wviglit. tn v1 
 
 7 5i4.nic 
 
 3.74o.ac 
 
 io.5'i.r/)c 
 
 2.691,6:6 
 
 i.7Z5.i)!o 
 
 11.966,5;? 
 
 74.5"I.5K 
 
 4',7S2.8i5 
 
 10,827,6-^; 
 
 20,8^6,45-; 
 "i'l" r, 4V 
 
 1837 to ,846. gold. 
 . silver, 2,440.614/, 
 
 old, mIvit. ,^iifl <.,i|.ii, _ 
 
 in i.S^3 (wlieii .\ustr,,lian i.^M , 
 : in iH5,4. 4.154.201'. : in iSi5, „,. 
 
 Victoria, ft 
 
 746.452 lbs 
 
 1848-1852. 
 Gold coined 
 
 i2,<64.i;^' ..,. ,. .,-,.- 1- 
 
 Australian colonies authorized to coin gold',' .,., 
 
 in 1856, 6.476.060/. 
 Coined in 1859. 1,547.603 soverelgnis ; 2,203,813 h.llf-sov 
 Coiniil from i .liijy, 1854. to 31 Dec. 1660: col.j 
 
 27.6 12.0-19/. ; silver, 2.432.116/. 
 ed ill 1801 : gold, 8.190,170/. 
 
 \ ■>iii,,t 10 iL'i'i . j.oei, 0.100,1701. ; 
 
 cipper (bronze), 273,578/. 1.3.'. 41/. 
 Coined 10 1862: gold, 7,836,413/.; 
 
 5,076,676/. ; 
 
 old. 
 
 silver, 209,484/.; 
 silver, 145,51s;,: 
 silver, 40],4l(;. : 
 
 silver, 76,4jS;.; 
 
 .hi. 
 
 ipjier, 352, Bco/ 
 
 Coined in 1866: 
 eopiier, 50,624/. 
 
 Coined in 1869; gold, 7.372,204/ 
 copper, 20,812/. 
 
 Coined in 1874 (less limn t&jA: gohl, KovHfip, , 
 2,382,835; half sovereigns. i.(»i,7 ,3/. ; silver, (im"»'« 
 o./'//ii<(.<)rtorins, 5,9615,740; i", 6,480,480; 6./,, 4.395,(i«: 
 4'/.. 41.S8; 31/., 4.059,528: id, 71,20. Cdpiicr: m . 
 8,494,080 ; Ji'., q, 584,000; \il., 3,215,6x10. 
 
 Coined in 1H76 (Work stopped five iiioiithsthroucli litrak. 
 down of tiiucidneiy), gold, sovereigns, 3,ji8.7o5'' ; iiiiif- 
 sovereigns. r,40i,c/4j/. io.«. ; silver, hiilf-irdwii 
 
 79,2o</. ; lloriiis, 610,786/, 
 
 . CO 
 
 '" ,'^77' 3o.»3i.«3opiecei 
 ViilMofmimtieinteii ,,, 
 silver, 5.642,406/. ; biv, 
 £871): ''o/ir, soverejgii.s 
 total vaim', 35,050/. 3.:,. 
 fliirms, 1,354,320 . ■'.,,1, 
 3,326,400 : fourpeiices 
 twopences, 4,752 . ,„,,;, 
 Moiue: IVaee, 7,848,9 
 tiinig.s, 4,300,800 : tot,, 
 -"*''""»* to the .Mint in ,8- 
 .830 :'/.,/,<, 4,,s„,o,,/. 
 .9,264/. 1 total, 4,i„.,,s2 
 d33. (r„!,l 1,403,7,,/. 
 
 .13,450/, ; total, 2,71,' .Q 
 ■.337: Unhl, 1,008,686/. SV 
 i333 : Unhl, 2,032,900/. SI 
 ■3tg: i:«hl, 7.500,700/. sil, 
 ;,3i)o: liiilil, 7,63o,i56/. sil, 
 1391 ; (!"Uf 6,723,643/, Sill 
 .-302: W'/, 13,907,840/. ,s-;i 
 i3«: 6'i'< 9,266,251/. Sill 
 3394: 'el/'/, 5,673, r,>-,/. Si 
 i39S: t;../'/, 3,810.636/, Silr 
 ii<fi:Unhl, 4,9,^4. 8,w/. sihie 
 -.igT- liM. 1.020 ,7/. silv, 
 
 COrXAGE. Origin 
 
 ietwi'cn two steel dies. 
 In 155J, a mill, invented 
 croduced into Kng),iii,|, [; 
 In- Baiancier, i/i;;. (j,.j 
 Jiylioiiitoii iiiid Wiitt, at ', 
 ■.'i'tlie-Mint nmchiiierv,' ij 
 miichiiiery was re-orga'nis 
 
 COLCHESTER (Iv 
 
 Kiiman station, olitaiin'i 
 RiAirdl., ii.^ii). its ^j.^i 
 kililifigs sustaiiu'ij grii,(t , 
 sieje, Jtiiie-Aiig. 1048. ' 
 Griirge Lisle and sir {Jh:irli 
 shot after siirrenderiniT. -j'l 
 «t;ililished here, i()(x). Ai 
 Lmidoii was opened in i,s 1 ^ 
 lm>ines,s estahlislinients ,i; 
 
 •lllliagC, 18 Aug. I«H2. I'on 
 
 '■^U .M-.'i.i'h See Km-fliip, 
 
 COLCHIS, X.W. Asia 
 Arpiiiiiilie ExpriHthm. 
 
 ^ COLD. On 3 Jan. iSc 
 Lmdiin iiiarfced 8' Ih.Iow /j 
 
 :kv iS(K), it foil („„ ,i„, ,^;, 
 
 i;> liilir. Mr. Lou;. K, 
 o'liiiva.sexces,sivc. Oii4,;-iii. 
 utoodatj'belowzeroiit Ham] 
 near Liifidnn ; m\ 7 Jan., at 1 
 Ven-rolil Xov. 1878 -May ,8- 
 i33o, ■ ' 
 
 Tliel)«'eml.eror,879,said to !». 
 
 Irtii|«'ratiire said to Inive been 
 
 -l';P...',v, ho.i.loii, ,88. ; Cam 
 
 . I.: Liiiiduii, ,(;<■ K .,, j),,,, 
 
 'i; l«3 exceptjoi 
 
 '"> ■ ''■i,..n.raliir,.r| 
 
 io"" -•:■'■■ M-oi '/, 
 
 ' ' ,""'-.1.1 lit the c in, 
 
 , .Vile and other riv..|-.s 
 '«"»•. .Inn. ,39,. 
 I«ii[..ratiir.. in |,o,„|„„ „i , , 
 Jahr. ; .6' Falif. 26 Dec. ,V. '' 
 Wl.i,.<l li.,u,.ryi„x gases, at lie , 
 
 J«'"'..M4. The liiptefae, , ' 
 ibt.,„„v| .It _,3o len?. ; ox, 
 --'^•'■■'•iil. ; nitrogen -,,j8Ve 
 ;(;'''^',"";''""l'crati,re(oi,.,,L 
 .J-;^',l''l"liielledl,vdrogRoat: 
 ~""-'' ■'■■'■'•' ■■":ii-i„!,„„/it' 
 
 COLDLVGHAM, near li, 
 ■rtheheniwiuoi' jis i,i„w, «1 
 
 Lull. 1 1'; 
 
 1, 10-7 
 
 V^rvf,!!, 
 
 Iliiiiii' 
 
Ill 1877, 30.i.1'.noiiif|.es • vii... ^ ~ 
 
 Vnlu4 o/roi^,„je i r« V o.y «6 ';il7'?3«'; 'S'- 6}''. 
 
 .sSl 'r'//'^^'^"^'- •'■■■'''''' m'jJ' ''"'"• ««.8o^.5.7'.; 
 
 ^,tal vai;,., 35,^:^^:' • ^^3., ; ,u f sov,.,.,.„«, ^^.^.^ ^ 
 3,326,400: fourpeiic.s J ,-3 : ,1 , ''^^ ■' '*"'l'<'ircfs, 
 /we: Pence. 7,843,90; ;-,?,;„'' ^■'''''■. 549,054/. 
 
 ydlm to tliu Mint in .s-V ' ^ *i*' '■"■ 'J'- t''' 
 _I9,264'. : total. 4,(,,„,sj^, '^'' 7''i.5'38'. r„i,,„,; 
 
 >, 274.328/. r,,/,;,^,., 
 
 .883: '/../'/^ .,403,7y^i: ■ Sil 
 
 33,450/.: tol.ll, L.,7U 4Q,/ 
 
 C887: '/"/';, i.QoS,686/. sv/,.',.,. a/; 
 
 ■388: /,•../,/, 2.o3.,9,w .; ,,; .•ff''493/- 
 
 ,^r: ^;, , 0,723,643/. .w,.,., ',;^'^;.7 
 
 :393: '-/'/, 3,3.0,636/. ,s7/" ' ^■'^•'^56/ 
 i39«:(>W./, 4,984, 8,»/, ,-,■//, 
 
 ;,'"''/''V,45,,7,/. 
 
 '!"'"-■'■. .i<),499/. 
 '"■■'«■'', 66.93,,/. 
 
 ;;'■""''•• 80,535/. 
 ':'""-'■' 58,556/. 
 
 ';'""-', 46,664/. 
 ■,i96,i6s/. /;,•„„;,.,' ,*i';^3- 
 
 croduofd into Jinoi,.|„,| ,-,■ •"'"'"'■ itnirlici-, m- 
 1)V Bal:in,-iei-, i6/t. (i, r? "i,,,. " ''"o'"-' invent,.,! 
 hylioultun :.n,l w'-m. :it ,S„1, '-'vo""'i;ilf'' '■"''"■t".! 
 ofthe Mint nmrliineiv, f,„n,l,„, V? ' 'l!' '''•'■'■'■"'i 
 
 il..ll:m ..t:itiuM. ol,(:,„ ,,,1 :(,' .^ ' f"'"""'"' " 
 
 (..ulduwsJusti.in,.,! ^ ..a^ . , ., ;^ "■;■ T^ ^""' ^'" if-* 
 *iege, Ju>u.-.\njr. I(h8. r • ' '^ ' '"■,"'", "'■'■l<.-' 
 Gn.rp. Usle :,n,l .si,- CI, „-l,. ■ 7 , '" '"■''■'"'.''■s, .^i 
 
 L^mdoiMrasopenedin i.Sij i ' 'i,'' i:iihv:iy f„ 
 
 ii^ess e.st:iblislini,.nt,s .t^xv^^.tT , V "''"'•'' 
 •iiu:ige, 18 Aug. 1H82 I', ,M ■ • "''"l" 2,S,<x»/. 
 
 .89., 34,550. seeiv.ia,;':;-';';:;;'._^;4; 
 
 COLCHIS, \.W. .\.si., „„,,, ,, ',.'"*■ 
 
 : .'«». For it., fi, .v,,'J • ' ""' ^''■'■'^ ■""' Tweed, 
 
 toward.,, publislu.! l"),".. riljif "■•'"' ''"•' CoUlst.-eam 
 
 «/'i?.^„^S.T^'^™«^ERSY, see Ckurch 
 COL IX, nee /io/,'„. 
 
 I "."''^■'' IS If)4 Itiilian /;., I '' ""' '■•''t'-'nial dia- 
 
 . ^vtld l.ea,st.s, :.nd ,°C .'■;':';," "'^' ''^''"^ «ith 
 
 '',"'P''>o.-s V'e,|,a.s-i: ,f a a"r: "; > '') ^""J «", l,y the 
 I'H't.ttohav,.! uilt: n ti-oM, ^ • 'A "" '■"I"""--"-' -""«■ 
 
 See 
 
 COLD. 
 
 irn,:,rj!ed i M; J*!^;/^' f/"'7»"n'eter i„ 
 -itio, l':ilii-,,nh,'it ; on 2 
 
 .3 J«n. I 
 
 : - "-" S' Ih'Iow 
 
 Ueo iSto, it fell (on t),,. „,.,,, „^ , .- -.■ " ' "" -'■ 
 
 v"l<i«MU'.we.ssiv,'. OnjJ„i ,"v-*li i^" "^''■- ""' 
 «toi>ii.it3=belr)wzero:itir',,„'„ ,'..',','' ""'''""""'''I'l 
 
 i;:Sn;^.1?^,;;;^:!<:.!-|;'V-t'-t«i„ee,96. 
 
 iTil, 
 
 i K. : Uulnii, le'^K .-,, !),„. g 
 
 ■..377. rp.m 4y-, ;„ , ■ „"' ,'7'',4=''-8 to 55 '7 M u,. 
 VervcnM t|,n„i ,1,,,,,, ;)?! ,. '• ''• ■V"'M".v. 
 
 '»"»•. ,t«„. ,3,,,. ""■'■- "■"■!-n; b...avy mils „; 
 
 I«»i™itur,. i„ L„„,l„„, „i ,^ 
 
 t»lir.;.6'F:,l„., .,6D,,-.r8o. ^ ''"''• "'s- 'rs" 
 Wlii,.« iLiuffjiiix ^M..«vs, ;.t lb,: I, , , 
 fr«.rlV«ai-„l,t:.i,„.,| tl„. t,'m, .■,';;„■."".'"'"■'""• I"«- 
 .Wi„„l :,t -,3,. ',.,.,,1. ' V. ',,,■"'",;'",'■ aei.l »„s 
 
 "coldivgh;^;'''"'''""^''"""'''^'- 
 
 ''-'mi^^Tit„: M:;?,i,i;:'"r" '"■"""""*• i'i'« 
 
 •^"'f?l'' ™.nbat. and ,,u 1 I /;i'''' " «■i^'aMtie G:,ul i„ 
 :,;'ll.'.r) on his„wn k ,'('''' ^/"'''''■'^ '''^'i" "^ 
 ';"T<atus, 561 „ ,.»;.,; ' '"''"■'^' «""iamed 
 
 ■;itut,.te.s of II,.,,,,. ^^ ■ '/' 'f'^, ", ';":>"S .•ii.|o,ne,l, in the 
 ''■,"1 f'een pnni,„.sl .\;;;,f,^ ■^'T' ' '^f i '"'t aeolla,- 
 "' SS. «;a.i a.ln,,t,.,f ir;"^;.,„:,''^{';f^''' /I'l.o collar 
 
 ;;p- s,,n,j;::;.i,,,-.;,^---ohis,ai„,t„tI5: 
 
 ■il .St. i5iinfdiciii.s,aiii:.rtv,- "1, „ '" '""'our 
 
 "'■ Neckhwe (or A onVi'.ts'' ''''''^'.'■''f the Collar 
 A-;d..VI.,lfS,,^:;';»-:-^'')^--.u.tituted by 
 
 -"■iaiists. wh,!',pem,V^|' „;.'";."■ ''/"I't"'' l'.V«ome 
 
 ''courS''';'r""''=^^^^ 
 
 ^'/fjijriOlft, .short Driiv,'!-* ,•.„.,. 
 '','""'' i"to the li,)man' ,-Vi, ; ,"•'•'""■"'"'• "'tro- 
 
 ;:,'""t.49.5, and into th,. I , s,' 11!:'"' '^^'"^'"». 
 "'' km- of England, o,„i,,,?„ !"->' "' 'S48. 
 
 «eu.nt.tt,. ,,nrp,,ses. Uiiiv,.rst.; ,"'''■' '""""T «>■ 
 
 the er,.,.,i„„' ,„• o.^s'-^';'),: '''■''•''•» l"-.-,'ded 
 
 ."'!■« to r,.l>,n-,. the stud,^,'„s , • T'' '■■""'<'■'- 
 
 ">• a'a,i..i„„.^i,..,,,,,,;,,; '^''t inn.. ('-lU.^iate 
 
 '■''>'l''nvdatlh..i,,,iv,.,.s , ;:';« '""'•■ '"'•■" «'-rt 
 ^'''■''"nties.s:,v,,,,M,.:,> '/■''■'•;. -UO; but s,,me 
 ;""i"'r'-'l •l';,t the ,i:,t,. s ,m.^.h I," .'•'"i''''""'- it is 
 "'.I'l that IJ..,ie ol,tain,.,| , . ' '7'"'';v""' ■''••""' 
 I'ndge ,aMl John ,le liever ev u ■/ 1 """,-^' j" ^am- 
 Wi-e th,. tirHt do<.!o,.s of tl • "•>'"'■''. an,l that they 
 
 «™'" -'"'ois arerrnn./.:;.;!;::;'' *«■ Son.,: 
 
 i.t,.i, ,„ii,.^,,. ■ . . . ^ jg_^ 
 
 • '44» 
 
 'II* 
 
 : ^, 
 
 j-^iiEtfiaite'l 
 
 '•fe 
 
COLLIERY ACCIDENTS. 
 
 202 
 
 COLOXIES. 
 
 h: 
 
 Glati{;iiW Collcp', "uk L'liiviTsity 
 GrcsiiiiMi t'lilliw . " . 
 
 Hiiili'.vliiiiy. or Kast Iniliii Ciilk'gi.' 
 Hinhlmrv t'dllcge 
 
 IliKliwiti' 
 
 King's Ciilli'gc, Lmiilim 
 Mnyiionth lViHcki^ .... 
 Jlilitm-y Ccilli'gi', SaiKllinrst 
 Music, lioyiil Cnlli'i;!' nf ; sec! JI/iij 
 Nuviil Culli'yc, roitsniiiiith 
 New t'liili'},'!', !St. .loliii;. WiKid . 
 OwiMis Colli-!.'!', .Miiiirlii'stc]' 
 PhyHJcians, r.iniilnij 
 Pliyniciiiiis, Diililiii 
 
 • 1451 
 
 1581 
 
 1806 ; cldaed 1858 
 
 . 1826 
 
 . . 1564 
 
 . 1829 
 
 . ■ 170S 
 
 . 1-19 
 
 . . . .£K3 
 
 . 17-2 
 
 . . i»--o 
 
 . it70 
 
 . . isi"* 
 
 I (,67 
 
 Physiciiiii.s. Eiliiilmrfjli 1O81 
 
 St. .Amlrcws, Scnllaiiii 1410 
 
 Sioiil'iilli't,'!', iiiinriniratc'l i*",! ) 
 
 Stoiiylmrsl, Laiieiisliirc (.Jesuit) .... i7i;4 
 
 8iirj,'i'"ii», I.ciiidiui iT.|i 
 
 Surp'oMs, rt'-iiH-oriKii't, ,1 i8i«, 
 
 SurKi'ciiis, DnliliM ..... 17S6 
 
 StirKi'iiiis. Kdinlnuuli (Ml w) i8...t 
 
 Trinity I'lilli'gi', liiililiii i.^oi 
 
 Univcr.sity, I.nnddii iS.'f 
 
 M'inilicsti'r Cdilcg' i.iS; 
 
 Colh'iir ilfFiiDiri-, tlif naim" givpn ah< iit 1701 t'> lli' 
 Ciilli'p' Royal, wliidi in tlin i6tli I'l'iilnry was 
 formed iiy' tin- imi.iironiticin i.l tlip "king's 
 readers" nr ]ir(ifr>siirs, .ind settled at Paris, in- 
 lieitenilently nf flu* ntii\'ersities. The cdlli-ge vas 
 nineli favoiu'ed liy the llirectory ;uid XajKileoii f. 
 It is snp inrteil by th'' state, and tiie lectnres, by 
 eminent aien, are In ,-. 
 
 COLLIERY ACCIDENTS, see under Coal. 
 
 COLLISIONS, sec ,S',«.v, ami Railuai/x. 
 
 COLLODION, ii film obtainc'il from tlie solu- 
 tion cif frun-ccdtoii ill I'tlicr. T!u> /orfw?/ collodion 
 extcnsivi'ly I'lni'loyed in pliotofiruiihy, was invented 
 by Mr. K. Scott .\rclier, and aniuninoed in the 
 " Cliemist," in March, 1851. On the j)rematuro 
 death of him.self an<l wife, a jiension of i;o/. jier 
 annum was granted by government to his three 
 orphan children. 
 
 COLLYRIDIANS, Ar.ib heretics who ofl'ercd 
 colhiriihn, little cakes, to the Virgin Mary 11s a goddess 
 in the 4th century. 
 
 COLMAll, W. Germany; an imperiiil city j 
 I^tli century ; taken by the Swedes, 1632 ; by i 
 Louis XIV. of Kiam<', wV.o destroyed the fortitieii- 
 tions, l');^; ceded to France, 1(197; '^vith Alsace, i 
 restored to Gcrnniny, l8;i. i 
 
 COLNEY HATCH. Middlesex. County 
 unatic asylum here erected, 1851. 
 
 COLOGNE {Cdlniiiii A'irihpiiKi), on the Rhine, 
 the site of a colony founiied by the empress Agri],- 
 pina, abotit 50 ; .'in imperial town, 057; a member 
 of the II anseatic league, 1200. -Many ecclesiastical 
 councils held here, 7.S2-i;5(i. 'I'he Sews were ex- 
 pelled from it in 14.83, ami the Protestants in 1618, 
 and it then fell into decay. Cologne was taken by 
 the Vrem-h under Jourdan, Oct. 1794. The arch- 
 bishopric sci'ularisi'd. liSoi ; assigned to Prussia, 
 1814. I'opulation in 1885, l()l,40l ; in l8(>i, 
 
 32',5'i4' 
 
 The cathedral, tenned ''"W (containing many su]!- 
 jiosed relics, such as the hcids ol'the niagioitliree 
 kings, hones of the 11.000 vii-gins, A:e. ) t'nunded 
 liy :ilip. Conrad von lloehstade or Ilochstetliii ; 
 an liil'ii (jeihard viii Hiehl or Itiie . . 15 .\ag. 1248 
 
 P.nildiiig interndtteid ; suspenihil .... 1509 
 
 Great collections made foi- resinning it Ity PruHwiu i 
 
 1814 Ct Hl'if. 
 
 liejiairs completed : new huildings I'oundi'd 
 
 4 twi't. 1842 
 The liody of the catheilral ojiehed in tht; pnwence ••t 
 
 the king, oooth annivei-sHry of the fomidathjn ■ 
 
 15 Aug. 4«48 
 Jnt»frnatioicd industrial exhihition ojieiied bv the 
 crown priaee 2 June. iB.?.; 
 
 '■72 
 
 Dispute lietwecn the king and the chapter resjiect. 
 ing the eleetii,;.; an archhishoii, settled ; the fi.v- 
 appuinti .Mi'lcli.rs ,]|,n 
 
 Congri'ss of Old Ci,t holies meet (m'//;i-/ism)2o, 22 Kept 
 
 Arehliishop Meh ers arrested . . 30 JIareh 
 
 A colossal statue of Fri'derick-William III., 32 fci 
 high, with jpcdestrian figiu'esat the l)as«(l)lnchir, 
 Humholdt, and others), the work of lllaser and 
 Calendrelli, sidiserilied for liy Ilhinelanders ; nii- 
 V{'ilcd by the empcnir William I. . 26 S,'pi. 
 
 The cathedial solemnly ojiencd by the eniperiu-and 
 oth.T (ierman sovereigns, 15 Oct. 188c. Fca- the 
 new bi'U si'c Ilelln, 1887. 
 
 A statue of thc^ emiif ror Willinni I. unveiled hv the 
 eiaiieror William II 18 .iuhi' 
 
 Destiiu'tivi, tornado .... 7 All '^ 
 
 COLOMBIA, n republic of S. America, formed 
 of states which dechired their inde]ieiidcn,e ,,1 
 Spain, 5 •Jul.v, 1811. A long war ensued. ]■;,.(!. 
 mated jioiuilation of the present state, in |,S>,^ 
 4,000,000; l8o,S, abt. 5.(XX),000. Capital, liogoti.' 
 Union of Ni'W (ircnaila and Vem-zneln 
 The i.iyalists d.'i'.'atcd at Cinibobo . 
 HoliVi-ir naiaecl dictator 
 Alliance bclwceii Colombia and .Mexico 
 Indi pendcm-e of Colomliiii iccugnised . 
 .Vllianee with Ciiatcmala .... 
 Congress at Lima names iiiilivar inesiileiit, .\ii„ 
 
 diclatiu' ^ , >^-7,"^.' (, ^ 
 
 Pa.lilla'.* insiin-eetion . . . ' . n \|,ii| .cjt 
 Ci'iisjiiracy of Santander ag.ainst IJcdivar 25^1.1' 
 Venezuida sc|iarates from (iremida . . x,,v ,,'', 
 liolivar resigns, 4 Aiail : dies . . . it'ii,.,.' Ic':" 
 
 Santanderclies -J, Max c 
 
 Tlie r.'publii- now n.'imed Colombia instead of .New ^'^ 
 
 Crenada; president, gcnend K. Salgar 
 Myniiel Jlurillo Told, president . 
 Santiago Perez, president . 
 .'.iiuileo Parr.i, iircsident 
 (bneral Tru.iillo, luesident, I'roclaimed, 
 iieiieral H. Xuflez, jiresident, proehiinieil 
 President Zyaldua died 
 T. K. Otiilora, jiresMlent. 
 lialael Xuficz eh.'cted president Sejit. i.'?S3 ; ii'giiiii 
 
 Insurrection ; g.ivi'rnineiit troops defeated at Tuiih 
 aniKum i 9 ,Iaii. 1885 : peace reslon-d 10 Jaii 
 
 Kicsh insuni'ction; goven: nt troops ilefeateii 
 
 at lianaiiquill,!, annuuiiceil 2 .March; rebels i|,.. 
 leateil about ijJuly; rebellion 
 
 lio? 
 
 17 I'ee. ,.;, , 
 
 24 June, ,J2,' 
 
 10 l-'eb. i6j.> 
 
 30 'I mil! „ 
 • . 182= 
 Mareh. , • 
 
 . 1671 
 ' April, iS;;. 
 
 ■ Al'iil, iij(. 
 
 I \]<n\, iS;f 
 
 ' -^iTil, lif 
 1 -M'l'il. ]i,» 
 
 I -M'lil. i3cj 
 
 . isa 
 
 l6£: 
 
 over, nporti-,1 
 
 .1' '"'ily, 
 
 ^liguela C'lu-ii 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1:94 
 
 Heath id' iiresideiit Xuflez, iS Sept. 
 
 becann' iiresirlent 
 
 Insurrection at Dogola, 31 Jan. ; re: c'.- ilefeatei; at 
 
 Curozal ; gen, .Salniiento surreU'lers, repialnl 
 
 9 l-eb. ; ai.in.'scy granti'd . . 16 Feh i',- 
 
 Gov.'vmnent hiics di'leated at Cueiita with gieat ''" 
 
 los.s ; the cii.'. captiiivrl . reivjrted 4 Miuvh, 
 
 I{eb''ls delealid ;it Knsiso . . . ,-, .M:iri-li " 
 
 Coven lit forces dc'cate.l . . . 24 Jm,, " 
 
 An Italian s'liiailion iindi'railiiiiralCaiidianiahi'linii " 
 otr Cartagena to enforce payiiienl ol an awm,! 
 given by president Cleveland t.i signoi ( . miii 
 
 for robbery and imprisoni it (.Marcii, 1897) mi'l 
 
 July, 1898; ulliniatnni, dispute to be settled in 
 2o days ; 23 July; nltimaluiii accepted 16A11" i-v: 
 (Si.- .Veic Cmiwhi. and \'r.iie:\n<„.) '" '" 
 
 COLOMBO (Cevlon), fortili.d in 1638 hvtht 
 Portuguese, who were expelled by the llutch in 
 \Hit>; the latter surrcndeied it to the British 1; 
 Keb. 17<)(); see Cfijtuu, 1 803, 1845. ' ~ 
 
 COLON (:). Tliu colon and period wereailontii) 
 by Thrasyimichus about 37^ n.o. (Hmdm). my 
 known to Aristotle. The colon and semicolon (i 
 first used in Hritish literature in the ibth ceiilnn" 
 For Colon, a .S. Ameri'-un seaport, see J'aminM. 
 
 C^^LONEL (from Italian cnlnmin, n lolan 
 tbt' iiighest regimental ;iiiiit,iry officer. The tiru: 
 had bei'onie common in England in the lOtbcnitun 
 
 (70L0NTAT,, si-e iiinlcr r„/„„,'fs. 
 
 COLONIE.S. The I'hd-nioian and {Jreck 1 / 
 nies. ir.'iiuenllv founded by political exite, si.. 
 
 CO 
 
 bciame independent 1 
 Kaman ecdonies, on tli 
 connection with Uome 
 entirely by rnilitarvla 
 Biiii.viN partake o'f bo 
 .American colonies tv\ 
 allcmjit at ta.xation wi 
 'I lie loyal cndition of 
 due to the gradual rela 
 heme govennnent. T 
 (dlimies in all parts of 
 1861, at 142,952,24^; 
 
 (estimated)3i2,058,ooc 
 was estimated in" 1861: 
 
 )','''■■'''"",■''■ 59,353,000/. 
 
 .•slavery in the Jhiti.sli 
 
 tain to the owners of si 
 
 was passed in KS33. \ 
 
 Dritisli colonies were en 
 
 Ueniiany and other pow 
 
 fiilonization in 1884-3. 
 
 K. J. I'ayiic's "Ilislorv of 
 
 lit.viliition of Ilou.sc 'of c 
 
 '■i.iinis of colonies to 
 
 liiieiicesofinij.erial p(diei 
 
 i"l';i;ics exercising rigl 
 
 eiii.'lil to undertake II,,' 111- 
 
 mhiigfor thi'iroHii inte 
 
 iuiil ought toassist in thei 
 
 <-'l"rJ'Culoiiy,orJ'ossessii,n 
 .\iliii . . , _ 
 
 .tfriean Forts 
 Aiipiilia. 
 
 .lutigiia . . ' ■ ■ 
 Aseen.sion 
 
 .Ui.striilia, .South ' ' ' 
 Aiistmlia. W. (Swan river) ' 
 Minna Island . . ' ; 
 Biu'hailoes . . ' 'I 
 teiilnlaad . ' . ' ' ' 
 Bcohiiaiialaiid . 
 lii'iiaal . . '. ■ V 
 Berbera . , , * . ' ^ 
 Bii'liicp ..." 
 Bi'niuiiliis . 
 Beniliiiy. . . ■ 
 British Huiniah (Upper 
 Biiniiiili, 1S85) . 
 
 British Cohiniliia . 
 
 Brunei 
 
 Ciiiiiilii 
 
 Ciij'f Uretoii . 
 
 t'iii«' Ciiast Castle ' . 
 
 Ca|ic iif Good Hope 
 
 Oylen 
 
 C.vj'ra.s . , , ' 
 
 Bi'iiii'i-.ira and Esseimlbii 
 
 h'^niinii-a . 
 
 Klniinii and Dutch Guinea 
 
 liiikliiiiil Ishuids 
 
 fyi . . . ■ 
 
 fimnhia 
 
 (iihniltar 
 
 <>"lil CoiLst . . ' 
 
 . C 
 
 . S 
 
 . s 
 
 . .Si 
 . .Si 
 
 . Ci 
 . Vt 
 
 ■ U.1 
 
 . Ca 
 
 . Al 
 
 ,C«I 
 
 Cu 
 
 Cei 
 
 »y 
 
 liii'iiiiila 
 
 'iniiuiiland. S. Afi-i,'., 
 ••iiiiina, liritish 
 Hi'i.i-'ehiiid . 
 H"iiiliira.s 
 
 Hiiiijr-KaiigCV'ictoria) 
 .'.iiiikira . . 
 
 K-'ling Islniais . 
 Kmi'ii'h'e Islands 
 bliiiaii 
 
 l-i'iraril Isles . 
 
 llairas . . 
 
 Mslifeii (under &;i(jr,i/)' 
 
 ."iitii„'iiiin,I 
 Mamlmlflanil 
 
 ''liunlins . 
 .'■i iilstn'at . 
 
 . Ce, 
 
 »e.:, 
 
 ■ i'''l 
 
 . 'Set' 
 . Cap 
 . C,',l 
 . Sefl 
 . Cap 
 . Cai. 
 , Jtv 1 
 Ceil, 
 Cap, 
 
 . !5l«ei 
 . Cede 
 
 . Si'e / 
 
 Cap it 
 
 I'apit 
 . .SettI, 
 
1 = 74 
 
 ccm,H.eti«n with'uT,, /'.;•■' """"""'1 i" '■•los." 
 Bill IAIN pai-tiiko of both fl,.,u V ■"^' "■■•'*'"■" GUKAT 
 
 COL(^XIES. 
 
 The loviil condition r ? '" ''""'"'"t in 1764. 
 drn'tothogiZVa rt ,x ? ^'"'>'V '■"'"'"'■'■■* "''^v t 
 
 col(.ni..s in all ,„, -ts of tlu , " '"" "' ' '" ^*'''''^'^ 
 1861. at I42,9S2,24V in im ,"■""'"'"""*'■''• *" 
 
 w;,. .sti„n,t,\l '„f,'x'^\3'i'''-':^:''"''''"fthc.™loniS 
 
 lii'iulitiiir, 5 
 
 slaviTv in t.._ „. 
 
 tion to the owners oC «l~.,.ol"V'"'' '""' ""' '^^"'"pi 
 
 lintish colonies J,t , , .a;,'.',''' ""•»>;«'"'"' H'o 
 U^naany and other ,,0 e " 'd''". ' ^."'- "^■'■*- 
 c;.lom.ation i„ ,SH^J._ CmL?'"'^ '''"■'' ^»'- 
 
 qiicii.Ts of imperial poli,.' , . ' .""!". ' ""»<- 
 
 ■■ "- cxcvisiaj ry,u"!„- ':,:;!;"'■"""" "«'t 
 
 U .3 '2,658,000. There ■,;;„;., ,7717 •, '"'^-l 
 1" 'o'J5 to be iJi.jo^fvuV n,, I 
 
 ■owners „f „i, 'VI' 'A'"' '"' .f"'npen.sa- 
 
 1877 
 
 "'«'" """"'-"'i^'' tiMMo;;;,: r:s,„a;s!i;]MK';"""'"' 
 
 viiliii},' for tlieir 
 
 ,,,,.„ i . : "['"lisiliilitviifni-, 
 
 Adfii . . , ^""'- "J ^allniicnt. 
 
 XU'w.m Forts 
 
 .■\ii;;iiilla. 
 
 Aiilij,'Ma . . " ' 
 
 Asi;i'ii.si(ia 
 
 Australia, South 
 
 Aiistiiilia, \V. (Swan river) 
 
 Mama Island 
 
 Bailmioi's 
 
 I).isui"lai;(I . ' . ' 
 
 Ificliimnalnnd . 
 
 lifii'j.ii 
 
 ll.Ti.rra. . ■ • • 
 
 Biri.ir,. . , \ 
 
 H''iiiuiilay . 
 
 I).'iiiliiiy . . ■ . ' 
 
 Britisli'l!iirai,ili (Uiiiier' ' 
 liiniiiaji, 1S85) . 
 
 Biitisli Coluailiia . 
 
 Briiiaa . , ' ' 
 
 Caijiija 
 
 Cji'i- lintnn . 
 
 Ca|ip O.iust Castle . 
 
 Cape nf Good Hope 
 
 Cfjlon 
 
 Cyjinis . . , ' 
 
 Ii'itiiTira and Esscouih,', 
 
 i'''lnilji(;i . 
 
 KliNiiiaaiid Dnteli (Jii'inea 
 
 I'alklaiiil Islands 
 
 Hli . . . ■ 
 
 Oaniliin 
 
 (liliniltar 
 
 Oi.lil Coast . 
 
 (««. . . _ ■ 
 
 linainda 
 
 'ini|iialand, S. Afi'ic.. 
 
 'illDMU, liritisli 
 
 !!• 'i.L'.iiaiid . . ' . ■ ■ 
 
 Hoiiiliiras 
 
 Hi'iiii-Kong (Viiitoria) 
 
 •laimiira ... 
 
 K'tliaK Isliiiiils . ' 
 
 K.iiiM.lc,. Islaiid.s ' . ■ 
 
 Liliiiaii ' * 
 
 Ui<- .'.■,■ 
 
 I-c'TOnl lal™ . ' ' ' 
 
 M.'./iii-i . . 
 
 MiJaffa (under Ben'flrt/) 
 
 M;ii:: :::a;ai„i ' . ' 
 Jiaiali.'iHlrind ' . 
 Manmiu.< . 
 Muiiiufmit . 
 
 Settlement 
 Seftlenn>nt 
 <'e.n|,ied . 
 ■Settlement 
 •Vttlenient 
 
 Settlement 
 S'ettlrment 
 
 ^Kttlenn'nt 
 
 629, et fcq. 
 
 1862 
 ,(r. 
 ■ . 1S3S 
 
 "OOIlt 1618 
 
 about 1666 
 
 ■ 1632 
 • • 18.5 
 
 ■ 1834 
 1829 
 
 alimit 
 Sept' 
 
 9'1'itidatiun, 
 SettHnent.s ,609, et s,;, 
 hee /iiili(f ' 
 
 See I'riin 
 Settlement 
 
 i6o> 
 .S7"i 
 1885 
 l6i;2 
 1S84 
 180J 
 
 1662 
 
 Natal . 
 
 N'evis . ■ ' 
 
 New nrun.HWiek ' 
 
 I ^<'«Tnnndlan<l 
 
 I New tiuiiM'a 
 
 New .Smith Wales 
 New Zealnmi _ 
 
 I NiKer districts . 
 I Norfolk Islands 
 
 N"rlh H„rneo . 
 ; N"\a .Scotia . 
 
 ' e^IU . ' ■ 
 
 I J'"it I'niiiij,' . ■ ■ 
 
 I lanee Kdward Islaiel ' 
 
 Qu..;;,sj,.nd.x,s.V„,.„ [ 
 
 Sierra l.eono 
 ' fUnited with otl; 
 Siiif;apore 
 
 Socntlii . 
 
 St. Cliristoiiher's 
 
 St. Helena 
 
 St. J.mia . ' . ■ 
 
 St. Vineen'., 
 
 Swnn Ri-.er. . ' 
 
 'fasnamia 
 
 lortoia . 
 
 Transvaal . 
 
 'I'l'inidad 
 
 Van Uienu.n's'l.and 
 
 Vane. .aver l.slanil 
 
 ,\."';"'?i(l'ortl'hilli,,) 
 
 iietoria " 
 
 I Virgin Isles . 
 
 Wimhvard Isles .' 
 j .liidulanil . 
 
 I r,','i","-'',' !;'■''" '"■''■■'* ''""1. '- 
 
 Si'lllem.lit 
 Settlement 
 Settleini'nt 
 Settlement 
 
 Settlelru'nt 
 iSettleinent 
 
 S.ttl.nient . 
 t '.n.|neiei| 
 S.c rici(,ri„. 
 fa].itulnteil 
 
 Settlement . 
 Settlement 
 
 • i8a3 
 
 . . 1038 
 
 • 1622-1713 
 aliout 1500 
 
 ■ Settlenniit ■ 
 
 '"■I- s.'HIe.nents as West .Africa. Fel,. ,866 
 • ■ I'nr.'l.ase.l 
 
 ■ 'yi? 
 
 ■ 1840 
 
 • "885 
 
 • '787 
 . 1840 
 
 1622 
 1852 
 
 ■745 
 
 1786 
 i860 
 1S8S 
 1787 
 
 June 
 
 ■ ■s.ttl.in.nt 
 
 ■ <.n|.itnl;M. .1 . 
 
 ■ <'apitnlati,,n 
 
 • •-■<-.le.l l,v lY:,ne, 
 
 • *'•'•'!'■-.'. I. ,./,■„/,■„.' ■ 
 
 • •Seel,,,, Jlirmni, Until. 
 
 <-ed,il l,y France 
 
 Setileniiiit 
 
 Anmxeil 
 
 t'apitnlati..n 
 
 Settlement 
 
 S'ltli mint 
 
 N'ttliinent 
 See Hoiiii-Komj. 
 Settlement 
 
 1819 
 i386 
 1623 
 1600 
 1803 
 ■763 
 
 • 1703 
 . . .1666 
 
 p , • '^" 
 t'cli. ,7(,7 
 
 • . 1803 
 . 1781 
 
 • . 1850 
 
 1605- 
 
 1666 
 1803 
 
 1841 
 1866 
 
 • I'apitnlali.in, 
 . C'di'il . 
 
 • liy .'cssiLn 
 ■ L'.ipitnlation 
 
 • All ai'ipiircl 
 •<-''-.lc'l(nn.len-, 
 
 • <'apitnl.it"..' 
 . 0,1 
 . Hy, 
 
 8ei,t 
 
 '■ I'.v Fr.mc, 
 ci'ssiiin j,'|,|| 
 
 fVi'k^'r'^ '"'"""'""* • 
 
 »' :.;!"iiieMt ' ' ' 
 
 '''ipitulai;,-'. ',\. • 
 
 ■'^;ettlenn„t . ,.|„„7, 
 
 < apitnlation, s,.,,( 
 
 l'''l"l l.y Franc ' 
 
 • 1 86a 
 
 • i8.;8 
 
 • 1S8S 
 ' 759-60 
 
 • • '76.^ 1 
 
 ■ • . 1667 
 
 • Jan. ,8ot> i 
 
 ■ ,. • ■ '815 
 •oditn.ns) ,878 
 
 Sejit. 18. 
 
 tal.lished 
 
 .i^"ioni:;iae;;;;r;:^;\;:',':-7;;{ „• . '. ; 
 
 I '"'"ii- 1S74, icnM.vcs , , rt .iir.li 1 r •- "' '""*""' 7 
 
 ! •''■» or,laine,l hv l,is, I '",'T, """■■""!■ '"■'•^""■' 
 
 ''nCiiKlan,|ar'-lrei;n',l' ""-' """"' ^'""■'■l' 
 
 lolonialanin-h.Soeietv'' V L '■'' (f"'i"i'ri,y 
 '86.. It ,leals witi ,,1 ,„■.•, ' "-^ """)-•■ ■ J"a.V 
 ■■esidents on the contiiien, ' ''""■'■'^^■^"'"l Biitisi. 
 
 ''S^;::;;^^i;:^i;i?;^--;;-;-'".Hn..heear, 
 ahoiit . . ""■'""' """■I-"), ai.ipointed 
 
 Works reconiiii,.i,,i...i 1... '._ ' ' ' <2Se]it. 1879 
 
 annn.n,le,l,,j.j.„,„,„„^; 
 
 i'ni.erial and li„-,:| . 
 ^'to'tlik'— '"■' '^'''■"''^' ^^''t 
 
 fxpenditure 
 
 nectnarm;i;„;;:sj,;;;;;';;''''''''"'t^oi"iiies 
 
 by sea. w-as,,,,l,',',.'."''''^l>^^l>-'"™''t;"iast 
 
 1884 
 
 lift.. I 1 "".asiires i.r 
 
 ^'tt.acksl,ysea,waspassc,li„ 
 
 • Settlionent 
 
 • ''•■ipitulati.m 
 
 • Capitulation 
 . Hy trt-ntv 
 . Ceded ". 
 
 CaiutnJati.in 
 
 Sei> liuriin, 
 Ceded . 
 
 See /,«/,•„ ' 
 
 C:ip!t!!!ati.-fl 
 
 27 t).'t. 
 
 rat. 
 
 lished. \ 
 19 ^Scpt. , 
 The f..rination 
 was rcsolveil 
 Coi.o.\ui. E.viiinn.. 
 ihiets, mannfactui 
 e.Uonies in Lo„,l„n in TSSri 
 
 and •rFVt-r"''''''-"'"""'fl' 
 ■"I" ^'1 J. L. Owen : i.ne,i,,| uitl 
 
 loun.lul i863, incorj.o. 
 
 i ..ceedniKs- „re pul,. 
 
 'l'*-'ess met at Amsterdam 
 
 Capitnl,iti,.n 
 Settlement 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Bee. 
 
 iSoo 
 1890 
 •890 
 
 «",val r.,n,n;issi„n 
 c prin.i'iif Wnlev 
 
 ;'yth..c^;.;:,;;;;;;;M;.'l!;;;;j':,-;;;'.^'-.sp,en;^:^? 
 
 t'.v «i>- A. Sullivan. s„ ,! ' M •■?«'; r'''.''."""'--''- 
 5.550,745 I.er.s„ns ,■ elose,1 .o' \, v ' J-'""-' by 
 
 the Im,.nti„ns exhihif „f ' '' '1' ''"' '"' 'l"li<'it on 
 I reBcrve, if .,-„,; I"uii institute, leavinj; n 
 
 ■»<::■ T..stin'n'ini«if„rhi's',!v,.';!Hl',!;"""""'' 3oApriT 
 f" "ir Philip Cunl,tle(C;^','i"r "•"«P'-''«i'"tea 
 
 Mr. E. .Stanhope, .■..l.,ni.,i L L\ ' ' ■ 'SSf 
 
 cnlerence or',u;,.nti. .',' ? "'''"'7' I"'"'P"«cs a 
 
 ^m'\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 life, 
 
 * 4- 
 
•1 
 
 i} Ml' 
 
 1 , ! 
 4 f 
 
 _ COLORADO. 
 
 Ooliiiiiiil iMiilVriMiPi',' llrnl iiici'liiiKiif ii'l'irscntntivcs 
 iiCiill III. will.. nil's ; invsi.l.'iil, -.ir H. T. II.illiiii.l, 
 i'iil..iiiiil s.'.'ii'tiir.v, till' ii'iti'iinis III' SMlisiiiii-y mill 
 I'tlirr niiiiisii'i's jl-cmi'iiI ; i|iii'Sliiiii> ilisciisM.i, 
 ilcl'i'iiiT nC c.ii. mil's, ('.•nliiij; htali..ii-'. \i\, ciihic 
 
 C'llJllllllllli.'.'lli.ill, IM'H ilM.lli.lirs, I'Mlpinyilll'lll nl' 
 
 liiilH'i-iiil iiuMii an. I iMilitni'v ..lli.'.i-, ii'iul i..iis 
 
 Willi l'.ll('i;ili lii.w.'r-i. |iiislal M'-uImImms. Ii';.mI 
 
 ilfliiirs, d'lisii" ii'Innis, i\-i'.,4 .\|iiil. I?,-:;, lii'siills 
 of till' I'liiiCi ri'iif'i' siH'crssCiil ; clnsi'ili) Jlav. Tlir 
 ik'l('«uli'.s I'l'Cfivcd liy tlif (Jnc'C'ii Ml Winilsui, 
 
 4 May. 1SS7 
 Ldi'd di'iirfi' Ilaiiiilliiii'H plan fm- fnlmiial ilrfi'iici' 
 
 tlf't'i'|iti'i| liy Aiisli-aiia. Ac. . ahiiiil ..J Ainii. ,, 
 Naynl |)i'Ci.|ii'i' Arl jiassiil at Miilninriii' witli 
 niyal assi'iil, 24, 25 Xuv. : acci'iitiil liy 'la^iiKiiiia, 
 Ni'H Si'iilh Wall's, Si. mil Aiislrali.i. ami Xi'W 
 Zoaiaml I Di'i', ; ili'Cii'ii'il liy yui'i'iisi.'iiiil , Dw. ,, 
 Canaliaii I'.i-. i|wmUvo piiiniiiziitinii cuiiiimiiv 
 
 fiiiiii'li'il '. iSS'i 
 
 Till' I iinill (■ till. ciiiiiiM.'iis .111 ('..l.iiiiza- 
 
 tinii a|i|..iij.li-.l in iBSo; sir .laims l-'i-i-ii.>.'ii, 
 rliaiiiaaii, issiiml a ri'iimt, witli s.'iisilili' n'rniii- 
 iiii'ii.lati..iis, aliiiiit , . . . .? M'lrrli, r".)! 
 lliiik.'s "C.il.'iiial (ii'iilry," vi.l. I. |iiiliii^lii'.| ,Si'|i1. ,, 
 Till' tilli' .it " Ininiiiiralili' " a>>imii'.l l.y ciTliiiii 
 
 . III. iiiial .iltii'i.ils a|.iii'ii\i'(l liy till' iiui'Cii . .riini'. ijiji 
 Iiiipiiri.il ,'iiiii inti'r-i'i.lniiial c'liiil.'ri'ii.'i' ..)i.'1ihiI at 
 Ottawa ; llii. I'arl of AIii'I'.Ihi'Ii pivsi'iil ; il..|i".'Mti's 
 ri'iiia Australia, Caiiaila, Cn\«- ('..l.iii,\. aii'l ..lli.'r 
 I'Dlonii.s, till' I'arl iit .liisrv I'm tlii' li.'iii" 'i'lVi'iii- 
 Illi'lit, 23.Jnii|. ; Mr. .Mai'ki'lizii' ll.iw.ll .'',.'. 'tnl 
 pri'siiii'iit ; imperial unity striin.L;ly .'nlMn'ati'.l, 
 .■I) .liuii' ; elii-iiiK sitting.', 9 .Iiilv ; imil Ji.r.si.ys 
 ri.p.irl piiiillslii'.l . . . ■ . , l)i><'. iS()4 
 Ciiliinial .illii'i'i.-. (Ii'avi' iil'aliRi'ni'e)act imssinl . ,, 
 C'liiiiiiial liiiiin.l.irii's art iiassi'il . . 6, July, iSqs 
 
 Daspat.'li lit .Mr. Clianiln'i lain tii I'liloiiial {jiiMTiiiirs 
 .111 till' ni.':it iiiipiirtanca of tin' ili'M'liiiiiiii>iit nl' 
 
 I'liniiiii.ri'i' 2f. Xiiv, ,, 
 
 I.ai'Ki' sMiiis yiiti'il liy tlia cnliinii's in refi'i'i'in'i" to 
 till' (|Ui.i'n's ili;iniiin.| .jnliili'i' (30 .liiiic), iSq; ; 
 ri'li'iiraliiins ami ivjuii'ln-s tliroM.uli.'Ut all tli.' 
 colonii'- aii'l liritisli p"s..i'ssi.ins, ao .Inin' </ .<ii/. i"..; 
 Mr, I/iiuicr, I'mni I'linaila, ami 10 otln'r ci.l.ni.il 
 ini'hii.'i-., ii'ii-iviil liy tli.'ilnki' of I>i'vi.ii-.liiri' at 
 I.ivi'rp.'.il, 12 .Inni'; visit Eilinlnirjili, 14 .Inin' ; 
 lilisKiiH', 15.111111'; UirMiiiiHliani, 21 .lani' ; Paris, 
 
 ro.hilv, ,, 
 Iiaiii(iii'l til till, pri'inii'is. tin" prim-'' ..f Wal'.'s pri.- 
 _si'iil,at till' Inijii'rial instituti'. I.iiii.li'ii, iS.lnni', ,, 
 Till' I'li'Vi'ii pii'iiiii-rs ni.'uli' privv c.iiiiii'illors ; I'l 
 .Iiini", I'liti'itaini'il liy tlir lnr.l mavm at tlii' 
 
 Mansion I s.' ; l.ir.l ,Sali~l.i,iy, aii.l a ilis- 
 
 liiinnislii'il ('i.nip.iiiy. pri'si'iit, i .liily; ii-. civi' I 
 liy till' i|i;. '"11 at Win. Is.. r , , '. 7.1illy, ,, 
 ('ol.iiiial ami Imliaii tri...ps I'liti'rt.'iini'.l ami ri'. 
 vii'wi'il l.y till' iiui'i'ii at WimKi.r, .; .Iiih ; l.y 
 till' princ.' ami |iriiic'i'ss of Wiili-. al lim-kiiV-'liani 
 
 I'al'-ii'i' i,Iiilv ,, 
 
 Sec /(i.v/iii,..- (Cn'niuiil), Iiiii«,:ii! Ih.'ni'r, liiii„ii,ll 
 lu.^titit', .>Jri'i/i(/i>.« ami .si'paiat. aitiflis, 
 
 COLORADO (so calliil fr..!ii its roloiircd 
 raijKi'H), a territory of tlic L'liitid Stati'o of North 
 AiiiL'iira, was orir.iiiisi'il 2 Manli, ]Hl>i; proclaimed 
 a state, .-Viii,'. i8;(); ia|iital, Ileiivii- City, ropulil- 
 tioii ill 1.8.S0, 194. 527; if<i/_), 4i2,l<)8. 
 
 (lold fonii'l lii'ii', 1858. yii'lil .ip to 1878, nearly 8.3 tons 
 
 pure uolil ; 770 tons silvrr; ami niii.li roppiT ami lead. 
 
 CouinADo liKKTi.i:, so ealleil lioin its stiiu'd eoloiirinj,'. 
 
 was liisl, roiiiel in Wiseoiisiii. wa^desiriai'd liv Tliomas 
 
 Hay. ami ii.inieil /in;//;,/."/!. ,;...,„/.„,.,,/.., in i<j..4, when 
 
 he I'oun.l it ii.'ar the L"|.per Miss,.iiri. It soon took to 
 
 lei'din;; oil p.itato.'S, ;i, they wi'n- pl.inteil, ai.l f.'rai|iiallv 
 
 pio.'i'i'ili-.l .'astwar.l lhiou};li Nelirask.i, loin, lllimns 
 
 Ohio, A.'., t.i Ihi' N.'W KiikI.iimI stal.'s, .1.- mvin^; the 
 
 . -rolls, iHyirf.,,/. In :873 it re.nlie.l .\, ■.-. York, and 
 
 •lie .Ul.iiili' sealioard in 1S74. swarming Il.eie in iS7f), 
 
 ami aUi l,.:.^ Caiia.l.i. Thele.11 ..fits inva.lni!,; Hritain 
 
 led t.. .11. ..i.lei in r.iiimil resi>.i'tiii;i il.s di-^tnietiim, 
 
 .<e , 14 All;,'. 1877. Very few siH-eiinelis arrn. t 
 
 Women enfran.hi.sed, \i,v. iSgj. 
 
 Strike or ;::•!: ;s ai Crip;:.;.. I'feek, with eiiii 1 oniia^es : 
 II dejitlis. ,(, Sla.i ; tin-ips ealled ont, 27 Mav ; the 
 ootiMliv 'i.trntled by a reliel eneaiiiiHiieiit .'ii Hull 
 
 ^64 
 
 COLOUR. 
 
 ' Hill, 1 .Imii' ; skiniiisli with the tr 
 strikers yield, 9 .Inne, 13^4 
 3 Italians sli ' ' 
 
 "P-'. 7 ''yiie; ll„. 
 
 . , me, I5y4, 
 
 t l.y a III. ill In eonneelion with the iniiii|,.r 
 
 ol a i|epiity.slierill(Mr. I.UoiOat Wal.seiilaiiL. ■ ..ni,.,. 
 
 restored, 10-14 .Mareh, i«.)5. 
 
 .MiiiiiiK strike, riot in;; with iiliiodshed ; militia eill,. 1 
 
 out, 21 .'Sept. iSgrt. ' ' 
 
 (.•ollision on the Ilio Oran.le r.iilw.iv, near .Veweaslle •,- 
 
 deaths, 10 'Sept. i3i;7, ' ' ■ 
 
 COLOSSEUM, see Co/i.sn,m. The liiiiMi„,r ,„ 
 Retfont's I'ark, London, was platitied liv Mr. Ilornn- 
 a hind .surveyor, and e.nnnieiiei'd in 1X24, In |Vi,! 
 and tiris.sell, from desieiis liv l)e,inuis liiirli'i'i 'ri,,. 
 chief portion was a polvKon of id faces, 12(, ||.,.t ,,, 
 diaiiictcro.\ternally; the walls were three fen tlii, k 
 , at theKrmind: the hei>?ht to the glazed d.inic ip 
 feet. On the canvas walls of the iloine was iiainteil 
 the ])anorainic view of London, eoin|ilcted in i,Sv 
 Ironi sketches hy Mr. Kornor taken from thcsiinii'int' 
 ot .St. raul's cathedral ill 1X2 1 -2 Thcpiitiireenvin li 
 aliove_4(),ooosiniarc feet, more than an ai le .if e.n,- 
 
 vas, 'J'hc dirtcrciit parts were iliincd li\ .Mr |.' 
 
 r. Tarris, who in 1,84^ repainted the whole ' In 
 I.S4.S a panoranni of I'aris wase.vhiliitcil ; siieeeedi.i 
 in I.S50, hy the lake of Thun in Switzcrlaml- ,. 
 I.S51 the pan.ir.inia .if L.indon ivas reprodu. , .l ' |. 
 I.S48 the theatre, with the pan.irania of I,i.,l„,n „.,'' 
 added. In i,S,5i, when Mr. Ilornor failed, the 'est ,' 
 olishment w.is sohl lor 40,000/, to Me.ssis iJrdi ui 
 .ind Yat09. In 1845 it was hoiiuht hv .Mr. I) 'm,',,,' 
 taguc for 23,000 unincas. 7V,«/„, ' After iiavin.. 
 been loilff closed, the liiiiidiliir was opened m the 
 public at I'hristnnis. i.Si^d, at .mc shilhiifr. i'|„|,,,. 
 the charjie of Dr. liachhotlner, it contimieilopen till 
 the sprinir <>f 1*14. when it was a-aiii close,! Th, 
 saleof thcsiU'wasaiinouiK'cd 1870. It wa<aiiii,,nn,i,| 
 in Dec 1871, that a company wasalioul tolraiwfnrni 
 till, biiildins and 1,'romiils into cliih-chaiiilicrv l|.,t||. 
 .1 winter (garden, kc. In 1874, it was sold- jar..,! 
 tiiansions have been I'leeted on the site. 
 
 COLOSSUS OK Rhodes, a brass statue ol 
 .M>"lh>, seventy cubits liif?h, esteemed on.' ol iL. 
 wonders of the world, was erected at the imrt ef 
 Rhodes in honour of the sun, by (_'hares of 1 imlii 
 disciple of Lysippus, 2yo or 2.S8 i..c. It was l'l,n,«i; 
 down by an carthiiuake about 224 11. c The (iinn 
 is said niythic.iUv to have stood upon two inuie- 
 a los being extended on each side of the harliour s.i 
 that a vessel in full .sail cieild (.nter beltteen 'jh,' 
 statue was in ruins for nearly nine centurii's 'iml 
 hadiieverbeen repaired ; when the Saracens tiikhi" 
 
 Rhodes, puUed it to iiin'os | sold the' nietif 
 
 weiglunj; 720,(XX) lbs., to a ,)ew, who is said In Im,' 
 loaded ()ix) camels in transporting it t.. .Vle.viiiiiiii, 
 about (153. Ihtfiiitniii/. 
 
 i COLOUR i.-i .to lijfht what pitch is to snnn.l 
 aceordiii!!: to the undiilatorv theory of lluvirlnnl 
 (about 1678), established h"v Dr. 'l'. Ynung ,„|,i 
 others. The bhade varic.s acVording to the iminl.ir 
 of vibrations. 458 niillioiis of millions of vihra- 
 tions in a second attribuled u. the red cniloftba 
 spectrum; to the violet, 727 , see .Sy/,'c//™«.» Se,. 
 
 *Soinepe,'si,ns(ali,mtr.5onliif ,,54)eamiot,li.stiii™,|, 
 
 iH-tweeii clours, and are ter 1 Otli.ur hli.,il Vv 
 
 ilefect said to have been lirst descriheil by I'lii'.stl'V 
 I'Inl. lr,n,. ,777. hi iSiy. |irole.ssor .1. Clerk .Miisw'li 
 llilelltcd s|»'.'fa.|es to reln.'iU this ilele.t whi.li is -.K,, 
 .ailed '•|)alti.iiiMii,"alt.'r .l..iin Halt. .11, the 1 hemist t" 
 
 wlii.ni searlet appeanM dralcolimr, |ir V, "eH'ils'i.ii 
 
 " llesearches on rolonr-Hlimlness," 1847' '"|ir .Im- 
 
 .letlnes. "llolonr Ullrnllie.ss," ,87.). The l|,n;,| Siieii'ti 
 
 1 mission a|. pointed in Maii'h t i|,.i,|,.i- ^.,,1 
 
 i.iimlness, rHpiiiie.l m May, iSyj ; Holni-reu s'm,.|li'.' 
 "It tesliii- by the Use of skoins ol eoloareil iviml «,- 
 rec.imiii'-n.l.'.I. 
 
 COLSTO 
 
 miu-Iinok:, fm- X,,ti,„|,,, 
 ■■/[li-diiliy. 
 
 COLSTON DAY, N 
 
 COLUMUL-V, a fedei 
 
 •r Washiiigtou in .M.iryl 
 .■ijivery was abolished in 1 
 1,-7,024; l8(JO, 230.3(,2; H, 
 
 COLUMRIA MAR I. 
 
 lemloti; erected b\- .Mr. 
 •he puinted (.iothic 'st\le, a 
 QV.w lady) Jiiirdett-Coutls, 
 lS(x). It cost her 200,(xk) 
 »hole.wle tish-market, 21 
 iuieessful. On 5 N,iv, ,jj, 
 I'riseiitcd the ma'rket to tlie 
 ami all 18 July, |,S-2 (jjii 
 irmlani of that "city. ' "' 
 
 lii' market did not siieeeed nr 
 
 i.-.'.tiireil to the donor 
 .\,;iiii opened on lil,,.,-,.,! termn 
 
 iii'i'.il (ireat Kastern, (ireat 
 
 1:111.1 niilway conipanics 
 ftl'.irleil faihu-e; in-oposed its 
 
 ■leri' , . . . 
 
 Il'-'i|.i.'iieil as a llsh-inarket 
 OoM'i'teil with .\. I..,ii.|,,„ |[,,|| 
 
 COLUMRIOr. a mei 
 
 Hitiliett, ill a mineral iianii 
 I;i'^iik'nficahvith niobium, n 
 i! sU|i|io.«ed by .some chemists 
 
 COLUMRUS, <apit,lo(• 
 ;I! 1.M2. IS the scat of imn 
 i'i|iiilati'.n, 1870,31,274; iK( 
 
 •'JUIDI, 
 
 I', 
 
 tlmtlKiii^, see ,S 
 i.'lii(iii/o, Jjr., 1892. 
 
 COMBAT, Sixm.K. Tri 
 
 !.} the Liimbards, dz^t), Jj,,,., 
 
 liuml into Kiislaiid "tor accus 
 
 lii'itluTtlie aci'ii.scr 1101 the ni 
 
 ; -1.1 1'viiiciiee ; .see Aitpail a/ 
 
 .U.ittii' hy single ci.ml,..,t m.i.s' f, 
 
 William II,, ;inil the i.eeis, I 
 
 Mill :iiiil William, earl of Kn 
 
 limiiipl of liij;li treas.in ; aiid' 
 
 i|i.ii'.l, Ku Was deeiaeil eonvic 
 
 l.iiitil.iti'il, loijO. 
 
 .1 ■.',il.,itpriip.ise.| between Ilenn 
 
 1 Hi i.'f.iiil (afterwards Henrx I' 
 
 sN'.ifiilk, was forhiil.len hv Hi. 
 
 .U11..I \Viiiia|.|..iinti'.l lietwe- il the 
 
 Ji"l the earl iif Orii I. the loin 
 
 ■!!■■ Littfr of hi-h tr.'.'isiin, i.iiai 
 k,i:., il.'.i.l.il without liKhtinK I 
 
 .1 .DllBlt «;is piopose.l li,.| Weill 
 
 I'l ).l IhiiiiM'y, ill ,„,,. jiiit III,. 1^ 
 (• I' 'iiiliat ill Dnhlin cisth', liefi 
 
 .,:.'! .■uiiiii'il, hetween C lor .Ml 
 
 n:nVi;:>hir.(iil|iatrick OConiio 
 Lralrat iitt, aiiil jircsi'iited io the 
 
 COMBIXATIOX. Laws . 
 th.tiiin.. of EdHard 1. iiownwar 
 pr;.rof lalmiir anil the relation 
 anJaorkitien, and prohiliitin- tij 
 fc.i'.j; for their own protectimi 
 I law,^ mii.'iolidated in l-i)() iun\ li 
 I ■JilS25,diiepr,itcclion being u'iv, 
 llifiiftwasamendcdin /8;obv2 
 ilfsubjert was iiiui h discli.s.sed, 
 
 I tlieitnki.iti the building trades . 
 .iiiil Utrikfii. ' 
 
 t-OilBiS, iounti in r.nnjK.ii; i\ 
 • ii!,v mmriiurateii. 1(13(1 or Hijo, 
 
 COilBU.STIUX, see Spo,,/,n. 
 
 h: I' 
 
COLSTON DAY. 
 
 •2c,r, 
 
 „,^,,„^^,^ .mo„„i ..tt.,„, ,„,,„.,^, ^,^^,^_ COirtJDIE m ■ ^'CAISP ^^"7^^'^ 
 
 LU1.MON DAY, Nov. ,,,, „,, /;,,.,,„^. ,v, „, ..,„, „^ , 
 
 ■It ti"> I'-iiMis Nov,,! ,,:,,,','• '!\'''''''i'''"y . If n.'t..i-H, 
 
 I .'.i i.v i.uMi, Y V ,,v ;■'' •^'"'""■'' ■'■iic.-itiv, 
 
 "•..iM,.„, ^H^;,^ti,MT,,.,f,^r ;, ';;''^''''»),,f5 nu.„, ,„hI ,. 
 
 „ '•"!"■< XV.; r,li ,!'"":''''■'•'■''!■■■*; ■VWVC.,1U1„I,M. 
 
 Ti .,i,i|,,„,v vi, . I I 7'' • ." •''"'■'■'I 111 l3oj. 
 
 ■•^■n..li l)n„l,;„'| \\','^, ,9; • " li""t a,..t,„s, .M„,h„M„ 
 
 lS()9. It cost ln'i- 200 (XK / /. '' ^^ ;^l"'l' TI '■"*• "'"''•"' 'i"'l '••;iv„rf 
 
 ;^a.«r'Tt^^^'''S'f-"- •--■^'-^■-^'■'■' ^' ^ - 
 
 ^';;;r:n:!i!:;;!r- • ' -.^ ^v,.,,. ^ 'I::.!; o;.zr!^,::,V t;-.^;:.f r- ''!"-^^ 
 
 .Uin iipi'iK'.l n„ li: ,, ,1 ,,,,,,„ ,„ ■ • ,.| I'ir. ,87., «-it!i ,. !„„k,.f „f ti ,i ' , '", i •• ''■'■'■'•■ '■'■■"■'"•''ea 
 
 ,^.;n.M.ii,,„.; ,„.,„„;.,„ ,;,., ,., „ .,..^. .;..;. .s„ : \;:;x;;,;,r.'^!.l.li'';i;:;'i!;^;,,!;f;V^i;-.440B.e, 
 
 Onwct,'.lnitli X. 1 lull |(.,i|,,:,v • '7;"iii.v, i88j V/ •'''*•-''' '''''''''i''-'* ■•ii'- .■xtiiiit ■,'. li,",?,, i' , 
 
 COLUMRirAr ■! n,o..,l I- 'It Kniii,. ,«„„.,. " "''"■"''-"lj'^''"im'afes;(l„iinslK.a 
 
 -Pl'-'l In s„Mu. ..h,.„i,.,„. „ „,,, ^•""■'l""i. It ,...s .,„i,i r .„,..,,,,,.„ nm n,. „.,„„. „i.. ,, , 
 
 ii"l th,. l„.,i .iftVn i, ,■ V'd ;. '.■■^\ "•'"■'■" («li'' ""•»'"'), 
 Ki''W'(.77.v.77c,)'^ ''"'-'■''''•>•'''"'-'' K'iSli«li laiN 
 
 coLFMnrs. (iiiM(,i„((,iii„ i-s . ,. ,, 
 
 . ■■■•"■■-, <'y). II 
 
 ml into hiislaiid Icir „i'( 
 
 <i.'imiM.v Ml, ,:^;'' ■::';'';'■'■-' '■' Mr. li. p. 
 
 if -ilitio,,. ,,s,is' ,',.:..":'."':V;'<"'!'^'. f"ni,.ts,"(„ii 
 
 liUflv-i, _ 
 
 tllllliiiirt'tl, ia}6. 
 .i'..|ulp,ll |.ru|in.s|.,| lictwi'l'll Ili'liiv.if II, II. 1 . 
 
 ■■■N"*lk,w:.s,n,. l.,lll (Hi Vir's;::?'"^' '''"''■ 
 
 :i I.tt.i' »f lii-l, tiv.isii, , . ' ; i." t-' iiii|">a.h,.,l 
 
 i^».i;.ii.i..i witiiniit liKiiiiiii!.;":; ;,••"-••" "1- «,v ti„.. 
 
 .\ mint «;i.s nn.iiuscil hrlwiiMi l.i-.i d 
 
 ''■••iH»ii.-yIii..'M..iii.t kii!;' JJ;:?/^,,';'"' m,-. 
 
 Iiiii -imlMt ill Diil.iiii ,,,.s(i,. hi.n.i', t I ■'^■ 
 
 .».! runmil, l„.t,v,.,.„ Coiiii;,,. .u ^e , 'I'';,.'""'''''''' 
 
 »IW.>i;..(ii|patHvkO' '.I,,.' .i'''"''''^ (JV.,„ii,„. 18(.... //;,„/. 
 
 hralcm Mil, mill ),i™.m,.,l i„ tliVwils,"'™;''' '""' '"•■' ; t ''';'"■■" l>"l'l'- "lie s.'.-n 
 
 .'. rHNo. 
 
 tii.mi.i-.iav^i!„ In :,,x;'^^:7::''li''-'''''-tn^ 
 
 '^ Hiail.l niiiii-t si'cn , ,,,, I, : . 
 i8(.... Ilin.l. "''I'l'^'" ■'W'liii ali'iiit Aiit;. ,858 .,r Aug. 
 
 I'ClHlt I-.. 1.1 _ 
 
 COMBIXATIOX. i.a«s „i.,<. ,,,„.t..,i f 
 
 pna-ot Libour „n,l tli.. ,,.|„lio„s l..tw"n .f/'" 
 and work,,,™, ami pi-„liilii,i„. ,h,. I , *.,',■, .'T^;;" 
 imi,ghr then- awn protci'tim, 'n„, . '^"'" 
 
 hinfe,due,ini,,.,,io,'i,' :'!;.^e^";'''r,"'i'-'i'^'i 
 
 t" 'ai,ati,,,,H|,li,',., ',',■'!,,' ,'-'■;' '■'""^•*-' ^"■^' '■Mianeoiia 
 
 A::;;;:";:;;::;:;::;,;ii^i;;:;^:;f; '-'-. 
 
 r-m-R< r ■• i> 'y'iiiii-<"t t!,.,»;.,i;,,,,,.,V'!.''''" "•'■''• 'I't til,. ,H.ri,,,ii,,a, 
 
 .iM?^^''' ''"";" '" I "'"la-ii ; foililiinak;.,-.' ..„.., ""' '"""■' "f >68.i was tli,. .sVn , „ 'Ii,'':,' ""■"<■>' '"^'t 
 
 COMB.S, i"u4m' ill Piinijicii; t'olllliln.iL-. ,,..,• 
 
 I wmc..,-,,i,rat,.d. ,,,^(1 ,„■ ,,,3,;. """""•"-'"< ''oni 
 
 'I" '""a't .If .68. was tli,. sa ,.„ 1 ,' ""'"'■"' '"^'t 
 
 5;i. .n„l r(«7, .l,.,hli.i,. I Ti?' ',''' "'"• '•'"'.t ..f ,45,s 
 vati.m „t tliMisti.i;, ,,?'■''■' ".'"" " '"'"'"'■ "''^-1- 
 
 - 'lavii,, a,,,,™iv,u„ ti,„„.',^:;,l';'/,Xy: &:"':;'' 
 
 "' 
 
 %' 
 
 
 1^ ll 
 
 - J ^1 .*■• ^•"Ji 
 
 '■'*uVj*- 
 
 W' 1 "I 
 
 
 
 I Fj 
 
 
 iji 
 
 iU 
 
 '4% 
 
COMETS. 
 
 •2C,'; 
 
 C( »MMANDER-1N.CH lEF 
 
 
 ly," 
 
 
 i ■^- '•• 
 
 
 pi 
 
 
 ■-') . 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 tiiic^ii.t 
 
 Mi'Kt IIni'iI till' identity lit' I'liiiM'tH, (iml (iviilli'ti'il tlicir Dknmnci'k (■diiict iipiii'tiiH 4 Oct 1881 
 
 li.'ii'.ili.iil rctunia. yi.iir'HA.^Iri,ri„it!i. 'Mir n'Milutimi Aii.itln'r iit MM.Irin,, at K.illriK, iirur'l.iiiKliirr ti,. , 
 
 of llallfV 'm i-iiiMi t U iti'iinn I in tilioiii tc I'i'ai-M ; It Imtilv tli'.t ..t' .a.. ■^■..1 .uo . ^- u....* .i.^ ' .'. I 
 
 ■ ■' *> ./f t.iw, I mil" HI I a, a I r.aiiriK, liVtiT IJtlMlnrr tVc / 
 
 I lliilli'Vs t is prifiPH 1 111 iilu.iii 75 ,vrar« ; It linlilv tliat (it 1841 ainl i8Hn t? Miiiit 1882' aiV 
 
 "'■' in ., = >; n„i,.ai,i,. t,,lt« -7 *•!'•■; m'cii lit A aniiia, 2y. Sept. 188a. ' 
 
 • '1 a •!• ■ 11 1 .1 < • 'III • I 1 .T I '• I i> 'I III! 1 I III l»I II ' • t I ^ ■) _I I III n , I ( 
 
 ii|>|'i'ai'i'il (as III' liiiil |>n"lirti'iiliii 175!:. jiiil rami- to ItH 
 iii'iilii'liciii nil .Maiili It ; its la.1t aii|»araiici' wii?. 1835 ' 
 its next wiil la- lyK. 
 A iiinst lii'illiaiit luiiiit a|i|>iai'r<l in 1769, wlili'li irnHHi'il 
 within ttti) niilliiiMs nl' iiiIIi'n nt tlit' I'lirtli, tirnt sia'ii liv 
 
 Nbw ciiiiicl ilim'ovoivd liy piof. IJiirniiril lit Liik ,, 
 July, 1384, ' ' ' 
 
 Ni'W ciinK't ilisciivrivil at Ui'iili'lt.or(( liy Dr, Mn w r 
 '7 Mii|it. 1884. '' 
 
 witliin ttti) iiiilliiiMs III iiiili'N III tilt' I'lirtli, tli'Kl Mia'ii liv 17 M(i|it. 1884. 
 
 Mi'ssiiT 8 AiiK. Tliin liiaiitiriii ciuiii't, imiviiiK witli j Ainitlirr .lisi'.iviTi'il liv M. Kaliry nf I'aii •. 1),.,. oj 
 
 iiiiiiii'imc NWiftiii ss. was sriMi in I.iiiiiluii ; its tail liy Mr. Ilriinks nf Nou Vnik .Ian. 1886, ' '" ' 
 
 atl'i'ti'lifd aci'iiHs till- lii'.-ivi'im liki' a iirniliLriiillH lllliiili' Tliri'i> f>n)iiia^ t-iuil.l.. 11 1..' L1..1 .'... > •. 
 
 Hti'i'ti'licd aci'iiss till- lii'avi-Ms liki- a iiniili^intiFi Imiiiii 
 mis arcli, ;'.,,x«.).i«..> niilis in li-iitjtli. 
 
 ^li iin|iiitid li-iintli lit that wliirh aiiiii-im-d In ^11, lilul 
 
 whii-li was sii ri'iiiarkalily iiitisiiiciiiiiis, was, mi 15 
 t)i-t. ari-nlililiK til till' lati- l)i',. llt'l's hi'lj. ll|iwalils nt 
 n>j,ooo,(xxi mill's, mill itsaiijiavrjit ^vi-afrst lirt'iiiltli, at 
 till' Haliit' tillli', i5,ooo,(xx) mill's. It was visilile till tilt 
 aiitlimii til the iiaki-d i-yi-. J'lillnx. 'J'niiir. Iv'yul Sue. . . 
 
 fnriSi.'. Aiiiithrr riinii't, lli'r. I'Saj. ' ' 
 
 E.M'Kk's t'liMKi' was (iliMMVi'il tiy Jli'-i'liniii In 17S6, MIhk 
 t'ai'iiliiii' Ili-rsi'lii'l in [705,111111 'i'hiilis in 1B05 ; mlis- 
 
 iiiviTi'il liv runs, 26 Niiv. 1818, hut .justly nai I liy 
 
 astriiiinnuTs attiT i-inlissnr Kiii'ki', tnr his siin-i'SM In 
 lii-trrtin^' its ui'liit, nintimis, anil ]ii'i Iiiiliatiiins ; it is, 
 liki- the iiii'i'i'iliiin mil' lit the tliri'i' iniiii'ts whii'li liavi' 
 apjirari'il ai'i'uriliii^' tn iiridii'tiiiii, ami its t'l'Vnliitlmis 
 all' iiiaih' in i vrars ami 15 wi'iks. 'I'liiiti'i'iith ri'liini 
 iihsi'ivi'il at (■ii|ii'iili.'ip'ii hv M. d'Ancst, ■jo .Inly. 1K61 : 
 uhsi'ivi'il in l';ii(;lauil, 14 (li't. 1H71 ; .si-i-n 1 1 .Vinii. 1875; 
 ill .N'i'W Snulh Willi's, ) i\U|,'. 187B ; visililc at Wasiiiiii;- 
 
 ■I'liii'i' ciinu'ts visihh-, Ili'iinks', Fahiys,' ami llftri.niit 
 ,laii. ; Incri'iisini.' in inijihlmss. May, i8Sfi. 
 
 New piimi't dismvi'i'c'd hy Mr. Fiiiliiy of n,,, i-.,„ 
 iilwi'i-viitiiry a6Mi'iit. iSSr "I 
 
 Olio illHcovei'tal hy .Mr. Ilim.ks nt Genova, Xi-w Vart , 
 .liily, 1889. "iirii, ' 
 
 A ciiiiii't iil'Mrvi'd liy Mr. llnioks nt Xcw Vnrk 
 Mairh; .111,, liy pml, lli-nnin-al Ilrlst.il, x. July •',„,^ 
 hy imif. Z.ma nt rah-rnai, ,5 \,iv. ,890. ' ' ' '" 
 
 7'cia;W>a'i//',.,('miii't(,Srt9aii.l i88o)si'.'ii hy Mr n.ai.ln 
 30S1.pt,, I (let. ,8,11. ' '"111,111,, 
 
 A (iiuiii't "lisi-rvi'd hy prni' I.mvis Swift. 7 Maicli ; „,,,. 
 
 hy Mr. W. V. iH'ui.ii,^. n.'ar lliistnl, ,b .m^„','Ii, .L 
 Wiiiui.ck(.'s I'.iim-t (ihs,.r\..,l hy Dr. Miiiiali'r 1^ M.,rli, 
 
 .Bj«: nil,. .|is,'i,v,'n.l hy Mr. Edwin Holia,:/ ,' 
 
 lslin;;tmi, I.iiiidiiu, f, ,\iiv, is,,i, '" 
 
 A c.inii.t .' ilhscoviTed by Mr, Ueniili].- nt Iliist,,! ■,, 
 
 .Mnrcli, 1894. ' '1. . 
 
 A ciiiimt iiliscuvereil by Jlr. Clnlii, of .Sv.hicv - \Tirii 
 
 1894. ' " ' *'l""' 
 
 111 ,11 n ii'.iiiii iiiinr>, -i •lllf^, iu/U( tiniiiitiii. Tin.-'iiiiif,- ,, 
 
 t.iii, \i'.. i.-i-ji Si'pt. i63i ; iniiH'rlcctly spun in Italy ■ .. '"'•'^' » ■ ■ 
 
 liyC.rullianiliillii.i's, i .\.jv. iSg.,. \ ^'.'^'^"|'™'« t«'<''<'''J|''« i'"HiLH.si)hsL.rv..d at ililh-ront puici-s 
 
 '•' I'l"'" ''"'upt (ilisc.iviMcl hy him at Milnn ■, Jm,' 
 
 187JI si'cli aL'iiiii !iv Ml' l.'iiilnv ,.1 »i,.. /,.... -^^ ..'•' 
 
 IJikla's L'oMKr lias hi'cii an nl.ji'rt nf fi'iii' to many on 
 ai'i'iiuiit of till' ni'iirin'ss with whii'li it has apin'oai-iii'd, 
 not till' I'iiitli, hut a point of tli" earth's piit'i ; it was 
 llrst ilisi'iivi'ii'il hy M. Itiila, an .\ustrian otiiii'r, 27 l-'i'h. 
 iS.'6. It is our of till' tliri'i' iiinii'ts wliiisi- ri'-apiu'ni'- 
 aiii'i' was jiii'ilirtiil. its 1 'volutimi lii'liif; pcrfniiiii'il in 
 6 years ;iml ;y witUs. Its sirund appraraiii'ti wn" 'n 
 
 187;) 8i...|i iiKniii hy Mr. Kii'ilny at llioCaiiB 'a Mav' 
 ■Sy4.;_^"""^ilis<'ov.ir..a by .Mr. E. Swift ii, Oiiitm",'. 
 
 Oiii. disfov.'ii-ii by prof. r,. Swift, Califoniin,. 20. SeM 
 1895; om. discovrri'd by Mr. IV'rrim, at tlu' I ,.t 
 .ihsi.rvatorv U.S.A ,r, ,7 N,,v, 1895 ; i„„. |,v ,, ,f 
 Hrooks nt (li'iii'vn, Xi'w York, 21 Niiv. -"- • ' 
 
 .Jj2, wlit'ii ihi. tinii- of its pii'ihi'liiin iins,s,-ij;i. v 
 
 Xov. ; its third was in i8j.; : its lonitli in i8.r' : ■" ■: .,„.. , „ ,,,. ,, . , • , ' „ , ' •"''' 
 
 itstirthin iSs2: it hassinii' vnnishid. '" l'.^ -^i' I I'lrim. at l.ii'k, 14 Feb. 1896 ; uii,. ?, ,|i,. 
 
 t'.im,.t ilis.iiv,.n.u hy M. l-'avi- nt Varis, Nov. .', , : ..■• ! Z-Uy |i 'w Som'! ' Ohio '""'v'"' 'V'"-"' '^"''■■ 
 
 appi'nrs.i'Vi'ry 7 yiirs. llrorsi.i.'s .'oiii.t ,i,„c.n.:nM j T uL^tl ^"^yi' ,696 ^ lui^ltiai'lit' Z '^ 
 
 by liiiii in 1846, 
 
 UiiN.vn's OiMKr, so I'allid from its lii.viiin bci-n til-it .'u- 
 si'rvi'.l hy Dr. Donati, of l-'iori'ni'C, 2 Jniii', 1858, in im- 
 then iiili'iUati'.i to lii' 2.'S.m«..otxj mill's frniii onr cniil,. 
 It was vi'iy hrilliaiit in Kn^liiml in tlii' I'liil of Si'ptciiihcr 
 iiml Oitiihi'r toll. .win-, wli.'ii tin- tail wa- said to hi' 
 40.000,000 mill's h.n^'. 1)11 till' lotli of (). -hi-r it was 
 iii'iiri'st to till' earth: on the iStli it was iii-;ir enmiiit; 
 into lollisiiiii with Venus. ( Ipinions varied as to this 
 eoniei's hrillianiy eoinpari'd with that of 1811. 
 
 The Ghk.vt CoMKr of 1861 was tirst .seen hy Jlr. Tehhiitt 
 at Sy.lney, in Australia, n May : hy .M.' (iohlsehiiiidt 
 and others in Kraiiee an. I Euglan.i oil 21). lu .liiiie. 'I'll.,' 
 1111. 'leiis was abiiiit 400 miles in diiiineter, with a lon.i; 
 busli-like tall, travelling ;it the rate of io,ooo,ixx. miles 
 ill 24 hours. (In 30 June, it w;is sii;,'ni'steii that we 
 were ill tliu tail - there heiii;: " ii phosi.lioreseent niiroral 
 (^Inre ; «;.iiiiiii(iii 
 
 A tailless cnmt't was disi'overed in the eiiiistellatinii ('as. iii-eliii.f 
 
 ..t ;.. 1... \l L- ,:. _ ^ . ., . . - 
 
 prof. I,. Swilt at l.ii'k, :,„ Sept. legf, ■'",„„'."}" a"' 
 covered by y\r. I'eiriiii at I.iik. Califmiiia 2 N.iv' 
 1896: oiU'iMliseoveied by him at l.ick, 9 \)n\ '.y 
 
 one (1 diseoveieil by Mr. IVrrine nt I.iek, ,6 Oct ifor 
 oiief. di.se.neri'd hy him then-, 8 l-ee., and aim L' 
 2..Mareh one by M. tliaeohini, .Nice, ,.,,„ ,8,3 
 
 Liiiiiins tiLMi-r, disi'iivereil hy liini at Mars.-illis 
 i-S April, heeanie visible (near I'olar star) in l„,,,i,; 
 nhoiit 4 ,lnly; ;;nidnally ineieased in liii.,|,„„' . '; 
 
 passed out of siKllt ill a lew weeks, ii, Km iiM-'.",,;,! 
 
 app.'aied brdliant at Melbonine, i An- ,^74. ' 
 
 COMAIANDEIMX-CIIIEP. an ofBooin Ha 
 Hntisli iiriiiy (iceasioiially viteaiit. When tin- duke 
 of Ucllinj.'toiin'sigiii'dllii.olliec, un lH'i'iiinin"nriiiii' 
 ii;iiiistcr, 111 i,S2«, liis siiccssoi-, Innl Hill, tie,.,,,,,,. 
 -iiiinmnder of tla- forces, ov genenil comiunndiii'. 
 
 siiijiieia, by M. Heelin-. at Athens, 011 2 .lulv, niul by 
 M. 'reiiipel, at .Marseilles, 2 and 3 .Inly, 1S67. " 
 
 ^■ < t deteete.l at Mnralhou, N.V., bv Mr. Swiff, 
 
 iS.luly, and by Ho.sa, at K e. on 25 jiily, 1S61. It 
 
 wasvisihle by the naked eye in An^-iist and Septeiiiher. 
 Six teleseoiiic comets were ob.servcd in iS6j, and several 
 
 ill 1S64. 
 A line eomct apiicared in the Hiiiitliern hemisplicre, and 
 
 was visible ill South America ami Australiii, in J.in . 
 
 I-'eh. 1865. 
 JI. lialiiuct ciiiisidcrcd that comets h.cl so little densitv 
 
 that the earth ini-lit juiss tl.i..u^:li the tail of one witli- 
 
 oiit our beiiif; awaic of it, 4 .May. 1S57. 
 Schiaiiiielli, of Milan, discnvered that the Aii..;iist iiieteiirs 
 
 move round the sun in nn orbit almo.st, identical with 
 
 the third 11 t of 1862. 
 
 One discovered at Uoiiii by Dr. Winncckc, 13 .Iniie, 185s. i/iikc m .^.11. .1110 
 
 Several small comets discovcieil by various astronoiiicrs, i Duke of Oriiiond 
 
 . 'S?3-S>. ! Kiirl of Stair 
 
 A liriKht comet aiiiicnrcd in the siiiitliern lieniisiihere, ' l-'ie|.l-JlarshnnVade 
 
 large nucleus, faii-shaiied tail ; visible in the soiithern ■ l.or.l l.ignnier 
 
 liciiiispherc, .May ; in hiindon, .^2 June ,■( «.,. ,s8i. I Mnniuis oi'Grnnhv 
 
 liy Order in ronncil »he ilutics of the C..i,iii,ai„l,.r.i„ 
 I hicf were delincl and piililished 
 
 2 Fell. 
 
 ( Al'rAlXS-llF.NKIHI.. 
 
 Dukeof Alliemnrle . 
 
 Duke of Monimintli 
 
 Dukeof .Marlborough 
 
 Seholilhelg. duke of I.eiiister 
 
 Duke .if Oi'iiiiin.l .... 
 
 Diike of .Marllioroiigh.ngaiii , ' . 
 
 Dlike of (.;illllbellainl 
 
 Duke of York 
 
 COMMAMiKllS-IN ClIIKK. 
 
 Diike of Montnoiitli .... 
 Duke of Marlhoroiigh . 
 Diikeiif S.-hombeig ... 
 
 . ifto 
 . i(;3 
 
 . ifii 
 
 . 1711 
 
 ' 'Vt 
 
 ■ 17*4 
 
 ■ '7j.< 
 
 . If.'-, 
 
 . If.,1 
 
 . i;ii 
 
 . i;44 
 
 . i;45 
 
 ' 1*57 
 
 . i;t6 
 
 COM.ME.M 
 
 I id Amherst, general on th 
 (lea. Mcyinnnr lomvav 
 Liinl Aiiilieist, again ' 
 |."ri'ileriek, dnkc of York 
 Sirllini.l Diiiidas 
 
 t'mliii'k,ilnkeiif York, aga 
 Duke of Wtlllligtoli .^^ 
 
 i.,.rillllll, general I „and, 
 
 lufceiit nellliigtnn, again . 
 Vi».i.iiiit llaiilin^;!- (dieii ,4 
 I'liiaiiiniidlng.in.i'idef 
 imkeuf t'uinhriilgr-, duti, 1,, 
 ciiiiiinuiel. r.ln-chief bv pi 
 fmiii . . , ,' 
 Liml Wolseley (for live ,vear»' 
 
 COMMEMOKATIO: 
 
 iw; and Ini;;. 
 
 COMMEND^VM, " 
 
 lii'Ui);, wliieh lieiiijr y,,,,!^ 
 
 .liiir(;c(if siinic Hiitticjcnt ,.|, 
 It iiiiiv lie eonvenieiilh' m 
 llhii'ii. iiy (> k - Wi'ii. 1 
 bislioiis werejiroliiliited fi'mi 
 till' livings they lielil wlieii , 
 
 C(*-MMEKCE eailv 
 E?viil. ami aniiiiig the I'l'iipi 
 lion i.r Tyre, s.SX ii.c., I::ri- 
 it was spread over Kuiuii 
 maritime cities, 12^1 f^^^.^. j 
 faovcries of t'oliiiiiluiM ; iin 
 llie Diitcli iinil r..|'|iii:iies 
 pofls, ami (irlicli 1,1111, nt, ,/ 
 
 J\Kl\ntt);;iti/ofr „.,,■,■.' iinel, 
 
 any tnreigii nation was cut, 
 
 f'li-iiiiiigs, I Kilw. I. ,_,72. 'II 
 
 I'lirtugaliii.il Spain, 2 K.lw. | 
 
 J.I- Timlit.-^. ilertslcfs tnl 
 
 Si... inihlishcd i828-3s, has a 
 
 .(iiiiiipiiitant eomniereiiil treaty 
 
 _ Iraiii'e (.SI- 7--,r«i'/i Tiu'l,/) 
 
 Cuuiihrs ../ Vimmun originate 
 
 I'll' i^th century, and siinih 
 
 iiistiliiteil in all the chief citi, 
 
 Iliw I'liaiiihcrs supiiressed in 
 
 ili'rm'S . . , 
 .* I'liaiiiliir of ciiininerce was 
 Wi'.-lii'tt, nierchant, he reeeivii 
 Til.' iliaiiihcr of ciiinincr,',- at ( 
 I'fehi'd 1783 : at Edinburgh, , 
 li.v: Hull. 1837; at l.iveri 
 
 lll.'.XI'rli.illsnf l'|.,,H.^^,,|. |_,,,,,j 
 
 .tv-".l,ltl'.l (tu.nt.v seven) eh.inil 
 
 |iiil iiielii.liiig l.ivei].,ii,l. .M.ini 
 
 ^i'W) iia-l at Westminster In 
 
 .'I'llii.ilis on V.-lliniis l|llestiiillv 
 
 imiiiial ami other meetings h 
 lO.S'iit. ie?9; l.oiiihin, ,.. i|.||.,. 
 i;"4i; 8 Mareh, 1892; li'.Marel, 
 ;:;.''; 9-11 March, 1897 ; ,, yu, 
 
 bli.r.«iircluii,iheisoftlieeiiipii 
 
 lii.; 9 June, idcif!. 
 C"iiMi:i'enL Ki.ii ATioN : coiifi-reii 
 
 ll"ii.<.-t.i iirnianti. the schcnii. 
 
 '• I"ii chaiiiher of cinnmero 
 
 m.itli.'raith.'Cnililhall, Q,lnlv 
 Hit- l.i.iir|iiii claiinher nf cnmiiie 
 
 .N-l't. ImIIi'iI pliispectlls, nhnllt 1 
 
 taiiil.i'1'5 tirst general ineeting 
 fiM annual meeting 
 
 liiti-niatiiiiial (.•niigi'i's.s nrcon'imer'i 
 
 Tl»' iiilirnatiniinl rnnj;i',.ss nf c 
 
 i"t at Antwerp, ,88=;; Jir,;ssel» 
 .\.lim.<ti'rore..iiii,a-r.'ciii EiiglaiK 
 
 .!ii'|-|.il ..... 
 ^'■h.!,■n■ml TmHlrrs schn.ils ]• 
 
 ■f4.;;-lteiiev,.l,'nt Instiiutinu, l-'i 
 '""«"■'■"'' h-iiMUri' A:i~.r:„ti,.„ f, 
 
 flu'lw, 1883, has niaiiy hram-bcs 
 
 >'lMi,luiiVhi,,i,l,n„f Arhitmt 
 
 "i ".:"' ',""■"■« Iricil iii a (unit . 
 
 «i. March, 1895 ; 398 ca.s,-s .sett! 
 
COM.Mi.:.M()it.vTI(>x. 
 
 ~tiifi 
 
 • . . 1778 
 . . 17S2 
 
 . II Fell, i7y5 
 
 aj Miiiili, i8uy 
 
 ■Ji) May, 1811 
 
 I I'l AiiiliH'st, Kciioniloii ||„ 
 tifii. nt'.viiimii'Liiijwiiv 
 Ldril AiJilii ixt, iikhIii ' 
 KrpdiTirk, ilnkt' nf V,,ik 
 Sirliin I'l Iiiiiulni, 
 
 Fmlii^k (liik.M,rV,„k, M^iilri' 
 
 0ttki. Hi Willing;!,,,, r. ,„■ ;, - •• --•• 
 
 l,,.nl Kill, Kn„.|„| .■..,M„.,in,ii'i riir;.L f'*'" "' L."f' '^"^ 
 Dak.. .,f ^V,.|||„^;t„„, 'i; '"""H-l"-''lil.'f 35 K'li, .8.8 
 Vl».iiinit lliiidinnc (,l|,.,l 2. H,:,,, • ,>• '5 Auk. 184J 
 
 imkcdf (,'ainliii(|,.|. iliiii, ,, r ' „ ,' • "I* !^<'lit. 1852 
 
 l,MnlWolM'l,.y(r„,nv,. u,,,..^) ' • i Xuv. ,895 
 
 ■ ' ■ • • Nov. iByj 
 
 COMMENDAM, "a Wnefloo or ,hu,vh! 
 
 hv,.,K, Wl.ul, b..,„f. vni.l. is ,.„„M„,.„.l, I , . 
 
 ilmiiy \w coiivfiucnlv m,.,,,!,,.,! will. ... 
 
 IM' living-. tlu.y lu.l,| JhnuZ::lZT'"'"'''' ""' 
 COMMEKCE ..,,ily iloniisluMl i„ Arabia 
 
 ;,,,■„. «,„■ I nv..,. I ; J'l '•iter tlliifa 
 
 lt«us »iii(,i.l (nci- J.,iic.|.,. l,v a conn.ji.iaiv of 
 
 dwovH-wsol C.;l,n„l,„H; ,„„, ,._, „,., ,,„.Vp, ■?," i, 
 
 COMMOX PLEAS. 
 
 i860 
 
 llie llulrli anil Vuvtux^,,.,,. . "s,.,. KniorlV 
 
 ,m-h, and arUvU nu,u,'ti,l ,cit/> thU m/,j,ct 
 
 Tllelll■»^lr,t^,/ «/,•„,.,„„, re iM„.|,. l,v F„,,i,„„| ...,,",, 
 
 iiliV ln„.iK„ „,,tlni, was ,.|ii,.,,,| ini ^ w ,, ., ' 
 
 KlMllillL'!-. T K,lw. I ,,,: T,. ' , '' "'" 
 
 ^.l^p.l..lS^ail .t::iwVi\"8'''''"T»i''' 
 
 i..M.ni,lisl,..,l .8.8.35, l,a. a ';;;:,,; ,|,t ''''"• 
 Aniii.|".rlaMt n.i„i,„.,rial |,,,,ty wa. r,„„.|,i,|l.;|\vlll, 
 
 '.'"■Nth (■(■iitiiry, and Minilar .•han hiVs «■,.■ 
 iii»lilut.Hl in all tin. ,■!,!,.(• Htics in ■' m . ,. '. 
 
 •i'l il"T "(■ '(...iinnn-m. was Hlait...!' 1,.^ t'l'*' '^=' 
 
 11- .luial.,.!- „f r,nnin,.|,-,. at Tal ?,'',' "''':''' "7^- 
 
 ;tl.;i^^;8t':i'r''''^'''v^'^^'-''^--^^^ 
 ;£;':.'r;,-^^V„':^,/;;::K::'l-:;^^-t-.n...i; 
 
 f...) .art at \V..s,n,ii,M,.,- I„,. ij ,!,:,' i:''f 
 V'"«K i.n van. .us ,|n,.sli,.ns m 1-Vl ,H.^r 
 »i.mn ai,.| ..tlar ,n,.,.t,n,s 1„:|,|-" i, .V': «'^ ,! 
 .cN|it. iS.-g; l...nil,,n. .5 Maivl, , fun- ;«,,,' 
 
 f.illMtl'.HL Kill I ATlilX : (...IllVlvllf.,..,! fl.„ 11 , ■ 
 
 |lr''M;n.UM.|..,l„..sWn.|,n. .,;'■,.',' '.'71''' 
 ai...tl...nuth..(;nil,M,all,o.lnlv,',£,8 '^'° = I 
 
 .V,.. i.s.,u,.,i i„..s,„...n,s, a,...; "",,." 'si;'!":''' I 
 
 i«iii'l.«slii.<lp-M.ralinr..tiiiL' •,"" 
 
 FiN,' u„lna.,^inK '"""""'- • . 25 .Ian. ,882 
 
 k.r„.,t,.,nal c. .n;;iv.ss of Coii.nu.ik. at'jlnis'tl's'"' '^^^ 
 l"t.rnati„„„l CnKirss "f r.,i„„„.|-daM!aw " 
 
 "l-point,.l l,v a «,■.,■l,.t^, ,„ 1. 1..../ ' 'o\"'r 
 
 ',.?%./ 1 ''"'■'■" "'"' ""■ '•'■>Mmainl,.i-.i„. 
 
 ;''''-i"'n,„.:;?'";.r'V,;„r"'^;:"S^^'-:.,; 
 
 tl . . , ; ; , ";,""■'""' (l'".';t. „i ,,iatt.) (V„m 
 
 -t.a'^;';.:;ii.t,,-'''^,jt.;;';^ 
 
 rtV' '1 . ■'"■• "^'^3' -»">Uial i„s,a.,ti..u, 1804 
 
 nit , ol„n„.,, |„,„„„„„. ,,t y^,,,,_^.^.^ ^,^,,^ ^^,,_^_ 
 
 l"i- tani f.li. .- ■ """■-'■" (..iiMin.n^ m 1S82, 
 
 Ihi.s.. f.iniiniti, .(.,,; 
 
 3" S|.|it. 
 isi-il 1880, 
 
 n ^,,_ ,,^ 
 
 MalAi,t.ivi-|,, ig8'=;'Tii"riis.s',.|.s'. 
 ,lr.'!M.T"' '■'""""''''■'• '" ^:"Kl.■llal l.i-,.i,' 
 
 ,>S<5:-ll™.v n.lnstitntiin.l'r, ;.,/'''''"'"' „ 
 
 ->i;:l;S[3^8^:;:.r-[[,:^i---r '-i. 
 
 Apiil ,t<,4, .M„v .895. ■"■ •^"■"""•'. 
 
 ",.11 ., -" "" «illiaiii(.iit of JIlTlull I?3^ 
 o(s,.|-j..a,it <o,, liT, 1,1 i ,""■"";'■ ''.'"''■'■tliL. .logrce 
 
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IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 Corporation 
 
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 COMMON PRAYEE, BOOK OF. 268 
 
 COMMONS, HOUSE OF. 
 
 Sat lust, July, iSj^. Tlie Common Pltiis division of 
 thf hi^h court of justico now eonsiats of the chief 
 justice and four judges. See Supirme Court. 
 
 CHIEF JU.SIICKS. (hJuijtlUKt.) 
 
 .1558. Sir AiitlKiny Uiii\vr;i'. 
 
 1559. Sii'.Iiimos Dyer. 
 
 .1582. Sir KilniiiiiiJ Aiiili'isiiM, 
 
 J605. Sii' Kj:mi-i» IJawily. 
 
 1606. Sir liilwanl Cnl<iv 
 
 161J. Hiv liiMiry Ilnli.irt. 
 
 1626. Sir Tliiijiias Ki.ii;uil.sim, 
 
 1631. Sir UnliiMt Hi'iitli. 
 
 i6j4. Sir .Jiiliii I-'iiicli. 
 
 «639. Sir I'MwMni l.vttliton. 
 
 1640. Sir Juliii liaiilvi's. 
 
 1648. DJiVIT St. Joliii. 
 
 .1660. Sir Url:iiiilii Urii|},'i]iaii, ulterwanls lord kec'|icr. 
 
 i663. Sir Joliu VaiiHliiin. 
 
 .1675. Sir Kiaiici.s North, altrrwirds lord kceiierGuilclford. 
 
 .i68j. Sii' J-'raiiris I'ciiilicrtciii, 
 
 11 Sir 'I'lioMias .loiics, 
 .1686. Sir Hcjjiy li,.,liii:;lifl.i. 
 1687. Sir iinliiM-t Wriniit. 
 
 ., Sir Kduaid Ili'rlicrt. 
 1689. Sir Henry i'olk'xlcii. 
 1692. Sir (jeui'^-e TreMy, 
 
 .1701. Sir Thiiiiias Trevor', al'terwaiils lord Trevor. 
 .1714. Sir Peter Kill;;, iit'terward.s loril eliaiiecUor KiiiL'. 
 1725. Sir It/jlieit Evru. 
 1736. Sir Thomas Ueeve, 
 
 ■1737- Sir Joliii Wille.s. | 
 
 SirCharle.s Pratt, afterwds. lord ehaiieellorfamdeu. 
 Sir Joli?i Kardley Wiliiiot. 
 
 Sir Williaiii de (irey, alterwards lord Wal.siiigliain. 
 Alexander Wedilerhuriie, aft. Id, eli. LoimliboroULrh. 
 Sir James Kyre. I 
 
 Sir John .Siott, afterwai'd.s lord ehaneellor Eldon. | 
 Sir Kieharil Pepper Arden (lord Alvanlev) 22 May, I 
 
 ,^761 
 1766 
 .1771 
 -1780, 
 .1793, 
 1799, 
 .:;8oi. 
 
 : (lord Gifford) ; after- 
 
 tt,. 
 
 4804. Sir James .Maiislield. 21 Ap'ril. 
 .1814. Sir Viearv Gililjs, 24 I'eli. 
 .i8i3. Sir Hol.ert Dallas, 5 Xo 
 1T824. Sir Itoliert Uilloid, 9 .1 
 
 waiils master of the 1 
 
 „ Sir William Urajier iiest, altenviirds lord Wynford, 
 15 April. 
 ^839, Sir Meolas C. Tindal, 9 June ; died July, 1846. 
 J846, Sn- Thomas Wilde, 11 July ; afterwards lord ehan- 
 
 eellor Truro. 
 .1850. Sir John Jervis, 16 July: died i Nov. 1856. 
 .1856. Sir Alex, Ciieklmrn, Nov. : idi. j. Q, U. ,luue. 1859. 
 1859. Su- William Krie, June : retired Nov. 1866. 
 .1866. Sir William Dovill, 29 Nov. ; died i Nov. 1873. 
 1873, Joliu Duke Colerii|{.'e, Lord Coleridge, Nov. ; re- 
 moved to ijiieeii's ilelli'h, Nov. 1880. 
 The abolition of the distimt divisions (d' common jileas 
 .-liid ex-eheijuer was reeoniiiii iiu 'd liv the judges, 30 Nov. 
 and ordered hy the jirivy inuii.il 16 Dee. 1880. 
 
 The last chief .pistii-e ul Ihi' coiiimoii pleas (.see 
 tiupreiitv Court of JiuliottiiiY .1,/, 18S1). 
 
 CHIEF JcsricEs. (Iixliind.) 
 .:69i. Hicdiard Pyne, 5 Jan. 
 .1695. SirJoliu liely, 10 .Mav. 
 .170:. Sir liiihard Cox, 4 ,Mav. 
 .1703. Holiert Uoyii', 27 Dee.' 
 ,1714. John Forst'ei, )o Sept. 
 .1720. Sir Kii'hard l.eviline, i ) Oet. 
 1724. Thomas Wvndham, 27(11-1. 
 11726. William Wliitshe.l, .',Jan. 
 1727. James Heymdds, 8 Nov. 
 1740. Heiirv Siii^leton. 11 .Mav. 
 4754. Sii' William Yolk", 4 Sejit. 
 1761. William AslcMi, 5 .Mav. 
 .3765. liiehard ClaUoii, j, Keh. 
 ■1770. .Vaivus Patterson, S.lune 
 1787. llii;;h C.iileton, afterwards visiount 1,'arletor, 
 
 .)o April. 
 0800. John Tcder, afterwards ionl Norlmrv. >2 Oet 
 11827. Lord Pliinki't, 18 June. 
 1830. John llolierty, 23 Dee. 
 
 1850. James Henry Moiialiaii,2i Sept. : iliedSOe.c. 1878. 
 .1376. Sir Michael Morris, Jan. The last «f the cliirf 
 
 ^ COMMON PIUYER, Book of, wusonieied 
 ■by parliaiiiciit to I-... priiited Hi the Kii-lisli hw^nagii 
 ■on I Aiiril, 1:48. It was voted out of doors by parli.i- 
 ment, and tTie Directory {iv/,iv/i «■<■) set uji in its 
 
 '.=4; 
 
 i(,>. 
 
 iWi; 
 ■Itl"li 
 
 room in 1O44, imd u iiroelamation was issued a- im . 
 it 111 164;. With a few chaii^'es tlie Eiijilislir,,!,," 
 inoii Prayer-book is used by the episcopal chur he, 
 in Scotland, Ireland, and ]fforth America, ' 
 
 The KiiiK's Primer published 
 First book of Kdwanl VI. printed . . 7 Manh 
 SecoiMl bookof Kdward VI. . 7-'.inn, 
 
 First liook of Elizabeth (ctc/.tfd) , . 
 Kin.;; James's book . ditto . 
 
 Scotch book of Charles [ 
 
 diaries II. 's liook (S.n-toi f.iiifnencf) now in use 
 
 (The ori^'iii:il MS. i.f this book, si;; 1 by cnvoe 
 
 ill 1661, and annexed to the act of nniroiniily hi 
 was 111 time di'tacheil ami lost, and not foiiml till !%^'■ 
 pleit..,;,'raplis were imblished by the(|Ueeirs iirinter, „' i 
 the eniversitii's early in 1891 ; reproilnced in tviie ,;■', . ■ 
 The .-itiili- .in-rire.-s (wpi h had never formed ii.'iit 'ul 11', 
 Piayer-book, but were annexed to it at the be ■iiii,iii„ ,,1 
 every rei^'ii) bir 5 Nuvember ((iuniiowdei^ tiea.s.ni)" ,' 
 Jan. (Charles I.'s execution), and 29 Mav(Cliaries II , ri 
 storation). wereordured to lie iliscontiniie.l ; 17 .l,u,,',3-; 
 ; Ch.in^es in the I<i« tioiiary or lalendar of les^nii.s 
 were reioinmeinled in the third report i>t ih.. 
 I Kitu.il Conimission, 12 Jan. 1870. a hill f,,,. 
 sam-tioning these changes pa.ssed the house ,,(• 
 lords, but was dropped in the lioii.se of conineins 
 tlirough want of time, Aug. ; pas.sed . i,Julv iS„ 
 [The oM tables might be used till i Jan. ,S7yV 
 The bpiirth leii.nt oi the Hitnal Commission ili-!- 
 i.-losed gre.it ililfeience of oiiiuion amongst tlu' 
 
 commissioners \||,, ^g 
 
 Sliorte 1 si'ivices and other changes were aiitlio- 
 
 rized bv the New Unibniiiity Act, pa.ssed 18 Jiilv ,9,, 
 Public Worship liegnhition Act (to check ritual- 
 
 ism) passed .\|| , ^ 
 
 The Wesleyaii Methodists who had used the Praver- ' 
 
 book apiioiut .1 c(niiiiiittee to revise it . .\i|... 
 The Prayer iJook revision .society petition the'ahp. " 
 
 of Canterbury for changes 
 
 Jan. -Feb. 
 
 '^'-i 
 
 COMMONS, House of, orisinate,, with 
 Simon de Montlort, earl of Leicester, who hv the 
 Provisions of O.^foid ordered returns to be made of 
 two knights from every shire, and deputies from 
 certain boroughs, to meet such of the liaroin and 
 clergy as were his friends, with a view therchv to 
 streiigtlien his own power in opposition to that o'' 
 his sovendgii Henry III., 1258. Hlow; see P«r/,„! 
 inenl. In 1859 .Mr. Ncwiuareh estimated the r,iu- 
 stituency of Lngland and Wales at 954,000. It w,n 
 largely increased by the reform act of'i86;:— Kcri.^ 
 tcred parliamentary electors, 1872 : England aiiil 
 Wales, boroughs, 1,250,019; counties, 801, lo.| 
 Scotland, hurghs, 49,025; counties, 79,911^. [|.,.. 
 land, boroughs, 171,912; counties, 175,439. Tefal 
 2,526,423. Hy the Franchise Act of 1S84, the 
 electors of the United Kingdom were iinreased t-i 
 about 5,000,000, and many clianges were maih^ iiv 
 the Redistribution Act of 1885 (disqiiuliliid perseiij 
 about 7,000,000), 1,911,955 voters in boreu^dis in 
 Kiigland and Wales ; and 2,579.403 in counties in 
 1888. The present house of Con'imons (rniuities, 
 lioroiighs, and universities) : England. 4(15 ; Wah^,<| 
 50; Scothiiid, 72; Ireland, 105 members (189:'.' 
 See under Ji'fofiii. 
 
 I'adiiiMfidorji /■hrtni:-< .■ Kugland ,ind Wales: iS;;, 
 2,301,2*6; 1878,2,416,222; 1883, 2,6v2,22i. .'■ieatlaii.i' 
 1875.289,789; 1883, -226,511. Ireland, 1,873, ^3".»6: 
 1883, 322,967 ; tofil, 1878, 2,952,1x15. Eh^etuiate, ti'.,- 
 England and Wales, 4,5.31,851; Seotlaml, 5-1,1,11- 
 lieland, 763,145; total, 5,S36,.yo7 ; Unite.l Kii'i-'l-"i!,' 
 total, 6,523,629, ill 1893. 
 
 Hv the i-ebirm ,\et of 1884, the countv friiielii-,- »;„ 
 niele iinif.irm with that of the boroughs, and iilMnit 
 2.<»j,.>jo Voters \veri' a.hleil 
 
 Hy till' acts of 1884 5, 670 members; elections, .liilv, 
 18.J2, re|i.irfcd: l.ib.-rals, 270; Parnelliles, 9; aiiti- 
 P.irnelliles, 72; l.ib.iur menibers, 4; t'niiserviitiv.^.,, 
 :i63 : LiberabCnionists. 4-. i.-i ,\ng, j9..,^: (■.,ii~.rvi. 
 lives, )4.,; Liberal-Unionists, 71— 411 ;'l,ilierai,s aii-l 
 Uiilieals, 177 ; aiiti-Parncdlites, 70; Parni!llit-!.i, i.>- 
 .•5.1. Uiii. mist ma,joiily, 152 ; total. 67J. 
 
 COM 
 
 OIll IIonsp. 
 
 KN0I.ANI1. 
 
 joj Cities or boroughs . 
 40 Ciainties 
 1 Universities . 
 
 WALES. 
 
 u Cities or iKu-onglis 
 12 Counties 
 
 2 1 
 
 KfdTHND. 
 
 15 Cities or burghs . 
 33 Counties 
 
 IRELANTi. 
 
 33 Cities or bonnighs 
 32 Cdimties 
 I University . 
 
 (6 
 
 Tot 
 
 COMMONS. In i(j 
 
 (if land in England, aboi 
 land, forest, and fen. 
 acres more had been brou 
 from that time to 1844, l 
 acts of parliament, abo 
 were enclosed. Since th 
 which established coinmis 
 acres have been enclosed. 
 Mlin- iraiirovement, protei 
 
 of eoiiniions near the metr 
 The Commons Preservation i; 
 
 clt'cted Win. Cowjier, pres 
 ■Six Ea.says on Coiiiuions Pi 
 
 lislie.l . 
 It is stated tliat there are go 
 
 laiuUapable of cultivation 
 
 .\ct for the regulation of con 
 Mr, lie Morgan, active ojipoi 
 
 IHisoiieil for contempt of ec 
 MflreiMilitaii Board of Work; 
 
 conininns, ifcc. by act passe 
 .\tieiit 14,000 ftci.-s (tf land 11 
 
 liV the agency of the C 
 
 .s.<iety re[iorted at the 
 
 ll.v the Ranges Act, passed 
 am- lord of the manorto ac.|i 
 ■f any ccimiiioii over which 
 Ibat tlie secretary of state fo 
 1-1 rifle practice ,\lie., with re 
 
 "Knslish Commons and Fo 
 I'lililisli.^il l-'eh, 1894 ; recordi 
 
 COMMONWEALTI 
 
 term applied to the interre; 
 ('(Charles I. and the restoi 
 
 ' In 1844 Sudbury, and in 
 (niiicliisiil for bribery and 
 |Tc\i(.ie;ly returned twomenil 
 ■'f tile o.juse then became 6= 
 soits were tlius distributed f 
 J'lilitional to the west riding i 
 SniithLiii.asliiie, and one to 
 liirkenliead. 
 
 t Uislraiiehised and reidnei 
 IMth, Totiies. and Keiirale - 
 ifiiiT »ii<l Hriilgwater.'eacli I 
 ™g(i. ni'h one member : 652 ni 
 sliort, through void elections, 
 
pr'»1 
 
 HMONS. 
 
 269 
 
 0/.«j 
 
 2." 
 
 einlwrs. 
 
 • 32J 
 
 COMMUNES. 
 
 
 
 
 niii iioiifc. 
 
 ESOI-ANII. 
 
 J02 Cities i>r liiirdiiylis . 
 40 Onintii's 
 
 Members. 
 
 ■ ■ 403 
 . 82 
 
 ' Hu tlie llffiirm Act 
 
 ENIILANI). 
 
 187 Cities or liruiiiiglis 
 40 (.'oiiiities 
 I Isle of Wiglit . 
 1 2 Universities 
 
 
 ' By Ike Arts of 1867 nm 
 
 ENOLAND. 
 
 186 Cities lu- lioronghst 
 
 1868. 
 Members 
 
 . 28f . 
 
 1 L'mvMsitie.s . 
 
 • • 4 
 
 
 • "44 
 
 • 4 
 
 40 Ciunities. 
 ; I Isle of WiL'lit 
 3 Uiiiversitifs . 
 
 . . 171. 
 r 
 
 244 
 
 489 
 
 i 230 
 
 
 472 
 
 230 
 
 46^ 
 
 WALES. 
 
 12 Cities (11- iKiniiiglis 
 
 
 WALES. 
 
 14 Cities or lioroujjlis 
 12 (Jiuiiities 
 
 
 
 WALES. 
 
 
 12 Counties 
 
 . . 12 
 
 
 ■ '4 
 
 • 14 
 
 14 Cities or lioronyli.s 
 12 Counties 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 3c ■ 
 
 SCdTLASD. 
 
 15 Cities or Imrglis . 
 33 Ciuiuties 
 
 ■ 15 
 • • 30 
 
 SCtU'LAND. 
 
 21 Cities or burghs 
 33 Coiinties . 
 
 Ml 
 
 tnliers. 
 
 • 23 
 
 • 30 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 22 Cities or Imrglis . 
 33 Ciumties 
 
 .Mciuber.s.. 
 . 26 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 Universitie.s 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 54 
 
 
 53 
 
 59 
 
 60 ■ 
 
 IIIRLANP. 
 
 33 Cities or licirotiglis 
 j2 Counties 
 I L'uiveisit.v . 
 
 • 35 
 
 . . 64 
 
 I 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 33 Cities or lioroiii,'Iis . 
 32 Counties 
 I University 
 
 
 . 64 
 
 2 
 
 IREL.VNlX 
 
 33 Cities or liorounlist 
 32 Counties 
 I University 
 
 ■ • 35- 
 
 . 64. 
 
 • • 2 
 
 66 
 
 100 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 
 .^_ 
 
 
 
 105 1 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 382 T( 
 
 till 658 
 
 1 
 
 376 
 
 Totiil 658 1 
 
 381 T 
 
 f'tal 658- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nfWM-Mrrwru t„ - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 COMMONS. lu 1685, of the 37,000,000 iieres 
 of land in England, about 18,000,000 were inoor- 
 laml, fnrest, and fen. In 1727, about 3,000,000 
 icresmore had been brought into cultivation ; and 
 from that time to 1844, by nieana of 4000 private 
 acts of parliament, alioilt 7,000,000 acres more 
 were enclosed. Since the Inclosure Act of 1845, 
 which established conimissioiiere, another 1,000,060 
 acres have been enclosed. 
 .\rt fill' improvement, protection, and niiiii.igenient 
 
 iifoiiiiniions neiir the nietroiiolis, pu.ssed . .\uk. 
 IlieCemmons Preservation Society cstablislieil 1865 
 
 fiectolWm. Cowjicr, presiilent'. Feb 
 
 "SisEs.siiys on Commons I'reserViition," were pub- 
 
 li.slie'l . 
 
 It is stated tli.it tliere are 900,000 acres of coinninn 
 
 laiuUiiiJalile of cultivation in Engliind and Wales. 
 
 .W fur the regiiliition of commons, passed n Aug 1876 
 .Mr. (le Morgan, active ojiponent of enclosures im- 
 
 |irisoii«l for conteinjit of court (The Uolls) . Jiin 
 Mftn)|iolitan Board ot Works authorised to secure 
 
 coiiimnns, Ac. by act jiassed . 16 Aug. 
 
 .\l»'iit 14,000 acres of land iii'iir London iireserved 
 
 liy the iigcncy of the Commons Prcserviition 
 
 S'tfiety reported at the annual meeting on 
 
 „ ., „ . i , . 'o ^^'''- j836 
 
 ll.v tlie Ranges Act, passed m 1891, jiower was given to 
 
 .iiiyliird of tlie inanorto iicipiire iios.session of any iiart 
 
 ■fiiii.v oniiii 1 over which his rights extend, in' order 
 
 tliat till' secretary of state for war niav establish ranges 
 f'irriltf practice, ,%c., witli reguliition.s. 
 
 "tX'lisli Commons and Forests," by G. Shaw Lcfcvre, 
 I'liblislinl Feb. 1894 ; records their recent preservation' 
 
 COMMONWEALTH of ENGLAND, the 
 
 term applied to the interregnum between the death 
 I'l'Chiirks I. and the restoration of Charles II. A 
 
 1 866 
 1867 
 
 1857 
 
 1878 
 
 hi 1844 Sudbury, and in 1852 St. AlKan's, were dis- 
 tauchisiHl f(u' liribery and corni]ition ; each having 
 premiHly returned two members ; the aggregate number 
 "fhe i.uu.se then U'camc 6,i4, In 1861, the forfeited 
 seals were thus distributed by act of parliament -two 
 iJdiioiial to the west riding of York, one ii.lilitional to 
 »«iitliLaii,ii»liire, auaone to anew Iv-created borough, 
 Uirlioilieuil. "^ 
 
 t Rshiiiieliised and rci.laced, 1867: Laiicastcr, Yar 
 larmii, Tiitiies, anil Heigiite — liisfranchised iS-n • He- 
 irtity ami Dndgwater, each two members ; Ca'sliei and 
 » ISO, aeh one member: 652 members, ,878; 12 members I 
 iliort, through void elections, Aug. :88o. 
 
 republic was established at the execution of 
 Uiarles I., 30 Jan. 1649,— a new oath called the 
 "Lngagement" was framed, which all officials 
 were ob iged to take.* Si,lmo>,. Oliver Cromwell 
 was made protector, 16 Dec. 1653; succeeded by his 
 son Richard, 3 Sept. 1658. Monarchy w,.s restored 
 8 May, and Charles II. entered London, 20 May 
 i()6o. I'or the C'o.mmoxwealth of Avstualia 
 see Aiistraldnin. "-^la-,. 
 
 ..^^^^^^.^^'^^^'^^^ or Communists, pro- 
 
 pose to divide trance into about a thousand .small, 
 thoroughly independent states, with councils elected 
 by all the population, Paris to be the ruling head. 
 They declare that capital and its liolders nlust be 
 adiipted to nobler uses, or c ase to u.\ist. Their 
 creed is stated to be atheism and materialism 
 Ihey are intimately connected with the Interna- 
 tioniil Society of workmen (.see Wurkmen), and' 
 with the communists or socialists (i87i-3),t 
 
 . COMMUNES, in France, are territorial divi- 
 sions under a mayor. In the iith century the 
 
 name wiisgiventocombinationsof citizens, favoured 
 by the crown, agiiiust the exactions of the nobles. 
 In 1356 Stephen Marcel, during the English inva- 
 sion, vainly endeavoured to establish a confederation 
 of sovereign cities, having Paris as flie governing 
 licad ; and for si.x months it was really governed bv 
 a comniune in 1588. After the insurrei'iion of July 
 
 1789, therevolutioiiary committee whichreplaced tlie 
 city council took the name of " commune of Paris " 
 lethion being mayor. It met at the Hotel de 
 Viile, nnd was definitively constituted, 21 May 
 
 Ti?'' i' u-"'* ^'■™T I'""w under Kobesnierre, and 
 fell wi th him 17 July, 179.^; being replaced by 
 
 * By this oath they swore to be true ami faithful to 
 the Commonwealth, without king or house of ml„ 
 The statues of Chillies were next -lav iliMiorisI leil nir' 
 ticuhirly that at the Ho.viil Kxidiangl , "iV he 
 westenil f St. I'aurs : and in their ro;uii the f dlowh^ 
 inscription was conspicuously .set up: -"A'.,, 7 Ttranmfs 
 llc,juin,dnm„,. A,uw UhcrMis Anyliw i?e»(«af,^ iMrno 
 y|««o iVi/m., 1648. Jan. 30." o^itmo, 
 
 ♦ M. I^ufamv, in opj.osing the .immslv, 17 May ,8,6 
 asserted that the outbreak was orgiunsedbv about 71S. 
 .T, '.",:rf ' •■""' "5»°? !""'it!"ers; 40,000 persons ^^ 
 inculpated ; 10,000 tried ; 25,000 dismissed. See France 
 
 
 
 
\Ih 
 
 1 \ 
 
 fi ' 
 
 i 
 
 i'''^:' ^ 
 
 COMMUNION. 2"0 
 
 twplvp miiiiiii)i.ilitiis. The pominiiiii' "f I'liris was '• 
 
 priirlaiincil 2S Maivli, 1.S71, iliirini; llii> in-'urncliiin, ^• 
 
 whicli lii'LTiin iS .MaiN'li, aiul ciKi.'il witli the raip|iii-e ^' 
 ■of till' oity liy tlic govurninciit ti-doiis, 2.S May lullnw- 
 ini;.22|; I' iiii'Miiiiists were pui'iluMi'il l)y ili'iri'e 
 
 issncil 17 Jan. 1H7'); mid inuiiy ntln'i-s al'N'i'uards. 5. 
 
 A iiumlicr ic-i'iitcrcil l';ii-is, 4 Scptcdilirr t'l'llnwin^'. 6. 
 
 For tlie t'vt'iits <if the I'liiiiniiinal rule in I'ai'is, sou 7- 
 
 France, 1 871. See Socii(tiniii. y] 
 
 CO^MilUXIOX, anaincgivcn to theiinlinaiici' ,,; 
 of till' I.oril's Sii])|iiT, 1 (Jill-, x. 16. ComiiuHiiiatin? ; 12. 
 uiiilcr till- fiirrii nf hrcail alrme is saiil to have had 
 itsriseiiithc west, iiiidei- pope Urbi 11 II., lo-/). The 
 cup was liist denied to the laity hy the (ioiineil of 
 Constance. 1414-1.S. The tniirlh IJateran eouncil, 
 I215, deiTeeii that every he.iever shoulil receive llie 
 conininnion at li'a-t at Kasler. The coiiinuniidii ser- 
 vice of the (dnircliof Knitlaiid was set furtli in r549. 
 
 COMMUTATIOX. see Tithn. 
 COMORX. M-e Koiimn,. 
 
 COMORO ISLAXDS.sre J/«,%"vw, iX'H. 
 
 COMPAXIES.* The London trade com- 
 panies were ^'radnally formed out of the trile or 
 ciiift K"ihls. lu.iinly hy the e.vertions of Waller 
 Harvey, mayor, in 1272. who is said to hive 
 Veil very active in eiilai;;in'- and niaintaininu' the 
 liberties 'and ]irivileu-es of the city. The oriLiinal 
 religions element in the I'oiiipanies gradually ! 
 disapiieared. .Anioni? the earliest coiiiinereial eom- 
 panies in Kimland may lie named the Steel- ; 
 yard .sooietv. estahli^ied 1252. The second com- 
 iiiiny was tlie merchants of St. Thomaa a liecket, ' 
 m I24.S. S/iiir. The .Mi^rchant .Adventurers, 
 inpor|iorated hy I'H/.iheth, IS*'4. ^I''. I'Mward 
 .Arnold's Knrhi Clmfln-vi! (^iii\un)iiix, |nihlished 
 Julv, iSoh. The followiii!;- are the city eompaniis 
 of London; the tir<t twidve are the chief, and are 
 styled "till' ![oiicrurahle." Many companies are 
 extinct, aiiil many dales are donhthil. .Vii iiii|iuiv 
 into their all'aiis "as parii illy resisted hy tlieiii in 
 IcS^v III l''^'"l ♦'"' i-'ress income of the endowed , 
 <diarities of the city companies was stated to he 
 ahove i)t).(XHl/. A motion in the I'oinmons tor 
 ini|niry info the revenues and other all'airs of .S') 
 <'oinpaiiies. hy Mr. W. If. James, withdrawn, 2^ 
 M;iv. 187(1. A commission of inqnirv was a]ipoi.itecl 
 <tln'' earl of Derhy. .liike of lie.llord,' lonls Cohiidm- 
 and Sherhiooke. >ir U. .A. ('ro~s, \-c.), 14 .inly, 
 188". Five rep.. IN i--iieil with rei-.immeiidiili..iis 
 for reform, l.H.84-5. 
 
 In iSS-i, 7J15 iivcryiiicii ami nliout 10,000 frcincn, 
 ■estimate. i aiitiii;il iticaiu? ali.mt 750,000/.. expciiil.^.l in 
 iiiaiiit.'iianc.., .■.pi.-atimi, ■•iii.i eliaritics ; about 75. ■<»).'. 
 spent in eiitcrtaiiiMi'^hls. 
 
 Grants fi'iiii Hi.' .■..iiipaiii..s t.i tb.' City flail. Is i.t 
 I/oii.loii liistifuti' ((M.l.lsieitbs 46,fx>i/., I)ra|..'rs 4t.ono'., 
 Cl..tbw.a'kcrs :;7.ry>i/.. I-'is]iiii..im'crs ^^.ooo/., .Mcrc.Ts 
 22,'yxV., (Jr.M'.'rs if>.r.,'x.)/.) : lor teclmical c.luoation, A" 
 (drapers fo.ncK./.. (;..l.lsiiiiflis 25,000/., .Mcieers 6o,c»V.) 
 .ind .itb.Ts pmiiiis..! i373-£S. 
 
 COMPASS, MARIXER'R. 
 
 Mercers . . 13,;, 46. I'lastini-H 
 
 <ir.M^crs . . . 1345 47. .siMti..iicrs' . 
 
 I'iapcr.s . . 1433 48. Iir...li.icrs 
 
 Kisliiii.iii^'crs(salt, 49. l'pli..l.|crs . 
 
 i4jj:st...k,i5o'j): 3.., Musi.^iaus 
 
 unite. 1 . . . 1517 51, 'riinicrs 
 
 r..il.|sinitlis . . 1327 52. Hask.'t-iiiakeis 
 
 .Skinn.Ts 
 
 M..r.^li,iiit Taylors, 132'j 54. 
 
 53. (Ilc:;iers 
 
 llal.i'i'.l.^isl 
 
 Hldt.TS , 
 
 Ir..iiiMoiiecrs 
 Vintners . 
 t'lotli-workers 
 
 Dyers 
 
 liri.w.'rs 
 
 I.i^atli.^r-s.'Uers 
 
 16. I'cwtcreis , , 
 
 17. lt;uIi.T-.'Sur;j;e.»IIS , 
 
 i3. CiilliTs , , . 
 
 19. Uak. rs . 
 
 .>.>. \V,ix-cli,ni.l!,i-s . 
 
 21. Tallow-i^liandlers. 
 
 22. Ariiiourers an. I 
 Urazieis . , 
 
 l^. Gii.llers 
 
 -■4. Hat.^ln^is . . . 
 
 23. tiii.bll.Ts 
 2(1. l'.ir|..^iit.'rs . , 
 
 27, ConhvaiiMTs 
 
 28. I'aint.^r-staincrs . 
 2(>. l.'urriiTs 
 30. M;is.ins , , , 
 II. IMuinti.'i-s 
 
 32. iiiu-ie.l.liTS . . 
 
 33. r'.imclcis 
 
 34. P.lultcT.TS . . 
 
 !5. Cooks . 
 
 36. C.>.i|ii'is . . . 
 
 37. Til.Ts ami Inii^k- 
 laycis 
 
 35. IJ.iwycrs . . . 
 
 39. t'lct.^bers 
 
 40. Hla.^ksniitbs . . 
 
 41. .l..imTs, 
 
 42. W.'.IV.TS . , . 
 
 43. W.i.ilnicn 
 
 44. .S.Tiv.^iicrs . , 
 
 45. Kruit.Tcis , 
 
 1448 55, farriers 
 1553 56, I'iiviors , 
 1464 57, l,.iriniTs 
 i;fi3 58, Ap.>tli.^c;iri.'s . 
 1480 59, ,'Sbi]iwii);lits 
 
 60. ^Sp.■.■tacl.■-lllak.■|■^ 
 
 61. Cbick-niakcr.s 
 
 62. (il.ivers 
 
 63. L'enib-iiiakers 
 
 64. K.^lt-niaki'i's 
 fiS. KraiiM'woik kiiil 
 
 tcis . 
 fiO. .'Silk-tbi-..wst.Ts 
 f^j. .'Silk-in.'u 
 63. I'in-inaki^is 
 6ij. N'i>i'.i;c-iii;ik..is 
 
 70. Giinl.iicrs 
 
 71. .So,i]i-in.iki I's 
 
 72. Tinp]at..-w..ik.rs 
 7J. \VI hviiKlits 
 
 74. ilislilllTS. 
 
 75. Ilalli,iml-iiiak.is 
 70. Paltcii-niak.is 
 77. Gl,iss-s,.Il,.,-s . , 
 
 1677 78- T..b:n-.-.) - pip,, 
 161 1 iiiakers 
 
 1515 79. C.ia.b an. I 
 ii.'ss in.ik 
 
 So. Gmiinak.is 
 
 81. Gol.l ,'in,| sih-tT 
 '5'" wii'i'-.tiiiwcrs . ,53, 
 
 82. nowstiinjr-niaki'rs ' 
 1563 83. Caril-iiiakcrs 
 1621 84. I'"aii-imiki'is 
 
 85. Wo.,.I-IM(ini;('|s 
 
 86. Stairli-niak.is '. 
 
 87. l-'isli.Tincii 
 
 88. rarisli cl,.iks 
 So. Cirnii'U , 
 ')o. r.'j't.Ts 
 01. Wat.iia.ai 
 
 1471 
 143S 
 
 ■444 
 '473 
 r4'')2 
 1415 
 
 l.S^'o 
 uS) 
 I4O2 
 
 '453 
 1448 
 1 606 
 1272 
 
 '477 
 '4(3 
 '38 1 
 Ifio6 
 
 1014 
 
 1504 
 1482 
 
 1536 
 
 '57' 
 '57' 
 1184 
 1484 
 1617 
 ifioCi 
 
 llar- 
 
 
 
 1440 
 
 e'ji 
 
 iW. 
 
 ..Ill 
 
 COMPAXIES' ACTS: ..ne passed 
 amendi'd and camtinued, 20 ,A;:;r. I.'^( 
 amei.ded by ai'ts, 2 July. I.S77, 15 "in-. I.S-9, ;iii,! 
 Ans, l8'j8. The import, iiit Companies Wimiiir-ini 
 act was passed 18 Aiii;. i8.)0 ; amended l8();, " 
 
 l)v til.' last n.'t, unliiuit.-.l b.-inkiic,' c..,ii|.iiiii..s .v-r,. 
 r.L'Uhilc.l ill ivjianl 1.. tli. ir issii.. .if n.iles iiii.|i|'„r 
 a.M-..unls, A-.'. Tbc a. -Is ..I' ,862, 1867, ■S77,'aii.l ,■'-, 
 w.icunici„l,.,lliy43 Viet. .-.191,830), in ,S8ian,lis':« 
 ( ..nipani.'s iv^'ist.'iv.l 30,372 since 1862; iiciniMl 
 capital 1,442,804,00.1/.: r. p..il,.l ,339. (;.Miii.iini,s 
 rcKistcred 111 tlic Cult..! Kiii;;.l.,ia in 1888, - jls ■ ii. 
 iSSo. 2,788 : ill ,891, 2,73.). ^* ' 
 
 roimiiitt.v ,'ipii.]iiitc.| by tii.' boar.l of lia.b" to iininrf 
 into tlie w.Mkiiin .if .•iiiiiiKiiii.'s ,ii'ts : I. ml llavw )|r 
 iustico ('billy, and ollicis, .\.,v. ,3,54; Hi,, n'mri 
 iv.'oiaiiii'ii.ls inip.irtant .•li.ni;;cs, \\\i. ,.:9-. 
 
 I..->rality of a "one man c'lap.iny " .•,nin,i„;i'„i, ,1,,,,.,,; 
 
 by lliii lioiisc .If l.n-.ls, in the i,,,,' ,jf ,Sa|,i 1 (p,',!,,,,.!) 
 
 c. Aidii Salomon, ,6 X.iv. ; Vimfs, ,7, ,3 .\,,v. ,806. 
 
 I.i.iui.latiiiii of 073 coiiipaui.'s in ,891, ami 1.262 in i:V. 
 
 ■ 1 11 foniicl. coniinoiily by 
 
 1. 111. III.', in i7_*o-,, was p.'i- 
 ,■ of its kiii.l, aii.l tbc ,s'.r.,(/, 
 1I-, was .scar.'cly les.s ineiiior- 
 
 * liubbl.' ■•..mpaiiic.. ba 
 *losi;;iiiii;r p*rs.,i|.<, l.aw': 
 baps the iiiosi c\ii;i..r(|iii:i 
 
 ,SVir l\»\i\i\e, iij til.' silile > 
 
 abb? for its ruin of ili.iii>aii.|s of families. .Many com- 
 piiiilcs Were csi!ii,lislii'.| in llics,' c.mntri.'s in 1S24 aii.l 
 1825, ami turm-'l out to b.- hnhhlix. Iiiiim.iis.' l.lssl•.^ 
 were in.'iirr.'.l by in.livi.liials, and tlic famili.s ..f tb.ni- 
 Similri of speciil.-it.ir^ w.-n' t'. tally riiiiic.i. .Many niilw.iv 
 piiterpriscs (1844-5) were tcrnmil h\il,hl, <. Sec /..iir''.« 
 DiMIc ; .5'.<»(/i .s(.i; /;.o7.''.i^,<; Jui,tl-St„rk C"„ifnnir.^. 
 
 COMPASS, MARIXER'S, said to l,„v,. 
 
 been early known to the Ciiinese, m^ ii,c„ ;iii(i 
 hroiifjht to Kiirope by Marco I'olo, a' Vcin'ti;iii, 
 I2(X), A, 11.^ Flavio Gioja, of .Vmalti, a iiavi^Mtor, nj 
 .Naples,* is said to hive inlroilii. eil the siispcn<i.in 
 of the needle, l_^()2, Th.' ..imiia-s is also ,*ii(l tn 
 have been known to the .Swedes in the tiiiit of 
 
 • The stati'ineiit that tlii' //.'«)•-./.'-/;.< wiis iii.'..l.. the 
 '■iiLiiiicnt of lb.' ii.irHi.in p.iiiit of tli.' c.iinpiiss in c.iju- 
 I'iiim'iit to Cliarb's, tbc kiiiK .if Naples at tin; time cil 
 lb,' .hsi-icay, lia.s hccii coiitra.liete.) 
 
 COMPETITIVE 
 
 kinj? J«rl Birger, 1250. 
 tirst by Columbus, 141 
 O'libot, I J40. Tlie com 
 ]ia39 u-sed by navJKat.ii 
 liarldwe, an Knfflish di' 
 •.n 1608 ; see Mui/iitfi.s 
 wm invented by ijost ]j 
 cumpass of sir Williiitn 
 ie cmsidered the best. 
 
 COMPETITIVE 
 
 Cinl Henice. 
 
 COMPIEGXE, a 
 
 the rc.siileiico of the Ci 
 tin' .^icite, Joan of .Arc 
 jiindiaiis, 2^ .May, 1450, 
 I'nr money. The enipe'roi 
 •if Prussia met liere on ( 
 
 COMPLUTEXSIj 
 
 COMPOSIXG-M21 
 
 mil Tillies. 
 
 COMPOSITE OE 
 
 Corintliian and Ionic, a 
 
 order, is of uncertain dal 
 
 CMpn/ili: Poiimils. By me 
 
 .Ml'. Francis Galtoii' cm 
 
 Ii'Ttniits; the result wa: 
 
 nil till' features of the I'oi 
 
 COMPOIJXD H( 
 
 rt'Sard to the payment 
 liy the Small Ten'ements 
 ti'on, with regard to th 
 discussion durinf,'- the pat 
 1867; and their claims w. 
 
 . COMPOUXD RAD 
 
 istry, is a substanci,' wh 
 two or more elements, ii 
 performs the part of an e 
 Binary theory was projion 
 Jiiii by Liebi^r, 1838; and 
 tiioorynf Auf,'. Laurent, i) 
 ntiiial isolated was cvano 
 Lus<,io, in 1815; .see Ami/ 
 
 , COMPEEHEXSIO] 
 
 till' lliiiise of L'.rds in k 
 iikolv to induce Xonconfor 
 "f bnyl.ind ^- it was droi 
 Ijiiiii; uiisatisfai'tory to all 
 
 COMPROMISE, see' 
 
 COMTE PIIILOg 
 
 Plimii])/ii/. 
 
 , COXCEPTIOX, I.U.M 
 
 kOii 8 Deo.) appointed in 
 K'lman Catholic Church ii 
 Mary's hariufr been coiicei 
 cite, or without oris-inal s 
 .i.jftrini' was forbidden liy ( 
 in 1617, t'oiitirmcd by (Jn'...-, 
 UI, Utiiiiii//. On' 8 l)e, 
 proimiL-ated a bull, dechirii 
 Mtick' of faith, mid char.'int 
 ''iiouldJoubt itorspc;dra"-a 
 riOMsTs were an order oi' 
 'J'lslifJ 111 1488 ; ^w.Sii 11/1,11/ 
 
 CO.VCERT OF EriK 
 
 ^»lf"n;y, "nmboafe (.der; 
 (irailuiilh- f,iriii,.,| |,y (iiy 
 
 st;intmo|,k', with r.'-a'rd to li 
 '•""''•'. '""I Urccce, 18.);-- 
 
 CONTCEIOTX^V. a „',;,: 
 
 «eJ by pi-nl. iiMerwards >.h 
 
^oMPETimi^^^^iii^^]^;^^^^ 
 
 271 
 
 COXCORDANCE. 
 
 Ciiliot, £J40. Til,. ooiMpass l,„x un,l ha iL-i. ' .'nm , ''°""'''">'-'' Pi-"Jui-0(i l)V free vfbmti;,..,;„.r -^ 
 
 ™s used by i.«viffat,„-s were invt.nt,..n",v"\vim;m 
 111160K; .see MaiDicf ivii. Tlic ;»«/«».■,■;,,'' 
 w. invented bv jo.t lii,,,, of n^::t'X^""5'i;: 
 
 ^SIS:'^^^^^ EXAMINATIOXS, sec 
 
 COilPIEGXE, .. Frondi dty no-th of Paris 
 
 tlie sicg... Joan of Arc was capturo.l bv the r- 
 ^imdians, 20Iay, .4,50, and Kiv'..,, up to the Enillh 
 t,,r mn,u;y. The emperor Xapok.m lU. a i the Vi . 
 .ifrms,<ia methereon 6()rt 1861 '" i'"- kiii<, 
 
 COJIPLUTExXSIAX BIBLE, see I>olyolot. 
 ^_C0.rPO8IXG-MACHIXES, see P,....., 
 
 COpOSITE ORDER, a mixture of the 
 Corintluan and lomc aud also called the Koman 
 orJer, is of uncertain date. "oiinin 
 
 Cmimite Piirlmits. Uvmilmtis of i.linf. „,..,. 1 
 
 .Mr. Francis Galton'c,,-^ '.'''":"">' "' '«77-S. 
 
 p.rtr,nts; the result was L' ■,..'■,?, „'V'''" '•"■'<'= 
 
 COMPOUND HOUSEHOLDERS 
 
 ■cjiird to till' navniMiii ,,c ..... ..^ ._ ■"-"J-'^q 
 
 The 
 
 at^l?^^?Ti;!;.;:tt,^'^''"-iy,«-— rts 
 
 8ub.srri,,tio,i .,,!„(,''"''';■'• ?"" "'■■^t I'"''»« 
 166; • lie ,.s(„ r , ["^^''"i-mcd at Oxford in 
 
 ,ii"tt:.n-,ill' u' jr',-r";|'i''^ '-y Thomas 
 
 and .//„«./../. Cn„s" n,..; ' '^'■^■*'"' -'"''"'<■'.■ 
 
 Boston, IJ.S izjint"'-"";;;'''*'' "■"'-' '"-''Jat 
 
 ''an;;;;;;;!: '3r:;;:,;'7ou;l;;!s n:;i';"\ «"'i?" ^'-"'■''. 
 
 COXCHOr nrv, ' ""- *^""'- '^s^. 
 
 reduced to a svstf.ni ,„ i 1 /• ^' "''''« first 
 
 Ku:^who,:M,•?\^^Sc,!;i^'^r^^;;i;^^,:f 
 
 COMPOUXD RADICAL, in organic chom- 
 litry, IS ,■. substance which although eoitai,Z^ 
 two or more elemcnl.s, in <u.Hnarv circin s , , "^ 
 nerformsthepartof an element. "The Ka.li •, or 
 tliiiary henry w,.,s propounded by Uerxi'lius S," 
 mdb.vLiebiK, .«J8; and modified in the nucleus 
 th |,rv of Auj, Laurent, i8j(,. The first eo, , , d 
 nJual Isolated was ,^^■ano{ren Or/uW, see), •'(.'. 
 tao.m iSis; .see A„n,l, Ii„,;,l, and Mehnr 
 
 COMPEEHEXSIOX BILL. Passed "bv 
 
 e House of Lords ,„ ,(1X9, it proposed c a,. .^ 
 
 tolv to induce Xon.onformists to jo „ tl, e C li ,vU 
 
 'f H'l.lllil — It w;is dnmned in t)„. P '"'"" 
 
 iMiig unsatLsfactory to all parlies ^""'■»"">'' 
 
 COMPROMISE, see Breda 
 
 ^MTE PHILOSOPHY, see ro.UUe 
 
 !S;:!:rbj;E'tz.eyTS^^ 
 
 la 161;, confirmed liv Giv.'orv VV .,,,,1 n , 
 
 fro,Ml.,itcd a b„U,d,vl ,;/,|i^td Zi '''r ^■^• 
 .mideoffaitli,an,lchai--intfw 1, ,:^ .'If'' '"' i'" 
 -Mlddouht it or speaki 'ai HI tTi ,.'."''■ '"'"' 
 
 I ".isllea 111 t4h« ; see hum 1,11/0. J > •- ' ' 
 
 |»«^'^I.^^,^^?^>PE.,tei.medbvlord 
 
 lsi;:':!!:ii^::,;::;--;vi:"-:;blrii;'^u,^^^^ 
 
 COXCILTATIOX COUXPTTS 
 
 imKti;'^^;, j^ j;;;-^; :^ r" ™"« in .ho 
 
 -"-•- the cardinals us,': iy ,,',';•; "X"*' '^-^ 
 'intl a so the assi.ml.K- „f ti, .• , •''■'f' '' l"'l'i', 
 
 the l.urpose.Tlirti ■""''■";''' «'"" "' '"f 
 
 i-'ilut.!dby.vh^a„;'/;:;;^^; %''"-''-' 
 
 ''•■ivin^' died at Viterbo i, nS ,',l. ^ ?"",'"t IV. 
 nearly three years u-mbl to" a.', ^.''"'l-'f^ "•'''•" 
 a sncessor, and were 01, the ut o^ I, "''•■ "'^ 
 
 when the maf,^ist rates, bv L' d .jc f 7t''\? "P' 
 
 ^i:^;:;rdin!rfite::ii:ii^--^^^^ 
 
 »*■''), 19 April, ,r-[ •'"'•' "' LextiiiTton {u>/nch 
 
 eaE!^!:?^!^^Ssa;lr:;i!rrY'">''''--i 
 
 •1";^.. .le sf. c r^' I t'l;;;';:;, ^-^ Jir-^tion of 
 
 '"""l<^ upon if, ,.;- / j i /' '' f ",'"".V as 500 
 
 Ciibsoi,-s •. Omicoi 1 an" ' "t 1, V ■''''.'i-'- ^'''"■'"" 
 P"Mished, . c 5;;. J „ , ' , " -"'Z, I.'st:im,.nt " 
 
 tors, prepared by Ij.' Vi,„.„,„_ i;^^^.'"- ''"^■'••" =* I'nn- 
 
 :;;f;:t^,a^:;^r!v,;T;;:;::;^r4!;;';L':'''V"- "^•"" 
 
 .■ip|"'.;nvd III 1790,- anollii.r l,v T, ' ' ' ''.^' •Vv^ciit;!,, 
 '■""Men Clarke's (late .1,'' v" '::,„" ■«-- and M^.' 
 '■i Acvuin) concordaiieu to 
 
m 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 l| 
 
 ■•i 
 
 W' 
 
 
 m 
 
 CONCORDAT. 
 
 272 
 
 CONFLANS. 
 
 .ihak-Kpeare'ii Plays (nn wliicli bIic spent i6 yonrs' labour) 
 in 1847. .s'AnAs/KYirc-Lcxiruii by Dr. A. i^cliniiilt, 2 vols. 
 1874-5. *'■'''■ Hiiriii'i' Kiinn'ss's ''nniMinluiU'i' tii Sli'ik- I 
 .sjjdi/i'sPofins, 1874. Tdilil's viTbal \iii]r\'.ii Miltnn, 1809. J 
 C'lcvi'laiid's (■(iiiciuilaiic'i. to Milhui, 1867. Hiitilitwel.'s | 
 
 c'oi rilanci' to Tiniiiixcii, i80y. Abbott's coi i'.orilaiici' 
 
 to J'une, 1875. Dunbar's concnKl.nii-c to Uumcr, 18S0. 
 F. S. Ellis's c'oncorilnnce to Sliclb'y, 1S02. 
 
 CONCORDAT. An instrument of ngm'- 
 ment between a prime ami the pope, usually 'ion- 
 cerning her etices. The eoneordat between the em- 1 
 peror Henry V. of Germany and pope Calixtus II., I 
 m 1122, liiis been regarded as the fundamental hiw I 
 of the ehureh in Germany. Tlie concordat be- j 
 tween Napoleon Bonaparte and Pius VII., signed 
 at Paris, 1 5 July, iSoi, re-established the Catholic 
 church and the papal authority in France. Napo- 
 leon was made in effect the head of the Galilean 
 church, as bishops were to have their apj)ointment8 
 from him, and their investiture from the jiope. 
 Another concordat between the same persons was 
 signed at Fontainebleau, 25 Jan. 1813. These were 
 almost nullified bv anotlier, 22 Nov. 1817. A con- 
 cordat, signed iSAug. 18,5, between Austria and 
 Kome, by which a great ileal of the liberty of the 
 Austrian church was given up to the papacy, 
 caused much dissatisfaction. In 1868 it was vir- 
 tually abolished by the legislatures of Hungary 
 and Austria. 
 
 CONDK. Louis I. de Bourbon, ^ prince of, 
 brother of .Vntony of Bourbon, king of Xavarre, was 
 born 7 May, 15^0; representative of an ancient 
 race, taking tlieir name from the town of Conde, 
 distinguished in the wars of the time, a leailer of 
 the Ifuguenots, taken |iiisoner at the battle if 
 Jarnae, and killed bv tlw baron de Jlon-^squieii 
 (1569). Louis II. de Jinurbon, "the (ireat (.diide." 
 born, 8 Sept. 1621, coiiimanderof the French forces 
 in the '.''hirty 'i'ears war, defeated the Spaniards at : 
 itocroi, a brilliant victory (1645), and others,, 
 1O44-8. Retired finally to" Chantilly, aliout 167s, | 
 and died, II Dec. 1686. '' Histoire des i)rince3 de ! 
 t'onde," by the due d'Aumale, published 9 vols., i 
 1865-96. 
 
 CONDENSATION, see G,u, Jim; Mia: 
 
 CONDOTTIERI, couductors or leaders of ' 
 mercenaries, termed free companies or lances, j 
 which became so troublesome in Italy, that the I 
 cities formed a league to suppress them in 1342. ' 
 Many ravaged France after the peace of Bretigny, ] 
 in 1360. 
 
 CONDUITS. Two remarkable conduits, 
 among a number of others in London, existed 
 early in Cheapside. The " great conduit " was the 
 first cistern of lead erected in the city, and was 
 built in 1285. At the procession of .4niia Boleyn, 
 on the occasion of her marriage, it ran with wliite 
 and claret wine all the afternoon, i June, 1533. 
 titow. 
 
 CONFEDERATE STATES of Noutii 
 
 Amekica. The elforts of the Southern States for 
 the e.vtension of slavery, and the zeal of the Northern 
 States for its abolition, with the consequent political 
 dissensions, led to the great secession of 1 860-1. On 
 4 Nov. i860, Abraham Lincoln, the Kepublican or 
 Abolitionist candidate, was elected president of the 
 United States. Hitherto, a president in the interest 
 of the South had been elected. On 20 Dec, South 
 Carolina seceded from the Union; and soon after 
 Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Georgia, Louisiana, 
 Texas, Virginia (except West Virginia), Arkansas, 
 Teriin.'!<see, and North Carolina also. Jell'erson Davis 
 
 was inaugurated president of the Soufhern Ci|. 
 fedei-acy at .Montgomery in Alabama, 18 Feb. .si-i 
 For the events of the war which ensued, ami tli. 
 restoration of the Southern States to the I'mI, 1 
 see United fifntcs, 1861-5. Jefferson Davis's •• Kj„ 
 and Fall of the Confederate Government," ■• v,,! 
 published Juno, 1881 ; he died, aged 81, 6 Dec. i,ss,,' 
 
 CONFEDERATION at Pakis, 14 },;, 
 1 71^) ; see Vhnmp di: Miirs, and Itnstille. 
 
 ^ CONFEDERATION of the Riii\e, th, 
 , League of the Germanic States, formed bv .\ o,, 
 I Icon Bonanarte, 12 July, 1806, when he ab(,ii..||,,i 
 j the Holy Roman linipire, and the emperor of (|, ,. 
 I many became emperor of Austria. In 1),., jj 
 ! consisted of France, Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Sa.xom 
 ; and Westphalia ; seven grand duchies; 8ixdu(lii,:," 
 ' and twenty principalities. The princes coUectivc.iv 
 engaged to raise 258,000 troops to serve in case k 
 war, and established a diet at Frankfort. Thj, 
 league terminated with the career of Bonaparte -i' 
 1814 ; and in i8k it was replaced by the Girmaiiir 
 Confederation (w/iir/i see, and OermriHi/). 
 
 CONFERENCES, Ecclesiastical. On. 
 
 was held at Hampton Court palace, between tlif 
 prelates of the church of England and the purit m 
 ministers, in order to effect a general union, at the 
 instancoof the king, James I., 14,16, 18 Jan. lOoj 
 It led to the new translation of the liible, nowin 
 gi'ueral use in England; executed in '160-.11 
 Some alterations in the church litur<'y were .isreeii 
 111)011 : but these not satisfying the disseiifcri 
 nothing more was done.— Another conference of tht 
 bishops and presbyterian ministers, with the sank 
 view, was held in the ffavoi/, 15 April to2^ jiilv 
 1661. The dissenters' objectioiis were gencnilK 
 disallowed, but some alterations were recoinnicnJed 
 in the Prayer-book. See JCci/ei/Hnsimd Voiigrmn. 
 
 CONFESSIONAL, see Auncular Confmwu. 
 
 CONFESSIONS of Faitu, or Creels 
 see Apostlen', Xicene (325), and Atl„uin.sian (ab.-r- 
 434) Greeds. J. R. Lumby's "History of thJ 
 Creeds," published 1874. 
 
 The (mnfcssion of faith of the Greek chiin-h w.w 
 presented to M.ahonnncd II. in 145,, fiiis i,;,!.,, 
 
 way in 1643 t le eoniposeil liy .M'oj;ilu, ni.tn,- 
 
 politun of Kiev, which is tlie present stainl.ir.l 
 of the Hnsso-Greek clmrch. 
 
 Tile creed otl'i as 1 V. , coniiiosed of the Niccnc .11 . ■! 
 with additional articles which eniliody all tii.' 
 lieciiliar do^jnias of the Roman Catholic cliur. li 
 imblished by the council of Trent 
 
 Th<' church of Englaml retain.-i the AjKistlcs', 
 Nicene, and Atlniimsian creeds, with articles:— 
 42 in 1552 ; reduced to )9 . . . 
 
 The confession of AngsbnVg (tliat of the Ln'tlinaii-) 
 was drawn up principally by Mclaiicthoii, in 
 1530, and has since undergone niodilhatinn.s. tliu 
 last of whii'h is calh'd the " Form of Cohiunl " i — 
 
 The Westiiiinsici confession was agn-ed to in ,f,,-.- '" 
 and adopted by the lircsbytenan church ofSd.N 
 land ; see Wislminster . . . ,f . 
 
 The <'ongregationul dLssenters imlilislnil a dfilara- ' 
 tion of faith ,5,, 
 
 CONFIRMATION, or laying on hands, w;i; 
 practised by the Apostles in 34 and ^(/{Aetsy'm. 
 17; xix. 6), and was general, aceoriling to some 
 church authorities, in 190. In the church of Enj- 
 land it is the iiublic profession of the Christian 
 religion by an adult person, who has been baiitizivl 
 in infancy. It is made a sacrament by the chiirih 
 of Rome. 
 
 CONFLANH (near Paris), TPEATY OF, 
 between Louis XI. of France and the dukes ot 
 Bonrbiui, Brittany, and Burgundy, 5 Oct. 146;. 
 
 .36^ 
 
 I5f: 
 
 CONF 
 
 Bv Its provisions Nor 
 If Kerry, and an end 
 Pulilic Good." It w.i 
 IVrnnne, 1468. 
 
 COXFUCIANIS 
 
 ,il i.i'irality taught bv 
 ■the .Master K'uii^"" 
 'wen long adojiioil in 
 [iriiilcnie and educatio 
 •I'll a-Md, and doubts a 
 
 CONGE D'ITlIR 
 
 uoeiice given bvthesov 
 :a chanters and other 
 iirtiralarlv bishops • tl 
 VIII., 1535. After the 
 tnrfnnd liacl been ren 
 iiude an arrangement 
 lection of bishops. 
 
 CONGELATION, 
 
 iris produced in sunim 
 mi.xturcs, by Mr. Wall; 
 n',13 frozen without snow 
 Leslie froze water in ai 
 vessel of sulphuric acid u 
 in? mixturi'9 have been ( 
 •yld is produced by tin 
 'urbonio acid gas. Ico-ii: 
 a-.Jiu'ol) Perkins 18 u 
 nhers. In 1857 U'r, 
 ?inehine for manufactur 
 :''irjioses, by means of e 
 iiiiiie large block.s. In 1 
 raetlwd of freezing to 60 
 viterina close vessel ah: 
 iimuonia. Siebe's ice-nn 
 1' the International Exl 
 rcti'h admiration. 
 
 '■■• ,"; "'^''''s ic'-iuaking ni 
 im;1. li'pe.-lled aninionia is 
 .,• ;!"'""''"1 '">' watrrto lie I 
 'I- llMTisori's method of free 
 '■":"" ol'jii.-at in Austr.ilia 
 >lu|i|*ltn,m .Voifolk, Ausl 
 sii^'oessfiil. .See /,v, /',■-»•,■,■; 
 
 .C0XGE8TED DIS 
 
 ,ii'-i:ind), conslitufed bv t 
 .Hi All- 1891. .•inieinjl-d 
 ;lii-,l,«oi-k.: undcrtak,'n,& 
 iH"I'|s issued. I.Si)',, ,,s,.- 
 A t .Scotland) ji.i.sseil, 1897.' 
 
 .CO.VGO RIVER, S.W 
 
 J 'I the t'onvo were disoverec 
 I'W. and they have ever sii 
 »» it< hanks, liavingfoundec 
 
 ! Hb.i.maries, with temnoiMrv 
 ■■'■ni' e.^j)|.,red the Con.-o 'i 
 '» Its hnik and on the ere 
 ''■'"«»«', and committed . 
 
 I '* ''i^»f'*i'-I liy an expedil 
 
 |*nu!.Kc«-ett,3-nSei,t. i; 
 
 Itiets houses were destro 
 |l''.Mi'H. .M. .stanlev'.sevp,.,ii,' 
 :t't'ij^'^"' >^"ven^uen 
 
 _ -of Congo ratili,.,! by tie 
 
 r.'. 
 
 ;-f'™,i,..|:n,itional.i,.,ii„„si 
 '• 'lisiiii.ovst.,,1 king ,,f tl 
 ■ii'-'nv„nimeiitpartlvrec.)u 
 l^l^"";.'. .ran., with n.;t 
 
 i. cliief 01 i\n e.\pe 
 «e lnt...nati,m,,l African 
 JHyUolgmni, sturtssumn 
 
 • I'. <■: U 
 
_ <'OXFr-CJA.\LSM. 
 
 2-3 
 
 C'OXGO lilVFAi. 
 
 Bv its provisions Xorninii.lv «-,h .,.,l,.,l77^7T - 
 
 coxFuciAxisAL H„. „o.„.i„es o. . ' "S"i:^;^^-T:'r;;i^^^^^ 
 
 'I i.'"rMlity tauitlK 1,,. (N uC ,>, I- p"^ '''>'"^'"'' l"-"t"Hn,,,tl., i ■ ,t ■ ^i '"u"'"":''^"^ '' "'itisl, 
 
 oeenlnii- iidoptcl C„ Cli n V .,■^^^■^' V^' •'^''"■'' '"'••' 
 'f .•. ?.Kl, n,.,| ,l„„|,ts a Cut L,a. Tn, "" "'"''■''"l' 
 
 i?=t;^IS^.^'t-.,oi;^-7. lee 
 imxtures. l,y Mr \V,nke\' in T-Sj n "^''^^'-.V^l 
 ;v..sfrn..„ „-ith.,„t s,„„v „;. " , 'l^^;. Ji»'?''^''j-i'f 
 Leslie froze water in qn ,;, ," r- ' . ^" '^'0 
 
 ,n. mixture, have been d s o, ve^.j ,?,^^'-""? ^'^■-- 
 •■M IS produced bv the aeViHr.t;^, «•' ..^"''•'"se 
 .arboni>;aoidsas. lee-m.k?, .,'""'• "*^ "l"e«ed 
 ■i-.Taool) Perkiii. i8^, T,'"? !',>'"''!"U's invented 
 
 eommerci 
 
 Liirul.,1- fr.,1,, th,. 1>,M-Iii„i„' „ „\,. • • ■'^'■I't. i33i 
 
 i;'-'--^i';''or,sia;:.v , V;MM:of^■" 
 
 ■'■'II. : lilll is s..l,t 'l,v , n !;'■ , ' ''"'""MMVU, 
 
 i tl„>, Soudan ' "" ""'"*'' ^'^'v.'i-nuh.nt to 
 
 ••^,"■"■'•11, 1.^.^,M . U , nfi ,/;^':;<''''''''''' ("^'^I'tain ' 
 «■■',- re.-"Kni.,.,l |,v |;„ , ^S ' ' ^ A'"' ,' '^' 
 
 "'■'■^' '"""^.•■-i;^i»:^i{iyX'^-Si:.;i: 
 
 he 
 
 LS^ '^v t"« j-Fia^'ation of lil^S ., ■■;... ivnr, 3.,,, ,;'■'"""' l'^'^. '""l "th. 
 
 ^•7'.^; f^ r'& ;?:;^S^- ^-r'^: tl:^;;::..^;^^;;;!';;;' ,;^-t-;.;..n,.dad,, 
 
 ■viterm a close vessel absorb and .'e,.-* If""^ ^''"- ' l'"ld ' I ' ;";;';>•. •^iw-'-d 5 F,-:; 
 
 ■viterina close vessel absor ^mi nl .>> If ""'"^ 
 n:ih,i(lniirat:on. '002, e.xeited 
 
 •■;T"|iii'I.''1 oy w.,t,.r t Cn,!.!.;, ' '" '' '■''""•• ^'•■■s.'*''! 
 
 *lN|i|wl Iniiii Xoi'ioli,- V,,..,.'...;,, '">'"."! e.ii.,>,,.,L.s wa.f 
 
 
 Ja;r"iS;;3S™j™ri;tts 
 
 «.iMl..y Kails .stnUoii ,.v,ap,uf...| '•' "M"'''' '33S 
 
 ;;!["'"■■>■ Kails .tatio;;;,!:,::.:,,'^!—- . .,33; 
 
 ^"t ""'. "tatoapp.alst. ,!!,■! 'ii, m V „., ■ ' ■•■'""'•. "i38 
 
 ■■«.,5..,.>:.r.M.,.sl^;'^;:;;^.^;;i.-'---;-M;iy 
 
 ,CpXGE8TED DISTRICTS nn.^^ iv'^''^^--^'-'''^ '•- t''''y':u-^''''a;;'^:; Tl'vi;'^' , 
 
 "HUI'I), ooMstitute,! liv th„ IW h I^OARD ^ ;:.";'".v of ,h,. ..ountrv ,v,„„.„.,l % ' '^"■'- '^ 
 
 .H,-li-' r.Sor .,,„„• 1 V, i ""''ii'*'-" of Laud ^ ''"^'■"'"I'-Wii.'ral) . ' ""I (-"i- Janss,.,, 
 
 At .Scotland) passed. [,S„- ""'^''f'-''' I>istn,-t3 Stat., 5,0., ,.»>,|'' l.'',;',-: ',■ I'""' '" «,„ Om,.„ " 
 
 l!-|k>rt5 issu.'d. i.S,)^,, |S,j- 
 ■i I ;Stotland) passeil, iHi)-' 
 
 'ffil^.^^^^-.,^.^^-^^-;:-,--.outh, 
 
 l»^M.nan.s,.ithteu,p :;;; ^'^'^^V'!'. 
 *. expl,ae,l the Cu,,.,, r.%- - T ! ^'?-""- 
 
 «'i ■Mef.' hou..:s-'were d,''itro v'efl "-'""'"' ""'''^'^^ 
 
 s«"s;,'S::t:-i;:K;:,™* 
 
 , "■Hnr.l,s,.t .Hi.!,')" "' ""•"" """lilleations 
 
 '•' 5.<>)>.i>i.ilV,ui.'sati.or.i. .11. r ■■^■■ 
 
 ■■jhnually f..r il„. ,„.xm ;,:'"' .-■;»•'■'>« fmnes 
 
 iS32 
 
 l'')Mni,iyrauand soiMH.ii I r ; '''''''"' "' -M. 
 
 a.Hs:„.|-„of K,,,.,, '" , ' V'l"'r C,,,,;;,,, ,„„| 
 
 ,'-'ta,„a,..,„„;,:; ,;;'!' "''I";;;!!.'.'.; .11 ti„: 
 
 M.il'O ,|.. Wahis an lohitp A, ■ ' *'"'" A".ih./,. ) 
 'H.'ian, «■/,!, .-.bo™ '.n ',;"-';;. ^T''''''™'''^' 
 
 "•"'■■>■ ■■S.'ln, son of Ti,„ o T,, "" .^'■'^■'' t'*bTs 
 
 , pi'isoiiors . "I'l'™' Til'i'iiid takes Mianv 
 
 Kxpe.iiiiori uoiler li.nii phnri-,'- ^2 \ov'-. 
 
 ot .M„Mi,, Mohaira ■^"'""■^'^ "'« AraO.s 
 
 I'ynruiiit,. ,.x|,iosion on a'iail«-.v i,,t ' .' ''aii. 1803 
 ""■'Matadi, about so ;;:^:!::s'^i/;;;^-;-,Knn,osi 
 
 '•J Jan. .. 
 
 
 
 .^'v-^f 
 
imm 
 
 CONGO RIVER. 
 
 274 
 
 CONGRESS. 
 
 ill ' I ■■■, ' 
 
 Expedition for the reliefcif cnpt. ,Tne(|ues (reirortert 1893 
 safe, 25 (let. 1892, oii(.MKfd m tlii' Hiiiipicsimi iif 
 tlie slave trn(ln, or^'anizi'il in Hi ii.-"»"U . Feb. 
 
 The Arnlis ilefented by ll.iut C'hnllili ; \> sliivrs re- 
 leased, reported ''^ Feb. ,, 
 
 Sueceasfid exiiedition of M. nelcoiiiimine ii|i tlie 
 LiikilK.i to the I'uiiro ; important di-<e(iverie«, 
 iilioiit 29Sein. 1S92, rrsv'/., repnrti'd . .Miinh, ,, 
 
 Cnjit. Uiu, who siarted on an expeilitimi ni llee. 
 1891, troin Lnp'iiif;" ill the i.oiniiiiii valh'.v al^er 
 e-VjiloriiiK lakes Mweru and I):iiine\veolu, dii'd, lo 
 Aiitf. 1892; rejiorted .... March, „ 
 Nyangwe taken bycapt.,aft. baron, Dlianis 
 
 4 March, ,, 
 
 Gr.iilual siiiiiiression of the Ambslave-tr.iders, and 
 Hiibjection of the eoiintry to the Cuiinn Fn'O 
 State .Mandi. Ainil, ,, 
 
 Tlw Ponthier expedition leaves Antwerp, 6 .March ; 
 reached Dniia ii Ahircli, ,, 
 
 M. van den Kei<'klioven killed, reported 5 -May, 
 succeeded bv cajit. Helanjilie. reported . .Inly ,, 
 
 Pefe.it of Unnializa at Kassan^o by baron Dhanis 
 with heavy loss, 20 Oct. ; capt. runtliicr dies of 
 his wounds .•...■ 25 Oct. ,, 
 
 Said ben Abadi. the murderer of Einin I'ashn, 
 taken and shot, rejiorted . . .if Nov. « 
 
 Sefu killed in liattle .... 17 Nov. „ 
 
 A new district constructed on the Upper ConKO,_tlie 
 eajiital to be Xvangwe. reported . 28 Nov. ,, 
 
 Kirsi section of the Conco railway (=4 ni.) oijened 
 
 4 l>ec. ,, 
 
 Onv.-<;cn. in llonia, M. AValiis . . Pec. ,, 
 
 Friendlv relations with natives, repoited u .Ian. 1894 
 
 liuniali/a d.b-a!ed by baron Dhanis and lii-ut. 
 Lotliaire, 14 , Ian., reported . . March, ,, 
 
 An attack of tip- M.ihdists on Mnndu. Upper Nile, 
 repulsed bvca|it. Delaiij-'he ; capt. lionvalet and 
 M. Iievoskilb'd .... lE March, „ 
 
 Antrlo-Iiidpan treaty settling the bounilaries of the 
 Conuo .State and thn liritish jiossessions. signed 
 at lirusscls 12 May, ,, 
 
 French claims set forth, 77 w(.< . . iQ.Iune. ,, 
 
 A dispute Willi Germany settled by coniinoinise 
 
 22 .lune, ,, 
 
 Capt. .Tacqnes, leader of tlie Anti-slavery com- 
 mittee, warmly welcomed in Brussels . 23 June, ,, 
 
 Agreement withKiance signed . . 14 Aug. ,, 
 
 Baron Dhanis, commander of the expedition to 
 Katanga, w.irmlvreceived at Antwer]) . n Oct. ., 
 
 Annexation of the't'iigo State to Belgium lu-oposed 
 bv the government at lirnsscls . . 4, Jan. 1895 
 
 Settlement between Belgium and Fiance as to the 
 right of preemption with regard to the Congo 
 State 5 t"eh. „ 
 
 The debt of the state adopted by Belgium 27 June, ,, 
 
 KxcitiM)icnt respei'ting capl.I.ntliaire'sexccutioii nf 
 :Mr. Stokes, ivorv dealer, after a ccuirt iiiarii il (i 
 Jan.), charged with selling arms, Arc . Aug. ,, 
 
 Capt. Lotliaire snmmoiied to give explanations to 
 Col. Wnhis, governor-g.m. of the Cmigo . Sejit. ,, 
 
 150,000 francs j.aid as indi'mnitv to the British 
 guvernment fur Mr. Sliik"s' fniiily ; 100,000 francs 
 to the German government ; ai unced, 14 Nov. „ 
 
 Complete defeat of the reijels at Liiluaburg by m.i.j. 
 Lotliaire , iC O'd. „ 
 
 Zemio, nil the Mbomu river, oecupie.l by the 
 French; r>'p.irtcd = I'ec. ,, 
 
 Skirmish at Cinigo-iite. lient. Liehrecht and M. de | 
 
 V.aldere killed : reiinrtcd . . 5 Jan. 189^. 
 
 Arrival cf mai. Lolhaire at B"ma, 27 March; his 1 
 
 trial begun. '25 April ; aCMUitl'-d, on the ground j 
 
 that Stokes was inciting t" civil war by allying 
 iii'eseir with Kil'onge, a native cliief, ami placing 
 hiinsrlf atthele'adof annrned tmop, 27 A]iril ; 
 Mr. Arthur, British consul at Boma, api.eaJs 
 against th.' Ilnding of til'' court . . 15 .May, „ 
 
 Mai. Lotliaire arrives at Brussels. 5 June: second 
 trial th'-re. 3 Aug. ; acriuitted, 6 Aug. (resigns, 
 announc'l 6 Aug. 1^97). 
 
 Hoval warrant withdrawing the I'roposalof anU'xa- 
 tion of the St;.tc read in tin' chamber, Brussels 
 
 10 June, ,, 
 
 Tlie Gennaii gr.vernment claims inilemnity for 
 rolili.TV of trailers ; reiinrt'''l . . 21 June, ,, 
 
 First balt'i'ftheCenL'oriiilwavinangnrated 22 July, ,, 
 
 Ucvolt ot natives ipieileil at i r'-ou ; .li'oul •7 Jiilv, iSi, 
 
 Suciessful cxpc'ilition of baron Dhanis in the 
 
 Upp'T Nile ; fjidn ooeiipleil, and an aUl«nee coii- 
 
 elnilicl with the natives ; reiiorted . . 2-f'<"pi ,, 
 
 Baron Dhanis apiM'nit'"l goveinorgen. . ^ S.|.t. ,j 
 
 A K'iro]iean cominittc'' lor proteetion of natives 
 appointed by tie' B''lgian g'lvernmcnl, with regu- 
 lations ; rejiirted 20 Sept. 
 
 White population, 1,325(399 Belgian), i Jan. 1S06; 
 
 A native educational mililiuy e 'ioiiy establisli'.| 
 and ileelared mieeessfiil ; paeilleatio'ii of the ri\ er 
 tribes and others ; re)iort"'l . . , 21 M.iv. 
 
 MiitiiiiMis native troops di'fcated at Kolioa. in 
 Munsa, bv ca|'t. Michaux , . . 11 Nov 
 
 Cid. Chaltin totally de'.'ats the Malidists and ' 
 occupies l{'',iaf ; liiut. B ii'llea kilb-l . 17 FhI,. ,g,,, 
 
 Mutinv of nati\''' troojis at N'lirfa. c'lmioinliT 
 Lerolamloth.'rolli.-ers ki!l"d ; ri'porti'il,4 .March. 
 
 Baron Dhanis' Bati't"la sol'li'Ts luutiny on their 
 way to put ilowii (lie reb'^lli >n ; lieut. jiilien aid 
 two oillcers kilh'd ; mutiny suppressed aiel tic 
 country subjugatc'l, rejiorted . . Sept. 
 
 C'ol. W'aliis, gov"rnor-g''ii., arrives in Bmss'-ls. ..7 
 May ; .iu.stiflcatory lett"r in 7'i"i/s . si.Miv, 
 
 FrciiiU'iit raids ; British f nt on Salt lake di'str'iy."i 
 
 i7Jnnt'. 
 
 Lailo captured bv capt. Chaltin ; reported . .Inlv. 
 
 Lieut. Henry totally defeats the Batetela r"b.-ls 
 near l^ake Albi'i't Xyaiiza . . . i-July, 
 
 Rebels totally defeated tiy lieut. Donne 23 Marcji,' is'af 
 
 Prosperity reported. May ; a loan to meet i'X|i"ns"s 
 for public works concluded by the kirn.', at 
 Bruss.'ls |ii„n^ I 
 
 Lieut. Chargois' column attacked by mutiie'.'rs 011 
 Lake Tanganyika, ami com]iellecl to r"ti"at, th" 
 enemy lliially muted and 25 killed, eml o| Ainil, 
 
 Lieut. Dubois' expedition of too men to oii-imv 
 Lake Kivu, surprised by rebels and 31 kill".|, |i',. 
 himself deserti'il afterwards by his iii.'ii a'al 
 killeil ; reporteil .ini^- 
 
 CONGREGATION of the LoiId, a n,ira( 
 taken bv the Scotch reformers, headed l,v Jolm 
 Knox, about 1546. Their leaders (the earls of Ghn- 
 cairn, Argyle, Morton, and others) called '■i<.ril'...t 
 tlie con^'i-eiration," signed the first lionil or ooveirmt 
 which united the protestants under one assnciatioii 
 3 Dec. iqs;- T;ftler. 
 
 CONGREGATIONALISTS, sec M.pr,. 
 dents. 
 
 CONGRESS. An assembly of princes or min- 
 isters for the settlement of the affairs of nrion? or 
 of a people. The fcdlowinj? are the most remark- 
 able congresses of Europe : — 
 
 Milnstcr . , ,f;^,.r 
 
 Ximegucn ' ,t;.i.g 
 
 Hyswick if^. 
 
 Utrecht ,j|, 
 
 Soissons ' ,.,s 
 
 Antwerp . . . . . 8 April. 177; 
 
 Bastadt , Dec. n,y, 
 
 Cli'itillon 5 fvi,. 1814 
 
 Vienna , x,,v. 
 
 Aix-la-Chap.'lle 9 Oct' i;','; 
 
 C'arlslu'l , Aug. i3i^ 
 
 Troi'pau 20 Oct. ifjo 
 
 Laybach 6 Mav, iSji 
 
 Verona 25 Aug. i;;: 
 
 Paris 16 Jan.— 22 April, \i\t 
 
 Frankfort (see Iki-mamj) . ifi-n .\iig. 155; 
 
 Coiistantinoiilc . . 23 Pec. 1876 -20 .Ian. i:;5 
 
 Berlin .... 13 June -13 July, „' 
 
 See AHianres, Church, Ciinrentinu, ,iy. 
 The first general conorkss of the Uxiteb Sr.vrrs 
 of Amehica, prei'aratory to their declaraticii of 
 inilei'eiidence, wde 11 strong resolutions were 
 ]iassed, .ilsoa petition to the king, and an aildrcss 
 to the people of England, was held. 5 Sept. 1774. 
 The second was held. 10 May, 1775 : tin- tliiril, 
 when the indej'endence was ileelared . 4 .Inly, 1776 
 The first federal American congTcss, uinli r tlie .'iiii. 
 stitution, w.as held at New York; tb-oig" ffasli. 
 
 iiigtiui, iircsideiit Maroli. ijS; 
 
 The first congress of the seceding southern states 
 was held at Montgoinerj', Alabama, 4 Feb, : it 
 el'ctcd J(lfir.*n iiavw |.rei>id.nt of tin- .th- 
 federate states on 9 Feb. For political reasons it 
 
 
 CONGRE 
 
 .iil|"iinied on 24 Slav 
 Virginia, un . . 
 Ill 1663, the emj'cro'r «< 
 rfigiis of Eiii'„,„. ,,, g 
 dined by England 25 N 
 amdcd to by „tl„.|- ,,„ 
 (irp«sontli,.atii,i|.sof (t 
 witlioiit ell'i.ct. 
 
 COXGREVE RO 
 
 coxrc SECTio: 
 
 nt'ilialilv known to fl,,. ( 
 tifcre file Clirisliaii er,, 
 rated in tlie time of M 
 ireit'.ieoii tlieni wns wH 
 B.C. Apoljoiiius's eiglit 
 :4'.i n.c. The parnbcdii 
 liV Galileo, the ellipse 
 t'l'ler. imil to conu'ts bi 
 
 CONJURATION, 
 
 COXJURERS, sec 
 
 C0XXAI8SANCE 
 Ffiich nautical dhnani 
 ti'hemcriiles, was first pc 
 
 COXXAFGHT. W. 
 
 kiiiird.ini, divided into 
 .Irthur, third son of (|ii(.( 
 l\;o, was created duke 
 l^-4; beinjr the first rot- 
 litio was Irish. 
 
 !:•■ IiiiI:fr,/i;.„,i,n„il,r.-iE.-<l,il 
 n-S, nia.lc the sinic piovi- 
 i'rotlier Alfred ; see /•.'./(■„/, 
 rii.-'l to the jirincess Loui. 
 .March, 1S79. 'See liiii:l,niii 
 
 Ilir condition of the iieasan 
 litfil by the construetioi 
 introdiioeil by Mr. A. J. Ba 
 ■'Crftarj- 
 
 COXXECTICUT a N- 
 
 .Imcrici. The settlements 
 'jnited by clmrter in 166 
 r.i|iiilation l.SSo, 622,700; i 
 
 I COXXOR. Ireland. T, 
 
 l« that of l)nwn, 1412. ']'] 
 Marnisius, died 50;. The 1 
 to Hmmore on the death of i 
 I'lurdauce with the Irish 
 I "t' '833' 
 
 , COXQl-EST, the era in 
 
 J "lUiaindukeofXonnandvo 
 
 I the battle of Hastings, 11 "Oe 
 
 I thf crown which he asserted 
 
 J to him by Edward the Coiifes 
 
 Injhtfiilheir). Willi,,,,, h;,sb, 
 
 I tke Coiioumi; for he siieeec 
 
 I tntland bv eomp/icf. He di 
 
 I Hi himself a usurper, but a 
 
 I kin-'Jom afterwai'ds held out a 
 
 lanlike a conquero,-, took an 
 
 wsandcustimsof the i-ealn 
 
 jtlieiukiissionnf the peoide 
 
 I»er(aoou3tomedtoi-epi-el,eiuli 
 
 J.ter who said casually Willi- 
 
 l»,a,l of William I. ■ ,SV/,/,,; 
 
 Ifom-tiro draivinjrs on the ev, 
 
 iMqiifst, in Mav, 185;. E. A 
 
 l»fthfV,rm,inCon<|uest,"6vol 
 
 ■lit ''•»!. aged 60, 10 .Mai-ch, i-S' 
 
 .Cp.y.SCIEXCE CLAU« 
 
COXGREVE ROCKETS. 
 
 .iill"nnic(l on 24 Jiiiv f 
 
 VilV;illi<l, (111 . ' ' 
 
 111 tt"J. till' lli]|,|TIH' \i'i 
 
 iri(:iis (if Ki,r(.|„. to 'n',; 
 
 .lilliil I'V Kllfluii,! 25 Snv 
 'l""l'"ltlillVotl„T|„,H-.. 
 
 Kri'.isoiitliiMidiilrsi 
 nilliiiiit elicit. 
 
 1^7.5 
 
 '•' lit Rlchinonil, (u 
 
 . • . . :o Jiilv, 1S61 
 "1 iiivit,,! th.. »ovi.. 
 '■*•< : wlii,.|| „-.\s ,!(.. 
 
 ' ,""'V litioi,;illv 
 
 Jli' pr..i,„s,.,| ,1 
 
 C'OXSERVATrVES. 
 
 "■'""v-,iU„i,;:;i;'^r,3-; 
 
 COXGREVE ROCKETS, «.o R,el;,, 
 
 Lf,.re.h,.c'iM-i,,i., ,,^ ;^,^i,;:':';^«v-c.„tum.s 
 
 livG„lil,.o, Ihe ,.lli„sp ,0 h,:''' I ."' '" I,"".|.''til,.s 
 
 COXJURATIOX, s,.,. Jl-Maroff 
 CONJURERS, soo unci,.,- ?n;-„r^ 1 
 
 Arthur, thinl son of 1,; 'v ^i'. t,*^' i' ""' 
 ISO, wa. rrcatod ,lnk' of C , nnnJi"'" ' ?f">'' 
 lS-4; beinj tlR. Hrst royal pVi ux fl oV"^ ^f-"-^' 
 lit!? was Irish. ^ "^ ""- """'^o leading- 
 
 , «.SKS??'„a^- ,- - OK RK- 
 
 I l""l I'm.'.uU.,! In- venous .,ts"',',';'i "'■''" '"'."'"^•'■'1 
 
 i-'onnty-courts) to .,„■;;, ,.V"'"' ""'PV^il. .1 by 
 : «■«« hy sununnn, 1nV if n ;''V , ^ '"' I'.-aitiee 
 
 I ™n.mit; ^^v r.,,o,f,"(Z,'!r "I'l'i-i'l'oml ami 
 
 ';.fS^ial::^[^^^^ L >,^V OK, a principle 
 
 Piirpose.-i, 108;. • -••"""" I'- '"i' Iioliti, al 
 
 COXSCIEXCE ■vrovpv T ■ 
 
 vi'ar 
 1' the 
 
 ta.v: 
 
 COH- 
 
 .37S. mail,, the. s „„,. |. o V s , f , d 1 T"'"' ° •^•«- 
 
 n. ocin.liti.in of tl„. Iii.asnntVvwas r ?•. 
 l:t«l bv th,. coi.struptio, of ii,,r,,.o *'''"''• 
 i..ro..oin,,Mr.A...BaH..f,'^5;::'lS^rf 
 
 COyXECTICp'Ta NVw En^lanil state of V 
 .linmca Ihe settlements of iOk m I % ' 
 
 ™t«l by clmrler in „/,- [-^f . ' '>L '''i'' 
 rtuLition i,S,So, 622,700: ih<)o, y^j,258 ""'"^^"'''• 
 
 I COXXOR, Ireland. The bi-ihonri,. ,.- ■• , 
 
 to tiiat of Uown, 1442 TI f « .-? "^ ""« """•-'• 
 
 I ni'htfu hfir^ Willim, 1, 1 '.'^"'-'«i l>ein? the 
 U CoZ-or, for he s : S'to";r'"'^-^^^''-' 
 
 «^ himself a nsurper, 1, ,, ,' LV ,„ •', '"'^'' ."'"^ 
 
 Wo,„„ft,r.vard,^held o> t St 1 m ",;:'^ J'"' 
 
 l»hke (I confjueror, took an o- tl t,, ' '"' ¥' 1 
 
 liawiand cult msof tlw. V 1 • '", "Iwrve the ' 
 
 |»:,d of William I. ■ SmT\i '\; ^""?ir.''"''' 
 Iforty-tw drawings on th e^-^nt i t I'v"'"'^'^ 
 
 |»fixor„,a,!&,S4t,"^ ^irTs-o o'-"''f "'•>• ■ 
 |Hv=.eiUge,l 60. ,(', Malvlu is'r ' '' " ''■''"'■'' 
 
 1 4O.V.SCIEXCE CLAU.se. see ^V,.,,,. 
 
 chanerilor o'f't'lh ",\-,'.i!i',;V„'''''^i"'' "'''''' '*'''it t 
 
 16,732/.; i.SSo. 5,K,;,/,^' -'-^ • ' "^■^' S<5r2/.: 
 
 I COX.SCRIPT pATTTin.u , 
 
 ' t'i'-4b..eause ^frn ;''«^.^''''' '"."'e U.„n„„ s..„;.. 
 ter,s of tlio senate ""■" "•'■'"^■" '" the re^il 
 
 R.2^S^^f^JI«^;,,:^,,;-,lo (derived i,-o,n the 
 '■""tinent. On ;;, Sept ,i,s''r '■"■""'■" '^'' ""• 
 "•as ordained li, hV;,, .'.^ ' " ""'' '"T '''mseription 
 .V'i-M. men fro„',"J ' '; 'J.?''';-''''"'""" ''' '''" 
 -'-ttons were m,Kle.^^;;:;;;/;j;;;;|,~n. "horn 
 
 , .vi'i,r«0 
 
 Ki^eaf ;..i"and"i,u;il; 't'' "'" ''i-^^-us 
 for 300,000 after the bat te V f ' ■'■'■"•• ^'""ther 
 conscription, I-ih-Xi ' l' ^■"'l'""' '•-^tiniated 
 
 (modiH[.d in'KS24 ,S iM'^ flf,"'- ^'''." '""■ '>'' '8,8 
 annual contingent fo m. ', , e '^ .''"'l"''''''' ■■' f"'-tain 
 
 , f';nption was enhirire, , 1 , ' '■'l'";'"- J'Ih' eon- 
 bill which wa. e .0 „;"•' "i^"""' I'v tlie „rinv 
 or.^■,nis:,tion of ,,,''. ' *'''■• '«''**• '^'l"' - 
 
 ■ fatal war witl, (;.-,„■ " v'-/'". '" '^n. after the 
 ;'";ler certain c^, 't h *^^ :;:'"'"- "ere allowed 
 lintamwas advoe:„cc , '^j .(ron riT'"" ' '!' '^''eat 
 
 COX.SECR iTIOV ■ • '''""•"' '" ""> 
 
 -"seerateil K,e',V^,*JV, ^^l^'-'"; ;»'' ''is sons were 
 
 i hiilomon's te.niile, ,00. uc (A'-^"^ ■••'•'•' ""d 
 i ' ""•"■'■i-ation of eliiirehet ,, M A'".'/'* ""-^ The 
 I Anciently the 10 s;™;^^*^;"" '"''"■ ^nd cent,^? 
 
 ""til the e„,,,er„r i a '?.,,» lis"'"' "■"'^ '''■'"'■'■'■'' 
 election, (irei'ovv ir ,i~ ■ 'i '""* assent to their 
 
 -"WnnedbytLJen erToil^ •''■-'• hi., •lei.io;: 
 riie consecr,-,tion of I'lmivhc^ i' ' ^-^- J'''-'"""/f. 
 '« .;HlMiitte,l in th.. reCcd'','' r'"' "* '""-'^'^ &'^-< 
 latniir to the .0,^,.,.^" 'of -"",'■ '^" '"^ >•,.-' 
 20 Aug. ,867, was ..n I t •' '"'"■''.vai'.Is. p„.s.sed 
 '■""^eeration V^as ,| ," .' v '" '^'*' '^ '""no 
 .''•iti.'tione.l I,v fl„. ,. . ,, ' ■' f;'>i"-'>eation, l,„t „ot 
 
 ;;f>-"-ai„iti.'no; ; ;,.i!;;:;' 'y^, lusgcr 
 
 , ot cons..cratin,i; bisliops , '■ T^'",'"- J be form 
 '■'«'t 'onh in the praler'L!k':,f',".';;''4./-"^'l^'>>'' 
 
 :'r^S^TSl^^n^icE:;e,,o.. 
 
 Pb.losopIn.rs;se,.r,;;.X';;J,',^' -l>-'"'all, a, th,.^ 
 
 , C()XSERVATIYE^ » 
 
 been .nvente.l l,v .),rhn Wi'l ^''T "'''' *" bave 
 
 '.■■.v,ii; .,S30. a;s„„ Iv'T" i;?'^"-)' '"' -n„.s 
 
 pnn.'ip .. ,s ,!,,. ,,,,,,,,,.^ M •' Part^, whose !,,..„ii„^ 
 
 ti"iis, It was tenn..,! •, n, « ^ : "' '""""i.il institu" 
 auiayin^.,,,,.,^/]^;- --n^^|,.-j^^ 
 
 . ,, , ' "v>'>^j2. SirK,,|)ert 
 
 JO 
 
 ^'' 'Vy/'^', 
 
 V|.' 
 
 .*. - 1 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 I (' 
 
 I iitl^.i^i? 
 
 
 mIL^A 
 
 ■'© 
 
 
 ^* ■ ^M 
 
 i^u-"- -*■ 
 
CDNSKIlVATUlliKS. 
 
 7'i 
 
 CONSTAHLE. 
 
 |M 
 
 « i> 
 
 I'lltb i . ji 
 
 If**, 
 
 IVcl Mcktinwlcihril liiiiHflf ii cnn'iiTVfttivi' when 
 n'ni-o;uli,.(l l.y tlir Iiisli p;irty in iiailiumi'iit with 
 bmiij,' nil OiMii-cm 111 ; Un\ tlic piirty tliat ;iftcr«iir(U 
 iopiiriitcil l'n>ni liiiii rMv<{ their )>riii'iph>s roiHirva- 
 tivi- ill roiilrailiitinitiuii to lii.t,— hin piiliiy imd 
 DiBimures hciii); cliMmri'd.— Tin' Cmni'iriitin' Clith 
 wuH founded ill lS4n; M'e /Ufirnoiii-fs niiil CA<A«. 
 The p:irtv i" tin' ""I'fh "'' Ihc United States which 
 Biippcirted tiie pn-.i,li'nt ill his enm'iliMt'ii-y ellorts to 
 re-pst;ililish the riii.m, .Ian. tSNi, wiTe ^termed 
 " Coiiserv 'ivi's." A ■ji-iMt nieetiiu'eC the X.iliuiial 
 Uiiimi "(' loii-ervativi! A-s.eiati.ns was lieM at tlie 
 Crvstal I'alie", ^4 June, iH--. The party in the 
 rai'iinritvat theele.tionsin |8(],S elitained a niajm-ity 
 at tlinse in Keli. 1874, end rami' int" niHee. They 
 wei-e aL'ain in a niiiioritv at tlie 'jepeial election, 
 anil lesi-ned 22 April, iSXo. The nianniis of. 
 Siilishiirv was elected lea.jcr of tlie party, f) May, 
 I«8l, siici'eediii',' the earl of IteaconsHidd, who died 
 10 April jiivvioiis. (Jonstitiitional eliih (central) 
 formed in l.oinloii. ['resident, 111 iri|iiis of Silislinry. , 
 House opiMird ,S Aiii;. iHH^. XiiHaii'i/ I'oiisen-fi. 
 tiir Cliihs. I'stahlishcd in iSdd. See Ikrhi/ and , 
 Bisnif/i, Fofii-lh Varlii. l.ilni-nln (iSSd), Xntinnnl 
 Union. SdlUhiirii'Vlimdi'trdtinnn, 1SH5, iSSO, '81)5. 
 
 Tlic iiali.iiul iiiii'ii of c:iiiscrvativc associations , 
 
 net at SaliO.nrv, -■-, .Inly, i?So ; l.ivcrp.iol, \i,,, ; 1 
 
 Iliniiiiu'liiiiH. 24 Nov. 1891 ; Shcillcl.l, n l>cc. I 
 
 i89-.; Carditf, -•S Nov. i3qi ; Ninveistle-oii-Tviie, 
 u Nov. 1894; llri^'liton, li: N.iv. 1895; lloi'leljUc. 
 17 N.>v. iS9') ; London . . , . iC' N'lv, 1897 
 
 Tlic inir.|iiis ..r Salislinry adilrcssus 10,000 coiiscr- 
 vativi's at i:\cfcr 2 Kcl). 1S92 
 
 Tcstiiii oniil of lo.iv,,/. lavscntcl liy lord Salislmry 
 
 liMiii till D^iTvalivc parly to c,:i|it. MiiMlctoii, 
 
 tliu cliicrcoiiscrv.iliveii-cnt, at a nici'tinn 
 
 19 Miirch, iSgO 
 
 (ircnt inectint;at til.' Alb.'it liiill ; s] cli l.y lor.l 
 
 Silisl.nrv ■'' ^'j^'- '397 
 
 Tic iiitioiml niii t'coiiscrvatiy.' associations for ' 
 
 S ■itlanil, annual MioctiM;.'s ; (!las/ow . 2 IJcc. ,, 
 
 C'OX.SERVATOIRES, a name i:Lycii to es- 
 lahlishinents Inr the ciiltiyation ot music and the 
 arts on the continent. One was e^tahlished at 
 Naples in 1557. The sin-iiii: school at Tans 
 fouinleil in 1-.S4, and c'osed in i;Si), was re-oiieneil 
 in i;i(^a3tlie " Institiit Xation il de Musiiine, ' and 
 after heiiii reovtfanised, \yas n-iiamed " C.inserya- 
 tnire lie Mii-ii|iie" in 171JV and flourished under 
 Cheriiliiiii iS2?-42). "The C niseryatoire iles 
 Arts et Mchcrs" was estaldishi-il in 17.S4. It in- i 
 eludes a iiiusenm and lilir.iry.and lectures arc given 
 to workmen tlierc 
 
 CONSERVATORS (iK the Prune Lip- 
 
 EUTIKS. OHiccrs cho-cii in En^'land to inspect tllo 
 tieasiirv' and correct aliii-cs in administration, 
 28 Hen. III. 1244.-/1'.'/"/'. (Jinservatoi'3 were 
 appointed to see the kinu's peace kept.— /'ov/iH. 
 Conservators were formerly amiointed in every sea- 1 
 port to take cognisanie of all oH'cncp.s committed 
 ilftainst the peace upon the main sea out of the 
 liberty of the Ciiuiue Ports. —BuHcij. j 
 
 COXSISTORTES for reijnlating ecclesiastical 
 discipline and divine worship in the Lutheran ' 
 ohnrcli in Gernianv, were established at the refor- 
 mation—the first "at Wittenherg; in 1542; other 
 consistories were established after the peace of 
 Aui,'.slmrg in 1555. 
 
 CONSISTORY COURT, anciently joined 
 with the hundred court ; and its oriL'inal, as divided 
 therefrom, is fmiud in a law of William I,, 1079, 
 <]not,ed bv lord justice Coke. The chief and most 
 ancient consistory court of the kiiigdoiii belongs to 
 the see of Canterbury, and is called the Court of ; 
 Arches («7iic/j se«). I 
 
 CONSOLIDATED FUND was d.rmed ly 
 eoniliiniiiit the " a','){re);ate," "jteiieral," ;iiiil 
 "South Sci funds," i7.S(i. ()n.!;Jan. lH|i,, the ,.,, 
 chei|uers of Ore It Ilritaiii and Ireland, previHii,;y 
 separate, were am iliramiited, forming " thecoiisoh'. 
 dated fund of the United Ivintfdoni." Acts :u-i 
 passed annnally for thu appropriation of the riinj. 
 
 CONSOLS, see Stocks. 
 
 COXSORZIO NAZIOXALE. .see Inii, 
 l8(ii). 
 
 COXSPIR ACIES. Anions the ree.>r.le 1 . „». 
 spiracles, real or supposed, the following are tli.- in.i-t 
 remarkable: see /{iiirl/inni. 
 
 of llic .lake of (H.iiici.stcr.n;,ilnst Hicliard tt. . 1-,,. 
 ofthcc:ul,ifCinitiriil|,'caiidoilii.r»ii«;iiiist Henry V. 141- 
 (If ,Vntlioiiy HiliiiiKloii and otliersagainst Eliz.'iliitli. 
 
 (See ll'ihiiKil'iii) i;;- 
 
 Of l,.ipi-z, a ,)ew, and others ,j_| 
 
 Of Patrick York, iiii Irish fciieii,;.. master biieil l.y 
 
 tlie S|iaiii;ir.ls ill kill Hie ipieen . . • . ,, 
 Of Walpole. a .lesuit, and Kdwaid Sipiyer to p.iis..a 
 
 tlieipi.-ii . . , , ,;,< 
 
 Tyi'.in.'s insurrection ill Irclanil . . , . 15,, 
 
 Till' tinn|.owder pl.it (i''/i"7i , we) ^f,^. 
 
 'l'yroni''s eoiis|.iia.y tosiir|iriseilh.castleof Dnlilin. 1^7 
 Of I'enriidd..ck (K.n) .md of Syn.l.'icoinlie nii.i 
 
 otli. as to assassin. lie Oliver Croniwell , J;ni. i^j; 
 IiisiuTeetion of Hie FU'tU-inoimivliy men ngiilnst 
 
 Cliad.'s II : , ,f,j, 
 
 or III.1..I. w'.iosci/.'d Hicdnke of Ornion.l, w.Mimlc.l 
 
 liiiii, aiel woiil.l liave liannd liini, D.'c. 1670 ; au'i 
 
 who afterw:ir.ls attempte.l to steal the r..;;;ili:i. 
 
 9 .Miiy. T';i 
 The pieteinled ciaispiracy "f the French, Spanisli, 
 
 and KiiKlish ,Iesiiits to assassinate l.'liarl.'s II., 
 
 revc.il.'il liy the iiifainons Titus Dates, 111'. Toiajae, 
 
 and others .... M\g. ifj-s 
 
 The M.'al-tnli plot (i"/i;.;i ,«.■-■) ,.;,;, 
 
 The Hyedioiisc plot to assassinate the kinn on his 
 
 way to Nt.wniiirket. (Sec Hifi'-hon^r I'lnt). . ir,.> 
 Of loid I'resl.ai, Hie liishop of Ely, and others to 
 
 restore .I.tnies II .... .I.m, i.;,-^ 
 
 Of (livinvilli., a I'lench chevalier, to murder kin,' 
 
 Willi.ini in Klainlers ,.-■; 
 
 Till' .Vss,issiii.iii..ii plot (irhii-h .s.'i) fnistratcl . , ,r^^ 
 orsiiieai I'lasiT. I. nil Lovat, anainst ipieen Aiiiu.. 
 
 (See HeUlli..,,.) ,.,„ 
 
 c")f the in.ir.inis (tiiiscaril . . . . M.ircli, 1711 
 
 or .lames Sheppanl, an enthusiast, to .assassiiuite 
 
 Oeor„... I . ,;,: 
 
 Of eiiiiiisi.il. ir I..iyer and others, to laiiii; in tlic 
 
 Pivti'lidcr i . . i;;j 
 
 or til.' ('oriis|i.aidin;,' hociety, A'l'. (ichirh sn:) . i;,^.) 
 
 Of col.iiii.l H.'spard '.jj. 
 
 (Jf lloliert Einniett, in Uuhliii, when lord Kil- 
 
 w.irdeii w.is killed .... 23 July, i;.:-, 
 (5f Tliistl..wooil an.l others, to as.sassiuatc the kiii(!a 
 
 iiiiiiislers. (.See C.i'e-sdri't) iS:j 
 
 Of tlie Sepoys in India. (See /in/ia) . 10 M:iy, iS,; 
 
 Of tile Feiii.ins liso-'.i 
 
 Major Panilza a','ainsi prince Fcr.linaa.l, si.|. B«/. 
 
 ijitria Fell, d sc'i. i:)> 
 
 Sei. l;rh,-!l:.>n^. Chnrli.<ts. ,(■:. 
 
 CONSPIRACY AXD PROTECTION 
 
 TO PROPERTY ACT, passed 13 Au-. IS;5; 
 relates to trade disputes, breaohes of coiitiMet, i. . 
 
 COXSTABLE of Exglaxd, LnuD High. 
 The seventh great otUcer of the crown, and, with the 
 earl marshal, formerly a judge of the court of 
 chivalry, called, in the time of Henry IV., ami 
 niilitiiri.i, and subsequently the court of honour 
 The power of this officer was so great, tliat in 13S; 
 a statute was passed for abridiring it, ami also the 
 power of the earl marshal {which sir). The olli.e 
 e.icisted before thi> conijuest, after which it "I'Ut hv 
 inheritance to the earls of Hereford and K-scx, anJ 
 next in the line of Staft'ord. In 1 52 1 it w;i< fcr- 
 felted by Edward St.uford, duke of Bu. kin.'h.m;. 
 attainted for high treason, and has never since bi'cn 
 granted to any person, otherwise than pro hiicn'i 
 
 CO 
 
 (for this dccnsion), to 
 bycnniliat. Thei.ii|\ 
 licinir I'l'ilireil since tl 
 the criiwn, was that ei 
 and Mr, l)avid Haniiie' 
 prevented it. 
 
 tiiHI> niOM in.NNI 
 Qiieen Anne. Wiiotjiesly 
 UrorKc I., .John, Hiik,. cil 
 OfiiiKc II., Cliailes, ilnki 
 
 C ■Kein.,Ji.|in, dnkei 
 
 (frerUe IV, ) 
 
 Willima IV. .^Arthur, di 
 
 Victnria . ) 
 
 COXSTABLE hf 
 
 The office was instituti 
 The holder had tlie ki 
 whicli the king, at his 
 iiikcii (and lieiice tlie 1 
 liable is a naked swoi 
 iiiaiid of the kinir's arm 
 alisenoc of the king, 
 lurit.ildy in 13 ij on s 
 Ilnicc, One of Hay's 1 
 "f Erioll, and with hi^ 
 luains being expressly 
 iinior. in IJ07, Th,. p,. 
 mcnty-third lord high i 
 
 C0XSTABLE8 of 
 
 iii.<litiiteil in the reiifn t 
 ■ ailed high constables, 
 lonstablcs, /(/>//(, petti) , 
 stable's jurisdiction e.\ti.| 
 Ihe mtty constahle's to 
 iihii'b he is clmsen ; an 
 .iiipointed for jiarticiihir 
 K>S, on account of the 
 alipointnicnt of parisli i 
 necessary by an act jiasse 
 Oiiiilnlih.H and 'Jhivcr. 
 
 , COX.STABULARY 
 
 L.nileii, see J'u/irr. Tlu 
 ait passed ill 1825, \\]u'ii 
 iiiibodicd throughout the 
 ijiient acts were consolidal 
 COX.STAXCE, a eif, 
 
 Here was held theseventee 
 1\ which cniiilenined Job 
 l''.iml, 6 July, 1415; see J 
 
 COX.STAXTINA, t 
 
 .Numuliii, was taken by tj 
 huring tlie (issaiilt on "12 
 hamrcniiiiif was killed. A 
 12,000 nicii. as the victors' 
 
 , CpNSTAXTINOPL 
 
 {•(Inch ic), now Sliuiihoui 
 Unstanfine the Great, whc 
 f.astfrnEiiijiirc liere, dedii., 
 Eiuttni Empire, rojuilati 
 tirtieralccclisiastieal eonneiK 
 
 litre in 38,. .S53, 680, ami 86 
 MzeilliyPr..ci,j,ins 
 Tlie lity sulli.reil much fn'an 1 
 
 ami was l.unif .lining the ■•; 
 lel.lllltl.y.hMiiii,,,, Willi ,,,.,,,1 
 J' .'Mtliia ,l,.,li,.Mf,.d , ^ 
 
 irr.'i'"' ,','"■ *'™''cii9 Slicces.sfi 
 •iial till- Hussiana 
 
 Ufnhy the Latins . 
 Ki-onvereil l.y the (i,.,.eks 
 ianilyk.sn.».,lliy Aniurath tl 
 
 i;*iil.y.Mahiimet II, after,,, 
 
 0|NFKKNc.|, „„ Turkish Alfatr 
 
 'dtnt Bnlivn, maninis of 
 
 tAi|l 1 
 
 
CONSTABLE. 
 
 \itlini-, ,li,k,. „(■ WHii,,^,,, 
 
 170a 
 '714 
 17J7 
 1761 
 l8ji 
 l8ji 
 1838 
 
 th.; n;.«n, w,. ,h„t .nam," Hi,':! 1, V , ;i't,;;^ 
 
 Q "A;;;;;:r::,zn:;^:,:n;::;;'rr'''''^- 
 
 Unuvl.,.)..!,,,, I'uk.MlV. ,,,';,,''''''■''' 
 
 o..:p;.. ci„,,K.H,i„k,.„wi::!f;;;; , 
 
 «:;;•;■"•:•;■'•'''''''■'''''•'''■"''' ■ 
 
 WilliiiMi IV. f A 
 v:.'li.riii . ) 
 
 The ho\dvT had tl„. kt^V I <l t ,. ki '•'"' "-^V 
 nhiv). the kini:, at l.i/i ,,nt .,,■"'" 1 ""'I""''- 
 
 ofEnoii,.ndwi,i[his'.;:;i:" ;;.,^-v/;"-i 
 
 unior, in 1707. >l'h,. LZZ ,■.,■} V v"' *,','"''>' "^ 
 
 .w..n.v-th/ni'i,,vdhi,/;';';,i',!,',i;,''(;>;',^-'-'-'''' -'''•■ 
 
 . CONSTABLES .f Hu,„l,v,lsan,I Fran.hW, 
 mstitiitcil in tlif re K'li of Kdwml T ,',;.''"""""'". 
 ■ ailed hiKh constablrs. T e , , ll ' ■'V'''V'''"; 
 
 stable » J unsdic'tion cxtiiaN to tl.,. wl,„ , *"","'■ 
 
 d. petty .,„stabi..'.,„;i,;;l';;,':';:-M; 
 
 .^p^int«i.a-,,arti,.i:'t:::;:i;-:;''in''ft,ir 
 
 1848, on aKciiint <if (1„. Cliaitistsl Tl„. L.' 1 
 
 necessary by an act j.assed Au" iH-^ « I " , 
 tto/rtV,,,i,nd Tout,: "' ' ' »"' *j"<'<'"'^ 
 
 COX.STABl^LAItY VOMCV v .1 . r 
 
 ».t passed in l«2j, wl„.„ thirsn ' wf f '''"'"' 
 eiubodied thro„.Cuf t^^^'ZZ llLllV'' k'"' 
 •luent aets were euns„lidated in ,-^36 '"-"■™' «"''^'-- 
 
 CONSTAXOE. a eity in Itad..,. (S. Gern, .nv^ 
 HerewiisheMt lesevcnteenlli n-,.,,,,,.,! , ^'"."''"J;- 
 
 COXSTAXTLVA, the anei.nt eapitnl of 
 .Nuiimlia, was taken by tl:,. Fivneb m V f u 
 
 Damrem.ait was kill,, \,l, ;, , , ' l' ' '■;''"'''''' 
 
 ^"""■" ^■''V'"V. l'"lH.Ia.i:,n"^,S,];VaM:- ;;li^;c^! 
 O'lk-nileeclcsiiistieal t'oiiiii'ils ■Mrii,, I 1 
 ''"l';"38., 553, 680 r,l ^'«'''"''' '"■■■'■»>• were hel.l 
 
 Tlie dty sutl. iv,| tnticb from relimons ,li ■ ■ , ' ■ ' 36s 
 
 ™ was ..,„„,,,„,„« tl nK" , mwr""'' 
 
 Tikciihy the Ijitins ' ' ' °°5. 904. 941. 1043 
 RfCnvered l.y the Greeks " ' ' ' "°3. 1204 
 \mlyl,«u»,,||,v A.nurath tia, fitfonia,., jtinc- "*' 
 
 ^oNsiiruTioNS^ party; — 
 
 K'f '.«"'''''■«•/''' C .dordv;.l,„y,,„ 
 
 ^^,:;^-^:e;;iri,:;:,«'-''--/'"'..coln ::;: 
 ^"l::jei:t;;"" '""'"■"'"■"'"'"' the ::„!;;:;:; 
 
 eeiiteil ni(.dill,v.llnii« ,,i (,,, I ,■ „ ' ^''^ '"'• 
 
 %./< >n K I t'lii'i* III !• 1 1 1'l ii ., , ' 'y 1 I I p. 
 
 ,' stit,;te,i\s.;';: :;'■''"'•'■" '■-■■•■•-••inK'Lv,.t 
 
 f n^alilre, thni,s„iMls|„,„.|,., • ■ ^J ''ii'ie, 
 
 (■rearllr.^„l,nut,,,J ,„!' I,?,,,', .' ' '"'•'• 
 
 (l'.m;oi..ai,T„rk:>l,) railway "^ "" '":.''"' 
 
 eat lire bI Cndiknn, al„„i, i..... i'mm so',,,! ."'• 
 
 «.eaaK.rat«er„K,,oI.j;;i':'5;V^l!,;Z'r:i;;|'>' 
 
 ".eM.ueri,.tio.„o,.enl.,rVn,;5;„\^,;""i^j;;i;;- 
 
 P Ni'c Tiiil;eii, 
 
 .venrs „.,•. It w, s us./l 1, ,|„, "■'""" '''■■"•'■•' 5Su8 
 
 I" .M.Mvi; : the ,1 y iV ;; .':', ' '' '";'■ '■"'■■""i'-,'d year 
 redii..,. it to oar e . , s, |,, ', ".'",'■' 'I"tern,ii„.,|. To 
 .1.1, suoti.u t 5 5u,s years tr.,ia ,Iaiiiiarv 
 
 ii"i .-,50.) Iron, .s,.,,t. ,„ ,i„. ^.,,,1 .v;,',';/;;j"^y 
 
 1876 
 877 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 iB8a 
 188) 
 iByi, 
 
 '89.3 
 
 189 
 
 to All;.'nst, 
 
 COXSTELLATIONS. 
 
 iltiiiidr, ,111(1 Miizzariill, m-v 
 0, and xxxyiii. 51, ;,|„„|t , 
 llcsiod liotiec eoiistelhifions 
 kliowleilL'o wasderiy,,,! f,,,,,, 
 
 '!•■ tiini.s, Orinii, the 
 iiieiitioiiod in Jul, ix 
 30 lie. IIoi,i,,r and 
 ; ,hiit .iiir tii-st ijirect 
 •-i.Hulms I'toU'ina'iis, 
 
 ?:*■"''>■ Ma net If. after „ ,l,ivs' sieL-„ , m"*-'' 
 
 f.V«! Bribiil ,!„.„. '."■?,■. .'■''.l'"'«'lit,atiy,.., : 
 
 r„,v~.. ""'»i»" i»nair.s ; reiaes 
 ''*" ^'•"«"'. "inniuis of SalislV.ry 
 
 1422 
 ■453 
 
 Jiunsfa, 
 
 .■lla»jt.VI,.l40. Ilipp.nhumaboat u-„,1ni I 
 eatalo}.',,,, of fortv-Vi-ht ronv.on ,ti o,' "' •V"",'''"* 
 were ,idded by Ty,!,,. 1 ,.,, I ■ ' •l,"",',' ""'^'" 
 
 others. Then,.ini';:';t;e ;:';::; ;i' '■>•.''"'' 
 
 northern. 45 .o.thern, ai'id .2 Idiieai *^''' '" "^ 
 COXSTITUEXCIES, .ee a.,no., Uo.se oj. 
 COXSTITUEXT, see Xutional Assembly 
 COXSTITUTT' .: of Evgt vvn T^ 
 
 111.1... /«(i«.».,j,a,..^Ti'eki";;',..W'"i''!'' 
 
 11.1 .,.i,t,j „„ „ ,„ii,„,, ,.,i,i, ,;,..y.:, ,:'?';",",, '■ 
 
 £Sx,?.^ ^,,r,;,Js,:ri;,i'L' : •'■'•'>-^" 
 
 1,1. i«!ri .Ma..'. i„ i»r. SI, :£•: r;" "';:;'' 
 
 COXSTITUTIOX-ALIST Pai?tv 
 
 ->ye.rely oo„t?st'ed el.t on^s! N y a1 ''t,';" V'" 
 
 *^<^«^,«.Y r.tv,,, held its«;.sr;;.„its..n4'"jS- 
 
 lasi. JJinniT, 14 June, i«9o -•'"•'unt,, 
 
 '"bo:((:'^;;;^;;;,f;:';^^r^' "■— AnBetiyecon.ervatiy,. 
 

 ii. 
 
 W-' 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 hii," 
 
 Ik: " "* 
 
 L 
 
 tONSTlTrTIOxNS OF FKANCE. m CONVENTIOX PAllLIAMENTK 
 
 (,'<tNSTITUTI(»NS oi FitAN(K, iim(;te.l 
 irX')-')t, I7vi. 17'/). O'li^iii.T) 1H14, IS4». '«52- 
 
 C( )XSUUSTAN'TI ATR)X. »''i' Tiaunubtlim' 
 
 tiiiiiiiii, 
 
 C'ONSULH (lutiiuliiti; colluui{u.'»), Uumax; nl 
 the rxpulnii.ii cit' tho TiuqullH, 11 Irpiililii: wiis o»tii- 
 hlislir.l, tu lir i-uKmI I.v twi. I'la'l.irt m- n,ii«iilit 
 iliMtc.l aMMiiiillv: till' tiift Ihiiiu' I.iuiub Jiiimi« 
 llnitus Hill l.n.iiis 'runiiiinui" ColliUMiiit, luiMbumI 
 (.f till- iii)uro(l Lutrctia, .six* IM'. The cniKiiil.ir 
 jMiwir \\M ill fiiiciK'iii if'' "iip'Tsiilid by dlctutoit 
 iinii triliuiii"'. 
 
 (iuviriiiii.'ut III Ihi' |i'..ii,\iri ni'. 45>-44'> 
 
 TIhv Milituiv IrilMHi." witli'Hiwular puwi-r . . 444 
 
 A l'li'l.rllUuli'il('l..ili,lll . . . • ■ Jtt 
 
 III! the iviKii ..nil., riuslli.' iiiiisiildWtTi'nciiiil- 
 
 liati'il liytlii' BiMial.'. mu.I tlie appniiitiJU'iit Iw- 
 
 laiiH' lii'Tii'i'liiitli liMii'Tary 1 , , ,, 
 
 Till- Kivlll'll rnlllMl.ll' li.tlllill-lll'1 WiMIl till' lUlTI'. 
 tolV «,lslitinliHl„a : ll.illlll.iUti-.Sil'.VCM. ami Hi'KiT 
 
 Dili. 11 Hiail" inuvUiiiiial nin.siilai' (miiiuiiIuhIiiiihI'h, 
 10 Xiiv ; Uniia|iart.', Ciiiiil'acTri'H, iiiiil Li'lmiii 
 i.ia.l.-r.iiisiils .... • M Uw. 1799 
 
 Uiiiiap.irtc wan iiia.lr lii^t rciiMil fur 10 ycai's, 6 May, 
 aii.l fnr life, 1 Ann. 'i>J' ■ Hii|Hini- 18 May, 1804 
 
 C irial aKi'iil» wiTf lii>t .lHliiiKiii»lii''l I'y tl:u 
 
 liaiiM'.ilr"ii,sii/.«lii It ilv. l,..ri-iUM.'!itiuzzlwa.<ali- 
 I„iii,t.'.l liy KiHiahl III. ■ • • mS.? 
 
 A Uiill^li iMii,iil llisl ;,|.i...|iil...l III r.atiwa . . i6jj 
 
 Till' A^i."lati..asi.t I'oiri. iiMil-tiii [ Inii li.'M 
 
 a l.aii.|H.'t at lli.^ Il-i'-l M'lH'IMlr, ->-' I'>1'- '^9''; 
 iili.l iillii-rs siiiiM'. Mr. Al.K'a (J. 'li,' li.nli.sc'liilil 
 .•l.iclfil la•.■.^i.l.•llt July. "S*! 
 
 COXTAOIOFS DISEASE.S ACT f..i- naval 
 and iiiilitai-v station^ liist pascil in 1X1.4; tnlloAiil 
 by olIuTS ill lf<fi''., l-i.'^. and iS'.iy. Th.'V ,uavf rite 
 to p'l'Mt ..|)|i.)>ili.iii anil imnh iiirilatu.n in tlie 
 counlrv. iiii'ii- ..ptiatinii wan suspi'ipUal in inii- 
 scqiiciiiT (if a rcv.lntii.n i.f the ll"iis.' i.f t'liiiinioiiK, 
 20 April, lf<><v imd tlu'V wii-e i-cpi'ali'd. Id April, 
 1880; sec Iiii/in, 21 July, 181J7. Fur cuntagiou.i 
 ■ discasia of auiraiils, sw CnUU. ' 
 
 CONTEMroRAKV liEVIEAV, liiat np- 
 puiux'd Jan. l8(i(. ; f.lUi.r Lliaii Alturd. 
 
 CONTINENTAL .SY.STEM.tlic nanif (liven 
 to Napiiliciii's plan t.i 1 .vrluile tbf Uriti^h iin'rc Imii- 
 disc tri.tii flic entire continent. It l.enan pulilidy 
 with liis iii-rVui ./■(•/(■(,20 X^.v. i.SiXi. cunlirincd by 
 tile MUuH >Unii, 17 iJcc. 1807. Tliib led tu the 
 Oit/ii-.t III t'oiiiiiil {a-liifh .*(r). 
 
 CONTINUITY. M. (al'tcrKii) W. K. Groye, in 
 
 hisaiiilrcssaspre^iil' lit i.|' the Ifritish As»"ciat ion, 1111 
 22 .Viii;. l8()(., lit Ni.;tiin;liaiii,e.\pi.wiidc(l tlieopiiiiim 
 liehl by many pliiln-'.liliii-i, tliat all tlic past ehan(?e« 
 in the world have l.rcii pnpdiiccd by tlic cuntiiuionn 
 netioti lit' tho eaiise.-. ii"«- ill "perate.n— that "con- 
 tinuity is a law i.t nature, the truee.vpressioii ot'tlie 
 iietion of Almighty I'owcr." 
 
 Tliosi' wlio liolil Illi^ ..|'nii"ii arc tiTiii.'.l I'liifoniiitji- 
 riiiiis ; tli'ir i.p|".iM-iit-i arc tcniicd Citaelysiuists, win. 
 attiil.iiti' the eliaii;.'cs to the violent acUoii of lire and 
 waler. 
 
 CONTRABAND m- War, a term said to 
 have been first eiii].l"yeii in tlietrea;y of Soutliamji- 
 ton between Envland'aiiil Spain in 1(12;. During 
 the 8tni,;;^:le between .Spain and Holland, both 
 powers acted with imicli rigour fr.wai Is ships of 
 neutrals conveying goods to tlie belligercufs. This 
 provoked tliere>istanre.if Eiighind. A milder policy 
 was adopted by file Ir.aty of I'yrenecij, l()5cj;and 
 Ijy tlie declarali.ni «.f t'ul^, 2(i'Apiii, I.S^jO. The 
 subject was much <li.siiissed during the Xorth Anieri- 
 eiiii eontliLt, 18O1-4, ai:d in April, l.Sij8. 
 
 ly 
 
 ivcniiiii'iit 
 company t.j liii 
 
 CONTUACTINO OUT, "cu Inipl^ja , 
 Liiioi/ili/. 
 
 CONTUACTOUH with Oovemineiit, di«.pi;ili. 
 ded from sitfini; in parliainunt, 1782. 
 
 CONTUE-DAN.SE (Knglish, cwntr,,.,/,,,.,.^, 
 
 11 dance, s . called IV'. Ill the dan. i-is being ..pli.-if 
 eacli otlier, wa.s introduced into i'rimce (pr. 
 from Knuland) iibniit 1715, tt mi/, 
 
 ( '< )NTUinUTH )NS, VilM-NTAUY, to a v„| 
 
 ainoiiiil bav.' hceiiMMral tinier made by the lii-ii|,,|| 
 people ill aid of the government. One, in i;./, |,j 
 nun port til.' war ai{ain»t France, anionnt.al to iw, 
 iiiiltioiis and a half sterling. Several men ..f wi.;ili||, 
 among others sir Hobert IVel, of Ilnry, Laicidiiri', 
 lubsirilicd each lo,(io<)/, : ami 2nn,orK)/, were trim. 
 niifted from India in 171/^; see I'uli'iolic })(„<l. 
 For liiitiii, iJ'C, see Muimiuti IIdic^i'. 
 
 CONTROL, HoAUl) OF. Mr. I'itt's bill, c,i,. 
 hlisbini! this board for the purpose of aidiii|{ cij 
 conti.illing the exccntive goveniinelit of Indin, ;ii,J 
 of superintending the territorial concerns „[ t|,p 
 company, was passed ii'< May, 17^-^-, -^^^ aim iijii| 
 and tlif' board remodelled, l7i>.J. I'lie presiilcht hf 
 the board was a. chief minister of tlie crown, im,! 
 necesMirily one of the menibi'rsof the cabinet. Thi. 
 board was abolished in |.Sj8, when the gov, 
 of India was transferred from the 
 ; erown ; see Ind'ui Jlitln, and Iiidui. 
 
 CONTROL DEPARTMENT, in the Driti,!, 
 iirniy, was ilividcd into the eoiiimis!.ariat aiiil triii.*. 
 port" department, and the oidnaiice st.ae ilcpait. 
 meiit ; the old title was abolished; order issuij 
 II Dec. 1.X715. 
 
 CONVALESCENT INSTITUTION (M,. 
 tropolilaii), at Walton-ou-'lhanics, with ehil.lnu'. 
 braiiohes at Heiulon and Miteliiini, was .'stiibli.^liej 
 in 1840 ; a branch at Ue.xhill, Sussex, wj, 
 found.'d in 1.S80. A conv.ilescent hospital f.jr ih' 
 
 ! east of [.oiidoii was founded at Snaresbrook in iSi/j, 
 greatly due to Mr. and Mrs. Cliarb'sworth, and .Mr-. 
 tHiidsti.iic. Homes at Kaiiisgate, i.Sm,; W iiltli:,iii, 
 l8(>7 ; Mar','ate, lH7_:;, \-e. See Jliirt/in/oninr, Sr, 
 1881. 'I'iicie were" 42 smdi iiistitutiniis in |\\S, 
 
 \ [Oo.tKxi/. for the .•-tal.lislinicnt of a ;:ciieral h.i<|,i.,j 
 loiivalescciit home ..dcred by a secret licui'l'i-'.: 
 (I'eter Itcid), hiiiu-elf, sir W. S. Savary. and W. II. 
 Cross t'. be joint trustees, 30 Dec kSS.j; 50,00. 
 more ]iri'sciit.il, aninninced 18 Mar. h, l,S()o. Ti., 
 r..liee Si'a-iilf Honi.-, W. liiighton, ii:itf.iii'<.. :1.,- 
 .■■.untcs.uf (.'liicliesier,establislicil lKi)i). Tlii.' Sum 
 Coiivalcs'-ciit Home, erected tlu'oiU'li an uiinnyni a. 
 gift .if 23, (KX)/., o]M'lied by the .Hike of I'limliriil:... 
 27 J 111 y, I •'^.) I. Mr. Henry llarl.cii L'ives 20,oiX)'.i. 
 erect a home for working men at l.itlli'lium|)t.i;. 
 .April, l8i)5. Others establislnd tliroiuhout iLr 
 country. 
 
 CONVENTICLES, private asseniWios k 
 religions woisliip, hel.l by Diss.nt.is fr..m tlH'eih- 
 blislidl I hurch ; but first applied to the schuolsii 
 Wicklitb'. 35 Klizalieth,.'. I (l-;i)3) pas.^cil" to [in- 
 vent anil suppress seditious eonveiiticlcs," wa.* iv. 
 enacted by lO Charles II. c. 4 (l(>b4) and bv :: 
 Charles T[. e. I (I'i70). I'ersons attending thm 
 were liable to severe piiiiislimelit. The stiltu'n 
 were repealed by the toleration act, 24 Miiy, ll£^- 
 
 CONVENTION PARLIAMENTS, as- 
 sembled without the king's writ upoiie.ytruoriiiiurr 
 occasions. One on 25 .Viiril, rWjO, voted the i'i'.«tirj- 
 tiou of Cli.irl. i II. A sciMiid met 22 Jnii. I'S, 
 offered the crown to William and Mary I3Feb.,aiiii 
 dissolved in Feb. I(jf)0; see yutiuiid Voitmit'm. 
 
 COX) 
 
 roNVENTio: 
 C()N\'ENTS w 
 
 •iniie autliorities, j- 
 ! rled Mt Fillke..t<lll'. 
 
 Ill/- first ill S.„t|„|i 
 filh.'deda took the Vc 
 "arlier in Ireland. 'I 
 J;ind ill rarioii.., reign 
 VHI. A very )fix.,a 
 
 ill Eiir.i|.e ill the pi 
 Prussia seculaiiHcl .d 
 I'lui'U. Doiii i'e.lro 11 
 had m |8j4 ; und .S 
 .\liiai Wen. abolislied 
 i%\', iiiid iSid), mid II 
 mil Nov. 1864. 
 
 ill 15.^7 l.niy .Mary P,.|-,.v 
 wliirli lloiiiiiln'.,] tj„.,', 
 '"iii|»-ll.'.J t.iriiiiov.- I 
 In iii.»lc.j» .Miliar, ,111. 1 
 \U'f tlji'V iviM.iln,.,! ti 
 
 l|iill,iD fiUllolk. ,lu|„.^ 
 
 iniiv.'Utiiiil .-.taLllMliiii 
 
 alliT ll«. Ili'llirioatiiin. 
 
 By 111.' Kmaii.lj.iitinii a.'t 
 
 .'^l.ll.li^llnlcllt of ,-,||n 
 
 iiiiiinii|j..s In tJi.' fi 
 
 l.il.'.l. but tills cnu. tine 
 
 ril.Ti'HiT.' iu l8jj, 1(1, ■,,11 
 
 .'.H : .111.1 70 iii..iiiisli.|ie 
 
 \ si'l.'.-t 'v.,niLijiItcc Ut inv 
 
 "f ll/iti»li .«.ai'cn(.s ,||, 
 
 1" M.a. fi-jj ; iv«|.i»>iii 
 
 rii.'.;iMnilittce l'l'Ji..M|.(| 11 
 
 .llr .SViiile)(..iti.'n in.iti.Pii I 
 
 lliiw iiisiitutlons was 11 
 
 .br.'e .■.)iivi.|,t at Hour 
 
 with fliiiivli i.r Kii(.lan< 
 
 A r.iruii ;;l,. .■.inv.'iit, .sji, 
 
 ■l!.k" ..f .Y„rl.,lk mi.f 
 
 ■■Vjiiir'. Xiilljin; ilill, ] 
 
 Oa.liinl .Miiiiniiig 
 
 .llaiiy.'iiiv.'iits ill Kraiiee, 
 
 COWEE.SION, ,f 
 
 Cli.VVEVANCINl 
 
 .- .111.:. l.S:i. Till, (.'ijuv 
 
 ["■liy .let Jillglalld), 4, 
 
 .In;; iSSl. '^^ 
 
 COWICT.S, see Tr, 
 CU.VVOCATIOX,t 
 
 |>I iJjc . Iccgy of tlie naf i 
 
 risrn'Mirit, tooiisult ot 
 
 t:iiMliliMli|-cctedtothe:i 
 
 ;vi|MiiiiS him to sumnii 
 
 •Iwoiis, ,Vc. Th.. coiivo 
 
 liiusi',-, tlic upp.i-, consist 
 
 ■'I ikiiis, prelieiidarit-. ai 
 
 t.riu..J jyi,), t..rs) elected 
 
 Ibc il.rgy Were sunimo 
 
 ■ii-m, 2j J-yJu-. I. 12,^4. 'J 
 
 •mi ».H limited by a sta 
 
 »in,j,. ivigii the convocati 
 
 •■»•;■ llHii.ses of loiivociitioii 
 
 I'uviliucs in i;i8, uiid 
 
 "luuii mrt-titias of tlie 
 
 'Will;' lit parliament wer 
 
 ■ilUutcrHiirv i,S52,andTi 
 
 ('■■mit* Iwvc been made 
 
 '."liii« saiuiiwrily with t 
 
 I'l ti-'li. 1872, c.nvocition 
 
 'mate fspcotiiig alteriitioi 
 
 "■luili It a..'ted, :; .March ; , 
 
 t3tii,;,|Utculor reform of 
 
 <-"nvo,.ati..ii rclic^vd from th. 
 •'"Hits hi- UiduiJ iiL^ J 
 
CONVEXTIONH. 
 
 ''« ».VA'EN"rrO\,S, .c.« Tnatie,. " 
 
 ivii,-t iu sm^i ;i «^,,'''' '.'•,'," ''4''' '^""''''■"' 
 
 " COOK'S VOYAGES. 
 
 "■.'•I 16 F,i. Wfi '■ '•"«""". Il,„u,..j, whiol, first 
 
 l^UUJVhUY, an lilt roiiiHTt,.,! with ( ivili«i.<l 
 
 .y".!;:.: "'';''^^i'i,'"^ «""*'^ (^^". xnii. r, «/; 
 
 ::i'kr\^:t-"^-">'"i'-"3^':^i;-iK 
 
 •ni»Furm„„,C,.,y,/.,,e,„.k,.i.y)is.iafni;VK,. 
 
 I"K »11H pi'intlMl I4r),S. •• tl„. 
 
 "tll.M' IfllKlnlls 
 
 839 
 
 a.vllii' Kiii,(1i.|).ii1jii|j net ipf , 
 
 ■■-t.ll.li.-lllMiMlt of ,',)|,v,,|,ts „i;,i 
 
 '■"Nllllllhlljrs ijj tJir r,,l.,.,| I'i, ,"""■' "■"«"" 
 
 i.i...,i.i.,M.i,i,,.,,"'t,n,r',;:,i\:«;:\,:;j;>;-;"- 
 
 .l*l.v( .MPMUiiltiM. t« iirVMstiK.ii,. 1,11,, 1 '.• V , 
 
 S'J Jlarcli, ,880 
 
 Am Eii^'li«li i'()(j!»cr\-| 
 
 ■NV^//v l''ii,v,.l . ^1 .;,""• '(4, . »ee Cothit/er'n 
 
 c coutinuut •"{'''■'';;//•-«■*'•//. - ( 'apt. 0,„>.t ,l..vis,.,l a ,y,„.,„ ,„■ ,,,„k 
 
 .ILiiiv 
 
 1871 
 
 It 
 
 , 1874 
 
 .3'>''t. 1875 
 
 CO.VVEKSION', M-0 Xiifwiui/ ,Mf, 1888 
 
 111. -(mv,.y„iiririgi,n(lL,wuf J'i„. 
 '^""'>-^4^-45Vict.o.4i,pum.a22 
 
 Iimiioaed 
 
 [»Tiy .l.-t ^ 
 Au^' 1S.S1. 
 
 COW ICTS, sfu TniH.sjjortiilioii 
 
 ,1 ;:"','"•",,; ■■'"■">"">. aii tile bisi,,,, , Zu'. 
 
 < -t-^' IS prefa,„lant.. ar,Oi,lean,ns, ',,,,,, e.r^ 
 ■ -^..i j.,vt,.>.) ele..t..l ftviu the n c n'v 
 
 ^..'.Lii,ajtiil;y'^t^;;:;i";rfi^.:;''^^i7"^iJ 
 
 »li'*ivW.i the oonvo,'ati,.M was iv„r" nised Tl. ' 
 ililiuni me..tin-s of the clei-.^v 1, ,1 1 1 • ," 
 
 ■''■'liiut siiiuiuaiilv with ' 
 
 ' iiiiiinthiif i„.||,,,l T . , , "" '■i""i"l'i"eiit 
 
 fur this Hy!t., ';,,,,! '';,'f''",i'''';'' ;;' >",-i n.,,»isit., 
 
 :a,,;,rw:s,i;iri^^^^^^^^ ■-.»: 
 
 I -7 July, .87J, wa.s e,taWisl,e,l ii, ,874'." ''*' 
 
 ^ COOK'S EXCUK.SIOVS m.- ti 
 
 e.rcu,u,u;nsa,e.l the ,l„he, an-ivi„g at itl , J ," ? 
 1,,I. 1 lie chief "hjeet of the evuedifini. .^7 ' 
 request of the lioyal Soeiety, warZ 1 1 e (-at 0, of 
 the tnmsit ot \eiuis over the sun's ,lisk, wiV .h' 1 
 erfeotec , 3 June, irCp. Ca.itaiii Coolc mailed to ef 
 
 Ji'lv. jrrS' III his last" expeditiou 
 
 ..ji.y# M'nJ 
 
 
 ^^1 
 
 ^1 
 
 . !:j^iii 
 
 I ft f ^ 
 
 I • 
 
 
 'i%<i; 
 
;«!Hlii 
 
 COOLIES. 
 
 •280 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 CO] 
 
 J\ 
 
 I 
 
 f''- ■■m 
 
 mi 
 
 [E,j 
 
 COOLIES, tlif hill tribes of Iiidiii, hiive been 
 recently imuli enipldyed us liilio'irers in Anstrnliii 
 and C';ilifiinu;i, esiieciiilly since iHOl ; and abiiUt 
 30,000 iti them were cd^iveyed by M. KcmtmunsehiHi, 
 to assist in niiikin;; the great Taeitie railway. His 
 
 gr«i)(isal in i8(i<) to reidai'e the nefrmes in the 
 outheni States of Nortli America for the enltiva- 
 'ion of cotton, was not acrejited. " The Cmdie, his 
 Rijjhts and Wronj,M," liy E. Jenkins, was pnblished 
 187 1. Coolie emij;ratio'n has been the snlyeet of 
 negotiation between the British and Chinese govern- 
 ments since 1855. 
 
 COOPERAGE, an ancient art, probably sug- 
 gested for preser\ ing wine. The coo])er8 of Loudon 
 were incorpuratcd in 15.11. 
 
 CO OPERATIVE SOCIETIES are com- 
 posed of worlcing men, having f,.r their object the 
 sale of urticics of daily consimiption to the niemliers 
 at h>w nricis. The 'Uochdale i,'i|\iitable I'ioneers 
 Society began in l.'<44. with a ciipital ,>f 28/. In 
 1860, the business done aniountiil to 15;, 063/., the 
 profits bluing ii;,C)0<ji'. These societies (332 in 1862) 
 are registered pursuant to 13 & 14 ^n■t. e. 1 15 
 (1840). On 31 JJce. i86(j, 749 industrial, jirovident, 
 and co-operative societies were registered ; 1.273, 
 1885, 1,(183, '*)2, 1,845 in 1897; in t'nited 
 Kingdom. By an act jiassed in 1867 they aie 
 bound to malie a return. The fourth congress 
 of delegates from the Co-operative .Societies of 
 tiiiat Britain and Ireland, met at B(dton, Ai)nl 1, 
 1872; fifth at Newcastle, 12 April, 1875; sixth at 
 Halifax, 6 April. 1874; seventh in London. 29 
 March, 1875; eighth at Glasgow, 17 Ajjril, i87(j; 
 ninth at Lei'cesfcr. 2 Ajiril, 1877; twelfth, Newca.stle, 
 17 May, 1880 J thirteenth, at Leeds. June, 1881 ; 
 fourteenth, tlxford. 29 .May. l8,S2 : fifteenth, Edin- 
 burgh, 14 May, 1883 ; sixteentli. Derby (co-o]iera- 
 lion in jiroduction iiroposed), 2 Jinie, 1884; seven- 
 teenth at Oldham. May, f885 : eighteenth at I'ly- 
 niouth, 14 June. l88(] ; at Carlisle. 28 May, 1887; 
 at Ilcwslitirv, 21 May, 1888; at Ii)swiih. 10 June, 
 l88i); at (ilasgew, 20 May, l8i)(); at Lincoln. 18 
 May, l8i)l : 24th at Ko{hdale. 4 June, l8()2 : at 
 Bristol, 20 May, 181)3; at Suiuii'ilaiui, 12 May, 
 18114 : at Iludilci'sfiehf, I June, 181/5; Woolwich, 
 exhibiti(iii of manufactures produced liy cu-ojieru- 
 tion, 23 May. i8(/i; rcrth. 5 June. 1897; I'eter- 
 biirir.igh, 30'May. 1898. A national trade society in 
 o]irositiori to co-operation was formi d in 1872. 
 
 Co-operati\ (• jiihiliittiiin. The co-operative pro- 
 ductive federatii'U : amiu;il iiuctiiig at the Crystal 
 palace, 20 Aug. 181)7; id Aug. 181)8. 
 
 t'o-oi'EHATivK OlT■rll^•-.MlI.I.^ 111 seolli L.iiicasliiic wire 
 
 Icpnltcil Slli-c..ssflll ill 1875 
 
 OrsKiii'iiN (.ii-orKHATiv K Knoixkeiuxo Woiiks, esta- 
 
 blislied 1871, fiiilcil tliruugli want of capital : wiaiuii iiji 
 
 1875. 
 SIiicli iliscmifeiit among Loiiclcin trailcsiiicn on aciniint 
 
 of flic iinnici'iiiis co-,i|ii'i;Lfivi. sfnri-s, iSrf;— 80. 
 C'li.ni.irativc liiniiing licgun in .Sni-tliainptnnsliirH, iEf6. 
 Estalilisliiccijt "f a <'ii.i,pcrativc Dwi'llings Assuciaticni 
 
 in I.i'ndi.ii, |iiiipoMi|, iSf;, 
 Die Tenant C.i.npciat.irs (Liniiteil) started .Ian. i???. 
 Tlic Intcniatinii.'il ('i.-epiTative C'niigicss ii|ii'iicil at 
 
 I!elii>;iia, 1 Oct. i£6S; London, ic, Aug. 161,5 ; and 
 
 I'ari.s, >!"t. iBtjf. 
 Tlic ('..., .peiative I'ni'.n inclinlcd i.j.o sucii'tiis 
 
 Willi a siiare capital of ii,.>.,).ocH,/. . Nnv. ifgu 
 
 Nnliiinal C"-np, r.ativc Kcstival at the (•|T>tal 
 
 I'lili , 1; Aug. if.yi ; 17 Ai''. !Fg4 ; 18 Aug. 
 
 1K96 17 Aug. 
 
 97 
 out 
 
 COOEG, a province, S. India. War brokt 
 between file rajah end the East India ('niiipanv 1852, 
 which ended b\ col. Lindsay ilefeating and deposing 
 the rajah, loAjiriJ, 1,834. and his ferrifi rii •; were 
 oou after annexed by the British. In 1853 the 
 
 riijah brought his daughter to be educatefl in Kni,. 
 laiid, where she was baptized. She married a ,,,;. 
 Campbell, and died a few years after. Chief ..ua,. 
 missioner, Cid. 1'. D. Henderson, 1892. 
 
 COPENHAGEN (Denmark), built by WaMc. 
 mar I., 1 157, made the ea]iifal, 1443; the univcr-itv 
 founded 1479. In 1728, more than M'venfy of it', 
 streets and 3785 houses were burnt. Its 'paiacc 
 valued at four millions sterling, was whoMv burnt 
 Feb. 1794, when too liersons lost their lives. Ii, j 
 fire which lasted fnrty-cight houi-s, tlie arsenal 
 ndniiralty, and tifty streets were destroyed, .lure 
 1795. A new national fhetitre was founded hv tit 
 king. 18 Oct. 1872. — Coiieiihagen was boiiib;in!i.,l ^ 
 the English under lord Nelson and admiral i'arkiT ■ 
 and in their engagement with the Danish ticctni 
 twenty-three ships of the line, eighteen were takm 
 or destroyed by the British, 2 April, 1801. .A^ain^ 
 after a bombardment of three day.s, the citv'^ami 
 Danish Hi^ct surrendered to admiral Gauiliic'r aiu! 
 The capture ci.nsistci; 
 fifteen frigates, six Inn. 
 md twenty-five gun-boats, .and imnnnse naviil 
 stores. Population, with suburbs, 1880, 27 
 1890, 375,251. See lUihiUirk. 
 
 Tl 
 
 lord Cathcarf, 7 Sent. 1807. 
 of jighteen sail of the line, t 
 
 ,yi' 
 
 ■ czar ami tlie kings i.f Iicnniark ami Gi,.,, ,. ,i, , 
 
 iitlici- rip>al iier.suns, bnakfast witli .Mr. Gla.l.^tciip 
 
 .Mr. Ti'iuivsnii, aiidetlici-s mi lioanl tlie7'i u l.n.U li.,/;, 
 
 iSSi-pt. ,S3,. ■ ' 
 
 The iM.val castle nf Clirisfiaiisliorg, burnt ; Tli(iiWiil,l.<,.ns 
 
 Wiilks sa\c,l, ;;, 4 Oct. 16*84. 
 
 Intcriiatinnal Kxliiliitnai cpcncil by tlickiuf;. iF.l|,ivij;£ 
 The ''Marble C'liurcli," fiaiinled as a tTcmifi.^in 
 inenioiial of the O.-inish-Norwe^ian tlynast\-, ;,, {\.{ 
 1740; half tiiiishcd till 1674 ; coinpleteil l.v .M.C, p 
 'lietgi'ii; coii>cciateil hy th priniafc of th,. |i:,.i;,| 
 cliuii'h inthcprestiiceof the kingaiulthc loyiilian.ilv 
 Kj Aug. i8c,4. 
 New Ire,, port opened, g Nov. 1S54. 
 
 COPENHAGEN FIELDS (X. Ic„d«i\ 
 Here the Corresponding Society met on 2(j O't. 
 I7C)0; and the Trades' Union, 2l" April, 1834. I]., 
 fields are now chietiy occupied by flic Jlclrovtilitat 
 Cattle-market, ojiencd 13 June, 1855. 
 
 COPERNICAN SYSTEM, so calkl from 
 
 its author Nicolas Co|ieniicus, born at Thoni, K, 
 ¥eh. 1473, died 24 May, 1545. .\ tew days lafnrf 
 his death, the nrintiiig of his Imok on flic " llvvclu- 
 tion of the Celestial llodics" was conipletccl. Tin 
 system, which resembles that attributed t<>i'v!lii- 
 gorns, was condenineil liy a decree of pnjiv 'i''m\ V, 
 in 1616 ; not revoked till 1818 by I'ius VIl. 
 
 COPLEY JIEDAL, see Royal Sockt;,. 
 
 COPOPHONE, a musical iHsfrnmct. ,„r,. 
 sisting id' a series of glass fiimldeis, coiiiRvfcil \\;il, 
 a sounding board. The sounds are jiroiluct-il bv 
 moving wet fingers along the edge of tin. :;!as.,i 
 It was pla\ed on at |iarties in Londtm in ,l;,i,( 
 1875, by Chevalier Furtado Coelho, the iuvciiti,r. 
 
 COPPER. One of the six piiaiitivc iintals, 
 said to have been first discovered in Cy]ini.<. J'/iny 
 We read in the Scriptures ui two vessels of' fiiif. 
 copper (or brass), " ]irecious as gold," 457 B.r, 
 {£zi-(i viii. 27). The mines of Fahluii, in Swnlec, 
 are most .surprising excavafions. In Englarnl, o^- 
 per-niines were discovered in 1561, and llnii ,rf 
 upwards of fifty mines in Cornwall, nhcrc niimic 
 has been increasing since the reign of Williiniilll. 
 In 1857. 75.832 tons of co]iiier ore were inijinrtiJ, 
 snd 2-,. 24! toii.s extracted. In !86c. iQ.fi,;y.'. !,::!■. :' 
 Copper ore wire exfiacted from British mints, ,11:/; 
 II,888fonssmelfed : 82,5(12 Ions were ini|iiiitul. l:i 
 1856, 24,257 tons of pure copper (wjvUi 2,ij8),iuIi. 
 
 ill l8fi9, 8291 tons (w(, 
 tons (worth 413,284/.' 
 301,130/.): in 1879, i 
 1883, 2,020 tons (nortl 
 (worth 42,850/.); 1888, 
 1803, 425 (20,522/. viih 
 raluc), were produced 
 The Burra-Burr.i eopj 
 discovered 1842, lirougl 
 Ccm:ii .AIoNEV. The lioi 
 viiLs Tidlius, used rude 1 
 
 £•■■;«. 
 
 In Eiigl.iiid coiijicr mone.v 
 .sirliiilicit lotfon, in ,(;, 
 (wlicn.MissIsfcwait sat ti 
 
 lis irfjnlar coinage began i 
 issiii-rl in . 
 
 hi Inland, coiijicr was coj 
 Sii'tlaiiil ill 1406 ; in Kra 
 
 ffiioil's CI linage (ii7i;,/i .sw) 
 
 Till' Clipper coiiiag,. was 
 Biiiiiiiighani, liy Kmiltoii 
 
 Piiiiiy and two- penny piece: 
 
 Ilir liall'-fartiiiiig was eo 
 fiirtliiiiii) . 
 
 10.000/. \iited towards repli 
 
 Bronze coinage (vliidi see) i 
 
 A Flench .Syndicate foniii 
 
 C'liter \>y a nionoimiv, J 
 
 very low , . i.'|.i,. 
 
 Cullniw and hiiancial jianic 
 
 CufPER-1'l.ATE I'ni.NTl.Sii wi 
 
 iiiaiiy, ahoiit 145U : and 11 
 ing flic plates, alioiif 
 
 Missis. I'erkins, of I'hilade 
 of engraving on snft^f,.,.i, 
 will iniiltiply coji|.er.|,l.ite 
 illlleliaitely (sec ICiniriiriiK, 
 
 OiiTcn Ssiii;.\TniNii I'list aii' 
 H..M,Si, AUnm, at Woolwi 
 oi|'ler-hiittoiiied liy . 
 
 liiii'liqi'm,! u-itli c'lijicr pri 
 tioiii w Iciits, liegaii 
 
 ColTEIl-ZIXC Coi-i'i.E, a Vol 
 In-. J. H. Chidstoni. aial 
 nliiih a mixture ol' the 
 ililMeil. with the Jioilifs of 
 iriUinte the deconipositiol 
 
 uliiili small jiieees are in 
 tilt liquid lieiiig gieatlv 
 Mmeil hy iniiMcr.siiig ziiic 
 iJiateiil' copper; the copp 
 zinc ill miiiiit,. jiarticlcs. 
 in water are readily ilctecte 
 .'i.iiv I.eeii made, aii.l new o 
 
 COPPERAS, a miner 
 iroiHoniliined with sulidin 
 in cop])cr-iiiiiies, conmion 
 colour; said to have been fi 
 livt'iinieliiis de Vos, a men 
 
 COPPERHEADS, a 
 
 to such members of the 
 I'niteil States as were in fa 
 ij.ii.tli (111 any terms. _ Ce 
 Oils serpent, also named t 
 viper, io. 
 
 COPTIC CALENDA 
 C'OPTS, in Egvpt. thes 
 till' undent Ei^vptians, mil 
 PiTsians. The Cojifs nu 
 I'P'irtcil, 1889. Their religi, 
 aiiity derived from the Eutvi 
 Coptic Churclie.s of Ee^ pt ' 
 fublished, 1884. The Ciii 
 .llcwndria fur the Copfs 
 m ^y. Kuiiiics .Mil, anus 
 ti'lic ; Dec. |8()5. Two Coii 
 anil Lower Egypt coiueerate 
 
 i^,,pl 
 
 'f •«■ 
 
COPPEEAS. 
 
 2»1 
 
 in mo, 8291 tens (wcTth 644,of.sA) : in 18-1; Avn 
 tons (worth, 413.284/.) ; in78:(,; 4(,r 4 "'.,.' { vohI 
 3?';'3° ■):>.. 1879, 3462 tons («orit 222,so- 
 ii<8j, 2,(120 tons (wdit 1 181 f)/^i-/\ ■ iK<i- clr, V ■^ ' 
 
 .803.425 (20,522/ v«l„e);- ,89(., UtlJ^HX/' 
 rafuO were prcduccil in tlie Cnif..,l KhiJdom 
 
 S'l in '"""'^'' ■«'" '" ''•^'- "'"' » «'as iJn^d^ '^^^ 
 l..'lr.laiMl.,oi,i,;.r«ns ,.„i„e,l ns t,,rly as 1339; in '^^^ 
 
 1580 
 
 COPYRIGHT. 
 
 •■■■■- ■ • I I •. • I. ll.T I I 'll It'll HI 
 
 Scdtliiiiil in 1406 : ill Ki.inic in 
 Wno<|-.s ...iiKijTf («•/,,■,/, ,n) in li-,.:,-„„i ,.„imiieric«l in 
 
 Biniinvliani, by Ii.,iilt,,n and Watt in 
 Pdmyainl tw..-i„.|iny ,,it.,-, s w,.,,. ..xt/.nsivilv iisii,.,! 
 
 ,0,000/. voteil towanls nj.ladiigtiif roiiiKiVninaKi'', 
 
 Brntizc coinagf (n-liiih scr) issiii-d 'Vi''^ " 
 
 A Fmioli Symlioatc f„niic,l t.. raisr til,. „i"i.,. ,',i 
 c.tl«;H.yaniuiin,„,]y. I'l-icc „f ,.M,,,„.r ,■',.. ,tiv 
 
 0.|lai.s,. and tinanfial ,.anie (.,■,. ;.■„„„, ) m . . 
 
 CfPER-l'LATE I'KiMix,, was tiist invriitnl in In 
 many, alioiit ,451, ; and r,.IIing.,,„.»M..s luiwoik- 
 iiiftlic I'latts, alii.iit ■>in..jK- 
 
 Jlfssrs. r,.|kins, „f I'liiladi-lVliia; invriitci a mode 
 .ffiignmnt: on snit m... 1, wliirl,, wlien liaid ■ "1 
 «lii.i.f.I.lyrn,,|„.,..,,|at,.s and lin. im,.,,. si s 
 
 Currai biiCATiiiNii first apjdiid t..' tlu.'l.uttnin ,.i' 
 
 ';vr:^::tn,^^:;:^;f;^■ ''"■'""« '^■'''■-'-'v'^*^ 
 
 .«a iiiiM.;,-.. ,„■ ,1„. two „.:ta|;'^i^ „ v'^„ ' 
 ta.!...l, witl, tin. i.,„nts ..I j„„,,i„„ ,.x,„,J| i , ."" 
 lli'luMti' till- dtroinoosition of jnv lii,, ,,,. i ' !',■.; 
 
 '«, >,naii ,.i,.,.jar.. ini,;.'..^::^';rrJsi.i'':;; 
 
 1723 
 1702 
 
 '7>)7 
 
 '843 
 
 J855 
 i860 
 
 ■545 
 
 1819 
 
 1780 
 850 
 
 tlio liquid liciiiK ttivatly ivdn, 
 liiniii'd liy iniiniTsiny ziiii' foil in 
 ].liat,...||.o],i„.r; tlic cop],,.,, i.i.j,, . 
 ziliiiii iiMniit,. i'arti,li.s. l!v tliis 
 in «at,i aie iva,lilv ,|,.t,.,.t,.,l.' n,anv 
 
 Til,. ,.,,ii|,l, ... 
 1 s,diiti,.ii i,f siil- 
 'li'l"isitiil ,„i tl„. 
 '•onpl,. ini]iiiritii.s 
 pi'i-iiliar analvsts 
 
 )mv,.1.,,.|i niail,., aial new oi-ani,. i„„'li,:s f,,n,„.,|. 
 . COPPER A."^. II mineral .omiio.sod of copper or 
 i™-,„l.n...l wth siilplmnc ini'd (vifriol):?"„,[ 
 
 oJ ur; .aul to have been t^.rst p,-o,i,„;.,l in England 
 K Ciiiklms (le Aos, a niei-chant, in 1587. ^ "'"^ 
 
 COPPERHEADiS a nani,. ^iven 'about 186? 
 ,. »ii.li nu.mlai-s ,d the Deiuo.iat party in fie 
 
 ..i.(lSt„tesa,s »•,.,<. in favour of police Wih lie 
 !>...!h on any tenns._Cop,H.rl,ca,l is a pose! 
 
 COPTIC CALENDAR, see IM,fl„.. 
 
 COPTS, in Egypt, the Mipjiose.I .lesicmlant^ of 
 nu'iincient U'vptians, ,nin.;ie,l with Gre, k" am 
 rmians. The Coj.ts m„„l„.r abo.irV,on 
 '<r'^f.m,. Their religion is a forn of-'tW " 
 a,i.lvdenve,l fro„,tIi,. Euty.hians, ' T, ! \°^ , " 
 Cfttir Clmrcli,.s ,d ELMpt," by \lf,.,„i i t „ ' 
 
 r*h.i, ,884. Ti^;'c:,th:,H,:' a;.ha^'^;:^ 
 
 Abatiriu to,; ,1,,. Copts U-eslaiilish, 'l ,' •%, 5 
 
 „ !,.'■''■ ■'"'° Cojitu- bishoiis for ftiner ' 
 ;^JWLgM'tc.,nM.rateaatCair.l;29Ma^!:;:;i 
 
 consolidated, 1894! •*•♦ ('**•■>**) '""' '^87, 
 
 \Lt ".""'"' '-^ •'"""■'" ^^"" '» irrS; Iiatentea in 
 mf of tt' year '■^^;.';'i"'''"- -'"--■'" '-eforeX 
 wi« nnt, n V- o " '^'swooil'8 '■manifold writer" 
 «.i8 patented 1,, i8rt,; and in 18:: Terry u'ltenteil 
 -■opymgnnuhnieto be eonibinclf wahM;;!':^ ? 
 01 a oook. Other inventions iiatented sin,... 
 ^Uirato 8 pnpyrofrraiih is n„,ch estee.ned '" 
 
 re.^^lSTt^^??,'^- i^^'^'--"^; '"'i ""• S'--'-l>amber 
 ordeail:,^^:;^.,;^^|'-'^-H>in.blicatio,> 
 
 ;;:^;t:r;^;;:-;';;;^i-i;;:;:--'ranyw,,,kwi,,,. _ 
 |J.KsiK^;^-^.t.' --"^-.«'^" 
 
 ; lins ait ciifiini,.,! by a ,!,■, ,,f Vi.o i' ' ;• ^^°^ 
 
 I ;;;^;|--ui.ee,ainA,f't,:^„..„,,';'„|^^i'---f 
 
 I Latei-iK'ts extcial,.,! tli,. aiitl„„.'s ,.i;,i,t t,', ,o"' "■'■''■ '774 
 
 ' nia^:i:;i':^i:,'t-''"'''-''"-"^^ 
 
 ^',n^TlU '■"' ■ '■'^'" '" '"■''">' "'"' "'Kvavings, 
 I'raiiiat],. aiitiiiMs'i.n.tctioii n't , Will 'n- ' ' '^'^ 
 
 a^:,^'::;:i;;;-^b^'r;''t'''"'" 
 
 inteinational ,,i|,v,iL;lif l,i|i' vi,'., „' • ■ • >835 
 
 t|mu.y,,.p,.,,pc,,y,,r,,,c,,>v,;..,.s';^'lv;^;:a;;;;: 
 
 Tl,e^„,I,,,iies' ,.,,,,,,.:,,,, act, ,„&„ Vi,t, ,. ^.^ 
 riiiia.la |..ii.yn^l,t act, i«i.ss,.,i ' ' ' ,■ '1^7 
 
 I ('iKin^l'^^Ma;; r;. " '^'■'■'- ■«75. n.,K,.t 
 War,!,. ,^ Co |. s,.,.l„,l„„ • ,. , ■■■ . .■■ ., • """iiii'i, 1878 
 
 ' sti.iv l.v \uL i" 11 ,'■""' '.oio f'annt ,.,nv ',1 
 
 I 0,,,-ri^,t for articles in news, ap,.,sani,.n„^i':;!^; " 
 
 '■'■■■• 2 June, iBgi^ 
 
 COPVIilOHT Foli IIKSKI.NS, EH 
 
 -.u.,,,rin,V.,,i,,^!;,;;:,.;;;/^;;-^,;^^;^j;;--;- 
 
 opn ctU.nTn'r'n"'''''. " »'-" i"™s 
 
 years ' . •^""' '^""" ""'^' '""""'« '" tbice 
 
 [I'eeson legistiati,,,, vaiy n„n, i,. t,,',; | '**' 
 
 Ft *K I ill i,''' 
 
 c il'ff ;' 
 
jH 
 
 V} 
 
 P ^ 
 
 %■ 
 
 ll 
 
 ) 
 
 fl 
 
 i ' ■ 
 
 
 PM 
 
 
 I ll 
 
 CORBIESDALE. 
 
 282 
 
 COKEA. 
 
 The " iion-oniaiiii;iital ili'si^jiia iirt," wcuj-iny tlif 
 i'(mtl,'iir;itioii of artides of utility (fee lo?.), 
 I'assi'.^l ill ,g^j 
 
 By tl ilesifc'iis .lot." tlif Bi'sxul of Traili> is ciii- 
 
 lio»-,.iv,| to cxteml till' copyi'iglitforaiKi.lilitioiial 
 ti'iiji of tluif veais 1850 
 
 Copyii-lit ..f pliot.isr.iiilis s,.,iiicil Ipy tlie act pro- 
 ti'i-tii/n \v.irk.< of art, [Mssi-il ill Jiilv, 1862 
 
 AiiotliiT I .ipynKlit of .L'si-iis .-n't i.a.isi'il 13 Aiii. 1875 
 
 Ui'Kistiatimi of ili'sif,'iis ami trails iiiaiks, aiiial- 
 aaii..iteil with the i.;iteiit offloe . .-ieiit, ,, 
 
 INIEHNATIONAI. CoPVKIGHT. 
 
 Acts |ia.ss<'.l to sei'iiie to aiitlior.s, in ceitaiii rases, ! 
 
 the lieuetits of iiiteriiational copyiiiilitCi \ 2 Vict. 
 I.'. $1). .iii'l 15 Vict. !■. 12), ami coiivciiti<iiis liave, ! 
 
 in cDiis... (Hence, been eiitercu into with Fnince, 
 
 Prii.v:,iu, ^1- ,8j8 ami 1852 j 
 
 Till' cjucstiou of a foi'ei^'iiei' jiosses.siiij,' .'i co|iy- 
 riKht in this eoinitry was (inally deciileil in the 
 ne,itative liy the hou.se of loiils, who reversi-.l the 
 cle.'isiiin "f the oimi-t nf cxchciiuer, on an aiiiical 
 by tlie ilctVn.lant in the case of lio.is.'V r. .Iclfiev. i 
 
 (111 1831. .Mr. Uoosey imrcliaseil tlie .'niiyii-lit i.f ' 
 
 liellinii ojiera. La S'liiiniinhuhi, finiii which Mr. 
 Ji'MVey joililisheil a cavatina. .Six of the jii.l„'es 
 v.'crc fur protei'tinj; foreign copyriglits, and seven 
 
 of a cjiitrary oi.iiiioii.) Vug. 1854 
 
 riiterii:iti.ii;al eoiiyriglit bill introilneed into Anieri- , 
 
 cm liousi' of rein-esentativcs . . 21 Feb. i368 
 
 Cn till' case of Koiitleilge e. Low, the house of lords 
 on appeal decided in favour of the coiiyriglit of a 
 
 f"iidi{U author 29 Mav, ,, 
 
 Copyright Association of England, founded by enii- 
 
 Kciit L1111.I..11 li.pok.sellers . . 19 .March, i8;2 
 
 rile siilijcct discus.sed at the Literary Congress, 
 
 P.iris, npeiied iS June, 187S 
 
 Cnteruatioual copyright congress at Berne opened, 
 
 S .Sept. 1884 , 
 .inotlier (artistic) Brussels 29 .Sept. 1884 ; again at 
 
 "'■""■- • , . 1386 ' 
 
 iitiTiia-ioiKiI Copyright Act passed, i336; 'iiodilied, 
 
 at I'aris. 4 May, 1296 : ratilied . 9 Sept. 1897 
 
 fntcrnati.iiial Copyright C.niveiition signed at Berne 
 9 .Sept.. 1886; ratilicd at B.'rne 5 .Sept., 1887; 
 by Great Britain, (iciniaiiv, France. Itdv, Spain, 
 Belgium and Switzerland (not Austria), Holland, 
 Unite.) States, 
 riiti'riiati.uial Copyright Bill jiasscd liv the United 
 Stat.'s : by the house, 3 I),.,-. iS.n ; liv the 
 senate. i3 Feb. ; liy the president 4 March, 1S91 
 
 Por l)i.oks (which must lie set uji and printe.l in 
 till' United States), works of art, such as picruivs, 
 ciigraviii-s, photoglyphs, etchiiiL's, litliograplis, 
 &c., niiisical conipo>iti..iis, statuary, niijdels, or 
 designs : the act came iiir.,1 ertei.r '. i .Iiilv, ,, 
 '.Joii vent ion with Gri'at Britain adopted bv tlie 
 
 Austrian diet 9 Dec. 1893 
 
 ■J'lie House of LopIs on ajipeal di'cidi.s tnat the 
 
 slc.'frhes in the 1 i.iil/i ( ini jil, ,,; u( .living pictures, 
 
 produced at the Empire theatre, were not an in- 
 
 fringeiiieut (d' copyright . . . 17 Dee. 1S94 
 
 -^a act piiss.'d ill Canada injurious to English copy. 
 
 right; pr.dest of the in orp.iiate.l s.ieietv iif 
 
 authors: .Mr. :[ill Caiiie visits Cinada .ind pro. 
 
 poses a M'ldiis n/i. riiiiii: bv lieensi's, 15 i let. i5,h ; 
 
 fiB repurts the prospeetol a compromise, Lon.loii 
 
 , . 27 .Ian. 1896 
 
 liBtli niternatioiml congress on ci ovright met at 
 
 Uerne " . 22 An.'. „ 
 
 Aservici! of plate, &c., presented bv sir .John Lull, 
 bock, on behalf of the copyright' association, to 
 Mr. Dai.t.v, in recognition of his services to the 
 
 cjiiisc .if copyright 9 Dec. 1897 
 
 .\iigio.(;cniian and Anglo-Prussiaii agreements de- 
 clared 11 11 11 and voiil by the wit hdr.iwal of (bun 1.1 iiy 
 
 16 Dec. ,, 
 
 country; otic nbout the possession of Epid min 
 (4J' n-c.) led to the relopounesiiui war. I< „■ ' 
 subdued by tile Roiimii.s, 250. At the decline of tl,' 
 eastern cuipirc it fidl into tlie hands of the y ,,, ' 
 ti.ms about A.D. I3.sr,. The Turks attacked l\y'f' 
 111 I7l(), but were gallantly repulsed, ami ret.i-, ' 
 
 1 '^^Ir '"'"• ^^ "'"' '"'^'-'" '''"'" t'"^' fieini'i b" 
 the allied Kussiau and Turki.sli fleets 5 M.,,.,.]: 
 17')'.), and formed (with the other isles) iiltij th ' 
 Ionian republic ; see Ionian Isles. 
 
 CORDELIEES, friars of the order of .S- 
 Francis u'Assisi (the Minorites) instituted iI)n„V 
 1223. Ihey are clothed in coar.se grey cloth h ,vin , 
 a girdle of cord, hence the niune, first .'iven t 
 them by St. Louis of France, about 122-. ^.Sever' I 
 members of the French revolutionary party terme, 
 "Cordeliers," establish..,! at Paris bie. l-ljo W, 
 ; bert, Cloots, &c.), were executed 24 March', ■i;m. 
 j CORDITE, so named from its re.sendilaine t 
 oords; a smokeless explosive, invented 1.S81) iiv ■i,' 
 l.\. Abel ami prof James Dewar, iiateutcl'™,' 
 assigned by tlieni to the secretary of war in,)' 
 Several inventions were submitted to thee.vpliKiv, 
 . committee. Cordite was elio.sen and rciiortcl 1" 
 cessful ill iH<)2. Sir F. Abel and I'luf lie«„" 
 e.voneriited from charges brought forward iu tli 
 Commons, n Sept. 181^3. " " 
 
 An actiini was brought by the Nobel's Explosiv.'s 
 Coiiipuiv against the .government (renresente'.'i 
 liy Mr. Win. Aii.lerson, lead of the works ar\V,,,l 
 wicli Ais.'iial) tor infiaction of Mr. Nobcls ,, it.,„t 
 relating to hallistite (i383). The tri.il in the Clrui 
 eery division liefor.' Mr. Justice Bonier begaii ., 
 Jan.. v.'tdiet for the defendant, 14 Feb. iSa", 
 Appeal to the lords disiuis.sed . . 23 FNdt ,; 
 M,iXiiii-Noid"iitelt guns ami aiiiiiiiuiition coiiiiiiiiv ' '' 
 aii'l Hir.-im Stevens .M.ixim i: sir Wm. Aiidei'„,i 
 lor ,111 allege I iiilringenieiit ofasniok 'lessp.jw.i,,',' 
 patent (1889) in making coi-'lile ; long trial ■ iiid . 
 nieiit virtu lily for the defendant, 5 Marcli''i--,7''' 
 
 "":^;'^;::; ,;,.. ^^-y:-: 
 
 CORDOVA, the Roman Ciu'dnba 'H ,Sn.,i„^ 
 founded aleiiit 1^2 H.c. taken l)v the Ijoths'u.' 
 572. and made the capital of an Ar.ili kingilora in 
 .Uxlerahman in 7^(1, who fninded the great iii,i,*,m, 
 [now the cathedral) 786. It was the liirthpla.e.,i 
 Seneca and Lucau, and of the Arabian [ilivsi, 1 r, 
 Averrhoes, It was rescued from the \rals liv 
 Ferdinand III of Castile in 123O, was taken la- 
 the trench under Dupont and disgracefullvrnvcvi 
 7-9 June, 1808; surrendered to Joseph I'iananm,. 
 Jan. 1810; abandoned by the Fremli in \Si' 
 
 plundered by th" Carlists." Oct. lS;i). ]' 
 
 ipullltj.i'll. 
 
 til: 
 
 CORRIE.SDALE, Caithness (N. Scotland). 
 Here, OH 27 A|iril, lli.iu, tlie gallant niar'iuis of .Mon- 
 trose Wits deteated liy the C'oviuaii*^ers, He was 
 taken soon after, treated with great contumely, and 
 hiingi'd M Edinburgh, on 21 May. 
 
 COROYR.V .(now r,:r/„. chief .-'f the I,.i,e,„ 
 
 Isles), a coluny founded by the Corinthians about 
 7.34 "-^ it hud freiiueiit wars with the mother 
 
 iX'^:, S,vlil4. Kxplosion in a mine at Belni"/ 
 deaths. 18 March, i.SijS. 
 
 COREA. a peninsula, K. Asia, trihutair t., 
 Chma.and troiii whicli foreigners were riifidh' e.t- 
 clikled, till June, 18S2, when f.iir purts 'to-,. 
 opened to i-omuierce by the agency of the Vnitfil 
 States of America and China bv treaty. Fur tl''- 
 dispute with Americaes see Uliifnl states. .Jun,' 
 
 187'' Iviiiir. I.i Hsi. Jan. i.S4(,; p, |;,i„„.a 
 
 emperor, 3 Oct. 1807. Caidtiil, Sijul. I'opulati.ii 
 
 2lJfJ,0(X). 
 
 .\nti-f.iieign insurrecti'Ui ; outrages, n ortlicTa- 
 
 panese legation killed. 23 July 
 
 rati. HIS for w.ir with lorea 
 
 injuries, announceil 
 War averted by compensations, 
 
 peace .... 
 Treatv witli (Ire.it Britain signed 
 .Viiiitlier iiisiinv.tioii ; the kiic; 
 
 pal. le.., .111, 1 Ills niinistius massacrcl bv I'i.ri'iiiis 
 
 ami Cliiiiese, 4-6 Dec; peace restored bv ilit.T. 
 
 vcnti.iuol Japanese . . abcnit'ij I)w. liS 
 
 Dilllculty between Japan and China settli'il liv 
 
 Jaiiaiii'se pri'pa. 
 
 on account .if 
 
 Aiu'. 1 
 
 re])aration, ainl 
 
 . S.'iit. 
 
 26 N'liv. 1 
 
 sftacki'd in his 
 
 Kiii'j'eaii mediation. 
 Fcl'. ; treaty . 
 Briti>li rtag set up at Po' 
 anil' uneed ij Muy ,( 
 
 felt Hamilton restored t 
 
 Cliiii.'i reas.serts by p,,,, 
 
 "VirCorea 
 On'ii 'iidea\iiurs to'enie 
 
 iii.nie relations with d 
 
 TeHi'lS 
 
 TiKitv H-ith Russia 
 
 Till' ll"V. Charles James 1 
 
 iifC.'iea . 
 RWie.lion. reported 
 .siiiii-ressed by foreign a..^s 
 liiv:i.M.;u of Japanese troo 
 
 Oiiii.1 renioiistrates . 
 Til" king reiionnces all si 
 calls on the Japanese loi 
 Timi^ii iiiter\-entioii to sti 
 
 Ji|aa Jeiiiands extensiv 
 observance of treaty of , 
 
 Hostilities Ijegin between 
 K'Jirdlii;/, a British desi 
 u-urtliv) conveying ciniii 
 Japanese warshi|Kaiiil si 
 iiuitliy e.scajied to the ,Ja 
 
 •l.il'aiii'.^e victories at Chan- 
 
 ^•■ii. Usliiina . 
 .M'lili loiillicting inlelllMi.'iii 
 I'iiiii.-se.leclaratioii of ui,r 
 .l,i]iaii(">e army iiieieascd. tl 
 
 limviiiCBS, guerilla wa'rfa 
 
 lii'lweeiiJaijaiiaiiii Korea 1 
 .\^iii recaptured 
 '!'.:■■ I'liipei-or of Cliina tra 
 
 ciri'iilar to the great puwe 
 
 TI."Cliiiiese surrounded an 
 I'l-.'^.it Pmg-Vang. on the '1 
 [ ii!iiiie^e) killed 
 
 i.eoii.avalbattleal the nio 
 iiiai'li slaughter, f Chinese 
 
 teurL-aiiiiilion of Chinese 1 
 
 !'"ili''l . . , 
 l,i|',ii.''se oecupv Wi-iu wi 
 
 ].irle.l . . ^ ' \ 
 111.- liritidi propo.siil.s (,j|. II 
 
 If-iiiatiire b.v the great p,j„ 
 Iii'ktisire Uittle ni'iir Wi-Jn, j 
 
 Til'' Japaiie.se cross the Yalua 
 
 'liiiwsi' lort taken alter sha 
 
 ivielisii.tcheng taken b.\ man 
 
 '•'•■■i. Vchaiid Wei (Chinese) t 
 •""■a;lii;e, Ac, lit I'iii^.^ 
 
 r a.Miuaii.tclieng surrenders 
 h:iuIioii and Talienuan capiui 
 P.-iMe Kung acknowledges tl 
 
 .iiiilreiinests foreign intervei 
 '-liiiiH.^riiute.latthe.v„iiqi,ai 
 !"!• Arthur, a strong naval ai 
 
 .'aiiaiiese under marshal (lyai 
 
 '.Gml uins.sacip of { ■bines, 
 
 ""in? to their having k 
 
 J.il.iiie.se, 2i-2fi .\ov I 
 
 >*"roii-attack of Chinese on 1 
 
 •mat the Feii-.sbiu iia.ss rei 
 
 C'njii insurgents .scerelv def,l 
 
 kir.ol,uuie.ncciipiedl,yn»irsha 
 Htli.n taken without iesisi;„n, 
 (lm'"!.lfileatedat Kinkii.ili,, a 
 
 Hii-t"lii'iig taken bv ei, k.,,.,,. 
 
 '::;:,;!•;':■';'"' "'I'h'i' gen. Sun 
 
 ■'•'1 llai-teheiig . 
 
 "';';''"'"."'■ t'"' 'foiighaks : '■ t. 
 'Irfe„t«l, ,3 cee. ; »g„i„ ,|efea, 
 
 :tf 
 
 k- 
 
COEEA. 
 
 L83 
 
 Km. 
 
 ^VI^ 
 
 Briti^l 
 aiup 
 
 I'll, .):iij. 
 
 Juiiuu ineiliiiniiiant 
 
 ■I'l'^iii mi-'ili^iti(, 
 
 : Irwitv - 
 
 Hag .set 111, at p.iir ii.M„iit' , ' '^ •*'"■''> '885 
 
 COEEA. 
 
 be ki'jit, 
 
 W .lam,lt.„i ,.,.Ht.„...,| ,„ c„,,a, „„^,et to oil;;;; ■=°'' 
 
 iivir (.'(irea 
 C"Mi •■riileavdiirs t.i |.nf,.i' jnf, 
 iiiatii' irlatliiiis H itli L'liif,.,! 
 
 TnMl> "'itli nii.ssia 
 Tk 1I"V. Cliarli's Jam, 
 
 i,fC.,r«i . 
 Rflw.lion, rejiortwl 
 Siiiiirivssed liy /ureijrn , 
 
 •Inimi, refuses an armistico. ■' , 
 
 10 Jaji. 
 iS, 19 .Jan. 
 
 'S9S 
 
 vllli;!'fc^"'"':"j:!"'l ""'1 taken 
 
 "ti-lui-Hei and tlio ishiinl 
 
 Ltjii-kun 
 
 jL' t.,i, I ,. I . '"" isiami 
 
 .suzerainty 
 
 . Due. 
 
 ,iii'l,.i„.n,l,.nt ilipl,,. 
 
 'tati'saiMlEnrn[M'an 
 
 • Mav, 
 
 ;, ,. • • -3 An.'. 
 
 < "ilf cun.sucrati',1 bish,,,, 
 
 I \iiv ,S!i^ I -— ■■ m,Mii.jry) . • "■•• 
 
 ,.„•, • • = ■J""^' '«' I ""■'-''"^ ''" ■'"'■""^» '^^■'Jiti' 
 
 ' • - 14 June 
 
 'li^^;i.''chan^".''Vr"""'^ "«''""^; "'Inr 
 fc.'ts'^ii:;;MZ;,r ',^^ wir'lli^*^'"'"'" '?''''»''"'' 
 
 Iioni Krier and s nn ' a,v \ '' ™" * ■■""'-•i.le 
 
 irim-nioi") ^*''™' ''^''1""=' '*1'""» to 
 
 " '" * * ■ ■ 12 Fob. 
 
 til 
 
 I>.v:,»wa of Jiiiaiie.s; ir„„|«, ,s„ul occiipie,!," 
 
 25 June, 
 I . ■ . • '2? June, 
 i.U-'ini.jn tu Cliina. and 
 
 .ions 
 
 riiiii.1 reiiioustratcs . 
 Tlie kii;^' renonnccs' 
 lis on the Jajuii 
 
 all 
 
 riiiei„'n intervention to sti 
 
 loilii-lp 
 
 JO June, 
 
 _' till- uar unsuucHsst'ui, 
 Jiiau JemaniLs extcnsii,. i-„r,„.,„ , J""e, 
 
 i^-va„ceoftreat/;.F;88;;";;j:;^L:i'^.£l^r 
 
 «-or.l,y)eonveyii,.^i:;„^^!V„ ' r"!". ^i'V^- 
 J»|,a,,..^e warships and sunk ort Isan cam ,''., '*' 
 m„tl,y e.seape,l ,0 „„. Japanese : nianytlil',."';,'^- 
 
 ■'t;;:'r;:h'nm"*""'' •-'''''''■''-' -'•'^''Asan^;!;;!^; 
 
 .MiklMonllirlin<.'iiili.|h;;,.'iii,,. ' ' ' ^sJ'^'y. 
 
 riiiiii'.si'di'clai'ation of (Car ' ' ' •^".-. 
 
 hiUMv .iniiy iucn-astil Dipv i,,,i,i u ,„, ' f *'^".-- 
 
 l«.v,m..es, guerilla «, ■ lie ■ ,u ."'''i V*'"''' 
 
 ir!.itie.H) killed ''"""« "*"'•; "'<-»■ Tso 
 
 il'-i-iuival battle at the nmnthof the v^.'i,"' '^'''''- ' 
 
 »-.slan«liter,SC,iin..se;^i^i!y::^;^^^j;i;--; 
 
 ''3'^"'""""""'-^-™>""'i««rat,!!?j'h^: ' 
 
 i^...-sj. occupy «^iu,-wi,i,„„t-rOsistane;.,"r,': ' 
 
 rii- liritisii priiposals f,',r ii,,.,iV,fi ;, ' ?,"''t' ■ 
 
 .M«is,veUttien.li.Wii;,rgr:;^':;i:^y;;;^MUot. „ 
 
 T;i.' Ja|i.iMese cross tli,' Valii and poib,- \r„ "? "!''• ., 
 'iM.ie* tort taken aUe ■ si a ,, ' H,,'l''''''''''''i'-'; 
 K:u.li,„.tcheng taken by ,na;"^;,l"^;^;;:i;,^^5 Oct. „ 
 
 ii«.s. WhancI Wei f(;iiiu,.s,.i tri,.,l nt vi f '.-"''• - 
 
 f :..lnun.tcl,ei,-sui.reii,i,.|.; , ' ' >';;•-''• „ 
 
 K::l.-i.,™lTali,.nuan,.apiu„.,l. ' 'fi i'v'?.' " 
 
 !'::« Kmk; acknowle,lj,.,.s tli,. , ..ft.it nf' ?•, " ' " 
 
 .a-lr.,|,„.sts foreign inl,MT,' ti., °^ '^'ji""' 
 
 .l>i«-'.'r.,ute.l at the .\a„„,„an 1- ,. ' ^ ^"•- - 
 
 IV Artl.nr, a s.rotiK naval arsenal iakeil ?,v^,?'' " 
 
 >'ai«..e.s« under marshal (.yarna by .ston,!, " " 
 
 IGivat ,„as.saerp of CI.jmp.h after th;,"] ^A?' " 
 
 "»ii« to ( leir havini- kill.,! battle, 
 
 , J.il.iii''se, 2,-26 W I *■ ' ■"'"" '■••••I'tive 
 
 Vi'hi.-atUok ofciiiiiese ,>n iin>w|,.,i Vo 
 
 '™::ii..Mnw,t,sev,.,,!lydet,,,.d' • -;;.'"•• .. 
 
 H'::i;^;:^!i:;!,;'i:,,^;-:;- <•>-■- 1 nee: ;; 
 
 a«<e,|.,«aHatKinknal,nandVih.u,a„.4an:^- " 
 
 WH™, taken by, .n.Katsnra '°' l'^^' " 
 
 •™H^S:n;'':''''''"''''''^''''«'^>-««''.Ka{»-n; " 
 
 f'"»llivuof the Tun"liak» • ', .....' .' '>^ ^>^'^- ,. 
 
 •'*K»3Dee.;';;i;:l;r,i„i;zi'''":™'.^'^-l;<_^'^ 
 
 J"l'"';e.>*e .successful .advances 
 
 .. i^''«M;;;;!'s;:;;!.;:'5^,:;L^^"-^-takeua,... 
 
 " """'""'^'''^"'■'■"'^•"-"•1— ;nuicl^sh.Mi^;; 
 
 '■i lIunK Chaiij.-, niineseiiii„ivi,.n , 1 • 9 -'*''"''-li! 
 
 : «itli .Mr. l.-,,M .r " nen- ,1 '," ''''''"I'otentiary, 
 
 •• I '-^f .l.eace ; .eeeive: ','.'' .:''!:,':,';■ T\ '" '''^^ 
 , , "'"lister, at .slii,,,,,,,,,^,.,.-': ,;,'";• M/it.su, Japanese 
 
 '-*""■ "1"! K. inosi • a,i i ^'■■"?:'""K penin.sula, 
 
 ' ,,l''"'Knian;;,le„;,tV' '" '•'""""e''ce. Li 
 
 lb,. niinistiTs of nn<S„ r" , • ■ 17 Ajiril, , 
 
 M"test at:ainst t e .'oo;,.^? ■ '""^■' "'"1 l'^""™ 
 
 tii.eiital loir twy Ulie afn?" "' '''''"^'^« ^'■"i- 
 
 treaty . /-' ^"'- ^''P'l'iose empire l,y the 
 
 Japan .•lliandnns the chiii,, tn .1 'r- ' 23 April, , 
 
 \ Annistice prolonged for 5 days ; negotiatioi^";:^^; " 
 
 ' ''s^vi^!;[::'C']i^^ «^ -nt.w 
 
 Jiiiirder ami treason ^ ""'" ^^ '1«''"'' '''''' 
 
 <;'»eninient unsettled ' ' ' • '3 'May, ,, 
 
 . <.oiint Iiiiiuve eniiili,v..,i !„. t ' ' '21 .Mav, ,, 
 
 ,.,,,.^^^^ • '•'"'"'■'•^'-'' I'yJ.ili.in to promote rel 
 
 -Mutiny of cnrean soi,|i,.r;- tl.'e , .i .-May ,/ ,■,-,/. , 
 
 ■'" •iiiti-ivfonu molH'.„ '"'■"''■ '""''«".'>■ 
 
 '"""''■"■■1 bvJa a ,'" J, :''"•'"" "'"l 2 ladies 
 
 ll-M.^. /,•,/„„. ,t ,."»',<■/. '■'■I"";t''d S Oct.; 
 
 ; soMieis recall,.,! fioiV, s-„i ' ""nisters ami 
 
 Evacuation ol 1,. ?.,*'," V "■'""''■'' " '^ '>ct. „ 
 • Japan.'sH J-i.w-tong peninsula by the ' 
 
 I Withdrawal of Japanese tiWoomplete^r,'^^:- " 
 
 Insurrection at '.'S.iul! the" kinL- nn'i 1 • ' '■'''"• 
 '■'■IliKe in the Hiis.i,,, L. "^ "' ' '"« «' 
 
 ;>■'>'«.• in the Huss 1 ,1 ! :.^ « ."';' '"'^ «">! take 
 landed at <.'l.e,„„lpl,;;. ',7;;. ' ;, ^ '»,^'"" marines 
 
 l»o Corean st.Vs ,.v,. ' te'i ,\^ ''' '°' 
 
 Japanese eabhiet tonne!-""""""'" 
 I'ledoiuinaiit . 
 
 1896 
 
 l-'eb. 
 
 anli- 
 
 ilitluence 
 
 Fighting „et.^,n tlie J,:pam;c and r^beK* !:t 
 
 HuKsiuu 
 
 l-llsllli ; rej„,i.t,-,l 
 l-oiieesM,„| i,j jj.,„.|. ,.,,|. 
 ^eoinj.any ; r,'i„,rt,'.r 
 
 gold 
 
 , ■ 23 March, 
 !iante,l to a Hnssiaii 
 
 IW.nsiowp,.,lic;;.,,p,,,,f,,,,,-^,,,,;^ ■ "7 May, 
 11- king leaves the liussian legation for tluMi"; 
 
 '':fu^;l;:;r;:',!?';^:^;;:i:^^^.-^™vM,ngfo,^::; 
 
 r-poite,| ""> l*y ""-' liiiiisiaus, A-c. • 
 
 ^th;;em;:;;^;a;;f;i;;;;--<>^-'-.o^.^^3i: 
 
 1S97 
 
 Six Uiilish waishii.s arr: 
 poit Mr. M'Leavy Uro ■ 
 
 Chemulpho to .sup. 
 • 31 Hec. 
 
 I ^mwi 
 
 Hi 
 
H«i|! 
 
 h 
 
 ilN 
 
 '''-?H\l 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 ifi 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 1.. 
 
 c 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 jjn^ 
 
 i' 
 
 CORFU. 
 
 284 
 
 
 CORN, 
 
 iSgg 
 
 CORFU, see Coiryra. 
 
 hnflt ?-,^^^ ('■U'eoc), a city s;,id to hnve been 
 
 the Z. /^V^' '^ '"'•""» "■■''"^' "'"l C'i.nn named i 
 
 BPP f '»;/■'/ w'''';'''^-"^'"' ^''^'■'"'^'' '" ^^^^^ America, 
 6ee L tiitiil States; 1SO2, 1863. 
 
 The Istlmiiaii t,Mi,i,.s, tiii.litjoiiallv s,ii,l t„ Imve 
 l«;™n,st,tutc,! l,vSi».vj,,,„s, «i.„f„u,„lc,l a kinlr 
 
 nctn™ofti,cIi;.,;u.li,I„,,;,,D.;rians . ' ' "''■ 
 T cir d.vnnsty cslMl,Ii.sl,e,l l,y AJetcs ' ' 
 
 lime iiciiclH'S til oiMsi ,0^,, o 
 
 listititea Autunicni.s, the lirst, . „l„,iit 
 
 '^t];iiLj^t'^;:;^''"'^:™'-'^''^>-<''-'^^>tt,;e^S 
 
 Cypsehis, a ik'sjK.t, sets aside tile PrytJiiie 
 
 1326 
 1107 
 1074 
 
 745 
 734 
 
 Hii ^, „ i> .,■ ' ,'' '"""" i"e I'ryMiies . 65s 
 
 664 
 655 
 
 5S0 
 
 4fo 
 435 
 395 
 344 
 
 243 
 228 
 
 197 
 
 146 
 46 
 
 54 
 
 1146 
 
 Jh L .1 mthiaiis cMfiaKed in the IVisiai, war 
 l>eleat,dinwarwithtl,eC„,ryreaMs . ' ' 
 
 Jlie toriij liiau war(«7ii<;, ,(, ) 
 Tim,.l,.,>i, liills l,is Msuii.i,.;; Liotlicr Till., .i,iiaiies ' 
 
 ^'t;;z";^'i,[:;;!;t!!'^:?^""^^'"-''"'^''--«i 
 o;^;.J^S;;;:;;:;?7^^;;:,';;l:M;pearatc,,ri,ii,. • 
 
 it'iv'tiienrV;^''"'''^''"'''''"'''^-"''"-^ 
 
 \ isit, .1 l,y St. I'aid (.l,t. xviii )■ ■ • ■ , ■ 
 
 ";vi;.:^S:i.:::'^'^^"-^"'^-"- •- •'••-ts.s 
 
 Pl,u,dm.dl,v.\,,nna,,sfn,,,;si,iiy . ■ ' ' ' S-^* 
 Tu 1<J'-'j,n"'"' '^^'r ''' n"'"''"""- -«87 : hv 
 
 ':k';rhvtheG:,^'^;i^'""' "'""" ■» *^- "-">• 
 
 Nearly uestr„ve,l l,y ai, earlli,,„ake . ' '3, F,.h' 
 
 ;yr;'m'vr'''''',''''''9y'Mrst,,aFienw ,";„; 
 
 liiii> tout the istiiniu.s Inracana.: t.. 1„. ,•,„„. 
 
 Cutting begun in ,,resenee of the king an.f,,'!;",; 
 
 The eoiiipany at Vari. dissolve, ;.. W,, .fj/.' ,'' 
 ehenie transferred to a (iivek ,-.,iM,.an ?,",•,, , 
 
 ahm. ,8 Marel, ; the work ivm,.,,,,!, 2I 1,'' 
 1E90; tlie canal opened in the 1h— nee, ft ,1 
 king an, royal lainily, f, m,l'. , ',;. TI „"'„ , 
 
 CORIXTHIAX ORDEK. .lie rieiLst'ofZ 
 
 orders ol amu..,t mvliitcetiuv, eall,,! I,y S.n mo/w 
 54U ji.L. , bee AIkicus 
 
 CORK. (S Inland , built in tho 6tli cntu-v 
 The prmctpahty ,d' tfie M'Cartys w„s con • i'; i 
 into II sure by king John, as lord of Irelun. I 
 
 Finb'"""" ",' •f'^' -^^ '^ "'«'-ibeJ to St ;.rr ;■ 
 F barr, early >„ the 7th century. Abo„ ''4' 
 this see and tloyne were united ; l,ut in i r^^':. 
 were sq.arated, iWs haying been added 
 I 0? tX»^ ,S^-""t. '-'T"'' "■'■'■^' '-''unite,! (by .1,',, 
 I ?8,j,^,-^;^J.o?i^- I "!>"'''t'"" »f the city, l8,Si,,V,,, ^^^ 
 
 Garrisoned liy Hunv II 
 
 ru'st charter, fr,)in iUiny H ' ' ' ' • "7- 
 , !5api,orte,l Perkin Warbck, who iaiide,! here ' ' '"" 
 
 A large part of the town burnt . ' ' '<-■ 
 
 I Taken by Cronnv,'!! ' ' ■ • ■";■ 
 
 I Marlborongl, bi-sieged and t,M'.k Cork fromki,, "'^'' 
 
 r';h.ty;tlwi;;;'^.r;::!:r'^- "''■'■'■"''"™<^' -■'■■' "' 
 
 I Exi,h,si,,uofgun|„,w',leriieie . ' ,'(■"' '^ ''"':' 
 
 I Oiieot the three coIUwh, en,lo.v,.d 1,^: g„v,n„a,'';, """ 
 , mrsuant to a.^t 8 4 9 Viet. <■. 66, ,,ass",l 3, , ;' 
 
 I cfcr "'^"'="'''"^'' '" "■i'* '■'' .V (see'v,;,;!;,; 
 
 R.iilway to Dublin linisli,.,! ' ' ■ 7 .N,.v. ,54. 
 ^''closcir'"'"''"' exhibition oreiicl, ,0 June, a,,,) "'=• 
 For a seilitions s,,eeeli in favour of tile W^h'} ''"^ 
 
 .elicit,, resign an act f,.r his ,lisa bility ha\ , 
 been intro,luce,l into ,,arliaineiit) . \V; , 
 Riots, liartially connected with a strike, sM,.i,r.;.;,,i ''''' 
 
 N-ew,,rotestantcathe,lralcons,.crated "^' "!Jill':,- 
 Industrial exliibitiou o].ene,l, 3 J„ij. ; ^°|;,;'.;, ' 
 
 C';^|;,„D|'IV'nct Union, against Xati„„al ]i'!^t " 
 
 Strike of tlic einploy,',!, of the'cityof c.'irk si',.'',','' '" 
 lacket Lo. (14 weeks), cn.ls will, subniissil'll 
 
 -Mr. Matth.'W Ilonan b,.,,u,.atl,s ,58,cW to (b^,;',;'i"- "'' 
 
 hospital in C,„;k forag,.,l n,,.,,. He ''{'•" 
 
 IJe,,tructiv,. Il„,„ls, with loss of life '^ ,.,;"■ '"■ 
 
 \is.t 01 the lonMieutenant, th,. earl of C el,;4 ■ '-'' 
 
 1S23 
 
 i38i 
 1882 
 16S9 
 
 1894 
 
 CORINTHIAX WAR, b..gan .,c „ c • re 
 
 Dattlts, ;^eie at Coronea and Leuctra (ir/,M, «r). 
 
 sci?n?^'fk^H;. ;l ^f '" '■'*>■' '■"I'""' "f the Vol. 
 s, 1,1ns, taken by tl,e Honians, 40^ „.r. The cxiibdts 
 ..(Xains^ Marcms or Coriolanu^^ig^.i,,,, it are ^:.^! 
 
 Strike on tlie Cork, Baialon. au,| S. C,«st raihvay'' ''''' 
 
 Jan., Feb ,s,,; 
 CORK-TREE. Qunr,,. ,,</„■>; a ..pccie. of ,h,' 
 oak; part of Us bark us,.d for ,it,.p n^ngl. ,* 
 Ihe tgyptniiis ma.le cothns of rmk Tl 
 grows in great abundance on tli,. Pyrenean ,„ '' 
 tains, an,l m other parts of .Spain, h, Fn „ ,', 
 in the north of Xew England.' It was br 1',, I'l'. 
 
 I tried successfully on tlie Tha,n,-.s \s ,' ,- 
 
 ' h„N??^- T''^""*?''" I'f it'* '■ultivafion is attri- 
 buted ,. Ceres, wlio, having taught the art t I, 
 Egyptians, was d,.i,ic.l |,y rii,.n., s^r., , ."^ ' , 
 
 t:{:',''^v '''';■ '''': ^'^t oMiusi^in^i -a,;' : 
 
 method ,d making br,.,,! fr,un wluMt,' an, v ■ 
 from nc,., is attributed by th,. (;l,i„,. ,. V i 
 
 r^|n|., tl,esu,.,....s,,rof K,dii, and s,.o,ind n.mrf 
 ot China. ifK,8 i,,,.. l'„n: llht. (•,„■„ i,r„vi , 
 common artic e of fo.al from th,. carli,>t .cs h 
 world an,l baking bivail was known in the „ tr . 
 arcialages; see Exmim .xii. ,=;. Th,- H ' i, 
 ..tionofcorn, ofwbichw.. LveanlM;:!': 
 l,,4 . A law restrb'ting it was made in t;(,i .,,1,, 
 similar l..g,slatu,n followc.l. l(„„nti,.s were'V 
 
 CORN LAWS. 
 
 The rcstriitions ,in the iiiip,u-tiition of ,.,ini f,It ii, 
 
 .■fi'l't;'! '■'■,"/■ t'',- '"«x.asc of naunifaetm;, 
 
 atiout f;o ; relaxe,! 
 
 CORXEL 
 
 Mr l!.rl>ins,Mi'saet p.) 
 nli,M wh,.,!! i» 8.D,s.. ,1 
 
 Diiniii; til,. ,lis,'us.sion 
 ill I, III, I, in, aiiil niai 
 iinitiTs w, r,. ,lani.ig 
 H,.-,tMiinst,.r,.,,ntini 
 
 i\i'..ni bill. alt.M- passi 
 
 ill tlf I'. 1,1s. by ;, ,,],| 
 
 Wi'lliii-ton. iiiiiicii'i 
 
 rii,.a.'t(."ill,.,l lb,, ,,/,-,,, 
 
 al|..w.',| to b,. iiiipo,.|, 
 
 '1 -V,r,'' !"''''l'i.irter 
 ,if all f.iigl.njil was u; 
 i/. 4«. S</. ; ami so givi 
 tlie average jirice wa.' 
 
 Ilieai't 5 Vict. ,., ,.,, the 
 ii'i;iil,itiiig III,. ,|utv , 
 sliiliiig .liilb's, also 
 ia.<seil . . ' 
 
 ,l..'./-'»;lr ^ipr ipuirtrr 
 iUUhip. xhilUni'is. 
 
 uirler 51' 
 
 51 an, I miller 52 
 5! aiel nil, I, T 55 
 5: aii'l iimbT 5,; 
 5oaiiil iin.l.-r 57 
 57aii,l iinibr 58 . 
 5?aii,l uieliT 55 
 5a ami nn,l,.r 6q . 
 M. 111.1 iniiler 61 
 01 ami miller 62 
 cjaiiil iin,l,.r 0) 
 nj aiel maliT 64 . 
 '14311.1 iiniler 65 
 155,111,1 iin,ler66 . 
 V> aiel maler 69 
 frjaii.l miller 70 . 
 70 an. I iinib-r yi 
 71 anil iiiniiir 72 
 :2aii,i niiiliT 7 J 
 -3 an,l iiiiwards . 
 
 .See Anti-Ci.r 
 
 Hi,- CiRX IMCIRTATIOV I 
 
 P.il...itlV,-l), 9,v,oViet 
 .111 wlie.it w.is re,lu,.|.,| to < 
 i!'."|. 3,i<,, until rst K.-b 
 tiii'iliity b,...aiiie i.<, ]i,.r,iii 
 .if grain imported into tii 
 liny (irii'es), reeeive,l th,. r, 
 (JiiliileeaiMre.ss to ri'dit 
 ...Illy eanii..st .■i,lvocate'"ro 
 '■¥■1 
 T!ir,. .liity r,.p,.ale,i bv a,'! 1 
 '...»■ Ex,anx,:E,.Markdan,. 
 .■S|.i..ii<ei,f 90,000/. (lepl.ii.i 
 i.:»r). iya,si.]i,.ii|.d . 
 ''..ni Exi-liaiiL',. lienevoli.ut H, 
 Li..-.'>.i,;iely„fArtsgavea pri 
 Ut Ins essay ,)ii liarvestlug 
 
 CORyELL UXIVE 
 
 '';*■ '"'■ file stuily of th, 
 ciilliae. eiiiiiiieering, i-e • 
 P"rtiii:'..v..ii.m; founded' b, 
 ttaranv|...r.„nnwy.i,idi,i 
 He liml risen from 
 liis inventions. 
 
 CpRXER, a term apnl 
 
 paniijsis „f i,ado and man 
 •fwiliitiirs purchasing in am 
 Ifiini. eotton, &,: (termed 
 '';™.rat Liverpool in , Sept. i 
 J^l''..m.-niL,neas!,ir,.,&.' ,„ 
 
 X!ieMniercn,l,.djoSept. ,88- 
 1 -'ifiit eriibni speculator 
 < '•W'"ii; much disaster. 
 iii.*T .>.tb,n corner" n,-o„ 
 
 ■rty 
 
J' ^KNELrTr^r VEiisrTYr 
 
 ii.S.5 
 
 • 117; 
 
 ■ II?- 
 
 ■ M.;- 
 l6ji 
 itM!, 
 
 S'5 
 
 \V..siMii„.st,.,- ,.,„',,!;',';;,:,',• =S Jul,.; a,„l ,, ,i,.t in 
 
 .\ iMHi l.iil. alt.r russiiii; in (1,,^ , ' ''"9 •'"■'"'''ll. 
 
 Wrllill^loll, .■.uiicl I, V , "l"'-;'' '■>• llic .lllkcof 
 
 ^^■^■■r^r.\MxJ'Ju!^l::!: ;;^l^y''U . ,.7,„„, 
 
 r'.5<. S''. lu.r,|„,r(,.r v „ v' ' l'''' "' ■■"l"ty „f 
 nf all Ent'Lm.l'was , , , ,1 .\!:' "' i'"' •■'^"'■W prire 
 
 :' -M'l'il,' 1842 
 
 _coRo^^iTIOxV^ 
 
 18 
 
 sli'liiii; ■liitii'.s, iilsi, 
 |a.s.<eil . 
 
 A">'rmre jifr >/iuirfi'i', 
 ■shiilni'ji. Sliilliui'/s. 
 
 unilcrsi' 
 
 51 .•Ulii Ilnilr'l' 52 
 
 jj.iii'l miiliT 53 
 
 5n iUmI iiimNt 51, . 
 
 56;i!nl iJNiIi'i- 57 ' ■ • • . o 15 
 
 57 anil MiicliT 58 . ' -016 
 
 SS.'lll'l lllJ'liT 59 ■ • o 15 
 
 = 1 iUl'l lIll.iiT 60 . ' ' • ■ o 14 
 
 '■j.ill'l llll.liTo, ' ■ • • ■ O 13 
 
 'I lll'l llM'llT 61 , ' ' ■ ■ O 12 
 
 (.' aii'l iiinl.-r li) ' ■ ■ ••on 
 
 fj.ilj'i IllldiTrt^ . ' ' ■ ■ o 10 
 
 '1431MI luiclcr 65 ' ' ■ • • o 9 
 
 6;,]n.l iiinlorfie . ' ' ' • -08 
 
 ■5f<;iiiil iimlor 6g , ' ' ' •■07 
 65 ami iiiiiii!!' 70 , , ' ' ■ -06 
 
 7oaii'l iiiiiliT 71 . ' • ■■05 
 
 ;i and iiiiili'r 72 . ' . ' ' • -04 
 72.iiiil iihili.T 73 ' ' ■ ••03 
 
 -3 and uiiwiuds . ' . ' ' ■ •02 
 
 Hiv Anll-Cni Uun Lefuiui ° ' 
 Tif Oprn iMrMRTATiov Hill rr,,*„ ', ' , , 
 
 ™ wlieat «-a.s i;,\noM f „ ';. ",* , "'"'■'' "''■ 'luty 
 '!'»•.' 5J<.. until ist Kd,^V;, ' i'''l'"'i'" ■'tor 
 
 "f?™ M'ort.di,i;,:,\;;:'.,';''VY::''^'i' kinds 
 
 ."» I'rii'fs), rpi-eivi'd fh.. n.vil •.,»'*■"'"'"• "t 
 
 (Juim.. address to ri,d ,0 ^c 'jj Viflf.''""'-- 
 
 ;5rlyean,...ta.lvo™t,.n.rth,;;e,^;,^'!;^^;- 
 
 o.«sE.vcHA.v„E, j|ark.lan,.,Lo„d'„ n .^Vl""""' 
 
 ^'rlnse.ayo„„an.ost!ng^.,!;.,t^et-V^|i;:;;: 
 
 Wk: (i„. tl,,. stud ■.i\,™,TY, Ithaca, Xew 
 Iff ;..ii.. ^_ .* ''o* * 
 
 Saxon ,.o„q,„,„ Connv r ?'■"""•' ''»"■• tlio 
 f"n„ed into'u kin.Mo n .n, , 1'"' '" •''■"•" l^^'^'n 
 y-ar." under dim.n.,, ,;,"''*" j'"^''^ ''•^'^fd many 
 
 ^;>;nw,.ll is said to h ,v ..,,'■ '"''■■'^'''J '^"bur. 
 Bi'foro till. r,,,„rm ,,. ,s,, p^'""""'.'/ ''..m-Ls. 
 
 -r''';---^^-r:;;;!,i;^;/i;:;;'Vn.,,,.,^ 
 
 ,2 -MTil. 1272 
 
 dc 
 
 1046 
 
 1087 
 1104 
 
 1140 
 
 1 189 
 
 1300 
 1312 
 
 I3.!'5 
 
 '337 
 
 '497 
 '349 
 '-78 
 
 ■S79 
 
 lS6g 
 
 1S2S 
 1S64 
 
 i^-ysl. lu ; found,. l,v E^r, 'L " n '>'"^-!,"''- 
 
 . .. ...... I oiiifu in rati 
 
 I'l instruction in any study" > 
 ■'■ty to wealth by imtemlngl 
 
 p«rtini 
 
 tlaranyp-rsonmav 
 Hf liiid iv,.n from n 
 liisiiivi'iitinns. 
 
 P^K^a'and n!:/';:;: ;■■ -^""--' ^o the 
 fi""«l^'to,.purohash!'i ;j;:M;-'"^odby 
 
 «.-tton. &. (t,.r,„,.d A ' ^S' '"^r- 
 "^"irat Lnvrpooliu Sent fX-iVl iV ., '" '■"''"" 
 ^l*n).< in r..nl^asl,ir' ;i- ; -iH. Vy of '\ ''"'"'''"-^ 
 
 •»«^Mm,,.^l,diMlcr ■' *"'"' ^' 0^'f' i«83: 
 
 '?*"iMi;;;'j:;;;:r;;:;;;n''u:''''''^'''''''3S7«-as^ 
 
 ,. ■' ' "iio,i con 
 
 ' ,^"'' '^'"^-1, 30 .Sept. 
 
 "Ileal coriitT 
 
 Cl,ica,:;o 
 
 siMci' 
 
 See Trunin. ^^ 
 'S95. collaiisw), 
 
 Kdniiiinl, Son 'i-o-l ',-, ,■ . ■ ■ 2 
 I'i'Ts dc (iaw'sf,,,, ..'.r ■ ''"■'' "■itln.iit issue 
 
 ""''"■''' ""■'--' '-;d:'i';;.in:::':^;';;^i;:' 
 
 "^^'■;-"K.a;l,;^;r"S7v -'>'-'-:nev; 
 
 '''--'■■^M,,.o,;C;'.S:d-iy-,l;;-; 
 
 ""•'''"'^^''^'''■-•"'"'"'yoi'i,;^;^,;'^'!-^-;^') 
 
 lJucliyofCori,HallA.;,,,is;,.,i p " • •» Jan 
 Receipts from the di . ifv o'?'^"''""''"!'-'! .Sq^ 
 
 ^\ales.,866. 5,>oi/ .i ' ' *" ""■ l'io„e 'it 
 R^eipts f;-,l^,/7l ;; i',?;,' ':'>'.^39'. ;^ .33 , 60. 9o 
 
 -^.'"'•'^■.■.339;™'^:^-,^^=*. -7.57?/.; 
 
 COROXATIOV Leor 
 was crown,.,! I,y An.Voli,! ' ''"!!"''•»'• of the East 
 
 I manner. '" "'e «>">e year in a einiila,' 
 
 ' (-'liarlenia^'iie ci-o«-i„.,i 
 
 >r''-^- u uJI'ir;™;:,:f'''''--ti,yti,e 
 
 f-dwanl I., oon ,if >,f,. 1 ' ' • . as 11..,' 
 
 A;;!:;i;ii',[;.;7:^r'' '^':--;-.' ■ "^ 
 s7.;a;;^i:.;,ii;:r--"""'iu,.e,,intoK;^[;;:, 
 
 l-oi'onation ,,f 11,,,,,.,. ■,,, • . ■ . 
 
 «-iti,o„t a eroun At I n,,."',"'" ""* "'stan, . 
 
 .5-9; K,iwai.;,v-.,;^ 3 •,"':■'■>• vnr.^V^ 
 
 I-'iii'lon, as .sani'i-,,f, , , ,, ' "'"P'"". Msli ,0 „f 
 l-"it".VArio.s y„,u,). futile ,■■,;!, , ' , ,' ^^June. .Sjs 
 
 le me,,.,,,„,i, ,„. ti„"k,;. ' "^ ;;; ':f;^^'«"eu.nn«^y 
 
 tne /.,„ ;.„,; ,, - 1 ■"Un.-,ter, was , eiiosif..,! 
 
 J '3 rtrgus, a prince 
 
 800 
 
 902 
 
 1066 
 
 1097 
 
 1216 
 
 .'683 
 
 ■^■^Am 
 
 ,«f?.ttr^*":i; 
 
 I > , 
 
 ii i i 
 
 
f^m 
 
 \M 
 
 'If 
 
 COROXEA. 
 
 28S CORRESPOXDIXa SOCIET^-. 
 
 COfiEOS 
 
 I' :h 
 
 W.pifiif! , 
 
 If 
 
 r ni. 
 
 of the roy.il lino, li.ivin- dlitaincil the .Sccittisli tliiiiiic, 
 jiiuiiircl tlic- uni' I'l tins stiiiH' fdi- His (■■'i-uiintiim at 
 liini>tMllii:ij.'i', wlicr.' i( cnntiiiiu'cl until the tiuie of 
 KiMiiutli II.. wli.. rcincivi'l it tn Sci'Du : nml in 1206 it 
 will I'tiii.voil liy K.hv.inl I, fivinj Hnmi- to West- 
 minster ; the present <'hiiir lieliii: niiele to receive it. 
 A CimoNATKiN- Oath whs adini'nistercd liv Hiiiistan, 
 aivhliishup i)f fante,lpiir,v, to Kthclieil II., in 978. An 
 oath, nearl.v conespoinlin.- with that now in use. was 
 ailniinisteieil in 1377. Tlii' • 11 h jn-eseiihed li.v i Will. & 
 Marv, c. 6 (1689) was nioilillerl in 1706, ami ajrain in 
 1821 onncemnitof theiiniouoftheClmrehesof Enf,'lan(l 
 a-.iil li-eland, 
 
 COROXEA, Battles OF. I. (orChrcmnp.i). 
 
 The AtlR'niiuis were did'eated and their goiienil 
 Tolmidcs slain in a battle with the lid-otlana at 
 Coronet! near Clnui-oiiea, 447 «.c, II. The Athe- ' 
 niiins, Thebans, Argivrs, and Corinthians having [ 
 entered into a league, olTensive and defensive, 
 asrninst Sparta, Agesilaus, after dirt'usiiig the tenor 1 
 of his arms, from liis many victories, even mito 
 Upper Asia, enjraijed tlie allies at Coroneii, a town 
 of BcBotia, and achieved a great victory over them, 
 304 B-f. 
 
 COROXERS. officers of the realm, mentioned 
 In a charter, 925. Coroners for every eouiitv in 
 England were first appointed bv sfat\ite of \Vest- 
 miiister, 3 Kdw. I. i:;;^. Sfoii:' Thev arc dmsen 
 for life by the freeholders, and their' duty is to 
 inquire into the cause of unnatural deatl'i, upon 
 view of the body. By an art passed in 1843, 
 coroners are enabled to aiijioint deputies to act tor 
 them in case of illness. The act amended 1887. 
 Laws respecting coroners amended l8(X) and l8<>2 — 
 20,315 coroners' inquests were held in England and 
 Wales in 1859: — 
 
 1S77 . . 26,2?j iS?3 . . 29.057 
 
 187S . . 27,623 19,120 males.) 
 
 iS7<3 . . 27,039 1SS9 . . 20.675 ! 
 
 (iS,233 males.) (19,700 mules.) 
 
 iSSo . . 26.569 1890 . . 32.027 
 
 (13,131 males.) (20,997 males.) 
 
 iS3i . . 27,451 I 1891 . . 32,816 
 
 (13,540 males.) (21,459 males.) 
 
 18S2 . . 27.502 i8q2 . . 32,254 
 
 (18,673 nudes.) (20,975 males.) 
 
 (17,191 males.) I 1883 . . 2S.725 i8yj . . 33,227 
 
 1870 • . 25,376 1 1834 . . 28,603 (21,575 males.) 
 
 1871 . . 25,8981 (19.280 males.) 1S94 . . 32.059 
 
 1872 . . 25,70511885 . . 23,iSi (21,029 mail's.) 
 
 1873 . . 26,4271 (18,863 males.) ifgs ■ ■ .M.-'SS 
 
 1874 . . 27,18411886 . . 28,9401 (22,139 males.) 
 (18,875 males.) ' (19.329 males.) 1697 . . 33,289 
 
 1875 . . 28,58711837 . . 30.030 I (21,476 males.) 
 
 1876 . . 26,6451 (19,314 males.) 1 
 
 COROXETS, C!ip' "I" inferior crowns of the 
 nobility. The coronets for earls were first allowed 
 by Heiiry III. ; for viscounts by Henry VIII. ; aiul 
 for barons by Cluirles II. B<iJ;fi\ Hut autliorities 
 conHict. Sir Ilobert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, was 
 the first of the degree of earl wlio wore a coronet, 
 1604. It is uncertain when the coronets of dukes 
 and marquises were settled. Ikahon. 
 
 tion Hef 
 eorixirations 
 and Wales, 
 amended in 'liH^), 
 
 lihukslnne. The Coriioi-ati„n and Test a. t 
 111 i(>(,i, was i-eiu'aliMJ in Mav, 1828. The ( ,, 
 "vm act, f,,r the regulation «f nun 
 (London not iii.lud, d) in 1', 
 .S,>r Will. IV. c. -U (18^.-' 
 - T'»e Irish Muiiirii.al f. . 
 !""'j;''' '>.,V'V- '"■'*• P'i-e,l in 1840, was;.,, 
 Ill I86i. IheCoi-rupt I'lvetices (.Muni, i,,.' 
 tion.s) act, was passed (, Aui-. l8-;> The |" 
 lating to municipal electi„us amended by ad ■ 
 I|j,luy 1875. Munieip:,) He,tions,Cor,-u, 
 illegal I i-actlcea Act passed 14 Aug I.S,S4 
 commi.ssion on no unref.umed mnni.-iual ',...' 
 t.a. ap^K,i,,..d in ,871,: ,vp,,rt issued,- 
 
 Charles Dilke, i. . , .,. ,„„ 
 
 Pjissed 1882 ; - 1 . -.. 
 
 bill rejected i 
 
 i|:.i; 
 
 an.l 
 
 refdi'm inti-oiluccd . 
 188;. A eonsoliilii'i, 
 
 i'rn|prrty<|ualiii, 
 in commons (17^— Hi7'i 
 
 Kissed 1882; amende. I i.Si)^ 
 
 ., ed in comni 
 See lUitt 
 
 Jubilee of the passinj; of th. 
 
 Apri 
 Act of ,835 ceIeliiT,f,.,| 
 
 
 11 
 
 di 
 
 1) 
 
 IV; 
 
 '). 
 
 The associ^ation of nuuuci],.-,] corjiorations ,?„'*'.': '^°' 
 
 Dec, 
 towns 
 Mnivh 
 Xlarch 
 
 27 Fell 
 
 The nuuuci p:d elect ri.al as 
 at Whitehall , 
 
 1896; 
 
 Seven pc-. 
 
 lSr,f, 
 
 i860 . 
 
 . 21,173 
 
 1861 . 
 
 . 21,038 
 
 1862 . 
 
 • 20,591 
 
 1863 . 
 
 ■ 22.757 
 
 1864 . 
 
 • 24,737 
 
 1865 . 
 
 . 25,011 
 
 1 866 . 
 
 . 24,926 
 
 1S67 . 
 
 . 24.643 
 
 i863 . 
 
 ■ 24.774 
 
 1869 . 
 
 . 24,709 
 
 'h. 
 
 ~t 
 
 13S4: it met at theCnildhall, London- ,„, 
 represent,..!. ,:■ .M„„-h. ,8go : ,■,,,,!„, ■' 
 ' iSqi ; 10 Miirh, ,?,,,; 2, >•,.),, ,p ,-; 
 i;(i4: 21 .Mar.di. ,s„.;: ,, Miir.'h 
 1197 ; 26 M ,r..|i, i3.jS. 
 
 "•iatinii. first incr 
 
 I CORPULEXCE. 
 
 Mr. E.hvanl Ihi^-ht. a t;,ll,.w.. h uelhr and gn,,- 
 
 of.Mal.l,... m Kss,.x. w 1„.,1 ,n his 29flt - 
 
 issaal t,,ha\v \v..i-h,-,l f.,6 p iui,l; 
 sons , if till. c.nuMoii ^ize w,.ri. with 
 ni his wai.sfciiat ; l.nricl at All 8,iints. .M,, , 
 
 Daniel Lambert, supi.oseil to have heen 11, '■•^'"'' 
 man that ever live.l, die.l in l,j.< ,,,|| 
 Stuiifoid, in Lineoir, shire, we,. .1,1],,. -. . 
 
 Bri'iht')"''^ ' ''° "'"'"' ■* '""""'' '"""■ '''"■'" 
 
 James Mansfield, did at P.'lideii, a"ed 
 int; 34 stone . . ' ^ v » 
 
 Mr. Win. Banting' pnlilisln.il a let'tenm coniid™'.!,' ''^ 
 ree.iin.nending, from his own pxiierience Z ', 
 reiued.v K'r.'at moderation in the use „fs ,.,'„.'■,,„ 
 starch in diet. 50.0.x, copies of this lettrr w , 
 speedily sold or ^'iv,.n away . , " _,, 
 
 CORPUS CHRIST! (K>rl>„„) in ?nm^ 
 a festival in the Kuman chmvh, in hiin.,in- ef o,; 
 Lord s .supper, kc|.t op. tlie Tliursday after Tr ' 
 Sunday (/,•/»>/, ,„■). It was ins,,;,,,,,: 
 trlKin I\. between 12^,2 and 12(14, and 
 by the council of Vicnne in 1 ^n. 
 
 Mr, 
 
 21 JlUi. , 
 
 i2. W,.j-i,. 
 
 iX.v. 
 
 iiiity 
 liV jKij/e 
 ontirm(»J 
 
 CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS, 
 
 Co(/('. 
 
 see ,/. 
 
 "^'iiiilll 
 
 n-. K. 
 
 CORPORATE REUNIOX. See Onh;: 
 
 CORPORATIONS. Numa, in order to break 
 the iorce of the two rival factions of Sabines and 
 Komans, is said to have instituted separate 
 societies of manual trades. I','i<tarc/i — J[rMciPAL 
 CoKPOH.VTioxs IN KN'ni,..\xi). Bodies politic, 
 authorised by the king's charter to have a common 
 seal, one head otHecr, or more, tmd members, who 
 are abl,', oy their common consent, to grant or 
 receive in law any matter wifliin the comjiass of 
 their charter. Cuwill. Charters of rights were see Trials, 1794 
 granted by the kings of En.sl.and to various towns; ' Copenhairen-Hihi 
 by Krlwaril the Confes.sor, Henry I., and .'uceed- wi-retrnncd fr-'Rs.-.ivi),!,. 
 
 ing monarchs, subject to tests, oaf lis 
 
 l<OK(_,h.S. a bo.ik hv Mr. (allcrwir Is si,. -- 
 Ciroye, h.K.S., who in 1842 enunriafcd the 
 of he coiTelation or mutu.al de.„.nilcn,v a„.| ,W. 
 ver ibihty lutocacl, oHier.if all t),c forces of „„„;, 
 (VIA, iieaf, htrhf. eleeti-icifv, ina-netism, .licih] 
 allin.ty an,l motion). This theory has been l„liv 
 estaliiisbcd bv e\iienmenfal researches, s..,. //.„/ 
 Llcvhiat,!, k,: Sir W. H. Grove was la-esent il 
 the I-araday Centenary, wliici, .«</■, 17 .hiiie, is,,i 
 
 LOXDOX ^w^^f^'^^i^T^ SOCIETY OF 
 
 iAJJNUtJA, was (onueil about 1-1,1 to -oriil 
 
 liberal opinions and check the seviritv ,,/ tiie 
 
 British government, then much alai-iie;! hv liie 
 
 I rench revolution. Home Tooke ami ntner v,m. 
 
 bers were tried for treason and acquitted, Oct, roi; 
 
 The meetings of the soriet'v .it 
 
 penfia-eii-fields and elsewhere, in 179^ am! iV), 
 
 ' On2[ Ajirii. i7.;-),.'\b4a 
 
 onditions, O'Connor, O'Coiirl 
 
 ey, and others, were fi-iej fo 
 
 corresponding with 
 O'Coigley was cxoo 
 inniiccm'e) on 7 Jui 
 
 CORROSIVE 
 CORRUPT PI 
 
 elections fur inenibe 
 
 l8i4, and continue 
 
 relating to Scotlai) 
 
 Itnliii-i/ lit Ekctwui 
 
 By .111 act ims.scd in lE 
 
 tialiiiry, L'liesfer, (1 
 
 iKIiinl, wi're 'ten 
 
 .Messrs. ,M.iy and Mai 
 
 (lie.il), .Mr. (lids (,s 
 
 M'nti need to ii.ipri.s 
 
 luellths 
 
 riliiiuii for their releai 
 
 lirrsoiis 
 Tlir uet 46 k 47 Vict. ( 
 .strictly iirohil.iis ), 
 ],iviiieMts ; amended 
 ikctina by aliour 3,0 
 5,000.000/. in 1885 
 cleCfiirs cost 780,000/, 
 
 COE.SICA, an isl, 
 
 ((ailed liy the (jl'ci.h.s 
 
 Tlif ancient inliabit, 
 
 reliliers, liars, and at 
 
 ('arsira was colonised 
 
 ultrrwarils Jjcld by flu 
 
 it was taken by the Ro 
 
 hflil by Vandals, a.d. 
 
 ri.'an,«. 1077. It was (i 
 
 l.^jOtill I7(j8, whenit 
 
 Imriiiga revolt ei'i.eted in 
 
 .lore Xeidi.iff, its first ai 
 
 He oaine to En),'land, 
 
 KiiiK's Bench prisui, fur 
 
 nil inivate friends, Imt 
 
 .wladiile the kingdom ol 
 
 anil .liril ill .'Siiho 
 
 Tlisrarliifdrfnrd wrote fl 
 
 a talilef near his t-ravu 
 
 lic.iii-street :— 
 
 " .Tl'f gr.'ivc, great feac 
 Heroes .'uid liegj,'ars 
 lliit The. "lure tins 'n'li 
 f'ateiii.iir'd its lessen 
 Best.jw'd ft kingdom i 
 F.iscil Paoli chosen for tin 
 
 .<ic.'in.<t 
 
 Pefttiti-d by the cotmt lie \ 
 
 .Vapoleon Bonn parte bom 1 
 
 l-iptisiiial repister ; donb 
 
 Tlie ,,eoi.le acknowledse Ge. 
 
 liiiif , , 
 
 SirGiUiertEIiott made vice 
 
 li.nnpiit . 
 
 A revolt sajipre.ssed,, June'- 
 ytlieliriti.sh, 22(X't. ■ t'h 
 r rpiich . 
 
 A stntiie to N.ipoleon I,' i, 
 .^-^^(ileon Jerome . 
 
 ^,i>!t l.y tl,e empress and ilnr 
 
 '"■II. l.iohs remains buried 
 leiiieferj-, London, exhunie 
 re-iiiferreil in Corsica 
 
 fnrsica vi.,ited by president ( 
 
 COETExXUOVA.nea 
 
 tla> wnperor Frederic II 
 altiT a severe conflict. 27 N, 
 
 . CpETES, the Spanish 
 
 !n the old (Jothic councils 
 
 f^Med after ,■, long int'' 
 
 ■Oiiind settled the%,ew 
 
 .which was set aside h 
 
 .111 -.Led many members of 
 
 „'4. llie cortes were reo 
 
 '■^'0, dissolved Oct. 1823; 
 
ron-os/iniidini' with f)ir> p,.n„„rT ' 
 
 inn.xriK,.) 01, ; j,,,,"" "' " ♦'^•'""'- (I'rotoslnijf his 
 
 CORROSIVE SUHLIMATF „. ir 
 elections l„r mciiibciv ot'Tw.V: '^ ACTS.ri'spcot np 
 rel;itiiii' to Scotland wn'nf "'"'"• ^" "<-* 
 
 _C6STAJICA. 
 
 i'.-iro'. ciilt^i^i Oct'"' ;;l ''^;■'■•••"• "^' ••'™ 
 
 "'""" ^^.o5, inf;, ,;,,dVr^lr"^' T'"' nritisl, ,,rn,y, 
 - • ■ ' ""oer tlic loiiiiiiuiid of ■■ • ■■'' 
 
 iBEi 
 
 Bvnii act pnsKoil in tCp, „i „,. 
 
 ■t<.M.„rv,V),cst,, rinVc :;'";■■'♦ i'"^'"". c„n. 
 
 Oxlonl, «-civ t.i, , 1' ' •^'•"•<'l"'llcl,l, and 
 
 r..i.i,., na-nK.il. release signed an vain) .,;^f^:;; 
 
 n... i.ct 46 A- 47 Vict. ;., 5,' „,^ ■, , "'■"'" =3 l"'c. „ 
 stnotly inoliil.it.s i,j,.if;; ;,'""''•, ^^ Aiic. ,8S^. 
 ).;iyiiiciits ; anieiirled 6 Jnlv' Vpo '' ."'"' '"''".'i' 
 
 electors cost 780,000/. '"^"l"n by 5,67o.oco 
 
 CORSICA, nil islnnd in t)i.. \r, r. 
 lV:.llnl In- tho Oi-ooks r, . ,V",„^ ' "*T[nn™n Sea 
 The ancient inhabitants had 1 •' ''^ ^''■'''^^ 
 f.n, liars, and Htlio[!,s^'ec^' „:'';::-"■■• "^ 
 (•"i-sica \vas coloni.^od hv PI, m.n, J -' ■^''"^''''• 
 altervvards lieid by tlio tart l^T ■ ^'^"^ "■''- ""'i 
 it»-.i.< taken by tli ■ Romans jTx ','.";"'' /";:" «•''""' 
 h,.M bv Vandals, a.d T;6.' hi\' '' ^' S"' l""'" 
 
 "■"■'^"'■"J^iir,!;^!^;-:;^^:-;"- i.Ti^;eo. | 
 
 '736 > 
 
 •756 
 
 ,.n,.;Neu)„.,u.s,ir;;an:;;;^;"S;;!:- 
 
 s.iH..luIe til,. kiiiK.loi,, f L' ;.' i ; ' ''.f-''"-'' in bis 
 ai..l .lie.1 in finl,,, ; ' *■""''"' '" '"■•< creditors, 
 I!i'.. Ill iifdrford wrote till. f,,n '. ■ ' 
 .' tihlet near bi/gravo in s';'"'!',^ 'T""l''>. f"r 
 li...i.-»treet:- *' '" *"• '^'"■^■^ oburcb, 
 
 MTiie.dn,.,.tf;i:::;,^;^'^-^'-n,;-;i'<in«». 
 
 IV™iPaonobose„«.r their geiJttKor. 
 
 ImitisMialropister; donbtfun <= '^'^''- "7^^' 
 
 Tl..,.o,ileacknow,edgeGeorge^Ii;ofEn«.'«'nd';?r " 
 
 •^irCiilbertEliottniade vi'ccrov n,„'i ' '7 *'""<'• '794 
 liameiit . . / '"™>' "'«' opened a par- 
 
 Arfvolt.?niinresKed.,'Tinip'. H,.! i„i ', ; 
 •'.v the lii'itisb, .. Oc" the neon!," ■•" ""l"i^''<"l 
 Frfiicii . ''• '"'"Pfoi'Ie declare for tbe 
 
 'x;:^i:oif^e?r''°" '■ '"»"«"«»«• W Prmoe 
 
 t^s>^^'Sii-•'"-'-■-'-^^.'c:;^^::7 
 
 ^'^f^t^ifl''^^ president Carnot '''^^^^:i;i: 
 
 ^^"^^"1;i,;^i;;;^a;";:;"l^;;,;^;■"!'■''''■f>i.•.^d;^ 
 -:in;c::;;':^';!J:>-^>'^^-i^wh^::';i;';^ 
 
 10 Jan. iSog Si,. ,,V7""'"''il l^m, Vroi,,.),. nof, 
 
 prtof tho coll,'. V,, ,„':■'-;„ 'V'- •','''''''''■■'■ '''■'' 
 
 UiontPd. Tho i-o,,,,, : ^" I '" ''"■'1 'Miivcrs.lly 
 C'--nnn,,. „„dor .^r Cu^l^Z, "r^a,?" '""■''■" "^ 
 
 machus was delcato 1 's 1 '"' ''"' ■•.-''! J-^xi- 
 
 «-'v''''''''''«-"^v,itheLK ;;'''■''• "'"' -^iain-^^I 
 
 I the Croat's enioral.. ■ """■"■""■s "f Alexander 
 
 7'>S?l|S^^'^;::^>:;!''-;.ndsoi.vioo,.ndor,h 
 
 Lou,s XVI., at th,. ',:..■: l!'/'.;;'"-^- '■'■''"'■'•'1 1.V 
 
 an:;^^tn;L:;;^-;/;--^«-,V8-^:v^;1^;;^- 
 
 s^'« iy,'/^^ i)o, ,'sll;- ""■"'"^■">tion. ir July! ,;';?: 
 
 ;■lim•!i!,^KSt^'i^.;,J^r^■'''■i;;;;'''''' '"■'•-" "f the 
 
 liave been piven to T^sia ' ;,r « "'•'l'"'"' '^ ''■■'"' »«> 
 "'^nMod the chorus to'd:,;;:^:^'^;i;--;-l^'«rst 
 
 Gcnii)-,,/,/,!/. ^'^ n. X, 
 
 see Astro„„ii,,f g„j 
 
 i t"i?SS?i^^i?;,i;;:,,">!^;:;™H"n..l n.vion- oon- 
 eminont writers. X,," I •. , c '• "'"' '"■'"lan by 
 ^le« I'.v I!. L. Steven on '„,^"- V''""'-^ .'rti-- 
 J'mics, ildniund Go s,! ' M^■^. '■•;"-: H"»n 
 
 I Jules lemaitre • nrnf yt ' -"•'"' 'i"iii"-et 
 
 mid others. ' ""^- -^I"""nsen, F. S,ii..lh:,jr,;,,; 
 
 /^S^^J^ICK, emigrant 
 
 vessel, burnt, gep 
 
 '753 
 
 1769 
 
 '795 
 
 -ffi^ffi,;-;!':;:, I^^le inhabiting the 
 'hey at first lived In i ^■'""•.^■. ""il Turkey 
 
 ^^oy, dthep^^^tc^vi ";i;^»vL!!''-Tiir!:a; 
 
 _. 1796 
 
 1865 
 1869 
 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 . ' ".^"i. v^WJIlOl 21-2:) A 
 
 the eSr^Srh^' T}f''^^?-}^^^y- Here 
 »fter,i Severe contSict.'j/L^^^^I'^j!;' "'« ili^'nese 
 
 *™iHed after a Ion? nto;,-<.l f ""''' "'^■'"e «8- 
 ',^>o; and mottled the^ewco„,tiLJ^"' /i^-^P'- 
 812, which was set a d7hr Po!,- '""j '''^'"rch, 
 i';f^^,niany„,enib";f?/t,^:':?-;^^V^^^^ 
 
 "ct, 1S23, as.nn assembled .Vpril, { 
 
 ' contiii 
 I They 
 
 , ?''"^'ys7ndthe]H'or,leoAi!^u'l"'" .- -■ 
 I '"t" a '•esular\,ri^y bv '4""''"- l-j't "•,.,■,. f,,™,,^ 
 •SrO, to defend th" f iiith;;'*,f",/'^'""'"- ••"'«..! 
 Tartars. Thev joinod t , r^, • ^'"■:"''' "■^"» the 
 in the peat war i',,.!! ,'^ ;^';'/'';'''V" ":.^4. and 
 valuabFe portion of the iiu'skn irni'^"'^^ ^^"■""^'^ '' 
 
 ' ''"^12Si',l!:£S->"; H^reAniurathl. 
 pnans, &o.), 15 June , Sn." bu 'i: ^■^f^i'"". Hun- 
 by an expiiing Soldier Re're t, mi"w""'-'^'^ '^'"'''l 
 defeated by u Turkish armr four t ^^""'«d<'s was 
 his own, i;Oct. 144S. """^ four times hirger than 
 COSTA PTn. _ 
 
 P«rt Of oitSt-t '?"> Central America, 
 
 1 1821. With the other .trM"''j;,"'''''>t 15 Sept.' 
 
 ,? /''-J^^-fSi constitution of • 22 I?,^' 'I.""'""' '"•'- 
 
 I Cental. Populat .:;, Tsii'^,,?'"'" '■""' ^"'ov" 
 
 , J"^^; porula'tion. 1892, ; i,-'^P.- Cnpital, SarJ 
 
 Dec. i^f). On , ^^ - U-}-'>- Constitution, 2; 
 
 Mora was snddenlv di'po^'?^^' n', '^T"'''"* J"-'" 
 ■'l^ifre made president ;D' j"'V/'- ^""^ -^'onten- 
 3 Apnl, ,863, was sue oeled bv D " t'"' r^'"'^'"' 
 SMay. , 8(10. deposed; J. ji;;l:^i;-J-ic^^ 
 
 nPi> 
 
 ' "• i 
 
 iv^ 
 
 C 
 
 rir ' 
 
 ;j 
 
 !■■* 
 
 hN 
 
 II;, 
 
COSTEH.M(»NGERS. 
 
 2S« 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 i^ci'iui 
 
 ,1 ^ i 
 
 m •• 
 
 1868; ViriMite (liiiidrn prodiiimeil president 12 
 Miin-h, 1S71 ; J. M. Oiwnlia, l.S;i for 1.S72.6; 
 Aiiioeti) E-«(|ui\i'l, S Miiv, lS;f); Vicfiito HurriTu, 
 H Jillv, 1870, resigned: mi.ci'od.'d by TIloiiiiis 
 Ouimliii, Oi't. 1.S77; (lii'il Jill;;, iHSi, fluucouili'il liy 
 I'nHpi'p) Fi'niiiiidi'z : dii'd Maiili, 1885, HUL'i'eeilc'd 
 by Denianlo S .to 12 Manb, r8S, ; t)yJ. J. Kodri- 
 giiiv. 8 Mav, l8c)0. I'lipulatioii, l88.v estiiiuituJ, 
 21.5.78s; l8i)2, 24f20> 
 ri''!<i'l'iit U'l lit-'Mi'.! di'rlan'S liiiiHi-:!' ilict.itor mid 
 
 arn'-its <ipp'iiii'!il-i ij Seiit. iSga 
 
 Son. Hafa.'l U'l^-iw. id.'.'l.'d piv.^i.l.M.t, 3 April, 
 
 i3!j4 ; atteiiijiiH 1 assa<Hiiiiiti'>ii'itpiv-i. li;li'siasl)y 
 
 Arava, nii aiiarcliist. wli'i wis air','^t''d wMtli 24 
 
 accoiiiplii''''^, r('[)i*rt»'d . 
 
 COSTERMOXGERS, itin.rant dealers in 
 fruit, ve;,'i'tabb><. lisli, \.r., deriving; their name, it 
 is said, from cnsfuril, a I'aV'iiirito apple. _ The Lun- 
 dnn eo^tennongers are useful in relievina; tlio 
 raarkrt-i wfieii ^flutted ; and it was said in l8(X), 
 tliat 3,ooi,0()o/. passed tlirciiii;h their liands lui- 
 nually. Previims tn fastini,' and thanU^irivin',' days, 
 they "*ell the appniiite 1 f >rm< .if prayers in ijreat 
 iiumliiTs. Ou 22 .Viiv. l8fio, they hi'ld u meeting 
 in iirder to represent tii the city authorities the 
 hardsliips thev felt by the police' restrictinif their 
 means of livelihoMil ; and tli" Motropolitan .Streets 
 Aet was niodilied, 7 Dee. 18(17. 
 
 Tiii'ir iiioval aiiil pliysiriil I'oinlilioii has Iicen nmcli im- 
 iiidv.'il ol' lati.' years. niiMtly tliroa^'li the insinimi'ii- 
 tality of till' I'iirl ot ffhal'ti'sliuiy, who ciiiiMituteil 
 liiiiisoir a iosli'riiioii;.'ir, ami owui'.l ii harrow iii 1874. 
 
 COSTUME, see Hr,.s.i. 
 
 Amerieans when visited by Coluinbug. It iv„ 
 itrown and manufactured ni .Spain in th ' 1 ,0, 
 
 ...... Ml. .1 ;.. .1 1. . ..._.._. . ' '' 
 
 'entury; and in tho 14U1 eonrury was intr.iiii,,,! 
 
 - .i:.,iH 
 „-;md in the rih 
 1700 an aet of parliamnif «.u 
 " their introiluetion, 1 
 eoniino.liiy of iiiij^land 
 About 1 84 1 the "cotton" 
 er" interest lie.'an to obtain p.lji 
 iullucnce, which Icil to the r.'peal of the e.c'], 
 in !840. Faihire of Mv. M.irris Kaie^'cr, a '1 
 cotton speculator, and others at Liverpii-d arm 
 
 . . -,-- - nturv was intr 
 
 into Italy. Indiiin muslin-i, cliintzes.'and 
 were so ^ar^'cly im|iorted into E 
 eentury, that in i 
 passed," prohibit ill',' 
 neoame tlie stai 
 present century. 
 .Manchest 
 
 'f.'ii 
 ill tlii' 
 
 ivith 24 eotronspc.'Uiaior, ami Others at Liverpool arm, 1 
 
 iSaept: i3q4 ' 3,"^''' '''*''?v <-''»"" uianufictuie intr.idu, d 
 
 Itoaibav alnut 18 iS 1,'radiially becomes very, n.. 
 
 fill, reported Dee. i8S'j. .See C'/lico, .Uiiill,,. 
 
 tier, .Slri/cen. 
 
 .Vet for eolluc'tioii of 
 
 mi,. -a 
 
 ottoii statistics pass,. 
 
 John Uylarids, the lieail .,f the company of uVla'il!! 
 ik Sons which einpl.iys ii.ixi:, liamls ilicl a-,'".l 
 
 111 Lancasliirean I Cheshire the mills put on i, i'| 
 
 time, to limit the pro'liictioii ami cheek s| n 
 
 " *■ '■ the price of cnlt'Hi, ,ii. 
 
 about 15 .fiih 
 
 latioiis to raise 
 
 C'lttoii mills fiillv , 
 strike ami I'lck-oiit 
 Ijaneashir 
 
 :,'a,'c'l 
 
 it eottoii-siiiiiiiers 
 
 . .V.pv. 
 
 tllMU.'llMllt 
 
 liaiieashiie (nor .Manchester), 16 Ajiril .'/ „ ,, . 
 
 ilispiite setlleil by coinproinise . , eiliv'.' 
 h'li^n III ami I'l-livti'fii iiri'le of c.itton, ali'.ut if,.i ' ' ''' 
 Co/;,", .■ili.'i'lin;,, dr. The Itv-sliiittle wis inv.'i'.t.. 1 i, 
 
 John Kay, of Ijiiiy, 17^8; tli,' .lr,i|i-l„,x l,v llel„.|t Ki' 
 
 176.J : spiiinin- by rolh-rs (also ,-utiihat,'.l 1,, 1 ,i„: 
 
 COTOPAXI, se 
 COTTAGE. Till 
 
 ^llll/l'S. 
 
 term was oriirinally applied 
 
 to a small hous'' witleiiit land, 4 Ki\vr. I. 1275. 
 
 " No man may build u cottaire, oxeeiit in towns, 
 
 'anb'ss lie lay four a'rcs of laud thereto," &e., 31 
 
 Eliz. Ij'S'). This statute was lepealed, 15 Gc'i. III. 
 
 t""S. liy returns to the tax ollic'e, ill 178'), the 
 
 n'unVier <'if eottajrcs was 284, 4^'). The number in 
 
 l.Sill w.is 428,214; the nuni'ier in 184') was about 
 
 7-o,oj'i. Ill \^ii> the public attention was much 
 
 drawn to the deplorable state of ,'ottas,'es in m my 
 
 p;yrts of tlie C'lUivlrv, and the law .,f settlement was 
 
 ;»lteri'd ill l8'iv ' -Mr. Disrai'li (afterwards lonl 
 
 'B,>a"ousti,'ld) said th.'it " every cottage should have 
 
 a tank, an oven, and 11 porch.'' 
 
 Cnthiif [Mpnir'nifiit S'icieli., f"Ua'li"l 12 .\pril. i36i, 
 
 7, A'lani-stri','t. .SIriii'l. S mm of the siciety's 
 
 ini)'l''ls iipp'TiiC'l ill tlie Iiiti-ni iti'inal Exhihitioiis 
 
 —in L'lii'l'iii, i362 : i" I'.U'is 
 
 .S,',' Sh'tfleJiiii-ii /',(,■;,•. 
 
 The (;„fre/c)''»>'''o',', desin I by ciptain John Grant 
 
 re','isti'rc,l aiel presi'iitel by him to the m,>trop,ili 
 tan assDi'iati'iii fi,r iinpn,vin,' the dwellings of tin 
 
 iielnstriims I'lassi's I'ee 
 
 A C'ltta,',' (iinleii S'leiety establisleil abnut 1346 
 still exists 
 
 COTT.AGE TIOSPIT.VLS : much advocated 
 (ly Dr. lIora''e Swte in 1870. .Many since then 
 have bei'U established : one by the baroness Bur- 
 dott-Co'itts, [878; one iit Wo'yl Ureen, erected by 
 Mr. ,r. rassmnv Kd .yards, opened 15 June, 1895. 
 
 COTTON, a vefretable wool, the produce of the 
 <Ti)svjj)ii(in, a shrub iiidi^'enous to the tropii'al 
 •re:i-ioiis of India and .Viuerica. Indian cotton cloth 
 ia 'inentioiied by Herodotus, was known in .Vr.ibia 
 in the time of Slah'imet, 627, and was brought into 
 Europe bv his followers. It does not appear to j 
 liave beeii in use among the Chinese till tlie 13th 
 •oenturv ; to them we are indebted for the cotton 
 fabric 'ternu'd nankeen. Cotton was the niatorial | 
 <?f the principal articles of ciotliiug aiiionj; the i 
 
 B 
 
 , spimiin- by rolli-rs (also altrihui,..! t., I„|,. 
 Wyatt) patentc'l bv r.oiiis Paul, 1738 ; tlm 
 Jenny, by llai'ureav.'s. 1767; the watur-frani" 
 wrl-ht, 1709: the pow,'r-l,,iim, bv H,'v. lie i'li'mni 
 Cartwri^lit, 17S5 : the .Iressiir,' niachin.'. bv ,l' .I'l,,. !■' 
 .I'l'l It i'l''Iitre, 1803-4 ;auotli,a'i,owi'r-hi„in.l,\'l[.,n,„.k,' 
 
 H>ij-M. A ( bing inichiiie was patent. •.! bv.l.isl,'),' 
 
 lli'ilniaiin. in 1:^45. ' 
 
 i-'ii:sh iiiiiJiii (totally siiperse.lin.s' that of 
 miinlv t.i th.' inv.-ntion .if th.' "" 
 
 Mf'Mr''ltob,''i''i's''''''' '"■'"^ ■ "'"' '" ■•"" '*'-'"■•"■""■! '■'■'li^' 
 
 '774-'J 
 
 I .III'. H lis. I S_'f. 
 
 C'(',',',, I'l'l nil HI rninlnrn 1 17.I4. 
 
 The ■•ileiiM-ICiiiliii- liist .ipplicl to the cott 
 
 (by U.jiilton au'l Watt), 17J3. 
 Ulmdiinij by in.'ans of I'hI.iri'l.' .if lime iiit 
 
 Tennant, of Dlas^ow. 179S. 
 •ili'-kiii'ji. The st.i'-kiii'.'-fraiii,' was iiiv 
 
 I.i'e, in 158'j. C,f/',', ..v,,'/.-,. 
 
 spiiiiiiii:. 
 '. l.yAik- 
 
 ,V lii.ha) i, ,1,1,. 
 
 Ml'LE (ip/li.'/t s(., 1 
 
 ■ the self-a.-tiiu 
 
 "I llluillf„'lllr, 
 ■'"ill. '."1 liy Ml- 
 
 1867 
 
 1849 
 1 836 
 
 .'lltel liyW.lii,';, 
 , » --,,,., ''SW.'l'C lilst l,l|.lel,v|||,i,| 
 
 ab.iut i7jo; Je I,' li ah .Stnitt obt lini"! a pili.'ntf,. 
 Ilerby ribb,.,l sbi.kin-s in 175, ; airl |l,„t„n p,,i,.,M,.i 
 hiskiiotter trim.' 111 i77fi ; Cniiii]it,,Ms mule «•.„ ,.,„ 
 ployc'l 111 ni ikiii- thr.'a.l for the st.ickins m uiiila.'tim. 
 about 1770. 
 Cotluii-Liii->'-n,h\im-ni-t. The sto.'kiim'-fraiiie of I ,.e wk 
 
 aiipheil t.) lai'e-makiii',' by II mun 1, abniit ijOj IL. 
 
 process perfecte.l by John Ileatlnnat, iSj-j, ' 
 
 S"!.' F'ic'iir:/ xi^iem. 
 
 COTTON FIBIIE IMP .lirKD IXT'l THE rxirri 
 
 lb. 
 
 1697- ■ i.'J7'J.35') i863 
 
 i7'o • • ■ 7'5.0'3' i37>3 
 
 t7^o■ ■ 1.545,472 1872 
 
 1705 • • ■ 3,870,392 1874 
 
 I 1782. . 11,823,039 '875 
 
 I 17';° • • ■ 3i,50J,ox) 1376 
 
 i3oo. . . 56,o33,,x>3 1877 
 
 . 1810 . . 132,503,003 187) 
 
 j i32j. . . 151,500,003 i33i 
 
 j 1830 . . . 2.34,03O,O-30 1883 , 
 
 J 1840 . . 592,500,0130 1885 
 
 ; ii6j . . . 1,390,938,752 i337 . 
 
 : i36i . 1,256.984,736 iS33 
 
 ■ i3'',3 . . . 52i,97!,2')6 1889 , 
 
 1863 . . 670.084. 128 1893 
 
 1864 • • ■ 8)4.102,384 1892 . 
 
 1865 . . 978.5,32,0.33 1893 
 
 1866 . . . 1,377,514.096 
 
 KIV.,1,,\|. 
 /', 
 
 '.323,7»ii.6if 
 '•33&.3Sr.l:) 
 
 '■S6'j.:i',4,4!: 
 '•4)2.351.1^1 
 ■.437.J^'.34i 
 l'355'-'3l..'J) 
 ■ .4')J.5;:,46( 
 '.Vi.oiiv.l 
 '■7!4.«;.5i! 
 1-425. 3n.;j5 
 
 ■■7'Ji.437.ji.' 
 '•73'.75;,');- 
 l'';37,4^-.;4) 
 I793'4j;.;» 
 ',775.;3«.-'" 
 1,416,703,3:1 
 
 Amcruian Ciitlin. I'revi 
 
 ills to 1795. our cnttim 
 
 "7'15 
 
 ib.'o 
 
 1S30 
 
 1840 
 
 1S47 
 
 1859 
 
 i860 
 
 iSCi 
 
 1S66 
 
 1^70 
 
 1871 
 
 1S72 
 
 1S73 
 
 1874 
 
 :ilill|,'fr.,iuth,' Cnil 
 iif , r,ii,,n b.'Kiin in 1 
 .yiii'liiall, inveiileil 
 .■..tl.'ll w.i.,1 is sepun 
 ^ii'iil .'ase ami ex|„.,| 
 .'iilliialion that th, 
 ],5u..,,uoo lb. of cottoi 
 
 Fnim till 
 
 5,250.L«K, 
 
 89,9.)!), 174 
 2lo,SSs,ls8 
 467,856,5,34 
 364.5W..!9i 
 961,707,264 
 :,ii5,8(/3,6oH 
 819.500. 52S 
 520,057.440 
 716,248,848 
 1,038,677.920 
 625,600.080 
 832, 573. ''16 
 874,926,864 
 C„«'"i impi'fldl fi-iiiii I ml 
 v.iliM', 3,572,32,)/. : in 
 .>;,025,856/. ;iii 1866, i.; 
 ill 1874, 412,025,040 Ih 
 1877, i9!,856,32o lb.; 1 
 i93,577,68olti. ; 1883, 26c 
 18S7, 276,506,720 II,. ; 
 273,810,880 III. : 181/3, 23( 
 i?93, 62,461,504 lb. 
 Aii^tmUiiii C'lttiin s;ii,l by 
 I't'Siipcriiir t.i the besT 
 .\miupaiiy forincil ,it .\(;ii 
 iii'liii, Afi'ie.'i. ami .itlni 
 ^iijfhl As.*iirintiiiii, loin 
 ,Siii''(' 1861, the cnitivatii 
 lliil.v, til: has Kieally in, 
 (■'('',« iiiijiiiiiiil /mm l-:,i, 
 1870, 143,710,448 lb. : iii 
 176.558,256 111, ; in 
 175,317,0721b.; 1883, i7o,( 
 18S7, 176,608,096 lb, ; 
 191,750,720 Ih. ; igg, 
 :ei,492,784 lb, ; 1S93, ^2, 
 I'sliiliitioii of cotton sUites 
 .*lit. 1S95. 
 
 ai'iilir.s OK eoiTox ia„ii, 
 
 KI.N 
 
 Vfficiitl rnhie. 
 *^5.9I5 
 
 l(4|7 
 
 1701 
 '751 
 
 1780 
 
 "790 
 1800 
 18:0 
 1S47 
 i860 
 i66i 
 1862 
 1S64 
 18M 
 1870 
 'S74 
 
 23.253 
 
 45.9S6 
 
 355,000 
 
 i,662,36,_) 
 
 5,406,501 
 
 ■ 2o,5o9,,j-6 
 
 • 2.1,333.225 
 
 • 52,012,430 
 
 • 46,872,489 I 
 
 ■ 36.750,971 I 
 
 ■ 54,882,329 I 
 
 ■ 74,565,426 
 
 • 7'. 416,345 
 .«73,247>625 I 
 
 came from the East ami West lii'die's, th--' tjvant.'iiil 
 
 ion, IN 1 
 
 Tlifsiii,|ilv„fe„t|oii fioni X, 
 
 iiii:iiiis,.,iii,.ii,.e,,f til,. s,,|.,.ji 
 
 ""111 til.' niii..n in iS6o-6i 
 
 "''"""l tl iintrv.in the 
 
 »"."r.i'. Ill .M..,y. ',862, h, 
 lallllli'tli,'l,i.ss,ifthelaboni 
 slfiliiii; ii ye.ir, ,iml cNtJin,, 
 "iil'i.'yiiiKilasses, at nearly 
 ■Uaiiii.|'iiiie„r„„|,|,.|,|,.||,|,|;| 
 
 liif iDtteii iMaiiuliictnrinir 
 ';";»'■. St. J:„Mcss. on ,„,tn 
 111 tilt iliiin., ,o,otm/. were 
 Mrid liiUtf Fiiml. The vj 
 
 ' .\lii;i!(ifv,iri,,n.s kimis nt 
 
 rcohoii .If 1)1. F„,bes Watson 
 :: NOV..23 u,,.. .g^,. 
 
COTTON. 
 
 280 
 
 AiM.Tir;,n, ii,v,.nt,.,| Ih.. ,^,;,', ^ ',■,,' "''I''''''' "" 
 
 ,.„tt<MI 1V„„1 is M.,„„ „ ' ,C ,' "■ ." " = "l|ll"' I'.V whirl, 
 
 COULMIEHN. 
 
 
 yniiii III,' Uniktl Sliil,.<, .v...| 
 5.25o.tXK, III 
 
 I 
 
 1705 
 
 1S40 487.85(),:jo4 
 
 1S47 j64.5W.W()i 
 
 1859 961.707,264 
 
 iSt.) I,lI5,8i;u.(xiS 
 
 iSti 819,5110,528 
 
 1S66 520,057,4411 
 
 1870 716,248,848 
 
 1571 I,038,677,ij2o 
 
 1572 625,(100,080 
 1173 8,12,571, f.i6 
 1S74 874,926,864 
 
 ■.^5.270,547/.; 
 
 '"'? «(', 13.1,472 1 
 
 '^7'J '(12,800,176 
 '»77 912,244,5^,2 
 l|7'( 1.0^2,462,080 
 
 I8H1 l,2IO,(jSo,283 
 
 \fo] ■•=-W.4Io,592 
 1H85 I.o5o,546,oi« 
 
 [III ■.^\fi.894.464 
 
 1889 1,421, til, ,872 
 
 1890 1,316,7,6,596 
 1892 1,405,528,208 
 ■893 1,055,85,, i6o 
 
 .;,025,S56/. : ill 1866, 1,847,77;, lMr.'s''v;lli„ 
 
 ill 1874, 412,025,0401(1. ;'ii, ,g„, 2,5 x-n ::;'« ••, 
 
 ..... -.,:„^..._^.. • -'..d"""'-. 1885.145.. 30,04811..; "l"foilH^,l,.,ti„„,"l,^,„. ^, , 
 
 iB6j. •* "'"•*'""'''.V'li'voiis, |,iil,|i.^l„ 
 
 lis?, 276,506,720 It.,; ,888, 170 .,8"V6K'""ti^"'.""*oo" 
 
 ^;;:;;i:;:i?tu;:t!.j;^.^--;r!:;:i'::-^ 
 
 1S62. ■ • '"j.*',;^- '■■"II ly jhiiiii, 
 
 j 'ii.liil.v, iS6i, III I thi' v„ln., ,.f 
 
 I K'«"S, ,L„,„„r,hl,«t„ ,1,,,.' ' ""■' '"I III , .y ,„„l 
 
 ^.;^r:::i;';i;:,i:r.^;,'-.;i?''r^ 
 
 i".-f:^;i''i.^;;::-i:;'7:!iSf--i'f''''''- 
 nio;:;:'i8;!;,-,!;:i,':n;? 'r^ut'''-^^ 
 
 i5 Jim. 1863. '.^ 'II I'ottoii ULstiicts. vv,m,s 
 
 III Jui,u, ,86,, .Ml- f,,,.,,„|i ,, . . 
 
 (•iiTnii.t..! i;, m!;v 'r^';.,y';v:i;;'''j'V''':''"'^^'"»'^'-. 
 
 '■'-'" ■""■--''^'i^"'^:r;^;„:ri;,.^;-Li,.s 
 
 1B63. .> "III. oil. .V.Il'VOIIS, |,„l,|i,l„.,| 
 
 ^t,s::"^uV'': ""1 "■- '"-'e II.. Ill ,87, Th.. 
 
 A IDoiiii.iM.i I ..■:.. )_.<.. 
 
 ■ si?, i76.6o3o96"ll,. ;' ,M8, i47.i9,,"'i'3i"»i 
 
 ,,,,750,720 Id. ; ,89,,. ,8,,;(;6,^;6 %,"'•,' ,0 -■ 
 
 :fi,492,7e4lb, ; ,S93, ia,,,.,55^jg^, I,,' '-■ '' 
 
 ;?;iKi::!rnr;-.,,.:f,i;-'M\-.!;n^rir,u^=r 
 
 ^|iiko:.iis|.,;;;:'^,:;, ,,^-;;:;"|-./:".N.,.t. Vss = 
 
 •' l|"i' ''''lit- ■v.lii,.ti„„ (Ir,, V . "'-"!' ■i^lMiv ,,„;„„.,t 
 
 l'"llll'tlnll of ,v;,:..,..s „; i, ,i,: '.^ '■':'■- ■■ >"ltl,M„P„t ■ 
 
 1847 
 
 i£6o 
 
 186, 
 
 1162 
 iS^4 
 ,866 
 1S70 
 ,874 
 
 =0,509.926 I 1S87 . „, -■ ■-;■ 
 
 ==.1.3)3,225 I (i,„.l„,ii„j, ulmwil^;^/' 
 
 ''jT-'t -c '"""'laii.i'v' .r^ 
 
 ■ 46.672,489 i8g8(i-..ti,,|| ,,i,lv>6. 
 
 ■ 36,750,97. .88y. "■''^V','o''"'J 
 • 54.882,329 I ,8yc, . • kl'JP-^''^ 
 
 ■ 74.565.426 ,8y, . • I'-f S'^^ 
 •,7'.4.6.345 .892 . ■ ,fi',T''^J 
 ^73,247,625 ,8,1 . . • ^6,263,468 
 
 54,699,367 
 
 8.M,.,di, ,So8. '""''• '■"il''".v.Ms ,„ .M„',„.l,Mster 
 
 Sen I ,../:.. . -> * 
 
 'St;o liulln, 1,3, J 
 
 
 lorrox FvMi.vK. 
 
 IlltSU],|i|viif I'ottd,, f,i„„ v,„.,|, 1, 
 
 ii.c,.i*Mii.Mi,-.nf h! n^^i /^";;'''^'''';;iiy'-i»e,i, 
 
 fi"intl„. ,i„i,„i in ,,S6o.,,s',%'i',"".;l",f ■■',""' 
 
 TOIICI til,. ,-,i,ll,tlVol, th,. , |. „,,„., fV, •''■■'■ "'■'=''-.V 
 
 «wn-. In .M,-,v. '.s^ ,,.. .'1"? '.".', 'm'^'iiiH I" this 
 faillliv tl 
 slfriillK 
 niil'i.iyiii 
 .Itaiiienii. 
 tilt cattii 
 
 llllllHl', St. „ , „ 
 
 ill tilt dial 1-, 10,000/ " u'!.',',', ■u.'.i'"'"', '",''■"" "I "filiv '/.T/. — 
 
 0H,.a..s, ,f,/,f.r.riv„';,„::'""f »"■ 'm'^ west of 
 
 -«- '?# 
 
 ^^li 
 
 rtfr *'fC 
 
 It 
 
I 
 
 1 
 
 
 k 
 
 
 k 
 
 
 i 
 
 «;,^ . 
 
 (JOINAM. ■■!'■"' 
 
 COUNSEL. 
 
 niKk'l- i;i llrnil Vi>ll (liT 'I'llllll. wen' ilifnltcil ll\ till' 
 
 FiTiiih :iriiiy n| die [.ciiT, nnili r v'l tiiTul il'Aiirrllf 
 (If raliiilillri, wliii liKik iilmilt J()ii(l ini^innis, ') NiiV. 
 187CI, iinil rc';;;iiiiril Oiliiiin. 
 
 COrXANi. II irn-itiii'v lirfwri'ii nr;i/il mill 
 Fi-eiirli (liiiiiii;!. 'I'lu' riilii iiIiuih iitti'iii|it, tn fuiiliil 
 an iiiili'|ii'iiiliiil l!r|iiililii l.iili'il liii'>' v^l- •li'l'''* 
 (iriis. lnvM.lcnr. ,Viij:,-S.'iit. 1S.H-. An iirninu'i- 
 iiinif ii>i|ii'.tiii:; lliii trrrilnrv wiis iiiiulc lictwi'ill 
 J'nilirc iMid llri/il In l,Sii3, I'm' piiUi i' liiiqiusi's. 
 
 COUNCIL 1)1- JrD(iEa. Sue Jmli/rs. 
 
 COUN'CTL OF OFFrCEIJS. "f; the mniv, 
 
 COIlstillltril liv ( liilllHlll mill tiliuril '• NrW Miillrl" 
 
 1042, iiliMlislii'il liy ('lim'li''< II. ni(jo. 
 
 COrXCJILS. ICin^' Alfiv.l, in iilioul .S8(,. u 
 •aid tn iiiivt su ii'ianmil tin' Im-ini'^s nl' tlic 
 nntion, that nil ri'solntinnH piissi'il tliniu^li tliri'i' 
 comii'll-'. Thr tir-t wii^ u select nniinil wliieli nm- 
 siilel'l'il ;ill iilt'iiir- tnlie liiiil Im'I.iM' the seioMil 1 'iiineil, 
 bisliiips mid Miilile.'t iippeiiii".! Iiv tlie kinjf, like the 
 (pi-enent pi-ivv 1 otineil. Til.' tliinl whs n ifeiieriil 
 asseiiihh iif the niilinii, eiiUeil, in Siix.pii, \Vitteii;i- 
 ({enuil, In whiih iiuiility iiml ottiees t;:ive 11 riglil to 
 sit. In tlirse tliree enniii'iU we liehnld the nri'.'iii of 
 tlie eiiliiii' t, privy inuneiN, anil ]i:u-limneiits; see 
 Cahiiiii, Ciiiiiiiiri,! and Prinj Vuioicils, ice. 
 
 COUNCILS, FuEXcir. The Cnumil of 
 
 Ancieni'.s, ceiisistlnu: of 2511 iiienihei-s, tnK''tlier 
 with the couiuil id' l-'ivF. in Nimr.li. instituted iit 
 Paris, I XdV. 1795: the e.veeutlve was a Direi tnry 
 of KiVK. Bimaparte dispevseil the iiniiii'il nf l-'ive 
 luMiih-eil at St. Clnuil, i) Nov. i;i)i), dei'larinif hiin- 
 aelf, HnL'-er Diiio-i, mid .Sieyes, I'unsiil.s jirorisoires ; 
 see Fiunn'c. 
 
 COUNCILS (IV THE Cui-iiril. The follow- 
 ing ai'e ainniij; the most nieiiinialile. Ihnse nuni- 
 Viered are the (EcHtiiiiiicul or (Siiirnd Comicils. Sir 
 Harris Xicnliis in his "Clirnnolo;y of History," 
 pnuineratea 1604 1 oimeils, mid gives iit! alphalietical 
 list. 
 
 of till' ilniri'liiit .r'liisnlein (.Ii'/.i NV.) ... 50 
 Of till' western liMiMpsiit .Vrles, in Frnnee, tn sup- 
 press the Doiiatists ; three I'litlirrs of the KiiKlisli 
 
 I'liuiili iittendeil 314 
 
 I. First (Eeiiiiii'iiiial 111 rn'iii'ial. at Xiee (Cniistan- 
 tine till' (iri'iit pii'siili'il). lii'i'iei'i! the eiinsiilistaii- 
 
 tialily of the S f tliMl uli-iiiiieil Ari.inisiii. 
 
 anil I'nnipiisi'il till' Xii'i'iie eri'i'il .... 325 
 
 At Tvri'. .'i^'iiinst .Vtliaiiasiiis 3J5 
 
 The iirst lit t'onsl.iiitiiioi.li', wlieii the Ariaii lii'ivsy 
 
 f;aini'il ;;i'iiniul 337 
 
 At Hoiiie. in fiivi'iir of .Vtlianiisiii.s ... 342 
 
 At .S.inlis: 370 liisliojis atteieleil ; Arians coii- 
 
 ili'iieic'l 347 
 
 At liiiiiini : 400 liishops ntteiiili'il : Constantiin' 
 
 olili;;i'il them 111 sii;n a new I'onression . : 359 
 
 JI. (.'unstantinopl'' : oriental eniiieil: i;o"rthoilox 
 !iislirip< |iresi'iit wlicn it met ; presiileil over ist 
 I1V Mi'li'tins, 21hI liv r.ii'i;iirv X.ui;inzi'ii, ^I'l by 
 
 Ni'i'tarius ; luhli-.l to the Niee r I; ilei'l.ir.'il 
 
 the hishop of Constiintinopli' 11. 'Xt in rank to 
 Iti'iiii' ; (.'onstanliiiople lieiii;; Ni'W lt"me . 381 
 
 JII. Kphi'sii.-: : (Mil lit .\l"Xanilri,i presiip'il ; aii- 
 alhi'inatiseil aii'l .l.'p.is.d N'i-.st"i ins ; prot.-sted 
 .'U'iiinst any iiihlitioii to the original Xici'iie er I 431 
 
 IV. dial Ion: 520 'iisliii|is present ; dei'lareil the 
 
 two natures nf Clirist, I)i\ine aii'l Ituinan, as de- 
 tliieil liy Leo nf Home; a"ei').t'il and iloeree'l 
 the ('ohsliintinopolitaii ailditinii |o the Xieeiio 
 ereed 451 
 
 V. (.'oiistantino]i|e ; Kiityehos, |.atriareh of C'on- 
 stantinopli', presidi'il ; eoiiili'inneil the tliive 
 
 eliniiti-rs (writti'ii tiy Tlieoilui f .Mopsaesti.i, 
 
 Tlieoiliii'i't, mill i.lhi'rs); Vi^-iliiis, hishop of Home, 
 lirotesteil, lint afti'i-WMiils iissi'ht'il . . . 533 
 
 VI. (.'olislii|ilili,,pl,.; Jiiipr .\nilllic. |il,-si.|i-.l; il(;ailisl 
 
 .Moiiothelites 7 Nov. O80, to 16 Sept. 681 
 
 .Vnlleirity nf tin' six jji'iielal eolllieilH I't'-t'ittlllillidii .| 
 to fl ll'SillS . -,, 
 
 VII, Si'Miiul .Nli'i'iie: 350 IiI.sIio|ih atti'iidi'd; ilKaiiist ' 
 
 Iccilliii'l.lsts 34 Nl'l't. to 3) III t 
 
 VIII, l.'on»taiitlnopli' ■ II nipi'inrllasil utteiiihil , 
 
 a;,ailist leoiiiiil.isl.s mid lu'i'isii'S 
 
 slii't. Sr.n, to j3 F. '. ,.. 
 
 At rli'mimit nvi'iii'd liy I'llmn II. to iintl,,i, 
 
 lis,' till' 1 riisMih's : no liisliop,s nttemli'd . ,,, 
 
 l.\. First I.ateraii : iiHlit of invi'stitiiie seftli.fl I,, 
 treaty 'utweeii poj.i.' CalixMis II iiii.l llir i'i)i|ii|, , 
 lli'iiry V. , . . is Mini h In , Api :, 1, 
 
 X !S ml (.ateraii : Iniinii'nt II, pii'siili.i| ; p,. 
 
 serv.itiiiii nf li'iiip-nahliis nf I'lilisiiistlis. 11,,. 
 primil'al snli.ii'i't : iu.jo tiitlii'is of the ilnn |, 
 •ilti'ii'h'd JO Apiil, II 
 
 XI. fliii'd I.ateraii, aKainst Hi'hlsniaties 
 
 5 to 19 Man Ii. I,. 
 
 XII. Foni'tli Lateral! : 400 liishops and 1000 iil,l.,,t< ' 
 atli'mliil I Inno.eiit III. inesiih'il ; iij;aiii«t All.i- 
 '-•■nsis, \,' ntiMoN.'i ,,,. 
 
 XIII. I.\niis: niider pope Iiinoeeiit IV.: enip,.|,,|. 
 FivliTiik II. ili'piisi..l . 23.1nni' to ly.i.iiv , 
 
 Xl\' l,\"ns: mill, 'I' (iri'unry X. ; ti'iiipniiiry uni.ii 
 nf llii ik .iinl L.iliii rliiinliis 7 .May tn i; .In,,,.' , ,. 
 
 XV. Vii'iiiii' in Iiaiiphiiie: I'liiiieni V. pii'sii||.il, iiii.i '' 
 the kiiiKs of Fiaiire and .XiiiKmi attended ; m,!, 1 
 
 iif Knights Templars siippii'ss.il 
 
 16 I let. i)ii : , Ajiri! and r, Mii" 1 ,, 
 
 XVI. Pisa: Oiv-nry XII. ami lli' liet XIII ,i,.. 
 
 pnsi'il ; Al.'xamleri'lei'ti'd 5 .Man li tn 7 \ii • ,. 
 
 XVII. L'..iistaiiie: .Martin V. eh'i'ted jmpi. ; mA 
 .li'liii lliissaiid Jerome of Fragile eoiideiiini'il tn 
 
 !"• ''nrnt mu-i.,. 
 
 XVIII. ILisi'l -iM 
 
 XI.N Filth Lati'ian: lieKiin liy,Iiillns IL . ' ,'J; 
 Cniitiiiui'il iiinli'r Leo X. fnr the snppi.'s.sion nf ||„. ' " 
 
 ]ii,i-iiiatie s:iii,'tionof Franee,at{iiinst the emuii il 
 
 nf I'isa, \e., tUl ,. 
 
 XX. Tri'iit : ln'lil to eoiiih'inn the iloetriiii'S of tl,'. ' ' 
 
 refill iiiei's, Liithi'i-, ZniiiKliiis, uml Cilvin. (>,.,. 
 
 Trnil.) .... 13 I),.,-. 1545, tn , II,,,, ,.,, 
 X.VI, Hniiie : snmmoiied liy an eiieveheal l.-ttrr 
 
 S .Si'pl, iS63 ; nut ...".. S lii'i'' 1?-, 
 Present: 6 ari'liliisliop-|iriiii'<'s, 417 eanlinals, li ' 
 
 Jiatriari'lis, 6S0 an'hliishops and liislmps,' ..j 
 
 ahliots, ivi Kenerals of oiih'is -803 in nil 
 There wen- lii'ld four piililii' nessinns, iiii,l l,i.t«i,.M 
 
 ()o and IU.3 eiiiiL;ri';;atinMs, Xrw eaimns ui.],. 
 
 issiii'il .-4 .\pril, 1870, anil iifti'r mneli ih.seH.s»i,.ii 
 
 and opiinsition, tin' inl'alliliilitv of the pui,,. 
 
 as lii'iiil of the Chiiri'h was :iflirmi'd liy 547 
 
 placets against 2 noii-iilai'ots, and priiimili;ati.i|, 
 
 lii.liilv! I." 
 Many hlslmiis witliilresv from the dlNeiissioii. Tlie '' 
 
 eoiiiiril then ailjnuriii'd tn 11 Xov. (see Rnnit.) 
 
 _ COUNCILS OK CoXCILIATIOX, to ailji..i 
 difl'erenees between masters mul workmen, nriv h 
 estahlislied hy lieemc of the seei'i't:iry uf .n.ite', W 
 virtue of mi liet p;iss(.'d 15 Au;,'. iStj;. ' ' ' 
 
 Till' laliniir eoneiliatinii hnanl nftlie Lninlnii eli.-im. 
 her nf eoiiiiiii.ree, emistiluti'd to proiiinli'.nnic. 
 nhh' metlioils of settliii},' lalmiir disputes, i;i-, 
 
 (^ Fi-I). r 
 Cirenlars issued propnsin!,'tlie est,ahlisliiii,.iit,,|-t|„,' ' 
 
 Londnii enneilialiiiM Imaid with scpaiat,' "..m. 
 
 lllittees iirili'li';,'ati's . . alinllt 6 .M:llo!i 
 
 Mi'i'tiii;; iifdi'lesili's nf lahniir or;;aiii.s,itiiiin at lli.' 
 
 •illiei', of the eh.imlii'r of enmnii'iee . n,) Oct. 
 S'leecssfiil eniii'iliatioii eniileii'iiees in Ynrk^liii,. 
 
 miiiiiu' districts Ill t. ,, 
 
 First mi'i'tin;,' nf Die hoard . . . i: II,..'] .. 
 Aetivi'in iSgi. First annual report issn.'il i.5,liiii, i-,.. 
 Annual nieetint.'s ; ri'iiorteil . . , 15 April, li,: 
 Heo 1 '.wi/, 1893 94 and Strikes. 
 
 COUNSEL are supjiosed to be eoeval with tt? 
 iHiiii i-eijis. Advocates are referred to tlic tiiiie.: 
 Edw:ird I., hut are meiltioiied p:irlier. Counsel »i. 
 were j^uilty of deceit or collusion were puijijiid.r 
 by the statute of Westminster, 13 E.hr. I. i:N, 
 Counsel were allowed to persons clrirwl uji'a 
 treas.jii by net S Will. III. Itii/j. An ait wcn.i:it 
 persona indicted for felony to make their iieti'n:e 
 
co[r\T. 
 
 COI'XT. r,alii, r-,„„> 
 
 »"; "■" I n .f .1 ),;,]' ;,;:',",! (»''-^' «-it. 
 
 .o^i:^!^;^™^',!^!*^^''',/"' --•). of 
 
 kno»ii -iM'ciim.i, „(• ,,,rii,'.',',I!l',',?-'r ri'" «'iii-li(..<t 
 
 ror.VTEss ui- irirvTrvmnv-.Q ^ 
 
 NEXIn.V: «,.,. //7,//.//'/,/'y;y^-^^'^0N'S Co\. 
 
 , COrXTIESurNirriiF, ti, i- • • 
 
 AllVnl; l.ut 8»nir ,.MUM i. :;,.,' ■"'''''■ "'"' 1^^'"-' 
 aUvi.vntury hci;,,- TI, ■''"' '"''■•"''" "•"»'-' 
 
 r,M„m,.. t„ok plan, i ■, -, '"■'7",'.' "' ''''■l''".! into 
 
 whi.h period kni.lj, VI '•'..n.';'''''"'-'"'. 'H'lort. 
 
 «>'i2 Will. IV. .'.a /,H ;):;';„:';• ," "r "'■'■'>■■'.; 
 
 "f th.- iMM-quis nr^Si'v,:, ;.'''7 '•■'.' '>ytlM.„iotinn 
 tciianN of land iiof sim ,t,. i,,' , i • '"''upiiTs ui* 
 
 anm^dn.ntof ^n/. , ,;, '"'''I'f'.P^'.vi,,,. a,, 
 
 olt.r.v >-olor«. and in ,h,.o„ """■'' "l" •"""l»■'• 
 Kdl.rm a.tof ,- .{„,,'.*,sji »"^ «"I"'-«'ded hy tho 
 livilif Wiiitor .\»siz,.s »,■( ,s,r . . 
 
 COrXTRYl.AUTY,,s..er.„. /.„,., 
 ,,g>rXTY COXVENTIOXS, .oo '/,.„„, 
 
 te ii-ei^of'!', !' :^,i^ -"»;;;; i" Jan... «x,).„ 
 
 w,.r,. ,.|,.,.|,.d. "■ ' S<''itn , and justioes, 
 
 Till' ClllM.ils .HSUMif. tli,.ii. ,„,u-,.,.- . ., 
 
 tioii «-.is WianK,.d (ro r M,' ,""u"" f ^'l'^'- 
 
 pi«".l^AuK. ,891 '" •^'■'■••''' 'ly not 
 
 '-■.iiut.v( .inidls Asv.,.i,.,ti |„. ,1 ,■,, .,., -.. . • F^'"'- >889 
 "i-'i'«,.sfi„ii„,,.,. """"I'l tliralirst n t- ^ 
 
 ''"'■•" siiiiv. • • . . 3j May, iSgo 
 
 »Ut 
 
 COUUT OF iioxurjf. 
 
 iSfig 
 
 AIM is said to n,'.\lH.j'' ;"';'••'''' .tHbnnal., 
 t.^.s ...1,1 countie.. into h , I, ds ,""' '"/■' '•""'- 
 x-'m t„ have exislH .nu.d" ea,1i,V ''■'■'"" ^^•■'^«"'-t8 : 
 
 Ollllltv.CnInfs, f,„.tli,. ,. v,.,.v„f,l i, 
 
 I 
 Til 
 
 •-'I'i^;^;,;;;"".-^'- "'''''•>--; :^.-iZ' 
 
 V '';."',"","';■:"■'''' "ill. «'i'ii,im«.,' • • , •, "i? 
 , ":"i",""''. '■-i'"''tiiiK 1 ....liuv ;.,. •''"■^' '^" 
 
 Mil., .,|,,.|-|f|,,|| "I' '",,11,., iVi'., |.aiii„ 
 
 ^."""'li'i'ii. A,.. p'hs..,|' ' • ■ -'5 Apill, ,38,5 
 
 iiH:r':i!!:?'''*-'J''''«'''''"^''"^'"i'-i'r,"^h''''' 
 
 r.S^'^^lt'K^j^S^lAXI^ COURTS. 
 
 N'.v. ..S,S,,,. .V,r.,„,.Vp;.i|, VsJ^'.''^*"' ''^■'-' ^''•''-''. 
 
 c>^H • ■u^fKo,^*^:;i'l:^i;,;i";^'"""« "- «-t to 
 
 ■■'"."n^ th,. l',.,.sian.. • s, ■/.•!; '■■•"•' "•^■'■'■,'■""""■"1 
 
 •^"...•ici's till til,, (inn. f \ ':, '"" "" ''''^'ul'ir 
 V'llf,! in ,.a,-s, al, "[ .f'^'" "^.^lien tli,.y „.a- 
 
 "'">-'>.^' ai,o,it ,, „ V ■ , '■'■.""■'• ''yt-'i'"'-!.- 
 . "■'« .■.,n-titi,i,.,i , mill r..v , ; . '• "" "'" '="'««. 
 
 , the first stone »a V i| i ;\„ '-'"""".'"■'•ii.l poi't 
 
 } cow^sI^u iei,!'''' '"'■•• ^-f'^''^'- '4.' 
 
 Iev^?f!^f3;../^^K0X. anan,.ie„t,.„n,.t,vhi,.h 
 
 't 'l..ties, he.iotV.„d''.\,:' ''•''"''•''''"?''""• In 
 states an,l .snrr,.,,!,! .,,'"""' "•« /fc'ened, and 
 "•.'■^ .vstrid.d in -a- . ,, '':J? • V.'J""^'""""" 
 .Bebts A,.t, .8,.:'l,'„l',;;."i:«^3;..,.J'y tlu.Sn.all 
 
 *■ ^'ive up 
 
 l".lS^-3;!i,li^i??,^ii',^R;-;''''"'"tire weekly 
 
 COURT DRE,SS,«ee in,;.' 
 estaldisin^d'^.s/o^^'^^''^^' ''"^Wounble journal, 
 
 »ii|-is..iin«;.,,n.tV,r :y'''7'''.''''i''-'"..'l>'.'=o/.. -'.'"'isnea i«2<). - """■•"'«' journal, 
 
 .oVi.t.,..;, """""'i'"'^"'. ..■■•'titut,.,! i,v,pj^ COURT T PPT 
 
 sixty .li,tn,.(.,. ,.,.,,.], ,n„,",.r;"'i""."' "" 
 
 >|'t. '• 61, to SHIMS n,it ..v,.,.,.,li,„ . , ■* 'j* '4 
 Tliea i.,n,.,,.,|i„„, la.ilitat, , fc'°'' ,' ■ 'Sso 
 60c ltv.,.„iiit.s in K„ ,, , I ',^5^ •■""' 'S54 ; 
 
 fn .85c ,,i,ii,„s "fm!; .,1 ' ^'' ;;^ '; '; ,";"7 ^. .'' ses.;. 
 
 .■iiviut.s w,..-,. ,o6 7n, f ""'"s "f tlie .s xtv 
 
 ™™"*™'"'"""-^tillfuitl„.,.,„,a,.,,,,, • ■:;;■'• '865 
 h"' . 20 Aug. iSil^ I 
 
 measiin.s, .v- TI . ' ' ' ''"'uli-nt wei-lits „.id 
 
 ^idin. whiii„\,,!.'y,,,; ,- -^^ 
 
 mURT'p'STv''''^"'^"^''''"^'-- 
 po^^LiJUiS^-l^mXTRY PARTY, 
 ;'''"..t i(,2o. At tin. , of H, '''"*-'^|">'' l'e:;inning 
 latter ,.n,l,„.li,.d to is, ,1 , ,1 , ." 1"^'' «^''>t'"T th? 
 ma.ntain,.,l the ri.;i , , ' ',-,'','''''','T,'' pHiieiples, 
 
 ^i^^tin^iiisln^ « ti. ..^ l'^^,'"';;',''^'^- If' "'"^ 
 (the .1/,,,,,,^.,,/,,,,,,,.^,"^''' y,w xii- lln.nias Hannu-r 
 
 Ax!u: -'" " »'»t"'--^), who died in 1746. 
 
 COURT , F HOVOTTR T r. , 
 
 -"■-^H.n.aa.y,,,f«^SI'iJ",,Jngla.d.he 
 
 u 2 
 
 
 ;fMiii!,ii2 
 
 "i:i.*'f;!| 
 
 ;^ i\ r 
 
 'i?ij 
 
lilt 
 
 ;{i 
 
 COriJT HT^. 
 
 \^ 
 
 m 
 
 'Mih 
 
 '..*•, 
 
 ,■; 'li 
 
 '^ I 
 
 li.jt- 
 
 #•* 4ju.^, wii* I'lilli'il 'Wr'c Milit'ii-i; In tJie firiw' 
 cif Ifriiry IV (iinilaiiliJcMiiii'n'ly lln'Cmirt of Honniir. 
 It) (*!• •ri:l.- Ill )„ *<'tlt llllrllii'm, II niinl • ' lnUHllir 
 
 «.i I in Ajifil. iNl'». Mr. .I.i« pli Ifimil- 
 
 ton , vcnro miiIi ntlv liilMMirril h< cutubhsli :i 
 
 •iinil.ii II,,. II ' '11 i'. llntiiili 
 
 corui oi-- n^'TiciAUY. iiioir, in 
 
 Scotbiiil. c.nsiitiiu.i i." 1 rciiiiiiii'-ii'ii iinilcr till' 
 (rn lit »Mil, |ti;i, iMtitic.l \li-2. The piodMllirr ill 
 tliU riiiirt WHS iiinrmlril by mi m t jiaiti-i'il in iXf)**, 
 
 Sec r(;/(;'/ uf Sitsinii. 
 
 C( >r UT OKI! K(irESTS, «o a»(.«rA »,r, 
 COUKT OF llliXII-nV, ''i('//««/''7'''//' 
 COUUT OF SFSSK »X, tin. !ip.;lirst livil 
 triliiiiml ill Si'utl.iiid, wax instil ntnl liy Jaiiii's V. Iiy 
 Ktiitnti', 17 M;n, I ^52, its niijiiii Iji lii^ as, lilnd t'n 
 till' rc'Tcnf, dub' "V Alliaiiy, It cMiisi^iril ,.f ij 
 jucli,'rs iiikI II ]irrsi(lriil, anil rrplarril a rulriliiitti'i' 
 lit' parliiimi'iit. In iS^o Ihr nmiilH r of jmlLa's was 
 rciliurd; and tlif court now consisls nC llir Imil 
 jircsiili'iit (tcriniil l"nl justiic L'i'Mi'nil\ llii' Innl 
 jiistiii -iliTk, ami II iinliniiry inilurs, In li*<(i7 tlic 
 Ilcrrssity n!' ri'iiuviitin^c tliis' laiiiit wa^ iis-rrtiil liv 
 liijfli Ii'ImI iiiitliiirity ; anil an art to aiiirnil its 
 Iii-oicihiri' was pa-si'il 31 July, IS6.S. 'I'lir lunl 
 pn siili lit, till' ri);lit li"'ii. Jipliii Iiinlin, iippuinti li. 
 Fill. iWi" ; iliril 211 .\u','., BUteii'ili il liy .lanas 1'. 
 ]). lliil.iTtmili, .Srpt. |.*<vi. 
 
 COUUT TIIFATliF, .Sliialli-s,,ua.(., ClieWa, 
 nlicni'ii 25 Jan. i.s;! i .Miss Litton lirst miiniigir. 
 
 C(.)rUTl!AI (llili-'iiini). Ilirr RoWrt, count 
 of Artois, wli.i liail ilrli atcil tin' Flriiiiiifis in 12117, 
 was ilctVatfil anil slain liy tlicin, r 1 July, 1 ^<i2, Tlic 
 Ciiiillict wild nauii'd the " Uattic of Spurs," lioiii tlic 
 nunilicr of gilt ~pui-s i.ilUctcd. 
 
 COrirr.S :MAKTrAL air ngulatcd liy tho 
 Mutiny ail, lii^l pas-id in Mffi. 'I'lio iiowcrs of 
 tlicsu courts wri'i- iiiiiili disiiissid ill I.'<(i7, ill I'Oiiso- 
 (inciico of till' iiiiasiiri s usi'il to siippriss the iicj.'ro 
 in»uri'<ilioii ill Jamaica, Uit. lii(i>. Sec -Irni'/, 
 I Jan. I.H,H7, i,S.,_5. 
 
 COUKT.S OF Jl'.STICE were instituted at 
 Alliens, 15(17 n.c. (see .//■(•A,//(/i/«.v) , liy. M,. sis, |,p|| 
 h.c. (Kf'iil. xviii. 35), and in lioinc. For these 
 realms, see ('/idiK't'i'i/, Vuiiiiiii'ii I'ltur,, lii' In i/mr, 
 Kiiii/'x lliiifli^ iVe. The citi/eiis 111' London wen 
 jirivile'jed to jihril lluir own lanse ill the courts nf 
 judieatllrt', Wlii; I't employilij; lawyers, exeept ill 
 Jileas of the cnnMi. 41 Hen." HI. 1257. SIniv. 'I'lie 
 rights of the Irish courts were i^ialilished by the 
 lintish parliiimeiit in Ajiril, I7H^. See Snpnnn- 
 (■'our/. 
 
 COrHT.^ OF LAW FEES ACT, passed 20 
 All;;. lN(i7, din its the application of suriiliis fees 
 towards jirovidiiij; new courts of jiihtice. Acts f,ir 
 bnildin;: these courts were pass,.,! in iN'i and l.Sdd. 
 See J.dir (.'nnrts. 
 
 C(JUIiTS OF SURVEY, cci-istinf; of a 
 judtje and two iis>i-,ti.nts, lor appeals ies|iectin;,' un- 
 seiiworthy shiji?, «>.•'■ ''lectcd to he a)ipoiiiied in 
 certain port.' and liiM ' 
 ping Act, 3v & 40 Viji. 
 eat in I'f''". 
 
 COUTKAS (S. ^1^ t-ia 
 Kavarre totally ilefentcj liic;!i 
 royalists, 20 Oct. 1587. 
 
 COVEXAXTEHf .h.,.e 
 
 ni;;!! ••!' ' 'hsri'- !. h;iV),,i;si-Ti 
 
 .he Menhant Ship. 
 I_: \u>r. .•h7()). They 
 
 /. Her Jionrv of 
 
 ;. !<! } ')< use anJ tlie 
 
 o'lS who in the 
 ■■Jhli le:t;;tte 
 
 and coroiriii/, eni;aged to stand hy eacli other in 
 opposition to the projects of the king in i6j8. Tire 
 
 ■i COVENTUV. 
 
 ciiVKN v\ I of \, nt'ii' bi'tweeii Knuhiiiil iiriil S, ..i; m,; 
 (the pncediint ijiie nioditied), •.oleninly iiijopi. ,| hr 
 
 the parii lit, IS •'''ept. I*i.(r. ^"1'* iicivpl.,! |,y 
 
 Chiirles II. 1(1 Aiiic. lli^ii, I, III lepndiated In hmi ,,j 
 his restoration in itidj, u hi n It was dn'laicil i., l„ 
 illi';fiil (V' i.arli.inicnt, and eoiiies of it ordcrcil 1 . i„ 
 l"iriit, ^ I'liiiiiiiiiiiiiiin M\\ ltiilh:veit lUt'''i . 
 1 in I , IV. Hi,,, .'ii^islcii ,.r ,i\ .mi, li-, : 
 1 flic prcsi rv.iijoii of the |cl'oniii.,| cluiieli In ."ii.ilin,, 
 
 II II' I till' ri t'oniiiitliiiiof iclltiloii ill KiikIiiimIiiii'I Ii. i.m.i 
 J. The extirpation of p,ip..|'V, pi,-la'.,\, Hchl»iii, ,1-... 
 .c fill pic-i.n.ilio'i of the Ills ili,.«o|' pitrUaiiiciil ai, I tii, 
 
 kiiiK's pel-oil aii'l iiiilliiailv. 
 
 4, flic .|i-,...M.ry aliil miiilshiiiclit of all iiiall«iiaii|., ,t. 
 
 5. 'fill' piisi.rviitiiiii of "11 lilesscil pciici? iKtWi. 11 iii(,. 
 kiiiitdoiiis : " 
 
 A. 'flic iisslstlii;! ,ill who enter Into tin vciiaiit 
 
 " yVii'.« ii'ill Id <li, ,M in Iht tiijhl ,./ il'il." 
 
 COVEXT OAUDEX ((...mhin), i,.rr.,ptii) 
 from " Coin cut Ciiinleii," having hi en ili,. ^;,rj,|, 
 
 of St, Peter's convent, 'i'lle sou. ire WHS hllill al„,.|i 
 1(1 Vv and tlieiiia/zaoii the iiortliside and tin . Ijiii. i, 
 wile i|,.-inniil liy Inigo Jones, 'I'lie fniit an. I v.,;,. 
 talde markets wi'n' relniilt in l,'<2()-}(), Irom (1.,.ii.m,. 
 hy .Mr. Fowler (the gmuiul helonninj,' to ih, ,1,1,^ 
 of lledfiinl). 
 
 COVEXT OAUDEN THEATRE -|. 1/,. 
 out ot oiii' in I.incoln's-inn-lields, ihroiitfli a nil. nt 
 irranted 141'lias, H. l(i(i2, to sir William |ia\-iMi,i, 
 whosr company was denoMiinated the "diik,.', ., 1.! 
 vants," as a co'inpliment to the duke of Yorl,, ,,11,1. 
 wanl- James II,; s,.,. tinder 'J'/,eiilii.s. — Tlietli, itn 
 was huriit down 5 .March. fS^i,, durinjiii /<,;/ ,„„„^,„ 
 held hy .Mr. .\iiilersiin, the' wizani of the iinitl,. 
 The pnseiit theatre hy K. Harry was opiind i;.\l.i\. 
 iX^X. The F/iii-ii/ lliil/ adJoininK it wa.s ii]i, nul'- 
 Miirch, l.SfiO. with til" Tolniiteers' hall. 
 
 COVEN rUY ACT passed, to prevent ni.ill, i .... 
 niaiininj,' and woundiiii.', '1 .March, \b-\, in ,,,m.... 
 (|ueiiie of sir John Coventry, K.H., .M,p., I,,,,,,, 
 niaimed in the streets of London, hv sir Tliiiiinj 
 Sandvs and others, adherents of the iluke nf .Mnu. 
 Iiniiilti, 21 Dei. 1(170. Hcpealed It<2,S, 
 
 COVEXTUY (Warwickshire). Lcofric, nv\ 
 
 of Menia, lord of Coventry, is ,iiiil to have iili,\,.,l 
 
 it fr..:ii heavy ta.\es, at the inten'cssion of hi» mii, 
 
 Godiva, on condition of her riiiin<.' naked tliniii.:, 
 
 the streets, ahmit 1057, Processions in her ii„ hm^' 
 
 took place in 1851: 2:; June, iS(i2; 4 Jiiin, i.Kk. 
 
 20 June, I.S70; 4 June, 1K77; I, .V,j-. |,sx.; .nj 
 
 2 Au^', l.Si,2. Tlie le;;enil is imdialdv liil,ii|,.ib! 
 
 A liarliaiiieiit was held here in tin'. ri'i:n ,it 
 
 Henry IV, called jiiiiliiiiiniiliiiit itii/nc/.i,,,^ ,ir 
 
 the nnlearneil piirliiiment. because lawvci. wrrc 
 
 excluded, 1404; and in the reimi nf I'li'vY) 
 
 another met, •■ lUed /uniiiiiiiiiitiiin iliiihiilieiini, in, 
 
 the acts oi ali.iinilerpassed against the dukccfVu 
 
 and others, 20 Nov. 1451^ The to\ 11 m is ur- 
 
 rounded with stnina: waifs, three mile., in liuaui- 
 
 len'tn e, and twenty--ix towers, wliiih were dc- 
 
 niolished iiy onier of Charles II. in Ifid:, The 
 
 rililion-makers here sull'cred much frmn want of 
 
 work in the winter of i,Siu-(i. An iiidii>lrial cxhj. 
 
 hition here wa.s ojieiied by earl Granville, irj Juiif; 
 
 closed by the earl of Olarendon, 21 Oct. ll-O'. 
 
 'Hie prince and princess of Wales were warmly 
 
 received 7 Nov. 1874. The llisiiui'iiK »i 
 
 '.onnded by Oswy, king of Mcrcia, bzfi, ainl li.ul 
 
 the iloubre iianie of Coventry ami Li.iitiik!. 
 
 •'■hich w.iN reversed by later 'bishops, Ii »a< 
 
 •. wealthy, that king" OH'a, by the ftivnur of 
 
 pope Adrian, made it arehiepiscopal ; but this lille 
 
 was laid a.^ide on the di ath of tinit kin^. In lu.S 
 
 the see was removed to Chester; in 1102 toCovintrvi 
 
 and afterwards to its original foundation, Lidifid'J, 
 
 nut Willi ifruat o 
 vi'iilrv. <.'nenti 
 I.n hill Id (w'/fM'A 
 i.Hi)!, W.72i>. 
 
 flinUu».' nil Uin )• 
 
 Ni'iv iiirk ulft of M 
 Messrs. Iliiiiilii'rs 
 U'll'iiiiliiK toiisc.i 
 
 COW- POCK 
 
 niAiis. ■uii- 
 
 isili II riiiiiieil by II 
 
 CUACOH'. H 
 
 full's elected Crnci 
 ..'iiW «itllt'ic»p,)i|, 
 it Viis tlieir im.'iImI 
 tiyClnirli . XII. in 
 •ii'vei'iil liiiii s by tl 
 cati's. The soverei; 
 1704. Tlje lOissian 
 inpi-lJi'iJ 111 Kos,.ius 
 fi'iiilircd (i) the I'rij 
 I'u 171^5 Mas awiu'dei 
 ciitii ;( repuhlic, Ju 
 
 RlMSl.llls, wh'l fiilj,) 
 
 Si'jil. I.Sjl, I/s ini 
 mid it was «i'i/;,.,l I, 
 dncirjiniated u illi hi 
 Wii» imitested agailis 
 mill Turkey ; see J'l, 
 jfi-catcr part o( the ci 
 Jncivcry on 22 Jiih', 
 tii'rliiiicil fur 21 veiir« 
 riiiliiiif. l'ii|iulation, 
 III,. Mish'ip .*lliiii Dunn 
 
 Eiii|iiri', iiiiil pnniale 
 rii" li'i'ly "f A. 1,1 111 ,\| 
 
 liiMiU'lif fniia f'niiic,., 
 fiilisii ci'ii^'n'.ss of natii 
 
 CRANES are of V 
 .»f Aivliniicdeii may bi 
 hiid bi'i'H en'cleil at ( 
 ton*. One in Woolwi 
 ■tons. See Ih •■rielis. 
 
 Cli.VNIOLOGY 
 
 'ituilc „f ||„. ,..vteriial I 
 
 iniliiatjrc ,.f mental 
 
 Dr. VyM. till' pr.ipouiiii 
 
 (jiini .V.inli, i7yS. 1,111 
 
 araoiii; lii.> .sili,i,,l|t.l|,, 
 
 thr liemls «f riniinals 
 
 O'lliioed Ills ill. 'as to a s 
 
 like a iiiiii), (' i.s \i(fX I 
 
 in 171/1; liat lu 1.S02 tl 
 
 hiWtcil his teaching, ] 
 
 S|iiii7lii'im ; and in i,S| 
 
 thi'irwork on the " Am 
 
 Xwvnus Svfteiii, and o 
 
 Oill ilicii iu iKiK, T 
 
 Spiirzhciia h'd to iiicj 
 
 Cmiibe's " I'hrenolo^ry," 
 
 Che |ii>|mlar Fngll-h wor 
 
 ^iiri'al siii'icttcs were fn 
 
 EliinhuiKli, 
 
 IWiii'iiuhi-y ii-,.|,s refuJeif li\. 
 
 Ilrvi.'ir, in ,Jjfl_ ,,||,J j, 
 
 t.'iii|ieiit,:r. l'r,if,.ssor |),.,, 
 iifri'.si.ar''lics tliniii^' (,, 
 f;nii!ti..sii, tli'-iiraiii r., | 
 187.1. He |iiihlisln.,| his 
 
 Hraill," ,i;f,; _,||,; ,.,|i|j,,, 
 
 ' JJiiiiii, 
 
 Ml h.f 
 
 ai|Uiiil,.||y jourii 
 
<'^\ |''><K i\()<;rLATi«)x. 
 
 Md 
 
 nut wiHi ifiitiiii ci|,|ii„iti,,„ ( 
 
 rirhrli 111 (w/ 
 
 i>i'PltlV f 
 
 "•"III the lllMllkHor Co- 
 
 '■iJi.DIT F(»\(M;u. 
 
 iH()i. u,7i(). 
 
 JdolJUK nil Uiii levvJ 
 
 yniiy rmix.Ml iiil.) ilir lMili„iiri. of M,Vl 
 /'«'A «<y . '„„„l„(l WW. 'L'" '3"' 
 
 ')• l'.i|Hllil( 
 
 .CUAXMi:i; r. 
 
 l"M, iHSl, 
 
 4-».><Ji ; 
 
 »<■(■ /•, 
 
 .v'liu iir thx 
 
 ' ^ li'iii '< inti' 
 
 Xcw I'iirk clft cfMr. |i. n 
 
 W,..i.rM 
 
 il 
 
 iiiiiiii>r'i 
 
 ryi'li. 
 
 I"'l !•. ■■|>i'lh'.| 
 
 • 1 ^'ht. lis J 
 
 r'itA\\(),ji.x 
 
 ''ItAWoV,,, ( 
 
 VriMKll, ANU Kuif,|,;v, m,ir- 
 
 ■""/''*, tiiiti-', 
 
 l."U;lailli)ipi. 
 
 ^IMI- I, 
 
 ailjiiiiiliiif Lmiikim ',| 
 
 iiiMiiurui'liirv 
 
 ''"'■I. iSiJ) flMtrni, ,lr(' 
 
 lire lllr M 
 
 iiA\i..\, r 
 
 iMiai{t*i| ; 
 
 iinit ami 
 
 .■.llriiMi,,! I 
 
 ('li'.A.II.S. Tile ni/i- (if u'liicli tlin.. . 1 
 
 citi'». 'I'll.' .oveivi-ii tt;,H , i„« 11 I .,t f' ""''''l':- 
 into u n.puMi,., ./urir, l.Su ,,,'',"'"' '"™"'' 
 
 »;ls|initcst.',| ;|;;.llllst IV I'M' In, I I.', V ' 
 
 wluiW fni-2r vciifK II a ninvrnt ,.,.11 l„ •,!'"• 
 mm. l-„,iulati,.n. l.S7,,;,;,o!5; "•'""" ^■'"''■"' 
 
 riiMlNhnp All.iii l>nM,ii..«^kl,'i„;„t,.a i,riiio,.„f tl„. 
 Enipiiv, nil, I piiiiKii, ,,| |',ii..|„i l""ni "I riic 
 
 ri... i»..iy ..r.x.iiii, .M„.M,.„,v ,i„; p,,,;,,, ,•'"';• '339 
 p.ii.i, f.,„.^,v,, ,„■ „„,„,„, ,„i„,„',„ !.;;:i',',„„|,.,i,;|;.'i.^ ■'^^ 
 
 CRAN L,S HIV nf very ,.,.,ly ,I„t,., f,„.,i„, ,,„„:' 
 
 ;;;;ir::s.T';,'SK?::;,.,;i;.:Si,;™ 
 ;::n;:;;;,s." - 'i".»'n":;.v." 
 
 ™1i,«m1 las i,.,.,s ,„ a .v,st,.n. , ,, -Li; , 'i'"'";'''^ 
 
 ••" 1:')'); llUl iU LSO' till' Austi-i,,, ?r \ ' """ 
 
 i;.i.t..,Mas,,.a,.hin^ I;,X;^^i:;:!;;;';,';•l;-- 
 their w,jrk on tl,.. •' Anat.inua, /n ■':, , : , ,■ I'.,'' 
 
 the ,,™uia,-K,,.iuh^v;,.k,;^',,':^^ ;;;',"' 'f''>'i^ 
 
 «fa, ami 
 
 IIH'C' iiv 
 
 It'll til, 
 
 I'c'iliiinaii 
 
 ii'^ialy, N.O 
 
 » umli'i' Ant 
 
 iMilr,l,.|atnl () 
 'I'll, 
 
 iv.k., I 
 
 ijintiT aiiij 
 
 « |i',. Il' 
 
 "'■""''■'I ['■■^i'."'iMii"'\M}fi:,M:' '^''"•Vi"'»i""^.i.- 
 
 n.id.i ,,,,,::', ■,""•■'" "' I'" '■""»tn »l.'i. 
 
 ;i'lmMi,.l.,Ky »-.i.yi-riile,l l,v l.,„.,| .r,.fr,vv- il, ll„. /.• / , . 
 "f li..s,..,r,.|„.s t.u.lii ./ ,,:,'.' " ":!"".l'"' tliiMv.siilts 
 
 tall,,.., !,,,,,,.,,, -,,',;' -;'''-n..n..r,.,.,^^^ 
 
 ram." ii76; -.mi .■.lilimi ,30, ' """-"""- "f tlio 
 '•"'■' ■'"I"'"^"'l.vj..un.al, l;o«ai,i„,873. 
 
 CUAVAXT. «... r,v,y,„,. 
 
 ...S!!:l3:r!;K,.&ii,,|;;--.ws.„.,. 
 i-^''.h^i!i!il^!;*i,i;;;';;:':''l ""'» ''"'«» >"a,i., i„to 
 
 ''''-M.3!\:,;:,r;,!::::.i';;;\:/^;,^:i-!:;n France 
 ui^.i'!^i^w!ah^;t';Hi!^""-''^"''f' ,(''i-'*"''".i i.y 
 
 li^'iiiti:,;:;:;/,;:^'^'^''-'''''^-'-'^'''')^'^^ 
 
 '1-1 -i,,;.,,,!,,.,,.'.;', '•'',■' '',;; 'y isi,,.,. ,„„; 
 
 A'/-«,v. ' "^ ■'-■ ■"'• ""'"^ skives :;4n ; gee 
 
 ''^•r."^ii:M7[n'\,K;'''^;?',::;'"':-;' ;'««-« ^ «-» 
 
 ""-1"-.^") ''a .^!i; oJi.!:;.:':!;::^^'" ^'^'"'■ 
 
 A"-'- lU'i Jiilui dn-l'l ■■'""' '3'''.'>'". 20 
 
 •'»"■' ..»j»i....M..vp';i,i;5':;v,ii "'■'■"- 
 
 S's::';:;':;^:S^%.-.au'f.'^ 
 
 wirs 'I'll,. .:> ., '.'"i^'o intorest ciius,., by hi^ 
 
 
 ^»ii 
 
 P 
 
 W^,' 
 
 n ,gv) , 
 
!;;! 
 
 lit 
 
 Wm ' 
 
 CREDIT MOBILIEK. 
 
 294 
 
 CRIME. 
 
 From 1S4S to iKf>:; tin re liad boon no coniiuitnicnt 
 
 vidiiiu' tlic l(}iiii ciipitMl li\ t.lic issue (.f ili'lHiitiircs 
 
 oli.ii'fjrd upon till' iijriirc'jiiitc iii(irt},Mi.'i'd cstiitcs. 
 
 'I'lu'iv ai'c two modes id' '•mrviii;,' 1 ut this selieme : 
 
 (I) liy menus cd' an M--n, iatiim uf landowners; (2) 
 
 l)y means of a iiro|aielai\ ]i\ildie r'iui|iaiiy. The 
 
 former ohtains in Kasteni Prussia, Imt the latter is 
 
 exclusively found in Westeiii Europe, 
 
 Vrnlil FiiihU'r riiiii|iauii's liavr licrii fniiiidi'd ill llaiiilairg 
 
 (l7b2), WesUrii I'lllssiii (1787), lii'lf;iillii (1S41). l-'raliii' 
 
 (1S52), Kii).'laiid(iS(.i). f^iiiiilar.caiipMiiiis w.iv luriiicil 
 
 ill all till' states (.1 Kiu.iiii', in linlia, and in mireeloides 
 
 and depeluU-lliii'S. .1. 1:. IhHiiqms. Sii' /■V.oi.r, 
 
 May, 1E90. 
 
 CREDIT MODILIER: a joint-sto.k com- 
 tiany with this name was estalilished at I'aris by 
 isaae and Eiiiile Terei.-e, and others. 18 Xov. 1^52. 
 It took ii|Mir eii,i;in;itiil liailiii).' eiitirpiises efall kinds, 
 
 ,'l]>]ilyili^,' In tililn tllc IHincipIl' l4' l-"ll:mfni'lltl, or 
 
 liiiiitVd lialiiliiiis : and was aiitlaaisi'il tn siipi isi'de nr 
 laiy ill any ntliiT c(an|iaiiies (ividaiing tlnir sliaics ur 
 lioiiilswitli itsnwn si lip). ami alse t" cany cai thiMirdi- 
 
 iiary laisinos ill' l^allkin^^ 'llu- tnnds wrrc tn 1 li- 
 
 taiiied I'y a |iaid-n|i cipilal nt 2'i iiiillinns sterling;, tlie 
 issue (it'iioli^atiniis at nut ll■^s than j:; days' ilate or 
 siylit, and the niilpt of nnniey on (li|iii>it uv eiinent 
 aeecMiiit. The siuiety appar; nily pres|iiri il : lait was 
 eiaisideied hy exjieriein'ed iiersniis a near appiMielito 
 Law's liank nl 1716. 
 
 Several of the diicetors failed, !»ept. 1057, im 'iivi- 
 deiid I'aid May. 105S 
 
 Many emnpanies liased on its la'ineii'les i stalMisln d 
 
 ill (.lOlldell 1S63 , 
 
 Einileanil Isaac Pereire witlidrcw from the inanage- 
 iiieiit ; the eiaiipany failed, and the capital was 1 
 
 said to have disa],p(aled .... Oct. 1867 
 
 Tlie liigli (aairt nf a]. peal decided that MM. IVreire j 
 
 .and otlier diiciteis were res)icaisil)h'fia'tlieiract.s, 
 and that damages sheulil lie given tn the sli.ire- 
 leildcrs I .Uig. iSf.S 
 
 Eiiiilu I'erciie died 6 ,Jaii., 1875 ; Isaac died 12 .Inly. 1880 
 
 CREEDS, see Cuiifixnwiis of Faith. J. R. 
 Lumby's Jlistari/ nf tli'e CrCKh apiieared I.S-4. 
 
 CREMATIOX. see lUinnmi thr li,,i,l. Cre- 
 mation halls have been erected al .Milan and Ciotha. 
 
 CREMERA, Battle (IF, see I'ahii. 
 
 CREMOXA (N. Italy"), u city founded by the 
 Ronuina, 221 11. f. it became an indeiieiideiit re- 
 public in 1107, liut was frequently subjugated by its 
 neig'hbours, Milan and Venice, and partook of their 
 fortunes. In Nov. I<S:;9 it became [lart id' the king- 
 dmn of Italy. Creiiiomi was eminent for viidin 
 makers from about 1550 to 1 750. 
 
 CREOSOTE, see Cn<i»,U. 
 
 CRESCENT, a f\mbil of sovereiij'nty among 
 the (ireeks and Unmans, and the device ol' li\zan- 
 tiiim, now Ciiiistantinople, whence the Turks 
 adopted it. 'i'lic Crescent has gi\en name to three 
 orders of knighthood ; foumleil bv Charles I. oi 
 Naples, I2(i.'<; by Uene of Anjou, In r44S; by the 
 sultan Selim, in kSoi. 
 
 CRESPY (N. France). Here was signed a 
 treaty betwei 11 Charles V. of (iermaiiy and Francis 
 I. of France, iH Sept. 11544. 'J'he Inrmer rciniiiiii ed 
 Burg;iindy, and the latter Italy. 
 
 CRESTS are ascribed to the Carians. Uicliard 
 
 I. (Il><f)) bad a eresi on the Indmet resembling a 
 plume of feathers. The Knglish kings had gene- 
 rally crowns above their helmets: lliat of Jliebard 
 
 II. 1377, was siirniounled by a lion mi a cap of di;;- 
 nitv; see C/-fc//. ,Vle.\amle'r III. ol .Seulland, 1241), 
 liaJ a phinie of feathers , and tlie helmet nf Hnbert 
 I. was surniounteil liy a crown, [ ^rd ; and t!.,',t of 
 James I. by a Ii"ii. '1424. In tlie 15th ami Kitli 
 centuries, the crest was dcsiiibed to lie a timire 
 
 placed npon a wreath, coronet, or cap of mainlcii- 
 ance. Otvillim. Faiiliairu's " liook of Crest-," 
 edited by .\. C. Fiix-Uavics, puldi-hcd N .v. iM,,.,' 
 
 CRETAN DISTRESS FUND, loun.'cd i,, 
 
 London by the <Uike ol Wistmiistci' .md otlicis, 
 Tiiiitx, S Feb. l8i)7. 
 CRETE, see CiDidid. 
 
 CREVANT-SUR-YONXE (N. Frajic, ,„,. 
 
 besieged by Jolin Stiiavt, larl of liucha.n, will, ^ 
 French armv, July, 1423, mid relieved by tli* ciu-j i,| 
 Salisbury with an army of English and lIurgMiniian. 
 .\fter 11 severe contest, the French were tWallv de- 
 feated. 
 
 CREVELDT, near Cloves (W. TVi>ssia Hi 
 on 23 June, 17.^8, prince Ferdinand nf linin-AJ,!; 
 defeated the French under the eouiit of Cierinniii. 
 CREWE, Cheshire, the site of a g-rcat JMintinr.. 
 and wcrks of the I.ondmi and Nortli-Westevn nn]. 
 way since 1S40. The ecimpaiiy presented a beaiititul 
 park to the town in 1,S,S;-,S,H. Crewe was iivi ipo. 
 pated in 1877, Great lire at the r way w ris-. 
 estimated damage under ^.(nKi/., 2.'> AlariU. IN|;" 
 Population, 1S81, 24,385 ; "i<S()i, 2.^,7(11. 
 
 CRICKET, an ancient English game, >ai,l t,. 1.,, 
 identical with the "club ball" id the 14111 ccir.im 
 •nentioiied in I_V*''^- linles were laid iIi>mi in |--, 
 by a committee of noldemeii and gentUiiun, ili- 
 cfuding' the duke of Dorset and sir Horace M^iiin. 
 In 1801 the All Enjjland Eleven gained ami li.st 
 games in .\ustralia : in Sept. 1SI18, tbey lnit oif 
 New York Twenty-two. In 1873-4 tliey w. ye 1,,; tm 
 nt llelbourne. 
 
 Eleven Australians visiteil England, .■imiall. 1 g.-iy,. 
 ing tell gallics ami hising live, gained one agatiiit 
 " riaycis ut .Ml Eeglaiiil." . . . 3 . Sept. iS't; 
 Tliirtccn .Viisti-aliiins visited England in Jlav \iiij- "' 
 they wen 21 out of 37 inatelo's, and Inst .1 ■. tin' 
 ntliiis were drawn or imiciisive ; tliey vv.vi. vir. 
 tills ill a iiiairh with tlii' " I'layevs of' En;;lioiil " 
 at the L'r>'sial Palace . . 27. ;c, ji. S|it. jcg^ 
 
 The .Vuslialians, ]ircvii.iisly victorimis. wi-rv ih- 
 
 tcatcd at.Manilicster by N. England temn i': Sept. ijS; 
 Eiigland beats .\iistralia . . . -m •Iv.ly. j8si 
 .\iistialia wins 12 lint iif 20 iiiatclies ill . 
 Xnrth of Kiigland licit AUstialiiins . . ; s,.|,t. 
 Englisli criekiteis ill .Viistialia viitniiiiiis '. .I.m. jji- 
 Eici|iicnt emitists with the AiiHtialiiins weh v.iiii.i ' 
 
 success . ,,0E,_t 
 
 Lmil Shelheld and his Eiii;lisli eleven al Ad.Liiil,.. ' 
 ill 2b inatehes, win 13. Inse 2, 11 drawn . Mocli. ii^-_ 
 
 .sinicide of Mr. .Scottmi, pmiiient ciicki ler. , Jiiji, ,^". 
 
 A good cricket year tlirongli tlie Imig ili.nighi; 
 eighth visit of Australians, 36 matches, i; mum' 
 10 lost, and S diawii . .' . .Api il— Sh'.. 
 
 Victory of the English eleven over ".Vll .\ i>tl,,. 
 lia" at .Melbourne .... e M,ii|.|,. ,;ij. 
 
 Dr. W. (i. (iraee, aged 46, completed his hamlr'tli ' 
 " buiidrcd " seme at liristnl. in a iiialcli liet»ci.ii 
 OIoiiecsterandSiinii'iM't.inid-.M ly. 1, 1,^: natii.n.ii 
 tesiiiiiiinial suliscribcd lor . . ,lune..'« . 
 
 3ri| and last test niateli (England mid .\n>iia!i;[!;it 
 Keiinington Oval, wmi hy the English hy ''h iia, 
 
 I- A'ig. v.p 
 
 Australians gcnerilly victiirs in the eiiiinties 
 
 Prince Haniitsinhii, an cniiiient plaver, pnlili..tiiN 
 
 •■Tlie.Illbilce liiiok nil Clicki't ■ . . .\ . : - 
 
 first test iiialch lietwcen Eiigl.iml and .\ii-li,; i 
 won by the Eiii-l sli, at Sydney, 17 liie, i..;; 
 2iid by the .\iistialiaiis, 5 ,Ia'ii. liqg; ;ii| i.v 
 tlnaii. 10 Jan. ; 4tli by them, 2 Fi'li. ; itii l.j 
 tliciii, J .Maicli ; litlici iiiatclief, plaveil ', ' . na 
 
 1: ge tiillen s " With Hal and Hall "' piililMi...! 
 
 (icoige Ulyett, liiimnis pl.iycr, burn iC;i. di-i <' 
 .Imic ; ,1. II. Walkci, tainniis ll.uivw olivi 
 died d July . ■ .. 
 
 CRIME. .^bijut \X--.'t\i was compu!.,! t!;::ts 
 
 tifteentli )):irt of the population of the Uiii'i li Kin;, 
 dom lived by crime. The increa-e inedii' ..ti.^n .iiiJ 
 maiiufai tu cs is giadually reducing this pr '[ ilinii 
 
 fir political ofl'eiiei 
 Tlie returns of tliir 
 iilisiiliiti ly and relal 
 '■Jailiriiii .Statisiirs 
 almndant details, | 
 iiiniii.illy, bcg-aii will 
 (in two parts, civil 
 nitily) began in i.Sij 
 Sec Miiiiiir, J-.'jicii 
 riiitiiiii I J CritiH, ici 
 
 0).\VI(Tlii.\s (nv Tl 
 
 1S47 . • 21,542 
 
 1^49 , . 21,001 ( 
 
 1S50. • 20,537 
 
 iS;i . . 21.579 ; 
 
 iS;2. , 21,304 1 
 
 1S53 . , 20,756 = 
 
 i«54- • 23,047 4 
 
 1655 . . 19,971 5 
 
 1S56. . 14.734 
 
 1S57 . . 15,307 5 
 
 n;S . . 13,246 5 
 
 iS)5g . . 12,470 5 
 
 is6o. . 12.068 4 
 
 iSpi . 13,879 51 
 
 1602. . 15,312 21 
 
 1S63 . . 15,799 21 
 
 1SP4. . 14.726 3; 
 
 1S65 , . 14,740 2C 
 
 1S66. . 14,254 2t 
 
 1S17 . . 14,207 27 
 
 1S6S. . 15.033 21 
 
 1S69 . . 14,340 iS 
 
 1870. , 12,()53 ,^ 
 
 1S7I , , 1 1. 946 13 
 
 j 1872. , 10,862 30 
 
 j .See /-.'oi'i'/iiof.v, 
 
 ! Artfiiriia]iiiiviiig thcail 
 
 I lasscil 7 .\iig. 1851. 
 
 Tilt' t'l'iiiiinal .liistire .\i 
 
 Ciilisclltiifprisiiliers, tn 
 
 iiisti-ail of ciiniinitting 1 
 
 Cost of ciiiiiiiial inoseci 
 
 1856, 104,912/.; 1S73, 1 
 
 141.329/. ; year ending 3 
 
 „f.k,lir .system illstltl 
 
 plKScil ill 1S53; sec 
 
 wiii'liheratciroii (ic/,i /. 
 
 Oh 17 IVh. 1S57, of 126 p 
 
 l«liivii| tn he living hii 
 
 111 icCii, ir,ti2, and 1S63, 
 
 lliive failed Ihlollgll fin 
 
 \.ylMit-nf.lf„n;-s; it w 
 
 viluiif net, ill 1S64. 
 
 .'•'oi/fiH'ii /ii jifiiii/ scrritii 
 
 i6£6, Qio; 1S87, 94S ; ij 
 
 1S93, g6o ; 1896, 255. 
 
 Cnmiiml chisfcs (tt hirqe i 
 
 iiiiitfil niiiiilicr, 1869-70, 
 
 25.729; 1887-8, 28,103; I 
 
 U90-1, 23,627 ; 1891-2, ; 
 
 "Statistie.il Ciiiuinal Act' 
 
 Pri'Vi'iiti r crimes act 
 
 ^.liig. 1S71 and iSyS. 
 Gi-cit ileiiease in crimes ii 
 
 iif|mliiil,iliiin . 
 
 Cmllniieil liy hud Cnlerid; 
 
 Tlif iiiiiiiliiTiif feiniiieenni 
 
 fi-'iii 1477 t'l 7.>6. aniiiiiin 
 
 l-iUMi:. Iiiteiiiati,,n,-ii f,,,,, 
 
 .iii'he|inssiiiii„fciiiiieii' 
 Liiiiiimi 
 
 Tliiiil iiiteniatioiial coiigTci 
 
 O'loiet i^apavisiiin Ulllee 
 by Ml. .1. .M ■,, 
 
 .Vciiiiiiiiitteeon the identil 
 viioalilhe aduptiiin i,f 1 
 iiii'tlioal system 11ml Mr I 
 111 C'li.wifyiiig |ini;e,,.,||., 
 iinlcivil . \ 
 
 ■siiiiiiiiaiy convictions in 
 »iili'«, 64,),37i. Pardons 
 
 CKI.MES ACTS.se, 
 
CKIME. 29.5 
 
 siiih ns trpiison or sedition 
 
 for politiciil (ifl'fii 
 
 n,u'Un-m of llmtv-hvo years show;,! H^a^rh^'e 
 ahsoutel m„l n-l.t.vely ,li,„i„i.lu,,l (Sept 1,S( 
 .•Ju.luml MatiMies" f„, Endan.l and W . L « i 
 »'"incl;mt details p,,Misl,ecl bv tlie ^..vernnien 
 aimu.dly, iH.ffan will, tl,e year i.SjO; tluM.e " " i 
 (.n twe |.arts^ en.l .„d ^n,„i„,^, ,„),li sl^:^ « ! 
 nmlv) be.^ai, n, ,N,- eunijiarative taldes, i,Sc-.L 
 
 nnlioiKif Cram, ^v. yi -" " 
 
 CRIMlsrs. 
 
 II. u. 
 
 ^|iiinis 
 
 IS47 
 1849 
 1S50 
 IS5I 
 
 ■6!4 
 
 1S55 
 1S56 
 1S57 
 1-58, 
 
 iJXVICTluN.S (liv 
 
 • =1.542 
 . • 21, QUI 
 
 • 20.537 
 . . 21.579 
 
 . 21,304 
 
 . . 20,756 
 
 ■ 23,047 
 . . 19.971 
 
 ■ "4.734 
 • • '5.307 
 
 . 13.246 
 
 . . 12,470 
 
 . 12,068 
 
 13,879 
 
 ■ "5.312 
 ■ • "3.79') 
 
 . 14.726 
 . . 14.740 
 
 • 14.254 
 . . 14,207 
 
 • "5.033 
 • • 14,340 
 
 • "2.Q53 
 . . 11,946 
 
 Tiii.M.) IN i:N(aANr) 
 
 "H- 
 
 49 
 
 70 
 
 (Ji 
 
 55 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 69 
 
 54 
 
 53 
 
 52 
 
 48 
 
 SO 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 21 
 18 
 "3 
 13 
 
 1S7; 
 "^74 
 
 ■ "^75 
 iS'rt , 
 
 "fcr7 
 
 ■ 1678 . 
 
 "879 
 
 iSoo . 
 
 iSSi 
 lESj . 
 
 : "Sc>3 
 
 : 18S4 . 
 : "8^-5 
 j iS 6 . 
 I1SS7 
 
 l8S8 . 
 
 i8t'9 
 
 iSyu. 
 iSiii 
 i£u.' . 
 I So J 
 1S94. 
 1895 
 1896 . 
 
 /' 
 
 INI) WAIKS. 
 
 L\tl>. (Iff. 
 iS 
 
 . 11,089 
 
 • "1,509 
 
 • '0,954 
 
 • "2,195 
 
 • 11,942 
 
 • '2.473 
 
 • "2,525 
 
 • "",214 
 
 • ""-353 
 ■ "",^99 
 
 "1.347 
 ""."34 
 10,500 
 10,686 
 10,338 
 10.561 
 9.34S 
 9.242 
 9.055 
 y.6.j7 
 9,694 
 9,5"S 
 3.010 
 3.972 
 
 20 
 
 33 
 32 
 34 
 20 
 
 34 
 
 3S 
 25 
 35 
 35 
 36 
 
 24 
 "9 
 
 28 
 29 
 "0 
 "9 
 
 ■adimaistmti..)! ntrriiniii.il justir 
 
 l;t4 
 1:65 
 
 iSt6 
 1S67 
 1S6S 
 lEcj 
 itjo 
 1S71 
 1S72 . 
 
 .See F.riciilhnif. 
 Actfi>riiM|.n>viiij.' tli 
 
 l«lSSl-il 7 .\llf.'. 1851. 
 
 The iraiii)!,.! .lastire .\et iiutlmiises ji,sti,-es wit!, ti.e 
 
 iiist.M.l ul eiiiinaitliMt; tlieai to ti ial 18?^ 
 tost nl ennimid i.m.seeution.s in Ki,nland aial Wales- 
 .856, ,04.912/.; iSjS, 148,103/.; ,88 J, 144,026/ ,84' 
 ,41.329'.; .v.Mien.ling 3,. M,,.f.,,, ,890, .jl!;"./ 't,M 
 "/■'.'Hv .sysf.a, instituted l,y ,6^^^ ^7 vlet e 00 
 |as.<e(l ni ,Siq; see Tniii^,„rl„i;„„ os)-i . '^' 
 were liKTateifo,, tMCs-od.lrJu!';^^ '''' ^'"'""" 
 
 iVlivi't'"^',''''- "*■'"''■■■*""" ""'" lil"'i'ated, s8 «-e,e 
 lH-iie\e.l to lie livmir Inaiestly 
 111, if),, ,562, ai:d 1S6?, the .svst.an was eni,.<i,l,.v .,, . 
 
 ^>nl.,n;s In ivMl .crilude. ,869, 2o<,6 ; in ,870 
 ,;;6,o,c; ,887, 94S; ,890, 729; ,Ey,, 7„ ; X 
 1:95.060; ,896, 255. -*./.■>', 1-9 
 
 rw,«™/ c/,..«.< ,,//-,,,.;,, i,| En-hnd ,n,ul Wales- esti 
 T!ri.".'™'":''' '„S«9-7o. 45,8<», ,878.9, 35,469- "SS6-7 
 7.136 ; 18S9--90, 26,406 
 
 17SS 
 . £94 : 
 
 (s 
 
 Kri.l,;,,;) 
 
 itiel-e.-tse 
 
 lJ6l-,fy7 
 
 I8S- 
 
 !S.72g;,S87-8, 28,10,; ,888-9,, 
 
 ,S'jo-,, 23,627 ; 1S91-2, 25,220. ' 
 "Matistie.d Criminal Aet ■"ii.-is.sed 
 rivv.'iitii.ii of eriiaes aet passeil 
 
 -■Vlli.'. ,;7i ,111,1 igijf. 
 
 OiMt .le.-ie,i-.e in eriiaes in rel.-ilien to the 
 
 "f|i"l.alati.iii . 
 Oiiitimiecl hy l,,r,l C..lei-id;.'(. for is7.-i, ,„ I... 
 
 Te .,m„he,-„r female eon vielsll.V,^, te, ^■'^ '^ 
 If 111,4771.. 706. am e,d . .V-T 
 
 UiiME-- lMt.-,-M;,ti„n.d OaiKiess foe (he p'.-evtift'i! ,; 
 a..;l.el..ess,onuterin,e,netintl.eMid,A:T:,npl^ 
 
 Tlm-.l iMte,-n.-iti.iim'l eon'cn'ss npei'ied ' '.,■'- ''v'li'V 
 
 Z'^rTZr """■"' " ' '"^""^ -^-1-i 
 
 CRIMES .•VCTS,8oe7V<ro,^„«. 
 
 tlu l-',fv^P"^'m ^ "^' TAirr.VlfY. a peninsula in 
 lH-,LnMne „r Illaek Sea, the a,n-,e„t r,u<nr„ C/ur- 
 
 ,''"e.v'" e„lon.>e.l l.y ih,. (Inrks „l , -;„ 
 
 I lie Milesians tniuuled tl,e kin-dolM of 1?„ 
 o« Kerteli, wliieh nl.ont icS ,u, tonned part of 
 
 ';;,;';;-;">i;o.."t^Mi,i,ridates.kin.ofis,,,,ns;'in,r„ 
 
 lis endants eontinued to ml,- tlie ,-oi,nt,-v under 
 Kon.an proteetion till the irniptioii of the (lolhs 
 HiMis, \-e. a ;om A.u. 25«. Almut 1 2?; it fell into 
 
 on ■,';;!. H "'v •^'""^■"'' ""■'"■ •'""^^'''^ '<'"'"" 
 s on Iter he \ en,- lans est„ldished eonnnereia 
 
 ^.t..n, with a liierative trade. l,,,t were su,,planted 
 
 f^,-H.' V ,?•'■"■',"■'"' "■''"■'■ ■"■'"""'■'l to i-i'lHiihl and 
 I"ltlt\ Jvada, ahoiit 12()1. In n-r Mnhomet TI 
 
 J^peed the Genoese, and s„,^e;-/;,M^;';ZL^^^ 
 to the Ottunian yoke ; permitting the Government 
 
 -h,-'i;,'"H" Wi '"■J'^""K,"'' ""■ native Lhans, 1 
 dosing the liln.-k Sea to Western Kurope. In 774, 
 M the intervention of the empi-es< Catl erine 11 
 the Crimea reeovc-red its indepemleme : hut on the 
 
 abdieation 01 tlH- khan in 17,^5, the lins.sians tool 
 po.sesMon o he eomitry, after a war with Tiirkev 
 ami retained It hy the- treaty of Jassv, 9 Jan. ijljl' 
 lheCrnn,-a ^no^v lauiida), was divided into e "ht 
 ^"!;'T'"\''"ll /Var havin. been d,.elare(l 
 . p nst Kussia hy J-.n-land and Frane.-, 28 March, 
 
 "nil, after remaining .some time at (Jallipoli, and 
 
 bilked'' nVl' '"'■■;' '■'"■ ^■,'!'""- ^^■'"'■•" ""•' '1'-""- 
 '■ vi^J. ? ■'; .•■^" '■■M'^lition against the Crimeu 
 
 i'u-mh, and liiiki>h forces, amounting to r,s,ooo 
 "ini (Z.S.CKX) liritish), eommanded In lord ii i^hTn 
 ;'"< marshal St. Arnand, sailed from Van,,,, ^ W 
 and landed on th,- 14th, i^th, and i(,th, without 
 opposition, at 01,1 Fort, near Eupatoria,'abo, ;o 
 
 e.sfi-om bebastopol. On the 2,',th the\ at ked 
 
 ho Rnssians, b,-tw,-,.n 40,000 and ;o,,Joo stron" 
 .m< er prinee Mensehikoft) entrein^i.ron ' the 
 1. iKhts of A ina, snpiiosed to be iinassailahle After 
 ■a sharp e.,iite,t the Kn.ssians w,-,-.- totallv rout,- 1 
 t><v //«,« and llH^sn-'Dii-kish War. l>ea,-e w- is 
 proelainied m April. i,S56,aiid the allies ,iuitte,l t le 
 Crimea 12 July t,dlowing. luiuio uu, 
 
 (IREL'IxdVWt V^T 7 PKOqEDTTRE 
 
 UlxiH-.A.Ni>} ACl, (sw Jreliiinl) zoic si Viet 
 
 !■- 20 passed .,, .July, i8,S7, provides 'for sumn, 'rv 
 
 I isdu-tum bv mafTistraios, spe.-ial juries, ..hange 
 
 t jd.iee <d trial. i.i-o,laniation of distrb-fs, iirohibi- 
 
 ion of ,lan-erous a.ssoeiations. and eontinnaiiee of 
 
 44 --^ 4.1 \ ii't. e. ^, and 49 \- 50 Viet. ,- -.4 
 
 ''n^ne;;dn'^';;!,i!;;;rt;l„'::r^^:!f, ■; '^ "■ «'-i"i^ -d 
 
 ,869 
 
 ,872 
 
 ,£y, 
 
 i8f6 
 
 1894 
 
 CRIMIXALLAW.SofEXGLAXD. Their 
 
 ^ ats.-verity. pomt.-d o„t by .ir Sam„;i Hon h 
 sir .lames laekmtosl,, and otl„.rs, al,o,it l.Si.S w-l' 
 const, ei-aMvmU,.:.,.,| by .irK.I'eel^acts.'^^^^^^ 
 bv 1; /'"■.'.■.'■'"""•'I 'i'"- i"ts v-ere ccmsolJdated 
 In 24 and 2^ \ ict. re. <,4.ioo, i,S(,i. Some d,t"'ts 
 were aniend,-d bv an a.-t pas.sed in i,S(,-. The oiin- 
 ishment 01 d,-.,th is now virtnallv Vi-st i -t,- lo 
 treason and wilful nmnler. See Eri.lvnce 
 
 iul.lis 1,1, ,877; ,Hi,i "ll,st,.i-yo|- the riiniiinl 
 
 Bi lor M,n,-„,li„;, law ,vl;,tin«to indietableollenee; ^ 
 (■e~,-ii,bl,nyad,p...tan,i,-o,le)b,-ou;:l,ti„ I, si? 
 John Uolk.i-, att.,na-y.-eneial , , \|,,. 
 
 I!elei-,e.l to ,-„yal ,■ ,issi,,n CJn^ti,,-, l)l,,ekl .nen 
 
 an.i l.usb and si,- J,„n.->. K Stephen s iV- 
 
 The l.ill l„-,.„.ht in a,»l witl,.|,-aw,; ' ^ ''"'-' ' 
 
 i"!"-!!'I| ''""' •^'"'■"''" '■"< -^''t ('•••hitiiii; t..w,an.-n) 
 
 ,4 A,ig. ,00 = 
 CRfMI.Sr.S, a river in Sii-ilv, near which Ti* 
 moleon deteatod the C-.irlliaginiaii-s, S3'j H c 
 
 1S78 
 
 "S79 
 
 1885 
 
'II 
 
 s,^ 
 
 u^:i 
 
 1 
 
 m ' 
 
 1! 
 I 
 
 Bs 
 
 ' Ifiift 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 w 
 
 i 
 
 "^4" 
 
 ^^1^ 
 
 
 1 ^' 
 
 ill 
 
 1 ^1 
 
 ft 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Ik 
 
 
 CKiMPiNu-norsKs. 
 
 L'lKi 
 
 ci{(»Fn:i!s. 
 
 CKLMl'IXG-iroUSES yw use! to minii' CROATIA iniiicivd l,v C„l„nmn, kun- ,t 
 
 r,'r'i;,'"mt"-''V "''',";'i ' '"■'; "; """"' "', ".'■■'i'"'; "'""^■"■> • ■" ■ l<'^. ",,,s win, nmt country unit,'! ,' 
 
 Ni'i scant. boMio ol tlioni 111 Lonilon wi'i-i'dc^itri^cil Austria in 152I). - 
 
 by tlio |i()|iula(i', in (■on3i'(iui'nci' of a younj; man 
 
 wlio li.MJ liccn I'litiiid inloi.nc I'.iu- killoil in en- 1 |j|!! \!'|.|''J,''!'\\V,'!!'.''1''''''*1'''.'' . ; ;. ^'';>' ' 1 
 
 ills pinlcst :i^;iiiii.st in(ur|ic>iMlii>ii will, 
 """^■■'iV 2S M:n. , 
 
 dfavouiiM,i,'t(ii.s(ai)(, tOScj.t. 17V4. ,.„„^m,,v 
 
 CKIN'AX CANAL, Ai-svlcslni-o, cut tlirough ' '■''""■ 'i'''' (inciiiUiii;,' iKiMiin mm.! (Si'iiivoMu'), „> 
 Kinlyiv|icninsulii, i-nj-i,Sol:'i; lociis; suVL'siibout .,.,-^~''"" '''^''"'^■'■'' . ■ ■ • . .'7 M.n. , 
 
 lie miles "" '"" "I ••in.iii.i witli Uuiiwirv iccwiis,,! 1,., 
 
 ii <'i".ili.Mi cic|.ulali.in . . •'7.M11 , ,' 
 
 CUIXOLTXE (a Fi-cncli wopI, niciiniiii stuff' !,,'l"''''' ■''■^"il''si''ilcrllh. Ilimwiiiiui .lid ^4 N,,,: 
 
 nia(lcofov», liair)istlic uiudcrn ii.iinc uCth,' '■ tar- '"■'■i|'l'-'""'""l empress visit Akimim ,cin M,,,,!,, , .^ 
 
 .iinf;aic"oitiuMnu,.oi-.|uccnKii.:,iH.,i,.i,„„,,.iikc '! m lii^i]?:!:;:!'; ^ ':;^'i :';::/'^''riii" ' 
 iu'.ucoatsn,n.icofwi,aiciH,iu.,^,„,vv,vc,i,ni'n,u..,. :,»:! iilui:: ' "'.m,':;,|;;:,;;'''\';;;;'"''A:.''|,,llr-,'';- 
 
 and hnnlaiid since 1X55. 'I'licy have frciiucntlv sclcil l,y k''ii. Ilamlpciy, s|.c.i,il c li.ssj.li,,; 
 
 occasioned loss of liCc. Iiv coming' in contai't with .iliout 6 Sc|,| ,: 
 
 lire and luacliiiicry. In No. i \u of tlie Tullcr, piili- ' "^'l"',','''," "'"' ""' '"'''•■ny. *' ■•> i^'iii.-, t.n li,,!,.,..,' " ' 
 
 lislic(l 5 ,)an. I-IO. isan iiijiusini; iiial ol'tlie ho(iii- i A, ilJ',' ,„ ;„■„ '. •, • , .; • -.^uNqit ., 
 
 l.elti.„at then in fashion. ' : '^ ':,'''' ''■'''"'- • ''''"'■""' '"'' ■•^'■l;'".ili"i> H-m, 
 
 A •■ No frill. iliiic L.','ii;iii."\Viisuii-iiiat...l hy ".I.iliu j8 ri.ilcis .sciil,.| | |,, imi.iis.'.iniii'iit &c 1,1 s, 1 " 
 
 .■^luiiif.'.' Winter' (lleiiiictia ii. \ . .st.imiar.l), a I'ouiit Klillii.||e.ler\,irv, .■nii..iinli.| lii'iii ' ,'|i " 
 
 popular Hiitcr, in the view .if, 1 ivvi\al of eriii.j. i Tli.' .li.t ..[.cim.! .it 'A;;nim -imp.iit;iiit iii,.,.|n,' " 
 lines, and was well sii]iii.irte.l . . ,laii. i.Sgi ' i-li,, 
 
 npipi)r T.ipi I rpri /r ,iii,l.,.,\ ,..., , 11 1 'oulinM.'.l p.ililieal iiisaf,'ieciii.'nts . 
 
 U^Klri. JjrilTAil'j (.Loiiiloii), was so-called. Iiict .liss.ilvd ', '- ' 
 
 from tile lame heg^'ai-d wlio sat there, so earlv as tlie ' .\j;.iiii .lissolve.l '. ' ' ' ' V\', " 
 
 year 1010. The jjate was new huilt liv the brewers 'I'li.' s.paratisi m.ivcin.'iit saiil't.. I.c L.tallv I'mciM " 
 
 of London in 1244; anil was pull, d down (iiul sold ^ hy lli.' I.an alf,.|- mn.'li nsistancc . '. x..\ , ■ 
 
 fori)!/, in July, i;(io. 'J'lie p.iel .Miltun was buried *""' "'' ""■ emperoi t.i A^tmih ; warmly iv,,.|v,'.,! ' ' ' 
 
 in the eliiir.ll near it. 12 Nov. ii.-i. ('riii|ile"ate n,- ,1 ... mi.l. ii.'t. r,,- 
 
 institute (touiidedhy the diike of V,T,.k,,IuvVSH o I'i d'^mnni?^; i' Iv'lJ^f'r'i,'';'' ^"^''"^- ^ 
 
 opened hy the lord iiiavor, 4 .\..y. ,.S,/,. sJc | |.T,lVr.T."'t' '.I '.M>e,,sants in Las.ma, ,c..i,,„i 
 
 ZorrA;// and /•■(/■(,»■, X.iv. I'.S.);. ' ... ..i . , pt , , 
 
 CIUPI'LK.S- nO.A[E. .Maryleh.me-r.iad, es- CKOCKEKY-WAKE see i'-./^ry. 
 tahlislicd uS^i. I'.ir criiijilcd "iris t.i lu' laimht .suit- ' 
 
 ahle trades. ' The Cripples' NiuMa-v. ()|,l (iuelar- CROFTEIJS aiul Cottars, the holdias „r ,,,r,i. 
 
 street ami .Margate, w.is esialdishcd 1802. i portions of land, and the laiiouiers in ih,. |,|,.|| 
 
 CKISPTX AM) Clil.^I'IAXC.s are said to liave \ '"'"'' "'"' '"'""''•'^ "'' «'-'""^""'- 
 
 been tw.. saints, horn at Jioiue, fr.mi whence tliev '■ '^ •'">'il '•ommissii.n app..int.'il :■.. Maul, ,:,•, 
 
 trayelled to Soissons, in l'"raii.i', to proiiafjati' the ! ••■'rani'is hai.m .Vapi.T .ami oIIhts). t.i iii.inii,' 
 
 Christian reliftion. Tliev w.ak.al as sli.iemakers; i '!''" l'"''!' .'"i"!!!!..!!, issu.. tli.ar irp.nt aiM 
 
 hul the governor of the t.nvii .lis,..,v, rin- them to he ' Imaiv in '''',!'.|'I," nr'i ""' '"''"J-'.""''^'' Il«', f,,,. 
 
 C iristians, ordered th...n to he beheaded, about 28«. | ";,; ll'iili'^n'' 'in'il^lat'in': 'TZ'^^lT^f 
 
 llieir day is 25 Oct. ■ | 1. |,i,.li ,v,ils, 11, liciency of clm'ati.'ii !!r 
 
 ,,.CinTEiaON THEATRE, Re^-cnfs Circus, | I'i'.l'lni'inlmir'o',','',';:'!''.'!',' ,"'' ''"''';''■ *,'' ''''"■' 
 
 Vcadilly, opened by Spiers a„,l iMnd, 2. Marel,; I ^^ZZ::^.^^:;:^:^^^:;^:^. 
 
 '°''+' I pnyili'ps, limitiiif; the i„,w,a- ..t the Mip,.,i„,. 
 
 CRITir (from the Greek hrith?, .a barlcx.airii or ' Hi' M ucfi'.n.l' I .u l(,.r'„„, 'v- "■ ,• ' i'" '^l""- '''* 
 small wei..'ht), a term siij-ested bv J)r. A. W . Ilof- ' w.,,l' .\ssociati..n l....an p, 
 matin (about l.S(,4) to e.vpress the'v.dnnie-weifrllt of Af.'itati..i, l..\,ni,iat |)im..wall \.s 111,. Mi -lii'Ui.'l I'nl'i "'-^ 
 ga- s; a lUbe contaiiiins I litre of hMlro^'en (0-o.SiX) Law H.'f.irm .\ss.., iation .' ^ ' ^'"\ ,,, 
 graiiiiue) 1.1 be the unit. Uvdr.ie.ii being I critli. '^'■'bli"U- .ii.ailais tlinvitiaiiiiK ^ i.'l.n.v ; ii,.,l,',; '"^ 
 o.xygeu will be 10, nitrogen 14 eritlis. .ouMv.'d 1.. siiy,.; iiampiillity ivsi,,iv,l i,v ii,.,. 
 /^TiTni eliiir.li ministi'is . . . i-.\i,v 
 CEITICS. Thetirst soeii'tv id'them wasfornied M.a.tin^.it Inviata'ss or cliii.f i,.|,i,||,,|,'i.i . ,.,,;i;,j|j.|- " 
 27(1 Ii.o. IShur. Varro, Cici'i-o, A|i.dl.inius, ami '"iV l'»"iiial.l,. .•I,aii-cs pi.,p.,sc,| . '. ^ .iii'i r--- 
 Aristanlius were anci.nl . lilies. In mo.lern times -^'j' y';"'" '''■",'';\"'^"V''' '''',""'' '"biij;, m, „t „f ' 
 tlf .ln„n,„lch.s .Vf«r«».v was the earliest peri.,dieal 'im,,!leiT '"•"■'■^"'' '" "'^'"''"•'^ -'?•'"'" ,iia: 
 eritual work. It was originated by JJenis de Sallo, Hi'.,t„us .. sistanc'toeiectmentsal (ii;.,,,|i;,| p.,',,,; ' 
 clesiasljeajcoiitieilloritith.parliaiuent.d' France, (i>:, Lslc of Tire,., Ilel,ri,l,.s ; 5., p.,|i,'' ..pi;,',"! 
 '"■ ' 1 . .. .. , iij. ,,,^, men ; marines siait to tlie Isl,. ..^.Iniv; 
 
 and was tir.st publi^lied at I'aris. .;ii .May, 16^^', ami I 'O' V« 
 is still ,.,intiiiii,.,l, ,|(.ati Le CiiTi's " .\rs Cnti,a," I ',"''''''' 
 inibli>lii.il i(.n*i i.; a'li.l f.. )...ii 1;..,. ,. * .. .'• '■■ .\n,::. 
 
 r.^sLavil ; six ..r..ft|.is appnlnn.le.l'' i,p ■,,', 
 
 luibli.-heil I(.i)(,, is 8,iiil to be the .arliest s\ stem.-'it'ic '' "^"~' ■'"''"'■''I I" Ibr.e m.iiillis' impns,„„i„M. 
 
 trcatis... The first work of this kind in'Jin-land Raid ..f .,„>, ...tins. ,i, 1N,1- .,,,,1 aii, 1 '.^ ""'' '-' 
 was the7^,e,,,ro llaniel Deh.e ube term being i!, .l'. MamI ,'r l:;;:s' " n!;;' •'^ I;: :,' 'i'^^l^,, 
 
 iriyenled by himself), nublish,.,! i„ Feb. i;oj. The lti"ls at Sl..rim«;,v, Lewis ; ih,. leii... s.'r tl^.'sC'i ' 
 
 II orks nj tlif I.eanivil began i;io, anil the H'aiesof ''■'"" "•' ^'i'- ^•in 1 Newall il.'str.iv,.| ami ilir 
 
 Liltnilnn in 1714; di.sioiitiuucd in 1-22, Sec i slii.,.p ,|isp,.|s,.i ; .s,.veie .■enllii.| betwcn th,. 
 Jininc-s. ' I ei.,tt,.is ami the p.,|ie,. aii.l miliiaiv; iiiaiiv 
 
 The ,e.a,i,v ot; nUr criti,.isni was es.al.lislie.l in the K,,.- rb^li'^'^.tul^'al^rsn^l'rTnl.nM^itlrillf 
 
 lisli eoiit.s. m tC. ,794, when an a.ti.m lli.it ,.x,-it,.,| |,ns..n iit. . ' . • 'o ■ ■ no la . .1 In „ ,. 
 
 great a t,.nli.m, linmulit l.y .111 aiilli.,,. aKaiiisI a I... I...wisie I,.! ,|.;i,.| • ■ ■ • .]''■'■ i-i 
 
 1? ■i^''i''-ii''r-- SS" 
 
 c 
 
 Jt.'val .'ommissi.iii to 
 
 lll;;llll'Cl(ilt|.ls h.ili 
 
 111. ; i..p.irt i,sii|..| 
 
 .'„■« .L.tli'ls llol.lin;,. 
 
 CliOrX. ST., a 
 fniiii ill.. Freii. h by . 
 ill i;i; ; taken by hI 
 i.Sii; ; leslori'd in' i,S 
 
 CROMLECHS 
 
 .■iiiiM.lcn'd to lie |)n 
 111 li . i.iuiie.led wit] 
 .tn-'le-..y : similar s 
 liclaiiil, Indi;i, .Vrabi 
 
 cuoxrx CAS] 
 
 CKOXSTAIJT, 
 
 (jiial, 1710, I'lml ri'ce 
 III 1721. It was not 
 wiir with liiissia, |,S:j. 
 ii';ii-:i.liilir..il I\agvozi 
 (lie liiiirderer, a (iisi'li: 
 
 CKOOK. a bishop 
 tiii.'t Ir.iiii the crosie 
 (iiTii ii'eeiitly oresenli 
 (lie liislmp 'i L.-refoi 
 1»:2. 
 
 CIcOPKEDY PI 
 
 Cinlsiiir... lleri. the 1 
 ffiilli'i iiiul tiie army 
 
 CKOQrET. Thi., 
 
 in liiitaiii ab.iiit 1850, 
 ■ilJ I'lill Mull {uiiivl 
 sii|)i'rii.iled by Lawn Ti 
 
 CR(),SIEl{,a,.la(f- 
 (wr.iie all ar..|iliisho|i, w 
 'flu'liearing.-i crosier bei 
 ill 111., life id St. C'esan 
 trriii ".r.izier " is also 
 .if ii liisli..p, which to; 
 .■iir..'.ir cr.i.ik. 
 
 CJiCJSS. 'Iliat .01 
 
 fiTcil .111 .M.ainT Cahai 
 
 folltlll lit Jeril.s.llem, wi 
 
 CniiilKl, hy ill,. 
 
 elllpn 
 
 slaiitiiic I., 3 May, J2f 
 .'/it Cms) ; coinineii'iori 
 Jl «;is ...iiri.d avMiy In 
 ■ill tile i>lllllilcrillg oi Ji.f. 
 li) tile |.|iipeiiir II era. I 
 Isiltlc), 14 .Sept. (,1;;, ,1, 
 •■.iiiimeiiiiiriti.d as ''• the 
 ■ if llie Cross," estaldishei 
 fli.<;l*i|.lt,..| hy .■liiii-eh wr 
 .'r.w< «■;!.< .s....|| in (lie I 
 
 iiii.illi.il it l.il liim toa.l. 
 
 IVilll till, iliselipliiin ■■ 
 ■ril.l.l tills sij;n llioil 
 
 Has (bill. iniMi) li.. a.|\;in. 
 
 v;lll.|lii>li.il .Maventiiis ■.- 
 
 ,Si.(»i»(; ic.V.i, III, (■,..,« Mil's "ij 
 
 tillll»t.|.li»lim;llisll tlleln- 
 
 hillii'tiiii,. etTertiillian, if 
 i-»i"«l |"ii.s"ii. wilelienilt 
 
 ..'...«(•< in rhii flirx .'111.1 eliai 
 iil""if4ti ; ami set up ..p 
 
 j...r.i».si.siiili,,i|.,uiijrini|.|.n 
 
 ""■Plil''.s«ll..|.el|,.|. ||e,|,., 
 
 I»l"nsl,..,|i,..|),.m,|,,,„., 
 ■tT..-.|.ii,i;;t.,:,, Walllmi,,, 
 iniss..siiiii| i.|,.l,iti,,iis pi,. In 
 ''""■'•Ill's, aii.l .'Hisses in ( 
 ),y'iMl..riiriiarli,ij,ii.n( 
 
CKOIX, ST. 
 
 f! 
 
 297 
 
 J|(.V;ll.Vil.iMHssi,,ii ln,.o„si,|,M (h,. , .„. r , 
 
 ;-!^-;;;;;:'n:j;;^;i"..^a,;,l!;;.,!:i';;;;-f-^- , 
 
 o 11.111 JILI lllUC'(|-.,l||llM,|l>) I 
 
 i"^ii;.aki.nin4..vi.j;;;;,^[c' - '':!!^'Y;;^ 
 
 iSii;; ivstdivd 111 |,S|4. "''"i' , -. i)c( , 
 
 CROMLEcrTS,,,,,,!,.,,, ,„„„„„„,,„, ^„.,„„,.,,. 
 
 cDiisiilcii'd tip hi' Iniii |..|| •ill.,,. J I , ,' -", 
 
 '" 'V '"""•■'"■'' "i"' ''m'so,rsir. :.:"•;' 
 
 .lii.'li-rv : siiinl,,,. slnii-liiiTs l,.,v, 1, r " 
 
 '-'-M;i,iii,:,,Anii,i,.,',,;;;;:;;,!r;,,;;';;;:!j-'"'''" 
 
 (;i;()xrx case. ,s...o ///»v„/ w,,/, ,, ,,S89. 
 
 CliOXSTApT. Iiiis,si,., f,„„„,„,| I,, ,,',f , 
 
 Oiral /,iy .mil rivinvLii „s „:„„, (('n,„.,.tow 
 
 III i;ii. 1( lias 111! ii(tiii'iii.,i iiv ti„. ii , .i;') 
 
 «„r«illi Itiissi,,, ,,S,.,... Vi, ,,' ,'., '■'-'^ '" ""• 
 
 ''■■"■-"I"'"''' 'v'a^;vo/„(r, ,i,„i s„i,i,i,. „ P,. 1 I ■' 
 
 '!"■ """iliTi'i-, :, ,lis,.|iar;;r,| „|t|,.|„|. ,-• .(„^,' ',',;'j;j''-^ • 
 
 .nsiiuv. i i.,v ,)„. invalislsil,.(,.at,.ilsi,-\Vi||H;" 
 tUI.. .mlti,cannyi,f,h..p,,„,,,,,,,,,,_,j;;|;;;'|; 
 
 niOQrET.Tlu,i,.an,i.,wl,i,.l.l,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,„,,,,,, 
 III Hn am ^; '""' I.V>. .« s.ii.l t„ In. „ r.-vival l", 
 .lid I'll// Jill// {n-lii,h .Mr). h I,.,., |,„ . , 
 
 ^i.|«T.^.'. I.v Lavvii 'IVn.iis, .,S;;.,sI]; " "" '""'■'' 
 
 CR()SII<]l{,ii..talfsuiiiiouiitril l.vacross I.om,. 
 
 ;;;i";''''" Miviihisim,, «,,« i„ „s,. i„ tl,..47i, ':„ ™ 
 
 nR'liiyiii-ai'n,sii.rl,,.r,,,-,,,,,,.|,,,i,,,,j V'-; It' }. j 
 "™ :',"'"•'• '.-/.I- ..I '1 to til,. ,,a,stm il . . r ^ 
 
 CJitJWS. 
 
 CROSSED CirEUFES, s.-r l>r„/ys. 
 
 Atli...iii(,iv,.k.s about 7ru 11. r. Hen. l'vtl,a'-ori9 
 t.u.^laal.o„l53o. Tlie'cniti„H.Iostniy'iSS 
 
 CJiOSS. 'llat on wliiili ti,,. If I 
 A.r,.d,,.. Miiinfcahan,';,' i,,'';;;'',™'?Y'''- 
 
 '-...I at J,.n,saii.ni. wiii, two ,,;;;;!,; ,,-;;; 
 
 ;T0linil, l.y llir oiiipioss llil,.,,., „i,, 1, , ' , , ." " 
 
 '■'««) ;,ioni,i,inio,-at,.,| anmnllv,,,, . ,■' 
 lMus,.am...lauay l,y (.■|ins,o,w, k-|„., „ " ^ '' ^ 
 ■i.u,i.i,laii,lrri,i;r„, J,.,,,,,,, I "- " I'l.M.i 
 
 !') tl..' ini|ii'.".- Iln-ailiii. ( ||'„ , (■ ; ■ '■""■■''.■'' 
 
 •■"nimHiiiinli.il a.s "ih,. Ir^iivil ,,i ' ''" f,'""' l"'"'" 
 "ftla.CVos.s"..,slal,lish,.,li„;;42 '''''''''''''•' 
 
 ^;;V'it^l;:!.,';;;;;,:;--i;!L'^!^F --'-'; 
 
 ti."i»lo.li>lii.^iiislM|.,,,i,.,,|;,'J'l'.!,^;'/l,^,;„l;n^- 
 Jn(l,i.ti,m.o(T,.rl,il|ii,,i, it „,,,,,, ,1 ;'l;;;.t .,0 
 
 '.."j.<fs .« i/iK,,/,™ anil i.|iaiMli,.i.s w,.,v i„t,.,„i„; i =''" 
 /'"""^!';'""'«-l"l .sf,.i.|,|i.sa„i '"""' ,, 
 
 '."'i"s.soMMii,iiioiii„r,|ii,,,.|, i..|,,' ^ ",' • ,. sr.s 
 
 lliM'l.v.s»li.n.|i,., I,,,,., ,,:'",'"'■' "I' in 
 l»l.''..Hlii.ii..l)a,,,| ,■'.',, ,.■'''■'»"■''■-/' 
 'tTfil,li„^.t„;i, W.iilliai, • ; V ,.t "" '"'""'" 
 
 'Illll'i'llr.s.nll.l iiossi.s in II, V ". " '. ">'''l I'l'lll 
 
 M"i.i.Ti,f,i,„ii.;,:,:,:t"' ""■ -""■'■t.^ ii- iisi„.,i 
 
 . l''i4l 
 
 li, V) ivi I ,?^-', '^" •V"^''"'"'" '"•"":-'" ^•"'l'« '■'■"wn 
 
 « o «oi,. a ,i-o«M was Taiiiuiii tin- Kl,|,.,.. ,,,(, „.,. 
 11. iTinn. was lirsi a ,ii;,., ,j,,,, ,,„„„, „ , ,'. 
 
 a ^of'^tm'' T"'"7'''-'V'''''"y''^ ''"''''■'-•■■' ^'''i 
 a M) ol st„ll> aijonioil vvuli jowrls. Sro Ti,„„. 
 
 Ill hi • V '.' ' ';"'i- l""^''^''l •■'I Wi'sl isti'r, 
 
 Atl...|st.,lis ir.iwi, ,vsi.,i,l I :,„ ,...,,,•, ,.,„. , „.,„ 
 
 «mKUM;,w,„vl,is,.,„w,. a,,,a.|.„.„..,|wln,7: ,s, 
 
 lii.-lianllll i„|,.,„|,„.,„|||„,,,, 
 
 ..'■■iryMI, iiilr.>.|i„.,.,|,ii..:,i,|„.s, .iiV 
 
 llii.iTow,, ami ,v„,,ii,, ,„■ |.:„.|„„l' „.,,,; ,,|,.,|,„.,| ,„ ,1,,. 
 
 Mi;i;;i:K::]a;:,rrJ,i:';i^::;Xi^,--;;v''''^ 
 
 i'i.l'r'io'l Vi!i7"''' '■"'"■" "•'■'•■■""' ' "•'" "'a'l" 'ly linn- 
 
 "'"*■ It I'olit.iiiis nil,. 1,1, ,|,l,v I I .,,•,... 
 
 I ■' ii ;,. i'?;,v,','r'' '''i""-"i-. -47 taiiii. ,ii:„ 1,1,^;^ 
 
 iss 1 i,, ','!;'™r,i"'";'"' ('" '"".".niiorati. til,. 
 ISSUlillltlollot til,, tltll. Ill ,.|||,„.,.s,s, , J|,„ ,^-) (■,. 
 
 S'i.H;n;'f li''''^"''r'''>^'''^•''''^'-•'■''^'-'i- 
 u.iois ,,,ls,.,.,.,.ar,,.Hii|stati. lor I„,|ia ; 3, ],,.,.. 
 , V.i ^"'V'-' '•"1"'^ Itliniiaivliio, U.S., of Sa' ishiin- 
 
 ami olhors) iiiv,.st,.il, 21) Aiiril, i.S;,^ •^■""•'"".^ 
 
 tl,H'h!^''-\^^-!^'r^^' ''■'"' '•"■'•""" •■"■!«"'!.' f>-oni 
 
 losi. ,1 Kiiolaml IS „„w noarlvall si,lm.,.t to i.a •- 
 
 •"""'It, ^^l.ll;ll aiiiiiially IM-oviilos for t o s 1 , t 
 
 ;, til,. sov,.|,.,,.„ ..,,,,1 ,„v,.,,„|,„„t alioiit r^. i«/ 
 
 1,. ...voiim. „ , „.|^ „,. Co,.„wal|-"i;. lim'; 
 
 I v'\T';;VV'''^''"'''i''''''''^''i^"'i"'''" 
 
 ;„":;' ;ri '" "":!'■'''"--'- i.v tl,,..; !i 
 
 1 - t ,,. lions.. „, V,.,K-. -Hi,.- liori-ilitarv 
 tiM !5l laifs. 111,. i,i,.„„„. „,' ,|„, |„|.,i;„,K. 
 
 ;';';'";'',"■ ^■"'^''■"yaitios,^,..,m,wW,,^; ^ 
 
 111' Stat,. ,.,v,.|i,,|,„.,., ,,.,, fiii/ J,i.,,, xii,. ,r„Jn 
 .u,isa,.t,iass,.,l,,N,|,,, In th,. y,.ar on, in, M ' 
 l.'^')!, till. r,.i-,.ipts wor,. su ->-/ ^v ,1^/ , ' 
 
 ,.V,^^'*)^ ^''"^ '" «"''! «i''-'' ,oiii,.,ii,v ii,.,ii-\ viir 
 
 '..2-'. (lo^ MS ami lialf.irowns of sil .V v .';. 
 001110,1 1,1 Kiiulaii, I liyKilwar,! VI in .-'V v 
 
 -e'vio,iii.iu.i,^.,,^,,,,in;;!^.;^.,,^^i^.;^;;;;« 
 
 < '■..«•„ Iroiii ,.i„.,ila.io„. Tlii.-i oi„a,v ' ' , " . ", 
 l||i[|^^ • 111.. 1 oimi,,. „( „ivi.r irmvns roo i,i,ii,.„,.,,d 
 
 ;-i-.iy .■;'',iJ,''asV!,^;r.l;;:^;,rs^r,;rn::^! 
 
 luifi'oiis aro tiow. .uiui- 
 
 ^!,|,if'. 
 
 I Ate 
 
 ?W' 
 
 
 
CROYDOX. 
 
 'I 
 
 4 ', 
 
 CROYDON. Siirrcy, friMntod to Lanfninc, 
 
 archlii>lioi] (ilCantcilniiT, iibi.iit 1070. Aicliliishop 
 Wliitj;ilt'> lici.--iit;(l was'i'oiiiulid in 15011. 'I'lie tine 
 old ]lal■i^ll iliuiili wa.s burnt, 5, (> .fan. iXO;. C'loy- 
 doii iniur|)(irati'd liy .■liartt'r, 15 Fi'li. if^S.?. I'ldy- 
 t("lnii( iiistituticri o]M'm'd by tlir aivlibi.slioiJ of 
 Cantfibury, 22 lln'. I.S((I. New Urand tlicatif 
 opi'licd by Mr. Bfciliobni 'irw and cnni])aMy, () 
 Aji'.-il, 181V1. Visit (if till' iJi'iiice and ]iriniM's,'< of 
 A\ ales; town hall, cnnrta of jiK^iliii', and Uvu librai-y 
 oneiicd. 10 Jlay, I^'cjfi. I'liiiulatum, 1S81, 7.S,iSl l"; 
 I1S9I, I02.(i(>7. 
 
 CROYLAND or CkOWLAND, I.in.olli>hi)t'. 
 Till' foundation of an abbey hero wan ascribed to 
 kiiif: Etlielliabl. 711.. Its' history, liy Iiiffulph, 
 jiriiited l)v I'eter oi' Jilois. il>X^. «i whiiii a tr.nisla- 
 tion by fj. T. Jiiley wn.s j.uldisli. d by Mr. Jinhn, 
 1854, is iienenilly considered labulnus. 
 
 CROZIER, see Crosio: 
 
 CRUCIFIX, the crf.ss with the figure of Christ 
 attached t<i it, first known in the fourth, eainc into 
 general use in the cii;litli century. 
 
 CRUCIFIXION. A mode of execution com- 
 mon auionir the Assyrians, Eiiyutians, I'ersiana, : 
 Carthasrhiiaus, Greeks, and ]{omaus. Ari.iratlies, j 
 of Cipliadocia, aged Ho, vau(|uished by Per- i 
 diceas, and discovered anionu' the jirisoiu'rs, was I 
 flayed alive, and nailed to a imss, witli his princijial 
 officers, 32; ii.c. Jesus Christ was crucified 3 Ajjril, 
 A.D. 33. L'xher. (15 Ajiril, .1.11. 2(|, (.'linlnn i 28 
 Marcb, a.d. 31, llahs; prnhnlilii 7 April, A.n. 30, 
 Lynn). Crueiti.xion was ordered to be di.^iHiitinued 
 by Constantino, 330. Ltm/li I. 
 
 "cruelty TO ANIMALS, see Animah, 
 Cliihl'-in, and I'lri.-uiiijn. 
 
 CRUSADES (French Ci-nismh,), wars under- 
 taken to drive the iiitidels fioni Jerusalem and the 
 "Holy hand." I'eter (iautier. the Hermit, an 
 offii er o| Amiens, on his r-turii from ]iiljriinage in- 
 cited ]iope Urban II. to expel intidels from tlie cit> 
 where Christ h.ail taught. Urban convened a 
 oouncil of 3IU bi-liops at Clermont in France, at 
 which tlie amliassailors of the eliief Christian 
 potentates assisted, and gave Peter the eonimission 
 to summon Kumpi to a general war, 1094. The 
 first crusade was ]mblished ; anarniy of3iM),()i-iOinen 
 was raised, of which Peter had the dire ition, and 
 Godfrey do Bnuilloii the command, ioi>v The 
 warriors wcjre a red cross ujkjii the right sheulder ; 
 and ihcir motto was I'n/oiiW (/e iJiiii, '• (jod's will." 
 — The Flench government have luiblished some of 
 the Historians'of the Crusades (1844-81.; • 
 
 I. Crusade (ices) eiiUcd by .tcnisalciji l.ciii>; fiikcii by 
 assault, 15 July, lot^y, and (joilfrey de UouiU'Hi made 
 kin;:. 
 
 II. I'lciclicd by St. Bernard in 1146, licadcil liv i-iii).cror 
 Conrad II., and I/aiis VII. of France. Cne^adcrs dc- 
 fcatiil : .Icrusab'iii lost in 11S7. 
 
 HI. Knipcrcr l.'r,.i|criik li.cib.iiipssii, A'c, in 1 1S8. jniin d 
 by I'liili]. II. i„- I'laiMc and Hi.liard I. of Kim^kin,!, in 
 1190. Glorinus. but fruitless, 
 
 IV. 11.95, by eiiipcrer Ileiiiy VI.: sue. css'ul till liis 
 tieath in 1107. 
 
 V. Pnii'liiinicil by Innocent III, 11.18. li.ildwin. c'ount 
 nf I''l.ualcis. attacked the (lici^ks, ami tenk Constanti- 
 ii'iplc in i_'u;(. His c.,iiiiijiiii..iis rcttuiicil. 
 
 VI. In ijir. In i.'j ,. ciiipi ii.r I'lciliiiik II. oblnini'il 
 piissc-.siiiii iif .leriLsalciii on a truce fur ten yi.nrs. In 
 i.'4o. Kiili.u-il, earl of Cornwall, arriveil at Palestine, 
 but s.i.iM depart. '.1. 
 
 VII. liy l.c.uis IX, (SI, L.iuis), 1^48, wlio was defeated 
 .Hid t.ikfii pri.s..iicr at .Maiis.nirah, 3 Ajpvil, 1J50 ; re- 
 |i.;is, .i l.y rails. 'M ; truce "f t.'ii vcars. 
 
 VIII. .111.1 last, in 1270. by tlic same princi'. wli.i .lic.l i.f 
 a ciiiita;:ions .iiscase, at C;irtli;icc. in .\fii..,i, - .Xii;; 
 I'riii.e IMwai-.l, afterwai.ls Ivlwaid I. i.f Kii;;l,iiid, was 
 
 208 CRYSTAL I'AT,ACE. 
 
 at .\cre, 1271. In 1201. tlu' soMaii to.ik .\. vt . uii.l tin. 
 Clirislians were driven out of Syria, 
 
 CRUTCHED FRIARS, who bore tin- ti..u,e 
 of the cross on llieir ba.k and breast; an < nii-r 
 founded at l!oloi:ua ub.put ll(i(). Tliey an i,|„, 
 called Trinitarians, Tiny had a neiiiasterv ui 
 London in 11 district still called Ciutdicd Fri.n',, 
 
 CRUZ, see S(in/(i Cm:. 
 
 CRYOLITE, a Greenland mineral, a liiMii,,,. 
 of aliiinininni ai:d sodiiini, emjdoyed in pi", i.iinj 
 metiillic aluminium in 1855. 
 
 CRYOPHORUS, an instrument (invent^ 1,, 
 Dr. Wcdlaston .about 1812) to demonstrate il,.. ,-^; 
 lation between evaporation at low temp, riiti.iis 
 and the |u-.aliietion of cold. 
 
 CRYPTOGRAPH, an npnaratns f..r «iiii,,„ 
 in cipher, invented liy sir Charles Wheat>t.',i, . .ii,i, 
 made known in 18O8, in whii h different ki \.«iir,|j 
 may be employed, and it is said, ulisolute -c. rcpv 
 ensured. A cryptographic machine was p.it. ;itij, 
 i860. See Ciji'/iir. 
 
 A system of se.iet wiitiiiK dc.scribi'd in "Anl.u 
 del' .Matlielilalik " ij,.,- 
 
 Josepli l.iidwi;; Kluberj.ublislied " Kryiitograpkik " lij 
 
 I"r.ifess..r ,1. F. Lorciiz pnblislied a system at Va-. ' 
 debmg ,j3f. 
 
 Messrs, Tli"s, l)e la Hue puldisbed Mr, W.,; 
 Henry itcelifiirf s syst..iii of secret wrii;:;, 
 ternied "-\reain.;;]ai.liy, " rt sciiibling Forciizv ,? j 
 
 Mr. .\. I., Flaniiii pat. iited an iiiipiovcimm \i|i.,|i ' 
 tills system alu.iitd.t ,.-. 
 
 Mr. Wi-ii's cryiite;,'iapb. in wliicli tyipi'-wiiiiu.. ,i ' 
 eiiipl.iyi'il, I'Nliiliit.pl l..'iidipii . . 11, lU'i. ,.:. 
 
 CRYPTON, a new gas discoverea b;, |,,„;. 
 Jiaiiisay by means of the sjiectroscippe. v.n.ii'nj, 
 June, l8()S. 
 
 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY is the siei.,, :,. 
 
 lilting to the symmetric .il tonus assumed bv >'i'i. 
 stances passing fr.pin the lii|uid to the solid' 
 Home de Lisle publi^hed his "Essai dc Cri^lill.i. 
 graphie," in 1772; but l!eiie-Just Haiiyi>ve: 
 as tlie founder of the modem school of i-w,' 
 graidiy (l8oi). Jl'/id'r/!. Dana, Dnfresii.'.v. 
 Miller, are eminent inodeni writers on tlii,< -ir 
 
 i!i, 
 
 11. i- 
 nlui 
 
 Illi'O 
 
 ll.li 
 
 CRYSTAL PALACE, Hyde Parle, U,,, 
 
 see Ki/ii/iilini, (if i.Sji. 
 
 CRYSTAL PALACE. Sydenham. T),., U. 
 Iiibition building of i.'^Sl having been .-uneri lfi..J 
 to Messrs Fo.x and Henderson on 1 Dec. |S;!.||,e 
 materials were sold f'lr 70,0110/. to a '..lii;.!:;!, 
 who soon after eommenced re-erertiiig the tiv.'., 
 f'alace on its present site, near Sydenham in K. :, 
 under the direction of sir Josejih J'axtoii. iii'i 
 Jones, Diiiby Wviitt, and others. The ]i!..:...J 
 capital of 5iHi,ooo^ (in 100,000 sliarcs of ;/ ii.|:' 
 was increased in Jan. 185^ to a million pppiimls, la 
 Feb, l.*'87, it was stated t')iat the total expiii.i;!'::.. 
 bad beiii 3,004,737/.; receipts, 4,4111), )f»)/, ; |,;ii; 
 fi.r debentures, k'c, 1,405,232/.; iiumlieriil \\<tjp 
 above 50,fxx),ooo, Bill lor new financial aiiaii;,. 
 mcnts passed. 
 
 First coliinin raise.l by S. Lain;;, M I' , t .\ii,; ij;; 
 
 During tlie pr.igrcss of tlie wipiks as manv .is t4,<) 
 
 nnai were eiiga;;eil at mn' tiiiic, liy tln.fiillef 
 
 scatl'oldiiig. 1:? Mii'ii wp'ic kdlcpl i; .A;i,. liij 
 
 IHiimr Ki^cii t.p pr..lVssipr iiweii and ntlcis ai tli.. 
 
 iiit.riipr i.f the mod -1 of the iKiiaii"'icti, ci. 
 
 sinicled by Mr. Watcrhoiise Hawkins ;i |i. , ., 
 Till- palace iipeiii.il hy the iiueeii i.. ,bii!.. i;t| 
 
 (iiaiiil ninsli'al/'7f' on behalf of the Patiii.tli- Fuh.I. 
 
 ■aurl „ 
 The palai'e visiteil bv the emperor and ciiipr." ..f 
 
 Ihi' Frencli, ,<;e j^. .\|i:l, if;; 
 
 Fii'^t ,i;iaml display of the great fi>iuitaiii~. Ul"ir 
 
 the .|neeii and 2o,..»«.i spe.iat.pis ib.biM.. iSj; 
 
 CRYST. 
 
 Ilif nccipt.H were n 
 87,87.''.. not iiiclinliii 
 .slians, ,Vc , in yc;ir ei 
 
 Tilt iireliiiiiii.uy lliimi, 
 17. ip.llllie, 1S57 ; ^iili 
 
 On the Fast day (fur 
 .SpurgciPii preachepl h 
 were eollccted, to wlu'i 
 :oJ 
 
 (Viiti'iuny of the birtli o 
 tlieiliivctipis awarded 
 suhjVit, wliicli W.'IS ob 
 
 TlicIhiiipM festival 
 IV.-tiv.il ki'i't ill honoui 
 
 .if.Meii.iils.s.phn 
 |...ii.Upii charity ehihlren 
 :,<o (iiplieipuistes (Frciii 
 ' term clioral iinisic, 25 .1 
 
 (iiinU'S ]iciforin, 26.11111 
 
 ,15 brass hands perf.pnn 
 .tiiiiual ripse sIhpw be;:.in 
 .Veltll wing ill,jlirecl hy a j 
 llay,hi'.s " Creation " jieri 
 
 Eliiriiliij's perfoniianceH 01 
 
 lii-.ie(lie plavs on violin 
 
 ^ ic) . . . . ' 
 
 I Suirtssfiil ll.ui.lel festival 
 
 stimteil for the oniiei 
 
 ,i\v\ iastniiiieiital jpcrlor 
 
 SicTSsfuI lliiii.lel fi'slival 
 
 I .Veitli wing, cpaitaining t 
 
 .tlli.iailpni, and other 1 
 
 (:i!'eiit isu.coo/. ilamage) 
 
 rriiiiT..f Wales present at 
 
 I'liii.is til restore the pala 
 
 I Visit I.f tlie viceroy of K;;v] 
 
 { llip'.siiltai! (;:ive.s KxHj/, ) 
 
 I CiiMivativp. wiPiking men' 
 
 1 .Mii|iii;;nf.sIiarehol(|ers de. 
 
 ti.k.lssliiill not be issu 
 
 l."MiTs.iii .'Siindiiys 
 
 .\.';!li wing lesii.ipil „iiil 
 
 .0 .itreiiiailiiiil K.vhibitii.i 
 
 I I'li'tistaut iiiecting to del 
 
 ( R.iif.;..nipf the v;eipnite ib 
 I Ii.:itl. .if .Mr, li,.l„.rt K. J 
 , .■liiilla^Tlipf thi' epini|Piiliv 
 
 j S is^;!!! Ilali.li.l f.sli\j'l . 
 
 I III.' f]Mi\ .liila- Whiilimir 
 I ;..].■ 1p,\ tlii.prin..e of \V,.|1, 
 I latsli.pw, native anil forei;:i 
 I |iiv;.li-ial an sto.'k, li per r, 
 j liaii.nratiiiii of the "great ; 
 
 [l.iriii.vlpy liU.fessor Fhpwcr 
 J li.r i <li..w e|.eiis 
 I Tli;iiil<,viviiig festival for the 
 I .iH'al.s . . , , 
 
 ll'.'^.^ll.iW ejii'Ijs 
 
 |.Mi.Iiiii.oifXatii,iial Fniniic.f 
 
 stlluti'pnal Associations 
 |Xiitii.ii.iliiiilsie meetings ; con 
 
 itti.«lisiPiitlicrn gatliering, 
 
 J.\ I' al cat show 
 
 |]ia.| sli.pw 
 
 iGraii.l rciiiimeniipniticii of the 
 I tlif raslon iiip.ini.iial imvei 
 lywtsdftliesliali of Persia 
 |X,ili..|.al iiaisie niccliiiKs 
 |]|p-i/iiatiaM of Mr (aft. sir) 
 JtaR sioictiin, annonncKl 
 
 ' Ifl, (lift, nilljol) FloOll Pile 
 
 i^il "f till' czar , . 
 
 l.ilMel festival ; sneeessliil 
 U'l-il'^flliesulliin of ZaiuiPar 
 Tf'iliiiiial naisie meeting; 
 li-ilef die kin;: anil (inecn \, 
 
 .ii,i||.riiiei.s8 of Wales 
 pl'at .liPi-k eoini.leled 
 Uiiaiti festival, 25, 27, 2.j June 
 
CRYSTAL PALACE. 
 
 299 
 
 17, ig.lillii'. iSi7 : ^111. 1 ^ " ■ -■" 
 
 0,. th. K.^^t .lay O".- tl„. I,,,!!,.;,, niutinv) ?J {■' "^^^ 
 
 =i;.ffirs-i,S,i:;.sr.s;:;;i£i 
 
 centeniiiy ofti,,. i,i,-ti, „f n,;,,,,, -i,,,,,,;, ,.,,;, ,„^.,".;.': '8:7 
 
 ti.H ,i)iv.t.iis .iwiinlfi 5u/, to ,i i.iii.,. ,„.,', ,1 • 
 .,nd.H.>vl,i..l,w,,sol,,^,,,,,'MV'M;slisn On^ 
 Tli,-H;iiMiilfi'slival . ,„ , =5 <''"i- 1859 
 
 ''X:i:i:z""'[ ■"'■^■•'"";.,...=^,-|- •■ 
 
 I l"iMluntycliiMrciisM|..l,;.,-i. ' ' f^ ,}'P' • '^^■° 
 
 .»''"'i;' ';i«t,..s(K,vn,i, ,„„si,.„i M,;,:,i,.„ ■;;.';: " 
 
 Mi.uh.ini niiisu- =5 J,,,,,. ; tl„. l,,,,„.,.i,-,| 1,;, , I , f 
 GiiiclM liCMfoiiu, 26 June ; botli .line ill tl,,- ,,''l,',r, 
 ,„ brass LniKlsiuTfonii . .w .JniM., „ ; 
 
 Ailmial r"sc show licunii ' ' 'o '""\. >, 
 
 X.ith wins; iiijiiivd hy „ g„I,. „f wiii.l.'jo, 21 KH, ' ,S6, 
 llayjiis ■• Crc'iitiuii " ]iiTfmi,n.,i (Costn, (■ni,(|ii,.t,„) 
 
 Bl,ii,.lin'siKTfnrin!iiiros,>iinii Plfvnfrcl i-,,,,,.' |^,'[!j,': " 
 ,m'(liM>liiysoii VM.Ihi, c,M,ks, simulates lallinL' 
 
 AC.) ■■•■., Ii 
 
 5,ir,«sfnl IlaM.lcl f,.stiv,il : ,. ,„■»■ ,-iivl„.,l ,'„'„' "'l^ " 
 stnidt-l li.r tlu. (,ivl„.stia ; „l«,iit 4000 v, ,■ I 
 ,..„,s,,,n,,,.,,.a, ,,.,.,,,,.,,,,,. . .3, JH ;:.:.;; .86. 
 
 ,. .; ■ . ■ ■ • • ^^i'^o.'unf, 1865 
 
 .\.r , wiii^;, .■..iitaiiiinK ti..,,i,,,l ,l,.|,art.ii,.„t tli,. 
 .1 i..n,il..a, and ,,tli,.r ,-,„irts, ,k.s i„v,.,l v ir ■ 
 
 rrii.K <.t Wales i.i-cseiit at a fe-raii,! ,-,,ii,.,.it tii riis.. 
 
 IimastMirst,„x.tl,c,,alac.. . 'c I'lm 86 
 
 Visit ,.f the vieeioy „r KVy|,t (f-jves 500/,), J„i'v • „f ' ' 
 
 I tliesllltalM^-lVes KH«j/. ) . . in Ii'ilv 
 
 I OiisrtvamiMv,.ikiiiKiiuir»,lein,,ii.stiati..i, ' ■ " 
 
 M..|iiij.'ofslMieli..Mers,leei(l,. l,v l,,ll„t tlrit^frJ,'. " 
 I .i*'^«sla,ll,,,,tlH. issue,ltn\.d,,,iVi,! ',,, 
 
 XhIIIi uillt: lest„le,| „iel le-npene/l . ' V- l.")'; .sVc 
 .Ml.UTellalltleal Kxllillitii.n n],el,e.l -- I , 
 
 rielestaiit laeetiiiK tu delVinl tl,e I,i;i, n'm.-U. " 
 
 Rrnf.iMll oftlle vlei.liile ,le Lessel.s '^ j]',',':.- i' 
 
 '« Mr. H.'l»it K. li„wley fmiiteen v ^ '^'° 
 
 ih. ^™.i ,i„i:e wia.iiiair of iiuss-; h;,;,;,; ;;;;:;, -«■■ 
 
 I i,.ivln tllel.riMeeolWales .f 
 
 I t,ilA.iv, native aiMlC,,i(it;n . nJiilv, '' " 
 
 J'i™^"'»" f ll"' e<<-'>t a.iiiaiiiihi l,y laoiVssor " 
 
 JLnlll!el.y].l..fessni- Hnwer ' ' ' •{■'"•'S?^ 
 
 IlSeisli.rtvi.ieas . • ■ '-•','■"■ •. 
 
 lli'..-ll'!w''M|iells ■ . ■ • • ■ '■■'■'>'■ .. 
 
 |j|..iawefXati,,,,;,ir,,in„„fc„„se,Tati;ea,M "''„: " 
 I >Muti"aal Assi.iiatiniis . .1,1 1 e ,,„. 
 
 |X;,!i..iiiiliiiusieiiieetinKs : coii.i.eiition'aii,! e^uiie'i'ts' " 
 
 |se„isl,8,„.tlu™ pitlieiiiit:, sjioits"'"" VJlMi-' ", 
 
 |Xali..ii.il eat show *-' J '•' ^ : =^ •'' l> • ,,' 
 
 |Hir.|sle.w , ■ ■ ■ =6--'9 >'-t. ,, 
 
 |«r ,11.1 , emaieiaoratien „f tlii' iipeiii,,,- ,.e the'Ie,! '■.''•. '^'^■' 
 I He PaMan meinoiial „„veile'l . '' ' ' 'V 
 
 |VM.M.tl,esl,al,nn.ei.sia , 30 J,„i,. 3' , ;:> - 
 
 |i>.itliil.ill milsie laeel iiL's , .0 ,„ ■J,">i ., 
 
 N..a.ie,i ,,f Ml. (a,,': si,.) f;^:i^e'b °v ;; ;; ^v " 
 
 I >■:.!> .vrielal), ail,»,lll,ee,l Se.it , Mlee.e 1, v 
 
 J:-il..fllieeiar . *- • • . Dec, ,, 
 
 |l:n..|,.iMival;s„eeessrul .' '„ ,, .'/'.^ ;'>• '^7t 
 
 T>:tnftl,, sultan „fZ„„n.al' . ' ^' ',' "■' ;.■ 
 
 g>1lI.i|i,.|lllillsiea]eelil,L' ■ "J •'line, 1875 
 
 pl':.t.laeke»lli|,letea ' ' ' ' "^ ''I'l.V, ,876 
 
 <i-WMvai,.5,.7,,,j„„,,s^^.^,;^,^,^j^;;v._^^ 
 
 CUBA. 
 
 ^1™^j'i;::^'-" """<■''>• '""-!i"K -r,. water tank, „« 
 i.a,„lei...„vals,;3,ie,.<;,..j„„e;.8S3:^'f ''"^ 
 
 "■';;;l:;^;Ze-i.?r'---^'----v^^ 
 
 Visit niti,,, f ... 28 Jiily-ii (let, , 
 
 o,.,,M,"?i ';""":'■'"■"'"' '■'"■'.-•■ss; review " 
 
 ^';i::r',^:::;;!;;r '^'^ •'"-=-tiva,fatr^^^ 
 
 Cry.,tall>,.Jaee.U't]«;se,r ' ' " " J'J'.y. 'Sof- 
 f'ee ll,i,„M F(^;ni;s. ■* ' 
 
 miles ,l,se„vere,l hy Colii,„b„s ;'„ la, M ■ '",,"," 
 if,, {*''-' ''■'"'•'' ''^- Vela.^,,,,/, i:i--r ' 
 
 ^''y;„!.;";:;;;r''' "'"■^^"' <'-'^*i-Havai,.,aii; s.. 
 
 A Uritish exi,e,litinii laiuls aii.l lemaius, 20 JiUv-l '"""• 
 
 The Havana taken l,y .■,,ln,iral T eke and ^,',','1 ''"'" 
 
 -Vlheniaile, ,76. ; lestoied at the ,.eaee ofVa"':! 
 rnl.a,.,„.nedt,.. the trade of the world "■'''''• ]l^'' 
 
 '■i'"'nki:'l.';:;;n^:,!'''''''' "•"'•'''•■ "'-''■'>>"->-'■ 
 
 lln-l.ies.dent of the United Stat™ (Tavlnr)' i,,,!.' "■•*"' 
 
 ,''hi;':';.:r.^::;:;a,ie;:'^"""" '-•"-'■«; 
 
 l--M-.|.tion „f general Lopez an.i a lart-v l!odv"of '^'''^ 
 Anenea,,s,wi,|,,|,,.vi,lw,,fwrestii"'t;is:^L[ 
 
 j.;,;;;;:,;;''' '•■■'■"'''■'' "rs,,,ai„,iande,,irtc'ni«,.(.ie. 
 
 M'-sis. liuehanan.' Mason, and Sonle Cnileri vr!t\; '^^^ 
 .'Msiirr.ition ofCre,d,,s.||„,., I, ,■,,,,. .■,,.„.,■ ., >9life. ,„ 
 
 Ahiait ^,.w, lives l,,st liv ■■ 1,,'t.i ' ', • •'""*■. iSrc, 
 «i'.iMl re,j:n of ,er,ni ; n,assae,.,.s '. .l";.' 'i;,;;; ^g,_ 
 
 Nrdy 
 
 
 ni 
 
 ::::: i '- ) I. 
 
I I' 
 
 (^UBA. 
 
 :m 
 
 CUBA. 
 
 5,1* 
 
 <■ I 
 
 Hon CiiiiiZiilo i',ist.H\iiii iiiiiicliTicI liy Ciilmna,- 
 
 tnllltMll'Sl'cT.ll.'il liV iMnlii'.ll Slllclclit 
 I'i^'llt trii'il :\lft shot .It ll:lVilll,l 
 
 s, 25 
 
 Mr. K. Hi'liinu .<i'iit l>v tin' riiit"il Htati'su'c)vi;nimcnt 
 
 t.i ii'|MM-t 1)11 the Htiitc iifCnliii 
 
 rim lihTi'ili's.s Will' .ttillcdiitiiiili'!) ; M)niiiii'ti"ri,'ivi,'ii 
 
 Dec 
 .Siispi'iiih'.l linstilitii'S tliiMiij;li 111! I'.st.ililisliiiiciit nf 
 
 lii.t Ofiti. Snlceilo diiConts tlii) in.siirji'iit.H in I'li.n,. 
 
 I I'liiiiiiw ; tlii'irl.'.uliT. .Insi'.Miiiti, killi'ij,.!! M.u. 
 
 ""■■ " " ' ■■ iiiil,.,l siT'i'i'tly 1,\ 
 
 . Jll'lc. 
 Ill-Ill ill'li'i-isivi' rnlillict,'* . . Jlllic, .Iillv. 
 
 X"V. 
 7 Nov. 1571 i Exti'ii.siiiii 111' till' iiHiirri'Ctiijii 
 
 9 Dei', 1872 I Kii'i| 
 
 Alii' rii'.ui.-. mill iitlii'i's 
 
 Vi'l 
 
 GiMi. Mint 
 
 w I'cyiT I'piil.'iiiii', uri'ui iiiurliilily 
 
 J Illy 
 
 iiM'z L'iini|ins nttiii'ki'il liy iiisiii-i.'iMits u. 
 
 till' S|i,-iiiisli I'l'imlilic 
 Murli rmlitiii), i'i|.iiitiil 
 
 I IlMyaiiM). Hi'ii.Muiiti) Cilili'.s.iiiiil iilliiT oIIIi'i'I's.mM 
 
 Till' r, 
 
 Iiiiii' 
 
 Aiiii'iiraii srhiKiiirr, wliiliTniixTyiiij^ 
 Mii'ii mill mills fniiii Xi'W Viuk In tin' iiisiir;;i'nt.s 
 ill i.'iili.i, i.s cMiitiin'.l l.v till' .S|..ii,Mi t;i"i-l"iiit 
 
 Ki'li. 1873 I ihi'ti Uill.'il 
 
 ji O.-t. 
 
 -.1 In Clllii 
 
 .llinn 
 
 90 
 
 f'lili.'i 'li'iiimiiN mit"iiniiiy iiMil'T Sp.iiii 
 GiuTnlhi wari'mv ami iiiiii'li ilisi'.isi' 
 Ut'Ii. Hah'i'ild ii'si>;iis ; li'a\t'.-i lor Spain 
 •ifveral towns taki'ii liy insiiijii'iits ; tr 
 
 iiisnr'j,"'Mts ami sailois (soiiii' liiitish ami Anii'i-i- 
 i-ans) triril ; many insiirfjcnls, ami almiit ti l.!ritisli 
 
 til' ili'tail.s 
 
 1 1'ivcl, Ann 
 
 till 
 
 13 liilv 
 
 ■ .Jnlv, 
 
 . .\n,'. 
 
 . q All;;.; 
 
 vvamli.'ii. 
 
 iiisuii.'1'iit ill.. 
 
 mill J.J AiniTicmis shot 
 
 -7 Nov. 
 
 4-7 
 
 Aft.iM" niMi'li I'lirii'sptimlcnri' tlio Vini'miii^i was .snr- 
 
 ri'MiliTi'il til tilt' Atiii-riiMi ' 
 
 53 
 
 ill' 
 
 ■9 
 
 ■li on liiT w.iv to Xi'«- Vork 
 
 .sill 
 
 out 26 III' 
 
 li';;at«s pnu'laini a li-iii'ial n'pnlilii', aiul tl 
 Amoiioini^ta p.'irty petition tin' Spiinisli uuViti 
 nii'iit till a I'onstitntiiiii n 
 ol'l.'anaila 
 
 si'inhlin- till' IJumiiii 
 
 C iiitiniii'il ri;;litinj; : (joviTiinu'nt i-i'lnfurci' 
 
 All; 
 
 isi'oni's ilrfiMts till' Miai'iinis tSmita I.mia ami 
 
 iiLsiiru'i-nrs at N.-iran.)o 
 
 inivi', ifi Si'pt. ; till' insnrni'iit li'mliT Cant,., 
 killi'il in a skirniisli, i-oportMil ,7 Hi'pt. ; ili'fiMi of 
 
 <ji.'n. .Miirtiiii'/, Caiiipo;^ a]'pointi'il ,i,'ovi'rnor, with 
 
 Ki'li. 1S74 I till' insiii';;i'nts, M 
 
 lilt'iiai\" piiwi'is 
 
 t.)i't. 1876 
 
 The .sIrn>:L'li' noiri}^ on, but niori' siilnliii'il, sninim.'r 1877 
 A "t'uomi li'ii^ni'" in the Uniti'il Stiiti's, saiil to lie 
 fofiiji'il to iilitain ri'i'o;,'iiition ot the ijiHiifjjeiits 
 
 iinpias ; ri'poiti'il 
 
 I'.ioii, tlii'ir li'iiiler, killi'.l m 
 
 li.S lli'lli),'i'(Vllt 
 
 s, A.'i'. 
 
 Wept. 
 
 I 
 
 Antonio Maei'o ilefeateil at Ilol;.'niii, 30 Sept. ■ 
 violent storms ami llooils, with loss of lit,, aiiii 
 in'upei'ty r, , lit 
 
 Insurgents ilet'eateil ; 15, 20 Oct. ; 
 
 Gsti'ail.i. tile Ciilein presiileiit, sniil to lie eaptiiie.l 
 
 Oi't. 
 Repiirteil snnemler orim'.ny insni'p'ii.s :!3, 24 I'tje. 
 •fsiii-reuiler of the iiisiirj,'e]it jjnveniiiient"; eml of 
 
 Capt. Dori'e;,'a's party (72) snrpri^'il liy 
 
 29 X.i 
 II lli>< 
 
 nts near I'lierto Priiieiiie, lieiit. Anlieta uinl 
 
 21) .Spmiiarils killeil ; eapt. liorre^'a ami 
 eseapeil, the rest taken |irisoners 
 
 the ill 
 
 isiiri'i'i-ti'in annoiini 
 
 "1 
 
 21 Fell. 1S7S 
 
 Amnesty ileiLireil, with fi'i'eilom to slaves present 
 in,' tlii'iiisi'lves In fore u .Mari'h (slavery to Ik 
 
 Insurgents miller (Joniez, 
 \ Camposat Colisei); 24 Dee. ; re|iiilsei| willi i. 
 
 4 iii"ii 
 
 li.'i'. 
 
 I'Verelyilereati'ii liV;;..|i. 
 
 alinlisheil -railiiilly) 
 
 March, 
 
 Campos ami Jovellar enter Havana triiiniphantly 
 
 Insnrreetion, state of sieije ; 
 
 1 June, 
 
 i in sever.il eiieoiinters ; reporte 1 
 
 li.'i 
 
 amiii'sty proinii 
 
 -■•I, 
 
 .Spanianl.s ileleateil near (.'oloii ; Havana iinailv 
 siirroiinileil liy the insnrj,'i'iits, Fort Vieloria ^111'. 
 leiiilers 
 
 Geji.^ Campos ilefeats the insiii'iients near Iliivaiia. 
 
 4.Jai. ,:,jj 
 
 9 Sept. ,879 
 
 6J1 
 
 in. ; uneriUa warfiire ; witl: 
 
 Insurgents totally ilefeateil at Plaeeta ; annonm-eil 
 
 3 Dee. 
 
 Hill fur ijrailiial enianeipation of the slaves pa.sseil 
 by the Spanisli Senate, 21 Dee., 187): liy elmni- 
 bers iif Depnties (230—10, 21 .Jan.) ; iironml'.'ateil 
 
 1 vaiyiii',' results 
 
 Gen. Martinez r 
 
 21 .Ian.); siu'ceeileil I 
 
 impos reealh'il (leave 
 
 en. Weyle 
 
 The //iie';,;,isL-,s. Illil, 
 
 14 'la 
 
 II) .1:111. 
 
 nsteriie.' steamer IVoiii I'liji.;. 
 
 <3ub,i i'i']iorteil tramiiiil 
 
 Siir 
 
 reniler of gen. Ma 
 
 18 l-'eli. i33o 
 e|.t. 
 
 ami other insurgents to 
 
 the Spaniiii'ils at (iibrallar (see .s';»i;/i|, Aug. .iml 
 
 li'lphia wrei'keil, 7:; miles o!t Long islaml, . 
 deaths; reported ; 2S .laii. ; see I'niteil States, 
 
 .Ma, 11 holy of (ionii'z's army del'eated w:tiriii''iv 
 
 111 
 
 at St. I.ne 
 
 Dei 
 
 AgHM-ro ealls on (.'nbans to revolt almiit 2»; Sept. 
 Unsnceesslnl .Vmeriemi lllilinsteriiig expeditions 
 
 ml Mmvh, 1883 Kieree |i.;ht on the borders of Havana, tli" .Spaiii,li 
 
 eoliii miller geii. Canella saved l,\ 
 
 Cell. A^'iii'iio at the head of forees in Cieiifii 
 
 spring, I 
 
 killed 
 SS4 , Geii. (.'anellu defeats tin 
 
 Son 
 
 le insurgents dereated 
 
 April 
 iboiit 23 April 
 
 and oti! 
 Feb. 
 
 united bands of .Ma 
 
 l-'i'K. 
 
 I'Ts- (6,0.50), near C.indelari; 
 
 :i ; repiirtei 
 
 Last Vestige of .slaveiy abulislied liy the ipii'i-n 
 
 Two Spanish forces mistake each other foi 
 
 deer 
 Destniet 
 
 siirgeiits. many Uilled 
 
 24 M, 
 
 ive cyclone, with great loss of life by in- 
 
 6 Oct. i386 i The Spaniards entra|iiieil and defeated by M 
 
 inh. 
 
 tindations, &c. ; about 1,1 
 
 The ,gi 
 
 veiiiiir-geiiiira 
 
 1 Sal 
 
 1 live 
 
 St 
 
 4 'Sept. iS33 
 
 L'. S. lilibiisteriii 
 
 eln 
 
 rted 
 
 Den. liodrigiii'z .\ri.is 
 
 iiiianca di"s,siiece.ded by 
 
 lier I'niitjul'i'n 
 
 iptinv 
 
 Cull 
 
 1 sulfeis much by the .M'Kinley tarilf bill, mid 
 
 Feb. 1S90 
 
 men sentenced to .leath ; 8 .May ; interveiit 
 
 the U. S. , 
 Guerilla wait'me 
 
 appeals to the ipieen-regent for liel|, 
 reiii|iiirary ins'irrection near Ilnlgiiiiii 
 "Jov.-gen. CalleJ I in . 
 
 .Ian. 
 
 S9t 
 
 factiire 
 
 general ruin, trade and 
 
 topped ; reported 
 
 -May, i,S)3 I Insurgents defeated by gen. Valdes 1 
 
 nrreetioii in Santiago, reported Feb. ; frei|iient 
 
 594 
 
 conllicts 
 
 Vinale 
 Till 
 
 Marcl 
 
 ca]itnred by the rebels, re]iortid q March 
 
 1, IS95 
 
 ebelsdi'leali-d wiih great In 
 Oeii. Callija resigns, ri'|iiirted . 
 "Governi 
 
 March, 
 28 March, 
 
 lolacion ; 26 .May ; again liy gen. (.'asti- 
 
 Puerto Principe; 14 .June'; desultorv tigliliiiu- 
 .Jnaii Zayas, insurgent leader, killed Julv, .\iil-. 
 
 Reinforcenients, 14,000, arrive . i;S,'j,t. 
 
 liusiness paraly.sed ; forced paper enrieiiev ; ni' . 
 
 refused 
 
 iii'iit troops defeateil in Santa Clara, 
 
 2fi, 23 March, 
 Rebels twice defeated ; Varona, a leader, killed, 
 
 Iml 
 
 cisive engag 
 
 Fi_'liting, with in 
 
 del It 
 
 liotll side 
 
 at Soroa, I'iiiii 
 
 April, 
 Arrival of niar.shal Campos. . 16 April. 
 
 Insurgents defeated near Palnmri to with heavy loss, 
 
 12 .\pril. 
 Gen. Salepdodcfeatstheinsnrgonts iindergen. .Maceo 
 
 io, near (inaiiajay ; Keyes, the reliel leidi. 
 
 and other Dttlcers killed; rei'iorted 
 
 27 1 In. 
 
 Giiiimaro, in I'm'ito Principe, siirreinh'r.'d tn th" 
 
 insurgents, iimle (iilixto (iareia 
 
 Iiisnrgen' 
 
 d ■ 
 
 > N'liv. 
 
 in I'; 
 
 iHii 
 
 Spanisli tniojis severely defeated 
 
 Guerilla warf; 
 
 1 April, 
 iq A|iril, 
 
 M 
 
 igu.'l 
 
 ■d by gen. Castellailo. at S:i!l 
 
 feateil. and th 
 
 111 other places; early Nov, ; again i|i', 
 
 ■ir leader, Francisco Aliad. killei 
 
 tlicting report; 
 
 ire; Siianish army iiiellicient ; con- 
 
 May, 
 
 The insurgents defeated near Gnantinaino aft. a 
 desperate light: the 8|iaiiisU commander, lient.- 
 
 col. Bosch, killed , . .M,.,y^ 
 
 III May! 
 
 the town of I'agsan.jiian ca|itnred liy t!: 
 
 Spaniards ; reported 
 
 Col. Aldea defeats in 
 zas ; reported . 
 
 snrgents (joo killed) in .Miit,i 
 ,|i' 
 
 The i 
 
 iiirgeiits captnrn t'risto 
 
 Antonio Maceii, insurgent leader, killed in a In 
 ti'-iht, and suicide uf Fnincisco Gu z at 
 
 Pedro, in Ilavan 
 
 iDi'i 
 
 (.iiiimy captured by 
 Garcia, 6 Spanish nil 
 iifiii .Miinzmiillo ; re[ii 
 
 Fililiiistering expedition 
 J limits wrecked ,.|nd 5 
 
 Daillliiieolllpletelydestri 
 
 Itiiiils of insurgents di,. 
 Havana and S,iiitii C 
 .Maximo Gomez at .^rn 
 _, i siihiiiit 
 
 |{,.|i.iiii sdicme drawn 11 
 
 hy till' ilUei'll-regelit a 
 
 fiisi'il liy tlie(_'iilimis. wl 
 S|iaiiiald'' surprised by 
 
 IHirted 
 Iii>in(;eiits'ciinips. .yc, ,| 
 
 ninny killed ; n ported 
 I.inieiit policy enteii'd o 
 
 irtisi'd: reported 
 (ii'ii. Hills Hiveni, insiirgei 
 
 »ar, wiililideil at Cnlici 
 
 ivilll eiil, llaeallau ; ii'Iii 
 Kililiir-leiiiig expedition 1 
 
 livtlie Iji"i:<iI„ at llane 
 Gill, \Ve\|i'is e,ini|im'i;ii di 
 
 .mi.itioii little chmigi'd 
 
 ■ illinll 111 the west lit till 
 
 .\|i|iliialloii of relornis bi 
 
 lit Havana . . 
 Traill lilovvn ii|i with d,\'nm 
 
 i.xi killed, near Havana ; 
 (ii'ii. Weyler iniiclaims an 
 
 ri'ii'ler 
 Fri'ijiu'iit conllicts, 225 rcl 
 
 killril .... 
 Iwiltury ligliliiig. 202 ins 
 
 ifiiiler: 20 S| anish kille 
 Vittiiria lie las Liinas liesj 
 
 miller (1,1 rcia, 14 .\iig. ; e 
 
 .'»flV lllllllillgo .Meiiiie/ Capo 
 
 till' t'ahan Insurgent lie 
 
 liiillliei'ii 
 lliii. Wi'vler reealled, .ind 
 
 lilulien . , . , 
 (ii'ii. WVyler signs a general 
 
 Till' Ti'iU.ii. an oveiToailed 
 I'iiiarili-l liio; iSi deaths 
 Fiii|in'iit eiiconnters, ic.i 
 
 -lllilllit to the ailtllnlities ; 
 
 llln■|ll,^ giaiitiiig const ituti 
 ili„ aii]iioveil by council 
 :;Xiiv, ; at Havana , 
 
 (iiiisi, ill Santiago, captiin 
 |iiiii>tl,v i-seapeil convicts), 
 ^iral excesses ctinimittiti 
 
 allllfjIlllCeil 
 
 I;,-iir:j''iits defeated near 
 lii.iiii'Zili'l'ealed in ,Siiita C 
 
 : 'i:! Ill' 60 lililillsleliliL' exp 
 
 III'' I'niteil .States during th 
 
 Full fiiianio hesieged by in; 
 II ila.vs; siege raised on t 
 I'liliNiiii; loss on both siih 
 
 iTvnil I'ligngenients : ;;o3 ii 
 n.|;i;ii'il. and r'l, siinenden 
 iii'l ;;sniili''rs killiil (dnriii 
 
 i"i Ifiii;: .-"111 to Aiangnren, 
 i,;i; tl. siiireiiiler iiijii accc 
 iriiliil by his onleis; re]Mjrl 
 
 li'ii, tiiiii/'alez Jliiiioz appi 
 I'lit'itiiiico , , . . 
 
 li!-t laliini't imder the aiilo 
 ■li-i' Jl. (ialvi'Z, president; 
 
 I'' 'It. ,11.1, Sntii. niaiiir Nnficz, 
 >a'l''rs. with their men. sub 
 •'lii'si-atislu'il with the new 
 
 !"H'lt.'ll . 
 
 Ill'' inMu'geiit gen. r. Delgadi 
 
 lnllmvi'rs, and si veral leaden 
 
 i"ii, .Miis.so. iiistngent, with u 
 
 -inii'i;i|irs to gen. Aunirre 
 
 e.'.,- Iiilli-'l, and i^Q snrrt ni 
 
 l-.''liili!>ll killed (in 2 weeks 
 
 I JIasiiliO Gomez's 2iiil siiiiadro 
 
 ' l'"ft«l ... 
 
CUBA. 
 
 MO I 
 
 l,.)iv.iV e«|anrc.l l,v i„sMr};,M,t-i i,„.1it cUiM,, 
 
 li..,rnM 6 Sp,„„.h nMI,.,.,.s „i„l ,58 „ 1 N. 
 
 iiMii Miinziiiiiilc: ri'iio?!,.,! m mi, 
 
 ,l„«,t..w,v,.k..,|,.„„|„ „„. rn.or "1 ■ ; 
 
 n."'i;«''-"|^M'i''t.'iv.i.ssin,v,.,ii,y,i,,.h,'smp- 1.4 • 
 
 l;:„„N "I IIISI|,;,M.,||S ,lls|„,s,.,| will, l„.r,vvluss ; 
 
 M.>.Mj..(M,,,,,.z,,tAm,y,,l,l,,M,.o, ,o6kill,.,|,u:,l 
 
 i!;i„;i,, >rhM,„.. ,i,,.,wi, np'i.vs;.,, ciinnv,;,, ;''i,'.'',','.'i 
 
 f|-i'>'i'" ""■■';'■;. "I' iiia.Mi'i, ,„.,;.,.)" 
 
 ''",',',';',''i ^'"'"■'^'••' '■>• '"-'«v>,u. 4u kiii.Vi ; ,',:: 
 
 [,,.,,...•1.1^ '•••"'■I'-.' .V<;.'.l-tn.v..,i if, rinnr'.h'l Ril!' 
 [,,„iHit p.,Iic,v„t..n..| .„,. A n,-ai, pi'iM,,;,.; '', !' 
 
 '.■;isi'il : IV|i"ltci| . I M 1 
 
 li,„. liius Hiy.n,, ii,s>,n;H,t N.uNt in U„. IVii ,"a' s' 
 «:u.WM,ii,.l,.,l |,t C,,!,,./,,,!,,,,,,,,! tiikn, pris,,,,.,- 
 
 Fi|il,,,.h.n,,^...,H..mi,.numlnn,|,t. Ii,,|,,,|-|,,,,|,'i 
 
 !,y tl]i' IjI"iiiiIii lit ILuirs , . \l4i-,.1i 
 
 ,;,.„.\V,.yl-rs,.,M,,,„i^„.l,.st,n,.tiv,.nn.ri„,i,;,.isi I' 
 
 -iiiiatM.M littl.' .■Innj; i,„.,. ,vpnl, ,Er/, • p,„.iii 
 
 ,atl..Moltli.MV,.Mnl til.. isli„M|' : ' • Viri 
 
 .\l,|.li._:ilHm III ivluiins liy royal ilrcMvi., pMl.ii.i,,. 1' 
 It HiiViUi;! .... ' ^ 
 
 Ti:,ii. M.;>v|, lip will. ilyiiMinit,. I.^ iiisi/rKiMiN, i,! ,,,'iu ' 
 iAikiI..'.l, Ill-ill- Hiiviiim ; i-i-piii-ti-il ,0 Iiiiif. 
 
 i,.ii. W.-yl. T proi-laiiiis an iiinncsty to all wl,,, -.in-! ' 
 
 Fr.-i|iii-Mt i-oiilli(-(s, 225 riilifls anil 21 of tli'i-^ti'i'nos ' 
 killi-il ." ,_,,, ),.i''.'' 
 
 Iwiltorylis-'liliii}.'. 2n-2 insiu-Ki-iits kill(-.l 7,,,'siii' ' 
 iraili-i-: :o .■<|,-inisli kilh-ii ; n-|..,iti.,| it'iAn--' 
 
 Vict.™.;.- la-; l.iuws h,.,sii.n,.,i |,yt|„. i„.;i|,,,,,„t-- " 
 niiil,>i-l.,-iroi,'i. 14 All- : (-a|,|,ii-,.,| . 2= -\i - 
 
 M lioiiiiii;.;n.\l,-,„l,-z(-apot,. ,.l,.,.t,.,| p,.,„j,|„;,, ^';i. " 
 Ilii-Cuhan liisin-i-nt H.-imMic at Havana - -i, 
 '""""■'"' --•-.. I. Si-iit 
 
 C.iiWVyln- i.-oallr,l, ami sn,-, Uy um:Ua " 
 
 Ul.lUl-n . . . , _ '' ( 1(-| 
 
 i;.-]i. WVyli-i-si-iisa gi-in-ial aiiini-sty ; ri'iinitl-.l ' " 
 
 II,.. r.;(r.«. an ovi.il„a,|,.,| M,.„n„.i-, vr.'r\il'\V,,x - 
 rii.;,r.l.-lliic.: iSMU-atlis . . ,6,,' 
 
 Fi«|m-iit .-Mi-niinti-rs, ,0, insni->;,.nts kill,-.i - ,,,' " 
 ■iil.iiiit tntlii-:Mitlii.iitii.s: ii-p(,,t..,| .'()Vi 
 
 lin-,-,-.-.s (.-Kintii,^ ,-.,ii,stit„lional iv^uu to (-nl.ai,/ " 
 .1,. n,.i,.nv.-,i l,y ,-„„i„.il: f, x„^, . ,„,,,,i,,„„,: 
 ;;N..v. : at Havana . . . ,, D,.. 
 
 (;i„Mi. ill .Siiitiaj;,., (-aptiii,.,! l,y ,,,„. jum,,' .,.„ts " 
 (ii,.,.|ly .-M-iip.-il (-onvicts), iii»l,-i- (-alixto lian-i-i'- 
 ^ii-at i-.wi>ss..s connnittcil ; Sjianish loss l„.avv' 
 alil,ij,!l,i.'-'l . . . . -ill 
 
 l;.M,r;,-i,ts ,l,.f,-,-,t,-.| ii,.ai- Mai,i.anillo : .Vaxinio " 
 
 (i(.|i,.-zil('n.ati-,l 111 Santa riani : ,-,.p,„t,.,i c- |l"■ 
 ;;..,ll^|■6o liHl.iisti.|ii,-i-x|«.,|ition.s (iiisti,'it'..(l l,v " 
 
 !l,.-li,it,.,l Stati'-sdiirint; tlii.|-,.li..|lioii ; n-i.ort,.,!, 
 
 Full (iiiiiiiio lii-H,.-,.,! I,y insiii-p.nts. iii„l,.i-"l/.!'iT " 
 II ilays ; si..p- raisi.,| on thc-anival ot .Spanish 
 (■"Iiiiiin ; loss on l,otli siilrs; r,-|i,,it,.,| , ii . 
 
 J,-o-,al e1l^.,^,^,.n„.nts : -;o,, iiisni-.i.nis ki'll.-il, 'o " 
 
 i.l:;M.|,l,.sk,ll.,l(,|,ii-|iin loilays) . D,,,. 
 
 !■ lli"i:--i.lto.-\ian^nn.ii,n.l,|.l,.lii.-f,toin/|iu.;. " 
 to. ..„ni,-,Ml,.,-an,l am.pt aiitononiv : is "V- 
 .■ral.-.niyliisiii.i..is; i-,.poit,-.l . ' ,„ i,„p 
 
 (..11. i;oii/i.l,-z Miuioz aiiiiointwl .niit.-u,. , of " 
 
 1;h caliiiirt unili.i- tin. niiiunoniy s;1i,.,„mV sen' " 
 
 ,.'"■" •V,'"'^"='' I""- •^t;,..stal,lisl„.,|, ,, Ian.' .808 
 
 '■',"''■'"'■ ^.';;"- "'I'l'"- N""ti''Z, ami oil,,.,- ins,„-«p„t 
 .■ .I.TS, will, l„.„- ini-ii. siil.„,it, .l,.,.lai-in« 11?, 1 
 -.■lv,.>ati^l,e.l,vitlitl,,.«..,vaut,,no,,,oii'' «':,!'': 
 
 Til- i.i.Mii-geI,t pn. r. |),.ii;a(lo' killi.,1 l,v 1,1.' ',','i"; " 
 Ml.«Hrs,a„,ls.v,.,all,.a,l,.,-ss„i-,,-i„l,:,- . j,"," 
 
 (..1, JIasso, iiisiii(;,.„t will, „ o|li,.„,.,san,| loon,,.,, " i 
 111-111, so,., n. Auiiim. in .KantiiCla.aV , : 
 
 r.t,-.k.l,-.| „i„ „o snmn,|,.,,.,|, ,, p,iso,„.,-s' 
 ..-«lain>l,k,]l.,U,n.,,v,.,ks);„,p,;,,,',|,,„"j;,;; 
 
 i™nl ""'^'' ""' "'l'""!''"" -sun, iMleis; ,... 
 
 23 Jan. ,, 
 
 CULDEK,S. 
 
 1E96 
 
 lEy; 
 
 .■4raiij:iii-,.,,. iiisiiiM,.,,, ..,.|,.|.' ,,„ ,' ■ ■ -•^ .Ian. i8,;t 
 
 '"i'lKi" a,-Fa„,:,: ';,:„-'|""'"^"n";-'i 
 
 ::;'ii::t:i;:;.y'-^'''- ''^•'■^■:i!:/'il:;i',':n;i;r 
 
 Ti-aii, l.inw], ,11, I,,. ,.,■., '.. ,- - •^1.-11,1,, 
 .. , Santiago ,',,^ ,.;■:"",''• ''.v ii-ni.^,.,,!, j,! 
 
 ^ «;-™.n,.., calico (ian:ir';i„^;i;^r:;:' j:^:! 
 " ";;:-i::';^a2;,!'"" "'""■■— ■ ^-■'- '■.--'ri^ - 
 
 ^><->l"affh.Amii:aiii in,,: --.Jois, ,, 
 
 CUBIT, 11 inonsur,. by whi,]. f),,, .,h. „f v u 
 
 ■ A•:;;;■;;rr'!.,[;t•^,,■;,f■^^'-'i^- 
 ^".••-'"!} .rtn^srliut 111 i,!:s" '■"'■'' '^^ 
 
 CUCKIXG-.STOOL (or DrfKivfi-srnnT 1 
 
 «;'!;/,; ;.v!'^^= »"dtmoth...rnt Ca,nb>-i,lge in ^^ 
 CUCUilBERS, noti,.,.d by Vir-il -n i .,i 
 
 CUDDALOItE (Tiulia), on tl,,- .o-ist of .>, 
 
 mul.^rwo,itiMk.;i,'n,-i '^..^I'^niiotilil''^^'' 
 senen.l Stuart. i„ ,-,S: wl,r,'l, ' '"."■■^•' /""i'T 
 
 ••'I'l'n-(.,1 14 July. i8-, T , '-' "'"'>"•, '"»> 
 
 inlml,ttants\-,.r..i,;„-na;iusly r,,'?':' T ""^ 
 
 I I'iuto ros,-t,ecl tlK.,,riso„ors,-,9 July. ""^ ^'"l'^'^ 
 
 ' rh^i^!;^l::jrl:;^^r^''^^f I'^""n„ armour. 
 si'vi.rali-ociim-i',tsof,.,v.:i' '.„ ' ^ ^^".I'"'™n had 
 
 :n;^;l^';r!;'f ;■'"';•' ""''p-ciiri::;-,:;'::;-^^ 
 
 8t o •>'•.,■'; '■'''''^'''™''''*" ♦'"' '"i^miii; s„ .-: 
 
 H ■ % : :'i .1 
 
 n"'l 'I'jW'l'^ 
 
 ..'L 
 
 
 
 
 , -ff 
 
'mm i 
 
 crLLEN'S wool). ;ii>^ 
 
 (JUUATES, 
 
 ( I' 
 
 ■^ifir^i J 
 
 CrLLKX'S-WOOD (Iivlaml). An 1',ii„'1h1i 
 <-ol()iiv trniii Uri^t.il inliiiliitiiiK' I»iililiii, wriit t(i 
 Uivci-i tlii'iiHi'lvc* III t'iillfii'«-W(i"il, when tin' 
 O'BvnitM uiul U'Td'.liw tell iip"ii tlnni, mul 
 ■destrovi'il 51*1 mi'ii, liM^idcs vniiicii iiml cliililii'ii, 
 W Mii'irli,"l20() (ii'i Ea-tcr, al'tLTWiii-ilsoiilliMl ll/tick, 
 Mondiiy). 
 
 CULLODEX. "ii'ai- Iiivcrii.'>-'. «li( ri- ihr F.ns- 
 Kish. mi. In- William, .liiki^ nl < 'nnilii'i lainl, di't'i'iilnl 
 the Soitlisli lirailc'il liv Cliarli* Ivhvanl Stiiarl, llic 
 vouiig rn.'l.iiiler, Id' .\|iril, ir4'i. Tlii' Si'nts l.wt 
 aw mill kiUi'il upon tin' Hi'M, m- in tin' .sIiiukIiIit 
 wliich onunvil in llii' irurl pursuit, wliilc the loss 
 nf till! Enu'lish dill not fai' ixuvd 2<k). IVin.-o 
 Chiirli'S » h" wiiniliavd ainmi!; thr wilds nf Smtlaml 
 for six nnmths, whilr ;r),iK)i)i'. wni' iilli'i'i'il for 
 taking' him. at l.'iiKth rsraju'd t'n.in Uist to Mnr- 
 liiix, and dii'il (it It.'mi". .? ^Ia^^h, 17.HS. 
 
 CULTrUE, aiT"iilin- to Mr. Mallhrw .ViMndd 
 ("The Aposth' of Cnlturi'. 'awielness iiml 
 light.' and the opponent of I'hilistinisin ") ; is the 
 knowlediie of " ihe In st that has liueii tlnnuht and 
 «ai(l ill the worhl " (i.SSd). The \vritiiii;s of ,Io)in 
 Kuskiii and .Ma'lhew Arnohl are said to have 
 greatlv promoted 1 nllnre. and reliiieiiient in literu- 
 ture ami art anioii!; all elasses in ijreat Uriliiin. 
 
 CFLTt^R-KAMPF, see KHllH>--K<impf. 
 
 CULVERIX, cannon so called from the French 
 eoti/oti-roii, said to have heen introdnceil into 
 Enirlanil from ,1 French model in 1534. It was 
 orifcinallv five inches and a iinarter diameter in the 
 bore, ami carried a hall of eighteen pounds. Jlni/ii/. 
 
 Cr;\r.T; (S. Ttaly"!, a Creek colony, said to 
 have been foniided 1050 B.C., probably 'too early, 
 nnd to have been the residence of the ancient Sibyl. 
 It was taken by the Samnites 420 11. c, and was 
 annexed by the Romans jjH it.f. 
 
 CUMnERLAXD. a N.W. county of England, 
 •was ^'ranted to Malcolm I. of Scotland in ')45, 
 by kiiiiT Edmnnd. " on condition that he shonld be 
 his feilow-worker." It was seized liy William I., 
 but restored to Malcolm III., "who hecanie his 
 man," I1172. William the Lion, after his defeat at 
 Alnwirk. resiiiieil C'nmberland to Henry IE., and it 
 was tinally annexed to ICnulaiid in I2J7. 
 
 UI'KKS. 
 
 C726. Williiiiii An^riistus, sccoiiil sou of Gc age II., died 
 13 Oct. 176=. 
 
 £766. Henry l-'r.'d. li ■. son ofFredeiic, jai of Wales, 
 
 dU-i'l iS .S-)it. i7u>j. 
 lyg:). Ernest .\ii,:;iistus, littb .sou of (ieor;,'e III. ; lieeanic 
 kiiij; of llauover. 20 June, iSj7 ; died iS Xov. 
 1S51. 
 C851. Gi'oiiJie v., tlic ex-kint; of Hanover ; die.l ij .Juue, 
 
 187S. . 
 
 1878. Ernest Aii/iistiis, s.oi ; liorii 2iS.'pt. i.S.t;. iii.irried 
 
 laiiiei'ss Tiivia ot Deijiiiark. 21 Dee., 1878. Issue, 
 
 Oeoi%'.' Wiiliaiii, lioni 28 Oct. i3£o, and live otber 
 
 rliildreu. 
 
 A rescript I'roui the puiinTor William II. was issueil 12 
 
 .Mardi, i3g2, restoriie.' the (luel|ili fund (the aeeuiiiu- 
 
 late.l propeitv of kill;; L:eor;.'e V.), whicli ha.l lieeu 
 
 •ie(|ui.strated ill 2 Mareh, i863, to his sou, the duke of 
 
 ruiiiherlaiid. 011 eertaiii eou'litioiis, tlie duke liaviu^ 
 
 st.'iie.l ill a letter t.> the eiiiperor, dati-d 10 Maicli, 
 
 "that he hail no iijt.aiti >f eii;.',a^oii- in any under- 
 
 lakiUL' which would threMleii the pno f the (ieriiiaii 
 
 Eiii|Mre.' 'I'he liuelph Fund hill for makiii;,' the 
 aieeessar\" arraiu'citieiits, was passed by the I'lussiaii 
 <liet, ;i M,ireli-6 Ajiril. 1892. 
 The attair settled ; the duke retains the Gueljib musiMiin, 
 lilirarv, and ^aniens lor the heiiellt uf the laiblic, 
 .Mareli, iSyj. 
 
 See P, r I'll :;v ! : f: , 
 
 C'CTMBERLAND, The, see X,n„l IMiles, 
 l8ir. 
 
 CrML'L.VTIVE VOTE, in parli:i,i„,ii,rv 
 elections, proposed by Mr. liobert J,oWe,« ijiijv^ 
 diirinn' tliedebates oti'the ref irm bill ; and r '|.r|,'i' 
 5 ,riily, I.Sd;, liy 314 to 173. i(y the act pa^scl ,'• 
 An;r.'lX''7 (yVti 31 Viet. e. 102), it was eii;ii.|,,,] 
 that at a contested eleetion lor any coinitv .^ 
 boroiieli represented by three meniliers, ■!,, ^,i.f,„j^ 
 shall vote fir more than two eatiilidal. >, '\-\,, 
 cnniulative vote was used in the eleetioti i.f o,,, 
 London SI hool board, 29 Xov. 1870. 
 
 CUXAX.Y, in Mesopotamia, nearthe l':ii|ilir:it,.i 
 where Cvrils the youn;;er was defeated and >l;uii !n 
 his brotlier Artaxerxes II., a'.;aiiist whom lii. ],,] 
 cons|ureil (401 11. c), narrated in Xeii(i|ili„,|-, 
 Anabasis. His (jreek anxiliaries were suiri>.!i., 
 see liitnat iif tilt' Greiks. 
 
 CUXEIFORM IXSCRIPTIOX.S (f, ,„ 
 ciintii^, Latin for a wed','e), in characters resetiililin; 
 arrow-heads, inscribed on bricks or cluy.talili.t,' 
 found at liiibylon, Mehistnii, \-e., h.ive bitelv iifm' 
 deciphered by Enj:lish and foreijjii seh"l.irs, nli, 
 dale some of them as f;ir li.ick as 20<.)o 11. 1;. i<,., 
 A^x'/l'i'l, liilht/Ii))!^ lit'hiatiin, 
 
 CITXXERSDORF (in rrn^siai. Oni2.\.i2. 
 1751). Frederiek U. kiiiLt of I'russia, with jr.,,,, 
 men, attaeked the .\u--trian and Knssian aniiv ; 
 ')0,noo in their ramp ne.ir this plaee, ami ;it iji.; 
 
 jfaiiicd eonsiderabl Ivaiitages; lint pur.-uiim thm, 
 
 too far, the Anstrians and Kussians rallied, anj 
 irained II eomplete vietory. The I'russiaiis lost:o) 
 pieces of eannon and 30,000 men in kilk'il :iiifl 
 wounded. 
 
 CUPOLA SHIPS, see Kavij of E,i,ihmi!. \%i 
 
 CUPPIX''G, a mode of hlood-lettiii-. TL, -ij:; 
 is scaritied by lancets, and a g;lass eiip in whirji 'j, 
 air has been raritied hv heat, is iminediatelv ii|i|i,is 
 to it, when the Idooil usually Hows into the iir.. 
 This operation was well known to the aniaent*, ailj 
 is described by Hippocrates (413 n.c.) and IVkj 
 (20 B.C.). It "was common in England about i&o. 
 
 CURACOA (correctly, Curai^'ao), an islaiiJiii 
 the Caribbean sea, settled by the Spat'iarils a!»';; 
 1^27, wiuj seized by the Dutidi in 1(134. In|V( 
 the French, settled on part of this island, qiiarn'llr; 
 with the Dutch, who surrendered it to u Brit!^i 
 frifiate. It was restored to tlie Dutch ill \\:\ 
 taken from them by the iJritish in lSu7, aiul ajiiii 
 restored in 1S14. 
 
 CURATES were of early appointment asci;. 
 jntors in the Uomish chuicdi, and are nuiitiniu.JL'; 1 
 England in the 7tli centi.ry. Aiiion^r tlio ac- 
 pas.sed for the relief of this laborious rlass of !:.r 
 elei-ffy are the 12th Anne, 1 713, and 311th, j^ij, iti 
 vSth Geo. III., and especially the beiieliie'iu a:.: 
 Will. IV, Uct. KH31, It aiipciired by parliaiiimVi:! 
 rejiorts on ecclesiastical reveiuK's, that tlii'it «w 
 in i.'^3I, 5230 curates in England, and Wales, ivli.^ j 
 stipends amounted to 424,(^(5/. The jreaUM iiu::;. 
 her of curates in one dioce.se was Liiieolu, 0:9; ci 
 the smaUest that of St. Asaph, 45. The Pa.v'rii 
 Aid Society was establi.slied in I.''36; the .Sfn 
 for promotin!; the Emidoyment of Aiiiiitiijaii I 
 Curates, in 1837; the (^.'urates' AninnentatioiiFutt [ 
 l<St)<). The Curates' Alliance, a rerormiiig tnii, 
 issued its first annual report, Dee. i,S.'-'2. 
 
 * " At any eontesteil eleetion for a eoiuity iir 1«'!' .; 
 represented liy more than two iiU'iiihirs, aii'l liir; | 
 more than niie seat vaeaiit, every voter shall iif I'ltitir; 
 to a iiuiiilier ot \-otese4ual to the iiuiiilierot vaiaiit >■..>. 
 ciii'l may ^ive all sueh votes to one eaiidi'l it.'."r;.;j 
 distribute tliein uiiioii}; the eaiididates us he tliiiikstli 
 
 1850,011 the death of the 
 
'•'■IM'KW ItKI.L. 
 
 cn:vE\\\ niAA. a...,„ ,i„. i.-,,.,,,!, ,■„,„■„ 
 
 (vlii. r^^r'^i u;;';!;:::!;;::':,,-,,'-^'^f ' '0 
 ciKh..ni..kinti,,.,,v,^;!;^'::u';!,;i'';:--,;;i 
 
 ^,Vm-. 11m. .urlcvvunH „„.,ii(i,.,l , |I,,„. ', ' ' '^ " 
 CUKIATII, sei' lioiiit; (,(«j DC. 
 
 cniLiXG, a s.ufri, „ ,,i ,1 j,„„„, „,j , 
 
 nnth. h,. sahl t„ hav._. 1,,,,, iMtnulur..,! (, „ , , 
 
 Ing. AVUtm-.il iMmil at .Stratlmlhm, IVitlili;,", 
 Cl'KRAGH A7/,/,„v, 
 
 ;i(i;i 
 
 CUTCII. 
 
 am.iiiiit Mttl „., ', ..' "" '",""■ ■"■111 and the 
 
 aiiKMiiit lilth 
 ^liaiii;c< ||;iv, 
 
 Ih'i'M ijiaili 
 
 .r"""ly irdiiicil. .\l;„iv 
 III'' laws ivsr.,.rilri;,. Ill, 
 
 aij 
 
 l,y 
 
 I'll,!. 
 
 ■'■ii-itdrus wnv .■iiM.'ii.l, 
 
 .1 i,v 
 
 . 07,, ,,11111 r|||,.,|, ,5j^;|||,| ,g^^g 
 
 ijiiM hi 
 
 I 
 
 turn,. 1. Ml.n i,u-,.„ to a Mnall kin.l „C ilrl : fK,-a, ' 
 l,r,.udit (roM. tl,,. Levant and Zante. The , tV 
 
 "■nivdured to 7,,.; ivdu,,.dto2.v. |-.\ini ,C 
 CrRREXCY ACTS. See ,„,de,. /?„./■ «/• 
 
 /...,.„.. I .,, -I«2J, and OW,/, ,HU.. Those of J, 
 
 '':Sn:;;T:;;i;;:;;\.;:iX^::;';;la!::::;'ir-'i:''*"''''''^ 
 
 M h."h,.^,;';t"' ' , ,; 'i!;;,;-)'). <r""7 > '- 
 
 li< ilM^irliiial iriMif, issaud 6 V,,v '.poo t I., „ 
 JlKjr.(Mp,„,idvoea„.s.,is ■fln,-.yshili4^tl y 
 
 'o.'.inr!;:;;''''^'''^-'"'^'->-f^-- o- 
 
 ^.Ct'KSITOR BAEOX. This offl,.e, fo,n,e,lv 
 alt.l.lifd to theniin-t ol , .(, I.eiliii.r «■... .,1 i- i , •• 
 
 .s5'.,on,h. death Of thedi;ffi,;;;i::.:^;;:'it;!j^' 
 ^S^™i^^;^:;il?:^^;;o^:,?;t••^^^^ 
 
 CrSHEE PIECES, invented hv Riehanl 
 L-Mko, tlu. .aaste.-u'unner „f the J{a,f,,/ 2w,,Tm 
 ot->var, ivii'.uiieJ for Immmtv shown in the ,n . 
 n.e...wi,luhe Dutch adnural v:;;'i';.:;,^J%;'^;'^- 
 
 I 1580 
 ■5va 
 lfil4 
 
 1(142 
 16S4 
 1720 
 1748 
 •3o3 
 1823 
 iSjo 
 
 ■8)5 
 1840 
 1845 
 1850 
 185s 
 i8fo 
 i8f.4 
 18^7 . 
 
 1870 
 '871 . 
 1872 
 
 '873 . 
 1874 
 
 The ,1, 
 
 l-'nstoias ill y 
 
 ti4,Qoo I 1875 ^' ' 
 1876 
 
 : "877 
 
 , 1878 
 : 1879 
 
 i 138.3 
 
 I i83i 
 
 1882 
 
 I '883 
 
 188+ 
 
 '885 
 ! i836 
 
 1887 
 
 1383 
 
 1SS9 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 , 
 
 ; "893 . 
 1894 
 
 ■895 . 
 1896 
 
 ■897 . 
 1893 
 
 ■n- i'rid;i:, 
 
 mil. 
 
 «;Hi.v,in.dfa.ty;;a;.;,:;:;:!;;,i;;.aL:r''' 
 -r!e-^inlrhi,.L!n,,;;^r:--:- 
 
 pCXX) 
 
 ■48,000 
 
 • • lfiS,ooo 
 ,v>>,ooo 
 5 10,000 
 
 • 1.555i6oo 
 
 • . 2.i-Kio,iXX) 
 
 • 9.97.1. 2.|0 
 
 • ' ■.498.763 
 ■7.540.323 
 ■ 8.613,906 
 ■9.915.296 
 -■u.196,856 I 
 2".4t2.i7o 
 ^1.630,081 
 
 24.391.084 ' 
 
 ■ ^(.234,356 
 
 2-'. 299.306 
 
 ■ ^-■••34.737 
 2i,44g,843 
 
 • • 20.233, 33o 
 • 20, ..25,892 
 
 • ■ 20,1^7(5,236 
 
 20.J23,325 i 
 
 ^.;..n;f:';:fa'l-!;:/;,^---woo..3.:a,ast 
 tlH-baldlmSr-f "•'•'-'" --tn,nst..nvd to 
 
 ''i:!:;:,!;;';:;^, ,^.;';^l;r;';"''- Y--. -^d"!!; 
 
 ■550 : l.n.Mt d.,uii 11 i,/:'-', '"'' ".^•'■t l'n>;er in 
 Th' ;r.—nt,...lii|,.eo|,,,i,.,l ' " '\^''^>■l8,^ 
 
 ""'■"" •"^'""■"'r' "■"'"■^•■'iin.;s;."^;:^i-«-7 
 
 east, .111 wniKof its H-iivl, ,M ' 
 
 •■■■■■ With Pn,,,er;y^\rtt';na,S 
 
 'y. 349. 280 
 20,196,601 
 ■9.896,386 
 20.043,180 
 
 so,343,u6^ 
 ■9.16.9,605 
 ■9-210,466 
 iii.275,668 
 ■ 9.682,67: 
 ">.651.352 
 20.557.819 
 ■9.722,303 
 20,135,855 
 
 '*.579.476 
 20,067,0.^0 
 20.424,000 
 ■9.480,000 
 •9.736,ooo 
 ■0.335,339 
 19.698,698 
 20, ii5,o,jo 
 20.756,000 
 21,254,000 
 2i>798,ooo 
 
 1224 
 
 1830 
 
 HI 1 
 
 drslV, 
 
 0|'((V1 
 
 lat.iii.ili 
 
 l)nKs,.|s 
 l'Ii.iii-i.s in th 
 
 Th 
 '.I I, 
 "'• 
 nal confemico 
 
 lli-t 
 
 on 
 Inties made in 
 
 9 Amk. 
 Pustoiii.s tai'itts at 
 
 ■833 
 
 1890 
 1S94 
 Act, 
 
 the 
 
 pre- 
 
 a.s in 
 
 by the 
 
 jPN..|...jheeusto,n,w,^.e::r:iM^;;::i'-i;^,- 
 
 Nuction..' and onnso|',d.|,!''i;^ ""' '^^'\ "" '"•'"V 
 I c...tmus deparnl'i '.,„"■'-■'■'' """'" "' "'^ 
 
 i-'>IN 01- i-eeonU of fl,„ ■ • '^^', "^''''PW of 
 vi«u.lyno,ni;mt^hv,he^r;f;f"'^r^''' 
 
 , CUSTOZZA,nea>-Veron,i, \ Ifii, „ ., 
 Italians were liefeit,.,! I„. i , "^ "iTe the 
 
 Juno. I^t, a : a s ^eslir^''" "-''» ''"'«'t.A( 2| 
 
 their kinK, Viitor F m,,. i ' ' 7V'''''""'"'J«J by 
 
 l'"f''l to he -20 kill. 1,,^ '"'", 'r^ "■'>« comi 
 
 w.,iinded, iiiid iiearlv . fl, • '/'■'" '^'"'•■''. 3'"'90 
 Italian. ;oo„;e"^:;!::,^,SS "'''^""^'•^- "^''^ 
 CUTCH (Kaehh), w T,„ii' „ . . 
 
 under the ,over,.„,e,>{Wl3..K':''i;.~PS 
 
 
'*i,j 
 
 1 n j 
 
 Cl'TLEUY, 
 
 304 
 
 CYPUUH. 
 
 i 
 
 
 Ilni': 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1?^ 
 
 1 
 
 i:,;;„ 
 
 of tlic (IcinvdiilKm hC llif iiiitivfx. tlir Ka-t Imlin 
 cnvi'iiinicnt iv^ni'ti"! ti. li<>»til.' ini'ii^a-.^ wliicli 
 r.'MiiltiMl in ;i stiinircnt ti-cnty with (lie rii" iii .Inn. 
 iKKi In |S|i) lie w;\- (lr|i.iiMl |..r ini-^'.iMMMMM-nt, 
 
 ,„wl 'ivi,!;,,',.,! l.y I.H uitMnt <■■"■, ".'I', ""' ''\ '! 
 
 Dntisli rcMitintirnt. Tli.' tiidlir m .InMrni, .Irtcrtfil 
 in iHr. |S^;. «N- M,p|.n-.,.l l.y the l)r,t,.l,, Miiny 
 jirrsi.iH in'ri-lifil liy :in rMrtlii|ii:iki' m July, 1M<). 
 T/iiiriitoti, 
 
 Cut In 
 
 J-'lK.lf, itl'O 
 
 Cl'TLEKY, '^f ■'it'll. 
 .Sh,JliM, iS>'9. 
 
 CrTT VCK (K.itiik). E. ImiHii, h Briti^i pro- 
 
 vinit' cciW to th.' K. I "ipiiny in r.Sii.5. C'uttack, 
 
 the .aiiital, wan takiMi I'S col. Ilarniiut, I4 Oct. 
 Hunii' year. Tlio .Mahi-a'.ta« c(UHimiL.il it in 1750. 
 Tliuriitiiii 
 
 CUTTIXO-OUT :\rACIIlXES. Wo.iiing 
 apparel wa> lir.<t cut out by inaclimcry ni hn^lanc 
 bv Mcs-rs. Il\ani.^in |S^<. The machine, invcntfil 
 hv Mr. Krclcrick U^lll.ul•n, consists of a rcciiiro- 
 ci'itin" vortical knife workiiii: throiit;li a slot m the 
 
 table that su rl> the pile of cb.lh to 1„. ,-ot. I he 
 
 eh.th luin- prrsse,! iq) to the eil)re ol the knife by 
 the attendant, the knife will -ever it in the direction 
 of the lines marked on the il]iper layer. 
 
 CUZC(^, capital of rem, was entered by rizarro 
 
 ti\e monttis'^siese. 
 
 QYAXOGEN, ii ecdonrless gas (composed of 
 Tiitro"eirand e.irbnn), irritating to the nose and 
 t'ves,'\lerived from Prussian blue, was tirst obtained 
 in the free state l)V Gay Ln-ac in I.'^l.v beiufr the 
 first instance of the is(dation of 11 eoinpound radical. 
 
 CYC'LE of the sun, a period of twenty-eijfht 
 yeais, which having' elapsed, the dominical or 
 Sundliv letters return to their lornier place, :ind 
 proeei d in tlie farmer order ac-.a-din- to the Julian 
 C.ilendar; that of the moon is nineteen lunar years 
 and seven intc'-ealarv months, or nineteen s.ilar 
 years. The cv.le of 'Jupiter is si\ty years. The 
 ■Pasclial cvcle, or the time id' keepiuK' Kaster, was tirst 
 eaUnilated for the period ..f 5,52 years by Victoruis, 
 4(13. iSl'iir. Hi'!' .Uvlonic Cy'i, C'llijiinc lerwd. 
 
 CYCLE, .'^(■e I'ihriprd,. 
 
 CYCLONE rULVEEIZEli, an ;>i.parntus 
 invented liy Messrs. Kaymoiiil. Dros., ol America, 
 in imitalioii of the vinleiit action of air in cyclones, 
 for luilveri/in'-' various substances. It is said to 
 liiive b.en successfully ajiplied in crushint' i;oU 
 quartz. Kxhibited in 'Loudon in May l.W.S. 
 
 CYCLONES, eiretilar whirlwinds, or hur- 
 ricanes. comni..n in tlie Ka-t and West Indiiin and 
 Chinese seas, varying troni 2W to 5a) miles 111 
 diameter. Many 'details respectinu' them will be 
 found in Keid's '"L.iw of Storms," published 1838. 
 
 Great evdonc in India ; see C'lknlta . 5 Oct. 1S64 
 Captain" Watson, of tli.. C/on/ici, oliservin^' tlie 
 l.:ir,,iiMtcr fallint-'. and foretelling the approMi-li of 
 tlic rycloiie, saved his ship by steering out ..1 its 
 
 Great'"cvclo'iie 111 tin. liabaiiias, „t XassMii. New 
 Providciiec, :il"ivu (k<o lioasi.s and iiiaiiy .liunlics 
 unci (.tlicr biilliliiigs tbuiwii down; l.etnccn 60 
 and 70 peisuns killed, and a great many ships dis- 
 iiiantli-.l ■ '•,•'•','''■ '^^'^ 
 
 A eyrloiie .lesolated .\ljtil.'ll I. St. kitts. ..Hid other 
 is'les ■ religious and iiijnul'actiiriiig baililiiigs de- 
 .stroycd. an.l tl sands made hoiiieliss. ji .\ng. 1871 
 
 TIcstll'ictive evcl..|l" lle.ir Ma.ll.is : ships I. .st. l .May, 1S72 
 
 Uestruetive eveloue, ?^, K. llengid ; I al.utta l.aivly 
 escMj.ed ; abiput 215,000 jicisijiis perished, jt (li't. 1876 
 
 Destructive cyclone near Aden, about 50,000?. 
 
 ilaniag.'s ii.piiiti'il ; ships sunk, itie., . (.liia., 1;. 
 Destnictlvi' eyi.|oiii. lit Cah.iula . 23 Mily ct .,.,. , , 
 
 Sec I'll'lill /.-/l,., .S7..M/IS, IlllU'h Mr, /.•,,,,„' ' 
 
 Mnilnil, i8t!6./ M'/. 
 
 CYCLOP.T.DLV, "ee En,;j,-li,),uiUa. 
 
 CYCLOI'EAX :\IA.SO\l{Y, a tern, ..i„„ 
 to very ancient buildings in (ireeee, llal), and A-i,i 
 .Minor, probably the work of the I'elasgi, nnni. tl|;n, 
 IIXK) H.C. 
 
 CYDER, «eeC/r/<r. 
 
 CYMBAL, the (ddest known miiMiid iiistn,. 
 niellt, made cd' brass. CMiibals were used liy ti,,. 
 imcieiit I'l^'ypti ins, Assjrians, IIebre\s» imj "oij,.,. 
 nations, 2 Sam. vi. 5, 11. c. 1(147. 
 
 cym:mkodoiuon society «„ ,,,,!. 
 
 lislied ill .Sept., 1731, to instruct tl;e igimniiit ;ii.| 
 relieve ilistre-sed Welsh. It wa.s siispin,!,.,! j,, 
 17S1, :inil revived ^4 .Iiine, l.Sjd. f.ir lii, 1 nv |iur. 
 piises. The -lii icty was re-established 111 |S-- |,,. 
 pi'oinotioii of literature and the arts in Wales, ' 
 
 C YMKI <n- Kymui (heiieo Canihriii), the putt, 
 
 Celtic family to which the Hritolis beliniijed, ,,ii,i 
 
 which came from .\sia and oeiupied a large p.in „; 
 
 \ Kurope about 131KJ li.r. About .v. 11.(141.1 Ilyiiiwaj 1 
 
 I Moelmud reigned •'• Kimj uj'lhv Ci/mrij^" see'l/'u/i,, 
 
 CYNICS, II .sect of philosoidiers r„imdeil bv 
 .•Vntistheiies vl'>out 311(1 11. u., Ihuij. Lmii., (.'.Vii'm,', j 
 who professed to contemn all worldly Ihing.s f^ll| 
 i.eienees, e.xcept morality ; and lived m |iulilir \i|i|, 
 little shame Diogenes, tin emiue'd cviiii, 
 323 B.C. 
 
 CYNOSCEPHAL.E ('%V .%;"-/«, s. niin....,i I 
 from the shape of the heinlits), in Tln'ssdv, wlim I 
 relopidas and the Tliebaiis defeated .llcxundir | 
 tyrant of I'heriu and the Thessaliaiis, ^la nt. 
 I'elopidas was slain. Here also the coll.^Hl H.iiiii. 
 nius totally defeated riiilij) V. of MiicedMii. 11)711.1, 
 and ended tlie war. 
 
 CYPllESS, ('iij)iriisiis xrinpvnii-Dis, a trfel 
 found in the isle of Cyprus. The Atlieniaiiii bwrirjl 
 heroes in colKiis iiiaile of this wood, ol wli«h| 
 Kgyptiaii mummv-chests were also faliriiatt'i). Tfcf 
 ancients planted it 111 cemeteries. The cypress wisj 
 brought to Kii,i;land about IIJI. The 'ileriJu „ 
 cypress, C. ilistu/i<i, came from North .Vmericaiiifiip 
 I '(40. 
 
 CYPllUS, a large i.sland in the McilitcrraucjD,! 
 near the coast:, of Asia Minor anil Syria; |insHi)tl 
 capital, Levkosia or .Nikosia; sea-ports, I,ani;i'K:i,,!jJ 
 Faiiiagosta. Here the ani.denta fouml c.i|i|ii 
 Cypriiim), silver, and precious stones, TlicHi;iii:rv| 
 was fertile, and abounded with trees in an. I'ltl 
 times : and under Venice its eomnieivi. v .,< 
 portant. Population in I.S81, 1X11.17.;: 1 
 20^291. 
 
 The Pbieiiician colonists iiitrodiici.d llic «ni«]ii| . I 
 
 Ashtaretli (the (.Ireek Astarte or .Xiilaoilile, :li. 
 
 Uoinan Venus) 
 
 I Conipiered by Aiiiasis, king of Kgypt : ri.voltid.a 
 1 the inva.sioii of t'aniliyses, and siiluiiittol I" 
 
 Persia b.i 
 
 i Hevolted, and siilijected o-njj 
 
 I Partly iiidepeiiileiit under Kvagiaas aid N'i.iwli- 
 
 kings of Salaniis .."'i'*)! 
 
 i Supported .Mcxandev the (Ircat 
 
 I TaKcii fr Deiiiiuiiis li> I'tolt-iuv ..f K^V) 1 
 
 I liecaiiie a lioiiiiiM laoviiii-c ... 
 j Visited by P.iiil and llarnabas (.br.s xiii.) .i.l' 
 
 cy; 
 
 limit ri'VoU of the ,r,.iv« 
 S'lnil hythe .\iabs, «,« . ' 
 l«wi' I'liiaiieiiiis, idiii; ' 
 .vl/iil by HIehai'il I ,,r ) 
 
 liiiii til (Illy d,. laiMHMjiii 
 "iinlir of the .Sworil •■,,,(„' 
 
 Iii").') 
 (Iiivsilcseeiiiljiiif, Ciitlii.rlii 
 
 \eiiicc . 
 
 l'd'Ui< MUcred liy til,. Till 
 
 linniTcctlons «iippri..ssi.i| , 
 
 U.'iii.ral ill Cesniilii, a (ii.|,'i,i 
 
 •III, hy cvcavatioiiM, dl.si.n 
 
 Knypliiin, I'liieiileiaii, am 
 
 nniiiiiii.|its, and iitiar ivl 
 
 Vmk iiiiis(.iini) 
 
 lli< mirk, "Cyprus ': if.s' 1 
 
 ,iiiil Tciaples," pnli|i.,||,,,|'| 
 
 TliMnliniil given ii|ito(iii.a( 
 
 li.'iihy Ih,. Aiigln-riirldsh 
 l'..«si..«ii.M taken liv adiiiin 
 .Inly; hy sir iJiirnet ,1. \\ 
 .'iilllllllssioliel 
 I M ill nicklieKs, with deaths 
 
 III' rsfiirthegoveriiiiii.nt l^ 
 I -i.iiiiT, jiivcii at eoiirt 
 I M 1; ,1, Wiilscley's ill.,., .,,',, c 
 ill inilillc w.iikH, ilale.l 
 
 I Unlililliili 
 
 JTliilWlisli luiy the (iioa.n,,,,, 
 I .Siltiiii's estates, (.ally in 
 I liiiviwi'il general iirosnerid 
 I Bii'k) . . . '. ■ 
 I Sir II. Ulililiilpli reports t'liat 
 1 iiinit Is popular, Inn th,. 
 J .K%.; jS,cml. \ii||.,l fiii-Cvr, 
 I Sriv lilw lit l.iniasiil oiieiie'd 
 
 |.VMvmiistltiitioiiiiniioinieeil 
 Itinlivc leglslativu eiMineil on 
 J Jii'l'li .... 
 |l'*'' tiniieil d,.strn(.tivi. ' 
 
 ,TOtly eiici kcil by the skill 11 
 
 BiMili, ivpeited 
 ISrR. iliilihilph rejuirls grJat 
 
 iTOSfil revciiiie (194,051/,. evi 
 
 friiend liealth guild ^'/ ' 
 ISirll. E. IhilHcr iiomiiinted ns'i 
 I .tiii'. 18S5; aniveil 
 |r»fi«.i Sm-irtii, I.iiiiijiin, fiirin'ecl 
 
 it.iut Ufa hospital at Kyrenia 
 
 |irf|iii<iilii)!ifiil exea vat ions ; di.sr 
 1 III till, teinple of Alilinidit,. 
 I ftpiir'. 1 . , , _ ' 
 Ik.' iriiiik'lit ill 1887-8 : had l" 
 I l.^vv MiVved hy ^;„y,,,,|„„,„t 
 WliwHlHlit liJilvest, pnislieritvi 
 ■ iltwItiLmtion, reiiorteil hj ,;i|. 
 
 ■SirWaltfr J. .SMidaU apjioini,.,! h 
 
 ll«ii<l Muiiiaigns or ,39,, ,39,, I 
 T"''-^''"-flh.S93-5;4,3u2/, expe 
 
CVPUUS. 
 
 limit ri'viilt iif t|„. ,T,.„.„ 
 
 l«wr i'mmi Ills, |(|,;„ * ■ '^ ' '"""' I'J ('ivi'kj , (,^^ 
 
 't::i;':;""': ;'-^"' ■''-■•I'^CHnnin,;,,,,,,- „,,;'■'' 
 
 li|'niir.,li,,ll,Tnll,ytlH.Tl'irkHHltl, ,; 11 ,-, ■ U»7 
 
 -111. I'ycxciiviiti.inM ,ii-,.„v ',. -^11 '•Hiiiii con. -^ 
 
 K^vpt I'll,,.,,!,.!,;, ;;,;;:'::>, '"i'vi"Mi.,ii, 
 
 VoikiMiiHc.iiiii) . ""* (""''' I" III,. .\,.,i- 
 
 Ili< u„ik, "Cvpnis: ili' \„i.'i,.i,( lu. ' „ •'"''■"' wv. 
 I .iii,i;iVi"l'l,'s," piiMlsh,.,!! V ',,"'■"• '•","'-. 
 TIiH>,Iiiii.1kIv..|i ii|,t„(i,,.„( lliil., , !■ ,. ,' ■ "'•'■ "S;? 
 Ii"ii l,.v III,. .\nKl',.Tii,.kiHl, ,,,;'" "''""■""■'■ 
 
 |Vs,<,.Hsi.iii t,ik,.|i l,v iMliiiii,,! I,„!l i"'l' ,}■' ■ 
 
 ™nMiiU«li,iii.| . ""itfli'J, IIS |,,i,i |,i^,|, 
 
 I M ill HHkii,.sH, wieii ,|,.|it),M i.,'.,,,„.;„i ,■, =^''iil.v, 
 j .,..iit.|., i;iv,.|i at i.,iiirt ■ • "'*''' '"iiiiiiis- 
 
 r::;;n.iKr;;i^:?,:^;:;i-' i^''' ■•'■'"imi»:.i.,'i,:;:;i;:; 
 ri,!;Si''' 'v^'^'™ --'■-■•'-'■'•> M.•;^,l::;^ 
 
 r^;,;!;u!i:';.:;i;i^!':.,::i;'':;: '^t'-i^jv,...,;;";;;;-^" 
 
 "Sr"™""" '"'^'■'•'•"'■■'■••i'"H,.r(i,i-,„„; ■• 
 
 iMrll. lii,Miili.Ii ri.|i„rtH t'liiit ih.. I'l.-iti 'i ■^""' '33o 
 
 I H-; 78,«,V v„;,.,l r„|. ;■';:,„ '■""-•'•■^ .l-lMv-,.,!, 
 V»-i'li.Tia l,iMi,i.s„l „,,.n.-,|' ,,j. „,■, n.-„=|^|^|';7;; '33, 
 
 |.\rt.|.niHtltiitl,)iianiiciiiiii.|.|l ,r'"''- •• 
 
 Mn, MMiitke ..,M„„.ii .,,„„;„ ,,• ,|;^j^'";;:;;. -s. 
 
 |l«j;i;,iiiliimp,| .l,.»t,.ti,.tlv,. 'ravnL',..* ,",f 1 ''"'■*' '5'*3 
 I ,ii-.,tlyciic,k,.,lliytli,. .skill,,,/., '"'■"■•'ts 
 
 J Bmii, i-,.i,„il,.,| ^ "" ■"^'""'"Ifin-KyofAlp. ,s. 
 
 I M,v,lii;v,.|iii|. (,04,051/ ,.v,,., 7. • '""' "I- 
 I M..1-1I iii'iilth nl.t'^ • ^M'l'iulituiv ,u,6Ss!.). 
 
 Is-ll. K. Iial«vr ii„iiiliint,.,| ns"l,i..|,'r "''• r">'>>< „ 
 
 If,f,«,. J(«."7,,, I,„i„|„|,, f„ni,'i.,| r,;,. ,i,'. ',■'*'/','■''■!'• '386 
 
 I ,..«,t„f«ii„«,,itaiat Kyi.nlk;;,^^Vj;;,;»^;^;;l;;;;;- 
 
 IWii,.„l„«l(i.l ,..\Tavatl„iis ; ilisr,.>,.|.i..v . , .,''"'."'• 
 
 l.,...™p,,..,fA,.,„.,,,mri;r;;;;:;,:;'-;t^ 
 
 ll/ii.. iiLiu'lit ill' 1337-8: iia,l l"„,,-,.„'„f ■ ^''l'^- 
 I l.<.,i;Hi,.v,,| l,yK"v..ni,ii'„, ""*'-'f' «''"«' ' '■<• 
 ■i»wrll,.|itliiii-v,.sl, Iir„sp„ntvlMf.,-,'..„.i„', ,"'•*■• '889 
 
 JsrWalter J. .Sp,„I„11 api,,,],,!,,,! i,,-.,, cmnu^uliUl^li 
 itoiiil cimimii'iis of iSqi ,^„^ >„. . , ^'>'^>' i3q2 
 
 30,1 
 
 C;5ECH8. 
 
 'i' 
 
 ''V-'- -"In:;;''.!^'';^^'^;:,,-'"''- - 
 
 "i'''''Ma«,u,i,i,,,.t,i;, ;,.'''';, I'' > 'II io,is M.i,.,.s 
 
 ;^;;;;i;;:i!;r--"-'"^-';K;;:M,y.,.,^^ 
 
 '(>X(>, Hiiil 1,,.,,, „!,„ ; i,, "" • '"!■ '!V Miinit,.,,,,,, i,i 
 
 "'■'"'7; H-Mi that . . ;.! ,''''''''';'.^ '''■'t'-i'tiiB 
 ""•""'■'' >■'-'■ uUv I.::^'"'""' 
 
 f"iiM(lc,l liv Hat.,,; „ • /V'" "i), a (Ji(.,.k ,„|o„v 
 
 citii- 
 
 "'"""■'■'« "^n;: ^" f '".v, Kav,. ,1„. ; ■ - 
 
 """«- iinn.i,.,., A, n ' i' "'"r'i' V)'"'"'. '"'' 1.- 
 -'n,,un-...ll,v I'^ok. "s ;.""' 'V'''"'7^- ,'' "■'" 
 Jl'wh li,.,.t. (2,S,-, „(. r f, '■• ^*'"' Plixvi inaiiv 
 Apio.. .;. tlVC a,;, .J?;.","" ".r-'"" •'> I''"''""y 
 i),.m,. Cyn-Mai,. «,.,l,tur.s u ^' ^ ,"""' •■"lt'.'<iit. 
 i'ntish.Mi„,,„„i,;i'|i;J."'-^^y«^^«e.-e j,la,.,d ia ,ho 
 
 CYliOPEDIUM,J..eC«;«,. 
 
 vyS^E^^i:!:;;;;*^;'-;)^ I" ».« PeI„ponncsia„ 
 of Mnulan.s, as,si,,t..,| ""I ' ' *''i' """"^M 
 
 «"..! -i-Cratea wit)? ^ ,i; 'r;,'f •""'^•■- ALil^imi,.* ; 
 
 "'^/i^-.'oruiS:'^!^^:-^ 
 
 i'f' ■'■ '<:u<i to hav,. V ;, • '^'-';'?'lf'-oiiiC,r.s,i,. 
 !' Moravia tl,::,^' ^^ ~ "'^-i C^e^hsis mii;;" 
 
 
 r 
 
 5- 
 
 11 IJ 
 
n 
 
 III 
 
 DACCA. 
 
 300 
 
 DAHOMEY. 
 
 I *f 
 
 u 
 
 D. 
 
 DACCA. N. v.. Iniliii, a provinco .icniiiri'd by 
 flir Kuwl Iniliii C'(iiii|iii?iy in I7()S, iniil ruled unilor 
 
 tlic'iu liy u Xiiwiil) till 
 T/ioniliiii. 
 
 ita iiiuu'Xiitiuii 111 
 
 1845. 
 
 DACIA. » Uiiiiiiin pniviiii !■ (iiiiliiilid 'IViiiinwnr 
 anil piirtM nl' IliiM^'iiiy. TniiiNUvuniii, Wiilliicliia, 
 Muliluviii, and (iuliciii), iiflcr nninv ('(intcstii, win 
 Hiilidui'il liy Tnijiin, rod, wliiii 'Di'iilialiiH, the 
 Jliirian liadrr, wiix killiii. Dmia was Rhaniluncd 
 to the (Jnths liy Aiiicliiin, in 270; (iuliducil liy the 
 IfiiMs, 37(1; liy Si ytliians, ^lili; liy CliailcniiiKnc, 
 and liy tliu .Mi"i)?yiiis, in llii' 17th century. 
 
 DACOITS, liereilitiiry ioIiIkih «t Neath India, 
 fornualy eniplnycd in war liy native Hiiv('ii'ij;n§. 
 
 It Is stilted llmt lietwi'ill 181811II1I 18 14. "lie Irilie lllnlle, 
 la 118 "iliii'iiitees," iilev|iecliliuiis, killed 172 |ierniillH, 
 ami iilitiiliieil |iliiMilei' viiliieil lit iis.miu/. la i8|8liiiil 
 Aiii'klaiiil illd iiiui'li to Mijii'ieKM the iliienltK, iiiid iiiiiny 
 hetlli'llierits were lircikell lip, lillt tliev me Imt i|llile 
 extiiiet in t)eii;^,il mill Hiiniiitli. Si'\i-rul ilaetiiteei. were 
 Kll|i|ili'Sseil ill l87g. .See lUiniKili. 
 
 DAFOUll, see Nomliiii, 1884. 
 
 DAGIIESTAN (a nimmtiiiii country S, W. 
 Aniii), wuH lonciiiered liy the czar IVter, 172.?; re- 
 Btcircd to Persia, 1735; rt'-annexed to Uuuaia by 
 Alexander 1., 1813. 
 
 DAGUERREOTYPE PROCESS, invented 
 by Daguerre, and published 1 838 ; see J'/toto- 
 grophy. 
 
 DAHLIA, a Howct diseoveicd in Mexico by 
 Vini'i:nt Cervuntes in 1784, and broujrlit to Kiirope 
 about 1787, and cultivated by the Swedish bcilanist, 
 ])ahl. About 1S14 it was introduiid into France 
 Bnd England ; Andiu Thouine mi^'scested improve- 
 ments in its culture, and it soon became a favourite. 
 Gcorgi introduced it at St. I'etersburj; ; hi'iiee it is 
 known in Germany ,is the (iiai-i/iiiii. The Niitioinil 
 Dahlia Society, antuial exhibition at the Crystal 
 palace, I Sept.' 181)3. 
 
 DAHOMEY, a nc)tro kinRdom, West Africa, 
 became known to Eiiro]ieans early in tlie lust 
 century, when Trudo Andiiti or (iiiadjor Tnido, a 
 jnan of energy and talent, was kinjf. He died in 
 1732, and was succeeded by a series of cruel tyrants, 
 a larjje jiart ef whose reveiuie was derived IVcini the 
 Blavc-trade. Alilxokiiiu, a robbers' haunt in 1825, 
 lias, since 1820, become a stronf;-walled town, inha- 
 bited by free blacks ; and was consec|iientlv opposed 
 by the king of Dahniuey. His army liiia been 
 severely defeated in its attacks on this idnce, and 
 in one on 16 March, 1864, a i;reat number of his 
 Amazons (female celibates) were slain. During 
 the last few years Uahomey has been visited by 
 captain Burton and other tiavellers, who have 
 described the royal sanguinary customs. Capital of 
 Dahomey, Abomey. 
 Tnule ciiieiic'il witli |l;iliniiii.y mnl seltli'iiieiits 
 
 made liy M. Re;,qs, nf .Marseilles . . . 1840-50 
 The kiiiK ordered tu |iiiv a line (for an iiiitra;,'e 011 
 
 Mr. Tnniliiill at Wliyilali, 23.11111.) Mmeli, 1876 
 
 lie refuses in insultiii;^' terms, .\ipiil; tliecnast alicmt 
 
 to lie liloekadecl July, ,, 
 
 Tile, kint; tlircatens uiassaerc of Euroiic.tn.H if .11- 
 
 tackcd ..•••.. Aug. „ 
 
 Heniiiki'si esslmis; I1I01 kiide reinovccl 13 .M.iv ,1,, 
 
 lleiiewed iinissai'ies of niitlves ("cMistoiUH") mid 
 outriiKeH on lorelgiierH at Wliydiili i repcuii'il 
 
 Tlie king attacks i.nKos, kllNninny mid takes ii'lioiu' '"'' 
 io«K) |irlsoiic'i's ..... 10 .Miiv isa 
 
 "all y idaecd uihIct tlie iiroteetornte of I'i.ir,,'. ' 
 
 Kill III III!' lic|nest of tlie king . . y (ivt. 
 
 'I'lie liiiliomi.y tiooiw ri.|.iiNii.| in an atlack iii...h " 
 
 tlie Kl..|icdl si'ttli'lllflits at Zi'lio, oil |jik„ ||,,||. 
 
 Iiaiii, by eoninmiiiliint b'erilll.ni, 10.. killed , . " 
 
 reported ji Ki.'i' iSr, 
 
 'I'he king after liisliig about 1,00.), ii'tiies with lili "^ 
 
 I'rniy iei„,it,.,i ,.. m,,,,.], 
 
 I'lirto .Novel and Kcitoiiou well lielil liy the I-Vi'inli " 
 
 The llalioniey coast lilockaded liy the Krench " 
 
 I'l'oni 4 .VpHl 
 
 'I'he Kreiich re|iiilsi.d in a cimlliet with th,' kiii;{ " 
 r.'porli.l .... .\|„i| 
 
 Theklii«sannynearl'oiliiNov.i ; Kii'indi reinlnii ,.. " 
 nieiits liom Si'iiepil landed, .Vpiil; his tinoiis ic. 
 t real after an en(.'aKi'iii..iit wilh si.\ iti. hiss .. , .\pnl 
 
 The kiiiK ill II leller In prcsidciit Caiiiol hisliili's " 
 
 his ri'l..|ili f Kreiieh nierchmils at Whvdali inr 
 
 meddling wilh poliiii-s . ic'i.i'iM.d al.ont'.'H .\piii 
 
 Whydiili liiiinluii'dc'd liy the Kreiic'li vessel KirovUn " 
 .HI. ,1' April ; (■oniniander l.'oniiiii.r d.'iiiai»U tli,. 
 siurendi.r of i ) Fn'iic.hmen, in prison sinn. Kili 
 3 May; they are surrenileivd, and Dah'iiiM'Wih 
 |irisc>liei's I'eleasmI , j|||y 
 
 The new kiiiK Hehanzln inslalled ; he wiiii's tii 
 pii'sideiit I'liniol desiring a .inst peac'e . i_. .May 
 
 Peace with Kiiinee cnmdiided . icpniti.cl 6 (let. 
 
 The kind's contimii'd a;,'gresslMiis an.l llunils li'ini " 
 to war, April; the Krenc.li elminhi.r voles ).i,„,«io 
 franc's for an ex|>eclition to pro|,.,.t pni(., \iiv„ 
 and Kolonoii, and a\eiij.'|. iii.|iiiii'S . . 1, .Vpiil, ]= , 
 
 Kieiiidi irinforei.nirnts rmni (Seiii';;ul arrive, at ' 
 K"l"ii"i' JoAinil, „ 
 
 I'lirto Novo and Knt 11 liesii'^ji.d, leporti'd 21 .May, 
 
 Col. Doihls (aft. (leii.) c'ommandc.r of tho |'i,.]ii.|'i 
 e.'vpedition, arrives at Kolonoii, jS .Mav ; Wlij,l,,li 
 ciec'iipied liy 4,,H«j Kreiieh Iihoik, ,, .Inii..; d,,, 
 coast Idockaih'il, ifi.Inne; scmmiiI viUa'.Ts hum. 
 liarded, ahoiit j; .Inly ; the coast hiiiidiiinh.il, 
 Aug. it .Ml/. ; 'laku ca|itiired, -..o An;;. ; Kiila'nu 
 taken, 24 Aug. ; reiiiforeemc.nts iVom Kniiu'e 
 arrive, 24 Aug. ; ahuiit .^,,y„, liahoinc'vans dp. 
 I'ealed with heavy loss in an attaik nn Ki.n. 
 Doilds' coliiiiin at lio;;lia; I'leiich h]..s sliilit' 
 eoinmandant Kanriix killed, 17 or |.j .s'pl.; 
 
 Daliomeymis again chd'eatcd 
 
 4, 19 (let. 
 
 An attack of 4,o.«) hahoineynns dcleatid with 
 
 severe loss, liv gen. Iloclds, reported . iiiSilil 
 
 The Daliiimcyans, commaiided by kin;; Heliaiiziiii " 
 routed iic'ar rognessa ; capt. ' I'alaiiiiiie, linit.' 
 Ainelot, and 7 Kiencli killed . . 4iici.('') 
 
 ."^almvi oi-eupied liy the Kieneli without resistailrp, " 
 10 (let.; snecessfnl advance of p. 11. Dodds, with 
 loss on hotli sides .... 13-15 tX't. 
 
 The Dahunieyans defc-ated w itli great los.s, ' " 
 
 20, 21, ifiOi't. „ 
 
 The fortress of Jlniites taken, 2 \ov. ; tlii> Ikilio. 
 nieyan army disperse after 4 hours' li;:litiin', 
 3 Nov. ; Caiia ami llicixoiie taken . 4 .Nuv. 
 
 French loss during the campaign, 21:; 'nm re. 
 I"'rt<'il 7.\„v. „ 
 
 King Hehanzin proposes iimdniissiMe ;,.niis 'if 
 jieace, aliout 13 .Nov.: ho liiirns palaces, kt., 
 anct retires 15 .\yY^ 
 
 den. Ilodds ciccnpies Aliomey, 17 Nov., aiiirpre- 
 claims the deposition of I'tehaiiziii ; the cliiefs 
 and people siihinit, j x„v. ., 
 
 Vifii. Dodils at I'.iilo Novo. . . . 2- .Nov. 
 
 Wliydah and other towns occupied . j-OUec. ,',' 
 
 ] 
 
 liMi'liade of tli^ const r 
 li''"ii;.iii mi Ihe Mahl I 
 
 Ivira,' llehrtlizin isalies ti 
 iiUllifesto, ■:, M,,,,,,,, 
 
 Kriii under e.iiicliii, 
 
 li.'M. Ilodds arrives nl \ 
 
 Hr. KifMroin kiin' lleh 
 
 iliiii.'iiii.'lli" Kreiich H 
 
 Urn. Hxlilsniiil 4f„, ofti,. 
 
 .t'lvniiiesiK Hsfiilly Inl 
 
 Kliilitof llehaiizln an. I 
 
 ;'iMi, HinIiIs arrives at 1 
 
 ll.'Iniiziii's envoys m ].„ 
 
 rnriiiit 
 
 Tli"l)iiliiiiiievaiisdereatp, 
 
 ilniitlilli chosen lis killl-i 
 
 iiiKi>ii. Ilodds and Ihe, 
 
 IWiiii/!lii ^iirii.nders iiucn 
 
 1 1 Micitiiiicpi.., |.'„(,, . „,. 
 
 M Ibllol appoiiiti,,! civil I 
 
 (..'11. Iicidd'. returns to | 
 
 "' 'I'oiiiiiiaiid 
 
 M llilliil well reeelvi.,'l ni 
 
 idrr ; noniliiHtes « n 
 
 r''|»irti'd 
 Til' Kiitiiiion canal,' het'u 
 ii'«liiiiinv. eonstnicted l.j 
 
 SiiiT«<rril evploratloiis l,v 
 .iiiii'il with clilefs, report 
 
 Oimpiitliiii for the delimit,,, 
 li'Taiiiii jiossesshins In (|,, 
 
 r,iii< . 
 
 D.4HRA (Aljreria). ( 
 
 S« Kiibyles at war with 
 I Mli'il in a cave, a Hr.. bavi 
 
 iifirenmil I'l^lissier. after' 
 i Th.'vliail Hrcd 011 n iij,.ssc.| 
 
 .tlnii'e. The mns.s.iciv wa 
 
 S'i'ill, but justified by mars 
 
 DAILY NEWS, lib, 
 
 pi|i.T, now Id., establishcc 
 I niiinlier for 2^ ,/i,.||o ix 
 wrHpiiiiilentat Coi'stiltiti,, 
 totheatiwities in Itul",,,.;. 
 pirliaiiiPtit expressed it8"irri' 
 
 I isri. ' 
 
 n.WLYTELEGRAPl 
 
 KiWisliiid 20 June, i8cr (t 
 
 im, i8:(i, hutisoft,.;,;,,,!, 
 
 n.URY PARMER.S' 
 Innliili, fstahlished 24 ()|.f 
 Ji«miil puhlished ,Spj;t ,^ 
 
 |Hliibiliniunt.\j;riculturaIiri 
 
 (TV r.Mllli,Ii,|„.|,t ,,,■,/„;,.„ „,,,^ 
 
 r;".i«i,|c.|„h.,| |,y ,i,„ |,„,,,„„„ 
 
 w::irr' ':'"";•■ -. 
 
 . DAKOTA (\orth Ameri, 
 
 l™.ry of ,l,„ L'nitci St, 
 
 Jo* .suites h, 1889. 
 |.tV"tioo,oon persoiN destiliit,. ,• 
 *si.,ns r..s,.rv..s |„ .s. | „i.„;,, 
 
 .s;!::i!';r"'"-">'p.';;'i 
 
 p;J»vlor,,(,itPtr»asi,wrof« ij.,.. 
 hla*i.,.85o;.v:iJak;,ffl,;g_,_^;^, 
 
r>AHiu. 
 
 "■■'■" "i-MmIiI Willi 
 
 .107 
 
 ic; III.,.. ,11 
 
 Da.vancitm. 
 
 Ki-.u, iMlM,-,.;, ,5,',;,, '""""'■- ""I s,(„„ t,, 
 
 II. t- rn„u kl,,;; I ..■,;'; ■• .■ , , • <> May 
 
 rl..r.iM.-tli" Kn?,,,,, 'J,'.'.,'"''"''''"'" '''"■'"" 
 
 A.i"i>ir..„ ««CnMvl,l„,| .1,^, ;"'"" • 1' An;.'. 
 
 Kli;.'l.l i.r llMlmn/l,, m " , , 1' "'"• ^J <>'•<■■'■■;. 
 -■■■' I.N "rrlv,.,',Vv'!|,;,,, :'''•' "' "'" ''''I"'" I 
 
 IMllli.'lll'< rMVllVH 111 I'liilu , ,' ,' IJ .VilV. 
 
 III.. i)iiii.iiii..yiiiiH iii.r,.|,i.,,i ,,; „ ■. ,• I J Nov. 
 
 '■V «HM. ii,»i,i, -.,Hi 11,; ,,,;).!;''';'• '"r' '■••'•"kmi«.,i 
 
 IMiiM/lii .iiriTiiil..imi, I, .,„„||,: ',/""" • M .'Mil. i; 
 
 rKW,,rtiMi,,,,M, tvi,/;';;;;,;;'l: '''"'Ib^.s./aii. :s..nt 
 
 M, lliilliil iipiicilntoil civil i-,.i...„. ' • '" ■''"'■I'll, , 
 
 '''''■'''-'■'■•'■••>'MnVl:,K;,^ :':'•,,;, ,■ -k ; 
 
 • 'IIIIHSI'dlilllliiiiil ' '■ '"IIMIH IIH. 
 
 "'iiiilrv; noiMliiiit..« n i . . . "^ ""-""kIi IIim 
 
 r..|Wt«l . " '"'■"" I. ''"rihiHlll,., 
 
 Til.; K.itnii.m ™„„|, l„.tw,.,.,; i.,,',,,, V . '■'"'''; - 
 «y imii>fl iHliour, ii|ii.||,.,| 
 
 •ii "lilM.liii.fH, ,.,.„„rt,.,| '"• ""'"1. •ii.nil,.H 
 
 Oiii.rtitl.mf.,rili,.,|,.|(„ii„„i,„; „,.,•,,„.,■. SA"-' •• 
 
 |..nii/.M j«,s.,.,Hi„iiH In til' '//',!)',',,;,,f ';;;'',',■,'; ■""' 
 
 ■■i'lllly, iSg; 
 
 18., I 
 
 ''H 
 
 '895 
 
 D.IHRA (.il)r,.ri,.) On ,n r 1 
 
 .-fimral l>rlis.i,.r. iif Vim- V'"";"' ''V""-''''-- 
 
 »>*r f'"- 2? ,i,.,„, iH-(, tC-,y'- /"tiio 
 
 to ihciitiwitioK in Tt,,l.r,„.i7 Ti '« "■"■.""'•"''iM 
 
 |prr. iXA but is nft,.il7,,v,,J;,;;;,';,';,;'' ''""^''-vtive 
 
 jmniil puhli.«h(.(l Sotti.l '''-., ^"- ' of a 
 
 <^'i»";f^?/|!^^:^A^N(N l..n).r,.v„„.,„,.„,„^ 
 
 ^■-""" ""■H.ni.M.'.if.si^^;:,,;""' i''""Mi <i„i;';; 
 
 II lls,r,H,„„ ,„ v,.„i,,' '; ""«'"|"'i"."li.lTur|„ 
 ""'1'" t'nriMi., in I- ''''"""'• ">■ tUr Unity oi 
 
 •1 'It' native 
 
 iBrili 
 
 l,i«»niil publi.«h|.,l Solt iH— ,, . - .. 
 
 l«liibition, at .Itfrirultiin.I ]ri,'li ' ,H-. T" ''''^'""'■''< 
 |TV,st,iM,sIi,ii,.,it ,,,•,,„,., ,. " '/• 
 
 '• liiiiii^' pr.iilii,.,,,! ,,'"'•," < "iiiiiiiit,.,. . 
 
 '"ll'<lllUNIi,.,| , _ '■'"> • »n'lMMliy||,i,.,, 
 
 I ■,: » • Allien, 1111,1 h„ ,„„| ,',' '"'"IHill ,;,u,,„u,y „f 
 
 ''I" '•liiiiii-i ,ni roiil, , 'o '"!">' «'■'■'• ••vi„.|l,. 
 «;'»iMi.M.iit in s"" ;„."'■:'" I'V tim |)r ; 
 
 ^^ ;s,r':''-:^-'u.,...,i,i; -^^^ 
 
 „;^;M:'i'!,r:!r ^^''" ^ uiv..,i ir^!;:^;:'«« 
 
 ;,w.:;;;i^jl:--'>--...,,....i,,,;.,,, -. 
 
 " '"' «'".'t N». if,., t ;,„ "*"7 : >vi».is ,1 .|t ,, > 
 ■•..port..,| . '."""■• "'■i"J«aii.l^otli..i;,i;ii'i;.',j'; 
 
 10 All;;.' 
 
 1892 
 
 1894 
 
 , lUKOTA (Xoith An,<.ri,.,n ' •' ' 
 |ii*St,it,.,i„ 7889. "' '^"""' Dakota w,.,-,. 
 
 ■ i>'lt 100,000 lUM'SDIW (In«fi*,.* 1 
 
 |,"'""tiii"ii"!v',r!h,.;.n,''I,"'" '" =^'"'"i niikni,, 
 
 .' >i..ii.v ri'si'ivi's ill s ii,.i- ; ; • "in Oi'f ,f!a„ 
 
 P',I«vior, st.it„ ,,.„„,„„. -.^ ■ . 7-8.;iii„., ,g 
 li»|.irte,| . , ""•" "'">^ st,),,.s iiayii,,,;,,' 
 Pt*ti™, ,8,0 : X. Dakota, .'g..^,- . .^ ,. ,'7 •'■■«". .S95 
 '^ig.."!. Uiknta, 3:>8,8o8. 
 
 ;''i'-k,,,hp,u.h,.,i,/i.;,X');-;«Mlu.,,pit.i 
 
 1 Jl Net] III- I k : t . 
 
 r, ''>■ '""i'l (.040 „ ,. .77"""' "^>^S, 150,000. 
 
 n.t';',''r,7''r''''< ''^'^^ """"■'•■■■ i...„i,,,,i,;;i[ 
 
 -;r;^-,!-i-.sriiiXr^,'-:;;--n.i 
 
 Till. ,lis.ii„ '" '•"■''■I . • • ■''111. 
 
 i, ""*.i|'|.fai-!iii f a (Ji i. ; . • 
 
 ioiiiiiiaw, ly . ' "I'l'k piicst i|,,|,.,,,, ,.,.,, 
 
 '-''-■'« -t.i,,,i.i;.;^:-;:-.;.H^, I, ..,,,,,£ 
 
 X 2 
 
 9.)o 
 8aa 
 740 
 
 3.13 
 
 35 
 
 i8j? 
 
 1840 
 1841 
 
 
 
 I ' ».' '* 
 
 i f 
 
 :/»#y^^ 
 
 ■ '.-I 
 
 sA 
 
 h 
 
 V 
 
 ' ♦; 
 
r 
 
 nI" 1; 
 
 DAMA8K. 
 
 308 
 
 DANGEROUS GOODS. 
 
 I 
 
 1? 'I 
 
 ih f 
 
 
 lieHtitutc ; ;i hiv^r imnibiT witi' re 
 
 ol-Ka.liT, wIihIwM tli.Mit;i.li'l . 
 
 Justii'i' I'Xi'iiiti'il fur llii'»r iriiiics In 
 
 i6oiK'rsuiiM'\iTuli''l. iiirliuHimtl 
 
 9, lo, II .Inly, 
 iMiM.I I'ailjii ; 
 Turkish''iiviM-- 
 
 iS6o 
 
 inil';illjil ii.ooo pi'lsiiljslu.iili'.-MiMiiTs, .Mw.-!Si'|it. ,, 
 Tlis jiTOit oim'yyMil inos(|iii' der-tiuyeil I'y li''''i 
 14 Oct. i.'<oj. ' SivSiirii', iSos-i). 
 
 DAMASK LiXEXS !i"J Silks, Hrst manu- 
 factured at U;mi!i.*ciis. liavf lii'cii licautiliilly mu- 
 tated liv the Diilih and Flciiiisli. Tlie iiianiilactiiic 
 was bi'uii;;lit to Knslaud bv artisans who I1<h1 from 
 tho pcrscciitiMns (it Alva, isri-J- ''''"' J'^mask 
 KosE was brciu-lit licrr trmii the .soutli of Luropu 
 by Dr. Linairc, [ilnsieian to Henry VIII., about 
 
 DAMIENS' ATTEMPT. I.m.is XV. of 
 France w;is stablied witb ;i knife in tlie right side 
 by Dumi'iis, a native of Arras, 5 Jan. 1757. The 
 culprit emhned the most exeruriatin,!;- tortures, and 
 was then broken on the wlieel, 28 March. 
 
 DAMIETTA (Lower K.u'vpt) was taken by 
 the eru.saders, 5 Nov. 1219; b)st 1221 ; retaken liy 
 Louis IX., 5 June, 1249; surrendered as his ran- 
 som when a iirisoner, 6 May, 1250. Tlie present town 
 was built soon after. See ly/i/pt, Sept. 18S2. I'opu- 
 latioii, 1S8H, 34,044. 
 
 DAMON AXI) PYTHIAS (or Phintias), 
 Pythagorean pliilosoplu^rs. Uainoii was (on- 
 demned to deatli bv thi- tyrant Dionysius of Syra- 
 cuse, al)out 387 11. c. He oblaiiied leave to ^o and 
 aettle some doniestie atlairs, promisiun' to return at 
 the appointed time of execution, and Pythias be- 
 came liis surety. When Damon did not appear, 
 Pythias surrenu'ered, and was led to execution ; but 
 at this critical moment Damon returned. Diony- 
 sius remitted the sentence, and desired to slinrc 
 their friendship. 
 
 DANAI ; an ancient name of tlie Greeks de- 
 rived from Danaus, king of Arj^os, 1474 11. c. 
 
 DANCE OF DkaTU. The triumph of death 
 over all ranks of lui'ii was a f ivourite subject with 
 the artists of tlie middle a.ui's, and appears ill rude 
 carvings and pictures in various counlrii s. 
 
 The Chnmi Mirjinh.rnnnn or Ihmgc Miit-iihrr, tlie 
 Itrst printed rcpicscntatioM, ipiililislied by (jnyot 
 Marcli.'Uid, a bookseller ot Paris . ... 1483 
 
 Hollicin's ;'M«,r .!/■ yii-.'//i (iiuiccrMinn tbc antlior- 
 sliip of vvliicli tlicrc lias linii luucli controversy), 
 printcii at I.Mias in i:;(3. .(Mil at liasil . . . 1594 
 
 Many editions lci\c siiav ;ip|irarcd : one with an 
 iiitroduition an.l notes pulilislii'ii Ipy Mr. Unssell 
 Sniitli 1849 
 
 The term Dinu-f of Dfth was also applied to tlio 
 frenzied niovcnients id' tlie l''la,i,'cllaiits, who had 
 sonietinies skdet. Ills depicted on their clotliiiig, 
 about th d iiftlie i4tliieiitm-y. 
 
 Dnnciiin iiiiniiii, Miroiiipiinicd by aberration «( 
 liiind' and distortions ot the body, was very 
 ]iievalent in (iiiiuaiiy in 1374, .ind in the i6tli 
 eentnry in Italy, where it w.is tcrincd Tarantisni, 
 and eiToneousl'v snpp.iscd to be c.iused by the 
 bite of tlie T.irantula siiider. The nmsie and 
 son^s employed for its cure .ire still preserved, 
 
 DANCING was practised by the Curotes, 1534 
 B.c, HkhcHxh. The Ureeks combined the dance 
 with tlieir drai^as, and pantomimic dances were 
 introduced on tlie Koimin stage, 22 11. c, i'lher. 
 Dancing by eiuiine [mces was introduced into Eng- 
 land from "Italy, A. l). 1541. In modern times the 
 French introduced hnlletK aunhi/iiin in their music il 
 draniaa. The country dauco {c(iiitri>(lini:<c) is of 
 French origin, but its date is not precisely known. 
 Spelman. See Murice Dunce, Qiuidrillc, and 
 h^alts. 
 
 Kstablishnieiit ot a national tniininj,' school |nr 
 diincni^', by .Mr. Mapleson ; second annu.il ilis. 
 tribntion of prizes, \c, , . , ' 21 isepl. 1';; 
 
 DANE-GELD, or DaXEQELT, h tribute p,,„i 
 
 to the Dalles to stop their ravai;es in Kichui,] , 
 
 Hrst raised liy Ktlielred 11, in ()ijl, and ai;;uii n, 
 
 U>03; and levied after the expulsion of tic i);iii,s 
 
 to pay lioets for ilearing the seas of them. Tlir 
 
 tax was sujipressed by Kdward the Coufosur n, 
 
 1051; revived liy Wil'liam 1. lo(>8; and foniml 
 
 part of the reveiiue of tlie crown, until ab.ili>litg 
 
 1 by Stephen, 1 13(1. Kvery hide of laud, (,<•, ;is nuuh 
 
 ' as one plough" could pl'ou;;li, or as JIa/r say.-, :., 
 
 niueli as could maiutain a family, was taxed at lii-t 
 
 i l,s., afterwards as much as 7.1. (Jamdeii savs tlmt 
 
 once 24.3(10/. was raised. 
 
 ' DANES, or NorTHMKX ; sen Dnimi'd: 
 
 \ Durin.ic their attacks upon Jiritain and livhiml 
 
 ; thev made a descent on France, where, in ,Si)-, 
 
 i uiiiter Hollo, they received pri'sents under the w;ui> 
 
 of I'aris, They "returned and ravaged the Fivinh 
 
 territories as far as Ostciid in Htp. Tbey att;ii k.il 
 
 Italy in (P3. Neustria was granted by tiie kiii-„i' 
 
 '. Fraiiee to "lloUo and his Normans (Nortli-in.u , 
 
 : hence Normandy, iiii)ll. The invasions ot Kng. 
 
 I land and Ireland were as follows: — 
 
 I l.'iist hostile appearance of the Danes . . . .;, 
 
 : They land near I'lnlierk. Dorset ,3, 
 
 Ueseend in .S'orthiunbii hind : destroy the ilmnli 
 at I.indisfarnc ; are npelhd, and perisli by sliip- 
 
 wreek S J;iii. ;^ 
 
 They inviide Seolland and Ireland , . ^.y^, -■., 
 Tiiey enter Dublin with a Meet of do siiil, aii.l pi.-. 
 
 .se'ss tlieniselves of Dublin, Fill^al. iVc. . . -; 
 
 Thev take the Isleof Whel.pey .., 
 
 Defeated at Meii^eston, ill (.■ornwiill, by KKhfit , i- 
 They land in Kent IVoin 350 vessels, and take l.'aii- 
 
 terbuiv and London S;, 
 
 Thev descend on tlie II. nth, and take Voik , . ;', 
 Thev defeat the ,S,ixous at .Melton . , ..:■'; 
 
 They take Wareliain and Kxeter .... .., 
 
 Tliey take Chippenham ; but uo of tlieir sliii.>aiv 
 
 Wieekeil , , . . , . . . . --j 
 
 Defeated : (iiitlirnni, their leader, beeoaiis c'liii.-. 
 
 tian. and many settle in F.iiHland . ;-; 
 
 Alfred enters into a tie.ity with them . ... ■.-; 
 
 Their tieet destroyeil by .Ufle.l at Appledole , . :„ 
 
 Defeated neiir Isle of \Vi:.;llt :.. 
 
 Thev invade and wiiste Wales ,„ 
 
 Defeated bv F.ilwald the El.ler ;.; 
 
 They did'cit the I pie of Leinster 
 
 HavaHc t'ornwnll, DeMiii, and Dorset , . , . l^ 
 
 And ravage Ks.sex and Siitlidk ;„ 
 
 .sjaid to ii.ssnine the title /ec' I'oiif about , . ;., 
 
 Their lleet ilefeated after a brciich of treaty, pia. 
 
 ehiisi'd by money r,;, 
 
 Anlafand Sweyii ravage Ki'Ut and the south (cmi- 
 
 neously said to hjiM* been paid i6,i.k»'i/. t'oi-|nMr,j ^-^ 
 A general massacre of the Danes, bv ordiT uf 
 
 Kthelred II. .,,.', 13 Xiiv. im 
 
 .Swevii re\i'iiges it, anil receives 36,000/. (!is an 
 
 annual tribute) to dejiiirt , 
 
 Their tieet anchors at Isle of Wight 
 
 . IM 
 
 They make fresh inroads, and drfe.it the ^iaxmisiii 
 Siittblli, loio ; .sack Canteilmry, and kill tlii'iii. 
 Inibit. lilts, 101 1 ; receive 43,xxj/. as tiihiiti', ,iii.l 
 
 murder .Vlphege, ai'libishoi ,51,1 
 
 Vanipiisheil at C'lontarf, Iridand (.see C/n«(.o/) . m, 
 I Coiii[iiest of Kngland completed ; Canute kiiii; . . kii 
 
 I They settle in ISiotland m] 
 
 j Tliey huid again at .Sanihvieh, carrying olT iiiiitli 
 
 j )iiunder to Flanders 1.. 
 
 I Defeated by Harold II. at JStainfoni-bridge, 25.Si.|.|. im| 
 They burn York, and kill 3000 Normans . . u:^ | 
 i Once more invade Fngland to aid a 1 nnsiiiiaiy ; 
 j but 1 pclled to depart c'l I 
 
 ' DANGEROUS ASSOCIATIOXS ,... 
 
 ; LAND) BILL; '•ee liumun Ciit/iulic Asiucuim. 
 
 I DANGEROUS GOODS : act rcgi.lniijj 
 , their deposit and carriage ptisscd 6 Aug, iStXi. 
 
 DANGEROU 
 
 D.\NGEROU,S 
 
 C/k'i/i-iii. 
 
 DANNEWERK 
 
 of earthworks, eons 
 slreliliiiig across tin 
 Scliicswig, Holsteiii, 
 btrn coiistruetedduriii 
 the art of metal-worl 
 by Tliyra, queen of ( 
 was iiaiiied "Dannabo 
 It wiis repaired by 
 ami 1000. Near 'lieri 
 limhioa, defeated the 
 retreat of the Danes 
 jioiieil much dissatisfai 
 
 DANTE'S DIVI 
 (iist |irintc(l in 1472. 
 (iicil at Kavenna, 14 Sc 
 lionoiir, at Florence, v 
 .May, iKbj, when a lai 
 (if Kaveima was unet 
 .iliii'i'ts relating to Dai 
 liy .Mr. P. II. Wiekste,. 
 (jiiriliin-S(|uare, Londo 
 ioiii|ik'te works, publi> 
 Dr. li. Moore, 1894. 
 
 DANTZIC (N. Oer 
 
 Qo;; according to so 
 H'alik'iiiar I. in 116: 
 foveicigiily of it in i'^ 
 kiii^' of Prussia, and » 
 iTiiiieri'il to the Freticl 
 treaty (if Tilsitwas resto 
 (lie |iiotci'lion of Pni.ssi 
 Daiitzie was besieged { 
 siiiTciKlcrcd I Jan, iHi^. 
 iTK'ited to the king of 
 bivakiiig tlii-ungh its dy 
 anil 40<X) houses were"( 
 lojt,9April, i82f). Popi 
 
 DAXUBE ((Jerman 
 (111(1 Daiiuvius), the large 
 tlie Volga, rises in the Ji 
 the lllack Sea, Trajan'! 
 lii'stiiiytd liy Adrian, to 
 I'lih'riiig Da'eia. Steam 
 on this river by count S 
 tliat year tile first steal 
 Viiiiiia, imd the Austria 
 slmrtly after. The I)in-a: 
 lH.ili. A canal between 
 .\liiia> was comiileted h 
 Cluileniiigne, in the 8tl 
 U'litiiigthc Danube and 1{ 
 iiiaiciif 30 March, i^^o, tl 
 Damilie was scrnred, mid 11 
 
 *' "is*iail apjioiiited to 
 
 Isiklchi to the sea, which 
 t'llift. The Ijritisli f.-,,,.,. 
 1,(5,000/, to ciimplete t|i,. 
 s|iiTtiiig the navigation of 
 tiulve years, 13 .March, !«■ 
 ("Ilk |iii8sc8si(iii „|i, ,„,jv I,,,; 
 «iiiili was formally opened 
 iNliii'lhisse-Tiirkish wiirtlie 
 l^iimiieiiiiiliiitcredlliilgiirii 
 
 'fill' iiavigaliuii „r tlie n'..,.)! 
 
 .UI,,|m5„ 5401 lleilintrei 
 ■V''*'™ nile powers re: 
 
 ■I'M ill I.nlldon, 8 Feb ,t ■:,. 
 
 il"iait' iiKlits to Knssiu, 
 
DANGEIiOUS PERFOKMANCES. 309 
 DANGEK0U8 PERFORMANCES, see ..„„. 
 
 fall. 
 
 DARIEN. 
 
 DANNEWERKE,oiD\vv\^rT..vr. .= • 
 
 of eMr,hwo,-k., n,nsi.i;,.,..l -la^Mo r^;^^;.^^^i:^ 
 ctirtilnii),' uci-oaa the lon<- ii'i.-m,.. '"''." '^'1"°"' 
 
 thoartol nietal-wn,-luM.r. It was ,vtu, l^in o i 
 hs llivni.queoM „ (icnnn tl„. ()l,|, f,,,- ■ ,i ". s^e 
 wih nuiiicd "J)Miiiialin, I" f),,, ,„.i,i„ „,■„,, *'"- 
 It«as iTiminMl l,v 01, f T •.■■'■ ,„. ^ '""'• 
 an,l ,000. N,.a>- 'l^.v In IVm i i ' ','' •''" '^,'^5 
 
 KtrcMt of 11,0 Un,„.s (V<„„ t, 'Vl' 1. Sr1^ "' 
 «o„nl ,„„..h .li.ssati.sfu,.tio„ at Cu,u.,,! .a^'f^' ""'"- 
 
 ;;, that ,.,,,,„,, r , I,,. i.„w,.,. i)a,H,i,o 
 
 Ill • , 'S^"Pt- --,- 
 
 ,r,.„.,t 'i ■ ,■ ■ •'"""■ i8oi rlsni. 
 
 i^iii),'"! liniiniaiiia, lm (),(. ,Sgo;' 
 
 890 
 
 ^L 
 
 fir 
 
 'ii- - ; -t 
 
 liiiiirtii,', at l''l(ii-c,ic'(', was (riii'iii.il 1,1, )!,.. I ■ 
 Mav,K.5.wl,..„ala,.,e.tl;.":^,'C ^"i?;,:^ 
 (it Kavi'iiiia was mn'ovncd. Vii cvl h;i;„ ,' 
 
 "''i':;'^fr'';i'''<--.''i'^->tea,,;ii;u\v is^'b^t;;^ 
 
 .v.l,-.I'. H, 'iNiikstHHl i„ J),.. Williams' Iran 
 
 i;;:'^:M.:::%r """" '" '^""^' "'^'" ^>^ 
 
 DAXTZrC (N. (jei-many), a oomiinTcial oitv in 
 --; accoi-d,,,.^ to s,„„e atitho.-ities, b ilt" b 
 laMema,- I „, ,,65. l.,,],,,,,! ol, ai, • 1 t "e 
 sm-,.„.,K„ V «t It in .4,4. It was .sciml ly 
 
 ,Tmi(4vd to the rirneli, .\lav, iXo" • ,1 ,1 1... !i i 
 
 .n.a,yofTasitwas..sto,.dt,;ind!:;^,;,l ,"^,er 
 
 ep,otcvt,o„ oi I>n,s.sia and Saxlmv, J„|V ifo".' I 
 DiMir.,,' was bo.s„.n,,l by th.' allies "i , ,8,-2 .^/J 
 siimnilmd 1 Jan. 1814. ]),. ,1,.. ,,.,,„„. \Vf, ' .'"'.'I 
 
 bivak,,,^' tl„-ouf;h ita dykes, u).c«0 lu'ad of e at 
 and 4^10 houses were destmve,! .,„ 1 . , 
 
 iost.9AFii,.«2o. i-op.'laH.ln:';^^""",^;;;;:;;^/'^-*'' 
 
 DANUBE (Ge,-nian, I)„na,i; a,„.ie„tly ister 
 .■ .,1 l)a„uv,us), the ai'f,;est i-iver i„ Kurooe -ev,; , 
 tliuNoljja, i,.sesin the Ji ark Forest '.n,! f.,1 ' '. 
 the liliak Sea. Ti'aiairs b ri, . ^ " ', , '' """ 
 
 ontni,,.- DaVia. Ste,„, naviV,, i ,n ,s '""/" 1^ 
 01, lias j-iver by eonnt Sz,.,.iry,,;x„ ''";".■'' 
 
 .Uy™-tl,e;ti,ststean,.b;at-;;.a Mai ;.;;;:;'"; 
 Uiaia, and the Austrian e,„»,,a, y ',",„" 
 ..-tiyimer. Tlu'Iiavarianoo^;;:^,; ^sn ;:; 
 
 "S'lii,,n:bJt.fl{i.i;;;:t--^ 
 
 cs;!^.,ati:;d^££yr''' 
 
 ciiiiimission am,„int.,l to ,na • ,V . .'''"" 
 
 ..f/t!:;,;b';e'i^:r'z.cS'L.'i:';^y':r 
 
 »lmf, «a,s lor„,ally opene,! ./o Alay, ,«"' '. ' '"'''' 
 
 !^-waa,i,.,,t.n.d,^ii,a,.ii'';s;:;;^;;-X^^^^ 
 
 I Till' iiiivit-iiti.ia „r (li,, |i:,„„,,;, ...,,• ,,_ • , , •>"'"■. i8>7 
 
 J5 Aiij;. 1SS3 ! 
 
 rod; 
 
 'I Ji 
 
 the lliii, 
 
 lire til th 
 
 "Ithernek.,,,- 
 
 ^ew canal liein- , 
 
 l''llllUi|illi,i|| .if ji 
 
 lai.l hy Cluirlcs, 
 wiirk^'nii,-,,,, 
 
 '" I'li'si'i.ce .),■ II„. I n ., ,,r ) ^ ''^ leliiTnavoiIa, 
 an.l .li^iii,;,;/', " '^"'""' "■'hriiaina, royal Caaiiljl 
 The Inai (iates Canal oinMieil li'v ,,„.' „ ,-'' *!'> 
 .---o,t,nn.a«s,J-,;::,^^,i:^;ji-i-^ 
 
 BANURIAN PRINCIPALITIfS' 
 
 t«-„ ..!*''."*'"- 'iiiitiiland named RoujfANIA 
 
 1892 
 
 "'•'• rpst'iiwl iT, ... \ ."V'l-i'iN i-.v ^lapitals, i iicha- 
 
 ivt.,rM„i,i,w„,.,.,,,„,,„,(„^^,^^ 
 
 sa :H;^;;;""^"'«''^"""ii""-i iotiiecireekiai 
 
 '■';;Kr3;;;ri£":.i;:" •'•■<'i-^,i& 
 
 Tl, ' ^-'>t ■ ''I'll' . *i,.„ . 
 
 ::t^i;rri:;V::i^;;;.i;;:;;nri'"''- ''-•">• -»'"i 
 
 h"s|.,i,lars 1,.. . ' ' ' ■ ^'"■"' ""'■'■>■ 'o lie two 
 
 t'.Aa..rai,.ly;;;';;>.^;r;-^^ri:";:--,:^;l 
 
 xh;:d;:ii;;;;K;n:',^!';:f;i:!.'>,'!-;"i-; r^«';^ 
 iiv^i;;'!.!^^:- ).-'^:i..i;:ia;::r;i:,^r;'i;:,^:;:; 
 
 Dee. 
 
 1829 
 1849 
 
 ■853 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 ir 
 
 a' eiiiiliiiiiatiii 
 
 i86i 
 
 H.t,anee ft.e stni, ',■ '/.'''?,'• '-•'"'""^'■''li"Jf the 
 .biiw.ll,.. f I, " "' tJiillilH) 1, named Dar. 
 
 ' i^'orihJ''^: ■;'''"''"''^'v-'' i''.tJa,,,H'Ju^^ 
 
 A>/vv',v. ' ' "'■•'•5! ^''i'' JIMxpont and 
 
 l"'^^uJnam.'^''S*^"ls T'"' 'n""'' ''J' I^"""". 
 A-m,»7,..v. w'ei 1 ,''■'"•''•■ '■^''""' S-^^' >-■'•''»'• 
 
 Kn«iish,..iIL 'iv.'y;;;::,;;:'"'-^ """•« ""« '»>. 
 
 '""' '"'•'■'1 -aise Th « .^e "'' ,"■';;■'■'■ 400,(XX)/. 
 
 «in..~.i..i , ^ ,■ ; ;■ ,'™ '":.'„'"■■' ""-, «»•«' 
 
 Seyo,-,\l years af T ']< nS-; ^i'''"iia expeditiou. 
 ment to' A , ""'. •■>''"'"'^.-)'- wa-eyoted by purlia- 
 DHnt to the suryuors us "Equiyalent Unoy." 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 , h: » 
 
 
 ■'(,. , 
 
I4lu1: 
 
 111' 
 
 DAEJEELING. 
 
 310 
 
 DAVIS'S STRAIT. 
 
 18,000/. wi'io iilso voted to ratcrson ; but the bill 
 was rojccli'J in tlii' house of Lords. See Panama, 
 The anrai/c /inail/Zi, 40 miles; least breadth, 30 
 miles. 
 
 DAEJEELIN'J, a British distiii tin the Him- 
 aluyns, (eded about 1824. The eapital Darjeelin^, 
 is used as a sanitariuin. The oiltivation of tea is 
 tlourisliing, and the poiiulation rapidly increasing 
 (1889.) 
 
 DARK AGES, a term applied to the Miifdle 
 
 Ages; aiiordin^- to Ilallani, comprisinj!: about looo 
 years- — liom the inva>iiin of France by C'luvis, 48O, 
 to that of Naples by Charles Vlll., 1495. During 
 this time learnini; was at a low ebb. Ilallam's 
 "View of the Stat<' of Kuroiie durin;;- the Jliddlc 
 Ages," published 1818. Suiiplemental Notes, 1848. 
 
 DARLINGTON. An ancient town S. Dur- 
 ham, chartered and made a parliamentary boron.di 
 1867. To the free library, opened 1885, Mr. 
 Edward Pease gave 10,000/. The Koyal -Agri- 
 cultural Society show was oi)ened here, 22 June, 
 1805. I'opulaUon 1S71, 21,730; 1881, 35,102; 
 l89i,38,o()0. See under Jiin/wiius, 1825 and 1875. 
 
 DARMSTADT, capital of Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 made a city 1330, became the residence of tlie 
 landgraves, '15(17. The ducal palace built 1568 it 
 neq. I'opulaticjii, 1890,50,503; aee llis.se, 1894. 
 
 DARTFORD (KentV Here commenced the 
 insurreition of Wat Tyler, 1381. A convent of 
 nuns, of the order of St. Augustin, endowed liere 
 by Edward III. 1355, was converted by Henry VIII. 
 into a royal ])ala( e. The tirst pajier-mill in Eng- 
 land Was erected at Dartford by sir John Spielman, 
 a German, in 1590 {Stow), and about the same 
 period was ereitcd here the first mill for splitting 
 iron bars. The powder-mills here were lilown up 
 four times betwe(^n 1730 and 1 738. Various ex- 
 plosions have since occurred, in some cases with 
 I08B of life to many persons: 12 Oct. 171)0; I Jan. 
 1795; and others lecently. Population, 1881, ! 
 I0,l()3 ; 1891, 11,962. 
 
 DARTMOOR, South Devon, a tract of land, 
 20 miles long, () to 12 miles bn.ad, suliject to the 
 duchy of Coir.wall. The Dartmoor Preservation 
 A880("iation hold the'r annual meeting at Plymouth, 
 26 Oct. 1885. Ihirtnmir I'li^oii, founded Mar. 1806. 
 Seven prisoners of war were shot 6 April, 1815, 
 after an insurrection. The autumn military ma- 
 noeuvres at Dartmoor, Aug. 1873, were unsucci'ssful. 
 
 A laiiliiiy licrc was rln'ikcd Willi loss of life ut'iuic 
 ]iri.siincr 12 .Xnv. 1880 
 
 Wni. I'ait'M', convict, >lioL ilcad while attempting: 
 to escape 'J4 Dei', iggfi 
 
 DARTMOUTH (Devon). Burnt by the 
 Frendi in the reigns of Itichard I. and Henry IV. 
 In a third attcmiit (1404), the invadei's were de- 
 feated by the inhabitants, assisted by the valour of 
 the women. The Fri'mh 1 nmmander, Du Cliastel, 
 three loids, and thirty-two knights, were made 
 prisoners. In the war of the ]iarlianient, Dart- 
 mouth was taken cltcr a siege of four weeks, by 
 Eriiice Maurice, who garrisoned the place for the 1 
 ing (1643) ; but it was retaken by geneial Fairfa.x ' 
 in 1 040. ' Population, 1881, 5.725 ; 181)1,(1,038. | 
 
 the parties, particularly that of the grantor : iln, 
 possi'csion of land was proof of the title t,i it 
 llurdie. A useful glossary of the dates given in 1,1,1 
 charters and chronicles will bo found in Nnolu,', 
 " Chronology of History." J. J. Bond's " llamh. 
 Book for Verifying Dates," published i8'j6. 
 
 DAUPHINE,* S.E. France, successivch li, |j 
 by the Allobroges, Buvgundiana, and Doailj;,!,;,^ 
 was, about 732-4, delivered from the invuiiinj 
 Saracens by Charles Martel. After forming pan t," 
 the kingdom of Aries, it was much snliili\ij, -i 
 among counts. One of these, Hundicrt II.,ii.|)j,y 
 Daupliine and the Viennois to i'hiliji VI,, in 1 m.^ 
 for his eldest son, on the condition that the |iiliia' 
 should be styled diuipliiii, which took ellcil mi 
 1349, when Humbert becunie a monk, Lmjij 
 Antoinc, duke of Angouleme, son of ClnuU> X. 
 the last dauphin who assumed the title at Jns 
 lather's accession, 16 Sept. 1824, died 3 Jum 
 1844. 
 
 DAVENTRY, Northamptonshire. Neur Mn^ 
 Lamliert, having escaped from the Towei-, \vi:.< ,K.. 
 feated and retaken, in his attempt to enkindle the 
 war, by Monk, 21 April, l()()0. The dissciiiin; 
 academy removed here from Northampton in |— :^ 
 was ti'ansferred to Wvmondley in 1789, tlicmi'iu 
 London as Coward College, and finally unitcil ujtli 
 Homerton and Highbury Colleges as New Colli -f 
 ill 1850. 
 
 DAVENPORT, see i'/ywo?^//,. 
 
 DAVID'S, St. (S. W . Wales), the aiiiiiiii 
 Mena|)ia, now a poor decayed place, but omc the 
 melroiiiditan see of Wales, and archicpisiiii,;,!, 
 When Christianity wiis planted in Biitaiii, thive 
 archbishops' seats were appointed, viz, Loinii.n, 
 York, and Caerleon upon Lsk, in Moniauutlbliiiv' 
 That at Caerleon being too near the doininions .i| 
 the Saxons, was removed to Mynyw, and ciilKii 
 St. David's, in honour of the archbishoii whn ir- 
 moved it, 522. St. Sampson was the hist anh- 
 liishop of the Welsh; for he, withilrawing liiiufclf 
 on account of a pestilence to Dole, in Dritlnnv 
 carried the pall with him. In the reign of llcinv 1, 
 the archbishops submitted to the see ol Cantcilniiv. 
 HfulKO)!. Present income 4500/. 
 uisnoes, 
 
 I.iail (iciir„'c Mnrniy. ilicil 3 .lunc, iSo-j. 
 
 'Ill as l!iir;,'css, trans, to iSalisliiuy, jiiiii', 1S2;. 
 
 .Iiiliii Hanks .Icnkinson, ilieil yjniv. 184a 
 
 L'onnoii Tliiiiwall; resigncil Jiilic, 1874; ilinl 
 27 July, 1875, 
 
 Win. Itasil ■ 
 .Ian. 1897. 
 
 .loliii (Iwcn, 
 
 lyoo, 
 
 1 8u \. 
 
 1825, 
 
 1840, 
 
 1874. 
 1897. 
 
 .loncs, eonsocratcil 24 .\iy 
 Fell. ; consecrated 1 Ma\, 
 
 DAVID'S DAY, St., i March, is annuallY 
 commemorated by the Welsh, in honour of ,*>{, 
 David. Tradition states that on St, David's hiiih- 
 day, 540, a great victory was obtained liy tlie 
 Welsh over their Saxon invaders; and tlnit the 
 Welsh soldiers were distinguished, by older of ^1. 
 David, by a leek in their caps. 
 
 DAVIS'S STRAIT (N. America), diso.iv.THl 
 by John Davis, 1 1 Aug. 1585, on his voyage to r.i i 
 a N. W. passage, 1585-87. He made' two iiU'rt 
 voyages for the same purpose, and five voyiigis to 
 the East Indies. In the last he was killcil liv 
 
 01- 29 
 
 DARWINISM, see Devflopiiiciit and Species. 
 
 DATES were athxed to grants and a-ssignnients I Japanese pirates, on the coast of Malacca, 2; 
 18 Edw. 1. 1290. Before this time it w,is usual at Dee., I()05. 
 
 least to l(a.ss lands witlioul dating the deed of eon- 1 
 
 veyunce. lewis. Numerous instruments of assign- , . o,„. „f the counts of Vienne placed a dol|-l-i.i 
 ment enrolled among our early records establish (ilnnphin) in his eoat-of-aniis, and assiuaeil flic till .0 
 tliiB fact. The date is ucteimiued by the nana .1 of . danphiu. 
 
 DAVY LAMP, 
 
DAVY LAMP. 
 
 Tlie /'"•;/ Mchil, f,inii,,h,..l l,v t|„. ,.,!,. „r s,i, ,, 
 ICivy'.s plat<s was liist Mum'M, hv t , u '' ''''|"l'.'i'7 
 
 DAVYUM.anuw nu'tal, diacovcrcHl l.v Scr-iua 
 K,..-.., 28 June, is;- „ the .vsidmna of pla m " 
 ore; s, ml to be lianl infusible, a„,l rathei' du 
 It has lieen suqieeted to be rutlieniuin 
 
 DAY. Bay began at sunnse anion.' nio.t of the 
 ii.rthfrn nations, at sunset anion- tlfe Th, ,; 
 aiidJews; and anion, tl.e M^m^^ ^"J^^^^ 
 
 strike t 
 
 divide thi 
 
 Tlie astroiioiiiieal day begins at noon, is divided 
 
 into twenty-four liours (instead of t vo , '.-t" 'of 
 
 Mvc hoiii-s) Tims the astronomic I.,/ 
 
 .SDecbe^nns^at noon of 8 Dee. and en. s, „ ,' , 
 
 3U 
 
 DEAN. 
 
 ." s,.v,.,„l Em ± 'i: ^^,";,:"7 ■«^'5- Tn.„sluti„„s 
 
 lilll.S 
 
 
 its name 
 
 u^, , e-"" "' n'e Bank of 
 
 "ov..i-nn„.„r /V" •''^^ "(Ivaiieed 11,000,000/. (o 
 
 ThehtVer n ", ^ ',""'•""''"'' ".-w ordiian ee, &,■.). 
 
 at.^;!?!^^ ^?^,t^^;^^f J^^«'-4'-tematic 
 
 
 'leaf iili.l iluiiib ill 
 
 9 l)c... At Gieemvieli, Von Y J.: r ,88- H, '";"" 
 „f 24 hours began at midni- it • t .', 1^' " ''''^ 
 rcoommciuledlbr railwa °& ' ^ iy^T!? "'-'^ 
 vorsal time for all eountiies w h „ut "fo H? ? T' 
 Saiidfoi-,1 Fleming, of Canada ''j'be «' i^'' '^'''• 
 rriiiie .Veridian Confeivn'e do,,,, " a ,v l"!-"" 
 declaring the universal , lav to 1 „.„'"","" 
 dav, beginning, for all the world ,t, '"" •""''"' 
 nJii midnight of the ini, 1 ^.'1 ' n ""■"'"•",' "^ 
 with the beginning of ! ," vi d ■ ' '^''^IY'S 
 meridian to be eounted fr oni zero un Vo ^ '' *'"" 
 21 Oct. 1884. The sehenie tvZ[Z.^\ M """'' 
 
 .«rl^al,atthe4a'L,l;te,>^-,V^^^^^^ 
 
 .tolrews, master of Slirewsburv iri.'lts, 1 1 '" 
 ordained at l.iehlield Cathedr , f . i ",'' "*■''' 
 
 i«™iiioi.nutywitiia'':;:!;i;!^;,f;';;s'ir';;;:; 
 
 DEACOXESSES, or ministiM-i,,,, ,v; 1 ., ' 
 to .ualitieations given i„'';'-^r^"?"r;:'^;^'' 
 Iheirduties were to vis t the noor ■,>,) ^ 1 ^ ^>- 
 at the aga,,,e or love feast.s , d o/.h" t}':'''''' 
 women, i-o. The ottiee w s ,1 I f- '' >"""" ' 
 Western ehiiivh in thr^tl i u lo li e,'ni '''' '" '''^' i 
 in the Greek ehunh about ti ,2 I t "'"V"''' 
 reo,.,itlv revived in Germany. The ., , n ' \"\- ' 
 deacone8se.s, subjeet to the n.,ro,hi ,'!■"'"' "' 
 advocated by thi' bishop of'^ v j „t .F^' "'^^ 
 some weiv ai.poiiited. The liioe's 1 )?;'' '""' 
 taitution, London, was established'., ,861 "''' 
 
 DEAD. Prayers for their benefit w,,,.',. ,,,„ 
 
 13,3 
 
 .86, 
 
 ■illliject 
 
 The nest i-e-iil,-„-ae,i.|eiMV for tl'i, 
 ' , "'■"•,"" "l"'aeM ill Ivliahiiigh 
 
 , 111 llloiliTIl thill. s the ilil.,. ,1, er • ; ' • ■ 
 
 , ''i'^'neiidan,!,,, h' I, ' ':;'•;'■ if '=-S9). and 
 
 and sing,.,,,, o,.,„.|, , ,• , j " "' " ^•'llnl.mgh : 
 
 't;;ei:!;i'';^;;:;,;;;rth;:'V;^-i:;,,^';;^'-.-:.-Hm 
 •N}:;^;^::;';:,^::!;;""«'-^""">(wains'ei!ib)eh.ed 
 
 l>y the phnei^'f \v,i,.,: " "'"'•■" •""I'liimb, laid 
 
 'a >85i, there w..|e in (iivit lirit,!,; ' ,5 •!"'>'• 
 :lumbo,,tora,,n|„;,!:;;i;;!!^^^;-L553 deal and 
 
 ilt.;^-.^;dSfir5iSii'l- 
 ii:^^:;et:^!;:ui^hry-:;,H <'.?? 
 
 ;;.Y.;Ha.^i,,n,w,l,M/^;;'l;:^ ;;;; ;;-i^ 
 
 and DiiiiiU" was foiinrl..,i i,. „"""'"" " 
 
 It iirnvMles iiisfnicti.in and 
 ' ehTiral din^etimi 
 
 i Iiitc'rhational e.iiigivss :?t linisl , ! J . '^" ■''• 
 
 strong eastle built ic2r> 1,,° «„„...,-' i M.'^-.' "^ 
 
 1650 
 
 '773 
 
 ■af 
 
 inib, 
 gaiiised ,35,. 
 eiiteitainnieiit iiiid,.,- 
 
 1S72 
 
 i3So 
 i33j 
 
 '"'It I.S.p l.y Henry Vllt. Deal' was 
 ...... and ma.fe independent of Sa„(i,"i* 
 
 Population, 1881, 8,500; i8.,r, 8 898 
 
 P"f wnflhes,, |«i|,v,.l w, , . Ml'Hai, Ha.les). 
 
 "i»..atedfro,„t,ie,„;':i^„j;-;;-^^oft,. 
 
 .he Dean forest amines) aet passed 10 Aug. i8ri: 
 
 DEAN (deeanus), a name eoninionlv irive'n r,s 
 theareh-presbyfer, or elde.st p.vsbvt m" i^, th^ ,/h 
 ■eutury; originally a niilitarvMitle ■ 1, offi,. 1 '?. " 
 t™ soldiers. I"theehureh-o/^;gi:;,:fl^:j^- 
 
 ■'^M m 
 
 
 f f 
 
 I I i. 
 
 iiill 
 
 1 
 
 1 -''Hi 
 
''fTr'^-& 
 
 DEATH. 
 
 312 
 
 DECCAN. 
 
 i 
 
 1: 
 
 • — 1 
 
 
 and cliiipter of a catlu'dnil iiotiiiimlly v\vvt the 
 bisliiip and furni his (•(nincil. J!y 15 A: 14 Car. II. 
 (I()<j2), a dean must be in priest's i}rders ; pre- 
 vidiisly tlu> offii'e liiid ciTasidnally been held by a 
 lay?iian, witli siieeial dispensatinii. Tile aneient 
 ottiee of "rural dean" lias been niiieh revived since 
 1)^50. The Deans' and C'aniuis' resi;;nation act 
 pas.sed i;, .May, 1H-2. 'I'he Kive Deans' lueinorial, 
 and counter memorial, see C/i iirc/i u;' l-jiiiiluiid, 1 88 1 . 
 Se(.' Ai'ilns, 
 
 DEATHi ordained as the pimishment for mur- 
 der, 2348 n.c. {(hii. ix. 0.) 
 
 The Jews gencnilly stoned tlieir ( riniiiiiils (In: 
 ^^- -i) 11. e. 1490 
 
 Kracn's iM(le janiisheil every oU'enci- with .Ifiitli . 621 
 
 It was liiriited to Miuiilcr I'V .Solcin .... 5^4 
 
 Jlitliiidiitcs. a I'lMsiiiii sdlriiiT. who Imusted thiit lie 
 liail kill.'d Cyrus tin- Vnea^-ei-, at tlie liattle of 
 Caaasii, was l.y onii'i- nl' Art;i.\iT.\es exposed to 
 the SUM I'Hr ei;;llteell i,i\s , . . , 
 
 Maurlci', tlic sm:i ii|\i imLleiMaii. was laiatteil. iImwii, 
 and (|uarteifd Inr piracy, tlic liist exei-at.oii ia 
 that ni.iiiiier in I'htl.inil, :.'5 IIimi. Hi. . a.d. 1241 
 
 Tlie jiiuiislinicMt of dentil was aljiilislied InaKieat 
 aimilK r of eiLses liy sir Holieit lVer.s acts, 4 to 10 
 »)eo. IV • . ,8,4-9 
 
 Jiy tlic cHiiiiiiiil liiw coiisohihitiiMi acts, death was 
 coiiHiiPd to treasiiM and wilfiii laiiider . i36i 
 
 T).;' . oimiiissicm iMi capital pniiisluacnt (appointeil 
 
 1664) i^» 1 tiicii rc|.,,rt (rci lUMiijcii.lin/ tb.-it 
 
 pcii.il servitude lie sulpstitutc.l lor ileatli in si.iiic 
 ca.-es where niurd.T wa-, niiiacMa'ditated. and 
 that exi'c'ii.nns shi.iiiil not he iiuhlii) . l)i-i-. 1865 
 r.ipit.il punishniciit restricted in Italy . .\piil, ,, 
 its I loposed abolition in fiel;;iiini was negatived, 
 
 ..,.,„.. 18 Jan. 1867 
 
 "Capital Piniisliineiit williin I'lisoiis Hill" passe.l 
 May. iPud. I'iist ease, 13 Aiij,'. 1868; see Kneii- 
 tior.f. 
 
 Aholiti.iii of 'he puuishiiient of death in Great 
 
 liritaiii pn. r.Mil hy Mr. (iilpiii in the c.nii s ■ 
 
 uei-ativrd ;i 7 to ;;), 21 .\pril, i8f,8 ; le-.atived 
 (118 to sa\ -'j Jal.v. l86y ; ne(;atived (167-54), 24 
 July, 1871-; -155-50), 12 ,lune, 1877; (26364), 13 
 Marc:i, i8;o; pr.ipnsed hy .Mr. (alt. sir .1.) Pease, 
 i.e^alived (175-79), 22 June, i38i; at;ain 10 Mav, 
 iSfj; a;;a!n (117 62) .... ii.Mav, i236 
 
 Oapiu; punishment aholished in Kussia liv Oith'e- 
 liiie li., except for treasciii . . . ' . , ,-6, 
 
 Capital lainishnieiit aholished in Tiiseanv. 1859, 
 lioiiniania, 1S64 ; rnrln-.-ii, i8f.7; Nixonv,' i .\pril, 
 18M; Iliilland. r:?.). In 17 out nt 21 cant. ins .it 
 iswii/erland ii-^; It.alv. 16S8; .New V.irk . . i3no 
 
 Practically ceasial in llcl;;iiiiii, Trnssia, Davaiia, 
 |lcniiiari<, and .Sweden, tlniii^;li not ah.>lisheil. 
 
 Ill Fi-aiicc 126 ciaivicti.ajs Inr niimlcr 4 executed, 
 ill one year; similar pn.p.iiti.rn in Italv. 
 
 Aholished in snine ..t L'nitcd .states. .Maine, ,3j6 ; 
 Hhoilc Island. .Miclii^;an. and Wisi'onsiii, since ; 
 ill othiMs, \iituallv ceascil. 
 
 Capital plinishlliellt hv eleellicitV nr.iclcl t.i lie 
 
 ach'pted by the r'.iatc nt New V.irk fvni i Jan. i38q 
 The exeeutiuii ..t William Kcmmler hv chMiieity 
 
 was ulil.Med, hut dih'llc.l, on appeal' . 11 Oct. ,, 
 Kxeeutioii hy clcctricitv declared cnnstitiiticnal hy 
 
 the court ..tappeals ... 22 March'. iEn„ 
 
 Kxeeutioii stopped hv /ei(/..>.- ,•.,,■;;»,,■ . -.n.\li|il 
 
 Etleeteil With soiiMMliiliciilly . . . 6 AUf,-. ]', 
 
 Foiiriiieii executed hy electricity at Siii^;-Siii;.'. .V.V.' 
 
 ,,„ 7Jidy, 1891 
 
 Others since. 
 
 Moiles ,,/ cm„l!„ii (1EE9) :— Ausl ri.i. ^-allows, i.uhlic • 
 Havana, ^'iiillotinc, private ; Mel-lnm, (.'iiillotine 
 public; HiiinswicK, ax.., piiv.ite ; China, sword .ir 
 r'orii, public ; licrMiiark, KUiMoliiie, piihiie ; Kciiailor 
 musket, public; fiance, f;llillotine, public'; tireat 
 lirituili, gallows, private; Hanover, ;,'i.illntine, pri- 
 vate'; Italy, capital pniiishini'iit aboli>he.l ; Nether- 
 lands, |.'alloHs, public; ( iMeuhnr'.', innskct, jmldie ; 
 I'ortunal. gallows, puhlic; I'rus^ia, sw.ird, jirivatc ;' 
 Russia, inusket, >;allows, cr swonl, public; Saxoiiv' 
 (iuilloliiie. private; .Sjs,i„, pirotle, ]iol,i;,., (in ii,.;.' 
 1894; Switzerland, litfeen cantons, sword, puhiii' ; 
 twocaiitoiis, guillotine, public; two cantons, cuilhi- 
 
 tine, j.rivate; United «tates (other tliiiii N. w V.mLi 
 (.'allows, mostly private. '"' 
 
 See Ikllrii.luuj, /,'erei7/ee, Ihiiiiinis, lluUiii,,. /.'./,„ 
 inn. Ilni':ii iiij, /•■(.,■,/,,//, ii.iil C,imi,lwir.i /!,/,■ 
 
 Medi<'al eertilieates ot death; select committee .if 
 the e.)miiioMs, lirst meetin;; ,4 April ; ri-iioit 
 issu.i.l. proviii-nniat laxitv . . , iSent ,■ 
 
 ll.iath penalty ab,,lisli.i.l hir ^5 .ait of 60 crimes iil '' 
 the l-'.'ii.'ial i-.i.!.' ... - 1. 
 
 name given to tlr 
 
 DEATH DUTIES, 
 
 estate du.ies {wliith sir). 
 
 DEATH.S, liEGISTEIta of, see Jli/h i,f ]/„,. 
 laltt;/, I'lihliv llvdtth, and litylMers. 
 
 DEBATES IN PARLIAMENT, s.,. 
 
 Ueijurt uiij . "• 
 
 . DEBATING SOCIETIES; several f.,r„e,l 
 in the last century. The celebrated Oxh.nl fmo 
 Soitiety was founded in 1823, and iiianv oih.h- 
 have been trained by it. 
 
 DEBTORS have been subjected to ininri^n,, 
 meiit 111 almost all countries .■ind times U\ ,\' 
 eighteen months subsei|ueiit to the n.uiic of LV. 
 1825, as nmiiy as 101,000 writs for debt were ivsui.i 
 m hngland. In the year etidiii- ;; Jan. bS;o tier' 
 were 7114 iier.soiis .sent to the several iiii-Iirs ,'f 
 London; and on that day, IS47 of the niiml),T 
 were y.'t conhned. On the 1st of Jan. 1840 tlif 
 mimber of iins.mcrs f.u debt in liii-land ami W,],., 
 was 1732 ; in Ireland the number was urnlir w,v 
 and in S.'otland under 100. The operatinn „f 
 statutes of relief, and othci causes, .■.iiisid(.r;il,lj. 
 reduced the number of imprisoned debtors \V|„.:, 
 the new Haii!;ruptey net (abolishin- iiiipiisoMiii,.m 
 for debt except when fraudnlentlv ciiiif.i,.|cdi 
 c.Miie into operation in Nov. i80i,"a iiuinber of 
 debtors who had been contiiied were iel."Mi| 
 Arrest of Ali.sidndin;,' Debtors bill, n A; p \\i 
 c. 52, 1832. In I,S(,3 nearly i8,ocx) persons «,,e 
 impri.soned by order of the count \ emu Is l„r.,|. 
 tempt: avera^'e time, 13 days, a'm.miit of dein" 
 3/. 10.V. A;;itation .igainst fliis imprisoniiieiit h,,' 
 
 l8()2; select coiuniit of lonls on the «i'.|iiiYt 
 
 met .May, 1,^1)3. Jiy „n act passed c) All" 'iSi,, 
 the inipri.soiMiient of fraudulent dehtms »,; 
 abidi.shed, witii certain exceiitions, and neiuiv 1 
 hiiiiilred diditors wire released hv a judn-e's oi'.if 
 111 Jan. 1870. .\\\ act to facilitate the^iuivst „f 
 abscoiidiii};- debtors, jiassed () \\vr, i.s-,, [|,|. 
 pris„iii,ieiit for debt in Irehmd was aholislled Ijvaii 
 act pas.sed () A usT. 1872, and in S,,ithiiid (dter ;i 
 Dec.) by Dr. ('anieron's .Vet. jiasMil 7 .Sent, Kf.S,) 
 See Arnut, Kiiiii'it JIaic/i, ll,i,i/o(ijjl!s, Imolfa.li 
 Hid, and Xnlwiiiil litht, 
 
 79;8 peisous w.'iv comiiiitt.M to fjaol by tlie 1 itv 
 
 courts 111 1671 ; 4438 in 1874. liiipiis..iiii;eiit l.,r ,Hit 
 was Milually ab.,hsh..i| hv the Itaiikruiit.v \.t ..1 r-- 
 whi.-h reli.\e.l small .l.'hl..is. 
 
 DEBl'SSCOPE, an instrunii'iit of Fivmli 
 orijfin, soim.what similar to the kalcid..s.ujie,sai(l 
 to be uselul for devisiii^r patterns for caliiHi-iiriiitcrs 
 A:e., made its aiipearaiice in i8(xj. ' 
 
 DECAMEIiONE (10 r%.v), see Ihcum 
 
 DECAPIT2VTION, see lielumli.H,. 
 
 DJ;CC.\N (Dekhan or Daklian), S. In.lia, ,05 
 invaded hy the .Mahometans in 121)4. Tlie liM 
 iiide]iendeiit sultan was Alaiidin. The natives re- 
 volted, and the dynasty of liahmaiii was fiiiinW 
 by Hasan (jiinira in 1347. About Hi^U-i \mmi- 
 zebe L recovered the fleee.in, b;i( sn.-.n |,st -t-V 
 nart of it to the Mahriittas. The Ni/am iil Ml, 
 Iiis vi-.eroy, became inde]iendent in 1717, Ak;" 
 
 d; 
 
 iBiit of the Dei'can 
 
 hSiS. 
 
 DECEMBER ( 
 
 liiHiith of the year 
 .M.iivli. Ill 713 n.c 
 anil l-'cliriiary 'befor 
 Drieiiilier liei'anie tlu 
 li'i;;il of C'oiiiniodiis, 
 lalk'd, by way of Hui 
 Ilia ecintcsan whom t 
 had painted like an 
 nii'n.ril their year on 
 iii;;ii of William I. ; , 
 lion see Fnnice, 1 85 1. 
 
 DECEMVIRI, f 
 
 iliMW ii]i a code id' la 
 ivliiilc jfovcrnnient of] 
 The laws they drew 
 siniitc mid j.'eneral assi 
 on ten iiietallie tables, 
 the people met (cniinti, 
 milled by a second i 
 tyrannical coiiduet of 
 IJiccniviri, towards \'i 
 licr father Virffinius t( 
 111 a revolution, and 1 
 tiinsnlar government, 4 
 
 DECENNALIA, 
 
 ;'i]#tiis, 17 n.c, eidc'brat 
 ciory tenth year of t 
 iMiiU's, and larg-esses, 
 tiiiiiniis I'iiis, ^.\^, 148, 
 
 DECIMAL .S\ 
 
 Weioiit.S, A:c., see JU 
 
 DECIPIFM, a new 
 
 Imitiiinc ill the same ear 
 Ml;; announced Nov., 
 
 DECLARATION, 
 
 DECORATED ST' 
 
 DECORATIVE A 
 
 liiitcilliy.l. W. i'ufiin, ii 
 h:ivebeen advan.'cd by 
 I'llu'ii. OwiMi Jones's 
 Oiii.imcnt," was ]inblish( 
 ki\ seeicty, founded in 
 time (inly. 
 
 DE COURCY'S I 
 
 tl.iiiJing Covered befori- t, 
 Jiiliii to John de Courey, 
 lii< siure.ssors, in 1205. 
 iiubleman created hv'i'ir 
 iiiii. H. 1181. and was en 
 iiiditdf Ireland, ii8y T 
 111 llie baiiin of Kinitsiilo 
 .mil bv Geo. IV. at his pi 
 •111;'. 1821. The 3rst bai 
 < mi y, who succeeded 18-. 
 i''ii\ The inesent baroi: 
 owiin. 
 
 DECRETALS. Tliev 
 
 111 Ibe canon law, or eollcc't 
 and JeiTces and tliedecree!. 
 a.kiiowleilfrcd tc h.. genuini 
 ti'Himeriis, a bishop ni Sp,, 
 vfarofhispontiti.ate, 38;, 
 ilffictiils were used by UiVffi 
 "flais 1)1 tiratian, u" JteiU'i 
 «iiiiiis), were compiled in 
 twks were collected by Gre" 
 
BECEMBERy 
 
 313 
 
 |ttit of the Diwcan was ceji'd to 
 
 BEERHOUND. 
 
 tlif i.'iiglisli in 
 
 DECEMBER (fin,„ da-cm t,.n^ ti, , .1 
 M,nvl.. In 71 n.v>ilT,^'T"VV''^ '" 
 
 l,...nl..rlH..an,.tlu.t.;m^of' o': '■'■'lirih 
 lw^'n 01 Cuniinoi us, A.I) i,Si_i,„ IV /» "H> 
 
 tion see France, iSji. • -foi 2 l)ir. levolu- 
 
 DECEMVIRr or Ten Men, ap,.oin.,.,l to 
 ''"»- "P » -■"'!<■ ot laws. ,0 wl>o„,'f,„- ,.,;:„ ,l[! 
 ' «'a.s ('oniniittc('" 
 
 by Jioiiifa,... Vlir i-'d-. tl„. ri ,' . 
 
 "lent V. in i!i ■.,:,',' <''"'"■•" "h-s by Cle- 
 
 .beKxt.av,:,^:^,;:';S';^.:;>,-;;J^^^j^i"...r; 
 
 p>-''XlF^:"*c!i^,:f ""^ t^"^" *^""™"'" took 
 
 '''■(li,'alio,M,ii,n„Ks(l,y authors toV,;ii;.it^ 
 
 time of Slienenas, 
 
 tliem 
 W'/. The 
 iiatronasrti 
 
 ^p"tro;/o;/irl7^^'r-»»-f Augustus, and 
 
 f^'mS^^M'^l':;':];"'™'^ "■•''"--■'■"*• The 
 """" ""■•* »••* my art anil doed," 
 Fo.il,foi,kc. Duels in 
 
 ginius to save her from slave, >• 1,., 
 (-. revolution, and the re-estal.lishn en ; ,' ,' 
 oiiiisular government, 441, n.c. '"^ 
 
 DECENXALIA, festivals instituted l,v An 
 ;usms, I- II. c, ee ebrated In- tli., ,, ""^" "> Au- 
 
 ;.vo,T tenth v;.ar of ^^ ^,, ^ ^^^ ^j;" ';"'!/;;'o'-^ 
 
 .»,.. ami largesses. Z/.y -C U ah.d "''"' 
 
 Norway I'pv Al. 
 
 Carpenter' and 
 1' <iwn eoasts, 
 
 ,, - •'">'>, ami in the 
 
 tiirpenter in iSro. JJvin- 
 
 by An- 
 DECIMAL SYSTEM ov rr.,^-, 
 
 DECIPIFM, a new metal found l.\- M J),.]., 
 
 :::;i-::n:;r'i^:;;''7!;-r'''^''''''''''"'''''^''^ 
 
 DECORATED STYLE, se.. Ooaic 
 
 DECORATIVE ART 
 
 lilted by A. W. I'uain, in hi^ 
 
 'c and 
 
 was taken in 
 
 jf^r.i fathoms 
 
 On 10 Dee. 
 
 I't. Xares, who 
 
 'ii'W .\rrlir .viiedition. 
 
 valual)Ie,,,fl(vtions. 
 
 Its ).riiieii,Io.s, enun- 
 
 ivjv.be™ advanee;fi,7o;;:;'j,,,,,^;;'^;;{j^;'^l> 
 
 .. ..ety, tounded in .844, ^^i^te/fl^r^-^il- 
 
 hurt 
 
 .^K'^a^K^^^E, that of 
 
 j;.i™.^johndec!;:e;'i,atr;,F^;;:,^^'^;;;^ 
 
 l;*:r::::;d;:i^^^an^[*n:;;:h'::;.^'-'^^^^'' 
 
 ilw.n...«,.andwasen.ru"^l ,^' r'^"' ^ 
 iiitiitut Ireland, 118;. The 
 lot' ' " ••■ ■' 
 
 .mil 
 
 
 baron is the ::;nd 
 
 i'l*). 'I'lio jiresent 
 .•*iiin. 
 
 DECRETALS. Thev formed the 
 a«, or 
 ■ thede( 
 
 ill sue- 
 
 ('lllii' lanoii 
 and ilivrees 
 
 ,, •. 'I second part 
 
 ■election of the pope's edict.' 
 
 ^•Him..,s,Hl.isl,o,^:f^i, ,,;;-'•' ^"-i- 
 
 v«.rof his po„tiri;"afe'";S^"'"iy "■'■';"■",,"' ""' «'■"* 
 "ftils ot tiratian. ..; H„„;..i,-;..::.;' '-■>'.; ibede- 
 
 "ftiis ot tiratiaii 
 '.■'"""s). were I'oiupi 
 
 of ^eientitic ;,:,:„ and' ^uT'-' 'T} ' ^''"^y 
 
 (Capt. (J. S. Xar s)! V • ^■^^■^- , '''"'ll''"fler 
 ••bemical, g .,;h !! ;^ »JTr" T" ""' ■'''J- ''^■'l 
 
 l«.4, apt. Jhomp.son succeeded '■'• 
 T /, '^:'<"''>"""ii of tlie ne« 
 . 2 A -a '^K^,'' ';""'""'• ^^''*'' ^"'"^'"10 -Sections 
 
 \ 'i'b..m.so„-\;r Dee '78-'-" tir'fi ;•:: ■^"; ^' ^^'.vvino 
 
 I'oi'Js, with nianv ill wti'.'f b"V ™'>'»'es of re- 
 '■> '*>5. The'V'^ife :':::„- ;-'■ I'"blished, 
 promoted l,v Mr ];.,l„ . ''''''"V' ' ""^ warinlv 
 
 ^i-i>.'ooke):ei,::,ic.di;!;:Whe^;c;';;i;"';L'^^ 
 
 t''oM«litern;neanl,a;td2.Vu;l'";i8l"''"''''"''"' 
 taken by I(..M.,s. yv ' 
 
 ,, l8g6, I'Xccciicd q o,,, 
 
 'ii":;:^r:v:;a;5"H'';T'^'^'''-^-^- 
 
 »t Copclihag,.,, ' ;'" ^''^'o' '■'■suits ; .vportcd, 
 ' * • ^o All"", 
 
 DEER are mentioned in 1 will ,.f ..l ■ 
 
 Stan, dated 104; I'rofessor f L , . ■ ""^ ^thel- 
 'l-er are not nat v, li .,"''' ",""'''■ '"■" ''""ow 
 
 l>ari;s,'tho oldes ' e .: m-,, " K !,H"'i ''"'' -'-^^ '"''" 
 .•oyalpari''^^,. '"'^■' '«' 
 
 tliat 11 
 . '"« in thi' .s. i>;iej 
 i.axi tatlioins ; '/'iih,,, 
 
 '"U,475 
 innilini; 
 
 , 1S91 
 
 i8g6 
 
 '■ley's " Aeeoiint 
 I'l.S^ deer in the 
 
 b^U were collected by Gregory IX 
 
 
 '22/-; asi.'vth 
 
 ^Miii- 
 
 
 "U 
 
 
 ' I '?? ' 
 I?' 
 
 i 
 
 
 ( 
 
 
DEFAMATION. 
 
 3U 
 
 DELFT. 
 
 t-i > 
 
 
 'iijipi 
 
 t\ 
 
 ■■I 
 
 ritz, and cicptiiiii mikI imv iiii]]iis(iiii'il, 13 Aug.; 
 roli'uncd iibuut kS Si'iit. 1873. 
 
 . DEFAMATION is punislmMe bv fine mid 
 inipi-isdniMciit liy stiitiitc of 1843. Tlio jurisdiction 
 ol tlie ei (■le>iiisti(;il cdurfs on tliis aultjcft was 
 aboli.ihi'd hy iS ic 19 Vict. e. 41 (1855)- Sou Li/wl. 
 
 DEFEXCE, sec Vliiirch J)i/iiict; yiitiomil 
 IhJ't'hir, and yum/ 111/1/ Mi/i/'in/'ii./iii. 1895. 
 
 DEFEXCE ACT, a coinplctc conscription act, 
 autlioi-isinjc a levy t/i iiiiis.ii-, 1803, was nnsucccssful; 
 new incasiiics were taken in 1807-8. Tlic Dcfeme 
 of tlie JlKihn Act passed 28 Aug. i8(«, in conse- 
 quenee of tlie unsettled state ot Kurope, and the 
 (loul)tliil policy of the enijieror Napoleon ; bc; For- 
 tification anil (.'ii/iDiic.s. 
 
 "DEFEXCE G(JVERNMEXT " i" France, 
 
 formed (in 4 Sept. 1870, when the empeior was 
 deposed and a repnldic proclaimed, ;,'en. Troidiu 
 ])residcnt ; it in( luded (iani!)etta, .Simon, &c. It 
 resijjncd, after Paris liad capitulated, 5, Feb. 
 1871. See trifitcr, 
 
 _ DEFExVDER of thk Faitu {Fi(ki Lc- 
 
 feiiwr), a title oi the Ifritish sovereign, conferred 
 by Leo. X. on Henry VIII. of Jiiiglaiid, 11 Oct. 
 Is2l, for the tract ugainst Luther on behalf of tho 
 Church of Itome (then accounU'iX JJoiiiici/iitiH Jitlei 
 Cat/to/icic). 
 
 DEFEXDEKS, a faction in Ireland, wliicli 
 arose out of a ([uarrcl betwei'ii two residents of 
 Market-hill, 4 July, 1784. Kach was soon aided 
 by a large body of friends, and many battles ensued. 
 On Wliit-.Monday, 1785, an armed a.sseniblage ot 
 one of the parties (700 "men), called the Xtippaiz/i 
 Fleet, prepared to encounter tlie JUiwii Fleet, but 
 the engagement was prevented. They subsequently 
 became religious parties. Catholic and rresliyterian", 
 distinguished as Jhjeii(/ei-s and I'ecp-o' -dinj-lioi/s : 
 the latti'r were so named because tlii;v usuallv visi'ted 
 the dwellings of the Defenders ut daybreak iii search 
 of arms ; see iJiaitioiid. 
 
 DEGREES. Eratosthenes attempted to deter- 
 mine the length of a geographical degree about 2:0 
 M.c. See (reiiilcxi/, L(itilii(/e, and J,-iiyili<(te. Col- 
 legiate deflircs are coeval witli universities. Jlastcrj 
 
 and doctors existed, 826. Svc /.(ii„t,ct/i J)c(/ree.s. v,„.,i, 1 ,„„.,•„., „ ,., 1 e. 1 1 ',■ "V ;„~ - 
 
 Those in l.iw are trailed up to 114.); in medicine, ? " '/^^ v' ■' "'"""^ ''^^'^ 'T','''' "" ^^ •"''•'' S 
 to 1384; in music, to h^,. Middle class e.xam: ^^''^''^l VV-'",'"' ^y'"> «""-'™l ""■ '".v lOio. ' 
 inations for degrees were instituted at Oxford. 18 
 June, 18^7; at Cambridge, 24 Nov. 1857; 
 
 'h'. 
 
 most energetic |iiop:ig;inclist, iMlv.M-iiting nl 
 i social rctoini ; l>iiiig iimi,-Ii (ipiiosi'il, lie Ion ■, 
 
 i tl 'W liniliiiio Soiiiii,) ol'liiiliii ill . 
 
 '. Kcsliiili t'liiuiilcr ."Sell was icccivcil nt i\ imi,! 
 iMccliiij; ill i.uiiiliiii us a rcfoMiier, ijAinil.ai 
 siilisc.|iiciitl,v incaclicd ill u Unitarian d 
 
 Kiiishiiiy, Loniloii 
 
 Hclijsai ill liis cliiiivli ; new cliurcli foriiieil (Si 
 
 otlioil) ^ 
 
 lie (licil .-it falciittii . . . ' . ' a,|',,|' 
 
 I'rotiip (,'liiiiidcr .Mozooiii.lar, a Ica.l'er ofih,; 
 
 Jlraliiiio (Soiiia.i, visilcd Clii'Mgu, whcr,. hn ;ii 
 
 tcmlcd the worlds iiiiillu nt ot religions, in 
 
 See Uiiiliir'KDix and roi/nei/. 
 DEITIES, see Mi/tl,olo(,,,. 
 
 DELAGOA BAY, S. E. Africa, claimd \., 
 Oreat liritain and I'ortugal. Having been iclci|.:| 
 to arbitration, the soutliern portion was nwanic,' 1 
 Portugal by marshal .Mac.Malion, Aug. 1875. ' 
 Tlic iMiiiorlancc of ijic ]„,|-t wns grcativ incici 
 by till' .liscvciy ..f gnl.l in tlic 'I'lii'iisvaal ,,., 
 Incts. The .Suiitli African Hcpiililie iiiniii,,|„| 
 a railway to lie c.mstiiiclcil by (iciniiin ami liinii, 
 capitalists. The iici|iiisilion of the liay by (;i,..i| 
 liritain strongly :iihi,ci,tccl . . . n,.,, , 
 The I'orliigiiesc govcninieiit in 14 |)it. ,33,' '"' 
 graiitcil.'iconcessiiiii to a I'oitngiicsc coinpiinv ii.i 
 triicticiii ofa railway t'niiii the biivli'. M,,. 
 
 tin 
 
 TraiisMcil tcMitory. The iimspcetiis of the K,,,i 
 
 Atrieiui railway coni|)aii.v (cajiital y«,,«„/.)«., 
 
 issiicl 7 Miirch, ,887. As the railway w;i, ni,; 
 
 coniph'te.l in the siiceilicil time, tic u.M'ks w™. 
 
 cunhscatcl by the I'mtugiiese gov iineni, „ 
 
 'li ,''»■"/•, who eaiicelled the Con 
 
 /'"//»./-'/) 
 
 Tlie liritish iiimI fiiifcil .Stat 
 
 liiiilistiale with l'uitll;(al. 
 The eiiiiiiilcteil railway inaiwirateil ' . 
 I'lie Puitllgllescgiiveinin.'llt acee|its II 
 
 of aibilration ; tlic p,ver cuts v 
 
 JSwissxii\eniiiii nt to appnint tin 
 
 a court of arbitration 
 
 I'ortugiiese govi'i-niiii lit 
 
 sioii (M... 
 26 .Iiiiii', [??, 
 ,'overiiiiiiMils \v. 
 
 ■ A|iiil 
 
 :;3 AphI 
 
 e piilir'ipl,. 
 
 ■Illicit III,. 
 
 iveJiiiist^tolMriii 
 
 repiiiteii 2 .M.iv 
 
 I«iys 28,oou/. to lli'i. 
 
 The 
 A III 
 
 Hritish g.iveninient fi,r the railway chhikiiiv 
 provisioiiMlly .... re'portiHl ,|ii|v 
 
 court ol urhitraloM meets at Heme . 3 All' 
 ilice of the facts sent to lieriie, 12 Xov iBq, ' 
 meetings ill Feb ,896 ; leporl issiieil . Apiii,',- 
 roitii.miese routed 111 llie IJileiii liistrict ; repoit.M ' 
 
 t, I ,. iO Jlllv, i; 
 
 ftne /.aiirnico .',/e/(/i/i'.<, 1894. 
 
 DELAWARE, one of the United St;ite« 
 Nortli ' 1 
 
 II 
 
 l8()0-7. 
 
 and other universities since. See ll'oiiieii, 
 DEI GRATIA, see Oraee of God. 
 
 DEIRA, a Iiart of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of 
 Nortluimbria : see under Britain. 
 
 DEISM, Theism, or Moxotiieism (Latin, 
 
 dens; Greek, tlico-t, (iod), the belief in one Uod, in 
 opposition to polytheism and to the doctrine of the 
 Trinity. About the middle of the i6th century 
 some gcntlcnieii of J'' ranee and Italy terincd tlicni- 
 -selves (/(•/,»/», to disguise their opjiosition to Chris- 
 tiiinitv by a more honourable appidlation than that 
 ofAthei.-ni (^iihich nee). The ni,.st di.stingiiished 
 deists were Herbert, baron of Cherbury, in 1624 ; 
 Hobbes, I'indal, .Morgan, lord iiolingbroke. Gibbon, 
 Hume, Holcidft, I'aine, a.id Godwin. 
 A high-caste Hruhniin, lianiniohiiii Kov, foiinilcl ,1 
 Urahiiiin lll"Il..tll.■i^ti(■ ehnn-li in i -ijo, fciineil the 
 Hrahiiio S.Jinij. He ilieil at Jlristol 27 .\o\ . 183!. 
 His relcniiin- w-.tvU was reviw.l ii, ,842 l,,. 
 Deliciiilra .\atli Tiingore. In 1858 Daboo Keshuii 
 t'lmmler Sen joiiieil the soc-ietv, and became a 
 
 W'as settled by Swedes, sent tliere bv (justavii* i,, 
 1627; acquired by the Diitcli, lOsi ;" ceded to lli,. 
 lii'glish, 1664. Capital, Dover. I'opulation, 188.1 
 I46,fx)8; |8<X), 1(18,493. 
 
 iiy an cxplusiiiii at Messrs. Diij.oiifs pow.lcr mills 
 I near Wiliiiingtoii ij persuns were killed 7 (H. ,;,, 
 
 j DELEGATES. Cornr of. Appeals to tl,. 
 
 ; pope in ecclesiastical causes having been forliiddeii 
 I (see Appeii/s), such causes were for thefutiav tn !« 
 
 heard in this court, established bv Henry VllI. 
 
 '.S.ll- atoiv. This court was abolished in |K;i' 
 I and appeals now lie to the Judicial Coininiiu, „( 
 
 the I'rivy Council, according to ^ & 4 Will IV 1 
 
 41 (183?) ; and6 & 7 Viet. c. 38 (1843). Seey/ri/.f,' 
 
 DELEGATIOXR, in the Austro-irungimin 
 fllouarchy, established in 18(17, foniposeii of w 
 Austrian and (x) Hungarian members. 
 
 DELFT (S. Holland), a town founded bv God- 
 frey le Bossu, about 1074; famous for "ll.llt 
 earthenware ; " first manufactured here about l!io. 
 I'he sale of delft greatly detdined after the iiitioiiiir. 
 tion of potteries into C.eniiaiiv and Kiiglaiiii. i.r;. 
 tius, jurist, was born here, ro April, i;8j; temii- 
 tenary celebrated 10 April, 1883. ' llis staluo 
 
 DELim, Ba'otia, N. 
 celebrateil temple of Aiiollo 
 Wwn the .\ttienians and tl 
 thefomuT were defeated, So( 
 
DELHr 
 
 31/ 
 
 erected, i; Sept 
 
 Jul), I««4. I'ui)llliltl(Jll, ItiiJO, 2i),022. 
 
 !««'). .\u,l l„.n. WilliuMi, tl,o 
 Ul-iiMfTo, Mils ussiissiiiiiti.a l)y 
 
 iiiuil lb 
 
 DELiroE. 
 
 U s,UdJo have SUV..U the lilV of hi. pupil Xenophon; 
 
 DELHI, the cue „v.t eapital of the M,...! 1 Curl T '"" *''-'"'■- -'S?*^ -'it "/uT 
 npiiT,andclaefae,it„rth,. m'.i, "IL.r"""!" ; ^i<y>'CA bcHooi., a tenn appli,.,| to somo Ei'tlith 
 
 empire, a.,dVhh.f;;„ri; M^ui „:;,, "' ^'"""' ^'"^'^' 
 
 , ' , . .■■'.' ■'•"I'MM 111 lilt's. It 1 11 
 
 in decay, but eontani,,! n iiiilH,,,, of'i,:hahitaiit" in 
 i:oo. n try,, ,vli,,, Xaili,. S|,;,i, i, "' d ■ Hi i 
 .kistan, he entered Deliii ; ,oo,ocK> ,if t • i, habi ■ : 
 iiiTislied bv the swiin . and iiImh.i,.,. f„ .i '""''""•""••' 
 h' 000 cxwV stei-Iiin" 1 P'liii'lei to the amount of 
 h.,ooo,txxj(. stc lUiig is said to have bei'ii eulleeted 
 .Mimlar ealai.ii „.s w,.,v nidurrd in I-.H, ,n the 
 uiviisiun o( Abda a, king of faiidahar In ,S 
 
 ''^J' "'.' '°/"''.\ '-^.ir. a niiitiiiv arose in tlie 
 Kpov iv-iiiients at .\[..,.nit. It was 's,,,,,, ,.h, ,1, i 
 kt the f,„;.tives fed to UMn on M r , f 
 «m nuHl with otli,.,- „,,„,,s hei-e, si.i.i.d ,',it'v .' ' 
 prodiiiined a desrendant of llie Jlo-nl L-i,,, ■ ! 
 ,.,„in,itt.d fn.litful ati-,„.iti,:r Th?" ilb 'fw I,' , 
 anxious oposs..^ till, iliief magazine, but after ^ 
 pi mt detenee It was exphid.d bv order of 1 nit 
 rtiUoughb,-, who died „f his wouiids .shortly ifte, 
 Tho other heroes of tliis e.vploit were lieuto i, s 
 om.8t„.,d Kayner, and the^unners Huek le d 
 Sfiiliy. Delhi was sliort y after besie-P,l iT,- T\ ■m" —,--^" """■ " ^(X) eostlv statues a i. (- 
 
 time TO 1 ''''''■""'■''"• I"'l'"''"' f'"- ••> short 
 
 vhid^:;:r::x;l^.^i'/--i^^^^''>^'r'ji"His.>i3i:? 
 
 'thJ{f;eS^du,^;rt^'t,i;''|';,5-n-.^n.e 
 Frelleh in IhHj. ' "«''' "'''^'^' '" 'I- i^^l^-ul by the 
 
 u us. It was, liowever, robbed and seized hv tb.. 
 
 fiift. sir) Arrhd:il 
 aiilwl liy col. I£, 
 uiij shown ; tlio 
 isnloiioii of the 
 enthiisiu.siii. 'i'he 
 
 1 i>r<l bniitii. Mueh heroism 
 .^llaiit death of Salkeld at tlie 
 Ca.stiim.re gate created inueh 
 
 old kin- and his boiis were 
 
 Aoo Vo r """""" "'■ ""■ temple o ■ 
 
 "■''ai!--oi;:i;:ai:!;itt\Li;:;':r'?''''-'-^pi:i;!' 
 
 ni.ua K^u?fCLA««IC.S, -^ eolleetionofthirlv. 
 Latin authors in si.xty volumes, made for the 
 
 
 laptiired soon after: tile latter were shot ana 
 tk'loriiHr after a tria was .sent for lifet/ i» 
 p,„, where he died „ N„v"' 80 SeJVZ" 
 
 85;, A camp fornied at Delhi In- the earl of J ■ yo ' 
 
 he viceroy, Dec. l8-r was visited bvthek- ^ " 
 Mani, Jan. ih:2. 'I'lie prince of Wa es 
 MhM.Jan i8r6. Queeli Victoria w™, 
 
 «..««ho,iseshu^t!.,A,!ril,1«^-"- «- ^^^ --S-';^^^^^ 
 
 MourD) '■""''''' '■'■■^'''"'''''■'"' '» tlieir letter 
 
 lire, 2(X)0 houses burnt, 19 April, iSSj, 
 
 I nmiciiii Ho.spitul laid liy l,,nl 
 
 ; .No 
 
 riiiiii'IatiiiM-sto 
 
 liiiH.Tiii 
 
 Hints liv collisi. IMS at iliiiiloo 111,1 Mni •-■"• 
 
 Cr«lt lliv, 3CO houses destroyed, ,n„?|, 'li,;;.;;^; 
 
 FananVid ri.ifs ciiielled . .,1, ,',I^Q^•^'":\■• 
 Katay cullisioii, ,.. persons kiiled ol'milin,^!'^;!: 
 
 ■ ■ " Jiiiv 
 
 1333 
 i836 
 
 "DELICATE INVESTIGATTOV" ii.f *i. 
 
 »aiio,i.f the princess of w'lc. ^J.^^lu" ° ^,' 
 ol En.irliiml, as consort of Geor-,Vlv ' ; V' 
 ".."'•cd bv a eommittee of the dvy ooun uiX; 
 » wainuit of iimuiry, dated I) May Sc^; The 
 members were lord Grenville In,, -tV ?■ ''"V 
 Speneoriand lord J^lle.VbonK^li.'^'.'i.^t'iul'n'^l 
 rtieh the countc'ss of Jersey, sir J ilkc' iVll ^ 
 k and other per.sons of raiik we.v. . -^ °""' ' 
 
 leJtothe puldieationlall"'""^^;' ,,i;':'^"\P*-^. | 
 
 iieva ill iS3j. 
 
 ^sher and the English liible 2?aS „, ' T 1,1/ 
 -vin. are the epochs of the del'^.^i^Jeor^din/t 
 
 N 
 
 V 
 
 lowing are 
 Ur. Hales 
 
 «|'l'tii.'ixiiit 
 
 .'.irksoli 
 Hides . 
 •'osepluis 
 I'ersi.ii, . 
 Hiihlo.i 
 
 ■•^■ilMiUitllll 
 
 Howaiil 
 
 B.C. 
 
 I Clinton . 
 I I'l.iylhir . 
 
 •Marshiini 
 I I'etiiviiis . 
 
 Nti'jincliiiis , 
 
 iielirew 
 
 Vulgar Jewisli 
 
 ■ 2352 
 
 ■ 2.-)44 
 2329 
 2293 
 2283. 
 2104 
 
 * Tlii.. 
 
 I'lKlltll!^, 
 
 Iieautil'iil 
 ■■'• '!"■ ag. ... .3 . 
 Jcienie, aad Ihmei 
 
 and Kiftcil woiiiMii translated Calli- 
 bliu died lu 1720. 
 
 I 
 
 i • '1, . 
 
 iw4 
 
 
 jim^. 
 
-Ill 
 
 DEMEKAKA. 
 
 !'■ , 
 
 i!'^i^hN 
 
 llikl 
 
 TniilitiiiiiMl ilchiHis (Icscillicil ill till' cliisfics ; in lliinliu 
 mill Atlirii ill till' n'i|;ii nl' (iK.Vf,'!". i"'li ci'iitiiiy ii.r. ; 
 ill 'riii'»<;il.v ill llir ri'i),'ii III' Iliiii'iiliiJii, 151, J 11.1.; till' 
 • liili'i ari' ciiiiji'i liiiii). 
 
 DKMEIfAKA. EssHcjiino, axd Hkimuci:, 
 
 foliiiiicrt 111 l)iilif<li l.luiaiiii, ISdiitti Aiiii'iiia, IduiiiIimI 
 'i) the Dutcli, I S''''iii wi'i'L' l.iki'ii liy tln' llrilifli. umcUt 
 iiiajoi--;ri'm'riil Wliylr, 22 .\|iril, 1 711(1, tint wcif le- 
 (itiiri'il lit the |ii'ii(i>'iil' Aniiriis, Maud, 1X02. Tlicy 
 iiKaiii surri'iulort'd lo tlii.' Ilrilisli iiiuIit ftfiicnil 
 <i.i!itiol(l Mini coininiKliire Ilmiil, .Si'jit. 1H03, and 
 liccaini' Kiij,'lisli ('(ilonii'K in 1H14. Si'c GinaiKi, 
 JInlish. 
 
 DEMOCKATIC FEDE1{ALS, m iiolitiral 
 
 Iiarly, ])ro|iosr(l l.y "SU. Jii-cph (.'(iwcii, >I,1'. foi' 
 SVwrastlr, oii|iiisril tii till' I'ulii-y df thr ^(ivi'iiiiiltiit 
 <it'.\Ir. (jliulstniif, 5 Ajiril, iXf^l'. 
 
 DEMOCRATS, lulvncatts fill- KdVi'iiinu'iittiy tlii' 
 |i('ii|ilo thriiiscl\cs ((/('."/(/.v, |ii'n|ilt', ami kriitiiii, to 
 >,'ovcTii), a term a(lii|ii('(l liy tlic Frcnili rcpulilicaiis 
 ill i;fx' (wlio tcnnt'd tlicir ojiiKiiii'iits iii-islocrals^ 
 frniii arixtdx, liravcst or licst). Itu'iiaiiU' Jkiiiocnils 
 was adiijiti'd liy the pid-alaveiy ]iarty in X. Aincrica 
 (tlif siiiitlicrn stales), and tlif alinlilionists were 
 c.\i\\vi\ UijudilicdiiK. Intel tliese twii );i-eat ]mi'ties a 
 iiinnlu'V of snialler (ini'S weic alisoriicd at the presi- 
 <Ieiitial I'lei'tion ill iM^d. In i8(>o. the Kn]'uliiieans 
 Ibinied " Wide-awake" ohilis lor eleetioneerinj; jnir- 
 |inse«, and siieeceiled in pi'ttiiifr their candidate, 
 Aliraliain Miieoln, elected president, 4 Nov., which 
 ieil to civil war; see I'liitiil iStatt-i, i8(iO. 
 
 Ill the aiitiiiiiii iif 1874, tlic dciiincnits, I'lcc-liiiilcrs, 
 .■llld iippollcllts ol' lic;^r(i-illlc, niii-c iilMie ulitailleil tlic 
 laa.jniity in tlic I'lcctinns tor tlic nc\t cnii;;icss; a ic- 
 acticiii ill llicir I'aviiar awiiiist tin- rcpiiliMcans, pnitcc- 
 
 linlllMts, tllcll pnwcrl'lll ; sec lllllnl SIdIrs, 187^-7. lill- 
 
 vciiiur (inner Clcvcl.iiid, dciiiuciat, elected picsiilcnt, 
 4 .\n\. 1684; II,, I re-elected, liciii;; niilaccd liv ;;ciicral 
 Jlcii.jiiiiiiii lliinisiiii, rciiiililican . . . 5 S'nv. 188S 
 Mr. Clevclaiiil was ic-clectcd picsiileiit. S" Nov. i8q.>, 
 the dciiKieriitH ]ia\iii;,' ohtaiiicd a iimjniity in llie new 
 <'nii;;i'css and tlie senate, tlic first time since i£6c>. The 
 
 <lciiioeiiit imity was niiicli ilisiii;,;aiiizcil by tl lection 
 
 <it .Mr. .M'Kiiilcy, icpnlilicaii ; sec ruilid Sti'ti.^, Nov. 
 
 DEMOGRAPHY. \ modcni term, si-nify- 
 in^' "the natural history of suciety." Qiidikt. 
 See llijtjinn-. • 
 
 DEMONOLOGY, see Ih r,l irors/,l/K i 
 
 DEXAIX (N. France). Rere ninr.shal Villars 
 defeated the Iinjieriali-sta, 24 July, I7i2. , 
 
 DENARIUS, the chief silver coin among the ' 
 Romans, weighing the i-eventh part of a Ifoman 
 ounce, and value 7jrf. sterlinjr, first coined aliont 
 2O9 it.c, when it e.\chan;j:ed tor ten ases (see v/.v). 
 In 216 B.C. it e.Nelianced foi' si.\ti-en ases. A jionnd 
 weiffht of silver was coined into itX) denarii. Jjii///;/. 
 A pound weifjht of };old was coined into twenty 
 <leniirii anrei in 20(1 n.c. ; and in Nero's time into 
 forty-five denarii aurei. Lciiipriirc. 
 
 DENHAM MURDERS, see TrMs, 1870. 
 
 DEXIS, St., an ancient town of Fiance, near 
 Taris, famous for i;,s aliliey and church ; the former 
 nholished at the revohition, the latter tlie place of 
 sepulture of the French lunss, from its foundation 
 by Dagohert, about dp; the remains of the saint 
 Denis were placed there in (i^d. On (i, 7, 8 Aug. 
 179,;, the rejmlilieans demolished most of the royal 
 tombs, and 111 Oct. following, the bodies were taken 
 frim Collins and cast inloaint; file lead was melted, 
 iind the gold and jewels taken to I'aris. liy a de- 
 ci-ee of iionajiarte, (luted 20 Feb. 180O, the ubureh 
 
 31I' DENMARK. 
 
 (which llail been turned into a eattle-iinirl(et) »,., 
 ordered to be cleansed nut and redecorated a< •• 11,(1 
 futureburial-placeof the emperors of i'rancc." Or 
 the return of the llonrbons, more restoration., w,.,.,', 
 eirccted, and the due dc Herri and I,oei< XVlJI 
 were buried Iiere. The damage sustained in |||„ 
 war of 1870-1 has been well repaired. Xcir St 
 Denis the Catholics defeated the llu-iieii its, li„(' 
 lost their h'lider, the eon.stable .Montin.iiciiii' „, 
 Nov. 15(17. •' 
 
 ,U'*' imi- 
 
 DENISON'S Act (18 & u, Vict, , , ,,, 
 yides "for the education uf the children oj p,.|(on« 
 in re('eipt of out-door relief: " passed 2(.) June, i)i-- 
 
 DEXMAN'S Af T, Loitii, (. .V 7 Vi. t, ^ s- 
 (184.5), ndates to juries and witnesses, pmiiittiii' 
 them to attirin instead of taking an oath, ' 
 
 DENMARK (N. Europe). The nins, ;,„,i,,„. 
 inhabitants were Ciinbri and Teutoiics. win, n^.„ 
 driven out by the Jutes or Goths, 'rhe Teiit(ini« 
 settled in Germany and Gaul; the Cimlirian* in. 
 vadcd It.ily, where they were defeated bv .Marius' 
 The peninsula of Jutland obtained its niinufroni 
 the Jutes; and the name of Denmark is siiohcsrd (0 
 be derived from Jlaii, the founder of the liaiii,i 
 monarchy, and iiiiifk, a Germar, word sii:ni'ivi,v, 
 country. For their numerous invasions of "jiiii^iju' 
 &e.. see Jliiiicx. I'opnlation of the kinu-iluiii nilicn 
 mark in |8(«), l,(i(x),y5l ; of the duchies n'Si |,l,.s! 
 win-, ilolstcin, and I.aueiibnrg, l.(X)4,4- 5; ni thcinjo 
 nies, 120,28j. liy the treaty of peace, signed 50 
 Oct. 18(14, the duchies were taken from llcniiiiiV 
 Schleswig and Holstcin were to be made iii,|,|)™.' 
 dent, and l.auenburg was to be im nrpuratcil bv 
 its desire, with Prussia. For the result, see (,■».,'/„„ 
 
 iiiid J'iiis!.i<i, i80(i. I'oiuilation of the n anhv 
 
 18-0, 1,784,741 ; 1880, 1,<,()9,039; iif the nilniiii;' 
 1880, 127,200; 18.)0, 127,209; i8.,4 (iii,l„,li„,; 
 Faiue Islos), 2,185.3.5;. Itevcnue, iXSo-n,' 
 ,j,i<)2,oo<)/.; 189.5-94. 3.o8S.o8(i/,: i8i|(,.7, 5,(,2, ,),./ 
 Imports, i«ix), 1 7,057,o(X)(', : 1892, 18,0211:845; 'ifiji' 
 2l,32(),8i(i/. ; exports, 1890, I2,990,(k)o/,'; iS,,,' 
 14,017,6(/i/.; 189(1, 15,771,053/, 
 
 I'l'lic early dates are cluulitliiLj 
 
 KciKiiolMiiulil, allc.ucd lirst king , , „ (• h 
 'I'lic lianisli chronicles niciitinii 18 liiiigs to |li..tii„i. 
 
 of liagniir l.odliing, killed in an attempt to inviidi. 
 
 Kiwlaiid ( u -i 
 
 ('.■iniitc the (ileal ciiiii|ucis Niiiwav . ,^,5,;! 
 
 liy the iiiiicn cit Ciilnair. DcnniM'ik, Nmw.iv ' mid " 
 
 .Sivedcn made < kiiiKdniii ninl.r ,M,il;:;Mct, 
 
 t'opeiihaj,'eii made tl apital . . " ' |j*' 
 
 •\' "siimorciiiistiaii l.(or(*/,/,.,/)»,cy), rliiiii wliciil 
 
 tlic late iii.Mil faiiiilv s|aant,' • . mi 
 
 Christian II. dc|i.iscd ; independence of 's>ivd,.M 
 iiiidci (iiist.-n us Viisa ackninvlcdj;ed . ,... 
 
 I-uthcranisni iiitiiiduced in 1527; cstatilishi'il l,v ''' 
 Chiistian III ■ ,.,j 
 
 li.inish lOast India Company estalilishcd . ' , ' ' ,',, 
 
 C'iiiisti.in IV. clmscii head of the. I'rotistiiiit li'n-iic 
 against the citiperor ,5;- 
 
 Charles (iustaviis Iif .Sweden invades ilciiiiiark, W- ' 
 sic(,'cs Copenliaficn, and makes conipicsts , i6;i 
 
 Tlie cr.iwii made hcicilitaiv ami ahsolntc , , ,6«; 
 
 Frederick IV. takes Ilolstcin, Schleswig', 'r.imii'nj;,.!,', ' 
 and Stndsnnd ; irduci-s Wcisniar, and .hives the 
 fSwcdes t'lom Ncirway ■ . , , i-iOcf.-w 
 
 Copcidia;;cii nearly dcstioved liv lire ' . ,' i-i 
 
 The peacend iciMii ori'liristian'vi. , ,' ijjo'io 
 
 I'hit of the i|iieen dow.ificr awiiiist the iiiiiiisters and 
 
 .Matilda (sister of our ( gc III, and .|iiccii ut' 
 
 Chiistian VII.. a weak iiioiiaich), Matilda, cii- 
 trapped iiitoacaifcssionorcriminalitytoMivctk 
 lit- i.f !i,-r sii|.|....i.,i invcr, htnicnMc.'c.ii.liiiai.d 
 to iiniiilHomuent lor life in the castle . it Zdl. 
 
 iSJiiii. i;;i 
 
 Count htrueiizee and liraiidl Ijchcaded 28 .Vpiil, „ 
 
 Tlie kill;; iironiidgates a 1: 
 
 |554 ; adiiptcd 
 Till' M'liiid lilies aboli.sliei 
 
 .V'j«ii./) 
 Di.wiisinii lietttcciithe;,'!!' 
 
317 
 
 ^^^^^^^•^'- !''^ __ _ DKXM.KK 
 
 yilirll .\|lltilil:i iliis, iiKi'il jA . 
 
 1 ; ^j,ia 
 
 llm-lillltic "l't''i|irllll.lj,'i'll 
 
 (Wl"/, ..V,). ((■nntv.irr;, 
 
 Siiih'iiihi. ili»>.,h,.,|,) 
 .Viniiral (ijiriilpii'iiiihl lojd 
 
 Imxi'ii ; llii' li,nH>.li II, 'd siim'niii'rs 
 Prair "I Kii'l : l'>'iiM'r,'iiii:i :ii 
 
 Dciiiiiiiik Icr Nnnv.iy . 
 r,rni>'i-iiilM :iiJ>l liiij;('ii'('i'.||..| 
 
 IpIII'K 
 
 r.iiiiiiip'i'iil tri'iitv with Kiim| , 
 
 KirjHiH< VI xniMts ,,,!,. IV r.m^litniioi, ■ . " . ' lu"'? 
 LlrlblLMi Mil. ilicl,-,iv> th,. iijijii |,f ti„, ,|.,,,v,, ,; ■* 
 
 Sillli>»i}.', llo|>t|.|||, ,ti 
 Ai 
 
 K"VlTIIMI.'lll I...H,.|||,.,«. 
 
 i".r . • ■ .• • iV' !.:;;; i:':i'':v»'''i''''''"-'^''.'HHUiv,.s hi,;;':,;,;!;;, 
 
 i".iin;'Mi.pivi,.,. : ; - K>v,.si,in,^,,,,„i 
 
 "',■;' I'l',','' ,' !"»" i"i»''" i'i-'i"ii,i<-i-vr,i'h„,h''i; 
 
 S,lil.>»i}.-, li..l,t,.|ii, .t,, ■ ,,),| i, r ,,••". •-'"ri'nnrif .....Iiiiic 
 
 "• .■•/"^-tllMt ,„„|lll); tllU ;i,„.|i „ ,, ' ' ■ "'■lK(ll..|.flMMM.|Srl,|,.,,„,;,.t J,,,!,,.! 
 
 y,.i,i,.,i,.ii,si,,i,iii,,,,;,,„.iii,M«-,..i,.n . : ''a,','* 
 
 I'Aii.i l.nv lui- II,,., in„v ,!,.,.,. 1 •>";;• 
 
 N.'«,'Mii>,itmi,,,,(,,,,it,,,H«,l,l,.s«iK\vitl,'|,,...,,,l,,,K) 
 
 I'lMJI,,,,.,! II, ||„. ||M.„,.,;|,| S..,,t 
 
 l>,;;ili,.,tnv,|,.ii,k\Il.a,„li„.,.>.;,i,„;^,,:i.I,|i;,j^,;; 
 
 TI,,.„.|-l-.s.i/,-rnltl,.s,„r||,.lM.l,l„;- ,4.M„|,.l,. ,, 
 
 |i„. iMli.-. .l,-t,;,l,.a hy th,. I'liiHsiiin.s (|„.||,|,;j, ,i„: '• 
 ,lii.:ii.'s)i„'.,i li.',M„,iw,.,k,., .s,|il,.swiK . ai M.ril 
 
 ii„stiii!i, s Mi>i.,.i,.i,.,i ; th,. K„r,,|„.M,i ,„„v,.r.< I,.;.,,!,';: " 
 
 I"""' }"■'"'■ .J,-, \|,.r 
 
 llo-tilllH'S 1, „lll,.|,l',. . . •.- M-,,vlT u' 
 
 vi,t..iy,.itiH. i.>;,ii,..,„v,.,.ti,,. ii„ist,.i,',..|.,"f„;,i ,1,.,; ■" 
 
 i,iaii> ,0 \iuil 
 
 M,i:il ,"i,Mi,lH will, ■.iryiii.,' siii.|.,..s.s .ji'm,,' " 
 
 Til,. kiii.L; .s,ii,t„.i,,H M lu.n- lil„.r..,l ,.,,i,slilnii,,ii] " 
 
 .iiniisti,,' ivii,.\v,..| :,t Miiliiiii . . . 10',1'1'1'l'v' " 
 iViiaiiiti. pt..ir,. with |'ni.,si:, . " ' o',,,|i' 0' 
 
 li,t,.-,ity..|lv„i.i;n-lv-u,„i,Ml,.,.,l i,v Kn;,'!,.,!,.!. K,',.,,,,'." "*=° 
 I'iii.-,u,.ii,.i rsw,.,!,.,, . ■ i,|,iiv' 
 
 ii;iiii,...i i.i.i,..ii..-,i„i,i,.r,.,.,t „r th,. .s,hh.,.wi:'.ii,,i " 
 
 >Ml,.l>l.vtl„. I),„„.s . . . , ^."./ili^! 
 Pri.t",..,! M,i;iii.4 ,i, I,,mi,I,iii l,y tlic iiiiiii.stcrs nf ijll " 
 
 |li,.;;i,.;,t pcWVls ^ ' 
 
 Il,ii,il,,,nlMi,.iit Ml' l-'ii|.,||-i|.listii,lt Iiv tl,i. IliiNti.iM,.|.s' " 
 
 1,1,(1 tl„. tcWU llluin.st ,lc»tlll.VI..,(, l„it nut |,i|;,.||," 
 
 Pr.i.li,iiintiMii ,.r tl„. .st..„lth.,M,.i.s ,°Kvilh.'sIvi.!'.|'|,'i!' " 
 .*t,.|li. |.l:„lll;.' th,. li-lit,s„rtli,. ,.,,|i„tiv ll„,h.| tl„. 
 |„nt,.,tl.ill ..I til,. (i,.l Mllllli,. l„llf,.,|,.|.Mti,,|, ,0 ,|;|„, ,g 
 
 Til,. iiil,.;:rity i.l tli,' ll;,,,i,sh i,i..iiiiiv|,v ,iii,l thi. iii,|,. 
 
 |„.|l,l,.ll,-,. „r.'<rli|,..,wi-;il„lit.s„|,li;i|i,,|, „-|th II, ,1- 
 
 sti.lll i.'llMl:ilit,.,i| l,y tl' -itv . ,q 1.,.,, ,0 , 
 
 Aii«Iria,i>..v,-,r,wt,. ll„l,,t,.ili. i,.. . .' 2 .M.m.li' 
 Tmity ..|- |.:iin,ii..i,ii ,„,w,.|.s, |TI„. .si„-,-,.«.si,i„ i,i " 
 
 >l"' 1 1 ■"""i'l,'ilM,ii,'-(illi,.k..dm|.j. .s,.ttl,.,l i,i„i 
 
 til,. iNt,.,'! ity.il th,. D.mi.sl, kiii-.l,,i„ ..|„„.Mi;t,.,.,i 
 Cl,ii-ti:,i, ,|i,k. or A,i^.,,,st,.„l,u,(,..il„|st,.i„, ,■,.: 
 iicimci.,! 111.* iight.s lor a ™iiii,i.|i.siiti,)ii in iii„ij|.y.j 
 
 Tlipkiiii;i,n,iiiiili;iitos n iii-w coiistitiitii.ti sn jn'lv' " 
 
 1554: :„l,,pt,.,l .... , (),.>' ,q.. 
 
 Tlif M.iiii.l ,lu,..s iilKilislieil for a ciiiiin.ns.itioi, (.s,.,'. " 
 Diss,.ibi,,iil.,.tw,.,.,aiiei,,v,M'iiiii,.nti,i,,itl,'.!l,n.l,'i','s,' '^" 
 
 N,.» ,i,i„ijt,y „|,|,,,i„t..,| 3 1,,,. ,3 . ,,,,,7 y ,',,': '858 
 l.i>li„|,.M„iii™l h.nii.s,., tiiiiiistrv . 2. K,. ,' ,s^,„ 
 
 Tiiri,ss.,iii,iy„r.s,.hi,.,.wi„ ,,;i,,i„ ,h,;t tit , ,: '^^° 
 
 |,,,«.,,l,,,U,.,llt.V ul„,.,ti„„,,l ,i„ht.S i„ ,853 |,,s'„,>t 
 
 •iik,.pt. ,, I'.'li. :,'>"te.st,.i«,.,i„.stth,.,„„„.x;,. 
 
 '" •""'■'""■"■|\ .M,,,.,.],. „ 
 
 TliPl'riK~iiiiiili;,i,ilii.rof,l,.]iiiti,.,si.,.|.,.iv,. o i„.titi,,i, 
 fMii Mll.swi.^^, 1,1,1 ,|,.,.,i,l.,.,,,,,t,h,,vV, i'l 
 m,,ii«,4Miiy;atwl,i,litlu.l),,i,isliy,,v.r,i,,,,V,','t 
 
 C,«T.sp,,ii,len«. ciiMirs I,etw , (he lYnssiim! " 
 
 Uiiiii.li. .■111,1 nntish ({»vt.riiiii,.iit.s ; th,. J»aiii»l 
 
 K^ir;;;,,.;:;::"'^ ..r war, , .,.,.„„„. nJ^ 
 
 n- i-i • • • . . Jan. 1861 
 
 «ailik>. |,ivp,.iiati.ms in Do ,rk . \.\.i, 
 
 lWiii,.ili„iii:,-,. .■i,|,,p|,,,l . . • • ■ "• .. 
 
 Asitiitiim ill t:,v„i,r ,.f „„,„„ „f li;„,„,,Vk' ,,iti; 
 
 15 Nov. 
 ,'laii,,.H thii 
 
 IX, 
 
 I'ri,,,.,. |.'i,.,i,.|i,.k of' AiiKii.sti'.hliiirH 
 
 ,,;'";■ r"'^'' >wiKa,„Mlol»t,.iii . . ,6Xov 
 
 hi' ir'n";" ;!!""'"''•'"•'"''">■ "'"'•'■''-'■'■iii^^' 
 
 I" I.,M. ,,:,ll, ti, ( hri.^tl.ili . 21 Nov !■/ „.„ 
 
 S:,v.,iiy, 11,1 vanii,ll,.s,,., 1,11,1 ,,th,.r(lni,i; r ,,,';' 's 
 iv.solv>. to support th.. pr of Aiimi.N.'nl,,,, 
 
 N,'W ,.o„stili,tioii allli,,,,.,! |,y ,|„, ri.snia,^",'; .y.iv '• 
 
 s,j,,„.,l l,y klMK, ,8 Nov. ; p,il,|ish,.,i, .' .^^iu,/ 
 
 1111. Au.stii.iu ai„| I'ln.s.si,,,, niiiii.st,.r.s s;u- that tlicv 
 
 v, ')'",' ; "i;;'^:» if tiK- n,..,tii,iti,;, o ' -8 
 
 ^o^. i.s hot .'iiiiiull,.,! . 1, '° 
 
 h'',nmrk''''''''''''^''™"^' ■'"■"'""'"''* '"-*"■ '' 
 
 I'liii,',. l.',v,l,.ri,.k'.s |,.tt,.r to til,'. ..iii|'„.i.or'.V;,p„l',.o,';- 
 
 = I),',-, ; Ml, allll,l;;llol,sr,.plv . . o IV 
 
 I),',„i,Mik protests Mf-ai„»t r,.,l,.iMl o,.,.„pi;ii„„ ■ 
 
 .;oo r,.i,„...,.ntMtiv,..s of ,liir,.r,.„t (l,.r,iiMii .statics m,'.','.'t 
 
 ,'\''^'' '>' ^' "'■ ■■'wiKMiMl lloNt,.iii, ami the 
 
 '71""" "■■".i.orti,o.s,.,iii,.hi„, . .' ,,,;;» 
 
 »i;'n:r;^^:;;;:;.M^ii:;i;Ui;a;l,';::;;:l7"'''2ri^!^- 
 'wilh';;:;..;;!^;;,;;;,:'''"'^'''''''^''-''';!'-'''';-"" 
 ''■::::r.i:xl:i;;'"':'''''^"^''''r^'''^^-f«''''Xu 
 
 Th,. Dmhi'.s ,.v,„.iiMt,. li,.i„l,sl,„|.^, ■ ■ l°i)'..' 
 
 ''ioir;;'':;,;n:v.'''''"'"™''''''''''^''''''»''r'' 
 
 I)iss,.|iM,m aiiionK (i,.,i,i„„s : fh,. Austio-P?i'i.s.si,m 
 proposition r,., t,.,l l,y th, t . . ,4 . , 
 
 .* itiiti,„i(„ ,8 .Nov.) 11, two ,l,,vs, ,0 Jan. • the 
 l)aii,..sr,.,,,iiiv.sixw,.,.ks'tiiii,. •.' . 8 J, 
 
 i'iol:t,'!',, '".""'" '""''■'■ """■''''"' ^^■'■"'="' '■»«";■ 
 
 Th,. i>rii.ssi„n.s,.„t,.r«,.hi,.swii,', anil tMke K,.k..nf,;nl''.; 
 Tl„.y iMnnbiiril Mis.snmle, 2 Kel,. ; wliu.l, is lair,',';; 
 
 '^'•mliy"": S;"'"" ";■' "^"""■»'^''«' *" «imi't'l^r 
 •"Mij, 5 tvU. ; yieat ihsroiitt-nt in Cijienhiigen, 
 
 The pan™ ,l,.f,.„t,.,l liy Wrang..] al ■ °^''^' 
 
 gii at (),.vi.r--.s(.,. 
 
 Tl 
 
 «.o,,,.swi,,Mk,.n7p.s.,i;;,;:k:;;,,:;^i,::^'jiv:^^ 
 «i,.i'a;ta:k':!'i,ifi:;;;!r""'^-^'^-- -- 
 
 ''"h::n;;!;;l;::^i:;;roj'x:n,r''''^"'"«'"''»'''^''i;r 
 
 »w.*ii .1111,,. : th. king of sw..,(,.n viMts ^1 • hn 1 '';:;;;;,' t' I'rt •'""'" 1""I'™«' ''y K"«- 
 
 iiiark. ami I.s warinlv re,.. v,.,l ,, loi, or 1 .''""■•'."""''" ''.^ iiliii'.s . . . 2, Fpli 
 
 Earl liussLll ,.,.,.oi,inH.i„ls th.. K,;ver,in„.nt"[,;'i V- "^'' "" r,',';,!;;',,'"""" •■'"■ ""^' ^^■'"""1"" Danes' I„^?„„i';, 
 
 ..Il.l»t.i,iaiidLaue,ibn,^alUhat,liea.r,i,a,iic i d'o",.";.!,; gei.ral of the' Danes '. [ 't ^v. 
 
 
 
 jif i 
 
'it' 
 
 ■i-'iHi 
 
 »;,' t 
 
 'i • »P!j 
 
 r !! 
 
 ^«. 
 
 8 Mill-. 1664 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 Di'tVuti'd lit MiiiiilirlpyKiiiiiil "liil Vi'll 
 Tlit^ li^sniud \(it<> .: til 111 ihIiIii'hs t 
 
 Kfli, ; itit.|oiini<-il j-i Mar. 
 
 Till' I'riiMHiiiiis liiiiiiliiii'il mill tiikr the vllliiKi'iit' l>il|>- 
 
 Jii'l, "!■ Dyliliul. 16, 17 Miiivli, i nil IhimiIniiiI l-'nil- 
 ia, 20 Miii'i-li ; irpiiUfil in 111 iittiii'k nii tlit 
 
 yiN 
 
 DENMAltK. 
 
 tlirii iiilihriK til till' kliiK. }6 
 
 fiirtrcHH 
 
 j8 Mill'. 
 
 Tliu ii|it'iilii),' III' tlic I inilVii'iii'i' iiil|iiiinii'il IVmii 
 
 111 20 A|iill, 
 Till' Pniisiiiiin t.iki'tlii' I'lirtri'SHiifiiiiiiiii'l li\iis».iiilt, 
 
 with llllll'll slMII^'lltl'l' 
 Sli'I'tillKS lit' till' I ollllTI'lll'l' 
 ta\'Hlll't|lilr tu l>rMlll Ilk . 
 
 Till' liiiii's ri'Iri'iit tn Al-i'ii 
 iiiiil t'lirtri'ssrs i>t .liitliiinl 
 
 III' LiMliln 
 
 18 Ai'iil, 
 lilt nil 
 
 t'lilitlliiii'il I'liiili'Hl lii'twi'i'ii till' kiiij^ mill Hi'iiati' 
 
 till' IllWl'l' llllllHI' 
 
 (>ii.is ri'SpiTtiiiK till) sii|i|i|li'K 
 
 and 
 
 , , • . . I'll. 
 
 si'Saiiiii I Inwil wltluiiit sittllhiK lliii liiii|-,i. 
 
 l:ri 
 
 I'liivUlii 
 
 with tl iiistltiitliiii 
 
 li' liv till' kliijj fur It III III' 
 
 Tiilitli'iil 
 
 Mm 
 
 al iTisis ; mi miiiistii'i' iijji'i'i'il to 
 
 4 Ai'i 
 iil'ilallf'i' 
 iJ Ai'iii, 
 8 N.iv. 
 
 Tiajji'ul' |niiiii'»s Thyni with tlii' iliiki' nl'Cii 
 
 liiTlaiiil .nil 
 
 Till' ImviT hiiiisi' iliHiiiisHi'il hy llu' kiiij,'aK 
 
 Axl'i'i'lni'lit fii 
 May 
 
 i5 A|iiil, If .-■'./. 
 I'liatr Fri'ilrrlrlii 
 . . 2n Ainil. 
 
 Mi'ai'iil'! 
 
 . aliiint III Miiv 
 
 Anna KriHtiiiiU' l.iiilvJKsi'ii, aiitlnn' iif imtiii.t 
 
 ami lilli' 
 
 I'lllislii'f till' llllll tllllllth tlnlll li 
 
 q Mav, 
 
 Jiltlanil siiliji'i'ti'il tn pilliw fur nn', Iniyiti),' a war 
 
 iiaithlMitiun til rius.siiiiii 
 
 (1 May. 1/ .111/. 
 
 Till' Kiini'S ililiat till' iilliis in a naval liittli' nil' 
 
 ') May, 
 
 9 .llllll', 
 
 22 .llllll', 
 
 lli'liKi'lanil 
 Till' iiniiistii-i' laiili'iigi'rl a Initnijilit 
 
 Till 
 
 iHlI'l'll'lll'l' t'llll.s 
 
 lliiKtilitli'S ii'siiiiM'il, .'6 .llllll' ; tliii Prussians liniii- 
 liaril Alsi'ii ; takrtlii' liatti'iiisainl i'4tHjiirisiiiii rs, 
 
 29 .lunr. 
 
 Tim -Miinrail niinistiy ri'si;{n.'4 : cmint .Mdttki' 
 
 I'liiirp'il til t'lirni an ailininistratiiiii . 8-in .Inly, 
 
 Alsi'ii tiiki'n :- .Intlaiiil )ila I iimliT TnLssian ail- 
 
 iiiiiiistratliiii : I'rini'u .Jnhii ol' Uriiiiiark siiit tn 
 
 n"Kiitiiit(' at lii'ilin .... o.lnly. 
 
 Fiinnatinii nt'tlii' lllnliiiir niiiiistry . . 11. Inly, 
 
 Arniistii'i' lip- I tn .... 18. Inly, 
 
 C'nnt'i'ii'iii'i' fur inarr at Vii'nna , . 20 .Inly, 
 
 Tri'iity nt' in'ai'i' sipii'il at Vii'iina : tlir kiii;;iil' lli'ii- 
 
 mark ri'signs till' ilinliirs tn tin' ilis|iiisal nf tliti 
 
 nllii's, anil aj;iri-s tn a ii'i'liliiatinn nf IiIh I'rnntii'r, 
 
 anil tn |>ay a lar^e sum nt' ninnt'y tu ilt't'ray thii 
 
 sniins, illi's, .iKi'il I 
 
 7 .Inly, 
 
 ()|i|insitinn 111' till' I'nwi'r hoiiHi' I'lintiiiiU'H; li'iiisla 
 tmn p'l'iitly stn|i|ii'i| 
 
 Kh'i'tinns : I 
 
 •n rnllsl'rVIltiM'S 
 
 iwi'r linllsi', 82 lllil'l'lllM (n|l|iiMltin||); 
 
 llllll 
 
 Till' kinH rcrninnii'iiils unity in I'lnviiliin; nalimiiii 
 
 ili't'i'i 
 
 aliKiit 
 
 1 t. 
 
 Till' kiiiK ri'fiisi'stnilisniiss his niinisliy, ai Maivl 
 
 <,•! 
 
 isi's |iarlianii'iit ; ili'cii'i'slliiamnalumi 
 
 Impnrlatinii anil |inssrss|i 
 
 I A|ili|, ,; 
 
 hihiti'il 
 
 in nf arms iiinl iliHi |i,,, 
 
 M. Kst 
 
 •Jl 
 
 nip lirril at liy.Tiilins llasninssin 
 
 II' pai lianirnt 1 
 
 liv 
 
 iihnins till 
 
 .Mil 
 21 iii'i. 
 
 :ri'at Miajniity 
 
 stiii'tivi' puss law 
 
 I'Xpi'nsi'S nf till' war 
 
 3" 
 
 Oi't. 
 
 rrni'lamiitinn nf tlir kiii^ tn tin' inhaliitants nf tin 
 ilni'hii's, rclrasini; tlii'in frniii tlii'ir alli';;iaiii'r, 
 
 16 Xnv. „ 
 
 I'rnjiit nf a niw I'linstitiitinn lui'.si'ntril tn the 
 I'liiniliiTs, Jl ItiT, : ri'ji'iti'il . . 25 l-'rli. 1865 
 
 Ni'W' ministry fnrnii'il iiinlrr rntiiit Fri.jsi'nltnr;,', 
 
 6 Xnv. 
 
 a ni'W ninstitntinn prnpnsi' 
 
 apprnvi'il liy tin' twn ihamln'is 
 tanrtlnni'il liy tin' kii 
 
 il,7Xiiv. 
 anil 
 
 "5: 
 ■Inly : 
 
 V 
 
 28, Inly, 1866 
 
 Priiii'i'SH llagniar niarrit'il tn priiin' Ali'xanili'r nf 
 
 Unssia y Xnv. ,, 
 
 Ni'W ri;;siaail nprni'il . . . u Xnv. ,, 
 
 Till' kiiin visiti'il Kiinlaml .... .Manli, 1867 
 
 Till' itanish Wi.it Imlii'S, St. Th .s ami St. .Inliii. 
 
 )iriipii.st'il tn lie snhl tn the Uniteil States fur 
 i,5cxj,ooc/. — jirnilamatinii in the islamls ilateil 
 
 25 Oet. „ 
 rrn|iiisi'il sale nf St. Tlmnias'.s tn the Uniteil States 
 
 ajiiirnveil liy the assemlily <nnt lanieil out). 
 
 3o.Ian. 1868 
 
 Marriage nf the ernwii prime Freilerir tn the prin- 
 
 eess l.nnisa nf Swi'ilen 28 .Inly, 1869 
 
 New ministry fnrmi'il liy M. llnlsti'inluirK, 20 .May. 1870 
 Denmark remains iiiutial in the Krain'ii-Prnssimt 
 
 M. Hern, presiileiit nf the nssemlily, 
 
 21 lli'i'. 
 
 Sl'llteniiil I,, 
 
 six mniiths' iiiijirisiii:nii'nt fur nlistiiielin;.' tin 
 
 pnliee at a meeting' i,,,, 
 
 Disi'iiril in |iarliiiiiii'iit. wliieli is I'Insiil . f |.', 
 
 Km 
 
 nsmii nf twn jmities fnrmiiii; the left ,,|' n,,. 
 
 Hiet .llinnt .jf, (),.f^ 
 
 fi .Ian. 
 
 I'lie I'nlketliin;; ilissuhril 
 Amnesty ^.'ranlcil In jinlitienl ji 
 
 kiiiys 7otli liirl Inlay . 
 25th aniiiversiiry nf tlie kinn'^ 
 
 The lillilHl't rejeeteil iCi Oet. iRt 
 
 risniiers nn tin 
 
 .1; 
 
 6 April, i;sj 
 
 1 April. 
 
 eeessinn feli'lirnt,.,! 
 
 ■ Stli Xnv. 
 
 s ; =6 .Ian. 1686; 
 
 I April, itws ; I Ajiril, i88g; 
 
 3> 
 
 Mareli, i8qo; i April, iKiji -the revenne enlleeti'ii 
 
 liy nival dec 
 
 Elect 
 
 inns fur the lulkelhinx ; the nindeiiile 
 
 i386-r 
 
 idd 
 
 cessl'nl 
 National celidiralinn nf the kin; 
 
 Nfiw niilltjiry bill intriiilneed ^ .„ 
 
 Dentil nf t'liristian liieliKrill, natio-iai lini't,aii'.| 
 
 .\|inl, 
 
 L'll W.'il.lili;-. 
 2f< .MllV, 
 
 alinut ,'7 (ii'i. 
 
 The kin;; di 
 
 April, 1 81)2 ; i 
 
 erei'H a |irn\ is..'iinl liudKet I'nr 1S92 
 
 lli'f. 
 
 «.i-i)4 
 
 The kin;; and ipieen visit En;;lmiil, .Inii 
 
 i| 
 nt till! niarria;;e 
 
 ■i'lirk, 6 .Inly ; visit tliu 
 
 the dnke and diieli 
 
 April, 
 pri'si'iit 
 
 12 .Inly; leave EnKhiiid 
 Anarchist club iliseoverKil 
 arrests 
 
 m ipieen al Wiiiilsnr, 
 
 ill Cnpenha;,'.'!! ; 
 
 TI 
 
 27 .Inly, 
 <niiit) 
 l-'.'li. 
 
 le niiiii.stdrial budKetacei'iited by tlii']>arliaiin'iit 
 siirjilus, 2,ejo,tx» kriinci 
 
 war 
 
 ess visi 
 
 I'niitl 
 <'iipi'iilia;;en 
 IHrtlinfa.snntntl 
 
 t nf the dm; de C'ailnre tn 
 4- 1 1 Auk 
 27 .Sept. 
 
 II' ernwii iirinec , 
 Destnietive hiiriiaiie nver the kiiiL'dnni : Inssnf life 
 
 and prii)ierty 
 rarlialni'lit iipelied . 
 WarliuilL'it red I 
 
 12. 13 
 
 Xnv. „ 
 I <iet. 1871 
 iS llei 
 
 Messrs. Hunter & Krielis 
 
 Tiel; 
 
 nf N 
 
 :pii. in (.'openhaKon (15 years 
 
 eweaslle 
 suit); 
 
 .Mali'li, 
 
 elaiined for supplies fiirliarliour worksat Kr-tijiT' 
 frnin iEfi8-7i ; verdict for the plaiiitills levir.-i'ri 
 
 I .bill.', 
 .llllll 
 
 fnr tl 
 
 The I 
 
 le supreme court 
 
 KesiKuatii 
 
 ruwn prince visits England 
 
 of M. Estrup, iq years nntnoratic 
 
 premier; cnbinet re-cnnstrnett'd, baron dn 
 KeiiltzTTiott 
 
 MeetiUfjiif the "lnternatiiinal"(sci' ll'iniliiij Mi ii)iit 
 
 Peatl 
 
 lireniinr 
 
 1 of M. vnrl PloiiK, "Paul Hytter, ' iiuetami 
 
 Cnpi'Mlia;;.'!! I'lirbidden ; eliiefs airested 
 Industrial exhibitinii njiened . . 
 Statue nf Kreileriek Vll., at Coiieliliageii, Biiiemnly 
 
 piilitieiaii 
 
 27 Oct. 
 
 S.May, 1872 I LiMiiof 25,000,000 kroner, lit 3 per cent., anllioiiseii 
 
 13 .Iiini 
 
 iiiaUKU rated 
 
 Electoral di.strict (reform) bill passed 
 
 nniinunistii' party in the assiinbly (fnlkethin;;) 
 
 6 (let. 1873 : The budget passed, with 11 surplus 
 
 f. .Ma 
 
 , III.,' 
 . Ilei'. 
 
 defeat the ministry, 
 dismiss it . 
 
 Dc 
 
 the king refuses to 
 
 Parliamentary election ; small radical majm-i 
 
 New ministry iiiider Foniiesbeck . 
 
 The king visits Iceland (u-hiih see), ,Iuly-.\ug. 
 
 6 Dei 
 14 July, 1674 
 
 Parliament o]ii'ni'il . , 
 l!uil^;.'l, with a surplus, pas.sed 
 
 Edinbiirgli 
 Several ministerial chaiigcH 
 
 16 Aug. 
 
 Prince Charles, son of the 
 
 9 April, „ 
 Miircli, a-ti 
 
 J. n. S. IC.itnip, president of the iniuistry, 11 June, 
 
 The fnlkething, defeating the govenniitiit on the 
 
 i|Uestioii of fortilleations, is dissolved 29 .March, 
 
 New assembly meets, 15 May ; votes no ennlidcnce 
 
 187; 
 
 i princess .M.uid of Wales at liuckingli 
 
 wn priiire, iiiarriiil to 
 
 mil |..ila('ii 
 
 Count Frijs-Fri.jscnbiirg (p 
 nH"d;9 . 
 
 liudget, with coi 
 
 'Inly, 
 
 leniier 1865-70! iliwl, 
 . 12 (let. 
 
 M|iromisn ; re|iorted 
 
 ill the ministry, 12 June ; is ndjonrned, 24 .June, i87t ' signs 
 
 Cabinet crisis; iiremier, M. de Heiidtz-Tli 
 
 2i Ainil, i;,j; 
 
 iitt. r... 
 n.May, 
 
 V'W ministry ; .M. Hnrri 
 
 Ciilliilijii between a last tl 
 
 .<iiiii tiain at (ilentoft 
 
 .l.'i.tli.s, OQ liiluri'd ; ,M. ] 
 
 lit JHHiH'iatloiis killed 
 
 ji.l.t ninverslnri bill p,,, 
 
 I'i'llt. stale Inan of 72.(hh 
 
 KWIioin(lnwer liniise) rn 
 
 Ml. K. Kane appnlnted Ur 
 
 ;„<. Sit'M'd Snngiile. 
 
 Ki). Ilaiilii aiiiite. 
 
 SiO. Kill' I. 
 
 8m, Krie I.'. 
 
 £Sj. OiiMlie, the Old ; rei; 
 
 ,„i. Iliii'i'lil, siiriianied Hi 
 ,,1. Sllelinn, nr .Swevn. tl 
 1,14. Ciiiiite II. the till 
 
 KlHltllllll. 
 
 1 ^v I'liiinte III , sun Jim 
 1..4J. .M.'iKiiiis, snriiaineil tl 
 l,.,7 Hlli'linn, .11 Sweyn II. 
 1-1. llMtiTiegnnm.; 
 ,75. lliirnld, eallcd the Si 
 iifo. Oniiite I v. 
 K.;6. (Hans IV. the Hiingri 
 105. Kill' I., styled theOii 
 iiL.|. Iliileiri'gnuni. j 
 1105. Xiilmlas I. killed at .' 
 1115. Eric II., surnaiiieil I] 
 iij;. Kill' III. the Lamb. 
 
 ( Siii'iiiin, nr Swi'vii 1 
 ""■ '(('aiinte V. uiitiri,. 
 1117. Walili'inar, .styled the' 
 ii6j. Oiinite VI., surnaineil 
 i;oj. Walileniar II. the Vic| 
 ,j,l. KlielV. 
 
 i.'jo. Aliel : H.ssassiiinteil hi 
 ill an expeditinii agi 
 i:jj. Christiipher I. : jioisni 
 li^g. Krii' V. 
 ui6. Erie VI. 
 i;jo. I'lnistiiplier II. 
 ni4. Iliiterri'giium nf seven 
 1:4a Wiilili'iiiar III. 
 i;;5. IIiitt'iTi'gnuin.J 
 H76. Oliius V. 
 
 liS?. .Minpiret, styled the ' 
 
 i|Mi'en iif Sin'ileti, ,\'(, 
 
 i;97. Mil -aret and Eric Vn 
 
 1412. Kill' Vll. reigns aloii 
 
 rrinviis. 
 1436. [liilenegniun.] 
 1440. L'liiistiiiilier III. kiiigc 
 144S. t'lii'lHtiun I. caint of 
 lifnmtti'k, :448 ; of .' 
 his son, 
 14S1. Julia ; siiceei'iled by hi 
 IJ13. Christian II. called" tin 
 till' Xnrtli :" he earn 
 tn he ina.ssaered : de' 
 1523 ; died ill a dung 
 ISwcden si'iiarated 
 
 IlKN.M.MlK AN 
 
 1513. Fri'ilerick I. duke of Hi 
 
 alilii'ial ruler. 
 1533. t'lin'stian III. son of ; 
 
 hatlii'ian religion ; e; 
 
 People." 
 1559. Kreileriek II. son of Clir 
 15S8. Cliiistiaii IV. sun. 
 1(48. Kri'ili'ii.'k III. ; ili.'iiigei 
 
 elrctivc to an iikkkdi 
 
 Ills own family, 1665. 
 1670. Clirintlnn V., soil of Frc 
 
 Ills son. 
 1699. Freilcrii'k IV. ; lengueil v 
 
 kiiignf Pnlamlagains 
 ■ ;3o. lliristiim VI. his snu. 
 •- -. Kii'iljiiik V, his .snu : m 
 
 |. I'mire Frederick declare 
 
 iiftheiiii'iitalderangei 
 
 '•■ Kreileriek VI. previiiiisly 
 
 . Xonvny annexed to Hwed 
 
DENMARK. 
 
 :110 
 
 Vi. iiiiiilxtry ; M. HnniriK, pinniiT ..,M,,v ,r,„ 
 
 r..lli«i..ii l.-t «■,...,, alM-t tr,,i„ Li ,, ,,„„;|,„; .^ '^^' 
 .iMii Iniln Ht (;iHit„lt(., n..,,,- o.p uum u 
 
 KLrliuiN (I'lww- I s.')r,i,|i,.a| vlr|,,rv '. « Anill' " 
 
 111, ¥.. hum' iilipdiiilcM Uiltisli .MinUtci- . ,)iii„: 
 
 DEPTFOUD. 
 
 'S39- 
 1848. 
 
 ■ilerl.k, IphiIImi- (if 
 
 lEyB 
 
 pi- 
 
 Km. 
 
 8so. 
 
 6Sj. 
 
 Si;;ii'il Mniip.,),., 
 Ilanlii aiiiiti'. 
 Krii' I. 
 Kiicl!. 
 (loriix:, thc'OM 
 
 Ni)VKiti;iii.\s. 
 
 1.14 
 
 "•7 
 
 i;o2. 
 1241. 
 l:jO. 
 
 •• ; 1 rfi^jni'd 5j.v1.aiH, 
 
 Hiiciinii, "!■ Swryii, tlh' Kurkc.l-licard. 
 
 ■"'''AWm!,': ' "'■'"'■ ^'"'*^ "^ "' ""'' "'"' 
 
 i„!5. Oiiiuli' 111 , «mi lliirdicMMiitiMir Kir-liiii'l) 
 ,o^:. MaKiiiia, suirianir.l tli,. (i,„„|, ,,f N,,i-,v ,v 
 
 m "11 ii."! •'^"■i.yii II. (l),.MiiK,ik only) 
 
 i..:i. |liiti'iTi'j;rciini.; ■"' 
 
 I ;«. Iliiiclii, lallcd till' .Sinijdt'. 
 
 iwo. I'liniilc IV. 
 
 nc6. (H:ill» IV'. till' Illiil);i'y, 
 
 I,, 5. Kric I,, styii'd tlif IJciud. 
 
 uoi, lliilcnrKiiiiiii.l 
 
 iKij. NicliolM,s I. killed lit 8li'swii'k. 
 
 II!!. Eric II., siiiiiaiiii'd Hiirrlipot, 
 
 in;. Kill' III. till' l.iiuili. 
 
 i!^iii' I. iir''Swi'yn III, : liiln'jidi'd 
 
 (Caiiiiti' V. iiiitii U57(.'ivii wai>. 
 Haidi'iiiar, styled tin' (Jii'at. 
 Ciiiiiiti' VI., siiniiiiiu'd till! I'iiiiiH 
 Wulili'iiiar II. till! Vii'tDi-iini.i. 
 Eiii' IV. 
 
 .Mii'l ; «ssa»siimt,'d ids .'idi'r LintluT Erie ; kii,,'d 
 i.iaiii'Xpi'.lith.n,iKainsttl.i'I''i.iHi,i,s. 
 1:51. tllllstojilii'l- I. ; liuiniJlifd. 
 iijg. Erie V. 
 iM. Erie VI. 
 i!M, ('liri«t(i|ilii'r II. 
 i3j«. IIiiti'i'ii'Kiiiiiii iif .si'vi'ii yi'iirs.l 
 li^a Wiiiilt'iiiai- III. 
 i;75. lliitciri'Kiiiiiii.J 
 i;;6, Ollllls V. 
 
 liS;. MaiiJiiri't, Htyli'd tlie " Sciiiir.iniis nf d,,' N,„tli " 
 ,|...,',.ll 01 .s>f;fc„, .V,„.,i'„,v, „„,/ ll,.n,J,l.- • 
 
 I,. •111;,. and Kni! VII. (Kiii- XIII. of >Sw n.) 
 
 iniwlis. '■'■'*'"" "'""" • "''"«'"' '" '■^■■•'i«" •'""' 
 [IlllrlTrKlllllll.] 
 
 Cliri.stdlilii'r III. kiiiK i^f Simlni 
 CliiiBtiuii I. i'.,iint iif nlilniliiiiv; vUvh;\ kiiiL' of 
 
 Jiilili; sui'i'i'i'di'd liv Ids son 
 
 Climtia-i II ndli'ir tli.' i:,,;,.!. and tin- " Xn-o of 
 lie Noltli : lie ,aii.se.l all Ihe .Sivedisli iioliility 
 t,.l,en,a.ssa,i'ed; dethroned fo,- ids tyian.i i, 
 i52,i: ilied ma dungeon in j,;,, •" ' 
 
 (.Sweden .seimiated from D'eiiniark.] 
 
 r 1 . , !'f'^.*',*"K AND NoliWAY. 
 
 ■ rlila™! i-idef:' "fllolstein. son of Christian I. ; 
 
 ■ ^''I'll'"" ■"•,.■■"."' "f fi-c ■i''k : cstaldislied t|,e 
 
 I.uUij.ran religion; e.steenied the •• Katliei of his 
 
 Fieileriek 11. son nf Christian III 
 Cliii.'dian IV. son. 
 
 ^''!1';'',';;'',I"- • '■'"'"«''•' '•"■ '•"■istitution from nn 
 Heetive oa 1 iikukdhaky .moxauchv, vested 
 liLsiiwii taiiiilv, 1665 'I situ m 
 
 ^'l^Zj- "'" '"' *'''^"'''''''* "I- ; sneeeedeil by 
 
 ■'T'™'''? J7;' '';"«""".'' *^»'' ♦'!« '-ail- P.'ter and the 
 
 .nri:;^i;fn:'his':;;;""^^'^"^"-'-^"-''f«-"-" 
 
 tinlmek V. his son : married the prinee.s.s Louisa 
 ' iiliatian \ I!, his son 
 
 I'riiUT Frederiek deelared regent, in eonsequcnce 
 P " 'I e l";:';tal derangeiiieiit of his fatliei- '"""^'' 
 Freileriek \ I. previously regent, now ki,ur 
 .Nonv,ny a.iiie.xed to Sweden, ,4 jau *" 
 
 llii 
 
 Ihilsllaii VIII. (s„„ „,' |,.|., 
 
 < hrislian VII.) 
 '■'",■■'',■'■'';'*, ,\"- "">' "f Chrisilaii VIII. ; ,0 Jan • 
 
 ''i:^rik;:i;.,.;l-ir^j::;-;;'i-^-K: 
 
 ',' 'H'Wirtlle of till' pint ?l of I,„,l„o J 
 
 •> "y, .8.,., and of the law of the la d,.'" 
 »i"i,, 3, Inly, ,8,j.) „, ,,,„ ,„ S \,M r 8.8 • 
 married pi ine,... ,„,„,, „,„t;V,;i;^' ^ 
 ■'l'l>, 1842. I He IN descended fi 'hi InII in I r I 
 
 ol"i;nXnd"r''- •"■^v.;„o,iif,.,al;';;;':;^;:i'll: 
 
 'i';H;i:e:!;S:::ni:;';!f,];;:;:;i.,^I-i;;,;««^ --■-•'' 
 
 chnstiiin. horn .6 .e,!.:'\^j!'i^f,,;|*fe, ,:;;;-; 
 
 Aug. ,87., married princess .Maud of Wale.,; 
 
 . p.ENNEWITZ (rnissia). her,! a vietorv wa. 
 
 o ot|it. i»i3, j|„, i„^„ „f , i.-,.,.,„.| L....,,..j-J 
 
 1 1811 ,^'n,', ^f:i'^ ".f .Ni'pMfon i.t Li'ipsic. „D 
 uimimign '' '^"""^^'"»' '■'"^'-''l thia disastrous 
 
 pENOMINATIOXS, Tiie Tiiuff ftircB- 
 with tu'n, V 1. ,?"';''?• '' '" '"^" '"* "" ««''"i'ifion, 
 
 '397' 
 Ml!. 
 
 mo. 
 1448. 
 
 14^1. 
 1513. 
 
 '53i 
 
 135?. 
 15S8. 
 1648. 
 
 1670. 
 1699. 
 i:;o. 
 
 1/46. 
 
 1764. 
 
 1608. 
 1814. 
 
 sovereign 
 
 DENTISTS, an act for r..giilati„.r tlieir edoe,, 
 t.0,. u„,| rrgtstration, ,,as.s,',|, ^2 J,;!"; .x'li' "'"'"• 
 
 I"'"' .8.5, . lied' .9, 1 Illy-;, gj;;'''''' "• ■''•"*"' •"'■""■'•>•. 
 
 DEODAND (Latin, "to he iiiven to God"\ • 
 fonnerly anvti.in,. which lia.l eausri he ilc'dh of 
 J Imrnan being hecame forfeit ,0 tii' soy 'etn t 
 
 "o Vict.' c? 62 (l«46f ^■""'" "•''' "''""^•-'1 by 9 & 
 
 i It-nieh m 1771, „ „„ ,.,'tion to recov 'r va^ers'u^to 
 story, published by Krnest Vi/etelh' is" , '" 
 
 Deontology,- published by Ur. liowiing™ JJ,?" 
 DEPARTMENTS, see />„«c«. 
 DEPRESSION OF TK.VBE.sec Tra<h; ,88. 
 
 
 »>• •■- 
 
 :.^Jlmii- 
 
DKITTIKS. 
 
 ;!'jo 
 
 DEUHY DAY 
 
 vii'tiiiilliiiK' 
 
 * 
 
 if 
 
 k 
 
 'Mi 
 
 ■ ■ .If 
 
 f.' ■''■ 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ml 
 
 
 J; ,1 
 
 viivii^,- roun.l tlir kI"1"., Tli.' I), [.ttanl victuiilliii 
 ottiir w;ii. liuiiit lOJiiti, irjH-i); tlir .■.tnii.-hniij'c', 
 K.'pt, |-;H; till- rc.l-lwi.w, 2(1 l''.'li. i;'>l ; myl tlio 
 kii.n'H-niill. I Urr. I7SS. I' '('•>■ tl"' 'ii''"';' "»"'" 
 lived at Kvi'hn'* Ii'mhc, Sin's-.-nrl, while li'iiniiiiK 
 Miip-biiiUliiiii, A:... ill KiqS. Ily tlie iidn, iHHi.j, 
 llcptt'oni rc'tiiriH (nw iiiuihIm r to i>iii'Uiiinciit. Julm 
 KvelvM tlu' tir»t. KiptlHid imik pitn liaseil In.m 
 Mr. 'W. .1. KvcJvn |..i' .V'.o.Ji/. 'ly tlie l.omloii 
 ceiiMtv cmmcil; "iii'iii'd 7, Jmims iKi»:- ,"■'"1* '""' 
 wii»linii*i'« opciKMl liy lunl iiiiiy.ii-, 30 April, IM'I.'^. 
 
 DEITTIKS, ClIAMllKIt OK, till' title Imrne 
 hv tlie Fii'licll leui-liilive 11,-siiiililv. tnmi the lesto- 
 ration nf the llduilmiH in 1H14 till Jan. I«52, when 
 it wai* iianieil " On'/n l.i'ijislnti!." 
 
 DKHHY «'ii» "'i'll'' ' ''"^■"' ''"'1-''' ''.V l''lt'»'rt 
 (iihmit HrS). Allied expelled tin' Dalies tnmi it and 
 planted a enlmiv in «So. Hi- hi'ioie daughter, 
 Ktheltleda, a^aiii evpidled the Danes in <)l«. 
 William I. wave Derbv to Im illefiiliniate son 
 Williiini I'everil. I/iiiitie'» silk-throwiii)? inaidiine 
 was net up in 171H; and in 17V). .Ii'dediah Stnitt 
 invented the Deihy rihlied stoekiii^t-tVame. The 
 VinuiK I'lCtelidei- reaihc'd Derliy, ? Dee. 174?, nnd 
 retreated thence »oeii alter. Tlie new town-hall was 
 oiieiied 2() .May, iHdO. The niidl.iiid counties tine 
 art exliihilioii'was he lil here, and was npei.tfd hy thu 
 dnke (d DevoiiHhire, 5 May. l.'<7"- -"^'i- •^■- '!'• ""«» 
 K'ives 25,CKX)/. lor a iiiuseiiii I lihiary.aiid an en- 
 dowment of lixxi/. t'oranart ^allerv aiiiioi.ii(ed,Jan. 
 I.SS2. ArtS'illi'".""' sil'tolMr. M. HaH.Haiiil otIiorK, 
 opened 4 Nov. iHM2. 'I'he (iiieeii laid the lounila- 
 tion-stone (d' the Dorhvshiie iinval Inlirmary, 21 
 May, |H()|. ropulation; iS.Si, ,Si,ioS : l,S()i, 94,140. 
 DkiIhv Tiuu.h, Ihaiidirtli, TiirioT. I.iidluin aiaiior, 
 Lndlaia (aiiior. Weinlitniali, aii'l otliers, l.uilillleH, eon- 
 vie teil at a eoiaiiii-sii.n of liiuli li''a»iMi, 15 Oct. 1817; 
 and Itiaii.lirtli, ■riuii.r, .111. 1 the el. lei laidlaiii e.\c- 
 ellte.l, 7 N..V. lull.. win;.'. 2,1 others were tlleil. 
 21 pfisoiiei» iieliete.l at ll.Tl.y for the iiiuider of severa 
 IiihieisiM the Ke.l-si.il mine; aiMUitt.'.l on tla' Kioiiiel 
 that the iiiisrhief was not wilful. --M Maich. 1834. 
 The i»'W (iiand Th.'ativ hiinit ; ^ deaths, 6 May, iSSe, 
 Mr. KrHe..t T. lloolev, si'trt asi.le 15, «o/. per aim. 
 for thi' IKKH' of his .listriet, to lie .listriliiited 
 aiiiiuall.v hy local (■oiiiiiiittees, io eoauueniomtioii 
 (iftlie6oth'\earof lIlcMlleell'MeisJO . .hiM. i8g7 
 
 .\ew coUMtv 'eouit huiiaiii(;s oj.ene.l hy lord ehan- 
 CM'llor llaishmy 9 Aiail, „ 
 
 DEliBY ADMINISTRATIONS : the first 
 
 formed after the re.-ii<iiation ol hird ,Kdin Uussell. 
 21 Feh. 1852 (facetiouslv termed the " who ii/w 
 (idmiiiistnifinii," from the duke of Wellington's 
 inquiry). 
 
 nitsT ADMIXISTK.ATION. =7 '■'O 1852. 
 
 Firslhriloftlirliei'sinii, Kdward. 1 ail of l)ei liy.' 
 
 lord chninllur, lord ."it. Leoiiarilstincvioasly .sir f,.lwiu-l 
 
 SiiKili'ii). 
 )'ri'.V(lnil tifihe rniniril, earl of I.oiis.I.ile. 
 Lonl vrlni srifl. inaii|ins ..f Salislairy. 
 llom'.f.iri'iD.i'nd r,.l..,.U,l s,,-,w./W.s, Spencer Hoiatiu 
 
 Walpole.'earl of .Maloe-slinry, ami .sir.lolm l'akiiit;loM. 
 
 Cluiiirelh'i- iiftiii' rn-l,:'ii' 
 
 . Itei'ijamin I'isiaeli. 
 
 llimni iifdiiitni!. .loliii (.harlcs lliTiics. 
 
 Honril I'fliwlr, Joseph Warner Henley, 
 
 Postmiisti-r-nnii'iiil. earl of H.anlwii-I,c. 
 
 .s'ecrfdo-iHiMcir, William Heresfonl. 
 
 yirxt r<M,i/.ii-.-.'oif)- of truiti itinl j- ihlic huiMiiiiJi, lord 
 
 John .V.ainiers. 
 Hobert .\dain Christoi-hcr, lord Cidehe.ster, ie. 
 [Defeated on the lindj;et, 16 Dee. : renlKiicd 17 Ucc. 1852: 
 
 succeeded bv the .\lierclecai adiniiustralioii.} 
 
 KiaciMI .tllMIMslll Ml>l>, J^ Kill, 1S5H. 
 h'h.Hl litnl iij ll.r Irni^iini, .■all of iNahv. 
 h'nl rhillrrlli,,, liild Cllehnrtfold (pl'eVlou»lv M, r 
 
 ThcKluer). 
 Cliini'ill'u' iiflhr f ii7iri/Hi'i', llcn,iainlii DIsiaell 
 Sfiii'l'iiliA jiinUiii. mv\ ii( .MiihneKliiiry ; /".«»■, .»p,.i„,;, 
 
 II. Walpoli' (leslnneil Marcli. iH.vj), 'I'. Notli. i.m k,i. 
 
 eoiiit ; c<./"ii»'<, lord Stanley; in iliine, 11(31, »ii ).; 
 
 Itulwei- l.ylton ; evic. col. .Innathaii I'eel, 
 J'rmlilriitt nfiUr rniiiiiil, inaicpiis c.f Sailslairv ; nli,..,,\ 
 
 „/,ui,ii,nl {'li„li,(), 1, earl of KllcnlioroiiKli(wlioivMj | 
 
 In M.iy. iS^H ; lic> had sent a IctlcT, cm liin ci»n ;mii1i ,. 
 
 rity, eciixniiiiH the proclaimition of Pml t';niMiii4i.,|ii,. 
 
 (Ilicle ilisni'jjellts ; the (.'civcT ellt ll.irlly c,. i|.,.,| j 
 
 vote c.f eelisiire); J, III .llllle, iHsS. lolcl St;clil,v 
 
 luiinil •./ /id.'i', Mr. .Iccsi'pli W, llc'idey (re.,!:;],,,!',,, 
 .March. 1850); earl of DoiicniKlmiore ; /....c,,/ ,/ , . 
 Icird .Icilin Vlaiiiicis. 
 
 J.niil fniril ^nil. call of lllirdwlc'ke. 
 
 /.■,',, f l,.nl "I'll" iiil'iiii'iUii, nir John S. rakilinlNi, 
 
 hialiiw.-ln-, lord Cell liester. 
 
 Chilllirlhn- „nlic :li(rlnl cc/ I,ii Hrimler, duke of Mi, nil- 
 
 I'l'liis mini^tiy icsi^:nc.| i »ec|iienca' icf 11 Viclcnf vimi 
 
 cit .Miilidciice. 1 1 .lone. iScio ; It was siiccei.cii.d l.\ n,;. 
 l',iliner^tc.ii-lliiss..ll caliiiief (ii'/mC/i .w).\ 
 
 Tiiinii AiiMiNisrinTiciN, rciNHTrrrn:ii 6 Jiilv. iSfj, 
 First /ecu/ nfllir IridMiini, Kdward. earl of Derhv. 
 Lord Hi, I, in II. ,r, Kivdcaick, lord Cle'lmsfcicl. ' 
 l'n■.^ill•'lll "f niinirll, llieliaicl, dnke c.f lliickin^l, ii„. 
 
 .Ill ecled l.y John, duke of .Mai|licc|cn.<li. a ji.ii.ii' 
 
 1867 
 Li'i'l III lini mil, .lames, earl of Malmeshiiry 
 Sirrrtiiriri limiir, Speiiei'r Horatio Walpoli-, rcMmi,.,] . 
 
 (lalhccnie llaicly, 17 May. 1867 ; /./(■/;/«, Kii«iir.|,l,,!,( 
 
 Stanlcv ; .../ci,i,V.<, lleiiiy, eiirl cf I'arnaiVc.n, ii.,,j^.|„,,| 
 
 Hic'liard, dnke of HuckiliKham ami I'liancPcH, a .M;,,-,!,,' 
 
 1867; ic'ic. Iii'iil.-i.'en. sir Jccmitlian I'cel, ii.«i|;iu.,|' 
 
 sir.lolinS eisi-t I'akin^tccii, 8 -March, 181)7; -I,,.!:.,' 
 
 Holiert, loicl Cninlcciriic., resigned ; sir Stiitfc.nl l|,,||n' 
 
 Nccrthc-otc', 8 Miirc h. 1867. 
 Clliiiirrllur iij Hir riiliniiirr, Hell.lallllu Disnildi, 
 First hull iif niliiiiriillii, sir .loliii S, rakiimtcm ; .,11,.. 
 
 caa'ded hy lleiiiy Thomas (,'iury, 8 .Mairli, 1867. 
 rhhfrnuiii'iiMii,iirri,J'ii-irl;s, ,lv., Iiircl ,1c. lin .M,iiiii,.r,s 
 Prtsiitriil ufliLiiril iijlnnlr. sir Static. r.l .Vc.itlic.it.. „i,. 
 
 c'eeded liy Charles lieiiiy, cinke of liic Imicml, Mn.!,, 
 
 i8c'i7. 
 CUirfsrrriUinifiir lidinul, Hich.ird, Iccrd Xii;cs(;iri,.ru:i;,|, 
 
 earl of Mayo) 
 iViNic/c 11/ iif lUMir-hiir hniiril, fiathoriie Hardy ; kiu'cti..!,,! 
 
 Iiv Will. lh'i;iii;dd, earl of I'evon (wt iii riiliii,ri) m 
 
 Mav, i8fi7. 
 Horatio S|"MiecT Walpole, villimil njHrf. .licl 1893, 
 
 Til- iihove forinecl the ealiinet. V, u. i3C,j. 
 I'lislilliislir- iriirriil, James, cliike of Moiitcse. 
 I.nril i-liiniih, rhiiii, Oilaudcc. c arl of liriclfcid. 
 Clliiliirll'ir iij the ilnrlnl i;l l.i'm.islfr, Williimi, c.;ii| ,.( 
 
 Devon : succeeded l>y eiihiiiel Jelin WILsccn I'aiini, 
 
 June. i8fc7. 
 Ijiril-ll'iilnii'iil iif Iirhinil, JijiueH, earl (iil'terwai'il.s iii.ir. 
 
 (|nis)of Aherc ..111. 
 
 Tl ;iilof Derby reslKUeil thrnUKh illdienltli, 35 (Vl.. 
 
 3riS : and Mr." Disraeli iveoiistltutecl tin- iiiiiii>in, 
 
 see Il'^nirli. j 
 
 DERBY DAY (s<'e . 7f"w«), genendly O;! 
 always) the AVednesday in the week iiiec(i;.iii 
 Whitsunchiy, the second day of tlie nr.iml .<|iiiii,- 
 meeting at Kpsoni. Tlic Derby was wen liy |iriii!.' 
 Hegent in I><|6, and by the Dnke of York in if<;:. 
 Mr. lleiirv Hall, who painted 4^ eonseoutive win- 
 ners of the Derhv, died 22 April," 1S82. 
 
 ♦ Horn 1799 ; M.l'. for Stockbricl'.'..- (as lam. E. 0. H. 
 Stanlev) ill iSot; chief sceretiirv fcU' Ireland, i83o-:?3 ;. 
 secretary for theeoliaiics, 183V4. ■'"'' ''*'■:• • icimed llie 
 "Hupei't of debate "bv lord I.Mtccn ; ' ;li.. .New Timou." 
 1845 ; smreeded his lather ;.- .-.li. i.cil.y, 30 June, 
 1851 ; rt!3r,'iiecl 25 Kob. 1868 ; 'iie 1 .ij Uct. i80<> 
 
 ItKCKXr WINNKllS OF 
 
 1846. I'yrrhus. 
 
 1847. C'os.sacU. 
 
 1848. Surplice., 
 
 1849. Klyinn Initcliiunn. 
 
 1850. Voltij-'ciir. 
 
 1851. T"il.liii-toii. 
 
 1852. D.iiiii 1 O'Hourke. 
 
 1853. West .\nstraliali. 
 
 1854. Andover. 
 
 1855. Wild I)a.\i. ;;. 
 
 1856. Kllin^toii. 
 
 1857. liliiik Himny. 
 
 1858. lieadsinau. 
 
 Tin: DKIUlV Al risini. 
 1859. Mns.ii.l. 
 i8fio. Tlioiai.iiil.v 
 
 1861. Kettlc.lnili,, 
 
 1862. I'aractacus. 
 
 1863. Mac^arciii. 
 
 1864. HIair Atliol. 
 
 1865. GhicliatcMir, 31 .Mjy 
 (a horse reiiecl iiiFniiir.., 
 theiiroi'ertvoftlifcuiiile 
 d( 1.1 CLcii,;,'. II,- ,.:,, 
 won the .St. i.i'scr.itU't. 
 caster, 13 Si'pt.). 
 
 tSC6. Lord" I.ywi (16 M.iy). 
 
 1,107, Ihimil (,... ,M,iv), 
 i-'^, llliic (l.iwn (..7' .Ma 
 i!i(»> l'rctcn.|cr(j(, M.iy 
 iSjo, Klli«c lalt (I .liiiic) 
 
 n?i Kavc s (..., .M,iv) 
 
 1S73. ('ivimjine(j,, ,Mav) 
 iSjj, lioiaaster IjH .Mm'v 
 l<74. •' K" Krecli'iLk 
 
 (3 Jiiai'). 
 i8;j, liiiiiplii (jf, .Mav), 
 ij;6. KIslK'r, or .Mincin 
 
 i'c.ll(llnnKarlmi, i.wnei 
 
 .\1m, ll,iltii//l), ,r .Mav 
 i?77, Silvio (,„ .May), 
 ij'i .s.ftoii (5 ,liim.), 
 i,('9. .Sir llevys (l«t|., 
 
 Il„tlis,liil,r.s) j8 Mav. 
 l:-.. Head or (,hlke c 
 
 HVstiiiiiistc r's) ,M,iv j(S. 
 
 n'ii. li',"pic.is I.Mr. I.i.rl 
 
 lard's, nil .\iiicrican , 
 
 .liiiii'. 
 
 iS.'i. .Slmtovei (dnk,. , 
 
 Wfstliiiiisli.r's), ...4 .Miiy. 
 
 iJ3j. St. Illais.. (sir Kivdli 
 
 Jcc|iii..,lciiic's) .-J .Mav. 
 i3i4. St, (latlcii (J. 'h,„|| 
 liliillcrsi, and lliirvestel 
 (.«irJ. H'illoinfiibj'H), 3i 
 May. 
 
 DERRLIOT L.VN 
 
 .'ulH-rintion to '.romoie 1 
 
 Iri'liiiiil CrciMi u ,iieh the 
 
 I'iriiciii-payineiitid'renf. 
 
 Wexfcird were fornied in 
 
 Arc^liorl of ;i committee rin 
 
 ill tlie Atlantic reecjiiiiii, 
 
 Mcept proiiijit reportlii 
 
 covered .... 
 
 DERMATOLOaY, 
 
 ;ilic| its chse;ises. 
 T!,c' liitiTiiati.iiial dermato: 
 in 12119; "t Vimina, 3 St 
 
 r.Qt. 
 
 DERRICKS are lo 
 
 flructures, used on land 11 
 nious loads, and in some ci 
 di'vatioii. They are u.vtei 
 Sl.ites.aiiil were introduce 
 I (Itrriiks fur niisiiitf sunken 
 .1. II. llishiip, in 'i«5;. 
 
 . DERRY (X. Ireland), 
 fcith; thenee translated t, 
 toUcrry. The cathedral, 
 I ruinous, was reliiiilt by Loi 
 I inthereiiinof Jaines'l. ', 
 1 kind's bonks lit 2i;oi'. sterlir 
 I till' richest sees in Ireland. 
 I united to Dcrry, 1854 ; see 
 
 , DERVISH. Probably 
 or iliT-bish, one in lulvania. 
 prwiit time, liinatie;il entli 
 I ortlii,iic),\y, originated in I'c 
 I onr tlie Mahommedan m 
 I dullii reported siiprenie, i,S. 
 I oiivo sreat iulluence over ti 
 
 DESCENT OF MAK 
 
 , 'DESERTED VILL 
 
 lUliWdoldsiiiitli, first publi 
 
 DE.<Tav .Schools 01 
 
 I r,iuii.,,t,bcj,MnatSomersei 
 I PVi '" i**^^ ^^'^ '"-.ad 8 
 ■Jlarlborough-house, and be. 
 
 'Aiiii...^ 
 
miUKLlCT r.AM) Tld-ST, 
 
 :m 
 
 f.,7, Ih'iiiill {jj .Mmv), 
 r'.i lllii.'d.nvr, (.,, x,,,.)^ 
 j.v.,. I'ivI.imIi r(j" .M.u), 
 
 l^jo. KillK'Ulli (1 JiMli.). 
 
 is;2. riviiiiiiiii'(j„ MaV). 
 
 r'7(. I in«tlT(jH .M;i'v). 
 
 ii?4. " «" FiiM|,.|li-k 
 
 (jJuimO. 
 i8;5. Iliil.i|i|ii (jf, Miiv). 
 ij;(i, KlnluT, 111- .Mihi'iiil 
 
 OllI(llllll«lirlMM, I.WIM.I' 
 
 Mrs. Il;illa//I), ,, ,M„y ' 
 i^;:, fiilvliido Miiv). 
 iri S.ftiiii (^ .)iiii',.|, 
 Hj(,. Sir lli'V.v-i (liMinh 
 
 l(MtlH.'ll||,|'«) jS .M,i\, 
 
 i3-'.., Mi'ImI Or (,|iiKi. „( 
 WV>tiniii»trr'«) Miivjft. 
 
 n.'i, liMi|iiii|it i.Mi-. 1,1, I'll. 
 lanl's III! AliiiTii'iiii , I 
 .liilii'. 
 
 i:'j. Sllntnv.'l Olllli,. ,,(■ 
 
 «V»tMiiii»ti'r'«), J., Miiy. 
 iJJj. St, l)liii,s.. («h' Kivilk. 
 
 ,lii||lh|..|lc'») :.j .M.iy. 
 
 iJi4. St. (i.itl.h (,). '11,1111. 
 ii|i>iiirM), mill llMrvi'.sti'i' 
 Mr J. Wllliiiigliliv's) 28 
 Miiy. 
 
 '■'*''3. .Mi'l("ll(l,|. lli.MlhK,,) 
 
 ,1 .liirii', " ' 
 
 1M6. On,i..„,|,. (,|,|k,, ,,f 
 
 Writliil||.,|,.|) jf, M,|, 
 
 iSfl?. .Miii.v lli.iM|,f.,„'(.\|r. 
 
 AliliiKlMii) J, .May, 
 IBM. Avr-,lii,i. oiilkr iif 
 
 I'l.itlHinl) ,,, Miiv, 
 iSN'i. Ii"ii"i»n (iliikii iif 
 
 I'"i1liiii.|), ,,|,ii|i'. 
 
 ■'lllli'r), ^./iiriM. 
 irf.il. (:iiiiim..ii(<||. |.'. j|,| . 
 
 ■•*t"ii"), J7 .M,iv. 
 iB.i... Sir llii^,, (i,„,,| |,„„| 
 
 li'i'l), I .liihi', 
 it';(t. NliiKliii.. (.Mr. || 
 
 •M'CiliiiMiii), I, Mav. 
 1894. I.M.lai (l„ri| K,,,,,. 
 
 Iitir.v), (, .iiiiiK, 
 iA)v NIr Visli. (Icinl |(,,,„. 
 
 <"'ry), J.) Mav. j 
 
 iSg'i l'.'r.siiiii,i,,ii(|,riii f ' 
 
 "iilivs |, !■,.,,. I, L at III,, 
 
 llll'l'). I .lllllr. 
 
 Imliliiii.M), j,/i|i„,. I 
 
 •'•■'Idah (Mr. J 
 
 I'IOVEI,(>I>MKNx. 
 
 t">i. .i..,|(ial, (Mr. J. w 
 l.iiniarli), :,■, May. 
 
 nlam((n,m »,.,ij, th« t,.|„.nt8 Irnvr 1„. '1 .?i f , 
 
 \V,.xf.rd wr>v Un;uvdin i,S8,, '"'"""' '" *^"""'>' 
 Ali'ii"ll of.l (■iiliiiiiitt,.!, lrsii|.iliiic,,l„r„ll,.( . 1 
 
 m thi. Atlautie nr,.,,,n,,,l:; V, '';,,'^; ,\ ™;;'' 
 
 sti '"'""'" '■"'""■""« "f «'"i. wi,i";';iiH': 
 
 Till' liitprriatiotml d(>niintnlnffi#.nt ..,.. 
 
 in .SS9; »t Vienna .fsZ" 1 '1 "7 ';"^" K'"'" 
 ,1^(1 ' ' ""I'l. isyj , 111 l.uiiilon, Au),'. 
 
 DERRICKS yv liifty, portal.li. iratu-lik,. 
 *tru.tmvs, „«,., „„ land luul wift,.,- f„r lift .? ,, ,r 
 inous load, ami niHonu. cas,.s,l,.|,„,i,i„,. (, , 7, .'f",' , 1 
 * atioii. 111.')- aive.vt..nHiv.lv'u,s,,| i;, tl ,U t 
 
 UiJij's bonks at 2;oA .stcrliii." l.nt ?l,. 1 1 ^ 
 
 tl.': ".'..St .„.,. f; r,eian' L' >/ ;' /'":^t":; :"w?! 
 
 WMi.l .Mai, ,,,, l)i..;iar.l a h' tm ,, 1} 1 'i''',?"-'' *^''" 
 
 I I- v-u I- . ' '•"-•* lIlMnciH u- VIII in iWi„,. 
 
 1.1, .N...^ t|M||,,,,.^ ,, _v ,1;,,; ^1*1 II II) IrtMi; 
 
 -^orii'tirs w,.H ;.„;.,.,!,;i. ""• '■"■"l"''"t'"U (.f several 
 "'■I l">.^s,.il t„ iiivvnit tlii'ir h,!: I .■^^" '''■,"'"'• "•' 
 
 I v^riaii. li '^H^n ■ Ir y^^'J^T ""'i^''. Ha.;,,! 
 I kins *i.vT,.. U. „■.„', [^'iT^' '■'""'im.iJ..,l |,v 
 
 . »n,l til „. ,1 . „,,,„.;• "V''^' ' •"■■■''';'l '>'«''ll<'8 
 
 ' J''"'''. »!"■ V 8 ,u,'l, 1' '•'■";■'' Pa««".l a 
 
 i Ueian," first porfonn,.,!, 2; \;;,',';"',::_^^J^^'»"'S'-'n le 
 DEUTERONOMY. See ///iA.,'„oto. 
 
 miuutu l.arti.loV i . V ,/ *'"'", I""""*^"-" living- 
 
 BESCENT OF MAN, eoo J)evelop,ncnf. 
 ^^DESICCATING APPAEATUS.'boo under 
 
 I *" """'"^^' auu became eycntually " the 
 
 'lUCBt Of 8,-ie.ice ' th at ,,,' l'";- '' '" '"^ » "»>• 
 
 from any other amiini "",,''' !'■'"" "'" "P« o' 
 
 11") priiiiitiv,. iiimiaiU were born hv ., , 
 k'eni.rntion in th,. »,.„ "_/.,.,,V, . .,, ,', '*l""it'iiieoug 
 The Royal H,,ri,.t ^.s VLvvi , n^. 1 ""'''■'/''■ '^'S. 
 Mr. Alfre,l l^issVuv^ltac" in '3^™'* """'"'"Jed to 
 
 
 
 'IP 
 
 1, * ',■ 
 
 mi 
 
 / 
 
 V 
 
 v*! 
 
 
 
 'I "'^ I 
 
 
DEVIL WORSHIP. 
 
 322 
 
 DIAMONDS. 
 
 mni 
 
 ■i ■( ' 
 
 |IH,'iflf » 
 
 fc4j. 
 
 
 DEVIL WORSHIP. Dovil, Greek, diabolos, 
 fiilae lucusir ; Hebrew, *■«/(/», an iidversiirv ; abitU- 
 don, destroyer, A:e. The worsliip of devils is fre- 
 qocntly meiiticnied in the liiMe (Lvi'. xvii. "; 
 2 C/iroii. xi. ij; I for. x. 20 ; Rii\ ix. 20, &c.) 
 Mr. Liiyard deseribes the Yezidees as reeofrnising 
 one 8Ui)i'enie bein;;, yet reverencinj; tlie devil as a 
 king or mighty angel, to he eonciliat^'d (1841). 
 Mr. Moiieure I'omviiv's " Dcnionology ami Devil-Lore, " 
 
 first jmhlislR'il Dfc. 1878. 
 
 DEVIZES, a horoush, AViltshire ; the ca...tle 
 here was founded by bp. Koger, at)out 1 107 ; and 
 was for some time royal property until Cromwell 
 besieged and ruined it. The remains were sold by 
 the executors of the last holder, Mr. R. V. Leai'h, 
 for 8,(XX)i'. in August, 1S88. At lloundway Down, 
 near liere, sir William Waller and the parliamenta- 
 rians were defeated, 13 Julj-, 1O43. Population in 
 1881,6,645; 1891,6,426. 
 Visit of the prince of Wales ; ceatcimry of the 
 
 royal Wiltshire yeohiaiiry . . 24 Jlay, 1S93 
 
 DEVOLUTION, a term applied in 1886-8 to 
 the trftn.sfer of business of minor importance in the 
 parliament to grand or other eonimittecs (see Coin- 
 mittecs) . 
 
 DEVONPORT, see Dockyards and F/i/moiith. 
 
 DEVONSHIRE, the country of the Dam- 
 noiiii or Uumtionii. Odun, earl of Devon, in 878, 
 defeated the Danes, slew Ubho or llubba their chief, 
 and captured his magic standard. A bishopric of 
 Devonshire was founded in 909 ; see Exvter. 
 
 Kii'linnl dc Ucdvcrs, first <'arl of Devon, .sun of IlaUlwin, 
 slicritl'of Dcvoiisliirc, died 1137. 
 
 William Ciuutcnay, the present earl, i.s descended from 
 Robert d(( Cian'tciiny and .Mary do Itcdvers, daughter 
 of William de Itedvcrs. carl of Devon in 1184. 
 
 William Cavendish, created first rtirl 11/ Ik'nuixliire, 1618. 
 
 William Cavendish (his great grandson), created first i/iiAc 
 of Dev'ti^ihiir, 1694. 
 
 Hi.s descendant, William Cavendish, born 27 April, 
 1S08; becanu' carl of liiirlin;;ton, 1834; and 7th duke 
 of Devonshire, 1858; chancellor of the iniiversity of 
 London, 1836; of the university of Candiricli,'c, i8fii. 
 See Harrnw-in-t'itrttf.^s, Ktt-sthnuntf, ant\ (itmis Ctiltt'ijf;. 
 The duke died 21 Dec., 1801. .Spencer C. Cavendish, 
 the 8tli duke, was born 2301 .Inly, 1833. See GlwlMnne. 
 
 AdminiMmti'iiis ist and iml ; elected chancellor of the 
 university of Cambridge, 4 Jan., i8q2. 
 
 DEVONSHIRE axd PITT ADMINIS- 
 TRATION, formed 16 Nov. 1756; dismissed 
 S April, 1757. 
 
 First tnril of Ike trea.virn, William, clukc of ncvonshire. 
 
 Chancellor of tlie rxchi'iincr, lion. Ilcru-y liilson Legge. 
 
 Lord president, ear] Gianville (lord Carteret). 
 
 Privy seiil, earl Gower. 
 
 Secretnrie^ of sinte , carl of noldernesse and W'ni. Pitt 
 
 (afterwards earl of Chatham, the virtn.al premier). 
 George Greiiville, earl nf Halifax, ilukes of Hutlaiid and 
 
 Graftcai, earl of Ituchfurt, viscount Harrington, &e. 
 
 The great seal in conuiiission. 
 
 " DEVOUT LIFE." " Introduction ii la Vie 
 ddvote," written by St. Fran(;ois de Sales, and 
 published l()08. lie was born 21 Aug. 1567; bishop 
 of Geneva, 1602 ; died, 28 Dec. 1622. 
 
 DEW, the modern theory resnecting it was put 
 forth by Dr. Wells in his book, 1814. 
 
 DEWANGIRI, see India, 1865. 
 
 DIADEM, the band or fillet worn by the 
 ncients instead of the crown, and consecrated to the 
 .ods. At first it was made of silk or wool, set with 
 precious stones, and was tied round the temples and j 
 frvrehpRd, the two ends being kiiutted behind, and 
 lot fall on the neck. Aurelian was the first Homan 
 eaiFeror who wore a diadem, 272. Titkmvnt. I 
 
 DIALECTICAL SOCIETY, Loxiio.v, f„r 
 the philo.sophieal consideration of all subjeds. with 
 a view to the discovery and elncidatkm nf tnitli 
 w.as established in 1866. The members at ene im,! 
 included profs. Huxley and AV. JC. Clillurd. .ir 
 Andrew Clark, visct. .\mherley, A[r. George Iburv 
 Lewes, AV. A. Hunter, Sir John I.nbboi k. Mis'. 
 rranccs Power Cobbo, and Dr. Alice Vicker\. Th,. 
 report of their committee on spiritualism was |i,ih. 
 lialied in Nov. 187 1. The Society ended 29 Sept 
 1894. See U'ldiii, i8(X). 
 
 DIALECTS, see /vVy/is/f T.(ingiNige:mA ir„i,, 
 l8(;o. 
 
 DIALS. "The sun-dial of Ahau," 715 i,.f 
 (7.v«. xxxviii. 8). Adial invented by Anaxiinuiider 
 SSO 11. c. I'liiii/. The first dial of the sun seen 'it 
 lionie was placed on the temple of (iuirinus bv L. 
 Papirius Cursor, when time was divided into lionrs 
 293 B.C. Blair. Dials set up in churches idioiit 
 A.D. 613. Lent/let. Mrs. Alfred Gatty's '' li(»)k of 
 Sun Dials" was published in 1872. 
 
 DIALYSIS, an important method of chemical 
 analysis, dei)etuling on the different degrei'< nf 
 diffusibility of substances in liquids, was inuji. 
 known in 1861, by its discoverer, professor Tlioiaas 
 Graham, then master of the mint. 
 
 DIA-MAGNETISM, the property pnssosed 
 by nearly all bodies of behaving difl'ercntlv hi irnn 
 when placed between two magnets. 'I'lie pheno- 
 mena, previously little known, were reduced to a 
 law by Faraday in 1845, and confirmed by Tv 
 and others. 
 
 I'yniliill 
 
 DIAMOND, a hamlet, Armagh, N. Ireland, 
 where was fought the " battle of the Diamonil," 21 
 Sept. 1795, between the " Peep-o'-day-lmvs" iind 
 the " Defenders," and many of the latter were killid. 
 To commemorate this conHict the first Oraiiep 
 Lodge was formed immediately alter. See Ik- 
 fenders. 
 
 DIAMOND JUBILEE, see Juhihe, iSq;, 
 
 DIAMONDS were first brought to Eurnpe 
 from the East, where the mine of Siinibulpfior was 
 the first known. Golconda, in India, now ia ruins, 
 w.is a celebrated diamond mart. The mints of 
 Urazil were discovered in 1728. I'rom Ihpse 
 last a diamond, weighing lf)8o carats, or foiirtom 
 ounces, was sent to the court of Portugal, and was 
 valued by Mr. Uomeo de I'lsle at 224 millions; 
 by others at §6 millions, and at 3^ millinns; its 
 true value (not being brilliant) was 400,000/. 
 
 The grc.it Russian iliamond wciglis 193 cirats. or i u 
 12 dwts. 4 gr. troy. The empress Catliciiiie II. iitfrmi 
 for it Io4,I66^ \y. ^d., bcsiili's ,'iu .iiiiiuity I'm' life |,i 
 the owner of 1041/. 13.'!. 41'., which was nliisnl ; lnu a 
 was afterwards sold to Catherine's favinnifi', riii,:;t 
 Oi'lotr, for the first -nientioneil siuii. witluiiit iIk 
 aiinnity, ami was by him presented to tia' i'iu|ais' 
 on her birthday, 177J ; it is now in the sciiifrc i.f | 
 Russia, 
 
 The I'lTT (or Regent) diamond weiglicil 136 ciirals. aii.l 1 
 after cutting, 106 carats : it was sold to the kins uf I 
 France for 125,000/. in 1720. 
 
 Tlie I'KioTT cliamoiid (bought by Mr. Pitt, graiiilfatlm | 
 of Wm. Pitt) was sold for 9500 gnincus, 10 M.iy, if 
 
 The diamond called th(\ KoiiiNooii, Koii.i.'Xi r, ,.r | 
 MorNTAiN OF Li(iiiT, lias a legendary hist'Hy, aiil 
 is said to have lielonged in taiai to Mliali .Irliiia, 
 .\uriiiij,'/i't,e, Nadir JSliah, the .\fgliati iiiltis, and after. 
 wards to the Mikh chief Riiii.iect Singh. L'|iiiii tliiMb- 1 
 dicatioii of Dhulecji Singh, the last ruler nf tlii' Pun- 1 
 ,|ali, and the .■innexatioii of bis doaiiainiis to tliv Mritisli [ 
 empire, in 1849. the Koliinoor was siinemliTi'il to llw 
 iini'i'ii. It was aecordiiiKly iiniiigiit nvir ami inisi'iiiMi j 
 to her, 3 .Inly. 1850. It was shown in fin' (liTal IaIii- j 
 bit ion, 1S51. Us original weight was iiratly Soocarais | 
 
 DIAM 
 
 laif it was rcilii,.,.,! 1,,. ,1 
 ll.irtinsii, liiiigh,.si. I, 
 sliaiie and siz,. iv.s,.|,i':,|p, 
 
 asMl.lll Ilea s i..n. ■Ph.. , 
 , , ^ i^i^- I Me I 
 
 ilmu;,'li two inillinii.s.,,!,.,. 
 ,lii.stifialilc |,ii,.,., if,,,||,.|,| 
 Ibf radc. Tliis .li,,,,,,,,,,, 
 
 «rt(;lis 102J eiiiMts 
 
 I!i,- S.iNTi dianioml, whi, 
 
 ' •,,'''"-■;.■ "f Unignriil 
 
 .'■.{"•I'M- Iron, the D,,„ 
 
 .11: rnrh-r Uhoi|,..s',s j;,.|.atd 
 
 iil<';,'nl lallle fm.iZul ) f, 
 
 ::;., ex ni.itcd by Ml^ St, 
 Nov, iSSr, 
 ,\:i.irtit iliiimoiid said to 1, 
 r«i|*rors„f l,„li;,,,|.|t,,„(^ 
 
 I '•'°°' ''';'"■" '''■ •'*'i- "n-ce 
 
 .MiJIimid, tlTMlcl tin, .Si.,vK 
 
 ii'Ni liiazil in ,855, ,vt.ijr,,i, 
 
 ■d in 
 
 u.isliist hy eilttiii;;' 
 
 I r.iiiMiiiis wi'j'e diseovcrc 
 
 .lliivli, 1S67, A III,,. ,„„. , 
 
 .Urioa," hrouKl.t to K„.|,;,„ 
 
 .fcsrs. Iliiiil ,11;. I li,,sk,,i| 
 
 I 4'arafs, ,iiid Was v.iliic'd 
 
 E„liiliani(iii.l liclil.s rci-eiiiiv 
 
 iniOraiigi' riveis, .Si.,it ,s, 
 
 <«>"'«'.'V''''''W''-«.aMd , 
 .V,v. \alMeof,4t,|i„„„„„, 
 
 i«esiwtcdin,877, «ee",v 
 
 I '^' 'fK™' .African diam,,,,, 
 
 ..ints, at kimberlev, nam,. 
 
 Sflvnil mafiniliceMt .South Afri, 
 """"«'">ercil— one , sail! to 
 
 Ifciiiatpdvahieof ,S„„ti;A|-,.i(, 
 
 I p.000,000/, 
 
 iBialinMndjiaiiicin n,. ij,,,,,,. 
 
 I :.-oimsli, n.hil.v, ,888. 
 l»"'»ds'liscovered in IJritish C 
 liJiainonil wci-liiuf,- 6-, ^.,^ , 
 I !«iimiiii' ill the Onii,.',. i.y,.,.i, 
 
 |lli.*iXD .N'KCKI.Af'K .VFFAMt'J. 
 
 ■«rt.ii'm'll,.r of Kjaiicc offer,., 
 l-imlte ailiamnml nvrkUi-,' 
 
 te'f'l <!«■ 1 kliice, l,„, f,.;,, 
 
 «.....ss,lclaMotte(,,f,h,,'', 
 
 fp,».l the queen's sij;n,atiire, a 
 '"';i»"'i|li*lanatla,.l„„,.,„ f, 
 
 OTlaialilcHolian, th,.,,, „■., 
 
 i*.'siiMv,tiitii,.j,.,v,.||,.. ,.,,■; 
 
 iwa,*.tt.'fh„soi„;,i„,; ,; ' 
 
 ;.nt. K,.r this she was ,,., 
 .iltiira„.nl„nthe.sho„|,i„,,',, 
 .Mtiuseil m vail, t| i,l,.|„..,; 
 
 Wl»«tm, ,if ,.nn,pli,.i,v , ; 
 ««lewiflitl„.,'„-di„-al .s,„ 
 
 '*'"•" a, wl„.r,. slie was 
 
 > «iiidow.sill, in att,.ni„ti„ ,,, 
 J*,-ll,. |(„ha,i was t,' ,.';,, 
 f llf!'"l'licinK,.aii,.,.'a" 
 hM" li,ai,ga],,-,rtytothef,-, 
 "llie „„o, that lii'sho, 11 
 
 U™ ,.,;ilair,,ve,t,,r,i,.,|t,,. 
 N,»imolili,.,.y, S,.,. 7V,', / fi, 
 
 fcv"im.d at .50,000 ,;,,^ 
 
 1 1 .ilAnvii ahont 20 Maia^h ,fiR 
 
 Cli'i;*. naiiiii,,.,! hv Mr s , V 
 «rjl,iott,ihc,li,,,,,,;,,,;/.;„^; ,> 
 J l?Mr .Mac'Tcar, Jan. .ssi 
 r«'«ds said to iiav,. C, ,„ , , 
 
 I »«ay at (ll,.,.s,.,,„.,a,,,,o, ,,,'.,. 'i 
 IjH. ssaid f,i l,ave lice,, a | ,' , 
 T*"i„,pi.,ia|,||an|„..,|..' '" 
 bT,,,.Crook,.s,„i,,'; ' ,,,,''.7;^: 
 Will ,8,6. i„ a 1 cf, . ^ 
 
 f»i,iMsfi?„tio,i,",V'; „.""; 
 
 W.smi.tli,»|,,f,,,a,,,,,.,,';,';,;,.,j8. 
 ^'<"J.«JOvithill,„t,S,,^ 
 
DIAMONDS. 
 
 Ilor.vn.i,,,,;,.;;,;,:l,:\';.;-kf,,,,,.,ss,,f,,,,. artist, 
 
 tb.; nMl... Tins .li,.,M,„n,l „', « •^ ' »;■"'• '■MN'i".v.l in 
 li 'Ink'- "f U„", 1'. '":'.'".'«';'' ♦'; •-■I,,,,!,.., tl„. 
 
 dk,.,l vain,. 6„,„i 7 ;'"' (>vny,i„,, ,5,, ,,„,„^ 
 
 .Vi'Mit ili.'iMioijil said i,i 1,.,,. 1 , 
 
 ■ ;oo, siimvii l,y .M,-. Drvc,. Uv: .,''''''■'':♦'■'■« 1''ismI.Iv 
 .l.!i;.iii.m<l, t,Ti]],.,l til,. SrvM " • •'""• '882. 
 iMii Hmzil in ,8,5, wHiil.i,!,', ''"': «"'-TH, was iM-oii.'lit 
 ,™l,.st l,,v cuttin?; '""^'"'"i =54i '■H.'ats,l,al|„|„.l,H.l, 
 fiMiiioiicls wni! ilisnuviv,! in (•,,„. ,, , 
 Maivl, ,867. A (in,. ,,n,. ,.; Vi''""''' ■'^- •^'''■'■'■■■i. i» 
 .irri|.|i,"la-,.n.'l,t tn Kn. .;,,"' *'»■ >it:u- „f s,, ,, 
 
 ...... Hnnt-^n,,? h!;^^!) '"' '(;.j^ "3. «., .vha^^C 
 
 ^carats, an.l was va I .',/ "'"'"^Mt Hvij;!,,.,'! 
 
 E,lM!iaiii,iM.l lii.Ms r,..-,.ntiv ,' , ^5.ooo,., in , Inn,-, ,s,o 
 
 :.«■! UmNf.-,.nv..,s, «,.,:*' to ■'"""^■'"'' "^■^"' the V, S 
 fcr.it influx, pf ,li.',.,.rs i, ,1 V I 
 
 p6rfoini,| in ,870, , 24,9,0/ . ' '" '869. 7403?. : „f ' 
 
 .n^„tKi,„,.Hey.n^n;;:^^yi';!;i,-i^;.;«^__302 
 
 ir.:nil liifiirii 1 1wi.ii. J- li . . > 
 
 DICTIOXARY." 
 
 I 
 
 ,.£'1 
 
 IS,ivraIiii,i),'iii/ic,.nt«,Mi||| AfnV.,,, ,• 
 
 I i«„ iscav,.,-,.,!- sai,t ';',," "'x ''.IV. sinr,. 
 
 I bfcnttiii-t.i 180. 1SS4 8 '""••"'^"'rats.ruilii,.,.,! 
 
 I fcmtni value uf .s„nfli \f,-i„ 
 
 „,mooa/. * "^'' ^^"'™" 'li"n,„n,|s „,, to ,886 
 
 B).Uiiviiiii| |,anio in n,. I),.,,,.- . ' 
 
 , :.-ol«Tisli, ,, ,)nly, ,888. " "'' '^i'"'«-rl,.y, about 
 
 I w, ,89,. "'""''' ^'"""i I'y Mr. Kaufman,, 
 
 1 -ort.iew,.il,.r„fF,,„„.,.,,,,'i^,;:.'' ■785, li.elin,!.^., the 
 
 feml th,. n,.,.|<ia,.,., l,u f .;, . ^*^,'°^'- J''»' '!• 
 
 'Niite,l,.laJlntt,.(„r „ ,,' V"; '■"•l"'"*.. Tl," i 
 toltl,o,|u,.,.n..ssi;na„ ',, ' '7, . '"'"«" "f Val,,,') 
 , '«■■;!«■" l'«;l a" .■.tta,.l„,„,„ f, ,'",■'■••■'"''•"« that 
 ;»l«l<l''li''han, t:n.,,u,.,.,-, ,,, '^'' I"''-«"."I,.,I tl„. 
 
 fr ',M"tt;. tlnis "htain,.,! (,,!,,'/ '>'■"■'•, f'"' 56,000/, 
 I ™l'f '■"■this sl„. was ., n\''i'' "'"'■"■■"''■ "wav 
 
 ;. au'iiso,! n, vain th,. i.el,.|„.,t , 1 ' ""*""'''' f"r life 
 lV:i"»tn., „f ,.,„n .itv ,, 1 1, i.''-'"'," •■"'vn'tiin.,. 
 
 »i™f witi, th,. ea,.,iinai ",s. , «;'"■■ I'" ''"i"*,' ti„.,; 
 
 J vaHoL,,,,,,,,,, ,vl„.,.,. sl„. w,sk I ','''■;; '/"'•'■'l"' '■""' 
 
 hwiml,.w.«ill, in atte,n,,ti, t,, ''•*■ '.'""'K fnun 
 
 liebl-Df liolian was t,'i,. "„, """'i'." ■'■' "'■''■st f, ,' 
 
 \f. T'in.Ml,:iei,,K,an., at |. ,';';'!,',"••'■''• '•• -M'.'il 
 iiw„fl«.,„(,a |,a,.(v ,„ tl,,. r,-,n,* * "i, ■•"'■•*l"''^te.lth, 
 """■till"'. tl,at i,,.- sl,„u ,, " ■„. J""e,vran,l w,-„t,. 
 
 Jfai III* v;i|i„.,f '.,t ' '; ■': '?7i ; .Inirh 
 
 r6i«.w, ,.»„„;■,;;, ,rMr'^;:',:;:' '■>■ ^i-- ^'-"■■r,.ar ..r 
 
 JI)Mr\l,i,T,.a,., Jan, ,880 ' '^'^-"■'^""Wl,.,!^,.,! 
 
 Puiir 'litis N;iii| tn ]>-,\-,, l ' 
 
 t7«'.«;'-...w;'an,,! ;;::.,,,';'i;:'v.''>- '^^ v^"'-"-- 
 
 I* "imi...iial ,iian„,n,| " " ' „ :;,'''^/88o. 
 l'f"i.Crool>,.s, wl„, visit,.,! ,..' k- ■'.'";'■''• "'■''■ >So. 
 I«ii.i .896. in a lectu, . ,n ^ 'Il'"''-l"y a,„l oul'- 
 Ij!"' iMituti,,,,, „ j„n,,« '■""'""'■'' "lit th,. 
 
 |Wi.m,.ti,,M,,f,,,„„,Z.\;,.i,'.%',i;,'-M-!''i''.''i .m. 
 
 r-"r....lt,.ii „„|, ,1, ,.ari„„ ,:,,'.■,' ''hcial .lianion,|s 
 |fllll''II» cm th.. so,-. , ,,' ".'"'''"'""■' exhihi t,.,? 
 J **-AiHt,.,. an. li ,„' "'!"■'■« 11111.1,. i, ■" ' 
 
 "•"•tins ,1,. JW"''''''"^'"' '•>■• lJU.MON„s 
 
 ■-'=:';-SH'S: 
 
 It Is 1 '■''■""' •^'"■''■'■. '"95 "' '"■'''•'""" "ton™ 
 
 :''r'i'-';w:;:!;;:;a;^::^;,^;;v'v".''.n-y,an,,,,ti,,,,^^ 
 
 '^'-■.■•i.^,a.,ii,.:;^;;,;';;-.,nx,„.is n;^ 
 
 tiH' .■"...,„„„ ,.,,„ „f th. /;•"■"■■' '""'" "t 
 
 , W« that 220 .vraswe,., ,;;'':: -'."^il'l-on. i^^n' 
 It was 425 foot 1„„,. 22-], \\'^ "} '•"tnplc.tingit 
 h- l2T..lumn, (1^}^ :f' -"i ^''^ support, 
 tons of l'a,ia„\„,, |.s'"-. ' V";;!' w,.ig),„;„ ,50 
 
 ^^i'-fs- It was .set <hV',„ '"■'''■'■' ^y ''" many 
 
 of Alexander the (ir,." I, 1 "' 'V*'''"^ "^ ""> ^rtfi 
 
 f 'atu-s w-lio c„nf,.sse I I,: I|'''"stratus or Erato. 
 
 «»»-e of trans,„itti„, ' , ''^., ; ^'l^' motive was the 
 
 'mu-ble columns h n e Wen ..r'" •,*"'" ««"ll'tur,.,l 
 
 Mu-seum. Diana ,4 ti,' "''''' '" ""-' ^'^'i^h 
 
 I (^'■"■k^/r/,.y/,/,v. "'" ''"■' «»man name of th" 
 
 ! ^W^S^^ "- Crown Prinee of Prussia, see 
 
 ' !|^'K, i^!i:;nS;::c"?"a;^j^'-,- '"ythieaiiy 
 
 lue Slime of tali and t,.. '^' """"' '244 11 c 
 
 ;vas played wi,' di.e St''"' ""'"'.'^' "'« iSm ms 
 
 SSSo^Jopr-'"- *■ '^ 
 
 :"Bio;r^oKr'-=="Si 
 
 I magistrates of 1{^,* "'T .'"P'"''""-' an<l absolute 
 
 """■«• Titus Lriui I^°h'";'' f° -"^t in S 
 pointed, 501 Bc '.?„; ir*""'.' dictator, «as an 
 
 «J«t pleUan "iclat ^ '3 O^'c^T.^^^ili"^ "^ ^ 
 odious by the u.sunwtum" ,if {,'",1°*''''' l'««"me 
 Ciesar; and after the ie.t.'f ^^'"'' ""^ Julius 
 s^ate, on the mo imro" • °,^ ^ '"-' 's'"^''"' ""> "oman 
 « «^v,forbi,l.ling a d ^a totoevi?- ^';""'J' P«« «d 
 The duitator was also «?i 1 "" '" ""me, 44 n c 
 -;^'.ad under iJr, -!{;;;' J-;;^'-Mhe'^^^ 
 
 ''i?>L^S2t)[,^,^X- ,;|,f.'"'''Ianldi,.tio„ary 
 ■■s, most of tlamJ h ! . ' ' ."?J'''""' 4.o,ooo^cl 
 
 Chinese lanjfuag.rj-o'nfir,:- "'""','" ""tionary of the 
 t«rs, most of tla^, h ! ■X^fi,:'''"''' ^p.ooo^charae! 
 tions, somewhat liu "•'•"' '"' ■""> renre-entn 
 
 -T'le^.CL, ,^//«['a Patina -•,,;^ll,,; ^ '■« 
 
 >^-..ohan,u.sBall,us'ja,;;,;^,^;:^';'^;S^:i 
 
 ■ H-/"v;!.,!^^^i:;'-;"^-. J..-.a,« the '^^ 
 ^•''■■^'le wrote one in ei'i;;'i,;;,^--J-'_{n^^^ 
 
 iiliout f5oo 
 Y 2 
 
 
 'ill Sjfe'' 
 
 .1 
 
 ,yp!iW. 
 
 ^'i^w 
 
 ^«f 
 
 .^s. 
 
 fi 
 
 #*' , 
 
 ' '1 
 
 • ' ' atjl . 
 
 •h 
 
uma 
 
 :;ii'ii. 
 
 iSfl 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 324 
 
 DIGITS. 
 
 John E. Avcimi-'s Dii-tinixfriinii llrlirnh-um wiis |iii1i- 
 lishcd at Witfi'iiliiMK in 1589. Iliixtcnf'a •,'rui\t 
 vimV, Lejiritii llihritictihi, ki\,i\Y\wi\\vi\ . . 1621 
 
 Till! iMii-nii lliptinihiltnii WHS iiiitjlislinl li.v Kilnmiiil 
 distill, ill . ' JfifiQ 
 
 The emit Kiitilisli (lirtiiiniiry by Siiiiiui'l Jnliiisini 
 iili]u'ari'il ill 1755 
 
 Fraiiris (liosi-'s Diitiuiiary nf tlie Vuli,'nr Toiihmc 
 (iir Slaii^') "'as I'limiiili'il ill ... '• ly^S 
 
 " SlaiiK llictiiiiiai-v," liv Alliri't lianvi-i' ami 
 C'liailfs (i. r.i'laiiil, 2 vols., iSSg-go ; iii'w I'llitioii 
 (ii'iliiiM'il) piihlislii'il 1697 
 
 Tlie folliHviiiL; ai-aili'iiiii's liavi' imlili.-lu'il l.irKC ili'-- 
 tioiiarii's iif tlu'ir ri's|ii'i-livf laii^'ii.im's : tlif Kiriirli 
 araili'iiiy, (tliii liist, ciliti'il by Vaii(,'iOii^*,) ifiiM : 
 new I'ditioiis, 1718, 1740, 1762, 1815, ami 1S78 ; 
 till! .S|iainsli, 1726 ; tin' Italian acadi'iiiy (ili'lla 
 Crusra) 1729 ; anil till' Hussiaii . . . 1789-94 
 
 Soliwan'.s f;i-i'at Gi.'nn,-in-l''ii'iM'li liictinnary a)iii('ai'i'il 1782 
 
 Kiuliarilsun's Kn^lisli 'lii'tioiiary ali|ii'ari'il . . 1856 
 
 Leniiiricri'S Cla-'^sieal Dii'linn.ii-y, wliii-li th'st aji- 
 lieari'il in 1788. i.s iimv .suin'isrili'il by IJr. W. 
 Smith's I'lassiral sniis 1842-93 
 
 The Philoluniral Sn.ii'ty of I.nii.li.n issneil I'l-n- 
 ]iosals fiira " New KiiKli'ili iliitinnary," ai the his- 
 torical nii'thnil, 1859 : alter .suiiie ilelay the work 
 was vigoronsly reviveil ; cilitor, Dr. .1. II. .Murray 1879 
 
 [About 5000 authors, llatin^' I'roiii 1150 to iSS;, have 
 been read by aliout i-5,(mo iiersiais (Hritisli and 
 Aineriean), who iii;ide about ^,000,000 exlnu'ts. 
 Part I., entitled "The Oxibril PJnglish Dic- 
 tionary," imblished Feb. 1884, was considered 
 highly sneeessful.and a s|'eeiiiieii of the i,'i'andest 
 lexicoHrai'liieal work ever )irodueed. Vol. III. 
 part I. 1E02, a quarterly inat-ibiient up to /•'" . 
 edited by Mr. Henry Hiadley, Dr. Miiriiiy's chief 
 colleague published April, 1895. K. conipb'ted, 
 July, 1897. 1 
 
 The great Oernian dietionaiT, liy .Jacob and Wilhelni 
 Griniin 1854 el sni, 
 
 Mr. Hciisleigli Wedgwood's Dictionary of English 
 Ktynioliigy 1859-67 
 
 Smith's Dict'onary of the liible was published . 1860-3 
 
 The earliest known Knglish-Latin dietiimary is the 
 Prmnptoriiini J'tn-t'iihn->ii)i, eompiled by llalfi'i'lns 
 Gramni.itiens, .'i jireaehing friar of Norfolk, in 
 1440; and ininted by I'ynson, as l'n»:ii>tnriiix 
 I'ueinrnm, in 1409. A new edition, carefully 
 eiiited by Mr. Albert Way. from JISS., was pub- 
 lished by the (.'.iniileii Society . . 1843-65 I 
 
 Liddell and Scott (ireek lexicon, founded on , 
 
 Passow, 1S43 ; 7tli edition 1SS3 , 
 
 The great French dictionary, by V.. lattre, 1863-72 ; j 
 
 snp|ilenient 1S77 
 
 TIie"]5on(i Fide French and Knglish Dictionary" 
 (4i inches by 2J, weight 4 oz.), printed by Bellmvs, 
 
 1873 ct scq. 
 
 The Imperial Di:'lionary of the Knglish Language, 
 by .lohn (Igilvie. New edition by Charles An- 
 nandale, 4 vols, published 1882 ; new edition . 1895 
 
 Itev. W. W. Skeat's " Ftymological Dictionary of 
 the English laiign.ige" published . . . 1882-4 
 
 " 'I'lie Century Dictionary;" an eneyelopedie 
 lexicon of the I-aiglisli language, editeil by Prof. 
 W. D. Whitney, 6 vol.s 1889-91 
 
 The "Stanford Dictiunary of Anglicised woiilsand 
 lihrases," edited by C. A. M. l''enin'll . . 1S93 
 
 A "Standard Dictionaryuf the English language." 
 200 specialist authors : chief editor, Dr. I.siiac K. 
 Funk ; ? vols. New Vork . . . 1894-95 
 
 DIDYMIITjVr, a rare metal, discovered bj' 
 Mosiindor in 1841. It appears to be always asso- 
 ciated with lantlmnuin ami cerium. Declared to be 
 n compound by Mr. W. Crookcs in 1888. 
 
 DIEPPE (N. France). This town was bom- 
 barded by an English fleet, under admiral Russell, 
 and laid In ashes, July, 1694, It was again bom- 
 barded in 1794 ; and again, together with the town 
 of Granville, by the British, 14 Sept. 1803, 
 
 "DIES IR;E" ("Dny of Wrath"), a Latin 
 mcdiajval hymn on the day of judgment, is ascribed 
 to various authors, amongst others to pope Gregory 
 
 the Great (died about 604) ; St. Heniard (dii d nf;',>; 
 but is generallv considered to have been eoni|Ki;,',J 
 by Tliiunas of Celuno (died 125s), and to have lien 
 used in the Uonian service of the mass before 1 :.Sr, 
 
 DIET OF THE Geuman Empire (in wiii,), 
 
 tlie suiircmc court of iiutliority of the eni]ii'.e may 
 be said to have existed) was composed of llin',. 
 colleges : one of electors, one of princes, aiul nw iif 
 imperial towns, and commenced with the eilipt of 
 Churles IV. r^ijO; see (ioldru lliiH ; U'lirdu,;/ 
 (1180) ; X'nr>ti/>i')y (l.\('') ; ll'iinii.i (IS21) ; A/,/,;., 
 (1529); Jiifisbiir()\lt,T,o); Itittiahnn (1541); i',,,,,/,-. 
 fort (1800, tl seq.) ; aiul GcrxKuiy, 
 
 DIETHEROSCOPE, an apparatus f, 
 geodesy and teaching optics, constructeil he (j, 
 Luvini, of Tunis, and announced, April, 187(1." 
 
 " DIEU-DONNE'," the name given in Ids i„. 
 fancy to Lnuis lo Grand, king of France, thequHii 
 his mother, liaving been barren for 2? years ijic.' 
 viously, 1638. .'Vlso to the eomte de C'liainlionl.suii i,f 
 the duchess of lJerri,born 29 Sept. 1820, di 'd 24.\ii;. 
 1885. His father was assa.'.'inaleil, 14 Feb. 1820. Oii,. 
 of the i)opes(672) was innnedj-7rf('0(/«<«« or Goil's "il't^ 
 
 DTEU ET MON DROIT ("God ami nn 
 right"), the royal motto of Ijigland, was the iwr.V 
 of the day, given by Richard I. of England to hij 
 army at the battle of Gisors, in Frame, 20 Sent. 
 iiq8, when the French army was siginillv ilet'eati'il! 
 '■^ I)icu ct mon droit" appears to have' been first 
 assinnod as a motto by Hein-y VI. (1422-1461) , $(.,. 
 Scinpvr Eddcm. 
 
 DIFFERENTIAL ENGINE, see CW,„. 
 
 hi tin;/ Mnc/iinc. 
 
 DIFFUSION OF Gases. In 1825, l)i\l.eroiii,T 
 observed the transmission of hydrogen gas lhmu"li 
 a crack in a glass vessel, and |)rofi'8siir Tliuniiis 
 Graham discovered the passage nf gases tliroii;h 
 porous ]ioreelain, graphite, and other snbstnnics, 
 and established laws m 1852, and to liini we are 
 indebted for the discovery of Atmnbjsis and llhi- 
 lysis. lie died 1(1 Sept. i860. 
 
 DIFFUSION OF Useful Knowlkdoe 
 
 SoCIF:TY, wliieh published a nuinlier of biwkj 
 relating to history, science, and literature, ami an 
 atlas, in a clieap form, ridiculed as the ''Sixpennv 
 Sciences," was established by Lord Hrougliam, Mr, 
 William Tooke, Mr. Charles Knight, anil olliir-. 
 It published its " Library " 1827-48, and patroniMii 
 the publication of the Fenny Magazine und tlie 
 Penny Cydopsedia. Its iiroceedings were Hnspemlni 
 in 1846. The Royal Institution of Great liritiiii 
 was established in 1799, for "the I'mnnition, l)i!'- 
 fusion, and Extension of Science and Useful Know- 
 ledge." 
 
 DIGEST. The first collection of Reman l;wi 
 under this title was prepared by ,\lfremi9 Varii.s, the 
 civilian, of Cremona, Wj I). c. 'Quiiilit. The "l)i- 
 gest," so called by way of eminence, was tin 
 collection nnide by order of the em]ieror J iLstiniun, 
 529: it made the tirst part of the Uotnan lawi.iiJ 
 the first volume of the civil law. Quotations from it 
 are marked with a If. I'lirdo)/. 'I'lie "Digest of 
 Law " commissioiu'rs signed their first report 
 13 May, 1867, recommending tin- iinmediate jirfpa- 
 ration of a digest of the English common law, statute 
 law, and judicial decisions. 
 
 DIGITS (dif/itiis, finger), any whole numbir 
 under 10: I, 2, &c., arc the nine digits ; secArill- 
 metic. In astronomy, tne digit is a measure used ia 
 
DIJOX. 
 
 DlJOy, E. Friincc, the ancient eiipitiil of nui- 
 ^undy, IS said to have heen i„„ml,'l bv J.l"s 
 Umr, for ifaed by the e.nperoi- Maivus Auieli h 
 »„a namc^ iJuuo, about 274. It has been sev e 1 
 
 imus captured i„ „■„,; „„a ,, ,,,^,1^ ';^' 
 
 k-ve by Louis XI I),,,,,, became tlie capital ot'the 
 dukes of Burgundy about i .,So. It was attacked by 
 IR. tjcrmans, under general lieyer, 30 O.'t. 1870 
 
 y bcigh s etc. were taken by'prinjl William' of 
 JiiiJcn, and the town surrendered ou 31 Oct. 
 
 DILAPIDATIOXS. see Ecch:si„,,ieal'. 
 
 DILETTANTI SOCIKTY „F, establislu.d in 
 j,34 by t le visc.imt llarcourt, lord Middlesex, duke 
 „i Uorsct, and others who had travelled and who 
 TO-e desirous of encouraging a taste for the tiiu. arts 
 II, UrL.it liritain. 1 he society published, or aided in 
 nubhs 11. g, btuarfs Atliens (1762- ,8,.,), Chandler's 
 Inivels {lui-b), and several other Hnelv illustrated . 
 uorks Ihe niemljers dine together from time to 
 time at the Ihatdied-house tavern, St. James's. 
 Mr. U. I". I'ullaii, on behalf of this .society exca- 
 vated the temple of Jiaclius at Teos, of Apollo 
 immtheiis in tile 'Iroail, and of Minerva I'olias at 
 I'nene, between 18O1-70. I'ublished "Antiiiuiiies 
 d loiliu, 4 narfs, I-O9.1881. '■ lli,t„,.v ^^ ,,„, 
 .Vicly of Difetlunti," l,y Lionel Cu^ ■ ,:,.i»hed 
 .u;iy, 1090. 
 
 DIXAS, see ^icc(V/<7(/,v mider Co« •. •■' U.-nsion 
 
 DINNERS, see JDestitutc and J/ihU,cK. 
 
 DIOCESE. The first division of the Roman 
 fiiipire I'lto dioceses, at that period civil govern- 
 iiu'Dts IS ascribed to Constantine, 323; Imt Strabo 
 rfimirks that the Komans had the departments 
 ca led dioceses long before. In England tlie princi- 
 pal diocese- are eiieval witli the establishment of 
 Cliristianitv ; of 28 dioceses, 20 are sultragaii to the 
 dioresc o( tiinterbury, and six to that of Vork • see 
 A.v/i-v)-S anu the sees seviTally. Dioc.'esan eoAfer- 
 encesof the clergy and laity now freciuent. 
 
 DIOCLES' CODE, drawn up l,y him for 
 
 Mracisc, where he was a popular h'ader, 412 H c 
 ltwiishighlyap]iroved, and copied hy other nations" 
 andrcaiamed in force till supersedej by the lioimm 
 Jaws, idttr tlie coiKjuest, 212 n.c. \ 
 
 DIOCLETIAN ERA (called also the era of i 
 •Martyrs, on account of tlie persecution in his rei"-n^ I 
 TO used by Christian writers until tlie introductmn ; 
 *l t lie t linstian era in the (;th century, and is still 
 tmiilovcd by the Abyssinians and Copts. It dates 
 txm tlie d,.y on which Diocletian was proclaimed 
 cjiiperor at Chalcedon, 29 Aug. 284. 
 
 DIONYSUS, tlie Greek god of wine, poetry, ;' 
 ™d music,, ailed IJaccdius after tlie sth century l..c 1 
 His worship was lutroduc'ed fr,mi Greece into Home 
 •in<l IM festivals, termed Dionysiaand lla.rhanalia ' 
 ci;e hnul y suppres.sed by the senate on account of 
 1 r dissolute character. The Greek .Irari.a is said 
 toliaveaiiscu out of the Bacchic festivals, 168 Ji c 
 
 DIOPTRIC SYSTEM (from the Greek, rf,« 
 l.roug li, and optamai, 1 .sc-e) an arrangement of 
 W lor rctractit.g light in lighthouses, devised 
 
 .■i'2) 
 
 DIRECTORY. 
 
 wFresaci, about ,§.,rb:.:;i-;^n;:^;-r-^ fca^'';.,""^^^"'^ 
 
 miFou, Condorcet, B.ewster.and others: see UnlJ. " 5'"//*^' '"''"• "'"'' Cam 
 
 !■' ir VV j I ^' "*""•" "" lue uiseovi'rien of 
 
 WK Condorcet, B.ewster,and others; see Lighl 
 
 op?ne? u'^^XI- ,T'"f'"l"»>-fdexhil.iti(m was first 
 
 Julv S« •■ }""";" '""' lJ«S'"''-'-e in Paris, 
 
 JiJulj, 1822; in London, 29 Sept. 182J. It wiis 
 
 not successful commercially here, „„d was sold in 
 BScL:.d.'-'''^"'"''"'«55.tobeusedLa 
 
 leawicr), a disease rescmb ing croup which has 
 brm'rH:' '''"'■'"''■'• of "'-roping li fdse ninn! 
 thm, f T ■ ""™"'' ■?«"''^'^"'" <.'<>"nected with the 
 
 of' Wsin,^'^"''r'''' "^'''""'{'^ byliretonneau 
 01 louis 111 1S20. iTom Its prevMlence in Bouloo-ne 
 
 e sons w"re'-"'';j''V'l'^^ "'V''^'"" -•'-tl..oat Inj^ 
 !' nUnt f s-x'^ t';'' '"••' '' "\ '?"Sl^""i "t the be- 
 „ inning oth38. The pnnce.ss Alice, grand-duchess 
 of Hesse-Darmstadt, .lied of this disease ,4 j5e 
 1«,8, after nursing her husbaml and children; 
 
 "mmSllli';,!" '•?":'"". '^'••. ■S9.-95; origiPand 
 l"op,ig.itiiiii uiicertMiii, 
 
 toML trcalioent of ,lis,.,ise t,, .1 r htlieria in Van. 
 
 ;>• Muecting into the pati, „f s 1 I, ,' se , ,f^l- 
 
 be blood of a borse prcvinoslv r,.,,,!,.,'.,!,,!," ',"' 
 
 'iTplttSr "'J'^'^'*""" "'■ ""= »eak virus of 
 The lrc;,ti;i,.nt lias bee,, g,„,ln,illy .leyeloi.o.l from 
 
 t li ■ .lisc„v,.ne.s of LnlMrr, Heliriiig. Kucli ,, 
 
 bers ,„ imnany. Tbe .luhUnmbs' conlpimv 
 
 fl,! .subject l""«"''"lioH of irsearcle's on 
 
 Anti-toxin sn.resslullyuscl'in ' . ' ' '^'"[^'^.''l 
 
 DIPLOaiACY, the art of managing the rela- 
 tions o( foreign stat,.s by means of ambassadors 
 envoys, consals, charges d'affaires, &e.; s ee ./XJ 
 
 diplomatic .service were issued 5 Sept. 1862. 
 
 of-Pli.^^^'^^'^'^r ^"'"^ ^^liolcsale fraudulent sale 
 
 of dipbmias of M.l)., A:c., li,r 10/., by a Dr 
 
 uchanan dean of the Ameri,an rniversity of 
 
 1 hUadelphia, and others, was detecfd in 1880. He 
 
 ;, n.',i''', I:' *-'■'?''," •'>■,■'■"'""" -^"i'-We, but was eap- 
 tuied, i)rosecuted, and imprisoned. 
 
 8' 1 nee of paheograi.hy or ancient writings. Valu- 
 
 , IK. \Vaill.\ (1838), and other antuiuaries. 
 
 ' 0,''rlm'Pp'^?^^^^"'' ■"',"' PUIILICWOKSHIP 
 
 , 01. LrOI) was drawn up at the instance of the iiar- 
 
 laineiu by an assembly of divines at Westminster 
 
 , i''l<'44. ill, j;'- the supjire.ssion of the Book of Common 
 : i '''y^''-. 1 be general hints giyeii were to be man- 
 aged with discretion ; for the Directory presei ' jd 
 I no form of nraycr or manner of external worship, 
 ; and enjoineil the people to make no responses ex.eit 
 Aineu. It was aJ,.pted by the parliament of Scot- 
 land in 1645, and many of its regulations are still 
 observed by presbyterians. 
 
 byVh,?^^Pi^^\^^Y' :^\'^ I'^K^-f'". '■■^tnblished 
 fi/ A ,^ .1 \"°" ?f "'•'-^"' "'■ J^'>-"etidor, an III. 
 ^ , "?-^'''b). iiiiil nonunated i Nov., was corn- 
 Wild M*-' ""■■"'-■•\^*'-^'' f"^'"-^'"^' LefoiTnieu , 
 ! Sen ,'-.1- T"' ;!'"' Carnot). On ,8 Fruetidor 
 t, ,,.' 1 .'^" T"" '"■"■t"''s (t'arnot and liarthelemv) 
 were depo.sed, and afterwards, with other otiieials, 
 transported to Cayenne for favouring rovalty The 
 
 l^l',l^'roI?„'''!''f \" '^^"".i""'""" "-itli two chambers, 
 the Council of Ancients and Council of Five Hun- 
 dred (uhichue), till the revolution of the l8lh of 
 Itrummre (9, ,0 Nov. ,7,^,). it was dejiosed bv 
 
 a„m.,;) 'ti.",' • """ "^"'"baccresand I,el)run,n.s"- 
 first, 13 Dec. i;<)(); see Co)i.inl.i. 
 DIRECTORY, the first I.onm.ox, is said to 
 
 ''';;;. TV"""-' "l l--- The " l-ost-omce Direc- 
 toiy hrst appeared in 1800, 
 
 n' 
 
 t-'«f^ 
 
 2i 
 
 i 
 
 
 'H 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^5P 
 
 \ 
 
 1 .1 
 
 ,*r- 
 
 1 
 
 
 If- 
 
 < 1 
 
 
 
 ' 'J 
 
 ill 
 
 i 
 
DIRECTORS' LIABILITY. 
 
 32(3 DISRAELI ADMINISTRATIONS, 
 
 fit 
 
 J. . f 
 
 j. 
 
 r 
 
 Jlcssi-ti. Kelly's " Dircetnry of tlie MiTcliiiiits, Manii- 
 fiictnicrs, and Kliiiipcis of tin- Uiiitid Kinnilimi,' 
 H11.H first im'jlisliea iii 1877 ; iit I'.ist trici.iiiiiU.v, now 
 aiimiiilly. 
 
 DIRECTORS' LIABII TY Act, rdatinR 
 to prospoetiises, &c., of i)ubl;: compiinu'S, passed 
 18 Aug. l8cp. 
 
 "DISCIPLES OP CHRIST" (nlso oallcd 
 Cami'Iikllites) ,)i'ofi'ss adlieri'iioo tn l)iiiv Sci'il)- 
 tunil doctrine and practice, reject human creeiU 
 and fornuilaries, and admit to tlieir coiumunion all 
 who reco,i,'nise Clnist's obedience and death, as 
 " the oulv meritorious cause of the ainiier's accept- 
 ance witl'i God;" and are bapti/.ed (by iainiersion) 
 in liis name. 
 
 Tlic term Cimi.liellite (iri^'hmtcil tiu'oit'b their first 
 eluurli lit liriish liiiii, in Aiiierica, liaviii^- been set up 
 liva Ncotch prcslivtevi.ni preaclier froi IrehiiLil. ii.iiiie.l 
 Tlioiiiiis (Jaiiii>lK'll,'aiiil Ids sou Mcxaiiil .. la 1S12 tliey 
 renounced infant liaptisni, and hi re rdiaptizcd by ini- 
 uicisicin. Tln'ir nuniber in Anieri<'a is said to be alpont 
 600,000; and in tlic Uniti'd Kingdom, where the inove- 
 incnt lic^'au iuilepcndently and simnlfamoesly, about 
 5000. Til -y have also churches in the Uritish colonies. 
 
 DISCIPLINE, ecclesiastical, originally eon- 
 ducted spiritually according to the divine co!nmands 
 in Matt, xviii. 'lj5, 1 Cor. v., 2 T//c.s.s. iii. 6, and 
 other te.its, \vas gr.idually clianged to a temporal 
 character, as it now appears in the llotnan, Greek, 
 and otlier churches. Tlio " First ]iook of Disci- 
 pline" of the i)resbyterian church of Scotland was 
 drawn up by John Kno.\ ami four ministers in 
 Jan. I^!x)-l. The more important " Second liook " 
 was prepared with great care in 1578 by Andrc\v 
 Melville and a committee of the leading members 
 of the genera! assembly. It lays down a thoroughly 
 presbyterian form of government, defines the posi- 
 tion of the ecclesiastical and civil powers, &c. 
 
 DISCOUNT, sec under Briii/c of Eiiglcuid. 
 
 DISEASE, see rnf/whi/!/ and Oitt/i; and 
 articles on several disc ases. 
 
 DISESTABLISHMENT. See C/,>inh of 
 Ireland, 
 
 DISPENSARIES, to supply the poor with 
 medical advice atid lUedicines, began in London. 
 The Koyal General I)is])ensary, Lond jH. w.aa estab- 
 lished in St. Bartholomew'.s Close, in 1 770. It 
 relieved about 20,000 persons in 1861 ; about 17,000 
 in 1866. Western Dispensary, 1789. Garth's satiric 
 poem, "The Dispensary," published l(*f). 
 
 DISPENSATIONS, ec(desiastical, were first 
 granted by pope Innocent III. in 1200 These 
 exemptions from the discipline of the church, with 
 indulgences, absolutions, ic., led eventually to the 
 Keformation in Germany in 15 1 7. 
 
 DISPENSING POWER of tue Crowx 
 (for setting aside laws or their power) asserted by 
 some of our sovereigns, especially by Charles II. 
 (in 1672 for the relief of nonconformist:-.) and by 
 James II. principally to enable lloiuan Catholics to 
 hold civil and military «;tKces, iu 1680-8, was 
 abolished by the bill of rights, 1689. It has been 
 on certain occasions e.xercised, as i" the ease of 
 embargoes tii)on ships, the Bank Charter act, iSce. ; 
 see Indemnity. 
 
 DISRAELI ADMINISTRATIONS.* On 
 
 the resignation of the carlof Derby through ill-health, 
 
 * HeUJamin Disriicli (sun of Isaac Disraeli, anthoroftlie 
 "Curiosities of IJtcratiirc," .tc,,) born 21 Dec. 1805; 
 jmblishcd "Vivian lircy," iS.;; : M.I', for Maiilstone, 
 1837-41; Hlirewsbnry, 1841-7; Uinks, i847-|'6. Cliauccl- 
 lia" of K-xehciju "r (see hvi'l'H i''hitiin.itnithtii.-t), Kelt. 1852 
 
 23 I"eb., 1868, >[r. Disraeli reconstituU'd the niiiiis. 
 try, 21) Feb. (see Ikr/ii/ Adniiiii-Hlrntioun, III.), ^\, 
 the elections gave u largo majority to the libcnl 
 party, Mr. Disraeli's ministry resigned 2 Dec. H, 
 declined to take oHice with the then hou<e f,| 
 commons when Mr. Gladstone resigned, 12 MiircL, 
 1873, and the latter resumed office. 
 
 FlUsr ADMIMSTH.VrioN', 29 Kel). 1868. 
 First hrii nftrfusiirii, IJenJaiain Disraeli. 
 l.iinl rliiiiiirllni; IlnKh .MacCalnLont, lord Cairns. 
 hiiil jirifiili'ul of till- muiinl. ,biioi, iinl;e nt .Maill„,i..i;.; 
 /.(»/■»/ i>rh'ii fit-Ill, ,)anu's, earl of Malineslmry. 
 ,Serrrl<iri'S litiiiif, (iatliorne Hardy ;--/"/v»Oi. Rihv.wl 
 
 loril Stanley ; ~i:tth,iii(-<. Hieliani. duke of linei<iiioi,;,|,; 
 
 ami Cliandos ; imr, sir .lolui S. raliin(,doii ; /,.■,'•_ 
 
 sir Statlbrd Ili'nry Northeofc. 
 Cliinicilldr ii/c.irliniiiir, Occage Ward Ilnnt. 
 hirst Itiril u/i'iliiiiriiltii, Henry Tlioin;is I.. Cnny. 
 Clilii'riiiiiiiii.viiiiirr nj' inirl.x, hail .lolni .Maloiers. 
 I'reiiilrnt nflmitnt •,ftr:ulr, I'liarles lleluy, dnlie i.f Iii,.!;. 
 
 inond. 
 ChirJ'xirrelnriifor lr,lo»:l, liicli, I'd. earl of Mayo; \,a\, 
 
 viicrov of India, Oct. ; succec led liy col. .J. Wilsn 
 
 I'attcii, 7 Nov. 186S. 
 Prcsiilciitufi„mr-itiir laiiu'l, Win. Reginald, earl iifllevi,; 
 
 The above formed the Ciibinet. 
 PimiinitMrr-nrui'rtil, .l;inies, didie of M. intrn.se. 
 !.iirtl (irrnt rliiiiiilirrli'iii, ()rl;Malo, earl of liradl'i.lil 
 Cll'n,rcllnro/,l,i,lnii,fl.,i,i,-"sli'r, eiil. .luhn Wil.Mil. I'iift,.,,. 
 
 snee led by cni. Thus. K. Taylor. 7 N'nv. iSfiS. 
 
 /.();■</ lifiilciiinit nf Iiriailit, .lalnes, carl (;d'tel\viiri|s liiiii- 
 
 qnis) of .\bercorn, 
 Mn. l)isu.\Ki.i's I.KTTKU <if 30 Oct. 1875, to Innl f,ri>\ .1- 
 
 Wilton, severely censuring the (iliidstone niiiii<tiy ,,. 
 
 having "harassed every trade, worried eveiy |.iHfis>i..i;, 
 
 ami as.sailed or inenaccd evi'ry elass, institiiti lu, ,i;„i 
 
 sfieeies iif iiroperty in the cmuitry ;" ;iiid .ilsn si.cii;.. 
 
 that the conntiy lias "made ii|i its mind tn ,li,s,. o f. 
 
 ci;.-eer of plundering and bliimlcring ; ' was imlili.il,. ; 
 
 7 Oi't. 1873. (til •; CliidnttiiiP .idiiiiiiislrdliiin.) 
 
 SKCIIND ADMIXIKTRATION, rcCcivcil SCals, 21 Fch. 1874. 
 
 First laril tif tlip IrniHiirji, lien.iamiu Disiiadi (oarl .if 
 
 lieacnnsfield, i6 .\ng. 1876), -and Innl jiririj seel, .\if' 
 
 1876 to, Ian. 187S). 
 hnni rhininUiir, Uugli Macf.'almont, lord Cainis. 
 l.iinl prr.-iileid nf the miiniil, Charles Henry, iliike .f 
 
 Hieliirnind. 
 J.ttfil priri/ ,<.•»;, ,1,'unes. earl of Malmesbnry; rcsijainl. 
 
 12 Ang.' 1876; earl of lieaconslleld, Ang. '1876; Algti! 
 
 mm, duke of Noithnniberland, 4 I'eb. 1878. 
 .'^ivntiirji nf stnlr. fir firriijii tiffnir.i, Kdwiuil, rail nf 
 
 Derby; resigned ; — Robert, maninis of .'Sjilisharv -; 
 
 Marcii, 1878. 
 Serrilitrn nf slntr fur In.lin, Robert, ;nnri|iiis nf S.ili... 
 
 bury ; — tialhorne Hardy, created viseiamt Ct.Milirunk, 
 
 2 Ajiril, 1878. 
 .Irrrrliiri/ nf stntr fir the Volonlen, Henry, e.iil nf Oni.iv. 
 
 von ; resigned, 24 Jan. 1878; sir Slichael Ilieks-Uoa.li 
 
 4 Feb. 1878. 
 Strrrtiin/ nf stnl' fnr var, Gnthorue Ilurdv ; enl, Frnl 
 
 Arthur Htaidey, 2 April, 1878. 
 .S'd'iv'fdi;/ nfstKti' fnr huine (leimrtmciit, Hielianl .Vsslm.:. 
 
 Cross. 
 First Innl nf till- nilmirnlli/, Gcoige Ward Hunt, divl 
 
 29 ,Iulv, 1877 ; Will, neiiry fSmitli, 7 Ang. 1877. 
 Vrrsiilnil nf linnnl nf tnnlr, sir Charles Adileilov, re- 
 signed, ereafed barou Ncaton, .\pril, 1878 ;— liudlcf 
 
 Ryder, viseonnt Sand.)n. 
 Chn'nreHnr nj thr mliniuer. Sir Stalforil Xnrtlieotc. 
 I'dstinnstrr-ijriurnl, lord John .Maimers. 
 
 (Tl e abnve formed the Cabinet.) 
 
 Feb. 1858; July, 1866; installed loiil rector of Glasjim- 
 university, 19 Nov. 1873 ; created earl of lieaeniisfifH, 
 Aug. 1876; plenipotentiary at the lierlia Cmigiv.ss, 1; 
 June— 13 July, 1878; K.G. invested by the (|iiiitii, u 
 .Inly, 1878; ri'ceived freedom of I.oijilnn, 3Aiit;. i8;s; 
 ("lit the pinnacle nf ininisteriid renown; the fnvouni« 
 i>f Ills sovereign, ami the idol nf socii ty," - VViiif..', 8 An.'. 
 1S78); see J'nipli's Trihiitr ; resigned (tlu'iiugl; lilcral 
 m.ijoritv in election;,), 52 Ajiril. i83n ; luihlislml "FkIv. 
 mion," Dee., 1880; died 19 April, 1881, biiriwi at Hiipii- 
 
 eiulen ; prill f Wales and ninny present, 26 Ajiril; 
 
 monuini'nt in Westminster abbey vnted, g May, n!i, 
 Mi"S. Disraeli created viscountess Ileacnii.sfii'lil, 28 Nov. | 
 :868 ; died 15 Dcc>. 1872. 
 
 DISSECTION, 
 
DISSECTIOX. 
 
 32- 
 
 iml lieutnmnl .,/ Inkniil, Jaini's, diikr r.f \l„.n.„ni 
 r.«,^,a.a Ucc. ,876 ; Jol,„, .U.k. of MurllK/rJuKhlT;"..; 
 
 mrf fin-ilanj for hvhnul, .sir Mii'liiicl Kilwnnl Ui.-U^ 
 JaniM Linvthcr, Feb. ,878. aw i-Luitil ny 
 
 baiKloii; I'.ril (it'oiKiaiuniill,,,,, April, ,87-8: "■"-"""' 
 I hoifclhr 0/ diirhi) ('/ La,irii.sl,:r, ml Tlios K Tiivlor 
 (■.»»,|..M..mv „/ ,»,„,/., ,„„, /„,.„,,, I,,,.,, J, • i,,,,„;„x 
 
 rcsiKiieil July, .876; Uuranl Janifs Noel, .4 Any .876: 
 
 DIVING-BELL. 
 
 DISSECTION-, see ^i««/o,«y. 
 
 DISSENTERS, the modorn nuine of the 
 Pmliiiis uiKl ^oinwi/orwwts (w/iir/i .tee) In 
 1851, ui Loncloii, the luuiihcr of chi.pels, iiieetiii"- 
 liousi's, ici\, tor all cl.i.sscs of dissenters amounted 
 to more tlw" 554. (The Church of En^hind had 
 j:8; lioman Catiiolics 35.) Tlie great act (9 Geo. 
 I\:^> >,)''»■ t!iVr«l'^'f"f dissenters from civil and 
 religious disabilities was passed 9 Mav, iS-iS Bv 
 this act, called the Corporation and Test Itepeal act 
 fomiuhol the several acts of precedin-? reiiMis as 
 iiiiposiMi the necessity of receiving the sacrament of 
 the l-oi-d 8 bujiper as a qnalitication for certiin 
 offices, kc, was repealed. Jiy 6 & 7 Will. IV e «- 
 (183O), dissenters acquired the riglit of solemnisin.'- 
 iiiiimugcs at their own chapehs, or at a registrv 
 office. Another act passed in 1898; see Worslii',) 
 in Lnglaiid. -' 
 
 .Ufurials Hill to pcnjiit tlii' miuistcrs of dissenters to 
 ulticutc! at funerals in cliiircliyards sevenil times rc- 
 jirtnl ; Ml the coiiiiiions 248 to 2(4, 21 April 187=; • 
 27, to 248 3 .Maivh ,876 ; earl Gmiivillc's rusoliition' 
 111 the liirils iv.icetcil 148 to 92, 15 J|i,v 1876 
 
 Lord HiiiTowliy's ailclitioiial claii.se u\ 'the government 
 liiirials bill (peniiittiiiK dissenters to bave religious 
 services III e iiiirhyard.s), was siippoited bv the arch- 
 l.is.niw, and earn,;, aKamst (XoviMiiineiit, (127-1..,) 
 iSJiiiie: the bill wi.lidrawn, 25 .Iiiiie iS"- 
 
 Mr. tl-slienie .Moi-an's resolution for I'cform'iiiK burial 
 laws (i.f. peniiitting other services), rejected (242-227) 
 15 reb. 1S78. ^ ''' 
 
 Alt t" amend the Imiiiil laws, pennittiiiL' di.s.senters to 
 have llieir own serviiT' or no servii'e in chuivl.vuils ■ 
 l«issc,l n.ninions (258-79), 13 Aug., roval assent ' 7' 
 Scl>t. 1880. ■ ' ' 
 
 Tlio Hev. W 11. I'reiiiaiitlc havin- ],roposc,l to preach 
 »t l)r. I'arker s city temple, and the bishop of i'ondon 
 laviiis; disapproved the opinion of two counsel 
 (Mcssi-s hitzyinies Mepbeii and lieiijaniiii Shaw) 
 Mas taken, lliey deelarcl it to be illegal for the 
 tlciffiil tlieKii-lisli church to take j.art in worship 
 ot ilisseiiters, .lune, 1875. ' 
 
 Several episeoiial cleigymen take part in the dedication 
 .services of t'hnst ehiiridi (foriiieiiy Surrev ehinc.n 
 Blaokfriura, middle of Jnl.v, ,8:6. uiapu) 
 
 DISSpLYING VIEWS. Ilenrv Langdnn 
 thilJe, the alleged inventor, died i: Oct. i87j 
 aged 9?, -^ '■*' 
 
 DISTAFF (or Rock), the staft' to whidi tlax or 
 any substance to he spun is fastened. Tli" art of 
 spinning with it at the small wheel, first taught to 
 English women hy .■Vnthony Bonavi,^a, an Italian 
 *'«"'; ^\ I'lstali's or Uoek day, was formerly the 
 nrst free day a ter the Epiphany ((,th Jan.) because 
 tUe Lhnstmiis holidays were over and women's work 
 was resumed. 
 
 DISTILLATION, and the various prooesses 
 Jepeiulenton It, are believed to hi-.ve bet-n intro- 
 duce, into Europe by the Moors about lico; see 
 Alcohol, Bnmly. the distillation of siiirituous 
 liquors was ,n practice in Gient Britain in the K.th 
 iTiitury A.n'.5. The processes were improved bv 
 •to of Monfpelher in 1801. M. PayA.'s work 
 (1861) contains recent improvements. An act to 
 prevent the use of stills'^ by unlicensed per ons 
 ««s passed in 1846, i ,8 licences to distillers were 
 
 ''uJ!;';;;' lcri;^;;Lrz';;i;? ;,;;::;!:':^l,;;f; '^^°- ^y 
 
 piSTINGUISHED SEIIVICE OEDEE, 
 
 for an ly and navy ollk ers estublished 9 Mov. ; hrst 
 investiture, 17 Dec. i886. -^ ' 
 
 f, r?x^'lPH^'^« AUDITOES ACT, 42 Vict. e. 
 
 uHes ind'"' '^'''h ■"^■^"'""'"'^ ""''^ appointment, 
 duties, and paymept. ' 
 
 DISTEICT CHUECHES ACTS. By the 
 one passed in 1%^ certain new churches were con- 
 
 m e ilr °7 n' ''?M'^' '"?""■'■ ""t- I'^'^^-^J i" 'Sf-s 
 
 ,. etlw P "^ "",'"'''1" "'") ""-■ '"-■^^' l'""«l"-'» not 
 Zder I'J"/n° '° ''^'"'^ vicura,?e3. See 
 
 DITCH, see EximlitioH. 
 
 I "DIVEESIONS OF PUELEY" {- Epea 
 Ilerocnta (lying words) a collection of grinnma- 
 i«il treatises by John Home Tooko, published in 
 M6, named from the residence at I'urley, near 
 vVandsworth, Surrey. •'' 
 
 ■ DIVIDENDS OF PuiiLic Stocks. By an 
 
 ac pas.s..d I, Aug. ,809, these may be paid by post 
 
 If the recipients desire it, as railway dividends are. 
 
 DIVINATION was forbidden to the J"W8 
 
 II.I-. 1451. (Jiait. .xviii 9.) It was common among 
 
 (xxV.ainii'nT' '" '" ^^■^'■"l'^-'' ^y J^'e/cM 
 
 „„I^I^'I^:E KI^H'?,0F Kixgs, the absolute 
 and unqnalihcd claim of hereditary sovereigns to the 
 ooedience ot their subjects, a doctrine which is gene- 
 1 ally considered to be foreign to the genius of the 
 English constitution, was defended bv many persons 
 of otherwise opposite opinions, e.<,.; by J^unes I 
 bv llobbes the free-thinker (1642) by S nasi ."s 
 (1/40), by sir Kobert Kilmer (aiJout I(,5^ ,Tn his 
 Patruircfm, published in 1680, and by the IIi"h 
 Uiurehpaity generally about 1714, but opposeo oy 
 Milton (l()5 1), Algernon Sydney, and others. The 
 comte de Cliambord, the last of "the ehler branch of 
 the Bourbons, and the last consistent holder of the 
 divme right of kings, died 24 Aug. 1883. See 
 
 rillllCr, 1872, ft KT//. TO J UOO 
 
 DIVING-BELL (first mentioned, though ob- 
 scurely, by Aristotle, about 325 n.c.) was used in 
 Europe about a.d. 1509. It Is said to have been 
 used on the coast of Mull, in searching for the 
 wreck of par of the Spanish Armada, bette 'e^ 
 Halley (about 171/,) greatly i-uproved this m .ehine, 
 and wa.s it is said, the first who, hy niean^ of a 
 diving-bell, set his foot on the ground at the botiom 
 pt the sea. bmeaton made use of the divinir-hel! 
 in improving llamsgate harbour, 1779-88 Mr 
 Spalding and 11s assistants going down in a divinel 
 bell in Ireland were drowned, 1 June, 1783. Tfis 
 Moi/al hmrye nian-of-war, which was sunk off 
 lorfsmouth in 1782, was first surveyed by meansof 
 a diving-bell in May, 1817. Latt/rly it^as been 
 employed in submarine surveys and harbour works 
 •Ihe talpamanm," or sea-mole, 3 -living machine 
 for laving down torpedoes, &c.,'being a cylinder 
 provided with compressed air sufficient for two per- 
 sons for SO hours, was invented by Toselli, a 
 V<.netian and was successfully tried in the baj^ of 
 Naples, 26 Aug, 187!. JHvmq Jh-m a dose drp« 
 made by Mr Siebe about 1836; used by sir C. W 
 Dec iV" ^^ *l- Cabirol, maker 0/ one, died 
 
 Mr. Fleuss invented n helmet with n nmu".picce into 
 which he introduced enoug;i oxygen to la . Ill^ hour. 
 
PI 
 
 
 ^^^^^^^■^ 
 
 k^^B] 
 
 
 
 -* n 
 
 ^^^^^^^K 
 
 mw *• 
 
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 1 
 
 
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 H 
 
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 DIVINING ROD. 
 
 328 
 
 DOCKS OP ENGLAND. 
 
 anil tlius WHS iMiabli'il in irjiiiiiii iin.liT wiili'i- mi'VimiiI 
 hours. Ill' cxliiliiti'il liis ini'-liuil lit the l'i)lytoiliiiii^ , 
 Institution, ..niiilun, Nov. i8;.), nml at tliu Society of 
 Arts, 6 May, i88o. 
 
 DIVINING ROD (nV^w'j dhiiin, bacula- 
 
 torius), loiMH'il of \Minii or lut'tal, wiia formerly tit- ! 
 lipveil,t>ventive(Uieiileil])Prsoiis, to hiuf the property 
 of in(liciitiiif;'t)ii' position of minerals iinii springs of 
 wilier, Instniiee< were alU-jjed in 1851 by Dr. II. 
 M;iyo, in his work on " Popular Superstitions. ' 
 
 DIVINITY, see Thtolngij iind Mi/tliohiiii/. 
 
 DIVORCE was permitted 1)V the law of Moses 
 (Betit. xxiv. I), 1451 HC-, •!>'* torbiddon by Christ 
 except for umhastity {Matt. v. 31, 32). It wii." put 
 in practice bv Spu.-ius Carvilius Hw^n at Ui-'ue, 
 2Xi II. c. At this time morals were so debased that 
 
 oiled. Di- 
 
 234 - 
 
 3000 prnseeiitioii'* for adultery were enr 
 
 Vorces are of two kinds; one, « riiicii/o mittnmouii 
 
 (total divorce); the ot'.er umiiisa et tlioro (from 
 
 board and bed) . 1 Hv^ -es were attemiited to be made 
 
 of more eaav obtainment in Eiifrbind in l,S.3q. The 
 
 Judicature ."let, i87^,eon,stituted the nrobiitc, divorce, 
 
 and admiralty division of tlie High Court of Justice. 
 
 with two judges. See Supreme Court and I'rnbiili. 
 
 Bill to iiri'Vi'iit women marrying tlieir scihK'Crs 
 
 linmglit into iiavliiiiiaMit 1801 
 
 Tlic commissioncis on tlie law of divorce issui'il 
 
 tlicir first report. . . ■ , •. • Aioil, 1S57 
 
 In 1857 till''" I''"' '"'''" '" KiiK'-itiil, suice tlie He- 
 
 foniintioii, 317 ilivor'rs liy act of piirlianicnt ; ]ii 
 
 Scotliiml, liV tlic law, 174 divorces since 1846, 
 
 From tlie establisliincnt of the divorce court, to 
 
 Miiii'i, 1859, ^^ ilivmccs had licon grunted out 
 
 of 288 petitions; from Nov. 1860 to. July, 1861, 164. 
 
 By 20 t 21 Vict. 0. 8s, the.iurisiliction of the eccle- 
 
 "siastic"! ccurts respecting ili\cace, &c. , was 
 
 tliolis.. ', and the Div.irce niid .Matrimonial 
 
 Causes court institnteil, to consist of three 
 
 jiiilKCs, the .judge of the Proliate court to lie one 
 
 "(if liossilile) It 
 
 A full court sat —lord Camiilicll. chief bareii Pollock, 
 sirCresswell CresswclKJiidgc ofthe Pioliatc court) 
 when live marriages were dissolved . 10 May, 1858 
 The act, amended liy acts imsseil in consoiiuence of 
 
 the increase of the husincss of the court . 1858-60 
 
 An act resjiecting divorces in Scotland passed . . 1661 
 air C. Creaswell ilied in July ; sir James P. Wilde 
 
 (aftei-wai'ds lord yViirniicr) successor . ...cpt. 1863 
 Lord Penzance retired, Oct. ; succeeded Iiy sir James 
 Hanneii, Nov. 1872 ; sir Francis II. Jeune. 
 
 30 May, i£92 
 
 See Apjyri'l, I'rubnte ixnil Siiimme I'onit. 
 
 Tlie Divorce A:iitii(ltiieiit net passed 21 July, 1868. 
 
 Ijetweeii 1856 and 1867 1270 dissolutions of mar- 
 riage anil 213, judicial seiiarations were decreed. 
 
 Divorces 1858 87, 7321. In 1858, 200; i863, 200; 
 1878, 403; 1887, 450; 1888-93 (inclusive), 2,094; 
 188 juiliciid sfljianitions. 
 
 On appeal, the House of Lords deeiile that jiroceed- 
 iiigs niav lie taken foi divorce froii. a wile insane 
 (see Mofdaunt case, y/;»/.~', 1870) . 22 June, 
 
 Sebright ease, 1886, see Tiinh. 
 
 Divorce legalized by the h'reneh Keiuiblie ; about 
 7ooodivorces in Paris ..lone 1793-4 ; liiiiliibilcd by 
 the civil code, vet Nii)ioleon I. divorced Josephine 
 16 Uec. 1809 ; "a^raiii in'ohiliited 1816 ; again lega- 
 lized (with eondilions)byM. Nacpiet'sbill, passed 
 July; many suits instituted, Aug. 1884; 7,051 
 divorces in 
 
 Total np to end of iSSg, i5.52i. 
 
 In the United .States of .N'.A. in twenty years (1867- 
 86), there were 328,716 divorces. To clicr^k 
 divorce by reforminf; the law, the National 
 Divorce League addressed congress 
 
 Hills greatly I'aeilitjitiiif; divorce pa.ssed by the par- 
 liaments " of New (South Wales and Viclorin, 
 ictiiccl tiV the colonial oiiicc . . . . i! 
 A divorce "bill for Victmia. haxiii;.' received tlie 
 assent of the home pi\c!niiienl. the hish.ips >i| 
 Victoria forbi.l the. 1 clergy niair.viiiK .jivnrecd 
 
 .May, 
 
 1864, 23 ; 1894, iyl. 
 
 1874 
 
 1896 
 
 persons . 
 Divorees In New South Wal 
 
 1890 
 
 are 
 
 DIZIER, St. (NM:. France). «ei'c a A^i 
 wan sustained for si.\ weeks against the arniv of tlip 
 emperor Charles V., I ^44. Tlie allies licre ili leateii 
 Napoleon, 2" Jan. ami 2() March, 1814. 
 
 DOBRUDSCHA, the N.r. cornerof it ,I.;,ri,,. 
 in l8i4. the Hcene of the earlier incidents .,f t),,! 
 Kusso-Tiirkish war iirhiih hvi]. At the 1 ii.-i ui'th,. 
 war of l87"-8 it was itiveii to Houniania ui \-\. 
 change for the part of Hessarabia restored to l(u»«i;i, 
 and occupied 26 Dec. 1878. 
 
 DOCET^TS, nsectofthe I-t century, said lobave 
 held that Jesus Christ was (lod, but ihat '.i* bmiv 
 was an appearance, not a reality. 
 
 DOCKS OF ENGLAND. The foUowi, 
 
 the principal commercial docks: — 
 
 Coiiimereial Hoeks, liotherhilhe, ori^'iiiated .■ih.iut ,(-/^ 
 West India Docks cniiinieiiced 3 I'eli. i8o<i : ..|.(.|,|,,j 
 27 Auk. 1802, when the "Henry AddiiiKlon " w^.,, 
 Iiidiamaii, tirst entered them, ilccoiated witli tlw 
 colours of the dith'icnt nations of Knrope. 
 
 London Docks were .•ommenced 26 June, 1802, tml 
 opened 20 Jan. iSl ; 
 
 East India Docks commenced 1803 ; opened 4 Aii;.',,Fo« 
 
 St. Katharine's Docks began 3 .May, 1827 : ami .'rt,!],,.!, 
 Were daiiv cmploved 011 them until tliev were oinurl 
 25 Oct. 1828. " • 1 '. 
 
 Royal Victoria Docks (in Plaistow marshes) coiiiiiletoi 
 and opcneil Nov. 1855 ; K''eat eidiiigement |*i]i,jm.,| 
 July, 1876; com]iIeted and named liuyal .Ml.cit \un\i 
 by the iliike and duchess of t'oniiaiiKlit, 24 Jiin.., i;-,, 
 
 Magiiilicent docks at Liverpool and ISirkeiiluii.l em],,! 
 1810-57. 
 
 Millwall Docks, near London, oppiU'd, 14 March, .tf.g 
 
 A great tloatiiig iron dry dock, which cost 250,000/.^ was 
 hiiuiched at North Woolwich, 3 Sept." 1868;' aipl 
 towed troiii the .Medway by two ships of war, 23 Juno 
 1869, and uriived at the Bermudas (in thirty-six ilavs)' 
 30 .Inly. ' ' 
 
 The construction for floating docks for rcpairiiij; shins 
 advocated by lord lira.ssey, Jan. 1887. 
 
 Kreetion of docks at Tilbury determined on 30 .Vj,t 
 18S1 ; liegun 8 July, 1882 ; opened 17 April, i386. 
 
 New Harry docks, 7 niilcs west of I a id ill. Hiistnl cliiuiiicl 
 (which with breakwatei-, Ac., cost 8;i',<K-o/.), niiciiHJ 
 i3 July, 1889. 
 
 For the dock labourers' itiike, sei> SIril.if, 15 Aii"-ii 
 .Se|it., 1889. 
 
 The wliarlingcrs and iillicr eiii|i|iiyers .,r l.ih.nir i,.„,iv|. 
 to form a union, 4 f'eli, 1890. 
 
 The Port of Lomhiii Dncks. .vc., Assneiati.m, &i',,ii.s.i]v,. 
 to employ any men they please, 12 KiIj. igip, 
 
 The dock companies emplciy free and union lali(rar|\vitli. 
 out iiiiich resistance, 3 No\-. I't yitj. iByo. 
 
 A co-o]n iitive system working well, .\i,\., Hie., i?,-^, 
 
 licnewal of strikes; the unionists oppnsin;; tlir 1 ii,;iip>. 
 meiit of federatiiin men, see under Sliipithuj, VA,. i-:']. 
 
 The fourth annual dockers congress held at linstil; 
 Mr. Tom Mann president, n 16 )Se]il. 1893; lifih 
 congress at tirimsby, 24 May, 1894. 
 
 KOVAL DOf'K-YAnn.S. 
 
 ■\Voolwieh, an extensive one in 1509; closed i Oct iff.;, 
 
 Ueptford doek-yard founded about 1513, elnseil 31 .Manli, 
 1869. 
 
 Chatham dock-yard was founded by cpieen Elizaliplh. 
 Three grand docks eonstructed at a 'ost ef abrut 
 2.000,000/. independent of cost of convict labour, 
 1866-83. 
 
 Ports nth doek-yard established by Henry Vlll. 
 
 Plymiiiith dock, imw Devonport, about ibbg. (inatfiw 
 iiere, by which the Tiihnnn, of 74 kuiis, the /moji* 
 frigate, of 2S guns, anil immense .stores, ttfic'il.. 
 stroyed ; the relics and llgurc-hcads of the faveiirilf 
 ships of lioseawen, Hodiiey, Dnnciiii, ciiil utliiv luivai 
 heroes, wlii' h were jireserved ill a naval iiiiisdiin, 
 were also burnt; the loss was estimated at zai.oool., 
 27 Sept. 1840. Great lire, diiimige 20,000/. 8 Fell. iSSi 
 
 Sheerness dnek-ytud was built by Cliarlrs II. .-.fltr tlic 
 Insult of the Dutch, who burnt our meii-nf-war at 
 Chatliani in 1667. .\ lire occurred at Slieeriuss dotk- 
 yard, on board the I'mnpcnlufDn, 9 Oct. 1840. 
 
 Milforil-Haven doek-yard, 1790; removed tu ri'iiibrc-kc 
 in 1814. — See Hull. 
 
 D( 
 
 ijiiitlKiiiipton large yrav 
 i|imy level, 112 It. 6 in 
 jiriiieeof Wales, 3 Aiij 
 
 DOCTOR. Dock 
 [ given to Atlnmasius, 
 anil Chrysostoni in 1 
 Jerome, Atigustin, Am 
 ill the Latin church ; 1 
 titlcof doctor only was 
 M-itli distinguishing epi 
 (Aiigelieus), lionavent 
 (lellulcs (Irrefriigabili 
 Kdger Hiicon (Mirabili 
 laris), Jo.ieph Gerson 
 Dradwardine (Profundi 
 line, was a title 01' lio 
 (leftrce of doctor was eo 
 lie;, iSpttinati. Soiii 
 r.'icrring it to the time 
 .lohii de Beverley, the 
 «8 the tirst thiit obti 
 Iridge in the 8th eentui 
 
 DOCTORS' COM 
 
 jirol'essors of civil and eii 
 
 In t'cbruary, 15(18, Dr. 
 
 aixiies and niiistcr of 
 
 fuuntleJ at Cambridge 
 
 civil and canon laws), p 
 
 chapter of the diocese of 
 
 house and buildings in 
 
 I'aul's wharf, for the ace 
 
 (lllier cmirts lieing held 
 
 irived the appellation ( 
 
 The original college wa 
 
 fire of iWj<); in 1672 it 
 
 eite. After the great ti 
 
 held its courts at D.xetei 
 
 was incorporated by clia 
 
 The buildings of the Cc 
 
 included all the courts of I 
 
 admiralty, consistory, fte 
 
 .Mi'tropolitan lioiird of \V( 
 
 in April, 18(17, for the n< 
 
 some ne«- buildings wer 
 
 causes taken cognizaiu'c 
 
 divorces, bastardy, adi 
 
 mortuaries, ]irobate of wil 
 
 Cmrti, Civil Law, A:e. 
 
 Till' baildiiig in Kiii;,'litriiler 
 
 too suiall, the wills were 
 
 wiierc tbe iillice was opent 
 
 DOCTRINAIRES, 
 
 to a class uf politicians i 
 the due de I!r"^-iie and 1 
 stitutioiiul priiiei|iles, in 
 laniiarchical power, Tlie 
 l^jo under Louis-Philipj 
 1^48. The term has beei 
 to the writers in the " W'vi 
 (tstij.), lientham, Molesw 
 
 DODONA, KpiruB. 
 here, reiioHiicd for its iint 
 the siuiiid of wind in a gro 
 by the ylCtolians, 2iy n.c. 
 (iiuule, with other ndics, ' 
 ly tlie e.Kcavations of il. C 
 
 pODSON'S ACT (I 
 
 I John li. Uodsoii, and passi 
 
 t.iat v.-ites for electing me; 
 
 the universities may be rccc 
 
 I'apc'rs. The act was amen 
 
 DOG, the, was worshipp 
 I hated by the Hebrews. Tli 
 
DOCTOR. 
 
 32i) 
 
 width, 
 l>y till' 
 
 S.iiitliiini|iti'n litiw Kravii-iluck, IcuKtli 7=;o ft 
 priMci'Mt Walrs, 3 AiiK. 1895. ' 
 
 DOCTOli. Doctor of th.. CluuTh was a title 
 g,v.n Athanasius U,„il, Gr..Korv Nu.i„nzen, 
 mid thr>so.stom m tliu Uiwk cliuVcli : inid to 
 J,.romf, Aiisustni Anibrosi., aiul GrcKory thcGrui.t 
 ,n the Li.tin fluu-Hi ; suo /;,//,(-,■,. AltcVwanls the 
 titlo of doctor only was ..onlVn-cil on certain persons 
 .•illM istniKUiKlunj<eiMthets, viz. . Thomas Aquinas 
 Aiigc aus , Uonaventura (Seraphicus), Alexander 
 de Hales (Jrreirasahihs), J),„i8 Seotus (Suhtilis), 
 Kogcr liacon (Mirabihs), William Oceam (Suiku- 
 M, Joseidi CxHrson (Cliiistianissinuis), Thomas 
 llnidwarduie (Profundus), and so on. Jhitor vflhe 
 Jjiii; was a title 01 honour anioiif; the Jews ' The 
 <l,.gree of djietor was conferred in En-land, «' J(din 
 12^;, Spelmini Some give it an earlu'r date' 
 ivUTrinff It to the time of the Venerahle liede and 
 ,1,1(111 dc licverley, the former of whom, it is said 
 ns the hrst that obtained the degree at Cam-' 
 liiidgc ni the ath century. 
 
 DOCTORS' COMMON.S, the college for the 
 l-rolc.-seis of civil and canon law in the 8th Centurv ' 
 ill Fcl.niary, I5(;8, iJr. Jlenry Hervie, dean of tllj i 
 McliM and master of irmity-hall (a seminary I 
 toLiidcd at Cambridge chiellv for the stud\- of the ' 
 ,ivil ;ind canon laws), procured from the dean and 
 (haptcrut the diocese of London 11 lease of .Monfiov- 
 h,,iisc and buildings in the jiarish of St. Henet ' 
 I'aul's wharf, for the acconiniodation of the society' ' 
 other courts being held here, the whole place re- ' 
 icivcd the appellation of " Doctoils' Commons" I 
 riie oi'i'Tiiial cillege was destroyed in the gre'i ' 
 liroof l()(j(); in I0;2 it was rebuilt on the old I 
 eite. After the great fire, until 1(172, tlie soeietv i 
 held its courts at Exeter-house in the Strand ft I 
 was incorp(a-ated by charter in June, 1708 Voote 
 The buildings of the College of Advocates which 
 included all the courts of Doctors' Coninions (arches 
 ndraiiiilty, cnnsi.story, (fl-o.) were inirvhased by the 
 Metroiiolitan Board of Works, and were jmlh I "down 
 ill April, i»>7, for the new Queen Victoria Street • 
 some iieiv buildings were erected. Till iXc; the 
 causes taken cognizance of here were blasphemv 
 divorces, bast:.rdy, adultery, penance, tithes' 
 mortimrH's, probate of wills, A.-c. ; see EcchKiaxtiad 
 loiins, Civil Laiv, A;e. 
 
 Tlicl,iiil,lingiii Kiii^-litn,lcr-strcctliciii.Mmai,i,lati.,l>,i„l 
 too suiall, ,1,,. wills w,.rc „.,ao,-e,l to^.^oai;!,',' ! . 1 
 wliii-etlieollice was,,|,ciie(l 24 Oct. 1874. 
 
 DOGGETT'.S COAT AND BADOE. 
 
 are represented in the Assyrian sculptures in the 
 Jiritish .Museum. V. Shaw's " Hook of the Dog" 
 
 1770 
 
 1 866 
 
 (new edition) 1881; J. il. \V„M,'s " Dogs ol tlio 
 
 iiritish Islaud,s, (new edition), 1S78. 
 
 .Statute a;;aiiist, log stealing, ,0 (ii'o, Il'l 
 
 DoK-.ax i,„p„s,.l, ,7,j6 ; ai„l again in ,808 : ,s... a year 
 lcallsi',1 jiy.jij/., Ill . . 
 
 A.ssc.ss,,! taxi'S on ,l„ns rci,calcd, 29 .M,,,-, ;867;'an 
 •■""'"",' i-'""*!' iliit.v ef 5.,-. in,, „,«.,! „„ all ',1,,,,,,, 
 more tlian .six laontlis old, to bixin „i, , .\i„n 
 
 1807; llllTcMSIMltu 7». 6,/. . , 1 ,1 111,.' ,q,R 
 
 l.n„,loyni,.,,i „r .U.J, i„ ,|,,nviii^- carts, Ac a!!,"!^ ^ 
 ishc, 11, 1,„„ 839; in the L-|nl,.,l Ki„t;,lo,„ . ,5^4 
 
 •^7;;,';;,'/i;|'''« ''"ve i„.,.„ lormea to im,„,:v,, tiio - 
 
 /'.../ .v/,,„r.,. )„.|,i il, i,,„„i,,„ il, ,86,. s|,„,,, ,ggj ,,j 
 the A/ncidtiual Hall, the Crystal Palaee, Hoval 
 A,|ii:,iium,\\,..st„,i„.st,.r, ami otl„.r places. Ureat 
 
 ^ show at hail's („„,t, ,51),.,;. ,897. 
 
 IJOKS t,.|„p,,lal,V honiu- o,M.|l,,t, II,,lli|,;;sw,,|th- 
 
 I stirct, J,oi„i ,„, N., ,se, ; i,.|„ov,.,l to Jiatlcis,a 
 111 1B71, :!,j;.,,t 220U auiniiils havc l.cii, sleMtercl in 
 a yi'ar; a,lapt,,l for cats, 1882. 22,000 ,l.«s re. 
 (v.v,-d III ,894 ; 28,937 in 1897 ; 206,000 animals 
 1,'ceuiol .Inniif; the last myi-ais; report,.,! Oct 
 11.95 ; b acn-s piiirhasiil at lJaekUii,lg,., lor a 
 
 : .snbmhaii hoi,,,., f,,r 3,294/., .\|, ivh, ,898. 
 
 i L..tlial eliai„l„.r, ii,M.„t,.,l |,y sir li. \Va„l Uichanl. 
 
 j .son, used wh,.|, ,l,.atl, is r,.,|uin.,l. 
 
 I As a nuisame, ilojjs at lai-c niimnzzl,.,! in the 
 im.tropolis were onle,-,.,! to be .scizcl l,v tliu 
 
 :Ai;:;'';;,.tn,.,i...-st,.in«..ii,;p,,ss..,, '''!^-'''^.i^:;;;-;«^« 
 
 " " -^ .Master .M.-Ciath, an cxce.s.siv,.l,v tieet 
 
 •au.d, the pi„,.,.rty of l.oid J.uigaii, thii,.e won 
 
 tl,,. >\at,.rl,,o cap; «-„s sent for the ipiceii to .see, 
 
 I .Mar., an i ,li,.,l . 24 Dee 
 
 ' ll,.lli," the railway dog (a colh.y),l,v'niut(:ai.|,eals: " 
 colh.i-te,l above 200/. lor the railway im.ns orphan 
 
 The muzzling ,„-,lo.s in ,i,.. nn.troiK.lisiinh:;;^;'';!^ '^'^ 
 h,. p,,lie,. e,.a.s,,l, 31 |j,.,.. ,386 ; a similar onh-'r 
 loa.le 11, ,889 : c-a.s,.,!, 3, i,,.,,. ,890, n,l,i,.s having- 
 gleatl.V dlli,llilsli,.,l. Incri.a.se ot iul,i..s iv|„,i l,.,l 
 in 1895-6. .M,izzling oi,l,.|v,l tor 17 F,.|i ,■/ <,.,, 
 1896; cease,l 2 feb. ,£97 ; m.w or,l,.r, wiili siieciai 
 1..11ZZI,. 6 .\pnl, ,897. Heport .,1 committee of 
 
 ^^ 30 Ajiril, 1895, pn.si.|it,.,l K,.b. 1897, 
 -Mi.ss ,Scotti;e,"aii iiitelli-eiit collie, exhibited at 
 the Wi'stii, Ulster a,|nariiiiii . . 2^ Jiilv .Rq^ 
 
 ^^""""•'' ™"' l<'lcMee h.a-iie ; .Mr. ]). Brvaii lion! 
 
 1897 
 i8q3 
 
 see. in ... . 
 Do;; regiilatiun hill iiitro,l,'i|.,.,| '.'.". .M'areh' 
 /'M!//,V,.,»....s(noW7,<. 6./. i.ach, iS,;;)i^siu.,liiilim,ii|.iai " 
 
 .year i87i-2,pro,liic,.,l 279, 425/. ;i|,.87j.6.j^ .. 
 
 in 1876-7, 349,613/. ; in 1877-8, 372,1,99;. ; in i38i-- 
 
 342,836/.; in ,883.4, 336,665/.; 1887-8, 354,278/." 
 
 it9j-4, 466,.j8i/.; 1894-5, 446,469/. 
 .Niiiiil,er,,t ,l,igs ii|.,.|i.sed in Unit,', I Kingdom, in 
 
 1866, 445,656; in 1876, 1,362,176. 
 
 DOG-DAY ,S. The canicular or dog-days no\? 
 comnu.nce on 3 July and end II Aug ; other dates 
 
 DOCTRINAIRES, a name given since 1814 
 toachw of politicians in France (Uui/.ot, JloleT 
 the due de lii-..',-iie and otlier.s), who upheld eoii- 
 stitutioiial pniiciiiles, in oiipositioii to arbitrary 
 monarchical povyer The party came into office iii 
 1.30 under Louis-I'iiilipp,., and fell witli hini in 
 S4S. Die term has been applied in this eountrv 
 to the writers 111 the " Westminster Keview" (182/ 
 !<(»„/.), lienthani, Molesworth, and others. 
 
 DODOXA, Epirus. Tlie temple of Jupiter 
 hen., ,enowm.d for its ancient oracle, delivered by see , ana: llie Ueiioese 
 le .J uial wind 111 a grove of trees, was destroN ed Simotie lieccanegr.i i , »n 
 JJ lie Atohans, 2ly ii.c. 'llie foundations of "tlu ' ^^^ 
 
 \ eninle, with other itHcs, were dis(.overed in 
 I tiy the e.veavations of M. Carapanos. 
 
 I88j, 
 
 ,P0p,SOVS ACT (brought forward by Mr 
 j Jolmt, Uodson and passed 1 Aug. 1861) iiroyidei 
 I i,t„" ?;•'' '■''■'-•"','S mcnibers of parliament foi 
 
 '8 
 
 for 
 
 (l,o„„;, '.• """"V'^ '"^"'"ii.s 01 parliament tor 
 he universities may be reeordetl by means of polling 
 \mm. The act was amended iir 1 8()8. 
 
 lliaL^u'th"lM""''"'''"iF!'"' ''>■"■'' '''j-'-Vptians and 
 I lialed l,j the Hebrews. 'J he greyhound and mastiff 
 
 were formerly given. The rising and setting of 
 Sinus or the dog-star with the sun has been 
 ernmeously regarded as the cause of excessive 
 neat anil of coiLseciuent calamities. 
 
 DOGE or Duke : \'eniee was first governed bv 
 a doge iianied Anafesto I'aululio, or I'.ioluceio, 697- 
 I fiiin: The Genoese chose their tirst doge, 
 Munitori. 
 ' DOGGER-BANK (German Ocean). Here a 
 , fi^"",'". '.'"i' ""'i-ti^ive battle was fought between 
 he Jiritish, under admiral sir Jlyde Parker, and 
 j the Dutch, 5 Aug. 1781. 
 
 I DOGGETT'.S COAT anu BADGE. 
 
 , Ihoinas Uoggett, an eminent actor of Drury-hine 
 
 : at the hrst anniversary of the accession to the 
 
 throne of George I., , 'Aug. 1715, gave n water 
 
 man s coat and silver badge to b,. rowed for by six 
 
 young watertiieii in honour of the day, and be- 
 
 M 
 
 "f 
 
 !(»' 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 'm' 
 
 
 
 ..«! z\ ,.ii r^ 
 
 .*.:.^u.ii^ 
 
v^ 
 
 
 feil::Ji 
 
 DOIT. 
 
 330 
 
 DONKEY SHOW. 
 
 1||i 
 
 
 i ; 1 
 
 
 iff'' ■•Ml 
 
 [■? 
 
 
 ; ' 
 
 
 ^'fc 
 
 
 qucathed at liia ilcatli, in 1722, a sum of money to 
 continue the iiiatom. llowid tor 1 Aus. every year. 
 
 DOIT. The ancient silver ScDttisli pennv, ot 
 which twelve were equal to a penny sterlinK. 
 Tlie eireulation of " doyilekyns" (small Dutch 
 ooins) was prohibited by statute in 1415. 
 
 DOLLAE, the German l/uilir. Stamped 
 Spanish ilollars (value 4.«. <)(/.) were issued from 
 the Mint in .March, i;07, ''\it called in Oct. fol- 
 Inwin;;. The (hdlaris tiie principal silver com in 
 the United States of North America, value about 
 4s. liritish money. 
 
 DOLLY'S BKAE, see Jiiots, 1849. 
 
 DOM and DUOMO, seo Coloffiie and 3Iilan. 
 
 DOM-nOC or Doom-Book (Li/nr Judicial^), 
 the code of law ecmipilcd bv kins Alfred from the , 
 AVest-Saxon collection of Iiia and other sources. ] 
 Alfred ri-isned from «7I to 901 . 
 
 DOMES'-DAY BOOK or DOOM'S-DAY 
 
 [JJoiiiKS Jkihimk, H/oir] {I.iher ViiisKalmAiii/lKC), 
 a book of the general surv-y of Knj;land, com- j 
 nienoed in tlie reign of William I., I0«o (some say 1 
 1085), and completed in io,S(). It was intended to ! 
 be a register to determine the riglit in the tenure 
 of estates* ; and from it the (juestion whether lands ■ 
 be ancient demesne or not, is sometimes still de- 
 cided. 'I'lie book, formerly kept in the Chapter- 
 house of Westminster, is now in tlie Public Itecord 
 Ofiice. It consists of two V(dumes, a greater and less, 
 wherein all the counties of JMiglaiul, except North- 
 umberland, Uurhani, Westmorland, and Cumber- 
 land, are surveved. "This Uome's-day book was 
 the tax-book of kinge William." (Jniiiden The 
 taxes were levied according to this survey till 
 13 lien. VIII., Ij22, when a more accurate survey 
 was taken, called by the jjcople the New Doom's- 
 Dav-13ook. Dr.mes'-day Hook was printed in 2 
 vol's., folio, and issued" in 1783; 2 supplemental 
 vols , including an introduction by sir Henry KUis, 
 were issued in 1816. I'hoto-ziiieo-graphic copies of 
 various counties have been published since 18O1. 
 The eighth centenary of the completion of the 
 original Uooir.sday liook, celebrated in London, 
 25-29 Oct. 1886. In Sept. 1872, government ordered 
 a' return of all the owners of land in England and 
 Wales— in fact, anew Domes' -Day- liook ; the work 
 to be done by tlie Local Governnieiit lioard 
 Tlie rctiini Un- Kc'iti.iiid 1872-3, was iialilislicil Iiy go- 
 vcruaiciit, A]i!il, 1874: lor Knglaiiil and Wales (cx- 
 cbisivo of till! metropolis) in 1875 ; for Ircl.iuil, 1876. 
 " Doiuesilav liook," &c., liy prof. V. W. Maillaud, puli- 
 lisbi'il Kcli. 1897. 
 
 DOMESTIC ECONOMY, or the study of 
 food and clothing, was introduced into the govern- 
 ment educational department in 1874 1 the congresses 
 begun at Birmingham, lO July, 1877 ; and others 
 since. 
 
 DOMINGO, St., see llcujti and Domiiiicnii 
 Mepuhlic. 
 
 DOMINICA (W. Lidies), discov. d by 
 Columbus in his second vovage, on Sunday, 3 Nov. 
 1493 It was taken by the liritish in 1761, and 
 contirmed to them by the peace of Paris, Feb. 1 763. 
 The French took Dominica in 1778, but restored it 
 at the subsequent peace in 1 783. Their admiral 
 Villeneuve inetl'cctually attacked it in 1805. It 
 suffered great damage by a hiirricane in i8n6, and 
 also 4-5 Sept. 1883. Failing prosperity; changes 
 in the administration to he made, reported 5 Oct. 
 
 *Sir Martin Wright says, "to discover the iiuaiitity of 
 every man's fee, and to tlx liislioiiiiige,"/.f., tliciiucstion 
 of military ai<l lie was tioiiiiil to fiirnisli. 
 
 l8()4; imperial assistance accepted, ,Iulv, \%,s 
 Population, 1881, 28,211; 1891, 20,84!. ,s,, 
 Lanranl Lshn. 
 
 DOMINICAL LETTER, noting the Lon! . 
 day, or Sunday. The seven days of tie wirk 
 reckoned 11s beginning on the i ,lan. tc ,'i.<i^.' 
 iiated by the Hrsf seven letters of th- alpli;il«"t 
 A (I Jan.), II, C, 1), K, F, G ; and the one nf tl,,,.'. 
 which denotes Sunday is the Dominical letter, h 
 the year begin on Sunday, \ is the Domini:,; 
 letter; if on .Monday, G ; on Tuesday, F; anj .„ 
 on. Generallv to lin-1 the Dominic'al lettir .;,ii 
 New "Year's Jay A, the next li, and go on !),., 
 until you come to the first Sunday, and the , -I'lr 
 that answers to it is the Dominical letter; in I,,,, 
 years count two letters. The letters for iSiij V- 
 ■i8i)4, G; 1895, '■'; i8(/,, K D; 1897, C; iS.,,s. |i;' 
 1899, .-V ; I9<x), G. The letter or its number 'titiuv 
 of 1 for A, ifec.) used in ancient charters. 
 
 DOMINICALS. See Exeter, 
 
 DOMINICAN EErUBLIC <a- .San lm„,i„. 
 go, formerly the Spanish part of the islnml .f 
 llayti, the oldest Fairopean settlement, Icniiic!i-,| ;,, 
 1494, by liartoloineo Columbus. The capitiil. S;ii, 
 Domingo, contains thi' cathedral and t nliiiiiini,', 
 residence. See Jliii/ti, 1844, ft ner/. I'lipulatin, 
 1^87, ^04,000; 1891 (estimated), 3^0,000. l'iv,|.' 
 dent, Clises lleureaux, 20 July, 1886. 
 
 DOMINICANS, formerly a powerful ielijrii« 
 order (called in France, Jacobins, and in Kn-hm,;, 
 Black fridi-n), founded to put down the Allii;;eiiic.' 
 and other heretics by St. Dominie, apinoviil iv 
 Innocent III. in 1215, and confirmed by Ibniuiii,, 
 III. in 1216, under St. .\ugustin's rules anil ih, 
 founder's particular constitution. In 127'! •.\:^ 
 corporation of London gave the Dominicans iw,, 
 streets near the Thames, where they eivcteii a 
 large convent, whence that part is "still ciillij 
 lilaekfriars. A Dmniiiicaii establishment iit Havcr- 
 stock hill, near London, was consecrated 10 Oct 
 1867. 
 
 DOMINION OF C AX ADA, see Gimda. 
 DOMINOES, " a sport imported fnmi Frinit 
 a few years back." Stnitt'.t tSiiorts, 1801. 
 
 DONATISTS, an ancient strict sect, forimj 
 .ibout 313-318, by an African bishop, Douiitus, \iIk. 
 '.vas jealous of Ca'cilian, bishop of Curtilage: it 
 became extinct in the "th century. The Uunatis!. 
 held that the Father was ali..\c the Son, ami ihr 
 Son above the Holy Ghost. Their disciplini' «■,. 
 severe, and those who joined thciii weie 1,- 
 baptized. 
 
 DONAUWEETH (liavaria). Here Ik 
 French and liavarians were defeated by the Juke .t 
 Marlborough, after a severe eonllict, 2 Julv, 1704 
 
 DONCASTER (Yorkshire), the Roiiiin 
 Diiiium, the Saxon Dniine ceantre. The nioi's lure 
 (held annually in September) began about i;o3; 
 see I'neea. Iloyal Agricultural Society met liiTf 
 22-26 June, iSg'l. Population, 18S1, 2i,i3o; i^iji. 
 25,9^6. 
 
 DONGOLA, a town on the Nile, 750 miles S. 
 of Cairo, subject to Egypt. See Soiiiian. \%% 
 1885, 1896. 'I'he town and province re-conqiifrftl 
 for Kgypt by sir II. H. Kitchener in the raiiip;ii;n 
 of 189(1. New Dongnla rapidly built ami fortiW. 
 reported 19 Nov. 1896; reported |)rospcroiis bysir 
 H. il. Kitchener, 17 Jan. 1897. liovenirarai 
 organized. Population, about 36,cxx), March, 180;. 
 
 DONKEY SHOW. An exhibition of donkeys 
 and mules belonging to the upper and lower ete 
 took place at the Agricultural Hall, Islington, (» 
 
 DON 
 
 .\u(t. 1864 ; and sine 
 Palace, Aug. 1887. 
 
 DON QUIXOTE 
 
 Cervantes fborn 1547 ; 
 (if this 'vork appeared 
 in 1608. It is said tha 
 the firs! part were circi 
 printed. Watts. Fir 
 Tho9. 8helton, was pub 
 
 DOOM'S-DAY B( 
 
 DORADO, see Xl u 
 
 DORCHESTER 
 
 liiOifipric. founded abi 
 liirinus, the apostle of I] 
 was succeeded in (ijo 
 Sir wna divided by the 1 
 with Agilbert, and Wini 
 ill 600 obtained the wh 
 TO! revived about 704. 
 (ie Fcscliiimp removed ti 
 
 DORCHESTER 
 
 lliiriiuviirid, the Saxc 
 found reniains of a Koni 
 (amp. Here Jefferies 
 (after Monmouth's rebe 
 (Siitemcnt was caused 
 cheater being sentenced 
 l!lu, for administering 
 1881,7,567; 1891, 7,94( 
 
 DORIANS, Greeks, 
 Torus, son of Hellen ; f 
 the Dorians, named Her 
 is dated 1104 11. c. Tin 
 To them we owe the Doi 
 of the five orders. 
 
 DORKING, Sune.1 
 manor buying been giv( 
 Filzwanen. Animsginai 
 t!ie Gemiiiii invaders totf 
 i-i the subject of a ele 
 ?en.sirGeorgeChc.sney,i 
 May, 1871. It provoke 
 eaiised tlie publication of 
 lation, 1881, 6.328 ; 1891 
 
 DORMANS (N. E. : 
 
 and their allies, under 
 defeated by the duke of G 
 
 DOET, or DOKDRE 
 Holland. Here hapjieiK 
 .Mouse in 142 1, througl 
 dykes. In the territory o 
 perished ; anil more than 
 Friesland, and in Zealai 
 the thirteen provinces w 
 when "William Prince of 
 holder. A Protestant sy 
 1618, to 2; May 1619; to 
 from England, and from 
 Europe, to settle the difl'er 
 of Luther, Calvin, and A 
 points of justification nnt 
 denined the tenets of Ann 
 2i934. 
 
 , DORYLJEIIM (PI 
 furiiish sultan ot Iconiun 
 defence of Nica;n his capit; 
 great loss by the crusaderi 
 
 DOTEREL, H.M.S., 
 20 April, 1881. Seeunde 
 
m \ g 
 
 DON QUIXOTE. 
 
 331 
 
 DOVER, 
 
 Olio lit tliL' People's 
 
 Aujf. 1864; and since. 
 I'liliicp, Auj^'. 18H7. 
 
 DON QUIXt)TE, bv S.mvedm Miguel de 
 CiTViintes (born 154;; died i()i()). llie Hi-nt part 
 „l' this 'vorli nppi'ared in 11.05, "'"1 'be second part 
 ill 1608. It in said that upwards of i2,ocx) enpicN of 
 llipBrs! pnrt were cireiilated liefore tlie second was 
 printed. ;/V«,v. First Kn^lish truiisbttion, by 
 Tlios. Shelton, was publislied in 1612. 
 
 DOOM'S-DAY BOOK, see Lomc'a.dai/ Book. 
 DORADO, see 1:1 Dorado. 
 
 DOliCHESTER (Oxfordshire) was once a 
 liisliopric, founded about (»,(,. Tin,' tirst bislioii 
 lliriniis, tlie apostle of the West Sn.\on.< (w/iich xir), 
 was succeeded in 650 by Aftilhert. In (159 the 
 w Wiis divided by the kin^. Dorchester reiiiaiiied 
 with .-ifjilbert, and AVina, estiiblished at Winchester, 
 ill (jOO obtained tlie ■vlioh'. 'J'lie see of Doreliesler 
 was revived about 7(u. Inio^a tlie bishop Keniigius i 
 (ii'Fcsihiiinp removed the see to Lincoln. i 
 
 DORCHESTEE (Dorsetshire), the Roman 
 IliiriioivrKi, the Saxon Jlornrea.tter. Hero iiri' 
 found reiiiiiins of a Koniiin theatre and of a liritish 
 camp. Here Jell'eries held his "hloody assize" 
 (after Moumouth'a rebellion) 3 Seiit. id.Sj. Jlnch 
 isiitemcnt was caused by six labourers" of l)or- 
 clie4er being sentenced to'ir.inspoitation 17 JIarch, 
 1814, for adniinisterinji: illegal oatlis. ropuhition! 
 1881,7,567; uSf)i, 7,946. 
 
 DORIANS, Greeks, who claimed descent from 
 Doius, son of Hidlen ; see Greece. Tlie return of 
 the Dorians, named Heraelida-, to the I'eloponnesus 
 is dated 1104 II. c. Tlie^v sent out many colonics. 
 To them we owe the Done architecture, the second 
 of the live orders. 
 
 DORKING, Surrey, an ancient town ; tlie 
 manor having been given by the Conqueror to curl 
 }'i!zwan-en. Animaginary battle of Dorkiiivin which 
 tile Gerniim invaders totally detent the Hritish armv 
 is the subject of a clever article, attributed to 
 gcn.sirGeorge Chesney, in Dliickwood'siMiigaziue for 
 May, 1871. It provoked much controversy, and 
 caused tlie publication of several pamphlets. " Popu- 
 lation, i8iSi, 6.32H ; 1891, 7,132. 
 
 DORMANS (N. E. Frame). The Huguenots 
 ami their allies, under Montmorency, were here 
 defeated by the duke of Guise, 10 Oct. "1575. 
 
 DORT, or DoitBREClIT, an ancient town in 
 Holland. Here hajipened an inundiition of the 
 Meuse in 1421, through the breaking down of the 
 dyl;es. In the territoiT of Dordrecht 10,000 persons 
 perished; and more than loo,(X)0 round Dollart, in 
 Friesland, and in Zealand. The independence of 
 the thirteen provinces was declared liere in 1 1:72, 
 when William Prince of Orange was made stadt- 
 holder. A Protestant synod sat at Dort 13 Nov. 
 I()l8, to 2; May iCtg; to wliich deimties were sent 
 from England, and from the reformed churclies in 
 Europe, to settle the diflcrencc between the doctrines 
 of Luther, Calvin, and Arniinius, principally upon 
 pomtaof justification and grace. This svno'd con- 
 demned the tenets of Arniinius. Population, i8qo 
 2,934. ^' 
 
 DORYL^UM (Phrvgin). Soliman, the 
 
 luikish sultan ot Iconiiim, liavi'ng retired from the 
 
 . defence of Niea)a Iiis caiiital, was liere defeated with 
 
 great loss by the crusiulers i July, 1097. Micliaud. 
 
 ■,?^'^?W^' ^■^^•^•' destroyed bv explosion, 
 2O.V1I, 1881, See under Artcv, 
 
 DOUAY (N. France), the Roman Diiaeum, was. 
 taken troiii the Flemings liv Philip the Fair in 
 1297; i-cstored bv Charles V, ill 13(18. It reverted 
 to bpaiii, from wliich it was taken by I.ouis XIV. in. 
 ;(*:. It was captured bv the duke of .Marlborougil 
 111 June, 1710; and retaken bv the French 8 Sept. 
 
 /."'.?• ,•.'.'" ,'.""■" Ki^'^'« its niiiiii' to the Roniun, 
 Catholic jMighsh version of the Itible authorised by 
 the pope, the text being explained bv notes of 
 Komaii divines. The Old Testament was imblished 
 by the English college at Douav in 1(09; the New 
 had been published at Kheiuisin 1582. The English 
 college lor Roman Catholics was founded in k(,8 by 
 W illnini Allen, afterwards cardinal. Jhild. 
 
 T POUIIO, a river (separating Spain and Portu- 
 gal), winch, after a doperatc struggle betweeiv 
 Wellington's advanced guard under Hill, and the 
 i'reiicli under Soult, was siiceessfullv crossed by the 
 former on 12 May, 1809, So sudden' was the n'love- 
 ment, that AVellingt(,n at 4 o'clock sat down to the 
 dinner prepared fur the French general. Alison. 
 
 DOVEK (Kent), the Roman Dubris. Near 
 here Julius Ca'sar is said to have tirst landed in 
 England, 2() Aug., 55 ,..c., and its original castle to 
 have been built bv him .soiui alter; but this is 
 disputed. 'Ihe works were strengthened bv Alfred 
 and succeeding kings, and rebuilt bv Henrv IE 
 ihe earliest named constable i.s Leo])oirius de liertie 
 m the reign of Eflielicd IE, followi'd bv eurl 
 Godwin, Odo the brother of "William I., &"c. In 
 
 I modern times, this office, and that of warden of the 
 Ciniiue Ports, have been fre(|uentlv conferred on 
 the prune minister for the time bcnig,— c. ,/., lord 
 Aorth, Mr. Pitt, lord Liverpool, and the duke of 
 
 , « ellington. The earl of Dalliousie, late govenior- 
 geiieral for India, aiipointed in Jan. 1853, died 19 
 Dec. i8()0. Lord I'alnieiston, ajipointed constable 
 March, 18O1, died 18 Oct. l8(,i;. Earl tiranviUe 
 appointed Dec. 1861;, died ^i MaVdi, 1891. AV H 
 Smith, appointed May, died (j Oct. 1891. The 
 niarcima of Dufferin and Ava, about 4 Nov. 1891 
 See Tiimicls. Population, 1881, 30,270; 1891, 
 
 Tlic iiriory was coiiuii-iiccd by arcliblslioii Coibovl 
 
 or (Jorboi..., about ..... 
 At Hover, kiim ,)oliu resigued Ids kingdom t.i Piiii'- 
 
 dolf, tlie pope's legate . . . ,j Mav, 
 
 llie pier prrv|cctcil by nciirv A'lir. . 
 
 Cliailes II. liinilcd lieic from bis exile 2O Mav' i6fo 
 
 luniuitous secret treaty witli France signed licie 
 
 The foot barrucks burnt by accident , 30 July' \i,Z. 
 Adiiuialty picrcoaiiiieiieed . . . ,8jI 
 
 liiuhvay to Loiiilou opened ... 7 Keb' 
 A .siibiuarine telegraph laid down between iJover " 
 
 au.l Calais by liiett .... 28 \\v ,8w 
 A telegraph lictweeu Dover and C,.!i:is opi'nciT, 
 
 Part of the cliff fell, 27 Nov. ,8.0 ; and ',3 J,",T" Jgf ' 
 
 haster volunteer review licie . . 22 Anril ' 
 
 Sutl'ragan bisliop, Kilwaid I'arrv, I) n. 
 
 [lover College iimugiuateil liv eiirl Granville j Oct' 
 
 Dover and Deal railway begun bv earl Granville' 
 2q,Iuue, 1878; opened . . ". . .Inue! ,881 
 
 New luuiiicijial laiildiugs and park opeueil 14 ,Julv 18S- 
 
 CoabtieM discovered under tbe clitls, 15 FcbT ,8no' 
 the culliery Hooded, 8 dcatbs . . 6 March' .Sor 
 
 Construction of a new harbour proiiosed bv the 
 aduuralty, Oct. 1890; first .stiuie of new works 
 liiid by the prince of Wales . . 20 ,July, iSqi 
 
 Discovery of closed-up eaves and pa.ssages, under 
 tlie east (ditr; closed up again . ciirlv March i^ni 
 
 Mr. \V. V. Hiiiilb laeseut.s to tlie nation tlie vain- ' 
 able relics of William Pitt, tlie duke of Wellington 
 and other lonl wardens, wbieb had become the 
 Iiroperty of bis late father, Mr. W. H. Smith, and 
 wlucb w.'ie preserved in Waliuer Castle . Anril ,Rn> 
 New pier opened „ Vlav' i8of 
 
 Discovery of great water sja-iiigs . . ,, Hep't! ,896; 
 
 1130- 
 
 213 
 '533 
 
 1867- 
 1870- 
 .87. 
 
 ' ■ 'W: 
 
 'y*^*^' 
 
 * - 1 
 
 »• 'I 
 
 
 •I i 
 
 ,,„i*i«K' 
 
DOWEU. 
 
 3a2 
 
 DHAMA. 
 
 li) 
 
 I'lirtH of Sliiiki'itiifiiii''!! clill li'll, s, Kfli. liQT, 
 
 i'im«t-wiuinl <t«tiiiii ri'liujvi^il, B Kfl). ; iiHiii' li'll 
 
 y MiucI), 1897 
 Fill' lit till' riistli', 0111' wiiiK tsuttfil . . 14 lli'c. „ 
 
 DOWEHitlii'KirtKof iihiislmiidtoii wife licforc 
 limiriuKt' ((ifiir.sh .\.\.\iv. 12). 'I'lif puitiim ot 
 11 iimn'.s l:iii,ls iir ti'iii'iiii'iits wliiili liis wilr ini'iyn 
 frr HI,' ill •!■ lirr li\iHl)iillir« ilriitll. Ily tllc law t>( 
 .kill}; Kiliiiuiiil, a wiilnw was I'liti'li'il to a mou'ty ot 
 lii'i lnisliiiiurx liimls i.i' tc'iicnii'iitH tor lirr lili , ')4l. 
 Till' wiilowH of tniitors hut not tlioso of fclonn, art' 
 doburnd thcii- dmvi'i- liv Htatutc 5 Kihv. VI. 1551. 
 By tliL' Dowi'i- net pa^st'i'l in iSi^, tlio |iowt'r of the 
 ■vife over her dowi r was imich diiiiinished. 
 
 DOWN (N.K- Iii'laiiil). An iinciunt soc, first 
 bislinp St. C'ailan, in 4')'). At tlio Inslaneo of 
 John dc Coiircy, tlic niniiiicror of I Istcr, the cutho- 
 dral, consc'crati'd to the 'I riiiitv, was re-ili'ilicated to 
 St. I'.itriik about I iK^ The si'imlohri' of St. I'litnnk 
 (buried liori' in 493, in tlie abbey of Saul, founded 
 •bv liinihi'lf) brou^'lil this plaeo into jjivat reiiule. 
 'I'lie see w;,s united with that of Connor in 144 1 
 .(see Cumior) ; and tlie see of Droniore was united to 
 iboth bvthe Irish Cliurih Teiii|inriililies net, ,5 & 4 
 Will. IV. e. j;, Aug. 14, i.\i3- 'l'"' '■iilhedriil ot 
 Downpatriek was ilestmyed by lord <irey, lord 
 (lejiutv of Ireland; for this and other eriines ho wils 
 linipeiielied and beheaded in 1541. Iktitmii. 
 
 DOAVNK, see Sdvat lldlllis, 1(152-3. 
 
 DKACO'S LAWS (enaeted by him when 
 .niThon of Athens, (j2I ii.c), on aeeount of thtur 
 ■Kevtrity, were said to be written in lilood. Idleness 
 was punished as severely as murder. This code was 
 set aside by Solon's, 51)4 n. ^■ 
 
 DKAFTS (or eheciues). In 1856, drafts erossed 
 with a banker's name were made jiayable only to or 
 throu^ll the same banker. This ait was jiasstti in 
 oouseiiuenee of a deii^i.m to the (outrary in the 
 case of C'arlon v. Ireland, 12 Dee., iX^y In lK5>^ 
 the cro.ssins; v as made a material part of a iheque, 
 but bankers are not held responsilile when the 
 ■eros-inf; (hies not phiinlv ajipear, and a penny stamp 
 was ordered to be nIHxed to drafts on bankers, eoni- 
 meneinp 25 May. In tlie ease of Simnionds i\ Taylor, 
 May, 1858, if "had been decided that the emssing 
 ■foriiied no part of the draft. The erossini; had been 
 ■erased, and the money pitid to the holder of the 
 draft, who had stolen it. 
 Till! '• Vhriiui'-liiiii}," estalilislied for issuiiit; drafts for 
 
 liiiiiteit aiiiiiiuits, opened 23 .liily, 1873. 
 Tlie lill^nlellt ot a stolen dnift eiosseil on one banker 
 
 anil pVesenteil liv niiotlier liaiikerileelared legal ; Sinitli 
 
 V. Uiiiim Hank of London : verdict for deleiidants, 29 
 
 Nov. 1S75. 
 ■C'roH.sed Cliei|Ues aet jiasseil, Auj;. 15, 1876. 
 
 DEAGONNADES. The tiene perseeution of 
 the Protestants in the reis,'n ot Louis A.l\. by 
 
 •dragoons, bv the minister Louvois, 1084, was con- 
 summated I)\ the revoeation of Henry IV. 's edict 
 of Nantes, 22 Oct. 1685, which drove 50,1x10 families 
 
 from France. l)uruy. 
 
 DEAGOON. A eavalrv soldier with infantry 
 arms; the name is of doubtful orifjiii, the Roniaii 
 DruvuiKirn were lioise soldiers, who bore draiions 
 for ensigns. Charles de Cosse, Jlar.shalof lirisae, 
 instituted French dragoons about Kxxj. The oldest 
 llritiah regiment, the Scots Greys, was enrolled in 
 1683. 
 DEAINAGE of LaXU. in England, is of 
 
 ■early date— remains of liritish works being still 
 
 •extant in the Fens district. Cornelius Vermuyden, 
 the Dutch engineer, was invited to Kngland in 1621, 
 
 iind amidst nuich opposition, he and his successors 
 
 drained the districts termed the Orcilt Level.; (,.„ 
 Ltrels. In the present century great [iroirn.. ],. 
 been made in drainage. In l8()l was )iii..eil ■ .m 
 net to aniiiid the laws relative to the drainii^e ,,| 
 land for iignciiltural purposes;" see ISiti'im. 
 
 DRAKE'S CIIUTMNAVIOATIOX. Sr 
 
 Francis l)riike sailed li 'in Falio<iiith 13 Uci. ii;--^ 
 cireuninavigiiteil the globe, and returned to LiikIi'iJiI 
 lifter many jierils, 3 Nov. 1580. lie was vii c-nlinr,, 
 under lord llowarif, high ii'dniiralof Knglaiiil, in •] ,. 
 contlict with the Spiiiiish .'Vrniada, I<) July, '^w 
 He died at I'ananiri, 28 Jan. IS'/), diiriii, ,11 
 i e.ipedilion a;;ainst the Spaniards 
 
 DEA^rV, both tragedy and comedy, oriL'iiia!,,! 
 with the (.reeks, rudinientiiry forms beiiiu ;;ni.!;,. 
 ally combined with the iierioilical choral p(il..im. 
 iinces in honour of the gods, the stories !« in_. 
 derived from sacred legends. ^ The eaily (i;i(, ^ 
 given below :11c dmil tlul. See Tlniilii. 
 Tlic first conic. I\ |icifuriiii'il at vl(/o^".», liy Hiisaii'ui 
 
 anil Doliiii, oil a iiiovalilc scallolil alioiit B. e, sErjiirr'j 
 
 Tlic clioriis introiluci'il ;,^ 
 
 Tiiineiiv liist rcprcM'iilcd at .\lliciis by Tlicspis, nu 
 
 a WM^(;oii(.-l'""'''''"" Mi'rhl,.-) .... ,-. 
 Tlics|iis of Iciiria pcrloiiiicil at .\tbclis " .Mcstls," " 
 
 iiml wiis rcwiirilcil witli iiKoiit ((n'ffiis). I'liini . „ 
 
 (;HK1:K llKAMA.- /'i"i/i'i/,i/.' .KscliylllS, illtlii.lllci'.i 
 
 tiiloKies (sets III' i plays), with iiiiily of tiiiir ami 
 place, si'veriil actnis. scenery ami ntlicr iiniaovc. 
 iiielits ; wiiite 70 trancilii's, 7 I'xtiiut ; /m"., 
 
 Ailinilril ,1, /■.'■./"7/lriK, &c. . . Ii.c. ;J5-4:.i 
 
 Sopbocles, Iiit,'lily iiioiiil, wrote ni travcilli's ; 
 
 uliout 81 leprcsi'iiteil, 7 extant ; .!l.^l)..■... 
 
 ly-.V/i/iirs 7','00"i"'-i, A:e. . . . ii.e. 4.,:.^,^ 
 
 Kuripiiles, lower iiiorul tone and other cliaii^ics ;' 
 
 wiotc 73 or 9= Jibiys ; iS extant : Alasli", .l/niic, 
 
 llriiihn,' liilmi, niii, iiir^ti!', &i: . . ii.e. 4&>4,, 
 luiiiiili' : Aristopliaiies, a strong conservative. i'\. 
 
 liiliii"il llie ciiiiiiiiou lite mill ]iijlitics ul' .MIicik, 
 
 ami saliiizi'il tlie sophists ; wrule ^4 plays, n ex. 
 
 taut; llir K,n;ilih,< IiuhIh, ires/'x, ;;i/W-, ''.»(>, \c. 
 
 1I.I-. aljuul444- :) 
 t.'ratiniis : 21 cnnieilics, only fragiiiciits cxiimi 
 
 H.C. si,-4;j 
 .Meiiaiiiler, K|iieuiean moralist ; aliove too I'oiiii!' 
 
 dies, only liagioenls extant 
 
 11 c. 34;-;;i 
 
 Aiiaxaiidr' les, wrote many eoiiiedies aiiprovcil Cv 
 
 AristotU . iliiiil n.i^ 
 
 (Actcil ill (iieekat t' liriilgc ; ".Sganiciiiii.'ii " 
 
 ot.Ksili\liisaiiil" .Vi:ix"orSoplioclcs, .Nnv. 1S82; 
 " Minis" of Aristopliiincs, 28 .Nov. 1881. Tlii' 
 " Eiiii'cniilcs" ot .Kscliylus i lice." 1E85; 
 " (KdipusTyninnns "lifSoplioclcs, 22 Xnv. 1887; 
 " Ion ' of Kuripiiles, 25 Nov. 1890 ; " Tin' l''r").'s" 
 of .\rislnpliaiii's at 'Ixloril, alioiit 24 Kili. 1S52; 
 "Tlie Kninlils," 24 Ki'li. 1897; "Iplii^:! Mill ill 
 Tauiis" of Euripi'lcs, at Caiiilaiilgc, 30 .\"V. -5 
 Dec. 1894; "Tlie\Vas|is" of Alistopluilh-, 19 
 Nov. 1897; .Mr. T"illniiitcr's " Hclinii in I mas, ' 
 written in Knglisli.aml siieeessfully pcirniMn'iliii 
 the (iicck style al Ileiigler's elreiis iiciir (IxfiiHl 
 Street, W., 17 May, 1886.] 
 
 Lati.n lliUMA, derived from the Oreek. 
 
 l.iviiis Aiiilioiiiens, a treed deck slave of Tiiri'ii' 
 tiiiii, wrote Latin ilraiiias ; of 14 the till. is iiml 
 IrHgiiieiits have lieiii preserveil ; bis lir.1l piny 
 iieteil at Koine alioiit .... ii.c. ; 
 
 T. .Macciiis I'lauliis wrote alioiit 1 50 plays; 20 ex- 
 tant ; .U'/'S Tiiiiiiiii^iiiit, &C. ; very liHtioial ami 
 popular, about H.r. .'54-1 
 
 V. Tereiitiiis or Terence, a freed slave, eiliicatwl liy 
 Ilia master, ti-anslateil 108 of .MeiiiiiiiliTs coiiii'- 
 ilies, and imitaleil tlieiu ; 6 of liis own coiiii'iiirs 
 extant: Ail'hii', Un-ljm, llriivtiin-tUiiiumiinima, 
 (tliB self-tormentor) Kk 11 11 vims, fliiumin, AihljU 
 
 B.C. I5j-I;) I 
 
 L. Anno-ns .Seneca, the ]iliilo.so]ilier, wrote 10 
 tl-a^.-r-lies: llij.,ii.h:fu<, llnllpux, Mnlu!. Aip::ffi!- 
 (ooi, &e. ; killeil by Xero . . . ■»■!'. fj 
 
 The liigb-class drama declined niidei the I'lniKTors 
 till itsextiiicliiiii, when it had ili't;eiii'niteil into 
 gloss butl'ooiiery 
 
 Dl 
 
 .ilaliii play of rhiiiliM or 
 furiiii'l at We.ilininstH 
 with the slaliite otiinei' 
 
 lliO MIlliKIlM ntl-lMA, KXo 
 vi'liipi'd IVolil the servic 
 i.'tli iiiiii 1 itb ceiiini-ir 
 firm ofniiiacleor iiiy.sli 
 i.ihli' history and le^'einh 
 iiri«iiiiilly peifoiiii.'.l in , 
 liiiiiarkot-placi's ami opi 
 Cliester ami other iiivs 
 SliaksjiearB .Sociiitv, in 
 ;.M;/.oe/, i3g7. .lohn .SI 
 .\t)ralilicsMl)oiit rji"); \ 
 li-i;;i'ilv of (iiirlioiliif II 
 Tlii.!i. Hackville ami Tlio 
 ,lii|iii HcywiKiil . 
 
 i:ie iliniiia iiatroiilznil by 1 
 smarts . . . ' . 
 
 ,«eii article .s7ei/,^;irio^i''« fin 
 
 ji .. nii/i's',1 ,• Hubert (irceii 
 jilier .Marlowe, 1564-9}; 
 i6iii ; Ui'ii .loiison, 1 157 
 tiinnt, 1386-1616 ; ilohii 
 l'liili|i .Vlassinger, 1584-1 
 1631); sir \Viii, iJaveiiaiit, 
 iW-74' 
 
 I'lie I'liritaiis romleiiiniMl t 
 ]iulillHlinl his "llistrio- 
 .souiir^'i', " 16 )j. The thf 
 ciiiiiiiioiiwealth 
 
 lii,',:i"li.'t»: .loliii Drvilen, 
 t'-'i*, 16,16-1689; Tlios, .*■ 
 WjchBriey, 1640 ('0-1715 
 Xat bee, 1655-92; Thos. 
 Mrs. Sasaiiiiah Ceiitiivr 
 Cuiiiirioe, 1670-1729 : Col 
 sir .loliii Viiiibru^jh, 1672 ( 
 1678-1707; Nicholas Hon 
 
 Df, JiTciiiy I'ollii.^r publish 
 tlielininurality ami I'loh 
 Stiifi)" .... 
 
 J}<vm'itinl.< : Henry Klelilini 
 riok, 1716-79; 8. Foote, 
 sinitli, 1728-74 ; UicliariK 
 R, H. Shi'iiilan, 1751 1S16 
 1831 ; J. 'Siheriilan Kmo 
 B.vrim, 1788-1824; Kihvari 
 1306-73; All'reil, lorilTeiii 
 Talfoiml, 1827 ('0-62; T. V 
 
 Act for tliii revision of pi 
 ttaii ineviiiiis to iierforioi 
 
 Antlinrs' Dranaitic Copyrij; 
 Will. IV. c. 15 to June, i8j 
 iJiily .... 
 
 School of ilraiiiatic art, Arg' 
 opeiieil . 
 
 .See rAi'iii 
 
 FiitxcH riRAMA.— Ailaiii ile 1 
 wiiiiiateil tlio comic opeiii 
 :nM lliH iiioilern coiiieily in 
 li I'i'iiillie," 
 
 Chronical plays ami Moraliti 
 
 j At the llcnaissniico frencli t 
 rather tli.iii the (ireek ji 
 inliiieiic&l Ijytholtiiliaiuiii 
 
 j St'-'iihi'iiJuilelle, 1532-73: Pai 
 .1. li. PmpiBlin, aft. .Moli, 
 Crcliillnii, 1674-1762; I'eti 
 Jean liaciim, 1639-99; I"'- J 
 1694-1778; All'reil ilo Mm 
 hcribo, 1791-1861 ; Alexan 
 lU'torHiiK'o 
 
 I r.reat iuBiipiice of Uommiticii' 
 Uiiera boutt'o 
 
 Itaiias Drama, began with ( 
 I JA'. Trissinn (imitateil KBiie 
 . Machiiivi'lli, 1469-1527: L. 
 I F.i.^ or the upera ;" V. All 
 (.'. Guhloni, 1707-93 • V 
 C.Gozzi, i772-,8o6; A. Mai 
 |BPAxiaiiliRAMA._Natioiialii. 
 Hon Ju»n stories. 
 
 ^ ^^Mg, 
 
IJUAMA. 
 
 Alatl"l;lii,vijn'liiiilii,H,,i-'nT«nn. i,s iiiiiiimllv iht- 
 
 Willi lh(MlaliitiM.r,|i„.(. II Kllzalii'lh, 
 
 The MoiiKiiv niMMv, kxui.ihu «■„, KmdinUlv .In. 
 u'lopi'il Iniiii UM!siM'vicii»,,t' tliH clitiivli III till, 
 utli iiii.l nth ■■.■iiliirli-s, iiimI iiuprairil in tliM 
 
 <•" llllll'll''l>"l|-|ll,Vst..|-.VlilMV.S, l,il„.,l lll„>lltllM 
 
 i,il.MiMniyuihn,w,,,,,|s,,riliMs„liii,. Ti.l.vwi.m 
 orwiimlly i»MlniiM.',| In c-liiiir|i,.H,„ii,l iilt.Twiinlii 
 liiiii.'irki)t-|iliifi',siiii,|i,|„.|UI.'l.l.<. ■rii,.Ci,vi.iiti'v 
 CliMlcr ami .jllinr iiiystdilcs, pnhlislir.l hv tlin 
 Sliakspcaie .'Sorloty, In 184 1-?, Si.c 17, „,■,■/, „,■ 
 /»;;/.;».', i3(,7, .Inlin Sk,.lt„ii aii.l (,tli,.|s wmli, 
 .Moral Ill's ab.Mit ,5,.,; XIc|,„i„,lMh11, ,,,,,• riio 
 u:,,iMv III (..iihiiilii,. ,„. KiTTvx A; I'cnvx liv 
 Th..». Hackville ami TIhw. .Noitnii, iiili.|lii,|,.s l,v 
 
 'l"liii ll"y«'x«l loilic.nlurv 
 
 TV 'liniiiii iiatnmizoil by i,imini Kli/aliotli aii.l tlm 
 
 Stiiai'tH .... , u » 
 
 S#iartlcle.s7i"/,</«iovV /'/„,,». " ' ' > -■>>' 'I "•''I- 
 lr..,„,M.: Hiiliort (iirimi; ,^e,,Cl)-,,, ; Cluist,,. 
 
 nin; Hi'ii .hmsou ,^7^-u^„ : KiMiins Hi.an. 
 nioiit, 1580-Ttiih; .liiliii Kluti'iiiT, is7f, ih.r. 
 I'liilip .MiHsiiiKi'l', i584-if;4o; ,l,,|iii |.',,|.,| .t^f;. 
 16;.); sir Will, IJavi'iuint, i6oj-63; .lulin .Milliin 
 i'>33-74. ' 
 
 Til.' riiritiiiis coiiili'Mini'.l tlm stii^jn ; Wni I'rv 1 
 
 |,utillsliei| his •'llistni,..Masti-c," tho "I'linrrs 
 X'jiii'Ki!," ifti.j. 'J'hii tlieiiliTsclosi'il iliirin" tlm 
 cuiiiiiioiiHi'allli ... , , 
 
 I„..,mlU',: .J.iliii Drydi'ii, ifi,i-i7o'i; siV(i kui.'i" 
 I'.'H, 16,16-1639; Thus. ."Sliuilwi'll, ifuo-ii.! • W 
 Wycherli^v, 1641. CO-ijis , Tlios. Otwav, leil-Ss" 
 Nut, I.ei', 1655 -9.: I Tims. hmiUifriio, 'i6s9-i74rt' 
 Mrs. Siisaiinali Ceiilliviv, 1667-17^1; sir (vm' 
 loiiKii'Vi', 1670-17^9 ; C'ulluy (..'ililjur,^ 1671- ,7 = 7 '■ 
 »ir John Vaiil.niK'li, 1672 (1}-,^ ^r, ; (i,.,,. l.'ainuliar,' 
 
 saa 
 
 DUKPANUM. 
 
 1697 
 
 •7J7 
 
 1S4J 
 
 io;3-i7o7; Nicliiiliis llijwi,, 1(187-1715 
 B]!. Jiwiiiyt'nlliiT piililisliecl his " .siuirt view nf 
 tli8liniiii)r:ility and I'l-utiini'in'ss of tho English 
 
 Stajte" 
 
 ILvimthh: IIiMiry KlHdinK, 1707-54; liavid' riari 
 nek, 1716-79; ^•, •;""',"• '7«'C)-77; <>. (ioh|. 
 smith, 1726-74 ; llifliaid(;iiiiili(Mliiiifl, 17 p-, 811 • 
 R. I). Slii'ihlaii, 1751 i3i6 ; .Joanna Dailllo 176.-' 
 i:'5i; J. .ShiM-idan Kiiowli's, 1734-1862-' L„r,l 
 11,11.111,1788-1824; K.hvai-.l IJiilwi'i-, l.inl LvtKiii 
 i:o6-7j ; Alfr.'.l, liird 'IVnnysiiii, iSrn n.. ; |.Viiiicis 
 Tallijiinl, i827C;)-62; T. W. HubiTtsoii, iS-.-9-7,. 
 
 ici for thn rovisi.m (if playH, nnd fur licensiiii- 
 
 tlii'miHvvi.iiis t.i iiprfuniiaiii-u . 
 AMlKirV Dramatic Copyright rrutectioii act ^ 
 
 Will. I\.c. 15 to June, iSjj; u.tteiiUoU t<i oiieias 
 
 I Jiil.v '. ' 
 
 SclMof ilrainatic art, Argyll-streot, L.ind.m W " 
 
 "1"""^'' 4 Oci: ,83a 
 
 Seo Thmtris, &c. 
 
 Frksih DRAMi.-Ailaiii lie la Hallo is sni.l to havn 
 on.'iiiatedtlie comic DiiBra ill "Hohin .;t. Marion " 
 an. theiiiodiTii comedy in " A.laiii " or ",Jiis dV 
 . ialeiiiUn.', ... ,,1, ,,' 
 
 Ctaiical i,la.v8 and Moralities oi- .Mh'-oricni piays""^ 
 
 »,.. ,. .. Mlh and i5tli CHiitiirips 
 
 At the Honaissanco KriMu-li traj,-,..lv cojiiiM «, ,'a 
 
 I r,, h« th„i tlm (ireek imets an.l 'waa mm. 
 
 influence,! bylho Italian and Himnish.lraniatists 
 !;t.;i.li,.|iJa.lelle, 1532-7J ; Paul .'Scari-oii, i6ioC'>-6o • 
 I ;. U. P.»|,iolin, aft. M.ilie,,,, ,662-73; 'Jd.: 
 CrA .,1, ,674-1762: I'oter Cori,..ilh., ,606-84 • 
 Z"""«""''.'i^39-99: K. .M. Anmet ,U VoUairf.' 
 i<94-i778; Allre.1 .lo Miiss,.t, ,8,0-57- A F 
 
 Viftwllir.';'**' ' '^''""""''■'' Uunias, ,802-70; 
 
 |r,reatiiitliiPiieeofRoiimnticisiii ' ' \i>'^°';'^^' 
 lJ|.ersboutre . . " " 'li°<'t^'l. 
 
 I '032, l'( SC'J. 
 
 '/".'*^ "."*»'*. 'leRi"' with the Kenai.s.sanco 
 |J.(..lm8iii.,(,mitateil Hencca), ,478-1550 • Nich 
 , .Slachiavelli, ,460-1527: I.. An'„st,. " ' . _ 'l, 
 [taortli„ opera; k MeU-istasio, .^S-iVsV^ '^^^ 
 
 ,,c:fej^^.»lanr-V'--'^^3„ 
 
 Till- "l'.iss|.,n.p|„v. |„,,||| ,.|.f,,|,|||^,,| 
 
 ''';;t"^p..r;n!:;ib,'!;r ''''■''' 'tiiop„ss,on 
 
 rh.- •■I'ass|.,ii .,1' , liiist," a mh',wlr'i,hni 'still Vr,., '■^"" 
 
 iHsio^t.iiav^r'l!^''';''';-'''''"''''^'''^"''""'' 
 
 H sa ,1 t.. IniM h.i.l its (iri;.-lii aftir a i..-H(il..|ii.,. 1., ,«„ 
 Ihls play was «ltii..,,„.,l |,v 1 li.- ,,i |ii,.,.'„r '■, "s , ,1 " 
 
 ;;H;;;;;;iu.in«nisi,,.,ip.,,.,,nJ,.^,,„ ,,„,,,,,,.;;;;;;{ 
 
 l'';|l;;nn|.nn.s, i7.,6Mav,25H,.p,. ,S8o : ami fre. 
 
 "■^ 1" «-' l-.lor,;,aii,.;. at tiie wI-stmiMslei: AoZ. '^'^ 
 
 ;;nm,^4 Nov.. was stopped by th., dlsapproC";;. 
 
 '"vImibMl •'""'"''•'«• Lns;in«,',729'8, ; .1. iiy, "^'^ 
 
 I itlland '■ • *"" •'""""•' ■7-t9->8.)2 ; A. W. 
 
 ""''oiibiu;"", '" «'''''<'"<i"'""'« I'v ch. M. \vm!jz"^'* 
 i::'hi.'^!:r,li„;T,^'Th;'^ '' ^"^"^^ ''■ ™" 
 
 ■ """ • ■ • i7OT-'ri.) 
 
 .Iish-?^ei'-\'^^^ COLLEGE, for tho hntcfltof 
 
 -I ,11., I.\S.\ at till, I'l-in.T.s's tlioatn-, by Messrs 
 t Diikens, Ihiiekiiay, C. Kea„. H. wVlist er . ,u 
 others. Mr. Ilemy Kodd'a o||;.,. „f la„d and m „ v 
 ". I. ee,-,a,n stipulations, was ile.lined Jiu Ss/ 
 1 he hrst stone of tho buihliiiKs at Mnvbiiry near 
 
 t^Sii.T'' ";;-"'«"•;•• ;'^,"-v«ven u.>.t,ut:;nt. w.r,; 
 
 installed 1 1,. .enlml hall was opened bv tho 
 
 p™;;;; "'S^^p •*"•") i^'5- Th..!,ueenwLiho 
 
 p.ltion. Ihe Mieniyid Kjrypf „.,,^ present iit the 
 »""<ml t'U' at the Crystal -I'-alaee, /tly 867 and 
 
 elo . the 1 ^"''' ,"^"' " '""' ''''t-'imined to^ 
 lose the eoUe-e, and iirovi.le for tho inmates 
 
 i ij'j^'ly.fe '''■'■" ■'"''^ ''^■'""''^"'^' contract "boui 
 
 , I5KAMATIC REFORM ASSOCIATIOX 
 
 , started iit MancheDler, Jim. i8;8. "^"-"^^-^^a^^>.- 
 
 DRAPIER'8 LETTERS, by dean Swift 
 
 &:U" '-'-' "=""'^' "'•"'"'' ^^'■"- 
 
 nf ?^A^?f^^-^ SOCIETY (msdo Royal, ,8.12) 
 of Oreut 1 ritain, formed in J„ly, ,8,sk, to o'note 
 
 So^t'^''"' " '"'^'"'"' ^"- t^"-""" o li 
 nations (whose suvorei-ns are .siibseriber.s), by the 
 
 DREAMS are mentioned in Seriiiture, e a 
 Joseph .s and J'hiiraoh'e, 1715 h. c. (cIv, xxvV^i' 
 and .xl. ), and Nebuchad,;ezia^s,V«3 Vnd s-o". "• 
 {Darnel u. and iv.). The first atte.npt to , /teiTrei 
 
 Mhenr.49rB.c!" " """•''''' '" Afnphietyo'„'"o^ 
 
 ^gDRED SCOTT CASE; seo United State,,. 
 
 DREDGINU ; see Deep Sea. 
 
 DREPANUM (Sicily). Near this place the- 
 Carthaginian admiral Adherbal totally defeated the- 
 Ronian fleet under I'ublius Claudius, 249 b c 
 
 m 
 r 
 
 
 ■'• '\ 
 
 
 ¥ 
 
 -4- 
 
 <^'i 
 

 w 
 
 ! f- 
 
 II'. 
 
 DRKHDKX. :'•'* 
 
 DHKSDHN', t.rmc.l the (iiriniiii Klmvnic, 
 Vciiinc thiMiiiiitiil.il Siixon.^ in I5J«,» riipiihitmii 
 111 liSHs, 24(.,oHii; ih()v .U".44"- 
 ^Ihiiiii'.'iif DiesJiii iKlwi'i'ii Siixany mill Dciimiiik 
 •.ml Uus-lii . . ■ ■ ■„ ."*■'"'"•• '1°<i 
 
 I'lii f Diewli'ii li,t».cii lliiiiKury. rniMnia, i ml 
 
 as Di'i'. i;4S 
 liy the 
 
 DIIOUOIIT. 
 
 iif I'rusHlii III I7]'i : 
 
 .Inly, 
 
 •Iiiiic .Inly, 
 
 lUiiiv iimlrr tliii 
 
 Niixiiiiy . 
 
 Tiikiii liy Kivij k 
 
 AiiHtiiuim . . ■ ■ 
 
 .11 luir.lc.l III %'nliiliy l''li'.li-ili'K 
 
 llriil liv AiiHtriimi 
 
 Si'Vi'iv'iiiiili'Htu I" Iwi'i'ii till' alii... . 
 
 ,,il„ r H.'lnv i/iMiliiTK, anil tlin I'lvlirli I'liiii- 
 
 inaii.li'.l liv Nai...l i ■,-,,. '['• ^\,^:, 
 
 The allli's, j,x,,ckk, .stiiuiK. ultiuki'il NMiiiil.iiui 111 liiH 
 
 ii.Hllliiii 111 Dirsil.ii, iiii.l 11 viiit Imil I rly 
 
 iiiivi'il liiliil til lliiiu, lull I"!' 'Ill .mil- in tlii; ■■iMi- 
 iliii't iif tfriiiTiil Vaiiiliininic^ 1 lii'y wi iv ili'lratnl 
 
 with ilivalliil I'lXH, 1111.1 wiTi liW'"! til irtivat 
 
 liitii Hi'liHiiiM ; Imt Viiiulaniin.' iiiirsiilni,' tlii'iii tiio 
 far, his ,llvi«i.iii was ."t to |.lc'ri«, aii. hiiiiHr-ir 
 aiiilalllil-i slair iiiii.li' in iHiuinu In tliU liatlli', 
 mMiinal .M.nran ir. • n..! his iinntMl w.nin.l, wlillo 
 I, iviTsiitiim willillii'i'inpi'i'.n.'f lliHsia j; AiiK. 
 
 >larslml HI. I'yr, iin.l ■.;,.-«' KiriiHi lr...i|is, Hiir- 
 ITll.ll'lr.l IHrs.l.nitnllM'Mlliis . 11 Viv. 
 
 DuniiK a ii.ilitl.al (■.niiin.itinii tin' kliiK ali.lnali'.l, 
 anil iiiiniu Kmlerick, his iii'iilii'W, wm .hirliiinl 
 ,.,,.„.nt 9 S..pt. «■( .■K'7 
 
 >7Ji) 
 i8t"j 
 
 1813 
 
 firat aiiiii'iufil 111 l.Sr(i. .V - 
 
 istalilislii'il 111 Lotulim, 6 I'fb. 
 
 * Dresdni chin" 
 B.itt«er(oi- n.itt.h 
 He ilic.l 13 Mai-.l 
 
 1810 
 
 Aiiiijsiinirtlim'aMay; siil'prt'suca .' • 6 May, i8^<; 
 DRESS ThiMilliif of tlio Hebrew wiiiiu'ii i* 
 pensuieil in h'li/i/, iii., ulniit yfK) li.r. Kxeess in 
 Jrena ainmi}; the eavlv U.imiiiiH was restnuiied hy 
 ■oumptiiarv law: aii.ralsi) in Kn^lund hy numerous 
 
 fltiitiites. in I V'^ "-f'S. i.src '•'^■'•- ("'■'■/-'"'')■, ,T'/'; 
 
 ¥ VV Kairh'oll's "t'ostuiiie in Kn<?liinil (in4") 
 ■<.o'ntains a liist.irv of ilivsa with luiiiier.ms illiistni- 
 tions .lerive.l froln MSS., the works of Striitt, tcr. 
 J. K. I'liini'he's ehihonite "Cyelopieilm of '..iwliiine 
 
 ess-nmkiiij; eoiii. 
 
 pany " was esianiisiieu ui ijoimoii, 6 I'eh. Infis, 
 
 with the view of improving tho eoiidition of tin; 
 
 workwomen. 
 
 .Sir Walter Ualei^li wore a white satln-pinUe.l v;";l. el"«e- 
 Hleeve.l to the wrist, ami over the l.o.lya ilonlilel lliirly 
 Howeie.l, ami einhroi.leiv.l will, pearls, ami 111 t le 
 featlier lit his hat a law iiiliy ami pearl ilio]i at the 
 liottoniortliesiaiKinplaee..faliull.in. Uis Inveelies, 
 with his stoekiii«s aiel lililion j;aitei-s, lriii|4e.l at the 
 eml all white ; ami hnir sleies, whieli, on K'leat eoiiit 
 ,l„vi, were so KoiHeonsly e.iv.-re.l with pr.'.-ioiis stones 
 
 as 'to have ex le.l the value .ifOfxx.;. ; ami he liiel a 
 
 suit of armour of soliil silver, with swonl ami helt 
 hlaziiiK with iliainon.ls, niliies, ami pearls. 
 
 ■Kini; James's favourite, the .hike ..f Himkiiit;hani, hail Ins 
 ilianiomls taike.l s.i loo.sely ..11. that when lie elioHr to 
 shake a few ..ll'.iii the Kromel. lie olitaiiieil all the lame 
 lie ilesireil fmin tli.i piekeis-iip, who were neiieially I1.1 
 Daws lie III C'liir. ,,,»,...• r 
 
 ■The coKi-f ilnM ..f civilians, ]irevioiisly that of llie time of 
 the Georges, was imnlilieil hy the lonl ehiinilieilaiii, 
 
 loril Hy.lney, in i86g. , . , . ■ , o 
 
 ■TheHiooMKiiOisTiMK, introiliieeil into Ainenea In i34(), 
 liV Mrs \inelia Jenks Hlooiner, ami worn there l.y many 
 of the women. It ivseiiilile.l male attire, Ii.miih an 
 open-fronteil ia.ket an.l loose tr.iwsers, tin' latter wi.le 
 like those of the Turk, liutKalliereil ill at the ankles. 
 The Hloomer iliess was.eloiite.l hy a lew teiualis 111 the 
 west of l,omloii, ill August, 1851 : Imt though reeoiu- 
 iiieii.le.l liy some Ameriean la.lies in impular leetiires, 
 it was .soon totally .lise.inlinue.l. Mrs. Hloomer 
 warmly advocateil the eiifranehi.seinent of women and 
 other iniportjnit reforms. She was liorn at Homer, 
 New York, hi 1818, and died at Couneil lilufl's, Iowa 
 
 Ailress exhiliitioii opeiie.1 iu PiecailiUy, Loinlon, igMay, 
 
 188" 
 
 Uatioii'al Dress Association active, May, i83j, rt sf/. 
 
 was invented by John Frederiek 
 ■r), an aiiotheeary'a hoy, about 1709. 
 1710. .V eostly .serviee, eaeh pie'- 
 
 pxiMiisitely liainte.i, with liattles, &e., was presente.l to 
 tiie duke of Wellin^tmi by the kin;; of Pru.ssia, in 1816. 
 
 .Mr. Cliaile* W.>rlli,.|ri'ssiiiiiker, born at Doimie. I, in. 
 shlie. III iSj^; at the age of a., went to I'iOH, , I 
 tli.'ie, hy great emigy and skill, e.^tiibllslied a I.'hh, ,., 
 emiiloyiiig latterly 'i,a.» liaiels ; greatly IiiHu.ik ii,j 
 faMliloii ; lie Is sai.l to have Iweli very eliarlliiiilr ; 1," 
 ilie.l 10 Mar.li, i8.;i, 
 
 DUKUX (N. \V. Fran.e). Here the II, .„,. 
 lints were ilereatoil, iillil their giMienil (;iiiii|r t,i|„.,| 
 prisoner ; iind the eatlioUe leader MontmiM.ii. 1 u ,. 
 eiipturi'd hy thu protestants; the sl.mgliler « ,. 
 great on both sides, I') Dee. 1^2. lleie ,< ||„. 
 
 hnrying-pla d tlio Orleans t'liniilv sime iH|i, 
 
 The ilnke of Oiiise, aged iH, the last Mirvivin;, 
 child of the line d'.Vniiiiilis was biirieil lure ;- 
 ,Inly, 1H72. The bodies of king Louis l'liilii|,l, 
 and' others of hi." fiiiiiily weri« brought hen. li',,:,, 
 Kiigland and buried, <) June, 1876. 
 
 DltlLL REVIEW of children; see AVk™. 
 tiiiii, lH~n. 
 
 DRILLIXQ-M.\CITINES, in agrieuHure. 
 One was invented hy Jetliro TuU, early in the lust 
 century. 
 
 DRINK, see Dntiikitidi. 
 
 DRINKINO-FCniNTAINS. Sev,ml wre 
 erected in Liverjioid in lH^7. The >Ielri.|...',iiiiii 
 Drinking l-'ountain .\ssoeiiilion wag foriiieil in l,oii. 
 don in Aiiril, iSji), by lord John Kiissell, ih,. ,-1,1 
 of Carlisle, Mr. "S. linrney, and others. The lir.t 
 of the iiiiinerous fountains since eieeted is that ii..ar 
 St. Sepulchre's church, Skinner-street, 21 .\iiril, 
 l,S59. The inagnitieent fountiiin in Vietdriii-imrl;, 
 London, was inaugnniled by the donor, Mi.<s (iiii.r.. 
 wards biiroiiess) Ilurdett-Coutts, a.SJuiie, i.Sw. X 
 reinarknhle drinking-fouutiiin (the gilt of the iiiiilia- 
 riiiali of Vizianagrani) wiis iniiiigurated in lh,li.. 
 park, 29 Feb. iHOS; another in Kegeiit's-park, the 
 ({ift of II I'nrsee, Aug. 1869.— 324 in the mcfrii|i.ili<, 
 ijune, 1877; ^92 I'oiintiiins, 404 eattle-lniUKlis,,liilv| 
 1H79: 4.57 louiitains, 438 troughs, July, iS.So; (,-', 
 drinking fmintai is, 72(j trouglis, July, i.Sijo; ;:5 
 fountiiina, 729 tr lugha, June, l8i)H. 
 The foiintaiiiat the lloyal Kx.'hniigi', with the st.iliir.if 
 
 t'li.irity (cost, by sniiscription, ijcx)/.), liiiislu'il (i.t. 
 
 1S71J ; many fountains erected since. 
 
 DROGHEDA (Ireland, E.), formerly Tr«. 
 (high, II place of great importance, liavini; tl,,. 
 
 ?rivilego of coining money. Here was pii><|.,l 
 'oyniiigs' law {irliich str) in 1494. In the iviinhf 
 Edward VI. an act was passed for the fuiinibti-.n 
 of II university here. The town was liesii;'i,] 
 geveriil times in the contests between 11)41 anj 
 1(K)|, and Cromwell took it by storm, , mil put the 
 governor, sir A. Aston, and the whole of the -irri- 
 son, to the sword, 12 Sept. 1(149. More than ;uo 
 men, most of them tnglish, perished. It ,<ur. 
 rendered to William III. in 1690. 
 
 DROMORE, Brsiioriiic ok (N. E. Iieianii\ 
 
 founded hy St. Coleiimn, first hi>liop, alimit ■.{h. 
 By an cxti'nt returned 15 Jiiines 1., this see «;is 
 valued in the king's books at 50/. Jeremy Tavl .r 
 was bishop of Down and Connor in if/io, niiii ..f 
 this see in 1661. In 1842 Droniore was unitiil 10 
 Down by the Irish Church Temporalitiin act of 
 
 1833- 
 
 DRONTHEIM, capital of Norway, f.iuiiJcilby 
 Olaf I. about (/)8. 
 
 DROUGHT. The gre.it suffering ocoaiimif.! 
 bv drought, tVeijiieiit in the eastern cnnntriiN^ i; 
 exenijilified by Jeremiiili. chap, xiv., about (lOl 11 1. 
 Absolute droughts are rare in this countrv. .\''( .nl- 
 iiig to Mr. (j. .1. Syinons, there was partial dr.nL'lit 
 i ill London, 16 April 30 May and 9 .Vug.-j .Sipt. 
 
 DRO' 
 
 |,si(0. "Of thesi' long |i 
 ,)li|Vl'iKllt ill the l)\ veil 
 .(iij(. I'(i l'*'?, -Mar.h 8 
 laSi'lit. 2; l8.i(i. Eel). 5 
 i„ June 23: 1852, Feb' 
 
 t„ April 2'i; l,'=l9i, Feb, 
 II May, 181)3. A' 
 
 opt 
 
 Kiijliiiiil, I .Mareh-!8Jun 
 vanou* pliiees, 19 June ; ' 
 yri'iit Hcarcity of fodil. r, 
 pruiiitht ill 'V, //(//(/, , 
 l\rv iitth ruin from mill 
 ,i;,li'/)K.«, Unit. I'llitnt ,S, 
 
 OROWNIXG, an a 
 .ir.iirnt DritoiiH are siiii 
 l.j Jrowning in a miagm 
 liive been intlietei! on e 
 iieiirNiniinedia, A. I). 370; 
 ai a piniishmeiit in Fri 
 wholcnaie drownings of t 
 ai Siintes, by command o 
 |-()j, were termed iVni/inU'. 
 at one time. He was coir 
 |-()4. Societies for the nri 
 wWi'tiri't instituted in Hoi 
 wiety is said to have li 
 ri^; the third in Ilaml 
 ai Paris, in 1 772; and the 
 Tlieniiitfiiof the Itoviil Hii 
 ic Liileiit siiiilillii}ii I'lifKi 
 |ifrlia|ii lie hid." Franco 
 aftcrmvmg SO lives at dill 
 in n utorni, (let. 1871. 
 liriiiviiril ill iiilaml waters ii 
 ]Mi;fi>im.l .Irowned In 181 
 ,J95 1,178. In Liiitcl Kli 
 
 DRUGS, sales regulat 
 Drus:* .U't, jiasscd 1 1 Aug. 
 
 DRUIDS, rriesfs, ,1 
 
 [ mans, (jauls, and llritoui. 
 viiiiration fur the oak ( 
 tiiiiwtcred snercd things, 
 
 I ttc pids, and supreme jiii 
 
 i llrit.iin who opposed Cu'sai 
 and were exterminated h 
 
 I SiK'toniiis I'aulinn.H, A. I). 6 
 
 DRUM. It was used 
 
 I'hiT ancient nations ; am 
 
 [into Spain. The drum, 
 
 I weighing anchors, wag invi 
 
 I in l()i(5. Amtersnit. 
 
 DRUMCLOG (W. 
 
 I covenanters defeated Grab 
 
 I I June, 1670. .An account 
 I by Walter Scott, in "Old J 
 
 DRUMCONDRA, see 
 
 DRUMMOND CA 
 I ■teamfr, Donald Currie Co., I 
 j struck on the I'ierirs Vei 
 IrAant, abt. midnight, 16 
 I Pierce, 103 of the crew, and 
 I Perfect order and much 
 ■•during this great calamity. 
 Ifenger, and 2 sailors were "sii 
 Imen. Miiih humanity wa.s 
 lof I'shant, Moleiieand neig 
 Jtlic^b'jrials and the relatives 
 j'j.jS;', received fur the rel 
 125.400/., 3 May, 1897. V 
 calamitv attributed to neg 
 pluly. Waterworks to hi t 
 
 
DROWN INd. 
 
 iww, " Of tlic!»i' Imiik piuliiil ilKiuulif* I run tniift 
 oiilv t'iKlit ill tiM' <)^ veins, viz. : — iHi)(\ Juno (i t.i 
 Sn.i'ii 1H17. -Miii'li « to Miiv I}; iSj^. Juup 2- 
 I.Scpt. 2; iHin, Keli. ^ t(i Miiv r'; iKjj.MiiitIi 11 
 iJmnzy. lH;2. F.'li. 1 t,< April 2H; 18^), I', li. ;; 
 I.April 2''; !*>.?. l-'ili. 2« ti. Miiv Id." -7',/,(M, 
 
 II Miiy, lXi».i. AliiHi^l iihwiliitf (Iroiinht in H K, 
 Jjiiliuicl, I .Miirrli-tN.liinr, |Ki)j; Ktiii'ins mill ruin in 
 (,iniiu< plu''i'«i li»Jnnr ; vimv li'itlcniiii .liily-Si'|.t. ; 
 (imit Ki'iii'i'ity "f I'liilil. !■, mill (iiiliiii' ipf iDiit iTiPiin, 
 liriiujrht ill A'. Itd/j/, Friiii'f anil S/im,!, lHi)j. 
 ViTviiltli mill from niiil. April July, iHi;^. Sir 
 
 Sliiihll.l, tlrdf. Vllilnl SlKltx. 
 
 DRUWNIXO, an iiniifnt punishment, 'llir 
 ar.iiint llritiiliH me siild to liiive intlieted deutli 
 ii Jriiwnintf in 11 ijuuKiiiire. .Stnw. It in Hniil in 
 lijvc been inllietcil nil ei:;lilv inlniidihle liishnpx 
 imir.Niiiiiiieiliii, A.li. 370; uml to Imvebeeii iidopiril 
 :,< ;i piiiiisliiiieiit ill Kraine li\ Lmiis XI. Iln 
 wholcKiiie (IniwniiiKn of the ro\'iil|st,s in the I,iiiie 
 
 III Xiintes, by eoiiiiniinil of the liriitnl Can-iei-, Nov. 
 i;9j, were termed JViii/ailen. <n priestfi were dniwiieil 
 at one time. He was emuleiiined to death in Dee. 
 i;(^, Soeietii'fi for the rrmrtri/ of diinriiiiit/ /itrsoim 
 «'irelir»tinntiluted in Holland, in 1707. Tlie seeoiid 
 nciety IK said to have been formed at .Milan, in 
 [■li<; the third in llariibiir^', in 1771 ; the tDiiitli 
 atPiiris, ill 1772; and the lit'th in l.nndon, in 1774. 
 Thi'iniittoof the Udval lluniancSiiiietv in England 
 if: Ldle'ifsiiiiti/liihifhrmiii — " A Kmall spark iiiay 
 pi'rlia|i-i He hill." KraiKjois Te.xier, of Dunltcniiie, 
 after mvinn 50 lives iit dilleient times, was drowned 
 iniutorni, Oet. 1871. 
 
 I iirriwiml in iiiliuiil waters in KiiK'laiiil niiil Wales, 1877, 
 j66j;f»uiiil ilniwneil In 1891, 1.114; In 1844, '<''>')'■ '" 
 1S95 1,178. Ill United KiiiKiliiiii in 168.., 4044. 
 
 DRUGS. Biil<'s iTjiulated by Sale of Food and 
 Hmff Aft, passed 1 1 Aug. 1875. Sec I'/ianiKici/. 
 
 DRUIDS, Piiest.H, among the iiiieient der- 
 I nuns, Uimls, and llritons, so iimiied from tlicir 
 J viiiiTiition for the oak (Itrit. i/cnr). They ad- 
 I miiii'tiTi'd siiered thinss, were the interpreters of 
 j tfef gods, iind supreme jiidp's. They headed the 
 I IlrilniH who opposed Ciesar's first hm'dinjf, 15511.0., 
 anil wiTc exterminated by the lloman governor, 
 I SiU'toniua Paiilinus, A.D. 61. 
 
 , DRUM. It was used by the Egyptians and 
 
 J iilhiT ancient nations; and hroii;,'ht by the Moors ' 
 
 linlci Spniii. The drum, or drum capstan, for 
 
 weighing anohors, was invented by sir S. Morlaiiil 
 
 I in 1685. Anderson. 
 
 , DRUMCLOG (W. Seotland). Here the 
 Iwcnanters defeated Graham of Claverhousc, on 
 
 I I Jnni', 1670. .\n aeenunt of the eonlliet is given 
 I by Walter Siott, in " Old Mortality." 
 
 DRUMCOXDRA, see Homan Catholic. \ 
 
 VM 
 
 DRUHE8. 
 
 ■ I 
 
 I ehureh eloik and steeple at rsliant, with l.fifK,/. 
 ' -ulisin.ed in l.nnhind to eonnnenii.rate Frem h 
 
 "ll'l'T.' ;• .•."I"'",'"! -•♦ •'""• ■'<''"• «''*'^''- ""'-I'll* 
 li-tribiited by sM lilninnd Monsmi and Mr. (iosselm 
 
 lo 2.\, iieisons at ltre,t, will, a me-MiiKi from the 
 
 Miieeii, 27, 21, April; othi is awarded \n her, lime 
 
 1K<); . .S,0(KJ (rmies Hubsiribed by the Fli lish f..| 11 
 
 ImilKjiir at l'o,t .Sail. Fin^teie; min.ainced 1 
 
 I>UrMM()\I) IirOHT; -ee Lme-liyht. 
 
 IflirXKAHDS were to be exeommiiniented 
 '" the early . bun b, S') (t Cn: v. n). hi Fnuluiil. 
 1 c'linon law lorbade ilninkenneHs in the ebr-v - r 
 (onstantine, king of Siots, punished it with deiVtlu 
 ■y>- '.V 21 James I e. 7 ,62.,, a drunkard wag 
 aide to a prnaltv of tive sliillintrs, or si.x hours in 
 the stoeks. he.. '/«„,, ,, .nd Tn-.tntnlUr. 
 
 V;";";"'i»'< li ,i.le inn. t'.e pr,.v„l,. of 
 
 ";.''; """■'■ Kii'i 'dti.vtlie!. ii.nmtlieimitiiai 
 
 ■■I tl.eiiivlililslH, or ( iiniHl.iu,. .v,,Iui,e, .8,6 
 !■ MPit iieatnil II pe i.nj/ aleoli. ', ivenianieiiils 
 
 tnai of miKiiiieii lot,,.. .i„„« „j„,' „ („.,;'/,!;,",,',';"; 
 
 A s^M.lVty n",r onanot,,.. .i.d.latlo.,-. r tile n'ntmi 
 
 anil eniv „f |,„l,itii,il ,■, .,..,.,; , ,„|.| ' ' m' , ■«,« 
 
 Till. es,.il,lisl,ia,.nt of an „ aslr'ial lioiae foH.m.'i, 1 "'* 
 
 i"onilon '" '"'"'"""' "' "'" MllllHloll hollHe, 
 
 llal.ltnal liraiikanUdne'la-iateK)!,!!!, phh„,,i j'.'j,'',' 
 mssed"""'' ''*'*^' ""'''"'"' llielaiates Aeti 
 
 ""lillshed" "'" "''"'>■ "'"''■'"■•■'"f li'i'bri'at.'s^ 'l*&. 
 
 i)Hi.Ny'lii..i.: .Mr.'w,,;. ii,;yu. ;.,„„p-,„„, ^f,,;^^'';,','' •«84 
 
 nation in ,860 spent In lntoxii'atln« |ii,„, i" 
 
 V'°='2V '■" "'''^' ■47,-^88,760/. ; In ,879 
 .»8 I4,,86.,/. In ,88., fia lK.,'r, 67,88, .f,,/ 
 Hritisli si.irits, 28,4S7„86/. ; l„,vl^;,', spirts 
 10 .73,0,4^. ; wine, ,4,,87,,„j/. ; Hritlsli wiii,-s,ie 
 e.sliniateil,,5oo,n,.,^ ;,,,,„],, „,,„,, 
 Total iliink bill ,88, ,,..7,„74,,(„.,/.;,8S4, ,;rt uq 256/ • 
 .835, .^3..M,<,,6/. /l.trtawiia. 'lii rnr;',*- 
 imteslii .886, ■..,,89,045'.; 1887, ..4.147,369.: 
 .8H8, ,.4,f,„.9,9/ ; ,889. about ii.:.o3,'i^J 
 
 .38,737,828.; ,895, ,42,4,4,8,.;.; ,8^ 
 .48,97^.2.^n^; ,897, ,5.,28.,723^ ^' 
 
 On r,Mn).arlson, it was a.sseiteil that our drink Ml! 
 does not i.xi-eeil that ol Kiui '" 
 
 A ilepaitnientiil ,nniiiiitt|,|., respeetlnR Iml.ltliiii 
 .ninkarils wiMil, sal in ,89'.. pr,.sented its 
 lepoit, Hitli 1. , ,,i„im.,i,la|i,,i,.s, to the eoinnnins 
 
 .879 
 
 77 
 
 i8y3 
 
 i£8i 
 
 DRUMMOND CASTLE, Castlo l.iue 
 J =tfani(r, Donald I'urrie Co., from the Cape and Xiital. 
 I struck on the I'ienrs Vert/:i, Jfoliine island, oli' 
 ll'<haiit, abt, midnight, 16 June, 1896, C'liptnin W. 
 I Pierce, lOjof theerew, and 147 piLssengers drowned. 
 jmlei't order and much heroism was disjdavi.d 
 |<luringthis srciit ..alamity. Mr. Maniuardt, liiis- 
 Ifenger, ami 2 sailors were saved by 3 Ihvton (islier- 
 Inen. Much immanity was shown" bv the natives 
 |cf L'sliant, Molene and neighbourhood" in regani to 1 
 ^lic h.jrials anil the relatives of the euflerers ; above 
 Pi.j.-;.'. ri:Cili,..a I'ur III* relatives, 22 June; total, 
 ISj.W'., ,3 May, iS()7. Hoard of trade iiuiiiirv, 
 T'lMitv attributed to neglect of precautions, i" 
 hlul.v. Waterworks to bj built in Molene, and n 
 
 PRITRY-LAXE THEATRE derives its 
 origin from a eoek-pit, whieh was converted into 'i 
 th..atr.. Ill th,. reigt, of .laines I. It was r..built 
 uiid called the I'hieni.x ; ,nd Cliarl,.s II. grant..., 
 ..xelusiv.. patent to Thomas Killigrew, 2S Apr 
 ■ (.62 'Iheai.tors wen- c,ill...l •' theking'Jserva -' 
 and ten <.f them, called gentlemen "of the great 
 ehainber, had ini annual allowance of ten vards of 
 sc,-.rlet cloth with lace; «..e under VCre" 
 Dnoy-lniif Ihaitrtctt Fiiml, establi..!lied, 1766. " 
 
 DRUSES, 11 warlike people dw.dling among the 
 mountains ot Lebanon, (l,.rive their oriitin fro,,, „ 
 huiatical Mahometan sect which arose in F- nt 
 iibout o<)0,aiid Ihcl to Pal,.stineto avoid ix-rsecution 
 ih.'y now regain hardly any of th.. religion of their 
 ancestors : they eat pork and drink wine, mid do 
 not practise circumcision, pray, or fast. In the 
 wM 1 r I'.i*' "' '=""-^<''l.n<'nce of disputes (in 
 which doubtU.ss both parti..s were to blame), the 
 Uru.ses attaeked tb.,;,- „,.i.,i,i,,,,,,.. „ ,,-''.'""' 
 I., .1:1 \ 1 A "I ir.n.".iir:- tiif Maronites 
 ( u-lnck sec) , whom they massacred, it wus said, with- 
 on regard to age „i; .so.x. Peace was made in July ; 
 but 111 the niemitimo a religious fury seized the 
 Mahometiin population of th.. neighbouring cities 
 
 ''k§\ 
 
 y -^ 
 
 V '.^ 
 
 r .. ^ 
 
 
 
 wi , iiikfeiiii'.'.i 
 
 1 
 
BUYING MACHIXES. 
 
 336 
 
 DUBLIN. 
 
 w 
 
 
 aJifUi^ 
 
 
 and a gciu'i'iil iiiiiasnrre of CliriMtiiinscnsuod. iuad 
 I'ac'lm with Turki^li ti-oops, iiiul Kfiieral IliUitpnul 
 with Frcnili .luxiliiiiit's, iiiviidcd Lcliiiiion in Auu'. 
 and H,pt. Tlu> Urn.^cssiim'inlfi-cd. ^'ivinK up their 
 chivU, .hm. l<S(il. Soc Diiiiin.iviii aiul Si/riii. 
 
 DRYING MACHINES, seo under Jfi'!/. 
 
 DUALIN, an cxidosivo suhstuni'i' (siiid tii 1)P 
 from four to ten tiiuca more ii.iwcrful tluni fiuii- 
 powder), coiuiiiisi'd of varvini;- imiportions ot collii- 
 losc (woodv liluvl. nitvo-sianli, nitro-uianuiti', aiul 
 nitro-i'cUuiosi. ; invcntrd hv I'arl Ditniar, a I nis- 
 sian, and made known in I.S70. Tins nauio is also 
 given to another exjdosive emnpound, mventcil liv 
 
 Mr. Xohid, ( iposed of a'liiiiouia and sawdust, artod 
 
 on hy iiitro-sulphurie acid. 
 
 DUALISM, a term applied to the ei|iially- 
 malWied roiilliclin- powers of H'ood ami evil ill tlie 
 J'ersian iiivthol..-v, the llonnuzd and Ahnniaii 
 of /oroasl'er: is ' al.so applied to the i.nu.M'les 
 (,f the advocates f.u' a separate -overnmeiit ot 
 Hungary under the emperor of Austria; I'lleeteil in 
 
 DUBLIN eapit;il of Ireland, aiieieiitLy .■ailed 
 Asiieled, said to liave hern huilt 140. Auliaiia, 
 daughter of Alpinus, a lord or olu.'f anion- the 
 Irish havinu- hirii drowned at the ford where now 
 "Whitworth-bridne is huilt. he ehau- d the nauu' to 
 Auliana, hv I'loleiiiv called I'lhlaiia (atterward.s (•.ir- 
 rupted into Diiblaiia)- Alpinus is said to have 
 brought "the then rudo hill into the torm ot a 
 town," ahout ISS; ^i''' Jnlmiihiud Tniitlii Coll<vr^. 
 J)ublin returns 4 M.r.'s by Act parsed 25.1 uni'. iK^S- 
 I'opulation in l.SSi, 241^,002 ; in l«ijl, 254,7-11). 
 L'hristianitv iiitrodiiecil liv.St. I'litric'k . . . 
 Dublin caviroacil Willi walls hy tlie Danes . . 
 Naiacl hv kiii^: I'Mwo in the pietaci' to Ins charter 
 
 •■ s..:,iiis.-:hii.i Cirih's" . . . •,■.,• 
 
 Battle of ClentarfCicAiV/iw) . . • =3 Apn , 
 L>'iblin taken by Hanioml IcGios. 11 70, tia' Henry II. 
 
 wlio so,ai after arrives 
 
 Charter Kianti'.l by this kinn • • ; ', .,; 
 Christ churcli built by the Danes, 1038 ; rebmll 
 
 abiu.t . . ■ •,•...• >'8"-'2^5 
 
 Slaichterof sooliritish by the Irish citizens ileal 
 
 Dublin (see C»/'. ».. ll'(..«/) . . • , -. • '2°9 
 Assonibla^'c of Irish princes, who swear allcHianeu 
 
 tokiiiK.iohn ■,:■,,- ; r • .' ^'"° 
 
 Fomelationof Dublin castle laal by Henry do Loim- 
 . Ires, 1205 : liMishe.l . •,•,,•,.. Xi ' "'^ 
 
 Johinle Decerlirstpi-ovost; Uiehard de bt. 01ii%c 
 and John Staki'boM lirst baihlls (sec J/in/or) . . 1308 
 
 Thomas Ciisack. tirstinay.a- . ■,„,,• ■, ; '■♦"^ 
 
 Besieged by the son of the earl of KiMare, lord 
 
 <le.puty . . . ,• • ;,•,,.■,• '^°° 
 Christ ehureli made a deanery and eliaptei by 
 
 Heiire VI!t. (seeC'/ii-f.s-(C/i»/v;i.) . . . -134' 
 Bailiff cliaiiK'cd to .sherills ; ,)ohii Ifyan and Thomas 
 
 Coiiivn, llrst 'S-"* 
 
 Trinitv cnlh-e founded 'S')'-? 
 
 Charter granted by .lames I. . •,„,.•, •. '"^ 
 
 CiMivocation whi.'h established the 'iliirty-mne 
 
 articles of religion ■ , ■ ■ •,,■,,,•, „: '''"■♦ 
 Besic'-ed bv the nianpiis of Ormoiid, defeated at 
 
 battle of Uatlmiiiies(ic;ac/t.S'r) . . 2 Aug. 1649 
 
 Cromw.dl arrives in IJubliii with gooo foot and 400 
 
 ly .Miiv, 
 
 I .l.iii. 
 
 2 1 .Iiih. 
 
 . 16 lice 
 
 12 .\u- 
 
 14 111.'. 
 
 if. .Wi. 
 
 5<li'l. 
 
 . 9 -VlU'. 
 
 . (' Vu. 
 4. 1 Illy, 
 
 1 003 
 1S21 
 
 13,1 
 
 448 
 
 Q64 
 1014 
 
 II7I 
 
 "73 
 
 i:;i 
 I'll 
 
 ■-■« 
 1=47 
 
 liorse . . • - , 
 Chief inat!i«trate style.l lonl mayor 
 Blue coat hospital in.-.irporatc.l 
 Kssex briilge built bv sir H. .Jervis . 
 Jloyul li.isi.ital, Kiltnainham, fonn.le.l 
 James II. arrives in Dublin, 24 March 
 
 . Aug. 
 
 proclaime.l 
 4 May, 
 
 Groat gniipow.ler explo.sioii . 
 L.imps lirst eiecte.l ill the city . 
 Infirmary, Jervis-strcet, fonn.le.l. 
 rarliaiiicntlionsc l«-;,'im . . . . - 
 FoiniiUing hospital iii.'onKa-ate.l . ., . 
 Ht. I'atrick's siiire ereeteil (s c .St. Patncl.) . 
 H<iyiil Diililiii Socaetyoriginalcl, 1731 ; nicorpa. 
 iliburniaii soeiety 
 
 J 565 
 1676 
 1A70 
 
 1683 
 
 1689 
 
 1693 
 1698 
 1728 
 
 !7?9 
 1739 
 ■749 
 
 17'^i 
 
 Marine society i;.,-. 
 
 (iui'cn's briilge lli'st erected, 1684; dcstfoye.l by :, 
 llo.iil, 1761 ; rebuilt 1-5; 
 
 A.t f.ir a jj.'Mi'ial liaveineiit of the city . . . ,;.' 
 
 liiiyal cx.haii;,'.' b.'^cim. 1769 ; oiieiie.l . . , ill] 
 
 (In'ler ..f ;st. I'atri.-k institut.'il ,11. 
 
 Hank ..nivl.tn.l iastituteil (si'c .W'li/,) 
 
 I'.ilice cstablishi'.l by statute . . . . ,1.,- 
 
 Ito.val aca.lemy in.-.ap.aatcil ..... 
 
 Cu'st.im house Ih'),'Uii, 1781 ; oiicne.l , . . , ,1'^^ 
 
 Dublin library instituti'.l 
 
 Kir.' at the parliaiic'iit h.aisu i-l,, 
 
 Carlish' bri.lKc civitcl ,1.] 
 
 Cily arui.-.l .■i>s.>cialioii 
 
 New F.mr law ('., arts opcne.l ..... 
 
 Til.' ivbclli.'ii : arrest of lord Ivlwanl Fit/.y.'i;.!.!, ii, 
 T'hoHias-sti t .... ■ " ■■ 
 
 t'ni.iii with Ku^lau.l (si'e I'nion) 
 
 Mninu'tt's iiisurrei-titui . 
 
 llilierniali liibh' s.)iiitv . 
 
 li.iuk tr.uisfcrrc.l to ('..llep'-grcen 
 
 Dublin instituti..n Ibun.l.'.l 
 
 l!i..t ,it the tli.'.itiv 
 
 Visit (irii.'.ir-.. IV 
 
 Tla'atlT lii.val iipi'll.'.l . 
 
 Til.- "I!.>lll.' riot" .... 
 
 llibcnii.in .iia.h'niy 
 
 Dublin linhte.l with .wis . 
 
 (irc.il enst.iindi.ais.- lire 
 
 Hailn.a.l t.i KiUi^slown 
 
 Hrilish .\ss.i.-iati..ii lu.'ct lii-re 
 
 Dublin 11. 'W police a.'t ^ ..,,,, 
 
 C.ni.'t.'ry. Mount .leniiue, consecrate. 1 i., S.pt 
 
 It.iyal .iira.le burnt .... 25 .ypiil, 
 
 r.w'r-law l>ill pa.s.sc.l . . . . ji .Inly, 
 
 .Vwl'iil storm ra^.'.l 6.1,111. 
 
 O'foniiidl's arrest (see 7'/v'./?.s) . . . 14II.I. 
 
 He is f.iuiid KUdty, 12 I'Vli. ; liberat.'.l in S.-|.|. 
 
 His ilcaMi at Gcn.ia li.M.iv, 
 
 Airi'st of Mitidi.'U, of the " Unite.l lrisloii:iir' 
 ncwsjiapcr m M;iy, 
 
 State tri.il of Win. Smith O'lirieii an.l .M.';e;li.T ia 
 Dublin 15 -M:!.'-, 
 
 [Tiles.. ]i.'rsons w"!-.' afterwanl.s tri.'.l at Cl.)miicl, 
 aii.l I'.mn.l tiniliii.] 
 
 Trial ..fMit.da'U: .(.nV^v . . . . 26 M.iy, 
 
 "Irish Im'Ioii " m'wsp,ip.'r lirst publish.d, i .Inly, 
 
 " Natiiin " an.l " Irish Fidim" suppresse.l, 29 .liily, 
 
 C.mvi.tion .if O'Dohcvty .... 1 N.v. 
 
 Til.' .|u.'.'n visits Dublin . . . fi .\a;'. 
 
 It.i.v.il cxi'liaii},'.'. opened as a liiy liall . .^oNi'pt 
 
 lliililiil iiiiln-ilriiil r.ihihilin,:, whiill owi'il it.^ I'.sis. 
 teii.-e to Mr. Daifjan, who a.lvan.'cd So.ooof. fur 
 til.' piu pose, was erecte.l by Mr, (.•il't.'i'war.ls .■iii) 
 John Hiiis.in, in the Diibiiii soi-i.'ty's ^'inmids, 
 iii'.'U' M.'riion-s.|uai'i'. It c.aisist.'.l of .111.' lai;.'u 
 and two sn.aller halls, h.uditeil from ali.iv.'. It 
 w.is (ipene.l by earl St. Germuins, the lonldi.'ii- 
 teiiaiit 12 Mll.V, It;; 
 
 Visite.l by the iiueen mid priliee Albert, 30 -Vu),'. ; 
 au.l ehised on i .N'uv. „ 
 
 Acts passi.l to establish ft national gallery, 
 ; museum, .Vi'. . . 10 Aug. 1854 ; .-iii.! 2 .lul.v. iSjj 
 I Briti , Association meet here (211.1 time) . 26 .\iy, ijjj 
 ■ Arriv.il of lor.l Kglinton— .lisgrai'.'fnl .-.lat.'.^t h.'- 
 tween the Trinity c.illegi' stn.leiitsaii.l the p.ili,, ; 
 the liitti'r Rcvercly blainc.l . . . 12 Miinli. it;5 
 ' inr ml e.ihihitinii. I'lop.ise.l, 20 July, iSfo ; .ipi'iml 
 bv the l.iril-li.'Uti'iiant, the earl of Carlisl.' 14 
 May, i8fii ; visit.'.l by the princ.' .if Wales, i .Inly ; 
 ami liy tin' ipii'.'ii .'Ui.l priii..' I'on.sort . 2J Aas. iS'li 
 
 Nationalasso.-iationfor.s.ii'iiilsciencomi't, 14-22 Aiy. „ 
 Demoiistrati.iii at the funeral of the rcb.'l M'M:imH, 
 
 10-12 N'lv. ,, 
 Lonl Uosse iiistalle.l as ehanceUor of the univ.'rsiiy, 
 
 17 F.'lj. i36j 
 
 Statue of Oliver GoliUmith iiiaugin-ati^.l by the 
 loril-lieiitcnaiit, 5 Jan. ; who opens the iiatiniial 
 
 gallery of Irelan.l 3oJaii. iSJ* 
 
 New Kicliiu.iii.l hospital, to be called the " Caniii. 
 chad Kchool of Me.licine," foiimlcl by l.iel Cur- 
 lisle (Mr. (,'armiehael, the tuirgeon, li.-.|iii itlii.l 
 
 io,oooi. to it) 29 .Mar.li, „ 
 
 In.liintriul exhibition opeiie.l by the Ior.l I'liaiii'i'llur, 
 
 25M.iy, „ 
 The O'Coiinell niomiment fouii.le.l . . 8 .\u^'. „ 
 St. Patrick's eatliedral restored by Mr. 13ea,iiuiiiii 
 L. GuiimesH ; re-opened ,. . . 24 '''"''■ I'-S 
 
 184, 
 
 l£:> 
 
 Dl 
 
 Tho iiiteriintioiml exhlblti 
 
 iif Wales . 
 Tlie iiuwupaper " The Ir 
 
 several Keiilaiis taken ii 
 
 and Ireland.) 
 International exhiliitioii c 
 Great lire: Mrs. Delaiiy «i 
 
 linj,'aiie blame.I 
 Great baiapiet to Jiilm Bi-j 
 Meeting of Uoyal AgriciiH 
 
 Two I'oli.'cinen .shot (prob: 
 Funernl.leiii.in.stratioii fur 
 the Feiiians 
 Vi.sit .)f prince of Wales (si 
 SirUenjaiiiili L. Giiimiess, 
 Clnireli congress hel.l 
 I'ulilie entry of earl Spenci 
 Smith O'liricn's statue unv 
 State funeral of Ior.l mayui 
 
 Fine art nn.l industrial ex 
 .lukeof K.liiiburyh. 
 Clnse.! liy the loril-lii'iiteiiai 
 S|ieiu'er .lock iiiaiigiiratej 
 
 Great fire ; rioting .snppn 
 
 Conference 011 "Home Hi 
 
 hkrmlloniil Hifle Miifrh, 
 
 .\inericans won . 
 Statue of Henry Grattan iin 
 Entry of the duke of Marll 
 
 tenant .... 
 FrteJuni of city given to 
 
 Christ eliureli catlieilrnl thoi 
 
 G. E. Street, at the exjici 
 
 (ahuve 250.000/. ), re-.)peiic. 
 
 I!riti.<h.\a».ieiati.in meet her 
 
 Death of cardinal I'aul Cull. 
 
 siiiee 1851', 24 Oct. ; 
 
 -MiCabe, elected . 
 
 I Centenary of birth of Thoi 
 
 I Tlieatre Royal burnt down, 3 
 ger, anil 5 others, jierish 
 
 I Great coiiveiiti.iii of the lam 
 declares f.ir abolition of hni 
 
 J PhnenLx jmrk imuiler.s ;see In 
 
 j Statue of D.O'Cnimellnnveili 
 of Irish Arts and Mamilae 
 hy the queen and lo.valists 
 mayor Duw.son, 15 Aug. i3i 
 
 j Discovery of the as.sii8siimti 
 
 j A (utile attempt to blow up 
 
 jVisit of the duke of Eilinhui 
 Ceet warmly receiveil end of 
 iGrar.il review of the troops in 
 I tlie duke of Caiahriilge . 
 ■Death of eanlinni M'Cabe . 
 TTlie iTiuce ami iiriiieess of Wi 
 received, 8 April; h.. lavs foi 
 ofScienceau.l Art. &c.' 
 pr. Wm. J. Walsh aiip.iintc.l' 
 I the po|ie .... 
 pntrj'ot tho iiiaripiis of Loml 
 
 Princes AllxTt Victornml O.'.u' 
 : Dublin 27 .lane; review in PI 
 I received .Icpulations, jnbile 
 I and State bampii.t, /ic.', ag Ji 
 
 pMinayiir, T.I). Sullivan, 
 [«tthe iiolice court to aiiswe 
 I «sauist the Crimes Act by 
 J luiT, the " Xati.iii " ; disci 
 |snilleOTiteviilence6()ct. ; on 
 I set aside hy the E.xche.Mier 
 |«i;nti'nc...lt<itw., m.iiiths' inn 
 ■■■^ais .•:.;.s,l,;iii,'aiiuat . 
 
 ■'i'l'iu''!."'''''"™*'"^!"!''!"!' 
 I"r,lHartiiigt.iiiaii,l Mr. (iosr 
 
 f'T.Sext.Jii, M.P.,h,i'dinttyoi 
 »«i>t meeting of Irish Xatiouu 
 
DUBLIN. 
 
 Hie ninvgpaper " The' IHsii Pennli." H,.i',„,? ''*!'1?'| 
 Iiitcriiiitiniiiil cxliiliition dijsec'i ' ' '5 i^t'I't. 
 
 GrKitbiiiKiuettoJiiliii liri-lit' ' ' ' n".'' 
 JUrtiiigufHoyal AHii.nltm-d s'c.clutV of'irelmni: 
 
 T,vo ]«li|'..nK.r. slmt (pmbal.ly l,y Fenians), Z o''f 
 
 Xf^lSI^ "'^'^""■^'"'^'^■'"''^^'''''^'^' " 
 
 Visit of laince of Wales '(»,.,. /,W„;„0 ' . jA?,^' .ikn 
 brli..nja>nm L. G,mi„es«. bei.efaet,,,', .li;,l Lm ,v '^^^ 
 Clmrch eon^'ress held . 2,1 Sent A V " 
 
 PalJio entry .,f earl Si.ei r as lura-li.-i t ,fi I ,'n 
 
 Smitl. O'Urien's statue unveile.l ' 'fi ;,''"• 
 
 Stale funeral .If Icivlnniyur Uullin (.liea in (>ni'"i; 
 
 Fineart an;l iinlnstiial exliil,iti„„ opene,M,v"i'l',e 
 
 .lukeef hilmliiiryli. ' ■, "" 
 
 (1«1 1,y tin. lnnl.ii,.„tenant. earl SpemrV fo Vm-' 
 
 Siieiuer dock manyuratea l.y the l.jrd-lienteimnt', 
 
 Grat fire ; rioting supi.res.sed l,y the mim'an',' 
 
 Conference on "Home linle ' in the Ro'tmnl,','; 
 
 htmalionnl Ulfle Mutrh, Iri«h an,I An^iLTh'a'ns'- 
 Aiiiericans won »iiii.iM,ins 
 
 337 
 
 DUBLIN. 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1869 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 oKuui: ui i»i.Mi,» viiiiiLfiii iinveiietL f 
 
 Entry of the duke of Murll)orout;li, 'now 'lord 
 
 marmils of Rinon and Mr. John Morlev M P 
 a nid great entliusiuHni . ^loriiy, M.P., 
 
 Dublin barracks built about ,703'; enVeric fever 
 ohK preN-alent, greatly increased i, ,888 ■ 1 , n ' 
 I ent inspection, siwnal •noiiirv bv M,' V,'^"^"- 
 Fiehl ai,fed by uL l.upre'al!, ^1,. ',& 
 
 M;^n:::;^^;:^'^l;;r;:;.;r-''i'i-i..- t^ 
 
 ^5l;Sli;iy;;^;o-ri:srr""'''tr^ 
 JJ _g«:'af^ii!-ri^s,to, . oe S 
 
 in Olasnevin cemetery; s.deinn funeral ',)o 
 Explosion at Dublin castle attrilmte.l tn nitr, ' 
 
 ylycenne ; much destruction but no ,'ne iHiu'vd" 
 Mr. James .Shanks, lord mayor ^' t'™' 
 
 ^'•'''' ""= t'ommuniciition with lielfu-.t opene!l 
 
 Oreat Unionist meeting . 5 April, 
 
 cehw?' "'■*"" '"">"i''ti"" "fTriiiit;^.;!ii,';;;; 
 
 *'''?.'ev'''' ';'?'''*'■'• ■"''">"■' *'-.'dest'ro;ed'l?v'';t'i^H' 
 
 Mr. Shanks, lord mavur . " ' ' ^» •^"« 
 
 j-)ec 
 
 i883 
 
 1339 
 1 390 
 
 i3q2 
 
 SmneofHenryGLttannnVeiled .' /V.?!;^; J^^J ^&F^''' '''-'«'-''-'"'"-. ■>"blinca^i^ 
 
 tenant .... , - 
 
 j FrciJoui of city given to jir. W. E. ' Glaclston"; 
 
 Christ elmreh cathedral thor,.nghlv restored by^Mr' 
 UK street, at the exi.ense of Mr. Henry H, ,; 
 (aliiive 350.000/.), re-opened . i M.ii- 
 
 Britisli .Association meet hen- (,rd ti'ine) ' it u,.,' 
 i Deaihof ordinal Paul Cullen ,■.,■. a bp ofYintr; 
 
 , M;S^;^^eJted* .""''V »"-^-»-' ""-f- 
 I Cditenary of birth of Thonuis Moore celtd,r;*it!'d,' 
 
 Tlmtre Hoyal burnt down, Mr. Kgerton tlifnnn:!' 
 prr, .™l 5 utlier.s, perish . ° ' ''"i,''',•'■ 
 
 | Ctot cniuention of the land le.a..„e • 'Mr P^in,. li 
 declatvs lor abolition of lamllordism •"• .V ^ .' ' 
 I PlLtnix iiark murders jsee Ireh, wl) . . g ji,.,\. 
 
 I Statue of D.O'Connell unveiled, ami the Kvl.ilMti,;,! 
 of IrisliAits ami Manufactu'res' ,,' t p, . 
 
 It tlie queen an,l loyalists) opened bvtle lori 
 mayor Dawson, ,5 Aug. .882, closed 6 "jaii ,88 
 
 I Discovery of the assassination plot (sec Inhui'i] 
 
 |.Uatilet,tteiuiit to blow up Ship-strcet barracks 
 
 r^^^lli^'lJi^e^S:;^^;.^'''*'-"™-' 
 |t!iZ;?cI,^!:rir""""""'''"'^""'"^':^';>- 
 
 ICeatliofnmliiialM'Cabe . " ' ' 3° ''•'I't. 
 
 fc'tryof the marquis of Lond'.m.le'rry, I'ord.l'ieut.',' 
 
 ^Albeit VictorandOcrge of Wales nrrive'ar 
 Uubliii 27,Iiine ; review in Plneniv Park =8 Tn , . • 
 reej.iv..,i .lepnl.itions, ,iubil,.e cathedral sen- ' 
 land State banquet, &c. , 29 J uiie ; left 30 
 
 ftlr'S"' '^■^\ ?"'"™"' "l'l"'»'-si,> full 
 Mile IK, ice court to aiiswiT charge of oBe,,;, 
 M"f ,;"".Fi"''"^ Act by publicati 1 1. lis 
 l'>l«r, the " Nation " ; discharged tlirouih it 
 
 It, * the Lxcheiiuer )ivision 10 Nov • 
 
 |f-I.Sext«ii, M.P., l,,ri| mavor S9i>o\. 
 
 Vnieetingof.rUhNatioUists^ore^ei^'l^e 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 1880 
 
 893 
 
 injured,,.,...,,. . . 
 The lonl ma.vor of Loiid,,n,' .Stuart Knill't r ' 
 
 ■ "i^;^i^t^f"j^n.'?7«;.^r--'--'«^^™: 
 
 Mr. V. H. I)ii|„„, I,,,.,, „ .„, • • ,j;.«-J'«.v. ,, 
 Amiual military tournament at Ballsbridge, '^' '^ 
 
 Entmnce of earl Ca,logan, lonl licit. .^'^ •'{',',',?• " 
 J "^^ J,' Coy .Meet,',! lonl mav.jr . I'f "• V. 
 
 v'erlity' "• ^'■'•''*- "''•■'^"-•'' '^'-l- •■"'■■ •J'>l-li" ".'i- '' 
 
 "'imio'"!'! t"' "'r,""'*''"" "f «'• CoMimba.'Raththln'. " 
 , ham, .lestroyed by lire(re.opeiied 17 May ,898) 
 
 ^'';;uce^^';iSn;;^i5!;i^er"«'''^''«'-'''^^ ' 
 "in'th^';!,^^c::[;;;;5'""»'™''^'^''-''-'^a[|i!;;'^«' 
 
 Rioting of Parnellitils on .jui,il,.e'dav,' 22 o, Ju,,i'' " 
 
 ' in ^.:;'K]^-arf™'-"^''-^^^ '-'"'?- " 
 Arrival of the duke ami dneiie.ss of York w'.rmre' " 
 
 iuL '..?tb"^'iV iT""'"' ^■^"■'""■^ lK.nonrs, "„ 
 Aug , at the Dublin horse show, 25 Auir • lef? 
 D blih, 28 Aug. : .see Irchuul, :Sgj. ^' ' "• 
 
 Mr. lalloii electe.l lonl mayor r> 
 
 omMle'.ib''""" ""''■''■ ^'- ^''•"■'-'"■-trek, biirnt', " 
 SirR,,bert,Sexton(Uni;,nist')nominatedh,nlm.iy,',r " 
 
 DUBLIN, Archbishopric of 'it''/,' sun 
 
 01. 1 Jtiu k, 111 44.S. Gregory, bishop in rr,, 1,/ 
 
 SgirhM^f ;t'" • '-^i ^' ""-^ """-' to iiat 
 
 Jim,., ,387 ,"- T^','" ',^'-t- .Gt'',"-g« Urowiie, an Augustine friar 
 , ,t„,,. Lontlon (deprived by nueen Mnrv ,n i =,4) was 
 
 '«'"• "'« hrBt Protestant arohl.ishop. Dublin fn' tZ 
 
 cuthedrala, St. Patrick's, said to have 4 , f,, m i!h 
 
 : nqo, restored 1.S65 ; Christ CI uTeh b, It a! uf 
 
 I 10,8, made a cathedral in ,54,. The're." ue was 
 
 I valued. 111 the king'f, boots, 30 F{pnrv VIll Tt 
 
 I SMl. IS». 2ri Irish. Kibhu-.. oi. its h"st^ivoid„;ce 
 
 ! was annexed to Dublin, 1846 ; recent urotes ,„; 
 
 arehbishons: lUohard. Whattl/, ,8,^ dfeTs Oct 
 
 iTx' "'^'i'"''JChenev..x Trend,, Nov. 180?, resigns 
 
 28 Nov. .884 (dies 28 March, 1886) ; \Vm ^Conyug! 
 
 1BS3 
 1884 
 
 II 
 
 iS?5 
 
 n 
 t) 
 
 i886 
 
 uy 
 
 i Mt M' » 
 
 t 
 
 i%\M' ri 
 
 
 y*te 
 
 '4 
 
 '"I 
 
 •i ) 
 
 
 
 , ' '■ 
 
 1 
 
 illy 
 

 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ■it' 
 
 l»* 
 
 my- 
 
 DUCAT. 
 
 338 
 
 DUELLING. 
 
 ham, lord Tlunket, 18 Dec. 1884, dies I April, 
 1897; Buccwded by Dr. J. F. Peacocke, 17 June, 
 l8()7. See BMopa. For R.C. ubps. see DMm. 
 
 DUCAT, a coin so culled bocnuse struck by 
 dukes. Johnson. First coined by Longinus, 
 governor of Italy. Procopiiis. First struck in the 
 duchy of Apuha, 1140. Du Cange. Coined by 
 Bobeit, king of Sicily, in 1 240. 
 
 DUCKING-STOOL ; ...e Cucking-stool. 
 
 DUDLEY GALLERY. The exhibition held 
 since 186s in the Egyptian Hall was removed to a 
 new building in Piccadilly, under the direction of 
 the Dudley Gallery Art Soiiety, established in 
 1883. 
 
 DUELLING took itf rise from the judicial 
 combats of the Celtic r.ntions. The fii-st fomai 
 duel in England, between William count of Eu and 
 Godfrey Baynard, tov,K place 1096. Duelling in 
 civil matters was forbidden in France, 1305. 
 Francis I. challenged the emperor Charles V. 1528 
 without effect. Tlie fight with small swords was 
 introduced into England, 1587. Proclamation that 
 no person should be pardoned who killed another in 
 a duel, 1679.* Duelling was checked in the amij , 
 1 792 ; and has been abolished in England, by the 
 iufluenoe of public opinion, aided by the prince 
 consort. A society " for the discouraging of duel- 
 ling " was established in 1845. " The British Code 
 of Duel," published in 1824, was approved by the 
 duke of Wellington and others. See Battle, Wager 
 of, Combat, and Jarnac. 
 
 MEMORABLE DIELS. 
 
 BL'twecn the lUike of Hauiiltou and lord Mohun, 
 
 fought • . "5 N'lv- 
 
 [This duel was fought with siiiiill swords, m Hyde- 
 
 jiark. Lord Jlnliiiu was killed uiion the siiot, 
 
 and the duke cxiiircil of his wounds as he was 
 
 lieing carried to his comdi.] 
 Cai>t. rc|>iiard ami Mr. Hayes ; litter killed 
 Messrs. Hannltcni and MiMvan ; former killed 
 S. Martin wounded Mr. Wilkes, M.P. . 16 Nov. 
 Lord Byron killed Mr. Chaworth . .sSJan. 
 Lonl Townsend wounded lord Bellnninnt, i Feb. 
 Conite d'Artois wounded hy due- ilu liourlion, at 
 
 p;iris 21 March, 
 
 Mr. Donovan and e.ipt. Hanson ; the latter killed, 
 
 13 Nov. 
 Charles .lanic.s F<ix wnundeilliy Mr. Adam, 30 N^v. 
 Tol. FnlliMtou Wdiiiided lord Shidliurne, 22 .March, 
 Rev. Mr. Allen killed Lloyd Dnlaiiy . . i3 June, 
 (■(d. Thomas killed hv col. Gnrdon . 4 Sept. 
 
 Lord Macartney wounded liy major-general Htnart, 
 
 8 June, 
 Mr. M'Keon killed George N. Reynolds, i787:(;xe- 
 
 cuted ... . . I' I'e'i. 
 
 Mr. Pnrefov killed col. Rojier . . . 
 
 Duke of York ami I'ol. Lennox, aft duke of Kieli- 
 
 mond (lor an insignilicant cause) . 26 May, 
 Sir George Riuusay aud caiituiu .Macroa : sir George 
 
 killed 
 
 Mr. Currau and nia,ior Holiart . . i April, 
 
 Mr. Miicilutland Mr. Prime ; latter killed 4 June, 
 Mr. HaiTcy Asto-.i and lieiit. Fitzgerald ; tlic fiirnier 
 
 severely 'wounded .... 25 June, 
 Mr. Anderson killed Mr. Stevens . . 20 Sept. 
 Mr. Julins killed Mr. Graham . . iq July, 
 Mr. Jidui Kemble and Mr. Aiken; no fatality, 
 
 t March, 
 Farl of Lonsdale and captain Cuthliert ; no fatality 
 
 9 June, 
 
 1712 
 
 1728 
 1748 
 1763 
 1765 
 1773 
 
 1778 
 
 1779 
 
 17B0 
 1782 
 1783 
 
 1786 
 
 178S 
 
 1789 
 1790 
 
 1791 
 1792 
 
 M. de Chauvigny wounded Mr. Lanieth -. 8 Nov 
 Wm. Pitt and Geo. Tieriiey . . .27 Mnv, 
 Lord Valentia wounded by Mr. Gawler . 28 .hme, 
 Mr. Car)ienter killed by Mr. Pride . 20 Au^. 
 Henry Gruttiui W(anuled Isa<ie Ccnry . 15 ,l,in. 
 Lieut. Willis killed ina.ior Impey . . 26 Aug. 
 George Ogle anil Bernard Coyle : no fatality . . 
 Sir Richard Musgrave and >.Ir. Todd Jones ; sir 
 
 Richard wounded .... 8 .hme, 
 Cai>t. Mao Naiuara killed col. Montgomery, 6 April, 
 Gen. Hamilton ami col. Aaron Burr (in Anu'i iea) ; 
 
 tlie general killed 
 
 Capt. Best killed lord Camelfurd 6 (died 10) M.iiili. 
 Surgeon Fisher killed lieut. Torreus . 2; .Miinli, 
 Barim Hompesch wounded .Mr. Richavdsun, 21 s^ept. 
 Sir Francis Burdett and Mr. Paull ; both wuuaile.i 
 
 5 >Iav. 
 Mr. Alcoi.'k killed .Mr. Colclough ; ami lost his reasca 
 
 8 June, 
 M. de Granpre and M. Le Piipie, in balliinii>, near 
 
 Paris, and the latter killed ... 3 May, 
 Ma.ior Campbell and caiitain Boyd ; latter killed 
 
 (lonner hanged, 2 Oct. 1808) . 23 Juiii', 
 
 Lord Paget and captain Cadugan ; neither wonii.lwl 
 
 30 Mav, 
 Lord Castlereagh woumled Geo. Canning 21 Si]it. 
 Jlr. Clarke killed George Payne . . . (, Sept. 
 F;nsign de Balton killed cai>t. Boardman, 4 .March. 
 Lieut. Stewart killeil lient. Bagnal . 7 i),.t. 
 
 Mr. Edward Maguire killed lieut. lilundell, g July, 
 Captain Stackpcde (of •' Statira " frigate) and lieat. 
 
 Cecil ; the I'ajitaiu killed (arose un aeemnit of 
 
 words spoken four years previously) . Ajiiil 
 Jlr. 1). O'Connell killed Mr. D'Esterre . 3, .tan. 
 Colonel Quentiu and colonel Pahner . 7 K.li. 
 Mr. O'Connell and Mr. Peel ; an atl'air, no iiieetiiig 
 
 3> .^U(,'. 
 Ma.ior Greene and Mr. Price, in .\merica ; the latter 
 
 killed, greatly lamented 
 
 Lieut Conroy killed Kent. Hindes . 8 M.ircli, 
 Major Lo<'kyer killed Mr. John Sutton . 10 Dec. 
 Mr. O'C'allaghan killeil lieut. liayley . . 12 Jan. 
 Mr. Grattim aud the earl of Clare . . 7Jiuie, 
 Mr. Henshaw and Mr. Hartiuger; both desjienitcly 
 
 wounded 18 Sept. 
 
 Mr. Christie killed Mr. Scott . . .16 Feb. 
 M. Mamud and Mr. Beaumont . g April, 
 
 Mr. James Stuart killed sir Alexander linsw^ll, 
 
 26 Mnreli, 
 The duke of Buckingham and the dnkc of Beilfnnl ; 
 
 no tatiUity j Mav, 
 
 Gen. Pepe wounded gen. Caraseiisa . 28 Kei>. 
 
 Mr. Westall killed eapt. Guurlay 
 
 Mr. Beaumont and Mr. Lambton ; no result 1 Julv, 
 Mr. Hayes killed Mr. Uric ... 26 Dec. 
 Rev. Mr. Hodsou wounded Mr. Grady . Aug. 
 Duke of Wellington and the earl of Winehelsea ; no 
 
 injury . •_■...■• •. .21 Marcli, 
 
 171)2 
 i;96 
 
 1800 
 1801 
 
 i8oi 
 
 1S03 
 if.04 
 ibo6 
 
 * " .IB many as 227 official and memorable duels were 
 fimghi during my giandeliniai teri. ."- .Vn ./. lUiningUm. 
 A single writer enumerates 172 diu'ls, in which fii indi- 
 viduals were killed and 96 Wounded Ml three of these 
 cases both the combatants were killed, and 18 of the 
 survivorH sutftred the sentence of the law. JlnmUluu. 
 
 iSoi j 
 
 :8'io 
 i3u I 
 181! 
 1S13 
 
 1814 1 
 181S 
 
 tEi(| 
 lEijI 
 
 isisl 
 
 lEiol 
 
 iSiil 
 
 i3i>l 
 
 Caid. Helshinu killed lieut. Crowther . i April, 
 .Mr. W. Lambrecht killed Mr. O. Clavtou . 8 Jan. 
 Capt Smith killed Mr. (-'cirady . . 16 Manli, 
 Mr. Storev woumled Mr. Mattiiias . 22 JaiL 
 Sir John' W. Jetf'cott and l>r. Hennis ; the latter 
 wounded, and died on the iSth . 10 Mav, 
 
 Lord Alvanley ami Mr. Morgan O'Conia-U ; 2 shetj 
 
 each 4 "ay. 
 
 Sir Colquhoun Grant and lonl Seymour ; an fat.ility 
 
 29 Miiv, 
 
 Mr. Roebuck, M.P.,aml Mr. Blaek. editor of ifie 
 
 *' Morinng Cliroiiicle ;" 2 shots each . ig Xov. 
 
 Cajit. Dickson wounded gen. Evans . . 8 Ajiril, 
 
 Mr. Ruthvcu aud Mr. Scott ; aud Mr. Itutlivenaml 
 
 Mr. Close (Mr. Scott's second) ; the latterwiiumlid 
 
 21 .May, 
 Emile de Girardin killed Armand Carrel (huthjinir- 
 
 nalists) 24 July, 
 
 Tlic carl of Cardigan and captain Tuekett : 2 slmt.H 
 
 each; the latter wounded; (the earl wastrieilintlH 
 
 house "fiords and aeiiuitted, 16 F'h. i84i)i2Sflit. 
 
 Captain Boldero and lion. Craven Berkeley: no 
 
 fatdity isJub'. 
 
 Lieut. Munroe killed col. Fawcett i (died 3) July. 
 Lieut. Hawkev killed lient. S.-t..n }■:■ ^f.-.y, 
 
 Due, lie Oraminont Caderousse kill.s Mr. Dillon «t 
 Paris, for a newspajier attack . (lot. 
 
 Paul de Cassagnac and M. Lissiigaray, Jounmlists ; 
 (latter run through) .... 4 Sep'' 
 
 DUELI 
 
 j Bon Enrique de Bourbon kill. 
 
 I ifiisier, near Miuliid, miic) 
 
 fijlde Cassagnac (wounUcd' 
 
 jpiiiite Soiitza kills N. Gliil 
 
 I KM, Gaiahetta and De Forti 
 
 I Paeb (often nominal) still frei 
 Iftlit. Foamier and H. Roeii 
 I imitsitiennti l«ith slight'lv 
 IllHabert killed M. Felix r 
 I rtsnitril satirical verses P-ir 
 j to Bnnbiiger, .seriniisly' ,i,'„i 
 • iiillllileil (see Friuin) 
 (•ipt,Ma.verkilledbvinaro lU. j 
 1 Hi|i;iol.vte Pciehcr(y/,,,-,,/' 
 Iktflier, near Paris : see /;/ 
 |t;i!ioii against duelling, see i 
 
 |.i;j;, F. Cavalotti killed by si.'. 1 
 
 1 DUFFEEIN FUND, ; 
 
 J DUKE, from Latin dta , 
 ■tag Sa.xon times, the c, 
 lieie called dukes, duces. 
 Inifi. some of Esau's lies 
 ■to, Buke-duke was a tith 
 fclm, in Spain, on account 
 Tithies, 
 
 piml the Black Prince made 
 
 Jobfrt lie Vere was created man 
 I'iiki III IreUi 11(1. q Ki,.),, j| 
 lE(!»rtIII. created David, ii'rinct 
 Ijiiiotlis,iy, a title which .iftor 
 I (Ik king's ell lest son, i^qS ,.„, 
 IHupriiieeofWales. ■^^=' '"" 
 Itao lie' Meiliei created cirnni'- 
 Ibli.'stofthu rank, by ji'dj.e pj 
 lie Jakes of liiiceleucli, Graftoi 
 I SI .\ll«ns aie descendants of c 
 
 MHOBORTSY.see*, 
 1 DULCIGXO, a port in A 
 
 Uni by Turks 
 
 JillKiJthceiitiin aden'of pirnt 
 Itaiif SablBitai Zewi, a Siu\ 
 
 IdrtMHiiiiiself to be the .Mcssi'i 
 I metaii ; anil died " 
 
 to l.y Venetians ;, and hJld for, 
 Mmi tenepins ,ak;. it bystori 
 Jspnltotlieiii l,y tlie Berlin ,■ 
 I ilv. .<eize,l hy 8coo Allnnian 
 Ifc urks ,Se),t ; the Sultan I 
 |(rrt.< imioii to Montenegro , 
 lilif.! n.i,«iet with AlKanians 
 IM I'v Dervish r,„i,„ '"•^\ 
 ■wJenil to the -'Moiiteiiegrinr) 
 
 L'F!ii?'^?,H COLLEGE 
 
 Pi-?iff college, lounded by i 
 aent oomedian, was coniplo 
 f'^'3.S.'I.ti6i9. Alley,; w 
 ^Win 1636. In 1(58(5 Wn 
 
 |fe. 1810 sir Francis liourg-eo 
 CL f "■ ?"^f'"'''s. the g-allei 
 Hbv>a„hnSoane,„,rdop 
 "'*'? '!":'! ,« Jau. 181 1. I„ 
 
 (^biwhich the college was rec 
 »li we cstablislied ; and th 
 
 J"II,4SJ/. The new school bi 
 |huM,wcreo!,enc,ltv,K' 
 
 f, 
 
 '} 
 
 
 f! 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I'm 
 
 L 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 181 ^ ,> f 
 
QUELLING. 
 
 I Den Enritiue de Bourbon killprt !>,. t\ „ . ', 
 
 I Kusie.-, near Madrid, nmh ,,„'!'" l'"" ''" "'*'""*- 
 
 F" '"'"^ '''"'' N. Glnka at Fontai.jweail' "" 
 lull. Gambetta and De Fortou; neither b'i? ^''"'•' " 
 
 I [dflsfoften nominal) still frcnuent in P,.„ =" ^''''^•- 1878 
 lopl. Fournier and H. Hod fM-f ? """''' '875-84 I 
 
 k Habcrt killed M. K.*" i\.V"'."''«' 10 Out 
 
 ■ jLHsbert killed M. Feli"i), *,"'''• '° ^'■^- '884 
 
 I i.iiiiiilril (sec Fni,,,;) ' '• '^'"TH't sli.V'btly 
 
 l(ii.f.)l,i,\crkiHedb.vn]arn.deAr.jreo p,,.- '3 July, „ 
 
 I Clutelier, near Paris • see /■„;/■' "' ''>' ■^'- '«-• 
 ■tilifaiiipiinst duelliuK, ^(^'(In-nuin,/ ' '^''"''■''' '^95 
 
 lsj:.F.Ciivalotti killed by sijr. y Jlacobi'"^' V '''7- '^^ 
 I " "^^ '"'"•"'a, 6 March, 1898 
 
 Iw called dukes, ;?„,"'. SZf^"^;™^^ 
 ■fflTi. some of Esau's deseoml ,nt; (^"'Mw 
 
 Itbi, i).fe.rf,MT was a titlP S ' /"e termed 
 ItI™, in Spain, on account of &*l'i'? '^''"^e of 
 Lilies, "^ possessing many 
 
 W the Blaok Prince made, We o/Cor«,„„K | 
 
 K;^S;i'«^;'^K^;'/''-'->'-f D;;i,ii^rail:i '^" 
 
 toWlll.createcl David, prinoe'nf *!,■.>« ' . ,• • '385 
 L,*,thsay, a title wlMeh\ fJn " ,;^"'"'l"''' ''"'''' 
 I IK kind's eldest son, 1398 and L,, '''■'""«"1 to 
 lUKfriiiwof Wales. ^ ' ' '" "'"■" ^onie by 
 Itaoile'Mfdiei created qmni'-il„l-p ,.f t 
 [telintof tlie lank, by lio,* Pi,,s y '^"'^nJ'. 
 
 fc!:;'d^::^;;!;;.«™^^s.s 
 
 |DULCIGNO,a„orti„AlbaniaontheAdri- 
 
 pifli liy Turk.s 
 
 btlidjtlu'eiituryaden'of „irat,..; ,„rt ti ' • 'S7i 
 
 Jtolimlhii.i.seirtn be the Messi- 1 '^'"''- "■'"' 
 
 Imlan ; and died . ""'■'''• '*™'"f Malu.- 
 
 >(«li.v Veiietian.s ; and held f„ra short tin,,. ' ' '^'^ 
 btoileiifgriiis takv. it bvst.r,, ,,,•'"■. • '?« 
 JsiSiiBltntlieiM by the Berh , „V """'"''t "1' '878 
 
 If. »rk., Se,,t. ; the «u Itan Se 'tJ ri'"''''' 
 I .,,< ,r»»,o„ to .M..nteneKro'Tj 0, ';r'">-' 
 
 ■lliftt miNict with .Mlwnians *'' t- . "Iter a 
 IpW It Dervish Pa.sh, ''"''\-==. ^'"■■' '"ni- 
 JMtlvdtotlie.MonteneKri,,:/ '■',^";;' ^^^'"•- 
 
 P^tionofpicture the ^. 1 "'' ^''l-'-'i't'H.d his 
 
 Wle increased. I, .Sfe ,h,! ""'"''r.°f ^^^ 
 
 iae^8a.we,e"MenHhv,! "''*'•'"»'' ''"""''•'d 
 |j«iif, l>Vo Tl,",' i" ^ , '■■ Prinee of VVules 
 
 ^«t?;h/,./,^;^°;;;"is^.hooiscw,mi^ 
 
 Vv about Oct. 8;" and n!;"/"""^'^^""'*'' *''" ' 
 
 the colleffe, onenpd h^ »l,I . "JLtne governors of 
 i«90. Mr vfm Vn *^ " *'"■' "' Ro^'Ai-ry, 26 June 
 
 i^UMB,>iee Deaf and Dumi. 
 
 : -KS'i«chte^"'^ (^^.^«')- an 
 ' the battle o7 Sheriff, uir b^\n ■"Tb" '°""^'' ^•'"''d 
 under the duke of Wyll n '« ''gy^'^t armv 
 
 ; under the earl of Mar t?^iv;>.' '''o Scots rcbefs 
 ' the victory. '' '-^ ^°^- '/"'S- Both claimed 
 
 a™y^St? ioW"l^?tr"r/ the Scottish 
 renne, earl of"Su?re • 27 1.^^ f'^'^'i .^^ ^^'"'- 
 was subdued. Neu^here X r ''^''' '!?'' Scotland 
 
 Al^ffii^,::;:3a,^M.ricalpoe.nby 
 
 I DlWCO:\ii!E PARK- V T? V , u- 
 
 ! valuable treasures fre-ilK-n'^^'^''''"'''""''^*''^ 
 j PubUc), -asao.^Ji^^l?^:^j;^^j;n to the 
 
 £d\vard Ijruee, who h- ,1 nl ■ r .''''^ ""'1 ^lain 
 
 The walls and fnrtit!. •• '"*'"''-''l Iieland in iJic 
 
 ' =troyed S'„'76l/'"lt''t.!rj,.f ^^""'1^^'^ were^d^J 
 
 I '649. The fiJs cambric , .^f'f "/ Cromwell in 
 
 was ...tablishod in "his to ^^f ""''-; •^" ^''^'"'^ 
 
 i France in 1727. ^ '°' " "y artisans from 
 
 '«it?>^aSfb,^fvilt»^ -^T The 
 
 1214) to his brothe .,;. ''^'i'"('''^'*''"e'Ili6s-- 
 
 .pillaged by M^n t" ;^, '.''!, ^"»'|«h 1" '3% 
 •f'Sl ; and^-isitcd by' 'f^S . utT"'?'^ >^' ^^""^ "> 
 has thriyen Binco ^,8^^ hro , "h""-.'" '^'^' I' 
 linen manufactories -at one of > 'ts e.vtensiye 
 a "team explosion took p aceon i- \? -l (^''« •"''«'«) 
 ;venty persons were ki ., ci fv", h"'' '^^^' ''''"» 
 IJundee (killed i6S<)) 1,.;,] V'' "''""f ' ^'^^''nt 
 ; J'opK/a/ion. ^'' "'"^ " '"^''3^> hero. See 
 
 The lia.vter iwk tb,. „;« <• . 
 
 opjm«lbyi;;A,^i^,^'« "f *"^ """-• «a.te^ 
 .VJi"'''t'''*'"is«"ciation met here ' ' 9 •'^*^^l't- 1863 
 
 ■"lialf^IS """'"""" "1--1 by the ZH 
 
 ''iK.t^e;:n'^^!^^r;!h^^r-'^''-'''^'!^- 
 
 ^■ir""^''<^-'-^5"^'.-M,yi„.,s;,;:-: 
 
 ^ tween 8oand 90 li ■,.',\',,t '•'''^■^■'' ''J" " frile ; lie! 
 
 « atne of linrn.s'un . K. ''- '' '5 I'"'- 28 De>.. ,3,9 
 
 .o,.xS;: . "'^ ^'■'"■'^'■"•>^.3 burnt, loss „bouV^=° 
 
 ^3 iJst^^ir '•' '^'^-"■.'r .lie «,;ye;Sr'^^ 
 "f'»"n^itaS'::h:,:;rt V' '•"■ -^"'^'^■"-^ "'- 
 
 cidlejre . . . ' '" P"iiiiecti.ui with the 
 
 '3 Deo. 1 835 
 
 z 2 
 
 ■873 
 
 ■87s 
 
 
 
 •I 
 
 ■m 
 
 i I 
 
 ^., f 1 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 -;2:p*i 
 
DUN Ei^HT. 
 
 340 
 
 DUEBAR. 
 
 ill 
 
 I 
 
 
 If'. ', 
 
 ^*-^Uiy.«.|v 
 
 
 nflMi 
 
 i t 
 
 
 i836 
 
 i33e 
 
 1359 
 
 l3g5 
 
 Mr. J. M. Ki'illiT^iivrs 10,500/. for tlic free library, 
 liiii.siMiiii iiiui iHcturu gnllfryas n .iubilcc iiH'crinjj 
 
 H l»ir. 
 'I'lio fiM tlicntrc, iicwlv ronnvnh'il, burnt . 6 Urt. 
 Rt. Ildii. C. T. Hitc'liii, u iiiitivc, invsidciit of tlii^ 
 Liioal GuMTiiiiii'iit lina'il, lumlini biirHi's.s 13 Oct. 
 PiiiiilcM' cri'iitcd a city .... Di'c. 
 
 TJic Victoria art yallcrics, o;»i.-iiC(l t)y tin? maninis 
 
 of I.oI'UC 26 Oct. 
 
 Thu ficciloiu of till' city ii\\i-u to Mr. H. 11. .St.iiiliiy 
 
 14 .June, tSgo 
 lU. lion. K. Daxlcr, statisiiiaiL ami Ijuiicliictor, <llc.s 
 
 iiKCil 65 10 All?;. ,, 
 
 Tliu f'VL'ilom of tlic city ^■ivcii to Mr. filaiLstoiic 
 
 29 Oc" ,, 
 T '.' iirovost onliTc'l to Ijislyld " lonl provost 
 
 I! I'Y'l). :3^2 
 Historical c.xliibitioii opclicil I'y tlic carl rif Stratli- 
 
 more 2j \){r. ,, 
 
 Strike of jiitc woikp. o|ilc nj.Miiist rc'iiction of 
 wa^'cs : 24,000 idle, I .Ala\', *( mij. ; strike ciidc'l 
 by a conijiroiiiisc .... 5 May, 1893 
 
 Ernest Ha.ssbert;i'r, tin reliant, cliaineil witli foit-ery 
 to the aiiiniuit of iij,S.>i/. i2.«. 6//., 17 All;;.; 
 Jileaileil ^'lliity. 24 .Vug. ; seiiteiieeil to 3 years' 
 penal servitude . . . . . 28 Aii^'. 1894 
 University collone founded by sir I). Haster ; pro- 
 fcssor appointed .\ov. tS;^. .Mnnilieciit addi- 
 tions made to tlie In ,ds by Miss Mary .\iii.' 
 ]!axter, sisteiofsir Hiivid, i£52 [she died 19 Dee. 
 1684! ; coiUve opened liy earlof Dallioiisie 5 Oct. 
 iS8.i. Mrs. MaiKiiret Harris beiiueatlis 35,o.W., 
 
 reported Oct. ,, 
 
 Strike of jute. workers, early An^. ; about 3a,tx>T 
 
 mt, 2j Aii|.'. ; I'lid o!' till' ;;'eii"iiil strike 2 ."iept. 
 
 Address to tliec/;ir on bis way to lialnior.al, 22 Sejit. 
 
 Tlie university rollcL'e unitud Willi the university 
 
 of f^t. Andrew's ; aiiiejiincpd Ian. 
 
 Proposed erection oflin-pithl^ toconimeiiionite tlie 
 
 ipieen's ieif;n ; i ;..>>>/. reoi'ivcd . . 3 Keli. ,, 
 Death of Mr. Alex. Cniwlnnl Lamb, author of 
 " Dundee and its Antii|Uities" . . 29 April, ., 
 
 DUN ECIIT, Abonleeiisliiro. scut of tlic c rl 
 of Criiwi'ord, wlio erecteil an observiitory liciv. In 
 tlu> autumn, r8\S, ho ]ii('-entecl to tlic' nation liis 
 valuable instrinncnts. set iipattbcncw INiyiil Ob.ser- 
 vutory ill Edinburali. i.S<i'i. The carl issued the 
 179th, anil last, " Dun Keht Circular," Feb. 1890. i 
 
 On 3 Dec. i83i, if was di-icovered that tic body 
 of the late ciiii liad liceii stolen from the niau- 
 solenm in the L;iioneK: it was touiid near tin' j 
 
 8pot, 18 July, ivS.'. tliroin.'h iiiforinatiim Kiven ' 
 
 by Ciias. .Sontar, who was convieted of .stealiii); it, 
 
 24 Oct. 1882 I 
 DUNES, SCO I)m,ku-k: j 
 
 . DUNGAN-HILL (Irdaml). Here th,' En-- ! 
 
 ish army, comuiaiuled by colonel Jonesi, signally 1 
 
 defeated the liisli, of whoin fiOOO are said to have \ 
 
 beCi. ahiin, vvhik' the loss on the side of the English ; 
 
 WHS inconsiderable. ,S -Vug:. 1(^147. , 
 
 DUNKELD (Perthshire) was made a bishopric j 
 by Dai'id I. in 1127; the ancient Ciildee chuivh, I 
 founded by king Constantine HI., becoming the 1 
 ctthedral." The beautiful bridge over the Tay, 1 
 erected by Thomas Telford, was opened in 1809. 
 
 DUNKIEK (X. Trance), founded in the 7th 
 century, was taken by the 8]ianiards, Sejit. 1652, 
 and retaken from tiiem by the Kiiglisli and French 
 after Turenne's victory over them under Condc on 
 the rfM«f.<i (or saiid.s), 14 June, 1(158, and put into 
 the hands of the Emilisli, 25 .luiie following. It 
 was sold by diaries 11. for siw.cxK)/. to Louis XIV., 
 17 Oct.; restored lOfo, aiid was one of the be.st 
 fortified jiorts in the kiiiidom ; but the works were 
 demolished in conformity « itli the treaty of Utrecht 
 in 1713. Tlie works were ordered to be deniolished 
 at the peace of 176!; but in ir.H^ tbey were again 
 resumed. Tiic hiigii>li atlemp'tei! to besiege D^un- 
 kirk ; but the dulie of York was defeated by Iloche, 
 
 and forced to retire with loss. 7 Sept. \-iy r, 
 mac'^ a free port in 1816. Large dock weik' , '" 
 structed in 7 years, inaugurated ;, [3 Sept. iS,^, 
 , DUNMOW (Es.se.i), famous for the tenu.,! „( I 
 the manor (made by Kobert Fitz- Walter i',,e ' 
 "that whatever married couple will -0' te" rt" 
 priory n.,d kneeling on two sbarp-pointnl ston,..' 
 will swear that they IiavenotquarreUiai 11,, ' 
 
 of their marriage within a yt 
 
 IIT lV|lPi,tn| 
 
 ■ , . ■ - ..ear and a d,iv after ii, 
 
 celebration, sliall receive a tiitch of bacc '•■ 
 The earliest recorded claim for the Ii: 
 
 con. 
 "11 \vn 
 
 111 I 
 
 M:, 
 
 'll'lllli!.!, 
 
 since wiien to 1855 it is sahl to have 1 
 only live times. 
 
 Tlie l.ist claimants iirevious to 1855 were .b.lm si„i. 
 .shanks ,,11,1 his wife, 20 June, ,75, ; tliev mail, a 'i 
 sum by .selling sli.'es of tlie Hitch to wihi,^,,i , 5' 
 ccieiiiony (jixw |icrsons). " ""^ 
 
 Flitelies wereawarde.l to.'^Ir and Mrs. n:iil„w „f ai, 
 piiij,'-' lagar. and the Chevalier Chatelaine aiid'hijijlj." 
 
 lord of the manor opposed the revival, l.iit Mr n- 
 Harrison Aiusw.irth, the novelist, and 
 detr.i.veil the e.Kpeii.se, and 
 inonial 
 
 Th 
 
 frirll.l. 
 
 supennb-iiiliil tlic f,.|, 
 
 A Hitch was awarded in i86oaiiil 9 Julv, i87vmiTWr,i, 
 1876, to .Tames Henry and Mary iio„s"'. [„" " 
 23 July, 1877; to 3 couples, 3 Aii ' ' ' 
 2 .Vug. [897. 
 
 1396; to 2CUUIllf,, 
 
 DUNSE :-'. "-C ,.nd). Here on jS J„,„ 
 1639, by treaty , ■• vc. the .Scots commissi,,,, nl\ 
 Clmrh's I., their 1. 'leands were aceilcl t,) aiidt'',,' 
 agreed to disband th(;ir army. Dispute* aruse a„| 
 the treaty was not carried into efl'ect. ' 
 
 DUNSINANE (Perthshire). On th," hill ,vl 
 fought the battle between king Macbeth fornierlvihfl 
 thane of Glaiiimis, and >Siward, earl ,if X„i-|li„„, 
 berland, 27 July, 10,4. Edward the ''..ntVswrluJl 
 s(!nt Siwardon behalf of Malcolm III., wliosofaih,.. 
 Duncan, the usurper hail nuirdered. .Maclw-tlnni 
 defeated, and it was said was imrsueil t.i .'.iimntj 
 nan, in Aberdeenshire, and there slain, lOjOorio-.l 
 
 DUOMO, sec Milan, F/orcnee. 
 
 DUPE.S (day of), II \ov. 1630, wli,.„Ri,l„.li,J 
 energetically and adroitly frustrated llie plan tJ 
 his in, formed by the qiieen Marie de M,ilioii .[.T 
 G,. , . ,, duke of Orleans, and others, Juriii" 
 king a i'l' . sg. " 
 
 DUPLEX TELEGRAPHY. 
 
 Teleijrdph under IJWtriciti/. 
 
 See Eltii.ii 
 
 DUPPELorDYBOL. See under7)cHmn,v!,if'J 
 
 DT^PPLIN (Perthshire) . Here Edward Ril ' 
 and his English allies totally defeated tli,- Ui 
 under the earl of JIar, i: Aug. ijp, and ulitiir:. 
 tlie crown for three months. 
 
 DUEBAR, an East Indian term lor 1111 audin - 
 chamber or court. On 18 Oct. iSb.). a dii-'i 
 was held at Lahore by the viceroy of India, .-irj', 
 Lawrejice, at which" i,o^ of the most illuitri i 
 princes and chieftains of the nortli-\ve,«t prniiid 
 were nresent, inagniticentlv cl,,tlicd. SlmilaroKl 
 were held in i860, 1807, and on 27 Manli, iSw,i 
 Umballah. - • . 
 
 Sir .Seymour Fitzgcrnid, govoniorof Ucimhav. lieH 
 
 a Kieat durbar of the princes of Western lii,lia at 
 
 T' ^ .... . . 60,1 lil 
 
 The carl of Mayo, the viceroy, held a SHleiiin liniliar 
 
 at Aimere In Ha.lpootinia 22 0tii| 
 
 The maripiis of Kipon'.s graml iliub . "fr„v)al 
 
 Lalion- ;after Alglian war, . 1 S'nv 1 
 
 The eai-l of DiitliM-in, vicero,", li, ' a -ka 
 
 at Itawiil Piiiili, at which vlie .Vi ,', .,1. «;• 
 
 tun and the Duke of Connaug',, -t ,. „'iii. 
 
 s A] if,;. , 
 Sir Aucklaml Colviii, !ieut.-novi'riior,if tlie S.W. 
 
 rrovinces, held agruiid durbar at Meerutio.Marcl:. 1 
 
 DU] 
 
 .Marlmr held at Qncttji 
 ,|Uisof Linisdowue, 10 ; 
 
 \t Uiiore, by the viceroy, 
 
 , DURHAM, an anc' 
 
 I ibe SiLxons, and Duri 
 
 iiisHOPKic was rcmovet 
 
 [ le-slreot in 995 ; whitli 
 
 tr.im Lindisfarnc, or ] 
 
 <,f Northumberland, in J 
 
 j invasion of tlio Danes. 
 
 ^ert, the sixtli bisliop, 
 
 ,:isfanie, and enshrined 
 
 .lldune in ((95, on the 1 
 
 J ,;itliedriil was begun Ii 
 
 I Cariltf, about 1095, «nd 
 
 I livbis successors till i:;( 
 
 I li'itet in England, was 1 
 
 1,12821/. Tresent incoini 
 
 1 14,932; 1891,14,863. 
 
 Ciillepe feiiiided (abolislieil a 
 
 .Vtar lluiliaiii was fought th 
 
 rilk'ieiws (see Sliii.e.i) . 
 Iiuihaiii ravaged by Malcolii 
 ,ii]iirii by the Northern re 
 Bv Ik Sects 
 
 i.nimirll (luartercd liis Scot 
 
 tlieilial 
 
 Oomivell estnlilislicil a coll 
 
 siii'l'i-raseil at the Hesforat 
 
 Tlf ],alatiiie privileges, giai 
 
 llif Danish Nortliiimbriun 1 
 
 liytlif eiciwii 
 
 Tlie'niiirrsiV.i/, located in'tli 
 
 Uislml ill 1813, opeiieil Oct. 
 
 [('(rt>iiunew()nliaanees, recoii 
 
 iion. 1862, set aside 
 taUieilral lenovated ; re-opoii 
 
 See (V<i; (strike, 1892). 
 tinting suiiic exen\(itioiis hui 
 Orrenwell interesting reii 
 lallieilral were discoi'ered ii 
 I'hiiosopliionl society foundefl 
 Visit of tlie jiriiice of Wales . 
 
 HKCKNT 111; 
 
 i;5i, Hon. Slaite liarn'nt.'ton, 1 
 it!6. Will. Vaii.Mil,leit(tlie la 
 J Feb. 1836. 
 
 Ii!> Edward JIaltby, resigne- 
 
 1839, aged 90". 
 \M Cliaries Tiiiiinas Lonitlev 
 J .May, i860. ^ ' 
 
 liSfa Hun. H. Montagu Villi, 
 lisle) : (lied ,0 Aug. iS. 
 isfi Cuaries Uaiin^', resigned 3 
 
 1870. 
 |i:;9. J„.se],li liArber Liglitfoot, 
 0)0. Biwike ho.ss Westcott, i) 
 I May. 
 
 DURHAM LETTER, 
 
 DU.ST. A controversy ri 
 |lion between dust and "dis, 
 
 Ifftiire on the subject liy 
 Ike Koyal Institution, 21 Jm 
 rioDSlrated the presence of 
 m of the atmoqihcre in cor 
 wriniontsof Pasteur and otlier, 
 [nGimr/ieoyt/nna Viri.set 
 
 _m promotiiii' fii-es (,,,(1 o.\ 
 JyEiradayiii relation to eon 
 bvRankiiiennd lliicadam in 1 
 (11872. Professor F. A. Abej 
 jtte Iliinjtei'ous Properties of j 
 Hr.. Milken's dust-counting ni 
 tn Bon Nevis, Feb. i8qo 
 
 .DUTCH CHURCH, sec 
 
 J DUTCH PLAYS, "Ann 
 |iasseii,and others, were perfoi 
 
DURHAM. 
 
 win-i' ,T..linsinkf.| 
 ; tl"'yninilcal,irvl 
 ■o witiiissi;., 01 tt I 
 
 Ailjrlmr lii'lrl at Oucttji liv fi.., ..1 '' 
 
 DUKilAiVr, nn nncicnt cifv *»,« zi i , 
 He Sax„n8, and Z/,«.-«," of -Ih, L '"''"''"fln"^ 
 
 le^trcc. in 995; ^vhi.l.er it h, '" .^ "t a^fcj 
 trim Lindisfarne, or UnU- TKl„n-) „ t™isienc(i 
 
 J Northumberland Jn8-r^nS.n '^^ Tf' 
 ,„vasion of the Wnel ' 'I'j "^^^^^'l'"/'"™ «/ the 
 tert, the sixth hi.liop, wc"e bron^l,f f?'' ^i' ''■ 
 jisfame, and enshrine I'in a cJiur" I ' I?/", \'"' 
 .lldune in ^5, on tlie siV f wh ll,' ?, '' '^ ''l'" 
 
 Carikf.iibout 109?, and tlR wnrL V "* ?-^ ^'- 
 
 241 
 
 DYEING. 
 
 Theatre, "Westminster, 7 June ,t m, iKu^ xr 1 
 , C,Uhe,^e i'eersnuur;^eti,;^;::i^j;:*:°i,S»- 
 
 SnJ?^o''^^^^^IC,see//« 
 ■UUriES, sec Customs, Ex,-i,e, tjr. 
 DUTY, see Whole and Deontology. 
 
 books of thp Sihvii ".i!ll°."''^' '° t«ko .are of the 
 
 I'lre. Tlio books were 
 
 1290 
 
 I loUefef.miKlcd OilM.lislicI Mt the R<.thn„.,ti„„^ 
 
 IHrtlieSi'dts . . '''••■. 1569 
 
 J 'S: '''""■*"■"' !"' ^^'"'•••'■I'ris/mer.s'in the ..a: ''^° 
 
 I Cromwell esfnlili.shc<i a ('olleae ,6„. u.i,,-,,; • ''5° 
 I sniijireswd at the Hentomtin,. '^"•"'"'^^'' W's 
 
 TJio iinlntiiut iti'it-ihi.r.... j ..'._• • . j66o 
 
 I The iwlatiiif I'l'ivilf-'es, L'nmtt'il fn' f),« 'i ; i * . ' 
 
 lS.;6 
 
 J837 
 1863 
 
 • 18 Oct. 1876 
 
 lutheilral renovated; re-ojiein..'d 
 
 I See (Wi/ (strike, 1892). 
 
 I [luiiiig some cxravatioii.s miiierintenilpil >,,.,.„ 
 
 I firrenwell intnvsting re. 1, i of f, ,, -l,'" '"'' 
 
 I utliedral were discovered i„ "^ *'"= "''"'^■" 
 
 |l'h.ioso].liral society fminded about IIipb,,,! Af '^''••-S 
 
 IvisituftiieiiriMceohVales """"^ the end of . ,8c6 
 
 J n «, , ,'"■•":"•'• "'«"oe.s. ■ °''- '^'^' 
 
 Ji;s., Hon, Slmte DarnnKt lied iii iR,fi 
 
 ..W. v., Mildert (the h.tA^l.^^l„o,, .,,„,, 
 r "^S^"^ Longley ; bec««>e nrcbb. of York, 
 
 |'*"'£icy:]!:;;'';?:ij'';^-(t,v.ns,„tedfro,ucar- 
 
 I'" «';'^J^^""'i^'.'--iK"«l3KeU,:8;9; .„„, ,„s„„, 
 lii;?. Jwiiii Bnrhcr LiKhtfnot, die,] 2, Dee ,Rfin 
 I'* ""n^,;;/"-^'^ ^^■'■■^"-•'■"- ^-l^-. -Mn""; .■.^Seemted 
 DURHAM LETTER, see i'a;,^/^,,,,,,,^,. 
 
 DHCH CHURCH, see ./„„,«/,■„ „,, .,..,,.■ 
 
 [dutch plays, "Annie Mio •> bv v ■ ' 
 P'-^ other, .e^e pcrfo^e^'!.? tHc'lnSrlal 
 
 t'K' grou „, Th'e n, ;„" :rkcr' "' " '^?'" ""''^■■• 
 to ten (theDeeemv i ^cVif/'fA'*^^" ^■T "'"eaKed 
 
 the added tivecalk'yi?,';V;;^;-r''"'''''''' ''''^"'■^■"• 
 about jl- 1, c ' \ „"f "'f ^°'' '''stinguished 
 
 Geotlrey Hii.lson, an Kii-lisl, ,1 ,V '^"-'*' '"«''• 
 
 the king and";',;:^ ', : ,',', :,' ;.';' '"./'.y''''^ ■'■'"',■ ''^'''"•« 
 
 ■626. Jie ,.l,alle„g,.d Mr c, , ' ' V' ""';'<",'«'""'• '" 
 
 niter ca.ne .mned wit a s 't ' w " 'A'"-''' ^"* "'o 
 
 the dwarf shot his an t, « n 't le Id " 1 """"'^■'- ""noting 
 
 Count Borowlaski a Polish, IV' '^53- 
 
 I'lishiaeuts and ele.-nt ,.,?:; ''■'''"'',', '\^ «"■'* ■'"■'■"m- 
 
 hjml. where he rS" i " i nV' ve i^" ?" 1" ''"«■ 
 Nov. 1700 iTiu ,„.„„.,, '"'Oij J ears, was Imru n 
 
 i""hesfft si" „**i , ' "■1%"' 'T J'-"'' "f "«o 4 
 "tthirt'v, 39 He'l 1 i's . '"'"'■V .33 i'"bes; an.t 
 years yo,'„f;?er than , self m''"'' '^''"•'*<««!''. «.^Ven 
 Hl.econM S'tat.d nu' li s'.; ' '"' ""■'•!! »l;orter that 
 ^ the courts or Kuroi.e an dii 1 ;, ..."S'''"!*?^'' "'■■"')■ of 
 Charles Jlevwood Sti-itt Jt I^nglanil ni ,837. 
 
 BinuuM, .846 Tn fV « • '''"fl'""'. I'V Mr. P. T 
 .vears old Z\ 3 1' cl .4 hth" .'^''■"' ^■".'■'^' "■''"'^■. 
 Warfen, aged 2. ,2 , 1 ^''! ''%''""'''-■'' ^"■"'i 
 
 Kl.gland in Dee S64 a„d r,;; ;^''"'''■'^^ '■'""' »' 
 
 Died i5,Iulv, ,883 ^ 'thianied here .s„nie time 
 
 Ay;^raii:;;;;^!;'-!i^^:n;^^.'-n at Buenos 
 
 height 20 inches wths-im.?f ','° "''"'«'' '5 'bs-. 
 
 ;^^u.datthew;.s,;f;/„3;;^-!^;;i;!,.:>-^n;5;-.^x. 
 
 goods to bednd in ? I . " ;?,",'<' ''«^-'' ^"'t fine 
 
 to then, prob^ab y „"S)8 ' T •" f "■"«,'^™»»ht 
 
 1 .> "1 luoa. 1 wo dyers of Exeter 
 
 i ' uii,.,i..__ . 
 
 Jjy«iifi*> 
 
i/i8« 
 
 DrvAMICS. 
 
 342 
 
 DZOUNQAEIA. 
 
 were floeged for tcnching their art in the north " (of 
 Koglaiid), 162S. A stntute iigainat nbii»<'s in dyeing 
 piissed ill 1783. Till nit has beei; greatly improved 
 by cheniicnl rcsearoli . A discovery of Dr. Stenhouto 
 in 1848, led te JI. Marnas procuring mnitve from 
 lichena ; and Dr. Hofniann's production of aniline 
 from coal-far, has led Ui the invention of a number 
 of beautiful dyes (mauve, mngentn, ret), green, 
 black, &c.) ; see Aniline. 
 
 DYNAMICS is the science wliich treats of 
 matter and motion rcccntlvsubstitutc-d for " mecha- 
 nics," which we. Prof' ss,",r AV. K. Clittbrd's " Ele- 
 inents of Dynamics," 2 vols,, 1878-87. 
 
 DYNAMITE, a now cxplosi>e compound, con- 
 sisting of 25 parts of silicious earth saturated with 
 7S parts oi'mtio-glycerine {which see). Itia suitable 
 for mining purposes, and was tried and approved 
 at Morstham i.j Julv, 1868. It wns invented by 
 Alfred Nuln'l to obviate danger. Its manufacture 
 is very da!iiv'iou.<. Mr. Xobcl died, 10 Dec iS<)(>; 
 and be()iiPitUied a fund of ;iboi!t 434,W)</. to 
 liromoto ^: M lice. A jiiennr.i'i i; -ailed "Safety" 
 Dynamite, invciitni liy He: • v , i iMhmvn, who'by 
 the addition of a simple substu.- t(iii!i,i.- dvnivuiitc 
 uiicongenlaUo, thus avoiding tit; lin^.-er . C lliawing 
 in cold weather, 1880. Dynamite which vnunot be 
 frozen, inveiitcl by Herr t'd«'in<>: TjJehcrl., nf 
 Berlin (very important, iii:inv doat'n win^. been 
 caused by thawing frozen dvimihif":' ; reporteu 
 Aug. r.SfjO. See J\>(f }>/.•.?•, if Ticc. 1892, au-l 
 Cannon, 1891. 
 
 Siiyilcr <l.viiniiiiti' lu-ojVctiy'; ; exiiciiiiio'its at Ahcrdarc, 
 S. Wall's ; Hi'itisli niid foreign (.«ioers present : 
 repoiteil fairly siicci'ssfiil 5 Oct. 1891, 
 Thirteen men killcii by i'xi>li)siiiii of ilviianiito in a rail- 
 way tunnel nt Cyiiimir, iri. Wiilcs, 21 April, 1876. 
 A iii.iii imiiieil Tlioni-ioi. Tlininiissin, or TlMimna con- 
 signed a cask of dyiKiinite to liieiiierliafcii, to lie (con- 
 voyed by the North Oiiinnn I.lriyil steanier Mosel. 
 with it he sent a ol(Kk«..rk niachlne, which would 
 111 eight days give the cnsk a Mow jiowerfiil enough to 
 explode the dyiiiiniite niiil destroy the ship. From 
 «!tiie cause the iiiiichine went ott' and exploded in 
 the iUmM, killing almve So and wounding aliinit 200 
 person--, chi,Hy emigrants and their friends, n Dec. 
 1875. {'(.'Hiisiiii eiiiiiiiiitted .suicide, dying i6 Dec. 
 1875, after confessing his crime, his oliject being to 
 obtjiiu the paltry sum for which lie linil insured his 
 goods. Itaj '.^eais thatsiniiliiriimchiues were known 
 ui 187.1. 
 Use of dynamite for killing oxen tried and advocated. 
 
 Hummer, 1877. 
 Its use in lisheries iirohibited by parliament, 14 Aue. 
 
 A parcel containing 27 cartri.lgcs of dyn.imite placed on 
 the London and \. W. Hallway, between Bnshey and 
 Watford (iieiiictnitors not disciivered), night 12-11 
 Sept. 1880. 
 
 Failure of attempt at exjilosion at the Times office, 
 IS Mar. iSSi. 
 
 Thdm.is Calhiii, iiliiii Kci,tt, of I.ciwdl, Massachusetts 
 and Michael Harkins, ipf Fhiliiddphiii, bntli residing 
 In Islington, cliaigc<l with conspiring together t<i cause 
 a Uyiiainite explnsion, a l.Tge iinantitv of dynamite 
 
 The violent Irish jiarty In America termed Dii 
 April, i88j. Many said to Iw settled in Far 
 refers to two associations— one 'under ■ 
 Ro.s.sa (failing), another named Clan-ii» 
 
 ; 25 convicted u. I.: impn,, 
 
 said to have been killed 
 
 issued i836, 
 O'Donovan Hossa said to have been siicCi 
 
 Hamilton Williams at New York (sec Kti,, 
 
 :a87. 
 Portmanteaufl, cnntaliingdynni.ite, with c' 
 
 Anierican make, which had i:>i!eil, fonml 
 
 ■I-:. 
 
 i''d Iv 
 
 '■ "'Ilk 
 I* '^hariii;' 
 
 '"'•i a Lii'l. 
 
 cross and Faiidingtin station., 28 Feb 
 
 gate-hill station, i Jl.irch, 1884. 
 FitzGorald orre.sted i/i London, 10 A/iril, 1884 
 beonmn.or Daley, w;t!, t'lree infernal nn^ inin.'s „n.=. , 
 
 at ISivkenhead. ."iasif,i 
 
 Janic>- .'■•raiicls Eyvi ;. „1 Patiick Hogan ,iircss.,| ,. 
 
 Dirmingham, n Aiul, 1884. "•" ' 
 
 (Treasonable papers abcr.it Irish ri'publi,' 4^ ,1 
 covered in Kgan's gai (en.] ' ''*■ 
 
 Wm. M'Dnnnell arrestee' v.: Wedo'sbuiv • Mav ,-■! 
 Daly sent Mced to iMMiai .servitn le fii'''' life ■ i',.], '' 
 
 20 Aug. 1896; Eg'in to 20 years, foi- tr, ,i.'„i| r,,," 
 
 M'Donnell ilisicharged on recogi -ian. e. i a„., ' 
 
 [James F. Egan iliscluirged, 21 .! .n. i ';) 1 " 
 Explosion at Nobel's dymimite facl-rv ii-a; Stevemt ~ 
 
 Ayr ;te.i lives lost, 8 May, ,884 ; .igam, 6 men kilW 
 
 :4 Feb, 1897. 
 Fr ifes.sor Sylvaiius P. Thompson's " Dvii,im.i*lf,.i,i 
 
 Jtachinery," 4th edition, published .lulv ,8q, 
 Explosion of a bomb at the house of the huii u.,,,-,,., , 
 
 Hrett, M.i;., 2, Tiliiey-street. Mayfao ■ tl c |" 
 
 windows sliattere.1, 4 Nov. 1894. ''' 
 
 Explosion of a large cargo of dynamiie .in h,„,i ,||., 
 
 tlie Rhine, 
 huriit ai).| 
 ilestrovnl 
 
 ■'•I'lfiiesj), 
 
 ill U!. 
 
 J:h:nl„th (capt. Heymers) at .Salniorth, ;■ 
 near Dils,seldorf ; 13 lives lost; the //. 
 other boats slink ; houses and proi«i ' 
 19 March, 1895. 
 
 Dynamo-machines, see Klectririty, 1866. 
 
 Release of dynainitanls (see Tiiali, ir u 
 Aug. 1896. ' 
 
 Di/iicmite iihit organized in the United St.-ites by Feiii 
 and others, against the (lueeii and the i- 
 Britain, A bomb factory discovered :il Antu™ 
 P..I. Tynac, "No. I.," arrested at Uoiilogi..-. ,. J' 
 1896; his extradition demanded liv the Urit " 
 government on the charge of the miinler of ,\|r 
 . -vke (6 May, 1882), 24 Sept. ; extr.-iditiuii ivtumihi 
 brench government, 14 (Jet. ; Tviiim is i .ieawr 
 .^ Oct. ; retiirii.s to New York, 27 ( )ct. Keuriiev, i,;,,,' 
 Wallace and Haines, arrested at liottenlain "Jj,, 
 hept. ; shipped to New York ; 5 Oct. Edwaiil ill' 
 nlin,i Ivory, arrested in Glasgow, 12 .Sept, ; at Bo\v.,t' 
 17 Sept.; committeil, 20 Nov. 1896; aei|iiittiij, ji 
 
 Rolla Hichards, sentenced to 7 yrs. iiiipri.soiiiiieiit fo- 
 haviiig caiiseil a bomb explosion at a New-cross ibi,-' 
 olllcc(Aiig, 1894) ; 9 Ajiril, 1897. ' '' 
 
 Explosion in a train at Aldersgate.station ; eiiiiitv cm 
 paitnient wrecked, i death ; 26 April, 1397 ' 
 
 5*1 " 
 
 having been found in their dweilings In Islington 21 
 Nov. ; committed 19 Dec. (Cohen, a co-consiiimt^ir 
 died 19 Oct.) 1887 ; as secondaries sentenced to tlfteen 
 years' p,;ml servitude 1-3 Feb. 1888 ; Thomas Callan 
 relea.sed, 20 Jan, 1895. 
 
 Zaiinski gun for the projection of dyimniite adopted 
 by the Uniteil states for coast defence Feb. 1889. 
 
 Lieut. Graydon's safe dynamite for use in shells, &c., 
 nunounccd April, iSSg. 
 
 See Kjiiloaioiis ami Glosriov; 18S3. 
 
 DZOUNGARIA, a region of Central .\sia,N 
 ol thina, with about 2,000,000 inhabitants, fierce 
 warlike Mahometans. After being long tributarv 
 to China, they rebelled in 1864, massacred the 
 Chinese residents, and set up their couiitmnan 
 Abel Oghlnn as sultan. As he wa.s unable io re- 
 strain predatory attacks upon the Kussians, tit 
 czar declared war in April, 1871. After a brief 
 campaign in May and June, and several conflieis 
 in which the Russians were victors, the sultan 
 surrendered himself to general Kolpakov'ilti, 4 
 July, and the country was annexed to th ■ Biisiac 
 empire. 
 
 "-k^^tl 
 
EAQLE. 
 
 343 
 
 EARTHQUAKES. 
 
 
 E. 
 
 ti'-GLE, > ' ..iioiont coin of Irolund, made of a 
 iiue metal, ;..v! current in the first years of Ed- 
 ward I. about 1 27 J, was so named from the figure 
 impresied upon u. The American gold coinage of 
 eaitles, half eagles, and quarter eagles, began 6 Duo. 
 1:92; an eagle is of the value of 10 dollars, or about 
 :/. u.—The itath'.fird of the eagle was borne by the 
 Persm'is . ; Cuuaxi, 401 B.C. The Romans carried 
 iM wid ..Iver e:.gles as ensigns, and sometimes 
 lef vesei; Ui them with a thunderbolt in their talons, 
 •i the (...iia o/a spear, 102 h.c. Charlemagne 
 
 'led the I'ccond head to the eagle for his arms, to 
 Jeiioto that ttio empires of Borne and Germany 
 were united m him, a.d. 802. The eagle was 
 the standard of Napoleon I. and Nanoleon III. : 
 ts well as of Austria, Russia, and Prussia; see 
 Knighthood. 
 
 EARL (Latin, comes), introduced at the con- 
 quest, superseded the Saion ealdorman, and con- 
 tinued the highest rank in England, until Ed- 
 ward III. created dukes in 1337 and 1351, and 
 Richard II. created marquises (1385), both above 
 earls. Alfred used the title of earl as a substitute 
 forking. William Fitz-Osborn was made earl of 
 Hereford by William the Conqueror, 1066. Gil- 
 christ was created earl of Angus, in Scotland, by 
 king Malcolm III. in 1037, and sir John de Courey 
 created baron of Kingnaleand earl of Ulster in Ire- 
 land, by Henry II. 1 181. 
 
 E*iiL Marshal of Eiiftliind, the eighth great offli'cr of 
 state. Tlii.< office, until it was iiiailc liereditarj-, always 
 paused by grant fniiii the kiiiy. Oiltiert de Clare wiis 
 created lord marshal by king Steiihtn, 1135. The last 
 lord marshal wa.s John Fitz-Alan, lord Maltniyer« 
 Camden Hichard H. in 1307 yranted letters imtent to 
 the earl of Nottingham liy the style (jf trnrl niaralial In 
 1672, Charles II. granted to Henry lord Howard the 
 dignity of hereditarj- earl marsh.-il, The earl niai-shals 
 court was abolishi'd in 1641. (Hn' llouvnl.) 
 
 Earl Makischal of Seotlaml Was an officer wlio com- 
 manded the cavalrj-, wher.a..i the const^ible coniinamlcd 
 the whole army ; Imt they .seem to have had a jui 't 
 conunand, us all urders were addressed to "our con- 
 stable and marischal. " The offl<'e was never out of the 
 Keith femily. It was reserved at the Union, and when 
 the heritable jnrisdicticm.s worv bought, it reverted to 
 the crown, being forfeited by the rebellion of Geoige 
 Keith, earl marisehal, in 1715. 
 
 EARL DE LA WARR'S ACT, see Chil. 
 dren. 
 
 EAELY CLOSING ASSOCIATION esta- ' 
 b ished 1842, to abridge the hours of labour, and to i 
 abolish Sunday trading. 
 
 Frwiuent meetings. Congress Feb. 1 883. I 
 
 Sir John Lubbock's Early Clnsing Dill f„r shops (8 p ni I 
 
 and 10 luii on Saturdays) rejected by the Comm.ms 1 
 
 (278-95), 2 .May, 1888. I 
 
 EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY ' 
 
 began to publish in 1864. 
 
 EARRINGS were worn by Jacob's family. 
 i:32B.c.(Gc«. xxxv. 4). •' 
 
 , EARTH, see Globe. " Earth to Earth " discus- 
 sion in 1875; advocacy of cremation, see Burials. 
 
 EARTHENWARE, »e« Pottery. 
 
 EARTHQUAKES. Kircher, Des Cartes, and 
 others, supposed that there were many vast cavities 
 
 under ground which have a communication with 
 each other, gome of which abound with water, 
 others with exhalations, arising from inflammable 
 substances, as nitre, bitumen, sulphur, &c. Dr. 
 Sstukeley and Dr. Priestley attributed earthquakes 
 to eloctncity. They are probably due to steam 
 generated by subterraneous heat. An elaborate 
 Catalogue of earthquakes (from B.C. 1606 to a.d. 
 1842), with commentaries on the phenomena, by R. 
 and J. W. Mallet, was published by the British 
 Association in 1858. In i860 the velocity of their 
 propagation was estimated by Mr. J. Brown at 
 between 470 and 530 feet per second.* Prof. 
 John Milue, at the liojal In.stitution, London, 12 
 Feb. 1897, described his important researches in 
 seismology, with special reference to Japan. See 
 seismometer. 
 
 42s 
 
 373 
 
 34S 
 
 283 
 
 >7 
 
 79 
 
 One which nuide Eulifpa an island . . . b.c. 
 Helice and Itura in I'eloiionncsus swallowed up 
 Duras, in Gifcce, buried with all its inhabitants ; 
 
 and 12 cities in Cam|iania also Imricd . 
 Ly.simachia and its inhabitants buried about . . 
 Ephcsus and other cities (ivci-tuined . .ad. 
 Oiie acconi|ianicd the cniptiiin of Vesuvius when 
 
 i'cinij Ml and Horculancuiii were buried 
 Pour cities in Asia, two in Greece, and two in Oa- 
 
 ! '"tia overturnecl .05 or 106 
 
 ■ Antioch destroyed 
 
 ! Nicomedia, Ciesaren, and Nicea ovcrtunied ' . '. 
 ' In Asia, Pontns, and Maccdcmia, 150 cities and 
 
 towns damaged 
 
 ; Nicomedia again demolished, and its inhabitants 
 
 buried in its ruins 
 
 One felt by nearly the whole world . 
 , At Coiistantiiio|ile ; its edifices destroyed, and thou- 
 sands perished 
 
 In Africa ; many cities overturned . . " 
 Awful one in Syria, Palestine, and Asia ; more than 
 500 towns were ilestroyud, and the loss of life sur- 
 [ passed all calculation 
 ; In France, Germany, and Italy 
 I Const4iiitinoiile overtiirni'd ; all Greece sliakoii 
 
 One felt throughout Englaml 
 
 One at Antioch ; many tdwns destroyeil ' . . 
 Catania, in Sicily, overturned, and "15,000 persons 
 
 buried m the rains . . . ,,„ 
 
 One severely felt at Lincoln . . .'.'.'. nA 
 In Syria, &c., 20,000 perished .... 1,53 
 
 At Calabria ; one of its cities and all its inhabitants 
 
 over\vheliiied in the Adriatic sea . . Sept 1186 
 In Cilicia, 60,000 iieiished . ... 1263 
 
 One again felt throughout England ; Ginstonbury 
 destroyed 
 
 In England ; the greatest known there . 14 Nov! 
 At Naples ; 40,000 persons perished . 5 Dee 
 tonstantinople ; thoiLsaiids perished . . 14 Sept! 
 At Lisbon; 1500 liou.ses and 30.000 persons buried 
 in the ruins ; several neighbouring towns engulfed, 
 
 n i. ,1 . , , s6 Feb. 
 
 One felt in London ; part of St. Paul's anil the 
 
 Temple chunhes fell .... 6 April, 1580 
 in Japan ; several cities made ruins, and thousands 
 
 , I™"'' ■ • 2 July 1596 
 
 In Najilcs ; 30 towns or villages ruined; 70,0a, 
 
 lives lost . 10 July 1626 
 
 Awful one at Calabria . . ' . " . 27 March; 1638 
 Hagtisa ruined ; 5000 perished , . 6 April, .667 
 At Schamaki, lasted 3 months ; 80,000 perished 
 
 Mrs. Somerxlllc states thdt about 255 earthniiaki'ii 
 have occurred in the Uritish Isles ; all slight. To avoid 
 the ettects of a shock predicted by a mailman, ff>r the 8th 
 or April, 1750, thousands of persons, particulariy those 
 ot rank and fortune, passed the night ou the 7th in their 
 carriages and in tents in Hyde-park. 
 
 
 yw' 
 
 (1.J 
 
 hM 
 
 ,''^ 
 
 .,.J^. 
 
HP. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^"^^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 EARTHQUAKES. 
 
 344 
 
 EARTHQUAKES. 
 
 At niniini ; aliovc 1 500 iierishcd 
 
 One Hevfii'ly fdt nt Dublin, Ac. . . iTO.t. ifiio 
 
 One at Jnnmica, which tntnllvileHtrovedrditaciyal 
 
 169a 
 
 1706 
 1716 
 
 1726 
 
 I73> 
 
 I7J2 
 
 1746 
 1750 
 '751 
 175a 
 
 whoHc hiiiiHcH were diKnlft-il 40 futhiiniiih'cii, and 
 
 3000 jierishcd 7Juni' 
 
 One in Sicily, which ovcrttirncil s^i'iticsand tnwns, 
 lUHl 300 villages ; iif t'atJinia anil itH 18.000 inhnlii- 
 tantH, nnt a trace remained ; inori! than loo.ooc 
 
 lives wer.h.st aej.t. 1693 
 
 Aquila, in Italy, mi I ; 5000 iieri.shcil a Fell 1701 
 
 Jeildd, Japan, mined ; 200,000 perinlied 
 '"the Abruzzi ; 15,000 iMiinlieil . . 3 Ndv' 
 At Algiers : 30.000 peridhed . May & .Inne, 
 
 fftlemio nearly destriiyed ; nearly 6000 lives lust 
 
 I Hejit. 
 Again in China ; and 100,000 pcoiile swallowed uii 
 
 , "t r-'kiii ,oNov. 
 
 in Aiiples, &c. ; ip4oiierished . . . 39 Nov. 
 Lima and Caihui ifeinolished ; 18,000 persons buried 
 in the ruins .... .28 t)et 
 
 In London, &!■,, a slight shock . . ' . iq Feb 
 I'ort-au-rrinee, ISt. IJominKo, ruined . 21 Nov 
 Adriauiiple nearly overwhelmed . . .30 Juiv 
 At Grand Cairo ; half of the houses and 4o,ow 
 
 persons swallowed uip . . . Wc.it ,,cj 
 
 Quito destroys . . . . a'm jUi 
 
 Kaichan, N. I'ersin, destroyed ; 40,000 iierished) 
 
 Great earthriuake at Lisbon. In about eight ndnutes " 
 most of the hou.ses and upw.irds of 50,000 inhalii- 
 tants were swallowed up, ami whole streets 
 Imried. The cities of Coimbra, Ojiorto, anil 
 Braga. suft'ered ilreadfully, and St. Ubes was 
 wholly overturned. In Spain, a lai'Ke iiart of 
 llalaga became ruins. One half of Fez, in Mo- 
 rocco, was destid.ved, and more than 12 000 
 Arabs perished tliere. The island of Madeira was 
 .■inected : ami 2000 houses in the i.slaml of Mitv- 
 lene, in the Archipelago, were overthrown. Th'is 
 awful earthijuake extended 5000 miles ■ even to 
 Scotland , y,,,. 
 
 In Syria, extended over 10,000 scinare miles ; Haalbec 
 oestid.ved ; here 20,000 perisheil . 30 Oct 
 
 Coniorn, Pe.sth, &c., much damaged . 28 June 
 At Martiuico ; 1600 per.sous jierislied . . Aug. 
 At Guatemala; Santiago, with its inhabitants, 
 
 swallowed up 7 June, ,773 
 
 A destnictive one at Smyrna . . . 3 July, 1778 
 AtTauris; 15,000 houses thrown down, and multi- 
 tudes buried .... ,,gn 
 Messina and other towns in Italy and Sici'lv over- 
 
 thrown : thousands peri.shed . . . "5 Feb. 1783 
 Ezinghian, near Krzeroum, destroyed, and coco 
 
 persons buried in its ruins . . 23 July, 1784 
 St Lucia, W.Indies ; 900 peri.shed . . 12 Oct. ,788 
 At IJorgo di San Sepolcro ; many houses and 1000 
 lieisons swallowed up ... 30 .Sept 
 III Xajiles: Vesuvius overwhelmed the city of 
 
 Torre del Greco j',,,,^ 
 
 The whole country between Santa Fe aiid Panumii 
 
 destroyed, including Ciizco and Quito; 40000 
 
 people buried in one .second . 4 Fel 
 
 Cumana, S. America, ruined ,? ]),,,. 
 
 At Constantinople, wliich destroyed the royal palace' 
 
 and many buildings . . '26 Sept iSoo 
 
 From Cronstadt to Constantinople .' 26()''t'i8o, 
 A violent (me felt in Holland . . end of Jam 1804 
 At Frosolone, Naples ; 6000 lives lost . 26 July, 1805 
 At the Azores ; a village of St. Michaers sunk! 
 and a lake of boiling water aiipeared in its place, 
 
 AHi'uloneatCai-aeas(H'/iic/i,w) 26Miirch' 181'^ 
 
 Several throughout ludia ; district of Kutch sunk • 
 
 3000 iiersons buried . . ,5 i|,|,p' ,0 
 
 Genoa, Palermo, Home, and manv other towns 
 
 greatly damaged ; thou.-iaiids iierish 
 Aleppo destroyed ; above 20,000 peri.sh; shocks oii " 
 
 Coast of Chili permanently- ri;^ ''"'r "'"'^"t^;;^ "^^ 
 »ery violent at Palermo and other jiarts of Sicily " 
 
 Violent ahoeka at Granada, in Spain ; ImndfiiKs '^'^ ' 
 destroyed .... 1--17 .Miv iS2fi 
 
 Island of Isrhia ; 38 men killed in Casamiccioia •' 
 many buildings destroyed ... 2 Feb' 1828 
 
 14 April, ,67a In Hpain;Mureia and numerous vill«g(8devast4lf.l. 
 
 6000 persons perish . . 21 Man 1^' 
 
 j Canton and neighbourhood ; abort (kxi) iieii.l.eii; '' 
 
 I Iiithei|ucl,yofParma;4oshocksHt llorgiaa'o '^!;;i;i '*"^ 
 at loritrenmli many houses thrown down mIVI, ,« 
 Concepcion, Ac, in Chili, desfroved . 30 Feb ,v" 
 in Calabria, Cosenza and villages destroyed 1,^ '' 
 I persons biiricil . 1^ 30 \i 1^ 
 
 [ In Calabria ; ux> perish at Caatiglionc . ijurt' " 
 I At Marliniijue : nearly half of Port Hoval destrov-.l '■ " 
 nearly 700 jiersons killed, and the' whole islan.i 
 damaged ... . 
 
 At Ternate ; the Island m'ade a waste, an'd thoi'isi'iii'l', ''^' 
 
 oflu'eslost ... M F 1 
 
 AwfiU and destructive earthi|uake at moMiit \ii,r,t' '° 
 
 ill "lie of Ihe districts of Amienia ; 3.17 h.iu.,' 
 
 Trished'"'"""'"' "'"' "'■*'"'"' '"'""'■■'^^'l I'<'1S"m" 
 
 C'™t^5™|l"l'iake At Zante, 'where many ^'.rs',',',); " 
 
 At Cane Haytieii, St. no'mingo, wliieh 'destr'™! " 
 nearly two-thirds of the town ; between 4000 
 
 and 5000 lives were lost . , \i"^ . 
 
 At Point ilPitre, Guadaioujie, which was eiiti ''; *' 
 destroyed. . . s V 
 
 At Uhoiles and Mncri, when a mountain 'fell in'-'t " 
 
 the latter idace, crushing a village, and destri.vii'iL' 
 I 600 persons ... 28 jvii _, v,;!. 1" 
 
 I '",,?^t,'.|,'|!|;',f"' "'''^■™ """■<' ill"" 400 house's were " 
 ■ In South Ita'ly ; Meld 'alnio'st laid in'mins ° w '<!!!!^ " 
 
 lives lost . . »4.wo 
 
 Philippine isles ; Manilla imic'h injured ',6. io\s,'m ,»'. 
 : 111 N.W. of Kngland, slight . ^" v,','- '^5' 
 
 Thebes, in Greece, nearly destroye<l . ' . ,| \„*' J; 
 St. Halvador, S. America, destroyed . ,6 \'„ V 'P 
 Anasaea, 111 Japan, and Simoda, in Niphoii '1, ■"♦ 
 
 stro.ved ; Jeddo much injured . ,'uZ' 
 
 nrmissa, in Turkey, iiearl.v destroved . ' J l.l; 
 Several villages in Central K'uroiie destroyeii; 
 
 Jeddo, Jaiiau, nearly destroved . '^' f, 'v'','> 
 
 At the i.sland of Great Sanger, one of theMohi.'cai' 
 
 volcanic eruption and earthipiake ; nearly -^000 
 
 111 the Mediterranean': at Cand'ia, 500 livei Um- 
 Rhodes, too ; and other islands, 150 . .oiict 
 In Calabria,' Montcmurro and other towns ,le " 
 stro.yed, and about 10,000 lives lost . ,fi 1,,,,, ,0 
 Corinth nearly destroved . 2, F, bI 
 
 At Quitd ; about 5000 persona killed, and an in,' " 
 luense amount of property destroyed, 32 Marc ,?• 
 Erzeroum, Asia Minor ; thousands jierishe.!, "'• 
 
 .•a t. 1 . 2 June— 17 Jniv 
 
 At San Salvador ; many buildings destroved I'ln " 
 
 lives lost . si) 
 
 In Comw.all, slight . '. 21 0,d. is',, ; ,, S' 
 At Meiiiloza, South Ameri.'a ; about two.tl,V,l7 f 
 : the cit.y and 7000 lives lost . . 30 March 
 In Perugia, Italy ; several lives lost . 8 Miv 
 III Greei'e; N. Moieii, Corinth, and other iiiaips 
 : m.iured , . 6 1) 
 
 I Gu.-iteinala ; 150 buildings' and' 14 'ehurches Z'. 
 i atroyed ... „ 
 
 I Rhode.s; ,3 villages ilestroyed, abi.ut w per.nn, 
 jierished, and much cattle and juoi.erty |„st. 
 
 Manilla, PhilijiiMne isles; immense destruction" f 
 jiroperty ; about 1000 jiersons jierisli 2, , .i„lv 
 Central, west, and north-west of Kiigl.'ul,!, it " 
 
 n „ ,. T, ,. ., 3 ''• 22 /a. A.M. 6 0ft 
 
 At Maechia, liendinella. &c., Sicily; 300 himse, " 
 destro.ved, 64 persons killed . ,sjulv m. 
 
 Slight eartlninake near Tours and lilois, in Fnnire,' ^ 
 
 Argiistoli, Cephaloiiia : above 50 perished '^'pjh 
 At Mityieiic ; about 1000 killed 8 9 March 
 
 lljocja, Java ; above 400 lierished ; town cie.sfroywl' 
 
 The cities of Are(|uipa, Iquique, Taciia, and c'lu'ndia' 
 
 and many small towns in Peru and Kciia.lor 
 
 Jlestro.ved; about 25,000 lives lost, and 30000 
 
 '759 
 1763 
 1767 
 
 iS,; 
 
 . 1856 
 
 1789 
 '794 
 
 '797 
 
 i8fo 
 
 1862 
 
 86, 
 
 1866 
 1867 
 
 - In the I'liurae of 75 years, from 1783 to 1857, the 
 
 the etieets of earthfpiakes, or more than moo iierveir 
 out of an average population of 6,000 000 I-iarai/a. ' 
 
 
EARTHQUAKES. 
 
 ■M6 
 
 EARTHQUAKES. 
 
 l86g 
 1870 
 
 871 
 
 renilcml lii>iiiflc)i« ; Iohh of judipcily fxtiiniitiil 
 
 at (.j.oao.ooo/. .... 13.15 Auk. 1 
 
 .'Vjiit ii,ooo(. idlliitfil ill ,.(111(1(111 to iclitve the 
 
 illcicrH.] 
 ,s|i([l;t cartlnimikc in W. Eii«l«ii(l and H. WalcH : 
 
 rdtat liiitli, SwiiiiHcii, (tc. . , . 30 Oct 
 111 SniitJi Jliiiini, UN loniiiii IhIc, tlii' fowii Hiiiilii 
 
 Miiiira (leHtrojdl ; aliout 17 ihtsoiih idiinlicj, 
 
 ,\lQiiel(cr, not mucli (lanianf? • . . 20 Oct 
 liiOilaliria; several villiiKcs(ic«ti-ovc(l, early in Oct 
 X W. Eiiglanil : houses Mhukcn, cnicliciy 'lirokcn, 
 cvciiiiii,', i7Marcli ; »li(,'lit in Yorkshire, 22 March,' 
 califiiniia; several sniali towns destroyed; ahont 
 
 3. killed . • ^- ,.■ . . 26, 27 March, 1872 
 
 l.iiirce, fcaslern Catchi, .Slnd frontier, India, de- 
 
 .stKiytd : alidiit 500 killeil . . 14, 15 Dec 
 
 ,saii Salvador neaiTy destroyed ; ahont sokiiled ; the 
 
 iY»tf»ea|ie(l throii);li timely warning 19 .March 
 
 .Vortlicr Italy: at Kelett(s near Concuh.ino, Vene- 
 
 <ia, elinrcli destroyed; ahont 50 killed; lives 
 
 latatUellmio, (4:c. ; sliock a-ltat Venice, Verona, 
 
 ''"■ 39 June, 
 
 .Uagri, Spain : 2(xi killed hy a landslip 22 .July, 
 ,Mili(!>m and other places in Gnateinala destroveii ; 
 
 great l(is.s of life 3 Sept 
 
 Km His.sarand other jilaces in Asia Minor ; ureat 
 
 (Ifiitniction of life . . • • 3-5 -Mav 
 
 Sniynm, and neighhonrliood ; ninny perish, 12 Slay, 
 
 .Sail Jose de L'ncnta and other towns near ,Saii- 
 
 lander (III the lionndary of C(donilpia, destroyed ; 
 
 aliout I4,c*x> lives said to he lost . 16-18 .May 
 
 Uiioreniid vicinity, India ; several killed 12 Dec 
 
 .U Selieibs on the Dannhe, felt tliroiij.diont Austrian 
 
 empire . . . . . . 17J11IV 
 
 &rtli(iimkf and Ki'ent tidal wave near Callao ; went 
 
 suutliward ; imiicIi .shijipinK and several towns 
 
 iWriived ; not iiiiich mortality . . q, 10 May, 1877 
 
 Oia, Venezuela, nearly destroyeil, about 300 killeil', 
 
 loss ahoiit 3o,(X)o/. .... 14 April' 
 
 .Sliockn felt at ColoKiie and other parts of tiermanv '• 
 ami Holland; houses much shaken; hells rnnV',' 
 
 '^'■-.Q-ii A.M 26 Auk' 
 
 .Ui Reale, Catania, Sicily, 5 villaps d^ ^myed, 10 
 l*r«iins killed . . . . ,7 .inne 
 
 .''fVc'c shock id l.riJ-j; in .Switzerland, h It at Jieriie' 
 Zi.'"h, Geneva, ifcc, several killicj . 4 Jnlv' 
 .1liiiiill«,(tc.,rhili|ipiiies, cathedral destroved, seve- 
 ral killed, many hurt . . . 18-24 .lulv 
 .'iiiiyrii.'i and neiKhh(iurliood,limiiylioii.ses destroyeil' 
 2 jwrsoiis killed . . . . jg, 30, .i',,],.' 
 Valjiaraisd ; at Illniiel, Chili, aliout 2(X) ].erisii, 
 
 :iSept.' 
 
 Ninth Austria, innch daiiinge with loss of lilc, nt 
 
 AgraiM, (Ve. . . . 10-16 .Nov. — 8 Dec. 
 
 .Slight .shocks at Inveraryand other jilaccs W. Scot- 
 
 lai'l 2S Nov. 
 
 lieriie, and other places, Switzerland, houses sjilit 
 
 "li.*P 27 Jan. and 3 March, 
 
 Severe shocks in South Italy, iniieh destrnction and 
 l(is.s oflife at Casamicciola, a own in the Isle of 
 Miia, 28g houses destroyed, 114 lives lost, ahont 
 36,000/. loss, 4 March; iiioiv destruction hv 
 
 another sliock is March' 
 
 !-iio -the town and several villaj;es destroved . ahont 
 40(» perish, iimcli destitution ensues, .successive 
 »li(»-k8, lie-iiuiiiiiK 1.30 1'..M. . . 3 .Vpril, 
 I'linaiMii; railway partially destroyed 7,9, 10 Sept.' 1 
 A slijj'ht shock in Cornwall and Devon . 25 ,Inne, 1 
 Oi.saniieeiola, and seveml villages in the island of 
 Isrliia, almost entiridy destroyed, iggu lives lost 
 jSJiily; slight shocks since; one severe 3 Aug.' 
 Hheat exertions of the military j iminv reniark- 
 alile preservations.] 
 Anntolia, coast of Asia Minor ; Is"liosiie and ahont 
 io small towns and villages destn.ved, aliout kxi 
 lives lost and 30,000 destitute ; Snivrna miKdi 
 """l"'" . ... ala'iut i6 Oct. , 
 
 Slincks felt at Gihraltar . 20 f)ct. ct snj. 
 
 Si veie shocks ill eastern counties of England iiro- 
 reeiliiig from X.E. to S.W., centre folclK^ster 
 where the coiigieg.itlomil ehnrch stecjiie Kdl as 
 wehas many chimneys; damages estimated at 
 10,000/. ; iiiiich destruction in neighliouring vil- 
 ages; many inhahitants rendered homeless- 
 Laiigenhoe ehnrch wr>'ek(Ml ; mucli damage at 
 
 Ah Citon ; a child killed at Howhcdge ;aii invalid 
 lied , the shock Ml nioie or less distiiietiv nt 
 Coggesiall .Siidlairy Ipswich, Camhridge, 
 W-r ul'i . ^';"'f""li Northampton, I.clce.stn- 
 « oolwi.li, sheeriiesH, ditlcrent parts of London, 
 Hainpstead, ic. ■.,;.. 22 Ainil .884 
 
 Severe sliocks for seveml day Asiatic shore of 
 
 ;«-a of Mannoru ; uhout 20 deaths rcjK 
 
 irted 
 
 •k on the Island of Kislim, lu^u* "im 
 
 lersianOiilf ; i2vilhiges(lestroved : 
 ahont 200 people killed '- ' 
 
 Slight ' 
 
 A violent shi 
 month of tin 
 
 19-20 May, 
 
 ■873 
 
 1874 
 
 "875 
 
 1876 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 1880 
 
 S gh .shocks in the Alhan liilhs ar Homo 7 Ank 
 
 blight sh.icks thronghoiit United Stales, from 
 
 Washington to New Vork . .10 11 Aug 
 
 At Oeiioa, 27 Nov. ; at Marseilles, Lyiiiis, &e.' 
 
 Severe shocks in Andalusia, Malaga : iiiaiiv''^,mse's 
 destroyed, about 266 iiersons killed ; felt at Madrid 
 
 S..vcml towns destroyed : Alhnnia, Gia h'^immy 
 
 killed; I'eiiana, about 000 killed ' • ' 
 Sliocks, intermitting 
 Slight shocks in t'arinthia ami Styi 
 
 ■ut 
 
 26, 27 Dec. 
 26-31 Uw. 
 . 28 Dec. 
 
 ct «f(/. 
 
 7, 28 Jan. 
 12 Feb. 
 
 1885 
 
 IWIIS, 
 
 Shocks, 1-27 Jnii., muclicamiiing I 
 Slight shocks in .Stvria 
 Slight shocks at Alimina . ' . 
 Alarniiiig shocks nt .Malaga and other tV 
 
 Stated nuinher of victims in ,ir(iviuee of Gmnmln; " 
 690 (see. S/miH, ,884-1) , . . ,p 1.VI, 
 
 s!,'';l:l'''r'^t"* "';!' I'-'^Mi.'il ; inGranada ,f Aprii; l', 
 
 Se\eic shock at Snnagiir, Cashimre ; 87 killed 
 
 30 31 -> ay ; .-mccessive shocks, 308. deutlis, 
 
 70,000 ( veilings destroyed, reiiorted ui. to 20 
 
 June;. slight shocks up to ; '. . '3 j iiy° 
 
 SikiKdi, in the Caucasus, (lestr(iy(M about 12 June ',', 
 
 Sliocks in Yorkshire . . ' ,0 i, ',' " 
 
 Three shocks in li,:ngal ; a village ne'ar .Nattdre " 
 
 sunk ; announced ... ,5 t,,|,. 
 
 Sh.icks in Central Asia, Vernoe, Tashkcmf, ^l] " 
 
 s.;ori^\,;;|i about ^kiii(.,iaiM:'M;;'l4t:!«; ;; 
 
 Shocks at Amatitlan, Guatemala . . ,« Dec 
 Severe shock at Granada, Ac. . ,, Mnrd,' ,i\p. 
 
 Severe shocks in the Mon,,, Ionian I'sInmirMalt ! ^* 
 nnd neighbourhood; Kiliatra, Gargaliano, and 
 I yrgos on the mainland destroyed ; 300 livi^s lost 
 
 Shocks tliniiighont United Slates, chicflv iirsmitll " 
 I aid Ilia, Georgia, and Alabama ; thre.'.fonrthsof 
 Uiarh'stoii destroyed, 0,5 persons perish ; Savaii- 
 nah, Washington; 77 .shocks at Charleston „ 
 Aug. : other shc-ks on Atlantic coast 2, 3 Seiit • 
 
 he\cr( sl,o(;ks Ironi Corsica to Lyons and Geneva, 
 .Uid from Milan to beyond Marseilles : centre iioint 
 
 •Nice and neighbouih l; imihijiigs thrown 
 
 down and niiicli daniagc, 5.37 to g a.,,. ; „i„„„ ,, 
 baths 111 tiriich territory and 2,000 in Italv 23 
 San Henio district 300 killed; slight 
 
 24 Feb. 1887 
 
 F(di. 
 shocks 
 Sli-ht .sh 
 
 13 June, 
 ; 167 persons 
 
 eks near Mentone . . 11 March 
 
 \iMieiit shocks at Moiitezmnn, (tc, San Franci.sco! 
 
 a milt 170 perish ; aniioiinced . . 8 Mav 
 
 \ioleiit long-continued eaithipiake at Tokio, Jaiiai! 
 
 EartlKiuako at Vernoe nnd Almatenskv, Turkestan- 
 ahont 140 jierish; annoniicid . ' - ' 
 
 Eartliiiiiakeshocks in Hawaii ((y,c/,)//i,r); 
 
 Violent eartlKiuake shocks nt Athens and^ 'iiHghl 
 
 iiiMirhooil .... J Oct 
 
 Destruction of liisignano, CosenzA, Ca'labria, by 
 
 h.'.ni(''|css ''' " "* '^ '''^''''' ''""' "^"'"^ ■♦•°°° 
 dight sliock'all over Scotland " .' .' j [vS' 
 i.artli(piake at Yunnan, China, 4,000 persons killed 
 
 Slight shocks in Aiinaudale, Scotland ,q j\\lv 
 
 ''^"'■'■'' "'.;'■''"■ "■'""■'-•'' *" New Zealand, ivitliout 
 lo.ss oflife .... , S(,nt 
 
 Shocks at Vostitza, Greece, damage estimated at 
 2.o<xi,ooo drachmas . . ,q y,,,,* 
 
 Destuictiye shocks at Costa Hica, 'with lo'ss of 
 lite, cathedral and iialace destroyed jg, 30 Dec. 
 
 i883 
 
 .'mm 
 
 \ X. 
 
 . I t y 
 
 wy^ 
 
 > I 
 
 *■ i/ 
 
 
 ■^#i. "f.^^^ihmm '^l\ 
 
 
 
 
liSiiiitfl 
 
 ' ■*-,(- 
 
 '■I .1 
 
 m'':.j 
 
 EARTHQITAKES. 
 
 346 
 
 EASTER ISLAND. 
 
 HIlKlit i'artlif|imk« at Eilliibiir^li, little lUiimK'- 
 
 18J1111, 
 Earthiiuaki' III Asia MliKir . 17.(1111. 
 
 Nli«lit «liiH-k In Kant l^iipjuhlr* , lo Kel . 
 
 WlKM'kat DJurk 1, Ki>viTiiiri.'iit .if .S.'iiiirctcliiiink 
 
 Imlf the towiiilivstniycl . n'|iiirt<^il .; 'lil\ 
 Karthqiiakcs III ,lH|inii, »'/im7i w« . . 'uly, 
 
 Mliiicka at liivcriii'Sti mill Kurrca, liiill(llii({Hil;iiii,i«i"i 
 
 llio town "f JiMiiia, III ,Iav:i. ;,'n'atlyiii|iiiv,i, i |ivi..< 
 
 l"«t .1.. DiT, 
 
 AlttiTla— (ioiiniya iiiifl VillnbipiirK villus ••! nearly 
 
 ili'Htroyi'il. alioiit 40 ii.itivi's iwHsti 15 .Imi. 
 
 Adll-DJi'vasiii Van, AninMiia ; 146 Idihi-^ .li'stniyi'il 
 
 J April, 
 Viiili'iit Hli.M'ks III Italy, I'^pi'i'lally in tin: pi-(i\lnra> 
 
 iif Vi'i-oiia, whiTi' tliiTc Is iimi'li ilainaK'i' ami hdiiiii 
 
 liiHs of life, ; JaiR., (I sf/. ; coiitinni'il sllnlitcr 
 
 "li'i'-kH -i4Jiini', 
 
 Sail .Salvailor, vhirh .«.r, Ci':it al AniiTlai, ^rfatiln- 
 
 Ktriictliin of lifi. ami |irii|ii.ity . . g .Si'pt. 
 Very ili'striictivi' faitlKinak.' Ir, .Japan, whirk sfc 
 
 28 Oct. 
 Shocks of earth. inaku 111 y -n .South Wales, Victoria, 
 
 and Tasniaiiia . . . ulioiit ij .Ian. 
 
 San Cristolial, Mexico, e\" liiilliling ilestroyn.l, 
 
 tlionsaiids hoiiieles.s .... 30 July, 
 Bhock.s In \V. and .S. \V. C i.,'laiid, from .>iwaimea 
 
 to t'ornwall and Ii.'laiid; l.ttl« daiiia«»; boats 
 
 Injured by filial iva\.. . . . 17, 1 3 Ant,'. 
 
 Many Hliocks in Ka< e. 1. Europe ; alight daiiiage ; 
 
 14 Oct. , near Napl.'.> .... 16 Nov. 
 Violent shooks at /ant. .Sen Innimi M.ii.A<, 
 
 31 Jan. ft .in/. 
 Deslnictivo eartleiuake in Saniotlirace ; reported 
 _, , 14 Feb. 
 
 Sliiicks at N«w York, i/'/i/.7i .«ir . . 7 .March, 
 Severe shocks at the foot of Mount Etna r April, 
 Dentriictive .sliock.s in Hervia, IlnlKaria and Hiin. 
 
 jjary ; a<!»-cral villaKes destroyed . 8-10 April, 
 Severe shocks at Tliebns, le/iie/i x,t end of May, 
 Doatnictive shoeks with loss of lifnat .Mattiiiafa, 
 
 Italy, and in Stroniboli, with a volcanic eriipti. ui, 
 
 '■* Aug. 
 
 Slight shocks in S. Wales and N. Coriwall, and 
 
 E. coast of Ireliin I .... 2 Nov. 
 
 Destructive shocks in Knchan (Persia); 12,000 
 
 deaths reported, 17 Nov. ; and at Sainairaud, 
 
 19 .Nov. 
 never* shock at Montreal, iWni/i vc , , 27 .Vov. 
 Shocks ill New York and Vennoiit . 27 .S'ov. 
 
 Shock at Ijirissa ; coiisidi-rablB da-.na;,'e 19 Mairli, 
 Severe shocks throughout Grescii ; irhirh .<iv 
 
 20 April-7 May, 
 Shocks at Poiitvpridd, CardiH', and other places 
 
 H. Wales 2 May, 
 
 Shocks at Wellington, Ac, New Zealand 21 .Mav 
 Violent .shocks at Constantinople, irlmli see 
 
 10-16 Jul 
 
 Shocks in Jf.acedonia, Old Servia, E. Unlgariii, 
 
 with loss of life ; reported . . . 27 July, 
 
 Severe shocks 111 .Sicily ; 6 persons kille<l at Zafa- 
 
 rana; 4 at Aci «an Antonio . . . 8 .Vug. 
 
 Slight shiKK at Athens and other places, 26 Aug. ; 
 
 and at Bucharest, &i., reixirted . i .Sept. 
 
 Severe shocks in Japan. "■/ ii/i , we . . 22 Oct. 
 
 Shocks In Argentina, ii7i»7i .Ml' . . 27 Oct. 
 
 Destructive shocks in .S. Italy and Sicily, i/7i/i/i 
 
 ■w, 16 Nov., 1894; again, with loss of life, 
 
 2^ March, 
 
 Shocks in Austria Hungary and Italy; over 300 
 
 miles' extent ; 2 deaths; see 7'iii'rfc and Ijii/lKn-lt 
 
 14. 17 April, 
 
 Shoe (r in Florence, ilologna, Parma, Pisa, Siena, 
 
 Placenfia and many villages, with loss of life, 
 
 i8 May ; other shock!! .... 6 June, 
 
 Paramythia in Epirii.s, destroyed ; great loss of 
 
 life; report<'d 24 Mav, 
 
 Earthquake af i:.:\x, Bohemia, no deaths, 2,462 
 
 persons hoiii • ^.^ ,g July, 
 
 Severe shock av l^ai bach . . . 19 Sept'. 
 Shocks at ami near KoniH . . , i Nov. 
 
 Destructive sh.icks in Persia, which. ler, 2-5 .Jan. 
 Dcstr-jctivc ahocks (.sei.snitc waves) in Japan, i^-hich 
 
 „'" '5-17 June, 
 
 oovere shocks in Iceland, vhirU we, 
 
 26, 27 Aug., and 5, 6 Sept. 
 
 1889 
 
 iji, 
 
 1890 
 1891 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 189s 
 
 896 
 
 Shixke In many i»irts of llnglanl and Wales, f,.it 
 
 III l.ondoii, 5 A.M 17 Ii,.,. 
 
 Hi: I. shoik In Kishlni, Persian gulf, i/iA(i-A J,, 
 
 devKi- "I'o; :<J, with loss of life, In Ouadel',,;',,',',!- 
 fee,, W. Indies 30 A rl 
 
 Uiighli, Dacca, and many other places, 5 1.^' 
 
 He»/'/„7i>,„,OT .... "'';',',','"• ■■ 
 
 Slight shocks In Italy, and other places s,.,;*,' " 
 
 Shocks near Siiiyrim, with loss of life 2j 1)'.,.' " 
 
 Destructive shocks at Ilalikesri, In Asia MlMnr' " 
 
 with loss of life . . -•) li - 
 
 .Severe shiM'ks in Antigua, St. Kitts, aiiaii.":.,i,i ;.'' ■■'■ 
 
 and .Montserrat . . . \i.,„ 1,' 
 
 ,Shock.s at P,M ,. . ,,,4 March;,.?': '■ 
 
 the Antro.l ^^ .alley, in It^iij.with ))-s of:,.,. 
 
 27 Jiiiii., 
 
 EAST APRTOA PROTECTORATP 
 
 Krr., ace under .//;•!«« {Iinti.i/, A'.), f>/,n;:T,U 
 and /{(tnztbar. " 
 
 EAST ANGLES, the sLxth kim^dom of ti„. 
 Hcptiirchy. ™mmenced by Uffi,, wO; ,.iKic,l wit 
 Ethc b..rt in 702 ; hcc Untnin. The bisli,,,,', 1 
 founded by St. Feli,>c, who converted the £.»» 
 Ansrl."S in 650, wiia eventually settled ut Xorwiih 
 {w/ih >t nee) about icx>i. 
 
 E/STBOITRNE, a town on the „„( „f 
 Sussex. Koman remains found here. Imornonti 
 July, lHH\. Many buildings Imve been erciti.,l 
 bv- the duke of Devonshire, who died 21 Dei ih,,, 
 Town hull opened 9 Oct. 1884. I'opulatiim m 
 22,014; l«91.3. 97r- 
 
 The .Siiii.i'V proecsions of the salvation army «l,irl, 
 were t,„ i„dileii bya clau.se in tlie Eastbourne 1, ,i,r 
 nieiit act ot ,885, coiitin.i«l, ,890-,. KIkaiiah (In fc. 
 son and 3 others of the I'liiy, ciiiivicted of h,,!,!!,:',,, 
 unlawful assembly, 3 Uec. .891. The juilgni.'r't ,> 
 aside, 21 Jan. 1892. Another act to repeul th.. ,.|.„k,. 
 pas.sed June, 1892. 
 
 I , ,KAST END JUVENILE MISSION est,, 
 blislied i86(), to reclaim destitute children h 
 ma!ntiiin.s homes, schools, iin infirmary, &c 'h„„ 
 director, Ur. T. J. Harnardo. .see ll,.rJ,,/,,',I{oZ 
 tor Jii/a(-c 11(1 miiniers, see Whifeelmp,;!. 
 
 EAHTEIt, instituted aboii* t,8, the festival ob. 
 served by the I'urch in commemoration of Our 
 Snvioursreaurr. 'ion, so called in England from 
 the ; a.xon god .s EoHre, whi,3e festival was lu 
 Ap li. Afternimn contention between the easttni 
 and western churches, it was ordained bv the 
 council of Nice, 125, to bo observed on the same 
 day throughout the whole Christian world Bui 
 ' :c eastern and western churches "nerally differ- 
 luey coincided in ,882. "EiU' i-day is ^<. 
 Siinday followin« that fourteenth day 0/ the 
 calendar moon wliich happ ns upon or next 
 the 2I3t March: so t'!:,» if the s: id fourteeiit , 
 day be a hunday, '• , ler-dav is not tlut SuiiJi, 
 but the nex*. L,; ter-day mav be any Jay of 
 1 commence with March ii 
 ;. The dispute betw 'n th.. 
 ind the new Ani;l..-.>aioii 
 ^cr was settled about '/u.- 
 ,...,., .\prll:i894,25Mar.ii*)i, 
 ' .-.-.-' V), S April; i8()7, 18 April; ■■'■-if!. 
 10 April ; i89(j, 2 April ; kjoo, 15 April. 
 
 EASTER ISLAND, in the Pacific Oocan, 
 was discovered by Davis in !(«>; it was visited bv 
 Hoggewein, April 1722, and from him obtair.ej the 
 namsMt now brsw ; it was visited bv . apt.iii, Uik, 
 March 1774. At the sotth-east ex'tremitv is the 
 crater of an extinguished volcano, about two milis 
 in circuit and 800 feet deep. 
 
 the five 
 and end 
 old Briti 
 church re 
 Easter Su 
 14 April ; 
 
 s whici 
 pril ■ 
 .ur. 
 ting 
 
 ^EASTEl 
 
 Prfhistoric remains ; a 
 
 miiiiieil by Mr. payinn 
 
 [ will) KavH a rejiort to I 
 
 ton, *"pt. 1892. Tilt 
 
 about 155. 
 
 EASTERN (or 
 
 Qrtek tJhurcli. 
 
 EASTERN em: 
 
 the emperor Joviuii, 1 
 JJice clci ted Valentin! 
 June, made his brothe: 
 th(< Knal division wiiii 
 Tbeodosius. The (>as 
 capture of Constantini 
 tine XIII., 29 May, i,; 
 .Ventnrius. the bislinp, in 
 
 uf L'oiistantinoiile 
 Theoilosius the llie.it sin 
 
 western ciiiiienir, ,n r| 
 
 iims, at iViiuilela 
 Valeiittiiiiin II. slain by i 
 
 makes Eugeiiiiis ciiipei 
 Eiwealiis defeated and 1 
 
 re-unites the two eiiipi 
 Deatli ..f Theiidnsius ; 1 
 
 between Ins sons— iVr 
 
 tiniioriiis the west 
 C'i'mtantlnople walled by 
 Alaiic the (iiith begins ti 
 Vioieut religious dissensi. 
 
 liahes sehnols, and revl 
 The 'I'hemloslan code pini 
 The eouiu'lls of bphesiiH, 
 i'm|Ueiit saiigiilnaiy col 
 
 ami Ureens, lircus facti 
 Till' Jii.itinian code piiblii 
 War with Persia ; beglnui 
 
 ofUelisarlus, tlie imiu 
 He suiipiesses the " Niki 
 
 tiouof the circus f.icti 
 
 and Cunstantlnoplc bur 
 Detllration of St. Sophia 
 Viitiiri' - "f Helisarius in i 
 
 Keralled through Jiistinia 
 
 54- , again, S49 ; disgrai 
 
 Boginiiiiig of the Turkish 
 
 The .SInvDiiians ravage 111) 
 
 ^ lines defeats Totila and 
 
 UisalfiH'tiiin of Nurses 
 
 Dentil of Uelisarius, aged I 
 
 Vii'tiiries of Maurice ami J 
 
 Severe contests with the A 
 
 Nimes liuriit iit ConstantI 
 
 Ikliiglit(He.iiia)of.Malioii 
 
 wher.' he estalillshes Ir 
 
 prill 
 
 Vit'toruius career of Herac 
 
 He leenvers his lost tcrritc 
 
 the Saracens invade the ei 
 
 clius at Aiznailin, 633 
 
 Alexandria, 640 ; and I 
 
 Alrira . . . . 
 
 CoiLstiiiiH jmrchases pcac^e ' 
 
 They ie-siege C'linst.iiitiiiop 
 
 The li!''g!irians estiUilish a 
 
 Bulg:ui:i), 678 ; they ra> 
 
 CoiiHtiiitiiiople . 
 
 The Horu.'eiis vainly invest 
 
 MnVMi . . ' . 
 Le.i III. the Isaurian, f 
 iniiws : (this leads to 
 v.r»y, .iiiil eventually to 
 ejwteni and westtjrn ehm 
 A great invading iVrab fm 
 
 Aeriiiiiiis 
 
 The iimii.i.steries ili.ssoU ed 
 
 Destnii'tiiiii of images tlir 
 
 ereril, 754 ; iinage-worsliii 
 
 Irene (for which she was . 
 
 The eiiijiin' lou's thfi ex^;- '•■ 
 
 niatia, 825 : Sicily and < 
 Image-worship iM'rseciited, 
 biilden at Coiistantinopl 
 restored by another 
 
 ^'■^.^m 
 
EASTERN CHUllCH. 
 
 •147 
 
 EA8TERN EMPIRE. 
 
 rcliistorio rmimtim ; iilH.iit s,5 .tonn iiiiiKex wnre ox- 
 aiiiiiidl t)y Mr. liii.Miiii»li'i TfioiiiBtiii, of the V.n nmy 
 who ««VB a r«|)<jrt to tin. natloiml iiiiiki'iiim nt Wiiililrii' 
 Icm, Hi'pt. lUgi, Till) ilwiiylim iHipiilutlDii w«s tlioii 
 
 ibijut 155, 
 
 EASTERN (or GREEK) Ciiuncii, soo 
 
 Ortek Church. ' 
 
 EASTER.N EMPIRE. After th« death of 
 the eniperor Jonwi, in Fob. Tf^, the Kem-rals at 
 .N'iie I'lei tcil yulrritiniim iia liU »u<iu!it»or, who, in 
 Junt', mudehia brother ValoiiHrinpiTor of the West; 
 thii tinul division wiw in yy^, biaween the «oiih oi' 
 Theodoams. The euntern empire ended with the 
 capture of Coiistimtinople, and death of Conntun- 
 tineXIII., 29 May, 1455; wo Turkey. 
 
 XfitorlUH, tlii^ liiHliop, iiiiiiiiiuited tlielhiit patrinreli 
 
 ufCoiiatJiiitiiioiili! 
 Tliiwlonius the (Irci 
 
 westt'iii eiiiiicnir, 
 
 mim, iit Acpiili'la 
 
 Valeiitliiiau II. nIiiIii by ArliogiisfcH tliu Kraiik, who 
 
 nmki'it Eus'ciiiuH einpemi- .... 
 EiitjeiilUH defaiteil and xl.iiri by TheodoHi'ua, who 
 
 rMiiiitcH the two I'laplrr,.! ... ft Miipt. 
 Death -f TbiMKloHbm ; the iipipin- liimlln ,lii'iiM 
 
 betwirn Ins .sons- Anadius leiTlves the eaut, 
 
 lloiinriim till) west ... 17 Jan 
 
 C-iHtantiiiople wiilli'd hy T iKlimiiis II. 
 X\k,\e tllf (iotll bexllis to 1'.. f.,'e lli|. elilpilo 
 Violent ivlW"iwlissensio]is ; ;.lieiMbisiiis U. estjili- 
 
 lIl'iBiisi'liuols, and revives leanilli); 
 The'l'hwwbwiaii eode iiroiiiiilyafi'd 
 
 •■toiitli Italy 1 1'Xi'd to tlw iiniplro gqo 
 
 hive enipiioisrK^uiiliiKat one time. . . <a& 
 
 Naples aililiil to tl iiiplru . 
 
 llasil soIhIiii.s the lliilMiiriaim . . ' . Mi lai'i 
 
 UiilKaila «iiii.i«(..l to the empire ... laiZ 
 
 Ilie Turks ijivmle .tsiu Mo,,,- ' i^ 
 
 Io6S 
 1080 
 
 10Q7 
 
 111} 
 
 Iij6 
 117 J 
 1190 
 
 1309 
 
 I) ,July, 
 
 tiiiioiiis Viili'iitiiiian II,, the 
 .id defralH the tyrant .Maxi- 
 
 381 
 
 388 
 39-' 
 394 
 
 395 
 4'3 
 
 435 
 
 438 
 
 llluos *'' 
 
 1.', 498-320 
 
 S»9 
 
 Tli..n)inifils of f.phesns, 411, 440 ; of Clialeedoii 
 Kmiii''"' siiiiKiiimiiy eoiiniets iH'tweun tli' 
 
 ami OiTciis, , iri:us faetioiiH at t'onstiiiitiin 
 
 Till' Jii.stiniau eoile piililished 
 
 Wiirwlth Persia ; beKiniiin of the victorious career 
 
 ofUi'lisiiriuH, the imjii . I general . 529-511 
 
 He suiiprcHSi's the " Nikii (".'oiKpier") Insiinee- 
 
 tioiiot tlieeireus fni'ti. ' 30,000 Cireks slain, 
 
 aud Constantinople bun * 
 De.tlrati"nof,St. .>ii.pliia . . . ' ' ' 
 
 Viiloii ^ "f H.lisarius in Afriea, Italy, and the East 
 
 Beculled tliiDiigb .Tiistinian'H )Bal'>i.,.s-, 544 • .main 
 
 54- , iWiiii, J49 ; .lisgraced ■ . '," .' 56, 
 
 Bc'ijiniiiiit; of the Turkish powi I m Asia . . c.b 
 
 TheShivoniaiis raviiKe Illyiiii ... ' ' ;" 
 
 > men ilef.mts Totila and'the (lot hs near K., . j, j 
 
 Uisaltwtion of Nurses .... ] ig, 
 
 Death irf Belisiiriils, aged 84 ; of Jnstlniaii (83; . 565 
 Victories of Maurice iiiiil Names in the Kast. c7o et m'„ 
 ^..,-..,... ...„,»., u* J ti.iti, »i... A . :>/ / ^* f" t 
 
 53' 
 537 
 
 Severe loiitests with the Avars 
 Nirses Iniriit :it (.'oiistaiitiiiopli' 
 Ilicfli){lit(Hi'|iia)or.Miili.imetfi- 
 
 wher,' hi! estjiblishes himsell 
 
 prill 
 
 594-621-. 
 . 606 
 111 Mecca ti.Meiliiia, 
 as a prophet and 
 
 16 July, 622 
 
 Victoriiiiis career of Ileraidiiis II. . 
 
 He icciivei's his lost territories 
 
 the Saraet'lis invade the eiiipir.', 632 : defeat Ilera- 
 
 ohui) at Aiznadiii, 633; at Yeiiiiiik, 636; take 
 
 Alexandria, 640^ and the Greek provinces in 
 
 Africa 
 
 Coustanspmclmses peace with them . 
 
 They liesiege t'oiist:ihtini.|.|e seven times ' 67 
 
 The Ui:li,iiriaiis estiiblisli a kingilom in Mo'sia (now 
 
 Uulg.oia), 678 ; they ravage the country up to 
 
 CoiiKt^uitiiiojile 
 
 The Samceus vainly invest Coiistantiiioiile, 716 718 • 
 
 defeated 
 
 Leii III. the I.saurian, forbids the worship of 
 
 images: (this leads to the Iconoclast coiitro- 
 
 vctsy, and e\intually to the separation of tlie 
 
 eastern anil western churches) . 
 A great invading Aiab fori •■ (ijo,ooo) defeated' bv 
 
 Aeroiiiiis ' 
 
 The iiioii.i.st^'ries dissolved 
 
 Destnictijii of images throughout tlie empire del 
 
 creiii, 754 ; image-worship restonsi l>y the eiiipresg 
 
 Irene (for which she was canoiiij, .1) 
 Th!!miiin-'.i-.»i.^fi».e5i.-.. i.,tr „f ■ Jy' j-^ '. ^,|1 
 
 niatia.Sij; '"iicilyanil ■ cte . • • '= • 
 Image-wursliip iwrseeiiteil, 830; restoreil, 842 ■ for- 
 
 biddeB at Constantinople by one council. '860 
 
 restored by another ... 
 
 022 et SHI. 
 627 
 
 648 
 66c 
 ■677 
 
 720 
 
 869; 
 
 726 
 739 
 
 770 : 
 
 787 
 827 
 
 879 
 
 The Turks Invade Asia Minor 
 
 The .Voriiians c (iict Houtli Italy ' . ' , ' 
 
 M. Ilrst enisiiilc ; Aldils I re, overs Asia 
 1 11, Venetians victoi jous over the Greeks . . . 
 llie Iliingarians reiH-llcd, ,,„; peace iiiadn with 
 
 till' Ni.iiiiiins 111 Miiily . 
 Wars with the Turks and the Venetlnns ' . ' 
 Cvpiiis lost to the cnipiiv 
 
 Tlie fourth crusade begins . ...'.! 
 lb volt i.f Alexis against his bii.ther IsaJic ; the 
 cnisadcis tak.' Constaiitiiiople, and restoin Isaac 
 an.l hiss,,,, Alexis IV . , , ,^,,„|y, „<,3 
 Alexis I)u. IIS muiilei-s Alexis IV. aiel usurps the 
 throiii' , the criisailcis take Constantinople, kill 
 Alexis, iiiul rsialiiish tli.' Latin empire, umlof 
 llaldwin, ciiiiiit of Klimdi'is. 9 .May 1204 
 
 Kmi.ire of .Mcc founded l.v Theoilore Ijiscarls .' 
 Kingiloin of K|.|rus ami .Ktolia .'stabllshed . . noB 
 
 Coiistautinoi.le reioveied, and the empire re-estjili- 
 
 lish.-d liy Michael I'ala'ologus . 25 July, 1261 
 
 Establishment of tic- Turkisli empire in Asia, uniler 
 
 (Jtliman I. . . . , 
 
 The Ucnoese trade 1 . ,,.■ Ulack sea 
 The Turks ravage .Mysia, Ac, 1340 and 1345 ; and 
 settle ill the coast of Till ,ir . . . 
 
 The sultiiu A iitli takes Ailriano|.lB, and makes 
 
 it his capital, ijoj ; and, by ticily, greatly re- 
 duces the emperor's territories .... 1373 
 All the Greek poss.'ssions in .Vsia lost 1300 
 
 Sultan Ha.j,izi't .letcats the Christians umler .SIgIs- 
 
 muinl of Hungary, at Xiropolis . 28 iSept. 1196 
 The emperor .Manuel valiilv solicits help from the 
 
 western sovcr.'igiis 
 A Turkish pacha .'stiiblishi'.l at Athens ' . ' . 
 
 I The 11 k emiiirc iiia.lc tribntarv to Timoiir, 1402 , 
 
 ! who subjugates the Turkish siiitjin. iiid disniMiii- 
 j bcis Ins empire, 1403; death of I niour, 011 his 
 
 ! way to China 
 
 Dissension amongst the Turks defers the fiill of 
 Constantiliopb', i4o)-i2 ; .Mahomet I. aide.l bv 
 the enip.'ior Manuel, becomes sultan 
 Amurath II. in vain besieges Constantinople, 142 
 
 peace made 
 
 John Paheologus visits Home and other piaees! 
 
 solicitinghel I in vain . 1417-40 
 
 Accession of Constaiitiiie XIII., last emperor . ' 1448 
 Accession of .Mahomet II. 14.;! ; begins the siege of 
 Constaiitiiiople, 6 April ; t.ikes it jg May us^ 
 
 (Hogrante.l the Christ; ins personal s irity aiid 
 
 free exercise of their nligion.) See Titrke)/. 
 
 EMl'KUolw or TlIK KASTKHN KMPIRK. 
 
 364. Valcns, 
 
 379. Tlii'iidiisiu.s I. the Great. 
 395' .Vicadius, the sou ofTheodosi.ia. 
 408. TheodosiusI! siiceeede. I his father. 
 450. Marciaii, a Tlii.icijin of oIlscuiu family. 
 457. Leo I. the Tliracian. 
 474. Leo II. the Younger, die.1 the same year. 
 ,, Zeno, called the /.111 II n'(in. 
 4;i. .\nastisiiis I. an Illyrian. of mean birth. 
 518. Justin I. oiiiiiiially a private soldier. 
 527. ,;iistiiiiaii 1. I'onnder of the Digest. 
 565. Ji;^t\n II. iii'iihew of .Iiistinian. 
 578. Til.crius II, renowne.l for his virtues. 
 582. .Maurice, the Cappadociaii : niurdeied with all his 
 
 children, by bis successor, 
 602. Phocas, the Usurper, a centurion, whose , rimes 
 
 and .deities led to his own assassination in 
 
 010, 
 610. Heraclius, by whom Phocas was dethroned. 
 641. (Heradeouas) Constantiiie III. 1, igned a few 
 
 months : p,iisoiie,| by his step-mother Martina 
 Constans 11 : as.sjissiiiati'il in a bath. 
 668. Coiistantiii. Ill, (or IV.) I'ogonatus. 
 685. Justinian I sou .,f the picceding: abhorred for 
 
 ir, ■x.i.i. ,..>, .leliioi.heiica, and cruelties: de- 
 
 tlu.med and mutilated by his successor, 
 695 Leontiiis; dethroned and mutilat.'l by Tiberius 
 
 .\spiinar. 
 698. Tiberius III. Aspiiuar. 
 
 1299 
 1 30 J 
 
 '353 
 
 140a 
 
 1401 
 
 140s 
 
 ■413 
 1425 
 
 "IsifJ* 
 
 •1- ^ ■! 
 
 w\ 
 
 # 
 
 m'^nf 
 
 ■ j 
 
 
 • ^ -/.j/ ■ ■'.'■■ .■ 
 
 h 
 
 u 
 
 
 A 
 
 It i 
 
 .J| te'fl 
 
m 
 
 
 EA8TEKN EMPIRE. 
 
 348 
 
 EBELIANK. 
 
 r- t.i' 
 
 IS 
 
 : * > 
 
 |i''#S.tlp. 
 
 ii% » 
 
 If 1- 
 
 Rl^p 
 
 
 F.*^ 
 
 .ijj, 
 
 718. 
 
 775- 
 
 eo3. 
 811. 
 
 S13. 
 
 820. 
 
 705. Jimtliilnii II. Tcntiirid. I-<'.iiitiuit himI TIIkmIiih 
 iliKiiiilcl Ml till' Ili|i]„Kliiiiiii', mill imt til ilciilli. 
 
 JllHllllillll nIiiIII III 711. 
 
 711. riiill|>|>ii'iiK.|liii'i|iini'N ; niiHMKKlnnti'il, 
 713. AiiiiNtiiHliiH II. : tlnl ni tlu' ilci tloii nf Tlii'mlimlim 
 ill 716 ; iiltiiwiinlH ililhn'l ii|i to Lm III. iiiij 
 Iiiit liiili'.ith. 
 Tlii'i«l"K|ii« III. 
 Li'o III. till' lHii:irliiii. 
 |lii IliiM icl((ii (7jf,)ioiiiiiii'noi'ii fliB K'l'it Jcnnn. 
 i'l:ij<tliT(iiitrijvir».v:tlM' iilti'iiiiit ■ |irnliili|tl(iii in I 
 nutdiiitlciii nf liiiagi'H iiiviilvin the ]iciirf f 
 Hcvi'i'iil rcijfiiH. J 
 C'diistiiiitliif IV, (.ir V.) C(i]iiiiiiyiiiti», aim of tlio 
 IHClTllllIK ; miiitdlwl liy IiIh will. 
 ,,^ Loci IV. 
 
 780. LiiiiMt/iiitliic V. (or VI.) mill IiIh iimtlior Irons. 
 790. C'liiixliiiitliio, iiliiiie, liy tUo iIohIiv of tliu |ien|i|o, 
 
 Iroiio liiiviiiK lii'riiiiii' iiiiiiii|.iilur. 
 79J. Iroiie iinMiii.jiiiiitly with lior »iiii, ami HftorivanlH 
 iiliiiif, 7.(7; ilojiiiHoil fill' liiT onioltion and iiiiii'- 
 ili'i'H, aii'l rxili'il. 
 Nlio|iliiinis I. LiiKiitlii'ti'H ; Hlain. 
 
 HtainvrillH ; li'l^-ilH I, Irw iliiv.s olilv. 
 
 MIoliici-l I. ; iloloiitoil ill 'liiittlol alullMtos the 
 
 tliiuiii', ami rctiioH tu a miiiia«toiy. 
 LoiiV. tlio Aiiiii iiiiiii ; killi.l In tlio toiii|i|i<atC(iii- ' 
 
 ntaiitiiin|.|i' 1111 (.'liilKtiiias-ilay, 820, liy oimMjilra- 
 
 tlllH ill till' illtlTONt 111' hi.H siii'co.HNiir, 
 
 Mliliai'l II. the Mliiinnii'riT. 
 „ TlionpliiliiK, Hoii cif Miiiiaol. I 
 
 84J. Mli'liiii'l III. l'ni|)|iyinp.iiitii.H, ami tho Siif. linn of ' 
 
 tlio |irir,illll>; ; lllin .U-Ivil liV llis Hllri OMDnr, I 
 
 867. Ilaxll I. tho .Mai'oiliMiiaii. 
 
 S86. Ij'ii VI. tho riillnHiiphir, 1 
 
 911. Aloxamlir ami CniiHtantltio VI. (or VII.) Porjihy- i 
 niKonitiis, lnnthor anil miii nf I,i.,i, tlio lattor 
 only Hix yoaiH nfiifi' ; tho Invinor ilyiiij; in 912, 
 Zno, nintlior nf I, niistaiitiiio, assn'iiii'N tho 10- ; 
 Koiioy. I 
 
 Qig. Rimniiins IjoniiiomH, UNiiriier, asmiointos with 
 
 him liiH NiiiiH : 
 gjo. C'hri»fn|ihii-, ami 
 928. .Stoiihon ami CniiHtaiitino VII. (or VIII.) 
 
 (Kivo omiiorms now ii.ij;n : t'hiiHt"|ilior (lion, 
 9J1 : HnniiiniiN oxilod liy his Mniis t'niistantino 
 ami Sti'iihon, who arc thonisclvos lianiHhod the 
 iioxt yoar. ) 
 945- Cniistantino VII. (nr VIII.) i(ij;nn nlniip : liolsoneU 
 
 liy hl» daiiKlitor-in-law. Tl pliania, 959. 
 
 959- nninanns II. hihi of im iIIiik: ocintiivod H 
 
 lath' t'.s doatli ; hanishocl IiIh ninthiT, llolona. 
 963. Nico|ili,.ins II, I'linoas : nianiod Thoniihuiiia, Ib 
 ITi'iioco.ssors ooiisort, who hiot hlin assnsHi- 
 iialod. 
 969. Jiihn I. Ziiiiisoo-i, och'linitod uonoral ; taken 
 li'iHil II. and C'niintantiiio VIII. (m- IX.), siuih nf 
 lioimiiuis II. . iiN (•nlloagui.,s ; Julin dies, HUiiiiosed 
 liy I'liiwin, and 
 976. Basil II. and t'nnstantino VIII. roi^n : tho fnnnor 
 dioH in 1025 ; tho lattoi- in 1028. 
 
 •028. K anus III. AiKyin|.nins : iinismiod liv his pro- 
 
 lliwito cnnsni't Znc, who niisoH 
 1034. Michaol IV. tho I'aiihlaj,'niiiaii, to the tliinnc ; on 
 his death Zno I'laios 
 
 1041. Michael V. I alaiilmtes, ns Ills .snecessor: Zcie 
 
 dotlinuus him, has his eyes imt out, nml 
 niairii'S 
 
 1042. Cciiistaiitino IX. (or X ) Monnniaohus, and Zoii 
 
 loi^iii Jnintly: Zno dies, loso. 
 1054. Thocidcira, widnw nf (Jonntantinc. 
 
 1056. JMic'hael VI. .Stnitintos, .ir.Stratu: cleiio.sed. j 
 
 1057. I.saao I. (.'oniiionns: alidic-atos. ' 
 1059. fiiiistantineX. <ni' XI.) 1)11(11.4. j 
 J067. Kiidcioiu, eniLsort nf the incccdiMK, and Rmnnnns i 
 
 IV. Uinjjones, wlmin she iiianios, reign to the 
 
 incjudicc of Michael, t'on.stantine's snii. 
 1071. Michael VII. Paia|iinacc.s, recnvoiM his throne .ind 
 
 iviKiis jointly with Constantino XI. (or Xll.') 
 1078. Nicciihnrns III, ; dothrnncd liy 
 1081. Alexis or Alexius I. foiniienus, sucoeeded liy 
 1118. John Coninonus (Kalns), his son, died of B wound 
 
 fmni a jMiis'tiod arrcc.v, 
 
 1143. Maiinol I. C ncniis, son nf .lolin. 
 
 1180. Alexis II. C'c nincmis, son of the in-eooiling under 
 
 tlie icgoney of the oiiiiness Maria, his iiiotlior 
 
 I III]. AlidriiiilelH I t'oiiineiiiiH, 1 uiisch AIpX'h r,, 
 I HtiaiiKlHcl, itnd nrliios tho thromi; |„„ 
 
 dentil liy ' 
 
 1185. Isaac II. AuKoliis I'niiiiieniis, who l» dt'iiimMi 
 
 liiisniiod, and iloinlved nf his eves l.v' 
 
 hlnlher, ' ■' 
 
 1195, Alexis III AriKoliis, tho Tyrant: doiiontil „,„| 
 
 (Jos iiiit nut, died in a iiinnastciy, 
 l»o3. Isaac II. anaiii, with his snii, Alexis IV • den 
 1204. Alexis V. Diieas, iiiiiKlerH Alexis IV. ; iVni!, i" 
 
 tho criiMiders 
 
 liMIM tXI'KHOIlM. 
 
 IJ04, Daldwin I. earl of Klanders. on tlio , n f,„ , 
 I l'oiiHtaiitliin|ilo liy the Ijitins, electcd'ei„i, , 1 
 
 inado n |irlsniior l.y the king nf Uii|,,air ,' ; 
 
 never hianl of afterwarda. *'"'' " "' 
 
 I2CV5. Homy I. hi<i lirolher: dies in 1J17. 
 1216. I'oter do Cniiiteiiin , his lirntherliihiw 
 
 1221. Hoheit do (■niirteimv, his scin 
 1228. Iliildwiii II, his lirnthoi, a niliior. ami ,!„|„, , 
 
 linenne, of Jeriisaleni, recent and ,i.-,,n'.,,Z 
 
 einiieror. "*"^ 
 
 1261. IL'iiiistjiiitinoiile leccneicd, ami tho eni|iiie nf ii„ 
 
 JrankHor Imtliistcnninates.] ' ""■ 
 
 (inHKK KMI'KHOKH AT NICE. 
 
 1204, Tlioodore Lascaris I. 
 
 1222. .Icihii Diicas Vataees. 
 1253, TliecidoH' Iijiscaris II,, his son. 
 1259- J"!"i IJiscaris, ami (1260) Miehael VIII P.i,, 
 
 loKllH. ' '""• 
 
 flllfKK rMfKllOKH AT foNSTANTlNlll'l K 
 
 1261. Miidiael VIII. now at t'niist.iiitim.iil,. ; ",,,,.„ 
 
 the eyes nf, I , cignsal • ' '"" 
 
 1282. Audi ions II. l'a|ienlo(.iis the KIder snn „f , ,. 
 
 cedillK: dcjiosecl hy '' ' l'"'- 
 
 1328. Amliniiieim HI. the YoniiKor, his Knimlsnn 
 1341. Jnhn l'alie..lciKiis I. under the (.'uaidlaiishin ,if 
 
 .Inhii (aiitaeii/eiiim: the latter incielaiiacl ,,„ 
 
 jieror at .VdriaMn|ile. ■ mi 
 
 1347. 'Inliii t'antacnzeiiiis alidleates. 
 
 1355. Jidiii I'al Ingiis I. restored. 
 
 1391. Mmiiicl II. I'lila-nhiKiis, his snii: succeccled Iiv lii. 
 
 snil and coilcnune. • '' 
 
 1425. J"lii« I'ahec.lngns II. The thrnne claimed hy u, 
 
 three lii'othei's. • '" 
 
 1448. Constantin.' I'alienlc't;ns XII. (XIII. or XIV simi 
 
 of the other eiii|,,.|ois lieilig cal (■..«.,/„„,,■ 
 
 liy senile writers) killed, when Cnnstaiitin.i ,],! 
 
 was taken, 29 .May, 145J, ' 
 
 EASTERN QUESTION. In the i„.|, 
 Cfiituiy iclatc'd espceiHllvtotlieiifliiirs of tlii' Turkish 
 empiif mid its coiiiicotioii with its niiKlihonis- f,., 
 J,ir/.;i/ atid J{n....„.T,irl.i..li inirs. An J';asterM 
 Question .Vssociatioii was formed in Loiulnii De. 
 187(1, the diiki' nf Wcstniiiislcr inosiclent ' Tin' 
 cnsti'Mi iiiie.stioii la'cmno nRiiin liroiniiient tlinaiL-li 
 the troiililcs in the Jtalkan, eee It„l,,,ina iml 
 Sirrtii, i8«<).(j2. .hmiuiii and 7'i<)/( v,'i«(,3(/ „„ 
 Crete, \><*y(t-()-j . ' ^ '■ 
 
 EASTERN ROUMELIA, see RoimrVm 
 
 EAST INDIA ASSOCIATION, f,.r tl,e 
 advooaiT ol tlie iiitcreHts of nil the inhahitants (,f 
 Inciiii, (ounded 7 ,\ov. i8(j6. A journal is pub- 
 lished 1111(1 ineetiii;c.s held. '^ 
 
 i)inn^^n\^?J^ .STOCK DIVIDEND EE- 
 
 nbohshed the eoinpany on I Juiie, 1S74, and i,i:i,|,, 
 needful aiiangenu-iits. 
 
 EAST INDIES, see Imlia. 
 
 EAST LONDON MUSEUM, see BMml 
 irreeii. 
 
 t EAST SAXONS, see under liritain. 
 
 EBELIANS, II Oeniian revivalist sect, which 
 neuai! at Kdnissbti'L' iti ]'ni>;;;ia. Rboiit i8'6, il- 
 
 nigsbtiL' !!i I'nii; 
 leaders beiu); ai-ohireacoii Eli. 1 and Dr. l&ti, 
 who were tried and oondemin r unsound doc- 
 trine and inipuiu lives in iSjc,. 1 |,c sentenre was 
 
 "01 , "V 'l"^^" - 
 
 ill hcotliind, I()I7 ; \y 
 
EBIONITEN. 
 
 34U 
 
 mniilluil in 1H4J, it in miij |,v roviil iiirtiifimi-, Tho 
 tfit iK |io()uIiirly tiTtiicd " Munki-r," UiTiimii for 
 liypcicrltiB. riii'ir tlicoiv iiikI jiiacticH of itpiritiml 
 miiiriiiH" 18 .l.'*.rilicil bv Mr. Hcpwortli Dixon in 
 lui " Spiriliml W'iven," |W)«. 
 
 EHKJNITES, liori-ti(«, in the ut century, « 
 lituiM'li 111 tlif Niiziircnrii, wcro (jf twi) Iciiulii: onu 
 believcil tliiit Uiir tSavimir wan born of 11 viiirin 
 „b»tMV<'il all tbc iiii'i(.|)tH of tlie Christian nlittionl 
 but iiilili'il tlic . iii'inohii'M of tlui Jcwii; the other 
 bilii'viil that Christ was born after the niaiint?r of 
 nil iiii'ikiml, and (liaiii'd liix divinity, i'hotinun 
 
 ri'vivi il the HI'rt ^tl ^(2. 
 
 EHONITK (vulcttniscd indiu-rubbcr), loe 
 
 Cii'iiilcli'inc. 
 
 EURO, :i liver in Spain— the », , no of u nijrnal 
 ild'i'iit of the Spaniardn bv the Krunoh, under 
 Liiiines, near Tudela, 2} Nov. iHoH ; and also of 
 jeviMiil iiujiortant iiioveMients of the allied IhitiMli 
 ami Siianish anuiin durinK the I'eninnuhir war 
 (i8o<.)-r«ij). 
 
 ECB.ATANA, rnpital of Aredia ; the date of 
 I'.iumlation is unknown; Iferodotns aneriben it to 
 Iliin. I'S about 7().)it ( . ; it wan taken by (.'yru.'t %ii), 
 mill lieianie the summer residence of himself "and 
 
 bis sui'i-'cssors. 
 
 "ECCE HOMO," "nehold the man" 
 (John viv. O; -V "tuily of the human chancter 
 of Ji'siis Christ (the ^iipernutural element beiiiir 
 included), a work of uiuih spiritual levereure and 
 literaiy excellence. It was published am.nymouslv 
 ill 18(15, and caused tfrcal exciteuient , llie author- 
 shi]) was aitriliuted to maiiv eiuiucnt iicrsons, but 
 croiituidlv assigned to prof.' John Uoliert Scelev, 
 without his rontrailii tiiin. He was made lle^'ius 
 |iMffssor of modern history at Caudiridne in iStx) 
 mid K.C.M.O. in 1HV4. Ite published "Xatural 
 lleli).'iun" in l8Kj, ami the " Kxpansion of Kug- 
 laiul" in iHKj. J|e was born in iHjj, and died ' 
 IjJuii. I.S05. 
 
 ECCLESIASTIOAL COMMISSIONS: 
 
 apiioaited by iiueen Elizabeth, I^ijiK by James I. 
 Ill Siotlaiid, It)i7; by the EiiKli'sli parliament in 
 1641; and bvJiunes 11. to coeriie the universities 
 ill 1687. A Church Iniiuir\ ('ommisaion, appointed 
 y June, iHu, reported June, 1H15. The present 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners (bisliops, deans, and 
 liiyiuen) for the maniiffement of church property 
 wcreiquiointed in Keb. 185^, incorporated in iXiO; 
 and tlu'ir liroceodinKS rcKulated in 1840 and 1841. 
 The liiw relating; to them was amended in l8()S ; 
 aimu:d reports issued. Since 1840 (when the 
 foiiinion fund was first created) the commissioners 
 liivo imgiuenteil and endowed over 5,81x1 benefices 
 by iiiimial ifiants, cajiital sums, lands, lx.ti., e'luiva- 
 lint to a capital sum of about 30,787,000/. for year 
 ended l Nov. 1897. 
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS. There 
 
 existed no distmi'tion between lav and ecclesiastical 
 courts ill Kn-land until 1085, after the Norman con- 
 quest; ft^e Arches and (.'"iisix/on/ Coiirtn. Till the 
 estitblishment of the Divorce and Probate courts 
 [ii'hteh sen) in 1857, tho following wero the causes 
 logiusiible in ecdesia.sticnl courts: blasphemy, 
 ajiostasy from Christianitv, horesv, scliism, ordina- 
 tions, institutions to bune'tiees, ma'trimonv, divorces, 
 bastardy, tithes, incest, fornication, adultery pro- 
 bate nf wills, adminirtratioiis, ic. 
 A myal commission of imiuiry rcspectiuK tbese courts 
 
 agieed o, l.oasc of lorils ; 7 Murob, 1881, appointed. 
 
 Kqiort issued, Aug. i88j. 
 
 ECLIP.SES. 
 
 
 Trnvi^^^^^^^'^^^''^^^ DILAPIDA- 
 
 ,1 Hi»\!S, law respectintt, iimended bv acts puiwetl 
 III (87! and 187J. ' 
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL GAZETTE. Chumh 
 d t-iiKland semi-otll, lal piuinal; sent «iat'iitoiuly 
 to all ,lia;iiitaries and incumbents j established 10 
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL STATE, or State* 
 
 or Tin: CliriU ir, see Jto,,,,; M,„/,;n. 
 
 ECCLESIA.STICAL TITLES ACT, 14 & 
 
 1; Vict c. (sni.S^i), repealed 24 July, l87l;Ve 
 
 ECCLESIOLOOICAL SOCIETY, formed 
 ill IN.W, WHS on^iiiiiUv the Camhridue ('anipden 
 iSociety, mainly established by the 2nd earl of 
 Oainsboro.uh iCbarles (ieor-oe Jfoel) for the woper 
 restoration of ancient (duirches. 
 
 ECHO. The time wlii, h elapses between tho 
 uttcraiic,. of a sound and its return must be more 
 than one-twcdfth of a second, to fori,; an echo. 
 I he whisperini.' jfallery of St. Paul's is a well- 
 known example. The f:c/,„, ind.pendeiit eveuinit 
 paper, price J,/,, established Dee. |8(.>8. 
 
 ECKMUHL (llavaria), the site of a buttle 
 iJetweun the mam armies of Fiance (7s,()ocj) urn) 
 Austria (4o,,)(X)); Napoleon and mar.slial Da.-oust 
 ( lence prince d Ivkiiiuhl) defeated the urehduke 
 Charles, 22 April, iHihj. 
 
 ECLECTICS (from Greek, Mvao, I choose^ 
 ancu.nt nhilosophcis (ealled A»„/.,y:^tici, and h1s» 
 lliiM-ilus the overs of truth), who, without 
 i.ttachins themselves to any sect, chose what 
 thevjudifed |{ood from each: of tlieni was I'otamon 
 of Ale.xaniria, about .v.i). 1. AUo a Christian sect, 
 who consulered tlie doctrine of Plato conformable 
 to the spirit of Christianity, 
 
 ECLIPSE (the raeu-horse), see Racn, 
 
 , ECLIPSES, Their revolution was ealcuhlted' 
 by Lalippus, t le Atheniun, 0, n.f. The K-vptian* 
 said they had anurately observed 575 eclipses of 
 the sun, and 832 of the moon, in the'period from 
 Vulcan to Alexunder, who died 325 n c The 
 t leorv of eclipses is .-..lid to have been known to- 
 the Chinese befo IV 120 n.c. ; tliev record an eclipse- 
 ,70 n.c. Ihe hrst eelip.se recorded in history hap- 
 pened K, March, 721 n.c, at8//.40»i.i',M., acmdinB 
 to Itoleniy; it was lunar, ,ind was observed with 
 accuracy at Dabylon. ,See Hiin. 
 
 A ji.st of eclipses to the year 2000 Is «ivcn ju ■• /,•..(,.( j, 
 
 I ei'HU'i- li'tt ihifrs." 
 Tbc Hov.il .\stroi,om|eal Society publisbe.U volume of 
 (IlLsiTva inns made during lot.il s.,lareclipscs," ,880. 
 
 p:;i:M;:;"Mi:;';':''^r' '' ''■ ' '■'""• 3'" -'■»-• 
 
 KlI.irsK.S OF THE SfN. 
 
 Krlipsc recorded in tlic Assyrian tablets b.c 
 llie Nmcveli c-lipse (reeoi-,1,.,1, ac,.ordin>; to .sir 
 lleiiiy li.ivliiis.ii, o:, a Xmmh tat.lct in tlie 
 lintisli .Aliiscun,) . . ,, ,|„||,, „ , 
 
 TliMt preilictcci by Ib.'Ics; see Ilfl./s ll'lhii'i lib' 
 11. 9), belicvei: to bii' ,■ occurred -S .M'lv' 
 
 [«ir O. I!. Airy (Maks tbe date sbould lie'sii' 
 otlicrs .siiy 60J or 584 11., ■. It is tbe one rc-orde.i 
 liy llerodotus as iiitcrru|itiiiK a battle between 
 I tlie Mecles and Lvdiau.s.l 
 
 j Tbe all.wd ediiisc at'tlie time of Xerxes' exnclition 
 I npui.st Greece, 480 n.c., is niucb disputed, and 
 
 tlie aarljiicss was pr..l,al,ly meti-'inlo-ical. 
 I One at Athens (V/iHcw;i,(,N, lib, iv ) n f 
 
 K.'lip.seofAKatliocles(.l,-,„) . . ' . ' au«: 
 total one: tliree days' supplication decreed at 
 Koine (Lie;/) 
 
 661 
 
 763 
 585. 
 
 4^4 
 310 
 
 
 
 < -4Ki 4 
 
 im.", u 
 
 
 ,)- ■ - -r 
 
mi 
 
 B 
 
 
 1 
 
 teiipj 
 
 llp. 
 
 ^Il 
 
 \Hl 
 
 ECLIPSES. 
 
 Om; olmervo.! at CMnHtniitiiidi.Ie 
 
 350 
 
 EDDAS. 
 
 scs 
 
 . A.D. g68 
 
 T,^aM.n,«os-,/j,,,, .S33. 8 July, ,8i,^r'^-^°=^ 
 
 a- Ounille; but not nam Wull at otijn' i.la,T« 
 
 Total ..,.Ii,,so .,f tlH. sn,K well «.,.„ l,v 'i'rG"'B' "''' 
 Ai y „«t,-nnm,i..r ■.„yal, ami utlu'is i„ (Spain 
 M . War,vn,l..Ialiu..,.„.k,,l,„,„j,,.ai,l,s, .s'juh; ,S6o 
 
 Total ,.,li|,si.„ttl„. sun ..ltl„.l„„^M.sti,„.ssiM,.,l.in. 
 
 iiiK he |.li,.i,„i,i,ija of tlR- sun at ai.v tin, ' v 
 c.»l' oy"i«. .several s|„.,.tins,n]„.s, w er ■ v't e 
 «Iie,.tnnn « leUKtl.eued au,l the ,lai"l , ^, i . 
 ■ aney ,l,niuusl,e,l. My. Jose,.!, \..n; ■; r,eK 
 Jia.l suwstMl a similar uietN.,' ,„ ,; se ' v.t on 
 m .806 la,t ,ii,l not use it till .o(^t/ 868 be 
 thu, not awaie „r.M. JaMsscMis ,lis,-„ven " 
 
 The .solar eelij.se well observe.l in Xortli Anierioa, 
 
 Two ..xiu.litions to observe tno solar e,li>,sl'"of 
 
 ^re^au^n:.^;;::},;;"""-"-^''"*^---^-'' 
 "t^ll;:rn^i^iiir;^'y!;--r-;i>- 
 
 A.nerna, 2, .,oJuly, ,878 ; anfl in K'^yrt\-,iu' 
 
 '^'r,t?a'!re,'Tio'se'';t',T''- " •^"»-'-, 1999. there ean be 
 ''iXmu'i!;?:';:;:;!!,;:;-'''^--*'-™'''-'- at Caroline 
 
 16 Jlaiel, : seen m New Zealan.l . g s,.,,; 
 
 Solar eelij.se 2, August, ,886 : liritisl, eM,e,lit o,', 
 
 Oo\e„nnent Aj.nl: eelij.se well observe,! am'l 
 
 photoKrai'lieil at (irenada 
 Eclipse of ,9 Auk. not w,.Il observed 'tbroind', 
 
 untavonrable weather, exeept at Ceo v. an 
 
 o her places ,n Hussia an,l Ciirinanv ' 
 
 tH ir'' "'"'■"'■'' i" <'ili'oniia" . ,,Tan" 
 
 icbpse IVr .2 observed, ,s,dut isle, n 'ar iV'n 1 
 
 rara, by Father .Stephen J. IVrry,' who died'at 
 
 Partial eclipse visible in N. America ' . Z\m 
 
 ti'-'. r"v'.?l '^' ^'"•''' -Su,,well observed 
 liiitish, prof. 'Jhorije at Knndinin o]i the .Sain 1 
 
 ,V^f "•l,"^'*''' <J»at I'araCura, Ibazil ; Anierieai 
 prof. Piekern.K at Jlinas Aris, )! a.i • , ;' 
 h chaeberle at Valpar.dso ; Kren.l , .M iii.'o.ir dan 
 
 i:«™;'Xr^'"^*''^'^^''"'"-^ '^•^^" 
 
 "^"Africa'''"'' '■'''^''' '" ""* '"'li«"<to-a>'andE. 
 
 -.:;-i^:f;;i^:-i^c^-r;;;;;^^L,^^ 
 
 t,i\(.. . „t,le weather, ..icnMiiilic results meaTe 
 
 ^;9''^r,^;;;';^:.^r;^:;v-''i;;.,;;;^.!.i"; 
 
 i^;ol;^;.r,;^,it:'C,ken""''""''" "''-■™tiom;, ^Ina,,,! 
 Baron K,,n!barsobtain.;-xrel-,..M l-sni^s at'l^.n"!;- "^' 
 
 iotJil eeli isn almnt 7 a.m., 22 ,Inn. 1808- u.il 
 
 '.Kscrve,! at six statiouH in India, kt \Tiadr ' 
 
 y sjr Nonrmn Lo..kyer an,l others, cS*",: 
 
 sh •' ","n 3° "'•'"■' "laKnilieent res, Its, ,. 
 1 shed ; at liuxar, near Uenares, the rev .1 \ 
 ftieon with apimratus suppli,.,l by Mr \,,]i 
 
 aniinate.1 i)lioto«rapli •• of any cele.stial h , , 
 
 V'lon; at .ShIkIoI the astnna r roval' , " 
 
 'iuriier, and others; ,03 sees, of toalit-' ' 
 Knimine succe.ssfuby carried out . ' ' . " 
 
 OF, I!;"""'")?; "'; i'l'"'t'-"t'"l discourse 01';,', 
 Eclipse at tli,. Roy»| institution . 22 Ajail, 
 
 r«S:v?v.T"'™'' '."■ "" '''"""'™"" "* '^■"'>'"" 
 
 A t(|tal one oi.served at Sa'rdis (,n„a)<n,!e!: vii f ' 
 Again, in Asia Minor (/W.vWh<) "'<■•. ml; . 
 
 ""/,;"v xll'v")'' '"■'""''"' ''^' **■ '^""''"'"•^ «''""^ 
 
 ""r^v^ii'i!;.:";,^!:^'*™™''*"'"^^^ 
 
 TotJil eclipse, well observed at' tireenwi'eh, Vi'[ 
 ECNOMUS, 8ce ffimera. ' ' ''""''■ ' 
 
 ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE, 
 
 ciKiemy at I'ans, ratablished in i-nj 
 
 iSgfi 
 
 .fi 
 
 1869 
 1870 
 1882 
 
 I £83 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 18S7 
 1S69 
 
 1892 
 
 ■I niilit;irv 
 samsed and gjyo,, ,ts pre.scit name o„ fs ', - '" 
 Ihe 'Jounml' (which began in I :')S) contain. ;," 
 found rnatheniatieal panors. The' se 10, Iv , • 
 ganisod 4 Sept. 181(1. the pupils helped to e/e l" 
 ^9 May Jsr''* " "^^°' ^'^'"t'-'"''^ '^'''"al, i; ,", 
 
 ECONOMIC. MUSEUM (or Mnsmn ,• 
 Domestic and Sanitary Kconomv). at T«iek ," n ' 
 open free, wa« CBtablished eliletiv Uy ;„■;': 
 of Mr. I ho8. Twuiing, i„ ,800. It originate fn^- 
 
 ECONOMIST, London weekly jom-n,l ,le 
 voted to anuncial matters, first ap^eS 2 SeJ,; 
 
 ECONOMLSTES, a pliilosopliical .«eet, fo,„„l,j 
 by ]Tani;oi8 Quesnay (Hxu-ir-j), who ev ill 
 agneulture above all'otl,ei4ts ;' 'ht^ ,s -UmI t 
 gave two things, the supnort of the labour '";'.' 
 
 fhrrf."/ ;;'''"" }''":'' '"'rS"' ^o the ,iro,,ri " 
 , h" lar.d ("iirodiict net";, and which alone si u id 
 I be axed, lie also favoured great freedom f'ri, 
 dustry and trade. His " Physiocratie" (I'b, "i 
 I other w-orks, were at the time very po, lin/;. 
 I at coart, and are .said to have infl, e n e,l y ' 
 I Smith, author ef " The Wei'-th of Xatioiis.' 
 1 ECONOMY, see JWitic,// Evunonn, 
 I The Hritisli Association for the Advaiicenieni ,f 
 
 I Ixonoinie hnowledj-e was fonm 20 N„v Mr 
 
 I (.. J. (.osehen elccte.l lirst i.iesident, .,' \-, ' 
 I 1890. A riiiarterly journal was fonndi.(l '' ' ' 
 ECOECHEURS (Flayers), bands 'of ,' ',?,i 
 adventurers who desolated' France and lie 'i', 
 during the 15th century, beginning .-ibout '^n 
 Amonpst then- leaders wer.- (Jhaban^ics, e n, e* t 
 Dammartin, the ba.stard of Armagnac,' a," V 
 hmdnis; and they at one time number d liow 
 1 hey are said to have stripiied 'heir victims to he?; 
 shirts, and Hayed the ,.attie. Tliev v ere fa , 
 by the English invasion and tlu civil wars "^ 
 
 n„"F^^A^^^^' "." <'^l'''«'ve invented bvSierf.li 
 and Jviibin, .Austrian engineers, imiicrVieus f 
 damp, shock, or tire, Oct. i8Sn. I"-'*'"'" t.i 
 
 ECUADOR, see Eqmtor. 
 
 or"?'^,^K;'? ^'j'""".'.''' ''"';',"''''b' to mean Oldmmhr, 
 or mother of mothers," by others, "art,") tw, 
 booke of songs ,u,d bagus (prose and v'erse) c^nMi^ 
 
 EDD-S 
 
 in? the Scandinavian m 
 ITior, Frea, &c.), writt< 
 thoioth, nth or 12th cc 
 bfen made into French, 
 or Yoanger Edda," by 
 lished in 1842. MSB. i 
 liagcn and Upsal. The 
 liy Mr. B. (iunritch, in 
 ti'ons by Wm. Morris 
 .Snorri S'turluson, 1891 < 
 
 EDDYSTONE (o 
 
 HOUSE, off ihf por 
 
 till' Trinity-house to c 
 
 EJdystone rock. The 
 
 raenced under Mr. Wii 
 
 in 1699; and destroyc 
 
 of 27 Nov. 1703, wheii 
 
 perished. A wooden on 
 
 order of parliament, and 
 
 pavonc penny per ton in 
 
 eupporting it, IT08. Tli 
 
 Dec. 1 755; and one on 
 
 .Mr. Smeaton, finished 9 
 
 (if this, burnt in 1770, w 
 
 Ttip fiiundation haviiij,' gi' 
 
 .•iigncrt by .Mr. (aft. sir) .J, 
 
 llie Trinity House. The 
 
 tliedukeof Kdinbnr^di in 
 
 Wales, 19 .Vug., 1879. Tl 
 
 tlif duke on i .June, 18 
 
 1S82; oi'i'i'cd by the .Ink 
 
 Simaton's lishtdionse men 
 
 iii.iutli ; fonnded by diik 
 
 lii,i,n}:ura*ed, 24Sejit. 18; 
 
 EDEX, ship burnt ; 
 
 EDESSA (now On 
 taiiiiii, said by some, to h 
 liy Appian, to have been 
 I ame famous for its echo 
 leutury. It was made a 
 ders, and was taken b_\ 
 Nur-ed-dcen, in 1 1 44; li 
 ancient kings or rulers 
 Jliinnus. 
 
 EDGECOTE, see B 
 
 EDCJEHILL FIG] 
 
 wiikshire, between the 1; 
 port and the parlianu ni 
 Es.<p.\. was tli- tirat irnpc 
 civil war. CbailcK I. wa 
 Lindsay, who hcadco '''u 
 weunded. The king .. : 
 was indecisive, thcigh t! 
 victoiy. 
 
 EDICT OF NAXTKf 
 FriiiK'c granted toleration 
 15 April, 1598, was conf 
 liiin, and by Louis XIV. 
 liy hiHiis XlV. 22 Oct. Id 
 56.000 Protestant familii 
 and Germany thousands 
 It also caused a tierce in 
 See Camimnh. Some of tli 
 fields, where their descen 
 settled ill Solio and St. Gi 
 of making crystal glasses 
 raiinufuoture and jeweller 
 in England. 
 
 EDICTS, public 01 
 
 usuiilly set forth !-.y sov 
 the Komans. The Peri 
 Julianus, of Milan, a eivi 
 several treatises on public 
 
 \i- n 
 
EDDYSTONE. 
 
 351 
 
 EBINBUEGH. 
 
 in? the Scandinavian mjthiilogy (or history of Odin, 
 Thor, Frea, &c.), written by skalds v,r bards about 
 tho lOth, I Ith or 1 2th centuries. Translations have 
 been made into French, Knglish, &c. " The I'rosc, 
 or Vounger Edda," by Geor;re iMscnt, was pub- 
 lished in 1842. MS8. of the Kddas exist at Cop"n- 
 hafren and Upsal. Tlie "Saga Mbrarv," published 
 liv Mr. B. Quaritch, includes texts, with trunsla- 1 
 tions by Wni. Sloiris, Eiriker Magnusson, and i 
 Snorri Sturluson, 1891 vt sitj. 
 
 EDDYSTONE (or Edystoxe) LIGHT- 
 HOUSE, off ihf port of I'lvmouth, erected bv 
 iIr. Trinity-house to enable ships to avoid the 
 EJdvstone rock. The Hist lighthouse was coin- 
 nii'nrfd under Mr. Winstanley, in l(,c)6 ; finished 
 in 1609; and destroyed in the dreadful tempest 
 of 2; Nov. 1703, when Mr. Winetanley and others 
 perished. A wooden one, by liudytrd, was built by 
 order nf parliament, and all ships were ordered to 
 payone penny per ton inwards and outwards towards 
 supporting it, 1708. This lighthouse was burnt j 
 !)«•■ I7.';5; """ ""« Ml i' better plan, erected by 
 .Mr. Siiicaton, finished 9 Oct. 1,-59. The woodwork 
 (if this, burnt in 1770, was replaced by stone. 
 Tlif fdiiiiiliitinii linvii)',' frivcii way, a new mio was cle- 
 signoil l>y Jlr. (aCt. .sir) .Junics .\. l).Mi;;lii.s,s, cii"!!!!'!'!- of 
 tlic Tniiitv Huusc. Tlic finMicliiti.iii-stnijc was Iniil liv 
 tlii'iliikeiif Kc1mi1iui;,'1i in the i.iesfticc of Hi,, jiriiici. ilf 
 Wales, 19 Aug., 1879. The eoiiier-stmie was i>l:(i'iil liv 
 the iluke en i ,Iniic. i83i. Siiccessfiillv lit ■> Fuli 
 1S82: opi'iiccl l,y the .hike, . 8 .May, 1882." 
 Smeatnii'.s lijilit-hnnsi' imi'Iihpii.iI tinvcr erectcil at Plv- 
 i;:mitli ; f.iniiiled liy .lake of Kiiiiiliuij,'li, -n Oct 1882 
 limu>;iira*('(l, 24!Se]pt. 18S4. 
 
 EDEX, ship burnt ; see Jfirch, 1873. 
 
 EDESSA (now Orfah), a town in Mesopo- 
 tamia, said by some, to have been built bv Niuirod- 
 liy .^pniun, to have been built bv Seleucu's. It lie- 
 came famous for its Bcho(jls of theology in the ah 
 leiitury. It was made a prineipaiitv by the crusa- 
 ders, and v.as taken by the Saracens", iijr; by 
 Xur-ed-dccn, in 1 14J ; and tho Turks in 1 184. Its 
 ;incient kings or rulers were named Abgarus .-md 
 Mannus. 
 
 EDGECOTE, see Banlmry. 
 
 EDGEHILL FIGHT (23 Oct. 1642), War- 
 wiikshirc, between the covalists under jirince Ku- 
 port and the parlianu ,it army under the earl of 
 Esse.\, was tie fii-st important engagement in the ' 
 (ivil war. Chailes I. was present, and the earl of 
 Lindsay, who hcidcl "le royal foot, was mortalh- i 
 wounded. The king .. -t 5C)oo dead. The action ' 
 Mils indecisive, tho'.igh t)»e parliament claimed tho 
 victoiy. I 
 
 EDICT OF Naxtes, bv which Henrv IV. of ! 
 
 France granted toleration to his protestant subjects ' 
 1.5 April, 1598, was confirmed by Louis XIl'l in ' 
 ,''","• ■'»'' b; Lonis XIV. in I0s2. It was revoked • 
 by Lnus XIV. 22 Oct. 168^. This act cost France 
 50,000 Protestant families, and gave to England 
 and Germany thousands of industrious arti.san« 
 It also caused a fierce insurrection in Lan-uedoc 
 SeeCamiM/vft. Sonieoftherefugeessettledin'Spital- i 
 fields, whcTC tlieir descendants yet remain; others 
 settled 11) Srtho and St. Giles's, and pursued the art 
 of making crystal glasses, and carried on the eilk 
 manufacture and jewellery, then little understood 
 in England. 
 
 EDICTS, iniblic ordinances and decrees, 
 usa:il y set fort,, l.y govenigno ; originated with 
 the Komans Ihe Perpetual Edict: Salvius 
 Julianas, of Milan, a civilian at Koine (author of 
 several treatises on public right), was employed by 
 
 ofDuiaMI.) . 
 chnilt by .Malcolm 
 
 I the emperor Adrian to draw up this body of la "s 
 I .'or the prictors, promulgated 132. 
 
 EDINBURGH, the metropolis of Scotland, 
 derives its name— in aindent records lUliuhurc and 
 I)un Editi, "the hill of Edin"— from its castle, 
 founded or rebuilt by Edwin, king of Northum- 
 bria, who, having greatly extended his dominions, 
 erected it for tho protection of his newly aciiuired 
 territ(,iies from the incursions of tlie Scots and 
 I ic^s, 62O. But it is said the castle was first built 
 by Camelon, king of the Pict.s, 330 n.c. It makes 
 a conspicuous appearanc'C, stanJii.g on a rock 300 
 feet high at the west end of the old town, and, before 
 the use of great guns, was a fortification of con- 
 siderable strength. Kdinburgh returns 4 M P 'shy 
 act passed 25 June, 1885. "Municipal Edinburgh" 
 (liistoncal and official), published June, 189;. See 
 lojiuhitiun. 
 
 Christianity iiitvciiliiccd (leigii 1 
 City fciitiiic'cl, and ea;rtic 
 
 Caiini(»re 
 St. (iile.s's cliMicIi fmuKlcMl (845 ?)■ . ■ ' ' • \°?.,i 
 Iniprnv,.,ll,yl.aviai. . ... lU.to ^^ 
 
 llnlycKMl al.Lev fniuidcl l.y Ibvi.l I ' •* i'^l 
 
 Kdinliiu^h ciMstitutcl a l.iii-li ' ' ali'oiit 
 
 Castle hcM l,y EiiHlainl . "^ 
 
 ! A ii.-uliaiiiciit held liece under Ale.\aniiiT ll' 
 
 j City taken liy the Kn>;lisli . 
 
 I Grant Ilf the town of L.'itli to Eilinliun-li 
 
 I Mnnvndcis til Kdward 111. . 
 St. Giles's ehuicll destliived . • • ■ . 
 
 I Rcliiiilt . . . ■ . ■ • • . 
 
 ' City linint l.y Riehard II., u8s:'and'liv Hcniv'iv' 
 Ihe liiulianiuiit hall, Ed;nbur;.'h castlV, Imiit hv 
 
 •bmies I , ■; 
 
 James II. (irst k!nn clowned here ' 
 
 Exeeiition afthee.iil iif .\thul . . ' ' ' ' 
 Anneal fair planted I1V J.inies il. " ' • ■ 
 City stiriiKtheiied hv'a wall ' • • • 
 
 Charter i>f .lames HI. ...""'■ 
 Ediiibmnh ninde the na'troii'ohs hv .Tallies III * ' 
 Itoyal College of Surgciin.s inec.iiiiuated 
 Charter of .lames IV. . • . . 
 
 ''''.Jaines'Tv 1'' ""'■"■'""' "'''^ '"'i't' '" "'c reign of 
 Hifth school founded, aliont 
 A British force, l.-indinK friiiii a fleet of .^i, shi',,s- 
 
 linrns hoth Ediiilmr^-h and I.eith . Vav 
 
 Lcith is iwiiii linriit, lint Edinhui-h is spared" ' " ' 
 liilliiiotii limit 
 
 MarriaK'c iif(|ueen Mary and hirdllariilev ' ' ' 
 llavid Hizzio innidered ... 
 
 Liird LJanilcy blown np in a private hinisebv min'. 
 
 piiwder .... J t . 
 
 Mary niarri. s James, earl of licitlnve'll . ' h°m'iv' 
 .Mary s finved resignation ; civil war ' 
 
 IJe.atliof J.ihii Kiinx ... ' ' ' 
 
 University elnirtered ; see K,l Cdrrr-Ui/ Jj A,',,-;]' 
 
 liiithweirs attempt .111 llnlv,- l.l,„nse . 27 Oee 
 
 Hint in the city ; Ine iiiiib attacks the kiic 
 James VI. leaves Eilii.buiKh as king of Eniivind' 
 
 5 April, 160.^ ; he revisits it . . 16 Miv 
 
 Geoi-Kc Heiiut's hiisiutal foiimhd liv his will ' ' ' ' 
 f hares I rriiwiiedatEdinlminh " . . j,,,,,,' 
 Kdiiibnrj.h made a bishiprie . 
 Hiiits in Orcyfriars churcli at the 'reading' lif the 
 
 KiiKhsh Litur-v. ... ^,, ,,,,,. 
 
 Paillament hiiiise tinishel . . ' -i'"">' 
 
 Charles a.'aiii visits Ihe city . ' ' ' ' 
 
 The ea.stle is surrendered tli Crnn'iwell' ' iih,-' 
 ".Vcl■c•arlH.^■C((^l/(lH,■|,a,■■|irstEdiMblll-llllewsl'la|..■l■.■ 
 
 apiieareii 1661 
 
 1174-86 
 . 1315 
 . 1296 
 
 • 1329 
 
 • "S.'l.i 
 
 • 1385 
 1387 
 1401 
 
 1434 
 1437 
 
 1447 
 1450 
 1477 
 1482 
 
 ■505 
 1508 
 
 1518 
 
 '544 
 I, '147 
 1561 
 
 1565 
 1566 
 
 1567 
 
 >, 
 1570 
 1572 
 1582 
 15QI 
 J 595 
 
 1617 
 1624 
 
 1637 
 
 1640 
 1641 
 1650 
 
 Cofree-lionses first opened . 
 
 Merchants' Com) any inr.irpoiafeil 
 
 Cullej:H (if Physician's inenriiuiateil " • • • 
 
 Karlnf Argyll beheaded . . ' ^n 7„'„„' 
 
 ■UricuM aiid East India Comimny iiicoriiciratecl 
 
 iiank of Mc.itland founded . 
 
 Uiiii.n of the kinjidums . 
 
 Kiiyal bank founded ■ ■ < . 
 
 "Tppoili'led'""'"'' "'' '■■•'"'" '"'"' ''"^"'"'fl^'tures 
 
 Iloy.d Inlirmary iiicnrpdraled 
 
 All'uir of Captain I'orteoiis (see IXriioas) ' 7 Seiit! 
 
 1677 
 
 i68i 
 1 68s 
 1695 
 
 1727 
 
 •736 
 
 
EDINBURGH. 
 
 3(32 
 
 .H.e '4 
 
 Hi '.* 
 
 '^'? 
 
 EDINBURGH. 
 
 JcmiKlMtlr.U nf til,. Nnltil UiMk.', 31 Ol't. .761; ' '' -' ' ' 
 
 Til,.,,*,' |.,,„„, „ , I "772 1 I"""'-' •>""-ii (WHIMS crt'iitcil (liikf i]f Kiliiii , ,■ 
 
 «lv;:t'n,.^in';l;;'i:?.v;!.,,,,,.M . • .•.-.■ [V^' ^;;;{,',^ "'&'''■'■'■- -....otuli^;^!';:,;,^-!^ 
 
 Hc'K'ist,T.,.m,v, I'r s-stivi't, .', iioncoil. . . 1774 ; Orvjit lyflinii ,l,Mn.,nstiviti,m' . ' . ' ' I'^ x"-' 
 
 25 Miirii. 
 
 i\UW l'„,st-o|ll(T 0|.CIM.|1 . " ""'"■ .. 
 
 Natioiul iiMiNHini „f scinicc ,iml 'art ,',i„.,m/ I'' '^''•' 
 Kin,r AMV,M (wl„. is ..,vat,.,l dnkJ ll? i:::ii,;i:; ?' 
 
 . . i//4 , "i'<ii' K'l'Miii iii'inonsii'atidii . , v ■ 
 
 25J"lv, 1776 txploH i„ tl„. CMMu,,^^t,^at»;,nH,,;MMl^sV,,','; 
 
 :267 
 
 ..7S visit,.M ,>;s;,;;.n;H;;„;:;;;i;VTu: ..H,r'::-- 
 
 . . 178.! ! i'nii»miitiviMl,.ni..iistmtinii . ,„ ; ' 
 
 31 iJl'i 
 
 20 July, 
 
 . . 1821 
 ■ 1S22 
 
 1S05 Ki'.stciiatiiiiL ul'fit. (ill 
 '. 1811 " " 
 . 1815 
 . 1818 
 
 1819 
 
 Liitly Hnr.l,.t.t.Loutts nia.li! a la.w.ss ? ,"" ' "•- 
 
 Uie i-arl „l U.Tl,y ek.^t,.! l„r,l ivct,,,- „,■ j] J ' ;:'' "^ 
 
 \'i.l'.;lfi' ' ^'" HI • 
 
 Vfi'sity 
 Tlii'ativ Hnyal ili'stniynl Uv iiiv 
 Ailvocales' lilimrv injiiriMl by ijiu 
 SimthniinstiM' tln'atic liiinit ' 
 
 '4 N'.v. u- 
 
 3 Maivl, ■' 
 14 Miiivli 
 
 t'alt.iii-liill iil.siTVatoiv loiiiiilfil 
 
 Great cu tinii aj,'ainsl pniiciy . 
 
 Miicii'ty of Aiiti(iiiai'ii's .... 
 Rnyal Sue ifty uf KilinlniiKli iiicuriiorateil 
 Sdiilh liriilni' niiiiiiiiMiccil 
 Kiiyal I'lillf^c iifSiiiKi'.iii.s iiicdi'iinnitcil 
 
 ^^p: T:::i!;l t';1. xv,,,. „..,. .. -^ ^'k;..::;^;;.^:;!^;!'^,^' ' ?. 'r!-- ;.^^it 
 
 Alarnjih},' riut.s Iumi- . 
 
 Nelsuir.s ninliUllMllt icillllili'tcvl 
 
 Gas L'lJiiipaiiy iiircii|.iir,iti'(l 
 Water cnniiiaiiy im-oiimiati'd 
 I'rolV'ssor riavtiiir dii's 
 Siicit'ty nf Arts institi;t.'il . 
 
 b'liinii Cirial conipleti'il 
 
 Gt'iirKo IV. s visit; fiMinlaticii at tho natiniiai 
 
 iniiimuii'nt 15-27 Aii" 
 
 Hnyal Institiiticpii iTecteJ . ' " 
 
 Ue.stnii'tivi' liivs . 
 
 Si'cittish .Vi-aili'inv f.niinli'il ,gj5 
 
 fe;i;l,:;;S"!;;:;;x;;irJ,;S'-l,,,„,. ■ j.,,- r •"•■"■"" ••i.n..i.«-».,.i.„,. :.,,;;;;;*' 
 
 A,s.s„nati..„,.rtl.,. Ki,„.Ait.s . . . . .g,, f. nt | [ ^^l m?nVd !v th / 
 
 Si;;r;i^:-r;:;-i',ra;;:^,l!7:;.,„i :-:■■'; «';,,;!!;' IS |''>i.7^ ■■ 
 ^:^;i;;ii;:t';^:ti;:'lv!:il,.....,„t. ,;.. ;,. • . : z ^^----■'■- '-■-•Vtii^iiX';:^.,,^^,:;;;; •■ 
 
 •Soricty uf Art.s fniiiMli'il 1821 ; iiiccir|iiirali'(l . .1842 About 40 «» Sr.ittisli vnlni.t....... , • ,=" ''"'.v, i;;, 
 
 dinlM,,;,-l,a,,,l(ll.,s.,,w,-ai:wavn,,,.M,.,l . Fd,. .^ qu.U ',^1; l/v tt ,, "^ '^ '" "'" 
 
 Qu..,M,\irtonayis,tsK.linl.iMvl,,\.v,„AMn..,58f|it. ., FislhTV Ivxiiilatin,, ,. " ' "'/"?■ 
 
 ?i:^'^;,:;^i;;:';,r'i:r;t;;';:"i;;^;!;,r!„a,.tv,.s jf .7,3-4 '^" "-;;';' ^ '"^ -''^ «^™" -■"- -mui. 0,^ IX: 
 
 laid hy .Mr. IImiim' . . . ' . ji Aii^; 
 
 Graiitnii pirr, Ac, roiistnictc'd liv tlic duki' of Hue- 
 
 I'lomdi 
 
 Sir WaltiM- Mi'ott's ni.imiiiPMit I'oniiilrtcil . 
 EdiiibiirKli rhil..so]iliii'aI Association (istablislnd 
 
 i832)ri'.or;;iiiiisi'd as tlii> liiliidairjili I'liilosoplii. 
 
 <''>l«"'iL'ty ,846 
 
 Fnvd..inotcifyKiv,.ntort. 1,011. W. K. i.:,;J^. T" '' ■■ 
 Earl of Derby's addr.'ss as lonl ,v.ru.y 1,' i,'"' ■• 
 
 ■ o-'z-i'in. „ f't^itui' "I Dr. Livingstone 111, veiled -nH'-. , 
 
 ■r ■ ,\, • '3^3 tV""''' •'^''■'""nalinan-niab.d by tla^iu, en ?','"' '^' 
 J„neand>ov. ,824 Fire at I.eill, Wulk, 7 killed throtiKl, fall of a h;,!,:~- ■' 
 
 bnry - ■ 
 
 A sc\ere siiow-stnrn, ; loeomotiim ntn^Wii-. h'Zi " 
 
 '.' "''1335.44 ' Death of William Clianibers, book.seller '"i',.tt!!r. " 
 . . .845 : - ."• «'• Giles's twhiel, is reopened 4m avl A, - 
 ; Sir Startbra Xortl.cote lord rietor ,^^1^ ^,1,?;;^;;;. ■^- 
 
 Tl,.-atre Hoyal as;aii, .lestroyo.l by tiro . ,oVmi,V ,;'• 
 
 ''^r:;:x;^V"':' ^tt.,e,ovei.nn,e,it^^:;'r-< 
 
 Visit of tln^piineean.l piiiiirss ami fainih- '.''w.' " 
 D.'inonstration in favour of tlu v,.|„,„', ,"' " 
 
 speeehes of .Mr. Gia,i.sto,i6 . . "j^ '{i;;;,",;;;,i 
 
 Th,' ancient cross restoreil by Mr. W. E. G la, U ',',','' " 
 
 -V. llritisl, raihvay opeiieil . . . i8,Iiiiii>, 
 
 British .\,sso,M,iti.iii(jni| tin,,-) in.rts . 31 Jnlv, 1850 
 Tliequ rii ajjaiii \ >.ts Ediiibniiih 2,1 Air- 
 
 I'riueu Albi'it l.iys th,- lonihlati,in-stoi,o of tliu " 
 
 Seoteh national f.'all.Mv .... 30X111; 
 
 Meetin^t., vin,lie.-,t,>,S,ottisli ri^'hts . 2 Nov.' 165) 
 
 Old bniMinfis in-ar l.awn-inaiki't burnt . 5 Ann. 1857 
 
 Act pa.ssi'd for biiil.linn n,.w I'ost-ollli'e . . diilv iSsS i, , ,■ , , , Xov' ilft 
 
 National Kail,., vopen,.d . . . 2, Jlaivii 3w '"''"'''''''!'"' '"'""^t™' Exliibith.n ,,|„.n,.,lv' 
 Agitation a>;aiiist Miiiist.Ms' Annnilv tax . Hept' ,' l""'ee Alb,.rt \ i,;t,.r, 6 May ; visiti-'l by the 
 
 Lord lironnl,ameleetedelian,Tllorc;ftlieniiiv,'rsitv " '' b Ki'md eivie ,|ein.,nstrution i3 Auij. "iSSf, • 
 
 Eiiinbuigi, , X,,;. ; ^ 2,74o,<x» visitors ; ,dosi',l . . . ,, (,,,►' ,;,, 
 
 Minist,.rs' 'tax abolish,,!, an,l „tli,.r arranp.nnnts " J"'''!;;'' K' Ih "f , lb'. H. II ,i„,iiiin« fo, prizes ,.t,. '^* 
 ma,le Hhiel, ,lid not give satisfaetioii : riot.s ■ ,,l„.'i'-? ?'v''?,' ''','^','. '""■«''• *'eiety of Aiiti! 
 
 ensued .... .\,,v ' 'l"»"! ", "' ^''.itlainl, L nivcrsitv of E.lii,bni.-l, 
 
 .o^volnntee. review., by the ,.„;.,.„ in C,,.,. ^ , ,,Sm^5;S!&.^;!.-- ,^^. 
 
 Industrial niMseum a,.t pass,., I . , i Xn?; ' s , K r;^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Edinburgh visit,.,l by ,.|npress Eiipnie, .0 No?: V, : SIW t .:« th, 1 k • • • ■ .oJuii. ,8S; 
 
 '^^:a;nn'n:iSi,!i'inn2:;;:; '"^- :"■ "Z-^:\- .^a. i^i:^,:"'.^fe'^^vTi""^^r',r'r' ' ■-'- ' 
 
 Fall of a honse in Uigh-street, 35 I~^f i^e;!; U^Z "Uld,:;i!i^l 'X;;!;;' '^^^If^^ra^aii;:?"?;! 
 
 '^'wl'it.i'' 'T '^''''''''''-'' ';'^' '"'"■"''^^^^^ " I His name ..rase,l from the roll ,80,1 "'■'"^>'' ■ 
 
 .^^.u:::z^:^-i '- • ,;Ma.,..;A;^ii; ^ ^^Xle:nr'"^-■--™?r''"'v^•■' 
 
EDINBUliGH. 
 
 333 
 
 liilimatMHi.-cl liiiliKliiiil I'xliihili huililin^s 
 
 ,.iviti'.i .-It .MiTcliislnii iiiiil W.W. snimrli ; iif;irl.v 
 
 jjIlCIVS cn'Cllpilvl ; th,' fxliihiti,,,, ,i|i|.|||.,| liy till' 
 
 ihiki' iniJ ■Inclii-ss oC Ivliulnir-li, n,,. iinii,. i,r 
 II •Inirli, l.ii.l Kiir-sliuri,'li. II, ,■ p,',,viists i,( 
 
 i;l;is-u», l.cltlj, I'cTlll, Ah.Mllr.MI, DlMull-l', all'l 
 
 )|;iiiolii it.'i. and ntlnTi'iiiiiii'iil |M'isi>iis wiTi' pri'. 
 
 ,.Hl, 1 M:i.V; Vi.sil.vl by 111,. I, ,1,1 |,|,,v,,|- ,,|- I,,, I,. 
 
 ■l.jii ill -tail', M, .Inn,' : (•l,,.s,.,| !i n,.|.' . . ,;>„ 
 l!ir,>xlliliiliii'l\VMsnnl slli-iM'S-lMl ,iiiai„'iallv i i\ii\-. 
 rirfiw piihlii' iila-ai-y |l.,i- \vlii,-li Mr. Amiivw Car- 
 
 ii,-^'ii' ^'.ni' 5o,ui«V.)i,pi.|i,.,l l,y 111,. I'arl ,,l' fl,is,'. 
 
 l"'iy • • .j.liiii,', ,, 
 
 Ml. II. M. Sliiil,.y, 111,. AIVi,Mii cvpliavr, n.,.,.iv,..s 
 
 ili.fn'i"! "flluwify , . . , ,, ,j„|„, 
 
 111,. l«l|-iia'll'Mlt Hall lvsl,ilv,l ; .s,.,. l;irli,,i,iri,f ,,} " 
 .\',llail'l I.',.|,. ,g 
 
 Siiitiii' "f Win. •■liainl«.is (sulisiTil,,,! I,,i) i'n 
 
 n,;illilKr< .-In'il ; iiii\,.i|,.i| . . - Mai-,.|| ,, 
 
 III. .Ialii,s A. Uilssi'll ,.l,.,.|,.,i |,,|,1 pr,,v,,sl ' I, .\,,v, ,, 
 ll;i)i,|ii,'t I 1 .Ml-. (I. .1. (;,,s,.lii.n . . . 20 \iiv , 
 In,, at II,'. li'iii^*'. Ill' I'liif. (',ip,.lan,|. a.stn,n,,in,T 
 rival I'll- S|.,illan,l. valiialil,. iiist|.|ini,.|i|s anil 
 
 1 ksiiiiM-h ilainaL;,.,l . . . 3 .Man.|i, i8g- 
 
 Mi.iliiwiirUi'iti.ili .As.s,„.iati,.ii(4tli) . . Ain;. 
 
 .M;i,<s iiii.i.liiiK upiawin^; tin' Irish lioin.i ml,. Iiijl, 
 
 ., , , '7 .Murcli, iSgj 
 
 .Ucuiiiii.r Ildulaiul .-11111(11 .si.nli.iii'i',| In ,.. mniitlis' 
 iiii|ins,iiiiiii.nl liii- U\vi:iii<^ lltmarv ,li,cuin,.|ils of 
 lliiriisaiiil iitliiTs . . . _.^ .Inn,.. 
 
 U..ililiiiK .if 111,, iliiki. anil ,lin.Ii,..s,s of York ; fi-.slivi' " 
 
 ili..iii,iiist|..ili.in.i ri.Iiilv, 
 
 toiKi-essnl till, iiritish InsI ilnti. of I'lilili,. IliialUi'; 
 
 tliiiliii'il prnviist anil tin. lonl mayors of homloii 
 
 ami Duliliii pii.si'iit . . .' . •J7.liily, 
 
 Visitof till' iliiki' uiiil ilik'liess of York, a Oi't ; Iih 
 
 i-rreives tin' friiii.loiii of llic city uinl wcliiinj; 
 
 Sifti* ' . . i Oi-I. ,, 
 
 tlreat sjii't'cli ol tin' carl of Hosi'lMiy, 111,. pri'ini,'!-, 
 
 17 .^lar^ll, iSqj 
 DKilhiif.Iolin.Stiiartlilai'kic, jirof of (iri'i'k at tlii' 
 iiiiivirsity ; ugi'ii 86, -j .Mar.; imlilii' fiiiii'i-al 
 
 6 Mai-i'li, 1895 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 1111 lulililioiial aiiiiuily of „,,cx„,/. 
 
 , . '.• "I I' ".IXXK. Ill I IN> itllkt' fill 
 
 EDIXlU-lum i{EVrE\V (l.vl'-n.nii. Jc'f. 
 
 "tli'i «liiuv p,il,hs|„.,| lirsf, „„ ,„ „,t. ,^,j 
 
 j;ifn!v' is"-, vj '^'""v ^'''"* ""■'■'■ ""■"'"•■•K) ; 
 
 s,n ^,i ■^'- •"■''■• •'"■'I""'-. l.S-'ii; Win. |.;„,,- 
 
 lli'.in l{..|.vi.. ,,S55 : ,|i,„|. ;,..,.,| ,s,, 21 (,,.(. ,«,,-' ' 
 
 EDIXBriHill rXIVKKSITY. A..,\U., 
 
 wa.sc^,.mu'n,.,.illivtl,.'to«,,,. „ il of |.;,li„l,i.r,.l, 
 
 , .ySl, Of wluili oiiia.,, .Mary liail :;iv|.„ Ihi- :it,. 
 
 ..luioiitr,. ,u,,,„sl,,,,,s,s,,,„,l li rt lii.iil. liisliop 
 
 '. I»K' , tin: i.insn, 155.S. TIr. „„ivc.r,-itv ^vas 
 '■l'."-t'''-"l 14 .\linl, |^,S2. (|„ 2, ,,,.(. ,-s, ,1' 
 uuivorsity was ,l,arli.r,.,| l,y ,)a,iii.s^-|., aftol-;,. r Is 
 •luini'. . ol l.,,,j;h.„,|. Till' lirst ,,rin,.i|al was 1 
 "".»«i '.iI.S'Ss.. Tla'/o,„i,latiii,'.s.„i|.of,l„,,X 
 iMi.ldm^^s was laid liy l.'n.i.,.is, lonl .\api,.r ''ra u - 
 
 11.1' ..onstttu .,,,, of t„, uiiivi'rsity was modi'li. 
 b Act of l'ai-liain(..|it m i.Sij.S. I„ ,«,- ti,, 
 ' .n..T ontituMu.cl iipwarils of ,S„.fxx) ^L.vs, 
 Icsult's niiiiii'ii'u,, ,.|,n„„s ami rare .\[SS. ani 
 
 mT'Z Ki 'r 'r" ':'^'>'^'"' '•''-'■" <!''■ «' 
 
 .Wiinalolisi.ivaliiryon lila..k il liiU, will, ,.,,1. ^^ '''',"'' ; ll'l'ml by tlio maiiiuis of iJ.m,. jo \ov 
 
 Willi,. irinstrinni.nls rroiiiili,.,.arl.ir(:rawlor,rs 'o*'- Miss .Jane JollrMV, of l'or(.ilii.|l„ l'„;,,„ . iV 
 
 Hull KWit .ilis,.rvat.iry, i,|i,.|„.,| l,y |„,.,1 liaHoiir SCXX)/. lor s,.|i„lars|,ips .,0, , , I v '" i'J'" 
 
 ■If l!"il"Wli. t i-l 111- CiawlWril, sir KoImtI Univrsitv "a 1, 1 iiL^'t , ,',, ^ll''- '^^^ ■ 
 
 Hall, anil o'Ji.'is pr,..s,.,ii . . . , April ,8<i6 Pv ,'i,si,, sT 1 *■' '"'"''' ""' ^-l"^''|-*^H- 
 
 .UIri'.sslotl,iiczaroiil,is u-ay to lial ral' ' ^^^ fl , ,,, '„^'''"'"r'- '} ^''l"- •'"'/■ '^^'>- -Mf. A, 
 
 .,.,.S •'■J'"'t""l-vM,i..,,.|,.,t(.il,i,aii,.,.ll„r,.f il„.'„i, J.: 
 
 .'.'.S,'iil. ,, 
 Sjii'i'cli iif lonl Rosi>l)iiry on 11 astern i|iii'sti,iii, 
 
 anil his ii'si^'iiatiiin of li'iuli'iship of tin' hilii'ials 
 
 9 Oct. ,, 
 hm-'l Hiwi'lii'iy opens the llrst of four piil.lic lialU 
 
 ami lii'i. lilmirii's, I'lcclcil liy a bciiui'st of .Mr. 
 
 Tliiaiiiis .Nils.in, pnlilishcr . m Ma.v 1397 
 
 Till' iii'w .\iiith-liriil;,'i' (sti'i'l) opcncil liy the loril 
 
 [iroviKl, -ir .\. M'llonalil . '. , ,; Sepi 
 
 Till' M'KH-an lia'l prescnteil to the university of 
 
 K,liiiliiii;;h liy Mr. W. M'Kwaii, M 1'. ; opi'ii,',! l,y 
 
 Mr. A., I. lialr.inr , |,,.,: 
 
 l.ui.U Wiilsi'ley .1.1 Lister prescnteil with the ti-Hc- 
 
 dijia lit till- City .... i5,luiie iS,,i3 
 
 EDIXHUKGir, liisiioi'iMc (»F, W118 cicnti'd EDOil, .mc J,/,i„„t,i 
 
 liy Cliarlcs 1. when 111 S,.,iilan(l in Id^^; ami Wil- 
 
 |o..ct.,s,H.M.,.-.,:':;;!!:i;;;!.^i'';.;;;i;-^^ 
 
 Iiiia«:iiiatiiiiii as nnl n, t,,r in \,,v V,,, t 
 
 liitiiour of ii„ri,-i,i, rij.f\z^::i;''!'-^::^ 
 
 l,S.)( 
 
 .*iir Win. (''i.ii.si'i. I,..,pi,.atl|s ..- 
 Ancient History an, I l',.!,,^,' 
 tor other piiipo'.,., ; i|.. ,|j,,,|' 
 
 ■ '. ''I fiiiiinl a ihair of 
 H.v.ainl alioni ^6..^^. 
 
 EDMT'XD.S' CASE, see unilor yv,/<..,^v, 
 
 oaiiii' a pest-i-evolutiiiii hishoiine in 1720; see ':',","'^'V' "■'*'''• -i'-"'i'''llv fiiiinil,.,i ; s,.,. I,/, '■// 
 EDIXIUIIIGII. DCKE OF. .MtVeil lOrnest, ^ ""*'"" '''' ^''■^"^™^''"'' ^■^/'■-'/AV^c,;;";^;; 
 
 ^"""•' ~ r i|iii'i'ii \i,tiiria, lioni (, An;;. i.Sii ,.■:,,,• ... , , 
 
 ;fialv,l liuk,. of KilinlHii:;!, i„„l earl of Kent % I'l es ' ;."w' r;!':!": Ji'^'"'' ''"■ -' ' ^" Win- 
 
 .Mil), l,Si,(,, with an annuity of 1 r.uai/. ; tlii^ amlosf,,! '"' '"""-'' ■" "'.'1 M"' 1 
 
 aimitlty he re.si-Mcil on liecoininj? {;rand dnke of i:i"n . ulii ,. l...|„.l,.,| 1,. 11,.,,^ ^l ' ■ ' <? 
 
 ■■■".■'■-' "'•"'■ii-l'-tlia, aim.juiic',.a Iter. i.Sij^^. U't.-, n... ...•,,...,,.,,, -^.^^^i.^^^^ >.,s' -icatlv ', • ''" ' 
 
 Til" ilukc was iimrri,.,l to Marie Ah.xaiiiliovna, lli,. i;raii.t alii'lVli'l'llw, ,l"l!I"|.-f„"""i' v"i ^' ''?"'" "■''i''' crefiwi 
 
 ilud.i'ss o Unssia, .3 .Ian. ,874. ITIic 111,.,.,, was (1 i Vl, , , , ' , J :^^ ..SIV'.s 
 
 «.il«wcr,.,l hy iHirliaiiieut, 5 M.,. ,S^l t, ;;n.„t W.^.hi^^Ur^h;,:,l';^,;;;;:;:::i% Z, ^;!-l--'^''''isl,e,lf'?5,^ 
 
 w it 
 
 '#' ^i 
 
 '!«<' ,'"* 
 
 1 I 1 1 -1 
 
 4 1 
 
 '** 'M'Hfe 
 
 ■S'%: 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 Bit 
 
 
 Iscrr:' 
 
 mnv 
 
EDUCATION. 
 
 Or34 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 i-^r'*: 
 
 Founilatiim (if liMKliy sclii«)l liy Liiwrciice SlierilT 
 
 I5'i7 ; "f ll,cir..\v s>1mi"I by .Ji'ihii l.yuii , . . 1571 
 The L'liMitiTlmusi' I'.iiniili'il liy TIniiiKi's Suttuii . 1011 
 
 Many cliiiiity si'liiinls rimmluil in iiii]ioaiticin tn 
 
 1{ isli iiiius iihdut 1687 
 
 Parish* liuiilsaiiiioiiiteil bv lliu iiarliaiiuMitof .Siol- 
 
 land 1607 
 
 Qiii'cii Anne, a zealous frienil iif eiliicatioii, fonmled 
 the (ire>-,'i)at school, \Vl'^t^lillstel■. and eordially 
 suppdrteil piiniehial chaiitv schools (one csta- 
 lilisheil at St. Jlarf,'arets, Wislnjinslcr. 1688) . 1698 
 Neaily 2000 of these S'-iiool^ estalilished in llreat 
 Hiilain and Irelanil, |i)ini'i|ially liy the instrn- 
 ineiil.dity of the Society for the rrunmtion of 
 
 Cliristian Knn\vleilne 1698-1741 
 
 Itoliert Hail<es set np S»ji'/(i(/ Nt'Aeo/s about . . . 1781 
 la iSi3 there were i6,SjS of these schools, with 
 
 i,5tS.Si)o scholars. 
 Josejih Ijancasler, ayoun^ (JuakiM, be^'an to instruct 
 
 the children of tlie poor 1796 
 
 He had i>3 pnpils bel'ure he was 18 years old, and 
 
 lotx) jiupiis in 1758 
 
 National education ^'roatly iminioted in tlic French 
 euii)ire by Napijleon. ably assisted by M. Cu\ier, 
 the eminent nalnr.ilist .... 1S02 1/ .<!•'/. 
 
 •iuiiday .School Ciiiiin fornied 1802 
 
 To jn'ovifie teachei's, Lancaster invented the nioiii- 
 forial system. In conscipn'ni'e of his exertions 
 the jireseiit liritish and l-'oreiyii School Society 
 was founded \vith ttic n.tme of the " Hoyjil 
 
 L.ihcasteri.iM Institution,' i^c ,30; 
 
 This, bein.i; une>;cliisi\-c, was fdlitfwed by the insti- 
 tntion of the Chnrch "f Kiinland "National 
 Society for Kducating the I'nor," on Dr. Hell's 
 
 system 181 1 
 
 Illfiinl ScltonLi \n-iiilU about 181,^ 
 
 The Charity Comniission, .appointed at the instance 
 of .Mr. (al'b'ruards l..nl) Urounhani, publislied 
 their reports 011 IMucation. in 37 volumes folio, i8iy- (o 
 Irish .Vatioiial Scli.,,,1 System (to.u'coniMiodate botli 
 Jloman t'ltholics and I'rotcstants) or^:aniHcd 
 .Mainly by archbisho|i Wliately and the lionnin 
 
 Catlio'li(- arclibish"p Miiri/iy 13. 1 
 
 Oity of Loinion Schonl, Ibmi'ydane, opened . . 1S34 
 The llimie anil Colonial School Society was insti- 
 tuted iSifi 
 
 In 1814, the «oveniment bcu-an axncal (iliANTs (the 
 lii^t jo.o.H)'.). whicii continued till the Committee 
 of tlie ri'ivy Council <'n Kducation was con- 
 stituted for the .lislnl)Ulion "f the money . i8!9 
 Thi' Volont.arv School S.'cidy and the Congrega- 
 tional Hoard of IMmati.m formed . . about 184? 
 
 Flajjjied Scl iriiinn cst.clilished .... 1S44 
 
 M»ci'(>oii"' /■' oi. Mcmthly. established , Oct. 1847 
 (Jut of a po|inl.ition of 17,927,609, there were 
 
 2,466.481 day scholars 1S51 
 
 A Kfeat eduiational ciud'ereiu'e took place at 
 Willis's Uooins, the prlnee consort in the chair, 
 
 22-24 June, i8';7 
 The Industrial .Schools act passed in . . . „ 
 .iliddlc Class Kxamiuations from tic uiuversity of 
 ().\tord iKvau, Ju)ic, 1858. Ihe examiners grantd 
 thiMlej,'rci' of A..\. lo many per.sons at Liverpool. 
 I,i'cds, &c. ; similai examinations from C'am- 
 biidne took place in the auttunn, ami are to be 
 
 continued 1853 
 
 Baport of commissioners ou popular educ.ition (ap- 
 liointed 185S), pnblishcil 18 .Maivh, 1861. h'd to 
 the Minute'of the C.inimittce of the I'livy Council 
 ou Kduc.it iou.cst.iMislunx a Heviscili'odcof Itcnii- 
 
 lalions; .Mr. Low's adopted 21 July. i86i,ti me 
 
 intooperation, after It Mnrch. 1862. Itdccrcedregu- 
 |,u • A.imiii.atioasuftlie piiinls. piiyr'ii'iit by remits, 
 I'vcnin;; schools for adiilK. and nthcr cban;;os, 
 whicli niise.l a storm of i.pposition from the 
 ■ '.lerjiV and scli.joliu.asters. The siib.ject was much 
 ili.seiisscd ill parliameut (25. .•$ .March, 1862) ; but 
 
 eventually a npromise was clfc.tcd, 5 .May, 1862 
 
 Utth.ial instrnriions lor tlie ailniinistration of tiie 
 
 Ueviscd ('•ide i.-«ued Sept 
 
 " f7(j/tscf'.f(C' ■'./oleic," founded on the l]iidowcr| 
 .Schools act, .Mandi, iSiw, iutrodiucl by tlieCoin- 
 iiiiltcc ol Counidl on Kiliication for parishes where 
 oiilv 0111 sciiool is iciiuired. It pi'ovided f(U' the 
 admission of ciiijdrciiof .li.s.seiiteis, andcxeuipUd 
 Ihciii from nditiioui) teauhini;, and attendance at 
 jiublic worsliip . Nov 186 
 
 Report. 10 June. 1865.) 
 
 It has been much opposed by the clerKy ever siucT 
 and crciled much contioversv in . 'a,. 
 
 Collcne an.l I'ublic Scl 1 C'oniniission 'nei„,rt ' 
 
 siKUed 16 Feb' Y 
 
 Ko.val Commission appointed, to inipiiro into the ' * 
 state of education in Scotland. Kirst meetiiM- •,i 
 Kdinburjtli . . . . , . , . \' 
 
 Mi.ss (aft. liarone.ss) Hurdett-CoiittH propose.' tl ,'. ' 
 esfablishmcnt of small villafje-schools to lli. 
 taUKlit by "ambiilatorv " te.ohcrs ' (... ,, 
 
 I'arliainentarv committee ap| ted to impi'irc'il.t;, ' 
 
 the ocst mode of benelltiuf; schools uiia.s.sist.'c| l,v 
 the state ,_,^ |,.^ |- 
 
 Training ship establisheil fur homeless bovs'.,'i' " 
 London ; 50 boys pla.cd there by Ihivs' liehi,., 
 committee. .See ('/i.'.-/i,..s/ce . ". ,g [f. 
 
 Foundation of the London College of the Inter^ ' 
 
 national Education .Society laid by th 
 
 liter- 
 
 e piiiic „f 
 10 Jiih- 
 
 Wales 
 
 Four establishments in Fn-land. France. Vb'ni'i'.inv' '''' 
 and It.il.v pi.iposcd: tiic idci i.-. .ittribiited t,,' \|,.' 
 Cobdcii and M. .Miclicl chi'valicr ' ;,. 
 
 Commiltcc appointed at a meeting for establishm, „. '"" 
 of liiglii'r.<.7i>»i/,</,r m,'(/r//.- fliisHcs in Lon.l.a |,,. 
 means of funds of lapsed charities, kf., - x,',,-'. 
 nearly 28,000/. subscribed liv end of liec iJ.,-' 
 51,349/. received ...'..' i,,'",' ,.,_ 
 
 The subscribers incorporated by idiarter ; their lir-t ' 
 
 "I'liool 01 1 by lonl mayor and others in lim, 
 
 street, St. Luke's 
 
 Great prosperity icp.prted at the annual ince;ii,;.,| ' 
 
 Resolutions moved in tlie lords by earl liiissili"/', '' ''' 
 serting that every cliild has .1 right to edii, .lU.'ir" 
 
 and ivcommendiiig appoint iit of a ciliii,,'.' 
 
 minister of cilncation), witlidiawn . ,, n,.,. 
 
 Important reiiort of schools imiuiiv comiiii.si,,i,,.iN " 
 
 signed '. . , 1 1,.. 
 
 Conference at Manchester recniimcnd coinpuisni'v " 
 
 education, to be |iaid for bv rates 15 In, -■ 
 
 Public Schools bill brought int.. the .-0111111. ais 7 IV 1, ' 
 
 Public Klementary K.luiati.ni bill brought ii,',,,],,. " 
 
 lorilsbydnke of .Marlb.,r..ugli, 24 Manli • win,' 
 
 ilrawii Ig j|,^^;" 
 
 Mr. (alY. sir Josejih) Whitwortli's oll'er to' feuM.l'.', ' 
 scliolarslii|is of annual value of unl. ea.'li l.n nV. 
 
 fitrnctioo of young men in 1 Iiani.'s [v.- 
 
 Mandi, ai'.cpte.l by the b.r.ls <.f tlii-...iiiii'.ii - M m 
 
 Fouu.latiou of the tirst new biiil.ling b.r a nii.l.ll,. ' 
 (da.ss school in Loiulou lai.l bv the lonl niio,,, 
 Lawrence (i-en/.viiiiv.w/r(/. 18711' . , ,:; |i,.,.' 
 
 I'ulilic Sclnml!! Art (1 lifying Uie gi\.iinii,.|,, ..r 
 
 Kton, Winchest.r, Wcstniiiist.'r, 1 li;ni..i| „. 
 
 Harrow, Uiigby. ,111. 1 Slircwsbiiiv s.li..,,|.) ,,.|,..„.,j 
 31 .Inly. 186B; ameiidment acts . ,, .\iig ,<„,. 
 
 New statutes for th. •Ill issiie.l . , Oct -N'nv ',. 
 
 Antioiltd Hdliciilion /..to/kc (a.lvo.'atiiig i'..iui.ii|,nrv '' ' 
 secular eilucation by the state), liist m. t ',t Ku' 
 niingliam (.iffl Mine, 1S77) ,. ,,.,,., 
 
 Satioiii:! F.iliirntinii I'liuui fur siijipli'iiirij'tii,'. 11,., 
 
 luesiMit .l.'ii.iminati il system, lirsl 111^1 ,• 
 
 Mancliisl.'r , .^-^^j' 
 
 Coiit'eivucc at th.' S.ii'i.dy of Arts l.i recnrfi,.' J|„, ' 
 
 Leagiii' an.l tlie Union 
 
 7 l'.'li. 
 
 icntilh- iiistriiction and advanccineiit ciiiiiii's^i. 
 
 iil'l'oiiit.-d ,., ^|.,^. 
 
 l-'irst "drill-ivview" of L.ui.lon cliaril\ ^-hnnis nil 
 
 others, at thcCrvstal I'al.i.'c . 1 I'lm,. 
 
 EhMieiiUini Kiliimlii.ii lt:il iiilr.»liii'i-.l by Mr W f' 
 
 Forster, 17 F.'b. ; a.br iiiii.li disi'ii.s.simi ,,11.1 .,1,'. 
 
 position from s. ciiho i^ls ai:.| some .liss'ni,.;, -t 
 
 passcl. an.l 1 i\c.| lliM ri.v.il asMMil . ,, u'l' 
 
 [K.digious instiuclioii wilh the pa'.ni* i;,u. 
 sent: reading in th.. lijble. «;:i,uni .ale. 
 ehisins, or s.'.-tarian foniinlrr:.--.. iv-., | 
 I By the eompromisc of S .Maich. , , tii.> 
 reailing of the Hibl.'. wilh iii>.i liicii n ;; ;, ,. 
 principles of rcli-cii an.l iii.aaiilv suiiaiN. 
 1. 1 chil.lreii, was p.-rmilii ,1 | 
 |Tli.-act »as amciMl..| 11, r,;. . i87i,,iii.| ,876.1 
 IMr. F.,rster.li,.i|.,i2.'.lo7. . April. ,3o.6; hi- 
 slatuc.iutli.' Victoria Kmliaukniciil lu.v.ilcl 
 1 Aug. 181M, I 
 
 10.. 001. voted by till Christian KnowU'dge S.i.ictv 
 111 111. I .if Chill. ii .,r Kngl.in.l s. lii.i.N ,i„ii,.t 
 
 *'irs/ election of Metropolitan school. boanKiWoV* 
 .sfe)(loid Lawicii.e, cliairmaii) . . .,, x„v 
 
 EE 
 
 Ri'ifilliitions for school 
 .Veiv Hevise.l C.i.le .lis. 
 Loiiilon Sehool-boar.l 
 
 .It tlie L'liidon sidiool-1 
 
 tlir religious .lilli.oi 
 
 IKiiircliildreii at deii 
 
 fur a .veir . 
 .\rr,iii.i;eiiii'iits for erc.d 
 
 ii.'W .si'liiiols iii.i.l.' by 
 (.'.iiiferiiiu'c of masters 1 
 
 sate 
 Mr. Uixnii's and the 
 
 the Elementary Educ 
 
 ooiiiiii.iiis, 335-94 
 Srieiitilic instruction : 1 
 
 M.iv. 1S70; ivporti'd 
 K'liii'.itiiiii(Sciitlaii.l) .\i 
 riii'l.iiiiiloiiscliooi-boar 
 
 ,cliiii.|s fur dirty iinrii 
 ■S'lii'ty f.ir organi/iat 
 |ir.i|i.i».'il bv sir H, 
 
 I'mf liiillestoii and ot 
 liisli University Hill In 
 
 Fint Iioiiclim board-sehi 
 
 Ciilli'ije for northern I'.ii 
 
 ititi'ici lai.l . 
 t'lilliV' for higher ediicii 
 
 Girtmi, icliirli !■!:(■ . 
 Jreat iiieetiiig for i-eligii 
 
 ti.iii at St. .James's hal 
 .vv.iic/Mi'triipolitan sell. 
 
 jiarty the strongest 
 
 Iteii, Ml', cliairni 111) 
 Tlii'iiiiiversiti.'S iioniin it 
 
 linn of pupils from piil 
 Ml', llixiin's ciiiiipiilsorj 
 
 (120-156) 
 ll'snltiiflirst university. 
 
 Wini'lii'ster. 34 certil 
 
 ^l.irltinriiiigh. 15 : Ktm 
 
 iiiiu't'iii I'lillege. 10; Uii 
 
 I'it:il ami others. 1 ; pu 
 1, iint'in s.'li.iiil-boird occ. 
 
 Vii'tiiria Fiiiiiankment 
 CiassM for cookery, la 
 
 wifery iiilroiliiccd, into 
 X,'iv i'imIi; of raised staiii 
 
 N'l'Wiiliani college at Cam' 
 
 Kii-at aiiiiiial conference o 
 
 Mr Di.vmi's 1 ill for iini 
 
 riiiiipiilsiii-y education 1 
 
 .tiiotli' r Kliiiiiiintary Blii 
 liy l.ii-il Saii.loii, iS M. 
 
 1 s*ii'v s.-li.iobb.iar 
 
 'ill I by Mr. Fell, en 
 
 liig-4ti), 5 Alii,', (coiisi. 
 assent .... 
 
 Iiiteriiational congress on e 
 
 I'hiril Metropolitan whool 
 aSfiinst ileiiniuinatioiial s 
 Bveil. I'hairiiian) 
 
 .Vtciimal E.lncatio-11 Leagii 
 
 ElHi'iion (if school atteiii 
 the new .i.'t . 
 
 IiiteriiR'.liate K.Uication 1 
 
 R.liii'fttion Act (Scotland) a 
 
 »'>|-"'l Ciiile, 7 Feb. i8- 
 
 ' ■■!in|'iilitaii board 
 
 :!'■ Kiel, at P.irtlair 
 
 iii.'i,iiii'.'ii I', sir Charh's U 
 
 ileeiile that the school bo 
 
 niiiney .... 
 
 Foiirlh "jrttrnpolitiin scln 
 
 Charles Heed, ehairiiian) 
 
 •'•"'■''• ■>' "'"'"{-vliii'li see) I 
 
 Iiii|-'i-!.iiii i" ■•■-i,mres]ieeti 
 
 Dialli.'i ■iirri.nrl.'sKeei'l,: 
 .Mr Kilwiuil N,,rth Juxtc 
 
EDUCATION. 
 
 1^- 
 
 35.5 
 
 licsuliitiims fur xchiMjl-lMJiu-ds iasueil . 3, !),.(• ,r,„ 
 XfifBeviswl Cii.li!ilisi'iis.seil . Mirrhiar 
 
 LoiiJuii Schoul-hoara Kiliiciitioii ScIk'Ihu iin'i|i',ni.,|', 
 
 .1! tli8 Lonclon sclii»il.|i,),ir,l, after .sharp ilisriiss'ini'i' " 
 
 l|„. ivIiV'iims .lillirulty r,.s, tin- |..-,vm,.|,t l„i' 
 
 |i„iiri'liiMri'M at ili'iiujiiiiiatiorial scliciuls .si'ttli-,l 
 for 11 year ,^ j^-i,^. 
 
 Arraii(,i)nii'iit.H fnr criM'tiiit; (ir aila|itin}; Ijiiililin.'s lipr " 
 iii'ivscl Is laa.li' liy I.ciimIhii .scliu,il.|)„ar'l "Dit 
 
 Omferencc of masters of Kraiiinar suliuul.s at ili"lil " 
 «»'". •. ■ , /. 28 1)7;: ,, 
 
 Mr. Uixcm.s and tl .1 iiforiiiisl.s' I'eiisiire <iii 
 
 the Eleiaeiitary Kdiieatimi Ait; iie^'ative.l in the 
 ciiumaiis. 353-r,4 ... .M.nvh 1872 
 
 Srifiitillc instnietion: royal c'oniniissio]i a|.|„iinle,r 
 .M„,v. 1870: r.|.orteil . . .vin'il, ,871, Aioil' 
 
 Kliii';itioii(.Sr(,tlaii.|).Vet iia.ssed . . ,„ .Vn-' " 
 
 nn'I.iiiiilon.si-hooi.hoanMetei'iriiiu! tociiMinsenarare " 
 vl Is fur dirty MiMuly.-hii.iren . soXov' 
 
 •Si.nely for 1 Hwn]i/,iti..n of .W'adeniieal .Stn.lv" " 
 
 l""'."'o" , y ■^"" ','■ .',' '"■'""'■■ '"■ l-'''irp,.nt;.r, 
 I'rel, lielle.sloii and otiiers at a melding 16 Nov 
 liiili Univer.sdy Bill introdured liy Jlr. Uhulsl.ine^ " 
 
 KirjtLinuliiiilioanl-selii)ol(at WliiteidiniieOo'iMMied',' '^''''^ 
 
 Oiik'stf for northern eonnties .at Knutsford Tfonn'- " 
 
 liatinii laiil 24fieiit 
 
 OiWtf' I'nr hiuh.'r edneatioii of wojnen, oMuiifil at " 
 
 Girtmi, Wii,7i .-re q^.^ 
 
 Oreat meetiri;.' tor relij;ions denominational i'llni'a- ' 
 
 tionat Ml, .laniivs's h.ill ... 6 Nov 
 
 .S»)iK/Melro|.olit,in si-honl-ho.ard elected ; reliL'ioiis " 
 
 I'iirty till' .-^ti j;e.st (.Mr. (after, sir) Charles 
 
 Ilmvl, Ml', eh.iinain) ■ . . 27 \ov 
 rii'' laiivnrsilies n.miin.ile a hoard for the e.xan'iin.i- " 
 
 liiiii of |iniiils from imlilie scdMJols . . |),.,. 
 ,Mr. Dixon's eoni|inlsory attendance liill rejreled 
 
 (i2i-'.i^) I .Jiiiv 1S7J 
 
 i;^iiit of first university examination of 221 selmols '■ 
 
 Wilielli'Sli.r. u eertilii-.ltes; .Manidlester .7 ■' 
 
 Marilioren^'li. 15; lOtoii, 13 ; .Sherborne, 1 1 ■' \Ve|-' 
 liimtoa e.ilhv'e, 10; Hn.-liy, 6, &e, ; Cliri.st's Ifos- 
 |iitalaiifl others, i; |inhlislieil . . i^iMit 
 
 I.omloii schn.iMioo'd oeenpy their new liiiildiie'inl " 
 Vii'tiiria MnibjiMknient , Si'pt 
 
 riassi's for eookery, laiiiidry-work, and lions •- 
 wifiTV iiitrodneed, into hoanl sehrjols . ,§,- 
 
 .%■,•»■ ("de or raised standanls for seho.'ds is'sii'd 
 
 Maieh' 
 
 .Wwiiliaia eollege at Camliridt;e for woin 11 opened^ " 
 
 First aiiiiiial eonferenee of teaidiers . i.'.lin' ,u',5 
 
 Mr, Di.snii's 1 ill for universal sidiunMiuards and 
 fomimLsory ediiiMtion re.jeeted liy the eonineio, 
 (.'.81-260) . . , ■ . \.,|.i| 
 
 .Viotlivr Kleinentary Eilneation aet iiitrodiie,-,i 
 liv lord Saiidon, i3 Mav ; a elause |ieriiiit.tiii" iin 
 ii.T.'ssarv sehool-lioards to he siippress,.d intm- 
 
 '1 i liy -^l'. l'''ll, earned, ..., .Iniv ; ,rd ,vadin • 
 
 (ii(;-4(i), 5 Alii.'. (eoiLsidered re.ietionarv) rov 1] 
 •issent ■,, ^l,,, 
 
 liitern.itioiialeongre.ssonedueation at riiiladelplna' " 
 
 ihiril Metropolitan school hoard eleeled • in lioriiv " 
 ai;,iiiistileiinininational.si:hoolsvsteiiis(sir<'iiarles 
 \i-M. eliaiinian) . ■ . ,0 .Vov 
 
 .Ni-oim;ilE.liieationtaKno dissolved . js'lland,; ,877 
 
 fcln'ti.m of school attcndanee i iinitteus iinder 
 
 'li'Mwna.'t ,, .|l 
 
 Iiil.'r.iiedi,ile Kdueation aet for Ireland pa.sse.i ' 
 
 K^IUfStloii Aet (Scotland) amended Jg a,','.;' '^^^ 
 
 Rms«l Code. 7 Feb. .877; 2 A|iril. ,878; April' ,&,„ 
 .6,st metmpoitan bo,-ird seho.ll opened ' hV s,- " 
 
 Uiarles Reed, at Portland town . 2 • dnoe 
 TMiicvn <• sirflmrles U I ; the Qneens'bemd,' " 
 
 'Iwale that the school hoard has powi-r to 1, „ ,■,,„ 
 
 iiKHiey 2 Ii 1 ■ 
 
 f'aifM 'Mitroiiolitjiii school 'hoanl eieet'(Ml' Js'ir " 
 
 I liarles lie.ll, .diairmau) ,..,%•.," 
 
 Iiuiwhiiit .le.Msion rL-»i,o,!tin«»e/.o„//e..*und attendl 
 
 D.,i|I,,,.'sirrharlosKee.i,25Maroh:s,;..e,^,e;ii;;^'''"' 
 Mr l',ilwar.l North ,Jii.\ion 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 ClmiiKes In theeode ; cin-iilir iss . 
 
 '■^"'•rAri.is «,„.,Kn- n'rn i fj ri ' '.S,- ' lo^^e'j' '^^' 
 
 'vh"r;^,.';:ti;;y''rr"r''^'-''^i^''"'i- 
 
 '.vpn:^!:s^;:';;^:;.;;;:;;';;:;^;"-''-|;';':'';-.-i.< 
 
 a;;:l:^tM,il!:::r''''^'"'^'^''"'''^'-"''^''!"''n^^^ 
 
 tntK;;;;i,,it!ir''''''''^"'*-''- '•'«'-'': " 
 '':^;.;:it!;m'T vphi ^"T ""^";^";'> ■-■-'^"'; "'* 
 
 i,ss.,..!l ' ^ '"'' '^^•t' '''-■^■'•■'"l iii»fnieti,,iis 
 P .SSI, e ,, pnniary an.l se.- larv'seh ,.,1 it 
 
 »-'.'"r ;;:r:;";:?:.;ssi,;;,sr'- 
 
 .-' M..tr„polit4.n s,di„.,l hoanl ,d..et...l, f N, ," " 
 (IH'W ..cm., lineal p.,liev) |iev ; R n! 1' 
 clect.sleliairman . ' •^' ' "'■ ^- "«"''' 
 
 •Now seh.Mii.. f.,r .„l„r,.iiii, iiavnien't „f 'fe,., itat'.^'l " 
 
 Ah.,'" """'""tV'^'l an.l parti/Uly in..|l,.et„,al o,. ,33. 
 Hy.l,. Pa"k" ,s.'' .";;;, ;.* "■""'"■■^ cntertaiuHl in 
 
 "".Viii .■on .ssi.,,1 „„ el.m.M.t^irv ,'1., "•'"".'■■ '887 
 
 Hn;<laii.l an.l Wal..s Sir I \ ' ," ■",""""' ''' 
 
 I.oii.l.m), eaiilina .Maiinin.' V,- \ 1 \i ,, ' 
 
 nrsf''!;:'!;i!t;'^','^^'s'^'?''''''^''''-''^^^ 
 
 rust i.p..it issui.l 4 h.'pt. 1886. Final r..p.nt 
 
 "rttSimrof^s;!'"'"""* '" '"^-•'^- "■^t,;";'^ ■■ 
 'trie ,ni;ri:;;;l:'"'''' '■' '•'-■"•--'"■-"..^- " 
 
 .V.e„,,, M,., I ,it,, ,i li,„„,iel,.,^c,l,;6x!,v'' " 
 
 He . , . K. |i,j,^,h. .d.rt...t chairman 4).'.' 
 
 .N.nv^e.Kle in„.,.h„.iii, nianychaii.es bron.hVf:.;.: " 
 
 .•.,,nmitt,.e on ;elien„, ,;,,„,,;„„ ,^-- -5 JIarol. ,839 
 
 iitl-;Chy!-;;;!;;;;-;;--:-;^-^?cij! 
 
 Dee. , 
 
 Dill for ...iilorcinK n.nv ...Incation co.le, u-itleirawn' 
 
 ''"iii!'e';8;!^ '"""""'" "■''""'^' '^""•■'>- i'^™ '^'° 
 
 (ir.ant for fiv.., oV as.iist,..'! e.lueition""!'"' '^'"''!' '^9' 
 
 .ninnalb-. liropose-l by .Mr. (j; sc ,. "' ""f'i'^^i- 
 ■V ii.'W El.'m.mtarv K.liieati.,11 „.V a- . i,'-^- ' '' " 
 
 ;;.;;;.i;..i.^se,io.d....s)p,:::.;;3l^i;:::i;->;,,- 
 
 ;;":^irirT'i:n::;re-i;-! :,>;'-' -'^~ •• 
 
 ;;^r!:;;-s"-^''«vie!oH^^a,:;;ii:^^^i 
 
 Important circular r^ip.cting tlp. schn-,' |...o i'',"'' '^'^ ' 
 rc^iilatmH their urea, veniilation, '.ve."";,,',,',:! 
 
 Nb»- ediicntion codo issued ;,' '","■ ' 
 
 '':n:,r:s::iv''''''«■■-^'"-^--.:^>to^^^ •• 
 
 ■3 Sept. „ 
 
 'inlrinkm.'ut 
 IFrole.st awiinst yovo ■ ,■,1, „t iiit,.rfer.mee*r 
 
 A A 2 
 
 <W «<'•' 
 
 h:A 
 
 
 TW I 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 
 i 
 
 5. 
 
 '.»^'. 
 *ii' 
 
 
 if, 
 
'-♦rf-rr- 
 
 EDUCATIOX. 
 
 3iV> 
 
 KOYFr. 
 
 h \ Jii, 
 
 liri]i>irtniit (■(Piilrrmi'f ill Dxl'iiiii lu jiroiiKite snccjii- 
 ilid'.v I'llmiiliiiii .... lo-iiOc't. 1S93 
 
 A innjiirily nt IIim ciniiiiiiUi'i' iirciuiiiii'iKls tlie uil- 
 honiirr tiiliil'lii'iil liiicliiiit; ; " ClirUtiaii rulitiiini 
 mill rii(pi;ilily ' I'l'C. ,, 
 
 Riiyiil '■iiiiiiiiis>iiiii I. II Miiipichi.y iiliiciilion iip- 
 IKjiiitiil; .Ml. ,1. l!iMi'. M.l'., ciMiiiiNiii, .sii-.l.T. 
 llibhi'it, .M.l>.. I'inl. .Ifi, ,, M.i'.. I.ii.iy I'lrdciick 
 C'ii\iiiili>.li, !•:. C. JlaeliLf, ili'aii ol MiuiclicstiT, 
 .sir lliiiry Ituscni', JM'., Mix. lliiiry Siil;;\vii-k 
 anil oilu'ls .... al'iiiit 1 Mairli, 1894 
 
 Associaliun iil' licliiinl linanls of Kimlaml anil 
 Wak'.s ; liisl annual im I'lnifiln'M in I.iiniloh ; llin 
 lev. E. V. Mai'hiii', clran uf Jlancliester, |uiisi- 
 (lont ;i Apiil, ,, 
 
 School liuaiils : Jiii^ilaml, ::,u7y; Wains, 313 ; Ajiiil, ,, 
 
 In cunsii|ui'n!'i' of >'liari;i's apiinst sornii trai'liem, 
 a c'iri'iilar fi'oni lliip sfliool-liiianl to trai'liiTS, 
 rt'.s]n'ftiii^ instruction in tlic '7,M".<^<f/; rcli;;ion, 
 with sii;.';.'i'siii)ns lor- niaintaiiiinj.' the jnovi.sion.s 
 of the Kilucaliun Ail of lAju, ami the fiuiii'ii'inhf 
 of 1S71, with iiiilulgence lo non-assuntinj; ', 
 
 teachers, was issued, ij Ajiril ; much contro- i 
 
 versy followed .... April, (/ .'lo/. ,, 
 
 2\'iittli .\lrtro])iiIitaii school hoard elected : 
 inodcralcs (.Mr. lii(.'^le's parly), 29 ; prot;ressivi's 
 (various opiiuon.s). 26 . . . -^2 Nov. ,, 
 
 Animal reiiort; metropolitan school board; 31 
 March; 430 schools; 455,039 scholars; i,j2o 
 head teachers, ai.d 6.1,74 assistants ; total ex* 
 penililnre, 2. o; 1,1(1:/. : reported . . Nov. ,, 
 
 Lord vieorge namiltiai elected chairni-'iti liy the 
 nioderates, 6 i'ec. ; resi{,'iieil,3 Oct. 1895 vst'c- 
 ceeded liy tliu Inaniuis of Londonderry, 31 Oct. 
 1895). 
 
 Death of Miss Frances .Mary linss, atiei". 67; pro- 
 moter of lemale educit ion . . . 24 Dec. ,, 
 
 A coinmittee to consider the coTidition of the 
 volunlaiy siliools iippoiiited by the ,irclibisho)is 
 of Canterbury and Soik ; \ isconnt Cross, cliair- 
 inan, liisho]i of London, dean (irejiory, and 
 others, Nov., iSy3 ; lepoit issued; complaint of 
 pressure by Ihe eiincation departmenl and the 
 great need of money sniti'oit . . . ,Jau. 1S95 
 
 (A similar ai'ijcal set li rth by Ibe H. C. cleifiy, 1 
 
 Jan. ,, 
 
 Death of Mr. Thos. 'i'«iniiin of Twickenliam, 
 eminent supporter of eilncalion, aged 88 16 Feb. ,, 
 
 New revised code for schools, iiresenled to iiarlia- 
 inent 27 Feb. ,, 
 
 Disputes resiiectiii;: icligions teaching in the 
 London ;<chool lio.iid .... Gel. ,, 
 
 Iteport of the commission on secondary eiincation, 
 with recommi'iidations issued . . 31 Oct. ,, 
 
 Kir .John Oiast's educition (Knglaml and Wales) 
 bill read lirsl lime, 31 March, i^>/t (deceiitraliz- 
 iiigl Nonconfoiriist ni.inite,.to :i;;ainst the hill, 
 i.ssiieil. 18 Ajiril; 1,2 ;S aue ndiiienls haviii}.' been 
 pro)iosed, the bill was withdraw II . 22 .June 1896 
 
 School Hoaids in Kii^-daiid ;iiid Wae-s. 2,487, 1 A]iril ,, 
 
 Eslimated sum ren.llled Inr o-yo 7, 1,800,926; 
 late, i2'3o/ 25 June, ,, 
 
 Annual report: melropoiitan school board (the 
 number of comiiiittees and tlieii' menibers 
 reduced) 44H schools: =ii,sh6 scholars; 10,703 
 teachers; total e.spei.ditiire, 2,337,156'.— re- 
 Jiorted, 7lM,.N . . . . '" . 2 (let. ,, 
 
 Vohintaiy schools (aid grant) bill (iiiiuh oiipo.sed 
 in the commons), royal assent . 8 Aiiril 1897 
 
 The Act of 1870 amended b\- act passed ; 3 .Iniie, ,, 
 
 Vote of 7. 306,910/. hir iMibiic education (England 
 and W;iles) an increase of 339,<xx>/. on 1&90, 
 passed 17 June, ,, 
 
 lmperi;il edncalio'i congress at the exhibition, 
 Fjirls Couit, lord Loch, chairmaii ~i2-is July ,, 
 
 Report of Messrs. .Sadler .■ind .1, W, FMwards oil 
 elementary education (progress and results)since 
 i8; ;, issueil, Aug. ,. 
 
 Voluntary schools associatiijiis tornied Aug, ,, 
 
 Aiinnal report: nntropolitjin school boanl. 459 
 schools; 512,025 sciiolars ; ii.,«j4 teachers; 
 grant .^^3.657/. — V'iuh.s, i s^oi 
 
 Eleineiilary Ediic.alioii Act, ainendiiieiil ofsee^Illl 
 
 97, ]m.sMil JSiiie ,, 
 
 "Studies in Bo,ird .Schools" h\ Chitc. Wwrtey, 
 Iinblislnd, autumn ' ,, 
 
 Tdilli Jlelrojiolitan .School Hoard elected : jg .„■„. 
 gressives, 21 nioderates, .Mr, J. II. Diggle, „,j 
 
 ihitril ._,. ;^,,|^. 
 
 Lord Hcayaiid Mr. I.yiiiph Stanley eleetud',!,.,,,.; ' 
 
 man and vice-cliaiiinan . '. . ., ji,.,.' 
 Hevised eiliic.'ition code, issued . . Miiicli' 
 
 Sehool boards: England, 2,165; Wlih 
 
 337 
 
 169 ■ 
 
 •M'lil. 
 
 V'iieot 8,520,175'. ("I- I'liblie Eiincation (l-.n:';hi|',','i 
 and Wales) passed 17.I11111. 
 
 The grant fur I'liblie Kdueatimi in (ircat Uiitain, in' ,.' 
 wa.s 150,000/, : i8i6, 451,211/, : 1S60, 7(1-, i(./ . '{'■ 
 
 803,794/. : 1864, 7o5,,|o4/, ; 1867, 705,86,/. 'i:,;,. I ,;;',• 
 
 1872,1,554,560/,; 1S77, l,Q.o,o<,u(. : 1882, 2,7ju'6fi,; ' 
 
 18S4, 3,016,167/, For Ireland, i860, 270.7J.; . !i>- 
 285,377/. i "Sf.i. 316,-70/, Friini 1819 to iBto 3*6,'- , fill' 
 were granted for edneation. The grant for I'lhirliu 
 science, and art. in iSili, w:is 1.358,096/,; fur ij^. 
 1,487,554/, : 1874-5, ,',228,470/., (ill adili lion', joCo -'/,?' 
 were locally raised); 18767, England, 707,05';/ ■"■iC,'{ 
 !".'"!; f*,"=7'-: li-''l'H"l. f>49.y49/. ; for .vVai- 'I'sjo!.; 
 (Lniteil kingili.ni), 1,349,397/.; ia79-8o(fiieai liiii.,,!^^,' 
 2,834,938/, : Lniteil Kingdom, 1880-1. 3,7-,o,,2 ,/ ,';"'• 
 3-955. 737'- ; 1884-5,4,410,195/.; 1886-7,' j.-'f'o o."-i^ 
 i838-9, 5,042, (■,14/. ; 1889-90, 5,01)8,304/.; J?;*'",' 
 5,244,447/.; 1801-2, 6,216,956/.; 1802. 1, 7,01:1 p;'?;''. 
 1893-4, 8,409,972/. ; 1S96-7, 9,538,o:.'9/. ' ' ■'■• 
 
 Vrimurii sclmils in lireat Jhitain : in 1854. 1825 ■ in ,(;-. 
 4800: in i860, 7272: in 1870, 10,949; in ,87^ ,g ,'',f ' 
 111 1878, 19.201; in 1879. 20,169; in 1880,20,670 in', 0, 
 21,136; in .882. 21,362; in .883,21,630; 1.584',, 2": 
 1885, 21,976; 1886,22,114; 1887,22,365; lEBs! 2'',;?.' 
 1SS9, 22,»26 ; 1890, 22,495 ; 18931 22,581 ; iSi,6, 22.'^',. ■ 
 
 Annual grant for primary sclniols in (ircat Uritiin ■ |, 
 1861. 813.442/. : in 1865, 636.806/. ; in 1870, b,o,-f,/ 
 ill 1S78, 2,463.283/, : in 1879, 2,732,067/,; ?„■';«;,■ 
 2,654,007/.; 1881, 2,978,224/. ; 1882, 3.101,026/ ■ ,fp,' 
 3,247,725/.; 1884, 3,403,415/.; 1B85, 3,664,17V.: .j^;' 
 3,8o2,«.9/. ; 1887, 3,945,038/.; 1883, 4.011.464/.; .E^,' 
 4.167.884/.; 1690. 4.259,080/.; 1891, 4,392,i26/ ■ .--■;' 
 7,368.056/. ; 1S96-7, 8,406,997/. 1 .V , 0., 1,,,, 
 
 Metropolitan sehool hoard chililren 011 the 11,1 is ■ ,- 
 '•"'J 1S7.3. .S0.606; 1876. 146.031; 187S ((■liiistiiia.')' 
 207.289; 1883, 293,811; 1888,420,014; if, '■ 
 
 1893, 477,689; 1894, 488,038; 1895, 
 839,737; 1S97, 430.000. 
 
 *'■ 44.VI43 
 J2.Q60 ; itiit, 
 
 EGALITE {EfjiKili/i/), see Orhniis. 
 
 EGGS. The duty on imported e^'fi.s was n- 
 Iiciiled in l8(x), wlierchv the irveiuie lest aJK,,,! 
 20,(XX)/. ii year. NumlaT importeil into Greit 
 Uritiiiii. n,„<.y,i,i(h, 1879, :6(),4-,5; iS-S;. i.op&'.v 
 IJ^OO, 1,23,^,7 w: lS()?, 1,322,102. Oreal n,,,!,:; 
 titics are now brought iVom Italy I'V the St. (ietliaij 
 railway. 
 
 EGLINTOUX TOURNAMENT, «e Ur- 
 
 tiaiiir/it. 
 
 EGYPT.* N,K, Africa, the earliest knnun.,.,, 
 of civiliziitioii, the liicroglyjiliie and Coiiii, Knn 
 llehi-cw Mazor (Lower Esypt), Mizniiiii (n,,,,';' 
 and Lower I'gyiil), (ireek inime Kg\pl, .imlucfi.r 
 all Kgypt llisr or iliisr. I'opiil.ition, iS.'ii 
 iiliout (),8o6,3.Si ; 1897, about 4.7(10,0110, 
 
 For our present knowledge of the earlv hislurv i-f Eun< 
 we are almost wholly indebted to 'dis.ox, 'n,- j,, ■,.■ 
 present century, and to the iiilerpi. ii,'i, l 1 - . 
 mental inscri|itions, and the pap> 11 ' ci, 1 
 
 tombs. The most recent invcsligali.iv ,ii,, Hm 
 
 Maspero, l.epsins, |)e Ih.nge, .Maiiett, , n.alas Li. ' 
 leiii, Direh, Na\ille, Le i'age, Hm. nl. :iiiil i',- 
 wilh .some others ; A. Ernian's •' FJg.N |.t:;iM(ir,ii, 
 
 ' Three imigidneeiii works 011 Egyiil Imvc limi 
 lislied : in Kraiiee (coiiinienced hv' Napuleen, an., 
 s*va!!S who aee"i!!)iaiiied hi!;; to FL-vptl, /1/...0,; 
 VKijtiitte. 1809-22 : in ll.-.ly, Hesellim s .l/r,,,,,,,,,',,: 
 Eiiiltii. 1832-44 ; and in I'rii,ssia. K. H I.epsiiis /).„;, 
 iniH /t'lTKjrffa. 1848-56, All these are in the Lihran , 
 Uoyiil IiiDtitutioii of (Jrcat liritaiii, Umdon, 
 
 E 
 
 Kii;jli4li translaUon, 
 ,ilK)iit July, 1894 ; " 
 Kliiiders I'etrie, vol. 
 " First steps III Kgyi 
 A'wy' '■i'i''"i''i'i '" I-'" II' 
 .Vaiiiitlioa high-piiesf III 
 ceutury i..e.. at the rei 
 |iliiis, wrote a history 1 
 tii'S flolll .Meues to the 
 lislsolily ll.ive been p 
 
 miter who liveil about 
 
 340, (ieorgius Syueellll 
 
 Tlii'liilMiloiis god kind's, i 
 
 ,,r Ihl.les, ,iud Isis his 
 
 wi'ie said to ha\ e ri-igi 
 
 ami iiiiiiies 4,o(«j years. 
 
 The following f.ible of 
 
 iniporlint kings, is de 
 
 iiaiues:u'd dates varv. 
 
 l,,r ,M;lliette. 
 
 (. TliiiJite(froiu This.Dwi 
 
 .Mi-ua or .Meiies ; lirst km 
 
 <tt .Mellipllis. .M. 5,,,,,,} 
 nillitls, etc., iiisco\ered 
 
 the s|iriiig of 1897, a 
 liizeh. Tola or AlliotI 
 to have built the ,Ste|i] 
 
 II. .Meliipliitc. M. 4751 ; 
 K:ik:ioii or Kaiechos.' I' 
 
 estalilished at Meniphi.- 
 
 III. .Meiaphite (nioiiiimi 
 .M. 4449 ; li. 3966. 
 
 St'iieferoii— soldier, architi 
 art. 
 
 IV. Meiii)ihite. M. 4233; 
 ShoolDo or k'hiifa, the ( 
 
 Xreat pyramid of (Jeezi 
 jjrf.it liiuestone rock ,it 
 t.uns w,is concerted int. 
 till' (irei'ks S|)liinx. K 
 jivraaiiil. II. 3666. 
 J). 3633. High side o 
 Viist cemetery of .Meiiipl 
 of the ih'ail (p;ipyri) ton 
 
 V. Mi'iiipliite. M, 3951 ; 
 Ruclleoser, I!. 3433. K: 
 
 c,ib''i pyramid ne;tr .S'lk 
 
 VI. .Meiapliite (history m 
 llilsty). M. 3703 ; I!. 33 
 
 Pepi l.-iio\verfiil~loiig 
 storv of ipieeii .Vitocris 
 
 VII. .M.'iiiphite. H. 3100. 
 IVttv kiir,'s. 
 
 VIII. .Meiiiphite, 
 
 LV, lleraele.ip.'lite. M. 3 
 X. UiT.ieleopolite. M. 32, 
 ,\1. Tlirbaii. .M. 3064. 
 .SaiilihkaRi, expedition to 
 
 H, 2500. 
 Xll. fhehaii (Kgy|il very 
 Aiiieiiiiiihal 1, .M, 1064 ; 
 Osiitas.'M I, (obi'lisk 111 (III 
 'Isirtasen II. (memorial tei 
 OsirtaN.'ii III., important 1 
 lal;e .Miierisand made tin 
 B. 2 {00. 
 XHI. Tliehan. M. 2851 ; 
 Si'tmkliotep, iianjc of se'ver 
 XI i'. Xnite. .M. 2398. 
 TV M'l-sos or .Shepherd t 
 Iiivii.ier. fr nil ;...;:■. t:ike ,M 
 
 E^'ypt, 
 
 X I, livlsns or Sheplicro 
 
 X\ll, HvksoH'.r.Sliepheril 
 
 Niili-.r.-ival of Joseph, I 
 
 Dy,!;:.r,ies XIII.— XVII. hi- 
 
 Theliiui kmg.s veigneil in 
 
 ruigiied ill Lower Kgviil, 
 
 XVUl, Theban, M. ,705; 
 
 Achilles I. eoniplers the 
 
 AiiM'iihiiti.p I. B, ,6fif 
 
 Thethniis II, an.l I 
 
 aies 111,. L;r.'at km:; 
 
 expiolls r rdiil 111 
 
 .\iiieiihnt,-|. II. li. 
 Aiaeidiiitep III. viet'irioii 
 \'oeaI Metinion hc-u- his n 
 IV. iiiti;oiluceil Seiiii'tic « 
 
 ;itas 
 Viet 
 Ins 
 1361 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 337 
 
 KGYPT. 
 
 KnsliHli tramsliiUcn, b.v .1. II. lirciistcil, piilili.shtMl 
 aliuiit July, iBci4 ; "Uist.ir-v i.f Knyj'l," liy \V M 
 Klin.ii!i-s IVtri.', v,,|. I. ,8,,^; K, .\.' WmIIIs l)iuiK.''.s 
 "First st.'iis III Kf^yiitiaii lur hi-innrrs," i8ij6; sec 
 
 AliUii'tli" M lii,L!li-|irii>st (ilOn ,ii- ll,.|ji,|iiili,s in tin' scccniil 
 iviJluiy i..r., at tin' ivijursl iitkiii;,' I'loli'iijv I'liilmlcl- 
 |,liii», wMiti'aliisicjry .,t K-y|.l. <livi<li'.l inl,', .culyiias- 
 tii'Sllnlll .Mcurs U>\.\\r r.T,iiili'fiiii|ll.'sls; nt'liis wurk 
 
 li<t* "I'ly li'i^ '■ ' " |.riy..iv.-.l, l.v .liiliiis Atiicaiiiis, a 
 
 iviitiT \\\w livcil aliuiit !,.., A.I.. Kiisi'iphi.s (livil alii.iil 
 
 340, tii'iM'^lillS Syuc.'lIlK, ,',.,« 
 
 TliVfaliiilciusKD'l kiij.'s.iiii'iipliiiL; til.' ^iiii.'ciil, Osiris LMil 1 .. 
 
 ■■"■I I 1 i >i ■ -" ' H ' liaiiic'si's 111. (Id 
 
 tiral snnc.ssDM. llari'iiilii'lii or II. inn rcHtores tlio 
 iil.l w.irship. iSi'n thrtwi, iByti. 
 
 Xl.K. Th.'ban. .M. i.,;;;; H. ,^rn. 
 
 Ham.'s.'s I. .M. ,4'-,..; n. ,^,„. Si'ti .ir .S..|li,,s (Mciii'. 
 
 mil I.) vlcl.,r ^il, .\sia; liiil.l.' (list fiiiial rii.iii thu 
 
 llcl si'a I.I til,. .Nil,", many mi. mi iiN .it liiiii lit 
 
 Kai'iiak, .Vc. M. , . , ,. Hain.'s.'s II. s..m, Hi.' l.'-.'ii.|nry 
 
 .Scsiwtns, lii.ik Sal c.ii.im.n'.l Kllii.ipia, aii.l s.'t up 
 
 11 ll.'.'t his .'p,,,'!, a It , i-. .Maii.'plali s.,11, pn.lialily 
 
 till, riian.ali ..r tlic K\...|iis, ucxi ; .s.'li ||. ami twoiir 
 
 tilt Hiiiiip'irtaiit kiiiK'.^. 
 
 ! X.\. 'I'lii'liaii. M. 1 
 
 ,ir IIii.li's, .lu.l Isis liis uii.', Tvpliim, ll..nis tlii! last i """"'■'!'''' I"- (Hliaiii|isinilus .,t l|.'iD.|..tiis) vii'tnrinus, 
 
 WL'resai.l t.) liHvi' nii^'iii'.l 1 1,.^'*) v.'ats, tin' .li.iiii-L'iiils I >'''i[iyi't'''l ii'ivi;,'ali.iii an. I ninii'.-. .M. ij.S3 ; 
 
 ami iiiaiH'S 4,r«x) yi'ats. Hvc. I'lmmuli. "■ '■^o'^' I».i,'l'iiiiiiis Im.' .jt kiiii;s iiaiii.'.l Kaiii.'s.'s. 
 
 Tlu' f.ill"«iiiK tahl.' .,t Dyiiasti.'s, inclmliii;; t.lid more ' X-^''- Taiiit.'. M. i,,o; 1). ,,00. 
 
 iiii|i.MlMil kuiL;s, is .ii'iivi-.l fnim vaii.iiis s.mi-fi's. tlm Hist.iry dIischh'^^ lliihnr, lii;;li pil.'st uf Ami'ii probnMv 
 
 ii:iiui'sai.'.| .iafi's iai-.\'. li. st.iials t .r lli-iif,'si!li, ami .M. Ilist i.t prii'st kiii-s— Assyiian (.'"v.'Mi.iis 
 
 f'"';^':''";;,'''- ,„, . ., , X.VII Ii„l,asil,'. .M. c,io;' I) q66, .sliashaiik or .Sims. 
 
 I. Tliiuiti'(lixiiu Ihis.ij.'ar Aliy.iiis) .M. 5„.,4 ; II. 44rmii.(. li'iiik I', '-iliisliak. 1 /i'i,i./.< XIV., ■'=, -S 
 
 .MiiiiMa- .M.'ims ; Mist kij.)\vii kiiit:aii.| law.-iv.'r, t.iiiii.li'r XX I II. Taiiiti!, imilialily .miy Hue- p.-lly kiii^s. M. 810; 
 
 ,i| .M.'liipliis. .V. 5...,4 ; li. 44':^^. Hi, i.miP ali.l r.- 
 iiiaiiis. .■ti'., .liscn.iv.l at .\ XM.Ia l.v .M. .1.' M<iv an in 
 til.' spriMK ..f i8<)7, .'iml [il.H'.'.l in Ih.' iniH.'iini at 
 (liz.'li. T.jla .ir Alii. .this - 1 iiii'n.'ph.'s I., .■.iiij.'c'tiuf.l 
 t.j iiav.' hiiilt the Sli'ppr pyr.-inii.l ,if .Sikkiirali'. 
 
 U. .Miiiipiiit.'. M. 4751 ; n. 4,jj. 
 
 Kaka ' K.iii'clms. Tli.: w.iiship ..!' .\pis th.' bull 
 
 I'stahlishi'.l at .M.-inpliis. Ij. 4i,«,. 
 
 III. .M.'iiipliiti' (imiuiinii.'iitiil liistuiy jin.p.'rly b.'i;ins). 
 .M. 4449 ; 1). :)966. 
 
 Si'iiefi'iMi— snl.iii'r, arcliiti'Cl an. I |jatniii iit lit.'ratnn'aml 
 ni-t. 
 
 IV. Jli'iiipliit.'. M. 42J3; li. ,7jj. 
 
 SIj.idI.).) ui- Kliiila, tim ('lii'.i|is"."ir II.'r,i.|.>t.ns, built tim 
 Xreat pyrami.l lit (J,'-.'Z.'li. .M. 4215; H. j; , j. Tim 
 .<jreatlmii'st.)n.' n.i'k at tin' I. ...t . it tin' l.ibva'n ni.aiii- 
 tains HMs c.Jin-.'rt.'.l int.. ,-i iii.'iii-hi'a.b'.l linn.'i.'rmi'.l by 
 tlif (ir.'i'ks .Siihinx. Kh.ilr.i built tin- .<i'i'.>ii.| (ii/,'ii 
 l.yraiai.l. li. i%n. .M.'iikaiira ( .Mvi'.'rinus ||i.). 
 li. ;'>(). llis'li slit.' .it I'ivilizatiuii ami ait, an. 1 th.' 
 va~t I'l'aii't.'iy iit .Mi'm|jliis m.'i't.'.l. Th.' b.ji.k nr ritual ' 
 of tli.f .l.'ii.l (papyri) Iniin.l in tmiibs. 
 
 V. .Mi'Mipliitc. .M. J951; li. jj'irt. 
 
 Rai'iii'.is.'r. li. 343i. K.'itkaia. li. 5366. Unas trtin- 
 rat.' I pyraiiii.l mar .Sakkarah built. " li. 33JJ. 
 
 VI. .M,'niiiliiti'(liist..ry m'arly a bkiiik to In',' iillnly. 
 iiasly). M. 3703; li. 3j,x,. 
 
 r.'pi l.-p.iw.rful-lon- rri-ii. li. 3233. li.anantic 
 st.iry 1.1 .pi.'.'i/ .N'it.ii'ii.s ill lli'rmlotus. 
 
 VII. M.'iiipliiti'. li. 3100. I 
 r.'ttv kind's. I 
 
 VIII. Mciiiphiti'. 
 I.\. Il.'iaiil.'.ipolitu. M. 3358. 
 X. Ilclacl.'.lpolit^'. M. 3249. 
 ,\l. Tlii'baii. M. 3064 
 
 li. 76fi. 
 
 XXIV. Sail.'. .M. 721 ; I!. -... 
 
 li..i'(',lioris (ll.ik.nram'n. I.ik'.'u piis.,n.-r by Sabaci, kiiiK 
 <|l hthiopi.-i, an. I hniiit iiliv.'. I)nrin.,''lh.. last three 
 ilyiiastii'S, III.' Kthi.ipi.-uisapp.'ar t.i ha\.' rulcl in tlio 
 s.mtli. 
 
 XXV. Kariiak. Ktliiopi.'ui. M. 715 ; li. 70,^. 
 
 'Mi.ibat or SabiU'... .M. 7,:;; li. ^o,;. T.ik.iraka or Tlr- 
 haka 1 (.' A'm./.s X IX. 9). li. f,m. K;.'y|,l fri'.im'iitly 
 iiiva.b'.l by th.' Assyrians ; subilii.'.l ami ,|ivi.l,',l into 
 12 K.ivi'riimi'iits. 
 
 XXVI. ,Saitt'. M. 665; li. 666. 
 
 I'saiiiim.'tielius I. (liir.'k). .111,' of th.- -..vniors uri.l,.r the 
 Assyrians, r.'sl.'r.d th.' m..nairliv an. I r.'viv.'.l art. 
 M. 665; li. 666. .N'i'.'h.i II. son, iitli'inpt.'.l thi' con- 
 strm'tion.itai'analacr.issthi'lsthninsorsni'Z, .b't'catPd 
 .losiali kinj; of .Imlali at .M.'-i.hb, (II. Ki,„„ xxiii. 20); 
 .b'f.'ati'.l by .N.ibnch.'i.lu.'Z/ar at (;,ir.'h.'iiiisli, 612. 
 I'samini'tii-hiis II. ; iiiKl.a i.ais. |J, 506. Tahbra or 
 ll.iphiu (Ji-r. xliv. ju) sou ; w.-iit to li.'lp /cli'ki.tli, 
 bnt(l.'s,.rt.'.lhiiii. Ij. „,. Apri.'s los.'s thi! eomiufsts 
 ami IS straiiKl.'.l by Aiiiasis, wli.. hasa l.in^' prosp.'rous 
 r.'i},'ii ami im'iv.is.'.l inl "rcours.' with the (iri'cks 
 
 li. 572. r.saiii tichus III. s.Mi (ilc'fi'ati'il by Cum- 
 
 bysi's, s.m of (Jyrus, kiiij; .if I'.'rsia). li. 528. 
 
 XXVII. 1','rsiaii. .M. ^^27 ; li. ^27. 
 
 Cainbys.'s, I'.impi.'rs H;;.'yp|, ; his army pi'rislm.l in an 
 .•M"';lili"iia.-anisl Klhi.,pia. .M. 527 ; li. 527. Darius I 
 ystas|..'s, ^'ii'atly fiv.niri'.l K^'vpt, 521. Xi'rxi's I 
 s.'V.'iv (E-yptiau i.'V'.lt siib.ln.'.lj, 486.' Arlaxi'ivi's I. 
 I.ouKiiiiauiis(aiiotlM'rri'\.ilt).4fi3. Darius II. N.,th.,s 424, 
 Knypf ri'wii I its iml.'p.'ii.h'm',. I,v Annyrtaus, 424. 
 
 XXVIII. Maitc. M.406. 
 Arm,\ rtn'iis, 406. 
 
 -•■■- -■-■ .— .jv-.^.^. ..■■,i,iiiii,r,,4ij,,. 
 
 .'xiiiklikara, oxpu.litiun to Oiibir ami I'unt (.S. Arabia''). XXIX. .M.'n.l.'si.in. M. 3130: li. ,00 
 
 .\ll. I'lii'han fKKypf vry pr..sp.'roMs). H. 2466. 
 
 A ii.'iiilial I. M. (,,64 ; Ij. 2466. 
 
 Osiitas.'ii I. (.ib.'lisk 111 (111 ,,r ll.'li.ipnlis cn'otcl), 
 o.iiitas.'ii II. (iin'iimrial t.'inph' .lisi'.iv.'r.'.l in ,889). 
 (isiila~i'ii III., iiii|.,,i'taiit nali'iiial w.nks, .'xcaxali'.l th.' 
 
 lal;.' .M.H'ris aii.l iiia.l.' th.' lain riiitli .-iml rlif Niloni.'t.'r. 
 
 li. 2 rDo. 
 X|i|. 'rihibaii. M. 2851 ; I! ...'n. 
 SHl»!kli.Jl.'p, iiaimi (ifsi.'Vi'ral kinirs 
 XI;-. .V.iitH. M. 2393. 
 
 5V 4;'s,isor.SlM'p|i..ril kiu'.'s. M. 2214. 
 Illva.liM-, fr nil ;...;!■■ taki- .M.'iiipliis ,11;, 1 si'ttlr in l,.i\vi'r 
 
 Ksypt. 
 X '1. llvls.i-: .irSh.'phi'rii ViiiK-s. 
 ,XMI. Il'ksos", .Sh,'ph,.r.l Ki'ii.'s. 
 Ni i-,iv;il.,l,l"s,'pli. H. ,750 
 l),i.^ ii.s Xlll.—XVll. history very oliseiirc ; probablv 
 
 lli.'laiikiii;;s r.-itfn.'.l in .southern, while the Hvksos 
 
 n'ii;ii>'.| ill L.iwiT K^'viit. 
 -XVm. Theban. V, ,705; li. ,-,no. ,,.^,.,1 
 
 't:aii:.:;;'"r'S.^l66^'^-^nn;thlsT=,]:- ii- ^ i;;;;i;:;-:\;,'^,t^-- • ' 
 
 Tli.,thiii.'s 11. ami llatas.,,,, .sister. H. ,6ot T1 otil ^^ n.i'v 11 i ' 
 
 .IH.S 1,1.. ...at kin., viet.ir' in wste;!; tui ^'"J,^^ \t 'h"' .h''',,! l;r''i'hn,':„.t 
 
 N '..heieb.'saml Aeh.iris Miaiiitain I. reek allia-.ice. 
 
 XXX. ^..b.'iinyti-. M. 3,8 ; H. 378. 
 I N.Ttaii.'b.'s I. .V.'etaiiebes II. eoii'iui'r.'.l by Aitaxerxos 
 
 Melius, kiiiK of I'l'isia. 
 I XXXI. I'.'isia ;4". 
 
 ' Darius 111. ( '..hmiaiiiis- .b'feat.'.l bv Al.'xamler 
 ' the (ileal aii.l kill.'.l. 
 
 ; Alexan.l.'reoii.pi.'i-.'.IK.yptan.lf.iiimli'.IAh'xamlria, 332 
 
 Tin' .'inpir,. ili\i.|,..|, ,2.. < 1, f Ah-xamler's 
 
 H.'iii'ials, I'l.il.'iiiy I. (fh.' s it I.a^'-i-) .Soter 
 
 beeaiii.' kiiij; .if I'A'vpt. 12 ;. 
 Pt..leiiiy II. l'liil,eh''l|.hiis '(With his fatliiT) 28^ ■ 
 alone (tin- iiiiis.um .if Al.'X.in.li 1.1 ion „|,'.| ■ n,,.' 
 K.'pluaf,'iiit v.'rsi..n of th.' lli'br.'W s.-riptii-^ 
 nia.le: th.' Pharos .'onipl.t.'.ri . . e«3-a« 
 
 Ambassail.iis lirst s.Mit 1.1 U.inii' ^ 
 
 Pt.il.'iiiy 111. Kiieifivti's, 247 ; overruns fSvria, a»<i 
 
 r.'turiis la.t.'ii with sp.iils ' «^ 
 
 Ptolemy IV. Philopalor . ' . ' . "Xov' ^ 
 
 "■itne of Kaphi.'i : rt.ileniy . I. 'feats Ami. ..'lies, king 
 "' "■"" ■ . ai7 
 
 Nov. .-OS 
 
 200 
 
 Oct. 181 
 
 '■\(. lolls IT. 
 
 ',r.le.l 
 
 III his t.eni|ile at Kariiak. li. i6<x>. 
 
 Aiii.'iih.ib'j. II. 11. lyio. Tleilhim's IV. li ,, 
 
 Aiii.'iili.it.'p III. viet.irious in Kllmipia ; tli.' ('.ii..s,i' 
 
 V".-al M.'iiimiii hear his niiin.'. U. ,5.x>. Ainenh.it, 
 
 (Pt.ih'iiiy VII. Kueri.-.i.sM 
 II the .lay .it his .oipii il. 
 
 bi,,ih,.r I'll. 
 
 lis ilUeell, ami 
 
 IV. iiitBiJiiceil Htim.'tio 
 
 w.irsliip. Two or th.i 
 
 ■ h.'i'i 
 
 P Hi: 
 
 .if I'hil.imet.ir in its moll 
 
 lets the iufaiit .■ 
 
 sill 
 
 lets, we.'iri.'l bv li 
 
 •.Jiiipel him to tie. 
 
 is .riii'lti.' 
 
 ami 
 
 X.iv. 
 
 
 W'^ 
 
 •if' . ; f; ' *J 
 
 /■'■ff!v 
 
 , < I ' 
 
 ■D^rf 
 
 !',',«■*' 
 
 1 il 
 
 ,, w. 
 
 W^^^ 
 
'lli#:' 
 
 IltMlcfcatH the I 
 
 138 : (tJcH 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 358 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 Till! vici'loy viMits 1': 
 
 rtdici ., 
 
 Alexiiu.liT I. immI CI 
 
 y VIII. Siitir II. aiMl L'lcdimt'm Ills iiiutlu'i 
 
 U 
 
 Pt..l 
 
 VIII 
 
 I'patni 
 
 Hfvcilt ill l-|,|„.r |.:;.>|,t ; ■i'lii.lK.s ,l,..stnn'.M ul'tc 
 
 107 
 
 89 : Ti 
 
 -. , /6 tluiH' c .Inh- 
 
 iimvesiu l,M,„l„„ 6,lnly; r,M.,.iv,.,| l.v II,.,,,.',; 
 lit Wiiuls,,!-, 8; l,,v l„iil OiTljy, ,0; liv tli 
 nmytir, n ; ilfpait ' 
 
 „ "I'll, 
 Alf.\;il,il(.|' II. 
 Pt.i 
 
 iM,y I.\. Alili't 
 
 . il\s(lli,iil. Sinihis) 
 i,i„l Cic'ii) Ultra I. . 
 
 Aiilit, 
 
 .,,,,1 'I 
 
 OI'li. 
 
 Ui 
 
 and C 
 
 s i,st.i,i,|, 53 : |,„v,.s his kii,pli,Mi tci I'tiiliiav 
 
 83 
 81 
 
 8u 
 
 5« 
 
 Klit;laii,l 
 
 liKiw tiniii'il tliu Klii'ilivi.) 
 
 IS Jiiiv, 
 
 Vlsiliil 
 
 Presi'iit ut the in 
 
 laiiKuriiticin nf the ««,• 
 
 Tho iimv 
 
 i2 ,li; 
 '■ill.. 
 
 . M, 
 
 li'iriuM's l,ftw(.,.i, till' sultan anil I,,,,',,, 
 
 ..palia 
 
 iirin- a imvII war ln't 
 
 tia II., Al 
 
 lil.r, 
 
 H-ii'ii rt,ilrniy nn,l t'linjii, 
 li'xanilria is l,rsiff;n| l,y Ca-sar, ami tli 
 
 iv.s|,iMtiiij,' |iiiT,«ativrs aiiai,K,',l. II 
 l,'ivii,f; np tl„. i„iwiT iif in,|„,sin 
 i'iintra,linjj liian.s . 
 .•Sir .Sani,i,.| HakiT ai,|ii)intcil siile 
 
 hi' M,-,!, 
 
 iH tiiXfs ami 1,1 
 
 iry ni'aily ilcsh-.iVf.l l,y liiv (/.V,,,,) . 
 
 C'a-sai' ilfffats thi' kii., 
 is ,li,iwii,'i| ; anil th. 
 
 pat 111 icij;n 
 Ch',ipatiii p. 
 
 lint; till' Nih' 
 in,,;.'!,' I'ti.k'iny ami L'h',, 
 
 military . 
 
 up th,'' Xil,'', with ii"lisi,|u'l.''"auil 
 
 xp,',liti,,n til suppri'ss tl 
 
 I'liiniiiaiiil 
 
 Di'i 
 
 ii- i>ri. 
 
 .Miry s,„ith 1.1 (iuiiiliikiin, (l,ir l,„,i'v 
 
 1,1' slavi-iii,,!,. 
 
 I,V|.|- l|,|. 
 
 April, i8()ij) 
 
 SI 
 
 is, ins hi'i' hriithiT, anil rpigna ali<i,i 
 
 46 I Di'paitM,.,. ( 
 
 I Khaitii 
 
 tais 111 111) 
 K, .Mi,v. 
 
 ,ciip|,i'i,rs hi'l'mi. Mail- Ant 
 
 rrini,' ; li,si'inat,,| hv hii' liiii'ulv, hi' I',, II, 
 iiit,, K(,'y|,t 
 
 'n\', t,, answi'i' f,,r this 
 
 IW.S l,l'|. 
 
 43 i .Ma,,y ,l,.|i,ysiin,| inipi'iliiuints ; piiii'i.,.,|s'|i 
 
 Whiti- Nil 
 .^irivi's at Cioniliikor, 
 
 Ch',,pati'ii'in S 
 
 15 Api'il : 1 
 
 8 r, 
 
 i'X|.|nr,. 
 
 Anti 
 
 1,11,1 ,,lli,'iiilly anni'.\,.s it t,i K^ypt 
 
 my ili'h'ati'il l,y (JilLvins ( 
 
 tiuiii (Wii/i) 
 
 Octa\ 
 
 tlll'l,,.S,.| 
 
 iniivin, , 
 Kyypt visiti',1 1 
 
 iisarat tin' liatth' ,,1' 
 S,'Pt. 
 
 War with tl 
 
 iiil 
 
 liii warlik,' anil t 
 
 111, nil's it lM.|;,|lj,, 
 
 2(, .Mm 
 
 n'ai'hi'i'uns liaii. 
 
 liiiian ; lii'ats tlii'in in si'vi'ial I'li.'a 
 
 ins i-nti'i's K(,'ypt ; Aiit.niy ami Cli'„patra ki 
 Ivis ; ami tl,i. kincilmn l,i iiius a Uniiia 
 
 .Siip]ii,iti'il hyhis iiinih'l c. 
 
 irpi 
 
 Jli^niii'l 
 
 ism I 
 
 IV Ailr 
 
 ; liy .Si'vi'i'ii; 
 
 .Si'pt. 
 
 ii'KUii in K^ypt l,y Anti.iiy 
 
 30 Sl'lllls \ 
 
 Khiiiti 
 
 lii'ipii'llsilisalli.i-tiiinaml inulinv in I 
 
 .liih >i 
 'the f,irty thiivr 
 
 i.-ii'ls with wiiini'ii, i'l,il,'lii.i,, anil s,ck' 
 
 'Ps.lirt, 
 
 Ih'strui'tiiiii ,,r till' ti'ii7pl,. ail, I 
 
 Inv 
 
 kvpt i',,ni|iii'r,',| l,y (.'hnsr 
 
 I II. 
 
 asiiin ,il thi' Si,rar,'ns iimlrr Am 
 
 C',iiii|iii'st iif Ali'.v, ill. Ilia 
 Cain, liiiimli.il hv ili,. Sarini'i 
 Ciiniiiiisi liy till' Turks . 
 Giivi.ni,,ni,t iil'th,. .Mami-lnk 
 Si'liiii I. 
 It 
 
 ip iif Si'iiipis, 389 
 
 Juiit', 638 
 
 I I'i'i'sia 
 
 Mak, 
 k,,r. 
 
 iiiin 
 
 '^ piai'i' with till' Ii 
 
 ima, ami ii'tnnis 1, 
 
 t.,aali, 
 
 616 , Ailv 
 
 ,n,.i s .s,,utli ; sulh.rs iniii'li l,v 
 
 ni'nii. tr. 
 
 I lli'i'. 640 
 
 I ami iii,lli|.ien,'y ulhis KHyptiai'i ti',„ip. . |' 
 
 t'li,pi'r,,ii,ttl„. Turks 
 
 ,iTi.ri,,.,l l,v 111 
 
 till 
 
 stal.lislii'.l . 
 ■iiminiTs Kjiypt 
 gii'iit imrt iif till 
 
 Il6!- 
 
 969 I Al 
 
 1 "I'laily Hal. 
 
 ')< 
 
 rivi's at till' Alii, an I'lirinlisr, Kalik. 
 
 thi'i 
 
 au.-IVli. 
 
 Ulll'ls 
 
 I'liiniy, Al.i.n .s.-mml, the sliivi.'.,!,.;,] 
 
 ■'""'•'y is !• liii'ii'il l,y till' l-'iiiieh, umler Boiia- 
 
 Tl 
 
 parti, (see 
 
 lie imiiilers ilisj 
 
 .l/i.iii, »/,■;.,) 
 
 ■=5" I 6 .Mareh ; at Miisimli 
 '=''7 ■ Iteeeiveil liy Kalilia Hi';,'a, tl. 
 I atteinpls tii pi,i.s,,ii liaker's 
 
 Mel 
 ,1 
 
 Turkish i;iiv,.ri,i„|.iit ri'stni'..il 
 
 issesseil by the liritl.sli, nml the 
 
 798-99 
 
 them 111 the night; lie is ih'leateil, i,u,l 
 
 lie yiiuiif; kiii^; 
 I'iii'ty, mill altiii.ks 
 
 . April, 
 
 will 
 
 leiiiet All ma 
 
 le supreme puwer 
 
 ssai'ies the .Mamelukes, ami iilitaiiis 
 
 iSui 
 
 lairiit 
 
 The kheil 
 
 Oxtiiril 
 
 iisiinli 
 
 ;ivi''.s sun, iirinee 
 
 11 
 
 8.1111,,.. 
 
 iissaii. maile D.i' 1. 
 
 areli, 
 
 rrival i.l liil/mii. 1S15 ; he riiimves statue „r .\I,.n 
 
 Till' klii'ilive visit.s til 
 
 le sulta 
 
 U.lll 
 
 L'liiislantii 
 
 _ lliill. i«i6 ; expliiii. 
 
 Kurniat 
 
 i tempi 
 
 Haki 
 
 ii'ii nrihi. .Maliiimuil eanal, einineetiin' Ale 
 
 Mel 
 II 
 
 amlnii with the Nil 
 
 ■r marehes tn F 
 Mi'Kaliha Hi 
 
 nveei'ii ; reeelveil hv Id, 
 
 .III 
 
 leheiiii.t I'asha revults ami inva,i 
 'is siiii Iliiahim take 
 
 anil sllpprl.^ 
 
 . iS .Inly; leliin 
 
 i-stuKMliki. 
 
 All! 
 
 .Syria ; ilehats the Turks at K 
 
 les Svria 
 27 May; 
 
 .'ulvai 
 
 aiieli 
 
 I'M ('I'nstaiitimii.l 
 
 "Veiruiis 
 21 lie,', ij 
 
 iSji 
 
 pr,,l,al,ly ineiteil l,v Al 
 
 ■» an iiisurri.itiMU ,,t' slav,.-,ii.iil, 
 
 iSlave-traile 
 
 iiml 
 
 liy Hn.ssian aiixiiiari, 
 e,,iivi.iitii.ii i.r Kiitava 
 
 iple, wliieli is enteliil 
 
 Th 
 
 speetiil priisprrily 
 
 ippari.iill> snliilu,.,! ; "p,. 
 
 I,' sultan, l,y a lii'maii, ninli 
 
 ■ ^ All- 
 aer ami pn,, 
 ii ll,.|.. 
 
 .1. 3 April ; war emis 
 
 Jleli 
 
 emit at;aiii revnlt.s, elainiin,:. lieii'iiitary ] 
 
 with 
 4 .May, 1833 
 
 tii'ally ,iiilepi.nili.|ii ; (1,,. must nut 
 
 nr hllilil il'.inrlails) 
 
 the kheilive pii. 
 
 I III,, him ilefeats the Turks at Nezil. 
 EnglaU'l. Austria, linssia, ami I'riissi 
 
 make treatie 
 First Fdyptian liuilnet priiiluee.l ; 
 10, i6(),i.xx3/. ; expi'inlitui 
 
 eiilli ii,i.ii,.v, 
 8.l„ii,'., 
 
 to expel lliraliim Irmii Svii.i 
 
 a niiileitake 
 
 l!aki 
 
 13i 
 
 ■yriiut. 10 Oi't. 
 
 Napier l„inil,i 
 
 r I'l'turns t,, (i,,i,i|,ikiiri 
 
 taken l,y th,' Ihitish 
 3.\"V. 
 
 ami Austrian lleits. iiinhr sir U. Sti',|il'iiril 
 
 the Fgyptialis ipiit Syria 2iN,>\.... 
 
 iiee risti.reil liy treaty : Miheniet iiiiiile liereiliti 
 
 I'/. 1840 
 
 I,,, 11, ,111s tiulll the kheiliM 
 iiriivi.s in I.iiiiilnn . 
 Vu\. Uiii'iliin app,iii,t,.,l his sii 
 
 asserti'il nviiiiii., 
 Ap.il; rl.|■eivl•^ 
 
 his siil,i,i',lii,at 
 
 nr; AI.11H 
 
 •1,1,11.1 
 
 Vieiiiiy lit Kgypt, I, lit il 
 
 llir.lhim I'aiha ilies(s 
 The Suez eanal lii'i;nn 
 
 'priveil i,rs 
 
 i.vria 15J11IV, 
 
 liaker's work 
 Till llrst sliMi 
 
 l»l,,ailia," pnhlisheil 
 
 iil'tl 
 
 X,iv. 
 
 ) N,,v. 1848 
 
 • purt laiil hy till' kln',lh 
 
 iSjj 
 
 t'Oll.l 
 
 :iie;cial Ireiitv 
 
 «itli (Ileal lii'itaii; signeii 
 
 1858 
 
 Mr. Aitnn ami Mr. IVnnell 
 
 tiiiane 
 
 Hereil 
 
 itary sueecssinn ami 
 
 tiranteil ; Imt triluite 
 
 right i,r 
 
 JIall 
 Till 
 
 750,000/. 
 
 niiseil I 
 
 19 April, 
 eiiini!.^ iiiiiiie,\ 
 iiim 400,0'xj/. t< 
 
 lilt 
 
 of Kgypt 
 
 empluyeil tn an 
 
 ''•>'. iS-i 
 
 raiiK 
 
 i'rnati,,nal,',,uitiif jiutii'|.,,peniiill,vthe klieil 
 
 iprhit' "f iS-: 
 
 aaial Alexaialiia ti.li.graph up 
 
 •ieeriiy ISaiil visits Italv, 1- 
 
 lleil 
 
 j; Mav, 
 
 : Nov. 
 
 Th,' kheilive's shnri's of .Suez 
 ehaseil l,y the llritish g,,vi 
 
 liv,. 
 
 2l> illlll 
 
 May tiiSept 
 
 Suit 
 
 pt. ; returns to Ah-xamlii 
 
 ranee, ami Knglaml, 
 
 Kgypt 
 
 liaii i'X],e,liti,in into Ahvssii 
 
 eiimil (ii'/i,i'/i .s-,.,.) piir- 
 
 rmuent ; aiiimunecil, 
 
 Xuv. 
 
 Il 
 
 an of Turkey vi.-iis Kgvpt 
 1,1'i'eiisi'il eultivatiiiu iil'eiihoi 
 
 At the ileiiiaml of the sultan, li 
 
 !i ill i:g,\pt 
 
 tn 
 
 Olieliill 
 Dii't'it sue 
 
 ps to re], less the Iiimi: 
 
 le \ ieeniv se 
 
 I Oet. 18(12 
 7 April, iS6) 
 1863-67 
 
 lit. I 
 
 lel'eateil with niiirh slaughter 
 
 lion. Stepliiii (.': 
 
 of part of II.. 
 
 Sioll t.i till 
 
 Ills in Araliia, ,M 
 
 'Ull 
 
 W 
 
 Kgypt 
 ar with Al 
 
 nt 
 
 nia siirprisi'il ami 
 
 16 Ol't. 
 
 Ill speeiiil luissieli to 
 
 yssinia (vUii-h .vrc) 
 
 ez eanal (irhirh sn) 
 
 lay. 1864 
 
 Vew ((in'gorian) style Hilopteil 
 
 „ Aug. 
 viien.yalty graiite.l l.v the 
 
 186; 
 
 porte 
 
 Eg.vptiaii legislutive ehiiiniier op,.ni.,'i uatii a"> 
 
 Vi, 
 
 lloiii I he \ ieerr.v 
 
 n,y invisteilwith Onler "f th.. IJatli 
 
 Ma 
 
 ipei 
 
 I pelleil 
 lesigmition of Xuliiir I'asha, iilih' 
 
 nieree, aniinuiiei 
 
 r. Cave's report— (refers ti 
 
 liy li'inl Clarei 
 •e.signatcil 
 
 Paget 
 eign " l.\ th. 
 
 .Itiin 
 
 -'7 Nov. „ 
 (asG.C.B.) 
 ■ 30 .Jan. 1867 
 9 June, ,, 
 
 great work 
 
 ;lii 
 
 .s uiiili'i'takiii witi 
 
 giiiiee 
 ineiins 
 ami III 
 
 to n'siori. ereilit ami 
 
 13 Manh ; puhlisheil in /'iiai,H 
 
 Her 
 . I 
 ; mixiiil , '(lints 
 ■ I .Ian. 
 i,iii,is|i.r ,,/ ,.„|||. 
 4.1.111. 
 HllHte mill extlllVii- 
 
 Il ii'r-iillii'ira; 
 
 liya,lveiitiii'ers;iiiilitarvexp,.|i,ht 
 ssity for iiitervi'iition of sii|.,.|i,ir 1 
 
 n.stniin expi.iiiliriii,.|; s,.|it 
 4 April, 
 
 Till' klu'ilive ileel'ees 
 91,000,000/., at 7 per 
 7 May ; ileerees sigiiei 
 
 His mill HiisHan reeeivei 
 
 Pi'rUiiins of the inten 
 ri'|,l,..l liy the g, IV, 'I'll 
 .M. liiiakiiian ; lie is si 
 
 Mr. (l.iMheii with .M. 
 klii'ilive'si'i'eilitors), ai 
 .s, l,t'llli' liei-epteil (ileh: 
 J|.,hl,'e,l to al„illt 59,1 
 ,'i.iit. to he reilueeil ti 
 iiii'iit sigiieil alioiit I, 
 silH'e, " tioseliell lieeri 
 
 |iiiiiiiilSiiilyk,aiitoeratii' 
 iif rotispiraey ; resigi 
 1.111, isli,',l . 
 
 Mr lio»i'lien'.s report 1 
 
 Lilllilnll . 
 
 ("ill. (tiii'iIihi, after .suei 
 
 turns to Kiiglanil 
 I'l'iii'i' with Ahy.ssinia 11 
 
 iliiiie; terms .saiil to P. 
 Bull report respei ting 
 
 I'liiiiiiiission iippi,ii,ti'il 
 Kj-'Vpt lit peaee ; all s..iil 
 L'i,iiltilL'ii|.e restoreii l,,\ 
 
 .,lli,'ial salaries . 
 Nuliiir I'asha again iiiini.. 
 TliL' klu'ilive aeeepts I he 
 
 111' anil Ills family gi\e 
 
 state 
 Mr liivers Wilson ii|ipiiii 
 
 .M. .!<■ liligniires, iiii,,i 
 
 .Mt.irksnii them ami Niil 
 .illli'ers lit Cairo ilisiiers 
 
 Niihiir I'asha resigns 
 
 pi'lhiitive |,i'iiee lietweui 
 .sitiiii, iiinioiineeil . 
 
 PiImi'ii Tewlik, presiilent 
 I'iisliii, hii't'ign i,iiiiister 
 
 Mr. liiveis Wilson ami M, 
 
 Willi till' klliilive . 
 
 Ill' I'lits t'liitl, a ,,,.»■ iii,ai 
 .slia, Mr. Hivers Wils,,,,, 
 iiiisseil ; new iiiiuistry 11 
 i,li.mt 
 C'.il. (J.irilon's lieutenant, 
 pli'tely ileleats the rehe 
 .Inn, Central Alriea 
 Kii^'lanil ami Fraiiee in a 
 
 iii.'iit ofKuropean minis 
 Enill.iiiil, Kraiiie, Uerinan 
 
 I'.iilllllellil the khe.live t 
 Hl' li'fel-s to the sultan, \ 
 
 tlie klieiliie oilers to pa 
 Till' kheilive ih'iiose.l l.yt 
 
 llis.^l.ll, pn.ilaiuiiil his 
 Till' klu'ilive leaves for Nil 
 Teivlik siinei'ilsas kheiliv 
 Mr. H„niigaml M. ih- Hli 
 
 tn.ll,.i's-g|.ii..ral 
 .New iiimistry, Kiaz I'asha 
 Cel. liiiriloii negotiating w 
 
 war, ruiiiirieil sueeessliil 
 He resigns govunioiship ,. 
 
 a pteil . 
 
 Pi'iii' with Ahyssinia aiim 
 I'liiili.' festivities at Cain 
 
 kl„'.Iivi.'s a ssion 
 
 Iliteniiitiniial eoiuniittee 
 
 4 A|,|'il i^sne a n'port. , 
 
 III lii|iiiilalioii in 99 111 
 
 klii'thve 
 Sew ininisti'j' ap)>ointeiI, 
 
 General priis|.i'rii y repurte. 
 .Military reviilt(hir pavliit 
 
 hyMr. K. Malet<l)i''iti.ili 
 
 ileHiiig . 
 i)oi'ri'et..r,il...liti,,ii ..fslikv 
 liisiirre.'tiiin in the Souilai: 
 liiitisli pai'ilie interler^'iirf 
 Ministerial cri.sis ; the kW 
 
 „,,_lt--!l. 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 Tho klii'dlve ilccivcs I'liiihiiliiluliiiii „( IiIh ,|,.i,t, 
 9i,<xx>,cx)o^, at 7 |p.T iTiit., ami it siiikiiiK Imiil. 
 ; Miiy ; ilufivcs NigiiccI M iind ^5 May 1876 
 
 Ills «(pn HaHsaii rcccivi'd liy the iinciMi . 27,111111', 
 
 liwlsiium of till' iiiti'niiitluiiil law niiii-t nut iir- 
 irptcil liy tliii K"Viiiiiiii'iit ; till' i-uiirt closfil liv 
 M, Hiiakiiiaii ; III' is «ii|MMsi',li.i| , , j|,|^. 
 
 .Mr. (m'mIicm with M. ,I.Milp,-it (.111 liclialf i,r tl'ie 
 khi'ilivc'si ivilitcirs), luTivciil Ciiii-n, 14 iirt, ; tludi' 
 
 ^.lli'llli'lli'il'litcd (ili'l.t iifalinllt gi,<xju,ooui. til ll« 
 
 ji'.liii'.ii til aliiiiit jy.uoo.nKj/., iiiti'ivst lit 7 piM- 
 iriit. Ill 111' ruiluml til aliiput ii iut riMit.) ; iiKivr- 
 
 llllllt H\nun\ illllUll 11, Nov. ailllnlllli'i'il (tri I 
 
 Mlj.r. " (iiisrlicll lli'iMl'l' "J . lUN'iiv. 
 
 I«iiiii]l M'lyk, aiituiMMtii' liiiiiiii'i' iiiiiiistiT, sii»|ii'rii'ii 
 iif ri.iis|.irai'y ; riislKiis iiisuli'iitly ; sui/i'il ami 
 li;llilsiii''l Niiv. 
 
 Mr. liiisi'lien'H lejuirt aiiiimvi'il liy a iiicctiii^' in 
 
 I'OII'liIll ■. .28 \iiv. „ 
 
 I'lil. Giiiiloii, nl'tiT .siiciTSsrul ailiiiiiiisti-atiiiii in- 
 
 tunis til Kiinlaml |.',.i, ,g-. 
 
 I'lWi' with Aliysniiila ni'tjiitiatiii;,' liv iiil, (liirilnii] 
 
 Jiiiii' ; ti'i'iiis .saiil til 111' 11 ptnl " . . ort' 
 
 Bail ri'imrt ivsiH'i liiii.; KHyiitiaii liiiani'i'S, Fi'li. '; 
 
 I'onniiishion ai'i'uiiitril .... .Mnri'h 1873 
 Kpyiitat |ii'ai'ii; nil .siililii-rs lit liiiiiii' .' soAlnil,' ,, 
 Cmiliilenru restmcil by (licn.'c ini- ]inyiiii'iit ul' 
 
 iilllrial salaries ' ,2 Jiny^ 
 
 .S'lilmr I'aslia a>;aiii iiiiiiistrr . . 15X111;! 
 
 Tlif klirilivc ari'i'i.ts till' ti'iinsuf llii' I'liiiiini.ssiuii • " 
 
 ill' iiiul Ills faiiiily t;i\L' ii|i lamkil |iMi|U'ity tn tin' 
 
 stnti' \n;,' 
 
 Mr. liivcrs Wilsmi a|i|iiiiiiti'il Miiaiiii' minister; ami " 
 
 M. '1- lllij,'iiii'ies. iiii,,i>.ter 111' wmks, sunn alter, 
 
 Hi'l't! „ 
 .Mt.ii'ks mi tlii'iii .'iiiil Xiiliar I'ilsIiu I.v ilisiniitenti'il 
 
 I'lliii'i-sat Cainiilisiier.si'il . .' . ,6 Kel,. ,8;g 
 Xuliiir I'aslia ri'sij;ns .... ly Kel). 
 lli'liiiitivi' peai'i' lii'lweeii tile klieilive ami Aliy.-'- " 
 
 .liiila, iimiimiirt'il j.',*.!,^ 
 
 rriiii'i' Ti'wiik, prt'siili'iit nl'tlie I'lniiieil, anil Xiiliar 
 
 I'llulia, Inleifill lllillisler, llliiillt . 5 .Mall'll, 
 
 Mr. liivei.^ Wilson ami .M.ile Illinnii'ii'sreiniiiiKtrate 
 witli till' kliiilivc f, .\|„.i|_ 
 
 11.' j'lits I'lirtli ,1 iii'W llniiiii'lal silieii.i' ; 'ivwlik I'li- 
 .sliii, .Mr. Uivi'is Wil.snii, ami .\I. ile l!li;;iiii.ie.i, ili.s. 
 iiiissuil; new ministry iimler Clierif I'lu-lia Inrnied 
 
 '''"'"' ,-.,.■. 7 April, „ 
 
 (..il. O'irdiiii s lii'iiteiiant, (iessi (Xiiv. 1878}, iiini- 
 
 lik-tuly ileleats till' relii'l slave-dealers in tlie Smi- 
 
 ilaii, Central Alriea • • ■ • 5 -May, 
 Ki]j;lanil and Krame in a nnte rei|nire the apiioiiit- 
 
 iiii'iit iifl'lnrniiean tninistei's, iiliniit . 5 .Ma\', 
 Kimliiul, Kraiiie, (ierinany, Austria, and Itilv, re 
 
 iiiiiiiiiend till- khedive tiialidicati',ali.int so.itine, ,, 
 Hi'ntVrstii the sullaii, wlm dei'lines tu intirl'eri', 
 
 till' khedive iillers In |i.iy Jiis ilelils in lull 2-j,lnne 
 Till' khedive deposed liy the sultan, prinee Tewlik, 
 
 liis.suii, priHiaiiiii d his siiieessor . 2C),Iniie, ' 
 
 Till.' klii'dive leaves loi Naples . . in.llini'' 
 
 Tewlik sii.vi'i'ds as khedive . . . " g .\njr' " 
 Mr. D.riii-aiid M. ile Ulitinieies aiip'iinled eiiiiiii'. " 
 
 triillirs.g(.|i..ial ... ^ ,'5ept. 
 
 X«« a^lry, Kiaz I'aslia, A:(!., annnnni'eil 9 ISept] 
 
 fok (Jonl.in negiitiatin^ with AViyssiiiia to prevent 
 war, re|iiirteil sui'icssliil . ' . . oi't. 
 
 Heri'sii.'iisKiiveriuii'ship ot the .Siiiidan, (let. 18 -y' " 
 
 „'"'''l".«' ;, '. Ian. 1880 
 
 Itiiee with Aliyssinia anno meed . end ot .Innu. 
 
 I'lililie festivities at Ciiiro on annivorsarv of tin'- 
 
 kliedive'saeeessiiin . . aliout'26 ,Jnne, 
 
 IiiU'riiatiiiiial eoininittee on the dehl appointed. 
 
 4 April : issue a repnrl. on whieli is liased a liuv 
 
 of liiiuiilaliiin in gg artieh's, appriived li\ the 
 
 ,.1*1""''^- i7dnlv, ,, 
 
 New ministry appointed, the khedive pivsiden't, 
 
 General priisperiiv re|i..rted . . . . Oet. ' 
 
 Military reviilt(for luiylat Cairo vipimuslv I'lieekeii " 
 liyMr. E. Malet(liritisli ininistei iS79)aml liaroii 
 
 . deKiiig ,.,, p,,i|. ,gsi 
 
 urcrtc Iiir.ihiiliti.jn ofnU>>-jy . , end of, Inly 
 liisiirrei'tioii in the *«idan (iriiii/i .ijii') . . ,Jiily,' 
 Driti.sli pai'ilie interlewiiee . . aluiiit 11 Anj(.' " 
 .Ministerial crisis ; the kiiedive rails for Hiaz I'aslia " 
 
 369 
 
 i'f^^ 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 ' -A'l' • 'V'^ld Bey and aliiiiit4,ooo.soliller8 HiirroniKl 
 
 the khedive's palnee, deniandinK inereiised pay — 
 ^iiKreed to ; Cliei'lf I'aslia madi' minister y fii'pt. 1881 
 
 I N'eKotiations of flierif and the i snls with the 
 
 troops sueeeed ; trampiillilv restored n-iiHept. ,, 
 KnvnvH li" '. the snitaii received liy tlui khedive 
 
 I . . , , 7 Oct. ,, 
 
 .lea iiiisy r. gland ami France, the envoys lejive 
 
 <'airo '18 Oct 
 
 Iniportant letter from earUiranvlllc to'sir Kdwd.' " 
 
 ^^ .Millet . 4 Siiv. 
 
 The khedive opens the ehainlier of (le1ega't<'H witli " 
 
 exec lent si„ h .j(, I,,.,. _^ 
 
 Aralii liey appoiiited iinder-set'ietarvof war ,laii. 1682 
 hnglish and Kreneh note in siippoit of the khedive 
 ,, ,. , . aliiiiit 7 .Ian. „ 
 
 Deputies deuiaml enlire 1 trol of the miiiisirv 
 
 aliiinl ly ,)aii. ; dead lock . . .7 ,laii' 
 
 ■ Resignation of clierif Pasha, 2 l-Vl.. ; mw ministry " 
 
 under .Mahmond I'asha . . 3 Fell. .•( sea. ,, 
 
 M. Ulignieies resigns ,Mi,r, I, „ 
 
 Alleged eoiispiiaey of Circassian ollieers to assas- 
 
 siiiate Aralii I'aslia . . , alu.ut i„ Aiail, 
 43 pi'i'sons I'onvii'ti'il of eonsiiirai'V to kill A.alii 
 
 I'asha, and del hroiM' the khiili VI' ; 'exiled 28 April • 
 
 seiitenee I'oniirine.l hy khedive . . 9 .May, 
 
 Political erisiseontinnes, 9-13. May; the khedive linn ■ 
 ministry sulmiits, about .6 Miiv; Knglish ami 
 French .sipi'iilron arrive at Alexandria. 20 .Mav 
 Arabi I'ashi refiisesl,, resign. 2; .May ; uliimatiiin 
 ot KngUsh and Freiieh consuls: Aralii I'asha to 
 retire; kliedive'.s authority In lie restored, .^c. 
 
 25 May, ,. 
 
 I Ministry resigns ; Clierif I'asha appointed. May ' 
 
 I the (illlccrs resist ; Aral.i I'aslia reinstated' 
 
 37-28 .May; aimiehy ; Knropeaiis ipiitting the 
 
 country, 2,^ .May; 6,000 Kgyptian sohliers said 
 
 to be massacred J,^„^, 
 
 DervLsli I'asha and otlicrs sent to Cairo by tlie 
 sultan. 4 .Iiiiic; well reeciyed at Cairo s'jiine 
 
 Coininenceiiient of a rebellion ; riots at Alexandria ' 
 Arabs attack Kiiropeans ; ipiellcil by Fgyptimi 
 troops, with great loss of life (alioi'it fio'l-iuro. 
 peans killed), town ravageil, imd ilcserted 
 
 ... II June, ,, 
 
 1 aiiic lit tano and Ali'X.indria; niiiiiy arrests 
 
 , , . ,, '5, 16 June, „, 
 
 About 37,000 Kiiropeans in Kgypt ... 
 Hagheb I'asha forms a minislrv ; about 20 000 Kn^ " 
 
 ropeans said to be leaving Kgypt . . .|nne. 
 The powers agree to a eonferenci' at Constantinopt ■' " 
 
 Turkey ob.iecis ,9 June,' „ 
 
 *.""''•'''■'".■'■' '"■'• .... 24,liinc, 
 
 dreat emigration from Alexandria to .Malta ,lnm' 
 llervisli I'.tsha's fayourable report . . 27 June' " 
 jo.ooo Arabs said to be starving at Alexandria " 
 
 Arabi Paslia decorated by the snltaii . .^* about " 
 
 Tlie F.nglisli and Frencli admirals i.rotest against " 
 
 tlic fortifying of Alexandria . about 4 ,lnlv 
 nritish sulij. its warned to ipiit Egypt . about " 
 
 Itoiiiliardmeut of forts of Alexandria thrciifened by- " 
 ailiii. sir HeaiK'liHuipSeyinoiir, if works tlireateii- 
 ing the liritisb tleet arc not slopjied . q Ju y 
 
 HliipsunteringJSucz canal lautiomd by adin !icy' 
 III""'' '. 10 July, „ 
 
 liomlai'dineut begun by tlic .l/i.r.iii./ni. 75 ^..M. • 
 ycs.sels I'ligagc'i : .l/..n,,,-,//, I luimililr, l;-ficii,,w 
 Ti-iiiemirr, ami lialr.,il,U ; gunbuits, Cnihir 
 iij'inrt. IliWrn, liirnii, A'c, very cHective ■ forts 
 Mexs, .Marabout, \c., silenced j 10 sailor.s frinn 
 huinfihle land and spike guns of fort .Mexs • 
 oliject of bombardment fully obtained ; the bom- 
 bardnient ceasc.i 5.30 i'..M. Kgvptiaus bnndit 
 well: lieayy lo.ss in birts and imrt of tic town 
 lii'itish loss, 6 killed, including lieut. Jackson of 
 the ^l./^(■J■l^^, and 2S wounded . . n July, 
 
 Deliaut letter of Arabi I'aslia to Mr. tiladstone' 
 2Jiily. P'-eivcl . . . „,,out ,, J„l,; 
 
 I he sultan protests against the bonil«rilmcnt ■ 
 Austria, ticrmany, and Russia said to apjiroye 
 
 about 12 July 
 
 i.ocK) marines sent from .Malta to Alexandr'ia 
 
 about 12 July, ,, 
 
 i ,.' 
 
 'V*^'-'- f ' ''*'{ 
 
 
 '^1 
 
 , A, 
 
 4i 
 
 p^.^. 
 
 li ik 
 
'.4ii 
 
 
 
 ■ if', . 
 
 ii^Mj 
 
 N^ 
 
 KOITT. 
 
 3rt« 
 
 IrllillillK III ic l,v II H, 
 
 l!l.l -I il 
 
 II Hiitf (if Inii' 
 
 IS iiriiiy II 
 
 Inlli III.. Illli'lin'l 1 hi 
 
 Imnl. 
 
 ivl. 
 
 ri Ali'Viiii'l 
 
 Aril. I r',i>lm mill 
 
 rill mill h'tn 
 
 'lit 
 
 till- Ami. iiinli |i|ii-„||.|- ;i||,| 
 
 aiiil I 
 r.Millii 
 
 II i^*irri', ii H Kiiiii, 
 ;i.iUi.n I •, 
 
 ' I IMV III till 
 I flirlall,! ifi, 
 
 «li.. witli 
 
 mill I 
 mill M.il 
 
 rnvlnliiiiM, Effyi III mniM nt Ti'lrl.; 
 
 ih;iiiii'li 
 
 '•Itv, 
 
 <o winmli'ii 
 
 1 "rillpii'il ; HntiHll I. 
 
 i«N. ^ kii 
 
 'I, 
 
 '1 iiiMrliii's 1.111,1 (II iiiiiliiiiii 
 
 iiiMu'dilirmt n iiii'i' lull-,'!} iiliiiiit. 
 
 I3.)llly, |3S2 KlIKWIHslll 
 
 / INIllllI |||.|,1 liy (III- Hritl»ll 
 
 '■npliMl hy (I,. II. ijiiii 
 
 Kiii'ii) 
 
 Till' k III" II 
 
 I'viii piiiliiiii I'litiiTly .l.'slniyi'.l 
 
 "1 l.r IK |..ilii'i 
 i; .Inly, 
 
 <1' l'«|.|||.|..( aHHllHkllliiMill I 
 
 part l.r .M'lilil I'lmliii's 
 Knwlisli iiiait 
 
 l.i.llll.V, 
 
 Kiiiii.s liver 
 
 vii'H., till, city 
 13. n •iiil.y, 
 
 I'lll' llmiK I. lit ; ,.|,||.|. |,.,1„|.|.,1 . ,1 
 
 l.iri.i;,'ri iiiiirln 
 llii' kh.'ili 
 liriiisli 
 
 I'lil.'r I'ilv 
 111 Ills I'lilii...: liii,.,.|.T 
 
 u .'Illy, 
 
 ii'l's r |.i.in.i 
 
 mil.' 
 iitlii'i'.i 
 
 iiiiiriiti'.* 
 
 ili'urii.l. 
 
 ni'iuls iiir (.liMi-ic I'iisl 
 
 1 Ai.il.i I'lisliii r 
 
 .Inly, 
 ill K'l'inlr.l liv 
 
 n.iii hlx 
 M, Hill/ I'lisliii, mill 
 
 "Mit 5,o.v, ciMii.n liiiii iif Ali'Vaii.! 
 
 A I 
 
 J.|..iin,'.ii 
 
 l'..rt<. I.I 
 
 M.it.- Irniii till' ...ix 
 
 illll'tVI'lU' t.' 
 
 I'.'lll It. .Iiilv, 
 17.I11I.V, 
 
 Aral.i I'li.sh 
 Jit Kilr-I). 
 
 i.nl.' 
 
 p.nvr.s invitiiiK tin 
 
 uppi.it till, klii'illv,. ami 
 
 i3 .July, 
 
 I Willi his miiiy sai.l 1.. 1.,. '|iitri.|ii.|i 
 
 Ar.ilii I'li.sl 
 .li'ri.iiiMi 
 
 M Mlt.'llll'ts t. 
 IllI' lilli'.liv... 
 
 Il'll 
 
 l3 .lulv. 
 
 Trivl 
 
 ri'lii-l, iV 
 
 iiiialiiMi iif till' kli.'.livi. .|,.(.j, 
 
 I'lit .iir w.ui.r siipplv 
 
 III. I rails ..|| thr |. ..I'll,: 
 al...iu .v,-..| Illy, 
 
 ri'lHirti'il aiiaii'lH- at fair 
 
 iriiiK Arm.i 11 
 
 Mkl 
 
 tiik< 
 
 niiisli with till 
 
 '.s nliiiiit 60 |iri»i.ii..r 
 
 Aralis liy sir a. AI, 
 
 al.iiiit 
 sv'iilv, 
 III- 
 
 an. I Imlils Kmiili'h 
 
 Ar.ilii iiriirlaiiii 
 
 .liliiiil 
 
 \0,tfXj llll'II 
 
 ■ r hi.lv 
 
 Uriljsh t 
 Tr.i.ip.s 
 
 r...i|..s lan.l.'.l at Ali'Xaii.Iri, 
 
 I'lit t.i |. 
 
 . .'iiiv, 
 •ai.l ti. haVL' 
 "II .'4 .July, 
 24 .Inly, 
 
 (.'ypt tr.iiii Kiijilmiil mill Inil' 
 
 Willi 
 
 i.irawal .if I- 
 
 ri'iich II.. 
 
 «y|.l 
 
 'I' ('.ililiMli;;lit 
 
 •t i.nli'iT.I 
 
 al'.'iit S3 .liilv 
 
 .ails ill til.' '/,■ 
 
 Iiiili 
 
 Sir Kvi'lyii W.i.nl sail.s li.r I- 
 
 sivc .skiniiisli iil'i.iiti.iwts 
 
 U. 
 
 iiwii or.i^ii../ 1 
 
 .''.'iiiiiai.ssaiH- 
 
 K.VI't 
 
 anal : (i< 
 Hiin'i!.ss ; _ 
 aliDUt 30 
 
 "ini.i.'.l hy Hrilisliinarlii'- 
 ■ : shai'i.sliiriiiish ni'iir .^'ii 
 ^ir A. Aiis.ii 
 
 lii'iil. 111. waul Vv,^ 
 
 \v..nii,|i.,l ; Ki 
 
 ami 
 
 ;.V|.ti.in 
 
 Piiit. Pall 
 
 ni'r, capt. (fill 
 
 start I'ri.in (Sni'Z In In 
 
 .V.'. 
 Arrival ..r.liik,. i.f ( 
 
 anil 
 'aini'ls 
 
 aiiili'ia 
 
 .iiiiaiiv'hl aii.l i,||i|. 
 
 Th. 
 
 linn lit th 
 
 ■ atiri'i's 1.1 til., int. 
 
 .hilv 
 .-. »/ r,.r 
 !i July, 
 
 3 A lit;. 
 ■> Alls;. 
 
 ..I'MfllicIl 
 , lll.tlsll 
 
 '•-•Ii...a; 
 
 ill.! joo 
 
 ■'llill.S, 
 
 AiiK. 
 
 Ah.x- 
 
 10 .\llf;. 
 
 I' Swx I'anal, ami ,i.|.j..nn. 
 
 rnati.inal pnitec- 
 
 '1/1.' i^'i 
 
 .Sir (i 
 
 iiriii't Wiil.si.h.y Ijiiiils at Ah 
 
 xaiiiliia ami 
 
 AiiH 
 
 '*'""'•■•* tl "iniiiiiiiil : Ihi-khi'ilivi- ..'iv. ,„,. 
 
 f.i till, linlish r.iiiiiiiaii.lers ti, islaMish ..I'l. 
 
 npl.i.WL'r 
 
 ..p. 
 
 iiml 
 
 Al...iikii, 1 nt pi 
 
 *iiil, l.sinail 
 
 ■1' H'-u. Willis i.iiili.irk as ir fm' 
 >]>y I'l.rt 
 
 canal, 
 
 19-10 .\ii}; 
 
 ia, ami Kmit; 
 
 .■.islwai.l. ,iii.| , 
 
 slviriiiishi 
 
 ir.i : 111' 
 
 .iMIliali.l till. 
 
 '•anal, sir Kwhii Wuml 
 .hi'lli'il imt ..r.Ni-iiihi 
 
 ' 'ii'iir Main ilirli 
 
 iii.i'rssfiil : till, i-iii 
 
 Total H 
 ranks 
 
 rilish |,,ivi. ill |.::;yp|. 
 
 ^ 1.400 llll'II 1 
 
 ("lial. 
 
 Tw. 
 
 iwpt 
 
 IIX-rl-T. 
 
 rrali 
 
 .Kyptian hiss 
 
 I laptiiiv.l hy saih.rs 
 
 iity-six ir..nclii.ls at Al 
 
 .Sn.'ii-.sslnl skiriiiishi 
 
 I'xan.liia 
 P'li. Hanil.'v. 
 
 iiiil.-h 
 KVptiaiis. will, sii!|..|' ||,.,vy I 
 
 ipt. Ilasliiij;s an. I 1, 
 
 Aiij;. 
 
 'f all 
 
 :"> All- 
 
 '■'■■, f;rfat 
 
 2o .\llj;. 
 
 20 Alls;. 
 
 In 
 
 3,<«». inliiiiirv 
 .Miislapha Ki.hinv. .Vrahi I'asli 
 
 inmi.l. rapliuvil whlli- r 
 
 kh.'iili.'i 
 (Jen. Uriiliiiiii at Kas 
 
 iiiiii will, .) 
 
 Ann 
 ai Ann. 
 
 la H Mi'uiinil li 
 
 Am 
 
 iinn..ilrlii«(«.|il: tn 
 
 i1,«)o|.;Kypti,iiiH; «i(;iiii|«|' 
 
 . '. ' . ■ -7 All" 
 II viK'H ly allai'ki.l 1 
 
 hv (ivn. 
 l.iilli, 
 
 liliiiy I...W 
 
 sisia 
 
 1' with li.iiis..|i.,l.| 
 
 III''', I I..||.,i 
 
 w.irilH 1. <t 
 
 iiiif iliai|;i. an. I i.apfiin. ,,| ,, 
 
 I'luahv: 
 
 lll'ltlsh 
 
 .Miliiary 
 hIkiii'iI 
 
 I. r.iiil nt til I IV 
 
 ••"', 7 IfilhMl, 70 
 
 inli'il 
 
 ^"in.s I;. II,-, 
 "l'li'll.VII,Jit; 
 
 .iivcnti.iii with Jiirki.y al 
 
 \riihl I'li.slia stiviiKtliVnlMK hi.s intri.'iiili 
 Icl-i'l-ki-liir (saiil In hav,. .iliinit ^ 
 
 a.iAii... 
 
 "Hit ti, |„. 
 
 ■ =') A 111!, 
 ini'iils 11,.^,,. 
 
 Arlilli'iT .liivl 
 A I a hi I'asha's 
 
 If Hanil.'h, litl 
 
 Vi;; 
 
 ivaliv. 
 
 iSr. 
 
 ,sliniiiti'i| riiri-i. 
 
 1' ri'siilt 
 
 aliiiiit 
 
 CO, III, 11) 
 
 s : iiilantrv. 
 
 u Aiiu. 
 i|.|. 
 
 Kilns, 14, ; |l,.,|„||ii|. 
 
 niiisattark i.ii lhi. Iliilish |.ai 
 
 li-|.l'lll'll Willi Si'Vl'li. 1, 
 
 kiilril 
 •■"ii's;.' train .sent in tin' Oi/.;,/ 
 fiiplnr.. iif Trl il-Ki'liir, a-/,;,/, 
 
 in. SiK 
 
 ii|> lit K, 
 
 S.S, 4 Kiins l.iki-n, 6 II 
 
 lsS|ls<i|, 
 
 litisll 
 
 till. I' 
 
 -•vpliiiii. ; Ili-hliirAi-ihi I'asli 
 
 tiitiil ili.fi.iit 
 
 hi. 
 
 Till. Hritish 
 
 is;azi>; with rail 
 
 I I'lilrr ( aim 
 
 way traiiiH, ,V|.. 
 
 iillii-i.i-j 
 :s;ypliaii si.hlii.i-s hiv.l 
 
 Aiahi I'lisli 
 
 ■^irliarni'l W,,|si.|i 
 wnrnily ri.ci.i\,.i|' 
 
 siirii'liilii 111 iililii.nally ; al 
 
 .wn thi'iiiiri 
 
 siirri-inl,.,. 
 
 >,! .S|.|. 
 a mill |,i^ 
 "111 „,.,.„ 
 
 y anil Hritish trniips vnli'il 
 
 14 N-|,|. 
 
 Siiiii-ii,l,.r ,,r Kafr |i,ii 
 
 nian'h t,, nainiilla 
 Th.' klii'.livi. iliss.,lv,.s 
 Siiri','ii,|,'r ,,r Al„,nkii 
 
 all, lilt 
 
 s till. Kwypti. 
 
 500 I' 
 16, 
 
 I5^<.I.t. 
 
 '«l|fi;,li, 
 
 I fill- khi'ilivr's anilii.ril 
 
 ptiaii ariiiv |.- 
 7 Si'pt. i ri..i..stali|i>li 
 
 -.|.t. 
 ^.•|.t. 
 iii.iit 
 
 Ahil-.l-Al li..l.liii.,' Iiiniii.l 
 
 21 Ni'pt.; Hritish i.xpi.ilit. 
 -•2 Hl'pt. ; 111. sniTi.iiili.rs t 
 
 la with ah.. Ill 
 
 iiKanisI III 
 
 «ir Kvilyn \v.,i„i 
 
 ■ri'iiiinpliiili.|i|iy,,ril,,. kh 
 
 Vah. 
 
 II 
 
 I'W l-:,L;ypt 
 
 lUiT l'a,i 
 
 t'lliv,. lilt, 1 1: 
 
 Cairn railway si 
 
 ptian arlny(|. 
 
 la niiininati'il ciiniinai,,!, 
 
 •>) 
 
 shi-lls, l.ir;;i. mii..iiiit III' .St 
 
 li.'ii partly l.nrii|.il l.y i.xp| 
 
 villi i.t.Npt. 
 
 ih'.stl'ilVI'll ; 
 
 4 I'lrsniis killvil, al 
 
 Ill's ami 
 
 iS,ooo Hritish t 
 
 at III 
 
 II' Ahil 
 
 r..i.p,. 
 
 ill pala 
 
 ' inari-l 
 
 r 
 
 'ininiuiiiii..ii 
 unit I, w.iiiii,|,,,i 
 2S Xi.pt. 
 
 I I'list" till, khi'il 
 
 I2,oco Hritish tn 
 
 Rvtiii 
 
 nniinmiih.r 
 
 -.vpt, 
 
 'ir A. Ali 
 
 iinlth,. ti'..,.|,.H; warmly rcvvivcil m j 
 
 J'j >.|.t. 
 
 Tli 
 
 11; priiplL't sai.l to I1..I.I all til 
 
 21 Hi-t. 
 
 Khart- 
 
 .Mni.li 
 
 rnt prnf. Hal 
 
 nnsrtnn 
 Thanks nt I'arli 11 
 
 e (.niiiitiy : 
 
 'iii'i'. '"ipt. (fill liml li'i , 
 'lit 10 AiiK. annn ■,■4 
 
 lii'llt VI. t. '.I tn 
 ral sir Hi'aiK'hamp Nvyn 
 
 *ninli i.f 
 
 25 lll'l, 
 
 lit fliiir. 
 ;ft I ivt. 
 
 A.lln 
 
 Ahi'slvr); A.liiiiral '.j.'i'l 
 
 iiiny ami navv ■_ 
 nnnr (rrvalvil liini 
 
 Imiiiil William .M. .111,1- 
 
 n .Milli'i- Ally 
 
 I'livrals (li'i.i 
 
 Mini' 
 
 Ali: 
 
 ilai 
 
 I |l,.W,,il ; liViit, 
 
 ry .Smith Wil 
 
 I'liiit. 
 
 Ilanili'y ; iiia,jnr--i.iii.ral 
 
 ll,w,.tt 
 
 n; ri'-ir-a, liiiiralssir William Niitl: 
 
 sir KiKv.iril 
 sir Aivhihiilii 
 
 sir |.'r 
 
 llili'V II. -skins 
 
 lllris Willilllii .s.illiv 
 
 i.'inWriuii,,, 
 
 111. .\lltll.iliv 
 
 Alt I 
 
 iiir iliiki' I, I 
 
 llla.lnr-p'lli'l-iils his inMil ||i-,)i 
 
 " "iiiinKlit, Wiliiam l-'aHi. 
 
 Ili'iiiy Kvi-lyii W 1, (n-iahl (i,.,-',!! 
 
 Hynj; ll-irinan, I)i-,i,-y ( 
 
 Hvrlivrt Tavlnr .^1; 
 
 iia.i- Ki-ls..y ri.p(.| 
 
 Wnh 
 
 Arrival iif j 
 at SiiMz . 
 
 A. Ivan,' 
 hiil.li 
 
 I'h'v's pi'.i.-laniati. 
 ;fn. .Mafi.li 
 
 I" 
 
 ;.) All,-. 
 
 P' 
 
 sii 
 Aral,, 
 21 An; 
 
 An aiiini.sty nf offl- 
 l.nr.l Diitr. 
 
 icpli,'i's,,n 
 
 tii'/nn l)nii'v-l,i 
 
 laiii, lll'l, I',. 
 
 211 Dl't. 
 
 I'rs si-iiv.l l>y till, khi'il 
 
 An^'|,,-Kn.iii.|: 
 
 nil arrivi's at (,'aii. 
 
 ive 
 24 <M. 
 
 ifl.livrs..n with th,- In.liaii ti-i,i,,7, 
 
 Hritish I 
 
 1 I'.intrni ali.,!islii.,i 
 
 riinps l'i',,m K-vpl 
 
 ' fr. 
 
 mail 
 
 a\'alrv, with t 
 
 ia nr twn s.|iiailrr 
 
 21 All- 
 
 Kjitli hussars, miiiii 
 
 Illl-I hy ill,,. VI 
 
 crhili-rv 
 
 HIS nl Iniiisc. 
 ' giiiis. ami ilot.ii-linii-iit nf 
 
 I' , nil X|.|i.-h,. 
 
 I'l'vii'Wi-il l.y till. i[iii.,.|', at (St, ,J 
 yni'in's thanks piililislivd 
 
 pi with Imlimi ..,,111111 
 
 it,.. I inrmitry. ,y 
 
 'ilal 
 
 K^;yptiaiis with mn.'h 
 
 C'livalry ami arlilh.ry |.n.,M..|.„i,.,it ; owirn r.mu']'- 
 uiptiir,...,! 5 kriii.p-niis.aml tmin n|' amninnitinii' 
 
 Trial ,,r Arahi Pasl 
 
 lit Wiiiils 
 
 21 .\, 
 
 1 Park 
 
 ,f. N„v 
 IV. ; ilistiil„it|.| 
 
 III'SSVS (tll.S 
 
 lllniit) 
 
 la : .siTii't vxamiiiati. 
 
 11 ..t ivit- 
 
 'I'll.'..- sii|.p.,ri,',| hy .M,,. Wilfmi 
 I'h'ii.ls ;;iiilt> nf r.'l.,'lli'„n : ■si.nt.mci. ,'.f ,|i.ath ,a,'i 
 
 .\.,v. 
 
 iniUi'.l to haiiishnii'iit l..r Iif 
 
 3 I'l'.' 
 
 I 
 (liiierol niiini'Mtpniiil n 
 
 I.i.tti.r l'r..ni Arahl Hash 
 |.ri'ssiiiKK'ralitii.li. tn, 
 
 Miili.iii.l ami nlh.'r n 
 
 luiiii,'iliiiii-nt 
 lliii« Pasha ri'sinMH ; s 
 
 Arahi Pasliii mill .itlivrs 
 .•iirKvi'lyii W...,.l. iipp,.ii 
 
 Ksryi'tian iirm\ , arriv', 
 Xi'i.. .,f tl..' IIIIII. Ii.r,, IS 
 
 iitlii'i's capliiri'.l 
 .Vriiliiiiiiil lahi'rs.saih'.l I 
 
 En.l nfllii' ilnal vniitrnl 
 Hritish i-iri'iilar In th, 
 
 I'lirti', iV.'. (Mil. .Siivz 
 
 n'strli'tli.iislii tlliiv til'\ 
 
 iiriiiv, *i'.> 
 All til., pnw.'rs iii.||,pt 
 
 mill Tiirkvy 
 ■Sir Aiii'khiii.l I'lilviii a| 
 
 Trial "f pr. ;.ss..i' Pah 
 
 ii,iil'i-.s.s ; 5 I'Wi'iitiil 
 L„r,l liiilh'rin's ri'pnrt ,.i 
 
 I'llhlislll'il , 
 
 (.'..ILSlitlllinll siKii.'il l.y II 
 
 iinilsiati'il . 
 LifUt-^'rii, AllMin r.'pla, ,, 
 
 Mul.ir Kvi'lyn Harin- 111,11 
 
 ijllll'illiall tiMli vnlivii'tcil 
 
 oii.l phinih'riiis; al Ali 
 
 liiiiii;i'il 
 riivally iiiipn.vi'il i'..n.litii 
 Tlii'i'S-klii'ilivv Ismail in 
 r.irliaiiii.|itary f;ianis In 
 
 JS.cwo/., Innl Wnlsvlvy, 
 Eriil *i.,iinl clinli'ia Isi'i'. < 
 Bn!.-li fiiri'v ri'iliii'i'il In 6 
 t'liiiii. il "fKtati' nniiiinati'i 
 Tlii'klii-ilivi'K'ranlsa j;,'iii.| 
 Xewri'iiiii'llof stati' ..pviM' 
 Pei,,irtiii'i. ,,f Jiart nf lln 
 
 lliamlrll nil ail'nillit nf 
 
 Hii'ks' ariii.\ (si-is Snttiim 
 Till' klii'ilivi' prnpnsvs ri'i 
 
 pl'lllil.S 
 
 Till' Hritish -n\,'ii,iiii'iit n 
 
 liii,.iifili.h'mi' in ii'};aril 
 
 Clli'l'it' I'a'.lia ami liisiiiini.s 
 
 . (ail Arm. iiiaii ihrisliaii) 
 
 L.iniiiif 950,100/. In the k 
 
 Slllilll 
 
 IfeiiiiU'r ill till' Kiivri'iimvi 
 
 Brilisharniy: total killvil, 
 
 fi|..<iL'iuiti,.ii "f Nnliar I'a.s 
 
 Cliir.inl l.h.y.l, t, .\pril ; 
 
 Clia.is at Cairo; sir Kwlyn 
 
 Cuiiliri'iiii' of till' pnwir 
 
 liiiaM'u prop,, .sill l.y Knji 
 
 iiiiiiiy, Austria, Hiissia, Iti 
 
 Xepil of l,,an nf S,ooo.ooo^ 
 (It'licitu, iii,li.iiiiiili,'ati,,ii 
 iiiiiliia 1^.050,000/ ), i-i\il 
 
 pl'liSl'S, ,(,'. 
 
 rr,'i,.,si'.l I. laxali. I th 
 
 li.|i,i,lati.,ii 
 
 Mr. Clilli.r.1 I.Iny.l h-aws 
 
 ;Sfl,','t ctiiiiiiitti'i' hy I'xamin 
 lii'Iri-ts in till' I'nniinissaria 
 ihiriiifjlh,. war ,,r iS,S2, an 
 
 Ciiili'i'i'ii,'.' ..r six -r.at p.,H 
 
 llU'l'tS (s,'l' Lnllilxr t'i'lllf rii 
 
 Ciiiili'ri.ni'i.a.l.iniiins, wilhrnii 
 €r,-rt l'..r :;rxj.t.«o/. \olnl t 
 
 I.nnl Xnrllil.innk, as lii-h 1 
 \Vi,ls,!li'y as v,,iiiniaiiili.r-i 
 .'ll'livi. at (.'airn , 
 
 
KfiVIT. 
 
 3'll 
 
 i:oypT. 
 
 (ii'iitnil niiiMi'Htp iiimI nil' 
 
 "I' ["■lilli'lll |.Hnnlli'|-H 
 . , . Illinllt I llri', laSj 
 
 |.,.|liT frniii Aml.i l':i»lii, tM Mr. Willi, ■,! Illiini .■\. 
 |.rcs'<iMK'K'l'l"llli|H to, 1111,1 <•, ,11(1,1, lie,, ill. Kli;,''liiN,| 
 
 ■I l'''i', : ■///",', I, III',,. ,, 
 
 Mali,iii,l nii'l ,,ni,T ivlii'l l|.,'iil,T« siMiliiii'iil til 
 
 l«iii»liiiii'iit |,,,,. 
 
 Hmt I'iisim iv,si-iH ; si ■,,,|,-,1 liy .Niilim- I';!,!,,; " 
 
 .\nihi IVislin iilnl i.tlii'i-i (,, Ii,'4,'mI t,i I'l'vl,,'!!',, Dim'.' " 
 
 .SlrKvi'l.VIl \V I, ;ll.|,"illli-.| r,,|||llllilli|iT 1,1 111,. |„.,v " 
 
 KVyjiliilll IIIIIIV. IIIIIM':, Ml ( nil-,, . .., ||,.|, 
 
 V' I tl.,' iniii,|,Mvrs ,,r |,i„h.sHnr I'liliiuM- iiini " 
 
 i,lli,i»cii|'linv,| , . , nliiuit 30 DiT 
 
 ,Uiiliiii",l iithiTH.siill,,,! f,,| ( VyI.ii, 57 |!i !•, ; iiiHvi',! " 
 
 111 .'lilt i^i' 1 
 
 KniliiftlM'ilM.il ,.,.iiti',,| .... ,,.(„ii' ' 
 
 liritixli ,'irciiliir I,, Ih,. ynwn-x ImI,! i„.f„,,. ,|„: " 
 I'lirti', /if. (tlM, .Siiiv, I iiiiiil III III, iVi,,,, Willi 
 rratili'tiiiiHlntlliicol'wiif; lunimtluii nf KKyiiliim 
 iirii'V. *'■•' • • . II .Inn, ,' .<..,/. „ 
 
 ,11! till. |1,,W,TH lll'r|.|,l |,ni|l,H,|lH (.M.,.|,| K,.,,,,,.,. 
 
 iiinliinki'y .... iil,i,iit, 37 .imi 
 .<ir Aii(--i<liiii,l l.'iilviii ii|,|iii|iil,,,| iliiiiiii.j,,! inhiH,.!- 
 
 Triiil "f priifi'.iHiir I'lilimr'n iiiiiiiIiti.|.s ; si'V-r'nii " 
 I'linfi'HN ; 5 i'.xi'Piit('il , . . ,28 Ki.h 
 
 Li'iil l)iilliTlir» ri'iMUt I'll nM,|v;iiiiiz,,ti,,ii",ir K'vi,! " 
 I'lil'li"'"''' JO M,rri4i, 
 
 O'lmtitiitii'ii fiiKiii'd I,y llii. klicillvi', 30 April ■ i,r,,. 
 miilniit.'il . •,•,,■ • . . I'.M.iv. „ 
 
 U.iit.-Ki'ii.,\llMiiiiv|.Iiii(,illiyp.||. F.C. Sli.pli,.|,si',i, 
 
 Muji'i Kvi'lyii lliii-iii^'iinminiit,',! r,.si,li.|i( , y\,,\.' " j 
 Sillcimaii Siiiiii riiiivii:tu,l iil llii. liiinj., inassiKTi'' " | 
 anil |iliiiiili'i-iii|,' lit .Mi'Viiiiiiii., ,,, ,|||||,,_ jgj^j' 
 
 liaiiCi'il o.i'iiiii;' 
 
 r.mitlv inipi-i'Vi'il 1 Iitii.ii ntUi,. (.|iiim|i-v .lim,.' 
 
 TiiiM'X-klinlivi' Niiiiiil ill l.iiiiiliiii . . 'j8 ,(11111.' " 
 l>iirliiiiiii'iit)iiy Ki;iiit« III li,i-,| Ali'i'.sdT (.Si.mii,,ii|.i' 
 25,000/., Ii,r,l W,ilsi.|i'y, 10, (nn,/. . '.,.111111.' 
 Eriii'ii'iiiil i-li"lii:i (s,.,. (7ii,/i,,i) . _ _ ' " 
 Drlr -li fm-,'r riilni',',1 t,, 6,7r,{ , . , An.-' " 
 CoUli, il "I'stlltr llulllillilti.il . . . 24 I«i.pt.' " 
 
 Tlii'klii'ilivcKiaiiliii P'Mi'riil aiiiiii.slv , iil„',iit',u((!.f' " 
 .N'i.wn,|ini'iliir.sl:iti',,|„'iii',l In ('liiTiri'MNh.i oOii " 
 De|i.nrtiiri' of jiiiit nt llii Hi'ilisli ir,„,|,s ,'.'niii,.il " 
 hiuihIkI ,,ii .ui'iiiiiit ,,r tlir lii'siimiiun ,1 ^,|.„ 
 lli,'k.«'nriii.\ (si'i! .'>(,iii'"ii) .... .\,iv' 
 Till' klii',livi' piiipnsi'S ri'iliii'tiiiii nf his i-iiun r\'. " 
 
 Til,' lirill.'.li unvi'iiiiiii'iit iv,|iiii'i. 11 riiiiiiitiiHi III' t|„'. ■* 
 lii],'iil',|i'r,'iii'i' ill ri'^iinl 1,1 till. s,,u,l;iii 6. Ian 
 
 Clii'iir I'.isliii ;iM,l liiN iiiiiii.slry ri'siKii : .Viili.ir rii.slin " 
 (an Aniiiiiiiiii clirislian) lii'i'iiim's iiiiiiisii'i-, 
 
 ill t7''.HIl. ,, 
 
 Loan iif 95o,c 00/. t,, tlii' klii'ilivi' In .Mrsscs. |{,itli- 
 siliild ' . ■,•■•' »l'"nl,io.liiii. „ 
 
 Di.simli'riii till' Knvi'iiiiiii.nl iiml liiimu'i's i(.|„iiti.,|, 
 
 British army: tiitiil killi'il. 355;,7iily 18821!. .Miu'lli'' " 
 Ri'sii;iiiitiiiii "I Xuliui' l'ii.«liii ill iipi iisitimi 1,, .Mr' " 
 
 Clilloril l.lnyil, t, .\|,ril ; l„,|li r, main n, ,,||i,,,.'^ 
 
 II April, ,, 
 Clia„s,itniiiii; MiKvi'lyii llariiif,' ,11111, 's In |.,,ii,i,,ii 
 Cunliri'iiii' lit III,. p,i\i,'is, ri',sp,','iiii;,r K;.'V|,liaii " 
 
 liiiaiicr pii,p,,»i'il hy Kiiniaiiil airi'pii'il i"v <:''i. 
 
 many, AiLslria, Hiissia, Italy, l-'raiii',., and 'I'lirkrv 
 
 -■^I'l.v.' „ 
 Xeetl of I,, an nl 3,ooo.(kio/. tn 111, 'i-t .si'xt'i-nl vi.'ii'.s" 
 (lolirits, iiiilc'iiiiiilii'iiliiiii liir ilama.ji's al aIi'x- 
 anilria I i.q5().«x)/ ), livil 1111,1 S,iii,|aii wai' rx- 
 
 „1"'"*''''<.'^'' .Mav 
 
 Pn,|„isi',l i,laxali,,ii 1,1 thr inh'iiiatiiiiial law I, I' " 
 
 li'|iiiilii!i"n M,,,. 
 
 Vr. Cliir.'i',! I.Iiiy.l li'iiM's . . .Mii\ iiml ,|,„„.' " 
 Si'li'rt I'l.iMiiiilt,',' liy ,'\aiiiiiiali,iii ilisi'iivi'is .si'iiniLs " 
 ili'lW'ls 111 Ihi' I'lMiiiiiissaiiai ami liaiisjuiri sv-ili'iiis 
 (luriii};!!,,' war ot 1S.S2. aiiii,,iim'i',| . ' .lim,.' { 
 
 <^"'il<'l'' f six J-'Iral P"W,rs ,,11 K^.yjiti,,,,',,,,,,,,.,; " I 
 
 iii,','t.s (s,'|. /.,„„;.„. r,,„/,,','„,.es) . ,2S,Jiim,, „ 
 Ci,iil,'rciii'i.a,l.ii>Mriis, willmiit rcMiilt, xinr ilir, 2 Aiij; I 
 
 Cr.'.rt r,.i yjtj.vudl. Mitfil tn a.s.sist Hi'U. (';,,i',1iim' " ! 
 
 hM»|».|inlnii „r Hip liilimmtloniil law nf lli|iil,|iitloii 
 
 111 ri'wiiil t" lim HlnldiiK fniMJ, fr ,« s,.i,t, tn 
 
 ?5 ••'■t. .Ii'm'i'il.wltl si'tit iiflni'il N,.|||,(ii',ii,l( 
 
 rrani'i', (l.'iiiiaiiy. Austria. I'ii».,|n, ami Ita'lV iiml '^^* 
 
 1 ''■?'•, V'"'.'!''-'' " ''•'""'■"'"'*■ "'''llii""'''' ■tli't. „ 
 l.nnl .liiliii |l„y ami t|„, n,,,,, ,||,|.|,.,, ,,, ,\||.x,ini|i.l,i, 
 
 l':;;>plian anny i'|.,|ii,.,.i| |„ ,,„o m,,,,, a,,,,''},;,'.,',',!! " 
 
 l,nr.lN,a(l,l,,',i,,kli.av,.HK«ypt . . iVitl] l] 
 Ari'lvfn 111 I,,, 11,1,11, . . ' _y^,^. " 
 
 llritiHlil„r,','i„KKy|itanilS laii.iilinut lAaxiinrn; " 
 
 •^''Ji',"i "'■ Il ''«'«'• (i','iiiiiii4.«|,.iO nf till, pi'ilil'lr " 
 
 di'lit iiKaiiLsi tim K-yp(i,iii ;/,.v,'niiiii nl r,,r sii,. 
 liiMiMlim nt till. Mink ■iijr I'liml ; H,. i.,iint i'„ml,.,„MH 
 iv ;.■ P'riiiiil, 9 |),.|.. , iim klmiliv ai.pi'alH |),.|.. 
 
 i.ii'iil ni ,.r,,M'iiii.|its ill icriKiitiiin, I lii,'i,.,| |,v ' 
 
 ,,'■"■ «'■"•! .Mi.mTiwr 'igg , 
 
 Hc'ply 111 Kmiici' anil nfln.r p.iwiM-s tn tlii' lliiilsli ^ 
 
 prnpiwalH I'LHj,,','!!,,^, Ill,, nna ,1 ,.„,i,||t, 
 
 l-.Kyjil, 17 .Ian. ; Kiiiilisli I'l.plv . , ,88, 
 
 run,',. lla»«aii.l,r,,tI„.ronii,.-kli..illvi.. ^ 
 
 liiKh I'liiiiiniHsi r in Ih' ,s Ian n\„„ 
 
 i:;:yptiiin llnamial silii.im ; ,.i,iiv, ntinn a ,. m 
 h.v 111,. I'liwrr^ siijncil, ,8 MiutIi |ivilimti.,n of 
 inii'i'i'st 1,11 ,|,.i,t, |,„|,| ,,| Q,,HTn^t,uo;. nil inter- 
 ii'ilniiiiil Kiiaraiitw, &,:\; ,„|„pt,.il hv Mm Cinii. 
 liini.s oil .Mr. Olii,lKti.im« ri'snliition (204-246), 
 
 "'•"• <\'-<'M\ -ii-n Is sir K. w,ii,'r'nV'';.i;'„',': •' 
 
 niai'.h'r hi.i'liii'C . . . „t,i„„ , April. „ 
 /.,</./i,„.' hni/i.t,,,,. a (aii',i iii'W»piipi'r, siippri'ssi'il 
 hy ili'i'i'i'i'. 29 I'Vh. ,884; carrii'il inln I'lli.'i, f,,r 
 piililii'ali,,ii nf a prni'laiiialinn ,.r tlii' .MmllM nn 
 g April ,883; 111,. K,',.i„.|, ;r,,vi'niiiii'i,l niudi 
 iiHi'iifli'il hy till' niaiim'rof sii],pr..ssi,,ii ; lli,.,lis. 
 
 ptiti' si.ttli'il hy Dijiisli liilirM mi ai uncnl 
 
 -■_■: April, 18S5; jiapi'r ri'iippiars, -2,, .Mav, 188;; 
 
 .•^t,,pp|.il * , ^,,,1 
 
 ' Mir K. (Sti-plinisnii, rnniiiMimh'r-iiiii'liii.f i,f ftri'iisli " 
 
 i/'"i"w..i..'i'ii'y;,rriv;'siii'i.i„i;i,i„ • . • ,'5;!i;l-y' •• 
 
 .raynmnl ,.riml,.|iinity lieKins , ,i, \tZ' " 
 
 li'N'^'iaiili syHli'in |V",.|| f,,,,,, Kast.'rii I'lanpaiivl " 
 
 llii;'"t;li.Mr. Kliiyi.r. . . ahmit 12 S,.pt. 
 Inrkish (.,,iivi.iiti,,n willi sir 11. |i. \V,,1II ,11, 
 
 Iwplian alliiirs; ,1, pui'tiiic of ili,. Hiitish ,1,.. 
 
 h'rri'il till thi'ir w,,ik h,. m'canplisln'.l, ^i^.n|'ll 
 
 .Sir II. |i. W.ilM arrives at rain. ,.11 I'liniinissinn " 
 
 "'ri'' r,"",'.'."'o.'^'' ''^' (il'i'zi-Miiklitar Paslia ami sir " 
 
 11. I*. Wfilll, ..... Vnv 
 
 Hntisli f,,i',.|.s ill Knypt, excliisivi' oV Iiii'liaiis'ami " 
 
 I'.Kyplians, 14,1x10 .... , |,,.,, 
 
 Miikhliir arrives at Cair ' 17 Jie,.' " 
 
 liiinieiis,. inerease in postal ei.inninni'i.atii.ii.s'. . Jasi^'s 
 .Micii'iit ii,('r,,p,.lis ilisei.vereil at Assniian by 
 
 Ki'iii'ial (.ii'iiii'll ,,,,,- 
 
 lllseoveivnfpetri.lellln at .Ii'liel Zeit on tlm Iteil 
 
 N'li, .Marcli; piiiliahle suecess leportiil ahoiit 
 
 ■ .■iinail I'aslia elainis 5,ooo,cxx./. arrears of''ani'i'i'i'ai " 
 
 payments for suriemlereil ...stales . . .i,,,,,, 
 lliekli.'.live s two sons preseiiteil 10 til,' i|ii,.,'ii at " 
 
 li.',liN'ti,,iioftlmHr'itisli'armylii.(;'iiis ' . "'.lan'iSS, 
 lMii.ri,v,.|m.ii| in the .state of the eonntry ,,■ 'te'i ^ 
 
 Xi'iitralisatioii of K-yp( ami ilefeiiee of tli.' .iii.'.'z " 
 eaiia iiri.po.si'il t,, the snltaii hy sir II. Drinn.' 
 '"""" """' ('.'),; Keh. 
 
 An^'lo- Turkish 1 vi'iitioii I'l'spi'elin.' K.'viil si.ni,.,! 
 
 •It <',,iistaiitiiiople: (Hritisli lr,„,ps l„ h-an. i„ 
 live years; Turkish troops I,, mlervene „r 
 llntish tori'tui'ii ; .Suez canal I,. 1„. mnirahete ) 
 28 .Ma.y; latilieil hy ipiein Viet, ,ria. .lime : iio't 
 lalilu.il hy ihe Nnltaii; sir II. I). W,,||f leaves 
 ^"""'■"'fi""l'l'' is.Inlv, 
 
 Lonl Xdi'tlihrook, as Iii^jh I'oiiimissiom.r, ami loni " 
 Wi.lsiili.y as eoiiiiiiiinih'r-iii.,'liii.f, sail m Aii" 
 arrive lit Cairo . . . _ "\i tie n't 
 
 Smlilen ,|,.at!i of ^'eneral Valentin.^ |!,,k,.i i'asha' 
 a;;eil 62 ' ' 
 
 I Ma.jor ll,,iiii,'rapp,riiit,',i ,-,'iiiiiiaii,'h'r ,.| the Yli'it'isl'i 
 
 
 'SI-, - ' 
 
 I: . 
 
 
 
 ij^^~4%k 
 
 Isli 
 
 lail I'asha pei'inilteil to ivsiih' at ('on.siantiiioplT. 
 
 Dei . 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 2.5 
 
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 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
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 (716) 872-4503 
 
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 z 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 L1>' 
 
 
 \ 
 
 :\ 
 
 
 
 6^ 
 
 «.^ 
 

 I/. 
 
 \ 
 
 ;\ 
 
 
 6^ 
 
■H' 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 GiMiiTiiI |inis|u'rit.v c.f tln' cinintrv ; sim-ijMis in tljc 
 , I'Hili-ct ■ . ' _ j,„|^ 
 
 Til.- .•xcrhiliiiit cliiiins of tlii' I'x.klicilivc nii tin' 
 l-.K.vpliaM (.-nvi'ihiih-iit irdiiccil uimI lihri-iillv 
 
 -'■•'I''! I'y III'' iiillii.'iK { sir Kilpii- Viiii'cii't 
 
 :iii'l .Mr. .M;iii-i.i|i. i^.c, ||„. j,,,!^,,, ,.„iv,„.„t,. 
 HfiiiTiil ; li|. ri'ccivfs uK\ax>l. with nmcli laiiil 
 
 Di'iitli iif luiiK'c Uiissan . . . 22 Miircli 
 
 Mr. I,iiii|n.ri.]iniil,.ss I'laiiii fur .!,!ii<V (Ettvpliiiii) ini 
 i.ciiii.iii |„„„u Nii.l I,, |i„v,. been 'issiird at 
 klcartdiiiii. il'sai:i.\v.'.l .... J|av, 
 
 Niiliar I'asha clismissi'd ; Hiaz i'aislia ' siicirri'ls 
 (s,.,. >■„„,/„„) 8, hill.. 
 
 Ilii' laiss(Mli. la Diatcr^'i'ticral rnsiM-yc fiiini) fsta- 
 
 ^.''V-t'"' ,.. W'li 
 
 Mr I'.ilL'ar \ iiii.,.|its iircjpo.sal tu cinncrt tlii' E^'yp- 
 
 tiaii pri'ri.rfiiiM' i|..i,t ipf ^•.■,o:x> .xxV. at :; piT criit. 
 
 ly a li>aii at 4 jirr (.cut. imt accrpli.il liv tlii. 
 
 E'lviii-li j,".M.riiiiii'iit, iiiili'ss H liriii. he |ixi.<l fm 
 
 tlif i.vacii.ili..iMil K^-ypt hy the liritisli 
 
 t,. I- 1 .-. -^7 .III III', '■' ■<'■'/. 1 
 
 hir hilwir \iiii.|.iil rvsi;;^ tn,. iiilic f iiiiaii(.ial 
 
 a.hisMr ti. 111., klii'.livi', ji Aii^-. ; sik Inl liy 
 
 .Mr. Khviii l'aliii,.|'. ilirM'li.r-KiMici.-il nf accnuiits '. 
 
 •■^I'pt. 
 
 111.' pniirc ,.f Wiil.'s ami priiici. iii^y^,. irccjyi.il hy 
 tin; lilll'ililc .It (air.,, , N,,y. ; ri'\i..»- i it Hi,, 
 Hritish ali.l K-ypt i.iii ariiii.'s; llii. |,riiii'i' sll.l- 
 
 • li-iily tak.-.s th.. uiinl ..f thn Hritish ; iliiritr' 
 
 111.' Iliari'll past h.. siihlti'S till. Kln-iiiy,. . .\.,y • 
 l.'al.'sK-ypt ... . . ,x„v; 
 
 Mr. I'.iliiii.rs !iii,lL;i.t. surplus ty,.<n^l. iilti.r iv- 
 iliic.'.l t.ixaliiiii, atiii.iiiiiri..l. . . . 18 N'l.y. 
 
 Til.; IC.piat.irial pr..yiiii.,. l,,sl liy Ih" ri.|ii'viiM.|it .11 
 Kiiiiii I'asha, tlir..ii,:,'h Ih.' iniitiiiy cit his iillici'rs 
 
 .•\l...lili.,ii c,rf,„<...il l,-ili.,M|. (,•,„■,■.■■,-) (,f 111,, pi.asiiiitry 
 (l.'ll.ihci.?i).at,i\ pr.ip.jKi'ilt<jthi-i>ii(M;il .■i.ssi'ialily. 
 ■ s I ., hill pas.si..l ,^ I,,,;. 
 
 Nfji.itiali.iiis with l'iaiii.|.ri's]H,ctiti- thi' (•iiiiy..rs;,,i'i 
 s|.hi'iii.'(si.|. .hill.', iS.S.j). a^'.iiii tails . ,l,.,ii. 
 
 X.'W .■.iliilii,.|.. .-,1 tr.-.ity with Cii-al Hiitaili (si;;ii,.il 
 j,;()-t iS--.o)tV.,iu j,,||. 
 
 >atli,li,il a..c,,iiiits l.ir iS8q, .Irclaivil surplus 
 196,00.1'. ...... ,g .Pill 
 
 I'riiici; Alhrrt Viit.,r ..t W.il.'s yisils'th,- 'Kli.Hliv.'. 
 at Cairn, n.yii'ws th.. ariin, \-('. . y-is.Vpril 
 
 Til. l-'ri'iich t'..yi'riitiM.iit assi-nts t.i th.. (..iiiyi'isinii 
 • if till' pri'l,.n.ii..|. ili.ht. iin.liT Piiinlitiniis whi(.li 
 aiv ac.-.pii.,l l,y il„. K-ypli.iiis r,.p,,rt...l 7 May 
 
 Ihi' lirst si.tth.|ii..|il was ill,.i.ti.,l .it Paris liy 
 Ti,:,'raii.. p.islia. .Mr. KIwiii I'almi.r, an.l .M. lii- 
 
 li.it. Ji .May; th,' .issi'iit iit tl tlii.r},'ri'at pnw.'is 
 
 i.p.ii-I.'.l J .Inn... the l;lji.iliyi,'sih.crci. aiitliiiriziii" 
 til.. |..,liyi.|>ii.iii issiii.,l .... 7 .liiii^ 
 
 Mr. .liistici',S(.|itt's |il,.iii hirthr. ih.( tr.-ili/ati r 
 
 .jiistii-i' ami crMatiiiii nl' hical c.ir.rts. a.h.pt.'.l l.y 
 
 . 'Ii'i'i'''' ivp,,ri,.,l ,,liily 
 
 Aiiiii!:il im.i'tiii>:i,ftliM s.icii.ty (hiriiicl in i88SM"'r 
 the prcsi.ry,.|ti.iii .if tin. ni.innnn'tits .if annii.nt 
 
 „-'??'''V..''""''"" 9''iilv 
 
 Di'ath iif Unssnin H..y, s.m iif Ismail pashii, a^ri'.l 50 
 
 T, ■ . 27 July 
 
 llin .-■orv.i' tax r.ir iS,)o 111,1 p, li.. (■.,ll|.cti..| . 
 
 ,,. , , , ri'ii.irti'il 17 \\\j:. 
 
 Highly ray.>iii:il,li. rciiort nf th.^ ivsiilts nf Hritish 
 ici.upali.ili sine.' 1SS2 .... All','. 
 
 .Miicli n.'..ih..l jn.lirial ri.fdrnis rcciininii'nil..il hy Mr 
 .liistici. >;ci,tt, nf Biiiiihay, ,Iaii., i,pp.,.s,,.| 'hy a 
 ('..niinissiiin .^ yc\i. 1 
 
 Ki'tiirii of till, khp.liy.. frnm a sncn.ssriil liy,, w,.,.ks' 
 tiiiirOliirin^; which In' yjsiti'.l Wa.lv-llalfal ; Cairn 
 illitiniiiali'il , . . . ' , 3 |..,,|| 
 
 Di.sf'.ivcry iifthc yast tunih nf a lii^-h prirsl nt Aiii- 
 iiniii, W. of 'I'lii'lius, si'n nmli.r M 11 mmir-i 
 
 ,.. „ , „ , atiiinn 1 Fi'h. 
 
 Sir Kyi'lyii I!!iriii^' ri'c.nntni.n.ls t.i th.' kh.iliyi. th.' 
 ininiinati..n .>f .Mr. .Insticn .Sc.tt as pi.li,.ial a.l- 
 vis.T ami pr....i.l.iit nf a pnli.'i.il ...nnniitd'.' .,f 
 thr.M. (nil.. liali;in ,'in.l on,. K;,'yptian) f.ir th,' 
 stipnryisi.,n nt th,. l,„,.-i| trihiinalsi ah.ait 11 l-'i'li. 
 
 Th.. khcliyi' assi.fts ; .itlicially atiinintici.il 16 Ki'h. 
 
 H.-yi'iiiii' ri'tnrns f.,r 180 ,. almut tii,j=o,.vxy.. siii.l tn 
 ii.. tliH l,.iri;..st (.y.r i.'.'..|y...l . . "i3 Ki,h 
 
 Th.'.iil(llclal t'lniii;;i's .lisappiiivi'.l hy Kriiiir... al t 
 
 20 Fnh. 
 
 362 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 iSSS 
 
 IE-S.J 
 
 18S9 
 
 iSgt. 
 
 Ciimit d'AnhlKny, tlio Krcncli niuiisti'r, r ..,,ii...i 
 . ami il]st;ran.'.l, Icayrs , . , \| ' '■ 
 
 i '^■«iKiialii.n.ifl{ii»zi,aslia,th.'pri'ini.T', foiilhli'..,.,!,',; 
 
 N.'W miiiistry ,,n.h.rMnslaplia pasha K..l,,in'iin!i;- 
 
 rlinr nl till, khriliyr iin.|.,.isi..l) ', \ 
 
 Sir Cnliii Mnncrh'tl r,.p„rts tlni hnn.lirial 'ruM,':,, I', 
 
 ''i"i,Psl''",'l ""'"'""'""'"'■'* '" ii-riw'itinii, 5 .Maul, • 
 Tim kli...liy,.'.s pala'iv, th.. Ah.lin, ;;r..,itiy ininiv.'i",'' ! 
 
 lliHr'hi.'ri' ''■ ""'"'''''^'' 'i""iwtli.ilik...| f.,r 
 (Irral in..,vas.. in tin'' cnips nf '(...(l.m an.'' -ivn'',?' 
 
 an.l III railway r,...,.ipVs ; laiK.. surplus r..i.i,i„?; 
 
 prnp.is.'.l r...liictinii nf t.ixali.iii . rn.l ,,t \',„ ' 
 
 "i;l;l;;:;i„;!r': ■ ""■ '^' '"''"»•'"< ^ -fi~ 
 
 Mis .■l.l..,st .s..n, Ahhiis, r..,..,Knis,.,l hy h,',, J,,,,:":' ' 
 8, Ian. ; stat..r,.,.,.p|i.,nat Lain. .' . ,6.1 ' 
 
 H.'.lnc.tinii nt thf salt t;ix, 40 p.'r ..|.|it., nr.h.r,.,[ 
 
 ..., Ill- , , ah.. lit ;.!■: ,f,.,||' 
 
 111., klmiliy,. iip,.in..l th,. - ral a.ss,.|iil,ly „iil, .', 
 
 ilirrrliil spc'ch . . '1 
 
 Arrival nf Ahni.'.l K.y, .1, pasha 'at c'air.i wi'il,' n'; 
 sultan s tiriiiaii l.ir th.' iny, stitnr.. nf th,, li„.,i, ' 
 4 April; th.' r,.;i.liii- .l..|ay,.,l Ihrnn^-h ,„.'„,"., 
 (•liaii,^-|.sri.l,itiii-t...Mniiiit .'<iliai. whii-h.-uvMiii.,, 
 
 satlstiictniily tliiiin^-h Hritish iiillu,. n,,. .' 
 
 man rrinl in piihlii. ... ' , ..' 
 
 N.'w railway hri.l-,. ny,.r th,. Nil.., .;i,,.n...l hv , ,', ' 
 
 khi'.liv,' -' \ • ■ 
 
 .Instil'.. .S|..,tt's ,jn.li|.ial r..f,,riiis, r..|,.,r|,.,|' ,,,',':'. ' 
 
 sn..(..sslni .... 2. Ml 
 
 >ir Kyilyn Hariii^' cirati'il a 1 r (l'i..|r.,ii' (•i.,n,",.i)''- ' 
 
 Hii.l.^'i'l Inr i8gj, I'stimatcil r.'y..iiin., i,i2f,7,o/.' ' 
 
 siir|,liis. 472,000/ '', .Viv' 
 
 Th.. kli..(liyi. sinhliiily .l)siiiiss,.s the ii'irMii.i' ■ 
 ^ Miistapha r.isha I'l'limv ,.in.l his |.,,lh.a-ii..< ,1,,,' 
 pnrt.is ,,t th,. Kn.-lish r..h,ii,is. „ii.l m,mi'„at,.,; 
 I'akhri I'asha ami nthi'is. ami. r..|,,ini,.|s ,- p,,, , 
 I..11.I ('rniii..r. hir ih,. Hritish ;.'ny..inm'..iiV 'i,r,V 
 li'sts. ,7 .Ian. ; tin' Kh,..liyi. ,.xj,ri.ss,.s r,..'n.t 
 an.l prn|Hi»..s tli« app.iintnii.nt uf Hi.'i/ Ivi,.', 
 ami nllmrs. \yhich is aia'rpti'.l hy l„r.l Cnmm, 
 
 I'npniar a-it.'itinn, 22 ,Ian. ; the British ariiiv".','f " 
 
 ni'cniiatinn (.■ihiint 3.,>)oiimli'rniaj„r n W iI'k \ 
 
 incr..,'is,.,l; , .ml, if the crisis . '. . 27 .Inl 
 
 ■|hi' khi'iliyi. .ip..|is 1hi. railway i'xt..|isinii (ndirxW, " 
 
 Hii.l.'t: surplus. -SS.oW. ; tax:ilinii -ivatlv rr ' 
 
 .ln....il nn.h.r llrilish man,i;;..|m.ii|, almiit i .'l.VI, 
 .\ l-'ivnch s.pia.lri.n arriys al Alcxamlria'; t'l.' ' 
 
 a.liniral ri.i.|.iyi..l hy thckhiNliyi. T;\i,ri| 
 
 'Ih.. klicilivr yisils till, sultan .-it Constant ninnl... 
 
 ['.'('.•ivc's li.inniirs . . . 1,,,- I'liy' 
 
 Hii.lp't surplus. 74..,,,«,/., fmth.'r rcliir'ti.,'!, .'.f ' 
 
 '•■i^iiti"" I,,,,, 
 
 rh.'khi..|iy,. .,p,.ns th.. st..aiii t lamway c'(iiiii..ctiir. " 
 ^ Nm.iilia ami I'.irt .Said (^o mil, s) . ., d^^ 
 I 111' khi'iliyc rcyi.'wsthi'trnijiisat Waily Haifa., Vc ! 
 
 ir.- i;etrncts his misnrcs on th.. troops "i.m.i.t "'" 
 Hrili.sli oflu-i'fs, dm'laivs his hi-h appruvil 
 and disiiiissi's Mah.-r I'asha, war niiiiist,.|' 
 
 Ci'ii. Kitolii.nora d Mr. .Lilin (.iusticc) ,s,.ntt nia.'l''. " 
 l^.'-.M.); ,,.^1, 
 
 ll.'si-iiati.in nf liiaz Pasha; new ministry f.,nii,;i ' 
 hyNiihar Pasha . . . ,4--,f, April, „ 
 
 Ih.. Inst natiniial cxhihition of art ami imlusiry 
 al Ah.xan.lri.'i, opi'iicl hy tin- khiHliy,. .... u„-ii 
 
 A strik.' .If c.ial |inrt.'rs at Port Sai.l, 21 Mav' " 
 I'l'"*''!! -6 May 
 
 Tin. cnnstriu'tinn of a Nih' icsHryoir at Ass.Miaii' " 
 nr.lcr.'.l hy th.. kh.'iliy.. ami his cnim.il j.lii,,,.: 
 sir H.'ii.iaiiiin Hakcr app.iiiit.'il fi'i'liiiical .i.lvisi.r' 
 
 T.inr of tlm khcliya; Niihar Pasha aiip..iii't!M iri " 
 
 ,,,,^'''' , ', . * 21 .liai.'. ,. 
 
 Ih.- khclu-i' arnyi's at Cnnstantinnph', 25 .liiia.- 
 li'iiinnrcl hy tin- sultan, .Inly ; yisits Italy iin.l 
 Swit/.-rlaml, .Inly ; al th.. H.-il'ii.. . s Vir- 
 
 n.'ath .if pr.if. Hcinrich Karl Hrnnsoh I'aslJi 
 hL.'y|.lnlnL-;st ; h.,rn iS.., ; ,||„| , ^ ,^ ^ . 
 
 Iiiilinrlaiit ri.pirms in the civil a.liiiinistrati.in in. 
 tr.i.liicc.1 hy l.ir,l Crnincr; Sir. J. I. (i,l|^it 
 inltiienUiil uilvi.sur .... iSon 
 
 (ipii. sir n. 11. Kltclii-i 
 
 a tour of iiispcclifui ; 
 (iinrriiiiii'nt accoiiiilsf. 
 
 ,.\p.'ii,liliirc, 9,756,LK, 
 liiln(,'iii'S aj;aiiist the 
 
 ^riKiiis ilisorilcrs al j 
 C.jiitracl of iiiarriiiK.. \ 
 
 til.! khtnliyc 
 A.liTr.'.' creating a s| 
 
 .ill. 'lie. 's aKainsl th.' I 
 Full of 25 pi'i' I'l'i'l. ill t 
 
 ,yi' 
 
 A^'n.i'iM.'iil \yitli till' 
 
 Tin' kliiHliv.' ri'vi.-ws 
 Cair.) . 
 
 M. llippolytc P.-rchi'r 
 i'liiriialist ill K>;ypt 
 ii.'iit uf l.ir.l Cromi'r I! 
 kill.'.l in a .lii.'l ni'.'ii 
 wtiMiii 111- lia.l attack. - 
 
 |i.-iitli lit Ismail P.'isha 
 ii.i|,l.-. 2 .March ; slat. 
 
 .■-^latia li.'y. an Anstriai 
 .Mali.li, I'scapi's ; \vart 
 jiiisiia 
 
 Vi>il .il til.' Mi'ililcrni 
 .>licliai'l (;ulmi--.Si'yni. 
 r..fi']\.'.l, 26 -May : i 
 27 .May ; hampn I ^;iv. 
 
 .All Kuyptian c.immittci 
 llrilish I'yaciialion a 
 ail iiali.ins ; |iii'sid. 
 .M. Ii.'lniich' an ai-iivi' 
 
 II,'>i:jMiilioii of .Viihar p 
 l.iiiiii'r; Miisla]ih.'i f 
 llrilish, a]ipniiit.'.l pr 
 niitiislcr .jf tin- iiit.'i 1. 
 
 A iii'w Aii^'lo-|.;j,'ypliai 
 
 .siiiicliuiii'.l hy the kh, 
 
 .Sc'C/,,. 
 
 o.-jifial iiiiprov.'im'iit a 
 \iiii'.-s r.-porti'.l h.y : 
 .liiii. 1897) . '. 
 
 Tli.'asm'liihly npi'lii'il hy 
 
 Om ,.niiiii'nl accnnnts pji 
 
 .■xpt'llililtirc, cj,48n.«x> 
 A.hata-t' uf q,tKK> Irnnps 
 
 irillii' Nil., tn lion-ol 
 
 ami n'Iii'\t' Kassala (s, 
 .Ml. .l.iliii Morlcy's yule 
 
 III. -Ill ill the cuiniiioii.s 
 
 Til.' rust of the Nile .': 
 I'liriii' hy till' caissc .1.. 
 hiii.l); opp.is.'d li,\' Pra 
 iii.Jii.'y paid 
 
 Til.- iiiixi-.l trihiinal t;H 
 I iiyplii'.ii Hoyi'iiiiiii'iit, 
 a;iiii'als ii;;ainst tin- .lee 
 aiiilria, 8 hiri'i;,'n .jmh 
 .inl.'i.'.l to 111- ri-fiin.h'( 
 niili iiiten-st, 6 lii-c. 
 Iliitisli parliami-nt, 5 1 
 
 (.'iiiiri'ssiuii for li;ihl iiiilv 
 I- ii;;lisli company 
 
 'I'll.- H.-il.i-l-iiial (niiliy.' c 
 ii'luriiis iiia.h' ; rcporti- 
 
 T..iir.inii.' kh.'.liyi' in N\ 
 I'l-liiiiy pasha appoint.'. 
 
 H.'Inrii of lor.l Crotm-r al 
 
 liii|i.iitaiit li'iial rehirms 
 
 Surplus rpvi'iine for 1S9O. 
 lli-m-a.seuf crim.' in iEq6 
 F.iiiiiiiiition stone of Hi 
 
 lai.l hy the klie.liy.' 
 M.-.liiN iires.'iite.l at Ca 
 
 iii.'ii of till' Donpila (-X| 
 tir i-'iitioisllreid'ell lakei 
 
 ijr.ji'Ciiiiiilion, Cairo 
 H.-r..rm of the iiatiye jien; 
 Ih.rli.-ultnral and atrrieu 
 
 liy the klie.liy,. at Cairo 
 Tlie Knyptimigoy.'rnment 
 
 * -"ftiHi ,.i.u 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 CPU. sir H. H. Kitcl or stints lur Wailv Haifa iiii 
 
 atourcif in»|H'ctii)ii; rciiorti'il . . " . i Kelp. 1895 
 (ii)\i'riiiuiMitacciJUntsf(jri8y4; ri>\('iiiHM(j,56j,a<>o/. ; 
 
 cxpt'ii'liturc, 9,756, '.K«j/. ; iiiiiitnihfi'fl . n, Kfli. ,, 
 liiliiK'ni's anaiiist tlir Xiiliar I'aslia iniiiistry ; 
 
 M'licMisilisiircliM's at Ali'xahiliia, a-hirli sir KiO>. ,, 
 Cuijlnicl ')f iiianiaKi' with Iklial Ilaiifin si-iii'.! Iiv 
 
 tlinkliwlivc ,g |,-,.|;, _^ 
 
 A.iirn'i' iTcatiiiK a s|M.cinl tnhniiiil to ili-al with 
 
 iillclici'S aKaiiisl the Ijrilisli issiii-i| . ;<.. ImMi. 
 Kail uf 25 per cent, in tin' valiii- nl ihc I'littcn crnp, 
 
 \f .'4 l-'i' 
 
 A-nviiii'lil with till- lihi'div aii.l Innl CniiiiiT 
 
 23 Im-I.. ,, 
 Till' liliiihvi' icvi.'us till' ai-iiry iit ni'cii|iatiiiii at 
 
 Cail'J 27 l-'i4). ,, 
 
 M. llipliiilyti' I'l'irliiT. iiIhi.i Harry Alls, Kivnrh 
 
 I iiiilist ill Kt;vpt ami Flaiirc ; a sharp uppu- 
 
 iiiMil utlnlil t'niiiMT and thr liiitisli iicciipatioii ; 
 
 killcl in a diii'l iii'ar Paris Py M. h' Chati'lii'i', 
 
 ttliciiii 111- hail attacki'il in thr /I. /„irv , Maicli, 
 
 liiiilli ill iMiiail I'asliii, I'X-klii'ilivi' at (.'nnstaiiti- 
 
 implr, 2 Maivli ; stall' I iiil at Cairo 1^ Malcli, ,, 
 
 Slatiii iii'y, an Austrian, iz yi'iirs prisiini'r cit tin' 
 Miili'li, I'scapiw ; warmly n'ccivcil atCaim ; niaili' 
 
 |ia-lia 19-ii March ,, 
 
 Vi>ii ut till' Mi'iliti'rraiii'an si|iiai|riiii, iinili'r sir 
 Mii'hai'l (;iiliiii'-.Si.yiiiiiiir tu Ah'xamlria. warnilv 
 iMi'i'iviil, 26 May; iiisp.'i-li'.l l,v ihi' klii'.livi', 
 2; .May ; liiiiii|iiil ;:ivi'n ny ihi' khi'ilivi' .8 May, „ 
 Ml Kj;vptiaii I'niiiniitti'i' lii'hl at I'aris, to i'IPtI thi- 
 lliilish I'viu'iiatiiiii mill uhlain I'ipial rii^hls tur 
 all iiatiniis ; ]iii'siili'iii, M. Di'lnns-.M.jiitaiiil ; 
 .M. Iii'liini'h' an aciixi' iiii'inlii'r . . ib.Jun-- 
 |!,sii;iiatioii "t .Nuliiir pasha, pri'inii'r anil ;,'ri'iit rr- 
 l.iiiiii'r; Mnstapha Ki'hniy pasha, frii'iiil tu thi' 
 Drilish, a|ipi'inti'il pri'siilnit iif tin' I'liiim-il ami 
 iiiiiiisti'r 111 thr iiiti'iiiir , . . .11 .\nv. ,. 
 A Mi'« Aii;ilii-l-;i,'yptiaii iiiiti-slavi'iy cinivi'iiliiin 
 >!ili('tiuln'il liy tilt' khi'iiivf . '. . .21 Nnv. 
 .Si'i' fhi'lnn, 1S95 :t Kill. 
 lir'Hi'iiil iiiipruvi'iiii'iit ami tram|iiillity m tin' pni- 
 liiici'S ri'pDiti'il liy sir Klwiii I'alnn'r (K.( Mi. 
 
 ■lall. 1697) u h'l'h. ,Sg5 
 
 Till- assi'iiilily iipi'iii'il liy till' khi'ilivi' . u. Ki'li. ., 
 
 (im.'iiiiiii'iitaeciinnlsliir 1S95: ri'vi'imi', io,,6£.c«io;. ; 
 
 I'Vlii'iiilituri', 9,48o,cKx)/. . . .if .Marrh, 
 
 .t.lvaiu'i' of q,ocx) truiips iinili'i- sir H. II. Ixitrlii'iii'i- 
 
 irithi' Mil' til l)iint;iila. In chi'ck tlii' ih'rvislii'S 
 
 ami ri'lii'M' Kassala (si'i' >v.ii(/,ui), 19 .March. 1' M'7. 
 
 .Ml. .liiliii Viirli'v's vote 111 c 'iisiirc iin the Hnvcrii- 
 
 lit ill till' coniiniins iii'^ativi'il, 288-145 
 
 20 .Maicli, „ 
 Till' cost (if the Nile i'X],i'.!itii)ii (^M.niil.) lo h,. 
 Iiiinii' liy the caissi' ilc la il.'lti' (Knyplian ri'scrvi' 
 liiiiil); uppiisi'il hyl-'rancr ami Hiissia, 20 March : 
 
 "'""'■.V l«i'' I April, .. 
 
 Till' iiiixi'il triliiinal j;ivi's ,jmlj;iiii-nt a-ainst the 
 I -yiitii'.n HDVeninienl, 8 .Iiiiie ; tl.e Kiivi'innii'iit 
 iripvals iiiiainsl the ih'cisioii to the ciiiirt iif Alex- 
 aiiilriii, 8 hirei-jn .imlnes, 17 Nov.; the iiioney 
 uiili'li'il to he relnmh'il to tll ' cai.sse ile la ilette, 
 uilli interest, 6 Iii'c. 189(1 jthe nioiiev voteil by 
 llntish parlianii'iil, 3 I-'eli. 1897I. 
 Cuiii'i'ssion for lij,'hl iiiilways(7o vrs.) Hriinti'il loan 
 
 tii^lish company . . . ' . .^j, .March, .. 
 
 Till' Hi'it-i'l-iiial (iiativi' conit) alinlisheil, ami other 
 nlnriiis iiiiiile ; repoiteil . . . 15 May. 
 
 T iittlie kheilive in Switzerlanil, Ac. ; .Miistapl'iii 
 
 Ki'liiiiy pasha appoiiiteil re;;ent . . 9 Aiik. ,, 
 Ili'tuni of loril Cromer ami sir K. I'alnier to Cairo 
 
 2! Sept. 
 liii|iiirtuiit lejpil ri'foniis ] iisseil liy the council 
 
 Siirphis roveinm for 1896, i,345,txxV. reporlcMVl'Vli'. is'97 
 lliiiiascol cniiie in 1696, repoiteil . . 25 l-'eli. 
 i'liniiilatiim slum' of the new ninsenin iit Cairii 
 
 3ti3 
 
 EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. 
 
 lai.l hv the khi'ilive 
 
 5 April 
 
 Mi'ilals iiri'seiiti'il at Cairo to Hiitish olliceis ami '. 
 
 iiii'ii of till' llon^iila expeilitioii . . I .Mav 
 i^ir i ■aiicistlrenl'ell takes coniniaml of the arii'iv " 
 
 uf"'.ciijiatiiiii, Cairii . . . . , 1 !,.{ 
 
 lii-lnllll of the unlive ]ienal coile . . 'l)ec' 
 
 lliiilii'ultiiral ami aurienltnral exhihiiioii opemii " 
 
 liy till' kheilive at Cairo . . 1 , ,liiii ,0,7 
 
 Till' Knyptiunt-'overiiiiient sells to the linn of Allen' 
 
 Ahler.son \- co. n stea rs,lloatinK ilock, .Vc.iit 
 
 Aiexaiiilriaaml.Siiez, for iv-.'.../. . ;o,laii. iBaa 
 
 (.ontraet (5 years) eonclmleil with Messi.s. .lohn 
 Airil ,V 10. lor the ciiiistrnelinn of ilanis across 
 the .Sileat A.ssnan ami A.ssnii, almiil .... feh , 
 
 (iraiits to thi';;overniiient fr llie yener-al reserve 
 
 luml of 9jj,o k;/. hir piiolie works . 1 .Mai'ch ,, 
 
 Heceipls, ii,or)2,^64/. ; expeliilil lire, 10,55^,237'., 
 
 tor .ycari'iiilin:.:, J, liec. ,897; . .March „ 
 
 limmlalion si of tire native palace of juslice at 
 
 ^.'•",'"J''i'l lyMaicli „ 
 
 Ml' .1. .Scott, .pnlieial uilviser, il.cor.ile.l liy ilm 
 
 kluillvc, on Iris ri'tir'eiiieiit . . . 17 April, 
 
 Kni;i.ivi;s on iiKni;i.iT,\iiv vkiiihi.vh 
 
 (nearly imlepeinlcrit). 
 
 1806. Meheinet All I'asha; alnlieatcil .Sept. 1848- (licti 
 
 2 AllK'. 1849. 
 1848. llilaliilil(ai|iipteilsori).Scpl. ; iliesyor ioNov.ig4S. 
 
 „ AM.as (Ins Sim), ,0 .Nov, ; ilies .4 .Jiilv, .S54. 
 1854. SaliKl.iotlici), i4,Jniv; ilies ,8 ,)all. ibl.;. 
 i8(.j. Isiii,'il(m'pl,i-w), i.s ,lan. (Iiiirn ,i Kec.'.Sjo) ; ile- 
 
 jiiiseil l.y the sultan at the ie.|nest of Knuhiml, 
 
 fraiiii' ami i.ther powers, jo .Inrie, 1879; ilicik 
 
 2 March, ,895. 
 1879. Meehimt lewlik. lioniXov., 185., irivestcil with tin- 
 
 slar o| Imlialiy tlie|.rinceof'\Vales, 25 Oil. 1875; 
 
 pioclainieil 20 .Iiiiie, inveslcil 14 All'-.; (lic'l 7 
 
 .Ian. 1S92. 
 1892. Ahhas Ililiiii. Iiorn 14 .Inly, 187^. 
 
 EGYPT EXPLOliATlOX FUND, rri- 
 
 ,1,'iiiiiti'il by .Mi.s, Anicliii Jl. Kil Aaid-, ami priiniotea 
 liy sir Ki'ii.siiius Wilson, hrst pn si. lent i^ilieil H Aiis. 
 1H,S4), and Mr. 1{. S. roolc, .seerciarv . iS.Si ; hoii, 
 secretary, l«()2 ; died « Icb , i.Si)^ 'I's objui't is 
 to i)riiiiiiiii. ('.xeiivinions in onlcr io I'lucidaU' the 
 iistor-y mill ar s of aiieu'iit l-.-ypt -., .d liililiial 
 liisloi\. .Miss I'.dwiinis. 11 leiirii.'d K'.;\ ptolofjist. 
 Iron, sccretiiry, died 15 April, |,S92. Sue li'i'niu'atliod 
 
 Pi'"I"'i'.v < iiiow 11 jiroli's-orsliiii of Ki;\ plolo.ry in 
 
 rnivci-.sity ('ollci;c, London. 
 
 .Mr. \V. .M. l-limleis I'etrie was the llrst K.lwanls pro- 
 lessor; lii-st lectiir-eeivcn, 14 .Ian. iPu,. 
 .M. I'.ilonaril .Vavillesexploralions li..^;an r,.lan. 188;. The 
 
 exeavalions i Iu"l.-il liv .M. .NumI e, 1^0,4 led ti> 
 
 many imii.iitanl iliseoviries, inclmlin- lin- 'site of 
 (.iishcii. Ml. W. M. I'. I'ctrie examine.l nmr'e than 
 iwciity silcs in 1884 5. ami iiiaile niiiaikalile .lis. 
 eii\vircs. .Some of the resnlls Were niveli to llrilisll 
 and lo|-cij,'n innseiims. .Makes disenverii's ineludiiijr 
 .Naiieratis, which was a llmirishinn <iie.-k com- 
 ineieial and mannlactiirin;,' cily, on Ih.' Caimpic arm 
 
 111 the .Nile, al I 55,, „.,■ and decline.l aller the 
 
 1 ersrari invasion and the f.nnilini; of Alexandria 
 332 H.c. Kxploiations carried on bv'.Mr. 1''. I.lewcllvn 
 (ii-illilhat Taiiis, i386; Mr-. I'elrii-Jin tin- iiiiiiinds".,f 
 
 ,1>'I-"|'''' h, ilrs(-ovcr-cd the reinains of " I'hnraoh'i 
 
 house in Tahparrhes," (588 ii.r. ; ./.,,„,,,(/, xliii., 8 u), 
 .May, 1886. 
 Mr. krriest A. tiardner i-eporti-d the resnlls ,,r his 
 exeavalions in Ihespriiie al Nam-ratis, and exhiliiteil 
 relies wilh slatiii-Hes, p..||i-ry, ,Ve., olnaiii.-d liom the 
 sites ot templi-s, eenicterii-s. &e., 6.liilv, i385. M. 
 .Navil.es explorations al tin- eilv of Onia and the 
 
 •'Mound ot the .Jews," ( tinned sprin- 1887. He 
 
 disc-overs the -ri-at temple ..I Mnhastis (about 11.1-. 
 
 1300), Klliriitc r lithii- (-oil s, s<-lilptllle, i;e 
 
 April-.! line 1887; resumes his rxiaval ions .Man-li, 1888! 
 I-.xhiirlion .,f K.-ypiian aiiti,|iiili,-s al the E-yptiaii 
 Hall, I'lccaddly ; by Mr-, l-'lindeis I'.-trii-, of hJA 
 excavations at Kayoiirn, ,lidv, 1888. 
 Ml-. I'etrie forces an eiilianei- into the sepuh-hralcharnbi-p 
 ol the iiyr-ainid of Am-m-mhat HI. al Ilawara, ,)an • 
 (•xhrbits the results ofliis (-xiilor-iitions, at the (Ixbii.l' 
 Mansions, London, miinimies, oniarm-nts, iiiipleineiils 
 (Vc, Sept. i839ir.Y'v. • 
 
 The archn-olotjical siirvev of Et;vpt iippi-oved bv 
 
 tliefjoverriment ; beeaii in . ' . ' ,c-gn 
 
 A iiioiio;;riiph oil the i-esults of .M. Naville s cxcavii'. '' 
 tiorisat linliastis irr 1887-g. was imlilished in the 
 " Memoirs " i.-.j, c- 
 
 1 1 , , , ■ , . • • * I 1 o. I Eg I 
 
 .Mr. I'elrie diseov.'i-s lraL,'nii'iits of a lost plav of 
 Kni-i, ides, of th,. I'liado of Plato and oilier 
 
 writ(-r-s, whieh have b |.nlilis|i,.,[ |,v |>i,,|,.ssor 
 
 .Mahally alter study bv hiniselt ami I'rot.-ssor 
 
 I » ' .^ 1 
 
 '•*♦ I 
 
 :/m 
 
 'K 
 
 U't 
 
 >; uv 
 
 pi -i 
 
 h 
 
 h^i 
 
 ■ mu 
 
 iwm 
 
 
 "1 
 
 .-mSmwaam^m 
 
 
 '1 
 
 
 Ih^^^I 
 
 
 iS' 
 
 
 m^ 
 
 nil 
 
 tmm 
 
 l^^^^^^^^^^l 
 
EGYPTIAN ERA. 
 
 364 
 
 m 
 
 ELDERS. 
 
 Saycn.mpiirtnil.Iiily, igyi. Mi-.Trtric h "Timi Yrai's' 
 DifiKiii^' ill K^'vi t, ifSi In i8iyi," ]iiilili>lici| . .May 1892 
 Jfi-. !•'. rctric I'xiiiliils ill l.niiiliin ii'sulls iil' In's 
 
 luti'striwari'lii's .... 17 Si'pt. ( let. „ 
 Inipiirtaiil, .lisr.iv.'rips hy ,M. iIm M(ii->:an in llic 
 
 lii'ick jiyraiiiicl nr Dalisiir ; ri'iiiiiti'ii . Marcli, 1S04 
 ■" Atlas. .r All, ■!. lit K->|.l,- pill. lislif.l . . .Inn,., ,, 
 JI. .\a\illi. r.'pi.rts tin' i,'siill .it his r,'i','lit lal„.n:s 
 nt 'I'iii,.i.i |..\iii,|i,|, ,v,-., 11, -ar tli.- sil,. (if .M,.ii.|.'s, 
 iiH'linliii^' (irci'k ami li.iiiian ii'iiiains, 14 I),',.. ; 
 
 'i.^'iiin 8. Inly, 1895 
 
 R, ■suits .if rriili'ss.ir Kliii.li'is l'i'ti'ii''s I'xpldiatiiins 
 (11 wi'i'ks in ib'(jj), .'vliiliitc'il ill UniviTsitv 
 Cdll.'-r, CmviT .s;t., .Inly, ,S(;4. At tlic in.viil 
 Horii'ty ill Kiliiil)iii-li lie i||.siTilii'.l tin' .lisi-iiv.TV 
 (3C1 mill's N. .if 'I'li.'li.'s, l.y I'xcavati.ins), .if aii 
 entir.'ly .lisliiu't raci' iif iiii'ii, wliicli pr.ilialily 
 exist.'.! iiIkhiI jCKo n... ; p.issilily .\iii.irili's ..V 
 l.ili.\ans. M.it iM'Lfr.i.'s ; liiiinan r.'iiiains f.nut.l in 
 till' ('(Mil. 'I. 'lies; n.i niiiiiinii.'s, wriliii;zs, ..r Iil.'t.i- 
 tjlyplis ; till' r.'lics iiii'ln.i.'il ^.m.! p.itt.TV, Hint 
 ami 111. 'till inii.l.'iii.'iils, ,vi'..i,- A|ii-il, 18.15; tivsli 
 (iisiiiv.'Mi's r.'piiit.'.l, .\pnl, i8i<() ; .'Xliil.it.iii at 
 til.' liiitisli iMiisciim, ,;iilv. if.Qf, ; aiMltlllT lit till' 
 juiiit wink lit Mr. l-lii..|.'ls I'l'trii' ami Mr. .1. K. 
 ■yuilii'll ; witli (ir.'i'k papvii.lisnivi'n'.l liv .M.'ssis. 
 <ir.'iil.'ll ami Hunt ; llii' •' l.n^'ia" iif our l.or.l, 
 amitlii'iil.iisl .M.s;. .ifl'li.icy.li.l.'s.iitoxyrlimluis, 
 
 I J .laii., i8, 10 March, 1897 
 EGYPTIAN' EISA, A-C 'I'lie old KRyptimi 
 year was identical witl. tin' rni of Xali.iiifissar, bc- 
 ginniii;,' 26 Im'Ii. 747 ii.c, and consisted of 5(15 diiya 
 only. It was icfVniiicd ^0 11. c, nt wliieli jieiiiid 
 the coniinenceini lit of llie yeiir liiid arrived, )>c 
 •contiiiiiiiUy i-ecedinjr to llic 20tli An^., which was 
 <letcriiiined to lie in fiitiiri' the tiist day of tlio year. 
 To reduce to the Cliiistian era, snlitract 746 .years 
 125 days. The I'aiii.ular ..r lieliiii'iil |ieriod of tlie 
 Egyptians and Kthi.ijii .11,. (14(1(1 years) liejian when 
 Sinus or the do;,' stai- eiiicri^ed from the ravs of the 
 sun, oil 20 July, 27^^ ti.c.i and extended" to 1325 
 B.C. 'I'liis veai- comprised 12 months of 30 diiys, 
 ■with 5 suiipleiiicniary davs. 
 
 EGYPTIAN HALL, rhcadilly, erected in 
 l8l2hy(r. V. Koliinsdii fur liiiUiM'k'.s natural history 
 collections, wlii.li weri' snlil in lHl(); since used foV 
 cxliiliitioiis, cdiicerts. kc. Sec UiiiUiii (IMtrii. 
 
 EHKEXllREFTS'l'EIX (Honour's hr.iad- 
 fltoiie), a stroll.;- I'riissiaii liirtress on the Hhine, 
 formerly liclnniied to the electors of Trc.es. It 
 vas often licsi<'}jed. It surrendered to the French 
 general Jourdain, 2.J .Ian. I7<)(). The fortilications 
 ivere destroyed on its evacuation, Fell, itioi, at 
 the jK'acc of Luneiillc. The works have been 
 restored since l.Sr4. 
 
 EIDER, a river scparatina; Sclileswij; from 
 Ilolstcin, waspKs.scd liyllc Austriansand I'russians, 
 4 Fell. iWq. /,V(/(r, I linDiin steamer, see ll'i-ir/.s, 
 1892. 
 
 EIDOGRAPII, see J'„„tn,/n,/j/<. 
 
 EIDOPHOXE, sec Addenda. 
 EIFFEL TOWER, see 7Vr/.v. 1880. Kc- 
 
 opened 31) .March, i.'^'i)(i. 
 
 EKillT II()U1!.S. Ill lHH().()-^ there was iiiu.h 
 apitati.'ii ain.ini; the wdikiii): cla.ss.'s in liritain and 
 on the ('(intinent, in fav.uir nf limit iiif;- I he wiirkiii),' 
 <]l»y td ei^ht li.iurs. I his was une df llic ulijects of 
 the ilciiiciistratioiis in May, l.S()(i-()2, see Ifdrl.-'ntii 
 Mill. 
 Tlie liictdii.'s aii.l simps act (an 8 lirs. w.akin;,' i|,iy 
 
 IV.r »..mcii), ),ass.'.l al .\l.ll...iiiin' . . '. ,So,, 
 
 Til.' Iiniitati..ii a.hipt.'.l l.v s.hm.' tra.l.'S in l-;ii;:laii.l ; 
 liy 111.' Ii.ii.khiiiil.'is ..f l,.iii.i..ii . . .N.iv. i.Sgi 
 
 <5rcat ctinnin lly.l.'|iaik t.i supp.irl llic iiidv.^- 
 
 "■'■"' I Ma\, ,8,,.. 
 
 The iiiar.|Uis .if Salisl.iirv .in.l .Mr. \, .1. |ja||,,i',r 
 rcc.'iv.' a .|.'|inlati.iii ..f u.irkin.'ii ; tlicv .l.'piv.'ai.' 
 JeXislali.i 11 as lacinalnr.' . . . ii.Mav, 
 
 Till) ni«lit lidiirs' s.vst .ippiiscl liv the D.irliin.i 
 
 "li '^ (ni'arly4i,t.vi), i.'j,.nt.'.l 26 [k t. iF-, . • „„ 
 
 apliriivi'd liy the aiinnal cdiiliTcMcc at hniiiii,,. 
 
 ham 
 
 .)ici 
 
 "■17 
 
 Th.. iiiiiii's(.'i;;ht In.nrs) liill rcj..ct.'.l hy (1,, ,,„,, 
 iiidns(L.72 i6.,), L'l March, if,,j.. ; -jml r.'a.liii'.', 
 
 Mr. W. Mather, M.I'.. ..f 11,.' Salf.„'l ii.niwd'u' ' 
 Kiivca lav.iiiralil.' i.'p..it ..1 tli.' ivsiiUs ..li ,,..,,' 
 trial dflhi. .,8 h. .Ills' w.'.'k . . ;,". M.ii'|.|i'" ~ 
 
 The a.l.ipti.iii ..ft I iL'lit h. nils' svstcm in m.h,,.,,! '' 
 
 till' ;;iiv.'riini. 'lit w.nks; r..|i.irt.'.| . M ir...,' 
 
 A r.'s.iluti.iii f.iraii cifiht li.nir.s' w. .rkiiiy .l.-iy p;\.„'.,i ' 
 liy the iiiti'malidiial inincrs' c.in^'r.'ss at' llrim 
 n .May, 189.4 ; a-aiii at Aix-la-Chap.'ll M,,' 
 
 Min.'r's ci-hi h.nirs liill, 25 April, with.l,;,,;,, '■ 
 All^'. i8g6 ; r.J.'ct.'.l .... - \|.,. 
 
 Ei^;lil hdiirs' .lay .l.'iiiaml.'.l liv I'li^in.'.'rs •' »;. 
 
 ■"'"■'■'■■* . . . . : ) July, .') ,;.,,. 
 
 EIGHTY CLUn. I'lstahlishcd i,, ,s-., .,"„: 
 
 l.S.So, to |ir,iiiiiite p.ililical cdu.atidii 111,1 ti, sii' j,,,' 
 
 liberal orf;ani.<al ion by .Mr. .Mb.'rt (Irev, Sirll,.,,,, 
 .lames, and bird Uieliard finisvi'imr.' \\y {;]„: 
 stone, president. 18,^7. The club ad.i;itc.|' I],',,',',' 
 J{ule. and 80 Liheial Unionists seceded, iS .\|,,v 
 
 i.Sor. '' 
 
 EIKOX BASILIKE ("the IVirtrailiir,. „f 
 His Sacred JIajesty in jiis Solitudes ami Ni,tf,.r. 
 ings"). a bdiik of devotion formerlv attrilauci to 
 kins Charles I., but now Kcncrallv lulicv,.,! t,, 
 have been written jiartially, if lui't v.h.iHv !„• 
 bishop Uaudcn. and iiossiblv'approvcd liv ibekin- 
 
 1 it was published in 1(148 9, and 44 Kiirffisli c,|i;i.,J,; 
 
 I and loinforeiL'n lanirinnrcs, printed in i(,4.)- ,„s j,[ 
 all up to the iireseiit time. Itv dircclioii 'nf th" 
 liarhanient, Milton published a reply intitj..,! 
 
 I "Iconoclastes,"' or Imaue-breaker. 
 
 EISENACH DECLARATION, sec Oo- 
 muiii/, 1859. 
 
 EISTEDDFOD, see ]t,.ni'<. 
 
 ELAM, see PtrKia. 
 
 EL ARISCH, Kff.vpt, captured by the Fivn.h 
 under lleyuier, 18 Feb, 17(^9. A cduv, iiti.m »■„, 
 signed hero between the yrand vizi.'r and Kl.lnr 
 f.ir the evacuation cf l':^'viit by the Freiii'li, 2.S Jm 
 l8cx). He beat the Turks at Hcliop.ilis mi 20 Mi.-- 
 and was assassinated on 14 June hillnwing. 
 
 ELBA, Isle of (on the coast of Tn- 
 taken bv admiral Nclsnn in 17<j(); butabii.,. . 
 1797. _ Elba was conferred upon Napolcaii (with 
 the title of emperor) on his reliii,|iiisliiii!; the 
 throne of France, 1; Ajiril, 1814. He s.'crctly mi- 
 barked hence witlialaint 12(X) men in b'red fciiirfai 
 on the ni-ht of 2S Feb. 1815, landed ic Proviii.,' 
 I _Mar,'h, and sddii aft.r rccdvcred the iniwn; mi' 
 FiiiiHY, 1815. Fdba was ■.•.'siiiiieil bv the ;;r;iii,| 
 duke df 'I'uscaiiy, July, 1815 ; was annexed tirs.ir- 
 dinia. l.8(>0, and inilii.lcd in llic kingilom of ItaU in 
 1870; population ill 1.S113 ab'iiit 24,(XX). 
 
 ELBE, North (lerman Lloyd Steaini'i-. nf 
 //'/■(■(■/■.«, 30 January, 1895. 
 
 ELCHINGEN, Havaria. Here Xcy brat llic 
 Austrians, 14 Uci. i.Sii;;, and was made diiku .f 
 Elchintten. 
 
 ELCIIO SHIELD, see under Vo/iiiitrnx 
 
 ELDERS (iu (Jreek, //ir.^'iii/<;-(,i), in the carlt 
 eliurch eiiiiivalent with cj/iini/Kii, or liislmps (sw 
 1 yV//(. iii. and Ti/iisi.), wli.i afteraards liccniic a 
 distinct and Kiiperi.ir nrilcr. Klders in tdc pr.'-'''V. 
 tcrian churches are laymen. 
 /•,'/./i7'.<' ir;./..!/',' y'l.H.;, .slalilish.'.l l.y thcKan lii.lia I'.im- 
 
 paiiy, ill 1820, ti) j.r.ivi.lc fur widinvs uii.l nriiliuiis.f 
 
 ELECTOR PAL 
 
ELDOX'S ACT. 
 
 3(io 
 
 ELECTRICITY. 
 
 sniiieiif its .si'vviuits. WHS I'lnsi'il in i86i). In 1878 iiii 
 
 art W'iS |i;issril til tlalisl'i'l' till- .Slll'[illts Illiint'y tti ttir 
 |.li,viiliMlt fllllil, iVr. 
 
 ELD(.)N'.S AC'J', ><M' n„i,l;nii,l.'< 
 
 ELDORADO (ilir'MJildcl .\liiii-). Wlu'ii 
 till SpMiiiuiils liiiil c.iiiiiiii'i-ril Mi'xifo mill IVni, ; 
 llii'V lii'iiaii til liiiik I'lif iii'H .-iiiiin rs iif wrallli, imii - 
 Itiv'inij liciiril iif a u'"lili'ii I'itv iiiliil liy 11 Uiii^ iir 
 iiriisl, siiii'liri'il ill nil :iiiil Mllril in yolil iliist (wliirli 
 npuit «iis liiiiiiili'il nil :i iiK rrly mniiiiil ciistinii in 
 ihc Iiiiliiiiis), tlii'v nrjiMiuMil Viiriiins I'xiii'ditinns 
 iiitii till' iiitrrinr nC Sniilli Aiiirrii'a, wliiih wne 
 affiilillKiliii'il "i'li ili'*M>tiTs 1111(1 I riiiii's, iibiiiit 15(10. 
 Kiiiciidi'^ r.xiirilitliiiis ill siiifcli uf giild in ijijO uiiil 
 iui;lnl til liis lull. ; 
 
 ELEASA, I'iili'stiiir. Iliir .luil.is Macciitiiiiiis ' 
 WHS ili'ltMli'il mill slain liy liini'liiilcs uiul Alciiiius, 1 
 ,111(1 the .Syrian!-', aliiiiit lOi ii.c. (1 Mucc. i.\.) I 
 
 ELEATIC SECT, fminili'il at Eli'ii in Sicily, 
 by Xi'lioplialii"*, lit' (,'iilii|ili(iii, about 535 H.C., • 
 M'liitlii'i' 111' liiiii '"'t'li li.iiii-^lii'd im account of liis 1 
 wild thi'nry of (-iod and iialiiii'. He supposed that [ 
 the stars wi'i'i' i'\tiii:;iii>lii'(l cvi'iy nioniing and [ 
 rekiiiilli'il at iiif^lit; lliat crlipsrs were occasioned 
 by 11 pirtial extinction of the sun ; tliat there were 
 scvi'i'al suns and iimons for the convenience of the i 
 (liil'ircnt climates of the earth, i!ci'. iilrabo. Zeno 
 (uboiit .5()4) was an Elcatic j 
 
 ELECTIONS PETITIONS. Tlie laws 
 
 rfsiiectini; tlieiii were consolidated in 1828, 1839, 
 and 1844. \n act passed in 1.S48 was amended in 
 1865. IJy the act iif l8()8, 3 new jiuljfes wen; ap- 
 foiiited, .iiid three to he si'h'dcd fniiii all the judges 
 to try elect ion cases; justices Willi's and Itlackhiirn, 
 and hitron Martin were lirst apiiointed, Nov. 1868. 
 
 ELECTOR PAL.'VTIXE, see Palatinate. 
 
 ELECTORS for nieinhcrs of jiarliament for 
 counties were ohlincd to have forty shillings n-year 
 inliiiul, 8 Hen. VI. r^2i). Among the acts relating 
 to I'k'ptors are the following : Election Act for the 
 City of London passed 1724; .Vet depriving excise 
 and I'ustiim-house ollieers and eoutractors witti 
 ^'ovi'i'iimi'iit of Ihcirvotcs, 1782; see 6'h.S'/w«),v. Act to 
 ri'j.'ulatc polling, 1.S28. (ireut chaii^'cs were made 
 by the Rtfiirm Ads „i 1832, 18(17, l8()8, and 1,885. 
 County elections act, 183(1; see ISriheri/. The 
 forty-shilling freeholders in IiehinU lost their 
 privilege in l82<). Hy Dodson's act, pa.sscd in 
 1861, university elictors are ■.lennittcd to vote 
 by scniliug hallotiiu: papers. Hours of polling in 
 iiii'li'opolitati lioroiighs extended (from 8 .\..M, to 
 Sl'.M.) by act passed 23 Feb. 1878. \ 
 
 .Mr. Sliuw l.ilV'vris I'liiial Voting (Aliolitimi) bill, 
 
 lasod (111 tlic iniiiciplc, ''inic man, one vote." re- ! 
 
 ji'Ctoil liy till iiiiiiiiiis (.'4!-i96) . . 18 -May, 18921 
 
 Mr. Stiiiis'tVlils Klcetors' ynalilication and Hcgi's- 
 
 ti'atiiiii bill (removing certain vexatious clauses), | 
 
 ri'iiil It .'iiil liiiie 25 Miiy ,, 
 
 ELECTORS OK OkHM.VXY. In the reign of 
 
 Couriid 1. king of liciiiiany (i)l2-<)l8), the dukes j 
 and I'liuiits. from being merely othcers, hecaine 1 
 i!i'aduiilly iiidepeiiilcnt of the sovereign, and sub- I 
 soqucntly elected biiii. In ()ir) they contirmed the j 
 nomin.itlon of Henry I. duke of Saxony by Conrad ! 
 lis his successor. In the 13th century seven ])rinees ' 
 (the iirchbishiips nf .\lciitz, Treves, and Cologne, I 
 the king <>( linlicniiii. the electors of Hrandenhiirg 
 and Suxiiiiy, and the elector I'alatiue), assumed j 
 llie exclusive privilege of noniinatiiig the em- j 
 pcror. Hu'ici-txiH. An eighth elector (liaviiria) was i 
 made in 1(148; and a ninth (Hanover) in i(k)2. | 
 The unmber was reduced to eight in 1777 (by the ; 
 
 elector palatine aciiuiriiig Bavaria) and incrcHsed 
 to ten at the peace of Luiievillc, in 18111 . On the 
 dissiiliition of the (ieniian eiupi'i'. the crown of 
 Austria was made hereditary, l8o4-l8i)(); see Uer- 
 
 DKUII/. 
 
 ELECTRIC CLOCK; sn; Ei,rtririi,,, i,S8(). 
 , ELECTR ICAL I'lXC i I .VEERS, see under 
 
 Ttlctjt'dj/lis. 
 
 ELECTRICITY, ti i the (ire-k Hvltroa, 
 
 elcctriiiii, amber, 'riieelecliiial properties of rubbed 
 amber are said to have been known to Tliales, (xx> 
 n.(,'. ; and I'liny, 70 ,\.i).;sce M-iiiHiti.Mii , KU-c- 
 frinil tr((ji>iiiiit.sUiii of' In I'll , |i. 32.S, and \i(i;iani. 
 
 Till' EUrlriii.nl til'sl lUllili^lii'il, i-'-ii, 
 
 "'I'lic Intclli'ctniil Hisi' ill Kici'tricity ; a lli>toiy," by 
 Dr. I'lirk Hi'iiiaiiiin, piililisln'il, 'iSi^^. " Kicclric 
 .Movcnicnl in .xir .iml Water," by I1111I Aniislroiig 
 inililislii'ii, .lunc, liig;. 
 
 Klcctiical iiieiisiircnicnts; tlii'liillo\viiigteriiis(al'tcr 
 great clcctriciiins) wcic luliipti il liy the cleclrical 
 congress at I'aris, ■j2 ^^cpl. I'li : ubiii, volt, 
 aiii|ii'ri', ciiiiloiiili, mill lor.nl. Iiii|iiirl:int rcsnlii- 
 tionswcrc passfil liyllu- iiiti-riiiitiniial riiiit'rvciice 
 on electrical uniis at I'aris (ilic "luiifjiv^s ulnn" 
 a^'ivi'iltii) Ai.ril-.May, 1884 
 
 ('a[iital punislinicnt by clcelri ily lulniiliil liv llie 
 slate of New Ymk . . . tVimi 1' .Ian. 1889 
 
 An electrical staniliinl cniiiinitti'i' (consistiiig of 
 
 lord Halcigli, sir Win. Tl smi ami otlicrs) 
 
 appiiintcil, lli'C. iBijo; it was n'eiiniiiii.ni||.il tluit 
 new ili'iioniinatioiis of stamlaiils lie niailc, anit 
 ili'terniined with rcleiciii'c til tbe eenliinctre, 
 grainine, and si'conil, nl' tin- llnaid nl riinle ; tlie 
 oliiii to li,' tlic stauiliiril III nsistancc ; tlic 
 ainpi'ie, the stanilaril ot elect liciil current; tlifi 
 volt, till' stamlaril of elcitiical pressure ; all 
 lii'ing sciinlilically detincil . . . jo l-'el). 1891 
 
 'I'lie ciiinniiltee's rejiort priiiti'il .\ng., i8i;i, siipple- 
 inentary rcpoi't . . ' . . -..g Nov. 1892 
 
 Joint parliamentary coinmittee on " Klwtrieal 
 Disliirhances," \iscoiiiit Cinss, cliairiiian .liiiic, 1893. 
 
 KUierniN.\i. mt siAiie Ki.Ki'rnieiTV. 
 
 Gilbert rci'orils that other limlies licsides aiiilxT 
 generate eleetiieity when nihlieil, and that all 
 snlistaiiccs lice lie attiacteil i6oo- 
 
 (itto Villi (liierii'kc ciiiistiiirtiil the tirst electric 
 lilachine (a kIiiI f slll|ilillr). alioiit , . 1647 
 
 Hiiylc piililished his clci'Ii'ii'id experiments . . 1676' 
 
 Htcphen dray, aidcil liy Vi'heelir, disiovereil that 
 the liiiniaii body condiii'ts ilei'iricily. that elec- 
 tricity acts at a distal (iiintiiin in'liuht bodies 
 
 being produced by I'riclioiial eleetrieity at a dis- 
 tance of 666 feet), the fact of eliitrii' i'ndiietion, 
 and other phenoincna i72o-36- 
 
 Dufuy oiigiiiati'd his dual thi'niy nf two eleetrie 
 lluids: one i'(7/ci.«>, I'mni iuIiImiI -lass. itc. , tliu 
 other ri-i/eiiis. tViuii rnlilii d aiiilirr. nsin, ite. ; 
 and showed that two Imdiis simihirly electrillcil 
 ri'liel each other, aim attract limlies op|iositely 
 cleetritied. iilioiit 1733 
 
 Desai^'iiliers elassilicd Imdies ;is clei'tries and lion- 
 cleitries ,742 
 
 The l,eydcn,iar(vialiir liotlli')ilisi'.ivcriil by Klcist, 
 1745, and by (.'iiniins and >iiisi'liiiiliiiiel<' ,if |.ey- 
 deii: Wincklcr eonslinitrd the l.iydiii bittery . 1746 
 
 Iiii|iortanf ri'searches nt Watsmi, I'lntnn, lieccaria 
 and .VoUet 1740-7, 
 
 Franklin aiiniiiinccil his llnory of a siii;;le tluid, 
 terniing the vitreous eleetrieity /".sidCi. and the 
 rcsiiiiins iiKjntirc, 1747: and ili'iiniiistiateil the 
 identity of the cleelric. siiark and lightning,, 
 drawing ibnvii electricity from a cloiid by means 
 of a kite .lime, 1752 
 
 At a iiic-nic, he "killed a tiiikcv by the electric 
 spark, and I'luisted it bv an eli'ctric iaek before 
 
 a tire kinilli'd by II lectlic Imltle " ' . , 1748 
 
 Pidfe.ssiir liiiliiaan killed at .'St. I'etersbuig, 
 while repealing I-' ranklin's experiments Aug. 1753 
 
 Uccearia publislicil his risi arciirs un iitinosplierlc 
 electricity, 1758; and .Kpiniis his niathematiial 
 theory jjjg 
 
 Eleetrieity (levcloiied by lislies iiivcstigateil by 
 Ingi'iilioiisz, L'aveiidish, anil olhiis, i.lioiit . . 1773 
 
 
 ■■/■■ffi 
 
'* ;i'' 
 
 Khm 
 
 
 ^^B^bIs ! ri^l'^ 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 ■■■■MnHi' 
 
 -:'llll 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^^mDuffiml 
 
 ' 
 
 >irH^H 
 
 
 'ii 
 
 mm 
 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 ELECTRICITY. 
 
 3fi6 
 
 ELECTRICITY. 
 
 Mi'lilerilifr« prmlu I Ijis .■Ici-tririiUlKiiies . . 1777 
 
 /■:Mrn-st„lir^: Ciiiilumli.'ipplii.il th,. tiirsimi Iwl <• 
 
 to the liii'.isiin'iMciit iil'rliM'tiic fiircii . . , ,785 
 ICIiTli-ii-Clifiiii'ili-ii - wiiti'f i|ccipiii|icisi'd liy C'liVfii- 
 
 ''i^li, !■' 'rrLy, iiiiil iilliiM-s .... 1787-.J0 
 
 !)isc,,v.Tii.s „r (;.il,-aiii ami Vciltii (sfu I'l^lldic AVer- 
 
 Irh'itn, liilmv) '79'-^ 
 
 CEi-stcil, ,,1' t'lipi'iilui^'cn, ilisi'Mvi'ivil oliM'tro-imiK- 
 
 lietic .■icticiii (SCI ICIirlni:\liiiiiiiiisiii,iif\t ]nnfi') . i«,,, 
 Thrriiii) -Klirlrifilii (iMiiTriits pniiliU'cil tiy heat), 
 iliscciviTiul liy Si'diiM'k; It wa^ pr(«liii'c>il liv 
 
 1 till;-' pieces iif cupper ami lii.Mnutli suldeiv^l 
 
 tivi'tlier. iSji: IIic Tl'.criiioclccir.MMctirinveiite.l 
 liy Wmi.Simiw Harris, 1SJ7; tlicTliiTMici.iniilliplicr 
 oiiiistnieteil liy .Mi'lloni ami N'cililll, iSji, I.Marcns 
 I'diislnicli'.l ;i powerful thernio-electrie liattcry in 
 1 86s. I 
 Mr, r. V. Hoys exiiiliits Ills very .sensitive (puirtz- 
 lilire tlieniiopile at the Hoyal Institution, .sii' 
 
 •"""" Lflnne, iH'.C) 
 
 Dr. tlimiiil's tliernio-eleetrip stove reporteil sne- 
 
 eesstiil III l.oiiilon anil I'aris , , , .May, i3gj 
 Farailay proilnccil a spa;k liythesmMen seiiaratlon 
 of a coilcil kcepiT I'roni a pcnn.anent inaL-nct (.see 
 M,i;l,i,'l„.Khrtnril,i. next paj;c) .... ,Sj, 
 Wheatstone c.ilcni.ite.l the vcloeltv of electricity, 
 on the ilonhlc lliiiil thcoiy, fo |,e 288,000 mill's 
 n secomi : on the single tliii.l theorv, 576,000 miles 
 
 " ■'"■'"'I'l 18 14 
 
 Mr, W. (1. .\rnistroiif;,lisioveri'i|, am! Karailav ex- 
 plaiiicl, the cicctriiilv of hi;.'h pressure steam 
 which pin.lnc.'s the hydro-electric machine . 1840 
 
 Ki.Kniuc .Maoiiink.s. Ottn von Oncrii'ke oPtaineil 
 sparks liy riilihiiij; » clolie of sniplmr, aliont 1647 ; 
 Newton, lioyl,,.in.l.itliers nscl ;;lass, aliont 1675: 
 Hawkslice iiii|,n.vci| the mai'hine, alioiit 1709 : 
 
 fiiisi' intro.lii I a metalli imlnctor, 17,1 : 
 
 Wincklcr contrivc.l the enshion for the nililicr, 
 1741 : (ionlon emiiloycil a ^-lass evllmler, 1742' 
 for which n phitc was stilistitiitci aliont 1770; 
 t'antnii intio.luccil aiu.-il^'iim for the niliper, 1751 ■ 
 Van M.iinni constiiictcl an elci-tric machine at 
 Haarlem, said lo havi' liceii the most iiowerfnl 
 over mad,., 1783; the licv. A. liennet invenld 
 tlic '■doiihlcr of clcclrieity," 17S6: CarvalN 
 discovers that ineta's when insulated, acc|nire 
 sli),dit char^-'cs of electricity, 1787 ; Xicholsnn 
 ronstriicts an iiillnenee machine, 1788; iiioili|ii.,l 
 by Honaiiis, 182^ : Kr. H. M. .\nad set nji at the 
 l'ano|i|ieon, l.cicestcr-sipiare, London, a very 
 powei-lnl electiie mailiim' .-iiid I.cvdcn liattcrv |iii 
 po.ssession of Mr. Kdwin Clark, 1862! . .' . iS;s 
 The Jhnh-'-KI i-trir niachine, liy Arm.sfron-, w.is 
 conslrnctcd ....... i.Sj,* 
 
 lloltz's indiiclion nrichine ,^<f- 
 
 The Ki.rc-rnoriioHi-s, a nsefnl aiipar.'itns for oh. 
 t.ainin^r tViction.al electricity, was invented by 
 Volta in 1-75. and iiuiirovcd liy him in '. 1S.7 
 
 <■- V. V.iiicy^ •■ rccipi al eleidrii|.liorns " invented 
 
 >iir Willi.im 'riioiiiMiirs " idectric replenishei" de- 
 
 ••''■I'i'"'"! Jan. ,,sr,i 
 
 The Carre machine iinented 8^,8 
 
 Mr. -Vppss (-'rcat indtictorinm, or indnction coil, 
 udvini; the lai;,'csi sp.nks eviT seen, cxhiliilcl at 
 the l!oy,-il Polytcilinic Institution . 29 March, 186,, 
 
 The Voss machine intr..dnced ,30,, 
 
 Mr. James Wimshnrst invents a " eontiniions dec-- 
 trophorns " (very siii'ecssfidl, and an " inllncnee 
 machine" jgc., 
 
 Ki.RCTiioscofi; :ind Ki.KrTRoMirrKU, as the terms 
 si(;nify,, lie apparatus for as<'ertaininj,' the presence 
 and ipi.intity of deiliical excitation. I'itl, -halls 
 were employed in various ways as electroscopes 
 liy r.illiert. Canton, and oth'ers. Dr. .Milncr in- 
 vented an electrometer similar to Peltier's, 1785 
 The (.'old leaf electrometer was invented liv \vv. 
 A. ncnnct, T7S1), and improved liy .singer, aliont 
 tSio; Lane's discharKint: clceliometer is dated 
 1767; lleid,>s, ,772; n.diii.-iilieruers idictro- 
 swipe, 1820: Peltier's indnction electrometer, 
 about i8j8 ; sir Win, Thomson's ipmdrant elee- 
 •'■"I'li'l'''- about, i8i7 
 
 OAt.VASISM, OH Vor.TAIC-KLKCTRICITV, EI.Kn |lol y.,, 
 A.SI) KI.KCTno-MAd.VfVriKM. "' 
 
 (See Kh-lri-l'lnisi,.!,,,!),.) 
 
 ■'^"'''■1' ii'iti 1 a peculiar .sensation in the 'our,,,, 
 
 when silver, and lead were liroii«ht into eontaet 
 with it and eaidi other . , ' 
 
 Madame (ialiani observed tin iivnl.sion i'l, ||e'. '' " 
 
 muscles of fro-s when brought into contact wi'l, 
 two nndals, in 1789; and M. (iaivani, after stiidv 
 
 "I7 'III' I'lii' iicna, laid the foundation ..f ti„, 
 
 galvanic battcrv , . . 
 Volta annotniccd his discovery of the '• Veil,,,. '■'" 
 pile, composed of discs of zinc ,ind silvci ■,',,,1 
 I moistened card ... 
 
 ! Mr. \V, ('rnikshank's experiments ' , ' ' '" 
 
 j By the voltaic pile, .Vicholsoii and Carlisle dec'in,' " 
 , posed w.itcr, and Dr. Henry decomposed nitrie 
 I acid, aniiiionia, \c. . 
 
 I Transfer of acids and alkalies by jlisin'eer a,,,! ' 
 I Her/idius ... 
 Behrens formed a dry pile of 80 jiairs of 'zi,,,.' ""' 
 
 ropper, and -ilt paper '" ' 
 
 By means ol a l,ii-e voltaic b.atterv In the HuyA ' 
 Institution, London, Davy dccompo.sed ti'„, 
 alk.ali iiotiish. and evolved the metal potassimn 
 
 (soda ami other snbstai ss 1 after) . f, oet' ,a 
 
 Zi'iiil coiistinctcd a dry pi f paper di.se, ' 
 
 eoateil with tin on one side ,'iiid peroxide' ,,r 
 
 man^!.aiics tlie other ' - 
 
 Chlhlrcn's battery fused phifinnm, >yc. ' , ' ' ""' 
 J. \V Hitter constructeil his " secondary |ii|e" " 
 
 navy exhibited the voltaic arc "'""" 'l" 
 
 I jy"jlH'<;:'ii'ntliinilile battery i-nited platinum' wir, 1 'j 
 Multipliers or rheometers, ]i,.pnlarlv terinc.l •■ ...,i' ' 
 vanometi'rs," invented by Ampere ;,i,d "l,,- 
 
 BcliweiKHcr, 1820; bv Cm in;;, 1821- lie h 
 
 Kive. 1824: liitchie (torsion), 18 w; .loille lueij. 
 iii'tic), ,843. Sir William Thoms.m has ne't 
 inaiiyiiiiprovcmcnts since 1856 ; he dcsc^rihed'his 
 roHectiiiK KalvanomctcM', and simil.ir aiMiaiatiis in 
 t;.e report of the rSritisli Association in ,86, 
 \cry lai-KC galvanometer niiule by iirof. Win (' 
 : Cornell, of New York , . ■ ,' . ;,-V „ 
 
 F.-miday described his .liseovery of eloetro-niaL-iiet?,' '"■" 
 rotation .. , 
 
 Georn Himon Ohm enunciated' his f^ormiihe re'litin'.'- '*" 
 to the Kalv.inie current, 1827; proposed erection 
 of a statue ol Ohm, at Munich, on the centeiiarv 
 ot his birth, ,6 March, .789 f.",' ,„, 
 
 Iiniirovement in constrnctint,' the r„lt:iw /«,//,,„ 
 
 made by Wolla.ston, ,8,5 ; li |nerel, ,829 • Siiir 
 
 t-'i-on, i8io: J. K Daniell, ,8,6: drove (nitric 
 acid *:,■.), 8,9; Jacobi,, 840; Snn'c,, 840: limisci, 
 (carbon, \,v), ,842: Grove (^as batten',, ,84,. 
 
 Karaday read the llrst scries of his " Kxperiiiieiit i| 
 H<'searcli,.s on Klectricity " at the Hoyal .s,,|.i,.|y, 
 
 l-'araday demonstrated the mitiire of elcetnM'li',.|'i',j; '"'' 
 
 •il decomposition, ;ii,d tile iirinciple that 11,,. 
 
 (piantity and inli'iisity of electric action ofa "i| 
 
 vanic battery ilepend on the size and nunihcl-'iif 
 
 pl.ites I'lniiloyed ... ' , 
 
 Wheatstonc invented his cleetrniniaL-netic' clinai.i' '* 
 
 si'ope .... c 
 
 i'mi,e.,--/inr V,vip},' {whh-h s,-A ciinstr'uctei'l hv 
 
 i)r. J. U. (lladstoneami Mr .\ Tribe ' ,,. 
 
 Himn-KM: Hiidiromatci of potash battcrv : a niodili,,,'- '" 
 
 ""","''''' ' """'^^ very jiowerful ; now nnich 
 
 used. (Oaston Pl.inte's lead battcrv, p.iweifnl 
 i860.) Chloride of silver battcrv (14 ,o<i evils) - 
 i-esults of its disidiaive iiublished bv Drs Warivn 
 dcUa Hue and Hupi Mllller. Powerful results 
 exhibited at Koya. Iii.stitntion, London, 2, Jan ,8-i 
 Dr. Rynie s pnenmatic batt.u-y (nir blown in) ver'v ' 
 ettective, aniioiinced . . ' =.- 
 
 >^mnniWr Klerlrir I, iahlitd,. ' ' ' 
 Mr, Coad's ]irimary battery, put, fcn-th in ,884 
 Ki-ciitly improved, exhibited in ,Soho snuare 
 London, W., Jan. ; M.^jor Kenard's iiriniiirv hit' 
 tei'y exhibited in London. , Ian,; .Mr. Wee,i,eVscIis 
 primary tiattery exhiliited . . '. i.-,.), ,.--, 
 Continninis to alternatinij current traiisfornar "^ 
 iineiit,.d by sir David "Salomons and .Mr! 1 
 
 lyke; exhibited , |),,,. ..-^^ 
 
 Kl.Krrnic AcdMr-i.ATuH, or »e,.|indary batlc'iv a 
 modilh.ation by M. Kttun-, of Uaston PlailtVa 
 
ELECTRICITY. 
 
 367 
 
 ELECTRICITY. 
 
 1 8 JO 
 
 iS.ji 
 
 ]„,wiTfiil li'iiil Imttciy of iS6o, was exlilliitwliit 
 Paris, May, 1881. In Jiini' 11 linx, din' ciiliic fiiiit 
 iiLsizi'. I'liiitainlnn I'mir cells, iin-lnsiri^; thin sln'i'li 
 i,r liwl siimmnilcil wilh IVlt siilnriili'.: willi 
 ililiiti' iiciii, &!•., WMs ciirivcyi'il I'nMii I'iiris to 
 t.Hiidnn. !Sir Wni, Tliiimsiin Innml it t<i iinssess 
 
 II Ici'tric ciiiTKy .if CUM inilliiiii fiint-|MmnilN ; 
 
 ,111.1 saiil. in 11 li'ttiT to Till- Timrs of y ,]nin'. 
 1881: "This solvi's the iMohli'in ol' stniiiiK ulci- 
 trii'ity in a iniiiimi- ami in a stati- iisi'fnl for 
 iiiaiivimiiortant aiiplii-ations" . . f,,)iin,., 
 
 KLirrito-MAONKrisM h.'^an with (Kisti'il'sclisi-ovci-v 
 iiftlic action of thi' I'h'clrii' cniicnt on tint ina>;- 
 mtii' ni-cillc, 181U ; provc.l hy Ainpciv, who 
 (■sliiliilcd thcai'tioM of the voltaic |.i|i.. upon the 
 iiiiifjiictic iicccllc, anil of tciTcstiial inaKiiclisni 
 u|M>ij the voltaic cniTcMt ; hi> also anaiiKcil tho 
 
 1 ihictiiiK win' in the form of a hdix or siiiral. 
 
 iiivriitcil a pilvanomctcr, ,'iii(l iniitatcil the innK 
 11,4 hy a spiral (.'alvaiiic wire 
 
 .(riii;iiiiiat;iictiseil a iiccillc hy the elc'ctric I'niTeiit, 
 aiiil.'ittracte.l iron lilinjjs hy the connectini,' wire 
 ufa^'alvanic battery 
 
 Till' liist clectio-niaj;iiet. ] 
 
 Iiidiiitieii nfelcctric cnrrciits.liscovcri.il hv Faraihiv 
 mill aiiiiiMinceil iSu. (Mr. \V. II. rrc'eee inail'e 
 
 oxperinients, showing' how iiiiln I eiirrents 
 
 (friiiii wire to wire) iniKlit be ntilizcci in electric 
 li'li'ljraiihy, Nov., 1S92). 
 
 l)pn|Uercl inveiiteil an electio-iiia;,'iietic balance 
 
 Faiailay iliscovcreil the eIectro-inaj,'netic. rotative 
 fiiive'ilevelopeil in a magnet by voltaic eleetricitv. 
 i3.u ; experiments on the inilnclioii of a volta'ii' 
 funrnt, &c , 
 
 .■Sliii-^i'ciii niaile a bar of soft iron MiaKnctu' by siir- 
 riiiiirliiij; it with coils of wire, ami semliiif,' an 
 ulirtric current tliron;,'li the wire .... 
 
 liiiluitliMi coil niaile by Professor G. (J. Patje of 
 Saleni. Mass 
 
 Josi'pli Henry annonnceil his iliseovery of secoiulary 
 ciMTcnts 2 Nov. 
 
 liri'piiit iiseil electro-inatinctic force to iiiamifactiire 
 iiMitlif'inatical instruments, about 
 
 .MAiiNKTO-ELKiTiiii'irv (the coiiver.se of CKi-steil'.s 
 iliseovery of electrii-mii^'nclism), iliscovcreil by 
 Kaiailay, who ]iro.liiceil an electric nk by siiil- 
 iloiily se]iaratiiiK a coilcil keeper liMina periiin- 
 lu'iit iiiaKiict : ami fiinml that an electric current 
 I'Xisteil in a copper ilisc rotatcil betweeji the poles 
 nfa inat-'iiet (paper reail to the Hoyal Society, 
 24 Xov.) 
 
 Tlir MiHjiirto-Klcctrir iiiaeliine arose out of Faraday's 
 ilisiovery, anil was llrst niaile at Paris by Pixii, 
 1832 ; ami in l.oiiilon by .Saxton . . . .' 
 
 " fa Willi « Hi II Discorcirr," by Profes.sor Tymlall. 
 I'lilili.sheil ...'... .\larclii 
 
 MaKiietii-electricity apjilicil to clcctro-platini' bv 
 W.ii.lwieh ■ 
 
 lliiliiiikiirll"s ma^'neto-elecfric imUictioii coil coii- 
 stnieteil, about 
 
 .'Sii'iiii-iis' armature proiliieeil . . ! 
 
 riiiiiiple ofacenmnlatioii by s'.iccessivc action ilis- 
 I'livereil by Wilile : 1865, by mutual action (hy 
 wliii'h iieniianeiit steel magnets are (lis]ien»ei'l 
 with), iiiilepemlenlly by Wheatstone ami Siemens, 
 
 II. Willie's ilescription of his machine (a ]iowerlul 
 jjeacratiir of ilyi.amic electricity, by means of 
 peniiaiieiit mafinets) ami the iuaKUeto-clectric 
 iniu'liiae (construi'tuil in 1865) sent to the 
 liiiyiil Society by professor Faraday mid repmteil, | 
 
 •ri ,. ,. , ,,. , . 26 April, 1866 I 
 
 llicliglit (resembling' hi'iKht moon-light) exhibited i 
 
 "11 the top of llurliiiHton house . 2 March, iSi^t-j ' 
 Uyiiamii-immneto-eleetric machines, bv Wheatstone 
 
 ami Siemens, ilescribeil at the Hoyal Soi'iety 
 ■4 Feb ; by Lailil .... 14 March, 1867 
 li'ial i)f Siemens ilynamo-magneto einlrii' lii/lit in 
 
 the tiirpedo service at Sheeniesa reported sue- 
 
 ,. '■'■■«''"! ■ • , '8 Dee. 1871 
 
 (iraiiMiies iiianiieto-electne machine described 1875 
 
 Twiinf .Siemens' machines ordered for the Lizards 
 
 alllliiuiiceil I jjj g 
 
 Mr. W. (iriives' clectro.iiiduction lialance [ ' ,871) 
 Iiiti-iiialiiiiial Klcctriial L'oiihI'.ss at Paris with 
 
 "■'',""'',"" ',,;,• ■ • ■sAuK.-isN'iv. ,88. 
 I.Mi'ilals ami other honours awarded to Kii(.!land.] 
 
 ''*''.'; ''•."'',,'^"'^'"^' ""■"""' "'■■^•'l"i''"'''iK'"i'tJils from 
 tlieir alloys by electrolysis, aiiiiiiUiiced . Nov. iSS) 
 
 1 83 J 
 
 i8l'-S 
 
 1842 
 
 1850 
 '854 
 
 APPl.ICATKl.NS— KI-KCntlC rKLKollAI'M. * .See TehilKilil, 
 
 The transmis.sion of electricity by ai, insulated wire 
 was shown by Watson and others. ,,., 
 
 i elcKraphie arran-cmcnis were ilcvis,.d bv I.esarite' 
 1744; lictaiicourt, 1787; (.'avallo, ir.'.jSalva 
 iw.ids^""'""''''""' '■■'''''''"^■'' '-"i -^"K- 1809': 
 
 Ampere invents Ids ti'h-raphic'arranneni'ent, i in- '^"^ 
 ploying the mayiietic needle and (■oil, and the 
 Kidvanic battery . . , „ 
 
 F. lionalds publi.shes an a. imt 'of h'is electric " 
 
 telctiraph (died, iiKcd 85, 8 Anj,'. .87,) ,0,., 
 
 '•'•"f''?*"' W dslon mstincls ,,n-'cleciro.niai-. ^ 
 
 lletle apiiaratlis, by which josi-i'ials are eonvev."l 
 throng;! nearly four miles of wire. ,;,;,„. iSiC 
 
 leh-raphs iiivcnteil by .^Sehillin- (iau.ss, and Weber 
 (ma^;neto-elccliic). ,8,i: by steinhcil and bv 
 Ma.sson, ,8,7; by Morse (died 1872). ' ,.„ 
 
 The nia-netic m le Iclecraph |.atcnted bv (aft' 
 
 sir) V\n, K loiike and (all. sir) (_h„rles Wheat- 
 stone. (Ihehoeiety of .\ils Albert -old nieilal 
 was aw;irileil to tliem in .1 ,567) . ,2 ,Jnne 
 
 Mr. Hobert htirlin^ Ncwall.of (iatcshead, patented 
 us wire rope used for submarine teh-raiihs . . ,840 
 
 Mr l.ookcse up the telc^;raph lim Ilic Great 
 
 \\e.stcrn Hallway, tii.m l'aildiiinton to West 
 Di-a.vton ,8,8.,;; 01, the iila.kwall line, ,840- 
 and III Gla.s;;ow ^ „ 
 
 Whcatstone's alphabetical iuintin^ ' tclcL-raph 
 pali'iiti'il .... 
 
 The llrst telccrapii line iii'Ameiica set tip f,",,,,; " 
 WashiUKtonto lialtiinorc . ' ,j.,^ 
 
 tele'Ta'dr''' '''""'''" "'■'"■^■'"■'"'"■'' ''V »"'"»s "f the 
 The electric tele-raph company e'stablislied' (ImviiiL' '^^'' 
 
 iilvcnt'ioi'is) ■ '""' ^^''''■'<''""'»'"« telegraphic 
 
 autta.periha sUK«est'eil ,,s an insula'tor In- Fa'radav '^fj 
 1 loti ssor Liarles \Mu.atstone drew plans of a pro- 
 Calais """"" ''■''•!/''"7''' lietweeii Dover and 
 [ Mr. j'oji,, Watkins li'rctt (on hlhalf'of his brothci- '^*° 
 I Jacob lirctt, the invenior and patentee), subinit- 
 ted u similar plan to Louis Philiiipc without .sm- 
 ile obtained permission from' Loul.. Ni'oHileun to '^'" 
 
 i make a trial, ,847; t < pl.ace . ' ,3 Iuk ,850 
 
 The connectiun wires (,,7 mih.s l„„j,) „,.,,. ,,i,„.,Tl ' 
 
 on the p.verniiient pier i ver harbour, „ni| i„ 
 
 he iiiilmli .slcai.icr were coiled about ,0 miles in 
 length ol telegraphic wire, emh.sed in „ coveriiK- 
 ol pit a-peicha, half an inch in iliainetcr The 
 (iiiliiijli staileil from Dover, niirolliii),' the tele- 
 ^'l'aphu■^ylll■asit pioeceilcd, and allowin.r it to 
 "■"I'tothebc, of thcsea. In the cMMiiUK tl e 
 .steamer arrived on the French coa.st, and the wiie 
 was run up the clitf at cape Grisiicz ,„ i,s ten |. 
 lal station, and iness.ici.s wi re sent to and fro 
 between KiiKland and the French co.-ist Hut the 
 wire, 1,1 settling into the .sea-bottom, cnJed a 
 locky riil«e, and snapped in two, un.l thus the 
 
 enterprise for that li fdled 
 
 New arranncnients were si „|,., „|„| „„ „ ^,..,|,. 
 
 of Kieatcr iiia-iiituile ; and the telc;;rai.l, was 
 
 "IK'iicd ; tl penui- and elo-iuL- pi ices of the 
 
 finds 111 Paris were known on the l.i,„do'ii s|,„.i; 
 
 exehaufie within business 1 s. ,,i„i ^.„iis'were 
 
 ireil at Hover by c,.niniuiii,,,ii,,n Iroiii Calais- 
 this cable was laid by the late T. K. L'rainpton, 
 
 B,n,hxT,'kijri,,.h,,- two incssa^'cs transmitted iUi'iie, '^-' 
 a sin-le wire at the same time in np|,i,.si|e dire,- 
 
 *''"'" ",''■'' m' ■'i'^.l"""'y II.- (iildl, Aiislrlaii 
 
 1853, by Messrs. Siemens, ,8t7 ; in the same 
 direction, by .stark, of Vimna, ,s„- ai.oar- 1 s 
 perfected by stc-irns, an Amc;ic„u?ani'i'„" ' y 
 
 ?^'uisiri:'ie;;;:i,ii;r:''- '":•''■'« ^'''''^^^''''''--^'^ , 
 
 Qmilrwpkx^ lyegriiiilui-Umr mes.sa{r(^s along one 
 
 * Mr. W. 11. Preece, K.U,S., nresidont of tli.. I1..1H, 
 .on of Electrical Kngi„eers,'a't a m,''ti g o "' a " 
 tSqi. deserii.cd t he ania? ii-- tiro-Tn.;- , m ,. - 
 
 or,dectrin,ysiii..,8;^''i;/^;i;;;-,i;.;';;^iti;i;-s 
 
 ..1^', telepliony, lightinf;, chemistrv, tran.smission f 
 
 ower, and liaction. latioi, ■('o o ■ ,ess M - 
 
 recce staed that in iS;,. ,,,,...^c.& won Is ere fai v 
 
 nutted by telegraph, and in iSy>, 000,409,....,,. 
 
 f '.iSP 
 
 aif?«*! 
 
 i¥M 
 
 
 
 f'.4 .3! 
 
 
r.',} 
 
 
 m 
 
 mm 
 
 ffif!^^ 
 
 
 iinil l.iv('r|>nol 
 
 uuicTurciTy. 
 
 sl'lll t'\|<i't'i)lli'lltH lit'hvri'll Lntwhin 
 
 BOi 
 
 ELECTKICITY. 
 
 Dirvi't liiii' hi'l 
 
 Ween Xi'W Zi'.ll;ill.l 
 
 mill l,< 
 
 Mr. *r. K. I*Mi>iitrs i|tiailni|»l,'\ inslniini'iil, by 
 
 iSi'l'l. 1877 i-.iiMpli'lr.l Id I'Vli. ; I'liiiilllllliiriilinii 1„.| 
 
 Wllii'll lolli- III 
 
 sii.urs, l\v,i rimii r;ich I'liil. limy lii 
 
 iiMviii' anil niiiyiirs dl' Wi'llhi"! 
 
 iJii uii'l l(iiii,.,|,| 
 
 tniiisiiiilli'il 11)11111 mil' \s'iri> ^illllllIillll'llllsl^ , iiimI 
 liruli'.ssnr Hi'l.-uii-ys syiii'tiriiiii Ills mult i|ili-\iii^tni- 
 
 Ati.amii' 'riii.niiiAi'i 
 
 ill ll\ Wllll'll 
 
 iii.'iy 111 
 
 tniih 
 
 mill Am 
 
 A l>laii III 
 
 il-i' 
 
 li\ trli'uir.llijl \\;h 
 
 iiiiiii- r.i 
 
 I'lilniil ;,; 
 
 lllilli'il nil I 
 
 'viiv, wi'i'i' i/xliiliilcil :it I hi' I'l 
 
 (illli'i'.lii lili'i' I'i'ti' 
 
 I'ruli'ssi 
 
 ir l-;iisli;i (Ji;i\'s ti-lr;iiUii;;rii 
 
 lit till' KiiVmI .Ml 
 
 |ili 
 
 ir</i/i 
 
 yw-M(,ii,./i«- Mr, \V. II. IMvi'i'i 
 
 j.liilv, i3i)., 
 I'Nhiliiti'il 
 1 1 .liiiii', i;ii4 
 
 pivi'iiiiiii'iil ii'-i-iir.ili lir,' in ,irt,„,, , 
 
 Mr. .1. W.iIkiiiK Dii'it mil Mr ,1 Ii |ti',.i, 
 
 111, nil' |. Ill) II Kills III till' piviT lit. whii'ii' 
 
 mil ti.i'i'|iti'i|. This .sclii'iiii' »;is I'jirrii'il , 1 
 
 win, 
 
 .■I i-iilii|iiiiiy ill 185S, Willi llii' I'liiii'iiiii'iii 
 
 K.K.8., III till' Knyiil liistitiiliciM, 4 iliiiii', 1897, 
 altiT siiMii' ri'iii.irks 011 tlii' [iri)|ia>;atii)ii of \Mivi's 
 ill till' I'tliiT; ili'MTiliril mill illiisli'iiti'il his iiwii 
 
 Ilnl 
 
 isli mill ,\mri'ii','in ;;iivi'iiiiiii'ii|< 
 
 "I III, 
 
 I mil" 
 
 if will' Wl'li' I 
 
 iimiiil,'n'tiiii.,|.,iii,| |i',i,.,|i 
 
 llli'tlliiil III •'.•^i-liallill- thliill;;h .Sp.' 
 
 witliimt 
 
 Till' layili',' it ilii 
 
 Win' 
 
 li>' mi'iiiis III' t'|,'('trii-itiii;;ni'tic wax't's iif 
 
 low lii'iiui'iu'N' iiiiit two |imalli'l I'in'iiits, t'slah- 
 
 Tli 
 
 Iri'lainl mi 
 
 ■il al Va!i' 
 
 II' Vi's.',i|s i'iii|i|iiyiil WiTi' till' .Yi'iii),! 
 
 lishi'il nil 
 
 I'll liaiik III' a riviT. This 
 
 /„( 
 
 Mill (.\iiii'rii', 111 M'.s.^il-,). ami n,,. /., 
 
 ami.. 
 
 Sll SSlllll\ llM'll ill 
 
 ."Siillliil III Mull, whi'li till' 
 
 III ti'Ii'^raph lu'iiiss tlii' 
 m'liiiariiii* calili- hail 
 iii'xt I'xiiiliiti'il ami 
 I'Siilaiiii'il ilii' aiiiiaratiis liy wliii'h lliT/iaii wayi's 
 ijf lii;,||i rii'iiiii'iii'vafi' iitili/.i'il in till' ni'W s>'sli'iii 
 
 .(;(.rmi iiDiii'i (liiilisli \,',si'ls). Altcl' s.iilin.. ;,'|, 
 mill's till' I'ahli' siia|i|ii', I. Thi ■ " 
 
 III 
 
 liriiU-i'ti iliiwi 
 
 .Mr. I'lv 
 
 lilll 
 J" 
 
 ■ul 
 
 All;; 
 III, it 
 
 mil 
 
 s was 
 
 IIIIIII li'Iiaili.'l ; 
 
 IS ill' will' li„,i I, 
 
 ia|i|ii'il a-aiu (mnl ihi 
 
 inviiiti'il hv .Mr, ,Mar, 
 
 ijiii, il .\'(iiiii; 
 
 Itiiliaii, who 
 
 liroii^'ht it to KiikIuihI, in July, iSgh, ami who 
 
 ■-li'il at till' h'l'turi'. — /'i 
 
 liv .Mai'i'oiii's sysli'iii. 
 
 7 .lull 
 
 Iby7. 
 
 ri'Inr I In I'lyiiiniilli) 
 
 A si'iniiil aiti'iiipl 111 l.iy till liihlu I'aih'il tin' 
 
 vinlilll still 
 
 Thi' Ihiiil VI 
 
 ' Vii„'. 
 
 ^0-,!| .llllll 
 
 Ltiials hail lii't'ii trans* 
 
 1^ sin sslnl. Till' iiiini,., 
 
 wii'ii Ihi' tun iiiiitiui'iits wasriiiii|ili'|,'.i| In t|. 
 
 iiiitti'il iu'inss till' Ilristiil (.'lijiniifl, ln'tWHi.'ii 
 
 lii't 
 
 layiii:,' ilnwii of jnsn mill's of win' ii 
 
 Vmii Vali'i 
 
 IVnarth anil llriaii Ilowii, alioiit y iiith's. 
 
 Mr 
 
 I'n'i'c^i 
 
 I'onsiili'r.'il till' iiiM'iitimi \itliiiilili' for 
 
 .sliiii|iiii;i ami li:;litliimsi' |iiir|iosi'> 
 
 KiirtliiT (IX- 
 
 |ii'riiiii'iits hy till' Post IMIIi'i' authoritii's bi'twiTii 
 llovi'raml Kort Hiir^'oyni', i7Mi'|,l.,i/ .«(i/. 1897; 
 ami liy I'rof. Slahy with liallnmia (i jJinLi JIiiicli i8y8 
 
 ill Ili'l'lliil, to N'l'vvhiiiiiillmnl ; tin' I'l 
 Clms. liri^ht was kni^liti'il, a^iil ,„. ^■iiii'''iiM 
 two nii'.ssa^i's, on 5 Auu'. . wiri' from Ihi' iiin., i, ,,, 
 Knxlamlto llir im'siili'iil of th.' L'liiti'il .stiti'< 
 
 ami his ri'ply ^ ^ 
 
 ' s I'vi'iit i-ansi'il ^1,'iit nijoii-iiiK in hoth i-mniir 
 
 Thi 
 
 5 AiiK. 
 
 hut 
 
 iinfmtnnati'ly, tln' insiilminn of th. 
 
 Cmnmnnii'iitions I'oniph'tc Iictwui-'ii Dover aiul Os- 
 tcml mill lii'twi'i'ii rnrlpatrii'k ami I)ona;;liiiik'(', 
 (laiil by sir C'lias. Uri^ht), May, 185J. " Tin' lute 
 sir Cliarh's liri^ht was tlir llrst to lav a I'abli' in 
 
 ^'railmilly lnTiiim' iii,,i,' lauliy, .i,,,! iift,, 
 nii'ssii-i's liiiil In'i'ii si'iit ami ni'i'ivi'il tin' 1 
 of trmisniiltinu' inti'llip'ni'i' nlti'ily 
 
 I'liuvr 
 
 to till! I'inpl 
 
 jymiiiit of too lii^li batti'iy p, 
 
 (li'iip watnr," lunl Ki'lv 
 
 Holyhi'ail ami Uowtli 
 
 I'aris ami liaslia .... 
 
 I.iimliiii ami Coiistaiitinoplii 
 
 t'ninnr ami Kimlcu . . . . 
 
 .\ilrn ami Sut'Z 
 
 Malta ami Ali-xmiilria . . . . 
 Kiinlanil mill Bomliay, opi'inil , 
 Mar.sahi, Shily, mnl I.a Callr, Alycria . 
 
 itli't., 1S96 A innv ciiiiipaiiy was I'liriiii'il 
 
 May, 185J I''ii-st cabin to Imlia laiil by sir Clias. |'iri.,'l 
 
 .Iiiiit', ■ - .- . , 
 
 Nov. 
 
 ^'ovi'ritiiifiit in 
 
 I'M, 
 
 it loi til.' 
 
 May, 185S 
 
 May, 1859 
 
 ;!8 .Si'pt. 1S61 
 I .Mari'h, ' 
 2i June, 
 
 Till,' '.'I'liK /•; 
 1 mill' 
 
 l.<trrn strmm'r, 
 nfwiri'. with _>5 
 
 1865 
 
 liir Vali'iitia. In'l.iml. fnnii tin' 11 
 .Samiii'l Cminiii;;, I'lr^ini'i'i- in I'har. 
 Irai'tors 
 
 a;;i'i| In lay i|,,ni, 
 
 XI Inns 1,111,1,11, siii|,.,| 
 
 fur 
 
 I'OllSllltil 
 
 sir r. Hri;;lil ami Mr. |,atii,i,.r Ch 
 
 till 
 
 Orer-hnusii I'ln'tric ti'lrf;niplis (llrst I'n'iti'il at I'ari.s) 
 set up lii'twi'i'ii tlii'ir pri'ini.si's in tin' City ami 
 il bv .Mrssrs. Watcrliiw, in 1857, I'Xti'iiili'il 
 ■ ■ '851J 
 
 pmiii'il by pnilVssnr Win. Timi: 
 frmnwi'll K Varli'V, as chictrii'lan 
 
 Afti'r 
 
 iiiini'rtin;,' till' win' with llii' laml. tin 
 
 aiiil ,\|i'. 
 '5'liil.v, iSf- 
 
 Wl'St-l'l 
 tlinill^llnllt l.nmlnll 
 
 _ EnMirii saili'il frnlii Vali'litia 
 Ti'li'^'i'aphii' I niiinii'mimi willi II 
 
 ■I'll/ 
 
 lloll.s 
 
 I'l 
 
 ti'li'i^'rapli, 1846 : Hain's I'lcctro 
 
 I'lit'iiiii'iil tili'Kriiph. 184(1 ; Ilu;,'hi's'ssysti'iii, 1855; 
 the Anii'rirau cuiiibiiiation system (of the pre- 
 
 niptiil by two fmill.,, ,|ii,, to ih'h'iliv 
 
 lusi'il by pii'iis nfmi'tal presseil inin lli 
 
 penha I'niitin.L;, whirl. 
 
 . -I'll.v 
 
 le vessel (inter- 
 
 iiisnlatiiiii, 
 
 le nulla- 
 
 lieilin^;). wllii'll call convey 2000 words an hour, 
 
 limilly 
 
 'llSl'll 
 
 Ani; 
 
 mnieiliatily n'jiaiml) 
 
 Tl 
 
 iilopted by the Ainericaii telegraiili company 
 
 iiisin^'thi' win' piiivin^' iiisnllii'ii'nt, tli 
 
 le apiiaratiis fur 
 
 Wheatstniie's mitoiiiatii' iiriiiting tcli'grajili ],a- 
 
 11' 1859 All 
 
 retiiriieil 
 
 il at the .Mi'ilw 
 
 iiitii! tcli'K'ra|i|i cniiipmiy rei-onslituti'il 
 
 el 
 II) AlU'. 
 
 IS till' 
 
 teliteil 
 
 It was slateil that there were in work is.oooiiiiles of 
 electric tilc^'iapli wire in Great liritaiii ; 80,000011 
 the continent of Kuriiiie ; ami 48,000 ill America ; 
 
 i860 
 
 i\iighi-Aiiierieaii lili'^rai'ih emiipany limitiil 
 
 The r;;'m( /•.■ii.s/i ,'», with a new ciible, saileil 
 
 Miiri'li, i66£ 
 
 the ,Meilwi'v 
 
 .liii 
 
 tin 
 
 shiii'i 
 
 ami alln;^i'tlicr about 15 
 the wmlil 
 
 miles laiil clown in 
 
 July, 1862 
 
 lioiiclli's typo-electric teleyrapli, iiiaile known ami 
 
 "■■■IS s|ili I with tlir main eab|, 
 
 Kastrni s ■ 
 I II laid 
 
 ■e-end lit Vllli'iilii 
 e. and the 
 
 iiinpmiy 1 
 
 stablished, i860; ami tried bctwee 
 
 11 
 
 lit II 
 
 "sailed, ij July : ,_.«, inilrs ,,r ,.al,|,' itul 
 _• .Inly : tlic I'abI,' was cnmpli'ti ly laid 
 
 cart slniitiiil..\i'wbiuiiillaiiil 
 
 Livcrpoolaiid .Manchester, 1863 ; promised revival, 
 
 All 
 
 luiie, 1864 
 
 electric telcHrapli" coiifcreiici', at wliidi i6 
 states (not (Ireat liritaiii) were represented, met 
 
 sent to lord .stiiiil, 
 
 illid a till 
 
 V' .'7 .Inly ; niis.sa),-,. friiin |]„ 
 
 inei'ii to I'lvsiilcnt of the riiilcd .S|a| 
 
 Inly, " I'lnin the ijiiii'ii. (isl 
 
 at I'aris, sec I'llnjriqih 
 
 I 
 
 dent of tl 
 
 riiitcd Stale. 
 
 WasI; 
 
 III till 
 
 'S Sflll, 2& 
 
 pri'si- 
 
 Thc Tclctrrajih Act (sec Tehy iv r't) liassed u July 
 
 .Man'li, 1865 
 
 iiui'cn ciiiii;ratuLili'S the picsiili'iit ,,n \\ 
 I'll! < iplctiiiii of an iiiiilejtal' 
 
 linntnn. Till' 
 
 lesui'i'fss- 
 
 It eiiiiblcil ll,.M.'s piistniaster- 
 
 [ciieral tl 
 
 I aii|nire. 
 
 may serve as an additional bund of 11 
 
 III;; wliiih sliel. 
 
 iii|.es 
 
 irk, ami iiiaiiitaiii cleetiie tele^iraphs ; pnstal 
 
 tl li ;;rapliy lic^aii 5 Kcb. 
 
 Hesiill nf the " Durli}' " race sent to Calcutta in live 
 
 187? 
 
 minntes 
 
 i?4 May, 1S71 
 
 the United Stat 
 n'plicil 
 
 The lost cable of iSfis ic 
 
 lllinll IletWet' 
 
 hiyill; 
 
 Hiicicty nf Telc^jraph Kiitqiicers established, 28 Keli. 1872 The limit Kn^-tcni arrived at I 
 '" '' ' ' ' Ilaroneteies coideireil oil Messi; 
 
 es and lOn^jlainl." 1,, whirii In 
 
 JO .Inly, 
 
 iivcn'd. :• S'pt. ; and its 
 
 8 vSi'lit. 
 
 completed at Xewfoiiiiilliiiid 
 
 Htatiic of M 
 
 at New York iineoveii'd 
 
 Mi'ssa.;i' 
 
 rise from 6,o,".ti,r«x^ to 20 
 
 June 
 
 elpiMil . 
 
 Tlie " shilling tele^:nipli" said not to pay 
 
 1.-10..-.00 :l ve;ir 
 
 A lie 
 
 July, 
 
 .Iiiliii i'l'ielcr, Daniel i;,,.,, h, 
 
 ( iirtis kiiii 
 
 U) .Sl'lit, 
 
 w iiiteniatiouiU tolegraidiic; eoiiventioii eaiiiu 
 
 into operation 
 
 Smiincl ( 111111111}, 
 James Aiiilcrsmi, 'chief 
 
 n. (il 
 
 IpSUII, 
 
 prof. Win, Thom.siin and eapt. 
 
 I Jim, 1876 i paiiy, were kiiitdited 
 
 pruiiiuleis of till 
 
 Utt 
 
 (U will stated (in Sep 
 the I'iililu passmi s 
 wire hy ineaii'S of 
 tllilillile.j 
 
 Till' U. .S. eini^'resH v 
 Field, fur his exert 
 teli'\'ri|ilH 
 
 AtailiiiierKiven to (_ 
 |,,iiii|iiii, teli';;niplii 
 hi'tivi'i'ii the i'iiiii|ia 
 i,r Canada and prcsl 
 
 fVi/n'/i Mlinili'' Tili'ir 
 j;iivi'iiiiiii'iit i^raiit CI 
 I ,Si'pl, i.Sii;, to .lull 
 d'Kilaiiiiea 
 
 Aii^tlii-Haiiisli telcKi'iip 
 
 ii)Ml|ilitl'.l . 
 Kllliilielll end of the 1 
 
 Dii'sl, 17,111111' : the 
 
 Massailnisi'tts 
 Ki'|iiirli'il iniiiiii betwe 
 
 Kli'liili Allalitic tele; 
 Ti'li'.nrilill hetweeii Uoi 
 Teli'^'iiiiili lietwceii ;1 
 
 Aii^ti'iha, eiiiiipleteil 
 Mi'ssir.'e fniiii the ma 
 
 tlie liiid mayor of 
 
 Till' J'"iii!li Atlantic I 
 ilmft Hiithrn, from 
 Cmiteiit, Ni'WfouiidIi 
 
 Tlii'lli'izil lili'Ki'.niih I'll 
 
 "frii'i.'iif," a Ki'i'iit e 
 Sii'iiii'iis Mnitliei's, I 
 ,'i^i!i(iii), 17 Keh. ; sail 
 .Stiiii'sCniapany's" ci 
 in N'nva Scotia, ii 
 8 June ; I'liiiiiccteit w 
 
 The .«ij:"i Aiiglo-Ainer 
 Oif'U K'Klirii 
 
 E. A. C'liif/ii/'N Writinfj 
 111^1(36 miles), exiiibil 
 |aii iiiipriviiil one by 
 ill liiiiiil 1887I . 
 
 liiinlh Afrlniii. liiif- laid 
 N'atal, jn .Ml);.; coiiin 
 paiiH .scut hy the ip 
 iithiTs, 25 Deo. ; open 
 
 Till' new l''n'iieliTraiisa 
 Dre<l til St. Pierre bi 
 I'Oiiiii'i'teil with Hall 
 I'.uis til .New York op 
 
 Siitoniatiniiil Ciiii};ros.s 
 I'.uis, 15 Sept, ; exhil 
 
 NfW Atl iiitie Cable laid 
 
 Teli'i,T.iiili from Engla 
 
 Many .siibiii.iriiie cablo.s 
 
 Iiiteriiiitioiial Sub-iaariii 
 
 CniiuWi'll Kleetwood \ 
 ivliii patent 'd many li 
 
 Inti'riritiiinal Cnnferein 
 nririiii' eahles, P.iris, 
 to, 25 Oct. i8Sj; si^'i 
 siKiii'il for 26 states at 
 1884; aiiiitlier coiifere 
 
 The I'l/fii, an electric 1 
 hemn) liiiiH of steel 
 Steplii'iis, Smith & Ci 
 .Mr. .\. liii'kenzauii, er 
 anil liai'k hy means of 
 latnrs; almi'it 4 hours 
 
 Electric li lat for coiiiiii 
 liiia*-'S, fit:. ; iiiveiil 
 laiiiiclii'il at Walthani . 
 
 Arran','eiiii'nts invented fi 
 messages fnini railway 
 ciiiitaet witli the nnliii 
 
 A central lahuratory of 
 Ori'iii'lle, Paris, by th 
 
 I'lirilii'iaiis 
 
 SirChirli'-i liri^jlit, an ei 
 iniiiy l.'lnnrapli cables, 
 
 Electrii iliiis iiivent< 
 
 ninniii,' in l.iiiiilnn . 
 
ELKCTRICITY. 
 
 3ti0 
 
 ELECTRlOtTY. 
 
 1808 
 
 [It w;n stiiti'il (ill Si'pt. 1866) tliiit tliH ongliipcr of 
 till' r:itiU: piissoil Jiinniils tlihm(,'li 3700 luiltw iif 
 wire hy iiii'iiiiH (if n li.ittiTy lunrii'il in a liiilv's 
 tliinil.ie.l 
 
 Till' U. .S. loiixri'HH viiti'il 11 hdIiI iiKuliil to CyniH 
 KicM. I'll!' iii.s uxcrtiiiris i'(iriric('ti'il witli Atliiiitic 
 ti'l'"-''''l'li'< 7 Marcli. 1867 
 
 At .•! .lii.iii'r KH-i'ii tn Cyiiia l'"ii'l(l at Willis's Uimhih. 
 I.iiiiiliiii. Ii'li'_'ra|iliii' iiii'ss,i;;i's with i'\i'li!iiii;i'<i 
 Iii'lwi-OM tli>' c'(iiii|«iijy iiml |„n| Mdiiclt, viciTi.y 
 iil'Ciiiriii.niricI [ircsicli'iit .liilirisipii . i July. 
 
 frf/K'/i All'iallr Trh'iinii>h ('"Miiiiiiiy fiiriiKMl ; l-'ri'mii 
 gdVrriiiiit'Mt uraiit t'oMi't'ssiiiii I'm- 20 years, Irniii 
 I Sept. iSii), 111 Julius Itcuter ami llaniii Kiiiile 
 (I'KrlaiiKeii 8 July, 
 
 Alwl.i-li.iiii'tli leleKrapli (XewliiKKiii tii CdpeiiliaKeii) 
 '""il'l't''! 31 AiiK'. 
 
 Kuiniie.iii eiiil iif the I'reTicli Atlaiilie ealile laiil at 
 llresi, i7.liirie ; till- Aiiiericaii eriil at Diixlmry, 
 Miissilrimsells 23 July, 
 
 Kep.prle.i iiiii.iii lietweeii the Aii;:lii.Aiiierieaii ailil 
 Kri'iieh Atlaiitii- ti'le;,'rapli e.impaiiies Jan. 
 
 Ti'leifrapli Ipelweeii Dciiiiliay ami Hiiez eninpliited . 
 
 Telegraph lietweeii Aili'lahlc ami I'urt D.irwin, 
 AiHIr.ilia, eniiipleteil . . , ,,2 An;,'. 
 
 MeHsa.-e IV.iiii the iiiaycir iif Ailehiido reeeiveil hy 
 the hinl riiayiir of JiUiiiliiri, ami ri^plied to, 
 
 •J I Oet. 
 
 Tlie /•mrtli Atlantic telegraph cable laiil liv the 
 Cniit Ivulrrn, I'riini Valentin, Irehinil, ti) Heart's 
 L'liiiteiit, .Vi'wl'iiumllaiiil 8 JiiiiiJ-3 July, 
 
 TlielliiiZil tele^trnph cihle ciinipletely laiil, 22 Hopt. 
 
 ■'t'liri'l-i'i," 11 k'l'cat electriu calile ship, Imilt for 
 Siemens llnithers, laiincheil at Ninveastlo (seo 
 Sleiiiii), 17 Keli. ; sails tii lay the " Direct Uniteil 
 St,iiesi,'iiMipaiiy's"ealile, 16 May, laiil slmrc-cml 
 ill N'liva ScDtia, 31 May; in .\ew llaiiipsliire, 
 8 June; ciinnectcil with Ncwfiiiiiiillaiiil, July 
 
 The MM AiiK'lo-AniericHii teluarapli laid by the 
 ilniit hiiiini \ii;,'.-Hi!pt. 
 
 E. A. (.'Nir;»'i'< \Vi-itin;i lrlciir(tph: ([niek iilaiii writ- 
 ing (i'i iriiles), nxhiliiteil at Koval Iiistitiitiiiii, itc. 
 (an impMved ime hyj. Hart Kiibertannexliibited 
 in biiiiiiiii, 1887I May, 
 
 .s',«'/i .IfriV.iii iiiie, hiid betwoeii Mozanibiiiue and 
 Xiital, .!) .\U(,'.; connocted with C'aputmvn ; tole- 
 (,'rann sent by the niiHcii ti> sir Hartlu Kreie and 
 iitliers, 2; Dec. ; o|iiined tu the pnlilie 29 Dec. 
 
 Till' new l''iviieli Transatlantic liable to bi? laiil from 
 Unst tn St. I'icrre by tlio Familnij, snilcil June; 
 loiiie^ .teil with Halifax, Oct. 1879 ; lino from 
 I'lirii 111 .Vi'W York opened . . . , June, 
 
 liilomatiiiii.il (JoiiKross of Klectricians opened at 
 I'.ii-is, 15 .Sept. ; cxliibitiini . 11 Ang.-2o .\ov. 
 
 New Atliutic Cable laid by tlio Fartulay 22 Anj;. 
 
 I't H'-'l. 
 
 Telegraph from England -to Panama completed 
 
 Sept. 
 Many .siihniarino cabins laid down . . (•( sn/. 
 
 IiiteriiiitiiinalSuli-niarine Conference, Paris, 16 Oct. 
 
 CniiiiWcll I'leetwood Varley, eli'Ctrical eiij^inecr, 
 
 will, patent 'il many inventions, died . 2 8cpt. 
 
 Inteniatiiinal Conference for protection of snli- 
 
 miriiie eahles, P.iris, closed ; convention asfced 
 
 to, 26 Oet. 1883 : signed at London, 14 March ; 
 
 sigiieil fur 25 states at Ijomloii, at Paris 26 March, 
 
 1884; another conference . . . . , Dec. 
 
 The rrfdi, an electric launch (37 feet loiiK, 7 feet 
 
 lieain) liiiilt of steel, constructed by .llcssrs 
 
 Sti'phens, Smith & Co. of Miilwall, de'sij,' 1 by 
 
 Mr. A. Iteelienzaun, cros.sed t'riini Dover to Calais 
 
 anil liiiek liy means of one filiar),'e of the aceuinu- 
 
 latiirs ; aliout 4 hours crossini,' . . 13 Sept. 
 
 Electric Inat for commimicatin;,' lit,'lit to powder 
 
 hnuses, ,te. ; invented by Thomas Webb ; 
 
 laiinelied at Waltham Atibey . . . Au^. 
 
 Arraii:;ements invented for tmnsmittinj,' teU'Knipliic 
 
 messages I'rom railway trains in motion without 
 
 ciintaet with the ordinary wires .... 
 
 A central lahoratory of electricity inaugurated at 
 
 Oivm'lle, Paris, by the International societv of 
 
 elretnuians 
 
 SirCliirles liriglit, an eminent engineer, who laid 
 
 ni my t.'legraph cables, died, . . 3 May, 
 
 Klirtrieuniniliiis invented by .Mr. iladulitl'e Ward'. 
 
 nmiiMi,' in London . . . pd, 
 
 1896 
 
 1869 
 1870 
 
 1872 
 
 ■ 873 
 
 1874 
 
 1879 
 
 i88o 
 1881 
 
 1800 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 1 383 
 
 1339 
 
 Messrs r.I lore * Wdi^dit ann-uu'i their m/.(,„a 
 , peia(i*/ t,'h.,ii;t,<h in which mo ,sa;<es are pro- 
 
 .|.i-,Mlre.seml)lin«typewrilin«. . . .\pril ,339 
 Ihe Metropoliljin electric supply cnnpany pro. 
 
 |i ise SIX central stations, W. & W.C Aurll 
 
 Inlcmalionil Ki.'ct.o.reehnical con^-ress'at Frank- " 
 
 lort-on-.Maine, opened .... 8 Sept. ,891 
 hlcctrical cvhibili.Mi at the (Jrvstal Palace, near 
 
 London, opened ... „ lao ,ar,, 
 
 Klectrical Kxhiliition at .SI. I'.'te s'm.-K, opened . ' 
 
 Ureil pro,.;riws nude, ni 'ssa.; -s and returns seji'tal'l " 
 roiiii I the world in ;i leiv minutes Iroiii .Vew 
 lork, during an electrical exposiliun . June 
 .Sir John Pender, an miergotic promoter ot sub- 
 in inne tclegraphv, hirii i.^i5,iliel . 7 July, 
 .Meetings oi the cvcMitive com nilteii of the .Sub. 
 miriiiM lolegia;ili .M .iu irial, to establish a memo- 
 rial to sir John l-'ihleraul to promote an inter- 
 national miinoriil recording the iubilne ot 
 subniiriiie-telegr.iphy in 19:11; siiliscriiitions 
 o ',"'■"'«:' . ,' • • .loO.'.t., ,0, 27.\ov., 
 
 Snbunnn.i telngraoh cable between Kindi'ii and 
 
 Vigo, o.iened, reported . . 24 D.ic. 
 
 Ki.Kcrnic Clock, &e. Professor Wlic.itstone in'- 
 vented an eiectro-m igiietic telegraph (dock in 
 ■ 840, Clocks worked by cleclricitv, invented by 
 Mr. Ah'xauder liiin, Mr. Shepherd, ami others, 
 appeared 111 the exliibition of ,35,. An eiectrio 
 clock. With four di.ils. illuminated at iii(,'lit was 
 set up lor some time in I'roiit of the olllce of the 
 eleidric telegraph company, in the Strand, Lou- 
 don, July, ,852, A time-li.ill w.is set up by Mr 
 {•rciicli, in Cornhill, j„ ,85,,. |„ ,3(^^ j,r. '^^ y! 
 VValker so connected the clock of the Oreeuwich 
 observatory witli that of thcSoiith-oaitenistation, 
 London, that they coul I be coiitrolli;il by elec- 
 tricity. ' 
 
 Ei.eithk; LiiiiiT. 
 Humphry Davy jiro liiced electric light with carbon 
 
 points ..... 
 Apparatus for regulating' the 'electric ii.dit'were 
 devised 111 18.(6, and slimvu by W. Staite's patents 
 1846, 1849; Staite(atSiiudTlaml, 25 Oct. 1847), 
 and Petrie m 1848 ; by (•'oiic.iult soon after. 
 
 Jules Duboscii's Klmlric /,owp(t 1 ' most perfect of 
 the kind) appeared at tlic i>aris exiiibition in 
 1855; andwasllr.stemphiycd by professor Tyii- 
 dall, at the Itoyal Institution, London, for illus- 
 trating lectures on light and colours . 
 
 The works of new Westminster briilge were illumi- 
 nated liy Watson's electric light 
 
 The .If c/'irto-Wee^-i • light (tlic most brilliant artifl'- 
 cial MKlit.yet prodi.eed), devi.seilhv Prof. Holmes 
 suecessfully tried at tlio South Voreland light- 
 house, Dover ,853 „„,, ,8j^ 
 
 The French government ordered eight liglithon.ses 
 to be illuminated by electric light . .April 
 
 M. Serrin, of Paris, exhibited his improved electric 
 lamp 
 
 Klectr<cCan\h,, invented by Paul .Tablo'clikoir (all 
 electric current passed through two carbons side 
 by sid) with a sli|i of kaolin betv, .on them, pro- 
 duces a steady, soft, noiseless light; the carbons 
 bum like wax); r. ported to the Aeademy of 
 Sciences, P.iris, b.- M. Deiiavroiize . . Oct 1876 
 
 The elecdric liglit suc'cssl'iillv cmploved for tihoto- 
 graphv liy .Mr. H. V;in dcrWevde ' . 
 
 Head, Wriglitson, & c,,., ,,(• Stocktoii-oii-Tces, use " 
 Siemens' electric light for bridge bull ling . 
 
 At the .Magasin du Louvre, 8 electric lights replacoi'l " 
 ic» Carcel gasdmrners ; as managciblc as coal 
 gas suiiply ; tried at West India docks 15 June 
 
 Tyudall's I'xperini'nts at S. Koivlaml, demonstrate 
 superiority ofsiein 'lis' dynamo-electric machine, 
 
 ri . , . '^"". i870-July, ,, 
 
 Orammi' s 111 ichine (liglit e |ual to 7sS e.indles) 
 Serrin's and .rabloehkoIVs liglits improved by Ra- " 
 luetr, a Kiissiaii ; taken up bv Mr. K. J. ileed 
 M.P. ; a sill ill 111 igneto-electric machiiio, worked 
 by steam ; eon Incting wires replai'.' the "asworks 
 
 „"'"' I'il"'" " July, 1878 
 
 Mr. Staytou reports, that the light is miicli dearer 
 than gas, ami not siiitalile for street lighting in 
 
 London n-\\t 
 
 Electric light tried at W..stiniiisteriialace, 23 March', " 
 
 B H 
 
 1856 
 1858 
 
 i36i 
 1862 
 
 1877 
 
 
 ni 
 
 ' «<•.., 
 
 ■C-' III 
 
 -. ('- 
 
 
■i 
 
 4 
 
 I^Hffi 
 
 P^ppM 
 
 H 
 
 III 
 
 ELECTUICITY. 
 
 Twcinl Miuijii'ijn'clyiiiiiiKi'Miim'iii'lii-i'U'c'lrli' ijiai'liiiivii 
 iiiiliTC'd I'.ii' III!' 1,1/ajilH liKlilliiiiiHia . . . 187!! 
 
 Till' Diili'lv iliciili'i' lit liy ll^lil I'nini l.uiiliii'n 
 iMiii'hllii'aiiil iJiHililliMlliiii III .liililiii'likiill'M Auk. ,. 
 
 llil'I l>l>tl' I'lMllllllli'n III .llini' III! I'lll'l'll'il' l.igllllllK, 
 
 1877 ; tr,lTl-.l;il('il li.\ l'il>;i'l IIIkK", lilllilisliiil . ,, 
 
 Mr. I. K. I'Misi'ii Miiiiiiiiiii IS at Ni'vt VmU I1I14 UIh- 
 ('ii\> ry 1)1 a tiM'tlmil i>l I'toilurlUK a ^niit iiuiiilu'l' 
 III' li^ililH iijiil iiiui'li iiiri'liiiimiil |iii»i'r Himii a 
 Kill Hli'iliillli liM'rml. :iilyiialliii I'li'i'tlli' liiarhllli', 
 wliii li 111' (4'vitiH " |< li'i Kii liiiii," wliii'li may Iki 
 wiirki'ii liy \vati'r-|iiiv\i'i' ur strain ; this lausi's a 
 paiiii' iiiiiiiii^ uas I'liiiipiitiii's ill Luiiilnii, ami ili'- 
 jn'chsi'iii ill value III sliari'H . Sept., Oi't. ,, 
 
 Kilisiiii'i* , laiiN ol' HUliiliv iiliiiK' ll^lits IIIi'l at piiti'iit 
 
 iilllii' -J) (let. ,, 
 
 Natiiiii.il Kli'i'liii' I.iKlit i'i>iii|>auy riu'iiiiiiK N'uv. ,, 
 Kll'll il'l Wi I'llrl llialill's I'll rllir ii^llt suliillvlili'il ; a 
 nil nil r I'l {('Is lit siiiiiillaiii'iiiisly ; slinwii liy 
 I) tisli I' 'i'(,'ra|'li iiiiiii'aiiy . .' . j Nuv. ,, 
 Kli'i'tni' liKlit usi'it liir liiivr wni'ksliiijisat W uiilvvirli, 
 
 All'., tliinuKliHUl till' I'lUiiitiy . . Niiv. ,, 
 
 7'iMi''' iiiai'liiiii'-ionin III liy .sis lights liiiiii niii' I'lir- 
 
 ii'iit : UaiiiiU'sysli'iii . . . Oi't. Niiv. ,, 
 
 Thri'i' systems li.\iiiK .il New Vurk liy Kili.siiii, 
 
 SiiHVer, anil lliusl '. Niiv. ,, 
 
 'Walliiie lamp (Ainei'ieali), intriiiliiei'd liy Ml'. L.'iilil, 
 
 autnnin, ,, 
 JaMiii'likiiU'eaiiillii li'ieil at Westgate-iiu-Wea, liy .Ml'. 
 K. K. Oavis, 2-^6 lire.; light sueeessful ; ililli 
 eulty ill prilftiee ; gneli up . . . Ilee. ,, 
 
 Fiirnialiiiii iil' iiilili' aeiil in tlie ail' liy eleetrie light ; 
 iiniiiiuiieeil liy .Mr. 1'. Wills, i) Ilee. 1878; iif 
 liyili'ii-eyaiiie ur prussie aeiil liy jiriil'. J. Ilewar, 
 
 iiiitiiiiili, 1871, 
 Mai'liiiii'.s iif Kaiiiier A' Wallace, Liuitiii, He Meri- 
 tells, lli'iiwiiiiig. Lane, and iillieis in use In l.iiii- 
 
 ili.ii „ 
 
 I.iglit given lip al llillingsgate markel,,'ilHiiit <a Jan. ,. 
 iSielliens' light sueeessflli al the Alliert llall.n Keli. ,. 
 I'MisiMi iilitaiiis liiaiililiil liglil I'lnin pl.iliniiiii wliieh 
 tusi's ; used fx«>-liiii,M' power to iilit.iin -jo.ixw 
 lights al line ...tatiiiii ; lailiire aiinonnei'd, .Mareli ; 
 liis paleiit regisliied .... '..3 .Vjiril, ,, 
 K.xliiliiliiiii ill lights at liiiy.il Allnrt Hall upeiied 
 
 liy (he priiiee uf Wales .... 7 .May, ,, 
 Jl. .iaiiiiii's eleetrie eamlle e.shiliited at .Veadeiny iil' 
 
 ISeieiii'is, Paris . . . alinnl 17 .Mareli, ,, 
 
 A eiiiiliiiiiiiiis eiii'i'i'iit il.Miamii - inagiielii-eleetrie 
 mai'hiiii' patented liy Imd Klphinslune and (.'. \V. 
 
 Vile iiil (since iminiiviil) 
 
 A enmiiiitlee uf the lliaisi' iif ( 'Diiininns appiiinted 
 *' III eimsiilcr whether il is ilesiraliie til anthiiri/e 
 Inuniiipal eiirpuratimis ur uther lueal authuiilies 
 til adopt any selii'ines lor lighting liy eleelricity " 
 (lu'. L.Min 'I'layl'.iir, ili.iii man), lepuits : "The 
 eiii'ig\ ol iiiii'-liiii'si' power m;iy lie eunverteil intit 
 gaslig.it. and yields a liiiiiinusityeiinal lu i^-eandli! 
 puwer. Hut the .same ,iiiiuiinl id eiiergv trans- 
 
 torlueil into eleetrie ligllt inoduees l.fKKi-eanillo 
 power. . . . Seielllilie witllesses eulisidcred that 
 in the lutlire till' eleetrie cllllent llliglit lie extell- 
 Hively Used 111 traiisiuit puwer as well as light to 
 CDnsider.dile distances, su that the puwci' ajiplicd 
 til mechanical |iiiipiisi's during the day niiglil 1) • 
 made available for liglit during the night. . . . 
 Tliere seems to lie iiu reason lu doul.t that the 
 olcetrie light his eslalilished ilself for lighthouse 
 
 ililllllill.ltlull, .llld is littcil III illuniille l.'irge sytii- 
 
 nietrical places, such as siiii.ircs, pulilic halls, 
 railway stations, and workslmps. . . . t'omparcd 
 with g.is, the eeouomy for i'i|iial illnniinatiuii dues 
 nut yet appear tu he 1 onclu^ivcly estalilished. 
 . . . Oas eumpanies, in the upinion of yuiir eoiii- 
 niitlec, have no special claims lu lie eunsidered 
 as the fiiliirc distnliuliiis of electric liglit . . . 
 Your eommitlce, liowcver, do nui cuiividrr that 
 the time has yet arrived logive gciicral powers lu 
 jirivate electric euiniianics tu break up the strei'ts, 
 unless by eunsent uf the lueal aulhorities." - 
 77iHe.< ig .lune, 1880 
 
 Eleclrie light iilaeed on Thames Knibanknient, in 
 
 lirilisli Musciiiii. It Viiliiria .Statiuii, ,Vc. Hec. ,, ' 
 
 System ol C. !■'. Drusli American), exhibited in l.un- 
 d.ui. .'.lid tu be siiijpic and trust\vurtliy j^ I Jcc. ,, 
 
 In. e . William Sicnicns repurts lu lim.d ISucicty, 
 iliat electric liglit acts like sol, ir light on vegct'a- 
 lioii 2 .March, ,, ' 
 
 ;i7it 
 
 ELKCTHICiTV, 
 
 Klcctrlc llghtH Hi't up fur trial on TliiiiiieM Kinhiini, 
 imiit, liiil'tli Hide (.labliM'hkiiir HyHti'iii), 1 , |i,., 
 187H; Wutuiliai Hrldge, luOet. i87yi 1 niitnui,,!^ 
 
 Mr. .1. W. HwiiiiexldliltKliiss>slemufilh|,|iin;\'''||','' ' '' 
 A'c, at NcwcaNtlc'Uii 'lyiiciaft. in l.uiiiloiii.. .mi' 
 
 Tri.il uf three systems In l.undun : Luniin's, Nmuh,' 
 wark lii'idge, A'c.; Ilrush, lllaeklriars'liridi.. ai 
 .Mcnieiis', lliiildhall, \i'. . . .i.Mnnli' 
 
 .Swan's incandcsieiil lamp set up inl'.u |^ "'' 
 
 colli,. ly, llamiltuii, l.aiiaiksliiie.U Aug.; al- , ul 
 the .Savii) ■I'hcalre, London, suecesslnlh , up, n,.,, 
 
 (loiliilniliig IK liy I'lectvle light priidiiecd b,\"ii,l,j " 
 wheels dllveli by the W'e\ , Sept. | vepuilcil ,,„. 
 
 '■I'SXlul ,,||,.,. 
 
 .Iiiniiir I'arlluii Club lirst lit by the elcctrn' aicir " 
 
 niiiialiir inSii,| 
 
 New lamp (the sun) by I.uuis ( lire, a euiiil.inai nn'i ' 
 ul the are and ineandcseciit systeiiiK . Jm,,. ,.., 
 
 'I'l lei trie •' sun " laiii|i and puwer euiii| any wa,! "" 
 
 li'ilned ',1,11, 
 
 Klcctric liglitiiig 111 I |ia.sscil . , . . i3 \||'.,' " 
 
 The I'VrranIi syste f electric li|.liliii^. (mi, ,||,'| 
 
 by Mr William Thuinsuii, .Mr. S. /laiii di 1 , nimii 
 
 and Mr. Allied Tliumson) suecesshilly (m ,|, [,,.^.' 
 
 Internatiuii'il electrical and gaslight e'vhil.iii,,,, „( 
 
 (lie Crystal I'alacc upclii d . . , , . p,.,, 
 
 i:lci'(ric lighl apiilied by Hell lliuthers, Ne«i'ii»tii' '' 
 
 111 their mines p,.,,' 
 
 Mpliiiistiine and Vincent macliiiie advcrtisiil f„f ' 
 
 sale 
 
 Mr. .1. K. II. (iiirdiiiis great d.Miamu inaeliinc m. " 
 
 hiliited at Wuolwicli .... at, tu't. 
 Messrs. (i. (,'. \. lIuliucH, !•'. K, llurke, iiiul y, 
 t.'licesewright's iiiveiitiun fur the use uf llu' dn'l 
 trie light In railways tried un (li'eat .Nurthcrii liin' 
 reported sncccssfnl .... .'si'il.' 
 
 si. .Matlhew's Church, lirixlun, lit by eleitriiity 
 
 iSllr;'. 
 
 (limlard-Oiblis' system of s ndary giiii'i'iilnr. " 
 
 anmuinceil April ; iiiaugnraled mi the .Meti,.. 
 
 politan railway Xm.. 
 
 II. T. llarnetfs seeiiiidiiry liattery tried iil'tiii' " 
 
 Cleat Western station . . ' . 1 ici ,■.'.„.,( 
 Ml, (1. C. I). Hiiss's impruved galvanic baltiryli.r " 
 
 light and miitiun " ,jc. 
 
 lioiiiestic elcctne lighting by the llei man. Taylur 
 and King system tried at Culehcslei m .li'iiir ,::, 
 
 I'lii etric liglit employed in Liverj 1 and Jlaic 
 
 Chester (rains \^^,^ 
 
 llictrie lighting siiceessiul at llie Vislieiics, ,i(,- 
 ■■ ll'l Health exhibiliiilis . . ... 
 
 H ightiin successt'nlly lit by the Hainmuinl.Wii.jlit " 
 
 -ystclii ; dcselilicd x,,,.^ 
 
 L'pwanrs primary halt cry (an luUaiice); uvof aciii " 
 dispensed with . ' I,iiv. ,3:5 
 
 The Kdisi 111 S Swan llUited iliclric li;;lit eolii|.,i|'iy 
 
 '■. W' IhoiiM' ,V llawsoii for iiiliin-cii'iiii nf 
 
 patent for cai liun tilanieiits ; veidict f..r pamiiiN 
 
 20 .May, ,. 
 
 Allirincd on appeal, .iudgc Col lull dissent' ul -,i .hui. 157 
 
 Kensington iV Knijihlsbrid-c electric li.liiin,' 
 company's lirst station opened . ,lai[ 
 
 .Mr. Kilison's " ryro-Magiiel ic " dynaiiiu. in wliiil, 
 hial is directly t ransluruicil inlu elcedicitv 
 withuut (he iiilcrvcnlioii uf slcani.cii,;;ii:i' ii'r 
 other machinery, aniiuunccd tu the Aiiuricaii 
 association ^,.1,1 
 
 line lie I'V'llrc's suggest ion fur llie imploMin'iit nf 
 windmills to ]irodiii'i' electric li,-lii l.\' moi'Mhi; 
 dyiiamu machines ; e.vpcriminls niade at r,i|,il, 
 la lli've ,s,.|i| 
 
 .Mr. Uri|uhar('siii'W|iurtalileclcetriclaiiip. «ii-liiii; 
 4 lb. 2 11/., adapted t'or'oual mines, iVc. ; exliiliilnl 
 ill l.undun li,.[.. 
 
 Si'hansehieirs iiriiiiaiy battery; applicahl" in 
 lighting, miners' lanijis &r. ' . , aiiliiiiMi „ 
 
 I'lupusal tu li;:hi part uf (he city by the Aimlc 
 Anicrieaii liiiish sysleni submilled to tlicenin. 
 niissiuncrs uf sewers, deferred . ji Kiti. i:?: 
 
 Electric light uidy in theatres in .Spain, unli nil liv 
 royal decree ,, .M„j,|i, ., 
 
 Krcctiuii by the l.und leetriesnpplv eoip"iaIii.ii 
 
 uf works at |)c]ilfurd to Mij.plv the iiiclriiiinli.s 
 with electric light, . . " 
 
 Ill,' I'Mi-uii k Mwaii nil 
 ,'. Il'idanil and ol In 
 vei'iliel. I'Mlsoii s p.il 
 
 CI sili'iiiiiigli paten 
 
 iSM. Kdlsiin's patei 
 
 Xllidliill'C'-lil-llullseelef" 
 
 iSjii; llie lirst slatlui 
 
 a.) .1.111., about nun 
 
 1,1 111 IS ill incpai-itioii 
 
 Till' cil> of I loll In 
 
 IiIh.iiI lu he elect Ileal 
 Till' c|i'<'l lie ligllt 11 id III 
 
 I'liii. ruiirs, .Maisei 
 
 ^I'l'lll lilies up to 
 
 Kiiiii'li'i'ii cuinpaiiieH 
 siipiily I'lectrieity In I 
 
 Till' llist iiernianenl el 
 
 l.iiiiiliui set up ill tjiii 
 
 Miiti.siuii-liuusi tu Ilia 
 
 Kli'i'Iiii' hglil cvteii-iun 
 
 Hi'ii'i'iil i'\|iliisiuiis in .SI 
 
 111 till' I'lictncal siipi 
 
 to till' |il'eseliee k\\' so, 
 
 ri'iiiclii's snggesd'd li,i 
 Hi'iHi'ii regnlatiiins n 
 
 i»»iicil liy till' lliiai'l II 
 ,1, A llerly's " L'nivei 
 
 nearly i,o<«i pages, pr 
 
 Kl, 1:1 11(11 Loom, .M. Hi 
 viM'il a iilaii of einplii 
 liiiigiii'l-, ill weaving, 
 ti'ili.,111 and cusily .1 
 
 His liiiilll was set lip il 
 
 tiii'i"l II '1111 at the liny 
 t'arrrl.i.^ 
 
 A'/rrf,,'.' I'm (fur ciipyii 
 T. K'li>>iii, an .\iiiei'ica 
 jiaiiv was estalilished : 
 
 I'mfHijhUlKJ h,i Khi-lri 
 Kiivs invention tried 
 siici'c.ssfiil, aiitiiiiiii i.S; 
 
 Kl.KCIIioI'lloS'F., invelllei 
 
 fur priidiicing suiiiid b; 
 tclisiiiii : utie laid be 
 S"''ii'ly 'ifArts. .See I 
 
 Ki.K' Tiiu.TiM'. .Mr, r.i 
 l.iilliliill, liatellted invcl 
 lllil,\' he ciijiied fl'iilu 
 digraviiig itself actr 
 trieal ,'igi'iiey, and iiir 
 pli'i;;riililiy ' . 
 
 I-j.Keriiu-Tvi'i; on Hkcu.'. 
 ex|irriiii>'iits, iSuo; .^ 
 and iir"fi'sr,ui' .iacubi, 
 lirst sii'i'i'ssfiil cxpi'iii 
 ami iSi.S, .Since then, 
 have p'rlecteil the piui 
 .Marrayapi.lied black Ii 
 
 .I" a c luetiiig siirfaci 
 
 .Ml, I'ilkiiiglun a|iplicil 
 
 pl.ltiiy, .since ]S5o. p 
 
 cuts, and casts friiiii tin 
 with i'ii|i|ii'r, and the 
 uiliilitiil ill the arts. 
 .Messrs. I', Whealstuiieaiii 
 
 tlli'a|i|ilieatiun uf cleetl 
 
 All ;■.;,•''/,■;,: ,«,/;'/,, /,,„,;, 1, 
 
 Hiaiiil ; exliiliited at Pi 
 
 Till' Klii'lrieliliick eonipii 
 llieir |iriii'i's,M's the eiila! 
 engravings, ulitaiiicd I 
 iiiiiaeilialelv tiaiislcned 
 Ullil lilldti|,'lieil. i.eech': 
 Were Cdlaured by liimsc: 
 
 OzoxE, generated by a 
 Willis laagnetii-clectric 
 eli'.ieh sugar, at White 
 patent) 
 
 tt'rti'ic /i/r-.a,',', funned i 
 Will, .'sieiiieus, fuses plati 
 ■■" ll'iyal liistiliitiuu . 
 
 Kli'itric light a.iplicl by 
 and fruit in (jic'i'iihoiisus 
 
P^r.KCTHKJlTV. 
 
 «7l 
 
 Er.KCTllICITY 
 
 ,., ll.iluiMl an.l nil,,.,,; _ ,VH in,d; ,IIm,|,.,1 V, '|?.,m„. .'it,''' "''''"• ''' ""''""■ 
 
 v,.r.liH. K.|i*;„« |.al..nl „r ,,,7 ] |,„.,.,| ,„>;,|„| mNv '..,,.,'.';!";';:' ' l'"""r '" ."'''''"f 
 
 ,8S3. K.|U..»» |.iil(.|,t .l,rluiv,l VMlM „„ u|.|...ul «,?,,,,. , , I"ii. 1S9" 
 
 'l'l„.hnll*'.(ll-l tl'l'I'^l'll-lr^niiplvronipilllVti I<.|| ' KuiTllIC lUll.lV.W l,v Wrni,!- ,K|,.,,„.|„ „||,| 
 
 iSd.^; Ilif llr^t slali.. II ul Wi.sl III,, 1,11,1.;,, ,,,„., ,|,,| MmIsIm., o|i,.|ic.| iii.|if ll,i liii 1 . Miiv 1881 
 
 '■" "' ' ' -'■■" " ' ' ■ Si..|i„.Ms' ,„.,»/,■,. ,„.,■;,,■„,„ i,,,. I 
 
 „ .1.111., iiliiiiil mill. sliiliniH I'siahlishi'il 1111,1 
 "lli"''i'il';''l'i';'li"i K,.l, iKri, 
 
 il„. (.||> III' I.'UmIi'II ll'illl |.'||.|.| S||V|.| In . Mil. . III,. 
 
 Ill I I" III' c.|i.i'liiiillly ll;;lili.i| . . |.',.|, 
 
 ll,|...lnlrli' li«llt ll 111 Ihi.m l|.|,i|,|,.,| Ml Miliiii, H ,111,.' " 
 
 r.ins TniiiB, Mnr,Hi.illi.H, .N,.w Vmk iiml iillii>|. 
 
 gn...tl..ili.inii|ilii iiii,,,^ ,8,^, 
 
 Kimrli'iii niiiM|iiiiihis liiivr 1 n |.Kt,il,i|»||,.,| to 
 
 ,ii|,|ily ili'clilrily III till' .Mi.|in|,n||H iiliiiii. ii|i 1,1 
 
 Till' liiHt lii'riiiaiii.nl i.l(.i.|ni. ll^-lils In tin. (.||y i,( 
 
 I liiiisi't lip ill yiii'i'ii Vii.|,,i|ii H||.,.,.t rrniii'lh,. 
 
 MiiikIiiiI'Iiiimsi til lllai'MiiiiiH . siiinnn'r 
 
 Klirliii.lip'lil r>>li|i.iiiii iiclH liniii-lil ill, . I |S;V. 
 
 Hi'ii'iiil ii\|ilii'<iiiii'< ill f^l. I'liiicraH mill iillii.i- plurcM 
 ill tl liclnral supply slii.i.l li,,x,.s. ..iiiiiliiiti,! 
 
 Ill ll|i. Iiri.silll'i' lit sniliiiiii mill |.-C|.,.n,|.|| c'liill.L'iih ■ 
 
 II..U ^M.r.r..^l..,l 1.,. II... I i.i..... I r. .* 
 
 ID nil- |iii-v 111 .■ Ill .-I II, si.'ipi.ii c., Bil-Hiih ; linill .tllllWIlll til J.iilHliiii llr-iil.q. .^ .Si'lil 
 
 ,,.i„i.li,..s,,W'sti..niytli,.l,„anl,irt,iiili. K,,!,. ,.,,. .MiiiiiHis' ,.1,.<.|| |,.,,1 ,,,„|,„.,iv liLtwrmi PnrlmVlVui .1 
 
 VIHi'il ll.lJIllHtlllll.S IVsIiItIiII.- |.i.|.||i,. li.ilitiii,, <i|llllt\ (';iii»,.u,iv I.., , ., , 
 
 , ,„ ,; ■, - ■-.piili., .! iiiilii.H 
 
 ■l.i'li; ll.s.^al|,||l.|■.sl^,^,l ,//„ i„,„„ll,,l l,„Um„; 
 .MiiH.Tn ,,l„„,,lin„i m.iiA,-,,,, ,, .\„^. ; ,,./,,,.,ric 
 l.itiinntii „|.| up i„ |i|,|.|„ _ ^ ^||„ 
 
 Si.. nil. US' mnv ului'lili; railway tiinl 'at ll,.|li1i " 
 t 1 .. . . aliiiilt 7 .\ii\ . 
 
 Ii liTiialluiial i.|i.ctiii.Ml i.vliilillioii, in^l.il I'.iIimi' 
 
 <'nlMpli'l..|l,iliaUKIIIul,.,|l,i tlll.||llk|.|li'l.;ililll,l||.(.||| 
 
 1. ■'\I'' ■. ','"■"'' .... i.liini., i88j 
 
 lii-sl rlrrtiii. tniliiwiiy rais nin at Li'vIhihIhiii. 
 
 '■■ini'X J Miiii.l, 
 
 Xinv clrrti-ii. lailwiiy ii|ii.|i,.i| »( Hiiliii . ' i .M.ny, \\ 
 Kln'tlli. |.|in(,Mi.«s lit I'ans iipiiml . iiiii'l. ',' 
 
 A liiial("/.,Vn.(i.iV,/i/")H.H|, MlvH-piiipilliT iilnvi'ii 
 
 liy piiwiT, piiivi.liil liv ,i||.,.ti|,. ,i,.,.|iniiil.itiiis 
 
 l.lllll liVtll,. Kll.rlrir.llSli.ni;;,. (i„|,p„„vl,sallH 
 
 liiiiii.Millwall 111 l.i.iiiliiii lir-i.l^;,. .' '.j^.si.pi. 
 
 HiviHi'il ii.niilatiiiii.s ivspi'i'lin^r |.|,.|.|,.i,. |i^|,ti|,(, 
 is.Mii..| liy Uii' Iliiai-.l 111' Traill', iilmul, .;, |.'i.|i. ,Syf, 
 
 ,1. A lli'ily's " L'liivci'sal |.;ii.|.|iii.,.|l liinrdiry," 
 iii'iii'ly I, (Km |ia;<i"<, piiri. ri.s., Inr • 
 
 Ki.Kiiii" l.iiiiM. .M. Ill ili.iil Turin, ill i.Si',, ili.i 
 
 Vl.nl 11 nlall lit' I'llipliiUII^; lll,l;,'liits .•||„| ,|,.,.t|i,. 
 
 iiiii^'iii.ls ill wi.avin^;. Ili,jil,y supi.i^i.iliii;; tin. 
 ti'iliniH anil ,.i,..lly .l.'inpi.iiil s.\stini nl' ranlH. 
 
 lli.s liiiiMi wan sil up ill I Inn In i85,_,, ami lia- 
 
 tiiiv.l ii/iiii at till' linyal In^titnlinn iiy prnri'.HHiu' 
 KanH.iy . . s .luiii., ,860 
 
 l:l(cl,-f I'fii (fiir ciipyin^', ,ti. ), invi'iiinl l,y .Mr. 
 T. Kiliviii, all Aiiii.|ii'aii ; an iln-trii. wniinj; |.,,|||. 
 paiiy w,i»r,<lalilislii'il ; ai'tlM. Ml . . i877-3 
 
 l'Mi-r„jHm,J hil lihrtrinhi, \\y, St. (i .p, I,,,,,,, 
 
 Kiis.s iiivviitinii lrii.il at KiiUliiii. ami ri'pni'ti.tl 
 sui'ci.ssl'iil, auluiiin 1.^^77 ; ilnulitiiil , ^ ,g 
 
 Kl.Kcritiii'iiiiNK, invniti.,! Iiy Hi. .Slivthill Wii;-!,!. 
 fiirpriiiliic'iiiKsiiunil Iiy i'IitIiIi. I'lirrniis nl' lii^;|i 
 ti'lisiiill : iill« laiil lii'fiiri. tlni |{i,y,i| .Si.nttisli 
 Siii-iiMy iif Ait.s. ISi'i. ■/'. /i/i/mik. . ' . ..,5 .Vprii, ,j(c,. 
 
 KLK'-niii-TiNi. .Mr I'.il r, nf Ni'W;;a;i..st|.|.i.t, 
 
 Liiiiiliiii, pali'iiti'il iiiviiiliiins Iiy wliirli |.|i^mvlii;;s 
 iiiiiv 111' riipii'il IVniii i.ii;;iav,.il |il,iti..s, ami tin 
 eiixraviii); itsi.lf lutiially priiiliii.,.,|, Iiy i,],.,., 
 tiir:il a;;i.|iry, ami nii|. pinii.ss lii. trinmil gly 
 
 pli'W''l''iy "" . ,841 
 
 Ki.Ki'iiin-Tvi'i: nil liKi'iisii-. Mr. \v. Ciiiilislmnk'.s 
 i'X|iiMiiiinls, iS„,; .Mr Sp..nr,.r. In {.ji-laiiil, 
 
 ami jiKilrvvir Jai'ulii, in Uiissi,- aili' tin; 
 
 tirst siiii'i..<>liil i.vpi.|iiiji.|it.s In this art iii 1817 
 ami i8i,s, .Simi. tlnn, Mr. A. Winn, ami ntlii'is 
 li;i\V|i.||i'|.|i.il th.. pini|..ssi.s. 1111840, Mr. Itiili 
 Murray a|i|iliiil lilai-k.li..i,l In miii.nnt.illir liiuln.s 
 
 .i>ai liii'tiiiL; .Mirlan.. In ,84,,, .Mr. liiml/ ,1,1,1 
 
 .Mr. Kikiii-liiii applii'il it til -iMiii- ami siUvr 
 pl.ilnu'. Hini'i. iSsn. priiilinj; typrs ami wouil- 
 ruts, ami I'.i.sls rmni llnin, Irivr lii.|.|i |.||.|.|rntyp(.il 
 with r,,|i|i|.r, ami tlm jiiiin.ss is nnw l;tr.'|.lv 
 ail. iptnl ill till' aits. 
 
 Mrssrs. C. Wlir.ils ami |.'. A. Al-.il i.\|i,.ii„ii.|it on 
 
 tli..ap|ili,-alii,ii nrrli-itririly to milil.,,,/ i„iri„>.iei. ,861 
 
 .All l.h,-ir;rs„ffi,, l.,,„p mail,, liy JIM. DniiiaH nnil 
 liiiiiiU; rxliiliit,.ilat Palis . , . s Hept. 1862 
 
 Till' Kli.rtiu-liliii.k I ipaiiy rstiililislii'il, 1800 ; liy 
 
 tliiii- |iiii|.|..<sis till. i.|ilar,L;i.ni(.|it ami iviliictioii of 
 riwaviiiijs, iililaini.il liv imlia-i'nliln.r, ran Im 
 iiiiiiinlialcly tmiisli.ni..l to a lit Im^'iapliii. stone 
 ami iiiiiltipli,.,l. I,|.l.|.||■sl.||^;|•.•|yi||^s, so i.iilafm'il 
 'viir ciilimrnl liy liimsi.lC, ami i.\liilii|,.i| i,, 
 
 u'7v *"■'"''■''''■'' ''V •' I'mTi'llI pliiilllnil liv 
 
 Hiiils iiia„'iu.l(i-i.|i.|.tri|. niachini.. nnployi-.l u 
 iiliMc'li suj;ar, at Wliiti-i-h.ipi.l (Kilwanl ii,.aiii.' 
 ii'iti.iii\ 
 
 . ., .. ., .,.'".".. .1 i III 1 1 11:111 iiiiii 
 
 (iiaiit , ( aiisrway i.iiiiipli.|i.,|, 1),.,.. ,ai , ■ ,,p,. | 
 
 .''V'"!'^!'''!"''''- '•.,.SS,.pl. ,83, 
 
 Kliictrii. ImiinMirs liist inn lr,.ni Ki'w tn liaiiii •■ 
 
 sinitli ,^^ j|,||. 
 
 '''',',''i,'.'''.'f ''''■''''''"'"ll "' \V.-tiiiin«l..r Aipiarinn'i 
 
 Intfiimtional I'lretri,. '...vlii'lnii,,',, „'t 'vii.ni|,'i " 
 
 Klirtrld fxliililtloii al riiilaili'lpliia I'll'.i.n.'.'it V.Si.pl.' ,884 
 Klr.lrirul lm,ismh.^;„„ nf /.„■•;■ ; \\. .MariTl Drprrz 
 
 « 'T,''1',"'"I^ 1"' *'''■'' ''P7''>S6), s i,irii.,|' |,v 
 
 •M. Hnthsrliilil, ri.porli.il siioi'iissfnl : niii.|iaiiii.|il 
 li'uviir tmnsiiiitli.il 35 mil,., f,,r ii„|i,,|,ial 
 
 „,'."" '"""■" ^l.lnly, ,886 
 
 Klii'Miin company's i.li.ftric ,.|i^'ii„.s n.pniti.,l .sue. 
 crssliil at SIratforil; tiamcais ilrivrii t|y,. i„i|,.s 
 
 '■'''•'■' 'iral ti-.ii-ti 1 liamwavs al Nnrll'it|,vi''- " 
 
 SIITOIiSSl'lll l||.|||nllstlatin|| . ' . . ,4M„r(.||' 
 
 Siiri.,.ssliil trial of an riiHij,. ti,ii,„.;,r on a rirw' 
 I'minplr, at l)iriiiii,,;liaiii . . . 2,,„.i. ,gg 
 
 Mr. .M liiiiiiis,.|is ,.|,.,.tii,. „„it,,r.s r, y,.,i sn,.. 
 
 .•iisslnlly in pnmpin- 1 li.iiilinj.- at St. Jnhn'.s 
 
 I lailln-ry, Nnrmaiitonaml otlii.rpl,i,.,.s . Sw, 
 : Till' City \- .South I ,loi, KlrrtH,. |iaih™vopi.ni.ii 
 
 1 1\. III., i.i'i,...., ..r li'..i.. . %- ... ' . . 
 
 , ,. ,,■ . ... "" i>iiii»Jl.> np|.||i!i| 
 
 li.\ Ihr piiiiui. nl Wales 4 .Nm., i„ i/,,. ,„),;/,., 
 .Mr. Nii.knia I,.sla, at the Ui.yal Inslitiitin x. 
 
 hllille.l his alll.rmit|..|.|ln|.|lt eleetlie Inl' liv 
 
 wlllelll•nl■lelltsal■|.tl,|,|^^,lr|||,.,| I.v i,ipi,i|v 1 h-ln.; 
 
 '"- ti"'ii- ;i'ie,.| to ,,i„i „.„ ,„,,, „„.;.|, iji,,;;, 
 
 iHiwer. II wasslaiiil ilmi. with tin- imii.|si. ii| 
 physn.alpow,.,.,th.. ,.,..,,,., „|,„|, ,|,|. i,,,,,,,,,, i,.,,,,,,. 
 IS iliminisheil . . . , i.- 1 
 
 111 ... ■■•.;. 4 I ell. i3uj 
 
 llivineansol .Mr. 'I, .,, „ appaialu>, the tnrr 
 
 alioiit 777liiirse iiov -r ..is li,iii~ii,iiii.,| i,,,,,, ,|„. 
 rapiilsof the .\eek„.t„|.Vaiikri,il.ni,..M,iii,i. ,L 
 miles, , Sept. iSyi.j .See A7.(,i/i(,.,, 
 
 Hei' l.iriii«iiil, ,Sc)., 
 
 iM. Heilinamrs eleetrie mntnr lraetiiii,.,.„Kiii,. „n ' 
 Ini \esterii railwa.y In Kraiiee. altaineil the 
 «l I"lb,5 miles an hmir . . , ^ ji'," ^g 
 
 8uec ..ssfiil trial trip Irmn Paris to .Mantes oVaii ''' 
 .■leetric hieoiiiotive ileyiseil l,y .M. lleilniann 
 
 El.K<Tii,i.Piiv.si<,Lo(iv. Aristotle ami Plim-'ivler ''^' 
 : .1 the powers of the tnrpeiln ; Wash 11 
 ! ;W';;lmil.ss, the ,lis,.|iveries nt ,|,ily,,„i ,„ , ''^' 
 
 ami t le researehes 1,1 Matt, nr.i al.mu ,:,,^ i,", 
 ^ t-'reatlya.lvaneed theseielie,.. ■* ' *- 
 
 i Powler e.\|ieriniwite,l nn aiiim.ils with ".ihanisi 
 
 '/;Si:. 'I!- ,;^';li"''.^!''^ ?'"' l"v' 1 "Misenlar 
 
 I'''lL'iil) .\,|„ ,.,,. i "Zy.T: ami .Miiiiii, ,7y6, who pinil i innsenlar 
 
 U.r,nc/ur.a.:; formeil i„ ,l„. „.,.,.,ri.. ..r.. 1,' r ' -mtraetmiis wia eriiiiinal reeeiitlv exeniteil. ,«'"': 
 
 Will .siniieiis.tiiM.splatinnhi.lriiliiin,,, ..shown ' i>,, 11' L '"' "'"'IV ' ' ' ■ • ■'■8.8 
 
 at linyal Institntion Mareli ,3 o ''IV'';'; .''•>;''"''' ''•.'••''''■'> "'' aninial eleetrieitv ,,t 
 
 Klretlie li,llt a.iplie.l liy i to .-rnw V .t.lllles i i:';,, '"' 1 ,""";'■ ';""' T'"'"' '' ' ''''''■<"■<■ 
 
 ami iriiil in ..leeiihouses ' ' ''" •■l'"''ii' '"irent, .leyelnpeil l,v ,i,.,i,„| ,,,■ „„, 
 
 ° II human iiii,,(le.~, m ,, 
 
 ■ -"ay, ,855 
 
 !1 II 2 
 
 
 
 •*"f'i, '4 
 
 
 
 
 I- 1 
 
 
 ] Mr'M 
 
 
 
 
 ih 
 
 i4 
 
ELECTRIC LI(JnTIN(i ACT. m 
 
 ELKPHANT. 
 
 ' i«»u 
 
 
 Hr lliiriliui Miiti(|i>rtii>ii iiiiiHMiiii'ril liiH ill»ciiviTy (if 
 i'l<'('lllrll.\ I |.|iiht« til till' lllitliill AnmM'hllliiii iit 
 llniclliml .Si|.t. 1871 
 
 Kx illruiH In I'l.Tliliily, "I'M iinilcr liniil,. 
 
 . KLKCTKK: IJ(JIITIN(J act, »i * 4(. 
 
 Vici. I. 511, |>iiMKi'(l i.S Auk 1>^K2. AiiiniiliiH'iil 
 Hcl liimycU I.S.SH (ixli'ihlinx ll"' llliiiio|iiilv nl' clci trie 
 IIkIiI c'oiiipiihii'« I'niiii Jl til (2 vc'iii«). kiiriiliitiiiMK 
 of Ihc HhmiiI <>I TiikIc |Milili'Hlir<l iM .Mii\, iSMi). 
 I'rcifi'SKdi- I'lir.iiiiK ic'jiiiiti'il ill lUi)), tliiil I.iimiImii 
 WiiH nii|>|>lii'il i>y I < l''>ll||l||Mil'^•, mill hIiiiiiI 71111.111NI 
 il|l'IIMlll"<ri'lll rlrrllir lllllip^ H I'I'C in iHr, Mini mImmiI 
 ^25,(H«i liiliilis ill llir |i|-iiviiircH. KIcctrir IlKJIIiliK 
 in iiiiw Ki'iii'iiillv iiilo|ili'il llii'iiii);liiiut till' I'iviliai'il 
 wiii-lil, iSi/i. 
 
 Kf.l'K "ri!( >1 ,YSI,S, HIM' Khdneiiii, i,S«}. j 
 
 Elil'idV. I';ii';;i;ii' vi'iw (iiiimistiii>r "f n lii'Xil- 
 niclrr mill |M'iitmiiitrr iiltdiiiiittly^ wan tlic tii>l 
 viiriiitliiii I'i'iiiii till' lii'X.iiiii'ti'r nr I'liic iiiniHiii'i', iikciI 
 liy Tyitiiii-i anil otlnr I'liily |iiiitM. Tln' I'lniirs nf 
 
 Oviil anil l'iitiillii« iiii Ii'linitril. (iniy'd " Klrjty, 
 
 wrilti'ii in a iinmtry iliiin liymil," was piililiHlu'ii 
 ill I74'». 
 
 KLKMl'lNTAUY EDUCATION ACT, 
 3.5 '•^' .M \ ''■'■ '■• 7,v liii-"<i'il '> Aii^'. li>-i) \ anii'iiili'il 
 111 1M7:!. ClaiiHi' 2^, wliii'li aiiiliKrixi'K piiyini'iitH tn 
 Hii|ijiiirl ilciiiiiiiiniitiiinal ni'IumiIii, iimii'Ii iiliiritt'd to 
 liy ilisHi'iili'iH; liill to rcpial it ii'jnti'il liy tln' 
 I'oiiiiiioiis (,',r.{-i2X), 10 Jiiiii', iK;4.' Aiiiitlii'T act 
 (for aKiiciilliiial iliMtiirtH, \i'.,) Iiniii);ht in by lord 
 fciaiiilon, I.S May, |H;(); royal iisHi'iit, 15 Au){.'i8;(). 
 Aiintlirr niniliiiiiiin iii't jm.^si'il 5 Aiij;. iHiji. St'c 
 
 pjLEMl'iXTS wiTc fonni'ily iiikoni'il as four: 
 t'lirtli, air, tiio miil wator. Lavoisirr I'lmiiiiati'd 
 the priiiriiilc that all liniliis which cannot lit- 
 jirovcil to 1)1' conipoiindcil arc I'lciiicnts, anil to he 
 tri'iitcil iiH such. .Mr. W. Cioukcs, (l<nt. lHi)7), 
 F.U.S., in a Icctuir at the lloyal IriHtitiition, Lon- 
 don, by ddicalo cxpcriincntM di'iiionst rated that 
 yttrium is a rninpoumi body, and expounded a 
 theory lliiit all the elements have lieeii ovolved 
 from what he termed /'r<i/i//e, I.S l''eh. |,S,S;. .Vhove 
 twelve new elcimnts said to have been discovered 
 in rare earths by Jl.M. Kriiss anil Nilsoii by the 
 spectroscope in 1887. Mr. Crookes di'dared l')iily- 
 miiim to be n compound body. Seu 'I'ai/e, and 
 aepiirate articles. The 1 heimcal elements wore 1 
 stated to he about 77 in i88l.* 
 
 I.IST or Gj KI.K.MKSTS, 187^ (OtllilKj). 
 
 Gold (?) 
 
 — .Silver 
 
 — .Mcrcui'j' .... 
 
 — t-'oppcr 
 
 — Iniii 
 
 - 
 
 Till 
 
 1 li'llt 
 
 1490. 
 
 AlltillinDV 
 
 1530. 
 
 Itiuiiuilh 
 
 154"- 
 
 XiiM- 
 
 - 
 
 (■;irhuii 
 
 
 !SuI|iIinr. 
 
 Mv). 
 
 I'hu.-iiiiiorn.-i 
 
 1702. 
 
 Hnrax, liHinn 
 
 '733- 
 
 1 Arxt'iiir \ 
 
 
 Cnhitlt t ■ 
 
 1741. 
 
 ri:itinuin 
 
 >75<- 
 
 Ni'.'kel 
 
 9 
 <J 
 
 I?./' 
 
 to 
 
 175H 
 
 1 7'/i. 
 1771. 
 I 77 J. 
 
 1774. 
 
 Hoilii llilll 
 
 I'olasli . , . 
 I.iiac . . . , 
 Nllix .... 
 Alaiiiiiiii , , 
 
 .Mlll4llcslfl . , 
 
 ll><lroKi'li 
 
 Kliior -11111 . 
 
 Niliotji'ii 
 
 I'hli.iiiic.! (doiibU'id, SCI 
 
 \ ' ihhirim) 
 ,, Oxygen , 
 
 ,, t M.lllK'Olcsc 
 
 .' MiiniM mill . 
 177H. 1 Mii|\ Inli'iiinii 
 17H1. (, Tiinnslcii 
 17HJ, 'ri'lluritiin . 
 17811. \ ri'iiiiiiiiii 
 
 ( Xl)rnlllll -llllll 
 
 'riiiiiiiiiiii 
 
 Mllnllll.l illlll 
 
 Vllrni -llllll . 
 
 I ('Itloilljlllll . 
 
 17)1 
 
 '7'/' 
 >7''-t 
 ■7'<7 
 >7'> 
 
 H. ■) HI 
 
 III ili.i 'illii 
 
 'ruiiliihiin 
 
 Ci'iiiiiii . 
 
 I I'lillailiiitii . 
 
 '( lllinilnilll 
 
 J h'iiliiiiii 
 '( OmiiIiiiii 
 
 Iniiilir 
 
 l.illlilllll 
 
 IScii'llilllll . 
 
 riiiiiiiiiiiii 
 
 lll'Oll . 
 
 'I'llol-jliltlll 
 
 \ iiiiikIIiiiii 
 llllllll 
 lilllll 
 lS4,l . 
 1844. Hiitliciiiiitii 
 184A. Nioliiinii 
 iB.m/ ( Cicsiiiiii 
 
 ,, ] Uiilijiliiiiii 
 i8f>i. TliHlliiini . 
 Iiiiliiiia 
 
 lillllilllll 
 
 iHi 
 1817. 
 
 iHlH. 
 i8j6. 
 I8;i8. 
 lH,|o. 
 
 l8ti> i l.:llitll:il 
 1H41. \ lljilyinil 
 1841. ( Klliiiliii 
 
 186). 
 1875. 
 
 1877 
 
 1878. 
 1879. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Diivvuni (?) . 
 
 Ni'liiuiiiiiiii 
 
 Iliiii'iiiiiiii(?) 
 
 riiilip|iiiiiii 
 
 Nonvcuiiiiii 
 
 .MoMiiiih'iiiii(?) 
 
 Hccipiniii (■/) 
 
 Scaiiiliiiiii (:') 
 
 Yttcrliiiiiii ('/) 
 
 Uohiiiiiiii 
 
 Tlinliiiiii 
 
 Dmiiiiiii . 
 
 Vcsliiiiiii 
 
 (icriiiuiiiiini 
 
 .■ Dilliiiiii. I 
 I ( MiirtiKiiil' 
 
 . i'lU'rKTiiiiiii 
 mill 
 
 . ' Mcj le, 
 
 . ».'llVlll.|l»li 
 
 . Mcli,.,.!,., 
 
 . I<lllllct|',.i, 
 
 [■ M.l„.,.l,., 
 
 . I'rictliv 
 
 ■ Ucllccle. 
 
 . j l>i'lllll:ill. 
 .Milllci. 
 
 nil 
 
 • li'i'K'or, 
 
 llo|.c 
 
 (ilHlMllll. 
 
 ,-Vuill|Ulll 
 
 ^Klapro 
 
 lllllcll 
 Kliij.n 
 
 \ Wolhi 
 
 ill 
 III. 
 
 llsloh 
 
 . (. llrscn|||K,\Sii,i| 
 
 • ( 'IVlin.im, 
 
 . t'ollrtiils. 
 
 . ArlwcilHdii. 
 
 . llclZclills, 
 
 . Mtronicyi'i, 
 
 . Ilaliinl 
 
 . Hi'i/i'lias. 
 
 . Hcfslroni. 
 
 '. [.Mil! 
 
 <'laus. 
 
 . II. UllHC. 
 
 Iiisiimlir. 
 
 \\\\\ 
 
 'I Rirlit.i 
 ll"i.lb;ii|. 
 
 Illscli. 
 
 Crooki'S. 
 Ui'icli ,111. 
 
 I [lie 
 
 ilr.iii. 
 Kcni. 
 Ili'ini.'iiiii 
 
 lluliiroiitaini., 
 'I'dlcr l),i|,i|. 
 I.ii»ri.|i,|. Siiiitli 
 Di'liiluiitaiii,.. 
 
 MurlniLic. 
 
 [■ISnict. 
 
 A. (iu.viiM. 
 Hcacclii. 
 
 li. Valentine. 
 Auricula ': 
 I'anicclsiis. 
 
 Hiaiidt. 
 Jloitilicr^'. 
 
 a. Bran. It. 
 
 Woods, 
 t'loiistcilt. 
 
 ' Mr .I08011I1 Noriimii Ijockyer, in ii pajicr reail at 
 till' Hoyal Society, 12 jicc. 1S78, cxpi'csscil dniilits of th? 
 i'lcmciitary cliar.tctcr of some of the following substances 
 li.iscil nil bis spectroscopic cxpcriiiM'iits. His views 
 Were not supported liy the rcscarclies of professors DewaT- 
 .iriii l.ivciii;;, i?.3,o Si. sec f ■n/.;riiic. Professor Mci.delccf 
 classilieil tiie elcini'iits into 7 groups or families ; each 
 liavi 111; Npcci.'il properties. lIis**Priiieiplcsuf(Jli' iiiistry" 
 (ill Enylisli), pulilislied 1898. ' 
 
 Ueveiity elciiieiils ri'co;{iii/eil in iBy^. .Se,. ,\,;j„„^ 
 
 ELEPHANT, in the earliest times traiiii'ii U 
 war. 'I'lie history of the .Maccabees iiifciniis u* 
 that " to cvi'i-y elephant they appointed lan in.'ii 
 armed with coats of mail, and 5(X) horse; ami im,,,!, 
 the elephants were stroii),' towers of wnoil, \-c." ij,,, 
 Blej^ihiints in the army of Antioehus were pinvukeil 
 to hftlit by ahowint; tliem the " blood of ;;ni|ii'siiiij 
 mulberries." The tirst elephant said to have lion 
 seen in Kiishuul was oncofmiornioiissize, prcsoiitfd 
 by the kint; of France to our Henry 111, in wl 
 Ihilnr'n Cliroii. I'olya'ims states that Gtsir 
 broiijfht one to liritain 54 B.C., wliirb tcrrilieil the 
 inhabitants greatly. See Kiii(ilitlinud. 1 5 cli'iihanti 
 in lord mayor's procession, 9 Nov. 1876. ' 
 L'liiincc, airelephiiiit i ) Icct liiKb, in Cross's iiu'iiawne 
 
 Kxetcr Cliaiitie, l.oiiilon, liccomiiin ilaiigiTiiiw, wii 
 
 shot, receiving 180 niiiskut balls lieforu he tell, i March, 
 
 1826. 
 \ ynuii- elephant bMnglit into Court of E.xeliequer to 
 
 sliow Ills pciicel'iil eliaractcr, in a suit fur iiiiiiing(s (11 
 
 frinlitciiiiia a pony at the Ale.raiidni I'alacc, 18 Julv 
 
 1879. 
 
 llaniiim, ll"> Aiiierlca 
 III,, liirni' iiiiilc .VIrlc.i 
 ,,r till' /"olowical IS 
 
 .lallllioivlllsc.l lOKO 
 Bill, IVIM'OC'l ill till 
 
 III,' .Is.i/i'iiii .l/iiien 
 
 v,.ii„.j .vpi'ii, lan--; 
 
 \ ".I'illli'il white cli'l'll 
 ■ : ,,ii,.,| foully- Tnl'ill 
 
 tl„' kiMK of SI 11! 
 
 ZlllilUKlC'll rtlll-'l' "■<. 
 
 ,ji)<; li'inil Willi Alii 
 iI„m|.>1iiicI..mi "I .M 
 ,11 |ln.l."i."il, r.M., 
 
 J,i«'|ili Mcnick, ■l.loiii 
 ,„|,|„„|..|iil llic 1,111 
 
 ■■JiiiW I'lului" i;iveii 
 Wale* '•■■' lii'' 'cliini 
 
KLKUMINIAN MYSTKItlKH. it;.! 
 
 KI.Y. 
 
 lliniiiiii, lliii AiiLcrliNiri shownmii, Imii^lil, fm- j.nun',, 
 till' li>W mull' .Mill'. Ill i'li'|ili;iiil .liiiiili'i, ti liitix wi'lKJit, 
 ,if till' />'<>li>H>i'»l HiK'li'ly, l|i',.i'iil» I'liik, I,'iiii|hii. 
 .luiiihii H'Iiisi'.I liiH'i I i I''i'Ii. .MliT iiiiic Ii Hniilili' In' 
 
 H;ln IvIlli'M'il III till IiIkIi'i ■'■' J I .Mllli'll, ami |ihi I ill 
 
 till' .l".!'/'"''"* Minuinh, j\ .M.ii-i'li ; imlvi'il itt Ni'W 
 V. Ilk, '.( April, iHX." ; killi'il I'll till' mlUmy, i, .Hi'|il. 
 
 \,o.|'.lllr.l ttlllll'l'll'|ill.llll (hull' .llll'l'llll^' I'i'.llll illlll'l'..), 
 
 i ,„i,',| r ^- Tnl'iilii/. I i:lil In Mr. Il:iiiiiiiii IToiii 
 
 II,.- klllj "I' f*'"!". 'Il''l>'''l "I l.ivi'll I, l.| .1:111., Ill 
 
 /i.iiliiulr.iUiinliii", l.iii'Inii, 17 .(.III.; Ii'll 1.' Miin h, 
 
 IJJ4; ll'irill «illl Alii'.', ".Illllllins rtll.', ami nlll.'M III 
 
 tli,.,|i'.lri|i'liiiii "I Mr. Ilaniiiiii s slum iin.l iii.iiii..'iiic' 
 111 llri.l-''|"iil. l''><'. ''>■ III''. •■" .N"V. is^7. 
 j„*'|ili .Mi'iiii'k. il.I'Miii' I, liriiii'il 111 li'|iliMiil Hum, ' 
 
 Slllllinrli'il III llll' I'llll.lull ll<>»|lillll, l'Mlll.-:il, 
 
 "jiiiw rii'<liii" kHi'H '"11 /'ii>" li.v III" I'riii I 
 
 Willi'" "!i III'' I'i'liiiii li"iii Imlla in i't>; iIIi'iI 8 .Murcli, 
 
 KLKrHINIAX M YSTKKI KS, Th.. i.iKii. 
 
 tutiiiii >>l tlii'^i' iiiiMiial srirrt ri'li;,''ii>ii'< ri'ii'iiiniiii'A 
 111 huniiiii' "' I'i'ini'li'i' (Ciri'M) .il .Vtin'ii.i, i< tm- 
 ilitimially atli'ilMilcil In CailmiiH, lyS"! '" Ki'ii'li- 
 tlii'ii'<, i Vfti "■''" ''■"">"'!""*< l.{S'> I''*'' II' mil mil' 
 ri'M'aicii tlii'iii. Ill' «ii^ III 111' jiiil 111 ili'aili. 'I'lirv 
 wt'i'i' intriiiliiii'il IViiMi l')li'ii^i.-< inlu Uniiii', i.isli'cl 
 aliiiut |H(H) Miiir.s, mill wi'ii'aliiili.-iliril liy 'riniiilD.-iuis 
 A.n. i**')- '""' ' '"'* ^'''''i' '' '" liiiii'iiii' [laii'iilK; 
 ;. I'll hiiiiiiur Mil' K'uli* "I'li 'I'l' li'iiitu "f llic rartli; 
 1. Niit til treat liriitcH Willi riurlly. t'lii'm iiiakrs 
 the livilisalinii <il niiiiikiiiil mii' nl' tlm ln'iirtii ial 
 I'llecta III' till! KlriiHMiiiiii MiNslrrii'S. Diiriiiij tlir 
 txciiviitiiiiiK larrii'il iin liv llii' firrrk ariliii'.ilii;,'inil 
 soricty 1111 tlm nil'' "I' I'lli'imii* in iJ^'tfli iiil<'i't'»tiiih' 
 lUirii'iit ri'liin wi'i'i' ilisrnvui'i'il. 
 
 ELGIN MAUniiKS, ilirivnl rliiilly from llic 
 Fiirtlii'iioTi, a li'mpU'iil .Miiirrva, on the AiniiioliH at 
 Athens, of wliiili I 111')' iDniH'il part uftlie Irit'Zi' anil 
 ni'ilimi'iit, th' work i.f I'liiillnti, niiiliT llir (.'ovi'rn- 
 moiitof I'lTiilc's, uliiiiit 4.(011.1:. Tlionmsi'arluf Kltfin 
 iii'j;iiil tin.' i:ollrrliiiii nl' llirw marlilcH ilurin;; his 
 missidii til till' Dtloiiian I'nrli', in 1X112; ami Ironi him 
 tbt'y wi'i'i' piiri'lia«ril li\ llii' llriii.sli Kl'.vi.'niiiirnI Inr 
 K.ood/. ami plai'cd in tlir lliitisli Mmsi'Uim, in iHii,. 
 The sliip I'liiuryiiii!; tlii'in was wrrrki'd ni'ar CcrlK", 
 anil Mr. W. II. Ilaiiiiltnii, who wa.s mi lioanl, ri'- 
 niaineii aevcral iiimiths at Ccri}; , iinil ri'i'ovenil 
 them from the bcu. 
 
 ELGUETA, X. Spiiii; ni'ar Inn' llic Cailists 
 defiiili'il till' ri'piihliniiiH nmliT Ki'ri. 8iirna, arul 
 took (XK) prisoners, 5-(j Aiii?. 1.S75. 
 
 ELIXGA, W. Spain. Ileie 1'. Seipio .MVieamis 
 totally (li'l'i'iilel the ('artli:i>;eiii ins iiniler lliiiilrnlial 
 tiiseo, wliiih leil to their e.\piilsiiiii from theeomitry, 
 20O 11. c. 
 
 ELIK, a (ireek slate ternieil the " Iliily Liiliil," 
 in the IVloponiiesiis, fonnileil liy the ireriieliihi', 
 II03 li.c. Here Iphiliisrevivi'il till' Oluiipie sanies, 
 884, whii'h were regularly eeleliraleil after Cmu'liiis 
 giiineil the prize in 77(1. Mlis siirrenilereil many 
 towns to the Spar; '"s 111 war, 41x1. .Mter vurioii.i 
 O'liiiifres, Klis jiiiiieil the Achiean leiiftiie, 274; ami 
 with tin rest of Urei'CO whu Hiil)jii;j;ateJ hy the 
 Uumans in 14^1. 
 
 ELIZA15ETIIAX S()(.'IKTY. Leelure hy 
 the preaidoiit, Mr. Sidney Lt'e, on " 'J'hoinart Nash," 
 5 IJee. 1S1J4. 
 
 A'/bl'»7/lou ."i^li/r .>^'|u■ir^7, liilllldeil ill 181)5 to pl'miniti' 
 till. perluniiiiiH'i' of Sliakesiirare's pla\s in a iiiaiiin'r 
 ,...,.., iM.i,,!; that ..f his time; "Twi'll'tli NiL-lit" was 
 sii ptTformeil, iimler Hie ilireelioii of Mr. Win. I'm'], at 
 liiirliiinton Hull, l.iiinlijii, ;i .liiiie; "(.'oineilv of 
 EiTors," lit (iiays Inn, 6 Dee., 1895; Marhiwi' s 
 " Faustns," July, i3y6. Other pliiy,s siiiee, " Tenipi'st, " 
 ut the Mansion IIuiiso, 2 Nov. 1897. 
 
 KLfj (so llillili'il I'roiii ii/ii'i, the arnO was lixed at 
 4S imihes, hy kilitf Henry I. in I I'll. 'I'lie old 
 rielieh ell, or (»»</«■, was (('r7i)i 1 iiii he-. 
 
 i KIJ,I,SOV (lAr.LKIiY. in April, i.Siki, 
 
 .\lr-. I'.li/ iliilh I'IIIhuii Ml l.irniily vMllilhewish 
 
 of 111 1' if n.isnl liii.liainl, Iti. Ii.ir.j;, pir-i'iileil ti, ||ii, 
 
 , Sonili KeiiMiintoii .Mii-i'iini ,1 .rues of ^d original 
 water-eol'iiir dr.iwiii;;., li\ the tir-t masters. 
 
 MI.LOitA 01 I'll.DK.v, lli'iilnil Indlii; reiiiark- 
 
 alili' lur 11., M ly . 111, n 111 lork-eiil leniple , e.xi'.ivaleii 
 inoidlii:,' 1,1 ||iiii|.„i letfi'iids nearly 7i«ii) years a)(o ; 
 oiil liioie prolialih alimil ,Sii<) a.Ii. The town wui* 
 1 eileil III Ihe llrilihh liv Hoik ir in iHiH, and trans- 
 leried hy tin 111 to the Si/am of the lien, in in l,*(32. 
 
 I'lFiMI.NA (oriK: nails in 1 l,i .\liiia, frmii the 
 
 noil found here), .mil lliiti'li li>iiiii'a, W. .Mriiii, 
 
 wii-e ei'diij hy the lliilili ■^,,\rv nl liy trealy, 
 
 signed I'eli. [^-2, and r.ai-.ilid.iliil willi ilie Wi'st 
 .UVieaii selllenieiit-; lir-t governor, Mr., after Sir 
 .liillll, I'lipe lleniiessy, April, 1K72, .See .Ixliniiln «. 
 
 I'Mi-OHEIIJ, llattleof, 5-5 N'ov. 1SH4. ,See 
 SuiiiIkii. 
 
 KliOl'HMKNT. A wife win. departs frmii her 
 hilslialid, lo.-es liiT dower hy llie slatnle of Wesliii. 
 IjH^ — illili'ns her liilsliaiid,'willioiil e.iereioii of the 
 ehiireli, he reeoiieiled to Inr. Kiirlier laws piinlshi'ii 
 elopi .'lit with death when adultery followed. 
 
 KLIMirX (Ireland). St. I'lilrh k loiiiidid iieiithe- 
 clr.il near Klphin, ill the 51I1 iintury, ami plaeed over 
 it St. Asieiis, whom ho 1 ri';itiil hi-liop, and who 
 .soon iifler lilled it with imiiil»s. .liter many et'li- 
 tiiries, Uo.Moiiiiiimi, .\rdearn, Driimelivi', aiidothers 
 of less note, were also anne.xed to Klpliin, wliiih 
 heeaiiie one of the rieliest sees in Ireland. It is 
 valued ill the killer's hooks, hv an e.iteiil returned 
 2.S Mli/., at U)\l. |H.«. Hterlinn.' 'I'he m'o wuh united 
 to Kiliniire in 1S41, imdir the niovisions of tho 
 Chiireli 'reiiiporalities net, passed .\ntf. iSj^. 
 
 ELSIXORK, /calami, Denmark, fminerlv the 
 station for reeciviiif; Ilie Sound dues yii/ui /i' wf). 
 I'opiihitimi, l.'<<)o, I l.liSj. 
 
 KLSW'ICK, a lown.sJiipoC Ncweiistlc-mi-'ryne, 
 the site of the Kreal works of hird .Vrmstrmin' \:' (;„. 
 
 'I'l iiniiicerinj{ dcpai'tmcnt h,".;aii alimil |,S)7, the 
 
 ordmiiiee Works in iX^^j, mv r,,iiiiiii. Sinee then 
 the naval (oiistriiclion has hceii larirely carried on. 
 Aliuut i,},(KKiwoikiiicii ciiiploM'il ill i.s'x.S and alioiit 
 
 |i),()IKlill I.Si)(i. 'I'llc Works' well' visited hv the 
 Chiiiese (.rraiid scerclary, l.i lluiii;' Chan;;, who 
 specially c.\nmincil the f'^nn nililn. 1st class mii.scr, 
 coniplelcd for the Chilian Kep.ihlie, 21) .\ni;., ifiiK)! 
 ]'M.-TKn, Italth'of, 21) l''cll. l,S,S). See Sullilil,,. 
 
 I'ITjY, an island in (' iiiihriil'^cshire, on wirielia 
 
 ehiiri li was limit al t (.75, li\ I'llliclilrcda, i|iieen 
 
 of Kiifriil, kiiu,'of.\nrlliuniliiila'nd ; she also foiimlcil 
 a reli^nnis house, tilled it witli ur;;lii-, and liei aine 
 lieisclf liisi aldi.ss. 'riic I2i«illi aiinivi isary was 
 celeliiated 17-2I (let, l,S73: alioiit (lO.ixdi/! hail 
 then li.cii spent on the lesloration of the eathcdriil. 
 'I'lie Danes ruined the convent ahoiit ,S7(); hut 11 
 moiiaslery was hiiill in ,S7i), on which k'inu' Hd^iir 
 and suceccdini? inonarclis hcslnwcd ;;reat |irivile"-e8 
 iind i;raiitsof land ; whcrchy ii hccame the rielmst 
 in Kn^fhuid. Iliehard, the e'lcventli ahliot, wishing 
 to free himself from the hishop of Lincoln, made 
 gi-e.it interest with li( nry I. to nd i;t\ erected into 
 a hislioprie, 110.S, and his siicees.sor llcrva'iis waa 
 the hist prelate, 11(19. It is v.ihied in the king's 
 hooks at 2134/. 18.V. v' ; present st.ited income, 
 55(X)/. Population in kS8 1, 8,17 1 ; i.Srji, ,8,017. 
 
 % "M 
 
 ||£| 
 
 ) 1 , v 3"^ 
 
 m 
 
ELY CHAPEL. 
 
 .(74 
 
 EMiaiiATlON. 
 
 Knii' 
 
 
 
 H^ffl liii^ 
 
 iM 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 Ifll^ 
 
 
 li' 
 
 ■■■■■nvwi '. ' 
 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^I^^^RhI^HHs 
 
 
 lii:i KM' lil.slli>l's. 
 1781. .lillll.-s Viiik, ,ilnl j.i All- iFc,8 
 180S. TIlnliMIH |1,II11|.1.'I. cli,.,| ,; .M.iv, iSi- 
 
 18.2. lin«>,.r K.Uv.mi .-,|,m, k,.,', I ., Apnl, ,8.6. 
 
 .836. ,„s,.|,h Aikii, ,|i,.,i .....Maivl,, ,8.,. 
 
 1845. IhuUhi-; riMh.ii, ,iii,|7.J,,||. ,S64, 
 
 1864. h,hv.ir.| ll.iiuM llniHiip, |niiisliitc(lt(.Wiiii'li,,i,.i, 
 
 !sR^ J""", V,*"'^"" ."' "'"'■''• •^"- ; ''i''' -4 Oct. ,83=. 
 
 1885. Liinl .\l«yn.' ('i.iniit.iii. 
 
 .ELY f;rrAi'KL. iruUm,-,,. r.oiKian,,.,e;U',i in 
 
 tlio 141 1 (ciitiin, >o|,| fni- ;;2^o/., 2(j J;in. 1S-4: 
 a luii-i'illiv 111,. K. (;. ImiIimsoC tll,■o|•,l(.l•nf■Cllll|■ilv 
 IH;4; .■111,1 liiii'ly iv^tniwl lit tlir ,..\|i,.,is,. „(■ if,.. 
 tukcol .\oi-lnlk 1111(1 iitliiTs oneiM'tl ud St. ICllii'l- 
 (llTilii.s ,lia|i,.|, 2^Jiiii,., 1X76. 
 
 ELZKVIlt, "1- EL.'iEVIElMi niinilvof prinf- 
 ors 111 I lolUiid, «li„>,. iv|Mil,li„ii i.s l,a.;e,l(,ii tiiu. 
 
 POOkot l■,lrlclll.^ (lltllO clllsMis. 
 
 Louis 111,, loiin ■ tt-,isl,„r ,,.,0; l„-,i, l,iisiii,.ss at 
 
 l.<'V ..ll in ,580. li,.|,|i||l,.,l iilinllt ,50 \v,iiks, ,111,1 ,|i,.,l 
 4 fell. >'ii7. Ills sniis (u.s|.,ri.ill,v Jtnii.iviMiliiiv) ami 
 gmiiilsMiis, w 1,. o,-l,.|,nit,-,| i,,i- tliL.ir \v,„k. 
 
 E^MAXCIPATION'. vie /iommi C,ilhnlU:\ imd 
 »;«/-(V// 'Ih,' |.:niaii,i|,.,ti»ii S.K.'icly I"!' slaves 
 
 EMAXU].:L hospital, W,.s:minst,r, 
 touii(l,M 111 1594 liy laiiy .\iiii,. Darre fnraKcl in.nnl,. 
 and chil.iivn. It- ni-ii;i,iai aiiiiu ,1 ii,c„iii|. had in- 
 •^reas.d fiMiii 5(«,/. i„ ahum 4,„x)/. in 1870, «h,.n 
 ohanps in tli,. ili.s|i„Mti„ii „t th,> fun. Is wViv ,„■„. 
 po8,>a hy th,. Chai-iiy Cnniiiii-si.iiu.rs. and .snn,,. 
 .eHe,-t,>,l hioimli iv,lii,.t,nn of i,i,.„„„. t„ almnt 
 
 Koo/. th,| l.iuhluiMs d.vav, and tin" iinnihi.|- ,.f ' 
 inmat(>s,|,.,.,vas,..,viM,i-|,Ml,)an. i.S.x). The niunoscd 
 chaiigo ot siti' iniirli (i|i|i,isi,l^ |8,,2. 
 
 I e.xi.m.s,.,| ex.. opt in o.xfremecuses.and .sem,tii,i,.s 
 \ u invlud,. 10 war. Thr most nn'nuirahl, , ?" "' 
 
 ot ,.inhar-o vveiv Ih,,.-,. f„r tlio pivv,.iii ;„,""■" 
 , pinff„ut„l th,. kiii,i;,l„ni ill i-w,; ,111,11 ,;„'",'■" 
 ' t,.nt„,n „f allliiissian, Laiiisl'i, ami sl , . ' ,; ;■ 
 
 in til,, s,.^..,•al |mits „1' tl,i. kin;;,l,„n, „vvi, !, . ' '''' 
 
 EMPEK WEEKS, institut.d, it is ,. 
 
 I ot (.lal on th,. |M-.i,h,r,.ol ihiM.ai-lhhvpnn'r' j 
 ; fastniK, 111 whni, p,.nit,.,its nsod to Vpi,,!,! , ' 
 I ;'»l'>'^,Oinli; rs; ol huniili„tinii „ii lh,.ii- )„., ' 
 ■ tin. |.,i,;;lisli idiiiivli th,. Knilin- il,,,,. aiv tl,,' U' 
 m'.^'lay, Friday, and .Satunlay, ali;.,- th,, i„|. r," 
 days-th,. hrst Siinilay in l...i,t, Wliit-sim, , ' f 
 Si'I-t. (Holy Cmss), and 1.5 Do,.. (St. I.ii,.i,,) ' ' ^- 
 
 EMl^KOIDEKY is usually as,.i.ilK.d ';„ „,, 
 riin-i.ins ; iHit ll„. Si.loniaii.s ,.x,.,.ll,.,| i„ i, , ,„ ' 
 
 U llU'lltlollld 111 I4.JI M.C. I-:jo,lll.t v.NXV '.'- , 
 
 .x.x.xv„i. 2| S,.,. /;,,,,,.„.,. T„,n.t,!i. l-;,iil,n„£,. '"^ 
 now don,, hy ina,.hui,.iy. Th,. Hrsi ..iiihrni,!,,," 1 , 
 chiiu. is sani to hav,. I,,.,.,, iiiv,.ni,.,| hv.lol,,, |,;,„ ;'" 
 otOIasK,uvin,,S„4. Ili'ilnian's ..,i,l„-:,i,|, „ , , 
 was ,,at,.lil,.,l hy Kbi'lilin. JSn-li,, iroJlir' / 
 boon niu,.h ini] iov,.,l of lat,. vi.ai> hvlli,. pi„,'.,',.,i ' 
 of mniv ,.l,.K.anf patt,.ins, tir-t piildi-la'd hv \| ' 
 Wittud, in lii'iliii, about i,Si„. • ■"'■ 
 
 EMBALMIXO. The anchnt Egyptians he- 
 lievins thai th,.ii- souls, alt.i' many thoii-and v,.ai-s, 
 would n-inhabit th,.ii- lio,li,.s, it ■pn.s,.iv,.d cntiiv 
 
 ''■"'"''"."■'l tl' ol. Sol ,f th,. hodii.s, calh.,' 
 
 I'; ','""""'/'• '."!'•''■'' .5"<>^ .voai-s aifo, an. still p,.i-h.,.t 
 
 Ihi. physi,.iaiisi.,iihaliiii.d Isra,.l," i(>,S,) ii.c. (ini 
 1. 2 ; M'v .Y„mm,i.'<. farholi,. a,.i,l was siu.<.,.ssf.,IIv 
 employ,.,! by prolVssor Sei'ly in .biiori,..,, in iHiiH. ' 
 
 Theniosf |„.,f,.,.t sp,.,.iii„.,is, if „„„/,.,■„,.,„/„,/„,/„,, aivpn- 
 ■si-nvd in 111,. i,i,i„.,n„ „,■ ,|„. ,,,„,,| ,.„|i,,^,. „, siir.-.oi s 
 
 '""' ''I'"'- '!"■ ly of IIm- wit,. „r Van JiairJM.lf, ,.„'- 
 
 s,.m.d l.y .John lliiin,.,. |,y jaj,.,.,,,,^, ,.aMii.lioial,.d 
 
 ulT.n " ,i''"i"' f '•■•,.""" ""• .•"l..n('s and v,.ins .• and 
 
 tlio ,.l i..| th,. Ipody 01 a y.iun- woman, w li,.,| al„„it 
 
 178001 ,nnsiMiiplioii. Ill tl„.|,,„.kli.,spital. Thi.niMliod 
 
 I!. si!l'i'i'i"'T ,"'■;'' '."■'■^""^'^'•^ i" u,od,.|ntMM,.s is lullv 
 |li.si.ii)„.d in lliiMlns '■ rosMiiinioas W.nks ■' II,. dii'd 
 
 .s,.|■ln.|^ l,odi,.s w,.|,. ,.|iil,a|ii„.,| and s..nt l,oni<. 
 
 '"'I.:''';''' "'■* iiil-alinin- mad.. l,v I'ml'. I.askowski 
 
 01 (it.in.\ a. iS'?T. 
 
 EMBAXKirEXTS of ..arth were oivrt,..! I,y 
 the am.n.nts for pi-,.s,.rvation fioin th.'ir enoir.ii.'s 
 and th,. iiiiiii,latioiis of the tid,.. Thos,. of ife 
 hgypliaiis ami H.ibylonians an- <l,.siril».d by H,.io.. 
 dotus and Straho. To ,h,. Uomans are atfrihul,.d ' 
 the hrst ,lvk,.s ,,( llollan.l, ,,n,| the enibankni,.i,ls of 
 
 Komn,.yMarsh,,.oiisi,l,.r,.,ltol„.the,d,lestiiiliritaiii. 
 In 2,,) lli.nry I 1. issii,.,| a writ (.nloivin- the Mip- ; 
 port ot tli,..e work<; ami lii.s s,i,.,.,.ssors h.llow,.,l his 
 exaiiiph. Ja,ii,.s I, fjivafly ,.n,.oiira-,.d the embank- \ 
 nient of t lie I ham,.s. Sir \Y. Du-dale's " History I 
 of tnihankriK" lirst appi-aivd in i(,<,2 ; see Dniuf- i 
 affj, J.rrc/\ -,11,1 l/i„mr.s. Sin,.,. ,Hj,o. millinns of 1 
 Pg^,"'!'. "''■ ■'■" ''^■P'^''"''''' in embankments for I 
 
 EMBAliGO, from the Spani.ili embarnoi; to ' 
 detain, apjilnd to theieatiainin-ahip.^ from b^iilin;; 
 Ihjs power is vested in the crown, hut i.s rarefy 
 
 EMEHALp, :> I reeKinsston,., „f a -r,.,.n mloi.r 
 found m the l.ast ami in |',.,n. It lias h,.,, . ' 
 i-oneousiy all,.M.,.d tl.at th, re w,.,-,. no true ..i,„,., li, 
 
 in i-.urooe b,.|or,. th, ii,,n,.st of I'eni ; l,„( ,|,, ,," 
 
 one in t ,e 1 .,r,s Mu.seiiin, tak,.n from the md . 
 
 popeJuhnsI . whodi,.dini.:;i^, amllV,.,, „a', 
 
 ,.om|uereil till |:;4:;. It is stati'd that tli.r, u-'i-. 
 
 I mines at (iebel Zabira work,.,l by K-yptians, i,w 
 
 i EMERGEXCY MEX, a nam,. ^.iv,.ii ,„ „,„ 
 nior,. enei-eti,. iiM.nihi.rs of the Irish Dih.,,,.,. \^ 
 ami ,.sp,.,ially to the in,.ii |.|iira-,.,l' i'li 
 
 I so(.iation ; 
 
 ; i^iirruiiff ..nt ,.vi,.'tions in IrJlaiiilTsiv'^i/^™,,,,. 
 
 I EMESA, now IIi'iiis, Svria, renowmd fur., 
 I temple of the sun, th,. pri,.si .,f « hi.h, I!avM„m. 
 j was nroi.laiiii,.d ,.iiiperor« ith llir name lli.li,,.. dnh- 
 J or Elairabalus. 2 I.S. His atro,iii,.s l,d lo hi:',.'. 
 ; sinatioii, 11 .Marili, 222. 
 
 ' EMIGKAXTS. Th,. l-'r-n,.], aristo.raiv nn.l 
 cAi-rsiy ir„„;/rr.) be-aii to Ir.iM. tlnir .-oui,.',.,. i„ 
 .lulv, 17h<), at th,. birakinj; , ait id' the iev„l,,tl„n. 
 thi.ir e^tat,.s were , ontis,.|,ti.d in De,.. A lar.',. iiuiii' 
 berridurned in l.Su2, hy an imn,.>ty n-raiUnl .,|,,,' 
 the p,...ii.,. ol .Vmiens. Many w,.r,. iiid,.|iiiiiti,.,| dlir 
 the re.st.,ration in 181 ,. 
 
 EMIGRATIOX. I'b„.iiieiaii ami Gr,.,.k ,.,„i. 
 
 grants ,.oloiiise(llli,.,oastsoftli,.M,.,h„,,.,a„,,,„a,„| 
 the lilai-k Si'a •. s..,. Mn,/,,,, (in/'ciii, Mdrstillis \-,. 
 
 : Ihe dis,.,)V(.ry of Am, .ma oju.mil a vast tiili'l f,,,. 
 emigration, whi, h was irstiained by Cliarle- I i„ 
 {(),57. It has b,.,.|i glvatlyeiU'iHiragcd simr l,S|n 
 
 I KegnIatmnsfor,.niigr,.iii„ii were made in 18:1 .,„J 
 HI Jan. 1840, th,; Cdoiiial Laml and Emigration 
 Wourd was ,.stahllshi.d. Emigration inii,.h preiiiuted 
 Ihrongh want ot i.iiiploymc.nt in Eon, Ion r8(<^i.-o. 
 from Ireland, by a<t passe,l, 1885. .Mu,h eiiii.'n-' 
 tion from (ir,.at liritain ami (iermany to .ViiH.H.n 
 1881-5. Fare of ste,.rage pas8,.iig,.r.s'from Dritaiii 
 to Ameri.a by steaiiieia redm-ed to about 4(. J„ii 
 1883. 
 
 The "Onh.r of th,. Huns of St. (Ji'iirg,-," at I'hil- 
 ad,.I|iliia, whii.li was |.sliihlislii.d to sinVoiir i.|iii. 
 grants, still exists. (,Seu under Unir,je, .bY.) It 
 
 fulillalipJ ft letter ( 
 
 Me,.tiii)!.< !'t til'! Mail 
 ilirci-ttd I'laiKiutioi 
 
 I tax .if ='• I"''' bi'i 
 iiiMiiii?niiits ; ii'.t p;i 
 to til,., goveriiniia 
 
 Ass.i|.iatioii foriae.l t 
 
 " gnitioii aii.l I'.'loiiii 
 
 \l)..ut 2.')*) il.'si-ii 
 
 ' J,iv..rii."l,aii.l ^.'ii 
 
 Mr. *,aiai.l Sniilli 
 
 Eiiiis'iii'it.s' liilormal 
 
 Ort. i336; r.], Tl.' 
 
 Til.. s..lf-II..lp Kmig 
 
 111.. ..arls.if Abi'r.li'. 
 
 ,iiirl Iliircln'sti.raii 
 
 ill 1864. L'p t.i It 
 
 li..,.ii assist,..! by t 
 
 (,f ii,wj aeres ii 
 
 Wiiiniptig, aiiiioiui 
 
 IVori'as,: of i.'iiiigra 
 
 sin,',. 
 Eiiii^'r.ilion friiiii tiie 
 iSjo, 25.729 ; iu ifl 
 280,84) ; ill i860. 
 256,940; 1111871,2 
 1874. 241,014; "87 
 1876, 101^,469 ; '■■ 
 161,274 . 1880, 22: 
 i88j, 320,118 ; iS 
 232,gtw : 1887, 281 
 
 1890, 2i3,ii6; if 
 208,814 ; 1S.J4. '5'' 
 
 1897, 146,4^0. .-je. 
 
 Eiuigriitiiiii to Xort 
 Ciip,. of CJoiid U. 
 V;,iil)i..iii.'ir.sLaii' 
 277.69 !■• 
 
 7'o(/if Cii;" "I"? Silt 
 
 To S'lrlh Amrriani 
 109.680 ; ill iSsfi. 
 18,083 ; ill 1864, 12 
 ill 1868, 21,062 ; ii 
 32.671; 1872, 32<; 
 Hiitisli .iii;;iii, 18 
 1879, i7.9i2; i38r 
 1883,44.185; 1884 
 i337, 32,025; i833 
 1891, 21,578; 1892 
 
 To fniM ^I'llr.i. i: 
 1857, 126,905 ; ill 
 1864, 147,042 ; ill 
 i863, 155,532 : ill 
 i.;8,343; 1872, 2j 
 Of liritish origin 
 54,694 ; 1879, 91 
 1882, i8i,9o3 ; I 
 137,687; 1336, 15 
 1689, 168,771 ; I 
 150,039; 189J, 14S 
 
 To Aiistniliil It ml .' 
 830 ; ill 1850, 16, 1 
 ill 1853, 61.401 : 
 1856, 44.53 1 ; ill I 
 53.054 ; ill 1864, 4, 
 ill irfoH, 12,809 : II 
 12.227 > ^872, 15. 
 liritish iPiigiii, 18; 
 1879, 40,959 ; iSSi 
 1833, 71,264 ; 188, 
 i337, 34.'33; i83l 
 
 iSji. 1.0.-47 : iS'j' 
 
 To iitlitr iili'ec, in 
 6922 ; ill 1870, 8 
 13,903; 1874, 13.4 
 1876, 13.384; 185 
 i3oo, 15,836; i38 
 
EMIGRATION. 
 
 375 
 
 EMPIRICS. 
 
 irablUht'J a letter clissu:iiliii^; iiiisuitiililc I'lnigivi- 
 
 ti„ii 1" ■'"■>■• >874 
 
 Mefliii''< i't 'li" M^^i^'i"" lli'iisi' ti' |ii'ciiii"tc Stiiti'- 
 
 ' iiiirckMl iMiijjraticpii 111' till' uiiiMii|ilciyi'cl 5 April, 1882 
 
 1 t,,j iif 2.«. l"'r lii'iiil li-vii'.l in I'liitrd Slati'H on 
 
 " iiiimii,'™iis ; !i"t liMsscil liy ioiii;ivss in c.i.pnsitinn 
 
 ,„ til,. giivi'i-nriii'Mt awl stiMiii >liiii cniiipiiiiii-s 
 
 Auk. .. 
 \ssii('iatii)U fi)niii!il t(i iirniEi.iti' Sliite-iliructeil I'.ini- 
 ' uratinii anil '■"li'iiiziitioii . . . loAny. 18S3 
 »b..nt 2.IJOO il.'si'i-li'il cliiMri'n dfinn'stioati'd In 
 ' nvi'r|ii"l,anil siMit tn Canada liy tin' a^i^ncy id' 
 Mr Si'.niiiit Siiiilli and Mr-i. liirl, npnrti.l Deo. i836 
 
 Emi'Vants' liilmnialinn (llliir, I l,.n, i.p..ni'il 7 
 
 (M. i33S; ivp 'il'd I" !"■ Iiixlily MU'ccssrul May, i838 
 Th,' S.'ll'-IIi'l|i Kiiiijiraticin Socii'ty, snppurti'd liy 
 111,' . ails. ■lAliiMdi'iMi anil Kiidi'n, li>pls Mnnkswdl 
 •iiid iiiMclji'sti.r- an. I otin'f Ki'nlli'nn'ii. I'stalilisln'il 
 in 1S34. L'P 1" 'S9S, alujut (i,.k«j cndj^ran's li.id 
 li.'.'ii ussisti'd liy tin' s.ic'ic'ty ; ri'ci'ivi'd tin; grant 
 (it ii,w-i acros ill nnlaiiii ami a si't'liun iii'ar 
 WiiiinpiiK, aiinoiini'i'd. . . . 1 1 .Jan. 1898 
 Ueori'asi! of i;iiiij,'ratii)n, luwi'sl in 1S94 (35,959), 
 
 sjiire *'^5i 
 
 Eiiii'Tiitiiin I'rcnii tin' Uiiiti'il Kingilcnn, 111 1815, ao8i ; in 
 
 is"o, 25,729 ; '" ■'^3"' s^'S"? ■ '" '^4°' yo.74:i ; '" '^so, 
 
 280,811; ill iS<io. 128.41)9; ill i8(j6, 204,882; ill 1870. 
 2i6,ii4u; 1111871,252,435: 1872,295,213; 1873,310,612; 
 1874, 241,014; 1875. i7J.**»> ^' Hntish (iriKiii "Uly, 
 1876, K).j,46q ; i'i77. 95.195; 1878, 112,902; 187.,, 
 161,274. i83o, 227,542; 1881,243,002; 1882, 279, ifio ; 
 1883, 320,118; 1884, 242,179; 1885, 207,644; 1S86, 
 23^900; 1337, 281,437; i883, 279,928; 1889, 253.795; 
 1890, 2i3,lifi; 1891, 218,507; 1892, 210,042; 1893, 
 208,314; 1894. i5i'.o3<'; 1895. 185,181; 1896, 161,925 ; 
 1807. 146,460. .St'u Imiiuiji-iiUuh. 
 ^' 1S46. 1851. 
 
 from EiiKlaiid .... 86,611 254,970 
 
 , S..,.il,iiid 3.427 18.646 
 
 ' Inland 38.813 62.350 
 
 Eiiii^ratinii to North Anu'ri 
 Cape lit Good Ilnpe, .New 
 
 Vail Dioiinn'.s Land, it 
 
 277'0<)v 
 To llir. Ciife inid Xalid in 1S97 
 2\< S"rlh Amrrioni t'"'"»'M, 
 
 10.J.6S0 ; in 1856. 16,378; 
 
 i8,u83 ; ill 1864, 12.721 
 
 128,851 335,066 
 
 III I'ulonii's, West Indii's, 
 
 oiitli Wall's, iSwaii Kiver, 
 
 ill 1820-30, 154,291 ; ill 1830-40, 
 
 28,801. 
 
 ill 1842, 54,123 : in 1847. 
 in 1861, 12.707; ill 1803, 
 III 1866, 13,255 ; in 1867, 15,503 ; 
 ill i863, 21,062 ; ill 1869, 33,891 ; in 1870, 35,295 ; 1871, 
 32.671; 1872, 32,205; 1873, 37.2o8; 1874, 25,450. or 
 Biilisli iiii^iii, 1876,93(5; 1877. 7720; 1878, 10,652; 
 1879. 17.952; 18S0, 20,902 ; i3Si, 23,912; 1882, 40.441 ; 
 1383,44,185; 1884, 31,134; 18S5, 19,838; 1886, 24,745; 
 1337,32,025; 1888,3^,853; 1889, 28,269; 1890, 22,520; 
 1391,21,578; 1892, 23,254; 1893, 24,732: 1897,22.669. 
 
 To I'nilC'l .■<Mi-f, ill 1842, 63,852 ; 111 1847, 142,154 : in 
 1857, 126.905; in 1861, 49,764; ill 186), 146,813: in 
 iSi'h, 147,042: ill 1866, i6i,ixxi; ill 1867, 159.275: in 
 1868, 155.532: ill 1869, 203,001 : in 1870, 196,075; 1871, 
 11)8.843; 1872, 233,747: 1873, 233,073; 1874, 148,161. 
 Of liiitish origin, 1876, 54.554; 1877. 45.481: 1878, 
 54.694; 1879, 91,806; i83o, 166,570; i38i, 176.104; 
 iS32, £81.903; 1883, 191,573; 1884, 155.280; 1885, 
 137.687; i3S6, 152,710; 1887, 201,526; 1888, 195,986; 
 1839. 168,771; 1890, 152,413; 1S91, 156,395; l8.)2, 
 150,039; 1893, 148,9.49; 1897, 132,048. 
 
 To AiidnUiii mill .Vci" Xntlanil, ill 1842, 8534: in 1845, 
 830; ill 1850, 16, 0(7; ill 1852 (:/n/i( (li.iniverii), 87,881; 
 ill 1853, 61,401; in 1854. 83.237 ; in 1855. 52,309; in 
 1B56, 44,584 ; ill 1837, 61,248 ; ill 1861, 23,738 : in 1863, 
 53.054 ; ill 1864, 40.942 ; in 1866, 24.097 : ill 1867. 14,460 ; 
 ill i368, 12,809 ; in 1869, 14.901 ; in 1870. 17,005; in 1H71, 
 12.227; 1872, 15.876; 1873, 26,428; 1874, 53.958. 01 
 Dritisli iiiiKiii, 1876, 32,196; 1877,30,138; 1878,36,479; 
 1879,40,959; 1830,24,184; 1B81, 22,682; 1882, 37,289- 
 i333, 71,264 ; 1884, 44,255 ; 1885, 39,395 
 1837,34,133; 1888,31,127; 1889,28,294; 
 
 1886, 43,076 ; 
 1890, 21,179 ; 
 
 iSoi. 10. =.47; !S92. 15.050; 1803, 11,203; 1897, "i39''. 
 
 To iilher ji/iifi".-, in 1854, 3366; in 1859, 12.427 : in 1868, 
 6922; in 1870, 8505; 1871, S694; 1872, 13,385; 1873, 
 13,1)03; 1874,13,445; 1875, 173,809. Ofllritisli cirinin, 
 1876, 13,384; 1877, 11,856; 1878, 11,077; 1879, 13,557; 
 iSoo, 15,836; 1881,20,304; 1882, 19,733; iB8j, 13,096; 
 
 1884, 11,510; 1885, 10,724; 1886, 12,369; 1887, I3>753! 
 i338, 17,962 ; 1889, 28,461 ; 1890, 22,0.04; iS-ji, 30,987; 
 1892,20,799; 1893,23.930; 1S97, 17,366. 
 
 EMILY ST. PIERRE, see Cxited States, 
 
 1 802. 
 
 EMINEXCE. 11 title loiircrn-il upon ciii-ilimils 
 liv pope L'rliaii N'lll. .Ian. li), Ki^^I, as more lioinmr- 
 aiile tliim " K.\i elleii'\ ." I'li'v l.i'i..'ly I'ariUimls had 
 the title of I//i/\trix'.iiiii. Js/if. 'I'lie uriiiiil-Miaater 
 of .Miilt;i uImi ohliiiiied thi- title. I'lii-ihui. 
 
 EMIN P.VSH.V Rl'M.IKF. The eommittce 
 for the purpose iippoiiited, i.SSj. 
 ."Sir William Markinnon, cliairiiian, lord Kininiird, 
 .Mr. W. linrdilt-ilontls and ollirrs. ^n: Smiilan, 
 1886-7, and AJ'rha [Cininni Ka.-it), 
 Tlie (li'inian eoiiiiiiittee at lierlin, dissolvi.l itself 
 
 Dee. 1B90 
 Kniiii paslia iniirdi'ied Oct. ifv.', reporti'd, May- 
 Sept. 1893 
 
 EMIR, n title of the ealiplis anion;; the Turks 
 mid I'ersiuiis, tirst iiwardeil t,i the ileseeiuliil't.s of 
 .Mahomet's diiii^'liter l'',itiimi, :iliout (i-;o. To such 
 .inly «iis in-i;;iii:illy g'ivi'ii the privilege of wearing 
 the green turliaii. 
 
 EMFSSIOX THEORY of Liout (ndvo- 
 
 jated liy .N'ewtiiii, about Mi;2), suppo>es that indi- 
 viiUi;il jiartieles puss I'lom "■■■ liiinimnis liody to the 
 e\e, iiiiil that eaeh rav 1 it passes IVoni the 8un 
 
 to the earth. It is' op, il to \.\\k Viidutntory 
 ThiUfij {u-liifh Hif) now generally reeeived. 
 
 E?''LY, nil Irisli see, said to have heeii founded 
 l.y St. I'atriek. Knilv was ealleil Imehieii-lliair : 
 St. .Villie was till' tirsl"hishop in 448. In ijIkS, the 
 see WHS united to Cashel {irhirh .«•<■). It is now an 
 ineonsideriilile village. 
 
 EMPALEMENT. This mode of e.iceeutmg 
 eriiiiinaU, meniioiieil liy .Iuveiial,and often inHicted 
 in I{ome, is still usedin Turkey and Arahiii. In 
 Kngland the dead bodies of murderers were sonie- 
 tiines staked in this uiiinner, previously to heing 
 buried; iihidished, 182^. ^nv Hiiicidc. 
 
 ElMPEROR, from Lnpmttnr (ruler), 11 title 
 eonferred oil vietorions Koman generiils. 
 .Vngiistns rii'.sar till' liist lioiiiaii I'liiperor . B.C. 27 
 V.-ileiitinian I. Ilist iniiwrorot tbe west, ami Valeiis, 
 
 llrst emperor of till' e.ist . . . A.I). 364 
 
 Cbarli'inaKiie llrst I'liiperor of Oermany, erowned liy 
 
 l.eo. Ill Soo 
 
 Otl Ill 1. foiinder of till' 'I'lirkisli niipire, the llrst 
 
 emperor of Turkey 1299 
 
 Tlie Cziir tlie llrst eMiperor of Itussia . 22 Oet. 1721 
 Napoli'oii lioiiapaite llrst emperor of tlie Freneli 1804 
 Napol III., bis iii'plii'W, touiidi'd tbo seeoiid 
 
 l-'ri'iiib I'lnpire, lli'i-. 1S52, deposed . 4 Sept. 1870 
 Itiirliide, empi'ior of Mi'xieo, Keb. 1822 : shot 
 
 19 July, 1824 
 Vm\ I'l'dro IV. of Portugal the Hist emperor' of 
 
 lirazil 182s 
 
 Faiistiii I. tbe llrst enipeior of Ilayti, in 1849 : de- 
 posed X859 
 
 Maximilian I. emperor of .Mexiio, 10 April. 1864 ; 
 
 shot 19 'June, 1867 
 
 EMPEROR'S HYMN (of .Vistriu), words by 
 I.. I,. llausi'hUa, musie by Joseph Haydn, first sung, 
 12 I'ch. 1797. 
 
 EMPIRE. F.iiipii-c Ci/i/, 11 name given to 
 New York, i'.mp'n-f Clnh, Constitutioniil, estab- 
 lished 10 Oet. 1881, founded 188?: elosod 1886. 
 Kiiiiihr UoHir to the east, by the CaniuUim Puoitio 
 Riiilway ; term ii|iplieil 1887. 
 
 EMPIRIC IS, a seet of pliysioiiuis, fo' meJ ill the 
 3rd century belore Christ, who contended that all 
 
 \m . *"«i 
 
 1^ i 
 
 km 1 
 
 
 H T 
 
 ^ ' JlIT' ' t'fi 
 I r'l 
 
 
 ...Jm, 
 
EMI'LOYEHS OF LA130UE. ;i7(! 
 
 ii 
 
 ill ■/. i 
 
 
 ENDONMOSIS. 
 
 less, ,,„d that cxiKriciir,. „iul ol,.-crvati<:ii a.-iv ll„. ,l,.n ,mL ,1 7,7 • ' ' '"'""'■'■'< ','f ' ■"Ian. „l,,„„ ,-,, 
 
 'fff;S::; i;,;;:;:s..,5;;, -,;;e ^-i^^-f ■-,;,:';:;:,;-;;;;;::;" !i 
 
 lshcclalmu,.,.o„,r. /.W'""/'/,,, ll„. naino „,,,,li,.,l i , f^^J ^ MJUOIM.;!) KSTATJ':,S ACT ,■ , 
 
 to a s, liiml III |,liil, M.pln , „ liiil, ailiniis of iiiVliiii.. ' , 'V ''^-l''. to .■iial.lc „» i„ ,■., „i |,„„| , , ' l'"--<'<i 
 "a tmr lint what is i),,. ,■,.., ilt ul' ixiicncn, ,.. ° i >'':i-'<«K sulijeit ti. niniinlir .,., ,„ ,] ,' "''■" '" 
 
 lanil. ,Tli,.i,..,l,j,l,wai,,,V,a;,i..:aV nnn,;r ' S^ 
 
 ojtn,,u.u.,„is. T,i., „.. a,„ H,i. ''.■^' j ^;;;£;;n-^ivni;;;i'i"^;:;:i;;:::;'i:;^^^ 
 
 '|;s!;|'i;;-i;!;^-;;rT:;'i;;i,;:;r;l.::/-^;i;^"'-'^- 1 encyclical l.™.;,;. .w. ,, ,.,.„ 
 
 EMPLOYEItS' LTAIULITY ACT fi„ „ ^''^TT^^^^^l'^^''^^!'^ "'■ Cy(i,.,|.i.,„ , 
 
 wm-knifii ii,.t l,v tliriiuwi, l;,iilt), 1 is.cl lor - v.-iii ii . ''''"'"'■" f^''^''" I" •' »»il> I'V AIhiI,,, 
 
 rSciit. l&So; ,..H.,ts,uMitralf,,S,S,V V ,..'.{ ..J "i Ki s ., tli.. 1.51I1 iriiliiry. ' "l"""^- 
 
 ' l>i' rioiinVl'iiiil.iis Urnii',1, Mil ,MM\cl,,i,,,i, 
 '■"""• "tf 1-.I 1" H.-.rl !...',/ !;i.'"7,'<i 
 
 'liri.Vfl III )„. i 1. . •>"r.lH lis, ;, I , 
 
 24 .1 »'•'„• lf<KS 111" stn,if:,.Mt a|,|,li,.ati„n .,f tlu' 
 spint lift aw laws l,y tli,. drcisimi „r tli,. lioaso of 
 lonU 111 tlu. ,a.,. nrsini li r. Cl,;„l,,s liiik,.|- & (Sons 
 on aiijical was -tidii-lv 1 iiCrint'd 21 ,lii|v lyni 
 
 ^':\''''l '']'}'■' '■'•''■ .■'■ I'Vl'. .Su,;n..i„im.lia.,,i 
 
 B .Niiv. ; Ih.M'nMi sivj,.,'! a claiisi' \\,r i-iiaLlilii; 
 
 w„ikaa;ii (.M-„i,|,actuiit „t (lie act l,v amiiiKM 
 a-Mil with (■ia,,lu.y,.|s, ,„ X.n. : U,,. ..laiis,. laaiii. 
 '" ' ^y "10 luiils, i'y .laii. ; till' bill with.liawn ' 
 
 paS'f V^^VI^^ ^^? woKKMEx ACT ' A ;:ip;!;,!;;?,r ',,,,, ,„;,.,„■ ; • 
 
 pnSMd I^, Aug. I«,3, l-flutcs to Ifjfal set! I, iiirnt of '•>'■'*''■''■'' ''"'■.V'l"l'a'lia 
 
 (lisjmti's, Arc. J;""''* ^''^'lis lij,.!!,,,,,,,,!,,. Ili:,t,,n,,,n, ' ' '^''^ 
 
 FAIPT f»VlTWTU c.l 1 , I ''"'"I'llili's l.i'Xii'cMi riiivfls.il,-. ■ ■ "VJ 
 
 th. ;i^7i:lf\.^.^K,?/\."'K'''''VV"l'''''^^^ ' t;"|i"'.iM;V:<!!iHi.mi„ii„.,l,.sA,ts. ' " ' ■"77 
 
 IS I, (,„.m,.,i i„ i„. ii„.„ir,.,.|iv „„„„.,| r. ;;.; '»" 
 
 «iitt,.i, ahoia ,,^s ami ,..(,7, ,„„i i,;,,,. 'v";'^ 
 s..v.;ial laiiKUia^.s. Tl,,. IIim, h-|,;.|is|, v,!";, ."l'" 
 
 "I livvisa.a Wydillit,-, II, ,,„7,'«,,s ,,1,^: ■,;'"'"' 
 
 «lii,;li .siiaks,,,.,,,-,.. ,s,,.,,s.T, ,111,1 „t , .,. wn " ' I """ 
 
 iiiai'li of tl,n,. kl„iw ..,.„f ii„|., I ,''''■""■'! 
 
 ;i^' "val lui.: l„.n,K ■•lasl, :" ,„ :^"^•,•^'■•. 
 CI ,.sr .y,.l„,,„.,|,a, 6,,,,, vols, (all „,!. v,h M I '''^- 
 
 i(il,|.,;j, 
 
 '^77 
 
 K (cnsiisot IN)1 , lilu,. liiaik, |,ul)lisli|.,lX„v i,K,,c "ayk's lliitioiniaii,. ' ' ■■'(»!. 
 
 and vyl,„.l, as api„.ai-s l,y tl„. ins,Ti,,tion, was Mia<U- *""r "'*»., ' ', ' ■ • • „ 
 
 by his onl.T, in liis ,-,.ij;.i, about «,S- Li,Z , I H"' 8tb ,.„„„,|,.,,.,| .So,, (sal,. 5,,„„) ; oti, s,,,,. '"' 
 
 ennmi'lliil ware was popular in tlio i(tl, ,...„f ,7: |.',„.,,.i, , o ■'^x,"';';'* ','''"''''• "'I'lint i-ssii,..! ,f,,i i 
 
 iiagnitioen, sp..,.i,„..ui i!y ,,..p.,.^ KiLi,::;!:;,, 'i^^ J c^iciv'i';,^: i^i I'^^i^',^, lirH:::::^"* • ■^-83. 
 
 uel, amlotln-rs. app,ai,.,laltli,.oxliibi;iou,it Paris '<'■<■'<■ l-vH,>p„.,iia / ''>ii,,s; . . ,^g. 
 
 Rachel (I.ovison „r I.i.vvison) si,,.,! .aptain Canie.n, F,„.!^i":' 'T'T, '"■'",""'• ' ■3"'. 'B8j , ' '"^ 
 
 nonsiii,..!; soe zv.,/.;' ,>.„s. sb.. •J::;:\;:,:;',^;;:^ j l.;:;;;;;:|;.^r!;:l:;l■;^ *^^ : ;«i^::^ 
 
 ■70 
 
 •93 
 
 of ftauU^^^ .«;« ; an., ,1„.,1 i,. p,.;.,,, „ ,,, ,«,, j Kal.brs ,.:,,,,i., ,,h^ ,^ ,,,^, ^ ,^^^^^ . 
 
 ^•in ia!;';t;;;:;::. l:::, iKl.;.;i:':i^ui::':b:iu;;i;: ;,; ^ ":^:'ii:;a;:^;"s!'"' ':^- -- -'"- naiw. -^ 
 
 or r.ouinM.nioniti,ai of toi ,s ami la.iM.faotors |;1"1"' '•i"'V,.l,,pa..lia, , ,,l,7,„i ' ' 
 
 oi,i..u;.,;i.. Tii,.piibii,.,.„,i,„o.,,,„„.,: .,„tuxi,Mi te:'K:;m;.!Si'''"'" '■' "" • 
 
 'in 
 
 susp..,,;d,u,K"r;;:;;,i;::'^i';;;::-,>;,r^.i;:!^ ^■i^aAi.h ;;?■■' ^'r-'-^^ 
 
 on. iie^stiioftiio ninth n;,.,;;,:; i;;'::i;;^,:!;;;.^;;;;,: KXDERHY LAXD. s s.„n„r: o..n.n., 
 
 ?L:!';;,,?fr'^.;;:i;:^--;;::;;:.;!;^,-^ 
 firPi^^^s;hi:;h!?;;';i^i-'ri;;i-L::^'r^^^ 
 
 know.,!,, I'ravit,!,,,, :,ho„t ^(.. „,,, 'Jhi^.^tw I "";""'' "'" ""''i'""- This p,-.,p,.,,v 1,, ' 
 
 ir6.S, an.n.y Miss (iiv,.nlaii,l, irXsaiui I-nj. ^ ' ," '!'" ''""'le, and i.va.n,.,., whin it op,.|al,.s V, 
 ENCLOSURE, s,... 7.,./.,v, ,-,: ' ^ I '•'': '"■'^"''' t" ""; ""•'^i'le. .Mau.v natural pli,.,„„ 
 
 I are thus nioro clearly iiii.lorstood. llraLk. 
 
 This i>r.,p,.,(y i„, ,:;,i];j 
 
 i,lp 
 ■oiii 
 
 EXDOWKD S 
 
ENDOWED SCHOOLS ACT. 
 
 377 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 ENDOWPID SCHOOL COM:\nSSION '"r'ii"^ -rMrHi.iMirMi KiiKiinrrs, wi.ici, iimi iu 
 
 froii'.isliiiL'ol' li>nl I.vili'lldii, (1111(111 |{(.ljiiis(in, 1111(1 '"'■' -'.'■•■'■'i;* '" liinniM-l.^.iM, kwvcI to I.oimIoii, 
 
 („H.is,, w,is „,,,,.i,i.;.,i midci. ,11,. act ,.-,, vi,.,. ,,;f^L;,i'M::,^^,l,;;;;::,v;:i;;;::;: !;''i,;:-r;^'il;t;!.,, : 'Z 
 
 ,, ;;o {2 AuiC. 1M«)). I tlir.;w (.pen iimiiy cikIcw- |s,„„i,;„,1 Ki„^;,i,„„ llnin.l, i.i„|,.,.|,.r nf 11,,. cLi * 
 mi.iits Id 111,. iiali"ii, 1111,1 ,-iinii.(l nut ri'loniis, l)(.iiif,' /•.„,(,,■„. ,i-,.,l si. ,li,.,l 15 S,.|.t'. ; |j,,l„.rt iSI,.|il„.|i- 
 (V(i|ii('litiy iiiiicli ,,|i|ii>s,.,l. lly nil 11,'t iiiissi.|| 7 Aliff. S",,, niilwa.v ,i,>;ii„.,.|-, .,-,..1 V), ,li,.,l . ,., d,'!. ,„ 
 
 l,S"a, it>' dillic.-, wi',. Iraii>r,.in',l I,, tli,. iliai'ilv '■'iif-'iii,','!^' Ai,,:,I-,,iiimI,i1 s,,. i, ly. in ,S67,,-,(iisi^l,.(| 
 ,„ninii-si"n,i-s. t"'" H' w ,„iiiiiii>>i,,ii,rs (Mi', 1,,,iik'- ,;I„1",m. :..-«■ i„<ii,i.,is: :i„„„„1 i„.„i,i,.,86,ui«./. ; 
 l,,j., l„nl CliiildM), ami ,aii..ii l{„lmis„„ l„.iii- „|,. ll'.^i ;''';:Vl ,'n',,'n ',I.m1V^^ / '''^^ 
 
 |,„'int,.,l. Tlic |.„niiiiissi„i„.|s liail ,l,.alt with 74 /-/(.//^.T,. ^v,',.UIv^V,m'M;V Vllar.lM,,,! ., .I,„, ,8,6 
 
 ^I'liiiaU; pri'liar,.,! scl„.Mi,.s l,ir (,(, ; li.avin,; alioilt /■.■"!;/„..,■,■»./. »,.,.klyi,„i,„;,|, ,..>lal,li,,|i.-,l .l„ij. ,866 
 
 l,(X)t„ li,. ,li'iiil «i'li ; -^i';;- I'^^ri- N,.w,;i.sll,. silik,. (s,.,. .V. «v,,>/fr) . ir,iy-~nit. 1871 
 
 ENDOWED SCHOOLS ACT, ,.<,iilaiiiiiig '^"'^'^ '■( '■"a '•■< in l I.ai (.8 lln„s) 7 |.VI.._ 
 
 ,h,. ■•C,ilii,.i<.ll,.'' Clans,.," passeil |H(«1 ; iinnlliir o.ll,.^,. „r Pia.-liVal Kn-iiavis, Mn»w,H l.ill! ii.'ai. '* 
 
 s-mi!iiriu.t passcl 2 Aiijr. IS(,<). A (■niiiniitt,,,' r,.- I l,,n, ,>|„.,„.,| i,v ,,,■ llcniv li,^si.ni,.r, sir 
 
 l„,rtf,l on tlio working,' 111' tlic ii,t, J nil'.., l,S(S;. .Imsi|.|, \VI,ilHiatl,, ' n,-. f. Wn'i. s„i,i,.ns, ' 
 
 „ii<l 
 
 KNEHGY. Ill nil aiMi-i.ss to tlic liritish As- K,',!;i,'H'^,i„^.;.xl,il,iti„i;, .\^,i.„ii.ural' Mall'. I.„i,'ln 
 
 Scpi. ,8 
 
 jncuiliiai at Y,,rk, I S,.pt. l.S.Sl.sii- William 'I'lion,- 
 full ,i,'s,nli,.|l tin. «,iiin','s ,it' all tin. (.lu'ii^yiii iialiii,' 
 
 , -1 .Inlv, 1883 
 
 A |.a,ly,il' Ani,'ri,'a,i ,'imi as iiii, itai,,c,i livlh,, 
 
 l,,stiliili.i,j III' civil l.;ii^ii(i.(.|s 
 
 'liiiii 
 
 jViiiliililc ti, man I'lir tin' |,r,Mlii,'ti,iii nt m,','liaiii,al , .__ 
 
 ,[\M as ti,i,s, r,.,„l, linl, wiiiil a,ul lain, all o.\,i'pl ■*''■, .''■ '^^ "alk,'!. '•'intia,'!,,!' IVn- Ih,' .Mainln-sl.T 
 
 , .1 1 ■ ,l..civ,.,l tV,i„, II,,' s,ii, sliipi'anal and ,,lli,'i-L.|val w,.iks, ,li,'s. :,5 N„v. ,, 
 
 thctnlcsdeincl li„iii til, smi. si,' .l,,hn ||awksl,aw, ,.„ ;i,„.,.|-„rtl„. s,'v,'nilnnn,.l, ' 
 
 1889 
 iSgl 
 
 'licsa;;,'.! t;.. ^ ,| , 
 
 Sii-.Inlin C.iul,', (•a,iiMii, 1..: Iiivakwatcis an,| i.tlaT 
 
 Winks, Ir m ,3jf., die! . . . a .Miucl, iSqa- 
 
 All. Thuuias llawksl,',\. l-'.li.S., I'lnini'iil tlir,Mi};l|. 
 "Ill liii'wiiild f',,r wal'',\v,irks, ,^'aswi.iks, saiiila- 
 ti',11, \i'., ,li,.d, ap'd ,S(i . . . , -..j Si'pl. ,805 
 Di'Mll, iitMr. K,lwii, Clark, i,iv.'i,t..r .it tin' ,iiilway 
 idiK'k si^inallinn systi'i,,. li>d,anli,- ^nivin^' ,l,ii'k, 
 \c., a-cd al,ia,t t;,j .... i.2»)i-l. 1894 
 
 EXFIDA CASE, see Tnni't. 
 
 ENFIELD, N. .\li,l,ll('>,'.\ ; a mamir l)t'l,,ii),'iiij,' 
 to til,' dui'liy "f I.itiiiiisli'i-, is mciitimi,',! in I),iiii('.s- 
 a:iv, ami wiis iiivcii t,, H,' ,Miin,l,'vill,' l,y William I. 
 after I0</). Al'tci- vari,,iis ,liaiifri'S it l),',ain,' the 
 [ir,>p,'i'tv iif '111' I'l'i'^^n liy the maiiiaj;,' of .Mavy, 
 lu'ires.s of til,' Ifoliinis, lii'lli'iiiv (Ink,' III' l.aniastn', 1 , ,. 
 
 aftei';vai'd.ki.i« ll.niy IV. l,,,,,. . K,lwanl VLj^avc u^:^uTMr:tu::. li,.,,,.; Cn.llH'ad, iZ'^tr 
 
 It to 111.., sl.stcf Kh/alictli. who i','si,k',l licl-o in IS52, „|- u„. Gr,'ath,'a,l ,sl,„'l,|, , stiiii'lnr ..nnnn.'ls 
 
 111 11 palaci'. part "I wlucli still rcinains. 1 lie tc,- I'liict., 1896. 
 
 gruiiiiiiar school was t(,iii,,l,',l alinnt I.S*^'). 'I'he ('imtinni'd ,lis|MU,'s hciHc-n th,. EnipUiycrs'' 
 
 rtiii'ieiit cliusi' was discliascd and I'lU'liiscd, aft,'r """ ,1 t,'d, -rati, n, and tlic .\iiialKi,i,,ati-(l s(i(-i,'iy 
 
 I Jan. 1:79. I'dpulation, l8«I, 18,044; l.S,)l, ,,"''■,"-'.' 's ivspc'tin;; irs .itlahuiir, ,S:c. K.'li., ,897 
 
 I,''" " ^ (Iircidai issni'd liy 7sii,a'lii'.s,l,.inaijdii,^'ai'3 lioius' 
 
 i'l.Si*" 'lay witliDiil ri'diictiim (it i,:,v . . Aiail. 
 
 ENFIELD MUSKET, so,' /'Vn-rt/'w.*. h,.,. .s^i/.r.s . ....... .rniy, ;,' 
 
 ENGEN, Hadcii. Here .Moroau defeated the ENGLAND (from ./»///,« and loii/l, land), so- 
 
 Austriaiis, 3 May, 1800. named, it is saiil, liy K^hert, first king of the 
 
 ENGHiENorSTKKNK-Ililf (.S. W. lielsinm). Engli.sh, in 11 Ki'iifral",'o«ii,'il lielil iit \Vin,'liester^ 
 
 Her,' the British nil, Icr Willi. 111! 111. w,'re defeated ^?'>' "'' ''.V Athelstan, ,)2v .Sec Ati(il(i-Su.m>s. 
 
 Dy the French under inar-lial l,,ix,'mliiii;;, 24 July, KuKhil"! wiia united t,i W.iles, l2<Sj; to Scitlandin 
 
 ,(ig2._'l'lie line d'Kii^din'ii, a dc-cciidant of tile '''*^'.5; they have had tliesairieleuislatnre .since 1707, 
 
 great Coiule, was seized ill Baden l,y order of liona- V''^'" H"' '•'!■''« w<;rest.\ led Urcil Itritain. James I. 
 
 iiiirt,', cnnveycl to Viii,-,'iiii,'s, ami", after a hasty '"'st adopt, ',1 the title ,d' kill};- of Kiifjlaiid, Siotland, 
 
 trial, i-hot liv torcli-littht. ii,ini,',liat,'ly after I'Oii- "fterwards (Ireiit liritiiiii, l-'r.imc, iinil Ireland, 
 
 deniiiatioii, 21 Mari'h,. KS04. The hiuly was e.\- -Vfter the treaty of Amiens, signed 27 .Miiivh, l802, 
 
 huini'd, lO .March, l.Sld. I-'rance w.'is omitted IVoiii tlii' nival slvlc. Ireliiiid 
 
 ENGINEEliS, Militarv, formerlv called T'l'^ iMcor|,orated will, them, liy llie"a,'t ,_if legis- 
 
 rrc'iicli-iiiasicis. Sir Williani" I'elham otfi,iate,l as ''l-V.''''' ""i;"!' ' '''I'.'' '""' '", ','"', ' "'t'-;,, '^ni-ilom 
 
 tron'li-„ia>lcr in KUJ ; 111,' , liii'f ,.iii;ineer was "' 'jri'.it liritaiii. I'raiic,', ami Irelaml. 1 he liritish 
 
 ciille(U'amp-ni,ist,'r-i;viU'ral in l(i;4. Capt. Thomas '•■"'.iI'"'-'";,<''""P"'i''l t'"'.o"t'iin al,out(;,(,2,3,(,2ns,,nare- 
 
 Rmia hud 111,' rank of chief eii-lneer to the kil.^' nnles of territory, with i|,),22,M,(,o iiihahite.nts. 
 
 about KiW. The I'orps of .'n-iii,','rs was formerlv ff"','.''"''"' •''''•'"'* •')'' «i^;" "'nl'T ""' r.'spi'ctive 
 a civil corps, hiit was ni.i,!,' a milit.irv force, anil ','''"",'i;? J '''■"'.''- -^"'."' /';.'.",""•' I'"t"<l"li">', &<:. 
 direeted to rank with the artilleiv, 2S 'April, i-.S". ."Pi'liit";" "I I'.n.daml ami Wah's, i,Si,i, 2iMHir,Gi8. 
 
 Itliasa('olomd-iii-,hi,'f, U, ,',doirel.s-eomiimndant, !'<'''P"'*'i';iis liist,)rv, ,s,'e /,•///«*</, //,>/,,,■,, .,r;/' A>,^. 
 
 ami I(> colimels. Cni/ f.ii,ii,mr„i,i lu'canie ini- """'. ''y l''il'"'.("'l'."i;lish\ 1725-31; I liomas Carte, 
 
 nortant in the middle of the last icnlury, when ''4/-.5.Si Unvnl lliime. I7iv(i2; l,.l,ias .Snndlett, 
 
 Smcaton licgan the Kdilvsl li-hllionse, and 'r.SJ-^S ; 'I'di" l;iiis:ar.l, ],Si,|-;,) ; (■harh's Knight, 
 
 Briiidley th,' liridiiewater'caiial. .Since then the !'y'-''2 ; J U Green, 1S71.80. I'arts l.y f. ]!. 
 
 Kennies, Telford, the Sl,'ph,'n.soiis and lininels. J "' ''."'"y, I'-^rl Stanlmii,., J. \. Iromle, .Miss H. 
 
 Lookc, an,l otliers have constriictcl breakwater'.,, •^'"'■""'•'". mul others. S,.,. C/iriwirtc.s: 
 
 (locks, liriil^ces, railways, tiinnels, &('., wliieli iir;' 
 
 the iiiiirvel of our ajje. 
 
 " Eu'iiiirnriiiij is Hi,' .-irt of dircctin;: ihc i^'rcat 
 
 sniirces of power in n:it,iic tur III,' use and cini- 
 
 veiiieiiec ct niiin." (V7i",^. ■/^,',^;"/l/, died iH.'ii.) 
 Tlie lii»l SCI icl> lit ("nil faifjiiiicis I'liiaicd 1,> ,-siiica. 
 
 toll aieldlliers.al'lciwarils l,'ri,i,d 11,,' Sim'tiluiiitiii 
 
 ^■„e('(7,/ (irCi\ il I'lll-illlClS lygj 
 
 histitiilioa of civil Kii-inecrs estalilkslieil 2 ,Iaii. 
 1818 ; olitiiincd a cliarh'r . . . 3,111111', ,828 
 
 572 
 
 i inemliers 
 
 KkIiciI, "kin;,' of tlic KiiKlisli," 8-'8 ; defeats the 
 Welsh, Daiii's. A','.. ,(l llcii;;' ..lili.wn . . 835. 
 
 iMI'rcd, kill;;, 871 ; allcr iii.iiiv \icissil(iiU'S, \,iii- 
 (inishcstlle llalics ..'.... 871-896 
 
 He IVaaa's a ( ...Ic ,.f laws, S,).. : r'Oiiis .-i niililia ami 
 ita\'\. sni\('\s and snlnliviil-.s t||,> ,.,,n),tr,v. aiel 
 piiiiiiotcs clihatiiin (hi.iiiv ,!at''iiieiiis iiiytliieal). 896 
 
 Atliclslan's Kic.il victoiy ever Ihc ji.uies, Scots, &e. 
 at Hiimanliiir;; 03^ 
 
 I"'r,',haaim,mi' of Ihmsl.in ; he pr. ti's inoiiaeliisiii 
 
 and the ccliliacy of the eh r,i;y, il'dit . . 95* 
 
 99» 
 
 April, 1889 Klliclrcd cdinpunnds wiUi llii' Uanes for peac 
 
 '':,^'>-'-Wf 
 
 I : '^^i^'I'S 
 
 . y^'' 
 J^^/-'' 
 
 
 >*fA'>>.;fl] 
 
 , IjiiS 
 
 

 Wj 
 
 _ ENGLAND. 378 
 
 Causes tliclr iniiKs.iiii' 13 Xuv. 1002 
 
 Avi'iif,'i'il liy Swcyii, kins; iif |iriiiii:iik : Kl'lichvil 
 
 lli'rs t<i .Niinjirijiily ,oui 
 
 .SWMVij ilii's. ;ijj,| KlJirlicI ivtiiiri-^, 1..14 ; .lies . . 1016 
 
 Oiiiuti' IIjc liiiiic' s.,1,. laivli 1017 
 
 Kilw.iiil tlir (oiilc-.Nor khif;; .s.ixon ilviiiistvicstiiicd 104V 
 ilaiiil.l U. I'j.nv.ir.l.nJaii. ; ilrlrals liif Xiirwc^ialis, 
 -'5 'Si'p'. : iMlcMti'.l arjil Niaiij at llastiii-s hy Wil- 
 liam of N.inuaiiily 14 Oi't i.-fifi 
 
 Wll.l.lAM I. criAVlll'.l .... ..5 llfr. 1,//, 
 
 Tim ijuithiM-ri I'uijMtics irln-l ; r.MMiji'.l Inaii tlif 
 llniiilpci' lij till' Ivni' . . ', i<.6,>-;(, 
 
 Illtru.lllllioli ,,lll„. r,.||,i-|| sy,t,MM. .llliMlt . . . 1070 
 
 Jllsti.TS ..(■ ln-iic',. .11111,, ililcd' io;0 
 
 J>..l.J,-s,|,iy l„„,k r„lll|iil,M ,085-fi 
 
 \\lLl.l vM II. (•ii,un,-,| . . . . ;(, H|.i,t. K,S7 
 
 Tliu iiii.sa,i,s l„'-iii ,„y(, 
 
 JJknkv I. . riAviii-il, risi,,ii.s .s.ixnii l.iws, A-i> 
 
 „ , 5 .\llf,'. I KID 
 
 r)pfi'.-ifs his l,i-,,|li,.| Ii,,l„.rt. ami vaiii.-i X.ainaiitiv . i loo 
 
 I'lityi-c> Willi.ill/ .ru.l lii.lil,,s (lliiwnwl . 25 X'uV. 1 1 kj 
 
 .SlKI'llls- ,•!■,, wniM .... .,6 lice. 11)5 
 Civil w.M l„.i«,.,.|i the ciiiinvss Mainl, Henrys 
 ■lali-lilci, ,11,,: .M,.|,l„.|, ; Ii,r Iii,.,i,|s lli(^ Mints ('ic- 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 KiciiAiiii III. ili'pcjscs Eclwai-(1 V. 
 Valli.ihli' .-.Liliili's iMi.ii-tfil . 
 
 -5'Iiili(>, ,^ , 
 
 22 Auk. ".^8 
 
 ■ "139 
 3 March, 1141 
 
 ■ 1M7 
 • ■ "'.5:) 
 
 19 l>('r. 1 154 
 .laii. 1164 
 
 29 I )*'!'. 1170 
 1171, 1172 
 
 (cati'il ;.l ilii hiiitii' ,,r til,' «taii.|,ir,l . 
 .'Sill' laials ill l':ij;;lan,l. .111, 1 i.s siinrsslul 
 Cnniiicl at Win, ln'siri- 
 lii'IVati„l : ivtiri's i,> Kiaiin. 
 Cdiii-liiilis a |HMii' with .sii-iilii'M . 
 
 Hk.VIIV II. i-|"»lll'.| 
 
 C(iiistitiili,,iis .it IJ.in'ii,l,,ii cnaiti'il 
 AiTiijiaii.c ,it lii'ik.'t : riiiirili-iv.l 
 
 Cuiijiii'sl ,,f In-laml 
 
 Kufil.-iml ,ln!,|,.,l iiitii si.\ cin-iiits fur tlu' ,i,|iiiiiiistr 
 
 tioll oI'justi,-c ,,^(-, 
 
 English laws ili-..sl|.il liy (ilaiivillo, aliiiut . ii.Si 
 
 Hirii.ini) I. ir,nviii.,l .... 1 Ni'ht ii.S,) 
 
 Hll.iuills till' iTIl.sluirs . . ,,,,, 
 
 i)i'li-ats.Sala,lili '.'.'.' 1,,,. 
 
 •^•:i'l'' I'll- I' li.v link,' c,r .\ii.-.|iia, an, I s,.|,l t,i 
 
 lli'iiry \ I. ,,1 (;,Mni;inv .... Ii,',- 
 
 l!aiisc,iiii,l l,,r,ilii,i,t juo.ooi?. . . . ,,','j^ 
 
 ,Ioii.v ,i„wii..il Mav, ir„, 
 
 ^ol•lnan,iy i.jst I,, Kii,;l.inil , .,,, 
 
 Kii(;laii,| I lit iiimIit .III iii',i,lic't ij.,s 
 
 Jla^'Ua ( li.irta ;.'laliti,| .... 15 .Iiilic 1^15 
 
 IlK.MIV III. ,T„W 1 .... 28()l't. 1216 
 
 Till' aiiiais wa I (»■;,;,/, .s,,) .... ,262-8 
 
 Siniiiii ,|,. M,,iitl.,r,|, I'.irl ,,|' I.iMci'stiT, sinnnioni'.l 
 
 twt) |.aili.iiii,.nts ; iiirlihiin^ knitilils iit the 
 
 .•<liirc. 1204 (II thiT lir.-t incliiilin^ liiirgi'ssi's) ; 
 
 the first iT^'iilar iiarliaiiii'iit m,.!; . . .Jmi, 1265 
 
 Kiiw Aiii) 1. niiw I . . .20 Xuv. 1272 
 
 Wall's siil«lii,,l, n, ill,., 1 1,1 Kn^i.iiiil . . ' ,281 
 
 Dcalli ,if l(,,j;,r I!: 1 ' ; , .^ 
 
 ficiitlan,! siiIkI 1. ij.jC. : ri'Viilts . . ,,,,7 
 
 Kiiw.viih II. i-r,iwni-,| .... S .Iiilv, .307 
 
 Dercati'd liy lir • at Hannniklairn . 24.111111', 1314 
 
 Iii.'iiirrci'ti,.!! ol'tlH' haraiis a;.'ainsl liis favuiiritcs 130S, 
 
 ■Ei)WA.;i. 111. ,.r..«n.',l . >3i5. '3-.i5 
 
 Defeat nC the, Si-i.ts at llalli.li.wn-liill . 
 Iiivniles I-'ranee ; \ iiiipii,,iis at Crcy 
 Takes Calais . . . . ' . 
 
 Oilier iifthe f.'.utiT iiistiliiteil . 
 Vii'tipiy at l',,ietii'i-s 
 I'eace (if l)ivlif.'iiv . . . . ' 
 I.aw ii|ea,liii-s ill l-;iij;lisli . 
 
 liUMIAIi'.i II. I'lliwiieil .... 
 
 Iiisiirrcitiiai ,,f Wat Tvler siii,i,res,seil 
 Death , if Wii'klille ..... 
 
 IIk.vhv IV. , r,iwii,',l 
 Onleriif the lialh institnle.l hv lleiirv'lV 
 liisuneef inn iif the I'eieies aiii'l the Welsh . . 1402-5 
 
 IIk.vhv y. ,Tnw I ... 21 Mairli. 1413 
 
 France inv.ele,! l,y Henry V. wlin-aiiis the liattle uf 
 
 Aijiiiiiiiirt .... 25 (let 141- 
 
 TreatyiifTniyes; the lYeiieh .'ii,wnpiim.ii . .' ,420 
 llKXBV VI. ernwMe,! .It Paris . . . Dee. ,430 
 Apiiearani'i'iif (lie ni.ii,! nf ( Irleaiis ; the eciiiqiuwts in 
 
 fra.iee I„st. exre|,t Calais .... ,429-,, 
 
 Cailes insiiriiTl . . June ^-.t 
 
 Wurof the K.ises (see /,'„.,v.s- ail, I /,'.//'/,■.<) ■ . i!i5=-7i 
 
 . Ki.WAKii IV. ileiinses Il,.nry VI. . 4 Mareli, ,461 
 
 I'nntinn intriHliiee,! l,v Ca.xlon . ,47, 
 
 u '''"V"'' ';'■ ■!,':'''-^i"" • • • . 'gAiirii, 1483 
 Jlnnlereil 111 the r,iH-er(s(i,iM after) 
 
 llKMiv VII. aeeessiiin; liielialil .lef.nt,.,! * 
 
 slain at li,.sw,,iili i-iel.l . . .^, v.;,," , 
 
 lenini'ii (,f tiie Kuanl, the lirst an'ijaiani'e ',,1 "' '*'' 
 
 slaniliiiKariny in KiiKlaiel inslitnteil " 
 
 Ileiiiy inaiiies Klizahelh, ilaii^'liter nf IMwaii, \\' 
 
 liisiirreetiiiii ,,r I.anihert Sii I iiiielle,! ' '<-'' 
 
 Curt iif.Slar I'h.iMilier iii,tiiiite,l . ' ' ''*■? 
 
 Ilisllrreetinn of I'elkin W.iili, ek iinelleil ' ' ' '^'' 
 
 "ihi'Xen:;^;.;:^^:;!';:"";^ ;i.,.ihiei,,„,y,,:„„:^-^ 
 
 Death nf prinee .Viilmr .... '2 .x.'.ni '' ' 
 
 IlK.NItV VIII. aiTeS:,inli . „ , ,, ,., " 
 
 Hise nf Wnls.y ' " ■^''"" 'r , 
 
 Henry VIII. s' intirvii'W with i-'r.am'is I 'at ■.'i,!!,. '''^ 
 
 .(.see ■■/•■,W,/„n/„C/„,/, „/,;„/,,■■) . 4-2,,, :,. 
 I'lrst map nf Kn^-lami ihawn l,v (i. I.illv, almiit ' "" 
 Henry VIII. lie,-.inies " liefen.ier nl the lailh ■ ' " 
 
 Kail nfWnlsey; he, lies . . 2u.n'm'-' 
 
 Henry VIII. marries .\niie linlevii privateiv 14 S.'.- '^^ 
 I53-' "I- .lannary 1533 ; divnieeil frniii Catheii,,,,; 
 
 Henry VIII. styleil •■ Ilea.! nf the Chiiivl, " ^'^ ■^'''' ' '^-'J 
 The pnpes aiitli,,iity in Kn-laii,|is almlish,-,! ' ' '■'* 
 
 t^ilTh as .Mnie hehe,i.|,.,| . „|„,,.- • 
 
 (^lleell .Mine linh'yn heliea,|e,I ' ,/\|V'''' 
 
 (imell .l.ilie .SeVMMillr ,|i,.s . .,'11.''^''' 
 
 .\l, mast, lies su'pplesse.l . ' ' "■* ' 'HJ 
 
 Mtatllte nf .Si\ .\lli,les pass,.,| . ' ' -'^i 
 
 .Milints ,if (ilast,inl.lliv. Hi'.elin^'. A-i'. e\eiiit,.,i ■ '^''' 
 The lirst anthniiseil ,-,|iii,,ii ,,l the liilile (CiaiiiniWl " 
 
 pl'inteil ...... 
 
 Crnmwi'll. Iiiril Kssex. liehe,i,|eii 
 
 25 Jan. 1327 
 
 • • i.)3:t 
 
 26 AuK. 134'') 
 
 ■ • 1347 
 
 • 1349 
 
 l9.'Sl'|it. 1356 
 
 . 8 .May, i36<i 
 
 . . 1362 
 
 22 .lime, 1377 
 
 15 ,Iuiie, I i8i 
 
 ■ . -385 
 
 30 .Sept. cvj-j 
 
 .\linenf Cleves,livniee,l . . ' ' ,, ,', ■ ''-I" 
 
 lineen C.itherine llnwanl helie.adeil ' ^ ■ " 
 
 ThetillenfkillKnf Iivlaii,r',.nnnnil,',ll,,t|„.I.„., '-^' 
 lish sn\elei^Mis 
 
 Henry m.ini.'s Catherine Parr ... ,.. .Ji'iiv' ''■^' 
 
 KiiWAiiii VI, ai',-e,,sinii, 2S Jan. : lirniii,,tes th,' ' 
 Uefiirinalinn (.SniniTset. prnteetnr) 
 
 Bnnk nf Cinininii Piaver anthnri.seil ' '■•' 
 
 .Smm'l-.set ilepriveil ,,f p,,w,'r, 154,); hehea,|,i,| . ' ' j^J^ 
 
 Maiiv, ai'i-essinii, 6.lulv : lestmes pnp,av 
 
 Kxeiaitinn nf Lilly Jane <iivv ami hiT fii, mis" ' ' '"^ 
 
 .Mary iiiarrii's Philip nf .Spa'iii ; perseeiites the Pi„' '''' 
 
 testaiits 
 
 liiilley, I.atimer, aii,l Cianiner liiirnt ', -'iii,l,"- 
 
 fahiis re-taken liy the Kiemh . . . '7 Van ,■"" 
 Ki.iZAiiKTii, aeee.s.sinii ; the ehiueh .if Kii-laii.l ^" 
 re-estaltlisheil .... I7'\iiv 
 
 Mary. ((Ueen nf Senis, lands in KnHknel, ijcs 'ixe- " 
 
 ellteil J. |..|,|| , 
 
 The .Spanish aiinaila lepiilseil . . ' ' lniv '^'' 
 Devereiix, earl nf Kssex, heheaileil . ' 25 F,l',.' ISj 
 
 JA.MK.S I. aecessinli ; lininll nf the twn eiiiwiis 
 
 Styleil •■ kiiiK nf Oiea.t liritaii, " . '■• ^^i^l' l^' 
 Till' Ciu"l"'w.ler Pint X„v S 
 
 •|he present ll;llisl,lli,,li ,,f the IJihle enllipleteil ' ,(,,', 
 
 liariiiiets lirst ereate.l . . ... .v'av 
 
 The Overliurv innriler .... 15 Hei.'t' is',, 
 
 Hhakes,,eare,lies 23 .Vpiii; ,6, 
 
 HaleiKli heheaileJ ,,,., , 
 
 linnk of .Spurts pillilisl.eil . . . j/^May, | 
 
 ., ,V"'W''1'ii '■"■'■'''"'"" • • • ^7 JiiiHi, ,4 
 
 Death nl hii-il liacnn .Vpril if.-', 
 
 IMike nf nuekiiijjham assassinateil . ' 23 ,\n,.' ,,5;j 
 llainpilen's trial lespeetin^- •• ship immey ". '" ,,;,, 
 
 Ciintest helweeii the kiiii; .111.1 parli.uiieiit ; i:i,p,.aili- 
 
 lit ami ex.'llllinn nf Inni str.illniil . . ,f , 
 
 Attempt, ..I "arrest ,>f the live memlieis" (J.iln'i 
 
 Hanip.leii, Jnhii Pym, Sir Arthur llasiliifrj;,. 
 
 Meiizil ll.ilh's, ami Win. XlnnW) , . .la,,. ,(,,, 
 
 Civil war bif,'iiis ; see y;./(//.s , . •■3()rt 
 
 .\relll,ish,.|i l.all.1 heliea I . . . ' . ;„ ,Ia|i: ,L 
 
 Charles ilefe.ite.l at N.isel.y . . . ,4 June, 
 He liia'S tn the .Se.il.h, 5 .May ; is yiveii iij., 21 Mei.t! ,(',6 
 
 I'^xf'iili >f Charles I ^o.ian. ,6,, 
 
 CrninweH's vieliiry at Wnreester . . '? .'Sept. ]6;i 
 Ol.iVKrt CiiiiM\vi:i.i. iiriilei'tnr nf the ('(iiiiiinia- 
 
 "■'■■■il'l' 1(5 Dee. i«q 
 
 Naval vietnnes of lilake (j.,,;. 
 
 HicilAIii. I'lio.MWKi.i., lu'utec'tof . . 3 Sept. ic;J 
 nichiiril resi>.:n.s ^j .May, ,py 
 
 Chablks II. : im 
 
 pnll.v hy Kiui. .^ 
 
 Act of uiilfiiiiiiity p:i 
 
 atiireil 
 ThB gnat pla-ue . 
 The (.-reat l.re nl l.oml 
 
 DisKia.i "• I'll'' '■'"'■'' 
 .Secret I e.itv with It 
 pealli.'M'.lm Milti>n 
 ijates's"l'"i'i-li I'l"' 
 .Sir K.liiiin.'ll'iii.v (i."l 
 .Mam Unman Calli.ili. 
 Xiie llalH'.-e. Corpus a. 
 jectnat'aiiisl false ai 
 
 Violent ivaelhai, man 
 
 ,1,111 himilil.'il . 
 "Kve-hoiisi' plot ;" V 
 ji.lulv). .111.1 .M^'cri 
 Ja.'UM II. ai-.essi 
 
 Duke of M iiouthV 
 
 1,1 ■, C.I Illy ; he IS 
 
 .\ei|nitt,il"f till' sever 
 .^iKli.ati.ai .if .lames 
 William III. ami 
 veiilioii pailiaii 
 N'ational.leht li.'jiiiis 
 Bank of l■:ll^.■l••lll'l i"'" 
 Peatli of till' i|"i'i'i' I''' 
 Peiu'e of liyswi.k . 
 Peutli ,,f .lames II. in 
 
 .\NXK. ,l,-,i'>si.ill 
 Vict.llV nf .\l lllhnrnll; 
 
 Uui.in'of III.''".! kin; 
 .Xni'lievel-i'h li.'ls 
 Tre.Jyof L'tiv.-ht, a. 
 
 Gkokok I. of 11.11 
 TlieSeuls' ivhellion .[ 
 ,1,)ntl|..sea hlllihle 
 Itaitli ofthe.luki'of . 
 Onierof till' Hath revi 
 
 Ukohoi: II. ae.a'S! 
 
 Death of .N'.'"t. Ill . 
 
 deorp' II. iit till' vieti 
 
 .■jeeoinl S-ot.s' reiielli 
 
 gains Kiliiihurgh, 1; 
 
 Victory at Falkirk, i3 
 
 l(»lell . 
 Death .if priii.'e i''re.|i' 
 
 an.ll'atli.r.itlieniw 
 Ne\vslyl.'ilitr...lilee.l i 
 .Seven y.'ar>' war lie^iii 
 Coni|ll.'st .if lll.li.l be;j 
 
 |iit,l)Clive(s,',' hull 
 
 Victory aii.l .leath nf ( 
 
 UEolaiF. III. aei e; 
 
 His niairia^'e with C 
 
 ImrgSli.'lit/. 8 Se|i 
 Peai'e ..t I'aiis ; Caiia. 
 Isle of .Mall aniiexeii t. 
 Death of the OM Pre 
 
 George " 
 Rnyal innrriage aet pa 
 .Vinerieaii war !ie;,.ins ( 
 Death of earl ..f Cliatli 
 "Nil Popeiy '■ lints . 
 .Se|iai'iiti..ii of .\iiierieii 
 .Mai^garet Niehols.ia' 
 
 George III. . 
 Trial of Warieii H.-.^ii 
 ll.'atli of the .Vouiig 
 The king's illne.ss iiia.l 
 He ree.iveis, ami g.ies 
 
 giving . 
 Kiret foalitioii against 
 Ihtlicas Corpus aet su 
 Howe's vietory 
 Marriage of till' prinee 
 
 (I'lniliiie i,r Hniiiswi 
 Warren Hastings acipi 
 Pi-iicess Charlotte of 
 Casli itaynieiits susi.ei 
 Death of Kihiiuml Hni 
 Irish rehelliiin 
 llabea.s Corpun act agi 
 
ENGLAND. 
 
 iiii>ii;tr(!liy rc-CHtnli 
 I, .M(j]ik . . 
 Vet ot uiilfciniiity iiasni'il ; rlmn-li nl' Knf;laii4 lu- 
 
 370 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 CHAiiLKM II. : iii<iii;ireliy rc-cHtnblisliccl iiriiici- i),,tii,. ,,rtlii. Nili^ ■ .VrNmi victur 
 
 pnlly liy ijoii. .Moiik .^ . _. 2., May, i6fio ll,illicM\ iiltciiii.t nti 11,,. kiiin's liivi. 
 
 '■•"f^''""' '"" ,, ITiiiHii nfi.iiMi lirit.iin with IivImjmI 
 
 Stiiivil .... .... 1662 X,.lsnll\ vi.tiilV ill CMl«.|lllilp'll 
 
 TlieKiiiit I'l"!-'"" • , •of'5 IIiiIh'ji.s Ciiniii.s ,•11 t :i-,iiii smsiii'IhIitI 
 
 •riiei-'ivnt l.ivnl l.'Mi'i'iii . . . . 2, 3 hc'pt. if.fm l',.„cc . If AiiiiiMi.s. •.111(1,1, 1. ,1 
 
 DbgriH- 
 
 ,,l liinl ('Imi'i'II'1,,11 . 
 
 . I All);. 1798 
 
 15 ^la\', 1800 
 
 I .Ifiii. 1801 
 
 = April, „ 
 
 19 April, ,, 
 
 I <iit. ,. 
 
 18 Miiv. 1E03 
 
 21 (),t. 180S 
 
 2-< .1,111 1806 
 
 Mav, ,, 
 
 ...p..- ... ,, , . ,, .Vi\. iM; War ii-,iinst [•■iiiii, -,.1111.1, .,■ Ii,,ii„|,ait,.. 
 
 .Socirt I -,■ ,lv wi !, l-nin,.i' .si-iumI at l),iv,.r May, ,^7,, x,.is„|,'., vi,.t,.n- aii,l ,l,.alli at Tialaltiar 
 
 pe,illi,'ll"li" Milt"»„ .... 8 .N(iv. if)74 Dentil ,,r Mr. I'itt 
 
 ,Mt,-s\s''l"'l'i--l' rlyt, '•"■";"■» a piiiiiit 13 Auk. i''7« '• U.'licat,. iiiv,.sti-,ili.,u"(,../,,V// *,■) 
 
 ,SirK.liiiin.'ll,in> (.."llivy t,„iii,l iiiiii,l,.,v,l, i7(>,-t. r,„r,| M,Ovill,.ii,i|.,M,li,.,|. ■■., April;a,-,piitt,.,l isiliii 
 
 .Main 11"! (.ai:i.,li,-.-;.'X,,nt,-.l . . .11.78-9 |i,.„tl, ,,r cjiMrl,... „s n.x- . . . ,, .s,.pt '' 
 
 Tl„. ll,il"'a- ("i-l'iis a,'t, „r pi.,t,.,ti.iK iMiKl'sli .sill,- , „.,i,,, ii, ,,„„„.i| ,,j.,,i,„, ,j,,,,,i,| ,,,.,,,,,,„ ^ ■' ,1 1 ' 
 
 jectaai:aiiisttal.s,iarir.staii.l iiiipn«,,iiiii,'iit. p.asH.,1 Al.„liti ttl,.' slav,. tra,l,. l,v parlianii'iit 25 Mar 
 
 ... . 27 -Mav, if.?,; Vi,t,,ry ,111,1 ,l,.atli „r .sir . I. .M, 1,11,., (,S,c O/i/,,,,,/) 
 VinU'iitivai-ti.ni. in.iiivpr,.t,.st,aiitsi.xi.,'iit,',l ; l..,ii- ^ i6,l-iii 1800 
 
 ,1„M liiiial'lcil . „ ■ ,•,,■ ,• ■ I 'f'S' Duki. ,,rv,,rkiiiii„'a,'li,.,l l,v ,■,,]. Warillc . .Ian'. „ 
 
 ..Kvi-lii'iis,pli,t ; William. l,,r.l liiis.s,-ll (.■x,.,-iit,',| ,i|,|,ii ■I,.l„alii,}: kiii./s i;i.,.i..ssii,n 2,(i.t 
 
 „.liily). aiiil Al-n;ii,.ii\v.lii.'y,..';,.,Ml,.,l ,.,83 L-ii|,„tiu,at,. Wal. l„.iri, ,.xp,.,|iti,,„ \xv''-%w 
 
 ,lA.-msll. a,,r.si„ii ■ • • , S >',''''■ ■''»!; liisapi„arai„ Mr. n.-niainin Hatliuist,' '. " 
 
 |),,k,',,l .^"MMl,altlls ir„.ll„,n ,k.t,.at,.,l at M.,lw- ,„„t,st at I', rl,'!...,- N. (l,.niiaiiv; siisp,.,it,-.l 
 III ■, f. .I,ily; I,.' IS .,.li,'a.l,.l . 15. Inly, ., .■issassiiiali..ii Lv l-r.-iii'li . ' . .^ \.,v 
 A,.,lMitta] ..f tli,' s,.v,Mi .isl„,ps . . 3„.lnii,., „.S8 Sir Kraiuis liiir,l,'lfs,iri,.sl. ai,.iri..ts . 6.\pril, is'io 
 
 .U»li,'an.,ii"l.)aii„'s II , II,.,.. „ Heath ,,r piiii,-,.ss Aiiiilia; kiiiKS lualailv ■vtniiis, 
 
 William III. an, 1 Maiiv i.i,,il.iiiii,..l hytl ,,n- ' 2 .\',,v. 
 
 viiili.iii I'aili.iiniiit . . . ij Ki'li. 1CS9 Great I,, 1,1111,1, i.il ,.iiih,iriasMii, lit . . He,'. [' 
 
 . if''..i Hkihint Tliu prill,,. I, t Will, s . . 5 l','li. i8it 
 
 27 .Inly. in,4 I.ii,l,litc ri.its N,,v. 
 
 • 28 He,-. ,. As.sassiiiiitii.n ,,f Mr. l','i, , val, ],r,.|i,icr 11 May, 1812 
 
 . . 1697 Karl ,,r l.iv,.rp(„.l pri-iiii,r . . . q.liiii',., ,, 
 
 '(16) Sept. 1701 War with Am, .ri, -a , •,,111111, iiicl . . . iS.lniii., ., 
 I'l'ii,',- will, Kran,',., \,'. . 
 
 X(iti,iiiiil 'i''''t '"'Kill 
 Bank ill Kll^'lall,l im-,.rp"rati.,l 
 ltaitli"llli''||"''''i' ri^'iiant, Mary 
 P«i,',.,'l' ll.\s\vi,k .... 
 Ltaitli ,,r.lai,i,.s II. ill I'xil,. 
 
 An'XK. ai'i'i'ssiiiii .... 8 .Miirrli, 1702 
 Vii'tmy "f .M:,ill,iii"nt;'i at lllinlicini . 2 Aiij,'. i7.)4 
 L'liiiai ,. Ilia- '»,, kiiitfl, ,111s .... I May, 17..7 
 
 .*in,'lifVt'rt'lt li'.Is 171U 
 
 f ro..ty "I' L'lr,.,lit, a.lvaiitii;;i.,,iis tn (liviit liritaiii 
 
 II April, 171 ! 
 Gliiiiiii-: 1. "I' lliiiii'^i'i'. ai'i'i'ssiiiii . . i An;;. 1714 
 
 TliP *■"!«■ i'i''"'lli"" '|ii''lli''l 1715 
 
 iiiitli-si'ii hiilihli' '.. . • • . • • . • i7^u 
 
 .14 .\pril, 1814 
 \ isit ,,l til,. ,iiip,ii,r ,,| liiissia ami kin;,' iif I'russiii 
 
 t" Kii^'liiii'l 7.11111,., „ 
 
 (.'I'liti'iiary ,,t' til,' l,,>i;si. i.i' |liin,,v,r . . i .Vii;;. ,, 
 
 I'l'ii,',' will, .\iii,.ri,ii (liiiitv ,.l(lh,iil) . 24 1 ,, 
 
 liiittli- ,.r Wi,t,.|l,„, (,l..s,- .,r l'i,ii, h war). 18. Inn,., 1813 
 I'rin.'i ss (.'harliitti' iiiai rics priii,-,' I,, ..|„,1,1, (if Sa.v,'- 
 
 (■..1,111 
 l),-iitli„l Ii. Ii. hhcriilan 
 16 .Iiiiii'', 1722 ,^,i'''-' '■,'''■■' navt in/ («■/,;.■/, .„r) 
 • 172.S ' 
 
 2 May, 1816 
 gjlllv, ,, 
 
 . 2 II,.,.. ,, 
 
 2 I',.|,. 1817 
 24 K,'l). „ 
 
 22 Si'pt. ,, 
 
 . 6N,iV. ,, 
 
 17 N.iv. 1818 
 
 24 .May, 1819 
 16 An/. „ 
 
 23 Jan. 1820 
 29.11111. ,, 
 
 p,.jith"llli,',l»k'''ilMiirM„,r,,ii/li ,_ ,,,..■ 
 
 Or,l,'r,,f tli,' Hiilli i'Viv,.,| („./ii,/i .vf) , . . . ,725 liivi'ii-liin; iiHiniry (i,;,;,.A .„,■) 
 
 llKiiHiiK II. ii,'<assi,.ii . . . . II .Iiin,', 1727 Hiil'i'iis t'"rpiis a,t siisii,ii,||.,l . 
 
 IViitli"IN,'"t"ii 20 .Miii,-li, ,, iJasli paym.iils ivsuim.l . 
 
 <'n.,)rp' II. :if til,. vi,l,.rv ,,t' |i,.ttiiip.ii . iri.lnn,., 174:; I'limi'ss Charhitt,. ,li,.s in ,liil,ll,iitli 
 
 ,'iei'uii.l .S,-.,t.s' ii'liflliiin : |.riii,|. fliarlcs-K.lwiir.l ' Qm'i n Cliaih.tt,. .lu's at K,-w . 
 
 .ruins i;,liiiliui'/li, 17. Si'pt. ; vi,.t,irat l'iLst,,iipaiis, (^11, ,'ii Vi,'t.,iia l„,rii 
 
 21 Si'i't 1-45 •Mam'li,st,-r ivl',,1111 m,'..|iii;; (l',l,.rl,i,i) 
 
 Vipt,>r5-iit Tiilkirk, i8,Iiiii. ; ilcfi'iitcl t,itally at Ciil- ' liiikr iif Kent ilii's .... 
 
 I(h1,"ii .... i6.\pril, 1741. (iKiiEiiii: IV. a, ssimi 
 
 Dcatli .ifprii |.'r,',l,'ri,k I,,iuis, smi i,rGi.,ir/<. II. t,'at,i-stii.et ,-,iiispirat,,rs aiiestcl, 23 Fi'Il oxeniti'il 
 
 aii.l l'atliii"H"'"i.i;i' III. . . 2c>.Maivh, 17:^1 i Mav, ,, 
 
 Xi.«styl,.ii,lii"liii-,..l int., Kn./lanil, 3 S:'pt.(iiia,li. 14) 1752 Trial ,it'i|U,.cn (iiri.liii,. . . 19 Ang. tii 10 Ni.v. ,, 
 
 .Sfvi'ii yi.;ir>' war l«'.i.'iiis .... .May, ,731, (',,r..i,iiti,.n ,,l (i,i,r/,. IV uj.lulv, 1821 
 
 Ciimiui'sl .if lii'li.i l»V'iiis, iimlci l,,m.l (al't,.r\var,'ls (^iiei'ii Cariiliii,' ,li,s iil lliiiiiiiiirsmitli , 7 Aiij;. ,, 
 
 l„r.l)l'livi. (sir /»,/,.,) 175- l.,,r,l Ityri.n ilii's 19 Aj.ril, 1824 
 
 Vict,,iy aii'Mi'atli "iKi'iK'tal WuH'c (si'c (,i«t'"r) . 175., ('iiiiinii.rrial paiii,' 1825-6 
 
 UK„i:iiK III. ae, I'ssidii . 25 Oct i-fe l'nki. ,,f Y,,rk ilii's 5 Jnn. 1827 
 
 His iiiarriii^'e with Chnrliitt,' S.ipliiii, of Jle, kU'ii- Mr. ('11111111,- pirinu'r, 30 Ajiril ;, lies . 8 An/. „ 
 
 lMn;;Sli,lilz, 8 Si'|.|. ; er.iwne.l , 22 .Sept 1761 Hattl,' i,t Navarim, .... 20 (let. „ 
 
 l'M,.i'"ll'iUis; (jiuiinla /aiii,.,l . . . 10 I-'eli 17(11 Hoiiian Ciitlnili,. lMi,.f liill passi..l . . 13 A|,ril, 1829 
 
 isle of .Villi iniiii'Xi'i III "iiviit Uritaiu . , ,71,5 1',i1iIhii1 paiii,. in I.,.ii,l,,ii ; rints . . Niiv. ,, 
 
 De.itli iif the Ol.l I'reteiiiler, the " elii'Viilier ile St. Wii.i.'.vm I V. a, ssi,.n . . . 26.11111,', 1830 
 
 Ge,irge" 30 De,'. ,, Mr. lluskiss, 11 kill,',l at the iipi'iiin/ iif the I.iver- 
 
 Royal iiiiiniii/e ai't passeil ,77^ |i,iiil ami Miiiiiliesl,.| liiilwiiy . . , 15 S,.pt. ,, 
 
 .Vraeriniii war he/ins (seiWiiiVn; .s7.'/i'.«) . . . ,775 Orey ailiiiiiiisliiiti,)ii l',,ii I .... X,,v. ,, 
 
 D.'atli III' Ciiil ,,f (111111111111 . . . II .May, 1778 Kin/ iipeiis in'w I.,,ml,,ii l,ri,lj.-,. . . . An/. 1831 
 
 "Sii I'lipeiy " ri.its 2-7Jiine, 178(1 The ,h,,l,.ra iu,,il,ns in Km^laml . . . 26 Oet. ,, 
 
 .Se|iarati,iiiiif Aiiiei'- I fmni Kn/laml . . .^o \,iv. 17S2 Ucturin hill iv.ie,teil hy tlie l,.r,|s, 7 Oet.; fatal 
 Mai>;aret Nii'lnils. s iittenipt ,111 tlui life iif Hristiil rints . . ' . . . . 29 Oet. ,, 
 
 Gi'nW 111. . .... 2 An/. i7S(J , Kn/lish liel'inni a,'t pass,.,| . . 7 , lime, 1832 
 
 Trial iirWiiririi Hi- ii/s h(./i,is . . , , Keh. ,75^ Assault mi William IV. Iiv a ilisi'liar/eil pensinm.r at 
 
 Heath 111 tl„. .Viiiiii/ l'ret,.M,ier, at Hum,., 3 Mareli, ,, Aseut 19 .Iniie, ,, 
 
 Till' kind's illness iiiaile kmiwn . . 12 (lit. ,, Sir Walter Se,,tt ilies .... 21 Sept. ,, 
 
 ile reeiiveis, 1111,1 /,ies til, St. rani's t,i make thanks- S. T. (,',il,.ri,l/,. ,li,'s .... 25 .Inlv, 1834 
 
 tnviii« 23 April, 1789 Slavi'iy eeases in the e,iliiiii,.s . . . i An/. ,, 
 
 First eiKilition a/aiiist Kraiiee . . 26.liiiie 179. Corp, , ration r,.|',iriii a, -t |iass,',l . . . g Sept 1835 
 
 IlataKCiinmsaet.suspemleil . . . 23 May, ,7,,; Victoria, aeee.s.sion : I laiimvr separate,! from 
 
 lowenvietiny . . . , , .Iniie. „ (Ireat liritniu ... 2o.lnne, 1837 
 
 Mamiit!e,,t l,,.pniiee,,f W'iiles with the prinee.sH Coronation of i|neen Vietoria . . , 28 , lime ,8,8 
 
 (-.riilineelllniiiswiek . . . , ^ ^^,^^ lie/innin/ .,r war with Chim, . . . Ma 1 h 8 -g 
 
 Wiirrciillastii,/saei|iii t,.,l . . . 23 April, „ IViiiiv po.stii/e lie/ins .... lo.lan Sw 
 
 Pre.eess Charlntte of W ales liorn , . ^ ,la„. ,7,j6 Marria/e of tlie ,|,,een with prinee Ul„- t of S. x"'- * 
 
 (a»iii«iymeiitssiispen.leil . , . 25 Feh, ,7,j7 c„lmr/ ...... . ,0 Kel). 
 
 9. Idly, ,, Oxforil's assault on the ipieen , . . 10 Jiiiip, 
 
 .May, i7i;3 I'rinee of W.iles lioni .... o N'ov. 1841 
 
 King of I'rnssiii visits Englaml , . n'^ Jan. 1842 
 
 Death of Kiliniiiul llm ko 
 
 Irish rehelliiiii .... 
 
 H.ibeiis Corpus net again suspemleil. 
 
 'im 
 
 
[Mi <• i' '• 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 380 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 i»F;f 
 
 m 
 
 m^ 
 
 ml' 
 
 Joliii Kriincis llicsiil tln' iiiiitii . 
 
 Hcilll lUCSCllls ;i [M.-lcil lit llIT . 
 IncilMic tilX ill-t |.,■|^S(•ll 
 
 Qiurii ciMlKiiks lur .Si-i>llMiid (i.st visit) . 
 I'l'MK' (jINiiiikin (Willi tiiiiiM) . 
 Dwitli iif iluki' ri'Siissrx 
 
 . 30M11.V, 1&42 I Opeuiiife'iif tlif Fill.' AHscxliiliitii.iiat Jliiiinl„.st,.r 
 
 3 Ji'iy. .. j - ji ■ . 
 
 AiiK. ,, : KiliMMtiiiii.'i: i-(iiiliTfiii'i.' in l.uiiclipii.i.riiice Al'Kii' 1,' "'' 
 
 29 AiiK. ,, llu' rhiiir .-. ,||| 1, 
 
 • ,""■';■ •• i ^■^'';Vii'i'''^«;«("'Ai'A«M)ilislnhu|,.,'ll,j-tl'i.'miM''M " 
 
 21 A|inl, 1843 ; _ Ml llyilc'-i':uk ..... ..„.|i 
 
 Queens visit tntlir (Ml. iii,-<l.iiiHlyiiHli„triui.llMi, : Mi-diii-s f.n- nlief „r siillViris l.v' (lie ' iniilii'v ',' " 
 
 r,, , -.'.Sil'l. ,, , lii.li,i|l.v 13 .\.,v. 260,00.../. iviisi-lll . ,; \,,.. 
 
 Kiiif; l,.iUis niil)|.i.,.,sM.,i| (s,.,. /.,.„„.,) . 6l)et. ,, I itiiiik rlwrter Ai'tiif.K,, ' "'''"^V""' 
 
 . 9 -^iiK. 
 . .\"V. ,, 
 Mnrcli, 1S46 
 
 2(i.)lllM', 
 
 10 April, iK.|8 
 
 23 April, 
 
 27 June, 
 
 . 2 July, 
 
 8 July, 
 
 21 All),'. 
 
 Kill;; l.iiuis I'liilipprs \i..,i| (M.|. /.,i.,.'.) 
 Tr.-iit. II 1,111 i.r l'ii.si.yit|. ...iiidnvi rsv 
 Aiiti-n.ni-hnv ii;^itiilii,ii . ' . 
 
 Queen's visit to (iiiiniiny 
 Peel's new tiirill', 1845 ; riiilw;iy iiiiiniii 
 Coniniciriiil p.'iiiic , . ' , 
 C'i'in liius repf.iliil 
 t'li:iilist iliiiinintr.ili. 11 ill l.nii.lini . 
 (-'lii.leni ie-,ip|.|.,irs in Iji^jliiiiil in . 
 Queen eiiil.iirks nil 111 !■ visit til Iivliinil 
 Ailel.iiili', inii.|.|i iliiH,-i>;ir, iliis 
 " lOxliiliiliiin lit i.Sji " iinniiiinieil 
 Dentil of Wm-ilsHiiilh (ii^;eu So) . 
 Pate's assiinlt Mil llie ipiei'ii 
 
 Dentil llf Sil- Hul.ilt I'eel (n^-eil 62) 
 Duke il('t'lllllliliilf;e ilies 
 
 Queen's visit III lii'l'.'inin . . ^ 
 
 Great e.veiteiiieiil iireiisii.iieil l.y tile pope's estalilisii 
 ineiit III a Hiiniiin Calliolie liieraieliy in Knglainl, 
 
 „. , ' •'<<iv- .. 
 
 Sixth oii.sii.s (1/ ( iiilfil Kinqthim (see J'i'iiuldtinii) 
 
 (=7. 637.760 30 Maieli, 1851 
 
 Tlie first "Liiviit l-Miiliiti. in " ojiene.! . i May, ,, 
 
 Australian f;iilil iiniv IS .... Dee. 
 Death of tlie jioet 'I'liiinias .Miinre . . 26 Feb. 1852 
 Jolin Cainiien Neilil,an ei-eeiitrie miser, lieiiiieatlieil 
 
 aliout 25o,oi.x.i/. to tile i|neiii : he ilieil 30 Anj;. ,, 
 Slight eartlii(iiake at Liverpool, \e. . . y Xov. 
 Death of Wellington (a-eil S3), Sept. 14 : iiiiblie 
 
 funeral ,8 \,iv. 
 
 Cam]! at Chi.liliain . . . 14 Jiine-ig Auj;. 1853 
 Death of sir Charles Xajiier, eoinineror of 8einile, 
 _, ,. 29 Auii. ,, 
 
 En^llsh anil Kremh fleets enter l!os].lii.rns, 22 Oet, ,, 
 Protoeol siKiie.l lietwieii Kii-liinil, I'ranee, Austria, 
 
 anil Prussia, for le-estalilishineiit of peace between 
 
 Hii.ssia an.l Turkey 5 Dec. 
 
 Many meetings on eiisfern iiue.stion, favoiiralile to 
 „ Turkey .... .>ieiit. to Dee. „ 
 
 Great strike at Preslon ; 14,972 lianils iineniiiloyed 
 
 at one time . 15 Oct. 1853, to i .Vlay, 1854 
 
 Queen reviews lialli. fleet . . . ,, March, ,, 
 Treaty of alliance l.etween Knglaiiil, Frame, ami 
 
 Turkey sigiie.1 ,^ March, „ 
 
 Warileelareilagainst liiissia(see nuAiD-Turkisli ll'iir) 
 T, . , 28 March, „ 
 
 I'ast ilay on aceoiinl of fill, war . 26 April, 
 
 Maninis of Angles.'y ilies . . . .28 .May,' 
 King of I'orlii^iil visits Fnglaml . . . .inii'e'. 
 
 Crystal Palace opcniil liy the (ineeii . i„,/i ' 
 
 Cholera prevails in the south and west of l.onilon! " 
 „, , Aug. ami .Sept. ,, 
 
 Thanksgiving for aliiin.iant harvest . , Oit. 
 
 Great exi.losioii an.l liieat Gatcshea.l ami Xewiastle, 
 
 6 Oct. ,, 
 Meeting of I'.irliiiiiiint .... 12 Dec. 
 
 . ,, I Hank I harter Act of 1844 
 
 1844-5 Parliameiil nncls il..,. 
 
 1845 i MaiiiiiKc of piiiicc...s ro,\Ml t.i prince Fie.icnck.Wi' ' 
 
 Main of I'lnssia ... 2- in 
 
 K-xeiti'iiieiit rcspcitii,- all, .nil 1 assassiiiale.'i,' ,',i "'" 
 
 l.oiiis Napoli.i.n, 14. Ian. : iii.liscreet a.l.Kis^.M,!- 
 Flench .'..Ion.. Is, piiMislici . . . ..^.i,.,,, 
 
 o April, 1K48 "( onspiiai.y 1.. Mni.ler" hill (inlro.lm'cil l.v i„ni 
 
 848 anil 1S49 j Paliiicrst..n, s Fell.) rc,iecteil, 19 Fel.. : PaliiiviM,.i 
 
 I Aug. ,, I ininistrv icsi;;iis . . , , j- , 
 
 . 2 llec. ,, I Derl.y-Disraeli a.iniiiiislnilii.nformeil . -'r, Ivi,' 
 3 Jan. 1850 j Dr. .Simon Hernanl aci|iiilteil of consniracv ic m,/ 
 the life of l.i.nis Napoleon . . . ',,'"w„;i' 
 I'hclewish liisal.ililies hill passed . A'.l ,1, 
 
 The India hill passi.l . . \, 
 
 The iinecn visits liiiiiiingham, 15 June; (.'lieii..',iiir,' " 
 
 4, 5 Aug. ; the [.riiicess royal (at Piitsilalii) ?'> 
 
 Aug. \c. ; ami Leeds . . i' .' 
 
 F:xeitcniiiit ali..ut the eimfessional ; ]ini.li.- I'lii.'V " 
 nigs held against it . . 12 July aiel ij s,.,,t' 
 
 The Association for the Proniotioii of Social S.jei ,.,', " 
 meet at Livcrp....l .... imi'i 
 
 Excitement respecting the Italian war • i.ii.,l.„|,.,' " 
 tioii for inanniii;; the iiavv . m \i.iil ; 
 
 Thanksgivingf'oisnppr.ssi..'iiofIii.lianmntii'i\ 'iM,,' ''"' 
 
 Declaration of neiif ralilv of Fiighin.i , . jp',: ' " 
 
 Proclamation lor the organisation of volniilen' r'iii,'. " 
 eor|is : many formed .... Ma\.|i,t 
 
 The Derhy niinistry ilefeateil on the Hcfi.nii' l,ii| ' " 
 dussolve parliament, 23 April: again .lefeair.l' 
 they resign 11 June ; the Palmerston-l{ns,sell ii' 
 
 ministration formed ... .g i„',„' 
 
 Ti.., II 1 1 .. • *0'''ni|., 
 
 inellandeii inienioration . . 20,22 24J111H. 
 
 The ineomc-Lix increased to provide for the ilefeines " 
 
 of the eoniitry j||, ' 
 
 Lord Macaulay'ilii's (aged 59) . . " 'is'lle'e' " 
 Coinmereial treafy with Fiance, signed 2^ Ju, ' " 
 
 apjiroved hy parliament . . . ''M.ini,' ,tf^ 
 
 Sir Charles Harry dies (aged 65) . . ,V.|[!,'!' ''^ 
 The nueeii reviews 18,000 volunteers in ily.l.-pa'iii' " 
 
 National rille shooting match at Wiml.l.dni'i '("''.'.'■ " 
 
 Icliintcnf) ••7J11IV 
 
 . Theearl of Derl.y ivvi.'ws ahoiit ,,,oi» Laiicisliilv " 
 I volunteers at Kiiowslcy ... 1 .s.-i.t 
 
 The (lueeuandiirinee visit theinlaughfer in I'lnssia 
 
 I Peace with China signed ... .,' (L' " 
 
 I Thus. Cochrane, earl of Dnndi.iial.l. .lies (ageil 82)' " 
 
 • Prince of Wales visits Canada ami I'nite.l 'sfitiN' " 
 24 Jnly-jo Oct. : refiiins . i^.Vnv' 
 
 Severe cold (sec ('„/,/) . . Dee. ,S6o, aliV.I;,,,' M, 
 Charter graiitcl for Fxhil.ition of ib'. ,, Kei, 
 
 Death of.lnehess of K.nt (aged 75) . ,6 .M:,,, l,', " 
 F.xeitenieiit alioiit " F:.s.says and licviews " 
 .s'lT./if/i rMi,s«.< taken (29,192,419). . . 8 April' " 
 
 29 Jan. 1855 ' Ki>ig"fSwe.leii an.l his son visit Lon.lnn 
 
 Fell. 
 20 Feb. 
 23 F'eb. 
 
 .\iig. 
 
 Hesigniitioii of Ah. nlecn ininistrv . 
 Foriiiation of I'.ilnicrslon inoii.stiy 
 Death of ,loscph llunie(age.l 78)' . 
 Seliastop.il iiii|iiiiy lommittie named . 
 Visit of emiieior ami empress of French 
 
 T 1. , .,,. '6 to 21 Aliril, 
 
 Loan of 16 mill sa;'iee,l(,i . . . .\,„.j| 
 
 Distrihufi .f 1 liiiiiaii iiii.lals . ' . ' ,s .M.iv' 
 
 Metroiiol: an cattle market opencl . . nJnii'e,' 
 Agitaiion ami ri.iting concerning Snn.lav tra.linj'' 
 
 bill. Hhieli is with. Irawn . . ' ...Jnlv 
 
 The .|neen an.l prime visit Paris . . ig An'"' 
 Peace Willi Hnssia pr...laiiiie.l, i,, A|iril ; thanks- 
 
 giving day, 4 May ; iilnmiiiations, \c. 20 .Mav 
 War with Cliiiia(.c/i;i/i ,sn') . 
 War with Persia ( rhuli sic) 
 
 Dl^Zll!"utll;Zu,!::r'^Vjr''''^ -^'"r''' ■''=' '•■i.-lcl,.si,ig..riiileiiialioim! exhibition. ,5Niiv 
 nn'.it mi ets I"'"'"'"""' " '^'''"•'' • ""^^ I'/'"'.'']- Uemains of the prime consort transferred tn the 
 
 ^^!".:i'iv;^--^f.«'-"-t^.-o.ged so:t.f:i^ir f ■• G,vard;:!u;;: i:ir;,::';:o;;:m manufn-mrmgiii^^ii ■- 
 
 30 April, ,, begins, Ai.ril: eontribntions received, central re- 
 
 Great excitcineHt till gh caj.t. Wilkes (ufL'S 
 
 navy) f.ireilily taking Messrs. Slidell ami Masi.ii 
 from the Hoyal British Mail steamer Tn„t (see 
 Ciiilnl Stutcx) 8x1,,. 
 
 Death of the prince consort of " |'v].li.i'i.| fever' " 
 .liiration ji days," 14 Dec; buried (.~ee IILii 
 ■^■"'■■rl-l) ,,u,,. „ 
 
 Til.' Initc.l Slates' ji,,\el| lit release Messrs 
 
 Sli.lell and .Mason ..j; ],„.' 
 
 Hecondgreat Inlcrnalional lv\liil.ili..iii.pi.|i,il hv tlio 
 
 .InkcofCaiiibri.ig.. , 'ji,,,. ^^,^ 
 
 Innndations 111 Noiiolk (see /.iivM \\„ 
 
 ic. 29.Ma.y, ,856 Maniage of priiici .ss Alice to Lonis of Ile>se. 1 .i»lv' " 
 • '.'I'L „ 1 Prim-.. Allicl lie. larcd king of Greece at Alliiiia " 
 
 ,. : ,,^"^'- ■• ! (tlllonedeclineil) .... p, (),.f 
 
 George 111. 'a ehildreu 
 
 Bulief fund, 407,830/. ; M 
 
 Mtctiug of parliament re 
 
 ^^'^^.^,..MU 
 
ENGLAND. 
 
 381 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 Rfllicffiinil, 407,830/. ; Miuisiion-liiiusu riiiid, 236,926/. 
 
 20 l)ec. 1862 
 
 Ruptiiro with linizil Ian. 1863 
 
 Priniw Alfri'il clcitnl kill),' "f tirci . 3 Kch. „ 
 
 Priiices.s Alcxiiiiilni uf Dfimiiiik cntiTS I,nii(|i)ii, 
 
 J M.ircli ; luiinicil to tliii iniiii'c! cil' Wales, 
 
 10 March, ,, 
 The Hriti.ih, Fri'iicli, nnil Austrinii pivi'i-iiniciits rc- 
 
 inoiisiniU' with Uussiu mi cnu'ltics in I'lilaiid, 
 
 7 Aliril, „ 
 IniUWnratiiiii iif thi' (iiTat Kxliihitimi ini'iiiKi'ial to 
 
 the priiici' I'oii.sort in tliu llortieiiltiii-al KiU'li'ii.s, 
 
 Ldiiiloii II June, ,, 
 
 Arrival of caiitainH (irant unil Spuke from exphirinK 
 
 the source of tlie Nile Iiinc, ,, 
 
 Great ilecnvHC, otili-^lress in cutton districts (li't. ,, 
 [iirtli(iu:ikc in central anil N.W. Kn^land . 6 Oct. ,, 
 The j,'iivernnient declines the Ki'cni'h emperor's prit- 
 
 jHiHiil tor a con,L;ress nt" soverci^'ns . . Nov. ,, 
 
 Death of William tliacki ray (a,i,'i>d s2) . 24 Dei'. ,, 
 
 Birth of prince .Mlicrl-Victor lit Wales . 8 .Ian. 1864 
 Find juilKnn'nt of tin' jndicial 1 imittee of tho 
 
 jirivy eonneil that the (government had no antlni- 
 
 ritv to seize the .llej:ii lulrd (Conl'i'denite) stcmno' 
 
 8 Fell. „ 
 Girihalli's visit to Kn^daiid . , 3-27 April, ,, 
 
 The Imiian isles m iile over to Greeee . i .Jniie, ,, 
 Eiirii|»Mn coiil'ereiice at l,ondon on the Sehlcswit;- 
 
 Hel^teiii i{in'<ti.in ; no le^nlt, 24 April -25 ,Jnin', „ 
 Gri'iit esiitcment tlironu'li the minder of .Mr. l!ri(,'i,'s 
 
 ill a 'irst-dass carriage on the North'I.ondon rail- 
 
 \uv 9 July, ,, 
 
 Griit explosion of (,'iinpowder at tliu liehedere 
 
 uiiKiizine, near Woolwich . . . . i Oct. ,, 
 
 n.Mtliof.lohll I eh(ai,'cd 47). . . 2j Dct. ,, 
 
 Dnillicf llichuril ('oliden(aned 61) . 3 April, 1865 
 
 Prime (lior;,'e of Wales liorn . . . 3 .lime, ,, 
 iii'sif-'ii ition of lord-chancellor Westliiiry . '4 , Inly, ,, 
 Criii'ial election ; iicuority I'oi- I'almerston admini's- 
 
 tnitiiin 10 ,Jiily, >Vc. ,, 
 
 Visitor Alid-el-K.ider; departs . . 6 An;;. ,, 
 Prevalenee of a cattle plague ,7uiie-Oct. ; royal 
 
 ciiiiiMiission apiioiiited ; met . . . lo Oct. ,, 
 Eiii;li»h Heet visits (.'herljimr;,', 15 Aug. ; Frencli lleot 
 
 visits Ports iitli. . . . 29, 30 AUfj. ,, 
 
 Fine art and industrial exhiliitions opened in Lon 
 
 ilmi and the provinces . . ,)uly-8ept. ,, 
 
 Death of lord I'almerstmi, i3 Oct. ; luiblic funeral 
 
 -•7 Oct. ,, 
 Eiirl liiissell premier .... 3 Xov. ,, 
 liuiiortaiit e imiiicreial treaty with Austria si(,'neil 
 
 16 Dec. ,, 
 VfW parlianient opened liy the ipn'en . . 6 Fell. 1866 
 New refiiriii liill introduced by Mr. Glailstone. 
 
 12 Mar. ,, 
 CoraiiU'reial panic in London . . 1 1 May i'( .m./. „ 
 liitcniatiiiii.il hotauical eont,'rpss opened . 22 .May, ,, 
 Dofeat of the Koverninent- on the reform liiil, 
 
 iSJiuii-' : •'l'si^'aation of ministers . 26 , rune, „ 
 Mari'ia.'e of princess Helena to prince Christian of 
 
 SihhswiK-llolstein .... 5 July, „ 
 Tlietliiril Dcrliy eahinet formed . . . 6 July, ,, 
 Ilie .Vtlaiitie tclc},'ra|ili completely laid, and mes- 
 sages sent to lord Stanley . . 27 July, ,, 
 Tlie I'ahle of 1865 recovered, and couimuuicatioii 
 
 estalilished .vith Vahaitia, iSjcpt. ; and with \ew- 
 
 fiiiiirlUiiil 8 Sept. ,, 
 
 Piiiji'iteJ attack of Fenians on Chester prevented 
 
 liy tlie iUithorities . . 11, 12 Feb. 1867 
 
 TlieiiiuMMi laid t'ouudatiou of the Albert hall of arts 
 
 atS. Kensiii^'ton 20 May, ,, 
 
 Visit iif the viceroy of RL'ypt . . . 6-i3July, ,, 
 Visit of the liidgian volnnteers (see IkJijiu,ii), 
 
 10-22 July, ,, 
 Visit of tlie Sultan (see '/'ai-i-e.v) . . 12-21 July, ,, 
 "Early Years of the Prince Consort," piililislied 
 
 rail of July, ,, 
 
 N'(W Reform act p.is.sed (see /ie/orm) . . 15 Aug. ,, 
 Michael Faraday, natural pliilosophur(nearly 76) died 
 
 25 Aug. ,, 
 Pii'|..watiims for the cxpcditioii to Abyssinia (see 
 
 .|iii/«i»iiO Vug ,, 
 
 Ffiiiaii outrages ; rescue of prisoners at M.ineliester 
 
 ( f'l-T'-'"-) i3 Sep., ,, 
 
 Syiioil of bishops at Lambeth (ace I'aii-Annlinin) 
 
 24-27 Sept. ,1 
 Meeting of parliaiueut respecting Abyssinian war, 
 
 19 Xov. ,, 
 
 Fonlaii explosion at Clerkenwell prison, London 
 
 Special eonstibles (Mlled for ; i , ,,674 (in tui^ V 'ii') 
 
 ' ., ?"■'■" 'I! ''V • .■ ■ ■ . . 28 Jan 
 
 I l-eaves tro ur Journal in Scotland," &c., by the 
 
 iiucen. pnUlished . . j ,„ 
 
 I Uesigintion of e irl of D.'rby. 25 Feb. ; the Disraeli 
 
 miinstry formed ... ,„ i.',.i, 
 
 Ihe iiuecn holds a drawing-i m ag.iin 12 March 
 
 : Mr. (.ladstoncs resolution for disestablishing the 
 
 I ,, ''■?'' '''I'"'','' ■• ii'l'M'te-l ovtiie coinnions, 30 Aoril, 
 
 Dealh ot lord llroiu-li iin. a-c,| 3 , " yi „.' 
 
 Arrival of the duke of Ivlinliuigh from Aiisualia 
 
 I'll.,.,.. 26 tlllllc, 
 
 Irish and Scotch reform acts passeil . , , j„|v 
 Nearly 2i,ooj extra deaths attrilmted to the hot 
 summer (i^ .Inly .said to be the hottest) 
 
 „ ,. , , , . ' July— 30 Sept. 
 
 I arhament dissolved II Nov., new pariianient me'ds 
 
 II • !• • .». . 10 Dec. 
 Kesignatiou of Disraeli ministry, 2 D.v ■ Gladstone 
 
 ministry take olIlM.. ' q Dec' 
 
 Convention with the United St,:it-s respeetin" the 
 
 , Alabama claim signed (aftcrw.irds rejected bv the 
 
 States) lA.Jin 
 
 N'ew parliament meets for business . ,6 Keb' 
 
 Irish Cliurch bill introduced into the commons', 
 
 I .March ; royal assent. . . 26Julv 
 
 The earl of Derliy dies (aged 70). ' 21 o .'t' 
 
 Parliami'iit meets . ' g |,'',|,' 
 
 ChirlesD.ckens dies (aged 33) . ' . " . ,,,„'„,,; 
 K irl of Clarendon dies (aged 70) . 2, June 
 
 Iris!ilaud bill brought in, i;, Feb., received roval 
 
 assent . . . . " g j|,'i.. 
 
 Xeutrality in Franco- Prussian w.ir (which ,s-w)' prol 
 
 '■■""""' . ■ 19 jlily, 
 
 2,o,>j,ooo;. voted to incrcisc tlic army by 20,000 men 
 
 Foreign enlisti ,t .act passed, i Aug. ; stringlmt 
 
 proclamatii I neutrality issued . q »„- 
 
 Pariiamcnt prorogued . . ' ro "vm-' 
 
 Ireaty with Prussia .ind France for ncntralit'v of 
 
 Helgiiiin signed ... „ ,, ;„„ 
 
 I Long drought: bad hay harvest: good wl'ieat'liaT- 
 
 Eari Granville repels the' dnrgc of violal'ing" neu- 
 tr.ilities ui:iile by the Prussian governmeiitr 
 
 The ipi,.eirs cimseut to tlic' in irriage of the princiss 
 Loiii.se to the maripiis of Liu'iie announced 
 
 Foot and mouth disease prevalent aniong^'cat'tlo 
 
 Election of elementary school-hoards ' "sm 
 Excitement through the Russian imto respectiic' 
 the Black sea (see /.'iixM'rO x- ? 
 
 Foundation of new Post-iilllc(.hiid ' ' ifi'Dee' 
 Resignationof Mr. liright announced ' . 20 Dee' 
 Parliament meets ... " J,- ., ' 
 
 Marriage of the princess Louise aiid the niariiui,s"'of 
 
 Royal Albert U.di, Kensington, opened by tln'Npleen 
 
 Eighth ce»si,.s taken (,,,817.103) . ^^'\','ri|' 
 
 Death of sir John F. Hcrscliel. astronoine'r an d 
 
 philosopher (aged 7,,) . n .M- • 
 
 Death of George Grote, historian of Greece (aged 7'7) 
 
 First annual International E^hihitiimatSoiuli Ken' 
 sington, opened , May, closed . . 30 .Sent 
 
 BlickSea ferenc met ,7 Jan., chised (mmt • ,i 
 
 .satiou of lilaek Sci .ibrog.tcd, kr.) I, M .rc ■ 
 
 Discstablisiimcnt of the Church of Kngl'and bill ri 
 
 Colt p",'n.tm'd'"'"''.'''^"+~^»'' ' -^'''y- ''^"•"•'- 
 Illness of tlie"",iueen at'u.ilinoral,' 4 Sept. ; 'recovery 
 
 Serious illness of the prin f Wales from tvphoid 
 
 fever, Dec. ; begm to n vcr . j , i),,. 
 
 Letter from tlie ,,1, , and princess to the la.ople 
 
 thanking tlicm tor sympathv . 26 Dec 
 
 Thanksgivings for recovery of prince of ' Wales 
 
 Exvilemcnl respecting the American claims' under 
 the treaty ot Wasliington ivf. 
 
 Meeting of parliament . . ' ' g p ,, 
 
 The Hiiceii, prince and princess of W.a'les, .and court 
 and pariiamcnt go in st.ite to St. Paul's ; nation.il 
 
 1867 
 
 1 363 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1372 
 
 . )# i 
 
 J m. 
 
 '^ r 
 
 
 l» 
 
 '< u 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 "•^..:;i-^... 
 

 if'll.S, 
 
 m '■;*'■ 
 
 ENGLAXD. 
 
 382 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 tliiiiiks^lviiiK for rcnivfry "f tlio piliicc of Walas ; 
 
 LiiikUiii di'ouraU'il ; llliiiiiiiiiitiiius, itc. ; u siiiccsii- 
 fuUlay .ij Vr\i. 187J 
 
 Till' (lUUBii ill ft imlilii' li'ltcr, Kiizi'ltiil i Miinli.s.ivs, 
 " Wipids nil' tun Hi'.ik Inr till' i|iii'i'ii til siiy liiiw 
 vt r>' ili'i'i'ly Inuilii'il jiiiii ;;r;itilit'ti slit' has lii-i'ii 
 lij\' the iiiiiiirtisi' riilhu^iasiii mxl atti'i'tiiui fx- 
 hil/ltod tiiwanl-i hri' lU'.ir si'ii ami litTst'lf," ilati'il 
 
 29 Ki'li. I, 
 
 Thii [|iirrii. wliiii' iiitniii^; Iiiirkin;,'h:iiii I'alari', 
 
 tliri'Mti'ii.'il liy Aitlnir 1 1'Cniiiiiir. ;it;ii| almiil r8, I 
 
 Willi |iri'.M'iils all iuilii,i.li-il I'i'.liil with a |>;ipi']- tii 
 111' sigiu'il ; iiiinii'iliatily ai'iiri'lii'inlril . j<) I'V'li. ,. 
 
 The iiueeii saih'il fur Cli'i'iiiaiiy, ami stayi'il Nrvrral 
 wi'i'kH ji Miii-rh-7 April, ,, 
 
 Striki's aniiiiiK ajriiniltiiral lalimiriTs in Wanvii'k- 
 shiri' and ntlirri-itiiiitii-s ; iitiiiiii I'lirim-ii, .<i) Mai'i'h. 
 
 Ai'lliiir O'Ciiiima- pli'iids ;,'iiilty (si'iiti'iiri'il tu iiii- 
 ItrisiiiiiiH'iit and lln^',L:iii;^) . . . .9 April, ,, 
 
 C'iini'spiiiiiii.|iri hi'lwii'ii till' D'itisli and AniiTii'im 
 M'niniriits irspi'i'tiiij; tilt' riaiiiiH Inr imiiifft 
 
 uttM'ninifiits ifspfftiiij; thf riaini.s Ittr imiiiff 
 lipsM's, wiiifh till' I'lirnitr it'jiTt.-i . 3 l''rli.-Miiy 
 !Snp|>ii'iiR'iitai tii'aty pnipnst'ti ; ati'i'pirti liy L'.H. 
 Nt'iiatt', ;*5 May ; t'lirthi'i'disi-iissiiin in parliaineiit ; 
 iinsatisl'at'tiiry iiiirri'sitiindt'in'i' ; the U.S. ciin- 
 
 /.rri'ss ad.jiiiii'iis lo.Tiuu', 
 
 ytriki's aiiiuii;,' liiiililiTs ami nther trades . .Inne, 
 riiiai im-t'tiii),' III' arliitratiirs ; ihiniayi'S ftwardittl ; 
 
 see Ahdiftnut 14 Sept. 
 
 New I'lininieieial treaty with I-'ram e signed at 
 
 liiindiin 5 Niiv. 
 
 (.'t'litiiinetl rain ; lltititls in ^Iitllaii<l t-iinnties . Dee. 
 
 D.atli iil'l-Mwiirtl liiilwer l.tJid l.ytton, unitnr, iniet, 
 
 ami mivelist, ap'ti 6(1 . . ' . . iS Jan. 
 
 Strike.s aniting ftiilit'rs, .laii, : ;.'ri'at tlfaith of etial ; 
 
 the Itest, 5'j.s'. a tttn in Ktnitltiu . . 15 Keli. 
 
 Hfsijtnatiiiiitir Mr. (M.iii^tui 11 ati'iinnl fr a tit feat 
 
 in the Ciininiiins mi the iiiihlin university hill 
 (287 -2S4), ij JIareli : resniiies nlllfe, 17 Mareli, 
 V.sit iif the shah nf I'trsia . 18 .Innt'-s .Inly, 
 I'riiptiseil iiiarria;.'e til'ilnke iif Ktlinlnir^li ttinraml- 
 dufhess Marie nf linssiaanmnineetl liy the i[neen, 
 17 .Inly ; Aiiiinity hill fur tlieiUikupa.saed, 5 Ati;;. 
 
 Jiiilieatnre Aft passi'il 5 An^. 
 
 Severely eontestetlek'ft inns: eiiii.servativereattion, 
 
 St'lit.-Oet. 
 
 Xiitliiiml (lonftTeiH'o ngiilnst war tu dehiitl Tmi , , 
 
 St. .laines's hall 5 n,,;; 
 
 I'arliaiiifiil tipeiied hy tile iineen . , ' g p, j 
 
 I'rt.flainiitiiin tit nuntraiity in Kii.'.sii-Tiii-ki.sl, «,,,'. 
 
 Delmteiin Mr tilatNt ■'a ri'st.lnliiii^s :_.,s'i '\'|'''; 
 
 this htiiise ftiiind 1 li e.iiise lur illssiiti.,1-., ij, 
 
 iilitl etiinplaliil in liie e luet ul the I'll.iii,., 
 
 I'lirte.with i.'-aiil ti. the tlespiilel, wiitltii i.vi'i, 
 carl III' lierhy 31 Sejil. 1S76, aiitl relalin- i„ ti,, 
 inas.siii'ies in llnlnaria, (fur the resiiliili.ii, ,,.. 
 
 'mU>M..r,,) y.,;,,:,^' 
 
 Meet sent t.i lit'sikii hay .... ,.|„|;. 
 Statue of kiii^; Alfivti liy I'tninl (ll.'ifhen, iit Win,' 
 
 t.ine, unveiled liy the priiiee nf Wales l,i^ ,|,'' 
 
 .seenilant 14 .liilv' 
 
 Kaily nieeliiiKiif parliament mi aeeimnt ut ilu,, ,' 
 
 'rnrkish war .... ,, j.' 
 
 Vote lit 6,i>x),-.iW. asked fur liehn'e ei'iterii,.. ii'V ' 
 
 etinfeienee respeetiiij; eastern allair.s, iilh,,, . 
 
 tit'ltafe \i I' ! ' 
 
 l.ilit'iiil ainemlnient willidrawniin iipt,it I'i KikVili 
 
 atlvaiiee tin Cunstaiitintiple, 7 l-'eli. ; \,,|,. p.^,,.,! 
 
 S fei, 
 
 (204-124) 
 Warlike pulley nf tlie n inislrv; ri'sij;i.iitinii nr],,,,! 
 
 (..'arnarviin, 24,1:111. ; and earl iiniiihvisff ;i;,.,,„,i 
 
 Ailmiiilslnili:,,,) . . .■ 2,s ,M;i|,,||' 
 
 Mi'ssaKe uf the iiiieen, ie,-.pt'fliiii; eiillin^ ,,iit (]„', 
 
 reserves, &e., 2 April ; aih'|iteii hy p,iili;iin,,|„ 
 
 Karl iif Salislinry's liivnlar, inditlin;; the Tr, 'ttv',',!' 
 
 .^aii Stefanii, 2 Ajiril ; innileiatt' ividv ,,( i;',,,; 
 
 0-, „ .seliaktilt, printed . . . . .' ,0 \„r ' 
 
 iS Jan. 1873 Indian timips nnifietl tu Malta, al,,,nt . ,, ■\ , | 
 
 (-■ensni-etl liy the upptisititin ; dehal,' in immn,!,,,: 
 till- utiViTnillflil, !47 I llKailisI, 2^1, , 20-"\|.,v' 
 
 Karl liussell tlittl, „;;e,| 8; . . . ..gii';,. 
 
 The iiiinistiy ,1111 lee the nieeliiif.' tit a liiniiiVn, 
 
 i'tiii(,'ress on the eiisterii i|ni'sliiiii to iiitet I'li',, 
 
 .Inne ; the earl t,f liea slieM in,',! the iiKirtnU, 
 
 ol Salislinry to attend fur Kn-iaiid. (See /.•i,/'„), 
 
 Aiit!lo-Tiirkisli eiinveiitiiiii (see Tuiicij) si;4ii,.,|', 
 
 I he eonfeienee meets at Heriiii (tr],;,h s,i) 1 ,.linu' ■ 
 treaty signed n.liilv' 
 
 Marriage ol dnkeantl dnt'hessof Edinlairgli, 23 Jan. 1874 ' io,ooo^ a year votttl I'tir tlie tlnke ol' t'.inii 
 
 rarllanieni tlissiihi'ti 26 Jiui, 
 
 Gfiierai t'lfftitin ; i'iiiisi'r\ative majority aliont 50, 
 
 Keli ; tila'isltine ministry resigns, 17 Fell. ; Pis- 
 
 raeli ininistrv ftirined . . . . 21 Kelt. ,, 
 Close of the Ti'ililiiiriie trial (see rnnl-.) . 28 l-'eli. ,, 
 Weeting of iiarliaiiii'iit . . . 5 Man-h, ,, 
 
 The duke ami diiehi'ss of Kdinli'irgh eiiterl-tnithin, 
 
 i.'Mairh, „ 
 Sir Garnet Wiilseiey returns finni his sneet'sslnl 
 
 e.\peilition against tlie Ashantees . 21 .Mareli, ,, 
 Visit 111' the fzar of Unssia . . . ij-21 May, ,, 
 I'nlilif worship I'egui.itinn aet passed . 7 Aug. „ 
 Friiillnl season ; exi'eiit'iit eorn crop . Aug. -Sejit. ,, 
 The ipieen ri'ftivt'S a tesliimmial 'if grilitmle from 
 
 tlie l-'rt'iieh nation fur ISritisli assistaiiet' dining 
 
 tlie war (see ;-iil,iri) • Hee. ,, 
 
 Meeting of |iarliaiii. lit 5 I't'li. 1S75 
 
 Mouily aiitl Sanke>'. .Vnierii an ie\ ixalists. arrive in 
 London, 9 March; .sail from laverpool (see A't- 
 
 rlnih) 4 Aug. ,, 
 
 Parliament iiroitigiiitl .... i; .\ug. ,, 
 Haihvay.jniiiiei' ai Uarlingtoii . 27 Sept. ,, 
 
 lli'partiirt' tifthe piiiiee of Wales for India, 11 net. ,, 
 The kheilive's sli.ir^'s ill thf Suez canal lionglit by 
 the Hritish goveniimnt (see .S'lii;) i Nov.", 
 
 annonneetl 25 \ii\'. ,, 
 
 Parliament opened hy the ipieeii ill person, 8 Kelt. 1876 
 The ipiein sails for liermany (all her sons aliioail), 
 
 28 March ; v. Iiinis . . .22 Ai'iil, ,, 
 
 Tiuyal titles hili reccivcii itiyal assent 27.\pril. ,, 
 
 The ipieen ]'rocla-iir tl "empress of India," i May, ,, 
 Arrival of pi iiice of Wales at I'ortsnioi.lh, n May, ,, 
 
 Parliament iirurugiicil 15 .\ng. ,, 
 
 Great heat ; failure in fruit erol's ; lairvest lieneath 
 
 aveiiige mithlle Aug. ,, 
 
 Gieate.Xfiiementand many piihlie iiiei'tingsirs|ieet- 
 
 iug the Turkish atrocities in linlgaria, Aug -Det. ,, 
 Mr. Gladstone's " Horrors in IJulgaria " puhlished, 
 
 6 Sejit. „ 
 
 f^iii r.,1 
 
 lis ]iioposi'tl marriage with I'liiice.^s l.uiiiC. M ,,. 
 
 garet of I'inssia . . . , . o- .i„i,. 
 Dehate on the Herliii trcatv, in tlie etiMniiciis' " 
 
 great speech of Mr (lladstone, 30 .lidv ; iiKiinii'tv 
 
 „ lorKovein lit (33,s -195) . 2,^ .inh- .au..' 
 
 larliamcnt prorognetl . . . . ' ,6 An"' ' 
 
 .Meeting ol parliament on aciTiint of Afghan war, " 
 
 Majority for ministers on vote of censiirf, lnitU(,o',' ' 
 
 h.O, loliee.; ctimm,iiis(,28-.27| . , ,-14 i'lir 
 
 I'catli tit princess Aht'e liy iliphthena at li,iiiii.,tatlt ' 
 
 alter altemlaiice 1111 her liiisliand, tlie gian,! ,1,,^,.' 
 
 aiitl chiitirfii, -. (u a,m. , . . , , p,.,,' 
 
 Sr\t re wilder, many persons iiiii'iiiplu\', ,1 ' p,,,.' " 
 
 rarl'ameiit ailJ.iiiiiie.Kiu , J Kfli.) . ' . i, j),.,/ " 
 
 The yiieen in a Icilci i|,aiiks her snlijccls furtluir " 
 
 syiiii'iithy With her loss of a ihnr iliiM «1,„ 
 
 was "a hright exaiiipleof loving tcmh'ine.s t-.n,. 
 
 rageonstlevutioii.aiiil siif-sacriliee totlniy," ,|,n|.|| 
 
 Edwnrtl liyriic Maihleii (':' liiiiiitie) nrrestttl fm 
 threatening to attack the (jiieeii in letters tti tlif 
 Iluiiie miiee, 12 Dei'. 187S; .jinlgctl in.-i,ni.., 
 
 1, 5lKl,cxlo^ voted for Zulu war . . ■j;' i-'ijli '' 
 
 Kxpedititinsent (lielweeii8,ix>oaml 9,1, ' n , f^a " 
 
 horses, &t'.) . -. I'eh.- .VhnVl,, 
 
 Marring.' ot duke ami tliichtss or ('..luiaiiulit iit ' 
 
 Win.i.sor 
 
 i.i.Maii'li, 
 
 The tiiiiin at Paris, 26 -March, anivcs'ar"l)avt.|m' 
 "11 l.ago Maggitiie .... 23.Miirfli; 
 1 io|iuse.l eeiiMii,. ul gtivcrnnieiit respeeliiig Zulu 
 
 War, ,^-c., negativcti, lunls (156-611, ,:; .Manli- 
 ,_ coiiiiiioiis(,,,--24f,) . . ,, .M,.|,.,.|;_, A. nil' 
 Orent depression of traile (alliilmted to hail Imr' " 
 
 vest, famiiii'. pestilence, war, aiel .'iei-lr;eliii") i'- ' 
 Cominons deliate on the luidgel, for gtiveiiiiiit'm "'" 
 
 It. 3 ; against, 230 .... ja--., Apiil' 
 Colli ami very wet siimmt'r, littie siinshiiic, liiihin! " 
 
 of corn and fruit crops . . . mitiimii, ,3-, 
 
 Kirly iiH'eting of pari 
 
EXOLAND. 
 
 ana 
 
 ENGLAXD. 
 
 jJiWlT wcntlicr, Nov. vcay idlil, i-ia \hv. ami Jaii., 
 
 Iiiili'li fi'K 1880 
 
 r:irlliiiiiriit iiiK'JH'il by the yilui'ii, 5 I'Vl)., (IIhsiiIvmI 
 
 (i.'iii'iMl I'li'ctlon, tti'Ciit liliiTal inii,|cirity, 30 Mari'li- 
 
 ifi Apiil ; n'nitiiiulliHi oliiiiiiistry . 22 April, ,, 
 dlacUl'iiii' iriiiiisliy luniii'.l . . .29 Apiil, ,, 
 .Si'w pii'liiiniinliiii'il.-. .iylli April, llni(lliiui,'li iliUl- 
 ' (■ll!t> (»L'U /''li/(«ii,(ii/,s) . . 3Miiyi7sr,y. ,, 
 
 KiiiL'aiiti'.iniiiiJoiiil avc;mgi'liaivi'.sl,iiiii.ii)vi'(l traili', 
 
 Oi-I. „ 
 K.irlv iHi'i'tini^ i>f parliaiiii'iit on ai'cimiit of Iicl:ini|, 
 
 6.)aii, 1881 
 Siici't's^t'til rt'VJi'W nf aliDiit 52,(xxj viiIuiili'Oi'H Ii\' tlu' 
 
 .|ii.'i'ii at Wiiidinr y July, ,, 
 
 P;illi;iliM'llt iniinvili'il .... '-7 An;;, ,, 
 Wi't aiitiimii; ilclicii'iit luivvi'st ; imiuli ilcpicssinn 
 
 Sept. „ 
 
 Ciinrt nnil Ki'iicral iii'iiiiiK f"i- ili-atli nf ki'Ii. 
 
 liarliflil, plv.siili'lil 111' L'liili'il .stall's 21-27 !Sc|it 1. 
 (Irailu.il ii'MViil III' Iml.' . , . I ,Iiily-(o Ui't, ,, 
 Uival liiiii'ii'aiH' tliniiulMmt Kii),'lanil, raiisiii^ ilii- 
 stiui'Iiiiii "tliri', piiip.'i ty, ami sliippiii„', n.15 Oct. ,, 
 
 ViM'y "liiil "iiiti'r Niiv.-I-Vli, 18B2 
 
 Mi'i'tiii«"l|i,irliaiiii'iil .... 7 I'Vb. ,, 
 Till' '|iii'i'ii .sill it 111. al (iivat Wi'sliMii laihvay .slalimi, 
 Wiiiilsiir, liy KiiiliTirk Mai-lraii, a^i'il 27 ; 2M1I 
 Miiivli ; liu is ciuaniilti-il tiiitiial I'lir liii^li fivasmi 
 
 lu .Miinli. ,, 
 Till! ipieoirs li'ttiTiif tliaiik.s fur Ki'Hi'i'al sviiipalliv 
 
 iliili'.l 12 Mairli, „ 
 
 Sill' sail.'! I'm' Mi'iitiiiii', 14 M.ui'li ; airivi'S, i6 
 
 Maii'li ; Icavi.'s it, 12 April; at Wimlsni', 14 Apiil, ,, 
 Tilt' ipiri'M ili''lii':it''s Kppiiig Kiii-i'sl til tliii iisi' 111' 
 
 till' pi'iipli' I'lir all tiiii'' .... 6 .May, ,. 
 r.irliamiait ailjnurri.'il, aii'l iiiei'ts 011 24 Oi-t. ; pi-'u- 
 
 i'.i-n,'i| 2 lli'c. ,, 
 
 N'l'Wl.nvL'iim'tn, Liiiiiliiii,ii|ii'ni'illiy tlinipii'i'n4 Due. ,, 
 (JiKit I'Xi'ili'iiii'iil lluiiM^li atti'iMpti'il uxpliisiiin iii' 
 
 l/i.-al (liivi'i'iiiii''iil iilliii' . . 15 .March, i3S; 
 
 Ui'ti'itiiiii 'it sf'^'t iiiaiiiitai'tiiri' ut cxplnsivcs at 
 liiriiiiii;;liaiii. 4 April ; arri'sl nrAltiiil Wliitii- 
 lu'nil, Tims. Ualla-lii'i'. piiysiii.iii. Win. .Viniiian, 
 H. U. Wilsiiii, II. II. K.aii'l Henry Daltiin, ntlii'r- 
 wisi' Jiilin O'CoiiMnr . . . .5-6 April, ,, 
 Otliir an'i'.Hts in Liverimol, (Jlasgow, imil l.oiiilnri 
 
 aliiiiit 6-7 .\pril, ,, 
 Piu'liaiiieiit liriii'ii.'Uccl .... 25 Aug. ,, 
 
 Tlie ipii'cn piililislii's '' More ln'aves fniiii iny 
 
 Juaniiil in till' lliKlil.iiiils" . . . 11 Fib. 1334 
 l\ijijj>l ttti'l tlif Soiiil'ui : ei'iisiire of the ^nvernnient 
 for it.s "vaiillatiii^' ami inennsistent imliev," 
 votC'l by till' lurils (i8i-8i) 12 Feb. ; rejeeteil'liy 
 the eoiiniiiins (311-262) . . . 12-20 Feb. ,, 
 rniii'f U'lipiilil. il'.ike iif Alb.my, ilies, age nearly 
 
 31, 28 .Maii'li ; Imrieil at Wimlsiir . , 5 April, ,, 
 Tlii'iiueen .stai-ts t'.ir Dirt'in.stailt . , 16 April, ,, 
 Tilt' q leea in a lettei' expresses liei- deep sense ut 
 till' loving' synipalliy lit her snbjeets in all parts 
 lit Ilia' empire ami iilsu ot turei^'n eunntries with 
 liiTseltaml til ■ iliieliiiss lit Albany . 14 April, ,, 
 Till' i|Ui'i'n in'i'seiit at the marria^'e nf her granil- 
 ilaii;;liter prineess Vietiiria (if lle.sse to iirince 
 Linii.s of lialleiilinrg at I)annstjiilt, 30 April; 
 retai'iieil to Wimlsor . . . .7 .May, ,, 
 
 Vnte of censure of the go\'eriinient I'-.r not snppnrt- 
 iiig Gordon iie^.iti\eil in the cuimniins (303-275) 
 
 12-14 -^'''.v, ,. 
 railiaimMit iironwied .... 14 Aii^'. ,, 
 
 1 harvest, eiintinned line weather . July, .Vug. ,, 
 
 r,irli;iiiieiit meets . . . 23 Oct.-6 Dee. ,, 
 KiiiiL'liise hill jMsseil, see under yd/orm . 6 Dee. ,, 
 I'riiH'ii Albert Vietor Fdward ot Wales ennns iif 
 
 ani' 8 Jan. i8i-, 
 
 PiiriiaiiU'Tit mei'ls 19 Feli. ,, 
 
 Uiileri'il that the militia be einh'idied and suldiei's 
 
 atiipin'il friiiii I'literiii;; the reserve , 18 Feb. ,. 
 V'lte of eensiire mi the giiveriiinent resiieeting 
 K^'vpt, passed In t!i.' hinhs (189-53); ne^'atived by > 
 
 the eiiiimiiius (302-288) . . . 27, 28 Feb. ,, 
 Hay nf laeiiriiiiu' lor general (Jni'd-ni and the killed 
 
 ill till' S..r,.l,m ,j Maieh, „ 
 
 liest'rves to he e.ilh'd out in pi'ospect nf war with 
 
 Hlissia 27 .Mareh. ,, 
 
 Theipieeii visits Aix-le.s-Ii.iins, Ae. : Api'il-2 .May, ,. 
 (.See In't'tii I, /'oi'/eiia 'a/, itiiil Ili'ti'iin<\) 
 
 Ib'dl.strlbutliii 
 passed 
 
 1 nf Seats Al't (see miller /i'/iii'„i) ,885 
 
 I Vigiiriiiis prepai'iitlons fii,' war; vu'te iif' (•n'd'ii"l'Mr 
 11,000,000/. passed by II iiiiiiiis (Hce /.■««-,«) 
 
 ;;:S;;!;o!lf:i!';i;.'^t:[^;.::,;-'-^^;.^^'S 
 ^J;:;'i:^:^ai:i:;;;:«;;::i'-''^^'^'"'''''>'--''^^''r': 
 
 V.'i-y dry summer, aveia^e harvrsl ' ' '■• •^"*''- 
 ''dies,",Ud8l''!"'''"''""^'' " '*'■"•" l'''""i"'l""l'i^t; 
 AgltuthiiTriirtlii'disi'stablishnirniMt'iliMM.uiHi'.viV 
 Dissolution, If parliamint . T^'vov' 
 
 '■'sriNen^nl""" "' '■^'"■'■^'1^ =5. "■iinservativi's; 
 
 3 1 I arnelllles ... _, , y,,j. ^ ., ,' 
 
 the iii'W parliam.'iil imels 1... Jan. ; opened by the 
 
 'lOei'll . . „,' I 
 
 I 'Ian. i836 
 
 Uesignatiiin uf the .Salisbury adnii'nistniliiin'(,e/,ie/; 
 
 illadsliine's'thirii adininist'ralio'n formed ' I'^'lVb 
 
 l.'.nKWi,jter; severe eohl, Feb. ; heavvsmiwstonns 
 
 m .N. •-. eiiunlies; raihvny tiaimi snowed iiu 
 
 several ilavs . . 1 •> M I 
 
 Mr. (iladsfolie Inti'odnees h'is biil lo "'iriak,'' i;,",'i' .'; 
 
 pr.ivision fur the future gnvernmenl of Ireland " 
 
 '■oliioiiil .mil Indian Kxhibilio.i (the Ills'! 'Vn'.u 
 naliiinalexhihitioiOopi'mdatSonlh Kensi,?;;.; , 
 
 , ''> ""■'l>ioio ^C,„ 
 
 International .'Xhibiliiin of navigation, eoin ,','',, 
 
 ''''■'. ill. l.iveri 1 op,. 1 by ,i„, ,„,,. ^,1 
 
 nren \ letoria's.inl year bi'u-ins . 2 .luie' 
 
 '.xeessivi'lyeold spring ami summer . '"■"""■ 
 
 \iry hot p.'irtor.liii„'aii,l,liiiv 
 
 '';!obev'7n'?;i'''V'''''l-'''' ^''■- "l"'l«to""''<'lrisi; 
 pilnj (ii'poited. 316 e.iiisi'i'valiM's, „„ (i|,„|. 
 
 sliinians, 78iiuioiiists, a;l'ai'ii,'ilite.s) / J„iy 
 
 The Gladstone administration resigns -o.lnlv' 
 
 le second Salisbury admiiiistration t,,-/,;,!, >,', ! 
 
 ormed 2fi.)nly; the manpiis of llarli;,;,-ton am 
 
 Iriends decline to form a coalition niini-itrv 
 
 rill 
 
 try 
 
 )i Dei;. 
 
 hust half of 
 
 Kevival of trade ami eonmieree 
 
 Meeting of iiarlianieiit ... ,„ .,,„ 
 
 ' I'"'"" '^.♦•"■'^ lor the Hiviera 2, Maieh; Visits 
 
 &c. I April It .in/, ; 
 29 April 
 
 1SS7 
 
 Cannes, Aix-les-Uains, 
 returns to Kngland 
 
 ster'\"bb"'vV"'",'';' ')'"!'"'■''' ^""■'••'' "f "•'•^""hi- 
 lt,';, -1/ ,'''''■'■' " •'"""! ■*'"■ i^^'"-^ »■ 
 
 lettei to the nalioii expi'i'ssin'- her iirotoiiii.l 
 gratitude forth.' very kind reeepti/i bv'tl i' st 
 ir.ultitude during li'er pro^-ress to ad ret, '.rn 
 from the Abbey, and bel' hi^l, admbari, , 1 i'H/hi 1 
 
 excellent order preserved . 
 
 Sevei-e drought ; 35 raiiile 
 
 (11 Weeks) 
 
 \ery early harvest 
 Parliament proro^'ued 
 
 d;i\ 
 
 24 June, 
 in snnii' ]iart,s 
 June mid. Aug. 
 .summer, 
 16 Sept, 
 I 
 
 •^'v'w II ,'^':7'''^i""^>-"«l-''ti"J? «m'Z canara^ai 
 New Hebrides, signed at I'ai is . • , 1 ),'f 
 
 Meeting of parlianiiiit . . ' ";,.| 
 
 The ipteen starts for Florence 2. ■.March;',;, 
 •loence 24 .Marcli ; at Innsbnick 23 A.iril • 
 Herliu 24 April; in London . f ' '.',,.•' 
 
 ..:eal (Jiiverniiient Act (»',,;,./, ..,.,.) ,,,„,.j 7 "M ';;., 
 I'arliaineut ml.iournstille Nov. , \ e,' 
 
 The HUeen's visit to filasgow . ' ,3 .i "\ "' 
 Cold Wet snmmei', very tine autumn isl? • v,.Pv 
 imld weather i.nmlon much wariinr than at 
 Constantinople, Paris, &c. , ' 
 
 Farliamciit meets 6. Nov. ; adjourns ' . ' 2I Dec 
 hpidcmie of measles throughout the country 
 
 Parliament n ts "'•"/Sb^' 
 
 The iineeii started for Ibarritz 5 .March": nieel.s t'he 
 (lUi'i'ii-regi'iit of SpainatS.'iii Sebastian 27 March • 
 icturiis ... ? '.' • 
 
 Death of .Mr. John Mright.'M.I'; (a.-ed 78),^iiX'r' 
 
 "i''|"'"v of the 1 pie,' rree-iraiii'i',;',',' l;,;-; 
 
 Imn I,,r- I,,,.,.:.) l.-ariess, lemi'st lepelident 
 
 27 .March; -oneot ,|„' „„i,|,.,t tin u,.,'s that wc 
 have ever known in I'arlia nt ■—;,„',; //,,,. 
 
 ,."■";"■"' =^.M.,d,: 
 
 (ircatim. roveineut 111 tradeand revenueJan. -April 
 
 889. 
 
 i^f^.^ 
 
 '^w .if' 
 
 *', 'J 
 
 • *l 
 
 ■ 1 "' li 1 
 
 1 " ( AT Mik, 
 
 'W-'^'5M 
 
 f / r ^'H> ' ^'t * 
 
 .J If . J\ 
 
 
 s£BAij-.,"-.'^ 
 
^ if: 
 
 Is: 
 
 KNGLAND. 
 
 ■W'liiTcMi ill' 111 Kill', D.C'.l,., K.n.H., nstrniiiiiiicr, 
 
 Rlii'iiiisI, ami iilivsli'lsl, ii^i'il 74, ilii'il . 19 April, i88g 
 Till' iiiii'iii visits llir luiiii f Willis 111 SiiiiilrlnK- 
 
 liaiii 2,i-'7 April I'l .ii'v. ,, 
 
 PnrliiiMii'iil |iiiiiiii.'iii'i| . . . . jn Auk. ,, 
 Till' liiipi'riir Williiiiii II. visits tlii' ipii'i'ii, sn' 
 
 Uniiinini 1-8 Auk. 11 
 
 Till' i|Uri'ii (isits Wall's (ii'liirh ffi) . -J) .\\i)i. ,, 
 
 Fiiii' siiiiiiiii'i' ii'iil auliiinii; cxi'i'llriit. Iiay ami 
 
 ni'iili'riUc I'or'M hai'vt'sts anil k'""I wimiI srasiHi . ,, 
 Enviiys Irniii In siillan of Ziiiizilmr, ri'i'i'ivi'il liy 
 
 till' i|ni'i'iMil Hiiliiiiinil .... .'() Oi't. ,, 
 Many slilki s. mhI iiim h aKilalinn ii'spi'i'liiij; laliiiur 
 
 ami u'aKi'S ih l.iimliiii ami lliriiUKlinut 11 uiitrv 
 
 AUK'.-lll'l'. „ 
 
 flri'.'it rrvival ill tniilr . ,Iuiii' Ih'i'. ,, 
 
 ■Kpiili'iiiic III' iiillMi'iiza (ii'/iM'/i .vri) . . . .lau. i3go 
 
 ParliHiiii'Ml mi'ils n Frli. ,, 
 
 Tlii'i|UriM vigils Aix-li's-llaius jfi Mai'i'li-jj .\]inl ; 
 
 at |l.■ll■lll^lalll ii'i'i'iM's II iiipri'ss l''ri'ili'i-ii'k, llii' 
 
 ciiipri'i't' Williaiii II. ami othi'iM nt' ln'r taiiiily 
 
 ^•1 .'t; April, ,, 
 
 AtWiml.snr ,r, April, ,, 
 
 Till' i|Mrru \ i^ils Av!r^liiir\' ami liarmi KiTilinaml 
 
 ill' R.itlisi'liiM at Wa.lili'si'inu .Mam.r. 14 .May, ,, 
 Till' i'X-i|Ui'rM l.salirlla 111' Spain visits llii' ipiri'ii at 
 Wimlsnr, ami attiinls tin' stati- Hall, lliirkiriKliani 
 I'alari'. jr) .May ; li'iivrs KiiKlaml . . 39 May, ,, 
 AiiKli'*'i'i'uiau A'.:rri'iiirnt {irhiih .srr) ri'spi'fthiK 
 
 l')asl Ali'ic'!,. >i;;iii'il at lli'riin . . .1 ,/uly ,, 
 ni'tiini of .Ml. II. M. .Slaiili'y (si'i' Stiiiddn) 
 
 =6 April, 1887 90 
 Till* iiuri'ti !tiau;,'urati's tlir Kniin'i ss ilork at .Smitli- 
 
 Iiampliiii ■j6 July. 1890 
 
 Till' I'liipi'i-cir William II. visits tlii' niii'i'ii at 
 
 Dslmnii'. iiispi'cts till' lli'i't, *r. . 4-8 Auk. ,, 
 AnKlii-l''ri'm'li AKi'i't'iui'iil (ichivli .ire) ri'SiipctiiiK 
 
 Afrira, siKiii'il 5 Auk. ,, 
 
 Pnrlianii'iit pnirnKiit'il .... 18 Auk. ,, 
 AiiKlii-l'iirtuKui'si' AKri'i'iiii'Ut .scttlml 20 All);. ; nut 
 
 ralilliil (si'i' /'«/>ii((ii^) .... Nov. ,, 
 Mi'i'tiii;; III imrlianiriit .... 25 Nov. ,, 
 rarjiaiiii'tit iiii'i'ts afli'r till' rt'f'oss . . 22 .Jan. 1B91 
 Till' ipii'i'ii pri'si'iit at till' lauui'li nf tin' /i'i),v«/ 
 Sonii iijii, Kri'.'it liattli'sliiji, ami of tlii> lloiinl 
 j*Ir//ii'r, lirst I'lass (iruist'r ; Portsniiuitli 26 Ki'h. ,, 
 Tlu'ipu'i'ii \ isitstirassi', a I-'rencli town m'art'auni'S, 
 
 in till' Allies- .Maritiiiii's , 25 Jlarrli-28 April, ,, 
 Di'StriU'tivr smiw-stunii in tlii' .s. ami fS. W. 
 cmiiilit's (si'i' .s^tn;i.s)9, 10 Marcli ; closi' nf iii'arly 
 six iiiiiiitlis' winter (si'i' fV(i.i(.i) 25 .Mari'li . . „ 
 Death of larHJraiivilli', ciuiiii'iit stat('siiiau,aKi'<l 75 
 
 31 Mari'li, ,, 
 Tlio I'liipri'ss Kri'ili'rii'k yiaits Knglaiiir27 Ki'b.- 
 
 8 April. „ 
 Vi.sit nf till' rnrinan omiieror anil ('iiipri'ss very 
 
 SllPCi'ssflll (see 'nillHlili/) . . 4-13 July, ,, 
 
 Visit of till' priiH'i'of Napifs(sci' FInJfi) 22 ,1 ill y- Auk. ,, 
 Till' ipiiiii ri'i'i'ivis Vi'lilliiiaii, a KiiiKin' cliii'f, ami 
 
 Ills jiirsi'iits 7 Auk. ,, 
 
 Visit of till' Kri'iii'li llci't tii Portsimiiitli (see /•VdJii'r) 1 
 
 19 Auk. ,, 
 Prince Oeorge of Wale.s attaekeil liy typlmiil fever, | 
 
 10 Nov. . ri'eiiM'iv 23 Dee. ,, i 
 
 Till' iliike of Claii'iK'i' ami Avonilale attaekeil witli 
 intliieiixa ami piiiiiiiionia. 10 Jan., ilieil at .siiiml- 
 riiiKliiini. 14 .lau. I'liiversally laiiieiiteil ; iiiililary 
 fiiiiera' ;.l Wimlsnr .... 20 .Ian. 1892 
 Letter fioiFi till' ipieeii, totlie empire 
 
 {hiiiiliiii (;,i:,tli', 2 l-:i,.) 
 
 "O.snoHM.:, .Imniiiri/ 26, 1892. 
 "I iiiusl niiee aKiiiu Kive ex|iressiiin to niy ileep sense 
 of tlie loyalty ami atleetiniiate synipatliy eviiieeil liy 
 my siibjeets in every |iart of my eiiipire 011 an oecasinli 
 more sail ainl traKie-il lliiiu any but one wliieli lias . 
 heflfillen me ami niiiie. as well as tlie nation. The over- < 
 wlielniiuKiiiisfortuiieof iiivilearlyloveil Kramlson ImviiiK 
 been thus smlileiily eiil oil in the llower of his aKe, full 
 of promise for the future, amiable ami Ki'uHe. ami eii- 
 ■deariUK himself to all. remlers it lianl for his sorely 
 strieken parents, bis liear yoiiiiK briile. ami liis fonil | 
 Criuiilmother to bow in siibmissioii to the iu.senitable 
 decrees of proviileiiee. 
 
 "The syiHi'Htliy of milli.'US, wlrieh hits bt-eii ^.i, 
 touoliinply ami visibly i'x;iresseil, is ileejily KratifyiiiK "t ; 
 .siieh a time, anil I wish, both in my own iiaiiie ami that ■ 
 ■ of my eliililren, to express from my heart, my warm 
 gratitude tu alt. ' i 
 
 384 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 "TlioHd teKtliniiriles of svnipathy with lis n, i 
 preeialloiiof my dear Kramlson, wli'mn I lovei'l „>„,," 
 
 and wlmse ileMition t was as Kreiit as tlmi ,,f « ",' 
 
 will he a help and (•onsolatiiin to nie and iiiiuhi,'',',',; 
 alllielloii. ' " '"" 
 
 " My bereavemeiitHiliirlUK the last thirty vmi, „f , 
 
 ivIku liave Iml 1 been heavy. Tl Kh' the |,ii ' "' 
 
 aiiMi'ties, ami responsibilities iiiseparabie li,,,,, ' 
 
 position lllive been Klelll, vet It is lliv earile.sl I.ln,,,'o 
 
 (lull may eoiitiiiue to ^ive me heidih aim '.iii.|,„t 1, , 
 work for the K I ami happiness of niv i|..,„ ( :, i^l 
 
 .1.1.1 l.*.....i '.;!.. lo'.. I.. . .. .. ■ 'lliln- 
 
 and Kiiipiie while life lasts. 
 
 " VUTOIIH, II I 
 
 iilrj- 
 
 Ihe si'Velilli session of the i| n's twelfth |,|ir||,, 
 
 mellt opened ;, |..,,|| 
 
 I The ijiiei'ii visits Costebelle, a siibiirbof llveiv^ |,,', '' 
 ' unrieiit town in I'rovenee n miles from T,,',|',„ 
 31 .Mareh-2i; April ;at Harnisiiult, 26 April .. M,,v' 
 Plssolulion of parliament, 28 .hum; Kenenil el',.,'' " 
 ' tlon : eonservatives, jftS; liberal iiiiinnist.i ,, 
 (,115) ; liberals ((iladsloiiians), 27,,; l'niiie||i'i,i!,' 
 9 ; antil'ariiellitHs, 72 ; hibourmembeis. ■( ., i- 
 totaU7o . ... . . •iV,)',',?': ,. 
 
 See < imtmnn.1. " 
 
 Heath of Holiert Lowe, viscount Sherbroi ike sluo, 
 
 mail, ated 8 .-t ,liilv 
 
 Visit of the (ieruiau emperor . . . t-iAul;' " 
 .MeetiiiKof parliament, 4 Aiik. ; want of eonii,!,.,,,,,; " 
 in the Salisbury ministry voted (iv - ii.,| i, 
 I Auk. ; the ministry resiKiis . , , ^'i,,, 
 
 I Mr. (Hailstone's ministry conslitiiteil . liAii-'iN.' 
 ' i'arlianient proroKued ... "' "' 
 
 See Cliithliwi: 
 Death of Alfred, loiil Tennyson, pnet laureate 
 ' ayed Bj, 6 Oct.; hurled in Westminster Ahlipy! 
 
 I AKllcultiiral (lRiir«ssion tlirniiKli liiid harvest aiui " 
 \ low priees of corn and cattle . . |)|.( 
 
 I Sir Hicliaril Owen, naturalist, \e., aKed £S;ihi'i|' " 
 
 j OpeiiiuK of parliament; the iiueen's speeel"; an! " 
 j nounees the Irish home rule bill, ji ,lan. ; intm. 
 ! ilueeil .... I, Feb. (see ;r.A.,.,() ,g,,. 
 
 .^leeliiiKs with emineut speakers iiKaiiist the linm,. '■' 
 rule bill, throiiKliout the eountrv ; petitions iin.l 
 siibseriptioiis . . . . • Mareh, April 
 , \ isit III the empress l''reileriek . i l''eh.-4 April " 
 
 Death of Kdward Henry, earl of Kerbv, slatesiiiiii' " 
 . ^"«eilfi6 ' -21 Aiiril,' 
 
 Oreat iinioiiist meetliiK at the Albert-hall- sw 
 
 ''''"'"' .-. ■•„ • • • . 22Aiiril, „ 
 
 |,l'u'i|ui visits Hon-ice . 23 Maieh 20 April, 
 
 [ I'lie Iniperial institute, whirh scr, inauKmat.'l fv 
 
 the i|iii'i'ii ,,, j|,|^.' 
 
 Very dry season, see A'li/a/ii?/ . .Mari'h-.iiin'i'' " 
 .M. Albert Decrais appointed Krencli anihassaiinr " 
 
 ,„ ''"'I "'■ • •, i , „ 
 
 Iheip 11 unveils the statue of herself (as ill 1857), 
 
 by t'le iirin.'e.ss Louise, in Kensington KiU'li'iis,' 
 .... 28 Jiiiii', „ 
 
 MarniiKe ot the duke of York and the iiriiii'i's.s 
 Vietoria Maud (.May)of Teck, at St. James's pnl. 
 
 ncn.iiithepreseiK f tliei|ueeu and royal family, 
 
 the kiUKaml iiueeii of Denmark, the ee.saieviti'ii^ 
 otherroyal persons, 4 Indian prinees, and a raiii'e] 
 amlms.sadors, forelKii lepreseulalives, eniiniint 
 oltlcial persons; the dnke and iliiehess of Viirk 
 drove throuKh London from HiiekiiiKliaiii pain™ 
 to Liverpool .St. station, and arrived at Samlriiig. 
 ham in the eveniiiK .... 6 July, 
 [Ode oil the luarriaKe by Lewis .Morris] Xatiiiii'ai 
 
 f'^te 6- 8 July, „ 
 
 Jles.saKe ol thanks from the i|neen to the iiatimi, 
 
 for hearty sympathy in relation to lier(,'raiiil.si)ii's 
 
 wi ■idiiiK, Wiml.sor eastle . . . mjiily, 
 
 Very early harvest in mid. 8. and E.couiilii's,aliiilit 
 
 liJiily, „ 
 
 Heat wave, especially in the .south, see //m^ iiiiil. 
 
 AiiKusl : open weather, iinslerale rains, lavoiir. 
 
 able to Kiass and roi.'ts . . . autumn, ., 
 
 Parlianii'iit ad.ioiirns, 22 Sept. ; meets aKaiii 2 Xov. „ 
 
 Death of professor John Tyndall, aKCil 73 . 4 Dec. „ 
 
 f<l'e liinftit Iiislittitiini, 
 Manchester ship canal, public opeiiiiiK . i Jan. 1394 
 Visit of the empress Frederick to O.sboriie, 2 IVli.- 
 
 10 JIureli, „ 
 HesiKiiationof Mr. Gladstomi as iireniier, sneceiildl 
 
 by the earl of Ho.seliery . . . t Marrli, ,, 
 l''arlianientproroKiii'il,5.March ; re-opened i.> March, „ 
 
■■^^ 
 
 EXOLAND. 
 
 TIm'I|I|c'('ii \iKltH KliiiiMiii' . i(i .Miircli-ift ApiM, 
 
 li.'iillr iif iMiiliM'nt.liiilKi'i ; Inril Iliiinii'ii, .■<! .Miin'h • 
 
 i"i'l H">v"ii „, April, 
 
 TIm'i| Mill CnliiiiK. 17 April ;iit WlinUnr j,, April, 
 
 Till' '|i"''''i iimiiKiinili'M till' Miinclii'.-.ti r ^llip ciiiiiil 
 
 31 MmV, 
 
 lliitli if priiici' Kihviir.1 AlliiTt ('liiUlliiii. .Vi-. ur 
 ^"il; . . . . . . . j|.liiiiii, 
 
 I'Miliiiiiii'iil pniriiuMHcl . . , . ,J5 Aiij^^ 
 
 |';iirl> ^,'i"iil liMViirKl rnni Iiiii'vi'st ivpurti'il u .*li.p|. 
 
 lliMiv. niil (iri'V, mMi' Mliiti''<iiiaii, hnni jS Itvr', 
 I*'-' 'lii'l <ll)C'l. 
 
 .liiiM's .\iitlinMy l''nMi.|i., lilHliiii.iri, bnni .. Aiiiil 
 r:.f:..li-l ...iirt.' 
 
 n.nlh mI'ImpI KiiiiilHlpli Cliiirrhill ; (liorn ,, |.',.h, 
 
 lU") ■ ■ • . • • . . .!4.lillJ.' 
 
 S,vS„lnh,n!ni:l, 33i 6, 
 
 Mi-'titi;; 'i( p(ii'li;iiiM'Ht .... s Kel). 
 
 llil.'lis.'crilil, HIM' l-r«at . , .1,1,,. |.',.|,_' 
 
 Tli"i|ii t Nice, li MMrcli-ji April ; DiirimliHlt, 
 
 .•) Apiil : 111 SI r ., ... ,,, April, 
 
 Till' riM|iiis> Fri'iii'iii-k \i>iU Kii),'I;iimI, 7 Ki.|i.- 
 
 3 1 Mllll'll, 
 
 (liuss iTVi'iiiii' for 1394-5: 04,685,762/. ; (f\pi.|iili. 
 
 Iini' Hi Alanli)g4,i8i,i«xi/., n'piirti'il . 1 .\pi-i| 
 "Apiisliilir Irllnr iif piipii I .\|1|. |,, t||,. Kill,'! 
 
 li^'M pin;" s.iii /'.I,,,' . . . 14 Apill, 
 
 Vi^il III pi-incii NiiHnilliili Kli.'iii ; si'i' .t/./lmnlti,,,, 
 
 -^ Miiy 
 jliisi«naUnii of tlip U'wolior.v iiiliiistry . :.._. .Iiiiii' 
 .Vii«- raliiiii'l rnriiii'il liy tlir iiriii'i|iiis (if .s,iM,|,iiry,' ' 
 
 .'i .llnil' !•' .^l■'|, 
 
 i'iirli;iiiii'ntili.i»ii|v('il, 3 .Iiiiv ; iiiwN (shi' i„i,iiiiiiii^) 
 1: Aii^'. iSi'pt 
 
 Vi>il iif Mil' (iiTiiiiiii ciiipi'iiir 111 till. ,| II, 11,1', 11,,,,^ 
 
 ;it Cinvi's - Ai|i.. 
 
 lt«i»»iniii;; Hpi'i'i'li iif till' iiiiinpiis nf Siilisl.m'y at ' 
 tlii'liml iiiiiyiii's iKiiniiii't in ri'li'i-i'iici' luTinki'v 
 
 A'' ity uf till' Kivat puniM'.s, till' siilliu'i 
 
 wariiiil g \iu 
 
 hi'atli iif ^'l•rl. tlip rt. lion, sir H.-nrv I'diisuniiy] ' 
 privali'si'cii'lary ti) tlii'ii n .slnci. '1S7,,, -., y;„\' 
 
 Vi^itiif tlii'kiiiuiif till' Di'l^'laiisiiiiil pi|ii(.,.s,s('|,.! " 
 
 Illl'Iltilll' til tllC Ipll'l'll . . , 1-Q jll'l'. 
 
 I-'iililispllti' viitli till' Uliiti'il Stall's, si'i' JVii.-,(,/,(' " 
 1895. Falls on tlii^ Stock KxcliiiiiHi', r.Diiiliiii, ' 
 
 Ili'vival iif liiiiii'iinil iiicri'a.si'il I'l'vi'iiMi' .' .Ian! 
 lii'iii'nil ilispli'asiiri' at tin' Oi'imaii I'liipi'i-or'M iiU'm' 
 
 Ki-i' 111 pii'H. Kni^'iT ri'Mpt'ctiiif; tli,' ili'lV'at of Dr. 
 
 .latiii'siiii, SIT /ViMi-ii'iiii/ . , , 4 .Ian 
 X.ival fiiri'i'iiiili'i-i'il to Di'la^'oa hay . ' . 7 .lim." 
 Till' Aiistmliaiiaiul Tasniaiiian Kovi'innii'iits si'iid li 
 
 trli';;nuii to Inril .Salislmiy appnivin^' t|ii. ai'tion 
 
 iif Ills ^oviTiiini'iit ami piiiinisInK I'onlial .iiip. 
 
 IKiit, u.laii. : liir wlilcli.liii'il .Salishiii'v ii'tni-iiH 
 
 lii.1 liiaity thanks ... . ' i,. .Imi 
 Till' iiriiii'i' iif Wall's visits tin' ciilniiial nllli'i' ami 
 
 'li'clari's Iiissiipporlof Ml'. llianili.Tlain, i, .Inn 
 .>>ir Fii'ili'iii'k, Inril Li'l^'lituii, paiiitiT, .si'iilptnr ami 
 
 Mliiiliir. liian, 1 l)w.,,33o; ilii'il, 23 .Jan., ,3q6 ; 
 
 lialilii' liiiii'nil at .St. l-aiiPs . . , |.V|, 
 
 Mi'iilli iif priiii'i' lli'iiry of Hatti'iilM.i-- ^„ .Ian ' 
 
 liiirii'.lat \Vliippiii;,r|iaiii, si'i. .!</,. („/,..•,< 5 I.',.!', 
 I.i'lti'r fiinii till' ipii thaiikiii- tin' nation loi- its 
 
 'V"i|«itliy |..,,|, 
 
 Dr. .liiiiipsiiii mill Ills tniopi'i's (5^5 odlci'is ami 
 
 iiii-ii)arrivi' at I'lviiioiith, 2? Fcli. • at I omliin 
 
 „,,-5 l-'i'li. ; fur trial 7V,ii,,<,"',.,i/, ,$„(,, fu,i,i,ii^. ' 
 
 "''•'H lis visit to Xici', 11 .March : she i-cccivi's 
 
 till' I'liipi'iiir ami empress of Austria, ij March ; 
 
 II,,'.''*''*. -'9 .\pril, 
 
 llMil;;i't. ri'vi'iim., ,01,974,00c/.; cxpi'mlitiir.' 
 
 1)7.764,000/ 16 April 
 
 Nr Hniiili's nohinsoii arrives in [.oml , .imp' 
 
 JiiirriiW.' 1,1 priiici'ss Maml of Wales ami princ,; 
 ( liarh's ot Di'niiiark, at liuckiii^-hani palace, 
 
 VisitofU H.n,;; Chan;., see f ■/,;„„ , An^^J'sev' ' 
 1.1 III llusi'lKiry pro|K.ses non-party public nieetint/s ' 
 "■" "";■' 111" Armenian massacres, Tiui's, 
 
 ";■'■'''''-'","'" I l^^l'iP of til" Mli-^raVparU- ' 
 
 .ii.« ii-rences with .Mr. Glailstone' a'm\ 
 i.niiisiintliefjistern quest ion . 6 Oct 
 
 u I'm", ^i'' f '■"'"'""• ''iverpool, niniiingl , n ; ' 
 
 »;^i^:y^l;:i;^.:;-'-'---™™ij.,tt^ta^ 
 
 •AM 
 
 ENGLAND, 
 
 lSg4 
 
 lS,;5 
 
 1896 
 
 ''''I'l.'rn",'."!"','',""' '■';'■"'*■'"' ''>■" " froiiiI.on. 
 
 Inn ami uthi'i' nlaies <mi hiivlim iciLtni'il Iniii/er 
 than any llritlsli sin eieij-ii . ^ •.■.Sent ,W. 
 
 \is,t ofthi' I'liipri,,, y ,..^,.^ •„ ,,„• |._„Vi;^^^,,!; ; pr 
 
 I'll > Wallace l,,'i|i|„,|||„ ,„., |„|,|„„„|., „„||„,,,|,„; •>' 
 
 see / ; ; f!'- '" ".'" """""• '• Iltionallv, 
 
 minnctil ' '''" '""' "■""'"''' f-'""''' '!■'•: ."n- 
 
 ''vh^w'd';""'" Wimlsorforxicc'io Slarchl'iitcr: " 
 Mi'» «illi Ill's. Fain., at Ni,is\ .IcSec. ,, Mar. • 
 I'lTlvC'Sat .nV, 1, .Maivh ; ,.,.t,,rMs li, WlViiisoi, ■ 
 
 ' 'ol. Hay, V.H. ainliassailor, ami Mrs. Hay iv'ceiv!''.' " 
 "> the iple ■ , ., 
 
 ''':e!i'/;lw:;"ril^'''''',r'"'' '■•■■""•' '''^ '■••'«'' " 
 
 ".nil mn.il review at Spit|,i.,ii| .y,,,.,/, Jo.hiie 
 
 '','!,";;",'', ;■;■''"■"" ''■■'■ -H-'cre t ks' tnr an " 
 
 iin^iatiihtiiiiis, .,0 ,i|„„. ,,|„| I ,1 
 
 Oeatliol princess Alary i,r ('anil,, H^,,., ,|,i,.lii^,I,,,r " 
 
 \\7n,l's!',', '" l'''"""t'""l'i''t,,7(.i't.; r, al at 
 
 ^' Sci' >',.«!w.' '"""""' '■i''o'i""''il"«''li-piiti', .Vj.'.'ii'; li'gi 
 <'oniit lie lta,con, Spanish ainhassiulor, receiveil liy 
 
 Mleijlleen . . .. ,.' 
 
 '•''"' 'I " '"'1^ '■•< 'It Nice,' 10 .Mareii ; at Wimlsi'ii'; " 
 
 ^^llrllain''^^''''''""""''' -'■"'"■■'' ''>' ^■'''"" ''-'<''''i^' " 
 """til of Mr. (■ilii.ls'tone;H..n/,7-/,/,,i,„„' m/,,,. 'gVi',''; ;[ 
 
 KI.VU.S AMI QUKKN-.S OF KMir.AXI). 
 
 HKKhHK rilK I'liNi/l Ksr. 
 
 0J7. I'.tlii'lwoir ; his .sun 
 
 S37. Kthclhalil ; his sun. 
 
 S60. Kthi'lliert ; linitlier 
 
 866. FItheli'cil; liriither 
 
 ^"' ■^or't*,'.''' "'■'■'":''■"""•'■: 'Ii.'.l23 0r26 0ct. 900 
 
 901. KilwanrtheKMer; .son: ilid 93, 
 
 935. Atliclstaiuchlcstsun; illcil ,7(M. „.„ 
 
 ^*°- *"•','','',',"',•■ '"'1'""".' "f '•:''»'lil tln.S';iile,-; ilid 
 
 953- Kilwy, clilest s f Kiliiiiiml : ilicl of irricr In o-'l 
 
 97> ti» 1.1 the Marlyr. his .son. stalil,e,rat^riirfi. 
 ta.stl ' at the instan,-u of his stcp-nioiher Klfriila, 
 10 ji.ii ("11, g7g, ' 
 
 979- KHielreil II. ■ half-linither • r.'lireil 
 
 1013. Sweyn, proi'lainicil kiiiK : iliiiil i Fel, lo.i 
 
 1014. ('anntetheOrcat: hrssiin ' -^ " "' '°'*- 
 
 .014. KtMreilrc.stiirciliiiCanntc'sal,scncc:,lic,U4 April. 
 
 .0.6. K''3;";'l I"'.ishlc, Ills son. iliviilcil the kin«il,i,i, 
 Ml taniitc: innrilcreil at O.vfonl, 30 \ov. lou, ■ 
 "•'Ik 1 seven 1 ths ■ 
 
 10.7. Canntcsiih' kiiiK: niarricil Kmma, wiih.wof Etliel- 
 ici : ilieil 12 Nuv. ,035. 
 
 .035. '•"•oMI. :s.in:,licil,7^lar. ,040. 
 
 "°''' 111 ''ti!','i','a;'',r" "'■ '■'"•"'^' "■:"""■■' ■ '•»"' "f -•^- 
 
 plcti ,11 at a niarniiKC least, 8 .Iiine, uu^ 
 .042. t-' ;;■;>■'' tl'''Coiir,'ssiir, .s„„ or KthdrJil afui Kninia : 
 
 „ ,, " ' 5 •""1. lo6ti. 
 1066. Harolil II., son nf earl Goilwin; rei.rneil „i„e 
 ■""iiths ; killcl near HastiiiKs, ,4' Oct.",o66. 
 
 ^.r „,.,,. TIIK MlliMA.NS. * 
 
 ;^J^z.!'^j;;i;^:';x ■ """""" -^ ""'"■ ■ """ "' 
 
 Tli'i'Iil'-'v'""' ""'"■'^ ;■",'• •'"'■•*'• -""I l'\- --ii- ". N'iciilas 
 .It M in^U e'Tiv ''r '"!""«"""t ^''"^- 'vikuneil tliHr 
 
 ""A'*!- AllM.S OF KNOI.AND. 
 
 ""u'Siisiiii^j;^;!;;'" " • ""•' " ■>■ ■-*- '-- - 
 
 "^^mIS?;;:;;;;;?^ '"« -"■'-'•- -- "^ "- -«- of the 
 
 Henry II. to Kilwanl II. Three linns iiassant 
 
 "ti'^Hl!.!.';!;;',!"^ ---sor. ,p?i':::r?i;:; ..receuitig 
 
 Willi ni ma (le Ij- 'liu arms of France. 
 
 C C 
 
 
 
 Hfi\ 
 
 iJ 
 
 i?" 
 
 s.# 
 
 ■>..< 
 
 liM 
 
 
 mmT 
 
MNui.aND, 
 
 AM ENGLAND. 
 
 h»,'n 
 
 I 
 
 {•\ -.'' 
 
 (Jl'inl. MmtH'Ul, 'Ini^lltlT of HiiImIwIiI, trill'l iif 
 
 Kliihil^'-.x , iimiTliil III u>^.| : illi'il 'n 1081. 
 
 10S7. Wi''>il*Vi IS. HiiCiii: rrixii Iw'K.m jo W<'|'l. ; kllli'i\ l.y 
 nu .arrtiHT, J Xu,:. i kxi. 
 
 Iloa, Uvwry I. i4.|iii I'll-. UU linitlicr ; iilxu 1"'Kuu 
 5 ^^' : ; ^i*4l ul .. -'t:IVlt. I l>iM'. 1 H5. 
 (J, ■! 'hi. .laii^iif+T ' f MmIinImi III. kill- ..f 
 
 ,s, Kirrli'il II *,iiv iicx).illril I Miiy, 
 
 1,1,,. '•'■'■ 'IiiiKliti. "f tiiiillri'.v. I'lirl iif 
 
 l.iiiiviii I 111. ii.-y : «lii-il 1151. 
 
 1135. HtHpliih, , 1 "Ixw ..I IKiiiy; iflKti 
 
 lii';;iiii it, II, .. , u., ., ■ I I. 11S4. 
 
 (.iHMH. Miitllilu, ilii.inlitii -f Kilxti i'"'lllt of 
 
 lliMili.Kiic ; iiiihtIi'iI ill ii.'8 ; illvl \ Miiy, nil. 
 IMiiihl, iliiunhlii- mC lli'iiiv I. mill iIkIiII'iiI ImIi' In 
 Ihi' lliiiiiii'; liMiii 1101; liiliHtlii'il, III n.../. lit 
 li-lil MiiiMiil' iirfi , 1.1 lli'iiiy V. iiii|ii'riir ill (/•■i- 
 iiiiiiiv,' Willi illi'il ii.'S. P<lii' iiiaiiiril, HiM'iiiiillj. 
 
 tii'iiHivv I'l.iiit.'iKiiirl, I'.iil 111' Aiijii to. Wiirt 
 
 Ki-t imiili' lliilll till' HiikHhIi MIlrirHsiiili livSli'lilll'll, 
 IIJ5 ; liiiiili'il ill Kiinliiinl iiinl rliiiiiii'il llii' imwii, 
 
 I hi;. I'll Wlil'il, lull riiMili llftlT llc'l'i'lltril ill Will- 
 
 rlirstiT, ii|i ; riiiiilMilfil a |ii'ari' with Mli'|ilicii, 
 w iiii'li .MTiiii'ii till' niii'i'i'HKiiiii til lii'i' mill Hi'liry, 
 115J ; ilii'il 1 165. 1 
 
 TIIK I'LANHIIKNF.TH. 
 
 1154. lli'iirvll. ;7iui/»./rm7,Ki'iiiiil''iiiiiif lli'iiry I. iiiuIhhii 
 111' Miiiul; ii'icii lii'Kiiii r.^llri'. ; iliiil (..liily, iiB.j, 
 
 Vi'ii'/i, Kli'iiiiiir, till' n'|iiiilliitiili|iiriii 111' I.iiiiis VII. 
 kiiiK iif Kriiiiic. anil lii'lri^.s "f (iiiiii|iiii' ami 
 rnllnii ; iiianiiil til lliiiiy, 1151 ; lili'il 36 Jiiiii', 
 1202 ; Hi'U llttHftituniiL 
 nSg. nirliaril I. (',i«,- I'l' /.i"", lii« kmii : itIk'" lit'Kiili 
 3 .Si>|it. ; ilii'il 111' a \tiiiiiiil, (: April, in^g. 
 
 Qiirrii. lli'rriiKiiH:i,iliiiiKlili'i'i it t III' kiiin 111' Navarro; 
 iiiiiniiil 12 .Miiy, mki ; siiivivi'il tlii' king. 
 j*lft John, till' lirnllii'r nf fliiliiinl ; ivIkii lii'piii a; May ; 
 ilicil i,j Oi'l. 1216. 
 
 QunitM. AviHii, ilaiiKlitcr nf tli<' carl uf (lluiii'i'sti'V ; 
 inarrii'il in nSu; ilivmii'il. •-•. Isiilu'llii, iliuiKliti'i' 
 i.f till' rimiit 111' AnHiinli'iiii' : sin- was ll»' .MuniK 
 ami virjrih wil'i' nf tlii' imint ili' la Miinlii' : 
 nianii'ii tii.liilin in who. ^Slll^ivl■ll tlii' kinj;, mi 
 wiiiisi' lii'atli sill' Win ii'-nmirii'il to tlii' I'liiiiit ile 
 la .Muivlii'. 
 1316. lU'iiry III. sun nf ,Iiilin ; ii'Ikii Im'^'iih s8 Oi't. : ilii'il 
 16 Niiv. 127J. 
 
 (jiHiDi, Kliiinnr, ilaiiKlitrr nf tlif nimit ilf Pro- 
 vi'iMi'; nianii'il i^,laii. 1236 : wnrvivi'il the king ; 
 ami liii'il in ivm, "i a nmnasti'iy. 
 1272. Kiiwarii I. snii nf Ili'iiiy, snniaiiii'il hniiiKlnniJ:.'; 
 ii'lgn lii'nan 20 Nnv. ; ilii'il 7 July, 1.(07. 
 
 yiifcii.i, Kli'iinni' nf Cistilr; nuiuii'il in 1253; ilii'il 
 
 nf 11 I'l'Vl'f, nil lll'l' .i Ill'y tn Sriitlallll, at (.Imilt- 
 
 liani, ill l.iiii nliisliiii', i^c^i. 2. Marnni'i't, sinli'i' 
 nf till' killK' nf [''ralin-; lliallii'il 12 Hl'pt. layg, 
 siirviviil till' king, ilying in 1 )i7' 
 
 1307. Eilwiiiil II. s r Kilwaiil I. ; ri'ign lii'gaii 8 ,liily ; 
 
 ili'tlirniii'il vo .Inn. 1327: miiriliml at Ui'iki'ii'y 
 I'listil', 21 Sl'l't. fnllnwing. 
 [An insi'iiiitiiiii intri ' ,,'<tli'nt .Mi'lazzi-.Tii'ilnmnt, stall's 
 that 111' I'scapfil fini, Ki'iki'h'y casth', was shi'ltiTi'il liy 
 l>niii',lnlin XXIl. at Axigiinii. Afti'i- Inlig vvnncli'i'ing, 
 ii'siih'il si'i'irtly in this castli' 1330-33. llip'iilni liy 
 count Xi'gia, (id., iSwi.l 
 
 yiicfii, Isiiln'lla, ilaiighti'mf the king nf Krani-c ; 
 InaiTii'il in no8. On tin' ili'iith, hy tin' gililii't, nf 
 liir favnunlc Mnrtiiin r, slir was niiilini'il I'ni- tliii 
 
 Henry V. iisi',1 1 nly 3 Hruis ih' lys. 
 
 Mary I. iinarti'ivil thi' jui'i iiling with tlio iirins nf lier 
 husli.inil riiiliii II. nf, Spain. 
 
 tSirKK KlSlinnM. 
 
 iiaiMt's I. mill his siii'i'('s.<,ir,< fninliini'il thr anus nf Kiig- 
 liinilanil Krain'c (ist ai"l h ipiarti-r); -ml. tliu linn 
 rani|iant nf Ki'ntlanil , ;,. tin' I'li'li nf ln'laml. He 
 intrnilni'i'il the nnii'urn as ,1 \'-v nf ili" arms. 
 
 Genigi'l..Uiiii'ge 11. anil o'enu ' ' i''' ' Hli'U.l the arms 
 nf lirunswick. 
 
 ]U 1801 the arms nf Frani'e w ■' • ''' n. In ..■..() the 
 arms were modilied thruiu'i li " -r ''■''■.: jiaiile a 
 Kingilnm. 
 
 ViiTiiKiA. In 1837 the arm., I « 'i,;, i-r v "fp oinitteil. 
 The arms are imw: istanil •"' i| ..rli; 3 i.iiiis pa.ssant 
 fiirKnglaml ; 2nd, liuuraiii^ ;siU'urSc'jimid ; ji'd, hurp 
 for Ireland. 
 
 11 ,,1 nf ii. 1 nf. In her nwii Iiimihu at KiniiiK*, n,.,, 
 
 I.yiiii. iiHil illi 'I ill 1357. 
 1337. Kdwiird l(f )ii« ..i/ii: relgu liegiin 35 .la.i. ; ,||,,,i 
 
 at ,)iini', 1377. 
 Qiirrn, I'hlllppii, danglilrr iirilii'i*iinntnri|iiiii;iii|i 
 
 miiirii'd III i\26;illi'i| is Aug. 1 (^i,|. 
 1377. Hii'hiird II. snii nf Kilwanl the Mhnk Trliii',' n,,! 
 
 griiiiils..n nf Kilwiml III. ; reign I.i-:mi jj.ii,!,,,', 
 
 detlll I .'li ]<) Sept. I iiii> ; siilil tn ha\,' Ikiii .„„,' 
 
 i(d'n( .1' Pniiifrei eastle, lu Fell. ij,. . 
 (Jiirriif, ,\'">w nt llnhemla, sister nf t|„ i'iiM„.rii, 
 
 Weiii'i-slaiin nf (iertnaiiy ; niarrieil In ,liiii. ,.^j, 
 
 died 7 ,llllie, 131)4. 2. Isilliella, i|;ily|i|, j 1,1 
 
 Chailes VI. nf Kraliee ; miirrled wlan .nih'M'v,.!, 
 
 Vialsnld, 1 Nnv. I uA 'Ml the ill'pn.,ili,,i|,,||||,| 
 
 linsliaii'l she retiiini'd tn Fniiiei", iiiirriHt il„. 
 iliike nt Orleans and died 13 JSept. 14. ,g. 
 
 IIIII'SK OF LANCAMTFll. 
 
 ijijg. Ileiirv IV. eniislii nf Hielmrd II. j reign 1„.mii 
 
 30 Sept. ; died 2.1 .Maleh, iiij, 
 
 (JiiiiKx, Mary, daughter nf the e.iil nf ||i'ii.fMr,|. 
 she died liel'n;i' Henry nlitaiiii I tin- H'Umi, i,, 
 1 194. 2. ,liiaii nf Navarre, wi,|,,w nftln' iliiki. ..f 
 Ilii tagne : inarried 14113; siiivive,! tliekiir 
 died 14)7, 
 1413. Henry V. his snn ; r.'ign liegan 21 Miirrli;,|i„| 
 
 31 Aug. 1422. 
 
 yiiM'ii, Catherine, daughter nf the kiiigi,r Fm 
 
 Inarried 30 .May, I4.'n. She niitli\i'.i lli'iiry.iinii 
 
 WHS married In Oweii Tudni', gmiulfiithi'r ..f 
 
 Henry VII., in 1423 ; died 1417. 
 1433. Henry VI. his snn ; ieign liegiin 1 Sept. ; i|,.|ii„|.,| 
 
 4 Slaiell, 1461 ; said tn have Ih'I'Ii mfinhinl 111' 
 
 liiihaid, duke nf Cilnueester, in tin. Tiiwrr, 30 
 
 ,lune, 1471. 
 Qiiri-ii, .Margaret, daughter nf the iluke iif ,\ii|ini . 
 
 iniiiried 22 April. 1,145; survived the kins ■ 'ilini 
 
 25 Aug. 1481. 
 
 llnrsK OF vnllK. 
 1461. Kdward IV. ; died April, 1485. 
 
 Villi". Kliziilietli, ihiiighler nf .'.ir lliilianl \Vi.ik|. 
 villi', ami widnw nf sir .Inlin lliey, nf (ImIh- 
 married 1 1 .1 nr 14^.4. Su>piitiirnf fiivnimi,,, 
 the ill'-ill .' ' linn nf l.alllliert Silntiel ; allil cIilm.! 
 her life in ennlliiement, 8 .lime, i4r,2. 
 1483. Edward V. his snn ; deimsed 21; .luiie, 14S1, ;m.| 
 said tnhiive lieeii in 11 nli nil ni tlie 'I'litter; i'i'ii;ii.i| 
 twn niniiths and thirteen davs. 
 „ lliehard III. Iirnthernf Kdwiiril IV. ; iH-.nitnri'p, 
 26,111111'; fliiiii lit Mnswnrth, 22 Aug. .,|U^. 
 (,i(imi, .\iiiie, daughter nf the earl nl' Wanvi. k.r,!i.| 
 widi.w nf Fdward, prime nf \V,ili<. iinii.|ii,| 
 1471. She is said tn liiive lui'ii |»,is,iiir.| u 
 Kiehard (having died snilileiilv. if, M.nvli, i(a:i, 
 tn make way I'nr his intended marriage Hitli|iniii 
 eess Klizalieth of York. 
 
 llofSB OK Tl'DlUt. 
 
 1485. Henry VII. (snn nf Kdiiiimd 'riidnr, earl nf Hi,!i. 
 inniid, ami Margaret, danglitir nf ,l,,|iii Iti'.iiifni, 
 duke, nf Siinierset, li'gitiiiiated dr.sirii laiil "( 
 
 JnllU nf liallnt, duke nf l„ineasti'r); iH'iliilil, 
 
 reigii 22 Aug. ; died 21 .\pril, nog. 
 Qxinii, Klizalielh nf Vnrk, prime.ss nf Eir.''.' 
 
 daughter nf Kdward IV. ; inarried :S Jan. 1. ■ 
 
 dieii II I''i'i. 1503. 
 1509. Henry Vlil lii.s snn ; iK'gaiitn reign, 2jA|iril ■! ' 
 
 28 Jan. 1547. 
 Qiieiii.i, Catherine nf Aragnli, wiilnw of 'i 
 
 ehler lirnther, Arthur, prii nf Walis : ni;in> , 
 
 II June, iwij: nintlier nf ipic'ii .Maiy ; r-'t'ii'i.- 
 
 ated, and afterwards fninially ilinniiii, 23 .lliH. 
 
 1533 ; died 7 JiMi. 1536. 
 
 2. .\nne Ilideyn, daughter nf sirTliniuas lli'lmi, 
 .•mil maid nV linimnr to Catherine; i,riviit,l\ 
 married, liefnre Catherine was liivuii-i'il, nS"\ 
 i532,iirJan. 1535: mntiiemf queen KlizalKtli 
 lieheaded at the 'i'nwer, iij .May, Ijifi. 
 
 3. Jane Seymnur, daughter nf sir.iiiliii Sr,viii"iir. 
 .and mai I nf hniinur tn Anne llnlevn : iiiarrii'l 
 20 May, 1536. the day after Anne's exi'i'iitimi; 
 "■ ■- nf l-.ihvanl VI. nf wliiim she iliiil i:. 
 
 nth. 
 . hihlliirth, 
 Anne 
 
 , o,t. 
 
 if Cleves, 
 
 i'l. nf wlliim sllo 
 
 ster nf Willi.llll, illllcf it 
 
 Cleves ; mariieil 6 Jan. 1540 
 1540; died I5i7. 
 
 ilivureeJ 10 July, 
 
 1 
 
 5. Catheriini I 
 I'nlk ; timrriiii 
 
 ■■$*'■ 
 
 6. (iitheiliie r 
 Parr, and w.d 
 uJiily, 134 1; 
 <lle lir.irlied I 
 .siidley ; died 
 
 114;. Kiliviml VI, Him 
 ilieilfiJnly, I 
 
 1(11. Jane, , laughter I 
 liirKlalldfiird 
 iliiilliiif Kdw, 
 111 nrivale life 
 
 12 Fell. 1J54, \ 
 
 1J53, Miiry, ilaiigliler 1 
 iiuirried I'lillij 
 .Ni.v. 1,58. 
 
 1353. £Iizalieth, daiigli 
 died 24 .Maivli, 
 
 llnCi 
 i5j3. Jalilen I. nf ftiij;! 
 .Mary, i|iieen 1 f 
 yiiiY". Anne, I'ri 
 Fieilei lei. 1 1. 
 Mareli, ioi,;. 
 16)5. Cliiirles ]. Ills son 
 1649. 
 Vi'i'ii, Heiirli'tfii 
 king nf Fraiii'i 
 ViVeil till' king ; 
 lJ4g. L'ilM,\ln\WK,\l,TII. 
 tirtor, 16 lie.'. 
 
 fur tlie ereetini 
 vntsd hy the 1 
 ilrawn, 17 Jiini', 
 
 1638, Riiliaril Ci'iiniwe 
 Si'jit. ; resigned 
 
 t(io. L'liarli's II. snn nf 
 
 (Jllrril, Catllen.ie n 
 
 ilallgllternf ,liili 
 
 iiiarried 21 May 
 
 tllrlleil tn I'.iltllj 
 
 i63j. James II. his lii,,|| 
 1688 : ilieil in e.v 
 [<<t »■;/;■, Ann II 
 eai'I nf Clareiiih 
 1(71 : niiitlier nf 
 t'Mi,i,.Marv lleiitrii 
 i.f Aiphnlisn ,|' 
 i'7.i; in 1688 1 
 ilii'il at St. (ii'ini, 
 
 1689. Willlaiii III. piinr 
 i/i'i'ia, iliingliter 
 I*;?;; liegan theli 
 28 (lee. 1694. 
 
 I 4, Wiliiaai III.; died n 
 1702. 
 
 1702 Anne, ilaiigliter nf 
 prime nf llemnai 
 tlietlunne.S Man- 
 all iif H-lli lii'.l 
 
 ei'.iter, li,irn 24 ,1 
 lest her husliand, 
 
 IlillM; OF IIAXnVKR, 
 
 14. Gi-iirgel. I'lc'tM' (,f 
 wiek-I.iiii,-l irr; :. 
 tirnf Klizaln-th, t 
 n June, 1727. 
 ','»i./i, ,s,,plii,-i.|lnrnt: 
 Zell : liieii in prisi 
 
 i;.'7. Oi-ii|p'|l. liissnll; , 
 
 <."i"", Willii-lniiniiC 
 
 liiiig Aiispai-li ; I 
 
 '717- 
 
 i;6o, Gi-iiige III. grandsm 
 
 1820. 
 
 V""'M'hai-lntte Sni 
 
 ■Mi-iklelil,iMg.St|-e| 
 
 , I'ieil 17 Nov. 1S18. 
 
 lii-'o. Oi'oige IV. Ills snn ; , 
 
 ','"-r,-i, Carnline Aiii 
 
 iliil(eofHn,iiswiek 
 
 .s n.,',r^"*-''.'S='(^'''''ii'l 
 iSjo. \\illiam IV. Iji-othert 
 
 '837- 
 
 
KNGLANI). 
 
 ;s7 
 
 5. CiitlMiiM.' ll,i»iii',|. nil'. f til., iiiiki. ,.r V .. 
 
 ^ I'lillii'ii'"' Piiriir I'liiT, cl,|imi,i,,-,,f ....-ri, . 
 
 ;!:n;:;:';''^H;l.":'.;';!rr-'>-----"Vi:;;!; 
 
 ENor.AXD. 
 
 ""■"'!K'!i!,ir:;'(,'''""-»-^'"'' <'''••' «••> 'r, 
 
 ,5,3, JlmT,.«ll^-l rinl llrhrv(l,yc„tl„.,.|,i,''„f \,,iu„„> 
 IliiCHK CIK lidir 
 
 Man';;,'';-,,,"- '"""""' ^^ -^"^ -s^; uij:' 
 
 i6i5. t-h;iHr« 1. lilH Hon ; hvhauhl nt Wliltflmll, 30 Jan. 
 
 Tl'd'il, lO I't'i', ifiei; t (-1I I Sent ./--c. ,. . * 
 
 fur tlu, ..r.K.ti.„ „l'„|,s „„-^„;",I '■ C;,,^",' 
 VMt.,1 hytl.M ..„Mm,.,ns, u .luiir; vule vlt h 
 lirawn, 17. Jiiiii', 18(15. lum wmi. 
 
 1658. Hi. haul iMiMiHcll, iriM son, i»a(|(. |,|„t,.,.(,„. , 
 Scl.t. ; icHijiiicI 23 Apjil, ,65,, ' iiK tdi, ^ 
 
 i6«o. L'liaijcs II. »(.M (.CrliiiHis I. ; ,|f,.,| ,-, ivi, ^p 
 
 V«(;('a, CWIicn:!" ;if HniKahza, infanta of' r„rtni.a| 
 .laiiKM,.n,f .John IV. and si.stcof Alf, ns v ^ 
 niart,., =, May, ,r,f„ ; suivivcl the k,m- ,v' 
 tiirncl to I'oitiiKal ; dlnl ,, |i,.,. ,,.,, "^ ' "^ 
 
 1685. Jlllias il. hiH l.rotl,,.,'; nl„n,„,,;l |,v liiL'Tit ,, n,., 
 
 (..Ml y;. Anr. Ilv.l,., danKhtcr cf KdH,,,,! Hv.l,. 
 call (.f ( aicn.|(,n ; nianicl Sept. ,f,,J Vii 'i' 
 .67,;n,,,f,(.r.,r.|n(rns.Man.n. !,,,,|". ;;. ''^'' 
 
 Q,nr,,iluy llcafn,.,.. |,nn.....ss „f .M. na. danihtcr ' 
 
 ..r AI|i|,on».. .riCHtc, ,|„i„, . nianicl .. v . 
 .'7.1; Ml ,(i88 ictiicd Hill, ,j;,„„,^ t., Vran.'t '. 
 ili.'.lat St. (icniiains^ ,;,j ii.(n. t , 
 
 .689. Willian, III. |.n„..(. oMnauK,., Inif. and Man- 
 ''" ,'la"Kl"'i: "f J'lru.'s II.; nmiTicd 4 .N( •' 
 
 Jspiv.'X ■'''''''*''''■'■' '■'"''■ "^^''' •^'"^- -"'■'' 
 
 I 4. William III.;. lied ofu fall fnnn liUli..r«., s Maivli, ' 
 i?oi. Aiiii.', .laiixhtcr of .lann'H II. • ,naiTi...l n..oim 
 
 Kin.rof ll,.,iniaik, ,S ,lnly. ,68,; siw. 1,., It.; 
 
 tl.•tll..|,.^s.^a..■l,.,7o2,.l,a,|s(.vn,l..(M,..|j|l , 
 
 ■■•^ Cr, i...in .4 .„ly, ,689, .lic.l ,., .]nW ,yaJ- 
 IM 1„T l,u,,l,au.l. 2S Oct. ,708 ; (lied , An-^^V 
 
 5"t ■.l.il.l'cnlivM, '.""""■ '"■'■" =7 J"... .85.;; ami 
 
 <'.M,i..k. .,,,.1 1 i/ ' ' ' '/''r'lj-' ;."'■' '•' 'I'-tn'. 
 
 18' •„ /.«,„.. .I,,,.,,; ;.. ,' '",'• ■f44) 10 ."tlalvl,, 
 '/m/,4. ,>„;., ", ^ ''/'"■• '';■'■" S .'(in. ,864; 
 
 1-Mwai.l Ali;..,trVst,;''V''. '"■''■ ',■''">'■ '"'" = 
 AlLcit Kiv.|(.,-i,.k , , ' I." "' •'""•■■ '^''•♦: 
 
 AlcNandm. ...•>;• If,.^"'' '' '5 : Viotori;., 
 Louise. (,.„■„, V.d, Lk . V . ^-^ ;*'"■''■ '^"7 ■• 
 
 ((W,u/. ..,,) , .|,,|v s! r "'••""•-l>itnii»ta.lt 
 
 |-...cK,/.);,/'„ , ,\i„ .^^ <'';»■'■>■ ;'".«x,/., annnity 
 
 ::ri;;ni;;;! - "f ■ -^:1m ■•;:;:;:;;,,^rd^;; 
 
 ..ssassina/i;,;, ■\'r' ;, "Vv :;n"'.,^;:' ,;«?' v "--' 'i-' 
 
 Manh. ,BM. ,..;:... , """..:" '"" .'ack.son. ij 
 
 i;: 
 
 H.ns,; .,K iiAxo,-. „. (^,,,e /;,„„.,..■(•,•/,■ and /•,,^. ) 
 
 t.n.n.lual,Hl,.tl.e(la,,,l,,.,,,fj,„,,,,,.^,,t,,, 
 
 ■7J7- <!c"ivc II. his s.,n ; .|i,,| j, o,., \'°^ 
 
 I'liiK An»i.a.'h; n.amnl ,705: die.l ,0 Nov. 
 
 iSmCi..aKe|y.his..i(,n;.li,.d26,Tun(>. ,8 
 
 Oiriilini' Ai.„liaA 
 
 ■■'tlPa'd,,,',,- .\ ,^' •'! ''.■'■'-''"■"I, tlcct. Fcl,. ,886 
 
 ;-:;.":Bi';rJi,S^rQ^?T?''<- 
 
 ■'M.U"tl,..r.liild,.H; "^"'"'' '"""'4 Aj.nl, .867 : 
 Ainciica. and Austral si Of vr'; H'''; '^^"''"- 
 
 kc. ••K.n,.r..sV.,f Id ;^.Y,,,;,V;';f;;''''''"fV"' <■'''"'•'' 
 
 r.,l..Tdal<...nf,:n.nr. i M.,v- '.pel ■"''''• •^;"'"'>- T'"' 
 tit f licr mai, stv sl.o.M.'l ?,^' "■"■"";'>'<>'M that tin' 
 
 'liik.'.ifllnniswii'k 
 
 iKiLsta, (lanKlitcrof tl ( 
 
 lliijw-;-,df|ieir^ tl 
 
 iiTr..r.' 
 
 ,7 Amj:- 1S21 (Si 
 
 ric(l8 April 
 
 •Sja William IV. br 
 >8J7- 
 
 i1i;'lcVa,.,.,iO/,„/,„,.) 
 
 ■793 
 
 (lii'd li 
 
 t He was li.irn 2 X.i 
 
 (' married Vict. 
 
 UtllLT of li 
 
 wi'ge IV. ; dicdao Jii 
 
 l.cinin;;. 
 
 ria-M.iria-1.. 
 
 1 7*^7 
 
 and (Ii,.,l 
 
 C'ol.iiiies iin.l 
 1 Jan, 1820 : 
 
 11. sist.'r of I.. 
 
 uisa(wi,l.,vv,irthe ,„-i 
 
 aunt to the pr 
 
 17 Ajig. 1786; and died ,0 m" 
 
 in.'O c.nis.irt 
 
 l'"|.|, kin^of the H.d^ 
 
 I Mi 
 irch, 1861 
 
 „mns. anil 
 1818. bh(; was born 
 
 c 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ^¥ 
 
 w ^^^^- '•* 
 
 li^ 
 
 w 
 
IM 
 
 
 KNGLISH CHIKCH UMUX. 
 
 Auiiii ii-Willi.nii-l'nliiik-.Mii.it, I'l 
 
 lll^llc'l lIllUl' I't Cnllll.lll 
 
 ;lit. will of Sus 
 
 M.iy, iSso ; 
 
 .str.itlii'.iiii, 
 1370, I'liiirv 
 
 Miiv, 1S74 : 
 
 •,/ 
 
 n 
 
 Mmvli, 
 
 ,,"l i,!- .Mill..':Mct "f I'nissill (In 
 
 ,llll 
 
 186"). /•■.■" 
 
 Miirair.t. /" 
 
 i^ •liiit, 1 
 
 25 
 
 Arlliiii' I'lcili-iii-k, i"" I 
 I'alriti.i. 17 Murcli, lii' 
 
 l>i.-tlict. All;,'. 1890. 
 1,1:1. l'i.l.li-Hi-ii|';;i'.lilllM'.lli-. Ml 'lit. '" 
 
 ,liiii., i3i,i ; Viitcniii 
 
 '('■'iiimiiiuli'r-iii.rliii't' »t 
 
 iviiiiiiiiiiiiU'i'iiftlii' S. Jlilitary 
 
 Vi.t.-il 
 
 5.000/. 
 
 :\v l.y |i;illi:i 
 
 • •lit, 
 
 cli'iit^il hiilMii .Vi-iili^w, fall •■! t'liiri'iMT 
 
 .\ll^ali\. 
 
 Mii\. iJ3i 
 
 7 .^I'lil, 1S53 : 
 1 ,lul\ , 1074 ; 
 'mill iluki' of 
 llik'iip, 
 
 4tli iliiu,:,'liti'r 01 till' I'liiii 
 
 [•niii- 
 nf WaMi'ik-i'vniiont, 27 
 
 April, i332. 
 
 April, 
 Aiiii' 
 
 lililii'lilll ihi-oliii' ;;raliti'il. :!i 
 1(1../ at Caliii.N jj .Mari-li, 1334. /.- 
 
 hi 
 
 Man, lii.ni aj Ki'W., i33 : ; l.f'i'i^lil tliark's 
 
 iq.lmy. 1834 
 
 9. Bkah'.ii r.-.Miiiy 
 ■ priiii 
 
 5 llrt. i3;3)2i,.lilly. iSSj 
 
 \ii-tiii-i.i-l-Vii'li>iv. '•••Ill 14 A|inl, 1857; 
 lli'iiiv Miiiinri' of llatli'iilici;.'!'". 
 
 ll" lln''l, SIM' A-^llililln.'t^ 20 
 
 i3,jo. 
 
 AliAaii'li'i' Alljcr!, '"• 
 
 i33o ; \ irl'iiia Kii^iiiiii' 
 .Maiirici', 1391, 
 
 133; 
 
 l,....l...lil. 
 
 ,.i,i,:i.i : 
 
 Ki'u.|..n 
 
 Mav, i3 
 
 388 ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 Knijlifh hnihrl .s..i ,(■(;/, cstalilislinl tn jinut cM '^X,,^. 
 N:ii-ics, .May, 1873 ; many inililiratiiiiis. ijc,, : ., 
 vols, lip to iSgn. Tin' surii'ly liilli'l) ai'Ii'tl li\ t|„. 
 lati' priiici'l.ouisl.Mcirii liniiapiiiti'. .si'i'/;':ii('(',,,(, 
 
 Kii;ilij.li yri'atlx nsi'il in tin' Kasf, ,Iap:ni, ('liiii;i, \,.] 
 
 Di. S. A. Allilii'iii' s ;'n'al " Critii'al Iticliniin •^ ,,f 
 Kiiili^li l.itriatiii-i'," piililislii'il 111 1839 ami li^, . 
 Ill' ili.'il 12 iSi'pt,, 1889, siipiili'iiiciit liy ,1111111 y\ 
 Kirk '0 
 
 Tl Kirjli^li lliali'ct l>il'tiuliar\'," nliti'il liv'|>i'. "' 
 
 .loi'pli Wri^lit. aiili'il by a huM'iiiini'iii ;;ra';ii i.'f 
 0.W1/. I'ait 1. publi.^lii'il July 1896; vol, (. pnh. 
 
 li.'<ll('ll illllIC, 1898. 
 
 I'lllNCII'.M. HliniSlI .\ND ,XMi:liKAS ,\lill,,||s 
 
 V;".-i.. ■//;.i 
 
 .Iiiiiii Wiiklilli'. / ii..4 , . 
 
 • Ji'ollri'y I li.iiui'r. j'. , . . i32Siii'i;4 '"' 
 
 ,lii|iii liowi'i-, ;,. ... almut 
 
 l'a>tiiii l.i'tti'i>, 1450-1482 
 
 Will, (a.xti'ii 
 
 Sir 'riionia^ .Mori', h. p. 
 
 Sir Philip Siilni'>, K. ji. , 
 
 lloliii>hi'il'» (.'iiii'iiuli'S, 158c, 
 
 ,lollll |-'i,N. t. h 
 
 !lllll 
 
 ilaii^'liti'i- I'f I'liarii'lt 
 Vii'toiia, anil piim 
 
 royal 
 ii'iiiai'l ol'.sa\c-.Mi.'ininj,'i'ii. iSi'i' 
 
 111' piiiii 
 
 Tm: yiF.KX 
 
 , rliililr r William 11. 
 
 AiNT ami Oir>iN- 
 
 .\iiu'U<ta, iliii'ln'ss 
 
 wiiluw 8 .Inly 1830, of iliiki-) of t'aniliriil^i' 
 
 la 
 
 ■a 25 
 
 Jnl.v, 1797 
 
 (i 'i;!' 
 
 / i,lnni', i8i3:./;.i'6 .\pril. 1889. 
 
 ilnki- of raiiiliiiil'41', ioiiiniaiiili'i-iii- 
 
 .Mari'li, i3i I ; I"'.'' ' .Mi>, Kilz-lii'oiiti', 
 
 iliii'f, /" 
 
 ;i,i;i"l 74. 'Ii"l 12 .Ian. 18911. 
 
 ihn:.ihlr, 
 
 liuiU'-Stri'litz, /ill 
 
 1843 
 
 Nov. 1811 : 1"" 
 
 cflVrk."' 
 
 .\llKiista 
 
 I'P 
 
 mainl ilni'lii 
 
 ,liily. 
 
 ■ 8.1 
 
 i.r Mci'kli'li- 
 
 'i( 28 JllIU', 
 
 ml tlm luim-i'ss .Mary of (.'anilniil;;!', '"'/-a 27 
 ■(■1/ to till' priiiii' Kiaiii-is, now iliiki'. 
 
 .liiiii' 
 
 1866; .';../, 
 
 Ailiiiplii 
 
 I'l'aiii-is ai 
 
 • (let. 1B97 
 
 y...«ii' 
 
 ll AlexamliT (ii 
 
 hi'l' 
 
 tlaiiuhti'r, Vivtoi-iaMaiy (.'/"n). 
 
 ■i( to tllL' iliiku 
 
 of ioik, M'e l.iiijl" 
 
 ,lnU 
 
 ENGLISH CHURCH UNION, ostal.lisluil 
 
 wlicll It OOIIM; 
 
 »ti'(l lit 210 mcmlic'i'i : tlu'i 
 
 iibji'it is til (lofciiil till 
 
 18O0, 
 
 22,100 ill 1888, Its 
 
 Cluiri-li of Kiij;liinii a 
 
 iloitriiK' iiiiil litiiijiy, iiiiil licr li^lit to ri'jiuliitc I 
 
 own iitliiii-s; and lias siipiioiti'il rli'i-gynicii who liiiv 
 
 111 IN 
 
 aiiiieiit niiistitiition, 
 
 icr 
 
 Hutti'i'i'd for so doinjj 
 
 Am 
 
 mill liU't'tiims aie 
 
 hold. 
 
 Tho 
 
 lion I'anii'i-tlv protc.-ti-'il an 
 
 St tliu Welsh 
 
 disostablisliiiii'lit hill, -Mav, 181)4, 
 
 ENGLISH LAXGl'AGE is tiacod from the 
 Fri>ian variety of the Teiitoiiii' or (Jeriiiiinii- hraiieh 
 of the gi-eat Imlo-Kuriiiieaii family. " Tlio Kiislis'i 
 
 toiiiTue possesses a v 
 
 siali 
 
 erhi 
 
 italile power of expi'e 
 ei' stood at the I'omiiiand of 
 
 any other language of man, 
 L'eltii- pii'\.'iili'il in Kii;.'laiiil 
 
 Lati 
 
 ntroiliii 
 
 aliout 
 
 Saxiiii pii'VaiN (Hi'invnir : I'li'iliiion ; .Mfii'il) 450-1066 
 
 Latin ii--iiitriiilii I by nii>>ioiiarii'- 
 
 Niiii,iaii-l-'iiiiili liiiiin- «itli Kii-li>li 
 
 Williaiii I. ami lii» smii' 
 
 596 
 10^6-1250 
 
 ^>iii> ii^'-'l r;iii;li>li ill tlii'ir 
 
 laws, \i'. ; it was silpi'l>i'ili'il b\ l..itiii in tin 
 ii'i;;ii of lli'iiiy 11. Xonnaii-Kri'iiili wa- not um'iI 
 in law-ili'i'iU till tile I'vitin of lli'iny III. 
 Eai'lv KiiL;li>li . .... 1250- 
 Till' pii'^i lit Kn^ilisli si'ttli'il in tin- i6tli ( Inry 
 
 Law p! 
 Kilw: 
 
 nliii: 
 
 I'll' niaili' in Liiu'li.-li by onler of 
 
 ■ll III iiisti'ail of in Kii'inli 
 
 Till' Kirjli^li ti'ii;;iii' ami Kn,i;li>li apparel wi'iv or- 
 
 ili'ivil tol'i-iiM'ilin Iri'lainl. j3 lli'ii. VIII. 
 
 Till- Kn^ili^li la!i;.'iia;; 
 
 i|l-li'iltobi'll-.'i|i 
 
 .36^ 
 
 law.>iiit>.aml tlm Latin i|i>ii-i'il 
 
 Mav, 
 
 I'llta.^i' 
 
 liibli' 
 
 iif .Vsoi.o-.s.wnN Hiiiii> in tin' Knxli.'li 
 
 97; Swift, 89: Sliak'ilii'arr .iml Tlmnisiin, 
 
 .\ii.|i> 8) : Spi'iisi'iaml .Milt 81 : Lmki 
 
 1731 
 
 Vonn;;. 79 ; I'ojii'. 76 : ,1 
 II, G3 : lliinii', 65 ; (iihbnn, 53. Mv 
 
 1"^ 75 
 
 Hobeit- 
 
 Of 100,000 Knj,'li»li worils. fx>,i>K> are of Teiitoiiie 
 origin; 30.000 Oreek and Latin; ami 10.000 from 
 other soiiiri'>. 
 
 Imi''H i:i"jlhli Ti:rl ^O'Uiij I'l'ijfin imMisliin-' , 
 
 1864 
 
 I'Mmiiml .spi'iiMT. ;i. 
 liii ll ml liiiiiki'i', I. 
 Win. Sliak>pi',iri', 1/. , 
 W.iltiT li.ili'i-li. /.. i: , 
 I'iaiiri> llai on. (i/i. . 
 liiiii';^'' llerbi'it. /.. 
 Hi'ii ,liin>on, (/. 
 IMiilip .Ma»iiim r. ('. . 
 Kilniiiml Waller, /'. . 
 ileii'iiiy Taylin. I. 
 .Vliraliaiii I'owlev, ;■, 
 ,loliii Milton, I'. '. 
 I.^aar ItalTow, /. 
 
 Th as lliibbi's, ;i/,i7, , 
 
 ,S;iiiiiii'l Hiitler, /'. 
 .Iiiliii Kiinvaii. /. . 
 ,liilin DiMleii, /.. 
 ,lolin I.orke, ;.A. , 
 ,liiM'|.|i .VililiM.n. 1: . 
 Mattlii'W I'rior, j: 
 
 liiili.ir.l Sti-eli', c. . 
 
 Kanii'l III' l-'iu-, ,1. Jill/. . 
 ,loilll (lav, ;i. . 
 .Mi'Namli'i' I'lipi'. )i. 
 .lonatliali Swilt. 11. )i. 
 .laiiii'.^ 'riiiiiiiMHi, ji. 
 Henry I-'ielilinu. 1,. 1/. 
 Sam. lltrlial'il.-^on. 11. • 
 
 Kilwaril Yonii;;. y. . 
 
 Lauri'me .Stenie. ii. 
 
 Mark .\k^■Il^ille. /i. . 
 Tl a> (ii.iv, p. . 
 
 Tiibia- Siiiolli'tr. ,1. . 
 
 OliM'r (liiliUmitli. ,1. p. 
 
 Daviil llilliii'. h. ph. . 
 
 Saliim-I ,lollll.■^oll, ('. a. )>. 
 
 Iti'iijaiiiin I-'ratikliii, 71/1. pi./. 
 
 Wiliiani HobertMin, h. 
 
 Kilwaril (libboii. /(. . 
 
 Hubert liunis, p. . 
 
 Kiliiiiiml Hiuke, p../, 
 
 William lowpiT, p. 
 
 ,lohii Keat> /', , 
 
 I'l'ii-y 1). Sli.'lle>, p. 
 
 (leiiiLje loril lU roll. p. . 
 
 (li'oi-'je (.'rabbi', p. . 
 
 Walter Si'iitt. 11, p. 
 
 Samni'l T. L'uleriilHe, p. ph. 
 
 Cliarli's Lamb, c. . 
 
 William Cnlibi'tt. pi./, c. , 
 
 llobert SoiithPy, p. h. . 
 
 Tliiiiiia> .\niolil, /.. , 
 
 Thoinas (.'anipbeil, p. , 
 
 Siilm'\* tSmiili, r. pul. 
 
 Tli..ni'as U 1, /.«iii, . 
 
 Kil'jar Allan I'oe, ;., 
 
 .Maria I'Mui-wmth, ». , 
 
 Win. Wonl'-wiirtli, p. 
 
 .7. I'l'iiimoii- (_'oii[u.i, ,1. 
 
 .loanna liaillie. p. 
 
 Tliiimas .Mooi't', p. vt. . 
 
 .lolm Wilson, p. , , 
 
 Samuel Hii:,'i'rs. p. 
 
 about 
 
 1 i;4. 
 
 t Ij.'O 
 
 '1U2 
 
 . 1421 
 
 '<.! 
 
 , 145..' 
 
 '515 
 
 • '551 
 
 '501) 
 
 , 1,17 
 
 l;j; 
 
 t 1553 
 
 '5'/ 
 
 • "553 
 
 '(ii>j 
 
 . l:' : 
 
 '616 
 
 . 1. - 
 
 I'jii 
 
 . iS'ii 
 
 1626 
 
 • '5.3 
 
 16,3 
 
 ■ 1574 
 
 '6,17 
 
 ■ 15^4 
 
 lOjo 
 
 . l'-''5 
 
 16:7 
 
 . lfi.3 
 
 '007 
 
 . l'«.3 
 
 10;, 
 
 . l6;o 
 
 1677 
 
 . i;i3 
 
 16;^ 
 
 . 1012 
 
 166a 
 
 . I(i2i 
 
 '6bi 
 
 . 16,1 
 
 17C3 
 
 . 1632 
 
 1704 
 
 . 1672 
 
 '71* 
 
 . 16114 
 
 17..1 
 
 . 1671 
 
 '7.> 
 
 . iSij 
 
 17a 
 
 . i6Jc; 
 
 17; J 
 
 . 1633 
 
 '7U 
 
 . 1667 
 
 174; 
 
 . 171X. 
 
 17(1 
 
 . 1707 
 
 '7;* 
 
 . I63i^ 
 
 1701 
 
 . i63i 
 
 17'-'5 
 
 . '7'.' 
 
 ITC: 
 
 . 1721 
 
 '.'■' 
 
 . 1710 
 
 '7;i 
 
 . 1720 
 
 1:71 
 
 . 1723 
 
 '774 
 
 . 1711 
 
 '77'' 
 
 . '7C) 
 
 \-M 
 
 . 1706 
 
 'If 
 
 • '72' 
 
 '7>; 
 
 • 1737 
 
 'M 
 
 • "5') 
 
 '7* 
 
 • 172.) 
 
 'hi 
 
 . 173' 
 
 ISiw 
 
 • '795 
 
 li.'l 
 
 ■ '79." 
 
 IS.. 
 
 . 1733 
 
 lS.'4 
 
 • '7.54 
 
 iS;^ 
 
 ■ '77' 
 
 iS:; 
 
 . 1772 
 
 ii;t 
 
 . '775 
 
 15;, 
 
 . 1762 
 
 iSii 
 
 . '774 
 
 1S4: 
 
 • '793 
 
 IS,; 
 
 • '777 
 
 13(4 
 
 • '77' 
 
 lit! 
 
 ■ '7 J J 
 
 1!4) 
 
 . l3oj 
 
 <Ui 
 
 • '769 
 
 'in 
 
 ■ '77" 
 
 :S;i> 
 
 • <7'j3 
 
 iSa 
 
 . "763 
 
 iSa 
 
 . 1781) 
 
 i8i; 
 
 . '785 
 
 '!)♦ 
 
 • ^1^:- 
 
 iS.'i 
 
 EXGLIl 
 
 rimrli'lli' lii'inle. n. 
 K. T, Cliaiinin},', m, 
 Hi'iirv I'all.ini. /(. 
 •niMiiiiis ill' liuiiR'i'V, 
 l.i'i;li limit. 1. . 
 Willii.iii rii'M'.'lt. /i. 
 ■Wiisliiii^'t'.ii Irviii};, / 
 T. II. M.naiilay, /(. p. 
 Kliz. (Ilarii'tl) Hri.wi 
 ^ir Funieis I*;ilL'i'a\*i', 
 All).. Uiiliil. Wliati'ly 
 Will, M. Thai'iii'iay, . 
 W. S. I.iiiiiliir, III. 
 Niillil. Ilawtliiinie, n 
 W. Will «ill. "1. . 
 lliiirv li.nl Miiiii^'liaii 
 riiarl'i'i Ilii-ki-iis. .1. 
 
 Mr,). ll..lSrlHl. /)/(, . 
 
 <iiiir;;i- Tiikmir, h. 
 <;. dniti'. /(. 
 Kibvil. Hiihvi'il.yttiiii 
 .li.liM Stii;irt Mill. ph. 
 IlivaiiW. I'loi'tiTC'li 
 .Vrtlairlli'liis. r. . 
 Cliiirl.'s Kiii^'sley, M. 
 Hanii't Maitiiii'aii. m. 
 
 Miiriaii Kv;iiis ("<i ■; 
 
 lli'llialiiiii llisiai'li, liir 
 Tliiiliia.i liirlvli', h. r, 
 11. W. I.i.li^'l'i'lliivv, ;), 
 Daiili'liiiliiiil lii'ssctf 
 I'liiirli'i liaiwin. mi'. 
 
 .\lltl V T;n||i.|il', ,1. 
 
 II. W. KlIli'IMill, f. p. 
 
 Sii ll.iiryT.'iyli.r, p../. 
 JIatlh.'iv .\iiii.|il. />. m. 
 IV. 1;. Piil-ravi., /,'. 
 i;i'i.n;i'l)aii.'i'iirt, /i. , 
 W. K. (Hailstone, M. 
 11, W. IIi'liiii's, ''. ?i. II. 
 .\lfml Tiiiiivs.iiidoril, 
 ThiiiM.K.V. Trnlliipi., II. 
 Ii(il...rl Itriivviiiii;;, /.. . 
 
 Sir Til liii'i' Martin, h. 
 
 Mr*. M. iilipliant. ;.. . 
 .laiiirs .\iirliiiiiv Fromli' 
 ,1. 1!. l..i»ill, h.iiii. p. p 
 .I.iliii Hii*kin, !.!■/ •■rltlc 
 
 lll'llK'l't Spi'lli'l'l', y./i. , 
 
 ,l..liiiTviiilall. III. . 
 K. \. Krri'iiiaii. h. 
 Kr.ini'is Ttiriier l'a]^.ra\' 
 T. II. Iluxlcy, 111, 
 
 1. 1.1.1 I.Vttiill. /J. lit. , 
 
 IM«iii'.\ri|..li|.,,. 
 Will. M.. I lis,.. . 
 A. ('. Swiiil iinii' p. 
 Ii..liiil liiiciuuian, p. 
 II. 1.. S|.vi'ii«iiii. ... , 
 Will Wii;;ir(ii|liiis, ,1. 
 A. «■, Kiii.-laki-, /,. . 
 WalliT Wliitiiiali. .I„i.p, 
 .I..I111 llr.'i iili'af WliittiiT 
 
 .I..I1II A. Svliinli.ls, /(. 
 
 .\ii."ist;i H'.-I.~ii'r. /.. . 
 
 Hal -s 'r,iiitpliii.|is (b 
 
 Kraiuis Parkitian. .Im. h 
 eliarii's Mi'rivali'. /i. 
 
 Iliiiiv Mnili'v. pii.r. . 
 <i"i.r;'i'Mi'ivilitli, p. ;,. 
 
 Kiiiniii.l Vat.-s. „. 
 
 Aiii'iwa ill' dial"' Sii'vi'i 
 tiiri-liiia fli..jri.'iiia H.isst 
 Kir.Iuliii liiihi'it .Si'i'Imv, ; 
 ^iiWalti'il).saiit, „, ■. 
 S'r l.i'ivis Morris, /.. . 
 .Mi-.MaiyAmii.Kv.'ii'tt-(i 
 Alliv.l AiHjiii, ,. . 
 llani'.t ll.'i'i'lli'r Stowe, a 
 I'.ivi'iitiy I'aliMi.ri., ,,. 
 .Ii'aii liis;i'li,u-, ,.. ,.ini| „^ 
 
 ^.1 .l..llli.Sii"i;i.|i (.Sliu'lcy 
 
 Kiain'i< Will. N'l'wiaan, <■', 
 Jaiiii's Piiyii, II. I. 
 
 J. iliiiiiiatist; c. essayist ; 
 Ii. liliscrllillU'iJUS; ii. 110' 
 
 .Mm 
 
EXGLTSH LAXGUAGE. 
 
 ;js'j 
 
 ENGKAVIXG. 
 
 ^^1 
 
 Horn, 
 iSi6 
 1790 
 1778 
 1 7Sn 
 '7S4 
 1706 
 i7f;.; 
 
 17ES 
 17S7 
 
 '77.i 
 .S04 
 
 '794 
 177S 
 iSij 
 179^ 
 '79' 
 '794 
 
 riinrliillc' I!r'>Mfi'. ;i. 
 K. T. ClMiiiiiii};, ii{. . 
 llnirv I'iill.iiM. !i. 
 •J'liMlllils 'I'' yiHiioi'V, c . 
 I,,.ii;li limit- '■ ■ 
 
 wiiiii.iii rii>''"<t. ii- 
 
 Wiisliiiij-'t'iii liviiiK, 11. 7i. . 
 T. Ii. .M.ii-.inliiy. Ii. ;i. 
 Kliz. (Miinctl) lirnwiiiri:,' . 
 Mr Kiiiiici-i r.'iL'i'.'H I', A. . 
 .Vh|i. Hiiii'l. WlKiti-ly, ;./(. 
 
 Will. .M. TIllMKrlMV, II. 
 W. S. I.IIImI"!', 111. 
 
 Nlillil. IhiutlMillii', d. . 
 
 W. WIlf'HVlI. „i. . 
 
 lliiiiv Niiil l!i"ii(;liiiiii, j»J. Ii. 
 Cliiirl'i-i lli.-ki'iis, ,1. . 
 Sir J. lli'isiliil. pit. , 
 Oniric Thkiiiir, /(. 
 
 <i. (Jr.ili'. // ,,□, 
 
 K.hvil. Hiilwcv-l.yttnii,l,.i-.l l.vltiMi, .,. ,1 ,8ot 
 
 ,I„lii,StiurtMill, ;'/i ,f^,g 
 
 lliviiii W. i'r.pi-ti'r("Uan-y Ouiiwiill "), ,,. ,71,0 
 
 .Mtliiii'll.'ll'S. '' ,8,, 
 
 Cliiiilrs Kiii^'sli'y, m ig,; 
 
 lliirriit Miirliiii'iiii, m ,s„, 
 
 MiiiiiiM Kv.iii<("<"'"i^'(' TCIiut") 1;. ,,. . |g;j 
 
 Ilriiiiiiiiin llisiiii'li, Innl JiL-:i islii'M, ,, ,g,"- 
 
 'niiiiiiasi'iirlvl.', ;,. 1: . . . ,,(,- 
 
 I(. W. I..i,i-tWl..vv, /. ,^^' 
 
 lliiiil.'(;iil.riil l!"s<ctti, ji. . . . is^g 
 
 Cliarli's Hiinviii. «".'. ... ' -" 
 
 .\iitl V TihII. ,].,•. ,1, . . . 
 
 II. W. l]llliTS"ll. f. p. 
 
 Sir llioiry 'riiylnr. p.:!, 
 
 Miittlii'w .\rii.'lil, /i. 1/1. 
 
 W. (;. ral^raw, (y. 
 
 (in.lW Haliir..rt, Ii. , 
 
 \\. K. (Ilailstiini', III. 
 
 <i. \V. Hi'liiii's, ■. /I. II. 
 
 .Ufri.lT(iiiivsnii(l,,nl, lESj), yi 
 
 Tl 1,1.^ .V Tri'llo].,., „. . 
 
 liiil»Tt liriivviiiii^, ,/. . 
 SirTlii'"'!"!'!' .Martin, li. p. „i. . 
 Mrs. M. (ili|ili,-iiit. II. . 
 .laiiiw .\litli"liv Frollih', h. m. 
 J. II. I..i«lll, IlilM. p. i«il. . 
 
 Joliii Ijiiskiii, ml .-rllic . 
 lli'rUTt S|ii'iii'i'r, I'll. . 
 
 .liililiTviidali. Ill 
 
 K .V. Frt'f'iiiaii. /'..,. 
 Vr.iiiris 'rnriii'r l'al^'ra\e, n. 
 T. II. Iluxl.y, ,11. . . . ' 
 
 l."it| I.^■ttMIl, ,t. -III. , , 
 IMwiiiAru..!,!.,,. . , . ' 
 
 Will. M.oiis I. 
 
 A. ('. SwinI iinic p. , 
 
 li"liiil Diiciiaiiaii, p. 
 
 II. I.. Sl..v.-ii<.iii, ,(. . . 
 
 Will \Vii:<i.-('.j|iiiis, „. . 
 
 .\. W. Kiii-'iak.', /,. . . . ■ 
 
 Wall.'rWIiitiiiaii. .Ir,i.,i. 
 
 .I.OiiiCiv.iil.vif Whitti.r, .liii. p. 
 
 .I'lllll A. Svilinlids, h. 
 
 Aii.'iisia \V.'l,«i,.r, 1: . . ' . ■ 
 
 ltiirnii.'s<Taiili.|in.iis(h McMit-ciiinv) 
 
 Kiiilin> I'arlililali, .1,,,. ;,. . ' 
 
 'liari.'OI.'rival.'. /,, 
 
 Ih-iiiT Murl.'v. iirMi; . . ■ ' 
 
 <i-ir^TM..r,.,lii|i, ,,. ,,. , 
 
 KJnnii.] Val.-s. 
 
 .\.i:^.M«.l..<;,a—.st..v,.iis..|,„.'„.„l,;„a m\ 
 1 lirMiiia (.•"jr-iiia HnsM'tti, /. ,p, 
 
 Sir.Iolii, U„l„.rtS,.,.!,.v,A. ,,/, " " o 
 
 S'rl.«vis.\h,rris. ,,. . . • • .^iS 
 
 A,',;!l!Si';;r;?""'"'" <«•■-'), a: .s^s 
 
 Ilarrii't U'-i'lM'r Stunv, ,1. " ' " !o'^ 
 
 • '■ivnitrv I'atiiiuri', />. . ' ' ,0 
 
 •I'Mii IiiiTliiiv, ;.. ami II. . ' ' ' '"-' 
 
 ;<a,I„l,iiSli.'lin,i(.s|„r|,,v) ;,.,,_ • • ';■ 
 
 VniiinsWiri. X.'Hfuaii, (. . .p,'' 
 
 Jam™ I'avii, ,1. ,: . ' ■ '°"-' 
 
 ■ ... ;. ._ • • • ' 830 
 
 .1. ilraiimtist: .. essayist ; /,. Iiistoriaii : In,,,,, l,,,,,, 
 «.ims«.llaufW<; «. ijuvdist ; dnt. natiiiali^it; ",. 
 
 ..Soq 
 
 ,6,5 
 • ■?oj 
 
 . I .Srio 
 
 . 18-2 
 
 . l.^jfi 
 
 . 1 Sixj 
 
 . ,809 
 
 . iEo() 
 
 . i8og 
 
 . iSio 
 
 . 1 .S J J 
 
 . i.^Tr, 
 . iSjS 
 . 181S 
 . 1S19 
 . 1 S I y 
 
 . I Km 
 
 ■ lP'-\i 
 
 • '''=4 
 
 . iS-.., 
 
 • i8i4 
 
 • If;? 
 
 . 1 84 1 
 
 . l?,o 
 
 ■ ■'"•-4 
 
 . l.'l.^ 
 
 . 1S19 
 
 . 1S07 
 
 . l"4.> 
 
 . iE4 > 
 
 '.' .82,! 
 . 180S 
 . 1S22 
 . 1S28 
 18,11 
 
 , s, c. 1, o,- xvas ,l,sl„.n-lir,l by tl,. so,.i,.,v of Gray- 
 
 1882 
 1S86 
 iSRS 
 iPES 
 1S91 
 1898 
 .S94 
 1892 
 
 1SS9 
 
 i--al7 
 1S94 
 1891 
 
 18O! 
 .£92 
 
 1S95 
 1S91 
 
 1S56 
 
 - r. Keiicaly. jiiililislicd ii, '■ -:' -■■'-' 
 
 ■8.S9 
 '.i9 
 
 ,£ W'V' -^"f- >^N: ■..nlna ,1 to ,\yr ,„,-l,i-s ;^,ami;^rs 
 i86i I 
 
 .864 i EXGRAVI\({..nsio,„.t.sis nioiiti,n„d E,:„f. 
 .".tg fv VV " '-V'- '^;"'- l-:"-'-"^-!..,^ on plat.s an. 
 
 '^y '.H ,-^^ .|^,'"'- ''"-■ V"''''"''' ''>• ll'""->Uei-. of 
 ,87, piot itcd by ..,.v,.ral .statutes ; aiimn.^- tlif pnmipa 
 .87:, ■ air tbcai-ts i(, ^. iH(i,.n,UI. I"; Tinil i'-"' 1 
 
 ■ 876 ; ""'''I'l. «a.-* slioHii by tl l(vtn.-m-intin" blork 
 
 ,880 ' ';i,"'>l'any in iJitw: src I.ilh,,,!,;,,,,,, mmC Vhott 
 
 ,88, ^"'-;7''V^/^ I"-I.y,aUenna;i,l"';u,'w^l 
 
 8^, I 11 iMji, aiv illustratiuns rn-ravcl upon bln.ks 
 
 ■fi8= 0^','^ 's''"^'*' "■"'" "'■-""■^•* '"''^■" •')■ Jo'ni Lei,L! 
 1882 ' ■•'•-'• 
 
 ^;;^;:av;.,.;;.:,;r;:;r' ^„i'^^.;.::r' - -- i--> 
 
 Th...arl,..st,lat,.k„„w,. „f a ,a,,,p,.,l,,,,.,t,. eni,raviM„. i., 
 
 !:;;;;::;ra^!;;-;-:^r;;;y-"^^-''--- 
 
 Miinint „i.„l,.n: ,t.-I„rs :-.M,.s.srs la a , 1, ]• "j' 
 Haiiii.|-ior,. I- s.-v. ■ 1I,„1,.„. lira.-.|,„.ni Ja a,, .l 
 
 M.^I,,,,,,,.^,.,.Us,U.A..,i, .,.av,.,„o,.„„.2.,,i..,l 
 
 ^j;i:;;::;;:ni:;^y;ra;::;,ti;^i;i';;;it;,:;'-'7lr-:^- 
 
 plaMli;;-i-ai,ls, alHMit 14W (s-a- /',•;„/;„,,). Tli.- ait is 
 I irrnrnl by s..i,m. t., a |-l..r..|,tir.,.. aii.l l,v , 1, ,'s to 
 
 >So^- ' Is \ 1 i , ' "'■"■"■'' ^""' ''''< '■"•'-tliw, ami 
 
 ;89. : :;:':; .^::;-r„--x„-, ■^^?„:^ - ,;:;- 
 -:r :^r:vi:r',ri:';rMU,!:^:i:::'i--'>'"«'>-'"'^-t 
 
 ;|i.;'^,r;b^:,'^a;:;;:i,;-!^^!x;^^y;:;Si^^^^^ 
 ;89r';t:r'27'Apn;::^;,:'' "•■"'' '■'--- 
 
 ; J'ljif'iiNroissai.ltMb.iv,.! n ,li.s,a,v,.n,H,v ,..,) ,-,.„ 
 
 >R«6 . ^./".'^■,|/.,. bv wbi,.I, a s„ft „ii,l l„.;,„tir„l ..fr,vt N „n, 
 
 ■8^7 1 ;^;"n ;,rap':;r''^''" V' " ''■"'-"•■M^m,,.b-a>-list. 
 
 ,8qo I '."-'. '" • "■"•'111 M'.iiis was,lisii,|M„is!i,.,I f,a' 
 
 ■*'9- I ns i.MpruM.,n,.,its i„ ,l,is kiii.l „r .-npavi,,;: ,7^, 
 
 orisi • ' .,,1 ■"■"'." '■'."■"*-''''^"'-"''»-''"a'i''' Willi thf Gi'inians 
 
 '. ' k'lW.'''* W^'^ I I'.sMi 
 
 1^, -^ * 
 
 t*" * . 
 
 \J' 
 
 •t- I 
 
 ) I '" I ' t rn .-i.i>: s.; li 
 ■ ' 'A '"I 
 
 Oi 
 
 ''^J 
 
I 
 
 iw^-j: 
 
 ENLISTMENT. 
 
 390 
 
 EPIC POEMS. 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 ENLISTilENT. Nn pcrsmis cnlistinK iis 
 solilit'i's or tiiiilois all' to lii' swiini iu lii'lciif aniii;,'is- 
 tratf ill less tliaii twnitv -Iciui- liuiirs al'ti'i', anil tlicy 
 are thou at liln'ily Ici witlulniw iipiiii tlu'ir retuni- 
 ins tlie ciilistiiu'iit iir liouiity money, and 21 v. costs. 
 Kiilistnu'Mt is now ciitin ly voluntary. In 1847 tlii' 
 term ofonlistinont w;is liii'iitcd to tfi'i years Cor tlit' 
 infantry, ami tuelvo years lor the cavalry, artillery, 
 and royal marines ; and in lUd;, to twelve years; 
 see Aniii/. ifSo; and i.'S;(), and Foniijii EiiUxtiiwut. , 
 
 ENNISKILLEN (X. W. Ireland). This \ 
 town niikle an uhstinate deleiiee against the army of 
 Elizabeth, 151(5. ■""' rc~i>ted James II., KhSi). 1500 
 Ivnniskillciiers met liis ijeneral .M 'Carthy atXewton 
 lintler with (kjch) men (of whom jCJOoWerc slain, 
 and nearly all the re~t made prisoners), they losing 
 but twenty men, 30 Ju:y, 1O.S9. The dragoon regi- 
 ment, tlie " liin'iskilliiiijcrs,'' was originally re- 
 cruited liere. 
 
 ENOCH, Book of, an apoeryiihal work, 
 quoted liy the lalhcrs. disappeared about the 8th 
 century. A JIS. Klhioidc version was found in 
 Abyssinia by lirmc, and broiinht to England m 
 1773. Of tliis, ar.hliishoii Laurence puldished an 
 English translation in 1821, and the i;thioi)io text , 
 in I«3<S. .Mr. 1;. il, Lharles jiublished in 18(^3 an 
 emended Knglish translation from jirof. LMUniann's 
 Ethiopic text, w ith introduction, notes, A:c. 
 
 ENSILAGE (from ,s(7«, a pit), a system of pre- 1 
 serving corn and green fodder for cattle in pits 
 made air and water tight, recently practised bv 
 French agriculturists: ucscribcd bv.M. tioltiirt anil 
 by professor Tlioinld Hogcrs, Jl.l'.", in Ins "Eiisi- i 
 lage," indilished iNS3. Kn>.ilagc reported successful 
 at I'eckforton, C'hcsliirc, 27 Nov. l!5.S3: commended ' 
 by the prince of Wale- and others at a meeting of 
 the Institute of .\grieulture, 17 .March. 1884; en- 
 silage has been found successful in India, 1884. 
 Eavourablc rejiorts of it i)rivate practical and srien- 
 titie comiiiissioii issued, 5 Aug. 1S85 ; and 14 Jlay, 
 1886; opinions ditlcr as to econonn. Ensilage 
 with building silos practised in 1887. 
 
 ENSISHEIM (K. Frai.ce). Here Turenne 
 defeated the Imperial army, and e.\pelled it from 
 Alsace, 4 Oct. lt)74. 
 
 ENTAIL of estates began with the statute of 
 Westminster, 1285. !5ubse<|uent legislation broke 
 the entail in cases of treason (1534), when the estate 
 is to revert to till' ri-own, and oi bankruiitcv (18^5 
 and 1841)), when it is to bi' sold. The law Jf entail 
 in Seotiaiid was amenilcd in 1S75. 
 
 ENTERTAINMENT ok the Peoi-le So- 
 ciety, lor the very jioor, held first concert at the 
 board seb.ool room, Satlioii-hill, London, ."jaturdav, 
 12 April, 1871). 
 
 ENTOMOLOGY, the science of insects, now 
 mainly based uikmi the arrangement of i.iniueus, 
 'r.59' J{ii>''< " .Mcihcdus Inscctoium," 1705; " In- 
 seclorum Ilisloria." 1710. The Entomological 
 Society of London w.is instituted J Mav, 185^ ;' was 
 made ({..yal, Aug. 1885. J'mt. .(obn (i. W.'s'twood, 
 one of the fountlers, died, aged 87, 2 .Ian. i.Siu. A 
 National Enloninlogii al Exhibition at the West- 
 minster i\i|uarium w,is opened 9 .Manli, 1878. 
 Miss Ormerod aiiijointcd ho ary consulting ento- 
 mologist to the Uoyal .\gricultuial .SoeieH. i,S82; 
 licr ifjth ai.iiuai 
 
 ENA'ELOPES for letters are mr,iti„|„,d 1 , 
 Swilt, 172I). Stamped adhesive envcl,i|i,,s p.., • 
 into general use shortly after the e,stabli>|,|i,cii't „f 
 the penny postal system, roJan. 1,840. .\I:i, hi,,, '' 
 for their manufacture was patented bv Mr {:„■„,.■,, 
 Wilson in 1844; and by ileasrs. E. Hill ami Wanvn 
 de la Itue, 17 .March, 1 845. 
 
 ENVOYS AT CorUTS, in dignitvlHlowmi 
 bassadors, enjoy the protection, but ni.t tlic ,■[']■'■ 
 luonies of ambassadors. Envcjvs e.xtraordinarv •,!•" 
 of modern date, ll'icfffforf. ' " ' 
 
 EOZOON CANADENSE, iissertci to 1,. (l„. 
 
 earliist known torui of life, is n sjiecies of luraiiiini. 
 fera, lound by professor ,1. W. Dawson, of .\l,i'|,(|.,,j" 
 in Laureiitiah limestone in 1858. 
 
 EPACT (fireek, odd,;/) is the excess of tl„. 
 solar mouth iibove the lunar synodical ||||„|,j ' 
 1 day, II hours, 15 minutes, 57 seconds, tlic lun',' 
 month being mily 29 days, 12 hour.s, 44 luiimtcs ■ 
 sec'onds; and the excess of the solar vcar almvc t'li,! 
 lunar synodical year (nearly 11 da\>\ ||.,, i,,,,.,!.' 
 vear being 354 days. The epait of a'nv vear ii'i- 
 dicatcs the moon's age on the 1st Jan, ' " ' 
 The number of the 
 
 1. Ill tli.it vcir. 
 
 AInreh, 
 
 'l-i 
 
 cj.nrt rtspict 
 J'lot. Charles \'al 
 
 insects issued 
 
 J he number ol the (jregorian I'jiact for icSic'p" 
 1894, 23; "«9.i, 4; 1«9'', 15; I8'l7. 2(,; ivji ■-: 
 l8i)i), 18; 1900, 0. 
 
 . EPEIJNAY (N.E. France), scat of the tia.le 
 in champagne, was taken from the League In- 
 Henry IV., 2()July, 1592, when marshal Amianll 
 liiron was killed. 
 
 EPHESUS(in.VsiaMinor),aeilvsaidtohav, 
 been founded by the C'arians and Lclc '^c-^ hanu in- 
 the .\mazons, rebuilt by tlieloniansali..ut 104' n i' 
 It was subdued by Cyrus in 544 11. c. ; iv\Hiltid 
 from the rersiaiis,'50l" li.i'. anu was destiuvwl liv 
 an eartluiuake in a.D. 17. See Jliiiiin, i;.,,,,,,,. 
 ()/; and ^(fcii Chin-hex. I'aul prcathcu here 
 A'"' 5.V .S'l (-''•'"■ xviii. xix.) His epistle t„ 
 the Kiihesiaiis is dated .\.D. (4. The third geiafal 
 louncil was held here in 431. .\ftcr iuvc-ii. 
 gation, licgiin in 18O3, Mr." J. T. WnoJ ,|i.! 
 covered the .site cd' the temple of Diana iu .Vprii 
 1870; and about (k) tons cd' niarlile were sliipiVu ;|J 
 Suiyrna for thi' British Museum, Jan. 1872, part if 
 whieliarrived in the suininer. Mr. \\dod'iiuh|i>|i,.4 
 an illustrated account of his disinvcriis iu |,s-ij 
 The site of the temi)le was j)urchascd lor tlic llrili-li 
 Museum. -Mr. J. 1. Wood resumed his excav;itiuiis 
 summer, 1883. ' 
 
 EPIIOlil, powerful niagistnitcs of .Sp.iiti, li\... 
 in number, said to have been tirst matal l.v 
 , Theoponipus to control the roval power, ali'iu't 
 757 '!•'•■ 
 
 EPIC POEMS (from Givek epos, a sons'. 
 narratives in verse. Eminent examples:— 
 Ilollicr's ■' lliail".nid " Oilyssi'V " (';,r.;,), li.t\viiii 
 
 Stll .■Old I. lib rcutliry 11.1 .' (see Ihuiiii). 
 
 M;dia-li;uliata, Saiiserit, very aueiiut ; by si'viTal 
 
 autliors; tlie jcni^ie.-t cpie known (22o,t,Jo Mill's) 
 Virgil's ".Kiieid " (/.c;iii)aliout 
 
 Ovid's ■• .Metallli»f|illoses"(A.i/('„). .•ih.illt 
 
 J.iKMii's ■' riiarsalia " (Ij'Iui), l.eli.iv . 
 ilaiite (dieil ijji), " Diviiia Coiiiiiicilia 
 
 published 
 
 .\iiosto, "Orlando Fiirioso " (//";;./„) 
 ('aliioclis' " jjllsiad " (t'nrhi'ti'r.-' ) 
 Tasso. '• Jeriisalciii lliMiveicd ' (//"'.>'.,) 
 Spenser's " I-'aei v tVunii "... 
 .Milton's •' I'liiadise Lost," . 
 V.draire, - 11. iiri;idc " (/■',■,-;,,/, 
 
 lie. 
 A.li. 
 
 (Ihl:„„) 
 
 eiitine 
 
 It 
 
 ilev. 
 
 minent agricultural entomologist of the I'nitcd 
 
 Ktat 
 
 es, bom 1843, killed I 
 
 y an accident, 14 Sept. 
 
 '.) . . . 
 Walter S.nll, ■•Lay ot tlie Last lliiistivl," iSoj 
 
 " .Mariiii " iSo3; " Lady ol'llic Lake" 
 
 IlyioM, "Cliilde Harolil," 1^12; " Don tliiau" . i 
 
 It. Jllowililli 
 
 ' King and the Hook 
 
 K|tiriis aiiiicxeil to tli 
 .\ii iiisuircitioii jiiiaiii 
 
 A. Tcmiysoii, " Idylls of the Ki 
 
 
Mi 
 
 EPICUREAN PHILOSOPHY. sof 
 
 EQUINOX. 
 
 EPICUREAN PHILOSOPHY. Eni.unm mtinn \]„.,i, .s.^^ ,■ , , . 
 
 of U:u-,'.'ttM.., n,..ar Atl.,.„s, about ^oO i .c ta H t , Vln.; W .t' ' m'''''"'"' ^" ','"' 1'"^^"" 'e"*--''^- 
 
 sprint'ing from vii-tiu', „s tcmliii^- t„ pivvnit "lis- ^"1"' '^""f- <-"M"''', D.vi-on and kc.ts. 
 
 ,|uiH: l.i.ttli(MUinu.q,i,.,.ivai. is fn..<iiu.ntly given „ EPITAPHS w,.,-,. insoil,,,! on toml.s by Hm- 
 
 to thosi; who ilonve huppinosa from sensual iilea- K^'.viitians, Jews, Or, rks, ami Konians J[i T 
 
 sure. (See .i/«..v.) 1 etti^n.v pul,lishe,l a eoUeetion entitled '' ciin^ni: 
 
 EPIDAURUS (Greeee), eolehratea for the ^'"'^ "' ""= i""''"*- ' i" l«57. 
 
 temi.l.' ofA.elc,,lu.s or ^l-lseulapius, o-o,! of nu'dieine, . EPITnALA:MirM, a nuptial song at nuM- 
 
 aml ennehea by gif s from persons lu.aleil. Tlu' "'ige. Tisias, tlie ivrie pliet, is said to le.v be eu 
 
 l{o,,.ans sent an embassy to seek the help of the I}"' H'-st writer of on,., 'lie re,eiv,.d th, an .' 
 
 g,K, luring a pestilenee, and lim worship was in- Stesuliorus fro.n th,. alterations nuule bv him in 
 
 trodu.r, at K, mu. 2<j;, ii.c. Ihe temjilo wasvisited "'>'•*"' '■'nd daueing, about ;j(, n l- llosiml 
 
 by .l,indius I'aulus, after his conquest of Jlaee- x-m^r,Tru ' ' 
 
 doiiia, U.- li.c. ■C'-t UCllh, points of tini,. made remarkable 
 
 PPinFYrTr PPFVI^VTTmvr Ar,T, r :■ '■\"""'', ,'''''l"'' ''■•"'" "■''■'''' '<"'i-^''Miit''it years art- 
 
 4; Vul ,.^ passnl 25 a5? KS«?^ ^^^' '^^' ^ '^ l-y^Mstorians and eh.-onolog,.rs ; 'see £n,.. 
 
 rE]W<^^^?^'P^\^''^h SOCIETY OF EPPING FORE,ST,''lerw)t' note. 
 
 LONDON, I'stabhshed 111 i,S;o: lias done valu- x-Dc/^ir ,0 
 
 iilil,. work. Dr. Chiirh.s Creighton's "History of ,. -■'-'J- '^OM (biirn.y). The min,.ral siiriiin-s w,.r,. 
 
 liimleinics in liritain," 3 vols. i,S,j5. dis,;,,ver,.( in i(,i,S. Th,. raees b,.-an about I"! i 
 
 EPiGENEsis,soe^..^.„«,.,ff,„„.„,;„,, zi:m'!(Zo''i^;;:';'^:^:^''^ '■■'°' ^'"i>"'- 
 
 EPIGRAM'^- MaretrsValoriu. Mart iaiis, the ^ EQUALIS.VTION of' rates (r.,m,loiO -ut 
 
 Latm epigram,-., 'tis*, wluiHourislu.d about A.I). «i, l'as.s,_',|, 2, Aug. i,S,ii i.i.,-inii,jn; a, t 
 is iillowi'd to h c.xeelleil all othi'r.s. am-ii'iit or 
 
 modem, Th,. following ..pigram on fhrist'.s turning ECJUATION 01-' TiME. Sec Om/cii/ 
 
 wiit.'rmt;.. wine(„/o//)/iii.)is,..ne,\anipI,.:_'-Vi,lit vniMTnn -P „ 
 
 et erulniit lyi.ipha jiudiea l),.uni." " 'Th,. nioil,.st vn, ir .■ ^, ' EpUADOu, a S,)uth Ameriran 
 
 w.itei saiv its (jod, and blushed." Cm^lunv Wied ,.',,"'' ''."'""■'''.v Wuit,) anil otlu-r lirovinees, iiart 
 
 Ifiio). ^ '"' ',' ^"'!'!'''''^'-'>^2!.; ■■i'l'P.'ml..ntin;,S;r, whenthe 
 
 ,.TI„.r:,,ignM„„atisl.s,"a,.„lb.,.ti„nbyrev II V Do,!,. ,,,b .",v,^""l '-^ v'" "''V""'''''' "''"' tbive ; th,. 
 
 ,,„l,lisi,r,l ,37oa,Ml ;375. ) "^- li- 1- l''"ld, other two being \ em.zu,.!a aii,l Xew Urauada. The 
 
 EPIPHANY (appearanee), a feast (,Tan. .) ^^U^^^r""'' '"' '''- '•°^^-'^5. I 18.7, 
 
 tcniml 'lw,.llth Day, eehbrates the nianitestatioil I'nsi ,,.. .„„„„.,, ■•„ . 
 
 fOiKIUfted th,. -Magi to the plaee where he was to bo 
 found; I'arly observed, but beeanie u seiiarat,. feast 
 813. Whutilij. ■ ' 
 
 EPIRUS (Northern Greee,.). Its early liistory 
 i.< very obscure. 
 
 Tlio liist l'yiTliiis(X,.,ipt,iIciiiiis) S(.ttl,.,l ill Ki,inis, 
 
 alti'illii' Tn.jaii wa", 1170 ii.t., aiiil was killVil iii 
 
 th,. I.irii.loelliolplii . . . . al>..ut IU-. „c. Fnu.Vin'i'i'„f(.,,i,;,,.,vi 
 Al,.x;,.i.l.;itli,. lii-st king iiiyadi's Italy to assist tii,. ^ AH',,'''Xtalni ' 
 
 riiii'iiliiii's ii^'aiiist til,. I.iicaiiiaiis, Ote. 
 
 f,;,t,il aiiil slain at I'aialiisi.i . , „, 
 
 I'ynliiis 111,. Groat ivi;,'iis, •jg5 ; b,. tak,.s Slaei-ibni 
 
 li"iii Hiimtiitis: is ,diiiii,,||o,l 1,, viol, I til l.vsi- 
 
 ii:,iiiiiis ' . ^ \ ^ 
 
 Iiivil,,! Iiv th,. Tari'iitiiM'S, iiiva.b.s Italy, sio ll.'.uir 
 
 .V'avii,,, ,laii. ,sfi, ; (iiToiiii,,,, (■;aiTi„i,.'4 An-' 
 ibos; ,lis|.,it,.sHitlitlio,l,anib,.,s; ivsimis l),.o. ,867 
 
 ': ' ' '"■'■"", ''^-"^^'".'t'd, An..'. : .slat,, of ^ 
 j'i,^;;j.|ao,laiiii..,l, s.Tt. ,875; V,,iiiiii„iii,,, ,,,.,,^1. 
 
 '*";';';'/^.'-''^l'l"<i''"alaiiiiyini,|oi'Apari,.in,iof,^u!!a '^^'^ 
 '' ' ■ ■ ,4 I*,'e. ,, 
 
 23 .Inn,., 1877 
 .Ian. "" 
 
 Ti'iiiiniiiny su,.,-oss ill iSii'ily . . . . 
 Ho laki's .Ma, •,',!, Ill from .Viitipinus 
 Ib-iiiiMOcissfiiily iiiva,l,'S."Sp,.irt,i; iMiti.rs .\rg, 
 
 is liiilnl l.y a till'. Iln.iwn liy .1 wmiian 
 l'liili|niiiit,'s Kiiiriis to .Ma, ■,.,!, Ill , , 
 
 Us i.-,iii,|,iost by til,' lt,iiiiaiis . , , 
 
 Kpinis aiiM,'Ni',l to III,' Ottoinan I'lnpiiv 
 
 All iiisunoitioii against the Turks put ilow'n 
 
 ;^1^ ^;r-^::iJ;:'r':::;-:'v^:''--- ■>"-.^6^ilg"''' 
 
 279 et nil,. 
 
 ■ ^73 
 ^aiiit 
 
 272 
 
 . . 22e 
 
 . 107 
 
 A. 11. 1466 
 
 ■ 'S54 
 
 EPISCOPACY, s,.e ltMwj» 
 
 EPISTLES 01- LeTTKHS. An Egyptian lettei 
 
 ynit, tak,.|i l,y(;„n. Kb.y Allaro, iiia.lo ,|iol,it„V', 
 I'p. 2a Aug. 1895; ..leeti.il pi-,.si,b.|,t, r,.poi't,.,|, 
 
 „ .. , '3 Jan. iBq7 
 
 >iv l:illlliiiiiiij:e.<, iSCg, 
 
 EQUATORIAL AFRICA. See So„da>„ 
 
 EQUESTRIAN ORDER in Rome was ostab- 
 W l'»»"il"*. -'I'""! r.io li.f. ; see Kiiii//,/. 
 
 KpistK" ,'oinmi.ni'ing witli Cieeru, was nublisiied v,;.n-/»"rV' ;..i;"'" >'""Variy, n.iiiiiring25,ax3 
 
 ill i:qo. It en.ls with an essay on letfr wr i J, ;,. 'V 1 ■'""'''"'■' " '".!"'','''"' •"•"'""""• 'ffiis is 
 
 Dr, Johnson. I'n.f. Walter Hiilei,.|, in his ■' ^i lel n il 1 T''''"'?' "* V'f '•^"noK.., whieh is 
 
 oii"];iigli.sh Letter-Writers," at the Ko Vll t . , mirs '"' '"' "'"'"'' ''^' "'^' '""•'^■"' ''^'^"""- 
 
 hM-j 
 
 •m 
 
 m^i 
 
 ^f li 
 
 W 
 
 ^ m 
 
 ''m 
 
EQUITY. aoi 
 
 ESSAYS. 
 
 ¥1 
 
 K ' ' 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 i '• 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 f\ Ml. 
 
 I'm,' 
 
 p I 
 Mi 
 
 
 wm 
 
 -a 
 
 n 
 
 ■1 
 
 EQUITY, COUKTS OK, mu those of tlie lord 
 clmiiicllor, tliu vicc-clmncellors, mid tlie iniistor of 
 llip rolls, tlu'ir ottici' liciii},' to coiTci't tlie oponitions 
 (il'tlie literal text of the law, and sulkily its defeets 
 |py leasoiialile con.Uriictioii • ot adiiiissilile in a court 
 111' law. 'i'lie siii>reiiie idurt if session in Seot- 
 land I'oniliines tlie luiietioiis of law and e(iiiity. In 
 lH()5 e(]iiity powers were eoiilerred on the I'ouiity 
 courts foi cases respeetinj; sums under 5(X)/. See 
 SKpri mv V'jio-t, in wliieli law and e'ciuity are 
 combined. 
 
 EliAS. The principa 
 in their aljihalielical order 
 I'oimnon Km (Kn-li.^li liil.le, V^hei; &e.) 
 
 Kra of lire .lews 
 
 i'^ra of Cui{6tHiituif>plf, 1 Si'j't. 5508 ; of 
 
 by rasluewiteh in 1827, and anne.xed to iiii,.!, i„. 
 treaty in i'eli. 1828. ■ 
 
 ^ ERYTIIREA, a new Italian eol-ony mi the i;,,,] 
 Sea, established by inyal decree, 2 Jaii.'i.Si,,, m-n 
 tary occ;ipation to be ri'stricted to Mi,>M,„.,h" 
 aiMioniice<l, Mav, i8<)7; Sij;. ]■'. .Martini; 
 
 ;;overiior, 21 Nov. 
 
 |8()-. See Mdxsiiiidh. 
 
 ERZEltOUM (.\siati<: Tnrkev), a 
 by 'i'heod<isiiis II., 41:;; taken by the Se 
 
 uppnnit,, 
 
 ue more fally noticed 
 
 ill tl 
 
 vl'(,iino?n(/ii or,l//(/M'eH( cia 
 
 Jiilidii era 
 
 JOra t>f ^\lniifiiini 
 
 Era of ,^^-^..H«^s.,»,•. aft.'r whiili llie iislni 
 oli.servatioiis made at Uiihvloii were re 
 
 lie. 
 
 Al'lliurli', 
 I Sept. 
 29 Auji. 
 
 I J.'iii. 
 
 I Oct. 
 Ilolllic.'ll 
 ckoiicil. 
 
 4004 
 
 5492 
 5502 
 47'3 
 -JO 15 
 
 J uiie to 
 
 liCi.',lll i.6 p'eli. 
 .Milcctiliccs). 
 cnllIIIU'MCC(I 
 
 i.'ilis, ^111(1 clati' 
 
 Ura of the SvlciiLuhi: (used Ipy tl. 
 
 The Ohntqi'iails liclonn to the Or 
 
 from I .Inly, 776 11. c. 
 The lioiiiaiis rcckuncii from (lie foiiialiii;,' of their 
 V\iy. f,.\A\{iillilu nihifcuiiitii,,) . . , 
 
 Kra of 7>//r ,,, o,t. 
 
 ( Vr»(i/fi(,f era of .\iitioch . . , i .Scjit. 
 
 .'<lHUiish F.I It (ipf thcciiiiipicstdf Spain), the 16th je.cr 
 
 of the iiiipcn.r .\uyiistiis (sec C'ii.w;.<), Iomk used 
 
 by tlu' .Siiaiiiards . . . . a.d, i.lau. 
 
 ^■it.Utti era n.e. i .luir. 
 
 J''i/ir(/e.i/or/v'i7i..o/s^'i.inipli(tioii, L'5 Dci-. on. Ian. 
 Vutijiir < In i.iHiiii fill .... .\.ij. I ,Jaii. 
 Kra of liiiirlrtinii or .M.irtyrs. hc}.',iii . . jq ,\n^. 
 
 'J'lie .Mai ict.ois l.i'^'iui their era fr.>iii thv llmhi', 
 
 or tli^ht iif their i.roph.l from .Mecca i6,)ulv, 
 
 Jrmiiliiiil era a. 11. y.lui'v. 
 
 Kra of i'i:iloi:,,l III. or I'ei-.iimi era A.u. 16 .Juii'e, 
 Kra of I'irmiiiiitfitfin^ used in Iinlia. lie^aii n.e. 
 
 See Cixtttiuit, Ctdl Vi'iin, Jiinti liuituni, Ctik'nihir 
 
 4i 
 
 3S 
 
 "6 
 I 
 
 622 
 
 552 
 
 6.^2 
 
 57 
 
 lour 
 
 r) tl 
 
 EEASriAXISM, the opinion:) of Thomas 
 Lieber (latinised hrnslii.s), a (iernian |iliysician 
 (1524-8,5), who tau|,'ht that the church had no 
 right to exchme any jiersou iroin church ordi- 
 nances, to inflict e.VL'.iiuiiuinication. \-e. Persons 
 ■who acknowledfie the jurisdiction of the civil power 
 in spiritual matters aiid the law of jiatrouage are 
 now termed Erastiaas. 
 
 ERASURES, liy ordi-r of sir ,lohii IlomiUy, 
 
 master iii the rolls, in 18;;. no docu ut corrected 
 
 by erasure with the knife was to be hencelorlh 
 icceived in his court. The errors must be corrected 
 with the pen. It is so in the army c<iurts. 
 
 ERDIXGTON ORPHAXAGE, i:e. ; see 
 Orphans' -/ioifi(.\. 
 
 ERFUirr (Central Germany), was foumled in : 
 47(1; and its university estab'lislieil abi.ul ]:;()(). 
 Erfurt was ceded to I'l'ussia in 1802. It capitu- 
 lated to Murat, when I4.(Kki I'ru.ssian tna.ps sui ren- 
 dered, 1(1 Oct. l8()(). In this city Na|ioleon and 
 Ale.\Hnder met, and oMcreil pe.ice" to I'aiuland, 27 
 Sept. 1808. The French ivln-ated to laiurt frou'i 
 Leipsie, 18 Oct. i8ij;. \ (ierman ii.arliauient met 
 here in March and April, 1850. rojuilation. iXik), 
 
 cit; hiiilt 
 
 . .. ■ ... l|uk Turk* 
 
 ..^th century, and bv the Otlonian' Turl,< i,i 
 
 , . It was eapture.l by the lii.ssian ::,.„,,., 
 
 l'a.skiewil(di,June, 182'Kbut restored in i8;o' lt>vr 
 
 almost totally destroyed by earthquakes, 2 ju " 
 
 17 July, 185(1. I'oijulation in 1885. (x),(x)0. 
 
 ESCriI'].\T, the revertini; of any laud or teiw 
 meiits to the lord of the fee, or to tll(^state tbn,.|'']i 
 failure of heirs; formerly also thnaiuli att'ani,li.|",i 
 the tenant, which last was abolished by the lH.l„m. 
 
 ^ ESCOMRRERA BAY, Battle or • . c 
 
 Sjwiii, II Oct. 1873. ' 
 
 ^.E;SCURIAL, properly Esroiii.u, (2; vAlu 
 A.\\. ol .Madrid), the inafiniliccnt p.ilace' of || ,, 
 soverei-iis (d' Sjiain, termed the ei-litli won,!,.,- ,'. 
 the World, was coiiiineneed bv I'liiii]) H. i,, i-j^, 
 and com]deted in 158O, at a cost of about lo.ixv, i^J 
 It is bnilt in the form of n f;ridiron in 'h.m' ' ' 
 St. Lawrence, 0,1 whose dav (to .hi-, u: 
 Spaniards gained the victory uf St. (iueut'ia \, 
 cording to Francisco de los .Santos the total IciimI, 
 of all its rooms and apartuients is above l2ulai"C>li 
 niiles. The Ivscurial comprises a church, imm^i,- 
 leum, monastery, palace, library, and iiiiiseum 'h 
 was struck liy lighlning and cau-lit tire 1 1.:,) ,, ,„ 
 I Oct. 1872, and was much dainiiged; liut tlir 
 grand library and other treasures were preserved. 
 
 ESPARTO, from the Latin .yiioium, mh,,, 
 (eiKHixxiiiKi ol I.iiiiueus, a Spanish j;rass ii^eil l,v 
 Komans for wlii]i-thoiigs, and 11. nv bir-elv eniplnvcj 
 111 paper-makinj;. In 1850 about 50 to'iis, in iJs-„ 
 aliove I(X).(KX) tons, anil iii i8<jO, 405 2(13 tmi^ wm 
 imported into Ih'itain. The luicc' Im, ,i,|.|[ i,,,,,!, 
 4/. to 10/. i,er ton. Living plants were nreivcil 
 at Jieweaslle, July, 18O7. 
 
 ESPIERIiES (lielgium). At I'oiit-a-Chii, 
 near this viUa-e, the French, umlcr I'ichc.ni' 
 attacked the allied Knglish and Austrian ;,ni,v 
 (100,000 men), couinianUed by the duke of Y„i|i' 
 and were ivpiils.^d alter a lon'i;- .■iiid dcspenite cii- 
 
 ^aiued bv the 
 
 ERICSSONS CALORIC ENGINE, see 
 
 Heat, note. 
 
 ERIVAN (.\rmeniii), in the lOth . entury the 
 residence of tlit: shahs of I'ersia, was taken bv the 
 Turks ill 1553 and 1582; but lecovered by Abbas 
 the Great, Kxq. After being several tiules ca])- 
 turt'd, it was ceded to Teisia, I76y. It was taken 
 
 gagemeiit, losiii;; the advantages 
 victory at Turcoing, 22 May, 1794. 
 
 ESPIIIT. S.MXT (or Holy Ghost), the title of 
 an order of kiii;;litliood, fouu'ded In lleiirv III. i,f 
 France ill 1578, and abolished ill 1771, 
 
 ESQUIRES, among the Greeks and lioimuis, 
 were armour-beaiel-s to, or attendants on ;i kin;;lit' 
 HUiniit. In Fjiiilaiid the kiiiL:' neateil csipdiv'-li,' 
 juitling about their necks the collars of 8.S, iiiiil 
 bestowing upon tjieiii a p.dr of sil\er spurs, 'jiilm 
 de Kingston was created a sipiire In pate.it, r 
 iticdiard II,. 1389-90. There are 'now IcgliHv 
 esi|iiiies by birth, by creation, and bvh.pldiiig.seii.o 
 oltice, but till- title is Very loosidy givin hy cointe-i . 
 
 " ESSAYS A.VIi REVIEWS," bvsix eln-v 
 men and one biMimn of the cl iirdt of I'ai^biiiil (tiiu 
 Kev. Drs. Fred. Temple and Jiowlaial WiUiiiiiis, 
 professor li.olcn Towell, H, H. 'WiUoii. .M;irk 
 i'atti.son, and profcs.sor li. Jowett, and Jlr. C. W. 
 Goodwill) were ]iublislied in an 8vo vid. in Miireli,' 
 l8()0. The book did not e.\cite miicli attention ut 
 first, hut Imving bet!! severely censured for ijelrro- 
 
 UAIU.S UF 
 
 Oinllii'V lie .Mimih'vill 
 
 .M.itiMa, was slain 
 lliiiii|ihrc\ 'if KoIiiiM. s 
 
 IN'I, .Maiy.Mst.'r.if \\ 
 IIiMi|p|a'i'V <li' !;pp|iiiii. <i 
 Tliniii.ns (pf W.pipiistoi-li 
 
 iitiinliii'tl 
 lli'iiiy lippaivhicr(graiMi 
 lli'iiiy jliiiiiviiicr. yr.ii 
 
 (i'iir''ipini extinct) 
 
 Thiilll.lS flPPllMVcii, I53g 
 
 William V\in\ 1543 :'att 
 
 U'.lllir lliVITl'llX, I57J ; 
 
 ll"i«il Dcvpriiix.l.iicl I 
 
 Miip'i! Inr niis;:ip\pTiiiu 
 
 .'"Vi'iiiiiiciit : IpiOii'.ele 
 
 liipU'it. sipii ; ilii'il witlii 
 
 .Ullaa Oi|pel, aiici'stppi- 1 
 
 .>p'e >^., 
 
 E.S.SLING, B.VTi 
 ESTATE DUTY 
 
 Ipiti' mill succession i 
 (PC/(.(7( ,v((|, passed 3 
 l!:lllS on lOO/.'VK)/ ,' 
 
 |n'i' «nt.; l.ixxV.-io,! 
 :i.()iX)/.,4 percent. ; : 
 VJ.OOO/,-75,000/., 5 pi 
 I'or cent. 
 
 .'■'"'(■ ihi\ii t receipt,. 
 
 ESTE, Hoi-.sE 01. 
 :iinl duke of Tii.scany, 
 plcsci'iiiled from ()doai 
 Iloiiilii.e sprang Alber 
 ami lipi'il of Kste, lion: 
 lifst, t'lui^goiida of the 
 lull Guell, duke of It 
 house ol' Ihuiisvvick (se 
 ■•'•■\ Snoiidly, (ieisuiui 
 till.' ancestor of the lii 
 .MfiJeiia. 
 
ESSENEN. 
 
 393 
 
 Jox views bv nearly nil the Id.sliops iiiul iiiuiiv of 
 tilt del-fry, It ciciited imidi exi^iteiiieiit in iW,i 
 ^iiiilWiisroiuleniiird liy ediiviicatioii 24J111H., iSoj' 
 'J'lie e.elesiasticiil cdui-ts seiili'uced the rev- Jt 
 Williiiins and H. ]!, Wils„ii to siisiieiisioii fui'oiu' 
 year, iUid eosts, i^ Dee. ifj02; hut on aniieal th ■ 
 sciitoiite was reversed hy the jiidii'ial eoiimiittee of 
 the privy couiieil, H I- ah. 1X04. The most reiiiark- 
 alile anuiiifjsl the works imt forth in onpositioii (in 
 ,S02) are the "Aids to laith," edited hv the hishop 
 „f (jloueester (U . Ihoinsoii, alt. aliji". of Yorli) 
 and "lieplies to Kssays and Kevieivs," odiffd l,v 
 thu bishop of Oxford (S. Willierforee). The ele.- 
 tifiii uf Dr. Temple to the see of Kxeter wa.s nuieh 
 ojiposcd (ill aeeoiiiit of his essay in tliis eoUeetioii ■ 
 i,e C/imr/i 0/ J:iii/liiiid, |,S()(), ' 
 
 ESSEXES, ail ascetic Jewish sect at the time 
 olChrist. 
 
 ESSEX, a town ill llhenish Tnissia, '.vhieh 
 lii^aii with the lienedii'tiiic iiuiiiicrv, ahont •S--' 
 .liiiiMiiftheii'.iii and steel iiuniiifacto'ries, the eli'ief 
 iiir those of Jvriipji. estalilished l.Sio, in wliiili wci-e 
 employed 74 men in i84<S, and 2o,i)(x) in 1SS8, when 
 the works eontair.ed l,!.;^ furnaces, r,-> steain- 
 
 ETHXIKE HETAIIilA. 
 
 Heans were re,n,ls,..l, and their -..iicral, Manuel de 
 Concha (aj^ed 00), killed, hy tin- Carlists, 2; June" 
 
 saif 1T^P*'^'V^ "'■ liKVKL, a Unssiau inovince. 
 I ,l,t ■ .V ''^■';" •-■'""I'"'"''' l"- tlie Teutonic 
 Uightxin the 12th century; after various dian-es 
 n was ceded to Sweden l,v the treatv ,<( Oliva ;i 
 
 'A-V'"."' .i"-^"i:f,- '721. haviiii.' hctii eoiKuierud hy 
 Peter m 1710. i'o)Hihition, i«80, 3.j5,,^-,j: ^ 
 
 E'TATS, si^e 6-/<,tc.s. 
 
 ETCHING, sec Juiff/vriiif/. 
 
 .ETHER was known to the earliest chemists. 
 Mvered by Kuiikel, in 
 
 Inmnicrs, 370 steain-eii-incs, and other sreat 
 ;i|.|iariitus. A Christian miners' coiniross lu-uf 4->4 
 ,lili'gatcs ]ire.sent : opposed to the social di-niocVats 
 :ii .Vuij. I»)4 .See Ciiiiin,, I'opulatiiPii, l,S()u' 
 78.723. See ll ixtj)lii(lt((, iSf<(). ■' ' 
 
 iiS- 
 
 IJ76 
 
 l,!07 
 14OX 
 
 154" 
 '54,1 
 1576 
 
 i6o£ 
 1646 
 1661 
 
 ESSEX, KI^•()I)0^tO^■'; see under i//i7»»,. 
 i:aiii.s ok i:ssi:x (Irnia Moilds). 
 Oriiirii'v lie MiUiili'villc, created earl of Jissi'x l,v 
 
 MiitiMii, was sl:iia . . . "14 Scot 
 
 llmii|ilMey .|i- lii.hua.sii,', Id l.v li-jit ofliis mo- 
 
 i:Tr..M,a,\.sist,i,,r\Villi,iiu,wli.Mlie,lwitlioutlicii 
 Il'iii|i|nv\ d.' .ii.luiii.died Willi, lilt heir 
 'rii"iii:is of Wiio.lstoi-k, son of Kihvaid 111 , .-i, 
 
 IiilMill'lvd ■'■ 
 
 lliMiy l!iiiiivhici(t:iiUiilsoii) 
 
 llviiiy liiiiiivliier.^raijilsiin ; ,lie,| witlemt la- 
 
 (i';ll'-lii|ll cxtilli-t) 
 
 Tlliilll.isl'niliiwcll, ij^g ,■ iiehe.nie,! ' , ' . ' 
 IVilliaiii I'iOT, 1543 : i'lttaiiiteil . 
 
 W.lltil' lli'VIMVM\. 157J ; ,|j,,,l , ' ' ■ 
 
 Unliill ll.'Mli-il\,|.inl lieiit. „(■ Ir,.l:in,i. ijq,,- ecu 
 Mimll..iMiiN^in,.niMieiit; eiiii^iiiied ayaiust the 
 -•inniiiai'iit : lii'lie.uled, ..5 V,.],. 
 
 li.ili.Tt, sum; ilieil without hfi]' . ' 
 
 .UlliiuOiliel, aai'istfiiofthc larsiMit eaii 
 
 .>•!•, S/,„//(,, ,J||l,e, |3g7. 
 
 ESSLIXG, Battle of, see .-Upvnic. 
 
 ESTATE DUTY, icplacinj;- the lenacv, pro- 
 li.lc iirnl sacccsMon diitv, was, hv the tinahee net 
 ("■/"./( .val, jiassed 31 ,)uly, 1X1,4, li^'»S and hSiif,. 
 latts on I00/.-5fxi/, I percent.; S(X)/'.-i,()(K)/ -> 
 IMwiit.; i,(xkV.--io,o<xi/., 3 per cent.; 10,000/" 
 :5.(XX)/., 4 per cent. ; 2 vOCX)/. -so,(X)o/., 4.', per ecu'' • 
 50.0(X)/.-75,ooo/., 5 per cent.,' A:c.; i,o6o,ooo/.,"s 
 per cent. ' 
 
 W.|(^ i^.(,/, lli't receipts, year elnlil,;; .,, :\h,|.,.l,, ,c;„6 
 u.t^KKMol. ; ibg7, i(,,Sjo,.«w/. ; ,E,j8, 15.3^2,000. 
 
 ?^™' Hl'l-.SE OF. lioniface, count of Lucea 
 Mdiluke ot luscany.ahout Sii, is raid to have 
 ilcwemled Ironi Odoaier, kin- of Italv. From 
 li»m|aiT spraiii; Alhert Xv.ym II. ni,,r,,uis of Italy 
 ;!"'! 7-'l el l>te, hum about <)')'', who married . 
 us,Uiii"s;ondaofthehouseof(luelf, hy whom he 
 h,«l Oucll duke ol Davaria. the ainaitor of th.. 
 house ol lirunswick (see j!„r,„i„ and JlnuixirirlA- 
 ■■■■■> -cuiidly, (uMwuda, by «lumi he had I'ulk, 
 
 Modi'to.' ' ' ■^'"''' •^"''"^ °^' ^•'^''■'■"'■'^ ""J 
 
 EiSTELLA. X. Spain. In n coiiHict at Teria 
 Muui, near this place, 23-28 June, 1S74, the reiuib- 
 
 Xitric ether was first di- ,,,. , 
 
 l()8i ; ami muriatic ether, from the i-hloride of tin; 
 b> Courtaiivaux, in 1759. Acetic ether was UisI 
 meied by count Laura-uais, same vear; and 
 hduotic ether was first prepared liy Oay-Lussae. 
 J he jihosphoric ether was obtained hv .M."lioullny 
 Ihe diseovry that by i„Ml,>f/ vthn- 'the patient "ia 
 leudered uueonseious of pain, is due. to Dr. C 
 1. Jackson, ot liostou, U. S. Mr. Thomas Morton, 
 ot the same place, first introduced it into sui-ica 
 practice, under Or. Ja,d<son's .lireetioiis (184O) f see 
 C/,^c,;/„rm, and Anujlnw. The driiikin-of ether 
 i.san intoxicant ;,reatly increased in th "north of 
 .eland, was checked by the enfoixenient of the 
 1 Olsons Act of 1.S70, ,n re-ard to its sale, Oct. i8fii. 
 1 e tenn "ether" was applied to the transparent 
 <de>tial space by the (Jcrnian astronomer liiieke, 
 about 1829, wlien study in;? the elements of I'mis' 
 loniet. disyovered 111 1818. l-ther is now believed 
 h.\ >eientists to be the medium by which heat 
 lis It, olectncity etc., are tr.insmltfed through 
 >lM,-e. See » „y./,,v.v TAnjnu'hy under EUctnci?,,, 
 
 of''l'T,?^9^ ^^'T"^ '7';^' *"'"' -l^'"'"''). The works 
 of I l.it.., Aristotle and Confucius, .-ontain heathen 
 
 p„f'''."\V"' •>■;;; |,i'^ti"»oiit is that of Christlanitv. 
 w '• '11. ,0 1 '"'"^"I'l'.v uppeared in 178;, and 
 \\ hewelPs Klenients of M.nality in 184=^' An 
 I'jtliie.il Society existed in London, i8.)0 Mr 
 Herbert Sju'inei-s '• I'rinciples of Kthics," 2 vols.! 
 lishe,! ,„ sections, 1879 ,,3. Moral instructiou 
 league formed in London, 7 Dee. 1897. 
 
 ETHIOPIA. The name was ajiidied anciently 
 a her vasnely to .ountries the inhabitants of 
 
 V hich had .mi-hnnd jexions, in Asia and 
 
 .\ Iriea; but is now lousideivd to apply properly to 
 the modern N ulua, 8enuaar, and .\ortliern,\bV,ssini«. 
 \ ;!, ^'.- ',T""'"'r 'T^ i't -Naputa, the capital of 
 •Meioe, the civilised ,,art of ancient Ethiopia. 
 I ill' KthiopiiiiKsi ttlr near K-vot „ ,. ,; 
 
 ^'■', 'bcK.hin ,l|.,e:„rd'llv Asa • . ' "' ' ' 't\ 
 
 A dynasty ol Kthiopian kuiys reigned over K^-vpt 
 Tirhnkah. ki„, ,,,■ ,.:„,„pi,, ,„,„,„,„„ „.,,„^^ ^^^^^^^ ns 
 
 riisniressfnlmvasionorrandiyses' .' .' ,'.^J° 
 
 KlhllUa :''^'''™ "''■'"'"' ' '« '"'"I'H'sts m" 
 Can.ai-c, iinccn'of Jleroe iancin;; against tlu'. ^'^ 
 
 !;;;:;:' i^'lvn:a!i.;'!'^''-'^'^'''';'''-'-'^-^'^;'^., ^3 
 
 VIVCKS^V^f ^ ,.ECnTATORIAL ' PRO ' 
 
 \ lACEh.M Leontielt appointed "o". -"en. by the 
 emjieror Menelik, rep. Aug' 1H97. " • 
 
 . ETIINIKE 
 
 '■reek national 
 
 HETAIRIA, en cntluisiastio 
 ,.,,,• soriety, founded Nov 18114: a 
 
 icMdutionary nrnvement maile by them in .Maee- 
 Jlo.ua, summer, 1890; their fon-e^ were reported 
 hav.. be.n.u tiie war with Turkey. See 6W 
 '0 April, 1897, a .c,j. ; dulled by them, Dec. 189- 
 
 ... »•«< 
 
 ;h;. 
 
 
 ** I 
 
■' •'! 
 
 iJ''iii;- 
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 
 
 3!)t 
 
 EUCLID'S ELEMENTS. 
 
 '"Imts 
 
 m 
 
 m ■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 • 
 
 ETHNOLOGY, a linmcli "f AiitliroiidloKy, is 
 dcKiii'd :is the scii'inc "which (h'tcniiiiiia the dis- 
 tiiutivf <h;inu'tiTs of the pci^isti'iit iiioililiciitiona of 
 inaiikiiiil, tlic'ir (Ustrih\itir,ii, iiiul tlii' causes iif tho 
 niO(htiiati(ins ami (listiiliiitinii,'' Tlie study of tlic 
 rcUitions of tlio iHll'i'i-cut divisions of luiinliind to 
 paili otluT is of riMi'Ut oi-i:;in. IJalld's h'.thuograpliie 
 Atlas was puldislicd in uS2(i, and Hi', rrichard's 
 great work, Jlemvrr/Ki on llir rhiisictd Jlixturi/ oj 
 JiliiiihiiKl. 1S41-7. The Kthnolo-ieal Soeiety, 
 establishi'd in 1S45, i)ulilislie(l transaelions. On 17 
 Jan. I.S71, it was 'aiualfraniated witli the Anthvopo- 
 logieal Soeietv, {l^•h'u'h see) and named the Anthi-ojio- 
 logieal Instit'ule. Dr. U. <i. Latham's works, on 
 tlic Kthnolonv of the British Empire, aijpeared in 
 1851-2. I'ro'les.snr T. H. Huxley f,'ave lectures 
 on' KthuidofTV at the Jioyal Inst'itution, London, 
 in iSdlj-;. .V'nnual reports of the Mureau id' Kthno- 
 loi;y, Washin-ton, I'.S., l)e;;au to he pulilished, l8-<). 
 'I'he International Congress id' the Ethnographie 
 Seier..'es met at I'aris Sc'i)t. .50, l.S>Sc> 
 
 ETHYL, .1 compound radicle, a colouvU>9.s gas, 
 with 11 sliuhtlv etl.ercal odour, 11 eomjiound of 
 carbon anilhvd'rogen, first olitained in llu' free state 
 hy jirofessor Edw. Erankliind in 1^49. Several of 
 its compounds with metuU take tire in the air. 
 
 ETNA, Mot'XT (Sicily). Here were the fahled 
 for;;es of the Cyclops: and it is called by Pindar 
 the pillar of heaven. Eruptions are nu'ntioned by 
 j)ioilorus Sicnlus as haJipeninL:; l(')()3 11. c, iind 
 Tliucydides speaks of three eruiitions as occurring 
 734, 477, and 425 n.c. There were eruptions, 125, 
 121, and 4.5 n.c. Liii/. 
 Krni'lioiis. A. II. 40. 334, and 420. Corinv. 
 
 (Hiv in IJIJ. (.■|.;(/'.T// (If Viliilio. 
 
 One ovcrwliclnicd I'ataTii.i. wlicn 15.000 iidiabitaiits 
 
 perislicil ill tlic lianiiiin rniiis . . . 1169 
 
 Eruptions. 1129. 140S. 1445. "S.tf' 'iM' 1564. '''■'•■< 7- 
 111 uVi.i, Minn tell- nl'thoiisiiiiilsol' pel-sons inrishcd 
 
 ill tlic stri'iinis (if l.'iva wliicli rollid over llic wlmlc 
 
 cniiiitrv I'la- forty days. 
 Eriii'tioiis ill 1760. 1787. iSoq, 1811. and in 5lay, 
 
 iSw. wlicii SI vcial villages were destroyed, and 
 
 sliowcis of lava rciclicd near |i lionic. 
 The tnwii of lirontc wasdcstriivcl . . j8 Xov. i8j2 
 Viulciit crnption occiincd in . . .\ii^'. and .Sept. 1S52 
 
 An cnii>lion lie,:;; 11 1 l-'cli.. and ceased in .Inly 18115 
 
 Violent ciupti'ins h.'.u,in j3 Nev. 1868, and 29 .\iii,'. 1874 
 Viidcnt eruption . . . i6 .May - 7 .Inne, 1879 
 
 Eniption ■.... March 4 April, iSSj 
 
 A vif'lcnl eriiplieii, with 1 iirtlii|uakcs ; iiincli 
 
 ilaniav'c id .M.'iy 4 .Iniic, iSSu 
 
 I)estincli\e eruptions, with eartlii|iiakc slmcks, 
 
 I) .July -J Sc]it. (variations) 189: 
 
 KaiUiav round Etna ojic 1 (about 62 111. lon^.) 
 
 jgScpt. iJq3 
 
 ETON COLLEGE (liuekingtmmshire), 
 foimded by Henry VL in 1440, and designed as a 
 nurserv to King's Cidlege, Cambridge. John 
 .Stanlie'ry, confessor to Henry VL (liishop of llangor, 
 in I44.S), was nominated the lirst jirovust. One of 
 the provosts, William Waynllete. idiishop of Win- 
 eliester, 1447) greatly iiroiimted the erection of the 
 l)uildings. lii'sides abi,ut three hundred nolilemen's 
 and gentlemen's s.jiis, there were seventy king's 
 scholars on the foundation, who, when jiropi'rly 
 i|nalilicd. were formerly elected, on tliehrst ruesday 
 in .\ugust, to King's College, Cambridge, and re- 
 moved there when there were vacancies, according 
 tc .seniority. The establishment of the Mniilfiii is 
 nearly coeval with the college. It consisted in the 
 processioi, of the siliolai's, arrayed in fancy dresses, 
 to Salt-hill once in tliree years; the donations c '- 
 leeted on the road (sometimes as much as <S(X)A) 
 were given to the senior or best scholar, their captain, 
 for his support wliile studying at Ciiuibridgc. Tlie 
 
 niontem was diseontiniied in I'^47. Tic colli-;.,; 
 system was moditied by the Public Scliocds m t, jj^J,^ 
 111 1873 (dection Saturday ceased, tin* sclnilais to |,„ 
 students at Cambridge being chosen there. In i^y.,) 
 there were 855 students ; in iScji, 1,007. 
 Tlic birtliday or (leoigc III. is aniiiially cclelir,.iii..l 
 
 4 lllllc, I- 
 
 Tlic (^iiceii laid tlic corner stone of the ucv scl:.„.i 
 liiiildiii^'s |3 M;,v 1 
 
 Niiitli .inliilee of the foundation of tlic c,,ii,.j,' 
 eclcliiatcd 24.1uhc, , , 
 
 The st.itiic of bisliop Waynllete, tlrst lie.id iii;„t.i, 
 luiveiled by I>r. H. 1>. Hmnfoid, bislii,,, i,r 
 Cliieliester 6. lime, ,; 
 
 Population of Eton in i33i, 3,464 ; 1391,2,455. 
 
 ETRUKTA (or TcsflA, heme tlir lao,!,,-,, 
 name Tuscany), a province of Italy, wlicm:' il,,, 
 Romans, in a" great measure, derived tlieir hw., 
 customs, and superstitions. Herodotus asserts ilmj 
 the country was eoncpiered by a colony uf Lviliini-. 
 'J'lie subjugalien of this country forms an iini«iit:iiii 
 part of early Uomiin history. It was iiie>t powciiul 
 under Porsena of Cliisium, who atteiiiptcil t,, icin- 
 state the Tari|uins, 50(1 n.c. Veii was talicn l.v 
 C.aiuilhis, 3c)(i n.c. A truce hetweeii the KnniMis 
 and Etrurians for forty years wasconclniled, 3:51 n.i; 
 Till' latter and their allies w ere deli ati d' lit Hui 
 Vadimonian bike, \\o, with the lioii their iillic<! 
 283 n.c, and totally lost their indepciulen.e ali.ut 
 2()5 n.c. The vases and other works of the Ktiu>- 
 eans still remaining show the degree ,,f their 
 civilisation. Napoleon I. established a kiiiu'ilniii „f 
 Etruria. 1801, and suiipresscd it 1807, see Tn'cmn/.-. 
 "Tlie Cities and Cemeteries id' I'ltruria," hv Gciiri-c 
 Denni.-, published 1848 and 1878. Kinii-hi, St;ii'. 
 fordshire, the site ol Josiah Wedgwood's poivelain 
 works, &c., was founded in 1 77 1. 
 
 EUBCEA, the largest island in the .T;ge;„i ,,,,, 
 Two of its cities, Chalcis and Eretria, were veiv 
 important, till the former was subdiieil by .\t|i|.,|; 
 50(1 n.c. lud the latter by the Persians, .p'jij. .\|t,,|' 
 the Persian war, Eiihira became wholly salijcct 1" 
 Athens, and was its most valuali'ie ]iossessinii. It 
 revolted in 44^, but was soon sulidncd liv I'eriil,., 
 After the battle of Clueronea, 338, it lieca'iiiesiiliji.; 
 to Maia'don. It was made independent by tli • 
 Uomans in 11)4; but was afterwards iiicnrpnrnieii in 
 the ])rovince of Ai haia. It now forms part nf th^ 
 kingdom of Green'. 
 
 EUCALYTTUS GLOBULUS, or 111,, 
 
 (iiim Tree, a very last growing Tasinaniun cvn- 
 green, of the order Mi/rlnmr. Freai the e.\lniMr. 
 dinary ])owerof its roots of alisorbiu';' iii.iisturc, mi'l 
 tlie salutary aromatic odour of its leaves, it \\:i< 
 been found highly heiieticial in eoimteiarlin;' tli" 
 malaria of marshy districts of hot cliiintcs, iiiij 
 hence has been named tlie fe\er-ileslniyiiig tro. 
 M. Hamel first sent seeds from MelbiMirn'e to l',iri- 
 in 1834, and suliseiiueiltly seeds were ilistiihiitol 
 over the south of Europe, the north and soatli -\ 
 Africa, and (d.sT'where. He died in lS,Sl. 
 
 tSo rapid is tlic growth of tliis tivc. Hint a fonst iimv 
 lie toniied ill tucnty years. It sunicliiiics rciiriu'S Hi' 
 
 llci;;llt of 330 feet. Wltb a circujlll'clvlicc of ,00 fnl, 
 
 rivalHng H'lUiintlnniti iiiiiiiiitni, wliicli sec. 
 
 I'lie tiiiilier, liark, and oils of the KiiivilyptiK a," 
 highly valiialile, and piofi'ssor liciitlcy s.iys tkit ti," 
 i;ciiiis is one 111' the iiinst iijijinrtant to in .111 in tin- \''.''- 
 tahlc kiiiHiloin. In 1S74 its nicdicin.d value «, is .-aiii!' 
 have liccii e\agj;cnitcd. 
 
 EUCHARIST, tlianksgivin-, an eai'ly nam: 
 for the Lord's Supper; see Siicni.nciii. 
 
 EUCLID'S ELEMENTS. Eucli.l, a unlive 
 of Alexandria, flourished .ibout 323-283 n.c. Tiif 
 
 
 '\i 
 
EirDlOMiyfEK. 
 
 a!).3 
 
 EVANGELISTS. 
 
 Ehmi'iiU uri! not wIkjUv liis; fm- niiiiiv of \\w 
 (li'inonslratioiia wore (li-i-ivi'il IVom Tliulcs, I'vtliii- 
 pirns, Kiuloxiis, , ■111(1 otlici-s; V.w\u\ ivdiic cd 'tliciii 
 to oniir, anil iirohiilily iiisi'rti d niuny tlicori'iiis of 
 liisowii. Till' /■:/t'/iinifx were lirst iii'iiiti'd at liasil 
 liv Simon (irynu'us, in i^'j. l^m-li,] i-isaidto liavc 
 told kin;,' rtolcniy that Umv was no roval mad to 
 geoiiiclry. 
 
 EUDIOMETER, an .-.iiparafus to ns,.,.|-tain 
 the purity ot atniosiiliciir air, oi- tlio iiiiaiititv of 
 oxyp'n ^as or vital air contaiiu'd in it ; one "was 
 invented by JIarsilio Laiiiliiini. and dosiriliod liv 
 him in his ■' Kid'nlio," i;;^; ]),■. J'tiestley is said 
 to liuvc tirst used l-'ontana's ciulicinu'tci- iii 1770. 
 Uiikini. 
 
 EUGENICS, s,.(. IhrclU,,. 
 
 EUGUniNE TABLES, sov.m tald.ds of 
 liras>. iMiilialdo daU' alioiit 4o(j n.c, (with insrriii- 
 tions relating' to saeritioes, A;e., Hmr in L'liilirian, two 
 Latin, mid ono partly 111 hoth dialects), were disco- 
 vereii in 1444 at Gnlibio, the ancient I'ainiihiinn i,r 
 liTiiviuin. Tno inscriptions are accurately jjiven bv 
 l.epsius, in Ills "Inseriptioiies Umbriciu et Oseie '' 
 1841. 
 
 EUNUCHS, first niontioned among the E^'vp- 
 
 tians and Assyrians, and said to have been llrst 
 I'liiployed by Seniiraiiiis, ([ueen of Assyria, aliout 
 2007 li.c. Kiniui'hs freciueiitly attained' to politiial 
 power in the later Kastern empire. 
 
 EUPATOUIA (KoSLEl'K), a sea-port on the 
 west eoiist of the Crimea. After the allied French, 
 Jjijrlish, aiul Turkish armies landed in the Crimea,' 
 14 Sept, 1834, a detaclinient undcT captain JJrock 
 ociiipied this place, which was afterwards reinforced 
 I'v tlie Turks. It was attacked 17 Feb. 18;;, by 
 40,000 Kussians undi^r I.iprandi. The latter were 
 repulsed with the loss of 500 men by the 'I'lirks, 
 whose loss was only 50. among whiidi, however] 
 wasSelini I'usha, the commander of the Egyptian 
 coiitingent. 
 
 EUPHHATES. the largest river in AVestern 
 Asia. It rises in .Vrmeiiia, and has two braiudies. 
 (In its hanks are the remains cd' numerous ancient 
 cities, sneh as liabylon.and Itirs Mnirud. Tiie 
 Kuphrates Valley Jiailway, as a sjieedv means of 
 reaehing India, has been much advoi'ated, espe. 
 rially by Ihe late general Cliesnev, who imblished 
 his survey of the iMiiilirates and' Tigris in i8;o. 
 A parliamentary eommission rejiorteil on it, .Vu"! 
 IS;2, wlien it was also considered at the meetiii" oi' 
 the liritish association at lirighton. The i^m- 
 ftnietion would cost from five to ten millions 
 sterliuiT, and its advantages are considered rather 
 Inpotlietieid by the best judges. 
 
 EUPHUISM, an atlected style of Lin-nn'-p 
 prevalent in the time of Klizabetli, arose" froni 
 "Kuphues; tile .Vnatomy of Wit," b\ John Lyly, 
 
 pulilished in lySl. 
 
 EURASIAN PLAIN, the great central plain 
 ct l-,uro]ie and Asia, so rr.nied l)\ ethnologists 
 {iMi.O. 1 lie ollspring of a I'iuropeaii father and an 
 AsiatK mothir is termed Kiirasian. Tb.i' dei;raded 
 omditioiiof the Kurasians, which has i'„u>;e,rmii(di 
 anxiety, esptrially at (.'alcutta, was discnssial early 
 m 1891. 'J'he .M;ircliioness of Dulferin was deeMl'v 
 interested in the matter about i,S.S4. 
 
 EUKOPE, tlie smallest of the tlirec divisions 
 of the old eontinent. really an appendage of Asia; 
 area, nearly 3„S(.x),0(X) siiuare miles; nnpulntion 
 ,5oi,j(X),oaHi«72); .vo,675,o(rf,(i,S77) ; 530,32, ,680 
 ('8»4) 333.«54,'P« nm); 357.379.015 (1S9,); 
 
 nearly 37o,o(;o,(X)0 (l8()8). I-'or the liistor\-, see 
 iirvvce, Itoniv, and the modern kingdoms. 
 
 EUROPEAN ASSURANCE Cumpaxy, 
 
 see liatiiidiici . 
 
 EURYDICE, II.. M.S. frigate, foundered in .■> 
 squall oti Uunnose, near Ventnor, Isle of Wight, 
 24 .March, 187s ; see AVn/ and Ifnrkx, 1878. 
 
 EURY:\IEI)0N, a river in ramphylia, near 
 wlmdi Cinioii, sun of .MiUiadi's, dcstr.iyed" the Heel 
 ot the IVrsians at Cyiirus, and defeated their land 
 torces, 4(19 11. c. 
 
 EUSTACE, ST. (Lower Canada). The rebels 
 were ddcated licre, 14 D.r. 1S57. and eompellea 
 to surrender their arms. Tlieir eliiefs tied. 
 
 EUSTATIUS, ST., a Wist India island, set- 
 tled by the Dutch, l(,p; taken by the French in 
 l/'Si); bythe liritish in ils)o; again by the British 
 torces under Uodncy ami Vaiighan, 5 Feb. 1781. 
 It was recovered by the French undcr'the inariiuis 
 lie liouille, 20 Nov. same year; 1 aptured by tho 
 IJritish, 1801, 1810; restoreil to the Dutch, 1814. 
 
 EUSTON SQUARE Mystkuy, see Trials, 
 
 July, i87(>. 
 
 EUTAAV SPRINGS (S. Carolina). Here tho 
 Americans were defeated by the liritish under 
 Arnold, 8 Sept. 1781. 
 
 EUTYCHIANS. so called from Entvches, an 
 abbot of Constantiiioiile, who asserted m "44O tli.it 
 there was Init one nature in Christ, the mnnaij 
 having been absorbed in the divine. This doetrino 
 was condemned liy councils— at Constantinople in 
 448, and at Chabedon in 451. It lias been also 
 called Jfoiii,j}/ii/s(tr (cd' one nature), and Jiico'jite, 
 from Jacolius liaraiheiis, its zeabnis defender in tliu 
 Oth century. It is the form of Christianity now 
 existing among the Copts and Armenians. 
 
 EUXINE, see D/(U'/c fiea. 
 
 ^ EVACUATION TREATY, sco France, 
 Sept. 187 1. 
 
 EVANGELICAL, a term applied to a portion 
 of the clergy of the church of England (also called 
 the low church), who profess to preach the gosiiel 
 more purely than their brethren teriii'd the high 
 church party; see C/mrch of i:,iff/a>:d aud Free 
 Church. 
 
 The Kv.ingclieal Alliai was foiimlc,! Iiv sir Culling 
 
 Kanllc'V .Siiiitii and otlicis at I.iviTpool in ,1^45, witli the 
 view lit pioMiotiiig unity among all denoniiiiatioi.s of 
 I'rutesl.ant Christians against Itniiianisni and iiiliilelify. 
 
 Ala gcni'ial nieetiii,:; liclil in l.uiiiliiii 10 .Vug. 1846,021 
 meiiilieis were present IVoiH all parts ..f the woilil. 
 
 .•^incc 1S4;, ainiual tings have lieen liehl in various 
 
 towns in tin' Cniti'd Kiii,i;'|iiia. 
 
 (-IcncraMntcnuitional cniilcieiiees have liecn lield : 
 London, 1851; I'aris. 1S55 ; lierlin (received liy the 
 king), .Sept., 1857; (ieiieva. tSrti ; Amstcidani, '1867 ; 
 New York, Oct., 187;: liasle, 1870; Coi.cnliie'en 
 1885 ; riori'iiec, 4 April, 1891 ; Kxet'ci-hall, London, 
 29 .nine, i8gn. 
 
 A ennfeiciKv in conneelion with (he Evangelical 
 -Mlianei' met a( \Vasliiii;;(,in, C.S. lice. 1887. 
 
 the " Evaiigclic.ii I'linrch" in Ocriiianv lii'gan with a 
 fusion ot the l.utheimis and Calvinists'^ in .N'.-issau in 
 1S17: followed by similar nioveiiunts in diU'eient parts 
 ol'liermany, 1818-32. 
 
 A r-,!,f.-i,-hci' tcniiei! Unniir,,! w.is held at (Irilolelwahl, 
 Wwit/erhiiid, to promote a protestant union, ,Iu!y ; it 
 closeil 15 .Sept. 1892; at Lucerne, Sept. iSui ; when 
 annual eonferenees were decided upon. 
 
 EVANGELISTS, preaehei-s of the "gospel," 
 or good news; see ilo.tpcln. 
 
 
 
h 
 
 •i;;' 
 
 i'"'; ^ 
 
 UiX.-.. 
 
 
 EVKIJNA HOSl'ITAL. 
 
 ;!!)() 
 
 EXCHEQUEU. 
 
 EVELINA HOSPITAL, SnulhwaiU, csta- a sin.,,;; |,r,,t,.M „p,i„Hl 11,,. «jM,.„,, r„lly .,, 
 
 I,li:.l„',l ill iMk) l,y han.ll I'cnliuaiul ,1|. Uutlis,liil(l, .\n,riu .,11, i , ..t,,.,,, Nov. .E88. 
 
 ill iiic'iiiiiiy (,r liis \vil'(., mil! .-.inci' niaiiiliiini'il l,y EXAMINER, lilicnil woekly jminial, •,i;.li. 
 
 him. lu I'lilargcmt'iil liy imlilii/ aid nas indiiosi'd lislR'U Jan. i«o»; last luiiiibii', 26 i'l'li. iS.Si. 
 
 *"''?"'■„-_. ^„,„,,,,^^,,, , „ f,, , EXAMINER OF STAGE TLAYs ,, 
 
 EVENING Sr,FI()()LSIora;lMlts..f 11,,. l,,«Tr „„,,,. ,„„,,.r ,i„, j,,,,, ,han,l„.,laii,. w;,!' ' 
 
 <.lasM.sw,.iv<l|-,.Mi;lyi,.nM,i„l,.|l,l,;,l 'ly .IshoplluuU _^[,. j.. ,, j._ j,i„„„_ appoint..,! 2; Air ,,S-,. 
 
 in i.Sjo, aiull,ytla.,o,,.inittc.c. ,,ltla.l'iny n,,n,;il .y^^^,, ,,,,,,. s,„:,.,.,.,U.,l 1, v Mi', (if A. ii,.,l|,;i' 
 
 on Mnrati,,,! 111 ih/'l- «)";• "i'.-' "''t "I' •'< ""1"/" Maivl,; i.S,,^ His liioiv rcVnt nmln'osva-s «,', 
 
 AVal,.s l,yt!u. ivv. J.Lliarli'S 111 kSii. ,So,. luulci' ,;,.,„.„„ c,,!,,,,,,,^ (.|„„. Ke„,l,l,., J,,),,, Mi,,!,',; 
 
 Miaailwii. Ki.iiil,!,., and Mr. Wm. ll„(lliaiii Donne (l.'S.;-.-,, 
 
 EVESHAM (Woir,.st,-|.>liin.\ wlaiv pi-in,.,. t.-v- . uriirc. -.i, ., „ '■' 
 
 iMlwanI, ,,lt,a-uan!s K,!uan! 1., .!,.f..;,tL,l llio l,ai-ons EX.UtCIIS, appoint,',] l,y tlie livzantn,,. ,.,„. 
 
 hoa,!,.,! l,v Siiii..ii (!>■ MontloL't, ,ai-l ,.f I.,i,rsHi., P'T^rs ,. li,. vist. to -ovni .rlitra! Ilaly alt.T u, 
 
 4 An-. !i(.;, w!„.|i tlie .'ai!, liis so,, llcni'v, aiiil '■""<!';;'.^t l.y ll,;lisan„s an,! Narses, 54S-5.ii. Th,v 
 
 most of !,is a,!lu.ir„ts yvvvv slain. !I,.nrv III, at n'l'' It^ivniia Iron, s(,.S to -52. vvlj,.,, Kulv,!,,,., -i,;. 
 
 onu p,rio,! of the laittl, was on t!„. point of beins '."*'' "•""."v"'""''-' ''.v Astoljilins tl„. ]„„,1,,,,|. •d,,, 
 
 cit llown l.v a sol,lier wl,o <li,l not Iviiuw liini, liwl J'"^'".'''' '" t'"' ''""■'I' "'"* '"■''t "' 'I'Smlv h, tl,. 
 
 was savc.,n,\ ovrlaiiiiin;:, " Do not liill mi., solilic.r; I'"'iiiii''li. 
 
 I am ll..my of Wiihln'st,,-, tliy kin^!" This vi.- EXCHANGE, f"nn..rlv Jla>,nr, tl„. l:,,,,] 
 
 tory hrolve up the conihinatioii ol the haion.. Exehan-,. bein- " lirilain's liiir.se ;" that „t kii! 
 
 EVICTIONS (in Ireland), 4S2,ooo persons is still iiaintKl "/.« yy<;/(/-«'," from ///(/-A", h j,,,',.^,," 
 
 eviited fro, 11 l.S4()-82, I Ki.ooo irinstati'd as ,.iire- One ,'alled^^/(///(v/»f»( J/(/-cr(/«/-««/ exist, il ,,1 i(oi,i,.| 
 
 tak,.rs, SI',. Iiiliiiid, iNSd it ,vm/. .Many evii-ted 49.^ n.c. The Kx, hankie at .\i,,sti'iila,,i wa, i,,,.!;.' 
 
 t,.ni,nts nia,li. terms with thiir laiulb.rds, ami oned the tiii,'st sinietiire of the kind in tli,. wurhl. 
 
 ritnrneil to tlieir fiiriiis, i!^i)i-2. See Itui/iit Kti-/i((iifft; and Jlilts of Exchiiiiijc. 
 
 Kvielioiic i,iissioi,,-iiipoiiiti..i,si.o //.?M..</, i40et. 189:; F.\'CHF(JI^F1? ',11 aneient i,i.iiit,iti , 
 
 Iti.poi't lie „,..„ill„K reia.sliitcaeal, .\;c . |,i-b- . ■f"^'^^-L',>*'- ■'"^Vi « ''"'^!""^ II silt, 1 ,.„„. 
 
 senteiltolheeoaoaoiis. . . . o .Marcli, iSgj fl^tin- ol „h,.eis Willi hnamial and ,|ii,liri;,l f,,;,,,. 
 
 24.001 , 'Viet ioi,s i,, lii'liiail IVo,,, i Oet. iSfi, to tions : th,' ehani-ellor of the ex,.'he,|i,er. tli,' tii,;,ni i;,l 
 
 ^,i«i'pt. iSf;; S,975 fruai , ()i;t. 1887, 1030 Jane, oltieer, Ibrmerlv sat ill the court of exeheipiii'iil^n,. 
 
 iSg4 ; nl.oat 4..X0 A,,;;. 1894 the barons. The tirst I'liaiieellor Wiis l-ais'nr d,. 
 
 liill lor 11,.! .'oiopoUiay ,,.i„-<tat .,.1 of nvi.ti'.l Faueonbrid-e. bishop of London, in tlie ivi-n „, 
 
 ti.,,ai,ts I,, li-ila,,d; ].asM.,l l.y the eoimiinos, ITiiiii-v III ..l,„„t i-i-.. n;,. Ii„l„„.. i\- , ,'' 
 
 ,iy4?I.Ml;.'.-..ii.,aniis . . . ,0 Feli. .896 til,, hist ,'liaiii-..llor ol tile exeheqiier who „it,'il 
 
 EVIDENCE, LAW ok. .-...nlated by ,4 *: '5 ^diall^dl^r ^'as' ■^^li.he.l'bv' it '^1^:1:1 .^^ 
 
 Viut.j e. ()(J (l«5n, 10 ic 17 Viet., e. i<3 (lt<.;3), 32 A; Aui!-. 1873. Cliarb'S II. seiz'ed on the (l.,l,lMiiill„'' 
 
 3,3 Viet., e. (xS (18(1.)). iniiils in tlii' .'Xiheiiuer to nri'pari' for wi„, ^ Ji,,, 
 
 JIi-. I.:,l..>a.l,i,.-s ap|.lii-;,lii.„ for a iiiaiiilaiiias of 1O72. 'i'lie Kiinlish all,! Irisli exih,.ina'i's"\v'|.|,|'. 
 
 tl,.. (■.mil ..t.^ii'ri,'s IliMirl, to,-o,„|.H Mr li..l.,.,t ' eoiisolidated bv iiarliament in iS|-; se,' (■/!„,,,,,/ 
 
 ,.'.„1,.„ ,ol,„.„„T,.|,.va„t ..v>,l,.,a-,',,vl„se,l ...Nov. ,879 /„,., ^j- „,^ E},L,Hn:, am! VW/.y 'upUr. 
 
 l).ieil,,,i',,la,.vK\ iiii',ii'i' .\e|s, p;,ss,'.| 
 
 J',isiii,i'r> ill ei'itai,! i'ii,,,i,,;,l casi's weii' p"r,,,itteii 
 lor tin' tii'l ti,,ii' ill Kii^'ianil t,i;.'ivi. . ic|i',,i'i' o„ 
 thi'ir oui, l.i'hair {,, iS?.., aa.l the p,'aetie.' I, as 
 l»'i.,, l.'piilisi'l with ^-'ooil 'lli-et i.y 26 aits ,ip to 
 ,£97. 
 
 'J'lie Evidi'Mi'i' ill (',i,,,i,,.il Casi's .,\ct wl,ii 1, i,,aki's 
 tliis p,.ii';iee ooil'ii,,,, in all eases, was passeil 
 
 12 A,,^'. 1S98 
 
 EVIL MAY-DAY (i May, 1517), thus ...illed 
 on aiTount of th,' viol, nr,' of tlie a];pr,'iitiees and 
 liipuli.e,', diri'ete,! ajcaiiist foreiffiii is. parti, iilarly 
 the Fremh. 'J'he rioters w.'ie li,'a,led by on,' 
 Lini'oln, who, with 13 otliei's, was liantri'd ; and 
 4tK. more i,i tli,'ir shirts, ami lioiiml with ropes, and 
 halters alioiit their 11,'iks, wi'i-e c,rriei! to Wiwt- 
 inilister; b-it thcN rrviiij; " Mirev, iiieiiv 1" wereall 
 
 Kxiiiri;, r.i: Hii.i.s. The^'ovi'iiin.i'at stT,,iiiit.s. snr.ill,,,! 
 
 saiil to have 1 ,, i,,vi',,teil hv .Mii,,l:,-,i,,. ,|f|,,,,'v,||,|; 
 
 I'.irl of Halifax, w,'ii' lii'st iss,,,'.! i,, n,,,-, ;,||,| |i,M ,i|. 
 lUlati'il liy the liaiik in 17.^6, 'I'lirsi' hills. i,f«||j,|, 
 ii,o,|. thai, tw,,,lv ,,,illioiis sterling' ,i,|. ,,||,.|, j,,,,,,.,,. 
 l,,tioi,. are ill .'neit ai-coiiiiiioiliiti,„i ,,..|.,s ,,r^,n,,,|.. 
 lia',,t, that a,!' issiii'il in a,itiii|..',tio,, of tiixi's. ;7t .l.iilv 
 iiiti'iist : Mini hi'iii- ii,i-,'iv,'il for tiiM-s, ;,a.l p.ii.l hv'ni,, 
 lia,,k i,, lii',1 1.1 taxi's, ill itsih.ali,,,^.s with thi'i-Mli,,,'.,,,., 
 Ihiy ,i>,ii,lly li.'a,,-, pii,,ii,,ia. Aaiouot ii, liniilaii,.!,] 
 5n,.j74.7Si./. in ,6,7; in 1854, 16,008,700'. 
 
 liohct Ash'lt. a i-,,sl,i,'r of thi. hank of Kii-biul, t,i,,,| 
 
 \'<\ l-,,,bezzli,,^ c'M'l,ei|,,i-,- hills, ;oiil fiii|,i,l i„,t imillii, 
 oil aii-uuill of till' illN.lliilit.V of till- hills, tllnlljjll 111',', 
 
 ail„;,l loss to the hiiiik a„,o,,,,ti'il to 34.', 607/,, ,3 Jul;, 
 .M,' Hl'aal, t ,'<lllitll Irieil for fol';;!,,;; ,'X,,|i,.,|ii,,|, lijn, ii, 
 
 the i,iiioi,,,t ol 350.0.x./. ; ph'aileil .guilty; .viitiiKTil h. 
 tralislioiliitio,!, 4 II,, I'. 1841, 
 
 3rr 
 
 jiarddiied by the kin^', Jlenry VIIl, 
 
 EVOLUTION THEORY in.lniles the Kx.ii, :,,.,, a: li..N,.s. „ sp,',i,.s ..f p„i,|i,. s,„„,iii,.s. i„i,„. 
 
 nebular tb"ory anil Mr. Darwin's, loetrine of natural d,i 1 h.v M,-. W. K. Cilailstom'. ia ,853, hnu- ii.it Imn 
 
 seleetion : see Jlcfclopiiuiit, and rriK/rfssidiiixtn. "''" ri'i'i'lvi'd. 
 
 1,1 ,877 tlir,'i. tonus of ,'Voli,tio„ w,:,-,. ,lis,'„ss,',l :- Ti.uaais ,,r •, m: V-f"'^!^-^^ li.'si.h's eha,iil.,.,l„i,„ „f 
 
 ,. That of all aniiaals «,'„,l„allv fro,,, the lowest for,,,, .'"', "V ";.'' "j > ''^'''l^ l'\ '"''"•",',• \""' '",''"'""' ""' 
 
 the a„i.il.,i. .IP to iiiaa, in opposil ,„ the Hihiieal " ;';\' /,','' '■,^,,' I'' , ,";,■■'"„':''" ','"'""""","' 
 
 ,„',.o„„t .If th.! ,,,,,.„tio„ ; -i. that of I'Veiv al.iliial IVoia " ' ' '"„''■, , L" ' ' 'S'"^' "';"> f "'■""'■ 
 
 ,.i-,a,,i,lisii, ill 1 ,,,'11 or I J that of ill till' i.iiis ..raholitioii. Ill (let, ih^), thee wi.,-., th,' IniiiliiiraH, 
 
 j:;- im inaa;:,; n;',: i's i;iii;,a" • '■ ' ' '""^ ;';;:;-;;f '■"■- "'■ "■'■ «■"'"""•'■. ^"- ^"'-li-i-'i. - 
 
 EXALTATION, see 6','0,m, i j„,„', 'l.C^^ ,.,,„, ,,,,,, ,,n,,,.„,,nls ,i„„',|uis C-,„„il,„ 
 
 EX A.M1N \TTONS nf ,'aii,!ida!,'s for ,'niplnv. "•■'■' ai'lioini"'! » t.'lh'i- ..f tin. ,.xeli,',|U,'r. in ,,,»,,, mi 
 
 jin'iit in the .ivil serviic has 1,,','n ,'nfor,'ed since hehl th,' ap|.o,,,ti,,..,it iii,til his ,l,',',tl,, ii, ,840 liiiiiii.i 
 
 ,<<-- Ml- r;i,i,lstoiie in iXI.'' s-iiil tint th,. ,ii-,.«.,it iii'iirlv hull ol this l.ai^ term hi' r,'liii,|ii,slii'il Iliv iii,„iii,, 
 
 Ih.,v .Ml (jl.ulstont m Ifitj. sai,l mat tlie iiiei-eiit (i„„,,a„ti,i^ i„ th,. whol,, to upu.o'ils ,.f n ,|ii,,ii,.| „f , 
 
 nii};lit be tirm.d the' ajru ol exuiuinatiuus; bee i,iilli,„i stoilin;;) I |.la.-,:,l il at iheseivu'cof tliistatc, 
 
 EXCHEQ 
 
 t'OMI'lllol.l,f:il (ilAKI, 
 Wlis cl'l'lltl'il of, th,',, 
 
 i,„il the t'oiir ti'lh'i's 
 
 tl,|. ]<,'lls, ,,,l',,tinl,,'i 
 
 li,sl i..i,,plrolli.r-^'i.| 
 
 {iriillli'.l II (lit, 18: 
 
 Nive.l 1. 1 tl„. Stat,' I. 
 ,,li',,t of II,,. ;;,ivi'rilli 
 
 Cui in OK Kx. iii:i;ri-,i 
 III. ill nv- It wii> 
 
 „,,il then lllinle t 
 
 This 1 Mint is foii'in 
 
 l.f I|11I'I'!|'S Im'III'I,, i 
 
 ,.1,'as in iieti.iiis eon 
 ,i,,t2(ii'.i, IV. .V I V 
 
 Till. Kxelieiiiii'r ,.ini'i' 
 ll('iii.\ IV, in 1300, 
 
 ','fhi'lh'.l Hook of th 
 
 III' I larii's, I'.liteil I 
 
 Oil. iSy7. 
 
 IIUNI 1:1,1.,, 
 
 Ilr,i,v .^llllill^'toll (aft. 
 
 Will, rilt(yii.m/i/-) . 
 
 I.i.nl lli'iiiv I'elly (a 
 
 .|,av,i.) , 
 S|.,'„i ir I'l'ic'val 
 
 .Mill ,„',i..;.-,' 6 Dei', 
 Xiclii.las Viinsitliirt (al 
 I'li'il. ,1. Il..hiiis,iii laf 
 
 .,ail..l'Ki|'oii) . 
 (i.'iir;,'!' raliliili^ (/i. '('/,,/ 
 ,l..liii r. lli'llies . 
 Ili'iii'v liiiiilhiirii 
 Vis.'Miiiit ,\lllior|i(aft. 
 
 Sil- lli.hi'll r,'i'l(/ii.mi' 
 
 Ihiis. S|.,i„}.' Ilii'i' (aft, 
 ha„ris T. Ilarili^'(afte 
 lliiay (li.iilliiii'ii . 
 Cliaili'S W I (afterwi 
 
 1866) 
 |li.„|a,i,iii Hisrai'li 
 Wiliii„,i KH:,,t (lla.lsto 
 Sir (III. ,w (0,1,, 'Wall I. 
 |li'„iai„i,i |iis,'a,'li, a^'ai 
 Wiliiiilii Kwiirt (lla.lsto 
 tti'iijiiiitiii IMsi'.-n'Ii. ap-,i 
 ,i,,..',-i' Wa,i| llaiit 
 Ili.U'it l.iav,' . 
 Willi:,,,, Kwi,,! (iladst,. 
 si,Slalt'.i,il Xortheot,' 
 Williaiii laviirt (ilmlsto 
 llii^li, iilliiej l';a,ilh'y 
 Sii',Mirliiii'l llii'ks-lti'ai 
 Sir Williai,, V. lla,i'o,i,' 
 l,„al lliiii.li.lph ll>.|„'y 
 
 (ri'si;;„,'il) 
 fill.,-.;.' ,h.iii'l,il,, fiii.seli. 
 Sir William V. Ilareoin 
 Sii'Mii'liiii'lIlieks-lli.ae 
 
 Civil Sti'iUfj 
 
 ,s it auiiiiallv ai rr,,ii|. 
 
 ' ill in'iii'i'ss ,if tiiae 
 ;;niili,iilly ,'„la,'),',',l in it 
 
 wa.s lint lllHl-i'ly :, I'i'xt',, 
 
 ln'twi'f,! snliji'i't ,',,,,1 SI 
 ii|iiity wi'iv also iiistitii 
 '■. 5 (1841). Ill,' eoiiit 1 
 inrisiliitiiiii ; Init hy till 
 tniusf.'mil to the eouit 
 
 
EXCHECa'ElJ, COUKT OF. ;fi»7 
 
 t'llMI'Tllnl.l.Kll (illSKllM, IIK Till: Kxr II |:i)ri:ll. TllU ,i|||i',. 
 
 H:,silr,'itc.| I Ml till' illinlil ion nl H Ilici.HMf till' iillilitiil- 
 
 IIImI till' tnlll- trIll'IS III' IIk' isr|||.||l||.r-, Hllil till' lll'lk nf 
 
 till' )ii-ll.-i, iiM'iiti '.I ill till' |iii Mil- ininiHi'iipli. Till' 
 
 lii'Ht i"iii|iti'ii|liT-^'i'iii'r,'il «,is sir Jiilin Ni'\v|iiirl, np. 
 
 ]i,iiliti''l II Oil. 1814. .!4.4t3/, I'lr ii„,ni,„ Iiiim' I n 
 
 wivi'il til till' sliili' liy till' ii'Iri'iii'l 'Ills ill this ili'imi t- 
 
 iiii'iil 111' llir Ki'Vi'iiiiiii'iit. 
 
 Cm III III- l':.\iiii;i;ri;ii Cii \miii:ii. I':ri'i'l..i| liv Kilwiinl 
 
 111. ill ll-,7. It was II Irlli'il liv |.;ii/,|l,i'tll, ill 1584, 
 
 mill thl'll lllllili' til l'nlM|i|isi' Illl',|llil|.'l'siirilll tl VtM. 
 
 This 1 1 lint i.s liMi'iriinriiiii tlii'.jiiil.^iui'im 1 if tin' loiiit.'* 
 
 (if M ii's In'Mi-Ii, I' iiii.n |ili.,'is. mill i'vrhi'i|iii'r of 
 
 |ili','is iiMicli'iii.s I'liiiiiiii'iii'i'il thi'ri'iii. Ili'-iiinili'lli'il liy 
 iii'tjth'.i. IV. A; I Will. IV. I'. 7u(:.j,liily. 18.10). 
 
 Till' Kvi'hiiiniT oilin', WcstiiiiiisliT, \v:i,s iiiititiiti'il liy 
 lli'iuj IV. in ijiji;. 
 
 '■Thi' lli'il Hoiih- of till' Ksclii'iiniT." ,111 ; ii-iit rci'iml 
 
 III' I hnii'S I'lliti'il liy lliihi'ii II, ill, . vols,, lllllili, hi'il 
 
 Orl, liy;. 
 
 iiIANiKI. Mills 111- I III; i:xi Mi:i,iii.ii. 
 
 Ihiiry .\■lllill^'to|| (lift, hiiil Siiliiiiiiilh) .1 .Miiir.h, 1801 
 
 Will. I'ilt(yiii«ii'ii-) ifi.Miiy, 1804 
 
 l.iiiil lli'iiiy IVIly (iifli'i'Hiirils iiiini|iiis of l,inis- 
 
 •lii«ii' ) 10 I'Vli, iSof) 
 
 Siirmrr I'irr.'viil .... -,i .Miiivh, 1807 
 
 .Villi /./.,„,,•,■ 6 Di'i', 1809 (iissiissiniiti'il II .Miiv, i8ij) 
 
 Xiiliiiliis Viiiisitt.'irt (lift, hnil lli'xh'y) , i;.liii'ii', 1811. 
 Iriil, .1. Iliihiiisiin (iifliM'Hiirils lori'l (oiili'iiih iiml 
 
 EXCIHE. 
 
 I ! Tfff J ,,,, 
 
 .•iMl'irili||"n) ii .l.i'i. laa-, 
 
 (;,.iii^;i'('iiiiiiiii},'(/i,rwiii-) \|iil, i3.'7 
 
 .IllllllC. lll'llicS ,y .\| J. ^_ 
 
 lli'iiivdiiiilhiirn 2ii.liiii, 1828 
 
 Vis.'iiiiiit .\ltlioi'|i(iil't. I'liil Spi'iiii'i) . 22 .Nov. 1810 
 
 Mr hiiliiTl I'l'i'l (;•/■■ lion-). . . , 10 Hit. i8u 
 
 Tins, SlMiiij; liii'.'(iilt. hihl Mnnti'iifih') 18 .\|iiil, 18(5 
 
 iTiiiiris I'. Iliniiij; (iil'ti'i-WiiriU liiiiniift) . 26 All','. 18 nj 
 
 Ihlliy (liilllhlirll -, N,'|it, ,841 
 
 lliiiili's WihmI Oilti'i'wiiiil-' Imniiii't. hnil Ihilifiix, 
 
 1866) fi.Iiilv. 1846 
 
 IVniaiiiiii I)i«i-iii'li . . . .21 |''|.i,, ,8j2 
 
 Williiiiii KHint (iliiilstiiiic , . , . .^8 Ki'c. ,, 
 
 Siilii'iirai'Coriii'Wiill l.i'wis. . . 5 .Miiri'h, 1853 
 
 Ifciijiiiiiiii liisiiii'li, 11^'iiiii .... 27 Ki'li. 1858 
 
 Wiliilllll Kwiirt (Ihlil.stnlli', i|;,'llill . . .Illlil', 1859 
 
 hiiiiiiiiiiii Disiiii'li. lllllili .... e.liilv, 1866 
 
 (iii.i);i' H'linl Hunt .... 29 I-Vii, i8fi8 
 
 li.iU'it I.I1WI' 9 |)i.i'. _, 
 
 Williiiiii Kmirt (il.-iilstoni' (iiiiil /.iimi.',') . Anj,'. 1871 
 
 Sii-SliiirMril Niirthi'oti' .... 21 l-'fli. 187^ 
 
 Williiiiii Kvviiit (ihiilstiiiii'Oinil ,.,r„i;,,') 28 April. 18S0 
 
 llii^li lllllili;.; Kiirillry Chijili'i's . . . Dit. ,83,, 
 
 sir .Mii'hiii'l llirks.lli'uch . . . 24.111111', 1885 
 
 .Sir Williui.i V. Iliiri'iiiirt . . . iiliont 6 l''i'li. i386 
 Lm-il lliiinhilph llciiry Spi'iifi'i-.t'liiirchill 26.I11IV, 
 
 (r«is I) " . „ 
 
 (ioilViliiilcllilll (ioSI'IllMI .... -{.Tllll. 1887 
 
 .Sir Williiiiii V. I Imiii 111 It .... i3 Aii«. 1892 
 Sii'Micliiu'l llii'ks-lli'iich Inly, 189, 
 
 EXCHEQUER, CouitT OV (Cm-in Reqh), 
 instituti'il by Williiim I. on tlie iiindel of tlic Ti'nii.s- 
 niiiviiu'Ivvi'iii'iiucrol'Noniiimdy, in 1071); iiccorilinij 
 t(i soiMi' imtlioi-itii's, by lloiin" I. It inclinlcd the 
 roininon jili'us tintil tliov \yei"e sdpiiriiti'd, ifj .lolin, 
 1215. Viih's Jli'/mrfs. 'I'lio o.M'licquer is .so iiiiincd 
 froiii 11 rlic'iiurri'd cloth whicli anciently covered the 
 talilo where the judges iind chief otKeei-.s siit.» Hero 
 avi> tried nil ciiiise.s relating to the king's revenue; 
 siiih lis lire inneorning iiecounts, dislmraenients, 
 I ustoms, and fines imposed, as well as all matters at 
 lomiiioii law between subject and subject. Tlie 
 juilgis lire styled baroiia, first appointed 1 234. There 
 
 ■ III iiniii'ss (if time the cniii-t of exi'lic(|iier became 
 L-iiiilually ('iiliirj,'i'il in its ,iiiris,lii'tiiin, until at leniith It 
 was nut iiieri'ly .'1 ii'veiiiie cinii't imd onv at conimoii i.iw 
 ln'twcon siilijeit mill siiliject, lint one in wliicli suits in 
 niiiitywm'iil.sii instituted. In fact, until the act 5 Vict. 
 '■■ 5 (1841), the ('onrt of exi'lii'i|niM' piissessed a triph' 
 iiirisiliitiiiii; lint liy this stiitntc its ciiuity business was 
 traiisf'Tieil to tlie court of cliaiicery. 
 
 were a cliief innl four piiisni' liarons ; the tilth jiiilgc 
 having been inlilcd 2) .liilv, i.S^). 'Ihi. ortjec of 
 Ciirsilor Ihiniii w,n abolislii'd in iMy,. Tor 1 liiiiiges, 
 
 see SKjii-niir Cum/. Tl mieut ciiiirt s.it fur last 
 
 time, 10 .liily, 1S7V The Kxi he(|Uei' lUvi-ioii was 
 iibidjslied in |.S,S| ; in Iiclainl in I.SS7. »!;• Sn/jiriiic 
 Ciiiir/ Jiidii-nhnf Act, [inssi'il 37 ,\ug. iKKi, 
 
 ( lllr.K H.\KoSS. 
 
 1M9. Sir ll.ilii'if .\tliiiis. ,0 April. 
 1691;, Sir Kilwiihl W.ii'l. 10 .lime 
 1714. SiiS.ii '1 liiiiM. .,,., .Vi„ 
 
 I7ir.. Sir I'liolii:!, Iliiiv. II .lliiii., 
 
 172.'. Sir.Iaiiii's .Mniiiiiyn, 9 .May, 
 
 1721. Sir liolii'it l-ivre. 5 Di'i'. 
 
 172;. Sirdi'oilii.y iiiiiii'rf. , .liini'. 
 
 172'!. Sir Thoiii.is I'i'ii-i'llv. 2'i n, t 
 
 1711. Sir.Iiiiiii.s licviiohls. -,., .\prii 
 
 I7j8. Sir.lnhii (■ ui. 7,)rilv, 
 
 1740. Sir l':.liiiiiii.| I'inlivii. 24 Nov 
 
 1742. Mir'I'hoiiiiis I'liihi.r. 39 x,,v. 
 
 1772. Sir .siiliii'v si.ilh.r.l Siiivthe. 29 (let, 
 
 1777. Sir .lohii shy r. ,7 |i|.|.. 
 
 ■7!J7. !^ii''l: » Kviv. 2ri,laii. 
 
 179.1. Sir Airhili.il.l Miii'iloniihl 12 I'Vli. 
 
 1813. Sir Vii ,iiy liililis. 3 .\iiv. 
 
 1814. .Sir Ah'X,iii.|i'i riiiiinsoli, 2|I'"i'li, 
 1817. Sir Hirliiinl liiiliiiiiU, 22 Ajiiil. 
 1824. Sir Wioi.iiii .Mi'xanili'i-, 9 .Ian, 
 i8.ii. .John, loiil l.yiiilhiirst. 18. Ian. I'rei iouslv lord 
 
 ■ TiaiM'i'llnr : aiiain lord iliaii. I'lh.r, ,8,4, " 
 '3i4. N"'l.- sSiarlett. 24 Ih'e. fiealiillor.l Aliiie'er. 
 
 .Inn. iSs;, 
 1844. :-<ie(-loiiiith.iii) Kreilcrirk Polloik. i^ April 
 1800. Sir l''itzHov Kell,v, i6,liilv. piieil ,7 »,.pt. ,33o ] 
 •/■/„' /,(.' „///„',.;„■,.//„,,„„,,.. ' 
 
 Sirf'harli's Kihiar.l I'olloek, hist of the liarinis. ip Ws 
 
 renieinliranier, Imrn 1821, son of tlie eliief lianm sir 
 .1. Kreileiick I'olloek, died 21 Nov. 1397. 
 
 ciii|.:i'' H.Mi, >s OK i;xiiii;i;ri;ii in iiii i.and. 
 1690. John Hciv, 5 Der, 
 1693, lliiliei't lliiyiii', 10 .M,iy, 
 1701. Xeheniiali Koiiiii'Ihin. ' 27 Dee. 
 i7on. Hiihanl l-'ieciiian. 23 .Iiliie. 
 1707. liolii'it Uiiihfort. 12.I11111', 
 
 1714. .losi'ph Hi'iine. 14 (),-t. 
 
 1715. .JeflVey (lillielt. itj.liiiie. 
 172.1. lleinard Male, o .luiie 
 1723. Thiiliias llaltoii. 2 Si'lit. 
 1710. Tlioinas Maila,\, 29 Sept, 
 1741. .lolin Itiivvcs. 21 |)|.|. 
 1757. Kilwaid Willis, 1, Manh. 
 1760, Anthony Ko.sii.r, 5 Sept, 
 
 1777 •lames l)i'iiiiis(art.is. lianm Traitoii). -i ,7iilv 
 1782. Walter llllssey |ll|r;;h. 2 ,liilv. 
 1781. Harry Velvcrtoi: (afterwards viseoiint Avonniiire). 
 29 Nov. " 
 
 1803. Stanilish O'Gi-aily (aft. visi oiint Giiillaiiiore) s Oct. 
 18 II. Henry ,Jov. 6 ,lan. 
 i8j8. Stephen Wiiiilfe, 20 .Iiilv, 
 1840, Maziere Hiailv. n V\A, ' 
 
 .34<V Dai ill Hii'h iril Pij-ott ; , Sept., die.l 22 Dee. 1873. 
 1874. (.hnstoplii.r I'alli's. ,)aii. 
 
 Thrhi^Kflliii-liirflntvniii. 
 
 EXCISE, The system was established ir> 
 hiiglaiid by the Long rarliiiinent in iliii, duties 
 being levied on wines, beer, &c., and tobaceo, to 
 support the arinv against Charles I. It was con- 
 tinued under Cliiirles I[. Sir liobcrt Walpole's 
 jdan for extending the excise and introduciip- the' 
 bonding system was withdrawn tliroii<;l. vehement 
 opposition in 17,55. Farming the excise duties led 
 to many evils, see SniiD/r/ln:-.. Jtn)„/ri/ unrclioiines 
 tor the tempoiaiT storage of e.xc isealde goods 
 antliorized in 1.S02, were begun in iH'?. Th& 
 system was modified in l8,S2," Bonds for'the iiay- 
 inent of the duties are entered into bv the importers, 
 ilie old e.xcise oiiiee was built on tlie site of Ures- 
 ham college in 1774; the present is at Sonierset- 
 liouse. The officers of e.\oise and customs wcr^ 
 deprived of tlieir votes for returning menibera to 
 parliament in 1782; but received them a^uin m 
 
 "a^w 
 
 lit ^ "^^^ 
 
 . 1 
 
 1; , 
 

 ,"!*' 
 
 ?.,:^' 
 
 EXCLUSION HILL. ;!!tH 
 
 1868. In 1840 thp bciiiriU of cxcine, (.taiiipH and 
 tiixi'K, were united. n» "the hixinl nf cnmiinxnidiirix 
 of iulaitil icronte." NntwuliKtaiidiiitt the aliolitidti 
 of the I'xcisi' duty i)|iciii miiii''ioii(< aitiilcH, and ttie 
 reduction (if duty u|i(in viirimis dtlicru, of lato yoiir«, 
 the total excise nvcnne, ho far frmn having de- 
 oreiiaed, has pi'ojfresKively advanred (1X47 and iKdl 
 excepted) in iIm a;;Ki'('(;ate nnuu.ii iiniciunf. Addi- 
 tional cxi'ise duties were eliarci'd tiy 17 <Sc 18 Vict. 
 <■. 27, Julv 5, 1854. The exciseduties were further 
 inuditied in l.SliO 1)4; see Jlitciiiic. 
 
 
 UKVKNl'K FtlDM KXeiSE. 
 
 
 
 ihr.il II 
 
 1 itniil. 
 
 
 1744 
 
 ;£,!. 7,4,072 
 
 1S75 lo M.ir 
 
 31. .£27.254,132 
 
 lySfi , . . 
 
 5.540,114 
 
 1876 
 
 ,, 27,569,323 
 
 1808. 
 
 19,81)7,914 
 
 ■ 877 .. 
 
 „ 27,681.523 
 
 1820 . . . 
 
 =6,364,702 
 
 1878 ,, 
 
 „ 27,710,514 
 
 1827 (rnilcd 
 AiHffdom) . 
 
 
 1S79 
 
 ,, 37,186,021 
 
 20.995.324 
 
 1880 
 
 ,, 25,218,303 
 
 1830. 
 
 18,044.385 
 
 i83i ,, 
 
 „ 25,372.183 
 
 1834 . . . 
 
 16,877,292 
 
 1882 ,, 
 
 ,, 27,170,798 
 ,, 26,982,916 
 
 1837 
 
 14,518,142 
 
 1883 „ 
 
 1S40 . . . 
 
 i2,fit>7,766 
 
 1E84 
 
 ,, 27,048,051 
 
 1845. 
 
 11,585.58) 
 
 i88s 
 
 ,, 26,501,613 
 
 1847 . . . 
 
 12,883,678 
 
 1886 
 
 ,, 25,441,922 
 
 1848. 
 
 13,910,652 
 
 1887 
 
 „ 25,212,883 
 
 1850 . . . 
 
 15.278,208 
 
 1888 
 
 „ 25,625,520 
 
 1858 to Mar. 31. 
 
 17,1)01,545 
 
 1889 
 
 ,, 25,600,000 
 
 i8f.o 
 
 20,240.467 
 
 1890 ,, 
 
 ,, 24,160.000 
 
 186s 
 
 19,428,324 
 
 1891 
 
 ,, I4,788,cxx) 
 
 1868 „ 
 
 20,190,338 
 
 1892 
 
 ., 25,7'7.425 
 
 1869 
 
 20,475,740 
 
 1803 
 
 ,, 25,283,134 
 
 1870 „ ,, 
 
 21,879.238 
 
 1894 .. 
 
 ,, 25,246,861 
 
 i87i .. ,. 
 
 22,833,907 ; 
 
 1895 
 
 ,, ii6,o5o,ooo 
 
 1872 
 
 23.386,064 
 
 ■ 896 „ 
 
 ,, 26,8,-K.,CX,0 
 
 1873 ,. 
 
 25,904,450 
 
 1897 
 
 ,, 27,460,000 
 
 • 874 .. .. 
 
 27,115,969 1 
 
 1898 
 
 ., 28,300,000 
 
 EXCLUSION HILL (tn exclude the dul<e of 
 York, afterwards James II., from the tlirone), was 
 passed liy tlic comuions. hut rejected by the lords in 
 1680. The revival of the i|ue8tion led to the disso- 
 lution of ])arliament in 1O81. 
 
 EXCOMMUNICATION, orseparation from 
 Cliristian comniunion (Mult, xviii. 17; i <,'or. v., 
 &e.), was instituted to preserve the ])urity of tlie 
 church. The Honian cliurch excommunicated hy 
 Hell, liool;, iiiul Oiiiilli (trhicli nei). See Iiiltrdict. 
 Grciiory VII. exconiiiiiuiicatcil tlic eiiilieror 
 liciiiy IV., ,niul alisolveil his subjects fiuia 
 
 tlicir allc(;iiiiii'e 1077 
 
 Innocent III. cxcoininnnii'iitol ,)o)in of Englaad. 
 
 placiiif; tlic cipniitr.v nmli'i- iui inti'i'diet . 1208-14 
 
 Gnxmy IX. cxciniiniiiiiii-.ilccl the enipenir 
 
 Frederick U. tour times Ipct\vccn . . . 1228-45 
 l,oiiis XII. of I'lMiicc w.is cxcoiiiniiiiiiciitcd by 
 .Julius II. 1510 ; l.utlicr liv I.cn X. 1521 ; Ilenrv 
 VIII. lit Kn;.'l,iTii| liy Paul 111. in 1535; and 
 
 Mlzalicth liy I'iiis V 25 .Vpril, 1570 
 
 Tlie cmpcior of Fiance, the kinj; of Sardinia, and 
 others, were virtii.illy cxciiniinniiicatcd (Imt not 
 Iiy name) on accunnt of the anncxatiun of the 
 HoniaKiia hy Sardinia . . .29 March, i860 
 
 EXECUTIONS, see Crime. In the rei-n of 
 Henry VIII, (38 years) it is said that no less a 
 number than 72,060 criminals were executed, Stoir. 
 In the ten years between 1820 and 1850, there were 
 executed in I''ngland alone 797 criminals; but as our 
 laws became less severe, the number of executions 
 decreased. In the three years ending 1820, the 
 executions in England and Wales amounted to 
 312; in the three years ending l8_p, they were 
 1 78 ; in the three years ending 1840, they were 62. 
 The place of execution in London (formerly gene- 
 rally at Tyburn) was in front of Newgate from 1785 
 to 1868, when an iict was passed directing execu- 
 tions to take place within the walls of prisons. The 
 dissection of the bodies of executed persons ^vas 
 .abolithed in 1832, see Death, 1868. 
 
 EXECUTIONS. 
 
 John C'alenift, horn i6ix), executiniicr for I.oiiilun. n^ . 
 1871, ilieil n lice. 1R79 ; Ills «ucci>snr. Win. Mi,i'«,,!i,| 
 
 illeil 4 Sept. it;,9i ; he was sllci Icil liy Hcin ; .,;|j,| 
 
 (o have resigned .Mareli, iByj ; Jus, lliUifi^'ton, iii'i*M 
 
 KXKenioNS IN I.DNIHIS. 
 
 1820, 43 ;— 1825, 17; 1830, 6;-i835, o ;— iSi';, - 
 1837, 3 ;-i838, o;— 1839, 3 ;- 1840, 1; - 1842, 2;-ia4i 
 — 1844, I i— 1845, 3 i— 1846, 3. 
 
 IS KXOLANn. 
 
 Kn};li«i(l. LiiiMlnn., Kiislaiid. I.,,!,,!,,,, 
 
 ■847. 
 
 . s 
 
 1848 . 
 
 . 13 
 
 1849 . 
 
 • 15 
 
 IS50 . 
 
 . 6 
 
 1«5I . 
 
 , 10 
 
 1852 . 
 
 • 9 
 
 1853 • 
 
 . 8 
 
 1854 • 
 
 • 5 
 
 .855 . 
 
 • 7 
 
 1856 . 
 
 ■ '5 
 
 1857 ■ 
 
 • '3 
 
 1858 . 
 
 . I I 
 
 1859 • 
 
 • 9 
 
 i860 . 
 
 . 12 
 
 1861 . 
 
 ■ 15 
 
 1862 . 
 
 , i5 
 
 1863 . 
 
 . 23 
 
 1864 . 
 
 . 19 
 
 1865 . 
 
 . 8 
 
 1866 . 
 
 , 12 
 
 1867 . 
 
 . 10 
 
 1868 . 
 
 . 12 
 
 1869 . 
 
 . 10 
 
 187Q . 
 
 . 6 
 
 187. . 
 
 • 3 
 
 1S72 . 
 
 ■ >5 
 
 ■ 87) . 
 
 . 10 
 
 187J . 
 
 . .'2 
 
 1875 . 
 
 . iS 
 
 1876 , 
 
 . 22 
 
 1877 . 
 
 • 23 
 
 1878 , 
 
 • 15 
 
 1879 . 
 
 • 17 
 
 1880 . 
 
 ■ 1 ) 
 
 1881 , 
 
 . II 
 
 1 88a , 
 
 . II 
 
 18S3 . 
 
 • 14 
 
 1884 . 
 
 . 16 
 
 18S5 . 
 
 . u 
 
 1886 , 
 
 • 19 
 
 1887 . 
 
 
 i8S3 . 
 
 '. \f, 
 
 1E89 . 
 
 ■ '4 
 
 if9o . 
 
 , 16 
 
 1S91 , 
 
 . 1 1 
 
 1893 . 
 
 • 17 
 
 I Eg J . 
 
 . 16 
 
 1E94 . 
 
 . iB 
 
 1895 . 
 
 . 10 
 
 1896 . 
 
 • "9 
 
 KXKfllliiS.S OF IlKM.MiK.AIll.l: ClUM l.\ M.S. • 
 
 Ciiniiowilcr iil.it eonsimiiioiN, IHgliy, 1{. ■\Viiilii- 
 (iiiiiit, anil Hates, 30 Jan. ; T. Winti'r. Houkwuul' 
 Keys, and Fawkes,3i Jan. ; lleiiryUariK'tt,,jisint: 
 at l.oMiioa \ jijiy" j^g 
 
 Joliii Fcltoii, innrder of duke of Bm kiii/iiiii' 
 
 Tylinrn 
 
 iSiS 
 
 James, ilnke of Jloniaoutli, treason; Towcr-iiin] 
 
 , .... '^ 'liilv, 1''-;; 
 
 ; tliainock, king, and Keys, 18 Miiivli ; ^ii■ ,|,,|li, 
 \ Kiieiid, and sir Win. i'crkins ("as»as^ill,ltil.ll 
 
 ('apt. Win. Kidd and three otlnis, tiinicy i") .M^v i'mi 
 ; James, carl of llcrweiitwatcr, .iml Williiini. I^nl ','■ 
 1 Kcnmnre, relicllioii ; Towci-liill . , ,^ p,,!,' ,.,^ 
 
 John I'ricc, the haiifiiiian ; iiinnlcr, liiiiiliilj.n.w, 
 
 .Tack Shepiiaiil, lii>:liwiiyinan : Tyliurn if, xi,v' X,, 
 
 Hicliaril Tnrpin, highwiiyniaii : Voik 7 or m .\\<n\. ..j! 
 Lord Ualmeriiio and others, rchellion ; Tuw,i-|ii|l| 
 
 Lord Lovat, relielllon ; Tower-hill ,, \'|,|ij ^J.' 
 
 Hicliaril Will. Vaugliaii, lirst forger of Hank nt i;,,..! 
 
 '•mil notes ,1 .\i,,v, ,..; 
 
 Kngciic Ar.'Uii. niunlci; : Vi|ik . . . 6 .\ii'.' I'-s^ 
 Karl Fciici-s, mnnlcrof Ills steward ; Tvlmni.s .M.iv', i-r^ 
 TiieoiliMcUarilcllc, ninnlcr : II.iyiiNirliil 4 April.' i", 
 John I'eiTott, fraudulent liaiikrujit ; Sniilliiiii,|'. ' 
 
 John M'Xaughten, esip, niiinlcr of Miss Ki'iux • " 
 Stralianc 1 i Pit' 
 
 Kli;^^lictli Jirownrigg, nuuilcr of licr appivntii,, • 
 'J'.vlmrn ,^ si-|.t.' i-c, 
 
 Daniel and Holicrt rcrrcaii, wine mcnii.ciits, roi-civ ■ 
 'I'.vliiirn i7'",liiii.'i-T-; 
 
 licv. Ur. Dodd, found gniltv of fiir;.-ing a IhhiiI, in 
 the name of lord Clicstcilicld for 4200/. : tin' 
 highest inllncnie was exerted to .save hinii Imt 
 when the ca.sc cjime liefore the eiiimeil, 111,, 
 iiiinistcr of the day .said to (imige III, "If 
 your iiLiiesty pardon Dr. Dodil, v,,ii will li:ive 
 miudend tlic reiTcans :" Tylmiii . ■^■; .]mu-, i-,-. 
 
 Hi-v. Henry llaikm.iii, iiinider of Miss \\n\. mis- 
 ticss ofearl of .saiidwicl, ; 'ryhiirii . 19 April. 1770 
 
 e'.il't. .loliii Douellan, luiirder of sir Tlicmliisius 
 lioiiglitnii : Warwick . . . , 2 April, 17S1 
 
 i.'liri-itian Miirphy(orl!.>wm.i!i), awnni,™ ; stniaglnl 
 and liuriit for coining ... 18 Maiili, 1789 
 
 • For some other executions, sou Emjbml, 15356, 
 1618-41-45-83 ; aud OiUu's riot. 
 
 (iioiV Fiisler, niurdcr 
 
 riiz,i I'liming, adininii 
 
 JiJiii TImi'ti'll, murder 
 
 William Rea, highway ri 
 
EXECUTIONS. 
 
 liiilKinl I'liiki T mill (itliHH, iimtiiiy iit the Xmi', 
 
 i<> .liiiii', 
 Mn. riii'l"'!', I'lli'lmitiil iiiiinliii'«H ; ()M Iliiili'V, 
 
 II III'.-, 
 sir K'lvv.ril <'ri'il'i<', liiuli tii'iisnii : IivImikI, 4 .Innr, 
 M,.„is, Mhi'iiivs, hi;;!! livii»Hh ; iMiMiii u ,liiU. 
 
 lijlli'liinK l'i''l>. Iiipliwiiynmii ; Ayli'almrv, 4 April. 
 („iviriHir .Im-i|'1i Wiill, iiiiirili'i' nf Hcij™iit Arm- 
 ,lr.ih>;: i»l.l lliilli'y .... ^.g .Inn. 
 Ml. iniwliy, iiiiil'liT uf two fniiiilcs ; lliililiii, 
 
 in Millrli, 
 („...rn''l''ii^ti'r, iiiilicli'rnrwlfi'iiiiililiilil;()MHiii:i'y, 
 
 18 .lull. 
 
 I .ilnllil llr^pilhl mill nlliil's, l|i;;li tliMmill: lliirsi'. 
 
 iiiiiiipi'-l'iiii' ji Im'Ii. 
 
 ,I..|iii lliitlii'lil (a iiiiik iiiii'iiHtnr, wlin iimninl. In- 
 
 mis III' till' liiii-t iiili.iiis ilri'i'it, tlid (■(■liliiiilcil 
 
 ••li.'iiiily III Jliittfiiiiirn"), lorKcry; Cirli.~li', 
 
 ! f^'lil. 
 Il.ilii'rt Kimiii'tt, IiIkIi tri'iiMnii ; II11I1U11 ■..,, Si'|it. 
 Iliiliiiiil I'litfli, miirilcriif Mr, Ulijdi ; llciiscii' .i^t- 
 
 l.'iiiu & Apiil, 
 
 Jiiliii Iliilliiwiiy, Owi'ii IlnKt'i'itv, iniiiilcr of .Mr. 
 
 Btirli' ; lllil llllilcy (28 I. f till' Slinliiliiis iif 
 
 •,;i!« i'.\i'iMiliiiii wi'ii' trmlili-ii til ili'iith. mill iniiii- 
 
 I IH wiMV incHSc'il, iMiiliiii'il mill wniiinli'il). j; l-'fli. 
 
 Siiiiiiimw, the iiimiiif lilnml, iiiLMlrr; lli rtl'mil, 
 
 7 Mmvli, 
 M;ii". Oimi'lii'll, iiiiirilcriif niiit. Unyil in u iliii'l : 
 
 Vllli:l>;ll 2 Ort. 
 
 I, ipt Sutlii'ilmiil, iiairili'i' ; Ivxci'iitimi ilmk, 
 
 ji) .III 111', 
 llirliavii Annitiw, fni'Kci-y: OM Diiilcv ■J4.liiii(', 
 J.iliii llrlliii(,'limii, iiiiiiiUt lit .Mr. IVncviil ; (ilil 
 
 lliilry iS Miiv, 
 
 riiilipN'irliiilsiiii, imiiiliT of Mr. ami Mrs. Ilmiar ; 
 
 IVlllirllill'll-lll'lltll .... JiAll^'. 
 
 Friiiiiis Tiiitc, iiiiiiili'r uf Mr. (iuiililiii^. ; liiililiii, 
 
 y Oct. 
 I li.iilis CiilliiKliaii, iimnlir of Mr. Mcny ; lliusi-- 
 
 iii;ri-l,iiii' 2 A|irll, 
 
 Williaiii Sawyur, liiiinli'r of Jack Uai'kct ; Oliliiailcy, 
 
 IS May. 
 riiza Kciinliij;, ailiiiiiiisti'riiig iioison ; Olil ilailfv, 
 
 -'6 .Inly, 
 irniviTsiilIy IiHii'Vi'il to lie iiinni'i-nt ; .she ilcnii'il 
 
 lii'r(;uilt "11 llii' srall'iilil ; ami tlnnismiils ari'uni- 
 
 Hiiiii'il lii'i rniii'r.il. In till' ".\iiiiiial Ui'^Lstcr " 
 
 r.iri8;7, 1'. 143. it i.s stati'il lui tin' antlmritv iif 
 
 Mr (iiiriiiy, that shi' I'mit'i'ssi'il the rriini' tii Mr. 
 
 .laiii's L'|iliin, a liaptist inini.sti'r, »lnii'tly before 
 
 lnii'Vi'iiiliiin.] 
 Jiilm tollman, Siia-llcM.'i riots; Skinnor-stri'i't, 
 
 i2.M.iri'li, 
 yiiiriliTmiif till' I.yiii'h faiMily. Wilil.j;oiisi' |„,i|j;c 
 
 iilt'ir; Iri'laml ni.lnlv. 
 
 P • tliri'i' Ashi-rnl'ts, fatliiT ami suns, imirili'r ; 
 
 Ijll'.istrr g .«i'|it. 
 
 Ilraiiihilli ami others, liii;li tiiasuii ; DitIiv, 7 Nuv. 
 lliarlisllnssey. ninnli'r of ,Mr, liinl aiul his hoiisi'. 
 
 krc|iiT; ri'iiiii'nilcn-hi'ath 1 .\ii^;. 
 
 JnliiiSranlaii.i'Sii., iniinUr of F.lliii Ilaiilcv :'l.iiim. 
 
 riili 1(1 .Mari'li, 
 
 .UtliiiiTliistli'Wooil. John Brunt, .lanii'S Iii^s, .Joliii 
 
 llaviilsoii, Hirhanl Tiilil (see Cnlo-flrrrt) : OM 
 
 llaili'V 1 .Mav, 
 
 Jiiliii I'lii'imill, Thiini.is t'aleraft, iniinler of Mr. 
 
 L'lii'iiiii'll, si'iir ; (ioilalininn . ij.Vn;;, 
 
 Jiisiali Ciiiliiian, forp'ry ; illil Haih'y . 21 Nov. 
 ,S,iiinn.'l Giuenwooil, lii{,'h\vay rolilieiy ; t)hl Hailey, 
 
 27 Dee! 
 Jiilm Tliiirtell, niunler of Mr. Weare ; Herti'onl, 
 
 .Ian. 
 .Tiilin Wayte, forgery ; Ohl Bailey . , 24 Keli, 
 lliniy Kauiitk'ioy, b.mker, forgery; Old Hailey, 
 
 30 \o\'. 
 Will, Prohfi't (an aeeoiniiliie of ThnrteU's in the 
 
 iiiiiiili'r iif Mr. Weaiv; lie beeanie aiiiirover), 
 
 liiil-si'-stealilij; ; Olil li.iih'y . jo.Jiine, 
 
 ISliitalllelils' ^alij;, highway robberv; Olil Dailev, 
 
 2.)XoV, 
 
 lli.is. Tlins, White, arson ; Olil Jlaih'y . 2 ,Ian, 
 
 * ',"' !■"","' '■"''.'.!".".. ("l''. l''^' '"'"i'l' lirawn ..11 a 
 
 22 Nov, 
 
 31)0 
 
 EXECUTIONH. 
 
 ■ 797 
 
 171,8 
 17110 
 
 l8uu 
 
 |8U2 
 
 1803 
 
 i8u6 
 
 1807 
 
 1808 
 
 11 
 
 1811 
 
 l3l2 
 
 I8I3 
 1814 
 
 1815 
 
 I8I7 
 
 ISI& 
 1820 
 
 1821 
 1822 
 
 i82.t 
 
 1S26 
 1827 
 
 1 faptalii I'hmjes MontKoiiii'rv was onleieil f ir exe. 
 eiillon this .lay lorforneiv ; but lii'tiiiikai|iise(iiii 
 oiiiiee ami a lialfjof |iiii,:,n- aehl, to save hiiiiselt 
 fi Hie innoinlny ol the gallows, ami was foiiml 
 
 ileml lllhlsii'li 4,llllv, 
 
 William Curiler, niiinler of Maria .Marten ; lliuv Ht. 
 
 Kilinnmls ,, ',\\\^, 
 
 .Iiise|i|i lliiiilon, iinaker. forgery ; OM Dailev, 8 Di r! 
 Win. Illlike, niiinlerer (sei' Jill 1 1, i, 1,1); I'Minliiiii;!!, 
 
 .8 .Ian. 
 
 Anne t'hajiiii.i iiiiler of her ihiM ; Olil Hailey, 
 
 30.1 mil', 
 .Stewart ami wife, iiinnler ; (IhiHgow , "24 .Inly, 
 Tliiiiims Mayn.iril, the last e.\eeiiteil for fmgerv ; 
 
 Ol'l Hailey ,, I),.,.. 
 
 Mr. Coniyn, arson ; Kiinls . . 18 '.Manli, 
 
 ilohn Aii> Mini Hell, 11 li,,y ,,f ,4 vears of a^e, fur 
 
 the iiiiirih'riif Hiehaiil Taylor, ageil 1 j, MaiiKti'iie 
 
 I Aug. 
 .lohii Hislio|i, Tlimnas Willlmns, iniiriler of a 1 r 
 
 Italian boy (see /,'»,;,;„,,); o|,| Hallev, 5 ilee. 
 .li liii .'<iiiitli, James I'latt, iiniiatnral eriiiie;01il 
 
 . "■iil''.v 8 Ainil, 
 
 Maiyanne llnriloek, reiiiarkablr ease of iH,i„inin' • 
 
 , l"i'',l"l Al'iil, 
 
 John I'l'gsworth, niiinler ; Ohl Hailey laivli, 
 
 Jaiiies (Ireeiiai'ie, iiiliiiler of lliinnali Hrou ohl 
 
 I*"iliy _■ ,Mav, 
 
 Willimn I.ees, niiinler of his wife; Ohl H.iiliv, 
 
 16 Dee. 
 Kraneois Hen,), ('oiirvolsler, iimriler of loril W, Hns- 
 
 sell; OM Hailey 6, Inly, 
 
 Josiab ,Misters, wonmlliig Mr. Miiekretli ; (Shrews! 
 
 hniy 3 April. 
 
 Hubert Hlakesley, iiiiiriU'r of Mr, Hnnloii ; ohl 
 
 Hiiih'y 15 Nov, 
 
 John Delahnnt, niiinler ofTlioniasMagiiire; Dublin, 
 
 s Tell, 
 Daniel Gooil, ninnler of Jane Jones; OM Hailey, 
 
 21 .Mav, 
 .loliii irnline, Smiinel Hiiii.siill, William Jihinil, 
 
 niiinler of Miss (ioihlanl ; Derby . 4 April, 
 Williiini e'niiirh, innnicr of his wife ; ohl Hailey, 
 
 27 .May, 
 Jaiiii's Tapping, ninnler of Knnmi Whiter : oM 
 , '•■iili'V .... .24 Manh, 
 
 John lawell, ninnler of .Small Hart; Aylesbury, 
 „,, ,. 28 Mmeii, 
 
 Thoinas Henry Uoiker, iiiniler of Mr. Dehiri.e ; 
 
 "Mllaihy 28 April. 
 
 Joseph Con ', innriler of Mary Hnithers : Ohl 
 
 H'lih'y ' , . 2.liiiie, 
 
 John I'lalts. ninnler of Ciillis ; Derby , i April, 
 Lallierine Foster, ninnler of her linsbainl ; Ibirv St, 
 
 I':'!'"""''" 17 .V'pril, 
 
 James Hlooinllehl Hush, ninnler of .Messrs, ,Ieriny, 
 
 sen. ami inn. : Norwieh . . . 21 April, 
 I'n'il. (I ge Manning, ami his wife, Maria .Manning^ 
 
 ninnler of o'l.'onmir; lioiituiiiuiiger-hine, 
 
 13 Nov. 
 James Harbour, ninnler : York , . 15. Ian, 
 Ily, Holler, ninnler of wile ; ohl Hailey . 15 Jan! 
 tirant, i)mu. ami (jnniiev, ninnler of Tiionias Hate- 
 
 soi, ; M'liiaghan g Ajiril, 
 
 Kiii.iimel li.irtheleiiiy. ninnler of Mr. .Mom-e ami 
 
 ('. rollanl ; 01,1 Hailey , . . 22 Jan 
 William Honsliehl. niunler of his wife ami tloee 
 
 ehiliheii ; OM Hailey , , , j, Manh, 
 AVilliain r.iliiier(iif Hiigeley), niunler of J, 1', Cook 
 
 by imisoii ; (Stathml .... 14 .lime, 
 William Dove, ninnler of his wife by poison ; York 
 
 Joseph Jenkins, iiUa.: Hubert Marley, iiiiinh'r of 
 Cope, a shoiiman, in Westminster '; Ohl Hailey, 
 
 15 Dee. 
 
 William Jaeksoii, niunler of two ihiliben ; Chester, 
 
 2o Dee. 
 
 Lagava, Hartelano. ami Peltriik, ninnler of two 
 ollleers ami pinii'V ; Winehester 23 Di'e. 
 
 Deilea Heilaines, ninnler of two girls at Dover • 
 
 „„^''ii'l»'<'"'' I Jan. 
 
 Thoinas Mansell (after seven inontlis' resjiite), 
 iniinh'r of a sohlier : Maiilstone . rt.Iiily, 
 
 182S 
 (1 
 
 iSj9 
 
 t* 
 
 It 
 
 l8jo 
 
 iSji 
 It 
 
 ■835 
 
 ■s'.W 
 
 1839 
 1840 
 1841 
 
 1842 
 
 >» 
 1843 
 1844 
 
 1845 
 
 l> 
 
 II 
 
 1847 
 1849 
 
 ■853 
 
 •854 
 1855 
 1856 
 
 1857 
 
 slolgi'bitlieseatlohl); Ohl Hailey 
 
 I'atliniiiu Walsh, liinnler of her chi'hl ; Ohl Hailey, 
 
 Capl. H. Hiigers, niunler of A. Hose, a blaek 
 ■.Neat erni'lty ; Liverpool 
 
 William Rca, highway robbery ; OM Bailey, 4 July 
 
 i.t April, 1S28 John W 
 
 Thomas Davis, ninnler of wife ; Ohl IS.iiley, 16 N 
 
 with 
 
 Sejit. 
 
 
 ¥ 
 
 y>^M^^"" ■ ■ f^ 
 
 ^ J- 
 
 iJ 
 
 L j 
 
 1 
 
 ■•u 
 
 •':#'i 
 
 <^>i.' 
 
 'i \\ 
 
 _rti 
 
 illiain Heale, ninnler of Charlotte 1' 
 
 his sweetheart ; Taiinto 
 
 iigsley, 
 
 12 Jan, 1858 
 
 '-iiiaiM 
 
JfrV 
 
 m 
 
 Mif^ ' 
 
 KXECITIONM. 
 
 ^(lo 
 
 KXKCUTIONN, 
 
 J"llll'niiilll>..ill, ii'hk I'l'li'l- WlllklT, llllllllcrnl' Awlli'M 
 
 iMi>lit)|iiiii<'i) liy |>iiIki>ii iIIm'iivi'ItiI l>y ii iliilil ; 
 
 I'iiIkIi'V 14. lull. i!!s3 
 
 t'liilKdiili MiittliT, a (liMliiiili, niiiiilcr of lii»|ici'lm' 
 
 Tliiilii : (ll'l lliill.'V .... 8 Ki'li. „ 
 (lliiviiiiiil l.idii, iiiiikIit mI' IIi'Iiijhi' TIimiiIiIii ; lilil 
 
 lliilh'V ?i< .^I'lll. ,, 
 
 JnliM 1). lliii'Uiiiill. iMiiiili'i of li|r< xn'iiill'iitlii'r iiikI 
 
 UiiiiiiliiiiitlM'i : 'hiiMiti'ii , .14 \i[n. ,, 
 
 Win. Iliirni'sn, inimli'r nl' hU iImiikIiIi'i ; TiiiintMii, 
 
 4 .Inn. iS5<) 
 JiMi'iili I'iMtli', niiinli'i' of IiIh niTc ; lliilliinl, 
 
 31 .Miiich, 1800 
 Wlllliiiii YiMiii|.tiiiiiii, iiiiirili'i' r>r Nwi'i'llii'iiit, .Miii'V 
 Mtii'i'tiT. mill iMcitlicr Mini tw(i ImipMccts, mi .Viik. 
 16 ; l|iii.i'iii"iiKci-liiiir ... 4 Ni'|it. ,, 
 JiiiiM'.s .Miillliix, iiinriliT 111' .M1.1. KmiiIi'.\ . iit ,Htr|iiii>y ; 
 
 Olil lliiili'y 11) Niiv. ,, 
 
 ,1aiiii'K,l.iliii%i<ii. iiiiinli'i' III' t»n niiii'i'MliiiiiUxliiiii'il 
 
 "llli'i'i> ; Wliiili.'sliT I .Inn, iSf.i 
 
 .Miittlii'W iiimI cIiiuIi'.-. Weil iv. niimliT of their 
 
 limit ; Tiiiiiiliiii 5 ApiH. •. 
 
 Miii'tln l)>iyli'. luirluii'iiiis atli'iii|ili'il niiinli'i' (In^t 
 
 fj-rnilinn'/ni lliii nlii(f); i'\ii-Mi'f JJ .\iH(, ,, 
 
 Will. ("K.iii. iiiincliM- 111' H ll'l' ; (llil Hiilliiy. I4()rt. ,, 
 
 Tliiiiii.i^ .Ui<k> .1 Hiililii'i'. iniinlri' iif hi'Iki'iiiiI 
 
 .Inliii l)iik»i.ii ; Wliiilii'sli'i' . . W7 ll.T. „ 
 
 Will. Cliiiiltiiii. ii|i),'iiii'-ilrlviT, iniiiili ivil .1.11111 Km- 
 iiii'i'Mi'ii, 111 iilitiiiii till' niiuii'y hIii> IiihI Njim'iI fur 
 
 hlT I'l l;,l ; Clliiill' Ii .Miiiih. 7862 
 
 O. .). (lilliiMl. Iillltill ili'l 111' .Miss .M. N. Illlll, nil 
 
 Imm- iviiy 111 rlinivli ; Wiin-ln'sliT . 4 \\\ts. ,, 
 
 Wllliiiiii i'iiyliir. niiinliT nl Mr. .Mellrr I'rnni rrvriitji' ; 
 III' |iri'Viniislv kllli'il lilsiiwii rliililii'ii : Kiikiliili', 
 
 lllSl'l.t. „ 
 Ciitlii'riiii' Wilsiiii. iniinli'mr Mrs. Mniiiiii's liy luiisnii 
 [mill m' M'Vi'iiil iitlii'r |ii'\siiiis| ; (Mil llnili'v, 
 
 20 I 111. ,, 
 Wllllmii Oi'kiilil OiKi'il vi), iniirilir uf tilx wifi', iil'tcr 
 
 50 yt'ii:"s' nimriii;;!' : Woici'sti'r . . 2 .Inn. iSoj 
 Nniili Aiisti-n, ninrili'r nl' .Mr. .Mli'ii : Oxl'iinl, 
 
 24 Mull li, ,, 
 Kolici't A. Ilnrtiin, iiiiinlir nT 11 Imv : Miiiilstinii', 
 
 II A|illl, „ 
 Kilw.iril (V)ii]ii'r. iniinlcr nf Ills ilcrnrnifil snii ; 
 
 8lir<'wsliiii.\' ii.\)irll, ., 
 
 Dennis llel.ine, liinil lleeklimn miil Wiilsli tn iiiiir- 
 
 ilerlils Imiilliinl. I'. I'itZKenilil . . ij April, „ 
 Jiiliii On. ker, ninriU'r nl' 'lye, a imlieeiiimi : Ipswieli, 
 
 14 April, „ 
 Win. Ilii|ii', viiilatiiiii iinil nmrilernf .Mary Cnrliett ; 
 
 llerel'iinl I -.April, „ 
 
 1). M.'ielMiiill mill (1. W Is. innnler iif.Mrs. W.iliie; 
 
 Kirkil.ile ;'5 April. ., 
 
 Jiisepli lliiiiiks. innriler ni' Haw, a pnlieenian ; 
 
 (till llaili'V 27 April. ., 
 
 .Iiisi'pli Ki'lly, iniirileriif l-'it/lieiiry.aHiliiiiilnmster ; 
 
 Wexl'iml ' .11 Ann. „ 
 
 Tliiiinas, Alvarez, HiiHln'^. iiml O'Hrleii, feineiniiH 
 
 ninrilerers l.iveipuiil . . . 11 Sept. ,, 
 
 Aliee Unit, niiinler nl' lier iiintlicr; Clicstci', 28 Div. .. 
 SSmniii'l Wii^lit. niniiler nf Ills paraiiinitr. i2.lmi. 1864 
 Jiiliii l.yiins anil t'niir iitliers (l'niel(,'iiers) ; lanriler 
 
 anil pii.n y : olil Itaili'V . . . 22 Keli. ,, 
 diaries Kiiiknell, innnler nf Ills sweetheart, 
 
 I Aiij,'. ,, 
 Franz Miilh'r. ninrili'r nf Mr. lirijigs in a railway 
 
 earriaKi' (sei' '/'ll'l/.'): DM liaiUy 14 .Nnv. ,, 
 
 Fenlinaiid Kohl, iimriler of .M. Knlirknp ; tlielins- 
 
 fiiril 26, Ian. 1S65 
 
 Kilw. William Pi itehanl, M.l)., iminler of wil'o 
 
 mill her niotlnr ; (llasHow . . .28 July, ,, 
 Jollll C'nilie, inlllilerof niajnr l)e Vele; Jlaiilstnlle, 
 
 12 (let. „ 
 .Stephen Forwnril. n/i'"-' Kriiest Wmithey. Iiiiinlerof ; 
 
 wile ami loiir I'hililien ; .Maiilstniiu . ii,)mi. 1866 1 
 Mary .Xshfniil. innnler of hnsliainl ; Kxeter, ; 
 
 28 Jlareli, „ ' 
 Jolin Will. [,eij<h. innnler of wife's sister: llri);litoii, 
 
 10 April, ,, 
 IJiiliert Cm', nmnler of a ymiiij,' man for his «a(;es, 
 
 -in.< ; Swansea 12 .\pril, „ 
 
 John Grant, a sohlier, innnler of a hoy; Kxeter, 
 
 15 Aug. „ 
 J. rt. JelTn'Vs, niunler of liissoii(aj;eil 7); Olil Dailcy, 
 
 9 Oi't- » 
 
 Jas. I,an;<lniist. Iiiiiliil liiliriler of llaiilii ,s,<j 
 (ft \ear» iilil) I'iAi'.ni ,v. 
 
 HnlilianI l.liiHley, Innnler nflils niiele, |len|, |||.„.|,' ^ 
 Noiwleli .' ' J'-, Aiij' 
 
 (li'iii'Mi' llritliii. innnler of his wile; 'rainilnii " 
 
 2'| A1I.1' 
 
 .lohii Wlwliis, niiinler of Ills I'niieiiliini.. .\..||,., '' 
 u.ikes ; iilil llailiy , . . , ni"i,| 
 
 l.iiiiis llnnlier, iiiimler of Ills eniieiililiii', Man .Nim " 
 .'^iiow : lloisenioiiKer-lmii' . , t'ni. i 
 
 Win. (•'.Meaia .Mien, Win, ilmilil (or O'llrlei,), ,,|||,| " 
 .Mii'hael l.aikin, Keiiiiins. Inr ninnler of lln'.ti ,, 
 poliieiiian ; Siilliinl . .3, \,'„.' 
 
 Fieilerii'k linker, ninnler iif a llllli' ^iil, wliinn ||,. " 
 .il'terwanls lilt nil ; W ;.iliesler . 24111.1, 
 
 Win. Wiirsley. innnler nf Win, lliaillniiy; lliili(i|,|' " 
 
 II .M.iiili. isr,-- 
 Fianres Klililer, llllMiler of her hilsliaiurs ..||i„| . 
 
 .Maiilstiine , .\|.,||' 
 
 'riiiiiilhy Faheitv. for innnler of Ills sweeiii,.|i,| " 
 
 Maiv Man (I'nr ii'lei'lin^' Mill), ami 
 
 Miles Weathenll. ninnler of lle\. Mr. I'lmv, i,|T,„i. 
 
 nioiileii, ami his inanl (tor ie\en;,'e); .Mniirln ,|,.| . 
 
 Fn'ileiii k I'arkir. innnlei of lianiel Drisii.ll ; VlaL' ' 
 
 Jnliii .Mapp. niiuilir of little ^iiil ; Slnewslmn, ' " 
 
 •I Ai.i.l, 
 OFariell, for atleinptlii;; to assnssinale llie iIhIm. ,,f " 
 
 FilinliiiiKh : .■s>iliiey, N^.'S. Wales , j, ,\|i|||^ 
 lliih.iiil llislmji'; innnler of Alheit rarlHri;;lii ■ ' 
 
 •Maiilsliiiie lo.Vpiii' 
 
 Jliehaelllarn'tt, Ki'lilan ; fni' L'h'rki'liwellei(pliHi,,|i; " 
 
 nil: i.Asr I'I'bi.m' k.xki i rio.N ix Kmh.ami ; di.J 
 
 Halley .•'iM.iv 
 
 Tlioinns Wells, nmnler of .Mr. WnUli, statiniil ' 
 
 master at Dover; (the Jii>t iiiinilii i-nrini,,,,) 
 
 II All.'.' 
 Willi.im Sherwanl, for ninnler of his wife, Nni»j,.|i 
 
 (see .Vioieo/i) 2oA|iiii. I',,) 
 
 Josiali Detlieiiilv!!'. Innnler of waiiler in I'nitl.iini 
 
 prison : Horeliesier u .^n^ 
 
 Win. Taylor, solilier: iiinnli 1 of liiseinpi.i.'ii ; Kxete". " 
 
 11 Oct. 
 Fieileriek llinsiiii. niiuiler of his eom-nliliK. .\Piij, 
 
 lle.ltl 1 111 Will. |(iill;;l,is li.ivil. her I'ar.ilMiiin- 
 
 ill Wooil (lleell, .Miihlleses : I Mil liiliieV. 1,1),.,' 
 
 Win. Molilis.pniposeliss inunlir of a ehilil: Ajlrv 
 
 hniy -•.S.Mmili. ,s-,. 
 
 Walter Millar, iiinnhr of Hi\'. Flias liiielin ;„ii| 
 
 Ann l)oss(at Clielsia) ; Iihl ll.iiley . , \„.^ 
 John dwell or .Imies, for ninnler of a I'MiniK (7 
 
 persons) at llenhain ; .\ylesltiiry . . 8 .\ii.'. 
 Thomas Had Nth' : ninnler of a wanler in I'mtlaini 
 
 prison : llon-hester .... 15 Ati". 
 Marjian't Waters : innnler of infants ; lialiy-lininiir' 
 
 ease: Hiiiseiiion;.'ei-laiii' . . ' uiir^ 
 
 I'atriik Dnrr ; niiinler of his wile ; .M.im lii'^tei 
 
 -11 Her.' .. 
 Win Dull: hrntal ninnler nl an ohl wniii.iii; ii,.,|. 
 
 f"i''' 1 April, if-, 
 
 Mieliiicl (_'aiii]ilM'll : ninr.ler of .Mr. (lalliiwav at 
 
 Stnitfiiiil ; NpriiiKlielil Haul, Fsse.n . 2( .\pril, 
 Itleliai'd AililiiiKtou ; iiailileriif wife : Niiitliaiiiptnii! 
 
 ii.liilv! ., 
 Fn'ilerie Jones; innnler of Fiiiily (ianhier, 
 
 thnintih.iealiinsy ; (iloiiiestir . . S.lan.'iS-; 
 Kilwanl Holieits : innnler of .\iin Meriiel;, wlm iv. '' 
 
 fiisiil to ninny him ; Ostonl . . 18 .Mareli, 
 Will. Fieil. llnrry : iiinnleriif wife ; I.iiieohi, i April, ", 
 (, 'ha lies llolnies; innnler of wile ; Wonestei. 12A11;;.' ,', 
 Thiiinas Mmin', innnler of wife ; James Timlli, .„Ii. 
 
 ilier, innnler of ilriiiinner ; Framis llraillnni, 
 
 ,solilier, nmnler of eoimnile ; .Maiilstniii', 13 Air;. ,, 
 (,'hristoplier Kilwanls ; innnler of wife ; .Stattiini, 
 
 13 .\iiK. „ 
 Win. r.uee : nmnler of wife : Tanntoii . jis Aiy. „ 
 Aiiijnstns Klliott : iiiiinlerof iinrainnnr ; Ohl Hailrv, 
 
 9 I ll'l. „ 
 Jliili. Keiineily: nmnli rnf wife : Jlaiielie.ster, ;olli". ., 
 Kilwil. Ilamlriiek; iimnlerof Mile ; Warwiik. 7 Jan. ifjj 
 HiihanI .speliier; nmnler of p.iiainonr; i.iver|iiiiil, 
 
 •SJiMi. .. 
 lliiKli rtlaiie mill Jolin Hayes ; nmnler nl Jiwrph 
 
 Waiiie ; Diirliatn 13 Jan. ,, 
 
 Mary Ann Cuttmi ; nmnler of iliilil (see /'iii'.wiiinij); 
 
 Diirlimii 24 .Mari'li, „ 
 
 <'!J- 
 
 
KXKOfTIoX.s, 
 
 'i- 
 
 ■"::;^„^v:;-;:'r^';^^':?,;,';;:;V;-^ ""'-i: 
 
 41)1 
 
 Um;1 
 
 ■Cli.rlM|i„«-,.,,, «ill|,„„ TI,„ni|H,„i „„i ,.?,*' 'j .. 
 
 nfli,n|l,.|;l.iv.T|m„l '' •"'""iK'Ui; In. 
 
 fMivirl 1 Unit , i„iir.|iT nf MJ,, i,),.,,,,- ,,>■''<'[ 1S74 
 
 i;;::t-;;,i;,!:;!,;^^'-'3--.iA,.i,V:li;i;:t;;:^!: 
 
 riii... aainl«Tl,.ia; .„„r,|,,.;- .V„;t|,„n',|,|!,M''""' " 
 
 rHim".0.,,|«iii; i„Mr.|,.r,.f n-ir.- \,.«.„.,,^' *'w'''''' " • 
 Frj,...H M.,.w„r. I iimpl.T .,f ^.Vii/lWilM ; is.,'.J,^,f;,';\'' - 
 
 II"'*-" I""'''': "■""I"!' "f I'nraiuuu,./;:;^:;:!;:; - 
 
 **'i" l-'l:iinit(iiii • iiitinl,,,. ,,!• . 
 
 <l,lnl|,.|, i,,,|, . 
 
 Fiv.l.nrk |),,|> 
 
 J AjMil, 
 
 
 l^,,rynm,w:,nMnin-M,rMr„,it; M,;v\v,i^^''* '• ' "'l-n ' li.„ '"'' "'' '"""iiiMl vir,. inu " 
 J-l,., W, O,,.,. 11: i„u,.l,.r ..t Wife : ll:;,":;, ,;,'„;\".^- - l.avr, | "^ ■""' ' '"'■''■k M.-Uov.,,, ; ,„uj,;,:,":: •• 
 
 jMi,„si,,„i.,i,;iM.„i„,„.|,.;^;',;i;;;i ^'''"i^i-n,.: 
 
 M.Knvil; l.i!vi-|.',..| ' '"' "' "'I'Wiivt 
 
 '•■""'"i":"""'i""r»iiv;i„ist,;i • !^!!';';l' •• 
 
 ^™i.hCu,toT;mu,-,|,.r,,f,,,,li,.,,,,,,,.\v,,,"Xk " 
 
 ";W'"'«'"'.'"""'o--"(>v ,„); „^L.;l:;l^; .■ 
 
 'V..;. llian.^l,:u,l; inuMo,: „r 'LonUa „.,Lt::r; " 
 
 ''!;li|-l.'l'niii; iiiiiril.Tnr si, .,,„'. i.,L .. '^ ■^">^- ,, 
 
 Mnk KiiMI,,-: luunlcn,! «• f,. ■ r „ ^'""' ' "'"' 
 
 Il.iiry H'aiMiviVlit : munlW nf rr;in iVt V ,.t '"^''r"'' " 
 i.ii,tress(«.,. ir/„V,v/,„;,,/); V .",.'' ''"»•'. 'us 
 
 NiHU. « : AnMl..v ir I, .,„,"'"' ''"■'I'. ''*« 
 
 ';:;;'«:ii;-Ai,,i,.,.o„ ;,„,,,,,„ „,,,;,,-^;-. .. 
 
 SJ lire 
 
 ■"r"^"^";""""-"rM.H;.i,a;„..,.:wi:.^:^: 
 
 4 I'l'li. 1378 
 
 Utiles. 
 II Fell. 
 
 J"lni lii'.M,kH. |,„„.i . , ■''"'■'■■ l^I'Vl,, „ 
 
 "■"■'.v H„«.|,.s; ,„„„,„, '..f • • ■ >3Ffl.. „ 
 ... ' ■'"'■'■tlii'iirt; u.\f,,i,l 
 
 >.n,..|,tK„.wl..sW,„k.rM„u,.,lor„f,vo„„„'.-M;;:i!' " 
 
 "•-"'p".irtit;?''''^ ■..e.'..fw?rfe" 
 
 iiiiiii 
 
 I 'Mill . 
 
 Tli.jin 
 
 •3 AliK. 
 
 I'llrick .Jnhn |)v|.|,„ . , ,.... , . . 3 Out.' „ 
 
 («r..,.llii| :,,,,, r,|,:,.,,fi,isi,|,,,i,i,,,,,, 4, A'"'" '' ^ -l"Mivii, Lsk. 
 
 ;i.-.ulvori,,,,,,,,|,,,..,,,; .n,,u,,t.M.l,,l,,,..,, 
 
 k UMi. 1 1 .. ' ' ■ . In.Vlil'i 
 
 I Jiiiiios .M.'Gow.' 
 
 sk, 
 1 3 .Viiv. 
 
 
 "'■iirvOillwrt: ii„„.,i,.,„f „,...,., i; .V,)v. „ 
 
 it, ,11,. . * ("'^^''"'■■■''"iroii-l,) .M:ii,l. 
 
 l^M-1, Wl,i,,„„ ; n.u,.,i,,„f.vift-,;i M,M-o.liil, :*^'^:: "'^ 
 
 
 *.ir,ili Wriglit ; r,,|.|i,i',"-' I'lHiilnsh ; niiinlcr of 
 
 iciistcr, 
 3o Dec. 
 
 I K;lml..s„|,||., .,||7|,,,| ; ■ . . 24 .M.iiv'l, ,, 
 
 ,^vn,.c,,,,p,.,, ,.,,,,,, ,,,),J-.o.o,,,...., ;; 
 
 I '■''''■■'■"'-■ ^•i--i"ii;M,uni,.|.of,,,,.,,,„,,.;r.S'' ■• 
 
 jJ"l'-' >.an,. ;„,„,,„.,. „fwn,. MiteWulIe f vi^il^'! >• 
 
 '";;:;;r' ^""•"""■''•^^"fEiizap.uoi.r'r.u^i:; ■• 
 
 I) D 
 
 
 1, --' 
 
 
 c yi'"" 
 
 %r 
 
 0^\i^ . 
 
 ■-^liMl} 
 
EXECUTIONS. 
 
 ■102 
 
 EXECUTIONS. 
 
 1».,^ 
 
 i''' ^ 
 
 
 MM 
 
 m ■ w 
 
 V 
 
 .^ 
 
 tmat»ii&4ia3L 
 
 Jiiiiifs Dilk-v ; munk-r uf illf«itiiiiate I'liiUl ; New- 
 Uiite " =5 -V'lt'. 1879 
 
 John B;ili.!i ; immlii- of Siii;ili Viriioii ; Uinunii,'- ^ 
 
 ]iniii -'-^ -^"(■. )I 1 
 
 Hunrv Buili'ii^lk'ia ; laur.Ui- of Eliia liu.ia ; Ip^w iili, | 
 
 a,arl,sh;liuirtv;i.i.iv.Ifrof,-l,ilil: Xrwi-Mtc, 5'''i»- '880 
 AVll],(■M^^i.lv; i]iuviliT..f witV; MiiiiiliistLT, 17 t<-i'. ,. , 
 lluKli liimi'^i .ii"'! I'iitii'k Kiaiiis; uiuv.liv ut 
 I'Mtri.k Tia.rv at Wi.lii.s ; LhaiinM.l -^. Man-l., 
 Juiiu Wiuglk'M; iiiiaiUr ..f liis wilf ; ^^'j|j-J|'j''> 
 
 ■Will. liuii.ML't..ii; imu.Ui- of Joliii IMiimii.ls ; 
 Johii llwiiy-\Vou.!; imii.Ui ol Joliu '■"•^^ •^^^j^',',);.' 
 
 Joliii Waki-llil.l ; iiiurcliT of 11 fhi'il ; HfiLy 16 Auj;. 
 Will. Miowiiluss ; iimnkT of swcrtliwirt ; IHivliiiiii , 
 
 Viii. J. liistiii; MunUr of iMiaiiioiir ; ISvistoI ; 
 
 22 >I>V. 
 
 Tlios Wlii'ik'i- ; iiiuiaii ..f Kihvanl Aiistff, iivav St. 
 
 Alliaiis . . • •,•,•,,•'"'' 1 '^^ 
 Gi-oi^'c Pavc'v; iiinnk-r of Aila i-lii'i.lienk iisiimI ii , 
 
 sisti'i'-iii-liiw ; Ni'wpitc . 
 
 1 lIl'C. 
 
 •n-ui. btainvay; immk-r of Ami Jl.lk.r ; *■ ^'|'^^.''f ; ^gg^ 
 
 James Williams; iiuir>kTof Kliz. Bai-'iiall ; Statrnnl ; 
 
 22 H'O. ), 
 Alliuit I!..l.iiisi.ii : miir.i.i- of wiiV ; I'l'iK;- . -i I'W'. .. 
 \a.i-it Moi.n- ; luunliT of old woman ; Jlai.!at..nc ; 
 
 17 .May, ,, 
 Jaini's Hall : miU'lir of "iff : L.'lcIs . 2., .May, „ 
 Jusiiili 1". JIi'Kiitie ; murder ul wile ; Liveri"i..l ; 
 
 ' 31 .May, „ 
 
 Tlios Brown; miiider of Eliza Calihvcll ; NottniH- 
 
 l,.,,i, 15 All-. ,, 
 
 GeoiKP Uui-iiiii;; murder of I'aimy Mus>oii, Mai.l- 
 
 .stoue .... ^3 Aii}^'. ,, 
 
 John Aspinal !<imi'-.oii ; murder of -irl^^.Van- 
 
 IVrry'Lefrnv iIaV'.<l>''ii : murder of V. T. Gold in a 
 llriL'hton n.ihvay ran ia^re; Lewes . ^S^'l*'- " 
 
 Altre.l (;..ii.-h; muid.r ..f a little f-'ir ; l>erhy „ 
 
 linliert T.-moleti'ii; murder ot landlady, Jla 1- 
 ,.l„..,t,.r liieh. ii£2 
 
 Dr (I H. I.am>oii : murder of Perey Jl. John (mi 
 Win'ildedoii); WaiuUworth . ,. 2E Ai.ril, „ 
 
 Tle.s I'nrv ; iinir.ler (if Maria l-itzsimons m i£ci) ; 
 
 Miiiderh'.nd . . •,•,■., • "'-'^'"i''' " 
 Wm. Geo. Ahigak ; muider of jnrl ; >orwieh, 
 
 22 May, „ 
 Osmond Utto Brand; murder of aMTeiitiee at s,a ; 
 
 Charles' Gen'ish ;'ninriler of fellow i.au|ier ;' Wilts „ 
 Will. Turner; murder of wife ; Liverpool 21 AUf.'. „ 
 Wm Meaeer Bartlett ; murder of inlaiit ; Lodmm, 
 
 13>0V. ,, 
 
 Ldward Whi-aKiU; eruel murder of I'eter Iln.^hes, 
 
 ■;, 1 16; York 27 Nov. „ 
 
 Beniard Mullarkey; murder of •llionias (.ruise; 
 
 1 ivirin.id ■* '"■'■• " 
 
 Charles Tavlnr; murder of wife; Wandsworth, 
 
 12 Uee. ,, 
 Loui.sa Jiiie Tnvlor; murder of JIis. Tre,;illis; 
 
 Wandswoith •-,■•;> ,,"''',"• '^"^ 
 Ahraham Thnmas. a butler; murder of Mrs. C. 
 
 Leit-di; Manehester . . ■ ,. • , '-'[,'"• " 
 James .\nderson; murder ol wile; Liiiroln, 19 Feh. „ 
 Thomas Garrv ; murder of J-hn Newtun ; Lmniln 
 
 7 -May ,1 
 I'-itrieli fan V, or John White ; munler of Tlnunns 
 
 Kastani and .Mary .Moraii ; Chest. 1 S May ,, 
 
 Geur'o White; murder .ifwif.' ; and, lesei.hWedlake, 
 
 murder idMark 0..\ ; Taunt. ill. . 21 May, „ 
 Jani.is Burton; murder of Llvaheth Shari.e ; 
 
 iHirham "^ -^"-- >' 
 
 lleiirv p.. well ; munler of masters son, J. H li. 
 
 BrutHii ; WandMvorth .... 6 Nov. „ 
 Thnnias Lv.iDS : murder of his child . 13 N"''. „ 
 
 ivter Bni.i, ; minder o-- Thomas Byle; Durham, 
 
 Thomas Riley : murder of Klizaheth Alston ;' .Man- 
 ,,],,,f,ti-r 20 .>"\ . ,, 
 
 11,-niv initton; munlei of ll.;ni..i!i iiei-ha'A ; 
 Liv'eriiool ... .... i'e. . , 
 
 I'atriek U'Donnell ; niuider of James Carey, the 
 
 informer ; Newgate .... 17 He.'. i88-. 
 Churles Kite ; munler of A'lhert Miles^; Taunn.h, 
 
 , ., 25 I'eli, i8f. 
 Miehaid .Maelean ; nmnler of ."Spanish sailor; l.\v,-r. 
 
 1....>1 ic>la:.li ., 
 
 Marv Lelllev ; munler of hiisliand ; Liioiilii, 
 
 26 .Mi,;., „ 
 Josefli Lawson ; murder of seit'eaiit Smith ; iHi hiiia 
 
 Bi'ter Cassidy ; munler of wife ; Liverii..ol, it, Au,:. ., 
 Josi-jih l.aye'ock ; murder of wile and 4 ehildiii, ; 
 
 Lee.ls " 26 .\ii-. , 
 
 Thus, llenrv Orrock ; munler of I'ldieeiiian Ci.le; 
 
 N,-\v^;alii ' 6 net. , 
 
 Thomas Harris ; munler of wife ; New;;ate 6(i-t ,. 
 Kay H.iWarth and Henry Hammniid ; Swiiiil,-ll s 
 
 n'lUldei; MalH■he:^t.■r .... 24 N.iV, ^ 
 Kriiest Kweistadl aiel Arthur Shaw ; ihunhr ,,| 
 
 wuiiien c li'-e. „ 
 
 Horace BoherlJav ; mmderof a girl ; Waiiclsw.iiili 
 
 ■.;.I:il:. U;- 
 
 Heliry Kimlierhy ; niuider of Mrs. rainier; liii. 
 
 miiigham . " 17 -Mauh. ,, 
 
 John Lee, murder of i"dice-iiisiiector Siiiiini 1.., 
 
 thelmsfciid iS .Miiy. ., 
 
 MiisesShrimiitoii, murder of iiolicemaii ; Woic,i»ii., 
 
 25 Mav. . 
 Hem V Alt, murder of C. Howanl; Newgnte, : ^ Julv, , 
 J.ise]'ih Tucker, murder of Elizabeth WiUiaiiis. u ; 
 
 Nottin:.;liam 3 An;;. ,, 
 
 Till .mas li.iuUcin, munler of nieci' ;Stafl'onl, i; Ai,.;. .' 
 Hem V Niiiniaii, minder of will- ; Newgati- sdet. , 
 Jihii" Hill and Jnlni Williams, munler ot .\mi 
 
 liickM'ii; Heiefonl .... 23 Nov. , 
 Boliert (iiiedale, inunler of wife; /iiadsinio/ 
 
 (/iniioi/i /e/oM(/'o;i; Ni'iwich . . .joXnx. , 
 Haniel .Minahaii, munler of wife ; New-nte 7 Bic, 
 (ieurge Tloiiiias, murder of wi ■man ; Liverjinnlc |i,f. 
 Jnhn H"it.iii. murdc-r of his father ; |ie\izes i K.l., 1;;. 
 Aiithiiiiv Benjamin Budge, John Martin, and James 
 
 Baker, murder (see Trinls) ; Carlisle £ 1', I,. , 
 
 Ji.>eidi Bailies, munler of wife ; Laneasier t, Feh. , 
 Jeilin Thurston, murder of U. Springall ; Niiiivieli 
 
 10 Frh. , 
 
 Georgi' Saunders, munler of wife ; Ipswich 16 Keli. . 
 (iHcn M'(iill, munler of wife ; Cheshire 22 Keli, '. 
 Thnmas Nash, munler of child ; Swansea JInieli. , 
 Havicl Kobeits, munler of liavid Thrums; C'aidit)' 
 
 2 .Maieli. , 
 Albert Edward BniWn, and James AYlielaii, f r 
 
 munlers ; Winchester . . . 11 May, . 
 Edward Hewitt, murder of wife; Gliiiiee>t.i' 
 
 IsJlllle, ,. 
 
 William Saiunel, munler of Wni. Ma'lil.iitt; 
 
 ShiewsliUry 26 July, ., 
 
 JIaiv Aim Britland, munler of Mrs. IH.xuii ; M.ii.. 
 
 cluster 9 Alls. , 
 
 I'atriek .Iinlge, inunler of wife ; Newcastle 16 Xev. 
 James Mm I'hy, poacher, munler ; Yuik n. .S'liV. ,. 
 James Bantoii, munler of police constable; 
 
 Leicester :.o Ner. ,, 
 
 George liarnier, murder of an lild man; ^■ilw■icll 
 
 13 I'eC. II 
 
 Tlionms LeatUerliarrow, murder of woman ; .Man- 
 chester I5^''■l'■ i;.r 
 
 Thi'iiiasBlcchaiUimunlerof wife ; Leicester 141- eb. ,, 
 Edwanl rritchard, murder of ^Ulen ; Glome-t.i- 
 
 J7l-V!i. ,, 
 Hiehiiid Insole, munler of wife ; Lincoln 21 Fib. „ 
 Benjamin Terry, murder of wife; N.ittiii;;baiii 
 
 Elizabeth Berry, murder of daughter; Liveiiii.l 
 
 14 Maieli, „ 
 JiLseph King, mlu'der of woman and chibl ; .N'ew.atii 
 
 21 .Maioli, ,, 
 Thomas William CanoU, munler of Lydia (.i.eii 
 
 (see 3'ri"/.<); Newgate . . . iSApiil, „ 
 Charles Smith, Inunler of wife ; Cowley inar 
 
 tixfonl , •,.,,'•','-■■ ■■ 
 
 llenrv AVilliam Young, murder of chibl ; Inn 
 
 elieVt.r i«>»y. i> 
 
 Walter Wood, inunler of wife ; Manchester 31 51ay, ., 
 Allied Sowery, iminler of sweetheart ; Lniiea^trr 
 
 1 .\lli;. i: 
 
 Israel I.ipski, murder of woman ; Newgate 22 Aut'. „ 
 lleniy llobson, murder of Ada Stwlhurt ; Uois 
 ' 22 Aug. 11 
 
 Cliiite Li.itcr Iligginliiitl 
 
EXECUTIONS. 
 
 iOS 
 
 Tlicmias U. Bt'van, iminli. 
 
 William Wiltiiii, iimi-ilcr (if wir,. • ] ,,„.,, 
 ""Ili.iiiiHiiiili'r, imiiili'i iiCiichi ' 
 
 i'|ili WiilkiT, niunliM-iifwir,. 
 J.... 
 
 .7A1U. ,oi, I Tlicnus .Mm. 
 
 - ' All;:;. ' 
 
 ■ 14 N''iv. 
 
 '5 N'-v. 
 i-liii-li,ii| 
 
 EXECUTioxS. 
 
 'i';.':;!''''"''.^'!-*" AM, 
 
 WilliiiMiHnimT, iminl.i or,,,!;;,;, I';"'?. , -' An;;. „ ' ( k;';'";'''"^"'''*'*.' i- :..'"ll',|r','!i,''''i •!''' -V'"', 'I"lt. 
 
 jn..,,iiwuik,.isniiinin-,,f;;;!'' ;;,;, '^|'''4Viv. ,'; ^^"' '"<';,'. niiuM.., „, i..ii. ,;';';(;:;::': .'''.■'■'rt 
 
 i,.,,,.^i.,., .,,iii„.. ,, ,„ ,,^„„...^_^... „ (A,.,, s,„:;.';.,; ,„■,„,,. ^,. . ^;^j;;^.; ,, 
 
 Alf,v.| *a„.hvtf a,.l ,I.„„.s ,, '^^l>uvh. .838 Tl m^s' ^^ii"''' "" ■ >"■•■■ ' "" J^'^!'"'- 
 
 (.,,,..cia,..,n,,,.,.,.,„.t.,„.„„„;;„^:,?K:; ■• ■'■•"■'. ii^ui .■..„„„„,;,,,•■ ^!;':;':;^: „ 
 
 William Amnvs.ui.:., ,„„n|,., „r ,.:' :':":V''- ■■ .(..ln,c . . """ ' ^^""'l^w,,,.,!,, 
 
 J.1,,1 AllVnl (Jell, miiM,.,- ;,f a/,,. M.uf mIu;'''; 
 
 Malii'li.-fci' 
 Jam.s Willia,,, liirfuanNn,,, „„„,,,.,, 
 
 JtMii.rt L>r.iii. Nlllf.Ir.j-nf wifi- ; u'^IWi.i 
 'n,..i,,.,. \\\ 1 ,. !■ '.,_ ^"'i'l 
 
 ■ s .Ma 
 ■i \V,„ 
 Mav, 
 
 Tll.ma,\Vy^^n,Ul■.l,.ro^sMM;^v,,,,w , '^!"'|-^' .. 
 
 J"lii.Jad;v.ii, i.Jur.l..r(.nvaiiliT «VI,|,: .M^mJ.f,, ,",•> " 
 
 Artlmi T. |l.laii.-,v, i„„,,|,.,. ,,f ,,,■,.,, . . 7 Ail,--. „ 
 
 li...^e Sa,v.ea„t, „r,nl..,- „r uik. ; cllim:^:,;! " 
 
 GcraX. Daniels aii.l I[aiTV 11 i,„, , '= •^"■-- >i 
 
 Livi Hichai.l Barth'tt, i.mi.'ln- .,V ,viiV- x;r„:\!'~'' " 
 
 :^amMCn.utl,.r,,M,n■,|,.,•„U„l,„^Villis;\\•,;4^; 
 Williaiii Wa.Mdl, imwlcr ,,(■ ,v,,„ 
 
 , ■"' ■ "auusuuilli, 
 
 ;;;;:,;:r'''!'''--^^H.,.a.M,,,,i,,,,-^,;j;if: .. 
 
 ,,•>■";; I'n,l,ai„ ■ ■'■ '"""I'-'iof Mai-aivt .v.M,: " 
 
 '"■■< ■'^l.irMnwll, 
 
 ■^j 1>'C 
 
 V. 
 
 .•^•-';T;v;:H;:,:i,.;^'''''- ■'•■'-■.•tiK.ri,,,. li;^,;:-, 
 „ - J ;:^l^alTi:l;''''■■''•^''•"i-i-u.■«u^^^;.;:!:: .. 
 
 Ctol,sIl„l„„T,,„unl..ro,-„if,..r,.,.,N ',"'• " ' Ham- Pi , ■ " "'^ ^''"'' J^'l I l.-w, s,' " 
 
 892 
 
 William Thoma. Hook, ,w,v ,;,„,,:, ^jj^^j^.^l^... 
 ^l".fcL:.,vrIIi^.i„l,„tl,;.,„,„i„r,l..,-oflaf;,u"i;;;' 
 
 AnUvw (i, .v.,{„: 
 
 "?''^^^;n^xf --.,--. -ij:^ '^- , -!--'■'- -'-^--. ..,„.,.;^S! 
 
 ^" 'JV- U'livliii;;, i.iiir.|,.r of ■|.:|i/,; Vj„i„;„ '° Jill"', ,, 
 fim'sHarrisnii, ijmi,i,.,T,ru.;c. . T . 22 All'-.' ,, 
 
 ""fee (sue Inati); \,.ivpit.. 
 
 
 .'.■luMar,.,-, i„„,,|„,,„ ..^' . . .s.v,,^.; 
 
 6 Dt', 
 
 Villi:,,,, I[,.,|.,.j^ „,,, 
 
 ''I'll'"'!: \Va,m,'ii 
 Tin II 
 
 l}.:,l 
 
 "^•yiio.,i,n„>i.,ofK^;,,!;;;;; - 
 ^InCr- :'""'"^ ^"■' ^'-y Jan. ;,;!;!^: ■% 
 
 ■ 1 i-','ii. 
 
 
 r "' l^fMf 
 
 
 ..j^lm^^^ 
 

 |:v J 
 
 h . > 
 
 it,l' 
 
 ■%^ 
 
 'ir ! 
 
 
 EXECUTIONS. 
 
 ■lu-l 
 
 EXETER. 
 
 Waltm-Sinitli. ninr.l.-r „rC;ill..TnM' t.iov-., 1>''-- • 1 
 Mai-iuvt \Vall..T, iiinr.l.T ol l,rr liu.:.a.,.l, I.iv.m- 
 
 ri'ii'l'iiiO.'u'uc'v. "i"i'l''i''l'»i''''- '/''"'^ „• ,?,-V'ni-,'. " 
 l-'r,.,l,'ii.-U W. I-'iMitoii, iniir.li'L' of l-lui.'iiii 
 
 Ell»iin,i-li ; liiniiiiigluim . . • 4 ■^\1.""'. " 
 John L^.I^Tunl, inurMoi- of Kliz;,l,.nh Ml•^.;l, 
 
 liiviTi 1 . • .• • ■ ■ ":' •,„'.■' " 
 
 Hiimiu'l Klkiiis: Wiiu'lioslcr . • • '-■">: " 
 
 Williuin (•r..ssl,..v, iiim-.l.T of Ma.v Ann An, 
 
 1. 1 I . ;i .M1i\ , ■! 
 
 MaiuMii'sliT . ■ ■ ■ ii: ..1, ii, 
 
 Paul K.uv.iila (-u), i""'''''-'' "' ^''■^- "''"'''.„';' 
 
 .Shaft.'slim-yavniM'- Xfw-iiti' . ,■ '■• ^ f/ " 
 Alfiv.1 ll.'ws, ,„ur.hTof intMMt ....ii : l-;;"'!^ -■ A ". ,, 
 
 ThuMias''lii<'l,;u.N (sailnr). iinii.lrr ol Mary liavi,.s 
 
 nt llurtli .1 Si'lit. ; ''all l''ll"i'll • 2Q •>'". ,, 
 
 Jat.sr;I''h:m, li'aa;n.n,-a,.r..f H.,v,,oo D..nn,sat 
 
 S,mtl l.Jniii'; C'lic'liiisl.n.l . .4 I"'- .. 
 
 John Wiu. Xrwt'll, iimr.l.'r(.r" It.' »i A.;u'. : I-'-H''-t" 
 
 SumiiM G,.o,g.. EiiMTV (.o) «.l.liM-. .nUPl..,' ..f Mary 
 Ann Mar.liall; NLWcastli'-nn- 1 yn.. i '. .. 
 
 KZmI;lK'sl,".:^nur.,.r.f.aral,AunO.Ml..m^^ 
 Wnu'Mml'is'mnriroVKhv. M^ys,:; Liv.-r,....;! -' 
 
 Josppli rannin- (.;->), m.ir.lcr of Jane VinWl; 
 
 Wan.Uwortli . ,• ■ • ,•;,. '?.•,.' " 
 Il.nry Tn-kncr ^2), s.Mm; nnir.h-r ut ^^ il., \Un.U- 
 
 liohert 'lluilsun,' iiiiir.li"r of » ifc and cliiM. York, 
 Thomas Bon.l, nmr.ler of Kro.lK. Bak.nvHl an.l 
 
 r,eov'A>' Ila.'kctt, Staffor.l . ■ ■, . ,.-':'.,;:; " 
 Uii-liard \Vin.;;n)Vi', ninnlnnl Jane h:x-.- • ^'^^^-:^;|,- 
 
 ArHinr Covin^•ton {,7), ninr.ler of Elli.- llmvin (ra), 
 Klii'ali "winstanl.'V, n'ninler of ,let-,tiv,. ~ Ki.Ul 
 
 n!^rf^i'MT,yr'nn.;>e,^,fMaryE.H..ynoMs; " 
 
 her .-sons ana ;;ran.\san, Nottnijiliai.i -■»!:"• " 
 ralriek Morh'y ( ;' ), innrJer ot^^wile. '-"■■^ .-■'-;' '■ " 
 
 Wni. James Mortjan, nnirUer of wite ; \\anas«oUl,, ^^^^ 
 
 Alfre.l ChipperlU'hl (26). nniraer of wif.- ; X.'« :-jate, 
 
 Wn.. Seaman, Albert MiUson, and Il-nry Kowler, 
 
 New ite Q Jnne ■ se,. VV,"/-, Aiml. May. 1J96., 
 Amelhri';o?er, X,.w^ate, ,oJnne ; see ;,,/.„(,e»fe, 
 
 Chirh^'TrWooarM.e, mura.r of wife; R..,am^, 
 
 Samnel K. Sn.ilh, nniraer of eorpura'. liobert 
 
 Pavue: Winchester . ■ •, ,,.•- " f .,.' " 
 Philip Maltln.«s, niurarrofhis . hilo ; W '"^;l"j'^^',^.' 
 
 Fp.aHiek l!ii..!..i,. inura.r of Angelina ^^^^^ ''^ 
 
 hZ'uhlhr'J niiir'l.rof ehiia ; M'anei;..,ter; 4"Aiik! ',', 
 
 wnl.' I'Ji^hc"), i.i.ii-.i- ■"■ '•-'i^'""'"' »""',<■,■?>: „ 
 
 HalmlMWilkinson,n,ma..n.fa|Mja\y..,K,,i nam^^^ 
 Kay.' ; John Hose, nnua.-i ul wile ; ^"<"|'|-'''',;'b 
 
 .Joseph lioht. Ellis (...), ni.iia.T of wife; I.ee.ls 
 
 James Jon,.s, innraer or Ivhv. Whif.. ; New^iate, 
 
 Carlsen, SweaisU sailor, n.unlor of Julia Wo.h1_; '' 
 
 Jol'n'h All Jock (26), im.ra'er of wife' ; Not«^';^';;';,;|; '^ 
 
 Ileiirv Drown niiiraerof wife ; Wanaswortli.'j.lan. 1897 
 "oi;;: Ilayma'n, nm.Wv ol Ksthev AUchin ; MiuJ. ^^ 
 
 a™w'' rater*.on, im'irMer of k woman ; «l;';^»w. " 
 
 losenh nowser, nmraer of wife; Lincoln =7;'i>ly. .. 
 ■ se lohinHon (3J). i.iuiacrof wife; .'.na SVaUer 
 
 Uoli'ii-in, nmraer of his eounin, Sarah Pickles; 
 
 . I .... '7 Ally. ,, 
 
 Thon'ia .' l.loy.i, nmra.'r of wife ; Liverpool, i3 Au;;. „ 
 
 William IS.'lts (47), niuriler of father; Maias! ni.^, 
 
 (ifinv \V. How.' (- •), murder of Joseph U. I'iik.ij. ; 
 
 Maiich.'st.'i- . . . • „ ;, ■ J- '■'"'"■ 'W' 
 J.ilm lli'i'lnian, luiirjerof Jane Calder or S'lU' r; 
 
 E.liiil.uruli 4 Mai.'li, ., 
 
 ('liarl.'> Smith (;;), murd.'r of wife; l>inlij,i, 
 
 2..' .Mar.'e, ,, 
 
 EXETER (Devonshire), said to liavi- Ije,.,, 
 named ^iidiiist'i from hiiviii',' bi'i'ii orciiiiii',1 hy tli,.. 
 second Auiuslaii lejri.in eonimaiiiled by \V.]iiiiiiii ; 
 its present naiiic is dcrive.l I rom A'.a'c.v/j v . It «■;,* 
 for 11 eonsi.lcrable time ihc capital of tlic Wc^t 
 Saxon kiimilom. Tlie iiisiicii'Uic anciently cnm- 
 prise.l iwo sees; Devonshire (t'ouinle.l ali 'iit ijO')', 
 an.l CirnwuU. The clmrcli ol the fonnir win ;,t 
 t'rcditoii, olthcbiltcr at liodinin, and alterwarisut 
 St. (ierinan's. About I040 tlie sees were miiti'.l. 
 St. I'elroc was tin' first bisln.p of Cirnwall, heforc 
 900; Ka.lulphiis, the first liish..p..f D.'vimsliiie,'/)5; 
 and Le.ifri.', tlie llrst bisliop of I'^xeter, in V')\,. 
 Tlie i-athi'dral miu'inally bel.mscJ to a niniri-tery 
 founde.l bv .Vtliclstan : Edward th.' C'onfessur le- 
 niovi'd the'ni.inks to his new abbey .d' Wi'sti.iiii-tir, 
 and save tlieir church for 11 catbc.lral t.i the iiait.a 
 see, 1049 ; tlic see was valued in the king's b..Oi;< a' 
 ^QOl. jiii- (i)iiiiiin. Present stiit.'d inc.. me, \ii*)l, 
 l>opulati.m, i8«l, 37,665; 1.S91, 3;,5.'io. 
 
 Alfr.'.l inv.'st.'.l the city, h.'M by the Danes, aivl 
 
 nprll.'.l th.'iii t.i.'.ipitulate . . . 8-7 >y;,, 
 
 Ex.'t.r sa.k.-a by Sweyn i... 
 
 li.'sii'ui-.l bv William th.' C.m.iu.'ror . . . ,,:,- 
 The .■'astle'siiri.'ii.li'iv.l to kin^' St.'i.li.n . . ,,,:;. 
 The I'itv lirsl ^ov.an.'.l liy a n.a.\..r . . . , ij_, 
 The .'.•ll'l. rated nunii.'ry fomnleil . . . . i.,- 
 
 Th.' amii'iit bri.l.ye built 1,-. 
 
 E'lwaid 1. le.l.ls a parliament h.'ie . . . .i.-. 
 
 Th,' lilai'k I'riie-,' visits Ex. 't.'r i;;: 
 
 Til.' .In.'h.'ss of Clairnci' tak.'s refngi' in the city . w . 
 
 lii'si.';;.'.! bv sir William Coiirt.'nay 
 
 Citv assault,. 1 by I'erkin Warbi'.k . . . ..4,- 
 Kxi'ti'r .•i.ustitm.'.l a coiinly ..f its.'lf . . . . i:r 
 W.'lsh, th.' vi.'ar ..f SI. 'ni.imass. han:.'e.l 
 towi'r .if his I'huivh, as a Cornish r.'bel . 
 Annual f.'stival .■stablish.'il . 
 
 Th.^nuildhall built 15,: 
 
 I Prince Jlaurice takes Exeter for kiii„' Cliarles I. 
 
 Sept. 164; 
 It surremU'i's t.i the i.arliameiitarians . April, cv^ 
 
 The canal In Topsham .'Ut r - 
 
 .V mint .'stablishe.l by James II c;; 
 
 Water-wi>rks I'r.'i'b'.l .... . . i6;4 
 
 i The sessi.ms-h.iusf built 17;; 
 
 ''■ The n.'W bri.lp' built i;;- 
 
 , Th.' tlmatre .'r.'.'t.'.l ir; 
 
 Lunatic asylum f.iun.le.l . . . . . i;,; 
 
 j County Kaol built 17/ 
 
 j Dev.m an.l Exeti'r instituli.iii f.ir the pr.iiii.)ti..ii 
 
 I of sci.'ii.'e establish. 'il 1;/, 
 
 ! Subscription library I'oumhi.l ic : 
 
 New I'ity prison built im; 
 
 The last .if the ancient ^'at.'s ri'm..ve.l 
 
 Th.' subscripti.m rooms op.ne.l i:. 
 
 ; Thi' publi.', baths erc.'t.'.l i3a 
 
 I Mech.inics' institnti.m op.'UC'l ii-; 
 
 I Now ..enieterv I'.iinnii'n.-eil n," 
 
 ■ Hallway to Hiist.il ..pen.'.l . . . . i Ma.v, 1.141 
 , tireat lire, 20 houses burnt ... 2 .\ii.i!. .. 
 
 Au.ither great tiro 26 April, 1:4- 
 
 InauKUratiou of a statue of J..lin Ilinliaiii, wli.. 
 .lie.l June, 1S64, be.iueathiii;,' .•4,ooo(, to I'liaritii's, 
 \ 26 .Maivli, iS 
 
 nivn.l ami neat riots isuppresse.l . 4-5 X.)V. iS-'; 
 Alb.'it Memorial Museum given up to the fnwn 
 
 ctuu.'il " ^^1'"'. '°'^ 
 
 \ new r.'rc.l.is, bv sir Gilbert Hi'ott (s.'c lltrtd's), 
 set lip in til.' .'athedral (1873); .inlereil t.i Ih. ro- 
 moved by ilcisi.m ..f the bi.ih.ip aii.l ja.snre 
 Keating, 15 Ajiril ; this decision rivmi'il liy 
 
 tl„ lilt ol airh.'s (sir H. Phillini..re), 6 .Vaj!. 
 
 1874 ■ tli.^ privy council doei.le.l that the reri"l..s 
 I aUuuM remain f''-'''' 'S" 
 
 ..n tlif 
 aJulv. 
 6 AUL-. 
 
 C'liiiix'li coiiyress 11 
 

 P 
 
 EXETER CHANGE. 
 
 405 
 
 EXHIBITIOX^ 
 
 'E?: 
 
 Tilt! cliuprli-tii:; " .1. iniiiic.'ils," „i- "«„..■.„„,. 
 
 n,u,H.y. ^s,icl to ^,.,,^,h,.n;;l„r,A.f, ;',;'." i' 
 
 trniiils r,.i- :..i.vninit ; i.i.u-l, ,..vn(,.|i„-m ', , 
 
 IK-struttive lire un tliu quay, „f Wiiii'li(ms,.s \',' 
 
 Thratrp linyal bunit .lLi,-i„j, ,irsl p,., f..) „.Mn,','''''f ''^' 
 Rom.u,!,lt,,e: paiiio iin.l loss nf „l.nui ,!V'' ' 
 palkrv exit iiisiillicii.nt 5 Srtu ■ , 1 ',•,■. v ii'<V 
 Gosset, M.A., assistant .uast',.,'- , | i ,., iV i 
 ct.lUv'H, B,Tks, ,.n,l |{„|,„,t .IT,,,,,, '''7'''' 
 victims) thL' coi-o,„.,'s i,iiy ,vi,sNi, I .•^■• 
 
 Caj.l;m,«lK.«-a,n..sau,i;,,',i,,,so;;;' .■'::;;i;;'°S7 
 
 ili'l.Tts II, til,' construuti.iii, 7',„„s ,, 'J. "^ 
 
 .\ni-w tlii'atif (ip,'iii-il ■ '" •>ov. „ 
 
 ViMt .^ tlK. nianinis of>alislH,ry ; |„; ,,,\,{^!.^- '^^9 
 
 a'wut 10,000 ii(.'i-suii., in a tiMujioraiy hiiiiiVi^n'- 
 
 C'liiiR'li congre.ss iiicots liere 2 Ti'li. 1^92 
 
 • 9 '■•(.■t. iSq4 
 
 ,So3. Joliii f islipi-. traiLslatcI to Walishiiiv i,i ,R„, 
 
 .So, H«i^Gc.ui-,..lV,l,a,n.tran,lat.,l ui U^^^Z Sept. ' 
 
 1820. William Cari'V.traiislate,! tn.St As,i,1, M.,,.,, „ ■ 
 i3?o. Clirist.ij.|i(.rJi,.th,.||, tiaiislatt..,rt,, I .' 'y^^o- , 
 
 ,330. ]i.iiiy i'i,ii,,o„s, ,ii;.y;rs . t , fo ^'"*'''''- ■830- 
 
 ,569. Krclcri, k -IViiij.!,., ,. , \,,v .,„ 1 ., 
 
 (am.i. i,u„i, orpositi.m fi, ;,,,,•,;, ; ';.',[■':• '.^'•"'■•i : 
 ,3,.K.^.'ii;;.fi',!:;-'"'^'''"'-':i-'i';".'88f I 
 
 EXETER CHANGE (L,>n,lo„), was l,„iit 
 
 abuut lOio, oti part of the site of Eveie, \, 
 
 and lord treasurer,,, ,3,5, bel.eade.l In o,-(>e, of ,ho ' 
 (luecn-ret'ent, Isahe a, in mO If 'u-.= V- \ i 
 iLniofched at the per od o^the Str, i, ""''''^' 
 inent., in ,829. Ttle new liJter Chan:: 'S^b^ 
 
 S;p;Kf^r;sS;^>:'y^,Zi^^!,:i;S --'■^-^i ■■--•^.•■^'■.^.-;.:::;n;;;;y',;;:-:^: 
 
 now Gaiety theatre. " """^ "•"'. The E.^chil.iti.in «■,, el„se,l t , ,1 
 
 arG!:l:"nt':r'^-^""^'^^"^'''i-''f^-Wl^: 
 
 , wo 1,1 , ; ', ? '■"'''.I""'>7'^iv "f llie ^vhole 
 
 ' taking." ^ ^'"'"S ''^ ■"■-'»' 1" Hh' under- 
 
 Hi'yal (■oi,ii,,,,^sloj, ,jiiioij,(,.,| 
 
 ^•vsuhsenptioi.i,.,,,,,,. 1,1,,.,,,:,, ,,,•„„. ,i„.;;;rr"'° 
 
 I Tiiei,,,ii,ii,,. -,,,,,,, ,,;;',,,V.;|'^ ■ • ■ ;5n.t. „ 
 
 i''Si;;rrt;:'u::r;L^':;?r'-'''^--siy ■• 
 
 eontiL,t,„s \i -^ ' '"iiiiiii^'^ioiiers l,v the 
 
 :R.'.vwioi::^'P^!:i::,, --!;,"■ '•;';-;. -Kei, .85, 
 
 ■ '^'■asoii tiikfls • ■""' ""■ '■'■il^' "f 
 
 43|536ailay, nlmsi, ailii issioi, .,t 1 1. , T *■ 
 
 ^■;«i ;i3^ """''■'■»"■«"''>■■'■ '"is 
 
 «.,»rt-,.i,„;,,Wo,,,,.;.,;,;„i;>g,a- 
 
 riic S;)c^.| Ilarnionie .Sxaety iii,.( l„,,.e ,c,, o . , . 
 
 The hall was i„in-lias,..| f„r the Y, ,,., Vi • „, 
 As.s.i,.i,iti„„ lr2=.,oool J ilv^RR ' .^ ■^''■" •', fi'-isfian 
 J9.Maivh, ,S6i ■-^''""'■•^"'J '880; '■<--ope,i,.d (jiil.ilee), 
 
 HIIIIT 
 
 A f'li.n'tcr "r.nit..,! t,, n... c n 
 '■ail tiranv". ,,'"'''" '11" ;;'''"""'<'■''■".■,■«: 
 
 '':sCa;;;r;:':l^:''!';;;''''"''-''''3«w,i;;=:J;;;::'«^' 
 
 Tlie hiiildiU",* \inteil 'it Sonti,' l- ' • " -^"^'^ '^62 
 "^ ' iMimi ai .>oiitli Keiisintitoii. by 
 
 mmmM^Bs^^smimMm 
 
 -"rt.v, sii,l, .-.xi.v is th.' t|,,e 't , "{ ""-' i ♦'''•"■''l'''4oSfe,:, V I 'a, , ', 'i'\-V*''^^^ >'""-- : 
 
 WV''^-''' ■ 
 
 .1 I 
 
 J 'L.t'HM 
 
 ', r 
 
 1 
 
 ■( I 
 
 ; it 
 
 ■■•.-llli 
 
 ( ' ' ttll'f 
 
EXHIBITIONS, IXTEiiXATIOXAL. 400 
 
 EXPLOSIVES ACT. 
 
 M 
 
 thi ' >■ 
 
 Mi'Msi-s. Kelk aihl I.ii''iis, iiciMiKlini; tun ilcsit;ii liv 
 
 caiit. Knwko, niiiilc ovit 1" M 'iiiniissidiicis, 
 
 i-.> Kcb. iE62 
 Tlic I'.sliiliitioiK.i.i'iird \.y II,.' auk, nf Ciiiiliriih-"' 
 
 atitl i-nval coniMiissinitris ... 1 Ma.v. ., 
 The liiii' Mils (li'i';i:l.ii(iit iiirliiilcd n ii^lili' Lnlli','- 
 
 tinii i>r iiriiiitiiu-* an, I .MUl|itiiri'-<. 
 The iiir.irs' .iwiir.l iil'iiiclals was mil! :iii('i'il in tin' 
 
 liiiil,liii>; ii.lul.v. ,, 
 
 Till' IMiiliition was iliisi',1 i .Vuv., \vh,'n tlu' total 
 
 innriliiTuI' visii,irs(f\,'liisivi- nf att,Mi,lant.s) liail 
 
 lici'H 6. r t7,4So. 
 Till' IMiil.iti.in I,,.).,'!)!'.! on i Nov f.,r tlip .liilo "f 
 
 H(K„l,s cxliilat,,! : was liuallv I'lo.-,,',! 15 Nov. ,, 
 
 Till' .siii-.'c~s oltli,- l-:\lii»iti"ij w.i.s ii,n''li inipairi'il 
 
 Mv lla"/ir,-".<i„/7/„'/„<' ■■"-■" t. 14 III','. i8('t. 
 
 all,: til,' Inrakiii^' out 0I' the rivil war in tin) 
 
 Uniti',1 Stall's of .VniiTiiM. The foivU-ii fsliiliitors 
 
 in 1S51 Hcfc Ssfie ; in ift'i-i, 10.45(1. 
 Exliiliilinxat Loll, Ion, in iSii, i4,i«>--, : at Paris, in 
 
 18.15,24.000: 111 l.,,n,l,in, in iSfw, Ji. 000; at Paris, 
 
 in 181,7. 50,ocm:,. 
 
 EXHIBITIONS. INTERNATIONAL. A 
 
 mci'tin;; was liclil 4 .Ajiril, 1.^71}. tlie prince of 
 Wales ill the rluiir, to pioniote aiinual iiiterniitioiiul 
 exliiliitions lit boiith Ivi'n.siiigtoii, to commence 
 I May. 1S71. 
 I. 18-/1. l-'ine •>its. iiottiT.v, iii,iiinf.i,tr.ii,s, fiP. ; oneneil 
 
 liv till' pri'icc ot Wall's. I Mav ; i'l,,s,',l -,o Ojt. 
 [34'c,,.;iitriis c.iilriUiit,!! ; total nuiiilu'r of visitors, 
 
 1, 142, .-,4. . 
 
 It. 1872. l-'ini' aits, iiiai'liinrry : an, I raw inatirials ; 
 
 opcnit l>v till' iliike of Kilinlnn-li. i May; closril ig 
 
 Oct. ■ . , 
 
 111. 187!. I''iiiP lilts ; niaiiiifactiircs (silk, steel, surgical 
 
 ii.stiiiiiieiits, >V,' ; ■ , riianes lor rails or traniHays ; , 
 
 I'o.iil): sceiiti'ie iiiviitioiis aii'l ii,'\v iliseoveries ; I 
 
 (Hieii,cl 14 .\pril : ilo eil -ji Oct. \ 
 
 i\. Fin,' arts ; ii,,' iiilaetnres an,l raw niatenals, 
 
 engine 'I iiiK, a!i'! ri'i- lit seii'iitille invi'iitions ; openeil, | 
 
 6.M'lii ; il.i.ieil, i: '.'t. 1674. 
 ■iTIio ane'ial exliil.iljo', 1 liiiviii;; prov,'.l uiisiueessful, tlie 
 
 l.^lil,',li•,'wa^ ii|.;,i. v.iateil liv tliii Kast Imlia Miiseiini). 
 Exhibition of iC:;'4, liil'l at the Crystal Palace, openi'il 
 
 'in 2 ' April. 
 
 hee Fifhniea, I'viritf!, mill f^'initi'tioii. 
 
 lN;i-.iiN\rinNAi.H!;.u.TiiGxiiimTio.v, 3Ma.v-3onet. 1884 I 
 ExiiinirKir; of tlie |iroiliiets, inanii fact un's ami arts j 
 
 of lii'lia ami the coh.ni.'s at South Keiisiiif.'toii I 
 
 (See iiii'h'" ('"'"""'<) . • ■ 4 .May-io .N'ov. i836 , 
 EXODUS ((ireeU. vdi/ out). 11 term iipplieil to 
 tliciU'iiiituri'of thelsiaelitesfiMiii Kuypt, 1401 n.c; 
 iind ileserihei! in the ho .k of Exmliis. L'hronoloKers 
 v.'Xi'c ill the (lat.ol this event : the LXX. fjive 1614; 
 Itiiies, 164K; Wilkiii.son, 1495; liiinsen, 1320 or 
 
 EX OFFICIO INFORMATIONS me 
 
 (hose tiled liv the iittomey-seneral, hii rirtiie of Ins 
 ■olfici; without applviiii; to the court where tli- y arc 
 ti'leil for leave, or jiiviiig the ihfenilant nn oiipor- 
 tunity of show in^' cause why they should nut he 
 ttleil." Ciifiiiiif I,iiiri/ei\ Tliey were used hy the 
 Liverpool ailiniiiistratioii iihoiit |,Si7-l0. William 
 Hone w,i.s tried on criminal iiifoniiation, 18-20 Dec, 
 1817, and iicfiiiitted. The Uritish bank directors 
 were thus tried, 1857. 
 
 EXPEDITIONS. Many are descrihed under 
 their respective heads. 
 
 Expedition of "the Nations" or "the Ditch": the 
 third expedition of the Koreish (n-hieh sec) a-ainst 
 Malioniet, named fioi.i the nations who niaieheil under 
 their leader .Mai Sophian, aiel li'iiiii the ditch which was 
 
 west fronts rose the two , Ionics 2(10 t'ct high. The intc- 
 
 iorwiisi; ir.'ite,! l.y Mr. ,l,diii (>. (.'lae,'. The ImildinK 
 
 was Hiveii up to .Messrs. Kelk and l.ue.is on 31 lie,'. 1802, 
 tlie house of eohinioiis havinj; refiiscl to inirchHse it for 
 80,000'. 2 July, iffii ; and the ),iillin}; down eoninieneed 
 on' 6. Inly. The d, lilies ami other parts of the strtietnre 
 wei-e pnielmsi'd for eieitioii in .Mexaiulra-park, .Muswell- 
 hill, near London (north). 
 
 .Irawii hi'fore the c,it,v. They were prineipiilly v.oi'iui.ilu',! 
 hy the fury of the el,' ts. Hihhnii. 615. 
 
 HHIIISII |-XI'KI)lTloNS. 
 
 riaiiie. iii'ar P,,rt 1 Oiii'iil 
 
 I'lerlioiiri; 
 
 St. Mai,, ; 40,X) IIC'll lost . 
 l^iiil«'i,,ii tiny (h'liui'li nnitiiiiiils) 
 list. 11,1 ('." „,",;,' ,,/■;,«,. ».'!'.<) 
 llel.l.'r P,,iiit and Jaiyder Zee 
 Ki'irol, 111 Spain 
 I'Vypt (.W„,,',',.i,i',o') . 
 
 (■o],elllia;;,ll 
 Wali'lii'l-i'll (i'i,/„,(i(i(,i/,') 
 Hi'r.;,'ll-op-Zooiii 
 
 I'liiiiea 
 
 .Mivssinia . 
 
 1 llet. i-.^fj 
 
 ' 7 -^'ii;. 17:5 
 
 S'l't. „ 
 
 . 17')') 
 ,.M,iy, lyjj 
 
 . Sept. 17,;, 
 
 •Ml','. iStM 
 
 . M.'U.'li, i8',i 
 
 S,'|,t. ,807 
 
 • 'liil.v, iSi.i 
 . 8 Mai','li, ,3,4 
 
 • 'N'pt. :3;i 
 
 Oct. i867-.\pril, ,S63 
 A^'ainst the .Vsliantees (irlili'.li sn) , . 12 s.'pt. 18-3 
 
 Sei' K'Jniit, Imlill, .SomhliK &c. 
 
 EXPENDITURE, s>ee under lifreiiiK: 
 EXPLOSIONS, see Iloi/,r.<., Coal. 
 
 Vi-iminiil /■.■/•/,/,,<;,.».■. I'l'iseto the loeal Kovernnii'iitnllico, 
 €harl,'s Stni't, Westminster; j;ieat ilaiiiM';,', n., !,.,< 
 of life ; 9 11.111. ; 15 March, 1883. 
 
 Kj;i''i.<|"».< (hy nitro-nlycerine'O 30 Oct. iSoi. .in .M.-ti ,. 
 politan District railway, lietween ('liariri'}: rr,,s., aii-l 
 Westniiiist.'r stations; some ,|aiiiani' ; n,. p,r.<„iis 
 injnreil. Mi-tmi.olitan railway, near Pia,"! sti'.'.'t 
 Station; tw.i tliii.l elass earria^-es shatti'i,',! ; iili„v,' 
 62 pers,,ns iii.jnn'.l. 8.13 ]i.iii. Capt. Miii.i.'li,' -miA 
 
 Jll'of. ,\hel colisi.ler it to have l.i'en e:ills,'.l 1,1 
 
 dynamite thrown Inim a railway eania.i;,'. 
 Vietoria Station, I'imlieo, hiiihiiii},' luii, li iiijiii',,!. ],;,,. 
 lierty destroy,', 1, ami two men hurt hyan espl.'si'in 
 111 the cloak-room, 1.3 a.m., 27 Keh. 1SS4. 
 
 Q.20, 30 Mav, 1834. Deteelive ,lep,'irtlllellt, Si',,t!:|li.i 
 
 Yai'.l, Whitehall ; wall Mown ,|,iwii, wiii,l,.w> l,i'„li,.|i ; 
 
 puhlie house wiei'ked, many persons in.ii;!',',!. tv, , 
 
 seriously, q.20 {..m .liini.ir Carlloii i-liil, li,.ii,-,- ;ii,.i 
 
 Sir W. W. Wyiim''s. St. James's S.iii:;ri', 11111, li .lan.i.:' . 
 
 some jiersoiis in.jiire,!. 
 Sixteen cakes of '.lyiiamit,' and fiis,' f.miel ,it f.'it m 
 
 Nelson's moniimi'iit, Tral'alnar S.piai,', 3,3 .Ma.v. i;-4. 
 F.x)ilosion at (ieiioa. 10 June ; at .M.nlii,!,' i3 .Iiiii,'. \\'x. 
 Failiii f att.nipt t.i explode S.W. eii.l uf l.„i„l, .. 
 
 Itrid:.'!', ahoiu 6 p.m., 13 1 ., i334. 
 
 F.xplosioii in M.'ti'.ipolitii.ii railvv,'iy near Gnwcr Sti'f,'!. 
 
 (hy a h.aiili shell), ahoiit 9 p.m., 2 ,(an. 1B83. 
 Three explosions, ..ce I'lirliameiil, Wiihiilii.iti'r W'l'?, mil 
 
 '/',i)c,'i', 24 ,Iiilv 1835, 
 Mr. Hichanls, a't Ihoa.lstairs, kille.l hy explosives .«■:.•. 
 
 by parcels post, 22, 2} .July, 1893. 
 
 EXPLOSIVES ; sec dinipoiit/ei: niiu Coin.,;. 
 yitro-G/i/ciriiie, Ihtiiamiff. Diia/hii: Liihoirnchi". 
 G/l/o.ri/iiie, Jl/initiiin, Gtlnti)ii\ lirll',l,\ Itn/inr,!'. 
 HelloJtite.Miifnite, Si/ulmr, Conl-I,; JI,il/i.-HI,.i,\ 
 A committee to e.tamine into the nature ami it. ■ 
 perties of various explosives suiiahle fi'r ;ii'ti',!,'iv 
 was appointed hy sovcrniiiciit in I,*<7I-SS. l'.,. 
 Vivian D. Ma'eiulie, chief ins; ei tor of ex|ii-ivii 
 to the Home Oltiee, 1871, died. 24 .\pril. lS,X. Y.s- 
 plosives have lieen much sliidied by sir F. \. 
 Abel of Woolwich since l.S.Si. 
 
 Professor Oshoine lieynolds pro,lu,'ed aii,'«-p\|.|A>iv,', 
 75 jiarts chlorate of p.itash, 25 siilpliuria. ,'i ia'...ln't : 
 coal yas ; the ingredients kept apart till ri'i|iun.i . 
 aniionnceil 1878. 
 The maniifacture ami use of ex|il"sives s,'i'entU' iiior«i<"l 
 
 1885-6. 
 Caiho-dyiiainite, a new explosive, iiiv,'iit.',l by Mr. *. 
 
 F. Held ami .Mr. W. li. Uoilaml ; aiinniiiiceil .^I'lii. 
 I i838. 
 Schnehehte, a smokeless explosive (chlorate of i«t.isli. 
 
 iVc.), iiiveiite,| hy the Ahhe Schnehei.'. trii',1 at Xiiii- 
 
 heail, Surrey, 21 Se]it., 1893; at Ai^.'iiteiiil, 24 Jan.. 
 
 1894 ; 29 smoki'less powders Known in iSgs- 
 Toiiite, or cotton iiowder ; by its misiisi' in lil.istim' 1 
 
 wreck in the Solent, 7 men' were kiUi'.l. 19 Ju' i:;4. 
 
 , EXPLOSIVES ACT, passed I4,liine, 1,^;;. 
 ' amends the law with respei t to the nianufaituriii*:. 
 ' keeping, sellint;, i .-.rryini!', and iniportiii.? gun- 
 I powder, nitro-.!;lycerine, and other explosive sub- 
 j stances. .Vmeudmeut act passed, 1883. 
 
 E.XPORT.S. 
 
 omci.ii, v.ii.rn 
 
 
 TO ALL P 
 
 rjoo 
 
 • . jC 
 
 £750 . 
 
 . I 
 
 '775 
 
 I 
 
 liM . 
 
 ■ 3 
 
 iSio 
 
 4 
 
 liio . 
 
 ■ 3 
 
 DE'' 
 
 ..vr.irn v.u.c 
 
 135. . 
 
 ' £7^ 
 
 'iiJ 
 
 . . 9. 
 
 /Ss5 . 
 
 ■ 93 
 
 iS51 
 
 . 115 
 
 i35? . 
 
 . 122 
 
 1S5) 
 
 . 130 
 
 cfiw . 
 
 •'35 
 
 zSril 
 
 . 125 
 
 cStyi . 
 
 . 121 
 
 1 8(1 J 
 
 • 146 
 
 i3tH . 
 
 . . .65 
 
 iSm 
 
 . l83, 
 
 c%7 . 
 
 • 180. 
 
 t8n.j 
 
 • '79, 
 
 cofjq . 
 
 . 1S9. 
 
 :S70 
 
 • 199, 
 
 ...J75 . 
 
 223. 
 
EXPOETS. 
 
 'jUi aiiiiuil r,.;,(iit 
 
 A TOm!iiitt>'0 .iiiiioiiitoil ill 1375 
 issiicl, 1J95. 
 
 M, Maivh, a iijnv ant to vvat.I, „ve,- th,. limn ■.',,' 
 evil) wivesaii.i piiii s 1 i.iiss.'ssMr-,r,ir (-..i,, 
 
 ^L ,u..e,i .,y i„„i, V ;.;;''■':'";.; :';"^|':■r^ 
 
 ,0 Ai.nl. .33,,. Tl.M imtlmrs ., att • ,,',t' V.vi.i I ' 
 ,ir. ,..ii,ish,il.lo with i„.„al siMvitul.. I'll lir!. '''''"'''''''" 
 
 EXPORTS. E.l«-:t,-.l rrr. .by his enoou^.o- 
 mont ..1 ti-ad,. tui-iR.J tlie scale so nuieli in favoui'of 
 tn,.Hll iiir.rli:m,lis,., that, by a bal.iiire tal<,.„ i, 
 !iis tmi;., th,. export...! c.„u,uoditi,.s am..i,Mte,i 
 314,,,.,.,. am the importeil t.> only ..s.ooo/. see 
 Jim'HHf Ihe divlared value U ot nuich less 
 ara.rnit flian the ortieial. "-^ 
 
 .'lU''ri:..'l;.,!:;"'"l-'V:'. •''^"■^-'i "-ini f;,r„.iy an.i nv..M 
 
 i)mci.a VAirPi „f kx-p.-rts from .uikat biutviv 
 
 TO JLL P.AIITS „F TirK wou,,d. VIZ. :-" 
 
 ryoo . . ;^6.o97. r2o ' 
 
 '750 . . . 10,1 J.j.ogi 
 
 '775 • • i6,3jo,jti3 
 
 'iJoo - . , 33.120. 1 JO 
 
 '3io . . 45.86j.S39 
 '820 . . . 51,733.113 
 
 DC'LAKKD VAI.fE IIK liRlTISlI AN'l 
 
 i-;xi..)nrKr). 
 
 1 1830 
 
 '3J3 
 
 1 1343 
 
 1 1550 
 
 1 1551 , 
 
 <^*^.735,443 
 
 • 73.376.732 
 97.402.726 
 
 ■ 'j'.364.so; 
 '73. 126. 706 
 
 • '9o.3'J7.aio 
 
 ?-..j-../.w»v^ _i.^. i.-imil. Mil' ijisc 
 
 Hiisir I'lMDt-cE "I'ilish iiiti.rv,.nti..ii. 
 
 '355 • ■ 
 
 'S5? ■ • 
 ■ 3,;, . 
 t3f>j . 
 '36i 
 t-Siii . 
 1863 
 ;36i . 
 1S61) . 
 t367 . 
 e863 
 c36q . 
 :870 
 iS75 • • 
 
 ■i-, . . . 
 
 Expiirts nf 
 
 '5;.373.3oo/. ; 
 
 .^74.448.722 
 
 93.1)35.731 
 
 • 95.63S,o3i 
 
 . Ii5.825,.)43 
 
 •'"•155.237 
 
 . 130.440,237 
 
 .r35.3y1.22r 
 
 125,102.314 
 
 • 123.992.264 
 146,602,342 
 
 •'65.S35.725 
 r33.9i7,5j6 
 
 . l8o.(j6l..)23 
 
 179.677.812 
 
 • 1S9.953.957 
 19g.536.S22 
 223.465. q63 
 200.63^.204 
 195.3^3,063 
 
 l3;3 
 
 1S79 
 
 iS3o 
 
 i33i 
 
 i332 
 
 1333 
 
 1334 
 
 :335 
 
 1 336 
 
 1337 
 
 1 333 . 
 
 1839 
 
 n.jo 
 
 1S91 
 
 1892 
 
 '393 
 .S94 
 .395 
 1895 
 
 l<;ii.ls to fiireigu cniintKe.s 
 
 .<; 192.343,914 
 •■J'. 531, 758 
 
 223.060,446 
 .234.022.673 
 
 241.467,162 
 
 •239.799,473 
 •^33,025,241 
 
 •213. "3, "t 
 
 2I2,725,2<M 
 •221,913,910 
 
 234,334,912 
 •243.933,195 
 
 "63.530,535 
 
 •247,235,150 I 
 
 227,077,053 I 
 •218,094,363 I 
 
 216.005,639 
 
 226,128,240 
 
 240,145,53' 
 
 ill 
 
 ■875, 
 '877, 
 
 '876, i35,779,9?o'. 
 
 .--.,.„i.j.. , 1878, I20,6tl,423/. ; 1870 iir,!-,,* '; 
 
 .330., 47,306,267;. ; ,33,, ,54,658,03 /. ,^-2, .'56,641' 7V7' 
 .-. 8j. ,56.32..92.;.; ,834. .52.,49,296^: .38;, ,3,,,4, 94/ ' 
 •'3»M.)7,033,799', I '337, 146,543,654/. ; I,; Jnf I , ,, .■• 
 ^..■n.uu ,873, 7',092.,63/.; i„7876, 64.8 9 ] • X' 
 •'9.-^^3,3.w.: ,878, 66,237,486/. /,379' 6 ,'0,^2,,,;; • lUl' 
 
 .-!,25<..79.; '38,, 79,364,595', ; ,882 848264 !■•' 8??' 
 
 83.477.552.; .334, 80,875,946/. ; ,383 77 929,626/- •' 33!' 
 Hif'^^i-; '5/7' 75,. 35,34.9'.; .383,^ '5o!29V49?' 
 '89. 165,656,205'. ; 1890. ,76,,6o,.o2/. ; iSq, ,fi, ',, a 7 ' 
 i8.,2. ,52,446,334/. ; ,893, .46,079,764/. '■ '«''=79,o62/.: 
 
 EXTEXSIOX, see r,nV«..v,7y. 
 
 EXTIXCTEUK, see For-.-hmi/nfa/or. 
 
 EXTR.\CT OP MEAT, obtained b.- Liebi,- 
 ■:IUM;; .. .oiiip.aMy was Conned to nianufaeture it 
 til .^.iiitli .liiieneain rS()0. ".iliuil u 
 
 EXTRADITIOX TREATIES. The extm- 
 •lm.-,i «1 mmni.ls tonn.-d part of the Ashl^'rt?n i 
 .n.:ity ,„M .srr], 9 .V„.^ 1H42. lietwe™ Ur ■ 
 
 ~'nt :';::^ "^^^- V'"<'^-'«"5,theVX: ( 
 
 ,nei-iiiii,.iit ^Mve noti.'e .,t withdnuviii:; iVoni i 
 11 .*.'; .u.mths. It was lenewed. with 1,1 ,ri,a 
 tm^ f..r SI.V P,.nths, 21 Mav, iHCl,. .i ,"1 .j 
 ™ Pi;*«l. 9 Alls. l.Sro; amended is-' 
 Ninr act passed 6 Ji.lv, ,8,^5, The tre tv of vV 
 
 , iwiiiist til,, liiiiii ,,r K,,,,„.,. ",,.. , . ■.-. --■ 
 
 l'iii-sii-.|. .iM.I WIS HT, 11 ; , . ;^i"'''i''.i, II.-. was 
 
 All-', tii.it aiiipi,. tiiii,: ..ii..,ii, Hii :;. .,Tr,:',T''''''' "" -7 
 
 I'll 22 All' In' «-, ■ ii,,n, ''"'""■■* I'lll'I'OSe, 
 
 i"si...ti,^:„'', ■ , ';'^,„;;:;':'";'»;"'^ni.,i,„i'.4^vi.«. 
 
 .i'"^"- lii.i.iinmiM, v.i V , 1 ; ' ■•' ";" ''.'■•■■'■■"'■■'l to 
 Kiv.Mi to tl„. i.tl's,. ,..,'; •'"'■' ""'"■'■ i^iviiiKl,e,.n 
 
 ::ni:::;:i.;;':i^;:.r:;:;«!;:,ST^ 
 
 v..y,.,| to l-'riM •,. au.l ..i - v \ "^ ;^''"; '''' "'•" '•■'"- 
 ■""'•■'""■'■"•"■■.I . t.n ,'„ ; "''^ *""''. r'"""l ,i-"iiltv. 
 
 liieat Ijnt.iiii, wii ,|i u i-..r„ ■ i , " '. ^ 
 
 \viiisi,,vv\is :,,,■'"';■'■''' ■'""■ 
 
 :^,-.;;tii,.rt,i.„i;!:l:;i:;;.':i, 5 ;-;.;- i "■■■i «.™t, 
 
 -N.; V t|.,.atv ,MtiN,M l,v tl e sneit'e ,3p.i; ,'''"''; 
 ■s ail ..Iil,ir,-,.„„.„t-„r the A .b.^-to ''t.SV '• 
 
 -42,^pr.,eiai„i..,,at«-ashi,„t„i;:,^;!;';;j:;i:!>;;; 
 
 . 26 Ui'c. 
 
 ,376 
 
 ,339 
 
 1893 
 ,393 
 
 c8"(i, iiiiieiided r? I'"'>b T^t\(\ «;. -i"'' 
 
 aave ,.,.,, i.o,u.h,i.^tit!"!:^he,.';t;;^'-;'^h 
 
 iWlamI, .Vus. US,-^; with Spain, .878.' .Vppii;;}: 
 
 EXTRAVAGANTES, see Dcc-cMs. 
 EXTREME UXCTIOX, see A.olntu.^^ 
 
 , Ex LAtJ (rnissia), where on - >< w .1, .0 _ 
 I^Mi^ht between the t'^e^^^^allult'-'^bT 
 "lost bloody contest.s of the w -ir V , ' ^^^ 
 
 '■'aniled in pi.rson. Both a,,i ^-^1^^ X; 
 battles were so much reduced liViV tl,,'^ r u 
 n;^-l to the Vistnia, and the C it ^T^ 
 
 stituied by Hem-v li m- 'T "I ''y"^ ^^"^ "'- 
 
 !H:,:itr-iii"'^-^^'^''^'j-t!::'.:iaS 
 ...;.M,n,.£::f-j-:--t:i:uc 
 
 
 
 k»'-»;j ^ j_^ 
 
 ■M 
 
 
 ^^ ,|l: 
 
 .K" ' 
 
 .i.ij 
 
 t IJr. 
 
 
 
 T" a|" "w 
 ..'if'.*, it' 
 
 Mi 
 
'Wipiiii 
 
 F'S. 
 
 4(18 
 
 FAIB TRADE LEAUIK 
 
 F. 
 
 v:,h 
 
 »i! ' l< 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 F's, Tlirco (that is, "iixity of tciuiri', fair ■.■cuts, 
 
 nnd free sale"), tcnii mucli iisnl loiicctinj,' Irisli 
 
 land (lucslioii in I^.Sc-I. Sii' Stallunl Nortlicnti' 
 
 i teniieil tljiiii "liaud. Ioitc. and l<dly," and tliiv 
 
 Wire :nnih ujiiniMd liy lord itulloriM ami ctlurs. 
 
 FABII. A nolile faniiiv nt Runic, said to Inive 
 derived their name (von\ fahd, a liean, because some 
 of their aneesters cultivated this jiulsc ; or to ha'? 
 descended ironi Fabiiis. a sun of lleriulcs. Accord- 
 ing to the legend, the \vh<pie family, on Ipchalf of 
 the state carried on the war aj;ainst the Veientes. 
 Duiinjr a march to lf<ime, they weie suipriscd, and 
 all the grown up males (_50(i) were slain 477 11. c. 
 From a hoy detained at Konie, ar^se llie nohle Fabii 
 of the followinj: ages. Fnhius Cumiiilur (the de- 
 hiyer) kcjit Hannibal in check for some time with- 
 out coming to un engagement, 217-21O B.C. 
 
 FABLES. "Jotham's fable of the trees 
 {Jiiilijes ix., flbont 1209 B.C.) is tlie oldest e.xtant, 
 and as beautiful as any made i-ince." Addison. 
 Nathan's fable of the ]ioor man (2 Sani. xii,, almut 
 I0j4 n.c.) is next in antiiiuity. Tlie earliest collec- 
 tion of fables extant is of e.istern origin, and pre- 
 served in the Sanscrit. The fables of Vishnoo 
 Sarma, or Pil|iay, are the mo.st beautiful, if not the 
 most ancient in the world. Sif Willinni Jiniis. 
 Professor -Max Miiller traced La F'l'iitaiue's fable of 
 tlie Milkmaid to a very early Sanscrit collection. 
 .Ssop's failles {ir)iich stc) supjioscd to have been 
 written about S^i.S or 020 B.C., were versitiid bv 
 Babrius, a Greek [loet, aliout 130 B.C. {Curaii), ami 
 turned into prose by Mnximus I'lanudes, a Greek 
 monk, about 13JO, who added nther tables and a|j- 
 pendcil a worthless life of ,T-'s.ip. The fables of 
 Vhieilrus in elegant Latin-iambics (abniit .\.n. 8), of 
 La Fontaine (1 7(X') and of Uay (1727) are justly 
 celebrated. I 
 
 FACIAL ANGLE (that contained by one 
 line drawn horizontally fnun tlie middle of the ear 
 to the edge of the nostrils, and another I'runi the 
 latter point to the ridge of the frontal lioue) was in- 
 vented by Peter Cain|ier to me isure the elevation 
 of tire forehead. In negroes this angle is about 70 ; 
 
 in Europeans 
 
 :; toS; 
 
 ..imper 
 
 died 
 
 7 April, 1789. His book on " Charactcri.-tic Marks 
 of Countenance " was published in i;<il. 
 
 FACTIONS of the Circus among the Romans, 
 were parties that fouglit on charints in the circus, 
 and who were (jis'iiigiii^hed liy colours, as green, 
 blue, red, and white ; Domitian added gold and 
 scarlet, about A. I). 90. 
 
 Kiln sedition. — Ill .Ian. 53;, a coiitlii-t tonk jilace at 
 Constantinople, lasting live days. wlicnalnMit 30.000 lix'is 
 Wcic lost, ami .iustiniaii was mainly iiidctitciri'nr liis life 
 nn'l throne to the hciu'^in of his «-iii].rc<s Tlicndoia. Tlic 
 bliic-^ and >.'icciis unitcil liaii d.iy or two against tlic ciii- 
 Jicinr, t.iking .ViV.n .' (ovcniaiic) lor a w.-itcliHonl. The 
 lihics so.iii turned, iiiid massacred iic-nlv all the ;;ii-cns. 
 The conMict was siippicssd liy liclis.-.iiiis willi ilillicnity, 
 and the ^allies were alioiisheil lor a time. 
 
 FACTORY SYSTE:\r 
 
 Tlu' work had been previously executed bv vv.rrliirii. 
 men in cottages by the hand or stock cards \"<\h 
 and s])inniiig wheel. Factories have imiiieii,el, jui 
 creased in thiseountry siiue 1815. The tacten mi 
 regulating the hours of labour, &c., was |ia.--id ii 
 l8j3 luidamended 1834 and 1844. Siniil.aracis Vm, 
 been passed since; and an act for the extvii.i 1,01 
 the jirinciples of the Factory acts was jn^vil ii; 
 i8(j7 in relation to women and children cniploM,; 
 in manual labour; short time on 8atuiila\s ij.. 
 enacti'd. Other acts were passed ill 1870-1S78. 
 
 The .\ct of 1E7S (like that of 14 July, i,-.74'i i,!;,.,, . 
 
 saiiitar\" jirovisioiis, safety from miieliiiifi_\ . h..iiis .; 
 
 eiaiiloymeiit, meal lioiirs. woineii and ihiMn 11, I1..I1 
 
 days, education of cliihlnii, accidents, A:.-., inis^nlj. 
 
 May, 1876. e'onsolidatiiig act pa.ssed ill iSSi. 
 The earl of .^halicslaiiy, the energetic pmnin'tei- of tliji 
 
 legislation, dieil 1 (let. 1SS5, agfd E4. 
 New l-'actories and Worksho|js Act pussecl ■ .\i;... :;^, 
 
 I'.niendnieiit act passed, 6, Inly, lEqj. 
 Mr. .\le\ander liidf;iave, chief ins]ieclor of : :>, 1, 
 
 1S51, letirecl. and was sncceednl by M.. 1'. IJ 
 
 Wiiymin'r, .'Seiit. lEyi. 
 
 FACULTIES, COUUT of, giving iinverr. 
 to the archbishops of Canterbury ami Vcik, :.- 
 Htii. Vin. cap. 2f, 1534. Master hud lVii/aii"r 
 
 l87(). 
 
 FAENZA, central Italy, the ancient Faveniij 
 subinitted '0 the enijieror Frederick I., iid;; wjj 
 taken by Frederick II., 12 i^pril, 1241 ; held '.ythi- 
 Jiope, 1275; by the liolognese, 1283; liy t'iisir 
 liorgia, 1301; hy Venice, 1504; by tlie "]iaikirv, 
 1509; liy the French, 1512. _ After various chaiii:!' 
 early in the lOtli century it was aciiuircu l,v ilu 
 papacy and retained till the annexation by Saidiiii;i, 
 1859. Faience pottery owes its name lo'thij \\,n. 
 where it was invented. 
 
 " FAEEIE QUEEN," by Edmund S|i.na.. 
 a part was published in 1590; the whole, n.in. 
 
 FAHEENHEIT, see Thenmtnta. 
 
 FAINEANTS, see Mayors of the Titlwe. 
 
 FAIRLOP OAK, with a trunk 48 fe,t ir 
 ciieuniference, the growth of five ccnturirs. ii; 
 Hainault forest, ICssex. was blown down in Fell. |.^:(i 
 lieneath its branches an annual fair was luiii' hrli' 
 on the first F'riday in July, which oiiginatcil witli 
 llie eccentric Mr. Day, a pump and block iii;ikir u,' 
 Wapjiing, who, having a small estate in tlie vii iiiity . 
 annually repaired here with a party of Iricinls, it 
 iline on beans and bacon. 
 
 FAIROAKS, near the Chickahominv. Vii-iiiiii. 
 the site of two sanguinary indecisive bittlcs lietwini 
 the Confederates, under general Jn^cpll Jeliii-fii. 
 and the Federal army of the l'ot.'iinae, uiiileritii hj! 
 M'Clellan, 31 May and i June. i,S(i2. 
 
 FAIR TRADE LEAGUE. Xati.in.m. 
 founded by lord llunrnvcu, Jlr. Saiii|isiiii l.li.ij, 
 Mr, llavid Maclivcr, niid otiiers, agriioltiiri^t^-iiHl 
 
 raduallv Ueve- 
 
 inerelia 
 
 iits, wlio issued a circular in An 
 
 1»I. 
 
 lo]i(d by Arkwri;;lit and others, 1774 it'sa/.. to is ojiposed to what it considers uiilah' free tniilc. 
 oaiiy on the cotton m nufuctiiic, w liich lias been Tiny advocate recurrence to ilnlics on foieL-n ctii^ am, 
 greatly increased by the invciitic.i if niaehinery, m'aiuil'actures, but not on raw materials. 
 
 passed ?3 May, 1 
 
 i^^f^a 
 
 ^^'■'^^■^^«|.'aii|Ej 
 
FAIlt.S. 
 
 409 
 
 
 "f 1885. 
 
 Th.' .Nnt!"iinl Assnciatim, f,,,. ,|ic i;,Jn"iU.,. t 
 
 • ^-^!'^r -l^'l' \^^i^-»- "f Smx.,„ oriKin, were 
 ,,,st:,uU.,lM, Ital.v nl,m,t.scw; in En,la>ul bv . 1( ■ . 1 
 
 |,;itii.n smni: tin; vast rcsoit „f ih.«|,|,. oocasi nr 
 ;, srcat (iinianil Cnr i;,.o(i.s wares \V,I V .:''■'' 
 ,....al.li.lu.,i in l.V,,„,v al,„„t .Sc«'l,v Ch.trl ...:;,;'.' 
 and L.iif».irafr,.,l in hn-laml alamt 1071 l,v Willi , I 
 th,. ,.,„|U..r;,:;. Manv statu..,, xviv' mau. f„r e 
 ,v,alat m.nt tans (,,52,S-kS(hS). TI„. "Fairs A,- " 
 piis.-fii -■'., Jlav, i.S;!, jTovidcs for the Ml,,,|if„„, r 
 i:,ir.: in ,«:.. Charlton and lila.khi:,,. n ^" „ ^ 
 
 V^ii^h ' '""■''' "'^"''■''^^■J "^ nuisances. 
 
 All ••M.ilaif.'lisli fair" wns o,,,.m.,|„f t],,. n,,,-,,] am,,.,,, 
 I.,l l.y l.r.M.rss Christian, to .id ll,,.(.l„.ls.a ilj.s 
 Inr W.. 111. II, y June, iSSi. Sil' .1/,, ,/,,/,<. "^'M'H.il 
 
 F.\ITH, see Leftmler. 
 
 FALCK LAWS, see I'ms.U,, iS-:;. 
 
 FALCOXKY on Hanvkixo 'in Enjflan.l 
 Oiinnot lie rae.J with eertaintv helore the rei"n ■ 
 king Kthelbert. th.. Sa,.nn nionareh, 8^8 7 S,' 
 T epnuKlseifrniorat one time k.Vt\i.. f| o i 
 I, Icane.i m his serv.ee. Juliana llerners' ho, k 
 "Jlawknijteaml Hnntvn^^e•• was ,,ii„„,., j,, ,) '! 
 HT J*//,«y. Ueeent atten.jits hme heen nia't. to 
 n.v,vef.leonry. Hawking was jira. tise.l i„ Vll, ee 
 
 FALCZI, on the Pruth, Turkev Here «-.,^ 
 iniidadeil a l^cc between Russia "ami Turke'v ' 
 2lJalv. I-II, the Russians givinjf up .A.of a ,1 .; | 
 the ,)o-,.essKm8on the Bh.ek Sea to the TurkV T , 
 l!u.,mns were saved from ininiinent .lestruetion 1 • 
 thr aiMre.~s of Catherine the empress. In i - 1 " t 
 war -.va, renewed an.l tenninati'd hv the i,e ,ce nf 
 CViistantinople, 16 April, 1712. • I'l'ict ot 
 
 FALERII, a city of the Falis,.i, „„ Etru.scan 
 r«.l,le whojomed the Veient.sa..,i„st Rome a 
 wire luaten liy Cornelius Cossus j" 1, , ri ■ 
 nvinlnl that wlu,, ,he eitv was liesie-ed ),,■ ■.," 
 millus in 394, a sehoolniaster o.lered to hetriv to 
 la.ii lie rluldre.. ol the principal citizens. (» ,• h " 
 ;v ...sd, the citizens troni gratitude surremlere 
 ilii'j <,|iposed Rome during the tirst I'nnic wa 
 and in 241 the city was taken and destroved ' 
 
 mEKXIAX WINE. celel,ratc.d bv VirHl 
 ami H'naie, was tie produce of Fii, .,■.,„=■ " 
 
 jailed l,y Martial MoL Mi:ss;:!u''i S,;^;,:^ 
 ll'Tair in his Wr/cs boasts oflMvin<'ili-iM>l- p 1 ' • 
 
 ™c.h,,thadbccn,asittS'b:;!r;^^,ft;r^ 
 
 wla.h reckoned Us age from the same co^uls' 
 
 FALKIRK (Stirlingshire, Scotland), tl,e site ' 
 a victory by the Knglish under Edwa d J ovJr ' 
 thebiots, coimnanded bv Wallace irirt oC\,-I? 
 |;.i.c,dc.sertc(!hini. Itissaidfrom'^i;^ ';''^ 
 ^'uls were slam, 22 Ju v, l->(i,S A \,-xu\Tl. 7 x 
 A Talkirk Muir lu^twee 1 tk^l4al fo, '^^'"f'' 
 H .'vl.,,andprinceCliari:L E w^ra Sti^t ^L whi l^ 
 the lurnicr were defeated, 1 7 Jan i -46 ' 
 
 ' J^h Wmrt¥l IS.I^A^^DS, n g;,up in the 
 - ...n A.l.uUK , l,cl.,nif,ng to Oreat liritain, seen bv 
 
 FA.MIXEH, 
 
 eh, V \ '■. ^J'"^''";'l 1-1 ""1< civaie.r a rroviv 
 <• ■1"".\, March, IS.,2. Population I»j2, 1,789. 
 
 FALLIXG STARS, s..e yhhovn. 
 
 FAMILLSTKRE, see F.,nna-Um 
 
 FAMILY COilPACT, see lU.nrbon. 
 
 AWIllI (;,li|i,|,, ji, t;.,v|,t 
 
 Atlii.iMc.attcn 1 liy iilajine ■ 
 
 'Ifnliiui,- |„.„|,i,,„,,,|„-|„,,. 
 I' ^yotlali.i : tln.ii,sMii.ls,li,,,l 
 111 KiidalMl; 4o,,x,o|.eiis]ic.l 
 Awiiii ,,|ie m I'liivjiia 
 
 nKi:|;,a::i:;;-!;i::'^!-rs,!!;^;:.:i'''''''-(^'^--^') 
 
 A^-ain, wlicnthous;, 11,1s starve 
 At,'ain wli.,!, lusts four vimvs ' ' ' " 
 Awlulonethr,,ii(;l„,i,t l.:,„„,,i, . ' ' • 
 
 111 I;iiKlan,l, 2, \Villi:ii,i i ' • ■ 
 
 Ani.thcitaiiiin,. in l-;„,.i,„„i ' • "« 1" 1195 
 
 lie ,„vasi„„,,l liy lolij; lains 
 
 'in,MuK„g|„i„i,„|,, Kraic, .(/,•„,„■«) 
 
 n"'ls';%,::; *"'""• "■'" '"'■-' ^^^'^ >»a'leV.>oi;fern; 
 
 One throii^.Iionttlie.s,; islands ' 
 •Nwiul one in Kran,-c n;.li„iir) ' 
 •111,' KiMieral ill tliese realms 
 Une wl,i,-l, ,l,.v,,stat,.sJV„.,,i ' 
 
 One scvcivly f,.|t in Knylaii.l ' 
 Af-'Min, tlir,„igl,„„t tlie kinploni 
 
 UMdi;^"""' ""■'"° '" ^"■"'^" i'^-'-^'l'tiUK 11,; 
 
 of trees 
 
 436' 
 
 262 
 
 = 72 
 306 
 
 450 
 
 ■ 739 
 
 S23 
 
 954 
 101 1. 
 10S7 
 
 •3'5. 
 1335 
 J355 
 
 . 145S; 
 
 • >565 
 
 ■ ^^9?t 
 
 ■ 174^- 
 1770-11 
 
 ■ 1775. 
 
 • 17S.> 
 
 • 1795. 
 
 181 5 
 
 t. 
 
 .Inicrifus Vesninias, ,502, and vis ! IT" ''^' 
 
 i.V):;e.^iilore.bv Hawkins : , ?nL . • ^ "'.'"' 
 ^l.v France, ,7.;4 Tkr^.l^t'J^^la^!'^ 
 'lH.^pamards;andmi77,, Spain resig^erthmtb 
 
 !ml,t,;:'S,;^^"''''"'»'-'i--ui';;.,, 
 
 f"H;&;!i^;r-=,;;:;;;-^--.-re,/sh 
 
 In ivi'Ji,, vciys*uV,. " '■^"°:"'oV*^"^i> 
 In liei.nal ,1,V,;„„,, Vi ,,„;,,„ 
 In .\sia .Minor 
 
 In ii.,nil,:iy, .Mailras, Mvs,,ie A- 
 Iierisl, (s'ee /,„/,„ ami '.1/„„,;„„./,„„„,) 
 
 ';i^-:^-!i(:;:so7^.,d;-te;u;rj-r:^.ri!;i-C^ 
 
 11 ten 
 
 1S37-E: 
 l8f>c-i 
 1865-6 
 iS'^S-gi 
 
 l87I-£: 
 
 1874; 
 
 '874-i 
 : 'ibout 5,000,000 
 
 (Sec /«,;,-,,) 
 
 I 
 
 h^q; 
 
 
■4' ' 
 
 FAN. 
 
 410 
 
 FASTS. 
 
 ^W 
 
 H1" 
 
 '^.v 
 
 in 
 
 ^h 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 July 
 
 1837-9 
 
 1S78 
 
 III CasIJliiiTi' (fi/i/i <■') . 
 
 Vi'iy sc'ViTi' ill I'.-nMi" .Vri'., A..i 1 Minor 
 
 Asiii Miijiir 
 
 <;iii)ia (»/,/,;, ,*,.) 
 
 ill Ma.lnis 
 
 Mdiiti'iii'^IPj 
 
 .hipaii J 
 
 Yi'iT seviTi' IIiroii>;li'iiil lin^i^i . . ■ ■ i-v' -' 
 
 FAN. Vsfd liv tlic iiiiciciits ; O'pi' !ioe tinhri- 
 him, ft vi'ulnliiiii liKii' "ic liiiifn, •• hilii- tlii> iMii, 
 anci 'fivt! liPi- thus a little iiir." Ti niirr's Fjanirhns, 
 I()<i li.c— i-'aiH, tn^'i'tlier Willi iiiutis, iiia-Us, and 
 falsi' hair, were first di'viscd li\ the harlnts in Italy. 
 ;iiid wi'iv hroii-lit t.i Kinlaml iVoiii l-'raiwi., Sl.nv. 
 In the liritish Aliiscuin me Kjryptiaii tan-han. les. 
 thvat I'l.jiiiictitiv cxliil.itiai of fans at I>ra|iiM:' 
 hall, l.nnd.ai, (i|hm.M ■ ■ =;'"'>, 
 
 ■■ Kii'li>.li I'ans anil Kan I.iMvrs, cnlli'Cti'il ami 
 ili'siailii'il,' hv lailvl.'linili.tti' SfliiviluT ; a iim«- 
 nilleiait w.nk'was imlplisln'il l.y Mr. .Ii'hii Murray. 
 It iiji'lnili's liistniiral, alli'i-'iirii'al ami satiriral 
 
 l)ictinvs. ,Ian. iSSi) ; her wnrk mvi^in fans wan 
 
 iiiihlislii'il Aiail. i3.ji. I.ailySi'liivilu'nvas-raiiti'il 
 
 th,. fr liaijof thi' KanniakiTs' (.•.nniBiny, Ijimluii 
 
 17 Dt-r. 1091 
 Exhihitinii iif faiisat Ifraiinrs'liall, l-iimliiii, oimmihiI 
 3 May, 1339. (Similar cxliiliifinns . . 1890 rr^i'i;. 
 
 FAKADAY JIEMOIUALS, &c. rii.tVsso, 
 
 Micliael Faniilav, natural |iliil'isiiiihiT and chi'imsl 
 (see J-:/vtri''ifi/\ diiMl:;^ An;,'. 1.SO7. .\ pnhlir iin'ot- 
 ins was held at the Ifnyal InslitiitiiM, 21 June. iXO), 
 tlie iirinceot' Walosin'tlie iliair, fn take ineasures tn 
 provide a pulilic niiuiiiiiieiit tn him. \ sulli'iiiit 
 sum having lieeii .sulisi rilied, the prodiirtion "f a 
 statue was entrusted to .Mr. l-'oley. 'J'he statue was 
 placed at the l!"\al Institutimi. I/indnn, ill I^rd. 
 Kroni the same iuiid a luarlde luist was prmided 
 and nlaeed ill the NatiiMial I'ortrait (lallery, iSSi,. 
 The '' FiifiiiliVi Mtiliil," tn lie ijiyeii tudistinsui-heil 
 foreign philns'iiphers hv the (.'heiiiir il soeiety, was 
 awarded to .M. Duma's. June, iSIjq; to iiioles-m 
 Cannizzaro, Mav, 1K72 : to Kr. .\. W. Ifoliiiann, 
 Mareli. 1875; to professor .V. Wurtz, and ,i;iviai to 
 him after li'is leitiire, 12 Xov. IK78: to iirofessor 
 H. Ilelniholfz. .\pril, 18H1 : professor Demeiri 
 Mendeleef, June. iNKi); lord K lyhish. .Maivh, iSi)^, 
 see Arr/'iii. For " Fni-'iilmi," sti'amshiii..see Slnm.. 
 The eeiitenarv of the hirtli of Mii liarl I'araday (22 
 Sept. 171)1) »-as lelelirated at tin- lioyal Institution 
 on 17 June, lSi|i ; the iirinee of Wales, viie-palnui 
 E. I., in the ehair ; diseoiir-e hy I'rofessor lord 
 llayleiifh; on 2(> June thediikeof N'orthunioerland, 
 president, in thechair; disiour.-e by luofessor .lames 
 J)ewar. 
 
 The " Mieliael Faraday " liivird school, in l-'.araday- 
 st., W.ilwortli, oiicned liv the maninis ufl-oudon. 
 derrv, I ! .Mav. lio; ; tin' inarhle nnst of Faraday 
 in till) liovs' iiall of Ihc school is a co|,yof one hy 
 Mattliew"NoMe. It was iiresi-ntcd hy the inaiia- 
 1,'Hrs of the Hoyal Iiistiiution of «t. Britain, and 
 "was unveiled liv their treasurer, sir .lames ('rieli- 
 ton-l!rowne, M.H . F,l{.(s.,at a public Micctiii;.'. 
 15 Nov. 1S97, Oeii. !•'. .1. Molieily, viee-chairmun 
 of the Loniioii seliool board in the chair ; ilied, 
 
 26 Jan. T3q3 
 
 FARADISATION, the medical applieaiion 
 of the ina;;iieto-eleetrie luii rents whieli I-'araday 
 discovered in 1S57. .\p|iaratiis for this purpose was 
 tirst made hv M. I'i.\ii, and employed hy \H\ .N'ei'f 
 of Frankfort". " hnad," name taken for a unit of 
 eleetric ea]meity, 1 875. 
 
 FARCE, a sliui't comic drama, usually of one or 
 two acts. One hy Otway is dated 1(177. ''''"' '"'•'*' 
 English farces vliv Fo 'te, (iairu k, iJuker^-tali, A'. .) 
 appeared from ahi iit 1740 to 17.S0. 'I'his species 
 of dramatic entt'rtainiui nt orifjiiiated in the droll 
 shows yvhicli were exhibited hy charlatans and their 
 burt'ooBS in the opou streets ; see iJraiiui. 
 
 FAiniEliS' ALLIANCl':, an oi-aiiizntinn 
 
 of a;;ricultural rid'oriiiers 1 hidd a provisional meet, 
 iii^' 27 May, and a 1 onfercnce 2 .Inly, 1H71). It «•;„ 
 active duiiiik' 'he elections of .\piil, |8S(). { 
 Farmers' Alliance for Scotland was l'oiii,ili.,l at 
 Aberdeen. I Dec. l88r. The Farmers' Allinii 1 in the 
 I'nilcd States, N.A., begun iiliout |.S7(, hiviin,,. 
 iiillunitial and ehitcd aluait 2,^ reprrsciiiaiiv, s f.ir 
 I'ollgl'css, Xov. I^-'i)!), see I'littn/ Stuti.i, y..t. 
 
 Till' FiiniifrH (Vi/'i was established in 1S4 1 1', r hscii,. 
 sions I'll a','rlculturnl subjects. 
 
 FARMERS-GENERAL, see Finmn-.,. 
 
 FARMERS' UNION. National. e»tal,li,hi'il 
 at Leamington, by lord Walsingham and otjicr,, •„ 
 oppose the! Agricultural Labourers' Union, .Ji.ii,. 
 
 FARNESE FA:\nLY hecame import,,i,t 
 throu'.'li the elevation of .Vlexander Farnesi' tn tlic 
 ;apaev as Taiil III. lie gave his naturalsun I'.tir 
 till' ■ liehy of rariiia, ami his desrciidaiits riilc'l \\\l 
 the deaiii of Antony without issue in 17^1. .\1e'\. 
 
 amler jirim f I'ar'ma was governor oi tlir .Vitli.r. 
 
 lands ill ls7'). 
 
 FARRIERS, see under Ilor.ii\ Iforscs/m,,,,.,. 
 
 FARRINGDON-MARKEr, erected liytl,,. 
 I'orporation ol Loudon, near the abolislieil l-'l,.,,!. 
 market, was opened 20 N'ov. 1S21). .\ftcr -cvr ,| 
 cliaimes it was re-i'iieiied as a Fi-h Market in iS'.... 
 The .-cliciue was altogi'ther uiisueiesslul, ipira-i'iii. 
 ing great loss to the corporation ; abandmicil, is,;, 
 
 FARTHING, an early Knglish coin. F.nt!- 
 iligs 111 silver were coined by king JhIim, in 
 Hipper hv James I. and Charles I.; the hj.ii 
 farlhiui; of ilohn's reign (1210J is rare. Faitluii:. 
 were coined ill Knglaiid ill silver by Henry VIU. 
 iMist coined in copper hy Charles 11. jwlj; i,,,,, 
 again in 1(172, when there was a large eiiiiia;{e .if 
 copper money. Ilalf-fartlmms were liist cuiiii'il in 
 1845; see <yilifii .linn's l-'iiii/iiiii/x. .V siii;;li' im|iv 
 of tlie " I'cniiy-a-wcek Country Daily Nc«s|i;i|„i " 
 I'eonservativej, No. 1, sold for 1'/., 25 June. l'^;J. 
 The Fiirt/iiiii/-'< Arf, 21, 22 Viet c, 7^" iS^.S, iel;it'< 
 to the payment fur portions of a mile travellci! l.v 
 third class railway trains. 
 
 FARTHINGALE, see Crinoline. 
 
 FASTI CAPITOLINI, marble tiiWels il..; 
 up ill the forum at Kouie, 1547,1'i.iitaiii a list uf tl.f 
 consuls ami other otlieers froin the yearnt li.iiiic:^(i 
 to 7()v Other fragments were fiiiml in |''<I7 aii.l 
 1818. 'I he "Fasti I'ousulares," from ^i;!) ii.c. tn 
 .\.l). 2;5, are given at the cud of Smith's "iJu'tiiiiimy 
 of Greek ami Uoinaii Aiitiiiuilies." 
 
 FASTS, ohaerved bv most nations from the re- 
 motest anliiiuity ; by the Jews (2 C/irmi. .\x. j) ; 
 by the Niiievites {Jviiii/i iii.) ; see Isiii. Iviii. .V 
 fiist was observed hy the Jews on the great day 1 f 
 atonement. /,cr. xxiii. 149011.0. .Moses fastcii 40 
 days and nights on Sinai, Exod. .\.\iv. [41)1 ii.c. 
 The first Christian ministers were ordained with 
 fasting (.A.I). 45) Ac's xiii. 2. Annual fasts, as that 
 of Lent, and at other stated times, anil on partiiiilar 
 occasions to ajipease the anu'er of Uml, began in the 
 Christian elu.reh, in the second century, 1,^S. The 
 Mahometan fa^t is termed liiimudnn {idiich stt). 
 Fast days are appointed by th" Reformed rhiirihi - 
 in limes of war and pestilence (as 21 .March, iS;^, 
 for the Kussian war, and 7 Oct. 1857, for the IiiJiaii 
 mutiny). The Jeyiies, ir/iic/i se'\ have lelisiiras 
 fasts of '30 to 40 daya' duration. See Abftimiice. 
 
 PAUGHARD 
 
FATHKHS (^F THE CnUKfJir. 
 
 411 
 
 Fl" AX.S. 
 
 FATHEUS or the CHITRPK n, <• i 
 
 lo«i.,^ui--tl,..,mn,.i,ml:- ^«^"- '"^'f"!" ^'^'^ i" '!„. 1,,„.-,„.,|'„„ f,„„,. ,.,,„. , rT~~' 
 
 v„,r .-Kvn.Hv ,,v,w,-. ,,„„r„ .vn , ,„„ .kv- '" '""■" '■'"""■'" fniuha;!!.;;," ' '" "^-'' '" '"'""'"• 
 
 '■:;),.,.: ;.... •■;■ ^it T'\hu. .!l,'.!.;,:.;.:',:/,r':::,;;':^''r -'!-•'-> 
 
 
 f;;::"^''"'!-"' ;^^;;[: - ?;;:^:;^;' v..,, :;■;;;:!■ ^ iuhw^^o:""-" ""• '■••'-'... t.en.i^p,;:::',,': 
 
 •:r::;:,... 'S'iJi-;;:;;',. :;■ :^; ....^^^^;^.!^^,.?^^^f^A^ SCHOOL. r.o„..„. 
 
 "'M"''ytiw . . -'. 2io r„i!„ Triiilil,..,! i' "V" '" '"""• ■'' 
 
 JlilllltillS fcliS, / ullt. 2jo .I.TMIi,,. 
 
 Cyi'iiau . . (I. alrt. 253 AiiKusiinn 
 FATIiriTES. ^.e .//i nmi M„Jw,mt,n,ism. 
 FATS aro nils ,s„li,| ;,t ar,li„:,ry t,>„,,„.ritur(.s 
 The rcse,nvl».9 ,.( Ch-vivul si,,,.,. i.Sii ,m tl eir 
 oiiomical Miitiiro ;iro very iriip.Mtimt ; cee r,,,,,//,', 
 FAUGHARD, .'oe Fo,„jh,i,;l. 
 
 FAUSTt'S, a pn,f,.ssor ..f niajri^ ivnn«-,u.,l in 
 Wi.p Imiks lloiirislioil aliniit On, ,.n,l of tlic i-t 
 ...iiliiry. (;liris;„|,li,.|- Jt,,i-l„«i.'s ncwiM-lul tn-.v Iv 
 -Dr. fiui.tns, «-,;.s ,,„l)lisho,l in lf,»,. Goethe's 
 ■ li iMiitic poem, •• l-aust," appeared in \-,yc,, 
 
 FEASTS .vyi) FkstIV.VLS. The '• Feasts of 
 
 1.' Lnri . VIZ.. t lOSli nl M... 1... i,..i.i:^ uj 
 
 "<'n: see a;;,-'"!^^:;.;:!;;"''"^'"-^!-"'-'"' < ^^^'t.. 
 ''m1sI„.;i''''"'" ''^'"""'' »-'''i"«to„, s„,,.,v, ,„„. 
 
 ^^^«^FFRAGE.;.e.,;e,.;,w::^' 
 
 Knsia,.,|-,;,'s 'i;''^:"';'''-'""-;'"Mtio.-;f 
 
 ;:'u■7;'>:r,:!:;^^-"«i■^i"^ThL'l;;;:;:v.e- 
 
 e.x.atenient, was ,iisl,amle,l' in ,«to. ^ '"'''"''"■ 
 
 «?iri^:;:,^t;;;;:i',^- -;, ,,,„ : ; ,FExcixG.as int.,,,. ,, i,. ,„,.„„,.„. 
 
 ;lll(;lMi.liuns,„tlM. ,.sl,.,.„t„n, "'."He.1 l,y ppVTi\->i/H '-'""• 
 
 ;;■ :':™.t !^™;t;, ';i;„r- -- ■ -»■ n S;:^':' ^ra;f :;,t;^^^'';£ - V S 
 
 ..,:,;,«...,. see .,,.,,.. v;!!:;^:r--t™;r ;lr'/:i';^^-"4''''- ^ '-- 
 
 FEBRUARY (from /;./..,„„, nn It ,lin, .li "'"^""'■"t '-^ »I>Po»ed l.v tl/e Ao.nan tvi'T-'' , '"'^' 
 
 vmity), t hoseeon.1 month of the ve.'u-, in wliiei 1 ,1: ■^^■^' ■^'■'■'''""'- ^"""''" '"''''■SJ'- 
 
 e;f;p'- ^■i;r,z.Si[t^j^l;:,;"!n.;^ "^ii^.'^!:;::;;!:';';,.!;;-- -■■ -■• ■- .^ . 
 
 FEDERAT, STdTI?a i ' "■ "■"""llimillJiSeelet .so.-leties 
 
 .N,;.™, u.i,.5 ir.;;,r.uu. u^dftc' ■'» t ' " ' "" '"'• '"■" ■■ 
 
 ■ontl.ctin lSOl-5 were stvled /W,r«/ tl, . I i^ " -'3 Fe„i,„,s eoni„utte,| f,„- tn-,1 n„ t . ="'•'• •■ 
 
 s,,. ,.,.w..-„a 'k'i'r^^^^L:^::,, , ^^'"-^ '■• ^"'"■" states s.,„ to ,.ve raise. .^.Z " 
 
 FEEJEE, see Fy7. ! — f?!L_" 
 
 W'-r 
 
 '"'J! 
 
 41 
 
 
 'ii'A''- -^ 
 
 
 
 
lik;?^,;..! 
 
 FEMAN'S. 
 
 412 
 
 FENIANS. 
 
 njif 'i 
 
 }%' '^^l''■^.M^' 
 
 
 #: 
 
 Caiitiiri' i.r .iMiiif' Sli|ilii'ii'. Iiiwli hi'iul-i'iTitrr', ii 
 N,)V. ; he.'-. ■iiM- 11,1111 KMiil . . .!4 N"V. lESj 
 
 Fifivc c|i«|.ul(s lirtwicn XUv siii:iti' aii'l (I'Miiln'iiy, 
 till! lifacl-ciMitiv, wli.i is iliiirp''! >villi ...n ii'lfii 
 uiiailfi"i,st,l; Mr. Hc.licrtsiii.i.i.iiitonii.<sii,ic>»i'r 
 
 380,000 Frnhins ivpuitci in tin' fiiilr'l Stall s .laii. iB"'i 
 
 llalpcasl'dii'iisait siKpi'ii'liil in Iiilaml ; al."Ul jjo 
 Musin'i'tcil iicisMiis unrstr.l Inn liatcly 17 ^|■l'. ,. 
 
 Gr.'at mass iiui'tint; at Xi'W Yiirk, llircati'iiiii« tn 
 iiivailf (.'aiiii.li 4 MaV'M, „ 
 
 Ffiiiaii si'lioniur Frhiitl captiiivs lintlsh silinyiirr 
 iri 1,1 ii-uith. anil siiittU's hir ii.'ai- KastiM.it. N. A. 
 
 1 -May. ,, 
 
 JaiiU's Sli'|.liciis nrrivisat Niw Yipik 10 May, ,, 
 
 C'"l. lI'Niil aihl Kchiaiis ,n.,-stlir Niagara aii.l iiitir 
 Canaila, 31 Mav ; a c-niillii> fusiicil witli lln' vcliiu- 
 tcn-s, with 1.1.. M.lslii.l .... ^' .'""'■• .. 
 
 Til.' .\iiii riiaii ^'.■iii'ials (.In. lit aipl Mi;i.l.' captiuv 
 iiiaiiv ivtivatiiij; l-'iuiaiis . , 2 Jiiii.' K s../, ,. 
 
 Kwi.iiv aii.l i.tlinsarn'sti'.l . ■ n, 7 .luii<'. .. 
 
 rnsi.li'iit J..liii>..ii's ]. ri.ilaiiiatii.il at;aiiist tin- hi- 
 iiiaiis 7.I11U1', „ 
 
 Sl.iai' anil otliifs i-n.ss tlu' Imuirlary iirar \i'ri I. 
 
 7 JuiU'; till' imps ili'iiii.nilisuil ; many n timi 
 
 Q.llinr, ,, 
 
 Murli ilissi'iisiuii ainuni; tin' riiiiaiis, .liily, it ,<(;/. ,, 
 
 Th.y ixi'ivisf naicli iiillin mi' in tin' ili .i.i.iis 111 
 .\iiii rir.i in • ■ ."''• " 
 
 Tiu.vi.s IS L'.vN.MiA.— Ci.l. l.yn.U ami liiv, . i.liii 
 Ma. Main. 11 (sunti'iiiTil to I'c liangiil mi 15 lin-,) 
 ivi.iiivi.l ,=■',■-*' ,".''V " 
 
 Jaiuis Sli|.liins. "I'iMitnil iir;.'aiiiscT i.f tin- Irish 
 ivi.iil.lir," saiil tn sail tii.in Aini-rii-a . .-4 -Nnv. ,, 
 
 Till' liiiti.sli jiiiViTiiinciit nlliT 2000/. fur liis .ii.j.ir- 
 lli'lisinn ,■ • V."*'- " 
 
 MiMiifV, a iMi'piti', aiTrsti'.l in I.i.n.l'.n . 1 Pi'i'. >, 
 
 Arms anil ammiiiiitii.n si'i/i'il in Diil.liii, L'l.rk, ami 
 LiniiTii-k ; niaiiv arrrsts . . . "I'l', ,, 
 
 Gill. .Millfii, liiail I.f till' Fenian military ili|.ai-t- 
 i.ii'iit, ili'iii.iiiiia.s hli'|.lirns " as a clii'iit ami a ras- 
 cal "anil ili'rlaivs tlir I'aiisi' I'nr tlif piv^i'iit Impi- 
 lfss,liuti-.\lii.rtsti.Hati'liliiliii'ssfi.ran..i.i...rtiuiily 
 
 S\vi-iMiv(ivIiMsiil)iv,ii.iiis till' U.S. army . . .iaii. 1867 
 22 n.nvirtii.iis at Ti.n.nt.i . ■ •'"''• •■ 
 
 67 Fiiiians I'riiin l.ivirl.oiil ariTsti'il 111 liiil.liii 
 
 Inuptii.ii I.f IViiiaiis inti. Clii.sti'r ; .■..iiiii. llnl ti. 
 
 ivtiiv , ■ "•, ■-■ I'V- •• 
 
 Ontl.irak in K.Miy ; Killarn.y lliiiat.ii.il; .-.il.t. 
 
 .M..riartv ami ..th. IS lai'tiiii-.l .ul-il.. ,, 
 
 Attark 1.11 i'i.ast.;naiil statii.i'., l.'aliir.iMi 11, 1 j j.l.. : 
 
 iiMivi-mi'iit ii.lla].si..i . . It; I'll'. .. 
 
 Kilniall..i-k |...li.i' l.arr.i.'k ili IVn.li'il li.r lln..' li..iirs 
 
 l,y 14 ist.-il.l.s.wlii.ilri.viM.lf 2ou.irniiil hriiians, 
 
 w'itli 1..SS, l.v a sallv . . . • .s .M.-inli, ,, 
 Giiur.il M.issey ia|.Iiiri.l . . ,4 ';'' " •^'.•'i' '• •• 
 
 Jiisin;; at Miilli't..ii in t.'i.rk : H.ily. a li'a.ler, killi-.l ; 
 
 rails vt huiltli aii.l Mi.llaii.l railway tak.n up 
 
 (: .Mali'h, ,, 
 
 P.dclnmiitionortlii' Irish ivpuMir .sent t.itlieV'i //»■.< 
 
 ami lit hiT papers .... 6 .Manh. „ 
 Fmi.in ris.ii- mar Diibliii : teli'^'rai.li il.'srn.yi-il ; 
 
 atta.-k nil tlif pi.liiT statii.n at Tallatiht ripilliil ; 
 
 sevural shot, 2o3 prisoners taken int.. IniMiii 
 
 7 Man-li. ,, 
 jooo Fenians lioM market-plaee at Ilrufhe.i.i. l.ut 
 
 retreat at the ap|. I laeh lit piiliee ■ - Mai'' h. .. 
 Capt. Maelnre .■ai.tiireil . . 31 .Vareh, ,, 
 
 fci].,Mial 1 imissii.ii til try 2-,o Fenians : Whitesiile, 
 
 eh -iust. ; Deasv ami Fit/t;iralil, l.ei;iii (Massiy, 
 
 Keu-h, Coryili.n. ami .Me(ii.ii;;h, ai|.r..veis) 
 
 u April, it .«('/. ,, 
 Btirke ami Doran senteneeil to ileatli, i May : re- 
 
 prieveil ^^'' ^'i'.^'. '■ 
 
 Many eniivietimis of treason OPAtleity, M'tlure, 
 
 anil iitlier.s) ami treason-feluiiy, aiel many ilis- 
 
 eharj;eil ,''''V. •• 
 
 Trials at I.imeriek liet;in . . . ii.lniie, ,, 
 Presiileiit Uolierts retires ; the i.arty in tli.' I'liite.l 
 
 HtatessaiiH..l.i-.!.-iie.i"lise.l ■''■'■■•'■ ■■ 
 
 Many Fenians trie.l aii.l eonvieteil .Inly aiel Ahj:. ., 
 hevi'ral iniprisoneil Fenians releaseil aiel sent to 
 
 Ameriea \",-- ami .'^ept. ,, 
 
 Fenian i^'iess at Clevelaml, Ohio . . I-ept. ,, 
 
 KiHy ainl Ueasy, tw.. Fenians, leinaiele.l |..r fu. II.. r 
 
 ex.iminatiiiii, resene.l In. 111 the priKiiijers' v.iii. 
 near .Maiieheslei ; ami lliett, a pollieman, »!,. 
 for relnsiiij; to tiive lip his keys . i5>. [i , 
 
 Many inisoiis l.ikeii up; .' i 1 ..iiiiiiilteil on • liai.i 
 
 of' iiiiinin till. I. ^eiimliiii 1 li. ile.illi (.■ i... 
 
 i.rieve.l): 7 SI iiti leTil to 7 years' iih|.iis;,mei hi 
 
 .M)nel,.iJ N. ^ 
 
 Allen, (■oiilil, ,111.1 i.arkin exe.uti.l at "-all 
 
 a,; N.v. 
 
 Funeral .liim.nstratien ill l.oml. .11 . . 24 .\n\ 
 
 Trials .if ll.ilpiii ami others iit liul.lin, ilit-N,.., 
 
 riininil .1.' iistnitions for Allen, \e., at 1 ..ik. 
 
 I He.'. . Iml.lin aii.l l.uiii ink . S 111'.', 
 
 A.lihess of the i.n.si.leiit aii.l senate of the l-'iiiiiiii 
 
 l.rotherl I of Anieiiiii to the " lilierty-li.vii- 
 
 l.eople of Fn^jliin.l," ihiti .1 N..w York. i.-. li.-,-. 
 
 Heiinioii of the liol.erts ami Stephens piirties iin.|, i- 
 a new presiileiit . . al.out 2.. |i.. 
 
 Prenieilitateil explosion of (.'leikeiiwell hou... ..f 
 ileteiitioii, 1,011. ion, to release lliuk.- iiii.l i'um.v, 
 lea.liiij; Feiiiiins, at .i.45. (A . isk ol -iinpowilvr 
 was iMeil elose to the prison Willi ; Tim. . Ill) I1..S. 
 Iiion.l, .lereiniiih Allen, ami .\iiii Jiislie.. liiiitiiol 
 on snspleion) .... 1; li... 
 
 [Ci'H-. ./"I aii,< ../ lilt f);i?r..Mio(. - ".Six persons H.ir 
 killeil ' ontrifjlit,' six more ilie.l In.iu its etlei !,, 
 aeeonlint; to the i-onim r's in.|ui s|s : live, in 
 aililition, owe.l their .lei.ths in !in..tlv to iliis 
 nieiins , one yi. liny w..miin is in a m;iilhi.ii»i., 40 
 nil. tilers Were pn'niiltlirely eolllineil, aii.l ;;. ..f 
 their lial.es oie.l from the etieets of the ex|.|..,i..n 
 on the women ; others of the eliililnn iireilWiiir..l 
 aii.l unhealthy. One mother is m.w ii niviiin 
 maiiiae ; 120 persons were woiiinli.il ; ju \v.«f 
 into St. liartlioloiiiews, liniy's Inn-hiiie, ami. 
 Kind's Colli-jre Uospitiils ; 15 im- p.iiiiaii..|r,|v 
 iiijiireil, with loss of eyes, lej;s, iirms, \,.. , 1.,.m.i,.'< 
 20,001..'. Worth i.tilamii;;e to person ;in. I pn.peip. ' 
 — Tiiiii'; 2g April, iSiiS.J 
 
 Capt. Maekay ami others rif a Martil!.. P.w.r 
 
 27 Ii..-. 
 
 A'l.hieions seizure of .inns ami iinimuiiitioii :ii ., 
 ennsinith's shop in Cork . . v I''.- 
 
 12 suspeiteil Fenians eajitiireil at Mertlivr 'h.!\.!. 
 
 .ii li... 
 
 MiiUany, a iirisi.ner, turns ipu.en's eviil.iier. iiii.l 
 aeeuses liiiriett or .Iaeksiin(eaptureil at (lliis|;i.\v, 
 14 .tail.) of lirinj; the l.ariei at Clerkeiiwei:. 
 
 2S .rill. , 
 
 Atta.k on Miirtello tower near Wiiterforil 2.' .fiii, 
 
 Capt. .Ma.kay am steil at Cork. 7 Feh. ; imieli lii.i. 
 in;^ then. II, 12 Kil.. 
 
 <;i.in iiti..n of I'iitriek I.eiinon. a le.iiler. 12 IVI.. 
 
 Hiiheas ii.rpns aet siisp. till i Mjinh, 1S69 l-VI. 
 
 .Miillaiiv iitiil Thompson eonvlitnl iis aeeessmii.s in 
 mur.ier of llr.tt .... iS Manl,, 
 
 (.':ipt. Mii.kiiv .■..nviet.il ; s.iiteiieiil to 12 VLiiiN' 
 impiisoiinieiit . . .20 Miiiili, 
 
 O'Farn.ll, ii I'eiiiiin, wi.umis theilnke of Kiliuliuivli 
 at Fort Jiieksoii, 12 .Mareh; .senteneeil to iliiiUi, 
 
 !i Miinli, 
 
 Mr. Diirey M'Gee, M.T., shot ileail l.y a Feiiiiii, iii 
 ottawii 7 April, 
 
 Trial of Win. aii.l Timothy Uesini.nil.Xiehnli.. Kii^. 
 lish, John OKeefe, Miehael Hiirn'tt, iiail Ann 
 Justiee, fi.rniuiler (Clerkinwell ..iitnine) lieKUii 
 2o : lie. initial ..f .liisti.e, ji , of oKeelV, 24 : iin.l 
 of the twi. Disnionilsaml Fnglish, 27. Convieli..n 
 of liaiivtt 27 April, 
 
 [tiiharil Umke.a leailer, eonvieteil i.ftreas.iii-IV|i.n\, 
 
 30 Aiail, 
 
 Miehael Harrett (for eausin;; the Clerkeiiwrll ex- 
 plosion) exeeuteil .... 26 .May, 
 
 OTlonoViin Hossa ami otiii is ivlea.seil, heliavi. 
 violently -Miiiili, 1 
 
 The froVerlllllent ileelilies to rele.'ise others, iS 111 t. 
 
 Manifesto from John Siiva^ie, exi . iitive i.lllier, Iii.. 
 
 Fenian liiiil into I. .mi. la vij;i.roiis|\ lepelle.l l.y tlir 
 militia, ami their general, O'Neill, eaptuiv.l l.y tlip 
 U. S. niaishiil 2C .May, 1 
 
 F..rmali..n ..f the Oan-na.dael (ic/i.'e/i .ve) 
 
 Mi-liael lliivitt ami John Wilsi.n iniivii tii! i.f 
 treason-feloiiv f.n einleavouriiif.' to tninsniit anas 
 .se.retly to lli-lanil (.leteeteil .MiUvh) . iSJiily, 
 
 CiPtine.l Fi'ii iiii ;;eiiinils (Tli..iiips..ii ai'il Starr) in 
 
 I'liite.l Sl;il.-S. selltellle.l t.. impl IsLliMiellt liir 
 
 1.11 ii.h of neiitiiility laws . , . July, 
 
 FERGH.INA, see 
 
riiJKt-CiiAAii'L.Nui.SE. 
 
 J'rMl.l.'iininiNt'- iiniclaiiuitini, ntsMunl y,;,Um riilih 
 
 Tllm.'linVlrt» ivl.'im.rl . • • '5 I'i'i'. .. 
 
 TiM' r.M'M.H,l ivi.l, «v|,„„„..l in tl,;. i:„'ii',','i ' " 
 
 "*■''"' ' . Ill, 
 
 Tl„. K-ii ni,C,n..i,,tl,.. Pi.ihli in iIm' mm,-, ' " 
 
 I,.„i.,i. -il.l iht.i Mni,lr.,i.., - AllK i,?7,vl.',,|, 
 
 ii;i;i;Ai;A. 
 
 I, .Mini: Mi.l iht.i Mniiir..l«i »iMM'ii'^v.,M,v' rniti.'i " 
 
 (;,.ii, I lll..Mrt (II sinii-f 'tl,,,,-' ill ,'||„ Zt"vlrv''f'l'L " 
 
 |.w„,,ii.| |.i.Mi,ln..„i, II „i,t ,.|f|i..|,i in /•>;.«'• 
 
 .l/.,.;.o,i. : li.' iHMVH. •■rii.Mr ihsiinvriinn «•„< 
 
 f.MlHhiy pliMHiM.! nn,| still ninrr l,„,|i,i,| • ,,1 
 
 c,itnl."iiii.l.sn'.,nj;!.v ,„|vi,,., , ,„,.iii,„i„„ „.:„■ 
 
 ^•"«';""' ■ ■ • ).il,v, ,37, 
 
 ■""'■' ■e74 
 
 Miaiiiiiu , 1 ;- 
 
 6lcat.|.'lll"IIStl,lt|lin tlr.ll' |)|,,y|„,,|,l ■ 3o.Srll ' .' 
 
 E.«ii'i' "f l-Vni.MM |iri»..n.Ts ii,,,,, \v..st Aiistmlli 
 'it N','«''v''.'ir' ■'"'"'"""" "'''l'' '7 -^I'ril : an-lvra 
 
 OMn'li!.iiy, li-il.l-«M,tiv,',li,.s'iit \,.„. Vork •' Ini','.! '^'^ 
 fimcral ».'ivii',> 'fi Ivi Q 
 
 Duvittiiii.lntl,..r FiMii.n nviVt.s fclcnTOd Jmi.tii ^ ^' 
 
 D;ivilt'.r..Miiii.Mitilinln-tliH.ii],ll,.|ig,,,.,,,,i,,,,i,'^''''I;,'f^? 
 
 •'"""'' • ' • • ^1 Fi'li 99 
 
 Stiiiiiri'Mr ;iniM ;iii.| ;iiiiiiiiiiii!iiiii «t .i,,|in"sti t' 
 
 li.wl, cliTk. nwvll ; II,,,,,,,,, (Viiisii a|.;.,,,„.,| 
 
 Oimniitl,..! fn,. trial, ,; Ji,!y ; s„iiteiR...a t.i r^v'.'r's' " 
 j„.|„il vivitu.l.' ' • . ': 
 
 D.,twti,'U "In iiim-ih-nm- Fciii.iii i,|,.t i„ Im,],!,,:' " , 
 ciriiiMl Hut h.v 11 l),iii,| t..nihj,l the •• lii,!, Im i,,,.,; 
 Wei,' siifl tl) he C"i,iRTt,-.l vvitli tl„, I.,,,,,! |.,.,i^,,„, 
 
 m to exi,!,,,!,. puMi,. ),„i|,li„,s 'il^"K,Hi,n^ linn' '^^^ ' 
 
 l.„l,t,-,i 111 .\eu y.,,!;, l,y I, l,,„„,va|| H,,ss;|, ;, ,,l,i,,f \ 
 
 lllilll) ,».-l,t tn Kl,>;lll,|.l ; (■„l|\,,vs e.V|,|i',sives .|-,,|,^ I 
 
 tviili-iicciit li.,iv-Htii,,.t . • ,''.,,.11 
 
 or,Mte.,iiv,,,itin„i,t piiii,„i,,i|,|,i.,„,„,,|,.;i j.^ ;',',': •■ 
 
 'i" I'MVil l,y U'D„„„va„ lii,.sii.'uli„ Ivvm ' ,•' 
 
 Irisll Hev,,|Mtii,||,l|-y l)l-,tlieilii,„il 6 \]iv 
 
 .Sw/(,,i.M,i7.an,l /■>;./■,.«:.,„,■. "-".ij, „ 
 
 '.'fiitii' of 'iMiian i,rgaiiiz,ti.,n .liscovercl at Tirii . 
 Frch'dik Allen iippivl,, i„i,.,i ,,|:.' 
 
 Oi],!. riins. I'lii'liin stiil,l,„,| (not killeil) as a snsl " 
 J,eet.-.l trait.,,- ,y Kielianl Slmrt-in Rossi's 
 liniis.. Ill N.vv \.„-k. ,,, ,1iin. : 0'|>„„„va,i Rossa 
 .shot ,1! tl,.. <t,vet l,y Liieill,, Ys..,ilt li„,i|,.v ,m 
 K,i,'lisl, »„|.,«, J K,.|,, ; Pi„.|,,n an,i |„. ,.,.,:„V,,,. 
 i„ tl„- ,-,ii„e 1,1 spital, l-",.!,. ; sl,,,rt ao.,iiift,.,l' 
 OMay: .Mrvl.„.lley,|,.,.Ia,.,.;,i,„a,ie 3 j, | ,' ,S3, 
 Il,iv,it,.ni,.i.' l-..„ian laanil.'st.) .sent t.> Mr i;, , ' ^ 
 
 stiine i,i,i| .,tl,er.s fiv„, l'a,-is ali.iiit 'in k',,1 ' 
 
 •eviii K..,ii,iiMni,|^ressl„.M in Paris . j, K,.|,' " 
 iiiL-s Si, p!„i,<Mp..|le.ltV,„„ France . ^faiel,' " 
 .iiiiii,isi„ !,...,,.„ps pn,ii,i„,.|,t in ||.,,|,i„,i niiliinin ,'s'^, 
 
 I'f '■'■"'1';!)' l«P"ls n|)..n.,va,i H.,.s,. ah'.it^ '^^^ 
 
 3 Dee. i-:n : sill.l t,i 1„. s,|e, |,,,1 l,v 1),. Il.lii.il 
 
 '"" «-inN"-it .Vow V„rk. l.avi,,:- l^,^'," 1; 
 k'..iu,,|„y,.,| i„ war a.'ainst Un-lainl by means 
 ef.v„a„„t,.,,vnl„.s,„ns &<.. ■ statenieiit in Tiin.i 
 1411..,..: .i|at.„(t„l,eal»ll|..l . ,,I),,. 
 
 M...,t,„:, „r tl,.. „1,1 F,.„ia„ l!,-„tl,erl,.,o,l 'J slw " 
 l.-rli : they .|..ei.|H to .IIm.,,,..! M,.. Pari„.|ra„,'i , , 
 l«i,ler.s,aii.lt.,maiiitai„„nlyniilitaiy.,r,Miii^ati.'n 
 .Micluel Davitt eleete,! M.R f..r N\ Meatl'/,j'','|'v '• '''^' ' 
 
 ^:f' •;,[^^"" ''■■' '. ^j f"^. .39. ; ei..ct,:'i7„: ; 
 
 S,v;),;ll.,„l|7^S..pt. ',s,/, ■ ■ ■ • 8 fVli. 1893 i 
 ■■Reo,)IK.ctiuns of Fenians a„.I Kenianisin," bv 
 JoliiiO'Leai-y, publi.slie.1 ' "' j, 
 
 FKRE-CHAMPEN(HSe' (Fratieio. 'liZ ^ 
 -be heni.li army un,|,.r .\|,irti,oiit, .Mortier and I 
 Arru'lii. ^y,■l■^■ surprised at.d ,lef„„t,.,l by fit,- .,>',- 
 "Car the prmue of .Sc'lnvarzenber-, " 2; .Ma't'eii' 
 
 :i;:tit^,^,;-- --tan,.. Pari.'su?rc;^;:;^^ 
 
 FERGH.VNA, .sec Ii/,ok„„r/. 
 
 -^l?'f,a;^'i,^;.;y?;,i;y,;i;i;,r;^:'!'" "-i ; f-vi-i-. 
 
 -.ev,.,, tT.w, f r 1""" 'I'i'f n,n;i,|ial,., ,,1 f,,rtv. 
 '"""'■■iMl'itHle.tiaMs""'"'""""'"""'' ''■'■'■''" 
 
 "■■•'■'• Mirio, ,.,'.,' ."','"" ■■''':"" -5™ '''''Visiles 
 nearly nil kilM, '' '^'"'■^'"S «" ^mTende.r were 
 
 ■'(•are los he »..|s .,w„,.l 1 ' / '"' '"" ""o- 
 
 : i2o,ax,tv;!n,..ri;:,i':;."'"' "^ ■■""""'■ i^-^io,. of 
 
 : Huf\^'P<^^^ V COLLIERY EXPLO- 
 
 •U>..l/eultiya^:i 1 "tU^n^^'^'V- 1]'^'""*' 
 
 nnSS^^^^/^''-V The British. 00m- 
 tronchme, s ^ ," '^ik,^s"".«'i ""•■'fkf.l the en- 
 li"<'"f works, 2. Dec ,8a-- nt n'"''.'':'' '''^:"" «^^'' 
 the operation vy et^ su.nelid;.d f,H f''V""!"'' ""• 
 t'-i.- seeotid line yv.asinlW S^:,^\};;(^'f 
 »"d 7-1 KUii» captured, The .S k lis -ol n , ^ "^'-''•t• 
 take tlteirsuns: but wo,-o reused wt'h^;''^ ^V^'" 
 
 I and n.fn.afed. towards the S. tl i 2^^ /l^;" ,°^«. 
 
 s.ibdued by tlio I.oinbai'ds in tl ,'■ Sth ; ^' ''■*' 
 taken tVotn then, about 752 .-ep,^ '"; ""■•' ""'^ 
 pope Stephen II. About noy it' f -"'r'^" 
 lm>ul.s of the house of K.-t,. ("•/ ,V^ s,'\ *'■" ,","° '^e 
 the prineiiial seat of tli, li • / *"'-''•','"' 'Ji'^ame 
 
 rei^n y in 1598, on the death of tele I '^'- 
 ir., tile last legitimate ,n lie ftb pi '''"'"*'> 
 llis iUegitiniate le heJ P. ■ ' ^''^ *'""'ly. 
 
 •Modena.^ The Fre c n [b.r u'""' ''"'"'"•' '^"ke 'of 
 in .796; but it :™sl':;;.':a\'.?-^^','V"«k.Ferrara 
 
 An Austrian garrisot. held h(v:m%}oV'l r '•*,• 
 
 II June, l8sn, and the neonlo ■ M i^,' , "^etired 
 Mnne.Katio,r\o S, ,.i ,7^, ' wi eh ?^,' "'^ '''•'^ F.'-'d for 
 
 'I"f.J.. KSOO. Tile '^„' n L"1V^ T?«P'3^''«4 i» 
 
 Marih. ,8(^: U1 e ce„tenan-"of ^''^P'-'^'^'^J '» 
 founded in ,.31,2, cdebniteiff^^ifhe^ univemty, 
 
 
 1 * 
 
 ii 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 •fl 
 
 *» 
 
 t 
 
 i" ^m 
 
 *"l 
 
 h 
 
 
 '•!' 
 
 1 
 
 ljg|j 
 
 
 #4j 
 
 fl 
 
 ' '"'J. ' 
 
 ■jjCi.jii.i.'llMifaj-' 
 
FEKUAUS' AKUKST. 
 
 lU 
 
 FIO-TIIKK 
 
 
 FEHHAKS' Ali If KST. In M..r.l., i.Sf ., M". 
 
 (lr..i({c I'lTlir'*, a iimihIk i ol )MiU;iiii<lit, wliilf in 
 uIUMidnnr,' on t)M' li..u.c tti» hilm in i-.x. . iiliun 
 
 liV il hIu lill " * offluT I'nl' llrllt, IMIll . "ninillltd t" tllC 
 
 C'^.mpl.r i.iisiin. Tl..' Imuv .Ir-pi.'. i,.',l tlnii; »>r- 
 jciMil t.i rninire lii» ivl.-i-r, wUuh wh». |v,ii.ti .1, 
 'iind an ullVuv tiikiii).' \>U<,; lii» nm. r «ii" taukin. 
 'n,,' luHisr in" a ImmIv n'lmiivd to tlu' luril* to n.ni. 
 i.lun, when thu n.nlcnii.l wii» ;i.l,iiiili(<Ml Im lie vi'i\ 
 Livit, and thu iMini-liincnt '<( iIm' ..l|,ii(lti> «;.« 
 irl, iiTil M till' luw.T li.in-i.. (In unntlirr iiir»!.rn(.'fr 
 
 l,cinif Ncnl to till' -hciillH l.v lli> mninns tlifV 
 
 ,l,.l,vciv.l up till' «<'n.il..i-, aiul thr . inl iM;ij;i»tn'i.« 
 nil. I till' criMlitui' wir.' .Hiiiiiiitliil to thu IdWir. tlif 
 iiilriiorollici-s Id Nr»i;iili', ami an art wa» I>as>rd 
 ivlfa-tinK .Mr. Fcrnr^ In.iii liidnUtv f.a- tliu di-b 
 T .e kiiiL', llenrv VIII.. liifililv api'i-vnl »t all 
 these prncirdings and tlif tnin^a.ti.m htianu' tlie 
 h.i-ii of that rail' "I' iMiiIi.ininit which exfinptu 
 muiabtrs from urrrst. JIuIiiihIihI, 
 
 FEUUO, 80i' dni'iry hits. 
 
 FHKUOL (N'.W. Siiaiii). rpwards of io.ocki 
 British landed mar Firrul under thr ((.iiiiiiiind ot 
 sir James I'ulteiiev, ill An-. I.S(ki. lluyKiiined 
 pos«wi,m of the li'ciKlits; hut, (h-pairili;,' ot sue - 
 '■(■98, on account of ihe str.ni,'th of the w.irks, Mr 
 James re-eniharked hi.s tn-p.. I is .oiiduet was 
 niu.h eomlenmed. S..ult eaplure.l hirn.l, 2- Jan. 
 I,Hi«) An iiisurrectinti of iilnait I.^ui imn iii the 
 iirx'iuil lun^ hroliu out, headed by hrij-Mdier I'oz.is 
 mid dipt. Montojo, who raised the nd tjag, II 
 (lit • they dispersed or surrendered whi^u about to 
 he attacked, i; Oct. I.S:2. 
 
 FESCENNINK VEUSES were rude extem- 
 ,„,rarv dial..f.'ues, lieiiueiitly li.enti..us, in tavour 
 iimonl' the ancient Ktrusraiis at weddings, and still 
 jii.liular in Italy. 
 
 FESTIVALS, see under /•'( .(.n<s CUi-^ij, Music. 
 
 FP-TE 1)K DIEU, a feast of the Uoiiiaii ehun^h 
 in honour of the r,A presence in tlie Lord's Sup- 
 per, kept oil the Thursday after 1 riiiilv Nunday 
 See Vorpxs Chrixti. Itereiii;arius, archln-hup .■( 
 ■\nj;ers -ppo.sed the doctrim^ of traiisuh-taiitia- 
 tioii, and to atone f..r his ciinie a vearly pro- 
 eession wag made ut Augers, called la J^U i/i JJuil, 
 lOlQ. 
 
 FflTE I)E VEIITI, an nnnu.il asseiiihlagr 
 ehiellvof voung i.er.-nns, to whoniw. re adjudged 
 rewards h."r industry and virtm-. I hese fetes, held 
 at Xuueham, in U.ifoid^.ire, hc,i:uii by lady llar- 
 eourt in i:»<h were continued till her death. 
 
 FEUDAL LAWS. The tenure of land by 
 suit .111.1 service to l"rd or owner, partlv m use 
 ill Knglaiid bv the Saxons, \vas mam y esta- 
 hlished Lv '.Villnim 1. in IOO(.. H'e kmgdoiii was 
 divided into haronie*. which were ^iveii "iiconditbai 
 of the holders furnisliiiig tlie kin- with men ai d 
 mniiey. The vassala-e, limited by IJeiiry MI.. 
 U-,;. was abolished bv statute, l'.'^'. Ibe leiidal 
 system was iiifrodaeed into Sefptb.iel liy Mab olni II. 
 iii W)i<, and the hereditary juri'dnte'iH were tina Iv 
 aholished in that kiiiL-dom. 174'-:; /'■'■ <''"''''' 
 laws, established in France by C'lovis I. about .\Si,, 
 were discounteiiaiieed by Louis XI. lu 1470. 
 
 FEUIUi VNTS, a religious order foundcil by 
 Jean de la Dairi'ere in ),:;77 at the abhev .,f Feiiil- 
 i.,nt near Touhmse, and s,.tth.d in I'aris in ivN,. 
 •he Fi-inlhiiil c/"'-, formed in I'aris l,y La !■ nctte 
 
 and others ill 17X9. ''J i""""'''''"',' ' ' 
 
 the Jacobins, was so named Iroiii the ■ 
 
 thcv met. A body of Jacobins bui -? i. 
 
 mid obliged tliciii to lejiarate, J5 Due, i;ni; mj 
 thi' club waslirolicn lip 111 I7'U 
 
 :.lli| 
 
 FKVEU, i-ee Sv,!,-lit l-'inr. Enteri 
 •ciiilet fcVer iiri'valriit ill tlie iiietropiilii, y,^,^ 
 Sept. I.S,M7 Increasing 15 Se|it. IHH7. 
 
 FEZ (in the ancient Miiiiiitduiii, .Uii..i;, 
 fiaiiided by Kilris, a desieiidaiit «\ .Mahonirt. nl.iiilj 
 7N7. was "long I apital of the kinndi.iii nf Ff/i, 
 .M'tcr loiig-conliiiucd strui;alc-, it s\a- aiiiirxc.,! i,, 
 
 Morocio alpout 15V1. 1 MViciiius descrllies it n, 
 
 enntamiiiir iieire than 7chi temples, niosnnc,, mni 
 othc'r public editices, in the 12lh century. Ji«i,|, 
 ipiartcr iiinnt. many deaths; Sept. is./,, 
 
 FICTION'S, »ee 7^'/Mii(;/cc». — Fiaiii.Vs |> 1 .,y 
 were invented by tlie lawyers in the rei'.-n „| 
 FMward I. as a means of curving ciii-e* lli.iu „n(. 
 
 couit to aiiulher, wliereby tin urts b in. .li,.,^. 
 
 to eai'h other, itiime. l.nrd Mini-ticlil, in tin-, .u.-; 
 of King's III 11. h, empliatically declaicil timl "iiu 
 tictioii of l.iw shall ever so far prevail luiaili-Ithi 
 real truth, as to prevent the exi^cution nf iii,ii,.,.; ■■ 
 31 May, 17.S4. They have been inostlv alujlialu,; 
 ill the present century. 
 
 "FIDELIO." lieethovi'll's shlgleopiTa; , „iii. 
 posed in I^tq, produced at Vienna, 2o Nuv. iKu:;. 
 
 FIPEN.F, a Sabine lity. freiiunilh m « ,r 
 with Koine. It was tinally captured ami flit in. 
 haliitaiifs enslaved, 43<> 11. c, by the Uoinaiis, whin 
 ambassadors they had slain. 
 
 FIEF, see Fiiiilill J.inrs. 
 
 FIELD. The country gciitlcinan's Wl.l•■^l^ 
 paiicr, devoted to n.itur.il history, spoils, Jc(.., tji,'] 
 (l[ipeaied I Jan. I.S53. 
 
 FIELD Hi.' M.Mirll .\Mi M.\Y, see r//,(„,;,._ 
 FiKLi) UK Till', (.'i.orii 111' tloi.ii, 11 plain i,,..|f 
 .\rdres, near Calais, in F'raliee, on which Ilcim 
 V'lII. met Francis I. of Frame, 7-2:; Jiuie, i;:d. 
 The iiiibilily of both kingdoms displa\id tlnir 
 inagnitii em c. and in. my involved tln'insiln-s in 
 debt. Painting- of the nuharcation md intirvi.w 
 are at Windsor castle, 
 
 FIELD-MAIOHAL, see J/«, */,„'. 
 FIEKY-CIIAMliEK, sec (•/,,(,»/-,< .1 ,/.„:;. 
 
 FIESCHI'S ATTEMPT cl\ Lolis-I'iu- 
 ; Lirrt:, >w I''-("n<, 1835. 
 
 FIFE. A mnritiine county K Sditluiid, inn. 
 
 I taimiig St. .\iidrews. Dunfi'nnr ..■. ainl ..thu- 
 
 i towim with ruined abhi \ s. \l> ..hhIit Wiliiani 
 
 ' fienrp^ lluif, born 10 Nn\. is_jr,, rrcated duke ■■! 
 
 Kite, i^»M, inairied princess Louise Victoria tf 
 
 W il.s ,.- '. /, .-> ). 2: July. i.ISi). ]Iis!i"-j8c,M:ir 
 
 l.e.ige, "bui. t about 1825, was destrovid oy tire 14 
 
 Jum, l^'iS- 
 
 FIFTH-MONAliCHY :MEX. .lout 11,4;. 
 
 su|ipii-i'd the |icrLiid of the MiUeimiiiin to lie yi-t 
 at li.iiiii, when Jesus Christ should diMCinl fn'm 
 , heaviii, and erect tlie tilth universal nunianliy. 
 Tliev proceeded so tar as to elect him king .it 
 Loniloii. Cri'inwellili-i'cr-edthein, 1(1^3. A'i«/'>'';.. 
 .■\n"thei' rising with i^'-s of lib' was sujiprc^.i,!, 
 OJan. I'ltil. Thos. \.iiiier. a cooper, their Icjclii. 
 and If) others, were . \. euted soon after. 
 
 FIFTH P.^VRTV, a term aiiplied to the in'.- 
 vocates of teiii]ieraiice in the House of Commn'.ij 
 (about (<'), Feb. lS.'<4. 
 
 FIG-TKEE (/le/.s ...- o-} bieuglii fi'ui.i ;L- 
 south of Europe, before I S4''^. Thy Dotaiiv-llay 
 tig, FicKK aiialialis, brought fr>m X.S. \Viik-> ii; 
 17.S.J. 
 
 FiurKEs, 1 
 
 Fl.ri or Vii 
 
 111.. It IV"! lllill' 
 
 Tl|s|li:lll, I bill h Hi 
 
 30U inlcs; iMii iiihi 
 ill cih iiiiilcrem e, 
 r.ipiiliilii.ii III 1887, 
 
 II);, l.'J.JIJ. li 
 
 6u.£j6'. ; liai«at< 
 icveiiiif, :^'',774/ 
 276,1,?,'.; eX|..at 
 i.-.ii'. 
 Till- isliiiiils oircred 
 ilik.|'»tothuUrltii 
 
 Til.. Ili.usi. ..f COlllllll 
 
 Inn ill tlii'iii ; anil 
 
 .Villi. S.lli.'ll t.. (ilci 
 lll.lll : .lirlilli'll .'5 
 ci.sli.ll 1.1 the 111 
 sir ilciciili's lliilii 
 liliii . 
 lli«iliilsi.|it 119 a]i 
 
 Tliiik.'iid'.ia . 
 
 .>ir .litliiir lliinilltoii 
 
 Al.'.iit 50,01-0 dc:itlis 
 
 initlin Ilk el ciiiinll.a 
 
 liy the military ; u 
 
 Sii'Gci'f:.' Will. Ces 
 Kiii}.'Tliiiki.iiil.iii rill 
 Mr I'liurles lliilliii II 
 
 >[]■ ,)..llll lllllcs 'i'lill 
 
 tlie Western racitk 
 
 Ilisiiii; of some of th 
 >li:|i|.iiiK(iii.l l.iiihiln 
 
 Iu;iliv Ihi'S lust 
 
 .sii H T. M. U'Uriciii 
 
 FILES are men 
 Tlie liiiiiiiil'iiiture of 
 feilieii. I.\ iiiciins ol 
 H't ii|. l.v .Mr. T. (ill 
 iiiveiilcil liv M. Ill] 
 tlie price i.f tiles lua 
 4'/. per ilozcii. 
 
 FILIIU'STE 
 
 i.;iii|.' given to the 1 
 . 'ibtsui .^nieriea in 
 J. e lliic'iiiiKis and 1 
 
 FILfOQUE, ('■ 
 
 in thcXi.eiie creed, i 
 ''.ellcly (ihost froii 
 ,..' sie.iiiil council at 
 ■ 'cil, liy the Greek 
 .^! iiii4i.447, and by i 
 . I the iiliriisc was'ci 
 C.iiil". rcii.r at lionii, 
 t'/!o/;iiul y'tci. 
 
 FILTEKERS. i 
 
 tt.iter «;is patented 
 uihiTiiieiles followed, 
 rlitrutii.ii was patentei 
 since; liuiisome's, i8: 
 
 .Vl'l iiriitii.s I'l.r fresheiii 
 l.y iiruiit, iS4(y ; liy ; 
 ^^. N'l.riiiaiiily's greii 
 li.iiili used ill the ii.ya 
 
 FIXAXCE AC] 
 
 joSluy, 189;; 7 Aug. 
 li>98: >ee Btuliiit, £s 
 llnlillli Tux.. 
 
 FIXAXCESofUr 
 
 ■fill other articles. 
 
 •i 'dcct cuumiittfc of th 
 
FiuruEs. 
 
 FIJI "r VlTI I.SI.EM, ill till. I',„iti, 
 l,l«Ml 15.-1 iJiili'x Imiii !Sv,li„.,. i,j„,„^. 
 'J'li.unn. lliM( liMii\ JK.itw, ill Ku'i. Tin iv ,mv „I„,w 
 ;umM,, NMnl,ul,itnl;tl,H.i.^L,;j;::,^!V ; 
 
 lIKll.UIllltlTllCC. tlipitill Sinil, J-JII'IUH 
 
 l'"l"il<ill II 1867, i,4/,3 ; InHiulliiK,,,,,, Kur„i...m,.. 
 
 6o.fj6/.; lhi|»Mt», ../.,7,7/. ; ,.x|»„,,, ,,/,,','• 
 
 41.5 
 
 FIItE-AWlIULATOH. 
 
 0((iiii, 
 
 V,""'''"'"-, '•|"ll"''Hu, nl II,,. ,.v,.|, 
 " 'I nlh,.,,, „.,„ i,|,|„,|„,,.,| , 
 
 ■I. M,.rl 
 
 •'. M,.rl,.y, 
 
 •'ll'llrlilfl 
 
 IfVi'llllr 
 
 „^..,5M ,.M.".t«, J55,63./.; M.V MwWu^illu;^; 
 
 Tl,',. ;.iaiHl» "HHv,! l,y th.. kliw, Th.ik,.!,,:,,,,,, nn,l 
 ilHd. tu thu Urltlxli ij..viTiiiiiiMit, Imt ii(,t ,u<i'|'li'.l 
 
 Tli..lii.iw..fiMimrniMi» j,Tiiiittil t(.Sol tr.wxit'u.ll' '^^'^ 
 tiiiv ill llii'iii ; iiihI Kiii,.|„.iiii ^.tllinMnt, iil i,|, ,iv 
 
 .\iiii.x,itl,iii In (iri'iit ilritiiiii |.r,ii„.«,,l 1,, ,,'„,i,,' •■ 
 imMt lilM.,|..5.1,i,„., IS;.!;!,,! „,-, ,1,, ;; 
 
 ► lill.iriih., Hnl,ln«„n, July:,. „,l ,„.„„„, ','1, 'J. 
 
 "Tl,'a'l-''.nl.llu"'. " ^"!'"'"' '" ""■ ''"'"" '■•''"'' •'"'fc' 
 MiAitliiii' lliiiiilltnii Oi.nii.n, |fi-,t ,,■',, viMi'mr ' 
 Aliiiiit 5n,c,LOilc;,tl,» l,y .•|.i,liii,j|. i,i,.,i,|,..s |.|iilvlil 
 
 lijllicinlliliiry; "I'uiit ao rii,gl..|i.u.|, ,,.v,|,|,,;"| ' 
 
 KiiifTlmk..iiil.m. AU:\ . . * • I,','; '11° 
 
 >i, CliHil.H 1)1,11,.,, lliiKli Mitcl.i.ll, K.'viiiii.r s. ,t I»« 
 .-I, .1.0,1, Ilul.j ri,ui-.st„„, l,iKi, coi„„,issl,„„.r uf 
 
 tiu. tt..sti.rii I'Bciiu., ui-c, .E87, ,( ,f,j. ; ,iK„, ,;,;„';; 
 
 Hisiiii; uf soiiii. of the tritcs si,],i,russi.i|, ri.i«„t',.'l 
 
 Mi:|i|,ii,(; ,111.1 liiiililii,t;s clestrovfil Ly a liiir?,,'.,',',',- 
 '""■^- ">"^ '"'' fi,!,,,,; 
 
 187, 
 
 1S75 
 
 .1, .>li 
 
 ■H H. CIl.llrMd 
 .l.lrl' ll„. l„,.„.|,l 
 
 Aiiir .c .;", '^"-'li'ii.l, .><i..,llii„,|, „„il 
 
 .V..ar« c.,„l-„',„ „ M, , ;,;; .s,''"';";'; l',r..«iM,t..,l f.,r ,!.» 
 
 t'""'..| ai,i,i,„lly """""» "I"! liilui,.! rt)V«i„„., .Me. ; 
 
 K-v:":;::;.::;;'?!,,:^;:"^:-'' .•'"'■""'''■■I «Mi,„„iiy ,,, „,. 
 
 '■''(""■t, will, ,,. ,,' .■''I'"'"'"'' -"^^ -Miiv, ,.,,.■ 
 
 "'■«. If >,'.,Mi„ij„'iy,;,.^V *''''•• '£»«• »«« yaf,.,.,/, 
 FrXE AKT.S, »,.e.i,7., 2:,i„/iw,, <? „; , 
 
 ci.iiAri'liU- the 
 iillil .■lllilliitiiiu 
 
 by 
 
 .."K -..,l,l. iKlllS,... lilt |ltt|.|,,l.,.l .1' ■' 
 
 KHV. „„|„v,.tly „ .H„i„.t„„i ,,'," " r^^L ""•("■'"■•"•'•f 
 
 rnovui-us wc,. aljolisln'U lu j« '• ■* ' ' '" """* 
 FIXLSTElilJE, ,c.c C,v^.'/^,v,.v,,,,. 
 
 1E97 
 1E94 
 
 miduV>'^:r^^',P',i'„/'';^^;«" e<-:nn\ duchy, i„ 
 
 (tri4, 
 
 tiiiiM ti.lit.n t,v t)„. j{,i^ 
 
 the 
 by 
 
 .1 IJJ0.J thiy ivtai,,..,! it bvf ;.tv. 1 „ 'j;^' 'i"' 
 
 ,>ii (i 'r. M. OHi-ifU ai,i,oliIted KOVfiuo,- . .M,,,.,.!,, j j,^'^' 
 FILE,'< :iii' iiiiiitioiicd (I Sum. xjii. 21) ,of,, „ „ 
 TWiiiiinhlMituivoflhfiu liii~ attain,.,) to Kivif'nor' 
 IVctiHii l.y iiii'iiiis of tiic-.uttiiijr iiiaihiiiorv ' fhat 
 «.t u|. liv Mr I. (ii,.,.iiwood of Lci.,!.-, in i"8;o, waa 
 .i,v,.,,,,.,l l,v I. ll,.n,ot of I'uris It iH «„f./',i,:^ 
 tlif i)ii.r ..| hlea iimdo by it u reduced liom '.■•d 
 4./. ]ii.r(iii-!cii. •'' 
 
 F[LIlir,STERS (i.i.„,„.rly FHbustkrs), n 
 iiaiiu. Ki^i" t", th,. fivrbootiTs who plundered th,. 
 ,..astsuiAna.n,.am thf l6th an.l i^ih c.nturies • 
 M lliifuimn and .A icaraijm, fuiii, 1896.;. ' 
 
 FILIOUUE, ('•and from the Son "), inserted 
 mt ,M...iiecreed, m resj.eet to the ,iro,.o...i„n of 
 ■'..■Hnly l.hnst from the Father and tl,e Son bv 
 ■..•■s.ii.iiil ,„iiiicil at ('onstantiiiojile, 381 • wij ^e 
 
 ■ Ml. l.y the Givek ,'huieh, 431 ; ncc,.pte,l U the 
 >: im.li. 447, and by the l„mnn SHi. Tlie onu.sion 
 .. til,. j.hiii>c was considered nt the Old Catholi,. 
 
 i"li. r iiinae.s followed. Janies Peacock's meth.Hl',,f 
 
 1800,18 
 nioiis in 
 
 wiioie viih.,;^.f;:;;V.,,^"'i7,i' '^•:'"""i '^"m,;* 
 
 01 th,. ancient nat,„i,..i,.,.j,! '.. u- ,i ,. r'"';'?' "''*<"• 
 (lied 1884. T: ,'''/'; ''•'''V''". '.^.54-40), 
 
 1 timt ti"m.i 8,,;,.: ., -.n by ti,; t'"';'" "•'"' •"■'"tit; : 
 ,.,)^ ,^ changes by ik. hu^mJ^.^,!:;:]:^ "' 'r^^::^'''] 
 
 il f)i,. 11 'IT" l.-.l 
 
 ' ■■ eau; visits pi„ia,„i, ,:„„„; ,.,.e,:!v".','|"' '"^ •^'"■■'■'i 
 
 .Ja„. ,35, 
 ■ iiir- 
 
 A ,ii.w »trii,Ki-i,l 
 
 Jiilv, 
 I Oct. 
 
 i'y count n..v,i,!,u.„ ..,,"'!■"';■' ",' 
 
 ■re.,iKii>. ,,.,„„.t„,T "•='";• ^" ^H"'''' 
 ^..;..,.,iau,,,si„,,„,;,,„„,„,n.-. 
 
 "'''"l"'"'''". .id by gov-- J 
 
 , -;rii,p-i,i i.iess law ..„(■■,„., 
 
 l-u„ii,eii, X.W. i-,,,!,,,,,,: , '' 
 
 Helsil,;;!', .. 
 
 •'i.iiiit H,.v,l..,, ri 
 Triennial I'liet 
 
 sui.esa.l,,|,t..,r, ii„, 
 
 Ciontscharoll 
 
 1S97 
 
 Zucl„iriaN;roi„.iius, author and 
 'tit ; Jicd . 
 
 til!. 
 
 FIXXIAX, seo^n,,,,,,,. 
 .,^^?5B^Y PARK, London, N 
 
 I'oet, born ,4 Ja„. " 
 • 12 March iSgt, 
 
 ,:1H-- 
 
 U.aten.;i^,r;Aa^1r:.n^^X;;^ |:"^ -^i^'S-d"^^.S& ^' .l^''^'^' 
 ""'■ «> '«5^- ■ began ; and it was oj.enei 7 An.'' ,8(x) ^'^ '''"''' 
 
 ^^|-'|,.,'':s:?^;!'i«,^ii::-:;!'-;K^^,for;.,n, 
 
 PIRE 
 
 FL\A^X'E ACTS passcl 31 ,Tuh- t,Sai • 
 •V 'elect c..uimittc.c of the cuiiimous, consisting of Mr, 
 
 ciee,iu.d to be a ^o,! omi .^..f" k' "'"''' ^^^ 
 «hi,,,,edbythe Persians and oth ''' "''' "'"- 
 
 see Oueins ami /'«,-»e«* 
 
 er ancient nations, 
 
 1 lei, and patented bv 
 ■It IS uu iron eyiiudet 
 
 iM 
 
 
Mh^ it: 
 
 
 FIRK AiiAiS. 
 
 41fi 
 
 FIRE-DETECTOK. 
 
 I^l'i^^-^^ ' 
 
 I »W' 
 
 'If H,: 
 
 filled with water and oaibonic aeid gas, generated 
 b\ biearbonate ol >^oda and tartaric arid. 1 le 
 aiiparatus waa developed and iTii|irovi>d by Mr- 
 W. 13. Dick, in his .Manual and (Jlieimeal I- ire- 
 Engines, which give a (.cintinuous tiow ol water 
 and ''as, nateuted April, iSOQ. 
 
 Till' "Mata Kuc-o," or " K ire-killer," ef M. R^molas of 
 •ari. -as siu'eessfidly ..xliibitd at tla.. Alexandra 
 
 l-al'iee, .6 Oct., .33o. Civat bodies et Haiue were 
 
 alianst iiistaiitaiii'.mslvextiiiL:insli;''l. „.,,., 
 
 Til,. Harden Cirenade Kire ptinKUisher tned sU. e»»- 
 
 fnllv near Fami.i;don.ro;„l. L.aelon, 24 ■' J , '^34. 
 The Uraiier-IIetheiinglon siaankler reported »ncces,. 
 
 ful, Nov. i333. , , , 
 
 See Aiitipyroocii'- and .IshtMns. 
 
 ^J,\7,.v4«^ n-d /V,W.v. The tirst Muall tire- 
 Inus were a species of eanunn, borne by two men. 
 Fire-arms ma. le at r,rn,L;ia. in It.dy . . ■ 'i^H ' 
 
 Knu.liivi.l liv the Dnr.^om'lians at .\rvns . . • 1414 
 Ivhvard IV.; when la- landed at Kavensia.i; is saul 
 to have heeii a.-.-oiiipaiiieil b.V 300 i'leinings, 
 anil, a with han.l-t;iins ... ■ • ■ '47i 
 At M.'iat, th.' «wiss are s.u.l to have had 10,000 
 
 ania.hnsieix(in.Mianii.'.lwithlliv-anns) . . i:*;^ 
 Fir.-liMiis sMi.l to have been used at the sa-ge ot ^ : 
 
 Th,M.etmnel (IVoin imilrin'r. the chest) or arciiii-bus 
 ran,., int.. use, 1480 : aii.l tin- inn^k.4 enii. oy.'d 
 in tl..' annh-s ot th.' ..n,i..T..r (Jiai .s \ ah" it . „ 
 
 AH th.'se were ..f veiv rial.- .■.in>tnn'ti..n. l..anK 
 liist ,lis..h,,rp..l l.ya li.'ht...l niat.'h alt.Mwar.ls, 
 al...nt 1517. byawli,.el.l...k.tl..al.yth.-llnt 
 
 Til,. iiiat.li-l...'k aii.l wlie,l-l...'k siipeisi-.k-.l by tlie 
 tlint.l..,-k. about . . •, ■ • ■. ■ 'fiS^ 
 
 11„. ivv. Mr. Koisvth,. i.at,Mit,-l the i.,avnssiou 
 ,„i„,.ii,l,. of iwaitin- -niiii,,w,liT in inusk.4s.hy 
 l,„.ans'of.l..t.,nalin. r-w.hr . . Al'iH. iSo? ^ 
 
 Pt.ivussi,.n .-ai.s .aia, uu.. us.. h,.tweon . 1S20 A. 1830 j 
 
 Perell^si,>ll iiiaski't ; pall,ia '=42 
 
 ArtilhTV earhin,- : patLTU •• ! 
 
 K,-nlali,.n rith' nin>k,t : pattern . . . . J85« i 
 
 \npli,.ali,ai ,if ma. hill, ry in small arms fa,.t,uv 
 
 "■ establish,.,! at KnlahUth,- ..M iuu»ket ISivini /„■.« 
 6up.a-s,.,le,l) ... •;,■,. •'''"■ '''5' 
 
 Mr .Ja...h Sni.ler's systian of bi eli-l,.a.lin;; 111- 
 
 vent...l in 185,) . |.iv-,.nt,.,l t,. th,' liritish govern- , 
 
 m.ait; niially a.h.pt.-.l, .Si*. Hh iv,eive,l loool. : 
 
 Xor,.Ni.,.nsesin.liui,.: ,h,.,l 25 ",■ . . . . ■ 1866 
 
 coo..>« br h-loa.has sai.l to have lu'eli or,ler,M b.V 
 
 th.. liiitish ^'..v. .111111, ait . . . . ■ •"il>. >• 
 
 >\.w -..viannaait a,lv,.rtis,.s f.ir proposili.ais f..r 
 conversion of Knti.'l.i rilles into h:v,.-h-l.ia.h'r.s, 
 
 -Ch,assepot";.-uiisinusoin Fran.'c . i VH- „ 
 War-..llic'e a.lv.TtiM's lor pr..|...sals f..r bir.., h- 
 
 l,,a,lin^ rilh's. toivpla.',' tli,.-,. in ns,' "'V' " 
 
 >;inesv.-t.anss..le,t..lf..rbntli.rtiial: 1000/. to be | 
 
 awar.h..l to the b..st . . • ;. .'"'";. '567 
 .Sni.lers : ille reported very sn.'Cessfnl at W ""''''j'J|j'^;' ! 
 
 61 '■.32 new arms hiel been ina.le .at Enhehl : 175.550 
 eonv,at,',lt,>>>ni,h'rs, upto . ,■ , ■ ,[''■'■■ " 
 
 The •• .M..nev-\Valk,.r" ritie (pati'iit,',! by Mr M,)W- 
 bl■av-Moll,■V ami Ihait.-cil. Walker), tiae,! ami 
 .,,,,;,.,,v,.,l ■ iSJun,., 1868 
 
 i V'.p .nt in fav,.nr of the Martini an,l Henry ntle 
 
 ■ issii..,l |a,lopt,.,l| . . . • • il'"-'''!; '-869 
 
 \n a,'t t,i ■rant a ,luty ,if excise on licences t,i use 
 guns, p.i^scl . . . : . • .9 Aup. 1870 
 
 OVmphiints respecting the Martmi-lleiiry nil,' (h.r 
 w.i-ht an.l r,.e.,il) .... -^ -Vuj,'. 1874 
 
 'Ma 'aziii.. rilles came into use in (jcnnany 1^70-1 ; 
 th. .Maus.'r rith's us|.,l there ill 18S7, which 
 contain I'la.uu'b ammunition for ti\i) or in..re | 
 
 almost simiillan....n^.UMhaiw's,werec.imin-into 
 j....ii..ral aihipti.ai in Kiir..iie in . . • iii87 1 
 
 An impi..v,..l f..rm (lirint: fnaii 6 to 9 sh.Us suoC'S- 
 siv..lv).l,.tennin,,l np..M by the small arms com- 
 m.ttn,', Dec. .2 = 7 '. ..i.|.-.v,|t..t-m.a...forL'eneral 
 lis,., uniiounc'd (nam,., |j.e-M,;tfor,l) . N.'V- '388 i 
 
 This ma«aziiie ritle ceiisnreil in th,! /hum, ,lefen.l,',l 
 l,v Mr. .Stanhope luel the War otllce . / ""'S 
 
 ' 15 N,iv. 1890 
 
 The merits of the Lee-Speed niaj^azine ritle ,lis- 
 
 cnss,.,l, Feb. ; ami also the French Berthier iiiafja- 
 
 ziii,! rille ' Nov. iSj, 
 
 Hi'rr vun Mannlielier (Austrian) pr,i,lucos a new 
 repeating ritle, sai.l to bi'liglit aieleliejlive, Air,-, ij.j, 
 Se,' Milr^iiUcm-i: ami (nttliug. 
 
 FIRE-BRIGADE. The '• l.cidon Fin-,,,. 
 gine Establishment," an amalgamation oi tli,. 
 engines of the diflerent companies, was ostahh'li. .1 
 in London in 1852 by Mr. Charles Hell F.ird, .li- 
 rector of the Sui'i Fire-otliee. It then had 80 in n 
 and 10 stations. In 18(13 it had 130 men ami :■) 
 stations. In May, 18(12, a c,inimis>i.,n n-.,,,,,. 
 mended the establishment of a lir,-biii;aile. wlii,], 
 was ellei'ted by thi- .Metr"|i,dit!iii Fire-briu';al, .Vtt, 
 in 18(15. The establisliment tlien gave up its iilan- t.i 
 the Metropolitaii Hoard of Works. Tlie lire-liri;;:,,!,. 
 is supported by a hf!. rate, and by .■.iiilriliuti.iiis 
 from government and from the iiisurame oil., ,>. it 
 eame into action, and its energies were suc.r... 
 fully tested at the groat tire at St. Katliarun'j 
 d,iets, I Jan. l8()0. In 1889, 591 men and 55 jiin.l 
 tire-engine stations; 1893,720 men and ^J 'JiMiiIl 
 stations. Captain Kyre M. Miaw recommi'iiiis to 
 the London County Council a large iucivase of the 
 cst.ablislimeut, Ai.ril, 18.S9; which was .airiiil into 
 elfect in l8i)0. Annual reviews. 
 
 Cajit. Eyr,. M. Shaw, c.n., aplioiiit,'.l clii.'f ,.ll:c.,.i- .,f 
 iM..tr.ip..litaii llr,. bri,L.'a.l,- in siiecssi,.!, to Mi. 
 Janii's liiai,lw,),.,l(s,.,. ;-i,'M, i36i) . . . ,". 
 
 Givat lirf.briHa,le exhibition at Oxioril, with 1,1,1, 
 ami appliances representing the uuite.l kiii'.:,l.iiii 
 
 ",i May. 1$;; 
 
 The success of a similar exhibition with th,. pr... 
 s,.ntati,ai of m,',lalsby th,' priiic aii,l prin. -..ss , if 
 Wales at th,. II..r,<e (inar.ls Para-h', \Ve»tiiiiiist,.i-, 
 was greatly niarr,',l by iiisullieieiit arraii),','iii,.iits 
 for the pr,.s..rvati..n ..f or.h'r . . . 27 .May, lE;) 
 
 The L,ui,l,ui Couuy duncil onlers th.' app..iiu. 
 ment of 138 a I litioiial liremen ami 4 new >tali.iii,s 
 with the usual appliaiiC's. . . early An;.;. ., 
 
 [{evi.'W of till' bri^'a.le at Crysta' Palace hy tli,; 
 U,-riiiaii Emi.cror .... u .bily, 1:^1 
 
 Capt. Shaw annouiic's his mti'iitiiui t,i ivsi;;ii 
 26 Jiiii,-: (niaile K.i-.n.), 31 net. ; siicce,.,l,..l hy 
 capt. .lames S. Sim. .11. Is (previ.aisly s,.,',.ii,l in 
 ^oinmaml), 22 l),'C. 1S91 ; re,ineste,l t.. i-.'si^-n, 
 i6.1uiie, 1S96; snceei'ileil byeomman.hT l.,,l,.[.. 
 \V,.lls ; N'ov. i;g6 
 
 Freiieh fire-briweb's e,iii;.'r,.ss at Havr,', aiuiiit ifo 
 of the i;ii:.;li-li lir,'-bri:_'a.l.. i>r,.s,.iit iiii.l-Aii^'. 1092 
 
 IiitiTiiatioiial lire t iiiiiiameiit ami ,.xliil.iti.,ii in 
 1.011,1,111, 12 Jnii,' I'c!; 
 
 lioU of lioieiiM- of nii'U kill,',l wliile ,111 .liity 
 (.lam.'s Hrai.lwoo.l aiel .itlicrs), unveil.'.l siOet. ., 
 
 Th,' nati,Mial liii'-bii.'a,!,' uni,)n lioMs annual iiii'i't- 
 iie.'s; 400 briga.les aii.l 30.000 ni.-n ; M'i).>rte.l 
 
 4 .M:iroli, 1:93 
 
 lnteriiatioii.il congress at An,.ster,lam . 24-2,-; .s,.].!. ., 
 
 Touniainent anil exhibition, ie., at th,- Agriiail- 
 tiual hall ig Jane. 1:96 
 
 Fir,'-briga,b'S of the I'liite,! Kiiig,loiii revii-w,-,! hy 
 the iim-eii at Wimlsor . . . . .-5 Juiif, li^; 
 
 FIRE-DAMP INDICATOR, asiiialla™.> 
 ratus, about the size ,d' a i-hronomi.t,.r, invented by 
 Mr. (j. F. Ansell, and pateiiti',! by hiiu in '.HUy l,y 
 which the presence of very small ,inantiti, s ,.f tin- 
 damp or light carburitted liulrogi'n gas iii;,y be 
 detei'ti'd in mines. It is an application of the liiw 
 of the dilfusiou of giisi's. 
 
 FIRE-DETECTOR and Ai.AurM, a me- 
 chaniial and I'liemical apparatus invi'iit,,! by prof. 
 Gre, hi, which causes a bell to be rung ami e.vliibits 
 cohmrod light, when the temperature ,d a r.i.'iii is 
 greatly in,rea=i>d, Tt waa tried at the hitei- 
 nntional exhibition, London, 4 June, 1S73. 
 Peaisini's autoniatie flri'-iialiealor, piactiiMlly a 
 
 Sixe's Ihermometer, reported sHCcessUil. I ,»i«, 
 
 7 Dec. 1:97 
 
 f'-l|< ' 
 
FIRE-ENGIXES. 
 
 417 
 
 FIRE-EXGIXES are .,.i,l to hiu. 1„.,.„ i„. 
 by ri.ny, A.I.. rq, A " wnt,.,-!,,,^-- w J ,V t , ,,1 
 by Tl,;- (iu.nt ,„ .6.52, o„,. .v:.s ...nsln!,:,';.'. ' M 
 John \ m d,. ircyd..n, about ,(^,3. ]!,a,„ali's cn-ine 
 „asi,a ented 111 1-9,5. Mr. J„h,i Braitlavaite (^^ . 
 ftnirtcil a steam hi-e-ciiijme in 1850. A trial of 
 ^to:lra HR-on-ines took nlaff at tlie'Crv^tal J'ala,. . 
 M:m, on 12, 3 J.,1y ,.S(,, ,,,,,„• .„ .^^,; ^' ' ; 
 ;,„:,nb.a to a lu-e one. I,v in.rryvvatW.r an,l a 
 Miulloiu' by Shaiid and Jtason. 
 W. |i,.iiMis',< portable self-ac'tiii- i.nemnatie lire- 
 li!;''Tinmes ■^'"■'■'-■■■^^'iill.v « fe-as-woik.s iie'l,. 
 
 FIRE-ESCAPES were, ^.tcnted'^v" D,.ivid 
 M.inei,i:W.),imdJoaehimSniitli (i — ;) Tt,,. „ \. , , 
 j„i,.tyl.,r the I'roteetion of Life' ',r„i/,!-, ''".;' 
 lir-t est:,l,lisiied in ,8,56; its ol,je,.t « as „„t f„liv 
 ;,tt,uur,ltill US43, wliori it was re-orsanised, 1,,, '/,•' 
 11111;' «-ith s!.\ eseape stations in London ; in M ,7.,,) 
 iSif), It possessed O7 ; in 18(16, ,S-, [„ ^s-s -n, 
 liivs tiiiil been attended, and c- iiersiais iv ,'.,;., 7 
 I,,,8blitwasstat^tl,at84li^;s'ha,i''{:.e :^^^i 
 by the society s ofteers. I,, ,.S,,o, ,,.,- ^ivs ha 
 liirii attended, and 78 lives .saved. In Aw r.Sr - 
 the plant ot the soeiety was vii'tnallv !,re,.c:,ited to' 
 tliolioanl of Works 11, eonse,|Uenee ,;f tlie , ass n 
 of the .Metropolitan I-ire Jiri-ade .Vet i8('- \w 
 mann's oomiiositjoii for .•enderiin, washing dresses 
 >v-;;,'«l/was published about i«(K} "tss-cs 
 
 FIRE INSURANCE, see L,.,o:n,ce 
 
 FIREMAN'S RESPIRATOR, the inven- 
 
 „„H.tl)r lyndall ■8;o-r,), i. a eonibination f 
 hKiespira tni- of eottoij-wocd moistened with "iv- 
 aiin.. am r. htenho.ise's ehareoal respinftor 
 l,m,.l «-ith 1ns apparatus a man nuiv remai a > 
 W; time 111 the densest smoke. " j 
 
 I'lr I...ob ivspiratnr was tned in sm„ke „,,,i 
 
 i; wS":^,™!"'"'' ."'"' ."""' ;"'"'■•'•"' ^-'""K-ion ' 
 
 FIRE, ROYAL SOCIETY FOl/pmr 
 
 TECTIOX FROM. See Firc.L\r,,j,,, ^ ^*^" 
 
 wJ¥"^r^H^--^?^ CORPS formed,!,, .86,- 
 by the London hire Insunuiee Olliees ■" 
 
 FIRE-SHIPS. Amo,,.. the „;,„t f,„,„i,i„ble 
 cmmvanees ..( this kind ever used, was ,, J 
 posion vessel t,. destroy a brid-e of bo.-.ts'. t be 
 H.g..of Aiitwer,., 11, ,,,85. The Krst use , f h '„/ " 
 he British nayv was by Charles 1,„,I How rd ," 
 tlhniham, in tlie enu'auenient with t),., «. ■ 
 Armada, Jiilv, 1^88. 7^>,,'. '"' "'' ^i"""^'» 
 
 FIRE^WATCH or FiKEGrvui) of Lon '< 
 
 J-ri, was instituted Xov. 1-91 '^'■^""' "' Lon- •■ 
 
 FIRE-WORKS are said to have been mule ^' 
 by the Chinese 111 remote aires. 'J'hev were nv, , , 1 ' 
 
 la Europe at Klorenee about iJto and w.-rn ''' 
 
 biledasaspectaelein ,588. " "^^ ''^''i 
 
 .M>.anlay st.ntes that the lire-works l,.t ,,ir it, F„„i„, 1 . 
 
 Vii j;raiiil liiv-works were let ,.ir r,'.. 
 
 I dinK-.,-,.et,,l iu the re,,, rk V,', ,"':'«""J'-'^'n' 
 
 l,..e-,lAix.|a.(;ha,.eIle..Nov! .'■Ig' '■'""'""• "' """ 
 
 'I tlie rriaf.enr th,Ml, , , 1 ^'ri,., i' ('7' '" '"""""• 
 
 :?^^:s):';ai;b'-''-''^----i'S.: 
 
 't'^ai,r:::;^^"i,-;-;:-;;;^-oai,„^ 
 
 'lllie linn,.s«-i<.k rah.ilv , , ,| r,,, " ','"' ^"•'•'■■«''"' 
 ■*>"'rf»ttheeoroi,,.itin, ,V\V I . ''• "M''^'- '^'* 
 
 M^.B.a,Ht..uiUesS;i,l^--;;;,;j^^;<;;.v,.8,^„t 
 
 FIRES. 
 
 *i\i' lives wrrt' lost iiiii -iiuu.f 
 
 ■ e,l ,„ e„to. ,/;'';. '7";">"'l>-, It w.iH .lete,:- 
 
 ».i.' .la,,,,., .„ „;:s,'5i';„i /'iiijf "-■ >"" 
 «:r.:S'';;;:;.:;;'""-"'»»"ol-'S',,s 
 
 '""ise, (iuil.lhall, «ji,,„ ,,,},,;,'".',• ,"" '""•<l"io- 
 I'liblie l.iiilcliii.J ? " ""lew, au.l nianv ..tli.-r 
 
 report-.l. (.See I/., ,"'!"' /m ' ' ""'>' ^ '''■"''« 
 
 'U;;i;!;;;;t!i;;,l';:;'^"^"-^>^^Hvesb;st ■. ; 
 
 ini^tl:ni'iv^;:,':'r;;,:;:r,,ura,',-, ■,■■°^^•■■''■ 
 '■'^"--:: v,a„„wr;^;';'^i:;Ltta;i;^.':;e:' 
 
 ^5 Mareh 
 
 ■ iii.'iiiv Ware 
 
 .io April 
 
 June 
 
 tile -real lire ot iCry, 
 
 At l,,v,uf (i.inleu, ,„ houses burnt 
 
 InNmt,lieM,.8|,„u„.sl,„rut "' 
 AIMia.lwell, ,„|„„|„,, i,„,|„ 
 
 I> bn«iie.rto„.stre,.|,„j|„,„„,., 
 
 ; •" '"sel.v, „wn, JO |„ju.ses, k'siil 
 j lioii.sesaiel shijis 
 
 i h,''?if,i >i' *'■•,■ ''Vjli"<ior.|onmob. ' 
 
 |I"_Al,b^ate.st„.et,4ohouses;tbeloss 
 
 TbeOjura-bouse . ' ' ' • 
 
 At H,itlierbilh,.. 20 hou.ses 
 
 A«a.,,,wl,en,„auys s and '60 bouse; ve,v "l,;. 
 
 P»iifl 1. Oxfonl'-street ' ' ' '■• '"^''l''- 
 
 At Waiipiu,:.., ,,,0 ses, and 'an Fast In.li? >,""''' 
 
 w:,vtn;'i;nU;^:^;:;:^,*;^'"'« '"••''--»;;.;; 
 
 Astl,.y-sai,i,,l„,|,,.ahe ^ • • ^'.'id.v. 
 
 ■St. Paul's ,-hureli,c,,v,.,it.rardeM ' ' "''^''l''- 
 
 lu the .Mm,.ries, ,0 boiisi's ' ,',• ^ *■ 
 
 I;i the KiiiKs lieueb. 5,, resiijeiuvs ' '-' ^^'i'V'' 
 
 'b;s;';:;^:;:;!;'"'^'''''-™«'-^'"'''^-are^^;:^;!^': 
 
 At Wappiii}.', (oh„iis,,s ■ ■ • " '•''■''■ 
 
 ";M„fr!^„^;r"' "^••■'- ""■■"""■•■ "fwestu^iiixfr 
 
 Astleys a^^ain, and 40 houses ' " ' 9:!"'-^ 
 ";i!^;:!;^;r"':"''-'""--raIdays,n,auy;,S^ 
 .Surivv Tlnatre ' • • • ? Pee. 
 
 Covent--ardi'nTheativ' " ' ' '2 Auk, 
 UruiT-laiie Theatre ' " ' • =" ^'Vt. 
 
 i3ury..street,,St. M«ry.axe, great iire ' . .fj^;^; 
 
 E E 
 
 ■din 
 
 7 ''line, 1789 
 1 790 
 
 1791 
 1792. 
 
 '795 
 ■ 796 
 '797 
 '799 
 
 1803 
 1803 
 
 1805 
 1808 
 1809 
 
 811 
 
 I I'ljii.'" Ml 
 
 Uf 
 
 .■Sir ' 
 

 1 1 '- 
 
 FIKES. 
 
 418 
 
 FIRES. 
 
 ,; i 
 
 !\ 
 
 ;k^ . 
 
 
 IP 
 
 
 m 
 
 i|i ,■= 
 
 n.- 
 
 
 I'U' 
 
 "t -' 
 
 Ai'tltlw'dMtiu. 60 hniH^s ana 'suvoai >o>M «;';;- _g^^ 
 At .Mii,-H,.i ; loss ..oo.ocx,^ . . •"{;"; ^.^8^,!; 
 
 Ill hiMitlili.'l.l ; loss K«,.x.o^ . ■ • '■t.,',iT 826 
 
 III H.M l.i..ii..,ti.'i't, isliuiiscs 
 
 Ainvlrr iMli'stioyiil 
 
 Kll';;li>li o| ct:i-1i"Um-. \i-. , lilllllt . 
 
 Ildusi's of iPiirliiiimiit I siiiiicil 
 
 l'"«uuing's-wlmif, Lniiil.m-Uiiilfc'i', >i;i-'- 
 
 6 Jiiiii', 182L 
 . 5 \\\<. i8jo 
 
 ift Fi-li. ,, 
 , 16 (Jet. 1634 
 lo^.s J 30, coo?. 
 
 30 Aug. 1836 
 
 . 10 Jan. 1S38 
 
 xC Jum*. 1840 
 
 7 VVl). 1841 
 
 8 Jmii'. 
 
 22 Juill', lUl'l cnlltillUi'l lllllllill^' ful- 11 lllHlitli. 
 
 (rti'Vi'i-al inT^oiis wi-ii' killi'il, iip'luiliiin .l.iim.^ 
 
 ]iiaii\\v 1, till' alili' Mn.iTiiitc'iiiU'iit "!' tin- l.,.ii. 
 
 ilnii liri-brinail.. ; tlii: loss of iiruin'ity \va,, rsti. 
 
 lliatt'il at 2,000.000/. ) . . . ■ . . . ; 
 
 Davis's Nvliarf, Ilni-si'lydowii, burnt ; Im, ali.mt 
 
 i5,o<xi/ V • ■ ' •*"-■ 
 
 Scar l'ati.niosti-i-i"w ; Messrs. LcmniiiaiM. 1 k- 
 
 .si-lliM-s, Messrs. Kiii;;lits, talluw-mi'li, i^. ;m„i 
 
 otlu-rs ; loss almvi' 5^.000/. 
 
 4 ■•<"l't. 
 
 IAl. 
 
 Till' Hnyal Ksrliaiijii' ilfslroyi'il 
 At W.ii'i'in.'. tJ liim^i'S 
 I'aiiilTrwcIl 1 liiirili . . • ■ 
 Asllc'vstlii'atir ajjalii . ■ ■ ■,'„„i,,f 
 
 \t tlie T"W.t; till' aniiuuiy aii'l 280,000 stana 01 
 
 i,^™t^ri.;,;;:i:'uo;:^.s...H;iv.aiiiny:|vg 
 
 iinni.'iit iM.isoiis i.i'nslii'.l . ,■.,.,,;'■ 1,' ^^ 
 :ieviiral hou-sus in Ncw-siiuar.-, L'"'-'" ^ J';/;,; ^g^, 
 
 i;l?::'l)fs,''Mar;Uis-i;,i,i.(ata,;ubl,r,n'sna^iv!nVn^ 
 
 Oiinit). till,'.' liv.'s lost . . „„„■, '5 •';','- "^^' 
 l-'iirat IMik.-sti'i'it. 1 lon-biKlsi ; iMoi.,'it> l.ist 
 
 At til" Itosi. anil Crown, Lovu-lano, Cit\ , foiu hv^i..-, 
 IvlliT'.f Lim.lon-bri.i(.a., four iarg.= ' liol.'wari'Ii.ms.s 
 
 l.iinit • loss .5o,.j.io/. . ■ ■ •, -3;'""'. » 
 roll,.' .1 anil to.' iiiauoforte makers, Cainaen-towu ; 
 
 T,:;:n^;;x;;is,'s of Messrs.- i-awson,- St. ;w._;; 
 
 W;;!r:;Fa;:Jia'lv;^iaConi,,any,nearCi.y.r..;..: 
 
 I -^ .1 Mil' , )| 
 
 Kii'kiii.ursi.ianor.,iteiManura;'t..iy . ,,;,;.[■. " 
 
 Mi'Ksrs. Seiitt Unssrll anil Lo. .> "oik>, ^''''l^^'.y/^' 
 l.,^;:;;:^;ri5tssi's:Savillanan;hvar:is, ^Hmers, " 
 
 nian.los.street, ileHtroyi'il . ,,.,.•„.;;.;' ..•. " 
 I'reiiii.ses or Towni'.i.l an.l ( o. , li'<'a.l-stie,t l.- 
 
 .iinivi''! ■ l.>.<s about ic«.ooo(. . 31 ■' • •• 
 
 Mel'rs. rubitfs ,. remises, I'inilieo . 'Vn!?-"'' 
 
 Il^t;r;";:r'ile:^;s"^Uoutleilge. Messrs. U^nn^; " 
 T,»laektriars.roail; loss, oue hie ami .,.>,ooo[., ^^^_ 
 
 Of Etna steam battery at Messrs. Seutt R..s>ell.s 
 
 works; loss about 120,000/. . ,,Veb.' .S56 1 
 
 I'avilion Tliea.re . . • ■ -;^,,,,,,,^ ^ | 
 
 ^-:;'::^:':!;,".^!s-;:';i's(.„ir;i ...), -en vaiua,.e 
 M::::;:l'u::b.;i'b— s,rieet.s,ree, rA,.rii; ,. 
 
 sh;i Thames llour-milh lo.ss about -.--;i'.^ _ 
 
 Messrs. Uroailwo'i.rs, |.iauoforte makers, W-tmin- 
 
 I'lvi'n'ises ot Messrs. Almou'l, army aeeoutiement 
 m^A, aiMl "tilers, in M. Martin s-lane; _esU. 
 
 M:":rs:'lM;^lw;l.;'l'remise., at Chalk V^.l^^, '^^^ 
 
 .iilbert-st, t,Hloo.usb,„'y;.5liv.'sl-t,28Mareh, .858 
 
 i:;;;--;;:::,:--r-i: 1.0.. .nan ki 1 by 
 
 ,.''-'tV.'"%"'s:s I^rt;i.i.on's,&e.,,i>'e,i,ise. 
 '■:S;o;v:i.:."'ililaekwaU,ailwaya.',a.es,t,i,un< ^^ 
 
 .;,.,„„„...st.,Marylebone; SIX lives lost, 26 Feb. .859 
 
 Messrs Ilubbuek au.lCo., l-i"i'=-«t"^''' ^ ',',% .'^ , 
 .,,,,1., lai amount of iiroiieity ;.!"->ia\, „ 
 
 W t Ke t'whaif ami New Hibernui wl'^^-- • ,' •'; 
 
 ■''Uro^.a property VHlueil at 2oo.c«o/. ; hre as .1 
 
 nearly a month ; eommemea . '7 -^ ''^• 
 
 ,;;,„U,.„all. built for Mr. llullah, an. ..her 
 ,,,.,.,,,is,.s. .lestloyeil. ■ • ■ • '' I , : " 
 
 Till lies ir.n.w,iiks, Illaekwall . • J- A"^; ■■ 
 
 ]c':,bur;eliu,vli.M|.hUl,ill.lestr.,yea - N- ,.• , 
 
 ;^':n:ir;;i;::,'a.:^'"t-i.io,herwiia,-vest.ear 
 
 ■ T ev-s t 't, euutaining oil ami other eombust- 
 i\;ululi't'aaes,to»!;ll.e abo.it hall.past 4. '.M., 
 
 otners ; loss aiio\e St.. 0001. . ; , ' , ■> ■' I 
 Ml', rriee's, Foiiiitaiu-.:ouit, Stian.l, three lives i,,,,i, 
 
 > 'hill. 13',2 
 
 At CamiHlen-h.'iis,., Kensington, i.ietii'.esaii.l .ili,.. 
 valuable i.rol'eity of M.'. WooUey ilestr..v.'.| i»,.,; 
 rri'ils. ,663) . . ■ ■ • -;M:ii.li. „ 
 Mr. Dean's, )i. ikeley-street, Clerkeii'.v.'ll. tin.-,. 
 
 lives h.st .... ,.. ■ 3 .May, „ 
 Jli'. Joel's, l-'ore-stre.t. City, fcuir lives lost, 21 M.iy, „ 
 Mr. U.ior's, ilruggist, Bishopsgate-stieet ; e\|,|,,. 
 
 si. Ml ; tw.i lives l.ist .... ;.Jii,i,., ,^ 
 Ureal Ciiiuberlaiel-sti.'.t. llyle-park ; Mr. ^^. Bm. 
 
 rett an. 1 twiMlan.'liti'is burnt . i5.\ii-. „ 
 
 Messrs. Triee's .lil-iiiiUs, DlaeklViars bri.liie, Inina ; 
 
 -r.-at loss .,f I'l.iii.'ity . , . . 2.j.\..v, „ 
 Aii.i.'Ut Austin-friars cliureh. City, I'aitial'.v a,.. 
 
 stroveil i' X.'V. „ 
 
 Mr ciiaril's, l'..rtlan.l--;treet, «oh„ ; si.\ liv.'S l;„t, 
 
 26 111'.'. „ 
 Messrs. Camel's, hieetliing-lane, City ; great ilmtiii. - 
 
 tiiiiiofi.r.ii.erty . . ■ ■ i3 A|'rii. ra. 
 Warehouses ..r Messrs. G"aiit ami o'.hprs, l..'t\v.'.ii 
 W.i.i.l-str.'et .111.1 .Milk-street; lu'oiierty «'..itii 
 a\i..ut ioo,ot.j/. .l.'str..y.'.l . . . 19 l.i." . „ 
 M.'nt.'n'.s wharf, Doekheiul ; inimeiiso l.i.ss .if iir.i. 
 
 lieriv 7'll.lli', l8n4 
 
 Ki.yal'Sav.iv eliaiiel, Straml, ilestrov.'.l 7 July, „ 
 
 na'ber.lasli.''rs'-hall ami .Messi'.s. Tai.li.i;; .iii.l ntliers' 
 
 warehouses ijfie|.t „ 
 
 Messrs. liarry, .■iutferaiieu wharves, boi klieail ; 
 
 -real 1..SS 25.20 N.'V. „ 
 
 Surrey Th.'iitre ilesti'.iyeil . . .30. 31 Jan. iSt.5 
 ' Saville-house (.where George III. was Ij.jin), Len'w 
 i ter-si|Uaie . . ... 28 I'l.'li. „ 
 
 ' Pnulterers' arms, Leadeiihall market; t.m liv.;s 
 
 ' lost liJuii.', „ 
 
 Messrs. Meeking aul C. , Uolburn ; diiiii.ige 1.1.0,^,/. 
 
 24J111H', „ 
 Messrs. S.ith.'by aii.l Co., auetiuueers ; valuaUi; 
 library ilestr.ne.l 
 
 liiirarv iiesii..,v.'.i ■ • • ajjiiiii', „ 
 
 Great lire at Ueale's wharf; about 18,000/. ..iaiiiiiso, 
 
 3ol)i't. „ 
 Immeusi' lire at St. Katharine's-ihieks . i J,iii. ii66 
 ll.illaiiil aii.l lli'iimn's [.reiiiises, Di.ke-stiei't, 
 
 Hl.ii.insbiirv, .l.'sti'.M'.l . . 26 Svf. „ 
 
 Ur.'at lire in llav.l..ii-s,iuare, Mii.ories ; ileiiut ef 
 
 N \V liailwav eompany, ami other waieli.iiHf.s ; 
 
 f;,.',.;itl,,ss ." ■,■,■,' " ''"'''■ " 
 
 Stan.lar.l Theatre, Sli...'.'.lil.'li. bunil .l"Wii. 21 IM. „ 
 In Hamiist. 'a. l-r.',i.l, thirteen lives lost . 5 X.iv. „ 
 
 Xiirth wing of th.' Civstal iialaiclestroyi'il, 3.1 1 , „ 
 
 Qiiebee-street, Oxfora-stieet ; six lives li.-t, 
 
 ^ II Mlllrli, u'_i 
 
 llothei'hithe, 16 or 17 huu.ses burnt ; alm.it i,u 
 
 i.ei's..ns .h'stitute ' „ , ' ■ , ■- ^'l;'- " 
 Iler Majesty's tlie:itie. Royal oiiera-li.aisi', ili- 
 
 st.'.'V.'il- sei- l>;.i.<l . . . . S tl.'.'. „ 
 
 Oxtori'l inusie-liiai, Oxforil-stieet, i-artially .1.'- 
 
 .^tr.ive.l iii-.'li. i«i 
 
 viiove' 20 sli..i'S burnt in rorlinan-maiki't, Murylc- 
 
 ■ bone • ■ iJ^'■''■ ■■ 
 
 llubbai'.l ami Stutt.'is' hoi.-warchuuses ; aii.l many 
 
 small le.uses .le.sti'..yeil . . • "oAiii:. „ 
 Niethuiiiberlaml house, Straml ; valuable luct.tro.s, 
 * &e., iiii.ire.l . . ,■ ' , • • '?,■(- -" ■ 
 A.lelakle rooms, Straii.l. .lesti.iye.l . .4 S1.1"'1|. ■«■) 
 Ml Saints ehui'.'h, Walw.u'th, .lestroyeil 27 .\piil, „ 
 Mi's Jag.i's, IVntonville-hill ; 3 pei'lsli sJmii'. „ 
 Moseow-roa.l. BaysvV.iter ; th.oiigh exrl'Miuli .it 
 
 llreworks ; 7 I'eisr.us iierish . Kjn. „ 
 
 Mr MeMiek.'iis, N-'Wiii.ilt.in butts 14 I'.st roiH. „ 
 Ohl Star ami darter hotel, Uiehmolul ; Wm. U'ver, 
 
 the manager, kille.l , • • . "^«^- "i" 
 
 Mr Hill's, uiihulsteier's, \Vaterloo-i'.i.i.l ; dul.lri'ii 
 
 ■■ suthieateil . • •,.',,• \i!;: " 
 
 Chureli-sti'.'et, H..tli.ihitl.e', s lives l.nt 2, AUj,. „ 
 
 C ' i-l.ous.', Ce.il-stieet, Straii.l ; M.'. Folbwlaiml; 
 
 a.'i'l'lteet.U'al books, i;.'., of .Mr. U. 0. Scott e- 
 
 stroy.'il 't**'!" " 
 
 Mr, Bush's, iiiaiiiifaul 
 
 .itwt, liislin|isgate; 
 
 liapel-sti'.'it, E.lgware 
 
 ..ji'l, H'Uiii.'y, 3 lives 
 
 i'.ivili'in-i'oa.l, Chelsea ; 
 
 .iniy's-iiiii-roail ; James 
 
 lii'e after saving 6 
 
 fliiiiiies-sta'i't ; Nieh.ils 
 
 i|f,<tri)yeil ; gr.',it I.iss 
 
 (Ivl'oiil musio-liall ; .[iiit 
 
 <.;lv daui'-iiiiUs, L'lPiier 
 
 killi'.! . 
 (.j'.M\im.ir-iiie\vs, Uonil-> 
 .lli'xauiirii-i.alaee, Jtusv 
 
 i.).4 . 
 sjlrti-street, Stej.iiey ; 2 
 l.liiy.l's iieivai.aiier [iri 
 
 i|.'<tni,ve.l 
 
 I'i[ir;'i'liiiii'.'ii {i''h!rh ,v. < 
 
 raliialik' |.i'.i|..'i'ty .lesti 
 
 .?iinaliy.str.'.'f, W. ; 2 liv 
 
 J.ilta's iji'i'iit li.ip ware 
 
 ..ii'.iy.'.l . . 
 Rjiini.'rs piTfimiery man 
 
 .straml, .l^str.iye.l 
 W Walker's eabinet 111 
 KC , .iMtnjv.'il : e.stinia 
 M: If, A, H.iiikey's new 
 .'ill', St. Jiiiues's park, . 
 ilima;,'!*. 
 En' l..iii'l.ii. Kiee an. I !■ 
 -i]''et:aii.l i3 .itlier bull 
 '•'.i.k'stireat W'.'sterii I'ai 
 M-Mfs, Wanu'i's ami ol 
 vVcf, L'jip.'r Thanies-st 
 !.'i:l"\TinJm ill-street, lla, 
 
 luii^^e; iuaiiy | r sufti 
 
 Ualgiiiau'a saw-mills, .St. I 
 
 <jiiiit i C.i.'s ).riiitiiig-.iU|i 
 
 l'Wkcll\Vell;ali.Mlt 100. ,j( 
 
 >Iiil-^treet, H.iaov'.'r-s.piare 
 
 X.'ir \rli,irf tl.iiii'-iiiills, ; 
 
 i:myf.i; ali.ive .So,ooo/. 1. 
 
 .N'lr Old Kcut-ro.nl, tw.j 
 
 ars.iu , , . , 
 
 ll'fue .if CiM'i'eeti.m, Clerki 
 
 ■ i.ris.iiicrs iHJui'e.l or esi 
 
 I OiMiii^'-cress I'L'stauraiit, 011 
 
 /j!tl.' Uritaiu, K.C., a uan 
 
 iiV'-sll.^t . 
 
 !;o. Mile Eiia-i'(iail, two livoi 
 I •! ■ 'ilisli Corp.iratiim hall, Ci 
 'taiit by Wren), hiiriit 111; 
 
 it' 
 
 I M'livm'sivliarf, Wapping, lo 
 I Miii.'liester wartlnuises, W:, 
 .sc'.i, : mill .ithers ; about 
 Ki-i'ltuit, mil Castle tiieatre 1 
 !'..i'f;.iiilt'ii., iiil-iiieri'liants 
 pi'..r-,Tvliir's,hr,iss.riiunileri 
 
 -T-Mt lll.SS 
 
 I .'\' . K'ii.st Liiiuliin Theatre', W 
 
 lili'iii'^es iiiiare.l . 
 
 iV;.!'V,<,lia|iel,city-rimd,'lieii 
 J ' I lii'atiiig apparatus 
 I H.ii«ini,K.i\v.irtirs printing I 
 
 |JI'<Ts, Hoilgkiiia..iir.s, I'liemis 
 I l^risli 
 
 |T!i;|ii,k,.'sTli,.ati'.'', Ho'lbonl, 
 rb:;t.'.|iaiicl elmnli, leueiitly 
 
 lTii:iily.laiii.,Tliaiii,.s.strei.t lar. 
 .I'l miidi iimperty Jestroye.' 
 ll'tTative stores, Hayiuark 
 1 i^'ia 20,000/. . 
 |31r .'Ucu's, stationer,' 96, Walw 
 
 |4!U'''ri,,|,..llo.roa.|,N-,.ittiiiK.lii 
 
 .ii:ir.ler;,.„„viete,!, liiitrHpii 
 
 r '''''•.'»t..'ranil(;„,'s war. 
 
 ;':»,"1' l'f.;l«'rtv -lestroyed : e 
 
 Jnvfltf .look warelmuaJ ; ul,i 
 fiKltotre, Camden Town, dci 
 
 •''-l-4o, 
 
FIRES. 
 
 Mr, Dili's, imiiint'actiiniii' cliiMiiisi r k-..,., i 
 ,tm. Hisl„-|,st;.t,. : 4 livoH l„.st • ! 'C/" 
 
 ..|,a|,^l.Ui«-t, K.lK»aiv.,„,,,l, 4 liven lu,t ; Ci-.'m' 1 
 ,-ii.|. ll'Tini'V. 3 lnv.s lost . - \i ,: I 
 
 i'.mlioiM-ua.l. iVUra; 5,l,.,itl,s ' ' J v' ■!! 1' 
 
 ,;r;iys.mii.n«.|; Ji.mw F„i-,1, a lh..,u:iu, l^.t hs 
 
 lliames-sti-Li.'t : Xichol.suus and oth.'i- wi.vl,!,,, ' .L 
 ,l«troyea ; gnat ln.ss . , '" ' '^-'"-j"'"-- s 
 'Wunlmusio-Iiall : iiiiiti' .l,..,sti-,,y,.,l ' ' -,"*■!• 
 Ot^^ ta-.inill., Uwier Tha„i,;.-.tr,rt i , t\v,n;^^ 
 
 .,iM,\,tii.ir-!iii'WS, Boiiil-stii-ot, 6 kill.'r "' " ^,'Z' 
 Ai x.iiKlra-iialace, .Miiswdl-liill, .lu^troyj,!, ,' iif^ 
 
 -,hw.stpk S'tei.hey:2'kmua ". ,'s"I't' 
 
 |.:,*l's ii.nvsi.:ii'er lpniitiiig.»mu,., \Vl,if,.fn'., , 
 .Irttrove.l . . . ■ 11 ]„ I. 
 
 i;iliialili'l'i"l"'rtv.le.<ti-.iv,l '; ' "I",' 
 
 ,;,liul>.v.ativrt. W. ; i livrs l.ist ■ ' •^' ,.* i'.' I • 
 I.ittis ^jrrat h.ip HMivli.ju.sL., ULTniun'iUi'y, !l,.'l 
 
 [!;i,iiiui.i Krfiim.'i-y miimlfactory, UiMiifoit^h.m'-i!.' 
 
 W. Walkers ealiiuet miilinfa,;torv, UuMliiH ',',',>'•' 
 V. C, .lestn«v,l : ..■stiiiiat,..! l„s.s 30 .W ' s ! f ' 
 
 MiH.A Hai.k.Vs iu;w ruausi.,,,, i,..ar St Vm/u's 
 .,t,.,«. Jaiues. i«,-k, 'l-'struyea ;al,.,ut 6o.o!i^f^ 
 
 El-' l,™i.>ii Ri,',. an.l Kloiii' Mills, Dovoifsl.ir'' 
 .!r.rt:aii.l .Sotliorlpiiil,liii-s <.>'>m,i n,,. 
 
 ' 'ii ks i;n-at tt'.'st.Tii Pan; ...Tiiii ' ' -V,'"' ' 
 
 11. -rs. WaniK's an.l „tli,,r i.niuiv.s' If-, 'l''' 
 
 !.itri"Wiii<li]iill.stn.et, Havi.iaik,.t ■ al.mt V^, /' 
 
 ■Imijffiiiiaiiy |Hi,ii-.sii*']v]',s ' ,-'i„. 
 
 l):ili'iiuu'3sa\v-iiiiUs, St, I,iilc,;'.s, ac.^tmyu.l^ "''' 
 
 .Jr.1,1 i Co.'s pnuting-uffl,.,., ,t,.., Ti.n.mliN^st'!"'.-!'' 
 
 i,.rtkeiiwell ; ali.mt 100,000' liiss ,0 /' '• 
 
 51i:istrvet,Hau,n-;r-.s.iuaru, W., three lii-eVl!«t '' 
 
 X.»- rtarf n.ur-u.ills, &,.,, liotl,erhiti;r''",'le' 
 vrnvfl ; aliiu-e ,So,ooo(. lo.ss i , ,7" 
 
 .V, row Kent-road, two live. lo,t ; ' .sus,?,. 'e i ' 
 
 H.iiise .,f Correetioii, Clorkeiiwell/inill.'i,,,,,^ v'*'. " 
 
 ;i'. iTOoiiers imure.l or e.sua].i-.l ., , m', J V ' 
 
 <;iMriii4-m.ss restaurant, one lie,, lust /, m' .'' 
 
 t^T"' ' " '""""'" '""'1' "1'^^; ^mr 
 ■;■>. Mile Eiia-wa.l,' two lives'lOst ' t ''!'}■'• 
 
 419 
 
 FIRES. 
 
 -,.. ....V ..ii,«-.,.,..t, nv, ijves lost . ^ . ( 1 f 
 
 5 .'tiish toriwratiim hall, Craiie-cmirt Fleet ,t,.; 
 Mtl^vlrren), hurut,„a>,yval,.l/i;iei:rt;!'its' 
 I ff.tvm'Mvharf, Wapping, lossabt. ,o,o,„' \\ n'ee' 
 MiiLteter wareh.juses, Watliii '.street • iv 1 
 
 sO..;aua..tli,.rs; aiont .Qoi,^/ 1, ' '-""'k"'' 
 
 Kl,ta,a,,,lCas,le,i,ea,re.iS^a''"5;f,;;!]'- 
 
 Il'u«aiiilL',..,.Ml.„ier.haiits, &e, ^"-'l.u.h, 
 
 31^.^.TV^.r's, br..ss.lu.„rae,.s,ie., Xewgatc^^n^^^ 
 
 N'.^K:,stL,m.!,.„ Theatre; Whit«eha,M.l.ro,e['sevi:' 
 
 IW-.h's,lia|iel,ci(vrua.l,'iieariv.le;(r„v.''i' '■'■''; 
 ."■v heating apparatus '' '"-"'•^ ''''■^"")'-"l. '■•".se,! 
 
 I ft.il„niK„„„rtl,'s printing olliee . " •,„'>;:',• 
 |3ljw>.H.d«ku,suns,ehemisls, ana u,lie;^,-'l;;:^; 
 
 ]n..ecba,,el ehureh, reeently 'rebuilt, ,iestC';? 
 
 l':Gt^;"'-"^' ""y»-k.t, „;stro;e,i-,:^ 
 
 jMr .:ilea'Mtationer,',5, Walwortlw,,,,.!,' 4^1:^^;!;''; 
 |4i.'. l'"rt.iMlo.roa.l,N-,ittinL'l,ilI /; 1 .1 -* A'"'"' 
 
 ■ _3^^ ; «"""""'"aso,,cue,u.ea,„.orks,exw:.:;::;;;:,;7ii::r~~ 
 
 ^3^_ ^ ""'"^"-^"-"'^ Theatre, I.li„gto,,i,aeriur.le^.^^;i '''" 
 •• l"kil,:^r"-^"-"-TheatrJelesU.„yJa;'I^;:;;; " 
 
 .s;. j "c;;:!-S,j^';^iA----^,f--t.;. p-rtei:,^;;:i ■' 
 
 A large l,loek of ,il,l ,.''■'''"'- ;""' "''"'■■s. 
 ,, I loss nearly .,0.^,:" ""^ h"'"'"'' '^^''"',""'' 
 
 ''t';;';^^'^ ^•■-'■^■'-- ^i-vi,, Fore;t.h^f,'t: ■■ 
 
 Another lire at Whitelev's " ' ' • "7 pee ,, 
 "in.lsor.street, E.C., =',|,.-,ti,s ' ' ^^ "'^^'■■- .. 
 
 -Vessrs. Ki'gan, Paul iiiil c. • ,,. >4 .Mnil, ., 
 
 t;;-iM.son's.hall rnueh i , ,' f"-'-»'"'^"'-' ■? -^'11, „ 
 
 .3.3i'rXr^l^;!;-!:«"-'-'iVU-..-i;r..o3^,^!;;^i - 
 
 tiieat hre at IhiuL'T^t.., , ■ -■ ■ '3 Sept. 
 bines, tiinher nierehants >-..^,. ? ' .Vessrs. 
 
 I --11 huus. ue.tr!:;:;i^ r.r;;;r;;;.n::^- 
 
 ' " "'■"• '^"^" ""'^ ^-. l-r^HHses near t^iruh^i " 
 
 .' wS,s:-^!-t:r .;:-'-. w-inters,.ej,^,i;;r^^^ 
 
 ■""I "thers, Lcve'l'vcou ■!'■■;' "'"'"' "'■'""•rs 
 
 i"ai,^:';:^:i^!:'.S-3^'-y"ungwon,e.,L;Li;;,'^: ■' 
 
 |AnotherhreatWhite,;:y?s^;:L.lo;sa,;,ut1i-t;;' '■ 
 
 keys, an>/^[f;^;'-i^;;>,;i^'-|-j«..r,n,on: 
 
 ,„ .i-iMn, a. JO A.M. 
 
 "jipping, .Vessr.s. E K Chw.,,,,, i 4 June, ,, 
 
 '---ana other; ^l,;;!;-'-:;'-^.;^w 
 
 "7:4^ '^M'rr^jii^f '•■ 33. wiuon.roa.i:^j:ii;,;^i:'>;; .. 
 "'T^^i^ty:[;ta:^,;;r'!;L;;nf'^^'T'^'^^ " 
 
 '"■'■^lost.i,,,.|u,iin;-.vi/'.V''V ""'■''''"''; 5 
 .S78 : ^ -^ave.l jehildren " "•^^'"■"■''"^■""•ag'eously 
 
 „ Japanese vlll,.ige burnt; i life 1,,,; ' -'J--'4 -\pril, ,33 
 „ {^•t,^-;;-i'^-han,supho,stt;;'w„rk;in,p^^^^; " 
 
 ''^^i"s??:^;„"^"""'^ --'•>•-• at Ca.nbenver:;;?' " 
 
 " ' '""" ''"'^"'"' '^'""" '^---«ton, much i,?,;;!;!^ ■' 
 
 „ ■'"- J"l'U's.roa,l, Uoxloii- , li,.,.,;, . '7 June, „ 
 
 „ , Charterhous,. ,li, , ' \" ':?' ' •^■' Aug.' 
 
 I l'"nses,h.Mn,v ' 7";^*'''^«-le'keMWell; . 
 ,. ^^"'"'^lireu,la.v ', j'r,!?";"*^'- ■, • 3 Oct! 
 
 .33., i'i-;;;;'"l.asseVliealc..treet,W.;3,iv^,^';^:'2^S 
 
 - :K,MghtriaeU;..r ;^™'-=''^^^^ 30X0; " 
 
 I ^^'■■yMa«,i;^|;;:^;,;:>,l,--. houses and St. " 
 
 1=4, lil-anon-strcet W .,„ r ■ ' = ^'^'•'' ,. 
 
 " { ' "•■ "'"' "'IJ'-iuing bnihliny, 
 
 I "ot, 104, \V,„K|..st,.e,.t, citv '3-1,, Dec, 
 
 „ , «. .N.wn.an.strect, 0.xfJra.sU-cet; 4 ' lues'Ct "'' 
 
 .)'•'.» uy Uie, eslMnate.1 ilaniage 
 
 K i; :i " 
 
 377 
 
 f VP . , ^J 
 
 
 ■#;' 
 
 
 
 
 fe 'r 
 
i He' 
 
 I'M't'l 
 
 r ii 
 
 1EE7 
 
 FIEES^ 
 
 500,000/.; jliveslwt; 3''^' ivwanl f.ir .li^- 
 CdVi'iv nf Ineciiclinry . . ■, • ," , T,'- 
 W.s.rs.'KiiMh.u & P,.«Tirs oil-clcU, ii.aimlH.' Miy 
 
 tli-HiMl Tlu.atir, lsliiit;tc.i,, t..tiilly iW-' ' -M"! H' Hu 
 
 llciur, li'SS 11.111. . • .■, J ^ i,%., I '• 
 
 N„. .74, .-^triiMl ; 2 lii'.vs iiciisli ; i-i""' ■ ■ '" ^ 1' •,' 
 
 llndi tik-il tv.r i.iiinl.T, .3 I ''''• : j"';'"' ! .'„ .^ 
 Vvc. 18S7. I.i'im Sfiiii' ,s,-iili'iic'."l . ' »'• > 
 v,.;,rs',,i'i.iilsi'rvitmli';()..Ml>i''l'"'''l'"""l-^'i ' 
 
 Jl,•^.|s. (liim.uMs. .Imiiiis. &<■., h.l;;«ai.-in,u f 
 «-, M.ii i.-ii.-l. : 611.1... v.Miiy ; .|,i,,v.'ii,sui.> 1 ■ 
 kitllH.ii'iiiai.l r.i- .■an;l,.^Mu;ss uitli a m; ii;.- 
 ,i,atc-li, ni.a t»o lu.-l.nna.U' iih.i. Iw ^i.ij;li<t 
 
 M!-s''"'^1..uUi.nsV"tt;Ti,.s; La,iil..tll ; Kfiiit part 
 
 „rih.-«.irks.l.'str..y,il. ilaiiiiw ij.ckx./. .1 lei. 
 
 Fsiiii.t,.!-.. iinat .uaik,.l, thirty .slnT'* -' •^'^'j.y^lj 
 
 Wtvv!-:; Wharf, Cniiii...Kial-i'i., I-ambil!. ; ']'^'^l>^:^ 
 
 .Tlicillt =0,000/ ,1. .'''\11U .,1 
 
 stint anil surrcimaliiif; iMViiiisfs 'l<'^'"'>"'' 
 istiuiatcd •■Miiaf-'i' 25o-»o'' • ., ,■ .,:,„, T,''': J 
 
 Jl"..<sn.. W. 11. 4: K. Cmk.T, ImilihMS, am M"-»i«- 
 li„„s,.v, cum m,Tcliahl>. ..xU'iisiv. l'"il' i^'* 
 iiiMiliivat |),.vir.stnvt. H"iniij.'h . . ..HUJ, 
 
 Jl,.,s.s,s. liiim.u^.hs ai.a W.Un.n..., iiiain.fa.' iiriiig 
 ol.H.ii-ts. U,.lMai..-,\Vai,.l.-^\vurtli, luvM.aii .lacnbs 
 siitl..catr.l; (h.^;.'iia|iii'^<) . • , : ./•, V,'',, 
 
 Th.-.Silvatiui. an.i> -lUi-i ^, yui'i'i' \ K.'t"iia-*tHft, 
 
 l||.|il'.- tl'.nrs .l.stlny 'I . . • -'',;.• 
 
 Bln.'k ..!■ laiiMii.K^ ill '■l'»".''"""-;,-'l"".'''i,, V 
 Sii.ithlii-M (Mr. limn'-^-^. I'lmt' ) ■ M; •"•i-- H" ■ 
 ,H,,,;„,,.,^hl.stn,.A:^,^.l.uhlish,■,<.^Mr.^..rral, , 
 
 el,,.tri.al i-i.^-ii.i'i-rs); Kicat H'stni. ,uii ■ ^ :>}'"- ■ 
 
 Fi..ivst-j.-ati. llistrh't li..l.isti lal '^''l;"';'-, ■"",' ""•.,^-i 
 
 paith .Ustr..v.-.l ; ,6 huvs, at'i-.l b.t uHi 7 aii'l 
 
 .■m-rLrVHrM.-. Chail.s Iniiiaiii, the Mii.wiiit.-i..l- 
 nt 111.1 'ither ullicMals, early . Jan.; i.Mii.es , 
 veiVlict, acei.leiital .h-atl. « iU. stri.iif.' '■"■"»^'^';j',;;^; 
 
 Pre'iili'ses ..f Messrs. .lames' & Pike, inaml.'maii.i- 
 (.'.'uin-rslbaek of the (ieiieral IV.st-uthee, i.a, y 
 (hstrnveil, istiiiiate.1 hiss 4Ci,ooo'- • ;,„ ^ ^^ ,, 
 
 Preiiiise^ of M.ssrs. liay, Ariiistruiitr & (;<>., skill 
 merclia>"ts, W.slnuiiste, l.ri.lge-nia.l, . Uves^h.st 
 
 S :•■ W. A. Riwe & Co.'s (,'reat oil mills, lianksi.hs 
 'tsuuthwark, ilestr..ye.l ; l.oii.h.ii lUiiinmat.-.l h.v 
 ;;:! h^'^Ki-il;..;. lossofHle,t^vo.lremH,ll,- 
 illlell. horses leseiieil . • • -4 -11"". 
 Oi'l S.1.1, eoal uharf, Messrs. Ray, .lestro.M.l ^_^^. 
 
 M.ssrs Rowlev & Brnck, hat-makers, i.remi'ses in 
 
 VTil'i-air H'eslroye.!, I.y >1 '''"s*'''" ^J 
 
 naphtha; Bileaths, iiiienaml 5«''»"e,i,al,m,U .-.M. 
 
 i,,ss,s. VoKan & C.s granaries. A;,., MiU-^mt. 
 
 li.iekhend, .lestroye.l ; gi.-at I.I.- . .. o •>"»• 
 «■ i,^i ,1. l,irraeks. W, stniinst. r, mueh ii..|iiie.l , 
 ^^ : V :. lis 1 ; .0 .leaths Ihioii^h the Kallant 
 
 H,^';',,h',iv''.'i..lii('t ..rthe s,.l.|iers ttwoohiHreii 
 
 M;'^:;l;'«'''wri..;t^-C'.i.:tm-.e,s,- lining: 
 
 row ; jir.'at h'ss . • • • " " ', ' 
 
 Herbert.) assap'. Strnml ; f.'i'r lives lost .i l>ee. 
 
 M,.ss,s. iiavi.is..,., i.ai.er "'i'""f"'';"r';r' ,^ ':>;!:'■ 
 
 Tham.'S-.street.yue.n VleL.ria ,tn-.t. \e., M.-ssis. 
 
 •Y kail, faneyt- Isimpoileis. Ii.:;ill..ii I- .les, 
 
 I,, ni.is an.l ..tb.-i liims in Lpper .aims stie e , 
 an y lee VietM a street ; u la.x, bluok biiihl- 
 n.^;ih,,l!y or partially ilesln.y..l. ...ante. 1, 
 
 mPssis C. baviilsoii, ].ai.er-iiiak.M> M. ss s. lb m1- 
 
 1, 1 I ini«s,an.l>6otUrtiriiis;St.I^.netsehiiroi, 
 
 ;;.' ,;.',|!,,.,1; estiina'e.l loss 5«..o<W. mi.l.lay,3ol)ec. 
 
 Ur.,'...s chemical «urks, Uack.ieywick, 'lentn.ye.K 
 
 M,ssrs. M..rgan & Company, rarriaKe l'"iI'l';|-«. 
 
 I olV-acre, ami ..tliers ; loss about 50.000/. ijteb 
 Messrs .1. Tvlors, .-nKineers, Ne«t:at.-street, iiml 
 *'otlu^premises,«o.ksh,.ps.leslroye,l ; ^^^-'^^^ 
 
 tu WOlkllRIl ■ ' 
 
 420 FIEES. 
 
 M.'ssrs. Paytoii & Co., tea .lealers, Tf;\ver-liill, kii.| 
 
 other pi'ililis.'S. HI 
 M. C. liiiliy .\: Si 
 
 reatly ilaniap'.l 
 
 II Ainil, ,f;,. 
 
 Ills 
 
 ■-mills, Sti.rk's.roa I. ii.- 
 h'striiye.l ami abmit •.■4 jirivate !..,. 
 
 .laniaK.'il ; inhabitants iumi 
 homes hastily ; much siilleiinti 
 
 .1 ti. l.'a\.' tl.i 
 
 11. .11 
 
 of .b.hn, Loril Romilly, 38, K;: 
 
 ?o Ai'i 
 
 i8S3 
 
 Hiviinpt.ii., \V., throii^'h the ups.'ttiiiH of a Im.', 
 
 ...... servants Mill.. 
 
 1 Mav 
 
 pirit.lamp; his hniWiili ami t\v 
 ■at.'.l an.l ..tlnMs injiire.l . ^ . 
 
 xwork .'.Thiljitioii, H,' 
 
 >.l.i 
 
 Mr. L..iiis Tiissaii.l's wa 
 
 slri'it, il.'strov.'.l by lire 
 j=, lliinean-s.iuan'. Hackney; 3 lives lost, 20 .\.,„ 
 Tooley-stri'it ; wharv.'s, ..ccnpi.-.l by Mvsms. L«i.Oi 
 
 889 
 
 ami other!- 
 Oct., 
 
 ami several warehmisi's .|. >ii(.y,,|, 
 1..11S hiss; lire still buniim;. ;, 
 
 Oct. 
 
 40 
 
 ., West Ferry-road, Milhvall ; 5 .l.alli- i' lie,. 
 iitehwell-reiits, Iiethnal-^'re.'ii-r..a.l ; Mr. J. [i. 
 liawlins' timber yard and other premisi-s .1 
 
 si rove. 1 
 
 .■t, E.( 
 
 .f jlessrs. KM'rh-igh an.l others 
 
 i.< X..V. 
 
 I'r. mis 
 
 M 
 
 Cripplirat.', f ity, K.t . 
 Chi'Vne-ruw, Ch.'lsea, 2 
 
 ill,, 
 
 Rolhscliil.l ami otli.'is, 11, .'silk-.-ti. 
 
 lives l,.>t 
 
 Mr. .Miniiis and others, Laveii.li'i-hill, I!atler«i 
 
 2 lives I. 'St i:)llc' 
 
 Jl.ssrs. shoolbre.l'sworkshoi.s an.l ..tli.r pHMlli^^ 
 
 Mitfor.l-l.lac, Tott.'nhain-court.i.'a.i . 22 I 
 Pri'iiiises of li.'ttle Seal ompaiiy, Eiirle.wliiiii'. 
 
 roa.l, X =! !'"■■ 
 
 rr.'iiii.ses of A. Wieklow ami oth.i>, li.rnioii.l-.y. 
 
 sti.'it. S.E. 
 
 Munir.ir.l's Ih.iir 
 
 VaiiNhall-bri'l,- 
 
 inills, Alb.-rt Knibaiikiiieiit, imir 
 
 nearly .bstn.ye.l 
 
 Prci 
 
 . i.r M.'ssis. drill. 
 Niiith-stri'i't, I'opla 
 
 .•V i»C C. 
 
 . 27 .Ian. k: 
 , mill otlii'is. 
 27-29 .laii. ,. 
 
 Upp.ir -- . . 
 
 J. Latham, timber-nierchant, piemis.'S in Cuitaiii- 
 
 .1.1, E.C 
 aiisiiii,' much ilistie; 
 
 1. sin. veil 
 
 .r injur 
 M.1 
 
 1890 
 
 lions.' ( 
 Fillhani 
 burnt t 
 
 if Mr. W.'stoii, butch, r. 10, Lillic-ruail, 
 ; iiis wife, 2 childivii and Miss (llii\..r 
 
 .hath, 
 
 SMa 
 
 Mr. ( 
 
 (i.bmes restaurant, 152, Vieturia-str.M, 
 
 Wistniinster, 3 lives lost 
 
 . Evr 
 
 it Sjiottisw 
 
 ile.tl 
 
 i .Muivli. 
 lieipu'eii's primers 
 
 premise's at Little New-street-hill, h'.-ltei-.lai 
 mcli injured and property desto.y.l («l 
 
 15,000/.) 
 Pri'iiiises I 
 
 if Pat;e 
 
 4 -M'lil. 
 & Pratt an.l ..th.'r linas. Oval 
 
 flroii-hill, K.C., .lestr.iye.l ..r much iujiiiwl 
 
 Scott's s,ii.lier-r. 
 
 1 V..1UI1S per 
 
 ■isl 
 
 Union-stiee 
 
 10 .^liiil. 
 
 ■oms, Coveiitry-stivet, Hayiiiark.;. 
 
 ;, .Mav. 
 
 ies ia 
 
 7 Mav. 
 
 t, W.C, Mary Ann Klo.i.l ]ieiisii. 
 
 vaiiilv i.mb'aviiiirint; to sav.- a i: 
 
 rhil.i 
 
 Mr. S. liurrows' 
 
 roa. 
 
 il, L'pp.'r Holloway 
 
 lancing aca.lemy. Ilai>.'n.vi'.]iai;i 
 
 iVberneUiy, lireiiieii, killed 
 
 Will. Small 1111.1 Wii 
 
 Jewiii-str.'i 
 inisc! 
 tei.antei 
 
 t ami crescent, Al.lersHub'-stiwt, j.!.' 
 
 b.dont-'ing to the (iol.l.smiihs' .•.niiiiaiiv. 
 il bv the Loii.lon Printiin; aii.l Puhlisliii : 
 
 Alliaiic, ami others 
 
 Destr;iction o 
 elioii 
 
 f Messrs. Shepimi 
 
 .1 & C.i 
 
 2t) .V).'. 
 
 r.ii the New Sim ivharf, ami uXU 
 
 premises, Narrow-street, RatcliM-hit.'hv 
 
 Great fire in 
 
 the I.on.bn ami Imlia .l.icks, Wa]). 
 
 piiiH; larg.' w 
 2 1, Tower-stfcl 
 
 a rehouse.*. h'stroye.l 
 
 i-2S .Nil 
 
 \Vestiiiinsler-liri.lj;e.rond;4ilralli> 
 
 26 .laa. 
 
 Messrs 
 
 Darell, timber merchants, tiluhi' wliarf 
 
 Miie-eml-road; saw-ii 
 descrove.l 
 
 iiills, mncli timber, ir.. 
 4 Matcl;, 
 
 Premi 
 many 
 
 iseii of Messrs. .Tmhl & Co.. printers, aii.i 
 
 others, St. Andrew's 
 
 lane ; iiiucli .l.'Structioii 
 
 •hill', K.C., an.l Cartv 
 il .Man-! 
 
 Will 
 
 fiibbitt's works, Gray's-im.-i 
 
 Kstini 
 
 late.l loss, nearly ioo,(xxj/ 
 
 17 
 
 .lui 
 
 W. Brow 
 
 !! * c, 
 
 Inih-sale stiiti.iners, ami "Iln-r-. 
 
 38-40, St. Mary-axe, 
 
 K.C., 
 
 i.i olln-: I'l 
 
 iMulv. 
 
 Wliilechnpel Ili(;h-street, preniises of J|.mi 
 
 "lirooke," B'oi'id'&"Co., tea Wemlus, iim 
 
 :iil otli.'ls 
 
 iSJulv, 
 
 Mffisrs. EHaiic'iamp 
 ' t«n.'.).i.l. .■<.»'. . 
 ,5.., |.'ii'liani I'alac.i-r.. 
 
 cliii.iivii l.urut 
 Hidi-suvet, Whiti'c: 
 
 .•c»,k) an.l 4 ivoinei 
 Jli.ssi-. Til. mis. Ill *; 
 
 \i.. (.Il'l Bailey ai 
 
 lane. ,Vc. ; I lif.'iii.'i 
 Uiitisli Xylonite com 
 
 H.iniertoii ; I .l.'atl 
 .itiu'.' v-sttvi'l . W.C. : 
 ir, Kortliani|.t..ii-str. 
 
 si'ttiiig.if a iiara.'lin 
 'lio'at tin' at li.e Lomi 
 I'nbPinai'le.stiv.'t, N 
 
 Harris i C.)., cal.ii 
 
 ;o hilikliiigs .l.'str. 
 
 31iiiori("s; premises 1 
 paiiy, an.l McKsrs. 
 an.l otliPi's ; alsoat 
 CI.'rkenuHll.r.in.i . 
 
 AtS, CleL;,i;-stlvet, Wa 
 
 J'lviiii.ses 'i\' .Messrs. 
 stliTs, CygiM't-str.'.' 
 
 Ticncb Isiiielry, Noi 
 tiKally divstrove.l ; J 
 ami 7 .jtl.'rs'iierislie' 
 
 Firs at till .S. W. In.lu 
 .Ittstroy.l . 
 
 DestriR'tive lires in W 
 
 Jn Hmniit-roa.l, Caiin 
 
 of a lamp; 5 cliil.lrei 
 Mts»i>. Gi.u.le. iirinten 
 jlr. A. Hoiiston's lions 
 
 3 ileaths . 
 The C»nil.ri.li;« ?»ii.sic-l 
 7, Cliuroh.strei't, Solio 
 
 lives l«st . 
 Messrs. Asliby & Ho 
 
 .Sliaihvell 
 Messrs. Clozeiiher);, ( 
 
 street ; warelniiisesiii 
 Messrs. Davies & Evan 
 
 .street. Hackney ; 4 . 1 
 Premises of Gt. Wes 
 
 Riidjanl-place, Dernion 
 Mi'isrs. .Stivets cabin. 
 
 Slioreilitcli. 
 Portiiiau chapel, ]!ak.' 
 
 nre . 
 3, Clarence-.stivet,D.'tlii 
 
 burnt to .leatli . 
 .74, Cale.loniaii.r()a.|, 
 
 .loiKs, ami ; others, b 
 Messrs. .'Sliaml, .Mason . 
 
 HIackfriars, harnt, . 
 JLe belfry towi-r of St. 1 
 
 diuare, hiiriit, tliiuiigl; 
 
 lolging.liouse, 
 
 Dor 
 
 )S. Aiiitree-.st/eet, Fulh.i 
 Messrs. .Moss & Co., til 
 
 street, Hoxton 
 X), (irosvenor-street. W., 
 
 countess l)e La Warr 
 
 burnt .lown ; i rl.'ath 
 3l.'S.srj. Walker & H.-dl, 
 
 lane, warehouse gutl.'d 
 fcsrs. Maple & Co., Litti 
 
 Ton-n, warehouse (blocl 
 EMilosion of gas ami liri' 
 
 t'liap.'l.stiei.t. Uoiuiigk 
 Wari'liaiii..stiv.'t, Il.ixtuu, 
 
 b.ilsi.|e; iileatlis . 
 Messrs. Glean.'y k Rav's 
 
 street. Linciiln's-iim-'nel 
 At a colfee-lwusc, Caledi 
 
 .Il',-,tl|5 
 
 Oestnictivellre; Messrs. 1 
 Piiniliton.oahim't-niakei 
 liuri.t; Oirtain-r.ja.l. Sh 
 
 .-95. Kv";if-|iaik-roa.l, 1 
 JftiUi . 
 
FIRE.S. 
 
 421 
 
 Jlfflsr-i. Ei^niiclmmp Droa.' ;;oiu!ml stores, lirDniii 
 Mi-'Wiil, S-W 3 Julv 
 
 •jj, (■'ii'liaiii r;iliici!-roai| ; Mr. WiiIi' (oilin.-iii) ntnl'i 
 Wiil.ireii l.iMut ' >^, ,■♦ 
 
 Hi.ili-strrrt. Wl,it.>chai,c.l ; Mr. Honuaini (M.istrv 
 (■i]<)k) ana 4 woini'i] iiiiriit . . in .Soiit 
 
 Jifssr-. TlioiiiN"" A: Cu,, ijiTfiiin,. iiiaimlactiuvrs' 
 if., Ol'l H:iili^v iiM.l a.l.iuiiiiiig biiiMiu^r, (.■],,,,,' 
 Iiiiii', &i'. ; I liv.'iiiaii killivl . . 13-16 X,,v 
 
 Uiitisli X.vloriitf coMiiiaiiy's priniisi's, HiKli-strei-t' 
 Hoirirrtun ; I ilfutll .... j„ 1^,,,,' 
 
 .■itaivv-stivi'l. W.C. ; 2 wcjiMuii Ijiinit . .,^ Di'o 
 
 ,1, NurtliaiiiiPtiiii-striM't, CliMkcnwi'll, liv Uim iih' 
 vliiiiH"la paralUn lamp: 5 •luatlis 'j, M,,,.,'!, 
 
 iliviit tlri" at llif I.MM'luii clcifks . . 5-r April' 
 
 JjhHniaclc-.'tr^.'l, Xux 62-78; Mcssr^. L,.|,„.s' 
 Harris i C'd., ealiiiii't-iiiaki'r.s ami ijUhm's ; dvit 
 ii) Imikliiii's (lestroyuil or seriously .laii'ia^jfvl 
 
 3Iiiiories; iin'mises nf tliK Tcrralmna (tn,) o(,hi'- 
 Ijaiiy, aral Mi'»srs. .Mariiii, I'lilvHrmaiin & f„ 
 aialotlipvs; alsoat Messrs. T. J. Uroilic ijraiteis' 
 CI,.rkHM«Hll.run,| . . .' ,^ _,,.,^^.; 
 
 .« S, CIes,%'-stM'el, WapiHii),' ; 3 ileatlis 24 Siiv 
 
 .I'lviaises III' .Vi'ssis. Harper, upliolsterers ami 
 ■sth-r.s, Cyniiet-street, E. . . . , ' i,,.p 
 
 Tidicli liiumlry, Nois. 412, 4,.,, Eil^rware-nrul • 
 tcitally aestniyeil ; Miliii. Martin, the iiroprietor' 
 ai.il ;iitli'rsiii'i'i-i'i'''i ; 1-2 i.M. . . ■,.].„,' 
 
 ViiHa;tli( S. \V. Inilia docks; block of buifiliiV's 
 
 •'"""■'"^ ,.■ .•„.•,• ■ • 8-,o I'vt;. 
 
 Destriictne lircs in «o«l.street aud Jewry-street 
 
 Jii Hermit-riMil, Canniiin-town, throuj;!! burstiii'' 
 
 ofalaiJip; sehililreii siiffocatHil . . = Anril" 
 ■SkiSi-f. Gdoile. printers, flerkenwelJ-Kreen \o {u"' 
 Jlr. L Hoiist'jn's liouse, 65, yneen's-uresc.', N w"' 
 
 3ileatlis 'I'.jai'i' 
 
 TlieCnnUiriilgfl luiisie-liall burnt ilown ^^ f.^^^ 
 
 ., Chiiroli-street, .Solio (loilttin^'-Iiouse), , /.„ '• ' 
 
 livii'dOMt ■. ,5 j;.,'.|/ 
 
 Messrs. Asliby & Horner, bniliiers, Love-lane' 
 
 Sliailwell , j..,,|i' 
 
 Mfssrs. C'lo2PnherK, ealiinet-niakers, Charlotte- 
 
 stri-rt; Hareliinisesiii I'avey-st., E.C. i,>-,n .i,,,,,. 
 Miwrs. Davies & Krans. oil ami colonrmen" Maie! 
 
 slrePt, Hackney ; 4 ileatlis . . 17 .lum- 
 JPreiflisBS or (it. Western li. Co., I'aililin'-tim! 
 
 « 1 1 1 n 1 . 22 .lune, 
 
 I!i)ilyaril-place, Derniiimlsey; 4 .leatli.s . idulv 
 Mi-isrs. .Street's cabinet I'aetorv, New-irin-viriV 
 
 Sliorwliteh. ....'. ,o-,,.s,.„t' 
 rortmaa chapel, ]!aker-stfeet, nmcli injureil bv 
 
 lire ■ „. ,) / 
 
 3, flarmce-street, Betlinal-j;reen, Eliza Hoilfm-ton' 
 
 burnt to ileath 2Xov' 
 
 .■74. t'aleilonian-roail, IsIinj;ton, Mr! ami Mrs' 
 
 .loii«, ami 3 others, burnt . , \,- J^.' 
 
 Miissrs Sliam; Mason & Co., engineerii'ij, works! 
 
 Hlackfrmrs, burnt, . . . 7-n\'iv 
 
 Ill.tiellrytoiveinr St, fieorges ehu.'ch, Hanov, r^ 
 
 (inure, liurijt, thiun^'h ru,,ig„ of eluolrie wires 
 
 J.i>l,iii--buiise, ,3, Dorset-.street, W, ; 4 Ileatlis! 
 
 :■!, .totreMtreet. Fulbani ; 3 ileaths ^o .w' 
 
 Mnssrs. .Mass & Co,, timber nieiciants, llox'toii! 
 
 stnwt, Hoxtoi) . . J 
 
 xi, arosveaoixstreet W„ the lionse'of the .loVager 
 
 couii 0S9 De La Warr, who narrowly escape,! 
 
 burnt ilow 11; i death . •' ,<:',,.'' 
 
 3l.issr,,, Walker & Hall, silversmith.s, &o., SI o I 
 
 lane, warehouse -ulteil . ' ',/.",, 
 
 3I«rs. Maple & Co,, Little Ctim.len-strpe't. Cannle n 
 
 Tom,, warehouse rblock E), destroyeil, 6. 7 Feb 
 Explosion of Bss anil lire at a hop w,treIiouse A;' 
 
 fliapil.stree,. Uomnt!h; 2 i|e«ti,s ''pVb' 
 
 w:x:'"i:„!^"^'""' '■""^•"' "^ » '"••'; 't a 
 
 Mfssrs. Olna,,,.,- A Hay's ■pilnt'iiis l)r."iiiises''*'r!'i'tH' 
 >tr«... Lu„.„b,'s.i,„i-tlelils, burnt ' " ,7'^ '. '"' 
 iivitt ''"■"'' '•'"■'■'I'""'"'-™'!. Islirmtim; 2 
 
 flestetivo lire; Messrs. KinR, publishers 'si^^"r'' 
 'liiii|.ton,cahiiiet.i„akers ; ami otln ■ h-mvi .h, 
 l"irnt;Oirtuin.roail,,.hi,reili,;.l, ''"•'' ,7: 
 
 r^,^R-,e::,s-pa,k.roa,|, Hannah misl,; b,-;,;,;"^^ 
 
 7 July, 
 
 FI.SH, PIHHEKIES. 
 
 I8y8 
 
 1895 
 
 n 
 
 -97 
 
 .893 "^.;,f'""->--l'^"'-. = I"'>-s""s burnt, ami , killml bv a 
 
 '':;:;;::'i;!;:;;t'^'''«'^''-''^'-^'-'^whitee^4;:f: 
 
 ;;^;:u^;i;;5;n^^;i-T4^^r-'--«^5 
 
 i/;'or',v:^r;tl:;!t, ';^-:;,,;i, 1-- :\;^'- ,^ 
 
 ^^;^^;:-<^ns;,!.;o;;:-u''-riir'''''-^ 
 
 per.s,,ns throw,, ont of ..ork; 'r'lTS'?^; ' i,,^;-^ 
 
 ^:g.n5^iur;:^o;-^:-,-;;;;±; 
 ;;5tf;:r;L,-^::;;fe;:;r,:^^^^''■-4'^i■lr 
 
 Moiinng-lane. ,a8, H.ackuev; ^deaths ;. i ,?" 
 
 ^;;;;;;r/M(.,;,:::;'^;;i^-:--:-- --riB " 
 
 .l|;;_^;.l.ernael,. (Spnrgeon's), Newingtoi? «;;;;i; " 
 
 TIere were 055 (Ires'iii is',. . ' '. ' 2oAiiril, 
 .858 (33 li^.ii"S " ?i i, ','1 ;n .857 ; n,4 in 
 
 .8^2 ,4o4in,36;;',:n!l\^;3m'.3<3r^n"356' 
 1338 Hies (326 senons): in 1867 ■,!■, i\,-L,' 
 
 -■Ho i?",87;'"';'8'i; "' ■S7°'.'946 m..s (27^6 
 
 ,.„,!, '".'"71. .1842 (207 serious); n iSt, 
 
 lit'' S, str-''i';;"1' '" '^7^' -548 (.66 siiriousVii 
 
 istj- in 87 ^ '■'; ^'" ^'^* *'>'i""s:23 HveJ 
 
 i"l876:".fi!j^,^^^.,^;:;^f-^|:.-^,nveslost,; 
 
 ■533 (.59 serious: 29 lives'lost) , 878 fP' 
 
 live,; 1,,,. ooV ' ' l^^'l '«'■" ("57 serious: 40 
 
 iVst • ,88. '^'^f' '926. (164 ,sei s: 36 lives 
 
 losi;, '833, 2144 (184 .serious: ,Q lives lost)- ,8s7 
 2.289 (194 -serious: 4., live- lost)- , as ' "•' 
 (.00 seliiins; 47 livct 1 " ) • oA' , ?'' Y^" 
 ^•nons; 49 lives liisti- roS; - ,' •=■'■•9.(151 
 55 lives lostV-.asqaa,'' ''^'"^ <'75 serious; 
 'J\i,.\[.h':- ' ''884(121 serious; 48 lives 
 
 : >st). In but lew cases were the m -M.iJ,.. ^ t n 
 I estroveil ■«!,, „ o ,■ . 1" "Uses tola V 
 
 ,0 • ,'°*>'='J38(lSi serious. 4, lives lostV- 
 
 1890, 2,555 (,53 serrons, 61 lives lost) • c' , '["P- 
 
 4'iS"Stt^'r '-•)! '892,3,,.^ I ^^v ;^ 
 
 lost .8 ^ ^'^,"3' 3.4>" iSo .seiious, 82 li»es 
 
 S(/:?t?ious<-,---;--'':^'«<^.^'^ 
 
 FIRE-WORSHIPPERS: see Pars,,:, 
 FIRST-FRUITS ^ve■■,. of{'„,.i„„, „,lii,.i, n,.„!» 
 
 to,eth^ with the te,[H^\ tl^'U^d^gy't/ 
 
 FIRST OFFENDERS- PROIUTK^V 
 
 ACT, pcnmis the oonditional r..le:rse o' vf^t 
 Olle.ulers m certain case., passed 8 Au'' .« V 
 
 FIRTH COLLEGE; see SheJ/iel/, ,87', 
 
 IKJf«IIERIES,&o La..^,,,"pro. 
 enacted by Edwiiid I, m 
 
 b) 
 
 I :!iJ'! 
 
 ■■, ^, 
 
 I teutiou of Hshui-ies 'were' 
 

 
 ■*'''^'-:.i^j^ 
 
 FISH, FISHERIES. 
 
 422 
 
 FIUME. 
 
 1284, iin.l liv Ilia BUfocssors. TliP ritrlitj of the 
 Enulisli iiiul I'lciicli fislH'nminvrve(lcfim;(l by tronty 
 in !!<?(); MO IchtliHohflri, Jlirrivff, II /lal,; Anr- 
 foumll:nidr,shirus, (h,sl, rs, Tnnvhva. Tlieknown 
 ■ppecifs of tish are nbout 8525. O'utitlitr, 1880. 
 Fi^hiiiviinrrs i-i.nii.niiy of I.oii'lon (suit) T433; 
 
 (stuck) iscq; "iiiti'il . ■ , • • • •1530 
 Fisliin- towii^i iTnul;it.'(l l.v nii net i.iissfil in . . 1542 
 FisliiiiZ' "11 our n.icst forluiUlwi to strmigiTH . . 1609 
 Till' IMitcli I'liiil TO.ceo/. for i.iriiiissioii to lisli on 
 
 tliccoiistsof IJritnin . . •, ■,,•.,• •'•'''' 
 Comoiiitiou of Kirr liritisli tisliPriOR Uistltutort . 1750 
 Fisli-n.aoliiii.'s, for .•oiiveyiiiK lisli l.y laiul to Lon- 
 
 ■loii, Kit tip in 1761 ; and s«i.l>orti'il liy varlm- 
 
 ^,,,,,jt '704 
 
 Tlic I'.riti^li Society of Kislicrics cstalilinlipil in 
 
 l-""ii"n ill . . ■ , • , : ■ ■ Ti,./ Ib.o 
 Tlic Insli Ki>licrvCoiiii>,inyf.'rinc.lin . I'ff- '818 
 ]ii 1840, tv.l'casnits, licniy ami licliii.. otitaiiicil 
 medals t.Ttlicir exertiniis in eultivatnin lis 1 in 
 France, and the (.-nvcniiiient set ii|. an estalilisli- 
 ment for tliis imriiose at ilnningue, inidiT M. | 
 
 In iSf-l'.'lireat jirogrcss l\ad lieen made l.y M. Costf | 
 
 Coni'nii'sli'.iT'to examine into Ilritisli lisln'ries was 
 ai.oointed in iSeo, and acts to amend tlie law re- 
 latiiiu to lislieries in Great liritain and IivlamI 
 
 were l.assed lt6i-:-3-S-9 1 
 
 In Ai.ril. Mr. I'oii.lers placed in tl.e Tliames 76.000 j 
 
 vciuiL' lisli (sa)ninii. tuait, iliar, and (.'raylinj;) ; ] 
 
 iind on 17 Ain-il. Mr. Frank liucklaml demon- j 
 
 Miated tlieimiiortaiiceof lislicultuic liclore the | 
 
 mcmliersoftlie lioyal Ir.ditntinii, l...iidon . . 1863 ! 
 In iSs-f Mr. Huist l.e^an the inltiiiv ,d' lisli at Mor- | 
 
 montlicld, Feithshire: reported highly snecessfnl, | 
 
 hejit. i860 
 Act for the protection of freshwater flsli pasBwl, 
 
 8 Ang. 1878 
 Internatior "isli and lisliint! exliilution at Uerliii, 
 
 oiM-iKul I'V ...e Crown rrince . . . 20 Apri , iBoo 
 National tislurics cxhil.ition at Norwich, opened 
 
 bv the I'lince of Wales . . . i£- 30 April, lEEi 
 Iiitiniational cxhil.ition at Edinlinri-'li opened 
 
 II Aiiril, 1SS2 
 National Fish Ciiltnre Association est.al.Iishcd . 1563 
 London Central Fish Mark.t, Hmithliehl, oj.ened 
 
 10 May, ,, 
 
 International fisheries exliihition, Sonth Kensini;- 
 
 ton London, opened and cdos.-.| t.y prinee ot 
 
 Wales, i4Mav-5i Oct. 1883. 335 P'l'l nicla ., 
 
 (160 to Great liritain) awarded, ami ..ther tcsii- 
 
 moiiials. Itc.ceii.ts, 140.346,'. i3.«. ; siirplns, 
 
 n 143'. J, 703,o'^i persons admitted. 
 
 fiea Fisheries Aid, '46 <t 47 Vict, e. sj, relates to 
 
 " international eonvciition coneerninp tlsheries m 
 
 North Sea. Sea Fisheries (Ireland) Act als(. 
 
 ,,iismm1 •-' •■^"l-'- '• 
 
 International lislieries, Vienna, openeil 29 Scj.t. 1884 
 A.maciiltnre -^Mr. VV. dhlhani ChaniPers (111 Tniii'S, 
 ,0 Nov ) ailvoiatcil the formation of ponds in 
 waste lamls for the ciiltiv.dion of carp and .dlier 
 llsh. Sir l.von I'hiyfair recommends the sclienie 
 to he taken'up l.v government I'iims, it Nov, ,, 
 A convention with Fr.-im-e ivspcdinn sea lishcnes, 
 sii'iii'il at Paris, 11 N..v. 1867; ratili.il l.y the 
 "Sea Fisheries A.t," l.assed, 13 .Inly, 1868; 
 nmende.l iB84;eoii\eiitioii sipied . 14 Nov. 1E85 
 Introdncti^.n of American salmon-trout tried nt 
 
 liiii(.diley j.ark in . . . . ; • • n 
 Board of trade inriiiir^- ordered connernniK the in- 
 juries done to lliitish drift-net lishiiif; liy foreign 
 'trawlers in the north seas (see Tmvli/ui) X^.v. 1E86 
 First stone ol a new tisli market laid. Fairingdon- 
 
 street, London 13 Hep. „ 
 
 Conference at Fishmonjiers' hall res].ectint; railway 
 
 ' eharces, &C , .';''"''''; "^^'' 
 
 F shinK school estaWislied at lialtimore (which see) 
 
 liehmd i7Aiit.'. ,, 
 
 JIanv ntt.ioks on British fisliernien l.y f..reij!ners, 
 
 AuV. ; one l.v Beliiimis lear ,Somliw..:d t: ^ept. ,, 
 Intervention of the kiiiK of tlie Belgians . Sejd. ,, 
 Confennce on sea lIslnTies «t Fishmongers' hall 
 
 i,,if„f,,| ro, i'3 Mandi, lEEE 
 
 Kcw central lisli mnrliet, Farringdon.streei,..i.eia(l 
 
 7 N"V. „ 
 
 .Mr Francis Day. the author of important vt,)\y. i.„ 
 
 Briti.sh and foreiiiii lishcs, died . .-v,!..!,, ,,:; 
 Tlic Sea Fisheries of tlii' Uniteil Kinpdom, pi...!.,;.! 
 in 1EE9: lisli ij,f7P.c<.o ewt., value s.foi.cW. ; 
 ^allle, 7,911,000./. in 1897. 
 
 The Hciyal Provident Fund for Sen Fi^'lieni.™. 
 founded 1E84, inciiiorated .... ,f,, 
 
 International deidaration lesperting the Noitli ti^ 
 tlsheries, ratilieill.y act i.assed . . -.i Ji;h, ,, 
 
 riscatorial exliil.itioii at the Roy.al Ai|yaii.;i,'i, 
 Westminster, middle Fel.. il ,«i'./. (anniiai .■sluli. 
 tions) • . lso^ 
 
 Conference on sea-lishing imlustry at t ishiiir.ii^'«rs 
 hall **• I', -^-^-t Manli, ,-r.- 
 
 A select oomiiiitti'e of thceonimonsonsea ii...lii.rin^ 
 Mr. Mali. .ril.aiiks chairman ; first nieetiii:;, j 
 May; report Isvm-d .... iriii^*. 
 
 North Sea Fish.-i ies Act I'asse.l . . , , ' 
 
 The Sea Fishery's ii'giilation (Scotliiml) l.iM i.u>m.,| 
 l.y the commons, amemlments l.y the :i.i.|,,. ,>; 
 F'eb. ; the hill dioi.j.ed, 19 Feb. 1694 ; act las-,,! 
 
 IjJiilv, i^t,- 
 
 Inteniatioiial cnnference call.d by the Nutiii:':!! 
 Sea Fisheries l'i(.ti'ctioii Ass<ieiali..ii opin,,! a\ 
 Fisliiiif.iigcrs' hall, l.on.h.n, 1 .Inly, i;c,o; aiii,v,iil 
 meeting , . ... 21 JIaicli.ito, 
 
 Fishery b..ard for Scot '..id established lESi: its ' 
 powers were ixtenilid l.y an act passed j.lnlv, 
 
 Riotous opi.ositioii to Suiida\ lishmg of th.. ..a^t 
 coast boats ; boats bi.i.nhd l.y thi' N. wlyn i,.li..r. 
 men aii.i tli.'ir cargoes thrown into ih,- m-,,, 
 .\bjiints Bay, Coinwall; trooj.s sent by U.c 
 admir.-ilty ami war oll'i-c, 19 .Ma\ ; at a'li.nss 
 mi'i'ting of W. Cornwall hslieinien the iiiattHip. 
 Ii'rr.'il to gov( ini.iei.t . . si Mav. i-rf 
 
 Tlie snccesslnl lli.wietoun hateheiy, StirlingslMiV, . 
 was fonndeil by sir .lames Gibson Maitiiiiul, ~ 
 about 1E73: he.,ieil. agid 40 . , ic, N.,v. ;;[. 
 
 Fisiir.niKs iiisinis, *;.■. The li»heriis (.'n tlip 
 North American cast w.iv si'tll.d bytnniv. 
 b.-twe.'ii (inat lliitain ami tli.' I'nit.'.l .Mutes in 
 1S18, the ].ri\i!eges ..f the '.attirext.mle.lt.' i;66 
 by treaty in 1854, an.l rem w.d f..r bn y.ar.s. 
 1871. and ingain to 1.385. "n the failure ..f 
 negociati.iiis, the rcstrieti.ns of ifis iin> 
 rcvive.l March. 18S6. A j"iiit n.m»ii...M'..ii ins 
 aiipointcl. lit. h.ii. .1. Cliamberlaiii (eliiiO, In i„ 
 
 sir Li 1 S. Wist atti'iuaids l..r.l ^a. kv:!i,., 
 
 British minister, ami sir ( harhs Tii|.in. Aji,-. 
 1887, recei\ed at Wasliingt. 11 ly N..v.. i,;. t ;, 
 Nov, ((.-.-/ '. . . , ,;(. 
 
 Tiiaty (with n wnifm rln mli till rntilaili\va> 
 sigi'ie.l at Washingt.'ii, 15 Feb. liSS ; ) as>v.| |,y 
 Canadian pailiament. 2 May ; royal assiiit, 16 
 May; I'liitcl St.at.s senat.- 1. Ills, t" valify 
 
 : 1 Auji, iJ5t 
 FLSHOT'AEB (!'< inl.roke). fill ;: Veil. i;o;. 
 
 f4(iO Frcio liiiH'U laiiiled in C'aiilij.Mii liav . (iiiii.i 
 
 24 Feb. they stirrcndered to lord ('a\Ml..v willi tiit 
 
 Castlcmartin yeoiiiiiiiry, and .some ceinitiyniHi. 
 
 aniH'd witli scythes and ]iitclif(.ik!^, nnir 'H^|[l• 
 
 guard. 
 FITZWILLTAM MUSEl'M (C.iiibiWge;. 
 
 fotnided by Kiehurd viseoniit l-il?willi:im, 1,11.1(1101 
 ill 1816, iilld betiueiitlied liis conec1i..ii i.f 1k4s. 
 pictures. &(•., to tlie university, with uo,((Pi' t. 
 erect a buildinj: to couiiiin them. Tlie Imiliiinp 
 WHS begun by G. liiisovi in 1837, and liiiishtil l.\ 
 CockeioU sonie years alter. 
 
 FIUME (mcinin;: river"!, tlie port ef tlie kitt- 
 doni of Hunpaiy, on tlie .Adriatic: a viry iimin; 
 town, built on tlie stlpj.osed site of Telfiitiili. ill- 
 1 stroyed by Clinrb niiif;!ie about -lyt. and alldmifr 
 known as Yitopolis, Civit.'i Sinicti Vili ml Ihinur 
 and tiniillv l'"iiinie. Alter beinv' flieces.-ivflyfir- 
 jected to tlie Greeks, Itoiiians, the eastenumji.ri;-, 
 and the jiope, it was tiansf'erred to tl;e lioiifi -i 
 Austlia. Ilwa.= .amuixd by the Fnmli cr!;. r. 
 the criitiiry, from wlioin i! was taken by tlii' Iiif- 
 lisli ill 1813, and (riven to Austria in 1814. hny 
 transfernd' to lluiij^aivin 1822 ; to the tic is ii. 
 1848; rcblei-ed to lliiiii-'ary in 1H8. A n* p';) 
 
 FL.\MIXEAX 
 
>f:«- 
 
 FIVE FORKS. 
 
 423 
 
 Ff-EET PRISON. 
 
 and mil«-nyHliiivp Iwen jroontly oonstiMiolpd {lH~-). 
 Visit ciC tlir cini'crni- of Aii<'ii'iii, fiitcitiiiiii'(l"liv 
 ndmiml llcp-kiiisuml tlii' lii-itislitli'pt.sjJuin. rrs,,;. 
 i8()(. 
 
 Crnt (ii-f at tlio railway statioi: ; lnvivy loss; i,, ,4 
 A\)-^. i5c4- 
 
 FIVE FORKS, near nirhmonil, Viiuinin, 
 Hcrfs.'1'miMl Sliri'idiiii tiinicil thctVi.nt nftlic Toii- 
 fi'iivratc". nud ili'lViitfii Ihcm utter :• licrci! stniirffle 
 1 A|.ri!. iW.v 
 
 FIVE IirXDRED, Coi-xrii, of. est;!- 
 lilishod liy till' new Irnirli r.in^titutinn, 22 ..\i,^r. 
 l-()-y «•:(< iiiiiiTcnionidiisly ilissolveil bv Xiij],ilc,rii 
 Buniipartt'. 10 N"V. ];:)i). 
 
 FIVE me:mbers, sop u.uUt i:,>ff/,n,>/, 4 
 
 Jan. 1(^2. 
 
 FIVE MILE ACT, ir Clius. II. ,-. 2 (O.t. 
 1(165), t(irl™li' Xipiiioiiluniiist tiTieliiT.- who rctiisej 
 to take the noii-re.sistaiiee oiith, to i-,>mi. witliiii tivo 
 milfj of any c'riionitiiMi wliere tlu'y h-.td iircaolicd 
 ^illl'etlle act of oblivion (unless tlioy wen- travel- 
 iiii'.'\ umiiT tlie jienalty of 40/. 'J'hev were relieved 
 lA Will. III. in I0,S(). 
 
 FL.^DEXIIEIM, or FLATriiEur, Sa.xonv, 
 
 Hiiv l!"cloliih ot Swahia defeated tlie einjiorijr 
 Henry IV., 27 Jan. loHo. 
 
 FL.\G. Tlie tla^' aeqiiired it3 present form in 
 tlie (ith centm-y, in Sjiain ; it was invviously sin.iU 
 and square. A-y/ic. It is said to liave been iiitro- 
 diurd there by the Saracens, before whose time 
 the ensigns of war were extended on eros-, ])ieees of 
 wood; sec Oirruciiiiii. The Imnour- ot'-lhe-flaq 
 mhilt at sea was e.xaeted by England from very 
 e.irly times ; but it was forinally yielded bv the 
 Dutch in 1(17.5. ot ^vhich period thev had' bi'cn 
 delVated in many actions. Louis XIV." oblii;cd the 
 Sraniiinlsto lower their flag to the French, i6«o. 
 Eennnlt. .Vl'ter im enijagement of three hours 
 between Tourville and the Spanish admiral Papa- 
 chin, the hitter yielded by tirin? a salute of nine 
 guns to the French tlag, 2',fmie, iO.':J8. Jileiii ; see 
 Hdliili'iit Hfii, imti I'nimi Jnck. 
 
 Tlie cmite de rliambonl ilclinitivrlv d'clined to give 
 11)1 tlie "liite Hat; lor the tricnlnr (s.m.. /■/■./lor), s Julv 
 iE7iiiii.l.7l).t. r873. * ■' 
 
 FL.\GELLA\TS, at I'erou^e, nbout I2fj8. 
 durin}!- a iiU;.'iie, they maintained there was no 
 
 n.c. It became jm. t of tlie kin;sdom of France, a.d. 
 .M5. and was governed bv cmints snbi,.( t to the 
 Inni,', ir.an .S(,2 till i jfK) the first bein- Idddwin, 
 ,:','' ''' ''■'/■• "■'"' ''^ *'i"l f" liave iiitroducd the 
 cloth manufacture. In 1204, Daidwin l.\. became 
 i'miKr..ra; Constantinople. In 1 ;(„,, l'|,ilin d„ke of 
 Uiirirumly married .Mar-aivt, the Heiress of count 
 LOUIS II. Alter this, Flanders was subjected suc- 
 cessividvto ll„rn;„„,lv ;i,5K4), Austria CI477). .iiul 
 
 .Spain (1555). Ill tsAjitdeclnndit^ 
 
 inde|iciiili iKT, 
 
 I • „ ^ ..'.'.1. T -r ,1 ,,, , »<,irn 11:1 lOOl 
 
 imt afterwards returned to its alle-iance to't he house 
 ot Austria. In \-\i, it was included in the emiiire 
 of (.la-Miany. France obtaine<l a part of Flanders 
 l>v treaty in 1(159 and i(,7.|. H,,- llmyini.li, and 
 IuIiuhiii. 
 
 Slid to 
 1803: 
 
 remission of sins without fl ij;illatii.ii, ai;;! piililiclv 
 lashed themselves. Clement VI. ik-i-lareii thiMi'i 
 hei-etiesin HI')- and()Oof them and their leader, 
 Cnnvad Siloniit. were burnt, 14 14. In i;-4' 
 Henry 111. of i ranee became a tlig-llaiit for i| 
 short time. 
 
 FL.iGEOLET, a musical instruni nf 
 hue h-en iinenled bv .Invi^nv, iiii..uf 
 J"iii)le tliiscole' patented by \\ m. liainbridni 
 iiiipruved lVj and 1819. ' ' 
 
 FLAMRE.\rX. Feast of, see A,f,o,. 
 
 FL.OIIXE.W WAY, the -rea- ron ! from 
 iiiiete Ariiiiiiimii in Umbri 1, made iiiidor the di- 
 niliiii (if ('. Flaaiiiiius. wlnn censor 111 221 n.c , 
 when he also ccistni -ted the Flamiiiiiim .i'lvus 'in" 
 :i: he was defeated an! kille.l at the bittle of the 
 Tra-ii,iene lake, when resisting the march of 
 Hamiil.al, 
 
 FLAMMOCK S REBELLIOX. see T(,hvl. 
 
 FL.\NI)ERS, the principal part of ancient 
 lielgiiiin, which was conquered by Julius Ciesar, i;i 
 
 fla>' xel, SCO iruoifn,. 
 
 FLASHING SIOXALS, see under F.,<j. 
 FLATRU'-ifi, II.vrn.E nv.fcvLotir/ hi,i,uL 
 FLATTERY, CAPE (W. co.ist of North 
 
 .\menc.i;, so named liy captain Cook, beeaiis,. at a 
 distance it liad the deceptive appearaiiee of a har- 
 bour, i77,'<. 
 
 FLAVIAN C.T;SARS, the lioman emperors 
 »esi)a.siaii, Iitus, and Duinitiaii, (^).i/). 
 
 FLAX. Tlie mannfactdre in Epvpt in vorv 
 early times -.vas carried thence to Tvre about :«!< 
 n.c, and f. (Saul about i n.c; and' thus r, ach-d 
 liritain. It was ordered to be grown in linirland, bl> 
 statute, 24 Hen. VIII. ,533, For many ages the 
 core was ~eparnted from the Hax, the bark of the 
 plant, by the hand. A mallet was next used ; but 
 the oil methods of breaking and scutching the tla.x 
 cielded to a water-mill which was invented in 
 hcotland about i;.;,) ; see llaiii>. The dutv imposed 
 on imported llax, I.S42, was repealed 184^.' In i8;i 
 f'heyalu.rClau.ssen patented a method 01 ■' cottoii- 
 ing llax. 
 
 FLAYERS, SCO JEcoir/wiir.i. 
 FLEECE, see GoMai F/tecc. 
 FLEET, see \,ii-!i of EiKjIiiiid. 
 
 w -f ^^F ^r^I«0^^ MARKET, &-e. (Loudon), 
 «eie built .,ver tile smallriver Fleta,' now used as a 
 common sewer. In ,1,,, roigi, of llenrv VII. this 
 hrid-c *'" navigable t'o llolborn- 
 
 ''':'■■'' "■'-'! ''"'■;' f"''l'l'l'a-s,. 640; and 
 ,1 Mi '■'"'"',""'■'' l""'"li" liad incurred 
 
 ..''.".T"''"""''^''!'''''^'"""'-' ""'"■"■■'■"" ■ 
 If.' the (ioidoi, riots, 7 ,),„„.. ,7.So,«i,d ,e- 
 
 dcl.t.M- lelnnvc. to t|i,. (^u.vlis llenel, |„ isiui). 
 
 llic site was sold to tlic I.0U bni, Dover, and nmt- 
 i.im railway c.,in|.aiiy Cor 6o,t-oo/. oii -..Ii,,,,. ,sy,. 
 Last Vcstl^i- ivnioved ' ' j.. I*' 
 
 Fi.KKrM.Muai, oilKiiully loriii.d i'„ ,,;,, wis re- 
 ."ov..d,aiMl the site nai,,.,! Farrii„,ln',f.'s„v..t7i, 
 
 .829. A ni'W (Farnii;; ) uiaikct was o ,,.,1 ,„ 
 
 iNiu. iu2o. IlleHl■anitcob,.l|^ki„ Flect-succt t«i 
 tlie men, uy of alderiiiaii Waithin.au was cn.|-'t,.d 
 
 F.KEi M.MiniAOKs, Ii,tw,.,.|i the ,,tli of October' 
 1704. and ,, hd,, ,705, there w,.re c jelirated 20^ 
 inarria-p in the Fl,-, t without licence or citili- 
 eateot h.auiis. 2,, or ,0 couples wcv sometimes 
 .loiiied iiM.neday, aiil their names concealed bv 
 linvatc iiMiks, if they (dioso to |,,iv an extra f,.e 
 1 -imau! -ays that in hi,>,,i,ll, he was often ael 
 COS ,.,! ";>th. ;;.;iii-. win y,,,, |,|..as,. to w,dk in ,1,1 
 "■ marraiir' I'ainted si^ois, of ,uale n.,.1 fc,u:.le 
 Jialids CMiinaiieil, with the inscription •• M ir- 
 tl'lMmilili','''''''''"'' "'•'''"'" "'"'^' <'oinnion alonj; 
 
 Tills abuse ah ilisbe I Uy the Marriage Act . . ,^5, 
 
 i86f 
 
 >83,- 
 
 *^ I is I %Ai\ 
 
 
 
FLEETS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 424 
 
 FLORENCE. 
 
 \4 
 
 h 
 
 hhf, 
 
 .'*''...< :m 
 
 n ■ i 't< 
 
 
 or 
 
 riiK W(iui.i), " i'l'"' 
 
 ItllS 
 
 FLEKT.S 
 
 2 JMiiy, l^i)S. 
 
 1898. -(iriiil l!i-il;iiii, (Si vcssi'l.'. ; l''riui('i\ i-M 
 
 240; (HTiiiiiiiv, i7i'; lt;il.v, 19,1; Aiistiiii, iijC.'); 
 
 ^'|'tll(M'l;lllll^., 113(0; L'niti'il Stiiti'H, 00: .l.iiHiii, 70; 
 
 Tuikcv, suC,' ; |i|.aiii, ji (lic-lMif llic w/ir). 
 1898. — IJiitth'sliiiis; (iri'Mt lli-itniii, 5^ ; Kniiici', 27; 
 
 Kiiasiii, 12 ; (iiTiiiauv, 17; Itiily, 15; fniti'il States, 
 
 5; .laiiaii, i; S]Biiii. 1 (ln'loiv llic »nr). AniHUin-il 
 
 I'luisi'i-s; (ileal llritaiii. i3; Kraiin', j ; Hiis>ia. 10; 
 
 (liTiiiaiiy, t; Italy, t; riiilcl .Slates, 2 ; .lapaii, i. 
 
 rmtccteil iTllisiTs ; (iivat Jlrilaili, ijj ; l''ralie.-, ^o ; 
 
 Uil.ssia, \: tiiTliialiv, 7; llal.v. 15; I'liiti'il States, 14; 
 
 .lapaii, i.<. l'ii|jriitfete'l enilseis: (ireat liritaiii, 16 ; 
 
 Fmiiee, 16; Hii-sia, ) ; (iei'iiiaii.v, 21 ; Italy, i ; L'liiteii 
 
 ISIates, I,, ; .(apin, S'. 
 
 FLEETWOOD, »«• Jl/fl/ir. 
 FLEXSBORG, N. Oiim my. iroiv the Dniies 
 
 (le(e;itt'(l the Sli'sinj,'L'i'9 niid (fi'iinaiis, () A|)ril, 1848. 
 It waa iMiJcred by the Gt'iiiiaiis, 7 l-'cb. llii)^. 
 
 FLETA. ail aiicifiit Eiijjlish law treatisi;, an 
 abriiigiiii'iit ol linicton, (luted iiljuiil [2c)0, said to 
 have been composed in F/c/ii, iii the Fb'et piison, 
 by some lawyer. 
 
 FLEUR-DE-LLS, tbe emblem of Fiance, said 
 to hiive been brought from lieaveii l)v an angel to 
 Clevis, lie Imving made a vow that if (le proved vic- 
 torious in a pending battle with the .Vlemaiini near 
 Cologne, he would einbraee Cluialiaiiity, 4c)(.i. It 
 was the natioiialemblem till the revolution in 1789, 
 when thelrieolor (white, red, and bine) was adopted. 
 The eomte de C'hambonl ile lured his adherenee to 
 the old national Ha;,', 5 Jnlv. 1871 and 27 Oit. 1873. 
 
 FLEURUS (lieigiun'i), the 
 battles. 
 
 ■ Ieil;.-llelin'ler (i' 
 st.ilil lllil"h(ilM|e 
 ck (lit'e.ite.l 1p\ 111 
 
 site uf several 
 
 iiziiles de Cor- 
 'isi\-e)3o Aiiji. 1622 
 irslial i.uxeiii- 
 
 I .July, ifigo 
 L'. di'feati'd bv 
 
 1794 
 
 S15 
 
 iletweeii tlieCatlmlii 
 
 dova.aieltli.' I'mli 
 
 Tlie prilireol Wal.le 
 
 burn 
 
 The allies under the piiiiee of loliiiii 
 
 t.lie Kieiieli revolutionary miiiy eMiiiiiiaiideil iiy 
 .lodnlaii. wlio w.is eiialiied ti> loiin a juiietioii 
 with the aniiii'S ul tlie .Moselle, the Aid. 'lilies, mid 
 till' north. (Till' Kieiieh used a IbiIIooii to re.'oii. 
 noitre tlie enemy's aiiiiy, Mliieli, it is said, eoiitri- 
 tillted to their sileeess)' 2() .Illlie, 
 
 Here Napoleon ileleated Hlueher at the liattle of 
 
 Li^ny (i/'/o'eA s'li) i().June, 
 
 FLIES. An extraordinary fall of tliese insect-s 
 in London covered the ehdhes of ]i;isseni;er.s, 1707. 
 Clinmbeildin. In the United Stales of America the 
 Hesninn fti/. so called from tin notion of its havinj; 
 been brouglit there by the Hessian troops in the 
 service of Eni;laiid iii the War of Independence, 
 ravaged the wheat in 1777. Defore and during the 
 severe attack of cholera at Xewcastle in Sept. 1855, 
 the air was infested with small Hies. 
 FLINTS, see M,n>. 
 
 FLOATING BATTERIES, see Bathrws, 
 and Gihi-iiltur, 1781. 
 
 FLOATING DOCKS, see Ihrkn. 
 FLODDEN FIELD (Northumberland). Tlie 
 site of u battle on 9 Sept. I,SM, betwciii the En^Iisli 
 and Scots ; in consctjuenceof Juiiick IV. of Scotlun 
 having taken part with Louis Xll. of France against 
 Henry VUI. of England. James, many of his 
 nobles, and uiiwurds of iu,0()0 of hi.s army, were 
 slain ; while the English, who were commanded by 
 the earl of Surrey, lost only jicrsons of small note. 
 
 FLOGGING by the Jewish law was limited to 
 forty stripes, "lest thy brothel should seem vile 
 unto thee," 1451 11. c. {i)e\il. x.w. ^), Win. C'obbett 
 in 1810, and John Driikard in 1811. were punished 
 for publishing severe censures on Hogging in the 
 army. Flogging was iniuhi a punishment for at- 
 tcinpte at gurrotting in 1863; uud for juvenile 
 
 criminals, 1847 und |85(): for biir^jlais laiivii^j 
 revolvers proposed; the bill etiuctiug it «a<\iii,|^ 
 druwn 2 Aug. 1889. 
 Flogging ill the ariiiv iiiiieh cliiiiinishe.l liv ni'l. r, 
 
 .\„v. ,:;., 
 First-class scilnell not to lie tloKged, cNeept Mitel „ 
 
 tiial, llec, 1859 ; more iliiiiinished .MmU'M, 
 
 Hy .'III aiiieiidini'iit on the I'laiise iii the iiiiitinv liill' '' 
 
 llogrting abolished in the ai'iiiy in liini' of p.-;,,-,. 
 
 ■M'lil. \'-< i 
 New regulations for the navy issued . i-, liee, ^\,. 
 Proposed tot.il aliolitioii negatived in e..iiiiii.i||j '' 
 
 (i2o-6<3), 20 June, 1876 ; (164-122), 10 Ainil, iS^j ; 
 
 (2.10-36) . . . . . . '/u Miiv,' i->, 
 
 Ity the Army DIselipline Act (\% k 41 Viet. e. (,), 
 
 Hogging reduced, and may lie coniniiiteil liy in,. 
 
 prisonini'iit 
 
 Total aliolitiniiofll.iggingby .Vriiiy Uiseipline Art 
 
 ■Mini, iSj, 
 
 .Substitutes for Ho;..;;ilii,' Jiandi'lllllli;;, ie.) ;ia. 
 
 llolineed I|,.i. 
 
 31 soldiers Hogged . i36; I 41 soldiers llog;;i.,l , /j.j 
 61 sailors ,, , ,, | 8 sailors ,, , '' 
 
 Flongiiig iiitlicted for eases of I'olihery with ,i,). 
 
 leiice, 65 cases in 1^94 ; 75 in 1895. 
 
 FLOCJDS, see liiKKilations. 
 
 FLORAL HALL, adjoining Covent-gardeii 
 (heatre, is a large eonservutory, 22(i feet loii^', ;: 
 feet wide, und 55 feet high, designed hy .Mr, |-;'')i, 
 Barry, und was opened with the volunteers' hall, '■ 
 March, l8(xl. It was used as a Hower-market, ':'-> 
 May-Aug. |8(,|. Here was held the \Ve>t LjihiTi 
 industrial exhibition, I May to 2 Aug, iNj^, 
 
 FLORALIA, annual games ut Koine in honour 
 of Flora, early instituted but not celdiratwl «i!h 
 regularity tiirabont 174 n,C, 
 
 FLORENCE {Fh,c>,tia), capital of Tuseaiiv 
 {w/iif/i sec), and from 1864 to 1871, of Italy, is siiii 
 to have been founded by the soldiers ut .Sylla -^.Vij 
 B.C.), and enlarged by "the Uomaii triumviri. In 
 its palaces, universities, academies, eliurelies, .mj 
 libraries, are to be fouinl the rarest works of seulp. 
 ture und painting in tlic world. Tlie Fl'ireiitiiie 
 academy and Actnktnia della Viiimu (cstaliU>lii'(i 
 1582) were instituted to enrich literature ami im- 
 prove the language of Tuscany : the latter was so 
 named, because it rejects like hnu, all wmiis ii.it 
 ))urely Tuscan : both are now united uinlir tli'; 
 former name. Population, 1890, 191.453. 
 llestroy.'d liy Totila .... alieiit :,, 
 
 Iteliiiil't liy (.'liarleiiiat;iie .... iiheiit i,., 
 
 Ueeolnes all indepeinlellt I'epnlilie . . alidllt ii.i 
 
 Wars of the (liiel]ilis and tiliiliel!iiies 1215. 1..,, 
 
 li.iiite lioi'ii hi'ie .uMay, i2''j 
 
 .h/i or uliildh estalilisheil . . . . . '. 1260 
 
 Factions of the liianehi and Neri i;.>i 
 
 (ireat plague, the Dlaek Death i^,; 
 
 The illtllll'liee of the .Mediei lie;(ilis Willi C'osillii .le' 
 
 Medici, " the father of his coiuitiy" . alimit 1420 
 Heath o( [..iienzo de' .Medici . 8 April, I4y2 
 
 Kepnlilic proclaimed, 1491 ; Niceolo .Macliiavelli, 
 
 chief .secietiiry, 1498 till the fall , . . .151: 
 .Savonarohi strangled and liuriit . 23 May, 14,: 
 
 .\ppoiiitnieiit of Alexander ile' .Medici as pel iietiiai 
 
 ■,'o\eiiior 1530 
 
 Cosiiio de' .Mediei ei'eateil graiid-diikc of Tiiseaiiy; 
 
 makes Florence his eapital : see Tiino'inf . . ly') 
 lU'Volutiou at Floii'iiee .... 27 A|iril, lijy 
 -Viinexatioii to Sanliiiia voted by peoiile, 11, 12 
 
 .Mareli ; the kill'.- enters Floreiiei' . . 7 .\|iril, I:'^^) 
 
 he kiiiH opens Hie exhibition of the iiidustrial 
 
 products of [talv 13 .S'l't, iS'j 
 
 Floreiiie decreed the capital of Italy till tlie aeiiiii- 
 
 sitioii of Home 11 Hei' iS'i 
 
 The kiiiK and i-oiul r.'inove tlieie 1 ; May. 1;'; 
 
 The Dante festiv.il (the f.wtli aiini'.eis.iry uf liis 
 
 liirtll) opened li\ lie- killn . l4.Ma,\. ,. 
 
 Inauguration of a national rille-iiicctiiig ; tin' kin;; 
 
 liles the lirst sln.t . . . . iS Juiii'. ,. 
 
 First asseinlily 'd ll.il.an pailiaineiit In-re 18 .Vev. ,, 
 The govirmncnt k moves to lioiiic as capital of Italy 
 
 July, 1871 
 
 kS;; and bv IJavis, 
 
 * U.J,, 
 
7 April, i;to 
 
 l"Iustli;ll 
 
 .5Stt. 'i'' 
 
 n' ;n'i|Ui- 
 
 11 llrr i:f4 
 
 i-M;iv, i:-; 
 
 ■\ "f iih 
 
 U-M-*. .. 
 
 till' kiii„' 
 
 18 Juiir, „ 
 
 i3 X"V, „ 
 
 l.illl^ilv 
 
 July, i5;i 
 
 FLORE8. 
 
 42.) 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 i.iimti 
 ij .Si'i't. 
 
 IIKITMW,! ; 
 18 .\(IV. 
 
 ilf". ij.)4 ; ili'.lj. 
 I ; w;isi(irii|ilii,.,i 
 
 Willi 
 V.'IV.I 
 
 Mmv, 
 
 .875 
 1873 
 
 133; 
 
 1394 
 ■ 395 
 1856 
 
 h\m1h I'fntHiuuT nf Miclii'l .\iii,ri.|,, Hi,,, 
 ki'i't , , 
 
 Tiiivlilirflit jimi'cssiiiii ; slii'li Hirnwii ,1111 
 Skillnl 
 
 Tlif hiirk .luiurio, licjtiiii by An 
 ,.,l,.| livimpi' Kii>!(Miiiis IV., 14 i 
 l.v llimiiili'si-lii, 1447 ; till' liii;,uli' \\\i^ ,,,is 
 iiiiiihl,. I.y III.' 11,'iliiiii Kcivi'iiiiiii'iit ;iiii| nil 
 ill |ii'i'<.'ii('(' III' till' kill- 
 
 .ll!,i'ir.'ll"Vlltinlisnr l.llhli,' l,ui|,|ii,...s |.,iMi|.,l 1,11 1883 
 
 Visit III' l^ihM'iiVictDiii . , J4 .M.iii'h-ii April, mi 
 Cilii's'n.iii st.itiii' III kiii^ Vii'tur Kiiiiniiiiiii'l i;n- 
 
 vrili'^l 20 Si'pt.iSo) 
 
 Visit "f HiwBii Victiiriii, 2| Miii'i'li— ..6 A|iril, 189c 
 
 1) )l,in'li— 16 Apnl, 1894; visit uf tin' kin;; hihI' 
 
 i|iR'Hii 'jI' Italy lu April, 
 
 ■l'ii,.|ialiuiial iiJiisi'iini iiii'l dIIht Ijiiil.liiins ^i-i'iilly 
 
 (laiiiii.-.'il hy iiM ciiitli.pi.ikM . . . ,3 .M„y^ 
 fineurl.s .'Sliibitiuu opun.'il liy tlic kin;; un.i ipi,.,'Mi 
 
 19 l>i'i'. 
 fifth centiMmryoCAmei'li^ij Vn-spiicciiiiiil I'lmlnTcis. 
 raii.'lll, who visiti'il Aiiiiniea in 14^3, i'i'li'l.i',iti.,|, 
 ,7.\|.iil, '(»''7 ; iSgS 
 
 FLORES, or hU' of Flowoi-s (oik. of tlio Azores, 
 vliirhsn), ilisrnvrri'il liy ViMii|i.i-li,.|g- in 1,^31) ; ami 
 ei'ltli'il liy the I'ortngiii'se in 144)^, 
 
 FLORIDA, a pi'iiiiisiilii, one of the soutlieni 
 f'lili's 111 North. Viiierieii, tii.-'tili.'scoveredhy tSi'lmwtiiin 
 Ciliiit in 149;. It wii.s visiteil liy.luiiii" l>oiin. ,1,. 
 Li.iii, the .Sjiaiiish iiiivijiutor, April 4, 1512, in a 
 voyiigt' he hiiil tiii(h'rt;il;i 11 to liisiover u' fountain 
 ivli')*' wiiters hiiil till' proport; of lostoriritf yoiitli to 
 till' a:i'il who ta.iteil them I l''l"i-i(hi wn.s eo'niiiieri'ii 
 bv thi' Spuniardrt iiinler Ferdiiininl ili. Soto in 1 1; 31) ; 
 tiiit tlie settlement was not fiiliy established iintil 
 151.3. It was iihmdered l)y sir' l-'raiiris iJrake in 
 15S5; and by Davis, a buccaneer, in iWjj. It was 
 iiivuiiod by the British in i;u2; and a;;ain by gen. 
 Oi;lcthorpe ill 1 740; ceded to tlie liritisli cr.iwn in 
 i;(.j; taken liy the Spaniards in 1781 ; and giiaraii- 
 t.i'd to them ill 1785. Cajiital, Tallahassee. Toou- 
 l.itiuii in 18S0, 26i),4<>3 : l*J0 --- - 
 Tli.-.lii)t.rii'aiispiiri'liiisi' I 
 
 amloliiini West KLuiila 
 Til'' SiiaiiiiirJs (•oiiilielU-d to cede all l''l..rida to tlie 
 
 liiiteil States 2 . (j|.t 
 
 Fl'iri'laailniittcd asa state . . . , \ 
 ^/.-.l.'il fmiii the Union, "Dec. i36o ; rcadin'lttod 
 
 (so. Ullilnl Stfiirs) 
 
 A-lii|.r:inal |iiii|.osi'il; i'oni|.aiiv .irwiiiiz '.I .Mav 
 
 Ail-r I'.iig iii;;lert, tilis lii'Miitiliil .iiiil Icriil,' wii- 
 
 'i'liii'ss warmly taken up liy liritisli and Aiiicri. 
 
 raiicaiiitalists 1835.4 
 
 V.ll'.w fever prevailed here, antuinn of .' .' ,833 
 
 Il..|niiiii!i of lire-hislorie villages, pottery, ie.. .lis. 
 (■iiverwl on the east coast ; reported by L)r lie 
 
 *^i" »'•■'''' .May, 1S94 
 
 FLORIX, n coin first made bv the Florentines. 
 .\rf"'-i'" was issued by Kdward lit. which was cur- 
 vi'iit in Kiigland at the value of (w. in 1557. Cum- 
 (/'«. This£ni;lish coin was called lloio'h after the 
 Flnrcntine coin, because the latter « as of the be.st 
 jolil. Ashe. The florin of (iernianv is in value 
 :>. 4(f. ; that of Spain, 4.*. 4^^/. ; that of I'alerino 
 ami Sicily, 2,v. ()rf. ; that of HoUaml, 2s. Ai//ifi' 
 Silver florins (value 2.s'.) were issued in EiiKlaiid in 
 1S49. 
 
 H.'ittli' 
 
 if Flowers," siw f'tiruinil. 
 
 ij.e 
 
 iiiiisiana IVointhe French 
 
 i3oi i 
 
 1 3 JO I 
 1845 I 
 
 1S65 I 
 1883 
 
 Hnriii'tt-lJoulu aiiU otUirs 
 •\c,icia, N. Aiiiciiiia, liuf.o,- 
 Allspi,-,. sliiiili, CaiiJiiia . 
 .Miisi'i'.l tiv,., Flo-iihi, all,, lit 
 -\ili..r \ila, (.',1111, la, lii.finv 
 
 .Vii'lopiLs, (.111 rciiiij 11 
 
 Auricula, .Swilzi'ilmul 
 
 Azaiolc, s, Klin, pi., li,.r,,ii. 
 Hay. H.iyiJ, .Maileira . 
 
 Hay. swi'.'t, Italv, before , 
 
 Camellia, Cliiiia 
 
 Canary W.ll-llow.'r. Oiitiries ' , 
 
 Canary Convolvulus, Canaries 
 
 Carnati-ui, FLolIits . 
 
 Ccaiiotlius, liluf, .\,.,«- ,,spaiii 
 
 Chast,. tree, sii.ilv, l„.|i;r,. 
 
 Christ's tli.irii, .Vl'rici, li,-f.iiu 
 
 • .'lirysantlicniiiins, C'liiua 
 
 t.'oiivolvniiis, many llowcrcl " . 
 
 (...ral true, (,'apc 
 
 Coral tree. lN.|l.||oH-(.ri.d, Capu ' . 
 
 •-'•.ral trci', trcniuloiis. Cape 
 
 Creeper, Viixinian, \. Ann-rica . 
 
 Dahlia, (.'liin.i 
 
 Dryan.lria, .\,w Ili.llan.l 
 
 KvciKrcen Tlcrn, llalv . 
 
 Kvi'i'lastiii',', Kiaiilll.nv.'i'ed, Cape 
 
 Kverlastin-, -iant, Caiu- , 
 
 Fcrnliiish, sweet, \. America 
 
 Fi.x-;;|i.vi', Canaries . 
 
 Finlisia ful-ens, Mcxic.i, ali..iit' 
 
 C. '110011111, Flan.lers 
 
 Cillvl|.,wer, Klan.lers . ' ' ' 
 
 li.'ld plant, ,lapali 
 
 (;i.l.|cii.l...|l.tl,nvi.r, M,i.l,-ir,i , ' . ' 
 
 ll.iwtleirii, Anierii'aii, lid'ore . 
 
 Ili'.itlis, Cap,' 
 
 lli.iicyl|..wcr, Krcit, Cape, ' . 
 
 Honeysuckle, Chinese, China 
 
 lloney.sinklc, tly. Cape 
 
 HoncyMiclile, tiumpet, X.'Aiiierica' 
 
 Hyssop, ..s. Eur,,,,,,, |„.f,,re 
 .Jasmine, Circassia, hefore 
 .lasmine, Cataloiii.i, East In.'lies 
 .Iiidas tree, S. Europe, helnre 
 
 LalMirniim, l!iin;;ary 
 
 Laurel, Ali'Xaiidriaii, PortiiK'al, bufoi' 
 
 Laurnsfiii,-, s. Ei'vo|ie, lu'lorc . 
 
 Lavciid.'r, S. Europe, hef.uu 
 
 IJIy, Italy, hcfurc 
 
 Lily, KiKiiiitic, .\. Houth Wales ' . 
 
 Uly, re.l col.iuied, 8. America . 
 
 L.il.l.illy liay, N. America, before 
 
 l.upiue tree, C,ip,', alii.iit 
 
 ^l.'l^'ll..lia(sce ,l/.../<i.'/»i). \. .V.iierica 
 
 .Marimba, .Iwarf, China 
 
 Ma^iiiilia, laiiicl leaved, X. .Vinerica' 
 
 .Maidcii-liair, .lapau . 
 
 .MiKiioiiette, Italy . .'.'.' 
 
 Milk-w.iii, ^-iant'.il.overeil. Cape 
 
 Milk-wi.it, sliiiwy. Cape 
 
 .Mock olali;;e, S. Elllop,', lirl'me 
 
 .Mountain tea, N. .Viii.'rica, licfore 
 
 Myrtle, landlelierrv, X, .Viiierica 
 
 .Myrtle, woolly. h'avcd, China 
 
 Xctth' tie,.. N. Europe, hef.ire , 
 
 Dleaud.'r, reil, .S. Europe 
 
 Olive, Cajie, Cape ■ . . . 
 
 Olive, swect-sc'iit.'il, China . ' . 
 
 I'araKUay tea, Camlina, before . 
 
 I'.ission-Hower, Brazil . 
 
 Passion-flower, oran;,'e, Caroliu 
 
 Petunia, S. .\iii,'rica 
 
 foniieil by 
 
 FLOA^ ER.S. Many of our present eoininon 
 'il'wers were introduced into Knjfland from the i Pigeon iicrrv, X. America 
 i.i:;ii of Henry VII, to that of KUzuheth ([48?- '< P'nk, from Italy . 
 i'<i3). The art of preservin;; flowers in sand w'as 
 •iiM'Ovcrod m 1035, -^ """'« "*' pi'i'serving them 
 fr..iii the effects of frost in winter, and hastening 
 •''•'irvcgft.itinn in summer, was invented in America. 
 
 by Geo. Morris, in 171 
 liive been introduced fr 
 
 )2. A. 
 
 Haniineiihis, Alps 
 
 Hoses, Xeflierlauds 
 
 Kosc, China, China . , " . 
 
 liose, damask, 8. Europe, about 
 
 tli.'.Ii 
 
 oni A 
 
 ry great number ] 'b'se, the moss, U't'or 
 
 ineriia, .Vustralia, the ""■"'• ""' "'""l^. Italy 
 
 .\\)e. Sec, during the present century. Many of !!'"*''■ *'"' ''''"^•■nee, Flaml'er 
 -K' Jutes in the following list, given 'in botaiiicnl I!'!";' r."',"'.''-,:*''.""."' ^'"'■'•l''-; 
 works, are doubU'ul. 
 
 eet-sci iite.l -uel.ler, from China 
 
 till,.', r 
 
 11.111 .lava all.l C'vl.i 
 
 Hose without lliorns, X, An 
 
 lerica, before 
 
 baroness 
 
 iiiitumii i33o 
 
 . 1640 
 
 . 1726 
 
 . . 1766 
 
 . 1596 
 
 • • "774 
 
 • 1567 
 , . 1640 
 
 , 16(13 
 
 . 1348 
 
 . , 1811 
 . 1696 
 
 . . 11390 
 
 • 1567 
 . . i8i3 
 
 • >57o 
 . . 159') 
 
 1763 or 17.(0 
 
 • • 1779 
 . i8i6 
 
 . . 1791 
 . 1789 
 
 . . ltJ2t) 
 . 1803 
 
 . 1629 
 . . I781 
 
 • <793 
 . . 1714 
 
 . 1698 
 
 . . . 1835 
 
 ■ >534 
 . . 1567 
 
 • • «783 
 
 • • '777 
 . 1683 
 
 1774-1803 
 
 . 1688 
 
 . . i3o6 
 
 ■ ■7.'i2 
 . . 1636 
 
 . 1548 
 
 . . 1543 
 
 . 1639 
 
 . . 15.;6 
 
 ■ • 1576 
 
 • ■ 1713 
 . 1396 
 
 . . 156S 
 
 . 1 460 
 
 . , l3oo 
 
 • 1623 
 
 • • «739 
 
 • '793 
 . . 1688 
 
 . 1786 
 
 • ■ '734 
 
 ■ 1714 
 . . I,,28 
 
 ■ '713 
 . . 1814 
 
 ■ '59'' 
 
 • ■ 1758 
 . . 1609 
 
 • ■ '77b 
 . 1596 
 
 ■ '730 
 ' ■ '77' 
 
 ■ 1724 
 . . 1692 
 
 • I79-.2 
 
 . . .8..3 
 
 ■ '73''' 
 
 • ■ '367 
 . 1328 
 
 ■ . 1523 
 . 1789 
 
 • ■ '543 
 
 ■ '793 
 
 • • 1724 
 . 1522 
 
 ■ • '3fi7 
 . 1821 
 . 1629 
 . 1726 
 
 1 
 
 iiS'iMB 
 
 
 ■ J"'T!l'^Hi 
 
 
 ^^ 
 

 FLTTOKEHCENCE. 
 
 42(1 
 
 FOG. 
 
 
 
 lit ^;^'^: 
 
 1^- 
 
 'uiOaJAh..,^, 
 
 I* 
 
 llMKciMiiiy, S, l'!iirii|ii- 
 
 SiK''. Alii'Mii, Ciipc . . . . 
 
 Nij,'!', .Mixi'iiii. MiAii 
 
 HI. lVtiT» «"ll, N. Anirliril , , 
 
 MdHHafi'.'ts, N. AiiiMricu. Im-Imtc , • 
 Havlii, S. Kimipi'. ln'turc , , 
 
 Niinwilnip. lii-'iiiii.'i .... 
 hiiiTcl-tnM', N. Aiii' iii'ii, tirriirc . 
 
 hWl'l't-lPMV, («. (if I.Ul'illl'. iMlcrlf 
 
 Taiiiiiiisk I'liiiit, tiiMiiiiiiy 
 Ten tri'i', (■liiiiii, aliuiit 
 
 T""lli :iiIm- ti , finiii Ciiii'liiiii, lulurc 
 
 Tninii'i't llc'Wi" , N. AnuTicii 
 Tniiiiinl-tliiwi I Cai'c . , . . 
 
 Tulip. Vli'iiiL.'i 
 
 Vrrlicmi, N AiiiiTii'n . • • . 
 
 Vlctiiliu Hl'^'lll, (iuiilll:! 
 
 Virniiiiiiii rri'f|iiT, N. Anil ri'a 
 Viixiii*-'* lii'Wcr, .lapiiii . . • 
 Wax-trii', ('liiii.i 
 
 WiTpill;; WillnW, I.cV allt, lutiUC 
 
 WiiitiT-lifirv, Virpiiia . . . . 
 Vuulan, China 
 
 the 
 
 . . 1711 
 
 • '7-4 
 
 • . 17IO 
 . KiC.i 
 
 . . 1584 
 
 • '75t 
 . . 17.V- 
 
 ■ 1548 
 
 . . IS'" 
 
 . 17(18 
 . .171') 
 
 . ifH" 
 
 . . If'^ 
 
 • 157S 
 . . lK.'7 
 
 . l8lS 
 
 . . if.JO 
 
 • >77<' 
 
 • • ■7y4 
 
 . l(i<^3 
 
 . . i7tf. 
 
 • i7*y 
 
 iiivisilile 
 siifitniiii 
 
 FLl'OKESCEXCE. Wlim 
 
 rlifinual rax> ol tlio liliii' end nl tlii' 
 nro sent tliVmitfli uiaiiiiiiii ^V.\»* cr siiliiliini'i of 
 quiniiii', linrsi-clic«tinil Imrk, nr straiiioiiiiiiii datum, 
 thpy lici'diiio liiniiinnH. Tliis ]iliiiiniiiciioii was 
 termed " Munreseetnc" liv its disrnvcrer. ]ir"l'issiir 
 Stiikes, in lS^2. ]!y means nt tliinreM cme Dis. 
 Hence Jeiies uiiil Diijiru dcteeteil llie in-eseneu ol 
 quindidine in iinimiil tissues; sec ('<iton,ict}:Ci. 
 
 FLI'OIiIXE. a pasennsplenienf, ohtiiinfd from 
 fluorsiiar; lir^l eollcited mer nu rniry liy riiisiley. 
 Its prnjiertv "f eorrodin^' all vessels is s . };ri'at tliat 
 it is se|iarate(l with jrreat dittienlty. It was named 
 liv Anijiero in iKlo. Its elieiineal history was 
 further elucidated liy llavy (i8ik»\ lierzelius ( i,V24), 
 and sueeeedinij; ehe'inists.' The inrredinj: jin inrty 
 of riuiirie aeid was eniiil'.yed in the arts in 17011, iiy 
 Sehwankhard nl Nuremlierg. Ouic/iii. 
 Fliiiirine liiiiielii'l I'V M. Mi.issan ni:i1 I rof. T)ewnr 
 III aliniit ;•.(.!. Mav ii.-"i. iSiy?; iiaper reail at 
 J'aris =1 <iet. ifo? 
 
 FLUSinXG, n seaport oMhe Netherlands, on 
 tile isle of Waliheren. For the siefje, see ll'ii/- 
 cJuiTii Kr/)i<litii'ii. It was fortilied liy Napoleon I., 
 but the works were finally dismantled'in l.Sd;. The 
 port inijiroved, and new doek ojiened hv the kin}r 
 of Holland, 8 Sept. 1873. 
 
 FLUTE. The transverse flute, ineorreetly 
 termed the " German " instead of the Swiss tliite, 
 was known to the amients. It was described by 
 Michael I'retorius, of WolUnlaittel, in l(i20, and l.y 
 Merseniie of Paris, in 1(1.5(1. It was much improved 
 by the French in the '17th century, hy Uuantz, 
 Tacet, Florio, Potter, Miller, Nicholson, and others 
 in the l.Stli. In the ]ire,seut century al.-o the Nichol- 
 sons, Boelini of Munich, Godfrey 'of Paris, Carter, 
 Kockstro, and Iludall and Kose of London, have 
 greatly contrilnited to the ]ierfection of this instru- 
 ment. See F/(i;/(v!(t. 
 
 FLUXIONS, a hranch of the higher nintlie- 
 niaties, invented by Newton, 1(1(15. similar to the 
 dift'erential calcuhis described by' I.eilmit/, 1(184. 
 A fierce controversy ensued as to the jiriority of the 
 discovery. The fiiiest apidicatious of the calculus 
 are by N'ewtoii, E\iler, La Grange, and La_ Place. 
 The tirsi elementary work on Huxions in Kngland 
 is a tract of twenty-two jiages in A Aiir Hlmrt 
 Trr-rihv vf Al'Jibra; ti-'jifhrr r-.t!. a A>.,-.-^,-; .-,/7_/,' 
 Natto-e and Algorithm of Fliixiom, by John Harris, 
 M.A. London, 1702. 
 
 FLYING, AUTIFTOIAL. In Greek mythology, 
 Diedulus is said to have attached wings of wax to 
 
 the body of liis son Icarus, who, iic^Iciiiil; ;|,, 
 advice of his latlier, tiew so hi-li thit tin- . ,, 
 melted his win;;-*, and he fidl iiiln tlie l.,ir;,in J;i 
 Archytas is said 10 liave made a IImiih il"\i,iil„m 
 4110 ii.c. F'riar Itacon niiiinlaine'il tlie p'lis'iiliiv 
 of the art of flying, and pri di^ ted it Weunl i„. : 
 general practice, 1273. liistiop Wilkin* .avs ;io;V' 
 It will yet be as usual to hear a m.in call |„v ),j^ 
 H'(((//'i when he is going on a joiivuey, as it i» inm- 
 to hear him call for his i.nutu ; ll.ircUl ^almut k,-,, 
 showed the futility of these «pe, iil.itii.n.. _^||'j|' 
 iXt-K) sir George I'ayley e.xperiiucnti d 011 tin' s,,],, 
 jeet, and in 1843 Sir.' Heiisou invciittii a tlviiij 
 machine; but ii"'liiiig has been devim ,1 ,;|i,;,i;|j. ^^^ 
 Serving a pracli. i\ [luriiose. 1 he nn.ti.in i.f l,i|-||j 
 in relatiiiii to aemiiautics w.i- niieh di^.m*,.,] ),^ 
 scieutilic men in 18(17-8. At a nieetin.' ..| tla 
 Aeronautical society, 2(1 Man b, 1S11.S. it w;,, ,^^.^,f^ 
 that a member had m tuall} . liy hi- iiiu>culiiv l,.r(e 
 aided by ii]iparatu-. risen irnm the griMiiul iim' 
 down Inni/ontally. Dr. .laiiics l'etti:;rew paMisliin 
 his elaliorate researches on ttviUL', i.S(i-.-|, j[ 
 Von Groof. a lielgimi. "the llyiiiii-iiiaii,'' ilwiiuli.ij 
 froir a balloon by mean- of a paiin laitc rcvni.l.lini, 
 wings, in 1874: Init was killed liy fillin.' ihri.ui'h 
 failure of hisapjiaratusat t'hclsca.'i) .liilv. 
 Ml. SiiiniiiiiiiU' llyii,;;.niacliine (cniuliining "m, niiilinU, 
 
 iiml kit, ). at ( liatliaiii, canieil siiml Ln-s iil,,,,,. , -, 
 
 feet ln^;ll in.l tell, 15 Dee. 1S7J. * 
 
 Mr. H. ( . I.inlicl,! trie.l liis steam flying' mailiii,,. , 
 
 railway nc.lf West htaytoll, 29 Aug. k:; 
 Mr. H'M'alio I'liiliijis' aennl niaeliiiie, wiMfliia^' -;, 
 
 t" lic su-tainccl ill its course liy Ualia'fil cl,; 
 
 tric'l at Harrow. .May. 1S93. 
 A tlyiiii; iiiacliine coiistraele.1 hy Mr. Miixim. t: i-l at 
 
 itc^ley. Ki'iit. It is repcirteil 1,. Inue cmiiv..\,.,', i .|ii. 
 
 sell and two men with water and fuel u ili»iainv\,' 
 
 iihoiit SM a., ,u .Inly. 1694 ; annthertri.il. 5 Jn|v, ,.,;,' 
 .Mr. Maxim, at the sneiety of art-, de^eriht•c| li!> '..'sn^ " 
 
 IllclltS. rS Xn\". I?(>4. 
 
 Heir (itto I.ilienthals experiments witli liis rca- 
 idiiiie, fairly suceesstnl, are ilesciilieil 1.; 
 " Nature," io ,liui. ifq6 ; be was killed hy a tali 
 wliile expcnnieiiting al Hhiimw . .'q Auc 
 
 Kxperinients hy prof. I.Hngleyaiid otlieis. ifpurtiil 
 " .Kroimiitieal Annual, 1806." 
 
 Flying niaeliines, *e., rxhihited at tlie miitiiic nf 
 'lie .Kninaiiticai Society . . . 16 1)..,, ,:(,. 
 
 FLY SHl'.ETS, see under llWii/am. 
 
 FO. I'.F.I.IOK i\ ( IF, the form of Buddhism (i(7,iV.», 
 sci) existing in China. 
 
 FOG. In l8fi2 much r tention was paid to the 
 sutiject of fog signals by the lioyiil CHniini*»iiii! . n 
 Lighthouses, Arc. The use of bells, sle.iiii.truiiipit-, 
 a battery of whistles blown by steain, tlh tniiis- 
 mission of sound through waler, the sin 11, ,yf., 
 were considered. A fog horn blown liv steam i> in 
 use at Dungeness lighthouse (i8(k)). t'l'vlir. Tvii- 
 dall's ex]ienments, see -ieoMidcv. 
 
 Ciaitimied fogginess in l,iindiai, Nov. if7g, to hh. iSEc. 
 
 I'aiiseil much iiinitality ; very hii.l on .'5 lit-.-. 1;.^. 
 Fatal logs, Dec. lEii, ,Iaii. Kti:.I,in. i8i;S, gViOTr,! 
 
 ovi'rtlic Hritisli Isles and N". W. Eurupc. 
 Mr. I)e c'ladova's fog sigu.ils aiinniinceil, Mardi, lE-j. 
 Prof. Holmes' siren I..- Iinrn tried in tlie Ziiy.|i-r Zr., 
 
 repi'lted snci'essflll. Se]it. 1683. 
 
 t'apt. Barker's marine salety signal cfnle for Tmrcli.'iiit 
 vi'.ssels ; lie indicates ilireeticins fnrsailiiighy CMinliiii;.. 
 tioiiB of short and hmg hlasts'ifa f"glii«ni,iB7g~ iJc<. 
 Impriiveil (nn signalling hy sound set up ut Ail.'a 
 ; Cniig, incnitli of ilie Clyde. , . i7.Iiily, i826 
 ' Adiii. Coliiij lis systems of signalling hy Hasliiiii; 
 liylits at oi>;lit, or hy spurts of soimil in fogs, nl- 
 I vented i8s8 <•/ .««;., adopted 1868 ; these .ire euii- 
 ; sideretl liiglily valiiuhle Cor niano-iivring squail- 
 1 rons of ships, and also ftir the army . . . 1E50 
 1 I.nrd .Middlet, Ill's applicati.in in the limi.se of lonls 
 for the aiiiiointnieiit of a royal C"iiiiiiissioii r*- 
 i Hiiectlng London fogs iiegativc'l , . ij Fub. it;; 
 
 "II llie 
 
 illis.. 
 
 S|iw,- 
 
 U9( 
 
 F0LK5IOTE, 
 
 Peart' Utivccn France, 
 Tri'aty In IweeJi (ieinia 
 Tmity Utwnii Nil poll 
 Tlip il'dTd- iif Fniitaini 
 Uiitisli ini'i'iliiindise 
 Oniiiinlat hetweeii N; 
 
 FOXTEXATLI 
 
 a villai;c in lliirgu 
 Italil and Louis the 
 liMllier the emiierii 
 'ilii.iTictery, termed 
 dumltotlic fiirmatii 
 
 FONTHILL AB 
 
 Is*. S 
 
 "F.'i 
 
FOIX. 
 
 FOKEKiX ENLISTMENT ACT. 
 
 If 9= 
 
 If 97 
 
 (if Fniiicf, iinitrd 
 
 l.illlf f"« In l."llilnli, willtiT, ifijr-?, cxoc'lit nt 
 I lir'sliniiH ; Very Imil lln'ii tliioiinliinit Kiiuliinil 
 
 CiN.'riil t"H iTi til riiilHil KiiiKili'iii . i,,-i/ Nov. 
 
 Hciii,'irliiiM''"li»('h. . "I'tii^' in LniKlnn . «ii,liT, li 
 
 Mr. K. II. lliTiy's Miitniniitii' iiiiiiiiu' fn;. Hi;.'iiMl tncil 
 on till' liinirni hi till' cliickM, 15 July, \i.:,^; n\[ 
 liijpriivi'il fonii r.vhltiitccl . . '. sidr. 
 
 Iinisf fog, Lmiil'iM, 8. Kiigliiml, ami clianiii'l 
 
 18 liir. ,, 
 
 FOIX (S. Fnmoc), n coiinlv istiilili.^lud losn, 
 and iinitfd with nenni, I2(/). .\l, mt 141^ ratliiriiif 
 (i(. Ki'ix, till' liiin-^, iiiarniil ,li ;in (rAllnvt, wlnmc 
 desfi'iiilii'it. Ilriiry 1\'., »» kin 
 Foix til tin' liiniiiilrliy, l^H(j. 
 
 FOLK LrHJE. a frmiTiil uaiiic ({ivcn li\ Mr. 
 
 T^'.,l.'riiiiriis. ill \X^<i. tnliiiinilai-li'Ki'IlcIa, tiiir v'talis, 
 l„o;il liiiditiiiiiK. I'ld (Hitdviiij; custonm, siijin -iiiiinis. 
 and niniiliir matters. 'J'lii' fdiiiiiitiMii o|'i)ir Ki.lk-lnic 
 
 s„rii.|y was advdiatcd liy .Mi-. W. J, Tl jh in 
 
 ",V(i/(.« fiml (jKii-iis" I JiiT, 1877; (•stiilili>liiil 
 in |8;8. Xatioiial coinrrcssi'.* arc lidd. 
 
 FOLKI^IOTE, or Fi.ll^mnot, Angln-Saxdn, a 
 finrral ii!-<i'iiilily nt' tlic in'iiplr In dcliln'ralc mi 
 gcnrnil iiiattcr> iiliitiii;.' in tlic (■fiimnniiHialtli, 
 ri siinliliiit' till' inililir nici tin(;» nf later tinir-j. Fnnii 
 tlase nieetiii|.'N jiailianieiitM anil otlii'r eleetive 
 ii-i'TiiIilies were gradiiiilly dcvclniied. The name 
 \v:i> al-i' i;ivi 11 to Ineal 1 oiirts. 
 
 Ft )NTS. Fmits are said to have been Bet uji in 
 
 (liiiiriiis ill tlie,si.\tli iciiliiry. 
 
 FONTAINEBLEAI', n.arthe Seine, Frame. 
 Tlir royal palaie, Iniinileil li\ liciliert le I'ieu.v almiit 
 i|i)<l, I'liliiip'ii iMiil adnrned \<\ siirii.ssive kiii;;>, was 
 ,,,iii|iliti(l l',\ l.iiiiis I'liilijua', i,K_5;.4o. Fniitaiiie- 
 lilimi WHS (nteieil liy tlie .Aiisti'iaiis, I7Feti. if-l^. 
 iltrv Xiilioleoii resijined his di):iiity, 4 Ajiril, aim 
 b,idi' farewell to liis army, 20 April, "i.Si^. 
 
 (lied 2 May. 1H44. Within lhi« ediliee (whwh nlnnt 
 eiisf 27,3, (KKi/.) vvYv edildted oostlv urtieleB nt 
 villa and an, and the rarii.t work's of the oW 
 maslei-s. The »ale ot ttie ahlii \ and it« loiitentn to 
 .Mr, I'Mi-inihar took idaee in 1X22; 7,2(10 cutaliitrmd 
 at a jruinea earh were snld in a lew iIivk. (11121. 
 I>>'e. i,S25, the lolly tower Idl, and in eonne(iuenet' 
 the reinaininif bnildint!* wi re sold. 
 
 FOOT), nee r,i„isl(i)iH. A Food Jonrnal imh- 
 llsheil 1,^711; .•oimiHied several vcarw. iSaleof Food 
 and lirn^s Ait passed 11 Aii^'". 1.S75. Jlr. Arthiii 
 Hill llasHall s •• Kood and ils Adulterations" inih- 
 lished 1H54. and siiiie. International food exhihi- 
 tion at Aiiriiulti.ral Jlall, i}.20 llet, l-^-Sei. 
 Natii.iial foiai relorin so, ietv. advoeates r.listinenct 
 
 tVi'tii animal food, iX.Sj 
 
 • Food 
 
 (■ 
 
 ■mpoKition 
 
 AND MOUTH DISEASE, b« 
 
 Traip tx'twtTii Fiaiei', Ileiiiiiark, itc 
 TmIv I'ltwi'iii (iiiiiiaiij- aial llollaii 
 Tiial'v Intwiia Niipulciai and Spain 
 Tli.dViiei- of K'liilainelplc'aii fm the 
 
 Dntisli iiii'ivhiuullsc issued 
 Omrniiliit I'l-twerii Najioleoii ainl | 
 
 J Sept, 
 
 , 8 .Nov. 
 
 27 Oct. 
 
 Ii'striietaai of 
 
 iijd.t. 
 
 ■pe J'iiis VII. 
 
 ;5 .Ian. 
 
 . 2B Sept. 
 
 itu7 
 1810 
 
 if.,, 
 
 E,. aiTi'S of pines ilestroved ly lire , 
 
 FOXTENATLLE. or V<^\Unn\{F„„i„,„t,n„) 
 a village in lliir,i;uii(!y. Near here diaries the 
 llald ami Louis the Ciernian totally difealKl theii 
 lii.'tlipr the eiiqaror l.o1h;iire \. 2^ June. 841, 
 'lliisTictiiry. tinned " tlie iudj;nient id tiod," eon- 
 duadto the fnniialion of the Frenili nionareliy, 
 
 FOXTENOY. near Tournav, in Belgium, the 
 
 site of an oUstinate saiiu'iiimirv liattle on 50 Aiiril 
 (II May, N.S.), 1745, hetween the French, loni- 
 iiiandcd tiy innrshal ftaxe, and the English, Haiio- 
 viiians, IJuteh, and Aiistriaiis, eoiinnanded by the 
 Julie nf Cumberland. The king Louis XV. and the 
 daiijihin were present. Tlie such ss nf the liritish 
 lit llir (•onimeniemcnt is still quoted as an ilhistra- 
 lionof the extraordinary power of a eohimn ; and 
 tlii'fidvaiiee of the All.strians during several hiuirs 
 iitMarenjo (14 June, \X()Ci) was eoniparcd toil by 
 llfinaiiarle. The allies lost I2,(XK1 men, and tli'c 
 Frinrli nearly an c(jual number; hut the allies 
 «irrfoniiielled to retire. Marshal Saxe (ill of tlic 
 disorder of which he afterwards died) was carried 
 ahoiit (n all the posts in ii litter, a.'isunng his trr-ops 
 that tlit day would be their own. 
 
 FOXTHILL ABBEY, Wiltshire, founded in 
 ir'Atlie mansion of William Deckfoid, author of 
 "\atlick,'' and son of Alderman Ui. kford. Jle 
 
 and Analysis." by A. W . Jllyth, piib'listieil i»82 
 
 FOOLS, Fkstivat.s nr, wen held at Paris on 
 the 1st ot Janiiar\, when, we are told, all sorts oS 
 absurdities were committed, from 1 KeS to 14^,8. Fo(ds. 
 or liceiiMd jesters were kejit atcourt in Fnglaud up 
 to the time of Charles L i(.2.v 
 
 FOOT 
 
 Oiltlc. 
 
 FOOTBALL, an old Knglish gnnn', popular 
 ill the nudule ages, 1 1 nsuri d and 01 posed bv 
 I'.dward 11., 1^14, and Kdwaril III., 1 u>(. ll- 
 siippressi..ii was atleniiited by llnirv iV., 14DI. 
 Henry \III. and Kli/abeth; but thV jdaviiig nt 
 the game continued till about 11,50, It lias been 
 11 VIM, I in \arious Inims in the present centurv 
 IV pnldic Mhi.nls and clubs, sioh as Sbelbeld and 
 llallaui, i»57. Jllackheath and Itichmond. I,S:;H 
 Ihc' I'ontbalt Association was lormed by the " diib- 
 dirg dubs" ill l8;S, ddlowed by the itughy Foot- 
 ball 1 ninniu 1871. The gaiiii isnnw plaVKliii nuv 
 colonics and the liiited States: annual matches. 
 
 FOOTPATH (National l'r,,n-v<,th,n Society, 
 founded under the jiatronage of the duke ot 
 Westminster and others. 1S84. Annual meeting 
 Jan. l}<i,o. ^ 1^ 
 
 FOUBES 
 
 Sv.tlur.l, I.S 
 
 MACKENZIE'S ACT. Sco 
 
 FORCE, see 
 
 Coiisrn-ntioii, and Conrlati 
 
 ii-'ti. 
 
 Ul- 
 an 
 
 FOL'ETGN BOND-HOLDEKS. wne 
 
 coijioiatcU by lucme of ihe Jjoard «\ Trade a 
 
 11-so, i.iimn I Aug. 1873. A fund was created for 
 
 the piMtecti n 01 the investing public, liejiorts 
 
 ' issued l.Si)5-r)ii. Ii,r<i;/iii(iiiiii(h,si.'ii Omyiil, I8()(,. 
 
 FOREIGN CATTLE MARKET. Th- city 
 
 ot t.oiiiinii having been reijuired to luovide thii). 
 market before I Jan. 1872, by the t'ontagiouf. 
 Di.seases .Act (lia- Aiiimalsj, iXIk,, the C'onimnu 
 Lnuncil. 7 .\„y. |f<-o, agreed to the expenditure of 
 I(>0,UKi/. lor the juirpnse. The site din.sen, Dcpt- 
 l(U-d dockyard, was much oiijiosed. The re(iuisitt- 
 alterations were made by Mr. Horace Jones, and the 
 market was lorniallv o]i, iied bv the lord niavor "8- 
 I'ec. KS71 ; fur use on i Jan. |ji72. 
 
 FOREIGN ENLISTMENT ACT, so (U-o. 
 JIl.c. (j(j (1810). inrbuls Untish subjects to enter 
 the service of a loreign state, without licence lioiii 
 the kmsror privy council, and pvdiibiis the fitting 
 out or eiiuipping sliijis for any foreign power to be 
 employed against any jiower with which ourgovi 111- 
 nient isat peace; sec Tnii/\ 18(12, 1803. In lnH.,, 
 Englishmen ^(re loi bidden to enter foreign seryiee^ 
 without taking an euth nut to by veconciled to the 
 
 ''■ p 
 
 ^11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 t Jl 
 
 Jiff f«Xii^ #w ii ' ^ 
 
 »iiiiii» „'hi'ii''--7aai»j 
 
 f I 
 
 jjh'^-ji'' 
 
FOHEIONEUS. 
 
 428 
 
 FORGERY. 
 
 ill 
 
 'S|s* • 
 
 h 
 
 it 
 
 'i 
 
 ill ' ■ 
 
 
 h 
 
 nnpo, Thi' not wat simpi'tiilc'il in iHl.S on lifhulf of 
 tlh' ////Vi*/) l.mioii {iihifh .«<0. Till' net iiuKm'd ij 
 \\v(. i.S;o, nliitf* to illfgiil fntUtiiig, »hipbuiiaiinf, 
 ;iii(l i'.x|>i'Uitiiiiis, 
 
 FOUEION'EH ■'. »'■•' ^^'"'1' ""'' ^'""'• 
 
 i''ni<ii;iui» ill till' I In, I KiiiK>''>"i: I**;'' ii.^.rr'); 
 
 ill iMNi, 155,(140; the (jiriniuiii licillg ultout (Hit- 
 thiiil, l'""iviH:ii piisoii-iiiU'li' g'""i« lU't iiihhimI (|irii- 
 lliliitMi-y), |Ni)7. 
 
 F()UEI0NJUHlSDICTIOXACTS,im»K.il 
 
 in IK4 5, |M()^, unit l.SMi, wcr.i'Xtciiili'il iiiiil iiiiifinlcil 
 liy 41 A: 42 Vict. .'. ()7, jm.^scd Id Auif. lH;H ; tlirsc 
 U('l« wi'R' ((iiisoliilati'il ill |)Si)0. 
 
 FO]{EION LEOIOX. FoniKiurs havo fre- 
 qui'iitly lifiii ' iiipUiji'd as iiuxiliiiiii's in tin' jmy of 
 the lliitisli govrrnnii'iit ; bi'c Jlrs/iiaiin. An in I 
 ,(lH & |ij Viet. r. 2) t'"r tli'' I'orimition of u fori'iKii 
 iVniciii as II contingi'lit in the Kiisnian war (iHj.;), 
 ivas piiwiud 23 D'^i;. 1^54 • Till' "ini'i'ii rtii.l pniiic 
 .Vllicjl iTvifUfd 351*) Siililifi-s, primipally Swiis 
 ^iiiilUcniiuns, at hliornclitri', ') Auk- if*5S' On the 
 (loai f ill |M ;), many wc iv siiit to tlie Ciiiii' of Good 
 Hope; butiiot prospcrili),', letiirnrd. 
 FOKEIGX LOANS, ^m- Loan^. 
 FOREIGN' MISSIOXS, si-e Miinimi.^. 
 FOREIGN OFFICi: wa.s estatilisln'd at the 
 rt'-arrangciiiciit of the diitirs ui si'iritaries of state 
 in 17X2. It has till' cKilusivf clmiBe of llritish 
 iiitcri'stit and subjuits in foi-eij;n roiintrics. Tlu' 
 si'cretary for forid^'n affairs ncsfotiatoB tiyatios, 
 fltlc'ts 'anitiassiidors, coi.juls, A:c., for foreign 
 <;ouii»rirs, and (fi-ants pas.-iports. The new f.ireij^n 
 office liuildini; in the Italian style (desi;;ned hy 
 fiir(iilliert beott), washcKun in 18(14. A portion ot 
 it wa.- inauKiiiated by Mr. Disracdi's rei'eption, 25 
 March, and it was occupied by lord Stanley, 24 J unc, 
 l8()>S. See AilmiHiatidtMis under separate heads, 
 and Secret nr if X. 
 t'mriiiH (ijlifi Ci'/vn/iii-waniiiii; travel Icrs ami others 
 
 tliii't they will iiicaic.ii.tarcttt t licir own risk Aiin. i33i 
 Iinpoiliiiit'clianf!cs Ml llic ilciiartiucnts Keli. 1883; 
 .Hlr .Miir-tiii (iossfliii iiiailo a^lditional iimler secre- 
 tary J"'>'' '^''^ 
 
 FOREIGN ORDERS. No liritish subject 1«< 
 perniitted to accept a foreiitnonler from the sovereign 
 of unv foreign country, or wear the insignia thereof, 
 without her majesty's consent, by orders issued in 
 i8l2 and l.Sji;— regulations iiulili>hed in London 
 Gazette, 10 May, 1S55, 
 
 FORESTALLING was forbidden by statutes 
 ■(in 1350, 1552, A:e.), all repealed in 1844. 
 
 FORESTS. There were in England, even in 
 tlie last centurv, as many as f)8 forests, IcS chases, 
 and upwards ot' 780 parks. See -Vtu) Fonnt.^ 
 
 ' Till' loiileavonr to enlist for tins Icginn, in 1854, in the 
 United .states, gave givat .illciicc Id the .Viiicrican govern- 
 ment. .Mr. t'nini'toii, imr envciy, wa.-. lijsnus^ecl, 28 
 Jlay, 1850, in spite of all the jiulicious luicilii' ellnits ol 
 ionl Chiiendon. I.onl Napier was .>,ciit out us our ri'pre- 
 aent:itive in 1S57. 
 
 t The I'oiMinissiciners a]il">inti'il to cminiie into the 
 fit;ite of thi' wonils anil forcNt-^, lietwecn 17S7 .uiil 179J, 
 reportcil the fullnwiiig as lielnn.-ing to Ih,. cii.wn, viz. :— 
 In liiiksliirc, Wimlsnr Forest .iml Win Ism- (ircat iiml 
 Xiittlc I'ark. In linisct, (ranliuir. (.'Iiasc In Kssex. 
 
 Waltliiini or Kpping ami llainanlt Kmist In (il •c>ti-r- 
 
 shlic, lic.ili i..ii>t. ill ll,iiii|.,,t.ii. . tin .V. w r..ri.sr, 
 Alice Hult, Woi.lnicr Kmcst. ami Here Futvst. In Kent, 
 
 dieenwicli Talk. In .Mi.i'llesex. .St. .Ii s's, llyile, 
 
 Blishey, and llMinptiin-coiirt I'aiks. In Noithaniiitnn- 
 ■shire, the forests ol\Vhittlelnny,!Saliey. ami UMikiouiciin. 
 Ill Nnttinghain, ISherwixHl Forest. In nxluiil, Wh.rli- 
 
 Inlernutional KuicHlry exhiliitinn at Killiiliinyl.. iv- 
 I iiiiiinenili'il liy gmeriirnent, .Nov. iHj; npiin'il 
 oil I ■Inly ; elii«eil . . ■ . n Uci, ,11, 
 "The KoiTsIei," liy. I. Ilrowii ; new eillllini . ^ ijj^ 
 I'arliainentaiy eninniittee mi fmestry appMltn,,,) 
 
 I' ih'inn of trees Inereasiil . . , . iRj;'',(„,' 
 See Hinilniimi, iS,)\. "' '' 
 
 Forests, cilmitkh of thk, c/m-t,, ,i, 
 
 Foirxiii, gianteilby Ucnrj III. in 1217, wi, Iduu,!,.,! 
 on .MuiiKi C'/(((/7r(, granted by king J.din, i;Jini. 
 iJiv It wiw confirmed in 1225 and {:■)•', g,,. 
 Wooth. 
 
 FORESTERS, Ancient Order of, „ Hpiri,.* „f 
 beiietit society, founded on the principle tb.il niim 
 can help line ; all religious and iiiiUtical illsi in,i,,|,', 
 are striclly aviiided. The 541b lligh ('mirl ;it |[|.||.|, 
 ing ; nun'iher of nieinhers repmteil iiiY.i.tni,(, Vuj 
 1888. At Itourneniouth, ; Aug. |,S,s,,. ^, |'|„i|' 
 4 .Vug. iSiK). At London 1 .\ug. i8i)i. Xiinil,fi„i 
 nieinhers reporteil Dec. I8i)l, 850,720; li,,,., |y,,. 
 8i);,7(h), lieported capital, j, '170,1 14/. m 
 1887; Dee, 1807, (1,117,072/. 'At Ip.weh, 1 
 l,8i)2. At Ihighion, 5 Aug. 1805. 
 
 FOREST GATE, Esse.-l. see l\n,, , J ,„, is,^,, 
 
 FORFARSIIIRESTEAMEli.oiiit,!,.-,,, 
 
 from Hull to Uuiidce, on (. Si pi. i.Hj.s, was wri.k.ii 
 in a violent gale, and thiily-iitibt p.i-ou* ,,^1 „(• 
 tifty-threc perished. The Outei-lo-rn Lighlhuiiv 
 keeper, .laiiies Darling, and his lieniir il,ni;,rlitiT 
 (Jrace, ventured out in a tremeiulous lea in ,1 i",|,i,, 
 and rescued several of the pa-seiigcrs. 
 The " loiirnal of William Darliiu ' iVmn 1-95 i,, ,35.3 
 
 piilillshi'il in i337, states that l"ity-tliive persnus nut 
 
 lit sixly-i'lie peN.-.lnil. 
 
 F(.)RGERY of deeds, or giv ing forge,! il.nl, i, 
 evidence, was made punishable liy tine, liy stanihii,' 
 ill the pillory, liaving Imtti ears cut oft', tlie iUKtnl" 
 slit up and seared, tin forfeiture nf Ijuid, iiiid pw. 
 petiial imprisonment, 5 Lliz. i^()2, siine ijie 
 est.iblishliieiit of pajier credit many statutes li.ivt 
 been enacted ; the latest Korgerx ai t pa>scii i) .In.'. 
 1870. The forged Trail- fir acts were pa.sscil te .ni- 
 serve purcha.sers of stock finiii looses by l„i-jni 
 \ transfers, i8i)i and l8i)2. Coiivii tionsfnr l.ii"giry;mi| 
 otlelices against tile eurreliey, I887.S, dijj ; iSks.f), 
 4'M; i88i).i)0, 420; i8i)() I, 44(1; lH9;,'4oi); i.W 
 
 .355; I''*').!. 3,s.^; i8')i>, ,527 
 
 Forgery llrst iimile iiiiiiish.alile hy li.-.itli . ,i;^ 
 
 Furging letters nf attorney imnii- e.-ipii,,! „y 
 
 .Mr Wai.l..M,r.,a ni.uiof Wl■,■lllll.exp,.lU•lltlll.l|..u.l■ 
 ||f eiinininns I'lir t'mgery, n, .May, i-'',. aihi eei.. 
 sigiieil to the lallniy i-Miml: r- 
 
 The lil-st I'iMKel on the n.ilik of Kll.,-lilll'l W:i., ||i, li,,ii| 
 
 William Vanghaii. once a linen-ilrain'r "lsiallMr,| 
 He eiiiploycil a nninlier of artists un .liil.n.m 
 p.irts of tile notes faliriiale.i. He ii||,.,i i,,, 
 
 I twenty of tlie notes anil ileposite.l them 111 til,. 
 
 hamls'of a young huly whimi he was on tin- |i,.iijt 
 ' of niarryiiig, as a proof of his lieiiy ,1 m.iii of siil, 
 .-tame: no suspiiimi was eiitertaineil. 1 in.. ,,| 
 the iii-tists iiifiirineil, anil Vaiiglian was ex,iiit,'i| 
 at Tylmrn 1 .Mny, i;?^ 
 
 woml Forest. In Surrey, Uichiiiiaiil Park. .Si'v.nl "i 
 these have lieell ilisforesteil since 1831, Vi/. Il.iiii.iiilt, 
 
 Wliichwiioil, anil Whittlelinry. .\ 1 niiittei- et lli,' 
 
 lioiise of loniimins respecting forests, siit in i.-^i 
 .Motion in paiiianient to preserve A'/./i/ic; f.i/v.<(, a,I,,|ii,..l 
 14 Fell. 1870; 1111, 1 the.lecisiiMi of tlie .M.inter iiMli,- Hull,. 
 10 Nov. 1874. stoppe.l the eii,-losnres hy tlie Inriis nf 
 inaiior.s. Tlii' lord mayor r-i.'tw visitcii the fmi'S! ii: 
 state i4llct. 1875. The eoniniissiom'i"s' liovvsclii'iiii'ttii.s 
 pnlili.dieil .Inly, 1876. Mi-mnrlnl (o..- were iilaiiteil liytli,' 
 ,lnkc ami ilnehessof tonniinglit, i6(lrt. i£3c. Tlii'liiii--t 
 was ileilicatiil to the us ■ ol the people hy tl.i yiiwii, 
 6 .May, 1882. 
 
FOItKS. I J!) 
 
 \,||IH' I'f f"l>il''l 'ml. n |i|l>»rlltlll til till iMIik iBill lu 
 
 ii,.ii'iii;ill.v t^•<.(^f<\l. 
 ||ii. Iiilllk liliiKi'Cllti'il i^i I'l'lKiillM fur fiiij;. ly or tlir 
 
 iitli'riiu-iiir.'ixi"! niitc'M . . . , ,8,^ 
 
 riiiN, Majiiiii'il, tin' /"»/ I'l i-init ejfciiliil /i»- /iir|/i i«, 
 
 Ji I't'i'. iSjv 
 SMliili'" ri'dllciim liitii ..111' iii't ;ill sinli fi.i'KcrU'H u» 
 
 ,li;i|| h./Mi'liirtli III' |'iiiii»lii'i| Willi ili'iitli , . i8)o 
 •fill. |imii'llllli'Nt uf fulfil V with ili'illll ri'UWs, |.xi'c|.t 
 
 ill ,'i,«.'» i.f fiirKliiK nr ■illi'i'liiu wIIIb iir p.iwi'rit of 
 
 ntl.irii.'V t.i triinsl'i'r nl.i. k i8,j 
 
 ■||i,<i' I'll'"!'" iil"|' r<"lil I I" tiiiiis|.iirtiili|i' (.lli-iiii » is,, 
 
 \ liiini^.'.', .1.111 !^iiwiir.l, Mini iitlii'iK, irii'il I'l.r 
 
 fi.i'diiij; iiiirii.i..ii«ilMlt-. ..II l.iinkim 5 Mar.li, 1857 
 
 rill' law i'»l"''""K •'"'-'•ly "i'i''ii'l'''l in . iCtii 1(11.1 1S7.1 
 I'l.rW, lli.iiin'iri- III"''. ».'i' V'ii../» . AiiK- .*<i'|it. iSijj 
 
 Aiirliil"ii"il'' "V»ti'iii ..r l.ill f..i>ji'iy ill Loinliiii, .|is- 
 
 i.,vi'ii'.l l.y till' Itiiiik ..t Kiiwliiml . 1 Miirc'li, i8-j 
 Kiilph ('.... piT. " kii.i; nf 111.' I..ri,..'rs," w.'iiti'iM'i'il t.i 
 
 llft.rll M'lll'« fi.r l.'l'.'lll'; II rl||.||ll,. nt ^,6jol. .Ill till. 
 
 I...11.I..11 .V Wi'«lii.iii^lir liiiiik . . 34 Mai'i'li, 188S 
 jliij.ir W. E. Il.'iitli'> l.irui.ry lU'tci'ti.r, " 'llii' 
 i'|iiii.l,".|.'»i'rili.'il ill til.. 7'imi,i . 1 Iii-c. i£^o 
 
 [Sw /'.'i'T«(i..iia(fiir fiiritrry). 1776, 1777, .f «.;.) 
 
 FOKTII. 
 
 fcii'iiii.,-i( ; /ii.'.iiiiCs /■ 
 
 'I'/'./ni. 
 
 Lilcnirv fiirnfrii'ji, nci 
 
 htitti'lll'lll, iS;}. 
 
 F0liKSwiTc'inu8i'iinflu't'..ntiiiiiit in tlic 1 jth 
 mill 14th ic'iitiirii's. Viiliiiii-c. '{'W\* is I'cii^.in.ilily 
 ,li.]iuti.; Ill FyiK'H ■\Ii.ry»<iii'.i 7/i//( )'«;'//, ni;; 11 I'f 
 Eliziihi'ili, hi> sii\s, "At Wiiiri' (iii'h I'lcrsmi wiis 
 forvnl ;ln ^iili'" liH kiiilV iilid .-iiiu..!!) with a fork tn 
 hulil lilt' iiii'iil wliili' 111' i'Ut8 it, t'.ir tlii'ri- tlit'V ili-nu 
 it ill 11. inn. IS that (iiio should t..iic'li it wlili lii> 
 hiiii.l." 'i'li..iiin.-i t'uryati' dt'scribi's, witli 111111)1 
 siili-Minitv, thi' iii'itiiiir'iif uniii;,' lurks in Itah, and 
 ail.ls ■• f iiiywir liuve thunglit it g..iid ti. iinita'tf llif 
 Il.iliau la.-liiiiii siiii'f I I'iiuii' lii.iiu' to Knjrlaiiil," 
 IK.S. Two-|iri.nf;fd l..rks witi' iiiailr at .Shollii'lil 
 ■.winiftrr. rhri'r-lir..ii(.'i'd forks ari' niurt' rni'iit. 
 Silver lurks, |ii-eviously ouly iisiil liy the hifjlnst 
 ilas".'', lamu into more general use in England 
 liliout 1814. 
 
 Mr il. Sniitli fi.iiii.l 11 hyunw f..vk witli two [.roii-s at 
 
 K"iiyiiii,|ik, Assyria, 1873. 
 A "ll.'sli-lii'ok ..|' tlni'i' ti'utli" iiiciiti.iiii'.l : Sam. ii. 13, 
 
 ;il..illt 1165 li.r. 
 
 FOKMA I'AUrERI.S. A person havin- a 
 ilist la isi' I. f suit, lerlitied us siii'li, yet so (...or that 
 lici'aiiii'it niiit till' ('o>f of iiiaiiitaimiiK it, lias an 
 attiirmyaild I'onnsi'l assigned liiiii 011 his swearing 
 tint hi' 'is not worth ■■,!., bystal. 11 Hen. VJI. 140^ 
 —liiis ait lias lieeii ienioilelled, and now aiiv pei-- 
 Niiiiiiiv jili'iul ill I'uriiiu pauperis in tlie courts of 
 law. 
 
 FORMIC ACID, the acid of ants {fonnici). 
 Its ai'titiiial iiroductioii by IVlouze in 1.S51 was 
 {■..iisiileri'd un event iu the jirugress of organic 
 iliiiiiistry. 
 
 FUltMIGNI (X.W. Franre). Here the con- 
 flalile (le liii heinont defeated the English, 15 April, 
 
 i4io. 
 
 FORMOSA, an island in the racitic, OO miles 
 fr.iiii llie L'liiiuse coast. The early Spanish and 
 liuu'li settlers were ovjielled by Cl'iiiuso colonists 
 abiiut iW)!. Ainoy is the chief jiort. Savages 
 liolil the moiiiitains. Mi.xeil iiopulation, above 
 I.jrti.OOO. In May, 1874, the Japanese, w'ith the 
 toiisi'iit of a Chinese mandarin, chastised the savage 
 tribes here for massacring Japanese sailors 0,1 their 
 pr.iposed settlement on the isle. Tlie Chinese 
 'liirateBei! 'i ar if they did not (juit 'ivithin ()0 du\s, 
 l*t Aug. 1874. liy "liritish interposition the Ja- 
 fanew withdrew, an indemnity having been agreed 
 on; trculy between Japan an.rchiiui signed 31 Oct. 
 18:4. Formosa nourished under the rule of Ting ;' 
 
 leiiioveil in 1,S7M. The plant ol the \Vi«.snn(,<; 
 riiilwavlii'..ii.-li| herein 1H78. Ueorue I'mlinanaziir 
 piibliHhed lii« laliric.ted detcriiition of Formowi ii) 
 1704. .See I'Inii,,, lK«4.^, 
 
 Ni'Veie ll^litlii^j between lli,. Cliilii'Se iiii.l tlie 
 
 liiithe, .... I,,.,.. ,SH., ; v,.\,, ^iac 
 Ai'iirly jot. I liiiicHi' H..|.|i,a'H iiiusniiei'cl .v iiii 
 aiiiliiisli, i,.,„,i.,.,| , . , . ,,.\|„,i'h, ,, 
 
 (i. n.nil r.lii.|li.iii - ^ j|,,y' 
 
 lllack IkM iiiaiii«i's, lliitisli ri'iiifoic.'iiicius sent '; " 
 .,..,., 18 Fell, 1 80 J 
 
 '"l'»''n-l til., ciipital, boiiibanli'il bv tin) 
 
 ,,''"l"ii"-" , I,, .\laicli, „ 
 
 ''"I' "» .■.'il.'.l to .lapaii hv 111.' tii'iitv ..I Shi 
 
 M """'■''' ■,.-,' • • • • 17 Ai.iil, „ 
 
 .SaiiKiiiiMiry.listiirlaiices , . . ,.. April, rt»i'.i. 
 
 A.liii. Msc. kaLiiyiiiim ajipolnti'il (.■i.vernor bv the 
 ■'"l;"" , , • , ia.Mav, „ 
 
 At liilii'si' iii.|i.p..iii|eut 'c,-..'l!e iiroelnliii.'il ; -en. 
 laiiKii" pri'Niili.hl ; ■i.jM.rtc.ii •:£ Mav ; collniN.'.l : 
 Ken lull).' cHcap..!, curly J,,,/, ; .)i',pi,ii,.,c laiiil 
 31 .May, .( ,(.,. tin, |„,vt „| itehniK ciiptiir.'.l 
 
 luo Cliiiii'se killi'il iiy .■\..li.stoii o; , pi.w.li^r mill,' 
 , ,, . ' poit.'.i 6.liiiip' ,, 
 
 .Ini,iiii.-.i. iiiithonlv, I'll iishclal 'l.lp.'lilii 7,1111,,., ,, 
 "i"is' iriiii's lamb ir :t'ii,,iiK, iii,,1,t ciiots. 
 
 sliiil.n.'k aii.l Dral.H .... . ' . . 10. Inn,. 
 Itntish iiiarin.'s witli.i .,wn, i .Tiily ; iliVht ..i' " 
 
 l..r.'ii:i.. IS : CI, iiii.se atlai'k on .Iapaii..si' (•arri-.! 
 
 ili'li'iilcl with gr..at li„>, r.'|i.Mt.'.l n .liih 
 
 .lapancM. attiiek.il by the Ulack l-liigs alioiil 
 
 The isliiiiil ^.la.liially siil.ilmd l,y the .raiiai'ii'sis " 
 
 '■'■l.'.it.il .Oct. 
 
 Uisiii« iioitli-cast of Tiiiii.Mii, Tai-pei iittackcil by 
 
 , "''"''^ '. • • ■ iS Ki'O. — I .Inn. ,(..,■,,. i£n(, 
 
 .lapniiese ntrocilii's m ,s„iith Forinosa, rcportcil 
 
 U..t.c|s ilcfcatd ami p.^ae." r.-^toicd, r.'i.'.rt'c'l ^ " 
 111. Aug, ,, 
 
 ""' I'l''-'""- icpoit.'.l .... (Ict!^ ,897 
 
 F(»I;X()V() (I'aiiua, Italy). Xear hereCh»rle» 
 \UI. Ill iiaiice defeated the Italians, Juhv 
 M'l.v 
 
 FOKSTER'.S ACT, see IV'/o. ,/,(,.,, 1870. 
 
 FOIi'T BV (iUESXE, N. Americ... Xear 
 here general liraddock was surjirised bv a party oS 
 tren.hand Indiiins, his troojis routed "and liiniself 
 killed, (, July. 175:;, The fort was named Fort 
 iitt alter Its capture by Forbes, 24 Xov. i-;8. It 
 
 iBIUlW J'ilt.shlliy. '-^ 
 
 FOKT ERIE (Upper Canada). This forti sB- 
 w-jis taken by tin .Vmeri.an general Browne, ^ June, 
 1814, After seviral icntti.-ts it was evacuiitcd by 
 the Americans, 5 Xov. >i4, 
 
 FORT GEORGE, Inverness, X.W. Scotland, 
 was erected in 1747, to restrain the Hi-hlanders.— 
 FOUT >V ILT.I AM, besieged bv them iu vain in 1 746,. 
 1.S now in run ^. 
 
 FORTH, a gr. at river of Scotland, rising iu 
 Ben Lonn.nd, ami entering the X..rth Sea as an 
 estuary, tcrnicil the Firth of Forth. The FoUTii 
 AM) Ci.YiiE Canal wascoimneiiced iti Julv, |-(..H 
 under the direction of Mr. Snicaton, and opened', 28 
 July, l7iK>. A communieatiou was thus formed 
 between the eastern and western seas on the coast 
 of Scotland. 
 
 Till' Foitin RAiLWAV-BiiinoE projected, ami a raft 
 lauinbcil 111 .Iiinc, 1866. 
 
 Mr. (aftei-warils sir T.) Uoiicli, of Eilinl.iin;h was en- 
 gngni to pripaiv ,.lai,s n.i a siispcnsioii.l.riilge, ,878. 
 
 Ihe Ji.itli liridge company accepted Icmlors IVi.m Wm. 
 Aiinl * lo. (1,250,000/.) for coustnuiiiig liri.lL:.' .'iml 
 r.'iilwiiy, (let. 1879; through Tiiv-l.riilg.. disaster &r 
 the scheiae was susjicndcd and uveiitiiiilly abamloncd 
 by the conipany, 13 Jan. 1881. 
 
 
 , f'l 
 
 •■I 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 > 
 
 r 
 "'1 
 
 \S 
 
 
 
 ^A^ktg^::.}M^- 
 
]:!;«;;■ Z',;! i 
 
 FOKTIFIGATIOX. 
 
 4:30 
 
 FOUNDLING HOSPITALS. 
 
 FOUNTAIN] 
 
 i 
 
 
 m 
 
 ' ■> 
 
 W 
 
 i'!iUul:'\' i« ' . 
 
 Iff ■;.*-' 
 
 
 'I'll.' iviiisti-nctinii lit" Uii' pivsi'iit Koi/ni liBuiiiK \v.(s 
 uiiii.Ttaki'ii livtlii' cijiiiiiauv .■"ii|i|'iirti'.l by tin- North 
 lirir.i.sli, N.jrlh Kii>tt'ni. (in.:it X'jrthiTii, mihI Jli.lliiri.l 
 nijlwiiv I'Miniuiuii-.- : tin' art was |kissi'.1, .Iiui", ibS.' ; 
 I'li-JiuTis, .Mi. .Iiilm Kowli'i aii.l Ml'. li.'M.iaiiiiir liakiT, 
 whosr plans wi'iv l>as.-.l on !lii' I'antili'V.T or Inai-ki't 
 iJiiiicijilo ; Mi's.M-^. Wrii. Arrol \ (o. w.ti- th.- con- 
 tractors. The r.'cli.v isl.'l of lii.'h-arvi.' uas of :,'ivat 
 iniijoitance m the coustrnction of the liiiil.L:i' ; the 
 works be;<au li.v lmiMin« the fuunilatiuns, Jan. iS3j. 
 
 Ti'e last boU was. I riven. 6 Nov. 1889; the.stren;;lli of the 
 hihUi' »as teste.l hy the passage of neatly .-.ooo tons, 
 sleaiueil half way aeioss, .m .Ian. ; ami olllciuUy testeil 
 lor the boanl of't'a.le, m l-'eb. 1890. 
 
 I'he lli-st train whieh (Mo>sei| the entiiv bi'iil^e was 
 .Iriveu by thi' laarehiont ss of TweeiMale, eanyin:,' a 
 ilistiii,,'iusheil eoinpany, in live minutes. J4 Jan. iSyo. 
 
 The piiiiee of Wales al'tej- ihivin^ in the last rivi't, in the 
 
 niv^e if the. bike. .f K.linbn)-h, the .hike of Fife, 
 
 piin.'e (iei.ii,'.' ..f Wales, ih.. niar.oiis .if Tw blal.'. 
 
 till, earl of li.i-..i»'ry, ,an.l ..tii.'r .listin::uisiii..l visit. irs. 
 inelu.liiiK M. Kith'l, aii.l other eiuiii.iit en-Ill. 'ers, sahl 
 •• I.a.iies an.l neiitleiiien, 1 now ileularu the l-'oilh 
 bri.l^,'e oijeii," I.JO I'.M. 4 .March., 1890. 
 
 Thi. .■.■r iiy was f.jUowe.l by a baiiifia't in a hall 
 
 a.lj.iinint; the w..rks. 
 
 Till'' h'lintli of th.' bri.li^e (from Noilh t.i S.juth 
 yn.'eiisferrv), with tie' appr.iai'liii.u viailnets, is 
 one mile 1,005 yar.ls; tli.' hinli.'st iiarl of the bii.l;,'e 
 is ;r,i feet: the eh'ar hea.lway iin.l.r th.' centre of 
 the" bri.l),'e is 152 feet above lii^jli water. The !,-realest 
 iiumtjer of men .'miil.iye.l at oiu' time was 3,00.:). 56 
 )iv«s were lost tUiring lliu euiLStriictioii, in spite of 
 .;ri'at pieeantions. 
 
 Esliniate.l c.ist 1,600,000'., .actual cost about ^,5o3,.>do?. 
 
 Mr. M.itthew Willi.ini Thoinps.m, chairman of th.' Kortli 
 bri.i:;e ai'.l .Mi.llan.l railway c.iiiipaui.'s. an. I .Mr. .I.ihii 
 l-'.iHl.'r. weri' creat.'.l bar.in.'ts, Mr li.'iuaniiii liak.'r. 
 was iii.i.le K.C.M.t;., an.l -Mr. William .Vrrjl was 
 
 klliu'hte.l, 1S.J.J. 
 
 rii.' bri.|i,'e was .jpoic'il for the onliiiary railway traiii.s, 
 
 J .June, iS.^o, 
 The bri.l^e slowly cro.s.seil by the ipieeii (.'oiiiiii^' south, 
 
 iQ .lime, i3gi. 
 Iiy till' fall of scatlbl.liiii,' tliroiii;li lii,,'h w.m.l, j painters 
 
 'kilh'.l, 29*'pt. 1891. 
 The bridge tiriiily willisto.j.l a violent :;ale, 29 Jan. 1892. 
 
 FOriTIFICATIOX. The riui'iii. ians wore 
 
 tl.c tii-st people to tortit'v cities. .VpolLulorus says 
 tiiat I'crscus fortilioil ifyccua', where statues were 
 afterwards crccteil to liiiu. Tlic modern system 
 was introduced about ISiW. .Albert Itiircr wroteon 
 t'.irtitiiatiou in 1^27; and great improvements were 
 Jiiade bv Vauban, who fortiiied niaiiv pla.-es in 
 Franco;" ho died 1707. Tlie n.-w f.irtitications of 
 Paris wore completed in 1.S46; iro J'lH-is. In .Vug. 
 t8(KJ. the British parliam. nt pass.'d an act lor the 
 e.tpeiulitui-o of a.iwo.cKw'- in one year upon the 
 t'ortitieati.ius of rortsm.mth, I'lymoutli, I'einln-oke, 
 ■ind r.irtlaiid, tlic Thames, M.'dway.and Slo'crness, 
 Chatham, Dover, and Cork, ami .111 tlie iiurcliase .if 
 a central arsenal establishment; tlie estimated o.v- 
 pens,; being i},5i:io,(Xiu/. -V c.nnmittce to investigate 
 our fortidcutious was aiipointed, K) .Vpril, iSOS. 
 
 FOUTIS, II powerful c.xpl.isive inv.'nted in 
 l^i'lgiuni about 1SH7, :-.iid to he well adaiOed for 
 •.niniiig puriioscs. hi May, I.Viio, it was .iiauu- 
 I'actured hv llie Forfis Pow.leraiid Kxpl.'sive.'i (.'om- 
 patiy. ijuc'ce.ssful experiments at Liege,S:5ept. l.Siji. 
 
 FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW, fliisti ddisliod 
 
 in 180 V edited by (i. II. I.cwes, succeodoii uy John 
 .M.irlcy in i.S(i7 and othoi's. It was afterwards 
 liubli.s'hoJ moullily. 
 
 FORTUNATE ISLES, see CxHurus. 
 
 FORTUNE BAY AFFAIR, see CinaJ,!, 
 [•S78, 1-lSo-I, and X(;w/'oHii(U((ii(/. 
 
 FORTUNE-TELLING is trac'od to tlie..,,.|v 
 
 astrologers, by whom the planets Jupiter ainl \Vm.', 
 wore supposed to betoken happiness. The .Silivil,. 
 were women said to bo inspired by Heaven ;' ..i'^ 
 .S'j/'.v/s and (ripsicx. lu Kngiand tliu law.i against 
 fortiiiii'-telUng were at one time very seve.-,'. v 
 declar.ition was published in Fraiii'e, 11 ,r,iu. |(,s,", 
 of I'.xceeding srverity against fortune-tcllL'is ;ui,i 
 poi.soners, uiiih'r which several |iei'soua snHi.ivj 
 death. Heiiaidt. Fortune-tellers, altlnnc^li liaji.) 
 Iiy the acts of 1745 and l.'^24 t.i bo impri.M.u..il ;„ 
 rogues and vagabonds, still o.xist in li^nglaii.i si.. 
 I'liliiiistri/. 
 
 F()RTY-SHILLING FREEHOLDEIi.s 
 
 see I'ni'/iuli/crs. ' 
 
 FORUM, at Rome, originally a inarket-plai,. 
 
 became about 472 ».(;. the pla f asscmlily of the' 
 
 people in their tribes (the C.imitial, a'nd ^;|, 
 graduallv adorned with temples and [iiii.li,- 'iiul.j] 
 ings. — Xear FoKCM T'ur.iuto.vii, in .M.esia, tlie 
 R.imans were defeated by the Ijoths, X.iv.';-'i 
 .\ftcr a struggle in the m.irass, the einp,.!-,,,- lii'i'ii,^ 
 and Ids son were .lain and their Ivalies n.it n. 
 covered. .See Jtonit; 1885. 
 
 FOSSALTA, near B.dogiia, central Italv. 
 Hero l^iizo or Enrico, titular king of Sanlinili 
 natural son of the emperor Frederick 11., was d,..' 
 foated and made prisoner, 2I) May, 134.). in,] r,.. 
 tallied. He was kept in hououraUo caiilivitv till 
 his death, 14 March, 1272. 
 
 FOTIIERINGIIAY CASTLE (Xertliann,. 
 tonshire), built ab.iut 1400. Here lii.'hml lll.'.f 
 England was born in 14^0 ; and her.' .Mary iiii.'.n 
 of ^'cots was tried, n-I4<)ct. ivSd, and hehVadeii, S 
 Fell. 1^87. It was domolished by her sun, Jaims'l. 
 of England, iu 1O04. 
 
 FOUDROYANT. Nelson's llag.ship r<,X ; 
 
 irchasod by Mr. J. ]{. C.ibli, F .S..\,, ,,f lli-t',.,!,' 
 froiii a German linn, and brought to the Tlinn. -..' 
 2S Nov. 1.S92 ; proposal to make her a .\els..,ii 
 museum unsuccpssful, October, lX<)\, A oniiKiiiv 
 having failed, Mr. J. K. Cobli restored thi' ve»el, 
 l'8i)s-')'); it was moored ott' Woolwich, and .iiieii 
 to visitors, Iij June, l.Siid; wrecked in a gile :it 
 Bhickpool,orew .saved, 10 June, l.Si)7; dcstriived in 
 a gule, 28 Nov, 1897 ; Mr. Cobb died, Dec," 18^17. 
 
 FOUGHARD, 110:11- Dundalk, N. In-lanJ. 
 Here Ed war. . brother of Kobort Bruce, after 
 inv.iiling Ireland in 131 S, was defeated bv sir.Jij|iii 
 Bermingliam, _i Oct. 1318. Bruce was' kiUeil l.y 
 Kogor do [aupis, a burgess of Dundalk. 
 
 FOUNDLING HOSPITALS arc an, lent. 
 -V species of touudling hospital w,is sot up at .Milin 
 in 787, and in the middle ages most of tliepriiiii|).il 
 cities of the continent possessed one. The Freii.ii 
 govoriiniLnt in lyip declared foundlings to he the 
 " children of the state." 
 
 No Foiindliiig hospital in Englainl wlieii AAlisua 
 wrote iu i;i3 
 
 Lon.l.in foundling hosiiiUil, projeeteil by Thiiin;is 
 Coram, u sea-eaptain, iiicor|iorate(l, (jet. ijjcj ■ 
 opeiieil 2 Jiiii,., ,;56 
 
 IlamU'l gave an organ; opene.l it . . 1 Mav, 1750 
 
 )! su.'c.iurs about 500 infant cliil. lien ; Curains 
 
 St^ltll.! Wits put up 111 iSjO 
 
 FounilliiiK hospital in Duliliii institute. I iu 1704. 
 Owii'-' to great mortality, ami from mural i.iii- 
 si.li.| 0,1.1ns, the internal deiiartuiclit was .i.is.'.l 
 by oilier of govcruiueiit . . 31 Maioli, 1835 
 
 P 
 
 F..iiiiilliiig lio^l'it'd lit .Ml 
 li,,,. II. ill 1772 ; aboi; 
 ccivi'ilamiiially. 
 
 FOrXTAINE C 
 
 j.;,ii.e works, Faicli.-e 
 li.ills-v cii.imcUed wa 
 ;i]„i a'tiim eollccli.in ot 
 iv.iik, vV'.. forinod by 
 tho leigiis of Anne 
 Xji'lenI Hall. Xortolk, 
 ■iiiul Mans 11 f.r i)i.ll 
 (In, sile .if ancient dr;: 
 ,vai niiseil to 90,278/, 
 JitJ iu i87j. 
 
 FOUXTAINS. ' 
 
 .llcviuulria was invoii 
 tiicrt'iiiarliahle fountai 
 di Trevi, constructed 
 1-35; till' Funtanii 
 Paul V. iu 1612; and 1 
 .ailed also the Fountai 
 iu the palace garden 
 LiaisXIV., and the Gi 
 are I'xeecdingly beaut 
 publi.' fountains in I'a 
 the Chateau d'Eau on 
 (liv (iirard, 181 1 ) ami 
 Lo'iiJoii is not remar 
 larji:st are in T'rafal 
 (841, after designs by 
 are lii'iiutiful fountains 
 ghire. tlie scat ..if the 
 (iiiii'iiilieent fountains al 
 ham, were tirst |iulilie 
 tSj!), in the preseuco 
 sljoctators. 
 
 ■Hi.- f..aiitiiia at Park-lane 
 ll:n«]i. was iiiiiiigiirate.l 
 Itliii slatiu's .11 Chance 
 n.jik "f Mr. Tliomas Cri 
 
 FOURIERLSir, 11 
 
 M. Charles Fourier (\ 
 rhalaiistery (from jjfin/ 
 fiiiiilii'S living in one ed 
 •a<t.igive the hi'glK'st ai 
 Ivvestcost. The systoii 
 Ijv the siualluess of tl 
 tiiiiil. 
 
 Ilii.'f'.imi7.'.-7. r.', a s.nii.'wh; 
 liy.M. U.iiliii.aiiiamit'acti 
 France, was iep..ite.| sui 
 
 •FOUR maste: 
 
 Mk'hael, Conary, and t 
 ffiua O'Muli'.iiiry, who 
 documents tho annals of 
 A.D. liilfi. An edition o 
 from autograph JISS., w 
 I)r. Julia O'lloiiovan, wi 
 l8;i. The " Four Mast 
 of the i;th century, 
 
 FOURTH ESTAT 
 
 that this term was I'.ppl 
 Ijy tilimiud liurke when 
 Coiiiuwus. Burke died 1 
 
 FOrnTH Pakty. 
 
 l.Jiil liaiiJ.jlpli Cliurchi 
 Woltf, Mr, (aft. o.r) Jo 
 conservative iiiciiibers, m 
 erament, also termed " 
 
FOUNTAINE COLLECTIOX. 
 
 4;ji 
 
 PRANCE. 
 
 I'l.miilli",-' li'ispitiil lit Miisi'iiw, fi)iiu(l,..l liy Otthb- 
 liiie It. ill 177- ; about ij.ouo ..liililRMi aru rc- 
 cfivcJ iiimiuill)'. 
 
 ForXTAIXE COr.LECTIOX of Ufimis- 
 
 j;,!,,.,. \V"ii,s, t'liiouci', Liiuuges. Itiilt'iielli', iiiid 
 [ijlis-v uuaiiu'ilc'il w.iie, i;i'. (uiic'((u;illc'<l) ; aiul 
 ;il-;.i .1 tiiii' i''illt'cti'in ijf iiiiiis, nu'ihil.-, carvcil iviiiy 
 iviiik, A:i., I'liniioil liy sir Aiulivvv Kuuiituiiii', iii 
 llio irij.'ii« "f Aiiiii' uiiil Ueoi-^o I. ; plniud in 
 y,il'.iiil II:ill. Xui't'iillv, iilnmt ir;,i): sdKllnCliii.stie 
 "iiul Man- 11 t'"r '(Mli/., l(j-l() June, I,S,S4: by 
 (In. sile 111' uiuieiit ilrawinns, on 11 Ji'lv, tiio .sum 
 mis nii^'i''' to ij(i,2;Sl. bir .Vudivw i'ouiit;iinL' 
 (fell iu lHr3' 
 
 FUrXTAIXS. Till! fountain of Hero of 
 .lle.^:iinlii:i «;'s iiiVfiilLnl aliout 1^0 n.c. Among 
 the ri'iiiai'l<able l'ountain.s at Uoiiio an.' tlio Foiitiina 
 (li Trevi, funstructi'il for pope Clement XII. iu 
 1-35; tlir l-'oiitaiia I'aolina, eivrtuil for |)ope 
 Paul V. in I'JI2; and I'oiitaiui Jell' Aeqna Felice, 
 lalloil ;il*o tliB Fountain of Mose.s. The fountains 
 in till' palate vMidi'iis at Versailles, made for 
 L.rais XIV., and the Grand Jet d'Kau, at St. Cloud, 
 ari' I'Siwdingly beautiful. There are above 100 
 mWii' fountains in Paris, the most striking being 
 t!io Chateau d'Fau on the Uoulevard St. Martin 
 (1)V (jirard, 181 1) and that at the i'alais lloyal. 
 LiiiJiiii is "*Jt remarkable for fountains ; "tlie 
 l;ir;'i:st are in Trafalgar-siiuare, eonstrueted in 
 [84^ after designs liy sir Charles Barry. There 
 ;iiv kaiitiful fountains at Chataworth, 111 iJerbv- 
 sliiri'. tiie seat of the duUe of Devonshire. The 
 (iiib'iiilJi't'nt fountains at the Crystal I'ulaee, Syden- 
 ham, were tirst publiidy exhibited ou iS 'June, 
 iSj((, in the preaeuoo of the queen and 20,000 
 riirttators. 
 
 ' 1 
 
 Th.' f'laiitaiii at Pavk-laiie, London, W.. the gift of Mis. ' 
 Iliumi, was ianiiLtunitL'd and iiin'overed, q .Inly, 1875. j 
 It Ins slatiii's ot Cliane.T, .iliakspeare, and Milton, the | 
 work "f 5Ir. Tlionias Croft, and eost 5000/. [ 
 
 FOl'RIERISir, !i social system devised by \ 
 M. Charles Fourier (wjio died in iSj;). Tlie 
 I'lialaiistery (from jjliii/niir), an a.ssoeiatlon of 400 
 Caiiiilifs living in one ediliee, was to be so arranged • 
 a*t') give the highi\st amount of happiness at the 
 lvi¥>t tast. The system failed; caused, it is said, 
 liv till' siualluesj of the sealo ou wliieh it was 
 triiiJ. ! 
 
 111.' f'lnin' ■*/■', a sum. -what similar syslcm, cslahlislu'd 
 liv.M. G'lilin. a iiiaiiufaetnivr of staves &o., at Uui.se, X. 
 I'KiuiT, was icpi.rti'.l successful in Jan. iS36. 
 
 •FOUR MASTERS," a name given to 
 Miiliai'l. Conary, and Cucogry O'Clery, and Fer- 
 tV;eii O'Mulmiiry, who compiled from origiua- 
 documents the annals of Irelaiid from 22-|.2 v.v. to 
 A.D. l()l6, An edition of these " Annals," printed 
 from autograph MSS., with a transhitiou edited by 
 i)r, John O'llonovan, was published at Duliliu in 
 iSii. The " Four Masters" lived iu the tirst half 
 ol'tlio I ;th century. 
 
 FOURTH ESTATE. Thomas Carlyle states 
 tliat tbii term was applied to the newspajier press 
 by liilmuud Iturko when speaking in the House of 
 tommuus. Burke died 9 July, 1797. 
 
 parties were liberals, conservatives, and home-rulers 
 (1S80-5). 
 
 , Lonl KaiiiLilpli clinivliill and sonic ,,f his frieiuls 
 
 i iicsirc I iitalc Ua.lical on;anizatinn (|iopolar, 
 
 I IvspoMsililc, iii.il leplcs.jlitativc), advocatinn 
 
 • torv dcinociacy " .May, 1334 
 
 II' anil sonic others took ollico under tlie 
 , ^'ili,bur!jiul,a:niilr,iliuii, , . . Ju„c, i335 
 I 
 
 FOX, see lleijiiani. 
 
 TT^Rf^ 'VXD GREXVILLE ADMIXLSTRA- 
 liUX, see iriVHfil/c AiimtiHatruliuii. 
 
 FOX-GLOVE (folks' or fairies' glove), a 
 handsome indigenous ll.iwer. The canarv fo.\-glovo 
 {/)i,,ij„/ix fiiu,inci,.ii.s) canu! from tlie Canary 
 islands, i(,(),S. The .Madeira fo.\-glove came here 
 !," '"a- .'"'"' '".K-grapc shrub (I'Uui }'u/uiiiii), 
 irom Virginia, before 10^6. 
 
 FOYERS, Falls of, works, see Aluminium, 
 
 FRAGA, X.E. Spain. Near here the Christian - 
 und.T AUonso I. of Aragon, were defeated by the 
 Moors, 17 July, 1134. 
 
 FR AXC, the current silver Freneli coin (value 
 10'/.), su])erseded the lifrc tuitntuii by hnv iu 
 '795- 
 
 FRAXCE, the Honian Quid {which see) Iu 
 the Sfh century it was comiuered liv the Franks a 
 people of (ieiniany, then inhabiting Franconia 
 wliere they became known about 240. Thecountrv 
 was gradually named Fraiikai-ne, Franks' kiii"- 
 dom. For the dynastic changes, see li.st of sove- 
 reigns, iiitni. I'revious to the revolution, France 
 was divided into 41) governments. Iu i7()o it was 
 divided into Hi, departments, and subsei|uentlv into 
 150, including Corsica, Geneva, Savov, amfotlier 
 places, ehieriv conquests. In i.Srs the'deiiartmeiits 
 were red need to, SO; in l,S(w they were raLsed to 80 
 liy the aci|uisition of Savoy and Xiee • re- 
 duced to .8() by the hiss id' Alsace and Lorraine The 
 political consiitution has been fiei|uentlv chan"ed 
 since I78<). For details of more important events 
 see separate articles. The title of king of France' 
 adopted by the English sovereigns from \:d\\d ird' 
 1340, was given up by Geo. 3 iu 1802. Colonies. ' 
 
 in tliat part of Ci.uil, till late 
 aljont 418 
 
 The Kiaiiks settle 
 ealleil Klanileis 
 
 I'opiiliitHiii of Frnmc in i7.x>, 19,669,320- in 176^ 
 2i,70,>i6j: ill 1801, i.7,j49,ooj: in 1820, )o,45i,,87' iu 
 lij". 3.i. 540.910 ; 111 1:14(1, .15,401,761 ; ill iSjo - 
 111 i36i, incliiiling the new dcpartinent 
 1872 (.■ifter till' war), ^6,102,921 
 
 I'oiniliUiim 
 
 j6,o,)9,364; 
 .)7.38j,225 ; in 
 
 FOrHTH PaUTY. a name facetiously given to 
 iii.i luinlulpli Churchill, sir Henry Diummond 
 Wollt', Mr. (aft. oil') John Uorst, anil a few other 
 Cf.usiTvative members, active ofpouents of the gov- 
 emmi-at, also tcrmi'd "fre-o lances." The other | ij6,oj6,ouo/.' 
 
 disp.isalifc loicc in 1S69, about 
 i,!5o,ix)o; 111 1875, i,75o,,«j<j; in i83o, 2,421,164 men 
 noii-inilitary ail.juiict,s about i,,io,otio. Ueveinie ,,8,),^,' 
 120,61 1, ,>»j/. ; ■ " • • ■ • r- , 
 
 120,61 i,.>,V. ; iSqi-.., ij..,..74,474,'. ; c.'ipenditnrc', i89<^i', 
 I26,595..!6i . ; 1891-2, i.).vj6o,96j;. ; ,890. imports, 
 2i8,o8o,ooo(. ; i8gt, I57,4b8,3.xi/. ; 1896, 151,944 'xxV ■ 
 exportH, i89o,.9j,6oo,ooo/. ; 189J, 128,384,760/.; .S96,' 
 
 W 
 
 -»» ^ 
 
 I '^^fl' 
 
 J i.iii<LlJu-l 
 
IfW*! 
 
 m^ 
 
 
 
 3\: 
 
 }' ' , 
 
 >r 
 
 ♦( 
 
 :% 
 
 'uu 
 
 FKANCE. 
 
 432 
 
 FKANCE. 
 
 C'ldvis, 481 ; <lcfriits Syiiprins anil tlic Gauls at 
 issnns. 4SC ; ami 111.- Alciiiaiini at TnllMar'. near 
 
 Cii1iil;ii( 
 
 mill I'Miliiaris elai^tiiiiiily 
 
 496 
 
 At .laiiiai- 13 Maiili ; at Mi.iiidiitiiui" 
 MassaiTi' 1.1 i5t. Hartliiilunii'W . 
 ■ lliily Cathnlir Liaf,'iii' " istalilislicil 
 
 ■■4 Aii^-. 
 
 Hi' kills Alarii' tlii-'Cofli at tlir liattl.- of Vim-li', 
 
 Poii-ticrs, unites liis 
 
 l.nill 
 
 lUlUlSls llHllI 
 
 Duki 
 
 Dim 
 
 lit* (luisc assassinatril by king' 
 ami Ills liiotlii-r, tlii' canliiial 
 
 to the ryiclUTS, ami niaki'S I'arif 
 
 111 
 
 stalibiil liy Jaciincs t'li'im-nt, a In 
 
 law 
 
 111 ilii 
 
 li 
 
 al'ital 
 Hi" I'niilainis tlic i<alii|iU' 
 
 luiirs..iis .... .... 511 
 
 Kiviiu.Mit iiivasiniis nf tin' Avars ami i.Miiil'anls, 56-'-5S4 
 
 iviii;,' 
 
 Hiiiiv III 
 
 All};.; ilii'.l 
 Ili-iirv IV. ililVals till' U- 
 
 lli'MlV IV. I'irnm 
 
 ifjui' .-it Iviy 
 
 .\llL' 
 
 Itoiiiaii Ciillii 
 
 Till- iiiaynrs m" tlif jialaia' nuw assumf 
 
 iihiiost ! 
 
 Yv'v^n autliniity 
 Lharlis Martfl liii'im 
 
 iiilfs with ih'Si'utir 
 Ilivasinii nf till- Saiai-fUs, 720 
 
 MaHi'I, mar Tunis 
 li.i^'U i.f Tii.iii till' ^ihin-t 
 
 i.r 111' till- I'ala 
 
 ami 
 
 5S4 
 
 ili't'cati'il hv Cliaili's 
 lo Ui't. 
 
 'I'hi' k'a-iii' h ailiTs suliniil til him 
 
 111- liriiiiiiilf;ati's the I'lliit (if Xaiitcs ,, 
 
 iSilk ami iithcr nianiifaituirs intiuiluml hvl/ 
 
 Sullv 
 
 Qmhi r ill Ninth .\niiTiia srttliil 
 .Mni-.l. riif lliaiiy IV. liv Havaillac 
 
 14 Miu. 1, 
 -■.^■li'.lv 
 
 l;S, 
 
 .hi 
 
 L'hariiMiiaf;iic 
 I,ii]i,1iarilv, 
 
 kin^' 
 ■73-4 
 
 'iinqni 
 
 IS tSaxmiv ami 
 
 732 
 752 
 
 Iti 
 
 Till 
 
 stall- 
 
 I.f, Mary ih- Mi-ilii-i 
 
 ii-lal 111 
 
 n Mi- 
 
 fi-i iwnt-tl fnipi-r ir 
 
 nf till- Wi-st, 
 Dr 
 
 R 
 
 iiiananriiji lit nf tin- liiiam-i-^ 
 
 IlllllM.lJll 
 
 Thi> Xnrinans invaih- Xi-nstria, 8-0 ; part nf wliii-h 
 is j.'1-anti-il linllo, as Xnniiaii-iy, by L'liark-s the 
 (Sinijil 
 
 N 
 
 Sco V 
 
 isi- nf till- C'lMiiiiiis, 1610 ; tlu-ir fall ami lir.a'i, 
 
 narri' aiim-xril tn I-'i.ni 
 i^orniisamlsiii-i-cssfulailiiiiiiistiatii 
 
 Ri-i^'n nf 1111^:11 Cai-it 
 
 Taris iiia.h- i-aiiital of all Kraiii-e 
 
 Li-tti-rs nf fram-liisfgra 
 
 9S7 
 
 bi'^'ins with liiiiim-i- 
 HiM-hi-lh' taki-11 afti-r a Iniit; sii 
 " Day nf Dii|ii 
 
 llnf liii-lilh.i 
 
 liiai-hiliatinii.^ nf his 
 
 liii-hi-lii- 
 
 i-m-r|;y iU-f,-at< tla 
 
 nti-il tn (-itit-s ami towns by 
 
 l.niiis VI. 
 
 996 Hirhi-lil-ll nlt-'.-lllisi-s till- vll(i(/i, 
 His ih-ath (am-il 58) 
 
 Sinn of l.oliisXIV. 
 
 I.niiis VII. .jnins in the (.'rnsa 
 
 iih- 
 
 .\ustria, ii-^iMt) 
 
 -il 
 
 tie Fru 
 
 '"r years (.\i,i 
 
 Philip Aiiiju: 
 
 tns ilefeats the (ierniaiis at lii nviii, 
 
 iji.f Ailiiiiiiistratinii nf Mazarin : vietories of T 
 
 14 .M.iy, ifj. 
 
 Loni 
 
 i VIII., Conr ih Lion, frees his .sells 
 
 Louis IX. eomluets an army into I'ale.stim 
 
 Daiiiietta, 1249 
 
 see Critmi 
 
 take: 
 
 dies before Tunis 
 
 25 All- 
 
 I ivil wars of the Fioiiih- 
 
 Death 
 
 iif SI a 
 
 Chiirh-s of Anjou eomiuers Xajiles ami Sieily 
 
 His tyranny leails to the niassaere ealk-il the f-ieiliaii 
 
 Vespers (ii-lii,-li ,-..) 
 
 Philip the Fair's iimirrels with the Pope . 
 
 minister 
 
 ar with llnllami, \-e 
 
 .Maii-li ; tnlbeit (ill 
 
 !t4S. Hr 
 iii'.-ial 
 
 I'aual nf I.allj^lleilni- enlistriletnl 
 
 r2£2 Kil 
 
 nf Nim 
 
 of Nailti-slevnke.l 
 
 "1 , - 
 
 Kiiit;lits Templars su|.pres* 
 Uiiinii nf I-'rame ami Navarr 
 
 13C1-2 l.iiuis iii.inii-s Mail.iiiii- ill- .Miiint.nni 
 1307-S War with William III. uf I-hiLrlaml . 
 
 10 AliL-, 
 22 Oi-t. 
 
 Eiifilish iiivasioii- 
 
 I'hilip VI. ilefi-ate.l at (.ressy. 
 
 i,ii4 
 
 I'eaee nf Hyswiek 
 
 War nf the Spaiii.sh sneei-ssioii 
 
 uiv.*-. 
 
 Calais taken by Eilwanl III. 
 
 J4^ I'leiii li ilefeateil at Blenheiii 
 
 Dauiihiny an 
 
 m-Neil to l-'ianee 
 
 347 
 
 At l{amillie^ 
 
 -•^-l-t. ,;. 
 1 Allj;. 
 
 Battle of Poietiers (iWiic/i >w) ; kiiiy .Tnlm taken 
 
 1349 I'l-aee nf i;tri-elit (wliiili Mf) 
 
 2.01 
 
 1/04 
 
 Disseiisiniis of Jesuits ami J, 
 
 (briiu 
 
 ;lit prisoner to Enjilaml) 
 ■ laiil uniler an intenliet by the pope 
 
 19 ^?ept. 1356 
 1407 
 
 L\ 
 
 1 1 April. 
 :in.sonist.s ; the Imll 
 
 'y. 170/^ 
 
 171! 
 
 Ai- 
 
 sioii of Liiiijs XV. 
 
 Battle of A.dm-ourt (u-hi-h ,«.() 
 
 25'>it. 
 
 Jlasaacrc of the Arniagnaes by tin- Ihirynmli.iiis, 
 
 Jinie, 
 Henry V. of England aeknowleilgeil heir to the 
 
 throne .... 
 Henry VI. i-rowneil at Pans ; 1 
 
 gent 
 Siege o: 
 
 M15 I.: 
 
 of Orleans 
 
 W's bubble ill I-'l-.-lllee (see Aioe) 
 
 Sept. 
 stormy regi-ney of tin liuke 
 
 l-'lem-h ilefi-ateil at Dettillgeli 
 hueeessful i.im]iaigii nf marshal iSaxe 
 Pea.-e nf Aix-la-Hiapelle 
 
 hike of lieilfoiil i-e- 
 
 D.'ini 
 
 attempl 
 
 iir begun 
 
 M-pt. 1715. i.- 
 
 ■ . 1711 
 
 16 June, 174 •, 
 
 iSOi-t. 
 
 of 1.1 
 
 uis XV. 
 
 f Orleans raiseil, l.y Jcini of Aic, S Jlay 
 iSttie of Patay ; the Kiiglish ilefeateil :8 Jnm 
 
 Camilla lost battle nfyiiebei- 
 
 Tlie JesnitN banislii-il from l-'iam-e, ami their'i-llH-ti 
 
 }i S-pt. l;;^ 
 
 Jo.inof Ar 
 
 - burnt at Rouen 
 
 . Mav. 
 
 Eiiglaml lost a 
 Frame, between 
 
 II her possessions (but Cahiis) in 
 
 >43> 
 
 Pi 
 
 eontisi-aleil 
 
 -if P 
 
 iris : Canaila eeih-il to Kiigl.-inil. 
 
 League 
 tiie 111 
 
 of till- ].uliiiegni 
 
 il •• ag: 
 
 1434 
 
 mil 
 
 I.niiis XV. eiislavi-il by inailame lUi Uariv 
 
 limit I.niiis XI. by 
 
 1450 : Death of I.ouis XV. 
 
 De 
 
 Eilwaril IV. of Englaml iiivailes Frani 
 
 i4t4-i(i-t. 14 
 
 Faiiiiui- riots at Versailles 
 Till- mini^t(-r Tuigi-t disni 
 
 Charlei. VIII. 
 
 lll(Ul-l^ Napli- 
 
 I.. 
 
 p.lpl 
 
 gue nf Call 
 .luliui 
 
 I'l 
 ibi-ay 
 
 1494 
 
 loses it 
 
 Mil 
 
 nstl \" 
 
 -it Ni-.-ke 
 
 isseil 
 
 , Fi-1.. 
 
 12.m'iiv! 
 
 . .Mnv, 
 .Miiv, 
 .N-v. 
 
 aiiist Vi-niee 
 
 1 .»,''• Lmiis ,\VI. as^i.^ts Aieerii-a tn thmw- nif i.'s liiii-j- 
 
 II. forms the llol League against 
 
 (lei 
 
 oil Kiigliiinl. at lii-st 
 
 ;-ii-tIy 
 
 Fi-am- 
 
 F;nglish invasion 
 
 -battle of !Spnr 
 
 Interview ni 
 
 the F;ihi:.fihi'Ci<.ih cf(:ui,n«-i 
 
 Torture abolished in Fiem-li imiieature 
 Peai-e of V(-is:illli-s with Kngiaml 
 if- Aug. 1513 The ilianioml-nei-klai-e allaii (nhi,U tic) 
 
 3 Sept. 1;! 
 
 Fram 
 
 IS I. ami Henry VIII. of Kngiaml 
 
 Fiam-is I. lU-feati d and taken at Pavia 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Mi-i-ting of the assembly of notabk-s 
 again . 
 
 I Feb. 
 
 : Xiiv. 
 
 Peaee of Canibray 
 
 1525 Opening of .states general (308 eei-U-siastii-s, sSj 
 
 Pei-si eution of 1 
 [ioyal printing presi 
 
 f protestants begins 
 
 5 Aug. 1529 ' nobles; 621 (leiiuties, tiers etat) 
 
 ; .Miiv. 
 
 s established, 1531 ; Bidiert 
 
 1530 The tiers i-tat eonstitute theniselves the Xatimiiil 
 
 Stephens pri 
 Brittaiiv aiiiii-:: 
 
 ts his Latin Bible 
 d tn F'ranee 
 
 I Assembly 
 
 .lllhc 
 
 1532 The Fri-iu-h revolution eonmii-nees with tla- lii- 
 
 Leagui 
 
 He 
 
 f Kngiaml with the einpi-ror Charles V. 
 
 struitioi of the Bastille (le/ii. A m) 
 
 ,bilv. 
 
 V VIII. invades Franee 
 
 vith 
 
 gland 
 
 ■544 
 7 .lime, 154(1 
 
 The National Assembly (le(-rei-s that the t-,lli-"ttli 
 " king of Frame " shall be i-hangi-d to tljalnftlH- 
 ■• king of the Freiii-I ■ 
 
 Huei-essful di-hnee of Melzby the duke of Gui.se . 1552 The property of the ilergy eunliseated 
 
 He takes Calais (le'iir'i -'i') 
 
 e of protestants at Vassy, 
 
 Heligious war.) ; inassaer 
 
 Guise defeats the Hnguenots at Dri-ux 
 
 1558 F^migiatioii of nobles 
 
 1 Mari-Ji, 15O2 
 
 Oet.-1'ei-. 
 Colli', di-ratiou of the Chdiiiji ilc Mars: I-'ram-i- 1I1-- 
 
 - kilh-d .it siege of Oileans, 18 Feb.; tempi 
 
 Dee. 
 
 .aiy 
 
 ela 
 
 tu maintain tin 
 
 imtleii niniiali-hv 
 
 Li 
 
 XVI. 
 
 1 Jiilv, 
 
 pi-ail- nf .\mbnise 
 
 Ilugueii' 
 
 ts defeated at lit. Denis 
 
 In .Milll'h, icfa 
 
 The silver plate used in the ehurehes tialisfi-rn-ii t.- 
 
 tlii- mint and (-oined 
 
 10 Nov. 1567 Death of Minibeaii 
 
 3.M1111I1. 1-^1 
 Ai-ril. „ 
 
 The king, queen, and 
 Van'Ui'es, in their Hig 
 
 f/iiii-H (a lirisoner) sanet 
 tioii 
 
 H'ar ileeliiied against th 
 
 TlieJai'uhin eliili ileelar 
 
 Tlie iiiultitnde, bearing 
 
 lUiiri-h to the Tuileries 
 
 king 
 First i-iwlitiiiii against I 
 
 tin great Freiiih war 
 (.See /.'(i^/, 
 Tlif M.val Swiss guai-ils 1 
 
 5ooo|iei.siiiis 
 lit-viilntiiiiiary ti-iliniial s 
 it-rreciif the National .\s 
 
 40.000 e.\iled 
 Jl.issiii-n' ill Paris ; the ] 
 
 1200 persiias (iixi ]iries 
 Miinleriif tile prim-ess di 
 Till- Xatiiiiml Cniivention 
 C.-int-iitiim establishes a 
 
 i-laiiiu-il 
 Diikt- nf Hninswiek defea 
 Till- Fivneli |ienple il|.el 
 all nations who desire 
 
 Flaiiili-rs eoii(|Uereil 
 Drt-rec fur the periietunlh 
 family, those eoiitiiied 
 
 liiiiis iiiipiisiined ill the T 
 (|iii-eii. mill Ill-ought to t 
 Milratli, 20 Jan. Behei 
 
 ('«;..•(■ . 
 
 C.-miiiitti-eiif imblii- safet 
 War with Kiiglainl and He 
 WaiiiiL-i Veinlee 
 Ileyii nf ten-iir— jiroseri 
 
 .May ; I'statiiishinent of t 
 >l:iiat stahhi-il by Charlott 
 Till- i|iii-i'ii ln'hi-aded 
 K-ttriitiniinf the Uirondist 
 Pliilili Egiiliti), iliike (1! Or 
 
 tlii-kiiig'aih.ath.giiillotii 
 
 6.Vnv.;aii(l iiiadaiiie Kol 
 W"h;ii|iiifgi,i|ilessof leasi 
 .H.ilitiiiiiiif new i-epuhlieai 
 txi-i-iitiimnf Daiitonandot 
 
 Klial«-th . 
 I!>il«-s|iii.m- president, 4 ^ 
 
 ;'iiilintiiieil . 
 .lliiilitimi (if the lievolntjoi 
 I'eiK-i- with Prussia . 
 liisiiiivitiiiiiiifthe Faiiboii 
 l..iiiisXVlI. ilii-s in prison 
 Ka-Ui-li ilii-eetiiiT ehoseii 
 B.pii;i|i,-irti''s sin-i-essfiil i-aiii] 
 li.ilii-nl"s i-iiiispiiiii-y siipprei 
 I'!ilii-i!nia(-(iinpii-ai-v fails 
 Ks|«-.litiiintii Syria iiiiil Kg- 
 tiir.;«:ii'i)ii|itii,iiagainst ' 
 O-iimilnf Five Hundred i 
 
 wlio i.s r,|.|-liut.il First Con: 
 H-' -li fi-,its tiie AM.strians at 
 Hi»lifi-atti-iii|,t,-il hv the in 
 llie liiiiik nf Fi-aiii-n founded 
 
 fuiiiit .Mollieii 
 Pcii-i- of Aiaieiis (with Fin, 
 
 iMlDsiglll'll 
 
 AiniiMty to thi- emigrants 
 L!-.!iiir.nfHoii(iiu- instituted 
 toiiaiti-iiinilei-oiisiilforii 
 
 I '"7™k"fFniiii-eestabllsli 
 Unlaiatii.n (if war against E 
 
 I I'-rtflNiaiynfMiii-eaii and P 
 l«rti-.i5Feh.;Picli,.gi-»f,„ 
 
 (»l-e',Cul;/^^) 
 
 Bu-,- -I'Enaiiieu exe'eiitei'l . 
 fraiiotiii,iileii||e,„|,||,,, ■ x,,, 
 I knir. ,8 M,,y . ,.,.„„,„... i\ 
 n'«i-Mii,.ilkiigoflt„|v- 
 fili«-inaliti(,naKain.stFra 
 .V.pe,,,uk.f,.„,,s the allies at 
 
 |iii'ltlieHu8iiiuiisntF:ylau 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 1791 
 
 The king, queen, uii;l royal funiily nm-stea at 
 
 I/mia (11 laisoiier) .sanctions the Nati'onarConstiti'i; 
 
 tiun ,, v,.,.|| 
 
 Harilccliiml a;.'ain.st thiMMiiiieriir ' ,' .,„.ii " 
 
 TlieJan,biueliil),le(daie their sitting^ iiennanej't,' '^''^ 
 
 Il,emultitu.le, lieariiij,' the red lj,„i„,.t ..f'ml'rtv' " 
 
 iimirh to the Tuilerius to make deiiiaials on tliu' 
 
 !<'"(* ■ 20.1nni' 
 FiMtnwhtioiu.Kanisf Fnin.e : oorumenee i,t "f " 
 
 tlKKivatlTenclMvar . . , ,' ' 
 
 . [See/;,.W«, ,7g2t„,8 ] ' •"""-- " 
 The myal Swiss yiiards ent to jiieees ; niassa.'re of 
 
 50oo|iprsiiMs ,0 \„,, 
 
 Rfvolntioiiiiiy tnlMinal set ii|i . in 'v " 
 
 UnmMiftlie National AsseniMy ayai'iist tiie |.?iests'' " 
 
 jo.ox) exiled ... ', ;'' ■ 
 
 JUssacrein I'aris : the |.ris,.ii.s hmkeii open "ami " 
 
 1200 luT.vJMs (100 ]>iiest.s) slain ' . 's,„ ,V 
 
 JlnnifiMif the |M-ineess de I.anilialle ? Se , "' 
 
 Thr National Convention opened . " i7,Sei,t' " 
 O'livnilioiiestalilislies a reimldie, 20 Seiit •' om' " 
 
 ''»"'"■'' aVwept! „ 
 
 Ihikf ef Hrinisn-ick defeated at Valniy 20 .Sept 
 Til.. Fivneli people ileelare tlieir fraternity 'witl'i " 
 all nutioiis wlio desire to be free, and olfe'r lielj', 
 
 Ftolere coniinered . . , '^ j')".' " 
 
 Dbto' for the periietual baiiishnient of tlie«oiiil,„M " 
 faiull.v, those eonlined in the Teniplu excejited 
 
 Luuis imprisoned in the Teiiiplo distinct frun/tili'. " 
 ,,iim, and hronyht to trial ,9 .Jan. ; eoinleniiied' 
 to Jrath, 20 Jan. Jieheaded in theiVoec ,1c Louis 
 
 . ^'""' ' ,',. 21 Jan. 
 
 tMiiiuiitteeol iiiihlie.safet.s established ,, t.,,. 
 Wanvilh Kiiiiland and Holland ileelaivd , vlu 
 War ill 1,11 Vein lee . M u I 
 
 ltaj;ii of leiTor^pr,,serii.tioM ■ „f Uinpii'dh^ts, 'Vi 
 .Ma.v ; fstaluishnieiit ol eonvention 2:1 I m,. 
 
 M:iiat statihed by Charlotte Cortliiv ,, Y,,,".' 
 
 TlnM|iiwiik.lieaded . . ' 'V, V 
 
 txiriiliniioftheliirondists ' " ,, ,, , 
 
 Pliilil. Efciilite, duke o: Orleans, -.vho 'ha,l 0,,t,.,i .•,;; 
 
 the kiiij-'sileath, guillotined at Pans(;iee(y,V,,.H,/ 
 
 6Xov.;aii.l niadanie Roland ^ 8 V ,v' 
 
 H"i>,;ii|.,if|,'o.idess of reason . ' ,0 v,,,.' 
 
 .W"|itiniiofnew repiihliean I'alendar -,. n„v' 
 
 "^ Kliawlh'! "'"""" """' """"'"' ^ '^'"'" ' "f '"'"'"'"e 
 I!.ili.;s|,ierre president; 4 jinie '; he 'and '7.' otliere 
 
 Stilliiltllieil .... "tiieis 
 
 ALilitioii of the llevolnticniary Tribunal 
 
 IVaiT »itli Prussia . 
 
 liisiirmtinnofthe KmiboiiryH' . ' 20 
 
 l."Uis.\Vll. (lies ill iiri.son . . ' ' 
 
 Kirin ii liirretory chosen 
 
 ftiM|iartv's siicecssfni eainpaigiis in I'tidy 
 
 mUiilsmnspinicy suppressed 
 
 Pii'lii-sraaeiinspiriiev fails 
 
 Ksi«,liti,.ii to S.yria and Kgypt (I'rli kh sve) 
 
 His mterview With the e.„rat Tilsit, 26 June ;pea.e 
 Hix Mihin decree against British eon^,;!^;^; ''°^ 
 New nobilitv nf I.v..> „. ■ '7 »'• 
 
 ^.vour of Napoie:;:^\.;;^;^^-;-' ■-,-■■■;' 
 
 '^"""»™' "■''tofthelVninsiihir 
 
 Alliance of England and Austria 
 Victc 
 
 war (i 
 
 Wpa , 
 
 7 -Ma.v, 
 
 'liitin), 
 
 July, 
 
 linst Fi-.'inei., 
 
 April, 1800 
 .May, „ 
 
 lVace'ofv".;ni;r"'"^ ''"•'"''■""•■■"«- Vien 
 
 ''^!:'en:;.;^,v'l;:;.::;).::-""'i'-i..-jo^;;^';:i ■■ 
 
 • 16 Dee. „ 
 of austria, 
 Holland uniti.d to h'r.mce ' '^'"'''' '810 
 
 13ii-thoftliekiii;;„f|!,„„,.r>,l,„.:...,.;.,..\ , 3 Jj'.ly, 
 
 one ol tile einperdr 
 'i-leed by th(. s,.nate 
 •Marriage of \ai,„i,.„|,(, 
 
 Prance 
 
 and empress 
 Maria ] 
 
 '793 
 
 Th, 
 
 '"nie(.siiice.styled\a;ioU.„nII.),' " 
 War with linssia dei.l.ncd ^° •^';'i'''b 1811 
 
 Victory at Jidiodii-d • ^^ June, 1812 
 
 Hisastrons retreat ; French „,.,„y ,„„;.,, ,,;,7.^^;[ .- 
 
 Allian,^ Of Austria, Hnssia, and Prussia agi^t " 
 The Jiritish enter France ' ' ' ' ■'*'"'''''' •8'3 
 SniTcnder of Paris to the allies ' ' J '"''■,'■ " 
 
 Aa,eatio,i,,fXap,deon,i:";;thit;d •. ^Virll'"'* 
 13onr,,o,, dynasty restoivd, and Louis XVIII 'a^^i;;!; " 
 Napoleon arriyes at Elb.'i " • • 3 M''.V, „ 
 
 &;i'^i';f;;'!;;:;:!r'<---.;A =o S; 
 
 Leaves Pari.- f„r the an y ' " ^9 '^'i'"^''. 
 
 efeat,.,! at Waterloo ^ ' " • '^ f ""-'. 
 
 ''po;:fet'"'''"''^^'^'^'^'''-«^'--ai^u^;;'^;i 
 
 Loui.sXViU. enters Pari.s' ' ' ' 3 .July 
 iNapoleoi, surrenders to ..„'„♦ ^i..:.,'... , • 3.J»'.y 
 Jii'lhrujifi 
 
 1815 
 
 (.apt. 
 
 ,, ., , ,. --. •■ Maitlaiid, 
 - . ...,...,,„. at linche(,iit 
 
 '794 
 
 '795 
 
 Euni*!', coalition against I'ra 
 
 Oiiiiiiil of Five llnnilred (le|. 
 
 wlin i.s ilfdared First Consul 
 
 28 Julv, 
 '5 Dee. 
 5 April, 
 21 -Mav, 
 
 8 jiiiie, ;; 
 
 I Nov. „ 
 1796, &o. 
 '2 May, „ 
 .M.i) 
 July 
 
 Ciiniilor Five llnndri,! deposed liy Biiiiai),!;?,!' 
 
 „ ,, I tll'St Consul . 10 Xnv 
 
 n-: . I.- «t.s t„e A.istiians at .Mar, iigo . ,..,,',• 
 tef.. attempted by the iiiteiual uiK,.hine,^ 
 llie tank France founded hyNapiil 
 
 ooiiiit Mollien , ■> i ^ 
 
 Pnur of Amiens (with 
 
 l:lUil),siglii.il 
 Awn'sty to the eniij.-rants 
 ^■flni. of Ihiiionr instituted 
 liiM|.ai1e iiiiidc eonsnihir life 
 1 If i«ak of Fniiiee establish 
 Uniaratiun nf war against Kiiglaiid 
 
 ir,?Fl?'''i'™;' '""'''"•'»■«.■.. against Unna. 
 I »«-lEn«lm.n executed. " . ' ' J^^,}!."}- 
 l'tl«.™vilnlkilgofltj,|v' ^"- 
 
 '797 
 1798 
 
 •799 
 
 , 24 Dee. 
 deoii, allied by 
 
 Knglaiid, .Spain,' and" HoU 
 
 25-27 March, 
 
 Ain-il, 
 
 ■ 19 May, 
 
 2 Aug. 
 
 14 A|iiil, 
 
 22 -May, 
 
 De. 
 
 1800 
 
 ■ll. 
 
 1 802 
 
 1803 
 
 1804 
 
 Helena 
 , Arrives at , St. Helena to remain for lif. 
 Execution „fiMarshal,\cy "»""- 
 llie tainily „f !)„„„,,,,,;, excluded for 
 
 DukeofHerryniMrdered ^ 
 
 Uea holNai 1 I. (.see II •,;/,,) ' ' 
 
 Jt'TV'"- ■•< ; fliarles X. kin./ 
 
 N.itioiial (Jiianl disbanded " ' 
 
 J ar with Algiers ;dcys fleet defcatwl 
 .Sevent.v-six new peers created ' 
 
 ^t;:;!ri;i,i:r '''»'"- ^i-'"™i-r 
 
 The Villele niiiiistiy replaced by tie 
 
 Berangcr imprisoned ftir jiolitical soi.g 
 toligiiacadmimstiationfnrnied 
 Lhainbcrofilci,utiesdi.s.solved 
 Algiers taken . 
 
 The obiiii.xidiis ordinaiii 
 and r 
 
 f the 
 , 5 Jul.y, „ 
 •I'liiil, and 
 for .St. 
 • 8 Aug. „ 
 '5 Oct. „ 
 
 7 "i"''. .. 
 ercr fnnn 
 
 • 12 Jail. 1816 
 13 l''eb. 1820 
 
 • 5 .Miy, 
 i6«ii,t. 
 
 • 30 .Vpril, 
 
 4 S'ov. 
 
 5 Nov. 
 several )ier- 
 
 •20 No\-. 
 
 82t 
 
 1824 
 827 
 
 1828 
 
 :aiiling the 
 
 19-20 Nov. 
 Slartignac., 
 4 Jan. 
 10 Dei 
 • 8 Aug. ,829 
 16 .May, 1830 
 5''"l.v, „ 
 pi'i.ss. 
 
 leeonstrm.tiou of the chamber of deputies, 
 Iteviilutioi, eonunem.es with barrle.idcs f-, llllv' 
 
 ^:;£i»i!JiSii,;=s,-„i;ris3 
 
 Phlliplic I."'''"""" ""'■■'-•''^ ""^ •='■"»" »» I'onis- 
 The eoiistitutioiial d.arter of J„',y j;„„H.;^,"a, 
 
 A,«*r,,,alition,t;,ai„stA.ance. • ' '^ ^l^' '^°^ Clmrles X. retires to England . '^ t,* " 
 
 4j 
 
 T? 
 
 iyf 
 
 
 fMV>- 
 
 
 T^ 
 
 "i 
 
 (1 * ' 
 
 -11 
 
 
 ;i 
 
 
 . »3I 
 
 
 'F" 
 
 
 '^1^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 r F 
 
 ^..^^!' 
 ^ 
 
%, > 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 434 
 
 FEANCE. 
 
 FP 
 
 
 I ''' ' ' 
 
 ■t fr 
 
 1 i. 
 
 ( 
 
 '"■lilit! 
 
 i ■ 
 
 \\ 
 
 AL 
 
 HJ' 
 
 oreateil) lOUciiiriiiK l)y a imyoiity of 103 *" 7o> 
 
 27 Der. 
 
 Tlic" A n C ((i!i"i8Sfs) iusniTei'tiou ill Paris sup- 
 
 piTsswl . ■ . • .• 5-^ ''""'■■ 
 
 Chailfs X. Iwnvs Hiilyidoil-limise (iir tli.' i-miti- 
 
 iRM.t . . . ■ , ■ . • ■ ■» ^;;i' ■ 
 
 Ministry "IW(iiUt,cliikiMiri>-iliniitiii . ■"'''■'■ 
 
 Bewiim ami liciioit tricl Un- an iiUrnipt im tins 
 
 lit,- nl' L(Miis-lM[ili|.l"' ; ai-.|Uitt(.Hl . 18 .Maivli, 
 
 The iliirlic'ss of HfiTV, wlio iLiis lu'iMi clclivciril nt a 
 
 fVnialc <■■ ilii, anii ass.'it.s liiT sci'irt marnagu 
 
 witlian' .ilianniililcniaii,scntt"ralt'iiuii,9Jnm', 
 
 DeatlMpfl.a Kayi'tti- . ... 20 Jlay, 
 
 Marshal Cicraril talii'S iillii'C . -'Vil-i*' 
 
 M. Diiipwvtivnilifs o f,''"- 
 
 I)\U' An Ilnwlii'. liiinisti 1- .... '■< - 
 
 Fiesi'lii atti'iupts tli.' kin^-'s lifu . . 28 . uly, 
 
 (Hu II1V1I an inli'iiial maihini' as tin' kiiiK ami Ins 
 
 sons rc«lc alunj; tlii' lines iif the nati(jnal unaril, 
 
 on til.' li.Mik'Vai.l <\H T.-nii.lf. Tlii' inacliinc 
 
 (■(insistcil I'f twcntv-livr l.aiwls, cliarncl witli 
 
 varicms niissiles, and liKlilcil sininltanfiaisly by a 
 
 train ..f tinnpinvder. 'riic kinn ami Ins sons es- 
 
 oapf.l : lait marshal Mcutier, . ikc ut Ircvisu, 
 
 was shi.t clea.l, many allir,.rs ilanj-'iM-oiisly 
 
 wiinmhMl, ami npwards uf fnity la'isuns killed 
 
 (ir ininri'd. 1 
 
 Fieschi .-■xecntcd . • • • ..'O f''!'- 
 
 Lonis Alihaml lires at the kiiiKnii his way Irniii the 
 
 Tnilerie,-, 25 J'""' : «'''""«'"•■'!„; . • " ■'"'■V' 
 Ministrv ulemiiit M.dts net M. Ihieis . 6 hi;pt. 
 Death idChailesX. . ■ ■ ,■ \ .. , \\\: 
 Attemipted insiirreetmn at StrasliurK I'y i-'ans 
 Napnleuii (afterwards emperor), . 'anned, it is 
 said, hy Filain de I'ersigny, 29-30 Uet. ; lie is sent 
 toAllieliea. . . ■,,;.,:, "3 •*'"^'- 
 Prince I'ciligna.' an.l others set at liherty fnini Ham, 
 and sent (lilt of Kranee . . . • 23 Nov. 
 Meunier llres at the kin;; uii his way to open the 
 Freiieli fliamhers . • ^7 l>fi-- 
 Amnesty for i"ilitieal nitem'es . . 8 .Ma,\ 
 " Idees Xapoleonieiines," hy pnnee I.oius Napo- 
 leon, imlilished 
 
 Talleyrand dies . . • • • ■ 
 Marshal Soult at the eoronatiou of the 
 
 Ensilaiid 
 
 Biith oftlioeount<if Pans . . . 
 
 Death t.fthiMlnehess of W nrteiiilierg (daughter of 
 Louis Philippe), a good scnlidor . . 2. Ian. 
 Insnrreetionof Darbesand lilaminiat Pans, 12 May, 
 M Thiers, minister of foreign allairs . i March, 
 The idiaiiilieis decree tlie removal ol Nai'oleon s re- 
 mains from St. Helena to Kraiice . . 12 May. 
 IBv the peniiissioii of the British government these 
 were taken from the tomb at «t. Helena (,5 Oct 
 i8do), and embarked on the ne.\t day on board 
 the Iklk l'i:''k Fiemdi frigate, under the eoni- 
 iiiand of ,ie prince de .loinville : the vessel 
 rea.died Clieriicairg on 30 Xovember ; and on 1 = 
 December the bo.ly was depositeil in the Hotel 
 lies Iiivalides. The ceivniony was witnessed by 
 1,000,000 of persons ; 1^0,000 scddiers assisted in 
 the ub.seqnies ; and the royal family ami all the 
 high personages of the realm were present : all 
 the relatives id' the emiieror wen' absent, lieing 
 proscribed, and in e.xile or in pri.soii. Ihe bo. y 
 was finally placed in its eryi.t on 3' Manli, 
 
 Descent of prince Lonis Xapoleon, geiienil .Montlio- 
 Ion and 50 followers, at Vimcn'iix, near lioii- 
 logi'ie 6 AU','. ; the prince sentenced to imprison- 
 ment for life 6J>'| 
 
 Dixnnes llres at the king .• • • '5<"-t- 
 
 M UniZ"t, minister of lon-igiiatlairs . 29 Oct. 
 
 Proiect of hiwforanextraonlinary credit of 140,000,000 
 of francs, for erecting the fortitlcatioiis of Pans, 
 
 15 Dec. 
 
 The dumtion of copyright to 30 years alter the 
 author's death, li.ved . . .30 March, 
 
 Bronze stitne of Napideon placed on the colnnin 
 ofthegrandeannee. Uonlognc . • '5 Ang. 
 
 Attempt to as.sassinate the nuke of Aumale (kings 
 son) t.ii Mnin from .Vfrica . n Sept. 
 
 The duke of Orieans, heir to tlie tliioiie, killed by a 
 fall tVoiii his carriage . . . •,.'<.','"'>'; 
 
 The iiueeii of Kngland visits the loyal family at 
 Chate.md-Kn . ••,•■,.• = ''' '"^'■'''' 
 
 Au extradition treaty with tngland signed . 
 
 i83t 
 
 1832 
 
 J833 
 
 1834 
 ■835 
 
 ed by the ' ' ** 
 
 1836 
 
 War M . Morocco, May ; Jieace 
 
 The king visits F.ngland ; received by the i|iucii fi 
 
 Det. ; "installed K.o. 9 (ict, ; departs . u Oct ,, 
 Attempt of LeeonMle to a.s.sassinate the kiiii: at 
 
 Fontainebleau 16 .\i'iil, 13,5 
 
 Lcaiis Xap(deon escapes from Ham 25 M.iv, 
 
 The seventh atteniia on the life of the king . l,y 
 
 ,)oseph Henri 29 .Inly, 
 
 Spd.fiinh iii'irriiiiics: marriage of the ipieeii of ^^|.|li'll 
 with her eoiisin, and of tl:e due de Moiitpeiisur 
 with the infanta of Spain . loiict. „ 
 
 Disa.strons innndations 111 the south . iS Oct. .' 
 
 The Pnislin iniirdev (see /'/((."/ih) , iS .\ii;' ijj, 
 
 Dctath ol marshal Oiidinot (diiki- of Reggiojat Paris, 
 111 his gist year, 13 Scid. ; Soult made gencinl nf 
 France, in his loom .... 2f, s.'pt. 
 Jerome lionaparte returns to France after iiii exiW " 
 
 of 32 years 10 (let. ,, 
 
 Surrender of Abd-el-Kader . 2; lli-c. 
 
 Death of the ex-empress, Maria Louisa, i3 Ijec. ; 
 
 and of inadame Adelaide . . . poller. 
 
 The gnind leiorm bamiuet at Paris jirohiliiteil, 
 
 21 hVli. 
 
 Revolutionary tninnlt in eonseiniei ; iiii;ieiicli. 
 
 nicnt and resignation of tiuizot, 22 Feb. ; Imri-i. 
 cades thrown up, the Tiiilcries raesackid, the 
 lirisoiisopeiied, and frightful disonlers coiiiniitli'il, 
 
 23-24 Kill. 
 
 Louis Pliilijipe alKlicatc. . ■ ... .ir of his infiiit 
 
 grandson, the ciimie d, I'an.-,. who is nut nr. 
 
 cepted ; the royal family .old niiiiiste s i.scaiii-, 
 
 L'4 Kcl,. 
 A re.iublic ]iioclaiiiied from the steps of the lli.|i-l 
 
 de Ville 26 Kill. 
 
 The .'X-king and (iiieen arrive at Xewlia\ eii in F.iix- 
 
 laid .! Mrrli, 
 
 Grand funeral imieession in honour of tlie viiiims 
 
 20 May, 
 (pn'ell of 
 28 .luiic, 
 
 24 Aug. 
 
 1837 
 1838 
 
 1839 
 1840 
 
 1S4S 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 
 
 of the revcdntion 
 
 4 Maicli 
 
 The provisicnial government resigns to an exeriiiivc 
 
 on, mission, elected liy the Xatinnd .Vsm'IhIiIv nf 
 
 the FnM;eh Kepiiblic . ■ 7 May, 
 
 [The members of this new I'overimicnt wire : MM, 
 
 liiipont de 1 Kure, .\rago, (iarniei-l'a-cs. Maru', 
 
 Lamartine, jA'dru-Hollin, and I'riiniiin. Tin. 
 
 si'cretJiries : Lonis lUaiic, Albert, Flninn, ::uil 
 
 Marrast. 1 
 
 The peitjde's attack tni the ussiniblv sujijiressi'il. 
 
 15 M.iy. 
 
 Perpetua, .ishiiieiit of Lonis Pliiliiqie ami his 
 
 family de, cd .... 26 .May. 
 
 Election of l.oui., S'a|iolcoii (to the Xdimial .\v 
 
 .seinbly) for the department of the .Seine and tlnre 
 
 other departments .... 13,111111', 
 
 Rise of the red Reiiiiblicans : waragaiii.sttlieiiiiii|« 
 
 and national guard ; more than 300 h.'irrii-ailt's 
 
 tliniwn up, and liriiig eontinues in all jiarts nf 
 
 Paris during the night . . . 23,111111'. 
 
 The troops under Cavaignac and Lainoriciiiv, «illi 
 
 immense loss, drive the iiisurgeiils froiii tlie lilt 
 
 liank of the Si'iiic 24,111111', 
 
 Parif' dei'lared ill ;i state of siege . 25.I11111'. 
 
 The Faubourg dii Temple carried with canimit, aiul 
 
 the insnrgeiits surrender . . sfiJinic, 
 
 (The national losses can.sed by this oiitlneak rsti- 
 
 iiiated at 3o.<xxi.(xx) francs ; I'j.ouo I'l'isnus killi'il 
 
 and woniideil, and 8t-xx> prisoners weretakt'ii. Tin* 
 
 archbisho]! of Paris was killed while tending; tlio 
 
 (lying, 26 June. I 
 
 Cavaignac, president of (he council . . 28.1iitic, 
 
 Louis Xapoleon takes his seat in the Xatiimal .\ 
 
 seniblv 
 
 26 Si'l't. 
 
 nl'lllllit . . . . . . ..."■-. 
 
 Paris relieved fniiii a state of siege, which liail 1 
 
 tinned four months .... 20 Oil. „ 
 Hoh'iiin iinniiiilgation of the constitiitinn of .1 Nnv, 
 
 in front of the Tiiileiies . . . . ""v. „ 
 Louis Xaiioleon elected president of th' 
 
 n'liublic, II Dec. ; proclaimed . ' 
 
 [He had 5,587,759 votes ; l.'avaignu', 1,4, fib, ' 
 
 drn-Rolliii, 381,026 ; Rasiiail, 37,121 ; I ' . 
 
 2',o32 ; and t'hangariiier, 4,975.1 
 Military deinonstiation to stifle an antieip.ae.. in- 
 
 Hllrrectioll of the reds .... 2^)Jall. 1S49 
 
 Death of king Loins Philippe, at Clarenioiit. 111 
 
 Kiigland 26 ^V'f- iSio 
 
 Liberty of the jiress restricted . . sOSri't. ., 
 Ueii. ('hangarnier deprived of the cuiniiialiil ef tlie 
 national guard to Jan. 1851 
 
 Pratli iif the duchess <i 
 Liiuis XVI., at Frohdili 
 
 P(.;itli"f laar.'flial Soiilt 
 
 Elirtrie telegraph hetw 
 ii|ii'ii('il . 
 
 I'ailiims iiiiiiiHitiuiis in t 
 
 fi.ii;i il'cM lilnniied liy t 
 .si),'iiy, and Di^ Morn 
 .Maupas, iiMiiister of 
 ntliers; legislative asse 
 suffragti'stalilislied, am 
 ofsieite: the election ol 
 jireiHisciI, and a secoii 
 
 M.M, Tillers, tTiangarnier, 
 imiriiii'ie, and I'harres ii 
 i'a.4k'iif Vineennes 
 
 Ahiiit 180 nienihers of tin 
 rjcr ut llieir head, ntti 
 wiM, ami Paris is 01 
 
 M. Oliarli'S Daiidiii, a (h 
 
 |iiii|i'stiiig against the vi 
 Saui;iiiiiaiy cuntliids in Pai 
 
 Ciiiwult.itive ciiinniission fi 
 
 Vi'tiiij; tlirnug'iiiiit Franci 
 
 I'miiiili'iit "f the republii 
 
 live votes 7,473,431, negi 
 
 listallatiiin "f the jiriiiee 
 Jral of .Viitie Dame ; I 
 icitioiiiil lidliilay at Par 
 takes uji liis residence 
 
 GtiiiTal.s C'liaiigarnier, La 
 
 Kiiiiliii'teii til (lie IJelgi.in 
 
 S; iiii'iiilii'rs iif the legislati 
 
 5;5 jiei'siiiis arrested for 
 
 1/'*.'/ lit 2 Dei'., and convi 
 
 I'liitatiiiii to t'ayeimi^ . 
 
 (Till' iiisi']-i|iti(ia " l.ihi'rt!/, 
 
 iiiili'ml t(i lie forthwith en 
 
 ami till' old itatnes of sti 
 
 anil jilaeos of resnvt to I 
 
 iif lilieity are evcrywhe 
 
 biinit.) 
 
 I Tlie iiatiiiual guard dish.'im 
 
 ,uiil ]ila.i'i| iiiiiler the co 
 
 111.' jiji'.^iili lit aii|iiiiiiting t 
 
 1 .\ti..iv.-.in,stit!iti.iii pnblislie 
 
 I Decree iililife'ing the Orleans 1 
 
 real and personal ]iroiierl 
 
 year .... 
 
 S'iii'l ili'i'iee, niiniiliing tin 
 
 l.i'iiis I'liilippe upon his f 
 
 iie.cssinti in 1830, and anii. 
 
 tlie.l.miaiii of the state . 
 
 iTIii-l.iitlHlayof.Vipoleoii [.( 
 
 tlie.iiily uiti.iiiiil holiihiy 
 |Tli(.li'|iai1iin'iits(if France r 
 
 I'ie^.'e .... 
 jlei-'iiilative cliaiiihi'rs installei 
 li'iystal |ialai'e antliorised 
 I'liainps Elys(<i'» at Paris . 
 IPl"tt.ia.<.sa.ssiiiiite the iiriiiei 
 I lit I'iiris . . . _ 
 iPrr-i.lciifs visit tiif<tiasbiirg 
 IM. iliii'Kiiiii.l otliers perniitte 
 
 |Tlif Freiieli Semite priivs " tlr 
 1 tlic limilitjiry snvereigii p,i 
 J fuiiily" . . , 
 lEiilliihiastii' re.'i'ptiiiii of tin 
 I.yi'iis . , ^ ^ 
 
 Biifenial liiai'liiii,., to ih'slriiv 
 
 [ ■*»"! at .Marseilles . 
 , f-l'i-esi.init visits Toul.ii 
 *-;ra.\-, wlu'ie he Kiivs •• th 
 
 [V-t-Mpiiernlkixih) . 
 
 R^Mea.«.M»l.f|.K„,U'r(Kec. 
 '■"iiviiKes llie senate for No 
 '"'"'■Iwiwofgoveiiiinent. M 
 
 I '"'"lil'e I'liiposed for tlr 
 
 IliiM.ii iieiiphi . 
 
 TttMtofciiiiteileClianihord 
 

 lirtith nf h.' diK' hens nl AuKoiilnii.., (laiiKlitcf cf 
 l.uiiis.Wl.at ^l■ollSll()l■f . . HiOrt ,R 
 
 l,,;,tl,.if„iai-,shulS(inlt . . . llllll- '^■ 
 
 Elirtrii' tt'lvt'iiiiih Lftwecii Kii-liiiiil mid Kiaiice " 
 'i'liiiil ,, .\,,v 
 
 raitiousiiiil'iisituMis ill till! cliiiiiilH.-i-; nllcKi-d iil.itH " 
 
 C,«i>imit liliiniicil liytlii' linn(T-iii-..Ml(Ivnt "iVi'l " 
 sii;iiy, mill I'n Morii.v ; ciirriiMl out liy 'c ilc 
 M;iii|..is iiiini>tiT iif |M,lic,., Ht. Aniiiii,!, aiKl 
 „lliiT<: Icjiisljitivi' .-issriiilily ilissolvrd • iiiiivcrs-il 
 Miirnni'cstiihiish,.(l, mill P.iris ilcclaivil in „ . t„to 
 , 1 si,-r : llii' clirtK.ii nf II iin..siii,.|it for ten vcai's 
 
 ].l,ili.i«l'l, limi 11 lit'CUIKl cllllllll,,.!- |,|. s..|ii|t,.^ 
 
 MM. TliiiTS, L'liiiiiKiiniii'r, Ciiviii){iiiic, Hcli.!,,', j '.,'. " 
 rauiiiicir. iiml I'liarres aiTC.stivl, ami m.nt t/i ti'ip 
 BistiedrViiiii'iiiii'S • ■ . . 2 Del- 
 
 AI»iilti8oiiii'Milicisor tlif as.sciiilily, witli M. Hit- " 
 ner at lln'ii' lii'iul. atfnniitiiiL' t'n inc-t 'ai'-|. .,,." 
 ristcil, ami I'liiis is (ii'uii|iii'iT liy triiujiN. 
 
 M. Cliarli's liaiiiliii, a ili'piily, slmt ilivid ^^■ll'i'l'l■. " 
 
 |iintistiii^Mif,'aiiist till' vinlatioii ipf til,, |,m-^ i,,,^. 
 Siiii'iiiiiiiry riiiitliitts ill I'arin ; the troojis viiloi-iinis'. " 
 
 Ciinsultativi' ciiiiiiiiiHuioii fiminluil . [^ l)"'' " 
 
 Vntiiis tlii-miv'iiiiit Kniiii-i' for tlio I'li'i'tioii of a " 
 ITisiili'iit lit till' ri'iiiililic for ten ywirs ; allirina- 
 till! voti-s 7,473,431, nrj,'ativi; votes 641,351. 
 
 Iiistiilliiliiiii iif thf luiiHT-iiresiili'iit in Uw ™tlu'' " 
 Jral iif Xiitiv Daiiir : the ilav ohservi'il -is -i 
 Mtiuiial Imliilay at i'aris, ami' f.oiiis N'liipoleou 
 Ukea ii]! liis irsiileiiee at the Tiiileries, 
 
 Grtirrals C'liaii;;aniirr, I.aiiiorieiere, imil 'tli,""' 
 iijinliirtoil til tlir lielfiiaii frontier . . g.Jaii' 
 
 Sjiiifiabmiif the lv;;islative assenililv liaiiisl'ieil - " 
 575 iwrsoiis anvsteil lor renistaiiee 'to the' r,.a,i 
 liVWiif 2 Dee., iiiiil eoiiveyeil to Havre for traii.s- 
 li..itati.iat.ifayeiii,e . . . , ,„j„„^ 
 
 lllii- ilwlljitliili "Uhnlii, fnilcniil,,, EipuiUtii" 
 iinIrwltiiliefiJi1li»itlieia.seiitliroii;;iioiit F'rinee 
 ,iiii| the eld iiaiiie.s of streets, |iiililie Imiidjie's' 
 .mil jilaees of re.siirt to lie restored. Tlie trirs 
 iif Iilierty are everywhere hewn down lui'l 
 liiimt.J 
 
 The iiatiiinal guard dislBinded. reornaiiiseil anew 
 
 aiLl i.la,i'd under the , trol of the exeeiitive ■ 
 
 til.' inwiili'iit apiioiiitiii},' the iiHicers ,0 ,!'iii ' 
 
 Aiuivniiistitiitioii iiiililished . . 14 ,lin' " 
 
 DfOrnM.lilijjinn the Orleans family to .sell all flieir 
 Mil ami iieisiaial iirojierty in' Franee witli.n a 
 yf'ir 2-, Jan 
 
 Smii,I ,1,.,iw, auiiulliii- the settlement made l,v 
 1.0111s I'luhjipe upon his family iirevioiis to hi's 
 ar.wsi.,ii 111 ,850, and annexing tlie inooertv to 
 tiif'liinia I the state . . . 22 Jin 
 
 TWiirtkiav.ifXapoleoii I, (.5 Any.) decreed to'lm 
 tlie, mly national hnlidav . ,, i.v| 
 
 Iiiei|e|iaitiiieiits of Franee released 'from' a stiite oi' 
 
 fcislativeeliaiiihers installed . " . 20 Mi'i'iv'l, 
 
 i'lystaliialair aiitlinrised to he ereeted , e 
 
 Cliaiiii,, Eiysees at Paris . . ,' m' * " 
 
 Pk|,ia,sassi„ate the prinee-iiresident disJovelvd 
 
 |Pi>-i,leiits visit to .StrasliiirK ' . ' ' ,0 'li'i'l'v' 
 1)1. iliieis ami others iieiniitted to return to FYaiiee; 
 
 |fc Kreiieii soiiate prays " th,. re-estaI,lisIi,nent"of 
 
 tlieliemhtary .sovereign power in the Ii .p;,,;;! 
 
 ijltejisti,. iveeiitiou 'of the l.nnee:p,-esi^U.nt'ai 
 • I9«f|'t. 
 y the prinee-iiresideiit, 
 
 FEANCE. 
 
 enii.ire. an,l ,...!'."'''""'. '''^'■'*'"i'"t >!' the 
 
 •'iiipire, and oidef-Vo' '; /i^ioiai ii in,. 
 
 "M'.mtliis eiiali';;.'''' "'" '*'"''" '" ^^ ci-nsnlted 
 
 I ''th.f'ii;n^:;i'r,,:''i^^"-' '•-.■'■-■; --:^ - 
 l"TeSs;,;^i'^i,,l^;r''^-'-'M"ntuo.eoi,,,^.;r;;f ■■ 
 
 43..,.o,i,iealom,mlers,.„lone,l.- ! ^V^ll,^'^ 
 
 •Military eaiiip at ,'-'at,nT,n'earl'aris' ' w'Tf' " 
 tmperor and enii.resa' ^i,^ t .1 ■- ■ *"''*■ .. 
 
 ,,1 th.dp,'s;3:^, "^'''"""'■™0-;7 
 ;!^::s';';:U:rrc^:^.'"- '"-■■"""■'"'-'- 1^- - 
 ^'Fnt:;;:;v''''"'"'''''^''-''™"f"-""»>^""s - 
 
 War declared iiyalnst Kussia (see JUmo-Turld m!)) " 
 
 Visit of prinee Alliert at Honherne "' ''*'"'''''' 
 
 n'-athofniarshal.St. Arnaiid '^ *- 
 {•-iiiperor and empress visit London 
 ,'.',';.'.l';-;*';'!.L':"'''i'''ti"" "t I'aris opened 
 
 5 tSept. 
 
 21} .Sept. 
 
 j6-2t April, 
 
 i May 
 
 lliifriiul iiiaeliiiie, to d 
 ! >fi;ri|at.Mai-seilles . , " k. , • 
 
 lftii.ie.|iiwi,lei,t visits Toulon, 27 Sept • and l'i!,V 
 
 P'l-teM .\l.l-,.l.K«der (.see ,(/„;,,;) " 1^ , ,' , 
 b. .■i.i.viiKes the senate r„, x„,,;,',„,„,^ ,•„ ,,,,, i*^, t*;, 
 
 1 K»'."r,!opli. ' "■'' '■ ""■ '■"ti"''"ti">' "f the 
 M«!,.f ...ante ,1c' Cliuuiliord. ' . ' . 25 Oel; 
 
 <.-,. VietoHa,;nd;-':r:K;^,;it Fi-ani 
 
 ;;^A9't^ss.-'- --^'^^ 
 
 Beathof lonnt Mol,. ' • ° '^I'l't- 
 
 P™,.,. with Hnssia signed " ' f '.'''• 
 
 ot«;;;r!^i3 H ''"^'•■•-^^ 
 
 nistressii, iii'iCf,::;;!;,.! ' ""■-""• i-'i-sm 
 
 Mhoiir, aivliliishop of Paris, assas^iniited hy xe,;!;:J; 
 
 c™s,,i,,,ey to assassinate tl,i.;.n,peror in' ^^,:^';i;:; 
 
 Death of Hera'iwr; pop'nlar poet ' ' 'I 'l"',''^'' 
 
 l.<mKwood „i„ r;.s'i,l!.ii,.e',', ".^-,„,;,,„„; j'^J"^'. 
 
 Helena, l,oi,(;|,t for ,80,000 fram-L "'• 
 
 ile eon.sinratois (irilli, liartolotti 'and 'Tilei'hli' 
 
 «|;.«l..MUVieted,andsent|.,i,.edto'tran:^,i;?^atil:l;; 
 
 KmperorandenipVessiisit'Kn^dand ' . ff-'.^u'i'S' 
 lln. emperor meets the eniper,;^ of Hi.ssia at^ IshJi^l 
 
 ti"-™ shells u.^,;;;-,;t;Ki^:^,,:^;;,;;;!'^;ri,,;;[ 
 
 I d d t 1'.'", ""''■'."■"'''■"'■-• «as lionil), ,8,g 
 
 i. 84 • was ;,'^''''V'l '^3? ••'"""■'' " ^•'•'''■t.soidety 
 
 vA^l'i-r' ^ "nested and eondemned to the -al- 
 
 With Kossuth, Mj^nf^\ ;;,;.:: I T'T'"'"' 
 
 ^Olliw';:;''';''' '"" ""-'•'•-•-"M I'mteslaKamst it liy 
 
 '''i;;'Me;a;Fsph;!.si:i*i: "^" ^^'^^ <\m^; 
 
 li<.itKiu,spinas.selieiionie.s minister of the interior, 
 ".\-ui,„ho,i III. ct VAnglctn-n" imlilislied „ Ma,'' 
 
 1- F 2 
 
 1854 
 ■853 
 
 1856 
 
 ■85 
 
 1858 
 
 I 'f 
 
 'jy^ 
 
 'W 
 
 
 I «* 
 
 'id' 
 
 i Vij^i** or 
 
 itfiKUiJ 
 
1%, > 
 
 II 
 
 
 fi.i; 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 436 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Iiiti'iniii'mto siicc'clicrt in Kimiii' iiwiiiist Ent,'laiiil- - 
 liiiMcdUciuiitiipiis liftwfiu till' twii iimiitiii'H piir- 
 tiallv iruKiVfcl in Maii-li, 1858 
 
 Ri'iinlilinm oiitbrtnk lit t'lialnns .suvi'n'sseil 
 
 9 Maicli ,, 
 
 Oi«iiii ami I'ifii I'Necnti'il . . -13 Maii^li, ,> 
 
 Hiinon Dcnmril.tni'ilin Lnml.iuns thiMracconii'lu'i', 
 luiiuittcil '2-'7 •'^l"''- " 
 
 Jliir.slial IVlissii^r, amiiiw.'a.l.n' to l>i>niliin, 
 
 15 -MTll, „ 
 
 E.Hi)ina8.se retiirs friini ministry nf tlu' intcrinr flni 
 was kiileil at tliu liattic uf Maaeiitii, 4 June, 1859] 
 
 Jmw, ,, 
 Qnecnnf Enylai"! nnvts the eniiwior ; visits IJher- 
 
 iKinii! 4-5 AtiK- .1 
 
 ContVi'cnee nt I'aris resiieetin« tlie DanniMaii imn- 
 
 cipalities eioses . . . v , ''^.•^"*''; " 
 
 Uisimtn witli I'ci-liwil ivspeeting tlie Cliinlr^ H 
 
 i;iMnjui,ifhtcksi-'<HU\i.'ii . . . 23 1 let. . 
 Trial 01 conileile .M-i^l>leniliert . . 25 N"V. ,, 
 
 [In Oct. 185?. tl "nite iPiiblislieil a imm! Iij.'t en- 
 
 tiiieil '■ i'y> Hill' t surVlr'h'." m]r.ii.iv,: i'.n^'lish 
 instiintiims ami dciniii.itin',' t. -■> -ii I'Viin-e. 
 Ill' was seutenceil ti) six nnintlis' i.-; r'^im'i i !it 
 and a iineol'jixo mines, 1i\it wa.simi-i.i.n .1 ny 7.J1 • 
 emiienir, 2 I'ee. Tile eoijite appeiili'il nguiiist. tlie 
 •siMiteiu'e iil'tlie ciii.i, anil wi'.s a^'ain eiMKi'Mimeu ; 
 lint aeiiiiitteil iif a i«iit (if the iliarge. 'i'.:,' "'i- 
 teiiee was nnef mure leniitleil liy t)e' i Mi! Ti r 
 (21 Dee.). In Oct. 1850, the eii.ute iniMi.i'il ii 
 liani|ihh't intitleil •' l'i>' !X. rt in Fmru: •' 1849 
 ^r 1859," in wiiieli ICiiL'i.iii.i is seveiel.s i-i-ji»ured 
 tor oiii"isitiiiii til imnery.j 
 Eniiiepir's aihlress to tile Anstrian anil..issa'im' (seo 
 
 vlH.-f<»') ■ J»"-. «859 
 
 Marnaye of jirince Naiioleoii to iirinceas Clotihle ot 
 
 .Savoy ,10 Jan. ,, 
 
 Pnblieation of " A'")in'''n« ''f. ''"'^'""'•'" !'''''• .• 
 
 On the Anstriaiis invadinj,' .-lanlinian teirilovics, 
 I'lunee (leelaies wai', anil the I'reneii enter; the 
 • 11:: ress aiipointeil regent ; tie iM.'ilieror arrives at 
 tJei',.K; . . . • .• • 12 May, „ 
 
 Loan .'11 20,000.000 iranes raised . . 2i.>iaj, „ 
 Vietorie- ot tlie allies (French and Sardinians) at 
 Montehello. 20 May ; I'alestro, 30, 31 May ; Jla- 
 (lenta, 4J:iiic: .Mcleynano (Marignaiio), 8 June: 
 Naiiolcon 1 r.i'is Milan, 8 June ; victory of allies 
 
 at .-iolfcrino 24 June, „ 
 
 Armistice au'ieed on 6 .July, ,, 
 
 Jleetingof Jniiienu-i of France and Austria at \illa 
 
 Franca 11 July, ,, 
 
 Peace agreed on 12 July, „ 
 
 Lou!.* Naiioieon reiurns to Paris 17 July, „ 
 
 The ,-i,'\ieior addresses the senate, 19 July; and tliu 
 
 ilipl atic liody 21 July, „ 
 
 Hcdiicliou of the iiriiiy and navy ordered . Aug. „ 
 Conlerence of Austrian and F'rencli envoys at Zurich 
 
 (an- y.iirirli) SAug.-Xov. „ 
 
 Amnesty to )iolitical olfenders . 17-18 Aug. ,, 
 
 Violent attacks of the French pi-ess on Kngl.iud re- 
 
 iressed ,,^"^'- .. 
 
 " l.r I'i'iir rt h Cuiiyres " iiulilished ; 50,000 sold in 11 
 
 few days l^ee. ,, 
 
 Count Walewski, the foreign minister, resigns ; 
 
 M. Thonvenel sncceeds him . Jan. i860 
 
 The em|iiMiir aiiiioiinces a free trade imlicy ; Mr. 
 
 Colnlen at Paris . -5 Jan. ,, 
 
 Cominercial treaty with Kiiglaml signed . 23 Jan. „ 
 L't'iiiiifi-ssiiiilire.s.seilforimlilishingthei.oiicsletter 
 
 to the cmiieror =9 Jan. „ 
 
 Treaty for the aniiexatiun of Havoy and Nice signed 
 
 24 Marcli, „ 
 llie press censured for attacking Knglaml, 
 
 7 Aiail, „ 
 The emiieror meets the German sovereigns at Daih-: 
 
 15-17 Ju.i 
 Jdome Honaiiarte, the emiieror's uncle, d' 
 
 (aged 76) , ■ .'^ ''"V 
 
 The iMiiperor, in a letter to count Pcrsigny, di 
 claims hostility to Knglaml . .25 July, „ 
 
 C'orsicii, ami 
 
 IiUiortant niiiiitserial changes : greater lilieHv 
 meeeh granted to the chamliers ; twn s. l'< , 
 niiiiislci-s aiipointeil -speakers and ailniinUtr, 
 tors; Pelissier made govermir of Al;.'i ri.i ; i',,, 
 signy, minister of the interior ; Flaliiiiut, Dn-li,], 
 aml'assador Vov. \ p,., 
 
 Passp Jrts for Knglislimeu to eeii.se af r 1 J ui. tif,. 
 
 I') I III', 
 
 .Six I)i.-.hoprii's vacant. . . . pc,. 
 
 I'ersigny relaxes the houda^'e of the \ire.ss. Dec ,,'. 
 liut ici a short lime] . . . 20 'i,„ ' 
 
 The eiiipen.' advises the I'op, to surrender hi, „.. 
 volted picv dices . . . 31 |i, . 
 
 " ;,'()«ii '< <■.,■ ;;'V'i;iim" jic' 'Nlicd. . . 6.1:iii! i 
 
 Jerome (son of Jerome lion.-iparte and Fli/.il,|.||, 
 Patei-son, an American lady)' laims h.. legiiiimi,. 
 rights ; min-^iiiitcd after a t^ c ! 2^ .lini.-i5 l-'..ii. 
 
 [The mairiagi' n.ok place in America, iin 24 iVc. 
 1803; tint was annulled, amlJeroiii, inuri'i -i; tm 
 prineess Catherine of Wnrtemlierg, 1. Ann •- -; 
 their cliildieii are the prime N;ipn', .u ai..; i.'i,.' 
 lirineess .Malliilde (see H'lnniiinii).] 
 
 Purch ise of the principality of .Monaco fuv^.ooo.w 
 frii;,. ., Fell. 2; announced . 5 |.',,|, 
 
 Meet-UL "f Freiieh cliamliers, 4 Fcli, ; stoiiiiy il,'. 
 liatcs in the cliamhci.-. . . Pel,, ^ .M'anli. 
 /.« Fniiiir, /.'"wc, et Vlln'if " laihlisiieil 13 f,.].. 
 
 Tie 
 
 eempi 
 Algiei-s , 
 
 and cmiiress visit Savoy. 
 
 N('W taritt comes into opi i.tioii 
 Pulilie levying of Peter's ] 
 
 1-17. Sept. 
 I 0(^t. 
 
 forliidden, and fret 
 
 Nov. 
 visits London, FMIiiliurgh, Olasgow, 
 
 issue of pastoral letters checked . 
 The empress 
 
 Angry reply to it liy the liishop of Puitief, win 
 
 compares the emperor to Pilate . , ,- \\,\, 
 
 Kiilure of Miri's, a railway liankcr ami |i«ii ■ ..n. 
 
 tmctor, &c. ; he is arrested . . , , |-,.i, 
 
 Many iutlneiitial pei-sons suspected of partiei; ii,;,; 
 
 in his frauds; tliu government pniiiiise -1 t 
 
 .iustice Fell. & j; I, :, 
 
 Eugene Serilie, dramatist, dies (aged 80) ..j !'■•: 
 
 Speech of prince Xapoleou 111 tiivoiir ot itiili,. 
 
 unity, the F;ngli.sli alliance, and against tlie iiii|,i'. 
 
 temporal government ... 1 .\|,iiv|i, 
 
 Strong advocacy of the temporal goyeiiiiiiini uf tlir 
 
 pope in the chamliers ; the French anny .stjitnl t., 
 
 consist of 6i7,joo men . Alanli, 
 
 Circular forhidding the priests to medille with imliiii's 
 
 ii.\l.ril. 
 
 Lilii. commercial treaty \yitli ISelgiiuii . i May, 
 
 Pulili. . lion in I'aris of the dlir d'Auiiinh '.■< wvi'iv 
 
 letter to prince .Napoleon, 13 .\pril. Piinterainl 
 
 ]inlilisher lined and impri.soned . . J|ay, 
 
 Declaration of neutrality in the Aiiieriean eniiHirt 
 
 II .hiU'', 
 Ofllcial recognition of kingdom of Italy . 24 Jim,', 
 
 Visit of king of Sweden f, .\iy. 
 
 t'ontlict lietween French and Swiss suliliers at Villi'. 
 
 la-tirande i3 .\ii!;. 
 
 jr.res, the speculator, seutenceil to lire yearV iiii- 
 
 ]irisoument 29. Vug. 
 
 Commercial treaty lietween France, Great Britain, 
 and Helgium comes into operiilioii . i (m. 
 
 Meetiu'^ of eiii|ieror and king of Prussia at C • 
 
 piegne, 6 Oct. ; and king of lliillMiiil . iiOrt. 
 
 Fivncli troops enter the valley of Dapin's (Swit/ir- 
 
 land) to iirevcnt an arrest . 27 Oil. 
 
 Convention lietween France, (ireiit liritaiii, aiil 
 
 Spain, respecting intervention in .Mexiie. sij-'iinl 
 
 (see Mc.rii'n) 31 Oct. 
 
 Emliarrassmcnt in the government liiianees ; .Vriiilli' 
 Fould lieeomes liuaiicc minister. 14 Xav. ; willi 
 
 enlarged powers 12 Dw, 
 
 The emperor reminds the clergy of tlkii d.ity " In- 
 wards Ciesar " I Jail. • 
 
 Ficncli army lands at Vera Cniz . . 7 J 
 
 The French' ina.sters of the proyiiii'e of llieiih" 
 
 Annam 21 
 
 Fruitless meeting of Fri'ueli and Swi.ss eeii 
 sionei"s respecting the Vilie-la-Viraiiile eniitl' 
 
 Fould announces his linance seh. i' t 
 4J per cent, stock to 3 per eeut., . . 
 taxes and stamp duties) , . -,1 •; 
 
 Fierce, deliate in the legislatiye elc ,, , ni iiiiiili 
 prince Napoleon takes part . ..■FeK 
 
 French victories In Cochin-China (0 lir.,vii:"i" .lii' 
 to Frince) ai.\!,.ni 
 
 The Spanish and Ihitisli plenipotentiin vsc ■ 
 ipiit Mexico : the Flench declare \yiiraKiiiii-' 
 Mexican government (for the events see " - 
 
 &c., privately 
 
 Nov.-Uee 
 
 FI 
 
 "liiteiice .wiiiist .Mirc.'i 
 
 Uiiiuii; he is relejiscd 
 
 "■itaty (if .V''"^'' liofwut'ii 
 
 Hii^e Piuii|iiie'' dies <>.i,>ii 
 Vcweiii ; , .n'ial tr* ity v 
 
 Ni-WiC'ipi 1 >■'' Ft'fl '!■ n. o| 
 ' ii|, ii,i ijglleronlllcr: . 
 <!ii], I'limr ■ltrinni\ Willi 
 
 luiiit mar (iiliialtar ; 
 uiiiiiatciiiilons formed 
 
 iiiiiveiie nis in Sicily ; 
 
 I'lifjiiner 
 GiTat liyiniiathy for hiin 1 
 Treaty iifcoii.'iii! ..;.) wi'Ii 
 Diiniva ill l.liiiyf. 'iinde fi 
 
 Tlimivei.el 
 llinm i.i'cs, .■.:.'',a.isa(!iii 
 
 . .I.'. 'W Flalciiiit. re-iij 
 ■ i;".:ii. 1 'lover liriiijjs 1 
 
 !,ii,iirs iHucli aj.'iiin«'t t 
 
 .U, liilliiiilt. elaimiag i, 
 
 M'iniin;l(-'krniiiele, and 
 I!i,' I'liipi'idr inaugurates 
 
 ;'r]n'.' I'lUis 
 firKiti!i<tivssintlieniaiiul 
 
 llie ciitten famine and 
 
 Irrttviifeniaiiieree witli 
 Hrv.il'tia .Viiiiaiii siippresi 
 G uvi'iitiiiM regulating the 
 
 !],'!>( eiiliellliled . 
 Rt-i^'iialioii of .Magne, tlu 
 
 Iln'asseiiilily . 
 Disiclution uf tlie eliaiiilie 
 IVisigiiy issues arliitrary 
 
 Tliiii's, Olliviei', Fa\-re, am 
 
 'laU's elected in I'aris 
 Ckiyr.siii the ministry— 
 
 Wali'wski, and Huuland 
 Tlif I'liiiurss lisits queen ( 
 lliiMiiUiiis resigns, prince ' 
 
 aiiilia.'isiiiha at l.uniloii . 
 C.alli "f liillault (liorii 181 
 
 ill li';,'islati\'e assemlily, 
 
 ll"iilit'r, as '■ iiiinister of 
 Tliiiiiilii'i'iirpidpiisestliec 
 
 r"ii|,Ti'.<s, anl invites tli 
 
 I'litii'.s liy letter 
 Tliim ami liis friends : 
 
 Tlif ilivitatiun to tlie eongr 
 
 Tliiris siK'aks ill the eliami 
 .ln»t 'ifUreguaud utiicr i 
 
 fiiiiH'riir's life, 3 Jan. ; 
 
 traiis|iiii1ati"ii ,iiid iiiipri' 
 Oiiiviiitiiiii lietween I'raiiei 
 
 .lUil llayti, fiir eslalilishii 
 
 tivu'ii Kuruiie and .Vmerii 
 Pi-alll iif maishal I'elissi. 
 
 j'lvriiiiruf Algeria (liurii 
 O'lmiitieii la'tween Fniiie 
 
 .laiaiic.ieaiiilia.ssadurs at 
 O'liii'iitiiiaiif euimiieree, i\:i 
 
 ^"itzi'riiiml, signed 
 Piai'T .Vapiileuii Victor, s, 
 
 Ji-i"iiieaiiil luiiieess Cliiti 
 Comuitiim lietween Franc 
 
 rv,irllalii.ll iiflt'ilMC, &f. 
 
 Ganii.'i-l'ap's and 12 otiiei 
 li"llsi' fur eieetiull pllrpio 
 Kw or a siieiety " of nn 
 
 P'atl' iif the emperor's jiri 
 
 IViiii'l, Miieipi.-ird 
 D...itli,iflVMii,lliun(liorn i8( 
 
 I'lMi' e'i-.,t le vol " 
 fl li'WI'iiiliihiteilfrom r 
 
 ■li'al li'ttenif 8 Dee. in e 
 
 Hi' at; till' aiihliishop 0: 
 
 ;:;:.;;'.S'li,Mii'i.> 
 Th'' I'liiii I' .Naimleiin Jemnii 
 
 'Initiifthr privy council 
 ftiiwriiniiiiiiteniatiiinalcx 
 
 I'f agiiciiltinv and imliiatr 
 
 ■It P.TO, oil I May, 1867 .' 
 
 ^'"'*«to.iiL:.„^ii^tl>i 
 
m 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Sntoice.wiiiist Jliics oxiiiiiin.Ml ami itvci-s.mI at 
 
 "leatjMif J«i<-'e bofwn'ii .Viaiicc aiicl Aiiiiaiii Muiwd 
 
 n„i.ePiu«|iiiiT<lles<i.!.,.(l56) . . I'^hi'i'v' 
 .;,.,v,.ir;..irlaltn ^i> vvllh Priissiii . 2 Auk' 
 
 437 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 1862 
 
 1865 
 
 ■•■{« 
 
 I ^<ii',-., ,.u),„«i.,i til Italian unity, set 
 „,, ir, ijiftucrcnhii-,. ■( 
 
 <l]i|.;vii"T /r/'iuic, \iiili rciutui-cc nts fdi- Mcxicri' " 
 
 Inimtiic'iii' tiiluiiltar ^ cicw siivnl, \||,,' 
 
 C.UlllMlt Cil.llnllS tuV),Wi\ (Ml UCI'UlUlt (if (iavilialili^s " 
 
 iiiiivtiii- nt« 111 Sicily ; iuolieii, wiicu lie i.s taki'ii 
 
 I'liscillfl' 2q ^\,,,, 
 
 final a.viui'ntli.v frii'liiiii ill Kranrc . . ti,.,!l' " 
 liraiyi'fi'"ii,ni'..,Mvi!li .\:iiclaKa«car . uNc it " 
 li;„iiy;i .li l.iiii.v.-. 'iimle fc ruiKii iniuistcr in mkiim cif " 
 
 Tlioun'ia'l , ,ji,f 
 
 Itiniii iii"«. ;':.'l..-i.'wa('(ir at Liiiidun in rcKim of " 
 .|.; -iK' Klaliiiuft, iv;iij;iic(l . . iS Xov 
 ,;-,!'i. riiiviT l>rill;M all actiiiu ill till- Clllll't (if " 
 ,iiMa'« iHiirli a^'iiin-i tli|. cdiuti. ,:,. l'|.i-.sinnv ami 
 .11. liiilitult, claiMii/v 14,000;. for .siiliniclisiir'- tliu 
 fhniiiij Clirmiirlc, ami iitlici' n,'wsiia|icis a-Nciv 
 III.- riii|ii'i(ir iiiaUHuraU'S " Unuli.varil I'riiUT Kii'. " 
 feut." I'lll-ix , I),',,, 
 
 Gnat distivsH ill till' iiiaiiiifacturiiiKilisti-ii'tstIiniU"li " 
 Ilif ciittoii faiiiiiiu and the eivil war iu AiueriTa 
 
 Tnaly<ifi'"MiiMciri. Willi It/ilysiyneil _ 17 ,Ja,V ,863 
 K,v.ilt ill •Vniiaiii sii|i|iii.ssecl . . . 26 Kel> 
 C. uvciitiiin riv-nliitiiiy the Freneli ami Siianisli tVonl 
 
 llrtljfonclllllril j.|,|l 
 
 li,-i);iiaiiiiM "f .Miiyiie, the " speaking minister " jil 
 
 lluassi'iiilily , .\'|,|.i] 
 
 Pi<si)liitiiiii "I'tlie I'liamliei's . . . ' 8. May' 
 rtniiguy issiH-s arliitraiy iii,jiin,'tiims'tci eleeturs 
 
 Tliii'iii, Ollivii'i-, Faviv, ami other o]i|iositi(,n e'lmli' 
 to,tete,linlMiis . 3iM,'iy-,s,Jii„e. 
 
 ikii^'cs 111 the iiniiistiy— resu'nation of IVisimiv 
 Walewski.an.lliuulaml . . . jjjj;,,,.' 
 
 Tlif riii|irrss visits queen of .Spain at .Madriil Oct' 
 
 tomUiDS resigns, ]irinee Toiiia'Auveiyiie liee es 
 
 ,iiiil«issiiiiiir lit l.oiiihin ... j y^.j 
 
 rrtillMif lliliault (liorn 1805) "speakinK'mini.stei-''" 
 ill lp-i.slntive asseiiilily, 13 Oet. ; sileeeedeil liv 
 It.iiiiivi', lis '■ minister ot state". , :8 Oct 
 
 Tli.iiii|irterpinpo.sesthceonvoeatioiiofaEur(ipeaii 
 miiSiv.ss, iir.d invites the .seyeieigns or their de- 
 imtiM liy letter .... 4 Nov 
 
 Tliioin ami his friends fonii a new oiiposltioii 
 
 Tlir iiivitiitinn to the eonj,'ress derliiied liy Kn-'hi'ini 
 
 Tliid-ssiK'aksin tliei'haiiilier . 24 '|)"e' 
 
 .\rr«t :,f(irepi mid other eonspirators'a.raiiist the, 
 
 iniU'ii.rs hie, 3 ,laii. ; tried an,; si",teiie,.d to 
 
 traiisi«ii1aliMnaiid iiii|iiisoiimi'iit . 17 Fel, 
 
 C'inviili.iii helweiii Knime, Ijrazil, Italy,' Poi'tnu'il' 
 
 aiil lla.yli, lor estiililisiiii,;; a teleKnipiiie line I'le^ 
 
 tiv.iii Kiuope and Aniei iea . ,g ^^ 
 
 Dnlii „r iiiaislial I'ehssier, duke of Jlalakotf' " 
 
 ;:"Vimi)r.irAl^'eria(l,orn ,794) 22 Jl'iy' 
 
 CmHili.iii iK'tweeii Friiiie.. and Japan si-iii'd'hy " 
 
 Jaiaiiiwaialiassadors at I'ari.s . . -.o.Jum. 
 l^mviitiiiiiiifeoimiieice, \-e., lietwceu Fnmc,. •ind' " 
 
 .■^"itorlaiiil, siKUed . . . ..,, ,,„' ' 
 
 Pm.r .\a,.,ilenn Vietor sou of priuee' x'rpo " u " 
 
 ,J''™l<'l"l'lpl- essChitihIe, liorn . 16 July 
 
 Ifiiivintum hetweeii France and Italy lespeetiiiJ " 
 
 iWllatlMii of lloii.e, ,\;e. iVtSe t 
 
 G,iiiii.'r.lVs mid 12 othi'i-s who had iuet at hi.; " 
 
 .-a* fnr eleetioii jiuriioses, eouvieted as nieni'. 
 
 I..1S ol a .sneiety "of more tlmu 20 memliers •• 
 
 ^t^iZ;::}r'': ■""'''« ''"-''^'■'- ■"'(;? " 
 
 Tir'lIj;;;Uii;Ued n-om r,.adi,,.;-the pojievVm^ '^'^ 
 •liul irt er.if 8 Dee. in ,diuirlies : n iieli ex -it 
 ■iHiit; tlie an-lihisliop of Ue.sane, 
 
 i8e4 
 
 Til, 
 
 Dwreell 
 
 I'liiire Xii],,iieou .I'ei-onie appointed 
 "• 'if till' privy eoimeil 
 
 iraiiiateriiiitiMnal exhibition (if tl; 
 
 Jfiitiiftli 
 
 "' agiiiulture and indu 
 
 at I'arin 
 
 oil I May, 1867 
 
 itry, and ( 
 
 the 
 
 aii'l cthiT 
 ■ 5 ''im. 
 yiee-presi- 
 . Jan. 
 leiudduet.s 
 ine arts, 
 I Feb. 
 
 j Tr-atyw;ith .Sweden signed . . . ,^ p,.^ 
 
 I !>'fdH';;rs.^;^;;;"^ "-'-^iS' 
 
 '^of{;ieUl;.;lir'*'^'''''''--'''''*"'-'-''?^'^ " 
 
 |''l^M,lessuspeets"(o,.ofpub,ieWdy)sm.w:!;r;;; " 
 
 Attei„i.ted'as.sassinaiion'nf a .sei'irtary' •^t"tlie " 
 Hiissiau embassy si-u(i,ii.\ m the 
 
 The emperor visits Algeria ' . ' ' It^T^v " 
 
 '"'!'.'«'"?"■ 'f the%tl,tl,e of Xapo/e.^u'l ,^t " 
 
 Ameeio, with an imprudent sp( ' .h li • p ■nn'e 
 
 i^ii m'l' •'':V""^\.-5 *'">•: '^'■nsiired ly the 
 tnipeKU', 23 May; the priuee resigns his offiees 
 
 "itst, 15 Auj;. ct w.y. ; review of the Meets 
 The French Meet entertained at l>ortsni("ut'li " ■^"°' " 
 
 '''^'ntluu:'^;,,^"''''''^';''''-'^-'^'^'-';';;- " 
 u", ,'",) ^ -Molonged Tespondence (see 
 
 IVath (If K('.n,Tul Laim,ri('i;.re ' . ' ' ,f lo'i't' " 
 Ihe .lueen of .Spain visits the emperor at mlviL " 
 
 j''S/in;2!l?hf"'^"''"""^*"^-'"'^^^- " 
 
 i '";^,^ll(^l'fro!:l'l;''"r ''""'™*'< "* h.Hs (seye,til exl " 
 
 pilltd lioin the Academy of Medieine) ,8 I)..,. 
 ; Emperor opens elntnibers with a iiJu^iHc sp,'e,.',; " 
 
 I i'lame will observe an attentive neutrality" 
 invites the emperors intervention with I'rus.sia 
 
 Empress of Mexico arrives at Paris . f'v'u-'/ " 
 
 (' , " f I'l ' '■'j^•*'"",^;"V(■r,lUlellt desirinj; ■cetili.'al " 
 tiou ot the l-reiieh frontier to what it w is , 
 .8,4 ; declared by Prussia to bd "in„' lud^sible 
 
 ^(■signation of M. Drouyn de I.liuvs, foreimi ndul;'. " 
 ter (suceeeded by the niar,iuis\le M(,us"ie?) 
 
 Inundations in the south; railways dest'^nty,'!!; " 
 
 1 jHfl;- _^Hreiilar of the emperor sent to fornix!; " 
 
 Death (if M.Tlmuyenei,n,rmerly1^,reig„n;uil!:il;r; " 
 
 *^'bdi'i'i'',^T "VJ;"!'"'':' ♦" ""I'"''' i"»'' the ad^^i!: " 
 
 bilit.v of luodilving the oiKaiiisatiou of the army • 
 tin. emperor president : report . . IIZ' 
 ThiFren.l, troops (luitHo,,,,, . .-ul),, '" 
 
 Pulilmation of letter from the comte de fL , ib , i " 
 
 Comim.ieial treaty with Austria signed' . ,? lie',/ " 
 publish?.;r'-''''"'' '" *'"^ '""'J' -"Wmisatiou plaVi " 
 
 " ril'sori^,!:;;"'' ""^■'' """" '■"'""■'^^' -^^^''^^i^ " 
 
 " intern' ll'';;''*'" "!'""•'""•"'« l'"litieal r,d?;™wi " 
 
 ;v:;;iHll;il';:;i;.!;t""'-'»^-'-"t' vi.« 
 
 ''iin^in'ii-'Ni^r!;;-;^'';::''"'''-^'"-' ^^p 
 
 The eliambers opened by the eni'i.eror ' ,, i!-;!!'; 
 tnule Oirardin lined for libjl in L,, /.'Ivr/,!; 
 
 uiSSlmal' "f o 'i'-K "" '^"■'''«" l'""'y. -^ ^'"■^■I'i 
 inttinatioiial exlubitiou opened (see I'nrh), 
 
 Resigunfion of Walewski, president of the el' ■^'"'''' 
 
 186; 
 
 .Mnr. 
 eme for or 
 
 Sclii 
 iiiittee 
 
 siueceded by .M. ,s,-i„n.|,|t. 
 
 ■ganising tin 
 
 uy re,jeeted by 
 
 Pal- 
 
 is yisited by tlu 
 
 amber, 
 
 April, 
 
 coni- 
 
 May, 
 
 of Prussia 
 
 Thri 
 
 c provinces in Annani an 
 
 empire 
 
 ; and the king 
 5-14 June, 
 
 Hexed to the Fr -h 
 
 25 June, 
 
 ^M^'j^ 
 
 wmm 
 
 m. 
 
 
 pi' ■] 
 
 p 
 
 !««■( 
 
 \J 
 
 ',-( 
 
 
 f. ,.i(\,Jii':I 
 
 ijj. 
 ri. 
 
 i 
 
 '«■ 
 
 ;m- 
 
'Uu* *«-! 
 
 'VS' 
 
 ,h ; 
 
 Hpi: , 
 
 '%'.(' 
 
 ti" 
 
 u ■ d 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 43S 
 
 PRANCE. 
 
 ,s 1 ; 
 
 Inti'i'iiatli>niil I'niircrciici' at I'ariH ri'spi'itliiK iiiniic- 
 
 taiy ciinciiry . . . 17 .Iiiiii'-Q July, 1867 
 
 Till! i'iiip<'nii' ilistiiliuti'.s tliu luizes t>f tliu inti'i- 
 
 natliinal I'xliiliitiini i July, ,, 
 
 Protfctumtc 111 Franco over Camlinilla nHmu'cil l>y 
 
 tiraty 15 July „ 
 
 Law alinlisliinn iin|>i'is(>niiu'iit for ildit ailnpti'il liy 
 
 till' .senate 18 July, „ 
 
 Meeting nt'tlu' I'liiptTiirH iif Fraiiee ami Aiisti'iii at 
 
 SalilMii'n 18-21 Aug. ,, 
 
 Tile eiiipenir'H letter reedniiiieiiiliri;,' nmney tip 
 lit! i-x|>enilef' in i^lpnl^'inf; intereuniniiiniea- 
 tion liy means iif railways, eanals, ami mails, 
 
 15 Auj;. „ 
 Einiieriir 111' Austria visits Paris . 23 Oet.-2 Nov, „ 
 Fi'em-li trin>iis enter Home (see /.•iimi') . 30 Oet. ,, 
 Uarilialilians iht'eate'l at .Mentaiia . . 3 N'uv. ,, 
 Liiril Lynns reeeiveil as IJritish amliassailor 9 Nii\". ,, 
 Paeitii' aii(| lilieral siieeeli uf the eiiiin'1'or nii (ipen- 
 
 iiig the I'lianiliei's .... 18 N'nv. „ 
 " Siijiultuii III. it riutiiijic m 1867," imlilisheil, 
 
 Nov. „ 
 
 During a ilehate in the legislative assenilily, Hmiher, 
 
 the minister, says, " We ileelare that Italy shall 
 
 never seize iiium Hume " (the giivernmeiit sup- 
 
 pmted liy 238 Vdtes til 17) . . 5 Dee. ,, 
 
 12 iiei-siins niiivieteil fur liehingiiig tn a seeret 
 
 seilitiiuis siieiety .... almut 24 llee. ,, 
 Friemlly reeeptiiia iifriireign ministers . i Jan. 1868 
 New army liill (allowing 100,000 men to lie aiiileil 
 to the army annually :estaiilishing a new national 
 guaril, \e. ; giving the empire virtually an army 
 of 1,200,000 men), jias-seil in the Ci>rps leijinhttif 
 
 (206 to 60) I Jan. 
 
 Ten .journals llnetl fur printing eiimments on legis- 
 lative ileliates enil of Jan, 
 
 M. Magne anmiiiuees a ilelieieney in the laulget ; 
 
 nnil a loan for 17,600,000/. . . .29 Jan. 
 
 The army liill passes the .senate— 125 to i (.Miehel 
 
 Chevalier, who sjioke warmly agaijist it), 30 Jan.; 
 
 lieeiimes law .\ Feb. 
 
 The " Areailians " (new ultra-eoiiservative jiarty) 
 oppose tile new pre.ss law; lleree ileliates on it, 
 
 Fell. 
 New press law passeil in legislative ehamber, 240 
 
 to I (.M. Uerryei) .Mareh, 
 
 "i,tji Tltrcs ife lit Jtiiin'iitic iiiiptrinh' " appeared, 
 
 aliout 20 .Mareh, 
 
 Riotous opposition to enlistments for "garile 
 
 moliile" (new national guaril) at lioiileaux, 
 
 Toulon, ami other towns 20 .Mareli, 1/ ■■H'/. 
 
 Defeat of an attaek on free trade in the ehamlier, 
 
 -May, 
 
 New press law juit in force ; increasing facility for 
 
 Vulilisliing new jouriials . . . June, 
 
 The a.s.semlily closes .... 30 July, 
 
 Hochefoil's weekly satirical jianiphlet I.f Limtnue, 
 
 Hiijipresscil ; he and his printer londemiieil to 
 
 tine and imprisonment, escapes to IJeigiiiin, .\ug. 
 
 M. Ueiryer, the advocate (liorii 1790) died, 29 Nov. 
 
 Ministerial changes ; niaripiis de la Valette, foreign 
 
 minister, in room of De Moiistier ; Forcade ile la 
 
 Itoipiettc minister of the interior Dec. „ 
 
 The Mniiid-iir rciilaced liy the ,/i>ac/ic/ ii/ffci'iV, 
 
 I Jan. 1869 
 Meeting of the a.ssemlily .... 18 Jan. „ 
 
 De Moustier dies 5 Fell. ,, 
 
 Death of I.amartiiie (liorn Oct. 1792), 28 Fell. ; of 
 
 Troplong, luesident of the senate i Maridi, „ 
 
 Dissolution of the legislative a.ssemlily of 1863, 
 
 26 -Vpril, „ 
 Dilferelice with llelgiiim resiiecting the J.uxem- 
 
 liourg railway settled . 27 April, ,, 
 
 Fierce election riots at Paris, 9 June; the emperor 
 and eni|iress ride lioldly through the boulevards, 
 
 ti lum', „ 
 The uew legislative chamlHT meets ; the oppo- 
 sition to the government more than trebled, 
 
 26J:ine, ,, 
 Mes.sngp from the emiieror announcing imjiortant 
 political changes ; introducing ministerial ivspon- 
 uiliility, &e. ,read 12 J uly ; resignation of ministers, 
 
 'J''"ly. I. 
 New niinistrj'; Forcade de la Hoipiette (interior); Lii 
 Tour il'Auvergne (foreign) ; L'hasseloup-Laubat, 
 
 liresiilent, &c 17 July, „ 
 
 M. liiiuher made liresiilent of the senate 20 July, „ 
 
 Fieueh Atlantic telegraph completely laid 23 July, ,, 
 
 Maripiis de la Valette aiipointed anibassiiilnr iu 
 
 London Jill,. 
 
 The political changes announceil to the siMmt','' 
 
 Marshal Niel, war minister, aged 66 lUej, ii \i|!j " 
 Centenary of the liirth of Napoleon 1. ; a!'in,.siv " 
 
 granted to political olleiidcrs ; increased in.,;. 
 
 sioiis to survivors of the giaml army ; tri»i]w f,.'. 
 
 viewed by the imperial prim ■■ (the enipiii,|. |||\ 
 
 Ultra-liberal siieeeli of prince N'apiileon Jer^iiie iii " 
 
 the senate , j^,..|. 
 
 New constitution proiaulgated . loSept " 
 
 Pere llyacinlhc (name Loysiin), jiopiilnr (aiiiiil'ii. ' 
 
 lireacher at Paris, protests against papal jufallj. 
 
 bility and encroachments, and resigns by litt.T 
 
 Great c.vcitement at Paris through disi'ovi.i-v Iif " 
 Tropmann's murder of the Kiiuk family at Piiiitin 
 
 about laXeiit' 
 
 rroiHised meeting of repulilicans at Paris (di,l ii„t " 
 
 take idaee) j^,,,., 
 
 Agitation against free trade Oct., Nov. Ii,.,. " 
 
 Journey of the empress to the Flast ; anjviil ni " 
 
 Constantinople, 13 Oct. ; at .Mexandiia, i, .Nn'v 
 Firm and temperate niaiiifesto of the l'i'lt''ii|||-i " 
 
 repiiblieau opposition) issued . alioiii i6\\,,v 
 Henri Hochefort (of l.o l.iniltiiic) elected a ileinitv " 
 
 for Paris 22 Nov 
 
 j The chambers opened by the emperor with a lilVni " 
 
 «l"'f<''i JT X„'v 
 
 I Kesignatiiiii of ministers announced 27 l)|.|.' " 
 
 i New liberal ministiy formed by Kmile Ollivierijus " 
 I tiee); Darn (foieign); Lc lioMif (war) . iJaiiiam 
 j Ilesignatiouof ,M. llaiissmann— rcliiiilder.if P;iiis-! 
 ! iirefect of the [Seine, . . ali.nu 6.)iiii 
 
 i Victor Noir, a .joiiinalist, killed by Pienv lii.in. " 
 j jiarte during an interview at Aiitiuil respirijii,! 
 I a challenge .sent to .M. HochcfiMt . 10 Jan" 
 Tropmaun, the murderer, executed . . io,jJ|||' " 
 Great excitement amongst lower oi-ders ; itiMsi-'rii- " 
 tion of Hochefort for libel in his paper, the .l/.n. 
 I sniltcim; he is sentenced to hne ami iiiijnisMii. 
 
 I uiellt 2j,|.,|| 
 
 ; narricades erected in Paris, and riots after the ae- " 
 luehensiou of Hochefort, 7 F'eb. ; noun iniellni 
 
 8, 9 Fell' 
 Jides Favre's attack on the ministry in the ehaui- " 
 
 lier defeated (236 to 18) . 22 IVli 
 
 Charles, comte de Moutaleinbcrt, cniiui'iit autlmr " 
 
 dies (»ra 1858) ,3 Ji,,,.,.!,' 
 
 Trial of Pierre Houaparte at Tours ; aii|iiittiil " 
 (but ordered to pay 1000/. to Noir's liiuiilj): 
 
 21 27 .Mali 111 
 Enijieiiir's letter to Ollivier, agreeing to ;;iiii|i|iia. ' 
 tion of the constitution of the scnat' 22 .Maivii 
 i Senatns eonsultuni 1 ommunicatcd to the senatf' 
 28 .March ; adoiited .... 20 April] 
 Ministerial crisis; resignation of Darn and dthw ' 
 I ministei's oiiposing the proposed plrliisriie^ 
 I 10 .\iiril, ., 
 
 ] Proclamation of the emiieror respecting eliaiij;!'.* in 
 I the constitution .... 24 April, 
 C'liuspiiiicy against the ciniieior's life Utteetwl; 
 Baurii; (aged 22) and others arrested, 
 
 aliiiut 30 April, „ 
 PUhiscitc to ascertain whether the people aiipinvo 
 of above changes,- iiM, 7,327,379; iw, i.jjo.gon, 
 
 8 -May, „ 
 
 Ollivier ministry reeonstriieted, 13 April ; dae ile 
 
 (iranimoiit foreign minister . almut 15 .May, 
 
 Rhiting and barricades in Paris, 9, 10 May ; almiit 
 
 100 arrested, many seiiteiieed to inipiisumiicut 
 
 M >h,v, „ 
 Speech by the enijieror on receiving result uf tin; 
 
 l,li'lii)icili' 2). May, „ 
 
 The Orleans jirinces address the !• gislative as.snii- 
 bly, demanding their return to France, 19 Jane; 
 opposed by 173 to 31 ... 2 July, „ 
 Diacoveiy of a plot against the eniperiir.< lifo, 
 
 .■i July. ,. 
 Great excitement through the iioininiitlcn ofnriiin! 
 Leopold of HolienzoUern Sigmaringea for tlie 
 Spanish tlirone ; warlike «iieeclic8 of the inini.stnn, 
 
 5, 6, 7 July, 
 
 The prini'e Leoinilil withdraws from eaudiilatuiT 
 
 guarantees reipii red by France from I'nissia iv- 
 
 3&) 
 
 fiiseii Franco deeli 
 Pra».siii, 15 July; doe 
 [For events of tiui war, 
 Till) empress appointed 
 The eniiH'iiir, loins the 11 
 I'lililli'iiliou of tho M(ir 
 
 The gnveruniiMit deelari 
 
 Willi the iiolicy of Iti^ 
 Gn-nt e.vcitciaeiit in 1 
 
 uimmriiieiit of a grea 
 State iif siegi' proclaim 
 
 ilefeatiif Slac.Mahnn i 
 prenw for the eiilargei 
 
 appealing to patriotis 
 
 At Bloi.s, the consiiirii 
 life sfiteneed to long 
 
 Eiieixeti'! nieasui'es taki 
 CliHUbin'nier oilers liij 
 »ell reee'ved 
 
 Tlie t;uveii'inent ujipea 
 iigmat Prussia 
 
 btarniy ileliate in the Co) 
 lallt'il oil the emperi 
 Moiitpeymux said tlia 
 liy asses"); resigna 
 niinislry 
 
 Xew ministry formed ; ( 
 I'omtecle Palikao (dist 
 t'hinii), minister of \ 
 minister of the iuteri 
 liraiiie ; .M. CliMiielit ! 
 nieree and agriculti 
 GenimiUy, minister 11 
 David, minister of p 
 Tdiiril'Auvergnc, mini 
 
 citllfl'S 
 
 D.rire i'lir the great a 
 iluria,;'tlie war, and ap 
 inittec" for Paris 
 
 TlieOrieans iirinces (the 
 ,l(iiaville, mid dm, ih 
 servii'i't ill the army ; d 
 
 ExtraniiUaaiT sitting of 1 
 iug tile new levies 
 
 Great ilisiurliaiices at I 
 Paris: almut 200 arini 
 iryiiig •■ Vive la Hepui 
 ami many arrested 
 
 Tlie giiveriuueui declare 
 f.ir|ii'iii'e . 
 
 tnu'iiius u;iirder of M 
 ]iei'Ted lit I'epllblicallisn 
 lialfkilli'd by lihiwsaie 
 iiifiiriiited peasants at 
 farfiwii Hiirdeaux 
 
 General Triieliu (Orleaii 
 autliiiriif "I'.Vrinee fra 
 ^•nveriiiir of Paris, 17 Ai 
 I'hiniatiiiii 
 
 .VInaii lit 750 uiillion fran 
 
 liw(iieiit diploiiiatu' CO 
 ei!ilj:i.s,sy respecting met 
 
 L'liiiliileat statement of 
 the ministry 
 
 M. Thiera placed on the 
 
 Deeree (if geu. Troeliu for 
 nf all fiirvigiiers not nat 
 
 DenUi of count Flahaultd 
 lit the legion of honou 
 .N'apuleou 1., Louis Phil 
 
 Deputation froin 10,000 
 tu assume the governn 
 
 •"w news of the final de 
 ieJim, and the siirrendi 
 ttniaimlcr of .Mac.Maho 
 king of Prussia unuouin 
 the legislative nssembl 
 ivriteretiditig France to 
 imperial dynasty, and p 
 .ill jiower in the' hands 
 prol'iraml silence 
 
 The ruin of .Mae.Mahon's 
 Jtjuniiil officiti 
 
 **-^it.i£Li „u.^tj, 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 430 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 fiisHi Franco ilwiilcs to ili'diirn win- iiKiiiust 
 
 Priissiii. 13 I'lil.v; ili'cliinitiipii ninni'il 17 July, 
 
 (Fdri'Vi'iiis III '^»l^ war, xvi; Fnuiiij-l'nisainn Ifdr)' 
 
 Tl iipri'^s ii|i|iiiititt!il recent . J3,)iii,v 
 
 TiirciiiiirroiJiiiiiH tluMiniiy . .a8.Iiilv, 
 
 I'lihlinitiiiu i»r till) Mdmilliiiw iif Itiirliffdit n-iiacs, 
 
 niil i>r July, 
 
 Till' govi'iunuMit ili'cliiri. timt tlicy arc only "at war 
 
 wltli till' I'i'lii'.v nf Iliaiiiuri'k " . . 3 Auk 
 
 Gmt is.'itiiniMit i» I'niis tliioUijli tlie falHB mil 
 
 iiDimn'Miriit 111 H t'lviit viiTiiry . 6 au^. 
 
 S|;iU' of nii'iti' |iriii-liiiini'il 111 1'mi-1h ,ifti.i- tlu' Kivut 
 
 ,lcf«it"f Miic.Malimi ill WnTlli . 7 Aug. 
 
 I),.,rir.<f"i' tliiMMiliiigi'inciii iif liic iiatinual ,;iianl| 
 
 aiilpi'iiliiiij'tii iiatriutiom ami lU'iuviMtiiii,' (lisi'iinl, 
 
 7, 8 Aiiii. 
 At Bloi.i, the cimsiiimfnrs aKaiiist tlie i'iu|. Tiir's 
 
 lift sfiti'ii 1 til liiui! iiii|ii'hi>niiM'iit.s 8 AiiL' 
 
 EiiiTKi'ti^^ iia'aiiuivs tiikuii I'm- the ilefeiici' iif I'aiis ; 
 
 Cliiingiunii'i' (iltera liin HiTvicfa tu tliu eiiijifror ; 
 
 well rei'c'Vrtl . .... 8 Aug. 
 
 Tlif yivcrniii'iit aiiiieals to FiaiK'e ami Kiiinpu 
 
 ajjiilii.st I'nwuia 8 Aiil'. 
 
 StiiiiiiyiliiliaU' i» tlioCi»7wW/W((/i7,(M. di- Ki-ratry 
 lallcil uii tlie uiii|H'iiii' to aUlicatu : .M. Uiiyn't 
 MiMillwyi'iiux saiii that tlii' army wcic " llnus 'icl 
 liy u.«e!i ") ; resignation of ollivier ami his 
 
 iiiiiii.stry 9 Aiitr. 
 
 Xewmini.stry fiiniieil : General Cou.siii-Montauliaii 
 comteilf raiil<ao(ilistiiiKiiisheil in the war with 
 t'liina), minister of war, eliief: M. fhevreaii, 
 minister of the interior: .M. MaKnc, minister of 
 licaii™; M. Clement .'hivernois, minister of com- 
 iiieree ami .ijjrieultiire : aiimiral Uiyaiilt ile 
 (jeniiiully, minister of marine: haron Jcroiiu! 
 Daviil, niiiiisler of imhhe works; jiriiieu i|m hi 
 TiiunrAiiverirno, minister oi I'oreii:ii allairs : anil 
 
 (itlii'i-s "". .10 Am;. 
 
 Dirrre fur the great aiiuom.ntatioii of the army 
 
 .liiriiythe war, ami aiipointliig a "ilcriMirc ,uni. 
 
 mitt™ "for Paris .... i.Ang. 
 
 Tlie IJrIeaiis primrs (the ilne irAiimale, jiriiLf ile 
 
 .liiiaville. mill ilie. ile (Jharinis), in-otier their 
 
 sfrvii'w ill the iirriiy: ik'elineil Aug. 
 
 Extriiiinliuiir.v sitting of tiie Cufps li(jhl<iliftesim:t. 
 
 iiii! tiif lii'iv ie\ ii's . . Siimlay, 14 Aug. 
 
 Gmi ilisturlianei'S at I.a Villette, a siilmrli of 
 
 Paris: almnt 200 arnieil men attack the police, 
 
 irviiij,' "Vive la Ki'pniiliiiuei" .soon .sujiprcsseilj 
 
 ami iiiiiii)' arresteil .... ;, .Mig. 
 
 Till' giiviTiimeut lieclaru aguiL'st any cegotiatioi.s 
 
 (|ir|«aiT 14 Aug. 
 
 mmiius iiiiiriler of M. Allaiii ilc .Moneys, siis- 
 lieetnlof repulilieaiiisni ami tiermanisiii ;" he was 
 half killed hy hlows and then liiiini to death liy 
 iiifiiiiateil |ieasaiitsat Haiitefiiye, IJordogne, not 
 far from liorileaiix .... 16 .\iig. 
 Gfiienil I'nieliu (Orleanist), energetic and alile 
 aiitliiiriir ■•r.Vriiiee fi-ani^aise en 1867," appointed 
 (.'iiveniiiriif raris, 17 Aug. : issues a stirring pm- 
 
 rlaiiiaticii 18 Aug. , 
 
 .Uiiaii of 750 niillioii francs aiiiiounecd, 21 Aug. 
 
 Fivi|iii'iit ili]iloiiiatic conferences at the Uritisli 
 
 i'iiilia.s.<y respecting mediation . alioiit 2j Aug. 
 
 Coiiliilmt statement of the national jiosition by 
 
 the ministry 2 ^ ^\yg 
 
 M. Tliiera placed on the defence eommittee, ' 
 
 aliout 26 .\ng. 
 
 DnTi'f of gen. Trochu for the expulsion from Paris 
 
 iifall foreigners not nafnralized . 28 .\ng. 
 
 Death of count Klahanltde hi billarderie, oliancellor 
 
 uf the legion of honour, aged 85 (served under 
 
 Xiiliijleon 1., Louis Philippe, and Napoleon 111.), 
 
 Dfiiutation fmiii 10,000 persons call on Troeliil ' 
 to assume the government : he declines, 
 
 8 p. 111.. 3 Seiit. , 
 
 ^^. news of the final defeat of Mac.Mahon near 
 ietlan, and the surrender of the emiieror and the 
 reiiiaimler of .MacMalimrs army (go.ooo), to the 
 king of Prussia announced In comtede Palikaoto 
 the legislative assenihlyl Jules Kavre declares 
 M.JefclKling FraniT to the last ga,-,p, allacks the 
 imperial dynasty, and proiioses concentration of 
 all iwwer in the hands of general Trocdiii, aiuiil 
 imlouml silence . . 3.35 a.m.. 4 Seid 
 
 The ruin of .Mac.Mahou'a aiiny unnoniieeil in the ' 
 
 JOIIl'lUlI Ojncili y^.pj 
 
 1S70 
 
 Un the proposition of Thiers the chauilier appoints 
 II conimiHslon of government and national ilc- 
 fence, ami onlers the convocation of a constituent 
 a.Hsemlily, and ail.iourns . 3. 10 p.m., 4 Kept 
 At the resumption of the sitting of the asseiiihlv it 
 H mvaded hy Ihe crowd, demanding a repiiiiiic ; 
 moHt of the deputies retire, (iiimlietta and other 
 1 lieral iiiembcrs of the •• left " iirochiiiii the depo- 
 sitlon of the imperial dynastv and the cstahlish- 
 meut of a republic . 4. 15 p.m., 4 Nept. 
 
 Last meeting of the senate; it declares adhesion to 
 
 the emperor ,, >Sept. 
 
 Proelamatioii of a "government of defence," gen. ■- 
 rarProchn, president: .M.M. I.eonliambetta (inte- 
 rior), Jules .Simon (piililie instruction), Jules 
 l-avre (foreign), fremieux (.justice). Juli's Picard 
 
 (linaiice),geneial Le Flo(war), Foiirid (marine), 
 
 .Magniii (agriculture), Dorian (piihlic works), 
 Lticnne Arago (mayor of Paris), Keratry (police). 
 , . , , 4 ?>ept. 
 
 All iiiforiiial meeting of the legislative assembly 
 held, .\l. Thiers, luesident. .M. .Iiilc..- Favre re- 
 ports to it the foriuatiou of the provisional 
 government ; some protest ; Thiers reconimends 
 moderation, and the meeting retires, 
 „, evening 4 Hcpt. 
 
 The emiiress, the conite de Palikao, ami other niinis- 
 tei-s secretly leave Paris and enter lielgium, 
 , .... , evening. 4 .Sept. 
 
 Legislative chamber dis.solved ; senate abolished ; 
 regular troops and national guard fraternize ; 
 " perfect order reigns "... 3 Hept 
 M. Favre calls on the United States of Americi'i 
 
 hir moral KU|'port 5 Mept. 
 
 The emperor Napoleon arrives at \Vilhclnishblie| 
 
 near Cassel . 935 p. in. 5 Sept. 
 
 The reiuibllcan deputies in the .Spanish cortes greet 
 
 the republic j .Sept. 
 
 Ileiiri Hochefort added to the govcniinent 5 Sept! 
 
 llic red republican tlag raised at Lyims 5 Sept. 
 
 \ ictor lingo and Louis blane arrive in Paris, 6 Se[it 
 
 Jules Favre, in a circular to French diplomiitie 
 
 rciu-eseiitatives, while jirofessiiig desire for peace, 
 
 says, •• We will not cede either an iiicli of our 
 
 territories or a stone of oiir fortresses " 6 Sept 
 
 Pioclamatiou of general Trochu, saying that the 
 
 d''fence of the capital is a.ssiircd . . 6 Sept. 
 
 The police replaced by national guards . 6 Sept. 
 
 Prollercd services of the Orleans princes again 
 
 ileclined 6 .Sept. 
 
 The imperial correspondence ceized, about 7 Sept. 
 
 The g.iveriinieut proclaim that to-dav, as in 1792, 
 
 the republic signitlcs the hearty union of the army 
 
 and people for the defence of the country 7 Sept. 
 
 The lepublic recognised by the Uiiiteil States, 
 
 m , 8 **''l't- 
 
 llie delence eoiiimittee summon the kingof Pnissia 
 
 to iiuit French territory without loss of time 
 
 8 Sept. 
 Ueaiipearaiiee of the MiirsiiU,ii.<r : Uochefort resigns 
 
 cditorshiii, and disclaims eonnectiou 011 account 
 
 of a violent article ; the paiier ceases to apjiear 
 
 , »""» ■•'Iter 8 Sept. 
 
 Decree convoking the constituent asseiublv, to be 
 
 composed of 750 luenilK-l's (to be elected on 16 
 
 ,,,Uct.) 8. Sept. 
 
 The imperial prince at Hastings, 7 Seiit., joined by 
 
 the empress g Sept. 
 
 Victor Hugo publishes nil address to the Uermans, 
 
 appealing to their fraternal sentiments g Sept 
 Cattle plague began in Alsace and Lormine Sept. 
 The reimblic recoguLsed by Spain, 8 Sept. ; by 
 
 Switzerland 9 ;sept. 
 
 M. Thiers arrives in Loudon on a mission from the 
 
 ■"iverninent ,3 Sept. 
 
 Xji.iUS said to be ruled by a "committee of .safety ;" 
 
 i';d Hag raised ; reign of terror 13 Sept. 
 
 i.ctter from M. Pietri, private sccrctaiT to the 
 
 emperor, stating that " his master has not a 
 
 centime in foreign funds " . . 13 Sept. 
 
 Elections for constituent assembly ordered to take 
 
 place on 2 Oct ift Sept. 
 
 The academies of the institute protest against the 
 
 bombardment of the nioiuiments, museums, ifcc, 
 
 in Paris i6Se|it. 
 
 Diplomatic circular from M. Jules Favre : he admits 
 
 he has no claim on Pru.ssin for disinterestedness ; 
 
 urges that statesmen should hesitate io tontinue 
 
 m' 
 
 870 
 
 r^f%r^ 
 
 Mjm^^k 
 
 •^' k: 
 
 "f-'jll 
 
 V, 
 
 »•. 
 
 ft* 
 
 r^ 
 
\fi .,, 
 
 
 '« 
 
 m ■ 
 
 n. 'ۥ'.. 
 
 ^^'^,... 
 
 >.l . 
 
 1(1 
 
 ^ 
 i 
 
 '' 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 
 F 
 
 ) 
 
 - 4 
 
 
 PRANCE. 
 
 140 
 
 lllliwl) full™ ; illiliMiiliivN tliMl ,. tin^lv clcrt..,! 
 will lll.i,!,. |,y Its ,|,„|j;|,„.||,, ,„„1 t||,,t t'|,i,„,,, 1,.,^ 
 
 til liH- IfiM. 11,11 iliMuriliiiti'lv llHkn the rcH«i,' 
 
 ''I tliv war liiit invffiH ItM .ll»,i»l,is II thou , .,! 
 tliiMH to.liMliimiMir. llr iiiliiiits lliat Piim,., |„ih 
 IH'iMl wn.liK, 1111(1 iicklKiwlrdf;, H It« »lp||u;itl,,ii t.. 
 ivjiiiir I.J- ,1 iiiiaHiiie nf Jii»|i, r tlio 111 It l,ii« .|,„ie 
 
 A K.ivniiinnit ilrl.KMti.m nt Tdiiin iiii.V.r Kl" 
 tlviulnix, til.. p,iii,i«t.l' of jlistlcf ; flic loivlm, 
 aiiilwssiMlnis pi-o,. Itlim. , ,. ii.ot 
 
 l''li'i'H,t'.''IV'''' ","' ':"l''ilill.„iiH »iKii...l liv Kni.mi 
 t IllMi'lrt, |.|ii.'iin|,.,| 11, i-Hi-iH . „|„„|, ,y ^, , 
 
 ilrniiz,. stiiiu™ ..f X,i|,o|i.„„ or.|,.iv,| t n,, ,|b 
 
 «'"""■"",'"" • ■ . . iiliout ,„ .s,.|,t 
 
 M. Iiuuiur ill ,1 i.,.stl,iil|,„„i ,,„its I>;„.is witli 111, ii: 
 bass, iiiiivoM at Eviviix. ,iii,l ivudi™ Toiuh 
 
 7h«.rou, ■,,,,[ ojnn.l ,*,,Ia....,l l,y tl... .l/;L*'n''; 
 uiiifcnvl M the (iivun of tlir K..M.niiii,.nt, 
 
 EHqulros ntni«Klf« t., ii„iiiitalii ..i..h.r"i'i't"M,i™Hil,'^H 
 
 Fullnre of t|„. i„.«„ti,itio„s f,,,. |„,„,, l„,tw,.,.,M:?,','!i','i 
 IlUiiiaiTkM,i,i,Ji,|,s|..„v, „ l,iir,.H|„„ftli,.u„u'i- 
 ".■nt Mt T.MiiH, nilliii^. ,„ „., .toi'^SLi 1 
 
 I.!.ii'i!..l t''''tl''''tioim(..i the usHrmlily MHH- 
 
 All Firnrliiii,.,; I,,.,',,...,.,," ao niiil .5' ya,; of ifp!' pro* 
 hilMti'ilh-aviiiKliaiir,. . . alio,it.?;,N.|.t 
 
 G.i.it .■iitliiisiHsiii „i tl„. ,,n,vl„,.,.s on tlir fiiiiiur of 
 till. lii'Kotiatioiis ; .. war to the kiiifr " hii,| /,,■,.. fii 
 Sh.'wM'n •''''■'' l'^' ""■■ '"■'■''■'■'■^^ Htoits'inaih.'to 
 niM.'iM "' ' '" '^"""">' '■>• •■*' l-'athi- 
 
 ^'lIa''Ml'\':VV'''''^':'''"''''''* t'' '''■'•""'" "'^'''"''^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 loi the ii'j.irsi.iitativ.. asseiiililv. uinl iiroiiiisi-H 
 »Hhinm«io» to the ,leMlo goveimm-nt Im' 'u'uZl. 
 
 AHniipt..,! ins„n-,.,.tiou ,„■ th,. v,.,i ;;';;;;;iih^,':';fi ■ 
 
 I; m. .• o„l,.,- „..sto,v,l l,j „.,i I .„,;„,, . , f 
 
 Cliis.Tctdisapi.cais . " ,5 Smoi 
 
 BUaitl, ri-poit Iroiii «,„,,,, .|,„^j,„. ^y^.,„(^ 
 
 ^,S::n;:'';i;i;;l!,;:;;::,.';-;"-i''"-''"'^';:|- 
 
 The eleeth.li.s for ,|,e ,.o,;.stituVht ■a.sseiiiMv (75, " 
 take plaei. Ill, 16 (let. . . 20 .Sent ■(),.» 
 
 oriler ii!';;"" "'■ **''"'■"" '^'•'"■'"' ''''■ >"'""''m.i.« :; 
 
 MaiHeilles sahl to U- uiiHettlni : .liaiiy a,T,U'';l; " 
 
 ^'ihnml'iot" ;'; '■"'■'T'',*"' "'"J- -•"» •'-• ■■anieiVoii'i " 
 o,|el ,il thef;,nviliiiielit,il I'l.iis .' ,,,,.,■* 
 
 M Creini.MiM les ih-h-^ate iiiiniMii- of war at " 
 
 of'iii.'Nili',.'''""" "' "'''"''■"' '•'""■■i'l «till luiiiister 
 
 Gimtave Flonieiis, h,-a,liii;;'||ve I'-attaiioiis'iif natilinai " 
 fcuai^ls ,i,a„.|,e.s 10 tl„. „„,,| ,,, vi ,", 
 einan.ls ,ha.sse,.otx (i„,t to I,,. Ii,„|) . , ,' ., 
 Si I ,re«s,on of the sehool,, „f ,|„. .. i,',,,,,,,.,, 5,. ', ;. •• 
 
 2:;s:,.;!;;;r"^ "^ ""■ '■'•""""™'- -""•^' 
 
 "^lltrn'^we '' "'"''■'■ '^ ^■"■■"'■"'"^ "«'■ "■"'■•"'''''•» 't'- " 
 
 31. UuiiU.tta e.s,.ai,'es from I'aHs ii, a l.allooi',. ,^),V- " 
 a irives at Houeii :ii;.' leehiivs for " a pa.-t with 
 victory or .leath, , (^et. ; arrives at Tins , 
 beeo.ue.s minister .,1 war as well as of tl,,. in t.-i ii', 
 
 Aihlress from tli<. < onit<. ,le Chanihonl, sayi,,,; 'that " 
 "« who.e ..mliition is to fonn.l with he 1 eo, le 
 ■ eally national Koveini,i,.nt . n ( et 
 
 Battalions of amazons said to he foiniin,; ii, I'aiis '" 
 
 '^i'v2J"';„h"h"'' T"'"''- r""l«-"-li"lliii.'V,-lix " 
 Ijat, and other re.l reiiiihluaiis .kleate,! in th,.,r 
 
 PRANCE. 
 
 I >itt..,iM.tH to .■stahllsh the eoniiiii.,,., m i.„n, , 
 
 ,-"'";■ ■''■ ♦' V K"verii, t, ,„, , ,'o,.t, , r.,,!, "1 '" 
 
 1 .1 ■■.•.- : ..y Uo,.|„,t„,.t al,Ml , '■ 
 
 ;'';:::.i;,;;;Src;,a:';:;5:r-:,;tS 
 
 M. .le Keialiy. sent 01, a forei..,, Z"^"^ 
 
 .870 M. ,1.. K.|ratr.y .,.iits Pari, in a l,al il!",T( ,',',""',' 
 
 I Ma.ln.l fails in ohtalnli,;, a.ssistan.:e f,?,,,, ,.,:|;;| 
 
 " |*'Hidnn",iii:!''''''-''''i-'''''''''i'"' ""'"k;:!:,:, 
 
 I'l'l'll.'ali f th» Imiei'i,. '., ■ „„,i,„„ "'""• 
 
 in the Tuilerji.s . ' """I"'' -'Ovl 
 
 „ I D..,,.... for a l„,„i of lo.coo.W. issii..;i o,, |„.|,,,,','','; 
 
 j the l'l,'nihKo\eriim..nt . ", "' 
 
 ,, I The iiiiii.Tial^iiar.l Hiippivsseil ' ' '* '•■ 
 
 ,. "-.'tlV'''*!. llar.i,li..i„Jei.s,.v . ' ' f ','■ 
 
 ! 51. Ihleinarrivesin i'aris with news of (h,.-,,,",*' 
 
 .. .Metz.in.l the iiropusals for an ,iinii 1 ":'';'■ 
 
 „ , niots In -ails: general Troilm thiva ., /.i ° '■ 
 
 ' I.rineipal ni..,iih..rs of th,' .|,.|eii,.,. k,.u' l i,-, "'" 
 
 misone. Ill the Hot,.| lie Vili,. ^ 1.. i, ,'., |,,;'- 
 
 \letor JIiipi, ami (iiistave tloii,,.ns .| ,, '"■ 
 
 of tl... ..onnnnne of I'aris, .iinle! the ili , ,; " 
 
 .M. I'l.'aiil ; th.. natiomil ;,||,„.,i ,, ' ' '"" '^ 
 
 ' ^,t.'"ven t, ami „i-,|„,. is ivstoi,.; I'l. „„.,,, 
 
 „ I General Ihiy.T, replyinj; to (Jar„l,..tta '-.v '• e' ' 
 ' eapitiilat,.,! with hiinj,;;.,." '""• "''>^. «'■ 
 
 lheeiiipri.ss,,rriv,.sat\Villi..Iiiisli,,lie; int,.,,",'';. •■ 
 ; Uazaiiie with Ihi- ,.,,ip..im. '".'"tnM.H,,) 
 
 , Etii'iin.. An,),'., and ,. '„.,. mayors of Vni, ]' V'' " 
 
 I '^''V. ; .M ' sK IV, an. .nil,,", ,',,?-''■ 
 
 ».'ov..rn.ne„ liei-onies mayor of iMis v'";." 
 
 '• '";™,^irhr ""■'-"^ '• v..„^i ■■ 
 
 ':;:^!^:x\u:^^^^^^^ ^-;' 
 
 . , Th.; Kov..riiiiient |iro.'l,,im a /,W„\,.;,,. j,| ,,,' ■^"*- .. 
 
 .Nov, t.> as..ertaiii wlether the .,„';"' 
 
 the power of the government of ]i;;M^n,.|";i;:;;!™ 
 
 ^,!J;;;i|f ''■••■'"■''''"••• '>fti.«d..n.,...e«,,v,.,.,;,^,;^; •• 
 
 riesnlt of tl„. ;,/r^;.,;.,7,;lfor'the ,|.f..n-,. 'v^:' " 
 iiieiit, S57,g;. ; aKaiiLsf. 62,6,8 "''V'"" 
 
 I^s^nate.,, ofM. Ks,|„ii„s at Marsein„«. Mn-iV^i j " 
 , "y -M. .ii|ilioiis. (ielit '"...i„il 
 
 Tl„. ex.,.nipivss retiirie 1 toChisellini-st ' -J v!'!/ " 
 
 Mol.ilisation of all al ,lie.l m,.,, «.tw..;.„ ' I " 
 
 ' 40, Old. ...I '""'"'" 'ieiw..eii JO mill 
 
 ' ™l«'i. ;""■'"''':;"' '^'^"■""an„i-.,i..: ^ij;;;:- ■■ 
 
 o'd. " """■'" '"■"'"''■'' '■'"■ ""■ ""iiii .'>! 3, " 
 
 "Fran.T .^ai. .1., ii.'ithii,;; n..w l.iit, ..aiTv ..a' «'',ii " 
 
 "";:!;;;;;;r':d;!;''"^'''--'-^''-i" 
 
 '''^.._..Joriii..|ti,,«s..nieoftlM.elii,n.hd,,.lU,,,^;k, " 
 A;.xani|er l>mi."s.' .n.velist ' and' ilnmaiti^;; \^;;' " 
 
 ""''lioi'leai^'" ^"^■'■'"""■"* '■'■" ' I f' ■C''u " 
 
 ""t^inl^K; ■"""'"•'■■ ->-''y.l-,...tiri-r ■■ 
 Trial ,,f.,p,.,. -;,rn„.„„.ri,fM.Mi„„^^te " 
 
 ^i^;;f;;^nt* ""■■ •'-'" ^ ;;'".;- '."i...- 
 
 Finn pro,l,„„„ ..f]; .„-|..„.i " ' '^'''■"- " 
 
 Ga I.ttaat , .,,',„, . , .a the -^^ """• " 
 
 iMeiit onlv 1„,|.,,, ,,,|i|.,. f, ,., I,,,. m. ''',', '" «""'■"■ 
 
 ''"""""'-'tion ,11 1 lirLr :;:,'■"';'■ ^^•., 
 
 F,;re,,ne,. ,.ot perniitte.l „, leav^ \L ^/t '■' 
 
 'Hil^oleir:^;;!;!;:;;!''''''-'''-'"-!™™"^;^;;: - 
 
 I)ist„il,an,-..s at I'aris s,ipp,.,:sse,l-|,y the"™"; " 
 H..s^m.ti.„. of Troeh,,; Viuoy :,„„,e g„ve?i!,;!:'::f " 
 
 "^ -Judlii^;;;:;;!;'''"'^ ^ "'■"''"»''•'• -«-''v?™'' 
 
 Disavowed by Oam'betta' at li,r,k.HUx ' . j.j"!!; ;', 
 
 li;j 
 
FKANCE. 
 
 The.MHH'.-«..v,.rMii„.,.t piil.llsl, tliHi- Lvii-n'iH f ,r 
 ,apltiil"lHm(v.o.«.r.„, ,,:,. In i',„u will, „„iv 
 
 l*tt«« (liTj.'c, 4 ItI,, ; !„■ ami hln inmlHtiy iv«l;.„, 
 
 Itiilimjilc'lilcMitlM'twi'i'ii Dnii.ln,! iiu.l .St '\ialll'.',''. 
 
 Four iimhlHriH c.f M. JI(iii..}-h(i6 Aiik' ,87(0 ..'s,' 
 
 CIlU'll ..... u .... 
 
 Fnicliiiiiiilldii of Na|ii>||.(jii m. "'Hcti',,vi,l i v 
 r.irtiM,.,' Ii.; (•i„Hl,.|i,iiH th.. K'"\vnirN..nt „f , s,.|,t 
 ,lat.'«lhiit liM p,vi.|iiiii,.|,t »Ms iMiir |,||i,.h ivin 
 liimi-hu jo.vcaiij: Hiil.iMitM I,, tl„. jnik'innit ,f 
 
 tli..w Willi have ii.i Hulit f iniNinainl " 8 FhIi 
 (Idii-nil liirli.iii n| ,1 iiatiiiiial a.sHcTuhlv o l.,,,,' 
 
 M. F. 1". .1. (llrv.V rl,vl,.,l piTHiilriit ' p. 
 
 Hint tlii({i.illlii. iiiw iiatliiniil anHc'iuliiv i^ l-Vl,' 
 
 »ii|.|ili'liifntary anMUtli-c »i^. | ■" '' j,.' "• 
 
 torilmliil iMiniiH lilM I'lctiiiii, n Fi'li'. u,„ii. 
 
 MM |,r,..;il..i,t liv 5.9 "lit III- j/s \ • ■ , " ,1 ,\ 
 T.niiiii.itinii ..I tl,« war; the HHfnrt uiiriM, i 
 
 u..,«^i nmrulii.» out with iiiilitaiy lmii',i„H" 
 
 ■ ;.,,,„/.„„*»„r.-" .M, ri,i„,.M ,„..i„ ,.i,i,.r'*,'''tt; 
 
 .Mriilnviiiiwci-, li.v aKivi.|ii,.|,t „| i|„. ,]]((,.„,; 
 
 ; Hii'H ill Ihr ass,.|Ml.l,v, ,7 |.',.|,. ; v„t,.,i „ 1 ,. 
 TliiKi miiiwlrv: luilinn'u (lusti,-,.). .i,,!,,^ ,.■., '"• ' 
 
 (fimlKii), I'liiml (iiuiTiiii'), ,|,il,.H .si„i,,|, f„,',|, ,! 
 
 •..-tM...»i,.i.\ I .....I.. .....I.* / " ^IMIIIIU' 
 
 Kfll. I.cllii 
 i'l! J.MIVV 
 
 17 K.'li. 
 
 1871 
 
 Mftz. 
 
 ■jf, Kil. 
 27 I-. 
 
 iiMtnii'tliiii), Laiiiliivi'lit (i'iiiiiiiii.n.(.) 
 
 («iir), ailniiml i'litliiiaii (iimrliic) 
 
 (imlilir winks) . 
 
 ■■ Freiirli (jiiviTiiiiimt in, ,-,ls,.il l,y' tlic .T,.at 
 
 T,i,.ilil,.ileUi-..^-li,. a,; ,i,.il |.,,i,.'|, i,ii„i'„N.';l''','i, 
 
 i.ii]H|"Ji * ■ < , ( ' 1 
 
 N.."liijtioiH li.r iiraiT lictwei'i, r\„ „»,'( il'j|. 
 
 ri,;liii,i.,..iii- f ., -n.at.v iifjirac;. a.T,.|ii,i;?'i,v'* .{'i'm 
 lliiiis.iii.l liiM. .ami isii,.|.wites (,|| nati i.^i 
 ,«*ml,l.v at Vei«aill...H (,.,.H«|im nf ,,,,,' T,' }, 
 mill I/.n.iiiii', iiii'liiilin- stia.Hlmi " 
 
 ;uiil jiiiyiMfUt (pf (Ivc iiiilliai-ils 
 . . .iv/j.ooo/ ), 25 Kfli. ; Mi^iifd 
 
 IwriiM' 1 vcitciai'iit ill l'aii.4 
 
 iwiiiiiiiim^i.t^ti,,. tivat.v a,v,.,,t,.;i i,y ,1,,, J,,::, ;;,, 
 
 (M6t,..o7,:tl„.ta]| nrtl„.,.i,i|,i,-,.„„,,„i,„„„^, 
 Miiillriiicil ; aiMl h,. ..in,,,,-,,,- stiKinatisci , A,,? 
 .Ut..>.KI«.v "I thr iiatiiiiial Kuaiil sHa. s m, 
 ™ii.,,«,uii tmimiiurt t h™. to .Mn.,h„a,l,,, a 
 IWivvill,., to ,h*i„l tlii.||isi.|vc.s i.-ainst I , 
 iMniiiiii«..Mi.iiiiK'l'aris . w ' " 
 
 ii.stii.t«al .u„jr,.|,a,i,|.s near l-ans, T\^r 
 
 'r«:r;:t^^!:;'t!;;!'';:;;-;;rr'ii!i:!rr^ 
 
 "'«■.(; .■t,ai,ii„ti,,.,-s)^.""" '""-^'m';; ;,' 
 
 Till. s.«iii.inr jiiutests against his il,.,,,;!,'';!,,;;; 
 
 n.an,^,,ni.i.„,.tiiai,,i,,,i,ei. «,,,,.,,, ai-'iy';::;^:' 
 
 7-iu.Mairli, 
 
 M-iiiiK "f iwtimial Kuanl i,, i.„,|, ,|,|,,|,,,,, 
 
 ^^u.tXyl!:::r^'^-^^ H?i'- 
 
 "SLS7-.^r.C'''^ '"■'''••'"'?? 
 
 ^Mi;!,,;ii::;[:^.-:;i'-i-;;r;;l;£^?n^^:^ 
 
 teimrtiiiu at Paris : ti„. i;,„lar tin,.. ,";!;''; 
 "wsessmniif till' Hiiti,..< M,,.,i . '"'^" 
 
 '^lle, n,r the a J' V It;;,";,,' "'■""; 
 
 .ittfiniittii ri.....v..,. ,].,.,•;,■. ,1' "i«i"ii'il jfiiaril 
 
 i <i(i 
 
 aiul 
 
 «r';;,f'i:;!icr''"'-'''''''-"^^-' 
 
 i.iH.i, tiini UIKC P >SNi'SS1iiM /it fii, II -4 t 
 
 I Mir::i;l;;;'::x'MHu,''''"^""'''""'«''"''"'"-i'' 
 'tn.';::K;;n,r:r';;:!:;,,:;i:;-"'; '-r''''^ 
 
 >vhl,.|,,ak,.s^,,:,^,l;;:::;7,,i-.[--■^m;||^ 
 
 !z;;:,,i; '■"'•"""•■ -.i-"''k ul;:™' .^i'^;: 
 
 Tiy..,..ti.ai,.,u,Hiii,,;.e, ,,;,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,, vi;».-*l:;;'|;; 
 ,J>: i^.ai?J;;:^;i„ ';:;,, J"--' "^^ 
 
 ,^;'l'iil nil. amvi.s, ,, ,, ■ ^".Maivi, 
 
 Thr ./i,„,/i,i/i/,, ;,. / ., . . ■ Jo.Maiih, 
 
 x:^'-;:;r;;}; H -^^^ 
 
 "^"""""'^ >''"i'™'t;,thei,a^i„„„„„i;°,'^-|;; 
 
 ''tl;:?l.r:r!:t^■''•'''•^'■''■'''•^"^-^^^^^^ 
 
 »'Mv,i„,;,|,,i '"" ''> ' '"I'lMWits ; ,oklll..il, 
 
 aIIII;;;;;"'^':^!.;'^:;;;-^:] .."."itt.a.j^ili!:;:i;; 
 
 Tl" ",th.i.K,„„.„t ,„•„,, line r.-.tirc. t,i V,Vsa!||..s' 
 
 ";i:':;.;^;!..;:;;i:"""™"''' " u, .,f ,f,;.i!'':f,:,:;: 
 
 Till' iiisiiiL'iiits l,iil,l ,.,.„t,,., I,' ■ ■ . . • '■♦ '^'iiri'h, 
 t" V.'iH.ulil's ""I'l ii'litial Pan, ; .Saiss.'t M'fiini.s 
 
 .Miiiiii'i],al I'h'ctiiii'is at 'Pn-i.! ■ o.^' ' ."'.. •^''"'■li. 
 
 v;-.,.,..i.iri.y,,;M;:;:^^.rr;;;;^:;l.^:;r'S:: 
 
 M-ti..Kor,i„'.'i.n,i.,„.;..,„:t,,„,,.,,.„j„^^_^^-;i;. 
 
 "';"'li;:,:^;7;r;,!!^;!;;i;:;,v:'r'^"^''^"''-- ' 
 
 '''i^:;;;e'n;';rN;:;;iii;.^'r;::,''rr''';!''''''^'<-^ " 
 ''iei M.',',';,;;' ^'""■^■■^' """•''"• ''>• "'^' iMsm',.,' ,Vs: 
 
 "'.".':-'''!;;";l,i':;i;!;;'t;yi;''7V'"'''''-'^^'«'-™ " 
 «•■... .i..Hi;':::::i''^„i'^:r'. ::;;;'"■'' "'■'■- 
 
 1 miss 1,11 ■ riiH,,,,.. .1.., , ,. " '^" iitivi' ,'iiMi- 
 
 I ,^ -n...ia,i;i,:i;;':Vpari':};;;; !: '" ""'• ""' ""T'':!' 
 
 I L".,ii„.„.isti„s,.,..','ti„„ at Ma>..:ilh'ssu,,,!>';V:';i; - 
 
 ' (ii'ii'-ral Cliisii.'t I ,,,„.,..^ ,„.,.,.„ „ 4-\|ii-il,' „ 
 
 '"ililary .s.'i-vi ■.,„ , " .-v r, ''I'l'ratiuiis ; 
 
 ^f^^:;;;;;n,::i;;;iT''a S^^^ 
 
 ';^iM''pi;::;;'';';:i;';!,,;;''''"--^t'-K»iiiot'ni./:nn;; 
 '™:i;'^';';;y;;;-;,,:;-:;:v: n,iiii,,issi,,„,^^^-l; - 
 
 «n:ii,r;ii,;m„.;' , ;;l„y^^,'' ''V. (ialllam 
 
 , '"i."l.ytl„'i„„f„'p'„iL' """ •" "»• -"Iway t.'.'. 
 
 MMu't Valerie, '\:,-:^i,"".'l ■^'"''""'^'.; .lis,,,,!,.., , 
 
 ".■..ei.tiu',..,e.,i!;;.;;;i,/;;-;-";-j;--, 
 
 "p^:!.^!':;^i^-;;;i,':;;i^'i;;;;--r-^,!r? " 
 
 tlie mv.'.stiaeiit „f Full issv ' """'i'"''.™ 
 
 ^ • ;i Ainii, ,, 
 
 1871 
 
 .i5> .-- 
 
 -f^i 
 
 fl 
 
 
m¥ 
 
 FIUNCE. 
 
 Hi 
 
 r 
 
 PRANCE. 
 
 rJ- 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 ^I'nwlll™ Ixittt'rli'H I'xtuMlHlii'il cm (nirttlllcm ; tiw 
 OilniliK nillway iiiiil ti'linnipli nit ; i'iiiijiniiiiIiii- 
 tiiiiiH iif ||ji> liiniiivnits Hith thi' Miiilh intiT- 
 
 ri'l'tfil ; (IciTi riliTliiK Ihi' t'lill ■(■ the i mIiiinii 
 
 _\'»''"i'"' wApill, 
 
 Plllihi illlnli iif till' ri'lHiltx iif tllc nrttlliKH iil tlii' 
 
 „ ''"iiiiiiii'"' u Aiiril. 
 
 Thr rr.liilll.t 111 (li'inifVlllli'l-HlilkiU ; till' lt<iii|i>l iif 
 XiTMiilllin nil\ii:iii' til till' t'liiitiim ili' Himhii, a 
 ("lit iif iiii|iiii'tiiiii'i' ; ANity III the Inir of tli« 
 
 ii'iiiiimiii' ,^ Api'll, 
 
 Tlu> imtliiiml iiKiii'iiilily |iiinh tlii' ||^•\T iili'l|iiil lilli 
 
 (••'r'") 14 April, 
 
 tuiii|i|fim'iitaiy cli'itlcniH ; (iiKMiii.siitlciii nf a nmrt- 
 
 llllirllal llllilir tlu' lniHlili'lin' nf KhmmI, rlili't 
 
 nlHiir ul'tllr slatl .... 16 .\li|il, 
 
 Cii|itun' Mini fcitiiliatlciii cif tlic t'liiiti 1111 ill' llA'iiii 
 
 liy till' V'i'i'HUJili'H triHipM , . .17 April, 
 
 Statiiiii anil Ih.iihi'h at Amili'it'it Uiki'li liy tlii' army 
 
 nf Vi'i-Huilli's ,(j April, 
 
 Till' I'liliiiiiiiiiiNfM apiH'al til till' iiatlnii nj .Vprll, 
 
 lianiii'ii.'i iiiriipii'il hy till' Vi'inaillain; ri'.irKiiiiiHa- 
 
 tliill iif I'liliillliMninris : Klliirs :ippiii|ili'il tll.tpl'rtiir- 
 
 Kiiii'inl nf till' sniitlirni flirts , traiisfiTs IiIm ipiar- 
 
 tirs tiiiiii .Mniitriiii;^!' Ill till' piilari' 'if tlii' Li'^imi 
 
 „„"l'" !"■ iu April, 
 
 Till' \irsailli'i liatti-riii at Ilri'ti'iiil, lli'iiiil,ni'|,,ii, 
 Mi'iHlnii, ami .Mniiliiiili' I'li-ni' trimlili' tlii' fi'ilinil 
 fnri lH«y, ami lialtny lii'twiTU itiiKin'iiv ami 
 t'liatillnii kIii'II.'4 tnit Vaiivi'N ; trniii at Ni-iiilly 
 fniiu 9 a.iii, tn 5 p.m. : tlii' liilialiitaiits nf 
 ^l■lIllly fiitir I'arlM liy tlic I'lirtu ilcs TiTiii's, 
 
 as April, 
 Ca|itiiri' nf 1,1'M Mniilini'iiiix. imtpiiHt nf tlii' iii.iiii-. 
 
 KilltM, liy till' tllinpi, Hlin MtlnllKly fnltify tlll'lll- 
 
 .Hi'hi'S cm till' a7tli ami .Mtli . j6 April, 
 
 Ci'iui'ti'iy ami park nf Ishv tnkni liy tin' VcisaillaU 
 ill till' iiiKlit : frc'i'iiiaKniis make a new attempt at 
 rei'iilic'iliaticiii : tlie nimnMiiic levlcM a sum nf 
 twu iiiillliii.Hciffraiic'Hfi-ciiii till' railway cninpanii'.s, 
 
 ■It) April. 
 A flan ciftnii'i' «i'nt tn flirt l.-cty liv tin' Vi'i.saillais, 
 
 '"illl'iK n| till' liilinil.H tn siinvmlcr : ki'Iu'IIiI 
 
 Kuili's pnt.H fii'sli tiiiiip.'4 ill the tint, ami taken 
 the enninianil ; Cluseret iniprisiiiieil at .Mazas liy 
 
 ciriler cif til iiiiiine : linssel appninteil |.icivi- 
 
 Hinlial ilelejiate nf war .... |o April. 
 Til.' Versaillais take the .statinn nf Clamart iiiiil tin' 
 
 ( liateau 111' ls..<y ; erealinll nf tile 1 lliliti if 
 
 iiiililie »al. ly ; ineinliers : Antiiiiie Anianlil, I.en 
 Weillet. Uaiivier, Felix I'yat, (,'liarleH tJeninliii ; 
 nlh'Ki'il iiia.i.siiere nf enniniiinisi prisiinerM, i .May, 
 Liiei'ctelle earnen the reiliiiilit nf .Mniilin (Sai|iiet 
 
 3 -Mii.v.' 
 
 Cntnllel Ilcissel appciillti'il tn tile ilileitinn nf 
 
 military atl'aii-M. ilellne.i the military qiiartei-.s nf 
 
 IJiiniliriiw>(ki, 1^1 feeilia, Wmlikw.'iki, ller;,'i'ret, 
 
 nii'l Knile.s , j|„..^ 
 
 Central ennniiitti f the iiaticmal Kmiril cliait.'ecl 
 
 with ailiiiiiiistratiiiii nf war; the I'hapelle expia- 
 tnire enmlc'iiiuecl tci itcwtniiticm the niaterialH tci 
 lie sulci liy aiieticiii .... 5 .May, 
 Cnmert at the TnilerieH in aiil nf the ainliiilaiiees.' 
 iSiippresHiiin nf iieH'spapers 6 .Mayl 
 
 Battery nf MniitretiMit (70 marine j-nnn) npeiis lire '■ 
 Thiei-s exh.ii-ts the faiisiaiis to rine against the 
 
 ('nniiiiiine g y\^^y 
 
 MnriiinK: iiisiirp'ntH evaeiiate the fnrt Issy ■ the 
 
 enniniittee nf pulilie safety renewed ; nieiiihei-s : 
 
 Italivier, Antnine AniaiiM. Uamlimi, Kinles, 
 
 Delesellize ; Itnssel ll'sij;n.s . ,8 .Mav 
 
 Treaty of peine with Uerniaiiy «i),'iieil at Krankfnrt', ' 
 
 10 Mav, , 
 Camnm from the fort Issy taken to Vemailles ■ 
 cleeree for the ilpninlitinli of M. Tlliew' house ■ 
 Ueh'seliize aiipninteil ileli'Kate of war lo .May' 
 
 Thiers opposecl ; nlli-rs tn re.siL'n ; the a.s.semlily vnti' 
 eiiiillileiiee in him (495-10) . . ii.Mav, 
 
 Tl'oop.s take |icissessioii of the Convent iles Oiseaiix ' 
 at Issy. ami the Lyeeiim at Vanves ; Aiilier. the 
 eiinipiwer, ilies, af;c'cl 89. . 12 May 
 
 Triuiniihal entry nf the trcmps into Vers.iilles witli ' 
 Hans "nil eanmm taken from tlieeonvent • evaena- 
 tii.n of!!.^ village ..( Issy ,-,„„j,iele>i ; foil Vaaves 
 taken P ;lie troci|i.s .... 13 .May 
 vigoniiiN eaiiminaile fi-oni the liatteiie.s of CmirliJ''. ' 
 Volt, Ueeon, Amiiires, cm Levallnis and Clieliy 
 
 1871 
 
 H.MilV, 
 
 luilh vlllnKCH evacuated ; enmincllc cinelit ,,!■ fl„. 
 llenn.litlimofhnUKecif.M. Thiern . . ,, I,' 
 
 Heporl rthe icaniia lit of .Mcmtmartre ,Vm V ' 
 
 The eni imli Veml.'liie iivertlirnwn . . ,,, u J 
 
 Meeessinn frniii the enmmiinlKt Koveriniii.m ,' 
 
 eenlrill elllll fnrmeil ; a liattulinn of woi'len fHiiii',,! 
 
 NlillmcMt I'ciimerlpticm In ParU . iilmut I' !!,''J,' 
 Silver cirii^iments in ehnrelcs seized ; exi.l.,;i,ii f 
 II eartriilKi' fa. tmy near the Champ de «„.' 
 alMive UK, killed ... 'V 
 
 The assi'iiilily adopt the tiratynfiMiiee ' "'' 
 
 Ui'ihefiiit liriiii(<lit a prisimer to Vermiill 
 
 ititlliiK of file loiiimiine „ 
 
 N01.11, expli".iiin „f the powder liiawiziii,. „r i,; 
 
 >' Ke d Ktat-Mainr (statf ridiiiK-sehnnl) , 
 
 IniHtiiKi'H translirivd fn.io .MaziiH to l.a ||iH,'i,.| ' 
 Assy ariTsted in Paris hy the Vei-s,ii||al» i',,.' 
 .isKi'iiihly votes the iT-ereetiim nf 11,,. ,,,,|„ 
 
 y™'! : •>'■ Dueatel. at the risk .,( 1m« 
 
 haviliu Hiu'llalled that the way was ,1, n ' 
 yersailli'slrnnpsenter Paris hy the pd. ^ ..f m' 
 
 •-I""'' ''"'I .^"ht Ke, J p.m., •., .M,,,.. 2. 
 
 piisHi'ssinii nf the smith and west, and alK.n 
 io,iK«j prisimei-s. after some ennllietH j. \i...: 
 Moiitmaitre taken liy Doiiai ami l„hliiii"ii,'i,ii 
 death of Domlirowski. .Miiriii,i„ : Ash ■;'.., 
 at \ersallles: ese.utlnn of Kendariiies ;,i„| 1;,,, 
 
 NiKht: the IndericM Het mi lire; Dele,,,),,,,. ,,' I 
 
 ; tlie eommitt f piihlie safety hold peim,,,,,., 
 
 .^llllllKSal Ihell.'lelde Vllle ' . ' 1 ' !' 
 
 MnriiInK: Palais (ln>al, Ministrv nf K,,,,,,'' ' 
 t Hotel de Ville. .Ve,. set cm ll,;- , „ ,!|''" ,! 
 iHiwder I'lapizine at the Palais du l.iivei,il'„,„v 
 
 hlownup , the enmmitt f puhli,. salWy Miviii, 
 
 ise detaelimeiits nf fiiKee-lieareis ■ iiri,„|, , 
 ).umpeil int., liiir « laiildiims; |ia,„;i h, ' 
 
 shut Ml thealtenmnii \,y the soldiers Kv.-eei.,. 
 
 exeeiitiim ill the prisnii nf l.a |{ it,'. .,r,i,„ 
 
 are 1 lishnp, al.lie liemieiry, |iresi.i,.„t l)i„u,. 
 
 and h4 nthers, li.istaKe.s . . 'j \liv 
 
 The rnrt.s .MniitrniiKe, llautes-llrnyeris 'llirf'tj; " 
 I'vaenated liy the insurgents ; the deatli iif|i,.|,,, 
 eluze repnrted ; exeeiitii.lis in th,. \v,iii" 
 il'ltalie of the I'eres llominieiins nf 
 
 16 priests and 38 Keiidarmes ,„„ 
 
 tlie insni;;enis ; iminy women liKldii'i'K,"iii'i.'l"i:i,t 
 
 .\i.n.,i, 
 
 ■^5 .M:iy, 
 
 liot at l)ell,.vill,. liy 
 
 inKpetlnlelllll intn tires, shut JO 27 .M„v 
 
 The HiitU'ji Chai nt. the heights of |i,|||.vj||'' 
 
 and the eeiiielery of I'ere l.aehaise .■.■irriid hv tli.' 
 troops ; takiii); of the prison of l.a H,«|ii,.iii. i.y 
 the marines ; ili'li\eraiiee of if,,; li.ist,,.,,., .1.,. 
 
 investment of lielleville c ,p|,.te ; last "|.,i.Mti..li 
 
 e.iptiired liy .Mae.Mahnn ; IlKlitinj! in,|s, 
 
 v , . , . .... ^ |. iii.,28.M:iv, 
 
 hederal pirri.sim of \ ineennes surreii.iircil at ili's 
 
 eretiim ^ ji,,,. 
 
 Heporti'il results nf seven davs' liKhtin;; in l<'mi' 
 irttiihir trimiix, 877 kilh'il. 045 wniin.1,.,1, 18; iiii.s*! 
 iiik; iiiMd-iiriilH, alinut vi.,ji«> dea.l, 25000 i.ri- 
 Mimeis nearly all the leaders killi .1 i,r nrisiiiu'ra ■ 
 alHint a fniirtli part nf Paris deslmved 22-27 -Mav' 
 KHtimateil loss of property tliroiiKh the msiirn-i'iii.li' 
 
 32,000 O.W. \pnl..\lav; 
 
 I' ■« deeree lor disarmiiiK •'uris and alii.lisliiiii; 
 
 the National (inard of the Seine . 20 .Mn 
 
 Victor HuKo expelled from llel^diini . ' ,„ M„'v' 
 
 Ueiiorted whole.sale exeeulion of piisniiers" h) tin' 
 
 marqulH de tiallifet ; Paris put uiidir niartiiil'law ' 
 
 aliout 50,000 insnrp'iits still at larp' . ,„ Mav' 
 
 Severe letter from iiriine N'apnlei.n .leri.iii,' t.i .iuirs 
 
 Kavrc, dated ,, j|av 
 
 ChaiiKesintheiiiinistiVi resiniiatii.n(and ir.r|.i.i.int- 
 lilellt of some) of those who had liceu iiii'|m1»i< 
 of the government of defenee . SJiiiu- 
 
 Solemn funeral of Darlsiy, arehlip. of Paris /.hiiir] ', 
 Alirii|,'atiiin of the laws nf pnisiriiilinii hv tlie as' 
 semlily (484 103) ; eleetimis of the due iiAuiii,ile 
 ami the prime de Joiiiville deeluied valid 
 
 SJuiic, ,, 
 Important speech ofTliiei-H for 111 ■ i.iiiiiiiL; the iv- 
 pulilic ut iiresent . . . .'g.liinc 
 
 Im|.nsiliiili of new taxes (403,000,,. inuies) aliii a 
 
 loan proposed hy .M. rouyeryueitiir . uJuiif „ 
 Oeii. Triiclm's pciweiful speech ilefendiiiK the "j;ci. 
 veiiiment of imtionul defence " . ij, 14 Juiii', „ 
 
 ^^ Aniiv "t reserve orilei 
 
 ^ri ^1 Kliinii lal MieasiireH o 
 
 by liiit'iiiire and the 
 
 Tliiillresall.l |.uli|ic | 
 
 Utter freiu M. (Iiiizo 
 
 |..illlii'al llio.ll'l.ltin 
 tilUllce of the pre 
 
 Thi> limn nf J nilllhiiil 
 26 June ; snliMcriptli 
 
 illillilinls sllliserilied 
 HJ Iliellllii rs eleeted 
 (ia)iiU'tta, and a fe\ 
 >»U : till' rest siipj.ni 
 I/tti.rfl.'lil the eomie 
 pniri'HsiiiK devotion 
 laiKli'iii policy and 
 llivr up the white Ma; 
 Ueruiiiliy to avoid all 
 
 Till' gmei'miiciit said 
 .iiKi'iahly ; hill for 11 
 
 jAooo.ooo/. I'lirt of the 
 
 iiiairs 
 Priiii'i' .Vajioli'iin Jeron 
 
 ll.iviv) 
 '.I. Ui'Vii'iiiie, president 
 
 ai'i|iiitteil of hlanie fi 
 
 ti.uri iii'perial seitiida 
 Jiiii'i, Kavre, fnreiKii min 
 
 .^ilf leil liy Charles 
 
 Fiilli'iiiaiieiisnlinn for In 
 
 ).riiviin-i's refused liy 
 
 ii'iili'lit, hut proposes 
 Ti'Mliifi'iiiiiiiiunist prisi 
 
 Gn'.at ilisHciisions In tl 
 
 m.mnri'liistsand repiil 
 
 rriiierHlliita.'eepted, 
 
 [..tt'eniiiil theinverciui 
 
 111" till' aicseialily vote.!! 
 
 Tliicw' I'liwers iiroliiiiKi'd 
 III' tile Kreiieh repulilie 
 tiiiilr till the anseiii 
 Libuunc; (the Hlvet-\ 
 
 FiTiii'li pcwtap' liicrca.scil 
 
 .Si"'!i'ti! lie I'reviiy.inee est 
 hitei'iwtwimU'; Is'i-nlne 
 
 FiTiv ami I.ullier .seiitei 
 traii.siiiirtiitiiini.r iinpri.- 
 (I'lln'lii.si's) .s.'iiteiiceil 
 I'l'trnleiuil nil llres . 
 
 Bill f'ir making the wliiili 
 till' invaded proviuees , 
 
 lli'ssil. luiiiiiiuiiist gi'lie 
 
 Jl.wagc from Thiers to tin 
 "ftllehii.lneta.l.iuuriled 
 
 Di.<arammt'Ut of the natioi 
 *!■ 
 
 Bill iiitniihi.'i'd e 'ernir 
 
 rrlatiu;; tn tiiritfnll ko.h 
 
 mini', mill the reducing . 
 I.I 50,000 men, 14 Sept. ; 
 (53«3); till' nensinu dt 
 
 Conrti-martial cm eoniniun 
 
 "IVniiaiii'iitCiiiiiniittee" 1 
 aiiiwiiiti'd hy the iiaseni 
 niurst nf the |,'iiveriiniei 
 S.'|il-4l).'.-.) . . . 
 
 25,000 1'lnuminiists vet to h 
 s'ltnv 
 
 Eniiiatiim nf Paris forts 
 
 I)iiiliffcirt(iil"/,„ An iifc-Hf 
 
 senteiU'i'iltnlile.imprison 
 
 Dilltiulty ill settling the Al« 
 
 y> 
 
 M. Pi»,y.r.Q(U'riier, iiu 
 
 irrivea nt Ilcrlin 
 M. Laiiiliri'Hit, minister of 
 
 Jfnl.v, 8 (At. ; sueeeeiled 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 443 
 
 Arniv ,.f i.....n> ,>i ivdl,, l„. ,||sk„|v,.,| , . ,)„„„ 
 
 KiniiM ml nicuMiii.., „r >|. l',„i,vi.iJ,u.|tl,.r .i, ,h i 
 
 Tl«"'""""' I I'l"" -^ 'v„,H. 1 II, l',„i^,i",„i 
 
 I'""""''' '"7 ••' "il l".r.l..«. M>,1 I?! 
 
 Wuiur nf tli>. |.i(.s,.|it Hrnvinincnt, [.mLIUI,,',! 
 
 Ihe l.«n »r J iiilljl,,,,!, fnn„.H(8o,,x»,<xH.;.H..',''i',!,'!,'i 
 
 rfJlllH', »lllMcrl|ltliill (.|N. 1, J, ,1 ,,1k„iI . 
 
 uiiiiun » ,Mi«,.,ii„.,i t,„. !„ K,,;,,, ,'. ,,1,",;;;, • ;^'7, „■ 
 
 (liimMt... mnl ;i !,.« I,.;;,| ^i, ,„„| n,,,,,,. rt. 
 
 FUANCE. 
 
 \*U ; 
 
 Wturfli'lll the colnt.' lie < 'iTaillVKVl'i'i'uH 'JMi,,!,,,!-.'! 
 |,n.f,..»ihK I .■V..II,.,, t„ Frnihr. mnl ,„ll„ h to 
 
 tm U\< lh<- Wl.lt.- II.IK nC II..IM V I V, ; |„. i!' ," 
 
 Uoniiiiiiy to iivoiil all ip|vt,.xi (or ayitmi,,,,. ,|„t,.,l 
 
 Tlu' B,iv.Mniii™t mild t" Unvr i„> v„t.s ]ii'"th,'. 
 .wuciiilily ; iMll Imi- new ta\c'« jiaHMcil (^si t,i ,) 
 
 jo.ooo.ooo/. piiit iif tliti liiili'iiiiiltv, jialil 1. 1 tli,.'(';',.V 
 """"' • ■ . . ' alHiiit I. liiiv" 
 
 Priiiii' Xii|.ijlcim J.TiPiii,. .■«|i,.||im1 froiii Kranr,. li,; 
 Havre) , '' 
 
 M, Ui'Virinie, i,n.H iit of th airt „r ,.a.s„,;,i„ ,' 
 
 '"'I'"" ' >h>m<'U,v McttllnK ■Impntr^ ivlativi 
 
 l„uu iii.|..Tml »niii.lMl (ill X„v. ,8,^) ,, ,|„|, 
 
 Jiilw I'livir, t..ivi),'ii luiiii^trM, ivniKiis alioiil 2,,|i,iv'. 
 sil,T,r.i,..| I'.v lliaih.s ,1,. H,.i,iii.,at al.uut j Aiik 
 
 hill (•umni-iiMtinn lor Iommch iliiim,,,! i,v th,. ima.lnl 
 l.rmiiMcs irliH,.,! I,v Tlii.M's, „lio arkiiowl,.,l«,.s 
 iiiiili'lit. IjiiI |iro|.os..H loai I K''">'roii.Hlv viiv: 
 
 Tmlol'i'dliiiaiiiunt laiitoiifrs at j'aii.i, U.^u'ii :,'l.MiVt 
 
 Omit (llHiiinsioKx ih the aHM,.ml,iv U'twi^i'ii '^t'h^'. 
 iimimrclii.stN aial iv|iiilili,.aii imrtl'i's ; ivsimiatioi, 
 
 MtaHi,M|a,T,.i,tr,l,.4AiiL;. :|,r witi,mofhis 
 
 ;..»vi' mill llnsrivi'iviKii ami. oiistitii.iit aiitliorltv 
 uftl,,.,„«.|iii,ly yotu.1 (44J to .,7) al.oiit ,5 Aiik. 
 
 TI11.TS i«.«,.is proloiiKcl, ami iiominMt,.,! nirsi,!,.,,. 
 nItlirl-ivNrli ivpiihli,. l.y th,.a.s»,iiil,lv. to ,.,,1, 
 tiimr till (111! iiHi.,.|iil,ly Hhall ti'mlii'mi,. its 
 tib..ur»; (lliu HlvetVitft prnpoHition). 4,^1.^3 
 
 ri™rll|io»tlW>lni'lTlHcil . ^'H!.'i''t' 
 
 .S.«irle il,' l'rrv..y,jn,-,. ,..stahlisl„.,i to .■.■.iilitm.a tlu'i 
 l.ikrmlwivih; I».|hiiii.h |i,.nii,ini.|it s,.|,t 
 
 Kmv iiii.l Lullin- s,Mitnirf,l to .lrath,'ot|i,.r.s to 
 
 Ii:iii>|«.rt<iti.iM ,„ iini.riso„i,H.|it, , ,S,.|,t. ; 3 „,„ , 
 
 (|..;ti;lH,s,.,) s,.|,t,.,i,.,.,l to ,l,.ail, lor tl.ivwin!' 
 IvtnilciiiiMiii llivs . . ' J > 
 
 Bill li.r ii.akiiiK th,. wliolf iiatl.'m In.ar tli,. los,^,.'s ,,f ' 
 tlir iiivailcl in-oviiiirs a,lopt«l l.y t|„, aHH.i|iit,ly 
 
 Riissil, c.iiiiiiiniist Kcm.ral, sciiti.),,..-.! t.>*'(u'ath ' 
 
 M«y.fr»iiiTlii,.rstotlK.a.s.s,.h.l.|y;,.,,„si,|,^ra;'i',',!i ' 
 
 nflhr hiiilKct ai|.|uiirii,.,l la N,.),!. : r,.,,,! ,, s ,.,'f 
 DbarammiMit »f tla; national gimr,l l^.f-m, at l.yoi.s, ' 
 
 DilMntr.Klii,.e,r,.,M,n.n.in« tiVaty'witli' (j'.Tmai'.v " 
 
 Mine, 1111.1 the reiliu-iny u,.n„ai, troops in Ki, I,. 
 1.50,000 iiieii, 14 «,.|,t. ; ailopt,.,! I,v th,. as.s,.ii,l V 
 (533-33) ; the urasiiin iloi'laiwl closi-il, ., a.m. 
 
 ('"iirts-m,iifial 1.11 eiiiiiiiinniKls -o on '' S.'!,'!' " 
 
 ■■ iiTiiiaiieiit o.iiiiiiitt,.,." of 25 „(• iiiir,.,.,.,;. ,„'„.,,.,; " 
 
 awiolllteil hy tlir a».sel„l.ly'to v>i t 1 ,,v '1 
 
 s.;;!"'; lie )■."'"■'""""" '""■'"« ""•'•-'••■- ('7 
 
 K«a,uati,.,i ,.r Pari, ^.^ by the 0..rma,is"l»*lm " 
 
 Reiliefort (of •■/.„ A»a/.r«« " ami " l^lX^^::^k " 
 
 soiiteiiei.,! to I I ..i,„|,ri„,„„„.„t . " '^' 3 « ...t^ 
 Diai.ulty ,11 wttlnig tli. Alsa.-. ami Lorrain?. tri'aly " 
 
 '^x^'' '- '■■'•■"••■' '--™ ^^i " 
 
 10 Uct. .. 
 
 .87. Tn.m,nll,.l..,tl..,.of al„,v„ ,noo K-.n-ral ..o»«,.ilh,„ 
 
 l'i»iMit..withT.ini.«.tti,.,i . „, .■'^ :;;;;■ •■ 
 
 fciiinal „| i,„i„|,.„; ,„„i ,h.noiiiic,.s liitinililatlon 
 ''."•'"■'■'•el in AIki'iI 1 |,.,1 "'^v '■'' " 
 
 '■ '^l;M'';;;„;;:r::"-^« ^ - ■-- " 
 
 _^ l'■'■"'"'■.vll.■Ml^^tl.■rnlan, ,,i,[imo'tat. ,':r;^i:.;; " 
 
 M,.,.tin„„rt|„. national aH«.,i>l,|,- . *\'Z.' " 
 
 ,!JUt,.,.|. po miea ti,.».,ai,lto;.vlHt ■ ■• .■ " 
 
 tiolMit'lV , ■ ". l""l'"^e.H n,o,l,.|il ,, piot,.,.. 
 
 lion ot I'lvnih niaiiiiliiitiiivH ', 1,, . 
 
 After HoiiiM ilisni.sKioii with m' Tlii..i.» 'ii. ? i'"'' " 
 
 • ilili;;:t;;;;i:,r -'^ i'''-i""''V"ti^!L:t 
 
 i.n."iii...tax propo.„.,i ;„.,| ii„i;„i,,.;, ' ^ •;';■ .. 
 
 Tl.e, 111,., u.lV.rsiKiiv .lies"- ' ' ' ' ""■ '^7' 
 
 """""" >-"i^'t"t'isi:p:'^^,:^..;.^;::;,;;r:K; 
 
 't^!'.;;U:;''^'^'"^""-'""-v «>. simon-:.'!;;;;! - 
 
 Tlie piveniim.nl (M.^esvi.t,..!' ' "'""""•'"■'• ,. 
 
 Mani.es,oo,;;,,,.\;;*,f^;;:,;,'«^ ;,,,;, •''j;;l^;,,^>J;u.. .. 
 
 ;;l....pM;l,ewil,,iotU.i.o„,,.al..«i,ir,;:'^4^^^^ 
 
 3^;;':.;ri^ii^i-r:i-- -r -■' 'S " 
 ^!'";x:^;i-,;;;!'';i;;rr-^ " 
 
 rrop„s,.,i ,■,.„,,„ „f,h,. ,„„.,„,,| i„ „^,_, ■ f ; . 
 
 ' M^;^'h?t;.,W^""' '■'•'" '■IVrier.iii^iii.t^.; 
 
 Full. 
 
 .'■I I ■■^' 
 
 *f 
 
 Feb. 
 
 ■■• tin illlflll'l 
 
 I I.eiiKiif for i-,iiiiiii,.n.|al l'il.,.rt'v r..ii,i,.,l ' 
 
 ''t^Vh;:;:;!S::;-'i;'^;;;l.'-''-'''^--.^>^^^^^ 
 
 Ulaiaiiii comleninocl to transp;„.tatioi, to a .' .^ttn^^d 
 M. Ho„her;.leetnlanu.nih,.ror,l,eas':ml!i;^.a 
 
 J.mvi.r,lelaMott..,apr,.n.,.t,pros,.;.„t,.iiforn?;S 
 «-'■.. I'.VKHVernim.iit, a,.,piitt,.,| ; M l>,,,iv,, um.V 
 tiiT. who gn,.» ,v„i,.n,',. i„ hi.; favonr, rVsil^iis. 
 1 , ■■ alioiit 5 March 
 
 ;OHeplir,ein(.ttr.-Px..p,it<.a =M„.. 
 
 •proiins^r "* ^^--•««'- ('■•"•■iHTly .o,'^,Z;.) 
 
 '''itliel':;' nv ^ ;■ "'"''•'":' '■""^■i'''<">' «f ^'^ ^!^!:,t 
 
 b'l'i.eial Inieliii ; iiio,l,.rate puuislmR.nt = April, 
 
 lii 
 
 ^#" 
 
WH 
 
 Pi 
 
 M}m^M. 
 
 ft f 
 
 i*i' 
 
 k ,%. H, 
 
 
 f* ' ;. f. , 
 
 _ _ FRANCE. 
 
 Alidlltioii (]f luissiKirts fur Uiitisli suliiects im- 
 , iK'iiiii'"! loApiil, 187 
 
 Law ii{,'iiii]«t tlie lutiMiiatiiiiiiil .S<n'i<ay ipliii-iiided 
 
 23 April, ,, 
 
 ill (i letti-r, tilt' fx-ciii|ic'i<ir takes upmi liii/isclt' tlii' 
 whole ri-sjiuiisiljility ol the suireiider lit heihiu 
 
 12 .M'lV, ,. 
 
 HiMiher in the nsseiiibly repels tlio due irAudinict 
 l'iis(|iiiei's .<i'veiv attiick nil the eiiipiie ai Mav, ,, 
 
 Three incire ciiiideiiined ((iiiiiMiinists shut. 25 May, ,, 
 
 The dii;- d'Aiiiiiale speaks in the ihamlier in favni'ir 
 "f the army iiri,'aiiisati(m hill . . . 28 Mav, ,, 
 
 Marshal Vaillaiit dii'S 4.111111-, ,, 
 
 Tliieis thii'ateiis tn resign at oppiisitiiui in the 
 'ii^iiiilier aliniit o.hiiie. „ 
 
 interview I. f delegates of tlie iiiajoritv (the rijilit) ill 
 the assemhly with Thiers (resiieetilit; his jidliev); 
 mneh 1 ensured 2o.Iiiiie, ,, 
 
 Bud^ret for 1873 ; delieieney, 4,801 ■•ool. ; 8,000,000/. 
 to lie raised ; Thiers advcpeatey -.'y on raw mate- 
 rials, and oppnses imcpiMc-tax 26 .Inne, ./ .•.■■/. ,, 
 
 The majority in the assemhly iPiiijiose -Mae.Mahon as 
 invsidcnt in r notTliiers . . . .July, 
 
 Xew convention hetweeii (ierinanv ami Kianie ir- 
 speetinj; speedy payment (.f the indeimiitv .md 
 evaenatioii of tiiritoiy, sinned . . 29 .June, 
 
 Anniversary ot the ,1-sliiii lion ot tie' ISastiUe eele- " 
 liiate(i hy pnhlie ilinners ; important moilerate 
 speeclihytianihettaat I'eite-sons-.lonarre, i.f.Jnly, ,, 
 
 Amioiinei'ineiit ot a pnhlie hian of 120,000,000/. at 
 
 ^.f^'t I'l''' '•'•lit 26.J11IV, ,, 
 
 ihrei mimimsts (murderers. .flnistanes)e\eented 
 
 ••dSator- 25 .Inly, 
 
 The loan snhscrihed for, nearly 13 times the amonn't, 
 I'hielly in Kranee j|,|y 
 
 Thiers' linani'ial measures carried (ta.xes on raw " 
 materials, ie.) ; the session of the assemhly clo.sed 
 
 ileefinf? of Gui.^ot and Thiers at Val Richer n'sept " 
 Three more eommiinist munlerers shot at Satory " 
 
 Arrest of Kill 1 Almut at Savcrne, liv tin' (ii'r^ " 
 
 mans, on .icconnt of ,1 newsjiaper article (written 
 
 •let. it'7i), ,4 Sejit. : released . 21 ficpt 
 
 Atteiiiptcd cell linitimi of the anniversary of the " 
 
 estalilishment of tin- lirst French lepuli'lii' ■ Kan- 
 
 ijiiet at (.liamliciy stopped . . 22 ^Scpt 
 
 31. Thiers and the luinistiy in Paris . ' . Sciit " 
 
 Progress of (iamlietla in the south ; violent speedi " 
 
 at (irenolile an.iinst Thiers . . , 27 Sent 
 Pilp-imanc of aliont jo,o._io persons to the grotto of " 
 the \irf;in .Mary at l.o.irdes, on account ofallci'd 
 miracles (the Vir^jin was .said to have aiiiieareifto 
 tivot;iiIs, ,4Fch. ,838). . . . 6,,,.t, „ 
 Jieport that tlie linssian minister remonstrated on 
 (iamlictlas speech at liicnohle . (),.( 
 
 The supreme council of war constituted ;' includes " 
 .MacMahon, fauroliert, due irAnmale, and other 
 eminent ycneials; lirst mectiiij;, Thiers ineseiit 
 w, . -. , Q Oct. ,, 
 
 rrinec Naiioleiin mid iirinee.ss Clothilde eoine to 
 I'aris; expelled liy order of the government (lie 
 
 protests) ,^ ,,|,, 
 
 tetter from the comte de Chanihoid to .M. de la " 
 liochet;c,protestinj;aj;;iinstarep,ililii',aiidas.sert- 
 111;; that l-'r.uicc laii he saved hv a nnmarchy 
 aloni' : that she is catle.lii' and nioiiiirchical, anil 
 cannot, thclchilv, pel ish ; dated . . 15 Oct 
 Elections for v.icancies in the asscmhlv ; radical " 
 
 lepuhlicins mostly elected . .' joOct 
 
 The Ger.c c.,s evacuate Halite JIariie anil othcrde- " 
 partniciis ... . . ,,ct., Xov. ,, 
 
 liaiiiinet ol niinarchical imrty .at Hordeiiix fi Oct. " 
 New conimereial treaty with Great liiitain siL-ned at 
 
 Liiii'lim , .\„v 
 
 lie-iissemliliin; of the national asscmhlv, iiNov '• " 1 
 1 hiers 111 his message declares tliat the icpul.lie'is 
 tlie le-,d -owrnment : and that to exist it must ' 
 
 he con.scivitive; and piop,,ses chall;;es 12 XoV. „ 
 >ervice ol |, raver on In-half of the asscmhlv 17 Nov 
 I-rnilh-ss altackof p-ncral (■haiiKaiiiier I'lntlrcrs' " ■ 
 policy and (himheltas s|ieeeli at lireiiolile - mo- 
 tioii to pass to Older of the il-v ; iiiaioiitv for i 
 
 pivcriniiiiit, 15,", ; (j,.,,ii.| not -i,-; .^is'Nov 
 
 The result h- s the law of . ,g y^.y] " ; 
 
 JI Kerdrcl pi- m ises a (-ommision to consider 
 liners^ proi.o.s.ils for changes ; iidojited ly Xov 
 
 444 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Thiers threatens to reslKii ; crisis . ,0 ,„ >•„,. ^ 
 Heport of the commission read hvM. Hathie chii, ''"' 
 iiiK the ii;.dit of the a.sseiiilily to frame » n\i,J ,' 
 tioii witii a responsilile niinistrv ; the pn-si,! , 
 I not to speak in the asseiiihlv, A-'e. ; he iidv.'i, ■ 't 1 
 "f;oiiveriienient de eoinhat •' . ^r, \ 
 
 Aiiii-iiilini-iit pi-oposeil hy Mnfanre, mii'ii-tcrci' i',!*!' " 
 tice, iici-eptinj; ministerial resiioiisihilitv ici,.,'-,; i 
 hy the committee . . . U \ 
 
 .M. Thiers addresses the as.seiiilily ; dei-'hues hciT' " 
 fers the Kie,'lisli to the Anie'riean svsli-m - 1 ,',t 
 that a monari-liy in Kranee is at pn-scni i„^„ 
 sil.le . that he is laithfnl to the repnoi,,. ,','! 
 that he wisln-s to render it lonservativ,- ni.l .' , 
 he has for two years served his i-oiimn «- ti! 
 hounilless devotion; llufaiire's anieiuli,,,.,,, ',, 
 ned hy 370-334(11111011 of royalists witli U-m-u.M-l' 
 rstsiiKainstthe 1-,-nlical.s) . ji-ipiil- 
 
 V-ite of eeiisiire on the home minister (l,aMf,'.,',!!.^i " 
 
 ,-arned ; 305-209 : he resigns . . * „ ^; .' 
 Agitation respei-ting the appointment of the ,-,„ ,' " 
 l.iission (If 30, proi.o.sed liy Unfaure ; it ,oii,i J 
 o ,9 lor the light, ., for the government, 6 lire 
 changes in the ministry annoiim-ed o 1,' ' 
 
 Manifesto of the left, pro)iosiiiga dissolniioi, „ ,;, " 
 
 assemhly hv legal means . '"'- 
 
 Negatived hy the asscmhlv (490-201) ' ° , • " 
 
 I'.iwerful .sjieech of Thiers to the coinini.ssica „f''"o ■' 
 
 16 licc 
 Execution of roitovin, n traitor „ 1, ' " 
 
 IJeht (hehire the war. about 460,500,0^/ ^ " 
 
 748,700,000/. |,~ 
 
 Illm-.ss of the ex-emperor . . ' , ' " 
 
 Meeting of the national assemlilv " " ^1, '•''"' 
 Deathof Napoleon HI. at ChisWhni-st' . ' „ '.'.'• •' 
 Hoiiai.aiti.stnianih-sto; ■■the emperor is deiiil I'li,; •' 
 
 the empire IS living and iiide.structihh- ■ ,,',i.,, 
 
 Ihe ■■jo committee" eonsideriiig Talloii's pi„i',.,.; " 
 
 lor a eonstituiion .... 1 j., 
 
 Thri nimunist mnrderei-s shot at .Satoiv ■'', Vi !' " 
 
 lie|.orted recognition of the eonite de Clia'inhni',!',,; " 
 
 king hy the Orleans princi-s . -r, 1', 
 
 Powerful spei-ch ol Thiers lielore the ;ol„i,iis;°,;;;";f " 
 
 ;o against tlieir pi-o|io.seil changes ^ |,-|.i, 
 
 Thi'eomniissioii ofjoi-losetheii ineetings ' s f, I,' " 
 
 i I.eIte,oltliecoiiit,.,leClialllhordpiililislic7l-,l,°,,,''; " 
 
 all hopes of the fusi f the linlii hoi s ' p,.l, 
 
 Dehate hegins on the report of 11,,- , iiiinai.ssi,,,,; " 
 which ivserves the Icgisl.-itivc rights of the iii-scia 
 assemhly, and the adhcicnic to tie- pl■o^i^i„||| 
 
 state ill ,11 -dance with the ■' p.n-te ,|,- |) '/ 
 
 deaiix," 27 Keh : powerful spc-i-h of ■fhi.-i, „[ 
 lav mil ol this ■'truce of parlies, •' adopted (.-.- 
 
 '9'') 4\Um\ 
 
 Convention for the total evacuation of th,- ,|.. ,,.„,, 
 meiits 111 Si-id. on iiayimnt of indeiiiMitv m'-'i,,.,| 
 
 lit Hcrlin iV.M n,-li 
 
 Ueelaration ill theas.semhly that .\1. Thiers i,,'s , I,,' •' 
 
 served well of his coiintiy ■' . . 17 .M„ivli 
 .M. (ire\y resigns the presideiiey on aci-onnt of tin- " 
 conduct of the parly o| the -ight, 2 V|„.i|. 
 .M, Dullcl.alihci-al lionapartist, electc.Mii ,,, ! ' 
 sitionloMartel, Ihcgoverunient candi.lalc , uIhi 
 M. llai-odct, radical, cx-iiiavor of Lyons ,-l,,,'i,,i' " 
 mellilicl of the asscmhlv ioi Pai i,s hv a I'ai-'c 111 ,. 
 .jolltV over the minister de licliiusat -i7'\l.li| 
 
 t'haiigis intheminisli-y : Casimir pcii.-i iiit,-ri,,i -' " 
 \V. II. Waihliiigton, of famhriilge, pnhlie i,,! 
 Ntruction (in room of D,. (loulanl iiiiil .hil,-s 
 Simon) 18 .M-iv 
 
 .Meeting of the natioii.-il a.ssenihiv, 19 May-' tin- " 
 gov-rnnieiil introdn,-e th,-ii- conslitiiti,iii,-irhiii< 
 21 May ; till due de Ihoglie leads an iiilack mi 
 the goveinini-nt, 23 .May ; s|ii-ec h of rhi, i< (||„ 
 g.ivernment deh-atcd (j62-34S)al a sitting, j ,', m , 
 
 24 .Mav, „ 
 
 Resigimtion of Thii-rs and his miiiislry ,11 pt,-,! 
 
 'sfiS-ssy), 24 •^'11,''': marshal .McMaliun ,|ii,- ,|,, 
 .Magenta (honi 1808) elec-tcd pn-siih-id o'l tji,- n- 
 pUblii- hy 390 votes (the left did not v.ili-)- lie 
 
 '"'•'■epts II nice, declaring his iiiiiepiiMl.-iiii- iif 
 
 party, 24 .M.-iy ; in his message to tin- a sci.ihiv 
 
 lie says, ■' Thi- po.st in which ynii have pla-.-i-,l lal-, 
 
 's th.-ct of a sentinel, who has to watch over iL 
 
 ,;i'grityof your sovereign power." . 26 .Mav 
 
 The due de liroglie eh^ef of the Mew iiiiiii-liy " 
 
 aO.Miiv, „ 
 
 Geiienil Ladinirault sii 
 i-oiuliiaiid of the arm; 
 
 ftiviite circular of th' 
 (lUi.'sting them to sot 
 Hirtiiient ; censun-d i 
 
 Tlieiisseiiihly (h\-a largi 
 i-iition 'if Ham-, for 
 ile|iiitv for Lyons 
 
 Visitor the . 'Shah 
 
 (iiaiiil review of the rei 
 iissi'i;;hly lu-orogui'd 
 
 llfiirtval of the .\iiglo, 
 j8t)o(till 30 June, 187; 
 
 Evacimtioii of nil the 
 (ieriirnis, exeejit Vei-d 
 
 Fusiiiii "t the l.egitimisi 
 iiitervien- of the eoinli 
 lie Lliaiiihoril ; the 1 
 
 o,liliia-l!uri-ot ilied . 
 
 Ilii'iiiipi-riai pi-iiice Na| 
 iif liis tiiiiiily to he ■' 
 fill- tlie peo|ile" ^ . 
 
 Last iiistahneiit of io,o,j 
 3oo,oeo,ooQ/. i>aid . 
 
 AlHUit 2,700 eomiiiiinisl 
 
 Prince N'lipuleoii Jerome 
 
 Li-ttiT friiiii Thiers to m; 
 tilt- 1'ii.siiiiiist.;, who ■ 
 Fiance pivtend to del 
 
 Kiaiicc divined into 18 1 
 s,'fiii-rals appointed 
 
 TiiaiiifiiiarslialllazaiiiB, 1; 
 .-Itlic IJliine 111 1870, f 
 lilj.si-iilHhlit ,-it .Metz ; d 
 the i-nlll't : hegins . 
 
 Cliiiip's ill till- ministry ; 
 lliaii^'ariiii-r war niinist 
 
 li.iiilii-rs letter to the J 
 iiiiinaixliists 
 
 M, Hi'iiiiisat and 3 otiicr 
 I'lltics 
 
 liaai-iiiiiil-iiined to d.'atli 
 
 }\. ht'iiiiiiiiiie (in the Jinn- 
 liai'ti.-iaiisiif an ahsolute 
 ni""iif lii.story ; hir the 
 If tlial lie so, iiothiiig H 
 
 M.iitifcstiHif the monarchi 
 cf the iiiiinarchy, gna 
 lilicrtii-s, 4;e. . 
 
 M, Lciiii.Say and the left 
 tiiiii witli llie inonarehia 
 tiuiiiiitlii-iiext elections 
 
 h'ttiT fiiiiii tile comte 
 (.'licsni'liiiii;; he .says, ' 
 iiiitailiiiitliiiig of ii'iy p 
 ■liiiiiit wish to hegin'a r 
 act iif weakness; if enl 
 It- pMwciless to.iuorrow 
 tlicealyoiie cajiahle off 
 Ill-cause I lia\e for it a 
 'latiil .... 
 
 M. i.oiii (<,ay and the left 
 In- aviivcd foi- the organ 
 iv|.ali|ii- 
 
 Mfttiiisof national .issein 
 slial .MacMaliiin, icipies 
 I'liiKi'il |iiiwei (ten ycai-s) 
 mittcciif 15: voteil urgei 
 
 M. liiilfi-t i-e-ek-i-ted presiili 
 
 C-asiiinicy ,at Aulnii to , 
 Malum; iilfeiiilers eoiivh 
 
 Eglit ; the conmiittee v 
 MacMaliiiii's pi-esideney 
 ofiiicttiinjofthenextiei 
 
•m 
 
 FEANCE. 
 
 445 
 
 FKANCE. 
 
 General Lnilniinmlt succmls JliicMalion in the 
 
 loiiiiiiiin.l (if the iiniiy (if Versiiillfs . 3 .Iniii' 1871 
 I'riviitf i-iii'iiliii- (if till! iMiriistiu' to iiretVi-ts rv- 
 
 illl.stin;,' tlllMll 1(1 SlilllKl iM'W.siiiipci-n (if liis (Ic 
 
 lurtiMcnt ; ciMisiiird hi the iinwiiilily . 11 .Jinic 
 The lussfinlily (liy a Ihihc nia.jdrity) (ii-.icr tlic prose' " 
 
 (•ulidii 111' Hiiiic, I'diiuuily a fdinminiist imw 
 
 .Icputy f.ir LyiuLs .... i,,!,,,,,,, 
 
 Visit uf tlic Shah 5J11IV 
 
 Grand review (if tlic reiidvateil ariiiv at Paris aiiil " 
 
 as.wi;:lily IinirnKiieil . . .' . lojiilv 
 ll,.|i.'w:il df the .\iif;l(i-Freiieli treaty df 2^ .Jiiii " 
 
 i8tio(Iill 30 June, 1877); .sisutMl 2^ July ; ratilled 
 
 2Q tl lllv 
 
 Evntuatldti (if nil tlie French territories \'V tl'ie " 
 (lenii'iiis. exee|it Verdiin, liy . ,' _\n,, 
 
 riisi.iii lit tlie l,e},'itiiuists ami Orleanists ;' after ifii " 
 interview df tlie eiiinte lie I'aris willi tiie (unite 
 lie tliaiiilidrd; the latter reeiiyniseil as eliief 
 
 0,lil,iii.B;.rrdt ilieil g \J[J;' " 
 
 Ilieiiii|ierial iniiiee Xa|idleiin declares the ].dliev " 
 ..fliis liiiiiily to he "Kverythiny hy the iiedide 
 tirtlie |ie.i|ile" ,j ^^1,^^ 
 
 Last matidiMent iif w,ock>,<jooI. iif the iiideiiniity of 
 wo,or«,cx»/. imid 5 .Sept. 
 
 .\lieiit 2,700 ciimiminists yet to lie dis|.dsed oi' " 
 
 ViTiliiii (iiiitted liy the Cierniaiis . . ijSeiit' " 
 
 Tlirbst qiiitteil the l-'reiich territiirv . ' lii.Seiit' " 
 
 lli;c lifiM/esalMliilssador fur I.imdol'i . , Oct " 
 
 WIer Ir.iiii ediiite de L'hiiniliord to the vieonilii 
 
 ,i,. H.iilez-lJenavent ; not exiilieit : shows teii- 
 
 ciiji.'yluidiieessidn ; says, "I want the eii-iipera- 
 
 tiou uf all, and all liavu need of nie " dated 
 
 Friiice N'iiiioleon Jeroiiu! joins the repiililieai. iiaity. 
 , 26;Seiit.' 
 
 Lttterrreiii Iliier.s to mayor of Nancy, eensuriii" 
 tiic fusil. iiist:;, whii "without the eiinsent oi' 
 Kiaiiee iiretend to decide upon her destinies" 
 
 Fiance ilivided into 18 new military regions ; 18 
 ^eiiends aiipointed . . . ' . 30 tji'iit 
 
 Tiiaiiil'iiiarshaillazaine, liltecllmmauderofthearnlV• 
 Mr llie lihine !n 1870, for alleged treachery anil 
 niisiuiiihiit at .Metz ; due d'.Vuinale |iresiilent of 
 llieiiiiirt ; liegins ..... (u-t 
 
 diin;;es in the niinistry ; due Deeazes foreign anil 
 lliaii;.'ariiiir war minister . , 6 (Jet 
 
 limlier'.s letter to the JJouap.rtists n«ii'inst tlnj ' 
 moiian-lii.'.ts q O,.^ 
 
 M. lleiniisat and 3 oiiiiT repulilieaiis elected de- ' 
 i'i>ti« , • ,• , 12 Oct. , 
 
 liaiie iimih'iMiied to death in n,..tiimiii-Uii,i 13 Oct 
 
 M. l.eiiiiiiMiie (in the ./imni.i/ ,;, • iirluil.i) sn.vs ■' Thii ' 
 |.artisaiisiifaiialisolnte r iiikU' hv make 'a hfh'ila 
 ■ ''•" .if liistory ; fur them niithin..' has occurred 
 II tlial lie so, niithiiig will return ■ . i.; Oct' 
 
 Jljiiifesteiif Hie miinarehists pnipiisiiii,' restn'ratioii ' 
 ..f tlie iii.inarchy, Kuai-aiiteeinj,' all necessary 
 lilierties, lii' jg (j,.£ 
 
 M. Leiiii Say and the left centre decline negntia- ' 
 ti..n Willi llie nidiiarehists : whii thivaten .ilisten- 
 tiuniiitlie next elections, if successfully d|ipo.seil 
 
 L-tter fmiii the conite de CliamlioiHl Vo Jl' ' 
 1'lie.sneliiiii; ; liu says, "I la'tract iiotliin.', and' 
 . iiiiail imthing iif m.\ i.reyions declarations I 
 .li.ni.t wish to liegiii a reign of reparation liy an 
 aet i.f weakness ; if enfeelileil to-il:iv, 1 slii'inld 
 W ]..i«eili.ss L.-morrdw ; 1 am a necessarv pilot • 
 the "Illy (Uiecapalile of guiding the ship io port' 
 lieeaiise 1 have for it a missiiui of autlioritv "'' 
 1IJI1..I 2 ,j|.'t 
 
 Ml-ienSayaiid the left 1 entre say the moment " 
 iia> aiiiveil hir the (ivgaiiis.ition of a conservativu 
 
 Mivtiiij^df nntidiial .is.seiulily; mJssagc from marl " 
 shal .MaeMaliiiii, rciiuestiiig increased ,ind pro- 
 l.int,«l piiwei (ten .veai-s) ; this referred to a eiiin- 
 
 v"llnff"'."I ' V V'V"' "'1r'V''t ('■>■ 360 to 350) , \uv. „ 
 M. lintlet iiM'lieted president . fi \dv 
 
 Oasiiinuy ,u .\utiui In seize iiiiirchiiiness Macl " 
 .Miiliiai; Dlteiulerseiiiivicted . . 7 \ov 
 
 &«',""'. "'"""'I'"'''' ^'"t" '■"'■ I'i'"l"UJ.'ntiiiii of " 
 MaeMaliiiiis iiresidciiey for live years alter date 
 of nieetiiii; of the next legislature, under existing 
 
 comlitiimn till the passingofeiin.stitiitional laws- 
 t.ic others vote for ten years' prolongation wilh- 
 "Ul coiidit s . . 11 .Vov 1877 
 
 JI. l.al,oulay .'s rei.ort of the committee laid lielore 
 I the asseml.ly; .Mac.Mahiin's message siiggestiii" 
 7 yciii'-s lir..ldi,gatii,i, df his iidwers . ,7 Nm° „ 
 
 Warm deliate 111 the iwseinlily ; niaiorityofes for 
 ministers ,8 \iiv. ; 7 years' pnwer' vi.ted to 
 marshal .Mac.Mahon (383-317), ,g Nov. ; decree 
 
 Incognito visit of the eoiiite de Chiimlidrd td I'a'ris " 
 «,. . . . ahout 2o Nov. ,, 
 
 Miiiistiy resigns, 20 Nov. ; re-const ituted ; due de 
 iir..glie, minister of interiiir ; due lAieazes. 
 loreign minister ; announced . . 26 Nov 
 Committee of 30 for coiLstittitionul elianges, conil "' 
 
 I'Icted jjj.^, 
 
 lloMs its lii-st meeting, liatliic, lu-esideiit 5 Dee' " 
 
 l-.inliassy tii i.ond lecline.l l,v (iiiizot ; aeceiiteii " 
 
 liy the due de la ii...lieloiicauhl-Hisaecia l)ec 
 liazaiiics trial ends ; he is found guiltv of cai.itu- 
 
 .-itiiig with his army (of 170,000 11) in the open 
 
 Held ; 111 negotiating dislionoiiralilv with the 
 enemy, ami siirren.lcriiig a foitilie.riilaeu ; seu- 
 teiice death and degradation. 10 Dec. ; com- 
 muted to 20 years' impri.so eiit . . 12 Oee 
 
 leacelul re).iil,|ii-aii de istrathin in Paris at the "' 
 
 tuneial ot \ii-tdr lln.go's second son, |.'raii(;ois, 
 
 Meeting of the assemhly : ma.joritv against the " 
 iiomination of mayors liill. thriiu'gh the le.'iti- 
 iiiists (268-226), 8 ,laii. ; the ministrv lesign q 
 Jan ; vote of einilidciiee in the ministrv (370 lij 
 32g) 12 Jan, : the ministers resume oltli-e 13 Jan 1874 
 
 \..t(' tor ministers on the nuniinatiou of mayors 
 l^'lUft'-J.).') ,7. Ian. ,, 
 
 Ilie Llir.inioiitaiie nen-spaper, Vfiili-ns (clited 
 liy .M. ],. \eiiilliit), snspeiiiled f.i-.- 2 miinths for 
 attacks on Italy and tjermanv, alimit 10 Jan 
 
 ^(ll^lnati.m of iiia.vors liill pa.;.se(I, 21 Jan. ; niaiiv '" 
 luayiirs rc|.Iacc.l . . , i..^,,/ 
 
 A persdM calls himself ,-ointe .VUiert I'le niinrl.on' " 
 ami claims to he sun of Louis XVII. ; his daiiii 
 ''i'.l''itc'l .... 27 Fell 
 
 I.eMlrii.I{olliii and f.epetit elected meml.eis of "' 
 the national ass Iilv . . , .^p„.,.)| 
 
 New- ,.lect(iral law |.ii'.seiited l,y the c'omn'iittee '- " 
 iiliout 3 mdlidiisdistranchised . ii'Mirch 
 
 DiMiioiistrat at t'hiselhurst on prince la.iiis "' 
 
 N.-ilioIeonsciimiiigdr age (at 18): fwoo Freiieh- 
 laeii present ; he says that he waits the result of 
 the 8tli pleliis.-i:.. . . 16 .March 
 
 Galiriel Uiigelmann, politi.al spv lind sw'iiidler' "' 
 convicted ami sentenced to 5 years' imprisou- 
 
 Fcrraiid contractor (iii'ade .'ilioiit 8o,ioo? during " 
 
 war), lined and impris..iic,i, al.out . 2? March 
 InilNisalof l).-diii-el, legitimist, of a law "enacting " 
 that on I June the assemhlv slmidd vote for 
 either a monarchy or reimlilic, negatived (3,0- 
 
 =56) .., .Mai?,.], 
 
 Assenilil.vad.ioiii-iisto,2May . . 28 March,' ,"' 
 ■1 wo vciaililK-aii deputies clcct.-d . 2Q March ' 
 Kirdrtedcscaiieuf Koeliefiirt,tlieconiiiiiiiiist, fronl "' 
 
 announced 30 .Maivli, 
 
 New Caledimi.-. 
 Heath of llcule, ex-iiiini.ster . ^piji 
 
 Newspapers warned not to attack the sei.teniintiS 
 
 Clement nuveniois, ex-imperial minister, ai-resieil 
 
 tor susiieet-d fraud , . 
 The assemlily meets, u May; 
 
 14 -M"!'!. 
 the ministry de- 
 
 hate, on eleetoral law (38. -317), resigns ,6 Mav, 
 iM.t.dUlard lading to form a ministrv. Ihe pre.-iil 
 
 den; re-i!iipdints tlie former without JJii-lie- 
 
 nominal head, gen He Cissey . . 22 M-iy' 
 Irincelldheiih.lie. the new (icriiian anihas.sa(Io'i-' 
 
 received l.y the lULsideiit ; miitaal i.rot'essinns 
 
 "' '"''■"''^ ... 23 J].,,. 
 
 Uiichefoit and other i-.iiiiiminists 'arrive lit". 4m 
 
 l-raneiscii . . ,,„, needs. Mav, 
 
 Diurgoing a lloiiaparti.st, elect, -,1 f,,r Nievre (a's- 
 
 sertud that he was devoted to tli marshal) 
 
 ''''li'.'.".-':','.'.'.'.'''*'''^^'',':' ' f'ii'"ii'li' friends; rettrs'tc' 
 
 iind recoinmends 
 24 May, 
 
 the failure of his ii|.poiieiits ; 
 dissiiliitiiin of the a.s.scmlilv 
 
 Electoi-al hill ; nssenilily pi'iss t'o sei'-ond rea'ding " 
 
 111- 
 
 "I; 
 
 I 
 
 a:''- 1 
 
 ,''*k?lw' 
 
 
 i~-i^«ia<^» 
 
i^ J I 
 
 UuMai 
 
 V s 
 
 
 'U! 
 
 
 ,S 1 
 
 'r^ 
 
 !. 
 
 I 'i 
 
 ir '! -■' 
 
 Ui:it4:.i?a 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 446 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 I^i'dru-RDllin's speech a fiiiluie . . 3 June, 
 
 Hot (I'sjmte.s lictweeii ivinililiciiiis auil Ucijiapar- 
 
 tists ; left centre deijiaiiil tlie estaMisliiiieiit nf 
 
 tlio reiniblie, or disaulutUiii of tliu asseiiilily 
 
 8, 9 June, 
 JBommi-d, coiniiimiist, coiulenmecl I'm- iminlei-, 15 
 
 Keb.,sh(,t 6, lime, 
 
 Eleetiii-al lull ; at!e »{ eleeturs lixeil at 21, not 25 
 (deleat of ininistiy) .... 10 June, 
 ■Gauibettfi liavinj; ralleil tlie Iiona|iartists •' niisiru- 
 hies," i.s struck at a railway .station hv conde dc 
 Saiide Croix. 11 June, wljo i.s cmilenined to lino 
 niid ini]ii'isounjcrd .... i^June 
 •Casindi- IViier (leailcr of left I'entre) nniCe.s for 
 recoKidtionofthciviiiiliilc ; .MaiMalion inc.sidi'Ut 
 till 20 Nov. i83o, and icvi.si in of the constitu- 
 tion; voted " urttcnt " ,345-341) . 14, 15 June, 
 iJue dc HoidM'fouiauld-liisaccia's njotioii for re- 
 ."toration of the lc;;itinnite nmnandiy ncf;atived • 
 he resijjns Uritish enihas.sv . , '. 15 June 
 Rochefcut in London . '. . . igJunci 
 The "fusion " Ipctwecn h'^'itindsts and Oilcanists 
 endcil ; conllii-t now between reiiublicans and 
 
 lionapartists j,,,,,.^ 
 
 •Orand .eview of 60,000 men at Lon;,'cliainiw, near 
 
 *''"''» 23 June, 
 
 In hi8 order of the day, marshal MacMahon de- 
 clares that with the annv In; will maintain the 
 authority of thi' land for the seven ycais 29 June, 
 ■Casimir I'criers motion nc;;idived bv ciuiimissioii 
 
 "f'l''''.V ■ . 29 June, 
 
 JIamfesto from comte de C'ljambmd, .sayim; 
 •' hram-e has need of monarchv. .Mv birtli has 
 made me your kin- . . the Chiistian and 
 l-rcn.h monarchy is in its very essence limited 
 (^•w,(,r/rt). It adnnts of the existence of two 
 olmmbers : one nominated by the sovereign the 
 other by the nation. . ." I do not wish for 
 those barren l«irliamcntary strn^jLjlcs, whence 
 the soverei},'n too tVeiiucntlv issues powerless 
 imd enfeebled. . . I reject the fornoda of 
 toreij^n nnpoitaticpn, which all our national tr.idi- 
 t«)ns icpudiate, with its kin^' who rci'.'ns an<l 
 does not j,"ivcrn."~Sij;ni'd, Henri V. . 2 July, 
 
 '"{'.'V'."""'" 'W'imist pajier, suspendea for pub- 
 
 bshniK the above .... 4JUIV 
 
 SI. Goulard, ex-ndnister, dies . ' . ' 4 July' ' 
 
 Debate (pu t!,e manifesto; le;;itindsts deleatcp'l ; ' 
 
 ministers defeated iPii a iniption in favipur of clie 
 
 .seiptennafi-, ivsi-n (368-1,1) ; their resiifuiitiipu 
 
 not ai'cepted Py till' iM.arshal . . 8 July, 
 
 He stati'S, in a message tip the assiMiiblv, his ili'teV- ' 
 
 niination to maintain the l.iu .pf 20 Nov., and ex- 
 
 lupi'ts them to pass the cp.nstitutiipiial laws 
 
 9 July, , 
 ■"Fiijaro" HUF, ended for 15 days Ibr attickini! the 
 
 »'^«''"i'''l.V I, .July, , 
 
 Reports ipf cppuimittep, by Ventavon (the bill ipiip- 
 jpipscs maiiitp nance ipf the authority ppf the presi- 
 dent pif the rc|Piibiii' ; ministerial n'spipiisibilitv • 
 two lej;islative asscmblii-s ; ilisspplutipin ipf t'he 
 chamber (pfdeputii-'s hy the i.resiilent ; A:c ) siis- 
 
 „I".''".''''' ,-. , 16 July, „ 
 
 ■Casiinir Periers moticpii for a re|publie ri'jepded 
 
 ^(j,75-33,\) 23 July, „ 
 
 Jlalleyillc s nipption for dissiplution of the assendiiy 
 
 iv,iected(374.3,2) ' 
 
 'The.issembly ad,joiirns((o 30 Xcpy.) . . j Auk 
 Marshal li.izainc escapi's Yroni the isle of Ste " 
 JlarKUerite (sec l).-c, 1873) lop.m. |IIis wife as- 
 serted that hi' dcsceiale,! by an ..Id _oittcr by 
 
 means of a kiiotti'il rope ; was 11 ivcil intip a 
 
 bipat by her ami hci- nephew, Alvaivz dp. Hul 
 an. I ponveve.l p. tli.. .steamer JJnruii i;i, .'s„l„, 
 _ whii'li lanph'.l him at Gen.ial . . . t, Auk. 
 Foivaile dc Uo(|Uctte, a minister umler the empire " 
 
 dies, awed 53 ,6 Auk. „ 
 
 MacMahon s i.ro(,'re.s,s in the N.W. i.r.pvim-i.s ; well 
 
 '•'■' eivi.il ,. \||,, 
 
 Vi-nil(jme column restored . . . 31 AnJ; " 
 Comte de Jariiac, minister at Lon.lon, arrives there " 
 
 4. Sept. „ 
 Peath of M. Giii;'.ot ,, «,..,; 
 
 iiazaine'.s d,.fcnc(. sent by him to the .Ye;.* y„rL " 
 Ihmld, dated 6 Sept., jpublished in I.omlon 
 
 14. Sept. „ 
 
 1874 
 
 ''"'JI'm .{'"' '■'""I'lii-ity ill Uazaine'D, escape- e.il 
 \ diette and otlier.s sentenced to iniiprisom„eiit 
 
 Thiers, at Vizille near Grenoble, in ri'iilvVo'l'!,' 
 apMress, .says, "Since you cannot (.stahiish ti„. 
 iMonaivhy, establish the republic, an.l ,|„ i 
 frankly ami sincerely " . . . j v , 
 
 l'.<iri|.r executcl at L'hartres for 5 mur.lein ■,', s,. ,1 
 
 bevere note fn.iii Spanish Koyernment c.ino.l,-,,,,, ,,; 
 of I'lvnch netilect in regard to the Carlists ,pp7 
 tli(. Spanish fnaitier . . . . earlvOit 
 
 Clement Uuveruois, ex-imperial minister ' ,.,'„,' 
 vii'tcil ipf fraud ; 2 years' ini|prisoiiment j'c X,,,-" 
 
 Johi,,„l ^„„/;,,v.- Kxtreme ri-ht. l.c-itimisi, ■ 
 aplhcrents of Henry V. Jbuleratc ri-ht • i,„„,' 
 iirehists. liiKht |.entre : scptennat..s, |i„,,„,.' 
 lalists or lionapaitists. Left ci.ntre : la.ppi,. „,' 
 
 reipulplii.ans (chief, Thiers). b,.ft ; „ ,„' 
 
 iiouh.ed. Kxtreme left: ra.licals (chief, (,'„„! 
 
 St Gene.st'.s ipaniphlet, - I/Asscmhlheno i-;;,',Z'- ' 
 lIlcitillK t.i a a,„i, irvlul . . . ,.,,,1 „|. ^■. 
 
 Comte de Chambord rc.|iic.sts his friends ip,,t t,', ' 
 yote s.i as to prevent or dehiy the iestoraii.,i, „f 
 the miuijirchy .... y . 
 
 Fipur .u'uanicnt'i.'.l volumes of a. l.'lrcssesfr.iia l.i'iv'ni' ' 
 
 *'■ Krani-e, conveying tliaiiksfori..|ief,liinii'.; 
 
 the war 1S70-1 (insi-rilpi.il on the oiitsiile •• r " 
 til, I II iu' 1,1 „t„ i;„lli„,") with about 12'oooa.o' 
 signatures, |pieneiiti.d to tliei|ui.,.ii bv .M \y \.,l,„, 
 and the cppinte de .Sernirier liphu'eil in the Hmisl 
 3I11SCUI11 lor inspei'tion) . . . , , |j "' 
 The assembly meets ; llriii moilerate messic.' ti-.pp„ " 
 
 .Ma.-.Mahon .... " ii 
 
 Sud.ieii .h.ath of M. Ledru-lbdlin ' ,;■■ n"/ " 
 
 rresiilcnt in his message having rec<pmiiii.|„'i,,,i ,,.[, " 
 passiiiKa bill f.,r c.institutiiif; a scnat... i„„ti„„ 
 against it ipasscl (420 to 250), 6 Jan. ; minist,.,,. 
 resijuiation not accepte.l ... , ,.,,, ,„ 
 
 r- + *• +1 / ' ' ■ '" 
 
 i.ost 01 the war ( 395,400,000'.) aiin..nii,-,.,i Jaii 
 Kiuile IVivirc. linancii.r . . ,ij,.,i 5 ,. , " 
 
 A Uoiia]paitist electeil ileputy f..r Haiites-i>vri.',.',.,.,; " 
 
 Nine days' .lebat.' .pii the new army bill '''1.'!''' " 
 
 Stormy ,l,.bat.. on Ventav.pn's Ipjil 1,,, o,-.:,,,;;;,,,, " 
 
 .Mac.Mahonsp,.wer.s, ist rca.liny pa.sscil (557 t" 
 
 Lalpjpidayc's aiiu'iiplmeiit rejected (359-335) ',' .'i;,',','' " 
 
 ^Nalhnsamcii.b r (the piesi.l,.nt ..f th,. i,.i,ii|p|i, " 
 
 to l.e cli.ctc.l by absoluti- iiiaj.prity .pf ih,. tun 
 .■hambdsbpr; yc.us, an.l t.p 1... ..li-ibl.. r,„. ,.,.. 
 election; the rciaiblii' yirtiially .stal.lisli,.,!) ; 
 passed I a.ipi. 3, .1,111^ 
 Great .satisfaction thr.iiiKhout the ...iiiitrv ivii 
 Duprat'saincn.lment carrie.l (scnat.- P. he diipseii " 
 by iiniver.sal siiltVa-..), 11 l-'p.fp. ; thir.l re:,.lii|.' ef 
 the .-.pnstitiiti.piial bill n-j.-cb-.l (3^-345) ■ ?„•„ 
 po.se.l ilissoluti.pu of the a.ssi-mblv iiej;ativ,.,l 
 (407--'''<J). 12 F.-b. ; iii(.ssa(,'e from the lu.nslial 
 .lisapiproviiiKof last yotiM. . ,-,|.-,.|, 
 
 Scnat,. bill (scnat,- t.. .-.piisist ,if 300; 2.:; b, h,'. " 
 elei-ti'd by the ,1,-ipartineiits, 75 bv luii.piiil 
 assembly) . . . . \ j"!.',.;, 
 
 Laws passe.l istitiitiiiK Kri'lii-h repnbli.- by iii,i,,ii " 
 
 of nmili.rate monai-.-histsaml lepubli.-aiis'; l.-iij. 
 mists anil Honapartists ib ' ited ; sciiii'b. "uw 
 passe.l (448-2J4), 24 Feb. ; tin, vppte bpr r,.|p|ilp|i,- 
 constitutional la-.vs jpa.ssj.pl (4^1-262) ' 
 
 5 p.m. 25 Fp'Ip,, pnblislii.il I .M.ii-ili, 
 New ministry iiu.ler IbiMet .■.piistitiib-.l ■ ltiiir,.t 
 intcri.pr; Dufaiiiv, .jiistii-,. ; Lp-on ,Sav, iiii.nu,. : 
 Wallon, instrmtippii; lie .Mcnix, aKrieiiltiiip. ami 
 comm.r.'e; Cisscy w.-ir; l)i-i-azi-s, l.pr..i^.ii; M.pii- 
 taiKuac, marine; Caillaiix, piibli,- work.C 
 
 Due .rAupIilVn-t I'asi|iii,.r el|.,-t,.il i>r,.si,l,.nt',i'|- ii,',; " 
 
 assembly aim, 1st unanimously . j^.Mnn.i; 
 
 Death of M. Jiirnue-t'lnilHit, aiii'bassa,lppr at 1,p,iii1p.i'i " 
 
 A.sseinbly ailjoiirns to II May . . 20 m!iivIi^ "„ 
 KdKar (Quillet, author of " Les Jesiii|p-s," a stiiiii.ll 
 
 repiiblii-aii, died .... -..7 .M.iiv'p 
 I'..vV,ilul sp,-,ph of GaniiM-iia ptt lielh-villp., ,1,.' 
 
 feinliiiK the new (onslitntiipii . . ;,3 .Vpijl 
 Meeting of th,- as.seinbly, u May; tli,- iiiiiiistrv " 
 
 proipose to rufera lull lo the cpimniitlpp- .if 30'; 
 
 1874 
 
 F] 
 
 ,!,>fe(itc,I : part of the 1 
 iii'W ciiiaiihttee elect 
 
 touis Blniic's Hpeeeli a(,'i 
 |iiilp|ie, 21 June; .sell-, 
 li-ft [party (bi avoid de 
 s|rtkiii^', ,tc.) . 
 
 [Wriii-liv,- inundations 
 li\w l.psl, with much p 
 
 Elfi'tippii 1.1 Iparoii lie iloii 
 iiiill,.,l liy the assembly 
 ,1 Ills parly by H,pulier 
 U-iii;; a ,'ciitral coiniii 
 I'aii.s with branches ii 
 cuilttivmiriiig to overtli 
 
 f ,iii. ill-bate in nsseml 
 iiii|.i-iialistii- prcfi-,-ts, 
 l„|,.|ii-i-; Ihi- left not v,i 
 
 (1 llipp-liefpprt, after c-hallu 
 Iciiiii-.saiccptiiiK thee 
 ,il di'iit-va . 
 
 Till- ii.ssmibly ad.jouriis 
 
 .\':ii|iift, nil "irrei-oiicilal 
 i.laiiilK'tta for his 1 lei-i 
 
 ri..ii liiiviiiK lost hy piihl 
 In XlllKlll-lPlI III., sues t 
 fails; anil is ad.iuilKed b 
 
 lE'h'iiltUlvis lineil bii- lil 
 
 ■ ,'. - Hf.ipfiii.'<iihifit''.-i," jiaiii 
 Hint,. ,le Cliainbord t,> 
 
 illHVU 
 
 Br^iaii ami German iiilgi 
 
 1S72) . . . . 
 
 .i.liiiiral De la Honeieri' 
 wiitiiii,' a letter aniiiiait 
 (iSt'iit) 
 
 .ll|p;;p.il ailliesiou of the 
 m.illplii! 
 
 |ii.|...rtiiiit speeehes ; M. 1 
 jcii.liiia liis ppilicy ; aiU 
 rr|.ulp|ii-, iiiiii censiiriiiK 
 .Via.ii.i. a.iv.pi-atiiiK 'nip 
 .sntfmi:,., and ass,-rtiiiK tli 
 ,i.ii-l.t tlie repnbli..- as 
 
 [ii,].irtiiiit letter of Oaiiih 
 l.y.piis (in favour of the 1 
 .■aiiltiilic "tiio ailvan,','il 
 !.»p iiiipplonite fur th,. adva 
 
 lln-tiii),' iif the asseinhly ; 
 
 rlfi li-.l lU'l'siilellt . 
 
 Ilii'assi'iiililv virtually vote; 
 31 Miir.-h, 1S76; 6 in.intli! 
 iiniiip't,i|iiv,' right to ot 
 laillisti-l-s ; the .H'nitiii it'a 
 iiisli'iiil ipf nvi'irliii th listc 
 Iif llaiiilietta for the latter 
 
 XfW Catlip.lip' t'iii\",'isity o])t 
 
 Bwiiniii;! lit hallot bp'r sei 
 JAu'lirlivt I'asipiiiT ,'lei- 
 .l.ises a Ima.-li betw,'eii 
 Oi'lttiiiists;(;.ncrniiient di' 
 
 Oniiiiiittees Pill til,' bills rela 
 tlip; state of siege jpriptest 
 
 .Stvpiity-live seiiiitoi-s for 
 elt-i-tt-il hv the assi'inbly 
 
 Pi'iviTfiil »ia hipf Hiillet in 
 
 l,i« ainLstalp- ppf sieg,., 23 L 
 linla|i|iripv,-il in a ietti-r by 
 
 Maj'-rity fur niiiiisb-is (376-30 
 
 Wi'iiiiifiiiieralsiif geiii-iiils t 
 L.™iiiti-, kilh-il by th,' (-01 
 lip); violtiit re'criminuti 
 
 Hi-iln tinn to the aiseinbly 
 'Hiliiialo, 37 lie. . ; by tliu 
 
 i -N.iv fms Inn- (alxplishilig i 
 
 ' itib iif .siege iiiisiil exi'ept 
 
 I.yi.iis, anil .Mai-seilh-s ; pr, 
 
 Parl.^ IIPJ{Ht!v,J,l ( :fi;; ■J7;.,) 
 
 Icp- a.«si-iiilily iniirogued'till 8 
 Piintrtiil Irtter fniiii Gainbetti 
 Ciimiuiiiat trials reiiort ; o 
 ' sti Miccil tu ileath . 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 ,;,.feate'l : pnrt of tlio I'dnimittwi M!.si.Mi 18 Mnv • 
 iirw cuiiiiiJittci; oloctuil (ivimlilicaii iuiOcirity) 
 
 Ldiiis niaric'M speec!! npiinst the conserviith-'c 'I'v' 
 |,„l,|i,. ji .Inn.' ; sulf-ili-nyiiiH icsnliiti,„i (if tlic 
 l,.|l|«irty(ti> iivoKl ilcliiyiiit; tlif ilJsHiiliitidii l,v 
 ,|,■akill^.', cti'.) ... J ■ 
 
 iwiwlivi' iimiidiitiori.s jit Toiilmisc; ; dljuiit ,r»U 
 l,v,.,,l„st,witIiiNii,'h|,n.i.,Ttv . 2,.Ill^ 
 
 a„.ti„ii ..I Ljirori .Ir limnydiiiK, a iimiMpartist, aril 
 „„|l,,ll,ylliua«seni ,ly, ,3 .j„|y; wnnii ,l,.f,',i,.,. 
 „l liis |.iiity l.y HciiiliiM- (uii tlii' cl.iiin,. „f t|„.,.„ 
 i,ii,- a rrntriil I'ciMiiiitti'c „f Hnnaiwi-ti.sts in 
 I'aiisivitli lininclies in tlin |iriivirii-,-s activi'lv 
 riutavoiiniig to oveithriiw tin,' lei.iiiili'c in 1874) 
 
 K:,i,-,. ili'1«itc in nssciiilily ; IdiHet (Icfrmls "he 
 „„|,.|ialisti,- lavlwts, and gaiiis viitu i,f ,■„„. 
 l„|,.iiir: the U'tt iiiit viilinx . , , ' 
 
 II ll,.clirf"rt, afti-i' rlialleiif;iiiK Paul ,1,. fassiiiiiia'c' 
 imiim-Siicii'litiiif,' tlu'ciiiiililiiiiis (if tliu ciiiiiiiat 
 ,il liciicvii ^ 
 
 Tiif assembly ailjiiiiriis . ' 4 'vnrr' 
 
 Xa,|uct, lui "irivccini'ilalilc ■■ iviaililican attiicks 
 ilaiiiliptlaf"r liis niDiliTatiiin . end iif Viil' 
 
 ri.iii liaviiiK lost liy pulilisliiii;; ■■Jniins (,'i,-sar '' 
 l,v .\'ai«ilfiai III., Kui's tliu cniipcnir's excciitcirs • 
 fails; anil is adjiiiitii'il tn pay ciwts ' v„'„' 
 
 I'i'hoilcUhi.s linwl lor hind on tin due irAuinnre 
 
 •■;,,- rMimis'iliilit<-s," paniplilrt rc.'oniniendin'' the ' 
 miiittMleCliaiiiliiird tii le.siyn Ids ri;;|its tn the 
 'I'Wll \,i 
 
 B.l;iaii and Gcniian pil};ii ge to I, -lifs (see ' 
 
 AJiiiinil He la Honeieiv Noiiry Hiiiiei'si.,li>,'l''f!ii. ' 
 imtiiij; a letter aniniadvertiiij,' on the repiiMie 
 (zSt-l't.) 8. -Sent 
 
 AllPilfil adliesKiii of the Orleiiiiist jiarly t,i tiie ' 
 rn'iililii: aliiiiit"io Sent 
 
 Iii.|«ii1aiit speeehes ; M. Thiers at Airaehon ile- " 
 IdiJiiia liis pnliey; ailvoi-atiiif; a (•"iis.'ivative 
 rfi'Uiilie, and eeii.snriiiK delav ; 11. Iliniher at 
 .Viairiu, adviieatins niipenali.sin and universal 
 siitrraj;e, and a,ssertiiiK that the iiatinii will not 
 ,inT|it tlie reiiuhlie as a delinite -iiverniiient 
 
 [ii.l.irtant letter of Gainliettn to his frie'nils'at " 
 l,)ii|is(inraviiur nf the eon.servative lepuldicO 
 ..aiJt.i lie "too advanced lor tli(> moderate and 
 tiMiiiiiilerate for the advaiieed." . .-Oct 
 
 Mfftiii,:; iif the a.s.semlily : due d'Auiiilliw iv' " 
 
 nnl.il |iirsidellt .... >^-,,.. 
 
 TliiMsseuihlv virf.ially vole- its di.s,solii(i,ii, |„".r,„.;. " 
 3i.Marili, 1S76; 6 inoiitlis' resideiir.. in , ,.,,in 
 muiietoKiie right to :ite, <, x,,v., iii,ij,„.itv for 
 liillilstel-s ; the scnitiii il'iiinuiilixsciunilMU'iiitml 
 '';.*'"', "l,"',""';', ''■''i:'<= (357-316); aide Hjieeeli 
 iil(iaiiil»'tla liir the hitter . . n Nm" 
 .VivlallrHlie I'liiveisity ojiened . ' 17 \,,v' " 
 Bfiiiiiiiii;! lit halliit for seiiatoro for life- '.Ino " 
 il.\ii.|illivt I'a.sipiier elected; the result dis 
 H.«alireach hetwecn the leyitiniists aiid 
 Uilauists ; government defeated „ IJee 
 
 0«iinittfes nil the hills relating to the press ami " 
 111? slate of siege protest against tlieiii strongly 
 . . r i . alKiut i-i Dec 
 
 .vv.ny.nve senatoi-s for life (52 reimliiieans) " 
 'inlinlliy the assi'inhly . . n-.-oi Dec 
 
 1' »'*il»l ''I' of lii'llet in favour of H.-iii ..ress " 
 
 !r,>a,„| stale. If siH,,, ,, !)„, ; u,,,,.!, ,v„s|,r,,,T 
 '!ila|.|ir(.vid 111 a atter l,y Mac-Mahoii j, Dee' 
 .M|J.l!lyf„|•nlilli^le|■s (376-301) , . jii,,.,; " 
 ^.,dllllllmemlsorg,.|,,.|als Oleiiient Thomas and " 
 I." "lute, killed liy the coinmuiiists (18 March 
 liji); viiileiit reeriniiimtion in the asseinldy 
 
 Rr™-.ti,iiito tlie aiseiiihly (|e(diiied liv the'di'I'e " 
 >lA«i„ale,,7l)e..; hy the jiriiiee de-Joillville; 
 
 .Vw fiws law (aliolishing iiiteiilietion) p.l's.i'd' " 
 jUlenf.siei,emisedexee|it in I'aris, Versailles' 
 
 iSiSl.^lj'^f rrv'"''™"' ^'' '■"'- ?'^ 
 ,"sas^i;li!i:!^,^"'--«'^|£;: :: 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 "t 
 
 '875 
 
 « 'X. ^ ^ ,;''^-»™ "-tween Bumit and 
 Sai-wilhln^, ' ,t ^m:;;, :^' '--i^'^'ti'm of 
 
 tersigiied liv Unm.f ■ 1,. J'l " lainatioii, cinin- 
 
 constituti |- ,,,'mI •'";'•"• ".ii'X'k that the 
 •p'nhi,';,;;':";:^::'''^'-;;,;'- W;;-..aving 
 
 the mi.ssioiientriiMed tome" ' 'lie end 
 
 'uL'i^n'hllildilir"^''^ ^ «".-atJaat-l.a^fi;^ 
 
 Co.nmein.ementofeiee,i.;n„fse,i,itoisJnC;^; 
 
 General luos],eritv ; 'revenue Vor .'r,, ' .'^ ''i'"; 
 
 100,000,000/., said to he t ,'l, I,. ," '"•"'"iteil 
 
 ^ ''.V any goveninient "■ ''"'''''" ""■' "■''^"•i 
 
 ''™e;;;;;^;',i:;il^;-;,;:-;iy'""'!eia,erepii,;,ic;[;;:;: 
 
 Louis Itlaii n. -te V , '::','r''"^ • """'^t ami 
 Resi.Miation ,,|' , /'j '^ '""';«";;leet^^^ 
 „"l'Po.se,lt„Ji„H;.V"' '""■ '"■'■''■'■' "fliolice, 
 
 ^&^:.1;;);;''7s,t;;rf'>"".i-ty'of^,^!;: 
 
 1876 
 
 24 Fell. 
 
 a niodiiied caliinet' 
 
 ii:;a^;r'7o:^™ii:^ir;'*^'r ^ '""""^•'" -•"- 
 leaniss,^';';:^;;;;;:!,^-^' 'i-fsts,,^ ;',,,. 
 
 Setiat; :;;;':::: ;;^r8^'t^;:)"';t 9 March: 
 
 fre.^siiuiereicc,,; i',:^,^^r,.i,;;;;'-V;''i^ 
 
 1 . .11 le.s (,ivvy. president of a.sseinld ,•^r,■.,.^ 
 Kaspail ='• '" *'"^' iissemhlv l,y 
 
 r-MKesed international eMiii;itioi;.PaHs,^'.^M;i;;; 
 
 Arehhishoii Giiilieit, of Palis ,'i,„.ir -J -M"':!, 
 
 Kn,,-;;-™'- -' ^;-ti-'"i>o!;:,e«;t? 
 
 Gainhetta ,,resi,ieii, .if ,a„V.t ■e.iiiimi,,,.;. f.^-Vg';;- 
 
 I Queen Victoria in Paris ; ivceived i,;";;;::V;?;^i;;,;l' 
 
 I 'U favour of aniiie.stv ; iuiiiosaV ,.,/,.*; T " *"''' 
 
 j unanimously '"^''- "ejeete.l almost . 
 
 , fuuerul piii..ession'of Aii,.i,,,i„f .,,' n -• ''2 -May, 
 M. Untlet, ex-ministe , . 't, Uf^ I^H"!: '^ .^'''V. 
 
 ' 87 eommuuisl.s pardoneil '"^ ■«■"•'«'>'• '6 .June, 
 
 Ca.siiiiir I'erii'r .lies ' ' ' =8 .'une, 
 
 Nearlj .,ooo,W. voted f.ir ;,ul,lic insirneti.u,"""-'' 
 Clianil«.rs iirorogiie.l 3' July, 
 
 68 eoinnmnists iiard.med ' ' • • >2 Aug. 
 Ohservatory at fiiv d,' D^iie neir ri „.. '' l^'!"' 
 augiirated '"'" >-'eniiont in- 
 
 New fortilleations round Pails nearly co,„ld4;,',f 
 "'nrri^cllllr -;!;;:"•. 30 Oct.; the due I,e,S^ 
 
 "■■itnia;!}.:'^''" '"•'"'« ^-'•■''-I'-'-nont^.f;;;- 
 
 Kesigiiation of Dulaure's n'lini -i..,. .1' •, ^"'^^■ 
 in the .senate, &,• """'stiy through defeats 
 
 l'arilon.s and eominutiitions .'miit,.',i tn'„. " '-*''''- 
 niunist vi.ts "" ■'""'■ed to many enm- 
 
 New luiiiisliy ; .Jules .siiti,,,,, '. ■. , • ^ Dee. 
 comieil ui.l^nini^/i^,? -i,,i:''-;;';;!jt of the ' 
 others remain ' '"'"'el. .pistiee ; 
 
 Estimated revenue 109,000,000/. . " "' '^ |'"' . 
 thamliers opem.,l • • l^ee. 
 
 Cianil,ett,ipiesi.|entoflliel,u,i;,,.f ' ' 9 .Jan. 
 
 I Alu.ve lllty iireleels, liostile r./ti, .', -.^^''an. 
 
 moved . ' ^ '" "" "'puldie, re- 
 
 Gen C'lianganiier'die.r, aged 8) ' ' ' /,""• 
 
 r'aga;l;s,^'S'''''-'';;r\;-'ir''^^^^^^^ 
 
 - ot 111,.,,,,.,, „. ;,^^ '^Pavs,- 
 
 HiMdieforfs " l.anterne " re-pulilishe.l ^ ■^'"■''' 
 
 M. Jules .Sinn.i, I'l.nijielle.lto vi .1.1 r' , -*'""- 
 
 th.i idianilier " " to j m.i („ (,,in,,,e,t., j^ 
 
 Peremptory letter of een^m.: from mauhafM^J:: 
 
 1877 
 
 "h,4 
 
 ' ' 
 
 m 
 
 , „i 
 
 ilR 
 
 II 
 
 hi 
 
 ..) 
 
 m 
 
 nf 
 
 •III 
 
 f 
 
 "i ( 
 
 J^ 
 
 
 m^' 
 
 ,?*f 
 
 JCjl ', 1 
 
 
 ilMilM' 
 
f.t 
 
 _ FRANCE. 
 
 Maliiiii to .lull's Kinion fiiimurt liiiii nml liis 
 
 iiiinisti-y tn ri-sigii i6 May, 
 
 The iliii' ih' id'D^'lu! forms ii iiiinistiy (royiilist aihl 
 
 iiiiln'rinl), Di- i''oii!toii, interior; Oiilloiix, liiiaiiie; 
 
 Paii.s, ]iiililii- worl<r<; 1)« Mwmx, a>,'rii'iiltiire ; 
 
 Unmet, piililic iiistnietion ; (Deea/es, forei^'ii, 
 
 anil Itertliaiit, \vai-. remain) 17 May, 
 
 Ganilietta's resiilntion in elianilier in favour of par- 
 
 lianu'iitary government ear.ii,'il,{355 - 154)17 May ; 
 
 lirolest of 36J lilK'ral ileiaitie.s siyneil . 18 May, 
 
 Tlie marslial'iiroroKnes the eliamliel-s for a nnintli ; 
 
 a Urn nnmifesto issneil liy the left . 18 May, 
 
 Many eliaM),'es niaile in the jirefeets 20 May, 
 
 Tl''eis ae('e|iteil as leader liy the repnlilieans ; 
 
 Broglie's eireiilar for reiiressiii^ the piess issneil 
 
 ahont 29 May, 
 
 Bonnet nnverilier, eliief of mnniei|iality of Paris ; 
 
 arresteil for speaking,' afjainst the marslial, i June; 
 
 sentenced to tine anil imprisonment . ,S June, 
 
 Meetinj,' of ehambers : stormy ileliate in seeond 
 
 flianilier, 16 June ; vote against govennnent 
 
 carried (J6J-158) .... igJnne, 
 
 The ile|iiities vole the necessary snpplie.s, lint not 
 
 direct taxes 21 Jum?, 
 
 Tlie sen.'itc \otes dissolution of the chamliers (150- 
 
 130) 22 .Inne ; decreed . . . 25 June, 
 
 The marshal, in an oidcr of the d-iy, after a review 
 
 at I.oiiKi'hamiis, says : " 1 appeal to the army to 
 
 defend the dciirest interests of the country," 
 
 2 Jn'ly, 
 Quarrels anions; Donajiartists (Houher .against 
 
 Cas.sagnac) July, Aug. 
 
 Repressive measures tow.irils the luess, itc.,luly,.\«g. 
 
 Prosecution of tiamlietta (and Murat, editor of the 
 
 " Itepuliliiiiic I-'rancaise," in wliich it appeared) 
 
 for a siieech at l.illc (2l) July) in which he said 
 
 the marshal must, if the elections he iig.-iinst 
 
 him, "sulimit or resign" ("seso ettie ou .se 
 
 deiNcttr'j") ahiiiit 25 Aug. 
 
 Thiers dies, aged So; 3 .Sept. jaililic funeral; no 
 
 disorder 8 .Sept. 
 
 Gaihlietta and Murat ciuivieted ; seiitence 3 months 
 iniprisoiinient and line of 80/. u Sejit. ; on appeal 
 sentence .■illirmed .... 22 .Sept. 
 The marshal's e.'icursions to v.irious iilaces ; recep- 
 tion diMcrs An.g. .Sept. 
 
 In his manilesto resjiectiiig the elections, lie refei'S 
 to Ids successful government, and says: "I 
 cannot ohey the injunctions of the demagogy ; 
 I can neither lieeomc the iiistrument of radiciil- 
 isiiunor alianilon the post in which the constitu- 
 tion has iilaced me " .... in .Sept. 
 Thiers' inaiiifesto to electors (an historical del'eiice 
 of the reimblic and late chamlier) ]iiililislied 
 
 24 Seiit, 
 The clergy energetically sujiiiort the government 
 
 Sept. <ict, 
 Temperate manifesto of the left, 4 Oct. ; of Grevy 
 
 and (jamlietta 7 Oct. 
 
 Justilicatory manifesto of the mar.slial, ap]iealing 
 
 to voters I, Oct. 
 
 Gamlietta convicted for jdacaiiling his address ; 
 line 150/. and 3 mniiths' im]'risoniiii-nt 12 Oct. 
 M. lie I'ouitiiii intcileres very eneri,'elically in 
 electii lis ; Inivigu jiapers sto]ipeil. Ac, . Oct. 
 General electioo ; ipiiet and digiiilied ; results: 
 • lefeat of lion.ipartist and clerical iiarties ; (of 
 506 ollicial candidates aliout igg elected; re- 
 
 luililican.s, 320) 14 Oct. 
 
 Kinal result: 325 rcpulilieuns ; 112 Honapartists ; 
 
 ij6 iiionaii hisis 38 Oi't. 
 
 Ministry hold oltlcc till successors ap|iointed : M. 
 
 Pouyer-yuertier fulls to form a ministry . Nov. , 
 Eiection of departmental councils who elect sena- 
 
 lors; majoiily lor reipulilicans . . 4 Nov. , 
 Meeting of chamliers .... 7 Nov. , 
 Census for 1S76 announced ; 36,905,788 (Increase of 
 
 802,867 over 1872) . . ■ . . , 8 Nov. , 
 The mar.slial determines not to resign ; his niiiiistry 
 
 agree to remain leiii|iorarily ; :iiiiioiinceil 8 Nov. , 
 V. v. Jules (iicvy ii-elected president of the 
 
 chamlier of dcpiilies now constituted . 10 \ov. , 
 Alliert (Jrevy's resolution for the a)ipiiiiitnieiit of a 
 I'oinmisaioii of v, to iirjuirc into tin-, cimdui-t of 
 the government respecting eh'ctlons, 13 Nov. ; 
 carried after a waiiii deliate (312-205) . 15 .Vov. , 
 Deliate in senate 011 .M. Kerdrel s motion respecting 
 
 448 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 .877 
 
 aihiiiRil 
 
 i!.Sl'||.||,. 
 
 acvpts 
 14 Iiii'. 
 
 luinisters ; vote in their favour jndlrectiv ivii,.n( 
 iiig on Grevy's resolntloii, Ac. (151-129) ' ,„ x,,. 
 
 Hesigiiatlon of ministers aunounced . 20 .\,iv 
 
 New ministry formed under geii. lioclicluiii,'..' 
 president, no iiiemlier of it in the ,seir,i,. ,,,'. 
 assemlily , termeil " ministrvof artaiis " 21 \„v 
 
 No conddeiice in the new ministry Voted in' 11, ' 
 second chamlier (323-208) . . . ■.. x', 
 
 Important meetiiig of commercial men at'l'iii/. 
 petition to the iiiai'shal agreed on , ,'||,,,' 
 
 The chainlKir refuses to iILscilss the liudget J li,.!. 
 
 The ministry resign ; neg itiiitions willi Dnf;,!,,,. 1 ', 
 toriii a parliamentaiy niiiiistry fail ; U.ahj,. („,', 
 26 .Nov. 1872W1IS0 fails . " . 7-1. h..' 
 
 The marshal suliniits uncondilioiialiv i; |i,.',. "{ 
 thorough repuliliean ministrv formed 'iiinhT M 
 Dufauie, president of the council ,-,n,i „uiiist,'r 
 ol.instice; l)e Marcire, interior; \V,-i.l,l,i|,;,,,, 
 (protcstant), foreign atlairs ; Haiilou.v 1,1,1,11 
 instiuclion : general Uorel, war; vii/ ■ • 
 Pothuau, marine; l.^oii Say, liuance ; T 
 de Hurt, coiiimerce; Ue Kreycinet. pii'hli, 
 announced ; the marshal in' his iiie.s.sii.'i 
 the will of the country . . . " , 
 
 Hestrictions of the jire.ss removed ; niiinv p,',.!,,,.. 
 resign and othei-s are removed m lie,' ,/ " 
 
 Poath of gen. Aurellc de Paladines . ,, u'': 
 
 Budget voted ; chnmliers adjourn. idli/ 
 
 Limoges alfair; gen. liocheliouet s.'iid tn iriv,'. 
 issued orders to gen. de Diessoles Inr a iiiilit'irv 
 movement which he i.ssued 12 Dec. ; iii.ijnr I ih,,!' 
 dell' denounces the oiilers as illegal ',, j'),.,, .' 
 the orders nullilied l.y the change ot' nii,,,,,,.,' 
 14 Dec. ; De lire.s.solea suspended for ,ill,.,.,'.,i 
 mistake ; Lahorilcre cashiered ; much evciS 
 111 Paris on aecomit of siLspected preparatini,sf„r 
 
 ai'iii]iilrl,it j,||^ 
 
 Legislative as.semhly meets . . g i,,.,' 
 
 Gen. Ducrotdi.(iiiissedtiiiiiicomm,indf.i'rsu.si.e'i'li'','l 
 
 „ lueclion with projected .■-.«/. ,/'w.,t ,„ ,', .,. ' 
 
 Comiiiitlee of kS lilieral de|.iities (fornird in Mivi 
 
 virtually dissolve .... i.'j'n) 
 Break up of comliined renctioiiarv parties'^ Iiim 
 
 nmiistry generally snceessfnl '. ji'.,,... 
 
 International exhiliitioii ,it I'nris oi.eiied hv tl,,'. 
 
 inai-shal president (.see /'.o;'.^) . I'.M,," 
 
 Joan of Arc and Voltaire centenaries eelehnitnl' 
 
 M. Waddington, foreign niinister.a pleiiip„tw,tiiin' 
 at the Berlin tonterence . , j June ._, , .||,iv 
 
 lemporary strikes of workmen . . Jniv \i|.; 
 
 Re|iiililicaii success in electing departnieatai VmihT 
 cils . , 
 
 Solemn coinmeinoratiou of death of Thiers it NVuv 
 "I""''. 'S:'' j*.s..|'t' 
 
 Execution of liarre, stocklu-oker. and 1 eloM 
 medical student, for murder of a milkwoiniiM f..i 
 her lii'idcd property .... 7 >j,,|,t 
 
 Review of 5^,, ,,., snldiers at Viiieeiines 1, s,' at' 
 
 rowerful spcecli of UamlK'tt.a at Hoiaaiis (,j,.|,,it' 
 nieiit Drome), proposing almlition o| iIicx'imi.. 
 tion of theological students from niilitaiv. son i.,. 
 !8Se,,t.. and a! (ireiiolilc . . . ' ,o(,,.,' 
 
 Dupaiiloup.liishopnfoi leans, dies .siidilenlv 11(1-1' 
 Tlie assemlily meets ' .^gn,,! 
 
 12,000 national lottery tickets of i franc sold (siv 
 
 !.„tl.-rle.s) . . ' . . . . up |„ N,,,-. 
 Kiiergetic manifesto of united Legitiiaisls, oilrau- 
 
 ists, and Honapartists agaiii.st repnlilieans r.. 
 
 spectiiig election of senators . . ,, Xev 
 
 Elections of Paul de t'a.ssagnac (7 x,,v.) iiiu'l M 
 
 l-'ortou invalidated liv the (Jhamher, i3 .\„v ■ <.; 
 
 ■ 7 I'"'. 
 
 M. de .Mail 
 
 . 2;.N.,v. 
 
 '"''"' 111 Vieiv 
 
 31 lltr 
 
 I'l' 
 Letter from 1 de de I'hamliord t 
 
 m:iiiitaiiiiiig his rights ; pulilished 
 All foreign commercial treaties idxi 
 
 of a new tariir 
 Elections for .Sen:itc ; 64 repuliliean, i6.ippe,<it'iiiii. 
 
 ^ Jan. J 
 Compulsory resignation of gen. Borel, war niinist.'r, 
 
 1 3. Jan.; succeeded by geii. Greslev . nJini, 
 Jleiliiigof cliamlieis ; .M. Martel. eleeled pivsiileiiij 
 
 of the senate ,^ ,|;„| 
 
 Coft.-lcncc in iiie ministrv voted in cliuialiir ef 
 
 deputies (223-121) .... aoJaii. 
 
 2,24reoniniunlstsiiard 1 liy decree, issneil 17 Jan. 
 
 Ministerial progruunie ; pardons In ennumiiiisls; 
 
 ciicek of clerical ii 
 
 g.^ ^H miii.siil of otUeials 
 
 Drawing of the iiatioi 
 UiiJgut : revenue, alie 
 
 iio,i77..304'- 
 M:irstial .Mae.Malion i 
 ottieem, 28 Jan. resi, 
 jireiiiiler.t hy the se 
 "The National As.- 
 for gen. Clianzy) . 
 
 r,;iiiiljettji eleeteil jires 
 
 Ktsigiiiitiiiii of Dufanri 
 liy .M. Waililington ; 
 leRii,ver(kee|ier of s 
 (iniiilieiiistriietion), 
 Jiiiircgiiilierry (niarii 
 
 Ciiiiiniiiiiistanmestyliil 
 ties 
 
 Ri'sijiniitiiiii of .M. lie : 
 Icriiir (jHiliee scaiida 
 JI. Lepere 
 
 .Vliiiinil I'lilliiiau, aiiili; 
 
 ilil|iKieIuiU'li' -if De i) 
 luiniatei's) , nmiiieni 
 
 Impeacliinent negativei 
 
 vote of censure passei 
 
 Prii|iiiseil iTtiini of the a 
 
 tol«.'ipiiiiinli'd (315-1 
 M. Ki'iT.r's education lii 
 
 eiiirs.almlislung.lcsu 
 
 P.mloa of 252 cnnimiini.- 
 
 mamiui (a eiaivict) elect 
 
 P;inliiii nf 430 communis 
 
 ^^ Priiiw Louis Xapolcoii 
 
 i3;i ^H iiiZuhilnnd 
 
 Ctoi'ii's election annul 1 
 
 (Jiiiie: paiiliiiicd and 
 
 r.inliin of 288 aiui omi 
 
 Vii'lentojiiiosition of t*ai 
 
 lu'llfil the liuii.se for -. 
 
 lIK'llt . . . ~ 
 Ciii.OTss of senate and 
 
 irtuiii to Paris (s26-74g 
 M. I'lTiy'slawiif siiperioi 
 
 I'vilit'ilt'pnties 
 Piv-iil.'iit (jrevy's lirst j 
 
 l.nll;.'cllilinps 
 
 Ffti'Mltlieivpiililic . 
 l'r;hirXa|.o||.,in Jerome c 
 
 ■' '■ ll"ii.i]i'(rtists 
 
 'h' liiniiliord's let 
 I. ill i est men, a 
 
 i !:iiv Miv.' France, and 
 I liiiiii«'rs|.iiiM.giied 
 Iiialii's of eiiiiiuierce w: 
 
 .*i:5iid • . . . 
 Iluiulicrt, an nmnestiert ci 
 
 miiiiii'i[ial eiiiuieil, Paris 
 
 -fllitioun siieeelies, <fee. 
 
 I'llW . . . 
 .li.iiitnoniiivnrs in La Ve 
 
 Inatiiis: iiiaite lie Cliamh. 
 Tic senate and ii.sseiiihly m 
 
 Mirlirl Chevalier, political 
 
 .M.ff,l.|(limtn!|,|,.l|i..||„|s;| i 
 
 '■■■''•■ ■ '■ ^ -iinlis : h.ft 
 
 ■'■ '.-•■.' ill. •MM' left. 
 ■ -■oii:illu,i,j.,rily(22i-,,7) 
 •c'lBtiuuofLejiiireand I 
 
 ['•-:i'*i ftlieW,niding 
 
 ■' '' !".iii<tiy (inoiv rejiiil 
 
 M'l- livi.iiiet; includi 
 
 j'triietioii) ami Lepere (i 
 ■iiorLwin Sav 
 u ;i. F.are, new war minist 
 
 I'l'iirfiientsiii Warotllee 
 ^ ■;'■»? of the t'lianilieisi . 
 ,' !'■ l-'fi'.veiiiel's moderate 1 
 ' ,'•'' (''S-lou-iL"! iiiiihsters) 
 
 ■"■; Jules Kavru 
 
 - i i"i 1311 announeed 
 ■; ■JJ5,»o/, ; q6o,ooo/. nioi 
 
 , J :'"iS, 1,300,0001. 
 
 j • -tJ of M. L'remicux . 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 check of .■l.-ricil inH.UMice n,,,,,, ,,,|i„,,ti,,„ . Z. 
 missal of .)lllemls „i,in,sua u, tlif rui'iVwi,', lit 
 
 i6 Jiin. 1879 
 
 Dniivin(,Mift)ioiiiiti()iial lottiTv Irmiii ,« i ■ 
 
 WKBt : a-v,;ime, al.uut .10,242,8,,/,; ex'|.,.,Ait uv 
 
 Jtolml M.i.-Mi.Iio,i i-,.fns,,s to si,pn-s,.,l.>' niili't,','i'v 
 oltim-s, 28 .J,M, n.siKns; K. 1'. ,J.il,.s(irt.vv ' ','u;\ 
 jiMlil«i;t li.V till' sou.-itr, ,-lll(l ili.i.ilfiiw iVn t 
 
 foiKMi. Chiiiizy) . . /SJO "" '■i>'i> ; 99 
 
 GaiiiljcttJi .■lc'ctf(l pivsiilfiit of till! ciiMini;,.,- ■?? '!,',','' 
 
 KesigMtion ot Dulimn! ; , FH,. n,nv niiiiistrv 1*, .•,,;; [ 
 
 liyM. WiidiliiiK'ton ; i-liiniKcs (siv .V„v ,« ''v \i 
 
 le Rciyei-(ki'eiiBi-()f s..„|.s „ih1 jiisti,-..) .iii|,.s i.Vni' 
 
 J.iuri'Kiiiln'iTv (1 -ini') . "oi;, 'Oiin. 
 
 CiraiiiMMist iiiiiiiosty Mil i«i,sswi I,y cii.-iiiil't.i ,,f'',l, pi,'l 
 
 K,,ignatiun of M. dv Mlnvbii; mUnstn- of 11,..'' i',''' 
 !,Tior (poh.'e scandals), 3 Mairli ; sii,.,.,.,.,l,',l v 
 
 Admiral I'otlmaii, anilnissailor to I-:ii..|'ii,l ■* \ '!,'.''' . 
 
 i,„p™.i,nu.,r :( II,. j),.„Kii,. ,„„, It,-;;.,;'.', ;,„^ ■ ;; '. 
 
 mmmU'K) , ..iiinmiiU.,! l,y a coi,ii„i».si„,i, ^ 
 
 ImiMcliiiient negatived 1,y tlie el,ani1„.|.f f,?';''''A''.' 
 
 voteof(.,.iisin-i. passwl (240-1,4) V, \( ,J^f,' 
 
 Pr„|,o»e.l .-..turn „l' the a.ss,.n,l,li,; t,> Paris lluu^J^l 
 
 tul«iii>p,Mnt,.,l(,i5.,28) . . 22 M?,.,^n 
 
 M.F,.rry'»cdu,.:iti,.n liills to ,.| k <-l,.ri,^,l i H, ' 
 
 en,.e«,nl>„lisliing,J,.s,iit,.„l|,.;;,.s <t,. ,,''." '• 
 
 P;iiil,'iief2V2i',iiinijiinists sii,'ni.,l ' ail' 
 
 M;,i,.|iii (a ,„nvi,.t) ,.|,.,;t,.,i f,„. l)„„|,.anx 20 A ,'n'l 
 Pimliiii lit 430 roiamiinists si.,'ri,.,l \i 
 
 'Z:(Z/ ^••■" ^^"-' »"i'— .nofteJi;^^ 
 
 raiii.in ,)f 288 iiioi-L. ,.onHimnists siKiioil '= i,',',',"''' ' 
 Vi..k.iit ..lijiositiiiii „f I'anl ,le Cassajinac •' liu fs v' ' 
 |*,l the House for 3 days for ahusiii^K,.™™.' 
 
 Ciivress of s,.nate and di-pii'iics vote ' f,',r 'h',',',?,'. ' 
 iftiirn to P,ins (526-74,)) . /"^" 
 
 \vZ':i,'i!mi;'^""'"""'' '""'"'■ '"^'■■"■■'i>'M'^«.!^e;[ " 
 'h!!^;"'''''''^'''''''' ''''"'''■^■■'■•'^^-- "■ 
 
 Fill lifllii. r,.|)alili,': . " ' ' ' '3 •July, „ 
 
 'T^X::i^t "••■"■'"^■-'■.■pt''"-'^|:i';;f ■• 
 
 1 1 .ill li.Hi,.st i,„n, an<l wit), tin; -la,.,. ,,f !;, ,1 
 i!.i.v.«v,. Inn,.,., ,,n,l will" . ^ ' 5 , 1 ' 
 
 lK,,i« „r ,.,iiinaur,.e with EuKlan,!" j,r„I,il,p!'f: " 
 
 UamlCTt, an ninni.st'i.iil c-oniinnnist, ,.l,.,'.t,.,l7„'n,!; " 
 ii.;i™.U.„nn,.il, Paris, ., o,.t.; nipris,,, ., : 
 ijtums speeelies, in:, „ Oot. ; ele,.ti ', 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Di'liat,' in H,.n„t,. • ,fi. ,.i...'. . '.. „ ■ • 12 Fell. i33o 
 
 «P«>ks aKainst'it ; " ,.; te l/'''^; '^ \?''"""' 
 
 ri^tr'^'''«'''^'«-'"-"^-a,.t,,^.^!i^^;:!!^ „ 
 ^'^j.:,Ms,.,,ps,:.:r^tl!:^-';;r?'a^!;;;:;Mi;l'':^: ■• 
 
 '''n;i!tnr';:;;^':^"«'^"Teina,.sl,eeti„«^!S " 
 
 , -3 .>i,ij , M. ConHtanssn,.i.,.(.,|s, 
 Geiiei-al Mart,.] ni.|.>ii,l,.i,t ,.<• ^ '^ -^lav, .. 
 
 An,i|. sly i,i, ,,.,„,,,,.;, • • . 20 .May, ,, 
 \ .-"lit,.,! liv M. I,. •■■..;.,. "'7' '9 •'""«.• I>'«' 
 ^ ""•'•'■•■n.,l„.,.,s(.', ' ;V""*' '9 J""e; passe,! l,y 
 
 ! *,."'-"'V'" '-"nnall y-Y,,, ,'L-Vl to Fr,,,,.',, " ^' •'"""■ ., 
 I lv\|,ii,sii,M ,>r r,i|i.'i,„,^ ,„,, , ^""' • ^Q.'nno, . 
 
 . l'"-'l) can-i,.,! n ,l"r,,",""-'',"'»' i.'lly "P- " 
 
 "-i;';t;i !■! S.~ '-r:'- <'."..-:':'Jo ■• 
 
 ci;r^,e-,-;;:!H'''''-'''-^ ;: 
 
 ''^^^i';:i:!u;L(a;;;-i^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 . 4 -N'ov. 
 
 .-1..11 60 mayors m ,a V,.„,|,-.,. ,||.s,„|ss,.,i f„? ., ,' 
 
 lin(ii,jr«.m ,.,leCl U.mIV liirtlolav v„v 
 
 Iijirs...iial«a[i,lassenililyniwtat,'ain at Paris, " 
 
 M\V,,iiii,,.,,i,,il..,,,,,,,,|,s,,v,it..„f,.„„J|,K,,„'.,,,2L),'c' " 
 :;-:Jcrt.entr,..p„,, ,,„,,,,,: " 
 
 .■ii;..i.i,,i.,iii.v(2i,-,,7); nianyalistjiiners a n,>,. 
 -•nation of Leptr,. a„,l L„ ,i„j.,,,, ..Mnislers, " 
 
 ^■.;.»ti,.,,,iftl,,.Wa,l.lin.to„n,inistn.\''2^ " 
 
 I N.J II. stry (i,i,„v r,.pnl,li,.an l,.ft)' I', nn, , v " 
 ;M..li. .r^viniet; ini.|u,l,.s J„l,.,s Fi.,'J A, , ' 
 
 ":.»'||tli,.r!i:iiiii„.|.s".' {'"'• >88o 
 
 I D„;iil';'T';":''' '"':''':'•'*'' nro^lniinnie " [U'^' " 
 
 ;-..,-■! r.), i55i announml; estiimit.'.,) r,."vS,!!;;"" " 
 
 ' •:i")fM.Ci.cmieux .' " " ' ''',''''• .. 
 
 10 1'ub. ,, 
 
 M .'iirv, 
 , 'v'l'iy. 
 
 lonty tor 
 
 ^ ""i 'ie-n« against reiigi':i;s'::;;,:;!;':'i;-;;,;-i'ect. 
 
 ^'ew niinistrv: .JmI,.s Fern- /■■ ,. . >'} •'liept, 
 
 "'■"'i-M-'tioi, , .oh, (.l„,.VV '"""^'' '""' I"i'''i« 
 (IMil.li,. wo,.,;s,, I :,,,"' "';''l';'.').. «"'li i:..rnot 
 
 ''-•■;!n;r;"!i,::il[^'£:r,«;'^'-'->'i':-"S: 
 
 .•w,.nti,m of li. ,'1, ',.";.'""''"" f"«Pei.si,m of 
 Kions oniers, ,i,.liv'.,.,' 1 ^^ '^''"■'•'' ■'-'■'i'l-'^t reli- 
 Felix Pvat. ,.,lif,,|. ,,r ,1, ,. ' • • ". 15 .Sent 
 
 C--.nelit..sand„tl,e;M.:iy;r:S^'^-iy;,;9 0et. , 
 
 Mi'l'tinj? ,,f til,' .is>-,.i.,1,l,. . • . "J •',■!. -Xnv. 
 
 ;;.i;.i^fiy(wh,,r;':i;^'2U..-i'-'''y''«-.s.^tha ' 
 
 -.di:i;'n:"(^:!!:'::;r^-'''--'-'«^^ • 
 
 ''i^o!';^!;v:.i;r;:i' ^'-« '"-tron«,y .; ,...• ,/;-^ .. 
 
 M,.,.tin-,,fii„, ,.|,,|,„,„,,.j, _ • • • . 9. Ian. 188 
 
 ■rin';nl'^.:;;r;;;Fti-i..vss,,;.„„„;n„- -;;;;;. „ 
 
 ^Ull:)';;n;;le;l^;?:«-<';;;I'|';;,''e.,t,a,,;S " 
 
 anioiint . '"*'-" "P 101 jo tnm.s the 
 
 l)is,.nssi„n r,.sli,.,.ti'n,; tfie s;,,,,,,-,; ., •.. ,. -y^';-':!'. „ 
 
 .■*■'■), a,l\,„.al,.,I l,v (ianihett , . „ ' ' («'.'"<'/t 
 
 i , '^Mlt(ir,.vv,^vI,^,vid,|"''• ''''''''*'■' ''.*■ !■'■<■.■<!• 
 
 l'.xiie<liti,Mi li. ,V. Aiii.a t.i'nlnistise tl,:.''i?- ^'"'.'''''' ■• 
 invasi,,n,,|-i.|„|i„ ".iscist, the kniuimrs ; 
 
 'IliMly with III,. I.rv siL'l'je.I r<..„ ■/.' ■ ?''"''''i. A|.ril, „ 
 
 -^-■'-.-.oo,aii;ir;!,:^';;^-)„„^,.^M..y: ;; 
 
 M I)ar,lonxs hill f„r the ,rn,/;,, ,;,. ;; ? ''*',"-'' ' ' ''''"'• •• 
 
 tl„Md,a,nI„.r „f dep„ti..f J', ! '' )''^''' '"'"I'!';' ''y 
 The linns treaty ratille,! 1,^ tiil.^:],^,!,,,,..;- (4,'f.,'/''^' '■ 
 
 Wannn-eeptionofGanihettaatCahorsaJl^; " 
 '■'ili;:ehLr^''"°^"''''^"'-''<'''i'm,,J«a?R-^*y; " 
 Tlie scrutin ,le listc rejoeied l,y the' senate (^^H' " 
 
 A.ljoiminioul oftheehMiibers ''',"'^ - 
 
 o a 
 
 'f(l!i|»j' . I • jp I 
 
 s |';ii 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 !) ..',^r^f 
 
 ■•ift 
 
 
 i^5rt^^ 
 
J%;5i 
 
 FEANCE. 
 
 450 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 % 
 
 Election addri'ss.'s. M. Hdiilici' irtlirs fnini iioli- 
 tii'iil llfo(viitiml end 1 f liuniiinnlisnil, nlwmt 31 
 July; prinee XiiiMileon .leniine iidvdcates pri)- 
 gvelis— " everytliiny lor and by tlie i.eojdci "— 
 aliont 31 Jnlv : «iieeclies of M. Oanibetta at 
 Tours, Uelleville, 12 Ant-., advocating levision 
 of the constitution, Aug.; M. Jules Kerry at 
 Nancy deprecates division . about 11 Aug. : 
 
 Negotiations fur treaty of eoninierco liroken ott; 
 announced '^ ■*"!<• 
 
 Electi(Uisj triunipli of tianibetta and moderate re- 
 publicans! gain of about 44 nieniliers ; hopeless 
 nunority of extremists of both kinils . 21 Aug. 
 
 Fnnrh trealii. French government propose meeting 
 oftheeoniindssionersat I'avison 22 Aug.; Kngland 
 requests 3 month.s' estensiou nS existing treaty; 
 Fi-auce declines; negotiations stopped; an- 
 nounced , • i' '^ 'y'^l 
 
 Complications i'cspecting Tripoli cleared up about 
 
 18 Aug. 
 
 General eli'ctions ; great re|inblicnn uia.jority ; luun- 
 ber of extiiMuists on both sides unich reduced 
 
 21 Aug. el .«'(/. 
 
 Negotiations respecting the commercial treaty re- 
 sumed (Fmnce agrees to 3 months' extension of 
 hic treaty :10m 8 Xo\.) . ■ • 19 S.'e;>t. 
 
 Ci.pncliins and other onlers relieved from .hen' 
 iiionaslic vows by the pope . . . Oi't, 
 
 Meeting of new chambiM- of deputu's . 28(:ct. 
 
 l\. Brisson elected president . . .3 ^"V. 
 
 Treaty witli the bey of Tunis eonflrnu'd by the 
 chamber. Vote id' Censure on the Kerry udnistry 
 res|peeting T\nus war negatived by a great nm- 
 ((jrity, g Nov. ; the nunistry resign . 10 Nov. 
 
 New niin'-itry gazetti'd ; .M. Oambettji (nnnister of 
 fcu-eign affairs and premier), .M. Cazot (justice), 
 M. Waldeck-Housseau (interiorl, M. Allaiu-Targe 
 (llnance), geuenil t'ampenon (Wiir), Jl. Uongeaiil 
 (nwirine). >•• ''''"' "i''' (education and worship), 
 M. Kaynal (pulilie works), M. Houvier (com- 
 merce anil colonies), M. Cochery (posts and tele- 
 grajilis), M. Ueves (agriculture), and M. I'roust 
 (Arts) , • '= ^'"^• 
 
 Moderate declaration of Ganibettii to the chamin'rs 
 (evervthing to be for France) . . . 15 Nov. 
 
 M. H. 'liochefort acfpiitted of bitter libel against 
 M. Houstin in riiilniiiHiueoiil ; a virtual censure 
 of the Tunis atluir 15 "ee. 
 
 Anglo-French treaty negotiations sti>ii; Fremdi 
 eoncessi(ms iusntllcient ... 30 Dee. 
 
 Elections for senators; republicans gain 27; now 
 207 -93 ; oi>position announeeil . . 9 Jan. 
 
 Mneli sipeculation ; jianic on the bourse, 19 Jan. ; 
 checked bv res.lution 
 
 The Lenqur ■'/ I'nlrhih established to suppm't the 
 army by enconi-aging military spirit, and snppiu-t 
 M. Gambetta . • • ■ . • 
 
 Defeat of the govennnent ; rejection of the stTiiIni 
 tk lisle (305—119); I'csignation of M. Uamls-tla, 
 
 26 Jan. 
 
 New nuiustrv: M. de Freycinet (pri^sideut of the 
 conncil ami minister for foreign attan-s), .M. Leon 
 Sav (finance), M.Jnl.'S t'errydaildic instruction), 
 MA'ioblet (interior ami i.ulilie wiu-shi|0. M. llum- 
 >ert (justice), general liillot (warl. .-idnural .lan- 
 .-(iguiberry (marine). M. Varnn- (pt.blic works), 
 M. Tinird (eomuierciO, M. Mahy (a.'iiculture), 
 M. Coclierv (posts and telegraphs) 30, 31 Jan. 
 
 Failure of tlie Uidiui (Jtuemle ijoiuiiany ; cimtinu- 
 anee of paine . . ', . ,•, ^° ■'*"'• 
 
 •Vrrestof Hontoux, president, and feilor, manager 
 
 2 Feb. 
 
 Proposed revision of coustitntiiui negatived, 287—66 
 
 6 Feb. 
 
 Anglo-French treaty remnveil till i March, 6 Fell. ; 
 
 till 15 May ■■■,■,•• I? '■'"['• 
 M Tissot ambassador at London . . March, 
 New education bill jiasscd ; much gov.irmnent In- 
 terference .... alHint 31 Man-li. 
 Commercial eiuivention with Great Hritaiu tor tin: 
 
 years proposeil Ajirii. 
 
 Vote of conlideiice in the ;<oveniinrat (298—70) 
 
 1 June. 
 
 (.fj^ja^. ..outldence in the ministry resjH'eting hi.'ypl 
 
 vcded (28'6-ioti) .... 2oJniy. 
 
 Vote of cn-dit for inotection of Suez eaiMi Tiegatn'wl 
 
 on motion of M. Clemenceau (416-7='; rvsiOTri. 
 
 tion ol ministry . . . ■••> •'' '■ 
 
 1882 
 
 The New French ministry, eoiiiiio>ed as fnll,,«-.<; 
 M. Duelerc (president of the council and Diiiiisii.r 
 for fo; ign affairs), .M. Tiraril (finance), M, li,.v.s 
 (justice), .M. Fallieres (interior), M. Pieiic l.cgrainl 
 (eomiiie;-ce,and tfl intfi-iiiL pulilic works), gcrn-riil 
 Ilillot (war), admiral JauregnilH'rry (flic navy). 
 M. Cochery (post oftlee and telegraptiM). M. i|,i 
 .Mahy (agriculture), .M. Unvanx (public mstni,. 
 tion) I .Vii,.. , 
 
 Gamlielti advocates activity in foreign affairs, ai„i 
 abstention iniloiiiestie; L'leiiienceau the icvcrsc, 
 July—.Vng. ; (diaiiibtu's prorogued . g AiikI 
 
 Distiirtmnee amongst the miners of the Saiiiiciin,! 
 Loire about 17 .\u^., 
 
 The Bonaparti.sts select prii.ce Victor as flicii-i-l)i,.f 
 
 about 5, All;;. 
 
 The comjiulsory education act e.imes into ope liUi,,,, 
 
 i'li'f. 
 
 Diaeovery of an organisation of anarehists (.illi';;!.!! 
 
 origin at Geneva, and iirii Krapotkiiic, iiirm. 
 
 tier) ; tracts distrilmted by gronps of yon:..- 1|„.|, 
 throughout the country; attempleil iasiiin-tiini 
 at .Monte.eau-le.^-Mines sup|iresseil . Xii^'. 
 
 Many arrested I9 convicteil, 22 lice. I . 21 Oit. 
 
 Place of trial changed ; dynamite explosions fliii.;i! 
 teiied about 26 Uif, 
 
 Disturbances at Lyons ; anarchy and |ianic ; liusii 
 ne.ss and ainuscments suspended ; the town siii.l 
 to l)c held by the mob ... 27 Oct. 
 
 Government ofhcial note ]iriuiiisiiig imblic scnirity 
 
 27 Oct. 
 
 .\rrest connected with an ex|dosion at a cal'i (mii. 
 mail killed) on 23 Oct. ; railway .stati.ia helil liy 
 
 28 Oct, 
 
 29 Oct. 
 • Oct. 
 
 8 Xi,v. 
 
 9 N'"V. 
 •II fiiiiii 
 2, X.. 
 
 troops 
 
 Much dynamite seized .... 
 
 Great distress in Lyons 
 
 Panic subsiiliiig in Paris, &e. 
 
 Opening of the chandlers . 
 
 Crown jewels (value about icx),ooo'.) st 
 the cathedral of St. Denis . 
 
 Treaty with the king of Congo negotiated l.y .M, 
 lirazza ratified ... .21 N.iv. 
 
 Death of Louis Diane f, \)„. 
 
 .MM. Dontonx .t Feder, dircclois of ilic "Lilian 
 (ienende" (a linancial company estalilislMrl in 
 1878, ami patronised by the Icgitiiiiists, clci';;y, 
 and the middle clas.ses), .sentenci d t" iinpiisuii! 
 nicnt and fines for gross frand.s, wliiili causnl 
 very great nnivcr.sal distress (it stoiipcd 28.1:111.) 
 
 20 lit-.-. 
 
 Prince Krapotkiiic, anarchist, arresti'd alicriif 21 lii-,-, 
 
 Death of .M. Ganils'tta, aged 44, after several wirlis 
 illiiesH through an accidental wound, ii'idiii;;lit, 
 
 11 llir. 
 
 His grand state funeral at Paris . . 6.1aii. 
 Death of gen. Chaiizy, aged about 60 . . 5.I1111. 
 
 Death of gen. Vinoy la,. 
 
 Trial of Kmpotkine and about 50 aiiarcfiists Ik'iiiiii 
 
 at Lyons S.l,iii. 
 
 He scnteu 1 to 5 years' imiirisoniiiciit and lliii-, 
 
 othei-s to imiirisounieiit . . . 19 .Ian. 
 Gambettu's remains removed and re-lnirieil at Niie 
 
 13.11111. 
 Prinei' Naiiideon luiblislies a nianifesln against fl,r 
 
 government ; iiriested . . i6.l3ii. 
 
 M. Fhipiet's liill for eX|inlsioii of Hniiilions ah.l 
 
 Hruiaiiaites 16. Jan, 
 
 Governiiiflil bill of M. de Fallieres for ]iflwiT W 
 
 exiiel the same 20 .Ian. 
 
 Miniatenal crisis 23.^111. 
 
 Kximlsion liiU adopted liy coiiiiiiiftce . 2;. Ian. 
 M. Dnclere's ministrv resigned . .28 .Ian. 
 
 Ministry re-constituted under .M. Fallieres 29 Jan. 
 M. Fable's bill iiermitting pniices to icnniin iiitli 
 
 depriviilofcivil rights, discussed, 29 Jan. ; ]bi»si'i| 
 
 hy the ehamlHU' (343-163) . . . i Ki'li, 
 Prince Napoleon's indietuieiit ipluslied; rclrasc4, 
 
 9 Fell, 
 Evimlsioii bill rejeeteil bv the senate ; aiiiiiinlnieiil 
 
 of M.M.Say and Waddiiigton adopted (165-127); 
 
 princes to lie expelled only alter trial . 12 K^li. 
 Resignation of M. Fallieres and iiiiiiisfi-v 13 Feb. 
 M. HarlH'y's bill ciiipowcring the prcsiilcnttnexin'l 
 
 princes wlieii dangerous, adopted liy tlieiUiinfii's 
 
 15 Fen. , n,'.ieeted hy liie seicite . . 17 Frit. 
 M. Juli-s Ferry (oiiiiortuiiist) forms a ministry 
 
 (Gaiuliettist) ; M. .lulcs Ferry (iireiiiii-r aiii 
 
 minister i,f pnlilic iiistrnctioii), M. Ciiulleiihl- 
 
 IMJ 
 
 ] 
 
 Launur (loi-eign iitii 
 limeriiir), .M, .Mart 
 Tliiliaiidiu (war), J 
 .M. 'nnird (llnance). 
 S\. .Meliiie (agricnlti 
 tfle(jra|ilis), .M. Heri 
 Ci'cree fur retirement 1 
 tile aniiy in virtue 
 il'.Vuniule, the due 
 ilAleiigon), apjirovei 
 
 .U Clonieiieeiiu's inotio 
 tiitiiin rejected by tin 
 
 dlifii-air iiiectiiig of ai 
 excited to \ioIence I 
 clii,it and others; lia 
 liy police, 9 .Marcli ; 1 
 
 Liiiii,se .Michel arrested 
 
 Trial of iiiailaiiie .MonasI 
 lift ilaagliter Fidelia 
 usage; ca.se ad'erred I 
 
 Death of Louis Veuillo 
 
 I'Vuirerf 
 .llarslial Ba/Jiine |iiihlisii 
 C'liivei'sion «( lliiiUa bill 
 .Miist'Uni of revolution « 
 
 Ionise Michel ,sentenced 
 anilotliers to ditt'creiit 
 
 Jatiiinal fete ; colos,sal s 
 oivoreil 
 
 .M, Waililingtoii, ambassa 
 al»mt 16 July, arrives 
 
 Tile I'lianiliers close . 
 
 Tlieiiiaiiganition of the n 
 erei'teilatt'oiirlievoie to 
 lif Paris ill 1,^70-1 
 
 Cfatli iif the coiiite de cl 
 
 <i,itiie of Lafayette unveil 
 <;real ruyalist nieeting at 
 
 Tlnkiii;; of Spain receive 
 I'alis; lidiitcd hy the 1111 
 
 '(irn, Tliiliaiiilin, minister 
 ,<lli'irci|ud liy geii. Caiiipi 
 
 .M.Jiilt's Ferry declares for 
 sense," ami oppusition 
 Riiiien, 13 Oct. ; and at 1 
 
 Tlie ;'iivemine.it awariLs i 
 HMmimmr, 1883) 
 
 Hiecliaiiiliers meet . 
 
 C"rres|iiniil.'ncelictwccii Fr 
 iii^' Toiuiniii ]iiilili,sl,|.d ii 
 nsisfinjr Kreiich em road, 
 
 Iipi<ite..ii Toiiquiii; Votes I 
 !r,vli;9"iM- 
 
 M. Fmy iH-ciniies foreign 
 
 imntiifM. ;.'Iialleniel-Liu 
 llie iniiiistr.- 
 (iiiieniiiient i.efeatisl mi Alg 
 
 !11) 
 
 Dratli of M. R.)iil'e;-, ml -.. 
 
 111. . . . ' . ■ 
 liBiiistrialc.-:ilsiiiP.iris,'de( 
 
 aroiiimittei (if inve,stigatio 
 
 the working clas-.-saiijioin 
 Pr"l«wil8 for .,i,i-., „(■ ,^^ J, 
 
 <j"vcniiiieut ilefeated on its si 
 I Dfntli "f Fraiii;ciis Migiiet, V 
 
 :ll>,ut S7 . 
 
 Sliliie of Gaiiilietta (by 'paliii 
 Veiled |,j- Jl. ,j|,|,,,j Y^^^ 
 
 .Mii«M|«il elfctioiis : radical 
 
 i'h'rtiinists ; fewof.iiiii.r 
 
 ' ■ lorn-yision .if the (.'onsi 
 
 wiafom, 4e.) hroiiglit i 
 
 •■■"'■( Victi.r aekiiowledged 
 l"rti«ts;lii,iatl„.|,,„i,ii,,„ 
 
 ■'Mwvaltnt in 'the lioiit 
 
 ■sal statue nf Liliertv bv 
 ■' Liiite.1 .States „f Aiiieri 
 •'ti'iryu! i'aris 
 
 
Ijiunur (loiviKii nftiiii-«|, M \Viil,li...t u „ 
 
 Tliit«i ri (war), M. ch'i , . lu. \ "''"' 
 
 M. Me (aKnc.Itu,,.), " L^.n '':,,:,' ''''••'»,• 
 
 til.- tinny in viit r th,. la v ,f J - !''" 
 
 M. ClfaiPiiccau's iiiotinn for ri'visimi nf tl... 1* '''''.'•'■ 
 tation fj>Tt«l l,v the ,l..|Miti..s "'i V,'"""- 
 
 cWstan.l .,tl„.,«; l«k\.-s' sh ,,.s A" .' 'f '":"'T 
 l,y),„li.c, 9 Maieli; many anrsU. m™"",''' 
 
 Trial of niailarjie Moiia.sterid nii,! „t|„;,^ r,H°,;,,l'r,', '' 
 l,..r ,lanKl.t<.r Ki,U.|iu i,. „ „„„[.'i;,;^,'." . » 'K 
 usage; ai.se a-lerreU back t„ i,„l.li,- i,;„;,.!.!,t„,.; 
 
 Dfath of Louis Veulllot, ultrai.mntan,. .Mlft'.'n-'I'f ' 
 I'liiirerf .... ' j, . ., 
 
 -•.incision nf AVW,.., |,ill (5 jo .^l ■,",.., ,1 " ' 
 
 :(ati.™IKte;rolos™l statue of til. li^iuH^in",;;',': " 
 
 31. Wa.l(lini;tori, ninl>a««ailor'in lIiu,1,hi n„!,'l,;'l','-^'| " 
 
 ali..ut.6Jnly, anives . _"""". 'il'l'oiut.Ml 
 Till' |.|iambei-8 clo.se . . ' ^3 ''uly, ,, 
 
 Tlif iiiaufc'uratiou of the inouuiiiciit (l,v M t^m^V'*"'; " 
 e™.J.lMr,a,,-h.^^^ 
 
 B«itli uf the coMitu (le Chau'ilaird', ayc'il ncmlve*''' " 
 
 Siitiie ofLnfaycttc uuviilcd at I.cpnv "a 4^"»' " 
 <ireatro)-ali.stuicetihi,' at Palis; little c.vHtcincli't, " 
 
 Tliikiiij! nf Spain received l,y |,i-e,si,leii(- c^,? v. '.'''*; " 
 n,.i.. i,.,.,f...i 1.,. tl ■ ' ' '"-.iioLuc (H'cvy at 
 
 I "ttilrl;:;;,!;!^;;, • •^vt..e,eua,e, ,....,„.,.. 
 
 i';M:'r,;;!;!;!r;!;-i;i^p"i^-;.etatv.^;;?;;!^ 
 
 i^^^ltilrrX.?'"' '''-■.-:... of .,n.ad at ,,.;eili " 
 
 l''-^;ud^;i^i:i!;:.^i:;r:ri;:,'^;irv: '^ m,:;;^; - 
 
 „''ies; (, he aci.nt .,'.«'.' .^•'l';;''','''f ■'"'<«!'■<-■! lie 
 
 •-"dit to, lomiUM, «a,-ado,,ted liytl 
 
 T 
 
 Jiesi),'! 
 
 KUCl' 
 
 Senatorhil electioi 
 
 .sei-vatives ivtnrn 
 ihe Lhaiiiiiei' yoie. 
 
 27 S, 
 dejiutlcf 
 
 II bvi 
 
 i;n.deu/;i,^^^:;^;,i,:;^'"--'^'t" 
 
 ■"S;::;i;;^'t;;:;;V;::^;r'''''-"''"i-«ter,3.ia„; - 
 """■' '-'-'^ ■■:,f7.ci,,.micans and J :";;;;; "^^^ 
 
 ;v.u:ku,en-,;n-,;;;,:,!:v;S'''"™'"'"'-"i'|vi " 
 
 ;tn;;:'^,rti^'^'-''^'''--s,.,i,,en<:eof^,!iv;:^ ■- 
 M^^.;^;-^'':;c;i;i;™;;;;:-.:i^;:;-i-;^i^'c^^^ 
 
 ^'■w.ni,,ist,.y:„.,,;i,,,; ;^,,,,;,^^_^. 7A,u.i, 
 
 1. All-till I'.i..... .■ . f' 
 
 "•'l-t (pul.Iic insf .7,: ;,;!' '"'■>-"• Onterio,.), 
 
 Cani],cnon (war), a.ln ( . m', I, "''.'"'''l'>' K''"- 
 
 I'aiis; liiioted liy tlie uiiili 
 
 '■•'"I'liKi-r l-:ti!ii,t:r,i .Mr,,!,- See ;•, , 6 April 
 
 IJcath of Victor 111 
 
 liiiific ; niaiiy 
 24 -^lay, 
 
 iJcath of Victor llii,.,, , t ; • ■ 24 .May. 
 , cession 3 ,i|j|,.s |,„|„ 11 p ' i J" I 'intlieon ; pro- 
 
 29 (Sept. 
 
 .(ifii. niihaiidin, ii'iinister of war' resiL-n- .'<...; ' 
 siinwltilhyneu. CaiiipeiMin ' *'"-' 5 '>f. ; 
 
 JUiiks Kerry 1 1^"^ foralteiiiihiic of"e,,,^,,,,,;,; 
 
 *«*,'anil opposition t„ the cvtrein, ■ "i 
 Hniieii, ,3 Oct. ; auil at Havre *■•""-""• '''" «' 
 Ili;';memmt,it«waiila ,,000?. to Mr. .Shaw Vse.. 
 HMMja.mr, 1883) . ,. ,,i„,?,, ,. "'' 
 
 nlf cliamlms meet . . • "'"'I't >5 Oct. 
 
 <.Vrrw|ieii(l.aceliitw..,.M France a h."l ci,:'. "^ *'"'• 
 
 i'vi.m.p, uiiiis 1 i "y •„. .' c ;! '■;"'"•'■'■ 
 
 n.<,s,i,,,p,viu.i,ei,,.i.oaeim,;;;t.::'^''''''' '™'';' 
 
 Jl.h!,^^H^!n,es/i,rei,„,nS^1;,;V?' '8 !!'•'■■ . 
 Gi.™i,,,eiit,,e.e,i,e.lonAlK;ria,.na:?U?;;-^-: • 
 
 D».hofM...:,uie,p,.;.,:.,;,i„i,i„.,;f^,;^,{;«;. „ 
 
 lttl»strialc..-!iisiiiPariH,',U>feJitiiftl, „;.,. -^ '''*'''• »8 
 
 » «!« "f i"vesti^uh„r;i^ V :er^:^ i^::;;;'^; 
 
 tltfworkiiii! das. ..s apjiointcd (254-240) p. 
 [ ^-vr,,,,,,,,,! .lefeated on itssedit:ou« nieeti, '^s liili; " 
 n^.lHO'n.„e„isMi,„et,Kr,.,.ch historian: ^ei " 
 
 'to«l«l eleetious : raiii.'.aiR mtho'r tno'.t t'."''' " 
 .V'^^l.^ few of, „i,,r parties """" { '" 
 B I'Trevwoanf the Cons ilution (aho'lifi,',, ' J- " 
 ■■'-■*«aton<, 4e.) hrought in l,y .M. !l','';;.'^'|.v';.,;:; 
 
 I I'^we Victor ackiiowlclKed chief of the"'*!?'"-^''' " 
 ^■-M-mientinlheaouth, *c:(secCAo;i;;^j " 
 
 • • • 4 July, „ 
 
 nii'iits . 
 ',''■""'"'■«''■ "mlCoiirM, ■ • 
 w;;"^"'""""" ^''"- '"«mt ..ii 
 
 8 June 
 u June, 
 
 ,„ ,■•■■■/ ... I'"'" (■•o'c 
 
 t^iianilM'is lu-oivimied f, a,,',, .,',." • Auk. 
 
 tious, JocJconservativ,,^";; ',>""■'" "♦"'^ ''l™- 
 
 , '"»i.^ts, ,.0 radicais ' '■'° """''■'■"t''" "1- oppor. 
 I lie ministers not re-elected re'si •„ ' ' J '"^f• 
 M. de Krey-.i,M.t sli,,t at in the pia ■ ■• *"''f- 
 
 de la CoiiconlJ 
 N'cw rliainla'r 1 ts 29 Oct. 
 
 Kcpuhlican party disorf-anisei'l " " »" ^'"V. 
 lluMuini.strv iiropiiseret ..,, , ^V • 'o Xov. 
 
 ' '■xpcndituVc a Id CO si Ur' ;';;,','' "r ",''""''" "''"• 
 cst;ildi.shnieiit . "-""""""fi'iii ot church dis. 
 nepoi't nf coniiiiitfe.. ,..'. T ' ■ ' * 16 Xov. 
 
 ;■<■ .9,000,0^';;.;. ,; ,T.;; i'i;;.'''.''"«' >--"i.s vot,; 
 
 ''yKovernnieiit . ""*"''"' 75,ooo,oooprop„sed 
 "oininercial de|ires'sioii '•itt,.ii„,, 'i ^ '^ "™- 
 nicnt iiriKlif-alitv, kc ■*""l"i(cd toKoveni. 
 
 »ote f,,rKovcriinieiit(,7.-,',n\ ■ ■ • '>fe. 
 
 ;4rT.;;^v?,3';^^^w^;:''ir''--n^^s 
 
 M- Hn.s,so„s minis, rv rel, 's"''""'> • ^8 Uec. 
 
 ->'•«• niii,ist,y; .M.'de Krevein f / .-,29 Uec. 
 f"rei«„ atla ,-s), .M e, „ , , 7 t<l'''™;'«>it a,id 
 (.dc,-io,), >,./i\,,, ,/,.'• "^'i^aM;^^^ 
 
 (marine and c,,i,,„i....^ ;.'■.,.,.'.""'>• "'Iminil AuIh 
 
 (marine ami co .i" " ;'n';::.<"''':>. "''/"i™! AuIh- 
 
 I. 1 .evclle i^^nZu^;^':^^^^^^^ "■"'■k.s). 
 
 M. dm, let (posf-i aii.i t,.i, „■,, V -^ ('■"ininei-ce), 
 
 I .^■'""•s.yforiiiitic.',, it ';,';.■; .■, • rJa..: 
 
 'n;iC'^:fi^;:''<^'-"--'"---t;Ai- 
 
 NVwelectioii.si,ic,vascUm eS 
 
 400, th,. Hi;<ht ,84 "''I'"''''"',, me„,bera to 
 
 M. .Sadi.Can,..ts la„ii;,.f; ,„.„•„ • "'""it ,6 Feb. 
 
 ah..i.t .0--. ""o>.ir, jiroposeil new ],..,,. .,f 
 
 March f ■«ie"'',r»lill,^'l'T"r''- '''""y """tt^) i', 
 
 'imis to teach in "c ',1s '""'"'''""»{ >"'>»ks and 
 '■' • • about I . 
 
 i88fi 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 ' If r' 
 
 
 "i» 111 
 
 IM 
 
 bift 
 
 '."Si 
 
 I April, 
 O 2 
 

 nttt 
 
 lijlil < 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 M. Hftrtlirli'inv's luK.k, " Avaiit la Hntnillc,' n<\vn- 
 catiiiK till' ir-coiKinrst cjf Alsace ami l.nnaini-, 
 pulilislinl .... aliimt 6 Aiml, 
 
 Graml ivc.'ptii.ii nf tlic roiiilc .l.' I'ari^ "H ""■"init 
 of the iiiairiiW of Ills .lauKlitcr with tlic (liikii i>t 
 BraKanza 15 .May ; caiiso.>i ivimlilipaii .jcaloiwy 
 
 Bllln fcir Klviiij,' iliscrctlcniary pdwor tn v\\if\ tlin 
 Orli'ain iirliicrs ami ]>r\ncf Nai"iU'"ii ami siiii 
 fnuii KrniK'i' anil ciiiillsi'iitiiiK tlii'ir )irnpcity, 
 intniiliicril in tli.> fl»irMl>ir,s (M. Kivycniit ni- 
 lliiunci'il liv .M. rii'miMKu^an) 27 .May ; iviii.i-ti-il 
 (lisaKi-i'i'im'nl in tin' <Ml.inct nn tlie snljicrt 2, i 
 Jiiin' ; bill (•<!■ innni'iliati- cximlsii.ti "t licmls dI 
 families ami lieirs ntMynanties wlin liave ivikih'iI 
 in Fraiid' passcil 1)V tin' clianibci- 11 .Inni' ; and 
 by the senate (137-122) 22 Jnne ; pmnmlKaleil ; 
 till) liiinaiiartes i|iiit Kranne 21 June ; tile U(init<^ 
 do Paris ami family leave; at l>"ver he issues n 
 r.rntest iliTlaiin^' imniarchy to In' the must 
 suitahle (,">veiiiment fnv France, ami places him- 
 self as heail "ttlie myalists . . . 24.)iiiie, 
 
 Death c.f Giiibert, ahii. "Il'ai is . . ,;, t"'"''!;' 
 
 The (Inc il'Aumale reimnistp-ates a^-aiiisl the .lepri- 
 vnti"ii nf his rank in the army ; his espiilsnm 
 fiiim I'raiiee vnteil n.Iiily; rev. \V. J. Iliniij,'lit, 
 EiiL'lish eliaplain at ('hantilly, expelleil frnm 
 Franc; f.ir .leliverin^' an aililress nf sympathy 
 M the .hike •^\'«- 
 
 Sossiciii cl"se.| ^ „• ,,,'5 ■'"'>;' 
 
 Celebration of the 10,1th birthilay of M. Chevreill, 
 chemist ami physicist . . • 31 Aug. 
 
 Education bill permittiiif,' lay teauhei's only pivsseil 
 by the chamber 28 Oct. 
 
 Ministry defeated in the chainlier(by 13 majority), 
 resigns . . . • : . ' , . -^ .'''!' 
 
 New miiiistrv : M. (ioblet (president and mienor), 
 M. rioiirens (foivi-n), M. Dauphin (linance), M. 
 I)erthelot(pulilicinstriicli"n), M- ^arnenCJustice), 
 ecu. lioiilanner (war), adm. Anbe (marine), M. 
 Granet (posts and teleL;iaiilis), M. Lockroy 
 (ocminierce), M. .Millaiid (public works), M. 
 bevelle (ai;riciiltiire) .... I'eo 
 
 Continued d.dieit ; hud.^-et rejected; ameiidid one 
 accepted In- ^lovernnient . . . =^ ''"!'• 
 
 Panic on the bourse through war riiinours i Yrh. 
 
 Bill for iiiereasin;; diitv on rorei;;n corn adopted by 
 
 the chamber (31S-248) 14 .March; by the senate 
 
 2s Maich ; duty on foreign cattle and meat raised 
 
 ^ March 
 
 M. Schuaebell, commissary of police, arrested lu'ar 
 PttKiiy-sur-.Moselli', territory doulitfid, and sent 
 to Metz 20 Ainil ; chart;i'il with treason 22 April ; 
 Rtatemeiits contradictory; rehused by onli'r M 
 the emperor William . . ■,?.') April, 
 
 Sale of the crown jew.ds f..r 274,560/., diamonds 
 289,000/. ; the diamonds distributed Ixd ween tin' 
 Louvre and other museums . .12-23 May, 
 
 The Goblet ministry delVati'd on the liud;iet bill 
 (27s-2i7) ; resi^rus 17 ""yi 
 
 MM. Freyciiiet, Khxp-.t't, DevOs and Diu'lerc fail 
 
 May, 
 
 M. Rouvier forms a modi'iate ministry, consisting' 
 nf M. Houvier (linaiices, posts ami telegraphs), 
 M Floun'iis(forei-nallaiis), M. Mazi'au (justice), 
 M. Falli res (iiit.-rior),M..Si.iiller (public instruc- 
 tion and worship), M. Uarbey (marine and 
 C(donies), f;en, Fen'oii (war), M. Uaiitresme (com- 
 merce and public works), M. Harbe (a^'riculturc) 
 
 30 May, 
 
 Gen. noiilan;;er, the Iat<; war minister, issues a 
 monitorv onler to thi'army . ■ .)" ^'">'^ 
 
 Exemption of ecidesiastical students (seminarists) 
 abolisheil ill new army bill . . 25Jum', 
 
 Gen. Boulanger warmly received in his prn^'ress 
 to Clerlriont Ferrand . . ■ •, 9Jn'y> 
 
 Radical attack on the ministry ilufeated (382-120) 
 
 II .luly, 
 
 Pranzini, a sonlid protli(,'»te, convicted of the 
 nmrder of Marie Ib'S'iault and two other women 
 
 13 Julv ; executed 3> AijR. 
 
 Session close.! . . . • ,■ =2 .July, 
 
 Gen. noulanKcr challcnsi-s M. F.'rry for n-ir-.rks in 
 
 a sppcch about 29 .Inly ; seconds differ ; no result 
 
 MaMufttiun of 17II1 aimy i;ori>s, near Toulouse 
 
 31 AUR. 
 
 452 FRANCE. 
 
 ' Manifesto of the comte ih' Paris ca,lliiii,' f.ir Hut,.. 
 
 ] estjiblishmeiit of a constitutional inoimiehy hv 
 
 1886 I universal sull'iaKe as specially nee'ilfiil I.ji- I'l'iuit',. 
 
 ; 14 S.pt. iji, 
 
 ; M. HrlK'non killed, anil M. WaiiKeli .le (iir.ilswk 
 
 (Fr.'iieh sporlsinen) woiin.leil by Kanbiiaiin, » 
 
 Herman soldier ami nam.'keeper, iiearlli.' Ik.ihi. 
 
 ilary lii the Vosjies 24 Sept. ; German r.'.ln-,. ..iv,),, 
 
 2,5«)/. piesi'nteiUo.Mad. llri(,'iionaniininiec.| jiii-t 
 
 Military scandal ; Ken. C'allarel i>r the war nlllci. 
 
 convicted by a military tribunal of .lisli,,i„,iiiii|i||. 
 
 conduct In Iralllckiiif,' with d.'C.U'ali.'iis 13 0,.^, 
 
 Gen. lloulaiiK'er under arrest for thirty day> f..r 
 
 remarks respi'ctiiiK the scan.lal . . 14 Oct. 
 
 Amicable conventions respecliiij,' Suez Canal aii'i 
 
 New Ifebrides siKiie.l at Paris . . 24 Uft, 
 
 Prince Victor Napoh'ou issues a lionapaiiist 
 
 , manifesto is'let. 
 
 Till' (•hambers meet -'7 net. 
 
 I Lonl Lyons, llritish ambassador, ri'tiri's(;ippi.iiiluil 
 In 1867); idled 5 Dec. ;| succeeded by the .'ail nf 
 
 1 Lyttoii Oft. 
 
 ! Trial of Ken. Calliirel and others ; disehaiK''.! - Nnv. 
 ! Oeu. count D'Au.llau ami .Ma.lame lialliiz, : mi,. 
 teiiced to inii>risi'iiineijt an.l lines fur traili'km 
 
 I in ilecorations . 
 
 u N""v. 
 
 1887 
 
 M. Wil.s.ni, son-in-law' of the iiresi.l.'ut, iniplieat.'.l; 
 
 also charged with tamperint; with iloenmi'iits 
 
 .V..V. 
 The old fiau'-aud-adialf percent, reiite.^ ci'iivi'Vt.'.l 
 
 t.) three per cents, accepted . . . x,,v. 
 
 M. Itouvier dele ate.l in the' eliaiiib.r 011 a iiioti.ni .,f 
 
 M. Clemeiiceaii (317-227); tli.' miiiit-try ivsi-iis; 
 
 M. Grevy r.'fuses to reslKii iw Nov. ; but t^'i:.m. 
 
 ]ielleil by the coiiibination ..f opiinsii,. ;.a;ii,»; 
 
 the Houvi.'r ministry n tains ..ili.',' ; ,.|, n,,.!,. 
 
 ann.inneiiiK that .M. Grevy il.'f.'rs Ins ii-siL'iiali.ML 
 
 the ehainbiiiinni.'.liatelyad.journs (531-3) i Dec; 
 
 r.'i'.'ives M. Grevy's resiKiiali.'U . ". 2 Dec. 
 National assembly at Versailles; coii-'ivss .,( 
 
 senators ami d.'initi.'s (8u); M Sii.li.Ciini.it 
 
 ("moderate in.leliell.lellt ') iliele.l plTsiil.lit 
 
 (616); K'U.ral .Sau.ssier, an unwiUiii;; eaii.li.lat.' 
 
 (148) ; (.MM. Ferry and de Frevein.'t willi.lmuui 
 
 i li.e. 
 
 M. G.iblet fails to form a ministiT 9 D.'C. ; M. 
 
 FalliSres fails . . . . .' . 10 IH'. 
 
 Attem|iteil assassination of M. Ferry by Aiiliniin, 
 
 a lunatic, in the lobby .if the chamber. .f.lepiitii's. 
 
 a narrow escaiie inllii. 
 
 The tribunals liiiil no case a;;aiiist .M. Wils.n 
 
 isllil'. 
 
 New ministry: M. Tirard (llnaiiee ami piviiiiiri. 
 
 M. Fl.iiireiis(forei,i.'niillairs), M. I''alli:f. sfjiistic. I 
 
 M. Sarrieii (in'eri.ir), M. Faye (.iliii'ati.'ii ;u-A 
 
 W'lrship), M. de Maliy, afterwanU ailiu. Kniiii/, 
 
 Jan. i838 (iiiaiine and col..nii>); M. Lniili. ' 
 
 (public works), M. Dautresme (eniiiiiiiTci). .M. 
 
 Vi.tt.' (aKricult'Ue), ueii. I.oKirot (war) n live. 
 
 The srssiiin of the ebaiiiliersclosi.il . I'j |i,.f. 
 
 Mr. Archibald M'Neill, joiiinalist, w.niii.l.'.l aii.l 
 
 .Ir.iwned (siisjiected iniir.l.'r) at ll.tiilo;:iii' 20 Ili'i'. 
 
 1S37 ; Vermersch arrested . . . .Ian. 
 
 Gen. D.'UlaUKer deiirived of his coiiniiainl t'.ir ih- 
 
 siibor.linatiou in \isitiiiK Paris a'.'aiiist eil.-i-; 
 
 aiiiioiuici'.l 1; Mari'ii. 
 
 Ileath iT.M. L. 11. Caruot, I'alher of 111.' pn-Ki.l.iit, 
 
 aK.'d 86 i6.\lar.li. 
 
 Trial of M. Wilson for Irallic in ilio.irati'.ih; 
 seiil^'uci'.l to two years' inipris.iiiiiii'iit, less . t 
 
 civil rlKhts for live years, and lit f i.'xv fr.iiii's, 
 
 I March; sentence quashed by cmiit ..f a|t.,il 
 
 2.1 Manli. 
 
 Gen. BoulaUKcr tried by court of live L'.in'i.il'^; 
 
 sentenced to retireiueiit 26 March; cniiliniiil 
 
 ayMai'i'l;, 
 
 M. Tiranl's ministry defeate'l when i.p]ii.sii!. 
 
 urKency for revisi.iu of constitutinii (268-2341, 
 
 reslKiis 30 .Mai't'li, 
 
 M. Floipiet forms a ministry: M. Chai-li'S Flmiiut 
 presi.letit of the ciiuucil and iiiiu.ster nf tli-' 
 Interior), M. de Freyciiiet (war), M. (i.ilil'! 
 f..i.'i;:,'!i atfairs), adinini! Kraiitz fmin-iiu! ar.!! tlu 
 coloi'iies). .M. P.'ytral (linance, posts, ami t.l.- 
 praplis), M. l':.I.iuar.l r.ockr"V(pnblii'iiistiiirli"ii, 
 (Inc arts, ami worship), M. Dili'iis M.intaiil 
 (public Works), .M. Ferrouillat (jiLstici'), M.Pi.'iT' 
 
 ] 
 
 Lfcrai.d (commerci 
 (ajjrii'iilliire) . 
 
 <;iii. DiiiilaiiKcr bi.<;iii 
 ileputv for the Donl 
 fur tlie Noril (172,; 
 
 Hiiti' iif an anti-jiarlia 
 cuiinervatives, radic 
 
 Aflervote of ciiiillden 
 it in ilefeated on tli 
 
 Ji ci'iiiiii'ttee aih'lses 
 lints between stiidei 
 
 Civat circulation of 
 "German Invusion, 
 
 liiiviilist liamiiict at tli 
 Etieaue ; powei'ful s 
 
 ■Gia. Biiiilaiiger's nn 
 ui-gi'iiey in the re 
 ii.ji'Cteil(377-'86) 
 
 Ilif iiuiiiife^lo lit the e 
 iifciiiiiiiiiiiies iiKainst 
 
 'Gen, UiiulaUKer ill the 
 tiiiii, liriiily resisted 
 HCCii-ses 51. Floipiet 1 
 ami leaves the Uin 
 July; duel. Ken. ii' 
 KIiii|iii't sliKlitly won 
 jfi-n'cpiirt.'.l convalo 
 
 I'livi'iliiiK of the Ganil 
 liit-.siili'iit Carmit 
 
 Xaliniial fete passes ipi 
 
 *-.^)o,ooo francs votei 
 Iniiliiiiiiiid Clierboiii 
 
 .Stssinii nf clianibers cl. 
 
 (ii 11. UuulaiiKer defeated 
 
 Fniicnil nf Elides the 
 lirra.seil ; no deaths 
 
 llililmaalie dispute will 
 (Jl.M.linl.i.'l an.l Cris 
 
 <li.iL liniilaiiKer elected 
 Cliareiite 
 
 Iiiatli nf marshal liazai 
 
 Di-creenf iiresiileiit (.'an 
 iiiK n'siileiit fiireiKiiei 
 iTjlistratiiiii causes in 
 luiik'i'il t" I Jan. 1889 
 
 Tla' ii«|/ni; af the llnsr 
 I'Stalilisliii.eiit of the 1 
 
 Til.' ctiaiiihers re-open ; 
 liill fur the revision of 
 ilwlaii'il iii'geiit IS C 
 
 Crailinti'il tax mi iiicoin 
 l"«i'(l by .M. Peytral 
 
 Increase iifHoidaiiKist d 
 
 Pni'lii, n/m.« e.iuiit Lins 
 iiaiii.'.s, a .laiiiiK imp 
 liiisbaiiil and associate 
 iiail robbed of Jewelr 
 lie was stroiiKl.N' siispe 
 cuiivlcteiliif tb.inniilc 
 nf .Marie A|,'iietaiit, an 
 Jan. i386) . 
 
 M. Xmiia (iilly tried fi 
 kiljj'i'tcniiiniittee ; ace 
 
 Festival of tile Lmijue 
 
 Diiiinnstratiiiii at Paris i 
 .le|iiity killed on the 
 
 P.iiverful speech of M. 
 ileniiirali.(atiun of parli 
 
 IVa.i" esecuteil (.see 14 N 
 "ai.lfall of ,,216,000 fmi 
 
 '■"'I'ini') . 
 <'.ii. UniilaiiKer elected f 
 
 ■''ene(244,ooo) ; .M. Jaeij 
 
 (te.cxwj . 
 ^- i:ii«|Ui;t 1ms iiiajont 
 
 Bil! fur leplaeiiiK the ,wri. 
 darTmil'iig^miiit carrici 
 11 Feb. ; ill the senate 
 
 "^*^'4.^^: 
 
PRANCE. 
 
 453 
 
 FKANCE. 
 
 Ui:m.'\ (coiiiiiK^iCL' and Industry), JI. Vii.tti 
 
 {iiKiiiMiltuic) . . . /" _ . |,|, 
 
 Cdj. l)"Uluii>;iT bi'Kliis 1(1 fonii a jmrtv ; ilcrtnl 
 
 .leiiuty I.'!' the l)(,nl(,Kni. (5,,,5oo-j5,7,o) 8 Aiuil ; 
 
 f„i- tJK' .Nnn (i7j!,5^8-75,,,ui; . , " ,5 Annl, 
 liisci.faii iiiiti-i.iirliiiiiii'iitjiiy imrty, u niixtiiiv c,f 
 
 (■(.iisfi'vntivi's, i-ndleals, Ac. . . _ j\,„.|| 
 Afiwviitc .>l' i^nlillilfncc III till, iiiliiistiv (370-177)' 
 
 it Is ik'fcatwl on the ri'Vlsi.ni iiucstioii (340.2,5) 
 
 A Cfimmlttcc ikIvInch iiiistpniicini.iit, nf I'l'vision '■ 
 i|..ts lii'twirii students and l!oiilaiij;|sts 20 Aiinl' 
 
 (iirat cireiilatiipii i.f ki'ii. IJmilanK.T's (ailiifd) 
 "Gmiuii liivusliiii, 111,, , " 8 .May ; „„„„ f,.), „^ 
 
 R.yallst baii(|uct at tile cli.itdnii de Mnns, iiiar'st' 
 Etiuiiiiu-; iiiiwiTliil siiueeli iif gcnciul di- (■haicii,' 
 
 .G,.;i. Birtitaiife'i'i's iiidtldii In tilt! elminhn' 'l?,r 
 iiiKiiicy in the ivvislnn (if the cinMitiitiiin 
 nretcd (377-186) . . , , 4,|i,ni. 
 
 Till' iiiaiiili'^to (.t tlic C(.nitc dc Paris t(p tin- nmv(.i s 
 ..fcuiimiiiiifs iwilnst the ic]piili|ic si>;ncd 6 ,j'iilv 
 
 .(irii. Uiinlaiif.'ir in tlic cliainijcr demands dlssulu- 
 tinii, liniih reslslcd hy .M. I''li,(|iict ; n,,. ;;ciieial 
 accuses .M. l-'lip(|iict "1 Talsidioi.d, i'esi;;iis his seat 
 ami IcuM'S the lldiise in great exeitenicnt 12 
 July; iliiel, well. IJipiilaiiKei- serii.iislv, and M 
 fliii|iiet slightly Wdiiiided, 13 July ; ^,,:||. lii,iiin„'. 
 ).'i'ni'p('rted 0(p|ivalescent , , . 20 July 
 
 UiivcilliiKipf the (iaiiihettii niiiniuneiit at Paris hv 
 lUTsiiU'iit C'aniipt .... 13 , inly 
 
 N'jtiiiiial fete I'asses i|nietly . , ' _ i4!liiry' 
 
 '-..«,t>oo fniiies V(.ted li,'r tlie defeiice'ppr Dicst' 
 liiUlipiiainl I'heiliipiii},' . , _ 17 July' 
 
 S^<Mlll.f clianibers eliised , . . i3,liirv' 
 
 O.ii.Uipulaii^'erdi'featedilielectliinsfiprAidl-che iVc' 
 
 yiiiip-ral ipf Elides the ciiiiiiiiiinlsf ; iliptiiij;' sn'iil 
 prcsst'il ; nil ileaths .... 8 Aii'i 
 
 hil'l iilii'ilispiite with Italy i-es]iectinL; .Massnwirii 
 
 (M.M.(l..lilet and Crispi). ... Viii! 
 
 <idi. Beiil:iiif;er elected liir the Xdid, ,S ii(.,"aiili 
 
 •■'liaii'iiti' ,g AllL' 
 
 Dentil iif marshal Ha/aiiie, nj;e(| 77 . . j^.s,.),! 
 
 Decree iifiPiesideiit (.'ariint and M. FI(i(|U("'t resiiect- 
 ill^' iTsiileiit fipreijiiiers and iinnii'Kianls 2 Oct • 
 leKlstratliin causes nmch aiiiKiyHiiee ; time prii.' 
 luiiKi'il tip I Jan. 1889 ... 28 Oct 
 
 The Lm.jut of till' /,',i-r fiiriiied to prdimit,. the !( '- 
 istablisliieent. dl the ininiaridiy . aiitiiiiiii 
 
 The chaiiilpers re.iipen ; .M. Fli'.ipict liitrudiices li 
 bill li.r tlie revisidii iif rhc Cdnstifiitidn, which is 
 ileclaieil iirueiit 13 Oct. ; much dissiitlsfactliui 
 
 ,.,,,, , 16 Oct. rt.tr,,. 
 
 Orailiiati'd tax mi incmiies abiiyc 2,(xx) francs iini* 
 j.isfd by M. I'eytral .... 22 Oct 
 
 Imivasi' 111' Hiiiilaiidlst deiiidnstrntidiis ( )et,' 
 
 Pra.hi, (i/i(M cipiiiit J.inska (!(• Castilhiii, and (ither 
 iiaii.es, a ilaiing imiirinciiiled adveiitiii-er, the 
 hiisbaiiil ami assdclalc iif nianv Wdinen, whum Ik. 
 Iiail idliheil ipf ieweliy, A:c., iiiid snine df whiuii 
 hev.as striinxly siisiieeted td ha\c niiinleicd is 
 cuimctwliif the nmiiler anil ndiliery iif dianmi'ids 
 •if .Marie A(,nietant, an iinl'dituiiatc, in Paris (,[. 
 Jan. i386) , >;,,^,'' 
 
 M. Xmiia (iilly tried fur defaniatidn'n.-ainst' tin'. ' 
 hu(l«ttciiiiinnttec ; acpilttcd IV.r ttunt.df evidence 
 
 Fistival (if tile l.cwiiic 0/ ;•((()■ i(,fa (BiuilanKists) ' 
 
 III liitialliiii .at Paris III lidniiurnf M Band'in'a ' 
 
 'leimty killed (111 the bairicades 2 Dec. 1851, 
 
 Pi.werfiil speech cf M. CTiallemel.Ucur n'i/the ' 
 ■leiiKirali/atioii ipf parliament by reckless fnctlmi 
 
 IVaihi executed (see ,4 Nov.) . 28 l)ec' ' 
 
 «iiiilfall (if ,, 218,000 francH to the sovermiient (sn ' 
 
 «en. Biiiilanger elect,..! fdr ("he department ,pf t'l'ie ' 
 >™e(244,ooo) ; .M. Jaeiiues, advanced republican, 
 (irz.ooo) . . . . * I.... - 
 
 •■.. f;..|Uet ira.s iiiujonty 01 62 In tin) chaii'iber 
 
 Bin fer irjilaciiiK the frnitia ,h Ihte by Uw VnllUi 
 'Iam.,„l,im,irnt carried in the chamber (268-222) 
 n teb. ; 111 the aeuttte (228-54) . i j P, b 
 
 888 
 
 The iiilnisteri, 
 cdnstltiitluii 
 
 heme 
 cted 
 
 looy 
 
 fur the revision of the 
 (3d7'2'8); they reslKii 
 
 ' "nnl'il^I'i'J' '"■'*""" "'" "ld""tmii=.t» an"lt^'he 
 ; .M. Alelliie falls ti, fdriii mi opportunist ministry 
 
 ■ M. TIrard fi.rinsa mixed mlnlstiy, InchidliiKseverai 
 
 ex.premiers : M. Tiraid (pn mier and niinister of 
 
 I'v i",'ir\. •i'^",'.""""' ('">''"'■). M. .Spinier 
 
 « le ^ m' '.'; ''"■>'■""■' («"i). M. Hinivler 
 
 (died 13 .March; siieceeded by ailmiial Krniitz) 
 
 inanne), .M Pal Itres(eilucatli.ii), M. YvesUuyiit 
 
 luiblic works), .M. PayediKriciltiire) 21, ,2 lib. 
 
 The lm,„„„J /■«/,„,/,, eslablished In ,882, liCciPiiiing 
 
 seditniiis and eiiiinecteil with HipulanKlsii,, .slip. 
 
 luvs.sed by the piveinnient 28 Feb.; alleL-eil 
 
 iiiinils.r 24o,rx«; prntesl aliinit 2 Jlareh ; MM. 
 
 lerdiih-ile, LiiKuene, and i.tbeis, ciiniinltteu 
 . the League, prdseented ; trial 2 April; eiKdi 
 
 lined irxllr. ... g \.,,,i| 
 
 Pall in the shaivs df the Cdiiiptnlr li'Ksedinpi,. d,: 
 Jaris fhrdii-li siiecilatinns in ei.pper (le/nV/, «<.), 
 •eb.;sMI,c,le dt .\t. I)enreil.|{ipch,Vea,i, the maim- 
 Kei,5 March; iiaiiic; checked by the interventiim 
 dl Ki'verniiieiit and bank nl Prance, ,, March : 
 siipjPdrted b.v Messrs. lliitbschild und dtbe; 
 Uinkers, Jlareh; recdiistiiiiteil snecesslidly 
 
 Marell-May, 
 Decree dfexpnlsiim of the due iPAiimale levuked 
 
 Ma ilesti, 1,1 p,i Jii,nlan>;er td the .\„ii| „g„inst 
 
 111 i"i', "";;"^ 1- ■ • • >8 .March, 
 
 He ex.ape.s ti, Urii.ssels ,, 2 April ; his trial fur con! 
 
 ^I'liac.v by the senate prupuseil ; issues manifesto 
 
 5 April ; expects exiiiilsiun ; arrlMs in Li,nd(,n 
 
 The .senate meets as a hi-h cmirt fur Ids'^trial 
 
 M.Chevieiil chemist dies awed ,02 . '9 lj;ri!; 
 Vv '; ' "','• l"';-*"!''!!'. "I'His the "llenihition 
 
 „ ''''I' ''iti' I relics, at I'aiis , 18 Anrll 
 
 fireat Unyalist liani,,iel at I'aiis . ,Vl"v' 
 
 teiiteiiaiy celebraliiin id the nieetiiiK (if the !Stati..s 
 Oeiieral (altcrrtards the rnnstitneiit Assemblv) 
 5 .^lay, 1789— president Caiiiiil in the presence ("if 
 a j;rand assembly in the ■•Hall i,r Mirnirs " 
 \ers;iilles, delivers u euli,);iiini mi the revi,liitii,'ii 
 
 '"w,ii''n,"'7 I'; ^■"'™'"':''. the president scaiTilKi^. 
 
 was hred atby a .seiiii-liinntic named Perrin-- 
 
 seiiteiicei tdtiiiirindiitlisiniiirisdiimeiitiSMavl 
 
 (see/'oIT '"''"''""" "l"'"'-'' I'ythe presiiler,l 
 
 New army bill redneiiiK the ti'rni '„( selvice fron', 
 
 ive yeiirs with exeniptidiis td three .vears, iiiiml- 
 
 nally without exemptions, passed by the chamber 
 
 M. Cjnesiiayde lieaun paire hands In the Indii'liu'ent 
 iiKainst i;eii, nonlaiiK'er . . . 7 hilv 
 
 Sae (at Paris) of the picture., tapestrii's, china 
 .tc, 1,1 M. .Secretan (ruined by s|ieciil;,ti,ii,s iil 
 cyipper); eniirnious jirices realised, i-4,Iiilv ,7 
 ;',', -M. N'Oivtims pictures were sold bv Ml-s'srs 
 (hnstie III l.i,niloi, for 27,824/. ,o». . ' „ ,!„ h 
 
 Anmver.sar.y of the tall of the Hastlllc celebrate, in 
 1-rance, the Iniled .states, Ac. u liilv 
 
 Hill lirdhibitiu- a imiii to be caiidiilale for 'm or,: 
 than ,one place in the chamber passed hv the 
 .senate .... i-Jnl- 
 
 Cantonal eh.ctions : republicans, '752 ■ ' conserv' ' 
 tivcs, 497 ; j,reii. lioiilaiiKer, ,2 . . ' 28 ,Iiily 
 
 Ihe chainb,.r votes 2,400,000/. lor th,. increase of 
 the navy (3 ironclmis, &c.); the sessioii clos,.d 
 
 Indictmciit against ^vn. Hoiilaiiger, chimiL him 
 when director of Infantry in ,882, with coiirtiiiL' 
 popularity by corruption, ie.,aiid when niinist,.r 
 
 of warm 1886 with malversation of piiblie iniinev 
 niiil plotting apdust the state, withcoimt Dillni,' 
 
 H.R(ICIlCIOrtail.toIl„iei,iderieniles;t|„. ilveiteii 
 
 to appear before the lll-li Ciniit , f ,Jns , ,ou'6 
 
 Aug.; non-appi'araiice to be followed by! »-...f civil 
 
 rights mid sei|iiestiatiiiii of ,,riipert\ ' . .aJnlv 
 
 Oeii. iioiilanger app._-als to the iieople • iviilv to 
 
 t'"-' 'i"ii<'ti t . . ' ' . 'vYuj; 
 
 
 f-""ti4i 
 
 ft^w 
 
 
 
 'ttjrl 
 
 
 Ml/ 
 
 'mf'' "" 
 
 .M! 
 
 •1, 
 
 I . 
 

 FfiANCE. 
 
 404 
 
 FltANCE. 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 i'HI 
 
 rill' triiil nf Kcn. HdiilmiKfr, count Dillon, mnl II. 
 
 Hijplii'lurt licKlns 8 Auk. 
 
 Ht'iitciici'il liiili'iiiiitallon 'on fiirtrist.njiil |iH,viiii'iit 
 
 uri-iisls or till- Iriril M A"K- 
 
 TIlC COIIltc (ll! I'llliH, lulllCI' (fl'lolill' Xuiioleijii, IiIm 
 
 Hon VIc'tor, iiikI itvu. ll(iul«iii,'<'i' net forth tlii'ii' 
 
 cliiiiiw for iHilUlt'ul jiower . . . Au^. 
 
 Eli'ftloiiH iif till' cliaiiilii'i- of 1)i'Iiii<Iph; diclnlvi' 
 
 victory of till' KiiviTuiiii'iil ji Mi-pt. niiil 6 llrt. 
 
 |ii3 MoiiarrliiKts, fij lioiiuimitiHla, 325 Id'. 
 
 |iublicaiiH, 41 lloiilaiiKiHtH, jj imi'irtjiiii I'.llii'rais. 
 
 (ii'fi. IloilluiiKi'r'H I'ii'i'tioii WHS aiiiiiilli'il.J 
 
 Till' iiiilvdsal ixliiliitioii I'liLHi'il . . , f, Nov. 
 
 Till' lu'w oliaiiilii'r opi'iii'il, ri Xov. ; M. Kloiiiirt 
 
 I'li'Cti'il pri'siili'iit 8 Nov. 
 
 Moilurute ntjiti'iiu'iit liy .M. Tiraiil . . ny Nov. 
 The I)oulnii|;l)it ilt'iiiuiiHtrHtioii cusily i|iii'lli'il 
 
 12 Nov. 
 
 Muiiri'iiii' imval rouiii'il crratiil hy ilrcrn' . 6 Hrp. 
 
 tiiMi. lloiilaiiKi'r's I'li-rtioii, ami that nf srvi'ial 
 
 lloiilaiici.it.s, for Mont marl 11', anniilli'ii liy tin' 
 
 ilianilii'r()7i>— i..j) . . . . y K.i 
 
 Tliiri' lloiilunKi'it "ili'pnlii'H i-xiii'lliil from tin 
 
 rliamliiT tor ilisorili'iiy I'oliilio't . . ?o.Ian, 
 
 Till' liiiki' of Orli'iiits (iijii'il 21) ri'iiu'.H to Paris, iinil 
 
 otli'i-s to ruler till' arm>' ; arrrsti'il, 7 Ki-li. ; sni- 
 
 ti'iici'il til two yi'urs' iniiinsoniiii'iit for lirrakin;; 
 
 till! cxili' law of 1B86, 12 Ki'li. ; tjiki'ii to ('lairv aiix 
 
 25 Ki'li. 
 Miners' strlkf at Ht. Etiiniii'. 2,700 out . 2.. l''i'li. 
 Hi'siKiiatioii of M. CoiiHtaiis, minister of llic In- 
 ferior, snceeeili'il liy M. I.eon Iloiirp'ois i Mari'li, 
 M. Tiiaril anil his caliinet ilefeateil in the siniite, 
 
 resign 14 Mareh, 
 
 New ministry, M. ile I'reyeinet (pieinler ami \viir 
 minister), .M. lionvler '(linani'e), .M. ('onstans 
 (Interior), M. Hoiii;;iois (piililie instriietlon), M. 
 Hlliot (foreign). .M. Kallieres (justice ami jiiilillc 
 woi-ship), .M.. lilies lioclie (commerce), M. l»e\illi' 
 (a;,'rlciiltiire), .M. Jlarliey (miirine), .M. (.luot 
 (piilillc works) . . " . . . .v. Ill, 
 M. C'ariiot's tour in fS. France, Corsica, Ac. ,•- :,;. 
 
 TIio IloiilaiiKists totally ilefeateil In the Psfiv 'Miiii.'' 
 
 cl|ia1 elections .... t-^ Ajnii, 
 
 Siispi'cteil anarchist jilot : the mari|.i'> 'Ii ' '.'-.re.", 
 
 l-oiiise Michel, ami aliout i(x> oth. ,- .licst'il 
 
 28 A]iril— 2 May; the man piis ami ot lid's ii(>i'..A»<i| 
 
 .! .May, - ■■ ..:. 
 
 The labour ilay of the working' classes passes .ilf 
 
 tianiinllly at Paris, \'i'. . . i .Mav, 
 
 Strike of thonsamis of wi.rkmen al 1 •\\. Ilmiliiilx 
 
 anil 'I'lmrcnhiK, in the Xoril ; sciinii^ rio'in^ sun 
 
 ])ri'ssi'il liy the military, i, 2 .May; strikes siiii- 
 
 siilinn 8 .May, 
 
 War with naliomey, ie/iii7i .o'l' . . Keli. , Jlay, 
 
 Trial of .M. .'Secretjin iiinl other ilirect^irs of the 
 
 Cuiiiiitoir irEscompte for franil, Ac, xir nlii<rf 
 
 Keli. 1889— s .May, 
 
 M. Secri'tan senteiiceil to 6 months' imprisonment 
 
 anil line of lo.cyxi francs ; the others I'ecciveil less 
 
 sentences 28 .May, 
 
 Gen. lionlantjcr sulmiits to the fiovernineiit ; the 
 
 HoiilanKlst conimittec ilissolves . . 21 .May 
 
 17 Hiissiuii Anarchists or Nihilists, oii^'a;,'eil in the 
 
 mamu'actiiru of cxiilosives at Uaiiicy, arresteil 
 
 29 May, I't Hfq. 
 All illscliarni'il except 8 . . . 25.111111', 
 The ilukc of Orleans |iariloncil ami cxpelleil from 
 
 France 3,111111', 
 
 Revelations resiiectinn the atfairs of the f'reilit 
 Fonder; invcstii,'ution unlerfil hv Kincninient, 
 
 9 May, 
 
 Eyiilnnatioiis given liy M. f'lnistophle. May; the 
 
 insiiectors' re|iort st'ateil that the estalilis'hment 
 
 liinl ile|iarti'il from its original oliject ami Konc 
 
 into liankin;,', A'c, without prnper preCiiiitions, 
 
 hut that it is stable .... 21 .lune. 
 
 Trial of 8 Hnssian .Nihilists, 4 .Inly; 6 men con- 
 
 victeil senteiiceil tn 3 years' iinprisoniiieiit ; 
 
 Ijinilesen the instigator (absent) to 5 years' 
 
 imprisoiiinent, two women aciiiiittfl . 5 .Inly, 
 
 Close of the session .... 6 .\ni,'. 
 
 ATi(,'lo-Frenoli .ij;reement ("■hirh see) si;;neil ' 
 
 I.onilon 
 
 % Al'.- 
 
 i.-i.'M'i'ji! ....... ^ ^\i;l. 
 
 Violent I'ycloiie In the ile|iartnieMl of the Anile; 
 Ki'i'iit ilestniotion of vines, 15 Aug. alsn at 
 
 J)reiix 
 
 i3 Aiw. 
 
 1 " I.es CoiillsseH ilii lloiilHiiKisnie, ' by M. Miiiuei^ 
 
 pillillslieil by tiilii ill the /''ir/iti'iH ilf'senhtii^ (,|| 
 
 allcHi'il ciinspiriicy of Koyallsts, early .Si^.t. ; 
 
 I causes much >'Xclti'iiieiit anil Involves the aiithur 
 
 I Ih several ilivi'ls, in one of which he is \vi>inelM,| 
 
 1 s Si-iii, ,3 
 
 l)entnictlve Htornm ami IIiksIk In the ile)>aiiii |, ' 
 
 I of tiaril, Arile<'lie ami llerault, with hws ,,1 m,. 
 
 Jl — J4 .Sept. 
 
 ' Mei 'liiK of clianifier of ilepiitles . ..,,(i"t " 
 
 The Union for the |iiiiniiition of Frc Traile in Kan " 
 
 I Materials, \'c., foriiieil In I'aris , oe) 
 
 AKsassinatlon of yell. Michael i^eliverskolf, a;;i'i| 6,,' " 
 
 weallhy retlreil Hnssian general ami hiiineilv 
 
 i a liiinlsler of secie! police, at the lintel ile lla.l,.' 
 
 ' I'aris, 18 Nov. ; ilie.l y Nov' 
 
 : Mine. Ihic yiieicy, .M.M. I.abruyere ami (livpiln' " 
 
 Henteiiceil to iiiiprlsoniiient foraiiliiix the i.^eaiH' 
 
 of I'ailli'Wski, the siispccteil niuiileivr uf ^,.ii. 
 
 Seliverskolf (ly .Nov.) .... 2, f),.e.' 
 
 The French Africa t'ominltlii' foriiieil ; espeilltiiius " 
 
 o i |iro|iosi'il .Vuy, 
 
 The government ilefeateil in tile clmiiibers i,n » " 
 1S90 I liiianclal i|Uestion ( ;r.3— 248) . . 2? N.iv, 
 Carillnal I.avip'i'le ami other prelates ileelaiv tlieh' 
 ailheshin to the republic, with the appi i\a| ,,f 
 
 , I'll' pope |i,.e. 
 
 Parllaiiicntary session oji-'neil . . . , ; .ijnj ,;' 
 Voteof censure on the ministry relative to I hi' |„an '' 
 of Kolil by the Hank of France to the lliiiik .>r 
 EiiKlaml, iluiiii}; the Haling crisis (see l.,„i,l,n, 
 
 15 Nov. I Si^,) Wltiveil (419— 29) . 17 Jail' 
 
 Coiiimnnication between Paris ami lonilnn |,y 
 
 telepl ,'(icAii7( .iir) , . . 18 .Mareli, 
 
 I'lie perforiiiance of Saiilon's new play 'iln-ruuilti,- " 
 (H'Aii'/i see), stoppeil by onler of tile iiiiiiistiy 
 
 Michel Eyrauil senteiiceil to ileal li, ami fiiUiiielli' " 
 ll<iiii|iaril senteiiceil to >(, years' penal sirvilinl.. 
 for mnriler of Tuiissaim (loulfe, a process.M'i\,.|' 
 whom they liiul iiivei;;l.i| to their roiiiiiH, iilii.ui' 
 25 .Inly, i88y. His ilecomposeil boilv wiishmi.i 
 at .Mlllery (Klione;, 13 Aii«., to wliich pliie,. ji 
 hail been carrieil in a trunk, (iabrielle enniessi.,!, 
 to the police, .Ian. 1S90. Kveiituallv, KviaiuL 
 was brought from the Ilavanah, Ciilia, ti/Pans 
 (live ilays' trial at Paris), 20 Dec. 1890 ; exieiiteil 
 
 J Fell. 
 
 Royalist 'leinonstiatioii in Paris in liomniref tli.' " 
 
 iluke of Orleans j |,',.|, 
 
 The empress Freilerick visits Paris, cliieliv i.n i,,.'. 
 half of the licrliii Inteniatiiinal K\liil,'iiii,„ i,f 
 Fine Arts ; many French works pnnniseil, an,.]', 
 warils witlnlrawn. through popular opiiusi'liin 
 chlelly of the llonlaiiyists ami nthers 18-27 Keli.' 
 Financial panic in Paris, tliron^;h eiiibaniissiiient " 
 of the .Soclete iles Deputset Comptes ('iiiuiilils 
 relieveil by the Hank of France ami utlnis 
 
 i-'.Miii"li, ,. 
 Death of prince Napoleon, son of .leniiu,. (see 
 
 Hunt, /III ill) ,j Miiieli, 
 
 Animal bampiet of the lie]iuhlican Assiiei.iiiiiii at 
 
 "le Klysee 21 .M.ni'li, 
 
 reiisiis of the population taken . 1.' Apiil, 
 
 "Labour ilay " ^.'eiienilly i|iiiei ; sonie exeili'ment '" 
 at Paris— ilynamite explosion, little ilaiu.ip. ; 
 tl;,'htinK Jkt Lyons, .Marseilles aiel o'lier places 
 
 ■ 'lii.v, „ 
 Riots at Fourmies (Xonl) siippre.ssi'il bv the mill. 
 tary ; 14 [K'l'sons kiUeil anil about 40 wiumhIiiI 
 
 I .May, „ 
 Many strikes in the ileiiartnieiit of the Nni-il.nln.iit 
 
 6. May, „ 
 National fete celebrateil .... 14. Inly, 
 A protectionist e.istoms taritf ailopteil hv tin!' 
 
 clianiber(385-iii) ,s,Inlv, „ 
 
 A French naval sipiailron iimler ailiiilral Cervais 
 warmly recciveil at ('ronstailt . . 23 .Inly, 
 Visiteil by the Czar. 25 July. The Freiicli nllii'Hs 
 receiveil at St. Petersbiii;,-, s8 .luly. 'I'lie Hnt 
 leaves Cronstiull , ) All);. The Meet (iUio-./e/., tl;ej. 
 ship, with Ailii'iral (iervais), 6 other ves.M-ls, 
 ami 2 tor|M'ilo boats arrive In Osborne Diiy, near 
 Portsmouth, ;'r-. cm., 19 Aii--. Ailiiiiril r;.ivai- 
 anil otilcers juesellteil to the iiueell at Oslmnie, 
 ami iliiieil with her, 21) An^;. The lleet insperled 
 by the i|Ueeii ; ailniiral Gervais ami ulliui-isiline 
 
 F] 
 
 n'itli mliiiinil the earl 
 af Piirtsiiiiiiitli . 
 
 liiiiiiiT with the ilnke 
 ilfiiartiire nf the lleet , 
 
 IMtliefex-preslileiit ,M. 
 
 .SiilcMe nf fen. Iloulai 
 
 Dnniii'ls' 
 M.ilfOiers. the lliissiaii 
 
 Cariio', .M. ile Freycini 
 
 tMtll of llohert, earl 1 
 .<li|iir, lilllell re),'refteil, 
 
 XiiviiT (loiillie ISoulaol, 
 Imciil til a line of i.i 
 iiualtiiiK'I'io'est a},'aim 
 IliP iiiiiiisb'r of public 
 t'rinint;!'" 
 
 .Vfii- cilstunis hill Issueil i 
 iiOTt h) proliinx or mo 
 i;Fi'b. 1892 . 
 
 >|, ^Ir Freycinet takes hi 
 
 ' Krriicli Acaileniy 
 
 Slciriiiy ilelmte In tliechai 
 tli"|<iin'riiiiieiit support 
 iiiiijolily fiirKovernmen 
 
 Tlifiimniiiisiif I'lilferin a 
 aiiiliasinilorat Paris, an 
 
 liralli Ilf .Moiis. Freppel, 
 fiiloliaiiiiiiiin of the Fre 
 
 Walli-r Ui'iUvell ami .loli 
 ai'tiii;; iiH llritish spies I 
 al St. Etii'iine ; sentenc 
 iiii'iit 
 
 Tliriii'W tariff hill |iassi'il 
 
 Ili'»t viiitu^'e since 1884 ; 1 
 
 M. CiiiHtiiii- a iiiinlster, 1 
 M. Lam. llniilaiiKist 1 
 Iravi'S tile liibiiiie ; his 
 {■liaiiilHT 
 
 1" ■ WW "iiiiinniiini " tar 
 
 •Mimit llritainaiiil .si 
 
 t!i. "iimxiiiiiiMi" tarilf I 
 
 l'uitu,.'al, Italy, Houinan 
 
 Til.' Ill' Kreycini't cahiiiel 
 Ilir Assiiclatioiis bill i 
 slate), resinii . 
 
 KiiijTlii'al Ilf the jMipe to 
 iiiiiiiiK Hiihiiiissiiin to I 
 ri'i'iililic . . . . 
 
 ;6FiTiich blsliii|is accept 
 iliiial Lavfeerie ami foil 
 1390, rii!ii(!iiiziii); the rep 
 
 )1.M. Roii.ler ami lloiirj;i' 
 fi'Uii a ministry . 
 
 .Vw niiiilstry: .M. Loubet 
 Ml iiitrriiir), .M. ile Fre 
 (lMiHt;n iillairs), .M. Hon 
 ;iiiiM|iiililie iiisirnclion) 
 liililie weisliip), .M. Cavi 
 vill" (aKiieiiltnri", .M. ,h 
 .M. Vii'ttedmhlie works) 
 
 Till iiiiiilsteiial ileelaralioii 
 l«i(3«i 11191). 
 
 hrtitll Ilf Etielllie ArilKo, .si 
 (iiiniliiTiif the astroiionie 
 
 Iiyiiaiiiiti' espliisiiins in tl 
 main, in I'aris, attributeil 
 
 Es|ilo,slon at the Loliaii ban 
 
 Hill iiitriiiluceil tii|iiiiilsli tl 
 Willi ilrath, 15 March ; se 
 
 Till- iiianiiils of Ihilferin reci 
 I'risiili'iit faniiit 
 
 .\ Immb factiiry in Paris 1 
 olIiiT pxpliisiiuis at the 1 
 iiiR leClichv, 6iiiiiiri' 
 
 Kavaclml, i.tlierwise I.eiiii I 
 t» Kniiicis Kniiiiistein), 
 
 'Georci's Ernest .J. Jl. 1 
 15 AlTil. iS;7 : elitereil the: 
 tiiictiun 111 AlKPi-ia, Italv, ( 
 i::o-i ; briwiiler-geiienir, i: 
 .AiiiPtioa, 1881 ; general of 
 ruiiiisttrorwur, 7 Jan. 1886 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 4ft3 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 1691 
 
 vithivliiilml tlic will iilClHiiwIlliutii anil i,n\vrrs 
 ;,t Piirtmiiiiiitli J, Aiiu 
 
 |,ii,ii,.r witli till' (liikf i.r f.'i) iii>!lit, 34 AiiK. ; 
 
 ,|riiHrtiiriMirtlii> lli'i't . . , . art .\ii« 
 
 HatlMifcs-iiri'iilili'ijt .M., lull's (livvy.uKi'ilalMint 84 
 
 SiiiH'li' "f (.'•■11. lloiiliuiKcr III a oi'nii'tiTv'iii.iir 
 llriMi'ls' ,;, 3,,.,, 
 
 M,,|Miii'h(, till- Hiisuliiii lciivl>.'ii niliiUtiT, vIsltK .M " 
 Criiipf, M. cli'Kn')riiii't,aii.| ,M. Itlbipt . jo, 
 
 iMtli nf lliilifrt, will iif l.vttnii, HiltUli aiiilHwl " 
 
 -,,r|iir, iMiicli ri'Kivftcil, Ht i'liris , 34 Xnv 
 
 Xm.T (Iciiillii' .Siiiiliinl, iii'i'IiIiIhIkvii of Alx, nimi- " 
 
 ' iHiivil I" a liiH' i>f i.oixi mines, inr wiitiii;,' an 
 
 iiisiiitiiii.'pi'i''''*' aWiiiixtMrJri'iilanif .M, Kiillh.n.H 
 
 111,. iiiiiiistiT ipf ipiihllo Hijisliip, ii's|pp.ctiiiK pil- 
 
 .riiiiiiK'' 24 \(pv. 
 
 .\V» ciistuiiiH Ipill l.ssacil ; it aiitliiir-izi'il tlii^ fjuvi'iii. 
 iiii.iit til |iiiiliiii« iiMMinllly till, tiriiliis I'vplriiiK 
 ,;W). liqj . . . . , I I),.,.. 
 
 M, di' Kri'.vi'iiii't takes Ills seat as a iiieiiiliei of the 
 Kipiicli Aeiuleiiiy • . . . irj |i|.n. 
 
 Mnriiiy iletuite ill tlieeliaiiilier nil eliiiieli anil slate'; " 
 tli"KOViriiiiieiitsii|i|piirt tin- .■nncimlnt ("'Aii// w)' 
 iiia]iint.vr"rK'"vernnient(j4)— 22,)- 11 i ; Dee.' „ 
 Tli.iNiiii|iin"f l.iiderin anil Ava a|ppuihlei| Itiitish 
 sNiliassiiilpir at I'aiis, aiiiiiiuiiceil . 12 Dec. 
 Haili ppf .Minis. I''ie|p|pel, liislipip ipf Anjieis, lunver. " 
 
 mlflllUlllpiiPIl ppftlie Kl'elieli clillreh . jj \)^^ 
 WjII.t Ueilwell ami .Ilillll ,'S. (jiippei- ciplivieleil iif " 
 :,(tiiii;iis Diitisli spies III lelatiiiii tu the iiiseiuil 
 :ii ^1. Ktiiiiiie ; seiiteiieeil tii line anil iiiipilsnn- 
 liip'llt 26 Dee, 
 
 Til. iii'iv tariir liill |iasseil liy f h,. senate . 36 Dee, 
 
 IM villlll^'|■ siiiee 1884 ; ri'iiiii-teil . . .Ian. i8oa 
 
 ,M,Ciiiwtiii ;i niiiilstei', liaviii).' lieen attackeil liy 
 ,M, Laiii, ll'iiilantjist ilepiity, strikes him as hii 
 1,-aivs III,- irilmne; his aiinln^jy aeeejiteil liy thu 
 timiiU't iy.Jan. „ 
 
 T^' iu'W"iiiiiiiiiiiiiii taiiir C'lmioa into Ojieratlnn 
 
 ;'liGreat lliitaiii iiiiil siinieiitlieriiinvers, i h'eli,; 
 
 thr "iiinxiiiiiini" liiiill' III he enl'iiieeil in .S|iaih' 
 
 I'ljitiVal, Italy, Hiiiiiiiaiiia,aiiil the Liiiteil .states 
 
 t'eb 
 
 Til.. Ill' Freyeiiiet eahinet ilefeafeil in a ilel.ate ml " 
 til.. Aswieiatioiis bill (relating tii cliiiicli anil 
 >'■'<'•). ""it!" iBFel). „ 
 
 Eiirvi'linil ill the piipe to the Kfench liishnpH en- 
 j.iiiiiin' suliiiiissioii to the noverniiieiit nf the 
 f|"'l'li» ■ , 16 Feb, „ 
 
 ;6|.|fiieli liisliiip,s aoeeiit the ileclaiatioii of par- 
 liiial Lavigerie anil folic other cariliiials, Dec 
 6.)a, iwntjiiiziii); the republic 26 Jan— m Feb." 
 
 .M.M, Hiiii.ier ami lliiiii),'eols successively fail to 
 f..nii a ministry 23-26 Feb 
 
 .N'.-n iiiiiii.stiy: .M. Ijdiibet (premier anil minister " 
 ..( iiitrriiir), M. ile Freyeiiiet (war), .\|. liibiit 
 
 {Utmga attaiis), Jl. Itmivier (tlnance), .M. 11 ■- 
 
 ),'rnisi|iulilic iiistriictiiin), Al. liicanl (.jiisliee ami 
 inililic wi.rsliip), M. fiivaiKiiac (marine), M. He- 
 1.11,. (iiKrieiiltiii-i", .M, .Iiiles Uiiclie(eiiniineiee) 
 V, Mi'ttedmlilio wiirks) . . . -jS Feb 
 
 Tl iiii,sti.ri,.|| ilielaratiiMi iiceepteil by tb,. clmm! " 
 
 ln.r(34i til 91) J March 
 
 IVatii i.f Etieiine Allien, statesman ami irianiatist " 
 (liri.ilieriiftlieastrnii er), aneil 90 . 7 .Mareii 
 
 liyiiaiiiite expliisii.ns in the itnnlevanl ,St. {■„;■'■ " 
 main, III Paris, attiilinteil to the anarchists 
 
 ,. , , II .March rt sr'i 
 
 Isiilosioiiatthe Lnhan barracks, biiili|iii);s iiiimeil, 
 
 Hill iiitniilii('|.,| t.i i.iiuish the antlmrs of expiiwions " 
 witli ilratli, 15 .March ; several arrests 17 March 
 
 Tlir iiiiiniiiis nf Diilteriii receiveil as aiiilius,sailiir bv " 
 ].r,.siii™tC'ainiit j, March' 
 
 h iMiib factiiiy in Paris iliscnvereil, jj Miircli '• " 
 oiliiT n-iili«iiiiis at the limises of leyal i.lliciaU 
 in Rill' ill' Chcliy, 6 in.inreil . *^ , V.Man' 1, 
 
 Kavaolii,!, etlierwise I.nni Li'^'er (real name saiil to " 
 t* fnihcis Ki.niKsti'iii), a iiiitoriiiiis anarcliLst, 
 
 -.'tlire^";;;;' ;'; }}■ """•"^«"'-. ^'^v<^tn,^u^, 
 
 ;?.M'ril. 1837. enteri-il (he aniiv iSin • ,servi'il nitl, .lia 
 tiiiction ia Alj-eria, Italy, r„chii, ('■lii'na an, a -as" 
 .^:o-.: brwiilei-W'iienil, ,83„ ; sent on a inissii, i^; 
 A.iienca, ,88, ; ^,;y,m\ of ,|iv,sioM at Ti s sg! • 
 niii.Htwof «-»r, 7 Jan. ,886 (..■«• „(»i'c), ,387-89, * ' 
 
 " I 
 
 I 
 
 nrresteil in the Cafe Very In the ll„iilevar,| Ma- 
 
 The I'ui'tl.'.lyiiamite bill pastel by the neimle,'^'"'''''' '^''' 
 
 I.oiiis Anastey who niiinleii'il hU bimeliictress,' " 
 Mailame Delhml, ni.ilher of baioii D.llaril, at 
 laris, 4 Dec. ,8m,execiitei| . . „ April 
 I he ehaiii her vii'.'s ,,oo,Qoo,oa, francs for aiiexpeill! " 
 
 tl..naKaiiist li.ilnilney , . ,, A,,ril 
 
 Oilier for the im'seciitioiiof tliearchblsln.pof Aviu- " 
 noil anil the Lishops of Ninies, Minit , ellier, Vit 
 
 , eiiee, anil \ v lers, for tluiA e"ncerte,l In'sscH 
 
 to tlieUithiilic eh'tois in „,,i,„Hi,i„|| ,,, tl,,. ,li,t,,^ 
 
 ; Many anarcblsls arrestcl «l Paris, l,"i!'ii'l,','aml ot'ln.'i' " 
 places 5, in Paris, repi.iteil . , 22 April 
 
 I he restiiiiraiit of M. Very wreckeil bv evpli.s ... ' 
 he anil 4 others seriously wonnileil (MM. \ 
 anil Ilanionoililieil, Mav) . . ^, a 
 
 lilali.l anarchists; llavaeholaii.i .Slinim senteii,., 
 to penal servitiiile fi.i life, 3 utiiers ac..|iiitti'il, 
 
 " p1vc.mti',''''s'' "' ''"''"• *"•• '''■'"' •••■-"'■'^'>''l'"'i'wi! " 
 
 The sllpeiiiU of sever,, i blslmpM litoppeil on acconnt " 
 
 of their pastorals, .v. , ." . ^i ,. 
 
 Many snspecteil anan'hi»t.s relea.seil 7 Mav, f) mi' " 
 
 I'nblic liineial of M. Very ; the premie?, M lamb;.? " 
 
 I'l I'SCll I, , _ \l . 
 
 The procieilin^'s of th'e KoVeriiment'appiml'il'^b'y " 
 fetes' '"''''*'''''"^ <^''"""'' ; !'■■ It at the Xancy " 
 
 The line ,le la Hiicliefonoauhrs ■ileclaratioii o/snl',': 
 niission to the pope in matters of the faith, but 
 ilepil't'ies ' "' "'"""' ''^ 40 "f the 70 ro.valist 
 
 Havaehi.l,,,,, his confession of robbing ami i^i'.n'i'.'.'r: " 
 1 iij,' .lean Kivol lier, an iiK'eil hermit at Viiri/elle, 
 |;''||^V'»;7' '" '''■""' '"■ ■M"iitbri,so,i, ^j ,|„ne; 
 
 .M. (iislefroy <'avaiK'mic,'niiiiister i.f inariiic.'resiim; " 
 
 (eensnreil ,„ relation to Diiliomey) ; siiei ileil 
 
 by .M. Iliinleaii . . , ,, injv 
 
 M. Hi'ssmanii new Italian anibassiti'lor, r.'ei'iveil " 
 hy the presulent . . . . ' ,,,)„lv 
 
 Ooverniiient ,iri,lest aKainst the prcsem f P,';,: " 
 
 testant mrssionaries in AlKeria, about . , Jnlv 
 
 Decree si«,ie, I fur the Universal exhibition, 5 MhV " 
 
 -ji Oct. u),x, .... i^ riiii- 
 
 S"'"' '"" '"■■••■« near Drest, &c. 2I Jnlv i7 ,.,,' " 
 
 Fanpiiixan.l three other anarchists, sentenceil to " 
 I'lv'i'.M ,?f'r'^"''"^''"''°' ■°' ^' 5 y'''"-s)fursti'aliiiK' 
 
 Disputes betw the coal m'iniiiK coin'panv at CaVl " 
 
 iiianx, 111 the ileparlnicnt of Tarn, ami their 
 workmen resiieetiiiK the ilismissal of M. CalviLr. 
 iiac, a socialist workman ami .secretarv of tho 
 miners union, who bail been electisl ma'vor, ami 
 ci.iiisei|iien ly „i'«leetiil bis work; a " general 
 strike with iiincli rioting ensues, Aiiir.-Weiit • 
 Ki-eat meeting at Paris to siipiiort the strike 7 
 hept. ; strikers snp|iorti'il by ilepiities of tliB 
 tiial" "'"'' ' -"^■'■'■"""■"' intervention iiieHec- 
 
 1! ^^iKiiation of the maniiiis ile Soliiges, nia'iiap.r of 
 Ihetarmaiixm s, reporteil . 14 Oct 
 
 Attack on the Kovernnient, respeetin- Canmuix, " 
 Ml the <'Iiaiiiber,ileli.ateil, ,8 Oct.; Tirbitralion 
 acee|,tiHl.2.0et.; .M. I.onbet, the premier, I,' 
 arbitrator, ileciiles that .M. Ciilvij-nac slionM Iw 
 leiiistateil as a workman with leave of absence 
 while mayor ; that all the strikers, except those 
 in prison tor violence, .-hoiilil be taken back, 
 anil that the manager, M. Hnmblot, .shoulil bo 
 reinstaleil, 26 Oct. ; this awa.,1 refectwl bv the 
 miners, 26-.270ct. ; work rcsnnieil bvaihioe s'Nov. , 
 cLitK "1^ t''« l>"'«'"»>iiatioii o'' the llrst reimblic " 
 othiT cm 's '"'"'' "' *'■'"''' ^'■™""' "'"' 
 
 Death of Ernest Kenan, .sciiolar' ami' pliil,"oph!!,\- " 
 apil 69, 2 Oct. ; state funeral . 'o,,i' 
 
 Hill reculatliiK the labour of women ami cliihlren " 
 ill factories (llrst iiitro.luce.1 in ,879, anil much 
 iliscii,s,seil), passiil . . . '" q^.. 
 
 AiiietjU boiler contniniiiK ilyiianiitc fonml near the " 
 door of the offices of the Carm.iux niiniiiK con,. 
 
 y ;1 
 
 ,s " 
 
 
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 III I 
 
 pany, in the Avenue de lOiicia, Piiris: when 
 eonveyeil hy the jioliee to an adjoininL' station, 
 explodes, kdling 6 persons, 8 Nov. ; M. Lonhet, 
 the premier, speaks at tlieir funeral . 1 1 Nov. iSq; 
 
 .iMiolition of duty on wine, beer, cider, and other 
 hyuieiiic" drinks, and an incicise of the siiirit 
 <liUiesndoptedliytheelianiljer(ljilli)a.ssed,2il>ec. 
 1892; by the .senate, 26. Inne, 1893I . 15 Nov. „ 
 
 Ueathofgen.de Kailly, aged 8., about . 15 Nov. ,, 
 
 Jean Pierre Kran(;ois, anarchist (a eouipauion of 
 Kavachol), in Lonchm, extradited to Paris 16 Nov. „ 
 
 Pres.s bill to eheok aiuirchieal publications : conll- 
 deuce in the ministry voted, (320 228), 18 Nov. : 
 the bill, much .softened, passeil . ,9 Nov. „ 
 
 Prosecution of the directors of the Panama canal 
 comimiiy, ,thkh .sir ... 25 Nov. H sm. „ 
 
 Ueath of cardinal Ijivigerie.ageil 67, near Algiers, 
 
 The Loubet ministry, oiiposing the exhumation of " 
 Jiaron .laciines Keinaeli, late director of the 
 laiiama company, defeated in the chamber (293- 
 
 ■95),. resigns ^^\l\.^ 
 
 The ministry reconstituted bv M. Ribot, s Dec. • 
 
 decoration and voteofconlldeiice(3o7-io4), 8 Dee. „ 
 ihe Panama committeo invested with iiulicial 
 
 powers •' ,j|,|. 
 
 The l«Ddy of baron J.-ieqiies Reinach ex'humeil for " 
 autop.sy at Nivillers, 11 Dec; natural death re- 
 
 Purted 28 Dee 
 
 Ju'iii I^emoinne, .journalist, long conneeteii " 
 with the JmuuHt ,lr^ liH,ats, aged 77, dies 15 Dec. „ 
 Duel between JI. Deroulede and Jl' Clenieuceaii, 
 
 „ "" "Uury 22 jjec 
 
 Tarilfw-iir with Switzerland, vhirh.ve, i Jan. <■! .mi. iSqq 
 Reconstruction of the ministry by M. Ribot (M de 
 ireyeiiietiiotiiicliidwl) . . ,\ j.,,, 
 
 Tlie Socialist iiiiion, ir/iirh m; started at Paris ' " 
 
 The new president, M. Casiinir-Perier, opeut the " 
 chamber .... 12 Jan 
 
 Foreign .iournalists ordered to be eipelled 'for " 
 writing against the Russian amba.s.sador, &c. 
 
 Centenary of the execution of Louis X\{. celebratoi " 
 
 ly Royalists and Jacobins. . . 2, ,lan 
 Uil to protect .savings banks against political " 
 
 alarms, passed ..." -, |,-,.|, 
 
 ^'- P";',"V","<='s motion for snstain'iug pmsecutiun " 
 
 / """a' e(nriiptioii, adopted by the cliainber 
 
 (446 (.')-3) 8 Keb 
 
 ireaty lor reciino.al trade with Canada, signed at " 
 
 Pans q Feb 
 
 AtUick on the ministry; conlldencevoteil (315-186) " 
 
 A Panama procession at the carnival at liasle'/i " 
 I'el). ; gives ollence in Prance, 21 Feb. ; apology 
 marie about ' ^^ |,.j;^ 
 
 JI. Jules Kerry ele<'ted president of the senate 2! " 
 heb. ; died, ageil nearly 61, 17 March; stjite 
 
 ^'"iieial 22Jlaicli 
 
 Death of H. A. Taiiie, philosopher and historian! " 
 aged 04 ... . .March 
 
 Great jmblic excitement at tile disclosures' I'o 11' " 
 -March; the ministry supjiorte,! by the eliamber 
 and senate (see under l;n„n„„) . " ,3, ,, March, „ 
 
 Farewell dinner to M. Waddingtou at the Mansion 
 liou.se, Loii.lcMi, 4 .March; his wife receives a 
 niHinorial gold pendant with gems, 17 March ; 
 they Iwive England . . . . ' a iMav 
 
 M.Challemel-Laconrelected president of the senate', " 
 
 Maiiift'sto of the coiiite d« Paris attackiugVlie'Rol " 
 public in relation to the Paiiainaallairs,23 March 
 .'■"' V^'",, ?'''"'"''■'<• " <ii-i-iNaii .junrnalist, expidle.l 
 or libelling Ernest Cariiot ; his family insulted 
 by a mob (for which tlie government apologised), 
 
 Resignation of the Ribot ministry through aiiiend'! " 
 iiients of the midget . . . 30 March, „ 
 M. Meliiie falls to form a cabinet . , 2 April 
 New niinistry: premier ami minister of inti'iior " 
 M. Dnpuy; foreign aimirs. M. Devell.- linanee, 
 M. Peytral : e<mri»Mv,., M. T.nier ; education : 
 
 M. Pomcare; justice, M. Cnei in ; agriculture 
 M. Viger; public works, M. Viette ; war, geii- 
 J.0IZ1II011 ; marine, adiu. Rieuiiier ; colonies, .M. 
 "'''<^'"*«« J April „ I 
 
 M. .Meissonier presents many of his paii,tiiii;s l.v 
 his will to the state, reported . . 1, .', 
 
 Artoii, an anarchist, is .senteucud to 20 M'.-ii. 'l,'., 
 laljour and 400,000 francs line, lor cojiiplicj'v ,, 
 frauds anil dynamite explosions . ..«.,,' 
 
 Unveiling of the statue 01 Theophraste Hit",i'i,|',,,' 
 the llrst Freneli .jounialisl, editor 'il l]w'i..,;ii 
 <!e Trillin; 30 .May, 1631 (still piiblislm, .)' ,! 
 Paris 4 Jim 
 
 Stjitue of U. F. Arago, philosopher, at Paris 1,',','' 
 veiled n'iin .' 
 
 Severe drought, the crops sutler . ' , ' "' 
 
 M. Millevoye, a Uouhingisl, licenses .M. ci, 
 and others of complicity in the p'iblii 
 the fw((i-(/(Mjf forged doeiinienls alh-,-, 
 been stolen from the iiritish embassy ; 
 stormy debate, the chamber passes iii tie. onl,.,- 
 of the .lay (389-4), 22 June ; .Norton, Inr for-,.,-, 
 sentenced to 3 years' imiiiisoiimi.nt ; :iin.|,7( j,! 
 I year - ^ .^u,, 
 
 M. Albert Decrais appointed ambassador at vi' 
 James's end of .lun',.' 
 
 Diiath of Due d'Uzes, chief of au expe.iitii.n iii 
 Portuguese Congo, reporttwl . . wJuiv 
 
 .M.^ Henri Guy de .Maupassant, eminent novelist' 
 
 ■bill 
 
 -Im-Iict 
 
 Mtiuii 
 
 il t'lliii 
 
 afl,.| 
 
 dies 
 
 (f Jlllv 
 
 1:93 
 
 Dispute with Siain (ic/iiVA sic). . Juni. ,],,\\- 
 The national fete passes iiuietly . . , ,' ,j„|y' 
 Letter from the [lope to the catholics, smeiciv 
 censuring malcontents, 3 Aug. ; publisluM, 
 
 Much suHering through wave of intense heat, ' "' 
 
 Conllicts between French and Italian salt.W(iiki.rs 
 
 at Aigues-.Mortes ; .see /("/;/, 16 Aug. it .»,.(. 
 Four French warships launched, at tSt. .Vaaiiiv 
 Nantes, Rrest, Cherbourg . . end or All-' 
 Destructive forest Hres in the country louiid ihmi, ' 
 
 de Marsaii (Landes) .... 23-28 Aii". 
 General election ; for governnient, 292 ; .sociaiists ' 
 187 ; " Riillied "(to republicanism), 35 ; inoiiaieie 
 ists, 58; M. ClemencejiuaudM. Flo(|uetieiiTtr<l • 
 many socialists, M. Rene Goblet, I: ler. '.■lirtLif 
 
 •"I'l'aris 20 Aug.-5.Sriit 
 
 The eoal-miners in the Pas de Calais, \c., .iVniaii.l ' 
 increase of wages ; leads to a strike of (ilient 
 
 42,000 men iBS..],t. 
 
 Strike ends by submission ... 4 .N'uv. ' 
 
 Visit of the Russian lleet to Toulon, \c. ;' ,s,.j ' 
 
 , Ji'i'ssi" 1 5-20' I let. 
 
 Death of marshal JlacMahon, aged 83 (lio'iiuriialils 
 and brave), 17 Met.; slate luiieral at tlie In. 
 
 valirtes; large att lance of govennie'iitollivials 
 
 foreign niinisters and troops . .•iiiiiday, 22lkt. 
 TheJiiuiriiiiil,iriii, battle-sbip, lannclied at Toiiluii, 
 
 27 (Jet. 
 Death of .M. Gounoil, musical comiioser, i3 Hot,' " 
 
 state funeral 27 Oct.' 
 
 Death of M. Tirard, ex-premier, aged about 66, " 
 
 4 .N'.iv. 
 The new chamber opens . . . 14 Xnv. 
 Did'erence between .M. Cariiot and the iiiini.stiy; ' 
 
 M. Dnpuy resigns, after a crisis . . 26 .N'liV. 
 New ministry :— (premier and fo.-eigu ollice) .M. 
 Casiniir-Perier, (linanee) M. liurdeaii, (interinr) 
 M. Rayiial, (education and iiublie worsliip) .M. 
 Hpnllia', (justice) .M. Antonin Dnliost, (wai)^™, 
 Mercier, (marine) vice-adm. Letevie, (piil.lic 
 works) .M. Jonnart, (commerce) .M. .Martv, (lyri- 
 
 culture) M. Viger ' j l),.c. ., 
 
 M. Dupuy elected president of the chaiid-r, 5 l)n'. „ 
 
 A bomb thrown at the inesideiit in the l-Ymcli 
 
 chamber during the debate, by Augn.ste Viiilliiiit, 
 
 ail anarchist, who was a])prelienili'd and eon- 
 
 fes.sinl; many iiyured, order maiiitaiiieil, 9 lice. „ 
 
 A restrictive press law in relation to anarchists 
 
 imssed by the chamber (413-63) . . 11 Dw. „ 
 Sympathetic iiies,sages from the Iiritish and otliw 
 goveriiments received by M. Dupuy 
 
 12 Dec. f'f.ie/. „ 
 The "RalliiHl" agree to call themsehes "liiile- 
 
 pendent republicans" . . almul u lice. ., 
 Nearly 2,01.0 doniieiliary visits on anaiciiists in 
 Paris and provinces; many arre.sts ami seizuiuof 
 
 exjilosives i Jan. ((,-11/. i:;4 
 
 Vnillant, when sentenciil to death, ciiwl eiit, 
 " Vive rAiiarchie," 10 Jan. ; executed , 4 IVIi. „ 
 
 psathofil. Will. Heiir, 
 
 Dill for the conversion 1 
 3J |)Br cent, imssed bj 
 
 JI, .Maurice Charnay .' 
 pHsijiiMieiit lor publ 
 solliit, ' inciting to m 
 
 (■)i(i«.-j/, aniioured eruisi 
 
 fli'uf rfc l''ii-h llrst I 
 Gjiiiilerax Long and IJ 
 
 Eiiiiln Henry, an aiiai 
 lomb into the cafe of 
 injiircil, 2 deaths . 
 
 Ai.otlier boiiib explosi 
 several injured, and a 
 
 liirreaseil pursuit and ai 
 
 .M, Jrtiii Grave sentence 
 
 aiul 11 line, for writiii 
 
 luiil "I'Aiiarchie" 
 Diit.v on corn, 7 f. pe 
 
 senate 
 Josejili Paawels killed 
 
 .Mailelcine 
 Tlieestublislinient of a c 
 
 tlie senate (225-32) 
 M. lliiiilaiiger created co 
 All ex)iliision of a bomb 1 
 
 several jicrsons injured 
 liii'lget iutrcMliiced ; del 
 
 tijiiversiiuii of the debt, 
 
 Eiiiile Henry, anarchist 
 vietel, 28 April ; execi 
 
 Niivv estimates, 277,0c 
 10,000,000 
 
 Fetes in honour of Joai 
 seiljes, &c. . 
 
 IW'eat of the ministry 
 niilienLs in relation to 
 men on state railways I 
 (251—217); resigned . 
 
 Xew ministry : premier, i 
 sliip, ,M. Oupuy; Just 
 .M. Puiiicare ; ednciaio 
 j:eti. .Mercier ; marine, '. 
 .\l. Delcnsse; public w. 
 iiierce, M. LonrLies ; 
 liireijjn, .M. Ilanotanx 
 
 The ministry declare a iin 
 
 .M. Casiinir-Perier elected 
 
 Discus.sioa in the chain b 
 treaty . . . ." 
 
 i,9oo.ooi)f. voted by the 
 ffireemetits . 
 
 Pivsiilent Cariiot warm 
 siaiilieil ill his carriage 
 liV Caserio .Santo HiiTOi 
 liies at 12.4s a.m. 
 
 rrofonnil emotion in the 1 
 at tlieiuiaouncenient 
 
 Peep expre.ssiiais of syin 
 t-'overiiiiieiit and nation 
 prince of Wales, and th 
 piesiilentof the United 
 Iwivers, transniitted . 
 
 JI. Oisiinir-Perier, presidei 
 im'siileiit of the repu 
 ciianilier 
 
 -Vitiunal state funeral of .\l 
 iiltei'scrvieeat.VotieDa 
 Casiinir-Perier, the luiii 
 tlie lefc'islatnre, &c. ; iin 
 tlie Kiirijiieaii ca]jitals 
 
 Hef liein and mass at the I 
 »|mire; the prince of \V, 
 .'^axe-t'olllll■g, and t'aiiib] 
 tlie iliplomatic body, 
 utliers, present . 
 
 M.Dinniyan.niis cabinet 
 1 July ; gazetted . 
 
 51. Biinleau elected presidi 
 
 374 imnlons granted by prt 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 467 
 
 FEANCE. 
 
 Death of M. Win. Henry WiuldinKtou, ngwl 67, 
 
 li Jnn. 1894 
 Dill for tlie conversion of tlin 4} per cent, rentes to 
 3} iwr cent, luwueil by tlie. senate . . 17 Jan. 
 Jl, .Maurice C'liarnay sentencecl to 6 years' ini- 
 pn<oniiieiit for iiiil)lisl:Mig "Le uatucliisine dii 
 soMat, ' incitiiii,' to mutiny . . 27 Jan. , 
 ihinny, aruiuiireil cruiser, lminclii!il at lJ(jr(leanx 
 
 24 Jan. ,, 
 
 jifiit lie I'liri-i first jmlilicatioii ; editors, M.M. 
 
 Cuiilmix LunKiinil Uarinesteler . , 2 Keli. 
 
 Eiiiiii) Henry, an anarcliist, a;,'ed 20, throws a 
 
 lioiiib into tlie cafO of the Teriiiinus liotel ; many 
 
 injiin-d, 2 deaths 12 Feb. ,, 
 
 ii.otlier IpiJiiili explosion in a ])rivate house ; 
 
 several injiiied, and a woman killed . 19 Fidj, „ 
 linrea-swl pursuit and arrests of anarchists 
 
 l''eb., March, „ 
 
 M. .Inm Grave sentenced to 2 years' imprison nt 
 
 anil a line, for writing "La societe monrante" 
 iiij(l"rAiiarcliie" .... 24 l-'eb. „ 
 Duty on corn, 7 f. per iinintal, passed by the 
 
 senate 27 Kidi. ,, 
 
 Jusepli Pauwels killed by his own bomb at the 
 
 Madeleine ,5 March, „ 
 
 Tlieestablislinient of II colonial ministry passed by 
 till- senate (225-32) . . . ." It) .March', 
 M. li'iiiiaiiis'er created coliiiii.'il minister, 21 .^larch, ,, 
 AiiPXplKsiou of a bomb at the cafe Foyot in I'i.ris ; 
 
 several persons injured . . . " . 4 April, „ 
 Uii'lget iutri»lnced ; deficit, 139,000,0001'., met Ijy 
 fouvension of the ilebt, iiicreaseil taxation, iVc. 
 
 16 April, 
 
 Eiiiile Henry, anarchist (,«• <ilinfe, 12 Fil,.) con- 
 
 victel, 28 April ; execnteil . . . 21 May, 
 
 Niivv estimates, 277,000,000 (issnoil), increase, 
 
 10,000,000 30 A|jril, 
 
 Fries in honour of Joan of Arc at Orleans, Mar- 
 
 -eilli'.s, &c 6-8 May, 
 
 IWeat of the ministry in the chamber by tlio 
 railioals in relation to the restraininj,' of work- 
 men on state railways from attending; a con^'ress 
 (251-217); resigned . . . . 23 Jlay, 
 New liiiuistry : pieinier, interior, ami public wor- 
 ship, .M. IJiipuy; Justice, M. Guerin ; finance, 
 .M. Poiiicai'e ; edncai,ion, .M. J. Ijevfjiies ; war 
 ;;en. Jlercier; marine, .M. Felix Faure ; eoioiiie.s', 
 .M, l)elca.s.se ; public works, .M. liarthoii ; com- 
 iiierre, M, Lourties ; a^'rieiilture, M. Vi^-ei- ; 
 liirei;,'!!, .M, Hauotanx ... 20 .Mav' 
 Tlieniiiiistry declare a moderate jiolicy - 31 May 
 M, Casiiiiir-Perier elected jiresidiuit of'tlie chamber 
 
 2 June 
 
 Discii.ssiou in the chamlHU- on the AliKlo-Behdaii 
 
 treaty .' . , . ^ j'^,„„ 
 
 i.9oo,ooiif, voted liy tliB senate for African ri'in- 
 
 „''":'-;''""'ii''' 12 June, 
 
 PivsKleiit Cariiot warmly received at I,.\-oiis • 
 stalihed in liis carriafie on liis way to the theatre 
 liv Ca.serio .Saiito Hieronymo, 9.30 p.m., 24 June • 
 
 (liVs at 12.4511,111 25 June,' 
 
 Frofomiil eiiiotiun in the senate and tlio cliamber 
 at the annuunceinent ... 26 .June 
 lleep expre.ssions of sympathy with the Frencll 
 -"venuiieiitaud nation from iineeii Victoria the 
 I'luireof Wales, ami the parllaiiieut ; from' the 
 ]iiesiilentof the United States, and the Kuropeaii 
 iwwers, transniitle.l . . . 25 June ,./ .sc-/. 
 
 .M,Oisiiiiir-Perier, ijresiilent of the cliamber, elected 
 presi.ent of the republic by the .senate and 
 
 eiiaii)l)er 
 
 27 June, 
 
 Nutwiial state funeral of M. Cariiot at the Pan tlieoii 
 afterservice atXotre Dame. Pivsent : president 
 Casiiiiir.Perier, the ministry, iliplomatic body 
 tie wslatiire, \-c. ; memorial services lield in 
 tlie tiiroiieaii capitals . . . i July 
 
 lief lieiii and nia.ss at the French cliapel, Leicester- 
 sfiare ; the prince of Wales, the Uiikes of York 
 .saxe-to mi).', aud Canibri.lKe, the ininistrv nnii 
 tie iliploinatie bo<ly, caiilinal Vaiwlian" and 
 otliera, present 2 July 
 
 '■'■, 'liiiv •"' ""'' '!'",<'''''""••' •■■Sn-'C to roiniiin in ,',llice' 
 1 July; Kiizptted , . T. 1 
 
 Jl, Bnnleau elected president of the cliamber 
 
 [ 374 poploiiD granted by president Casimir-Peihl'i'*' 
 
 .li,.iy 
 
 New anti-anarchist bill piussed by the chamber, 26 
 
 July ; by the senate , . . 27 July 
 
 (cnMiMronclad launched at Tonhm . 12J11IV,' 
 
 Joseph Constant .Meiiiiicr arrested in I.ondim ; e'x- 
 
 traditiHl to Paris, „ May ; sentenced to 20 years 
 
 penal ser\ iinde for coinplicitv in blowiiiK up tlie 
 
 Very restanrant, 25 April, ,802, &c. 27 July, 
 
 Chamber prorogued . . .' ' 28 July- 
 
 Hocialist-Uadical manifesto . ." -.oJury' 
 
 Caseno condemned, 3 Aug. ; executed at Ly.ms ' ' 
 
 Three anarchists sentenced to imprisoniiient ; 22 
 aciimttwl _ ,, ^1,,, 
 
 Execution of the abbe lirnneaii at Laval for the 
 murder of thiNibbii Fricot . . . 30 Auy 
 
 Death of the comte ile Paris at Stowe, Bucks 
 
 Fire ill the suburbs and adiniiiiiiL' 
 Cannes 
 
 1894 
 
 8 Sept. 
 forest near 
 
 T, - ,, • 10-12. Sept. 
 
 Uaioii de Coiircel succeeds .M. Ueciais as ambassa- 
 dor 111 London j^, fji.pt,. 
 
 65,000,000!', voted, Ac, for the MadaL'a,scar ex- 
 peilition (26 .\o\-.), by the senate . 6 Dec. 
 
 Ferdinand de Lcsseps, born 19 Nov., 1805; died 
 
 Death of M. Aii^iimte Hiii-deau ; aKeil 42 ; president' 
 Id the chamlier of deputies, ol lowlv origin, self- 
 educated, an iMiiinent piolessor, able statesman 
 .indaloveruf KiiKland, 12 Dec; sUte funeral 
 
 at Paris 
 
 16 Dec. 
 
 M. Urisson elected president of tlie chamber 
 
 r< i .,, , ., '8 Dee. 
 
 Capt. Alfred Dreylns arrested 14 Oct, (trial within 
 closed doors), cimvicted (d'deliverinKto a foreign 
 power in 1894 documents connected with the 
 defence of France ; sentenced to perpetual iiii- 
 orisonn t in a fortre.ss ... 23 Dec. 
 
 Uesinnation of M. Diipiiy's ministry tlirouKh aii 
 adverse vote in the chamber . . 14 , Ian 
 
 KesiKiiation of luesident Casimir-Perier . 15 Jan. 
 Ill his letter to the senate and deputies he com- 
 plains of the opiiosjtion to law and order, and 
 ' campaign of slander and insult." 
 
 His resignation generally censured . ,6 Jan. 
 
 -M. Felix Fanre, minister ol marine in the Dupuy 
 cabinet, long deputy for Havre, a firm moderate ; 
 elected pri'sideiit of the republic by 430 votes iu 
 the convention, against 361 for M. liri.sson 
 
 »r 11 , , 1 7. Ian. 
 
 M. Jlonrgeois falls to form a "coneentration" 
 
 .'■"Wnet ja„_ 
 
 A ministry formed by M. Vibot(llnaiice) ; (interior) 
 M. Leygnes ; (.justice) .M. Trarieux ; (foreign 
 atlairs) M. Haiiotaux ; (war) gen. Zurlinden ; 
 (marine) .M. Combes ; (public instruction) M. 
 Pomcare ; (public works) M. Diipiiy-Dutemps ; 
 (eommercel M. AndrO I.ebon ; (agriculture) M. 
 Uadauil ; (colonics) M. Cliautem]js . 26 Jan. 
 The amnesty bill jias.sed by the chamber . 28 Jan. 
 Death of marslial Caiirobert, aged 86; much re- 
 spected in England; originally a private; of 
 great courage ; served in Algeria, Italy, Crimea, 
 and the Franco-Prussian war, 28 .Fan. ; buried in 
 
 tlie Iiivalides 
 Ueturii of Henri Kochefort 
 
 "89s 
 
 3 Feb. 
 six years an exile 
 
 Count Tornielli, Italian ambassador, well received 
 nt Paris ,3 {.•„{,. 
 
 M. lliiipolyfe Percher, " Harry Alls," killed inn 
 duel near Paris by M. le Cliatelier, see Vy/i/pf 
 
 mi ' -March, 
 
 The army estimates voted . , . 9 Marcli, 
 
 M. Hanotaux's imxlerate speech in the senate re- 
 specliiig English iiitluence in Africa . 5 April, 
 
 Budget amended by the senate passed 13 April, 
 
 Tour of iiresident Fame; waiiidv received on 
 boar.l H..M,S. Au.-.lriili,t, 19 April; friendly de- 
 inonstrations at Havre . . ,g, 20 April 
 
 Bursting of a dam on the Eastern canal at Bousey 
 in the Vosges ; two villages, and bridges swept 
 away, no deaths; estimated damaf; > above 
 so.ooo.ooof. ..... I- April 
 
 E.vliibition of luemorials and relics of tl 3 'revolu- 
 tion and empire ojieiied at Paris . . 30 April, 
 
 The abbe Paul de Hroglie, a benevol. nt priest, 
 
 brother of the due de Hroglie, murdered in Paris 
 
 . by Maxence Amelot, a lunatic . . 11 May 
 
 I Public expenditure reduced by 12,000,00 if., 11 May 
 
 : 'miM 
 
 M 
 
 •*' L^M 
 
 
 15- 
 
 ' ~i 
 
 I'm 
 
''9*«i^H. . 
 
 'ti'iiiii.. I 
 P7hfltS 
 
 li M 
 
 
 •it' 
 
 P vi^;i 
 
 IH 
 
 H ^^' *' 
 
 } ' 
 
 !'■ 
 
 
 Wy . 
 
 
 % 
 
 Wl^un'f^- 
 
 mn 
 
 I «J i * 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 458 
 
 Pif^. K,iuie(leeomt«l with tli.'onlerofSt. Aii.liew 
 
 by onlcr of tlii' czjir . . . ,7 Jim,. 
 
 An Epptian coimnitti'Bforme.l, xee t:,,iml. 18 June' 
 
 >;» val ,„„,„i.„vi-e« at Tonl„n . . , Jiilv fiZ' 
 
 'hlcTease.l''^*'''''''!''- ''"'"'' ''"''''""'' "" ''''-'"'i 
 JlW,,,,, lirs't-cIa«H iroiicla.1, launched ■ttt''"8t.' 
 
 i-^iliwIlM-, , Til 
 
 Meetings ;>f the clei'Ky aiahis't tlie monastic' tax,' 
 
 Uftolaroil illegal . . i, ■ ' 
 
 Explosive Later sent to Imron Alphonse (le Roth- 
 
 ko t/ at the biink in Paris, who was niii.li 
 
 nomed, 24 All}?. ; fruitless arrests . 26 An" 
 
 Strike in the works of the Carnianx conipany"ii 
 
 glassworks, July ; lock-out, 6 Aug.; works ie- 
 
 fi's«Tl.v'\M, '"""'"•• "^ Aug. ; arbitration re- 
 tiiseil by M. Uessegnier, director of the (inn, 
 4 Nov. ; end of strike by surrender . 22 X(,v 
 I "f'l'', ■■',"?'' ','''' ""f "plo.le, thrown at the 
 KotlKschiUl liauk at Paris by Leon Boiiteilhe, an 
 Biiarcliist, s Sept. ; he is sentenee,! to 3 y«us' i " 
 prisonnient . . -.fiw ,1 
 
 Visit of tlie lord mayor to Paris, e'sept. ; ivc, ivvd 
 l>y president Kaure . , 7-16 Sent 
 
 JI. Louis Pasteur, chemist, pliysieist, and biolo- 
 
 fiim'.rar''" .^' '^" ' '"'"' ^^ '*''''^: ' •"""'' 
 
 Chiirlnimjnr, battlesliip, hmuclled a't IJrest,'*'"'" ' 
 
 Treaty of [mice with the Ilovas, see M,ul'J„2c,u- ' 
 
 SI. Ediuond Jlagiiier, senator of Un: Var <lI.TOrt'. ' 
 
 cmT,',f "m"'";"' *° """ J'"'"'^ imprisoument for 
 corrupt oltieial pi-iietiees . ,„ oet- 
 
 Centenary of the establishment of tin' Institute of ' 
 
 trance ; nieetiug of the 5 academies at the So". 
 
 bonne ; foreign savants present . . 24 Oet 
 
 Del)ate on the Cannanx .strike in the c li.nuber • ' 
 
 ,fe"?^''"'" tiuajority . . .24' 26 Oct' 
 
 Kesignation of tlie Kibot ministry thi-oiigh a vote " 
 
 of ceiisur,. relating to a railway scandalCan-jro) 
 
 ^'wi'l""'''V,"''^' ^■'■'■™ "•'"' '■'"• «'" "i»>'l''>'of' lii^ " 
 
 A f n R«^ "»':',".'""• "yi'l'"l.Vte Menahlo.age,! 
 
 14 0" 1885), 28 Oct. ; acquitti'il . ,'v,,,. 
 
 Hiiahiii,. and Holabola, two islaii.ls in the S. I'acifir " 
 
 annexed liy I'raiice . . ,> .' 
 
 ^e^v cabinet (radical but pacific) :" premier and " 
 
 minister of interior, M. Bourgeois; tinaiieeM 
 
 marine'' \V"' ™'u^'- "''"'"'d ^""•' •^'- Caval^i'iac ; 
 p ' ■ ,V.'«'<'"y; I'i'blii: instruction, M 
 
 Combes; public works, M. Gnvot - De.ssai 'lie • 
 commerce, M . Mesureur ; colonies .M P ui 
 
 ter's-i.'^r'"" ""■""■■•'• "• "••■'■"""'^^: "«'■'"•"■ 
 
 A panic on tin. H„iii-se in" Pari;, ,lue to specn'latkm' " 
 aveitalbyM. .M. Hothschihl and others, gN™ 
 
 im.le Arton „/;,« Baron, ..:..nteiiced (in absence) " 
 to 2o yairs |)enal servitude in connection with 
 the Panaiua sc,-,ndals, Ac. ; arrest«l in London. 
 16 .Nov. ; extradition ordered, 6 Uee. ; .sentenced 
 T„i,.'*"'' oT"" "'iprisonment and fine, ,□ 
 J»i.\, 1896; sentence (|Uashed on technical 
 groimds on appeal, 6 Aug. ; sentenced toB yS 
 imprisonment, 6 Nov. i8g6. 
 
 „lM.r''.M"i'''"''' •l'","'-"""i"'. stJitesman, |,l,iloso. 
 pier aiMl savant, born ,, Aug. ,80, ; ,lied,24 Xov. 
 
 bonr""','''V '"":'■'■'' ('''■•*>• '''■""atist an.l n'ot.'list " 
 boriag July, ,824; died . . . 27 Nov 
 
 A inwlerate budget finallv passeil . . Jo',"„: " 
 
 PnblicationofXo. , of the" N tec, Hnndied ■' " 
 
 I OlniUH exhibition of igor, . . , l,„| 
 
 Meeting of the senate and chamber . . ,4 ,j , 
 M. Loiibet elected president of the senate ,6 . ' 
 M. Floquet born ,828 ; die,l . . . g j! „ 
 
 The cabinet censure,! by a vote of the senate t'r 
 
 by the chamber . . . ii Feb 
 
 M. Ambroise Thomas, musical 'composer, borii 
 .S Aug. ,8,, ; died ,2 Feb. i8g6. .Si.e (inrm. 
 Ri^i'lvV. "''"; """I"''-. M- Homgeois supports M. 
 Kicanl ; confidence !n the ministry (309-185) 
 
 The senate by a firm declaration, 'niaintifi^K 'its 
 
 1 iglils and witlhiraws from the cmiHict 21 Keb 
 
 ilie governnieiit inconie.tiix replacing the housed 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 tax^passedby thBclianiber(5 days del.,,,,.n,3, 
 
 Resignation of'jl. 'Berthelot; duties assmi!'','',''' 
 M. Bourgeois, 29 March ; .M. .Sarrieii 1, ,7 ''>' 
 interior, 30 .March; coliftdenir ,'t ,'. ''"''''. "^ 
 policy votHi In the chamber .1 '';"*'"" 
 
 The senate votes no conlldence iu'tli/iMii^i'T'' 
 (whodeteriiiine to retain office), 3 A lil ■ T^ 
 fuses the vote o„ the .Mailagasciir c ■ l{; i"',?'- 
 present niiiiistrv(i7i-go) ' "-'""IM, tli.. 
 
 Jean JJai.tiste Leon Say, eiuin..nt '^,^^ll 
 
 K?^ 
 
 M 
 
 economist, bom 1826 ; 
 funeral 
 
 diisl 
 
 Api-^ 
 
 piiMic 
 .! April, 
 
 il IMII. 
 
 ■Ian, 
 
 "Mies. 
 
 M. Bourgeois and'his ininlstrv r'esi.n,' w,ti, . 
 caf;n:!,i^'^''='''"^''''"''''''''^'''^''-M;,;U 
 
 New cabinet (nioilerate) : pren'iier .ind inintn.r"^ 
 
 gneulture, M. Meline ; justice S, ""^ 
 
 oieigu aflidrs, M. Hanotaiii ; inteVio r M ll!'' 
 
 10.; finance, M. fjeorges Coelierv '„. ■. ,! Z 
 
 1 illot ; iiianne, adin. liesnard ; i.nh !,■ '. ' 
 
 tion, M. A. li„,i,l„,„d (resi.o .d \ '"- 
 
 I il. Andre Lebon ; public works, M. Tiiir,. 
 
 Proposeil revision of the constitution reie,',;?!";''' 
 
 the clmniber and .senate ^ '""» ".I'U.d l,y 
 
 I Diirereiiees between the dnke of OrlMa'ns ''o, i''o'' 
 
 - ■■".valist committee, which disappi v. '"' 
 
 I i;!s'K!.,"y^;!;r"":'^— ''^'„;;.Lu;:,:- 
 
 i I'liblic demonstrations in honour of the e?-.,!'''^'"''' 
 j nation . . ' ''-" " lunj- 
 
 ! Bill for the annexatiou o'f Ma'dagu'scar ^iM,i'?,'^'",-' 
 I pendent islands propose.1 by M. H.lnoui.f ''"■ 
 
 Lord niifferin's brilliant fete to tt „, ^° "">' 
 
 I 3 Jniie : leaves Krawe "" ^"'"'"""■xU 
 
 I IJeathof M. Jule. Himou, philo.soidier 'and'?,; i','.',':'' 
 
 ; throi.ist aged 82, 8 Jniie; state fine, '''■ 
 
 The chamber imirogued 'j'Hmh, 
 
 National fete ; the president fired at' by a 'in'',"!'-'. ' 
 
 "mlvei;:;! '" r"- f""'"' "' thaions-s,,;^,^;;'^;; ■ 
 
 Sir Edniiiiid Moiison" appointed British niiiM;!,'.',:': ' 
 about i3 AiigiLst ; received . """ ' • 
 
 The hrnrst JUnin new roller shin (si'e st,'o ' 
 launched at St. Denis '^ '"'")■ 
 
 The .«. I.0HU battleship, laun'clied' at l',,ai,',',t' ' 
 
 i .Si'iit. 
 Oct. 
 
 -■••|it. 
 
 ct. 
 
 .'Il,-t, 
 ntict. 
 
 all ilUrl 
 
 26 (Iff. 
 V I let. 
 
 (Janlnh battleship, lannched at Brest 
 
 • ireat vintage, refiorted 
 
 State \isit of the czar and czarina 
 
 loo.ooof. to charities; 402 criiniiepi 
 
 see lliixsia ... 
 Meath of gen. Trochii, .see'abov'e, is'jo-, 
 I he kiugof Oreece received bv .M Kiiuie 
 Death of M. Challemel.Lac'our, st;itesii 
 
 scholar, ageil 69 . . 
 
 The chamber and .senate iiiee't . ' ' „,,,., 
 
 "boni .^':;':/;d """"'' """'"■"' .'•"-ti,iJ,„i^l: 
 
 M. Loubet opens the senate, ^vith 'ai. „I|','| ,',',';;;; 
 
 M Brisson opens the chamberof deputies '.I'jal!' 
 
 ■ ...n '"""'''■■''•;■ !;!!*""■'' "' theehainheiVi;; 
 forcements sent to Crete . . ,- \f„,^ 
 An M.S ,)f Louis Philipp,. showing his ..-f.,,!.'' 
 siou to«,p,tal punishment (co,,se,|Ue„ths..|„; 
 carne, out), read to the Kreueh A ■ade n. 1, 
 son, the ) lie d'Aumale, ,8 Jlarcli ; /i 1 ' U 
 
 r'Jl?^V''r'<'''; ''''•.^''9>'""'''''''<ti'"t'l''t>» ' 
 1 trust lor the h-r,.iicli nation, tlie cli.it ,, 
 Chaiitilly, 2^ mi. N. of Paris, ^ith its iv 
 est^ite, Coiide musenni, and valuable art ool ,.,.. 
 tioiis] ; see Orleans . . 1 I, 
 
 Calamitous fire: see /'(Tm- ' ' °y'')' 
 
 M. Gemnit Hichard, .s,H-iali.st, Jxpelied fr,™ ,11',; 
 chamber for .li.sonlerly comluet . - „ ' 
 
 PresFaiin. invited by the czar to liussia, 27 Ji,.' 
 M^ H..iiri Meilhac, jiopular dramatist, ,li,.,l, ,i^.,.,i 
 
 Duel between priiice 'HeiirV of' ()rl,.ai,s ,mul;. 
 ouiit of Turin; see /^o/,/ . ,.\]"' 
 
 'nri-J'""'^ uT'V'"'|. ''> "'" *•■=""■ "t Croiistailt; 
 .'„'■" f •"t."'-'"''. =3 Aug. ; leaves, 26 Aug. 
 returns to Pans . .31 Aug 
 
 FE 
 
 I foiico-Hu.sslan alliance 1 
 
 IliP sovereigns of Belgli 
 
 .siaiii, at Paris 
 
 I flic chambers reassemble 
 
 Excitement about the ci 
 
 nfc.ir, Deo. 1894) 
 
 I f,„nTniiieiit imiuiry insti 
 
 )i, Parian, niiiiister of ji 
 
 ,|iifiice of a (|iialitied ' 
 
 siicceeileil by M. Millar 
 
 I li!iiif.s on wine, beer, and 
 
 Ivbates in the chamber 
 
 B,iroii Molirenheiiii, Rn.s.s 
 siiccefdwl by prince Un 
 
 Criiiiiiml investigations b 
 (|ias3f<l by the senate 
 
 ?l, .\llilionsp Daudet, novel 
 
 1 ( llision liptween two exiir 
 
 lioiissilloii (Paris and 
 
 Lota, professor at St. Cy 
 
 Bloiiet killed ; 15 iujure'i 
 
 [ f.unt E-sterlinzy tried by c 
 
 .3jaii.,anilac(fnitted 
 
 I L'ttcrtotlie president froti 
 
 (Irnoinicing the couvicti 
 
 tlie strength of a singl( 
 
 Ippt secret, as illegal ; 
 
 a;ainst jiens. Mercier, 13 
 
 aii'i others ; and assertlu 
 
 martial to have kiiuwiii 
 
 man .... 
 
 I ViiJMit scene in the chanil 
 
 III' Preyfiis ease, sitting 1 
 
 I D.-iIai"ations of tliegovernni 
 
 iissioii ill tliecliaiiiber, at 
 
 [ H'Tr von IJulinv, foreign st 
 
 rHchstiig at Berlin, that 
 
 liny relations between ex- 
 
 (ipnnaii representative, 2 
 
 tlie .same 
 
 I Dr. Pean, eminent surgeon, 
 
 national hospital, born, 18 
 
 I )l. Zola ami M. Perreux (jinl 
 
 15 ilays' trial, for defamat 
 
 tlip Esterliazy coiirt-martii 
 
 >p-iiteiice, viiiximvin: M. 
 
 Perreu.v, 4 inontlis' impri 
 
 fine eacli (nHic,«, 24 Feb. 18 
 
 I liiterpeil.itioii in the ehanibe 
 
 sii|>portiHl ; " DLsciiiliuary ; 
 
 by .M. Meline 24 Feb. ; Col 
 
 Iiuiiislipil for iiiterventiou 
 
 Ifi'iifkf. French liner, lost 
 
 footnote: /.(( JhiityniiDp^ Pi 
 
 -MiDESDA . .' ' . 
 
 I Prince I'rn.ssolf, Hiissian am 
 
 the president . 
 I Lcise of a bay S.E. coast, & 
 
 S .April : Kwang-chan-wan 1 
 I M. Jules Marco, eniineiit gee 
 j liieii, li^'Pd 74 . . 
 |C«ieial elections; govern mi 
 
 S May ; the clianiber meet! 
 
 resisns 15 June ; M. Briss 
 
 2i June; thecliaiiibers niee 
 [See Tomivln am. 
 
 SoVEUKIONS 01 
 MEHOVINOIA! 
 
 Phanimond (his existencf 
 1 4i3. Clodion the Bairj. ; his si 
 I Salie Franks. 
 
 I «;■ Menivieus, or .Merovee ; s 
 I <5S. Cliililerie ; son of Memvoi 
 1 431. Clovia the Gn'at, his son, 
 narehy. His four sons 
 IS". Chilileliert ; Paris. 
 Clodoniir ; Orleans. 
 Tliieriy ; Metz ; and 
 , .. Clotaire : SnissoiLs 
 li<4.'nieodebert; Metz. 
 I SJS. Tlieodeliald ; succeeded in 
 1 5)». Uiitairc I. ; sole niler U 
 I „ilom divided between fo 
 jsSi.Chanbert, ruled at Paris 
 
m 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 459 
 
 [■niico-KiiAsInn Bllinnce conllriiied , Aiik 
 
 I xiif sovereit;ii» of Uelj;iiiiii, Mervia, Bulgaria, ami 
 
 Siaiii, at I'aris g q^^ 
 
 yiirchJmbers rcaNKi'iiible . , _ ig Oct' 
 
 Excitenw'it atmut tlie case of capt. Dreyfus (see 
 
 (,Ui, Dec. 1894) ■• 
 
 (,„vmiiiieiit ini|iiiry liistitiitrMl . , ,5 j^^,, 
 
 I )|. Parian, minister of justice, resigns, in coiisel 
 
 ,|iieiice of a iiualitled vote of censure, i iJec ■ 
 
 siiccceiled by M. Millanl . . . 2 u^c' 
 
 Imlies on wini;, beer, ami ciiler rediiceil , D^c 
 
 ! [wliates in the chamber on the Dreyfus affair', 
 
 [ Baron Molirenheini, Russian ainbassador.^re^siL'ns' 
 sucfefded by prince Urussoff . . ' jj^j.' 
 
 I fniiiinal investiKatiuns bill, an important reform 
 (lassed Ijy the senate, Nov.;, becoin"s law, 
 
 M..41|ilionseDandet, novelist, died, aged 57, 16 Dec' 
 I tJfcio" lietwemi two express trains, uenrPeaL'e-de- 
 ' llDiissiilon (Paris and JIarseilles line) cant 
 I.Ota, professor at St. Cyr, M. Athelin and cant' 
 liloiietlcilled; 15 injured . . _ 24 Dec' 
 I o.iiint Esterlmzy tried by court martial for treason' 
 
 loJan., and acquitted . . . u ,/an' i 
 [ L'ltertothc president from M. Zola in the Avrore' 
 lirnonncini,' the conviction of capt. Drevfns on' 
 tlip strenjith of a single document which was 
 k,.|it secret, as illegal; and bringing charges 
 a;airi.<t )!ens. Jlercier, Billot (minister of war) 
 ami others ; and asserting the Ksterhazy court 
 martial to have knowingly actiuitted li guilty 
 
 siaii 11, /an 
 
 I ViJpiit scene in the chamber on the discussion of '' 
 
 III* Dreyfus rase, sitting closed . 22 Jan 
 
 I Dnlarations of thegovernment against further dis- " 
 
 iiission in thechaniber,adopteil, 376-133 a. Jan 
 I H-rr von Buluiv, foreign secretary, asserts in the " 
 mclistag at Berlin, that there never had been 
 any relations between ex-cajit. Drei-fns and nnv 
 l.^riiian representativi;, 24 Jan. ; Italy declares 
 
 , lli'sa'"" 3, ,Tan' 
 
 Dr. Pean, eminent surgeon, founder of the Inter' " 
 I tiational hospital, born, 1830, died 20 Fan 
 
 I )i. Zola and 51. I'errenx (imblisher of the Avrorr) " 
 i; ilays' trial, for defamation, with reference to 
 tlip Ksterlnuy court-martial (see ahinv, 13 Jan )• 
 wiiteiice, miirimnn: M. Zola, i yi.jir "and jl 
 Pprreux, 4 months' imprisonment', and ■> oo^r' 
 tine each (nwif,?, 24 Feb. 1898) . . 7-23'Feli' 
 I Iiilerpellation in the chamber, governiMent liin'elv " 
 siipporteil ; " Disciplinary measures " introduceil 
 by>l Meluie24 Feb. ; Col. l'ic(|uart and others 
 imnLshed for intervention . 2? Feb 
 
 |Rrfta(. French liner, lost 16 Feb.; se'e WrerLi " 
 footnote; ;.(iy;m()y,n(/iif, French liner, lost • see 
 
 I Aldesda ' ; ■. '- 
 
 I Prince L'nissolf, Russian ambassador, receive.1 bv " 
 I the president .... jo p [| 
 
 Lease of a bay S.E. coast, A-c, gran'ted by Chin.i " 
 1,1';','" i.^"""*-'''^'."'"-"'"" 0"<'"l'ied . ia April 
 I Jl, (lies .Marco, eniment geologist and explorer " 
 
 lieil, iVed74 .... 18 Anri 
 
 ICiietai elections; government nft mnjoritv (4)' " 
 SMay; the chamber meets , June ; 'M. Meline 
 reswis ,5 June; M. Hrisson forms a cabinet 
 2iJniie; the clnunbers meet . . 30 Jmu' 
 
 [See Tomiiiln and Addenda.] ' " 
 
 Sovereigns op France. 
 
 MEROVINOIAN RACE. 
 
 Phanimnnd (his existence doubtful! 
 
 "Sal™ Franks,'"^' ' '"' *""'^"""'" ""'' = ''">8 "' "'« 
 Merevieus, or Merovec ; son-in-law of Clodion 
 Ciiililene ; son of Memvec ^'""Jioii. 
 
 Clevis the Gmit, his son, real founder of the mo- 
 
 "adLiS^^IJ^ir"^*"^-'''^^ "'-"■'- = 
 
 CImlomir ; Orleans. 
 
 Tliieriy ; Metz ; anil 
 
 Clotaire ; .Snissons 
 Thenileliert ; Metz. 
 Tlieoilelwld ; succeeded in Met7 
 Clotaire I. ; sole ruler. Upon his death the kintr 
 donuUvideil between four sons: viz ^' 
 
 Clianbert, ruled at Paris. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 1897 
 
 
 674. 
 691. 
 
 561. Gontram, in Orhvins and Uurgumly" 
 
 :: l?^"^H:is:::ns:""4X,bxi'""'»''''^- 
 
 575. Childebert II. ' rituiynui. 
 
 584. Clotaire II. ; Hois.sons 
 
 r^hiSil^r'^^^i!;""^"^'^-""^--- 
 
 til ^'"'"i'''''-: liecame sole king. 
 
 »"«"''<■'. Itlie Great, son of Clotaire II. ; divldeO. 
 6,8 PI, i Vi*',','"" '"'*»■'•'■" •"« two sons : "'""«'* 
 638. Clovis II Burgundy and Ncustria. 
 .. Sgebert II., AustriLsia. 
 656. th.taire III., son of clovis II. 
 
 '°' ,',ne;rn;.nlv- ""'".■*'"-■ "««"««inated, with hi* 
 Thim I ir''"'*!'*-'''''"*'"^ 
 I), , n ,1 i • "'"■•-''"I'l.V mid Neustriii. 
 
 sTna;;.,l 'fijo.'""' "' "'«^""-'' •" '^'■-t'"""'^ «'""'«- 
 Clovis III. ('iVpin, mayor of the palace.rules in his. 
 I a lie ; succeeded by his broth .1) '"* 
 
 695- Childebert III., the Just ; I'epin sumeme 
 III J^.'f;"'"'" '!'■' •"'■• "f Cllildebert ' ■ 
 
 ' '■ th.r,";i„Ve' """™'-" '" ^'""'"'■■■^ *"'■•*"'• '""y^r of 
 ^'^' '"Mart;/y■•,;'^';'™■"'■'' ""«"'• "^-^-'l I'V Chane* 
 
 ''°- '''n!:;:;;;^;':,.^:;::;:;'^'.""""'^ "«"--■' ^les at 
 
 " '^^nJ/iJ''v T' "♦' ""«"'»■■•* III., aunmmed ,le- 
 t /to died in 73,. Charles .Ma.'tel now nlns 
 
 III rnl'iT'*'"".';'; "" *'"' ''™t'' "f CharlesMartel in ,4, 
 ■• Htui id '„;,•'''"''' ^'I'l^^ "■■ «•>"'«>' "the. 
 
 M, , ■ „V"""!',"""""' ' ^'l'"'' tlK^soiisof Charle* 
 Mattel, share the goveinment. '-"'"■e* 
 
 . THE CAUI.OVINOIANS. 
 
 ';:!;^:::.!^,^'h!:trsi^''"''-^'-''^''«'-- 
 
 Charles" ,"''™'/y""- "«'>^') "■"'• Carloman- 
 
 C in.les crowned Kmleror .,k the West, by' 
 
 814 Lou si /r /,^' *-"!'""""' '■'■iK'i'^'l '>»t three years 
 »i4. IjOHisl. IrMmnmnn: Kmi'Ehor ; dethrimed but 
 
 restored to his doi i„ns. ^tt"i""ea, imt 
 
 840. Charles surnamed the liahl. Kino; Emperor in 
 
 ;;;j;x^^dj^ji-r;-^,i.;d-.--^ 
 
 '''■ "clSel'/fi./?,i;;;,^; " —■-'. '" l'"^"^iee to 
 887. Elides, or Hugh, count of Paris. 
 
 ' die,? in"-, ^"'' '^:>' *'"■' «""I''-: 'l'"l'"sed, ami 
 <lie,l in ]irisou n 020- be iimi-i-i..,! t?! ■ 
 
 daughter l,f Ed. ,.,,1 Tl?e' EhhT 'o "e gl '^ f "jf; 
 
 whom he ha,l a son, King Louis IV '^'"''"'""- ^'J" 
 
 Clia ries kill.M h ni in battle. //,;,„„„. """""' • 
 Ri ,1,111 or Raoul ,luke of Burgundy ; ele,te,l kirn, 
 
 vim-er'';,;s^'"'«"' '^' '■'« »-^'-'^- 
 
 936. Louis IV. ,ro„Uanc,; or Transmarine (from IinvinL. 
 been conve.ved by his mother into EiLd , ) «, ,*; 
 nc, T M'''''1''.''^''(''''\'):''"''n.vafnllfr,,n isW^^^ 
 
 ..a.Lis'nri;^-;s^-07*i:,d™^ 
 
 THE CAPETS. 
 
 987. HughCnpet.theGreat, count of Paris &c el,l,.s(- 
 sou of Hugh the Abbot, 3J"lv;he seiies the 
 (•;own. in pr,..iudice to Charles of L rrai le urn ,!' 
 o Louis Transmarine. From him s race ^^ 
 .^i.it'U'oct"'^'' ^""^■^•"'«""'» "■"' Capetia„s.'™Hr 
 996. Rola^rt II., sunianied the Sage ; son; ,lied lamented, 
 io3r. Henry I.', son : die,] ,^ Au" 
 
 1060. Philip I. tlie Fair, rAmn„m,x; son; succeeded a^ 
 8 years of age; rule,] at ,4; lie,] 3 A g "* "* 
 
 922. 
 923- 
 
ill 
 
 PKANCE. 
 
 4G() 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 ai37. L()um\l| : snn ; snriiai I the Y.mnn, t„ ,li«tin. 
 
 KUisli IjIiii finni |,is tatliiT, witli Hlimii iRTi-ii-iiwl 
 
 il80. Plllll|, II. (AlWlst.ls); sum; SILMTCIS at IS- 
 
 crtiwiic4 at Itliciiiis in his fatliiTs lifufinii.; Uiud 
 
 1223. I,,M,i.s Vljr, rn;,r,l,- r.i,,,,: sm,: ,li..,I 8 X„v. 
 
 i2s6. i>";||.s I.\,:sr„: n,il,.,l St. l.„„is;as,...ml,.,ltl,o 
 tliii'iic' at 15, uii.liT tlic ^'iianliansliip uf Ins 
 miitlici;. wlin WMsalsdi-oKcnt; dii-il in \m raniii 
 
 llcllMV I'llljis, Amk. 
 
 "'"' "eo',./"' ""' ■""'''*'■' """• ••''-■'' "' rnpi^'nan, 
 . >j85. ri.iliillV, UioFair; son; k,ng in hiH ,7111 y™i' ; 
 
 1314. LiaiisX ; s„n ; suiiiaincd Hiithi. an old wcml for 
 ,, f. T """'^"'"'iK. "iniuliiKms, died 5 Juno. 
 ■I3J0. J"lin I., ii,|stlinrMc,ns N„n uf L.mis X. ■ Ijorn 
 15 Nov, : difd igNiiv, 
 „ Plnliii V. tin; !,„»« (im account of lii.s stature)- 
 l>i(itl»T of I,ouis ; died , J„n i.tiuii;, 
 
 »3«. CIuiil™ IV., ll,„ Uau.lsouru; l,iotIier; died 31 Jan 
 
 H(ll ..IE (IF VAI.OIS 
 
 ^^^' "^Jffi^7i^i';!/i;:n/t,r-'"""'- «-'— Of 
 '''°' ''ln\'ou!!;:u:'8 aphI'" ^ *'"^'' ^''''''™'^- '" "- «-«y 
 
 1364. Cl.ailcs y t|„ Wi.s,.; .son: <Iicd i6Sc,,t. 
 
 .380. l-,n"™\ the J!,.lo,cd: sou; died =,()ct. 
 
 U, |-Ics\ll.,tlu. Vicl„noMs;.son; died =2 July 
 1-ouis XI. ; sou; alile liut eluel ■ died jo \i r 
 Charles VI 11. „,e .,l,al,le; so, : ; i' f.v', it 
 
 Fr , u ]■ "?'■«'■■■"" ^"" "'Charles V. ; died i Jan. 
 
 lli'nry II ; sou ; reciMVed a wound at a t(,urua- 
 "cMt at the nuptials (l,y pn.xv) of Ids ,1,m ." Iter 
 sahella with Kiu^' I'lulip I|. of .S,,;,i,., ,c ci leu 
 
 man .u his service, jqJuiic; | ,0,),,^ ,-„ 
 
 «c;ii:;':iie,rr6,r''™''''^"^- «♦"'''■'-''-""' 
 
 ■1560. Charles IX.; l„„tl,e,; Catheri;,;. de, Meilieis his 
 mother, r.-eiit ; died 30 Mav ' 
 
 '"•*■ oPtlle',; '"""'V ■.'■''■'.■"■'I ■><■"« "fl'"lan,l; last 
 
 the house ol \al.iis; stahlied hv .Jacoucs 
 
 Ucm.-nt, a Uoiiiiuicaii friar, . Anj,-. ; d'ied "au« 
 
 Horsp; OK iioi'Hiiox 
 .•589. Henry IV thcGrcat, of Itoiirhou, kiiiK of Navarre ■ 
 
 .610. LouisXJII ,,he.l,i.st; son; died 14 Mav. 
 
 ;"«eH ' "'" '^'■'■"*' "''^'"l"'*"^! «'»; died 
 ^'"'i^niy;' "'" ^^''^^''•^'^■'"™''.-B>""t-«randson; died 
 Louis XVI., liLs grandson ; a.scended the throne in 
 
 hi.s 20th year; married the ar. hiliu'hess Marie 
 
 14 J»l.\, 1789: Kiiillotiiied, 21 Jan 1703, and hi.i 
 queen, 16 Oct foHowiu- ''^ 
 
 '^'^St '-"r ^•''•'"'^'1 •'*''""l"y. => January, ,,,„ at 
 eight o clock A. .M. outlie .scalfolci he .said " f v„eh 
 
 ;V-'r-i"rt;^;:..-^ii'ih'';t:;i,i£'^ 
 
 |^rcy;.£;;.;^t;/::fg;;''t-:tSt 
 |^^!'.he^t:;s:'■^!r:l-:^^;-v!"-:.^;;;;',!; 
 
 The body was interred in a gr.ive th.-it was iiiii le 1 e'lv 
 
 afterwanls tilled up with ^piick 1 ii 1 V Vu ' ■ „? 
 
 guard wa.s placed around unt'il it should lie conMim^dl 
 
 •793. Louis XVII., sou of Louis XVI. He never reigned • 
 
 and died ,n luison, snpi,os,.d l,y poison, 8 June 
 
 1795. aged 10 years 2 mouths. It is helieved 
 
 len ''?,""■'"''■"■"/"■'' '" '•-»Hla"'l. »"■! lived 
 """ -"""• li""-- as Augustus .Mevts." In 1874 
 
 1422. 
 
 1461 
 .l4iJ3. 
 J493- 
 
 ■•SIS' 
 
 ■«547- 
 
 •'559- 
 
 J7IS- 
 J774- 
 
 a persini calllug himself AngiHt,. ,i,.~ir~~ 
 claiiiieil to 111' his sou. I,, l.',,,!,,.,,,, Z""^"n 
 
 II,,.. ..1..... „ .• ,. . "".' 'Il^" A .m.l.. 
 
 ilonrl«iu, sou of one Xnuuihull, e|,i„;;.T,' 
 Hon of Louis XVII. At a liial i 1 ' '' 
 Jules l'avrewashi.<eou„s,V, n,',!''," 
 
 strongly agidnst his claim, 27'K, 
 
 wtu 
 
 • 1374. 
 
 ■t H, 
 
 '799- 
 
 1793- The Natio.nal Convk.ntio.v (750 i„„„,i, ,^, , 
 Hitting, 21 .Sept '" '""""•«). first 
 
 1795. The DiHKcToiiy (Lareveillcre ly.i.aiiv I . 
 
 licwhcll, lianas, and tViiiio ,,,0, ,',"''';'«. 
 al.olished, ,tiid Uoiiap,irte, Ih,',,'''' ',V^'" ■ 
 
 appointed an cxeciiliv ,issi,„; ti f "' 
 
 The tJossoiATi:. N eon lio,,., i.,,"\, f 
 
 ceres and L.Oirun ajiiioiutcd c , ; ,V "■ 
 Napoleon appointed consul for ,uv, ..'/ v ■ 
 1802 ; for life, 2 Aug. ,802. ' ' ' "";'. 
 
 FIHST KMI'lItK. (.See article Il„i,„^,„,le f„ „;; 
 rKstahlished liy the senate ,3 .M;,v ,5„, , 
 1S04. Napoleon (l)ouaparte) I. ; l„„n k i, • • 
 ile marrieil, ^ '"■■ T's 
 
 ist, Josephine, widow of Vlevis vi 
 Ueauharnais, 8 March, ./gfi (' vl, \vV: f'' ''' 
 .6I)ee.,,8o9,auddied25a'N :";."•'''*'■' 
 
 o,HeHndadt.,,oru2oMalvh,^«:::';y't 
 
 He rciioiinccd the thr. s of Fn ,„,, ,,,,. 
 
 ^.;.an.WcdtlieisleofKllia,orla;';'i,;j;!'; 
 
 ^p.K:;ia!^:s;;;;;A^;;;:!;'*3. 
 
 Alidicated m favour of his infant >.,» „ i,,,, 
 1815. ' '• ■"*'. 
 
 Banished to Kt. Helena, where lie ,11,.. , m 
 1821. (.Seei.V«,ke, 1840.) ""»■ 5 Ma)', 
 
 H(ll-UI10NS HK.STOBKD 
 
 .814. Louis XVIII. (r,mU ,le I'n.rrvc.), h,„„,„. , 
 
 Louis X\ 1. ; 1,0111 17 Nov. 17 = .; • I, .|,.,.„ • 
 
 Josephiiie-Loniseot^^avoyV^'iicu;' .i'^!i^ 
 took |,oss,.ssion of the throii,., , M, .'r 
 
 ol,llge,lto(lec, 2oMarcli,,8,,: elm .a !■■ 
 same .vear ; did without issue, 16 i'.!;,:''' 
 
 Charh's X. (,;,mt. d .1 ,;,„;..), hi.- l„,,tlier ; l,,™ ,0,, 
 1757 ; married MaricTheies,- of s,iv„v ,,.? i 
 30 July, ,830. He resi.lci in lirilniii W.c' 
 ami ,li,„ at Gratz, in llu,,,.ary, 6 X„ ■ L'''' 
 
 [His .graiiilson, Henry, du,. ,1, li..i,i,,ii,v ' .■|,„| 
 coiiitc deChanihonl, .sou of the ,,,„.■', '.^■^* 
 liorn 29 J,ept, ,820; married lini„,..ssTli,.S 
 Mo,lem|^ Nov. ,846; n„ issue ; sivl,.,!!,;',, 
 Henri V. See ^cnmr, ,870, i( »,,;.| 
 
 HorsK OF OHLEAN.S. (Hlv (trinillg ) 
 
 1830. Loui.s.I'hilippc, .sou of Loui.s.l'liilippe, ,Uf „, 
 rh.aiis,.ali,,l/>,,;^..,,,.s,.en,l,,lli,,;,i;; ,, 
 Inkc of Orh'.aiis, son of Louis XllI ; kf, 
 Oct. 1773 ; iiiarru'.l 25 Nov. ,Son. .Maiia. iiii„r., 
 
 ihiughter of Fed i,l I, (IV.) kin,, „f fcT,!; 
 
 hU'ihes ; (slie did 24 Maivli. ,8fif,). liaisolfill* 
 throne as king of the Fi-eiidi, 9 Aug. ,830; al* 
 eateil 24 I'eh. 1848. iJid in exile, in EiiAai 
 26 Aug. 1850. ° ' 
 
 "TWcir; Lonisd'hiliiipe nut of Paris ; lorn -, 
 
 Aug. 1838. J ' 
 
 1824. 
 
 * He did insane, Jan. 
 
 si:ci)Ni> nEiTBi.ic, 1848. 
 The revolution ei iienced in a popular iiisiirrcrtinn - 
 
 .r'''i''^,^i '■','''■ .'^•'^- ''''"' '■">'■'' '■■""'l.> L'siai,-,! Iv 
 light to hnglaml, a provisional goveniiiieiit was.MaC 
 lished monarchy abolished, and Fi.iiico ikTiiutJ 1 
 
 Charles-Louis-Napoleou Uouaparte, il.rlainl l,v t'f 
 National Assembly (19 Dec.) I'liKsii.Ksrof tlicivj.iil.f' 
 of France ; aiul piodainid next dav, 20 Dec. ; Ai*l 
 for ten years, 22 Dec. 1851. 
 
 FRKNCII EMPIRE UEVIVEU. (.See /JwwJKOfe) 
 
 [1821. Napoleon H. (decivcl to be so teniied U 
 Napoleon IlL on his accession). XaMil,,.. 
 Jo.sciih, son of Nai.,,U„i, I. and Jhiiin.l,iiiii.i. 
 archduchess of Austria; born 20 .Maii'li, iSir 
 cieated king of Home. <ni the ahiliciitiiniofliji 
 lather he was ma.le duke of UeielistaOt, is 
 
 FEANCE, Isle ( 
 
 FEANCHE COi] 
 
 France, was coiiiiuered 
 B.C.; by the Hurguiidiii 
 A.D. ; anil liy the Fran 
 a tounty for Hiigli tlu 
 its name from luivin^ 1 
 (1127-48), nud restore, 
 the count's dauglitoi 
 Fiedorick I. iicquireil 
 descendant, Mary of \ 
 the archduke Maximili 
 of Austria, 1477. It w 
 :568; restored liy the 
 2 May, l6fi8 ; a.ijaiii onr 
 to France by treaty, U 
 
 FEAXCHISE.. 
 
 from ordinary jurisdiet 
 or sanctuary where t 
 Spain, ehurehcs nml in 
 franchises for criminal; 
 see Sdiietiiiiriex. lu 
 CHisE for counties was 
 ut least 40.«. a year in 1 
 changes, sec licfurm. 
 
 FEANCIS' Ass.' 
 John Francis, a youth, 
 toria as she was ridin 
 an open barouche, acco 
 May, 1842. The queei 
 intimation having reae 
 tion of the criminal, 1 
 that none of the huiie 
 lier. Francis was coi 
 following, hut was tri 
 libornted on ticket-of-l 
 
liii!. 
 
 „""i""''"-^'»'''J 
 
 ", ""''ti'.! , .V„v 
 
 ,'"":"»• ■■ui.i ,s,..,vi 
 'I'l'-s , N-„v ,.:- 
 
 V''^'». vi,.„ii,te ,,. 
 («-li" Was Oivnrrpi 
 'ly, 1814): 
 
 '■ ? -M'nl. .8,0 Ml, 
 
 "•''. ■«>■; .IN, ij 
 
 j', '■'I;"";'' ml Kalv, 
 lliiilnrliis ,,.„,,,„;, 
 
 "■"'"'>. li|Mtli,r il 
 '55 ; iiiiiiTiiM Mar;,. 
 '■ii'''f"l l'ari», ,uj 
 '""■• 3 .Miiv, ,;,,. 
 5 ; li'liil'lh-.lsj,.;,. 
 
 "'• ■^•''''I't. 1S24." 
 ''I'tliflilinnigO't 
 
 "f «:'VHy ; ,i,.|,„j 
 
 ' 'illl'llll till ,-;j 
 
 y. 6 X"v. ,835, ■ 
 
 , ''"I'llMUX, ralW 
 
 tli'''liii' df U-m: 
 
 I'niKTSsTlllTlMl'nf 
 
 '"■ ■■ slvl,,| i,i,„ij[ 
 ffso/.J 
 
 '».■(/■"««.) 
 
 'liilipl'i'. illlVf (If 
 "li''l!i"inl>liili|.i,, 
 lis XIII ; |,„ni s 
 
 too, .Mllllil..\l||f]i;,, 
 
 ) Kilif.' "f llifTir., 
 S'lS). limsclMtb 
 gAiiK. iSio;,il.li. 
 I'Xilf, in Kn„'lanJ, 
 
 iS. 
 
 iir iiisuiTiYliiin :• 
 Miniy es(a|iwl 1-t 
 niiiii'iit wascsi,i> 
 b'nMicc ilwliutd a 
 
 lll'cbli'll liy t!if 
 
 vNTiiftlicri-'iin'ife 
 , 20 Dm: ; tlni(.l 
 
 FEANCE, ISLE OP. 
 
 4(U 
 
 FliANCO-PRUSSIAN WAK. 
 
 Austria ; anil clii'il iit tliiqiiiliicoiil'Si'lniuiibnini:, 
 
 J2 July, 1832, HKI'll 21. J 
 
 J,,. Napolriiii 111. fipniifrly )Mcsiil{'iit nf tlic French 
 repulilic, c'li'i'ti'il iMiiin'iipi-, 21, 22 Nmv. 1852; 
 ]ir(iiliiiuicil, 2 Dec. 1852 ; siiiicinlcicil liiniscl'l' n 
 l.iisijncr til the kiiiK of rru.ishi nt fSeihiii, 2 !Sc|it. 
 18711 ; ili'l'iiseil at I'ari.s, 4 We]it. ; arrives at Wil- 
 lirliii.^li'ilic, iicavCas.sel, s.Sept. ; ileiKisitliui iim- 
 
 linacil liy till' iiatiiiiial as.s hly, 1 March ; he 
 
 l.iiitesleilMKaiUKtit.ri .March, 1871 ; ilieilatt'hisel- 
 lmi!<t,KMnliiiiil,9.laii. 1873; hurieil there isJaii. 
 
 Kmprr/f : Kiif;enic-.Marie (a .S|«iiii,iril, cnuiites.s nf 
 IVlwi, hiini 5 JIa.v, 1826 ; niairieil ly .Jim. 1853. 
 
 Heir: .\ii]'iileiiii-Ku};enc-l,(Miis-.leaM-Jiisc]ili, siiii ; 
 styleil Nai.iileiMi IV., liiirn lO Maicli, 1856; killcil 
 in Zululiiiiil, I .luue, 1879; limieil hesiilo his 
 fallicrat Chiselhurst (tlit- luiiiee nl' Wales .'iiel 
 ether ininces jiresent), 12 July, 1879 llmtli le. 
 iimveil tci iiiaiiBiilcuiM, l''anihiiriiii^;h, g Jan. 
 liSJj. See ll';//.i. 
 
 At the fielehratiiai nf the fSte Na|iiilciin, 15 Au>;., 
 ,873, the liriiice ilcel.-ircil the iinliey of his 
 laiiiily til he " Kverythiiiy liy the jieinili;, fur 
 the |ie"lile." 
 
 [Oa lE Ui'c. 1832, the siiece.ssiiiii, in ilefanlt of Issue 
 fii'iii the eiiipeiiir, was ilcteriiiiueil in favour of 
 [iriace Jcroiae-Xaiiiileoii anil his heirs male] 
 
 TlimU HKl'TBLIC. 
 
 1 Louis Ailoliihe Thiers (horn 16 April, 1797) appointeil 
 tliicf of the e.neeutive iiowcr, 17 Tell., ami picsiilcut 
 of the Kiench reiiuhlie, liy the national asseiwlily, 31 
 Aiij:. 1671 ; resit;neil, 24 .May, 1873 ; ilieil, 3 .Sept. '1877. 
 
 n. M;ii-sljal M. E. Tatrice Maurice MaeMahnn, due. ile 
 Miigeata, electeil jiresiilent, 24 May ; noniiniiteil for 
 seven years, 20 Nov. 1873, ilieil 17th Ocloljer, 1893. 
 
 III. Fraiii;iiis Paul Jules (irevy (liorn 15 Ail),'. i'8i3); 
 cleotcil 30 Jan. 1879; re-clecteil 28 Dec. 1885; re- 
 signeil 2 Dee. 1887. 
 
 IV. Miirie-Kniiiijois Haili-Carnot (born u An;,'. 1837); 
 Aeteil 3 Dee. 1887; as.sassinatwl 24—25 Jiiin), 1894. 
 
 V. Jean I'ieiTe Paul (.lasiniir-lVriar, electeil -^7 June, 
 1694; resi;; 1 16 Jan. 1895. 
 
 VI. Felix Fniire(hnni 20 Jan. i?4i); electeil 17 Jan. 1B95. 
 
 FRANCE, Isle of, sic Mmri/iiis. 
 
 FEANCHE COMTE?, in iipiioi- Rurgimdy, E. 
 France, was eoiKiuerod by Julius (JiL'siir, about 45 
 B.C.; by the lUusnmliaus, early in the fifth century, 
 A.D. ; ami hy the l-'ranks about 534. It was muilc 
 atouiity for'llu^'h the liluck in 915, iind reecivcil 
 its name from haviiifr been taken from Kenaud III. 
 (1127-48), anil restored to him. liy niarriai,v with 
 the count's daughter, Jieatrice, the emperor 
 Frederick I. acquired the county, II 56. Their 
 descendant, llary of liurgundy, by niarriiige with 
 the archduke Maxiniiliuu, conveyed it to the house 
 of Austria, 1477. It was conquered hy the French, 
 :508; restored by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, 
 2 May, MtS ; again conquered ; and finally anne.xed 
 to France by treaty, l()78. 
 
 FRANCHISE. A privilege or exemption 
 from ordinary jurisdiction, and anciently an asylum 
 or sanctuary where the person was seeiu'e.' In 
 Spain, churches and monasteries were, until lately, 
 franchises for criminals, as formerly in Englami; 
 see Saiirtiiarie.i. In 1420, the elective P'UAN- 
 CHISE for counties was restricted to i)ersoiis having 
 at least 40*. a year in land, and resident ; for recent 
 changes, see licform. 
 
 FRANCIS' Assault on the Queex. 
 John francis, a youtii, tired a pistol at queen Vic- 
 toria as she was" riding down Constitution-hill, in 
 an open barouche, accompanied hy prince A!i)ert,30 
 May, 1842. The queen was uninjured. Previous 
 intimation having reached the ))alace of tlie inten- 
 tion of the criminal, her majesty had commanded 
 that none of the ladies nf her coiirt should attend 
 her. Francis was condemned to death, 17 June 
 following, but was transported for life. Ue was 
 liberated on ticket-of-leavc in 1867. 
 
 FliANCISCANS. (irev or Minor Friais an 
 ordiT toumh'd hy St. Francis d'Assisi. about 1200 
 J heir rules were chastity, poverty, obedience, and 
 very austere regimen. About 1220 thev appeared in 
 England, wliere, at tfje time of the Jissolutioii of 
 monasteries by Henry VIII., they liad Hfty-five 
 abbeys or other houses, 1 153()-38. 
 
 FRANCISCO, SAN, the largest city in fali- 
 forina, irhuh xrr The centenary of the foundation, 
 ot the city by Iransciean monks, « Oct. i77(,, was 
 celebrated 111 I,S7(,. The city sutfereil by earth- 
 quakes in l,%hand 1K72. .Mr. William Coleman am 
 eminent niamtahierof pnhlie oidi'i-, died aged about 
 2?8f "-"' '*^-'" ^'"''"'"''""' ^^^< 2.?3'9.S9; l<8()0, 
 
 FKANCONIA, or Frankenlaxd (on the- 
 
 Manic), formerly a circle of the Cierman enii.ire 
 imrt of Iliunngia, was comiuered by Thierrv, kinir 
 of tlie I-rank.s, 530, and colonized. Its count or duke 
 tiiiip;ail, was elected king of Germany, « Nov. iw i • 
 and Ills descendant was the emperor Conrad III ' 
 elected 1 13H, and another duke. Franconia wasniade- 
 .■i distinct circle from Thuringia in 1512. Atits sub- 
 division in 1806 various German princes obtained 
 i»part; but in 18141110 largest share was awarded- 
 to Havana. 
 
 FIIANCO-PRITSSIAN WAR originated ia 
 tlie emperor of tlie French's jealousy of the greatly 
 increased power of I'ru.ssia, througfi the successful 
 issue of the war with Denmark in 1864, and with 
 Austria in iSty,. The German Confederation was 
 thereby animlled, and the North German Con- 
 federation cstal)li.slie,l under the supremacy of 
 the king of Prussia, to whose territories wero 
 turther annex.'d Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nas- 
 sau, Frankfort, and other provinces. This great 
 augmentation of the power of I'russia was maiii'ly 
 due to tlie energetic policy of count liismarck- 
 bclionliausen, iirinie ministi r since .Sept. 1862. 
 In a draft treaty, secretly nronoseil to the Pm.ssiaii 
 i;oveimi:ent liy the French emperor in i866 • " i 
 Ilie eiiiperiir reci-ni.ses the acipiisitions whic-h 
 Pnissia has niaile in the last war : 2. The kiic of 
 Pru.ssia jirnniiscs to facilitate the acqiiisitioir of 
 LiixeiuliiirK liy Fr.ince ; 3. The ein|.cror will not 
 oppii.se a leileral union of the nnrthern ami 
 sunthern slates of (Jcrniany, cxeliiiiin^,- Austria ■ 
 4. The kiiiKof Prussia, in e.ise the emperor .shoulil 
 cuter or comiuer liclniuin, will suiiimrt him in, 
 
 arms ■■iKamst any o sin;; imwcr ; 5. They enter 
 
 into an alliaiue olhusivc aiel ilefeiisive " 
 [This ilraft treaty was pnlilislicil in the Tines 21 
 July, 1870. After some iliscussiou, its authenti- 
 city was ailiuiltcil ; count ISismarck assertini; 
 that It enianateil eiitirciv frmu the French em- 
 periir, anil that the scheme had never been, 
 seriously entertaineil by himself.] 
 Ill March, 1867, a ilispiite aro.se through the French 
 emper.ir-s inoposal for purehasiiii,' I.iixcmbnrK 
 from the kiiiK of llollaml, which was stioiiL.lv iio- 
 poscil by Priissi.a, as that prnvince ha.l Inl-meil 
 part ot tlie ilissolvcil liernianie Confcileratiiin ■ 
 ami tlic atlair was only settled hv a cniiference of 
 thcrciircsentatives of the ^'icit j.owersin Liuidon, 
 at w iicli the iierh'ct neutrality of l.uxemburi.' 
 was ileternnncd, together with the withdrawal of 
 the Prnssiaii ;,'arrison and the destruction of the 
 tortilicatiens ... - ,. %r,,,. of 
 
 riiiice Leopold of Hohenzollcrn-,SiKmariiigeii (coi,: ''' 
 necteil with the Prussian dviiastv, and brother of 
 Charles, iirince of Houmania), consented to he 
 come a candidate for the tbrmic of .Spain 4 July 
 Thi.s was denounced by the French K.ivernmcn't.' 
 I lireatenin',' speeches were ni.idc in the Frciicli 
 chamlicr liy the due de Ciraminont, the. forei..ii 
 minister, and eventually, after .some ncKOtiation 
 and the intervention of Great liritain, jirince Leo. 
 polil, with the consent of his sovereign, declined 
 the jirollercd crown , _ ,j j„|y 
 
 1870 
 
 
 '•|J 
 
 W 
 
 m[ 
 
 J' 
 
 '^"m% 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 ' f 
 
 lli 
 
 
 
 
 
i 111 ^^ 'h''*i J 
 
 '11%, I 
 
 i, u'" *i»l 
 
 i '! ill,::..; 
 
 i l'"'''"i-tli(Jmnnn |»iiH, ,t „„.;.t at'lw n, "'■ '"i 
 
 ' t-lll.r)lir» til ^111. >.....* ■!....; .. '" ''■■IN. iiii, 
 
 Till) HiiliiiilsMi Ilil lint, witiKly tlie Kiciii'li pivcni 
 
 iiU'iit mill iiiitiim, ami tin' ilciiiaiul I'nr UKiianiiiti'i! 
 iiKHi'"<t till' iv|.rlili„ii „f «ii,.|, an accc|.taiic» 
 irntatfil tlii> I'riissiaii pivniiiiiciit, ami li'il tn th,. 
 tenniiiatiiMi nf tiii^ iii'^citiatiuns, tli^ kiii^ irfiisini; 
 to tKfvWu tin: cniiiit l)cm>.lftti, fhii Fivin-h 
 
 "iinlHti'f ii.liilv 
 
 Kiiui-Kctii' liiit fniitli'sn I'lriutH tn avert tlir war wrii' 
 iiiaili! liy carl Ciraiivlllf, tliu Uritisli tdri-L'ii 
 /"""■'*''■'• • • . . , • "li'Mlt isJiily, „ 
 
 M'ar was aiiiuiii I l>y the eiiipiiiir, with the 
 
 hearty eniiseut nf the Kii'iit iiiiOnritv iif the 
 eliainliers. ThehftiirreinililicMii iiaityii|l|i,ise(l the 
 war ; M. Thiers iml ii lew iithers iiiily lUdteMteil 
 against it as |ireiiature . . . ' 15 July 
 lAlterhis siirreiid. r mi 2 Nept., the emiierdr tiihl 
 (■(iiiiit Itisiiiank that he iliil not ilesire war, hut 
 wasilriveii iiitiii liy lMiljIieii|iiiiiiiii. 11,. apiieiirn 
 
 to have hcen Kie.itly il ived as to the niuneriivil 
 
 streiijj'tholhisaniiy, ami itsstate of preparation.] 
 ■" The greatest national eriine that we have ha.l the 
 pain of veconliii;; sinee the .lavs of the lirst 
 French revolution has heeii consiiijiniatcil. War 
 is (leelareil -an unjust lint prciiieilitatcil war "— 
 Times, 16. Inly, 1870. 
 iFor (li-tiiih ujl'he hnltlf.i sre acimmte nrlklcx.) 
 
 fllKNLIl AllMV, llhollt 300,000: — 
 
 ist corps, iimler maiHlial MacMahoii. 
 2U1I cinps, iiinler p'licral Frossanl. 
 31(1 corps, nmlcr marshal Hazaiiie. 
 4th corps, nmlcr Kciicial I.ailiuirault 
 5th corps, umlcrKeiieral lie Faillv. 
 6tli corps, umler marshal Oiiu-oln'.rt, 
 Iiniierial finanl, umler neiicraT Itourliaki. 
 Coinnniiuler-in-cliief, the emperor ; Keiieral Le Dffiuf 
 second ; succeeded hy marshal Wa/aiue. ' 
 
 Pkissian Ahmv, alicMit 640,000: — 
 
 1. Northern, umler KeucMal Vogel vou Falckeiistcin 
 
 alioiit 3-.'o,ooo, defeiidiiiK the lOllie, Hanover A;,- ' 
 
 2. RiKht, under luiiice Frederick Charles, alioi'it 
 
 180,000. 
 
 3. Centre, under Ki'tierals Vou liittciifeld and Vou 
 
 ateiuiuetz, ahont 80,000. 
 
 4. The left, under the erown prince of Piussin, aliiuit 
 
 l66,(X»o. 
 Conini,iiider-iii-chief, kill}; William : second, L-eiuN-al 
 Helniuth Karl Hcrnhanl vou Moltke (born 26 i)r\ 
 1800; died 24 April, 1891)- '' 
 
 The North (ierniau army, at the lieKinniiiit of \u"iist ' 
 consisted, lir.stly, of 550,000 line, with 1,200 umi.s'ami I 
 53,000 cavalry ; seeomlly, of 187,000 reserve, with 211 ' 
 Kiiiis and 18,000 c.ivalry ; ami, thinllv, of 205,000 laml- 
 wehr or militia, with 10,000 cavalry, inakiiij,' a L-nind 
 total of 944,000 men, with 1,680 inohiliseil l'uus ami 
 103,000 horses. I 
 
 To these must lie added, (Irstly, the Uavariaus, 6q 000 ' 
 line, with I92KI111S and 14,800 horses -25,000 reserve 
 with 2,400 horses, and 22,oix) lamlwclir ; secondiv the 
 Witrtemlierners- 22,000 line with 54 nuns aml'fi 2,0 
 horses, 6,500 reserve, ami 6,000 landwelir ; and. f hirdiv 
 the Daih'Ucse -16,000 line witli 54 gnus, 4,000 reserve' 
 and 9,600 landwelir. ' 
 
 All the Geriuaii troops taken together a.s under arms at 
 
 lU'esent, 1,124,000 men. Aug. 1870. 
 Fiiur weeks lu-evioiisly, 011 the peace footing, thcv iiiiiii- 
 
 liered only 360,000. 
 'The Fremdi uml Germans in this war were considered to 
 he eiiually brave and etllcieiit ; but the Ficiicli generals 
 apjiear to have acted gri'atly iij«in impulse. The (br 
 imiiis seem to have beiMi iiivariablv guided by ji well 
 matured plan, their tjictics mainlv'coiisistiug in briii"- 
 iiig va,st masses to be.ir 011 the' point where thcv wcri' 
 anxious to prevail. From Saarbriii k to .Sedan, Moltki 
 apiiears to have left iiotliiiig to chance ; and all his ar- 
 raiigeiiieiit.s were ably carried out. 
 Thecansesof the cail.v ruin of the French ,qrmy w-cre • 
 " I, tlie eiKMiiious superiority of the (iermans in rcard 
 to iiumbi'rs ; 2, the absolute uuitv of their coinniiiiid 
 and concert of operaliiiii : 3, their superiiu- mcchaiiisni 
 in ecinipuicnt ami supplies ; 4, the su|.erior inte'lli- 
 KCiiee, steadiness and discipline of tiii' soldiers- 5 
 .superior education cd' tke oltlcer.s, and tlie d.asli and 
 
 lutelligi'i of the caviilry." v«'fi'-'i'''v l.'rrhu: 
 
 Estimated cost of the war to France, 395,400,000/ Jan 
 '875. 
 
 1870 
 
 engage to support Prussia in the war '■/'I"' 
 
 Wurtemberg, iiavaria, liadf.ii, am 1,.,,,'',;'"'V. 
 
 s tiidt declare war against Fraiic-ai t,„ ''"'"■ 
 
 tiiigents to tlie army ' ""' '"H- 
 
 *^",'' I." lai""tioii of the el r'or Xai.„l,:!','„''"I'' 
 
 elaringtliatthenatioiialhon'mnviol 1, ,.■•''■ 
 
 •.;,,-;i;-tiikesinhamithe'd:s{;;:^:r;r;;;:' 
 
 'X,:i;;r '"■'"«" "' '<'"" ■"''-■ "I. vit 
 
 IWlamatioii oftn,. klngtha't -loVeof the e,,',;''"'' 
 nitheiland, ami the unaiiimons ii| ris ,,,";"■ 
 • .erimiii races, liave coiiciliatcl all , " " ' 
 
 "Us, 
 
 dissijiated all disagreements . ti,.. ,„ 
 
 procnie for (b.rmany a .liirable j.cac ..,;"■,"'" 
 Is b 00, y seed will arise a harvest I ,',"'" 
 
 V"''r,""'' '•>■ ""'' "I'itv ofticrmaiiv •■ ,"' 
 
 j ..KirniisI, atNiederbronn ; ,i l)ax'ari'iu'',,i;.,.;:V,|,',';,' 
 
 i IJ;a.V of general prayer idiserved in Prussia 'Mill'' 
 
 Ihe emperor Nap.deon .joins the an, ,' ( i.' "^' 
 
 sunies the chief coininaiid, ami is. 1 cs'a,, ,""■ 
 
 turn declaring that the war will be loiig!,!,,! .";;','.";:• 
 
 Kepnl.se of a Freindi attack at .Saarbriick' ''i"'-^' 
 20 l)adeiii..se cuter France 'it r ■„.,.' ^° ''"'.*■■ 
 Wiiisloe killed ; sonic cap uivd "''■*''■ *'' 
 
 „ With valuable iiiformatiou''' • ""'"''"^^M. 
 Pi'oelamationoftiic king of Priissi;! to i,is',': ,! r' 
 
 ^™^;!:^iig;'r'':!^;.'tr!.n:;f.!:;^;f--^ 
 
 He leaves Hcrliii for t'lie army,", v"„„ .,V, ;'"'>■ 
 ..ounces that ••alUierinanystauds MniC:,! hla'.,;;;!: 
 
 The Fremdi govcrnmeiit announce that ■■'}!!";■ 
 mike war, not against (Jermaiiy, liit „ J ' 
 Pni>«,,..^op.a.her against the ,l;iic;VtZE 
 
 ''b;S';;^r7:i^^r^t''7!;^i;:;!;:,«fff 
 
 -.: the Prussians. dish,dged.;,:;^l:c':i;rli,^;; 
 
 The duo deGraiiiinont, Frem.'h for 
 li.slies a circula 
 
 Auk 
 --•igii iMiiii,si,.r, |,|||,. 
 
 , «Kai..st Fran;;;- "'"^'"^ '" "'^'"-'•'^'^ '^"^ ^« 
 I The erown lu-ince crosses tl„. I'.aute'r, the boiuiihn- 
 
 "f *■'■".'"•'■. ;' '''leats the French 11 1 ■ ■ F ' ,, 
 
 stoniiiiig the lines of Wissenibi.urg ,1 (i.i ' 'l 
 ' general lloiiav killed. b .01 n„i»i, ij.; 
 
 battle the crown prince defeats inarslTal M 
 
 ! hoii ami the army of the Uliiiie ; tli ' ■ iv J , ; 
 
 ..''avcnict ver Nancy. . ■ "'"',' 
 
 "ii:!di%r'i^:;:;;;':.it:i;:r^;;.^--:ln^ 
 ^^^i):h':Z!;r^''''''^''''-'^-^--^":"S 
 
 General Turr laiblishes, in' a lett,.r, stab-'iiMnN uf 
 proposals by IJisniaivk forth,, am, ..xa , , ,1' 
 embourg ami Uelginm by Fran,.,., iH ^^ii'Z 
 
 ''';;;;it*;':^fa;r;j-"''«'''''-'''''^'^'*^.-y^.'f:s 
 
 '''gn^dlles" '":'■'"''' ''''"■'""^''' "'«""""". i'".l S,l!l^ 
 
 ■^'of''li,Vp"'"'"f "i'i'"i"t'''i t.; the,. •r,.„i,fii';!,','i;i 
 
 of the Fr,.|,,.li army at il,.tz (about .joZp 
 Mii.Mahou has about jo.ooc, m^ar Sav,.ri ,. H: 
 robert about 50,000 near Naiii'v 3 \n- 
 
 Nine Fremh iron-cla,ls jiass IJoverforthe Ihhk. 
 
 St. A vohl o,.c„pic,l by the (!orm,.iiis . ' 'I'll!: 
 Metz '" '''''™ '■'""""""' "f tla' anii'y .ii 
 
 Plmlsburg investci ' -j"- ' 
 
 '^'S'dit^'?^'..^'''''" "'■'""" K..araufeeiiigthe'^ci;: ' 
 
 tl.lllt.^ of IJelgiiim, signed on behalf Hf Prussi,, 
 
 9 Aug. ; of hraii,.e . . , ,' 
 
 Fo,vc,| resignation „f t],.. oilivicr mini.^try I [It ' 
 
 New ininistry ..onstitiitcl umler g,.|,tr, I ^, il ' 
 
 Montaubaii; cmte ,|e Palikao,%var niiiiiZ. 
 
 10 Auj;. „ 
 10 A!|.'. .. 
 
 Strasbuig invested by the Gennaiis . 
 
 TI,.; little fortress, " Iji 
 
 15 All),',, uiinoiin,.,.il 
 

 FBANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR. 
 
 TlickInK"' I'riisilii, lit Hiiiirlinick, iinicl.iiiijH Unit 
 •111' iiiiiki'" »'"'' ii»iiii»t niililli'iH, iiiit M;;iilnMt 
 Kn'liilirilizi'li^ " .... lu AllK. 
 
 / Jitriiliiiil,"'"!'''"'"*'''* '" ""' <'i'rniiiiiM 1(1 .\i)ff. 
 
 ,\l,i,.Miihiw'». iiiiiiy ii'tiTutint,' ii|iiiii till. .Mipsrlh', 
 
 II All),'. 
 
 Tte little fiirtii'iH, " Iji I'cliti' rii-ni'," ivaniati'd, 
 
 11 Auk. 
 I niiiiimiilcntioii witli .StniKliiii); cut (ill u Auk. 
 .Vaijty "ocni'i"! Iiy tlii' UfniiiiiiM witlimit ivKi-stiiini', 
 
 12 Auk. 
 TkBiiviiii:iii« l'iw-1 till' \cpsKi'H . . . la Auk. 
 Tlif king lit St. Avnlil fdrliiilsi'iiiiHrrliitliiii I'lM- tlir 
 
 FreiR'li lU'iii.v '» tunitDiii'H lu'lil by Gitimiiiih. 
 
 • f Auk. 
 
 Miiniliiil Diiziiiiii' iiinile I'liliiliiaiiilt'r of tlio iinuy nf 
 
 ■ ilie liliiiu' ■,•,-,• • ■ 'J''^'»K. 
 
 I) Imiil lit iif MtllislilllK Ih'kuii . 14 Auk. 
 
 ■fk' Fieiicli K"*''i'"""'"' ili'i'liiiT. Unit "tluTi' niii 
 lif, fur a liiiiiiiiMit, iiu iiui'Hlioii iif iii'Kiitiiitinii nf 
 i»inr" 14 .VuK- 
 
 Dliirkiulc of the Oiiriiiau |inrtH ,m the Ilaltii-, finiii 
 15 All),'., aiiiiimiii'i'il liy tlii' Kri'iidi aiiiiilral, 
 
 14 Auk. 
 
 M.iny Fri'iiHi vuliiiitccr Hliaip-sliiKiti'iH (/nmr.^- 
 lirtiira) taki' tlii' lli'lil (not ii'i'oKiii.si'il aH Niililii'is 
 liv llir tli'iiiiiiii'') .... iilniut 14 Auk. 
 
 T'lil iffiw" t" ""'Wi'''''' • • . 14 All).. 
 
 •riu'Hni«niiTrtiri.'S til ViTiliin . . 14 Aiik. 
 
 Mai-slial i)iiaiiii<''n nniiy ik'fi'iiti'il in ki'VitiiI Ihuk- 
 
 ' iiiiitiiiiii'il liiiiiKUiiiary Imttli'.s before Met/. (Mec 
 
 .Uif2):- 
 
 I. Buttle »f Cimirelli's (PaiiKe or I.iiUKeville) 
 
 gaiiifil by Von Steiiiiiietz ami the iHt army, 
 
 14 Auk. 
 
 s. Diillli' of Viiiiivillc or Mai-H-la-Toiir, Kulueil 
 
 by iniiice Kieileriik t'harb'S anil the anil 
 
 iiiiny 16 Auk. 
 
 3. Itiitllvs of (iravehitte anil liezonville, Kaineil 
 by till' I'oiiibiiiuil ainiiex roiiiiiiandi'il by 
 
 till' kiiiK 18 Auk. 
 
 Fiftich siirtii' I'roni StnwburK reiiulseil; Geniiaii 
 
 attjii'kiiii I'lmlsbm-Kreimlseil . . 16 Auk. 
 
 Ma'Miiliiin ri'iiehcs Cliahuis, 16 Auk. ; .joiueil by the 
 
 euiin'riir; liw army between i3o,ocx) and 150,000, 
 
 20 A UK. 
 Till' king npiinintu goveniors-geiiernl of Alsine anil 
 
 l.nmiiiie 17 Aug. 
 
 Kiii'iXrtii' fortilleation of Pariti by Keiieral Troi'lm, 
 tlie governor, and the "(lefenee roniniittee" 
 
 18 Auk. 
 
 Estimnteil German losses: killed, wimmleil, ami 
 
 missing, 2088 ofHeera, 46,480 men ; uji to 18 Aug, 
 
 .Scvtre bomlmrdmeiit of Strasbui'g . 19 Aug. 
 
 .MaoMnhon's army of ,tlie niiine retreats as the 
 
 Pnissiaiis uiiiler the king mid erowii ]irini'e 
 
 advance; jpriin'e Frederlek Charles opp'jsi'il to 
 
 liaziiineat Jletz; [Cicnnan ainiies in Fraiu'e about 
 
 500,000: the F'leneli armies about 300,000 : eoiii- 
 
 iminii'iitions between marshnla Uaaiine ami Mae- 
 
 Malion very diUlcultJ . . . about 20 Aug. 
 
 Lieut. Hartli, a Prussian spy, tried and shut at 
 
 Piiri.s 20 Aug. 
 
 MiicMahnii raises his eamp at Clialnns 20 .Auk. 
 
 The troops extenik'd along the line of the Marne, 
 
 21 Aug. 
 Eximrtatien of food prohibited . . . 21 Aug. 
 IJazaine at Metz said to be completely isolateil, 
 
 22 Aug. 
 Mai'Mahnn at Rlieims with his nnuv, inclnding the 
 
 remains of the corps of F'ailly aiiil Canroliert ; he 
 marches in hope of joining Bazaine, 23 Anp. ; the 
 cniwn-priiice and iirince of Kaxony start in imr- 
 8Uit, 23 Aug. : march uiion Ch.'ilous" . 24 Aug, 
 Prassiaii royal head-iinartcrs removed from Pout li 
 Muuason to Bar-le-Uue (125 miles friiiii Paris) 
 
 The alleged violation of the neutrality of Belgium 
 
 denied by its govi'rnnient ... 25 Aug. 
 
 The Germans enter the arrondissement of Vassy, 
 
 Cemuns repulsed in an attack on Venhm, 25 Aug! 
 ^°?I"',"^'' "•'''"""• gamU captured at St. Mene- 
 
 25 Aug. 
 
 25 Aug. 
 
 • 25 Aug. 
 
 «3 FRANCO-PRUH8IAN WAR. 
 
 houlil 
 
 ChJIons oecujiicd by the Germans . 
 CaintiUatiou of Vitry, a small fortress 
 
 1870 
 
 Formation of tin,,' (i|.|niaii armies of reserve In 
 Germany, ami a foiiHh army in the Ihhl. under 
 
 the Clow i..prln,co| Prussia against Paris, 26 Aug. 
 htrasbiirg siitlciing miiih by bonibahlmeiit, 
 
 Pow.'iful sortie of Bazaine from Metz^rc^uiisl'it 
 
 PhaLslmrg licroli'iiliy resisting . it'lW'f; 
 
 ; "Villi' iiivc IbythcGiTiiiaiis . "7 \ K 
 
 F.iiKaKemeiit at lliisaiicy, l„'twccii Voiizlcrs .iml 
 
 anSiit ","■''''"'■''':''■''':'■'''■'' '■'"'-'•'''■v"r^ 
 
 Two Geiniaii iiriiiics (220,000) marching ou'p'ai'is'. 
 
 Continued retreat of Mac.Mahoii's army ; "si'Vcre 
 
 llgh 111)4 ,1 1)11,1, Stcnay, and .Moiizon 28 .\iik 
 
 V I/; ls.;w'''''''v' "'■"'"'"''''?■•'*''''•"••'*''■''■ -SAiig: 
 
 Muiiicipal meetings at Ili'iliii; KimiKsiicrl? ami 
 
 vl'ldlmi:;;';;.,;;!!.'''^'''''"'^^' "«"'""' '-■'•'«" '-;'"■ 
 
 Mac.Mahons anny alKiiit .so.ooo.'accon'pall,',';! l^y 
 the eii.pc 11; rcticatiiiK liorthwarils ; pa,'t ofit 
 under )c l.ai|ly,s„,.,,,i«cdaiid defeated , car J ',,,: 
 iiiont.lK.twi'cii .Moiizonand .Moiiliiis: several iter 
 
 ''';:HaKuc;i;;u'-"''':'™"'^'''''''''«--'--fAisaf;i 
 
 The Gcrman.s enter CiriKiian :'attack the Frcn,*'li"i'n 
 thej.lainot Doiizy : the FVcnch, at hrst si cccss 
 fill, arc defeated, and retreat to .S'dan ?, ViiK 
 
 A French army of old sol,licr.s, about ,00 ^m 
 said to Is. to, niiiiK near Lyons . Ti '" 
 
 M.'.r ''';''■'"'•'''" '"X '•" ivoiir to escape f m 
 
 Metz; altera lierce stniKgle, retreats into Metz. 
 
 Battle round Heihui: begnii at 4'".ni"''bctw;!;.'; 
 Sedan and Douzy ; the Frcndi at (Irst sn,'ces,rfnl 
 after a severe striiKKle and dreadful car iiKe tie 
 Germans victorious: .MacMahon W'oiiided. ,0 
 p.m. ; general dc Winipllcn refu.se.s t 'cept'the 
 terms ottered by the king of Pni.ssia Vsei t 
 
 Capi tiihi 10,1 of «cdan and the rcniaind I'r of M c- 
 
 kluK;:;.:.:^^;;)''''' ••■'''■'•■•'■'■-■■'•'■■■''•- •'><!;« 
 
 ^'I^pnll:^,!"''"'''*' "'■""" '"'«'■■"«'""«; a'Sfo 
 "rMdlm^of'M.'Xr'l '''!'•'■'""• ■'-■laration o^X 
 
 nSict,'' '):^>!;;!er""''^' '''"''■'""'''•'"» 'V 
 
 Ilheiiiis occ;:pie<l by the Oei'inan; ami the khig, 
 
 Jules Favre. the Kreiich foreign minister' h? 'a 
 e.rcuhir to thi' Kreiich dipliTmaticr ',■,;.. fa 
 t yes says, • We will not cede eithcrai im' f 
 our terntorics or „ stone of our fortresses" 
 
 General Vinoy ami « coips sent too late l.f.lui 
 MacMahon ; retreat ami arrive in Paris, 6, jHe t 
 M. IMzier occupied by the .Jcrniaiis . 7S,. f 
 
 MiasbuiK invested by 60,000 men ' I 2 . , 
 
 Verdun viKoroiisly resisting. " r S„ , 
 
 The German army, in live corjis, advancing on Paris, 
 
 Lnon surrcmlcred to save the town from d?.struc: 
 tion; by the accidental or treacherous cMl," il 
 
 fy;S1;S;"'" ""'" ^'•'■■''•''-'""■-'^ -"-" 
 
 Metz, Strasbm-K, Thionvillc, PhalsbuiK ' To!i[ 
 Bitsehe, and other fortilied ,,hiccs holding .,ut; 
 
 MessaKe,s between belliger..nts tra.,s,,,itleil'b5:''b!,'.!i 
 Lyons (at Pans) and count Bernsto.ir (Pr.issi 
 minister) III Loudon unissian 
 
 German attack on Toul repuLsed ' ' , S';', 
 Bridgc^it Crcil over the Oise blown I'lp . ' ° ^Xf 
 heven German corp.s (about 300,000 men) ai proa cl 1 
 
 M. Thiers arrives in' London on a mission from t]f: 
 
 government . " "'* 
 
 Colmar occupied by the Gei-mans . ' ' !^ «;'.!!;• 
 
 GeneralTrochurcviewsthctiuopsinParis, ,VlSe t ^^ 
 
 delivers a stirriliK address the .lu ilv euli 
 
 ordered to be 70,000 . • ''J '*' 
 
 ' ' 14 ^e|it. 
 
 ,1-ffl 
 
 1870 
 
 'Wt' 
 
 t *f,'":'|^#fetf 
 
 ! 5, • 1 I 
 
 «■■ 
 
 :^*^V 
 
 
 ki 
 
 :. . sr^ iLii' 'f ' 
 
 
 m.M, \ 
 
 )**<• 
 
 5* , M'^'\ * 
 
 
 ti 
 
 '■^..MM'^.^^ 
 
W' ■ -4 
 
 FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR. 
 
 404 
 
 EHtlliiiiti'ddi'MiiaiilimH: 6n,oookllli'il uuil wiiiiimIi'iI ; 
 lictwi'i'ii ao.ocio anil 30,000 Mick; nlKjiit i.txx) 
 Vri" i.H .... isSi'iit. 
 
 Fi'fiicli prlHuni'iM ill Oi'iiiiiiiiy: fi> kpiii'I'iiIh, 4,800 
 odlccrs, i4o,LXRi iiri\jiti*?t, iilmut 15 Hcpt. 
 
 CiiiTrMiMiiiilciii'i' lictwccii (uniit Ki'mstiPill'iiiiil rarl 
 Omiivilli' ics|ii'iliiin iiiiiiiiiiily, xaiil tn liiivf 
 liccn lirnki'ii ; lii'iiiid liv llii' iiirl 1-15 Srpl, 
 
 Hii'Ki' ol' I'iiris l«.(;iin ; iiiKif^s iiml i'hii'SM |i|'ii|iil>iti'il 
 witliiuit a in'iinit .... 15 Wi'|it. 
 
 UliM'kailc of till! Kllie ami Wi-.sri- nun .rlliM'tivf, 
 
 15 f^i'pt. 
 
 Iinpnrtaiit clrriilnriif M. Favif iiili'iiiiiiii;! tlir war 
 
 anil 11 K'ii"i»K tlii' iililiKatimis of tin' cuiiiitiT, 
 
 17 Si'pt. 
 Clri'iilar li'ltns nf rniiiit Hisiiiari'k, rriniiiitinn ihi 
 lil.stiM-y "t Kiriirli aKKirx-sliuin on (ii'inianv, iinil 
 as!^l■|■tin^; tin' lll■l■l•^.sitv of nlptMiiiiiiK' iiiati'iial 
 >;iianinti'i'S tor tlir fuliiii' saf.ty of (icnnany, ami 
 rrimiviii),' till' riiintiirH ami |ioiiit otaltack fiirtlirr 
 
 wr.tt H, 1(1 Nri't. 
 
 I'nissianlii'ail-iinailiisal .Mi'iis (ioniili'S fmiii I'aiis) 
 
 i3 .Sc|it. 
 
 32 Oi'i'iiiaii iiii'ii'liaiit slii|» i'i'|ii>rti'i| til liuvi' lni'ii 
 
 <'ii|itiiri'il liy till' Kii'iii'li lli'il lip III . 18 Si'pl. 
 
 Vt'HNiils Hiink in the .Si'int' ami iManii', ami otliiT 
 
 vigiiruiis ilc'ieiislvi) nii'aHuvi'H ailoptril. 
 
 18, loHi'pt. 
 Piii'l.'4 sail! to liiM'onil'li'ti'ly invi'.sti'il; tin' fmtllii'a- 
 tiiiiiH I'l'i'iinmiiti'i'il liy thi' kiii^, wli" lian llxi'il liis 
 lii'iiil-ipiaili'i's at Hariiii Hutlisi'liilils ilialoaii at 
 I''i'rrii!i'i'H, iii'ai- lji^;iiy . . . iq .Si'pt. 
 
 Tliri'i' Kri'iii-li ilivi.sidiis umli'i' p'nrial VIniiy atlark 
 till' (ji'iiiiiins on till' lii'ij;lits of .Si'i'anx ; ivpiil.si'il 
 with liisM lit 7 KMiisaml .'soo inisiiiiiTs; tlii-ili'fi'at 
 nttrilaiti'il to tin' ili.sorili'r of tlii' Zmiavi's; tin' 
 national KH'ii'l 'ii'ln'vi' wi'll . . . irj Si'pt. 
 Count Hisniari'k lonsi'iits to ri'i'i'ivi' iliilrs Kavir 
 (abont 16 Si'pt.); tliry iiii'i't at riiali'aii ilr la 
 lliinti' Jlaisoii, 10 .Si'pt. ; ami at tin' kiii^s lirad- 
 i|iiarti'i'», Ki'iriiirs, iirar Lazily . ^o Si'pt. 
 
 Juli's Kavri' ri'pmts to tin' pivi'iiinii'iit llii' result 
 of liiH iiiti rvii'W.s witli I'oiint liisinaiik : I'lnssia 
 ili'iiiainls till' I'l'ssiiin of tin' ilrpiirliai'iits of tin' 
 UpiiiT ami l.owiT Kliiiii' ,'iinl part of that of 
 JIosi'lli'i with Mi'tz, C'liati'au SaliiiNaml SnissoiH, 
 ami woiihl a^:ri'i' to an aniiistin' in orili'i- that a 
 Fri'ni'h ruiislitinnt a.ssi'iiilily mi^'lit iiii'i'l : tliu 
 Ki'i'iii'li to .■iiini'inli'r Stnisliur;;, Tmil ami ViTilnn 
 (or riialslini'K aiTonliiiK to Kavii'). ami Mont 
 Vali'i-ii'ii, if till' assi'iiilily nii'i't at I'.ui.s; thi'.sii 
 tiM'ins ari' positivi'ly rrjciti'il by tho Ki'i'iii'li 
 
 povi'Viinii'iit 21 Si'|if. , 
 
 Vci'sailh s ami the troops thi'i'i' siirri'inli'r, 19 Si'|it. : 
 
 I'ntcriil by tin' I'lowii iiriiii'ii of I'rii.s.sia 20 Si'jit. , 
 A Innotti' raptnii'il at Str.-islmi;; . . 20 Si'pt. , 
 Gi'iU'ial von Striiinn'tz .si'iit to Posi'ii a.s f;ini.riior. 
 goiiiM'al : iirinct-' Frt'ih'rii'k L'haih's.soli.* (■oiiiiiiamli'r 
 
 before Mi'tz 21 Si'|it. , 
 
 Sevres surri'mli'i's 22 Sept. , 
 
 The blorkadi' of Oi'i'iiiaii piirt.s raisi'il ; n/lii-ially 
 
 anniniiu'i'il in I.omliin . . . .22 Si'pt. ,, 
 The Fri'iii'li K"Vi'i'iinn'iit issue a I'iri'iilar cxpri'ssin;; 
 reailini'SS to eonseiit to an iiinitablo peaee, bnt 
 rcfiisint,' "toi'i'ile an iiii-h of iiiir terrilory or ;v 
 atone of our foitresses" . . . 2i'Si'pt. ,, 
 Three coiitliets before Paris: at Draiioy, Pieirelitte, 
 ami Ville.iiiif ; the two last reiioiteil favourable to 
 
 FRANCOPRUSSIAN W'AU, 
 
 with anil from Parin ean only 1 arrhil „, 
 
 I »» the niilitaiy events may permit , s," 
 
 1870 tlerniont oeenpieil by ||„. (!,.rmans atter , 1 ' ,' 
 j vl«i,ri)iiH reNiHtanee, overemmi hy „,;'||,",';:' 
 
 I Coiiiineneetiient of atlaik iiii'solsKims L'^''' 
 
 ^'?i m'i'erel'r.' "'' '■^"■""'""■W' '7 «"1"- ■■ Innaall,,^:);;; 
 
 Sortie of general Viiiiiy'H army (at Pa'ris) ;' ri'lu'l 
 
 „ ! nfter two hours' liKhtiiiK.eiown l.rinn' . ,! i'' 
 
 , ahiiye aoo prisoners taken : k ral I;,,,,,,",! ,; 
 
 , Above 375,000 national Kiiarils salii to in, iif |'li|j!|[ ' 
 
 „ ! Coiillli'f near H n; at (list faviiMiiilil..''i',f*T ' 
 
 Fii'Mi'li : their loss 1,200 killeil ,in.| woiii,.!, 1 . ' 
 pnsc IS . . ' ' ' "« 
 
 I|i'aiivaisi'aptiiri'il l.ytheOeriminB ' ' i%T!' ' 
 
 Mantes oeeiipieil by tile (iei inalis . ■ ,;,l'- • 
 
 Ciren ar fioin eoiint Hisniarek. illHelaimi,;^. „, v ',' ■ 
 
 ,. I tenth not iiMiieiiig KmiH'e toaHeeoinl-iatei'lU"' 
 
 „ I The Anu'rieaii general JluniHlile visits M. K„vr'; " 
 
 „ I 8urK<'on.nia.|iir Wyatt writes that Paris is'w!,, ■■ 
 l";;;vW"!i"l. ""il nearly itiexpiiKmible . , o ' 
 M. Ihiers Iruitle.ss visit to Vienna ,, .s,., , " 
 „ I St. Petei-sbur;-, 27 Sejit. : iliiieil with ll,|. i.;..,r' 
 
 I The Kraml iluke of MeeklenlairK at HlieiMiVIn, " 
 
 )i';;'i!!!:''!»'':y!'"'''':"';V""''""">TC'i>ni,ii';',.:ih,!;!i; 
 
 the FreiK'h 
 
 23 «ept. 
 
 biiu i' n-iiv ,1 ..... ^^ ,3e|i|. 
 
 Toul surreiiilers after ft most vigoroii.s resistame, 
 
 2j Sept. 
 frfe en. nm.^.tc of nicn under 25 ordered by the 
 Freneli Koverunient .... 23 Sept. 
 Geriuiiiis repulsed in emiHiets before Paris; .said by 
 tlii'in to be iiniiniiortant . . . 23 Sept. 
 Verdun invested by the Germans . . 25 Sept. 
 Desperate inetfective sallie.s from Metz, 
 
 23t 24, 27 Sept. 
 All the departments of the Seine ami Maine oeeii- 
 pieil by Germans .... 26 Seid. 
 The ironcross (,'iven by the erowii jirinee of Prussia 
 to above 30 soldiers beneath the statue of I.oiiis 
 
 XIV. at Versailles 26 Sept. 
 
 Cireular of Von Thile, Pmssian foreign minister, 
 stating that as the niliii^; j'owi-is in Fraiiee 
 decline an arniistiee, and as no reeognised govern- 
 nient exists in Paris (the gnveriiment <lc foctn 
 being removed to Tours), all cuiiiiiiuiiieatinns 
 
 litioii to AlsaeeamI l.iirrain 
 
 M. Favre, in tli 
 
 2 I 111, 
 
 mime of the dipl ,|,i, I , 
 
 I i-einieMts eouiit nismarik to give not,,,, l,,.,-, ;. 
 
 bombarding I'ans.and to allow a weiiii, enai,,'" 
 
 the loiiiit deelini's both rei,m'.st«. but peiiai ]' I 
 
 passage ol open letters ; reported > ""'i' b c 
 
 Count Di.smari'k in a eirinlar eorreifs FaM,,'.': " 
 
 I'ort of the negotiations, ami aei'iises tin' Kil.'i; 
 
 govenimenl of keeping npthedilliiulti,,,,,,,, 
 
 „'""' ■l"--< "fl'i'aie; reported . ' ," 
 
 Epi'inoi, and La Ferte oeeiipi,.,! liy the {ieM, l. " 
 
 alter an eiigagement . ' "';"" 
 
 The king's heail-iimirters removed' (11 V|.|s.„i,'. " 
 
 arrival of the king, JJisniarek, Moltke.aiul iX,,,' 
 
 The Germans vietors in several small eiigagenVnl's,' " 
 
 General Treskow, in eomniand of a Gennairamv " 
 
 to advanee into Southern Franee ' ' 
 
 tolniar oeeupied by the Prussians for an I,!,,,,.; " 
 
 liattle atThoiiry: General lleyan, «ii|i tl,V.!i' " 
 
 vaneed guard of the army I'.f tlie l,,,i„. ,1,' I 
 
 geimral l,a Miit.e lil^'^p-.WrU.a. tLZ^ZZ 
 
 between Chaiissv and Thoiir 
 pri.soners and eattl 
 
 ■y, and captures .simii, 
 5 1'rt. 
 
 Fietitious manifesto of tl iiipeiiir Xai„il,.„a I i " 
 
 entitled •■/.,'... hires i/i' /7';m,r,, „,'',", .,,',;; 
 jieace on niorlerate terms, dated 26 .s,.',,, V' i," 
 lishei in the imiierialist journal in l.in'ilni /,; 
 Mn;l,on.. ami iii JJaihi Mu:., 4 (Jet. ; di.silaii'ii o 
 
 by tin 
 
 . lie emperor . . ■;.;';;••;' 
 
 M. Thiers' mission to foreign courts lepi'irteil tn'l ', 
 
 ipiite abortive . . 1 • ■ i ni. 
 V 
 
 ■liiite abortive . . ". . .6,1,7 
 
 'art of the army of Lyons, under gineral liai'r,.' " 
 
 deflate, by the IJadenese uiidi r ge , ' ' ' ' 
 
 Gegenfeld, near St. liemy; Fremh 1,k. ',1,;,, 
 
 1,500, ami 6O0 i.risi.ners ; Herman loss, alii'iut 4,0, 
 
 General niiriiside leaves I'aris in order t,iM,''rt " 
 eimnt Ihsinarek ll^^ 
 
 Great sortie from Metz; the Gerinaiis siirerisi'il '■ " 
 
 40,000 I'leiii'li engaged ; re|iiil.sed aftersivrri'i,,!,.' 
 
 Ilicts ; French loss, about 2,000; German ,il»iut 
 
 600 
 
 ut 
 (lit. 
 
 Estimated number of French ju-isoners inOeinnnv 
 3577 olllcers, and 123,700 men . . g Oft' 
 
 Ncu IJreisach bonibarded .... g Od " 
 
 liretiin volunteers organising by M. Catlieliiieaii • 
 volunteers m the west organising hy gi.M,.|a| 
 Cliaivtti'(floiii Home) . . , " / sJi't 
 
 German attack on St. Quintin vigorously !v,.nl.*!. " 
 
 Long despatch from count liernstorlf to earl Gi'in- " 
 ville, compliiining of the British supplying aiiiw 
 t'Of^'rimce " ''. "go,, ^_ 
 
 FRANCO-] 
 
 M. TliiiTs again at VIeli 
 
 ti.inli.iiili arrives at ' 
 
 fivi'il; reviiWK tin 
 
 Pini't iiieillatiiin deeliii 
 jikI Spain . 
 
 I'.iMiau circular tip tli 
 till;; the iilisllliate red 
 iiifiit til peace, and fi 
 .-SMi'iul dlmirgaiiisat 
 
 .ViU, mnr Paris, bi 
 (liiilliig-iicciiing soldi 
 
 .V, Ciaialii'tta escapes 
 i)rt. ; ill his pi'iiclani 
 i'ltm piisMesscs 560, ex 
 i'.wt daily, ami that wi 
 lie uigi's iinaniiinim 
 '.iriyiiigon the war 
 
 i'lrtii'ltlicarmy of thu 
 iii-.ir Oilcans, by Kavii 
 ■ilmtit J, 000 prisoners 
 
 i'liissliiii att.n-k on Clici 
 
 French reply to Itisman 
 
 tiiillS . . . . 
 
 Al.iiit 20 villages burnt 
 
 illiiit warfare 
 Till' Kri'lich Heet appear 
 :..xio iiutiiMial guard mo 
 Tliice tirst shots tired a^ 
 (/rli'iiuseaiitured hy gen 
 
 liiiiira' lighting; the a 
 
 ntirc'S hi'liiml the Lol 
 '■liii;i.v 1 ipturid by a so 
 
 villi III. Mniitmeily . 
 litii. liiiiiihaki ai'ci'|its 
 
 pra, l.ii .Miitte Uoiige i 
 
 iif tile army of the I 
 
 I'aliiililies . 
 liiittalioiisiif Amazons s 
 
 lavmiralilc intelligence : 
 
 ii'iveil . 
 fi.inl'iiiili appointed C' 
 
 irivguliirs . 
 Kliinal I'liptiired bv the ( 
 .M. .UltisUiifouriifLyon 
 
 (iiratUritainforuetivi 
 
 t'l iihtain I'cace . 
 iiri'tfUil in'eiijiieil hy tl 
 
 nsistiiiiee . 
 .-li;;iit ciigageineiits (tern 
 
 tii'I'iiie I'aris 
 All the Vn.sges district i 
 
 tile ili-liles oeeupied by 
 llei'iirtcil successful sol 
 
 I'li'tely invested . " . 
 lir|"i'1i'il Kicliih success 
 
 till' riiissians surprisei 
 .•■t. L'luml llred on liy 
 
 l-'rii|iient sorties froiii Me 
 !'\m\: li(;lit at Keouis ; 
 
 liiiugsiirroiiiided . 
 (iiiijilietta aiinuum-es tin 
 
 luilfeil fniiii their inn 
 
 X. Thiers arrives at Flor 
 C"" .... 
 
 Ghu. Bii.ver, anle-de-cam] 
 rives at Vei>aillesaiii|nn 
 
 fti'ii. Tniiliirs litter tilth 
 'ivinisiagtlii' national 
 arili'iit desire for iiimied 
 
 Sois'iliiissiirri'iiilei's after 
 iiU'l t'lini- days' hombard 
 
 Kiviu'li successes befure P 
 siaus, who hohl the sani 
 
 .»!. G.iuiln'tta proceeils to 
 gt'ii. Hmu-haki appoiutei 
 el the north ; gen. .Mazi 
 iimiiliutlieariiiViif tin 
 
 M'.'iit'iiiliir att.iiked hy | 
 miT'U captured . 
 
 llieeiiiprinrXapiileonilei 
 iwiiriispeetofiieaee, ne: 
 uf ctihiig tu Prussia 
 
FRANCO-PItUS.SIAN WAR. 
 
 ■109 
 
 M TliiiTH ngim "t Vliiiim ... 8 Oct. 
 
 il.irilaMi aiHvcH at Tuiirs : I'litlimiliistlcnllv re'. 
 
 i.elVfil; ri'ViiWK lliu imtinrial Kuiinl iit tcmis, 
 
 l):recti liiitininleclliii'il liy Iliisnlii.Gieiit llritulii', 
 
 iinl Spain loOct.' 
 
 C'iMiau I'iniilar t(i tlic Kiirii|>i'nii ihiwcm, ivnict- 
 inwtlii'nlwtina(i'rc.<lntuiii'iMiftlM' Fivii(lij;nvii]|. 
 
 iiii-iit I'l I'"'""'. "'"' I'liriti'lliirj,' the c ,sc(|iii.nic.H 
 
 -Kudul climirKaniitatiiiii aiul njiuli Htiiivatiini, 
 
 AUIi, Iii'ar I'ail-t. Imriit t'cir allc(,'i.'il tivacliciy 
 (liiiliii((.''"'''l'iiiKH"lilii'r«) . . . . lodi't. 
 
 M. (iauilii'tta iscapfs liiini I'aHs liv a 1kiIIi«iii, j 
 i)(t. ; hi his |iriirlaiiiatl(p|i at Timm'-s, utatcs llmt 
 I'liris ini^MHi'.i s'w.ouo ti""|w; that i-aiiiinri am 
 fast iluily, anil that wnniiMi an- making lartriilp's ; 
 lie mvn nnaniiiicjiiM cli'Vulcd <'i).ii|piTati"n iii 
 i'iiriyiii;;iin till' war .... lo Oi't 
 
 r,,rt"l 111.' army iif the [.iiirc iliTi'iitnl at .\rtlii nay', 
 iii-iirllilrans, liy llavariaiis imiiIci- Viui iIit Tanil • 
 .iliipiit j.ooo liiiHiini'rH taki'ii . . .loOrt.' 
 
 I'lusslaiuitunk nn t'hci'i/y ii'imlHi'd io(Ji't' 
 
 Frfiirh ivjily tu lilsniaivk'H dii'iilar iiu the iii';,'iptial 
 timipi I ,(),■» 
 
 .\liniit 20 vllla^ea Imint, anil 150 I'uanant.s slmt (iir 
 illirit warfair .... up tu u Oit 
 
 l!ir Kivmli tint ii|.pcarH ii(t' lli'llKi.lanil . u t)ct.' 
 ..wjuatiimal (,'iiaril iiinlpili.si'il at Uimcii . uOrt' 
 
 lliiTc llrst Hlii'ts llifil apiiiist I'ariH. . uOrt' 
 
 i/ili-au.ii'aptuivil l.y Ki'n, Vnn ilcr Tann aftiT iiim'i 
 liMiirs' IlKlitinj,' : the anny of tile l.iiliu ilcfi-ati'il 
 riliiTS liililnil tlir l.iiiri! .... uOit. 
 
 -ti'iiiiy I Mi'turiil liy a sortie from the Kreiieli pirril 
 iiiaiif .MnntTiiLMly 11 Oct 
 
 lifii. liniiiliaki iicic|it.s the cuimiiaiiil at Tours' 
 (.Til. La .Motte KoiiHc sii|ici-scilcil in the cnriiiiiaiiii 
 I'f the army of the Loire liy (,'cii. U'AurclIc ilo 
 I'alailiiica ,2 (),.t 
 
 Diiltalioiis of AnnizoiiH Haiti to be foniiiiii,' in J'ai-is', 
 
 laviiiiralile Intelligence from Pari.s by balloon.s re'- 
 
 '•'■i>'fil ,2 Oct 
 
 Cjiilialili nii|iointe(l eoinmaniler of the Kreiidi 
 
 im^'ulars ,2 (>,.( 
 
 KpiiMleiiptiirod by theCiermans . . ' ijOi't" 
 .M. .Vrles Diifuurof l.yoiiH appeal.i to the iieople of 
 
 (.iHit Britain for active Hymjiathy in enilcavonrin« 
 
 tu iilitain peace 12 Oct 
 
 Brrtriiil oceiiiiied by tlio Gernmns after a Hharii 
 
 nsistance ,2 (j,.( 
 
 .•^liKlit eii^'iii.'enients (ternieil vii:torie« by the Frcncli) 
 
 li>'f"i'e I'aiiH 13 Oct 
 
 .Vlltlie Vii.s(,'c.sili,strict in arms: no rej;nlnr army'- 
 
 tin- ihllles occupieil by the francs-tircnrs, 13 Oct' 
 Ktl'iirti-il successfnl sorties; Nen Ureisac'i coml 
 
 pletely illvcMcil 13 Oct 
 
 llfpii'liil Kienih success nt Uagneux, near I'aris— 
 
 llip I'lii^sians surpiiseil . . . 13 Oct 
 
 H. Uoiiil llred un by the French nn'il burnt', 
 
 r'miiiont sorties from Metz . about 11 Ill't' ' 
 
 .^liarp li^lit at Kcouis ; the French eseniie fronl 
 
 li.iu;;siiriiiun.leil .... ,, (),.( ' 
 
 liaiiilietta announces that the Germans are disl 
 
 lodjjea from their inuennost belt round I'aris, 
 
 M. Tliiers arrives at Florence ; Garibaldi at Ue mi- ' 
 
 (i-u. Bayer, aide-ile-camp 'to niai-sli'al Bayjime, ar- ' 
 nvesatUM>aillesaiiilmeetscountUi.sniaiTk,i.Oct 
 
 o™.Tiricluis letter to the mayors of Paris on re' ' 
 ■iri,Miiisiu- the national guard and repressini; the 
 aiileut ile.sire !or inmiediato action . , , Oct 
 
 .mil four days bombardment. , t6Urt 
 
 ^rt■U(■h successes before Paris denied by the Prns'- " 
 siaas, who hold the same position as on 19 Sept., 
 
 M. G,™i,etta proceeils to the army nf the Vosu« '• " 
 
 "^;Sc^p;;:^,f^''''^"'«^~-'=°-"'4 " 
 
 Ilie euiperor Napoleon deeiares'that '■' there ',■■, .'be " 
 
 "I'SCV'fr"''"'"^'"'''"'""''-"""'^'' 
 «l ceding to Prussia u single foot of Freneli 
 
 FKANCO-PKUSHIAN WAB. 
 
 m' 
 
 187a 
 
 .ViT.'!)'.'?^ ■ "'"' »" K"VerTii.ient In France can 
 
 lacl , u,i^;na nretosucha treaty ami remain 
 
 In l";werahiimlcihiy" . . / ,„., 
 
 ^'"Ifi' .,'.V,'!''i' '""":'<'■■! ".'"I 'l'f''"tei| near I ■liatcandiin 
 
 st.irlneir ^ '"'^ '""' ""^' ''■"''' '"''"I t"»vil 
 
 '"'••'."I'llillv'o '!"'"'*. '•'""•"■ ,'i»-"|.tl'n« ti,;it Pra*s»ia 
 
 ,i> , r,; ''."''■i"'"i'"ll.v pursii.'s her task o» 
 
 mhil,,ln« „s. France has now mi lllusionH 
 
 hit. l;iii hLiitisniiw a ipicstiiu, of existence. 
 
 . . . »>e pivfrr iiiir prcHciit siiUciings. mir perils 
 
 i H.x'ibi'e"':;:,""'" i" "'•■ -"--■M.^-n-H U'lu^ 
 
 ,'.'"^' 'ind cruel amliitioii of our enemy 
 
 iTunic nicdcl. perhaps, to pass thn.ii'.h a 
 miliicme tr.al-she will issue from it transll^imd," 
 
 '^Paris'.' ''"''"'"■ "^ *'"■ "'■'"'""■' '" ■■''■'■' i^^yMol;, 
 
 t.rtl," F|."n"h ' '"■'"''•' "" ''''"'^ ''■"'''"'■ 
 
 ^'silo'rscio'i''^' ';';""■' <"-""vlll« to .;m,a°llXn. 
 stoiit s charge of bleach of neutrality . .., o,.t 
 
 sail'lcl.'. r;,""" ''■'"" ■"""• Valerien against Vc '- 
 Ha Ics , a , cn;;,,;:,.ment at .Malmalsun ; the French 
 retire at er three hours' Mgliting, losing al ,it 
 400 killed and wiiuiidcl and ,«, prisoners- (i,.-. 
 man loss about ..,0 kiih..! ami woumlcd, .', Oc . 
 Chaities occupied by the Germans umler Wittich, 
 
 Tnterv,.ntio„ of the liritish government rsup|Ii,rt'e!i 
 1, I he neutral powers) to obtain an arnii.stlce for 
 the cle,tiou..ra iiatiomilas.scmbly . .^, Oct 
 
 y.™"",'"''"! l''Vflie(ii.rn,ans. . 2 ( ct 
 
 Man.y deserters from .Met/ . . jo-22 O -t 
 
 •;'J'''"I''^'"'I' bardc.l vigorously . °^" .'' 
 
 KiigageiH.iitm.arFvieiiN-? .'^ ;J J,,.?- 
 
 Fi'vl!'1,''.' ^'''''''''y. L'ussey, &c., in the Viisges'; 
 I leiiih anny o| fl ,ist " defeated 22 Oct 
 
 CmulVlel:':'' "".^'"^'''1"" 1^ 1^'"^ ■■'•I'Ulscd by gem 
 
 ^'itHttai'iy'"^' '■""""™ '^""""'"•'l or the 'anny 'li'i 
 
 ^\,!^f" ^"H ''>■ ♦'''■ ^"•'■"""'^ "«'■■■ l^'lf-''"- 
 lioni s I iiiinona.ling, 21 Oct. ; evacuated by tlieiii, 
 
 "''/;n[^Hi!:""Vr' *!'' J^'tWO'tl""^ eiincerid^g';;'; 
 .11 iistici, IriMigh l>m»mi dcniiiniling that 
 i'l-ance should consent to a cession of territory, 
 
 Gambetta infornis the mayors of towns thaV " rcl 
 sistauce IS more than ever the order of the day/' 
 
 Keported negotiations for the surrender ofVleU, 
 Thiers undertakes the liiission to ol tali: an arinislice, 
 
 *^"!;:i^':'!i;:'!.?f s-"«^i-^»t«dt (2,400 iiris,;l;;!« ,^,u£ 
 
 guns taken) . 
 A girl calling h 
 
 Tours 
 Marshal Bazai ■ 
 
 " eolliUlereil e 
 
 Oct.-lici.. ,S7j)' 
 
 ,,. ■ • . =4 Oct. 
 
 ■'t a successor of Jeanne il'Arc at 
 
 iirreiiders Metz and his army 
 laniine " (see Mdz and Fntiu-e', 
 27 Oct. 
 
 ' '^'von'';^r:i;lr'-'"' ""^■' «'"y d^mte «a.^?;.)'l^ 
 
 . '^ VersaX"''" "'"' '""""''■''' "^ '"'"' ■'^"i''"^'in 
 j Le Dourget, near Paris, recaptured by the Fivnch; 
 
 i '^nepShm ' ""'" '"^'- '^''''■''*' *""'*'^'' '•'■^^'^'^ 
 i Despatch from count ' liismarck to carl iVnmvil'le' 
 : expressing desire f,.r the meeting of Fr . ch 
 ; ■lational assembly to ..onsider ternrs of p,™ e b„t 
 i stating that overtures must come Iroiii the Fre'nch, 
 
 '^";n'oron''F'r'"'^"''''l /"•'"■ ">■'*"»';"" • ^'^^^'^ 
 I ^ ,1!;,. " *'"'"''■ '•"■"'>■'' '<■ '^""■it on his 7otli liirth- 
 
 l''r;;'':/r';ri;-"f""-i"'^''"the^.:j;!^ 
 
 iJijiiii captured alter boiiibaid'incnt . ' . 25 Oct 
 
 Th.. francs-tiivurs defeated by the WiirtembCTKe,^ 
 
 between Montercau and Xangis . . "g 5 .t 
 
 H K 
 
 1870 
 
 •^^W^*"'^ 
 
 
 iup-.^TiN^f^^jfUti 
 
 
<»'SwtMl 
 
 W7 
 
 '•Iftr ^'*- 
 
 FUAXL'O-l'llUSHIAN WAl!. 
 
 liDtiiiialcil : 8)' • (liTiiiiiiiH III Ki'iiiii'i' : l''ii'iii'li 
 
 IH'Imilli'lN III lli'lliiilll.V, Ji|,<>i«i J'tnit. 
 
 U' lliilllKi't I'i'tilkiil liy till' (li'llllillin; liciivy limni'^ 
 uli iRitli nIiIi'm ; aliiJilt uuo Klviii'li ih'Ihiiiii'im, 
 
 JO Out. 
 
 i'MxIuiMiitliin i>r (liiiiilii'ttii, ni'i'iiNliii,- lln/.aiiii' i>l 
 tri'M^uii ^ Mil' will' til ^o nil . . . (iiUit. 
 
 SI. TIiImi'm ,.|iIi'i-» I'lirin .... lulicl. 
 
 Ull I'll III III I lIl'll'lhllllH |loli> (.llll'll) Willi lllinllt 7V«J 
 
 llll'll ,II (III, 
 
 M. Thii'i's iTii'Ucn |iiiwc'r» liiMii lln' ImiiuIi ili'l'i'inc 
 
 giiviTiinii'iit til lii'fit I'lir nil iiniiiNtii'f, tiii<l Iiiih tii- 
 
 ti'i'vli'Wn Willi ((iiiiil lliHiimirk, II Oil' 'iihl I Nm. 
 (Ii'ii. Iluiii'luikl iiUi'iiiptliiK 1<< I'lHiii III! army <>! tlii' 
 
 liiii'lli. iii'jir l.ill" .... *)('!. .Niiv. 
 
 Thloiivllli' liivi'stnl I .Nuv. 
 
 Till' I'liiiii'M-tiii'iiiK ilU|ii'r«i'il In srvi'iiil kHuIiI iii. 
 
 ^aK■'llll'llli lii'lwi'i'ii Ciiliiiar mill Hrltnrt, j, i Nii\', 
 Iii'tliT ri'iiiii iiiiiihIuiI IIii/mIiii- ri'i'i'lliiih' tlii' i'Iimikm 
 
 liltll'll.siin J Niiv. 
 
 Ciiiiiil Itlniiiiiirk iilli'i'H an aniilnlli'i' nf i; ilayn 
 fur till' L'k'i'tliili III' a t'mii'li uatlmial asBrinlil'v, 
 
 .1 .Niiv. 
 
 Di'l'i'Mt III' Mil alti'iiiiili'il ri'Viiliitliiii 111 rails; nrc 
 ii'/il/lii; I Niiv, 
 
 .M. Kaviv ili'i'laii'H tn llii' iiatliiiial unanl llial llii' 
 ^iivri'iiiiiciil liaH rtWiii'ii nut til yli-lil an iiirli nl' 
 ti'i'i'itiiry, atiil will rciiinlli I'alllil'iil tn tlih I'liKaKi'- 
 Hunt i .S'nv. 
 
 k'liirlaiiiatlnn nl' (lai'ilialill tii tlii' aniiy nt' tliu 
 ViM^i'ri, anil a|iliri.llll^ ti> iitlli'l' Iiatiiilis, 
 
 aliiiiil 1 Nm*. 
 
 " Viimi"'iiiir lie i37o ; jmr 'ill ii[H''iir iilUirhr ,t 
 irtiil )iliyiii'-i/''Hr/ii/" (a |iani|i|lli't lIHi'l'lliiil tn 
 till' i'iii|ii'i'iii'), ali|ii'arn In the hiiihi 't'cli',inti,li, 
 
 Niiv. 
 
 I''alliiri' iil'tlir ni'pillatliin, as I'lnint lllsiniii'i'k will 
 nut pcniiit I'niiil til I'litri' l':ii'ls iliiniiK till' aniils. 
 till' witliiiiil any iiillitaiy I'ljiiivali'iit ; .M. 'I'liU'is 
 iii'ili'i'i'il tn liri'iik nll'ni'Kiillatiuii . d.Nnv. 
 
 I'liati'ainliin n'laiitiiii'il by llii' l''i'riii'li . d Nov, 
 
 Till' I'liissi.iii si'iiii-nllirial jniniial says. " 'I'lii' 
 Kri'iuli Ki'Vi'i'iiini'iil liavinn irliiscil tn li,-»liii In 
 ll'asnli till' lallllnll will liii li'snrtcil tn Inl' nivlllH 
 tlii'in II li'ssnii " 7 .Vii\. 
 
 Dnniliai'ilinriil nl'Tlilniivllli' 7 Nnv. 
 
 L'Iri'itlars nii tlii^ iiiinistlir ni'),'iitiiitiiiiis nl' M. 
 Kavre, t Nnv. ; iift'niint llisiiiiiirk a Nnv. 
 
 'J'lic klii^ s |ii rniissinii Ini' Hit' I'liilinii nf a Kii'iiili 
 national asscnilily iln lini'il liy tlir Kii'inli pivi'iii- 
 Ini'iit 7 Nnv. 
 
 Oi'ilcl'H lliat nil iini' sliall rnti'i' nr i{ilit rails, 7 Nnv. 
 
 A l'nis»liiii rnliiniii ri'tiiilsi'il in an iiltark nu the 
 army nf till' l.niK' at .Marrliaiinli' . 7 Nnv. 
 
 Caiiltillatinn nf Vcnliin .... 8 Nnv. 
 
 Sovi'ii iiewniis, caiitnii'il In nullnniis rnnn Paris, si'iit 
 to German fortri'ssi's to ln' trk'il liy L-oiirt niartlal. 
 
 8 Nnv. 
 
 Tlio French Ili'i'tiillllcliKnlaiiil . . 8 Nnv. 
 (lui'iiiali i'or|is. miller Manteiilfel, ailvani'ing on 
 
 Amiens anil Knnen 8 Xnv. 
 
 Finn I'iri'iilar frnni .M. Kavre to Kreni'h (Iliilnniatle 
 
 reiM'e.sentativi'S, aliniit . . . 8 Nnv. 
 
 The Oeriniins enter .Mniitliiliiiril <l)oiilis) y Nnv. 
 The Clermans. uniler Ke", Vnii iler Tiiiin, ili'lValeil 
 
 lietweeii Cniilmiers nihl liaeenli, near Orleans. 
 
 ri'tire tn Tliniiry y Nnv. 
 
 M. Tillers' I'eiinrt nf the unsni'iessfiil ne;;ntiatiiiiis 
 
 for an armlstlee Iiiteil 9 Nnv. 
 
 lleimi'teil naval victory of the rnissian stianier 
 
 Meteiir over the FrelU'li Htcamer Ituxuil olf 
 
 llavaniiah y Xnv. 
 
 C'ontiniicil llj^htinK; Orleaiis retaken liy general 
 
 D'Aiirelle ile I'alaillnes ; Fremli Insses, 2ncio ; 
 
 (levmans almut 700, ami 2000 iirlsniicis 10 Nov. 
 Caiiitiihitioii of Nell Uruisach, 5000 iiri.sniiers ami 
 
 100 Kiiii" taken 10 Nov. 
 
 The French repulseil near Sloiitlielliinl on the Swiss 
 
 frontier 10 Nov. 
 
 Voii iler Taiin's army reinforceil liy 30,000, now 
 
 70,000, the ^!ranll iliike of .Meckleiiliiil'K inm- 
 
 iiiamler; the Loire army about 150,000, Imt mily 
 
 i2,oo<.» rcLMiL-ii's .12 Nnv. 
 
 liankei-s at Jlerlin anil Krankfoit an steil funleal- 
 
 ing in French war loan . . ahoiit u Nov. 
 
 l)61e, near Di.iou, oeciiliieil by the Germ.in.s, 
 
 i^ Nuv. 
 
 llii) 
 
 FUANCO-PUUSMIAN WAl!. 
 
 1870 
 
 I'alni. tiiithlnl inoclamatloii of g»n. Tim l.y, .n 
 I'arl; .14 n',.'\ 
 
 Tim ailiilcs In central Kralice have heeii iii'i,,.,! ' 
 iimlcr |iriiici' Fnilerlck t'li«rlen uiiil the Kiim.i 
 illlkeiitMecklelllilirK .... ,, x,,,, 
 
 hlevi'ii hieiiih tnwiis. 1651 Kmm. 155 niltiiiiil,,,,,,,, ' 
 
 nearly soo.ikkj iliiissc|iitts, almtit y.j ea,l,, ;,||,i 
 
 Htanilarils, iiml marly 4.000,000/. in iiinin \. i./i^,'.,, 
 
 liy the Oermiins .... up In 1 1 Ni.v 
 
 I Moiitmiilj ciiiii|ili'lely Invcsteil . ,- \„j, " 
 
 Flench Hurtles I'lnm .Mc/iercH repnlsnl, 15 y.y ', ' 
 
 I'lnlll lli'llnrt rcpllNcil . ifi Nuv' 
 
 The j-iauil iliike nl' .Mecklenliiir« ri'imlses the lii-iiiv ' 
 
 III' the l.niic near llreii.x, which lit ea|itiiii.,| |,v 
 
 Von Tresknw ,. v;,,^: 
 
 .Siicccsslnl French smtle frnin .Mezlercs, s.,,");,.,,! " 
 
 iiiiins salil to he kllleil . . . 17 X.iv" 
 Oei'iiiiins victnriniei in an eiiKiip'nielit iicn i'l,,,! " 
 
 teaiiilnn ; French cliilm the success i-j _\',,'j. 
 
 Uiicintti (lai'ilialill siilil to have lieaten 7..1U nr Jaj ' 
 
 men lit Cliatillnii ,, jd,,. 
 
 The national KmiVil at Kvreiix repulse a (li'i'iiiiiu " 
 
 attack , I j(,n. 
 
 The (leniiaii aniiy nmler prince Freileilck ciJni,., " 
 
 anil the Kraiiil ilnkc of .Meckleiiliur^' (ii;,.„) 
 
 ] Slliil In he I'cllciilin;; tnwill'ils I'liris . | /\,,v 
 
 Paris cnKlrilleil with a sccniiil line of invesii I,.|it, " 
 
 Pri'licli attempt to release I.a Fere li'inilseilKi'ii, " 
 I heavy loss 20 Nnv 
 
 Heverai liallnniis frniii I'lirls ciiptnreil almiit jo.N.iv 
 . French innlilli' „'iiaril ilel'eateil at lli'i'tiinii'||,.,| " 
 
 llnmliarilnicnt nfTlilnnville licKiin . . jj N,,/ " 
 Iliiiii nccnpicil liy the I'riissiiiiis . . . aa Xuv " 
 I'rliice Fieilei'ick Charles takes up a posilinii '|„. n " 
 
 I Orleans _>(^,j. 
 
 Thlnnvllle. ill lliiiiics, capitulates, with almiVt ,,„, " 
 
 prlsouers -niiw. 
 
 The Oermans ri'inilseil near Amiens ami iiearstin-ll^ 
 
 I \m Fere siirremlcrs, after two ilays' liniiihii|-,[|ii,,','||' " 
 j with aliniil 70KIIIIS ami 2ocx> men ;'7 .Nnv 
 
 I The (iiiriliiililians ih'fcatcil near l'iisi|ncs (('iit,.iV(i|| " 
 
 I hy Villi Wenler '7 Nnv 
 
 ! The Flench army of the north ileleateil hy jlai,! " 
 teiitl'el lielweeii Villers Uretonnellx ami '^,'<Cw 
 
 near .Vniiens ^l x,,^' 
 
 Amiens nciiipleil hy Vnii Oa'lieii nftera seven' fi|. " 
 
 piKement ^^ >;,,,, 
 
 Severe ciiKiiKement near nealiiie la llii|iiiiile(|.,,ir,.t) 
 
 lietween part nf the army nf the l.niiv i||„i,.|, 
 
 D'Anrelle ile I'lilailincs iiml the (leriiiaiis iiii,|,,r 
 
 VniHts Hhetz ; prince Freilcrick I'limle^ ai'- 
 
 rives ami turns the ihiy ; the Fieiidi |.|,ij|,, 
 
 heavy loss on Imtli shies . . , _,^ \^j^,' 
 
 M.ile Keratiy icsiKiis his commaiiil, .'inusiu^ ji 
 
 Oamlietta of miscnmliict, 28 Xnv. ; Ilmnbaiil jh'. 
 
 pninteil tn cniiimiiml an army cni'ps . 29 Nnv, 
 
 Friiltles.s emleaviinrs of the army in Paris anil llie 
 
 army of the l.nii'c to unite . 21; Nnv,_. p,.,. 
 
 Hni'ties fi'iini varinii.s parts of Paris repui.seil k\\\\ 
 
 , '"■''» • • 21) Nnv, ,. 
 
 Great Hurtle nf 120,000, uniler generals Ti'inliii ainl 
 Ituflnl, who cniss the .Mariie ; sevl'll■,^t cniilliit 
 iH'tweeii C'hiinipij!iiy-sur-.\lariie, Ihie-siir-Mann' 
 ami Villiers-siir-Marne ; the Frcmli nlaiii t|jr 
 taken possessions, lint their inlvance is chiTk,,,!; 
 great loss on lintli hIiIcs (chielly .'jaxniis ami Wm^ 
 t Iiergers engageil) .... 30 Xnv. „ 
 
 The ciiiitest resumeil at .Vvrnii ; tlieCieriiinu.s ntaki' 
 Chaiiipigiiy ami Uric ; the French iitreal 2 Inr 
 
 The army nf the l.olie: 1,'liaiizy ileleiiliil |,y the 
 graml iliike of .Mecklcnliiiig at lliizm he ilvs 
 Halites, 2 lice. ; near Cheviliy (the Fieiiili ivpuit 
 these engagements imlccisivc) . . ,1 j)t.(,, 
 
 Prini'i' Fi'eilcrlek Chillies ilislodges an eiicaiiiiiiiiriit 
 ill the forest of Orleans. . . 3 Iln', 
 
 Ducrot lilvouacks in the womls nf Viiii'i.im,.*, 
 3 Dec. ; he issues a llnal oriler of the ilay, k- 
 ferring to two ilays' gloriniis hattles , 4 p,.,.. ,. 
 
 General DAurelle ile Palailiues elitreiiclieil In-lnre 
 (>rleaiis ; pinjinses to retreat: the giivi niii.iiit 
 oppn.ses him, hutyielils; he iletei mini's t«a«;iil 
 the attack : imrt of his army ilelcatcil hy |iriiiii' 
 Frederick Charles, ami the graml iliikc uf .Meek- 
 lenliiii'g: he retreats with alimit ii-j.ixjo iiiiii: 
 
 DrlMMtlirMiteneilwIt 
 
 nt IlllillllKllt 
 
 Tln'Orniaiissaiil to he 
 l'aliiiliiii'"(silpii'seileil 
 
 n.ouo [irlsiillers, 77 gll 
 laivil lit (»i leans 
 
 liiiiii'iiiK'i'ii|iii'il liy Man 
 
 Htdii-nil iinler of the ki 
 iiaaiiew phase nt the 
 linvik tliiniigli the liivi 
 fiiik'il" , 
 
 Tim Kniail iliike nf 5 
 I'hiuuy iial the arni,\ 
 Ift-ury; iiitlei'Isive, 7 
 riom, tiikiiii,' ahiiiit 11 
 ami iu'L'Uiiyliig ll'iiiigei 
 
 Oi'ii. Miiiiti'iitl'ers army 1 
 Kiii'US, aiiil mai'cliiiig 
 uurrliiiiK to Havre 
 
 I'raitiiiiU'il sivere eiigagi 
 iii.aia ami tlie anny n 
 Kn'iirli ivtreat (7 hattli 
 
 Visiiniiui niege uf Uelfol 
 
 ramnlilet (attrihiiteil ti: 
 |iiilili.slieil iiiiiler the na 
 Hiii«ile(h'li'iim't, throw 
 ii{ii>ii the Fi>'m'h iiatinii 
 
 FiKlitiiii! ailing the wlmli 
 |<iin', aiiiler geiier.il C 
 ImilH, hat nlntimitely 1 
 
 llnlliiiiitaetiiiii hy lie Chi 
 
 'I'licili'liigategiiveriiiiieiit 
 Uiinluiiix; (liimheltu ri 
 the Liiiit) 
 
 |lii'|iiic i)eeii|ileil hy the O 
 
 U fm tllleateueil liy 1' 
 
 tlienriiiy of the iinrtli 
 rhiilslmrg siirremlei's, sii 
 nieiii'eiaeiit of homhii 
 
 Kvn'iix .mil lllnis nceiiiilei 
 
 ,\|iiiitiii?ily siii'i'einlei's 
 I Slllirp I'llgllgelllellt at l''letl 
 iilmiuliiiieil hy the (lermi 
 I .Viiit.i iieiir l)i,|iiii eaptnreil 
 
 Vim Wenler, after 11 seve 
 [ Till' Kn'iii'hgiiveniiiient isi 
 
 piiipilgatjiill nf false new: 
 I L'niillii't at Mnniiaie : ahi 
 
 iiKililli'S ilriven hack to T 
 I Vigiimiw sortie frniii Pari 
 
 ai'liiiii . . 
 iTiiiirs partiiilly shelleil; sii 
 
 liy CimiiiUis . 
 [Cliaiizyiinil part nfthenrniy 
 
 rtiiclieil Le .Mans ami jo, 
 
 |S«vfn hours' hattle at Pc 
 Mmiteiilfel ami tlii^ army 
 hi'riii'; both claim the 
 tmits . . . . 
 
 |Hx Kiigliuli eiilli.'i's. saiil to 
 mit.i. after ileliveriiig coal 
 Hir Seine at Diiehiir'neiir 
 fur utiiitegie reasniis . 
 F.splniiiitiiiii given hy Bisin 
 pi'eiiiUeil . . • . 
 
 k'liaiizy, la a lettor to the (i 
 Vi'iiiloMie, aecuses the Ge 
 ill;; .'St Cahiis, anil, ilenvli: 
 liavufuiightyiiuaiiilhelily 
 
 Troeliii saiil to ho making 
 ' i'it.iiU'1 .... 
 
 "lit Avron. an oiitlving fi 
 
 ilay's liiiiiihanliiieiiti ahaiii 
 
 tlic Giiriiiaiis . 
 AHi'gi'il defeat of the Gem 
 
 t'lianzy's army near Jlonti 
 pcvcnil sm.ill eiigageineiiis i 
 I sui'i'e.ssfiil to the French 
 P«l'itnlalii)ii of Meziorea w 
 
 Kiiiw .... 
 levi'ie hattles near Ilaiiaiini 
 I the North under Faidlierbe 
 
,^ 
 
 FKANCO-PKUHHIAN WAU. 
 
 I Irlc'iint III! '''>'■''"''' ^'''>'' 'IiiIuikIiiii'IiI; niiri'i'iiilciit 
 
 iit iiiiiliiiKlit ■ 4 l>iM'. 187. 
 
 T|„. (UTIIlilllH Mill till"' III IMirMllltllf I) Allll'llli lU 
 
 Mii.llni'«(«ii|iiwili'il) ... J 1),,,.. ,, 
 ,,,,xx) prlmiiii'M, 77 KUiiJi, aiiil 4 KUIi-liiiiitH I'lip. 
 
 liiiiihitltiliiiin 5 Dun. „ 
 
 lliiu,.|iiiciii|ili'il liy Miihtciilti'i . , 6 Di'c. „ 
 
 (i«iii'nil iinli'i- "f till' l<lii« I'f I'niHulii, " Wb ciitiT 
 
 iiiiiiiii'W |iiiii«i' 111 till' w.ir . . . KviT.v iittcin|it til 
 
 limik fliii'"«li ll'i' liivi'Kliiiciit iinclii'Vf I'm is [,i,^ 
 
 fiillnl" . ■ • .. ■ ■. ■ .6 Hit. „ 
 
 •kii'iiliiirK ulliiikt Km. 
 
 l.iiliH iii'iii' |li>ai|. 
 
 Ufiiiiitiin vl'-tu- 
 
 iii; 
 
 I'UANCU I'UrSHlAN \\\U. 
 
 iir Mr 
 
 rill, uniiiil iliiki' 
 lliiiruy Hill till' iiriii.v iif tli 
 (iriiry: iihIi'iIhIvi', 7 Hrr. ■ tl 
 rliiiK, tukliiK uliiiilt iiu<> luisiiiii'i's iiml hIx ;jiiiih, 
 aiii|mru|i.vlliKU''iiUKi'iii'y(scvi'lii|nHiitiilJiTiiiiiii«), 
 
 ! Ocn. Miiiiti'iKt'i'rn iirin.v In two imrlM, imi' hci'iiiiIch 
 Kvn-iis, mill iii;irrli{M|; to t'lu'i'liniirK: tliii iitliri' 
 iiiiinliliixt" lliiMc .... 8 Di'c 
 
 Cimliiiiii'il Kivi'ic ii|i).'iiKi'lni'lit.< lii't\.iicii tlif (Iit. 
 iiMim mill Mil' unin nf I In' l.iiiri'; tlii' ilrlViitinl 
 KmiiIi ivliviit (7 liiitlli'S ill .) ila.VH) ,,, n, D,.,.. 
 
 VlgiiriiiiH »liw <|f Uflfurt; Dlmtliiiiti'ly ilulcmlril, 
 
 9 lii'i'. 
 
 I'amplili't (iittrilmtcil to tin' riiiiu'i'iir \n|iiilciiin) 
 imlilislii'il iiiiiliT till' iiiiiiii' III' Ills IVii'inI, lliii mill'. 
 
 ,|l|iml|| llrir.MIlt, tlllinvllIK till' lilllMir of lh|i will' 
 
 ii|iiiii thr Kiviiili imtimi early in Drc. 
 
 FltililiiiH iiliiiiK' till' wlinli' Iliii' of till' ariiiyiif tho 
 
 Irfiiri'. lunli'i' ni'iii'inl c'liaiizy ami ntliciH; it iv. 
 
 In-iita, Imt iiliitiniili'ly riiNixtH . 5— 10 Di'i'. 
 
 llnllinntai'tiiiii li.v lie Ijliaii/y . . , nDci.. 
 
 I IliiMli'li'Knti'KiivmiNiiiat traiiHliTri'il from Tuiii-h to 
 
 lliiiili'iiux; (laiiilii'ltii ri'iiKiiiiH witli tliu army nf 
 
 ilic Miv n I'k'ii. 
 
 I |iii'|i|Ki u|ili'il liy tliii ni'rniaiiH . la IVic. 
 
 [a rt're thrriitiMii'il liy KaiilliiTln', ('iiiiiiiiainli'i' nf 
 
 tlioariny iif till' niirtli . . 12 Dor. 
 
 I I'liaUlmrK Hum'inli'rn, siilnlncil liy faiiiinii ; cuni- 
 
 mtnrfiin'iit of liiiiiiliarilim'nt of .Mniitniciiy, 
 
 r 12 Dec. 
 
 Kvmix.inil HIiiU on'iiiiliiil liy tilt' Gi'nnaiis, 13 Di'c. 
 
 Mmitm^ily mini-niliMs .... 14 IM'. 
 
 sliiir|i I'lidiidciiii'iit at I'Vcti'Vul ; wlili'li in taken anil 
 
 alwilliliilu'il liv till' ItiTitialls . . i.^ \h'r. 
 
 .Vuinncar l)i,iiiii iMiitnieil liy tin' Haileiii'Si! iinili'r 
 
 I Villi Wi'iiliT. after a .si'Vi'i'i' niiilliiit 18 Dei'. 
 
 Till' Fri'iii'li (jiiverii iit i.i.siie a einular against tliu 
 
 I |ini|iagntliin of false news . . .30 Dee. 
 
 I L'liiimi't at Miinnaie : aliniit 60 j Freneh Kut'iloH 
 I iiiiiliilen ilrivi'ii liaek to Tours . . jo Doe. 
 I Vifc'iimiw Hiirtie from I'aris rejnilseil— an artillery 
 J ai'tiim. 3, Dec. 
 
 ITiiiimjmrtlQlly Hhelleil; siiliiiiils, lint not ocen|iie(l 
 
 I liyGmiMlw 21 Dec. 
 
 |Cliaiizyanil|iartoftliearniyoftlie Loire .salil to Ii.'ive 
 ■ rrudied Le .Minis ami joined tliu Bretons, alioiit 
 
 I. '-' I'i'i'. , 
 
 ISeven hours' Imttle at Pont li N'oyelles lielween 
 Maiitcuircl 'lail the army of the noi-tli imilcr l''aiil- 
 IktIk-: liiitli claim the vmtory; FaiillierlH' rc- 
 
 _ tn'ats .,^ D,,,. 
 
 |!!ix Kiiglish nilli.'rs, saiil to Imvc liail Pnissia'n per- 
 mits, atter ili'liveriiii; emil at Hoiien. are sunk in 
 Mil' .'ii'ini' at llueliiir near Havre liy the I'mssians 
 _ furntiiiti'Kii' ri'iisoiis .... 21 |ic|. 
 
 lr.S|ilaimtiiiii given liy Bismarck ami ipeiisation 
 
 T I'li'iiilwil • . ■ . . . .26 Dec. „ 
 
 t'liiiiizy. In .1 letter to the German niimlant at 
 
 \i'iiiiriiiie, aiviises the German.s of crnellv pilla"- 
 
 "« St. t'aliiis, anil, ileiiyiii); his ilrfcat, savs, " We 
 
 liavefuni!htyiin;unnielilyoninchccksinc'e4Dec." 
 
 fcr L . . . . 26 Dec. ., 
 
 prochu saul to he making Mont Valerieu a vast 
 
 L''i<»'li'l 27 Dec 
 
 flniit .Vvron, an outlying fort near Paris, after a " 
 ilayslmiahanlment, ahamlonecl ami occnpicd by 
 tlio Geriiiiuis ,_ y,,,: 
 
 illi'geil defeat nf the Germans by iletaeliliieiit of 
 llianzj-s army near Moiitoire . 57 Dec 
 
 iccrai aiiull ciigiifjeini-nis in NonnanUy—rei'iDrteii 
 IsuimafultutheFa'neh . . 28-,' Dec 
 hniiis '""" "'' ^^'■""''"-'** *'"' =°°° ""^" •''"' 'o"^ " ' 
 fcVL'K'^hattli'S near liapiimile be'tweeii tlie'arni\''IIf ' '' 
 I till! .North uuUer Faiaiierhe ami the Uermans miiler ' 
 
 Maiiteiitrel ami V Imbeii : victory elalnie I bv 
 
 lioth, the tr h ntieat . j , .i,,,, 
 
 DelncUlvc conlllct near Di|on Ic .Mans: belween 
 Ki'iieral thiinzy ami prince KrecU'nek Charles, 
 
 DaiOontln. H. orilclfort,storme,niy»b'n,mns,ll',','i'; 
 
 Uiiiiibariliiieiit of eiiHterii rroiit of I'aris, ami of the 
 
 Hoiiherii forts, 4 ,(an. ; foits of Issy ami Vanvres 
 
 Hiii'iirt'ii ... *- i,i|, 
 
 Fortress of Il,,crov taken by tl.'e (Icrnian's, ,, 6 Jan! 
 (li'iii'ial Itoy ilefeatcil near 'InniieKes . , ,),.„, 
 
 \oni,„..b,.n ill the ninth, Manteiilfel sent to the east 
 
 t^inlliets (in the east) between Von Werlle? ii'm'i 
 llonrbiikl at Villarais, south of Ves ,,, ,„ ,i„„ 
 
 Ilomliiinlnient of Pmis, many linil,liii„s' i, n , ' | 
 
 "111 people hllleil ahe Fi h Kiiveininent lip '.'a 
 
 to forelKii piiwi'i's ,, ,,,' „„ 
 
 rapitnlatliin of Peiueiie with ^jarrison ' , '' ," j ' 
 
 Heilerick (.harh'H ami the Kiaml ilnke of Me'.kh'ii- 
 
 Pri'ni'e Fi,.,|,.,.i,.k Charles' ente'rs l.e Mans ; 'a'rb''r"6 
 
 1 ays IWiting, (,,1,1,11, 2i„,.K. F„.n,-li prisom'.'H 
 
 niiele; (o'liimn lossab.mt ,4,„) . ,j j.,„ 
 
 \ Kor,,i,s,„,|-|i,.s fr,,m I'aris ivpnlscl . ■ , ,lan' 
 
 Chaiuy relreatliiK, 14 Jan. ; ileh.atcl 11,'iir Voskcs', 
 
 liiilecisiva cinttlets b,'tw,'e„ llonrbakl'am'fvmi 
 
 Henler, licir llelloit . ,. ,f, ,,, ' 
 
 St. (Jnentin rccaptnrcl by Isiiai,! nmler Falilln'rlic, 
 
 Iloiii|b.kl ilcl^'atcl near l.eliwt after threil'ial's' 
 
 NKnting, 15 i7,lun. ; retri'iitssonth iS.Ian 
 
 Ihe Kiiiml iliike of MeeklenliiiiK enters Alem;i'ii, 
 
 Ilomlianlnient of f,o,iKwy licKiii, . . '/ j",','; 
 
 tanlln'r be , h'fcate,! „■ .St. yn,'„ti„ ; after s,vei 
 
 lake,' .''''""'^'' '■■ ^■"" •■''■'"•"' 4i>- prisoners 
 
 "'n''A,T"''i''' '!■;;'", '''"l" "f Trochn ami ioo.ol! im'n 
 wimmli^il "" "' " '" '"^ ''"'"' "'"' -"^ 
 
 ]>iiiirliakl haiil im'ss'eil by Voii W.'hier ' I'^t',',','' 
 
 Armisth'c foi' two days at P.iiis i,.fiis,.,l ^ ' ' 
 
 . '".";""■;' lit "I «t Denis ami Camhrai Z J 1 
 
 liaidherbe a..,,scrts that the (Ji'mian snecesies v 
 , exaggerated . , 
 
 I Uesigimtion of Troehn'; Vinoy, g„vcrm,r of Palis, 
 
 • Favrc opens negotiations with llismarck '''^' ^'! Hn ' 
 j Lon«wy caiiitnlatcs ; 4000 prl.soners, 200 gnu"; 
 
 : Letter from M. Onizot l„ .V|,. ,i|,„|st yvu^,;!^:, ' 
 
 I '.; •■'""lilioii 111 fortresses m, both sides of tlm 
 
 HI iieiand the maintenance of the balance of 
 liowi'r by congresses ; published . ..fi .i,,,, 
 
 tapitnlation „f I'mis ; armlslicc for 2, days si.'i i ' 
 
 l.y coniit Ihsniarck and .Inlcs Favre ' 28 Ju, 
 Tho torts round Paris occnpied by the Oeiman"; ' 
 
 Advance of Oenimn troops int., France snspi'ndell; 
 
 ' "'""■I'fi n":l liii ar.iiy, about 80,000. driven 'bv " 
 Manteiith'l into .Switzerlaml near Pont.lrlier, al t 
 6000 having been captni'cd . jo j„„. . ', i..,,',' 
 * reiieli loss about 35o,o,x. men, 800 guns ill, to ,Jan 
 Dion occupied by the (lermans *. ' , J.,, , " 
 Helfort capitulates with military honours ,, Fe 1 " 
 Negotmtioiis tor peace between Thiers and Hisi„i,,ck " 
 
 Preliminaries of a tivaty „,','eptc,l by Tl,"rs?Favre " 
 
 111 15 delegates fnim the n.it al a.s.scn biy ; i 
 
 tnc udes n's.aon ,,f ,„„.ts „f Lorraine, incliid ng 
 Metz and Thionville and Alsace less ndfort ,d 
 Iia.vment of 5 milliards of tVaiics, 200,000 W 
 =5 I'd,, signed 26 Feb.. accepted by tT.'^t^, ,i 
 assembly . ' "^uoiiai 
 
 aerm,,i l,m in battles ■throughout the wai' k'll'li " 
 or died soon after, ,7,570: died o f w,,, s 
 
 Gernmu troops enter Purls and remain 48 hours, 
 
 They quit Versailles . . 'T^ m!!''!'' " 
 
 Confereneo for jieace open at lirus.iels, " 28 .March " 
 
 Trentyof peace signed at Frankfort, .oMav , ratd 1, " 
 
 hj the I'leiich national assembly .18 .May, 
 
 H H 2 
 
 1871 
 
 .J "»' 
 
 ^' lit-' 
 
 " 1'> t'j 
 
 
 t 
 
 "n 
 
 •# 
 
 M 
 
 w'--i 
 
 , ■ llull' 
 
 p^.. 
 
 •^tl 
 
-•wi '■% 
 
 mm 
 
 ! 
 
 ,1. r ' *• 
 
 
 W\^i 
 
 'I 
 
 ii V 
 
 FRANCO-SCOTTISH SOCIETY. 468 
 
 FRANKLIN. 
 
 FRANCO-SCOTTISH SOCIETY. Tlio 
 cstiililisliiiiciit of this socii'ty witli ii Si'uttisli hninch 
 WHS pnipcisicl at a im'etiiijJ: in Kdinlmr};!! by lord 
 lUiiv, lord J.otliiiin, tlio duke of Fife, mid others, 
 to I'lromote histoi-ical reseiirch in ivlation to the 
 two countries and to assist students in their univer- 
 sities. The iiurchase and endowment of tlic dis- 
 used "College des Jiseossois" in I'aris, proposed 
 20 Oct. l8()S' Inauguriil meeting at Paris; loid 
 lieav, sir Ar'ehiliald Ueikie, and otliers, received by 
 M. Jules Simon : II. lierthelot, and others present, 
 at the Sorbonnc. 16-18 April, iSt^j; llrst anniial 
 meeting in Kdinburgh, II Nov. Annual meetings 
 lield. 
 
 FRANCS-TIREURS, free shooters, took an 
 Rrtive piirt in the Franco-l'russian war from about 
 14 Aug. 1870; and more especially after the sur- 
 
 render of AlacMahon's army at Sedan, 
 Their conduct was mucli censured. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 FRANKENHAUSEN, N. Germany: near 
 this place I'hilip, landgrave of Hease, and his allies 
 defeated the insurgent peasantry headed by Munzer 
 the anabaptist, 15 May, 1525. 
 
 FRANKFORT-ON-TIIE-MaIXE, central Ger- 
 many, founded in the ,Sth century ; was the resi- 
 dence of Charlemagne in 794 ; walled by Louis I. 
 8^8; a capital city, 843; an imperial citv, 1245. 
 Population in 1885, 154,513; in 1890, 179,850; see 
 O'lrmiiiii/. 
 
 Union of Fr.inkfort : tr«ity between France, Sweden, 
 I'russia, ami other tieriiiaii states led to war witli 
 
 .Austria 22 May, 1744 
 
 Frankfort cniiturcd by the French by a surprise, 
 
 2 Jim. 1759 
 Cai'tured by Custine, 28 Oct. ; retaken by the 
 
 I'nissiaiis 2 Dec. 1792 
 
 Uoiubaraea by the French ; surrendered to Klebcr, 
 
 i6July, 1796 
 Made part of tlie confederation of the Rhine . 1806 
 A fjiaiid duchy uiuKt Carl v(]ii Dallicia . 1810 
 
 Kcpuhllc restored; appointed capital of the Gcr- 
 
 nianie confederation '815 
 
 Vain atteiMpts at insurrection by students, April, 
 
 ,833 *'"y. '834 
 
 Tlie Frankfort diet publish a federative constitution, 
 
 30 March, 1848 
 The iilenipotcntiarios of Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, 
 Haiiovcv, Wurtcmbeig, Mecklciiluirj:, <tc., here 
 (onstitute themselves the eouncilof the tierinanic 
 
 ,li,.t I Sejit. 1850 
 
 Tlic tiinaan sovereigns (excepting the king of 
 I'jussia) met at Frankfort (at the invitation of 
 the cnii.cror of Austria), to consider a plan of 
 hderal lefoiin, 17 Aug. ; the plan was not 
 .iiceiited bv I'mssia . . • .22 Sept. 1863 
 Meeting of diet of (Jcrniaiiic conreiloration ; coii- 
 
 ilcniii the treaty of Gastciu . . i Oct. 186= 
 
 The diet ailoi'ts the Austrian motion, that Prussia 
 has broken the treaty ; the Prussian lepiesentativu 
 (leelaivsthe ciint'ederatiou at an eud, auil laoiu.se.s 
 a new confe.leiati'm . . . . 14 June, 1866 
 Entered bv the Prussians, who exact lieavy supiihes, 
 
 16 July, ,, 
 Annexed to Prussia bv law of 20 Sept. : proiniil^ated 
 at Frankfort ; (the legislative corps and 15,000 
 .ili/.ens iniitest against it) . ■ ■ ^.iJ V'V " 
 ViMted bv the king of Prussia ; an ancient cathedral, 
 >t. liaiiholoniew (founded 1315, completed 1512), 
 .lestiovecl liv lire .... 14, 15 Aug. 1867 
 Fiaiiklbit siiliported I'ruHsia in the war . July, 1870 
 Tivfi/ "//'uuc between France and Oerniany, siglicil 
 
 here • • >° -'*'">". '871 
 
 l[j,.ts IhiMUgh rise iu price of beer ; suiipressed 
 
 bv N. (Jeriaaii soldiers: 37 <if the 1 pie killecl ; 
 
 aiiiail 100 wounded . . • 21, 22 April, 1S73 
 International EleclD-Tcchuical congress oiiened 
 
 8 iSi'lit. et tr.^., 1891 
 
 FRANKFORT - ox - THE - pi)Ell (N. (Jer- 
 maiiy) ; u lueiuber of the llaiiseatie league ; suflerca 
 
 niucli from marauders in tlic middle afrcis, and jj 
 the thirty years' war. The nniversitj was louinij 
 in 1506, and incorporated with that of llruslau j. 
 1811. Near Frankfort, 13 Aug. 1751), Frederici; (t 
 I'russia was defeated by the llussiaii> and Austrians 
 Bee Cuiinersdorf. Population, i8ckj, 51,724. ' 
 
 FRANKING LETTERS, passing httwsfree 
 of postage, was claimed by parliament about iWx) 
 The privilege was restricted in 18 59, and aljolivliJ 
 after the introduction of the uniform pi nny mi^y 
 10 Jan. 1840. The (lueeu was iimoiig>t" the fira 
 to relinquish her privilege. 
 
 FRANKLIN, tlie English freeholder in tl- 
 middle ages; see "the Franklin's Tale," i„ 
 Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (written about n'(d). 
 
 , FRANKLIN, SEAKCII FOU. Sir John Fran;. 
 lin, with captains Crozier and Fitzjanns, in H, j| 
 ships Erebus and Tirror (carrying in all py 
 persons), sailed on his third arctic expedition i.j 
 discovery and survey, from Grceiiliitlic, on iriKa, 
 1845 ; see North-u-e.st I'tis.sdiii-. Their last des- 
 
 Satehes were from the 'Whalctish islands, dated i; 
 uly, 1845. Their protracted aliseiicc eiiuacd intens^ 
 anxiety, and several expeditions were scut from 
 England and elsewhere in search of them, anj 
 coals, provisions, clothing, and other necessaries 
 were deposited in various places in the Arctic seai 
 by our own and by the American goveninanf, bv 
 lady Franklin, and numerous private iiersuns. Thi 
 Truelove, captain Parker, which arrived at Hull, 
 4 Oct. 1849, from Uavis's Straits, brought intelli- 
 gence (not afterwards continued) that the natives 
 had seen sir John Franklin's ships in the nrcvioas 
 March, frozen up by the ice in Prince Kegenfi 
 inlet. Other accounts were equally illusory. Her 
 majesty's governicnt, on 7 March, 1850, oti'ereda 
 reward of 20,000/. to any party of any country, thit 
 should render efficient assistance to the crews of tli 
 missing ships. Sir John's first winter quarters wett 
 found atBeechy island by captains Oinmanneyuil 
 Penny. 
 
 I H.M.S. Plover, enpt. Sloorc (nftenvanls under 
 capt. Maguire), saileil from Shecniess to lieluiiig's 
 Straits, ill si'arcli . . . . i Jaa. li,- 
 
 2. Land expedition under sir John Uielianlsiiu ;,i„i 
 Ur. John Uae,of the Hudson's Bay C'niiijiaay, left 
 England 25 March, „ 
 
 ISir John Uichardson returneil to KufjlanJ in 
 1849, and Ur. lljie continued his seareli till 1S51.] 
 
 3. Sir James Boss, with the Kiitii']irisr anil liinsli- 
 (/iifor(i2 June, 1848), haviii;,' also saileil in siaicli 
 to Barrow's Straits, returned to Englaiiil (Siar- 
 borough) 3 Xi,v. ij,, 
 
 4. The Kiiterprife, capt. Collmson, ami Inresligutor, 
 cyiamamler .M'Cluic, sailed from I'lyuumtli lor 
 Beiiring's Straits .... sojan. liji 
 
 [Both shilis proceeded through to tlie eastwaiil.] 
 
 5. Capt. Austin's expedition, viz. : Hmnlnte, r.i\'l. 
 Austin, CD. ; Ai'siittitiur, eajit. Oiimiamiry; 
 /a^-fjni/, lieiit. Bertie Cator ; ami I'lmien, liii'it. 
 Sheraril Osborii, sailed from England fur liiiriuw s 
 Straits 25 April, „ 
 
 LHetimicd Sept. 1851.I 
 
 6. The /,iii(;/ Friinldiii, capt. Penny; .niiil .^'.i;!/,;.!, 
 cai»t.' Stewart, sailed from Aberdeen fur IJarniw's 
 Straits 13 .l]iril, 
 
 [Hcturned home Sejit. 1851.I 
 
 7. Till! Amkhican cxiiedition in the Admna and 
 ItescM, under lieut. He Haven and Ur. Kaiie(S'iii 
 of the judge), towards which Mr. Grinnell siili- 
 scribed 30,000 dollars, sailed for I.aiieiistcr .Sound 
 ami Barrow's Straits ; after drifting in the unk 
 tlown ISafttii's liay, the ships wer.- r.l.'ii^f.l is 
 1851 uninjured 25 May, 
 
 8. The Felix, sir John Boss, fitted ont iliiefly liytlie 
 lludsoii Bay Company, sailed to the sanic liicality, 
 
 22 .May, , 
 [Ileturned in 1851. 
 
 WolstiMilioliiiu 80111 
 
FRANKLIN. 
 
 469 
 
 FKANKLIN. 
 
 H M.S. .YiirfANiio-, coiiiiiianiU'r Haiiiiili'vs, wliicli 
 luul" ii'il'''' ''■'"" ^'l'Wl:l"'l '" '34g, wiiitcrril in 
 Wolstt'iiliolini) Soiniil, iiml ii'tiinii'd to Spitlicad, 
 
 28 Wi'iit. 1850 
 
 H.M.S. Ileriiht, Ciiiitain Kellctt, CIV, which 
 
 iiml sii'l'''' '" '^4*' '"■"'" tliivo voyagi's to 
 
 Uoliriiu's ■■itniits, aii.l n'tunicil in . . 1851 
 
 Lieut I'iin wciittoSt. IVtcrsliiii'i; «itli the inti'iition 
 
 „[travi'lliiit,'tliiiiii|,'li (Silifiia to tlii! iniiiith of tlio 
 
 river Ki'lyiiia ; 'm' ""^ dissiiadcul fnjiii pit cdiiit; 
 
 bv tlw Hci.tMiaii K"vii'iiiiiciit . . 18 Nov. ,, 
 "rriie Kntfi-jtrise ami Iin-(slliiiil,.)r(si'e No. 4 ahuve) 
 nut luiviug lii'i'ii heard nf for two years. ] 
 ,, Sir Kilmird'lielelier'H exiieditimi, ecinsistiii},' of 
 _.l<s;,<(»«o', sir Ivlwaril lielilier, C. li. ; Hr.-ii.liii,', 
 (viitaiii Krllett, C.H. : \"rlh Sim; eapt. I'ldliMi ; 
 iuti-rpiil. i:i\>t. M'Clintoeli ; and I'iuneei; caiit. 
 Slicninl Osliorii. saili'il lr>>ni Wiiolnirli 15 April, 1852 
 ITliis t'xpeditieii arri\eil at IJeeeliy Island 14 
 Aug. 1852. The ,l,<.-<.-7eHi'cand i'liuiir,- pro- 
 cmliil tliniu^di \Vellin,L:l"ii rhaiiiiel, and tin; 
 Jtesol'iti' and Iiitripi'i to .Melville Island ; the 
 Korlli ■Slur reiciaininn at JJeeehy Island.] 
 
 LAUV KR.^XKl.IN S K(Jlll'.MKSrS. 
 
 LaJv Franklin, aided by a few friend.s (and by the 
 "'Tiwnmniaii Tribute" ot 1500/.), ennippcd lour 
 expeditions (Nils. 12, 13, 14, 16). 
 
 j2. y'riiHv AllirrI, ea])t. I'Virsyth, sailed from Aber- 
 Jeeut" l!ai row Straits . . . s June, 1850 
 [Ketur I I "let. 1850.] 
 
 13 The I'riiiiv AUnrt. Mr. Keniu'dy, n. eonqianieil 
 l.y lient. Uellot, of the Kivneh navy, and John 
 Heiiliurn, .sailed froin Stronnu'ss to Prince 
 Kpgent'.s Inlet 4 June, 1S51 
 
 [Hetnnied Oct. 1852. j 
 
 14 The /.«iW, I'nnnaaniler Innlelleld, saih'd for the 
 iiead o( liallin's liav, Jones's .Souml, and the 
 Weningtnii Cliainiel, 6 July : and r.dnrned Nov. 1852 
 
 13. Mr. Kcnneily .sailed aKain in tlii^ Isabel, on a 
 reneweil search to Hehrinn's Straits . . 1853 
 
 16. H.M.>*>- Itiitlle-^ii'il'i; coiiinuiinler Trollope, des- 
 jiirtelied to assist the /'/on r, capt. Magnire (who 
 sueeeeded liipt. Jloore), at I'oint IJ.irrow in Ajiril ; 
 met with it Vuj;. ,, 
 
 17. Tliesei'uuil Ameuican expedition, the Ailnnice, 
 umier Dr. Kane .... early in June, ,, 
 
 18. The ('/ai'iu'.c (with the Hreiiilnlliiiiic tmnsiiort), 
 eomniiinder Inglelield, accompanied li.y lient. 
 Bellirt, sailed in May ; he returned, bringing iles- 
 patehes freni Sir K. lielcher, Arc. . . Oid. ,, 
 
 The liife-iliiliiliii' and sir K. liclcher's siiuailron I 
 
 were safe; but no traces of l-'ranklin's p.arty had 
 lieeii met with. I. lent. Uellot was nnfortunidely | 
 
 drowned in .\ugnst while voluntarily I'onveying I 
 
 de.siiatelM'sfiH'sir E. lichdier. C'apt. M'Clnre'had 1 
 
 left the lleivhl (10) at Cape I.isburne, 31 July, ] 
 
 iJjo. On 8 Oct the shi|i was frozen in, ami .so 
 eontinued for inne months. On 26 (Jid. 1850, ' 
 
 while on ail excursion party, the ea|daiii ilis- 
 covered an eiitrani'c into Harrow's Straits, ami : 
 
 thils established the existence of a X. K.--X.\V. ' 
 
 nmwjc. In Sept. 1851, the ship was again llxed 
 in iee, iiiid so remained till lieut. Pirn ami a p.'irtv I 
 
 from rapt. Kdlett's sld)', the llesi'lulc (11), fell iii 
 with them in Ain'll. 1853. The position of tho I 
 
 A'H/crpiise (4) was still unknown. | 
 
 A ineminuiit to IJtdlofs niemorv was erected at ; 
 
 tireenwieh. His " Jcairnal " was pul>liHhed in 1854 i 
 
 Dr. Uae, ill tlie siiring of 1853, again proceeded 
 biwanls the magnetic )iole ; and in July, 1854, 
 he reliorted to tlie Admiralty that he had pur- ] 
 
 (■ha.sed from a jiarty of Ksipiimaux a uninlier of 
 articles which had belonged to sir J. Kraukliii 
 and his party— namely, sir J(din's star or order, j 
 
 ]iart of a watch, silvi'r s| ns, and forks with i 
 
 civsts, &('. Ill' also reportcil thi' .statement id' 
 the natives, that they had met with a party of 
 white men altout four ivintcrs previous, and had 
 siihl them u seat ; find that four months later, in 
 the same season, they had foiiiid the bodies of 
 thirty men (some buried), who had I'videnlly 
 perished hy starvation ; the place appears, from 
 the description, to have been in the neighbour, 
 hood of the (treat Kisli river of Hack. I)r. Hao 
 arrived in Knghiml on 22 (let. 1854, with the 
 relics, which have since been deposited in (Jreeii- 
 Vfich ho»liit<il. lU and Ida companions were 
 
 awarded 10,000?. for their discovery. Dr. Hue. 
 iiged 3o, died " . 22 July, 1893 
 
 19. The I'Ik, lib; Suith Sim; and TiiVint, under the 
 command of eapt. Ingletleld, sailed in May, and 
 returned in Oct. 1854 
 
 Sii 10. Hclcher (Xo. n), after mature ilelibcrition. 
 in .\pril, 1854, determined to abandon liis >liips, 
 and gave orders to tliat ctfcct to all the captains 
 nmlcr his command : and capt. Kcllett gave 
 similar orders to ca|it. M'Clure, of the /acc.<(;.;<i(.i;-. 
 Tin; vessels had been abandoned i; Mav* wdien 
 the crews of the I'hunix and '/'o/'iof (umier eapt. 
 Ingletield) arrived (19). On their return to 
 Kngland all tin' ciiptaiiis were tried by court 
 ^ martial and bniionnibly aciinitti d if-n; Oct. ,, 
 
 t'a|it. Collinsoii's bite was hmg uncertain, and 
 another expedition was in coiitciii|ilaticiii, when 
 
 intelligence ca , in l-'eb. iS:;5, tliat he had met 
 
 the KutihsHi'l.r (,r,| at I'ort Clare .■ on 21 Aul:. 
 
 1834, ami liad sailed immediately, in linjics of 
 getting up with caid. Maguirc in the /'/oii /■ (i), 
 which hail sailed two days |irevioiisly. Caid. 
 Collinson having failed in getting throu-h the ire 
 in 1S50 with cqit. .M'Clurc, retiiined tn Hum.'. 
 Kong to winter. In 1851 he jnissed thiou-b 
 Prince of Wales's Straits, and remained in the 
 
 Arctic regions witlioiit obtaining aiiv iiitelii:;ei 
 
 of l-'ranklin till July, 1854, when,' being one,. 
 
 more releiised fi the ice, he sailed fur l-'.irt 
 
 Clarence, where he arrived as above menlinued. 
 Captains Collinson and Maguire arrived in Kii-daiid 
 ill ■ • . .... .Mav, 185s 
 
 20. Tlie third Amk . expedition in .seaivli ,,f 
 I)r Kane, in tl. Ii-i'urr, consisted of the 
 Jlik'isi' ami the steamer. I /cdc, the banine l-'.i-iifp:, 
 and another vessel under the command of beiit, 
 11. J. Ilartstcne, accompanied by a brother ,,r 
 IJr. Kane as surgenii . . ' . 31 .Mav, „ 
 
 [On 17 May, 1855, llr. Kane and his ]iarty 'ipiittid 
 the Ailemni', and .iouriicycd over the' ice, 1300 
 miles, to the Uanisli settlement ; on their way 
 home in a IJanish vessel, they fell in with licit. 
 Uartsteiie, 18 Sept. ; and arrived with him at 
 Xew York, 11 Oct. 1855. Dr. Kane visitcl 
 Kngland in 1856 : he died in 1857.] 
 
 The Iliid.son'sHayCompany, under advice I if Dr. Hae 
 and sirU. Hack, sent out an overland expediti.ai, 
 June 1855, wliich returned Sept. billowing. Some 
 more remains of Kranklin's jiarty were discovered ,, 
 
 21. The i8tli British e\|ieiliti"n (ei[Ui|iped by ladv 
 Franklin and her friends, the government having 
 declined to tit out aiiotlii'r)-tlie /•'lo, screw 
 steamer, iiiider caiit. (since sir) F. L. M'Cliiituek, 
 U.X. (,w Xo. 11)— sailed from Aberdeen i Julv, 
 1857 ; returned .... 22 Seid. 1359 
 
 On 6 .May, 1859, lient. Ilobson found at Point 
 Victory, near Caiie Victoria, besides a cairn, a tin 
 
 case, containing a jiajicr, sig I 23 .\pril. 1848. 
 
 by eapt. Fit/dames, which certllicd that the ships 
 Krehns and Terri'i; on 12 Sejit. 1846, were beset in 
 hit. 70" 50' X., and long. 98" 23' W. : that sir John 
 Franklin died u ,lune, 1847; and that the slii|is 
 were deserted 22 .Vi'iil, 1S48. Caidain M'Clint"ck 
 eontinned the search, and disenvered skeleton^ 
 and other relics. His Jcairnal was published in 
 Dee. 1859 ; and on 28 May, 186.). gold medals 
 were given to him and to lady Franklin by the 
 Hoyal (icograidiical Society. 
 
 Mr. Hall, the arctic explorer! reported, in -Vug. i36=, 
 circumstances that led him to hope that eapt. 
 Crozierand others were surviving. 
 
 A mitinmil monnnicnt by Xobl.., set up in 'Waterloo. 
 l>laia', was inaiigiirated, 15 Xov. i3d6. It is 
 inscribed to" Fiianki.in the great navigator and 
 
 ' Cajd. Kellett's ship, tlie llr.wlutf, w.is found adult 
 1000 miles distant from where she was Ictt, bv a 
 Mr. ticorge Henry, commanding an .\meric.iii whaler, 
 who brought her to Xew York. The liritish governiiieiit 
 having abandoned their 1 laiiii on the vessel, it was 
 bought by ordei of the .American congress, thoionglily 
 repaired and ei|nippeil. and cntnistcd to capt II .f 
 llartstene, to be iircsentcd to ipiecn Victori.a, It arrived 
 at Southampton, 12 Dec. 1856; w.is visited by her maiesty 
 on the i6tli; and fonmillysuiri'mleicd on the ^oth. WlnMi 
 the ship was broken up a desk was made of the woo.l, 
 ami presented by iiueen Vicdoria to the president of tlm 
 United States, 29 Nov. i38o. 
 

 mi 
 
 «lt 
 
 i t 
 
 /i Hi 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 |; 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 Ml r 
 
 P -1 . 'i 
 
 il 
 
 14'"^^Vl 
 
 FRANKS. 
 
 470 
 
 FREEHOLDERS. 
 
 liis luavt! cciiiiiniiiidiis wlio Hiii'iitlccil their livcH 
 111 ciiiiiiiIctiiiK the discDvery of tlie iiortU-weHt 
 
 I'llNHllt'e. A.Il. 1847-8." 
 
 Sir Jiiliii Franklin disccivi'ivd the tinrlh-iifst paswrje 
 liy sailiiiK <l(iwn IVcl and Victciria StraitH, now 
 named Franklin Straits 
 ' f''i;niiklinsiairlifX|ie(liti(.n,"midi'rlieiit.Si'liwatkn, 
 <il' L'.H. navy, in iiniivcrlanil eNpi'diticm in Niininier 
 and autnnin (if 1879, iliscnvers sunie iMiniaii 
 remains nf the eivws nf the sliiiis and other 
 things; he set n)i nieiiiiinals, and liroii(,'ht away 
 the remains id' lient. .luhii Irving, of the Trrinr'; 
 and retnriied tn Massaehiisetts alimit 23 Sept, 1S80 
 Remains nf lieut. Jnhn Irvjig lairied at Kdinliurgh, 
 T 1 .. ... 7. Ian. i88t 
 
 Lady I'ranklin, aged 83, dieil . . 18 .Tnlv, 1875 
 soth aniiiver.sary of the clepartiire iif sir .Iiiliii 
 Franklin's e\piilitiiin, eelebrated hv Die Krival 
 (feogiajihieal .sciciety . . . '. lo Mav, 180s 
 .^Ir. H. 1). Tniills " i,de of sir .loliii Franklin;" 
 
 I'>'''li»'i'''l .Mareh, iSq6 
 
 . FRANKS (or freemen), a iinnie sivcii to a com- 
 oiniuion of the Nortli-wi'stern Goriinm tribes alioin 
 240, whieh invaded Gaul and other parts of tlie 
 empire with various suoeess in tlie 5th centurv ; 
 see Gaul and France ; see Fraxkiiirj. 
 
 ^ERASER'S MAGAZINE, first appeared, 
 Feb. i8,?o; di.seontinueUOet. I«82. 
 
 FRATRICELLI (Little Hrethren), a sect of 
 the middle a<res, originally striet Franeisean monks. 
 J heir numbers increased, and thej- were condemned 
 by a pupal bull in nr;; and suflV'red iierseeution ; 
 but were not extinct till the Kith centurv. They 
 resembled the " Ijrethren of the Free Spirit." 
 
 FRAUDS, StaTI-TK of. 29 Charles 11., c. 3, 
 167;. " An act for iiievention of frauds nnd pei'- 
 juryes." 
 
 FRAUDULENT TRUSTEES ACT, 20 & 
 
 21 \ict. c. 54, pissed Au};. 181;-, in consequence of 
 the delinquencies of sir John D. Paul, the Dritish 
 Dank frauds, A:c. It was .rought in by sir 1{. 
 ]letliell, then attorney-general (afterwards lord 
 Westbnry), and is very stringent. 
 
 FRAUNHOFER'S LINES, see Spcctrm,,. 
 
 FREDERICKSBURG (Virginia,N.America), 
 On 10 Dec. 18(12, general liurnside and the federal 
 army of the Potomac crossed the small deep river 
 Itappahannock. On 11 Dec. Fredericksburg was ' 
 hombarded by the federals and destroyed. On the 
 r^th commenced a series of desiienite"unsuccesslul ' 
 attacks on the confederate works, defended bv 
 generals Lee, Jackson, Longstreet, and others. 
 Oenernl Hooker crossed the ri\-er with the reserves, 
 and joined in the contlict, in vain. On 15 and \b ; 
 Dec. the federal arniv r.^crossed the Itappahannock. 
 The battle was one of the most severe in tlie war. 
 
 , FREDERICKSHALD (Xorwav). CharUs 
 XIL of Sweden was killed by a cannnii-shot bi'fore 
 its walls, while exaniiiiiiig the works. His hand 
 was on his sword, and a prayer-book in his pocket 
 II Dec. 1 7 18. 
 
 FREE CHURCH .■:>F ENGLAND (Kvati- 
 Schcal). An Episcopal Cliunli founded in 1844, 
 and enrolled in her majesty's High Court of Chan- 
 cery in 18(13. 
 
 The liislops aiv Henjamin I'rii'c 'bishnji primus, iS6i) 
 whodii'dat llfrarMiiilM. 6 .Inn. i,::(,6: Fieihrick .\eW- 
 
 iiiaii, at Asliliird, Kent ; I a mi'^siiiiiarv bishini 
 
 Henry Orion .Meyers, at lloiinslow. " 
 
 Tills ehnieh grew out or the Oxlniil tia.iarian ve- 
 
 iiicnt of 1830. The lirst elinicdi was planted at ltiii|"i>- 
 towii, Ilevoii, liy the ri v. .lames shoiv, .MA eiirate 
 of the iiarish ; it was hnilt liv the diike of So'iiieix,.t 
 and Ljuned in iS,,4. Tu.. r.tl„.r ,!iiii,}ii ^i witc csta- 
 hlished III the same year -oiieat Kxeier.aiid the.itherat 
 
 Illii I"', lint it was lint till i84gtli,il miirh |irogivss 
 
 was made, when an imiietus was given to the movement 
 
 ■"l.>laM 
 
 mil 
 
 by the late bishop of Kxcter's (l'hili,,,ttl ni,,- ~ 
 of llr. Shore, for',,re„..hi„g i,i his ,li,',..,',''. 1 .'j; ^ 
 licinee. The work spread, ami the nr-iMMv. " ''" 
 enridled under a dee.l poll as an ■• Ki.isn, i ' ' '1'" 
 Hut as " Censeeration" eonJd not l,ei,i,tii,i,.,| . ", 
 Iiresideiit was elected till 1876, when the „.,,'.'"■' 
 the right rev. hi.sho|i Cniiimini (mm tin " ivV' '"' 
 Ejiiscojial C'hnreh id' America" (th,. tiist lij'i'"''"' 
 which chinch were consecrated hv the 'ir 'hlii !"'"' 
 Canterbury at Lambeth I'alaeo ehai.,.l j„ , f"]'"^ 
 forded an opportunity, which was .'■iMl,r,V; 1 "'; 
 olitnining eiiiseoiial consecration foi the 1,k " 
 the Free Church of Knglaiid in the CaMteil,„n i'," " 
 ejiiscopal siieeessioii, • ""'"I 
 
 The ser\iees of the F. C. K. are cnndueted evarllv , 
 those ol theevangelieal seetion of the iieli„i,a|,.„ 1' 
 excepting the omission of some w,.n|s ii, 11', 
 which exjiiess doctrines oiijiii.sed !■■ the I'n 
 liefoniiation. 
 A Free Church congress met at Maneliester ,„ v 
 1892; at Jiirmingham, 26 Mareh, ,8q- ■ Vott ,;„i ' 
 .0 March, ,8c,6: liristol, S Mareii, %i W,",'"' 
 mists, with tlieex.-eption of Unitarians are 1 ', 
 
 to the congress. Annual 11 tings. • ""^ '""mtl"! 
 
 National council of the Kvangelical Five niiiirl, 
 annual s..ssioii, president, ivv. Ungl, Pnee If, h,,'.;' 
 iEq6; 2111I aiiiina! session, presid,.|it iw \\ 
 (iibsoii, London . . . . g j,,,,',,,;'" 
 
 , FREE CHURCH OF SCOTLAXD «> 
 
 . formed by an act of .secession of nearlv bait the 1, 
 j fVom the national church of Scotland", hea.led !„• br 
 I rhos.Chnlmersand other eminent ministers i8\l,v' 
 i8jv The uiflercnce arose on the ijiie^tinn of ili; 
 right of ]iatrons to nominate to livings; seei'nfrr, 
 a;/,'. The Free Church claims for the nari^lii,,,,'," 
 the right of a veto. JIuch distress was endured tl„' 
 hrst year by the ministers of ,be new cluml, 
 although 366,7:<,/. 14*, 3,/. liad hecii sul^eril,,!' 
 In I8.S3 there were 850 congregations ; in 18-! n-,' 
 A large college was founded in 1841,. In ijirj, ,1,; 
 sustentation fund amounted to io8,(j^,8A f'rnm ulii,], 
 was paid the sum of 138/. each to 760 ministers, 
 
 The Itev. Mr. Knight, censured for opinions ic 
 speeding piayer, seceded . j^ „,., 
 
 The Uel'ornied I'resbyterian Chnicli (sic- (■„,„ 
 /■(Oi;»a»),.i(aiied the Free Chiiivh , 2-.,)Hk ,:. 
 
 Professor KotM'rtsiin Smith, geiiendlv e,.|,sinvil 'u- 
 
 his artiide " Itil.le, A.-e.," in tl Fiievilei.ir.li, 
 
 Hritannica," 1875, after long , sidciatiiai hv tlic 
 
 a.s.seiiibly, admonislieil onlv . . 27'Jliv ," 
 
 Picd'essor Hidiertson Smith ex]iidled froii] his iij,',- 
 fessorship, but to retain salaiv, bv ilii. .tiici-iI 
 assniibly (394-23,) . . ' , ' . 26 5liiv, ,:■, 
 
 .Iiibilce celebrated i3 .Miiv : 
 
 ■'Em 
 
 FREE CHURCH SOCIETY, or Xati„„;d 
 Association for Freedom of Public Worsliip o*ti- 
 : blished in 1857, to abolish the pew-rent s'v<l,ra 
 and revive the weekly oH'ertorv to defray tlic n- 
 licnscs of iHiblic worshi]). The Fiei. u'lid Omn 
 Church Association was formed in i8b(i. 
 
 ^FREE COMPANIES amj LAXCES s,e 
 Cuiiilutttcri. ' 
 
 FREEDMEN'S BUREArs, cstaMishc,! i„ 
 the Southern States of Xorth Anurieii inllanli, 
 
 18(15, to protect the freed ncgi s. Hiivin;: tk 
 
 siiiiport of martial law, these bureaus hccaiiie"v(]T 
 oiipressive, and the act of congress making them 
 permanent wa^ vetoed bv president Johnson in 
 Feb. 18(16. 
 
 „FREE EDUCATION ACT. See uml.r 
 
 hlilnititjlt, l8()I. 
 
 FREEHOLDERS. Those »w/,r foitvsliil- 
 lings per iinnuni were not qiialilied to vo'tp for 
 members of parliainiiit liy 8 lien. VI. e. 7, I^.'-;. 
 Various acts have been passed for the regnliitioimf 
 the franchise at ditrerent periods. The iiinre reniit 
 were, the act to regulate polling, <)Gco. IV., itaS; 
 
I. liiji. Xoii,.,,!,!,,; 
 
 iinaii.s, ;iri. ai|iiiitt,-,| 
 
 FREE HOSPITAL, 
 
 act for thf disqualiticatidii of ficclioldi'is in Iri'lnnU, 
 which dciirived those of forty sliilliii),'s of tiiis privi- 
 lege, piisscd 13 April, 1829; Ueform acts, 1832, 
 186;, !»''«• County elections not, 7 Will. IV., 1836. 
 .See VhaudoH Claimc. 
 
 FKEE HOSPITAL, Royal, Gray's Inn- 
 road, founded in 1828 by Dr. William Marsdon 
 (torn Aug. IJt/i), who actively Bupcrintended it till 
 liis death, lOJun. I«6;. In 18^1, he founded the 
 Can'.-cr Hosjdtal (Uronijjton), ft; //«■/( mv. raticnfs 
 .ulraitted without letters. In i8;8 Mr. Wm. Birks 
 IthodfS, "the Hounslow miser," bequeathed to the 
 Jiospilal about 39,000^ 
 
 FREE LABOUR REGISTRATION 
 
 .SOCIETY, e.stabli-shed for the benefit of em. 
 jiloyers and non-unionist workmen, in opposition 
 10 trades' unions, Julv, i8(); 
 
 FRENCH exhibition! 
 
 . — ., — ,. The strugyli 
 
 .if free labour and the unions was very severe l8(p 
 itsiq. See un(ler .Sliipjihifi, Strikcx, •!(■(•. 1st con- 
 i:re8s of the national _/■/■(■(■ Itiboiir nxsoi-iiitioii met in 
 ClerkeiiwcU, 31 Oct."l893; 'ign'ii, 30 Oct. 1804; at 
 .Newcastle - on - Tyne, 7 Oct. iScjj; Manchester 
 (150,000 members), 5 Oct. 189O ; London, n Oct. 
 189;. 
 FREE LAND LEAGUE, see Zmu!. 
 FKEE LIBRARIES, see Libraries. 
 FEEEM A SON R Y. Writers on masonry, 
 themselves masons, athrm that it has had u beiiig 
 "ever since symmetry bef,'an, and harmony dis- 
 ]ilaved her charms." It is traced b\- some to tlie 
 building of Solomon's temj)le; and 'it is said the 
 iirchitects from the African coast, Mahometans, 
 iiroufht it into Spain, about the 9th century. A 
 aiodcrn sueculative cosmopolitan freemanonry with 
 some analogies lias essential differences from some 
 early secret societies, and is not sarlicr than 
 the seventeenth century. In 171 7, the grand lodge 
 v! England was established ; that of Ireland in 
 i;jO; and that of Scotland in 1736. Freemasons 
 vHTe excomnnmicated by the pone in 17^8; again 
 .onJemned, 30 Sept. 1865. Freemasons' Hall, ! 
 ijreat tjucen - street, London, built 1771; rc- 
 irailt, and consecrated 14 April, l86<). Partly 
 burnt, 3 May, 1883. The charity instituted, 1788. 
 I'he duke of Sussex and the" earl of Zethnul 
 were each twenty-five years grand-muster of Eng- 
 land. Earl dc Urer, afterwards nmnjuis of Rijion, 
 ivas installed grand-master of the English fri'c- 
 luasons in room of the earl of Zetland, 14 Mav, 
 iS;o. The marquis (on becoming a Komanist) re- 
 -ij;ned I Sept. 1874. lie was succeeded by the 
 (irince of "Wales; installed in the Koyal Albert 
 Hall, 28 Ai.ril, 1875. The duke of Leinster, grand- 
 master for Ireland for Oo years, died 10 Oct. 1874 • 
 ^uccecllcd by the duke of Abercorn. The inince of 
 Wales was installed at Edinburgh as patron of the 
 Ireemasons of Scotland, 12 Oct. 1870. As graiul- 
 aiaster jiast and present of the mark masons, 
 London, 8 Dec. 1883. Installed as Grand Master of 
 the Grand Lodge, l .hily, 1886; re-elected, 2 
 .\Iarch, i8<kS, I'rince Leopold installed as master 
 • f the "lodge of anticiuitv" (atone time held by 
 ■ir Christopher Wren), 25 June, 1879. 
 Ifiiyal .Masonic Inslitutioiis : for yirls (liattcrsca' 
 IViuii.l«li788; turliiiys (Wood Orccu), 1708; ior 
 
 tlie aged anil widows 
 
 liould's "ULstiiiy III' Krccmasiiiirv" . 
 iMge reprcneinativc gathcriiiK lU the Alb'cit hall, 
 ■]i'} i.riiun or Wales iirc.sciit; an adiUvss to tin! 
 'i"""" "J''"' i4.Iune, ,£07 
 
 FEEE PORTS, »ee ]I,i,m Tvwns. 
 
 FEEE STATE, sec <h-a„r,e. 
 
 , FRFETHIXKERS, professors of natural re- 
 ;gion; sei; LiUtx. 
 
 1842 
 
 It So 
 
 FREE TRADE principles, advocated by Adam 
 Smith in his "Wealth of Nations" (1776), tri- 
 TV- .' .'" ^np'an'l «l'cn the corn laws were 
 abolished in 1846, and the commercial treaty with 
 t ranee was adopted in 18O0. Kichard Cobdeu, who 
 was very mstruinental in passing these measures, 
 and termed "Apostle of Free Trade," died 2 April 
 ISO,, hince 1830 the exports have been tripled, 
 hee J'reiich Fnatij. An agitation for free trade has 
 begun in the United States. A reform league was 
 formed at Boston, 20 Aiiril, 1869; and the move- 
 ment became active in New York in Nov., and has 
 since continued. A free-trade budget was brought 
 111 by the ministry in Sydney in 1873. A new free- 
 tnide league was inaugurated in London in Dec. 
 1873 ; and 0110 at Jlelbourne, Australia, Sept. i87(). 
 Iree trade warmly advocated in New South Wales 
 supported m New Zealand; opposed in Canada nnj 
 , in Victoria, Australia, 1877-80. Sluch agitation 
 ; against free-trade m 1880-2. See Anti-Vurn Law 
 j J^c"i/nc, and J-air Trail,'. American Free Trade 
 League formed at Detroit, June, 1883. Protection, 
 ir/iw/i sa; dominant in Europe, Feb. 1881; it mq. 
 
 ' '''rMfVin',',SP'"''''''i"'','- ""'"•*"«'■ «»''"l'Kly '>'WS tiscal 
 iivi^V ', i tT '''•''"<■•"'"' "' lirotcctivc antics and other 
 tflxntioii 6 |),.p. 1887. 
 
 Rclbrni clnb at New Yoik to support tarilf reform ; first 
 
 bani|uct ji Jan. 1888. 
 P(.wci-Iiil si,,.,.,.h ,,f M. Lcnii .Say on lidialf of free trailc 
 
 intliecl.anilH.riif ilcimtics, iioii.ting out the danL-crs 
 
 ofrctnwvssiiinpnnd II May, 1891. 
 llie niari|iiH ot JSalisbnry, in a sijweliat HnstiiiL-s, advo- 
 
 catcs duties on foreign Inxnrics, ,8 Mav, 1802. 
 
 dent of the Umtcl SUtes, N.A., 8 Nov. ,8oi ; he 
 CO i,l..Mm,M iirotection, 4 March, 1893. See tWte! 
 
 ■>U'ltff, Aug. 1S94. 
 
 FREEZING, see Congelation and Ice, 
 i rA'ffis?^^'^'" '^''"""" n««'spaper. See 
 j FRENCH ASIA, see Imh-China. 
 \ FRENCH ASSOCIATION Fon the ad- 
 
 VANCEMKNT OF THE SCIENCES was established 
 by the general nssemlily, 22 April, 1872, its chief 
 founders being M.M. Ijahird, Claude liernard, De- 
 launay, Dumas, Pa.steur, Uerthelot, Wiirtz, and 
 otlurs It held Us first meeting at Dordeau.x, 
 ,■) Oept. 1872, when many foreign scientific men 
 were present, M. DeQuatrefages, president; second. 
 Lyons, 21 Aug. 1873; third, Lilie, 20 Aug. 1874 
 fourth, Nantes, ,9 Aug. i8t;; 'fifth, clermm. 
 lerrand, 19 .Uig. 1876; sixth, tfavre, 30 Aug. 1877; 
 seventh, Pans, 22 Aug. 1878 ; eighth, Jfontpell/er: 
 28 Aug 1879; ninth, Kheiins, 11 Aug. 1880 • 
 tenth, Algiers, 14 April. 1881 ; La liochelle, 23 
 Aug. 1882: Kouen, i- Aug. 1883; Blois, i SeptT 
 ^«;*: r?''?"'''*^' '2 -Vug. 1883; Nancy, 12 Aug. 
 1880 Toulouse, 22 Sept. 1887; Oran, Algeria 20 
 March, ,888; Paris ,1,4 Aug. ,889; flnrnge's? 
 ,-14 Aug. i.S,p; Mai-seiUes, 17 Sept. 1891 
 
 Xn ;.''T/", '''"""'■''"' V-^"°- '«93: Caen, 9 A^g 
 
 S^/ •• il"''fc?"-^' '^-9 -^'IS. i«9,=i ; Tunis, I April, 
 
 lis ^'''•■""^' S-'S Aug. 1897; Nantes (toW), 
 
 FRENCH CHURCH, f^^e Church of France. 
 
 FRENCH EXHIBITION, at Earl's (imrt, 
 
 West Jironipton, London, W., was opened by the 
 
 lord mayor Isaacs, 17 Jlay, closed I Nov. l8()0. 
 
 The .xhiliitinn principally cnnsisteil „f ,,l,i,.f.fs which 
 
 .p,,e,-nvi „, ,1, i-„h,.,sal l-A-liii„rion at Vaiis, .eSg 
 
 It mcluileil w.irks lit .art, niannfactmes, bonks >,aZ 
 
 '■'win"- '';"" "'',l'",'i^' ■""' » hviioilmnie. In the 
 
 .1, i, •.„■', -'■"",'"'•* •'Pl"'are,l Algerian Arabs, with 
 
 then taioiliesan.l st Is; ,1 eliariot ,liawn by three 
 
 AIncan liiuis was driven nmnd the arena 
 
 ill),. 
 
' J^«U«<'W| • 
 
 m h ;i 
 
 
 ' 
 
 -( nil 
 
 FRENCH GUINEA. 
 
 FRENCH GUINEA constitutod a colony, I 
 Alarch, iHm. M. Ballay, {;ov«iiioi-. Succi'ssiiil 
 r with ■• • 
 
 472 FRENCH WEST AFRICA. 
 
 FRENCH PROTESTANT HiISPitat 
 founded in 170810 mninUin poor d,.s,rnda,if; , , 
 
 «.htin, wfW. tho natives re^t^i^, U^:;{^';S:;t ; F^^h prot^Ct^rel^gl^^^'i^Kalir^uti::; 
 
 antj of 
 
 FRENCH LANGUAGE i» mainly based on 
 the rude Latin of tliu western nations Bubjugated 
 b^ the Bomans. German was introduced by the 
 Iranks in the «th eentury. In the 9th the Gallo- 
 Romanie dialeot berame "divided into the Liuigue 
 d'oc of the south and the Lniiijin- if oil of the north. 
 The dialect of the Isle of Triinee became predomi- 
 nant in the 1 2th reiiturj-. The French language as 
 • ritten by Froissart assimilates more to the modern 
 French, and its development was almost completed 
 Avheii the Academic Fiaii(;iiise (i'stiil>lishcd by Kiche- 
 lieu in 1654) pii))li>lii'd a dii'tionary of the limguage 
 in 1674. The French laimua-e, liiws, and customs 
 were iiitrodu<c(l into Eiigland by Willium I., 1066. 
 Lav pleadinu's were clian-cd froin French to English 
 in the reign of Edward III., n},2. titou-. 
 
 PniNClPAL FRKNcn AlTHOIiS. 
 
 V,(H-n DUil 
 
 iitli cmtury. 
 iztli ci'iiturv. 
 
 Chanson do 
 Hnlnicl 
 
 lilllMMll il' 
 
 Ali'Xiinilrc 
 K. \\:in- It, 
 
 iiiiimlclinit i2tli century. 
 Uoniiin (Ic la 
 
 Jiosc latli century. 
 
 Villcliiinlouin . 1160 1213 
 Joinvillc . . 1223 1319 
 Froissnrt . . 1333 1410 
 lIonsticlct,'iIiouti~3'9o 1453 
 
 Vorii 
 1746 
 
 179.1 
 1768 
 
 •7<39 
 1786 
 
 '795 
 i7bo 
 804 
 
 t'nniinc 
 JIarot . 
 HalicliUs . 
 Kons.'inl 
 MoiitaiL'iie 
 Ueza . 
 Malliprlie . 
 Des Cartes . 
 Paul Scarrou 
 Pascal 
 Moliere 
 La Rocthcfou- 
 
 caul;l . 
 Corncillc 
 La Fontaine 
 
 •445 
 1495 
 14S3 
 1524 
 
 '.=.33 
 1519 
 
 1555 
 1591J 
 1610 
 1623 
 1622 
 
 1613 
 1606 
 16: 
 
 ]Ma(l.ilc)5cvi{.'ne I'SaS 
 1643 
 1639 
 1627 
 1632 
 1647 
 1632 
 1636 
 1651 
 1655 
 1 66 1 
 1663 
 166S 
 1689 
 1694 
 1712 
 1717 
 
 '713 
 1707 
 
 I73-- 
 1723 
 
 '773 
 173S 
 17)7 
 1766 
 
 La Bruycrc 
 
 Kaciiic . . . 
 
 Bos.^uct . 
 
 Uonv(bilouo . . 
 
 Uiiylo 
 
 Klccliier . . 
 
 Boilcau . 
 
 Fencloii . . 
 Vertot 
 
 Rollin . . . 
 
 Jliissillon . 
 Le .Sage . . 
 AIontrs(iuii'U . 
 Voltaire . 
 ■T. J. Itonsseau. 
 D'.Vlciiilii.rt 
 Diderot . 
 Butlun . . . 
 JJcauiaai'cliais . 
 .Maiiiiontil 
 .^Im.1. Cottiii . 
 UdiUe . . . 
 Ht. Pierre . 
 I)e Stael . . 
 
 1509 
 '544 
 '553 
 '3S5 
 1592 
 1605 
 1628 
 1650 
 1660 
 1662 
 167J 
 
 1680 
 1684 
 1693 
 1696 
 1696 
 1699 
 1704 
 1704 
 1706 
 1710 
 1711 
 I7'5 
 '735 
 '74' 
 1742 
 '747 
 1755 
 1778 
 1778 
 1783 
 ■7B4 
 1788 
 
 '799 
 1799 
 1807 
 i3l3 
 1S14 
 iSiv 
 
 I)c Gcnlis. 
 
 ISisnaimli 
 
 C. ltcla\'igne 
 
 I li.'iti'anlinanil 
 
 Ii,-ilzac 
 
 IK K. Afagi. 
 
 Auguslin 
 
 'Jliiciiy . 
 Hi'i'aii),'i'r . 
 Kiif.Miii. .Sue . ._.., 
 .\Ifrcil. le.M asset iSio 
 A. Kn^;(■llu 
 
 SiTiliC . 1791 
 
 A. clc Vigiiy , 1797 
 A, G. Ue IJa- 
 
 rantc . . 1782 
 A. K VilU'inain 1790 
 Viitor ('■■usin . 1792 
 i\ He la Martiiie 1790 
 Saintf Dc-uye . 1S04 
 Alcxaiclre 
 
 ItMiMas . . 1S03 
 C. K .Montalciu- 
 
 lii-rt 
 P. -Mciinice 
 
 Tllcn|,liil,» 
 
 (Jautiei- 
 Aniciluf Tliicrry 
 K. Giiizot . 
 .Iiilcs .Micliflel 
 K. yniiict . 
 I.. A. Thiers 
 l.anfrcy . 
 I.niiis Blanc 
 L. H. .Martin 
 
 hist.. 
 Victor Unj,'o 
 !■:. Alwrnt . 
 K. liiMian . 
 H. A. Taine . 
 Krckniann 
 Clcitrian 
 .Vlplmnsc Karr 
 (icla\el-'..nilh't 
 Hi'iir\- Guy il 
 
 .Maupassant 
 Kiiiil.'Zula 
 Alph.inse 
 
 !lanil.-t . 
 -Mcxaii.lr.' 
 
 Lnnai.i jil< 
 
 Pird 
 1830 ' 
 1S42 1 
 
 '843 ;' 
 1848 
 
 1850 , 
 
 '853 I 
 
 :S56 
 '837 
 '837 , 
 '857 I 
 
 1861 I 
 
 1S63 : 
 
 1866 ! 
 1S67 
 1S67 
 1869 
 
 FRENCH RELIEF FUND, see.v„„,„ 
 hoiise tund. The French jieasiint r.li,,f •, ' 
 originated by the Daily Xeu„, in Sept. iS-o u-n 
 closed April, 1871. ".-'.'>» 
 
 FRENCH REVOLUTIONS, s,.. j,„„„ 
 
 ^FRENCH REVOLUTIOXARY n 
 LENDAR. In 1792. the French nati'naiK,-; 
 a calendar professedly founded „„ philo.™! t 
 nrinciples. 'l he hrst year of the era ,.| tl„. ,-, 1 ' 
 began at midnidit, between 21 ami ■>■, ^,,,,( ' -', 
 but its establishment was not dcdvnl im'tii'.'r 
 4th Frimaire of the year II., 24 X„v |-,,, ■r'- 
 calendar e.visted until the loth Mvos,. v',..,?.' f J'' 
 republic XIV. 31 Dec. iSo^, when tl,e G,.,.l„; 
 mode of calculation was restored bx N|,„,,i,':, , 
 l8co was not a leap year. ' ^ '■ 
 
 1810 
 
 iSoj 
 
 iSii 
 
 ■ '797 
 1787 
 
 '793 
 1S03 
 
 '797 
 1828 
 1811 
 
 iSlo 
 1S02 
 1S28 
 1823 
 i32S 
 1822 
 1S26 
 1808 
 1812 
 
 1850 
 1S40 
 
 1870 
 
 1S70 
 1870 
 
 1S72 
 '87J 
 
 1874 I 
 
 '874 ! 
 
 1875 ! 
 1877 
 
 'S77 I 
 1882 [ 
 
 1883 
 i83? 
 i8Sj 
 1892 ■ 
 1893 
 
 1890 j 
 1890 
 
 Venilemiaiic 
 Brnniairc 
 Frimaire . 
 
 Xiyi'ise . 
 Pliiyicise . 
 j Vcnti'Se 
 
 ; Gcrniinal . 
 Floiual. 
 Prairial . 
 
 Mcssidor 
 Ferviilnr, or 
 Thcrmiihii 
 Fructiiliir 
 
 SAN.SCULOTIUES, 
 
 Les Vertiis . . 
 
 I.e Genii- 
 
 Le Traxail . 
 
 L'Oianinn 
 
 Les liecnmiicnscs 
 
 AnfMN. 
 
 . Viiita;,'!' miintli 
 , Fii>; nmntli . . 
 , Sled nidnth . 
 
 WINIKl;. 
 . .Snow month 
 . Itain nmnth 
 AViiiil month 
 
 seniN(i. 
 .Spiimts'montli, 
 FlowiTs'iiiontli, 
 Pasture month. 
 
 SlMMKli. 
 
 Harvest iiiontl 
 
 Hut nmnth . 
 Fruit month 
 
 22.S.'pt. |f>2,() • 
 
 21 -Nov. tn20p,-, 
 
 21 ll.V. to ,5.1,, 
 20.J.lli. ti) 10 f,.,, 
 '9 I'Vh. to 20 31a;' 
 
 -lM:il'. t(l,o.^].l■ 
 :').\p|■iitlp^:)|,, 
 '" -^hiy to ,8'jli;,, 
 
 I'. '9 Jim.' to iS July. 
 i9.'iilytoi;.\. 
 
 ■8 All- t.,i(^, ."' 
 
 OH FKASTS IlHIiKATKn III 
 
 . The Virtue.s . . ,, ^ 
 . . Genius 
 . Lali.-ur . 
 
 . . (IpiliioU 
 
 . Hcwar.ls 
 
 18 >.vYi 
 
 20 >rA. 
 
 ■ 21 .- 
 
 1S40 
 1824 
 
 1S93 
 
 1S97 
 'S95 
 
 FRENCH NATIONAL SOCIETY, for 
 
 social, eoiiiuiereial. and artistic purposes, tuuiided 
 in London 15 Jan. 1881. 
 
 FRENCH NAVY, see 3-/ 
 
 '■'/• 
 
 FRENCHTOWN (Canada), ,vas tak™ 1,., 
 tho liritish by the American general Win.ja. .,.' 
 22 Jan. 1813, during the second war witli t'" 
 Lnited States of America. It was ivtakcii l,v li',. 
 liritish forces under general I'roctnr, 24 Jan ' ui^ 
 the American commander and his troops were iiiul,' 
 prisoners. 
 
 i FRENCH TREATY, the term }:ivcn to tin 
 I treaty ot commerce lietwcen Great liritiin •11- 
 I France, signed 23 Jan. i860, at Paris, l,v i^'j 
 CowleT and Itiehard Cobdeii and bv the miiii-tir. 
 MM. Baroche and Kouher. Tlie bJnetioial result- 
 of this treaty compensated for the ileiircssion of 
 trade occasioned by tho civil war in Xortli Aiucri- 1 
 (1861-5). The French assembly determined tlm 
 on Is Alarcb, 1871, this treaty should cease ir 1^ 
 montlis irom that date. A fresh treaty was sin-'ut,' 
 at Paris 29 Jan. 1873. Free trade was somnWiai 
 restricted, but the new French na\igation law u e 
 relaxed. Negotiations for a new treaty bcin !•' 
 London, 26 May, 188 1. See /'/■«;»■(■, i.'jXi.:.' 
 
 FRENCH WEST AFRICA inchaicsS n . 
 gal, tlie Soudan, French Guinea, Freiieb nosiic<-i,ih 
 luthe Gulf of lieniii, and Dahomey; JI CIiiciJIl' 
 amminted gov.-gen., and col. lioile've comma'i.l.f 
 of the troops, 16 June, 1895. See h'miih Al,-(i 
 under Africa. 
 Lieut. Viiiilel eoneiniles treaties with the rliiefs of 
 
 the Nahas, Guninsi, ami .Sati ; reporte.l, r;.Iaii ,■- 
 l.ient. Hoiiist ami iiiemhers ot the expeilitioii froi" ■'' 
 Timbuktu down the .\i-er (in 1896), nreive.! in 
 l'''"» • 15 Jan. „ 
 
 FRESCO 
 
 I siiffpiifnl operations 1 
 
 • Giuiui" ili.strict place 
 
 ;ioii, contact cstiihiishei 
 
 ili(i Fn-ach .Suilan ; anri 
 
 I fraiico-GiTinan coin'enti 
 
 I iroiitli'r ... 
 
 (frfiicli cohmin takes p 
 
 ■ Mi'lilie NiJ-'cr ; reported 
 
 jpadiiToiis attack on a 1 
 
 I laiiil.s; 2 olticei-s anil otl 
 
 I B..,ti;kii ociiipieil by the 
 
 1 nitlitlielhitish 
 
 I S,-inr.'lt"n'it'iry of .Salaz; 
 
 'thf britisli; rcpoiteil . 
 
 FRESCO PAIN1 
 pliitor while fresh. V 
 
 I Bn'tisb hou'scs of parliai 
 I plaits. The fresco pain 
 I It the Ciiinpo Santo, a 
 1 in the i.Stli century, a 
 Hfimhromij. 
 
 FRESHWATER ] 
 
 FEi:TEVAL,(Centi 
 
 I. of England defeated 
 t.iptureil his royal sea! 
 lii)4. Freteval wastakt 
 l8;o, and soon abandone 
 
 . FRIARS (fi-om the 
 
 I mMmriten, CunneHtv^ 
 
 Cmickil Ffiiirs, and otl 
 
 , FRIDAY, the si.\th 
 
 I from fiigu, or Frea, th 
 
 j wile of Thor, and godd 
 
 riches, wlio with Thor 
 
 supreme council of the g' 
 
 I lil'ick YrUhiy. 
 
 . FRIEDLAND (Ft 
 
 Bujsians and Prussians v 
 
 cominaiiilcd by Xapoleoi 
 
 allies lost eighty pieces i 
 
 [ men; tlie French jibout 
 
 j Tilsit followed, by whii 
 
 I gurreiider nearly half liei 
 
 FRIENDLY ISLE 
 
 consist of a group of m 
 lar;ost of which is Ton 
 130 sq. 111. These island 
 mall, ill 1643 ; visited by 
 Keiipcl Isles, 176" ; ail 
 named them on account 
 position of the natives, I 
 Till' isles were visiteil liy mi 
 tlieWesle.vaiis were iiiosi 
 
 1320, 1/ M <i. 
 
 Jlaiijcliiefs snliinittcil to 
 set up a constitution ami 
 (0 meiabei's , 1862. h 
 Geniiaay, i «\-. 1876 ; 
 .\uv. 1879. i - chief ail\ 
 wlio had, il is stateil, 
 |K)»er, wiw expelleil by 
 British hii!li commissiuni 
 Mr. Ba.<ilTlionison, who j 
 1 atlair 101895. 
 King Oieijr;,'e 1. ilieil, nucil 11 
 ami was succceileil hy 
 1 Tiilioii II., horn i3 .luiie, : 
 \ Tliedecliaiiigiiopnlatiiin, re 
 
 . FRIENDLY SOCI] 
 
 ill the elulis of the indu 
 j jected to slight control 
 ! regulated by various eiiai 
 
 pa.<seil in fSjj, i8vS air 
 
 II Aug. 1875, 24 July, It 
 
,'(' f%, 
 
 FRESCO PAINTIXG.S. 
 
 I jjiTPSsfnl opiTiitloiitt of two mis,i()iis : the 
 • CiiiMa" .li.stiict |ili»'M,l niMliM- Kii'iicli proti'c- 
 lioii, contiiot HHtJiliiishcil hi'twwMi Diilioini'v Mini 
 
 llifFrfiifliSudnM ; iiiiiii ceil . 23 Miiirli, 
 
 franm-GTimiri cunvtnitiuii, sfttliiif; tlif XIki'T 
 
 I 1,-outii'i' ••••... 2J Jiilv, 
 
 I ifrpiicli coluiMii tiikiw MossiMsioii of .Sav, on tl'in 
 
 'MHiUi-Nij!!'!-; ivpui'tc'il . . . ". 4 AiiK. 
 
 IpiuliiToiis iittiick on II .IntMclimriit, liv .Siiiiiory's 
 
 ' iMiiils; 2i>ltli'i'i'snii'l otliiTs killi'il '. 21 Ai'i};. 
 
 jiitiiku oiM-iipii'il liy till' Ki-iMicli, liy aniin^'ciiiiMit 
 
 nitlitliBHiilisli ■ . . . 5 |),.t.. 
 
 I .V.iitn'l ti'iTitory of ShImzii 1111,1 Y,.|iili occMijiii'il by 
 
 ';he Dritisli; ri'liorli'il .... .lai'i. 
 
 FRESCO PAINTINGS arc i..NO(utcd 
 
 473 
 
 FKONDE. 
 
 1897 
 
 1S93 
 
 pliutiT wliiln fresli. Very iinincnt ones e.xist in 
 Egypt, Italy, anil Kiiftliiml, and modern ones in the 
 I Bntisli hnusos of parliament, ut iierlin, and other 
 pkes. The fresco paintings by Giotto and others 
 attlieCainpo Santo, a eemetery at Pisa, e.\ei'uted 
 in the l^tli century, are justly celebrated. See 
 iumehfomy. 
 
 FRESHWATER FISH, see FUh. 
 
 FRETEVAL (Central Franc). Here Kidmrc 
 I I, of Jiiib'lanJ deteated^l'hilip II. of l-'rance, and 
 
 A-'f-. '.S July, 
 
 ■ Kii-hard 
 _'hilip II of Kim 
 rjptuveil Ids royal seal, arelii,,,, i^i-., ,j j;,, 
 111)4, Freteval was taken by the Uernians, 14 De 
 iS-O, and soon lUiandoned. 
 
 FRIARS (from the Freiieli frin; a brother) ; 
 m iliiioi''lt''<< Cdi-melites, Jjoininianis, Franeiscur.s, 
 Criite/uil Fr'iiirs, and other orders. 
 
 FRIDAY, tlie si.xth day of the week ; so called 
 from fiigii, or Frea, the Scandinavian Venus, the 
 Mile of Thor, and godilcss of peace, fertility, and 
 riches, who with Thor and Odin coinjioscd the 
 supreme council of tlie gods. See Good Fr'uhiy and 
 ihick I'rUhnj. 
 
 FRIEDLAND (Prussia). Here tlie allied 
 Eiissiaiis ami I'russians were beaten bv the French, 
 toniiiiiimlcd by Napoleon, on i.; June, 1S07. The 
 allies lost eighty pieces li cannon and about 18,000 
 iiirii; the French about lo.ocxj men. The peace of 
 Tilsit followed, by which Prussia was obliged to 
 siirreuderncarly half her doniiuions. 
 
 FRIENDLY ISLES, in the Southern Pacific, 
 
 consist of a group of more than iHo islands, tlie 
 
 largest of which is Tonga-taboo, the sacred isle, 
 
 130 sq. III. These islands were discovered by Taa- 
 
 . nun, in 1643 ; visited by Wallis, who culled them 
 
 [ Keppel Isles, 1767; and by captain Cook, who 
 
 nimed them on account of the then friendly dis- 
 
 1 position of the natives, 1777. 
 
 Till' isles weivvisitwl by missionaries in 1797; of wlioiii 
 
 tlieWesleyaiis were most successful in conversions, 
 
 Many eliiels siihiiiitteil to kiiij; GeoiWi I. in iSjj. He 
 srtiipiicoiistitutioii mill siiiiiiiiniieil u pai-liaiiient of 
 40 iiieiiibers 1 1862. He coneliicleil a treaty with 
 Gpriiiaii.v, 1 v. 1876 : iiml with (ireat Jiritliiii, 29 
 Xuv, 1870. : - chief ailviser, the' ivv. JSliirlev liuker 
 ivlio had, it is stateii, nsuriieil and abiise'.l mncli 
 iKiwer, was exiielled by sir John ij. Thiirstoii, the 
 British lii(;li commissioner of Kiji, and rephiced bv 
 Mr. Basil Thoiiison, who piiblislieil an account of the 
 
 , affair in 1893. 
 
 I King iJeuri^e I. ilieil, np-d upwaiils of 90, ig B'eb. 1893 • 
 
 I an,} was succeeiled by liis fireat-graiidson, Jioaii 
 TiiliouII,, bom iS June, 1S74. '' ; 
 
 I TlifdwliiiiiigiKiiiMhitiiiii, reportdl under 20,000 in 1894. ; 
 
 FRIENDLY SOCIETIES, wliieh originated 
 
 Jic dubs uf the iiidustriou.-, eh 
 
 , ,. , ' v.asses, were sub- 
 
 lecteil to slight control in 1793, and have been 
 
 regulated by various enactments. Other acts were 
 
 y passed m 1855, 1858 and i860 ; iniiwrtant ones, 
 
 11 Aug. 1875, 24 July, 1876, 1882, 1887, '893 and 
 
 .; 'V, ,.^*"\^1 consolidated in i%<)(,. In London, 
 the Ueloe 1-nendly Society dates from 1687 ; the 
 Iiorman, 1703; the Lintot, 1708. 
 An example of fian.l, credulity, and iiiisiiaim«eiiieiit wa.* 
 
 KU-n on invisti,i,'ati..ii by theie-is(iai--«eiienil int.. the, 
 
 altaus oi the " Indepuiident .Mnlual Urethieii Friendly 
 
 Society, l,,iiii,U.,l ill ,37,, .,,,,1 b|.„k,.ii up in iS36. 
 
 .>leiiii».|s, 2,225,000; capital, about 16,000,000/.; le- 
 
 tnni, July, iSyi. 
 Hepoit ,,n iViendly soeii.ties ill Kn;;hin.l and Wales pub- 
 
 iishe.l .Hs a l.liie book (1856-80), Xov. 1896. 
 Colllelelie,. „f 3, fiiemlly societies, capital, over 
 
 ju,ooo,(Kx>/., 19 .March, 1097. 
 
 FRIENDS, see Quakers, and under Ckrri;/. 
 
 FRIENDS OF THE People, an a.ssociation 
 lormed in Loudon to obtain parliameutary reform. 
 1792. ■' ' 
 
 FRIESLAND ; East (X. Germany), the 
 ancient 1-nsia, toriucrlv governed bv its own" counts. 
 On the deatli of its prince Charles jidward, in 1-44, 
 It became subject to the king of Prussia; Hanover 
 disputed its possession, but Prussia prevailed. It was 
 annexed to Jlollaiid by Bonaparte, in l8o<j, to the 
 irench empire, I.Slo; and awarded to Hanover in 
 181 V Tlie Knglish language is said to be mainly 
 derived from the old Frisian dialect.— Fhiesland 
 I W K.ST, 111 Ifidland, was part of Chariemagne's 
 I '^'iipife in 800. It jiassed under the counts of 
 I Holland about 936, and was one of the seven pro- 
 vinces whiidi renounced the Spanish yoke in u8o. 
 i 1 he term Clifmiix de Frise (or Clievul de Frisc, a 
 : F-ie.shiiid lliD-sc) is derived from Fricslaud, where 
 ; it was invented. 
 
 : FRIULI (Venetia), made a duchy bv Alboin 
 the Lombard, when he established his kingdom 
 about 570. It was coiuiuered by Charlemagne. 
 
 ! Henri, a i'renchman, made duke, was assassinated 
 in 799, which was the fate of duke lier'.'iinMrius. 
 king ot Italy and emperor, in 924. The emperoi 
 Conrad gave the duehv to hi;s cliaucellor Poppo, 
 patriarch of .Vijuilcia, In the iithcentuiv; it was 
 conquered by Venice in 1420; anne.xed to Austria, 
 1797; to trance, 1805; to Austria, 1814; to Italy, 
 
 . FROBISHER'S STRAITS, discovered by 
 sir Jlartin Frobisher, wlio tried to tind a i.Mth- 
 west passage to China, and after exploring the coast 
 of ^ew Greenland, entered this strait, 11 Aug. 
 1570. He returned to England, bringing with him 
 a quantity of black ore, supposed to contain -old, 
 which induced queen Elizabeth to patronise a second 
 voyage. This led to a third fruitless cxiieditioii. 
 He was mortally wounded at Brest, Nov. 1594. 
 
 FRCEBEL Society, established to promote 
 the Kindergarten system {which see), 1874; annual 
 meeting, 17 Jan. 18S9. 
 
 FROGMORE, near AVindsor, Berks. A house 
 here, built by ^asli, was the residence of queen 
 Charlotte and afterwards of the duchess of Kent 
 Here is situate the mausoleum of the late prince 
 consort. See Albert . ' 
 
 I FROHSDORF,avmagenearVienna latelvthe 
 residenceol theeonitedeChambord, svcFriiiiee, 1873. 
 
 . FRONDE, Civil Wars of the, in France, 
 in the minority of Louis XIV. (1048-52), during 
 the governnuMit of queen Anne of Austria and 
 cardinal Mazarin, between tlie followers of tho 
 court and tiie nobility, and the pariianient and 
 the citizens. The latter were called From/turs 
 (sluii/ers), it i.s said, from an incident in a street 
 quarrel. In a riot on 27 Aug. 1048, barricades were 
 erected in Paris. 
 
 ■I- ' 
 
 
 ■J. h 
 
 \ ' 
 
 i! 
 
 ! , 
 
 ,ff' 
 
 fk^jW' 
 
 X 
 
 i 
 
 ill 
 
 
 
 .Myil 
 
FK0ST8. 
 
 474 
 
 FUEL. 
 
 
 FKOiSTiS. Tlie luUowiiiK are Boiiie iil the most 
 reinarkabk' iccorded : (see Void.) 
 Tl](' EiixineSeii fni/cii (ivirfiir aoilnvs . . . 
 A linst lit t'lMisliiiitiiiiiiilc, when tlic'twii si'ms tlii're 
 weru Cidzi'ii a liumlivil iiiilcs liniii tlic slimc, 
 , , , . „ Ort. 763--F.'li. 
 
 A frost m Ent-ldiiil on Miilsmiiiiiciwlny is said to 
 Imve ili'stiiiyi'il till' fi nits (it tlir uartli 
 
 Jliaiiits frozen I'lir 1 1 ivriks 
 
 Urtaclful lidsts in Khf^laml (niin is-,,v. 'to Ainil ' '. 
 
 ilic Cattfjjat I'ntiiciv fiii/,1'11 
 
 JJiiltic jiHssalile to triivi'lliTS for six wvcks 
 
 Ilif Baltic frozen frimi IVnnrraniii to Dtiiiiiaik 
 
 111 EnKlaiiil, wlicn all the small Mnls i.crislicil 
 
 llie i™ liiiir riiliii;; uiioii it finm l.ul.i'cktol'rassia 
 
 Bevcrt. frost , wlifii Inrp' fciwl of the air soiiL'lit 
 
 shfltcr in tin- towns iif (iriiiianv 
 1 111' river frozen lielinv J.unilun-liriil.'e toGravesend, 
 from 24 Niiv. to Keli. 10 .... 
 The Baltie fnizeii, ami Inirse iiasseiigers crossed 
 
 lioni Denmark to Hweilen 
 
 Tlie winter so seveiv in KlanilJrs that the wine 
 
 ilistriliiiteil was cut liv liatiliets . . . ,468 
 
 Cnmages liasseilnverfrom Ijinilieth to Westminster isis 
 Wmein Hauliers fnizi'ii into solid lumps . . 
 Sli-dyes drawn liy iixen travelled on the sea from 
 
 Kostock to Denmark .... 
 Diversions on the Thames . . .2, Dee. &,• 
 llie Sehelill frozen so hard as to sustain loaded 
 
 wiiKtlons 
 
 The Ithine, Scheldt, and sen at Venice'frozeli . 
 
 tuvH and diversions on the Thames . . . 1607-a 
 
 llie rivers of Knroiie ami the ijiiyder Zee frozen ; 
 
 lee covers the Hellespont . jgjj 
 
 Charles X, of Wwedeii crossed the Little-Iielt over 
 tile lee Irom ilolstein to Denmark, with Ids whole 
 arinv 
 
 401 
 
 760 
 
 1035 
 1063 
 1076 
 1294 
 '32J 
 1402 
 1407-8 
 1426 
 
 .• '433 
 "434 
 
 1460 
 
 1544 
 
 1548 
 1564 
 
 1565 
 1594 
 
 The forest trees, and even the oaks in Eii>:laiiil 
 split ly the frost ; most of the hollies were killed ; 
 the J haiiies covered with ice eleven inches thick ; 
 
 ., »i>'' loarly all the liirds jieiishcd, Dec i68j - Feb, 1684 
 ihe]icojile kept trades on the Thames iis in a 
 Jijir, till 4 I'di. ,684. About lortv coadics daily 
 Jilied on the Thames as on drve'lai.d. lioii-h't 
 this hook at a simp upon the ice in the middle of 
 tlie llninies." Eittrj la the munurunda vf u 
 
 Tlie wolves, driven liy the cold, entered Vienna 
 
 and attacked cattle and men ... i6qi 
 
 Ihree months' frost, with heavy snow, from Dec. 
 .-.,,,,, to March 1700 
 
 A fair held on the Thames, and oxen roasted • frost 
 
 '■■ontiniied 24 Nov. to o Feb 1716 
 
 One lasted 9 weeks, wliei aches plied n|ioii the 
 
 llianies, and festivities and diversions of all 
 kinds were enjoyed upon the ice. (The "liard 
 winter") .... „.o 
 
 From 25 Dec, to 16 Jan. and from 'iS tii 22 Jan '■ 
 
 most terrible .... ' ,-66 
 
 One p'lieral tliroiij,d,oiit Kiirojic ;'tlie Thanies pa.ssl 
 
 able opposite the Custom House Nov. to Jan. 1780 
 One liom 24 Ui-r. ,794, to ,4 Feb. 1795, with the 
 
 intermission ofoiie day's thaw . . ^5 Jan ,,0? 
 Intense frosts . . ,,|i ^j,,,.; ,^95 
 
 .Severe liost 111 Hussia . . ,g,2 
 
 Very destructive to tlie French arinv in'its retreat 
 IrJiii .Moscow. Napoleon commenced his retreat 
 onthegth Nov The men perished in battiilioiis, 
 and the horses fell by luindrcds on the roads 
 iraiice lost in the caiiii.ai^'ii of this vear more 
 than 41x1,000 men. 
 Uooths erected on the Thames; the winter very 
 
 severe 111 Ireland . . . 181^ ij 
 
 S'-'Vere frost {Thames lilorl;,.,!) . ' 7 Ja'n.-Fcb j's-s 
 
 llie trusts so intense in parts of Norway, tlia't '' 
 i|iiicksilver freezi's. and pci-sons expo.sed' to the 
 atmusphcichise their breath . . 2 Jan, ,849 
 \ cry severe tio.st in l.ondnii, ,4 Jan, to 24 Fell.; 
 
 and very cold weather up to 26 June . . ,s„ 
 On 22 Feb lircs were mad,' on the Serpentine, 
 .I.vde I'ark. A trallic on the ice of ,5 miles haiir 
 was established in Liiieolnsliire " 
 ycrv.sevcrcfio.st, soDee. ,860: to ' .' ,'jnn. ,86, 
 
 \ cry severe frosts " |),.,. [ty 
 
 Loll- Inist witli thaws . . 22 Nov. 1879-2 Feb.' ,8Eo 
 \ery severe Ir' st in Hritain, lieguii 18 Jan. lasted 
 about 14 days. . . .oc 
 
 , yaira on llie Tlwiiies recorded, 1564, , 6m.fi .<; 
 ;«3-_4 (xi'i'Cial), .688-9,,7,5-,6, .739-40, ijSt^ 
 
 A frost in Hritaiii bepm 25 Nov. 1890, and rni, 
 tinned with interiiiissions fill . ' , "' 
 
 A trap witha tandem team driven across til',, s",.,.,.","''-'' 
 tine « I 
 
 Frost, 24 Dec. 1892-8 Jan. 1893: sever,, frl, ','• ■ 
 Britain and thecontinent, nianydeatiisr.',,,,,,;,] 
 
 Severe frost in Britain and on the e. utiiieilt ■ ',''"i'i ■" 
 bewail, 30 Dec, 1894 (m-/./, 14-21 , Ian.) ; M,„! 
 1S95, miinydeaths. (Loughboru', 1 F. • 'l'.i'„i, 
 i3 F.,9Feb.), .see'Aiiae.s . '. .' "^ ""'""■ 
 
 FROST'S INSUERECTIOX, seeA,,,^!,' 
 
 FRUCTIDOR CONSTITUTIOV ti,v 
 promulgated m France on the ;tli Fru'id ' 
 year 3, or 22 Aug. 1795. See innthrTt 
 changes. ■' •'■ 
 
 FRUITS. Several varieties introdueej i,,., 
 Ital)', 70 B.C. a acq. Many e.xotic fruits iind tio«>r' ' 
 previously unknown in Kn-laiid, were bn.ii'l.' 
 . thither between 1500 and IS:«, mid very miiuir,' 
 the present century. See Ganhtiui,/, mul /'/,,; 
 A conference of liritish fruit-growers was liel, ',',' 
 the Crystal l-a!i.ce, London, ; Se,„. ; i^ . 
 formed 11 Oct. l8«8. .Many donations wtr- ii'v 
 to the fund lor the encouraKemcut of Iruit-iulim' 
 founded by tlie lord mayor and tlie Fruiter ''• 
 Company autumn, iSSo. Successful liuit-Rrowir 
 reported, Dec. i,S'i,o. E.xiieriniental fruit far,,, ", 
 \\ oburn, founded by the duke <d' llcdf,,,',! imdM. 
 Spencer Pickering, F.K.S., was inspected l,v 
 scientific jiarty, and reported very sue,e...|iil ■' i' 
 June, 189.S. Many of the following liiites ai,.',, " 
 certain: — 
 
 Almond-tive, liarbary, about . , 
 .Vj'ples, Syria . '. . . , '•■'•• 
 
 ' Apple, custard, N. America . ' " " ■ " 
 
 Ap]ple, osat;e, ditto . . . . ' • ■ ■ i" 
 Apricots, Fd'irus .... • • ■ i: 
 
 t'herry-trees, I'ontus . . . ' ' ' ' '■■ 
 
 Cherries, Fiandi'is . . . ' . ' • • ■ 
 t'ornclian clieirv, .\usfria . . ' , ' ' • ■ ':' 
 Curmnt, tlie liaWthorii, Canada . ' ' ' '■' 
 
 Fij;-tree, S. lOuiope, liefiue . . " ' ' ' ';" 
 (iooscbciries. Flanders, befi'ie . . ' ' ' ';" 
 
 (irapes. l'<iitiij,'al ' ' ' ':.' 
 
 I.ellnilis. Sl'ilin .... ■'■':■ 
 
 l.iiiies, I'ortiipd, about .'.'.',' ' ' ';: 
 l.inies. .\mi'rican, before . ' ' ' ' '■' 
 
 .Melons, bi'lore ... ••••'■; 
 
 Muiberiy, Italy . .'.'.''' ':! 
 
 .Mulberry, while. Clnmi, about ' . ' ' ' ' !:', 
 .Mulberry, the red, .\. .\meriea, before ' ' ' '' 
 Mnlbciiy, ].aper, Japan, before ' ' ' ,;: 
 
 Ni'ctaiine, I'ersia ... • ■ . 1 . 
 
 Olive, Cape . . . ■ . ■ ' ' ■ I.- 
 
 Olive, the sweet-scented China . ' ' ■ ;..; 
 
 Oraii'.'es ' ' .. 
 
 I'eiiches, Persia . . . . ' . ' . |.:i 
 
 I'cars, niicertaiii . . .','.' ' •' ■ 
 I'iiie-iipple, Brazils . . . ' . ' ' ' ,.,; 
 I'ippins, Netheilamls . . • • • . -.. 
 
 I'lums. Italy ' ' ' ^'.'\ 
 
 I'oiiicgi-aiiate, Spain, before . . . ' ' ,'■''. 
 
 yiiinec, .Viistria , ' ' ,.'.'. 
 
 yiiiU(-c, Jajiaii . . . ... ' ' ,'ir' 
 
 Haspberiy, the Virginian, liefore . ' . '. '. './." 
 Strawberiy, Flandi-rs . . . . ' . ' '•■' 
 
 .Strawlierrv, the Oriental, Levant ' . ' . ' . '',■., 
 Walnut, tlie black, .\, Amcric-a, before , . ' ' ,<x 
 
 FUCHSIA, an .Vmcricau jilaiit iiaincil after ti- 
 Gerniiiu botanist Leonard Finlis, ,-ilioiit 1542, TL» 
 Fuchsia fulgens, the most beautiful vanetv, tI- 
 introduced from Mexico, about 1830, 
 
 FUEL, see Ca„t, 
 1873, 't ^^''"^ aiinomii 
 Friiic'i pc;isaiil, liad 
 with coal ami a little : 
 
 Jloi/x, In tlie aiitiinm : 
 I'd that Louis liayiurkiTs, , 
 lii-^covci-cil thai e:u-||l ]lii\..; 
 ■0 la niaiic^o.iil fuel. 
 
 FUENTE 
 
 FUENTES DE 
 On 2 May, i«ii, -Mas 
 ^0,000 infantry, 5000 
 ;,rtilleiy, to iclieve . 
 ,!iiv to be superseded 
 to make 11 last effort f 
 Welliiil-'toii could mm 
 of which only 1200 w 
 terrained to light ruth 
 iif .■Vliueida. After m 
 .aine on and stomied 
 .ena was joined by '. 
 Imperial guard ; and 
 attack. In all the wi 
 .■erous hour for Eng 
 rrening, when the 1 
 abandoned by both pai 
 (he chapel and cragi 
 cannon-shot from the 
 
 FtJESSEN, Bava 
 .'2 April, 1745. Pf f 
 Theresa, flucen of h 
 Bavaria, the latter n 
 imperial crown and rei 
 
 FUGGER, an ill 
 present head, prince L 
 -inoe 28 May, 1836), 
 Fiigger, a master we 
 and its wealth by trad 
 monarch?, especially tl 
 
 FUGITIVE of: 
 
 .';.Vug. 1881. 
 
 FUGITIVE SLv 
 
 .Vraerican legislature ii 
 1000 dollars and si.\ re 
 jjerson harbouring fugi 
 escape. This law was 
 tioiialby the judges of 
 lS:j, was carried in 
 eiilty, and was not 
 It was repealed 13 J 
 Amrieii. 
 
 FUGITIVE SLA 
 
 ilaveri/. 
 
 FUGUE ill Music 
 
 oliase another), is deser 
 lion tol'nu'ticall Jhisic 
 and Handel were emine 
 
 FULDA (W. Germ 
 
 I'o-anik'd by St. Bonifac 
 in 744. It was made 
 lirini'ipalityin 1S03. N 
 Frankfort in 1810 ; bu 
 Hesse-Cassel. 
 
 FULFORD, York, 
 (Inida of Norway, and '. 
 England, defeated the 
 :oSept. 10O6; and the 
 to them ; see Stdiiifurd- 
 
 FULLER CASE, 
 
 FUMIGATION. 
 
 vcntiim, is said to have 
 ID lighted and aromatii 
 t') purify the air, and 
 1 lague at Athens and otl 
 i:i n-c. 
 ^ FUXDS, see Stocki 
 
 «-U.4.a; 
 
FUENTES DE ONORO. 
 
 47A 
 
 FUENTES DE OXORO ((■ontml Simin). : 
 iJnjMay, 1811, Miisaeim l•n)^8ed tlio Aguedu with 
 ^0,000 iniiintry, 5000 horse, imd about ^o pieces of 
 :,rtilleiy, to relieve Almeida. He expected every 
 ,!;i\ to be suiierseded in his coinmaud, and wished ' 
 to make a last eti'ort for his own military character. 
 \Velli"^'toll could muster no more than 32,000 men, 
 ul which only 1 200 were cavulry. He however de- 
 lerrained to light rather than (five up the blockade ' 
 of .Umeida. After much lighting;, on 3 Jlay, night ! 
 ,.jime on and stopped the conflict. Ne.xt day Maa- 
 -ena was joined by Bessieres with a body of the 
 Imperial guard ; and on 5 Atay, made his grand 
 attack. In all the war there was not a more dan- 
 ..erous hour tor England. The fight lasted until 
 trening, when the lower part of the town was 
 ■ibamloiied by both parties— tlie Briti.sh maintaining 
 {he chapel and ciags, and the Frencli retiring a 
 liinuon-shot from the stream. Kupier. 
 
 FUESSEN, Bavaria. By a treaty signed Iierc, 
 :2 April, 1745, peace was made between Maria 
 Theresa, (luccn of Hungary, and the elector of 
 Bavaria, the latter renouncing his claim to the 
 imperial crown and recovering liig lost territories. 
 
 FUGGER, 11" illustrious German family (the 
 present bead, ijrinoe Leopold Fugger liabenhausen, 
 -ince 28 May, 1X36), derives its origin from John 
 Fugger, a master weaver in Augsburg in 1570; 
 and its wealth by trade, and by money-lending to 
 iiionarchs, especially the emperors. 
 
 FUGITIVE OFFENDERS ACT passed, 
 j; .Vug. 1 88 1. ' 
 
 FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL passed bv the 
 .Vmericun legislature in i8sO. It imposed a tine of 
 1000 dollars and six months' imprisonment on any 
 person harl]ouring fugitive slaves or r.i Ung in their 
 escape. This law was declared to be uneonstitu- 
 
 FUTTEHGHUR. 
 
 Fl NERAL8. David lamented over Saul and 
 Jonathan, lo^d n.c, and over Abner, 1048 «.c. 
 2 f,(im. 1. and 111. In Greece, Solon was the first 
 wlio pronounced a funeral oration, according to 
 llerodotus, 580 ]).c. The Itomaus pronounced 
 harangues over their illustrious dead. Theopompus 
 obtained a i.rize for the best Funeral Oraliun in 
 praise of Maus(,lus, 353 H.c. I'opilia was the first 
 Uouian lady who had an oration pronounced at hor 
 funeral, which was done by her son, Crassus ; and 
 It IS observed by Cicero that Julius Cassar did the 
 like for his aunt Julia and his wife Cornelia.— 
 I'lam-al Games, among the Greeks and Komans 
 im luUed horse-races, dramatic representations, iiro- 
 cessions, and mortal combats of gladiators. Tfiese 
 games were abolished by the emperor Claudius, 
 A.D. 47. A ta.v was laid on funeraU in England. 
 1793- 
 
 t'lmrch of Kn>!lan'l Fancnil mid Mo'iminR Reform 
 Associ.'itiiii,, fuuiidcd at .SlicllicM, Ijy earl Nelson 
 and otiici-s, 5 Oct. 1878 ; aotli aaimal meeting. 
 
 ,. „ . , 6 July, 1898 
 
 i^'K V,m-ki}saw\ Windsor. 
 
 rum.ic FfNKHAi..s voted liy pnrliiinicnt ; 
 
 Duke of Itutlaiid, in JivlaVid 
 Lord .Nelson (sec .Vi/so/i) 
 
 17 Nov. 1787 
 9 Jan. 1806 
 
 ^:!'»?';. • '. •.-.•. -.^Fcb: 
 
 ;cape. --..- ^.^.......,., ,.„ ui.- mi^^iiiniiiii. 
 
 tioiial by the judges of the superior court on 3 Feb. 
 18:5, wa,'! carried into etfect with great ditii- 
 eiiity, and was not received by Jlnssacliusetts. 
 It was repealed 13 June, 1864 ; see Slavery in 
 Amricii. 
 
 FUGITIVE SLAVE CIRCULARS, see 
 
 Slavery. 
 
 FUGUE ill Music (in which one part seems to 
 chase another), is described in Alorlev's " Introduc- 
 tion tol'racticall Musicke," 1597. ISeliastiuu Bach 
 and Handel were eminent fugue-writers. 
 
 FULDA (W. Germany'), the seat of an abbey, 
 founded by St. Boniface, tlie apostle of Gernian'v, 
 in 7.^4. It was made a bishopric in 1752, and'a 
 |iri.nfipality in 1S03. Napoleon incori)oriited it with 
 Krankfort in 1810; but in 1815 it was ceded to 
 Hes^c-Cassel. 
 
 FULFORD, Yorkshire. Here Harold IFar- 
 
 ilrada of Norway, and Tostig, brother of Harold of 
 England, defeated the earls Kdwin and Jlorcar, 
 :o Sept. 106O ; and the people near York submitted 
 to them ; see StuniforU-bridgc. 
 
 FULLER CASE, see India, 1876. 
 
 FUMIGATION. Acron, a plnsician of Agri- 
 ;:ontnm, is said to have fii-st caused great fires to 
 i< lighted and aromatics to he thrown into them ^ 
 t-i purify the air, and thus to have 8toj)ped the ' 
 ] laguc at Athens and other places in Greece, about ' 
 -o B-C- ! 
 
 ^FUNDS, see Stocks, and Sinking Fund and : 
 
 i'jiti'jtt JjoiHllnildtrs. i 
 
 JO Oct. „ 
 13 July, 1816 
 16 Aug. 1827 
 
 " Nov. 1852 
 
 t'lias. Jas. Fox 
 
 Hicharil lirinsle.v .Sheridan 
 
 Oe<n-gc Canning; 
 
 l).ukcof\Vellit,t.-ton .,,„,, 
 
 M-scount raliiicistou (at her majesty's iwiuest), 
 
 Loivl Nai.icr of .M..gd,ala (hy onler) . I] 'j^^i 1^^= 
 
 FURNACE, we lilowing-macliines. Iron. 
 
 .FURNITURE. Specimens of Egvptian fur- 
 niture, represented on the inierior walls of the 
 pyramids, appear in liosellini's ",VoH«Hifw<i rfc/r 
 f'ilitto," 1832-44, Vol. II. Mr. J. G. Pollen's 
 
 1 Ancient and llodern Furniture and Woodwork " 
 in the South Kensington museum, 1874, illus- 
 trated bv piiotograplis anil engrax-ings, was pub- 
 lished, July, 1874. Many interesting examples 
 w'lU be found in Fosbroke's '• Fnciiclopaidia of 
 Antiijiiitiei,," Vol. I. 1825. ■' 
 
 FURRUCKABAD (N. India), a province ac- 
 quired by the East India company, in June, 1802. 
 Near the capital of the same name, 17 Nov. 1804,' 
 lord Lake defeated the ilahratta chief Holkar, and 
 about 00,000 cavalry, himself losing 2 killed and 
 about 20 wounded. 
 
 FURS were worn by Ilenrv I. alioat 112c. 
 Edward III. enacted that all persons who could not 
 spend 100/. a year should be prohibited this species 
 of hnery, 28 Jlarch, 133O-7. 
 
 FUSILIERS. Foot soldiers, formerly armed 
 with fusees with slings to sling them. The "th 
 regiment (or Koyal English Fusiliers) was raised 
 II June, I68s; the 21st (or Iloval North Biitish)! 
 ^^co'''''^'"''*^' ""■' -J''^ ("'-Hoyal Welsh), 17 March 
 
 FtrSION of the French legitimists and Or- 
 leanists into one monarchical party, i Aug. 1871 
 See F'rance. •' 
 
 FUTTEHGHUR (India). Here Nana Su'u.b 
 massacred both the English defenders of the fort a'ld 
 their Sepov assailants, July, 18^7; and here tlie 
 Sepoy rebe s were defeated hy siV Colin Campbell. 
 
 2 Jan. 1858. "^ ' 
 
 mm 
 
 
 M "%- 
 
 I''' 
 
 -¥' 
 
 'i K 
 
 I i 
 
 !)..»■; 
 
 I ^r^ 
 
 
 M.D11J 
 
 
 ?3 e. 
 
 »rfiM 
 
 i 
 
 
 ill 
 tfif 
 
 133 
 
 S-' «*!■ 
 
'■'^'m '.n 
 
 <,„,„;, 
 
 *.n' 
 
 
 |\ ". 
 
 I 
 
 
 GABELLE. 
 
 478 
 
 GALLEYS. 
 
 G. 
 
 GABELLE (fi'om (,;i'h\ ;i gift), a term applied 
 to viinoua tuxes, but aftci'wanls i-cstrictfil to the 
 duty iipnii salt, Hrst imposed liy I'liilip the Fair en 
 the i.tiich 111 i2,S(j. Ij„ni>/. Our Edward III. 
 termed I'hilip of Vahiis, who exacted the tax 
 rigorously, tlu> author of the Nalic law (from mi/, 
 ^"")> ',54"- The assessments were uiie(iiial, lieiiiif 
 very heavy in some j)rovinees and light in others'; 
 owing to exemptions purchased from tliesovereimis. 
 Tilt' tax produced ?H millions of Cranes in the reign 
 of Louis XVI. It was a grievous burden, and 
 tended to hasten the revolution, during which it ■ 
 was abolished (l7'>o). I 
 
 GADES, S.W. Spain, an ancient town sue- ! 
 eessivcly subjected bv the I'lio'iiiciuns, Carthagi- 
 nians, and Kcanans; see Cudi:. 
 
 GAELIC, the northern branch of the Celtic 
 languages, Irish, Erse or Jlighland Seottisli, and 
 Manx. The " Jleaii (jf Lismor^'s book " (written 
 lS"-.i') contains Gaelic jioetry; sn<.eimens were 
 Dublished, with translations, in iHfu, by rev. T. 
 M'Laehlan. See Ct/l.s, Cliui-iui-i/uil. 
 Giielh:S'«hiii 11/ I,„i(ilnii, tnunilcd 1777. 
 Oiielic speaking iioimliiti. .11 , f ficuil.m.l, 1S81, 231,602. 
 liie {Jaclic L'liiMii, orK.ilnscil iu lii l.iii.l, pici|M.scd the 
 
 puhlicatif.n ot a inniithlv jipuraal, to be (levoteil to 
 
 Irish literature, i Nov. 1882. 
 Atinelie atliliMic' ass.iciatiou existing' iu Irclaiel ; 
 
 saiil to be iulVetcd witli li'iiianisMi . . Dec. 18S7 
 
 GAETA (the ancient Cajeta), a fortified Nea- 
 politan seaport, has undergone several remarkable 
 sieges. It was taken bv the French, 4 Jan. i;i)<); 
 by tbe English, 31 Oct. l^ty); by the Ereneh, 
 18 July, l8o(); and by the Austriaiis in iSli; and 
 1821. Here jmpe Plus IX. to(ik refuge, 24" Nov. 
 1848, and resided more than a year. Here also 
 Francis II. of Naples, with his queen and court, 
 tied, when Garibaldi entered Nai)les, 7 Sept. l8()0; 
 and here he remained till the eitv was taken by 
 the Sardinian general Cialdini, l3"Fel). 1861, after 
 a severe siege, uselessly prcilonged by a French tieet 
 remaining in the harbour. Cialdini was created 
 duke of Gaeta. 
 
 GAGGIXG ACT, properly 80 called, meant 
 to protect the king and government from the 
 harangues of seditious meetings, was enacted 8 Dee. 
 '79S> when the poimlar mind was much excited. 
 In Dec. 1819, soon after the Manchester ati'ray, an 
 act waa passed for restraining public meetings and 
 cheap periodical publications; it was popularly called 
 "gagging bill." See .SV.i: .,/(■/.«. Statutes coerc- 
 ing popular assemblies, partieiilarlv in Ireland, have 
 been also so designated. See (rtriiiiiiii/, 1879. The 
 tenns "gagging" and '■guillotining" were applied 
 to Mr. Gladstone's resolutions for restricting (by 
 the closure) the discussion on the Irish Home IJule 
 bill, 30 June, 21 Aug. i,S93. Mr. W. II. Smith, 
 leader of the house, i.S,'S7-9i, was said to " pounce " 
 ■whenever he moved the closure. 
 
 GAIETY THEATRE, Strand, opened 2i Dec. 
 1868, Mr. John HoUingshead, manager. 
 
 GAIKAS AND Gat.ekas, s''o K,iffr,rna. 
 
 GALAPAGOS, islands ceded to the United 
 States by Ecuador, 3 Nov. 1854, the British, French, 
 and other powers protesting iigainst it. 
 
 I GALATIA, a province of Asia Miimr h 
 ' 3r(l century H.c. the (iauls under Jlreiinu,' iiu '■ 
 
 Greece, crossed the Hellespont, ;,i„l c ,u,, ,1','' 
 
 Iroas, 27S; were checked In Attalus I n I; 
 about 241 ; and then settled in wli;.t 'v , '1 
 atterwards Gallograria and (ialatia ■|i,.', '""'■ 
 was ravaged by Cneius Manlius, iX,', „ c . , H'"" 
 hnally annexed to the Komau Jmnir,. .■ ! '" "'" 
 the death of the king Amvntas. I'ai I's'f, .f "'' 
 the Galatians was probably written a.u. -i^'' ' '■ 
 
 GALATZ (Moravia). The pr,.linii„',ri,.. ,f 
 peace between Kussia and Turke\- si>.,„.,i 1 
 11 Aug 1 791, led to the treatv ot Jas's n j',','' 
 
 1792.. llie site of several < iljcts, in wl,;i, , 
 
 Ku^sians defeated the Turks, Nov ,7,.^; Jo'i!;;^ 
 
 GALAXY, see J/iV/v/ ;;-///. 
 
 GALICIA, a province, N.W. Spaht wh r ., 
 
 quered by D. Junius ijrulus, 1501,.^. aiul'v'-i" 
 
 \amlals a.d. 419; and was subdued by sum'. >■ 
 
 invaders In 1003, on the death of Fcrdiiuu.u / 
 
 king tastile and Leon, when his dominion, vi' 
 
 divided, his son Garcia became kiii" of tirli , 
 
 liulir.g tyrannically, lie was expelled by his b, ^i 
 
 I Sancho; returned at his death in 10-^ ■ wi, 
 
 I expidled by his brother Alfonso, 107; ; 'imii .ii!!,'';" 
 
 I Fi^;n in ,09.. Alfonso, son ,d' u;4;:,; ;;^ 
 
 J Castile, was made king of Galicia by licV in n v 
 
 I He defended his mother, a dissolute wuniiin ■!.', , • 
 
 ; lier husband, Alfonso VII., and at her (ir.u l': 
 
 112O, acciuired CasUle, and once more rc-unitedtk 
 
 kingdoms. '" 
 
 GALICIA, Poland. East Galicia was aca-i-i ^ 
 by the enijieror of Germanv at the Dait'V.n 
 in 1772 ; and West Galicia" at that of -,■ 
 Ihe latter was ceded to the grand duchy of W„r'.,w 
 in iScxj; but recovered bv Austria in i«i: •]], 
 I appointment of count G'olucliowski, a I'olt » 
 ; governor, iu Oct. iH&j, gave much satisfactioil u 
 the I'oles, about 2,000,000 iu this province- f,f 
 lotanil, note. ' 
 
 .Stry, a prosperous town, dcstroyi..l bv lire ; Ins, , f v 
 
 ;mm1 Kieat privati..n, 18 April; ilbovc .00 da t 
 
 reiioitcd, 22 April, i886. 
 
 Usko (about 7,000 inbabitnnt.s) burnt, 27-2S Vnril e ■ 
 
 I'or enugraticJU Iniuds, .see An.<lrk(, .March, i6yo. ' ""' 
 
 r^i^.^^F^4^'I'® WEEKLY MESSEV- 
 (jI1;K, English newspaper, iiublislicd in l',r,- 
 began in 1814, at the restoration. William tiiii ' 
 nani died Dec. 1882, aged 84. 
 
 GALL, ST. (in Switzerland). The ablnv. 
 founded 111 thi; 7th century, was surrounded bv', 
 town in the loth. St. Gall became a canton of liic 
 confederation in 1815. 
 
 GALLEEIES, 
 
 Versailles. 
 
 see Xational, Loiiere, 
 
 ar.J 
 
 _GALLEYS, long boats, sometinu's with <3\\'. 
 with seats for rowers, vnrving in nuiniiiT, u,J, 
 employed by the Venetians and Genoese till ti' 
 
 lOtli century. "Galley slaves" were condci i 
 
 ciiminals eniisloyed in navigation. In Fr.«uv ih. v 
 had a general of galleys, of whom the baton ada 
 
 G,rde was the lirat, 15.] 
 
 ''-'*..kia.,.Xi^.Ji 
 
i;:J^ 
 
 i>ii. 
 
 S)y lire; liiss(.f ;if.. 
 above loo J'.'at!i» 
 
 GALLICAN CHUHCH. 477 
 
 I Me *'"' '''" *"''"'' '•''W- '1'"' Piiiiishnicnt of the 
 1 iillevs (//((/(■'■<'*) ^*'i'' mipiTHfdi'd by tlio " travaux 
 iitiia," i'orii'il liiliour, n'Kuliiti'd by tt law of 1854, 
 I ikmen bi'ing: mllwl "/oii,<ih." 
 
 GALLICAN CHUllCII, eee aurch of 
 
 GAMES. 
 
 fniu't' 
 .l!.uiiainK'f'"'t'"'*-'iilb"li 
 
 liiilli<'iin chmi'li was opoiied 
 y'fiitiiel' llyii''!''!''^ I-ipysoli, 9 I'Vli. 1679. 
 
 (rALLIPOLI, tlie iinoiciit Ciillipolis, a scii- 
 i.rt'it Turkey' in Kur(ii)e, 12S iiiilrH west <if Con- 
 antinopji'. 
 
 ■y 1" 
 
 It W118 tiiki'U bv tbu Tuiks in I_?s7, 
 nil I'ortitied by liiijiizct I. Tlie first division of" the 
 i'rdich iind Eniflisii arnii<'9 prncccdiiij,' iifjninst tliu 
 Kuaans liiiulcd hure in Marcli and April, KS54. 
 
 GALLIUM, new fli'incntiiry motiil, diacovored 
 klicoqde lioiabaudraii, by means of tbc speetro- 
 s'aie; rc'iiorted to Frencli acad(Mny of seicnct's, 
 ;oSept.,and6 Dec. 1875. 
 
 GALOCHES, French for overshoes, formerly 
 ofli'athtr; but since 1843 niaile of vulcanised India 
 fibber. The importation' of Giilos/tcs wua prohibited 
 hjEdw. IV. 0.4(1463). 
 
 GALVANISM ANn GALVANO-PLAS- 
 
 IICS, 6i'c under £kcti-ici/i/. 
 
 GALWAY (\y. Ireland). The ancient settlers 
 here were divided into thirteen tribes, u distinction 
 not yet forgotten. It was coruiuered by llieharil de 
 Buri'O in 12^2. In 10()0 Galwuy eitv declared for 
 kin; J.imes, 1)Ut was taki'n by general Oinekel soon 
 lifter the decisive battle of Au)!lu-ini, 12 July, l(x)I. 
 Here is one of the new colleges, endoweil by 
 fovernment, iitn'suant to act 8 ife 9 Viet. c. (/) 
 (iSij), inaugurated, 30 Oct. 1849 , see CuUeges and 
 Mand, 1872-3. 
 
 Ill 1858 tlie siiiliiig of mail steam packets from Galwuy to 
 Aiiieiieii iKKiin : but the sulisidy ceased in May, 1861, 
 !liRiiij,'li the niniiiany's hreacli of eoutniet,' which 
 m'asiiineii iiiueli discussion iu l>arlia]jieut. In July, 
 1163, tlie eimtnict for the ciinveyance of mails from 
 Galway to America was renewed, ami 75,000/. voted for 
 the iiiiri'ose. Tiie scheme was not successful. ()u 9 
 Nov. the steamer Atujlht struck ou the lilaekrnclc, and 
 llie mails were taken to Uuhliu. The last lacket sailed 
 ill Feb. 1864. 
 Die Duke of Edinburgh warudy reeeiveil here, middle 
 .if.\ug. 1884. 
 
 GAMBIA. West Africa. The proposed ces- 
 sion of (iambia to France in exchange for other 
 territories was opposed in Jan. 1876, and eventually 
 givtaup. Administrator, II. 1$. Llewelyn (1891). 
 
 toiiibia .seiwrateU frma Sierra l.eoue and made an 
 inilepenJtnt colony, 22 Dec. 1S88. 
 
 Cliii-r town, Uathurst. .Some \illages of a marauding 
 cliii'f piuii.shed for aggressions, aliout 7 .Ian. 1892. 
 
 Tmiiitalia destroyed after a liatlle ; c«pt. A. ,S. Ituberts 
 tilleil, 28 .\liril ; successful British expeditiou, re- 
 |iorteil II May, 1892. 
 
 .\ii expe'litioa of 2ao men of the naval lirigado umler 
 apt. Gamble, from 11. M.S. lliilriijli auil others, against 
 f*h-Silali, a slave-raiding chiiif, ilestroy 2 villages, a 
 Olvision is surprised by au ambu.sh wldle returning to 
 tbeir boats, and 15 nam, including lieuts. W. H. 
 .\molcl, Francis W. Hervey, sub-lieut. Krancis W. 
 Mi'isterare killed at Medina Greek, 23 Keb. 1B94. 
 
 All att,ick of about 2,000 natives reiiulsed hy lieut.-col. 
 Corliet and aliont 100 nam of the West India reginnuit, 
 on the Uritish Combo river, 26 Keb. 1894. 
 
 Rfinforceiiients arrive at liathurst, comiLianded by 
 major S. G. Kairtlougb, i Marcli ; (be ilied at Sierrii 
 Leone, May, 1894). 
 
 Buamballa occupied by the West India rolunin under 
 major Maiiden, an attack of the natives repulsed, 3 
 March; continued lighting, enemy's loss reiwrted 
 heavy, 6 Mirch ; Birkama taken after a hot light, 7 
 March ; Gonjur bombarded by rear-admiral Hed- 
 fsni. 7 March; Fodi-Silali'ii force broken, reported 
 
 til" French In Scnennl, 
 c'ij4 ; jieaco restored, re- 
 
 10 March ; he surrendered tn 
 
 11 March ; died 19 Sc'pl. 
 ported, 21 March, 1894. 
 
 GAMBOGE, a medicine and pigment, brought 
 from India by the Dutch, about Kxjo. Hermann 
 in l()77 announced that it was derived from two 
 trees of Ceylon, Bini'e ancirtaiiied to belong to the 
 order Uuttlfera. 
 
 GAME LAAV.S ai-e a remnant of the forest 
 
 laws imposed by Williaiii the Coni(nei-or, who, to 
 
 preserve his gaine, luade it forfeiture of property 
 
 to disable a wild beast, and loss cd' eyes, for a stag, 
 
 buck, or boar. The ( Icrgy protested against amelio- 
 
 rati<ui9 of these law.s, under Henry III. Tlie first 
 
 game act pa.ssed in 141)'!. (jame "certiticates were 
 
 first granted with a duty in 1784. The Uamc act 
 
 (l it 2 Will. IV. v.. 32),' greatly modifying all pre- 
 
 vious laws, was passed in lS3i. liy it the sale of 
 
 t game is li'galised at certain seasons. Ifv the (Jame 
 
 I i'oaching i'reventive act, jms.sed in 1K62, greatly 
 
 increased powers were given to the county |iolice. 
 
 Licences to kill game (3/. a year) granted' for tho 
 
 1 year 1856-7, 28,950; for iKfi^-o 43,231; for lH(x), 
 
 I S4.203 ; received for licence's, 1877-8, I(/j,352/. ; 
 
 1 1883.4, 177,834/.; 1887-8, 179, 143/. Convictions 
 
 under the game laws in l8(ii), 10,345. 
 
 Jlotions fur abolition made aiimndly iu commons 
 
 liy .Mr. 1'. Taylor, lost (160-67) . . 2 .March, 18E0 
 The liidund (lame act, to protect farmers IVoni in- 
 jury to crops, 43 A: 44 Vh-t. c. 47, jiasscd 7 Sept. ,, 
 I'ldposed reduction of licence to shoot game to i(. 
 
 lor short perioils April, 1883 
 
 Agame act relating to hares was passed ill . . 1892 
 
 GAMES. Candidates for athletic games in 
 Greece were dieted (ui new cheese, dried figs, imd 
 boiled grain, with warm «ater, and no meat. The 
 sports were leaping, foot-races, auoits, wrestling, 
 and bo.fing ; see Ciipito/iiie, Jul/iinidii, Olyitipic, 
 I'ythian, St^ciitiir Giiiiii's, Aiiuricini Jiaseball, kc, 
 
 Gami.no was introdu lintoKiiglaml by the Saxons: 
 
 the loser was ol'tcM made a>lave tothe winner, and 
 sold ill tralllc like other iiicrchaiiili.se. Cdniilen. 
 Act prohibiting gaming to all gentlemen (and inteiw 
 ilictiiig tennis, cards, dice, bowls, Jte., to inferior 
 lieo|de, exccjit at Christmas time) 
 Gaming-houses licensed in l.omlon 
 Any person losing, by betting or playing, more tli.-iu 
 100/. at any one time, not coiiipellable to pay the 
 
 same, 16 Chas. 11 ifig^ 
 
 Bonds or other securities given for money won at 
 jday not recoveialilc ; an. I any person losing more 
 than io(. may sue the winner to recover it back, 
 
 9 Anne, e. 14 
 
 Act to jireveiit excessive and fraudulent gaming, 
 when all private lotteries and the games of faro, 
 ba.s.set, and hazard were snpiircsseil 
 The protits <ir a gamiiiK-house in London for one 
 season have been cstim;itcil at 150. mjo/. In one 
 night a inillion of money is said lo have changed, 
 h.iiids at this place. Lihih. A b.inkruiit was 
 refused his certiticate because he had lost 5^. at 
 I one time ill naniint: .... 17 July, 1788 
 ■ Three ladies of ipiality convicted in iienalties of 
 I 5o(. each for phiyiii;; at t'aio . . .March 11, 1797 
 fianiiiig-houses were licensed in Paris until . . 1838 
 Amended laws res|iectiiig games ,iiid w.igers, 8 iSt 9 
 Vict. c. 109(1845): by 3 i_i,.o. IV, c, 114 (1822), a 
 gaming-house kcejier is to be imprisoned with 
 bard labour ; and by 2 A-. 3 Vict. c. 47, ganiing- 
 hiiuses may be entered by tile jioliee, and all per- 
 sons laeseiit taken into eustoily . . . . 1839 
 
 Betting-houses suppresseil 1853 
 
 Public gaming-tables totally sui'iiressed at Wies- 
 baden. Uoinlmrg, .Vc. See Mo/iKc, . 31 Dee. 1873 
 Mr. Jenks, iiroprietor of the Park Club house, and 
 others, heavily lined for gumbliiiir. 7 Feb. ; .sen- 
 tence conhrmed .... 24 .lune, 1884 
 The clock towi'r club and institute, Newiugton 
 Butts, a bad gambling house sii|ipre.ssed ; John 
 James Hunt, the proprietor, sentenced to six 
 months' penal servitude ... 23 .Sept. 1887 
 
 1541 
 1620 
 
 1710 
 
 1739 
 
 
 
 •-'tfc 
 
 iti ^*' ^Z 
 
 •uli 
 
 .>) 
 
 \kiii 
 
 ',(, 
 
 M 
 
 'i- 
 
 ;iiV:i 
 
 *»i(tatoi.i 
 
I 
 
 
 '•ll>!!^ 
 
 >,.,..*/ 
 
 I HV^ 
 
 
 |#K "'-Hit- i;j| 
 
 l»l« 
 
 in 
 
 GAMUT. jrH 
 
 Till' pnipili'toiHMf til,. Kii'Iil (lull (Mr. Siiiti.ii)iiiul 
 urtli.' Ai|i'l|ilii (lull (.Mr, S. C. ('..I,™) fill,.,! racli 
 SIX)/. I'nr ki'i'piiiK a t,'"iiililiii« li"ii^<i', l.iiMiluu, \V., 
 
 till,' subiiiillniiti'.s 11 1 ; the playiTM •liscliaiKi'.l 
 
 3oti ..J .May, i83n 
 
 Hliiillar |ir(isi'nitl(iin aihl pi'iiultli's . . ii3g-gi 
 
 Naliuiiai aiili'V.iiiiliriiK' Imtswr ln'^liis wni'k in 
 (llaH;;iiw, April, if>i ; a larn'' iiii'mIIh,,' in Luniliin. 
 •Sim' ,S;»mN 12 Jinn', 1894 
 
 Nnw KunjInK'acl piiHs.'.l . . . au .May, 1893 
 
 GAMUT. The .scab' of music iil iiitcrvalH (<oni- 
 nioiily terimd do or itt, n\ iin, la, ml, la, to wliicli 
 si was aildcd nftfrvvanla), I'nr wliiih the Krst seven 
 letters of tlu^ iilphulii't hic nciw employed, is men- 
 tioned by (iuido .Vietiiio, 11 Tuscan monk, ubout 
 1025. 
 
 GAXDAMAK (oiGundamuk),\. India. A 
 '■.I'eaty with Yakoi.li Klian, ameer "t AfH'liauistan, 
 I'lis siifned here by major Cavairnnri, 2() .May, iX^c^, 
 orineijjal articles,' Uritlsli to hold Khyber I'iiss. iVc. 
 ii liritisli Kesiilint to be at C'aliul, annual subsidy 
 of (w.CXX)/. to the ameer, &e. The treaty was not 
 curried out, see ^Ifijhuiiistiiii, Sept. l8;i>. 
 
 GANGES, the f:reat aaered river of X, India, 
 which rises in the S. Himalayas, rcceivi's several 
 great rivers, divides into several Inanches, endini; in 
 the Hay of Itenftal. The (ian^'es Canal, for irri|,'atnis 
 the oonntrv between the Uan;.fe8 and tliu Jumna. 
 The main line (525 miles lon^') wasopenedH Ai)ril, 
 1854. The inninjise diltiuulties in its execution 
 were overcome by the slvill and pcrseveranee of its 
 engineer, sir I'roby Cautley. In Oct. 18(14, sir 
 Arthur Cotton asserted that thu work was badly 
 done, and the investment only jiaid 3 jier cent, 
 
 GANGS, see Afffieidtural Gangs. 
 
 GANJA, a preiiarution of the leaves, flower.s 
 and stem of the hemp plant (cultivated in Lower 
 Uen^'al), lar^'Cly consumed like oiiiuni ; reported 
 autumn, 1892. 
 
 GAOL DISTEMPER, sec Old ISaiky. 
 
 GAOLS, see rr'tKoim. 
 
 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, a weekly 
 paper, long edited by i)r. John Lindley, tirst ap- 
 peared, 2 Jan. 1 84 1. 
 
 GARDENING. The tirst garden. Eden, 
 planted by God. Oc». ii. The Scriptures abound 
 with allusions to jtardens, particularly the Song of 
 Solomon and the pnaihets ; and Christ's agony took 
 place in a garden. Xenophon describes the gardens 
 at Sardis; and Epicurus and Plato taught in gardens. 
 Theophrastus's History of I'lants was written about 
 322 B.C. Horace, Virgil, and Ovid derive many 
 inuige.s from the trirdcn (jO 11. c. to a.d. 50) ; anil 
 I'liny's Tusculan villa is circumstantially described 
 (about A.I). 100). The Romans introdiuied garden- 
 ing into Britain, the religious orders maintained it, 
 and its cultivation increased in the i6th century, 
 when many Flemings came here to escape the per- 
 secutions of Philip II. Miller's dictionary was pub- 
 lished in 1724; the Horticultural Society {which 
 see) was est.iblished in 1804; Loudon's Encycle- 
 pcedia of Gardening was tirst published in 1822, and 
 his Encydopiedia of I'lants in 1829; an act lor the 
 protection of gardens and ornamental grounds in 
 cities was passed in 1863. See ISotati)/, I'/oirers, 
 Fruits. Gardeners' Koval Itenevolent institution, 
 founded 1838. E.\hi1)ition of Gardening and 
 Forestry at Earl's-coint, Kensington, opened by 
 the Dufte of York. 13 May. closed, 14 Oct. 1893. 
 
 GARENGANZE. Sec Kc,t<oii,n. 
 
 GARIGLIANO, a river (S. W. Italy). After 
 long waiting and refusing to recede a step, the great 
 
 GARTER. 
 
 captain Goiisalvo de Cordova m 
 this river, 2; Dec. 1505, and 
 deleated the French array. Uaeta 
 few days alter. 
 
 Hi.rprised and',,,,,,,,; 
 "'ifli'liilernl ', 
 
 rotting Act," to punish these acts by lloj.'i:in/ ' 
 
 Iviwar.l lit 
 'ft''"' to (Irinv the 
 
 I'l'Nllll,' 
 
 ■i-ii 
 
 !■•[ 
 
 St 
 
 GARTER, OiiiiKit oi- tiik 
 when at war with France ami 
 
 best soldiers of Europi' into his intercut „n , i,7 
 
 revival of king Arthn,''8iv,„nd table, anil p- „,,,'' 
 a sob.tnn tilting On Xew Y.^ar's da, ,,;'"' 
 published letters of protection t„r tb,'%al( 
 and returning of such foreign kni"lil4 , 
 
 venture their rejiutaticm at the i.Mi,!., anil t „ 
 
 rnents about (o be held. The:,', f.'k ,"?;'; 
 
 }Vl\\^-^f r^ '"'••''■ "■"V'^""''' i" Win'bcn.;, 
 01 20c lee diameter, and the knights «cn ,. 
 tamed at the king's e.xpense. In 1 54^ E,hv,,ul t 
 hiH garter b,r the signal of a battle that had U, 
 crowned with success (sumioscd to !„. CrcM, 
 being viptorious on sea and land, an.l having b;,, 
 kin.got Scotland, a prisoner, h.', in incmorvufth, 
 exploits, :s said to have instituted thia ord.r 
 April, 1 540, .SifMow. ' 
 
 K.lwanl III. k;ivc the garter prccniinciaT .ii,,,,,,.. 
 tile cnsi;,'ns (.1 the cinlcr ; it is (jf lilac velvet l,„r" 
 'lyicd with K„ld, with the iiisiTiptiua in „ [ 
 iTcncli •■lluiii ..„ll,il:.i mnl ,/,„„..;■■■ (Kvil I,. 1, 
 I.in. who evil think.sl The knights ,nv ii,st:,IM 
 at \\m,lsor, and slyh'il h/Kllis ,n,,w la-imluli, 
 knights of the Kolih^n KMilcr. /,v,if«i,' "■ 
 
 The Older until king Kdwurd VI. 's time was cnll, 
 the orilcr of «t (icaw the (.atron .sunt 
 Kn^iaml. His ligurc on Imrscliack. presents 
 liolding a spear, and killiiij,- the dni^-uu was II 
 worn liy the knights iif the instiluiiun ' It is sirs 
 Iicn.lcil liy a lilue lililion across the l„„lv ir„ai tl,,. 
 shonliler. 
 
 Institiitcil, according to Sildcn, 23 April i,,. ■ 
 nccc.rding to Nicolas, 1347 ; to .Uhiuiile . ' 
 
 Theoltlcc of "(/,i,/,,-Ai„y „/,„■„« ,/;,■„„;,■,,;„„,„:. 
 in.stitntcd . . . lietHcciiMayaiidJulv, 
 
 Additions to the statutes deer I . ,,j', 
 
 Order of the Garter in Ireland institutc'il In' 
 Kilivard IV. , 1466; aliollshed . . . .' 
 
 Collar and tiuorgo of the order iiistitiittd "liv 
 Henry VI I ^i,,,,,, 
 
 Tlie statutes reformed by order, 23 May, itig' 
 issued ■ ^.,|,[|' 
 
 The cercinoiiies altered in conscijuei'ioc of tin' 
 reforimition ^g ^p,.,! 
 
 Hevision of the statutes .... 
 
 The annual feast of «t. (ieorgediscontihiied " . '. 
 
 The esrnelienn eonvcrtcd into n star 
 
 The nnniber of knights increased liv seven ' . \ 
 
 The order reconstituted; to consist I'lft lie SMverei'pi] '" 
 the ]iriiice of Wales, 25 knights cniupaiiroiis, .Tiii 
 lineal descendants of George 111., when electnl, 
 
 u 1 T- . 17 Jail, ijc; 
 
 .Several bunipcin scivereigns elected . . ,3„_|, 
 
 Abdul Aziz, sultan of Turkey, invested wilh'tlio 
 garter by the nuecn on board her vacht at tlie 
 naval review .' ,7 July 
 
 The shall of Persia invested by the ([Ueen at Wiiill 
 
 . ,'*'!'' ■ 1,.." 2o,Iimi', 
 
 Aliihon.so XII. of Wpain invested with the order at 
 
 „,-^'"''''i'' n Oct. ,3), 
 
 There were 54 kiiigbts in .... Jan. 1395 
 
 OIUOINAL KNloHiS. 
 
 King Edward III., sovereign. 
 
 Kilward, jirince of Wales (called the lilack rrincc).' 
 
 '34) 
 
 '494 
 
 ■;4> 
 
 le.'j 
 
 , 1:67 
 1373 
 
 Henry, duke of Lancaster. 
 Thomas, earl of Warwick. 
 
 u 
 
 |J,llll.«llt<lMe lllleh 
 
 I Hiliili.wal "'■'''""'"■''■ 
 lilU,™H"''*''l''<'"'ry' 
 (,,.Tr, earl of .Moitiiiier. 
 
 jj„lin Lisle. 
 I lyrtli"'"""''*'' '"''' ""''«bc 
 
 J, III, l.inl llnniclianiii. 
 
 i.liii I'lil .Miilmii, of Dun 
 h,ir ll'iiiili t'onrteiiay. 
 
 ti|..!iiiw. fiirl "f Kent, 
 I Mm, lord Urey, of Uother 
 
 iKicliiiril Kitz-Minion. 
 I Ml Mil* St"!'!'''""' 
 
 ,irTI i"i* "I''''' 
 
 V, lliiidi Wioltcsley. 
 I ,;; Vfli' l.iiryiig. 
 
 .tJi.liiilliaiidoH. 
 
 MjlllirS Aiulcley. 
 
 .Hilli.ill.ilaiid. 
 I M II.MIV Kaiii. , 
 
 ,,ilieliet d'.VIirielleeoiul 
 [ .iw.iltiTraveley. 
 
 G.IS, in die iniitry, t 
 
 IfcriiiUiiiJ; »i''' "■'Hyeii, 
 
 mi,Arii<m, Criiploit, \ 
 
 It ij stilted tliiit .Mimge aii< 
 
 |ilinniiis acid licfori! i8oc 
 
 lie.| fliliirim) 
 
 Fjn4:iv di'teriiiincd a gas 
 
 iij.ililiiliniiid existing at 
 
 jlilvnlHivethe Imilinj,' p 
 
 llultlieciiiidciisiiiK poiii 
 
 iiirrrlythcl"iiliiigp"ints 
 
 llniii ; lie by piMsure eoi 
 
 iiliilllid . . . . 
 
 (iilift gases liipii'tli'd by 
 i.^ssim' (lis indicated b 
 Caiiltlet, at I'luis, 2 Dec 
 Ka.iiil riitct at tieneva 
 I Xiipi^fii and atiiiipsphur 
 
 IMet, sunn alter 
 I T!if iiisiiTSS cvhibited at 
 l."iiil"ii, liy in'iif. ,lam"s I 
 
 ii/.iiii' liiillelicd hy Hautefei 
 I I.) |iii*sl ({iiUL's used by Kri. 
 I ivresearclii'sortlie I'olisI 
 Ulsjewskioii till' lii|iiefacl 
 •iv their iirmbiction of e>c 
 I'F |irof. IJewar's liiineli 
 Mii|»Tatnri'S in 1884, see 
 ui'l Hnilnuini. 
 
 • .ililtanlsK'n". in article 
 
 I'mf. fliiis. liraliiini's ]iaii 
 
 (lifaiiiii of KiLses appearci 
 
 iJatiiiuia and other metal; 
 
 I Famai'i'siii which gases are 
 
 ^'. W. Siemens, and cnipli' 
 
 i,%., f»i;;i'«. Harnett pat; 
 liliiyii!^' Iieated gas as a in 
 
 L'li'iir's ^lU'engiiie, in wliic 
 
 I'liiaiiied liy the ignition 
 
 rl.Ttniity . 
 
 I n\ III' these ell.i;illes had b 
 
 iii'l inli'iidiiied into Kiiglii 
 
 I'lerre lliij;iiii's giis-eiigiiie 
 ■.diiiir'ii, i87i)exliilpited 
 
 Tiii'iitto-Liuigeii giis eiigiiii 
 lieeii siiiierst'ded by the O 
 [ 'las eiij,'iiies have been great 
 i.'rMsslev Urns., and are in 
 that sir K. Hramwell fm 
 vi;i"rsdiii|,' steam en;;! lies 
 
 Mr. Puriiell's gas engine, o 
 Jriveii by a inixtureof gii 
 IVebher Street, S.E. . 
 
 .Vifuni/ jfu rising from tl 
 
 I'liijeJ as fuel at I'lttsbiu-i 
 
 l"ii;kiiuwn til the Tersiai 
 
 .See Traia-i 
 
 GASCONY (S. W. I 
 
 t Aiiuitaine {tchich see). 
 
 ' a.\S INSTITUTE. 
 [ June, 1881, by the liri 
 
 Managers, founded in 180 
 
 enjiueerinj 
 
OAH. 
 
 470 
 
 OAH-LIOIITH. 
 
 I 11,11 oaliUl'li' "'"''i- 
 Ill,ll,|:.riil"r.Stalt;.|-;l. 
 
 |l(,^,.r,HirhirM"itii».'V. 
 
 jirth'Jiiim'W. I"i'' HiiikIii'mIii'. 
 
 1,1,11 i.inl lli'iiiiiliurijp. 
 |j„l,ii, l.,nl Miiliiiu, "I Uiiimtor. 
 I>irHii«litVinrtrnii.v. 
 I TliiiiiiM, wirl "f Ki'iit. 
 
 l,liiil..nlUn'V.''ril"tl"''»''l'l. 
 , ^irKiitanl Kitz-."<iiii"M. 
 
 I ,|[Ili(iliia» \\n\i: 
 
 M NVIr l-nryntf. 
 I vrJulilil-'Imiiiliin. 
 
 .iiJiiiir«Auilclny. 
 
 ,,rfllli"ll"liiTMl. 
 I >iille.nyK.iiii. , 
 
 .jSiiiilictil AI>ni'lii'coiiit. 
 
 MiWjIli-rruvi'li'y. 
 
 OVS, infill mi >try, 11 iioriimnentiv elastic neri- 
 
 i„nii'iluia; 8t'(' (J-i-i/i/iii, Ui/dfiiijm, Xitr<>i/f)4, Chto- 
 
 ml, Aniuii, Cri//ifoii, Ao. 
 
 II I, >tiik''l timt MiMiKi! mill Cliiiii't iiiinliMisf.l huI- 
 iJiiiniiis iii'iil lii'fiin! i8oo, iiiul NortliiiiDi'e liiiiie- 
 il^l clildriiio iSos 
 
 Fari'liy (li'ti'rniini'il ii (,"'"* t" '»' tin' v.'ipniir nf :i 
 
 vi'ljl'llBliHlli'l I'Mi^tillH lit II tlMll|H'r,ltllli'l-..l|iii||.|'. 
 
 ii,hal»i\vtiii' Ipiiiliuy pniiit nf tli.' Ii,|iu<l : ,im,i 
 
 lIultlu'Cllllili'llHill;; piiillls nf iliUclclit ^;,isi'S ill'.. 
 IIMvly till' lliiilill),' IHiillts nf t;ii' li'jlli.ls lumlilciii:,' 
 
 lliiiii;lii' by loi'ssinv ciiinli'iisi'il (111, , line giis into 
 
 ;ili,|ili<l 1833 
 
 I oili.T gunea lliiucfli'il liy liitriiiii! culil ami tjrcat 
 |iivsiiin' (as iii'lii'i'tL''! l>y Kariiilay); (ixyj;i'ii liy 
 Caillftrl, at I'luis, 3 Hc'c, miil linleipuinli'iitly liy 
 
 Ifaiilll I'ilti't lit (ilMH'Va . . . .32 ijcc. 1877 
 
 I Xi!ri.,vii anil atiihisplicrii; air, liiini'llnl liy 
 
 Oiilliti't, ■■' I ii'li'i- *i377-8 
 
 Ilif iiMira.s I'sliiliitfil at tile Iliiyal IiistitiitiiiTi, 
 l."ii,l„ii, liy I'l'iif •'iiiii"i '•'•war . liJimi' 1878 
 
 I !■ .. I. . , 1... II.......I- II I , -I ; .. . r,!. 
 
 I79J 
 
 1798 
 1803 
 
 i3o3 
 
 |.ii,,'li',l, t'.l |-i"i "iii.i .1 1" I'm . i^ (/IIIII-, 1070 
 
 iii„ii,'lii|iicliL'il liylliiuli'lVuilli' ,111,1 CliMiiimls, iirt. iS3o j 
 
 l.i|ii,'Ii,',lKii<i''' "■■"■'I I'V Kiiipi' ill cii-iliii;,' jjiiiis, \r. 1084 1 
 
 n,'Twarclirs(il'tlif l',ili.sli iinit's. Wmlil.'wski aii,l 
 Uto'iHkiou tlifli,iiifliu'ti,iii,it';,'iiii's iiiiirli aiiliil 
 ^vtliHiriirfxiiictiiiii itf I'Ktt't'iiii' fill, I, 1G64 ff .-i,'/ ; 
 ("r |iruf. Di'war's li(|iii'lai'tl,iii iit' «asi's at l,iw 
 I^'iiiIHTatiiri'S ill ii^S4, at'ti (',,/(/ aii'l ,^lir, tuutiiutt', 
 mil //i/i/n,i;pi(. 
 
 .-iiililliirirsKUii, ill article (.'miiioii. 
 
 I'riif. Tliii.i Uraliaiii'H \^:i\>t'i im tin- law of the 
 
 ilill'iisiiiniif(,Mni's a|ilii'ai'i'il, 1834 ; lie sliinveil that 
 
 |i|;itiiima anil ntlier metals i an absmliHases . . 
 
 I Fnniaivs in wliii'li peases are used as I'liel iiiveiiteilliy 
 
 C W, Sifniens, ami eiiipli'iyeil in jjlass works, Aic. 
 
 ir'',s pni]ii'e.<. Harnett ;iateiiteil a iilaii fur em- 
 l,|iiyiii;'lu'ati'il t;as as a iimtive piiwrr . 
 
 Lrii-'ir'sifis-t'ii^'ine, ill wliieh the .iiiitiv,' luiwer 18 
 I'lilaiiii'il liy the ijjiiitiiin (if eomliineil g)i.ses by 
 rli'ctncity 
 
 Hi III' these engines hail lieeli wiirking in Paris ; 
 ;iniliiiti-ii(liiieil iiitii Kiiglaiiil . . . I)ee. 
 
 I'ii'm lliigdii's gas-engine (saiil tn lie suiieriiir to 
 Lcimir's, 1871) exhihiteil 
 
 TlifUttO'LiiiiKen giis engine, exhihiteil in 1B76, has 
 lwii.<ii|ierseileil hy the (Ittd Silent Oas Kiigine. 
 
 lai divines have been greatly iiii|ii(iveil by .Messrs. 
 '.'pisslcy Urns., ami are ikiw sii largely cniiihiyeil 
 iliit sir K. HiainweU furetnlil theirCveiilnally 
 vi;i-r('liiig steam engines . , , 5 .Sept. 
 
 Sir. Puruclls gas engine, iif simple cunstriietiiin, 
 ilrivHii liy a iiiisture iif gas ami air, exbibiteil at 
 Wrliticr Street, ti.K Jan. ,890 
 
 ,^'l!lml/ jKM rising friini the gniniid largely oni- 
 
 IJiiJi'il as fuel at I'ittsbnrg, U.S. &o., 1884 rt so/. , 
 
 iiiifkmiwn t(i the Persians, Chinese, and others. 
 
 See TrHDi-rnnth, 1894. 
 
 GASCONY (S. \y. France), a duchy, part of 
 
 Aiiuitaine {tcliich see). 
 
 UAiS INSTITUTE. The name assumed, 16 
 June, 1881, by the Uritish Assoeiatiou of Gas 
 Minagets, founded in 1803 for the udvaneiug of gas 
 engineering 
 
 1890 
 
 1866 
 i86t 
 1838 
 
 1861 
 1864 
 1867 
 
 i833 
 
 (IAS-LKjIIIH; theintiiimmabU'aerifiirmHuid, 
 ear Mircttrd hydingiii, evolvrd by the ci.inliustion of 
 loiil, WHS deseriliial by Dr. t'liij'toii in i;}!,, 
 .\p|,lleathiii of eiial gas to the piirpiHrs of illnniina- 
 
 tidii tried by .Mr. .Mnidoih, ni rurnwall 
 t.aslight introiliiicdat llniillon and Watfa foiimliy 
 
 ill lliriiiingliain .... 
 
 ''•\';''"V.',.''''"'"*''''''' *'"' «'"* ''* au'expe'rlliielit by 
 .Mr. Wliisiir ; ■* 
 
 I'eiinaiiehtly used at the colli, n'liiills of l>hil|i|,.H 
 and l,ri., .Mamlii'sl, .r(i,«, I biiiiiirs lighted) 
 
 Inlrodnivil in l.i.ndoii, at (liildi.n.lane, ,6 .\ng 
 
 ., "^;'J' l\il > all.iSo,, ; generally (hioiigh 1,1111111.11,814.30 
 
 Mr. Davnl foUnek, father of the hile 1 Inef bar 
 
 was governor of the Mrst '• chartered " gas enm. 
 paiiy wlileli began In 1810 {called " the gas light 
 and coke coiiipaiiy') .... ,3,, 
 
 Oas llrst used in Diiblin, 18.8; the streets generally 
 liKliled ,,,,( 3 
 
 Gas.lighting Introiliiccil In Paris, iSkj; 'ten v-as 
 ipanies in Paris . j,;]..' gg. 
 
 Hydne.v, in .Vnstialia. was lit with gas ,, .MaV! 184? 
 
 I he ,«,/,■„;,„,.< i.,|.,,gnl,.|ted by a,.|spa.ssed III . ". ,860 
 
 lliegas-pijicH In and round London extend iipwanU 
 oljooo miles, and are dally liieieaslng. It wa.s 
 
 said in iSiKj, that of the gas siipplv of | |,,n ii 
 
 eakagc III ,j per cent, took place tliroiigl., tliu 
 laiilly.loints ol the pipivs. 
 
 Processes to iilituin illnnilnating kim fnini mihr 
 have been patented b.vCniicksliahksd's,.;), Willi,, 
 (184,)). and others. Woln.,,,,, made by linck's 
 priiccss iiiixcd with oidlnary gas tried and re- 
 ported succcssl'iil at (.■hieliester, .Vug. iS,,- ,it 
 llariogiite .... \ii'' 
 
 Watcr-ga.s eiiiployed in nieialhirgy b'y -Mr. ISaiiisim 
 
 J-oX at Leeds, repoitcl .... jSept 
 A eiinibination of Mirimis propesses set up bv Mr' " 
 
 .Samson Fox at the I Is f„rgc works 2., Wpt'. 
 
 1337, and rcportclsnccssfnl . . . j, „ ^3 
 
 '"'■•;■""■''•'■» Pi'teiitcl by .lolin > m (.8..0), sii \V ^ 
 
 toiigrcvo (1824), Samuel Clegg (,810), .Nathoi 
 Oetries (1838). and others. -" ^'"-J"'' •^"'"•'i' 
 Explosioii Ufa hirge ga.soincter at the London C.as. 
 ightfdmpanys works at .\iiie-clnis : m person.s 
 killed, and many iii.jiiieil (llrst accident of the 
 
 ' ..... Til l,.f 
 
 Moscow llrsMit With gas . . ' ' ^ ' |,,.,. 
 All economical gas produced from ■|iltiimeii at 
 
 ^ «oiilwiidi ar.scnal j,,' 
 
 Central (las (•oinpanv. Lomlon. established 
 
 Uas sncccssfiilly tried as fuel for tlio geueraMoii of 
 
 steam by .lacksoii's patent . . April 
 
 The Central (ias , ip„iiy robbed „f „bniit yo.ixx./' 
 
 b.V Heii.iamin HIggs, a ,derk ; dl.seovcivd, April' ,860 
 • iasdight tried at Jlowth llghllKmse, near Dublin; ^' 
 
 Gasworks clauses act passed . . ... illlj' A', 
 
 Ity the London gas act, passed ,j ,Jnlv, ,868, ,„ili; '^ 
 nary gas charged 3.,-. ,j,/. the 1000 cubic feet, after 
 I Jan. 1870. The charges raised on aecimnt of 
 deariiess of coal and labour, Jan. 1S74. 
 
 **''''l<eof I Ion g'as-stokers, 240011111, 2' Dee • the 
 
 ilieiinvenieiiec met by great exertion, 2-6 'lice • 
 several tried ami imprlsoiieil . i,,,' ' ,0-,.^ 
 
 Ga.s supply of London : receipts .872, '2,, 33,000/ '• ' 
 
 ,_ 1873. 3.544.CWO'. 
 
 Capital of metropolitan ciini|ianies, 12,681 81S/ 
 (■•Chartered Company," 9,096,771/.); total annual 
 incoiiie, 3,926,769/. (average iirollt, 9/. 3;!. 5,;. ,,ei. 
 
 Street gas "lit by cleetrieity, bv Mr. St. G "lain- '^''' 
 Jl-di''' &c''"""^ ' " '""'' '""'""''>' s'lecessfnl, Pali 
 
 Depression in gas con'ipaiii'es th'rong'h pid.'nirls I'l'f '*'* 
 eleclrielight, Oct. 1878; recoverv. ,37a 8 
 
 L.xplosions of gas-mains near Uedfoid-street.Tottcn- 
 hani-.durt-road, London; 2 killed; others in- 
 .iiired; mneh proiicrty destroyed . , . j,,|.. ,,. 
 
 "Koh-i-n..,,r das," produced' from shale ^lil"!^,: '^^° 
 
 I aild'cbel o"""'*' '" ^^ ""'"'''■ («"'' '" ^ Pll'-O 
 
 ! Jlr. West's and Mr, Cooiier'a inventi'on« f,,r il,e 
 
 eei.nomieal produetlon of pure coal gas with 
 
 rednction of linnian hiboiir, at Tuubrldgi wells 
 
 gasworks . . , , _ ,jm. ,.*,,,." 
 
 The Ddwer-lamp, a cdinbination i.f tli'e Grimstiine 
 patents on the regenerative principle, (the pro- 
 
 1865 
 1866 
 
 1 863 
 1849 
 
 i863 
 
 81-3 
 
 1 334 
 
 ' 
 
 V,jf^|i 
 
 1 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 . 11^* 
 
 - i- JJ^'J 
 
 ?fsr w^ 
 
 W 
 
 
 ,/1 
 
 ! 
 
 if 
 
 li 
 
 i 
 
 •i- 
 
 :m 
 
 g 
 
 H 
 
 
 'f! 
 
 ''rn f .■ ■ ,'la u 
 
 1 1 if?' 
 
 k/j 
 
 ,1. 
 
 'Ifl.if' 
 
 ;, '=1 
 
 ■*■■ m 
 
 
 
 
 '"fli 
 
!I Si' 
 
 ii.,«( •..., 
 
 . -i ? * 
 
 
 
 Ci. .s MUSIC. 
 
 •Uj).«» of .•.irubiwttiih i„ ,i?'i-' ''Tin/w!), invnittil by 
 
 _*I*«kVJ(, •■. Hi iHir 1111(1 Ml " ■" 
 
 4eo 
 
 - (»t. flwiti. llilliU ', iSh^ 
 
 Ijiwnhfi'n xmk ii'c iii'ziT, |i|ii(i'ii'liiK t'l 
 
 :iifriii»i' linlit mill illiiiiiiHli fxiichxi-, , Uildltcil 
 l'yilf..|ll|lllliy syN.iV. 1888 
 
 siMJi s ..firHH-MtdkcDi In Hiiiitliwflik ninl MaiirliiiHtiT 
 "n-oiK^.^illy n>HlHti>i| . . . . ij Kiic. ;88q 
 
 •♦'K.V/i,/,,,*. fVh, ifigo. 
 
 ■jrW. toiiilim n„s Jii-lit iiMil <'iiki' C"lMiBiiiv ^wlilrli 
 ''■■"'■ till? iiii'tni|iiiHH tliii iimlii if till' 
 
 ■< K'l'i'lll j'liM'"l'llll"llil IlKMillHl 11 pi.l. 
 
 \ <""iilVii nil' wltli tliii Liili'ii ; no 
 
 ''"i^' ■■! 1 . limii-s .... J Oct. i3i;o 
 
 OAH MUSIC »i'o Pin-niihoue. 
 
 GASTEIN (S.ilzlmiK. .Vu^triii). Thi. lent; ili»- 
 <'ii,<«iiiii liclwciii Auntiiii iiiiil 1'riii.hia riNpii tiij){ tliu 
 •liciKihiil dl' thf ilucliics I nii(|iii'i('il fimii Jjinniark, 
 uiis rUiKcd liy 11 ]ir(iviHiiiiwil ruiivciition sijrinil hcri' 
 liy tlirir iniiiisti i!" (iJlum for .\i.stnii iuiil llisuiiirck 
 for I'niKsiii) 14 Aii>;, mr^. This n.iivriitioii vviin 
 Hi'Vcii'ly ctUBUii'd bytliu utliir liciwiinimUulirdirati'd 
 in l«(j(). 
 
 Austria was to \m\i- tlic tiliipoiaiv Koviiniuciit of IIol- 
 sli'iii, ami I'liinrtia lliat of Slrswlj; ; tin' iHtalili»hnii'ijt 
 Ilia (Irniiaii lli'ct was luiiiiosiil, wilh Klil as a Fiilcial 
 
 "'"■I !■. lii'lil I'.V I'lussiii ; l.aiii'iiliiir« wan atwoliiti'ly 
 
 iiiliil to I'ni.iMia. ami the kiiiK wa» to imy .Vimtilii ai< li 
 _ioiij|u.iisatliiii 2.soo,oix) Haiiluli ilollars. 
 
 KiiiliiriuM of Aii-itila ami Urniiaiiy nii't at (inHtdii 
 
 GATE-MP]ETINGH, see /faa*. '^"^'' '"^ 
 GATES.. 8f) Tollt. 
 
 GATESHEAD, 11 lioiough in Durham, on the 
 Tnif, iimidiiito XeweuhtU'. At Ciatfshciiil-fi'll, 
 ■William J. ai'l'tated Eiljf.ir Allnlin^r ami his Kcotcli 
 aiuiliariis in lUiX. Uatinhcail was iiiadc n jiar- 
 Jiaincntary lairouK'h liy the nfonn act in 1832. Ke- 
 liirns one nicinln'i' (18851. ropuliition, 1881, 
 ^'5.8o.?; 1891,85,709. 
 
 Iletwccii twflvc anil om. o'llmk. <;. 6 Ort. 1854, a flic 
 lirokc out in a norstiil inaniilactoiy liiiv, wlilcli hcI 
 Jlrc to a lionil warclmiisc l•|lntaillin^; a Ki'cat i|iia«tlty of 
 nitre, Kiilplmi-, .Vc, causiiif; a tciiilic explosion, I'd't at 
 neaily twenty miles' ilistanre, ami totally ilestroviiiK 
 many liiiililinns, ami IniiyiiiK many pcisons in "the 
 iiiins. .\t the moment of the expliisloii, laip' niasscH 
 oflilaziiiK naileiialM l||.w (iverthe Tviie anil set lire to 
 many waiehoiises in Newcastle. Al'iont lll'ty lives were 
 lost, and veiy many persons were seimnsly woiiiiiled. 
 The damap- was estiiiiated at alioiit a niilliim poniuls. 
 
 -Collapse of ehemieil eoiideiiseis tliroii;;h tireat the Kiiar 
 Goose cliemieal works, mi the Tvni., mar (iateshead ; 
 seven men killed, 36 July, I'byi. Kstimated loss 
 nlioiit lO.CXIo/. 
 
 At the 'J'lieatie Hoyal, liy a panic caused liy an alarm of 
 lire, r I persons, chietly yoiiiiK, are eriished lo death; 
 the cN'! Ii.ini the nailery was iiisiilllcieiit, j6 Hee. 1891. 
 
 GATLING GUN or BATTERY. An 
 
 Aim-riciin invention exhibited at I'ari.s in 18O7. It 
 i.< iiiti'iidt'd to diseharfre at once a nuiiibcr of pro- 
 jectiles sniiillcr than the sludU of field Kmifi and it 
 has as ninny loi ks as barrels. It was tried at Shoe- 
 hiiryness and rejected as inferior to a field jjun firing 
 shrapnel. A powder to be used in the Gatliii},', in- 
 vented by 11. Pertuiset, was tried in London, 
 Auif. 1870. ' 
 
 GAUGAMELA, see Arbeln. 
 
 GAUGKS (in railways). Much discussion 
 (termed "t!:e ii -ttle of thegiiupes") beftan anion); 
 
 entjineers .cb. ^^2i- 
 of the broai: (.''.. • . I 
 Kail way ; ii;'d .ii. 
 and others, liio.-e 
 was reeoniniei.-jc 1 i 
 sll -eessfui on ;.':B ;,••. 
 wi;h Itobt. F..J)U;'- 
 adopted at hoi ■ ..isd nil 
 
 Jlr. I. M. JJrunel iipjiroved 
 
 pted c:i the Great \\ estern 
 
 ;ihenfO'!, Joseph Locke, 
 
 t .rrow .i. 2 foot yauj;e 
 
 Feb ;,-";o. bavin^: ' (.ecu 
 
 •■ i*i;ii ^; railway, W des ; 
 
 '0',!^" en^fine w ■, '.il.cIi 
 
 d. About 200 iiiilea of 
 
 OAVEL-KIND. 
 
 tht S W. linen of the (licit Western Wit,, i 
 fri'iii I'le broiiil to the narrow tfiiuxe in , f, ,' 1'"' 
 Juiie. \. and on 2(1-;^ .May, |.h.)j' ,|,', , ■'' 
 giiujiC was |of.illysiipc.ri.ede<l on the (Mn.t \Vi.l""' 
 
 GAUGING, IlleasuritlK the riiitentKif 
 vessel of cHpaciiy, with respect to «lnrii||,| '["' 
 liiiuids, vas eHtal'ilishcd by a law, 27 l.;,|„ jm "'™' 
 
 GAUL ANI. GAULS. Ual'lui, the '„'■"'■ 
 „i.»«n, „f !•■ ranee and lli iKiuin. ri,,, (i,, ,1. """" 
 bj L'hii Greeks (Jalalii., by the K mnin" i; i?""^ 
 CeltiB, came oi-i,i;ilially Irnni Asia, and im 1 " 
 Ka«tern Kurope, were driven westward, „„d,; ,7' 
 m Spam (in Gahcia),. North lliilv((Jalhat'Kih 
 {•'ranee and llelKium (Gallia Traii^aliuna^ hiii'I'i'' 
 liritish i.les (the laud, of the Cyinry 1 'r (i;,,uj^ "' 
 
 Tlie Phocaans fiaind M-issllla. iii.w Marsi 111, ,, " 
 
 The (ialliHenoiies miller llrennnsilefcjii ti, .||,,„„„' '"■ 
 
 at the river .\llia, and s,,.kl^ol,a^ lint .ii,.,'!': 
 
 from the Ijcjiitol, accepi a raiisma nnij n.,!,.,.. ' ' 
 
 lalailoiH le>;eni| asserts that they were ili.r,. ' 
 
 aiiilcx|ielleil liy Camillim . 
 
 Kefeated ' ' 
 
 The liaiils defeated by the lloniaiis al's, iitiiai 
 Tim Kinmies defeat the Ijuniaiis at ymti 
 
 nearly extenninated l,v liiilalHlla 
 The Gauls oveirnn Nortlieni (iieeee, iso lie 
 
 beaten at Delphi, 279 ; and hy Aniiunmis' jii, 
 
 Maeeiliin 
 
 The (lanls defeated with fivat slaiiKliti r iiiai' P 
 The liisnlires totally nveithiown by .M,„wl|i„, 
 
 their kiiiK Mriihinianis slain . . ' 
 
 They assist llannilial ... ' ' 
 
 The lt.iniansciiiii(i;"r (liillla C'isalpi'm'. 220' im 
 
 Gallia Tiansalpina. with varied siii.||.ss. ' 
 They colonise .\ix, 121 ii.e. ; and .NiirliiiMiii. 
 ■Julius t'lesar siilnliies Gaiil in s caiiii 
 Lyons (l.iindiinum) founded 
 
 ilefintfil 
 
 «i . 
 
 Ulli ; 
 
 IIKIIH 
 
 Dnilds' rellKlon proscribed liv C'lainlins 
 Adiiaii visits and favoiira Gaul, hence i 
 
 Htoicr of till Gauls .... 
 Intioluction of christiiinity . 
 
 allcl R,. 
 
 i»«, j„ 
 mill 
 
 . m 
 
 3i8,S. 
 
 .ill. 
 
 in-i: 
 
 . la 
 
 'J I 
 
 n; 
 
 I'hrlstlans perseeuted 
 
 177. 202, 257, 
 
 •'ti 
 
 The Franks and ochers defeated liv .\iire|iiin 
 And by I'lolms, 275, 277 ; who intriiduccs tliu cul. 
 
 tnre of the vine . ... 
 Maxiniian defeats the Franks . . ' ' • ■ '^ 
 Oiiistantine proi aiimeil eniperi'ir cifllnur ' ' 'J! 
 Julian arriviis to rclii.ve Gmil, .le.siilateil'hv iV 
 
 liarlans ; ilefeats the Aleiiiaiini at .Strii.shiiri .,, 
 Juliati proclaimeil eiii|ieror at fans, i6o-dici) ' S 
 Gaul haia.ssed hy the Ah.nuinnI . ' ,<■'■' 
 
 Invasion and settlement of the liurKiniiliiiii;,''' 
 
 I'l-anks, Visipifhs, i^e. . . ,j« 
 
 t'lodlon. chh.f of the (Sidiaii Franks, in'v.ulei G.nii" 
 
 is dc.feated bv Aiftius 
 The Huns under ^Vttllii defeated liv'Aetiiu il™ "' 
 
 Chalons ' 
 
 .TVi'liiis, the Human eoiuiiiander, iiiuiileiiil ' ' *i' 
 fhililerie file Frank takes I'aiis . ' ' '* 
 
 All (iaul, West of tJie Hhone, ceded lo'the'ViM' " 
 
 K"ths ^^. 
 
 Kml of the liimian I'liipire of the ^\■| >.' muI , 
 
 li>liuient of the kinniloiii of the Frank., 
 (.See Fm net. ) 
 
 GAUNTLET, nnii-on glo' ■, .;:st ;■,(■ 
 the 13th century, iieihaiis uhout ijj... 
 coraiiionly thrown down as a chttUciV 
 adversary. ' 
 
 G/VUZE, a lalii'ic much priznl nmnnf ti( 
 Roman people. " Ih-ocades and diimasks iuij tal^ 
 bies and gauzes have been lately brnuijht ovi.r"(lo 
 L-elaiid). Jiraii .Snijlin i(k/. The niamifinte 
 of •raiize ami articles of a light fabric at I'lii.slrv.B 
 Scotland, befrnn about 1 759. 
 
 GAYETrKIND (derived from theSusonw 
 eal ri/ii, "-ive all suitably;" or from i/afohiiil 
 and yieldin;;- rent), the custom in Kent u( divifc 
 paternal estates in land, the wives to have hall", fe 
 
 ■;tai.. 
 
 ■JUUi '1; 
 It Wl. 
 
 e lo a 
 
 poW and othei-9. See 6'i 
 
 1 GENEVA, a town of t 
 pibi'i 58 B.C. ; became part 
 
OAZA. 
 
 ■tfll 
 
 litiriHur'l'i»a.' jj,' 
 
 iiluim tliu L'u|. 
 
 I lo tlie Vi.ii 
 
 It 1J2;,. It «1. 
 
 iliiilk'iiL't to sn 
 
 n..trquiii:y ummiK mule , liiMivii, wlihrnit iui\ ,iiM. 
 
 l„.f,,n.iiilHrit(.,l. /„,„,. N„i„„lvil„. liimUof 
 
 ,h,. Wllri »VM. niimlly ,|,vi,l,.,l „f t „|| hiH «„„». 
 
 M thi li'ti'in "I th<) lirofhn- iil»n iininnif all Iijh 
 Mhren, if 111' liiiil iKi JMii<> iiC hi, „wri. /^„,r ])U't. 
 GAZA, a.jfv.>nii,. I'),ili«tiiu.i.. (,f ,,|ii,.|, Sam- 
 „„ ,.urri.'(l ort li,. Katr, »l,„„i i,,,, „.,. (,/,„/ 
 ,fi.) It w;ii< taken liy Alexnmlci' nCtrr ;i \u,v, ,i,.'.',. 
 jjj; iiml iiinr to It i't„l(.niy (l.tnitud Di'mrtrriu 
 rtioret'tcr. ?I3 li.r. If »aH lukni by Sala.li.i A.li. 
 „:o; by lloimpint.., Munh. i;,^,; „,»i i,.. ,hj 
 t.',i|itiiiii« uniliT Iliraliiiii I'aih.i in i^.,, ' 
 
 OAZETTPIH, s.f.Vnc.w;,,,,. 
 
 liELUKI.M. nenr Wnnti., ,,,i,ti„| (},.r„mnv 
 ||,„ Ih.' i'm(Hror \,|.,1|,|.,h of ;>„„,„,„ „„. .i,..' 
 f, itcd mill «liiia by in. nviii Albert I. of Auatiia, 
 
 liEMAKA OH OIIEAIAHA, «-■(. T,ilm,ul. 
 I (iEMH, Til. CrvvU c'XccII.mI in ciittinif prciiniis 
 
 »Miip«, nii'i i"ii'i> nncirrit HpcriniciiH rcniuiii, Tlio 
 irtwnnri'vivcil in Itiilv in tlu' 15111 icnturv In 
 I f,b, l««3, llcrz's colic, liuii (,f ^:,;|„rt „„a ^;,\,x ,•„, 
 IW)/. licv. C. KinK» .'Anti,|ii<. (i,.nis" a,,. 
 |HWil in |MU), and Iiik "Natiinil ni»turv of I',-... 
 I fimnStoucs and Gems" in l»(,^. Dj-, \ ■HiUiin,''. 
 "Swiice »f U,'m«," I8(j«. Ai-tifl,.i,il -emu liave 
 keen produd'd by cbeniists (Kbchiien. Deville 
 raicr.andc.therH), 1H58-6.V ' "-*'"^' 
 
 |TliMii.k.M,f M,irll»mmKh"s c„"ll, cti,,,,, valued at 
 fo, <»/,, si'ld lpy aucticiii to Mr. Urumilow Uiv 
 
 5'"'^ 38 J line, ,875 
 
 GEXEALOOY. from the Greek ,,rma, birtli 
 
 Idwciit. The e.irliest /.edijfi-ee.s are contained in' 
 
 |tlie;th, loth, and nth ehajdevs of Uenesia Tim 
 
 llir<tb..oknf Chronicles contain^ nmny Kcnea'loKies, 
 
 Jhf peilifrree of Christ i« given in M„tl. i. and 
 
 |/,»fciii Manv liookx on the siibiect have been 
 
 culilKhi'il m nil hiiroiM'an countries ; one .,t Maude 
 
 \m Th.'iitrum (icucaloKicutn, by IlenninKes, in 
 
 Uvt\ . mlcrs.,n,Iioyal (.encalofties, London, i-u 
 
 I Sinn Miimiiil fur the Oeiieiilogist, Hcv iH.SH will 
 
 I bf found 11 useful guide. The works of Coljina 
 
 lamflSi:), Icbref, and liurke, on the Jtritinf, 
 l|MrnKP, lire uglily esteemed. The (ienealogii.al 
 iMifly, London, eataliiished in uSri "The 
 lUrntiilonst," published (luarterly, h(''.'an iH-- 
 "Tht Oent^iloglsfs (iuide to r.-iiited IVdigree;,'' 
 |bylnwfteW. Marshall, published in iH-i, 
 |^,GEXERAL ASSEMBLY, see 'chunh of 
 
 UEXERAL COITNCILS, WARRANTS 
 
 l.,?M,^F-''^^- i^'?",''''. '''• Jro'-tnioi-enc. 
 Ivisth fu- -er. al ol the French armies, ,20? 
 IW .Muuc states that ea.rdinal Kidieli ui I 
 >,„ed the word Ge>„ra!mim„, upon his taking the 
 |i.prenieoomniniid of the French armies in It, I i 
 in 162.) I Ivsscs Gr,int was the first genera . f •,: ' 
 Jrnivof the tnited States of America, so vied n | 
 WM,: Ki: Commamkru-iii-Chief. .>"uiU| 
 
 GENEEATIOX (in Chronology), the interval I 
 t ume hotweiu the birth of a father t'n 1 th, h h 
 ¥^^MA: 33 years are allowed for th. av '1 ge ' 
 »fn?th of a .enoration. Harvey's thesis -Onuu 
 
 GENEVA CONVENTrON. 
 
 ; Til.' !l.'|.iil.lh"i..i,i„' din . 
 l':iiiiiii.i|,„i,.,i rioiMNi .,i- • • ■ • . isi* 
 
 Tbr,.i,„|, |,i,„ Mcrv.tuH l.unit for b, .«• ''',","1' '"* 
 
 ••■i..>.. .illi.,| toll,,. .Swiss ('a „!'• ^'•^'■'' "» 
 
 "-i„vc,i,„„r„i, „„,';;,:,;;;"-,,„ :...j«4 
 
 Jo.ri,,/. t,,,l,.ri„v tl \|,cl,s,.s ,,(' I, .. I „*""" 
 
 ^'"1 1.. i.iM..i,as,. , ''Cir ,,:'■';, 1! s- 
 
 •M'Miyoi i„.r„„i,iv,., ,.„„„. ,„ i„;,,„i ' !■ 
 
 j^^iiy'r-i^Mcd-ir^u^!)::,"' '"''-- ^ 
 
 A rcv,diitlon ; e.x..,iitl„us au,l i rlson.n,.ni;. ''* 
 
 A.liaillcd li,(„ t|„. Swis' •,,,., ,..,M,;„ '^ ','"• ■'"'* 
 
 "'■^"'"""". tl.r...i^-li, u.|,.av„i,r I,,, Oitboll,'. ^ 
 
 .1 1 ..MS ,., lMt,.„l,„.,..J,..s„„, „H t,.a,. .'rs; , >. 
 
 MsliamlKLVcnmicnisi.t up . , .' ., ,00 
 
 Vbont , '''■|"V»"l"'i"-"'iswitl,di„wu,| '""• '^*» 
 
 ''lz:x,^;^::i^ '""■ '""^■^'"^ ^""^ ""' 
 
 ^■'"''■'" I - -i"«ress-Oarll,a|,|l Vi^'scut;'"''' "'' 
 
 The AlMlmma niMfiatloi, , unlsslon n„.t • ,v,.ru','.!i '^*' 
 
 the ,:,s..s „,„l „.||,nini,.,l to ,, ,j|,|„' s,; a , ,» 
 ■■'"•" "-ting of the iiii.issloi (s ,e'. /, ,U • '«" 
 
 b";Xn h"'^ "r^i?^ Y''^" "'"'"'^^ "•'"" "" 
 &■?'•,,",''" ^'I'l'rovcd by the leseiiniies .-1 \o>. 
 Mi mi others. See lipo,<f,„wou,. 
 
 liF-^^y^^'i " '""'" "'' "'0 AUobroges, a Gallic 
 r'W, 58 B.C. ; became part of the empil-e ^f Churle- 
 
 vi';..>' .ii-Htoi,,. : 1,1:; ':!^7 i:zrT\:'u' 
 
 '''■'''■'V.1 1., . ,uit,,f I,,. Will ,H,t's,.i,,,i;,, ',,,.' ;.i''i/ 
 
 K..vcllii,i..i,t ,v I, Kel, h,. is ,.vi .11 1 V. ' 
 
 f;;'ii,.vavlsi,,.,ir,v,l„.si;,d, '"''■' ' ",,;:'.'• V 
 
 liie cv.l.lk,. .,f Urunswbk s here ai„|-l,..,,.,; , i '^" 
 
 ' 'i,,, s • *■''■'■'" ''^'-'''''ti'"! 'd-Kl.iss aii.l " 
 
 H.aiss,'au.ri,ieiiaiv,vlcl,rMti,l' ' 7. S.liilv, 1875 
 
 iti..ts ii„.„„gi, .saivat „,my" • . •.(an'-s':';;- iip 
 
 t..lliMo,,o, „t,.a,Ml,,,:,fsont ike, i"i;.i.:!;^ '^^^ 
 
 Expiosi,,,, of a i",,,!!,,;. „„ •„„, .•,,,,„;,,,, _,/,j'/^;;;; .. 
 
 "1 tbclak,. ; 26i,eisoiisp,.nsh . „ ,lv o 
 
 .Mv,ss,„„i„„„|„xhil,itio„oVc,„.,l . • ?M v'.'l'f 
 
 I '"'"""' -SBS: f"'""".V.5,509; fity,'W.,7;-)8„;?«* 
 
 of U■^w,^n>, CONVENTION, for the sueeour 
 
 Of the «„ Mided 111 tune of act ve warfare HiviiiJ 
 
 j been a witn,.ss oftho honors of thi t 1,-Held of 
 
 iSoIenno, 24 June. 1859, M. Henri I) in. ,t i 
 
 .S«-.s.s, published his ex'pl.rience^, li.Vi'' ; • ? 
 
 I IH/.. ,. discuss the question whether relief' societies 
 might no be formed in time of pea,.,- to he , the 
 voundei m time of war by niea„s,"f qnal/f^e v dui^ 
 
 ;:c^:;r^i::,-ra:[2i;-v?n r'^S'"^ 
 
 on 22 Aug. a convention was g„e,l 'by t«tte of 
 t u> celcgat,.s, and it was eventin^lv adipt"! h'v'al 
 auli... powers except the United States. Inter- 
 iiiitional oonJerenees were held at l>oir-^ ,s/" i 
 at Berlin in .H(^ for furfhe,Mkn"eI p V^n^a^ ""^ 
 ;^«1 n.anncr the objects of the O.neva Jonfe 
 The International <;ocietj (termed "tlieKed Lx 
 
 I I 
 
 
 J^^ 
 
I.,' \ 
 
 GENOA. 
 
 48'J 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Society"), established in cimseinieiicc of tliese pro- 
 lecdings WHS verv energetic in relieving tlie wminiled 
 and siek (liirinjc"tlie Franco- rrussiuu war in 1S70, 
 its t^n.^' being rereijiiised as nentral. See A((l to 
 ,Sivk iinil ll'oKiiihd. Above 13, ocw volnnteerii said 
 to be employed in attendin;; tlie siik and wounded, 
 Sept.— Dec, lK-(), .Ulditional articles applyinn' to 
 naval wnrt'aro adopted durinu tlie Spanish-American 
 war, iSi<)8. 
 
 GENOA, the ancient Genua (X. Italy). Its 
 inhabitants were tlie Lij^ures, who submitteil to the 
 llonians, [li 11. c. It iiartook of the revolutions of 
 the Koman empire. Population. iHi)0, 20(j4«> i 
 
 Ofi'lKiii liccoiiies a free ei>niiucrcial .state . nliout 1000 ' 
 
 Kreiinciit \v,-irs witli I'isa 1070-1284 
 
 Frederick 11. captiucs 2.- };alliys, and vainly W- 
 
 aic^'cs (iciioa 1=41 
 
 The faniilies of Doria aad .Si)iiiola obtain ascendency, 
 
 al'ont 1270 
 The Genoese destroy tlie naval power of I'isa at [ 
 
 Mclora (H-hirk mt) -VUK. 1284 , 
 
 l-'ri'iiuint wars with Venice . . 1218-32 ; 1293-99 i 
 Itafaelc Doria and (ialeotto Hpinola appointed j 
 
 eaiitiiins '333 
 
 fSiiiKUi ISciccamria made tlie llrst (lo;;c, 1339; set 
 
 aside hv the nolilcs, 1344; re-appointed . . . 1356 
 tireat disioril ; many iIm^cs appointed . . . 1394 
 Genoa sncccssivcly niidia- |anlcctii'ii of France, 
 
 1396: of Naples,' 1410; of Jlilaii, 1419 ; losiii}; and 
 
 riVainiiiK freedom .... 1421-1512 
 
 Sacked liy tlic Spaniards and Italiilns under Prosper 
 
 (Jolonna ■ '522 
 
 Andrew Doria di'serts tlie Kri-nch service, and 
 
 rcstca'i's tlie iiide]ieiiileiii>e of his country 
 
 GENTLEMEN- AT- AK:MS (f .rn.erlv stvl„i 
 the Hand (d' Lieiitlenien I'difioners) is >),,. ,ii;|,,,, 
 corps in Kngland, with the exception el tbe Ve^.|ii,i'; 
 of the Guard. The biind was instituted l.v lliim' 
 VIII. in 1509, and was orisinally eonipusid'eiiiir,.;;. 
 of gentlemen of noble blood, whoia he named hi. 
 
 pensioners or spears 
 that it should he c 
 
 •Will 
 
 iaiu IV, 
 
 i;i> aiiii-,i 
 
 are 
 
 I't i 
 
 Genoa liumharded liy the French 
 
 By the liiitish 
 
 Taken liv the imiierialists, win 
 pelled" 
 
 Another sieye raised 
 
 The celcliratecl liaiik failed . 
 
 Genoa made the l.i^niiaii reimlilic 
 
 The city, lilnckaded liy a Ihitisli He 
 ariii.v, until literally starved, evaeiiati 
 latii'ai, 5,liine; it was aiureiidiaed ti 
 soon after their victory at .Mareii.nn 
 
 Genoa aiiuexed to the French empire 
 
 8nrienders to the Fiifilish and Sicilian 
 
 United to the UiiiKdom of .Sardinia 
 
 The 
 
 OU 
 
 Mav, 
 
 . fiept. 
 
 soon alter e\- 
 
 . ^>ept. 
 
 10 June, 
 
 . May, 
 111 .\iistriaii 
 thy caiiitn- 
 the French 
 
 . I4.lline, 
 
 , 4 .lane, 
 
 18 .\pril, 
 
 . Hcc. 
 
 itv seizeil hv insnifients, who, after a miirder- 
 
 strnii'^le. drov! out the i^arrisMii and pr 
 
 1528 
 
 1684 
 1745 
 
 1746 
 1747 
 1750 
 ■797 
 
 1800 
 1805 
 1814 
 
 claimed tlic i.iHiirian repnlilii', 3 April; Iml sur- 
 reiidcri Uo f-'eiii'ial La Marmora. ii.\|iril, 1849 
 
 Colunilic.ss lirst voya^'e, 1492, celelaatcd, the kin^ 
 and oiic'cii present, and many foreign warships 
 
 8 Sept. (I Sl'l. 1892 
 
 GENS-D'ARMES were aneiently the king's 
 horse-iruards only, but afterwards the king's //rtcffcs- 
 dii-royp.s ; the musqueteers and light liorse were 
 reekoni'd among them. There was also a eompany 
 of gentlemen (whose number was about 250) bearing 
 this name. Scots guards were about the iiersons of 
 the kings of France from the time of St. Louis, 
 who reigned in 1226. Thev were organised as a 
 voval corps bv Charles VII. about 1441 ; the younger 
 soils of Scottish nobles being usually the eaiitains. 
 The name gens-d'arines was afterwards given to the 
 police; but becoming obno.xions, was (hanged to 
 " municipal guard" in 1830. 
 
 '«sq,% 
 
 GENTLEMAN (from (/ml His, of a f/fii.s, a race 
 or clan). The Ciauls observing that during tlie 
 empire of the Komans, the.sr»^(/i( and (/iiiti/ci had 
 the liest appointments of uU the soldiers, applied to 
 tluMU the terms iriii/crs and t/ciifi/s/iiiiiiDU'n. This 
 distinclioii id' gentlemen wa-- inue!! in use in Knu'- 
 land, and was given to tlie well-descended about 
 1410. tSiflmi/. (jentlenien by blood were tliose 
 wrio could show four descents from a gentleman 
 who had becu created by the king by letters patent. 
 
 Uial his majesty's h„ii„i;,. 
 able corps of gentlemen-at-arms, 7 .Mureh, i)i^^ 
 
 GENTLEWOMEN'S SELF-HELP TV. 
 
 STITUTION, London, established l^vth, ,:hi'.. 
 Shaftesbury, duche.ss of Sutherland, ami ..tl,,,. 
 May, uSro." 
 
 GEODESY (from (hiii, I divi,),.;, ti„, ,„ „, 
 measuring the surface and deterniinini; the ti.-';.,. 
 of the earth, lV-c. Col. A. Clarke's "OmiM" 
 published 1880. Si'C Lalitmk. 
 The 7tli iiileniatioiial liemletie eiin>.M'ss m.-t ,it 
 Heme 15-24 llet. liSj. It ice,. lain, iid.-.l \\„. 
 internatiniial nnifieaticrii of the Imiir, nn.l l.,||Mi. 
 tilde with Giveiiwieh. .\n iiiteniatiHH;,! ,.,,„. 
 fereiice of 40 didegates 'netat \Vasliiii;.'liiii, i iin,, 
 
 president .\dni, Rogers, aj.'ree to ivi ,.||,i 
 
 Greenwich as iirime meridian ; Fraiici' aiiil Ui-mi 
 alisbiin. 13 Oct. 1884; the ' nils of ii 1111. wimI 
 dav also agri'ed to, i Xov. 1S84 ; at lieili:,, 2^ 
 net. iSSfi; at Salzliiiri;, 17 Sept. i,SS3 ; ;it Pari,, 
 3 (let. 1889; at lierlin, 3-) Sept. 1895. 
 The international geographical I'ongiHssat [.nnjon 
 declare for Greenwich as the prime iiieri.li:iii 
 
 .Jn!v. e T 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. The first gcegr.iiibi.'al „'. 
 
 cords are in the i'entateucli, and 111 the Ijiuk .1 
 
 Joshua. Homer describes the shiclil e| A. liill, . ,,i 
 
 rcjiresentiiig the earth surrounded by the sea, aiij 
 
 also the countries of Ureece, islaiiiU of llic .\rdii. 
 
 pidago, and site id' Troy. Uiail. The priests taiiji.t 
 
 that the temple of Apollo at Delidies was the nuti,.. 
 
 of the world. Ana.\imaiider of .Miletus was il.: 
 
 inventor of geographical niaiis, almut ^i*S lu. 
 
 i Hipparchns attempted to reduce geogra])liy u, ,, j 
 
 matliematical basis, about 135 11. e. Stmbii, tie 
 
 gre;it Greek geograiiiier, lived 71-14 li.c. rielnuv 
 
 ilourished about 139 a.d. The science was liroid'; | 
 
 ■ to Europe by the Moors of liarliary uiiil S|i;uii, 
 
 i about 1240. ' Liiii/ht. Maps and eliait.Mvoniiilr- I 
 
 ! iluced into England by liartholomew (.'ulumlih-t 
 
 ' illustrate his brother's theory rcs|icetii;g a wisi.ra I 
 
 ! continent, 1489. Geography is now dividiil wu I 
 
 mathematical, physical, and political, aiiditsrfav [ 
 
 has been greatly promoted dtiring the \K\:>:i\ 
 
 century by C.vpeditions at the e.\pcnse of v.ui.j I 
 
 governments and so(di;ties. The lluiidl dmijrujjIwM \ 
 
 iSuciili/ of London was eslablisbed in 1830; llialH 
 
 I'arisin I<S2r. The tjeographiial !S"(iety'sMh;.| 
 
 bitio.i opened by the inari|uisot l.nnie.i|bii. iSN, 
 
 The society is.-iled a circular for pr tiiiua nr.' 
 
 uniform spelling of geographical iiaiiic.-, liters!. 
 The .soidetv instituted courses of lectuips. .\tT. | 
 '. I1S92. I'ro'jiosal that ladies be admitti'd asfflKiv: 
 approved by letter-votes, 30 June; ivjeileii 1 
 special mei'tiug (172-15.S), 3 Jidy, iMjj. Srf| 
 I Africa, yorth-Kdst mid Hi at i'rt,v»«;/(, ,jc, 
 .Major .laiiies Heniiell.an emiiiint geognipliei, tn.ni 
 
 i Dec, 1742 ; died .... 29 Jlaicli. i:j)| 
 .\n international congress of geogrnpliri> lull al 
 .\iitwer|i in 1S71 ; 2. at Paris. 3 Aug. 1S75; 3, al 
 Venice, 15 Sept, 1861 ; 4. Paris, 6-11 All];, i;'-;..; 
 5. lierne, 10-14 Aug. 1891 ; liiipeiial iiislitiitV. 
 London, opened liv the duke of Yi.ik ; piesiihil, 
 Mr. Ch'meiits M.irkhaiii. K.C.Ii. . . May. i:j)| 
 Dr. August lleinrich I'cteinianii, fomidir iiml cli. 
 tor of the celehrated " .Mittheilini.iieii iiiierwiili. 
 ti^e iieiii- FrlHi.^eliung'ii auf der Ge.saiiniap'isi'tr 
 dcr Geojjraphie" in 1855, and an iiiiiiiuut larM- 
 
 lirapher. dii'd 26 Sr];!. i!:i| 
 
 A congress oiuwmmfiria; geogra[iliy inut at Biiiss 
 
 m. i:« 
 
 GE( 
 
 )li. (aft. sir) !■;. II. I!nn 
 (liunraiiliy aiiiniig the 
 li>lit'il 1S79. (He died 
 r-iKvially to llucat 
 l';tlieas (disco\-erer 
 (Ikini B.C. 276) laailc 
 ■it<iiit .t.i). 139. 
 
 E .t, Fiwiiian's "Histia 
 
 |iUlllislll'<l 
 
 fi^nt'nipliicil societies 
 
 iritisli L'oiuiiiereial Geo; 
 
 at die iiiaiisioii lion.- 
 
 Sii.llisli Googra|iIiical .Si 
 
 nitfil 
 Miiiilii'stiT (ien;.'rapliii'al 
 fs.Uili ililllll of the -n 
 
 l'!jv.i|sky at Vernoje i 
 liMlliorih'iuT Scelio'hm 
 
 GEOK TEPE, a 
 
 !«• /,'(»«?, icS79-8i. 
 
 GEOLOGY, the s 
 
 I liiiiavc been cultivated 
 tiaii era, and occupied 
 Tlii'oplinistus, Pliny, i 
 
 I writers. 
 liiijj-j.Mei'cati wrote com 
 .■lai.H-mii : Ci'saljiino .M; 
 UU-)). .Scilbi (1670), y 
 (167S), l.l'illllitZ (16S0) !■( 
 titrtii tlit'cries on the vai 
 tlivtaitli. 
 
 I Il."'ki' (1668), ill his wor: 
 f '^sils, "as iMMiinmcnts 
 t.k.iisefaiiliqaity th.in 
 liiltinilt, it would nut li 
 
 i'^lllOlUQ/tlllUII." 
 
 Baiiut's "Theiiry of the 
 
 Whistoii's in 1696 ; lint 
 
 ill 1795. 
 
 BnHiins gpoln;;ical views 
 
 Sirl«iiin(' ill 1731, and re 
 
 I'riiirijilc be ri'iiounced w 
 
 'itliu'i-aitb is line to seci 
 
 .MiatMau.se.s will produce 
 
 tiiijiii'iit feilnw-l.ahoiirers 
 
 (i;;8), .Miebell (1760). li 
 
 IkiniceU. ile .Saussure (i- 
 
 |lVirair (1775) asiriheil ,ii|' 
 
 Milrveilileliiedthee.xi.ste 
 
 -•"4"Kii'iil times, ami had 
 
 l.a,,,Vf.- James Unttoii | 
 
 I (lioi) warmly oii|iosed V 
 
 I ilat the ]iriii('iiial changes 
 
 1" till' meiyy of fin: Tli 
 
 I tiniii"! .Vi'iitiiinsts and \'n 
 
 ■Mr. ,1ft. .sir A, Geikie ai 
 
 ,-' -i.its, ascrihed theori 
 
 'ftlir rartb chielly to di 
 »,it,-r i86i ft si;/. Sir ,' 
 I (i..jiii-y" |.J«m Ktieiiiic 
 y.l"s ill tlie, stlieentiirv] 
 iJa.iiiiSiiiitli, till' father I'lf 
 loikfiliivera laiire |iartof 
 yivefllritisb strata, in , 
 
 .IS G«il,.;;i,-.-|l .M,,,, „f f;,| 
 
 IfaliSAiy. ,8„. The He 
 I Wliir, ilinl 27 Jan, 1873 a. 
 1 'iici 22 Fi'h. 1875. "■ 
 
 T. Will. Uiicklniiil, n 
 W, O.vloril, ,3i8 ; im 
 Ivaw. tbp results of his 
 Nm iif lai-,. iiianinials 
 ljT..ib»cov,.reil in the K 
 
 |l*lliri', ill ,Sa,. ..,;,,„ 
 
 Irttioii to natural Tlieolo. 
 
 Ii:>6. l)ftiiiu|'\v,.sl,iii„.st,.r 
 Irai lie lieyal Institution 1 
 
 I ;;,7' "■'"'" ill I-oiidon, ' 
 llfkU. ami others: the 
 ■•Ml'.™, sir Ahnihani Ilnme 
 
 ■"."""f'lii'ie ill ,804-7, was 
 ll«« to check the disjicsiti 
 
'W 
 
 loiii 111' iiiinicj liH 
 1 IV. ciiiiiiiian,i..,i 
 iiiiij'sty's iMiii.ui. 
 . 7 .\l;'i-ili. I.SJ4. 
 
 LF-HELP IX. 
 
 slifd l,v thi'i.;,r|„i 
 I'lmid, :iu(l „^l.^|.,^ 
 
 GEOK TEPE. 
 
 •183 
 
 Mi. (aft. sir) K. H. liiinlMii-v'.s " nist,,iv ,,f \n,.r,.„» 
 i;,,«r»i,h.v an,,,,,!,- tl„. Onvks , , 1 ,m ,; " m ' 
 
 ,.|,rMll.v to He,-,.ti,.us, H,.ru,l,,h/s, 1, , ,' 
 
 ,,n,n....;6)nuuioam,;;''":n:iV:;'pt;:;;;;r 
 
 ■ib<iiit A.n. I ^9. '■"•'-luj, 
 
 f:i.Ti.i,'rai>liiral.s(iciutiu.siii tlio"w„i-M ' ' i,,„" 
 
 Britisli Coinniercial (JiMi},'ra])liical Socii'tv • !",,m.,,'i i 
 
 at tlie liiansion liou.sf, Lond,,,!, ,5 jl, v , ,.t 
 
 GEOLOGY. 
 
 iltisl, Geo{!ra|.I,i,.al Snricty, E.linbu,^!;, ulu!^!^: '^^^ 
 
 MiiiilirstiT(inij;i-aii|iical Si'ici,.(v i'st,i'hii<l,',.,i^ V'.'' „", 
 M.|,.a,l,.ath.,rtl,..;;,val liu^,;.M ''x !! !, !;! ^ '^^5 
 
 GEOLOGY, tlic scieiKo of tlic ciirtli is sni.l 
 louav,. hwii cultivatnl in Cliina l„.f,„e t , ■ Chni 
 ti,,ii(Ta, 1111(1 ort.iii)u.il the iittcuti,,!! of Ans 
 
 ' w;;r:':;:!i'',;;:u^'-- -y .:.t,ve™ ti,,,.. „f 
 
 (1889). '"^I'l'i'l aiiil la-laiiil aru ii, |,r„j-n..ss 
 
 uti- 1.. .: . . 1 . - _ 
 
 Ml ™, 1111(1 ui'tlipial the ,,tt('iiti„n ,-,(■ \.;:;l v''^'*'^'- '" ""'""'■^■•■^^ 
 
 1'^ 
 
 I, ' ? !f 
 
 M» 
 
 1"' 
 
 st Ki'"?r.il)liic;il it. 
 ami ill the Ikimi; .,| 
 iliiclil <>1 Arlull,.. ;,, 
 led liy till' «-:i, ;,i;,| 
 ilaiiiU' 111' tlic.\rli!. 
 Theia.ii.>tst;i,iJ.t 
 Iphi's wa.s tile Cdiiiv 
 uf -Miletus Wiis il,,_. 
 |is, abiiiit y.li lu. 
 Lice Kt'ujrnipliv to j i 
 5 )i.c. Stralif., til 
 ■1-14 11. c. ri..l,n;( 
 si-iciii'i' was broiij.; 
 jarliary ami S|(iiii, 
 111 cliait.^ttt'R. iiiir.. 
 luiiirw luhiuilimii 
 ■(■s]HTiiiu; a wist'-m I 
 ,s imw iii\iilvi| in;,) I 
 ilitiial, anil its stiMi ( 
 iluiiii;; the Jiie>iat I 
 ' e,\|n'iisc of varica 1 
 ' Hm/iil (iKiijnipU'A I 
 licil ill 1S30; lll;i!»[r 
 liii al SHcifty'i cxlij. 
 it l.nnic. i)DiT.l^\;.l 
 iir iiiMiii'itiii_s;i 11*1 
 al iiaiiii...', lltt.I^l.F 
 •s of lii'tiiios. .Nut. L 
 ailiiiittod a.<l'ello«!; I 
 
 Jiiiir ; ri'jnteil kj 
 3 July, 1^93. S«j 
 
 i'«.s,v«i/(, ,jr. ' 
 
 , nnonraidu'r, l«ini 
 
 . 29 March, iipl 
 igiai'lii'iTs lii'M at 
 1 Aiiv'. 1S73; 3. al 
 i, 6-11 Auj;. \lit,\ 
 ii|«'rial ihstitiitV. 
 Y'lik; inrsiili'iit. 
 Mi. . . .Mav,i:»| 
 , t'(iiiiiili--r anil oil- 
 liiii,i;i'ii iil«T Willi- 
 r Or-s;iiiiiiit;;''ii:i'li' 
 1111 iiiiiiiciit lart'i- 
 
 . 26 Si'l't. i::!| 
 :iy met at Bribsrk. 
 
 n. ....." __.!._ . , . . illl' Str;it;l |.,,ii...,.- .1... ..'. *°33 45. 
 
 Bnlfiiis gpolnrjieal views (r;.,) weiv |.,.n«n...„i 1 , ., 
 
 J^Ainneiii ,75,, ami n.^a^t:?:! in en n . , '^^; j;; 
 
 ITinnpIe lie leiioiiiieeil was tli,i( the |m.,,s . .t \\ r,- "' 
 
 ..lll..e,,l1llisiil,etuse,.|,,,ila,.y,.,t.s\/t ,'■;;''' 
 .vi?(!i' i';m';.'« u-i inv.i 11.,.. r.,..4.i . ' """' L(M[ lUf 
 
 't,:';;:'!:,:!"ri'"^'"" -til's 'ei^Lf 
 
 may he ilivi.leil 
 
 into two great ela.sses : 
 r niise gem.,.ally attrilmteiUi, the a,em.y i,f «.„,, . 
 
 •^;;ifo;;s •!!'"' "'"^-^^ -'''-■'' ■-y>-s,i,,iuviiieiia^ 
 
 , ^'''(.""-'lliiii linfiissiiileiniis ■• 
 
 "w":,:;:^';:^*;;::'y':^!-""-'.-T.taiii„e:_ 
 
 l.llsil^-Jallll.sIl,,tti;ll\7:;S8)siil'','u,'^l {^"'n;'"' "" F,, ■ ni'r'""'''' '" •-"'"'''■"^'•. 
 
 ias,:i=' f;;£S iSS "H^^^ » 
 
 Primary. ^""' ""'■"■'" f»''"'» "f life) or 
 Tlie Mesozoir (,ai,l,l|,, nf,, ,„,,.i,„,j seei.mfirv 
 
 .«eausi.swill ,,ri,il„e, f, rtl e .■" , ' ^"' y " ""'^^ 
 
 «■ "t (Wlinv-lahiairers ami s leees t^s w, ^ """'" 
 
 i.;:S), .Miiliell (,760). liasne !,6, ; ? " I'l ""'1' 
 
 , Hi«rIi..le,Sai,ss„ro(i7y3.,8oo) "^■''- ^ ■'"''" ""^' J 
 
 ■ ¥.iii,r (1775) aseiilieil all nieks t,', ..1, „ 
 
 I m\ |.vei;;i;^,i|.,l ,h, ,.x n.m'e ,t- V li' , ?'"""' "'■*'"'• ' 
 ?.,*.j.'iral times, ami ha,l a, t 1 nve" '.'.'"""ifVe 
 l....,-^c.-Ja.i,i.s Iliittuii (, S8 . ,i \'.''V;;"'',"" 
 
 (,So, wiirialy opposeil Wi'nier^ 'J . J ' ., I .'•'■';'", 
 tWtlie,.,.iae„,al,.ha,i,-,.s in the eai 1 •s\.n st .nv i';; 
 In till' flii'l};v of /()■('. The i-ivil ,,.,,.11 ' '"-^t '(le line 
 ! t,n,i,..lXe,iunistsaiiil Vftleanl'ts'" ''''' ''^■"'•'^' 
 
 r';,,;J^H,^"„i:ii,S'i^';'..!\-'. "!,'-'■ .-"iiient ,m,i,en, 
 
 . ,";-ist.<, asciilieil tlieoiTri,, ,,in,., i.,;"i " „"""'ein 
 
 >v,,t.T ,86; ,1 .-r,,; Sir A t k- i, s ^, r ' '■"'['"" "'' 
 
 Civlogy |,;,.a,i fetiei'ine-Gne iti ' uJ^lu^'Y'" "[ 
 
 I ijlmin tlie ,£,h century], |„il 1 ,',1 ,^T ' "'"' 
 
 l*bb\.|,.?875 "'*-"' '^^- ""• '-■''•"■''■s I..vell. 
 
 T.un.1-: OF >ini.KTA{rhi,-Jly/rom LycU) 
 NEOZOIC : 
 
 I. ro.sl-TKRTIARY : 
 
 Fosl-I'lhicfiie : 
 
 2. I'unt-l'liiii-r,!,- • I ,.;,.! '''1"^ '" 1 n,i,!lliih. 
 
 i ,1 / iiiKi ,i( . iirixhaiii eave will, 111, .t 
 loiives, ami l,i„„.s „(■ i;,: '' ., "' "i"' 
 cimi,!,.,,,,,.,!.. : .... .'"iiij; iinil extinet 
 
 ^i-rev. Wm. Uiie'klami, n.l). l.oni „9, i; 1 ■ ' l<"i^vs''''ai'MM,l','^ '"'',! ,•'■•(''''• "'"1 "int 
 
 N«..fia..e,;am;niais:;:h:i;h::;;iV'^^,;;/:. '■';■'--' 
 
 -llatflittt, ami others • the i,„ ,, 1 .■ ■• "'"■■^■' <-. 
 
 i«)^, air Alalia,,;,/,,!;;:, a'^'ri;!,;';;, ;"'^ l^- 
 '£;?'r'™';"f''!."^'''|'ii=^i'i»^asji,i,oi 
 
 |'*;c •;;• £ !;;™-^,;» -l^i'iishiii, a sdn^i 
 
 Anstr.iliaii breceiii.s! 
 II. Tkiiti.ahv i,„ Cainozoic Series; 
 
 iVloeejIC.. 
 
 3. AVii-n- Vlinri'ne, (or Ph'istf„>„i,„\ ir., 
 
 ' (S,;t.oM/'A;,t;:er,a"' "'"' *^"'^"l'"'^ «^'''^ 
 5, 0. .Uioeiiu:: Uiipei ami Lower- Borile.inv 
 \iWnn,sanilsan.lT,,,irai,,i.I .;i."''^l^;^, 
 
 ilr^one':;f';ii;^Vc; ^;:''-'i''t'" -a 
 
 ticniiany. &e Yf,', ,!;,''''";;') ^■"'" '.'f 
 II 2 
 
 MJylW'f" 
 
',1^ 
 
 I. ^ „ 
 
 i I* 
 
 
 K'^i .^ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 I 
 
 lis 
 
 
 ^Mf 
 
 GEOMETRY. 
 
 481 
 
 GEOEGIA. 
 
 F. 
 
 G. 
 H. 
 
 D. 7, 8, p, F.nirne: U|i|ii'r, JliilcUc, iiiid I.nwf r ; ! 
 
 Krcsliw.iU'i'iinil Miiriiic licds ; HiiilcMi Clii.VH ; i 
 
 llnicklcsliiiiii Hiiiiils; I'aris (iyiisuiii; l.cni- : 
 iliui I'liistir, ami Tliiiiu't (.'lava. [I'alma, 
 
 Itlnls, &.■.] I 
 
 III. Seoosdauy or Mi:.siiziiic Skujkh: 
 
 K. lo. C/r/i«r(iHs.-l'|i|uM; llriti.^ili Clialk; Macstriclit ', 
 
 licds. — Clialk Willi anil williniit Flints, : 
 Cli.ilk M.iil, UiipiT (liccii S.iiiil, (ianit, 
 
 hiiwcf (in't'U Sanil. [MiisttSii u I- H»; t'Uli, i 
 
 MiiUnskx. &i'.1 ! 
 
 11. Lciwcr (or A'ciiiniiiiifii or Wruhh ii) ; Ki'nti.ili i 
 
 inii: Wi'alil Cla.v ; llastin^sf^and. \lij 111.1 no- i 
 linn , // iilfrnsii II / a.s-. \i'.} 
 
 12. Oi'lilt: Upper: I'liilHck licil.s, rortlandHtonc 1 
 and Sand, Kimniciid;.'!' Cla.v ; Litlio^'rapliic. ; 
 Stoni' of Moli'nholVn with Archnojitiijix. 
 [Fi<h.] I 
 
 13. Jliddlu: (.'.il. 'arc. Ills ClHl, Coral Ran, Oxfoid i 
 L'lav, Ki'lloway Hoi'k, [Ili'lcm iiitiH and 
 
 A HI ilifnl i t IS. \ I 
 
 14. Lower; (.'onilirasli, Fori'st Marlili', Uradford 
 L'lny, lircit Oolite, Stoiu'slicld .Sliite, Fuller's 
 Karth, Inferior (lolile. | Vc// //M/oaci mils, 
 
 l'lr.<i(l.<,niiits, rt<riiil,nl,(l. I 
 
 15. Liiis: I.ias Clay ami Marl .^toiir. [Ammo- 
 iiitifi, l\'j It i sit i( III, A utpli ihia, Liihij- 
 ri iilhniUin. J 
 
 16. Trills: Ui>per ; White I.ias, Hcd Clay, with 
 Salt in Chesliiri', I'lial Fields in Virginia, 
 
 N..\. [Fish, Itniiinitlii' li 11 III .] 
 
 17. Middle or Miisi lielk.ilk (wanting; in England). 
 
 I !•' ni'ri II II s : I'liii'inliis f/(;/<f .•,". 1 
 iS. Lower I New Keil Sandstone of Laiieasl>ire 
 and Cheshire. \ I, n Inn- i nth ml on, Font- 
 prints of JlinU iinil lli'ptilcs.] 
 
 IV. rniMAUY on Rvl/Kozok: Skkii-;k; 
 
 I. 19. I'iriiiiiin: Ma^nesian Limestone, Marl Slates, 
 
 lied Sandstom' and Shale. Dolomite ; Kiip- 
 ferschiefer. [Firs, Fishrs, A wp/i ihin. ] 
 
 K. 20, 21. Ciirliiiiiifcriiiii. Upper and Lower: Coal 
 
 Measures, Millstone Crit, Mountain Lime- 
 stone. [Frrns, t'utu m i tis. t'lml.] 
 
 L. 22,21, 24. /'(■(■imiiiii. Upper, .'Middle, andl.ower: 
 
 Tilestones, Ccnnstones, ami .Maris, Ijiiartz- 
 ose, ConKlonieratcs. ISIivIU, Fish, Tri- 
 lohilrs. I 
 
 M. 25, 2(j, 27. Siliiriiin, Upper, Middh'. and Lower: j 
 
 Lndlow Shales, .\yniestry Limestone, Wiii- 
 loek Limestone, Wi'iiloek Shale, Caradoe 
 Sandstone, Ll.indeilo Fl;i;;s ; Niatrara Lime- 
 stone. [Spo iiiji's, Coriils, Trilobitcs, 
 Shells.] ' I 
 
 N, 28, 21). Ciiinliriini. Uppir and Lower: liala ; 
 
 Limestoni', Festinion Slates, Haiinor Slates 
 ■md (Irits, Wicklow lioek, llasleets (irits, 
 llnroniau Series of C:iiiada. [/iiiii>li iiti s , 
 Linijiilii, Frriis. .'< iij illn ri 11 , Sliij- 
 mil rill, C II I II in ili's, ami VriijitinJnM i n .] 
 
 O. 30. I.iiiirrnliiin. Upper Gneiss of the Heb- 
 
 rides ('/) : Laliradorite Series, X. of the St. 
 Lawreiiee ; Adiinndaek Mountains, New 
 York. 
 31. Lower : Gneiss ami Qmirtziti^s, with Iiiter- 
 str.-ititied Limestones, in one of wliieh, 1000 
 feet tliiek, oeeiirs a for.iminifer, Fnziiihi, 
 Caiiailcnsc, the oldest, known fossil. 
 
 GEOMETRY, so tcnniMl from its oriii'iniil np- 
 plication to mcasuriiiK tlic eartli, is uscrilicil to the 
 Kgvi)tiiiiis; tlie iiiimial iiiunilatioiis of tlie Nilo 
 hiiving siven viso to it by i iirryiiig away the laiul- 
 luaika and Imuiiiianes. 
 
 Th.iles introdueed f;eometiy into fireeee, about 600 li.c. 
 
 I'yth.-inoras eultivateil the seienee aliiait 5S0. 
 
 Tile doi'trine of curves oriKiiially attracted the attention 
 
 ,,f(,'i letrieians from the eonie seetion.s, whieh wero 
 
 introdueed by I'lato, about 390 n.c. 
 Lmtids f.li in. .'if.-: .^onii>ih'd alioul 300 is.c. 
 .\reliiniedes, a diseoverer in p'omelry, 287-212 B.f, 
 The eonehoid I'lirve inventeil by Nieoim'des, 220 B.C. 
 Ptolemy, the a.stroiionier, 2nd eelitniy ,v.li. 
 Geometry tau(;lit in Fiirolie in the i3tli eeiitury. 
 llook.s on geometry and astrouoniy were destroyed iu 
 
 Kn^lnnd as infeeted with magie, 7 Ldw. VI 
 
 Stun: 
 Peseartes published his AiiiihltirilKlniiiiilrg, ,f,jj 
 Sir Isaae Newton {Arilhindii'ii Univi:r^iili!i,^,.\ 
 
 \in- ' ' ■' 
 
 Simson's edition of F.nelid, lirst appear'd, 17^6. 
 La IMace's ^ffV((/i(7i((; C'(/(>f(', 1799-1805. 
 
 tho 
 
 GEORGE, ST., tlic tutelary s.inl of Eii,l;„„i 
 and adopted as patron cd' the order of the uan,.,. 1'! 
 Kdward III. His day is 2,5 Ajiril ; seiT (,'a,7,; 
 and hiiujItllKmL ' 
 
 St. George w;is a tribune in the reijiii of liiniliitinn ,,,1 
 bein^'a man of great coiir.ige, w.is a laVi.init,.' '|„'„ 
 eomplaining to the emperor of liis siveritics tnwiMs 
 the Christians, and arguing in llair di'fciin. li,, ,f " 
 put in prison and belieailed, , , April ...ja-Ioii 11,;,; 
 diy, in 1192, Hiehard I. deleati'd ,v,liiil.ii. 
 
 St. Gi'orge's, Ilanover-sciuare, ri'tiirns 01, ,■ M.p.j u. ,,,, 
 l«isseil 1S85. Population, 1881, 149,748 ; 1S51, n. ,',,. 
 siMi Fires 18 Nov. 1E96. ' '' ""' 
 
 18 .Ndv. 1E96. 
 
 St. George's in the Fast returns 1 her liv tl,,. ,,« 
 
 of 1S85. Popidation, 1B81, 47. c;?; 1891, 4s',ij6'U. 
 Triiils, Ajiril, 1S96. '^* ' 
 
 The llrilfr of tlic Sons of SI. (Iinrrie, estalilislifd ,,t 
 Philadelphia as a society to sueciur eiiii};.i,i,ts (<,,. 
 iindi'r Kmi'irolioii), It gradually aei|iijiv,i |,nlit,i;,i 
 
 intliieiice, and many branches wi'ie I'm 1 j,, ,,,,||' 
 
 to counteract the doiuinaiit aggl■es^ivl• pnllcv,,]- ,i|„ 
 Irish party. It works in iinison with the " llriiij, 
 American association" which was furnied li, iip,,,,,,,,. 
 naturalization—its organ being the l:ritish Am'i..,: 
 a weekly newspaiier, Ilec. 1887. ' 
 
 GEORGES' CONSPIRACY, in Frw, 
 General Moreavi, general I'ichefrru, Georges Cailou. 
 dill, wlio was eominonly known hy tlie niini,' ..f 
 George.s, and otllers, were nrrested at I'.u'is.char.iJ 
 with a eonsiuraey against the life of lionaiiarte, rnij 
 for the restoration of Louis XVIH., Feb. jNij. 
 Piehejjni was found strangled in jirisnii, (1 .\],ril. 
 Twelve of the conspirators, ineluili,iu' Georges, wn,- 
 executed 25 June, and others imprisimed. Moruii 
 was exiled, and went to America. In 1813 he«,ii 
 killed before Dresilcn {ic/iie/t sci). 
 
 GEORGIA, the ancient Iberia, nnwa pioviiit 
 of S. Unssia, near the Ciuieasus, suliiiiitteil to .\l,s. 
 ander about ?3I 11. c, but threw olf the yoke of Lis 
 suceesaora. It waa aubjugated to Uonie liy I'onipfv, 
 65 it.c, but retaitied its own sovereign.*. Clirii. 
 ti'imity was introduced into it in the 3rd ocmiin. 
 In the ,Sth century, after a severe struggle, Grmai 
 was subdued bv the .\rab ralijilis ; hv the Turebk 
 sultan .Vlji-Arslan, lofiH; and tiv the 'i'ai-tarhcinlt., 
 1235- From tlie l4thtothe l.Stli eonturies, (ifi,r;i,i 
 w.ia successively held bv the I'l'i'siiin and Turkiili 
 monarrha. In 1740 Nadir Shah e.stiililislieil;i:\rt')f 
 Georsia as a principality, of which the last rulr 
 Heraeliua, aurrendered his territories to the I'zaria 
 I7()<); and in 1802 Georgia was ileeloreil to h,' ,1 
 Uussian province. — Geouoi.v, i.\ Kokth .\meiiih, 
 was settled liy g;en. Oglethorpe, in 1732. Seiiaratii:;' 
 from the congress of .Vmeriea, it surreiuleieJ to the 
 liritish, Dee. 1778; and its possession wa.s of viit j 
 importance to the royalists in the war. Couc; 
 d'hstaing joined the Americ;ni general Liiiiolii, ;iiiJ | 
 made a desperate attack on Georgia, whii'li faile-i, 
 and the French tleet returned home; the ool"iiy 
 was Kiven up to the rnioii by the Ilritish in i;,'ij. 
 It seceded from the Union, hy ordinance, 18 ja 
 l8()l, and was coniiuered by Sherman in 1864-5,80^ 
 readmitted as a state Jan. l8()8. A ridiculous nf.'pi | 
 Inaurreeliou suppressed Aug. 1S75. ropuK : | 
 in i,S8o, 1.542,180; i8c)o, i,83j,'353; .Vtiiiiii;i, 
 fi5,533: Savaiinah, 43,181). Si.'". L iiitcd Stalti. 
 Uiotsat.lessoji : tight between whites iiiidiu-jiroM; 1 
 
 2.' negroes killed and 2 whites , 25, 26 D«, :;:; 
 
 GEORG 
 
 ]i,,lnifti*'''''>'elonewitl 
 (,loii. 1892; 4 March, 
 ijoj, wliPii SHViiniiah 
 ;;lN)veso persons killei 
 
 Sii Hiiiiii"')' disputes I 
 Marks ■ • . • 
 
 GtiiBia*, iiithePncitle, V 
 
 GEORGE. A gold coin em-reut at (,s. s,; !„ H (jEORGIUM SI 
 reign of Henry VIII, Imkc. ^B .,,„,, Ui'aims (iv/ilc/i 
 
 GEEBEROI (Noi 
 William the Conquern 
 Ills sou Hobert, who 1 
 Pliilipl,, 1078. 
 
 GEKM THEOR 
 
 posts " that many disei 
 
 and proimgation in tl 
 
 crfimisms [termed »h 
 
 (liare in its nornml ee 
 
 Si'i' Aniinii/ciilr.i and 
 
 Ilrcilau, whose work 
 
 flassilies bacteria as— I 
 
 Jlirro-hncteria,orliaete: 
 
 licsmo-baeteria, the sn 
 
 liiiftei'ia, spiral-shaped 
 
 Mi work, 1881. See C 
 
 TliiMlootrine ..f cnnloifm 
 
 miJiUe .igi :. ■■'"'. put fi 
 
 fiiiitiiKioa.') ■■"■; iiiisms w 
 
 hs jinifi'ssors Pasteur, 
 
 fillers, 1875 it sii/. A 
 
 ^.■|ll. iSj'j, piofessor I 
 
 ,..ii(c witli till! "genu 
 
 r;,i'«'(io«, 1882. 
 
 Pr. liote-t Koeh is said 
 
 sei'i'ii'al germs of eattl 
 
 cluili'ra.niul other disea: 
 
 EiiplaTul, May, .June, 18 
 
 llr.E. Klein in Feb. 1885 
 
 tl,f rrlatioii of bneter 
 
 Institiitieii on May 27 
 
 pnii«gati"ii of scarh.'t 
 
 !„ilk. 
 
 XiiiiiiTousspi'eiiiiensof th 
 
 lliyril Institution in illii 
 
 .liscoiirac iin "Living co 
 
 Bv taking memis to exelu 
 
 ii',,«ir Joseph Lister ii 
 
 ivitli great success, in 1 
 
 iisnl, 1864 ft .«'7. ; the 11 
 
 is not now considered m 
 
 "Lmisrasteur," by .M. H 
 
 aminiil of Pasteur's Slice 
 
 i^fsouiB diseases by inoei 
 
 I'laiul Hanhlton was jiul 
 
 triir's 7otli hirtliilay ee: 
 
 iSo!. Hciliecl, 28 Sejit. 
 
 Jl, Eii^'t'liimiiti ilenioustrat 
 
 tlic lU'vrlijpluent of vegc 
 
 m\ moisture in the atim 
 
 I F'rl'asteiir institute see h 
 
 I'r'ifi'ssors ISi'liriiig and I 
 
 llu'ir inttlioil of treating 
 
 1S91. 
 
 I Disniwrj' of the iuflneui 
 
 ITiilliT, aniaiuuced .Ian. 
 
 liyiirol'. (i. Sauarelli, ,Iai 
 
 GERMAIN, ST„ i 
 lifre iva.< begun by Lou 
 I largeJ ami eiabelliahc'd b 
 bv Fraueis I., Henry I' 
 Jamps II. of Knglaiid 1 
 aMioation, in 1O80, and 1 
 see Treaties. 
 
 GERMAN 
 
 Vniiiii. 
 
 ASSOC 
 
 GERMAN COLON 
 
 I constituted at Frankfort 
 , »a« granted by the em 
 
GEORGICM SIDUH. 
 
 4H.3 
 
 GEKMAN HOSPITAL. 
 
 
 rent :it (,,!. S^/. 
 
 I'X "II'' M.l',,l)y,,ft 
 
 )i748 ; 1S91, 134,1;,; 
 
 iiiiMiilicT l,y tlif aft 
 T' "391, 45.346; »., 
 
 he British in I'K 
 
 IMnictivc cycliiiii' with lus.s uf life in iiiiinv I'lao's, 
 
 (Jan. i8g2; 4 Miircli, iSc;); mid un jH-2<) Aii^. 
 
 ito, will"" Hiivaiiimli wiw iii':irly ili'stniyi-.!, niid 
 
 j;U)Vi'50 piTHuns killlMl. 
 Si': .■iiiiiiiry ilisimtus lnawiu'ii tlii! wliitL'.s lui.l 
 
 il.u'li^ • „■ ■ '''■''• •"'« 
 
 i,,„„iA, ill till' Pacific, WHS visitiMliyaiiit. Cook ill 1775 ^ /,„, ■ , , , •" "-, ««.... ,.^. ...... , 
 
 (iLOE(TlUM MDUN, tho first immo of the j The ciifdcnitirm ccuscl ,„V tin; re-uatiil' ishi ..■ il 
 ■|iiet Lriiiius [ivhuh nee), Uiscovui-cd 13 5Iiu-i:li, 
 
 894 
 
 nnd othci-s, whcicliy this society w.is iiuthoriscd 
 to iicqiuic L'siifjaia, N'tjiiiy, uiiil otiior tcnitorics 
 west i)(/;inziliiii', 27 Foli. 1HH5. 
 
 GERM AX COXFEDEKATION, Noirnr, 
 
 rstiiiilislicil 111 n,„i,i „|' 111,. (i,.i-|iii,iiic C'oiil'cduriitioii 
 
 ictfriii, Bpiriil-slmpeil or cu 
 is work, 1881. Sec Cliulirii 
 
 urly. Tianshition of 
 
 GEEBEROI (Normiinily, N. France). Hero 
 Uilliiim tlie Conqueror was wounded in battle by 
 lis sou Robert, who hud joined the French king 
 Philip I., 1078. 
 
 GEEM THEORY OF DISEASE sup- 
 Ms"tliiitiiuuiy diseases are due to the presence 
 sii'l proiiagation in the animal system of minute 
 (Kiiiiisnis [termini niierulnn] havin;^ no jiart or 
 shire in its iiornial oi.oiiumy." MachK/iiii, US76. 
 S,i' AnimdlfiilfK nnd Jtmiirin. Dr.' Colin, of 
 llrcslau, whose work was ]iubli.shed in 1872, 
 fhssilies lineterin as — I. .Sphoro or micrococci; II. 
 Jlirro-lraotcriii, orliacteriii proper (rod-shajied) ; II I. 
 llesmo-bncterin, the same but longer; IV. Spiro- 
 ht 
 hi 
 
 Tl„. iliiftrine .<t ennldifuim iitiinmtiim wns held in the 
 iiii.Mli' Ilk. . ■"'■; pat forth in tin.. i6th cciitiirv, l.ut 
 n.iit,:>)a.,'...: iiiisins wen- nut cliscovcrcd till the igtli 
 l.niniffusi.is t'nstcur, Tyndall, Dr. Win. limlil, ami 
 (\\im, 1875 '' .'I'/- '\t the liritish Associiitioii, 14 
 .vi.l. iS/j, I'lofcssor Unxlcy cxprcsscl his ccmciir- 
 ,.iiic witli the "gcrni theory.' See under Dmt and 
 yir'iS/tHon, 1882. 
 Pr. liiilicrt Koch is s.-ii.l to have ideiitilicil the niicrn- 
 MMj.iial xi'i'iiis of cattle disease, of cunsinnption, uf 
 (■h..liTii,niiil iitlicr diseases, 1879 i'? >(?./., discredited in 
 Eiiiilaiul. -May, •Imic, 1885. 8cii 7'cV;vii/i..<is. 
 [ir, K. Klein ill Fch. 1S85 rcpurted his investiKatioiis on 
 tlip ri'liitieii of Imcteiia to cholera. At tin' Hoval 
 liistitnti.m on May 27, 1887, he dcnninstratcd tin' 
 |ir..i«ii,'atiiiii of aearh.'t fever by microbes in cow's 
 milk. 
 X;;iiiermisaiii'ciiiicns of these Keniis were cxhibiti'd at the 
 i|..y.'il histitatioii in illnstr.ition of professor Tynd.-iU's 
 rlMiiiirseen "Liviii).' coiitiifjia," i6.)an. 1S35. 
 I Cv taking means to exclude tlii'se serins I'rom wounds. 
 It.-., sir Jiisejih Lister introduee.l anti-se|.tic sni}.'ery 
 with t-Tpat success, in which carliolic aci.l is largely 
 iisnl, 1864 f( .«'./. ; the protection of woiiiuls from air 
 is not now consiilered necessary. 
 '■L..iiisrastear," liy .M. liHdot, Ids son-indaw, kIvcs an 
 ar...uiitofl'a.stenr's success in niiti;,'atiii>: tlie virulence 
 (.tsLiiieiliseiisesliy iiioiiilation, A translati.in liv l.i.ly 
 Ciaiiilllaiailteii was pulilislieil in Feb. 1335. JI. fas'. 
 triir's 70th birthday celehiateil in Taris, .S;c. 27 Dec. 
 . tliii. Heilii'd, 28 Sept. iSq; ; sei^ I'li.-slriir InMilutf. 
 I It fci;eliiiaiin .Iciiioiistrati'.l the aetiiai of inicrolies in 
 lliiolcveliiinaent of vep'talilc cells from carbonic acid 
 . ami in.iisture in the atmosphere. 
 
 Fi.rl'asti'nr institute see lliiilmplmliin, 
 I lYifesiirs IMirint,' and Kisasato of IhTliii announce 
 tlii'ir nietliuil uf treating tetanus and dijihthena, Jan. 
 . 1S91. 
 
 I Disri.very of the iafiuenza b.acillus by Or. Hichar.l 
 Pffiller, nnnmiiiced .Ian. 1892; yellow fever bacillus, 
 by |iriif. U. Sanarelli, ,Jan. 1S97. 
 
 , GEEMAIN, ST., near Pari.s. The palace 
 I here wa.s bc(!un by Louis tlie Fat, 1 124, and eii- 
 I larjeil uiul ciiibellished by his successors, especiallv 
 I hy Francis I., Henry I^., and Louis XIV. Here 
 Janips II. of Kugland resided in state after liis 
 I abiiiciition, in ibtiq, and here he died, 16 Sept. 1701 ; 
 I «(e Treaties. 
 
 ^OERMAN ASSOCIATIOX, see Gn-man 
 
 , GERMAN COLOXIZATIOX SOCIETY, 
 
 I cnnstitnted iit Frankfort, (> Dec. i,S.H2. .V Clmrter 
 m pnuitcd by the emperor to Dr. Carl Peters 
 
 of the (jernian empire, 1 Jan. 1H71. 
 
 The kiii^' of I'lussia invites the states of North 
 
 (.I'lniany t.. f..rni a new , f,.dei,iti..n ,6 July. i8t6 
 
 treaty ol .illiinie.., olUnsivi. aiel di'teiisive, l„.twcen 
 I'rnssia an. I Ihi' I'oll.iwing statis :- ISaxe-Weiniar, 
 Olilenbui^;, JJninswiek, Saxe-Alt.nliiUK, .S.'ixe- 
 L'ol.niK-(l..iliii. Anlialt, two .•S.-liwaizl.m-s, Wal- 
 j (leek, the yoiiiiKi'r Heiiss. two Lipi.es, Liiheck, 
 llrenieii, .111.1 llaiiillur;,', sien.'d 18 An" 
 
 And tw.. .Me. khnl.iires .... 2, An« " 
 Anil llesse(r,.n.,,niitryn.iitli of the Maine). 1 Sept. " 
 And theel.l.u' H.Miss 20S..iit 
 
 Ami .SaxcMeininnen 3 Oct ','. 
 
 Ami Sax. my j, ,,|,j 
 
 , MeetiiiK of North C'riiian Pailiainelit (205 deputi 'S " 
 j from the 22 states) at lierlin . . . 24 Feb. 1SO7 
 .See Hiriimnif. 
 
 GERMAX EAST AFRICA, see under 
 
 i GERMAX EXHiniTIOX at Earl's Court, 
 
 !*''*'■ !''■ pto". London, \V. Hon. President, 
 
 duke ot .Sa.xe-CoburK-Gotlm; hon. President of 
 comnuttee in Ueriuanv, piince lilucher von Walil- 
 atiitt ; (lirector.-eneral, John J. K. Whitley, assisted 
 bv heut. F. Jatle. Opened by the lord inavor, 
 Mr. Jo.scph Savory, in the presence of the niurr|uis 
 ot Lome, and many imiinent persons, i) May ; clo.scd 
 10 Oct. iSijr. 'I'ofal number of visitors, i,377,ix)S. 
 I lie galleries contained specimens of arts classified 
 in nine primps ; 3(10 artistswere represented liy 7™) 
 pictures, and a i;if,'anlie trophy of tiernianiu and 
 many interesting models. 
 
 GERMAX HOSPITAL, Dalston, founded 
 l«45, for Uermans, and J';nKlish in eases of accident. 
 Oernmn Society of Benevolence and Concord, esta- 
 blislied I«I7. 
 
 GERMAX LAXGIT AGE has two great 
 branches: /,ve/i amX platl Dexf.'.c/i, high and low 
 Uerman. The former became the literary language, 
 nrinciiially through its use by Lutlier in his'trans- 
 lation of the Bible and in other works, 1522-54. 
 The latter is th.it spoken by the lower clas.ses. 
 There are many dialects: tlie satirical epic in low 
 German, "Keineke Fuchs," appeared in 1498; see 
 Rci/iiHid, 
 
 i'RINflPAI, OER.MAN AUTIIOnS. 
 
 UlliI;is(f;otliic Hilile) about A. a 360 
 Martin Liillier((ieriiiaii Uible, <tc. 1322-34). 
 
 Hans Sa.'lis 
 
 (iodf Leibnitz 
 
 (i. F. (ieii.Tt ' ; 
 
 (r. K. Lessillg ....... 
 
 (j. A. Hurn.'r ... 
 J. (i. v..n ller.ler ... 
 
 Uorn. Dieil. 
 
 1483 
 ■4()4 
 1646 
 •7»5 
 172.J 
 1748 
 ■744 
 
 Frcl.T. KI..psl,,ck ,7';; 
 
 Im. K.iiit 
 
 J. C. Fre.l. von Siliiller 
 
 Ch. .M. Wii laml 
 
 (.'. T. K..riier 
 
 1724 
 I75'> 
 <733 
 1791 
 
 ;iii I'aiil liiehter ,,6, 
 
 .J. IL \ 
 
 F. Sehl..-el 
 <i. W. F. He,'. 1 
 Ji. (1. Niebiibr. 
 J. \V. von (liii.thi 
 Win. villi llunibi 
 A. Win. Schleu'el . 
 L, Tieck . 
 H. Heine 
 
 Alex, von Hiimbolilt 
 Ernst .M. Ani.lt . 
 
 Idt 
 
 1731 
 1772 
 1770 
 ■776 
 I74T 
 1767 
 J767 
 >77J 
 1797 
 1769 
 1709 
 
 I54''> 
 1578 
 l7ifi 
 17f..) 
 17S1 
 
 I7'J4 
 .8..3 
 T&Oi 
 T804 
 1805 
 18 13 
 181 3 
 1825 
 1820 
 1829 
 1831 
 1831 
 1832 
 1835 
 1845 
 
 1853 
 1856 
 185., 
 i860 
 
 '-} 
 
 ^BF 
 
 
 • 
 
 '"I ;i 
 
 MM-^^ 
 
'\L 
 
 I I 
 
 
 i'\ 
 
 •I Hi* 'r 
 
 GERMAN CC^NFEDERATION. 486 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Clir. Carl J. Huiiscn 1791 i860 
 
 F. C. Hclilosscr 1776 1861 
 
 J. Hilli'l)iaii(l :78s 1862 
 
 G. G. (iciviims 1S05 1871 
 
 K. }I. Ficlito 1797 1879 
 
 Lcciiiild liniiki 1795 1P86 
 
 ThtMnI. Mdimnscii 1817 
 
 Li'itjKilil \f))i Sin'hiT-Masocli , . . 1836 1895 
 
 (iiist^iv Kri'vla;! 1816 1895 
 
 Hi'inricli vuii Sviii'l 1817 1895 
 
 Hi'iijrich vein Tri'itscliku . . . . 18,(4 '896 
 
 Kiiist Curtiiis 1814 1S96 
 
 Krii'diii'h Eiiiil Hitti'rsliaiis . . . . i6j5 1S97 
 
 GERMAN OCEAN, sec- Xorfh 6V«. 
 
 GERMAN SILVER, im .lUoy of nickol, 
 onppcT, and ziuo, first made at Hildlmrgliinisen in 
 Germany. There are inanv patents ; Cutler's, 
 1838, Tarkes', 1844, Are. 
 
 GERMAN UNION of Natural Phi- 
 
 LOSOniEKS, tlie forerunner of tlie liritisli Asso- 
 eiation, was founded by Uken, nt Leipsic, in 1822 ; 
 partly to promote political unity in (ierinany. It 
 has met annually, cxeept in troul)led years, such as 
 1848, l8(i<^), and 1870; soth time, 17 Sept. 1877; 
 at Dantzic, 18 Sept. 1880; SalzburR, !« Sept. 1881 ; 
 Kisenach, 18 Sept. 1882; Freiburf.', 17 Sei)t. 188^; 
 Magdeburg, 18 Oct. 1884: Strasburg, 17 Sept. 1885 ; 
 Jierlin, 16 Sept. 1886; \Viesbudeii, 18 Sept. 1887; 
 Cologne, 18 Sept. 1888; Heidellferg', 1889; liremen, 
 Sept. l8()0; Halle, Sept. 1891 ; Aienna, 24 Sept. 
 1894; Liibeck, 16 Sept. 1895 ; Frankfort-on-the- 
 Main, 21 Sejit. 1896; Urunswick, 20 Sept. 1897 ; 
 Diisscldorf, 19 Sejit. l8<)}i. The L'nion is now- 
 termed the "German Association of Xaturalists." 
 
 GERMANIA, colossal statue, see Germany, 
 Sept. 1883. 
 
 GERMANIC CONFEDERATION, 
 
 superseding the confederation of the Rliiiu' {iciiich 
 see), was constituted 8 3u\\t'., 181-;; held its first 
 diet at Frankfort, 16N0V. 1816, audits last, 24 Aug. 
 1866. See tiexl article. It comprised — 
 I Austria ; 2. Prussia ; 3. liavaria ; 4. Saxony ; 
 
 5. HaiinviT ; 6. Wilrtcnilierg : 
 7. nadcn; 8. 9. Hesse (elcctiaateanil grand ilucliy); 
 
 10. lli'nniark(f'ir Holstciu ami Lauenliurg) ; 
 
 11. Xetlii'ilaiids (for Luxcialiurg) ; 
 
 12. Saxi'AVi'iiiiar, Saxe-Colang, Saxe-Jleiningen, 
 
 and Saxi'-.Uteiilinrg ; 
 
 13. IJrniiswick and Nassau ; 
 
 14. Mocklcnipurg-Scbweriii, and Mcckleiiburg- 
 
 >>trelitz ; ' 
 
 15. Oldinliurg, tlu'cc Aulialts, and two Scliwarz- 
 
 burgs ; 
 
 16. Two Hoheiiznllerns, Liechtenstein, two Reuss, 
 
 Schauudiurg-Liiipe, Lilipe, and Waldeck ; 
 
 17. Free litii's :— Liibeck, Frankfort, Uremen, and 
 
 Haiiiliurg. 
 
 T)u' diet lU'ilarcs for a constituent asscinlily, 30 
 March, wliicli met .... 18 .May, 1848 
 
 Tlic diet remits its fuui'tions to tlic archduke Jolui, 
 \'ie;tr (il'tiie ( inpire (seiW,Vr/(uof//) . . i2JuIv, ,, 
 
 Tlic diet re-e-.t,dilislied. liiects '. . 30 .May, 1851 
 
 Tlic empi riir (if .\ustria iiroposes a reform of the 
 cdnfedeiaticm, 17 .\ug. : accejited by the diet, 
 I f^i'iit. ; icjeetcd by I'russia . . 22 Sept. 1863 
 
 The diet eelelnatcs tlie lil'licth anniversary of its 
 cstablisliiiieiit 8.luiie, 1865 
 
 Vote of the majority of the diet sujiports .\\istria in 
 till' dispute respec ting .-iclilcswi^' and llolstciii ; 
 Fnissia annoum-cs her withdrawal IVom the e(in- 
 fedciatioa, and its di.ssnlution ; the diet declares 
 itself indi.sscdublc, continues its functions, and 
 liriitests 14 .June, 1866 
 
 The diet removes to Augsburg during the war, 
 
 14 .Inly, ,, 
 
 TJie confederation renoniiced by Austria at Xikols- 
 burg 26 July, ,, 
 
 The diet holds its last sitting . . 24 .Vug. ,, 
 
 GERMANITES, a mime given to a sect, of 
 whiih members iippeared in the Dritish Mediter- 
 
 rnneiin fleet in 1867. They called tlietnsclvcs "nt 
 fighting men," and hold no eomniunion with otlw 
 religious bodies. ' 
 
 GERMANIUM, a new metal 
 ■Winkler early in 1886. 
 
 iliseovcMl Ijv 
 
 GERMANS, ST., was made the scat of tlio 
 bishopric of Cornwall for a short time, about cin- 
 
 GERMANY (Gcnuanin, Affuiiiiiui'i^mnaM, 
 as now, divided into independent states, Tjicf;.'' 
 mans long withstood the attempts of tlicUoman.^T 
 subdue them ; and although that peo]i|e loiioui'rhj 
 some parts of the country, they were e.ipellej Infoi'. 
 the clo.se of the 3rd century." In tlie :;tli ccmmv 
 the Huns and other tribes jirevailcd uvcr tlie »r(. ,i(.', 
 portion of Germany. In the latter pi,rt uf the hib 
 century, Charlemagne subdued the Ha.\oiis 11,1 
 other tribes, iind was crowned empcrur at li.,!,', 
 25 Dec. 8cx). -V list of his successors is givpu ;,,' 
 another imge. At the extinction of his fimilv tli» 
 empire beeame elective, 911, and was salisequoMij. 
 obtained by members of the house of Ilaittbur', 
 (from 1437 till 1804). Gernniny was dialled m] 
 cindes, 1501-12. The eonfeder.itiim ot ilie pj,j|„. 
 was formed 12 July, l8o(j; the Geniiaiiic coiilVJt. 
 ration, 8 June, 1815; and the Xoitli (icriniin f,,],. 
 federation, 18 .Vug. 1866; the treaty ratiticd.iSSiit' 
 l8(J6. The lu'esent German empire was cstillili.||,,| 
 
 ir. 1871. The emperor is styled " (jcii it,,,.' 
 
 [leror." ('Sie tliid date beloie). Sec /Vob,.,,. 
 PrasDian War, 1870-7 1 . Population of tlie (ieniim 
 empire 1S80, 45.234,061 ; in 1885,46,8^5,-04; ix', 
 49,421,803:1895,52,244,503. 
 
 The empire of Gcniiaiiy was estal.lislied ,I,ni, ,, ,:., 
 foundeil uiinn treaties cuiichided liet\vf|.|| tlii-'x,i,ih 
 Gcriiian cmifedcration (n-h'iik fie) imd. i. tlu'-niij 
 duchies of liadcn and Hesse, 15 Xnv. iS'n- 2 'Iih 
 kiiindiini nf liavaria, 23 Nnv. 1870; 3. tlie kiiisin't 
 Wurtembcrg, 25 Nov. 1870; ratilicil. 29,131, ,5., 
 William I., kiiigcif I'lMssia, was pioelaiiaeil Gmim, 
 emperor at Versailles, 18 .Ian. 1871. 
 
 ropiilatioii ill 1871 (including Alsaee-l.,iiT;iiiip. ,.,„. 
 iiueicd, 1870), 4i,o()9,846. The iiariiiiliiiiil (iviiij,*,/, 
 is clei'tcd by mauliniid sult'ragc and ballnt. 
 
 The lirst eliaueellor of the empire, prime Qtlio ^,5 
 Uisiiiari'k, -May, 1871 ; rt signed 18 .March, i3jo. 
 
 The Tcutoiics, united with the Cyiiiry, ileff.it tlie 
 
 Hoiiiaiis at Noreia . ' . ' , u r ,,, 
 
 .Vftcr varyiii); success are defeated by .Marius . u'j 
 
 Dnisus invaded (ieniiaiiy . . \ . _ ,;.. 
 
 Uattle of Teutoburi,' ; Itermaiiii or Aniiinius dr- ' 
 
 stroys the Itomans under Varus . . in. j 
 
 Hermann assassinateil ,. 
 
 The Kraiiks iiiN-.ide Gaul j.j 
 
 ; (treat iriuptioiiiifGi-riiianie tribes iiituGaiil 4:off.< , 
 ( Chariemanne after a lonj; contest suliilues ilie 
 , Saxons, who become Christians , . . j,2;;j 
 I He is crowned emperor of the West nt liuiiie by tlie 
 
 ; I'opc 2-IW. -00 
 
 He adds a seemid head to the ca],de, to den.ite ;liat 
 
 the em|iires of Itome and (ieriaany are iinitid . f.i 
 Louis (/c J)ib(tiimtii'e) separates (ieiiiiiiny fciii 
 Krauee . ■ ' . Sjj.;,) 1 
 
 The Geniiiins under Arnold take Kciiiie 
 
 V' 
 
 I The (iermaii |iriiiecs assert their iiKlepeiuleiiee, niiil 
 
 Conrad I. of l''rane.>iiia reigrs . . 8 Niiv. 911 
 ' [The cleetnratc be-aii about this time. .SeoK/ftfor..] 
 Ueif;n of Henry I. [kiiif;!. suniaiuecl the I-'iiw1it; 
 j lie vaiiipiishes tile Huns, Danes, Vaiulals, and 
 
 ' Itohemiaiis giS.9!( 
 
 Otlio 1. cxteiiils his dominions, and is eruwiied 
 
 empeiiir by 'he )io]ie J_i 
 
 nthn II. conquers Lorraine r.-: 
 
 Henry 111. coiicpici-s Hohemia im 
 
 i Contest between Henry IV.aiid Giejjory VII.(liilde- 
 
 brand) 10;; 
 
 Henry's humiliation at Canossa (ic/nV/i see) . . loij 
 He takes Home 1084 ; and Gregory dies in exile ,it 
 Salerno i«s 
 
 G 
 
 lii.iliiiten witli the pi 
 
 iinestituics 
 TV Giielph and the G 
 i.iiraillM. leads an a 
 
 .jfslii.yed oy Greek 
 Fn-iHiiek Uarbarussft 1 
 
 H,i.!fsti-evs Milan 
 lliiinllriiiy the Lion 
 I, drcBiied during' tli 
 Wiiiiieoriler of kiii),' 
 llMseatii^ league estal 
 ten of Hedolph, col 
 
 tlieeieebirs . 
 Tlii'wliet, called the G 
 Tliilvrelaci|iiircd 
 .■.i;isiiiiiiid. kiugof I!(il 
 
 i,.trays,biliii lliiss , 
 
 are liiinieil alire (see 
 .si^isiiiiiinl driven from 
 
 (if.Viistria, suecceds 
 Tla'Pnii-'iiiiitic .Saiictioi 
 
 Nim.se of .Vast ria . 
 I'laiaiits' wars 
 lira "f the lieforiiiatioii 
 Ociiiiau Bililc and lit 
 
 l.utlier esooniiiiuiiicat 
 
 War with the po| 11 — th 
 liift at Spires ; Protest 
 Oiiil'fssiiin of Au^'sbiii'} 
 i'r.testallt League of Si 
 Tile aiialiiiptists seize : 
 
 fwiled. and John of L 
 |i.,illiriri.iitlier . 
 Vaiwilh the Protcstau 
 Wli.iarelielpi'.l by Ucl 
 
 lldijiieii at Passaii . 
 .\lidieatieii iif (.'harlcs V 
 lliiiiary.ioined to the ( 
 Tlif Tliirty yeais' war b 
 
 iiiiiiiii aiiih'r the i lect 
 
 if,ij.nie under the duki 
 Batlle of l'riit,'iie, which 
 
 Ciislavu.s-Ailolphus of 
 
 Oustavus Adolphus, vi 
 
 TmsonofWallenstein 
 End of the Thirty years' 
 
 rstalilisliiiis,' religiijus 
 War with Kraiiec 
 JiilmSoliieski, king of 
 
 Turks, ohiiyes theia t 
 
 Pfaee of liy snick (with 
 Tliepfareid'Cailowitz ( 
 War Willi Ki-inec, \i:, 
 
 virtorvat lileiihciia 
 r,aaofftivelit . 
 Tlie Prajiiiiatic Sanction 
 I'nneis 1., cliike of Loll 
 
 .\iistria, Maiia-T'hcres 
 
 father, and bceoiiies 1 
 Till' ileetor uf liavaria e 
 
 VII. . . 
 lit dii'.s ,laii. 20 ; Frail 
 
 iloteileiiipciiir 
 Till' Seven years' war bo 
 
 and their i'es]iective iil 
 
 Willi the pea f II11I 
 
 Lirrain led to Kraiie 
 
 Ji'Sfjih II, exb'iids his il 
 
 turiiieiit of Polaiul, 17 
 
 lil»'ial ehanges . 
 War With Turkey 
 Viitorj-oftlio .V'ustrians 
 
 '1 G. Baaetinw, cducatic 
 'The Rhenish priivinces 1 
 I'mii'is I. Joins ill the si 
 In llie ruinous wars beti 
 lilt empenir loses the 
 torieswestotthcKhii 
 
 ;r '■: i- 
 
 .•Ml.:M i 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 487 
 
 GEKMANY. 
 
 *' fS 
 
 nnimuoii with oth,.. 
 
 lili^lif'l .Inn. ,, ,;., 
 
 'I lll'tVV.-cli tlK. X„il|| 
 
 ■e) mill. 1. till.. OT,| 
 15 N"V. i8;o:ia, 
 'o; 3- till- kiii^-ami] „t 
 itilicil, 29 ,laii. ij., 
 < I'l'iiiiiinied Gtinil., 
 71- 
 
 Als;ii-t..I,iH'niinf.. ru']. 
 |.;uilaliiriit (lvifli.t„'i 
 
 IM.IhMll.lt. 
 
 IV, ]iriii.i. Olliii vi 
 i3 Miii'i-li, 1:1^0. 
 
 Dinimten with tlio jMipe n.'lating to ecclesiastical 
 iiivpstitiiria 1073-1133 
 
 ji„. Giirll'li ill"' tlic Gliilicliiii' fcU'ls 1i|.);in . , ij,,o 
 
 (.iiwl HI. I'':i'l'< ii» iiiiii.v t.i the liuly wiira ; it wa.s 
 .iwliuyr.l ;■>■ Greek tiuiichi.ry . .1147 
 
 frwi'iuk Uariiiirii.ssa ciniiui'or, 1152 : wars iiiltisly, 
 
 llf.lPstiwsJiilan ,,62 
 
 iluinsHi'iiiy the Lion (.SCO /J.'i'cM'ri) . . ,,go 
 
 |, ilnwm'iMnriiw the cnisiulu in Hyria, 10 June, 1150 
 
 TrlltnlliflMiler "IklliKllthcilIll 
 
 Ihjsratie le.i;;Me esliihlished . . ahout 1245 
 
 IMi'ii ef liiid.illih, eotnit 1)1' Haiislmrg, chosen Ijy 
 
 tlifi'li'itms ,27-, 
 
 Th,.,,liel, iMlleil the Golden Dnll, l>y Charles IV. . 1156 
 
 The Tyrel aeciMired . ,ji;j 
 
 .N;i*iimn.l, kiiin of Hiilieiiiia, elected emperor. He 
 l,.tr;iy< .'"hii lliiss and Jerome of Pnifjue, wh') 
 aivlilimed allTc (see y.'../Miiii(i) . . 1414-16 
 
 .N^'isinini'lilnveii from the throne, Albert 11., dnke 
 
 iif.Uistiia, sui-ceeds 1.43^ 
 
 Tl.i.Fraj:iii.i'ie .Sam-tion conlininjjthc emjiire to the 
 
 iiiiii.sf iif .\iistria ,.(3^ 
 
 riMiits'wars 1502,1514,1^24 
 
 lira.ifthf Heformation (sec /,i(^/»'/-(.)i;,<»i) . . . 1517 
 Odiiiau Bihie and litnrgy imljlished liy Luther, 
 
 1522-46 
 l.'illicr exoonimunicatcil liy the diet at Worms, 
 
 17 -Viuil, 1521 
 W,ir with the liojii — the Germans storm Home , 1327 
 liift iit S|iires ; I'rotestants condemned, 13 Marcli, 1529 
 (.iifi'ssiiiaof AUKshurniPUlilislied . . 25 Jan. 1510 
 I'rti'stant heat,'ue of .Snialealdc . . 31 Dec. 1531 
 
 'Ii;i' aii:iliii|'tists seize .Minister, 24 June, 1535; cie- 
 Iiiiliil.iiiid J'lhn of Ley. ^'U slain .... 1536 
 
 |i..:itli (if Luther iS K,.!,, ,5.,6 
 
 Warwith tile I'rotestants . . . 26 June, ,, 
 
 mmiirc'lieliied liy Ueni-y IL of France- -rcace of | 
 
 liili(!iuii at ra.ssail 31 July, 1552 
 
 .iWifiitiiiaof Charles V. announced , 25 Oct. 1555 
 
 Hmipiryjiiiiieil to tiK' emiiire ,570 
 
 Tlir Tliirty yeai-s' war licyins between the KvanKclie I 
 
 iiiiinn under the 1 lector )ialatinc, and the Catholic 
 i«ij.aii'iiiiiler the duke of liavaria. . . . ifiig 
 Billli' of I'liyue, which ruined tlie elector jialatine, 
 
 8 Xov. 1620 
 Ciistavu.s-Aildliihus of Sweden in\-adcs Germany, i 
 
 June, 1630 
 OustaviisAiliili'lius, victor, killed ,at Lntzcn, 
 
 16 Xov. 1632 
 Ti«i.wnnf Wallenstein : he is assassinated, 25 Feb 1634 
 En-li.ftlie Thirty years' war: trc'ity of We.st|ihalia, 
 »talilisliiii^'reli(,'ious toleration . . 24 Oct. 1648 
 
 W.invitli Fniiiee ,67, 
 
 J(iiin.S"liieski, kill); of Roland, after defeating the 
 lurks, uliliges them to raise the sicyc of Vienna, 
 
 12 Se|it. 1683 
 
 P«i«(ifHys\vick (with France) . . 20 . Sept. :6o7 
 
 ■lliii|iiai'eiif L'ailowitz (with the Turk.s) 26 Jan. 1699 
 
 War with Ki-iiice, .^c, 6 Oct. 1702; .Marlboroiifiirs 
 
 viitnryat lileulieim . , . . 13 Auk. 1704 
 
 Pia.ii.fL'treilit ,1 April, 1713 
 
 Tlif Pni^iniatic S;iiictii)ii (I'./i (*(■/( ,s'('r) . . . , 1722 
 I'raiK'is 1., duke of Lorraine, marries the heiress of 
 .Uistiia, Mai ia-Tlieresa (1736) ; she succeeds her 
 father, and becomes iiueen of Hnnwiry, 20 (let. 1740 
 Till, rltetor of havaria elceted em|ienir a.s Charles 
 
 ,,^'i; ,■ 22 J.an. 1742 
 
 He ilie.s Jan. 20: Iraneis L, duke of Lorraine 
 
 do tul luupcror 15 Sept. 1745 
 
 The SfVi'ii years' war between Anstria and I'rnssia 
 ami their respective allies bi'Kiiis Aug. 1756 ; ends 
 with the peace of Hubertsbur},' . '15 Feb. 1-63 
 
 L.TOiniMrileil fci I'lame ,65 
 
 Jiistiih II, exteiiils his dominions by the dismeni- 
 iHTimiit iif Poland, 1772 ; many civil icforms and 
 
 litaal HiaUKes .-s. 
 
 War with Turkey I 'gg 
 
 Victor)- uf the Aiistrians and linssians at Rimnik, 
 
 TCP. 1 i. , „ 22 '■'''I't. '780 
 
 a '., liaspi.av, edur.itmnal reformer, dies 25 Julv, lyqo 
 riir Rhenish provinces revolt 
 
 ['r,Hii|sl..i(iinsiuthe second iiartition of' Poland' I705 
 111 the runiiius wars lietween Gcrm.iiiy and Fiance 
 
 llH'empi'i-dr loses the Xetherlands,'all his tcrii- 
 twira west of the Rhino, and his states in Italy, 
 
 •793-1803 
 
 Cessions of terrlto-y to Frances by the treaty of 
 
 „ I-»".''ville 9 K,.b. ,80. 
 
 Fri IS H. assumes the title of Francis I., emperor 
 
 .if.Vustria „.\„j,. ,8,^ 
 
 ^apoleo|l est.-iblishes the kin.ndoms of liaViiria and 
 
 VViirtcmbeif;, 1S03; and of Westphalia, 1807: 
 
 ■ lissoliitinn "t tlic German empire ; formation of 
 
 I tlicci.iifcdeiatinnoftlie Rhine . . 12 July, 1800 
 
 ! >oith GeriMMiiy annexed to France . 13 Dec. 1810-11 
 
 •-'"I" "<■'■ lit of the war uf indeiiendenee : the 
 
 j or. cr III the --.o/i .,,«.,■ in.stitiited . . .March, 1813 
 Fiu.ildeteat of the French at l.cipsic i6-ni Oct , 
 Congress of Vienna . , i X,iv. 1814 & 25 May, 1815 
 I he Germanic confederation (u-liich see) formea 
 .„.,.,,,.,, 8 June, i8i3 
 
 The Zollverein (-.•/,;.•;,,,■,.(.) furmed . 
 I "Soih.ty f.iri.r.imotin- the knowledge of ancient 
 I German history," fuuiided by stein . . .1819 
 I A German seientilj.. nssiieiii'ioi'i formed, "Xaturfor- 
 
 seller Vereiiie" (sc(. r,v,„c(/i L'uiun) . . Sept. 1822 
 General depivssiiin in trade . . . jgj. 
 
 IJealh of.l. 11. Voss, imet, A-c . 29 March', 1826 
 
 Revolutmnat liiunswiek (IliKlit of the duke) 7 Sept. 1B30 
 In .Saxony (.ibdicatioii if the king) . 13 Sept 
 Death of Goethe, poet, novelist, and iiliilosopher, ' 
 ,, , . , 2^ March, 1832 
 
 Beckers song abmit the free German Uliiiie ; and 
 I Aired d.. Mussefs sung in reply, " Lc Uliin 
 
 Allciiiaiid (sei. ;,7ii.i()aiipcar .... 1841 
 Excitement ab.iut Hong.., the Catlndic reformer, 
 
 and the Imly cat of Treves .... 1844 
 Insurrectiiin at Vienna and thrmighout Germany 
 
 (see .L!.~/i'if/, l{iiii;i,iril, &r.) .... 1848 
 
 Revolt in Sdileswig and Holstein (.see DenMnrk) 
 _, , . .„ .March, „ 
 
 Ihc king of Prussia takes the lead as an agitator, to 
 promote till, rei.nnsolidation of the German cin- 
 I'lre, by a pnielamation ... 27 Maivli, „ 
 German natmn.d a.^sembly meet at Frankfort (see 
 i:t'i-miniii- iiuij'cileiiilhii) . . . 18 .May, 
 Archduke John of Austria elected vicar of the eiii- ' 
 
 ,^,1''''<-' . , 12 Julv, „ 
 
 The national assi'mbly elects the king of Prussia 
 
 eni)ieidr, 28 .March ; h,. deeliiies . 3 April, 1840 
 
 He recalls the Prussian members of the assembly, 
 
 The Frankfort assembly transfers its sittim's'to " 
 
 Stuttu'iirdt 30 May, „ 
 
 Treaty ot \ ieiina between Austria and Prussia for 
 the forniatiiin of a new I'ditral iiower for a 
 limited time; appeal to be made to the govern- 
 ments of Germany .... 30 Sept. 
 Protest of Austria against the alliance of Prussia " 
 
 witli the smaller German states . 12 Xov. 
 
 Tre.ity of Muiiieli between Uavaria, Saxony, and 
 
 Wurtembcig, fura revision of the German con- 
 
 „ ''eilcration 37 Kcb. 1850 
 
 Parliament meets at Erfnrt , . . March, ,, 
 The king of Wurtemberg denounces the insidious 
 ambition of the king iif Prussia . 15 March, 
 German dii't meets at Frankfort . . 10 May] ,', 
 llesse-Cassel wicls no leprescMtativc to Erf,u-t, 7 
 June: ilesse-Darmstadt withdraws from the 
 Pru.sian league .... 20 June, „ 
 
 Austria calls ..in iss bly of the German confedi.ra- 
 
 tion, 19 July : whieli meets at Frankfort, 2 .Sept. „ 
 Austrian, liav:oi:in, and Prussian forces enter 
 llesse-Cassel (see ll'x.'H'-O's^il) . , 12 Nov. 
 Conferences on Germ.an affairs at Dresden, ' " 
 
 „.,,,, 23 Dec. 1850, to 15 Ma.v, 1851 
 
 Max Schneekenbiirger, author of the sonj; "Die 
 
 W.ieht am Hheiii," died ..... 
 ne-estalilisliiiieiit ofthcdietof the Germanic c'cm'- " 
 
 rcder.itiiiii at Frankfort . . . 30 .May, 
 Conl'crince at Xuiemlierg rehitive to a general I'ode' " 
 
 „"'' ""''I'-'-' •. 15 Jan. 1857 
 
 Great excitement in Germany at the French suc- 
 cesses in I^ombardy: wailike iire]iarations in 
 Uavaria, a:c. . . May and June, ,859 
 
 Meetings ot ill w liberal jiarty m |.;i.scmu:li, Kaxe 
 Weimar. 17 July ; seven resninticuis put forth 
 reeiimmcmiing tli:ii tin' imiierlect ledcral consti- 
 tution be ilianged ; that the German diet be re- 
 )ilaeed by :i strong central government ; that a 
 national assemlily be summ(ui..d ; and that Prus- 
 sia be invited to take the initiative 14 Aug 
 This prciimsal not accepted I v Prussia, and warmly " 
 oppoocd by Hanover ..... Sept. 
 
 r it 
 
 Vs.'« 
 
 i; ii 
 
 '"If ' 
 
 4; 
 
 
 vMi 
 
 f # ..ii 
 
 

 GERMANY. 
 
 488 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 The Aiistriiiii ;iiinistiT, HimDuti;, wvfioly rfumr- > Tho ronstitutioii iiut In nctloi; . . ,'■,',, ' 
 
 Peuth „f Kn„t limit/ Avn.U. patrict nn,l ,,,„.t. ' ; l.ux.nil,,,,^ ..vatMmtcl l,y tl,.. P.nssi:,,, ,„,;'"|;- ■ 
 
 Ni'W Xoitli Oeiuimii imrliaiin'iil uii'its, lo S'pt'- " 
 
 29 .fall, i860 
 Tlic fi'ilcral dii't inaiiitains tlii' Hussi'-Cas.si-l naisti- 
 
 liitinii cif 1S52 aKiiin.st l'nis>ia . 24 Marcli, „ 
 Jli'i'tiiij; iif till' Kiciich i'iii|ii-nir aiul the (icniian 
 Hiivori'iniis at liailrri, ifi, i/Jmic ; ami nl'tliciv.ai- j 
 
 and till' cijiipfiiir iif Austria ami tlu' ivkimiI i.f 
 Prussia at T(i)ilitz .... 26J11IV, &(•. „ 1 
 Meeting; at fdlairn in I'avdur of German unity ' 
 
 ayainst l-'r.'U.|i a-Hri'ssicui ... 5 Sept. „ j 
 r>l.-<|iuti' Hitli Di'umarli risiiectlli;,' tlm riylits (if ' 
 
 Hiilstciu ami Sclili'swi^c .... Nciv ,, , . - -^ ,, m 
 
 First mc.'tin- ofa ek'rinau national .shontini: luatcli 1 •""/ '■ '"I'll';,"-*'''' ''.V Vun H.^ustat tlaMl„s,.,uiv|„, 
 
 atdotlia 8-11 Julv, iSCi ! i'"* ''«'''• l<'"i'f i'"'l H"""ri[i,itinn " . .\us? 
 
 5I('ftinn of Gcnaan national assiiiiation at llci.li'l- j After ni'(,'iiti;itiiMis lictwi'iMi liavari.i, Wnii.ail«.|.. 
 
 liorn ; ilci'iilcs til luini a lli'i't . . 2^ Auj;. „ ' "'"1 Hailru, ,Jiily, a .■Suutli (jurmainaiiii.uv i.iir' 
 
 Sulwciiiitiins ruccivcil I'nr tlfi't . Mi'iil ami (Irt. .. missiuu a|i|inintiil .... (,,.,' 
 
 Tlie national assuciation mi-i't at lirrlin : tlii'V iv- i Willa^lnisli.-iliii. at llipiicns, liav nf Jalnli. ol.ii'ii " 
 
 (•nninu'nil tin' fiirmatinn of a unilnl fcilcral ' ■ . . • 
 
 Kiivurnnicnt witli a (cntral txccutiM', umlcr tin; 
 li'nik'islMii of Prussia . . . . m .M.ircli, 1862 
 Mci'tiiiKS (if iilcniimtoutiarii's from Gcrm((n states 
 
 on federal ri'fiiiiii . . 8 .Jiih — 10 .\iik. ,, 
 
 De|iutie.s from liermiin states nu'et at Weimar, and 
 (leelare tliat Germany wants formation into one 
 
 federal state 28, 29 .Sept. „ 
 
 Conjjrcss of deimties from German states declare 
 
 in favour (if unity . . . , . 21 Aug. 1863 
 Tliu emperor of Austria Invites the Gennan 
 sovereign.s to a eonnress at Frankfort, 31 .lulv ; 
 knig of Prussia deelines, 4 Auk. ; nearlv all t'he 
 sovereiffiis meet, 16, 17 Auf;. ; tliev .ipiirove the 
 Austrian idan of fedeial reform, i' Sept. ; wliicli 
 is rejeeteii liy I'russia . . . .22 .Sept. „ 
 The diet deterniincs to have recourse to fedend exe- 
 cution in H(dsteiu if Denmark doi'S not fnllil her 
 
 ohli)^ations i (>,.(_ 
 
 iotli iinniversary of the battle of Leipsie ejleliratei'l " 
 
 18 Oct. ,, 
 Peath of Frederick VII. of Denmnik . 15 Nov „ 
 German troops enter Holstein for "federal execn- 
 
 .Se|,t. 
 Sept 
 
 Opened liy king of Prussia, 23 JIaiWi; ll,i'J\ " 
 
 Dclesatot from the Zolh'erein nu,i(..t, Aprfl°i'|"Ii: ""'^ 
 
 Ilinnguration of tiie I.utlier monument ,,i w,'„i'ms " 
 
 by the kiuf; of Prussia . . . . ,, jim,, 
 German rille as.sociation nu'etiriK at Vieiuia, 
 
 liurn, the llrst (icruiiin nnlitar.v port, inm^u iti.i 
 
 by the king of Prussia . . . 17 line ■• 
 
 Centenary of the liirtli of Alexander von iliiii,'li„l,h '""' 
 
 '■i'l<'''nited ^ ^. , 
 
 Count .\rnim, German representative at Hi. in,. " 
 
 protests ayaiust tlie lUietriue of pajial liitaililiiliiy 
 
 German parlianu'nt opened liy the kin,,-, 14 K,.)' 
 
 ■M...V, ,j; 
 
 closed 
 
 -C Ma 
 
 Count Hismarck auuomices tlir declarati(.ii"„f' «;„" 
 by Fi'auce, and terms it {jniundle.ss and pivsim,., 
 '»">'« .dJuiI, 
 
 Bavaria, Wiirtcndicrf,', IIes.se Darnist.ult au.l 
 liadeu, supiKirt Prussia in the war dcilaivil In- 
 Prance (See i'Vi(a(;(;-iVH.s.<»(ii Wur). i5,Iiilv 
 
 .Municli, Stuttn.'iit, and other citii:-, ile, Ln,. (,„' 
 nuion with North Uenuany . . .ilinnt (j.s.iit 
 
 Socialists declare against aniiexation of Al> •, .v,.' 
 
 N'pt .Xiiv 
 
 Baden ami Ilesse Diirmstadtjoiu the Xnrtli (icniiaa 
 
 Confederation by treaty, aliuut 15 Xnv . ui^,, 
 
 Wiirtcmlicr;;, 25 Nov. : and li.i\ari,i. 2; N'.iv ■ w 
 
 tior"(see A.iiii.nA- lor events, . . 2Vi)cc j ''ii"i"K «'*"» Powers in military an.l,lipi,.„',,i, 
 
 Ileathof.Maxinnlian II. ofliavaria . 10 .Vlarcli, iE6.i I ti v ...' ,. ' ' r' I ' ,' ' ^"''■ 
 Pru.ssia retains the dmddes ; discussion lictween 1 The -N.nth (,ermau parlannent opened at lierlia In- 
 
 Austria and Prussia ; the diet adopt tlie rcsolu- ] l>r. Simson on liclialt of tlic king . . 24 .\„v. 
 
 tion of Bavaria iunl Saxonv, reipu'sting .Viistria I The parliament vote 100,000, (xxi tlaileis to nuitiaiii' 
 
 and Pnissia to give np Holstein to the duke of ' t'n' war .^s x,,,. 
 
 Angustenliurg : rejected . . . 6 .\pril, 1865 The king of liavaria, in a htter to tlie kin^ nf 
 50th annivi rsary of tlie establislnnent of the Ger- Saxony, iiroposes the king of Prussi.i t " Iw 
 
 manic confederation .... 8 June, ,, nominated emperor of Germany alimit 4 Dii' 
 
 The Gas'-in convention (i'7i(c;i ,«((■) . . 14 Aug.' " The ]iarliament in an address' re(|mst tlie kin ' 
 Condemned by the diet at Prankfort . . i Oct, ,, to become emperor (votes for, 188 ; against, 6)" 
 
 The diet calls on Austria and Pru.ssia to disarm, " to Un' 
 
 19 .Mav, 1866 The address solemnly jiresented to the kin- ia , 
 
 Meeting of ileimties finm .snudler Gernniu 'states 
 
 coudenm the impending war . . .20 Jlay, ,, 
 Austria declares that Prussia lias broken the treatv 
 li>- invading Holstein, 11 June; the diet adojit's 
 this, by 9 votes ; the Piiissiau represeut.itive de- 
 clares the Germanic ( feder.itioii at an end. and 
 
 invites the niembels to form a new one, excluding 
 
 Austria 14,111m.', „ 
 
 Tlie Prussians enter Saxony, and the war begins, 
 
 iS.lune, „ 
 The diet determines for war, 16 June; jiroclaims 
 prince Charles of Bavaria general of the (•onfedera- 
 
 tio" tl ps 27 June. „ 
 
 [For the war and its conseiinences, see I'nissin, 
 and IkiiiiiiH Cii)i/i,li:i;iliuii, .\n,tli.] 
 Treaty of alliance between Prussia and tlij northern 
 
 states ; ratilled 8 Sept. 
 
 Continued disimtes between the diet and Austria 
 and I'russia respecting Sehleswig-Holstein. 
 
 Oct. ami Nov. „ 
 Draft of new con.stitution tor North Gcrmanv 
 
 „,''>'"l«''l 9 Fel'i. 1867 
 
 Elections commence ■ . 12 Feb. 
 
 Noitli German parliioiient opened at Heilin bv tlie 
 
 king of Prussia, 24 Feb. ; Dr. Siiuson elected 
 
 I'traiili'tit , .Man h, „ 
 
 Tlic federal eonatitntlon adopted (pinned in 
 Almamwh de Ootim, 1868) ; the parliament closed, 
 
 : 7 April, „ 
 
 assemlily of ininces In Dr. Sinison . . ,s ^i,,,. 
 1 Jie-estalilishment of the German eiidarc, i .Jan.; " 
 i William I. of Prussia proelaiincd empemrat Veil 
 
 .sallies iSJ.'iH iS-i 
 
 I Jlr. Odd Russell (aft. Id. Anipthill) appointed aiie ' 
 
 bassador at Berlin 
 
 I Several German bankers condemned tu iiiiprisoii'. ' 
 j nient for suliscribing to the French loan 3 ,Iaii. 
 Preliminaries of peai'e with France signed at Vpf- 
 
 I sallies 26 Fell. 
 
 The emperor reviews part of his army at Lmij;- 
 
 champs, near Paris i )|ar. 
 
 First lieiclistag or imperial parliament oiieneil at 
 
 lierliu by the emperor, 397 iiiemlieis. 21 .Mar. 
 
 The new constitution of the empire eimie.s iiiln 
 
 force 4 Jlav, „ 
 
 Chancery of the empire ; jirince Bisnian 1;, rhan. 
 
 <'elbn- 1 2. Mav, ,. 
 
 The treaty of ]ieaee ratilied . n; .May, 
 
 I Dr. Ddllinger, of JIunich, excommmiieab'd fur 
 
 I opposing tlie dogma of papal infalliliililv, iS 
 
 i April; made D.C. I., of Oxford . . .jiine, „ 
 
 Triumiilnil entry of the German armies inb^ Hi'i-liii; 
 
 statue of Frederick William IV. iiuc _iu-deil, 
 
 lOiIUIlC, ,, 
 
 Dr. Ubllinger elected rector of the niii\eisitv at 
 Munich 29J'aiii', .. 
 
 The emperors of Austriii and Germany laeet at 
 Salzburg, Bismarck ami Buust present 6-8 Si'H, „ 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 489 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 I iiK Biiviiriaii iriiiiiittcr of imhlic wiirNliiii ilcclari'H 
 Eiiiiist till' iln^'iim nf |.ii|picl iiifallihilily in a li'ttiT 
 l,.lliciirililiirtliiiiMif .Munich 27 .>Sciit. 1871 
 
 I TV (irriii.ni iiarlianji'nt nju'iicil liy tin' cinpcidr; 
 Bbitxi'ii'S^i's liis riinvictiiin " tliat tin- nrw Ucr- 
 mall cmliiri' will hv 11 reliabk! sliii'lil ol' iicai'i"," 
 
 If) lilt. „ 
 |),(„nii ill "»' i-i'iiiiiKfi intiiHlnitidii of 11 ^nld cciin 
 jH.nivi'il I'V till' fi'iliTiil rnninil alnmt 6 Nov. „ 
 ijx I'lirl'iiii'iiiB "1*= L-lfigy tij nieililli' Willi imlitii'S 
 ill till' liii'liit .... iiliiintae Niiv. ,, 
 
 Tririiiiiiil wiir liiiilt.'''t voti'il . . i Drc. „ 
 
 v.ii|i .k'SI'iitrli t'nnii cipniit liismaick to tlii- (ii'i- 
 "I'lijiuiiiiliiissiicliirat I'aris rfs|n'itinn tlic iiiiinittal 
 if iminli'ivrs of Ufrnians at Jli'liui ainl I'aiiM, 
 
 7 I'l'i'- >> 
 
 niramoiiffliii' a;;itation nj.'ailist tlir K'lVi'niincnt ; 
 rt.lMiiiiit iiiiii'iiK^t till' I'ulisli Hiiniiinists ; runnt 
 Ksiiiiink ninii's liis sclnml insiiLTtiim bill ajijainst 
 tiif liiiiiiiiii '•'itli"'i'' ''li'i'^y • . . . .M:ir. 1872 
 
 T'„iiiil'rws-'|ii''''ii ^■i'*!'" I'-iiol'iii'l • Miiy. ,, 
 
 B,..ii,:Mrk ri'lmi't.i til till' iiailiaini'iit tin- luiiu-'.s 
 itmsiil to ivirive I'liiilinal UulifiilulK.' as anilia.s- 
 Niiliii- 14 .May, ,, 
 
 [ill f.ir the expnlHion (if the JeHiiits jiassod in tliu 
 iliniiiiii inirliaiiR'nt (131-93); einl of si.'.s.sinn, 
 i,,luiir;tlir law inililislicil . . 5,Iuly, „ 
 
 lijii.nratii'ii I'f a iiifniniial tii Viin Sti'in, tin,' jia- 
 liiulii' sliitusnian at Nassau, by tliu enilu'iui' 
 
 9 ''lily. II 
 
 Imn'rial ciiiit'ii''*!* : Hif cZ'i'' nnivcs at lii'ilin, 
 jiH'I't; till' I'liilieriir nf .Vnstria, 6 iSi'iif. ; bntli 
 ifavi", I'liiiii' Jiisinari'ii ili'clai'i'S tin' nii'i'tin;,' tn 
 k'Hicri'lyaiiin'tiif Irii'inlsliiii; "iirinci' (iurtsilni- 
 liuir tliiiiililiil that nuthiiig was wi'itten," abnnt 
 
 6 Sept. „ 
 
 Onat omii-'ration of yonii}.' men to Anierii'a tn avoiil 
 lliin'iiM'iiption; foi'liiildi'ii by t'oVL'inini'nt. Sept. ,, 
 
 Til GiTiiiiiii I'lii'i'iiii'-iit "I'^'i"''' . 12 Mar. 1873 
 
 ]]..il\ ivitli Kninee settling.' the t.ital evacuation of 
 Ihiili'iailiiii'iits belli by (lennan trooi's on pay- 
 intiit i>r till' iiuleinnity in .'Sept. si^-neil 15 .Mar. „ 
 
 Tiipi'iiilu'lTi' William warmly ivceiveil at St. I'eters- 
 liiiiV 27 April-u .May, „ 
 
 Tlir iiiniii'tiiry reform law jiasseil, 23 June ; the par- 
 liaiiu'iit eliiseil 25 June, ,, 
 
 1,1.-1 1'iiyiiii'iit of Friiiich war indemnity . 5 Seiit. ,, 
 
 Til. I iiiiiiiiif's visit to Vienna 17 Oct. „ 
 
 iilijtiniis liir the iiarliament— (397 niembors ; about 
 t«.i.tliiiil.< luitionalist lilieral.s ; about 100 ultra- 
 iiiiiiitiiuists) 10. Ian. 1874 
 
 Pallialili'llt oi'i'Iieil 5 Feb. ,, 
 
 Ulttr fniiii I'iirl liussell to the ('ni]ieror, expressing 
 ^ylllllatll; iifhiniself ami others with tin' struggle 
 ajsiiiist tiiu pi'l'e, 28 .Ian. ; the emperor replies 
 
 18 Feb. „ 
 
 liisniaiTv ci'iiliiied by illness March, .\pril, ,, 
 
 t,.'..,4!itutiiiiial stnijinle ill the parliament res- 
 l-irliiij; tlie imiiy bill .... March, ,, 
 
 Ti:f ijirtciiiiiient reiiuiru 401,659 men (instead of 
 360.000) iieriiianeiitly ;— compromise ; the army 
 III 1* si'ttli'il fur seven year.s . about 10 .\pril, „ 
 
 TlniiailiaiiH'iit session closed by tile emperor with 
 ai'aiilic spi'i'cli 26 April „ 
 
 Ciniiaii I.iIk'IiiI .\s.sociation, fornied against I'ar- 
 til■lllilli^tl■■ anil Ultramontanists . about .Inne, 
 
 Ciiiiiit Ilaiiy .\niim, forinerly ainbiissador at Homt! 
 a). il I'aris, suijilcnly arrested and imprisoned in 
 lliiliii : iistciisibly tor refusing to give up olfieial 
 |«i|«is, 4 (let, ; released on bail . 28 Oct. ,, 1 
 
 rarliaiiii'iit ii]ieiieil by the em|ieror ; declaration of 
 linn li'sisliitive and defensive iMilii y . 29 Oct. „ 
 
 Bisinarili resigns the cliai.cellorshi]i after an ail- 
 Vfiiie viite in the iiarlianieiit, 16 Dec, on a vote 
 iiriiiiitlileiii'L' (199-71) retains it .18 Dee. ,, 
 
 Iinimlaiit iivistration law for births, deaths, ami 
 iiiiniai-Ts ]iiissed ,]un. 1875 
 
 Ciuliiiaiiiiif.'i' hill iiassed . , . 25 , Jan. ,, 
 
 kliiiiatiiiiial lille meeting ,it Stuttgart . i .Aug. ,, 
 
 ht.imc iif lleniiann (or Arininiiis), by Vim liamlel, 
 at Uetiiiiilil, uncovered by the eiuiieror William 
 
 1 6 Aug. ,, 
 
 Parliament meets; paeillc spceeli of the emiieror 
 Mil 27 Oct. ., 
 
 Till iiii]ieiial hank of Germany ojiciLS . i ,Jaii. 1876 
 
 rrii|iiisiil till- ]iuii base of all tlie railways bv the 
 iiiil'triiilguveninieut (opposed in the south)" 
 
 ao March, „ 
 
 The cziir nt lierliii . . ' . 11 May, 
 
 Parliament oliencd with a roNal pacitic speech. 
 
 Elections: liberal ma.ioritv ; socialist democrats 
 
 elected for lierlin . . ■ . 10, n ,Jall. 
 
 I'arlianient opened by the emperor: he hopes for 
 
 pea-e in the east 22 Feb. 
 
 Supreme (.'oiirt lor (leinian v. settled to beat I.eipsic 
 by |.arliiimcnt . " . . , ,, March, 
 
 New code 111 la«s enacted 
 
 Hesignatiiiii of liismarck as chancellor, 3 Apiil; 
 
 withdrawn s Ajiril, 
 
 I-:x|iortiitiiiii of hiiiM'S hirliiddi'ii . . 7,)iilv, 
 railiament rc-opeiieil .... 6 Feb. 
 In coiiseiineiici' of the attempted assa.ssination of 
 the emperor by Ilodel, 11 May, a stringent bill 
 to roin-ess socialism is iirough't into the parlia- 
 ment, and re.iected (251 -57) . . 24, 25 .May, 
 l!ni^.-cr Km/i'iil, irniiclail, sunk by collision with 
 Kuiiiij ll'Uhilid olf Folkestone, about 31x1 lost 
 
 31 .Mav, 
 
 The emperor tired at and wounded by Dr. Karl 
 
 Kilonard .Nobiling, a professor of pliilolngv anil 
 
 socialist, at lierlin 2 .'lunc, 
 
 The ciowii-prince authorised todiruct public alia irs, 
 
 4, 5 June, 
 P.irliaincnt dissnlved . . . .12 .June, 
 
 Dentil of king Clcorgc of llaniiver . . 12 June, 
 Eniil Hcinrich -Max ilodel comleniued 10 .Inly, 
 Flections held (severe str'lgnlc) . . 30J11IV, 
 
 The lierlin conference (e/iic/i .si.) 13 June— 13 July, 
 Ilodel executed at Jicrlin , . . 16 .\ug. 
 
 New parliament opened : national liberals, 123 : 119 
 imiicrialists and consirvatives ; 105 centre (Ho- 
 man Catholics, i.Vc.) .... 9 Sept. 
 Dr. Nobiling dies of .self-indicted wiiumla, lu Sept. 
 The emperor iiuite recovered ; miliounced 14 Kept. 
 The reiux'ssive Socialist Hill passed (72 maiority) 
 
 19 Oct. 
 Decree for expulsion of Socialists and others, issued 
 
 Nov. 
 The emperor returns to lierlin and resumes govern- 
 ment 5 Dec. 
 
 174 clubs, 44 newsjiaiiers, and 157 other papers 
 
 siip]ircss<'d by injunctions up to . . Dec. 
 
 rarliauientaiy Discipline liill (to "muzzle" 
 
 speakers;; a "Gagging liill" iiitroduced about 
 
 9Jaii. 
 
 liismarck's ncgotiiitioiis with the lionian curia re- 
 
 s]iectingtlicFalk laws(r»;/i/,;,iii,i;./) fruit less Jan. 
 
 " Gagging " liill rc.jectcil by theparliament 7 .Manli, 
 
 rrince liismarck's indtectioiiist tarilf bill virtiiallv 
 
 passed, about 9 M:iy, 
 
 Kcsignatiini of Von. Forckciibeck (lilieral), pres'i- 
 dent of the iiarliament, 20 May ; election of an 
 nltramontane, about . . ' . .22 .May, 
 The emperor's golden wedding kept . 11 June, 
 Kesignatioii of Falk and other ministers ; an- 
 nounced joJune, 
 
 Hismaick in the parliament disclaims coiinectiim 
 
 with the liberal |iarty .... 9 July, 
 
 The customs bill linal'ly passed ;2i7-ii7) ; session 
 
 closed 12. Inly, 
 
 Ministry rccon.stituted about . . . 14 July, 
 
 Adiii. Hatseh tried and sentenced to 6 months' ii'ii- 
 
 lirisonment for loss of (nitfsif Kid-finst (m'C ^i 
 
 May, 187E) July, 
 
 Grand military manicnvres at Kuuigsbei-g 5-9 Sejit. 
 .Meeting of Hisiiiarck and Jacobiiii, papal nuncio, at 
 
 (iastein, about id Sept. 
 
 liismarck visits Viennii ; renews friendslii|i with 
 
 Andrassy, 21-24 Sept. ; suiireine court for all 
 
 Germany, opened at I.eipsic . . . i Oct. 
 
 New code of laws made in 1S77 come into operation, 
 
 Nov. 
 Bill for enlargement of the army (by 27,000 men), 
 
 propo.sed Jan. 
 
 German ]iarliainent opened ; pacific speech from the 
 
 emperor 12 Feb. 
 
 In the Fedeml Council 22 small .states out-voto 
 I'russia, Saxony, and Bavaria, respecting new 
 
 nt.imii duties 3 .\pril, 
 
 Bismarck's resignation not necejited by the em- 
 peror ; the stales give in .... April, 
 The new army bill jiassi'd (1E6-96) . . 9 April, 
 The parliament prorogued . . . io May, 
 " New Lilieral" [larly formed by secession from the 
 reactionary " National Liberals" . , Aug. 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1S79 
 
 18S0 
 
 I" i 
 
 :^,j •^' H»r 
 
 • H«(f 
 
 \ '" 
 
 
 .f'< 
 
 M^ 
 
 ?! 
 
 ■J' I 
 
 1 i' 
 
 II." ht ' 
 
 ^W 
 
 i", " 
 
 ' "i 
 
!5 ■ fi 
 
 J%'Al- 
 
 
 ti(?( 't. 
 
 
 
 ,' i i 
 
 iHHiii 
 
 m ! *i 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 400 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Cniiul iiriiiy iniiii.iMivirs in a iiliiiii lo iiiili'H B(i;itli 
 
 "' "I'lliii lo^i'i't. <r.T7. 
 
 <iirrMiiii imrliiiniiiit u|ii'iiuil . . .16 Ki'li. 
 ♦Juniiiui mniy jiiamuuvifn Ufur Iluiiovt'i- 30 Auj,'. 
 
 mill !Si'|it. 
 
 <"!iicnil clt'CtidiiM; liii'i,'!' lilii'ml iimjnritv . 23(ii't. 
 
 'J'lii' luirliajiiiiit ii|iini'il hy I'riJui'' llisi'iiaick witli 
 
 imiillc liii'ssanc Injiii tlic riii|iii(ir , 17 Nnv. 
 
 liimiiarck «iiys (ii'iiiuiiiv is nut tu 1pi.' niliil .irirr 
 
 KiiKlisli liihliii n wy N,iv. 
 
 Ill' is ilflVati'il ill a linaiicial i{ni'Sti(iii 169-83 i lire. 
 iiM|iiii,il iiseri|itat.'aiii»t parliaiiiiiitarygnvVniiuiMit 
 
 ,.l'iil'li'<lii'l 7,jHfl. 
 
 ^ inli'iit ili'liatrs ill till' iNirliaiiii'iit . 14 .Tan. it »'<;. 
 
 iiisiiian'k'stiilpai'i-Dtax l>ill iijciti'cl liyliisi'i'oin.iiiic; 
 
 iMpiiiii'il ai Mairli J rrjiuti'd liy I'ailianiiiit :.'76-4;j 
 
 14 iJtiiie 
 Inilnirtaiit aiitiiiiiii liiaiiuiivris iiiiir Jtnslaii 
 
 r. .-.'i.t. 
 <>c'rinaii C'l.liiiiizatici]! Sui'ii'tv i-oiistituli'il at Kiaiik- 
 
 li'it 6 lice. 
 
 Till' liiidXct ri'jic'tril liy till' cliaiiilii'is . 11 Di'i'. 
 itailh iif I'liiicu Cliai'K's, brutliur uf tlif Kiii|iiriii- 
 
 21 Jan. 
 Kiitlinslastic cdiimii'iiiiiratioii tif Lutlii'i's hiilli (scu 
 
 l.iilliiniiiixiii) .\ll^'.-Si'|if. 
 
 Aiitiiiiin niaiiu'uvi'iis at Mi-isi'lairj;, 15 .Si'['t.. at 
 
 lliiiiiliiirf; ioSi'iit. 
 
 <lti iiiiitiiii, a ciiliissalstatui', &i'., liyl'nil' Si-liillin^', 
 a national nii'iiional ntXii'i'iiian unity ami vii'tovit's 
 iif 1870-1 si't ii|i in till' Nii'ili'ivvaM at Hinli'^lii'ini 
 nil till' Illiiiii', iincnvt'rnl li\' till' riii(icr(ir William 
 in the pri'si'in'e iif (ieniiaii su\'i')fi^ns ami 5,':)oo 
 siieetatiirs ; Vini .Multke tliere Imt nut bisniaiik 
 
 28 Sept. 
 
 (Pint tci liliiw lip tlio ninininient liy ilynaniite ami 
 
 ilestrny till' iiiyal ami cininent peisnns present 
 
 tliis (lay, I'nistrateil liv liail weatliei- ; iliscovereil 
 
 in 18S4I. 
 
 The liiiirth eentenarv of l.iitliei''H liirtli (10 Ni)V. 
 
 148:1) eeleluateil at Krlurt, Halle, &e. 31 ( let., rt sr,/. 
 
 iSileee.ssl'iil visit of the Crown I'linee to Sp.iin ami 
 
 Italy 23 \iiv.-2i Hee. 
 
 ri'inee nisinarek rel'ii.ses to luesent to the ehaniliei' 
 a letter uf eumlulenee Inmi the I'niteil States on 
 the ileatli of the elo.|nent 111'. 1-asker, lonnerly 
 his snpi'orter, al'terwanls his opponent . Keli. 
 tjei'iMiin pailianieiit opeiieil ; <lis|iutes lespeetiii;; 
 the I.askei-alliiir .... 6, 7 .Mar. 
 
 Jlr. Sar^ient, the olinoxions U.S. minister, settleil 
 to li(^ reiiioveil to St. I'etersliur^;, 26 Alar. ; ile- 
 
 clineil 27 -Mar. 
 
 Anti-soeialist law prolop'sed I'ortwo years (189-157), 
 
 10 .May; trial of Kraszewski, Polish | t ami 
 
 novelist, ami eaptiiii llentseh, ex-telei.'iiipli 
 
 otilcial at Leipsie, for liiwh treason in military 
 
 eoniinnnieations to Austrian, Kieiieh, ami other 
 
 (,'overiinients in 1S66-71 ; Kraszewski seiiteneeil to 
 
 3.Jyears'iiniirisoiiiiient [released on hail N0V.1SS5]; 
 
 Ifeiitsolito9 years' jienal servitude. 12-19 .May, 
 
 Foundation of the new (iermaii parliainent-lionse 
 
 at lierlin l.iid liy the emperor . . . 8 .Iiine 
 
 Autumn mamiiivres at lliis.seldorf, 15 Sejit., il .m'</. 
 
 Geniian eolony founded at ( aiuerooiis, and 
 
 liimliia, west coast of Africa, liv HeirNaehtiwill 1 
 
 A lit;. 
 
 Dcatliof Lord Amptliill, Uritish amliassador, Au;;. ; 
 
 succeeded by Sir Kdward Malet . . Sejit. 
 
 Elections fur the parli.-imcnt ; niimlier of lilierals 
 
 diniini.shed, social denioerafs inercase*! 28 Oct. 
 
 Parliament opened by the emperor . 20 N'ov. 
 
 Bismarck defeated ; \otes for payment of niembcrs, 
 
 i8i>-99, -6 .\ov. ; p.arts of .May ecelesiastieal laws 
 
 repealed (217-93) 3 Uec. 
 
 Eiyht dyiiainitiirds, Kriedrieli A. Ueinsdorf ami 
 others for attcniiitin^' to kill the emperor. 28 Se|it., 
 18S3 (xe clii'i-f) : tried at I.eipsie ; K. .\. Ueins- 
 dorf, Hupscli, and Klleliler seiiteiieed to death; 
 two to imprisonment ; three ac<iuitted 15-22 Dee. 
 Gerni'in llaj.' said to lie hoisted on N. coast of New 
 Guinea, New liritaiii, and other islands, Dec. 
 Great increase of emij,Tation (dvefold) . . 1879- 
 "Germany does n.il want 1 olonies "— liisinauk, 
 1371—180,000 uiarks voted for protection of 
 
 coloiiiea 10 .Ian. 
 
 Sfieech of Prince Uismarck attacking the Gladstone 
 
 cabinet 2 Mar. 
 
 t)i.s]iute .saiil to be settled . 9 -Mar. 
 
 1880 
 1S81 
 
 Lleske convicted of imirder of Uiimplf ai Inini;!,,,,, 
 
 I -I Illy, 
 
 Pnililllnellt opened 
 
 , >') .V'lV, 
 
 1S83 
 
 1SS4 
 
 I Prince Itismarcks ".sdiMniipH" (dram uf ,,|i|rii,i 
 i niono|ioly hill intiodiieeil 11 Jan.; reieei .,1 li,' 
 
 j ( iiitt 2 March . . . / ' "> 
 
 ! ISaranw sentenced to 12 yi'ars' penal serviliui,, f„l ""'' 
 j liiKli treason (KiviiiK' Inforination iesii|.|.tii,. 
 • fortresses to the Kieiicli Kovcrnmeiit). ,, i.,,,"' 
 1 Prince Uismarck reproves parliami lit for iihhn.i, ^ " 
 /overiiment bills .... JGf 
 
 Tl .Schnapps • bill rcjecded (,81-3) 27 M- '. ' " 
 
 .Socialist law prolonni d for two years ■,, .Mn,.,, ' ' 
 Leojiold von Uankc, the historiun, died (iyiil go) " 
 
 Antninn mamenvres at Strasbui'x; ilii""'aiilu' " 
 reported to be iicrfect . . ubouti,N,, 
 
 I ailiaiiieiit opened ^- Xi'v " 
 
 Dill tor ini'iease of the army (41,0.x,) f, „•',;,,!,,; " 
 years brought in 3 Hee.; much o|,|„,.„.,| ,' 
 clericals, socialists, and others; ud|niiiii,.,l t,, 
 Jan. 18S7, 17 Dec. 1886; amendnieiii hmjiii, ,' 
 increase to three years carried (183-1=4)' i,,,,.],,,'' 
 nieiit imiiiediatelvdis.soln'd . ...,,' ,, 
 Elections : (ellorts to make the army parliaMiei.tiirv ' 
 
 instead of imperial); majority for tlu v.-m 
 
 mcnt ". p r 
 
 Parliament o|icned . ..." lApnpi' " 
 Army bill jiasscd (227-31) . . . ,, j,;,,,.,; " 
 Ireaty of alliance with jVustria and li.ijy «i^i|,.,j " 
 
 The emperor's ijotli birthday lovally ecliliilt,'',l'.,'i 
 
 Uerlin " '. 22 '.Mm-tl, 
 
 Arrest of .M. Schmebcll (see under fm,,,.,) " 
 
 Foundation stone of opening lock of a eailal I'l'.In', " 
 
 the Daltic to the North Sea, 61 miles I h,' 
 
 at llolteiiaii near Kiel by the empei,,i;"|,.j|j 
 mated cost 7,800,1x10/.) . . . ijiiii,.' 
 
 Ei;;ht Alsatians, members of tin " l.i^rie (|,.j " 
 Patriotes" formed for the reunion nt'^.^i,,!,.,, 
 Lorraine to Kiaiice (advoeateil bv M, li,.|iii|||.,|,,' 
 a llcry poet of " La Hevanche ")' tried at l,ri]„i,'. 
 
 forliiKli treason, 13 June; fniirseniei di.,,,,,,, 
 
 to two years' iuiprisoninent ; tour ac(|iiitt,,i ,.- 
 J line ; Klein and Greliert sentenced to six ami iivt 
 yens' rcs|iectively .... s.Iiilv 
 
 riirlianicnt closed ■ • . . .iSJiii,;.; " 
 
 I he emperor present at military manoMivri's at 
 
 18S4 
 1S85 
 
 uSi'iit. 
 
 Stettin 
 Celebiation of 25tli iiiiniversury of Priiieii UU- 
 
 iiiareks premiership of Prussia . 21 Sput 
 
 liorder disputes (see /''/dMee) ..."'. ' 
 Si^cnor Crispi, Italian premier, visits )iiiiic(' His. 
 
 iiiarck 
 
 The czar formally received in licilin 
 
 -'. 3 < li't. 
 
 i3 Nov. 
 
 1 X'iv. 
 
 .Meeting of the pailianient 
 
 .Statement in the CiiUujm- (;,i:,lt,' of the exi^himi'.'if " 
 letters iVc, purporting; to come from pijn,.,. nj,. 
 marc'k sent to the e/ar lending' to create .lis. 
 ath-ction; asserted tn be hn^-ed ; allriliiii,.,| to 
 (Irleanists, especially prineess Cleiiieiiiin,. „f 
 Cobni>;, dau^jhter of kiiiK Louis Philippe , s«\. 
 
 Cabannes sentenced toten years' penal servitiid.'fir 
 selliii}; military secrets to the Prencli Koveriiiiiiut 
 
 . ,. . , ig I'l'C. „ 
 
 Indisposition of the crown prince, (siiiei' teniiol 
 jirrirluiiiiliiti.i). winters in Italy and S. I'luiice 
 under the care of sir .Morcll .\laclieiuie, ,iSj; 
 stated to be malij;nant j;rowtli in I he liii-j ii\ ■ 
 tracheotomy performed (the (ieimaii doetersaiiil 
 sir .Morell .Mackenzie ditler) . . . Fi'lj. i3:j 
 
 Ilerr von Piittkamers more striii;;eiii aiiti-seciiilist 
 bill opposed by all parties; revclaliniis nfu,,,,.].,. 
 nient detectives incitiiif; socialists to \i.ili'im. in 
 Zurich : the bill coimnitted 30 Jan. i8iJ3; i«is«.'.| 
 
 i/l'i'li. „ 
 
 Defensive treaty with Austria ■at;aiiist Ibi.ssi.iu uf 
 other at,'t;re.ssioii, 7 Oct. 1879; lirst piiliiisliiil 
 
 3 ''''■''' II 
 Powerful siiceeli of prince Disnmrek, alike f.ir|«.ace 
 
 and iireparatiou for war . . . f.VA ,, 
 Serious illness of the eiii|ieror : iniiiee William 
 
 (),'raiid.soii) cut rust I'll with otiicial powers, 17 Xev, 
 
 1887 ; this publicly aniioiinccd . 3 .Maicli, .. 
 " The (.-reat emperor who f'oniided (ierniaiiys unity 
 
 isdead."— y'riiii'C //isi/wiri't , . 9 .Mai'cli, „ 
 
 Tl„. fiii|icior Krcdciii 
 
 s„|i.mii(iinii.iii nation 
 ' luliii; present the 
 
 aiiiH ii^iiii.i, <lie p 
 
 ,.f Cnnibri'lue, the 
 Iji'.ssiii, lieiiiiiark, an 
 (iii.t the eliiperoi K 
 ;„„|CMUiit M.'ltke) . 
 I'liliiiiiii'iil prorn>:iieil 
 ||,.rri|it eiiipoiveiiiiK t 
 till' tiiipei-'ir In »b 
 
 Visit ef t lie i|lleell of El 
 f.jiliiiiuil iiiiprovemei 
 
 TIiti'iiilH'i'cr hecoines 11 
 (creancer iif the larv 
 
 s;iii|.l,', iiiii'ressive fiim 
 
 ■ll„. iiiipcriiil liarliame: 
 «itli iiiiieli pomp ; m 
 .i,..'i'li the emperor .SI 
 idtli liv ttliieh my de 
 i.„!ill,li'iic'e of his allii 
 iiiniile, and the j,'ooi 
 ;; .Illlie. The lloilH 
 ilial address . 
 
 llorr Dlftz, .1 I'ormer 
 l.nmiiiii'.lii^' wife and 
 ,i!i,i L'iviii;; railway i 
 iiivi'i-iimeiil, 5 July 
 v.-.iis' penal .servitir 
 iiii.i Appel to tell year 
 
 Til,- I'liiperer's visit to 1 
 July; visited Stoekle 
 
 Th" I'lupiTor arrives at 
 u (let. ; at Naples 
 
 .Sir M"iell Mackenzie pii 
 „f Klrdelick the Xol 
 j.rehibib'd in (ieriiia 
 England of the Gei m 
 cav; .statements dill'i 
 
 ii|«iiiiij;ef |iarliamciit I 
 
 Ihr E.ist African bill ] 
 tlii'iii'fi'iice of Gerniai 
 <iiiii iif tile slave trad 
 lidi'i-al ciiiiiieil (see .1. 
 
 Tlif impress Frederick 
 En„'iaiiil 
 
 IliiiT Ueniiaii war ves.- 
 ;; men ill'iiwiied, ill 
 ..,.) .... 
 
 Girat strike of coal mi 
 
 s.rl .... 
 
 Till' KiiiK of Italy, hi 
 
 ivamily reeei\ed at lie 
 
 3; Silpsiaii miners eii^'j 
 
 "tviici'il to variiiiis tern 
 
 k.l, tlie ringleader, ti 
 
 'lllC't). . 
 
 Priiicf Bisiiiarek's bill 
 I'law, with the assi; 
 tiii'ir I'lapliiyes, to pi 
 u'Sj), for accidents (|iii 
 iiiliriiiity, passed 
 
 Till' riiipi'ror with a In 
 An;;., and inoeeeds t 
 ; .iiij;. ; created a lii 
 till' xraiid naval revie 
 lijilitatAldersliot, 7 A 
 C'lliiiielofaGerinan re 
 (^iiwn of England's ( 
 ciiilHTor leaves Eii,L;lan 
 
 Tlie i'iii|eror of .\iistria 1 
 
 Till' i'iii]ieror visits Stri 
 
 .\iii;. ; at .Metz. . 
 Tlif i'iii|ieior |ireseiit at 
 
 iiiivri'S near Hanover 
 Prince liisiiiarek declim 
 
 tiwUi'nn.iii colonial col 
 Till' czar visits lierlin . 
 Till' imperial parliamen 
 
 sj^i'di . 
 liill fur aiiiendiiij; the s 
 
 Imif'iiig it indelinitely, 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 Xlie cmiwoi' Kii'ili'iitk III. uirivcs iii lli'ilin 
 
 II Mnich, I 
 4,|ellllll''™l'l'l l..ltl"l)ill rillli'Ull i.f llic I'liiiiiTcirilt 
 
 ' llrillM ; piH ■"■lit till' kiiiKs iif IIc'Ikiiiiji, Sax.iiiv, 
 
 airl H iiiiiiin, Hn' I'liiicc nf Walrs iiiiil thr.liiki' 
 
 ,.r Cam I'll' Ik'S ""■ ''i"»'ii IHiiiccs (if Austria, 
 Hi;<«i», lii'iiiiMii'k, ami i.Hiit piinci.s nnil iinlilcH 
 (M,.t tlw I'liipiTiii KrccliTick, iii'iijcc llisiiiarck, 
 jiidci'iMit Mnltkr) . . . . i6 .March, 
 
 I'liliaiiii'iil |ir"i'"j.'iii''' ■ • . . io .Maii'li, 
 
 i:,.cri|it cniiiiiwci-iiiK llii- ci"wii pritipr tii act for 
 Ik' tiiiiHTui' In "t'ltc alliiirs wlicii rciiiilrcil 
 
 21 .March, 
 
 Vhitiiftln'i|"<'c'i "I EiiKlniMl. . -.^-iO April, 
 
 C,.iitl?iur<l iiiipriivcMicut. ipf tiii' cinpcr(ir'« licaltli 
 
 15 .Ma.v, 
 
 jlieciiiin'i-iir licciuncH iiiiicli worse 11, 12 June ; dies 
 (nfcniiwr Ml' tlic larynx) . . . is.lunc, 
 
 si]ii]i|,', Impressive liinerul at I'nt.silani i8 .liiiie, 
 
 ■jV iin|i(iial iiailianieiit upeneil |,y the eiiipernr 
 ivitlimiieli I'l'iMp ; many piiiices pri'si^nl ; in liis 
 ,|»HclitlieeniperHr saiil "1 will lull. ,\v the s;inie 
 idlli liv wliieli my 'Nceaseil ■.iiaiMHatlier wnn the 
 rcijlliliiic'e.if his allies, the hue nf the (lerniaii 
 |,i.i.|ile, and tlie uedclwiH uf i,,reij;n cciniitries," 
 jj .lime. The hmise ail.iniirns alter vetiii'; 11 
 n.iili»l n'liliess -jfi ,jiine, , 
 
 l\,n Uiitz, a Inrmer railway nllieial in Alsace- 
 [..iiiiiiiH', liis wife anil Apjiel cinn ieleil nl' treascpii 
 .nM L'iviiw lailway inrnrniatinii ti. thi> Kreneh 
 ; ivi'llllliellt, 5 July; Dietz selitelieeil to tell 
 v.irs' lieiiiil .servitinle, his wife tu liMir years, 
 aiiilAlipfl til tell years' cnnlimuiicnt . 9'jiily, , 
 
 Tlii'rtiilifiiii'< visit til the czar at I'eterlinl', ly.-^^ 
 .liily; visiteil IStiicklmlm ami C'(i]ienha),'eii July, , 
 
 III.' iiiiiuTiir arrives at, Vienna, 3 Oct. ; at Hcnne, 
 II (let. ; lit Xiiples .... 16 Oct. , 
 
 .■iir Mi'i'fll Miiekeiizie juililishes " 'I'lic fatal Illness 
 I.f Fii'ili'iick the Noble '■; its sale temiioiarily 
 ■.I'lihiljiti'il in Cermany ; he slops the .sale i'li 
 kii'.;liiiiil lit till' (ierinan surgeons report ot the 
 call' ; statements iliH'er . . about 15 Oct. , 
 
 ii|«iiiijgcif liarlianieiit liy the enipei'oi' . 2a Xov. , 
 
 Till- East African bill jiasseil. );riintiii;; money for 
 llirili'feiice iif Ciernian interests anil the siippres. 
 si.iii iif tlie slave trailc, no.laii. ; ailnpteil by the 
 Lnleml ciiuiicil (sec ^l/r((-(i, di'i'mun KiiM AJiiiti), 
 
 1 Keb. i3; 
 
 The I'liilU'css Freilerick anil her ilauf;hters yisit 
 Ki^laiul . . . .19 N'liv. 1888-26 Keb. , 
 
 Tliivi' (ieniian war vessels lost; nine olticers anil 
 ■7 iiitu ilriiwneil, in a .storm olt .Samoa (n'liih 
 xi) 16 .March, , 
 
 Gir,it Strike of coal niiiu'is in Wcstiilinlia (irliick 
 '■'I .May, , 
 
 Till' h'iiiK of Italy, liis .sou ami Hifjnor Crispi 
 irainily rt'ceivi'il at lieiliii . . 21-26 .May, , 
 
 ]! .Siifsian iiiinei's eii^jaKi'il in the strikes; sen- 
 UiichI to various terms of iieiial servitmle (Kii- 
 kd, the riii^leailer, to 7 years for riotous cini- 
 'I'lrt) •J4.I11IV, „ 
 
 riiiicr nisiiiarcks bill to compel the working; 
 i'lii>i, with the assistance of the state and 
 thi'ir eiiiiiloyes, to iii'oviile for sickness (pa.ssed 
 1:53), fi)raeciilents(iias.sc'(l 1884), fur old a^-e ami 
 iiiliriiiity, lias.sed .... 24 May, ,, 
 
 Till' I'ljiin'riir with n Meet arrives at !Spithead,'i 
 .\ii^'.. mill inoceeds to the (ineen at Osborne, 
 -■-Viif;. ; cieateil a Hritish admiral ; |iresent at 
 llii' Kiiiiiil naval review, 5 Aii>.'., and at a sham 
 lylitatAlilei'.shot, 7 Au^;. ; qnei'ii Victoria made 
 CiliiiieliiraCiernian rcKiineiit to be called " The 
 yiHvn of EiiKlaiids Own," about 3 Au^'. ; the 
 iiu]H'nir leaves Eii.;.daml . . . " . 3 Auj,'. 
 
 Tlifi'lJiiioroi' of Austria and his heir at Herlin, " " 
 
 ., 12-15 Aug. II 
 
 Till' I'liiperor visits StrasbiirK, well received, 20 
 .iii„'. ; at Metz 2^ j\i,j,. 
 
 The iiiipeior in'i'Seiit at the antiimn army man- " 
 niivrrs near Hanover .... Sept 
 
 rriiicp lii.siiiaick declines to ^rjv,. ^tate supi«irt tij " 
 ■.iu'tJonnaii colonial company in S. W.Africa, .'Seiit. ,, 
 
 401 
 
 GEHMANY. 
 
 The czar visits lierlin 
 
 II~IJ Oct. 
 
 llie iiiiiierial parliament ojieiied with u paeillc 
 ■ilffcli 22 Oct.' 
 
 liill for aiiieiiiliiif; the socialist law of 1878, pro- 
 li'ii.'iiigitiiiileliuitely, inti'uduced . . Oct. 
 
 i Tlic cuipcror and empress iiroseiit nt the marriage 
 
 I <il bis sister to the duke ofSparIa, 27 Oct. ; warmly 
 
 I I'eceived by sultan at CoiiMUinthiople , 3-6 Nov. iSs 
 
 ; \isit Venice , ,j \,,y_ 
 
 I The Anstrinn and Oermaii cin|ii'i'ors'nieet' at riiiis- " 
 
 briick 
 
 14 Nov. 
 
 91 Socialists, members of a secret society, tried at 
 Klberfeld for ill, '-ally piomotinji socialism, 20 
 
 .Nov. ('/ ,.r,;. ; 47 ac.|llltli'd. the list sen'eliced to 
 
 imprisonment (terms 18 ntlisto i4diivs) ,0 Dec. „ 
 
 llle strillHi'llI anti-sncialis' bill l'e|ected'(lfiy— 98), 
 the parliiimeiii closed with a moderate speech by 
 i tin' emperor 2-,.hm. 1890 
 
 1 wo rescripts issiii'd by the eiii|ieriir, nr^;eii*lv re. 
 oiiinniendinn action tor the improvement of' the 
 comlition I.f the Working classes, and siin;;i'stiii^' 
 the co-oper.itii.n of France, Kii;;liiml, lielt;lnin, 
 
 _and Switzerl.ilid, f^,-r I:, rlhl . . 4 Keb. 
 
 Kli'ctiiins lor the n,.w parliament, increased iiiiin- 
 
 beriifsin'i|ilislsc|ei.<,.ii. .S,.e('.i,^;. •.„ Keb 1 1 xiri 
 
 Hesi-nalion of prince Itlsmarck, clianeellor of the 
 empire [his imlitieal maxim was said to be Do nt 
 (to(Uri)tiiis?)-i },.ive that thou niayesi ^ivej 
 tr 1 , , it.Marchi „ 
 
 He declines beiiiH created duke of I.anenbnrj.', 
 ,, , about 2j March, „ 
 
 He is sncceeili'il by ;;,.„. (ieorKc yon Caprivi de C.'a- 
 
 prera de Monleciiecnli . . abmit 20 March, „ 
 Count llerlieit Hisinarck, secrel.uv for tiii'i'i);u 
 albiirs, lesiKiis, succeeded by baron Marschall von 
 
 Ibedi'i'stein about i April, „ 
 
 New colonial departni'iit Ion 1, reported 16 April, „ 
 
 About 25,o<« Workmen i.ii strike in tiermanv re. 
 
 ported ,„ April, 
 
 The demonstration in favoiir ..f an einlit hours " 
 workiiiKday passesoll tiaiii(iiillv . i .May, 
 I The new iiarllament opened bv the emperor; in h'is 
 
 I M ''Ii. while ],r..|essiii- ardent desire for peace, 
 
 t be reipiired supplies for the increase of the army 
 
 1 _(i3,ooo,of)o marks) 6 May, 
 
 Vote of 4,5tK),ooo marks, and an aiinnid sub.siiiy of 
 350,000 1. larks, for the suppression of slavery, 
 
 I "I'll priitt.'ti f Oermaii interests in Kast Africa 
 
 . proposed by '.'en. Von Caprivi . . 13 May, „ 
 
 In-lit tierman national horse show (at Herliii) 
 i m '2 June, ft xro. ,. 
 
 I The new army bill passed by the iiarliameiit 
 , , ,, 28. 1 line, ,1 
 
 .Mijilo-t.erman convention (,rliirh .we) respecting; 
 
 Kast .Vfricii, sinned at lii'iTin . . i .July, ,, 
 Xewly created colonial department subjected to the 
 clianeellor in ■.,.'.. .July, 
 The emperor visits ipieeii Victoria ' at Osborne " 
 4-8 Auk. : visits Heligoland (e'/io /i .„■,) ,0 A11-. ,, 
 
 ill iperor visits Hiissia ; met by the czar at 
 
 Nawa, 17 AiiK. ; at I'eterhuf; left . 21 Aul'. ,. 
 
 Naval review at Kill 1 .Sept. 
 
 .Military niaiueiivies in Silesia . . ' . Sept! " 
 t'ordial meeliii;; of the (ierman eniiieror liml the " 
 emiieror of Austria at Hhonstock in Silesia 
 17-20 Se|it. ; at Vienna ire. . . i 8 Oct. ,, 
 The socialist (or " mnzzliiif,' ") law of 1878 expires • 
 n'ri'Mt denioiistratioii .... ,0 .Sept. 
 International socialist congress at Halle, I'mssiaii 
 
 .Saxony 
 
 12 18 Oct. 
 
 Kstabllsliineiitof a colonial cmiiicil decreed 15 Oct.' ',', 
 
 liirthday of lield iiiarshnl count Hellmii h .Moltke 
 
 [ (born 26 Oct., 180c,) celebrated at Herlin; the 
 
 I eniperiir, thi' kin- of Saxonv and other (ierniaii 
 
 I sovereigns and the count himself ineseiit -6 Oct 
 
 M,'ii'i'ia,i;e of the iiriiicess Victoria. dau^;hter of the ' 
 
 empress I'-redirlck II., to prince Adiiliiliiis of 
 
 ! Schaiimbui'-IJppe, at Herlin . . ,9 Nov. 
 
 The iiarlianieiit(ailjoiirneil in , July) meets 2 Dec. „ 
 
 The emperor at a confi'i-ence in Herlin, stroiif,'ly 
 advocates leforniin public eiliieatioii 4-17 Dec. „ 
 
 .Sudden death of Kield-Marsbal vmi .Moltke, a;;eil go 
 
 24 April ; ■;i'and military funeral, ai paided by 
 
 the emperor, Herman .soverei^'iis, stale olticers 
 nuilia.ssadois and a d'eat multitude, IJerliii 
 28 April ; ipiiet intcrnient at Krei.sau in Silesia 
 
 n ■ I. , , . . 20 April, iSor 
 
 Prince liismarek elected deputy for the pai'liameiit 
 at tM'estenilinde j ^|,„, 
 
 The parlianieiit iidjourns (the important Traileil " 
 Law .•Vnii'mlnient Act passed) . . 9 May 
 
 The trifile alliance renewed . . . 28 June' " 
 
 ' 1 "■%. n 
 
 ''■'\m 
 
 1 
 
i!" , 
 
 
 (lEUMANY. 
 
 402 
 
 ORUMANY. 
 
 nm 
 
 ■..I 
 
 
 w 
 
 mm3 
 
 Tiinr 'if Ihr ciniiirnr ami iiniuvks ; llu'V IiiImI iit 
 llclit;.i|iiiiil ),, Jmii' ; iiniM- iil AiM«lriilMhi (in 
 I 111' //../i.n.-i.//.,„);\viiniilviiiTi\i'il l.yiliriiiii.ciis, 
 1 .Inly,, It I' !■ IImu'Ui. ami l|,,t(i'i,lMni, (.Inly; n- 
 ri'ivcci at I'.nl Vicli.na liv a llrili>li wiiiai'lion ; 
 aiiiVf at Win.U.iriii'//../, ,.,,). 4 .Inlv ; at Itni.kiiiK'- 
 liani palace; iv('c|itiuii« aii'l upiTa at. (.'.ivi-nt 
 (laiili'ii, 3 .Inlv; ;;arilni i.aity at .Marlluinim-li 
 hniiHi- ; siai, .,.,,„(.,. It at Alla.it'liall, „ .Inly ; visit 
 till' .N'aial |.:shil.ili..n ; «lali. niliv iiili, tlii. (.|ty ; 
 
 liani|iii' at (iiilMliall ; ^| ch nl th,. (.niiK'i'.ir 
 
 (" .My aim i« .ilpiuiall tl laint.-iiaiic I'lH.ai.i' ") 
 
 i.i .Inly; lii. nvii'Hs .iIumii j;,,,,., vpilniitci'i-N al 
 \yiinl.li.i|,in ;iit ('iy.,t,il |.iilai.i'; ii.\ iiw ..INaliipiml 
 
 Kirv llrl>r«.li' ; i.uhcitI.h ; <lj 1 liv tin' |aiii( f 
 
 Wali.,<; ;;iaiMl lin.Huik.s. ii .Inlv; at .St. I'aiii'.s ; 
 v|..<it to llallii'l.l (niaii|ni.< ..| Salislmrv), 12 ,lnly ; 
 Imiaiiirt at llatli.l.l; lai.'Wi.ll t.i tin. .|in.(.|i at 
 WiiLls.,!-; Ill,' iiii|.n',s,< ;;,„.» t.i liiT live sunn at 
 Fi'li.\.'it.i\H',.snir,,il<, , i,)nlv;tli,'i'iii].('r..i|,r,K','i'il.'< 
 from l.iin.|..ii tn l.nlli; ..niliark.s .m llii. //,,;,i',i. 
 ::.lln-ii, sail.« np tlic K.nlli t.. \i,'Wtlii' Ini.l-i'.an.l 
 tlii'ii priii'i'i'iN til till, (..la.^t III' N'.irwav, i j, 14. Inly; 
 lamls at vari.ms plan's, i,i .Inlv .7 -,,/. ; at, Nmili 
 Cap.., 21 .Inly ; ||.avi..s lli'r>{i'n,'4 Aiw. ; iiiiivcs at 
 Kii'l, An^;. ; tlii' I'liipii'ss ami tla' priiin.s [r.-ivc 
 
 KrIi.N.stiiUi' 
 
 6 Ann. 1851 
 
 CiiTiit ri.si' in tlio pi'iri' nf urnin, i'.'4pi'eiiillv ry 
 tliiont;li till' pi'oliililtiiiii iif t..\iMirtiitii)ii liy til,, 
 cziir ,\„^,. 
 
 NiirialisI (.MiiKii's.) at Ki'fni't rliisi.il . . 2i(l|.t.. 
 
 .Sti-ll<|.iir.|iiiniii.yniin iniiilir.s tliiiin),'liiintfii'i'iiiaiiy 
 fur n y liiinis ilay In ;.'iin at Hi'ilin aiimit 2 .N'nv. 
 
 Till' l^'ii.'sriihiini, iiiiii(..|ail iianii'il livtiii. cinpi.iniat 
 
 ^.^ti'ttin • . ,4 1)1',.. 
 
 >i.\v (.,iMiiiii.r(.ial treaty with Aii.'4li'ia, Italy, ami 
 ^ Hi'l.u'iiiin, iiilupti'il hy til,, pailianii'iil . \)n; 
 
 tii'M. Vi.ii l'a|iiivi mail,' a I'laint , . . 18 i)i.(;. 
 
 Till' ininti'i's' stiiki' .suppmti'.l hviiliiivi' ^,,y,J. sent 
 liy Kii^'lisli tiaili; niiiiins, 2 ,Jaii. ; I'lilliipse i,f the 
 Htiike n-iini'ti'il ,,(„„, ,8„3 
 
 llie enipeiiii's speecli at nniMili.nliiii'n, in wliieh lie 
 severely eelislires tlie nppiiliellts nf his pnlitieal 
 pnlicy, styling them '• .l;i nmbliTs, " eans.'s jji'eat 
 si'ii.satinn aimiiiL,' all parties . 24 Keli. i-r^i,/. 
 
 Several newspapers at Merlin ( li.seati'il for re- " 
 
 priiitiiiK the Times leaileron Uie emperor's sp,.,'eh 
 
 RiiitliiK nt Uerllii, Ilaiiuver, Uant/ii,' ami other " 
 
 plnces throii-h ilistress . 2, Feb. ,'t ..,q. „ 
 
 IMiiiisti'iial erisis in I'lnssia (nhUk siv) 2-., .Mareh, „ 
 
 The -.iveriinieiit ih'fe.'iti'.l ill the iiarliament ; the 
 
 Vote for an iiiiperialcoivette ne-ativeil 25M,'iri.|i, ,, 
 
 The parliament proro;; 1 . . ,, Mareh, 
 
 Till- KovrMinent warns its representatives aliroail 
 iij,'aiiist prince Uisinarck's .ttriotiirHS on its [xiliey 
 _ , .Miiv-Jiilv, ,, 
 
 rrinoe Bismarck visits .I.ina ; makes ilefensivti 
 
 S]ie,.clies 3,-,^ 3, j,,^.^ 
 
 The emperor visits EiiKlaml . . . i-S Aiii,' 
 The annoiir.cla.l llihhlirmnl, ami the iroii-dad ' 
 
 H'liiih, lanncheil at Kiel , . . 7 Am;. 
 " I.on^'-ilistance riile" of (;ermans ami Aiisti'ians, 
 
 .see niiliii,! Oct. 
 
 The emperor, the iliike of 'i'ork, with represi-iitii- 
 tives of the jirotestaiit .soverei-jns of Knropi, ami 
 Gwiiiiuiy, iireseiit at the ileilication of tim ri;- 
 atoreil Castle-chiirch of Wittenlierj;, irhirh an- 
 
 1< Oct. „ 
 The p.'irliaineiit oiieneilhy the emperor . 22 Nov. ,, 
 The army hills introiliiceil bv count von Caprivi 
 
 -3 ^■'»■. „ 
 
 German coiiservati\ e con^'re.ss in IJerlin opem'.l 
 
 8 Due, „ 
 
 Hcrr Alihvanlt, a member of the ehamber, anti- 
 Semitic au'itator, seiitenee.l to live months' iiii- 
 prisonment lor libels awiiiisl Lowu& Co., ,;ewish 
 ritli' maiiiitai'tiirers . . . , g Ijeo. 
 
 A new " Xational jiarty " ailvopatiiiH lii-niHtallism, 
 niiti-semitism, colonization, &c., reporteil, 22 Dec. ,, 
 
 Very severe winter, Dec. 1892 . . . .Jan. 1893 
 
 Sleetiiit; at lierlin to establish a Oernian af,T-ariaii 
 leaime to oppose the iiii]ioitation of fr.r,.i^n trraiii, 
 18 Feb. : ajiitation tliroM),'liont the empire "Feb! „ 
 
 Navy I'stimates : iiicrca.se of the navy, \e. stoppeil 
 by imrliament 8 March, ,, 
 
 The emperor ami empress pre.seiit at tin,' silver 
 wishliiiKOf the kinyaml iiiieeii of Italy, Uoine, 
 
 22 -Mm'II ; they \ islt the |,ope, a , April ; ;■„,.„,'„, 
 I'leriin' ■■' '" '" '''"'"'■'•"' ■■■ .^'"y! :it 
 
 Ollleial exainlnatioii iiit.i AhUanifs aMti.«t.ini"'' ' 
 I'harKes, 27 April ; ileel.ire.l iinfiiiiiii|i.,|, -„, . , '' 
 he witlnliaws tlinm, ami Is ceii«iir,.il liv'\i,i, ,' 
 the committee ... M ' 
 
 The p,irliaineiit lliially reJectH the imiiv' biU.^.?*' 
 ir.jlaml is ilissoheil , ' V' - 
 
 ^''''"'"'V"[ '" I,',' """•yorWilliaml.atte.HMi;- 
 
 linvelleil bv the emperor , . ... 1 ■ 
 
 *"l"!!;';i' '''''''^'""' "'"■'" '".ooi'iiy fur '11,.. .j;„„','.j': 
 
 The iMrliaii'ient opeiieil by th« miipJror with n'l'',',','' 
 cillatory sneeel , , . , .' 
 
 The army bills imii., n llrst tlmc.'s ,fiilv. 1,'h li 
 (2ui .liij); tliii silshIoii chmeil , 'i- |i,u. 
 
 Soveii wmikii' ilrou^lit closml by a vinlent stunn 
 
 The emperor visits the ipieeii at Osborm ' ' ' '''■^' 
 
 Uiissian iliity oil (hiriiian imports raise.'l '."rM'n.i^Ii': 
 (ierm.iii reprisals . . ; ^i,,, '" 
 
 '^m'ei'rki'l'ln'l' ''"'"'"''" "'"•■■''''1' ill tin" ■l),,?;,!' ;",J 
 
 Army bampiet at C.iblentz; speech by tl,' 'j}"f. 
 
 crown piiii,.|. of Italy present ,' \'' 
 
 Mameiivres be^in ' j^_| '• 
 
 The I'liiperor ami empress enti.rtaiiii'il bv tlieki'i ' 
 
 of \Viirt,.|iib,.r;; at .StiittKart , , - s,. ^ 
 
 Tll,' army bill ,.omes into lor,.,. . . 'I'o,..' 
 
 Two yi.ars'.s,.|'\i,'esiibslilute.|f,,r till,.,.; Ill,,, „„!;.'„ 
 
 to.itiii« of the army is lix,.i| at 47,^,224 i„™ 
 
 li'om 1 (),:tober to j, March, .8^ M,",; 
 
 llU'lease ot 7,),.x>o. * 
 
 soth anniversary of the .loet, irate of pruf, «,.,,„„ 
 
 sen, the historian of Home, i;c., aiel ,]„.'■ 
 
 ami. jurist, I'l'lebratel . ., j^. J'' 
 
 Thepai'lii.|iie,itopene.l by tl niperor .' ,f,'}i,n' 
 
 Anti-.li.-aiit awof4,liily, ,872; bill {.„■ its r,., j ' 
 
 llitlO(lll(.ei| ; passe.l (171-1,6) . . , [,,.,. 
 Di.wniy ami Di'luni.y.Malvas arri'steil as Fr,.ii|.ll ' 
 
 spi..sat Kiel, 2S An,'. -i,„y si.nt,.„,.,.,| ,„ ,; 
 
 yi.ai's , Di.lKUcy-.Malvas to 4 - .ars' liiiprisninai'iit 
 
 H,.con(.iliation bntween the empi'ior aii.l 'iirii',',.,'. ' 
 Ilisinarek ; the iirinee warmiv ami h ainiinii.iv 
 rec'ivi'.l by the emperor ; popiilarileniiiiistrati.iiis 
 on th,. mail ami in Merlin . , 26, hi, 
 
 <-'"ii I't'iiil treaty with Hiissia for 10 years, si.''i'i,>.i ' 
 
 u. Feb. ; comes into fore,' , . " 2o'.'il'ir('li ,■ 
 
 Hy th,. bursting of sev,.ral st.,.aiii.i,ip,.s on' h„;ini ' 
 th,' lUvmlniliiinj, ist class battleship, 42 i,,,,,, 
 wer,. kill,.i| ...... 1^1 J.',,), 
 
 Th,. parliament plos,.il ... '1,1 Vtiih' " 
 
 Ail,.|intation of Hritish olllc.rs of tli,- KtMivii " 
 ,lra;,'ooiis receivcl by the I'lnpenir (their iiewiv 
 appointeil i.ohniel-in.chii.Oat M,.rliii . 7,11,11,: 
 
 Tw,i Fri.iieh olli,',.rs, .<,',..„/»„•,., All;;. iS.^^ r..|i.iM. i " 
 by th,. eiiip,.ror . . . ,' , j,,, 
 
 1 he eiiii>,.ror visits the (ineen at Osborne, ke. 
 
 Di.ath of Hi'i'iiianii von nelmholtz, einiiii.nt iiliv^ " 
 
 sioloK'ist ami physicist, at,'eil 7j . . 3 .>|.|,t. 
 Di'ilicalioii of IJ2 n,'w .stamlar.ls pn'si'iiteil ti tli,. 
 
 m.w fourth battalions by th,. einpi.nir 18 Oct. 
 Ib'siKnation'of the i.trineeilor, count von Caprivi 
 
 26()i't. ; receive,! th« oi,ler of llie black ,.|ii;l,.' 
 
 with brilliants zqUct.' 
 
 I'liiic Clovis von Hoheiilohe apiiointeil diaiirellur 
 
 ami presi,l,.nt of th,. Prussian ministry 29 Oct. 
 Death of prince.s.s liismarck, iixeil 70; a il,.vi)t,<i 
 
 «'if" 27X.,v. 
 
 Th,. n,.w parliaiiii'iit-hous,. opem'il bv the ,.|iip..riir 
 
 at Hi.rlin '. . - i),,j,' 
 
 Impi.rial liiiaii,.,. {r,.rorni) bill introiliiceil ' 27 .hm. \-\ 
 Hi'avy snowfall tliroii;;liiiiit tin; coimtrv ; nilw.ivs ' 
 
 ami mails bhii.keil . . . 3o'Jaii.-i Fii'li. 
 AKiariaii conKi'i.ss iiie,.ts ; an aiblniss prps,.|it,"l to 
 
 the ,.|iip,.ror, w'ell rec, .iveil . . . i3 F,.),, 
 Tl inpi'i-or pri-sents to prince Bimiiarck a suoni 
 
 of honour fur hi.s Soth birth, lav (1 April) at Krit'l. 
 
 richsnih . ...'.. 26 .March, „ 
 Th,. ilay ci.|ebi'at,>,l in Oerinanv, in Loii.luii lunl 
 
 other plac's . . . " . , , April, „ 
 
 ^I,;/,i', now ii'oiiclnil l.aiinchixl by the cinpiTor at 
 
 Kiel 3 April, „ 
 
 OEH 
 
 ,., ;,««iK.iiitloti foni.,',1 I 
 ",,„,i,i^;l„l,l<.|irr,.|n.y 
 i,,.l,ivKr,.vtaK,iintlior I 
 
 ,„ni, 1811^: ||i"'l 
 TlifHiitl-revoliitiunary I 
 
 'ii,.|t . ; , • , , 
 T,ii«i,.('o.tii«.ition bill r,., 
 l„„i„„efliai'liiiiM,'nl,'li 
 
 It'ir .Mi-b»«'' in'il'iitl''' 
 
 |,rinit,'ii*ylniiiat Mali 
 
 III, lU'cnsiitioiis of I'l'i 
 
 jjiiii.. : tlii'iisybim 1' 
 
 |,|.„if„ UiHiiiarck pri'senl 
 
 llieiiiTiiiiiii aKiiiiiiin 1 
 
 Tt„ NVrth "I'll lui'l I'l 
 
 ',.,ii|,rr,.r William II.. r- 
 
 rviUiiihilfvoniini'ist. 
 
 ii.\ui<. 1816; llll'il 
 Uirlitiiiii Ili'riihaiil Tin: 
 torii25Aii|<' '^'^' '" 
 
 ir Frank Lasiellcs (O. 
 
 |)riti-lni"i'''"'*"l"i' ill 
 ,„llnii f 11 fai'tory at 
 
 -rriit l(iw "f lii'' , • 
 .sfviTiil eil'tura of the > 
 ' |irl*iiiHl fur li.s,'-iii;i.j''i 
 
 l';irlilllll''"t"p|.|ll'll . 
 
 7ii,i.|ii|i,.r,ir int,.rv,.ii,.s 
 
 irilir), 111) . • • 
 
 ffM.nitiiin >if the Jitli 
 
 lion Iif till' (ieniian e 
 
 i..riiwn "will 111 einpii 
 S-w civil ouili' f"i' 'I"''' 
 ' nf .■.ouiiiiissiuiii in iS 
 
 l«rlintnfi'f ■ ' 
 Thi. eiiiiierur mill cmpn 
 
 ViHiiim, 14 April ; r>'t.i 
 liaruii vim Scliiailer kill 
 
 Kutze, iiiiich siaiiila 
 
 .\|iril ; Hi'ir vuii Kutj 
 
 iirisoiiiiii'iit 
 TliMlcii'listnuri-ipicsttl 
 
 io sii]i|ir.'ss iluelliiiK, 
 
 litll,. i.;l,'i't . 
 IHnridivoiiTreitschk, 
 
 i5S,.lit. 1B34; ilii'il . 
 ProseeMtiuii of 47 "'"'i" 
 
 iii'iinittml ami the ri'st 
 Mr. Sti'iii, im Aiiii'ricaii 
 ' rPiailiilioiis 1111,1 seiih" 
 
 Uiiiteil Stall's K'lvcr 
 
 OiTiima xoverMineiit 
 
 iwrb'il 
 M'.imiiiHit.il statue oi 
 
 iii..|iioi'iiil of iiiiiteil 
 
 Kvllliiiiwer hill in Tl 
 
 liam II. 
 rill. ii..\v civil coil,' (to c 
 
 pa^scl 
 TlieiiiiiJerFn',.ir,',/i ;/ 
 
 Till, impirial ilii't prorni 
 
 i!(!-', uniihuat, to'imler 
 uiiiiitury, S7 <h':it.lis 
 
 .\niiviiiaiia!iivii'siii Sil 
 
 liwiiiiatioii of Dr. K 
 aiiiioiiiK'Pil 
 
 liiiriiii Elirlianlt ami 6 1 
 ilurf to various ti'inis 
 innaciurt ,.rliom)nr 
 
 Hisciisiioii ill the liei, 
 I'liim Bisiiiari'kiaii ' 
 (liTinnii treaty of > 
 alliaiiw; affair closei 
 
 IliTf Lcckert aii'l Hen 
 sfiiteiiccl to 18 moiil 
 a;;aiiist Imroii Miirsc 
 count von EiiUiiibiirn 
 tioii with the report i 
 lau, iitli'TS Miieil 
 
 N'pw stuck anil proili 
 Ii.rcc. 1 .Ian. ; iiiiici 
 sacttil uiiilcr the ailsi 
 luercial Union " . 
 
 Iiiilii'rial cnWiift order 
 aniiy, auuuiiiicetl 
 
 ii 
 
OEKMANY. 
 
 4u:) 
 
 (lEUMANY. 
 
 I, jMiH'iiitli'iJ riii'iMi'd 111 IIimIIii U> iiiuIiiUiIii tlio 
 ,ii«lli]KI.'"l'l "'""''''"'y • • ) Api'il, 1895 
 
 I, .tiiv Kri'VliiK. ""tli'J'' "' " '^'il' '""' llulii'h, " rtc, 
 I 'i«,rii i9ii^; 'l''''l .... ,11) Aliill, „ 
 ! Twiiiiti-revuliitl'iiinry IjIIIh rcjcctiil liy tlw piirlla- 
 
 ,1,1 1 II Miiy, ,, 
 
 r,i«iTi>-tii»ntiiin t'ill ri'iwti'il . . . 1 1 .Miiy, ., 
 ,,.,,,,ii(if |iiirliii?iii'iil cliixi'il . . J4 Miiv. ,, 
 
 lUr MhIIii^'' m'M'ii"'''! "' lil'i'lHiij; tlii> I'liUmlii' 
 '„fl,,',t,.,isyliiiii»t .Mikiiiil.i'iK, iiiiir Aix-lii<'lm|«'lli', 
 tiniii'tiiMit.i'ii"' iir cnu'Uy llllvin^! lii'cii piuM.cl, 
 
 I„ii,. : till' iisyliMM I'ldni'il liv iinliT . .Iiiiu' ,, 
 ii'ilr,. |!i»iiiiirt'k |in'«i'?iti^il Willi iihIImt hIiIi'IiI liy 
 
 .lyitlTllUin "«ll"''l'll l'""'-''!'' • . l).llllH', ,, 
 
 Ti.» X'Ttll "''I' I""' lll'ltic clllilll iipi'lll'il hy tliM 
 
 i-iil'ii-i'ir Willi.'iiii II.. »!■'' /i'"' ■ . an.Iiiiii', ,, 
 ,,, f U„i|(ill' Mill (iiii'iHl, Jurist iiii'l Htatcsiiiiiii, lunii 
 
 iiAilK. iSi'i'. 'I"''' • • • ■ ••' ''"'>• '• 
 
 ilirUtiiiii HiTiiliiiiil Tiiiu'liiiltz, niiliiiiit |iuIiII»Iiit, 
 
 i«ilu5A»K. 'E16; 'I'l''' • • ■ "J -^iiK. .. 
 
 See i'niMid, 
 
 ■rFraiilt Lii«ri'lli''< (O.C'.Il. .Inn. iS^,) .•i|iiiiiliili'.l 
 |lriti<liiiiiil'ii»-'ii'l"i' ill "''ill" . . iiSi'iit. , 
 i,jliMii„, (if 11 1'lii'tiiiy lit Jliiclinlt, iii'iir Wi'sc'l. willi 
 ".,„itl<HHnr lilV ' c, Oct. ,, 
 
 VVTIl'l fil't'llH "I tlM'SOcllll ilt'MI'K'nitlc |in'HM illl- 
 
 'wlmiiwl fiirli'«i'-uiiO''''li' . • • Uil.- Di'c. ,, 
 
 rirliiiiii''Mt'Jl"'i"''l I ^'''- " 
 
 ■ti|..ciii|imir iiitcrvi'iii'.i in tin' Tniiisviiiil ililllciilly 
 riii .<"■) J .Ian. 1896 
 
 O'Winitid" iif "i'' -'i"i iiiiiiivi'imiry iil tlic ruiiiiila- 
 tiuiiof 111'' (ii'iiiiiiii I'liipiri', which llii' i'Mi|HTiir 
 Miiitn " W'll'l ''i"l''''''' • • ii; .lull. ,, 
 
 Vwi'lvil ofuli' I'll' till' I'liiliiri', tiiiBi'il (111 till. ii'iJiiil 
 
 ' .if .'Ollllilln^iiiiin ill 1S74 "'111 iSyii, sulilnitti'il ti) 
 Milmnieiit . . . •..,•„,• ' . '''",'■ " 
 
 ThV HiiiinTor ftiiil ciniiri'HH viHit \i'iiii'i', n April; 
 ViHiiiiiii 14 April ; n'tiirti 111 Hi'rl;ii . ..((April ,, 
 
 jjimiii villi Scliriuli'r liilli'il in 11 (liid witli lli'rr von 
 Kutze, iiiiicli MiiMiliil ; si'Mii-iiiitilic liincnili 15 
 \|iril ' lli'rr von Kutze st'iitfliL'cd tu 2 yi'iir.s' iiii- 
 iirisoii'mcnt . ., • • • ■ ,"8 ■'*'"V ., 
 
 Til* liiii'liHtiinri'iincxt till" KOvrriiiiKMittoi'nili'iiVdiir 
 •1 sii|i|iri'»« ilni'llii*'i 2t). 21 April; iiniiii/ Willi 
 ■,til.. I'lli'rt Niiv. ,1 
 
 ll.niiioli von Tri'ilsclikc, liisloriiin .'iml piicl, liorii 
 K Sept. 1834; ilii'il 28 April ,, 
 
 I'riwi'iitioii (if 47 xot-i'il ili'niocnits lit Hcrliii ; yj 
 jniiiitteil mill the rest tliH'il . . 15-18 May ,, 
 
 Jlr ><ti'iiMin Anii'rii'.in.lii'iivily fiiicil fur ii'si'iitiiin 
 
 ' ri-iiliitloii" "I'll "''"I'' "I ''■'"'* I'" ''"i''iKii visitors ; 
 I'liiti'il Stiiti's (,'iivi'rnnii'nt priiti'sts, Init tli» 
 Giiiiiiiii ^ovcr'iiiii'nl justilltis llic sciiti'iici' : re- 
 ;,i,lt..| '-'1 -^'I'.v „ 
 
 M'imiiii''iit.il stiitue ot tin' I'liipi'inr Williiiiii I., 11 
 iiMiiuriiil of uniti'il Oi'rniiiny, s.'t n]! mi tin) 
 KvDIiiiiMer hill i" Tliuriiijiiii ; iinvi'ili'il hy Wil- 
 ijjiiill 18.I11111', „ 
 
 Till' iii'W civil colli' (to coiiii' intiifiirci' 1 .Inn. ii^im) 
 iii„si".l ■ 'li'ly 11 
 
 Till' Kul^tr yrlt'lrkh III. lamiclicil by the cinpi'iiir 
 
 I .Inly ,, 
 
 Till' iiiipiri.il ilii't li'™'"Kii'ii' till ''^ ^'"^' ■ 2 'Inly .. 
 
 j!(i«, (jir.iboiit, tii'inili'ii'il oil thn .Slnin-tiinK pro- 
 mi'iiitiiry, 57 ih'iithf .... ai.liily ,, 
 
 .Uiiiv iiiamvuvres in .Sili'sin . . £-12 Sept. ,, 
 
 IMJinatioii of Dr. Kaysi-r, ooloniiil siicri'tary, 
 aiiiioiiin'cil 5 "'-t. 11 
 
 liiiriiii Ehrlmrilt iiml 6 olhers si'iiti'iici'il at Diissi'l- 
 ilurltovarions terras of iinprisdiiiiii'iit lor iiisnlt- 
 iii.Mciiiirt nriiiiiionrri's]i('cliii(; iliiels . 20 Oct. ,, 
 
 liiMiiximi ill the lieichsrath respecting the so- 
 mll.'il iiisiiiarckiaii " revehitions " 1111 a Hnssu- 
 iniiiiini treaty of WiUiiiiii I. and the 'I'l-jphi 
 .illiance; affair closed . . . ii-i6N(jv. „ 
 
 Hrrr 1,1'ckert and Herr von Lutziiw, .iiinrnalists, 
 senti-iici'd to 18 iiiniiths' iinprisiiiinicnt for lihel 
 aaiiiist linron MarscliiiU, forei>;ii niinister, anil 
 I'niiiitvon Eulciilmrt;, court niar.shal, in c(iiiiiec- 
 tieii witli the report of the czar's spec(di at Hres- 
 hll,iitlieis lined 7 I lee. „ 
 
 NVw stuck and prodiu'o re«iilations ciiiini intii 
 ii.rri*. I .Ian. ; iiiiicli opposed ; liiisinesn traii- 
 sarteil under tlie auspices of t!ie new " Ji'iee ('iiiii- 
 iinToial Cnion' 2 .Ian. 1897 
 
 ImiiiTial cahiiiet order restricting; ilindliiit! in tli« 
 aniiy, auinjuiiccd , , . . • 5 -Jan „ 
 
 Centeiiiiry of the lilrth 111 tl iiiiieioi William I.; 
 
 tliii natimiiil niiinii nt tu hini iit lliilln nil- 
 
 vi'lleil hy Williani 11. «ilh Kieat poiiiii .iml re- 
 .liileinu jj .March 181)7 
 
 New ciiiiiiiierelal ciiile iiasseil . . . 7 April, ,, 
 
 Koschcliialili, 11 yoiiii^! Iinalvhlst, sellteliceil tu M 
 
 years' iiiiprisiiiiii,i.|it fur nenillii^ an Inreriiiil 
 niachliie lliiiiu„di the pout . . . inA|irll ,, 
 
 The A'lii.M, \rilli,l„i ./,/■ (;,.,,,■, of the X, lii'i'iiitiii 
 l.lnyil sleaiiishiii c(iMipaiiv, liiiinched, tin. eiii- 
 peiiir present, 111 Stettin ' . . , 4 Slav „ 
 
 EiiieiHi'iicy liill deidariiiKthatassiiciiitiiiiH i.f every 
 kind may enter Into union. and lepeallnt; all |irii- 
 vlsions to the ciiiitiiuv in the laws of the other 
 states, passed In the |{eielislaK(j.i7-u). 10 May „ 
 
 \oii Taiisch, political, detective, iiei|nlttei| (if per. 
 jury (iilioiit 14 diiys' trial) ... 4 .Iiiiin „ 
 
 Ileniinciation ol'ihe Aiinlii-iierinan treiityof cuiii- 
 nierce (jo .May, iBds) liv the Kritish -overnineiit, 
 
 |...jMly „ 
 
 Anliimn nianienvres liej;iii atCulilenz. the empi.|or 
 
 lire t, if.Aili;. ; eollapse of 11 liriiU'eat Weliiiar, 
 
 many soldiers kllleii .... i Sept. ,, 
 
 Visit iif the klnniind iineeii of llaly ; received liy 
 the emperor at llamlinr).- . . i Sept. .r .<.«. ,, 
 
 A'li/.rc Il'''f/ii7m ;/, launched at .S|..itiii , 14 ,»Sept. ,, 
 
 /'lillii /.'I'.'/lliiiv;.', cruiser. Illlimdied , Kiel 25 Sept. ,, 
 
 I'liiliameiit opi'iieil liy the enipeioi 40 Nov. ,, 
 
 Sipiudron. niider the ciinimaiid of , . ince'llenry, 
 leaves Kiel lor the east .... 16 Pec. ,, 
 
 New coiniine completed Dec. ,, 
 
 Hiidnet presented liy Dr. von .Miiinel . 12 .Ian. 1898 
 
 lien .loliannes Trii.iaii. editor of the comic paper, 
 Klii^hlvonlnhih, senleiieed to 2 inuiiths' imprison- 
 meiit in a fortress lor lese.majeste . 25 .Ian. ,, 
 Kiao-chaii treaty with China (i'7ii'r/i sec) rati lied, 6 
 March; capt. Hiisendahl nppointed ;.'oveniiir lit 
 Kiao-clian, 7 .March ; princeUenry arrives there, 
 
 I .lone, ,, 
 liill for the rel'nrni of military jiulicial procedure, 
 ci\ 11 code and navy act imssei;, jS March ; leicli- 
 sta« dosed hy the emperor . . . I'l Mav, ,, 
 fieiieral electiiins .... i6-2q.Iniie, ,, 
 Death of prince ltisiiiiirck,(h. i April, 1815) to .Inly, „ 
 (.sici- Vi')iii>, I Ann. iSgS.r 
 
 E.MrF.HoriH OF ItllMF. AMP KiNdS OF UKIUHNY. 
 CAIIMIVINOIAN HACK. 
 
 800. Charles I. tin- (iivat, or (,'liarlenia«iie. 
 
 814. I.imis I. /. 11,1,1, iii.inrr. kiiiK of France. 
 
 840. Lothaire I., or l.uther, .son of Li..iis; died in a 
 
 munasli.ry at Treves, Sept. 831;. 
 851;. I.oiiis II., son of I.othairc. 
 875. Charh.s ir, the liald. kiiiK of rrance ; died 877 
 8:;t. Charles III., the Kit, irowiieil kill;,' of Italy; 
 
 (leposed ; sllcii.eded liy 
 8S7. Aninlfor .\riioiil: cmwiicd emperor at Home, 806. 
 81J9. Louis III., the liliiid. 
 ,, Louis IV., the Child, son of Ariinlf: tlie last of tlio 
 
 Carluvin^i.iii race in (icrniany. 
 
 HAXo.S UVNASrV. 
 
 Qii. Otho. dnke of Saxony; refuses the diKiiity on 
 
 iicconnt of his iiai: 
 ,, ('onrad I., dnke of Franioiiia. linij. 
 918. Henry I., the l-'owlcr.son of Otho,' dnke ofSaxony, 
 
 /.'ill (7. 
 936. Otho I., the Great, son of Henry, crowned by jiopo 
 
 .John XII., 2 Kcb. 962, the liegimiiiii; of the holy 
 
 Uoiiiau emjiire. 
 973. Otho II., the Hloody; massacred his chief iioliility 
 
 at an entcrtaiiinicnt, ySi ; wounded liv a poLsoueil 
 
 arrow. 
 983. Otho III., the Hed, his son, yet in Ills minority, 
 
 piii.siined. 
 
 i(Ki2. Henry II., dnke of Uavaria, .siirnameJ the Holy 
 ami the Lame. 
 
 IKll'SK OF FHANCuNlA. 
 
 1024. Conrad II., snrnanied the Saliiiuc. 
 
 lujij. Henry III., the lilaik, son. 
 
 1056. Henry IV., son; a minor; A.ifiies, rc^-cnt ; deiiosed 
 
 Iiy his son and successor ; Rudolph (1077) .•ind 
 
 lliiiiiaii (luoj) liuminati.d by the iiope; and 
 
 Conrad (1087). 
 1106. Henry V. ; inariicd Matiil or Matihln, daughter of 
 
 Henry I. of Knuland. 
 1125. Lothaire II., surnaiiicd the Saxoii. 
 
 ,>»■ 
 
 w: 
 
 >•' I * Ci 
 
 i\... 
 
 m 
 
 I !'!> t / 
 
 Ii ^^1 '^l 
 
 h 
 
 '■^: Ml 
 
 V Iil- 
 
 .' '*:M'i'i, I 
 
 iAM^^^ 
 
hi 
 
 
 
 f ffil'^l 
 
 rMia: 
 
 i*^ 
 
 MOiX. .l-A.^ 
 
 (iEUMANY. 
 
 4t)4 
 
 (illKNT. 
 
 llcirHKiiHMHf;N>ilAI>KN, 111! .iKhlMllA. IJ**. C'lllllIcK VII, i/irf..i' i/ /(.l,w,,.. i.,,! 
 
 11.18. r ml III . .Iiikr nf Kriiiir..iih. | wlm laliii »h,s Kii|l|>Mi'tc'i| liy Ki lUr,. '''"I""'. 
 
 115J. Kiv.liTli k I, llMilhiiu«>ii; ilii>\\'iii'<l liy liU liDrmi ' |Tlii» i'ciiji|ii'llliiih h.iv. ti»i. t., , ,,,,,, 
 
 llir.mlii,4 liliii liilMiiMMSiili'i'li, I'l.liini', ii.xi. rhurii's VII, ilir.l .l.ni. 174, ) ' """"^ir 
 
 III/). Ili'iiiy VI,,«.Mi,!<iMiiMMiiil A»|ici,iM Nli,ii|i .lic'tjiliu'd 1745. l''riiiiii« I, uf /."/■/■r.i.r,' Hmjiil-i'iik,, , r T 
 
 nil ll.llil I, i,r Klinl,!!,,! II |,||, 1; illiil 111,7, ciiMlnlt ol' .Mllji.l-riliTci.:!. ''I<'ll,i, 
 
 (liiliriiniiiihi mill iiiiil"«l fur tlir Ihi.iiii' lirlwi'i'ii [ 17^^. .Insiiili |l,,»iiii. 
 
 rillll|i i.|'Sll,llll;l Mini ntlinn|'llllllli»|i k I : IJ')^: l,>n|..i|,| 1 1. , III ul Im'I' 
 
 ii()8. riii;i|i. Iiriilli.r til lli'iiiy: ii,<.i:i.i,tiii.ilii| al. IImiii. ■ 171;^. Fi:iiiii< 11, i. Inniiiir cinin.rur , r 1,1 
 
 liiT;.-liy nilniif Wllli'Uliiiili, I an l-'riiiiriM I., i8.,4. ' ' ' '• 
 
 ia;8. fttliii IV,, Niiniii I tln' Mii|.,,ili; px. niiiiiiiiiiii'uU'd 
 
 mill ili|iii«i.l; illi'il 1.IIS 
 
 laij. KlviliMlik II,, kin^ iif r<iiily, mhi uf lli'iiiy VI. ; 
 ili'|iii»iil liy Ills »iiili|i'iti, Willi ilii'ti'il Mihiy. 
 liiliilnriiVM iif TliiiilliMli, mi'r. Kinli'ili k iliiil In 
 1J5U, llillllillK llln siill Ciiliniil llU Kllrrrssiir ; lull 
 till' |lll|il' iiil\f till' llll|ii'lilll lillr til 
 
 i>47. Wllllmii. I'ml ul' llnll.iinl (ii.iiiiiiinl), 
 ijiii. Ciiiii,'il IV,, siiii iiM'ii "li III k 
 [IIIm Hull I'l.iirinliii \v;n iiim l:iiiiii il kill:,' 111' Hli'lly, 
 
 wiilrli »;is, liiiU'i'Vii', Hiiin inli'i'i i| tu liirt iiiii'lii 
 
 Mmil'ivil, IJ54: (III wliiiii. ili'Mlh It wan j;iviii liy tlir 
 
 iiiilu' til I'li.iili-i III' .\ii|iMi ill i.,(n. I'miiailiii, nil till! 
 
 (iivltiitiiiii i>l' till' (iliilu'liiii' |iiirty. I iili'ii'il Itiily with 
 
 H Imjir miiiy, was ilrliMti'il ut tii;,'liiii'ii/.?ii, ai AiiK. 
 
 i-jCS, iiiiil licliiMilcil lit Na|.lrs ...j Oc t., tliiM nnlliit,' 
 
 till' lli'lii'iintaiil'i'ii I'aiiilly.l 
 IISC |liit<'ii'i..:iiiilii.| 
 
 1337. Ulrliaril, cml iit't^'iiriiwall, ami .\l|iliiiii«ii, nl'Castili', 
 iiii'i'i'ly iiniiiiiiati'il. 
 
 IKil'MKs UK ll,<l'.'.lll llli, 1.1 xi:miii nil, ll.\v.\lll.\, KW. 
 I37J. Hu.liili'li, iiiiiiit iifllaiLsliiir- 
 1391. [liiti'rH';;iiiiiii.| 
 
 ,«li'i' 
 
 IMl si: iiK IIiiIII NZlll,I,f,:IIN (Mi'i. /',|,.,M) 
 
 1871. Wllliaiii I. kliin lit 1'111,,,-ila, 18 .Itin (i.ni 
 Mai'ili, ,7,7; ilii'.l ., .Mari'li, ,?;-;',, 
 .'•iXUMla, lii.ni v'Si'i't. i.^ti,i||i',l.,||,|, ' ■"• 
 i588. Fii'ili'i'iik (William' III. "tlii' NnM, ,' .,,,,. 1 ' ' 
 18 iii'l. 1^1 ; ilii'il IS .lull,', iV' (ii,'„,,l'', 
 laiiM'.'s. Vii'tiiiia, H'lm;-s,'i,vali't'ki, 
 (lii'iii 31 .Sii\. 1,^40) ..5 .Ian. iii5',. ' 
 
 „ Wllllmii II,, H liiiii, J, •Imi. .'n (iii.inl.,i 
 
 jirliin...-. .\ii;.ii,,t,i Vlrti.lln(l,„ni „ti,' ,'' ' 
 
 ■jj Ki'li, 1881. ''•'■ 
 
 lliir: V.lllla.ii, Imt'lir, .May, 1683; iitlii.roliii.i,,,, 
 
 l'i'liii',.s,s Vii'tmia I .1', liiini r , Si'pt , ',^! "' 
 
 OKimiXAL IXSUUHEfTIuV ,„ ,1, 
 
 failliiiiii'ijs .if I'.ii'is, Nnpiifi'sscil 1,11 i:il, (;',,,,„,:, , 
 year III, (I .\|ii-il, I7(|i), 
 
 GKltOVA (X. K. Spain), an iimii'iit litv f,,, 
 iiui'iitlv lii'sii'ifi'il iMiil takt'ii. Ill Jnin, i.^jjx a 
 
 8iii.'i'('si*riillv |•l'si.■^f('ll till' Fi'i'iuli ; but afliT kiiii 
 1393. Ailiili.liiis. iniiiit nf Nassau, ti. tli,' ,'X,li.«l,,ii of Uvf iiuuli liy fmiiiii,', sun'.'mlciv.l 12 1),.,. ,,S(! '■ 
 Alliirt, siiii 111 lliiilnljili : il|.|iii,si'il ; nlaiii at till) - "^ . mt). 
 
 Iiattlr iiflii. 
 
 .'■Iiil.v, 
 
 , I'.v 
 
 .398. AlliHt 1., iluki' „t Austria, UiMulpii's s„i. ; kilU',1 trm^'iSn^Mhl'^i^m^hf^^ 
 
 liyliisi„.|,|„.w,it Hli.-iiil'i'ls, , .Mav, ■ j^a. IM ". »Uiiil> n - m^ .u i.iM-in;' tiir |,nlitiial,livi,,,,|.< 
 
 noS. II.iiiv Vll.iif/.,,'.,,',,,/,,,,',. ■ otiistalii, Kiitliaf til.' iiuiinnty iiiay).i'tllii.|„lv,ii. 
 
 H13. [Inti'iiv..-iiiiiii,| ta),'!' .ivi'i- till' niaiority. Tin' iMiiii' is .ii'iiv.,,! f|„„, 
 
 IJI4. L.iiii.s IV. iir/;iii'iiri(i,.'iiiil Fiviliri.k HI. uf Austria, 1 tin' iR'tiuii uf Klbi'i.li,'!' (Irrry, «iiniliii|' i.f Jj i.. 
 
 hull .if AllH'it, rlMil .iniii luis ; l''ri'ili'ri.'k illcil in ; cliii'fctt.s, in i.Sii. 'J'li.' Irish Tarty ihim.I,,,',' 
 
 T '-P°- , , ' iipiiHcil Ihii tiTiii to .'arl Spi'ini'i-, liinl^lli'iitiiiiia 'f 
 
 1330. L.inirt l-.'i^'lls aliill.'. ' i.'.Il I ; I t. ..!..... '....1 1 !. ,.'"'."' aJlll I'l 
 
 1347. C'liarli'S IV. uf laixi'Iiiliiil'K. (At Xuiviiili.'it.', In 
 
 k^'u/l;i'U;a'ii:aiX.lH')''''' ''''' '■''''''''""'''' /*{^!^^^^'| " f;^^'^^ valU'y. imar ,1,0 ny. 
 
 ,378. 'W.'iii islas, kiiiu uf lluli.'iaia. ».,ii. twi.'.. i.unrl- ! "'."'."f 4 ""'V'- '.'.^' -V '!"' ^'".' "' •' 'mni^^u 
 
 Ii'cliiiiil. in roKiinl to I'lci'tunil liouiulani's in iKSy 
 GERSAU. 11 Swiss 
 
 Wi'Mi'i-L;;" kiu:"ur' liuliHaia. smi, twi.'.. imprl- | "';""[ i '"''V^ '.'>' -V '!"' "'"; "'•' "'ilii'i'i'i'.' I'l'im 
 
 sumil : t'uiv,,,l tu ivsIkii ; Init tiiiii.'il to I'uib'n J^'"'.',' ' ''"ii«"t ''« inili'p<'n(li'ii.i' 111 1 5i.|, iiiaiiit,iiii,,| 
 
 j lt_tiU I^ijS, mill still, i;yi.'i'y May, I'li', ts niivcriiiiinit 
 
 ill lliiliiaiiia. 
 1400. I'"i-.'il.'iiik 111. ilukc uf Hiiniswii'k ; assii.ssliiated 
 
 iii.in.'ili.ililyafti'rliisi'U'i'tloii.aiiil .si'Moiii iihu'wl 
 
 ill till' list of .'miu'ini's. 
 1400. Hu|ii'it, I i.init iialatiiu- of till' Rliiiii' ; ci'iiwin'il iit 
 
 ( "I'lu^air ; liii il i4i(-'. 
 
 otticcrs. 
 
 OESTA KOMAXOKFM; « pollution ,,f 
 popular talcs .l.'i-ivcil I'loin Orimtnl ami .-la.^iiiil 
 sonri'i's, writton in Latin liy an uulim-wn aiitlin 
 
 1410. Jossiis, iiiar.|ui'ss uf.Muravia : I'liu.sfii liy a inuty of | iiliuiit tlio niiilillc uf tlic l^tli I'l'iitiirv anj im,. f 
 
 til.'. 1.1 tills; ilii'.l iii'xt y.'ar. 1 the first hooks printicl in the Ktli.' Tli.'*,. t.V, 
 
 „ hitti.sMioml. kail.;; ul l.in;.aiy;c.l.iit.'.l liy aii.itlii'r I hav,. l„,,.n larftoly nsi'il hy our I'lirly lupt/ rl 
 
 I'Mi'ly till' iliatli ul .lo.ssiis li'i'ii^iiisi'd liy u; ,i,..,„,.,f:„,, ;„ i,,,!:,,,, vi f '•" > |m.js .il.l 
 
 kiiii^i.riiulii'iiiiaiii Mill. I ilianiitists, inili.liij,' .sJiaU.^p.'ar.'. Ihi; En»li>li 
 
 iiin'sr. iiF Arsrnn. 
 
 1438. AlluTt II till' Ori'iit. link.' .if Austria, ami king of 
 
 limitary mill Uiilii'liiia; ilic.l 27 (Jrt. 1419. 
 
 1439. [luti'ri'i'.miuiii.] 
 
 1440. Kii'ilrrirk IV. (or Ml.) siiiimiui'il tlii' ra.Kli'i 
 
 il.'ct.'il I'liipLior 2 I'Vli., liut not I'ruwiit'd until 
 
 ,IUIU'. 1442. 
 1493. Maxiiiiili.iii I., son; dii"l in 1519. In 1477 lie 
 
 niariii'il .Mary uf liiirnnmly. 
 Fraiiri.s I. uf i''i,iii(i' aii'l l'li;irli'S I. uf Spain \k- 
 
 .airii' (•iiinpi'titiirs fur tli.' I'lniiir... 
 1319. Cliarl.s V. (I. uf .'^paiii) sun of .loan of C'li-slUt' nn.l 
 
 Pliili]! of .\ustii.i. I'li'iti'il ; ri'si.mii'd liotli .'ruwiis, 
 
 1556; r.'tiivil to a iiioiiii.stfry, wlieru he died 
 
 21 fi.'pt. 155S. 
 1556 Ferliiiaml I., liiutlii'r; su.'i'i'.'il.'d liy liis son 
 1504 Maximilian II. kiiif; of UuiiHary iiml liulnniia. 
 1576. Itiiilulpli II., sun. 
 \f>\7. Matildas, lirutliir. 
 
 1619. F.'iiliiiaml II., I'oiisin, kiii^' uf Hiiiit;;iry 
 1637. Fi'iiliiiaml III., .sou. 
 1658. Li'upulil 1., son, 
 1703. Josi'pli I., sun. 
 1711. Cliarlis VI., liriitlii'r. 
 J740. Jlaiia-Tlii'ii'sa, ilaii;;liti'r, .|ui'.'ii of IImi),'ary and 
 
 Uolieiiiia ; her riflit sustained by Kuglaud. 
 
 triinslation, by the l{ov, C. S\yaii (I'roiii an edition 
 priiitcil at llaiii'iian, I.SoH), iipiioari'd kS^;, 
 
 GETTYSlU'ltG (TonnsylvaniiO. Hi'Vi'si'Vir,, 
 fightiiii; took plai'c 1-^ July, i.Si.;, lu'twnn tin.' ii;. 
 vailing: ..'onh'd.'rati' arniy iin.b'r gi'iienils I.i'i., Liii'. 
 str.'i't. and Kwell. ainrtlie federals uihIit (.'iiunl 
 Oeuri!;.' Meade. Tlie ioiif(iler:iti's werr Iiini;*i!i. 
 eessfiil, hilt I'ventiial'y were eomiielli'd to riti ' 
 from Pennsylvania and" Maryland, The killij ;ii.,; 
 wo'.inded on each side estiniated at about I5,a<i. 
 Grand natii'iial and militaiv ilrmuiislrati'iii ln'H |i,,, 
 
 1- ! .Inly, iS38. 
 
 GHEMAEA, ace T.thuwl. 
 
 GHENT (lielLiinm), an amientiity, built iili'ii;! 
 the 7th century, during- the niiddl.'-'aics Ikvuhh. 
 very rieli. Joliii, tliiril son of Edward III, of Kii;- 
 liiiul, is said to h.ivu b.'cu born here in 1540 (luine 
 
 nallU'd .A-;//;; r.f <;.t::;il) duiir.™ tlie leVull Ula'ir 
 
 Jiieoh Vr,n Artevelde, a brewer, whose son I'iiilip 
 revived the insnrreetion ajrainst Louis, I'mmt uf 
 Flanders, 1579-82. I'opiilafioii in lS.S7, 14-.912; 
 iu 1890, I. S3. 740' 
 
(JlirnKLTNES. 
 
 vx> 
 
 aail "''»"''' "»«"'""' I'liilip iil'liiiiKiiihly, i4',i ; iiniiiii-t 
 ,i„.,m|'cnir''liiii'l''" V,, m,,; Hrvrhly |iiiiiir<lii'<l, i,,". 
 
 .. k.,f)(n'/i-" •■/'■'""' "(»*ll'll lllMlinllh ;iimI .-mIIII, |,i>,. 
 
 „ll,»'ilii( llli' Nitlli'llilh'U Ullili'l iiH;lilc«t S|iiilii) |ii.i- 
 
 il«iim'il8 X"V. i',?'!. liriild'U iii. i-,;,j. The |,„tli miujI- 
 
 v,r»iirv rrliMiili'il 11" Mi'|il 1H7I), 
 (;i,iilliikriiliv l.'iiH" XIV. nlTniiiir, i;Miii'fli, 1678: iili'l 
 
 li tlii'diikiMif Miirll"ii"UMli, i7..(,. 
 
 Ill ,A/.ii\ liy till' KiiimIi. 1711; iiniii'Xi'il til till' 
 
 '\,tliiiliiiiilK. iHit; liiiiili' imrt nl' IIi'IkIiuii, iKgn. 
 
 Ii',,.. i,f till. lit. lii'twiTii (Jrnil HiltMili mill AliicHcii, 
 
 .,;ii,,|,4 III., iSu. 
 ^,„ ,|„.k. ..j... I at (.Ill-lit liy tliii kliin, Mi'iit. ifiai. 
 
 r.niDKf'IN'Kf^. Hi'i. Um/pf"'. 
 
 (dllZNl''''. Ill- OiirzN'Ki: (KiiKt TcrsirO. the 
 
 1, III of till' (iiizrirvidi's, wlio I'liiuiilcil till' lity, iffx). 
 IV)' wrri' rxjiilli-'l ';> till- Si'ljiik 'I'.irtui.-i iii idjH. ' 
 Thf Driti«li nnilrr fir .l.iliii KiMiir iittinkiil tlit. 
 Krmijr <'iliiiii'l "' '•lii.^iU'i' "t 2 a.m. 2^,IiiI>, i.S^i). j 
 .\t!o'il"il< I 111' tf "'''■' wi'ri'bliiwti ill liy tlic arlilliTy. ' 
 iiiJ uiidiT riivrr iif .1 lii'iivy lirr, tin. inl'mitry r.innl 
 iliiir wny int.) tlic |ilui'i. anil at ^ t!.\i'il llic jtrlfisli j 
 fiiliiiirs on itM tnwiTK. — It rapituliilril In tlli' ; 
 \fii\mi>, I Mill'. Ii, t'^A^, wliii Will' ilrfcatnl d Sept. 
 inil ifi'in'rul N..lt ri-iiitrrnl (iliiziicr - Si'|it. saiim j 
 VI ,r, Si'i/i'il t'lir Musa Kliiiii liy Malinmril ,laii in ' 
 J,in..ri't;iki'ii aftrr a iMiillirt, lij-'jo .\|iiil, r.SHo. 
 C'lOOUKAS, sr« (lo„yl.-h,is. I 
 
 (j]{(),STS, |ii'...liii'i'il liv optii'al Hi'li'iii'i'. ^^r, 
 Dirrkii iliwi'il"''! liit niitlKiil at flu. liritisli Asmirin- 
 linn nu'i'tiii',' in xX'-fi. \)v. John Tavlm- pi'mlurod 
 IjliintdKiiintiliiall. ill .Maicli ; ami Mr. I'rppiT cx- 
 hibiti'J till' f:li"»t illii^iiiii lit till' Kiiyal I'.ilyti'rlinir 
 Iiutililtinii. July, if^'M' >Si't' (.'wk-liiiiv (i/iimt. 
 
 MjIiV l.'tt.T- ll|.|..'ar.'il ill til.' Tl.i. <, .llllll' .r M.,. , Jq;, 
 
 r.',|..rtiiij; ni> >t.'i'iiiii-i siniii.h li.'ai-.l at llalli'i'lilii, a ! 
 iniiiili'V limiii' ill I'l'i'tlmliii'i', iitti'iliiili'il liy scii'iitiits ; 
 t.nli;(iit i'iir>li.|iiitki' slincks. Si'i' V'iwii, j Nnv. 1397. ] 
 
 GIAXTS nio iiuntionid in fif». vi. 4. Tlic 
 lioiii'Mif iTpiiti'il iiiaiits, 1;, 18, 20, anil 50 IVct hifili, 
 have bi'cii prnvi'il to hi' ri'iii.iins of aiiimal'i. — Tlic 
 liattli' nf MariLniaiiii (15IS) 'I'l^ hvrn ti'i'iiii'd the 
 "baltle iif ;lio ^'ic"'''-" Hvv Jhrar/.i. 
 Ot'.kinK "f lliisliiin. Ill' till' ri'iiiiiaut nf tlii' niiiiits; liis 
 
 liwlste.'i.l was yruliit.s liiiig(aliiiiit i6i I'l'i'l). 1451 li.c. 
 
 (/).»(. ill. II.) 
 fii'liiitli iif (latir.s "lii'iKlit wnH 6 piiliits anil a sp.iii." 
 
 Kllli'il liy Hiiviil aliiiilt 106.1 I''''- (' ■''""'■ "^ ii- 4-) 
 K.'iii'Hiiiuti, "lais iiftiijiiitli,' kilU'il (j .Vim. xxi. 15-22) 
 
 nlii'iit 1018. ; 
 
 Tlii-iiain-i"!' Maxiiiiili(A.D. 235) was Sj fi-i-t ill lii'i>;lit, 
 
 aii.l af (;ri-:\t Imlk. Mmiio miy liftwi'rii 7 niiil 8 fi'ft ; 
 
 i.tliil-s aliavi' 8. 
 "Till- tiilli-»t man thai Iiatli lii-i-ii si>i-ii in >\ir ai:.- was 
 
 mil' iwiiir.l (laliai.i, wli.i in tlii' ilays ..(' t;laiiiliii,-, llii- 
 
 liiti' i-iiil'i'i'ir, «as liriiu-4lit mil iif Aniliia. Ui- wa.s 
 
 glVt't a iii.lirs lii>.'li. " I'tiitii. 
 Jaliii .Miil.ll.t..M(li..rn 1578), rcilnininily ralli'il tin- i-liiM 
 
 i.f lliilr(l»iiiia.--liiii'), wliiisi' liaiiil, frniii tin' carpiw In 
 
 111.' rml ..f his nii.l.ll.' liiini-r, was 17 imln'.s Inn-.': Iii.s ' 
 
 Jialtll 6-^ llirllt-s 1.1. 111. I ; lii.s wlliilt- !lt'i;;lit. .; t'l-i-t 3 inrlic-.s. 
 
 I%t,.\'il. ;/l,s(, ../',V(,./.i/-|/.s/,iir, p. 2IJ3. 
 
 Palrirk Ciitu-r. Iiisli Kimit, Imni in 1761, wa.s S fi-ct 
 
 7iiii|ii-s ill iH-iKlit ; liis liaiiil, I'l-iiiii tin' i-oniini'iii-i'iiii-iit 
 
 iifllii' iialiii tn till- i-xtri-iiiity nf tliii iiiiililli' lliini-r, 
 
 iiiiasuri'.l 12 ini-hi'S, an. I ]i[ti shoe was 17 iiii-lii's long ; 
 
 iliiMlSi'l't. 1806. 
 Cliiiilfa Dynii-, ralli'il f'lirii-ii, 8 fi'it 4 inilii'.s lii>;li ; ilioil 
 
 17S3; lii.s ski-li-tiin is in lliu Miisunni, U.iyal C'nlli-yi' of 
 
 Sm-„'i-.iis. 
 BigSii'". I'lirti-i- nf till' piiiii'i'iif Wall's, at (.'ai-ltiin-]ial.a('e, 
 
 near 8 fi-i't hi^;li, pi'il'nriiK'il as a giant in " Cyiiinli," 
 
 at thi-Oin'ia-h.tllsi-, i8u<;. 
 M. Drill-, a iiativ.' nf tlia Vo.sj,'rs, 7 feet 6 inelii's liij;1i. 
 
 Ill- i-xliibiUil hinisi'lf ill Loiiiloii, Sept. 1862, anil Nov. 
 
 iStj, 
 Riilicrt Hales, the Norfolk giant, dii-it at Gi-i'at Yaniioiitli, 
 
 2j Xuv. 1863 (iiifcil 4j). He wnn 7 fi-i-t 6 iiii-lies high, 
 
 aiiilwi-iglu'il 45; Ih.s. 
 CliaiiK-Wiiii-Giiw, a C'liiiicno, ngcil ig, 7 fi'i't 8 iiu'lii'.'! 
 
 liigli, cxliil)iti'i.l hiiiisi'ir iu London in Sept., &c.. 
 
 omUALTAU. 
 
 r-ln. (ii.nvii t.i H lii'l. I'vliililti.l 111 Wi-slmliisl.'i- 
 
 .\ip'ariiiiii ; with hlni Hiiislav, a Nni-wi-uiiin, 7 fi'i'l c^ 
 
 iiii'ln-s, aui i| l^, II .Inn.-, i.n ,. 
 t'lpt, MaillnVin lliin-n llal.-s, ..f Ki-ntii.kv, aii.l .Mi»« 
 
 .\iiii lliiniii >\niiin, nf N.n i S..ilni li.,||i 'iil„,iit 7 Ir, » 
 
 hinh; i-xhlliiti-.l lli.-iMsi-lvi'S in I..111.I In .M;i\ . an.) 
 
 ni.irrli-il III St. Marlln's.|ii-llii- Kli-lils. it.Iiiih-, 1X71. 
 .Marl 111, till' aiiMi/nii .{I y, fi-.t j inrliis hluli ; Imrii 
 
 "I lli'iik Inrf. 'riiniiiinia, Ji .Ian, iHiii)-, i'\liililli-i| in 
 
 l.nii'l luly, iBHj, 
 
 Jii«i-r Winkilinaiii, an Aiislrlaii, 8 ft. 9 In. (Imi-n iSfij), 
 
 h.-altliy, i-vhlliiti-il In 1 Imi, lo.lnii. 1887; dli-il at 
 
 l,.-nuaii. J4 All'.'. 1887. 
 Kllzaliilli l.yska, llnsslan, iiKi-il 13, lii'l-jhl C fl. 8 In. 
 
 cxlillilti'il at till' llnyal Aipmiii I Inn, .Snv. i?.f.,i 
 
 llgllin, in.lall. l8g|. 
 
 OIAOrU, Tnikish fnr itiHdi-l, ii lirni applird 
 to nil wlin dii nnl Imlii-vi- ill Malinim-ilaiiisni. — 
 llyrnti'H piK-iii, "The (Jiuoiir," wiiit piilili»lu-il in 
 l.'^l.f. 
 
 (illlUOX ("OMMKMOUATIOX, inipn.,-,! 
 liv Mr. l-'iiiliiii il.iirisnn nml rnriiid nut liy tin- 
 Kn\al llislori.al Sn.ii'ly, inrhidi'd ar. I'xliilnlinii nf 
 MSS., poitraits anil riMii'M, idiiilly li'iil hy lord 
 Slii-llii'lil, at till- llrilisli niiHi'uin, 12 Nov. iV xn/., 
 anil a ilisinnrsi- hv .\Ir. Harrison iit tin- Musi-niu 
 nflii'iil'i^y, 15 .\oV. I.Hljl. 
 K.lvv.ii.l (iililinii (l.i'i'ii J7 .\piil, 171;; .11. '.I !(■ .Ian. 
 
 170.1). ll'sniv.-.l at Knllll' I.I writi' tl Ilistnrv nf tlin 
 
 l)i-i'lilii' ami l-all lit llii- Itnnian Kliipiii-, i^oi-t. 17(^,4 ; 
 rninpli-ti'.l. ;'7 .liiiii', i7C,7; piilili^li.-.l In 1, vnls., 4111, 
 
 177'''''^: '1 iilioii l'.^ 111'- ^^111. ■■^iiiitli, ini'lii.linn 
 
 till' iinti's nf ili'.in .Milnian aii.l M. i;iii;(iit, pnlili^hi-il, 
 ■^=;4-5 
 
 GIRRALTAU. Tin- iini-iint Calpi- (which, 
 with .\li\la, on tin- opnoMtc nhorc of Al'iini, oli- 
 tiiiiii'il the nniiH' of the I'illars nf Ilcniilcs), 11 town 
 on 11 r.ii'k in iSoiith Spain, en whii h is plm-cd n 
 Ih-itish fortress, coiisulci-cil iiiipii'i;iialili'. The 
 height of the rock, according tn Ciivier, is 1457 
 Knglish feet. It was lakmi hy the Saraniis nnilVr 
 Tiirik, whence its presi'iit iiainc (di'rivcil IVoni (nlnl- 
 c/-Tiiri/,), ill 711. ropulati.iii, i.Si)i, civilians, 
 |i), nx) ; troops, j.iSi)*,. 
 
 Taken fl 1 the .\li...rs. iv»): siirr.-iiihri'il tn thi'in. 
 
 nn; linally taki'ii In. 111 tlii'iu l.v llcniy IV.. nl' 
 (-'astih'. 1462 : slri'iigtliiniil liv chilli. 's v! . . 1553 
 Altaik.'.l l.y tlu' llntish 1111. l.'r sir U.-.a'-'c H..nke, 
 the ininci- ..r lliss.-.|iainista.lt, sir .Jniiii L.-ake, 
 ami ,-nliiiiial H.mil:, 21 .Inly : taki-ii 24,Iiily, 1704 
 
 Besii'gi'il hy the .Spanish and l-V.'n.li ; tln-y h'>r. 
 lo.ouo Iin-ii ; the virlnrinns Knglish lint 400, 
 
 II (let. ,, 
 Hir.Iolin r.eake captiiieil several sliij.s. ami raisi-il 
 
 the siege lu Mai-ch, 1703 
 
 Ce.li'il In I'-.nglaii'l hy treaty nf I'tiecht n April. 1713 
 The Spaniarils in an attack leinil.seil with great 
 
 1'"*'^ - ■ 1720 
 
 llii-y again attack it with a fnrce nf 20,000 men, 
 
 .iml Inse ^utKi : l-;iiglish Inss. 300 . . 22 Keh. 1727 
 Siege liy the Spaniarils ami Kreiich, whose arina- 
 inellts (tlie greatest hrniight against a fnrtress) 
 whnlly nvcitlir.'wii ... id .Inly, i7''9 
 
 In nni- night then tln.iling liatteries were ilestrnyi-il 
 
 will l-lmt halls, ami their whole line ntw.irks 
 
 aiiiiihilat.-.l hy a sortie enniinamle.l hy gi-n.-ral 
 
 Kii.itt : the eiieiny's In.ss in ninnitiniis i.fwar, nn 
 
 this night, wasesliniateil at iipwanls nf 2,000,000/. 
 
 j Ktcrling; the iiriiiy iiinoiiiiteil to 40,000 iiieli, 
 
 I 27 Nov. 1781 
 
 Gmnd ih'feat hy n garri.son of only 7000 Ihitish, 
 I , 13 S.-pt. 17S2 
 
 ' The duke of Crillnn cnininamleil 12,000 nf the hest 
 troops of Krancc. locj pieces of artillerv wciu 
 hroiigiit tn hear against the hirtress, hesiiles 
 wlii(-h there were 47 sail nf the line, all tliree- 
 ih-ckers; 10 great tloating hatteries, esfeeineil 
 iiuiiieihle,caiiyiiig2i2giiiis: iiinninei-aliietrigiit.-s, 
 xeheipies, hninh-ketches, eiitti-rs, ami gun ami 
 iiioi-tar-hiiats; while small craft for ili.s.-inljarking 
 the f.irci's envereil the hay. Knr weeks tngether 
 6000 shells were daily tliiowii into the town. 
 Blockade ceased 5 i-'eb. 1783 
 
 Uf 
 
 w. 
 
 5t^ 
 
 ■1 
 
 ■n 
 
 • 'l -Tl 
 
 ' 'i 
 
 ^ ^wiUffH 
 
 ,. 
 
 '■: J 
 
 .^i 
 
 
 Ii'::;' 
 
 W 
 
 
 -rill 1 
 ,' '^ 'I 
 
 Ifi" 
 
|W|i|u|l''S! pill 
 
 ■tllilill 
 
 Wmm 
 
 vW 
 
 Hf^ ' ' 
 
 ||li 
 
 ffli.)% 
 
 ^Mmi 
 
 I •' <} 
 
 k 
 
 GIBSOX GALLERY. 
 
 406 
 
 GLACIARIUM. 
 
 of Kill's, 
 All},'- 
 
 Dostrni'tivi" stonii niicl flniuls 
 T.iir.l Nii|pii'r .if Mii^'ci.-ilii, Kiivoninr . 
 "Visit iifju-iiii'i' "f WmIus 
 (Sir Joliii Milli r A.lvi', irovcninr 
 fiLMii'ial sir Artliiir Hnnliiii:i', ;;iivi'ninr 
 Ocn. liiiii. sir Li'ic-'i'sliT Siiiytli, Au^'. 
 
 Gcii. sir Liitliinii Nicliolsmi, Ajiril, 1891 
 
 Itoyiil luttiry di'stniycil liy tire . . . Nov. 1800 
 Enguneiiu'iit lii'twci'ii tin' Kri'iicli iiiiil Kiijilisli ticcts 
 ill the bay; II. M.S. Jldiiiiibiil, 74 yiiiis, lost, 
 
 6. Inly, i8oi 
 The Hoi/d! Ciirhif iiml .S7. Il(-niifiii(illiln,^\munh sliijis. 
 rni'li of ii2(;uiis, hli'W lip, with tlii'ir crc^ws, iit 
 iiiL'lit-tiine. in tlio stnits heir, and all on lioard 
 
 lierislicil 12. Tilly, ,, 
 
 A inalij,'iiaiit iliscasc iMiist'd great inm-tality .Sept. 1S04 
 
 A drcailfnl plii;;iii' rau'i'd 1805 
 
 A lnaIi^,'llallt fi-vcr r.i^icd .... -Viik. 1814 
 Ayaiii: conns of justice and places of worship 
 
 iliised tiy proclaiiiation ... 5 Sept. 1828 
 
 The fatal epidemic ceased . . . .12 .Jan. 1829 
 
 Destrni'tive storm 17 Nov. i3j4 
 
 liishoprii' oHiiliialt.ir est.'ililished . . 1842 
 
 <'icii. sir Kicliiird Aiiey appointed t;civeriior Sept. 1865 
 Popular disiiissiou respecting; its exehanne f<ir 
 
 Ceuta Uec. 1868- Jan. 1869 
 
 Destrnctivc lire ;8 .June, 1874 
 
 ■Gun. sir Feliwiek Williams of Kars, governor, 
 
 1370-N0V. 1875 
 
 21-24 Nov. ,, 
 
 . ' . Jan. 1876 
 
 15 -Vpril, „ 
 
 I Jan. 1883 
 
 Nov. 1886 
 1890 ; died 
 
 27 Jan. 1891 
 ; ilied 
 
 27 Jiiiip, 1893 
 
 ■Forthelossof r''yi"!stcanicr(si.e il'/vr;„<)i7 March, 1891 
 
 Gen. sir Hobt. Hiilcluljih a]jp(]intcd ^;ovcrnor, July, 1893 
 7iis]ipctin^; visit of the diike of C'aiiibriil),'e, early 
 
 .March, 1894 
 GIBSOX GALLERY, see Jloi/al Aanhmi/. 
 
 GIFFORD LECTURESHIPS, on Xatunil 
 
 Thcolo^'V ill its widost sense without reference to 
 creeds, toiiiuUd in the I'niversities of Edinburgh, 
 Glasgow, Aberdeen, and St. Andrews, by be(|iiest 
 <-if 8o,ooo^, by Adiini Lord Girtbrd, 11 Scotch judge, 
 21 Aug. l88s. 
 
 GILBERT CLUB was established 28 Xov, 
 1881), by sir Win. Tliomsoii (lord Kelvin in Feb. 
 1892), jircsident, sir V. lirnmwell, professors I). E. 
 Hughes, G. Forbes, Silvaniis Thompson, and other 
 rhvsicists, to celebrate the tercentenary of William 
 Ciilbort and liisi work, and to piiblisli transhitions of 
 Iris " Do Magnete." and other works connected 
 with magnetism and ideotricity. 
 
 GILBERTINES, an order of canons and 
 nuna established at Sempringhnm, Lincolnshire, 
 1)v Gilbert of that jihice, 1131-II48. At the disso- 
 lution tliere were 25 houses of the order in Enghind 
 nnd Wales. 
 
 GILBERT ISLANDS, one of the Paciflo 
 groups, annexed by tlie liritish in 1892; prosperity 
 reported, Dec. 1892. 
 
 GILCHRIST TRUST. A fund of between 
 3000/. and 4a)0/., left by Dr. John Gilchrist in 
 "1841 to promote education.' Office, 4, The Sanctuary, 
 S.W. 
 
 GILDING on wood formed part of the decora- 
 tions of the Jewish tabernacle, I4<)0 11. c. {Exnd. 
 XXV. 11); was practised at Rome, about 14s 11. c. 
 The capitol was the first buihling on wliicti this 
 enrichment was bestowed. I'liiiij. Of gold leaf for 
 giWing the Romans made but 750 leaves, tour 
 fingers square, out of a whole ounce, riiiii/. Gild- 
 ing witli h'af gold on />o/e ammoiiidc was first intro- 
 duced by Jlargaritone in 1273. See Electrotype. 
 
 GIN, ardent sjiirit, flavoured with the essential 
 oil of the juniper berry. The "gin act," 1 7.35. 
 laying an exeioe of •^n. per gallon upon it, parsed 
 14 July, 17,56. In London alone 704.^ hou'cs sold 
 gin by retail; and a man could intoxicate himself 
 for one penny. Sdlmnti. About 1700 gin-shops 
 were suppressed in London in 1750. Clarke. 
 
 GIN (contractea from engme), a nianhiiit. f, 
 separating cotton wool from the seed ■ sur. , 
 Cotton. ^ ' "'- "'"''■' 
 
 GINGER, tlie root of the AmrmiKin Zm-!l< 
 a native of the East Indies and Cliii.a, now ",,1",'' 
 vated in the West Indies. In 1842 ll'iedutv,,'" 
 reduced from s^v. to los. per ewt. of fnivi^'n .[n.. '* 
 and from n,v. to J.s-. per cwt. of tliat frem ]wvi 
 colonies. " 
 
 GIPSIES, see G>/psies. 
 
 GIRAFFE or CaMKLOPAUD, anativeoftlf 
 interior of Africa, was well known to the aiKim' 
 In 1827 one was brought to England for the ii',"j 
 time as a present to George IV. It died in lit,. 
 On 25 May, i8j5S. four giraffes, olitaiiieil In m' 
 Thibaut, were introduced into thi' Ziidlo'ri.ni'i,,'. 
 dens, Regent's park, where a young nne^va,* Wn 
 in 18^9. The last giralfo living at the Zo'iifm..,,| 
 gardens died 28 :Marcli, 1892. A y„uii;r ft;,;;," 
 was ])urchased by the society in i8i||;; ;, nwl,. |W( 
 high, presented 'to the i|u'cen, arriveil ii| ku' 
 died soon after, Sept. 1897, Another male , lied 
 Aug. i8ij8. 
 
 GIRLS, charities for. 
 diih' Iiiiliistriiit Uiiiiii', Stookwell, establislieil ,j. 
 j CirW lluiiii',^ 22, Cliarlotte-strect, I'ortl;ni(l-].la,(.' -'' 
 
 iS!; 
 
 iS;J 
 
 I established 
 
 (iirW Friinillit Siicidi/, to provide Iioiiies, fo. fur 
 i W(n'king girls, sii|iporteil by the archliislioi.s'aiH 
 : bishops, fouiideil 
 
 i GIRONDISTS, an important party duriii" the 
 
 : French revolution, principally compoiieil of (Lmutifj 
 from the Gironde. They were ardent repulilioani' 
 but after the criieltie8of.\iig. and 8cpt, 171)2, l;,(,(,u|,(.j' 
 in vain to restrain the cruelties of lloh'esp'ierre anj 
 
 ■ the Mountain party, and their lenders, liriiini 
 Vcrirniand, and many others, were t-uillotinfj 
 n Oct. 179,^. Lamartine's " Histoire des Giron. 
 dins," published in 1847, tended to Iwisteii the 
 
 < revolution of 1848. 
 
 ' GIRTON COLLEGE, Cambridge, for the 
 i higher education of women. It began at llitiliin, 
 1869; removed liere, and was opened Oit. rS--' 
 Newnlmm college, Cambridge, in eniinexifin mili 
 it, was opened 18 Oct. 1875. Miss Anne (iiiu.i 
 who ably managed flie little hall from wliii lute 
 college rose in 1871, died 27 Feb. 1892. 
 Miss (.'harlotte Angas Si-ott. ,iged about 23, attaiard tin 
 
 position of " wrangler" (for iiiatliciiiatirs), .Ian. iJSo. 
 Laily Margaret and Soiiierville lialls. similar iiistitaii"'ii 
 
 established at Oxfonl, 1884. 
 Miss Agiicta Frances liamsay, of fiirlnii. aii.l Mis* B. 
 
 .M. llervi'y of Ncwidiaiii, obtained tlieliighest laiii.iM,, 
 
 sec C'om(i/i</;;i', 18. lime, 1887. 
 
 GISORS, Battle ok (France), »n 20 s.pt. 
 
 or 10 Oct. 1 198, when Richard L of England defcatcil 
 th(^ French. His p.arole for the day, " l)in it 
 moil droit" — "God .ind my right"— after«ariii 
 became the motto to the arms of England. 
 
 GITSCHIN (Dohemia), was cai.tured by the 
 Prussians after a severe conflict with the Austriiiis, 
 29 June, 18W). Near Gitschin, the same evoninj, 
 the crown prince of Prussia was victor in aiiuther 
 engagement. 
 
 GIURGEVO (Wallachia). Here the Riissiani 
 .vere defeated by the Turks, aided by some Eii.'lish 
 officers, 7 Jul)-, and repulsed in an attack, 2? Julv, 
 
 GLACIARIUM, at King's-road, Clielsra; 
 containing a surface of artificially made ioc for 
 rinking, constructed by Dr. John (Jamgco, anil 
 opened March, 1876. THe freezing was lucompliihcd 
 
 GLA 
 
 IiiBaoul Pietefs proi 
 
 I wiarv Pii?""-', "'"' I'"' 
 
 I jiieoil's newly invcnti 
 
 l^;,i tried at Lillie Brie 
 
 GLADIATORS w 
 
 ,1,,, louglit tor their li 
 Ipjlreeiloin. Ttiey W( 
 I luarfil ceremonies of t 
 I ,|i,.r.vards at festivals, 11 
 I uiJer Spartaeiis, 7,5 11. 1 
 j-i. Wlien Uacia was 
 I'litows fought at Hi 
 
 CTiiupli, for 123 days, 
 I i(K sujipressed in the 
 I tinal, 325, ""J '" f'"-' ^^ 
 
 t;L.A.D.SMUIR, se. 
 , GLADSTONE AI 
 
 I Mr. ItisMi'li resigned 2 i 
 I Sir Lilaiistone, wlioae m 
 IqUiv. 180S. luconscqu 
 la'iiuittbe Irish Univers 
 1 13-3, Mr. Gladstone ten 
 Killidri'wit a few days 
 I, lined otiioe with the e.i 
 ll'luiiges wore made Aug. 
 Iffsijiied 17 Feb. 1874. 
 
 riR.*T AOMISIST 
 
 1/ ,,i ;,n( 0/ lln- Imisiifu, 
 I ,|uiirell'ir')fe\rlie(pier, . 
 %l/.Uhm(elhir, sir Win. I': 
 iv.'fintil; sir liouiiilell 
 
 ■ Vri 1872- 
 miixIfie-'iileiilaflhecoHncil, 
 
 earl de Grey ami ftipoii 
 
 _ ' William EwartOladstoii 
 ioftue mint, Sept. 1841; pre; 
 llliv, i843-Ki'l). 1845 ; seen 
 
 ;-Jiily, 1846; eliaacellor of 
 jfm lojSi J""<'. 1S59— Ju 
 Ilii.Maiiii'r extraordinary to 
 
 1.1'. f.a Newark, 13 t)e(^ 18 
 _or.S.iatli [.aiiea.^liire, 1865-i 
 liinouined the diasolntion 1 
 Sesi.-aed, 17 Feh. 1874; temiii 
 liimliurty, i3Jan. 1875; t 
 
 ij;)-I363), 5 Aiiril, i88o ; 
 
 iTiUiil III' niiiiiirity on 
 fcJniie, 1335; he declines ilii 
 T Am iii,;tlieiiieiisiirescarrie 
 Jn'i-l'iie Irisli church act, 
 ilieplucatiiin act, the hallo 
 ■f i33i, the employers' lia 
 liliiiusact, the bui'iuls act 
 Iniicliise act. 
 
 ] lie intrixluces his Irish 
 Jejtcleil (343-313)1 7-8 Jn 
 ■ecti'm; resigns 20 July, iS 
 Iniiu'.s bill unsueeessfully 
 lilvei twiiliy from Amerieai 
 I Iliel'Tiii "graml old man 
 IfliliedtoMr. (iladstone by 5 
 llj'Ut April, i33i ; he turiiB 
 fcilway euiaieetiiig Wales ai 
 ■flivere'l tlia tir.st liomaiii's 
 Tcceive'l the freeilom of I> 
 Jecoiiil liume rule bill, see 
 ■|»»H.'h at Edinliiugh, 28 Me 
 
 i)iii!ii')ii> ag'aiiist the lioust 
 liiiaticin as premier, 3 .Mai 
 
 fc)»Mii, farewell to his party 
 llim'sitiil uiieratioii for cat 
 Velectioii tor Mid-Lotliiai 
 
 pmibiirg, Cupeiihiigeii, ami 
 I hy the Armenian niassa 
 i, 24 Sept., 1896; pampl 
 ■refee, y Slareli, 1897 ; he 1 
 
 lMvrr».iliy lai ited ami h 
 
 J May, at Wistiniiister, 2 
 Il'if.v, the lurJs ami coiiiiik 
 
GLADIATOliS. 
 
 ■197 GLADSTONE ADMlNLsTIiATIUNS. 
 
 Rivtoii, mill MissB. 
 tlii'lii.ithi'st Imuiiiii., 
 
 s ciiiiturod by the 
 ivitli tlio Austmii-, 
 the Slime eveniii),', 
 i victor ill anutktr 
 
 Here the Riissiaiii 
 !(1 !)}■ some Eii;lish 
 an littiu'k, 23 Julv, 
 
 I In Baoul Pictct's process, aiul \V. K. Ludlow's 
 Vfy ongiiii! and iiump were einploynl. Dr. 
 VLooJ* 111'^* ly iiivoiited sUiitiiig surtiici', su<-cesj- 
 ,'^ , triwi at Lillii' Briilgf, 10 Muy, 1884. 
 
 GLADIATOKS witi' originally malefactors, 
 ,|i,i lougUt lor tlieir lives, or eaptivcH who t'oughl 
 
 I i.ir iR'c'Join. TUey were tirst exhihited at the 
 ,'jiiii,|.jl oereiiiouiea of the Uoiiums, 305 11. c, and 
 ,lifrivarjft at festivals, about 215 11. c. 'i'heir revolt 
 tiiJiT iJpartacus, 7.5 11. c, Wiis ciuelled by Crassus, 
 •I WUeii Uacia was reduced by Trajan, lO'JO 
 .iijiators I'ought at Rome in celebration of his 
 
 I ."jl^iuiili, for 1 23 days, A.u. 103. These eonilaits 
 «.fr suppressed in the Kast by Constantine the 
 
 I ijfpji^ J25, iniJ ill till-' West by 'I'heodorie iu jcw. 
 
 GLADSMUIll, see rristiiii I'uks. 
 
 GLADSTONE ADMINISTRATIONS. * 
 
 |j||.pi8r.u'li resigned 2 Dec. and was succeeJed by 
 |j[f (jlaiistoiie, wiiose ministry received the senl'a 
 IglJei. l!ib8. Iu conseciuence of a majority of tliree 
 ,.,iu;t tlie Irish University bill, early (Ui 12 Maieh, 
 I i?-:, Mr. Gladstone tendered his resignation, but 
 l»i'llijri'«'it a few days after, as Jlr. Disraeli de- | 
 (lined otfice with the e.\isting house of commons. 
 
 siieccedud by JIi. Austin IJruce, iii.cic l..ra Abcnlarc, 
 Auk. "Sn. 
 
 L'ii\l iH-lvij soil, J"liu WikIcIchisc, e.iil of Kiiiilicrley ; 
 succueilcd by visiviunt llaht'.ix. Julv, 1870. 
 
 Vhinicalluroflht en-liopn'r. li.ilnat liowc ; succi'wlc.l bv 
 .Mr. Cliadstiiue, Aug. 1S7J. 
 
 ■•^oTctiiiici—liumc, llcurv Austin liiucc; su^'cccili'il by 
 Mr. l.iiwe, Au;;. 1873 ; /ic./i., lieu. Win, Kiv.l, Viilicrs, 
 
 earl nf clareudnn (.lied J7 .luiic, 1870): sucr Id by 
 
 c:irl tir.uiville ; cubmii-.. tiranvjlli' Geo, l,.'vcsciii-Oower, 
 earl tirauville: siurei'dcd hv e.irl of KiimIltIc,, .Julv, 
 1870; vvi; Ivlwanl Cardwell . /e.^iw, Uc.u '.■ hoii.-la.s 
 L'aiu|.liell. ..lukcdf Ar,i.;\lL 
 
 ClvnmUurufilnvhii nf l.^i i,r,,^t,-,\ ImcIciicI;, l.ji.i DullVriii, 
 ai'iioiLitcl KoverMni-gciicral nf IMuuda ; .-.u. ci/cled bv 
 11. K. fliildcrs. Aug. 187.'; I.v,Jo1mi llrklil.ISept. 1871. 
 
 fii-sl luril 11/ o<l mi ruUii, HUi^U L'llUiUH Kaidl.'y Cliildcl's; 
 suicccdcil liy G. Juacliliii (.tmscIicii. g .March. 1871. 
 
 C'liirf .vr,rfir,.-i; /,„■ Irel 'i,>l, t'hiclic.st.-r «. Knrlc'si'Uo ; 
 
 C'toir'M were made .Vug.-Sept. 1873; the ministry 
 ■sigiied I" Feb. 1874 
 
 I resi] 
 
 FIRST ADMISISTRATIIIN (1868-74). 
 
 /if.) of tlic tieiisiiin, Will. Ewart (jlad.stoue (nud 
 
 ii,.i.|liii..fc\vli<'(iMcr, AiU'. 1873). 
 
 I, /isiniW/'jr, sir Will. I'liKe Wunil, baroii Hatlierlcy, 
 /.■•</(('.'./; sir Houiidell I'aliiier, baroii rteliiurn'e, 
 
 Oil 1872. 
 li.hneAdditofthevimuciijUt'n. l*rcd. {Satiiuel Hobliisoii, 
 fall Je IJivy ami Hiiiou (iiianiiiis of l!i|Mui, 1871) ; 
 
 ■ William Kwart Gladstone, born 29 Dee. i8og : master 
 ofliii'iuiut, Sept. 1841; president of the board of trade, 
 |)|jy. iS4j— t'eh. 1845; secretary for eiihinie.s. Dec. 1845 
 
 -Ja'ly. 1846; cliaacellor of the exelieiiuer, Jan. 1853- 
 
 ■ '1J55, Jinie, "1859— June, 1806 
 
 ■I'ai. 
 
 ... wjy " ^^^ . lord lii^h ,...ii- 
 
 ijMiiiuT I'xtiauriliiiary to the Ionian Isles, Nov. 1858; 
 
 I', fir Newark, 13 Dec. 1832-46; for O.xfiird, 1847-65: 
 
 t.Sii'itli Uiicasliiie, 1865-8; fortireciuvich, Niiv. i863 ; 
 
 miioiiiufJ the dissolution of iiarliaiiieat, 23 Jan. 1874; 
 
 ,»si,'iii''l, i/tVli. 1874; temporarily resigned leadership of 
 
 [iiml party, 13 Jan. 1875 ; elected M. 1". for Miil-l.othiaii 
 
 i;;)-i363)i 5 April, j88o ; hi.s ministry resi.u'ued 011 
 
 Iti'iiiiit (if iiiiiiority on the budget bill (264-252) 
 
 iJiiiii', 1333; lieileclinesitn oavldoin, 16 June, 1885. 
 
 Am iiyllieaieasurescarrieil by thetiladstniie ministries 
 
 livi-TtiL' Irish chnrcli act, the Irish land act of 1870, 
 
 [lii'iiiucatiiiii act, the lialhit act, the Irish land law act 
 
 if liJi, tliu eiiipliiyers' liability act, the agricultural 
 
 Jiiiusacl, the burials net, the ground jjame net, the 
 
 riucliist.' act. 
 
 Uf iiitioJuces his Irish bill, see [n'hdiil, 8 April ; 
 ,ji'Ct*l (343-313), 7-8 June; ininniity ill general 
 n:tiiiii; resigns 20 July, 1886 ; i>iii«ises thcguvermiiciit 
 .iiiiirt dill unsuccessfully Feb. -.July, 1887; receives 
 lilvti tiiipliy from Ainerieans, 9 July, 1887. 
 The term "grand olil man" is said to have been llrst 
 IfflieJMMr. Uladstimeby Mr. Henry Ijalioiiehere, M.l'., 
 kljiut April, i33i ; he turned the tirst sod of the Wirral 
 Niviyi:ijiiiii,vtiiig Wales and Lancashire, 21 Oct., ami 
 Wivereil tliu lirst Uonianes lecture at l).\ford, 24 Oct. ; 
 "?(eive'l the I'reeiloin of Liverjiool, j Dee. 1892; his 
 .vjii'l lioiiie rule hill, see Inlaiid, .Sejit. 189;; great 
 |ie»ili at Ediiihnrgh, 28 Sept. ; bis deelaratioii in the 
 li)iii!ii)ii» against the house of lords, i Alareli, 1894 ; 
 M,iii:itioii as pivinier, 3 .March, 1894; lette.' to sir Joliu 
 ,mMii, farewell to liis party and eoiistitueuts, 17 March ; 
 »ifte>iliil operation for eataract, 24 May ; lie decdiims 
 ■election tor Mid-Lothian irr elsewhere, June ; at 
 .Jiiibiirg, Copenhagen, and Kiel, June, 1895; inueli ex- 
 ■•el liytheAnieMiiau massacres; gieatspeeeh a! I.ivcr- 
 '~' 24Se|it., 1896; pamphlet published in favuiir of 
 . e, u Jlareh, 1897 ; be die.l at llawnrdiMi, ig Mav ; 
 iiiveis:illy lainenle.l and honoured; laid in state, sV 
 j May, at Wcstiiiiiister, 26, 27 May; buried iu the 
 iWi'), the loids and commons present, 28 May, 1893. 
 
 aucceeded by the inaniuis of Hartingt i Jan, 1871. 
 
 'i-fiuleiU I,/ h„„r.l e/r/././e, J.ihn Bright; succeeded by 
 
 Chichester S. Kurtesciie, Dec. 1870, 
 Viesiilrnl of jujor Inr (noir loail goivnimeiil) Imanl, 
 
 •Jciirgc Joaihini Gnscheii ; succeeded by James Stans- 
 
 feld, 9 Marcli, 1871. 
 Win. l-Mwaiil Kiu'ster, viee.pivsi.lent (if the eo littee 
 
 of emiucil on ediU'ati"U ; admitted to I lie caliiuel, 
 
 July, 1870. 
 
 The above formed the cabinet. 
 Lunl-U e II tcnn II I of Irehnvl, Juhii I'uyntz, earl ISp.'iicer. 
 t/y/ice of v-urks, Austcii Layaid ; su'cccedc.l by Acton S. 
 
 Ayrton, Nov. i36g; by Win, I'atrii'l; Adam. Aug. 1873. 
 rosliiiiislcr-jiciieivl. Spencer (.'. Cavendish, nianpiis of 
 
 Hartiiigtou ; succeeded by Win, .M.iii,cll (,111,1 i,, tlu: 
 
 ciidiiicO. Jan. 1871; by Dr. Lynn I'layliii. Nuv, 1873. 
 
 This ministry e.irricd— the di,ses;,ilil:,,hiuciit iif the 
 Irish ehiiich ill i3'i^;tlie Irish ten, ml ,irt in iS-io wa.s 
 ecnsiuvd iu the liaisr of Innls f.u ailvi.sing tlie 'royal 
 warrant abulislrng pnrclia.M' in the .uniy (lOj -3"2), 
 1 Aug. 1871; e.iiiied the ballot m ,872 ,See letter in 
 : note, IHsmeli Ailiiiini^liiil'io,, 
 
 I .SECOND ADMiNi.srn,vrioN (2S April, i38o-9 June, 18S5). 
 I See under A';!;//'!))// and I'lnliitinenl. 
 
 ( FiMliinl i,/ll„'lr,;i.<iii!i (■',1,1 iluiiiirlUir of Ihi- euhc/iur 
 , nil 16 IM: i332). Will. K«art (iladst.iiie. 
 , horil ckiimi'lho-, Houuilell Palmer, b.iniu Selborne. 
 ; hod vrtM'UHt of the oeii.e-V, .biliii I'mntz, earl Speueer- 
 succeeded by Chichester S. Korte.scue, hirdCarlin.'furd' 
 1 9 March, 1833. ' 
 
 ^ Lord p,-iv!i .sp.//, Genrge Douglas Cainpliell, duke of \r- 
 ' gyll; rcxiitnnl : siu-eee.lcd by lord Carliiigtbrd, Aiiril 
 I i33i ; Arehiljald riiilip Priiuro.se, earl of Uuseberv 
 ! II Feb. 1335. •" 
 
 j 5ccre(«nV.-i-;eoiic, sir Win. Harconrt ; fueitin affairs 
 George Levesou-Gower, earl Granville ; t),,: cohnies 
 John Wodelunise, e.irl of Kimberley, succeeded bv 
 Kdward, earl of Derliy, 16 Dec. 1882 ; India, Spencer 
 I C. Civemlisb, mar.pii.s of Hartingloii, Kiieeeeded by 
 I John Wodehniise, earl of Kiinlieilev, i5 Dec 1882' 
 I le.ir, Hugh C. K. Childers, succeeded by ni.iniuis of 
 
 H.artiugt i5 Dec. 1882. 
 
 Fii-it lord of the iidiiiiivlHi, Thos. Geo. Hiring earl of 
 
 Northbrook. 
 Chantellor of the erchfim-r, Hugh C. K. Chil.lers, 16 Dee. 
 
 1882. 
 Lorillientnianl of hvl.ivd, John I'oyntz, e.irl Sjieiicer 
 May, i832. ' 
 
 Chnncellnr i,f ditrhu nf Ijnirostn; John Uright ; reshnu 
 about 15 July, i332 ; earl of Kimlierlev, 25 Julv • John 
 George Dodsoii (afterwards lord Muiik "Urctt..ii) ,8 
 Dee. 1882; George O. Trevelyan, about 20 (h't iSBa 
 rivsuleni ofl;,;,l,joi-(rni,ie,:t /..../.;. J„|u, George DuiLson 
 succeeded by sir Charles WciitWiprth Dilke, 28 Dec! 
 
 1882. 
 
 ]'ir.iideiit ofh.urd nftiad,; Joseph Chambeilaiii 
 roflmaMt,i-'.ii-'iin;<t, (ieorge Sliiw Lcteue, entered the 
 eabiuet, u Feb. 1885. 
 
 The above formed the 1 .iliiiiel. 
 : Lord-lieiitena,i.t of hrland Fran. is Tiioiiias ,le Onv 
 
 I XnO.""'''"' " ■' '°''' '"■' ''^''^■"'=«'' ^^'^ 
 
 j l'ostmiutei--genfml, Henry Faweett, died 6 Nov .HS. • 
 I George Shaw Lefevre, ,8 Nov. ,884 '°'^"^-^^< 
 • Chiefimvt.ii-iifor l,,h,.d,\\. y„ r,,,.,',,,,. „.,„•„„,.,,,,,,,,,,, 
 . -^Ma.v, ,3i.slordl.Vden,.kC:ivcndi.,i;,4Ma;;aS 
 
 K K 
 
 
 . i If 
 
 •m 
 
 ..^V,t 
 
 ;(!«. : 
 
 h 
 
 
 -V*-? I 
 
 .J.,. ..I 
 
 iwfim 
 
 
GLADSTONIANS, 
 
 4'.;8 
 
 GLASGOW. 
 
 %4h 
 
 f ■ 
 
 ^tv 
 
 
 iti 
 
 ,.,«il..^i 
 
 siniiti'd, 6 Miiv ; (!. D. Tiwclyiiii, y Mny, i£8:^; Henry 
 
 CiiiMlilicll Hiiiiiiiririiiii Mliniil ..o (111, 1884. 
 t7i/(/iv,m»N..»»./ir/- "/■ "V /'■-. W. r. Ailiiin, su.'i'mled by 
 
 O. Slmw Li'l'cviv till N'nv. >fi4. 
 .ittonini-'liiii'iiil, sir lU'riiy .l.iiiu's. 
 SnUci/i.r-iitiiuiil, sii Kiinir IliMsilnll. 
 Cuirrnni-iinin-'fl ''f I iiiliii, Cuk Fif.l. Saiiiiicl HiOniiKon, 
 
 lllllM|lli.S iif Hil">ll ; sliril'Cilril l.y I'lr.iclli'k Tlllllilu 
 
 Ilniniltiiii-lilMckHniKl, <',iil of Diimrin, Xi'V. 1884. 
 Clwiriiiiin 11/ iiiiiix mill III! ii'~'<, Vr. l.yoTi riiiyliiir. 
 
 THIRD ADMINIHTliATlMN (l-6 I'l'll. ivsinlll'll JO.Iuly, 1886). 
 
 Ni'i' uiulrl- Eiiiiliiiid -umI fill I ill mi III. 
 
 Firntlonlo/lhiliiii^iiiH, Wni. K.viiit ()lii|lslom'. 
 
 Iiuilihiiiiirlliir, sii- Fnnrr llctsclicll (l.>ril llcrschi'll). 
 
 /..,■,/ iiii'iiiliiil iifllir nmiiiil. .Ii'lin rnyiilz, inrl Hpciiccr. 
 
 ' Sirirliu-iex-lwiiii: lliiuli f. E. (.'liilclcrs ; Juriinn, 
 Aicliiliiild riulip I'liiiucsc. ciiil cf H.isi'lHTy ; inlnnial, 
 
 (J •,.,. 1 rvi'sipii (JiAvir. i:\ii (iniiiviUc ; linliit, John 
 
 WiiiU'li.Misc, will i<( Kiiiilii'ilry ; mr, llciiiy t'aniiibill- 
 IliUlIllTlMail. „ „ ... 
 
 Cliiiiiiilliii- I'f llir iJiliiV'"' ^ii' \\illinm lirni'ijc' (jiiuivillo 
 Vciiion-Hiirci'Uil. ,. , • , ^. , 
 
 >•,/■,</ /..,■,/ nf lllf ml III hull II. (.UWiir I- i r.Ii'llck halliUcl 
 
 l(cil)iii.siin, iiiiiii|iiisor Iii|"'ii. 
 I'lrKiiliiilciJIIii'hiiiiliU'i-iiiiiiiiiil ^.«'-r^.)c,s.■l.ll (,liniiil)cr. 
 
 lain SUIT li'il liv .Minii'S Staiisfi'M, 27 Maroli, lEBCi. 
 
 Sirirliini fm- Sinlliniil. Hrvv)j.i' <Mtn Tivvc'.yan : siio- 
 
 |.cfil<'i'l iiy .I'llin William Itaiiisay. laii nf Dallidusic ; 
 
 (lint ill llic'caliiiicl), .'7 M:ii''l'. 1886. 
 I'miilnil o/lhr hixiiil i./limli'. AMtliniiy Jnliii MuiMlclIa. 
 Chief sm-tUuil On- hilninl, ■'nliii .Mmlry. 
 
 Till- almvc fnllllrcl till' ciiliinit. 
 I.nril lieulniinil of Inhiiul. Jnliiv C'aiiiiilx'll llaiiiiltnii- j 
 
 Oiinlnii, carl nf Aliiiili-.ii. 1 
 
 i'(w();m.irr/-i/n»'/<i/, li."r;;c(fn'iifi'lHilyii.Ini,l\\nlviTtnii. 
 /■//■«/ iiimiiihsiiiiiii- iif i'-vil:f, AltiiTt Kiliiiiiiitl ParkiT, I'arl 
 
 nf .Mnili'y ; siicci'i'ilid by Victnr Alcxamlir lirucc, call 
 
 of KlKiii. 1 1 Aiiril. 
 Alliiriini-iinii'i"!: <*"' f'liaili's Hiissill, y.( . 
 Solh-iliir-qiiiiiiil. sir Hnracr Uaviy, Q.C. 
 Cliininlli'iro/iliiihiii'f l.iiiun-li i\ K.lwaiil Ilriiiaj;!' : sue- 
 
 coi'iloil by sir V. KaySliiittlrwuilli, 10 Aiuil, 1886. 
 
 FOI'RI'll AliMlNlMKATIDN. 
 
 (Siu'CPi'iii'il tlic si'cniiil Salisbury Ailiiiiiiistratioii, 
 
 i/7iic7i, .lie, i3 Aiij.'. ir.'^n/., 1892). 
 
 Flisl li'iil of llic 1 11 ii''" III '""' l"i<l ri"':i ■•'"'> " '"• ■''"■"'■t 
 
 Olailstoiif. , ,, 
 
 7.i.,i?/iiViW.-Ho,//M-, LnrM II<'rsi'lic'll. , ,, ^ 
 
 1.1, i;l prifUliiil if llir i-niiinil uml wc/Wir/// (/ slate for 
 
 liiiliii. Karl (if'Kiiiilu'rW'y. . 
 
 .srcnMrii.i- /i"Ui<'. Herbert. Henry As,|Uith; fnraiiii, 
 
 \ivliibaM riiili|i I'rinirose. earl nf Hipseliery : i-oliniial, 
 
 (ieoi;,.! Kreileriek Samuel Hnliinsnn, maic|iiis of Ripon ; 
 
 irdcrHt'irv t'amiJbell-liaiiHeriiiau. 
 yiiil liiiil if till iiiliiiiii'llii. ■loliii I'oyiitz, earl h])eiH'i'r. 
 Chiiinrllurnfllti-i.iiliiiiiiir, sir William (ieor«e Granvillt^ 
 
 Viriioii-liaivoiirt, 
 fliiifitii'iitiinifui- Inhuiil. .loliii Moiley. 
 .sVr/rMn//i)/->V/.(/<n»/. sir(ieorneTrevel,vaii. 
 l-ri^iili III oj till Iminlifti nil, Antlinny Jnlin Mumlella. 
 
 VresiiliiU if till' li'ivl iji.ri nuin nl li,iii,l, H -y H. Fowler. 
 
 Firit i-i,mi)ii>ifiniii r 11/ ir„rl.s, H v Joliii Sliaw-l.elevre. 
 
 iliii,iiill„i-ifiliirliiiofl.ini,i,.,-lii..h.nmn Bryee. 
 
 ;'cK/»a(,NYrr-i/niMM/, Arnolil Mniley. 
 
 ]'i,;.liiisiilint ,f III! tvmiidttie if i'iihihU o/i i.fiimfKwi, 
 
 Arthur Aelaml. 
 
 Tlie above fnrni the cabinet. 
 hinl-liiiilimnil if Iirliiiiil, Hohert O. A. Millies, baruii 
 
 H(ai|.'htnn. . 
 
 Fiiiiiiiiiiilsirivtiniiliilhi liiiisiii-ii, .Mr. Hibbeit (alter. 8ir). 
 Atlnrniii-iliiii iiil, sir t liarles Hussell. 
 SiiUeilii'r-iv /Mill/, .loliii lii^hy (after, sir). 1 
 
 f,„/v( m/n.n-(i-/"i- >■<■""'""'. ■'• !*■ lialfniir. 
 ,l/,„ni,«..<. .,.nir/m- /„(...,./. The Mae leniint. 
 J„,il.-li,i., ■''■iri'J Iril'iii'l. Sai..uel Walker. ! 
 
 Vir^iilinl III III!' h'liiilvfiiiiri'iill'ii-i'. Herbert (ianlner. 
 ,sVerrMri//n//i.Mi,(mii.>//';,sirf};htie.l Kay-Shiittlewortli. 
 .■<,i-nliii'!l III llii hinit 111,11 III nil III li'inil. sir W. Foster. 
 
 GliADSTONIANS. A nanic jiivcn to tlie nd- 
 herouts of Mr. (llmlstoiio in liia Irisli |ioliiy ; tlU'V 
 iiiuluiled ciiil (iruiiviilo, eiul S(eiH<i, niar(iiii5 of 
 Ripoii. earl ol' Uosclmv, sir W. Vernon Harcourt, 
 Mr .lohn Morlcv, iinil oilier lihenils, lH8(i; f(>o 
 I.ibtiulii. The Slip: ortcrRof tlic earl of Knsfbery'.s 
 cabiuot were tormiHl " .Ministiriulists," Miircli, 181,4. 
 
 GLASGOW (LaniirkshinO, the lai-ist riivi„ 
 
 Scotland. Its proKperity (treullv im reasKl altir'tl,, 
 
 union in 1707, 111 conseiiucni'i' of its "hiiiiniiig^,,,!!,; 
 
 " ' ■ ■ ■ .Gla«Kow returns 
 
 of the Aincrii 
 
 Inidc. 
 
 Se 
 
 --■ ■I'lili 
 
 ''"Piililliiju. 
 
 led t., 
 
 St. 
 
 11,', 
 11/' 
 Mil 
 
 Mjo 
 ifii 
 
 i65> 
 ifff 
 
 i;ii 
 
 iJiS 
 
 'I", 
 
 w 
 
 1)64 
 
 • i;*i 
 
 M.r.sby Act iiasHcd 25.liinc, 1H85 
 The eathedriil nr liiuli ehiiirh, dedi 
 KeiitiKein nr Miinun, lie(,'iin abniit 
 
 Krceled iiiln a biu'i^h 
 
 (.'harter was nlilaiiied from .lames 11. 
 Universitv founded by I'ope Sielmliis V.and liisl,, ,, 
 
 Turnbidl . 
 
 Made a rnyal liiUKh by .liinics VI. , , 
 
 Town wasted by a ureal lire . . . ' 
 
 C'liarter of William and .Mary 
 tHiisijiiii' Ciiiiriiiit. the lirst news|ia|ier imblishiil 
 First vessid sailed to .^incriea for its still jjrcat 
 inilinrt, tnlKieen .... 
 
 Great .sliawlield riot 
 
 I'idieo |.rintiiiK be^;iin, about 
 
 I'liiiiilcrcd by rebels 
 
 Theat I e opened 
 
 rnwer-lnnm intrndlleed .... 
 Theatre burnt ; Clnsiiini' llnuhl published 
 ('hambi'r nf eomiiieiee formed . 
 
 Trades' hall built ,.., 
 
 Walter Stirlinn's public library founde.l, l,y ttj|| [' 
 .Spinning' maihinery by steam intrndlleed ,1 . 
 
 .AiKlersnii's universlly fnunded . ^ M;iy 
 
 New (:olle;;e buildings erected . . .' .'',,,, 
 (Ircat poiailar eniiimnlinii . .\|.|-|| 
 
 Trials fnr trcasnii fnllowed July/ 
 
 Theatre a;;ain burnt luii. ih, 
 
 The royal e.xehaiiKc opened ... 3 Xi.|,t. 
 
 (ireat lire, loss 150, o<:«( 14 Jan. i-; 
 
 The (ilasKow lotteries, the last drawn in liritiiin, 
 were granU'd by licence nf iiarliaiuenl ti. tliv 
 cemmissiniiers for the iinpidveinent nf (dii.sfriw. 
 Tlie third and linal (llasunw Inttery was drawn iij 
 l.niidnii, at Cnnpers' Hall, 28 -Viig. 1814. Tlicir 
 repetitinii vas Inrbidileii by 4 Will. IV., e, jj , ijj^ 
 Urilish .Vssneiatinn meet here . 24 Sitt itjc 
 
 Wellington's statue .■reeted . ... 8 IM. i,'„ 
 False alarm of lire at the theatre, when 70 in'ismis 
 
 are crushed to death .... 17 Fili, li^ 
 Visit of the ciueen anil prince Allien . . 14 An;.. ,. 
 Hritish Assnciatinii meet (iiid time) u Sept ni; 
 
 Failure nf Western Dunk of Senthiiid, and Cityof 
 
 (ilasgow bank, and other llriiis .\nv. ,f.j 
 
 In which tireat frauds were diseoveied . . Ort ifif 
 New water-works at Loch Katrine npeiieil liytln 
 
 cpieeii 14 Ort ihif 
 
 [Suiiplies 25,000,000 gallons daily, can sii]i|.|y 
 
 50.1.00,000: engineer,.!. F. Hateiiian ; inst iilHni't 
 
 tii8,ooo;. indepeiideiitof price paid I'm ,ild Mor'Ks] 
 
 'ISelf-siippoHing conking establishments fur u-oik- 
 
 ing classes begun by .Mr. Thus. Cnrbelt, 21 Sc|it if(c 
 (Jhisgow visited by the empress nf tin; Fmiili, 
 
 27 Niiv, ,. 
 
 Theatre burnt again 31 Jan. iE(j 
 
 Visited by lord I'alnierstiin ; installed Imil mtm, 
 
 -") M.irih, ,, 
 Industrial exliibitinii opened uDwiiffi 
 
 F'ine stained glass wiiidows, by (icriiiiiii ailists.init 
 
 up ill the lathedral by private niiinitiiiiiei; , i8sj.« 
 Site of the old university sold to railway i'niii|i:inj, 
 
 new buildings tn be erected near Weslcrii-iniik . iStf 
 Great reform demnnstratioii ; visit nf Jnliii Hiiclil, 
 
 ifiOrt ,. 
 The iliike of Edinburgh inaugurates the statiif ul 
 
 the prince iniisnrt, in Gcnrge's-sipiure 18 Oil ,. 
 Glasgow ami .Vbeideeii universities In ck-rt uni; 
 ,M.l'. , and (ilasgow to elect three instiiiil nf twn 
 M.l'.'s, by the Scnteli reform act, pa.ssed n July, ijfi 
 Foundation of the new university buildings laiilty 
 
 the prince of Wales .... 8 Oct „ 
 Foundation of Albert bridge laid . 3 Jiiiii', li;! 
 
 The new university buildings o]iened 7 Xuv. ., 
 
 4l|The s|iire enmplcteil 14 <lct. 1887.) 
 
 Technical cnllege established abniit 
 
 SciHt centenary I (debrated . . 9Aii8.iS;i 
 
 Fraserand Maelareli s warehouse, lUn liaiiaii-slntt, 
 
 burnt; about !r.o.ooa.'. lost . 27 Manh, iS:i 
 
 F^xplnsion at Tradcslnii Hour mills : abmit ukilk'd; 
 
 InsH "0,000/ qJuly. .' 
 
 Mr. Disraeli installed lord rector . ii) Xov, 1!;! 
 
 Mr Meplieii .Mitchell beiiueaths 7o,cco/. tereniiila 
 free library, A;c spring, if:i 
 
 gl; 
 
 Ml lire in Hueliaiian-st 
 I |inii»liA.ss«ciatinn nieeti 
 I m iion. R. A. t'rosa reci 
 
 p.iin.l.itioiM)fnew|io»t-(: 
 
 Wales . 
 <i,,li,,.iif Hiiriis 111 (icoi-j 
 
 liH Heiwlit'iii . 
 Vw.stiiikeviliiingeopi'ii 
 
 K..,iviiii!.i'li"<''"l"'i"''' • 
 
 fMiloiii ef i'il.V presenti 
 
 |ire.«iileiit, V.H. . . 
 
 V-n- Queen's duck npi' 1 
 
 I rimloiii nf city jireseii 
 
 llailincleii . • , ■„ 
 
 ,|.|iii. of Thus. Cainidiell 
 
 .(ivoreil . ■ • 
 
 I \i<)(hei'urips'liallhuriit, f 
 
 M"|i|«Ki' nf "t'ity of <ll:i 
 
 Irainliw, tntai mill to 11 
 
 I Uimial fand fnrnied to 
 
 .iiinnuitri'irnTd, alsiiit 
 
 IClasgiiw relief Imiik foul 
 
 -aiV"ff)l:isg"w" hank: f 
 
 t„PjSfUtej iltiii8iiiont 
 
 to i nientlis, see Triiih 
 Iniiatn'Hi'Viil hiirnt 
 |ll.<lrr expiosiDIi, Glasgov 
 
 Isijliif nf I.iviiigstiiiie, Gi 
 
 |«;r Will. Ilai'i'niirt, home sei 
 
 ■Jilu'iily 
 |)|r)l,inliiiialil. M.r., beip 
 
 iifl 1000/. b> llie iiniversi 
 
 iiliaiid Wiiigiite's weavii 
 ICnal liii's : Aiiiliur line en, 
 I Paiker'ssiiapworks ; 
 ||i-liiii live lire in the Troi 
 
 l:i«ia,;'e .... 
 hiir Jiike of .Mhiiny receive; 
 
 ballinilirss|iimiiiigiiiill la 
 St. iion. W. K. Kiirsti'r reee 
 [tily .... 
 
 r. ilriglit installed as lord 
 [It Ihifii,'-' .steamer, during 
 hwl.im , , 124 perish . 
 Fjlif ami foeliliead'a jirei 
 
 -Iivrt. Imriit; lass about ; 
 f.l"liii Killer" professorshii 
 1 it 'he university endinvcil 
 
 |lr Faweett, .M.I'., eleeteiU. 
 Hal nf Terence M'Oerinott 1 
 lu at IJIinhurgh for ci 
 kililiiiKniiifdasgiiw; M'l 
 jtenitil tiipeiml servitudu 
 ■ si'ienyeare 
 
 |hMi;;li Ola.sgnw Iniprnvenn 
 'I linriilile iiiiikerics reMK 
 I s( [lie Ileuses ereeled 
 
 tat ii'piilar ileniniistratin 
 l^ivtniiiientanil the Frniich 
 
 lllim- 
 
 Isil iif llie iiiari|iiis nf Mali 
 IvalivrileniiinBlratiiin . 
 Iwllwilre; 15 persons kille 
 
 lollirt 
 
 fe ElJerslie rack in the 
 
 teiimcilbyilynaiaite; cnst 
 
 nipliten's oiirpet iimnufn 
 
 feoiooo/. ilaiiiages . 
 
 fili'iSK'nnd loilway n]ieiied 
 
 biiini;. Cniiiieillnr Dii 
 
 (iN'iis killed and iiianv i 
 
 lies nf ignited giinpnwih 
 
 IJoancy iiocasiniied by t 
 
 |ii"iiiiniisma»siif reek near 
 
 l-;"n biinii asylum hiuiii-il 
 
 BiK file nf 30.000 sehnnl d 
 
 ™ ii.liiiiatiiiiial exliihitini 
 
 I'll' siiieellial in l.ninlnn 
 
 'ii; Hie liiiildiiigs in I 
 
 |foi|'inl alinut 16 acres, c 
 
 II 
 
GLASGOW. 490 
 
 lo.itUrcinHiic'liaimii-Ntreet . . 22 .\ih\, iSiC 
 llnli-li Assoi'iatimi meeting (3ril) ... 
 m, lion. R. A. CWM iweivoH I'rfi'iliuii of tlio city 
 
 Co lalioii of new iiont-olllcc laiil li.v the \itUim ,ii " 
 
 1 Walos . . • .^ . . . 17 Oct. ,, ' 
 [.qalwnf lliii'ii'' "I •"'■"i'(,'« H s(|iiMic uiwcivi'ird liy 
 
 ■ l)pl IIii:i;:liti'" ■ ■ • . . 25 .)iin', 1877 
 
 I \,iv,4i«kcv'lMiiKi'niiciic(l . , . j .\|,n|_ , 
 
 hlVjiiiis'si'li""'"!"'"'''' v ■ • )St'|it. „ 
 
 f:„,lom I'f lily lUTrtcntcil tu (;(,mi. U. Uraiit, ux- 
 liresicleiit, U.S. . . . . • • ij Sept. ,, 
 \v»' Queen's ilm'k n|ii'iic(l 18 Mcpt. 
 
 I (Tminni nf I'ity lnTOi'iiteil tu tho iiiaii|iiis nf 
 
 lljitiDKl"!! •..,••„.•,■ ■ ■ a N"V. „ 
 vi.tii,. ,if Tims. Caniplicll, 111 GonrKf s siiuair, mi- 
 ered 2S Dec. 
 
 GLASGOW. 
 
 (■Iiiiicil h.v tlic piiiircaiicl |iiinccxs (,f Wales- llic 
 
 ■'lay, M.-il n| ||„. ,|ii,,ii, ina^'nilicn,! lu'i'i.tim,, 
 
 "^Wlii"lr.<-l|,a ,„il,|„,;;,.(l ■Krs.s,|„air,ii,MWI. 
 
 ,";;'' '1''.'7' "V MiHyvi,si(,.,L...AnK.;slH. 
 
 Mleil 1 aislcy ,,, Aut'., piivalHy, III,. ,.xl„l,iti(,n, 
 till' uiiivnsi y, aiMl .|ii,,.,i .Mai-aiels col]™.. 
 
 •;•• /'l'^-'; , ."'I' 'I II "as tlii' ^iii st nf sir 
 
 ArrliiLaM CaniiiliHl „r lilvllirsw,,,,,! ,,-,. ,(„,,. 
 .■xliilHli..,iH,.s,.,l, „,N„v. ,SS8; ir|,u,t,.,| muiiU',' 
 
 '•I VISltlMS, .S. 748, ,70, M|l|.lllS4„,«»,/. 
 
 ,'i.-.tni<liv.|l,i,„.l.TM,,i„i witli lnss„nir,. ,,, Mav, 1 
 iiviri lliichaiiaii.-,li,.,.t, i.ss,.k«)/. 'lanuw s 14 Oct 
 "'-^'riielivc sln,,„, 111,. ,.sl,ii,i,j„„ ,„„| "„,,„., 
 
 
 M,'""u' '""l.l"'r'' ''|i"''''l. "I"l li™ "f ill.' Irt Sav. „ 
 ■Ml. Wtu. MirliiiH I,,.,|,i,.a11,s 2o,,«u/, t„ (ila,sn.,w 
 '■hantii'S ; he i|i|.i| 
 
 .WtteiuwsMiall^iM-rit l,,SHal,;;ii|.,,oW. ,;.I,.n,., .g^g Tl„. MiaKii'ili,.',''„'t,"n'i,i„i,.ii,aI i)iiil.l'ii,Ks 'in (;',.,„w's' '^^'' 
 
 M,.lil«.K,. .if 'Lily nf (.liLSK'nw liaiik, with iMany .sipiai-,., nicliit,.,.t \lr. \V,, V, 11 ^T^ ,,st h," ',' 
 
 Ljiiilifs, tiitalniiii tDinaiiy, sii. /;.,«/,■.< ^ (),.(. i«i(x»j/ 1,1 ,1 i,v ti„ ..i . , •". , ' 
 
 V.;ii'i;,l niiiil fiinr».,l to ivli.v,. sulIWc.rs, ,; Xnv. ; " ' Knit; ' '"'• "'' ■''■',','";" 
 
 ,iniimntr,.r(.iv,.il, alKiiit 1.8.0CK./ . . 12 .\i,v. ,, -Mr. H. liaiii.sav's liid',. ami w,,,'.l i„.i,-t 1 i ' ';r " 
 
 t , 11,,.. \i. ..,..,... T .1' ; ..■ •. ■ . • ..7 Oft. ,. 
 
 > I I'l'L. ,, 
 
 ''tilvurfil;i.<p'w" '>ii»li: Wli-i'iiai-li ,in.| ,s,iiiii. ilir,.,.. 
 
 IiiPistiiti'iiiril til i8Tn,iiitlis'iiii|.risuiiiiu.iit,i)lli,.'-., 
 
 |,i8llliilltlis. S(.|' 7Vm^< .... I /.',.|,. ,B7M 
 Itetn. K".viil liiinit .... 2 l.',.|.. ,, 
 
 Igiiler e.xiiKisiiiii, Glasgow iniinvnrks, 25 killiil, 
 I 5 .Man-li, „ 
 
 ISbtiie of (.ivinb'stiinc, GiMirtVs-.siiuar,., iinv,il,il, 
 I i9.M;iH'li, ,, 
 
 |«ir Will. [laivriurt, home swretiiry, iTi.civi..s Cri'dloni 
 
 iniii'iity 25 Oct. 1881 
 
 lat. Maiilmialil. M.I'., Iiciiucalhs a iiiliiiii(,' lilnary 
 
 iii.l loonl. to tilt! iniin.rsity . . . \,,v. , 
 BI.11 k ami WiiiKiitc's weaving; mills liiiriit 3 Dec. ,] 
 |Cr..il liivs : .Viiilior line |.nj;iii,. works on thc't'lyile 
 I antral kerssoa)! works; ilanuw, aliont so,(i«j/. 1882 
 iMiiiilivi.. liri- in the TronKale, 15,000/. cstinialcil 
 
 1 ihiiiiW 17 AiiK. ,, 
 
 (riiriliiki. of .Mhany rei-eivcs the IVcjiloni ,if tli,' city 
 
 14 Oct. ,, 
 lG»ltaitir.<s|.iiiiiiiiKniill Iiiinit . .14011. 
 
 St. lion. W. E. Korstt.r receives the freeiloiii of the " 
 
 Itily 18 Dec. ,, 
 
 jlr.liiij;lit installed as loiil I'l'itor . 22 .Man h, 1883 ...''! '.' ' '.."o Aic' 
 
 hieftijw-stcaliii.r, ilurinj,' liiiiii, h in the (.'lyil,., *"*''"'' I"' '"I'll mayor of l,oii,|on ami sliiritis, " 
 
 •Messrs. Teiiiph.lcns carp,.t-wi.aviii(,' mill, i,, tin'. " 
 coiir.se of ,.recth.n ;it (iie,.,ili,.a,l, .liiii,,^. ,■, ^-ale 
 a 1.S on th,. shells where ahoiil ,40 ^irls w.re at 
 wo.k.ahoiit,,, k,ll,.,| ..... Nov. „ 
 
 <-o-operative societies of th,. U,iit,.,l KiiiKilom :,2ml 
 .iiiiinal con-ri-ss (the I'ail of H,i.s..|,ery pr, siilent), 
 
 The fieeilon. of the city ,is,.ii to Mr. u'm'';^;;;,!:?: "'" 
 
 .Vei'tiii- of miners- ll,■l,.^;,lt,.s fr all pai ts oV.s',' ot I " 
 
 l.iml licniaiiiliii;.' incrcas,. of wai^f.s, Ac, 
 
 '"^'wa.'.^.."'"' '"'■'*■'"" '" ""' "■'''l■"•''^k^' n'spi'ctiij " 
 'I'hyarl of li..sch,.ry n.,.,.ives' the'freeiioni of the " 
 
 (imit ,iicclin„ of Scotch "railway men;"nKn»'mi " 
 sliike i,M,lv,.,l on ; s,.e un,l..r Hiiilinnis 2, Dec 
 
 hast,.ni.,n,l Imlustiial K.vhihi'ion op,:m.,| l,v the " 
 iiianpiis of l.oiliian . . m'Dc.c 
 
 l'iv,.,hiiii of 111,, city pnsenteil to the maninisor " 
 
 .^alishiirv . \i Q 
 
 ''emleil^'''"' "'' '*'''l'^"'«''t'' "" tlieClyiie, v/iliy'; "' 
 
 I l«ls»> ., 124 perish . . . . 3 .July, 
 fjlif anil hneliheail's jiremises, m-ar llin'liaiiaii- 
 j<ln.:l. I'linit; liissahout 200,000/. . . 3 .Vov. 
 f.li*iiKhliT"lirofessorsliip of naval airliitecture 
 lit 'ho lUiiver.Mty endow, li liy .Mrs. Klder, 12,500/. 
 I aninmiK.eil Nov. 
 
 |lr F.TOoolt. .M.P., elec.ted loid re, t.)r . 15 .Nov. 
 talofTorciioe M'Di'rniiitt and nine other i-itihon- 
 liiitnat KtlinliurKh fnr eons|iiri,,.y to liiow np 
 I laililinsa in Glasgow ; .M'Dennott'aml lour .sen- 
 jlenowl Miienal servitlido I'oi' life, tlv,. others to 
 
 17-21 I)ec. 
 
 ■Mi;, a. .1. Hallonr, lord rect.ir of llie nnh"ersiu'! 
 
 ilidivers liisa,l,hess,in " l'roKr...ss " - -- 
 
 .Messjs. Wni. l'rlTllro^ 
 
 all.Mlt lO.lXX,/. ... ., , „ 
 
 Knclion of a new lin,. art gallery at th,: ..Zu-iM '" 
 
 26 .No 
 oni' mills hiirnt ; ]i,> 
 
 propos,.,! liy a (.oininitt,.,. . 
 
 13 April, ,, 
 
 fcrviiiili Glasgow Iiiiprovenient Act.Ki-i.at niinihcrs 
 jol horriWc moknies removed, 1866, and whole- 
 |»nieliniisc.s(.reet,.il . . . aniioniH.ed ,, 
 
 kit |«tiilar ilciiioiistratioii in favour of the 
 jivmiiiientiinil the Franchise hill ; .Mr.Trevelyaii 
 
 111" 6.S(iiit. ,, 
 
 J>il i.f tlio iiiari|iiis of Halislinry ; Kr,.at c,)tisi.r- 
 iHlinikiaiiiiKtratiiiii . ' . 30 .Sept. ,7 .so/. 
 
 Jarllicatrc: 15 jiersons killed thnmyli false j.anic' " 
 
 \f Elilerslie iwk In the Clyde near HeiiVicw ■* 
 Viiiovcil by ilynaniite ; co.st about 40,000/. . 1880-6 
 nijjlit.iiis oiirpet nmimfactorv hnrnt, nlioiit 
 >,W. iLiiiia^Ts . . , . ^3 ,,,,„_ ,83g 
 
 >liT!!ii.imi| laihvay op,.n,,l . 15 .March 
 
 lilif VoiMiK. Cninieillor Duncan and five other " 
 T»rs.ii.s killeil and many in.jnri'd hy poisiiiiniis 
 Bics of i;..iiit,.,| (iinipiiwdcr iiishiiiH into the 
 Jacaiicy ««.«sioii,.,| hy th,. l.iastinf,' of an 
 ■iMnoiis mass of rock near l.och Kyiie 25 Sept 
 V;.:'ivu!a;ilasyhnii hniii.-il di.wi, . '3 Dee. " 
 Wl'offt(.of3o.oooseliiiol ehildrcn . io'.S,.|it' ie'i't 
 Ml iiiionintiniial exhibition, th,. largi'st in tlii. 
 miiiosMipellial ill London in 1862; patron the 
 pin 11; I ho liuililiiiKs in the wi.st e>i,l pnik 
 Itoiliinl about 16 acri's, est aliout 7o,o<»/. ; 
 
 ii,.' ,„■ , ; .. ■ i3J\pni 
 
 lioiio.s,.,l r,-,liicti,,ii ,it wa-,.s of seamen ami tir,.. 
 
 [Men ; trieat meeting- of the men, 28 April ; strike 
 
 "''^'ins ^|, , 
 
 tiliieeii .Margaret e„lle^:e, incorporate.! with ' tiie' " 
 
 iiiiiversity .... ff„.. 
 
 Th.. tnistees of the IJellaliousUm fi'in.1 (sococo/ )' " 
 
 li..|.e.piestoftli,.Miss,.s.Steven,ofUellahoiistoi',' 
 
 to (.la.syow, deci.l,. to eoinmenee ilistribiition irl 
 
 .May, 1801, about 
 
 William M'Keowii ..x,.c,it,M for the mnriler 'ami " 
 
 i Si,^s'o;',;: )""''""'""^"" '-" 'IT- « 
 
 Vi.jit ,.,' vi.. (. , ' .' ■ 18 .Jan. 180; 
 
 nih'bdl '"'"■'"'"= "l"'"'^'' ''W"-"* Irish homo ^ 
 
 Sir ,J. (iorst Plectwl' loi.l' iri.tor of tliii' nni^er.s'i'fv ' " 
 
 ■ 5 .Nov. i8g3; in.stalle.| . . •> NoV' ,H„. 
 
 llieatre Ho.val, llope-street, hnrnt . , M; l 1 V 2t 
 
 I)isnstn,i,.s llreut Messrs. .Samuel lli;,vinh,>tha,i, i' '^ 
 
 l-o., calico priiiti'is, .Sonlh.side, sev.-ral , baths, 
 
 Ea.stern |«)itii)n of the Central railway opennV, " 
 
 Jiihllee relebrntion oflor.l Kelvin as professOT of " 
 .Nat. Dili, in the university; liaiiiim.t bv the 
 eoriioralioii, many l,),eit;n d-.b-Katis presi-nt,' 
 
 Burtis exhihitioi, opene.l (ee„t..m„-y ,:s':uMo'i '^"^ 
 Inly; celebration at Uumfries, anil tliioiij;liuut 
 
 . 21 .Inly, 
 
 the country 
 
 \|',-"iI',''';'i'Jm"*''V''"i"*?' ^^'""''"■'■'"'"■•.V '8 Auk. „ 
 
 iin'iversit' '"""'"'''"'"' •"''■''l'''' ''^"' '^'''t"'- "f U.e 
 Inilian lam'int. filial, Imij^c .mu'iis ii-mitte,! ^j Keh.' ig^j 
 
 K K 2 
 
 ■ •*4 1 
 
 , ! "^:i M 
 
 
 '•■^ 
 
 '«,,!?' 
 
 '^, i- ''v '':m 
 
 a: ■,>■ 
 
 .1 *;'lfl| 
 
 ''l;>A:i 
 
 .'(' ' ■ 
 
 ■^MSijiMMti 
 
 Mtu:;^i 
 

 l^\:. 
 
 
 GLASGOW, ULSHOPKIC^ V'O 
 
 Di'NlrucUvi' liif 111 llM' l-':iirli.'l'l SliiiilM.il.liii'^ yai'l, 
 i'stiiii:il('(l il,nii:i[;c ■io.i.oV. . ■ • , ,4 .''I'''- '-'='7 
 
 Kuyal (lliis-(,» Art iii-.tUulr, iiiinual cxhililtiuii 
 OJIClKvl ,..8 t"*'.''- •■ 
 
 l'assfiiL"'i.~ liDiii till' (iliismiw htciiiiicr I i.-r.n.i, 
 force a laiidinn at Duihhim ; hanh'i's linjkcii : 
 Hiimliiys ,'^'V= ,^i' " 
 
 iJestructivc liic and cxiiln-iion at Uroxbiuii nil 
 works; i ili:itli . . . • • 19 Auu. ,, 
 
 Visit of tlir ,liik(> ami iliwlii'>.- of York 10 hi'pt. ., 
 
 Mr. CliMiiil..Tlaiii iiislallcl lonl rcrtur of tin' inn- 
 viMsitv : aildii'^s oil " I'litriolisin," 3 Nov.; it;- 
 o.'ivcii lliclivi'.lom Ml till' city . . 8 Nov. ,. 
 
 Kins at Mcs-is. W. & H. lliitrick & Co., wliolvsul'- 
 chemists, li.'iilii'l.l-stivrt ; 4 tliviiii'ii killed by an ^ 
 explosion , • -7 ;'""• ■ -'-'■- 
 
 Peoiile's Valiice and Winter ^arilni, erectod on 
 GlasKO«-^'ivi'ii 'imtilic siil.siri|itioii); Olicni'.l by 
 the earl ol Ko^.tii'iy .... 22 .Ian. .. 
 
 GLASGOW, BlSiiOi'lUC ()F. K('U'}et, i" I'i* 
 A/itigiiitiix, savs it was luinulcd by bt. Kontfjerii, 
 alius Muiigo, in sOo; Dr. Heylin, aiieaking ot the 
 Bceof St. .Vsaiili.'in 'Wiiles, says tluit thtit see was 
 founded liv St. Keiiti-eni, 11 Seot, then bislmii 
 Glasgow, ii) S^V 'i''ii--< Iirelaeybei'iinie undiieinsiolial 
 in 1401, eeased at the Kevolutioii, and is now ii 
 post-i-evohition hishniirie. Tlie cathedra , com- 
 incneed in 1121, lias a nohlc eiypt; see liinhups. 
 
 (iLENC(JE MAS.SAClUi, 
 
 Tonjicvcd II- ToH'jhriKil (/((is.-^; Jl. f'e la li;i.-.li,.s p,,,. 
 cess (i.liinniMg heated glass iiiln ,1 li.,t l,;,t|. ,,1 
 iileiiKiiious or alkaline coniiioiind!*) aiiiiiiiuiii..i_ 
 ..|iiil, 1875 ; larjiely iiiaiiufaetured in l-'raiKT, im,! 
 si.ld ilieap in laMuliin 
 
 Mr. Frederiek Siiini'a»d('seriliedliisiiriieessfor|.rii. 
 diieiiig strong lioiniiKcneous teiiipci'i'dgliissal tli> 
 Hiieietv of Arts 26 Vrh 
 
 Tlie aiiiiiiealinii of glass for mils pitipi.^Hl i,,- M, 
 U. (.ill l^av-Huekiialland fur rail«ay sl.-,.|,(.,s |,.„. 
 posed by 'Mr. !■'. Siemens. 1B85-C. This ulav 
 asserted I'l be iniieli strmr^er tlmii iieii. 
 
 The niaiiiilaeture of Venetian glass piobaWy intru. 
 dr.eed finiii Oinstautiiiople and perte.'ted in th,. 
 i;tliaiid following eenliiries. Veiieii,,,, glas, ,, 
 hi,« inaiiiilaetured at Venice and 11: Eii^Ii!,! 
 (139.') by l>r. Halviati ; he presonted a .splHii,|i.| 
 glas^ vase to the ipieeii oil the aiiiiivcisar)otl,i-r 
 coronation day, aS .Inne, i8(j:, see .\/r„„,v,, 
 Depiesaioii of Knglish glass nainiitai tiiretliiuiyli 
 tlie action of the trade union and fureigncuiu. 
 petition ; reported, Vimis . . .31 A;;;. 
 
 i(;{ 
 
 GLASTONBURY (Soinel'.-et), trailiti.i,,,: 
 said to have been the rcsidemo of J').i'|.|, 
 Ariiuathea, and the site cf the tirstCh.istiaiiil; ,; 
 in Britain, aliout (w. A cliureh wie. Imiit l,„ 
 ))v Ina about 70.S. The town and ahhc; ».. 
 burnt, II.S4, and iin curthipiake did great I'i;,:,,, 
 in 1275. Kiihiu-d Whiting, tlie last alihiit. 
 
 Ill ' - I J- ■*" --OT ' '•^' 
 
 GLASTTl'iS (in Scotland) i»nd SaNDEMAXIAXS hail 100 monks and 400 duniesties, was lianj.l .„ 
 (in Ei^'bind). In 1727, John Ulas, a minister ot Tor-hill in his poutitieals lor lefu^smg t»_t;ik. ;!„. 
 
 th. chiTrch of Scotland, imblislied "The Testimony 
 of the King of Martyr., concerning his Kingdom 
 (/(//,» .wiii. T,(>)," in whieli lie opposed national 
 churclies, Miid'des:-vibei! the original constitution ol 
 the ('liristiaii ihuieh, its doctrines, ordinaiices, 
 offloers, and disci]iline, as given in the New 'ic-ta- 
 nieit Having been deposed in 172K, he and otlieis 
 est.valishcd several churelies lonned upon the pri- 
 mit, c models. The publication of a series of letters 
 oil ilcrvey's " Theron aiul Aspusio," by Kobert 
 S«nd..nian", in 17S7, led to the cstabii-sTiment of 
 cliun hes in London and other places in England, 
 and aUo in North ,\inerica, 
 
 GLASS. Tlie Egvjitians are said to have 
 i(nowii the art of making glass 1150 ii.c. Ihe 
 discoverv of glass took place in Syria. J /uii/. 
 Glass-liouses were erected in Tyre. It was in use 
 am ng the Koniaiis in the time of Tiberius; and 
 we know, from the ruins of I'ompeii, that windows 
 were formed of glr.ss hefoie 79. 
 
 Ol.ississaiil to liaveheeii brought to Knglund hv 
 Benedict liiseop, iiMiot of Wcariiiouth, 111 . . 
 
 The glass inanufaeliiie established in hngland at 
 Crutclied-friars, and in the Savoy (.S(ow) 
 
 Oreat liiipiovcineMts have been made in the niimu- 
 faetUic, through the iiiiinense increase of cheinieal 
 knowledge in the ]ircscnt c-ntury. I'rofessnr 
 Karadav published Ids rescai' iu'S vn the nninu- 
 factiire'ofglass for optical purposes ill . . 
 
 The duties (111 glass, (Irsl imposed 1695; repealed. 
 1698; re enacted, :745; llnally remitted, 24 April. 1843 
 
 GLAss-l'AiNriNi: was known to the ancient Kgyp- 
 tiaiis. It was revived almiit the lotli centii.N , 
 and is dcseribcd in the treatise by the nionU 
 Theoiihilus ; was pi.ietised at .Marseilles in a 
 beautiful stvle, about 1500. and attained gre.it 
 lierfeetio:i about isio. Speeiniells ot tile I3tll 
 eenturv exist in Knglaiid ; V. Winstmis work is 
 the best on the subject, 1846, new edition . . 
 
 "Stained Glass Wimlows," by Lewis F. Day, pule 
 lisheJ , • -"^'"^ ■ 
 
 Glass I'latk, bu coach windows, mirrors, lie. , 
 nnide at Iv,milieth by Venetian artists, under the 
 patronage of Villiers, duke of iiuckiiigham . 
 
 The iiianufaetiue was impi.ive,! by the French, 
 wlio made very large jilates; and lurtlier im- 
 iirovements in it were made in lami'ashire, when 
 theHritish I'late (il.iss eompany w.is established 
 
 Mi»infaeture of british sheet glass introduced by 
 Messrs. Chance, of Uiriiiiiigbam, about . . . 
 
 )!■ 
 
 oath of supremacy to lleiii-y VIII., 14 N 
 The monastery w.is suppres.sed 1540, VUit ., .. 
 anglieiin bishops, 3 Aug. 1X1)7. See /,«/,, 7/«/. 
 /ihgs, l8i)2. 
 
 GLEBE ('//e«((, a (dod), the laud beloiigiiij. t„ :, 
 parish chunli, or ecclesiastical beii' tice. 
 All act to facilitate the .saU' of glebe i.uid was |.a..,.<i ,. 
 
 i338. 
 
 GLEE, a piece of uniiceompanied vocal ni.-i, 
 in at least three parts. Their emnposition limi; j 
 early in the iHth century. Eminent loraiw. r-, j 
 Saniuel Webbe (1740-1810), Stevens, Callrott.'ll 
 lev. Dauby. I'axton, Lord Mornhigton, Sp'llii 
 A:c. The (rAt- C.Y/(6, founded by Dr. J. \V.l.';i'.: 
 Dr. Arnold, and others, 1787. 
 
 l*ertli.iliire. Tii 
 in 1X41, was oiitmi in I 
 
 676 
 ■ 557 
 
 1S30 
 
 18CS 
 1197 
 
 1673 
 
 ■773 
 ■ S32 
 
 GLEN ALMOND, 
 
 College here, projected 
 1847. It was tounded principally by theexifl;. 
 of Jlr. A'. K. Gladstone and Mr. Hope Scott, iWu 
 by dean Itamsay, the duke of liucolemli. lik 
 nianiuis of Lothian, and other gentlemen, ti .-if- 
 port the Scottish episcopal ehuirli. Tbe silmi. 
 "ivoli by Mr. George I'atton, iitterwaiilslorJlui;. 
 almondi 1840. The foiindatinn-.toiie of a im 
 wing was laid by Mr. W. K. Gladstone, I Oct. ivn. 
 
 I Trinity college iimcli injured by lire ; ■iaiiiageiilw;; 
 
 5,o.xJ.. 10, again 18 Oct. 1B94 I Alan W. ,1. Keri;;;,. 
 
 •son. a pupil (iiieiitally weak), ehar;;ed with ar.-i!: 
 I 27 Oct; confessed ; sentence ot i.> iiiuiithn' ii.' 
 
 (.risoiiment 24NV,i:'^ 
 
 ; GLENCOE MASSACRE of the Macd-c'.iv | 
 ; a Jacobite clan, for not surrendering before I Ja 
 ; 161)2, the time stilted in king William's prwliiij- 
 I tion. Sir John Dalrunple, master (nfternii- 
 i earl) of Stair, their eiieniv, obtained a (li'iivi"''!'! 
 e.xtirpate that set of thieves," which the kin; si 
 said to have signed without perusing. Tivm mI 
 under 70 was to be slain. This iiiaiulate w.is tei-l 
 cherously executed by 120 soldiers ef 11 CiniliMl 
 regiment, hospitably "received by the IIighUJe^[ 
 1 uFeb. [0():. About (ju nie" were slain ; iHi'' 
 ' women and childi-en, turiien jut nuked in a frctid 
 ■ ing night, iierished. This excited great imlifEa-l 
 tion; and an imiiiiry was set on foot, M.iy, Ko:.j 
 but uo I'apital puuishiueut followed. 
 
 GLEN 
 
 GLENDAT;OrG 
 
 ,i,,ioiit Irish liisliojiri 
 In St, Keven iu 41)8 ; 
 
 GLOBE. Thegli 
 jo- zeiies, some ot 
 ifkre, die opacity oft 
 oliiniir eclipses, wnf 
 ,li,teil, byThalesof Mi 
 .'oras jciiioiisti'iited, fr< 
 llie stars by change of 
 lif loiiml; that there 
 r;,|io,ite part of the 
 iiiiTnini:and evening 1 
 ii,ttil of twelve s[ilier( 
 ltf.*|ihereof the wute 
 silitre of tire, the sjii 
 Vmiis, Mereiir\', Man 
 -lliiee of the stars ; 
 (.! Sjiiios maintained t 
 ran a.^is, and revolved 
 trine was held by his c 
 lii.it the philoso'pher n 
 ,teCirciimimfi</(ifoi-s. 
 
 1,1 (Mi'miiiie the figure o 
 Ins l«-rli iiieasllled in ■ 
 liimfiarnnid I.a roiida 
 I'lKiilnlnthels in r.apl. 
 
 IMiEMtcil density 5''i tl 
 
 i»^,C00.00O,O00.0OO ton.' 
 
 IV.iiiif iiiid Spain iiie.-is 
 Blot. mill AiiiKC betwit 
 
 Mi.KiiiTiueiits made ill 
 i;o.:[;r)Kviaest, pllblis 
 
 KvpTiiiicnts made by pi 
 iiit.itien 111' the earth I 
 (iiltiiiiiae its density 
 eiliiTS; anil in 1826, it 
 1; Ii. Airy, the astronoi 
 
 .lr,llHiMI.(ll.oBKS. It is 
 
 l.tiiiicht til tlreeee fro 
 
 AlWlillll'ill'S cnlistrileted 
 
 Tlif glehf of (iottorp. a 
 ilumttiT, euiitaiiiing a t 
 S'iiis. laiil the inside re 
 III till- lieaveiis, the sta 
 lilifilislleil iieeiildllig tl 
 ;iiid ill-ill^ turned by t 
 Ihi'ir true pnsition, ri.- 
 Tlil'iilll.siile is a terrestri 
 llii-Hlehe (if (:otbirp,,t 
 li:ili;i-, which, at the ex] 
 ll"l^tein, was erected a 
 ■if.UaiiiOlearias.and wi 
 allien^' the papers of 
 KiHifrick IV. of Deiini; 
 liaat in 1713. it wat 
 1757; hut it was aftcrwa 
 
 Tlif^Iolie at l\'itibiok.'-li. 
 bug (master, 1733), eigl 
 
 111 K'51 .Mr Aliraliaiiis en 
 Mr, Wylil, 11 ghilie 60 1 
 Imiii tlie uuiitrc by ilav. 
 'Vm-iI in July, 1861 ;'ll 
 I'lMiiH; eventually takci 
 
 ll!,,Iaiiii»Wylil,geiigrapli( 
 lijy. 
 
 GLOBE THEATI 
 
 «as built by ugreemei 
 I anJ liieiiseil to Shaki 
 
 Pi'jitnn, and S/idkenpc 
 I ''Theatre," erected on 
 
 Strand, was opened 28 X 
 I managtr,— The Glolje ev 
 
 ivhig, now conservative ; 
 
 GLOIRE, French 
 
 hrlltil, 
 
 GLORY, the niinbu 
 
 I tlie heads of saints, ange 
 liircleof rays on images, 
 
GLEXDALOUGII. 
 
 501 
 
 GLYCEHIN'E. 
 
 iiiiiit'd voi'id m.-k 
 • ciiinposition lio 
 imiiK'ut comiio. f. | 
 iTns,Ciillcott,'H ij. 
 niiiigton, Si) 'II 'I 't, 
 ' Dr. J. W.oa;-!:, 
 
 GLENDALOI'GH, or " Seven Cliurclics" im 
 ii.iiiit Irisli bisliiipi'ii , sniil til liavd liccii fniindid 
 111 St, Kfvcn iu 4i)'H; united with llulilin, 1214. 
 
 GLOBE. Tlie p:l(il.iiliir I'lirm id' tlie e.uth, the 
 liiT zdiifSi some ol tlie |iriiii'i|iHl linli-.s of tlie 
 ipljiTe. the npiieity of tlie tnooii, iiiiil the tine 1 ;ui>' > 
 ijiliiiiiiri'rUpses, were tiiiijjht, iiiid 1111 e(li]'se ]jn - 
 iljiteu, byTnales of Miletus, iiliout (140 11. r. I'ytlia- 
 »(ir;i! Jfiioii"'''"'''''' Iroin Ihe vuryins' iiltitu(fes if 
 'lie Jtiirs by iliiini;t> of pi.iee, tliiit the enrtli niu>t 
 lif nniml; ' tliid lliere ininht. lie luitipodes i.n the 
 ,]i|i,i.ite part of the };liilie ; thiit Venus wiis tl.e 
 iiiiiininjjiind ''''"''i? stiir; tliiit tlie uiiivi r^e eeii- 
 iiMi'il of twelve spheres— the sphere of the iiirtii, 
 ihr sphere of the wuter, the .-.phere of the air, the 
 si'liere of lire, the spheres of the iiio'in. the sun ; 
 Vi'OUS, Mercury, Miirs, Jupile;, Siilurn, and the 
 *|li.Te! of the stars; alieiit ■^i)(i ii.('.— Aristari ln.s 
 fit S.iiii'is niaintiiined that the earth turned on its 
 (.»ii axis, mid revolved ahout the sun, whiili do- 
 lriiie was held hy his conteiinHiraries as so ah>urd. 
 liiat the philosojiher nearly lost his life, 2K0 11. C. ; 
 jFt (jrmmnavi(jittors. 1 
 
 I„ ,i.-tiTlililie till' li^'lire of tlie earlli, a ili'^,'i-ee of l.ititudf 
 
 1m< liwll liieiisiueil ill ilittelelit pints ol'tlie \v..ili| : liv 
 
 liifl^'iiTiuiil I.a t'oiiiliniiiiie in I'eni, ami hy Maiipi r- 
 
 ris-iiiiliitlieis ill I.apliiiiil, i7!5. 
 E>li;;!:ileil ili'lisitv 5'i tliill of water; weight, o.oco.ow, 
 
 a"*\coo,POO,ooo,0(X) tons. - I'lnrtnr, jHy^. 
 JViii'C ami Spain iiieasiireil hy Meeliaiii, Uilaiulu", 
 
 liiiil, anil Arii;!e. Iietweeii 170-.^ anil i8li. 
 Mi.wmiui'iits iiiaili' in India liv eol. (iifliiu.iids «:r 
 
 IliiiWjKvi'li'St. plllilislied ill iK)o. 
 E\|»TillH'llts hiilile liy |«'Ildlllllllls to llelliolisti.ite tia' 
 
 liilatinll lit' till: ellltll liy I'olleiilllt ill iSt;! : and 111 
 
 il.lHniiiic its density liy .Maskelyiie, jlailly, :iiii| 
 ,lli.TS ; ami in 1826, i8j8, and 1854, liy Mr. (alt. >ir) 
 il B. Aiiy, tlie astrononier inyal. 
 
 .\r,anim,(li,oBKs. It is said iliat a edestial ;;lulie was 
 lii(,!iKlit til (.ireei-e troni Ktsypl, i08 n.c. , and tliat 
 .\ii|iiiiifili's iiiiistriieled a planetarium aliunt rr2 n.e, 
 
 Tiir gli'lif 111' (ioltnrii. a eoneave splieie. eleven feet in 
 liiiiiiittiT. iiiiitainin;; a talile and seats lur twelve |iiu'- 
 siiis, mill the insiile repre.seiitinj; the visiMe snifaee 
 iif tlif heavens, tile stars and eiinslell.ilions, .ill ilis- 
 tiii^'ii^lii'il aeeeiiling to Iheir lespei live inaKiiitinies, 
 ;inilliHii(! tiniiid liy means of einiuns niei-lianism, 
 Uifir true |iiisition, rising' and settiii"-, are slmwn. 
 Tlii'iiiU.siili,' is a terrestrial ;,dolie. 'I'lie m.ieliine, liille.l 
 tilt Kliihc lit (liiltorp,.lioin the original one of ili;,t 
 iiaiii, whieli, at the expense of Frederiel; II. diiKe i.f I 
 Ih'Meiii.was eieeted at (lottorp, under the direitiini 
 .if.UiiiiOleariiis, and was phinned aftei a ilesi;.'n fimml 
 .iii.iiiiK the papers of tile eeleliiateil Tvelio lii.ihe. . 
 Kiiiliiirk IV. (if Denmark pre.seiileil it, to IVter the 
 iia.it ill 1713. It was nearly ilestruyed liv tire in 
 iv;; Init it was afterwaid.s reeonstrneteil. ('die. 
 
 Tlitiikilie lit I'eialiiok.'-hall, (amliridne, ereeted liy Dr. ' 
 |j'ii(! (master, 1733), eighteen feet in diameter. 
 
 Ill 1*31 Mr. Ahiiihaias eri'eted in I,eieester-si|iiaie, fi 1 
 Mr. Wylil, a glolie 60 feet 4 inelies in ilianieter, iit 
 Imiii the centre hy day, and liy gas at night. It was 
 '!"M'il in .July, i36i ; the inodels were sold, and tlie ' 
 li'i.liliiig eventually taken down. 
 
 lli..IaiiiMWylil, geographer to the queen, died 17 A|iiil, 
 
 GLOBE THEATRE, B.\N'Kside (Lon(bn), | 
 
 MS built by agreeniciit dated 22nil Xov. 151;^, | 
 
 I anJ liiensed to Shiikesneare and other.s ; see i 
 
 Utiilm, and Uliiih-expciin:' k Tlivalre. — The Glohe ■ 
 
 I ''Theatre," ereeted on \\w. site of Lyon's-inn, ' 
 
 Slranil, was opened 28 Xov. i8(jiS, Mr. Stfton I'arrv, 1 
 
 I in.raager,— The 676/>e evening newspaper; formerly 
 
 I «hig, now conservative ; cstahlished 1805. " j 
 
 GLOIRE, French stoani tVigatu, nee Xari), \ 
 
 i frinch. 
 
 GLORY, the iiiuibiis drawn by painters round 
 
 I till) heads of siiinta, anprels, and holy men, and the I 
 urdeofiays on iinajjes, adopted from the C'lesars ' 
 
 and their tlattererfl, were used in tlio 1st eentiir\ . 
 The do.xology, " (llmiii I'lihi," is very ani.din't, 
 •aid originally without the ehiusu ''as 'it was in 
 the liiginniiig," ku. In tin- (ireek it begun with 
 
 •■ ihifii." (jluri/. 
 
 GLOUCE.STER (Koman «,(■«,»), submitted 
 to the Konians about 4:5, and to the Sa.xons S7;. 
 
 The statutes of Uliuieester, n.issed at a purlia- 
 
 nieiit held hy Kdward 1, 1278, rel.ite to aetion.s at 
 
 law, Ihis eity w.is linorporated hy Henry HI.; 
 
 and Was fortiliei'. hv a strong wall, whieh was de- 
 
 iiiiilished after the Ui.'.storatioii, in iT/x), by order of 
 
 Charles J I., as a punishment for the suceessful 
 
 resistance of the eity to C'harhvs I., under eol. 
 
 .M.issev, .Vug., Sept. 104,5. The Uloiieester and 
 
 li.rkeley eaiial was completed in April, 1827, 
 
 l.iin.s liribery took place here at the electic.i for the 
 
 parliament in 1851;.— The liisiiiii'uic: was one of 
 
 the si.\ ereeted liy Henry VIII. m 1541, iinil was 
 
 formerly part of Woivesfer. It was united to 
 
 Ibi-to! in 1850, but ill 1884 an net wt;s passed to 
 
 ].riividefiir their again beioimng sep, irate bislninrieH. 
 
 fhe bi,liiipiie of Bristol reconstituted ; ,Iuly, '1897. 
 
 'I'lie . hull h, which belonged to the abbev. "aiul its 
 
 revenues, were appropriated to the maintenanee of 
 
 the see, 'J'he alibey, whieh was founded bv king 
 
 Wulphere about 7(Kj, w.is burnt in 1102, ami again 
 
 in 1122. In it are the tombs of Itobert, duke of 
 
 Xermandy, and Kdward II, In the king's books, this 
 
 bi«li..].ric is valued at 51^1'. 17.*. 2(1. per annum. 
 
 I're-eiit income, ^CKX)/. .Vu mt was passed in 1884 
 
 til I riivide for the ilisuniini of the sees of (iluucpster 
 
 and liristol. Uestoratimi of the cathedral jiroeeed- 
 
 mg. 1803-7; theladv < ha|iel reopened 29 Sept. 1897. 
 
 I'l.pulation, 1881, 50,542; 1891, 39,444. 
 
 Eiideiiiie of smallpo.n ,lan. .,l,ily, u-.qb (44; death'O, 
 
 staiiii I'd onl hy the vaccination committei-, 27 .Vpril, 
 
 '/ ■'■ii/. iBuO-o-. 
 
 lies iiK iii.iircKsrKii axi) hhistoi.. 
 
 r llnnting'oril, translated to Hereford, 
 
 RECKNT ni.- 
 1002. (.iciilge Is; 
 
 June, il_ . 
 1S15. Hon. Hen. liyli r, tiaii-lated to laehfield, 1824. 
 1824. Christiipher liiiliill, ti.inshited t.i ii.'icter, 1810. 
 1830. .lames 1|. iiry .Mi.nk, died. 
 
 it;56. Cliailes li.uing, tiaii-lited to Durham, Sept. 1861. 
 IMF. Will, •rhnmsiiii. Iraii-l.ited to Voik, 1862. 
 i:'J2. I'h.irles.liihn Kllii utt (iiiescnt bishop). 
 
 GLOVES. Woodstock and Worcester leather 
 gl.ivis are of ancient eilebrity. In llie middle 
 ages, the giving a glove was a ceremony of inves- 
 titure in liestowiug lauds and dignities"; and tyvo 
 Ijishops were [)ut in possession of their sees by eaeh 
 receiving a glove, 1002. In England, in the reign 
 of Kdvviii'd II. tlie deprivation of gloves was a 
 csremiiiiy of degradation. The Glovers' coinpanv 
 of London was incorporated in 1556. Embroidere'd 
 gloves are presented to judges at maiden assizes 
 The im|iortation of foreign gloves was not permitted 
 till 1825. "Gloves and their Annals," by S. TV. 
 lieik, published in 1883. 
 
 GLUCINUM (from yliikus, . 01). In 1 798 
 ^ auiiuelin di.seovered the earth r/liicina. (so termed 
 from the sweet taste of its salts). It is found in 
 the beryl and other crystals. From ghicina Wohler 
 aiid liussy obtained the rare metal glueinum in 
 
 1828. OlHftill. 
 
 GLUCOSE, see Sayar. 
 
 GLUTEN, an ingredient of grain, partieul;irlv 
 wheat, termed the vegeto-animal principle (cur- 
 taining nitrogen). \u discovery is attributed to 
 beccaria in the l8tli century. 
 
 GLYOERIXE, discovered bv Sclieele, .about 
 1770. and termed hy him the "sweet principle of 
 fats," and further studied hy C'hevreul, termui the 
 
 ' ,: I ■ r • , i' I 
 
 
 li 
 
 . ^^t\ 
 
 •'•'^1,1 
 
 sill 
 
 
 "K 
 
 1 i 
 
 mAL 
 
 h 
 
GLYOXYLINE. 
 
 dU!2 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 
 §?' 1 
 
 Imhi 
 
 Hi 
 
 m 
 
 II I 
 
 "father of llio fiitty aiids " II is (ililiiiiiiMl iiui'i' 
 t)y saponifying olive oil or uniinal fat witli oxide of 
 lend, or litharge, (jlyii'rine is now nunli ('inploycd 
 in medicine iind the arts ; mixed witli vaccine, 
 March i8()8, 
 
 GLYOXYLINE nnv.-nledhv Mr. (aft. air) F. 
 A. AbeI,th(Mdieniist of tlie war ilcparlirent, in i8();), 
 an explosive niixtiM'e of cmi-cotlun, j-ulp and 
 Balfpetre saturated with nitro-jjlyccrine. It was 
 abandoned for compressed gun-cotton. 
 
 GNOMIUM, a new element recently di.scovored 
 by Gerhard, Kruas, and F. W. S( hmidt (1889). 
 
 GNOSTICS (from the (J reek i/iiosia, know- 
 h'dge), a sect who, soon after the [iroachinff of 
 Ciiristianity, endeavoured to convliine its priiuiples 
 with the (Jreek philosophy. An)onj< their teacliers 
 w(Te Saturnius, 111; Basilides, 1^4; and Valentine, 
 140. I'riscillian, a Spaniard, was burnt at Treves 
 as a heretic, in 384, for endeavouring to revive 
 Onoatieisni. 
 
 GOA (S.W. Hiiidostan), was taken by the Por- 
 ta^fuese under Albuquerque in I ^10, and made their 
 Indian capital, l! was visited by the prime of 
 Wales, 27 Nov. 1875. New hirbour and railway 
 works inau;5urated, 31 Oct. 1S82. 
 iSlcr.tion rio's, conlbct with llic pi.li 
 
 l«ry, 17 persons sliol dcail, mt'chumIs 
 
 .'ukI iiiili- 
 i.iiMictiii-, 
 •J. J ( Sept. i3oo 
 
 Onlcr restored .'llSepl. ,, 
 
 Treaty witli (ireal Hrilaiii (1878) ii'spi'ctiii},' cusloiiis 
 duty, and an annual pa>nii'nt to riM'tn.i^al of 2 
 laklis of rupees, sullcrcil I" expire tluciu^li ills- 
 af^rcenicnt 14 .Jan. iSgz 
 
 Mntiu\' of INiitOfiuesc tr(M>ps r)rilered to Atrica, re- 
 KanliiiL: their pa,\', etc. . 14 Hept.-i L>c( . 1895 
 
 A detJicluncnt ut soidiei-s made prisoners by rcl)els 
 after a sliarp liulit, I'i'porteil . . 1 ! Oi't. ., 
 
 Alplionso, ilnke of Oporto, appointeil conHiiamler 
 of tlie expedition against tlie rebels, arrives 
 
 li' .Nov. „ 
 
 Hehels ilefenteil at Salary, repoite.l . 17 |)ec. ,, 
 
 jiisurrcctioii attrilaiteii to inaladnuni^lr.iti in ; 
 prince Alplionso appouded ;io\-;;en. : .-inMie^ty 
 liromiscd witle ut ellei'l. js .March. 1890; the 
 pririci' leaves, ri'ported lurie 1896 
 
 Itiaiewcil dislnrliaiices, Ih" Raoes attack Peniein 
 anil linrn tlie treasury ; reljels dispersed, re. 
 IKirted 17 lice. ,, 
 
 GOAT SHOW at Alexandra palace, 10-22 
 Sept. 1H80, supported by the liritisli (ioaf Seciefy, 
 recently established. A (;oat farm for the supply of 
 milk eiitabli.shed near Dorkiuir, [882. 
 Annual shows uf the llritish };nat society have been 
 
 held ; one opei'cd 8 .lime, i38fi. 
 
 GOBELIN-TAPESTRY, so railed from a 
 house at Paris, formerly possessed by wool-dyers, 
 whereof the chief (Jeluin (iobelin), in the reij;n of 
 Francis I., is said to have found tbe secret of dyeinjj 
 scarlet. This house was purchased by Louis XIV. 
 about l(>62, for a niiintifactory of works for adorn- 
 ing palaces (under the direction of Colbert), espe- 
 cially tapestry, desijrns for which were drawn by I.e 
 Bruij. about {iJAj. Kstidjlishment (1878) cost about 
 8000/. a year. 
 
 " GOD SAVE THE KING." This melody 
 is said to have been composed by John Bull, 
 Mus.l)., in l()0(), for a dinner given to James I. nt 
 Merchant Taylor.s' Hall; others ascribe it to Henry 
 Carey, author of " Sallv in our alley," who dieJ, 
 4 Oct. !74V It was much suna; 1745-''- It h.aa hi en 
 claimed by the French. The controversy on the 
 Hubieet is summed up inChapiwdl's " Popular Musii- 
 of the Olden Times (1859). The melody has been 
 adopted for the(ierniiui national anthem (" Ueil dir 
 im SieKerkrani, '."), and also for the Danish. 
 
 ■n i;(i{, 
 
 :i2. 
 
 The worils Iransluteil in 15 Kast iiiili li.ilnts 
 
 Meeting at the .Mansion-house to ]iiiiin,,|,. o. { '"■ 
 aih'plion . . . - . . . . ,; ' 
 
 GODEIilCH ADMINISTKATIOX V 
 
 count Uoderieh* (afterwards earl of lti|i,)ii) i',,,,, ' 
 tirst minister on the death of Mr. Caiiiiiii - Jt'"' 
 1827 ; he resigned 8 .Tan. 1828. "' •'"■ 
 
 Viscount (Jiiderich. lirsl liml nfthe livimmi 
 Duke of Portland, i'n.<i:lnil uf Ihr cmiu.n' 
 Lord I,yndliui-sl, Umi ,i,(im-cll',r. 
 Karl of I'arlisle. fnnl jtririf urtit. 
 
 Vise.. lint Dudley. .Mr. llnskiss uii.l the ,ii«n,,,| 
 
 Uans.|.iwne,/(,/To/», cuhriUil, r.iul I'lme swehii-i.. '" 
 Lord l'aliii..|sti.n, f.../i7a/-i/-(if-ie„,-. ' ™' 
 
 Mr. C. \V. Wynii, jinsiilfil i.jtiir /„,;,■„ („„„.,) 
 Mr. L'liarles(;iant(altcrwar.lslor.Uil|.Milii) /,,;„„(„/, , 
 
 Mr Merries. , A r/(.„- e/(/„ ,.,,■;„,,„,,, '''•'-""'''/''■•". 
 
 .Mr Ticrney, imiMn- nj'thi' mini. Ax 
 
 GODFATHEKS axd Goilmothfrs , 
 
 ■ymiisoiH. The Jews are said to have li;i,l ti,,'.,',, ,, 
 circumcision; but theie is mi inenli.m of tlifnii'i 
 scripture. Tradition says that siiuiis.irs »■«!■ jr .' 
 appointed by Hyginus, li Itouian liisli..|,, ul,,,,,, ,.] 
 during a time of persecution. In It.ii.Kiii Caliia,' 
 countries bells have godfathers and g.iJmollnTs li 
 their baptism. 
 
 GODOLPHIN ADMIXLSTH VTIOVs I 
 
 (see AdndiimtrdltiHi.i), 1^84 and \hf). i^,, 
 Godolphin liecime princ minister to queen Am,' 
 8 May, 1702. The cabi t was imlitjed 
 The carl resigned 8 Au'j-. i;io, and ilieij 17 
 
 .Sidney, loril (afterwards earl) (i..il..l|.liin /,•,■.. i,™ 
 
 iSir .Nath.in Wright. /.. 11/ ;,c;,i,'. 
 
 Th..nias, carl of I'enilproke ami .Mi.nt^ v. .,nl w 
 
 John Mhelllel.l. niaripiis of N'liini.iiihy (iirii.niar.l.4 .l.i 
 
 of >.'..niianl.v ami Ihiekin^haiii). ;.,).■)( „■„) 
 111. 11. lliluy lii.vlc. ,'li,iilrrlhu- uj Ui, .j./;,-,;,„, 
 SirChai-les Hedges and the earl i.f .\i.|tiii-li;ii,i (ili|.i,.i., | 
 sneeeeded by Kobert llarlcy, ele,il..i| r;i|| ,,1' llsf.!!,.',, 
 1704), si('»(7('/('S e/,.i^ff,'. ■' 
 
 GODS, (ireek and Uoniiin ; sec lunler Mi/ihokn 
 
 GODWIN SANDS, sand-hanks oft' tht ,',; 
 coast of Kent, occupy land wliieli liel.iiigid -f 
 Godwin, earl of Kent, tbe father of kiiiR H;ir..l.lll 
 Earl Ijodwin is said to have dicdsmlilenly, u.lpr-i 
 1053. This ground was aflerwanls given' tMt 
 monastery ot St. Augustin at Canterbury; ',: 
 the ablnit neglecting to keep in repair tlie wiilii!.;; 
 defended it iron- the sea. the trait was suliu.rrt'rt 1 
 about IKX). leaving these sands, upon wjii. li nJjv 
 ships have been wrecked. .Sa/iiKiii. 
 
 GOETHE SOCIETY (ENGLISH 
 founded in Fcdiruary, i88(i, for making junnvnaii,] i 
 illustrating (ierman literature. I'rol'es-or Jhs | 
 MiiUer, president. Inaugural nicetin:,', 2fi Mjy. 
 
 GOG AM) MaOOO, see Giii/d/idl/. 
 
 GOLD (mentioned Gtii. ii. ii), tin' purisl,-,; 
 most ductile of all the metals, for wlii.li i-raymi! 
 has been considered by almost all niiti..ns a- tlr I 
 most valuable. It is too soft to lie used iiuri-, m:; 
 to harden it it is alloyed with copper or silvn-: .j: | 
 coin consists of twenty-two carats of pure gji.l, ; 
 two of copper. 15y 17" & 18 Vict. 0. qb (lS54;.g..;. I 
 wares m-e allowed" to be inanufuetured at a hm \ 
 standard than formerly ; — wedding rings c.'Sffplri 
 by 18 & U) Vict. c. Go '(185.S). The present si,* 
 price is ]l. 1 7.S. lojrf. per oz. ; sec Coin of Knjlai. 
 
 ' Born 1782 ; held various inferior iippimitiiie!il.s (m. 
 180Q to 1818, when lie lieeanic lui'siilenl i.f the l).<itil..! I 
 tra.le ; was chaii.'cllor of the exelin|iu'r fi'oni iSiSt [ 
 .Vpril, i8j7. when he bei'iinie colonial .S(.i'ret,ir)'. rt* | 
 olti.'e he lield ill the (irey cabinet, .Nov. i3to;i'rate.l'i 
 of Uipon, 1813; died 28 Jan. 1859. 
 
GOLD. 
 
 JUli 
 
 aOLD COAfST. 
 
 
 sec IMIlllM- Ml/lkkpi 
 (l-l«IIlk,S (jH' till- ,.,,, 
 wllicll \lA;u«i-i <r I 
 
 I'l-cifkinsHarMlJli 
 (■(Isiidili'iily, i;Afr.l 
 ■I'wiinls j;iviii' 1'! ti, 
 lit Ciinlcrliiirv; !,; 
 1 rcpiiir till' will tl.i' 
 tiMit was subiiitrwi | 
 lis, u])iin wlilrh mw: 
 I moil. 
 
 i' (KXGLISH,, 
 
 • iniikiiii; known aiii 
 ic. I'lofossor Jbs I 
 iiH'ctiip;, 28 Jhv. 
 
 nildlHill. 
 
 . II), tlii'jiuro4,Ji: 
 1, lor whicli ini-tm ;; 
 st uU nati'iiis as tk | 
 to lie used pure, ais 
 iipiii'i' or silvi-r: na: 
 rats >if piiri' goUat; 
 c-t. o.9(. (1854),?:);, 
 ufai't\iivil at 11 luH I 
 Idiiij,' rings osorptol, 
 The present ji,it(>' 
 see Coin of Ernjhni 
 
 ior a|ipiiintiiifnts fitiL 
 ■sidciil nf the iKinlii! | 
 ii'liei|iier from iSiSI 
 liiiiial seeretarj'. rti-J | 
 Xiiv. i8.io;ervatri« 
 
 jndOwi'"'"''- 111 Ifilf), it wiin cnuctcd liv 56 Ooo. HI. 
 , , 68, tliat •' \f'M ''"ins only hIkmiUI Ii,'' Ir^;;!! tcmleM- 
 ■ iialipayinriits of niori' tliati 4()v.,' ih,' tumliT ol' 
 ,.|nT lii'iiii; pi'i'vioiisly iinliiiiiti'd, 
 
 f,;rii>iltil "'iii""l "f'.lM III ""' ii-iil'l; viliii', 1843, 
 
 tio.OU.fl^'' ■ ''''75. l.'JJO.TiO.OTi'. 
 
 Till' value "f (."'I'l eoni|>ar.'il .villi silver is .saiil ti) liavi' 
 lii.i,a esliiniiteil in 111,' tiiiic of lleroilDtiis, b.c. 450 
 alH.ul ]o to I . of I'lalo, 11. r. ,8, i;. to i; a.i>. 1876. 
 
 Illiiivtliah i; to I. .See Slhrr. 
 
 Til" -.vei).'!!! of lie- nialiaiujali "I' 'l'ra\.'iiie,ire In j;,,!,! 
 
 fivra ill eliaritv (iin ,,|,| ciisIumi). .May, i,«5. 
 ■fl,',Amill'.liiiil"li"ii- "/ i:"l'l is ileseliU'i'l hv I'liliy (lllioMt 
 
 ,7)aiid Vilrnvins (alioiit 27 n.r.). Tin' a|. In. mist ll.isil 
 
 Valcaliii'' (in the istli ceiitnry) was aii|iiaiiilei| witli 
 till' solution ol tlie .liPn-icli' iirf;olil ami fniininatinx 
 jolil. .Vieiieas l.'assiiis, in 1685, d,-.erilii'i| |lii. pi,.- 
 ]i;milion irf (/"'■/ jivii'li. whiih was tlnn ailiipteil liy 
 
 Kuiil<el to in.iki' ml ijlnxs, anil to iifli,.r piiriioses. 
 iMili. (loM h.is lii'ell Sllliieeli'il tii lie- leseanhes of 
 iiiiiaeiil eheinists, sneh as llerzelins ami Kara, lay. 
 Mr, Hewlaiid .Jordan, of l.oinlon ilevise.l .1 m-w ami 
 siiiressriil nietlio.l of piDveiitinn wast,', In separating 
 (fiiM from its ore, unmuiiiei-,1 Oi'l, 1884. 
 II. li. Cassel's proeess r,,r extracticni ofelilnrine nseil in 
 
 |/,iii|,iii, i33v 
 .Mr. II. C. .MolNiy's liy,|r,,;.'en.ainalKaiii pr,,e,'ss f,,r ex- 
 Iru'tins; P'M from Ih" ores exhiliite,! tiy .Me.ssrs. 
 ,I,ilaisoii of Kinsliiirv, l,i,mlon, An^-. tHiy. 
 .Mr. T. liowlaiid .Ionian's im'tlnnl cif extractin.i; );')1'1, 
 
 i.sliil)ile,l in (ie,iii,'e .street, l.innloii, K.C, Oct.'iSBg. 
 (ioi.n .Minks, (iol.l was timml lll,l^t ale,in,lantlv in 
 .Vfriea, .lapaii, and S.oitli .Vinerica. In the last it 
 ns (liseiivere.l hy th,' .Spani.iids in 149.., fi-,ini which 
 tiiiu'toi73i tlii'y inip.nteil iiili, Kmop,- Txkxi nillllons 
 „f|,iives of ei;;lit, ill n'),'ister ;;,,i,l ami silver, exelii- 
 sivi'ly of what were nnre;^ist( red. 
 
 Peter the Oreat re-oiieiieil ancient jiohl niiiies in 
 Russia, i6i)i). 
 
 Tlie Ural or Oiiral mountains of Itn.sia long pro- 
 Jiii'fd !,'»l'l in laix'e iinantitv. I 
 
 A pieee of fjold weij,diin^' ninety marks, ciinal to 
 .si.^ty piiinids troy (the mark lieiiiy "iKlit oniice.s), w.-is 
 f„un,l near l.a I'az, a t,,wii of Pern, i7ji>. 
 
 Golildi.seiivered in .Malacca in .^j,; in Xew .\inla- 
 liisia in 1785; in l.'eyl,,n, i8<kj: -.■887(1/. of nuhl, valni' 
 59,^1/., (iMained from mines in llrilain ami Ireland in 
 1S64: it has heenfiinii.l in Coinwall, ami in tlieccmiitv 
 offfiekl'iw in Iri'laii'l (1797). 
 
 Gold di.seoveieil in Cililornia, Hept. 1847; ami In 
 Australia. 1851. On 28 .\[iril, 1858, a minuet, saiil to 
 wi'igli 146 pounds, was shown to the ipiei'ii. It is 
 Mtiiiiated that lietweeii 1851 ami i85(; ;,'ol,i t.ithevaluu 
 of 88,880,435'. was ejportcl friiiii Victoria alone (.see i 
 fuJi/orion and A<isfnilifi severally). I 
 
 Gold di.seiivereil in what is now lerineil NewCnluniljjn i 
 iu 1856: nineli einiKiation tlo'ie in 1858. 
 
 Gold discovered in New ZealamI, .'in,l in Xova Scotia 
 in iSCi. 
 
 Golil diseiivered in ISoiith .Vfiica (Transvaal repnldic, 
 if.), diseovereil In .Siithcilamlshiri' : iiinch excite-' 
 iiieul.det. 1868:111 West .Viislialia, ri'imrteil .Sejit. 1870; 
 in tlie lieiidi^;o Mel, Is, Victoria. .N'uv. 1871 : in l.aml 
 ofMidian, hy eapt. li. liiirton, aniioiin 1, May, 1877. 
 
 Tlieilistrict of Witwatersraml, H. Afrioa, ile'clareil a 
 imbliCKnldliehl 2of<ept. 1886. 
 
 Till! ]iriis|ieroiis town of .lohunneslinrj.' erecteii, 
 March 1887. 
 
 Pmhiotive )!olil llehls iliscoveri'd in the valley of 
 till' U,iol),'iite river, oppiisile Ifjnaehiiiii nil the Ainonr, 
 5la.v, 1334; a Knssian colony with foreii;ii mlventiirers 
 f iniit'd, .lainiai-y, 1835. 
 
 Great discovery ,,r anrifcmns ipiait,;, K. of the 
 Transvaal, 1886. 
 
 DisC'ivery i,f alluvial gold lit Waiikaran-a, Hoiith 
 Australia, Oct. i3S6. 
 
 Alleged di.scovery of fjiihl at inoiint I.vell in Tasmania. 
 ,Iul.v, 1886. ' , 
 
 ".Midas"({fdil niiKKet iiamcil "lady l.ocli," weiL.'lit 617 ' 
 Ills. ; value 2,537/. • loniid in the 51 Idas '.'nhl cnmpany's 
 flaini. 3 An;;. 1887: ixliildtcil with nlher niii;u','fs 'by ; 
 Mi»> Alice ('ornwall at yiieen \ ictoria-street.'iTondoii i 
 
 7i Oct. 1337. ' I 
 
 tlisceveryiif :jo1,I in larn('i|iiantities in .Mr. rritclianl ' 
 M'Tgaii's (iw.viifynydil mines. Mawihlach vallcv, ' 
 Mi'rioni'thshire, Wales.nniionnccil, •/■;me<, 7 Dec. 1887; ' 
 Ki'i-at success lepurted ; the crown i.laiins heavy royal- i 
 
 tics, April, Inil makes concessions, .May, 1888; work 
 Koiic,' 1,11, April, 188.; go. Yield of |,Md.l valneil al 
 S'i.'jW., ru.valty pai,l 1,1 the slate, repintcil .March, 
 i8)<j; le^al ili'cisiiin by Mi. .luslice .Niirlli thai the 
 
 I iniiic is myal prop.Tly ; working icstra 1 nil the 
 
 royalties are pai,l !•. the .,ial,', r, Ann. i8yu; the mim' 
 traiish.rri',( l.i a cnnpany, which olilaiiied a licence, 
 ami p.'inl royalli.'s. 
 Mr. .Mor^'an s a|,|>eal a«iiiiisl the decision of Aii«. fi, di.^- 
 all'iwc'l, J, .1,111. lijt ; his estate seized liv the giivein- 
 nieiit f,,|, the niyaltics iliie, 22 March'; the hailills 
 witleiiawn, peiidin- an arraii;;! inent ; work resumed, 
 early Ainil, 181^2. 
 Imp.irtanl Kold discovern's in yneenslanil, vhirl, ,s,r, 
 
 1882-9. 
 In .Malay I'ciiinsiila, announcerl An^. 1889. 
 Oohl niiiiiii„' :.;i,i|ly ,|,.vel,,pc.| in I h.' Transvaal .list rid, 
 especially at l.c.v.lenlier.;, 1872- , ; also in Ijtali, L'..S.A., 
 Kec. i3i)j. 
 Gold foiiiel i'l Western Australia, .Inly, 1891 ; in New 
 .South Wales, March, 1894. Tolal iiiiiimt of gold from 
 the 7 Australian colonies, 2,3'/j,(>5.. oz. in 1897, 
 (lol.l ilisi'iiv.'it'.l in K. «il„.|ia, n'poited, 17 Wi'|it. 1896; 
 ami III C.inad.'i on th,. Viihnn, lepmied, 4 April, 1897; 
 ami on the Klomlyl;,-, .N.W. Cnia.la, and Drilisli 
 f^diimbia, 139(1 97. 
 (iohl iniiiin;,' siicc.'ssfnlly c,iirie,| 011 in .Nova iScotia ; 
 Kol'l loiiml in lai:;e ipninlitiesat Wlivco('oiiia;.'h ; ic 
 I'orte.l, 13 P'cb. ,St)i. 
 Oohl (ibt.iincl in United KinK'lom ; value in 1861, 
 io,8iW. : III 1862. 2,j,3,j.j/. . in 18(13, 1747/. ; in 1864, 
 c)99'', • 111 1865, 5SJ4/. ; in i8n8, 3522'. : in 1876, 1138/. ; 
 in 1873, 2848^; iiii33G,33'. ; in '882,8C)3'. ; 1111887,210/.; 
 Ill 1888, 29,982'. ; in 1S89, 13,227/. ; in 1890, 675/ ; 1891, 
 13,700/,; 1892,10,511/.; 1893,8691/.; 1S94, '14,811/. ; 
 1895, -3,52 ./. ; i3y6, 5,.,,,/. 
 tstimatc'l annual pro.liictioii of pjld tlironj!lioiit the 
 win-M, 2u6 tons, vain,' 26,320,000/. (1892); 45,(100,000/. 
 appro\iiiiat,'ly t.ir i3,j6. 
 Uoi.u Willi: was Inst ma.lc in Italy about 135a An 
 oiiiicc nf (4,,1,| i.s snllicii-nt to gild a silver wire above 
 1300 miles in lcii;;i|i; ami sncli is its tenacity that a 
 wire the (ine-eiHliteenth p;irt of .111 ini h will bear the 
 weight of 500 lb. witlmnt breaking, /■'(oiee/v.//. 
 Gold l.KAK. A single ,^v:,u, ,,( n'M may be extciidcl 
 niton /(•,(./ (it lifly-six s.|narc in. ics, ami gold leaf can 
 be ri'diieed to the 3,»,,,joutli ji.art of an inch, and gilding 
 to the leii-inillii,nth p.irt. A'e//,i/',s C'lfuhixt. 
 Gold Houukiiv. Three boxes, h,»ipi',| ami .sealed, con- 
 taining gnld in bars ami cnin to the value of between 
 i8,ixx>/. ami 2'>,im,l. were sent fi,,m l.diidiin, 15 .M.iy, 
 1855, On their arrival in I'.iris, it h;is foiiml thin 
 
 ingots to the value of 12,000/. Iia-I I n abstracted 
 
 and shot snbstitnted, althongli the boxes bore no 
 marks of vidlcncc. .Many iici-s.ins were a|iprehenileil 
 on siispnion: Imt the p,,licc nbt.iinc.l no trace till 
 Nov. 1856. Three men named I'icrce, Unrgess, and 
 Tester, were tried and c,,nvi,te,| ij-is.lan, 1857, on 
 the evidemc of Kdward Agar, .111 accomplice. Tliev 
 
 •li"' 1 11 preparing f.r t lien, bbery for eighteen months 
 
 prevniiLs to its pi'i],ctiati,iii. 
 
 GOLD COAST. West Africa, see Guinea; 
 flettleiiients made hy the Duteli; tnmsfrrredtoGrent 
 Itritain by treaty, sii-iied 2 Feb. iH;2 ; joined witli 
 Lngos to form the " (jold Coast Coloiiyi" goypnior, 
 capt. Goo. t'umiiie Straiiaii, ap|ioiiiied' 1X74 ; La"-os 
 separated ill !««(); Saiidford Kreeliiig, ig;!;; Iler- 
 liert Taylor L'ssher, i87(); sir Samuel Ko\ye,2.sJmi. 
 1881; Wilham A. G. Young, died 25 April, 1881;; 
 str\\. Urandf.ird GritHtli, i8.S(i ; .sir W. E. Max- 
 \vell, Jan. i,Si>5; dies at sen, Dec. 18(^7; Mj-. F. M 
 Hodgson. March, iH()8. ropnlation of the lol'onv 
 and protectorate, estimated at i.iiKj.ooo. Chief 
 towns, Accra, Cape Coa.st Cistlc. aiid lilinina, 
 
 Uritish mission (42), nmler li.'iil. H.'mler.si it. 
 
 tackcl at Dawkita by .Sofas. 28 Marcli ; fought 
 Its w:iy to \Va, 3 April ; Mr. (e'lnge I-Vrgns.son, 
 liritisli native ctininiis,si.iii..|, kili-,1, in Die 
 
 ,."«1'",''- •. • • , • • • M .March, ,897 
 
 l-ient. H.',.,i,'rsoii goes alone to arrange peace witli 
 
 .Saniory, ami is kept a prisoner, April; but re. 
 
 leased j|,,^. 
 
 .Settlement of peace with Saimirv maile jii- sir " 
 
 Win. Maxwell ■ . . , , All);. 
 
 I :!,fc, *|J 
 
 , I 
 
 r i 
 
 ; ^'i 
 
 i 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 
 Ji 
 
 '"^ 
 
 L 
 
 1 
 
 '*4li 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 y^' 
 
 »'#ra^,' 
 
 
 «' 
 
 
 I I ,-f 
 
 fi •'■ :w 
 
1(1 
 
 I 'hi* 
 
 w 
 
 ll'i'i 
 
 af"Bi' T, 
 
 I 
 
 (i()I,I» FISH. 
 
 Hiiiitiikii ill '.ho //;.;/../>,,.; ,,.c'u|il.',l l.v a llvilWi 
 Uiivv, iiHiliT nipt. Milc'li''ll; tli>' SnliiK riMiii'il, 
 
 .■..Si'lit. lfQ7 
 Hllllll UMll Wil IH'iMlp.nl l.V M lilltl-1. I'lll'i'. .lull.; 
 
 Krcm-li IhivcmNii ■.v|„l,|i,li,,| ili.r.. ; uMnoiiiici^l, 
 
 K.'li. ifyS 
 
 riUlllivi' I'Xpiiiltinll. MImIiT lilMlt.-l'lil. Nnitiiri'lt, 
 
 iiim.Ip C.H. .Iiily, i!-".,8. Mini (.llicis; .•iii-iiiy iliivi'ii 
 nil, anil tlii'ir tiiwii iiciii|iii'il . . iq Ai'iil, ,, 
 A|ipral In ;;n\>iiiiiM"it a-niii'^t til" liiiiiM'-tax at 
 Ainu .... . . .■? April, ,, 
 
 nor J) FISH (till' (inlilpii rarp, vi/in-iiiKH 
 aiinitii.y), liiniinlil In Kiii^laiiil IVnm Cluiiii ill lOyi ; 
 Imt nnt ■.niiininii till atimit 173.5. 
 
 GOLDION Bl'LI.S, HOSE, s,e Jlid'.s, Jios<, 
 nntc. 
 
 lot GONKALONIEl;. 
 
 aOIDEN WEDDING. HI, //•,,«,„, 
 
 UOT-DSMII) FAMlEY. .Vamn i;„i,i.„„i 
 a iialivn nl' llnilaiiil, ."ctllril in l.nihlnn j], :;(,., ,,!|| 
 lirnujilit «itli liiiii wi'iiltli aiiit iiiipni-taul rMii'mi'iii'', 
 iiillin'inc. Hi:! fan Asliia- jiiiiiril in i'.|iii,|i,|||''| 
 till' linn nf Mnralta anil '"ilili^iniil, luillihn |,|.„|. "' 
 In till' Hank nl' Kn-laiiil. 'llic (JrliKiniiU 1m,;„„, .1 
 tlic iiiil nf till' iStli anil the lir^iiiiiiin:; af tli,, |,j'| 
 I'cntui-y iiinst ili.sliiiKi'i''ln''l liiiam iiTs i,|'th(, |.|.,|],||' 
 
 Isaac I..M111, till' «nii nf A.slii rdnl.l.siniil, w;„ ,., 
 
 'lH|.ii.. 
 
 ill tin' Paiaalinll nl' till' l.nliilnli lli,titi||i'|| ,, 
 
 huiMiii;; nl 111" l.nii.lmi hni k.s, 111" ,.„ili,.st att.'i ,.' 
 ill 111", iiitimlailinii III railways, tliv iiiipnmn,,.,; ,'! 
 
 piisr.iis. 111" "slalili.-liiii"iit nl' till 
 
 I'l'ty i..[,i, 
 
 lliUllsinli nf I'si'l'lll Kllimli'ilni', alal till. I'uii|„|,|.,, 
 Ill" I.niiilnii I'liiviTsily (alliTwarils allnl L'liiwr.i' 
 
 Tnll";;.!. Ill lliH llllllliTnlls ll.llinlial ali.l |.llil lul] ,,", ,' 
 
 rks li" was aiiU'il liy liis suns, I'laij.is li,.,,, ' 
 
 KH.l.ii"k Daviil. Ill 184., til" ipa-i, nf [■,',;, .' 
 
 ".■nri'ii"!! nil him 111" till" nf Mama ,1,, Pali,,,.,,,,'''' 
 
 ri"n;;inlinii nf his S"ivi""s in l";;alalii,^ IIiim1,.1,» ,1 ,' 
 
 liy Itiazil In I'nifuwil. ^ Ui'Kaiiliii;; hiiM ,ni.| 1,;,'^,',' 
 Kriiicis, SI'" nlsn " ./i «■-." 
 
 GOr.DSMITHS' COMPANY (I..,nil,. 
 
 bcna'i iilami 1.(27, and inciirpni.itiMJ ifi Kich. li 
 I (((i. The "111 liall was liiknn dnwn m i.vi,,!,,,.' 
 tlir pri'sml maKiiiticnnt cilitiic hy I'liilip Hiinli'ij,^' 
 
 GOI-DEN FLEECE (si'e.l'','/n»"/^/,v). Pliilip 
 
 the (iiiial, iliike nf lfiir);iiiiil.\, in 142'), at lii.s iiiiir- 
 viiiff. instiliitcil tlic niilitaiy ni'dir nf " Taixnii i/'ar" 
 or "^'nldcn llpci ; " it '.yas said nil aicniint of llin 
 profit 111' iiiadi' liy wnnl. Tim miinlitT nf kiiiu'lits 
 was lliirty-niie. Tin.' kinjj nf Spain, as duke of 
 Hiirsiiiiidy, afti'i'vyards In "iirui' ^'raiid iiiaslnr of tlii' 
 ordir. Till' kni^lits wmo a !"iuli't i Inak liiii'd \yith 
 criiiinc, with a 1 nllanpi'md, and flu- duko's ('ijilu'r, 
 
 in llif fnrni nf a li, tn si;;iiifr I'urfrundy, tnj.'c'llit'r . ,0 • • ■ 
 
 with Hints striking rirn. with tlin ninhn ".i;,/(! was opined I j J nl.y, I n.VS ; -^C" ./,«,/,/, un^.y,,,,,,/,,^,,, 
 feiif, i/'iiiiii //iinniiii mini/." At th" riid nf tlin Thi' fiisthankcrs weru Roldsnuths. 
 V'ollar Inms' a ;;nld( n llii'i'i', with this di'vire, (inMsmiths'liall marks nii Knhl and silviiplii||.;i„,|i,,,._ 
 "J'r,/iii,ii 111,11 ril, l<ih,ni„i." Thcnrdiraftnrwai-ds ■ 'rii" snV"r"ij;irsli"ail(alt"r 17,^4) ; ,1,,,,, i,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 
 lu'i'iin,,. "oniiiinn tn all ,1,,' prin-es of ,hi' linnse of ;y-|-;l ^^;:^Z::^i:Xt:' at':V¥,ll' 
 Ansliia. a.s dosiTnilants nt M.ar.y dauphU'i' of .f,,;^,,.^-. .,, |,.„|„„a's l,"ail, Ih" l,,ill i„,ak; ' 
 
 Ch:iil''!< nie Hold, last duke nt Hnrjamiuly, yvho niaki'i's niaiU (an nhl "iist i 
 
 iiiarrird Ma.\iniiliail nf Austria in 1477, and iinw [Th" </nri-/(7f( r is nii" of an alpliahit nf ..oliltu* \ 
 lii'loiips tn hnth Austria and Spain, in conformity L'_ or V, .Ihi'iii^' ianitl"d, ^ Tli.' hiti-i- is ,luiip.,i',„ 
 
 \yith a treaty iiiaili' .(d Ajiril, 17-v Tliu luinci' nf " " ' '""^^ 1 .1.. 1.... 
 
 Wales, the (liikc nf York and other royal princes 
 are knights (|S()5). For the legend of the Golden 
 Fleece, see Ai'iiuiimits. 
 
 GOLDEN HORDE, a name giyen fo tlie 
 Mongolian Tartars, who estaldislieil an empire in 
 Kiiptchak (or Ivihzak), nnw S.E. Unssia, ahout 
 1224, their ruler heii:;;' liatnn, grandson of Geiigis 
 Klian. Tliey iinaded Uussia, and made Alexander 
 
 Mayaiiiiually.aiid the shape nf 111" h'lti'nnviyiciVMi. 
 thiis 1716, A, \". ; i7j6, a, ,\". ; 1756, 3, \r. ;' ,-;/ 
 a, \'c. ; 17116-181(1, \, Sir. : i8i(..jf,, a, ki-. ; iS/-:. 'i 
 itc. ; iS.=;f"7(i, n, &". : 1876-181/., A, i-c. Tin- ia]iv.| 
 kiinwii alphahclical scries lie^aii 1438-9.J 
 
 A iiarliaiiii'iiMiy cnminissiuii on hall iiiinkini; ii'|Kirt,i| 
 ill favour of its "oiitiiiiiance with iiinililii.„tiii||, )|'„' 
 1S71). 
 
 Tl nmp.iiiyntrcriilioiitS.'j.oocJ. for tli"isiahlisl,ii„iit,( 
 
 Ih" •;nhlsiiiiths eoinpany's pnlyti'chmc mstitiiti' V.s 
 Cross, .siiiiivy, (let. 1888; acccplMl hy tliM Liity 
 ('(aiiliiissiollcrs, 1889. Sc" /'"/.(»,. Vnii'.' /nJid.):,. 
 
 Newski grand-iiiike, 1252. At the battle nf Hielii- fjnhlsmiths' "xhihitimi at Viinna npcncl, 22 Apnl, ;:;.. 
 
 wisdi, in 14K1. they were 
 the Nogiii Tartars 
 
 rushed liy Ivan III. und 
 
 .Mr. (,'hallcr's " Hall-niaiks nii i^nld ami siK>r |,;, 
 puhlislicil iPfii, Bill cilitinn, with i.,-sav hv i' ( 
 M.iikham, illustrated, 1897. ' ' 
 
 GOLF OR GOFF, an ancient S.ottidi Ml,, 
 in which the rival idayers drive hard white 1,;,. 
 
 GOLDEN LEGEND. "Leger.dn Anrea." 
 A name ;;ivcii tn a iniUclinii nf flie lives nf our 
 
 Lord, the Ohl Testament wnjtliies, and many with clubs intn holes placed at ccrtiiin ilistim n 
 
 Christiun saints, with miuli Jtihle iiarriitive. in tlie turf, according to rules laid ilnwn bvtlit v, 
 
 compiled by Giacomo Varragio, or Jacobus de Andrews golf dub, established 1754. 'ihi' ;;iiii. 
 
 Voragine, a Uoininiian nmnk. archbisliop of Genoa, was checked by the Scottish parliaiiniit, 145; ip.; 
 
 I202-'<. 'I'lie work, which is of a very varied 1491, but it continued and was playid at l.iilh m 
 
 rlniracter, has atfnrded n any sulo'ecfs for poets and I.SI(i-7.v The existing r.;iiglisli j;olf clubut Illi.k- 
 
 painters. A translation nf •'' The finiden Legend," heatli -Aiis founded by .lames I., i(«)^, but the si!!; 
 
 by William Caxton was printed by him in r4.S5, did not become |ioiiular till recent ycar.s. Ui.lfilni.. 
 
 iiiid became very popular. Of this,' an edition i'n have been formed in the I'nited Kingilom, kiIihIk 
 
 3 vols., 4tn.. edi'ted by William Morris .-.1111 !■'. K. and abroad, l8f).!i c^ .«f'/. Works on );olf liavo Imr 
 
 Kills, was published IJy lb iiiaid (Juaiitih early in pulilished by llr. Kobert Clark. 187(1; MfsMvW. 
 
 \^i)\. ' ' sV It. Clianibers, 18S7 ; and .Sir W, Simpson, l.V^S 
 
 GOLDEN NUMBER, the cycle of nineteen GOLIATH, training-ship, burnt, 22 Dec. i?;;; 
 
 years, or the number tli.it sliows tlie years of the see under )/Vo7i-.». 
 miH.n's c.vi le ; its invention is ascribed to Melon of qoMARISTS, .-<'e Anninhnis. 
 Athens, about 452 nr. I'ltnii. To hnd the golden vj\_/jiJi.xi.ii.7i.i3, 
 
 number nr yciirnf the lunar cycle, add nne to the GONFALONIER, "r STANDARD Be.i.RE!: 
 
 date, and divide by 19; the (luotient is the number OV Jf.STU'K, originally a siilinrdinate oHinr ;:: 
 
 of cycles since Christ, and the remainder tlie golden Florence; instituted 1292; beciiiiic |i(ir,iiiii iiiit ii; 
 
 number. Thegnhicu numliei Inr l.Sijj. i(; 18114,14: the l-;lh century, and was suppressed, 27 .\|ii:, 
 
 1,''I<)S, l.S; lXi)(i, Id; lf'''97. 17; li^ijH, uS; 1K99, I9; i!^^2, when the eonslilution was cliangi'd iiiul.\js- 
 
 I<70ci, I. aiider de Medieis made duke. 
 
"' iiiiiii(ivn,ici,t,i 
 It till' Suiictv li.r II,, 
 <■. "ii'l the r..m„li,n. :, 
 vinU all,,! D.iv.p,,, 
 I""'' ■■"■l|.liil,iiii„,,,, 
 
 'I's '■'■■M..i,sii,.,„v,,,,:,i 
 
 riVUl^lllll^. Ilii, ilrl.t,]-,, 
 
 iiliiiK liilii iilnl lii, „', 
 
 foi' 11"' i-stiiblisliii„iit.f 
 Vtcclniic iiKtitiilf. \v« 
 rcpli'il l,y tlic ( liai,!, 
 :lt,rlnii.- /ii../irn(;,.,„. ■ 
 I ii|pn,i'i|, 22 Ainil, i:;„ 
 K<ilil iiiid silvr |i;.,;- 
 Willi •■>';[y liy C, A 
 
 ilMcicllt Sl0tti>ll pui 
 
 ivc lianl white i;,;,. 
 :(t i'i'rt;iin ilislmi i. 
 I liiid down hvllif v. 
 vd 1754. Ui' Jim. 
 iiirliMiniiit, Ijj- iivi 
 s |il;iV(d lit Li'jtli 111 
 i<h ^olr.diiliiitlilii,!;. 
 I., KkiX. but till' fiiD- 
 ■I'lit veins, (ii'lfiliii" 
 I'd Iviiisdnm, roliii" 
 
 liS on Kldf hllVC llHr: 
 
 i-k, _l8;(i; JlcsMvW. 
 ,1- \V. Simpson, iNS^. 
 
 , l)urat,22Doi:, i5;; 
 
 TANPARD BEAEEF. 
 iiil)iii'(liiiiite oltinr i;i 
 ii'Piinic piiiMni'iiiit ii; 
 jii[>pii'sst'd, 2; Afiil. 
 as clmiiKed uiul A;i\- 
 
 GONIOMETEK. .505 
 
 (iON'K 'METER. An in^trmri'iit li.r imciimm-- ' 
 
 ,„; .*llld MMJjll'l, IIMll III ll)>llllll'^'llli liy. 'I 111! 
 
 , iiiiict goMininitcr (if Ciiiiiiif.'-riiii in ri'iu'nillv iiii- 
 i>|i,V(d. Il\ till ri'llcitill;.' ;;"lii(iTlli-|i"- lit ll'.'Wlu. 
 ll\ili> Widlii>tiiii (who ilicl ill |,s>M) vri'v mimilii 
 
 ,li,t;lls IIIII.V lie llU'llMll-cd. .Mnililii iiti,,|ii of lliis 
 
 iii'stiuiiii'iit iii'c now ciMiilovi d. 
 
 GOOD FRIDAY (l.piliaKy (j.Mi's Fiidiiy). 
 (he Friday lielm-c Kastei- da_\ , mm wlii.li u snli'iiiii 
 list liiis loiijr lii'iai h(dd, in" n-iiciiihranr.' ot ilm 
 •r.ioilxiiin >if Cliiist on ^-'i-ld.n , ^ A|iril, ^{, or 
 1; Ajilil. 20 ll" a|i|iidlatioii nf ,/.,„„' appi.ais to lui 
 miilliii- to till' iliiiiidi of KiiLiliilid ; i:||- Sax. ill foK . 
 i,i:li('is(!iniiiiiiiiiitod it /,(./<// l-'i,,liii/. «n i.Tount of 
 Ihf Icnjttli of till' iillii'os and fa-! in;;'. iiiic.inoJ mi 
 ilii* iliiy. Sec Juixtir, 
 
 GOODMAN'S FIELDS THEATRE, 
 
 [.Miiil.in, ii|ii'iii'd 1720. Ileiu llii\id (iariiik i io 
 
 U'dthil as Kiilianl HI., |(, (1, t. i^^j. ■riic iii,\v 
 dieiiti'c ciTi'ti'd alioiit |-4(), was liuiiit down, .hint', 
 |So:, Till' (larriilt Tiioatrc line was oiieiicd in 
 [i^w; burnt, 4 Nov. i,S4(, ; and .-imc rcliailt. 
 
 GOOD TEMPLAR.S (Hi>t lodges f.irmcd in 
 Amei-ii'ii), plcilffc thcni.'ii'lvt's not to niiiki', Imv. m'11, 
 Iiiinii'h, or iii'isc (o lie fiiriii-ln'd, iiiioxiniliiKf 
 lii]iior« to ollu'rs lus 11 licvcrai;!'. Tlio tir.-t Kii;;li<li 
 |.il.'i' wiH fornii'd at lliniiiii;:liaiii in .Mav. iHliH. 
 Tliiic were siiid to lie ^74^ lod;;ts, and ' 2111.25:; 
 iM'iiiliiTS in till' I'niti'd Kin;;'iloin in |,S74, Spcial 
 •(■"ion of the (Jnind Lod^' of Kiiglainl, H, (j Sept. 
 1^*), .\nnuiil st'ssions art' helil. 
 
 (JOiJLLA, 
 
 "♦ J| 
 
 GOODWIN, si-e 'Mwiii. 
 
 GOODWOOD RACES, see linas. 
 
 GOOJERAT (X. India), see f;,i:,,;it. 
 
 GOORKHAS, a warlike trihe of Xe|,iinl, 
 tuTiinii' iiroiiiinciit ill the I7tli icntnry. 'I'lirir in- 
 v;i#iiU8 were defeated about I7')l by tlie Chinese, 
 «lins(| ni.iiSiil.i! tliey bciiiiiip. In a'war with the 
 Hiitish in 1814 thcv were at tirst svuressful, hut 
 >Mrceventuiill\ snhdued, and a tri'iitv of [leaee was 
 4'm'JinFeb.'l«l(i. Siiiee 1841 the native reui- 
 niciits have been largely i<iruiteil bv (ioorkhas, 
 «li(i have rendered valuable si rvn e in iiearh all 
 0:1 iiiiliiin wars, aiul in Afi;lianlst in, li^-;ii-(). 
 
 GOOSE, set; MkhmliiMs. 
 
 GORDIAX KNOT, is said to hav,. bee,, made 
 of till' thongs th.il served as harness to the wn^'iron 
 "f Goidius, a hiisbatidinan, alterwai(ls kintr" of 
 riirvgiii. Whosoever loosed this knot, the e;ids of 
 ivjiiili were noi diseoverable, the era, le deelared ' 
 sh"iil(l he ruler of Persia. Ale.xaiider the Gr< ul cait 
 lovaylheknot with his sword until he found thij ' 
 "lids of it, and thus, in a military sense at least I 
 interpri'ti'd the orai le, 530 n.c. " ' 
 
 GORDON MEMORIAL; proposed by lady ' 
 Huiilclt-Coutts in the Timtx, 24 Feb. kSSc. See 1 
 Kbirloiim and Mtnisiou Ifnufc. 1 
 
 O'liiiinttM foniii'il ; tlie )iriii,e .,1' Wales, duke i.r rmii- I 
 Ui'hf, aicliliislinp nf Ciiiiterlaiiv, .Ml. i;la.lsli,iie 
 iiianiiiis of Siilisliiirv, I'ardiiial 'Maniiin;.', ('hiii.se 
 iimiistei', u.nriiuis of Lome, earl (Jiaiiville and .illn'r 
 |*rMiiis, 24 Fell, il srij. 1885. 
 fiit'iH'il gnint of 20,000?. to tliu Gordon fail, ilv Maiili 
 
 <"^!;l"n Memnriii! Ilospit.nl ,-it Port !^,ii,l laeiuised at ' 
 Mansion House, Loudon, 14 .Miireli, i88s > 
 
 ■-'lUmiitioiis 2o,32of. 19 Oct. iS3,; iriveu'to trustees of 
 ii'i'li'ii boys liMiiie. Port Said hospital selieme ..jven 
 
 . •■!'. io May, 1885. 
 
 •'l-iiiii;; of iii'uuy sul>scri|itioii to establish a (lordon 
 "liqi at Aliarsliot f„r tlie nalitaiy tiaiiiinji i,)- 
 
 destitute hoys; oi.^iiialfd by .\li. Halliiiii ■I'liiiiysiiii, 
 .May, 168^. 
 
 (.■niiliiii luiii,,,- ti, nriniibt eiiteitaii iit for llie very 
 
 iiiiiir, liistital.'.l by llu' prlneess I,,,iilsi.' and olbeis, i,i 
 .May, lE?^ ; liist iiici'liii„' iH Oet. 1825. 
 
 \ i;„,,l,i„ .mmdri.tl hni/t' In, me pri,pi,sed I .Illlv, Ulllllll 
 
 Willi iiieiu..iial I'liiid, ...i.liily, open,',! at Kaiel'iiiii hi 
 
 ''"'■'•' "'b, 1 Oel. ,'m-^. At tbe auniial iiieetiiiK it 
 
 was stale.l llial id,, hoys were sliell,ivd ; an appeal wiis 
 iii.ole tor 111,'aiis t.i ill, nasi' Hie niiiiil,|.r, ji .May, iB8ij ; 
 a;;aiii 5 .Inly, iH,;<,; il.iiiatioiis and li';.'aeies leeeiviHl. 
 
 I i.ixji)/. I allM',1 liy Mr. .laiio's I'riee, Mairli, 1845. 
 
 At a festival diiiiii'i, tlii' ilii|<„ of Vi,rl< In tlm I'liuir, 
 
 1 l,7'«i'. lei',.iv,'i|, ..,, Miiy, ,897. 
 
 A statue pi,.pi,si',| tiy j.'ciMTiiiiii.|it, atiout 14 July, iCS;. 
 
 Statue fiy .Mr. ll.'iMio 'I'lioiuveioft set up ill 'l'rafaf;;iir. 
 sipiure, ^.jSept. ; iiiieovered fjy .^^|■. {). W. I'lunkit, iC, 
 ! <let. 1 865. 
 
 Aiiiitli.-r statue. l,y Mr, onslow Ford, at the sclio,,! of 
 
 I military lai^ji 'liii^', I'lialliaui, uiieovered tiy the 
 
 ! pmie,- ,,r Wal.s, |,, Miu. iS.,,, ; aii'l nu,. ;,t (Iraves 1, 
 
 ' iiiiveile.l l,y 11 Myor, Mv. v.. ,\f. Aruolil,4(li't. 189,. 
 
 GORDON'S "NO POPERY" RIOTS, 
 
 I oei'asioiied by the zeal of lord George (iordon, 
 , June 2-9, 17H0. 
 
 On 4 Jan. 1780, be li'iiili'iv,! Hn' p,.titi,,n ,,f tbe I'lotestaiit 
 Assoi'iatioii to i<>r,| North. 
 
 On l''rbl,iy, .. .luiie, lie headed the iiiol, i,f ^,,,on> peisoiis 
 wlioass,.||il,i,.,i in ,st. ( i, .,,!■;;,. '.s Ki,. Ills, 1111,1,1 the name 
 of the rr,,t,'-taiit .\ssoii,i(ii,n, to ran v up a petition li, 
 pailiaiueiii f,,i Ihe lep.'.d „r the art whbl, -laulul 
 eertaiu ll|,lill;;,|i,cs l.i III.' Uoliiiim;itli,,|i,s. Thi! nioli 
 prn.ei'.l.'.l I,, pilhini'. I,imi, and |iull down the 1 haiiels 
 
 uiol I s's ,,r till- Uoaiau (;atii,,lies lirst, l,iit alter- 
 
 wards ,,f nther p,.|soiis, lor nearly six days. The li.iiik 
 was attempt, "1, the ),'aols oei nu,! (the Kiii;;'s lieiieh, 
 Newpite, |''li'|.t, and fliidewell prisons). On the 7II1, 
 thiity-six fill's wei-, seen lila/iiix at on.' tim.'. At 
 Ient;11i by the ai.l of aniie.l asso.'iatioiis of tli.' ritiz.iis, 
 tbe horse an. I loot KUanls, and the militia of several 
 
 eounties, thi'ii i'iiilii,.li.'.l and laarehe.l to 1 loii, the 
 
 ri.it was.pall.'.l .m tlii' 8fli. 
 
 sio ri..t.'is '.v.ue lii|||..l ,111.1 -2^8 w.,iinil.'.l, of wlioni 75 
 .h.'.l aft.Twar.ls in the hospitals, aii.l many were tried, 
 
 I Vi't.'il .01.1 .'V.'.Utl'.l. 
 
 Till' l.iss .if pi.iperly was esfiuiateil at i8o,oooi. 
 
 Lor.l (Je.iiv.' w.is trii'il for liilii ti.iis.,ii and a.'i|Uitfi'il, 
 
 5 Fell. 1781. If.' .lieil a prisi.iu'r for lili.l, i Nov. 1791. 
 Alderman K.'umtt was r.iiiiid giiilfv of a .lereliition of 
 
 duty, lu .Mar. h, 1781. 
 
 GOREE, II stiilion near Ciipe Verd, W. eoast 
 of Afneii, planted by the Dnt.h, 1(117. It was 
 taken by the Kiinli,sh admiral Holmes in iMj^; 
 seized by the Fren.li, 1(177; .iiid ceded to tliein tiy 
 : the treaty of Niineo.iien in i(j7,S; taken iiv the 
 j British in 175X, 177.,, i.Soo, and 1804; eeiied to 
 Frame, 1X14. (iovern.ir Wall was hanKed in Lon- 
 don, 28 Jan. 1.S112, for the ninrder of sergeunl Ann- 
 strong', eoinniitted while ;,'overnor at Uoreein 1782. 
 GOREY (S.E. Ireland). Near here the king's 
 troops under .'.domd Walpole were defeated, and 
 their leader slain, by the Irish rebels, 4 June, 1798. 
 GORGET, the ancient breast-plate, was very 
 large, varyinir in size and weii;lit. The present 
 diminutive lireast-plate eame into use aliout 1660, 
 see Ai'inour. 
 
 GORHAM CASE, see Trials, 1849-50. 
 
 GORILLA, a powerful ajie of W. Africa, about 
 five feet seven inches lii^li. It is a match for the 
 lion, ami attacks the elephant with a . luh. It is 
 considered to be identical with the hairy people 
 called (lunillui by the navieator Hanno, in nis 
 I'eriplns, about 4(K) n.c. In 1847 a sketch of a 
 goriflii's iranium was s.'iit to prote.-sor Owen by Dr. 
 ■Savage, llicu al the Uaiiooii river, ami preserved 
 specimens have been luou^'ht to Knrop'.', iind .1 
 living one died on its v,iya-e to France. In 1851 
 professor Owen described speeiinens to tlie Zoolo- 
 gical Society ; in 1859 he gave a snnimarv of oiir 
 knowledge of this creature at the Koval Institution, 
 
 IMfii 
 
 ifWk 
 
 M 
 
 ij^m: 
 
 f: 
 
 J "^. ^I 
 
 ^Aw 
 
 •' "'i: 
 
 i\' s-f 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^41"'^; I 
 
 J,'' '^ffl 
 
 ^mm' 
 
 
 ■iMliiJii ■ 
 
! ff! 
 
 GOHPELLKHS. 
 
 400 
 
 (iOWKIK CON.Sl'IHACY, 
 
 
 \ L 
 
 ?■« 
 
 sir IT 1 
 
 
 l,omloii ; mill ill iKdi wvcr.tl »kitw iiiid «kiilU wrre 
 
 tlurr exiiiliitcil 1 V M. I>u Cliiiillu, «lio ntiitcd lli.it 
 
 111' killi'd 21 "f lliiiu ill his tnivclrtiii CVlitriil Afrii'ii. 
 
 Tlie (furillu \\i\f lint kiidwii Id ('uvicr. 
 
 A viiuiiK' Kiirillii l:iiiili'<l nt l.iMT|iiiiil, ji .li 187''' ; wi'iit 
 
 to Hi'i'liii ; wii- cxliiliilr.l 111 Wi'sliiiinstiT a<|iiiiiiiiMi, 
 ajJiilv; ilii'il at lliTliii, I ) Niiv. 1H77 ; anntluT liiiiiinlil 
 til tlii''(.'rVHt.il ii.iluii', KniiLiiiil, smui clii'il, An;,'. i37'y. 
 
 All Afriiiui K"rill:i liiiiiicil at l.iviT|iiinl, Si'pt. i33i. 
 
 Aii"tlii'iSi'|il. i!55s. 
 
 Oiif iilari'.l 111 111.' ziiiilnHlcftl Kniili'H'*. I.'Hiilnii, Oi'f ; 
 iliril I) Di'l'. 1537. 
 
 A lai-Kr mil' liiiMi(;lit I'niiii tlii' Fii'iii'li Cii\iy.u tu tin' (;;ii- 
 ili'iis, ft Miiirli, i3.)6. 
 
 Joliaiiiia, til •.liirali'il "t;iirlllii, |ii'rl'uiui» at fll.vi'ipia, 
 
 27 Dl'C. liQ7- 
 
 GOHPELLEHS, » iiiitiie itivi'ii lo tlie followiTs 
 of Wii'klill'i', wliii iillmki'il tiic imtims of pojiiTy, 
 
 Hll'lUt 1 577. Wirklilll' nliplWCll till' llUtlinritV of till' 
 
 i)o|ii.', till' ti'iiipoial |iii'isili(lioii (if liisliops, if., and 
 IS railed tlir fatliiT ol llli' Ucfoniiiitimi. ; 
 
 GOSPELS (fia Mill //«(/-.«/)( //.Kood utory). Mut- 
 tlicw's uiid .Maik'H air ( oiiirctiiri'd to liave brrti 
 written lictwiiii A.ii. ,^H and ()_s ; Liikf'-< ;5 or (15 ; 
 John's, about 1/7. Ir iiii'iis in the 2nu eeiitury 
 refers to eaili of the );osiiel« hy name. Dr. Uiiliert 
 Bniy wail one of the aiilliorsof the Soiiety for the 
 I'ropaffation of tlie (insiie! in Foreinn Countries, 
 ineiirporated in 17(11. A hiidv termed " Hrayt* 
 Asaiiciates," .■<tiU e.vists; it.- olijeVt lieiir,' to ii«si«t in 
 foriniiiK and siippiirliiin i lericiil parmhial libniriea. 
 
 GOSPOKT (Hiimpshiie), cimtains the Uoyal 
 Clarenee viitiiiilliiijf yard. The great Hiislar hoa- 
 pital, near Uosport, \va» built in 17(12. 
 
 GOTHA, eapiuil of the duehy of Saxedhurg- 
 Golhii. Here inpuldiKlied th eelebrated Almanack 
 fie Oothn, whiili first appeared in 1704, in Oerinaii. 
 Popuhition, lUi^), 21), 134. 
 
 GOTH ARD, see (loKhnrd and .///«. 
 
 GOTHENBURG SYSTEM (in Sweden 
 and Norway, about 1S71). Itv this aleoliolie 
 drinks are dispeii^id by persons lierivini,' no iirofit 
 from the sale. It was advoeated in Eiifrland by 
 Mr. Chamberl.iiii, M.l'., and niueh diaeusseil, 
 1876-7. Tile bishop (if Chester iiitrodiieed a bill 
 for ostablisliin;; the system, read first time, 2 
 Marels l8().5; rejected b'y the lords, June, 1893. 
 The systeni advoiated at a meetiiiu; at the Du'ke 
 of Westminsters, July, l8()4. Much eontroyersy 
 ensued, l8()4-i)v Sec tlie bishop's letter, in 
 Tiiiiis, 15 Jan. 181)5. 
 
 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE besan about 
 the 9tli century after Christ, and spread oyer Kurope. 
 Its great feature is the poin'cd aieh ; hence it has 
 been sujjgested to call it the /wiifid sti/le. " Gothic" 
 was originally a term of reproach given to this style 
 by the reiiai.ssaiice lUchilects of the 16th century. 
 Its invention has been elaiined for several nations, 
 
 ?iirticularly for tlie Saracens. The following list is 
 rom Godwin's Chronological Table of Knglish 
 Architecture : — 
 Anoi.ii-Homan n.f 55 to alioiit a.d. 250— St. Martin's 
 
 cliurcli, Oiiitcrliui.v, 
 ANnLo-«A\ox A.I). S(K) to :o66 -Karl's Barton church ; 
 
 St. I'ctcr's. I.iiicoliisliirc. 
 Gothic Asiii.ii-KusiAX ah, loftfi to 1135— Rocliester 
 
 catlii'dral nave ; Wt. Dartlioloiiicw's, Biiiithtlclil ; St. 
 
 Cross, Hants, A'c. 
 
 EaHI.V KN'^I.IsII. or PlilXTKIl— ad. II35til 1272— Tclliplo 
 
 eliurcli, L.uiiloii : parts of Wiiidicstcr. Wells, Salis- 
 Iiiiry. and lliirli.iiiicatlicilrals, ami Wcstiiiiiistcr .Miticy. 
 
 PoiNTKi), calli'.i Piiic Cotliic ,1 o. ij?. ;•■ i_t77~Kxitir 
 ciitlicilral, Waltliaiii Cross, ic, St. Sttplieirs, Wcat- 
 niinstcr. 
 
 FuiRin Pdinteii— ad. 1377 to 1509— West'iiinster Hall ; 
 Kill^''s College. Caiiiliriilne ; St. George's Cliapd, Wind- 
 sor ; HciiiT.' VII. s Cliapd, Westminster. 
 
 fllHv 
 
 ill-l 
 
 El.l/AHKIM \N - A h. lV>i; to |A.^S — Nnltllllli,! 
 
 Iloiisc, stniid, piillcil down 1874 ; pnrt „t w 
 Cisllc ; Hatlicld lloiisi', Mcliools ai Dxlnnl. 
 
 I(i\ iv.il oldrci iaii ari'hitcctiiiv about iftjj, IlaiiuM,,,.,, 
 lloiisr. Whitdiiill. itc, ' - 
 
 Tlic revival ol' (li.lliic arcliltcitiirc ciiiiiiii..||..,,,i i,], 
 .825, mainly lliioii^h the cxi'iliuuf, ni .\. w. hi., 
 '.lie colitnivi'iHy .■!.< Ill its cxlicdi.'li y W:ls|if,.. |„ ,;," j 
 
 GOTHLAND, im i.sle ill the llaltic „.„, ,.„ 
 comiucrcd by the Teutonic kniiihtK, I V)7-.'(; ku,.,, 
 up to the Dane.s, 1524; to Sweden, l'>4^; c.iiii|n,.,,,| 
 bv the Dines, U177, and restored to S«i'ili.||, |i.., 
 Mariestad alnio.sl entirely destroveil liv tire, : |h ' 
 
 GOTHS, 11 warlike nation that iiihniiid.i i].. 
 cnuiitry between the C.aspiaii, roiitu<, K'lxim, .n;' 
 lialtic seas. They entered .Miesia, ln,,l( p||i||||'.* 
 polis, niassacrinj,' thousands of its iiihal.lt.iiit-, li,. 
 feated and killed theeinperor Decius, 251 ; Imt »•,.,, 
 ' defeated at Naissus by Claudius, lieiin. niininiin 
 Gothicus, 32(),0(Xi being slain, 2ip<). .\iii-cli;iiii|.u,, 
 Daci.i to them in 272 ; but tliey Ion- tmiililnl ih, 
 empire. After the destruction of llie Kniuiiii woter, 
 empire by tlie Ileruli, the (hfrih/nl/ix, uuiIit Tli.'. . 
 
 dene, b 111. e 11: istrrs of the (jreater |i;irt nf It.iii 
 
 where they retained their doininioii till ;v,, »!i,„ 
 they were tinally coiKiuercd b\ Narscs, .lii>iiiiin,, 
 general. The I'talijullis settled ill S|iii|ii, ,i|,,| 
 founded a kingdom, wliiidi :'ontiiiucil uuiil tl,., 
 coiiutry w as subdued by the Saracens. 
 
 I GOTTHARD, ST., near the river U:i;il,, Hiii,. 
 
 gary. Hen- the Turks, under thi' (truiid vi;;.r 
 ' Kuprinli, were totally defeated by tiic liiiijmiii.'. 
 i and their allies, commiuided by Montciiiciiii. 1 .\i.; 
 
 16(4. I'e, . e followed tills great victnry. Sre .t';. 
 
 GOTTINGEN (Hanover), a nicmWr nf d,.. 
 Hnuseatic league :-..iout IJIm- The uiii\>ri;H 
 "Georgia Augusta," fonnded by Gcoriti' H, :'; 
 England in 1734, was opened 1737. It was s,iM 
 by the French,' \-<)0, and held till 17(12. Im\; 
 several of the most able profes-ors wcri' ilisiiii<H 
 for their political opinions, ropulatioii, 1^1/1. 2j.'.,; 
 
 GOVERNESSES' BEXEVOLEXT IN 
 
 STITU'TION, was established in iHij, iiiid iiw,. 
 
 porated in 1848. It atlbnls to aged (jovitii.,-. 
 
 ! lumuities and an asylum; and to govcriic-si! ;ii 
 
 ' distress a teini>orary lioiiie and assistance. 
 
 GOVERNMENT Axx citiks Act. *" .i- 
 tiiatien. The building of the new Uuveiinmem 
 Officks began in l8()I. 
 
 GOVERNMENT CONTR.VCTS. s^k 
 committee (fair wages resolutiuu ef 13 Fi'l., 1^1)1, 
 appointed l8()(>-7 ; report issued 21 July, l^,- 
 See Sirciiti)i(J. 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF IRELAND BILLS 
 see brliiiiil, l88(), 1893. 
 
 "GOVERNOUR, The," a moral anil eil^,. ,. 
 tional work, full of anecdotes, by sir Thomas Eh :. 
 first published in IS31 ; an auuotatcil ejitimi wili | 
 a glossary by Mr. H. H. S. Crol't was iiulilisliej a 
 1880. 
 
 GOWRIE CONSPIRACY. John U\m.. 
 earl of Gowrie, in Kxx), reckoning on the suppir! 1 j 
 the burghs and thekirk, conspired to dethrone Jaiib 
 VI. of Scotland, and seize the government, Fr 
 this purpose the king was decoyed into Goitrit'! 
 house in Perth, on j Aug. HjOO. rhc plot »',ii ::;.:■ 
 trated, and the eiirl and his brother, Alesaiii^:. 
 were slain on the spot. At the time, munyper>;' 
 believed that the young men were rather the vKtis, 
 than the authors bl a plot. Thcii iiithcr, ^Mlli* | 
 
aiJAAL. 
 
 fl07 
 
 EVOLENT IN 
 
 I'lEs Act. w/.f- 
 
 Ili'W UUVEIINMEM 
 
 3LAND BILLS. 
 
 1 iiiiiral anil oili;.- | 
 ,• sir Tliomas Kl\ ; 
 iitatcd eJitimi With 
 ft was [lublislifti a I 
 
 Y. John Eatkvfi:, 
 iig on tlif siippir! 1 1 
 ■cltd dethrone Jato 
 
 giivcriinu'nt. h: 
 ;ovcd into Goitrit't 
 
 Till- pict iviii :r.i. 
 hrotlier, Alesfflilt:. 
 time, ninny piT- ■.■ 
 re rather the VII itE! 
 oir iathcr, Willia I 
 
 <iUANl>Ki:s. 
 
 w.uitreaiiicriiiisly rxccutcd in i^S^ for lii^ »liiiri' in 
 (li,. raidoI'ltiitlivi'M, ill ic,ni, „,i(l lir unil liis Cntliir, 
 I'jtrii.k, well' llnlnll^ ili,. ,iHMi>«in:, of lli/zio, i) 
 il.irili, r^i'ii. 
 
 ORAAL, Holy (San-riMl). Tlw puljliialion 
 ,if Teliil>«'iii'.< |>ii<'iii '■ iliily (ii'Mil," !),.(. . iHln), ||.il 
 
 tiinUlll cll.irlH<lllll. 'I'CIIIIV «lll| tllMl.H it IIS till. (Uji 
 
 ,11 whirh Christ ilniiik iii tlir Last Sii|)|iit. Tlir 
 lu'Jiu'V.il ruiiiaiircs ticat il as thr di.sli which IidU 
 tiiepa-Thal-lanili. 'I'hr «(iril i.< |ir.ilinli|y olu Fri'iirh, 
 i/rM, fnaii tlic iilil liiiliii yiiii/ii/i.i, n dish. 
 
 GRACE, a title assiiiii,.(| In U,.nry IV. of Kii(f- 
 linJ. oil liis arei'ssiiiii, in i ^I'^i,. J-Urelleiil (Inire 
 w,u iiiuanicd hv Henry VI. almut 142V Till the 
 liini'nf Jamei I. Kxij, the kiiifc, was udili'esseil hv 
 tint lith'. hut iil'terwiinlH h\ the title of Majesh/ 
 oiilv. '• VeurCir.iee " is the niaiiiier of (iililrcs.siiiif 
 ,111 iirchhisliiip and a duke in this realm.— The term 
 '•Qmre nf Hnd" is said to have heen taken by 
 bi^hupiiiit Kphesus, 4^1 (iirnhahly from 1 Cor. xv. 
 10), by the C'arhiv insiaii priiiiies iii tho')th eentury,' 
 by pupes in the I jtli la-ntiiry ; and ahnut 1440 it was 
 aiHiimed liy kiii^s as .sij;nif\ mjr their divine ri(fht. 
 "Iki (ji-iili'i" was |iii| on his ifi-eiit .seal hy Wil- 
 liini 11. "!' Kimland, and iin iiis «ol(l coin by 
 Klward III. Tie Kiii;r of I'riissi.i's saying, that 
 lie woulil reign " liy the ;,'ni(!e of God," gave inuih 
 „!encf, iSUef. USOI. 
 
 GRACE AT Me.vt. The iineient Greek* 
 u.Hild not partake of any meat until the' had first 
 olIeriHl part of it, aa the first fruits, to tiieir gods. 
 Tbeshort prayer said before, and by some persons 
 slter meat, in Christian countries, is" in eonl'ormitv 
 with Cliiist's cxaiiijile, John vi. 1 1, &e. 
 
 GR.ECIA MAGNA, eoloniesf. hinted by tlie 
 Greeks, 1)74-748 it.c. ; see Italy. 
 
 GRAFFITI, a term given to the seribblings 
 found on the walls of I'ompeii and other Komnn 
 nans; seh'itinns -.vere published by Wordsworth in 
 ^S37, and hy Garrucei in \H^U, 
 
 GRAFTON ADMINISTRATION, buc 
 
 (ceded that id lord Cliathuni, Dee. 17(17. 'J''"' fluke 
 rejiinied, and Iiiril Xorth became prime minister, 
 Jan 1770; u'V Xortli's Admiiihtrinion. 
 Aii,'ii.>tiis iliaiiy, iltike of Orarioii, /f,-.,( hm{ 0/ the trm- 
 
 .-KfVllii rii, 17)^ ; ilicil iSiil 
 I'rvileriik, luid X.atl', rim imUur of the errliciiuer 
 f.a\Q«wn,l:,nl intslileitl. 
 Kirl uf Cliatliaiii, lunl juiri/ seal. 
 (jrhifSliWliiiine and Viscount Weviiiouth, sccrtlnrin of 
 
 tliiU. ' 
 
 BirEdwanl Hiiwke,//>( Imd of Ihc mlmimlUi. 
 Manilas uf C.ianliy, mnaliriirnrnil 0/ tlie onl'iiiiiire 
 ]Mi Saiuhviili and U: Dcsiieiici.r, juiiU pottmaalcrs- 
 
 OUAMMAUIANS. A so.lety of gnmimarlanii 
 
 was turmed at Home so earlv as 271. 11.1 liltli,: 
 
 Apolludonis of Atli.iis, Var'io, Cceio, .\Ies.sahi, 
 
 Jii Ills ta'sar, Nicias, ,Kliiis Donaliis, Uemmius, 
 
 laleinoii, lyrannionof I'uiitiis, Athena'iis, amlother 
 
 ilistiiiKiii.shcd men, were of this cI.ks, .\ (ireek 
 
 Kiaiiimir was printed at Milan in l4-(, ; Lily's 
 
 Latin ;,'iamiiiar (Hrevis lustituti..), i^u; Undfev 
 
 Murray ,s English Grammar, 17.(5; Cobln-ifs Kn«li.sii 
 
 (■nimniar, iHi.S. — Hnrris's Hermes was puhlished in 
 
 I7S", Home Tooke's " Kpea I'teroeiifa," or tin. 
 
 'Diversions of I'urlry," in 17H(,, treatises on the 
 
 pill osophy of l,,ii«iia«e and grammar. Cobbelt 
 
 declared Mr (,'annin- to have been the only purely 
 
 gr.iinmatic.il orator of his tiimi ; and Dr. I'arr, 
 
 speakinif of a sp,-,.rh of Mr. I'ltfs, said, " We threw 
 
 our whole ),'iammafii il mind upon it, and could not 
 
 (li.s.over one error." The science of grammar has 
 
 heen recently much studied with e.xcidli'Ht results. 
 
 OUAMMAR .S(JII()()LS, see Rliu-atmi. 
 
 OUAMMK, see .\l,t,iciil SijKlim. O'liimmr 
 machine, see under A'/,.,.i'r(c(V//. 
 
 OUAMCJPHONE Axi) ai;Ai'ii(>ni(j\E,a(a; 
 
 uniler riioiniijriiijli. 
 
 GRAMPIAN HILLS (ecitr,! Scotland). At 
 An o(;i, near Miws (jmmpixs of Tacitus, the .Scots 
 and 1 lets under Ualgaciis were defeated by tho 
 Romans under Agrieola, 84 or 85. 
 
 . ORAMPOUND (Cornwall) was disfranchised 
 in 1H21, tor bribery and corrupt practice, in 1819. 
 hir Maiia.sseh Lopez was seiitem ed bv the court of 
 king s liencli to a tine of io,(X)oA aiul two years' 
 imiirisonment 
 
 GRAN (Hungary). Here the 
 deieated the Austriaiis, 27 Feb. 1849. 
 
 Hungarians 
 
 Thomas Town.shend, 
 
 h'riU llertfijnl, iluke of Aneaster 
 
 l:t 
 LiiM Caiailen, lonl cliniicillor, succeeded bv Charles 
 
 iwlje (en.ated huvl Mordeii), died (it i..* said by bis own 
 
 liaiiii)2o Jan. 1770. 
 
 GRAHAMS DIKE (Scotland), a wall built in 
 209 by heveras Seiitimus, the Konian emperor, or, 
 ai others sav, by Antoninus I'ius. It reaeiied from 
 he Firth of Forth to the Clyde. Buchanan relates 
 hat there were considerable remains of this wall in 
 ; Ins time, and vestiges of it are still to be seen. 
 
 (jRAIN. Henry III. is said to have ordered a 
 
 ! ?rain ot wheat gathered from the middle of the ear 
 j tobetheorigin.;il standard of weight: 12 grains to ; 
 be a pennyweight; 12 pennyweights one ouiiee, and i 
 12 ounces a pound '1 ro^■. Lawmi ' 
 
 I 'i^!i';«:pr'^r''''''''''"''''^^^^^^ ''■'■'••")•! 
 
 GRANADA, a city, S. Spain, was founded by 
 the Moors 111 the 8tli cenlury, and fonned at firat 
 part ot the kingd,.ni of Cordova. In 123(1, Mo- 
 liaiumed-al-Hamar made it the capital of his new 
 kingdom of (Jrana.la. whhh was highly prosperous 
 till Its subjugation by the '• fjieal caiitaiii," (JMiisalvo 
 de Cordova, 2 Jan. 1492. In 1(109 and 1610 the 
 mdustrious Moors wer.' expelled from Siiaiu, by the 
 bigoted Philip m., to the lasting injury of his 
 country Granada was taken by marshal' .Soult in 
 1810, and held till 1812. See X/w (h;iii(i(l,i. Popu- 
 lation, 1887 : provinc,., 484,(, 58 ; city, 7,5,006. 
 In the ;)/vo'i',ev,,f (inn id.i, five towns were ilustroyo.l, 
 
 914 persiMis killcl, wjtii an iiniiieiise loss ot prooerty. 
 
 throii-h tlie eartleinak.'s ol' 25 lice, i-l .n"/. 1834. 
 
 GRANARIES were formed by Joseph in 
 ii.gypt, 1715 1). c. (flrinsi.H xli. 48.)" Thi'i-e were 
 three liuiidred and tvMuty-wven granaries in Rome. 
 Unir. JliM. Twelve now granaries were built at 
 Bndewell to hold (x)0<3 quarters of corn, and two 
 store houses for sea-oal to hold 40^x1 loads, theri'by 
 to prevent the sudden dearness of these articles by 
 great increase of inhabitants, 7 James I. 1610. 
 Utow. 
 
 GRAND ALLIANCE between the emperor 
 and the Dutch St.ites-ticiieral (princip.illy to 
 prevent the uni.m of the iM-eneli anil Spanish 
 monarchies in one person), signed at Vienna, 12 
 May, 1O89, to which England, Spain, and the duke 
 ot Savoy afterward., acceded. 
 
 GRAND COMMITTEES, see Onn„>itteex. 
 
 GRAND-DUKE, see l),d-e. 
 
 GRANDEES, see Spanish Gnuuhxa. 
 
 >f 
 
 •ir^HUHnB 
 
 y 
 
 1'iii 
 
 
 "\ r «1 
 
 
 ttifliilii 
 
 'kJii 
 
 !|i 
 
 m 
 
 W 
 
 \.M, 
 
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 Ir . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j^i 
 
 
 M 
 
 II 
 
 H. 'jJMii 
 
 ' t 
 
 i\ ^ 
 
 fl 
 
 
 
 -1 
 
 
 -"-iT,iW-^» 
 
 A fH 
 
im^^ 
 
 %(<•'■'». 
 
 
 \W 
 
 ■,;M m 
 
 \rit*t-u 
 
 ( h, 
 
 GKAXI) .TITNCTIOX CAXAL. 'HH OHKAT IliaTAIN. KASTKliX 
 
 OHANI) JlTNfiTlON CANAL (<<nti,.l (iUAriI()TYl'I';. ii ;i'w in. ,.»f,,r.i,i,,„,„; 
 
 ICihsImikIi, jiiiiiH -ivciiil utlici-. and Im mo ii wilier bl". !>- I"r •.mla. .•-iiiintiriK, lllr iiivciitiM, „| J|, |,, 
 
 <!(.ii,riimii.,itinii l,rt«crii I...ii.luii, Livci|.uul. IliiHtdl, Will I'lmi.iM lliUlicc l< iii iKi.o, It w,i. ,|, ., riWj 
 
 till. I Hull. Th.' lall.il .niiiriHii.ci.at llliiiill»t(.ll. on I'V Mr. I'llz-Cc.ok at tlir So. M tv i.t Art., M),,, 
 
 thi' w.>t l...i.l.r« ..r N..rtliaiiii.t.iii.liirc, ami nitrrs l.'^'.v liiawiii«.t w.ar iiiailr..ii HI... k- ..f. l,,,;i, ,|.|, 
 
 thcTlia »iicar L..ii.l..n. E,vn lit. .1 ir.).5-l!<o.S. ;> -I i'i;'"» iiik; whrii .Irif.l, Hi.. ..,|t p,,., ,,„, 
 
 l.nirtlii'.l awaN, iiil.l tli.'.lrawuiK ri'iiiaiii..l in |,i,,| 
 
 UliWI) .TTTItlKS, -ir Jiiiin. St. r.'..lyii.>H vvcii. tlii'ii taken li'in Uu' l.l.k. 
 
 (}|;AN'I)M0.\TIN'ES. a ni..na-li...r.l.r('>«tab. OUATES. Tlie Annl.'-Suxi.iiH l.„| .,,,1,^ 
 
 li.-li..! in l,iiii..ii-in, In Fran.c, l.v Sl.'|.licn, a hiMrtlis, an.l . liatinK-.li>li.'.< were in ii»i' until i', 
 
 iri iiliciiian ..t'Aiiv.iirn.', al.i.iil \<r(>, Tlwy .anic t.i inti...!.!. Ii..n ..r.liiiniii'y* ali.nil I20(); «iii r/i/n-J, 
 
 KiiL'lanil in tin- rcitfii "f llii.ry 1. (lloi)-J.S). ,in.l .sv./c.v. 
 
 (iUATTAN'H I'AUI.IAMKNT, . ,, „ 
 
 . : .1... I..:. 1 1. ... 
 
 OHANT) I'KNSIOXAKY, i 'liii'f "tal.. ; |„,J;^,"Hy Kiv.'n 'I'.i l'lii"rrl»lVVa'l'iMmi'i'it, ',iii,''', 
 fun.tii.narv in ll.ill.cii.i, iii ;li.' K.tli I'l'iitinT. In li.i.l l.c.-ii .li. lar.'.l in.lrii.'n.li-nl, iiiiimly l.y .li,.,^,,. 
 111.' < ..n-litiili..n -iv.'ii li> I'laiirf t.. 111.' llaliniall ti,,|,H..I llciirv Uratlan, l.y ,iii a. t |':.'-».'i| ai |> . 
 r.'j.iiMi.', |.r. vi..ii-.lv ti. till' .1.. Ii..n ..I' tlw kin(;i|..ni ^ |;,,„|, M;,^, 1-H2, (i .,ini.''l.. aiiiMi.l l.v tli.' i,,.!,"! 
 ..(' Il-llan.l, 111.' liil.' « an r.\iv.Ml ,111.1 (.•iv.il l.i ll.i^ ^ ,.f tlir A> t "t riii..ii, 2 .Inly, iHik). In ix.y,,ii,,|,,,", 
 licail ..fill.' i;..v.Tiiiiiint, ;.| A|.lil, L^.'s, H'l';.'''' | wiiil ol' liii |iailiaiiii nl " I' li.ivi' 11 p^.n iiii,l r.nj,,. 
 .Inn Siliiinini'l|.(iiiiiii. k laiiii: nia.lo tlic urainl ; ti.in, I sal l.y licr 1 ladli' ; I r..ll..w..l h.r |„;,f„. ■ 
 |.. |isii.iiiii'\ ; ^>e lln'l.iKil. (iratlaii stniii;;ly iii'^jc.l 111.' pasfiii;,' i.| uii ii-t 1 , 
 
 ORAM) JiEMOXSTIJAN'CE, ►.'.• Kanou- , Onli"!!'' I'lnan.iiu.li.m till his d.'ulli 4 J.m.'.iXj, 
 fl,;„ii-e. I (JltAVKrjNKS (N. I'ran.'cV II.t. •„ 
 
 OKANirUS l:\ riv.rN.W, Asiii Min..r), near SpaniauLs, ai.l.'.l by an Kiijili.'*!! Hci't, .l.'feit.,! ;'. 
 wlii.'li, .m J2 Mav. ^^4 n..'.. Ali'Nan.l.r 111.' (ir.at ' Ficii. Ii .m 1,^ July, I55«' 
 
 Bi-iially .l.'l'.ali'.rili.' I'.rsiiinH. Tin' .Ma.. iLmian | (Hi.VVKLOTTE, llATTI.l'; Ol, l.S Auj. is-, 
 ti'....;..-* (5(),(XK) I'l...! an.l 5i««) hi.r-.') .tussi'.! tin' , Si-c .I/i /.-. 
 
 (ii-ani.'iH in 111!' Iii.'c "f till' r.i'siaii army ((xki.cxk) /. 1, . iri-cwn K-..„t Mi i,„c , 
 
 f .',t .■„.,! :o.(KK) li,.,'s,.V Jnsli,,. Th,' vi.'L.r. l.ist I <^, <Ay I"'^^"'>*D, K Ml (1 on I's.lay '„',„„/„„ , 
 liftv-li^.' r....l s..kli.'rs an.l .si.nU li..rs.-. Sar.lis "» ''"' I"""".; " ' '.Vv rf';''"''' ''" 
 .apitulah'.l. Mil.lns an.l Hal,. :un..-ns w.'.,- taken '' 'f;;"''' ,'>' 't'^^'w '''^^' ',,:''■' mTV "■ 
 ,.y^ storm, a.ul otli.'r .n'a, fwns s.il.mi.l.'.l lo ,h.. ;; n^- '^^^^J^, '^^,] i 02 'j i,,: 
 noniincroi'. ' ' > .1 .1 . .. .m ,■ 
 
 OTU\Sf)X, near tlif lake af NenlVhatel, (iI{.'\VlT.VTI()N, as a siipp.,s,'.l inn;,!,,.,.,,, 
 
 Swil/.'Vl.'in.l. wiiere Charles th.' 11..1.1. .hike „f , was n..lu'e. hy the Ore.'ks an. als,. I.y hen.;,., »!, . 
 
 liiir-'.m.ly, was ,lelV,it.'.l l.v 111.' Swiss, 3 Mareh, 1 "[.euks ol the moon utraelu,;; the w.t.r., i,h'.ul;> 
 
 , .(^ •' 'I Kepler invest i(,Mteil 111.' siilije.t ah.'at iMj, ,ij 
 
 '' ■ „ .. „ • ' llooke ileviaeil ii system .if Kiavilation al.uut Vri 
 
 (JKANTON I'lElt, hr.akwat.'r, \-.'. formln^' j 'I'l,,, ,„.i,„.i,,l,,s „(' -ravitv were .l..iii,.iislr,il,'J i,) 
 11 harl...iir. ..11 the l''..ilh. thiee miles Iron) I'.ilin- (iulil.'o at !• h.r.'n.e, alioiit 1635; liut the Kri-ii;,,; 
 li'.irtjh, were . ..iisti 11. 1.'.l hy Messrs. St.'veiison, at „„ ,1,1^ snhjeet, lal.l (l.iwn 'liy X.'Wt.m in ]\A 
 the eost of ab.nit ioo.iicio/.. ^'iven by \N alter, duke >• I>,.incipia,'Mn iM;, is miid to liav.' b.'i'ii profhl'i 
 of Bn.i'h'ii.h, l.S3:;.44. i huiiin l(>70. The fall of an appk' from a tr..' ini'.i 
 
 GK.'VPES. Previously to the rei)rn of Edward is said to have ilireeted lii.s alteiilion to tlicsuliv' 
 
 11 13 •'>..;. I'J'i/i 'I. v,ii..... . < ...,..,. 
 
 .k. 'a. let. l.v ..f S.'ii .ir.'S sol. II' 1. 'It. 'IS ;illi-|.||!. 
 N.'Wioiil.i I'asi'al an.l .itli.is t.'iiihiit; t.i -li"w • 
 I'as.-nl waM.Uii'tlie tlie.irv of j,'i'iivil;iliiiii. T!.' 
 tii'ity of lli.'se U'tli'is was aiillioiiticlix' 1\ .|, :. 
 tli.'ii' l'..ri,'.rv an.l his own .l.'liisioii w.i.' , 1,11 .... .1. 
 l.v M. t'lii-l.'s l..'1'or.' tb.' a. a.li'iiiy iiS,.|,t. im/,. 
 
 (Jli.'V^l•;^S. rrevionsiy to ine reijrn of Edward 1 is saw lo nave iiireeieii ins aueiuion to tlicsuli; 
 
 VI. (rrap.'s were broil(:ht f" Enj-'hind in large (iiian- | x.'wt.ni smvs, " 1 .b. nol .no win 1.' Ink I'tn : 
 
 titi.'slV.im Flandi'i-s. whir.' tli.v were lirst . ultivale.l , th. kin.l or inaiia.r ..I ,iii.\ ,i.ti..ii, llie . .m.,-,' 1 
 
 nbo.it IJ-(i. Th.' vine was iiitr..du. cl into Kn^'land ' ^} r.'i™.iis tli.'ivor. .a- altnl.at.' I.av.'s in ..' 
 
 1 • e . 1 , < I . 1>1, »1,,,11 ;>, <J..tlV.1If V iVHl.al s.'lisi! to illalll .■.'lllr.s, uhi'll I - 
 
 in lyS2; '"■!»*.' hrst iilalit.'.l at Moxhall, 111 Sutliilk. 1|^.|^^ „„ attrii.'tiii;.-, .aen.lii.'.l with all,, I'-iv 
 
 In tlie -arileiis.it llain|il.'ii-..iurr pala. .• is 11 vine, ^^^^ ^^ ,,||y^ ,gf,^_ ,| l'IiiisI.'s Ini.l 1..1hi. 
 
 stateil to surpass any in Eur"iii' ; it is ': !• .'t by 20, • - • 
 iiiid has in one s.'iisoii pr.aln. eil 22"2 l.iiu'hex r.f 
 (trapea. weiijhins l.** ''wt. ; th.' st.'iii is 13 iiiehes in 
 tfirth; it was planti'.l in i;'.*). IakjIi. 
 
 GT? VPHir, illustrated we.klv jonrniil. estab- 
 
 S:.;:n^l i;i:n. ',^^:;. '"" '""■' "'""''' ""^ great bethel, see B, n.,l 
 
 GRAPHITE (from the Gi..k f/rii/ihtin, to 1 GREAT BRITAIX, the name civen in |i(; 
 
 write) 11 pe.'uliiir form .'f mimral .-arbon. with 11 to EniHonil. Jt'o/rn, and Scotlnuil (irhuh m, 
 
 truce of ir..n, iniiir..l.erlv t.rni. .1 Mark l.'iul and Kim;- James 1. style.l himself kiii^'. if (ii.iit llritaiii, 
 
 pliimba"-... In I.HciO sir Hiiiiiphrv Uavv investi- 11*14. Srf I'n/iii/dtiiiii. " Urealer llrilnin." tliellt 
 
 '"it.. I into the r.latloiis .,|- thr. . i"rni> f .arbon, ..f sir (.'harles l)ilki''s b.iok. dcscribnif; his 'ravils!.! 
 
 thi' liiamond, p-aphite, ami .liar" ..I. A rml.' kind the British eolonies, published in i.S(..S; Stli .'ilitim. 
 
 of blaik lead lieii.il is mentione.l by (iesiier in 15(15. .Iiuir 1.SH5. 
 
 Int.'restin- results ..f sir Ii C. lin.die's r.'S.iirL'lies (JKEAT BRITAIN, EASTERN', i'.. '" I 
 
 jli Kviiphite a|i[...are.l in the International E.\lu- ^^^^^^,^ 67,'rtwi.— The Eastern Ciiuntics K.iil»'i 
 
 bition -if i.S(i2. Fresh di-' ovi 1 1. s were ma. e in tho ,,„^,,,,.,,,i .i,,. „,,„ie of Ghkat Kasikkn in ifc 
 
 on 
 I 
 
 bition -it i.>«i2. I'l-esn ui-'oviii.s were ma.ie 11 11 u ,,j,sume.l the name of Ghkat Kasikkn in lH:. 
 
 nearly exhausted liorrowdai.' mine.s, Cumberland, ^^.j^,,, jmas in.'..rporateil. The CiiiE.vr .\'oKmi,< 
 
 in l''^75- IIail«.\> i'oinpaii), an aiiiiiii^.ila..li"ll._ »'.ii ;r...:; 
 
 GRAPHGSCOPE. in o|iti.'Hl apparatus for nurated lu 184(1. "Their station at Kins's-uM. 
 
 maKuifvint; and -ivinjr tine .rte.ls to en-ravings, London, w_as ..iiened in <'''■, •*<^,^2',^"n''''8;i 
 
 urt-.-raph... &.'.? 11 "t.'i 'V (' .1. Kowsell; ox- "History published, Mar.li, |,S,^.- h.' bRtrt 
 
 i d' I'd in l«-l Westi-.un Railway opened as tar as Miiulitilwi I 
 
 OKECO-TURKLSI 
 
OUIUT KXMIIUTION. flOO 
 
 (iKliECE. 
 
 lime civi'ii in |((^ j 
 'tiiiid {icli'uh *i. 
 Ii;.'nl'(iri;it liriliill, 
 r llritiiin." lhet.:t 
 rilling' hin tniftlfM 
 1 i,S(iH; Xthi'ihlk 
 
 STERN, fr 
 
 t'liiintii'j K.11U1 
 Kasii:hx in ih:. I 
 UllEAT Xi)1;thh.> I 
 iin.itiMii, was ;r,„: 
 m ill Kills'*" ra, 
 , |H^^2. Giin-ng': 
 iSi)8',— Thi- ijRtii I 
 till' lis llaiildikt 
 
 I Jmii', If^il. I"* Tw)l'iinl, t Jill), iHj'i; lirfwi'i'tl 
 Lcidiiliiiliil llrinlol, JoJuiir, 1S41 j wii^'h'-iimmIi'IIimI 
 b, i.uni IHO; unci |K(;.). (ii;K\T Cknthai, ii:inii> 
 Kiirn I" 111'' .Miiiii'lii'.<tiT, Slii'lHi'M iiikI MiumIh. 
 ,i,|.,. riiil«ii> in r*»7, 
 
 OKEAT KXIIIIUTION', -.n- Exhihiim. 
 
 GRKAT I'AUL, «<•.' IMls. 
 
 OKEAT SKALiirKMJLAND. Tlir fli*t 
 
 .,|u»nlli\ Ivlwunl tlic Cuiifi.rt*!!- win railed the 
 
 1, j.lll will, 11. ill HitiXI'll til till' KIlllltH nf tllf I'lnwil, 
 
 l,^S, lliih'i'n C/iniii. Till' lUMHt iimii'iit si'al uitji 
 ,1111* oil i' '* •'"!' "[ lfi''li;ii'l 1. Jaiiii'M II., wlicii 
 l) ..iiiU Iniiii l-iiiiil(iM 111 KjHM, ilniii|i('il till' 1,'riMl simI 
 ,;, till' Till •*• Till' (fi-iMt Mc'iil (,f Kiinhiiiil wim 
 
 .•,',,■11 flliMl lllc lllMlSl' 1)1 Innl clllllU'rllllf Tliiiilow, 
 
 lit Ureit OiiiiuriJ-Hlri'i't, iiiiil nuTH'il awuv, with 
 (•her pr'i|H'rty, 24 Miinli, 1784, a day Id'foni thi' 
 jiwlutiou 111' liarliiiiiiriil. ; it wiin iicvrr riTiiverod, 
 1I1J wu» rc'|ilaii'il till' tir.xt day. A lirw ki-iiI wan 
 liPiujIit ill'" ""f 0" tl"' iiMimi with Iri'Iaml, I Jan. 
 itoi. A iii'w will ''"■ Ii'i'lund wan limiight iiitu um. 
 iiiJthi'olil mic'di'fai;iid, 21 Jan. l8j2. The (iivat 
 S,:i! Ottiri'S Act, i)u,H«cil 7 All)?. 1874, aliiilishcd 
 (iTtaiii oSii'S, traiiHlVni'd dutii'ti, kr. Thi' (jivut 
 Sal Art j'UiWi'il, 2 Aiii?. t.S8o, ii'latcs hi iiii|i(iiiit. 
 rifiitofjiidgi's, jiati'iits, icr. j 
 
 OKECO-TURKISH WAR. I 
 
 Itnl-ofOiwk iiTi'Kiiliir.t ul tl Klliiiikr Ili'tai. : 
 
 i;i,' .1 national Norii'ty, rnm tin' IniiitiiM iit 
 Kniiii; li li'iiii'H ll«litiii« iicai' Kaliiiuliiilia, 9 
 A|.nl; Ih'ttiliu iiiiil Uozuvu tak.'ii liy t|i,. (in.,'ks, 
 
 10 .\|irll, i8q7 I 
 
 (luiilifiraiiUliy (iii'.'ks iv|iiil,i.il, I J A|iril ; hi'vimi' 
 cjiitliit at Aiialipsi-i, 'I'lnks riMiiiisi.cl uml tlii'lr 
 oitiiusts cvi|itiiii'il, 16-18 .\piil ; Tiiiki.sli torts 
 ill till' Aiiilinii'liiii Kiilf di'.-.tioyi'.l ; I'lvvi'sa liuiii- 
 Ijirileil, li-i' A|>iil; il.-i|H'iati' liiilllii in thi" 
 M;i!iiiia lufi, Hall'! piislia (3o), a ln'io in tin- 
 Rii«o-Tiiiki.'li war, kill.'d ; (iiri'k lilm-kliciii^.s 
 camel by as.suilt, 17-19 April; si'vimi' IlKlitiiix 
 11,11 Arta 111 K|iiiiH, linnnliazi iiml Kurt VIkIh 
 ci;i|mi«1 h) till' liiv.'kn, Hi April; h'ilijipiaila 
 :i;il.stii'viiia liiinit aiiilalunilDiic'il liy tlii) Turks. 
 
 ai April, ,, 
 
 (lifk Heet lioiiilianls I'latiiiiiona ami utlmr iiliices 
 ill '.111- gull ut' Miilunlku, 3 Tiii'ki.Hli Hliip.s cap- 
 tuivil ai-2j April, .. 
 
 ."iivieUittli'at Miiti on tliii I'onil to l.iiris.sji, rrciwn 
 inmivaiiil priiici' Nlclmlas ]ii-iisiMit ; (Irt'i'k.i ili'. 
 I'lti'l 22, 2 1 April, ,, 
 
 linvlij upvercly ili't'i'iiti'il at Hi'vi'iii iiiul 'riniiavn, 
 m till' plain iif Ijirif'a . . . 2a _•; April,' 
 
 Ijriwi, Tuiiiavii, iiml Hi-vi'iii iiliaiiiluiii'il .v tin' 
 (livfliii; panic iiml staiiipi'dii ut' iiii'ii, \m)Iiiiu, 
 aipli'liihln'ii, aliuut s^w iir 6rx) killi'd ; mti'i'at ol' 
 till' Ori'i'ks til PliHisala (I'liar.ialiii), tlin crown I 
 
 iriiiiv till' last to li'iivn Luri.s»a . 2 1-25 April ,, 
 
 ilvii, llici'iiitti Uaribalili urrlviis at Athi'im with 
 v.iiniitciT.i 24 April, ,, i 
 
 N. i;»ilu aii'l otliiT placns lioiiihanli'd liy tln' ' 
 
 G k>, jj, 24 April ; tlm Turks ii'i'iiptiiri'- fort I 
 
 P,;;t"pi,(a.lia, after si'M'i-c ll-litiii« . 24 April, ,, I 
 
 fi;;it{7liuiir.<)iit Kuiiiut/jiili's ; Ur,.ck lliylit | 
 
 23 April, ,, 
 I Crrk aniiy (jo,i»j) at I'ln'isala, ml, Snioliuiski 
 aiiiwiiitcil i-liief I'oniiuandi'r, 21) April ; Turks 
 n-imls"! with loss hy col. Siiiiilciiski'.s hrij-ailc at 
 V'->-tiiiu ja April, ,, i 
 
 ll.::y of IViiti'iiwulia, 28, 2.9 April ; panic and 
 U.-lit of :iii' {iri'cks . . io Aiiril, 1 .Miiv, 
 
 IVriala .ainl Vclfstino attackcil .siimiltancoiisiy 
 1} til" Turks; (iivcks outimiiilu'rcil nml ovcr- 
 iwnvwl after ilcspcnitc llKlltill^ ami iiiiicli 
 'liiuht-r: riitrealti.' Liunioku . . = M.,-,-, 
 I \i)!o omijileil by Hakkl pasha, 8 May ; "(ircelc 
 : matcilaiiilKaiiii'riiiaocciiiiii'dliy thcTiirks, 
 
 S Mav, 
 
 1 1'sus ami llic Ciii'i* ariuv rocnlled from 
 
 '■'I* 9 May, 
 
 ■Mi'diatloii of tlir piiwiT. acccplMij ; aiiulslli'M pio 
 piisi'd i Cri'taii aiitomuuv aat I to In Un'ccc, 
 
 II .Mm,\ ; ..nliiiiitt.'il til Tuiki'v u M.u i Tmkiili 
 ciilnlUliills ; I ,, ,,,, ,,,/. T, tinl lllh ,'illillc\atli)ll 
 
 III Thi'.sily, icvisiiiii iif tivilli's alliinliiu i\. ,|^, 
 tciiiioiiil pihili.j,.,; a c.iit.'l iif cHliadition, til 
 pl.'i'cili' all aliiil.lic,., pirvuiti'il , . IS .MilV, iei<7 
 
 i;"."* lulilnui.ii thii limirct ||c|,4lits ,» ,, ,Mav, „ 
 
 Mi'opolis aii.l l'i,n,.,a lifsliyi'd liy the (necks, 
 
 .„ , , ' 1-is .Mii.>, ,, 
 
 Hi'icc li.itilc niMi rirlliiiw), niiidi hhniKhicr, 
 
 Ihc piiwci, Intiav , i<. May; In ia.,,ii(.v| ,,| n,,. 
 
 tzar, the Biillaii onii.r. »iis| siii.i ul liosliliilc., 
 
 , 17 .M IV, I, 
 
 Di'spcratc liuttic at lioiiioko, n.'ailv i,'... TiiiU 
 killcil; (liccks ri'lri'at ; cipf, ll.ii.itassi, in luni 
 
 m I'd 11' I Uii li'jii.n. killed, 17 .Mav ; Itomoko 
 
 iicciipii.l, .an. I III.. I'll,, 'Ilka pass taken In the 
 Turks, n .Ma) ; thec livks fill hack 1111 ThiuiHii 
 Ji.vlii', I,) .Mii.\ ; aiiui.tice ; eiel of the «iir ; iie#i 
 tlatloiis hetweeii the aiiiliassa'tiiis nml the poile, 
 at Ciinslantiniiple; aniiiiiiijied . . 2ijMay, ,, 
 
 (,'ollecti\,. note ot the powers lo til" polle ull t lie 
 
 ciiinlitiiins of peace ... 25 Ma,\ 
 
 The "Klhiiike lletairia' Milunleeis, disnrmel; " 
 
 I'l'li'ic't 26 .May, „ 
 
 "Icei itrilsts her 1 ailse to the powern I ,llilie, „ 
 
 Tcace neeotiationsat Consi.iutiiiople ; the poweis 
 resist the ileliiiini|,Hor the polle as lo the iiniiex. 
 iitliin of 'I'hes^aly, the capitulations, and the war 
 
 imii'iiiiiity .i,)iiiierrw,y. „ 
 
 I Armistice till the close of the iie„'otlatloiis, Hl^ned 
 
 I , "I ''•■■ml" i.'niie, „ 
 
 ' (ireece protests to the power, iil the iufractiiiii of 
 I the aiinistice hy till' Turks . . . i^.liiu,'. ,, 
 The sultan lefm,.,, to accept the ylews of the 
 
 powers cm the ho'indary i|nestioii . 7 July, „ 
 The powers ilemaiid the cess,itloii ol cilislrilction to 
 
 peace iic;;otiatioiis .... 3, 8. Inly 
 Tiirkfsli atrocities in Kliiins and Thcssal.v ; iv'. " 
 
 , l""t'"l ' Jiih, „ 
 
 Dralt treaty of |.e,. . pre,eii(ed In the iiorte, it; 
 July; not nccipt. 1 |,y theaiiiljissailuis, ic,.lnly; 
 (111 iial' ■ .iiiiiil;(.,si.| a pliiiK the fiontier, 
 
 with ,ltlulis, J, July. See (,■,,,,•,•, llj .Sept. 
 
 1897 , , ;,.'J/, 4 Uw. 1897. 
 
 GREECE, anciently leriiiid Ifdlas, The 
 
 ihiiiie ot Ura'Ci.i tirst un in the writings of Ari.s- 
 
 totlc (H.c. 384-32:), (iia'ci e wa,s so cillcd from an 
 ancient king, Uiii'cus, and Hellas t'roin another king, 
 Uelliin, the sun of Deucalion, I-'iami Hclleii'.s soiii,, 
 Dorus and yEolun, came the Uorians and ^Dnlians; 
 another son Xuthus wan father of Aclneus and I..11, 
 the piogenitoi-s of the Aclueans and loniann. 
 Hoiuer calls the inhahitants inditt'crcntly M\rmi- 
 dons, HelU'iics, and Adiaiaiis, Thov were' also 
 tornicd Danai, tVoni Danaus, kin(?uf Aijios, 14-4 ii,c. 
 Greece anciently con.si.sfcd of the iienin.sula'ul 'I 
 IVloiioniiesns, (ireece outside of the I'elopoiin. ,^, 
 Theaaaly, mid the islands. The priminiil states ol 
 Greece were Atlnus, Sparta, Conuth, Thelies, 
 Arcadia, and afterwards Maeedon {ii/l tv/iich ,.(•). 
 The limits of Modern Greece are much more < ai- 
 [ined. Grei'i I' became sulijeet to the Tin kish empire 
 in the ISth century. The poimlalion of the kiiiu'dom, 
 established in 1821J, <Y<,Hi,); m 18I1I, ^Oj'i.Sio, with 
 the lomiiii isles (added in 18(14), »'"»" 1,348,^22 
 in 1870, 1,4^7,894; ill 1871), 1.979.147; in 1889, 
 2,187,20s; i8i)(j 2,430,807. The early history is 
 mythic, and the dates p'lnfi/ luiijictiti-at. 
 
 Sicyoii founded (y','i(.ii'',;ns) , , , , j 
 Uranus arrives in Oreece (I.i-urilel) , 
 Heyolt ot the Titans ; War of'the Giants 
 Inaehiis king e.f tlw Al'J;i^■- .... 
 Kiiigdoui of^Ar^os \ie>;uii In Inachus (i:i!g,lnii's) 
 KciHii of Ogyyes ill linMitia (/•;H,<c//iH.s) . 
 Sacrihccs to the gods iiitro'liiccd by I'lniroiicus 
 Sicyiiii now licgnu (U'lK/ZtO ..... 
 Deluge of Oi;y#'s(ie/,it/i sc) . . . , ' 
 
 20S9 
 2047 
 
 s » 
 
 lylo 
 185(1 
 1796 
 1773 
 
 l> 
 
 i;64 
 
 ^1 
 
 ■J'~ 
 
 ^ ■ },^^a 
 
I'LiIlBlkil Ik '/ ft ''' 
 
 si 
 
 
 
 
 
 h -f1 
 
 i 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 dlO 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 1710 
 
 A poloiiy of Arciiiliaiis eiiiigriite to Ituly uiului- 
 
 CEiicptnus: the ((Hiiitry tlrst called (Unotria, 
 
 attfrwiwil* MiKjHii Ciiiria (Kusiliins) . . . 
 
 The Peliisgi hold till' IVliiiioiiiii'sus lyoo-isso; suc- 
 
 eeeiled by the Uellcin's .... 1550-1300 
 Chronology of the .Vniiideliim marbles eoiiniieiii'es 
 
 (Euiihiii.i) ,582 
 
 Ceerojis arrives from K^ypt . . iibimt 1550 
 
 The Areopagus established 1504 
 
 Delude of Deiiialioii (/•;(i.M.'))iH.») .... 1503 
 
 Paiiatheiiieaii Kames iiistitiiti'il 1495 
 
 Cadmus with the l'h(eiiieiaii letters settles in liieotia, 
 
 and founds Thebes about 1493 
 
 Lelex, llrst king of I.aeoiiia, afterward.s ealleil 
 
 Sjiarta 
 
 Dnnaus said to have brought the lirst ship into 
 
 Greece, and to have introiliieed pniiips (.see An/o.-^) 
 Reign of Hellen (/■,'i(«'/i".i) . . . . ! 
 Flint Olyiiipie games at Klis, by the /i?ii;i Ihidyli 
 Who are said tu have diseovered iron 
 Corinth re-built and .so named .... 
 Eleiisinian my.steries instituted byEumolpus (1356) 
 
 and Isthmian games 
 
 Kingdom of llyeenie created out of Argos . . , 
 Peliijis, from I.ydia, settles in south Greece 
 
 (Peloponnesnn) about 1283 
 
 1490 
 
 1485 
 '459 
 1453 
 1406 
 ■384 
 
 Greece invaded by the Gauls, 280; they aiv ,1, r,..,i 1 
 at Deli.hi, 279 : ami expelled . '' 
 
 Dissensions lead to Roman intervention ' ■'"' 
 
 Macedon made a liomaii pnn;iiiee, after tlli. ,|,.fi..,i ** 
 of the last king, Perseus, at I'ydna . . 
 
 Greece coniiuered by .Vummius and iiiade a H„i] ,i ''' 
 ]irovinee .... 
 
 • • » • » ■ . ■ ;4r-i45 
 
 Greece visited and favoured by .Vugusfu-i ^ e ,. 
 and by Hadrian .... '•'■■'■; 
 
 AU 12!- 
 
 3! 
 
 1326 
 "3«3 
 
 1263 
 
 1225 
 1213 
 
 1198 
 1 193 
 
 1 184 
 
 gi6 
 S84 
 
 776 
 743-669 
 
 664 
 657 
 
 Argonautic exiiedition (I'/ii'c/i ,>('(■) 
 
 The Pythi.in games begun by Adrastiis 
 
 War of the seven Greek captains against Thebes 
 
 The Amazonian war 
 
 Rape of Helen by Theseus 
 
 IJajie of Helen by Paris 
 
 Commencement of the Trojan war . . . . 
 Troy taken on the night iil the 7th' of the mnnth 
 Thargelioii (27tli of .May, or nth June) (see Truii) 
 .Eneas said to arrive in Italy . about 
 
 .Migration of .Eolians who build Smyrna, itc. . 
 Return of the Heraeliihe .... about 
 Settlement of the lonians in Asia Minor 
 The Rhodians begin navigation laws . . . . 
 
 Lycurgus flourishes 
 
 Olymjiic games revived at Elis, 884 ; the tlist 
 
 Olympiad 
 
 The Messenian war 
 
 Sea-fight, the llrst on recoid, between the Colin. 
 
 thians and the inhabitants of Corey™ . . , 
 
 Byzantium built ....".., 
 
 Seven sages of Greece (Sohai, Periander, Pittaeus, 
 
 Chill), Tliales. Clei il mliis, and Bias) tloiirish, about 590 
 
 Pei-sian eonuue.sts in Ionia 544 
 
 Sybaris in Magna Giiicia destroyed: 100,000 Cro- 
 
 tonians under Milo defeat 300,000 Svbarites . 
 Sardis Imrnt by the Greeks, which occasions the 
 Pei-sian invasion, 504 ; Thrace and Macedonia 
 
 eoiuiuered 
 
 Athens and .SiKUta resist the demands of the king 
 
 of Peraia 
 
 The Pei-sians defeated at Mar.ithnn 28 Sept 
 
 Xerxes invades Greece, but is checked at Theriiio- 
 
 pylie by I.eonidas Aug. 
 
 Battle of Salamis (ic/iiV/i , SCI') 20 Oct. 
 
 Mardonius defeated aiel slain at Plataa ; Persian 
 fleet destroyed at -Mycale ... 22 Si'i't. 
 
 Battle of Eurymedon (end of Pcisian war) . . . 
 Athens begins to tyrannise over Greece . 
 
 The sacred war begun 
 
 War between Corinth and its colony Coreyra . 
 Leads to the Peloponnesian war 
 I)isastrou.s .Athenian expeilition to Svracuse 
 Retreat of the 10,000 under Xenoi'lmn 
 Death of Soi'rates 
 
 The sea-flght at Cnidna .... 
 The peace of Antalcidas .... 
 Ri.se and fall of the Thebau power in Greece 
 Battle of Mantinea ; death of Epaminondas 
 .\mbitions designs of Philip of .Macedon . 
 
 Invaded by Alari 
 
 Plundered by the Xormana of Sicilv . ' ' -i* 
 
 Coniiueied by the Latins, and subdiviilVd i'l.t,^ "*' 
 
 small governments . "" 
 
 The Turks under .Mahomet 11. coniiucr .Vthen.s 
 
 part of Greece 
 
 The Venetians hold Athens and the Miiiea 
 
 Greece mainly subject to the Turks . 
 
 The .Morea held bv Venice, 1687; till taken hvtl 
 
 Turks ■' 
 
 and 
 
 i.'(.t 
 
 mi 
 
 1466 
 '3(0 
 
 Great struggle for indeiieiidence with Hiis.Mail h,.],; . 
 770 t'<.se</., fniitless insurrection of tlie Suliot,.s 
 
 'VI 
 
 '8;i 
 
 Secret Society, the Hetairia, established" ""'""" '"i 
 
 Insurrection in Moldavia and Wallaihia, in wlii.h 
 the Greeks .join, sniipressed . . ' 
 
 Proclamation of prince .Mexanderto shake utT tin' 
 Turkish yoke, .March, 1821 : he lai.sed tlii-.ii,ii 
 ilaril of the cross against the crescent aii.l tlio 
 war of independence lii'gan 6 Vi.rii 
 
 The Greek patriarch juit to death at Consiaiitin!,|,|e 
 
 The MoR'a gained by the Greeks ^^ "■''"'' 
 
 .Missolonghi taken by U recks. 
 Independence of Greece iiroclaimed 
 Siege of Corinth by the Turks 
 Bombardment of"Scio; its capture 
 I massacre recorded in nnslerii history (see CViiojj 
 
 1 103 I The Greeks victors at Thermopvlie, A:c. ViJuK-' " 
 1044 Mas.saere at Cyjirus . . ". . .Iiili-' " 
 
 n>fi '■ Corinth taken ' ,6^|,,;i' " 
 
 National congress at .\igos ■ ' 10 Vi.ril ,1" 
 
 Victories of Marco liotzaris, .Iiiiie ; killeil 10" Vim' 
 Loi-d Byron lands in (in'cce to devote himself tu \u " 
 
 JlMll', 
 
 . .Nov. 
 37 Jan. 1 
 . 'Jail. 
 ■st liiiiril.lc 
 
 508 
 
 496 
 
 49 « 
 490 
 
 480 
 
 cause 
 
 Pii'st Greek loan 
 
 Death of I011I Byron at .Missolonghi . 
 Defeat of the capitan jiaclia, at Sanios . 
 Provisional government of Greece set U]i 
 Ibrahim Paeha lands, 25 Feb. : takes Xav 
 
 .May ; Triiiolitza 
 
 ■ l-Vli. ik.-i 
 
 ig Ajiril, , 
 i6M,j:. , 
 12 Oct .. 
 iirilin, 23 
 
 30 Jlllic, iS:s 
 
 479 
 469 
 
 ■ 459 
 
 ■ 448 
 
 • 435 
 431-404 
 415-413 
 
 400 
 
 • 399 
 
 • 394 
 
 • 387 
 370-360 
 
 ■ 362 
 353 
 
 iSi! 
 
 346 
 
 Sacred wai-s ended by Phjliji, who takes all the 
 
 cities of the Phoceans 
 
 Athens and allies declare war against Philip, 340 ; 
 
 who totally defeats them at Charonea {ivlihh see) 338 
 Philij) assassinated by Pausanias . . . 336 
 
 Alex.inder. his son, f;iibdiies the Atlienifins, and 
 
 destroys Thebes 
 
 Alexander conquers the Persian em]iire, 334-331 '; 
 
 Jicx 323 
 
 GrcHM.'e liarasseJ by his successors ; the ..Ktolian and 
 
 Achaiaii league* reviM'd 284-280 
 
 The Greek tleet defeats the cajiitan pacha .luiic 
 The provisional government invite the pintctinn 
 
 of England j,,!,. 
 
 Ihi-ahim Pacha takes Missolonghi bv assault, altera " 
 
 long and heroic ill fence . ' . . 23 Aiiril iM 
 
 7o,ooo(. raised in Euiopc for the Greeks . '. ' 
 
 i Reschid Pacha takes .\t liens . , 2 Jam' ib, 
 
 ; Egyiito-Turkish fleet destroyed at Xavaiinu, 20 Oct 
 
 Treaty of London, between Great Ihitaiii, Kussi.i " 
 
 I and Krance, on iH'half of (in e, signed 6 Jnlv' 
 
 Count Capo d'lstria president of (liccM 18 Jail' 
 The Panhelleniiin or Grand Council of .^tate estili^ 
 
 lished 3 p^i, 
 
 Xational bank founded . ,^ i.',,|,' 
 
 Convention of the viceioy of Egj |it with sir Kdwani 
 
 Codrington, for the evacuation of the .Morea, and 
 
 delivery of captives .... fi Aug. 
 
 Patras, Navarino, and .Moilon sunender to tlie 
 
 „, Ereni'h g Ort , 
 
 The Turks evacuate the Morea . . oit 
 
 Missolonghi surrendeied to Greece . . 16 May, isig 
 Greek National Assemblv commences its sittiiii;s 
 
 „ i't Aigos .,3 ,i„|v, „ 
 
 The Porte acknowledges the imlependeiiie iit 
 
 Greece by the treaty of .Vdrianople . 14 Sp|it 
 
 Prince Leopold declines the sovereignty 21 .May, 1830 
 
 Count Caiio d'Istria, president of Greece, assaii- 
 
 sinatt'd hy the brother and son of Ma vioniiihaelis, 
 
 a .Mainote chief whom he had im|irisiined, 9 Ort 1S31 
 
 The assassins immured within close biiik walls, 
 
 built around them up to their chins, .irid ,iu|t 
 
 plied with food until they died . . ..^(lil. 
 
 Otho of Bavaria made king' of Greece bv a conveii- 
 
 ^ tion signed ' , 7 j|ay, ,831 
 
 Coloeotroni's conspiracy .... S{'\it 
 
 He is condeniiied but siuired . . ,7 .bine, iS3( 
 Otho I. assumes the goM'inmcnt . 1 .June, ifjt 
 
 GRE] 
 
 I civemty ft Athens estal 
 ..iiiinipnef'l • . . ■ , • , 
 
 I ,i,i„«liP«9''>'Voliii")li it '1 
 .Jtililishi'iK 11 "<'W eonstit 
 Irtiil resi'i""'i''i''ty '""' " 
 
 iTlfkinti'iceeptsthenewcc 
 
 ,l„mlPi'rk'"i-.i'' <:',">"'"",' 
 ' wranenn fleet, blockadi 
 'p,;^,,,, the Greek govern' 
 mniient of moneys due h 
 Bsiiireniler the islands ol 
 
 |Frini'einterpo.se9liergoodc 
 
 s.liioentimied . . 
 I Sr;.flatioiis terminate, and 
 
 I [ifliite with Fi-ance accomi 
 
 1 I,, irffotions against Turke; 
 
 Vk favoured by the Greel 
 
 i,.*i to a ruptiire betwe' 
 
 I ("frraanv remonstrances, I 
 
 ■ 'wfranients send ti'oopf 
 
 rimiis ; change of mnnsti 
 
 rpiiiiisestoob.serveastric 
 
 I ia-wspaperin the modern 
 
 I a London, beginning . 
 
 I G)Wt Brit.iin, France, am 
 iritli the Greek governmeii 
 
 .i-il.ition in the Ionian h 
 
 ;; the parliament pt 
 
 I Hi'' king retires to Bavaria 
 
 .li:™)ited assassination of t 
 
 insane student . 
 
 Uceateiirtlinuakein the Pek 
 
 I Lfii'old of Bavaria proposed 
 
 I M lit.m' revolt begins at Nai 
 
 Bi'.kj'de of the coast decree 
 
 I Til' insurj-'i'iits demand refoi 
 
 ii-iii to till' throne . 
 I II,, riivaltiwips enter the c 
 -iV'dits removed 
 Cliinge of ministry ; Colocoi 
 
 In'^urreotion begins at Pati 
 lilt ; a luovisional govei 
 .\llien«, deposes the king, 
 il'U'on flee ; arrive at Corf 
 imn )io\vers neutral ; gem 
 visional governiiieiit . 
 
 I Gnal demonstrations in favi 
 limit Brit.iin, who is proc 
 in Plitliintis, 22 Nov. r gi 
 fivnurat .Vtheiis . 
 
 I Ibf pmisional govemmei 
 
 I suffrage 
 
 I Tlip n.itional assembly meets 
 
 I TiK nation.il assembly elect 
 2) J,in. ; and declares ] 
 On'tee liy 2-'>,oi6 out of 2. 
 
 I Milit.nn' revolt of lieiit. Ca 
 and others, who resign, 2c 
 
 I ii'iiointed under Balbis . 
 
 I Tlif assembly decides to ofl'ei 
 William of Si'hleswig-Hol 
 
 . ,Liim him as king George 1 
 
 I Pnilnfol between the thri 
 France, England, and Rusi 
 nmsenting to the offer of t 
 "ftheiinncxation of the I 
 
 [ Tlie king of Denmark accepty 
 Ctnaris the Greek crown 
 whom he advises to adliei 
 inil gain the love of his pci 
 
 I Militarj' revolt at Athens, 1 
 
 I Tilt king arrives at Athens, 3 
 
 :o the constitution . 
 I Tlie Ralhis ministrv' formed 
 I'lntofol annexing the Ionian 
 
 liV M. Z,anni.s and sir II. 
 
 Greek troops occupy Corl 
 
 .■urives there 
 
|;!i:ii' :m 
 
 GREECE, 
 
 511 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 IS silliii^s 
 23 Julv, 
 
 
 utclK'ti nf 
 
 
 . l4Sp|.t 
 
 
 21 Mav, 
 
 iSw 
 
 'ce, a-ssua- 
 
 
 niitJtaelis, 
 
 
 I'cl.gO.'t 
 
 1831 
 
 ilk walls, 
 
 
 .'Ulll SU|>- 
 
 
 29 0.1. 
 
 „ 
 
 a cmivi'ii- 
 
 
 7 May, 
 
 1832 
 
 . S,.|,t 
 
 ., 
 
 , 7 .liine. 
 
 1834 
 
 I Jillit'. 
 
 iht 
 
 I Piiisity it Alliens tstulilishwl, 1837 ; buildinjj 
 
 Imiinem-f'l . • • • . • • • »839 
 
 I .iiiLKllfss"'*'™"'""' "' Atlii'iis 18 coiisiiimimtou, 
 ,!tililislii"K" ncwconstitutidii, enforcing iiiinis- 
 ■liilresiionsibllity imil natidiial reiPiesentatiun, 
 "' 14 Sept. 1843 
 
 i.a-iiu.iccppts the new constitution 16 March, 1844 ' 
 ('■'Lj^lParlier, in ciininiaiiilof tlie liritish Medi- j 
 
 ifrranean fleet, hlockailes tlie hiirliour of the 
 Pir.tiis tlie Greek govermnent Imving refnseilthe 
 J,i,e,ltiif moneys line to British sulijects, and : 
 
 •I'siirreniler tlie islands of Saiiienza and Ciiprera, 
 
 18 Jan. iSso 
 I Frin e interr"ses her good offices, and the liloi'kude ! 
 
 ,l'*o(.iitiuue<l I March, „ 
 
 I V ■ itntions terminate, and tliu blockade of Athens 
 '•';Vrnewcd . . ■ ■ • =5 April, „ 
 
 I riinte with France aoi'oininodated . 21 June ,, ; 
 
 Mnvftions against Turkey in Tlicssaly and Kpi- 
 rij favoured by the tireek court, Jan. and Feb. ; ; 
 
 i<«i to a rupture between Greece and Turkey, 1 
 
 "■' 28 March, 1854 ! 
 
 I i!i«r many remonstrances, the English and French : 
 
 ovframeiits .send troops which arrive at the 
 Fncus ; fliange of ministry ensues, and the king 
 rmiise's to observe a strict neutrality, 25, 26 May, „ 
 A'HVsparer in the iimclerii Greek language jirinted 
 ' '.I London, beginning .... 9 July, 1S60 
 ->.it Britain, France, anil Kussia rcniunstnite 
 'itli the Greek government respecting its debts, 
 
 18 Oct. „ ' 
 I'Mion in the Ionian isles for .innexatiim to 
 flreeoe ; the parliament prorogued . . .March, 18C1 ' 
 I Hi' king retires to Bavaria . . .July, ,, 
 
 tiMiijiteil a.ssassinatioii of the queen by Darios, an 
 
 iMjiie student 18 Sept. ,, 
 
 CM rartluiiiake in the Peloponnesus . 26 Dec. ,, 
 
 I Lr"i'olil of Bavaria propo.sed as heir to the throne, 
 
 Jan. 186a ' 
 
 I M'nI.mTevolt heginsat Nauplia . 13 Feb. ,, I 
 
 ill., ki'de of the coast decreed . . 9 March, ,, ; 
 Tlifinsurperits demand reforms and a new succcs- 
 i-m to the throne April, ,, 
 
 I Till- r.ivaltrooiis enter the citadel of Xanplia ; in- ' 
 
 ^'ir,:dits reinnved .... 25 April, ,, • 
 
 I Cliim'e of ministry : Coloeotroni becomes prciiiier, ' 
 
 ° 7 June, ,, 
 
 In<'irrection begins at Patras and Missolonghi, 17 
 ii,t. ; a provisional governnient, established at I 
 
 Vliein, deposes the king. 23 Oct. ; he and tile , 
 
 line™ flee; arrive at Corfu. 27 Oct. : the Euro- | 
 
 l»:iii|iowfrs neutral ; general submission to pro- 
 v.siuniil goveriHiient .... 31 Oct. ,, 
 
 I Gr":il ilminnstrations in favour of prince Alfred of 
 limit Britain, who is iiroclainied king at Lamia 
 in Phthiotis, 22 Xuv. r great excitement in hi.s 
 
 fivnur at Athens 23 Nov. „ 
 
 Tlif rronsional government establish univei-sal 
 
 fliU'rage 4 Dec. ,, 
 
 TliPMlional assembly meets at Athens . 22 Dec. ,, 
 
 I Til- national assembly elects M. Balbis president, 
 ;) Jan. ; and declares jirince Alfred king of 
 ijiYtcehy 2^'i,oi6 out of 241,202 votes . 3 Feb. 1863 
 
 I M.lilin' revolt of lieut. Caiiaris against Unlgaris 
 niliithfin, who resign, 20 Fell. ; a new ministry 
 ]'|i()inteil under lialbis . . .23 Feb. ,, 
 
 I Till" iisseraWv decides to offer the crown to prince 
 William of iSehleswig-Holstein, 18 March ; jiro- 
 .laim him as king George I. . . 30 March, ,, 
 
 ! rrntniul between the three iirotecting powei-s, 
 Franoe. England, and Russia, signed at I.iindon, 
 ransfnting to the iifl'er of the crown on condition [ 
 
 ifthe annexation of the Ionian isles to Greece, ' 
 
 5 June, ,, I 
 
 I Ili» king of Dcnmnrk accejits from the aged admiral 
 i.'anarin the Greek crown for pirince William, 
 ivhoinhe advises to adhere to the constitution 
 mil gain the love of his people . . 6 June, ,, 
 
 I Militarj' revolt at Athens, suppressed 30 Jnne-- 
 
 9 July, ,, 
 
 I The king arrives at Athens, 30 Oct. ; takes the oath 
 :o:hc ronstitutiriii .... 51 Oct. ,, 
 
 f Tlio Balbis ministry formed . . . 28 April, 1864 
 
 1 Pmtofol .annexing the Ionian isles to Greece, signed 
 liv M. Zaimis and sir H. Storks, 28 M.ay : the 
 Grttk troops occuiiy Corfu, 2 June ; the king 
 .mives there 6 June, ,, ' 
 
 New ministry under Caiiaris formed . 7 Aug. 
 
 The assembly recognises the dcld of 1824 5 Sept. 
 
 Aftcrmuch delay, and a remoiistiaiicc fiom tlie king, 
 19 Oct. a new constitution (with no upper-house) 
 is jiassed by the assemblv, i Nov. ; and accepted 
 by the king ^g Xov. 
 
 New ministry under Connionndriuros 29 .March, 
 
 The anniversary of thebegiiiiiiiigof thewar of inde- 
 pendence (6 April, 1821) kept with eiithnsiasm, 
 
 Ti, 1 ■ . ■ ^ Ajiril, 
 
 The king visits the eastern provinces ; general 
 traiKpiiUity 20 April, 
 
 The king opens chamber of dopiities . 9 June, 
 
 Death of Alexander .Mavrocordato, one of the early 
 
 ,,,1'atriots ,3 Aug. 
 
 The king gives up one-third of his civil list to re- 
 lieve the treasury 25 Sept. 
 
 An economical tiiiancial policy proimsed ; a new 
 ministry formed >;„v. 
 
 Brigandage )irevails ; freiiuent ministerial changes 
 under Deligeoiges, Counioundouros, Bulgaris, and 
 
 „ H'nifos Oct. 1865-June, 
 
 New ministry under Bulgaris and Rmifos, 23 Jan. 
 
 Chambers vote payments to themselves ; suddenly 
 dissolved by the king .... 3 Feb. 
 
 Great agitation in favour of the Cretan insurrection 
 (see C« 111/ ill) .Vu".-lJee. 
 
 New ministry headed by Counioundouros . ° Jan. 
 
 Manifesto of the so-named " Greek nation," issued 
 
 ^"tP'"''f 19 April, 
 
 Great sympathy with the insurrection in Caiidia ; 
 the bhickade run by Greek vessels with volun- 
 teers, arms, and jirovisions . . April ((,«(/. 
 
 .Marriage of the king with the grandduchcss Olgu 
 lit Uussia 27 Oct 
 
 Their cordial reception at Athens . 24 .Nov. 
 
 New ministry under .Moraitiiiis, i Jan. : under liul- 
 
 ^. W'"« Feb. 
 
 tiinstantine, duke of Sparta, heir to the crown, 
 l'"in 2 Aug. 
 
 Giii'k vessel Kmsis tires on Turkish vessels au'd 
 enters iioit, if Syra .... 14 Dec. 
 
 Rupture between Turkey and Greece in cniise- 
 i|uence of Greek armed intervention in Caiidia 
 (irhich sie) Dec. 
 
 After a conference of representatives of the Western 
 power.s at Paris, Jan., their reiiuisitioiis were 
 accepted, and iliploniatie relations between 
 Turkey and Greece resumed . . .26 Fel/ 
 
 Prince and princess of Wales visit Athens, 19 April', 
 
 Law aiithori.siug the cutting the isthnins of Coniith 
 passed y y^y^ 
 
 New ministry under M. Zaimis . . . g Jan! 
 
 Concession to cut a canal tlirougli the isthmus of 
 Corinth granted to a French companv . April, 
 
 Lord and lady Muncaster and a partv of English 
 travellers seized by brigands at ('>rii|iiis, near 
 Marathon ; lord Muncaster and the ladies sent to 
 treat ; 25,ooo(. demanded as ransom, with free 
 
 _,I«;''l."" II April. 
 
 The brigands retreating, and surrouudcd bv troops, 
 kill .Mr. Vyiicr, Mr. Lloyd, Mr. Hcibert,'and the 
 count ileBoyl 21 April, 
 
 Great excitement ; the king shows great liberality ; 
 but many influential persons are charged with 
 connivance at brigandage . Mav, June, 
 
 Several brigands killed ; seven captured, tried and 
 condemned, 23 .May ; tlve executed , 20 June, 
 
 A new ministry under M. Ddigcorgcs . 19 July, 
 
 Greek college opened at Bayswatcr, London, W. 1 Oct. 
 
 Decree for suppression of Inigandagc issued Oct. 
 
 Two gentlemen carried otf Oct. 
 
 A new ministry under .M. Couiuoundouroa 22 Dec 
 
 Counroundouros 11111118117 I'eslgns . , 6 Nov. 
 
 Succeeded by Zaimis 8 Nov. 
 
 Bulgaris minister, 7 Jan. ; resigns : Deligeoiges 
 again minister 26 July, 
 
 The Laurium mines of lead, zinc, &c, , were pur- 
 chased by M.M. Ronx and Serpicri and a company, 
 1863 ; and worked prolltably : roads being made 
 and a village built. The mines having been heavily 
 taxed ami scoria; lialnied by llic guvciiimcut, 
 loss ensued ; tlieconiiiany's ort'er to sdltlie mines 
 
 to the government was accepted, but pav nt 
 
 evaded by the legislature. Hence arose disputes 
 with France and Italy, and ministerial changes 
 in Greece autumn, 
 
 1864 
 
 
 iflHiflf ' 
 
 .. • -^r !'"■■?■■ -'''Jf J -iifi 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 1870 
 
 i87t 
 
 187a 
 
 i *'*■; 
 
 p 
 
 h. 
 
 hi 
 
 F; 1 
 
'*'\ 
 
 lf-i * ' 
 
 !>|«- 
 
 >5i| 
 
 ^^'l 
 
 I 
 
 « "3* 
 
 tfif^f^''!' ill 
 
 Hiy k; ,; . i ft 
 
 
 tjliH 
 
 
 GEEECE. 
 
 512 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 Hlicccli of tlic kiiif; to tlip Ipfiisliiturc. nnnnunciiij! 
 
 ('i)niiati<in (if mails iiiiil iitlicr iniimn- nts. 
 
 JTlie himrimn luiiies liiid liciMi puriliascil liy M. 
 
 MviiKids, a tiivek capitalist, Hiiii|iiirti'd liy the 
 
 lianks) 25 J't'l'- 1873 
 
 53111! annivi'i-sai-j- of Greek iii(le)ieii(U'iire kept in 
 
 I,(iii(loii 5 April, ,, 
 
 The uiiiversity at Atlieiis clnseil, llinin;,'li iiisiilior- 
 
 diiiatinn of'tlie students. I>e('. „ 
 
 New caliinet under linlj,'aris, zj Feb. ; lesiyns, 27 
 
 April; resumes iifflie 7 May, 1874 
 
 THeciujii nunister, 8 May; dissidves ( lianibers, 31 
 
 Miiv ; meet Auj.'. 1875 
 
 (ireece neutral in leffird to insiureetiou in the 
 
 Herzefscivina .... July— Sept. ,, 
 
 The prinee of Wales warmlv received at Athens, 
 
 18 tict. „ 
 Ni'W mini.stry under Conmoundiiuros.aliont 27 Oct. ,, 
 Several ex-ministers fined for extort ion from lii.shops 
 
 and others on appointment . April, 1876 
 
 The kiiiK and (picc'ii travelling in KiiKlanil in July ; 
 
 at the Crystal pal.ice .... 19 .Inly ,, 
 (ireece neutral in the Servian war .Inly ,, 
 
 Delineorges forms a ministry, 8 Hec. ; ri'iilaccil liy 
 
 Zaimis and Coumonndouros . . 10 Dec. ,, 
 DeliKeorges ]irimc minister, 10 March— 2S May; 
 
 succeeded by a coalition i.iini.stry, 25 May; re- 
 
 fornuMl under the aged t'nunris . . 3 June, 1877 
 National excitement for war allayed by the kinj,', 
 
 -2Q Mn.v, „ 
 Discovery of relic s at Spata iicnr Athens ; tombs 
 
 containing bones, prec'ions metal oruaments, &c. 
 
 (removeil to Athens by M. Sfamataki)about i July, „ 
 Kcvival of the Theban "sacred band," institute<l 
 
 liy Epaininondas (to bo 1000 instead of 300) about 
 
 July, ,, 
 Death of the aged Canaris, 14 Sept. ; the kina takes 
 
 his jilace as inesident . 14 Sejit. „ 
 
 British and Turkish governments remonstrate with 
 
 Greece for apparently arming against Turkey, 
 
 Sept., Oct. „ 
 Death of Bulgaris, statesman, about . 10 ./an. 1878 
 New mini.stry under Couimainilonios . . 23 .Ian. ,, 
 Il'sunection' in Tliessaly against Turks, 28 Jan.; 
 
 10,000 Greeks enter the country, retire at the 
 
 armistice e.aily iu Feb. „ 
 
 Iiianrrection struggling; battles at Macnnitza, 28, 2Q 
 
 March ; Mr. C. Ogle, 'I'iws correspondent, killed 
 
 by Turks (investigation led to no result) 29 March, ,, 
 Insurrection dosed through Dritish interventi<in ; 
 
 .mnounced 6 M;iy, ,, 
 
 Greece disappointed by the lierlin trejit.v, 13 July ; 
 
 rectificati(ni of the frontiers by the sultan, prip- 
 
 posed aliout 24 July, ,, 
 
 Safvet I'acha's ilespateli resisting the claims for 
 
 Givece 8 Aug. ,, 
 
 New ministry under Triconpi . . . 31 Oct. ,, 
 Defeated in assembly, 4 N(pv. ; Conmoundoiirips 
 
 forms a ministry 7-10 Nov. ,, 
 
 Hecruiting law for the army (all men between 21 
 
 anil 40 li.ible) Nov. ,, 
 
 Death of Deligi'orges, late minister . . 26 May, 1879 
 Wonumc.nt of .Mr. Ogle set up at Athens . Aug. ,, 
 Hecruiting law c.imi' into force . . . 1 Jan. 1880 
 Crisis ; Coiunouiiilouros remains . . 28 Jan. ,, 
 Tricoupis ministry hnna'd . . 22 March, ,, 
 
 lierlin contcrcuc' to ja-opose settlement of the 
 
 Turkish and (ircck frontiers, meets . 16 June, „ 
 The king visits Fnglaml ; receives freedom of I-on- 
 
 don, 16 June ; leaves .... 5 July, ,, 
 Onler for luid.ilisat ion of the army signed, 5 Au.g. ,, 
 The king and ([uecn arrive at Athens after a long 
 
 Kuropean tour: national b'iding warlike; Tlics. 
 
 salv .and Kpirus ilcmandcd . . y Oct. „ 
 
 King's sjieecdi opening iiarliament ; modi'r.ife and 
 
 firm 2' •''■'• 1) 
 
 Tricoupis nuni.stiy defeated ; resigns . 22 Oct. „ 
 (.'ounionnd"uro> toinis a ministry . . 25 Oct. „ 
 Much iliscussion with negotiations respecting 
 
 Greek and Turkish frontiers, (see Tiirkeii), 
 
 Oct. 1880-May, 1881 
 Conveniioli betw-u Tnrk.'y and Orcecc agreed to 
 
 at Ctmstalitinople ; Tliessaly ceded to Greece, 
 
 24 Mav; signed 2 July, „ 
 
 Cairii'd info ctlcit ;(ireek flag raised in Arta, fijniy, ,, 
 
 The p"'''"""'"'^ '''■'*'^"'^'''' '''^ ""' '*'"'' ■ 4 ^""^'- .. 
 New ministrv under Triroupi . . 15 March, 1882 
 
 Cutting of the Isthmus of Corinth hegiui hrt 
 
 L':iriiitli) 5M';,v ,:- 
 
 Frontier disputes in Tliessaly, between (ireel<s ml,! 
 
 Turks, at Navantyk, near Derbcml, ij.isnij 
 
 about 26 .vll 
 
 Settlement cj x,,\ 
 
 Death of the statesnian Coumoundouics, nnuii " 
 
 lamented . . • , ; • . 9 Mar.),, ,::. 
 Iiiiprovcil limnces; good lindget,aiinoiiiiceil Manli i^^" 
 Trieoujiis ministry resigns, 17 Feb. ; M. DelyinmiJ ' * 
 
 unsuccessful; M. Triconpi resumes niiii,. 
 
 21 l-Vli, ,:.. 
 
 Chamber dis.solved ijlVl 
 
 Hallway between Athens ami Corinth i,|,|.ii,,j " 
 
 'jAiiiil, 
 Tricoupis ministry resigns through leiiiuritv ii; ' 
 
 eh'Ctions .ibcnit 20 A|n-il ; Delyamiis laiiii.^tiv 
 
 t"rmed , .M;,; 
 
 Knthnsiastic military movements conscriupnt i,,,,',, " 
 
 the cijHyM/'i'^/Mii Koumelia . . . n,.,' 
 Vote for loan of 1,200,000?. . . . 7 .\i,v 
 Increased warlike deiiionstratioii ; iiiiiis)i im,,,'. " 
 
 ventioii .-upiiorted by the great powers, aljimt 
 
 23 Jan. ; torci,^n ironclads sent to ^Sucla lav 
 
 Crete 30 Jan. f^s,',.' 
 
 Great diricovery of statuary, &c., near the Acroimli,,] " 
 
 Athens 
 
 National fete to I'onimemorate .leclar:itiiai of inic.! '' 
 
 peiidence in 1821, 5 Ajiril, 1334, ami . 6 Aliril, i::t 
 rro]Kised loan of about 800,000/. to raise the aimv 
 
 from 85,000 to 110,000, about 14 Aiail ; aiidcalliir 
 
 out of reserves 19 Ainil' 
 
 Ultimatum of the powers calling upon (iruece t" " 
 
 disarm, delivered 26 .April; sjiecial iiiterveiitiMii 
 
 (d'the Flench minister.abcait 26 April ; iiiadciiiiati 
 
 reply of Greece 30 Ajiril, 
 
 The liritish, Austrian, German, ami Italian " 
 
 ambassch.is leave Athens . . . ^ j|j,. 
 Greidi tro"iis .sent t'l the front . . 7-8 .May,' 
 Hlocka.le of Greek p.nts notilie.l and eiilni-cf;i, '' 
 
 8 Mav, 
 Resignation of M. Del.vannis, 9 May ; M. Trieeuiii'^ 
 
 declines to form a ininisti \ , 10 .May; .M. 
 
 I'apamichalopouliis also ihcliiies, n .May; jun. 
 
 visional one formed by .M. VaUis, 12 ,May ; 
 
 succeeded by M. Tricoupi . . 20 May, 
 
 The king signs a decri'c for di.siu'niaiiieiit, 24 Mav, 
 
 announced to the powers . . . , j,„'„. 
 
 Fighting at the outposts near Nezeres ; the ,,]i.;j], 
 uncertain; 20-21 May; about 21x1 killnl an.i 
 wouniled ; armistice agreed on, 24 .May; fi.nnal 
 declaration of the raising of the blockade 7 luix 
 
 Gieut (dectoral reforin bill passed . i7Jii.ie, 
 
 New chamber opened .... 3 Kcli. i-'-j 
 
 The ii»tli anuiver.sary of tlie birth of l.ord llynm. 
 celebrated at the Greek church, liayswateii 
 l.nii.loii, \V ' 22 Jan. 1;;: 
 
 The king returns to Athens after a foreign t"ur 
 
 8 (let. „ 
 
 Cclebrali"!! of the 25tli anniversary of the kill's 
 accession 31 Oct. „ 
 
 National industrial exhibition at Athens upcii,.,! i,v 
 till' king 1 X"\. ,, 
 
 Marriage of the princess Alexandra ami tlie .ircli. 
 duke Paul of Uussia . . . . i7Jmi.'. liij 
 
 The king visits I'aris .... 22 July, ,. 
 
 Marriage of the duke of Sparta and the iiriiiiv.. 
 .Sophie of Prussia, at Athens, in the pre.si'iict' ei' 
 the eiiipii'^s Fiiderick (her mother), the kiN.; 
 and (pii'di of (Ireece (his parents); the kin^'ani 
 queen of Deiitiiark, the Gi'iniaii eMijieror a)i I 
 ciiipiess, the prince and princess ot Wales, tin' 
 Czarewitch of Hussi;i, and other relatives, 27001. ,, 
 
 Prince Albert Victor of Wales at Atlieiis, 
 
 17 April (((.',. ii^3 
 
 Form.atioii of a " Vbniig Greek party " at Atlnih. 
 leader M. Halli An;, „ 
 
 Statues, &c., .siijiposed to be the work of I'liidias, 
 at HhWiiiins in Attica; discovered dining ex- 
 c.'ivations made for the A'chaological Selieel ..f 
 Athens; reportcl . . , . , Oct. .. 
 
 Elections ; great iikijonty for the o]iinj.sitiuii. 
 
 26 Oct. 
 
 2U Vt I. 
 
 M. Tricoupi resigns, 28 Oct. ; M. Delyaiinis funiis 
 a niinistiy, 3 Nov. ; the new chiiniber oiniml ty 
 the king 10 Nov 
 
 G] 
 
 Loan from t!. J- Hambro 
 Bv all avalanche near ' 
 
 'Killeil . ... 
 ;,,ieiitieth anuiver.sary 
 
 celebriled 
 IWtli of file grandduclu 
 
 icoiiiiiiissioii exonerates 
 ■ ijaiiiKt him. "Ijont 
 )|r.Ei(ertoii,aiii)ointed H 
 ill .succession to the hoii 
 alKiiit 
 
 IfiiLitical mob attaek a 
 
 les.aiit chiireli at the 
 
 ministers and congregat 
 
 1)1 llie iiiiliti'ry . 
 
 Tlie imilioseil iinpeachi 
 
 I .|ro|jiieil hy the goveriiiii 
 
 I ilie kiii.U. for limi'ieial re 
 
 vaiiiiis ; a new ininistry 
 
 to|ioiilo, I .March ; tin? li 
 
 lorliaiiielit, large retre: 
 
 ,i„<(Jiition of the clian 
 
 cliaiiiher elected ; ina^joi 
 
 May; he forms a new mi 
 
 I llis|iiite respecting Greek si 
 
 «') ■ . 
 Disiaite with Hoiiiiuinia rei 
 purt Greek iiistitntions, I 
 ami liis brother, resiileii 
 Rauiiiaiiia; inetl'ectnal 11 
 riiiitiire, about 
 
 I (Ilif Rouiiiaiiian courts ad.i 
 heirs, 16 March, 1893. L 
 iifiwl, July, 1896. 1 
 
 I I^irliaiiieiit opeiieil, 10 No' 
 iii,|jroveil liiiaiicial jiros 
 rfiwit by major Fitzgeral 
 
 I Vi^il uftlie princess of Wabv 
 
 lifriiaiigliters 
 I Dr. C. Walilsteiii eondnct 
 
 Heneiiiii or temple of He 
 
 Myi'eiiie . . . . 
 I Fiiliiii'ef attempts to procii 
 
 re>i},'iis, 10 -May ; new mil 
 
 liOlllOS , . . . 
 
 IfuQveiitioii for a loan of 4,* 
 from Messrs, Hambro, of i 
 
 I £ splosion of iwwiler and d 
 
 Scaraiiiaiiga, near .Salamis 
 
 iThel'-riiitbeaiiiil ope 1 (st 
 
 llliefliaiiilHT opened hy the 
 fur a loan Iroiii London 1 
 
 |Be!i(<iiatioii of ,M, .SotiroiK)ii 
 
 Irii'oii|ii 
 Itirfat linaiicial emliarrassmei 
 Hi amiiilliii); the f'linding 
 re liictioii of interest on for 
 
 llfurtlierpail,jiistmeiit oft 
 [ liy tlie kiiitJ. reported . 
 
 iilr.diirtieii of hiiilget ; .sang 
 fflie itiissiaii flepl in the Pinei 
 
 ihe itijvfriiiiieiit linaiicial in 
 
 • imicli iliscussion, 20 .Marcl 
 I fogiieil . . . . 
 Tfstnictiie eartliipiakes at 
 I Liva.lia, Atalanti, Chalcis, 
 I fWit sliijcks at Athens ; ; 
 l» .April-7 May; ro.val di 
 I fflifie the siiffi'ivrs, 29 Api 
 
 iiveji iiy Russian and liritis 
 l//oi'« /iinif) 
 
 J military comiiiission »ppoi 
 I iilla.»s ic, May ; 400 deaf 
 
 kotiatioiis between tin 
 
 M.,i..n..,l.i„-.. 
 
 ^!!l.-.l 
 
 go\- 
 
 J Trieoiipi'8 proiiosuls accei 
 loiily 
 
 iorea>eonirigaiiiliige;'a jiid^ 
 ■ ibaiiilofbripiinlsexterminai 
 lllieiiiilitary, near Lamia, rej 
 
GREECE. 
 
 513 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 Ldjiifroin C. J. Haiiibro it Si) 
 
 By an av.iliiiiclie iieiir Trikkalii, 25 iicisoiih nni 
 
 'killeil ,• • . • • „ ■ • . 29 Jan. 
 >,ieiitietli anniversary of t.nvk liiiliipciiiTcnoH 
 
 ^.elebi-itc>l •,,•,• • . .6 April! 
 
 Iifjtli of the Braiu|iliic.lii'.s.s Paul (w ahnv,; ,889)! 
 
 .. „ 25 Hi'pt. 
 
 Uoiiiinit'*"'" exonerates M. Tncoiii)i fmni charKes 
 
 against iiini, about. .... 27 Jjeo 
 jlr.E^erton, apiiointeil Hrilish minister at Alliens' 
 ' in s'.iccession to the luin. sir Kilniiiiicl ,1. Monsoii,' 
 
 »li""' ,•,',..•, • . , • ■ ■ ■" .'im.' I 
 lf.iiiaticiil moll attaek ami destroy the nrw I'ro- 
 i„,aiit clmreli at the I'ineiis anil ill-use the 
 ministers and con|,'re«ati()ii ; the riots suppressed 
 
 In llie MiilitJiry .4 Kel> 
 
 llie' iCTiiosed inipeacliinent of M. Trlooiipi 
 Jropiied by the (jovernnient . , . ^2 Feb. 
 Tlie i<i"i!. fiT hnancial reasons, dismisses ,M. Del- 
 \aiiiiis; a new mini.stry formed by .M. Constan- 
 toiwiilo, 1 .March; the kiiiK is su]j|)orted by the 
 larliamciit, larj^e retrenehnienls to be made, 
 
 ,...., 5 March, 
 
 .foiiliition of the chamber, 25 March ; new 
 
 clumber elected; nia.jority for .M. Tricoiipi ,c 
 
 Ma.v; lie forms a new mini.stry . 22 June 
 
 [ lliiiiiitere.siiecting (ireek .schocd's in Bnl^'aria(»■A|•|■/^ 
 
 «').,,■ ... • • I Dct. it mi. , 
 
 llii|iiite with Komiiania resiiectin); a legacy to siiii. 
 
 purt On'ek institutions, from Oinstantin"H Zapixi 
 
 ,ii,| his brother, residents, declared illegal by 
 
 BuiiMiaiiia; iiiell'ectnal nejjotiations ; diplomatic 
 
 ri.liliii-e, about . . , . . ,, oct. , 
 
 lllif Ruiiiiiunum courts .ad.)tidKe the pr.ipertv to the 
 
 hfirs, 16 .March, 189J. Diplomatic relations re- 
 
 ll'ivnl. iJul.V, 1896.1 
 
 I ParliaiiiPiit opi'iieil, 10 N'nv. ; biiilj;et intr .'...■,. ; 
 iii;|ir'jved lliiancial pms-iiects, jo Ni. 
 rriwil by iirnjor Kitztjerald I,aw, a Urit ■ 
 
 1890 
 1891 
 
 ■Ueetinj; of the chamber . o v... 
 
 !'al'ledl^'ni";""" '" '"■"P""'"' '^''•■'t'O" ; '"i'it-'. ; 
 
 <.illed out to suppress riotinj! . . 17 Jan 
 Resi«na ion of (be ministry (owiuK to the now n 
 
 prince's interference to .stop,-. conHie belwee 
 
 the military and the people on 20 Jan.) 2 "in 
 New ministry formed by M. Nikolaos Delyanni 
 
 : Elections ; Kovprnment nmiority ''* 
 
 , A pension awarded to M. Triconpi 
 , A aip. ea|)tiire of brigands at 
 Isiikii 
 M. Zainiis electc'd pVesid'ent 'of 
 ministry resimis ; a cabinet forn,, 
 dore Delyanni 
 fireat distress ; 
 
 1B94 
 
 I 
 
 29 Ajiril, 
 May, 
 
 Krav.asara and 
 
 4, 21 ./line, 
 
 the chamber; 
 
 M by Jl. Theo. 
 
 opposition to the curr.'int t.a'x, ' 
 
 l!ud«et passed and parliament prorogued i'au^'.' 
 Statue ot lord liynm, the poet, with the imsuip; 
 1 Ityron," at Athens, unveiled by 
 ,: ,• , . . .2 Marili, i 
 the chamber, 28 hours' deluite 
 
 "'■\i™l "f tl»'Ol.vnipicKames(»-AtcA .„.ef tA^ 
 
 l>7,'tli ot M. Cbarilaos Triconpi (born ,8,2)' . 
 
 (-Klines, ,, April; funeral at Athens tlu ki,, 
 
 1; ro,v,al famdy and about 5o,.xi persons 
 
 tioii, "Hellas to Itvron,' 
 the kins; 
 Hud),'et [jassed In 
 
 S96 
 
 / , . • • 23 April 
 
 - (9,o<5o) arrive at the Piraiiis, 2 Aii«. 
 
 6 Dec. 
 
 IVisiloftlieprince.ssof Wales, the diikeol ;,,;(, ,,|„| 
 lifriiaiigliters . . . 10 April allay, 
 
 |Dr, C. Walilstein conducts explorations at the 
 HerMiiior temple of Hera, between .•\rKos ami 
 
 , M.vmiw April, 
 
 I Fiiliiipof attempts to procure a loan ; the miuistry 
 rf>i8»s, 10 .May; new ministry iimler M. .Siitirii- 
 Ifliilos ■ ■ ■ ■ . ' . . .4 Mav, 
 
 I fuim'iitioii for a loan of 4,(xw,ooo/. at 5 per ceii't. 
 from Messrs. Hainbro, of Luiiilun, itc, .s'luneil, 
 
 I « > i '* ''ni e 
 
 Itsifeion of is)W(ler and clynamite magazines :d 
 I Saraiiiaiiga, near ."Salaniis ; 16 deaths . itiJiine 
 IlleOTiiitli canal cijiened (.see (•iiiiiih. 1882 r/»'./.)' 
 
 ■ '' .\ii«. 
 
 iTliecliaiiilH'i- opened by the kin;,'; the convention 
 for a loae from l.omlun reported iinsiiccessful, 
 
 8 Nov.' 
 |B«i|(iiatioii ot .M. SotiroiMHilos; siicceedeil by M 
 
 I l™»"l" . • , II \,n.' 
 
 ■Great linancial embarrassment . . . . \,iv. 
 IBiU aiiiiilliiiK' the funding loan and aiithoiizini; ' 
 ' re hictioii of interest on foreign loans, jiassed 
 
 pill fur tlierpad.instment of the (ireek debt si.rnc'/l ' 
 _li.vtliPkii«. re|»iited. . . . 24 7 lee 
 
 Iiilt.Hliictiuii ol biidget ; sanguine promises j Jan 
 TlieKiMan Heel ill the I'ira-us ; left . .^Jan' 
 me pftprmneiit linancial measures passed alter 
 irnieli .iisciission, 20 March; the chamber pro- 
 
 L?'".' • , • , ■ • ■ • ■ April, 
 
 >>tnictne earthquakes at Thebes (i,-hi,li ■<,,) 
 
 Livaili.1, Atalaiili, t'halcis, and iiiaiiv villages' 
 
 sliXlit sliocka at Alliens; 207 death.s reporteil' 
 
 » .\pril-7 Ma.v ; royal ib'cree for a grant to 
 
 I relieve tlie sufferers, 20 April ; nnndi assistance 
 
 liritish.. ■ ■ 
 
 1 89.1 
 
 1894 
 
 Cretan refuge,.;. ^„„,„, ,., 
 
 '';''"'■ " '"'K at Athens expressing gratitude to 
 
 the powers for their intervention in Crete 5 8e, t 
 .5 brigands and others ex-iMited at Athens, ] Me ' 
 1 he chamber ojiened ' ^"' • 
 
 The king issues a re.sei'ipt 'fur the iilerease ami 
 maintenance of the arniv ; reported 
 8e« hiuiKlnlioHK, aj Dec. 1S96 
 The queen lays the loundation slom 
 
 hns elry tor.stmleiitsat.\thens . . ,. ,p,u 
 Hotilla nii.ler prince George, .sanctioned by parli'i'. 
 
 10 Feb. 
 b. 
 us, 
 
 . Collective identical note from the powers re?eh'i'.!i 
 I bv the government, see Crrlr 21 Feb 2 iH'ircb 
 , Col. ."Smolenitz, w ,r niinister, .i.signs' ^■'''''' 
 by col. Metaxas . . 
 
 Concentration of troojis in 'Thes.saly ' 
 
 All night sitting of the cabinet 
 
 Oreek army esliiiiat«; 
 ' -March ; mobilized 
 
 ' ^at S^a"'""" ''"'"''''" "'"' ^''"■' •■''" ^'""'''''"■i 
 (Turki-;!, triiiy u'nder' Edliem pasha esti'na't.T'at 
 
 150, oo) men). 
 The i,ower.s iledare that the aggressor on the Greek 
 
 s'ld, .;',■; i"'i '■""' '"';'"""i''t-*liall beheldrespon 
 
 sible and derive no benelit . . c Aiiril 
 
 Indep,.ndei,ce day celebrated at Athens ami by the 
 
 army at I.arissa . , 5 / :, 
 
 The porte protests to tlie powers against U reek 
 
 aggression . . Vi ,'■ 1 
 
 Memorial of 100 liberal British" M. P. '.s express im 
 
 sympathy with Greece . . ' A^niJ 
 
 Wardeclare.1 by Turkey, with immudiato action 
 
 17 -Vpnl ; .see Creni-Tiii-lUh war. 
 Great exeitenic.iit ami disorder at Alliens, 27 April 
 lheD,.|yaiininiiiiistrvdi.sniissed . ' ? ■'! "'• 
 -M. Halli forms a cabinet; chiefly fo 
 
 liiti! .M. Triconpi, .M. .Skouloiidi' fore 
 
 for 
 
 nient, .sails for Crete . 
 Tliegovernnienl.ii.pealstotliepo'wers' . ,, Fe 
 Departure ol trooj.s for Crete fmni the Pira^.n 
 
 succeeded 
 3 March, 
 . 7 March, 
 7. 8. Marcli, 
 ^8o,o<x), Willi reserves), 10 
 15 Mand 
 
 897 
 
 ISiveji liy Ru».siaii and liritish ships (see jU„„, 
 I &;<(/»».() ...... M„v 
 
 1 nulilary commission appointed to reconstriiid' 
 I ullage.*, ic, -May ; 400 deaths reiiorted up t„ 
 
 ffi'.'up .'"■'"''''" ""' ^'overni il and foreign 
 
 Untoupi'g propo.suls accepted iiy the Fren'cil 
 J^P^ »' lirilJai^lW ; '« jinltte and of'tlcer''ki'ile,l '■ 
 |tiie military, near Lamia, reinirted . 20 Sept 
 
 23 April, 
 
 owers of I he 
 
 ■eigii minister, 
 
 Gnjat distress, destitution, and mortali?;. Simllist 
 
 e refugees throughout Greece ; much reliid' 
 
 athnled bysirKdwinandla.lyEgerloi 
 and other- ^ 
 
 n,Mr. Xoel, 
 
 ^''n?tv^';J;"';' i" ')'*■ '"^'l:'""' "f't"'''' '^^^'Hndem: 
 ibnr ,1 ' il' ^''•''' ^"".''' «iv«s his .jewelled 
 mitie ,incl 150/., many others subscribe; an- 
 nounced . '. 
 
 I'«|ee ,ieg,,tii^ioiis : dimcuUies ; ' lord' SalUbur^s 
 pioposals, Aug. ; accepted . . h s,,;,, 
 
 l™ee preliminaries signed .at Cnnstiinti,,,,,,!,,/,; 
 ftept ; pre.sente.1 to the government . 27 Sen 
 
 \ote (it conlldei.ce in tlr ' ' 
 
 ^ient. ; luinistrv r 
 
 17 Sept. 
 e government ri'jecti^d, 30 
 «,-,i , ,■,, ,■ ,■"■"•''• '"''•■: -^I Zainiis, pre- 
 ^wu'T '".•':'"' '■''■""'"•'■. <'"niis a cabinet 3 Oct 
 .^11 hdgar \ I Ill arrives, with nnincial proposals ; 
 
 7 (let. 
 L I, 
 
 Athens 
 
 'V' 
 ifl 
 
 
 
 
 *'t 
 P 
 
 t 
 
 III 
 
 
 1^ 
 
I 'j 
 
 H^^ 
 
 \nh M.iM, 
 
 GKEEK ARCHITECTURE. 514 
 
 (.'liaiuliiM- DpniMl, II Nov. ; M. Hoiiui olwt(!(l im'- i 
 
 sitloiit i6Nmv. 1897 , 
 
 (liwit ilistivssun(lilcslitnti()iiiiiiioiiK'it,lli<''i'iiit;''i''' 
 
 ill Kiiliiia lyid lilsmvlirru ; iiuu-lirclii^f sent I'miii j 
 
 EiiKliiiiil ; ii'|]i,;twl X"^-, .. 1 
 
 Coiiiiiiitti'i^ a|]|>(iin;i'il to iTivrstiniilr llir cuiiiliict iit ; 
 
 uHlc'cTs (luriiit! till' war, anil llii! oiiKiii of Ilii' | 
 
 war, 114 Nov. ; i>fllci-rs Mispciiilwl . ''''i'. ., 
 
 Tivalv of iii'Jirr .siKiii'il ■•■ ConstiiiiliTiople, 4 Di'i'. ; . 
 
 passfil liv tlioOrcek l' iiibor, 17 Ubk- ; "itiliiil, 
 
 19 Dec. ,, I 
 
 Urafl 1)1' till.' law ri^spi^ctinn Um iiiiloniiiity loati, 
 rj,85u,n(«V., .ill., siiiiiril l),v till' I'oriii),'!! iiiiiiisli'r 
 anil thi^ ili;li'';atiw ol' llii< i powers, KuHlaml, 
 KiaiK'i', anil llussia, 12 Jan. ; ni'.t;i)liations cluseil 
 satislai'toiily, ^4 l-'i'li. : l)ill passcil 2 April ; ttiml 
 pavmi'iit 111 till' wai' iiiili'iniiity . . loJiily, ifc/ 
 
 Hifai'il bin-.Turkisii niiuistcr, ifcoived by tin; kiii).', 
 
 3 Ki'li. ,, 
 
 Iti'atlis IVoinexposiM'i',(t('., of atioiit-2o,oo<j peasants 
 ill Tlii'ssalv ilaiinn till! last 6 iiioiitlis . 3 Ki'b. ,, 
 
 KiiiK (ii'DiKi' liTi'il at by -^ n wliili; ilrivint; iieai- 
 
 .Mhi'iiswitliliis ilaiijiliti'i'. princess Jlaiie, 2(1 Keb. ., 
 
 Kanlit/i, aucil js- irieinbei' ol an anli-'lyiiastic 
 soi'ielv, lonnei'lv a soldier, ive himself up, an<l 
 eiinri'i'ised his nuilt, 28 Ke... •. .lohii Kynakos, 
 aeuoiiiplii'e(22),ain'Sted, i .March ; botliexeciitid, 
 
 y-May, ,, 
 
 Iiiteriiational control (lliiaiices) bill, jias.sed, 7 
 March ; royal assent . . . -9 March, ,, 
 
 ;' inline and 'di.^ease anion},' the Cretan refii;;ees in 
 the I'inens; Mianv di'Jitbs reported . 11 March, ,, 
 
 Withilrawal iil Turkish troops Ironi Thessuly, 
 
 't 14 May— 6 .hiiie, ,, 
 
 InteriiatioTial tinancc coniniission, Mr. Law, cliaii- 
 man, meets 15 -May, ,, 
 
 KINliS OK OKKKfi:. 
 
 183^ Otlio I,, prince of ISavaiia; horn, i .Tunc, 1815 : 
 eleitcd kiiiK. 7 -Mav, 1832 ; lualer a reneney till 
 I .liine, 18)5; nianied, 22 Nov. 1836, to Maria 
 I-'redciica, daiit;liter of the graiid-dnkc of Oldcn- 
 liiirj;; ilcpiiscil, -23 Oct. 18O:; ; died in Bavaria, 26 
 Jiilv, 1867. , , , . 
 
 1S63. li Kc i, (son of t'liristian IX. of Denmiirk), king 
 
 of the Hellenes ; horn 24 Hce. 1845 ; made kinn 5 
 ,luiie, lakes the oath ji llcl. 1863 : di .laicd of age, 
 27 Jnne, iHdt; married grand-duchess Olga of 
 Uiissia, 27 Oct. 1867. 
 liar: CiiiiKlant'.nc.diike ofSparta. lioi'ii 2 Aug. 1868 , 
 
 niarncdto the princess Kopli f I'nissia, 27 Oct , 1889. 
 
 Is'iiir, (icorge, born 19 July, i8yo; Alexander, 1 
 Aug. 1^91 
 
 GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 Close of the seliooi of Atlien.s : extinction of tht 
 
 I'latonic theology 
 
 The Jacobite sect established in Syria by Jncobus '' 
 
 ikiradwns ' . 
 
 The struggliMvitli the MahoiMetans begins ' ]'' 
 
 The Mai'onite sect begins to prevail . j,|„||,( ^'* 
 The raiilicians severely persecuted . . ?'■ 
 
 Iconoclastic controvci'sy begins , ,|)',||| '■''' 
 
 I'lijie (iregoi'y II. excommuiiieates tlieeinpi.ii,, i,,,,, '' 
 which leads to the sepaiatimi of the Eiitcrn 
 ((ireek) and Westei'ii (Human) ehurclics 
 Image worship conilenined ' ' '■) 
 
 ('ieorj. 
 
 Kiiiindation of tin' chuicli in Russia : 
 princess (Iga, 055 : of Vlailinpr 
 
 "I'vei'siiinut 
 
 r.i 
 
 biiiii ..( .lime, 1869; Nicolas, born 21 .Ian. 
 ,372; 'Sbirie-Maileleini'. born i March, 1S76; Andie, 
 lioiM I l-'eb. let-': l'hiislo|ilie, ihirn ...Aug. igE6. 
 
 GREEK ARCHITECTURE, see Architec- 
 
 tlllC. 
 
 GREEK CHURCH, or Kasteni diur.'h, 
 i.-t^ililislieil in Russia ami Orecce, ditow ns tlin 
 >iipi'cniaey of tlic liuiic, and is strongly opiiosed to 
 many of till' doctrines and piaeliccs of the Koniini 
 .luircli. Tlie Urcek orthodox confossion of taUh 
 appeared in 1(143; '*'"'' i''«'/'c'>' ';/'/'<' C/iiircli. Tliis 
 . lnircii, in l.Syt), had 27') digiiimries, under the 
 iiatriai-eli of Constantinople; 136 bislioiis, (i() in 
 Itiissia, 24 in (jreecc, 15 in .Icrusiih'in. II in 
 Austria, \-e. Kussinn elihrch. l8<)5; Ol bishops, 
 including (Metropolitans, St. I'etershnrg, Moscow, 
 .mil Kiell), 1 5 an lihishops, 3X viearaiul S nionustery 
 tii.-hops. 
 i.ateelietieal si linol .it All xaiehia (Oiigeii, Clemens, 
 
 \c.) 180-254 
 
 liis.- of miiiiiii li"-ni about 
 
 l-'.Miiiibitinn of llie chiirilies of Armenia, about 300 ; 
 
 of tiei'igia or Iberia 
 
 First 1 nil of Nice (see ri./iiii .'.■,), 
 
 Hivalry lietwcen Home and Coiistantiiniple begins 
 
 about 
 LIphilas preaeh.-H ti.theOi.ths about 
 
 Ni'stoiius eondemiieil .it the council of Kpliesus 
 .Miaiophvsite I ontroversy ; eli'irehes of Kgypt. 
 ^lyria, and Armenia, separate fioiii the church of 
 Constantinople 
 
 300 
 
 3'S 
 J-'S 
 
 340 
 
 37ft 
 
 43' 
 
 461 
 
 The .Mariinitcs Join the Uoiiian eliurch ' r; 
 
 He-iiiiion iif Kastern and Western cliimla-s at tlir 
 inimeil of Lyons, 1274 ; again sepai';iti d . 
 
 I'io|iosi'il union with the Church iif Kii-liihil ,j!' 
 
 The patriarchate of Moscow establislinl. ijijj ; ^mi, "'' 
 pressed in .'..,,• 
 
 iSuccessful drainage of lake 'I'opi'liUf (llie iinciriii '' 
 (^I'phissis and (.'opais), much land I'l'i-tiiiiiii'il m,,! 
 ilisease prevented .... iSSiWse, 
 
 The arclrmandrite Niliis, repiesentiiig Ciiiistiiiiti. 
 niiple .iiiil 4 patriarchates, visits l.ninlun ,,|| \„., 
 half ol 1 lie llreek cli'i'gy ill tin, Diiiuiliiiin piiiiij. 
 palities ' ,p,. 
 
 Tlie pope's invitation 1,1 an ieciinieiiii:il imh,,.,] 5 ■ 
 Pic. 1861J, tirmly declined by the piitri.inli 'of 
 Ciinstantiniiiile about jd,.! ,[;; 
 
 Litter from the patriarch Gregory to tliearihliiijliiii'i "' 
 of Canterbury acknowledging receipt of Kndisli 
 
 )irayi'i-book, and objecting to ., nf ..' 
 
 Articles," datcilsOit ,;,, 
 
 Creek church at Liverpool consecrated by .m anli. ' 
 bishop ; ,6,|an ,j., 
 
 A new church of H. Hophia coiisecrated bvtliianli. '' 
 bishop of Corfu . . . . : jPti^ ijj 
 Political rebirms in Turkey allect )irivii,.;;,.s i,f tin, 
 Creek church; see Tuil.rii, 1883; new pntriaivli 
 ■ Iciacliini IV. (archbishop of Denos) imt eli.t,.,! 
 till 13 Oct.; ratilled by the I'ortu iS Oct. 1884; 
 
 resigns x,,,.' ,,-55 
 
 Diiinysius, bishop of Adrianople, elected piiliiiirpli 
 
 4 Kfli, cj- 
 
 He resigns through ilisaii|iroval of tlieMpiiijiiiiimnt "' 
 of Hidgarian bishops in Jlaeedoiiia hy Hi,. 
 Turkish government, about 5 Aug. ; after' fmii. 
 less negotiations, the (Keumeiiiciii .syn,,,! i,|.r|,.|< 
 the closure of all the orlhodox cl.un.n, , ;!i 
 T'lrkey, 15 Oct. ; the sultan renl'W.^ luid dt'lih.s 
 
 toi r rights ami privileges giiinle.l to tin. 
 
 church, about 23 (Jet. ; this not aeeeplwl In- 
 the synod, 27 Oct.; churches geiieriilly mil. 
 •Jn'lecf closed .' y.n, .f^ 
 
 Dl■l■i.^i'lll of the Turkish govcriiiiiciu ivspiiiiiij ' 
 \.'irinns ilis|iut.'d points, issued _• Ilie. iff,r,' 
 till' disputes enileii ; the |patriaieli iviiiiiins, tin' 
 fliiiiches re opened .... 6Jai]. ija 
 
 Neopliytos, archbishop ot .N'iknpcili.i, ilecticl |)a. 
 iriaich in snccessnjn to l)iniiy<ms V. s .N'uv. 
 
 See article /'"/'. . iSii4. 
 
 Dissensions between the (Lcimicaicid patrianli 
 .'iii.l the holy synod . .liin.- Ki'li. ih; 
 
 Mgr. Coiislanlini' V. elected (Kciiiiieiiical piitriarili. 
 head ot the clinrch, about . . .isA|irii. 
 
 GREEK EMPIRE, see l-,i.-Un, Emp,,-,. 
 
 GREEK FIRE, a coinbuslihle compositM 
 (now unknown, hut thought to have liceii frimj. 
 I nally naphtha), thrown rrom engines, siiiil to have 
 been invented by Callinicus, an cngiiu'cr of HA. 
 noli>t, in Syria, in the 7th century, to ileslrov li* 
 Sai'aeens' ships, wliich was ctl'ected by tlicgonen! 
 oftl.c Meet of Constantine P"g"iialu'>, and iO.M 
 men were killed. .\ so-called "(ireck tiro,' pr(K I 
 hahly a solution of phosphorus in lii-sulphiile i| 
 .carhoii, was employed at the siege iif Ckvli'itoii, 
 U.S., in Sept. I SO.}. 
 
 GREEK TiAXGUAtJE. The stmlyrarc 
 vivt^d in western Europe about 1450; i'l i'mti, j 
 1473; William Grocyn, or tlrokeyii, an En»li(li 
 professor of this language, intrmluced it atd.xfori 
 about 1491, where he liiught Erasmus, wlin lumscil 
 
luslililc (.■ompositk 
 
 liiive been priiiii- 
 'ii^'iiios, siiidtohjte 
 
 1 I'li^'inccr of Helit. 
 tiny, to (Joslroytkf 
 L'tcd liy tlio joneral 
 j,'nii;itii>, mill !0,(«) ] 
 
 "Greek tire,' pro- 
 is in lii-sulpiiiilfil I 
 siege (if CiiarleitcB, 
 
 The stiiilyii'Mn- I 
 lit 1450; in FniBtf, 
 nikeyii, lui Ensikk I 
 ■iidiueil it at Hsfori. 
 nisiiuis, who 111111*11 
 
 greenbacp:h. 
 
 616 
 
 laught it at Cambridge in Ijio. Wood's A then. 
 toll. Eiiijliind has produced many eniiiient Greek 
 <;lioliirs, of «hoFU miiy be mentioned Hielmrd Hent- 
 ,V, (lie I 1:42 ; professor Kicbard I'orson, died 1808 ■ 
 i);. Sumuel Purr, died 1825 ; and l)r. Charles 
 
 GREENWICH. 
 
 Soeiety for jiromoting Helle- 
 
 l)r. Suiii.-- -.- 
 
 llOTC)-,<l"-'; '»'/■ , —--J .-. t 
 
 iJcStuiiies,' formed »6 June, 1879. Modern Greek 
 
 iiterature is now cultivated. See Arislotvlitdi and 
 
 EirjpUnii Exploratioji. 
 
 lioinerltoiirislieil. . . . about b.c 962-927 
 
 llfsiixl iiboiit 850 
 
 , • 572 
 . about 559 
 
 •, • 525-456 
 . uliout 443 
 
 ■, ■ • 52=-439 
 
 lIUO'.ll H.C. 
 
 .6iip 
 
 Anarreou . 
 
 .Esdiyliis 
 
 Herodotua 
 
 I'iniUr . . • • 
 
 liacfhylides . 
 
 .Uistoplmiies . 
 
 aripiiliji 
 
 Mi|Jio.'les . 
 
 rii'iiyiliiies . 
 
 fcni'iJiuii . 
 
 Plato . . . . 
 
 liot'mti'S . 
 
 Arislotlc 
 
 lirtiiosllieiies . 
 
 \|uiiaiiiliT ■ 
 
 .faliiiiM ■ 
 
 riieiiiiitim . 
 
 Eliiiunu . 
 
 Tlittipliraiitiia 
 
 Ariliiniwles 
 
 i'lilylmis 
 
 IHikIoI'IIS . 
 
 Mralxi . . ■ • 
 I liiiiiiysius Halieiuiiiissus 
 
 Riitariili 
 
 tliiftrtiis . 
 
 AHiiaii .... 
 
 Arii.111 
 
 Aihenwiis 
 
 I Lillian • 
 
 , Hfrwlian 
 
 I Luiii-iiius . 
 
 iliaii, tmiieidr 
 
 in 1821 ; and captain Uraah, by orderof thekine of 
 
 mlSi""!' Zi^"^-^''- I>"l^'ti"" in 1878, about 
 'U08. in 1888 10,221. Xordenskiold and others 
 ■idMinied into the interior, and found nothing but 
 mountainous ice and snow, July-Sept. 188^ 
 l)r Kridtjiif Nanseii, Jlr. Hvenlnii., and •wi, „tliur 
 
 Ul'eenlulul'?,.'""'^;'*'^' V.tl'''" '*■'■"""« '*"">'' "'""« "'"'^•'l 
 , ««/ :^'^ '"^\- »"'i'' «■■'■"» l'ardsl,i,,.s, ,7July 
 
 (t .w,,. ,888, and arrived at C;(,|,enhai;en, 21 Jlav 1880 
 Inipoitant results to be nublislied. ' ^' ■*' 
 
 ni,eUn.''",rf"r,?'''';';" ''r,J"""i«.V"cros.s Oreenmnd at a 
 niiiliiij' ol tlie Hoyal (Jeot,'mpbicul .society, 24 June, 
 
 aliiiut 
 abdut 
 
 • uliniit 
 alioiit 
 
 . aliout 
 about 
 
 . .'iliotit 
 alioiit 
 
 470 
 427 
 480-406 
 495-405 
 470-404 
 443-359 
 429-347 
 43-^-338 
 384-:i22 
 
 382-322 
 
 3^' 
 389-314 
 
 272 
 342-970 
 
 287 
 287-212 
 207-122 
 
 13 
 
 IQ 
 
 30 
 96 
 
 '47 
 148 
 
 about 120-200 
 about 204 
 dies ./3 
 
 ;3i-36"3 
 
 (See Fiithers, and I'lulosophi).) 
 
 GREENBACKS, a name given, from the 
 
 . iftJoiiiinuting- colour of the ink, to notes, for a 
 
 LoUiir iinJ upwards, first issued by t!ic tTniJc'd 
 
 States govcniineiit, in 1862. Notes ifor lower sums 
 
 ,i'ven 3 cents) were termed " fraetioiial eurreiicy." 
 
 I F.irCi'ftHidi/.ces see United Statin, 1878. 
 
 , GREEN-BAG INQUIRY took its name 
 I iroin a Gmii Jiag, full of documents of allejfed 
 I ...liitions, laid before parliament by lord Sidmouth, 
 J ; Feb. 181 7. Secret committees presented their 
 l;-ports, 10 Feb. ; and bills were brought in on the 
 j ;iit to suspend the Habeas Corpus act, and prohibit 
 I riiiitious meetings then fi'e-;uent. 
 
 , GREEN CLOTH, Board of, in the depart- 
 
 linentof the lord-steward of the household, included 
 
 ^:.iian.;ientcourt(abolished in i84()), with jurisdiction 
 
 uf all ortences committed in the verge of the court. 
 
 GREENLAND, an extensive Danish colony 
 linNorth America, discovered by Icelanders, under 
 line Kaude, about 080, and named from its verdure 
 Itwasviatea by Frobisher in K76, and bv John 
 imvis, I3S5. The first shin from England to Green- ' 
 Iknd was sent for the whule-lishery bv the .Muscovy 
 hiupaiiy, 2 James I. 1604. I" ii voyage jierformea 
 lia 1630, eight men were lert behind by accident, 
 IwhoMillercd mcredible hardships till the followinK 
 ■wr when the company's shins Wought them home 
 I™;. ,^'''\'"-"""'«»'i Fislungcompanv was lu- 
 lorporatcdiii l(i93.-HansEgede, a Danish mission - 
 Iflry, toundeda new colony, called Godhaali, or Good 
 |lope,iii 1720-3 ; and other missionary stations have 
 DwnsmceestabliBhed. Scoresby surveyed Greenhmd 
 
 ^V^^^ '"'"'"'''*' "'' «'■"■"'»">' »■"■■' I'Ublislicd ill Dec. 
 Lieut I'eary repo.t.s at Pliihidelpliia tlii^ lesiilbi of bis 
 
 GREENOCK (W. Scotland). Charters were 
 granted in 1635 to John Shaw, and 1670 to his 
 son sir John, o{ the barony of Greenock. It v/as u 
 hshiiig station till ifx)7, when the Scottish Indian 
 ;,, ♦! i'-"?. '"""P"ny 'esolved to erect salt-work* 
 Wo?"'"''.""'' "'"« •'■■««' th« attention of sir 
 Jotin bhaw, Its sup..rior, to its maritime advan- 
 tages. It was made a burgh of barony in i-c- 
 aml a parliamentary burgh in 1832. Tlie erectrow 
 of he new quay was entrusted, about 1 773, to James 
 Watt, who was bom here in 1736. Tllellast India 
 harbour was bu.lt 1805- !'», and Victoria harbour 
 IK40-sp. James Watt decks opened by provost 
 Shanfeliuid, 5 Aug. ,886. End' of strike of iron 
 shipbuilders (8 weeks), 24 .\ug. ,8i,r. Til.. Globe 
 
 (),'f'isnr^"7 1"'."'' '''"'"''?-"• »h""t -^1,000/., 14 
 Uct. 1896. ropulation, 1891, (13,498. 
 
 GREEN PARK (near Itui^tingham palace, 
 London) fonns a part of the ground enclosed bv 
 
 .,nT'S 1 • '." '^^Ov"'"' '■" ""**«d t'> St. James's 
 and Hyde-parks liv the road named Constitution- 
 lull. Over the anh at the entrance, the Wellington 
 statue was placed m ,846. On the north side was 
 a reservou- of the Chelsea water-works, tilled up in 
 
 GREENWICH (Kent), ancientlv G.enawic, 
 an ancient inanor near which the Danes murdereu 
 the archbuhop l-:jp|,ege, 1012. The HospM 
 stan.,3 on the site of a roy.il residence ere.aed in the 
 reign of Edward I. and mii-h enlarged bv his .'hic- 
 eessors. Here were born Hem y VI ! I., his daugh- 
 n.rs Mary arid E .*ibeth. and here his son Edward 
 VI died. Charles II. intended to build a new 
 palace here, Im erected one wing onlv. Greenwich 
 
 rsr;«;;'S;8:"''"'^- ^^^^^^^^-^^^^ 
 
 V'illiai.i III. and Jiary converted the palace .mo a 
 Hova bospital tor seamen, ,694, and added new 
 liiiildiiiKS. eieeted by Wren 
 
 loodi.salilcd seamen iidiiutt,.il 
 
 Tlieestotesof tlie attainted eair„r I'lerwentv ..ter 
 (lielieadecl 111 1716) b,.sti,weil iipiai it 
 
 A charter granted to the ec.niiiiissioners ' 6 lire' 
 
 Ilie e liapel, the great dinin-bab. luid a lai-e ,..„.tinu 
 "f be bluWliiKS appi„,,iiated to the pel si,.„ers 
 destnivcil bv lire . , ... 
 
 The chapel rcimilt . ' ' ' ' " "■ 
 
 Sixpence per month to be .■(inlribnt;,! bv'everv sea- 
 man ; the iiayineiit adva-iccU to one shilling,' from 
 
 The payment aliolisbeil in ,820. ami that of ''"th.' 
 
 iueri'liaut seamen's" aixpeiice'als 
 The hospiUil laid lodging i„r 27,0 seamen and a 
 
 revenue of al«mt i -,0,000/. per ,inniiiii 
 lureiui'ich Fair was discontinued A„rii ,«;" 
 
 Ihe office of the commissioners was aiiolisbe,r seJ 
 
 L L 2 
 
 '750 
 
 •7,35 
 "■'75 
 
 '77'J 
 1789 
 
 >797 
 '?34 
 ■853 
 
 
 I'M, 
 
 m- 
 
 '^'^k 
 
 
 i^<-i 
 
 I «' 
 
 
 .,> 1 • 't). , 1 1 
 
 'lAi •iff"' ' 
 
 ■ hi ' ■■'i 
 
 fjy 
 
 -lii? 
 
 " iff } tr !■ 
 
 jf m?n 
 
 
 
'KM 
 
 I -n- 
 
 n?' i 
 
 
 ■ t * I '' i a ^ ran 
 
 ''«*' 'EH 
 
 M" 
 
 •'f 
 
 »';• 'r*i? 
 
 u 
 
 I 
 
 GEEENWICH OBSERVATORY. fll6 
 
 GRESHAM COLLEGE. 
 
 1869 
 1870 
 T883 
 1873 
 1870 ' 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 1894 
 
 By an notof iiarlianicnt, ntioiit9.xiliiiloi>ri)Ciisif)iii'ra 
 received additions to tlioir |mmisIi)1i», (luitlt'il tlio 
 hospital, I Oct. 1865; licncc'fnrtli tolioUKi'd amm 
 inllrmary. All the remainiiiK imiiates, except 31 
 bedridden porsnns, liail left tlie place . i Oct. 
 
 The patients cif tlie Dr'adnovjlit aeunien's iKJ.Hpitiil 
 removed here 13 Apnl, 
 
 Acts for the application n.' the rcvcniicawere [laHScd 
 in 1869-1872; amended by act p.isHcil . 
 
 A part of the liuildingn appropriated for a naval col- 
 lege, opencil .' , ' f , '; 
 
 Gnenwicli Uoiidl llo^pitid f^cho',ls{ni\ the industrial 
 plan), opened under the aiHpices of Mr. Childe,rs, 
 
 Coiistnicticm of (jroat .steaiu-Hhip ferry ('in the 
 American .system) over the Thames, authorised 
 by the commons ; formally opened, 13 Feb. i3B8 ; 
 soon closed ; re-opened middle of 
 
 Stono monument in memory of almnt 20,000 otHcors 
 and men of the navy and marines, formerly in- 
 matfls of the hospital, interred in the oM burial 
 ground, 1749-1869; unveiled l.y earl Hpencer, 
 
 17 pen. 
 
 Bi-centonary of the liospitiil ; 1,000 Imys of the 
 
 hospital schools reviewed tiy the (pieon at 
 
 Windsor ,':!"*'' 
 
 Choleraic epidemic in the workhouso ; 8 deaths, 
 
 16 ( H't. ,, 
 Martial Bourdin, a Frenchman, killed by an ex- 
 plosive in his pocket throuKh fallniK, near the 
 Observatory, 15 Feti. ; funeral at Flnehley ; 
 aimrchists protected from the mob . 23 Feb, 
 Greenwich hospital act passed ■ .25 July. «=9o 
 
 GEEENWICH OBSERVATORY, built at 
 
 the solicitation of sir Jonas Moore and sir Clmsto- 
 pher Wren, by Charles II., on the summit of Flam- 
 steed-hill, ■") called from the lirat aatronomer-royul. 
 The building was founded, 10 Aug. 1675, and Flam- 
 steed commenced his residence, 10 July, 1676. In 
 1852, an electric telegraph signal ball in the Strand 
 was completed, and put in conne(3tion with Green- 
 wich observatory. Oroenwich iec:oinmendcd as the 
 iniversal ineridinn by the Geodetic Congress at 
 Rome, Oct. 1883, and at an international conferenee 
 at Washington, 13 Oct. 1884. Telegraphic com- 
 munication completed between Greenwich and 
 M'Gill college observatory, Montreal, l8i)0. 
 A now refMCtiuK telescope, 2^ in. in aperture and 
 28 n. lonj.', erected, and enlaruement o€ the new 
 physical otiservatory .... • 1893-94 
 air Henry Thompson oilers 5,000/. t/i provide a lar^o 
 photoeraphic t(descop(!, 26 in. i'. aperture and 
 a2i ft- focal leuKlh, March, 1394; the telescope, 
 or, rather, a combination ot telescopes, the 
 larKCst hitherto possessed, ere.led . April, 1B9/ 
 
 ASXnONOMKIlSKOVAL. 
 
 John Flams! eed 
 
 Edmund Halley 
 
 James liiadley 
 
 Nathaniel niiss 
 
 Nevil .MaskelyiiD 
 
 John I'onil 
 
 George Uiddell Airy (kill,. 1872) .... 
 (Underwhose siiperinteiidenee tlie apjiaratus was 
 vtreatlv increased and improved ; he cUed, 3 Jan. 1892.) 
 Win. ilenry Mahoiiey Cliristie (K.C.B. 1897) Aug. 1B81 
 
 GREGORIAN CALENDAR, see Caleiidar, 
 nniXAcw .SV-^/c— Gregorian Chant received its 
 name from pope Gregory I., who is said to have 
 improved the Ambrosiau chant, about Sip. ftee 
 Clirtxti/ii/. 
 
 Ormoriati MmleH, musical scales as set in order by pope 
 Gregory the Great about 590. On these the ritual 
 muaie of the western ehunlies is foumled. 
 
 GRENADA, a West India island, discovered 
 
 by ColuiuUos in I4fKS; s.ttlid by the rreiieh, 1650; 
 captured hv the Hritish, s April, 1702 ; re-taken by 
 
 167s 
 17"' 
 1742 
 1762 
 1765 
 1811 
 1835 
 
 GRENADE, an e.xplosivr missile, »o naiii,.| 
 {torn granada, Spanish, invented in 1.51^4, [^ j, ^ 
 small hollow globe, or ball, of iron, about Uti 
 inches in diameter, which is tilled with line \n\\;],.x 
 and set on fire by a fusee at a touelihole. 
 
 GRENADIERS. The Grenadier eorp« wan 
 company armed with a pouch of hanil-^rinnJes 
 established in France in 1(167 '■ and in Kuulaml in 
 1685. Brown. See Guartlx and Ariinj^ ix,j„, 
 
 GRENELLE, see Artesian Wells. 
 
 GRENOBLE (the Roman (Jrutian(i|)f,lis\ 
 S.E. Fr-nce. Here Napoleon was reeeiveil on hi, 
 return from Elba, 8 March, 1815, andhereheisjutj 
 ! three decrees. 
 
 i GRENVILLE ADMIMSTRATIOXs 
 The first succeeded the Hute adminiatralioii.K.Vpr,;, 
 
 I 1763; and resigned in July, I7(),v 
 
 I George Grenville (born 1712, died 1770), first i.r^l 4 f, 
 
 i tnasnry nnd duinccUm- cf Ih; rjrhniuer. 
 Earl Granville (sueeeeded by the duke nf HiMfMrl), !,.' 
 
 ' preaide'i'. 
 
 ' Duke of Marlborough, pr/eiy xml 
 
 ■ Earls of H-' fax and Maiidwieh, ser.relnrii-i r/ ,,(„(, 
 I Earl Oowt-. lunl r.h'iiniierbtin. 
 ! Earl of Egmmit, iiilmivtlln. 
 i Manpiisof Granby, onlniuiri-. 
 
 Lord IlollivUd (late Mr. Fox), jxri/iim.'i/c)-. 
 
 ■ Welboro Ellis, seorelnrii-iil irar. 
 
 Viscount Uarringt tmixurrr nfthr. nary. 
 
 Lord Hillsborough,. A r,--f hnl nflrnile. 
 
 Lord Henley (afteiwanis earl of Northiii^toii), h,rl4,' 
 
 cellor. 
 
 Duke of Rutland, Im-ds North, Trevor, Hyde, iv 
 
 Second Gbknvili.k auministiiatiox, foniinl aftn \'y 
 death of Mr ritl, on 23 Jan. 1806. Kmiii tleMhii,!, 
 of many of its members, their frieiid.i .s;iid it iiiiit,m.<i 
 " allthr tnlfiih, v:isil<im, <ii).l iiliililti of thr muntn: , 
 term applied M it diTisively by its oppduriin T!/ 
 death of Mr. Fox, 13 t^ept. 1806, \M to i-liiUiSM, :i:.l 
 eventually the ealiiuet resigiieil, 25 .Miiieli, 1S07;-- 
 
 Lord Grenville, first hnl "fllw trcnxiini. 
 
 Loi-d Henry Petty (afterwards maripilN 
 chancellor nfllie. e.n-he'iim: 
 
 Earl Fitzwilliaiu. IkhI jn'r.iiilnit. 
 
 Viscount Sidnioutli (late Mr. Adiliiigtiiii), jirfn;, 
 
 Charles lames Vti}i,fvn-i<jn itmrl'iry. 
 
 Earl Spencer, home seerrturn. 
 
 William Windham, coloniitl sirretmii. 
 
 Loixl Erskine, laril c/ieiic"""''. 
 
 Sir Charles Grey (afterwaiils viscount ll.nvirli aiil ■:, 
 Grey), admhultii. 
 
 Lord Minto, hoard ofoontnil. 
 
 Lord Auckland, board oftnuU: 
 
 Lord Moira, ?a<(.sfpr ijenavd of the ordunm. 
 
 U. 13. Sheridan, treostnrr 0/ the nonj. 
 
 Richard Fitziiatriek, &e. 
 
 Lord Ellenboi-ough ( t'ud rhirfjiistirr) liad a seat in lb 
 cabinet. 
 
 .if baiiM 
 
 1/ soil. 
 
 the Freneli, July, 1779; given un by them by treaty 
 of Versailles. 3 Sept. 1783. Population in 1891, 
 53,209. See Granada, New Grunae/a, imd fy ml- 
 ward laics. 
 
 GRESHAM COLLEGE (Lonaon), «&. 
 Miahed by sirTliomas Gresliam in 1571;. founiltn!: 
 the Koyal Exchange. He left a pnvtiuii uf liispro. 
 perty in trust to the city and the Mereers' compsn; 
 to endow this college for lectures in divinity, astr- 
 nomy, music, gcoinotry, civil law, nlnsif, ,1:, 
 rhetoric; he died 21 Nov. 1579. llie Ir im 
 commenced in Gresham'a house, near lii-oaJ--;,rt;, 
 June, 1^97 (where the founders of the UoyalSork? 
 first met in 1O4S). The buildings were iiuil.'Uiii« 
 i in 1768, and the Excise oftice erected on its* 
 I the propei-ty having been acquired by the ■ -"i 
 for an annuity of 5(X)/. The lectures wer ...i 
 ! read in a room over the Royal Exchaiigi' fur msi; 
 ve.jrs. On the rebuilding of tlu^ exohani'e. it 
 Gre.shiim committee erected the present buihlinf 11 
 Basinghall-stiTet, which was deM^;ned bvG. Sniitl, 
 and opened for lectures, 2 Nov. 1H43. It costaUi- 
 7000/. In 1871 the college acquired a valuaWfoc- 
 lection of books and pictures, bei[«eathe(l by !l^ 
 
 HoUier. Change* 1 
 
 ,,(|vciuttd ill 1875. ai 
 
 riif aiiialKaiaatiiin of 
 
 i,.i,sii,ii»iHM(tyadvoc 
 
 I'lie ]irujK).siil to laaki' 
 
 vtisity I'oi London w 
 
 uiissiDii, March. Ea 
 
 luwtiiiKr ^''8 l-oiidon 
 
 GRETNA GRE 
 .iwrthe border). I 
 contracted for many ; 
 an aiknowledgmcnt 
 marriage. John I'aii 
 1 blacksmith, wlioolf 
 Hii first residence wii 
 mon or green betwi: 
 thelastofwhiclivillai 
 uauied Eliiot was afti 
 liirsoii. The Genera 
 altem|itcd to supprei 
 [larliaiuent, passed ii 
 illegal after that yei 
 married liad lived in 
 
 GEEY ADMIN 
 Wellington adminiBti 
 iSjo. It carried tlie 1 
 Riforra Acts {which 
 
 if<34. 
 
 Uidrey,' first lordof: 
 
 Lnnllirougliani, lord i;/i 
 
 ViSKiiiiit Altlieipi', chai 
 
 Maniuis of Lansdowne, 
 
 MifUiirlmni,priiv/.. 
 
 VisMuiita .Melbourne, 1 
 
 J'lTtigii, liiul coloiiUd .s 
 >ir James Gralmiri, «(/«i 
 l.iml .\iii'klaiiil mid Mr. 
 
 1(1,(1 {iiiiicl^'). lioorda ( 
 l.drd ilollalKl, dianrMo 
 L.'KI .Idliii Kussell, j«,v, 
 IHikidlHiehiiiond, earl 
 K. (i. .Stjuiley (atteiwan 
 
 jur Inland, lieeaiiie a> 
 
 I Ufftk, Utiii, Sanskrit 
 
 (ilrtllil- .... 
 
 1 Ulci llij!li tieiiiiaii . . 
 
 KXA.Mi'iEs : Saiiskiit, 
 j Italian, jxii/re ; Spaiiisli 
 j/(i</rei«(p(.).- Old High 
 
 GEIQUALAND 
 
 [trittsin British Soutl 
 [tieldf. Ttie tirst diai: 
 lUriqualand in March, 
 |ilu.\ of immigrants fro 
 jtioii ul iiiauy sellienie 
 |cf 12,000,000/. werefc 
 
 •Bora 13 March, 1764 
 
 lllrst lord of the udiniral 
 
 |tJiyin 1806; lesigiinl in 
 
 ""lOiiian Catlinlie eiiiiuiei 
 
Ill (JrutiiiiKipolis', 
 fii8 rocpivoa on hli 
 i.anaiiiTchiMsjutl 
 
 'C^TiV,- ffftcU. 
 
 ivor, Hyde. to. 
 IMN, fiinnwl aftw tb 
 806. Kmiii tlic jliiiit, 
 
 il'Illl.H ,s;iill it niliUlill..) 
 itilll nf tllf muflm: . 
 y its ii|i|iiiiieilts iij.. 
 ', Ic'l to (■hiiiisrs. a:.l 
 25 March, 1807;- 
 sii rii. 
 lll■llUi^ ipf I,aiiwl'i»i, ', 
 
 Her) li;ul a seat intti' 
 
 GRETNA GREEN. 
 
 Hollier. Chungud lespuctiiig the lectures were 
 jilvccuti'd in 1875. und Home luade iu 1876. 
 [Iif aiualKHii'i'''"" "' ""' '"'iviisity tcacliiiif; tx- 
 
 (rlliillllBWilt.VUllVdC'Utwl liy Mr. (idSClKMl, 15 Oct. 1888 
 
 llje iiruJiuHiil to iiinki^ Uic colli'Hi' 11 t<!ueliiii|; iiiii- 
 vtrsily lor LdTicloii was ri'tcrrwl tu a royal coiii- 
 iiiissinii, .March. Kar! t owpcr, chairiiuili ; tirst 
 lutttuiKi ^*"6 ^'<J'"'^'t (*/(irrrsi7.i/, 1894 . 30 Jiinu, 1892 
 
 GEETNA GREEN (Uuiufries, S. Scotland, 
 awrthe bonier). Here runawiiy iiiiiiriu({eii were 
 lontnictcd for many years, ui Scotch law ruled that 
 an iii'knowlcdj,'nuMit before witnessee made a legal 
 marriage. John I'uiKley, a tobae-oiiist, and termed 
 jbiacksniith, who olticiated from 1 760, died in 1814. 
 His first residence wu« at Alegg's Hill, on the com- 
 mon or green betwixt Gretna and Springfield, to 
 lie last of whidi villages he removed iu 1782. A man 
 uamed Elliot was afterwards tlie principal officiating 
 firsou. The General Assembly, in 1826, in vain 
 attempted to suppress this system ; hut an act of 
 parliament, passed in 1856, mad" these marriages 
 illegal after that year, unless one of the persone 
 married had lived in Scotland 21 days. 
 
 GREY ADMINISTRATION succeeded the 
 Vellinglon administration, which resigned 16 Nov. 
 1H30. It carried the Parliamentary and Corporation 
 Reforiu Acts {which see), and terminated 9 July, 
 
 Earl Grcy,'yiVs( lord oj the trrasunj. 
 
 Liiril Bruugluiin, hril chancellor. 
 
 VisetiUiit Altliorttf, chanrellor u/the lurlu^jiur. 
 
 Maniuis of I««i.siUiWiie, pretsUleiU o/thc cuiiiioH. 
 
 Earl cf Durham, jiriri/ seitl. 
 
 VismuiitH .Melbduriic, raliricrstdii, and Goclerich, /loiiie, 
 
 fmtgn, aiulwlouiiil stcretaries. 
 •Nr James Graham, aclmiraltii. 
 Liiiil .iueklaiid and Mr, Charles tlrunt (afterwaru', 1830, 
 
 ioitl Glenelg). liotinU o/tntile and cantrvi 
 l.cnl Holland, chanrellur ufdudiy uf iMHiiuler. 
 Liifil .Ifiliii Ku.ssi-11, iMymiiater I'f the fmrrs. 
 Imlii iif Itiihiiiiriid, uarl ol't'arlisk', Mr. Wyuiie, tu: 
 E, (i. Stanley (afterwards eai'l of Ilcrliy), rhirf Mcrvlunj 
 
 fi^rlrdatid, Wvuint culuiiUil sccrtttiri/, March, 1833. ! 
 
 GREY COAT HOSPITAL, Westminster, ' 
 I'eunded (for girls) 1O98; reconstituted 1873. 
 
 GREY FRIARS, see Christ's Hospital. 
 
 GREYTOWN; ace MusquUo Coast. 
 
 GRIFFITH'S VALUATION of land in 
 
 Ireland; that calculated by Mr., afterwards sir 
 
 Kiehaid Griffith (appointed commissioner in 1828) 
 
 ami published about 1850 ; 4th edition, 1855 ; 
 
 I niueli discussed, 1880-1. 
 
 GRIMM'S LAW of the transmutation of 
 
 onsonaiits in tlw .Vryan family of languages ; pro- 
 j puundeil by Jacob L. Grimm in liia " History of 
 1 the Gerniaii Languages," in 1848. 
 
 liabiiils. Dentals. Gutturals 
 
 517 GROSVENOR GALLERY. 
 
 1880, and ahont I5,()jo,(hxi/. between 1883 und 1887. 
 Tlie district was annexed to Cape Colony 27 Oct. 
 1871, and incorporiitid with it in 1880. Kimbcrley, 
 the capital, was founded in 1871; population in 
 1890, about 0,000 Kneiijicans and 10,000 nutives, 
 GuiaUALA.Ni) East, betwi en the Kaffir border and 
 Southern Natal, was aniie\(d to Cape Colony in 
 '87s; population in iH.SS', 98,000. 
 
 l.icciislng Acts passed 
 -ale by them of wine. 
 
 k 
 
 <J c/i 
 k 
 rk k 
 
 [ Greek, L;itiu, Sanskrit ji h f\t d th 
 I Giitliie . . . / J, lj\lU ; d 
 
 I OW llii,'li Geinian . . Ii'.i!)/ji\d z t 
 
 ExAjn'LEH : Sanskrit, ;.i7ri ; (ircck and hatin,p(((ec ; 
 I Italian, jnulre ; Spanish, imdrc ; Fiencli, /lere; Uotliic, 
 |/iiifm« (p/.) ; Old fligh Ocrniaii, valiir ; Kiij,'lis)i, father. 
 
 GEIQUALAND west aud east, two dis- 
 Itrietsin British South Africa, containing diamond 
 jlields. The lirrt iliamond was discovered in West 
 jljriqualand in March, 1B67, and caused a great in- 
 |tiu.\of immigi-ants from all nations, and the fonna- 
 i ^'I many ncUieinciils. Diamonds to the value 
 |of' i:,0OO,ooo/. were found there between 1871 und 
 
 * liorn 13 Man*, 1764 : .M.R, as Charles Orcv, in 1786; 
 |lirst lord of the admnalty and afterwards foreign secre- 
 jiry in 1806 ; resij^ned in 1S06 on account of his favouring 
 nan Catholic emancipation ; died 17 July, 1845. 
 
 Hya tremeiiilous cxplusion of sloicdilyiiauiite near 
 Kiiiiberlcy, only tw(j men were killed . Jan. 1884 
 
 Kimbcrley was the sitf .d' the South African and 
 International Kxhibitiui], opei.id liy sir H. B. 
 I.ocb, e Sept., not finnrieinlly 'uici^s'sliil ; closed 
 
 8 Due. 1892 
 
 ! ORISONS, a Swiss ■ nnton ; see Caddee. It 
 
 was overrun by the French in 17(^8 and I7p9. The 
 
 ' ancient league was iiliolishcd, and the Orisons be- 
 
 ' cane u member of the H(lvetie confederation, 19 
 
 i''eb. 1803. 
 
 ' GRISSELL gasp:, mo ]'a,iiamviU, 1879-80. 
 
 (xRlHT-lAX {iiupMla sill niacitiato). Prin- 
 <iplc of the tax adopted by the Italian parliament. 
 ! April, 1868. 
 
 I GROAT, from the Dutch r/foat, value of four- 
 ; pence, was the largest silver coin iu England until 
 ■ after 1351. Fourpenny pieces were coined in 1836 
 to the value of 70,884/.; in 1857, 16,038/.; discon- 
 I tinued since 1856. 
 
 I GROCERS anciently meant " ingrossera or 
 • monopolisers," as appears by a statute 37 Kdw. III. 
 1363; " Les marehauntz nonii/ engrossent totes 
 manors de merchanuises vendablcs." The Grocers' 
 company, one of the twelve chief companies of 
 : .(jond.in, was established in 1345, and incorporated 
 in 1429. 
 
 The (ii'ocers' aiul Sliopkee|n is 
 in 1860 and if6i, aiithoiises tlie 
 spirits, and Lew, in l,i.ltl(s. 
 
 , GROCHOW, near I'ragn, ,1 suburb of Warsaw. 
 
 t Here took place a desperate contlict between the 
 Poles and Russians, 19, 20 Feb. 1831. the Poles re- 
 maining masters of the field of battle. The Rus- 
 sians shortly after retreated, having been foiled in 
 their attempt to take \\ ar»aw. They are said to 
 have lost 7000 men, and the Poles 2000 ; see also 
 I'olatul, 1 86 1. 
 
 GROG, sea term for nun and water, derived 
 name from admiral Euw. Vernon, who wore grogram 
 breeches, and was hence called " Old Grog." Abou' 
 1745, he ordered his sailors to dilute their rum with 
 water.* 
 
 GROSSER KURFi'RST.see Wrecks, 187 
 
 GROSVENOR GALLERY, &c., .Bond 
 street, London, W., for the exhibition of moden 
 jiictures, erected by sir Ci'utts Lindsay, at a cos 
 of about 100.000/., supp irted by einiiient artistl 
 -Aug. 1876; opened I .May, 1877." The last regular 
 exhibition in the Grcsvjiior Gallery was that of the 
 society of ilritish Pastillists, opened 18 Oct. l8<)0; 
 the building was afterwards solely occupied by the 
 Grosvenor club, by whom pictures for sale were 
 from time to time exhibited. 
 
 nil n:, luuing arisen, 
 isueii, who, headeil 
 pciicd "The 
 t 9 Mny, i88R 
 
 Ditfereiices in regard to iii:ui,i;;eiii 
 a secession of sulisci'iiieis ensi 
 by .Messrs. Ilalle and Couiy 11s ( 
 Xew Gallery," (ic/iic// .-itt) Hi'L-ent Str 
 
 ^ He did great service in IPe West Indies, liy taking 
 rortoliello, Chagre, (V'c. ; Iml Ijv his disagreement witli 
 the commamlend'tlie lainl tnii es, the exiiedition against 
 I'aitliagena, in 1741. is said to li.iM' failed, lie wius dis- 
 missed the service for wi it in- two pamidilets attacking 
 tiic admiralty ; lie died 30 Uct. 1757. 
 
 
 '^wn 
 
 '■•J i<'i*fif^i»''^ ! 
 
 
 
 ' A i 
 
 . .-( N ■ 
 
 ■0 
 
 jiij'!, i'i ,.:!■«■! 
 
 i%»i 
 
 'fmstm 
 
 '<;jp^ 
 
 3 1 
 
 ■f ! 
 
 m 
 
 
 

 B iJ, 
 
 I ,,^^^ 
 !#'»•'.. 
 
 
 OROHVENOR GALLERY. 
 
 5l» GUELPHS AND GHIUELlXEs. 
 
 GROSVENOK GALLERY LIBRARY, 
 
 opened 25 Miircli, 1880. 
 
 GROUND GAME, see 0\iin,: 
 
 GU ADA LOUPE, a West Iiuliii Islund, dis- 
 coverixl bv L'oluiiibus in 1493. The Freneli took 
 possession" of it in l()^5, ""'' e"l"iii»ed U in 1664. 
 Taken by the Knglish"iii 1759, and restored in l-()i. 
 Again taken by the English in 177'), 171)4, and '**',"• 
 The allies, in order to allnre the Swedes into the 
 coalition iifrainst !■' ranee, gave tbem this island. 
 It was, however, by the eonseiit of Sweden, restored 
 to France nt the peace in 1814. It was again taken 
 by the Hrilisli, 10 Aug. 1815, and restored to the 
 French, July 1816. 
 
 GUAD-EL-RAS (N. W. Africa). Here the 
 Spaniards signallv defeated tlie Moors, 2.5 March, 
 iSoo, after a severe conHict : general I'rini mani- 
 fested great bravery, for wliich he was ennobled. 
 The preliminaries of peace were signed on the z^th. 
 
 GUANO or Hr.\XO (the Peruvian term for 
 manure), the e.\i lenieiit of sea-birds that swarm on 
 the coasts of I'cru and Uolivia, and of Africa and 
 Australia. It is mentioned by Uerrera in lOoi, and 
 Uarcilasso stated that the birds were protected by 
 the ineas. Humboldt was one of the first by whom 
 it was brought to Kurojie, in order to ascertain its 
 value in agriculture. I'he importation of guano 
 into the United Kingdom apjjcars to liave commenced 
 in 1839. 285,000 tons were imported in 1845 (of 
 which 207,679 tons came from tlie western coast ot 
 Africa); 245,010 tons m 1851 (of which ().i22 tons 
 came from Western Australia) ; 131,358 tons in 
 18(4; 237,395 tons in |8()S; 135, 6<)7 tons in i860; 
 
 280,311 m 1870: 114,454 '" i^rs; is2-9S<)in 1877; 
 
 177,793 i" '«78; 74,22' in 1883; 21,175 in 1887; 
 1888, 24,432; 1889, 28.604; i«')0, 27,o<)5: 1893, 
 18,311 -. 1896, 20,214. 
 
 GUARANTEE.S. Tbe " Guarantee by Com- 
 panies act," relating to the security by means ot 
 sureties required for iiersons employed in the public 
 gervice, was passed 20 Aug. 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. 
 0. 108). 
 
 GUARDIAN, a moderate high-church weekly 
 journal, first publislied 21 Jan. 1846. 
 
 GUARDS. The custom of having guards is 
 said to have been introduced by Saul, 1093 B.C. 
 Body guards were appointed to iittciul the kings of Eng- 
 
 laiul, I Henry VII. 1485. 
 Horse Ouiinls wciv raised 4 K<lw. VI. 1550. 
 The rm/iil miimrnt »/ iii'crds was lirst rai.seil by t'liaiies 
 II. ill Kliiialers in 1656, colimel, lonl Wentwcirtli ; 
 nnoUicr regiment was laiseil liy colonel .lolm Kussell, 
 j66o, umler wliorii tliey were coiiiliined in 1665. llie 
 Ciild.'.tmnii Cuin-ils, raised liy general Monk, were con- 
 stituted tlie 2nd regiiMciit ill i6f>i ; sec Volihtnnm. 
 Tlii'se guards were tlie hegiiniing of our staniling army. 
 Gen. sir K Win. llauiiltnus •• History of tlie CJrenadier 
 
 Guards," an claliorate wiuk, apjieared 1874. 
 The llcu-sc (iieiiadier guards lirst lnMi|i, raised in i6y3. 
 was (•oiiiniaiidcl liv general Cliolinondeh^y ; the second 
 trooji was raised in 1702. and was cniiiiuaiideil by lord 
 i'orlies ; tliis eiiriis was reduced in i-83. tlie ottieei-s 
 reniriiig on full pav. Hiv Armu, iR'i 
 Gi-AliDs'lNsriTi'TK, Kraiicis-sticct, Vaiixuall-bridgc road ; 
 reading ami lecture rocuiis, A'c, , fur all ortlci^rs and 
 soldii-ns ill the nielrnpolis ; inaugurated liy the duke of 
 'Jaiuliridge. II .Iul\, i?67. 
 See Jlorsr <iiiiirilH, Vnimen, Kotionnl, and Imperial 
 Otiarit.^. 
 
 GUA8TALLA, N- Haly, a city, near which 
 the imperial army, commanded by the king of 
 Sardinia, was defeated bv the French, 19 Sept. 
 1734. The ancient ducliy, long held by the dukes 
 of Mantua, was seized by tlie emperor of Germany, 
 174O, and ceded to I'a'rma, 1748. After having 
 
 been comprised in the Italian republic, i^jy,, ^^j 
 aubjeoted to other chaifges, it wii" aniiexi'j t, 
 Purnia, 1815, and to Modeim, 1847. 
 
 GUATEMALA. 
 
 A republic in (Vuti-;,] Am,.. 
 rica, revolted from Spain, 1821, and ile.!;!,.,.,! jnj^, 
 pendent, 21 March, 1847. (jon.slituti.m jjttleil' 
 2 Oct. 1859. Pri'sident (186- geiienil l{ii|ih,,' 
 Carrera. elected 1851 ; appninied for life, i,S;',' 
 died 14 Ajii-il, 1865; succeeded by Vin -ent LVrii 
 5 May, 1865-9. Mani'el Garcia (iraiieiliis, bf, 
 1872; K. liiirrios, 9 May, 1873: (ienenij Mi\.^, 
 Jan. l88,'i. A war between Guatemala inui Sai' 
 Salvador brok,' out in Jan. 1863; ami mi iiij„„,, 
 the troops of the latter were totally ih't'i-itea. Ai 
 insurrection beciinieformidable, July, 1H71, Allim.v 
 with Honduras against San Salvador, .Vbu'li, i", 
 Population, 1887, 1,394,233: 1892, l,iio,(,M; 
 Capital, "ew- Guatemala. 
 
 Col, Gonzales, eiiiuiiiiiiidaiit of San .IhmM. (lua;,.;; .', 
 iinlirisun.'d, Hogged, and nearly killi'd .\li, .LilmM, ','. 
 the Hritish enliHUI, who was le.selleil \>\ , apt .\|„"„ 
 (if the I'aeitie Mail Company's steamer, .1 ricuu, ai,,,,. 
 24 April, 1874. 
 
 Aniioiineed, that Gonzales had lieeii seiit(Mici.(| to iiv< 
 vears' iinprisonniiuit, and that Mr Magee limlreim,.; 
 10,000/. as eompen.sation, Oit, 1874, 
 
 Plot to kill the laesideiit and his ministry ; coMiiint'T, 
 shot, 7 Nov. 1877. 
 
 Gi'iieral liarrlos's jiroposnl to re-miitt^ the States (ifCraM 
 America under himself, as clictator, Miireli ; ro.-i-vi 
 defeated and killed in a .severe battle at llialrln;,; ,' 
 2 April, 1885 : succeeded by liarillas; |ienc,. ,i..,„| 
 16 April, 1885. M. L. Harillas, presiilent, ij.Marnl 
 i386. 
 
 War with San Salvador, vliirh ser, Jidy-27 Aim. i3^i. 
 
 Revolt against president Uarillns, siiiipri'sse,!, .ji;;). 
 Aug. 1890. 
 
 The insurgent general and ex-minister lliiiiiiiiilia A,,; 
 while resisting arrest on board the f.s, stKim,. 
 Arnpulm, 28 Aug. ; his young dam;litiT fails in k 
 attempt to shoot the L'..S. miiiislei, Miznir, 1 s.],t, 
 1 8'>o. 
 
 Peace with San Salvador signed . . 17 Xnv, ij;; 
 
 den. Keiiia Harrios assumes otilcc as presicleiit, ,6 
 .March, iSyj ; re-elected . , . . Se|it. 1;.. 
 
 Kevoliilion in the west ; insurgents in liufsessiuii 
 
 )t Flaza San Marcos, reported 
 (loveniment victories in various iilaee> 
 
 6 1 let. ; (U'der restoreil 
 I're>, U. Harrios as.sa.ssinated liy (Isear Sulu 
 
 who is afterwards killed 
 Seftor Morales, vice-president. 
 
 i8g3 ; his death reported 
 New iiiinisliy formeil, reported 
 
 re|ii.lt..,; 
 e, IV;, 
 
 ; I-.-,, 
 
 An:, 
 i.'l-Vi., 
 
 GUEBRES (from the Arabic KatiiMinbi'limr, 
 a name given to the (b'.scendantsof tlie fire-Mnrsliif. 
 pel's of I'ersia by their Arab ciini|iienii's. in tli. ;•:, 
 century. They' are now representeil liy tlie I'lrvt, 
 of liombaj , wliither they migrated, see 7Vr»,,, 
 
 GUELPHIC ORDER of knightliowl ..^ 
 instituted for Hanover by the ]irincc ie;;iMit, itV. 
 wards George IV.. 12 Aug. 1815. 
 
 GUELPHS AND GHIRELINES, nm? 
 given to the papal and imperial lartimis wlnJr 
 stroyed the peace of Italy from the 12th tnth'^i 
 of tlie 15th century (the invasion of Cliiiiles Vlll, 
 of France in 1495). The origin of the iiaiuf, ii 
 ascribed to the ('ontest for the iiniieriiii mn 
 between Conrad of Hohenstaufen, (hike ol Swubu, 
 lord of Wihlingen (hence G/iiMin), mi War. 
 ueiihew of Welf, or Guclf, duke of Hav;iri:i, ;i; uf. 
 The former was successful ; but the iiojif* xt^ 
 several Italian cities took the side of his rival, h 
 Guclf and hie Oibeliii are said to have bivii ii*i 
 as war-cries in 1 140, at a battle before Wi'iiiskr;, 
 in Wurtemherg, when Guelf of l!avaria\v,i.*Jffi*J 
 by the emperor Conrad IV. who came to lirlr ii 
 
 of till' colony, 555,7 
 
 GUIDE-BOOK 
 
 inveation. l'ater.-,o 
 pHiivil in 177(1; "'e 
 WHS siiiierscjcu hy 
 " Picture u! I'aris," 
 fur TraviUers on I he 
 sfrifs, appeared in 18 
 frilz biCilckcr's fore: 
 with a hainlbook for 
 This was foUinvcil hj 
 parts of the continent 
 iiandbooks, aiul inc 
 ilie lirst Kiiglisli edii 
 edilious ot the illiii 
 eaeh, published by 
 to,, were issued in 1. 
 
 GUIDES, a cor] 
 cialiv charged with t 
 
 * It is stated, tradi 
 I (leninwl all the men to i 
 j to bring out whatever I 
 I Mrried out their hasliai 
 
 
GUEUNHEY. 
 
 619 
 
 GUILDS. 
 
 lie Ml fiMltlMlAni... 
 
 , ami ilivluiv.1 j„,i,. 
 
 Diwtituti.m n:\%. 
 
 >-'l'"l'l!ll li,i,,!, ' 
 
 II .Inv'^.l, f;ii;jl ', 
 
 ;ili'"i Mi..i"i]iiM,j.!„ 
 
 iiiii'il li\ .iipi. M 
 
 I'iiiiirr, .lfi;r,».i, al«,i,- 
 
 fiPII Si'lltcilPI'll t" tiv 
 
 r M.i;!i'i'liuilrfiei\>i 
 374. 
 liiiistry ; ronsiiirator) 
 
 ,t(!llii'Ht,it04 0fCrtiinl 
 itiir, Marrli; ^'si^w 
 liiittli' at (.-lialc'liiui ,' 
 iui'illiiw; imicp >ij5„,; 
 [m'siili'iil, 15. Mart. 
 
 J"l.v-37 Aiix. i3)i 
 IR, iiiili|irps,se.l, Jtly. 
 
 iiistcr l!Mii'iiiilia .| ■ 
 
 ml till' l'..N. »i,i.;, 
 
 lIllllJllltiT fails ill !;-■ 
 
 tistt'i, Miziifr, I N.',;, 
 
 ic Kiitir.unbi'lievfr, 
 sot' till' tiri'-W'irihi;" 
 iMiluc'l.ils, in ll;i ;•:, 
 lentcil liy t!ii' I'lii-n- 
 iited, SCI' Dmiy 
 
 of knightliortil »r 
 prini'i.' ii'sjciit, :il:.r- 
 5' 
 BELINES, mir 
 
 IT.ll iMrtinll* whi-i" 
 II till' 13tlit"tli.'':i: 
 sioii »f C'Imrli'j VIII 
 isill 111' till' Ilalll'-u 
 thr impi'rai iriss 
 fi'll, (lui<i' 111' S»;iHii 
 /lihrliii), iiwi llniri 
 I' of !i;n';iria, ill iij* 
 Init the pojifj iiH 
 «(it' 111' his rival, h 
 il to huvi' broil wi 
 le ln't'ove WfinsWr;, 
 ' liiivariii wa.< Mr&i 
 ho I'iinip ti) liilf 't( 
 
 rival iluKu Li'opoia.* 'I'lii; umlx'liiifs were aliiioHt 
 t^ti'.llyfxpi'lli'U I'loiii Italy in 12(>-, wli<'iiCoiiia(liii, 
 tiie iiiKt "' ''"-' lltilu'iiHtiuiffiis, »a» lichciuli'il lij 
 Clwili'8 of -^".i*"'' IJiii'lpli (of iiiiccitiiiii oii;;iii), 
 IS till' po|iular nunii' «l till' jircsi'iit royal Caimly nt 
 liugliiiid ; st'i' niuimikk. 
 
 Tlir CiLKi.1'11 ExHiHiiiii.v of iiicliins anil nlijcrts of 
 inten'"' coniii'i;ti'il with tlo' Ho.ial lioiisi' iir(iiii'l|i|i, was 
 ulifiii'diiitlii- Ni-wtialli'i'V, Ki'Ki'iil stivi't, ,1 Di'c. 181;,,; 
 ,vwl, 9 April, 1891. The iiMci'ii (•iiutriliiiti'il Hmitlj to 
 lii,. (.sliiiiiticiii, ami navi' it its iianii'. 
 
 liiifliik t'tntt, sfi' iinilcr I'miiherhtml. 
 
 Gl'EKN'SEY, see Jenri/. Jrajor-gpii. sir 
 KJivard Hulwor iipiioiiitcd lioiit. -{governor of 
 Ijiiernsev i" suoi'ussioii to lieul.-gi'ii. KIkiiiKton, 
 March. 'iJl*); lu'Ut.-fft'ii. X. Stevenson, .Miirtli, 
 
 i*M' 
 
 (il'EKUILLA, Spanish, "a little war"; a 
 term applii'il to the ariiieit peasants who worried 
 llie Frenrli armies during the I'eninsnlar war, 
 1^.14. The reaistanee of the daeoits to the 
 llritLsh in liurniah was of guerrilla chaiaeter. 
 
 GUEUX (beggars), a name given hy the conite 
 de BarliiimunI to the 300 I'rotestaiil depiities fnnii 
 the Low Coiiiitries, headed by Henri ot Ureileioili' 
 ami Loais of Nassau, who petitumeil .Margaret, 
 goveriii'ss of the Low I'onniries, to aholisli the 
 inquisition, j .April, i-;(i(j. The dei)iities at. oin e 
 .issiiraeil the name as honourable, ami immediately 
 orgiinisi'd armed lesiataneL' to the govorinnent ; see 
 
 GUIANA (N'E. coast of South Amerieii), <lis- 
 tovercil by Columbus in 141JS, visited by the 
 Spaniards "in the lOtli century ; and explored'by sir 
 \\alter llaleigh in isyt) anil iOi;. The l''renrli 
 sfttlcmcnts here were formed in i()2()-4j; (pro- 
 tected poslsestablished under officers, iHijc;)'; anil the 
 iJiitch, Ib2;-0;. JJemcrara, Ksseiiuiho, and Iterbice 
 were ceded to Great liritain in iSlj; nee. Dcuierarn. 
 (iiiveriior of British (juiaiia, John Scott, |8()H ; 
 James UobertLoiigden, 1874; C. H. Kortrighl, |8;(); 
 sir Heury T. Irving, 1882; Viscount Uorinanstown, 
 Dec. 188;; sir C. Cameron Lees, ,\pril, iXijj; sir 
 .\iiau8tiis W. L. Hemming, Di'c. I«i)5; sir \\ altei- 
 J, beuiiall, Xov. 1897. See I'ch'ZiMii, iHi)-,. 
 Mr, Kaiifiiiaiin iliscovercil in the gnliillelils 6 jj vnliialilc 
 
 liaiiinii'ls early in 1891. 
 llpiolt ill Dutcli liiiianaof the lower against llie upper 
 
 classes; iiiiidi aliiriii, ij .May, 1S91. 
 (iKlilIieliN iiiiliistiy increasingly prosperous; reM'i.in. 
 
 of the colony, 553,774'. ; ciiieinlitiire, 599,616/. ; im- 
 
 [lOrts, i,j4i,7o9(. ; e.iports, 1,899,457/.; inipiilatiou 
 
 (e.stiniateil;, 2^5,000, 1896-97. 
 
 GUIDE-BOOKS for travellers are an English 
 inveiitiuii. I'atei'jon's " Ih'itish Itinerary," iiji- 
 peari'd in 177(1; tlie last edition in 1840; when it 
 was supcrseueu by railway guiiles. (jalignaiii's 
 "Picture ul I'aris,'" 1814.' .Murray's " Handbook 
 for Traviller.s on ilie Continent," tiie parent of the 
 series, appeared in 1830. The publication of Carl and 
 frilz li.i'deker's foreign guide-books began in 1^28 
 with a liamlbook for the Kliine in (jerman-I-'reneh. : 
 This was followed by Uerman handbooks for other 
 [lartsofthe continent, which owed much to .Murray's 
 liindbiioks, and included much original matter, 
 file first English edithins appeared in |8(X). New 
 editions ot the illustrated guide-books, price I^. 
 each, published by Messr.-.. Ward, Lock, luid 
 Co., were issued in 1894-8. See Jliirriii/. 
 
 GUIDES, a corps in the French armv, esjie- j 
 j cially charged with the protection of the person of I 
 
 ' It is 8t;it«l, traditionally, that the emperor con- j 
 ilenmwl all the iiion to death, but iieniiitted the woineii 
 I t.iliriiii; (lilt whatever they most valued ; on which tlie\ I 
 [ carried imt their Imsliamis on their shoulders. 
 
 the geiierul, was lornied by llesHieres, under the 
 , direction of Uon.iparte, w"ho had been nearh 
 
 carried olf by the enemy, jo .May, I7(j(). Severu'l 
 
 squadrons of "guides" were formeil in 1848, to 
 ' guard the ministers. They formed a portion of 
 
 the imperial guard till Sept". 1870. 
 
 OUIENNE, a French provinee, was part of 
 j the dominions of Henry II. in right of his wife 
 I Eleanor, 1152. I'hilip of France seized it in 129}, 
 
 which led to war. It was alternately held In 
 ; England and France till 14S3, when .lohn Talbot", 
 : earl of Shrewsbury, in vain attempted to retake it 
 
 from the latter. 
 
 GUILDHALL (London) was built in 141 1. 
 When It was rebuilt (in iWj'j), after the great tire 
 of KXil), no part of the aiuient building remained, 
 except the interior ot tin- porch anil the walls ot 
 the iiall. 'I'he front was erected in 1789; and a 
 new roof built, i8()4-.;. Itencith the west window 
 are the colossal tigures of Uog and .Magog, said to 
 represent a Saxon and an .lUcieut Ihitoii ; re])laced 
 older ones, 1708; renewed, 18^7. The hall can con- 
 tain 7(HX) persons. Here were entei tallied the allied 
 sovereigns in 1814, and Napoleon 111., |i) April, 
 1855; and here the city industrial exiiibition was 
 held, (> .March, 181 j(j, and the International Itotanical 
 banquet, 22 .May, 18M). A memorial window, the 
 gift of the cotton workers of Lancashire, to com- 
 memorate the miiiiiHcence of the metiopolia towards 
 them in the famine ot 1802-4, was uncovered. 15 
 July, i8()8. 'The prince con.sort memorial window 
 was unveiled in the presence of prince .Vrtliur, 
 3 Nov. 1870. A library existed in the (juildhall in 
 1420, from which book-s were taken by the protector 
 Somerset in the reign of Edwnd" VI. A new- 
 library was foiinileil, 2 ,June, 1824. This library is 
 open to the public. 'The new hand.-ome building by 
 Horace Jones was opened by the lord chancellor 
 Selborne, 5 Nov. 1872 ; svvl,i/ii(/i»i. The law sittings 
 which had been removed t'l the lioyal law courts, 
 were resumed in the (iuildliall, 28 o'ct. iHiji, when 
 the lord chief justice was received by the lord mayor; 
 discontinued, Dec. 1894. 
 
 Alt nail -ry op I 24.I1111C, i33/). 
 
 Ma.i;iiilicent nicmoiials by .1. !•;. I'riee plll)li.^hed, i8£6. 
 i:inlilh,iU Srhuoi .,/ .l/ii.-.c t.iiiiMlc.|(f,^ pupils) 1880 ; 3,600 
 
 pupils, 189); new ImiMinn .m the 'rbaincs EinUink- 
 
 iiiciit, 9 lice. liio; theatre, iVc, opened liy the lord 
 
 mayor, 11 .Inly, 1898. 
 Visitof the (li'.nnaii emperor ami empress, 10 ,luly, 1891, 
 K.vbiliilion of pictiiri s oy liiitish artists of the Victorian 
 
 era, 1817 rl .^>■7., openc'l Aoril, 1897 ; loin exhibition 
 
 of Krciich pieinres, opencil 4 .liiii", 1898. 
 
 GUILDS. .Vs.sociations of men of the same 
 class or trade, formed for mutual aid and protection ; 
 ill Fngland, of Saxon origin, about the 8th century. 
 Ill the luidtlle ages there were religious, sociiil, 
 nierciintile, and craft guilds Some of the London 
 livery com|iaiiies weri- foriiied out of the merchant 
 and craft guilds in the I3tliceiilury. See Com/mil icx. 
 The niiild of Corpus Christi, York, li.-id 14,800 incmliers 
 when a return ri'specting these guilds was ordeivd to 
 lie maile, 1 jSsi. 
 The Karly Kn-lish Text Society luiblished the "Ordi- 
 nances ' of niMre than 100 guilds, 1870. 
 '"I'he Cild .Mi'ivhant." by Chailes dross, I'ji.l)., pub- 
 lished in 1891, is a valuable work. 
 The "(iiiild of Literature and Art " (inclnding sir E. U. 
 l.ytton, I.'. Dickens, and otheis) founded an institii 
 tioii (on L'niiiiiil given by sir V. li l.ytton, at .Si.vrtiiig.- 
 consisting of thirteen ilweliings, retreats I'oi' artists, 
 scholars, and men of letters, which were cimpleteu 
 and inanguiated, 29, Inly, 1865. 
 The revival of religions" guilds liegan in 1S51, with 
 that of .-jt. Alban, whieli held its 21st anhiycrsary 
 20 June, i87:.'. 
 t/«t/'/s li)ii}iii'ii Ciniimi'iii'ih, see ComjHftr'cft, 
 
 'tii 
 
 i/ 
 
 m-. 
 
 »^ -."t^i*--.^ ijt» 
 
 ml 
 
 Tfj- 
 
 - It* / " , 
 
 "I 
 
 J; 
 
 HI'F 
 

 GUILLOTINE. 
 
 6'20 
 
 GUNPOWDER. 
 
 GUILLOTINE, un inatrmmnt for (liiiHinif 
 ini'iiodiiiti' iiiwl piiiiiU'sn dcalli, iiuiind iiflcr ilH HUp- 
 posi'd iiivciitdi-, a pin "i' inn naiucil Jdncjih iKnatiiis 
 (Jiiilli)tin. In iHMi'M. J)utHii», of AimcMs, ntatid 
 tliat tlif iilca only wan due to Uiiillotin, "lio at a 
 lUi'i'tiiiK of tlio luiiitdativc assenilily in 17H1) I'X- 
 jtrosaod an opinion tliat ( apital jmniHliiiifut hliould 
 lie lliu .-aino for all olasfcs, Accordingly, at tho 
 n>i|iu'»tof the asKcinldy, M. Loiiiii, hnritaiy of tlic 
 "Acudemio de Chinirjtic," subniitUil to it on 20 
 Mardi, 1792, a mode of capital minislmicnt, "Hiirc, 
 (luick, and uniform," which Iji' had invented. The 
 tirHt person execntod hy it was a lii);hway rcdiher 
 named I'ellctier, 011 2=; .Api'i' '- "ml Hanjcvemont was 
 itstirst political victiili, 21 Au^'. foUowinf;, (iuillotin 
 died in 1H14. 'I'he f;uillotiiie at I'aris was burnt 
 bv the ((arimuuist insurRents, 7 April, 1K71. A 
 similar inBtruiiieiit (called trie .l.'rt)/»rt/«) is said t" 
 have lieen used in Italy, at Halifax in Kncland 
 (see Hii/il'ii.r'i, and in Kcothiiid, there called the 
 Maiden aiid the Widow. Bee (i(i(iyinp. , 
 
 GUINEA (S. W. coast of Africa), said to have ; 
 
 been visited by the Genoese about 129I, and by the '■ 
 
 French in 1^14. 
 
 I'ortUKMcsc sctllcaiciils l'iMnidc(J liy |iriiic(^ Henry of 
 I'lirliiKul; iiiiicli t!old loiiiid, 14S1.WS11/. 
 
 OtliiT Knro|pran tiiiilcrs arrive; sncccssfcilly repelled, 
 with cruelty, by the I'ortnj;ia;s(^ till the arrival of tlin 
 Dutch, isgs. „ , 
 
 >!ir .hihii Hawkins, with adventurers, visits Giiinen, 
 carries otf 31 « Metroes, wlioiii hi' sells at Ilispaniola, 
 and relnrns home with a prolitable ciiiwi, 1563. 
 
 Cape Coast. Castle (ic/ie7l .wi) settled, 1610. 
 
 Slave traile with Anieriea carried rm liy Kii^lisli com- 
 lianies, ifiiB, i( fi'U- 
 
 The PortiiKiiese exiinlled by the Diilcli, 1(^411. 
 
 Capo Coast, Casth^ seized hv \\\v llutcli; recovereil bv 
 adm. Holmes, who takes the Dutch settleinents, wliieh 
 are retJtken by Uiiyter, who captures all the English 
 settleinents except Cape Coast Caslle, ifif.3 5. 
 
 Tiie l^iiteli Ki'llleiiients decliie-d durini,' the war with 
 Napoleon ;all ceded lotlreat Urilain ; signed by treaty, 
 Feb. 1872. 
 
 War with Ashantoes (/c/i/./i w<), iP;4' '' ■"/■ 
 
 Cold Coast colony (ichhli sn). loiiueil 1874. 
 
 Kii'iich Ciuinea constituted a euloiiy, 17 Marcli, 1893. 
 
 GUINEAS, English (rold coin, so named from 
 having heeii first (oined of K"1'1 brcnijtht by the 
 .\friean company from the <(iast (d' Guinea iu lW)3, 
 valued then at'2(w. ; but worth i,o.s. in ifs-i;. Ke- 
 dueed at various times; in 1717 to 2lv. In 1810 
 guineas were sold for 22.v. dr/. ; in iSid, for 27*. In 
 181 1 an act was passed forbidding their exportation, 
 and theirsale at n iirice above the current value, 2I.v. 
 The first ffuincasborc tb(> iiiipre-siuu of an idejdiant, 
 liaviiiR been coined of this African !.'"hl- Since the 
 issue of sovereigns, I July, 1H17, ;;nineas have not 
 been coined. 
 
 GUINEGATE, Battles of, ii July, 1302, 
 and 16 Aug. l.S'.v See .S>«y.«. 
 
 GUINNESS TRUST, see Jrli.>u,s. 
 
 GUISE, a French ducal family :— 
 
 Claude of l.oiiaine, lirst duke, a brave warrior, 
 lavoiiivd by Kriinris I. ; died . . Ajail, 1550 
 
 Francis, tlu' i^rcat Hcncral, born. 1515 ; assassinated, 
 
 14 l"(di. 1563 
 
 Henry, bead of the Catholic Ica^riie ; liorn 1550; 
 revenged Ins father's <lcath ; assassinated liy onler 
 ufHenry HI. . . . js Hic. 1588 
 
 Charles, lirst opjposed, and then snlpiuittcd to, 
 lleuJV IV. ; diiii t^t-. 
 
 Ili'iiiy dicil without issue .... . i'j'4 
 
 GULLIVER'S TRAVELS, I'y JJean Swift, 
 tirst published 1 72(1-7. 
 
 GUN, »<'<■-•''''"''''■''.'/• ''aiif'ii'i^ /■'ii'< -H1111S. —(ixs- 
 CLUH f'J'' pii,'eon-shootiii;;, fouiuled by sir Gilbert 
 
 Fast, in 1862, had 200 .members, nulileniin and 
 Kcntlemen, in July, 1H67. 
 
 GUN-COTTON, a highly evplo»ive sulistan™ 
 invented by professor Scluinbem, id lluwl, j^J 
 miide knowi) in 1^46. It is puritied 1 uttin, i,\m^,^ 
 in a mixture of I'ljual parts id iiiiric mij ,1111),^. 
 phuric ucid, and afterwards dried, ritainiin; tW 
 .ippearBiice of cotton wool. See Cul/oi/i',!,. lt,imi,u 
 was known to Uraconnot and I'l louze. 
 
 The diet nf iM-.inkfult voted, iOit. rSi'i. il I I,,,,,, 
 
 of lou.iji.., Iliirins to prol'essiir Sehniih, m |,„|[ jj^ 
 
 Jiiettxer, as the inventors of th ttoi inwili., j,,,,^ 
 
 vided the authnrilies of Mayeiiic, after ~ iiiix it'ifif,! 
 lii'inoiinced it superior to Kuaiiuwder ii, :„, i.\|,li,,|,.j ' 
 
 I ' i'Veinents were Tiiade in the niiiiiiiffn tiir,' nf jujj. 
 iiiiii liy an .\ni,tiiaii ollleer. Itainii v "ii I.eiik, iiImii 
 iH--,j. and it » IS tried liy a pint of llie .Vinliiaiunin 
 ill 1855, but did not iditaiii favmir. 
 
 Ill 1862'details of the niiinnfiicture were iiiiiiiijiMii,'a(n' 
 by the .\iistiiaii };oveiniiieiit to oiir owii piViniii||,|,t' 
 
 iiiid Mr. I le sir Kredrrick) .Miel »iii.,iU,.J 
 
 chemist, was directed to experinieiit nii Hi, (...lutHu. 
 tloii and desiialiilily of nuii-inttoii. The llnti<li .\s«i. 
 elation also appointed a seientille eiiiiiiiiittri'tiiriiiiHiil,.^ 
 its merits. A coinplete deeision wu^ m.t :ini\,.||.|t 
 
 The lli-st trial of Kn^'lish-iuade KUn-eotti.ii \vii.< iiiiul,. in 
 the spriiiK of 1864, at the iiii.iiufactiny ,it NtianiiaiJiK 
 Sutlolk. by .Messrs I'rcntiee. 
 
 Therewasiuiiniifaeturcd.bya iiiiiipHny,tlie"|int(.|itj|i((t,. 
 unieeottoii," uecoiililiK to Mr. .Mud's Indent (iii,.|iiji„{ 
 the pulpiiiK, coiiipressiiiu, and wet inneesiii's), l(ke| 
 on researclies eiininieneed in 1866. 'file entt,,ii ^j., 
 said to be explosive by iletonatiini, ,iii<l imt i,v 
 
 i>;ilitinn. -V j;re:it explnsinll timk pliil e ,it Sl,i«ii,i|,)i,.('. 
 
 ..4 persons were killcl (im liidiuj; .\. V.. II. an.l W. r' 
 
 I'rcntiee, iiiHna;;i'rs): alunit 6cwerei|rc.i IliiUyninimie^ 
 
 and nearly the whole tuwn was destnijeil'iis it by] 
 
 boiiibardnieiit. n .Vu^'. 1871. 
 The verdict at the iininest attrilmtcd the e\|ili,>i,)i| |„ 
 
 the culpalae ".nlditinii of sulpliurie ;iiid tn tiit pm. 
 
 cotton sciliseipieiit to its passiii|,' the tests iwiiiireJ by 
 
 goveriinient," 6 Sept. 1871. 
 .\ j,'overiiiiieiit eonimissiiai. apiiointed in Se|if. Id crin. 
 
 siller the leanul'actnre and use of KUii-eultiiii. ivmnt,! 
 
 in favour of liotli, with special regiinl to i-hiiiitoj^ 
 
 ;;lin-entton, 13 Dee. 1871. 
 Another report recoiiiineiided this naii-ecitliiii tn l« 
 
 stored wet, with diving appiiiiitus iieiir; amltobi 
 
 kept ill slighter Imxes. .!f, .luly, 1872. 
 :, K. (). Drown, of the war ilepartiiieiit, \Viiii|wi.li,,l;(. 
 
 rovers that wet unn-cultoii ciin he ex|.lijil|.il l,y.,.i,. 
 
 cnssion by a detoiiatin;; fu.M', iilmut Xnv. 1872. 
 It is used as an explosive iineiit in luiniii;,', .Ve. 
 liiN-Ci.oTH, made on a similar priiieiple, »ii» jiatatN 
 
 liy .Mr. \V. A. Dixon, alioiit 1S66. 
 CoTTuN-UrNeowiiKK, patented by .Mr, H. riiii.^liiiii, ij-i, 
 ,\ laoditied form was tried and reported siKie.ssriil.nui 
 
 Kavershaih, 3 Feb. 1875. See /<■<„■,/. 
 Fire at the Coltiai powder works neiir Fiiveisliani; t<:- 
 mated daiiia;.'!', 6,ucx>/. 1 March, if.o6. 
 
 GUNDAMUK, see (himtumuk. 
 
 GUN LICENCE ACT, passed 9 Aug. i8;o; 
 
 annual licence, lo.v. I.iceiiees issued : vciir l8'o-", 
 77,068; i877-'<- 7.v.s7i: iJ<8o-i. ,72.834: i1*Bh. 
 74,0()3. See under (•(um- l.nns, 1.S83. 
 
 GUNPOWDER. The iuveiitiini of jjunpowiitr 
 IS ■■■enefally ascribed to liertlioldus or Michael 
 Schwartz, "a Cordelier monk .d' (joslar, south cf 
 liruuswiek, in Germany, about 1320. But imhi 
 writeis luaintain that it was 1 imwn iiiiuli mla 
 in various parts of the world. Siuiie niv ihnttkt 
 Chinese and Hindoos possessed it centuries bofef. 
 Its coinposition, nmreover, is expresslv mentioiieii 
 by Ho^'or liacou, in his treatise Ik Xiillittu 
 Madid', lie died in 1292 (;r 1294. Viirious su!- 
 stit'utes fcr ^.'unpowder have been recently inventfli, 
 such as the white Kun])owder of Mr. Ilorsley aid 
 Dr. Khrhardt, and g-un-iiaiier by Mr. lloohstodtm. 
 \ new gunpowder by M. Newmayer, of Tova,iieii 
 Leipsic. was discussed in Nov. 18W1. "Metpn- 
 
 ^„,j,.r" was ordered 
 thfiii'my, M"r''b. iW"* 
 foni'i'iiii'iK '•"•' '""'<" 
 
 Ti.e ii«e uf KunpowiUa' w 
 liv Jean .Miimt, 1531 
 e'villaiiiiiWMaltpDtrc " 
 
 l!v,,LHH Wah (iesi'owi 
 (wltliftn') ; 10 sulphur 
 laai \r slJKhtly varied. 
 
 *'. lliiiittT, (ifter u earnfi 
 ill 1847, thus states tl 
 1346, iiiiiy Im safely ass 
 uiiliMivcfiui'oof (!uii| 
 on the luilltiiry o|Kirati 
 
 \\,mn t if gmipov 
 
 in till' Mei-sey, explode. 
 l«Hi|aiKl Uirkeiiliead. 1 
 
 .\lmiit 104,000 llis. of xui 
 ilttrr jiiiwilcr iiiaKii/iii 
 |'liiiiist<'iiil, aeiir Wool 
 Ik' sliiick was felt at 
 ,Si'iih'liiiiK imiairies we 
 aijil iii'W retjalatii.ns fn 
 
 (itlKiWilerissUHll ill \il 
 
 5Jr. (iali', a bl'"'' «i'iitlf 
 1865. iiiiteiiteil llis 111 
 i(iiin_/f(iiiii'i"''/'' hy ciiiii 
 gliwii, wliidi can lie r<' 
 llir jiiiwiler is mpiire 
 {■x|.iriiiiciits were iiiadi 
 
 Jlr (liilc cxiiihited Ills 
 
 ' Wiiiilsiir, 10 .Nov. 1865, 
 iiiiiilcllii tower, near I 
 attaiiiiiieiit of perfect 
 (lalf's I'liitci'teil (iuii| 
 0,1. 16115, ami Hiiuiid li 
 I fimit ixiiliisieii at Mes! 
 Favri-sliiiiii: 11 men kil 
 Mt at Ointerlmry, 10 11 
 I'Xiiliwiiiii alHiat 21 Dec 
 
 Dixiiii i Ifcuk's works 1 
 
GUNPOWDER. 
 
 au\ 
 
 GUY'H HOSPITAL. 
 
 I MI 
 
 y.tllf"lmtMitMfi.|v 
 
 r« i"iiciit (iririuji,,:. 
 
 5. The c.ttuii «,. 
 
 l.'ltinll, ,nii| i,„t |,y 
 
 lad'atsi.iiviiiiiikif 
 A, Iv II. ah.lW. r' 
 ilrciiilliilly\vi,aiiii,j^ 
 li'»ti"V.il iia it byi 
 
 s HHii-n.llnii t" l« 
 lis iiciir, aiul tol» 
 
 IH'lll. Wonlwi.ll.Jii. 
 
 Ill' i\|i|ij(|ci| livfor.. 
 It Xiiv. 1872. 
 lining, fii'. 
 u'ililf, WHS jiatentftl 
 
 l,„«cl<r" wi'i urtlurcd to bo uwd 111 (,'iin-()iui){('M in 
 the army. -Murih, l8()H. An act to iiini'iid tho liiw 
 (Diinmiiii-' thi' milking, kiriiinR, anil iiii riiijjrt' of 
 raniKiwdi 1 . ^■<-. WI18 pim«(!d 28 .Aujr. iWk), anil oIlitT 
 aftt«;iitv. Siv Jiinnitiffham, 1870. In .May, 1S72, 
 , lompiiiiy was lonned to maniil'actiini '.Mr. K. 
 |';iniihoir«'|"itt'nt cutton-gunjHiwiU'i-, iiknciIiiI to ln' 
 very safo "'n' iimtroUable. '1 lie nianiilacturi' nf the 
 ni'W (irrmun "lir.iwn" or "incoa" jHiwdci-. nvt ii]i 
 iitChil*orth in Surrfiy, lHW). See Vhnnostope. 
 
 Ti,eii*eof K'i"l"'""lia' was ili'iiiiiiiiicil tiy .Viiiwtn, 1516: 
 l,v Jraii .Miiint, 1531; by C'lirvaiil.s, 1604; tiTiiii'il 
 "villaiiiiiiHiiiilt luitro" by HliakM|ifiire, alimit ijiyS. 
 
 Km.limh Wak (ii'Ni'iiwuKK ; 75 imitM iiitnitr nf |iiit««li 
 (lUltlK'tn') ; 10 Miilpliiir ; i; ■ aiboii. Tlirsi' iiMiiiirtinns 
 mm In' slightly viirli'il. 
 
 ff. IliiiiliT, afli'i' u rarcfiil rxiiniiiiatlini nf Ihi' i|iii'Htii>ii, 
 in 1847, tliim utatcH till- ri'Miilt : ".Jnii an. I .\ii^ii»t. 
 1146, iiwy bf sufiily as«uiiii«l 1.11 be tlii' liiiii' wIhii tlii' 
 ex|ili«ive fiiivi! ol'ijuiiiiowilcr was llist licnii;,'lit In In ar 
 im the luilitiiry oi«nitliiii« ol' I In' Kii;;llsli nut inn." 
 
 .\l»ivcii Iminof (.'iiniiowilcr on lnunil tlic l.nltii' SIiIkIi, 
 
 ' in the Miawy, cxiiloilcil ; 11 Ii ilaiiianf 'bun- in Mvcr- 
 
 guiliiiiil UirkiMilii'ail, but no livi« lest, 16 ,laii. iSf.4. 
 
 Ai»mt 104,000 lliH. of KiniiuiwiliM- cxiiloili'il iil I In- Hclvc- 
 (Itrf |'""'l''i' iiaiKaziiic'K of .Mraars. Hall ,V Co., at 
 I'liiiiisti'iiil. ni'iil' Woolwirb ; 1 1 ["■ixoiis |iiiislii'il, and 
 the Hliiirk wu« fi'lt at 50 miles' ilistann-, i Ort, i8fi4. 
 .SniirliiiiK iiii|airii'S wi'i'i' niailc Into thf liri'iiiiistanr.-^. 
 ami iirw IVK"!"'-!""^ bir tlir koi'iiinj; ami traiisniis>i .n 
 (jf]Kiwili'r iHsudil 111 Novi'iiibfi ; si'c liiiii/nril. 
 
 5lr, (iaii', a bliiiil Ki'iilli'iiiaii ol' riynioiitli. on 22 .Iiinc, 
 1B6;, iiatiiiti'il liis iiii'tliiiil III' rnicliTint? itKiiiKni-dir 
 iiiaaylmiiui'iWi' liy riiiubinin;; witli it liiicly iiowilcrcil 
 glaiw, whii'li I'aii be iTadlly sr|iarati'd by a sifVc wlicii 
 Ihr |iowilrr is rri|iiir('d I'oi' iisi'. Siicfi'ssfill imblii' 
 fxi*riiiinits wni- iiiaib'. 
 
 Jlr (iiile I'Xhiliitiil Ills ih'ih'css bcfori' tbn i|iir(>n at 
 Wiiiilmir, lo.N'iiv. 1865, ami it was si'Vcirly tested at a 
 iiiailtllii tower, near llMstiiij;s, 20 Jane. 1866. Tlie 
 altaiiiiiieiit of jierfeet seeurity was still doiibtful. 
 (lalc'ii I'niteiteil (limjiowder (,'oiii|iaiiy was fuinieil, 
 0. t. 1S115, anil wnuiul up, -Maieh, 18(17. 
 I teat esiiliisiiiii at .Messm. Hall's |iowiler-niilIs, near 
 Favimliiiiii : 11 men killi'd, niiieli ilaiiiaKo dont' : slimk 
 fell at L'liiib'rlmiy, 10 miles oH', 28 L»ee. 1867. Anotlier 
 ex|i|i)sliiinilHiut 21 Dee. 1868. 
 
 DiiiHi & bi'ek's Works blown up ; 9 lives lost, 25 Julv, 
 1868. 
 
 Ejplosiiiinit HouiLslow mills, J lives bist. 6 Sept. 1872; 
 AL'aiii one life biat and ^reat (b'striictioii of property, 3 
 .May, 1887. 
 
 Milnri's iiii«'ilei-iiui;;azine8 plaeed in lire at Woolwieli 
 atseiial and fiiinal .seeure, 8-9 (Jet. 187.'. 
 
 ilxiutstiiMs of t,'nnpowiler in barrels exploded in tbe 
 kutT TiUinnj, on the, liegent's Canal, near tbe .Vortli 
 Hiidgp-giite, Ke;,'ent's-park, nearly $ .\.i\. .> (Jet. 1874, 
 Three men on the Imrt-'ekilliid; slioekfelt al unit 30 miles 
 iilf ; ilcsti'uetion extended over alioiit a si|iiaru mile ; 
 siiiiit liiiiisea thrown down ; very many windows lilown 
 in; tlie house of .Mr. Alma-'radeiiia.'tlie artist, mil' li 
 injured. 
 
 The imwiltr was sent by Pigou uinl Wilks to Derbyslnre 
 for lilasting imrpiwes ;- onler of the liarges ; hnuhi. 
 tnu steamer; Jaao, Ilet, TUbiiru, l.iiiifhuiisi; aiid 
 
 .63531. liiiil ''eeii subaeribed for tbe sufferers up to i May 
 
 1875. 
 VttiM I'f luqu'sl Kxjilosion caused by ignition of 
 va|iiiui fi'inii lienziiline liy a tire or li>;lit intbeealiin 
 iilthr TUhiinj. Tile .luiietidii Canal (.'miipany guilty 
 iif ,;iiwsnenli);eiii:e, .and the present laws inadeiinate 
 (m imlilie salety, 19 Oct, 1874. 
 
 i Ilir iiimiiany dn laiud res)ioiisilile on trial (bv Cai't, 
 Jai ksuii), 14 May, 1875. 
 
 [ (lUf tliiiiisanil ami lil'ty-foiir elaiiin bad been settled for 
 6!.(W.. Jnne. 1876. 
 
 \i'-™iiy sniiikeiessfiuiipowiler has lieeii ]iriiiliieei| ; the 
 Imiteiihiirer, the .Stein, the I'alliiia, the .Subult/ and 
 ll.ii;st,(.'hilworthand I.<.'bel powders L-ive very little 
 >niiike, 1888-9. 
 [lie siimkeless pmnowder of Herr Kalkiiistein tried 
 at lleilin, r(']iiirtedelHeieiit, .\ii-. 1889. 
 
 pirF, ,\. Abi'l, inaibscourse at the Koval Iiislitiitiuii, 
 
 ii .Ian, 18,)., (/Vi«TB/ia)/^, vol. XIII.), explaiiieil ami 
 Pllnstiiiteil tbfi merits mid demerits of "sniokeles* 
 exiilosives, " Mmokeless Kiini'owder luuidi iised In the 
 autumn mamenvreH, 1891,, 
 .See /I'liiae, 2j April, 1891, 
 
 M, HI. Mares smokidcss Kiiniiowiler tried at tlio Anu- 
 stronx artillery riiiiKe, ,><i||i,||i, (.'iimberlaiid ; reisjrted 
 sueeessfnl, iilpont 14 Dee. 1892. 
 
 Kxplosioii at Wallhaiii abhey; 9 n klUeil and others 
 
 iiijureil, ij Dee. 1S9,; iui|iii)Sl, open verdict, 11 Jan. 
 1B94; " eia.nnlttee i,f ini|iiiry eensiiriMl some of the 
 arrangemeiils, anil reeoMmiended additional prnoRU. 
 
 tioMs. it, \\\\\\ ; furthei elian(;es reconiniended by „ 
 
 "I'l', reported 1,. Sept. 1894 ; four men klllfld 
 
 'Xplosion in llie iiitiD-uIyeerlne factory for 
 
 eomniiltei', reported 1 
 b,\ 
 
 eordite, 7 May, 1894. 
 Diinpowder exporti'd : 1876, 14,268.672 lb 
 14,927,50(1 Ills. ; 1885, i2,76),9oo Ib-^ 
 Io,j ;,,,.too Ills. ; 1896, P,i,8o,o<ki ll.H, 
 
 1E9I1. 
 
 GUNPOWDER PLOT, for springing a 
 niiue under Ibo houses of imrlianiciit, and de- 
 stroying tlic Uinp, lords, iind i-ommons— therr 
 assembled, was iliseovercd on 4 Nov, (toi;. It 
 waH pinjcetid by Kobert Catisby early in 1(104, and 
 M'Vi'ial Koniaii C'atliidiis of rank were in the plot, 
 liny I''au.\ uus dctceted in the viiults under the 
 house of lords, hired for the purpose, prejiaring 
 tile train for lieing tired on the next dav. Cutesby 
 and I'urcy fof the family of Northumbeiliind) were 
 killed at Ilolbeaih housi . wbither thev had lied, 
 « Nov.; luul Uiiy Kau.\, ,mi Dverard Digbv, Kook- 
 wood. Winter, and others, were ixeeuted, ^0, },l 
 Jan, ifxi(). llemy (iariiet, 11 Jesuit, Buttered as an 
 iieeoinpliie, 5 .May following. An iinunyinous letter 
 sent to lord Monteaglo led to the discovery. It 
 lontuined the followinj? words, "Though there be 
 no oppearaneo of any stir, \et I say they shall 
 reeeive a terrible blow this' parliament, and vet 
 they sliall not .see who i,in'ts tlieiii." The vault 
 I ailed Uuy Fau.ic 1 ellar, m wliiili the eoiispirators 
 lodged the barrels of gunpowder, remained till 
 I>i2f;, when it was converted into otiices. " What 
 <Miiipowder plot rcall> was," an answer to Father 
 t-ierard (who expressed lin belief that the story of 
 the plot was fabriealed by lord Salisbury, the 
 minister of James 1., for liis own purposes), by 
 inof. S, IC. Gardiner, published, July, 1897. 
 
 . GUNTP:K',S chain, ii>ed m measuring land, 
 invented by Kdiniiiid (Jiinter, in i6o<j. 
 
 GURNEY'S ACT, 31 & ^2 Vict., c. 116 
 
 (l.StiS), amends the law relating to lareeny and 
 eiiibezzlemeiit. 
 
 GITTTA PERCHA ia procured from the sap 
 of tbe Isonandra (iutta, a largo forest tree, growing 
 in the .Mala.Min peninsula iiiid on the islands near 
 11. It was made known in England by Drs. Dc 
 AliiieiiLi and .Montgomery, at the Society of Arts, 
 ill 1^45. As a non-conductor of idectririty it is in- 
 valualile in ronstructing submaiiiir telegraphs, an 
 application siig;.'ested by Faradav and Werner Sie- 
 mens independently, 1K47, 7o,i"76 cwts, were im- 
 ported into the United Kingdom in iSrjo; 40,4(10 
 
 rUls, ill lHl){. 
 
 GUY'S HOSPITAL (London). ThomasGiiy, 
 
 a wealthy bookseller, after bestowiii;,' large sums on 
 St. Thomas's, determined to found a new hospital. 
 .Vt the age of seventy-si.y, in 1721, he eoinmeneed 
 the present building, and lived to see it nearly 
 rompleicd. It ; .-.-t him iH,793/., and, in addition, 
 he endowed it with 219,41)1)/, I" ^^^'h kX),"?'- 
 were bequeathed to this ho,-pital by Mr. Hunt, to 
 provide accommodation for 100 additional patients. 
 Income iimcb reduced liy afiricultural depression; 
 
 K»i,ix«'. piiipiised to lie Kiised ; .Mansiiiu House, 
 
 i7.<Hxi/. ree.eivi'd 20 Dec, i,S,-;6./ m". 
 
 W' 
 
 ^\' 
 
 ^, ' 
 
 ■ii% 
 
 k I m 
 
OUZERAT. 
 
 <aa 
 
 flYUOHCOI-K, 
 
 Ni'H lidKii'utoi'h'n 'Mill ili'iiliil KclnHil liiillilliiui opi'ii'"! hv 
 
 Hir.ldliii l,iil)l"ii'k, 17 .filly, i8i)j. 
 K'lliiri'il iiii'iiiiii' ; i,"hJ. iliiiiiitliiii I'iimii Mi. A. Ij. I-'hIh'ii, 
 
 Nii\. i8gs ; isi,<«"'. I'l'ii'i^i'il 11)1 lii'liiiii'. 'H'/i ; !.">>'. 
 
 fiuiii till' l>iir(iiM's-< c|f llliHili, Alirll, 1H1J7; iitlii'i 
 
 iliiiiiitiiiiiH ; Hi'i- ll->»iiitiil», fri mrii/ li'nli:' hiiiiil. 
 Mr. II t., liiplmi.! it\yi''< jniixxV. tii l.iili- 1 ii " Niiwb' 
 
 He , ' .lull. 18118. 
 
 GUZERAT, » stiitc in Iiiiliii, fmimlml by Mnh- 
 lUDud tilt' (iuziii'viiii-, iiliiiiit 1020, wiiH iMinmiori'd by 
 Akbar ill 1572; iiinl liouimic siibjurt tii llii' ^liilinttii* 
 1732 I 1752. .\t the buttle of (iiiziiiit, iieiir the 
 ChiMial), in till' ruiijiib, 21 Feb. 1^41), lord (imiKb 
 t'ltiilly ilcfi'iiti'il tb( Sililis iiiul eupturi'il Ibc tmvn of 
 (riizerut. 
 
 OWALIOH, iin amifiit state in Conti:il Itnliii, 
 occiipinl liy till' M.iliniltiis; siiici' l«o^, iiiidiT Hi'itinb 
 |)iott'ition. .Srindiiih, tbc iiialiaiii|iili, rciiiaini'd 
 faithful diiiintf llir revolt of 1H57 ; visit of tlie 
 pi-illie ot Wales, }I ,)an. 187(1. His iiieneiit ot 
 
 curved .'*l work ot a «ate, iiriived in Loiuloii in 
 
 tlie aiitiiMin of 1KK4. l'o|iiilution, iHHi, |,|I5,.S,7. 
 
 Till' iiiii'ii'iil nitiiili'l win liilii'ii liv iiiM,|"i I'oplmiii in llo' 
 Mulimltii war in 1780; ii'l/ed li.vdin h-Iu'Im llll|■ill^ 
 till' liidiiiii iiiiiliiiy, ij .liiiir ; pud iclaki'ii liy «ir IIiikIi 
 Itosi', 11^ .luiii', i.i.sS. .Siini'iidi'ieil to flie niuluimji'li 
 liy liiiil liMlli-riii, the \ ienny, 3 Di'i'. 188s, for is liikli.i 
 ..irii|iei's ; ai'tiiiilly.s.irii'iniered, ii> Mantli, 1B80. Tlii' 
 iiialiarajali llliaieeiul Hao .Seiiiillali, iiKi'il 51, died 21 
 .liiiii', 1886. siiei'iiileil liy Ills >.iii, a lioy, witli a 
 yiiiiiiK niuliariOali witli 
 15 Dee. 
 
 Ill' till 
 
 loyalty to tlie Mm 
 iiiri|iiis of lyniisdowiie, waniily 
 
 a place where the fireeks 
 
 ii'Kciiey. liiveMtiliire 
 Cull iKiwern ; prolesi*". 
 1804. 
 (iwallor vlnited by tin 1 
 rcei'ived, 18 Nov. i8ji. 
 
 OYMXASH'M. 
 
 |ierforni"il publii exi 11 is('>, and where pliilosojihera, 
 poets, and rbeloiieians repeated their conipiisitions. 
 In wreHtlinK and boxiii;; the iilhleleH were often 
 naked {i/i/iiiiiok), whence the name. A London 
 Kymnastie society, formed in 182(1, did not flourish. 
 In l8()2, M. Riivenstein set up iinnlher Kynmi'itie 
 association. The (Jeiman (jyninastic Institution, 
 in St. I'lincras-road, London, was ojiened on 2') Jan. 
 |8(j5, and a laif,'e and perfect ;,'ymiiasium at Liver- 
 pool was inaii)fiirated liy lord Stanley, (> Nov. 18(^5. 
 A London uthlelii 1 liihexisted in Nov. l8(;«). Since 
 then B;yniniistics liM\e been mni-h cultivated. An 
 international athletic con;;ress opened in Paris, 
 l() June, i8i>|. 
 
 GYMNOSOPIIIS'M-:, a set of naked phihi- 
 Bophers in India. Alexander (about 324 11. c.) was 
 nstoni'jhfd at the sijiht "f men «ho seemed to 
 
 despibe biMlily iiain, ami endured tortiirei »itlii,„t 
 w ({rimn. I'/hiij. 
 
 OYFHIES, Oii'HiKS, or Kdvrruv, 
 (I'Veneb, lUihriiiiniii ; Italian, /.iiitjiin ■ S|ii(nii,| 
 (I'ttdiKi.s ; (ierman, /ii/fiiiin) ; va;ii;iiil», .iii)|ii.n.'l 
 to be de«cendanl» of low-caiite Ilindni.H 1 x|ih|1i.|||' 
 Timnur, about 1 (iK). They iippeiucil in imthhih 
 and Italy early in the istli eenlurj, anil ut I'lirJMn 
 1427. In Knuliinil un act was iiniilc !i|,i|j|,,( ,|, 
 itinerancy, in l.S,}o; and in the rei..'ii ,,f i'lidrUr 
 thirteen persons were execiiteil at "Uc msizM f,,,! 
 having imsociated witli Kypsies for nlmut a 111,^1^ 
 The KVpsy settlement at .Vorwoid wa< liiii|(i.|n|.,' 
 and tfiey' were treated as vuuraiit.", Win, i-q'.' 
 There were in Spain alone, pievion«lv |„' {,if^ 
 more than I20,0(io itypsies, and iiiaiiv i,',niiii,|,iii„; 
 of them yet exist in Knuland. N'ilwiili,!;,,,,!,, 
 their intercourse with other natiom, lliciniiaiin.r, 
 cusloms, \ i->ase, and appeariiurc nrc iilimist «||„;|j 
 unchaiiKed, and their pretendeil kinmlnlgc '.,'( 
 futurity Rives them power o>'i llie >u|ii'riititioM 
 I'lsther l''iia was crowned nic ■■ ol the Kvii.i..< .,| 
 Itlyth, on 18 Nov. l8()0. Tin i.iMe bus Wei, , „',. 
 lilted into (?ypsv iliaU'cts. liypsy pnrliamciit,. „„ 
 occasionally held. (ieor^e Siiiith. kinjj of [\,,. 
 Itypsies, Faleoln hall. Ediiiburj,'h, irntcstcil ii.-dji,.) 
 the Moviihle Dwellings bill, ki .l;in. lH<)i.°'f|„ 
 (lypsy Lore society, founded in I HSK, hini ;o nimi. 
 hers til i8i)i, and published a journal, 
 (iriuiia; lliuiiiiiw fratcnn^.d with the ;,'ypsii.s:ii,.| nt,,t, 
 several works describing his ail vent iu-ch, |.jt|N.ria]]j. 
 I " The Ziiicali " (1841); "The llilile in Nimiirda,,.. 
 " Ijivi'Iikio" (1850); and a " Dictioiiuiy nf |lii. (;,,„! 
 
 IJinKiiiine" (1874). lie was Imr 1803, iin.l ilmt,:, 
 
 Au«. 1.S81. 
 A liaiul ol' 811 Kyiisies from f'orfii, with i;i)oM»ii|i|i| f„, 
 America, landed at Millwall ihieks, Jiih ; ]«><«, 
 refiisi'il tbeiii at Liverponl ; cuniicction .liM.|iiii,i„| J, 
 the (occk Kovcriimi'iil ; sonic icinaiii m l.iiHni.,j 
 and others at Hull, AiiK.-.'Sc|it. i«8(). Wuiiihriiiu u 
 Kii«laiiil, Oct. 1886; at Miinilcrlaiiil, April, ijj. 
 
 Son t tlii'in eoiiveyed to Kinj-'s ('iiw» ,|ati„n 
 
 l.ohd in, 16 A|iril, 1887; at Clieslcr, A|iiil, iBJ;. 
 .Matilda II. erowned i|iii'eii of the Aini'ricaii nv|i«i.'snn- 
 Daylnii, Ohio, Nov. 1888. 
 
 GYROSCOPE (from f/i/mr, to revolve), H, 
 name of a rotatory apjianitus invciiteil hy Fewlof 
 (/'oloiftie (1852), and im[)roved hy pnilVssiir What. 
 stone ami M. t'oueault of l',iris. It is Mmilar in 
 principle to the rotatory apparatus of Bclinej- 
 bcrger of TiihliiKen (borii 17(15, die! l'*3l)-Tii'' 
 ({yroscope, by exhibiting the combined ctt'i'its of llif 
 eenfrifugal and eentripetiil fnrces, unil of tt 
 cessation of either, illustrates the (front law .f 
 "■lavitation. 
 
 Piciiiismiuonci' of the aflaii 
 M'C'eny IK Kiuiliimty note 
 ijaiifimi'tiiiKthnt iiowri 
 i><ui' imt ot KiiKlaiid 
 liiiviiiji a court with ai 
 
 «Tit. 
 
 ^ HABITUAL I 
 
 HAKSBURG, see 1 
 
HAARLEM. 
 
 M3 HAILKVnURY COLLHOK. 
 
 ^ 
 
 >» '>'' j: 
 
 H. 
 
 HAAIILEM. iin iiiic-iont liiwn in Hi>Iliitiil, .in. . 
 (!;( n'Milenci' "t tlii' iniiiits, wim tiikrii liy the duke 
 ,f Alvii, ill J" I) , ISr.4' i'"''i' II Mic^i- of seven 
 rnonldn. Hi' viuiiitcd the laiiitulation liy butiher- 
 inj half till' inliiibitiuitrt. 'Ihe liike wiin (iniiiieil, 
 ijm.31. l'i)|)iiliiti(>M, lSi)o, si,()2(i. 
 
 HABEAH COUPUS. The HuhjeeU' IfrU of 
 jiuiH, \m»av'l "lor the hetter H.Tiiriiix: the lilierty 
 ul'tliP suliji'it," 31 ('hai'lea II. e, 2, 27 May, 1671). | 
 If am pcraoii ln' iiiipri«oMeil liy the (irder" ol' any 
 lourt.nnit' the iiueeii herself, he niiiy hiive 11 «rit I 
 of lialiean ooriius, to briiiK him hetori! the eourt ot 
 Niirt'ii'i" bench or idiiiimm |)leiis, which Hhiill ih'tei - 
 uiiiir whether his e(iiiiiiiiltal b(! just. This net 
 (fouuiieil on tin' old <'iiiniiii)n law) is noxt in iin- 
 uorluiKi' to J/"!/"" I'liaitii. The lliiheas Coviiim act 
 i;in bf siinpeniled by parliainenl liu' a 8p(M:ihed time 
 «lieii the enu'iKt'iiey is extreme. In sueh a ease 
 ihc imtiun purls with u portion of its liberty to 
 if.urf ill* own perniaiient welfurn, and snsperted 
 ntrsons niiiy then he arrested without eanse or 
 imrpiiKe being ii«aigneil. lilnfknlniit:. 
 irtMb|wiiilccl for iisliort time ill . 1689,1596,1703 
 Mwpiiili'il fur Scots' rebellion . . . 17156 
 
 Ml»|MidiHl for twelve months .... 172;^ 
 !)ii<|i«ii(liil for (Scots' rebellion ill . . 17456 
 
 •MU|»'ii(leil for Aiiiericuii war .... 1777 ij 
 Kfm by Mr. I'itt, owiiiK to Froiieb levolulion . 171J4 
 siiipi'inleil ill Iri'laiid, on iicconnt of the great re- 
 
 lu'lliiili 793 
 
 Su-iMnlfil in EiiKlond, j8 Auk. 1799; and 
 
 14 April, 1801 
 Again, nil apoouiit of Irish iiisiirreetion . . . 18m 
 Ajaiii.miiiii! to ulletfeil secret meetliiKs (.see «jwii 
 
 ft'i) 21 Feb. 1817 
 
 Bill \n iMtiirc tlic IMiKiK I iiriiim hronnlit into pur- 
 
 liuiiii-iit 20 Jan. i3i3 
 
 Sus|mii1ih1 In Ircluiiil (iiisnrrectlon) . a4,luly, 1S43 
 
 K'^Mnil tfiiTC 1 Man^b, 1849 
 
 »ii-|«'iii|cil aKiiiii (sef lu-hlnn^), 17 Kch. i366 ; 
 j6 Feb. anil ji .Mii.v, 1867; anil 28 Feb. i868 till 
 
 25 Marcli, 1869, Hiid virfiiuUv ill i38i 
 
 Ikn.iistitntii f flic United Sfufcs provides that 
 
 "tlii'|irivilc;;c of liabcus corims shall not be siis. 
 lieii'M, unless when, in eases of rebellion or 
 imasiiiii, the public safety may require it;" but 
 i|iH-> mil Hpciit'y llie ileiiarlmcnt of the Hoverii- 
 iiieiil liaviii),' llic power of suspension. A scries 
 lit I'lmti'Sts on this subicel lictwcen the le^al 
 luiii military authorilics lie(,'an in Maryland, 
 
 May, i36i 
 111 ciiiisMpidicc of tlie affair of .loliii Anderson (.see 
 Sl'iieri) in Hiiijliiii'l, note), an act was jiassed in 
 i36j,eii8ctin({tlial no writ of //rt/i('iKC.'or;m.« should 
 i.-iii' mil of KiiKland into any colony, &e., 
 liiniii:! u court with authority to grant such 
 \irit. 
 
 HABITUAL CRIMINALS ACT, for the , 
 
 1 more cHi'ctiml prevention of crime, giving powers 
 for the apprehension of Imbituiil eriminnls on sus- 
 picion, passed II Aug. 1869; 117,568 reported in 
 
 I the nii'ti'opolis, 1873. 
 
 I A Ihi'l: toll, printed at Brixton prhson, contained the 
 
 r,aii,i> Unit allaiits of 1.^,164 loiotinuls, seieeted frmii 
 
 i;j,6oi entered on the rei^ister, 1869-76. 
 
 HACKNEY, 11 parish \.K, of I.on.hm; by 
 the division III tne Tower Hanili'ts, was made a 
 metropolitiin horuui(h by the Ueforin act, 1 1; Aug., 
 |8«)7. Two meinbeis were oleeted. Th" iili'ction 
 4 l''eh. 187!), Void, throngli negleit of iilHi'eii4. Ue- 
 tiirns three members by the act of 1885. IVpiila- 
 tioii, 1881, l8<),4().-'; l8()l, 22i),53l. 
 
 , HACKNEY "OACHEH. probably from the 
 French ror/ie cy i i--, u vehicle with 11 hired 
 Tlliir 
 
 u vehicle with 11 
 '.nposed origin ill JIacknej, 
 
 HABITUAL 
 
 i hrimkiirds. 
 
 DEUNKARDH. see 
 
 HABSBURG, see Hapsbm-g, 
 
 rror ; see (Uihriolftn, 
 
 by a capt. Ilalley ; 
 i.r-chamber In 1635; 
 
 ii-.V 
 13,5 
 
 horse, hmiiipi 
 
 near l,oudr , is a vul|.(,ir , iror; see (,'iihrio/fli, and 
 
 (liHiiibitneit. 
 
 Fiiiir were > t 11,' in Loniii 
 
 llicir nniiili, s' i-i, inereus> 
 'fliey were llniii' (' l.y Ihe 
 
 I'cstrietcd in ii* . uei ,. 
 I'lie nini'ber was :■ ,"i In 400, in 1662; to 700, In 
 
 1694 ; to joo, ill .715; tii 1000, in 1771 ; to i lor,, In 
 
 i3i4 ; and lliially. In 1300, in 
 lllicdiiir.se Imekney i'arriaKcs(afterwunls eitbiiolets) 
 
 peniiittcd til be lieenscd ,, 
 
 All rc^tiictinn as In nimiber ecascd, by 2 Will. IV. 
 
 (tile iiriHiiial faie was 1.1. a mile) .... 1831 
 Two liundrcd //iii7./iei/ r/e/i'/.i were lleeiiseil . . 1711 
 Orttee rcinoved to Woiiiersetdiiinsc . , . . 1782 
 Coaeb-makcrs made siib.icct til a liceiiec . . . 1785 
 1.0:11 inal hiiiiiiil dilirf fur tile rceiivery of property 
 
 left in backney cnuubes, eslabllsbed bv act 5s 
 
 (Ici). Ill ". i3.5 
 
 All public vehicles t.i be regulated by the act 16 A 
 
 17 Viet. ee. 33, 127, by whieli tli.yare placed 
 
 under the eonlrnl nt the eiinimissiuners of iioliee, 
 
 .lime and Aug. 1353 
 Hy the Mctriipiilitjin Carriages Aet, iiasscd 12 Aug. 
 
 1809, \aiiiiiis reslrii^tions rcspcclinj; the iuiiount 
 
 of fare, \e., were removed, ciiinmcnelng 1 ,Jan. 1870 
 Fiirtber re«nlations for eabs issued by tbc home 
 
 .secretary ' lu .March, 187 1 
 
 HADRIAN, see Ailn<in. 
 HADRIANOPLE, see Adriamph: 
 
 HAFSFIORD (Norway), ileie Harold HUr- 
 
 fager, in a sea-hght, finally defeated his eiiemips , 
 and consolidated his kingdom, 872. A miilonary 
 festival was held throughout xNorway, and .1 monu- 
 ment to his memory at llaiigesund, inaugurated by 
 prince O.sear of Sweden, 18 July, 1872. 
 
 HAGUE, capital of the kingdom of irolluiid, 
 onco (NiUed the hnest nllinje in I'.urope ; the place 
 (d' meeting of the states-general, ana residence of 
 the former earls of Holland since 1250, wlien 
 William II. built the palace here. I'Dpulatioii in 
 1887, 141^,447 ; in 1890, i()0,53i ; in i8<)7, i()i.530. 
 
 Ilcic the slates abjured the autlmrity of I'bilip 11. 
 iif.Simiii ' . . . 1580 
 
 A ciiiiferenee upon the live articles of the iciiion- 
 stiaiits, wliieli oeeasioiiiil the syiiiiil iif Diirt . . 1610 
 
 'f icat.v of f be Habile (In jirescrvc the i'i|inlibriimi 
 of the .Nortli), signed by Knglaiid, France, and 
 Uollaiid ji May, 1659 
 
 The lie Witts torn in pieces here . . .4 Aug. 1672 
 
 The French, favonred by a hard frost, lonk posses- 
 sion of the llagiie ; tile inliabitaiits .iinl troops 
 ileelared in tlu'ir favour ; ^-eneml rcvoltition en 
 sued, and the stadtbolder and his family Hcd to 
 Fngland 19 Jan. 1795 
 
 The Hague evacuated by the French . . Nov. i3ij 
 
 The staiil holder retnrni'd .... Dee. ,, 
 
 HAILEYBURY COLLEGE (Herts), 
 wherein students were prejiared for service in India ; 
 
 i.( 
 
 mi i 
 
 fill 
 
 f 
 
 
 :il 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 .>! 
 
 yd^m 
 
 
HAINAULT. 
 
 524 
 
 HAMBURG. 
 
 'yk'". v.,^ 
 
 Ilk ''4,H <ii.r^ 
 
 »PRi 
 
 U 1 I 
 
 i 
 
 ;<i 
 
 it waa founded by the Knst India Company in i8o6 
 in Hertford Castle ; the new building oi)entd in 
 1809; was closed in 1858, and buciinie a private 
 educational establishment. 
 
 Ill tlie case (if " Hiitt and niuithcr r. tlic (iiiviTiinrs of 
 tin- Crillejjc and citlii'is," Mr. Uiilii/rtsnn, the liead- 
 nia.ster, and Mr. KenninK, assistant, were cxoncrat^'d 
 ri'diii tlic cbargps nf unlawfally cxiMdlinj,' Honry Hntt, 
 a^i'd 15, iin saspicion nf stcalinj? nidin'y ; ami tlic ticiy 
 was declared innocent l)y tbc Queen's lieneli Division, 
 iQ.June ; lool. awardcil to tlie plaintiffs, 27 Jnne, 1888. 
 
 "Memorials of Old HaileybnryColleKe,"pnlilislied 1894. 
 
 HAINAULT, a province in Belgium, anciently 
 governed by counts, heniditary after Hegnier I., 
 who died inyiO. The count John d' A rsenes became 
 count of Holland in 1299. Hainault henceforth 
 partook of the fortunes of Flanders. 
 
 HAINAULT FOREST (Essex), disartbrested 
 in 1851. Here stood the Fairlop oak {which see). 
 
 HAIR. In Gaul, hair was much esteemed, 
 hence the apiudlution Gallia comata ; cutting off 
 the hair was a punishment. The royal family of 
 France held it iis a privilege to wear fonj; hair art- 
 I'lilly dressed and curled. " The clerical tonsure is of 
 apostolic institution !" laidoriis Uispalensis. Pope 
 Anieetus forbade the elerjfy to wear long hair, 155. 
 Long hair was out of fasliion during the pi-o- 
 te<!torate of tVomwell, and henee the term Bound- 
 heads; in 1791;; and also 1801. — llalr-pnwdvrtame 
 into use in 1590; and in 1795 a lax of a guinea was 
 laid upon persons using it, which yielded at one time 
 20,txx)/. per annum. The tax was repealed 24 June, 
 1869, when it yielded about 1000/. a year. See heard. 
 Home members of a Hurmesc family t' '..illy covered with 
 
 liair were exiiibited in London in Jnly, 188G. 
 
 HAITI, see Ilayii. 
 
 HAKLUYT SOCIETY, established for the 
 publiealion of rare voya^i'S auil travels, 15 Dec. 
 |84(), was named after lliehaid HakUivt, who pub- 
 lished his " I'rineipal Navigations, Voyages, and 
 Discoveries nnide bv the English Nation," in 1.S89; 
 and died 2? Nov. 1616. 
 
 HALF CROWNS, 
 
 Crvuii.1. 
 
 under Vuinage and 
 
 HALIARTUiS, a town in Bceotia, near which 
 Ljsander the Spartan general was killed in battle 
 with the Thebans, 395 u.c. 
 
 HALICARNASSUS, Caria (Asia Minor); the 
 reputed liirth-plaee of Herodotus, 484 11. f. ; the site 
 of the t-iub of .\Ia\isolu,s, erected ;552i was taken by 
 Alexander, ^34; see MaHsulenin. 
 
 HALIDON HILL, near Berwick, where, on 
 K) July, I.vvv tlie Kiiglish defeated the Scots, the 
 latter losing upwards (d' I4,(X,X) slain, amoii;; ■■■hom 
 were the regent Douglas and a l;irge number of the 
 nobility ; n coniparatively small number of the 
 Englisii sullered. Edward lialliol thus became king 
 of Scotland for a sliort time. 
 
 H VLIFAX (Yorkshire). The woollen manu- 
 factory was hnciessrull\ stablished here in the 
 Ii;tb century. The power of the town to punish 
 capitally (by a ]ieciili;ir engine rcMinbling thi' 
 guillotine) any criminal convicted of stealing to 
 the value of upwards of birteea pence halfpenny, 
 was used as late as Id., ,. In l8.;7, .Mr. J. Cross- 
 ley announced his iutehtion of founding a college 
 in'ie, and -Mr. F. Crossley pre?-eiittd the town with 
 H beautiful piirk. ]i(dler explosio it liatme and 
 I'litchard's ; Jlr. I'ritchard and s "i''>i killed, 9 
 C'lt. 1879. I'ubl.. demonstration for the franchise 
 bill. (» Sept. 1884. roj.ulation, 1881. 75,f.j.,; 1891, 
 82,804. 
 
 Halifax, the canKal of NAvii Mcotia, wiis IduihIbI 
 in 174Q by the lion, Kdwil. Cornwallis, .mil i„iii,|.|| 
 affj'rthcearlof Halil'ux. I'opnl.ition, 188 .^ 36,100- 
 i8gi, 38,556. .\boiit 31 were burnt to clriiiii iii 
 an almslionse liospital here . . x^. j., 
 
 Larjie graving dock oiKined . . jo Sciit ,;:' 
 
 lireat lire, 10 wharves ami 35 waiel.oii.si'Mlestniveil ' 
 
 1 lict. n. 
 
 Tablet In hoiionr of Sebastian Cabot iiiivcilMl dy * 
 
 the earl of Abcnleeii . . . . .■4 .lunj. ,:„ 
 
 HALIFAX ADMINISTRATION 
 
 Charles, earl of Halifax, was appuintcii tiret loril'of 
 the treasury, 5 Oct, 1714. He died kj May, |-|; 
 and was succeeded by Charles, earl of (.'urlisle, olifj 
 Oct. following ; and Robert W alpolc liecanic \:n\mj 
 (lliarles, earl of Halifax,. /icsf /(iri( ofthe irmttir:). 
 William, ha-d l'oW|ici'. aft. carl, lord rhnnniliji'. 
 Daniel, carl of Notfinghiim, hnl president. 
 Thomas, earl of Wharton, pricij smt. 
 HMward, carl of Oxford, iidmLrully. 
 James Sl;inho|M'. iifti-rwards earl Mtanliope, mul Cliailn 
 
 viscount Towiishciid, i^ccrvtariii^f c/.s/d.v, '' ' 
 
 .Sir Itichard Onslow, fhaitctUor ofthn cjcclnijntr. 
 Dukes of Montrose and Marlboroiigli, Imil litiKu 
 
 Kobt. Widpolc. Ml. rnltcncy, &c. 
 
 HALIFAX AWARD, see r„„,„/„, ig-.. 
 
 HALL, principal apartinent in inciliaval man. 
 sions. Westminster and Eltham halls are lint 
 examples; see H'eslmiiister Jlall. 
 
 HALL MARK, see GoW.«w ;//« and iVnnrfaii 
 HALLE (Saxony, N. Germany), first ran. 
 tioned in 80!, was made a city by the cmpenr 
 Otho II. in 981. Tlu^ orphan-house here was e>lak. 
 lished by .Vugiist Francko, ifjCj^-i). llallc sulttn-J 
 aiucli by the Thirty years' and Seven years' war!. 
 It was stormed bv the French, 17 Oct, iSoC, ,m 
 added to the kingdom of Westphalia ; but givm js 
 to Prussia in 1814. I'opulation, 1891, 101,401. 
 
 HALLELUJAH axd AMEN {I'rm ik 
 
 Lurd, and Ho he il), expressions used 111 ttt 
 Hebrew hymns ; said to have been introiluted bt 
 llaggai, the prophet, about ^20 u.c. Their intrc- 
 duction into Christian worsiiip is ascribed to St, 
 Jerome, about a.u. ^90. 
 
 HALLS in London, see Aijfieidlitnil. Ki/iiiiImi, 
 Exeter, Flonil. t'rieiiiai^iiii.i\ liidrptnihidsjamul, 
 ■St., Mu.sie and ll'estmiiisler. 
 
 HALYS, a river (Asia Minor), iicurMiidu 
 battle was fought between the Lydians and Mnli-, 
 It was interruiited by an almost tolal eclipse of itt 
 sun, which led to peace, 28 .May, 58^ u.c. ,ie 
 fourth year of the 48tli Oljinpiiid). I'lin.Xil 
 Hist. 11. Others give as the date 584, (x)j, ani 
 (ilO B.C. This eclipse is said to have been ]iridiitfj 
 many jears before by Thales of Miktu;. i/nv 
 dolus, 1. 75. 
 
 HAM, oil the Somiue. N. Fr'.iuc. The u-tit 
 was built in 1470 by the constable Louis of Liltob. 
 bourg, cointe de Si. I'ol, beheaded by Umis XI. 
 19 ])ec. 1475. Mere were iinprisoiu'il tlie tl- 
 ministers oi Charles X., 1850; and Louis NapolttD 
 liouaparte after his altempt at lioulognc, from Oil, 
 1840 till 2^ May, 184O, wlien he escaped. 
 
 HAMBURG, formerly a free city, N.ff, 
 Germany, founded liy Chailennignc, alimittoi. It 
 joined the llaiiseatie league in the 15th tenUn, 
 and became a flourishing commercial citv, IVipi. 
 latioil of the Slate, 1875, ,^S8,(jlX ; 'ii, i!*, 
 453,81a); ill 18,85, 5''''.^'-"; i8</), ();:,5jo; i-y;, 
 (a7,47ii; of the city, 1885, ,5()S,()</); iH'/i, 3:3.9!]. 
 Itttiiil>uni Massuere ; see Massaeres, 187(1. 
 \ free imperial city b,v permission of llic (liilits i.f 
 Ijolstcill. I ;y6 ; 'slll'p.iccl to IhiMIl till iCiSlj'ir- 
 cliascd its total exemption ti'oin tlicii claiiiis . i;fj 
 
 HAMIL1 
 
 \Z^\x dfdiired. war u|uj 
 
 IJjiJgtikcahythe Fren 
 
 lenn iu ■ • ■ ' 
 |,,.„„nite.lwithFranco . 
 
 Ivioated by the French 
 
 I Russians into Ocrnmny . 
 
 JitotowlloiaJei'ciideiiceby 
 
 r«(ul tire liere, which destroy 
 
 ,n.l puWi" buildings, and 
 
 I l;nued for three days . 
 
 Hilttlie citv inundated by tl 
 
 Vitcoiutitutioiigranteilby 
 
 It,«coii'titiition,'"«»" . 
 I ibnilwrg )""»"' "'" ^- ^ 
 
 I J ,;.,..l the German empire, J 
 
 to l»irt ouiillrined 16 A] 
 
 ,|iea nil, and Hambnrg .j 
 
 , J,,|i,..tlieh>stof theUeriiii 
 
 Til' emperur William H. witl 
 
 I liie new great liarbourwrn- 
 
 I c<iiibili"ii of Trade and Iiidl 
 
 .Strikecf (fas-workers, city s. 
 
 vi"lfiil rioting, checked u 
 
 , i,!,«„l«lied . . • 
 
 Vi.iitati.in of cholera (io/iii*.i 
 
 Wivaloftlie emperor and ol 
 
 ' sons, M ri"''e for the ojiei 
 
 cMial; grand bamiiiet in tl 
 
 I ■itrike of dockers and others 
 
 I ill Tom Mann expelled 
 
 1 Foreign labour engiiged ; gen 
 
 iu the harbour . . 
 J fctnictive rioting in tlio do 
 I Strike organised and main 
 
 .leiuocrats ; ends by the s 
 
 sonedistiirbances between 
 
 jj.irresta . 
 
 , HAMILTON, Ontar 
 
 [Canada, founded in 18 13 
 119,090; 1886,41,280. 
 
 HAMILTON PALi* 
 
 sum realised by the sale 
 I pictures and other works 
 I So. amounted to 397,562 
 lAlcrander, the !2tU duk. 
 I March, 1845; died, 16 Ma 
 I The MiSrt. imrehiised by the 
 rfported prie* about 70,0c 
 rwJil t" the liritish Mils 
 mater part returned to 
 Britisli Museum bought tl 
 , fiiri5,i89(. i;.". M. . 
 I Sile of the united Ueekford ii 
 re.iiiseil 86,444/. . 
 
 , HAMMERSMITH, 
 
 I made 11 parlianicntary boi 
 lone member. A suspens 
 1 1825-; ; a new one was i 
 I Victor, 18 June, 1887. 
 
 HAMPDEN CLT 
 
 \%ilgyorc. 
 
 . HAMPSTEAD, N.V 
 Inchapelrjof Hemloii, was 
 iKefomiafion. 'I'lie aiicien 
 |i;43; and a church was 1 
 |.\u act authorising the Met 
 ■to purchase the heath, 
 iTOscn, bart., passed 29 Ji 
 |wa,s formally taken posses. 
 Hilar, Haani nf Works, 13 , 
 ■paid, llampstead returns 
 Iropulation, 1881, 45,452 ; 
 
 |Teiiipi)rary aiiiall-pux lios]>ita 
 |l'>i:ii^"s of uiisiimaageiiKnt 
 
 
HAMILTON. 
 
 525 HANDEL'S COMMEMORATIONS. 
 
 1806 
 
 iSio 
 
 1855 
 
 1B60 
 1861 
 
 1866 
 
 i333 
 
 I i-; 2 
 
 > Nijv 
 20 Nov. 
 wur'ki'rs 
 
 4 I • 
 
 10 l)i 
 
 I irnoU decliircil "'ar upon Hiiinljur;; for its 
 ,'r,.acli«r>' in Biving up NappeiTau.l) ; sre 'i'dm/i/, 
 
 Ot;t. 1799 
 „„.i,l, property sciiuostmted . . M.'ircli, iSui 
 Hiiirargtaki'n by the Freiuili aftiM- the ti.ittlu of 
 
 bnl ill . ■ ■ ' * * ■ ■ 
 
 I, oHKirate.! with France 
 
 V rvateii by tlio French on Uic iulvaiieo of tho 
 
 Riwiaiw ii't" '^'''""''"*' '^'3 
 
 iJlore'ltoiiuit'l'dnleuce by tlic alli(!s . May. 1814 
 
 wfui lire licre. wliich ilestroyeil uuincroiis chiirrlics 
 ■ ( miblio liuililings, anil 2cx)o houses; it con. 
 
 tnue'l for three (liiy» .... 4 May, 1842 
 ilinliecitviiiunaiiteilby tho EMic . i Jan. ' 
 V„r constitution granted by tlio senate. July, i860; 
 
 thenew assembly (of 191 nieiiibeis) lirst met, 6 Oec. 
 Tte'coii'titiitinn began . . . . i Jan. 
 HjinljiiiS joiiieil the N. German confederation, 
 
 liinciltlieGiTinan empire, Jan. ; its privileges as n 
 fn-e l»irt cuiilirmed 16 April, 1871 ; these were 
 iififun, and Hamburg joined the Zollverein, 
 lifiiiHliti last "f t'"' •^''■''i'"" I'l''"'' l""!--* • "5 '•'■(. 
 
 TiN^riiiperor William II. with a hammer comph'tes 
 tl„ iirff great harbour works . . 29 Oct. ,, 
 
 WiiWien uf Trade and Indu.itry. isMay-zOet. i8ci9 
 
 Strike of gas-workers, city .somi' time in diirUness ; 
 vinlfiit rioting, cheeked by urmeil p.dice, with 
 l,i,.„lslied .... about 13 15 May, 
 
 Vijitaliiiiiofelioler.i(io'i!(*.'inO . . Aiig.-Nov. 
 
 Irrivil of the emperor and other distiiiguislied per- 
 jOiw.M nii'Mor the opening of the Nortli sivi 
 
 c'liuii; grand baiiipiot in tl e» town ball, 
 
 19 June, 1895 
 
 Strike of dockers and other.s . . . 2j Nov. iSoO 
 
 Mr. Tom Mami expelled . • ■ 
 
 foi«igii lalioar engaged ; general .strike of 
 iutlieliiirbour .•,-,■ • •, 
 
 ^.tractive rioting in tho docks, reporteil 
 
 S>rike organised and maiiitaini-d by Ihe .social 
 ileiiiocnits ; ends by the surrender of the men ; 
 SOI leilisturbances between strikiii'sand blacklegs, 
 
 jj arrests 6 Feb. liy; 
 
 HAMILTON, Ontario, tlio liirmingliam of 
 
 Canada, founded in 1H13. Population, in 1861, 
 
 19,090; 1886,41,280. 
 HAMILTON PALACE SALE. The total 
 
 ium realised by tlie sale of the vast collection of 
 
 pictures and other works of art, cabinets, crystals, 
 
 So, amounted to 397,562/. 20 July, 1882. Win. 
 
 .ilcsander, tho 12th duke of Hamilton, born 12 
 
 karch, 1845; died, 16 May, 1895. 
 
 Be M.Srt. iiureliused by the (lerman government ; 
 reiiorteJ prie« about 70,000/., Oct. 18S2. I'art 
 re*i|il til the British Museum, .soon after. The 
 greakT part returned to Ijondon for stih' ; tln^ 
 Sritisli Museum bought the most valuable part 
 fir 15,1891. IS---. 6''. .".... -May, 
 
 Sale of tliu united lieekford and Hamilton libraries 
 rc.Uised 86,444' 1833-4 
 
 HAMMERSMITH, a. parish in S. Middlesex, 
 made a parlianicntiiry borough in 1885, rctuniins,' 
 one meniber. A suspension bridge win erected 
 \iiy'\ a new one was opened by Prime Albert 
 Victor, 18 Juno, 1887. 
 
 HAMPDEN CLUBS, see 7i'</,/(ra/.s and 
 
 I HAMPSTEAD, N.W. of L.uulon , .iri-intiUy 
 lachapelrv of Hendoii, was made a parish after the 
 I Reformation, 'Hie ancient chapel was taken down 
 |i;45; .iiiJ a church was ciuisecrated, 8 Oct. 1747. 
 |.\n act authorising the Metropolitan Board of Works 
 ■to purchase the heath, from sir John Maryon 
 ■Wilson, bart., passed 29 June, 1871, and the heath 
 ■was formally taki'ii possession of by the Metropo- 
 Blitaii Hoard e.f WV.rka, 13 Jan. 1872, 45,(X)0/. being 
 Ipaid. llampstead returns one M. l*. by act of 1885. 
 Iropulation, 1881, 45,452 i 189I, 68,425. 
 
 i33j 
 
 pmi»rary small-pox lii)s|Htal established 
 "liirjir'S of iiiiaiiuinagein. at against the ettlcers ; 
 
 If?! 
 
 1371 
 
 1337 
 
 1890 
 
 1894 
 
 otllidiil iniiuiry (33 meetings, from 23 Sept. to 
 3 Nov.); inipiiry respecting disappearauee of a 
 child, Kli/.abeth Hellue ; medical oltlcers exone- 
 rated from blame I)ei\ 
 
 A snmll-pox hospital erected liere by Metropolitan 
 District Asylum Board was much ojiposed, jind 
 led to litigation, see Triah, 1878 ; tlie house of 
 lords on ai>pual deidded against the inliKbitants 
 
 7 Mandi, 
 
 Finally the board agreed to buy tlie i>roperty 
 atfected for 20,000/. Dee. 
 
 The Hoard of Works voti-d 152,500/. towards the 
 purchase of " I'aiiiament. Hill" Ihdds, about 261 
 acres, as an addition to the heath ; theparisliesof 
 llampstead anil St. I'ancras having voted 50,01x1/. 
 
 14 Oct. 
 
 50,000/. given by the Charity Coniinissioners and 
 above 46,000/. sub.scribed by the public ; linai 
 meeting of tlie Hampstead Heath Extension 
 Committee, 23 .March, 1889. Tho duke of West- 
 minster, chairman, and Mr. .Sliaw Ijefevre, vice- 
 chairman. 
 
 For Hampstead, or rather Kentish town murder, 
 .see Trillin Dec. 
 
 On Easter .Monday, above 100,000 persons were on 
 the heath ; 2 women and 6 boys were snil'ocated 
 liy tho dense crowd descending the stairs at the 
 railway station, 6 p.m. . . . i3 Ajiril, 
 
 The moiini. on rarlianient hill examined ; reported 
 jirobably jiiicient burial place . . . N . . 
 
 rnblic libniry founded by .Mr. Henry Harben and 
 sir Spencer Wilson .... 10 Nov. 1896 
 
 HAMPTON COURT PALACE (Middle- 
 sex), built by cardinal Wolsey on the site of tho 
 nmnor-house of the knights-hospitallers, and in 
 1525 presented to Henry VIII. ; perhaps tlie most 
 splendid ottering ever nnide by a subject to a 
 sovereign. Here Kdward VI. was horn, I2 Oct, 
 1537 ; here his mother, Jane Seymour, died, 24 Oct. 
 following; and here Mary, Klizabeth, Charles, and 
 others of onr sovereigns resided. Much was pulled 
 down, and the grand inner court built by William 
 III. in 1694, when the gardens, occupying 40 acres, 
 were laid out. The vine was planted 1709. Here 
 was held, 14-16-18 Jan. 1604, tho Conpeuencb 
 between the Puritans and the Established eliurch 
 clergy, which led to a new translation of the Bible ; 
 see Conference. An iilarniing tiro in apartments 
 over the picture gallery extinguished ; one woman 
 sutibcated, 14 Dec. 1882. 
 
 liy another lire many apartments destroyed and iii- 
 .ini'ed, 19 Nov. iS36 ; estimated damage 20,000/. 
 
 HANAPER OFFICE (of the court of chan- 
 cery), where writs relating to the business of the 
 subject, and their returns, were anciently kept in 
 haiKiperio (in a wicker hamper); and those relating 
 to the crown, in parva bmja (a little bag). Hence 
 the names llanuper and Petty ISag Office. The 
 ottice was abolished in 1842. 
 
 HANAU (Hessc-Cassel), incorporated 1303, 
 Here a division of the combined armies of Austria 
 and Baviiria, of 30,aK) men, under general Wrede, 
 encountered tho French, 7(),ax) strong, under Na- 
 poleon I,, on their retreat from Leipsic, 30 Oct. 
 1813. Both armies siift'ered severely, but tlio allies 
 most, and were compelled to retire. The county of 
 llanau was made a principality in 1803 ; seized by 
 the French in l8o() , incorporated with the duchy 
 of Frankfort in 1809; restored to Hesse in 1813"; 
 which was annexed to Prussia in i860. 
 
 HANDEL'S COMMEMORATIONS. 
 
 The ti>'st was held in Westminster abbey, 2O May, 
 1:84; king George III. and ([ueen Charlotte, iiiiil 
 iibove ]poo pcrr^oiis being prcseul. The band con- 
 tained 268 vocal and 245 instrumental performers, 
 and the receipts of three successive days were 
 12,746/. These concerts wero repeated in 1 785, 
 1786, 1787, and 1791. 
 
 
 ','%'.' 
 
 f M 
 
 •1' ; 
 
 1 eiil if- -i 
 
 u 
 
HANDEL SOCIETIES. 
 
 026 
 
 HANOVER. 
 
 'Swi 
 
 w 
 
 i" ' 
 
 
 ¥-M 
 
 
 1 !i .f^rsi^cB 
 
 ''", 
 
 
 
 :;i »ii.f»^ 
 
 Scaiml gi-eat (^oiiiiiieiiioratinii, in tlip jireseiu'c of kiiiy 
 William IV. and i(iUM'n Adtlaiilc, whi'n tlieie were 644 
 Ipcrfdniifis. 24, 26, 28 June, ami i July, 1834. 
 
 Urmt Ihinild fr.iliciU (at the (.'rystal I'alace) on tlic 
 cciittnaiy of liis iltatli, iirojciU'd by thv Sacred 
 HarnMjnic Society, Gniiid Helit-avsal at tlie Crystal 
 Talace, 15, 17, 19 jiiiii-, 1857, and 2 July, 1858. 
 
 IVrfonnanras : Messiah, 20 Jnnu ; Selections, 22 June; Is- 
 rael in Kgviit, 24 June, 1859, wlien the prince consort, tlie 
 liiuf; of the Itelnians, and 26,827 jiersons were present. 
 
 There were 2765 vocal and jq) instrniriental iieiforniers, 
 anil the lierfiirniance was highly successful. The re- 
 ceipts amounted to aliout 33,000;., from which there 
 wcri' deducted 18.000/. lor expenses ; of the residue 
 (i5,c«of.), two jiarts accrued to theCrystjd I'alace Com- 
 jianv, and one part to the Sai'red Harmonic Society. 
 Iliindel's liarpsii'hord, original scores of his oratorios, 
 and other inlerestiug r'lics, were exhibited. 
 
 JIandcl fcslivals(at lliel rvstal I'alace): 4000 performers ; 
 highlv suci^essful ; 2,. 25. 27 June, 18O2 ; again, 26, 28, 
 ^o June, 1865; a-"i'in, 15, 17, 19 June, 1868 (alioui 
 is.ooo jiresent) ; ..Iso, 19, 21. 23 June, 1871 (about 
 l:.4.ooo jiersiius s'lbscribed) ; also, 22, 24, 26 ,Iune, 1874 
 (total i.resent, 78,839) ; also, 25. 27, 29 June, .877 
 (present, 74,124) ; 18, 21, 23, 2s June, 1880 (present, 
 79,643); 15, 18, 20, 22 June, 1E83 (present, 87,769) ; 
 (cciiteiiarv) 22, 24, 26 June, 1S85 (present, 8,";,437) ! =.S. 
 27, 29 Jin'ie, i888, chorus above 3,000 (present 86,337) ; 
 19, 22, 24, 26 June, 1891 ; 25, 27, 29 June, 1894; 11, 
 14, 16, iS June, 1E97. , 
 
 HANDEL SOCIETIES ; for pub!k:ttion of 
 
 llandtl's works : — 
 
 l-'oiinded in London, 1B43 ; tirst volume issued, i84.-»-4; 
 soiiity disscdved, 1848 ; work continued by Cramer & 
 Co. ci'iiiiplctcd, 1855. 
 
 [•"oundcil at I.cijisic, in 1856; publii^ations began, 1858. 
 
 Handel and ll.iydu Society, boston, U.S. for perfor- 
 mances only ; founded 1815. 
 
 HANDKERCHIEFS, wrou-ht anrt edged 
 with ^'old, used to he wiuii in Knjclaiu! by f-'ciitlc- 
 nieii ill tiieir hats, as i'avoiirs from yonnj; ladies, 
 lliu value of them liein^ froin live to twelve pence 
 lor each in tlie reign of Kli/abeth, lyS*^- 'flow's 
 Cliroii. Paisley haiulUercbiels were tirst made in 
 174.^ 
 
 HANDS, iinpoeilion of, was performed hy Moses 
 in settiii"? apart his successor Joshim {Xitiii. .xxvii. 
 25); in reception into the clmrch, and in ordination, 
 by the ajiostles {Acts viii. 17 ; i Tim. iv. 14). 
 
 HANGING, Dji-vwino, .\nd Quaktek- 
 
 1N(t> said to have been lirst inlliiled tipon William 
 Marise, a ]jirate, a noldeniaii's son, 2^ Hen. III., 
 1241. Fi\e gi'iitlenien attached to tile dnko of 
 (jloncesti'r were arraijined and condemned for trea- 
 son, and at the jilai'e of exeiiition were hanfjed, cut 
 down alive in.stantly, strip|ied naked, and their 
 bodies marked for (n'l.irterin^', and llieii pardoned, 
 2^ Hen. IV. 1447. SIdiv. 'I'hi' Cato-street con- 
 spirators {ir/iic/i nil) were beheaded after death by 
 hanging. I i\lay, KS20. Hangin- ' hains (pirates, 
 murderers, aiid <ither.s), an m.i custom, was 
 abolished in if^.U; *'*■''•' l>>(itlt. 
 
 HANGO BAY (I'inland). On 5 June. 1855, 
 a boat eommamled liy lient. Geneste left the 
 Hritish steamer Coxsdck with a flag; of truce to 
 land some Knssiaii jirisonevs. 'I'hey were lired on 
 by a body of ridemen, and live were killed, several 
 wounded, and the rest made ju-isoners. The Rus- 
 sian account, asserting the irregularity to hpve 
 been on the si^e of the English, was not sub- 
 stantiated. 
 
 HANOVER (N. W. Germany), suceessivelv an 
 
 electorate, and a kingdom, chiellv compoKod of 
 territ<u-ies whic:h once belonged to the dukes of 
 Brunswick {which wc). I'opuhition of theprovinre 
 in 1850, i,8so,(xjo; in i..,-. 2.oi7.?()3; '^ ■'^^^.Si 
 2,172,702 : i.H</j, 2,2,50,491"; of the city, 1885, 
 
 ■39.731; 1890,165,499- It was annexed to Prus4 
 whicli see, at the close of the war, 20 Sept. iW/ ' 
 see Gtielph. ' 
 
 Iljinover became the iilitth ekcloivte . . ,q o,,,, 
 Sutlered muidi during the seven years' war n-'fi 
 
 .Seizeil by I'rnsswi .... 3 .\|]ii| (^ 
 
 Oceuiiied and hardly used by the Krencli, j'j'nn,' I'" 
 Delivered to Prussia in . . . ' '°'! 
 
 Hetaken by tlie French ... ' ' ' '"! 
 
 I'artof it annexed to Westphalia . . ' ' 'Jw 
 
 Regained for England by liernadotte . 6 Xi,v •'' 
 Erected into a kingdom .... ij'y,,,' "" 
 The dnke of Cambridge appointi.l liicin' * 
 and a representative goveniment estiililislicll' 
 
 Visited by George IV Od 1? 
 
 Ernest, duke of Cumberlaml, king , aoJiim. "c!' 
 Ho granted a constitution with electoial ri"lits' 
 
 1848; which was annulled in obeilii'iur t" till'. 
 
 decree of the federal diet . , 12 April .•.. 
 
 The king claims from England ( rowu jewels, wlij, ij '''' 
 
 belonged to (icorge 111. (vibie abciut 120,000;) 
 
 1857 : by arbitration, the jewels given up '.Jnn' ,;.■ 
 Stade dues given up for compcnsatloi., ,201111,.' 'if 
 In the war the king takes the side of Aiistiia. ; an.i 
 
 the Prussians enter ami oc< ujty llanuM-r, 
 
 13 JlUiC, c( ,,(■(/ ,Ef/ 
 
 The Hanoverians defeat the l'nissi;iiis iit ijui..t||. 
 saliia, 27 June ; but are compelled to siuieiiilo' 
 
 Hanover annexed to Prussia by law, 20 Se|it. ; m'. " 
 
 mulgated (^(iij 
 
 I Protest of the king of Hanover addressed tcKiiiiii.i. " 
 
 I 23 .Sc|it 
 
 Arrangement with Prussia by a treuty mtilinl " 
 
 j The king ii'lebrates his " silver widding" at Uii.t. '"' 
 1 /.iiig, near ViMina, expressing liojies (ificcdViTii).' 
 
 ' his kingdom, .\;e ,5 |.-,.|7 ..... 
 
 Part of Ins property seipiest rated by I'nis.sial " 
 
 Still further, in ci nseiineiice of his maiiiticini'n.r ^ " 
 Hanoverian legion (the king pictesteil iiguiibtU), 
 
 ThcemiH'rorWiUiam 1 1, waniilyrceeivcdat llaiinwi' "'■ 
 during the autiimii mameiivres , , n.s,.|,j' ^cl. 
 
 la.Kciuns. 
 
 1692. Ernest-,\ugustns, youngest sou orOeeigp tliatin 
 of William, duke of Hruiiswirk-l.inieli'uij;', rto 
 obbtined by lot the right to ncuiy (sfo i;,^,;j. 
 u-ick). He bee.inie liishoji of (Ismiburj; j,, ife 
 anil in 1679 inherited the piisscssiiins nf Iji 
 uiii-le .liilin, ilukeofCaleiiberg: cii-atcdEnnni 
 
 of ibuiovei' in 1692. ' 
 
 [He married, in i65<j, the piiiir.^s Siipliia. .Imr-i., 
 ter of Krederick, clc • tor paLitiii.', iiii.l .,f Kin- 
 licth, the claiightcr of ,laiiics I. of Kn^laml, ij 
 1701, Sophia was declared next lieirtolkllrifi 
 inni'ii, after William 111., Amie, and tlnir t. 
 scendio.ts.] 
 
 1698. George-Liwis, sou of the )iivcediiig ; iiianinl b-; 
 i-ousin Sophia, the heiress of the diikenfltav 
 wick-Zell ; became kinn ii/ih-ivt llritHiJi, i \s(. 
 1714, as Gkouok I 
 
 1727. Geiu-ge-Aiigustus, his son (GKoe.oK.ll. of Kiiglar.J), 
 
 1 1 June. 
 
 1760. Gccuge-William-Erechrick, Ids giaiicl.soii (ni:i.F.,.f 
 HI. of EiiglamI), 25 (».t. 
 
 KlNliS. 
 
 1814. George.Williiiiii-Krederi('k(tlicprecediiij;.<ijvm;i.4 
 
 tirst king of Hanover, 12 (Jet. 
 1820. George-Augustus Krerlerick, his son (GtoRi.tlV. 
 
 of England), 29 Jan. 
 1830. William-lleiiry, bis bvotla^r (Wm.e.hm IV. fjf Kii;- 
 
 tallii). ..>o.litlie; died, 2oJmic, 1^17. 
 [llanovir separated from the cr"nn of Cm! 
 
 Ilrilaiii.] 
 1S37. Ernest .\iignstiis, duke of Ciinibcrlaiul, limtlwM 
 
 William IV. of England, on wIkhc iliatli lii 
 
 succeeded (iLS a clistiiict iiilieritaiHt) to lli( 
 
 throne of Mjinover, 2o.ltme. 
 1051. Geolge V. (l)olli :>7 May, Ifilq), hnll of Enifst; 
 
 ascended the tlinaie on the death of liis fate, 
 
 iH Nov. His sIkIi's aiiiuji'il tri I'rimia, io!^\i 
 
 iHoo; visited England, .May, Jane, 1876; iliol, 
 
 12 June, 1878. 
 
 ,(,8 Erncst-AngiiHtiis ] 
 
 ' niaiahnneil his 
 
 sovereigns of E 
 
 iiiiirriod prini-esh 
 
 1878. See Ciiiiiln 
 
 biilt, 1875. 
 
 HANSARD'S DI 
 
 hpartwj- 
 
 HANSE TOWNI 
 
 (fnjniAu'W.ii''''"'''''''"^ 
 : (Jfniian.V agiiinat the 
 Danes ; began about 1 1 
 \t tiKt it consisted on 
 I ^.oagts of the Baltic sea, 
 f,fsistv-six cities and f 
 liMgue' proclaimed war 
 Denranrk, about the ye 
 1^28, with forty ships 
 |)fii(le.« seamen. On tl 
 ihe mc'iohants of their i 
 Jraw their effects. Th. 
 inanv (1618-48) broke 1 
 liation, and in idTfi t 
 I name were Liibeck, Hi 
 league suffered also by 
 ihe Low Countries in 
 nrivilejes by treaty in 
 KlizaWtb in ls"8. 
 
 HAXSOJI, see Cal 
 
 HANWELL LU 
 
 Jliiltlle.^i'X, established 
 
* 
 
 HANOVER 8QUAEE. 
 
 627 
 
 HARQ. 
 
 Wirk-l.llllclilll;', ivl,) 
 
 n iiiiiiry (sh- /,v ,j. 
 if Osiialiiiiv ill itfi 
 
 e linss{-ssi(i||< 1,1 |i( 
 flV; '•iraU-clEi,i,.ii,ii 
 
 "■''^^ S(.],lij|,,i!a-.1;. 
 liitilif. ;iiiil „f Ylu- 
 •s I. "f Kiiplaiiii. la 
 icxt hrirlotlitlSrifi-i 
 Aiiiif, and tliiit (If 
 
 ■rcililij; ; liianirtl liij 
 
 il'tlii'iluki.„rBniiv 
 firmt Iltituiii, 1 AtJ^ 
 
 owiKlI.otEngM), 
 
 S LJIllMllsoU (Gti.til 
 
 i'ri'c-i'(liii(;,ii,vtri:|.ii), 
 ■t. 
 
 Ills SdM (GEUKl.tlV. 
 IVll.l.lAM IV. ufKl;;. 
 
 .liu i-ii>«ii of fcis: 
 
 iiilwrlauil, limtiw :o 
 (in wlidst' (Iciitli h( 
 iuliL'i'itaiii'c) lo tilt 
 
 i Erncst-AiiKUHtiis II., son, liorn ai Hcpt. 1845 ; 
 nmintained liiH claiuiii in 11 circular Ui tlic 
 i)iivi'rciKn.s (if Kur(i|ie, dated u July, 1878; 
 
 piiiirric(i princess Tliyi'a iif IJ(,'iinnirk, 
 rtce CainJierlaiul, 
 
 878; 
 Dee. 
 
 HANOVER SQUARE, built about 1718; 
 Ibf oonccit rooms oijencd by John Gallini, i Feb. 
 i--5; the house taken for a club, Dec. 1874; re- 
 bilit,' i875. 
 
 HANSARD'S DEBATES aiul Uniox, see 
 
 UOrsi 11 (juiK-iiniuu un»T ui tuwiiH siLuaie on iiu 
 [oasts of the Baltie sea, but in 1370 it was (Composed 
 ofiistv-six cities and forty-four confederates. The 
 league' proclaimed war against AValdeniar, king of 
 Ufnmnrk, about the year 1348, and against Kric in 
 
 Rifirliii't' 
 
 HANSE TOWNS. The llanseatic league 
 (from /(«»»", n*so(uation), formed by port towns in 
 Geniwny against the piracies of the Swedes and 
 llanes : began about I140; the league signed 1241. 
 it consisted only of towns situate on tlie 
 
 " ''' ' " sed 
 
 'he 
 if 
 
 128, with forty ships and 12,000 regular troiijis, 
 teidei" seamen. On this several princes ordered 
 the mei-chants of their respective kingdoms to with- 
 Jraw tlieir eflects. The Thirty years' war in Ger- 
 iiianv (1618-48) broke up the strength of the asso- 
 ,iation, and in 1O30 the only towns retaining the 
 n,imi' were Liibeck, Hamburg, and Bremen. The 
 league suffered also by the rise of the commerce of 
 ihe Low Countries in the icth century. Their 
 nrivilfges by treaty in England were abolished by 
 Klizabi^tb in l-;78. 
 
 HANiSOJJ, see Cti/iyiolr/f. 
 
 HANWELL LUNATIC ASYLUM, for 
 
 I Miildli'^ex, e.-italdishcd 1831. 
 
 HAP.SBURG (llAiisiit.'KG or HAincirrs- 
 I jnui), HorsK Ol-, the family from which the 
 impeiial house of Au.stria sprang in tha i ith <■■ n- 
 tury, Wc'.ner l)eing the first named co\int of Habs- 
 targ, 1096. Hapslinrg was an ancient castle of 
 Switzerland, on a lofty eminence near Schintznaeh. 
 Molph, count of llapsburg, became archduk 
 Austria, and emperor of Germany, 1273; 
 I Antlm, and Germany. 
 
 I HARBOURS. England has many fine natural 
 
 lurljours; the Thames (harbour, dock, luid depot), 
 
 I I'orlsiiioiilh, I'lyniouth, &.<•„ Acts for theimprove- 
 
 I nii'ntof hirliours, I'd:., were ])assed in [847, 18O1, 
 
 and \%2. Hail)()iM-s, docks and jiiers association, 
 
 I2tliiimui;d meeting, 5 June, 18(14. 
 
 H.\RES AND RABBITS ACT. See 
 
 (i'liiU. 
 
 HARFLEUR, seaport, N.W. France, taken 
 I k Henry \ ., 22 Sept. 1415. 
 
 HARLAW (Aberdeenshire), the site of a 
 ili^imate indecisive liattle between Ihe earl of 
 I Mar, with tlie royal army, and Donald, the lord of 
 I the Isles, who aimed at independence, 24 July, 1411. 
 [ This toulliot was very disastrous to the nobilitv,' 
 I ioiiio houses losing all theii- males. 
 
 HAKLELVN LIBRARY, containing 7<xxi 
 I manusiriiits, licsides rare printed books, collected bv 
 I Wert Harl-y, .u'terwards earl of Oxford and 
 I Mortimer, 1705, d .w/., is now in the British 
 IJIuseura. A large portion of his life and \.ealth 
 Iwas spent on the collection. He died 21 May 
 S.v'iit-J'""' |^;V''''''" ^''"''p'lnny, u selection from 
 ItiicMlsb. and Iract^of hisiibriirv, was published 
 l'ii;4( and 1808, 
 
 IlliRiKiAS SoiiKTV, fdundod ill ,86.; f(jr tile publication 
 I uflioraklicvlsitatioiw, (ike. v^uou 
 
 ! of 
 
 see 
 
 HARLEY ADMINISTRATION, see Ox- 
 ford. ' 
 
 HARLEY STREET, London, W. At Xo. 
 139, the house inhabited bv Mr. Ilenriiiues, the de- 
 compo.sed body of a woman, stablied in the breast 
 and einered with chloride of lime, was found 3 
 June; verdict of coroner's inquest, wilful murder 
 I by person unknown, 14 June, 1880. 
 
 I HARMONICA, or musical glasses (tuned by 
 
 regulating the amount of water, and iilayed by a 
 
 moi'tened finger on the niu), we.c played on by 
 
 (.1:.(K in London, 23 April, 1746 ; "arranged" by 
 
 I 1 uckeiidge and Deliival, and impr(^,'ed by Dr 
 
 ! Frankhn 111 17(10; .Mozart, Beethoven, and others 
 
 composed for this i; iiment : see CopopliuM 
 
 Haumonicon," an i x.ellent musical periodical, 
 
 edited by W. Ayrton, Jan. 1823— Sept. 1833, 
 
 HARMONICHORD, a kcve,; instrument, in 
 winch sounds are produced by friction, invented by 
 Th. Kautlmann in 1810. 
 
 HARMONISTS, a sect, foundej in WUrlem- 
 berg by George and Frederick Uanp, abo^v. 1780. 
 >ot much is l<nown of their tenets," but they held 
 their property in common, and considered marriage 
 a civil ^'ontract. They emigrated to America, and 
 built >cw Harmony m Indiana in 181 i. Robert 
 Ow-en purchiised this town about 182?; but failed 
 in his scheme at establishing a ".social" eommunitv 
 ■ and retunied to England: see Sociiilinh. The 
 I Hannonists removed to Tittsburg in Pennsylvania 
 in 1822. ■' 
 
 HARMONIUM, a keyed iiistniment, lesein- 
 nliiig the accordion, the tones being generated by 
 the action of wind \:pon metallic reed.s. The 
 Chinese were well acquainted with the effects jiro- 
 duccd by viliratiug tongues of metal. M. Biot 
 stated, in 1810, tliu they were used musically bv 
 X[. Grenie ; and in 1827-29, free reed stops were 
 employed in organs at Beau iiis and Paris. The 
 be.st known harmoniums in Liighmd are those of 
 Alexandre ami J)el)ain,the lattei claiming to be the 
 original -naker of the French instrument. In 1841, 
 Mr. \V. K. Emuis, of Chelteiihain, produced his 
 Lii-lish harmonium, then termed the Organ-Har- 
 UKiii 1, a. and by successive imiirovemenfs he produced 
 a line instrument, with uiapason (|uality, and groat 
 I rapidity of speech, without loss of power. 
 
 ' HARMONY, tlie (mmbinatio; of musical notes 
 
 of diflereut i)itcli, appears not to have been practised 
 
 by the Greeks. 
 
 llucl.iild, a ■•■Iciiiish monk, ]iiil,lislic(l conibiimtions in 
 Ins " Liicliiriiliiiii Miisica'," ytli century. 
 , Uiiniiniiy greatly promoted bv I'alestiina, .iiid csiieciallv 
 I by .Montcvenle. 
 
 Jean de .Maris wrote " Ars t'onlraiiuncti" in iJtli 
 century. 
 
 Kriincis of t'ologne described "descant," 1600. 
 
 IJectlidVcu -riMl ly enlarged the range of burmonie bases. 
 
 . HARNESS, chariots and the leathern dress- 
 ; ings used for horses to draw them, are said to have 
 ; been the invention of lOriehtlionius of Athens, who 
 
 was made a coiisttdlation after liis death, under the 
 i name of Jioutes ((Jreek lor ploughman), about 
 
 1487 H.C. 
 
 HARO, Cry of {Clinneur de Jfaro), tradition- 
 ally derived fr(un J{aoul, or Bollo, of Norinandv. 
 ancestor of oui ^'onllall princes of England, iforio 
 administered justice so well, that injured persons 
 uttered till cry " Ha Rou ! Jfa Unit'! A moiiaide, 
 mm prince, an me fait tort.." The cry was riiisetl 
 in a church in Jersey in 1859. 
 
 ■y^.-i w<H 
 
 
 P 
 
 n 
 
 ' i^'l' ''' 
 
 '*' > 1 
 
 ' 
 
 ^ji ■• 
 
 , fl': 
 
 
 '-ij jp^iif- 
 
 ll[jl.l.jlill 
 
 ikMilll 
 
 
HABP. 
 
 diti 
 
 HASTINGS. 
 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 if 
 
 HABP. luveiiteil by Jubul, 3875 b.c. (,0, ,. iv. 
 21). Diivid played llio hiirn before haul, 1063 B.C. 
 (l Saw. XVI. 23.) Tlie Cimbri, or Englisli Siixona, 
 had this instruint'iit. The celebrated Welsh harp 
 was strung with gilt; and the Irish harp, like the 
 more aiieiint harps, with wire. Erard's improved 
 harps were first patented in 1795. 
 
 One of tlio iiicist aiwicut liiirps existing is tliiit of Bri.'in 
 Boniinilic, liiniiarcli cif Ireliiml : it was j-'von by Ins 
 son l)c)iiii),'li to ii.>iic.Jolin XVIII., to;,'i;tlicr witli tlio 
 crown imil otlier ivg.ilia of liisfiitlior. in onler to obtain 
 nbsolntion for the nmnlcr of liis brotlicr 'IViK. Ailriini 
 IV. allcKiMl tliis as beinj,' oni' of his iiriiiuipal titles to 
 tlie liinKiloia of Irelaml' in liis ill transferring it to 
 Henrv il. This harj) was given by Leo X. to 
 Hunry VIII., who jnesenteil it t(. the first earl of 
 Clanriearde : it then eaine into jio.sse.ssion of the family 
 of Ue Hnrgli : ne.\t into that of JIaeMahon ivf C'lenagh, 
 county of Clare ; afterwanls into that of MaeNaniara 
 <jf Liilierick ; anil was at length ilepositeil by the right 
 lion. William Conynghani in the College Museum, 
 Dublin, in 1782. 
 
 The elttrilKii-}!, littei. like the i)ianoforte with :i keyt.onril, 
 ami played like the pianoforte, was intioilneeil into 
 Urussels niul Antwerp by ,\ldlle. Dratz, and plivyed on 
 by her at Prince's Hall, h Ion, i-) March, i838. 
 
 HARPER'S FERRY (Virginia), see United 
 Stat<:t, kH59-()2. 
 
 HARPSICHORD, see I'unwfortc, not-. 
 
 HARRISON'S TIME-PIECE, made by 
 John Harrison, of Foulby, near Pontefract. In 
 1714, the government ottered rewards for iiethods 
 of determining the longitude at sea ; to obviate the 
 irregularities in the rate of clocks by variations id' 
 temperature, Harrison invented the nu'tiod if 
 compensation, before 1720. He came to London, 
 and produced his first time-piece in 1735 ; his 
 second in 1739; his third in I75>''; and his fourth, 
 which procured him the reward 01 20,000/. oti'ere<l 
 by the Board of longitude, a few years after. He 
 obtained 10,000/. of his reward in 1764, and other 
 sums, more than 24,000/. in all, for further im- 
 provements in following years. He was born, Maj 
 1693, and died in 1770. 
 
 lu the patent museum at South Kensington is an eight- 
 day eloek made by Harrison in 1713. It strikes the 
 liour, indieates the day of tlie month, aiKl with one 
 exception (the eseaiieinent) its wheels are entirely 
 made <if wood. The eloek was going in 1871. 
 
 HARROGATE (Yorkshire). The first or old 
 spa in Knaresborough forest was discovered by capl. 
 Slingsby in 1571 : adome was erected over the well 
 by lord Rosslyn in 1786. Two other chalybeate 
 springs are the Alum well and the Towit spa. The 
 sulphureous well was discovered in 1 703. The 
 theatre was erected in 1788. The Bath hospital was 
 erected by subscription in 1825. Population, 1881. 
 9,482; iJ^oi, 13,917. 
 
 HARROW- ON-THE-HILL SCHOOL 
 
 (Middlesex), founded and endowed by John Lyon 
 in 1 57 1. To encourage archery, the founder in- 
 stituted a prize of a silver arrow to be shot for 
 (innmally on the 4th of .\ugust ; but the custom has 
 been abolished. Lord Palmerston, sir 1{. Peel, the 
 Statesman, and lord Byron, the poet, were edueateii 
 here. The school building sutiered by tire, 22 Oct. 
 1 838. The sidiool arrangenu^nts w(>re modified by 
 the pi.lilic schools act, 18O8. Vibit of the priine 
 and princess of Wales, speech day, 7 July, 181)4. 
 Charles II. called Harrow church " the visible 
 church." Fire, 8, 9 Feb. 189O. 
 
 HARTLEPOOL, F. Durham, an ancient sea- 
 port, said to have been burnt by the Danes, 800, 
 fortified by the Itruees and others, and chartered by 
 John. The foundation of West Hartlepool, with 
 
 its harbour, docks, churches, 4e., is due to ihp 
 sagacity, skill, and energy of Mr. Rilph \v.,,j 
 Jackson. The work began in 1844, ami tlie liarWnr 
 was opened I .June, 1847. The population, ;,u, 
 400 in 1840, was 16,998 in i88r; and 21 ;'■ ;„ 
 1891. West Hartlepool, 1881,29,448; iXoi ,,",„ 
 Mr. R. W. Jackson, first M.P. for ''The'ltirtl,; 
 pools" in 1868-74, died 6 Aug. 1880, inui'hb)n!ju|.fj' 
 at home and abroad. 
 
 HARTLEY COAL MINE (Nnrthuniber- 
 land). On 16 Jan. 1862, one of tlie iron thMnu 
 about 20 tons weight, at the mouth of the ventiktin^ 
 shaft, broke and fell, destroyed thelirattiee.iiiviJi,] 
 the shaft, and carried down suHicieiit timber to kill 
 five men who were ascending the shaft, and burieij 
 alive 202 persons, men and boys. Several ilavs 
 elapsed befcrc the bodies could be renioveil. Muiii 
 sympathy » as shown by the queen and the publio 
 and about 70,000/. were collected foi the bfreavoj 
 families. The coroner's verdict asserteil the nues. 
 sity of two shafts to coal mines, and recorniin'nJed 
 that the beams of colliery engines should be of 
 malleab'e instead of cast iron. 
 
 HAR'i'. ^ uu (Buckiirghanishire), the retreat 
 of Louis XVliL, king of France, l."io7-i4, H,. 
 landed in England at Yarmouth, 6 Oct. 180;, took 
 up his residence at Gosfield-liall, in Essex, and 
 afterwards came to HartwcU, as the count dt Lilif, 
 His consort died here in 1810. On his restoration^ 
 he embarked at Dover for France, 24 April, iiiij[ 
 See France. 
 
 HARUSPICES, priests a- soothsavers. of 
 Etruscan origin, who foretold events from' ol)sen-. 
 ing entrails of animals. They were introduied '.i 
 Rome by Romulus (about 750 n.c), and .iIiuH.Ihh] 
 by Constantine, A.n. 337, at which time tliev were 
 seventy in number. 
 
 HARVARD COLLEGE, Cambridge ^Jla;. 
 sachusetts, Ncnh America), was founded bv tbe 
 'feneral court at Boston, on 28 Oct. 1636. Itdiiiveii 
 ts name from John Harvard, of Emmanuel Collf»e. 
 Ci.:; ridgfc, who be(|ueathed to it his library and 3 
 sum ,if money in 1638. 250th annivereary of it! 
 foundation kept 6-8 Nov. 1886. 
 
 HARVEIAN ORATION. William llanw 
 bequeathed his property to the Hoyal Colleije e'f 
 Physicians. The annual delivery of the oration 
 began in 1656. See under Bluod. 
 
 HARWICH, a sea-port, Essex, a tmis 
 station, and the Saxon Harewie ; cliartcri'd by 
 Edwd. 2nd ; absorbed into Essex, 1885. 
 iM'ar here All'eed defeated the Danish Ihet 
 I'arkeston, tlie new port near llarwieh, was I'lmstnictd 
 
 iij i332. 
 
 HASTINGS, a ciiique-iwrt, Sussex ; said to 
 owe its name to the Danish pirate llastinge, who 
 built forts here, about 893 ; but Mr. Keinble think! 
 it was the seat of a Saxon tribe named Hastingaj. 
 At Senlac, now Battle, near llastinirs, more than 
 30,000 were slain in the conliicl between llarnlJlI. 
 iif England and William duke of Normandy, the 
 former losing his life am'. . ■idom, 14 Oct. 1*, 
 his birthday. He and hi.s I. hers were iiiterrij 
 
 at Waltlia'm abbi'y, 1- -.ei • new town, St, 
 
 Leonard' s-on-.sea, was be, n. . <. Aucwpiir 
 here was inaugurated by • ' ^ ■ inville, j .\ug, 
 1872. New town-hall opui.d by the mayor. ; 
 Sept. 1881. Convalescent home and AlexanJni 
 Park opened by the iirince of Wale,'", 20 June. lOtJ 
 Marine parade much damaged liy hi?li tide, 24 
 Nov. 1882. Great conservative meeting', powerful 
 speech of the mariiuis of Salisbury, 18 May, 1S112 
 
HASTINGS TEIAL. 
 
 629 
 
 Sussex ; siiiJ t» 
 itc llustinge. «ho 
 Jr. K(Mul)k' Ihhk) 
 iKinii'J ILislinjis, 
 stings, nioro tkn 
 
 )Ot«l'CllH;ir"lJII. 
 
 .)f Xonnanily, llu' 
 loin, 14 Oct,' I* 
 liurs weri' iiiterrcii 
 ' new town, St. 
 . i A iiciv pitr 
 „ ■ mville, 5 .\'Jf , 
 b)' the nuyiir. ; 
 k; and Ali'.v;iiiilr,i 
 io.'<, 21) Juno, ISJ 
 l)y liigli tiilf, 2\ 
 nieetin^', pomffiil 
 iry, 18 May, lS)2 
 
 HAYTI. 
 
 miinjuis 
 
 :«8i, 
 
 Ffiindation of a now liiiilinur, laid \iv the mm- 
 of llutleriu, lO June. 1897. ropulatiun, i 
 pjS; l8<)I, 52,340. 
 
 I HASTINGS' TEIAL. Wan-on Hastings, 
 
 f)viTnor-general of India, wa.s f rioil by the poers of 
 
 I Grfal Britain for hij?li crinic.i ami inisdenieaiioura. 
 
 ioMig other charges was liisaeeoptanco of a i)ri'sont 
 
 I of 100,000/. from tlio nabol) of Ondo; soo V/ii)/iiii\ 
 
 fm'i/of. The trial occnpird i-t.^ (biys and lasted 
 
 leven years and tlu'eo months ; rommeniin^' 13 
 
 Fet). i;88, torminatinf,' in his ae(|nittal, 23 April, 
 
 i;i)v iMr. Shoridan's speech on tlio impeachment 
 
 Hciti'd great admiration. 
 
 I Ua.(tiiig>i was born in 1732 ; went to India as a writer in 
 
 i;5o; lieeaineKovenior-ficneral ot liciujal in 1772: ot 
 
 Iii'iia, 1773 ; wivcincd iilily, l.ul, it is s.ii.l, nascniini- 
 
 |„ii,lyaii'l tvi.llMiiially, till lie icsi^-in.il ii, i^gj. -pile 
 
 rtHHSiMif liis tii.il (70,000^) were i«iiil iiy tin- lOast 
 
 Iiiilia Oiiii|i.iay ; ami a luMisicai was gi .m'eil to liini 
 
 Unlii'iia laiyy-eouncillor in 1818. 
 
 H.\TELEY FIELD, see Shrewsbm-i/. 
 
 H.\TFIELD'S ATTEMPT. On 15 Slav, 
 
 lS«). liuring a revu'w in Il> de-park, a shot 'from an 
 I uDiiiscovered liaiid was firi'd, which wonnded a 
 I voanggi'iitlcnian who stood near kini; (ieo. III. In 
 j thetvi-nini;, when his maiesty was at Drury-lane 
 
 tkitre, Hiittiold tired a jiistol at him. llatti(dd 
 I M.sn)nfined as a lunatic till his death, 23 Jan. KS41, 
 
 ag«lf<) vein's. 
 
 H.\THEKLEY'S ACT, .see Jl,i„/.;;,pf. 
 I H.\.TS, first made by a Swiss at Paris, 1404. 
 I Wlirn Charles VII. made his trinmplial entry into 
 
 loiien.in 1449, lie wore a hat lined witii red vidvet, 
 I mil siirniounted with a rich plnme of feathers. 
 I Hmccforward, hats and <'aps, at least in Franeej 
 I bfiin to take the iilace of chaperons and hoods. 
 I EtiiniiH. Hats were first manufactured in Knglami 
 IbySjiimiimlsin 1510. S/mr. Vcrv hi<,'h-orowned 
 I kU were worn by ([ueen Klizabeth's courtiers ; and 
 j hi?li crowns were again introduced in 1783. A 
 I stanip-iliity laid upon hats in 1784, and in I79(), ■ 
 I was repealed in i.Sii.. Silk hats began to supersede 
 |bt«vriibi)ut 1820. 
 
 IXonfallowoil to si'll liny liat for ab-jve 201?. nor eaii for I 
 alwreas. 8(/., 5 Henry VII. 1489. Kvi'iy iierson above I 
 seven yeara of age to wear on rtnndays and Inili.lays, a ' 
 a|i iif wool, knit, made, tliickeMeil, and ilresseil in 
 Eii;l;inil Ijv some of the traile of calipers, under the 
 firlntiiro iif three farthings for everv day's ne-hit 
 i;jr. Exippted ; iiiaiils, ladies, anil };entle\viiiiii.i? aiei 
 tVfry loiil, knight, imcl Kentlenian, of twenty marks of 
 laiiL ami tlieir heirs, ami such as had lioriie ollice of 
 ■s.fn], ill any city, town, or place, and the wanlens 
 I'l Lniiiinii eniiijiaiiies, 1571. 
 
 MTTERAS EXPEDITION, see United 
 
 |«9fo, Aug. 1861, 
 
 _ H.\TTOX GARDEN, now co,ered bva mass 
 lofluiu,*s, was formerly the gai'den of a imlace of 
 ittic bishop of Kly, demised to the crown and 
 Igivrabv ipieen Eli/abeth to sir Cln'istoiiher Ilattmi, 
 line loril keeper, who died 20 Nov. iMi. See 
 
 by C. II. Ilobinaoi 
 
 ^ HAU-HAU FANATICS, see Kew Zealand, 
 
 HAUSA ASSOCIATION, established to 
 ■ mp ve the eondituiu of tlie Kansas, a iicoido 
 f "elmgnear the basin of the Niger. The study 
 l« tlieir language and translations, advocated by 
 
 M«ll?,''' "'/'!■"'"'''•"''>'' '"''<' Aberdnre, prof. Max 
 M" lw,,,i„l others m 1892. Tlie work was begun 
 
 hi V , xr '■"■' ^- i- ""Wnson, mombe- of the 
 -luith Missionary Society. Annual meetings 
 iia'jsalaud, or tiftceu hundred miles 
 
 through the central Soudan, 
 published Feb. 1896. 
 
 HAVANA, capital of Cuba, West Indies, 
 founded by \ elasqne/, 1 51 1- 19 ; taken by lord Albe- 
 marle, ,, Aug. i7(,2; restored, 171)^; the remains 
 ol tolumbus were brought from .St. Domingo and 
 depoiiied in the Cath.-dral here, 1795. Iiy an e.x- 
 pliisnin ol gunpowder here, ^4 persons wore killed, 
 and about icx) injured, i7'May, r8ijo. American 
 cruiser Jliuiir {irliiili see) blown U]>, 15 Feb. i8i;8. 
 
 HAVRE-DE-GRACE (N. W. France) was 
 I defended liir the H ngiiene' s by the Knglish in I ;62 ; 
 who however, were e.\p(dled 'in 1 ^(-5- It was liom- 
 harded by Kodney, (, t„ 9.J„|y, i7:;9; by sir Kii'hard 
 Siraihan 2.S May, 1798; and bl.)ekaded, b Sept. 
 1803. J be attempts of the British to burn the 
 shipping here failed, 7 Aug. 1804. The Inter- 
 national .Maritime K.xliibitiiui here opened, i June, 
 lSf)8 aimther exhiliition, 7 .May, 1887. Thevolun- 
 teei'.s yisited Havre: began to' shoot, 2(> May; ,0 
 Jiruish received prizes, 29, June, 1874. The F'reneli 
 .Association for Science met here, 50 Aug. 187- 
 I'opnlation, 1891, icxj.j^r. " 
 
 HAWAII, see (Jir/<i//,(r,m\d Suiidwieh Mcs. 
 
 HAWKERS AXD PkulAKS were first 
 
 licensed in r()()8. Licensing commissioners were 
 
 , apimmted m 1810. The e.xpense of licensing was 
 
 ■ rcilueed in l8f.l, and r. .ulated by the I'edlars' Act, 
 
 "': , ,I^^'','"l''|"iis Ironi charger' on licences 
 ; granted by tli(. iFiwkers Act, 1S88. 
 
 : HAWKING, see Fulmiirij. 
 
 \ ,..HAY. averase value of the produce of the United 
 Jungdoni 111 1874. 48,0(X),cx)(V, Hay-making ma- 
 chinery exliibiied at Taunton, July, 18"; Mr 
 \\in. A OiblKs-sapp.iratns, with ai'l'iticial 'lieat for 
 dryinghay, corn, \-c. : tried atGilw.dl I'ark, Chin"-, 
 ford, Lsse.v reported successful,3 July, KS7;; ; at other 
 places in July, 1880. Jlis drying inacliines used 
 lor other purposes, such us gunpowder works (188O. 
 bee hiimlKije. ■" 
 
 HAYMAN CASE, see Rw,h,,. 
 
 HAYMARKET (Westminster), opened in 
 I(>(>4, was removed to Cumberland-market, i Jan. 
 1831. The Haymarket theatre was opened in 1-02: 
 see Jliinti-c.s. 
 
 HAYTI or Haiti, Indian mime of a West 
 Indian island, discovered by Columbus in Dee. 
 1492, and named llispaniola, and afterwards St. 
 Domingo, lief'ore the Spaniards fully conquered 
 It, they are said to liaye destroyed, in battle or cold 
 blood, three million of its inliabitants, including 
 women and children, 149=;. The island i com- 
 pri.-es the Donunican rejublic {irhicl, see) in the 
 east, and the republic of Havti in the west. The 
 population of Hayti in 1887 was about 550,0' ; 
 1894- «t)<mt l,cxx),ooo; capital, rort-au-Priuee, 
 1894, "hout 34,000. 
 
 Hayti seized by the filibusters and French bucca- 
 
 iieei's 
 
 The Kiench goyerimient took possession of the 
 
 whide colony 
 
 Tlie negroes revolt against France . ' , "23 Aug 
 And imussacre nearly all the whites 21-23 Junei 
 Ihefrencb directory recognise Tons.saint fOuvcr- 
 
 tnre as genera -ip-chief .... 
 The eastern part of tlie island ceded to France bv 
 
 Hjiiiin 
 
 Toussaiut establishes an independent republic ill 
 
 St. Domingo „ y^^^.. 
 
 lie surrenders to the Fiencli ... 7 May iioz 
 Is eonducteil to France, winoe he dies . . " ' iSoi 
 A new insurrecti uiiil,>r the coiuuiand of Dessa- 
 
 lines; tlie Freiieh ipiit the island . Nov. ,, 
 
 M M 
 
 1630 
 
 1677 
 
 1791 
 ■793 
 
 1794 
 
 1795 
 
 iSot 
 
 ^\ 
 
HAYTI. 
 
 530 
 
 HAYTI. 
 
 14" 
 
 m9 
 
 1 f 
 
 ».,i< 
 
 If' 
 
 
 k,^ 
 
 
 
 1 1^1 .c. 
 
 Miclu'l DciiniiiKue I'k'cteil iiri'.siilent m' IliivU'if,,, " 
 
 '5 Jliiy) 'mJh,,'^ , ., 
 
 Iiisiirivi:tiiin ill St. Doiiilligo ill fiivonj of H,,; ' 
 
 Iiisurri'clion liemled liy LniiiH Tunis ii'."Mt i M.wii ' .' 
 L'rin'I fXccutiniiA ((f HUS]' ;tL'il purst ; ■-, n, j,i,,.*/ ' ' 
 
 (li'iit l)ciiinii>;iii' /'.Maii'li 
 
 Insurrriticm siii .I'ssfiil, ])(niiiii;,'iii' Hi.', f,, st " 
 
 Tlicinms's iiiiiicil v^pj 
 
 Kli.'1'ticiii cii Biv.srniiil t'uiKil iis incsi.li'nt ,,r ;/,/',,(; " 
 
 i Viu'i'fnl rcii'lu!!! • in St. lli.miintni ]ir»iil,.|it 
 Ksimillat n'!;i' ■■■: liy G()nziil(!s . . (^ t 
 
 Dessnliiies inorliiiuis tlic niUHsacrc of nil tliewliitcB, ■ ilnez Hiiiitiorts an innuiTCctiini nyiiin.Ht Hiiyii .Vi,. ,:. 
 
 2f)Mai-fli; in'iJWiR'd emiK'r()r(if'!layti,UHjiicciu<'« I.. Trnnciuilfity nf llayti ri'iuntvcl liy Sii;,'i.t . ,, jij:' j.' 
 
 <)(■■,. J304 Gi'ii. tiiiiiii'i- irAtoii, iii-csidrnt iif Ht IloniiiiKl,' " 
 lie is nssassinattici, iind till! iali' iliviilcd 17 Oct. 1806 
 
 Henry Cliiistoplii', 11 mail iif ccpIhim', jiri'Sidi'iit ii^ 
 
 Fell. 1807 ; ciciwiied eiiiiienir liy llie title cd' Henry 
 
 1., while IVtliidii rules as iiiesideut it I'lirt-au- 
 
 rriiiee .Mareli, ijit 
 
 Nunieroas lilaek iinliilitv and in-elates en .itecl . ,, 
 Petliiiin dies; Hiiyereleited luesident . May, if 18 
 Cliristoplie eiillimits sllieide, Oet. 1820: the twd 
 
 states united under Unyer as recent lor life, Niiv. 
 
 1820 : Willi is reeiij.iiised liy France . . . i'i2S 
 
 lleviilutidii : ijiiycr di-jmsed ib.(^. 
 
 St. DiiiuiUK" and the easteiu jiart of Ilayti lu'o- 
 
 elaini the " liomiiiU-iin ir/iHWi. ," Feli. 1844; reeO(;- 
 
 iii-^ed ')V Fiance, 1848 ; liueudVentuia iJiiez, . . . .... 
 
 liresMeut 1849-53 InKiirreetidii iii hi. Diiiiiiuno; city s iiniiiiniiil i.f '' 
 
 Hayti I'liKdaiined an eniiiire nnderits late iiresidenl Ouillernio and billiiii ; Uiez alum-; imwirlcs,'. 
 
 Silmii|iie,. Willi takes the title of Faiistin I., .•luat 12 Frl- j:.. 
 
 2t> Any. 11*49; crow I ■ • 18 Aiiril, 1852 Oiii'.)'!riiio declared ■,;!■• side.iit . M,,,.,,], '' 
 
 SnnfetUi, jiresidcnt of the Ooniiuic;iii n | ulilie, ! Revolution ; hard llglilin« : Hoisii>iid Caied iisj..;! .; 
 
 1853-^. ; Kueceeded liy li. liaez . . . 1856-8 ' n'Miit 17 ,hiiv' , . 
 
 FaiistM attacking the r-.-liuhlio of St. l.iiiiiigo. Gen. Halnnuin elected iires:i'v!nt 1 f/Vio/U ?. .j., 
 
 re;n'.;sed i Feli. 1836 (re-eli'ctcd 14 ,luly, 1886] 
 
 Jo.se Valverde eh-cted •■•e.-iideiitor the reimlilic of Havti reported tiaMi|Uil .... 1 .1..., ,.:^ 
 
 St. 1) iu^o. or Douiiii'.in i-'pul li' . .Miireli, 1P58 , Uou Kernando Arturo de Marido, a priest, luvsiiiini 
 
 Revohition in Ilayti; gen. .■!;' F'ili,-e lieltraid pro- : of .'-'(la Ikim'nujn, Uet. 1880; .said to lieemiK. iij,.. 
 
 elaiins tlie repiilili(;of llayti 22 Dee. „ 1 tator laiir, i-Ji 
 
 Faustin ahiiicates 15 .Ian. 1859 : Revohitimi hroke out March ;?3, anil ^'iivevhiiirnt 
 
 Geffraril t.diesoath as presiilent. •■" I'a.ti 23 .'.Ui. „ | troops delVated .... ji M.nili, ,:^, 
 
 Sixteen persons executed for a eo .nj iitey aipiinsf. Bridge exploded I'V reliels, alioid ?noo killeil .Mm, / 
 
 GellVard (iit ,, j InsuiTcetinn nearly quelled ; aiiinesly imielaiiiii'il " 
 
 Sjianish eiiiigrniils hiiiil; a ileeii.nitiiiu for rennion endolMune 
 
 with Spain signed 18 Mareh, decreed li> the Fresh iiisiirrection ; battle at .I.c'inel iii,lii'i,«ivi. ' 
 
 queen so .May, :86i 3 .\lll;. 
 
 InsulTeetilln against Spain in St. Domingo, 18 Aug. 1863 Negro insuiTeetion at Port-aii.Ini re, sup]in<s,-.| 
 A Spanish force sent; the insurgents generally alter damage to per.soiH and in- p.tly 21 Sijit. 
 
 defeated 1864 .I//', Hritish.steanier, liieil on hy the ijo'. eriiini-iitiii t. 
 
 Gnat lire at Port-au-Prinee; 600 houses destroyed. Death of the reliid leader liazelais • siinvinl.r of 
 
 2^ Fell. 1865 rebel town .lereiiiie, aunounced 26 h.-c; riill;i|i.,. 
 
 St. Domingo ivi. I ii;ueeil liy Spain . . 5 May, 
 
 Militarv insuiTeetion under Salnave against Gef- 
 fraril, 7 .May ; (Ja|.e Ilayti seized . . 9 -May, „ 
 
 C'aliral jinivisioual president of St. Domingo, Sept. 
 1865 ; U. Haez proclaiiiied presid.nl . 14 Nov. ,, 
 
 Viihlriiijui', a reliel ve,*sid, lires into Ihitish .lannuca 
 packet, near Aeiil, St. Doniiiigo, 22 Oct.; Capt. 
 Wake, II. M.S. liiiltdnii, threatens rcMniiiiir; 
 !S;.)uave orders the removal of rerugees from 
 i^iitish consulate at Cape Ilayti. shoots them, 
 and destroys the laiihling. Tlii; Jlnlltluij, failing 
 to olitJiiii s;itisfaetiiiii, .shells the fort, sinks the 
 Vulil.ariiie. hut gets on a reef; the crew is taken 
 out, and she is hlowu up. II. .M.S. Cnliitcii and 
 IJliI take the other forts and give them up to 
 Get'l'rard ; the rebels dec inland . 9 Nov. ,, 
 
 C'apt. Wake eeiisured by court-martial for losing 
 his ship Ian. 1866 
 
 i/((i/ii— another revolt against GellVard siiiipressed, 
 
 -I I, I Illy 
 
 f the iusuiTcction . . . ' limit n.. Ian. k-i 
 Gen. F. Ijelliiii proelainiediiresideiitoV.-,i!i lliiiiiln:;,, 
 
 11 .\iiL'. ., 
 Sir S..eneer St. .lohii in liis7.7wA- Hrpi'h!:- ileseriliM 
 the degraded, prulligate, eruellv savage luiijitiiiii 
 
 of Ilayti 
 
 General Ulises ITenreanx elected presideiit nf .Viia 
 
 /)e;Hi»i(ii for 1836-3 . . . 28 Jiiiii-, i-:{ 
 
 Insurreeiiou ; rebels defeated : reimrteil 14 An;;. J 
 National bank of Hayti ; mysteriiiiis disapiiniraiioi' 
 of bonds and (dieiiues ; .M. Vuuillnn, the iliivot"!-. 
 charges .Mr. D'Almeiia (Amiricaii), siib.iiiaii;i;;iiv, 
 and -Mr. Coles (Ihitish), aceouiilaiit, witli tlirfi, 
 and otherswith iccei\ iiig,sumiiiiii334; inismins 
 tried, at lirst aei|iiitted, al'ti rwanis illi'^Mlly 
 convictedand imiirisoneil ; the .\iiii'iii'aii.l'irii(il, 
 and liritisli governmeuts piotest ; liritish sqimd. 
 roll at Port-au-Prince; iirisoners leleaseil iH-.Jj ] 
 
 Revolution in Ilayti ; gen. .Salomon iiepiisid;aiTivcs 
 in Cuba 16 Aug. ; dies at I'aiis . . i^iiet. ijijj 
 
 5 
 Revolution; Gelfrard flies; banished lor ever, , 
 
 Salnave president of llavti . . 27 March, 18C7 Insunre i.in ot gen. leleu,;,.,,ie , an ji tiiok i.» 
 N'W eoiistitutiou lune the Palais National al Port au-rniiee killeil with 
 
 ItcM.liitii.u caused by Pinwutel ; liaez llies; Cabin! " 300 of his followers 29 Sept.; civil war lirtw.ni 
 
 becomes iiresideiit of St. Doiiiingo . . .Iniie, 
 Revolt against Salnave .... Sept. 
 
 The ex-emiieror Faustin (born a slave, 1791), died 
 
 Aug. 
 City of San Domingo nearly destroyed by the 
 
 hurricane 30 Oet. 
 
 Tt. Baez, president of Dominican reiuiblic, March, i 
 Insurreetiou against .'Saliiave, 10 ,M.iy ; said to be 
 
 aueeessful, 2O May; Fiiglish consul protecting 
 fol-eigners ...... .lune, 
 
 Salnave defeats insurgents, and kills his prisoners, 
 
 3 June, 
 
 Salnave ]iroelaiiiis liiinself einiiemr, Aug. ; oilers an 
 amnesty Oct. 
 
 Civil war continued: Saget and Do;".i. . uez pro- 
 claimed president by their resiiecli'. ■ ...Uowei's, 
 
 Oet. 
 
 Salnave, linallv defeated. Hies loth, tt ...18 Dec. , . 
 
 1868; eaptiiied, tried, and shot . . 15 , Ian. 1870 Unsuccessful attacks 0! 
 
 Sale of Sumaiia bav to the United States discussed, ! Prince 
 
 iiortli and south Ilayti iior. 
 
 Gen. Legitime elected president . . jzHct. „ 
 Ca|ie llaytieii biimbardcd .... 7 Hio. „ 
 Iiiilecisive conllict bilweeii gens. Ilipjiiilyte iml 
 
 Legitime 21 lire. ., 
 
 Gen. Ilipiiolyte installed piesidiiit al lliiytiiii; 
 
 aiinouuced 1 .Inn. i:i) | 
 
 General Legitime recognised as piesiil.m liylliv;;t 
 
 liritaiii and France lV!i. .. 
 
 President Legitime defeated by : 11. IIi|i]Hilytr; 
 
 reiiiiited .... 20 .Ian. „ 
 
 Gen. I)i|ipiilyle defeated about 20 IVli. ., 
 
 : liessaliiies caiitured ; annoiineed '6.A|iiil. „ 
 
 I Kepoilcd advance of Gen. IIi| , . in I'lirt-aii- 
 
 Piiiicc . . . . 25 .May „ 
 
 I The blockade of llayluii l)Oii.-<. XovciiilKr last 
 1 declared to lie iion-elt'ec.'-.'ie, «• 1 'e ixirts to 1« 
 ; ojien ; Ijmilnit (lii:rllr . . iiJ'ii.v, „ 
 
 'iippolyteiin Port-ai|. 
 
 iiidalviiit25 Jnly „ 
 
 .bill. 
 
 Oen. Nis.snge Saget elected president of Ilayti for 
 four years I'll 111 15 .May) . . ly .March, 
 
 Port-aii-Prinee siirrciidei: .i 'o 
 gen. l.cL'ilime (who goe- t" !'; 
 Gell. llippolyte eleclcd pn Md. 
 
 •;, Hiiilioljtf liy 
 C1I . 24 .\n;'. ., 
 i6Utt. ., 
 
 HEAD 
 
 Hi|i|ifllyte coiillrmed 11 
 ,,ii|t«liiv"hitloiiat Po 
 I h blii>''.-le'', about 10 
 I IKij.'aiiil li'.iich citizen', > 
 ■.(.liiiwiilnv '■' flic Uayt 
 
 iTI/inliiisI .' ■. iis.ircd by 
 
 .l.'llS 
 
 .i.'iibiiii' ■':":..■'! 
 
 .,niive«! M ff the river.' 
 
 J .(ii.unieslyprcelainied . 
 
 I fr;;. flise.s Heiireaux re-eli 
 
 I IVjniiiifc'o . 
 
 I Hiii'tiire liPtweeii France am 
 
 tun In a petty 'I'Uik ilispii 
 
 ... |i.,i"'n);.i, idol against 
 
 1.:, '; gen. L'oliiulilhi 01 
 
 |I,. ■;■ n;th France settle 
 Ml.. ri-i.'.Tteil 
 1: • K"';i(Ii ivar-.sliips wa 
 
 i!.>!!iin-i' 
 JIi-,..;Iio1'k''M. liippulyte, p 
 
 IC'ii, Ilieresias Aiigiistin Si 
 
 |I)i;iliimatie miitiire relating I 
 iirtitofHeiT Lililers in (le 
 NiV. 1897: 2(ieriiiaii cnii: 
 Prince: uliiiiiatum, payi 
 iiwiilnl. anil siiiii paid 
 |)liriial law ; new iiiinistry fi 
 <ip'.itliri' nt Piiit-au-Pruice, 
 J [HTSOiis huiiieless, 28 
 ikxki .... 
 
 HEAD ACT, see Ireli 
 
 J HE.\LTH, Genki 
 
 Jippiiiiti'il bv the act for 
 Ijiulilic liealth, iiasscil in 
 (in.-tructeil in Aug. !}■ 
 I was placed at its L 
 hxfl: suci'ceilcil liy W. 
 pdliyCli. B. Addorley in 1 
 s iiirarponited into the 
 ■fnt: Dr. Simon being; reti 
 f ILimm; Hi/i)eiopo!i.i, • 
 Mif Health, &c. 
 
 [hearth, or Ciiim: 
 |rf-|il;ke or licartli in Knj 
 Ihrli'i II. in l(/i2, win 
 
 0.003/. a year. It was all 
 P;iry at the Revolution in 
 
 ilajain abolished. 
 
 I HE.AT (called by Frci 
 litlli' iirno:i'css had liceii ma 
 jhraoinenii of lieat till abc 
 fliitk put forward liis theo 
 Slid, being absorbed b\ 
 f'ilio heat. Cavendish, " 
 Inlinueil Black's reaearchof 
 Irtli his views on radiant 
 luiiil'onl put forth the tlicor 
 Moil iiniong tlic iiarticles 
 buiipoiteilbv c.\perimciit! 
 f Ito). This tlieiiiy (iio« 
 fniichanical theory of lien 
 1 till' pheiioiiienii of pliysi 
 Milurthcrsubstaniiatcil b 
 hnliHofDr, ,J. Meyer of 
 fm r. Joule of kanelu 
 fit is the eiitiivalent of wi 
 lli;< papers |iub!isbcd i.Sji 
 [tk siieutc of thermo-dv 
 FW till Ilia death, 1 1 ( 
 Iwiiorial fund proposed, 20 
 I'Hllnthc lioval Society, 
 ■'«ilhaiu Tliiiinsun, of li 
 
HEAD ACT. 
 
 531 
 
 HEBRIDES. 
 
 Ml I'fll.i;:,,-,, ' 
 
 n ail attiick mi 
 jncc killi'il Willi 
 ■il wiir hi-tw.iii 
 
 I let. 
 
 , lllppolytc ccinllniicil as iiri'siilrht . 15 Mav, i8oa 
 i,i|t«h' ■■■'iitiiiMat I'lirl-aii-I'riiK'o.siipiii-cusril 
 
 I : I ■,;"■■;'''•';■"' ■•°',' ' • • 28 Mav, ,89, 
 
 •J.Kipiuil I' "iili 'Citizen, sliut ; 80,000 fniiics iiaid 
 
 •i.liisffiilAv '■• 'lie JIaytiaii Kovcni nt . 
 
 , , , rc'iiiirt,.,! 20 Jiilv, ,, 
 
 (Uiemlnisl..' ."..u^.!;Vli liy the cliaiiilicr, then ic- 
 
 *«• ', •, 5 All),'. ,, 
 
 I V-ii nbliirt ■ :■';:■■! . . . . ,^ ^\i,,,^ 
 
 IvsiH'Verl! \' 'ft'iP nvei-.St. JFarc, almiit 80 livi'S " 
 
 .li.iJiiifS'.'i'lirr.claiiia'il . . . . " ,o'| ),,,.] " 
 |<,:,. l1i«M Hi'iii-HHiix rij-oleeted jirisidcnt of Man " 
 
 iii.:niiil,'" • • • • . . 16 l)n: iSqj 
 I Bsii'nre Wwwii i r.iiici- and San l)oinin;,'o in ivla- 
 
 MMapeltyliaiiKrlispnt,. . . ,8 Ajiril, 1801 
 ,t„. [V-Miu-p, ului •■iKanint tlic KDVcniini.nt dis- 
 i,r' '; I,'''"- i.'''liiiilillii ordi'i-i'il tu he shut, 
 
 Illy ■',■ n:th France settled ; hide itics to he ' ''* 
 
 ;»,. r'lnrted . . . . 10 March, 180 = 
 
 |T,r- K":irli >var-8liips warmly received in .San 
 L iiiniinsn ... ,g April, „ 
 
 lltelh of KfM. ilippolyto, invsidenl, aniiininci .1 
 
 I ., ' . .■ t.- ,. =? Marcli 1896 
 
 ■frii. IliTOsms AiiK'iistin Simon Sam elected 
 
 I , 31 .Marcli ,, 
 
 llii|.taii.iticrii|itiire relatiii}; to tlie short fmiirisnn. 
 ■ iiirtit of Hi'iT I.iiders in Oct. ; iiideinnity icln.sed, 
 X.1V.1897; 2(ieniiaii eniiseis arrive at I'ort-aii- 
 Priiiee; uliiiinitiiin, payment in 8 hours de. 
 _ :aaiBl«l, mid Sinn paid . . . 6 | ),.,.. ,8„, 
 
 ■jbnial laiv ; iipw ministry formed . . i^, Uee! 
 TiMtlirc at I'ort-iiii-l'rince, £00 hiiililii|.,'s iiurnt' " 
 ;aoo|»T8oas homeless, 28 Dee., and eartiiipiake 
 
 I sI'Kk* 29 Uiv. ,, 
 
 HE.-VD ACT, see Irelnnrf, 14O5. 
 
 HE.^LTH, General Board of, was 
 
 -ipmntnl by the act ior the pnniiotiou of tlie 
 ■piiWic healtli, passed in i,S48. Tliis board was 
 *Mii^tracte.l in Aug. 18^4, mid sir lieiijiimin 
 iHall was placed at its Iieiul. witli ii siilaVy of 
 fcxri.; sucrit'ded b)' W. K. Cowper, Au;;. i8i;c 
 Itil liy Ch. 1). Artdei-ley in 1858. In 1858 tliis board 
 hij iiiforporated into tlie iii-ivy council e.stablish- 
 Inent: I)r. Simon bi'inpr retaine(1 a.s inodical officer. 
 xHn'iiem; JJi/i/eiopolix, Utiiii/titioii, Rvliiliitions 
 WJicHenlt/i, &c. ' 
 
 iHE.iETH, or ClintNEY, Tax, on every 
 |re-pl;iw or lieartli in En;,'laiid, was iiniiosed bv 
 WfJ II. in 1662, wlien it produced abou't 
 h>.ml. a year. It was abolislied by W'illiutii and 
 Man- at the Itevidution in 1689; imposed again, 
 pasiin abolished. 
 
 IHE.\T (called by Fronidi clieniists Caloric) 
 lillle |irn»i'cs« liad been niiide in the study of tile 
 ■benfjinena of heat till about 1757, when .Joseiih 
 Ikk put forward his theory of latent heat (he.it 
 ■•.'iiiil, being absorbed by'inidtin;; ice), and of: 
 
 e* heat. Cavendi.sh, 'Lavoisier, and others 
 inlinucj Black's researches. Sir John Leslie put 
 Irtli his views on radiant heat in 1804. fount 
 fcinilonl put forth tlie theory that heat cT.iisists in 
 lotion among the iiarticles of matter, which view ^ 
 *:siili|)oite(ll)ye\]ieriinents on Iriction (recorded ' 
 f l*.|). This theory (non- tailed the dynamical I 
 iBurliiimral theory of heat, and nsed to explain I 
 
 II the p ii-iioiiieiia of physii'S and cheiiiistrv) has 
 Nlurthcrsubstaiiiiated by the independent re- i 
 lir,bi.,„tp,.,j. jieyer of ileilbronn and of Mr i 
 |i«es P. Joule of Manchester, who assert that I 
 ft lithe e(|uivaleiit of work done. Mr. Joule ' 
 IH>!.per.pu!,!isl,ed .S, ,_2, Kd,] the foinuiatioi; ■ 
 It emcuce ol theriuo-dynaniics, on which he 
 |tM till Ins d.'atb, II Oct. 1889. The Joule 
 rr,';'' "'''J''''',l":r"'.'.?" ^"V. 1889, was insti- 
 
 '"'"'■"11 llienisnn, of tJla.sgow, jiublislied fiis 
 
 rMearchcs on the dynamical power of the sun's rnva. 
 Ihcrmo-eectncitv, prodnce.f by heatiiiL^ iiieces of 
 O'lpiHr atid bismutji soldered tofjether, was'diseovercd 
 n Seelieck in 182.5. A powerful themio-eleetrio 
 mtery was eonstrncted by Marcus of Vieiinii, in 
 I8(,,. I'rolessor Tynda 's "ll.at ii Jlode of 
 
 M<d,o,^ Jirstpuldiihedreb. iXoi^l-rd'tdlio 
 : 18OH, sixth edition 1880. The researches of 
 I philo.sopl,er.,are still devoted to this .subject ; see 
 
 Jio,/,,,;/ Uhre.nim'. Greatest heat in the hot 
 , mnnmer of ,8(.8 at Nottingham, in sun, lai^; in 
 ; shade, 92-2, 22 July, i p.m. : ,4 Au^-. 1876, 9S7 in 
 I theshiide; Mrm.sun ; 26 Jn.,e,iS78,95 in thesi'ide. 
 
 ' '^mar'Mf Sn? '""■';'"'/ " l'™''"l-"i'-">iKi"c in ,807, 
 anil .Ml. SliilMi- appli,.,! it t.. laisin- water in Avr 
 
 desci'ibedin"^ '"";i"-"""l ".vMr. Wenl,a„'il4'.s 
 ' \V s „ P' '.'"I"'"*'''!"''"'-' '""■'■ '"•'■" "iii'li' hy 
 IS.a."!!,''/^,!!;''/,' *'"'' ■' *-"■'"■'■"">■ '■iniiloyed.i 
 
 ^'l'-hi'a^w'!''ii'T'r''''''*'''''''''"''^'''l'''"^ 
 
 Altle'n .r™;',^^' " cost „r 80 per cent, lesst^i^ill's,™ 
 A liuii-h ,.,i one eii-ines wciv not siicccsslnl, eai.t 
 hrie.s.snncnntinncd his cxpcrimcids, and oatei e <n 
 'I'M'i'-vcd ,.n^!iiic in ,856.' in ,3„a h,. „ , scd L 
 ; Csa ion of ,1,.. suns rays, and ihcir e up cM , ',,1 s 
 
 " ";■'■ I,"'"'>'i-; ill March, iSSy, lieexhili ■ is 
 
 appamtns in New Vork sl,o,lly''lH.fore ills d™tlC 
 
 A portahlehcatradia(or,asiuall vessel cm.tainiie- burnt 
 
 :;^.£i'.{p;:;;;r'i:'ii.-atS'ndd:,vi:i: 
 ^'^■^;^^'in;ii:;!!d^'l;:':;'t:i^:!^^:j^-^:-y;ri:-r 
 
 94 -I 111 the shad.., ,5 ,)„|y, ,38i. In I , n I w' 
 
 ii..":^;.r:^in';i::,,a:;e''',!a ■;88i''-''rr 
 
 9>' ill the shtle, 3, All!- 885:^' ! h,>fA,, ;: ''8o'' 
 A wave of iiitense'lieatrpassed over Cope cansi^e: 
 
 smell, laii.s, y5-8', 19 An-.; Trieste, ,ro^ 21 \iil' ■ 
 
 \ ""v."/. ','8 -•\"-; '"=''. =' AiiK. ; 1 .,. in' •-^: ' 
 
 Aug. : Madrni, ,06', ,7 Aug. ; Seville, .20', .sA^nK'. 
 
 i8i8. 
 .S59. 
 
 1S6S. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1 87. 
 1872. 
 ■87.). 
 1874- 
 
 MAXI.MI-.M TK.Ml.r.liAr|-l,ES OF 90- OR UeWARUS 
 hllAl.K, AT tAMr)K.N..SliI-ARE, Lo.VUO.V. 
 
 I'cK- 
 92 "6 
 
 91 '9 
 go' I 
 90-4 
 91 "o 
 93'3 
 
 9.r= 
 90-4 
 
 91 'o 
 91 'o 
 9I"2 
 
 90-8 
 90 'o 
 
 92'J 
 
 9t>-i 
 90 '4 
 
 .liino 16 . 
 July 12 
 •Inly 13 . 
 •Inly lis 
 ■July 16 . 
 •July 21 
 •Tilly 22 . 
 ■Inly 27 
 .■Sept. 7 . 
 ■Inly 22 
 June 22 . 
 Jnlv 22 
 An,-. ,3 . 
 July 25 
 July 22 . 
 July 9 
 
 .874. 
 1876. 
 
 1885 
 1893 
 
 ■ 13 
 14 
 
 ■ 5 . 
 
 ■ l.'i 
 
 . II . 
 26 
 
 Madrid, 15 An,'., 
 
 112", 1893. 
 
 July 
 Jnlv 
 
 Auk, 
 
 An,', 
 
 Jnlv 
 
 Julv 
 
 Au; 
 
 ■liil 
 
 • Illlie 19 
 All,'. lO 
 
 An,'. 17 
 
 An,'. 18 
 
 An,'. 21 
 
 All,'. 23 
 8. An^. 22 . . ^ 
 O, J. Syinoiis, K.H..S 
 
 90'i 
 
 92 '6 
 92-3 
 92"! 
 92-7 
 946 
 92 o 
 
 90 '4 
 
 904 
 
 907 
 
 92-7 
 
 93 '6 
 
 72' 
 
 60 ■ 
 
 Heat wave in 'L''.,S.X. A.J'ni'.w v„rk, io5\ 3, .Jnlv ,80. • 
 
 London, 86-., 30 May, 1895. lli,'li' Urn ! ,Vii e^fa' 
 
 ' I'l '''r'i'"' S^ • ^■♦' ^5 ^''\'^- ■895- London 87' 
 
 de.;'hs,'-r?o' '^"" ''■',"''^•,''7 '■'■,.. An,' ,£96' ai^y 
 
 Heatwave avera,'iii,' ,07- in the .shaile in S. Australia 
 \ictoria, and New .South Wales, 26 Di'c. ,(.*./. .897 
 
 HEBKEWS; .see Jeu-x. The Kpistle to tlie 
 Tf,...hivws uscnbed to St. Pan! is dated 04. The 
 cli.vf classic authors of all nations, except Greece, 
 have been translated into Hebrew. ' 
 
 HEBRIDES (the l-biuhc of Ptolcniv and the 
 
 //c////,/c,, of I'liiiy), western isles of Scotland, long 
 subject to ^orway; ceded to Scotland in 1264; ""t 
 
 .M M 2 
 
 !iii 
 
 
 t'i 
 
 
 A\ 
 
 W-'\ 
 
 1 ' {La J 
 
 ii:# 
 
 
 -..V.'^i' 
 
 ..:JtjHyt'fc»..' 
 
f 
 
 'f 
 
 IP 
 
 m 
 
 i. 
 
 1 '1 
 
 t \ I 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 til 
 
 HEBKON. 
 
 fi32 
 
 HEX lOSTAT. 
 
 niincxcd to the SrnttUli crown in 1540 liy Jiinica V. 
 Thu hiTitablo jurisdictionB were iitiiilislicil in 
 J747- 
 
 HERRON (in riiloHtini). Hero Alinihiim i<- 
 Bidcil, liSdo H.c. ; and licic Diivid wiis madi' kini;<if 
 Judah, 104.S n.c. On 7 Aiiril, 1W12, the prime "I' 
 Wales visited the reinited cave of Mailii)elali, near 
 Hebron, said to eontuin tlie renniins of Aluiilinni 
 and Ids descendants. 
 
 HECATOMB, an ancient sn<'ritiee of a Imndred 
 oxen, particidariy observed by the J,acc(be]iionians 
 wiien tliey possessed a h\indred cities. 'J'lie sacritire 
 wassniiseiinently redui'cd to twenty-thre(! oxen, and 
 goats and lainb.s'were subatitnted. 
 
 IIECI.A, MOTINT (Iceland). Its Hrst re- 
 corded ern])tion is 1OC14. About twenty-two erup- 
 tions have taken place, aicordiii'.;- to Olassoii and 
 I'anlson. Great cunvnlsiona of tliia nmnntain oc- 
 curred in 17(16, since when a visit to the top in 
 summer is not altende<l with ^leat ditticnlty. I'cr- 
 hajx the most awful V(dcanic eruptioi\ on record 
 took place in l7f<4-5, when rivers were dried np, 
 and many villages overwhelmed or destroyed. The 
 mount wiis in a state of violent eruption from 2 Sept. 
 1845. to April, l84(>. Thh'e new craters were 
 foriiied, from which pilliirs of tire rose to the height 
 of 14,000 Knulish feet. The lava formed several 
 hills, and nieces of pumice stone and scca-ia' of 2 
 cwt. were thmwn to a distance cda leag'ue and a lialf ; 
 tlie ice and snow which had covered the mountain 
 for centuries midted into prodiKions lloods. 
 
 HEGTllA, EliA 01' Till-;, dates fr<mi the tlLnht 
 (Arabic /ifj'r/i) of Mahomet, from Mecca to Mednia, 
 on the nijiht of Thursday, is .inly, O22. Tlie era 
 
 removed in 1H40, and interred at the lIcMcl d,., i,,. 
 valiiles, I'aris; si'c /•'/•«')/(•(•, 1840. Thi' lumw imj 
 tond) have been luuchased liy llie I'rciicji ^'r,!,,,,,. 
 nu'iit. The bishoprii' was fiiuiiilcil in" ijc,.* 
 (iovernor, adm. sir ('has. KUi.it, iS:i^,|; .^^^^ 
 Charles (ieor)j;e Kdwaril I'atey. |.S(>,; lliiiU„„|j,,].,i; i 
 •laiii-ch, 1873, died ,\pril, 1884; (nl.Onnii iJli.nt"! 
 lion. \Vm. (Irey Wilson, |8.S(); 1|. .\. MdiKJ.,',.' 
 M.arch, l8i)7. 'I'opulation, 1871. 1.241; i„ |,y,i,' 
 v(i8i; l8i)I, 4,11(1. llevenue, i8i)i, ,S,72}i/.; (,^'; 
 penditure, <),o,^2/. 
 No crime, iletit or ili.sciisc icportcil Ipy llii' ;.Mvi'ni,,i 
 
 »|irill,', ,: . 
 «ll,9 1»Tv,ii, 
 
 • • 1 .Mm. ., 
 HELENS, ST., Lancashire, un,m,\h , 
 village, now the centre cd' a lar^f inaiiulii. ti|ii,|.. 
 district; coustitnted a muiiiiipal lii.niU'.;li, iSi.s,", 
 parliiimentary b(MMU|.'h, one niciiilirr, i.s.s^, lii'., 
 town-hall with a jiuldic library was lipcmvl i»,-(. 
 Col. Gamble lays foiiudatioii stone ot ;i |iiiliii,. 
 lilii-ary, technical school, \i'. He ;;ivis tli,. .^.^ 
 ami 5o,(KX)/. for the bnildiu;;-, 2 (let. 1S04: tin in! 
 stitute opened by tlie earl of Uia-bv, 1; 'S»\\ i,v, 
 Population, 1871" 4i, 154; 181)1,71,2X8. 
 
 llv I lie fall of a rock near .lane ^ 
 'kille.l 
 
 HELIGOLAND, an island in tlio Nortli S,..,, 
 formerly a depemlence of the ducliy nf l|h|.t,iii' 
 Biiliject'to Deumark, was taken fnnii'tlic |i,aii< i,v . 
 the'lU-itish, 5 Sept. 1807 ; made a ilcjint f„r iJijii.U 
 merchandise; conliniied to Kiii;laiiil by the tiv.ilv 
 of Kiel. 14 Jan. 1814. In a naval cieia^i'iiiiiii.ii 
 lleli);olaild, lietwei 11 the Danes and the AiMrid:- 
 
 and Prussians, the allies were 1 pcllcil \i, ivtir,., 
 
 9 -May, 18(14. A fashionable liiitliin;; plmr f.,r 
 Oermans. Uovernor. col. Ileiirv V. li. .\|,is.,, 
 l8(u; It.-eol. ,1. T. X. O'llricii, ']i<H] ; Mr. A c' 
 S. liarkley, Nov. 1888. lleli-nl;,n,l was n,W ti 
 
 — J—, - . , (iermauv bv the Aiif;Io-(ji riinui :i'.'ivciiiint, iS 
 
 was the first day. 3? of its lunar years are eiinal to j,,,,,, . ^Ij^.^,,,' „,, |,y yy,. l\.,^^±\^.y t„ Un-^ivv (l.ri.ii 
 ■J2 of those of the vulgar era. ' " ••.,•. 
 
 commences on the idtli. Sonic 
 
 from the I5tli, but Cantemir jiroves that 
 
 compute lias era 
 the Kith 
 
 32 
 
 HEIDELBEIIG (Germanv) was the capital 
 of the Palatinate, I Vi2-I7l'l- 'l''"' protestant elec- 
 toral house bei'omin'i; extinct in I(x;.5, a wareiisned, 
 in which the castle was mined, and the elector 
 removed his residence to Mannheim. It was an- 
 nexed to liadeii ill 1802. Here was the eebdnated 
 tun, constructed in 1343, when it contained twenty- 
 one pi|ie9 of wine. Another was made in 1(1(14, 
 wliieh held (100 hof;slieads. It was destroyed by the 
 French in 1(188; but n lai'Ker one, fabricated in 
 1751, which h(dd 800 hogsheads, and was formerly 
 kept full of the best Rhenish wine, is said to be 
 mouldering in a damp vault, empty, since 17(19. 
 Population, 1890, 31,737- 
 Tlie annivcrsiiry of tbc fiauclalinii of tlic iiniveifiity in 
 
 13S6 was eiitimsiasticallv cclvliratcl early in AU);iist, 
 
 1886. 
 
 HELDER POINT (Holland). The fort tind 
 the Dutch fleet lying in the Texel surrendered to 
 the liritish under the duke of York and sir 1. dph 
 Abercrombv, for the prime of Orange, after 11 con- 
 flict. 540 'Ih-itish were kiUed, 30 Aug. 1799. The 
 place was left in Oct. ; see IScfijfn. 
 
 HELENA, ST., an island in tlieSouth Atlantic 
 Ocean, discovered bv the Portuguese under Juan de 
 Nova Castilla, on St. Helena',s day, 21 May, 1502. 
 The Dutch afterwards held it until i(jOO,when they 
 were expelled by the ICnglish. Tlie British Kast 
 India (lompanv .settled here in l(ii;i ; and the 
 island was alternately possessed by the English and 
 Dutch until 1(173, when Charles II., on 12 Dec, 
 assigned it to the company once more. St. Helena 
 was the place of Napoleoii's captivity, 16 Oct. 1815 ; 
 and here he died, 5 May, 1821. His remuins were 
 
 Kiivernor, 9 Aug. ; visited by 
 
 i'iii|ii:,r 
 
 p ' / ---.?■' ^ ■-. < 
 
 William U., and proi'laimed part of the niiim 
 10 Aug. l8()0. l'o]iulatioii, 188!, almat 2000. 
 HELIOGRAPHY (from /o7;«.s the.™;. 
 
 A system of lehjiiapliiiiK by inirmrs ll.islii.i; !liiT;ivv»t| 
 tlic smi, said to liiivc liccn cni|ilnyi>il 1 1 ilk- aiirMits| 
 in tlic time of Alcxaielcr, alimil rn ii.c. 
 
 A pnrtatile lielin>;rapli. invcntcil liyjh-. II. Mauri', ..fi;» 
 I'ersiaii tele(;rapli ile|iiiilmeiit, was aiMiiiiiiici.liin:-:. 
 II was eaipliiycil in liiilia. 1877-78 ; ami in llu.U.lii 
 anil /uln camiiaigns, 1879-80. f<cc also JVe*«(irv!i. 
 
 HELTOMETER, an instnunent fnr iiwivir. I 
 ing the diameters of the suii, moon. plaiiHs. ml I 
 stars, invented by Savary, in 1743; apiilicil li\ M.I 
 lionguer, in 1744. \ tine heliiniiefcr, liy lle|i-i)ij| 
 of Hamburg, was set up at the KadclillcobsiTVatirv, [ 
 Oct. 1849. 
 
 HELIOl'OLIS; see 7,WMic (in Syria). Tli?! 
 name was also given to a i-ily in Lower Ki;v|it ,tlit I 
 liililieal On or Bethshemesh) in the earliest kii<i«Ti [ 
 times, a chief seat of the worsiiip of the sun. It 
 suffered much by the Persian invasidii, 525 li.i,, I 
 and was in ruins in the time of Stnibo, uliiuiied | 
 about A.I). 24. 
 
 HELIOSCOPE (apecidiar sort of ti'W„;.-,J 
 prepared for observing the sun so as not tn atlct 
 the eve), was invented by Christopher SLliiiiur in 
 
 I "^->" 
 
 1 HELIOSTAT, an instrunieiitinvciifci iel 
 
 a sunbeam stationary, or ajipaieiilly st.iti"li;iiy. ;r.- 
 
 vented by s'Grin-esande aliout 1719, and grwllrl 
 
 improved" by Mains and others. One cnnstraitDij 
 
 by .MM. Foucault and Duboscq was exhibited it j 
 
 i Paris in Oct. 1862. 
 
 HE! 
 
 HELIUM, a gas dif 
 
 |t;;Ii .irK"" '" ''"' '"'' 
 \^Jnijell, 1 81)8. 
 
 HELLAS, in Thessii 
 
 J ifliis anil flic (ireek ra 
 
 P(liif)rianii from the 1511 
 
 I Jtriuil its name from 
 
 ljl..utl(xX)ii.e. 'i'he II 
 
 I),ii;ms, .I'loliaiis, lonii 
 
 KrMiit king of (i recce 
 
 5/,//„«j.'"Bce (Ji-iirv. 
 
 HELLENIC SOCI 
 
 I (Cfiirii. loniicil at a meet 
 (, I. Ni'wtoii and others, 
 
 , HELLESPONT (m 
 
 [riiis) was iiaincd alter 
 I mas. king of 'I'hebes, 
 I JiM.iilinjt to the legend 
 
 Hwi of Scstiis, and Le; 
 
 i;e ilrmvncil in a teni| 
 I in.imiiiii!; across tlie ile 
 
 jii.i lliro, in despair, tli 
 haiolscventli century n.i 
 1 Ikfiilinid also swam IK 
 
 HELL-FIRE CLI 
 
 |s»i;itiiins were suppress 
 I $..iiiirst't-hoiise, and at h 
 liiit.iiuliiit-strect. 
 
 HELLHOFPITE, 1 
 
 I f\pl<i.MVe, composed of 1 
 IHillhotfand Oriison of t 
 l.\s:iist, lS«5. 
 
 HELMETS, among 
 
 I lidiil witli a vi/or of giat 
 
 |*;i-. ami beaver to low 
 
 I'.iiut wa.s riiiuid, the Hi 
 
 Ijijlaiiil wiirc a idaiii 
 
 |ol the Eiisli.di kings h.id 
 
 Alexanilcr III. ( 
 
 iIj! liflmet, with a a(|ni; 
 
 Ibtliiiel of Holictt I. was 
 
 llj*. Gieiliim, 
 
 HELOTS, caplivCK, d 
 l^rnk/ii/f/ii, to take ; by 
 |«liiili the Spartans hated 
 Iktr. Till' Siiartana, it 
 JrBi'uiHl the llelots to sh 
 |«iavisaiid iivisnners of w; 
 InuiiibiT of the Uclofs wa 
 jcoiii|Ucst of Messenia, 66? 
 1(0 line foniicd four-tiftl 
 K|<irta. In the Peloiioni 
 Tkavwl with uii'joimiion brn 
 l»itli liberty, 431 n.c. ; In; 
 ' of 2000 iimnumitted 
 llaiTilamonian freacherj'. 
 ;iti(iii between the llelot 
 iidfrt'J mythical. 
 
 HELVETIAN RE] 
 
 lluniig been coiKjiiered b 
 Vpi.blie wa-s pstahlished \\ 
 lite ■'iiriUtridiid. 
 
 I. HELVETII, a Celtfl 
 
 jinbabited jiart of what is 
 
 Tieyjnined the Cimbri, « 
 
 fonians were defeated nea 
 
 "/•nginus killed, 107 n.c. 
 
 '(fs were defeated by \ 
 
 lading Gaul, 61 n.c. 
 
 HMCTedljy JidinsCicsai 
 
HELIUM. 
 
 538 
 
 HERALDRY. 
 
 i"'. oHsiiiiillv I, j 
 
 I'tfl' inill|l||;|.|i|',i,|. 
 
 il lii'i'iuuli, iSi.s ., 
 I'liil"'!-, iNSv Ti,. 
 ■ w:i> ii|iciiiil |\-( 
 ■•^tcMIr of ;i |,„i:ii, 
 111' j;i>-lS the -jlf, 
 "'■t- I'S'U; lh( ill- I 
 
 I'l-liv. ■; S'liv, i\,, 
 7i,2X,s, 
 
 I in the Ni>|-tli s,.,i 
 
 IVnlll th|. iMliH l,v 
 
 :i ili'l'i't i"i- lirili.ii 
 liiiiil liy Ihc trciitv I 
 
 1111(1 thr Aibliiiih I 
 «>iii|ii'lli'il to ivtir, 
 liiitliiiii; pliur for j 
 "i-v !•'. li. Max.,., 
 I, l^Si ; Mr. A, C. 
 
 illlMlI «-;is irilcl t'l 
 
 mil :r.'iveini'nt, iS j 
 
 to tlll'^R'W (itniiin 
 
 liy till' viii|i( ],)r I 
 iiirt ill' till' I'luiriic, 
 !, illimit 2000. 
 ii/ios, the .inn). 
 
 I-S ll.-islil,i|. :|i|.r;iv<..t| 
 
 ".vi'il 1 > 111.' aiiii'iiri) 
 iUll.i. f 
 
 Mr. ll.Miiiipr.nfiiJ 
 
 llSlllllliiUliCTclilii;-;. 
 
 3 ; mill ill iliiv^f.iil 
 w iilsii ru.j,.,. 
 
 •iinu'iit for nir;i>'rr-l 
 moon, pliiiiMs ;iiil[ 
 ;4 ^ ; iiiiiilii'il 111 .\l. 
 iiiiiirtir, liy Hep-cM 
 ,;Hli'lill'i'iibs('rvat"IT, I 
 
 /".(in .Syria). Ik 
 
 II [,ii\vi'r K!;y|it ;llie| 
 tliL' I'arlicst kiiii»ii| 
 
 lii]i 111' till" sun. Il 
 iiivasiim. 525 ii.i,, I 
 lit' Stnilio, wli'iiiinil 
 
 II- sort of tflisn'pe, I 
 
 ..^0 lis not to iiiiH I 
 
 stojilier Srlieinir in I 
 
 HELIUM, a (jns (lisoovcrod by iirof. Uiiiiisiiy 
 
 lT.;lMirKOTi ill the iiiiiui-iil ricvi'iti', iHi)^. See 
 ] pinijrii, lSip<. 
 
 HET-LAS, ill Tlieasaly, thf home of tlie Ilel- 
 I Idiis iinil till' ('I'l'i-'k I'll"'!', wliii'h siipplaiitcd tlic 
 
 p,|;is)tiana from tlio i^tli to tlio iith iriitiii-v ii.c, 
 
 Jtrinii its iiiiiiM' ti'iiiii lliUoii, kiiij; ol I'litliiotis, 
 |jkiitl6ooii.('. Tho IIcllciif.s at'iiiiratcil into tlie 
 1 Il,iiiaiiii, ^1''iili:i",i'*i ,Ii"i'ii";ii mill Aoliiiiiin.s. Tin.' 
 
 Hwiit ki"!.' of (Ji'i't'i'i.' is ciilloil "kiiij,' of tliu 
 
 IliHtiirs:" si'C (jrmr. 
 
 HELLENIC SOCIETY.to i.iomot,. Ihiioni,. 
 
 I (ulii'S, loriiii'il lit a iiu't'tiiij.', Id Jiiiic, 18711, liv .Mr, 
 ('. '!'. Xovton iimi othoi's. Juiiiinil iiiilili.sln.i uSXi, 
 
 HELLESPONT (now tlie Strait of tlii' Diir.la- 
 
 Pfi;is) W118 niimril iifti'i' lli'llc, tliiii^hicr of Atlia- 
 
 ui.. king ol' 'I'Iii'Ih'.s wlio was diowiii'il lii'ic. 
 
 I i,H,iilin(! to till' icfjciiilai'v .'itory of tlio luvrs of 
 
 I Hmo of Si'stii.s, anil Lcanilcr of Aliyiliw, Lcamlcr 
 
 Bj ilrowncil ill a t('iii|n'stiiniis ni-'lit a.s lie was 
 
 I (iiiiiiiuini,' nri'oss till' Jli'lli'spniit (iilioiit one mill'), 
 
 I jjil Hero, ill ili'spair, tlii'cw hcrsolf into tile sea, 
 
 iitnlsi'veiitli century 11. c. I.onl liynm iiiiil lioiit. 
 
 I Ittiilu'iid also .swam ai'i'os.s, J May, if<io. See 
 
 lX:.l''>. 
 
 HELL-FIRE CLUnS. Three of tliese as- 
 Ifiiiiations were sujiiiressed, 172 1. 'J'liey met at 
 l$«iiimrt-hoiise, and iit houses in Westminster and 
 liiiOiiiiliiif-strect. 
 
 HELLHOFFITE, n new, powerful and safe ' 
 I Hiii.'.-ivf, roniposed of nitrates, ki\, invented liy 
 IHillhutliinil Grii.sou of St. I'otersbnry, iinnoimi-ed 
 
 l.ic.'ibt, 1S.S5. : 
 
 HELMETS, anions tlio Uoniiuis, were pro- 
 Iriiirtlwith 11 vi/ur of (ii'iited liars, to raise above the 
 eii, anil beaver to hiwer for eating'; the ((reek 
 femet wius round, the Komaii M|iiare. Jiieliiird I. 
 Icfliiijlaiiil wiirc a plain round hehiiet; liut most 
 lit tlif English kiiiijs had I'liiwns above their liel- 
 Ale.\aniler 111, of .Scotland, 1241J, had a 
 lllii lu'liiH't, with a siiiiare fjrated vizor, and tlie 
 Ibtliatl of Uiihett I. was siirniuunted by a crown, 
 |lj*. (Ju-illiiii, 
 
 HELOTS, tdjilh-cx, derived by some from the 
 |ferk/«/(i')(, to take ; by others from Helos, a citv 
 |«liiili till' S|iiirtans hated for refusing to pay tri- 
 Tlie SiKirtana, it is said, ruined fiio" eity, 
 Iftiliut'd the llelots to shivery, and called all their 
 |«iav,'sand prisoners of war 7'/(7o^c, "(X) n.i-. The 
 Inumljer of the Helots was much enlarged liy the 
 
 ('jiiiiui'st of Messenia, 668 11. c. ; and is considered 
 ito have forini'd four-tifths of the inhaiiitiints of 
 K|rarta. In the I'ehiponnesian war the llelots be- 
 Jliavrdwithuni.'omiiioiiliriix'ery, and were rewarded 
 |«'illi liberty, 431 n.c. ; but tfie sudden disajipear- 
 
 "Of2000 manumitted sbivea was attributed to \ 
 iLinilamoiiian treachery. Jlti-mluti(.i. Tiie eon- 
 
 bvitinn botwirii the llehda and Ilelos, is now eon- 
 
 fiiii-Hil liiytlliral. 
 
 HELVETIAN REPUBLIC. Switzerhmd 
 
 |t.iviiis boon coniiiiered by tlie French in 1797, a 
 
 ii.Mio was established April, 1798, with thia Htie- 
 
 life ><iiil:erl(iii/l. | 
 
 I HELVETII, a Celto-Gennanie peop' . [.J 
 
 Inlialiited pari of what is now called Switzei and. 
 
 TThfyjninrdtheCimlivi, were with them -.vhen the 
 
 fciiians were defeated near Geneva, and the eonsul 
 
 Longinus killed, 107 n.c, and when tliey thcm- 
 
 I'l'swerc defeated bv Marius and Catulus, lOr. 
 
 [Invading Gaul, 61 n.c. thev were defeated and 
 
 isiati'tdby Juhus Ca;sar, 58 n.c, near (Jy va. 
 
 HEMEL HEMPSTEAD, Hertfordshire. 
 I he othce of high baililf dates from Henry VIII. 
 b.irter of incorporation granted, Uec. 1897. I'opu- 
 lation, 1891, 9,004. 
 
 HEMP AND Fl,AX. Flax was first planted in 
 England, when it was directed to be sown for tish- 
 ing-nets, 1^32 5. '• lloiintieau M' paid toeiiconrage 
 Its cultivation in I7,S^; and everv exertion should 
 lie made by the goveninient and legislature to ac- 
 compli.sh such a national good. In 178^ there weio 
 iniported from Uussia, in Itritish .ships,' 1 7,(19:; tons 
 of henip and Hax." .Sir Juhii Siiicliiir. The ""- 
 
 cotton during the American civil war, i,S6i-4. 
 
 . HENGEiSTDOWN (Cornwall). Here Ivjiert 
 is said to have defeated the Danes iind West 
 lii'itons, 8 j5. 
 
 IIENOTICON (from the Greek /a-iu,fr.^, unitv), 
 ail edict of union for reconciling the Kiityihiana with 
 
 the cl 
 
 cliurch, issued by the emjieror Zeno at the in- 
 stance of Acaciiia, iiatriarcli of Constantin.i]ile, 482. 
 It was ZPiilously opposed bv the popes of Home, and 
 was annuHed by Justin I^ in i;i8. The orthodo.v 
 
 Iiaity triumiilied, 
 e.vpe'lh'd from tl 
 
 many lieretic liisliojis were 
 
 ii'ir sees. 
 
 , HEPTARCHY (or government of seven rulers) 
 in Kngland was giadiiallv formed from 4/;5, when 
 llengist lieciime king of' Kent. It terminated in 
 828. when Kgliert benime .sole monarch of Kngland. 
 1 liere were at Hrst nine or ten Saxou kingdoms, but 
 Middlesex soon ceased to exist, iiud lieriiicia and 
 Ueira were generally governed by one ruler, as 
 Nortluimliria: see Jlrifain. 
 
 IIERACLEA, see l'„wh..i„. 
 
 HERACLID.T;, descendants of Hercules, wlio 
 were expelled from the I'eloponnesus about I2u0 
 n.c, but recoiuiuered it in 1048, Ilo;-4 or lltxjii.c, 
 y, all tlie history pre- 
 
 a noted ejioch in ehionoli 
 ceding being aceounted fab'u'lous. 
 
 HERALDItY. Marks of honour were used in 
 the Hrsl ages. SikIhI. The l>hr\gians liail a sow ; 
 the Tliracian.s, Mars; tlie llomans, an eagle; the 
 Goths, a bear; the Flemings, 11 bull; the .>»axoiis, 
 a horse; and tlie ancient French a lion, and after- 
 wards the tieur-de-lis {u-lticli .vrc). Heialiliy, as an 
 art, ia ascribed first to Charlemagne, about 8u(); and 
 next to Frederick liarbarossa, about 1152; it bcigan 
 and grow with the feudal law. Midkinzi',-. The great 
 Kimlish works on Ileralilrv are those of JIarchain 
 or H'U'khain, published bvG'willim (1610), Kdmond- 
 son (1780), and liurkes "Armory" (1842; new 
 ed. 1883, contains a history and the arms of above 
 66,aX) Uritish families, ka'.). .See ISIaximry, Crests, 
 and Armoridl Jlfdriiii/s, 
 Kdwiinl 111. aiii»iintcil two licriililie kiiigs-at-arius 
 
 lor tlu' smith and imrtli (8iirniv, Xorroy) . 
 HiclianI 111. incnriinratcil ami endowed the 
 
 Hkh.m.ds' CiiM.K.ciK 1483- 
 
 I'liilip anil Mary ciilaigi'd its |iriviU'ges, ami eon, 
 
 lirmcil tlicui by letters patent . . 15, Inly, 
 Koriiiciiy, in iiiaiiy eerciiionics, tlie liei-alil repfv, 
 
 si'Utcd the king's person, and tlicirfoic wore a 
 
 criiwn, and was always a kiiiglit. 
 Tlie eiillcgi' lia.'i an laii iiiar.-,liat, ) king.-, ot aims 
 
 (Garter, Clareneieux, anil Xoiinv), 6 bcialils 
 
 (Hiclimiiiid, Lancaster, Cliester, Wimlsor, Soiner. 
 
 set, and Vork), 4 iiiirsiiivaiits.aiiil 2 extra lieralils; 
 
 .see Kiirl A/.n.s/iii/, and KiiKix-nf-Ainix. 
 Tlie liiiildiiig in Doctors' Comiiiuiis. I.iiiidon, was 
 
 eiecti'd liy sir t'liristnii.icr Wren (after tlie great 
 
 1340 
 -4 
 
 1554 
 
 
 
M 
 
 HEKAT. 
 
 w 
 
 Huii 
 
 Itliki 
 
 mm 
 
 biillcllii((» now In Qtiooii >'lc 
 
 llli' 111 lrt66), 1683; 
 tmhiMtrMi'l, K.C. 
 
 IIkiiai.iis' VirtinTioNs wiTi' (irriislciiiB''_ 
 Inihici' tiiiicn, at wliicli flic liriilnj p'utry »■,■ 
 ri'i|ulml til iitti'iiil to pnivi' tlii'i: .|it,'ri'i',', wH ' 
 V/vm tlll'll I'llli'lril ill II liiiiik. Ilh IllKt 1. .:li'l li> 
 liiivi) lii'i'ii lii'lil ill U187. Wiiiiii' 'il' till- rvcurilit liavu 
 iK'dii priiiti'il. 
 
 A llrrillillr I'XiiiljItinli t(i wliirli lil> i|lloi'll eoiltl't- 
 liiili-d was .ipi'iii'il 111 Killiil"iij;li, .Inly— AiiKiiHt, 
 iRyi. Till' Tii'iilisi' liy tlif Hi'V . .1. Wncnhviiiil ami 
 till' liiti' <i. iliinii'tt was (■iiiiii>l''t('il III twii vuls. . i8q." 
 
 HERAT, nil tlip coTitiui's (if Kluinisan, 11 strong 
 oify, lulled the key of Afglinnistnti. It wus cim- 
 iHKiX'il by IVrsia, early in tin' Kith ci'titiiry ; liy the 
 AfglmnH, in T'ls; hy'Niiilii- SImli, 1751 ; Vnoveieil 
 liy tlio AfgliiniH, i7.(i). The I'crsiiinsi liallleil in mi 
 iitteni])t, in 1838 ; took it 25 Oet. 185(1, in violation 
 of the treaty of 18153 ; arid war cnsneil lietweeii 
 Great Hrituin am! IVrsia. Pence wiisniaile 111 April, 
 1857; and lii'iaf \va.s restored 27 July followinf;. 
 It was seized ; , liii liv Dost Mahonnneil, 2(1 .May, 
 1863; taken by lakool) Khan, rebelling attaiiist his 
 father, JIay. 1871. Vakooli, reconeiled to his 
 father, was nuule governor, 16 Sept, 1871. 
 Aymili p \ 111 ,1' for his brotlier Yakonb, aiiu'iT at 
 
 Ciliiil ....'..., Mm, 1S79 
 Mutiny, iiiaiiv o'lirials killed i , . 5 Sept. .. 
 Ayoiili iiiva'l(> Ciiiulahiir (ii'/iiV/i sir); deiViiled, 
 
 I Sept.; letunis to Herat .... Sept. i88,> 
 His troops deleali'il ie. several conlliets ; .\\oiili 
 
 llees to I'ersia ; and the Ameer's general inters 
 
 Herat Oet. i85i 
 
 For Tollinvinj? events, ,see Affihiiiiislmi, 
 
 HERBERT HOSPI PAL for Soldiers, Wool- 
 wich, ereeted l8()(). 
 
 HERCULANEUM, an an.^.nteity of Cam- 
 pania, overwhelmed, toi:etlier with I'onipeii, by an 
 eruption of lava from Ve I'vius, 23 or 2.\ Aiij^. 'q. 
 Successivu eruptions laid them still deeper under 
 the Eurfaee, and all trai-es of tliem were lost .lUtil 
 exeavations befjan in 171 1 ; anihn 1713 many anti- 
 quities were found. In 1738 exiavatiuns were re- 
 sumed, and wnrk.sof art, mijiiuuient.s, and memorials 
 of civilized life were diseovcri'l. 1:0 rolls of 
 MSS. piijiyri were found in a ilic', in I7s4; and 
 many antiiiuities were purelia...ed 1.} sir nilliam 
 Hamilton, and sold to the Hritish Museum, where 
 they are deposited ; but the pri"eipal relirs are 
 preserved in the mupeuin of Port The " .\iiti- 
 
 chita di Ereolauo," 8 vols, folio, w. ) ubiishui by 
 the Neapolitan government, 1757-92. 
 
 HEREDITY. The transmission of qualities 
 of like kind of those of the parent? has been 
 specially studied by A[r. Framis C"' jii, t'.K.S. 
 ■who puldi.-he 1 " Hereditary (ienius," i860, and 
 "Records of Family l-'aeulties," eontaininj; tabular 
 forma to be filled up, in order to obtain authentie 
 data for his new science of " KuHfuics." Money 
 prizes, 5/. and upwards, were olfered for the bes"t 
 records. Ilia "Inquiries into Human Faculty" 
 was published in 188?, and "Natural Inheritance" 
 in 1889. 
 
 Dr. August Weisnmnn, in his "Studies in the Theory of 
 Dencent. " KnulisI' translation, 1882, and iiiliis" E.ssays 
 on Heredity," &e., 1889, set forth his reasons for op- 
 posing till' theory, and refeireil to liis lesearelies on 
 111- i nvest forms of animal life, /icxf.o"', Ac, ami to 
 iJii will's principle of natural .selection, which he 
 considers ns the only iiossilile theory for explainin;,' 
 the difticulties connect' d with metamorphoses of 
 species. Much controversy ensued, in which the late 
 J.Tof. Q. J. Honiaiies took a leailinu' part. 
 
 HEREFORD was made the sent of a bishopric 
 about 676, Putta being first bisliop. The cathedral 
 was founded bv a nobleman named Milfride, in 
 honour of Ethelbert, king of the East Sa.xons, who 
 
 ~ I 
 
 Uli'l-,1,. 
 
 HE KM ITS. 
 
 was treacherously shijii by hi» iiiti'iiiiid m 
 'iiw, the queen of Merei'n. The t"», r fell m i-*" 
 Hod was rebuilt Ny .Mi. Wyalt. Ih ' iiitlicilrn ' 
 re-ouened after v erv e.vteiisive reiiaii-H ,,1, in I " 
 l8(.3. The see is valued in the kii^^'s l',,,,!,,!! -I'"' 
 |i''r annum. Present iieome, 4,2(10/ St. Xiilull 
 
 church, the eathedral, ani 
 by eartlKiuiike, 5 a.m. 17 I)' 
 l88t, l(_),82i ; 1891, 
 
 I'-'T'iii'i'iuijiMblj;; 
 
 20,2(17. 
 
 nisaoes, 
 1803. Kolllott H. W. t'ornwall, tnmslsic.l to Worw,), 
 
 10 \ J. 
 ■8J7' 
 1847. 
 
 '' ' ' ' , translated to .S .Vwph, ,5,, 
 
 I'.oiKc Isaac Hi iitmnli'v ;. ,li,.,l . , .'.,,i| ,,,'■ 
 Hiai. KdwariUiiey. ,|led24,lui„,,i ' '"'5'' 
 Thoiiias .Miis(.'ra\i', trans, to V,.ik, On' 
 Hcnii I), lliiiiip'len (i'le('t|,,ii ii,i|,.i| , 
 
 iiceonnl of liis opinions), died 33 .\pri|. ^%^ 
 crated n Jiiii,'. 
 
 1868. James At lav 
 1804, aged 
 
 consec 
 
 'Sir 
 
 lili'i...'! „: 
 t. 
 
 hill 24 n,., 
 
 IBgJ, aKi'il 77. 
 1S95. John I'ereival ; consecrated 25 Jliireli. 
 
 HERETICS (from the (ireek /-»(,',.,;,, (.l,„i„. 
 ml savs, " .\lter the way flu . call hnmi ,0 w 
 ip I tlie (iod of my fathers," (,, 1, /,'/., x\iv, ,, 
 
 tins ill (,'v|,n, 
 
 ■■^llih^tl:, „ 
 
 Pan 
 ship 
 
 Heresy was unknown to the (Jreik inid n,,,, , 
 
 religions, Simon .Magus is said to Imvi l,,-,,.,,,,!, ' 
 
 ' the (iiiostic heresy about4I. T) 's was f.illnv'.il I'l' 
 
 the Maiiiehees, Ncstorians, Arians. \c. , s,.,!/ 
 
 qili\ilw)i. It is stated that the pi lij^'iiti,,!, , 
 
 laws for jM-osei'Uting heieliis was lieituu by t|, 
 emperor Frederick II. in 1220; aiidimiiitiliau.lv 
 adopt! ■! by pojie Honorius 111. 
 
 Kpipli.iniiiHchiMeii bishop of Oinstaiil 
 367, wrote " l'aiiariiiin,"a(li»ei 
 \ sies, died ..... 
 
 i Thirty lii'i'ctics ' .line from Oenaaiiy to Kn^'hniil (,', *'^ 
 piop.ijiate til, ir opinions, ami w.ie Imnui,,,! in 
 llie fiiiehcail, whiinieil, ami thrust \,.,\i,i\ \\\U,\\\.. 
 hlleet.. in 'lie ili'|itll of wililiT, Wlierc, u,, 11,1,1,11,1, , 
 to leliiM' them, they dieil of Ininiier ,iiul ciM 
 
 (•^/"■'■i') n'.; 
 
 Ijiws against heretics repealed, 25 lleiiiy VIII ,,,.'. 
 The last person e.veiiiteil for heresy in liri'tiiiu «a,' ' 
 
 'I'lioiiiiis .Vikeiilieml, at f,,liiiliiii-li . ' , 
 
 iTlie orthoiiox .Mahomnieilaiis are Smiiiiti's' 11,." 
 /ifiT/ic.^-Hliiiles, Dnisi's, iVr. I 
 
 HERITABLE Jl'RISDICTIOXS (,,,, 
 
 feudal iglits) in Scotland, valued at Kq.a;:/.,^ 
 aboli- 'd by the act 20 Ueo. II. e. 43 (17J-'', ,,5^ 
 resti', to the crown for monev eoiiipciis;itii,'ii',,ii,'- 
 25 March, 1748. Ht litahle iiu'il Muriihh /.'///;,),, n- 
 theScottish law , denote what in Fiighnnl isMii'imi'li 
 real and iievsona I property : /w' pi(i|ieit\ m i.e.'. 
 land answering nearly to lierilal.ie ri;;hN in, Scon 
 land, and perwiinl prope !y to the lauvable right*. 
 
 HERMANDAD, SANTA ('!imiii>li f„r h'!v 
 
 brotlierhood), a>M,riations of eitie 0, Castile a.ui 
 Arragon ^o •' nd theii liberties, hciaii ;i.,ut 
 the mid ' ' I the 13th century. The lir'ilh.rh'"! 
 w '3 disorganised in iJuS, order having hem tiiiiilv 
 ibliaheil. It is said to have been continuedas't 
 lea I '■ voluntary police. 
 
 liEl AS, author of "tiir Shi'iil;. id." a 
 risfiii,, 'loerypluil book, supp.i.-ed to liiui'litm 
 
 written all' ;if 131. Some belie\.' Hcrmas to k 
 
 mentioned in Jdimaus .xvi, 14. 
 
 . HERMETIC SOCIETY, a luysh .1. sfi- 
 ritual philanthropic association, ba.sed upwi I'hns- 
 tianity, fotinded i)v Dr. Anna Kinj;.'ifon!, eiirlv in 
 1884. "presumed niithor of " The I'erftct Wkv" 
 (locturea delivered in i88r, and since published). 
 
 Mrs. Anna Ki.igsford died S2 Feli. i333. See undrr 
 !/7ifoso;i/(/.s/,v. 
 
 HERMITS, see Monacldsm. 
 
 HERRINGS, iJ.i 
 
 ij Feb. 1429, obtained 
 ilourb'in being defeated 
 oept a 1 iinvov of sail tisl 
 bcsieiring Orleans. 
 
 HERRNHFTEI!; 
 
 HERSCIIE' TEI 
 
 HERTFORD. Hei 
 
 Ciitles were crecti 11 I'l 
 the Elik'r. Chartei v 
 I'." All Saints' ch' 
 I'lii.uliitioii, l«8l, 7,747 
 
"Ill if 
 
 ,t I 
 
 HEHNE BAY. 
 
 n-Mi 
 
 HESHE, 
 
 HEIOTE BAY, Kcnl, u wiiti'nii;;-i)liii c, Iickuii 
 i8jo; thi' |iit'r, liv('-ci«litlm of a niili' Ioiib, Imviiin 
 ,;r,iiveil, 11 iii'W one wan ii|]cii('(l, 27 Auk. tX-^, h\ 
 lorii miiyor Wiitnlnw ; pier IrnKtliLMiid in i8i)fl. 
 lyiliiti'on, l.'vSi, 2,«|(,; iH(jr, ,i,H2v. 
 
 HEKU, ilitii'isilM.VJf-OF-WAU.ufi) U'lecka, 
 
 HERUKKA (AmiffoM). Ilnv ,1,111 CuiIds, of 
 Smui, ill 'lii* "tniKglf l',M- hiH liiTcditary riKlit to 
 ill.' llinin,', lit till' iii'ii,! lit I2,(KX) men, I'liijiiuntered 
 iiiililrfeiiti'il K''ii''i'iil ItiiriTiis, who liiiil not niuch 
 above half tliiit imiiibfr of the, i|iit'eii of .Spiiin'r* 
 lroo|is. HiiiTiMin lost uliout icxxj iii killed and 
 
 HEKlUNn- FISHERY wuh krguly en- 
 lOuruRi'ii liy tlie KnKlinh mul Scitch in very early 
 Ijinf*. The "»tatiito of heri-JMHH," pimjed in 
 115;, [ilnffd the tnulc nn,ler ]L,Mvi'rnnieut I'ontiol, 
 the mode of preserving hi'rrin(;s by piiklinj,' was 
 diOTvered iibnul l.j'*;. A)ir/(i:soii. The British 
 Htriing- Fishery oompiiny was insliluted 2 Sept. 
 i;;o. A 81 ientifi,' eoniniission in relation to thii 
 (ihtTV WHS uppointcd in 18O2. 
 
 HERRINGS, iJVTTLK OF THK, foutrht 
 12 Feb. 1429, iibtiiined its riuiiiH from the dm- ile 
 Boiirlwn lieiiij^ ilel'eated while utIi'inptinK to inter- 
 oi'pt II iiim'uv of silk tish, on the road to the Enjjlisli 
 bcsii'itiiig Orlnnis. 
 
 HEKRNHT'TEKS, we .V«,vi, ,iiis. 
 
 HEKSCIIE' TELESCOPE, see Telescopes. 
 
 HERTFORD Hertfordshire, u Saxon town. 
 Castles were erect, . re by All,, d and by Edward 
 Ik' Elder. Charte. ere (fii"'ti''l i" 1588 and 
 I'.- All Saints' ehurch burnt, 2t Dec. 1891. 
 IViimliition, 1«!<I, 7,747 ; . '91, 7,2J2. 
 
 HERTFORD C(V , ^',GE, Oxford; f,mnded 
 in 1312; dis.solved, 1 .3; n vived md Magdalen 
 lull mcorporiited with it, 1874. 
 
 HERULI, 11 Gernian triln , eh ravaged 
 
 Oiiioe mid Asia Minor in the 3ru ntu^-y after 
 Cliriat. Odoiuer, "their leader, overw liilniiil the 
 \.iit('m empire and bei'iime king of Italy, 47(). He 
 was dfliated and put to deatli by Tlieodoric the 
 Ostrngiith, 491-3. 
 
 HERVEY ISLANDS (FueiHe O.ean), 
 Riuotuiisii, Jcc. British prote, torato proclaimed, 20 
 
 Sept. \m. 
 
 HERZEGOVINA or Hertsek (European 
 Tuikt'v), orijimiilly a part of C'roittiii, was united 
 with iiosnia in 1326, and made the duihy of St. 
 Saba by the einpi'i-or Frederic III. in thi' following 
 leiitury. It was ceded to Turkey in iOi>i) at the 
 piiice of Ciirlnwitz. In Dec. 1861 an in...iii reetion 
 against the Turks broke out, fostered by th,' jiriiiee 
 of Moiiti'iieKin. It was subdued : nnd on 23 Sept. 
 1862, Vueiitoviti'h, chief of the in-uru'euts, surren- 
 lieri'd on behalf of his countrymen to Kiirsohid 
 Pasha, and an amnesty was granted. 
 
 Iiisiiim tinii 11 liiist tlie Turks ; eonlliets with 
 
 vao-iiifeTf.sihi.s , .liily, 1875 
 
 Ilie Eiiro|iwm I'ow. n ,',imisel to send u eonniiis- 
 
 siuu t,i reilreas niii > uiiees . . . aj Aug. „ 
 SiTwr I'ai'lia ini.siieifsaful ; riirkisli vi,'tories Aug. „ 
 Ilic insurgents inn iIdcuiii. , • ileseribe their siitler- 
 -.T.fi, .l.s ClUi.,; ,., . ,1,.,, ,.„1 full ui„l leiil five- 
 'l"ni, ami Aa-h tliut they will not be »ul)iect 
 t(i til,' Turks agiiia .... 12 Sept. „ 
 Futile iuten-uiitioii of fiirelKU consuls . Sipt. ,, 
 Sauguiimrj' I'll;, i^emeiitu ; various res'- its; 29 Mi.pt., 
 
 13 Oi t , 11-14 Nov. ,, 
 
 liiNiirgi'iits ili'lVuluil iii'iir Tirliiiijn ; ltii,','virM, a 
 
 liiiiler, kllleil 8 JO .lull. 
 
 Ni'KiitlatioiiH ,if the Austrian giii. lloili, li fall; 
 
 till' insnrgiiits ask loo 111,1, ■!, . . .Vpill 
 
 .Muklil.ir I'lislm siiiil tu have ilefi'iili'il lii.s,ii;;i iils, 
 
 iiiid ri'Vli'liiiilli'.l Niksiilis Im'sIi'k,',! . j,, April 
 Otlii'reiigageiiit'iil, ri'poil,,! , Muv. .lime, 
 
 rlie iii'W Miiltaii, Miiiii,!, grunts all uriuisti,',' lor 
 
 11,'Kiitiiitioii 1 11110 
 
 All liitelllgi'iii'o very imeertuiii. July, 1875-iIiily, 
 
 Hi-e Tiit'kcji. 
 lleizeg,iviiiu was oi'eiipleil bv the Austrlans In 
 
 Aug. 1878, III I'oiiformlty with the treaty of 
 
 „,",i'iliii ifluly, 
 
 Uglitlii,' at Mimtui, the eaplLil . . . 4 Aug. 
 Novi-llii/iir ipiielly iM ( ii|,ii.,l l.y Auslniiiis, 8 Hi'pl. 
 liiMiinx',ti,ii, (si'ti .IiijO'/'ii) . . . . Jiiii. 
 
 iS7« 
 
 ^f m-^ i|i|''i 
 
 1873 
 
 1879 
 
 HIISSE (\V. Geinmny), the neat of the Catti, 
 formed part of the empire of Charlemugne; from 
 the rulers of it in his tini,', th,' pri'seiit are de- 
 si'i'iideil. ]t was jomeil to Tburingia till about 
 1 2(>3, when Henry I. (son of 11 ,luke ,if Itrabant and 
 ISolihia, diiii^:!''' ■■ of the lamUiave of Thiiriiigiii) 
 bi-eanie landi;; iif Hesse. Tlie most remarkiiblo 
 of bis suei'esmrs was I'hilip the .Miignanininus 
 (f^fX)), an eminent *arrior ami energetic supporter 
 , if the Keforiiiiilion, who signed the Augsburg Con- 
 fession in lyyi and Ih,' 1,,'iigo,' ,if Sinalenld in 1551. 
 At his dealli, in l^',;, lii"..e was diviiled ii'it,) 
 Hksse-Casski. and ilK.s.sK-l)AUMsrAi)'r, iimler his 
 sons William ami (ii'orge, ami their descnilants 
 played an eniiiieiit part in the ,'onviilsioiis of (ier- 
 iniiny during the 17th anil iSth eentiii ies.» In 1803 
 Hesse-Cassi'l lieeaiiie an elii'toriile, ami in l8o() 
 Hesse-Diirnistiiilt 11 graml dm liy; whieh titles were 
 retained in 1814. In 1807 H -se-IJassi'l was incor- 
 porated with the kiiigd.im o| Weslplmlia, but in 
 1813 the elei'tdi'iite was re-estabUshed. Capital, 
 Darmstadt. J'oiuilation (187^), grand duchy, 
 884,218; (1885), 95(,,(,u ; (I8,p),,;<j5,(,;,^. 
 
 IIkssk-Cab.ski. (ill , lie an eli'etorate, 1803; Incor- 
 porated with \V,>tiiliulia, 1807; restorud. 1813). 
 
 KLKcroits, 
 1803. 'Williaiii I. ; lioni 3 June, 1743 ; su,'eii',led as land- 
 grave, 1785 ; iii.Mle elector, 1803 : lU'in'lved of his 
 stales, iH< 'i; nstiin'il, 1813 ; ilieil 27 Feb. 1821. 
 1821. Williiiiii II. . iorii 28 July, 1777 : died 20N0V. 1847 
 1847. Fi'i'diii,' Willi. 1111: lioni 20 Aug. 1802. 
 
 Till' ,'li'i'tor, ill 1850, reiiioili'lli'd the eonstitulioii 
 givi'ii in i8ji (iiy wl,i, li llie eliaiiilier hud thu 
 exilusive right of voting tln' tuxri-). uiid diil not 
 eoiiveiie the cIiuiiilM'r until tli,' n mil time for 
 closing the session had urriveil, when his dc- 
 iiiaiid lor money for 1S51 was laiil lii'l'oie it. '■' ■■ 
 ehanilu'r eulleil for a regular biiilgi't, tl 
 might disi'uss its items. The elei'loi- ilis>..,, 
 the eliumlier, ami ileeliired his domiiiions in a 
 slut,' of siege, 7 Mipt. 1850. 
 
 He ll'',l to llaiiiivi'i'. and suliseipieutly to Kiuiik- 
 forl : mid on 14 ( let. he forniulK applieil to the 
 Fri.iikfoit ilii't tor a.ssistance to ie-estalilir,h his 
 authority in Hesse. On 6 Nov. uii Aiistro- 
 liavariau foii'c of 10,000 men eiiteieil lli'sse- 
 Cassel. miller Hie coiiiniuiiil of IMiiu'e Tliurii- 
 utiil-Tuxis. who lixed his liead-tiuarli rsin Hiiiiau ; 
 and on the next diiy a I'russiuii loree eiil' red 
 L'asscl. The eleetoi leturiied to his capital, iliB 
 taxes hiiviiig lieeii eolleeted uuiler threats of 
 inipri.sonment, 27 De,-. 1850. 
 
 The eoustilutiou of 1831 wus diolished, and a new 
 one established, 18^2. 
 
 * Six tbo'isand Hessian ti'oojis arrivid in Kuglaud, in 
 r.onseinieii e of an invasion lieing expi'rtfd in 1756. The 
 sun li 47i..-<x)(. three per ,'elit. stock was traiisfcrred to 
 the liindgruM' of Hesse, for Hessian auxiliaries lost in 
 the Aiiierieaii war, at 30/. jier niuii. Nov. 1786. The 
 He ian soldiii-s were again brought to this realm at the 
 eloHi of the last I'eiitury, and served in Ireland during 
 the reliellion in 1798. 
 
 1-; -m 
 
 iLilAiif-i' 
 
Sif 
 
 HIGH COMMTKSKix. 
 
 HIOH VA)^ 
 
 HfV' 
 
 Hi ■'!» J 
 
 I Soft. 
 1^30. 
 1S48. 
 
 1877. 
 
 Thp Cniltllct WH:* HCIIIII ll'HIIIIII'll, llllll I'lllltllMU l 
 till, li.V llWIlf .-.. !S.-|pt. 1866, HfUHl'-CllHHul «.'- 
 
 aiinrxcil til I'm, ui, H (lit. iSfi6. 
 Tlici'X-i'li'ctiir'B iiro|>i'rt.v«'>|iii'Hti'uti'iiri<i'llitri|;uliix 
 iiKiiliiKt I'niKulii, J Nov. 18(18 mill Kelt. i86y. Hi- 
 illml '> .lull. 187J. 
 Till' IuiiiImi'mvi' ill' lli'HHi' iiiyiitiTliii \ (liimiii'il 
 
 liciir llulaviii, 14 Oct. 1888, 
 IIksmk- Daiimsiaui'. (l'(i|piilutii>ii, Dm: 1885, 
 
 9^6, All.) 
 Visit iifiiiiri'ii VIetiil'Itt, aj-ag April, 1895. 
 TtiB tiiwn lit llriilli'iiiili' iilliiDMl ili'stniji'il l.y Urn, 
 
 a ili'iitliH, 10 July, iB(}5. 
 VlHit of till' c/iii- mill I'Uirliiii to I>iinii»tnilt, lu 
 Oi't. 1896. 
 
 iiiiANU-rirKM. 
 I.oillH I. ; liorii 14 June, 175;) ; illcil (, Ainil, iSjo. 
 IjiMiin II. ; liiirii -jb IM'i', 1777; iliril ifi.lmii', 1848. 
 LuiiiH III. ; liinii 1/ Jiiiic, 1S06. Ily tmity wllli 
 1'ninnia, 15 Hi'j.t. iHiiC), 111' ciili'il tilt' iMiitliiiii 
 Jim't <ir Ili-.-^si'-hm'iiiHtailt, mnl piiiil a war rnii 
 ti'lliiltloii ; Hii|i|iiirtiil I'liixsia 111 llic Krmiru 
 I'niMHlaii war. Auk. 1870; ilii'il ij.luiii', 1877. 
 LouIh IV., iii'|ilii\v, liiini 13 Si'iit. 1817; inan-liil 
 liriiii-fHH Alii'i' of (iiTat Hiilaiii (liinn 's Apiil, 
 1S4.)), 1 ''illy, i8()3; ilii'il nf iliplitliiiia afti'i 
 liiii.iiiiif lii'i' ImhIiiiiiiI Mini iliihlii'ii, 14 Ihi'. 1878. 
 Till' Kraiiil-iluki' llllll li .Mari'li, 189^. 
 lusiit: I'Inii'st I.iiiiis ; Kri'iliTii'k-Williaiii, ami xmi, 
 kllK'il liv 11 fall, ay M.^y, 1R7 1 ; ami 5 hIIht 
 cliililri'ii. 
 l.SisliT-i iiiarrii'il : Vlotoiia to iniiirc I,nui.Hiif 
 Hatti'ijlicii.', jo Ajiiil; Kllzaln'th to (iiaml 
 iliiki! HiTKius of linssia, is .Imii', 1884; 
 livtii', liiarrlc'il to iirini'i) Ilcnry of I'nis.sia, 
 a4 Muy, 1888; Alix, liiini 6 '.liiiii', i8->.: ; 
 iiiarr'ifil .Nluliolas II., cziir of KiihhIu, a6 
 Nov. 1894.1 
 169a. Erni'.st I.iiiil.s ; liurii s, Nov, 1868 ; luaiTii'il at 
 Coliur-),' to liis I'ousiii, iiiiiici's.s Victoiia .Mi'lita, 
 'lau^rlili'i- of till' iliiki' of L'oliiirg, in llii' iniMini' 
 of tlii'ir ^rnuiiliiiollii'i-, i|iii'i'ii Victoiia, tin' 
 I'liipi'ior William, tlii' priiico of Wales, tin- 
 I'l'sai'cwitcli, ami olln'i- loyal jii'isoiis; 19 April, 
 1894. 
 llESHK-lIo.Miiritii, a laiiil;,'ravlatt', {'KtabllHlii'd liv 
 Fivilrrir, Hull of (ii'inp' of IIi'.ssi'Daniwtailf, 
 ill 159(1. His (li'sii'iiilaiit. .KiiKii.stus-Fii'iliTir. 
 mairii-il 7 .Alay, 1818, lOlizaliftli, ilaUKlitfi' "I 
 (ii'iiiVji' III. of lOn^'ImicI, who hail iiu issiii'. 
 Till' laiiil(,'raviat(' was alisoilinl into tin- Ki'ainl 
 iliii'liy of lli'ssii ill iSof), lint iv-i'stalilishi-il in 
 1815 with ailditional tinritorii'S. Tin; Imnl^^ravi' 
 KiTilinaml siini'i'ili'il his hnithi'r, 8 Wfpt. 1848, 
 anil ilii'il .'4 Marrli, iHf.fi. 
 Hi'ssi'-lloinliiir}{ anni'.M'il to Pni8.sln, 8 Oct. 1866. 
 
 HESSIAN FLY (C'tridomyia (Icstmotor), the 
 American wheat miil{;ii, very tli'structive to the 
 fojii in tlic United States iii i;8(), wliitlier it is 
 Kiid to liavi' lieeii broii«:lit My the Hessiiiii soldier^ 
 in Bi'itish pay— hence its niinie. 
 
 The crops suffered severely in New York slate in 184(1 
 and 1886. It a|ipeared in Kii>;laiid in 1788, and was 
 desci-ihed liy sir .Joseph Hanks. Itsap|iearaiice here in 
 1887 oceiisioned nincli alarm throii«hont the eonntrv 
 
 Its netloii said to lie cheeked liy 11 parasite— .Saw'tly 
 (Ceriiiihroii ihati i(rlf,r)—ll'. Fnnm, Auk- 1887. Very 
 prevalent in eastern eoastof Uiitain, not iiiucli inland. 
 Oniwiml, AtiK. 1887. 
 
 In twenty EliKlisli and ten Weotcli counties ; the alarm 
 I'onKidei-i'd to be e.vaKKcrated. I'ltrl. Ui)>. Kept. 1887. 
 
 Tresence of the iu.sect reported in Uiieoln, .Suftblk, 
 Herts, I'erthshire 28 July, 1890 
 
 HETEROGENY, see Spontaneous Genera- 
 tion. 
 
 HEWLEY'S CHARITY, see Vnilm-!,,,,,. 
 
 HEXAMETER, tlie most amient Im-m of 
 
 Greek verse, six nie.-isuirs or i'cet, c.-u h Hintainiiiir 
 two hmg Bylhibles (a siiondce), or a loni; one and 
 two short (a daetyl), the t'onii of verse in which 
 Homer wrote his Ihad and Odyssey, and Viigil the 
 j£neid. 
 
 HEXHAM'a HA(lf-I,HlAl',.N.ir 
 
 ll"niili,.||„„j 
 
 The sen of He.\liHlii wiw toiiiided iilneit (,-)(. , 
 ten liishopa HUeeessiveh , liiil li\ rea.i'iini m,,', , ■ 
 ..(• ii... II. '..„.,;. ...... .1 .:...'....i. ., . "" '''Will' 
 
 of the Diinex it wnH dim ontiiiued; tl 
 iiiipolnted Hio. At the ll.vni.ii 01 
 VorklHt iirniy of Kdward IV, iilitaim 
 
 victory over"tlie Liincastrian arm- „f l|,!|'ir,''|'i'' 
 
 14(14. I'oliuhition, i.Shi 
 
 .v'^i'i; IS,], 
 Itiiiiiiiiii jp. 
 
 IS -May 
 .S,'45- 
 HEXTHORPE, Yorkshh, 
 
 cuhntK, 1(1 Sept. lUiS;. 
 
 HIUUERT FUND. Holiert llii,i,,„ ,.„ „ 
 
 July, 1S47, eHtahlislieil a tru.sl Innij '■ f,,,. ,||,, '' 
 motion of comprehensive leurniiij and il„ 1 
 
 IIU and 111,,, 
 
 ■nil 
 
 research in relation to religion a-. 11 aiiii, n, |, ,T" 
 eye of the sctiolarand philosopher, and \v||.,llv,u„rt 
 
 from the 
 system." 
 
 llihitiyt liftturn ; llrst eonrsi 
 ■Max Milder (nivin at Wc 
 OilKliuind (irowtli of KcIIk 
 tho l<elli(lons of India 
 
 iiitereat of any particular 
 
 f, Sl'\'|.|| 1, 
 
 , .»l«irt 
 I'liunli or 
 
 diaiiisten ■■na'"t'k; 
 
 "II, in lUllstliitlillliy 
 
 HiiiceKiven liy.M. Henonf, in ,879 ■%' Krn,.st''K,i*inn' '''' 
 I. 14 A|iill, ,880; by Mr. i. W. Hins l",";"' 
 ^6 .Vprll-14 May, 18811 by iiri,f,.,„,|. Kiihu.,,' 
 as April-Mav, 188. ; liy Mr. C\ Itcanl, i83 ■ |,v 
 iirof. -^nr Albert Heville, ai Aiiril ,(.«,,/. ,8';' i,;. 
 l'riitc.,nr O. I'llcldcier, ,885 ; Sir. J. llhVH, IsW' 
 by |.nifcs.sor A. Hayce . . . . Ainii; ,:;, 
 
 niRERNIA, Ilierniii, Ivernia, ami hm,. 
 iiiinie Kiveii to Ireland by ancient writers (.\ri«liit'i(. 
 I'toleiiiy, Ale.) ; nee Jntunit, and H'nrh, 181'. ' 
 
 HICKS'S HALL, ('lerkciuvdl, L,i„l„n. Tli. 
 sessions-hinise of the justices nf .ViiliUm,., ,, 
 Ion;; so iiiimed on aeeonnt of its liavini; Iiumutci (i-'j 
 for them by sir Baptist Ilieks, at his own nrntt 
 If)ll-I2. ' ' 
 
 HIEROGLYPHICS, litemllv nacrnl sn.lp. 
 turi's or eiiKraviiiKs, the reprciientatiiin of i,l,||.,.islv, 
 exiM-ess lani(iia};e, used liy the 'incii'it i:i.".|itiiinii 
 .MexiciiiiH, and other iintioiis. 'I'li,. i',;;y|,il;i|,,„j,j 
 hIiouI 1700 l\ierui;l\ plis, c iii:riiveil on shmc. iiiiintHJ 
 on wooil, and written ,111 pap;, ri. Tie y wei, 1 nli,,, 
 phonetic or i(leo;;,ii Im . " 'I'hcir iiivcnlion „ 
 mytliicuUy ascribed to .V.oote.s. Sic " llm.k i,| |],j 
 Dead." ill article J)e(il/i. Yoiin(f. ('liaiii|inli;on 
 Kosellini, I.epsius, IlruKsch, .Mmielte, flmbag' 
 liirch, and others (in the present cuifiu',) h.m 
 much elniidated Kj;yptian hicm^'lv jiliii's; *, 
 JliiKcttd Stone. A. I'lrmaii's '■ I'l^fvplimi (Iriiiiiiini-,' 
 I'jiulish traiislati<in by J. II. Ji'rcasteil, iiulili>M 
 about July, 1M94. 
 
 HIGH AND LOW CHimCH, ^wWm in 
 
 the Church of England became pioiniiicntiii ih( 
 reifrn of Elizabeth. Jliirh church principks wit' 
 maintained by Abp. Whitfjift, and set furth bv 
 lUcbard Hooker " tlie judicious" in his Erclcsias- 
 tieal Polity, 15'M-r. They « ere nppiwd hv the 
 I'liritans. The contest, hot in the rcinii of .'lime, 
 has continued since. Dr.Sachevcrell.iiniulu'ratSt. 
 Saviour's, Southwark, was prosciiitcti (or t«(i»eili- 
 tious sermons preached (14 .\u'f. ami <) Xiiv. i;(X)) 
 to create apprehension for the safety of tlip olm'rch, 
 and to excite hostility against ilii^scnterii. His 
 friends were called Hifth Church and his n|ipiiinms 
 Low Church, or moderate men, 1720. The queen 
 favoured Saeheverell, and presented him with the 
 rectory of St. Andrew's, Holhorn. lie died in 1724. 
 
 HIGH C0M:>-SSI0N, Cofiix OF, ao 
 ecclesiastical court, .eted by i Eliz. c. i, ijjg, 
 by which all spiritual jurisdiction was vesleil in 
 the crown. It orijcinally had no power to tine or 
 iininison ; but under Charles I. and arililiisliiip 
 
 Ilir liLsl twi) cases of exeen 
 
 I. Williiiia CmaU'll iiUhh I 
 
 1 triij iiu a special eiuamisHioi 
 
 I ('■■inren liritisli siilijects taki 
 
 1 till islraof Fiiiiiceaiiil Hoiirl 
 
 I'i'l Ti'iilwik'ii and chief jii» 
 
 attiiniry-neiiiTiil, enndncted 
 
 J 8niii;;liaiii, aft. leiil liroii-hai 
 
 I Till' Iffeiiec WHS, that they 
 
 iiiiifi'iiii til Hill their escai'it 
 
 luiii^iil anil lielu-ailcd on the 
 
 sii'I'in i6.Miiri'li. 1812. 
 
 .\ll tile iitlicr niiivicts were 
 
 I «f-irviiij;iaciiliinies licyoml 
 
 1 H Till- Valo-stimi Vouniiin 
 
 I 1 .M.iy. 1820. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, see Rt 
 
 . HILL. EOWLANI 
 
 I «e Mamiijii Mouse, 
 
 , , HILLSBOROUGH 
 
 fMimlnlliy sir A. Hill, in 
 
m 
 
 
 
 
 HIGH (JONHTAIJLE. 
 
 «37 
 
 HISTOLOOY. 
 
 I liiiJ .t awuiii'il illt'triil iKiwiTK, wiiH I'liiiipliiini'd oC 
 h, die |iiii'liiiiii('|jt, iiikI iilMilinlii'd in 1(141, 
 
 IIIUIIC'OXSTAHLE, me C»//V,/Wc. 
 
 UKill CUL'llT OF JITS'I'ICE, «,■ Nnprniig 
 
 HIGH COURT OF JUfSTICIAUY, tcv 
 
 ftf,r'«" Court uiiil l.iiw. 
 
 HIOIIOATE AUC'IIWAY, ovct.i mad ..,h,1,. 
 
 I loivoiilthc liili ; (ir»t Htiiric liml liy Kdwuiil Smith, 
 
 hlUit, I«I2; toll thr.iiiuli r. ii-cil, I .Miiy, r.H7(). 
 
 iiliuililinj? pr^pii-fi'i if^'Mi |iio((Tdinj{, |«(),S. Sec 
 
 HKiHUATE COLLEGE, fout.dnl l,v Hir 
 
 P,..rrt'h"lnicley, 15O5. 
 
 HIGHLANDS (of Scotluml), l,.,is held l.y 
 
 niii-liiirliiiniuii I'liiiis, Hci-c t'lcntlv uiiprnvi'd liv lliu 
 
 Liislruttioii "f Miililiiiy vmiU lij nc'ii. ml Umlu, 
 
 I jUt 1725 (1; liy the iiljiilitidii (iV lii'i'iliilili' jiiria- 
 
 ili.lioii lit tViiiliil ri'.'lits ill 1747, ,111(1 li\ till' rstii- 
 
 HiJinii'lit nitlii' IIikIiIiiiiiI imhI AniiiiilliiiiiiSmicty 
 
 |(iii;!<4; .Tiitfiiiiiy iflcliriitcd nt Kiliiilmri,'h, July, 
 
 j \»),. See IttijuiicKls, CioJ/i IK. 
 
 I uMuiil Sir^riii 11/ l.iiiiiliiii, fmiiiili'il 28 May, 1778. 
 
 il'iUiiKil 1,1111(1 l.fii'jiii' liclil lll'lli Miiiiiml I'diilVmici' lit 
 
 iitaii, 15 Seiit. 1887; (lliisnuw, Mi'iit. 189J, 
 
 HIGHNESS. 'I'lii' title Id in<il,,i,'HH wii» jfjvrll 
 
 I (0 Henry Vll.; mid tliiH, and s •tinirn Vuiir 
 
 liim; wm tlii; iiiiiiiiiiT n('iiildri'«siti'_' II.Mirv VIII. ■ 
 but iiliMit till' tliwi' ol till' ri'iKii ut till' lattiT, tlir 
 lillfi ;>f "HiKliiii'ss" itiid " Voui- (iimr" were 
 absurlml in tiiat cf "Miijrsty." Lmiis XIII. of 
 fran'c ):ii>'t' till' titli'id' Ilixliiii'ss til till' ]inii('{i nf 
 Orini;i', in 1(144; tliis |iiiiui- luid )in'vioii«lv oiil\' 
 tk ilistinc'tiiiii of J'ixi'i'llciicy. J.iiiiis XIV'. jjave 
 tbwincf* of (li. 111^1' tlui tilli'of Jli^li and .Mighty 
 
 I Lirili, 1(144. Heidi II It. 
 
 HIGH PKHOST, see Priest. 
 
 HIGH TKEASON. To loKwlato tho trinU 
 fir tliiscriine till' statiito, no liivoiiniMi' to liliciiv, 
 thf 2jtli of Kdward 111., 1352, was oiMctrd, hv 
 «liidi two living' witiU's.Hi's ari'i'i'miiiTd. Jiy an ai't 
 p-M'J If) .Vpfil, 1S21, thH |)iovinioii \vii8 cxti'iidi'd 
 1(1 Ireland, |iiirlianu'iit liavin;; nliised to .saiictioii 
 
 I IheM'nti'iur of death iifrainst tlie duke of Soniei-sef. 
 In iSixiit wiw c iiai'ti'd that when the overt net waa 
 1 JiriTt iitttiiiid on the lile of the sovereign, the 
 liial sliuuld be eoiiiliiited ill the .Haiiie niamier as in 
 the tuw of an iimiitinent for iiiiinler. The trial of 
 Jchii Home Tooke and others for eoiistnielive iii^ih 
 
 I iriaMiii fiiiled, see llunif Tvukr, Nov., JJee. i 
 (■re tftiiHoil. 
 
 ?n- 
 
 li 
 
 Tl(c last two I'li.si'N of execution fur lii;;li treason •-- 
 I. William Ciiiiilell nlkLi CoiiiicM, and .lolni .s'liiith • 
 
 I liii'ldiia.siKciid (■(iiiiiaissioii, 6 Keli. 1812, Ipeiiii; two of 
 r.'iiUci-ii IJriti.sli siildccts taken in the eiieniv's service in 
 tlirislMof Fraiu'eiiiid Deurlioii. Mr. .\\,h,k, afterwards 
 l"p| FeiitenlMi mid diief iiistice, and sir Vicarv tiililis 
 
 I atl.imcy.|it.ii,.riil, eonductcd the ludsccntion, 'and .Mi' 
 Bi"»Kiaiii, lift lord Iti(,ii;;liaiii, defended the pris,.neis 
 
 I li"- Ird'iicf Wds, that lliey had assiiiiicd the Kreiicli 
 
 I K^Un to ind theii- escape to l':iiKland. Tliev were 
 liiKfi"! aiK lieht'iiilcd on the lodye of Jloiseiiioiij-er-laiie 
 "("I'lii 16.M111VI1, 1812. 
 
 ."1 111.' otlicrcdiivicts were parddiied, np,,n condition 
 I (Jlvrviiigaii'olonie.s licyiuiil tlie seas. 
 
 TliH (■(,((,.,(„.,( fun,i,irators (which .-ia), executed 
 
 1 'I ■■ . I02O. 
 
 HIGHWAYS, see Eoads. 
 
 HILL ROWLAND, Memorial Fund, 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH (Down, N. ' Irelamn, 
 f™Nl,y«r.\.IIill, i„\lu. reijrn,.; cCrie"i: 
 
 Here were held two Krent protesfani ineetin^f" in 
 favour of the Irish ehiinli; (1.) on V' Oet. iHu. 
 to protest iinaiiist the "appropriation eliuise ; 
 (J.) )i) Oct. tXti", in conKi'iineiu'e of a eoininisHioii of 
 inijiury into the Irish ehiirehestahlishineiit, .iiid the 
 aititation eoiiNe(|iiellt tllereoii. 
 
 HIMAFjAYA,!! iaii|.'0 of nioiiiitainii hetween 
 
 India and Tihet. Its l.dtiest peak is Mount I'^erest, 
 
 lieiKliI ^(WXii ft., Ilie hidhest known in the world. 
 
 Mr. W. W. (Indiiiiii, with two iSwins guides, iiseendL'il 
 
 .Mount Kiilini (lieixht 24,i»« feet) and three other 
 
 iiKoiiitiiliis ovi r i.j.ixjo fi'ct In the .Sikkiia uroiip with 
 
 liiueli ditllciilli, Nov. 1881. 
 
 Or. Kail Dlener expl.aes the f'entriil Hiiiialiiyas l,i tlio 
 
 lieiKlit of ig,(«,, ft., April ./ul.v, 1893. 
 Mr. Win. .Martin (!oiiway's"(lii'iiliiiiK in the Kunikornm- 
 llliiialayas," piililislied 1894 ; lie aseended ureal 
 Kllleler heights, 
 I III 6 .Hi'pt, 1891, near (ioliiiu, In the diHlrlet of Oiirliwal, 
 lleiiKiil, nearly tlo- whole of the liill .Maltliiiiia fell Into 
 the liyer HInilii (ianna, a Iriliotiuy of (lie Alakoaiida, 
 
 dai iii<{ it lip and luriiiiii); a lini;; deep lake, which 
 
 Kiadiialiy inercased in size, and eventually overllowed 
 iiiid liiirst its liaiiks. eaiisiiiK Kicat ilestnietinn of 
 liiiildiiiKs, liriiii;es, Ac, at (icilma and llaidwar, dje., 
 j<> 2j AiiK- 1844. 'I'liis event was aiitiel|«iti'i| hy 
 Ki'oloKists, ami throii/h Ki'ientille preeaiitions no loss 
 
 of life ehslled. 
 
 Whilst exploiiii;,' the NaiiKii Parlial region, .Mr. A. l\ 
 .Miiiiiiiieiy and j (Inrklias were killed liy an aviilanehe, 
 laid. .\iin. iSyj. 
 
 HIMEKA (Sicily). Here (in 4.S0 li.c.) (Jelou 
 of Syracuse and Themn of Aftriyentuin ilefeiiteil 
 the I'aithauiiiians; iind at Ki'iiomus, near here, 
 Ihe latli r deh'atrd .\f;athoeles of Syracuse, 310 Ii.C. 
 
 niXD()(JElJA('^eer«/i.//»y,;)hei;iin3I0IH.C., 
 
 "r 75(1 hefoie the Oeliine, in 2^>i. Tiie' Ililuloou 
 loMiit their nionths hy the pro;;re.<s of the sun 
 ihi iiufjli the zodiac. Tiie Samoat era hegiiis 50 n.c, ; 
 the Saca era .v.Ii. 79. 
 
 HINDOSTAX. Hi'u hi,/i,i. 
 
 niri'OlJUOME, 11 circus for horse-riding. 
 One opened hy .Mr. .loliii Wliyte, near Nottiii«-liill, 
 L'lndnii. on 21) May, 1.S37, w,i', closed in 1H41 h\ tho 
 Kinsinu'ton vi >iry. Si'e under Ayricu/titnil llull. 
 
 HIl'l'OPHAOY, Hie Ifune. 
 
 niPP()l>()TAMUS (Greek, rim:/io,:si^, a 
 native of .Vfiica, knmi n to, hut ineorrocfly described 
 hy, ancient writers, liippopotanii were" exhihited 
 at Koine hy .Viitoniiiiis, C'oinnioiliis, and others, 
 ahout 1 5H, |.S(i, and 218. 'I'lie rirst brought to 
 Knsiliind arrived 25 May, iS^n, and was placed in 
 the Zoological (iardens, Kiv;ent's-park, London; 
 (died, II .March, I.H7H;) another, a female, four 
 iiiontlis old, was idaced there in 1X54 (died, Dec. 
 1SH2). One horn here,2i I'eh. lX7i,an'danother horn 
 I Jan. l.'-;72, livid a few days only; another born 
 S Xov. 1.S72. Two young ones horn'at I'aris in May, 
 iKS.S, and .June. i,S:;i), were killed by their mothe'r. 
 One horn at .Vinslei vlani, 29 July, 18(1^. 
 
 HISPAXIA, Latin name of Spain. 
 
 HISPAXIOLA, see Jfai/ti. 
 
 HISTOLOGY (fi-oiii /(,-,xCo.v, n weh), the science 
 whiidi treats of the tissues which enter into tho 
 formation of aninials and vegetables; mainly pro.se- 
 euted by the aid of the niiero.scope. Scliwann, 
 Valentin, Kolliker, Qnekett, and Robin are cele- 
 brated for their reseiirches. I'rofes.sor Quekctt's 
 "Lectures on Ili.stology" were piihlished in 1852 
 and 1854. Important "Atlas of Histology," by 
 Drs, K. Klein and K. X. Smith, published iii 1880; 
 " lilemeiits of Histology," by Dr. K. Klein, third 
 edition ]inhlisbed in 1884. 
 
HISTORY. 
 
 538 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 
 .'•« 
 
 uUn.-j • a isJJ 
 
 HISTORY. The liiblc, the Parian Chroniolc, 
 tlie histoni's of Herodotus. " the fiithor of history," 
 and Ctesias and tlio poeina of Homer, are tlic 
 foundations of early niicivnt Instorv. Later ancient 
 history is considered us ending with tiie destruction 
 of tlie Roman empire in Italy, 476. Modern history 
 dates from the age of Charltimignc, about 800. 
 There was not a jn'ofessorship of modern history in 
 either of our universities until the years 1724 and 
 1736, when Regius professorships wei'e established 
 by George I. and George II. At Oxford pro- 
 fessor K. A. Freeman, appointed 1H84, died i6Mari'h, 
 1892, succeeded by Jlr. J. A. Froude, April, l8()2 ; 
 died, 20 Oct. 181)4 ; succeeded by Mr. V. York 
 I'owell. Dec. 189, At Cambridge professor sir J. 
 R. Seeley, 1869- ;., ; lord Acton, R. C, Feb. 1895. 
 — Koi/al liistoriciil Uncicti/, London, estnlilished 
 1868.' Karl Russell president, 1872, incorporated 
 by charter, .Vug. 1889, amalgamated with the 
 Camden society jO Oct. 1897. Hi.'.niririi/ .VSS. 
 C'liiiimissio)!, a cou.'i'i.,sion was ajipointcd 31 Aug. 
 1869, to examine historical MSS. in the possession 
 of institutions and private families, and to publish 
 any considered desirable. It has issued several re- 
 ))ort8, 1870, it neq. New commission appointed, iS 
 June, 18S3; many volumes of caleiulars since 
 issued. New coaimissiou a])ponited, 20 Dec. 1897. 
 
 HITTITES, descendants of Heth, second son 
 of Canaan, ^j commercial tribe, from whoui .Vbraham 
 bought a grave for his wife l8(X) n.c. Ocii. xxiii. 
 They opposed Joshua, 11. c. 1451 ; and the Egyp- 
 tians, about 1340 n.c. 
 
 Tlie (Mstlc^ 111' .Icralilus, a iiionncl and ruiTis, 20 inilcs 
 Iwlow licrciljiUoiitlic Kiijihr.itcs; was visited IpyHciiiy 
 Maiuiilrcll, ifivig ; hv hr. I'luMickc, 1743 ; and \'y .1. II. 
 Skcni'and Mr (icii. Sniitli (dii'il 1S76). wliu agreed in 
 considering the iiiiiaiiisto lie tliuse of Canlieniisli, tlie 
 nni'ii'nt capital of the llittitcs, eaiilnrcil ami annexed 
 liy .Sarguii, kinj.'nt' As.syri.i (ahcint 731 n.c.) wlicn the 
 niition Has tliorun-hly sulidncd. The site had ta-n 
 held surei'ssivi'ly by ijitlites, A.s.syriaus, Ualiylonians, 
 Greeks, liiini.ins, ami .\ra1is. 
 
 A rich harvest may lie expecti'd from its exploration. 
 
 Captain C. li. Ciimlcr's discuvciy nf a key to the 
 langaa:-e of llittite inseri|itiiins nn lias-i'cliefs, gems, 
 &c., siinie iif which wiac iliscuveied liy linickhanlt, 
 1808, and I'c-ilisi'iivercil liy .Mr. Palmer in 1S70, an- 
 niiniiceil 26 l''el>. 1887; tiiey ciinsist nf invocations, 
 hynms, kr. to the sun, &c. His " APaic llieinglyphs 
 anil Hittite In.scriiilioos " polilished 1887. 
 
 Prof. A. Sayce, in 1879, con.siileivil the Uittites to have 
 been in veiy caily tinn's the preihiminant jiower in 
 Asia Minor" ami N. Myria. The investigatinns of 
 Messrs. Uamsav, Ilogiiih ami Meaill.im, in i8(^, sup- 
 ported by the iCnglish Asia .Mimir Kx|iloration Fnnil, 
 led to man>' discnveries which are ites{'rilieil in the 
 J'iiKfji of 25 .liay, 1891. Investigations pioceeding, 
 1897. 
 
 HOBART TOWN or IIoisART, a sea-port 
 and capital of Van Dienieu's Land, was founded in 
 1804 by C(d. Collins, the first lieutenant-goverrior, 
 who died here in 1810. Topulation in 1881, 2I,Il8 ; 
 in 1891,24,1/35; 1894,35,073. 
 
 HOBHOUSE'S ACT, i & 2 Will. IV. c. 60, 
 1831, relates to vestries and charities. 
 
 HOCHKIRCHEX (Saxmiy). Here, on 14 
 Get. 1758, the Prussian army, commanded by 
 Frederick II., was surprised and u. tented l)y the 
 Austrians commanded by count Diun. Mar.slml 
 Keith, a Scotsnoin in the Pru.ssin 1 service, was 
 killed. The / .strian generals s.d tears, and 
 ordered his ini.;fment with military h mrs. A 
 condict between the Russians and P; .issiuiis and the 
 French, in which the last were victorious, took 
 place 21 May, 1813. 
 
 HOCHSTADT, a citv on tlm 1);,„„|,, ■ 
 Bavaria, near which several importanl iiattlisll v- 
 been fought: (I.) 2& Sept. 1703, when tlif i',,! 
 perialists were defeated by the Freiuli ami liaviiriri.' 
 under maislial Villars and the eleitia- oi liivan' 
 (2.) 2 (N. S. VA) Aug. 1704, called tli,. I^ul, 'If 
 nienlieim (M.7(!c/f nee). (3.) 19 June, i8to, wl,„„ 
 Moreau totally defeated the Austrians, amlavra..,) 
 the defeat of the French at Blenlieiin. 
 
 HOFWYL, see PeKttthzzian .S,,4,„i. 
 
 HOGARTH CLUB, 3'' UoNcr-st,, tif,,,i. I 
 
 sale, 20 Jan. 1897. 
 HOGUE, see La Hogw. 
 HOHEXLIXDEN (li.avaria). II,.,, „. 
 
 .\ustriaiis, commanded by anhduke John, «, |. 
 beaten by the French and liavanans, coiiiiuniiii,,! I 
 by .M.orca'u, 3 Dee. 1800. The pi are of Liiiuvii;,. 
 followed. 
 
 HOHENSTAUFEX, see Gi-mm,,,, an,! 
 
 Oiirljilis. 
 
 I HOHEXZOLLERX, the rei-ning famiivui I 
 , Prussia. Its origin is referred tn Tlia.ssilo, ;|i',,,^( 
 8(X), who built tlie castle of lliilirii-/iill,.n, In 
 1417, Frederick of Nureiuburg, his ilcsriiiiliait, « ,, 
 I made elector of Hraiideuljurg. The iiiiiic'i !f 
 Ilohenxollern-Heehiiigen auiT II"lirnziill|.ni-Sj'. 
 maringen abdicated in favour of t)ie kingol'rni,,i" 
 7 Dec. 1849. Charles, son of (luulcs Aiithniiv' 
 the iirincc of Ilohcnzolleni-Siginarin'.'in, wji 1 
 elcited prince of Roumania, 20 A|)iil, iHiji, isp,. 
 JIaiiHlniin l'fiiirij)iiliHen). His linitliir Limi...'!,] 
 noiiiinat(Hi candidate for the throne of ^jwiii, vnC \ 
 drew July, 1870; their father (.'liarle- .\i'itl,„iiv 
 died 2 June, 1885. See /yw*/(/c«i«)y/, aniUVd.,,.'. 
 
 , HOLBEIN SOCIETY, fur ohi.u,un.|,i,.,.J 
 
 lithographic representatious of aiu'ieiit vimi m- 
 gravings, established in 1868, sir Williaii; Stirliii; 
 llaxwell presi(!(>nt. 
 
 I HOLBORN (Holeborne, in Donni.^dav Wi.i:, 
 said to be identical witli the river Fleet. I'lullK.rn. 
 bill, in the time of Stiw, Kkk), was tciiiicil "liravv. 
 hill." Gerard, tlie herbalist, speaks i.f his''hiii» 
 in Holborne," 1597. The Ilulliiini-tlnnln m 
 opened by .Mr. S'elton Parry, d (Jet. i,S(,(,, \iii|, 
 " Flying " Scud," a new piece, by .Mr. Di* j 
 Roncicault. Tlie Ilolhnni fnii/j/iit/miln'Witaofiwti 
 25 Mav, 1867. The llolboru vallev viaduct, |iiijiiiii-.j 
 1)V Mr. F. II. Frv, 3 June, lN('.7 (Mr. Willuu 
 llaywood, chief engineer), was i)|iein(l fur in- 
 passengers 14 Oc t,, and inauguratcil hv the (pm!, I 
 6 Nov. 18IJ9. "Middle-row" was pulled duiiii in 
 1867. Western .\|iproacb-street i)licneil2i JuiiciNa*. 
 The statue of prince Albert uncovered hv tlir iniiio' 
 of Wales, 9 Jan. 1874. Holborn tinvii-liall i)|Tiki; 
 by the lord mayor, 18 Dec. 1879. 
 
 i " HOLIDAYS, see Hank llolidoys. 
 
 \ HOLLAND (Jfolloir /kiiiI, or, soino s;iy, 
 , Jt'oiitlitl /mill), a kingchim, N.W. liurope, tlii> oliit! 
 part of the northern Netherlauds, cniiipnscil of lanl ] 
 rescued from the sea, and defended liy iiiiiiMbo | 
 dykes. It was inhabited by the ll.itiivi 'in llu'liiiio 
 of Ca'sai-, wlio made a league with tlieiii. It bnanif I 
 part of Gallia lielgica, and alter'.vai'us of thi'liiii!.'Joiii 
 of Austrasia. I''rom the 10th to the 151I1 icntiiryit | 
 was goveriiLMl by counts under the (icrinan I'liiiun'ri, 
 In 1861, the population of tlie kingdom in timpi I 
 was 3,521,4113; td' the coloiiies, 18,175.9^0; of l."j'.!i j 
 in 1863, 21,805,607; 1876, 3.Wi5,45(i; roloiiifs, 
 about 75,1 io,oo() ; l87(), kingil'>iii, 4,612,^103; IN'*;, j 
 4,450,870; 31 l>vc. 1895. 4.732,1)12: I Jim. iS);, 
 4,928,658. Revenue, 1881), 10,184,158/.; iSj, ] 
 
 HOI 
 
 iO,;(i2,iftiA;expi:nditi 
 
 i(*,475'' 
 
 Tiitfartii's tcnneil Iliiiit 
 
 i uiili'S.s of Hollaml,)a 
 
 I,,,,. Sim William, who 
 
 l„.r.)crfiifcaciril war, 
 llMlla.iiluiiitoil to Hainan 
 
 luKseil to liurganily liy 
 ' ii from his niece Jaijuet i 
 
 (,f the last count 
 
 \»n.«'il til Austria tlii'o 
 
 ' iiiiriiiiiilv with arcliilnk 
 
 i.nniiiii'iit "f I'lidip of A 
 
 .ilJIJWt'tiif .Vustria ami 
 
 (lii'liilil'll. 
 
 f|ii'i|. 11. I'stalilishcs till 
 
 juiliTS liavir.g zcalinisl 
 
 i.triiii's : severe pers' 
 
 iK-wm.* said to have p 
 
 (iiiifeili'nu'y of Giieux ( 
 
 imIiIw . 
 f i.jiriimisi'of ISreila presi 
 ( -iiiii'iiiriiieut of the ruvi 
 
 r.; uniiii:i? 
 i:i;.,iiiilhiifK"gli0.il,ilocliii 
 
 l,jt |irii;iiisis help 
 I!i(|iai:ilii':itiiiu lit Ghent- 
 
 .iiiilli iiriiviiices 
 Tli.'»tveiiiiortliciu proviii' 
 
 I'triTlit . 
 .toliliiiiiri' their inileiiem 
 .i..si«iiiatiiiii of William 11 
 ilirtinsiiutlu'rn priivinee.' 
 
 41'ariim . 
 TlBiinviunis solicit help fi 
 
 rs|«litimi of the curl ot 
 
 lliitch ilisiigree . 
 nitlli' of Zutliliea- sir 
 
 w.'Unileil 
 P:;iiif Maurice •'ipiiointcil > 
 B.:illii.f I'liilipll. Hiss 
 
 XHliiTlaiuU to Albert of 
 
 IsaWUa . 
 i?aia|iaij;iis iif Maurice and 
 M.iiiiiii-Ji'rKits the arclidu 
 Till- iiiJeiieiiilcucc of the 
 
 iiised; trace of Antw 
 
 Iiitaviain.Iava hiiilt 
 IVnrn'ligi isilisscnsioii! 
 
 aiti Giiniaris:s 
 Mairicc favouiM tin. hitter 
 
 ]iiiwer 
 SjiikI of Diirt ; jn'reecntioi 
 EMiiiinofthe l.iu.''tii-,inr 
 llfiivwaliiftlu' war; Maiirii 
 Hi.tyraiiiiii'al L.'iivt'riiiiiciit 
 
 >;\t('i'ii lu-rsoiis i-xerntcd 
 Hi^■lfalll;llislll■llthcr Frei 
 
 .i.iiiilstlii'iuTsi'iaition 
 lliuliattiii.Miw New York, 
 
 iiKhsai-re iif English at \: 
 ViriHiiis 111 Van Troiup, will 
 
 I'll tllf illlWllS 
 
 Pniic of Westplialia, the 
 Eiiioiic . . . . 
 ffii with Kuglaiiil -naval 
 I'f Huytcr, 22 Oct. ; In 
 Triiitji, will) takes some 
 lliiiiiH.'li the channel wil 
 lit-ail 
 
 Iinlfoi-iiive sra-llghts, 12-1 
 
 Tniijiii, 21 iliilv : peace I 
 
 Viituriiiiis war with Swede 
 
 .tai.lliiT war Willi Kiiglainl 
 
 lijiltiisi'c sea-lights, 1-4 
 
 iiviT 111' liuyter . 
 
 I Tri|ilr alli.iiic'e of England 
 
 a^.'aiiist l''rancii 
 I I'liarlfsll. deserts Holland 
 I Till' Fifncli oviirviiii Ijnlhui 
 
 ll'-|ii'nitO riillilition nf til 
 
 liiassaiiv tliv lie Witts—' 
 
 Imliitr . . . . 
 
 I Thf I'lvnrh rrpellcil hy tile 
 
 Iniliicisive ciuniiaignR , 
 
iiiji 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 lajdA^/. ; '•'•''l"-'"'''-"''''. '«"9. ll,2 5(j,24-y.; 189.5, 
 i('.te,475'' 
 
 539 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 IlKiartii's tcriiii'il lluaks, (fiillowiTs of Marf,'Hi'ot, 
 piiiilrssof Hollaii(l,)aiicl Cml-Jisli, (siipiiortiTs iif 
 |„.v sou Williiiiii, wlio ciPlcavci.iri'cl tii Mii'plMiit 
 lifP,) crentf ii civil war, wliiih lasts many years . 1347 
 
 IMIauil uaited to Haiiiault, i^qg; ami liraliant . 1416 
 
 iwxed tu liurguiiily by ihiki' t'liilip, wljo wrests 
 iifromhis iiieee Jaiiueliiie, of lli'llaiul, Jaiigliter 
 c.ftlielMt count 1436 
 
 (Mi-sed to Austria tlivonuli uiarria^e of Mary of 
 
 ' i):ir!;iniilvwitli arcli'iukc Maxiniiliau . 
 
 irVfraiiioiitof I'liilip of Austiia . ... 
 
 11(51,11);.^^"'' •^"■■''''i" "I"' *^''"ilcs \ . 
 
 (i!;'iiiii|i II- 
 
 fiiii|i 11. estalilislies tlie Inr|Uisitioii ; tlie Ilol- 
 ;;iuilfi-s having: xealiaisly emliraeiMl tlie reforiueil 
 iiitriai'S ; severe iiersi^oiitinu ; ahi lit loo.txxi 
 vrseiis said to liavo iierisiieil 1555 rt I'lq. ; the 
 Omri'ileracy of Giieiix (Beggars) foriueil l.y tl 
 
 William marries jiiiiieess Mary of Eie-;laul . 1677- 
 
 I'eaec with I'rame (Nimegueu) .... 167S 
 William heeomes kiiig of Kuglaml . . . 1689.. 
 
 Maii(,i;iiiary war with l-'rauce . . . 1689-96 
 
 I'eaee of Hyswick signed . . . 20 Se)it. 1697 
 
 Death of William 8 March, 1702 
 
 Ni> stadthohler aiiiiointed— ailministration of 
 
 Heinsius 
 
 War against France and Siiain ; caniiiaigns of Marl- 
 
 ''oiougli 1702-13 
 
 Peai'e of Utrecht .... 11 April, 171 5 
 
 Hollaml su|i|iortsthe emiuvss Maria-Theresa . 1741-8 
 
 1477 William Henry hereditary stadthohler . . . 1747' 
 
 149s reaee of Aixda-Chaiielle . . . 18 Oct. 1748 
 
 i5ub I War with Kngland for naval suipreniacy— Holland 
 
 1555 loses lolonies . . . '. . . 1781-3. 
 
 Civil wars ill the Low Countries . . . i787-c>. 
 
 The French re|iiililieans iiiarcli into lloll.ind ; the 
 
 jicople diciare in their favour .... 1793 
 Unsuecessriil eamiiaigii of the duke of York . 1794. 
 
 Th(^ Jkitdvian republic established in allianee with 
 
 . 1566 
 
 l''raiice 
 
 795 
 
 Il-iI'lt'S -^- ^ 
 
 f,„|irniiiise of Hivda presented . . ,Iaii. ,, IJattle of Calniierdown, Duncan signally defeats the 
 
 I aiiii'iuriiieut of the revolt under William, prince 1 Dutch . n Oet. 1797 
 
 -iioninge ,•,,•,,•.,■,„■,■ ; • '572 : The Ti'xel He,t, of twelve ships of the line, witii 
 
 E;z,ii«'tlicfhiiglai.ddeelines the olfered sovereignty, I thirteen Iiidianieii, smirnders to the liritish 
 
 l,ut |inimi»cs help . 1575 adiuir.il, without tiring a gun . . 10 Aug. 1790. 
 
 TlirHiriliratinuot tilieui,— union of tiie Xorth and A new constitution is given to the Bataviaii republic ; 
 
 viiilh laovuices . . . . . . 1576 the chief olliccr (K. ,1. Schinimelpenninck) takes 
 
 Tii'M-vniiiortheriiprovineescontract the league of the title of gniiid ].eiisioiiaiy . 26 April, 1805, 
 
 Itro-lit • ■ • , 1579 II"l'"iideivclcdiiitoa/.;,i//./..„/, and r,ouisI!(aiapai1e, 
 
 .V:,l ,1,1 iaic their iiidepeii.lence . . 23 , Inly, 1581 father of Napoleon 1 1 1., ilcdared king . 5 .lune, ,806. 
 
 A.,,,"i!iati"iiof Wilhani ot Orangi! . 10 July, 1584 1 The ill-fated Wahhereii I'xpeditioii . ,Julv, >ept 1809, 
 
 Tilt trtisoiitlieni provinces ccMicpicred by the lu-incu I I.oiiis abdicates .... i.Inlv i8io- 
 
 i.fPaniia „ ^ 
 
 III,' |iMviiiei's solicit help frcnii Kngland ,ind France ; 
 
 r)i|Kilitiaii of the eaii of Leicester ; Knglish anil 
 
 Uiittli ilisagree :585-7 
 
 bitli' of Zutplieii- sir Philip Sidney mortally 
 
 w.imilfil 22 Sept. isKS 
 
 P: !iT Maurice n|>poiiited stadtholder . . . 1^87 
 Dijtli uf i'liili|i II. His son I'liiliji III. cedes the 
 
 XHlii'ilaiuls to .Vlbert of Austria, and the infantJi, 
 
 laliflia 1598 
 
 CiiNHiiSUS of Maurice and Mpinola . . . 1599-1604 
 MjiiiiiT Jcfeats the archduke at Nieuport 2 .Inly, 1600 
 Tilt' iiiJel'eliileiice of the United Frovitees recog- 
 
 iiiscili truce of Antwerp for twelve years. 
 
 Holland united to Fraiiee .... 9 .July. ,, 
 Ucstoied to the house of Orange, ami lielgiuin 
 
 annexed to its dominions , . .17 Nov. 1813. 
 The princi' of Orange iiroclainied sovereign prince of 
 
 the uniteil Nctlierlands ... 6 Dec. ,, 
 
 Heligious discord bitwccn Holland and the southern 
 
 l'i'"viMces ,8,7, .t,.. 
 
 The revolution in lielgiuni . . . 23 . Vug, 1830- 
 
 lielgium .separated from Holland . . i^Jiily, iSji 
 Holland makes war against liclginiu . . 3 .Vug. ,, 
 Trc.ity between llolland and lielgium, signed in 
 
 ,l-,""'l"ii 19 -Vpril, 1839. 
 
 Abdication of William 1 7-10 Oct. 1840 
 
 Death of the cxkiiig William I. . . 12 Dec. 1843 
 
 9 April(jo.Marcli)', 1609 i '^""''' Bonaparte, count de St. T.cn, ex-king of 
 
 Bit.™ in ,Tava built ,6,„ I l^'ll^n'd, dies of apoplexy at Leghorn . 23 July, ,846. 
 
 JVrren'ligi is ilissenshms between the Armiiiians I ihe king agrees to political relorin, March ; ,1 new 
 
 aalGoiiiarisls .• trtio-.g \,TA? u'i'i'i'! *"'' T "'' " ' ' '7,;M-nl. iS4a 
 
 Mairife favours tlKlaUer and intrigues for royal : !'■•",,,., ... „■ ■ ,. ;, ,. '7 -^lurch, 1849 
 
 .,,„.„ . . ' ,f,jg Ke-cstalihsliiiieiit ot a lioman Catholic hiei-arcliy 
 
 SnwlofDiiit; p'ereeeutioii of tiie Armiiiians ■ 1618-19 I r..!'.!!','.'.,",".'.'.!'.'.'"., ,..■>■..., .-. .' ' ■' . '^ .V'"'.';''- '^53- 
 EsHiUiimof tlie i.iieti inns BiO'iieveldt 14 May, 1619 
 
 llriwvaliif tlie war; Maurice saves Hergcii-op-Zooiu 1622 
 Hhtyiaimiial goveiiiiiient ; plot against him, aiul 
 
 siximi pi'i'sous executed jg^j 
 
 Hixli'atli ; liis brother Frederick succeeds hini, and 
 
 ,:.imlstliei»'iscciition ,625 
 
 M.iiili:ilt.ui, i:o«- New York, Norili .Vmerica, founded ; 
 
 iit;i>saiTeof English at .Vmboyna, Fast Indies 1624 
 
 Vii t^iirs of Van Tronip, who takes two Spanish lleets 
 
 rS the ilowiis . 16 Sept. and 21 Oet. 1639 
 
 Trtrc of Westphalia, the republic recognised by 
 
 fjiii'l'i' ". 164S 
 
 1\ ,11 with Kngland - naval actions— Blake ilefeats 
 
 Hv Hiiytcr, 22 Oet. ; but is surprised by Van 
 
 Tr-m]i, who takes some Knglish ships, and sails 
 
 tliiiiii(!li the eliiuiiicl with a broom at his niast- 
 
 li'*' 29 Nov. 1632 
 
 Iiiiltoi.iive sen-tlglits, 12-14 J'mt' ; dentli of Van 
 
 Tri)iii]i, 21 July ; |reaee follows .... 1653 
 
 ViiMriiiiiswiir with Sweden ,(,cq 
 
 .taiitluT war with Kiiglaud . . . . ' 1665 
 Imliiisive Boii-llglits, 1-4 June ; victory of Monk 
 
 "V,T 1),. liuyter 25 July, :666 
 
 Tn|jf alli.iiiee of England, Holland, and Sweden 
 
 ii;ainst France jggg 
 
 llirlea II. deserts nolland : joins France . " '. 1670 
 I Tiii'FiTneli ovi'rnui Hollau'! , , , j^.' 
 
 ■ li(Si«rate eimilitiou of the Stales -the populace '' 
 
 iiiimacre the De Witts— William 111. made stadt- 
 
 linlikr jg 
 
 Tlif Kiviiih rvpelleil hy the sluices being opeiieil 
 I Inlfcisive caiuiinigus 673-7 
 
 aiinoniiced 
 '^ I ficiienil van den Bosch's scheme earricd out liv tliii 
 socieiyoriici.cllc-nceof iMMiieeolonizalion in east 
 Holland for destitute persons of all .sorts started 
 about 1815, having failed is modilied; irce and 
 penal colonics constituted ; (generally siieecssful) 1335, 
 
 Inundaiioiis ; 40,0^10 acres submerged; nearly 
 3o,o<xi villagers made destitute Jan. and Fcdi. 1861 
 
 Great lire at Knd.schede, the .Manchester of Holl.ind, 
 lo.ss about a million iioiinds . . 7 -May, i86? 
 
 The states-general pa.ss a law for the abolition of 
 slavery in the Dutch West Indies [after i July, 
 1863] .6 Aug. ,, 
 
 Treaty for capitalising Scheldt dues signed 12 May, 1863 
 
 Slavery eea.ses in the Dutch W.St Indies i July, ,, 
 
 5otlianniveisiiry of deliverance from France, 17 Nov. ,, 
 
 Commencement of canal to connect Amsterdam with 
 the North ,sea 8 Marili, x86s. 
 
 The govern nt nudertako a catuil to connect 
 
 liotteidam with the .sea . . . March, 
 
 Commcrci.il treaty with Franco . . 7 July! ',', 
 
 New iiiiiiistr.;(protcclioiii(t) . . . i Jun'e, 1866. 
 
 Conespondence with I'rn.sshi rcsiiecting the 
 Prussian garrison ill I. iix.inburg . Julv-Ang. ,, 
 
 The lower chamber bai.ly passes a vote of censure 
 on the ministry respecting uoveriiiiient of Java, 
 Ac. ; the king dissolves the .lianiber . 10 Oet. ,, 
 
 Allcgeii treaty with France respecting cession of 
 Luxemburg (ie/,iV/i .we) . . , aa March, iS6t 
 
 The fortilicalions of Lnxembuig razed . Mav, 1868. 
 
 Long struggle between the ministrv and the cliaiii- 
 bers, Nov. 1867 -May, 1868, the ministrv resign ; a 
 new ministry formed by ,M, de Tliorbecke, June, „ 
 
 1 '"^p 
 
 ! 
 
 t 
 
 W 
 
 wm 
 
 
 1 
 
 K ' 
 I ' 
 
 1 ' 
 
 ^1 
 
 To 
 
 
 i 
 
 i' 
 
 II 
 
 i I 
 
 
 1 
 
 W :! 
 
 rWm 
 
 s'M: 
 
 
 ■■% 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 540 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 If- * 
 
 Interimtimial cxliibitimi oiieneil at Aiiintenlnin liy 
 
 iniiict! Hcuiy 15 July, 1869 
 
 Slfi'liii^' (if till' nliainlwrs : strict iieiitnility in tliu 
 
 Kram'ii-l'ni,ssiiiii war to lie iilaintaiiicil '19 (Sciit. 1870 
 'Ci'ssiriu iif Diitcli iiossi'ssicins in (jiiiiiea t(i Givat 
 
 liiitain, vciti'd 7 July, 1871 
 
 Tt^iccntinary ci'lclinitiiin of tlic ('oniiiii'iu'cnir'nt of 
 iMitcli iiKli'iitiiileiioe liy tlie captiiiu of liricl, 
 
 1 Aiuil, 1872 
 Deatli of ill' Tliiirliei'ki'. a great stati'siiian 4 Jiint', ,, 
 A iii'W iiiiiiistry foniii'il liy Dcvrics . . 29.111110, ,, 
 JJisciissiiins I'l'siH'ctiiij; tlii' war against the Sultan 
 
 ofAi-liin in Sumatra (irliith ser) . . April, 1873 
 Xcw jiort at Klusliing iiiicncil liy tlie king . 8 Hept. „ 
 Ex]i('iliti(iii against the Aehincse (see Siimdiiii) 
 
 einl'arks |),.|'. ,, 
 
 Xi'W niinistry, umler Dr. Ileeniskirk . j8 July, 1874 
 
 New I'l'iial ciiiU' issiu'il Aug. 1875 
 
 Ti'i-i-eutenary of racilleatiiin of Glieiit celeliiated, 
 
 Sept. 1876 
 •ijanal lictwecu North sea anil Anistenlani, pa.sseil 
 liy a luouitor (.sec 1865)4 Uct. ; inaiigiirati.il liy 
 
 the king I .\iiv, 
 
 .New niinistry ; iiresiileiit, baron Kappeijue van ile 
 
 ,.''"l'l"'ll(i ^N„v. 1S77 
 
 Jlarrrige of |iriiiei' Henry, the king's brother, to 
 
 prill. -i.ss .Marie Klizabetli of I'riVssia . 24 Aug. 1878 
 D'ath of piini-e Henry, the king's brother, a.geil 58; 
 
 13 J.'in. 1879 
 .N'ew eabiuet, iiuder M. Van I.yudeii . 19 .\ug. ,, 
 The king ami i|Ueeii visit Kiigi.iml . . 26 April, 1S82 
 Coniniereial treaty with Frame rejeeted by the 
 
 ehaniber; the ministry resign .' . 9 .May, „ 
 Hesiguation of baron van l.ynden and liis eabiuet 
 
 I .Mari'h, 1883 
 New ministry umler i)r. Heemskerk (interior) 
 
 -'2 April, ,, 
 
 International exhibition at Amslerdani ope 1 by 
 
 the king , .M,,v, ,, 
 
 ■(.'ominitlee for revision of the eonstitution appointed 
 
 i2Ma.\, „ 
 The king and ipieen of lielgium warmly reeeived .it 
 
 Amsterilam, &!• 18 (let. r/ .<i''/. „ 
 
 The king and ipneii warmly reeeived at lirussels 
 
 20-22 .Mav, 1884 
 
 Heath of the prill if Orange . . 21 June, ,, 
 
 'The i|Ueen apimiiited by a eongress to be regent if 
 
 neeessary , .\iig, ,, 
 
 liesignatiiin of the niinistry, 13 A|iril ; deelined bv 
 
 the king . . . '. . . 22 April, 1886 
 The king's assent given to bill foi. revision of 
 
 eoiistituti 8 Nov.; the revised ( stitution 
 
 proimilgated jo Nov. 1887 
 
 New niini.stry ; interior baron Maekay 17 April, 1S88 
 
 iCiiiitinued illness of the king : tiieiiueen iii.iiiinateil 
 
 regent, and the duke of Nassau regent of l.iiseiii. 
 
 burg, April ; the king suddenly reuovers ; regency 
 
 ileferred, April; the king resumes goveinineii't 
 
 Mav, 1889 
 <,"eh'bratioii of the4otli anniversary of the king's ae- 
 
 eession ' . . ,2 Miiy, ,, 
 
 The iiarlianient deelares the king ineaiiable of 
 ruling; the couneiluf state to govern foramonth 
 
 29 Oct. 1890 
 Till' ipiceii appointed regent at a sitting of the two 
 chambers, 1 ) Nov. ; takes the iKitli . 20 Nov. ,, 
 
 Jieath of King William HI., a real i stitiitional 
 
 ruler; aeeession of lii-i daughter Willieliiiina, 23 
 Nov. ; grand public funeral . . . 4 Dec. „ 
 See l.ujvmli'H rij. 
 Visit of tlie Ueriiiaii emperor and empress, see 
 
 UrniU'ini ,-3 July, ,891 
 
 Ib'sigiiatiou of the niinistry, 8 July ; newministfy 
 formed by .M. \aiitienlioven, 5 Aug. ; he becomes 
 fori.ign niinister, and .M. 'I'ak van I'oortvliet 
 
 I'remii'r ,, Aug. ,, 
 
 J>"ew I'ai'linnieiit opi ned by the ipieeii. regent 
 
 is.'^cpt. „ 
 A section of the Merwede canal, from AiUBterilani 
 to the north of the Leek, opened in inesenee of 
 l!ie (jueen and !|'.!ee!i-reL'ent . . ^ ,\u,i;. i-.j? 
 The new ironclad, Kniniiiihi Willnlinimi, launelied 
 
 at AinsterdiOM ; the ipieeii pre-' III . 22 Oct. ,, 
 T.aboiir riots in various parts, about . u Dec. ,, 
 
 The budget for 1F94 show, a di'llcit of >. niillion 
 Horins ' -^ Sept. iS^j 
 
 All electoral reform bill withdrawn on an am,.,,,! 
 iiient being carried in the 2iid cliaiiiber q .Mm.),' ■ 
 
 The Iiarlianient dissolved . . . ... , Ji',,,.,. ' ' '< 
 
 Elections; nia.|oritv for the ojipositioa " .6 iiml' " 
 
 ' J. 1'. H. Tak Van I'oortvliet and l.is niia'isin ,,' " 
 
 sign ,,j .\'., ',' 
 
 New ministry formed under Joiiklieer ii,',.li' " 
 premier ^ j|, .' 
 
 The parliament opened . . . ' . 16 jpn' '' 
 
 I InsuiTcetioii ill the lliiteh East Iiidies ; ||',i. d'hJ'.' " 
 
 are surprised by an ambush at T,iakra.Ni".iir,' 
 
 near JIataraiii, in the island of i.onihnii ."',11,' 
 
 fcated with heavy loss ; gen. Van Ham, 8 nllk'm 
 
 and '200 men killed 
 
 25-27 .\iii. 
 
 The Dutch men-of-war bombard -Mataiaiii, Kai",' " 
 
 pong and Tanabat. reported . . o .\ii'. 
 Reinforcements arrive . . . j.s.m' 
 
 Arveiigcaiitured ' g 'j; ' 
 
 Jlataraiii taken after severe lighting ari.Sn ,t' 
 
 i.iakra-Negara attacked . . . isx'. 
 
 Till' r.'i.iah siirri'iiders . . . , ,,, \;, 
 
 (lener.'il submission, reported 
 The parliament re.ii)ieiieil . . . . i8,SHi,t 
 Thi'i|iii'eii and iiueen-iegi'iit visit England ; r(.e('ivi..i 
 by the iirince of Wales, 27 April ; bv tliei|ii,.„i, 
 
 21 .\ii\. 
 rf .Niiv. 
 
 .May ; left . 
 
 ; .Mil 
 
 rarliament o]ieiieil by the (|Ueeii-regeiit i- .>|.|,| 
 Stril<i' of diainond-eutters in Amsterdain ; rint.'n, 
 
 dcmoiistiiitions ' .,,|,, 
 
 Conversion of the nalioniil debt bom i' '.i'lir 
 cent., bill submitted . . . . ''- ' , jj',.,, 
 iiisiMi IX TiiK E. IxiiiKs: desiiltorv ti^lilfir ii', ' 
 Sumatra, headed by the Achinese eliii.f 'fcTi^,,, 
 D.johaii; 2 hats relieM'd, and rebel iiiii..|„.||. 
 iiients eaptuied by Hie Dutch, t. u A|ini. , .,, ■ 
 4 Aehincse huts evaeuiited by tin- liiiicli, ;,V,.,' 
 heavy lighling, 18 April; Tokoe iim.ii's nw{ 
 l,am|iisiiig taken, .May; liiiteli -lun-,. 
 and flight of rebels; I.oelMpoiig l„,|iil,,ii.i,.,| ,, 
 June ; enemy routed at lilaiig-liit.'oiL; ; 'lokn,. |i;,i,| 
 rebel eliief surrenders; ueii. .Moiiiiii i|ii.». .viij],. 
 trying to cross a morass in At.jeli. Aug. . ,|i.m;|. 
 tory lighting, Sept. ; lieul.-i'ul. \-|iii viiet ;,i,. 
 pointed governor of At.ieh, 2.. ilel. : ilie -ir 
 of I'azir oveitlirown, and banishnl. ii.t.; 1..,,,,. 
 (bllar captured alter a hot light, m ,11 l',,.,li; 
 iiiucli slaughter, ,laii. 1897 ; n-be;, il..|.,iiii.,| nii'li 
 heavy loss, reported, 26.bin. ; liiilia|iiii,i i ii,,iii|,|, 
 by the Dutch, 15 feb. ; Dutch suee. ss,->, M,,ii,h 
 .luiie; Kampoiig taken by the lliitili ; .l,;i,||., 
 Ii,;;lit near Diilrii|iura, Aug. ; di'siilierv li::litiii,', 
 Sept. 1SQ7; expedition 111 I'eilir attacki'il In' 
 Aehincse, enemy repulsed, and no killi'ii : » 
 .Iniie, 1898, the Aehinese again ihleati.,!. ;„ 
 killed, near Edi ; quiet resliiivl, |lij;||| ,if Ui,. 
 
 enemy iS.lillv, r.! 
 
 Sullrage I'Xleiisioll bill ]i,is.sed . . . 6 .Sept. iv.j 
 
 States-general iipeiied by tliei|Uei'ii-iegi'iit, i5N'|it. 
 
 Hudu'i't lor ifQ7, deficit. 3, jjo.ooo.tf. . 17 Si|it, '., 
 
 .Mr. Henry Howard appointed I'lriti.ih iiiiiiisti'riit 
 
 tile Hague ; alitiounee.l . . . 21 Si'jit, 
 
 Sugar (biiiiiilies) bill p.is.sed , . 2ili.r! '„ 
 
 t'lailii of capt. .1. C. ('ar)ii'iiter, of till' (,.,<"(.. /,•;,,! ' 
 
 (Australian whaler), for coiii|ieiisilioii tin ill. 
 
 usage and ;■ risoniiienl by the iMiteli aiitliui- 
 
 itie.s in till' .Ki)lueca.s (Nov. 1691), refeni'.l tii 
 
 Hiissian arbitrutioii, .Sept. 1895; 8,551-;. awiaii«l 
 
 him ■ . , , .Maiili, 1, ,- 
 
 New liberal cabinet: Dr. I'ierson pri'iiiier ami 
 minister lit linance .... 20 July, 
 
 States-gelieial o|ielied by the liueell-regellt, till' 
 
 iiueeii present '21 Si'in. 
 
 liudget for 1898 : dellcit, 6,300,000/1, . 24.S('iit. 
 C. W. M. Van de Velde, ilistiiigiiislii'd travell'iT, 
 
 artist, and cartographer, born, i3i8 ; dii'il. 
 
 20 .Miiioli, I 
 The (pieeii and li.'r iuolhcr visit Paris . .^|iril, , 
 
 East Indian loan of 55,000,000/. agi 1 In, i6.liiiii'. 
 
 (Jbligalory pcisoiial militJiry seivice, nill |iiissi'il 
 
 4.1iily, 
 Coronation of the i|Uei'ii at .Viiistenlaiii, givat li'- 
 
 joieiiigs 6Si'iit . 
 
 I■HI^•c^■..^ of onAxoF. (see Oivi\tjr), KTADTiiiii.DF.ii\ 
 1502. I'hillbei-t lie t'lial'iiis, 
 1550, Itelie de .N'assiin, his uephevv. 
 
 i;4' 
 
 i-ji. 
 
 HOLL^ 
 
 P^ William of Nassau, 
 
 lU'iie recovers tilt 
 Xiiiiiiiiated .sTAin'iii 
 
 .sill hired by i'liili 
 ,.;,. Philip Willi his 
 
 aiiivi'i-sity of Lou 
 
 sutler him toresii 
 ,;i;. Miiai'iee, the reiiov 
 
 HuLDKH ill 1584 : 
 
 iiaiii liy a second 
 ,<,! Frcili'ii'k Henry (bi 
 ,■> William H.. sTAiirH 
 
 ti'i' of Charles I. 11 
 
 sea, who Slleeeeih 
 ,^;^j2, Jiihll lie Witt, gr 
 ,,ji Williiiiiillenry : sr 
 
 Maiy, eldest daiiij 
 
 1677. 
 roi-47' Nil srADTiioLDKP 
 Po; Juliii-William, neph 
 
 liiiiu-ipality of c 
 
 Kraaee. 
 Williaiii-Heiiryl 1 
 
 laiiriied prinees.s 
 
 liy liis sou. 
 William IV. ; retirei 
 
 ia 1795 ; died in i 
 J- : [Il'illaail ami llelgi 
 
 imlilicj 
 
 KISdS 
 
 i:j6, Liiais lieiiaiiai'te m 
 linitlier .Napoleoi 
 July, 1810. 
 
 i;io, [Hiilliiml again uniti 
 
 i;i3. /loii.ie i<f Uicinif 
 ]ii'iiieeof Orange I 
 1813 ; b)ok the 
 priai'i', jo .March 
 king of the .Sktu 
 iiiallyabdieateii ii 
 liii'il 12 Dee. 1843. 
 
 i^D. WilliiUii II. born 6 
 fiitiier's abdieatio 
 ii'i'ili'il by 
 
 K4j. William HI., son ; 
 .■juliliia fif Wiirt* 
 'lit'il, 3 June 181 
 (li-iiiixe. Iiorn 4 Si 
 .Mi'xamler (pliilo; 
 ilii.l 21 Jiim',,i88. 
 Pviiiiniit, 7 Jan. 
 31 .Vii'.'. iSSo. Tl! 
 
 up. Willn' uiiia(llie ipn 
 
 HOLLAND, NE^^ 
 
 Irslihiil. 
 
 HOLLOWAY H< 
 
 LEGE. Tlios, lloUow 
 l,ir iiinliiient, iSce., aH'ori 
 to ci'i'i't, for tlio jse of 
 toriiim or asyiiiiu fur t 
 inturablcs ami louviilc 
 I'li'ik'd at St. -Viine's J 
 WatiT, 1X7 i 1/ mj. 
 Wales 16 Juuc, i«8v 
 
 I'.'iV.lLlIiir.l.ilWAV Col.l.K 
 
 iii'.N or Wii.MKS, Kglia: 
 1:79. t't'i'iieil by the 
 iuilis library, reading 
 jilli'iT. The princely 
 i'iiai.i»iiiiri' style, 'I'la/i. 
 t-it, W, Onis'slaiul. '1 
 'iir 2511 stiiileiits. The 
 Ml'. UiilliiWiiv gave 25c 
 il'liti'iiial l"r .'li.l.iwi'iii 
 J-'''l,-'i, Laving an imn: 
 'Vi'oiaifily jii'iieroiis di 
 !i:uii rxiu'iiili'il 45,.>jo(. 1 
 
 HOLMFIRTH F 
 
 '.M iiiiiji-rrv reservoir a 
 -I'siidil, "i^nrkslijre, bi 
 ur mills ami many 
 MUaigmoro than 90 po 
 ; rty estimated at ivbov 
 
I!9 ' 
 
 HOLLAND, NEW. 
 
 541 
 
 HOLYDAYS ACT. 
 
 ,;,, Williiiiii iif Xiissiiu, Mtyli'il till! Great, ('(msiii tn 
 ■ HiMii' I'l'i'iivi'istiii' priiiriiKility i>l()iMiit;e in 1559. 
 
 Xl)lllillllt<.'4 MTAIITIICII.DKU, 1579; killl'il liVllll ilSsllS 
 
 sin liiri'il liy I'liilip II. ufSimii], lo.Iiily, 1584. 
 I-;,, Pliilip WilliMni. Iiis sun; Htuli'ii awiiy liiini tlie 
 '' iiiiiviM'sity "I' I.iniviiiii : tin' Ifiiti-li wmilcl iu'Vit 
 
 aiitler liini tuii'siilc in tlicir |in>\ iiiirs : dii'i', 1618. 
 PIS. Maui'ii'i', till' ri'iicnvhril ticiiciMl ; liiranic .siadi- 
 
 lUiLDKB in 1584 ; lie wa.s a ycmnger sun uf Wil- 
 
 jiiiiii iiy a si'cniiil nian-ia^i'. 
 ,'.;, Fr('clei'i''li Henry (lirotlier) .siADTHOLDKn. 
 ,-j-! William II., HTADTHiii.hKR : nniiTii'.l .Mary, ilan^li- 
 ' ' ti'i-iifCliiirU's I. (if Kiifjl.ind, I'y wlniiii liu hail a 
 
 son, wllii Slleeecdeil ill i(>72. 
 ,i;o-;2. .Iiilin l)e Witt, KHind iien'.siniiei' ; nu.stailtliuliler 
 i4j Williaai-Ilenn- : ktahtiiiji.dkk in 1672; niiii-.ieil 
 
 Mary, elcle.stilaiigliter lit' Jame.s II. of Enylana, 
 
 1677. 
 
 i-o:-47- ^" «'l■Al>■l'i"lI-'J^'■"■ 
 
 i-jj Jiiliii-WiUiani, in'phew nf William III., liwe.s tlm 
 
 liriiiiil'ality of Orange, wliicli is annexed to 
 
 Krane''. 
 ,-4;. William-Henry lieeiinu'.s iiKRKniTARVSTAIiTHdi.nKK; 
 
 iiiarii'Ml pi'iiu'e.is Ai.ne of Kn^land : Hueeeeded 
 
 by liis son. 
 ijji. Wiliiam IV. ; rutircil on tlie inva.sion of the Freneh 
 
 ill 1795 : died in 1806. 
 ,-;; (lliillaiul and lielgiiim uirted to the French re- 
 
 puhlie.J 
 
 KINdS AND IJI'KKN. 
 
 uce. [."iii^ lioiiaparte made king of Holland liy lii.s 
 liiiitlu-r Xaiioleon, 5 June, 1806 ; uhilieated, 31 
 ■Inly, i8iu. 
 
 ijio. (Hiilliiud again nnited to Kriinee.) 
 
 lir,. Iloiisii of iiivii;ic re.stiiied. Williani-Kn^deriek, 
 jirinee of Orange {l)urn 1772), jiroelaimetl 6 Dee. 
 igii : tuiik the oath of lidelity as sovereign 
 pniMe. jo .March, 1814 ; assumed the style of 
 king "f tlie Xr.TiiKKLANDs, 16 .March, 1815; for- 
 iiKilly alidieateil in favunrof hissun, 70et. 1840 ; 
 ilii'il 12 l,)ee. 1843. 
 
 Kji William II. lioni 6 Dec. 1792; siii'eeeded on his 
 latliiis alidicatioii ; died 17 March, 1849, siu - 
 
 ,n-,led by I 
 
 lU;. William III., son; born 19 Feb. 1817; nnirried 
 .-iopliia (if Wiii-tt^nilierg, iS ,Iiine, 1839. (She 
 liieil, 3 June 1877.) hni(e : William. pri!iee of | 
 Orange, Imni 4 ^^ept. 1S40; dierl u .June, 1879 ; I 
 .Ufxaiider (i>hilosopher), born 25 ,Vug. 1851 ; ! 
 diid 21 .)nne,,i884. Married Kiiima of Wahle'ck- ! 
 P\iiiiniit, 7 Jan. 1879; i<^nf: Wilhelmiiia, bun: i 
 31 .Vug. i83o. The king died 23 Nov. 1890. 
 
 up. Willie' iiiiia (the iiueeii-mutlier regent), chuighter. 
 
 HOLLAND, New, see AuHrnl'M mid Ahu- 
 
 trrJimd. 
 
 HOLLOWAY HOSPITALS and COL- 
 LEGE. Tlios. Hollowuy. proprietor of the [lopii- 
 lir ointment, to'., uttered tlic govcriiMicnt 2-;o,txxi/. 
 to eiwt, for the use of tlie niiddlc 1 hisses, n Sanii- 
 toriiim or a.sylum for the insane, and liospitals for 
 iiiniriiMcs and louviilesccnts. The .'isyluin was 
 I'vtcil at St. Aaiie'.s Hill, Kgham, near Virginia 
 W'aia; 187; li .leij. Opened bv the prince of 
 Wales Id June, i88y 
 
 I','V.\i. H.ii.i.imAV Coi.LKiiK Fcui I UK lIii.iiKU KnriA- 
 ,1":, iif Wo.MKS, Kghum. First brick hiiil, 12 J^ept. 
 ujj. upeniil by the ipiceii, 30 June, i386. It in- 
 •Mti library, ivading-room, iniiseuni, ,ind |iicture 
 all.iT. Tlie princely buildings are in the Freiieb. 
 Miaia«uioi' style, ifmii. Francis I. (1515-1547) ; arcdii- 
 I't, W, Cresslaml. There is good accommodation 
 'T 3;^i students, 'fhe session oi».iied 400!. 1887. 
 Mr, llnlldWiiv gnvi' 2so,ooo.'., and promised ioo,cxvi/. 
 il'litional Inr eiiibuvnient. He died 26 l>e.'., iSSj, 
 J-''il Ji, Laving :iii iniiiiense lorliine, althimgh he was 
 •vivJiiinly g,.|i,.|,iiis .luring his lifetiiiie; he is .said to 
 liavc exiiemleil 45,000;. a yeai 111 advertisements. 
 
 HOLMFIRTH FLOOD. On s Feh. 1S52, 
 .■■ iJuiierrv reservoir above Holnitirtli, ncir llnd- 
 Mslidd, \iirk.slure, burst it.s lianks, and h'veUed 
 * lit mills and many ranges of other liuildings, 
 ^iiUiigmore than 90 persons, and d.^vastutiiiir pro- 
 ; aty fstimaled at above luilf a million. 
 
 . HOLOPHOTE, a form of lamp in wliieh the 
 
 liglit i^ converged and directed to ,1 pnrtimilar spot 
 to prevent colli.sions at sea, ite. IJitierent kinds 
 have been invented by Stevenson, Macdonald, 
 I'reece and others, (1889.) 
 
 HOLSTEIN AND SCHLESWIG (N.W, 
 
 German) ;. duchies once belonging to Denmark. 
 The country, inhabited by Sa.\oiis, was subdued by 
 Charlemagne in tint beginning of the 9th century, 
 and afterwards formed part of the duchy of Saxony.. 
 In liotj or 1 1 10, AdolpluLs of Seliaueniierg becanie 
 count of llolstein : Ills desi'endants ruled till 1459, 
 when Adolphus VII. died without issue, and thc> 
 states of llolstein and Schleswig elected Christian, 
 king of Denmark, bis nephew, as their duke, through 
 fear of his iirms. In 1544, lii-, grandson, Christian 
 11., divided liis states amongst his brothers, with 
 the condition that the duchies. slioiild remain subject 
 to Denmark. Theeldest branch of tlie family reigned 
 in Denmark till the decease of Frederick \'ll., 
 15 Nov., 18(15. From 11 younger branch (the dukes, 
 of llidsteiu-Uottorp) descended through marriage, 
 the kings of Sweden from 1751-1818, and the 
 i-eigning family in Rus, 'a since 1762, when the 
 duke, as the husband of Anne, became czar. la 
 1773, Catherine II. of Uussia ceded IIolstein-Got- 
 torp to Denmark in exchange for Oldenburg, Are. 
 The duchies were occupied by the Swi les in 1813, 
 but restored to Denmark in 1814, and on 28 May, 
 1831, constituent assemblies were granted to them. 
 Simte 1844 disputes have been rife between the 
 duchies ami Denmark, and in 1848 the states-general 
 of the duidiies voted their anuexatioii to tlie (iermaii 
 confederacy, in whicdi they were supported by 
 Prussia; war ensued, which" lasted f-ll !85o, wheii 
 tliey submitted to Denmark. The agitiition in the 
 (hichies, encoui-aged by Prussia, reviveil in 1857. 
 The Uernians ill Schleswig desired it to bo miide 11 
 member of tlie (icrman confederation, like Holstein ; 
 hut both dneliies demanded a local government mora 
 inde|)endent of Denmark, which elianges were re- 
 sisted by that ])owe>-. For the events of the war of 
 1864, see Denmark, liy the convention signed at 
 Uaatein {which, sei), I4'Aug. 18(15, t!,e government 
 of Holstein was left with Au.stria, and that of 
 Sclileswig witli Prussia. The whoU' of Holsvciii. 
 and part id' Sclileswig were ceded to Prussia b\ tlie 
 treaty of Prague, signed 23 Aug. l86(>. Population 
 in iHtW, 1,004,473. The 5th clause, directing \orth 
 Sclileswig to be given to Denmark if the people 
 voted for it, was not acted on, although claimed ; 
 and was abrogated, Feb. 18/9. 
 
 HOLY ALLIANCE was ratified at Paris, 26 
 Sept. 1815, between the emperors of Kussia (its 
 originator) and Austria, and tlie king of Prussia, by 
 which tliey ostensibly hound themselves, among 
 other things, to be governed by Christian principles 
 in all their political tran.sact'ions, with a view to 
 perpetuating the peace they had achieved, Tlie 
 compact was severely censured in this country as 
 opposed to rational liberty, 
 
 HOLY BROTHERHOOD, see Hermandad, 
 
 HOLY CROSS, Society of, formed in 1855, 
 by .several clergymen of the" Church of Knglaii'd, 
 "for deepening spiritual life in tiieir brethren;" 
 president, the Rev. A. II. Mackonochie. It favours 
 «•■ ': ular confession and other Romanist practices, 
 l iv. of its books '' The i'r.cst in Ab.soiution," was 
 eensured by tlie bishops in convocation, 6 July, 
 1877, and caused much public excitement. See 
 under Winchinter, 
 
 HOLYDAYS ACT, see Bank Bolidnys. 
 
 /* 
 
 1^ HI 
 
 II, . 
 
 /-a 
 
HOLY GHOST. 
 
 542 
 
 HOME- RULE. 
 
 
 ly 
 
 \m 
 
 fliiii 
 
 l« ill 
 
 HOLY QHOST, sol Jispni. 
 
 HOLYHEAD, W. Anglcsea. A college was 
 ■pstablislifd lieii' ill till' 12tli ri'iitiiry. The Imrliour 
 WHS iiiipriivi'il li;- Kennie, anil Hiilyheiul was niade 
 the chief )iacke't station for Ireliiiid. The hi-eiik- 
 water, ereeteil by lieiulel anil HawUshaw (kS4() et 
 seq.) was inaiiguVateil by the iiiime of WaliM, 19 
 Aug. 187? ; anil a new hiiriiour and railway exteii- 
 aion iniiiigurated hv tlie iiriine, 17 June, 1880. 
 rojiulation, 1881,8.680; 181)1,8,726. 
 
 HOLY ISLAND, see Limlisfanw. 
 HOLY LEAGUE, see Lcaffues. 
 
 HOLY I\rAID OK KexT. Klizabeth Dartoi: 
 
 was incited by the Koiiian Catholic party to oppose 
 the Keforiiiat'ioii by pretending to inspirations from 
 heaven. Siie foretold tlie .speedy and violent death 
 of Henry VIII. if he divorced Catherine of Spain, 
 and married .Anne lioleyii, and direful calamities to 
 the nation. She and her confederates were e.vecuted 
 at Tyburn, 5 May, is.54. 
 
 HOLYOKE, Massachusetts, U.S. A Eomnii 
 Catholic churcii liere took fire: a panic ensued; and 
 ■about 80 were burnt or trampled to death, 20, 27 
 Hay, 1875. 
 
 HOLY PLACES in P.VLESTIXE. These 
 places liiive lieeii a soune of contention lietween the 
 Greek and Latin cluirches for several centuries. In 
 the reign of Francis I. they were placed under Latin 
 monks, protected by the freiich government; liut 
 the Greeks from time to time obtained tirmansfron! 
 the Porte invalidating the rights of the Latins, who 
 -were at last (in 1757) expelled from tlie sacred 
 ■buildings, which were committed to the care of the 
 Greeks by a liatti-scheritf. or imperial ordinance. 
 
 Tlic lioly scimldirc imrti.illy ibstrovi'd liy lire and 
 ivliniit by tlie tirceks. wborlaiin additional privl- 
 logcs, and cause fresh dissi'iisioiis . . 180c 
 
 The jtu.ssiaiuind Fri'iii-li govcniiMi'iits sent envoys 
 (M. D.ishkoiraiid M. .Miur.lhis) to adjust tlie dis- 
 pute ; ail anaiigcnu'iit picveiited by the Greek 
 re\oliilion ... 1821 
 
 The siilijcrt ,'i^-ain agitated, and tlie I'oite jiroposiMl 
 that a mixed coiiiiiiissioii should ailiiidicatron the 
 rival claims. .M. Titotl', tbi' liiissiaii ciivov, ailing 
 1111 bi-halt' of the (irei'ks, and .M. Lavali'ttc, the 
 Fri'iicli riivoy, on that of the I.aliiiis, took up tlie 
 i[ia'stion very waiiiily 1850 
 
 ,\ liriiiaii issued l.y the I'ortc, eoiiliniiiiiK and eoii- 
 siilidatiii:; tiie rijihts previously t;niiited to the 
 Creek C'liiistiaiis. niKl di'ehirin;,' that the Latins 
 had 110 ri;.'lit to ilaiiii evehisive possession ut'ier- 
 tain holy plai'cs speeilied. liiit |iermittiiin tbeiii to 
 jiossess a key of tlie ehiiieli at Uelhlcheiii, iVe. , as 
 ill I'onaer times 9 .Maivb, 1S52 
 
 Tile fieiieli goveriiiiieiit acquiesced with iiiiieh dis- 
 .satishe-tioii ; but tlie liiissiaii envoy still di'sired 
 the kev to be withheld tVoiii the Latin moaks. 
 M. nozeroir iiia.b' a rurmal deelar:iti,.ii of Ihe 
 ri;;ht of liiissia to iHMlect the (atlio(li>v ill virtue 
 ol'lbe lieaty of Kaiiiaidji in 177^, .iiid demanded 
 that the liriiiaii ol q .Miiivb, iS^;', slaailu Ue read 
 at .lenisalem. althoiieh it niilitateil against his 
 pieteiisioiis, wbieli was aecia',|iii;.dy done. The 
 dis|nite stiil eoiilinaed. the I'urte being eX|'osed 
 to the attacks ol' both the Hiissiiui and h'reiieh 
 ^'rtveriimeiits .\L'ireh, 1853 
 
 I'rinee MeMs.liikoll 'irrives at ('oiistaaliiio|ile as 
 envoy extraordinary, and in addition to theelaiiiis 
 respeeliii^' the holy pliiees, ma,|e deiiiaiids respect- 
 ing the |,ii teelion t,{ the (iii'.'k Chrisliaiis in 
 Turki'V whieb led to the warol' 18S4-6. ^See /,'/c«<'i 
 Ti'rhhk ir--) .; . IV . ., 
 
 HOLY KOMAN EMPtltE. ihe German 
 empire received this tub' under the einpi ror Dtiio 1. 
 the great, crowned at Kome liy ]Kipe ■John XII., 2 
 l''eb. c/)2. Sec llninc, and (ItriiHtiiij. 
 
 HOLY EOOD or Cross. A festival insij. 
 
 tuted on account of llie recovery of a large iiipoi. r,f 
 the cross by the emperor Heraclius, alter it h.id 
 been taken "away, on the plundering nf Jenisiikin 
 about ()I5. Tlie feast of the invention (nr linilin:;) 
 of the Cross is on 3 May ; that of the ixiiltutiuinif 
 the Cross, 14 Sept. At Boxlcy alilicy, in Kent, ivud 
 aerueifix, eal.cd the Rood of Gian ,■ at tlie \%\,\-i. 
 tion it was broken in pieces as an iiii|)nsturi' iiv 
 Hilsey, bishop of Kocbester, at St. I'aui's em< 
 London, 1556. ' 
 
 HOLYKOOD PALACE (I'Minliur.di), f„r. 
 
 inerly an abbey, was for several centuries tlien.,j. 
 deuce of the inonareha of Scotland. Tlio ulilicv .f 
 which some vestige.i remain, was fouiuled liy l)'i'v;,i 
 I. in 1 128, and in the Inirial-plaee within its vA\ 
 are interred several of his successors. The pain- 
 is a large quailrangnlar ediliee of hewn stone, with 
 a court within surrounded by pia/zas. In ih,. 
 north-west tower is the bed-ehaiiiliia- which n;,; 
 occupied by (iiieen Mary; and liom an ailioiniiii; 
 cabinet to it David Ilizzio, her favourite, was (lraiwi.4 
 forth and murdered, <) -March, Ijlib. The north- 
 west towers were built by James V., luul the n- 
 niainiiiu part of the pahice was added durinit tho 
 reign of Charles II. Mr. I'inkerton states tliat tlie 
 palace was burnt in 1(150, and rebuilt in i(j;i|. 
 Great improvements were made in 1857. %„ 
 (lucen held her court here, 30 .Vug. 1,^50. 
 
 HOLY SEPULCHRE, a liyzantine chiinh 
 in modern Jerusalem. Fergusson, Uoliinson, ni.d 
 oflievs, consider the true site of the bolv sepiilfliii. 
 to be the mosque of Omar, the "dome of tlie limb," 
 The question is still undecided. The order of the 
 Holy Sepulchre was founded by Godfrey of Houill,.,|i 
 lovi); revived by pope Ale.xunder VI. 1496; re-or- 
 ganised, 1847 and :8(i8. 
 
 HOLY WARS, see Crumdes. 
 
 HOLY WATER is said to have been used in 
 churches as early as A. 1). 120. Anlie. 
 
 HOLY WEEK, orthe " Week of IiuliilgpniT,." 
 is the week before iiaster. See I'lisnimi H'lik. 
 
 HOME AND COLONIAL SCHOOL 
 
 SOCIETY, firay'r. Inn Road; luiiiidoil isj.. 
 Governesses and teachers are trained. 
 
 HOME HOSPITALS' ASSOCLVTIOX 
 
 FOR P.VYIXG I'.yriKNT.S. founded ill July, i,*--. 
 The lirst home hospital, in l-'itzi'oy-si|iiare. Lunii ', 
 was opened 28 June, 1880. Siippnteil h. 
 queen, 1884. 7th annual meetiiie-, uiJuiic ;^s. 
 
 HOME MISSIONARY SOCIETY, 
 
 founded 1819. In 1878 it had 192 statioii.s ani 
 employed 187 agents and 243 lay prcachei-s. 
 
 HOME RULE. The Home (lovenmiem.U- 
 soeiatioii (for Home liiile), establislied in llaiMiii 
 in 1870; held its first anniversary iiieeiing, 20Juiii-. 
 1871. It includes bcdh catholics aud iiroteslaiiU 
 iiniongsl its meinbers. 
 
 .Mr. Isaac lliitt, .1 leailer of the niovemeiit, eleetnl 
 
 .M.l'. for Liiiieriek .... 20 Sept. li-i 
 Home rule ndvoeated by iirelibishop Midiuk' imil 
 
 others of the Roiiiaiiist elergv ill liviaiid . i5;; 
 
 Till' piom;iiiiiiie of Ihe party re,|airiiiL: .01 Irish iwr- 
 
 liaiiieiit of i|iieeii, lords, and eoiiiaioii.^, aiid oilier 
 
 powers, pulilished .... 25 Oct. „ 
 A coiifereiiee at the Hotoiido, Dublin, re|ini1.p,l a 
 
 failure 18-21 Nov. „ 
 
 A motion in the eoiiriiioii.s in favour r,f hniiif riiir 
 
 defeated (314 to .S2) . . . 20 Mari'li, iS:i 
 
 Mr. I. liiitt's iiioliiiii I'or ,1 eoiainittee on the sali- 
 
 .jeet. 30 June ; was 10 ;;atived (458 to (ji), 2,.^Jiil.v, iS;; 
 
 again 291 to 61), jo.luiie, 1 July, 1K76; ai;aiiii4i; 
 
 too?) 24 .^I'lil, li;; 
 
 HOME 
 
 Minny convention at IJ 
 
 I ■[yliiime rule party hi 1 
 I nlistnictive (see Varii 
 I iliflira! of home rule J 
 I ' ,iii| leader 
 He virtually gives in ti 
 
 n'signs , 
 I Jlfliiig »t Pablin, 14 ( 
 
 Iclwpen iiioilerate pii 
 
 ,,1,1 olHtrui'tives (.Mi 
 . lailntliersl 
 |v„Iiiiif.Mr. liatt, 5 Mil 
 
 ,llr. Will. .Sliiiw 
 I Mr. Pmu'll iiroposes e 
 
 meet at Dabliii, 11 !■ 
 
 llr.W. Shaw, Mitehel 
 I JWiiit' at Duhliu ; 1 
 
 Uritish Kiiveriiiiieiit , 
 ,U«'Ut 63 lieiiiu riilca's in 
 ' Mr. Shaw and Mr. I'ai 
 
 ' I'iinicll tlioscu by 
 
 M 
 
 ,■ limie nilers voted wit 
 ' Mr. I'ariii'll . 
 I n-mi niIc<'oiiv,'iiticiint 
 I jlrtliii-Mt DoliliH ; .Mr,, 
 
 vie.'-l'iwiilent ; resulil 
 
 Inlaml ailopteil . 
 I Trial iif Mr. I'ariiell a 
 
 Imh) . 
 I SiMiJg uhinifesto of Mr. 
 
 Mr. Sliaw 
 I H'Viio rale agitation re 
 
 I Mr. .Sliaiv, oiiposeil to tli 
 ilif i«irty 
 
 \ II :-i'- rtilnnoi'cmrnt in S 
 i-.ii nf the bargli 1 
 |,r,ii,ciseari'preseiitati 
 SniO'li atlaire, subject 
 litellt .... 
 
 |rrii|osal for Scotch In 
 imliiolls . 
 
 I .Umi (no house) 
 
 I Ildiii,' rale (loiilerpiiee at 
 61iiiliiirj.'h, 24 .Sept. 1 
 
 I Tlie lioiiie rule league ( 
 1:82) merged iiit.o Ir 
 iiBTtiiii; 
 
 1 51. \. a. Sulliva' 
 
 [Mr. Pani.'llaiid85r"lb>\ 
 ifC. 1SS5, a^-aiii, .Inly 
 
 Iff .Mr. Ula.lst(. lie's : 
 lb) hill see Inlauil . 
 
 (Uritish home rule assoe 
 10 Fell. ; United kiiigdi 
 !3 July ; these two c 
 Ulliiill . . . . 
 
 Llimnal laeetluKs lield 
 
 |ll imbtishesa new Uoin 
 Mr. Olailstiitie s . 
 
 |I'.'. Clark's ivsolutioii 
 MUKitelyto KiiRhind 
 rejetleil "by the eoiuu 
 
 llrisli home rule hill in 
 
 |)lr. Dalzicl's resolution I 
 lalie a.sseiiililies (Iioi 
 I'liited Kingdom ado[; 
 
 (nee Irrhvul, I'lirl 
 
 , ,,!10ME SECREl 
 laii the iidministration 
 jrriniK'r. New Home I 
 < .te. 1875. 
 
 ■ HOME, SwKF.'i 
 
 ::::ii:,i to j.iJm \l 
 
 r, who died in 18^ 
 
 ■"•I iiiiiu. hut it is pro 
 
 |i>!niiitio(hiieil the so 
 
 IJIiim, iu 1823. 
 
VSSOCIATKiX 
 
 ik'il in July, ih--. 
 iy-si|iiiiiv, Ldiiii' J, 
 Sui)iiurto(l bv tlio 
 M. loJiiiii', l'88v 
 
 HOME SECRETARY. 
 
 6i3 
 
 HOMCEOPATHY. 
 
 «,m! coiivtiitioii lit Diiljliii, Ml', lititt, (•liainimii, 
 
 21, 22 AUH. 1877 
 Ilpliiime nilc |iiirty 111 tlie Iionse iif iMiinjiiuiis vfry 
 \,iisimcUm(sfM I'arliami'.nt) . . ', ,, 
 
 Jklinif of home rule M.l'.'sat Diililiii ; Mr. licitt 
 
 ■ ,iiil Ipailer y Oct. ,, 
 
 |]. virtually gives in to tlie olwtriu-tiiinist.s, ,Iiin. ; 
 
 n'4'iw . April, 1878 
 
 I MfliiiS at lluliliii, i4 0i't.; I'diitinueil ilissciisinns 
 
 ' Ktwwii iiiiideriitp piirty (Mi'. Hiitt iiinl ntlicr.s) 
 
 iiiJ (ilNtnii'tivi'.s (Ml-. Cli.'iilcH .stfWiirt I'.irm'll 
 
 inilotlifrs) Oct. -Xiiv. ,, 
 
 Ikalli I'f Mr. Biitt, 5 May; siicceeiled us leaitcr liy 
 
 .Mr. Will. Slimv ,879 
 
 Mr, Punit'll ipiiijioscs election of a convcntiim tn 
 iiwt.it Duliliii, II Sept.; tills is uppuscl bv 
 Mr. W. Shaw, Mitchell ll'-iny, iiiul ntlicrs .Sept. ,, 
 Jiftliiig at Duliliii ; pniiMiiiiii;eil njppnsitiiiii to 
 
 llrilisli Keveniineiit .... 20,21.11111. i3So 
 .\!<iat63li"iiie rulers in the new ipiirliiiiiient, iiiider 
 Mr. Sliaw.niul .Mr. I'arnell . . . .\pril, ,, 
 I'iinicU chosen by 45 11s iiMrliiimentary cliair- 
 
 n 17 -May, ,, 
 
 „ ii nif nilors voted witli the governinciit ; 16 with 
 
 * Mr. Pariu'll i j -Inly, ,, 
 
 ll.jii. riileeoiiv.iition iit Xewcastle-oii-Tyiie.g.Viii,'. .^ 
 I .Mfrtiii^'at IJubliii ; Jlr. .liistin .McCarthy iip|iniiitcil 
 vii'-jiri'sitleiit ; resoliiti.ni to resist coercion in 
 
 Irihndaihipteil 27 Dee. ,, 
 
 1 11:11 lit Mr. Paniell ami others at iJiiblin (see 
 I i'fiol.-) . ■ ■ .28 Dee. 1880-2.S Jan. 1S81 
 I .iirmi;; manit'estn of Sir. Farnell ; a eonnter one by 
 
 Mr. Sliaw . ... Feb. ,, 
 
 I Hiiie rule agitation reviveil ; meeting at Dublin 
 
 8 Nov. „ 
 I Mr. Sliaiv, oii])0.st'il to the separatist.s, secedes Croni 
 
 I tliciarty about 3 Dee. ,, 
 
 |il iiirii/fiiwrciiii'iit ill Srnthmil; first aii'iual iiicct- 
 i;i.i lit the liiirgh eonvention at Kdinbiirnh 
 |ir,|.iise a represeiitiitive assembly to lifiislate on 
 vi.tiii atliiii's, siilijeet to the ajiproval of iiarlia- 
 
 iiifiit 4 April, 1882 
 
 IPniinsal for iSciitch lionie rule rejected by the 
 
 I T'liiimiiiis ... . . . .20 Feb. iSyn 
 
 I .UiiiHiiii house) . ... 6 March, i8yi 
 
 I Hull., rule eonference at Dundee, 25 Sejit. i88q ; at, 
 K'liiibiir;,'h, 24 Sejit. 1890 ; again at Fdinbiirnli, 
 
 12 .March, 1852 
 I Til! Imme rule league (closing meeting, 24 Nov. 
 i;j2| merged into Irish national lei.giie ; tir.st 
 iii'i-ting ...... 7 Feb. 18S3 
 
 |M, A. .M. SiiUivau. an eminent nationalist 
 
 died 17 Oct. 1S84 
 |)lr. Panii'll ami 85 followers cleeted for iiarlianieiit 
 I lipc, 1885, .igai", , Inly 1886 ; and . ijFeb. 1S9) 
 ur .Mr. (Jl.ailstone's Irish government (Home 
 I M'lbillsee /if/n;i(i . . . . 3 .\pril, i836 
 
 I liritisli linine rule association started in Lomloii, 
 iol'rii. ; Unlteii kiiigdoni home rule hajiue loinied 
 jsJiily; these two combined as the home rule 
 
 ii»i"ii about I Dec. ,, 
 
 lAllllllIll iiiee1,iu;:s held igni 
 
 111 rnlilisliesiiiiew Uonic Hule bill dilTering froni 
 
 I Mr. (Ilailsteiie s Au'^. 
 
 |l'. ILirk's resolution for giving liiuiie nUe 
 wuiiitcly ti' Kiiglaiiil, .Scotland, Ireland, Wales, 
 rfjic'tfJ by the eoiiunons, 29 Ajiril, 1892 ; 
 , 23 .fiine, 1E93 
 
 llrisli home rule bill in parliameiit, seo Ininul, 
 I Feb.-Sept. ,, 
 
 IJIr. Dalziel's resolution for estjiblisliing local legis- 
 lative assBiuhlies (lioiiie rule) tlirouj;liout the 
 l'iiite.1 Kiugdoiii adopted by the commons (128 - 
 
 '-■' 29 Murcli, 1B95 
 
 {iee Iivlif'il, l\irU<mcnt, and I'linivllili:-:.) 
 
 SOME SECRETARY, sec Seorlaries, mid 
 laii the uilmmistratioiis iiiidcr tlic iiiinie of tlicir 
 jprcimor. New llmne Ulliic, Wostiuinstci-, occupiud j 
 
 l</ .III','. i8;y 
 
 "HOME, 8\VKF,T Home." The words ure ' 
 |;;.ir;mii.';i :,i j,i;i',i [iuward ruyiic, iin Aluorieaii 
 laiior.ivho died in iSja; the music is said to be 
 •■'•i iliaii, but it IS probnlilv liy sir Henry Hislir.p, 
 « ii uitioilueeil the son- into Cluri, or tho Sliiid of 
 |Jliriv.,im8:5. 
 
 HOMER'S ILIAD axd ODYSSEY, the 
 
 earliest iiiiii most jicrfect epic poems in the world. 
 The first begins with tlie wrath of Achilles, and 
 ends with tlie funeral of Hector; the seeoiul re- 
 counts the voyaijcs and ailventures of Udiisses or 
 Ulysses, after the destruction of Trov. Various 
 dates lire assigned to tliese worlis, from 9O2 10915 h.e. 
 i V. X Wolf, in his I'rolcgomcnii, in 1795, ar;,'iied that the 
 
 : Homeric poems eiic c po.sed of iMde|iei,.|i'ht epic 
 
 soiiK's, coll.ctcd and ariaiiHed by IVisistratiis about 
 550 n,e. 'I'his tlieiuy occasioned miieli contiovcrsv 
 between scholars and jioets ; .Mr. Andrew Lang, ii'i 
 " Homer and the Kiiie," \igormislv defends " the one 
 author tlieoiy," .March, 1893. 
 The Mist Knglish version ot the Iliad, bv Arthur Hall, 
 iippeai'cd in 15S1. The present text is attributed to the 
 tunc .if Pcri.'lcs, who dii-d i,,,. 429. The iiio.st cele- 
 brated versions of Homer s works are Cliiipmairs, 1616 ; 
 llobbcs', 1675: I'opi.'s, 1715-25 ; t'owpers, r79i. The 
 translation of the Iliad by the earl of Uerbv (1864) is 
 much coiniii, iided. 
 
 HOMICIDE !s said to havebeen tried at Athens 
 by the Areopagites. Among the Jews, wilful 
 murder was cupilal ; liut for ehaiice-medley the 
 ortender was to tiee to one of tbeeitiea of refuge, and 
 there eontiime till the death of the hij^b-prie.st, 
 1451 li.c. {Xiim. .\.x.xv.). 9 Geo. IV. c. 31 (1828), 
 distinguishes between justifiable houucide and 
 honiieide in its various dr'grees of guilt, and eir- 
 eumstanies of provocation and wilfulness; see 
 Jtiirder. 
 
 Animals have been tried and punished for killing 
 liiiman beings. A bull was hanged for homicide 
 near the abbey ofiii..iiipi'es . . . .May, 1499 
 
 HOMILD( )N HILL (Northumberland), wliere 
 the Scots, headed by the carl of Douglas, were de- 
 feated by tlie I'ei'cies (among them Hotspur), 14 
 Sejit. [402. Douglas and tlie earls of Angus, Mur- 
 ray, Orkney, and tlie earl of Fife, son of the duke 
 of .Vlbany, and nephew of the (Scottish kint,, with 
 many of the nobility and gentry, were taken pri- 
 soners. 
 
 HOMILIES in early Christian times were dis- 
 courses dclivereil by the liishop or presbyter, in a 
 homely manner, for the common people." Charle- 
 magne's " llomilarium" was issued Soq. The lioolc 
 of Homilies drawn up by ahp. Cranmer, and pub- 
 lished 154;, and another prepared by an order of 
 convocation, 15(13, were ordered to be" read in those 
 churches that had not a minister able to compose 
 proper discourses. 
 
 HOM(EOPATHY, a hypothesis iiromulgated 
 in his "Oi'gaiion of .Medicine," 1810, and in other 
 works, by lb-. Samuel Hahnemann, of Leijisic (died 
 2 July, 1843), according' to which every medicine 
 has a specit{c power of inducing 11 ei'rtain diseased 
 state of the system {sliiiiUa .siiailibitK riiriii,//ii; likes 
 are cured by likes) ; and if such medicine be given 
 to a jierson suifering under the disease which it lias 
 a tendency to induce, such di.sease disappears, be- 
 cause two similar diseased actions cannot .'■imiil- 
 tiineously subsist in the same organ. Jiraiiile.. 
 Intinitesimal doses of medicine, sucli as the mil- 
 lionth of a grain of aloes, have been emploved, it is 
 said, with elticacy. The systeiu reiiuires the |)atiei>t 
 to regulate bis iliet anil liabits carefully. It has 
 led to a more aecurate study of the materia mediea. 
 Introduced into Kii.-Iand, ('827. The Hahnemann 
 hospital was ojiened in liloinisbury-siiuiiri . K; Sept. 
 1850. " 'J'he World's Convention of lloiiin'opathic 
 I'hysicians'' opened at i'hiladelpliia, 2() .lime," 187(1, 
 London School of Honueopathy, founded 15 Dee. 
 1S71). Congress, Liverpool, 14 'Sept. 1877 ; f^oii'h- 
 liort, 22 Sept. 1,892; London, ij June, 189S. 
 Filtli (luimiueniiial uitcriiatioual coii^'ress at 
 
 i il tjii WA 
 
 ^mm^l 
 
 a^. f 
 
 f ■ \- : ; ' ^m 
 
 
 . -oitif' 
 
 
 
 « 
 
HOMOUHION. 
 
 I.' ^ 
 
 
 3l 
 
 Queen's hull London, 4 Any;, iHijf). Under tlio 
 hoailin^ Oiliinn Mtiiu'ui.i, niiiny I'ontrovcrsiiil 
 letters from nUoiiiiths anil honiu'opatlis apiieured 
 in the TimiK, Jan. 1888. 
 
 HOMOl^SIOX Axn HOMOIOUSION 
 
 (Oreek, same essence, anil similar essence or lienii;), 
 terms eniploveil with respect to tlie natnre nf the 
 Father and tlie Son in the Trinity. The ortliodox 
 party adojited the foniicr term iis a party cry at the 
 council of Nice, J25 ; the Arians adopted the latter 
 at Seleueia, 559. 
 
 TIOMS, Syria. Here Ibrahim Tacha and the 
 Kgyptians severely defeated the Turks, S July, 18.52. 
 
 HONDURAS, discovered by Oolumbii< in 
 1502, and conquered by the Spaniards 1525, is 
 one of the rO|)uhlics of Central .America ; see 
 Americn. Great Uritain ce(!ed the Hay Islands 
 to Honduras, 28 Nov. 18^9. President, general 
 J. M. Medina, cdected 1 l''eo. i8(-4, and in 18(19. 
 Provisional ))resident, C .\iias (Dee. 18-2V 1'. 
 Leiva.l8;v M. A. Soto, 29 Mav, 1877; ;;eneral l.iaiia 
 lioirran, 27 Nov. l88,j ; re-(dcctcd, 1887. (irn. 
 I'ariano I,( ista elected 10 Nov. i89f. War with 
 San Salvador, Jlay, 1871, and May, 1872. The 
 town of Omiia, Sjianish Honduras, was hnmliardcd 
 by H.M.S. y/o/ir, to obtain redress fi.r injuries to 
 Uritish subjects, 19 Auj;. 1875. Population, I'-'89, 
 431,917; capita!, Tegucigalpa, 
 1 5, (XX). 
 
 Insurrection ; Tc^'nciailji,! bcsicp'il 
 ^eii. IJn^i-aa, htirrnomli-fl ; rcpnrt 
 esc-qii'M, Kcn. 8aaclicz liujils the r'apilal, i-.' .\"V. ; 
 Kcii. Iii«iaii rcciivi'is the capital; },'c". Saia-lic/ 
 
 commits suicide i:; Nnw 
 
 Insunccticiii, la'adcil by .sen. L. Sicrni, rejimtcil 
 12 llec. ; .sea. I'olicarpo BMiiilla proelaiiacil 
 
 prcsiclcMt 12 Dec. 
 
 Civil war lji',:;iiis, M.iv, 1892 ; se\iM'iMlefeat tori'liel 
 forces at Kl Corpus, 12 .Scjrt. ; yea. .Nucilla, 
 iusarneiLt leader, tried •■lud shot at TruxiUo ; 
 
 reporteil ,3 Sept. 1892 
 
 lusarrecticai in S. Homluras, lieaded liv (,'ea. 
 
 Matute, alioul s Mareii ; rcpoMiil sucecsst'al ; 
 
 j.'cii. H(«raii mil pr.'siilentLeiva escape to Uritish 
 
 HoiMluras ; iv|Mitcd . . . 18 April, 1S93 
 
 Gen. Vasqiii/ cicctcil president . . 20 Sept. ,, 
 
 War with Niearafjim, Hinidiiras insurgents, .'issisted 
 
 by Nieara;.'iia, invade If liuas and take Corpus 
 
 Yuseoran ; reprnteil 3c Dee. 1893; many con- 
 flicts 1 ,Jnir. i7 firi{. 
 
 Gen. Uonillii, leader of tlie Hiaidums insarj^ents, 
 
 assumes tlic iiresideiiey and tVirnis a cahinel,, Jan. ,, 
 Indecisive eiiL;a;,'ciiicnt at ■|'e;,'ncij.'aliia with heavy 
 
 loss, 23 Jan. ; continued tii^'hliiif; . 27 Jaii. ,, 
 
 Oeu. Vas(|uez re])ulses the insur;;eiits . 10 Kch. ,, 
 End of the war ; reporteil . . . 25 Keli. ,, 
 
 Martial law proclaimed tliroii;;hont the ri'iaiblic, 
 
 rp])0rted 12 .March, 1S96 
 
 lusin'rectiou again breaks out, April ; ended, re- 
 ported ,, May, 1897 
 
 British Honduuas, Central America, was 
 settled by English from Jamaica soon after n treaty 
 with Spain in I(;t)7. They were often disturbed by 
 the Spaniards, and sometimes expelled, till 1785. 
 lialize orlielize, the cajiital, is a srreat seat of the 
 mahogany trade. In 18O1, the nnpnlatiori wa.-t 
 2S,6l5; in i,S8i, 27,4t;2: 1891, ^r„7i. Govornor, 
 James H. Longden, 18(57; Wui. w. Cairns, 1870 ; 
 nmj or Robert Miller Mundv, 18-4; F. 1'. liarlee, 
 (H77; Koger Tuektieil ti'oldsworthy, 1884; sir 
 
 ■'11 HORN BOOKS. 
 
 nor from 1854 to 1859, was succeeded l.v 
 Kobinson; Goveriiors, sir Uich. 
 
 population l.'i)4, 
 
 : the Jiresident, 
 .\..v. ; lie 
 
 iS.jo 
 
 1S91 
 
 1894 
 
 ii'IIiTi'il,,, 
 
 .M:|ell 
 
 ! I86,s; sir Arthur Edward Keinlcdv 'iX-' ?'i''' 
 Pone Hennessv, Nov. 1876; sir G I'' li!,,',"' ,''"' 
 
 r ,= U!^-J^- ^'"^r' "pp"i.ite;i J ;■"•"■■■ 
 
 died 17 leb. 188-; sir George Willi 
 1887 ; sir Wm, Kobinson, .lulv, iS 
 
 l!riti,l, 
 
 }'■"" 'l-'s Va.„V 
 
 '"ad^mu^^s;!;',:'::^"-'';!^;''''''''"*''''''^'''^''" 
 
 The,L;overniir, sirfien. W. 'Ics Vo'ii.v, rei„,it< ti ,1 
 iiigstateof the colony, Nov. 1889. ""' 'I '"mli. 
 
 Visit of the duke and duchess of ('nini'ne.iit 
 1890. ' 4 -il-ni, 
 
 Attiu'k of bubonic plague; ■.Teat iiiortiilitv nfei- 
 
 5 Jhiy, .894, -v...,,.; gc,,,M-,,iex,,d,,s;,t^th r"' 
 
 2,442 deaths; reported 19 ,Jnlv ; tut;, „'"' 
 2,560: reported 20 Aug.; the pon .| ' "'". 
 3Sept. .804; rcippeais, Feh, (,;„,„, ,,„„',-: 
 suhdued, led to great ininnnenieiits m ,j "• 
 appears, April, snl.sides, .liily, ,s,,8 ' "' '■:• 
 
 Pi'tition of the colony to parliainenl fur ,1 d,,,,,,,, ,, 
 their constitution presenteil, 21 Miueli ,ii„- ' '■' 
 
 The value nf the trade, small hetOre ih'e ,!^.'' i , , , 
 ri^en to 133,217,855 taels(lael, nnminnl valii^ 'n^i'' 
 really iiiueh less), 1894; ii']«iiti'd. iSq6 ' "1 ■' 
 
 M'erritiMies and the island of I,aii-t:iooiiiiositeIt„„„i., 
 lease,lt,.KngIan,llorg9yemsl,y[^::.;^,,l!,;'^^^^ 
 9 (Mint', 11^98. ' f^ ' 
 
 HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PFA'SE "Evil 
 be to lum who evil thinks." It is ,„vi|,i,,a'lv -,' 
 that the countess of Salisl)urv, at a hall nt'emi 
 happening to drop her garter, the kin- MwardUr 
 took It up, and presented itto h.r, with thes'eivw-' 
 which afterwards became the motto of tlie ord.r't) 
 the garter ; see Garter. 
 
 Cornelius Alfred Moloney, ]''i 
 "Wilson, Jan. 1897. 
 
 llONG-KONG, "J* isiaiiu 
 
 China, was taken by capt. EOii. 
 
 and ceded to Great Hritain, .-■ 
 
 1891; 
 
 D. 
 
 iir tue coast GI 
 I. 2^ Aug. 18 w, 
 Jan. 1841. Its 
 chief town is Victoria, hiul: ni 1.842, and erected 
 into a bishopric in l84'i Sr John nowruisr, gover- 
 
 „ HONOIjR. lempleswereerecledtoHonniiri,,- 
 Scipio Africanus, about 197 n.c. , and l,v C Mari,'; 
 about 102 n.c— Tin- Lrriimi of Ilmmr'wM m-M 
 by Honaparte in 1802. 
 
 HONVEDS, the militia of Ilunprv Thu- 
 .supported the rebellion against the einiier„r 'in i^/ 
 but on the completion of the clian-es wlierebv tV> 
 independence of Hungary was scourfil, m '|Si," 
 they offered a loyal address to the cMiiieior-kin" ' 
 
 HOOKS AN-l) CODFLSH,liarfy names'. oe 
 llol/iind, 1347. ' 
 
 HOOP-PETTICOAT, see Crw„li„r. 
 
 HOPS are said to liave been introilucd intj 
 England friun Flanders in the earlv pait nf rtu 
 lOth century, and to have been mueli cultivated in 
 Kent by Ueginald Scot in the Idtli 'rntiirv Ij 
 the year ending 5 Jan. 185^, there were 46'i:-i 
 acres under hops in England ami Wales, chiptiv m 
 Herefordshire, Kent, and Worcestcisliii-c, wlUa 
 paid 447,144;. duty; the quantitv \ieliieit m 
 51,102,49411)3., whereof 95^,855 lbs. were ex|Mtti-J' 
 average acreage in Englaiid. ^'i.Sy, iXS^-,/,.' 
 The duty on hops was re|ieiiled in i,>((,2, Hfterramv 
 applicatiims. An act for iireventing fraud in tli't 
 trade was passed in .lune, i.Stii,.— 'Phe liep and malt 
 exchange, Southwark, was opened in Oct. 1,%;. 
 
 HORATII AXD CURIATII, «ee &>m, 
 tyx) n.c. 
 
 HORN BOOKS used in education in I'd;. 
 land from early times to the l8th centurv, wm 
 tablets on which were in.-^cribed the iilplMlut, tir 
 nine digits, etc.. protected bv a thin n!.i!e..tt!™:- 
 jiarent horn. Great variety of form-, now vm- 
 rare. Four wore exhiliited at the C'axton e.\lii'- 
 bition, 187- and nine at the loan o.vhibitimi of 
 the Horner's company, 1882 Mr. Andrew Tuer'. 
 handsome and exhaustive "lli.storv of the IImii 
 
 HORN; 
 
 Kifik," dedicated to tl 
 fublishcd, Jlay, 1896. 
 
 HORNiHORNI 
 
 l,i be, next to the reed, 
 and has been found an 
 m lirst made of horn, 
 ,f brass, with keys, fo: 
 lentury,— The dance 1 
 no-ed to be so nainetl 
 lormed to the Welsh 
 ibdut 1300. Spencer. 
 j).!iedinthel8thceiitui 
 was very popular. 
 
 HORXE TOOKI 
 
 ILirdj, Tooke, Joyc<', 
 lUurge of crtiistriietive 
 icnsation. They were t 
 i;oi. Mr. Hardy was 
 •mif'feiglit days, was 
 Home Tooke was trii 
 iiulMr. Tliclwall wasa 
 aire discharged. Acts 
 IbelwaU's jiolitical led 
 
 HOROLOGY, see 
 
 ;.i;iial institute, Clerki 
 miSjS, for the beuetit^ 
 niontlilv journal. 
 
 HORSE. The pco 
 ;tiit equestrians, and 
 ijrceks who broke the 
 ulienoe probably arose I 
 jiisinally inhabited by 
 40.000 stidls of horses f 
 norsemen," 1014 n.c. 
 ,aiJ Iloiuans had somi 
 hoisei' hoofs from in.jui 
 V'Uiitt, new edition, I 
 '■i'lijcs, i8<)6. 
 
 Hr'iA hi'fff.i. Tlii'ir great 
 
 .hiliiis Citsar alHiiit 54 
 
 iislinl a reyal stud.'aiid 
 
 the bri'Hl of strong horsi 
 
 tilt' ttTlii ahiri: ]i <r.>('.s ; t 
 
 iliwiglit or cart horses. 
 
 I Hit liursc-tax was impose 
 
 ivas extended, and its an 
 
 ami a);iiiu ill 1808. 1 
 
 "Iwrsi-s fur rilling" only 
 
 , .ib'iut 3.>(j,ooo/. per year 
 
 I .iLiiaal li'eenee duty on In 
 
 t^.i''ii; linise-tlealers' lice 
 
 I Vr •), .\ liaivj, im .Vnierii 
 Iii^aiii .^Hiiilun hy i.."Miii; 
 .'Hill i-vfu ii zelira froij. 
 I'lS system is fimnded 01 
 'iisiiositieii nf the aninui 
 uiitiati'il ii.any illastrimi 
 (".iioMaic'li, bipl I'lilnie 
 i'illdill^ tiletii to secrecy 
 reii'aiieil in .lane when li 
 Eii.daiid Mitlieiit his eiai 
 
 [He was fiiKagi-4 t" iustri 
 ri'liu;; mast,;^ of the arii 
 
 I He fflVf a lei'tnre te tlii,> 
 i;^v: and in the same yi 
 "1 :o ,;:tiineas from the Se 
 iflniflty to Animals . 
 
 [Mr. .syiliiry (iahaviie, A 
 •xliibitcl and taught 1 
 r.MhfWelliiigtiiii Kidinj 
 I .0: his jiatiuns iiiclud 
 !-rriand!ni!ita:-yi:l!i:-'i 
 
 I'm'jt autinal iit.m'-shi,' : 
 
 1 Hall. Isliu|.'f"n. Iiegaii 
 
 til«m-ps!i. .\n e.stallll^lnl 
 'lUiiiau fiHid \va» epened 
 mill sunrss, and its usi 
 ■ated. Aljont 150 persti 
 
'■■"'■'' l-ytlu Brity, 
 I '■'•I'"i-ls tin. H,,!,.;,!,. 
 ■""""""l"..-4.M,ril, 
 
 ir.PE\SE,"Evii 
 1* iiiylhicallv MiJ 
 
 !lf M llilll lit 'ciurt 
 
 liinir, Kdwardll!,', 
 r, W'tlithi'sewnrj* 
 ottoof thoordurof 
 
 liiM'iiipiM-iirin IV, 
 
 , li!irtj' names, s» 
 
 eduontinn in l^n;- 
 Hth ccnhir'.', wore 
 
 . till! illph;ihrt, lit' 
 "iliri |ll;lto lit tr;iii.. 
 
 r»i'ni.^, ii'W viTV 
 tile Caxton exlii- 
 loan exliihitioii if 
 \h. Aiklrpff Tuff'i 
 storv of tht' Hoiu 
 
 HORN; HORNPIPE. 
 
 (>45 
 
 HORTENSIAN LAW. 
 
 tek," Jcdiontcd to the quueii liy commiiiiil, was 
 fuUislicd, Miiy, 1896. 
 
 HOEX ; HORNPIPE. The liom is tlioufrht 
 1-1 lif, next to the rccil, the earlicat wind instniineiit, 
 ind has been fonnd among moat savaj^e niithms. It 
 ■mi Srst made of horn, lience the name ; afterwards 
 .flirass, with keys, for the «eini-tones, in the hist 
 tentury.— The dance ealU'd tlie Hornpipe is snp- 
 wsed to be so named from its having l)een per- 
 lormed to the AV'elsh pi/>-coni, that is liornpipe, 
 ikiUt 1300. Spencer. Manv lioriipipes were 00m- 
 i>:.jed in tlie iSth century. The ' ' College hornpipe " 
 «as very pupukir. 
 
 HORNE TOOKE, &<-. The trial of Messrs. 
 Hardy, Tooke, Joyp", Thelwall, and others, ou a 
 vliarge of constructive higli treason, caused a frniit 
 itnsation. They were taken into custody on 20 Jlay, 
 l-M. Mr. Hardy was tried 2f) Oct., and, after'u 
 :rial"f eiiflit days, was honoiirahly aci|uitte(l. Joh-i 
 Home Tooke was tried and aciiuitled, 20 Xov. ; 
 iiidMr. ThclwttU was acquitted, ^ Hec.; the others 
 mrcdisi-harged. Acts were passed to prjhibit ilr. 
 ILclwuU's political lectures in 179.5. 
 
 HOROLOGY, see C'hcA:i. The British Horo- 
 Mial institute, Clerkeiiwell, Loiulon, estahlished 
 m 1S58, for the benefit of watchmakers, jiublishes a 
 nimthlv journal. 
 
 HORSE. The people of Thes.^aly were excel- 
 IfOt equestrians, and probably lirst among the i 
 ijrfcks who broke them in for service in War; 
 thence probublv arose the falde that Thessaly was 
 iriginally inhabited by centaurs. "Solomon hiid 
 40.000 stalls of horses for his chariots, ami 12,000 
 offl-semen," 1014 li.c. i Kiiii/s iv. 20. The Greeks 
 .Jill Kuiuans had some covering to secure their 
 iKises' hoofs from injury. "The Horse," by AV. 
 Vjuatt, new edition, l88o. Sue Jiaccs laid Ciiy- 
 
 :V}tS, 1896. 
 
 .';.-''i</i horses. Tlicir ure.at stieii;itli is ili'serilicd liy 
 .luliiLs Cii-sar alidut 54 u.r. HiMiry Vlll. cstal)- 
 :;vlirda iM'al stinl.'aiiil cnaclccl laws to promote 
 Hi,' inv"l ol' stniiiK liorscs in ccrtiiin sliircs, liiMiee 
 tk'tiriji !,hin /i i/ws ; tlicsc uftcrwanls liecame 
 Jraught or cart horses. 
 I Hie liorst'-tax whs iiiiposed in 1784. Its operation 
 ' irasexttiuleil, ami its aniount imreascd, in 1796 ; 
 and .ij.'ain in 1808. The existing dutv uiuni 
 "lioisi'Sforriilinn" only, in linglaini, aniouiits to 
 
 .'ili'jiit 550.000/. per year 
 
 I .iDimal lieenee duty on liorscs and mules, los. 6tl. 
 f.iiii; iRme-dealers' liceni'C, 12/. los. (act jiasseil 
 
 .Mr. .J. .■<. tiaiv\, :"i American, nnule a great sen.sa- 
 tmaia .'..ninlon hy i..'iiing vicinii.s , mil wild Iku'scs, 
 inni ivfii :• zela-.i fron. the Zunlngical tJardens. 
 I'lSsv-Ieiiiis firuudid on .; oiolonnd study of the 
 'UsiiiKitiiiuuf the animal, and on kindius.s. Ho 
 iuitiatrii ir.auy illastiious iutsmus in his inetlioil 
 (nn ;o Mari'li, lud I'aliiier.ston and twentv ntiiers) 
 Wii'lilit tliem toseereey: from which they were 
 rhfascil in .l.uie when Ins liook was re)uinted in 
 
 :S62 
 
 1870 
 
 Eiigiaatl uit;l}4'Ut his consent 
 
 1S59 
 >S59 
 
 I H( was euijap'd to instruct cavalry ottlecrs aiid 
 ridioa masters of the anny . . . July, 
 |H( cive a lirtuiv to tin/ Kondon calimen, 12 Jail.' 
 
 li'o : and in the same year he receiveil a iire.scut 1 
 
 "i 2o;;iiiiieusfrMm tlie Society for llie Prevention i 
 
 Ulnirlty to Animals .... .Mnv, iSCo ' 
 IHr. .M-iliiry (ialvayue, Australian horse-trainer, ■ 
 
 'Xiiiliited and taiiKliI his nietliod of training , 
 
 ;' ;li.' Wrliiii^'tuii Ridiii;; .School, London, .(iiiie, I 
 
 1: .->; hi.< i«lrnns included the oueen with luanv I 
 
 !", r- and niilib.r" i;!!:c-er.s. '' ! 
 
 iMijit animal (i<,r«-dioics held at the AgncuUural i 
 
 Hall, Ishiit.'tiiii, lieg.m , . , . July, 1S04 | 
 ■■•'". All estaldisliincnt forthe side of it as 
 i f-nd was .ipeiied at Paris on 9 Jnlv, 1S66, 
 - :vess, and its use as lood stionglv advo- 
 ' !'"1. Aljirtit 150 jielsons (including sii'llemy 
 
 1870 
 
 i:'97 
 1872 
 
 1273 
 
 1874 
 
 Thnniiisoii,oidsir,Iidin Lnhlioik) dined on horsc- 
 : llcsh at the l.anghain hotel, l,iim|„ii . 6 Fch i8(38 
 A great hraiic-o-Aiiglo-Aineriean horse, mule, and 
 
 donkey liainiuet was heUl at Paris . . 3 April, 137: 
 Ihe sale of li(u.se.flesli, ,Ve„ ri!gulullon act, passed 
 
 .Suliscripticuis (of ioo(. each ]kt.soii fiu' flve^'eiiis) ' ^' 
 to iiMjirove the lireed of horses, pi-oposcd li'v earl 
 (.■althi.rpe, heiidc'd by the prin f Wales, iimnv 
 
 iMd,|,.s ,111,1 ;..entleiiieii, the I.oiKhiii UencralOnini'- 
 
 lmsC„nip;uiy,aii,l„tlieis . . ,|„|,„ .g 
 
 //o,M-.s/o,i ,„,, is v.ny aiici.'iit. It is represented on 
 
 a can ol ■raientuni, ,■<. Italy, pndmblv about 300 
 I ii.e. Iro.iaiiil iuiai/.i- horse slioi-s have been (uiind 
 I in ancient tniniili in Kiance, (ieniiaiiv, Helgiiiin 
 
 and liritain. " The smith of the court ' was an 
 I ulllcer uielec tin/ early princes id' Wales, and the 
 
 lam'ers art was much honouied in nieili.evai 
 
 times. — (;, Fhii<'Hii. 
 Gooilenongirs Ann-Vieiin lioisi'-shoes, niadi' hv 
 
 inaehineiT, put .ni ,'"1,1 (patented .8fe), were 
 
 iis,-,lhy the i...iidon Gen, ral (Uiiniliiis Company 
 
 Oit.-Iiei'. 18O8. The iiiteinational hmse-slioe 
 
 cui,i|,aiiy for adojiting the iiatent was established 
 
 early m 
 
 Strike of Londmi farriers for increase of wages, 24 
 
 .May, 1^97; eii.leilhy eoniproniise . jS \l,'iv 
 lliir^,: ejH'Iciiic (" epizo,itie "), froin Canada, at X.iw 
 
 lork, Ijoston, A;e., cau.sed niiieli iiieouvcnience, 
 
 « ■. r , '■'et. 
 
 ftcan'ityoi li,>i-ses 111 Britain ; a I'oiiiiuissioii nf in. 
 
 iiuiry app.,iiite,l, Feh. , reported (no result) Aug 
 
 [An,. tiler c,,niiiiissi,iu issued its report Dec. 18S7 
 
 Jhe (jueeirs plate for races in (iivat liritain 
 
 aljolislie,|,ai„| the ni v to be devoted to the 
 
 impriivenient (if the lined of li,,rses.J 
 Stii:l (•"wpioi,,, to iiiii.rove the breed of hcu'scs, 
 
 held hr>t annual n.eeting . . 20 Sept. 
 
 H.irse duty taken off ... ' 
 
 IJriti.sh Knipire Iloise-supply Associatimi, csta- 
 
 I'lislieil SpriuL' 1878 
 
 '■■iglish Cartdiorsc f-',;i,dety (since named tile .Shire 
 
 it.ose Snci.dy), established, earl of Kllesniere, 
 
 president, 3 .liiiie, ,878. Aniinal shows are held 
 
 at the A^-rieiiltural hall ; ami annual cart horse 
 
 parades m U.-eut's-park, 819 horses and 666 
 
 drivers wei i,tev,.,l, ,0 May, 1898. 
 
 The,pi,.,.iiaii,l s,,nie,,fther,,yal faniilv, present at 
 
 tlie show of the Hunter and Hackney Horse .Sliow 
 
 at the Agricultural hail . . , .March, 1891 
 
 i4tli annual ,'^liiie lior.se show at the .\gricultui-al 
 
 l,all, ji l'',di. k;o3 ; annual shows held. 
 The Knglish H.ase Soedety's lirst sliowat Olvmiiia 
 
 W. keusmgton, 15 .May, 1889 ; at Islington, 29 .May 
 Horses mip,,rted 1S62-1872, 7.;,ooo ; 1873- 1682, " 
 
 197,000. Horses now expoiteil, 1S90, 12,192. 
 Iloyal eoiuiiiission on hoise-brecling met in 
 
 Loiiibiu, May, 1593 il ,<,,/., reconiniendations 
 
 a|i|.rove,l, ivporte,! .... , ,),^„. ,.^., 
 llcis,, show at the Crystal iialace, opened 5 .June, 
 Homeot r,>i I,, r horses, Kiiars-place, Acton ; New 
 
 yearsdiiiii,'r-iv. Ml to tlie animals . . i Mii. a :! 
 
 HORSE GUARDS. The regiment > said to 
 have been instituted in the reign of Eiiwaiii \T. 
 1.^50, and revived by Charles 11. Kidi. The first 
 troop of Horse fireiiadier (iuards was raised m im^^, 
 and was commanded by general C'lndmondeley; anil 
 the second troop, conrmaiided h\ !. id Forbes." was 
 raised in 1702. There was a ladintion of the Horse 
 and cirenadier Guards, and Life Guards, as now 
 established, wiuv raised in their room, 2(1 Mav, 
 1788. riiitips. The pr«-sent editice called the 
 Horse Guards was erected .ilimit i ;5,S. lu the front 
 are two sinnll arches, where horsc'-soldiors, in full 
 tiniform, daily mount guard. In the building was 
 tonnorly the office of llie comniander-in-chief now 
 iu I'all .Mali. ' 
 
 HORSE-RACIXG, 5 - li;vc,. 
 
 HORTENSIAN LAW, i«sseil bv Q. Hor- 
 tensius, dictator, 28(1 11. c, after the secession "1 the 
 plebeians to the ,Iani, iihini, athrmed the legislative 
 power granted tliem bv previous laws in ajf, and 
 .^6 11. c. ^ 
 
 K H 
 
 mm 
 
 II' «' 
 
 ; ' Hi 
 
 u -f^ 
 
 A 
 
 t J 
 
 ' I 
 
 :ii 
 
 Er.. W^ 'fl l lM) 5ftBig>^g»iB5R#.fca>£.^a ' 
 
HORTICULTURE. 
 
 fi40 
 
 HOSPITALS. 
 
 h 
 
 
 ^UiUjyi^, 
 
 HORTICITLTURE (from hot-tiis ixnA cultura), 
 the iirt of cuUivutiiig k""''''-''" < ^'-'^ Oiiiikmmj. 
 
 Ilortioultnnil societies estutilislieil lit Kiliiil.mgli, 
 
 i8oq : lit Diililin • ,• ;. ', i'., i.,.', 
 
 Tilt. (iio«- n>V"l) ll<irtii'iiHi"''il x'"'.'''';,' "' .''""'"" 
 
 incoriumitea, 17 Ainil. 1809; tmiisautmiiH llist 
 
 imliUslii'il • ■,:.■,,' 
 I'luntiiiK tlic (jiiiili'ii at Cliiswirk be^im • ■ 
 Aununl exliiliitimis 
 
 tilt. Uromi.t.m e:itatu, »>fli.nKiii>; t" tlit. Livst.i 
 Pnlaee Cmiiiiiissitmirs, .Inly, 1859: '"'■''i^^','' ";• 
 iu,,l,„rt t,f tl,.. tiiiff... iM.lMlily, .*:.■., «ii.l M . 
 NeVfloM's tlfsiKii wa» ailoi.tf.l. May, ■S'^'o. tio 
 new L-tlens ..pfiifil liy the piiiiff tnusort wlm 
 plaiitV..! a IIV;/i »!/(.." i» m„mlm(n'hich m) 5 Jii";;. 
 
 Tlie 1111111111 Vl'iii'f' ""'■ • ; . 1, • ^V ^1- 
 Thu Allifit iiifiiiurial lUifiiVfiTil 111 the ineseii. 1 "t 
 
 tliti iiriiife and iniiiffss nf W a es . 10 Ji ni . 
 
 1)1- ,),Iliii UiKllev (wilt) •■ raisetl lu.itieiiltun! fioiii 
 
 an eini.irieal art to a iltvel.ii.etl '"■"■'|jj'',,Yxi','v' 
 
 \n"'TntIanat*i(mal ■iKirtiCultnral exliiliititm was 
 
 opuiieil ill the nanleiis. . . • 23-31 Ji.u, 
 
 Intt.rnatitinal hoiticMltiiial exjiihltnui iM'^'H'^l _^^^^ 
 
 The scciety conipelleil t.. quit smith KeiisiiiKt'm, 
 the Ki'tiater part ..f the Kiiam.l heiiii,' miniie.l f.n 
 the iiiilieiiill iust'tiite. Tht. eniine 1 "t tie 
 s,«iety'i.n.l«.ses iinpoitant »lt'-™ti"ns a 
 apiieals fm- siiiipint, 9 l>''<'- 'SS?- At tl e 
 anluial iiieetiiiKl .4 K"''- '888 nn.iii;:.'mi. 1 s 
 were iiiaile hn- the inamteiiam-i' "I tl"' s"< n ty . 
 Slmwst.. he hehl at the .Irill hall of the l,"ii;l"ii 
 Hc.ittisli volunteers, .laiiies-stivet, Westiiunster , 
 tli-Ht ..peiie.l .7 March, .888. The revival ..file 
 siKiiety reported at the nieetiiin . , • 'V'' ' 
 
 Int.n,ati,.nal hoitioiiltiiml exhibition at har s 
 "mrt, KensiiiKb..., with fxtra attraetioiis (iii- 
 olu,li.'.« " the Wild West," by ft.l. <'';ly), "1- i-l 
 hy the duke ot roimanKht, 7 May ; tdused i, Ott. 
 
 International horticultural ctinKress 'ipt.ned at 
 Paris, 24 May, iSgs ; at Dresdi'ii • .2 •>"!■> 
 
 Ur. Htiht. Honn, eniiiieiilhortieiilturist, born,^.^8.8. 
 
 1817 
 
 l3l2 
 
 1822 
 1831 
 
 1859 
 
 1885. 
 1 886. 
 1887. 
 i838. 
 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 t4 June ; total receipts, 34,320/. ; Dec. 
 27 June ; total receijits, 40,399/. , 30 X,iv, 
 19 June ; total receiiits, 40,607/. ; 30 X„v. 
 10 June ; total receipts, 40,379/. ; 10 Dfc. 
 23 June; ainonnt received up tii 29 July, 41,10,;, 
 
 uii t<i 31 Dct. 4',744'- 
 8 June; amount received i.p to 11 Jun,', ,iUi|i 
 
 15,000/. ; 28 Nov. 42,814/. 
 
 1861 
 1863 
 
 1863 
 1866 
 1S81 
 
 7 June ; aiiiiniiit received up to j July, ,^,,3^. 
 24 Nov. 45,330'. (5,000/. fiiim tlie ilnki. -f 
 Cleveland and i,oool. frulii sir Savi;,- 
 Crossle>')- 
 
 19 June; received, 29 July (sir S.nll,. i'r,,s,,ifv 
 1,000/., 24 .liiut. ; Miss Aiidi-iiluii, i,»;| 
 41,512!., 25 Nov. 
 
 11 June; 3q,2«)/. np to 31 Oct. 
 10 June; 43,6<xi/., 17 Dec. 
 16 Juiio; 25,000/. : 44,410/. 29 .hily; 3,4,W, W , 
 
 Htoek K^chauKe; 9,14/. be'iiiest »t Mr. W.a. 
 (iiie.sdon ; total, 60,360/., 23 Nov, 
 14 June ; 41,600/., 9 July ; total, 46,035/,, i;U,,. 
 
 20 June ; total, 41,485'. up to Ufc. 
 
 12 June ; about 38,741'.. 3 Aug. 
 
 Hospital Satuudays :x London for work. 
 men, t)fj;an 17 Ot.t. 1874, the iimvement biins 
 greatly promoteil hy eapt. Charles MerriiT amlW-l 
 briibazon ; about 6463/. suitl to have lii-euoollorW: 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 
 1892 
 1896 
 1897 
 
 1875- 
 1876. 
 1877. 
 1878. 
 1879. 
 1885. 
 1886. 
 
 887. 
 
 888. 
 
 1890. 
 
 31 July 
 2 Sept. 
 I Sept. 
 7 Mept. 
 6 Sept. 
 
 5,343'- 
 5, 525'. 
 4,300'. 
 6,528'. 
 6,152'. 
 
 1880. 
 i88t. 
 1882. 
 1333. 
 1884. 
 
 4 Sept. 
 3 Sept. 
 2 Sujit. 
 
 I Sept. 
 6 Sept. 
 
 6.604', 
 
 1'? 
 
 ■ lo.iv 
 
 HOSIERY, SCO Stockings, and Cutton. 
 
 HOSPITALLERS, set! Malta. 
 
 Tin>4PTTAT, SUNDAYS ait-' saiil to have 
 bt.^m^a?mnniW^an:, U ^0.. '^SQ.^ . Gl-gow 
 hcBan hospital S.inilays alitmt 1844. It is said the 
 present system of hospital Sunilay began at ilnn- 
 liester in 1870 Near the enil of 1872. '^ was pro- 
 iShat collections for the benefit of hospitals antl 
 dispensaries in London should be annually made on 
 one Sunday in the year at all places of vvorship. 
 V committee for ctiecting this met at the Mansion- 
 house, V Jan. 187.?; '"»! soon after, 15 June was 
 appointed as the day for the collection. 
 
 HOSl'lTAI, Sl'NllAYS IN I.ONUON T x, i ,. 
 
 ,873 5 June. About 25,5..'-, rtneive, on the tay 
 " from about i2oopl,nees of worsli.i', nicl id nj; 
 
 Jews; 1859'- received aftenvar.ls (July). 
 
 24,571'- awarded to 54 hospitals ; 2185/. to 
 
 ei'dispeiisaries. 
 ,4 June. About 29,817/. receiveil. 
 11 June. About 26,703'- received. 
 ,8 June. About 27,042/. ret-eiveil, 
 
 (23,^43/ awarded to 73 hospitals; 8,336/. to 
 
 45 dispensaries, 9 Auk. 1876.) , ,. ^ ., , , 
 ,7 June. 26,083'. received ; 25,870'. distributed. 
 loJiiue. About 24,904'. received, 25 July. 
 fAZ\'. 26,50./. n'lrived ; 24,9'i^'. distributed 
 ,, June 12,000'. received, 16 June; 29,000/., 
 
 5 .Itily; 30,000/., 12 July; 30,411/., 31 Oct. ; 
 
 total, ' -,o,4::3'., N"V . ^ 
 
 19 June ; received up to 29 June, 95,000/. , Nov. 
 
 „ June? total reeeipts (9 Uec.) 34,146/. 
 JO June ; 26,000/.; 19 June ; total, j3,9J5'-. » "^<^' 
 39,329/ , 
 
 1884. J5 June ; 11 Ju'S' ; 3»><»««- 
 
 1874. 
 1875- 
 1876. 
 
 .877. 
 1878. 
 .879. 
 1880. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1883. 
 1883. 
 
 18 July ; tr.tal receipts, ii,i92/.3.-i. .o.^. ; 31 ftt. 
 17 July ; total receipts, .2,213/. ; 31 Dec. 
 
 11 June ; total receipts, 11,300/. ; llec. 
 
 14 July; receipts, 9,1,69/. ; .1,426/. Dec. 
 
 13 July; mitdoor receipts, 4,644/. ; worUiop | 
 collections, 3,3oo/. ; total, .4,090/. 
 
 12 July; outiloor receipts, 5,096/.: w,irk^l,i)!i 
 collections, nearly 15,000/.; total recw;,'., 
 Jan. 1891, 20,333/. 
 iluly ; reeeipts up to 4 Jan. .892, 19,646'. 
 
 16 July ; receipts up to Keh. .893, 20,309!. 
 
 15 July; 19,544'. , ,^ 
 7 July ; over 20,000/. ; Dec. 
 
 13 July ; 11,000!. ; Aug. 
 July, 20,000/., reporti'd .6 .Iiiii. 1897. 
 July, .5,142!. 2»., repoi'ted, 27 Der 
 
 1891. 18 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1894- 
 
 1895. 
 
 1896. 
 
 .897- 
 
 HOSPITALS, originally Unspitk for tM 
 reception of travellers. That at Jerusalem, Wl 
 by the knights of St. John, 1112, was cap* .y 
 receiving 2000 guests, and ineluiled an infiriiiirv I 
 for the sick. The "five royal hospitals" unfa I 
 " the pious care of the lord-mayor of Lonilon," arf | 
 St. Bartholomew's, St. Thomas's, Itridewell, Bflt- 
 leliem, and Christ's ; set; InfrmarUsy ami hi>ft»- 1 
 sarics. lienjamiu Attwood, whogaveanonjinouilil 
 about 2S0,0('x)/. in clii;(|ues of UXX)/. to hospitals,! 
 i:c., dieil in 1874. In April, l8f)0, the house oflorJi I 
 appointed a select eomuiittce to en(|uire uiti III | 
 management of metrop.ditan hospitals and. <iniil;ir I 
 institutions, first sitting , >'!">'• Kiports i*»|.l 
 l8(X), 1891 , l8()2. ^ The ho.tpitul, a weekly penoiliii., | 
 first appeared, 1886. 
 
 In .883 there were in the inetiopolis 24 general and 
 
 110 special hospitals ; deseribed in Low's I18111I- 
 
 book to thechai-itiesnf I,,,iidoii. 
 
 Roval Coninii.ssion respectiiii,' hospitals for in- 
 
 tVetious diseases (lonl lilaehfonl, sir Jaiim ^ 
 
 I'aget, anil others) aiipointeil . ■ N-'y-:i| 
 
 The Hosiiitals Association for the consiilenithiii m-I 
 
 discussion of hospital niainincineiit, 4m^-, '.'"-'i"- 
 
 ated ill the National Social Scienco Associati-.n, 
 
 1S81 (•( .-<f<(. ; founiied . . ■,-.•, ,'■•' 
 
 Abtuit 7,ioo!. was given to London hospitals ty 
 
 baron Hiracli . . -,:,,• /.J,"."' 
 Mr HeuryC. liurdett's •• Hospitals ami Asjiinii 
 
 of lilt! WorM," 4 *"'»•. "■'"' P'-'"*' ^'^■' '1 
 
 AcVfor ostablishiiig i.solition'lio.spit,il5, pa.ssed _ 
 Central liospital boanl proiiosed liy the Uijri.! 
 
 Organiaatiun Society ; eoiiiinittee api«iiite.l 
 
 H 
 
 Sir J. Bluiiilell Maple g 
 tlie L'niversity hospital 
 Mr. Jniiifs Toleiiian, Ltj 
 »achto8 hospitals, ami 
 "Thepriiieeof Wales's le 
 to coluiiiBinoratt. the ( 
 quwii's reign, inviting- 
 a.-iiiiliii or iiioi-e, loril I 
 
 |.rii of Wales jiresiile; 
 
 aiiuotiiiet'd 
 toll largely responded t 
 iin at Marlborough 
 .!7,ooo/. : 22,050/. annul 
 liiVfHttKl ; .22,000/. ilivi 
 iiicreasiiiK : 60,000/. to 
 lilesi'S liosiiital, receive. 
 If^H, 2,58.'. 5S., 30 Dec. ; 
 5.000/. per anil., 3 Jan. 
 i»t aiiiiual meeting at .N 
 |<ii(lto fund dnrliiK 11 
 .397, "7.5.^y-'2--'.5''.,3 
 !i .March, subscriptions 
 Brthlclii'iii (oldest lunatic 
 iiiii-atGrauaila)fiuiiidetl 
 Ciim-i-r, Umiiipton 
 CliarinK-iToss, foiiuiletl 181 
 Oiiisiimptiou, Uroiiipton . 
 I filial .... 
 iin-ailiKiiiN'ht ship (seantaii 
 Kveliiiii (Imrou liotlisi-hild 
 
 I'tViT 
 
 Fiv( Royal, Gray's Inii-hiu 
 Gfniiaii,' Ualston 
 llr(at Xortheni, 1856 ; Net 
 tliiy's(set'6'ii,v's) 
 lliiiiioiaaiili (hoiiioMipathii 
 '- Home of Peace for the M 
 opeiicil by the duchess 0; 
 Mints' . . . . 
 liMiralilcs . 
 
 Je»-s' 
 
 King's College 
 
 l.«-li 
 
 lonilon .... 
 bunion Ophthalniic. Royit 
 Liimloii U|ilitlialiiiic, t'eiitr 
 I.yiiijj-iu, liritisli 
 
 „ City of London 
 „ fieiieral, Lanilw.t 
 „ Queen Cliarlotte' 
 „ Queen Ailelaide's 
 Mi.lllesex . 
 
 .Vatioiial Dental, Gt. tortlt 
 N"rth.west Loiitlon hospit.' 
 Urtliii|iasllc 
 j Saiiiaritim Free, for women 
 
 .Small Pox . 
 1 bt Bartlioloniew's (see Bar 
 
 -St lieoira's , 
 I bS. Jiiliii s, Leicester Stiunr 
 I St. Luke's (lunatics) 
 
 •St Mark's .... 
 I St. 5lar)--le-l>oue . 
 I St Mari-'s, Pnildiugtnn . 
 I SlThi'iJiiis's(reiiioveil 1862 
 I Siok Cliihton, 185. ; new h 
 j Ttniieraiiro Hosiiital, oihmi 
 I TliMat, Golilen-siiuare, fou 
 
 .Mmi-i-U .Mackenzie . 
 j T'nistaiii'iEarthseases, (ii 
 J Liiivprsity College 
 I Wtstniiiistcr 
 
 I Westminster Oplitliajinic, I 
 
 Women's, Siih- .-square 
 
 Women ana Children (sup 
 
 I Crairforrl-street 
 
 I Women's hospital in Mart 
 
 toail (superintend? J hy w 
 
 , HOST, Elevation 
 I lloman Catholic worship, 
 
 I lavt been enjoined about 
 I '..ai the urst poritili who t 
 lajijnalfortliepeopletoi 
 
 HOT BLAST, see J 
 
to II Jiiiv, about 
 
 sir H:i\llften.a»lfv 
 Aiiilerdoii, logj.'), 
 
 .oNDox for work. 
 iiiiiv(<mriit beins ! 
 s McroiiT and lonl I 
 live lieen coUpctcii : 
 
 lis 24 KCiieraUii'l 
 I in Low's liariJ- 
 
 HOST. 
 
 547 
 
 HOWARD FAMILY. 
 
 Sir J. Dlmiilcll Miiiile ^ivi's 100,000/. to rnbiillil 
 llifl'iiln'isity lio^pitul, iiiiiioiinci'd . 35 Fi4). 1897 
 
 Mr. JaiiiM Tulciiuiii, Lomliiii, bniui'iitlis i.cxW. 
 »ach to8 liOHliitiils, iiiiTHHiiii'i'il . 32 April, ,, 
 
 •■The|iriiicii of Wiilcs's liuspital I'liiid for Lomloii," 
 to corainpiiionitii tln^ 60th amiivcrsiirv of tlio 
 qumi'a ri)i«ri, iiivitiiif; sulwcriplionn of i.i. \m- 
 f.mm or iiiori', lord Hotli«cliilil tri'iisiircr, tlin 
 [■riiiw of Wall's prenidiMit of f liii K''iicriil couui'll, 
 MmiiMiri'il 5 Fi'l). 1897 
 
 (mill liioji'ly rnspoiidi'd to diiriiin tin' yfiir ; iiiw't- 
 iiH at .Murlboro\i«li lioiisii; totiil in imiid, 
 iS7,ooo(. ; 22,050/. iiiiiiiml subscriptions; 99,000/. 
 iiivwttHl ; 122, txx)/. divisiblt", so l)(M'. ; fiiiiil still 
 iiicrviwiiw ; 60,000/. to bii ilistribiiti'd, f.it., Mld- 
 .lle.s^.v liospiUil, rwi'ivHil 3,935/. ; UidviTslty i:ol. 
 Ir;!-, 2,581/. 51., 30 Dec. ; London, 3,937/. io». ami 
 i.ooo/. pi-ratni., 3 .Jan. ; Guy's, 7,012/. io.s,, .Tan. 1898 
 istaiiiiiml meeting at .Marlboroii^'h liousr ; total 
 loi'ltofniid dnriiiK 11 niontli^ onilinn 31 Ui'C. 
 ii97. 227,5.ij'. i^s. 5''.. 3 •'"''b. ; (jv.'r 22,,i93/., An^. ; 
 ;i .Miircli, .tiilwi'riptioiis still coniinn in. 
 
 IHliMipiii (niili'St Inimtii- asylum in Kuropo except 
 ipiic at Gnnmda) founded 
 
 I'jnuT. Uniui|itoii 
 
 Cliarint'-rross, founded 1818 ; new hospital built 
 
 (iinsiiiiiiiliim, Uroniiitou 
 
 liflital 
 
 UmiiliiiiiiKlit.sliip (seaman's) .... 
 
 Kvdiiia (te'oii Kotlischild'.s) .... 
 
 Fevfr 
 
 Vrre Royal, Gray's Inn-lime .... 
 
 Ueniian,' Dulstim 
 
 (Ireat Northern, 1856 ; New Central at HoIIoway 
 
 Giiy'.i(see'/«,v'») 
 
 l[aiincmaiiii(liiiiiio'0|«itIiic) 
 
 'Home of Peace for the DyiuK," South Hanip.stead 
 opciwl by the duchess of 'J'eck . , . 7 Nov 
 
 Miots' . 
 
 InoaraWes ' 
 
 '547 
 1841 
 U'31 
 1841 
 
 1838 
 1821 
 1869 
 
 l803 
 
 1838 
 1845 
 
 t888 
 1721 
 
 i3;o 
 
 1892 
 1847 
 1850 
 "747 
 
 King's College ' . ' . ! 1839 
 
 billion 
 
 LoiiilimOlihtliiilniic, Royal, Finslmry . 
 lonilon Oiilitlialniir, Central, Gray's'lnn-road 
 l-jiiig-iB, British . . . " . 
 
 ,, City of I.ondnn .... 
 
 „ General. Limibetli 
 
 746 
 1740 
 1804 
 1843 
 1749 
 1750 
 1765 
 
 Qui-en Charlotte's ,,- 
 
 Queen Adelaide's ... 
 
 Mi.Hlescx 
 
 Xatioiial Dental, Gt. tortlaiiil-.stieet . . ' [ 
 
 Niirtli.west London hosi)ital, Kentish-towii.roail. 
 
 OrtLo|)ieillc 
 
 Samaritan Free, for women and children' . lalrand 
 
 Small Pox " 
 
 St Bartholomew's (see Bartholomew, St.) . 1103" 
 I St Ueorffi's ' 
 
 St. Johns, Leicester Siiunre (skin) . . ' . " ' 
 
 St Luke's (lunatics) 
 
 St Mark'.s "."."' 
 
 St Mar)'.le-l)one .... 
 
 St Marj-'s, Pnililinjjtoa . . . ' . " 
 
 St Thomas's (reniijved 1863 and 1871) . 
 
 SifkChililren, 1851 ; m-w building opened " . Nov' 
 
 Tcmiieraiiee Hospital, ojiened . . . Oct 
 I ''^'','';'''„'V*'''ii-si|""re, founded by Dr. (iift«r sir) 
 
 ' 1S63 
 
 March, 1874 
 
 1824 
 1745 
 i36i 
 1873 
 1838 
 1889 
 1746 
 1546 
 1733 
 1803 
 '751 
 '835 
 1871 
 
 1843 
 '533 
 1875 
 
 '873 
 
 .MiTi'll .Mackenzie 
 
 I Tj'nn mi Kar diseases, Gray's Inn-roud" 
 
 liaversity College .' .' ^ ". "" to'* 
 
 tWstlliili.ster * ' ' .*^ 
 
 Wrstininstcr ... 
 J;eitiuinst«rO[,litlia:inic, Royal. ' . " ' ' ,l',t 
 Woiiiea's. Siih.. square . . ' " 
 
 pVoiaeiiaml ChiMren (superinteud'ea b'y wo'menV 
 
 trawfonl-street . . , 
 
 I Women's hospital in Marvlpb'on»,'if7i' 
 lOil (superintend? il by women) . 
 
 1843 
 1866 
 
 1889 
 
 Eiiston- 
 7 May, 
 
 HOST, Eleva'HON' of the, introduced into 
 
 Koman Calhohc worship, and prostration, said to 
 
 I lave been enjoined about 1201. Ponn OrPD^nrv. fY 
 
 j -a ;Ue lifst ponuu who decreed a bell to be run-' ,i.s 
 
 |a8ifnalforthepoopletoadorotheho8t, 12.-8. Jieen. 
 
 HOT BLAST, see Blowing Machine. 
 
 HC ;'', DE VILLE, Paris, the residence 
 of thee;..': magistrate, tlie prefect of tlie Seine, wii.4 
 bei?un in 1533, and coniplited, after his own design, 
 by Uominico da Cortona, ibzH. Jlere La Favette 
 introduced Louis-Pliilinne, the citizen-kinK, to tlio 
 people, Aug. 1H30; and here the repul)lio was pro- 
 claimed, 2() Feb. 184S. The communists, who had 
 established themselves liere, set tire to thcbuildiii", 
 24 May, 1871, after their total defeat. The Hotel 
 was reopened 13 July, 1882. 
 
 HOTEL DIEU, ."ee Paris, 656, 1877. 
 
 HOTEL METROPOLE, Northumberland 
 .V venue, London, an enormous building with liigbly 
 decorated suites of rooms, designed by F.&ILFrauci.-i 
 F F. Sanden and otliers, completed May, i8Bv ' 
 
 HOUR. The early Egyptians divided the div 
 and night each into twelve hours, u custom adopted 
 by Jews or Greeks probably from the Ifabvlonians. 
 The day is said to have been tir.st divided into hours 
 from 20? B.C., wlien L. Papirius Cursor erected a 
 sun-dial in the temple of (luirinus at Home. I're- 
 viously to the invention of water-clocks (which .vc-) 
 158 H.c, the time was culled at Rome by I'ublic 
 criers. In England, the meusureiuent of time was, 
 m early days, uncertain; one expedient was by 
 wax candles, three inches burning an liour, and six 
 wax candles burning twentv-four hours, said ti> 
 have been invented bv.Vlfred, A.I) 88() ; see iJai/ 
 For Hours of Pniyn; Jloi-t/', see Jireiiari/. The 
 Hour, daily con.servative newspaper, first ap- 
 peared, 24 March, 1873; last time, 11 Aug. 1870. 
 
 HOUSE DUTY was imposed in 1695. Its 
 rate was trequently changed till its repeal. It was 
 re-imposed as a substitute for the window-tax, in 
 1851. The duty was reduced for hou.ses rented nt 
 from 20l. to 40/. to 2f/.,»nd for those rented at from 
 40A to (x)/. to 4^'. and M., 17 April, iHtp. In the 
 year 1872-3 it produced 1,243,818/. ; in l8-;-6, 
 1,421,052/.; 1880. 1,(123,000/.; 1885. 1,885,060/.; 
 1891, 1,570,000/. ; 1893-4, 1,425,000/. ; "1898-9, 
 '•570,000/. Seu T(ixi'.t. JloHiie League, ioelrchiiid, 
 
 HOUSEHOLD SUFFRAGE, after one 
 year s residence, was introduced into parliamentarv 
 elections for boroughs, by the reform act passed 15 
 Aug. 1867. Attempts have been freiiuently made 
 to extend household suffrage to counties, atid have 
 failed; .Mr. (afterwards sir) G. 0. Trevelvan's pro- 
 posal lost in tlie commons (287 to 170' 15 May. 
 1874; (268 to 166), 7 July, 1875; (264 to i6s), 30 
 May, 1876; (276 to 220), 29 June, 1877; (271 to 
 2'9). 22-23 Feb. Ii'<78; (291 to 226), 4 March, 
 1879. Ihe object was ett'ected by the act of 1884-5. 
 
 , HOUSELESS POOR ACT (Metropolitan) 
 [ passed, 1864; made perpetual, 1865. Sec I'oor and 
 Artmaus. 
 
 HOUSE OF Commons, Lords, &c., seo 
 rarhnmeut, Lords, and Commous. 
 
 HOUSING OF THE POOR ACT, passed 
 14 Aug. 1885 ; another important act passed, 18 
 Aug. 1890; see under ^r/i,TOM*. 
 
 HOVAS, see Mudaga.icar. 
 
 HOWARD ASSOCIATION, instituted in 
 I8()6, under the patronage of the late lord Brougham, 
 for the improvement of prison discipline and pre- 
 vention of crime. See Prisoti.-. llalford. 
 
 HOWARD FAMIJ Y. 
 
 of Margaret, the heirets jf 
 created earl marshal and th> 
 1483. He was slain with hi 
 
 ' i.u Howard, son 
 
 ^ Mowbrays, was 
 
 fi uuke of Norfolk in 
 
 Ulster, llichard III., 
 
 N N 3 
 
 M 
 ,' I- 
 
 ; i' 
 
 U 
 
 -I'i 
 
 I 
 
 ^'J^b'^IpIi 
 
 !:-.-al 
 
 '"l^^fflli Jf 
 
 
 n : 
 
 ■ s 
 
 i> 'il li ilWt 
 

 HUWAItD MEDAL. 
 
 548 HULHE'S FOUNDAT^oxs. 
 
 s 1 '1,1 < 
 
 Hh^\L 
 
 at llf)SW(.rt)i, 22 Au^', l.\H^. His son was roKtoira 
 to tlir ciiililiim nf SuriTy in 14H1); in ivwanl tor 
 luiviiiK ziiiiii'd the viitovv "f Floddm, <) Scjit, 1,^13, 
 lie wan civatt'il tlu' .Stliduk.; "f Xnrlulk, in I.SM- 
 Tlioniiia, i\w lOtli dnkc, was liclicadid tor cor |iiracy 
 OKaiiiat (incoii Elizubctli on ladialf ol Maiy, i|m'i'n 
 of Scots, in 1S72. lIoniT Fitzalan Howanl. now 
 tli« 2lHt dukd of Norfolk, and the i, ah of the 
 Howard faniilv, promicT dtiko and carl ot hn^^hina 
 nnd horoiiii iiy oarl niar.ilial, was burn in I847. 
 
 HOWARD MEDAL. One was awarded by 
 the Statistical Society to tho best essay ''On the 
 Imtnovemeiits in Kd\uation during the l8th and 
 lytli ( enturies," in Nov. 1H79. 
 
 HOWE DISASTEK, see -.ivy of Enyhnul, 
 1892-3. 
 
 HOWITZEK, R German piece of ordnance, 
 ranking between a cannon nml a mortar, came into 
 use early in the l8tli centnry. 
 
 HUASCAR, see iV)«, 1877 and 1879. 
 
 Saxony'). Thu treaty 
 ini; of i'nissia, and the 
 
 HUBERTSBURG (Saxony 
 between the empress, the king ol I'mssia, 
 elector of Havana, signed here, IS l''eb. 1763, eiuleil 
 the Seven years' war, wliereby Prussia gained 
 Silesia. 
 
 HUDDERSFIELD, a manufacturing town, 
 AV. 1{. Yorkshire, rhietly the property of the Uiims- 
 <len family. Sir John Rumsdcn built tho town- 
 hall, 1 70s." The theatre V, M^.iit, isth Feb. 1880; 
 the new market hall one:.-: , March, 1880. Topu- 
 lation, i88t, 8(.,502; 18., ■,,.<!£. 
 Kirst Mu^inil Festival ■ . 2o-2sOet. i88i 
 
 Fine art anil iudiisti . it •"iSi;! :! oo -poncil i .Tuly, 1883 
 iiwiuiriont park opciic'l Vy tKr Uike of Alliaiiy 
 
 I3t)ct. ,, 
 
 HUDIBRAS. The tu; three cantos of this 
 political satiru, by Samuel IJutler, appeared in 
 1663; the other p:!its in l664aiid 1O78. 
 
 HUDSON'S BAY, discovered by Sebastian 
 Cabot, 1512, <ind re-discovered by captain Henry 
 Hudson,' when in search of a north-west passage to 
 the Pacific Ocean, 1610, had been visited by 
 Frobisher. The " governor and comjiany of adven- 
 turersofEnglandtradingtoIIuds(.n'sBav,"obtained 
 ii charter from Charles II. in 1670. The "fertile 
 belt" was settled by lord Selkirk in 1812. For 
 these territories the bishopric of lUipert's Land 
 was founded, 1849. The charter having expired, 
 the chief part of the comtiany's temtories, on the 
 proposition of earl Granville, the colonial secretary 
 (9 March, 1869), were transferred to the Dominion 
 of Canada for ^oo.oa)/., and a right to claim a cer- 
 tain portion of land within fifty years, and other 
 iirivileges; the compaiiv having consented to this, 
 9 April, 1869. A jiortioii of the iieople resisted the 
 annexation, and gen. Louis Kiel proclaimed inde- 
 pendence and seized the company's treasury, Jan. 
 l8-o. On 3 or 4 March he tried and shot Thomas 
 Scott, a Canadian, who had esiiqied from his cus- 
 tody. Col. (afterwards lord) AVolseley con- 
 ducted .1 Canadian expedition to tlie territories (now 
 named Manitoba), and issued a proclamation to the 
 '.oyal inhabitants, 23 July, saying "our mission 
 is one of iieace." Uiel was unsupported and offered 
 no resistance. The lieut. -governor, Adams George 
 Vrchibald, arrived 3 Sept. '!he Company had a 
 large sale of furs in 1888. Aiiiioal meetings are 
 held (l8<)3). E.xtensive explorations by Mr. 
 Tvrell. Dr. Cell, and Mr. Heiirv O'Sulhvan, 
 1S93 ct seq. Bee Manitoba ami ll'iKUfn Tern- 
 lories. 
 
 HUfi, sec Toiiijiiiii, 18S3, 
 
 HUE AND CRY, the old coainam-lie-v pro. 
 eess of pursuing " with hurn and wiili vi.i(.(,;'/f,,|| 
 lli.ndred to liundp-il, ■ml e..unty to . ,unty, liil 
 robbers und felon t'l.nuerly, tln' '' - w/)rrf\;„ 
 bound to make goo.i nil loss occasiuurd l,v thsr'.h- 
 beries tlureiii committed, unh'ss th,. iVlun were 
 taken; but by subscijuent laws it is iniule iinsmr. 
 able luly for damage committed by ni,t„i„ 
 assenii'lie's. The piirsoit of a tidoa wuj .,ij,.'i 
 by a description of him in llie Jim nuil Cni, j 
 gazette established for advertising U-lim in I'-'io, 
 Aahe. 
 
 HUGSTETTEN, Baden; *n llailu'mj Acct- 
 ihnt", 1882. 
 
 Hl'GUENOT SOCIETY of I. ,iulo„, pju. 
 
 lished by sir 11. Austen Layard aihl "Ihcr deswiid. 
 ants of Huguenots, about 15 April, 1885, 'flic 
 ' society j)ublishes hi>t<irical works, i8,S8. 
 
 ; HUGUENOTS, a term (d.'rivc'll.yTOmofr™ 
 the German iUdjli'minKi:!!, ecait'ederato; hvotli.ts 
 from Hugues, a Genevese Calvini-t) iipijUfa to th( 
 
 I Keformed party in France, I :. n\ era of Calvin. 
 
 ; They took up arms against then- pui'swutorj in 
 I5()i. After a delusive edict id toU iiitinn, a (.Tim 
 number were massacred .'it Viis^y, i Munh, ij^j^ 
 when the civil wars liei;au, whi' li Inslni with nmt I 
 
 I intermission till the edict ■>! Ncntes in ijrjR (rf. 
 yoked in l()8-,), The massacre of St. llia-tliolumnv'i | 
 day, 24 Aug. I.;72, occurred daring a truce; j 
 Cdh'iinnts, J'roiestinits, limiliolunicH; ¥.iiitl.nli\ 
 Oimiiiird. S.Smiles'8"HiBttir\ of the lliii;iit'ii 
 apjieared in 18(17. The ,rypt in Ciinlcvlmrycirl 
 dral, assigned to From h pndestants in "i;;o, ii I 
 still used by them for divine worship. 
 
 HULL (E. Yorkshire), _a rising conimerfi;,, , 
 place in l2fKi, was named Kingst"n-iiiion-Hiill in 
 1290 by Edward I., who purchased tho town. 
 fia-med the'port, and granted a charter. Graitlirv; I 
 damage' about 100,000/., 15 Aug. i.SGj. \Ui\ 
 Albert dock, opened by the prince of \Valc«,':i 
 July, l8()Q. Inauiiuraiion of tlie Alc.xainlra df-k, I 
 and the Hull and Harnsley railway, 23 Jan, iv^j, 
 Fire at Jlessrs. Stead's crusbing mills, a'-al 
 80,000/. damage, 16 March, 1885. Hull riturj 
 three M. P. s by act passed 25 June. iSI<5;im1mI 
 city, June, 1,897. See under I'lipulnlion. Serirasl 
 dis']iiite lietween tlie Shipping Federation ami tli(| 
 Dockers' Union closed 31 Dec. lS()n. 
 Serious ,lispntcs ln'twi'i'ii Mi-ssrs. 'I'lunij.nsWilsoiij.' 
 Co. (wlio liail Ictt til.' hil,rntio,>)m:\ thi-lwal 
 liiiil.irii I'lii'ia: oiipo^ition to tree liilioiir, wirly 
 April: sliips Idocki"! an,l work st»|i|i<'d ; w.jrk 
 ii'sniucd liv free lahoar, iiiacli resiMeil. n A]nil 
 i( sni. ; rioting clarked liy jiidiee and iiiililiirj ; 
 enil (it'tlic sirike liy coni]iioiiii.scs . ij.Miiy, iJ5j| 
 lliitcrvention of tlie union lemleis in Loii'loii, 
 &c., May.] 
 Great fires (inceniliarisni suspected) at M,.<~ri. 
 Wade's timlicr- yards, 10 Aiail 1' .h'/. ; at Jlews. 
 Simpsons saw-niiUs, ,Vc. . . 2-.i Stiy, 
 
 Opening of tlie Hv r> coll..-,. (f,iiuid,',l l.y tin- 
 
 ,'ilt (5r,,««;.) ot Mr. Kola. Ilyiiier) by l^-nl 
 
 Herseliidl jolW. 
 
 One liniidrcl and six Hull lislieniieii lost in tlie 
 
 ^nU'S Dec. i£94, and J.i;i. i;ij| 
 
 Explosion at Messrs. Ma.ior ami (.'u.'s distillery. ; 
 deaths -' ^"^- '-i' 
 
 HULSE'S FOUNDATIONS. Them] 
 Jidin Hulse, who died in 171A beciiieatheil It 
 estates in Cheshire to the university ui' C'aiuijiraiH 
 for the advancement of religious learnin,?:-ln- the I 
 maintenance of two scholars; tlie iiayirciit ofi| 
 prize of 40/. annually fa- a theological (iKirtatn, 
 the establishment of the office of Christian ativMle I 
 
 Towers, Lcttsoiii, 
 
 plly by the last three. 
 
HUMAITA. 
 
 /Ml) 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 
 o " ' "->»' I 
 
 iS^. Hull rtloniil 
 
 lugileapff''''*'"''''''!'"*^ '"''"">• '•^'i«- lf<')0);n>id 
 
 .1 .Mvnieii' ol 11 l''i-tiii't'r, f" tx' clini'iii Miinimlly. 
 ihrstHulwiiii Ici'UiU'H Kvvv given by the rcv. 
 UruIophtT lUiwoii, in I«20. " ; 
 
 Hl'MAITA, II «''''i"^' li""' "" *'"' '■'>■'■'■ I'lir"- 
 ■m fortiliiil at n );icul cust w itli ii luittery "If , 
 ■oo'c'annon, liy Lupcz, Ihi' pnsidc-.l <.f I'ariiKimj , 
 \j k'lieTcil to bi' iinpiVKn.-ililc. was |iii^-'im1 by tlir 
 Lilian ircjiiilii(U, i; V<']<. m,H, On tlii' I'jtb, 
 I'liia.H, the Uniziliitn (;i'i"''al> utiirincil ii work tu 
 iheniirtli "I'Hiiniaita, and ra])turu(l niany Htol•t•,^, 
 HuniMti itsi'lf, al'ti'' a somti' su'ge, wa» alianilont'd, 
 ;, Julv, lS(;S. 
 
 HUMAN LEOPAKD SOCIETY, k, r 
 Sitn-ii L"""'- ^^')y 
 
 HUMANE SOCIETY, I! OYAL (London), 
 firthf ri'ii'ViTV of ntrsons !ij.|i;iiintly drowned, 
 jHfoundfilili i"4i "vlMs, (liddsmitb. llebinleti, 
 Twors, U'tt^oni, ilawes, ai;d C"i;ali, but iirincl- 
 rallv by the last thlTC. 'Ilie luculv has almve 2.S0 
 Lutj supplied with appai al us. '1 lie jji-ineipal one 
 »froctwlin I7<)4, on a spot of :;i-ound given by 
 Georo 111. on tlio north side ot the Serpentine 
 ,i„r^ Hyde-park. The motto of this eiaiety is 
 ippr'iprwt'-'— " -/''"'''"' ■I'-ii'lilliilii ./i.'-.N»/i" — " u 
 imall spark inav perhai's lie hid." .Nearly 500 
 wioiis WMC relieved in 18S7; 54 1 ill iKi^j; S^'i 
 MS-Jiu rewarded for bravery. 5Ku iivea saved 111 
 itoi; 52- perscais rewarded; .S12 lives saved in 
 \%ioO persons rewarded ; (j^d lives saved, 7K1 
 levijnU iu l*)7. See iJroirjiiiii/, and Linlmii, 
 Dw. iSgO. 
 
 HUMANLSII, a nniiiu f-'iveii to the [diiloso- 
 ifeil studv ef man's personality a- distinsiiisbial 
 Irom ii oliiss, t'speeially advaiierd liy I'elrareh and 
 ^Ihcr energetic advocates id' th' revival of the study 
 ,.( nncicnt classic literature, termed the "new 
 Ifaniiiig," mill (" /''''''"' luiiiiinin.ns") the n^'o of 
 therfN«iji.v""«-. in the mb, istli, and 16th eeiitu- 
 lies, whereby freedom of tlioujiht and language 
 \ci3 sreatly proiiniti'd. 
 
 Hl^ANlTAKIAXS. a small sect in London, 
 |;iumlnl hv Mr. Kaspary. a German Jew. Their 
 iionl principles are set forth in "Tlie Kifti'eii Hoc- 
 triiies of tliu lieli.don of Ciod," written in iSdti. 
 These include pantiieisin and transmigration of.souls. 
 Mcetin;;* of the Humanitarian league held in l.on- 
 i|o„, iSq^f/ .vY/. Their monthly ornau is termed 
 "Huiimuity." See I'usifu-'j riuliisuphij. 
 
 HUMANITY, EeMGION of, sec lUilire 
 flidmphij, and tinidafism. 
 
 HUMILIATI, n congregation of monks, 
 toh.ive been formed by some .Milanese nidiles, 
 Had been imprisoned by Frederick I. ll(>2. 
 order hiiJ more than ninety monasterii ; 
 «:is iibolislied for luxury and cruidty by 
 Pius v., and the houses were given to 
 
 named 
 
 name 
 
 The 
 
 estor of 
 
 of tht^ 
 
 said 
 wlio 
 The 
 
 but 
 poiie 
 
 the 
 
 I 1U3 I ■) l>"« '•■" ••"— --- cj- - 
 
 Diminieans, Cordeliers, and other communities in 
 
 HITMMING-BIRDS. Mr. Gould's beautiful 
 culleftiou of the skins of these birds e.xhiliited at 
 the Zoological Gardens, London, in 1M51, was bought 
 ttitli other birds for the British museum for 3cx)o/., 
 .Vpiil, 1881. His elaborate work on them in hve 
 filio volumes, with richly eoloured plates, was coiu- 
 liltled in 18O2. 
 
 HUNDRED, a Danish institution, was a part 
 
 ifuslaic, Bo called, as is suppo.sed, from its having 
 l)e«n composed of a hundred families, at the time 
 the counties were originally divided, about S97. 
 The hundred-court is a court-liaron held for all tlie 
 inhabitauts of a liundi'ed instead of a mauor. 
 
 996 
 
 I of. I 
 
 HfNiiRKD tiAVs ; n teria kIvcii to Napoleon » resto- 
 
 rati datliii.' fioiii bis arrival hi I'arls, 30 Mnreli, 
 
 ti.lilsde|..ii-tnir (.11 .... j'jJilliB, i8i| 
 
 UeNiaiKO VK.viis' waii, Iu Frciieli history, com- 
 IiKMirccl witli tlie Kiigllsli invasion 111 1337. 
 
 HUNG AliY, part of fho ancient Pannonia and 
 Diieia, w.nsMtijeeted to tlie Uonmiis about I0«), anil 
 retained bv them till the ^id century, when it was 
 seized bv the Goths, who were exiielled aliout t7(> 
 by the I'luiis. See //('«.v, and Attihi. After Attibi's 
 death, in .j^^, the G. pida', and in Siothe LombanU 
 held tlie e.niiitrv. It was ac(|uireil by the Avars 
 about 508, and retained by them till their destruc- 
 tion by Chai bniagne in 'i)f). , Abort 800 tlie 
 country was settled by a Seythiati ' 
 Vingours or L'ngri (whence the 
 U)ii/(ini) and the Mae ars of Kinni 
 child' of the latter, Arp.d (,SHi)), was th 
 ;i lino of kind's (.«(■ AcA-ic). Tlie pn 
 .'il iiryars we.stward wa- . decked by tlieir defeat by 
 th. einper'r Henrv the Kowler, 11.54. Population 
 of the kiudoiii, including Transylvania, piunie. 
 Croatia, ana Slavoiiia, 31 iJee. 1S87, |(),')OI.02 r. 
 in l.Sip, i7,((i3,7!Sc); lieveiiue, iSi)ii. 3_yi;..507,(»)<) 
 tlorins; e.xpeiulitiire 3;v^l=:.f'0o ttorins. lHi».5, 
 income, 3(), 51)^,1 W'^ : ■expenditure, 34,S.)2,H,Vi'' 
 lHi)5,iiicoine,'42',(40,22()/.; expenditure, 41, 2111,2:4/. 
 See Aiinh'id. 
 
 fitcpbeii, f.miiilcrnrtlie inouarehy nt Iliiiigary, em- 
 iMiiccs and eslalilislics Clirisliaiiity ami sutidiies 
 the Slaves, (t.-. , iv,.'ives tile title of Ibe Aimtulio 
 
 klii'i fiuiii the ii.i|..' 
 
 The I'nles -ivernui Hungary 
 
 licla III. intio.Uucs the Greek civillsatinii 1174, ie. 
 
 Uoldcii Hull of Andrew II. granting pei.-aial 
 
 ri;.'lits "22 
 
 Ravages of the Taitars lunUr llic sous nf Genghis 
 Kbali, tlirougluait Uuiigaiy, Uolieiuia, and Kiissia, 
 
 1241 et seij. 
 Ilcatli of Andn w III., end of the yl//i'o/ iliiiu'sln . 1301 
 Vieli.rics of l.niiis the Gnat iu liulgaria, Servia, 
 
 aial balmatia »3-t4-S2 
 
 He laarcbi.'S into Italy and avenges the murder of 
 
 his laotlier. Anilicw, king lit Xiiples . . . 134a 
 Siiugninarv ananliv: Klizabetli. iiuceii of Loins, 
 is drowned: and Kui[i .Mary, the ilau>;liter, mar- 
 ries Sigismond, of L!i-andeul)i,ig ; tliey ;4oVeni with 
 
 great severitv 
 
 [The Hungarians laid an aversiipu to the name 
 i/i(f(?)i; and wliencver a female succeeded ti 
 tlironc, she was lenned kin;!.] 
 Sigisno'ial's atrocious cruelties compel his subjects 
 
 ti. inviti' tlie assistance of the Turks . . . I3t,_. 
 battle ofNlcoiinlis: ilidazet vanipiLslies Sigismoml 
 
 iinil a laigc luniv 23 *'l't. 131,6 
 
 Sigisiuond obtains the crnwu of liobeiaia, and is 
 
 elected eiiipeinr..rGeniiiiny . . ... 1410 
 Albert of Austria succeeds to the throne d 
 
 Hungary . . . ;. ■.,-,•. ; '■♦37 
 
 Victories of the great .lolm Iliiiimades (repub l 
 I illegitimate son of Wigismoiid) over the Turks 1442-4 
 
 Who obtain a truce of ten years 1444 
 
 Hiokeii bv I.adislas, king of Hungary (at the pope .s 
 instigation) ; he is defeated and slain, with the 
 : iwi'al legale, at Varna .... 10 Xov. ,, 
 ' Jnhii Ilnimiades escapes; becomes regent . . 1444-33 
 liaises siege of liclgrade, 14 July ; dies lo.Sejit. . 1456 
 Hungarians insult Tnikisli amb;i>sadors ; war en- 
 sues ; Solvmiiii II. takes Uuda .... 
 Disastrous i.attle of .Molmtz (r-liicli .<«) 29 Aug. 
 
 Hnugary subject to Austria . •„■.■.' 
 
 I'eaee of Vienna, granting toleration to Protestants, 
 
 23 .June, 
 
 t John Sidiieski defeats the Turks in several battles, 
 
 ! and raises the siege of ViiMina . . 12X0, 
 
 The diiki' of Lonaine retakes liudatev'iic/istc) 2Sept, 
 
 I'viuci', I.ouis of liadeu defeats the Turks at .Saleiie 
 
 keineu '9 Aug 
 
 Prince Kngene defeats them at Zenta 11 Sept. 1697 
 Peace of Carlowitz .... 26 Jan. 1690 
 I Pragmatic sanction, autiierisiiig female succession 
 1 to the throne "722-3 
 
 of 
 
 tlie 
 
 1382 
 
 1526 
 
 ifc6 
 
 16S3 
 1686 
 
 1(91 
 
 w' *' 
 
 '^'um 
 
 ri.'.A ' ;5i 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
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 I.I 
 
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 lim »■ 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.4 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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> .4^ 
 
 
 i/j 
 
 
 
4i 
 
 ''^ Th.V."^"'^'"' • "". in^'Usiastlcnlly support" Maria'- 
 
 Theresa iigaiiist Frniice and Bavaria . 
 J he protestniits i>eriiiitt..(l tn liave elmrclics . ' 
 ln(lti,end..iiee ol H.|iij;,ir> ,,',,„rai.tee,l . 
 1 ne aiet meets ; Hiinguriaii academy estal.lislied ! 
 
 rnli?,li,"f •''.'""":*''"'"' «■'"' the Austrian 
 rule, break out int.) rel)elli(m . . nSvut 
 Svfn"V': "'"'t'"^' governor, enunt LamU'ry, 
 by a mob at Pestli; the Hungarian diet api«,int 
 lo?,u ',<'?.',"' B"veniment un.ler Kossuth' and 
 t'hTlfan'^o"/!!'^^;; !« ''■'■'■■' """^-'"-^ -'^feat 
 
 '''♦hB*!''''""""";'' 1" *'"'t<'r» all who acknowle. ge 
 the emperor of Austria as king of Hungary, 
 
 ^M,a!L"r^"*v, '''■f™.'?'' '^y ""• Austrians*^'at 
 Snnkszo, 21 Ueu. ; at Mohr by tile ban Jellmliiili, 
 
 Buda.Pesth tjiken by Win.lisehgriitz . 1 i',m' 
 Bern defeats the Austrians at Herinannsum; 
 
 »739 
 
 1740 
 1784 
 1790 : 
 i8as 
 
 1848 
 
 The diet votes an address to the eniiioror ,1..- ■ ~ 
 
 restoration of the ol<l eonstitutiu,, ' '''*"'•« 
 
 The militarj- begin to U•^•J■ the t-ixes " " ' ," •■ 
 
 ImpiTial rescript refusing the entire in,l,.iK.n,l..', •'''' 
 
 of Hungary, 2, July: tlie diet i.n.tes^ '1 r™ 
 
 and is dissolved . . 1 '""-"tJ*, 2oAii|..; 
 
 The archbishop of Gran, thf primate', indin,™?' 
 I;n.tests «ga„,st the aet of 'the in.perilu'jslll'l.t 
 
 Sununoned to Vienna; he stands firm "'''IV!!'!' 
 The magistrates in the comitat of p,.stl, 1 '' 
 militaiy govenimeiit establislied ■ 1 luss ,.?*■"■ 
 an™ of fli.. i.,,i,iii... ' i'''-"'sni' resist. 
 
 itfi 
 
 ihr 
 
 1849 
 
 Hungary declares itself a free state, Kossuth 
 
 supreme governor ' /;??'; 
 
 The Hungarians defeat tli. Imi.eriHiists befonCi. ml; 
 
 ^'as'sL «,e"l';,«5!"''"'''" """>■ ""■""«»' G"lli."i'."io 
 assist the Austriaiis . . , \( ,,, 
 
 at I'e?ed""""'"'"" *""''"* '''•''''"'* "'"^ Hu'iiK-iians 
 
 '''JriiT''/'" '**r™ *''« ">"'Ka>i«"s am/"!* 
 trians ; fiuiiicr retire . . . , ,., i„iT 
 
 nngnrians defeat Jellaeliicli ^ .' '^j*' 
 he Hungarians defeated bv the Russian's •uS 
 r..treats after th.-ee days' battle . , , ^^,^|' ' 
 
 the Austro-Uussian army . . ,fi i„ I 
 
 lnsui-g«its under Ueni enter MoMavia, 2rJ 1 Iv- 
 
 defeated by the Russians at iJchasslKTg 3, Jii V 
 
 G<i.:gey and his army surrend'er tj the' Russhmt'', 
 Kossuth, Amlrassy, Rem, *e. , cscajie to the Turki'sl'i 
 
 ^rs,^;;te'?„j^;';r'' "■■•'- "-^-^^'t? 
 
 Komorn surren.Iei-s to tlie Atistr'iaus;' close .,f the 
 
 Louis 'Battiiyaiiytrii;i at'Pestli, aiid shot"' ma'm. 
 other lusurgciit cl,j,.fs j.ut to death at An d ft 
 
 ^ri^SiS];;;!""" ""^ """«-'"■' "-K"»«^;;i.' 
 
 Bern dies at Aleppo ' . ' " ' ' '*,''*• 
 
 Count Jiiliiis Aiidiassy, in exile, senteii'ced to death' 
 
 """■a""'-;" uiiced . ' . . „"k;, ' 
 
 cxeci^iln'r'""""" '""" """""'^"l state ;^many 
 
 ''ri'^:;fio'±:;''"'''' "'>"'■•-«''■" '•-"-•-• 
 Amnesty for i,oliti,.al odcndcrs of ■,848-9 ,, jX' ',1^1 
 The emiieror ami cini.ivs.s visit liuda . . Mav' ,s = . 
 During the Italian war in ,859. an insunvction in " 
 Hungary was ,n contemplation, aial cnmmiini,. 
 
 turns took place between Louis X, 1 ' , , 
 
 Kossuth; which ciicumstaiMcs it is sai,! led c 
 .Miipeior of Austria to a.rclc to the pea,-,, of Vi I-' 
 franai so sud.l.-nly, and shortly ,■ ftcrwan s , 
 
 Demand for i-cst<.iati(m of tlij old '( siitution v'. 
 
 miion 01 the JJanat and Voivodina with liiingaiy, 
 
 ric_storation of old constitution pioniised 
 SclimeriiiiK;i|i|.oiut.d miMi.stcr 
 ^ati(lnal conference at (iniii 
 Demand for the constitution of ,'848 
 The cnipcior promulgates a new liberal 
 
 tion tortile cmiiirc 
 Which does not satisfy the Hun^aiian's 
 Hungarian diet opened 
 Meeting of the l;.i,l.»ial'n al'vicii'na: no 
 
 present from Hungarv or Croatia 
 
 1850 
 
 1S51 
 853-5 
 
 (Jet. 
 
 20 Oct. 
 
 13 Dec. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 coiistitii- 
 
 . 26 Feb. 
 
 .March, 
 
 (■.April. 
 
 bed at I esth ; intense excitement . s Mav 
 
 1861 
 
 aneeof the nobility 
 Amnesty declared l/.r political olfeiiei's nii'd 
 tion of prosecntions . '"„..■. 
 
 sp^ar :^"""«"'"^^ '"' p»''ii«'H.ig s,'n^:;;; 
 
 The emperor visit's Bmla-Pesth'; wHl o.n'iv'','' 
 I inauguration of a new policy; the riLl ts f '''■ 
 I gary t-. be restoreil . Hfeiits „r h,,,,. 
 
 Iniperial rescript, abolishing the repnseiitat'iv, "'■ 
 
 sti ution of the en e, with the view o' ',-'''' 
 
 independence of Hmigarv, &c ""'li"''!-' 
 
 The Deak or nioderaU' party demand resto.i'tiri'f 
 the inouarchy, with a respon.sible govCli',',,;',:,,';; 
 
 The enijieror visits Pesth ; the diet onencl ,"o"^' 
 
 Carl Szentivanyi elected inesilicn; "!"''' ',* ' fc' 
 
 Emperor and empress arrive at Pesth , ' 
 
 Hungarian legions .join the Prussian arna I,,,'!,"' 
 
 Prolonge.l political negotiations for' atitni,„a,v' 
 Deak and natuinal ,, arty wearied, ,C;;;:ri; 
 
 Hungariiu, diet opened by a conciliatory rcs,.j','il; 
 
 Deak's address in reply, deman.ling the rest'.a-rm'i' 
 
 i^^!'mai;;;^{;?"^""--'""'"'"^'"-5i^s: 
 
 JI..HM,pposition to the convocation of tiie & 
 
 Restoration of tli'e constitution' of iLs',,, h,;'i"' ' 
 pendent ministry appointe.l, heaSf 'b; , l 
 Julius Andra.ssy . •' "'I'"' 
 
 [Aiidra.ssy carries free.lon'i of ihe liiess.'reialLl ,'f 
 
 ^ HUW .'"'"':''' ''*^""''' i">'"rpoi.atio„ ,vi,l, 
 
 The emperor and emp'ress 'erow'ued 'at liiidVwiti; 
 
 the ancient ceremonies . uii'uwitli 
 
 Amnesty granted for all political otlVncei r. i!!l"'' 
 I'l-^^ '■'"■ iti"" Hilt to th!., eiiipein /'^oU'ih ,K 
 
 hestowed on orphans and invalids ^'Jjl' 
 Discussion bi.twcen the Austriaiis and Ilii,°,, . "j ' 
 
 ..s,,ect„,g^,he division of the liabi^!^"t:t 
 A linam-ial convention signed 'by di^MM^. ' 
 
 Kossutirs letter to his constituents at \\-ai'tl-'!.'iI' ' 
 
 .tciLsunng Jeak and the niodeiat,. pa v n,?' 
 
 Deak.io,iied by Klapka and other lih'c,',; ' ^ '■ " 
 
 The .\azaiviies." a sect resemblinj. Oaak'ciN l,' " 
 
 I'ome prominent '^ vii.imi> ik- 
 
 Bills Inr liiiaiicial arrangement with Austria ■|,'mi " 
 for Jewish emancipation, received ro.valL,, ',';,' 
 
 First trial by .jury of press otfeifes; (fine and 'in,' " 
 
 '';::!;!,!sK{il''''''''''''''^'-'''^"''-'^^^)* 
 
 A Croatian deputation accepts uiii'on with llm^y, " 
 
 Prinoe Napoleon Jerome's visit; waniily ivn.iv^a,' " 
 
 Dispute respecting the appoitionnieiit of tl.e'!Z','v " 
 
 '^'^ipen,;'^ '865eh,sed with ,m address' fi^if^e " 
 
 '"'TnfnMi.r"^''''*'"''^"" "''"'''''''■''"'' ■■^"'^'•1'''''^'^ " 
 
 ''S;;lhp;;;t^:;i'^^--r^-'''^^ 
 
 Boyal Hungarian guard organised . ' . ' 9 FeK 
 
 i;fj 
 litj 
 
 iSC; 
 
 jlie diet, after sitt 
 
 iSJj 
 
HUNGARY. 
 
 651 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 
 , wilier of iloi'iitii's meet . . . 22 Apnl, 
 
 nnins tif L<i»'» Untthyiiiiy (extputcd iiiul jiri- 
 Jiidv biiriiKi, Oct. 1849), re-iuterrcd solciiinly in 
 ,v wililii' tPi"'*'^'. Pi'sth . . . 9 June, 
 .'1 'j^|„inisi<yiiroiiiotes tlie neutrality iif Austria 
 in tlif f>«n™-Geniian war . . . July, 
 
 1 ii.li Ecitvoa, autlKir, iiatriot, and ininibter, died, 
 ■'"jL.lylamfnte.l.ageasS • • ■ s/i'^- 
 1,1(1111111 militar)' iimnu'uvn-s, near Waitzen, 22 Hejit. 
 ■"" c( sen. 
 inlransy succeeds count vim Beust aH foreign minis- 
 tint Vieuiin ; count Lonyay, Hungarian iireniier, 
 
 14 Nov. 
 ,,,, jiet after sitting three years, dissolved, 
 " 16 Ajiril, 
 
 Fifctiiiii'' ■ increased nuvjoiity of the Deak or con- 
 \iitiitional I'arty, July ; iliet opened 4 Sept. 
 
 Hfsii-Miatieii of the count Lonyay ministry, 2 Dec. ; 
 
 ■.'jliivv f""!'" '1 '"'"'"^''y • •, ■ • ,^'='=- 
 Tlie Fiiiiiie railway partly opened . . 2i June, 
 R ida-Peiith foniially constituted the capital, Nov. 
 Siiijstry resigns ; crisis ; Uitto forms a ealiiuet, 
 
 20 March, 
 Parliament closes . . • • . . 14 Aug. 
 Ministrj' resigns, 11 KeVi. ; ooalituiu niiuistry under 
 ■ (.jrciiivou WeiK-klieim loriiied, 26 Fdi. — i March, 
 Electiuiis ; greatly in favour of government July, 
 Kdloiiiaii Tisza, chief of tlic ministry . 20 Oct. 
 Dentil of the Constitutional jiatriot, Francis Dcak, 
 
 28 Jan., state funeral .... 3 Feb. 
 Ministerial crisis ; Tisza resigns ; remains in office 
 
 Fell. 
 p.-oieeteil raid into Roumani.T to favour the Turks 
 
 elieeked ; censured by Klapka . ('ud of Sejit. 
 Mislinlez nearly destroyed liy a watci-spuut, 30 Aug. 
 kesipiatioii of Szell, finance minister, 26 Sept. ; 
 
 followed by that of the Tisza ministry . 4 Oct. 
 lisa ministry retained modified . . 5 Dec. 
 Uistre-ssiiig iiinndation at Szegcdiu ; great loss of 
 
 life and niucli property (sec Ininuhawnf), 
 
 12, 13, March, and 12 Dec. 
 Murder of lord chief justice George von Majlath 
 
 von Szeldiely, about .... 29 iMar. 
 Joseph Scliarf and nine other Jews tried at Nyircghy- 
 
 haza f'lr alleged niuider of a Christian maid, 
 
 Esther Sulymosi (on I April, 1882) . June, 
 
 Ai-uuitteil 3 Aug. 
 
 Violent anti-jewi.sh riots IVstli, Zala, Kgcrsseg, &o. 
 
 July, Aug. ; martial law iiroclaiiiied 29-30 Aug. 
 Three men convicted of the murder of the <'liier 
 
 justice 6 Oct. 
 
 Iliirty-six Socialists arrested at I'estli ; many ex- 
 
 idled about 13 Mar. 
 
 Lilieral majority in the elections, about 13 June, 
 Xatioiial exhibitinii at liuda-l'cstli opened liy_the 
 
 tmpenir 2 May"; closed .... 4 Nov. 
 lii-centciiary of tlie recapture of liuda from the 
 
 Turlis celehrateil 2 Mc]it. 
 
 P.iiiic in the Kiaiiciscau church iu liadua tlirougli 
 
 iKnitioii of the altar cloth ; 15 persons crushed to 
 
 .Icatli 12 .Sept. 
 
 M. Tinza declares for maintenance of the treaty of 
 
 lierlinand liulgniiau independence . 30 Kept. 
 Increastilanny estimates voted . . 5 .March, 
 Aceiileiit through cxiilosiou of dynamite at Jasz 
 
 Beieiiy near I'esth ; 27 persons killed 5 July, 
 llrnnze statue of Francis Di-ak unveiled liy the 
 
 1869 
 
 1B70 
 
 It 
 1871 
 
 i> 
 
 1872 
 ■873 
 
 >» 
 
 1874 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 "-79 
 1883 
 
 1S84 
 
 1S85 
 1886 
 
 emperor 
 
 ) 8ei.t. 
 
 .,,.., 20 hei 
 
 Great opposition to M. Tisza's army bill ; deiin 
 stration in liuda-l'esth .... Feb. 
 
 Tlie Binall town of I'aks totally destroyed by lire 
 
 20 July, 
 
 Tlie army ordered tobestyled "Iniiicrialand lioyai" 
 by desire iif the Hungarian ministry . 19 Oct. 
 
 Count Julius Audrassy dies in Istria, iB F'eb. ; 
 funeral service at Diida-lVsth ; tlic emiieror niid 
 ministry present, 21 Feb. ; buried in family vault 
 at Terebes 22 Feb. 
 
 M. Tisza, the premier, an earnest liberal, resigns, 
 through opposition of his colleagues, 7 March, 
 succeeded by ci'Uiit Julius Kzapiiry 13 .March, 
 
 The town of .Moar burnt, estimated damage 2,000,000 
 
 florins 
 
 7 Aug. 
 
 111111113 > • I • • • t y 4>ii^- 
 
 Inveiling at Aiad of the national monument of the 
 i3geiirrals executed 6 Oct. 1849 . . 6 Oct. 
 
 .\t Uistritz (Ml tlie Waag, about 30 persons were 
 drowned by the upsetting of a ferry -uoat, 10 Nov. 
 
 1890 
 
 Death of cjirdinal John .Siimir, archbishop of Oran, 
 primate of Hungary, wlio crowned the king and 
 ([Ucen in 1867, 23 Jan. ; succeeded by arch-ahbot 
 (jiaude Vaszara i Nov. 
 
 Currency reform bills (gold to be the basis) intro- 
 duced into the diet 14 May, 
 
 Death of gen. Klapka, the hero of Koniorn [buried 
 at Buda-Pesth] . . . about 17 May, 
 
 The 25th anniversary of the coronation of the em- 
 peror as king celebrated ... 8 June, 
 
 Destructive inundations near Komoni, ic. , about 
 
 15 June, 
 
 Celebration of the 90th birthday of L. Kossuth {»ce 
 above, 1849) ; Pfesent to him of a sum of money, 
 
 19 Sept. 
 
 The currency reform bill passed, ig July ; first new 
 gold coin presented to the emjieror . 19 Oct. 
 
 Hesignation of count Hzai«iry, 9 Nov. ; a new 
 cabinet formed by Dr. Wekerle . 16 Nov. 
 
 Conference of the bishops, supported by the pope, 
 opposing obligatory civil marriages, &c., as pro- 
 posed by the government, 15 Dec. 1892 — 5 March, 
 
 Disastrous floods in various parts tlirough over- 
 flowing of the Danube, reported . 28 Feb. 
 
 Riot at Szoboszlo, near Debreczin, against market 
 tolls ; suiipressed with bloodshed . i March, 
 
 The Ultramontane minority in the chamber active 
 in opposition ; the government iiolicy supjiorted 
 by tlie municipalities .... March, 
 
 Coolness between the government and the Vatican 
 in relation to Italy . . . March— April, 
 
 Attempt on the life of cardinal Vaszary, the pri- 
 mate, by a former servant ; the defending secre- 
 tary seriously wounded ... 10 April, 
 
 The author and publisher of the pamphlet 
 "Keplica," for att.acking the government, lined 
 and imprisoned 31 Aug. 
 
 A I'an-Hoiimauian agitation for a formation ot a 
 Roumanian state ileuounced by the Hungarian 
 minister 7 Oct. 
 
 A royal ordinance, supersi>ding the Austrian court 
 functionaries by Hungarians at Uudapest, issued 
 
 26 Nov. 
 
 Jubilee of the literary career of Moritz Jokai, 
 eminent writer ; 100 vols. ; born in 1825, 6-8 Jan. 
 
 Bancjuet of Hungarians iu London . 9 Jan. 
 
 "Louis Kossuth's Library, " purchased by a com- 
 mittee, to be kept intact in the national museimi 
 at Un.iniiest ilarch, 
 
 Louis Kossuth born 16 Sept. 1802, iu .Mouok, co. 
 Zemplin ; (lied at Turin . . 20 March, 
 
 Funeral service at Turin ; public deinoiistratious of 
 respect 28 March, 
 
 Public ^lneral at 'iudapost, after lyiug-in-state ; 
 immense coiicou.te of people; oration by .M. 
 Moritz Jokai i April, 
 
 Trial of the Pau-Rouiiianian party (20 members) for 
 illegality, 7 .May; seiileiiceil to terms of imprison- 
 ment, viuying from 8 montlis to 5 years, 25 .May, 
 
 The civil marriage bill rejected by the magnates, 
 
 10 .May, 
 
 Resignation of the Wekerle ministry, about i June ; 
 re-constructed 10 June, 
 
 The civil marriage bill passed by the magnates, 
 
 21 June, 
 
 Messrs. Wolfner & Co.'s tanning works burnt, at 
 Neupest, ii(?ar Builapesl, with loss of life; 
 1, 000, cxxj II. damage .... i July, 
 
 The magnates and lower house pass 3 bills granting 
 freeiioiii of religious worship, and recognizing the 
 Jewish religion 29 Oct. 
 
 Royal assent 10 Dec. 
 
 M. Francis Kossuth takes the oath of allegiance to 
 the king 26 Nov. 
 
 Resignation ot Dr. Wekerle's (liberal) ministry, 
 
 21 Dec. 
 
 Ministry formed by baron Baully; gazetted, 
 
 16 Jan. 
 
 The Ultramontane party styled the "people's 
 party," issue a inngiamnie deiiiaudiug reforms, 
 lireservatiuu of the H. C. laitli, free education. 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 
 ■893 
 
 1894 
 
 (.Vc. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 General opp(,.sitiuii jiiid rejection of the cl.auae for 
 the reeeplion of the Jewish faith in the freedom 
 of worship bill line to the papal allocution, 
 March ; operation of tlie law (lel»ye(l, April ; the 
 house again sends the bill unchangeil to the 
 
 
 m' ) 
 
 (i;/%c"*»M 
 
 ' ".rf » r' *i,. 
 
 mm 
 
Iw 
 
 protest 
 
 ii'»|M'Ctin>,' tli( 
 
 iiiiDfio, J[-r. AL'liiiril 
 
 f')r ti-aiisinPNHi( 
 
 rcimliict of till' liMpiii 
 
 1895 
 
 Kalnoky, 3 M 
 tranHiiii.ssr 
 
 ri to li 
 
 i, pri'lKllv.! Iiy hlll-,,11 ijMMti 
 
 .■i.v ; till. 1 
 
 is ili>Iii>i..l hv niVni't 
 »n iniiiisti.rH nirrci' to tlio 
 
 Mi 
 
 iiy; rcsiniiatiiin ni 
 
 ilitler. 
 
 Royiil assent toll., ,„ „ , 
 Wpecial net i,t |,.iili,ii,„,|it 
 
 ".' "ftlie 1- iiiistrnTiee to tl' 
 
 Vat it 
 
 ■eiioeswitlitlieV 
 
 unt Kalnoky, 16 .Mav 
 
 iitieMnaiiiiea!ilyseille.|,M 
 
 iene»eeel,.sia,.tieail,il|s, I'.lnlv' 
 
 Mill 
 
 founilatioii of tl 
 
 I' nioii.-ireln 
 
 HI enliiiiieiiioiatioll of till 
 
 li'iiiiial exhihitioii at, |!i„i 
 
 1« 
 
 ■■1 
 
 21 AjiiH, 
 
 Hiiiperor.khiK; a'Mivss I 
 
 ai est, opiMieil hv tlii 
 
 1S06 
 
 of eoniii.. 
 fJraml VV /), 
 
 ■ .M, 
 
 ly; el. 
 
 y .M. D 
 
 ..1 
 
 aniel. 
 
 t'oiitiratiil.'itioiis Id tl 
 
 •I'm at the eathe.lral 
 
 Iilltiister 
 ^ Nov. 
 
 Viet 
 The H 
 
 ai.i .iiiil til, 
 
 Fir 
 
 "rii.aii,in 
 speech by tli. 
 
 ,,1"' elill.e1„|..|;i|,j, (i-oii 
 
 llier, 
 
 kiiehi 
 
 |.\plO; 
 
 Parli 
 
 many persons kille.l 
 
 1 .Ma\-, 
 
 1 i|lli.en 
 
 's . . . .Mav, 
 
 llpli.s its new house, 
 
 . , ■ • . ii .luile, 
 
 >»> at the towii.h,.ill, Kuiif. 
 
 pailialiient oO( 
 ''lliP''lol-kMli; 
 
 ^ poiteil 
 Flection? 
 
 aineni ili,ssolv(.il, will. 
 
 1.1 .llll.N 
 
 a eheeifiii .speech ; i-i 
 
 IS, 2SOet; Kieat liherai 
 
 '^'■'■I'l von Pa| 
 
 Collllcilliil, 1,1, III ,j<.,.^ ,||,,,| 
 
 majoritv 
 
 •nl slatesni 
 
 5 "ft. 
 •;o Oct. 
 
 nlliel I 
 
 "'lueeii lil,.po|j(.,.,-,|„| , 
 
 p'Tsoiis kill,.,l: 1 
 
 . polt,.,l 
 
 iiinersii(T,.n 
 
 6. hi 
 
 ■oiirt 
 
 Ele 
 
 ines h,.!,l |,y the tivoje 
 
 til,, t 
 
 ti(ai ijots, at liosnv; 
 
 l.OII;^. 
 
 roop; 
 
 lepoili.,1 
 
 "■onlllcl ill the iliet 
 
 .M. I- 
 
 enil,.|l hv 
 
 ''olll|,l(,lilis 
 
 'rancis Pulszkv, ei 
 
 21 .(•■in. 
 
 , 14 pelMJlls kiil,.,l liv 
 
 . 2;.\Ia.v, 
 
 ■■^l liil,^ th,. iniv hill ; 
 
 .liilv. 
 
 frii.nil ol Kc 
 
 lien 
 
 uith. ili,.,| 
 
 '",' ' IKitriotaiiilschola' 
 
 Th, 
 
 at, Toti, 
 
 erection ol 
 
 inperor pivsi'iii al thearinv 
 ■5.'^ept. ; at Ihl.l.ipest . ' 
 
 1 hist 
 
 pest, olileieil hv th. 
 
 .rieal 1 
 
 9 >Sept. 
 
 niano-nvres 
 20 .Sept. 
 
 noninnents at lin.l;i- 
 
 cost ; iiiiicli jjop'iilai i.iitl 
 
 iop"!or-kinj; at his 
 
 lie provisional e\t,.| 
 
 Bill fort I 
 (cMstoni 
 
 introilnc,.,| hv tlie'.i'i', 1 ., ,, 
 (•omit Alheit Appoiiyi In t 
 
 liiisiasin 
 
 own 
 
 26 Sept 
 
 an.l 
 
 illlllieni.il tl 
 
 IJ 
 
 pas 
 
 ■'I hy the' I 
 
 iisioii of the A lis.ilrhi, 
 aly) with Anstria, 
 
 ■ : .-reat s|ii ii III 
 
 avonr or tlii. hill, ,y 
 
 passeil hy th(. ili,.t , 
 
 Discont 
 
 tl 
 
 ;ent at r, 
 
 .cent 
 
 Aurai 
 
 'le.inst claims of i| 
 
 lower 1 
 SI ial lej-isiat 
 
 peasiiitrv 
 
 2 ih.atl. 
 I..oyal nihil 
 
 ■ian .socialist riotiiij;. in tl 
 
 13 Keh. 
 
 VHr.sniy of tl 
 
 stoti, 
 
 Coiifei 
 
 ■enci 
 
 "Wiin 4,l,.atli . 
 Iieempi.rorkin- on tli 
 
 i(;43 
 
 eich . 
 
 3 .Ian. 
 
 ion ifjiioriiiu- 
 
 . Feh. 
 
 Sza holes ilistrict : 
 
 1S9S 
 
 ! oiistiluii 
 
 rcsiiectin- the An 
 
 31 .M.arch 
 
 5otli aniii. 
 
 II April, 
 
 :4-3J An,;;. 
 
 997. St. Slepl; 
 
 ■I'lien, link,, of Hnn;;;,,-!- (s, 
 
 t'lhlish,.,! the Hoi 
 
 lltholie ivl 
 
 n of Gei.sa) ; cs- 
 
 iimlrcceivi.ilfi„„ni„,|,„'„.j,„. ,.,',; 
 
 Kii 
 
 still I 
 
 '<iiigof IlniiK 
 
 loriie hy the em 
 
 if.'ioii (1000). 
 ol' Apostolic 
 
 1038. Peter, the C 
 1041. Aha or (Iv 
 
 erinaii ; ileiuwcil. 
 
 1044. I'ef 
 
 *<'r, a^aiii : ileposeil ; ami hi 
 
 1047. Amircw I, : ,1 
 
 piisci 
 
 peror of Austria 
 
 I'VCS put o,it. 
 
 io6i. Hcla I,: kiile.l hv the fall „f 
 1064. .Sal 
 
 i.im son of Amlie\ 
 
 1075. (icisa I, son ol Dcia 
 1077. l..i.lisl;is I. the Pious, 
 son ofUeisa. 
 
 a ruimnis towi.r. 
 
 1095. Coloman, 
 
 1114. .■Stephen II 
 
 1131. Uela II.: hail his 
 
 1141. (icis.i II, 
 
 1161. Htciili 
 
 ii.iiiieil Thumler. 
 
 il his eyes jiut out. 
 
 suirceileil hv his s.,l 
 
 1 173- liel.l III 
 
 ';'n'; "i;.,";i:^!';e:"'' '^- <—">•) 
 
 119O. Fn 
 
 sinceeilcl hv hi 
 
 Nciii-: sncce,.ilii| hv'liis 
 
 son of Itel.i IK 
 
 1M4. Lailislas II 
 
 1205. AmiK.w II. 
 
 1235. H'jla I\-. 
 
 1270. Stephen IV, (or V.) his 
 
 272. Failislas III.: I, 
 
 SIX months only. 
 
 1290. Amliew III, 
 
 illcil. 
 urn.imeil the Veuetia 
 
 noi. W 
 
 Hoilolphof Ilapshiir;. ,„ 
 
 || th,. li.mse of Arpail), ilii'il 
 
 n. snu-iii-],a\v of 
 <-mpi.rorofGeriuany(last 
 
 ■'■llceslii.. ..f Ijoli 
 
 1301. 
 
 will 
 
 pne wav to 
 
 "'•'..I'l'l (1305)01111, of Ua 
 
 1309. <.'h.Moheit, III' c'l 
 
 >342. hi 
 
 larlcs Roliei.) ,,f ,\ 
 
 ll.iou. 
 
 His I. the Great; clccteil king'of Poi, 
 
 aiul, 
 
 '370. 
 
 ;^sr/'*'<".p'' f"";"' '*''■"" -"^''''Y. 'lim^hter of I ■ ~ ^^ 
 iSSs-o. thailes Hunizzi, '■-""' "i hoim 
 
 1387. Jlary ami her c'oli.sort SimsnioiMi . „ , 
 
 "• «'.i.;is ml. ami ohtains t ,,;,"""'• ''■■"*., 
 
 ^,.fr'.i<;y, JJoheniia, ami Gen „| • , " V' «•■! 
 
 1439. Ehzaheth alone: sh,. m:u ■ ,s ^ ' ''''•■•* ^'^I'luilv. 
 .4..0. Lailislas IV kiiiK of P„la,i,i:„,„.|,i„,,,. , ' 
 
 was I.aihslas VI. : slain at V „, '' ''"'•''* k 
 
 1444. [Intenvj.'iiiuii. I ' oii.i. 
 
 1445. John HuMuiailes, re.'ent 
 '^=^' ,V';','r!'" '^'- I"'«'li'"ii"ns.son „f Ml,,.,.,. , , 
 
 ,. .Vatllii:,s-(,i,ivinus, s,,n of llu, a ■ | ' ' l""*«'"i 
 H-jo. I.a,lislasVI. kiii^- of jj„|,„|, .',"," ;'''■-• 
 
 iiiiiii"ilaiil,.laimtoh„tli|'i,;,.i;;,;'"'l"'"r'fc.- 
 1516. Loins II. of lli,nj,,,,v (I of ,„,'", 
 
 ifc at tl„. hattl,r„,-.M!,|,;,'j J'"'""i'a):k,s„i,, 
 'John Z.ip,,lski, waivo,le of 'r,..,|,„,.iv • 
 
 ■ytliclluii,arians,an,isu;:^ !";''!■ *'H 
 
 , tan ftolyiiian: hv treatv w tl i' ""■-'"■ 
 
 .326. / toumls the princip.iliJy«;:j' Vl^Hl^-J; '; 
 
 Fcrdimiml I kin^- of I!oIu.,„i:i 1„„,,, , , 
 . "iipcror fharh.s V. ; rival kin .J '' ' 
 
 .540. l7M.inamlal,,ne:el,.,.t,.,|,.,ii,,,. -\.. 
 iS^Ki. .Maxunihan, SOU; cnii.eror fi, , , ""^■■ 
 .572. Hoilolpli,si;n:ei,,i,,,' ' 'f'H- 
 ihuS. Matthias II. hiot' 1 „,■,';„ , 
 
 '';'^- j'Vniiiian.iii. sii,; I.;:: ""«■=■ 
 
 1625. K,-i,„,.,i„i 111.,,,,,. ,.|„|„'.,.„,,'- ,. 
 "^^•''h^'Si.!.^'-^""-'^^''^-^3Uuccyc:.,.„,„,„ 
 
 '''=-^t;:r„^-i,„!:;!:"'" A'^a^-..li,.r, :„„| I, ,, 
 
 1741. M.iria-Theiesa, ilaiiL'hfi.r- 1.,,,,,. 
 
 ■onsort, HiiperorFl'inc "'^;i;„,r'-^'i.. 
 
 17S0; seel.V.Mc,,,, ' '" 'r-5 «l.l. 
 
 17S0. Joseph II. son, emperor in ,,6,. „,,,.,, , 
 
 lIuuKirv on the ih'.iti, ,,c 1 , ' ■ ', ■ "" 'clo t 
 
 1792. Francis I. .son (Francis II. as e„i„i.,.„,. ,f c 
 
 ^'''' ''tisiH;' '■■ ^""= ^'^'■'' ■■'!. as ,.„„,„,,, 
 
 1S4S. Fram.is-.In.seph, emiicror of • „,i 
 
 'vc'i-ii ou the afiiiic'iti,,; !, rv,r- 
 
 1848: crowncil kinyof ii '.^ , ' ' ' " 
 
 road, Laiuhctli, opened I Mav i,Si- ■, ' 
 
 ''"«■■> in July, ,,S<j, to umke'v,; 1 >?i„ ' , '">'' 
 
 0'/'U-/< *«■). Ihc luarlcet (ojK.ticd i„ J, K- , 
 was ivmovod it the same tiiiit.. • ' ■'■'■ ' 
 
 HUNS, a race of warlike Asi'iti,* =.,; 1 1 1 
 oo.tquered China, about 210 . t ,1 p, ', ."J'"' 
 expoMed therefVotn about^'lh'V "^ ,"^;^^- 
 Huttgary, about 37(,, and drove nu t Ic Go ' 
 Marclmij;. westward, tiiuler Attihi, tlu.v Ct ' 
 
 ;-"f t^;52."' '"'"""' ">• '"^ ™-"' ^^- 
 
 RordIil^^K>^ ORATIOX, an„„:,llv»t.l,.. 
 Hojal College of burgeous, L„„do„, mumlcd ,^,\ 
 
 , ,.HUNTERIAX SOCIETY (sui-ical) e.! 
 bhsl.ed ].el,. .8,,,; Hrst pix'dcle.tt, dr Mfc. .ii 
 See .S,(,-ffn,i.s, CuUege of. '" 
 
 of Hawktng and Iu-.ty„,J- bv Datne J,* 
 liarncs, was printed at St. Alban's, 14,*,. • 
 
 to^■S,^'^'"^''i^^9^'• Huntingdonshire, a Sav.a 
 to«u, a royal castle was ,t.,ctcd here by £Jwd 
 
 HUNTIXGDOJ 
 
HUNTINGDON CONNECTION. <5o;i 
 
 HYDE PAEK. 
 
 I ike Elder, )1 7; tlic towii was iiicorporutcd iii 11.S9. 
 Id'mT Croiii^'i'lli tliB prntt'ctiir. was Ikhh lici-f 
 (j; April, I5'>> I'opiilatiijii. iSSi, 4,22s; i8i)l, 
 
 Hl-XTIXGDON CONNECTION, sec 
 
 I fitiUJiclditfa- 
 
 HURRICANES, see Cijchiies niul filjniis. 
 
 Hl'SSAES, Hungarian militia, iirovidi'd hy 
 I llii liiuJholdi'rs ; instituted liy .Mattliias Corviuus, 
 Ij'^,utl359. (Hussar isdcrivi'd lioni /,«.«, 20 ; and 
 I jr, price.) Tlie liritish Hussars were I'uriilk'd in 
 
 HUSSITES. After tlie drath nf Huss,* many 
 (fill- followers took up anus, iu 141^. and funned ii 
 tolitial party unili'r John Ziska, and built the 
 IciivofTiiW. Hf dfftMtrd the emperor Sinismoiul, 
 ll'Julv, 1420, and a short tiuee followed. ZisUa, 
 fajfj at the siege of Uahi. beat all the armies 
 itniagiiinst him. He died of the plague, i,S Oct. 
 1^4, and ia said to liavu ordeicd a drum to be made 
 (t Ms skill '0 terrify his enemies ev.'n after death. 
 Two Hussite generals, named I'roeopius, defeated 
 iti. iiiiperiahsts in 1431 ; and a tinijiorary inaee 
 rBiUfii. Divisions took place ajuoiiu' tne H'ussites, 
 aiioiljoMav, 1434, they were <lef,.aled, and I'ro- 
 rtfius the ekler slam at liomisehbrod or Lippau. 
 Tiikition was gnnited by the treaty of Iv:lau, and 
 S«iiiiioii(l entered Prai;ue 2.5 Au;;-. 145(7. The Hus- 
 fllri oppnsi'd his successor, Aliart ot Austria, and 
 taiW Cii.<imir of Poland to the tlinme ; but were? 
 to'tatfJ in 1438. A portion of the Hussites exi.sted 
 ia the time of Luther, and were called "Bohemian 
 lirftliri'ii." 
 
 HUSTINGS (said tn he derived from /loime 
 mil, an assembly among the .Vngb^-Saxons), an 
 Mrtit court of London, being its supreme court of 
 juJiiature, as the c(iurt of common council is of 
 k'L'lature. The (.'ourt of liHstiiiiij.s was granted to 
 thidty of London, to beholden and kei)t weekly, 
 by Edward the Confessor. 1052. One w.is ludd to out- 
 ik defaulters, Uuildliall, 'London, b Dee. kS;o ; 
 rjlirrsin 18S2 and 7 July, l.Si)(). Aljove 4.000 w ills 
 lire "11 the roll of the court, conimeiicin:; with the 
 jjnl year of king Henry IU. Winchester. Lincoln, 
 
 irk, ic, were also granted hustiniis courts. 
 
 HUTCHINSONIANS ineludtd many emi- 
 
 I iifit clergy, who did not lorm any seet, liiit held 
 
 till' opinions of John Hutchinson, df Yorkshire 
 
 ('KI-Tj') ; "I'T rejected the Kewtonian system, 
 
 I Slid loutenilt'd tliat the scriptures contain a coinpli'te 
 
 I svstem of niitural philosophy. His work, " J/ovci' 
 
 Umcifm," was published iri 1724. He derived all 
 
 I thiiii's from the air, whence, he saiil, proceeded tire, 
 
 liiht, iiiid spirit, types (d' the Trinity. In 1712 he 
 
 I invented a time-piece for finding the'longitude. Ho 
 
 I died in 1737. 
 
 HUXLEY MEMORIAL. Great me(-tiiig 
 
 I (i| .ftiiend connnittce at .lermyn street, London. 
 
 fcsidvi'd that a statue by Mr. (jnslow I-'ord be set 
 
 I up in the Natural History Museum, S. Kensington, 
 
 I intdals, &e., 27 Nov. 1895. 
 
 ' TliiHte}!)- hiiving instigated the Jioiie to issue a bull 
 lajaitetlieMics, Juliii Huss(l„pni in Unliemia iu 137J), a 
 |iciil'iu.<iirraeluT of tlic Hi^lonaaliun, was citcl to ain'cir 
 Jlttiirc a cuuncil ot ilivims at Constance, tlic eiaiicror 
 I Si|,isinraul si'inling liini a salc-c.iiuluct. He prcscuteil 
 I liiiiiself aoconUniily, liut was tlirowu into priscui, and 
 I uflti .sume niontlis' cMnliiicMiejit w;is adlu.A;,",'d to Ite 
 
 iiimiil alivi', wlacli lie cinliuvil witli rcsigiiatiun, 6 or 7 
 I Jiil.v. 1415. Jeioiiic of I'la^'iie. liis intimate Irieml, wlio 
 lfmftiitliisiiiun.il to support and .sccoiul liini, also 
 
 sulftiwl (kith Ijy Uie, 30 .May, 1416, idtliougli \m also bad 
 liijfti'ouduet. 
 
 HYDASPES, u rive.' in India, where Ah'.v- 
 ander the Great defeated Porus, after a severely 
 contested engagement; 327 ii.c. 
 
 HYDE-PAEK (London, W.),' the ancient 
 ■ manor of Hyde, belonging to the abbey of AVest- 
 i minster, beciune ci-own jiroperty at the ilissolution, 
 I I.S3v It was s(dd by ])arliament in i()i;2 ; but wa» 
 1 resumed by the king at the restoration in 10(X). 
 The Serpentine was formed 1730-53. " Hyde- 
 j J'ark,'' b\ J.dni Ashton. published 1890. 
 
 Cnl.issal statue of Achilles, cast fnaii cannon taken 
 in llic l.attlcs of .-Salaniaiica, Vittnria, Tiailoiisc, 
 and Wateilc.i. and iiiserilicd to " .\rtliur, iMikcf 
 WcUiii^'toii. luiil his I an ve cuiapaninusinaniis, hv 
 
 their e.ilimiywullica, ■ eivrtc.l nil . . iSJlUle, 1822 
 
 Hyde Park collier ciiiiaiicr crectcil .... 182S 
 .^hu■llle arcli Irniii lJiii-liiiij;li,iiii I'alare set up at 
 
 Cumlicrlaiid tlutc , . . .25 .March, 183.5 
 Crystal i.alacc eiectcil for the great cxiiiliitiou. . 1S51 
 DistiulMiices ill ciiii.sei|uc-iice cif a Wiuidav liill bay. 
 In;; liecii lir.iii;;lit liftiac iiarliaiii.ut liy lord Holicrt 
 tirosveiior, wliiili was eventually witlidiawii. 
 
 .Mindays, 2,( Jiiiic, and t and 8 July, 1S55 
 Uiotous meetinjis held here, on account of the lilgli 
 
 price oflnead . . Sundays 14, 21, 28 Oct. ., 
 Dcni.icratlc nicctiiiHS on tlie rctoviai[Uestioii, .March, i85i> 
 Tlic ipiecu reviewed 18.450 volunteers . 2; June, i860 
 Great nieeting ofadiiuicr.sufOaiilialdi, 28 Sept.; who 
 are vi.ilciitly attacked by the Irisli ; iiiauv jicrsons 
 
 Wiiunded "5 Oct. 1S62 
 
 rulilie iiieetlii>;s in the park prohibited , 9 Oi't. ,, 
 20,000 volunteers reviewed by the prinec of Wales, 
 
 28 .May, 186+ 
 Troposed rebiriii meeting in the pi'.k ojiposed'; 
 great rioting; tlie p.diiit;s Ipn.keiidic,, a, and iiiueli 
 damage ibuie; lieicu cuiillietswitli the police, .iiiil 
 
 many hnit 23, 24 July, 1866 
 
 .Si'c 7'( lai'.-t leailiT, 4 June, 1898. 
 reacel'ul reloria demonstrations m tlie park, 
 
 G .May and 3 Aug. 1867 
 Hcgulations with restrictions on public' meeting iu 
 
 tlie partts issued (afterwards moiliiied) . Oct. 1873 
 Meeting i.i Fenian symiiatliisers in Hyde park con- 
 trary to the regulations . . ." . 3 .Nov. ,, 
 OdgiT and otiii IS pinseciited and lined . . Xnv. ,, 
 The ciaiviitioiis cenlirmed by the judges 011 aiqieal 
 
 22 Jan. 1873 
 Great meeting on behalf of the Tichbcu-ne (dainiant, 
 Dr. Keiiealy and Mr. Guildl'ca-d Onslow ineseiit, 
 
 Kastcr .Miaiilay, 2y March, 1875 
 Great meetings for anil against govermiieut policy 
 on tlie eastern iiucstiou 
 
 ISundays 24 Feb. and 10 March, 1878 
 Great orderly meeting to inotest against arrest of 
 Irish agitators (Killeii, Daly, and Uavitt) 
 
 30 Nov. 187^ 
 About 40,000 per.siais meet to protest against 
 arn'st of -Mr. I'arnell and others; Mr. U'lJomiell 
 chief siieak.a; little syiii|iatliy . 23 Oct. i83« 
 
 Mass meeting to support the London guveninient 
 
 bill M July, 1884 
 
 Great demoustiiition ; seven meetings of trade dele- 
 gates, political clubs, ic, about 40,000, to pro- 
 test against tin' peers' rejection nf the fmnchiso 
 bill and to suiiinnt the Giiidstone .Ministry 
 
 21 July, ,, 
 De.nonslratiou for abolition of hiaise of lords; nine 
 
 nieelings, .Sunday 26 Oct. ,, 
 
 Great meeting of the .social denmcratic federation, 
 
 ■Sunday 21 Feb. i835 
 
 Great demonstration again.st the Irish coercion 
 
 bill II April, 1887 
 
 Jubilee entertainment of about 30,000 children of 
 
 elementary schools, .see Jh/.i7i'c . . 22 June ,, 
 Meeting of the unemployed ; clispersed bv the 
 police after a tight, 18-19 "et. 1887; orderly 
 meetings . . 33 Oct., and 15, 20, 27 Nov. „ 
 Onlcrly dcmoustration to nieel tlie ivl.iw.-l Irish 
 .M.l'.s, Mr. T. I). .•Sullivan and .Mr. ]£.. Harrington, 
 
 13 Feb. i83S 
 Uemonstrntion against proposed comiien.sation to 
 publicans disim.ssessed by local government bill, 
 
 2 June, , 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 ,,' rd 
 
 ,r*' 
 
 ■:\ 
 
 '.h 
 
 X: \ j|H|i 
 
 .' I 
 
 ''■|fMl 
 
HYDERABAD. 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 iSgo 
 
 MeotiiiKH til iin.tcst nuniiist tlie treat iit .if Mr. 
 
 W. Kltiicii, M.l'., unil (pthciH in iiii„„ii (hi/u 
 
 «""v '■, • oo >°»'^l'' 
 
 oci' l^lriki'S, i88g. 
 
 MoetiiJiiiif I'ostimii'siMiii n . . . jodi't 
 
 OoiiioiiNtmtiiiiis ill iclatiiiii til tlic iiroiiosi'il laikiTs' 
 
 strike mill tlie ,«ilveitoii .itrike . . ,„ .\„v. 
 
 tireat iiieetiiiK nf men eniiiloyeil iin niilwnjs 
 
 JaeetiiiKof tni.leK iiinmin to'suiiiiort the wis-stnkers' 
 „""'"" • • • • . . . iQ,Ian. 
 ■" Labuiir Day " ilenionstrntidnM, see IVorldiiij-meii 
 
 «reatnioetin«iif railway wnrkeisanildtlieis.'iVMav! 
 
 Deiniinstnitiiin aKainst {,'iiveniiiient iiioiiiwal to 
 coiiiiHMisate imblicans anil others lor loss of 
 
 ilnnk licenei's j,,,,,. 
 
 'Labour Day" ilenionstrations, onlei'ly ; foreiiiii 
 anarchists, i May ; biiililinH traile unions, a May ; 
 coinbined trailes unions, in favour of an einlit 
 hours working ,iny ; ],r,.seiit, Mr. Ciiiininj;Iianie 
 Graham, M.P., Messrs. .John Uuriis, lien Tillet, 
 roin .Mann, ami Dr. Avelinj,' . . , May 
 
 MassnieetiiiKto support tlieomnibiisstrike, T./nne,' 
 
 Oreat ilemonstration of the biiililini; trailes in 
 favour of an eixht hours' ilay . 27 Sept. 
 
 Great meetiiiK of the Nalvatioii Arniv to welcome 
 gen. Uooth on his return from liis'loiiL' tour in 
 Jiurope, Africa, Asia, ami Austniliu . ,, Feb. 
 
 Mass meetiiiK of Lonilon anarchists . 10 April, 
 
 JVlass iiieetiiii; of members of tlie Xational Union of 
 Clerks ^ ,j, 
 
 ■" Labour Day ; " great onleilv meeting to siipiiort 
 anil promote an interiiatioiial 8 Iionrs working 
 <lny , jpiy" 
 
 Labour ilemonstration for eight hours Ilav, 7 AlkV! 
 
 Irish home rule ilemonstration . . ' 21 May 
 
 i.'",'!."?','''."'"" '" '■'"■""■■ "'■ t'"' "'i'™' veto bill ; .sir 
 
 WiKmljiWson present . . . ,0 .Jiiiie, 
 Labour ilemonstratiou for the fuml for thi; collier 
 
 strikers .... it Oct 
 
 Demonstration iiifavonr of an eight hu'iirs' Hoiking 
 
 ilay ; John JJnrns, M.l'., present, 6 May, 1844, "ml 
 
 Cab strike ilenionstrations . . jo 2, mHv' 
 intfirnational peace ilemonstration ami socialist 
 
 congress, etc. ; pioeeeiliiigs stopjieil by a tluiii- 
 
 (lerstorm . . . . 26Julv 
 
 Deuioiistratii.il in favour of Cretans' ami svili- 
 
 I'atliy with (ireece . . . . , Maivh 
 Farriers (Loiiiloii) strike for increase of wages' 
 
 (lenionstrations, 16, 23 .Mav, see Ilmsi- 
 May-ilay ilenionstrations, 1897 ami iSgS . ' Mav " 
 .Memorial servici to Mr. Glailsloiie, largeasseiiiblage 
 
 5 June, ,, 
 
 HYDERABAD (S. India), tlio territory of the 
 ^izaiii (tile greiitest niiihoiiictan iiotentiite in 
 Indiii), who derives his iiuthoiitv Crom Azof Jah, 
 a (duel uiiih'r Aurunf^ztdie, who made liim viceroy ns 
 JNizam-ool-Moolk, regulator of the state. Ho died 
 m i;4H. roinilatioii in iSSi, i),Kii;,;ni; in 1801 
 I0,4S!S,()30. -^ ^-'^ ^ ' 
 
 Civil war between his (leseemlants ensues . 1748-61; 
 
 Nizam All ilelhioneil his brother, 17C, ; lava-eil 
 the Carmitie, 1765; niiiile a treaty with the Kast 
 inilia Company, ,766; he .ji.iiie.l JIviler AM ■ left 
 
 him, 1768; ai-iiuiieiljiaitofTipi Sultan's terri- 
 
 turns ; ami became femlatury of the British 
 empire, ,799 c7,,,^,,.,,ieil .g^, 
 
 <JiH I I his am'eessi.rs, Seiiimler .lali, rulea feebly : 
 dieit,siiceeeileil by an illegitimate siui . . ,829 
 
 ihe iNizain ibdi, leaving his vnuiig snii in charge 
 ot Salar Jung ,or Jang) ; enjoining him to su].. 
 port the Hntish .luring the inntiny, which he 
 did fiuUifuJIy 18-7-8 
 
 tiirSalar.Iuiig iiiaile K.C.S.L ; visits kiiroi.e; pre- 
 seiitiil to tlie yneen, 29 June ; returiieil to lioin- 
 Day, 24 Aug. 1876; ilieil .... 8 Feb. ,88-, 
 
 The yiiuiig Mzani .Mir .Malibub Ali (ageil 18) 
 iiistalleil at Hyilerabad by the viceroy of Inilia, 
 the nianiuis of Kip,,,. .... 5 Feb. 1884 
 
 Tlie .V;-.-im 111 a Irtt.r to li.nl Diiirerin, the viceroy, 
 makes an olfer to present 20 lakhs of niiiee.s 
 liir three years, total 600.000/., fur the ilefeiiee of 
 the N.W. Inilian territories, .Sept.; ackimwleilgeil 
 with thanks by the \iceii.v, annonnceil 10 Oct. ; 
 
 HYDR 
 
 [892 
 
 1893 
 
 1895 
 1894 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 
 Hyileialmil . • . ." ' ""■''"'« 
 
 Seei'/ifore/i.rai, 18B9 90. ' ' ""'i' i8?i j 
 
 For the " iiniHuial (liuiiiiiml " case, see VVtVi;. n.. . 
 Visit of the viceroy, lonl Lansilo«ne, 3 X™ ,(► '?' 
 
 ,mI^^^^^^^ ^^^^^' ''" "•"'" ii^'- 
 
 HYDROCHLORIC ACID or CuLOHi.vn 
 RIC Acid, the only known eonip<,u,ul 'rS; 
 and hydrogen, was discovered by Dr. I'riestli'v -- 
 its constitution determined bv Daw 1810 (1 ' 
 also culled nmrintic acid und spint'of <iit •' 
 unthr Alkalies. ' *''"' *■ 
 
 HYDROGEN (from hydn,; water). P,,r„i., , 
 observed a gm rise from a solution of iron in 1,1 I 
 vitriol, about isoo; Turciuet de Mavemc discov 
 Its intiammahility, 1656; ns did liovle 16-2 I 
 mery noticed its detoiiating power, rcx) In'ivV I 
 Cavendish proved it to be an elementary bod vlnJ ' 
 in 1781, he and Watt first showed that in tli; ,1 
 bination of this rus with oxygen, which takes clue 
 when It 18 hurnt, water is produced ; subsequtD 
 Lavoisier decomposed water into its elements m 
 gave hydrogen its present name instead of "jnli iir. 
 iniible air. One volume of oxygen comhines witi, 
 two volumes of hydrogen to form water. Hydro- 
 is never found in the free state. " ' 
 In 1877, Cailletet anil Wroblewski olitaimM l.v 111 ! 
 
 exiuinsioii of tlie cominesseil gas a iileiisati..', 
 
 iiust, which was sii]ip,,seil to be prniliiee.: ln'-i, 
 liiiuefactioii of h.yilriigeii. (ilszewski li,„l sm, :, 1',; 
 ilroiis of an imknown liiniiil falling in a ..liis,< tiil». v > 
 reiiiainiiigfoiafewiiistantsiinevapi.iati'ir'.aiK,.|,u.^'v 
 Iiroveil to be line to impnrilies. l>n,| U|.«,r';„,'. 
 on "The Density of Hy,l,„g,.n in I'alla.liu,,, - , ,! 
 
 pujlisheil ,11,873; ''The Ab,suiptioi,„rujil,oi..c.,:, 
 Fallailiuic ,.♦ high tempeiatiires. pre.ssiircs etc " n ' 
 pnblisheii in ,897. On 10 Jliiv. 1S98, at'tlir"l)n 
 IiLstitiitioii, he proiluceil half a'wiiie-glnssfnl ofli.f * 
 fled h.yilrngeii at 240 ileg. centigiiule (heluw mSn 
 5 mm., anil on the 12th he doubled the iiuaiititv m 
 the ,2tli he reported it to the Kuval Societv iiii.'..', 
 the ,6tli to the Freneli Aeailemy." liy iiwl,;,j,,|,:, 
 liiiuid heal.so lii|iielied heliuin . . loMn.Vi;: 
 
 HYDROGENIUM, a hyp„tlietical niHa; 
 In a jiaper rend before the Koyal Society, -J ii 
 1869, Mr. Thoiims Graliam, master of the ijiij 
 sugifested that n piece of the metal palladium. iii~ 
 which hydrogen liad been pressed, beeanieau "ait.i 
 of the volatile metal hydrogeiiium." 
 
 HYDROGRAPH, ail apparatus inventeJ li 
 dipt. Xciile, iiii iransmittiug souml liy water, ti 
 the purpo.-e i.f sigimlling between sliips,'li|.'htliiiu-.. 
 \-c. ; it crinsists of a transmitter, a riwivtr, nM 
 electric recorder ; experiment^ were iii.ade 011 iln 
 Solent under the auspices of the Trinity lioaiil.-^ 
 TiijiiK, V) Oct. liS')3. 
 
 HYDROGRAPHY !.■* the description of ll,e I 
 siirlaee waters ot the earth. The liiM sen-chart is 
 attributed to Henry the Navigator, in the lOtli itn- 
 tury. There is a hydiograpliic department iii llit 
 liritish admiralty, bj- which a scries of chaiU bj I 
 heen issued. 
 
 HYDROMETER, the instrumont bv whi-l, 
 is measured the gravity, density, and otl'ier |iri> , 
 nertiea of liquids. Tfie oldesi! inention of ihf I 
 nydrometer oieiirs in the cth century, and mav I- 
 found in the letters of S) iiesius to Hipatia ; bit 1! 
 is not improbable that ArchimedoB was the iuvmt.r 
 of it, though no proofs of it are to lie Ibuml. htti- 
 m'tiiii. Archiiiudes was killed in 212 )i.c., anil 
 
 I Jratiii was torn to pie 
 ■■Hvpatia," by the rov, 
 I j, 1853. Bobert Boyle 
 l|t:j; Baume's (1762) i 
 Itfenmiich employed. 
 |,M hare been inventct 
 
 . HYDROPATHY, 
 
 I neat of diseases by cold 
 Iffitfjintlie 4th centui 
 I iota century A. D., and 
 I \-:c. A system was su] 
 j p'nts-iiitx, of Grafenberi 
 Intional part of thi.' do( 
 
 I Biiatained by Dr. Sydei 
 joitti!ied26Nov. 185 1. 
 
 I I fmi liydropnthic esta 
 I ii|*neil, 13 Feb. 1883. J 
 
 llif kiiigiliiin. 
 
 HYDROPHOBIA 
 
 I S, Pasteur announced Ii 
 I oteeiting this disease, an 
 urArn afterwards applic 
 I fli ci[*rat«» on iiimikeys 
 ct*ifully, .May, on dogs, j 
 ^ Dec. 1685. All interi 
 tsnls tciiiied the Pas 
 ((0.ooo/.siilwciibi'il).May,i 
 Caiimt, 14 Xov. ,883. Oi 
 iltitlu iviiiirteil 12 Ajir 
 tnattil, I .May, ,888, to 1 
 fiple iiaicli iijipiised ,881 
 .lion for iiniiiny (sir Jai 
 ijaiiilersoii, and others) a] 
 risits Paris, and re|iort.'^ 
 t^iir'ii treatment, 27 June, 
 jiiw.iaiiil viM-illes iitlier 11 
 
 cifW, 1887-8. The 1 k 
 
 Jim .Savant," was pnbl 
 Eiidisli traii.slation by la 
 I Rl'iitfiliaiiiiber of patient 
 liS'-pt. 1695) since ,885, 
 !,;> luiticnts, 7 deaths 
 54f,ltlis, ill 1895; i,jo8 Jin 
 i,;!i IKitieats, 6 deaths ii 
 I fciiiis of piniie'iit men i 
 Lomlon, to establish a 
 Pa^tfur institute, , Jul 
 scritel, 2 Oct. 1889; .M 
 : ««,ooo fniiics . 
 
 See MuHtiion 
 
 HYDROPHONi;, 
 
 I apparatus for i oast ilefeni 
 I Ktwctn ships and the shi 
 i torpedo-boat, invented 
 I wunccJ, Nov. 1892. 
 
 , HYDROSTATICS, 
 
 I stuilitd in the Alexandria 
 I PiBsare of tluids discoverc 
 
 Tilt fordiig jiuiiip and air foi 
 
 I ffatfr mills wore known 
 I Tilt sdeiicf revived bytialil 
 
 luij Pascal (Willi siiggestc 
 
 liyjraulic iirt'ss) 
 j Ihttlieoij- of rivers scientiti 
 I Hit correct theory of tluids ( 
 
 tsflaiiieil liy Xewton 
 I A "tientilii' fonii was given 
 
 Beminiilli 
 I liM\h Braiiiali's lujdrostatii 
 I leiiteii first in . 
 I iiirWm, .^niistroiig's hijclmi, 
 I Jolin Crowtliers . 
 J Cr, Eiiiil Fkisclier's Ili/dni 
 
 pini to till piopiilslou I 
 
 near llresden 
 
 , HYGEI0POLLS(ci 
 
 Dr, B, Ward Richardson, 
 proposed for its erection, J 
 
HYDEOPATHY. 
 
 655 
 
 HYTHE. 
 
 iHrpatu was torn to pieces at Alexandria, a.d. 415. 
 J.ljjpatio," by the rev. ChiirlcgKingaley.appfliired 
 Ijliljj. Kobert Uoyle detteribed u hydrometer in 
 I|t,-j: Baumc's (1762) and Syltes', about 1818, hafo 
 I|«niiiuch emiiloyed. Moditicationsof the appar- 
 lilujhaTe been invented. 
 
 , HYDROPATHY, a term applied to the treat- 
 I neat of diseases by cold water, pruetised by Hippo- 
 linitfjintlie 4th century b.c, by the Arabs in the 
 liclhcenturyA.D., and revived by Dr. Currie in 
 l|-!)- A system was suggested in 1825 by Vincenz 
 I Pms<nitr, of Graf'enberg, in Austrian Silesia. The 
 I (jtional part of the doctrine was understood and 
 I Biintiined by Dr. Sydenham, before 1689. Priess- 
 liiitt(li«i26Nov. 1851. 
 lipaiiJ Iiyili'"rntliic estiililishiniMit nt Busliev. Herts, 
 
 tprtiftl, 13 •'''-■b. 1683. Many others exist throughout 
 
 tlif kingdom. 
 
 , HYDROPHOBIA, in man, rabies in animals, 
 Ijl.Piisteuriimiounced his discovery of a metliod of 
 I (kecking this disease, analogous to vacciiution, the 
 I ml«m afterwards applied to various diseases. 
 I H( opfrat** on iiinnkcys aijil ntliei- nninmlssiie- 
 ctssfnlljr, May, III! i1cik», Auk. 1884 ; on 40 perscuis 
 14 Dec. 1885. An intcniiiticinal hospital, al'tei-. 
 mirilj tmiml thr Pasteur institute, founded 
 ((0.oooJ.8ulrsciibfd).May,i886;(iiicned bviuesidcnt 
 Caiiict, 14 .Nov. i883. Out nf 726 cases treated, 4 
 iWlis ifpiirted 12 Ajiril, 1886; 1673 iiersfms 
 iraiteil, I .May, 1888, t<i i .May, 18S9. The iirin- 
 cipleimich ojipnsed 1886-7. A lii-itisli ciminns. 
 itoifor inqinry (sir .Iniiies Fa^et, Dr. Unidnip 
 Saiiilmon,an(l (itliei-s)«|ipiiinteil 12 April, 1886; 
 risits Paris, and repm-ts ccmlidence in M. I'lis- 
 I'lir'strftitiiicnt, 27June, 1887. .M. I'asteui- pin. 
 icsrsand vcrilles (itlier applications of his prin. 
 ciplfs, 1887-8. The hook, " M. I'astenr, Ulstoii-e 
 Jim Saviiut," was publish, in 18S3 ; and an 
 E),j;li»li triuislution by lady Ckiiid UairMlt,in in . i83? 
 |R,].N!i(hiiiiiiberori«itientsby .M. Pastrurjiiedii'd 
 ::S.'iiI. 1895) since 1885, 6,950, to 28 June, i8Sg ; 
 i.t> mtidits, 7 deaths in ,889; ,,520 patients, 
 elfatlis, ill 1895; 1,308 patients, 4 deaths in 1896 ; 
 i.;2i i«tients, 6 deaths in .... ,8q, 
 
 I Ifttims of eiiiiie'iit men at the inansioii lioiise', 
 bjiiiion, to establisli a fund to suiUMiit the 
 Pa^tfur iiLstitute, i July; above 2,ooc^ siu 
 scnbi'd, 2 Oct. 1889; JIdnie. Hirsch presents 
 
 : oWjOoo fniiios jj^u_ 
 
 >*iv MdiixloK llaiise fiiiii'is. ' ' " 
 
 HYDROPHONE, an electrical, telephouic 
 I apparatus for coast defence bv secret coiniuuiiiciition 
 llmliveenshipsand the shore, of tho aiiproach of a 
 1 lorpwlo-boat, invented by capt. M'Evov ; an- 
 IDOunced, Nov. 1892. 
 
 HYDROSTATICS, &c., were probablv first 
 liliiilifdm the Ale.xandnan school about 300 I'l c. 
 I Pitssurt of tliiiils discovered by Arcluiaedes, 
 In , . , . ., about 11. c. 
 
 I n«- forcing pUMip and air fuuntaiii mventeil by niix) 
 I ir . It I about 
 
 I WsM mills were kinnvn . . about a u 
 
 I Tilt sddne revived byCJalileo, C'astellio, Tonieeili! 
 ;iii( l'a.soal (w!io suggested the principle „f the 
 liyJraulic iTOss) .... til ,.,.„(,„.,. 
 I Ilirthmrj' of rivera seientillcallv undei-stood in 
 I Ilif onrrwt theory of Huids and oscillation of wavcii 
 I tijiiaiiu'd by Newton 
 I isriciitifi.; form was given to liydro-dynamies.' by 
 
 I lienimiilli ^ 
 
 \!m\'h liraiiiah's hydrostatic or liydraiiUc press va- 
 
 1 tjiitoii first in ' 
 
 I SirWm. Ariiistroiig's hijitraiiUc crane patented 
 I Jonn Crowtlier's . . . . ' 
 I Ct. Eiiiil Fleischer's Ilyiinniu.tn'r siu'ccssfiillv nii 
 iuri to the propulsion of shij.s on the Kibe 
 '»■"»'■'■*" uoct. .„„, 
 
 iDrW^P.FV^^''^ ("'.'y «f health), planned by 
 .1 "''.'"■''■"■''.■''«". »' I«/.S. A compauv was 
 I proposed fur its crcuticn, Jan. 187;. .No result. 
 
 250 
 
 1697 
 1714 
 '738 
 
 17S5 
 1846 
 1825 
 
 1883 
 
 HYGIENE (Hygeia, goddess of health), geo 
 
 Intcn.atifnial congresseH on Hvgieiie and Denio- 
 firapliy : ,. Ijrnssels, 27 Sept. 1876 ; 2. Paris, i 
 ;*"«• '878; 3. Turin, Aug. ,880; 4. Geneva, 4 
 ^ept. ,882; 5. Hague, 21 Aug. 1884; 6. Vienna, 
 26 heiit. 1887 ; 7. I.oiiilon, the niieen ixitron, the 
 prince of Wales iiresident, 10-17 Aug. 1891 ; 
 8. Budapest, 2 Sejit. 1B94; 9. Paris, 37 June, 
 
 1895; .Madrid ,0 April; ,898 
 
 . HYGROMETER, an instrument for measur- 
 ing the moisture in the atmosphere. That by 
 baussure (who died in 1799) is most employed. It 
 consists of a human hair boiled in caustic lye, and 
 acts on the principle of absorption. Brandt. 
 Uanie|l s hygrometer (1820) is much esteemed. 11. 
 trovii 8 new hygrometer, said to be very accurate, 
 described, June, 1882. 
 
 . HYMNS. The song of Moses is the most an- 
 cienf 1491 B.C. {Exod. .xv.) The Psalms date 
 Irom about 1060 n.c. to about 444 b.c. (from David 
 to Ezra). The hymns of the Jews were frequently 
 accompanied by instrumental music. Paul (a.d. 
 64) speaks of Christians admonishing one another 
 in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs" \Col. 
 111. 16.) The composition of hymns for the 
 Christian church is very ancient. The hymns 
 of Dr. Watts (died 1784), of John Wesley "(died 
 1791), and of his brother Charles (died 1788), 
 are used by English ehurchinen and dissenters. 
 
 Hymns, Ancient and Modem," edited by rev. sir 
 Henry Uaker, Brst appeared in i860. "A Diction- 
 ary of Hyninology," edited by the rev. John Julian, 
 was published Jan. 1892. 
 
 HYPNOTISM (Greek hijpms, ileep) or ner- 
 vous sleei), terms given by Sir. liiaid (in 184.3) to a 
 sleep-like condition, produced in a jiersoii by steadily 
 faxing his mind on one particular object. Minor 
 surgical operations have, it is said, been performed 
 without pain on persons in this state. The lecture 
 by K. Heidenhain, at lircslau 19 Jan. 1880, on 
 'H.ypnotism or Animal Miignctism" was trans- 
 luted by L. C. AVooldridge; and published in 1888. 
 bee JUsmensm—Ti-idh (Addenda) 1898. 
 "The use of hypnotical suggestion" (the entire 
 coiicentiatioii ol the niiiid on one subject caused 
 by the siiggeslion of another |)ei.sini)' in medical 
 practice, has been advocated by Hernheini, 
 lieauiiisand other foreign ph.vsicians, Oct. 1889; 
 but strongly ojijiosed by other eiuinent pliysi- 
 ologists, esiiecially 1)11 Hois lievinond . Oct. 1890 
 Ihe lirst meeting of the International Congress on 
 
 Ilypnotisin took (dace at Paris . . Aug. 1889 
 Prol. (ierinaiies exiierinients were exhibited at the 
 Aiiuaniim, Westminster .... Nov. 1891 
 
 HYPOTHEC, Law of, in Scotland gives 
 landlords a preferential right to levy for rent and 
 follow and seize crops and cattle. A bill for its 
 abolition was brought in annually since 1874. One 
 WHS read a second time 19 March, 1879, but did not 
 pass till 24 March, 1880 (43 Vict. c. 12) ; which 
 came into opemtiou 11 Nov. 1881. 
 
 HYPSOMETER, a theiuiomctrical barometer 
 for measuring altitudes, invented bv F.J. Wollaslon 
 in 1817, much improved by Kegnault, about I«47. 
 
 HYRCANIA, Asia, near the Caspian, a juo- 
 : ,: .. . Persia, n.c. 334; held by Par- 
 
 is now Mazeuderan, a I'ersian 
 
 yince subject to Persia, n.c. 334; held by 
 
 thians, 244. It " 
 
 province. 
 
 HYTHE, Kent, a einque-port. The haven has 
 been choked up with sand piiicp the end of tlie 
 Kith century. A scliool of musketry was establislied 
 here in 1854, under the charge of niujor-gen. 
 Charles Crawford Hay. He resigned in 18O7. 
 Hailway to Sandgate ojiened, 9 Oct. 1874. Popula- 
 tion, 1881,4,173; 1891,4,351. 
 
 \ 
 
 ^: 
 
 ifliii 
 
 
 r I 
 
 
 If 
 
 J^ll'r 
 
Mw ' 
 
 sir 
 
 j',\, 
 
 ;f% 
 
 IliiMii 
 
 IAMBIC VERSE. 
 
 55U 
 
 ICONOCLASTS. 
 
 I. 
 
 IAMBIC VEKSE, nivtluciillv n.imo,! fiom 
 tile pofticiil cMii-imis cjI' lanilie, an attcmliiiit nf 
 Ali'tanira, wile df Cclcus. kill'; of Sparta. Aiclii- 
 loulius is said t(i liavf Ijcoii tliu fiist who wrote 
 satirical iambic versca B.C. 700. 
 
 IBERIA, sot' Georgia, and Spain. 
 
 IBERUS, a liver in N.K. Spain, now calleil 
 Ebi'ii, irliicli .srr. It was very important tluriny f 
 seeonil runic war, 21S — 2orii.c, 
 
 Hcnlli (.f Dr. Vi-fiissoii, Kicnt Ic.laii.lio solj.,; 
 
 '■■■■)] 
 
 ho 
 
 ICE. Galileo olwerved ioo to ho li^'hter than 
 water, abont ij;<);. ,Si'o Com/c/a/ioii, where is a 
 notice of the ice-makinj; maclanes of liaiTi.<on and 
 of Siebe. ^ In 1841 thoie wore sixteen compaiiiea in 
 Boston, U.S., eiigajjod in exportini; ice, broui;ht 
 from Wenliani lake and l''re,-<h and Sjiy I'onds, 
 uboiit liS miles from thatcity. The trade was begun 
 by Mr. Tudor in i,So(). 156,^0 tons wore sent 
 Irom Boston alone in 1854. ' Iii Now York, in 185^, 
 305,OOOtous werostorod up, of which 20,000 wore tor 
 <!.\portation. The Wonhamlakeiompanv iinportice 
 largely from their ponds near Christian'ia, Xorway, 
 from wlieiice 43,j:;9 tons were shipped to (jreat 
 Britain in i8()j. 
 
 neiichithm nuil other ]>roiierties, exliiliited liy iirofessor 
 tariiclay, in iS^o, lieeaiiie the salijci't iit' iiivestiK.itioii 
 by uMuiieiit physicists of the diiy.esiiei'ially J. U.Forhes, 
 111. Tyiidiill, aiiilsiiWilliiiiii TlioMiseii. 
 
 "Icy iiiglit" iir "silver tliaw " in i.iniilon, 22 Jan. 1867. 
 After a severe I'nist eanie rain Irueziiif; as it IVII. Jlaiiy 
 ai-eidents oeeurred in eoiiseiiuuiicu ot the glassv pavj- 
 iiieiits and iviads. 
 
 PowiM-ful l.n.-il icehr.-akers employed in the IJaltic and 
 Kilssiaii peats; reported, 1897. 
 
 . ICELAND (North Sea), discovered by Xorwc- 
 
 ginn chiefs, about »j| ; aceordin)i; to some accounts, 
 
 it had been iireviously visited by a Seaiulinaviaii 
 
 pirate. Population, iS.S.S, (x),224. 
 
 Coloidsed by NnrwcKians 874 
 
 C'hri.stinnity introduced .... about 1000 
 
 Till! annual ^'cneral iissenilply was termed .\lthiiig : 
 
 there were four great sil Is, like universities, 
 
 founded in the nth century ; and eiUu'iitiou was 
 general 
 
 Tile great warrior, st.-itesmau, and poet, Snorri Stur- 
 hlsou, was inuiilered .... 22 Sept. T241 
 
 Hail a repulilican government, and a ilourishing 
 literature, till it was snlijeetcd toHakon, king of 
 Norway 
 
 Protestiu'itisni intinrluccj about .... 
 
 Tliousnnils perished l.y famine through failure of 
 the crops 1753-4 
 
 Cleasliy's great Icelaiidie-Kiiglish llicticmary, pub- 
 lished in Kngl.ihd ' . 1869-73 
 
 A new ciuistitutioa signed by the king, 5 Jan., 
 eame info operation i Aug., when king Christian 
 of Denmark visitcl li-claml, and the tliousandtb 
 anniversary of the colonisation was celebrated at 
 the eaiiitjd, lii^ykjavik . . . . i Au;, 
 
 Iceland lias sutlered imudi by volcanic eruptions, 
 especially in 1783; and on 29 .March, 1875, whcde 
 districts of jiasture laud weie devastated. 
 
 A reported severe fanniie (see M'insioii HuHsnfiimls). 
 
 Sumiaer, 
 
 Relief was given by prof. Jlagimsson to many 
 suHen^rs (jet. 
 
 A large cmigiTition of Iceianilors to west Cuiaidu, 
 
 1872 et ff'i. 
 Agitation for hoiae-nde ; resisti'il by Demnai-k, 
 Nov. 1885 ; demanded by the diet . July-Aug. 
 
 264 
 ■531 
 
 KxbibitiiMi (d' Icelandic haiidieraft at Keiwiiijtilu 
 
 Mr. Kicderitk W. W. Ilow.dl asccn.l, ,1 il,„ ri!';';'' •' 
 
 Jiiknll {about 6,550 feet) . ,, ' 
 
 See AV/,;,/.,-aady/<;c/». ' ' '^ '-■ ' •' 
 
 llelgi Halfdaiiorsf)!!, the Ii^elandie poet l,„r„ 
 
 i3 Aug. 1826; dies at Hevkjavik ' 2 . 
 
 The hot sjiriiigs, Gcysir and Slr.'kkur, hoiiM,. 1!: '•'♦ 
 
 .Mr. James Craig, of IJelfast . . ,j- > 
 
 Destructive eartlapiake: ehm-ehes, fanii,!i ',•',• " 
 
 destroyed ^^ ' J ;> . , 
 
 Fresh shocks in the south-west, 3 deaths, 5,6 Scm' '"'' 
 
 , ICENI, a British tribe which inlialjitd clii.rtv 
 - butbdk and Norfolk. In Oi, wbih' .Suctcniu I' 
 ' linns was reducing Mona (Angles,. v) tlicv iii„ivi'''i 
 j southwards and destroyed Verulaiii, I.i.ii,!,,,, ,', 
 t other places, with groat slaughter id' the Kuii'ii'i.' 
 I but were defeated by Suetonius near I.onden mi 
 ■ their hermc qneen Boadicea or B.iuJii.ca diij', 
 committed suicide. 
 
 /'ICH DIEN," / .voTC, the n.olto andcrt".. 
 plume ot nstrndi feathers fuuid in the liehm.t '"i i 
 the king of Bohemia slain at the liatlleef (.'as<v , 
 which be served as a v(dnnteer in the Frentli in,' i 
 20 Aug. 1346. Kdward the Dlack I'rincc, i,, ns,i';i 
 
 to his futhor, Kdward III., wlm iniuhlclihn 
 
 day, though the prince won tln^ battle, atiohtij iIk 
 motto, which has since been borne with thctlallu'ri 
 by the heirs to the crown of Knglaml. 
 
 ICHNOLOGY, the sciom-e of ffldiprints, treat) I 
 of the impression made in mud w sand bv |V, 
 animals of former ages. Dr. Duncan disiovcrodtiie 
 footprints of a tortoise in the sandstone of .iiiii,ic. 
 dale, in 1H28; since then numc^nms disiovwiJ 
 have been inaae by Owen, L\ell, Hu.xlcv aiii 
 others. " " ' 
 
 ^ ICHTHYOLOGY, the science of U I 
 Eniiueiit authors are Aristotle (5''<4— 322 ec 
 AVilloughby, Kay, Valencienucs, 'Cuvier, Owii ' 
 Agassiz. A:c. Yarrell's " British Fishes ' 
 is a classical work ; see Fi^h. 
 
 ' ('8j()-:9i 
 
 1874 
 
 ICONIUM (S^-ria). Here Paul and Bamala I 
 preached, 38. Soliniaii the Seljuk foinidcd ;i kiii<. 
 doin here 111 1074, which lasted till 130;, whniit 
 was coiKiuered by the Turks. It had been suWm'j | 
 by the Crusaders in I0()7 and Iiyo ; see KmM. 
 
 ICONOCLASTS (imago-ln-eakcrs). Thecorc 
 troversy respecting images (which had been intr... 
 duced into churches for popular instrucliou ;ilj..st 
 300) was begun about 726, and oecasiuncd nia.ii 
 disturbance and loss of life in the Fastora Empifr. 
 Loo Isuuricus liublishcd two edicts for dciuulisMn.' 
 images in churches in that year, and enforced tliei" I 
 with great rig<mr in 736. the defenders of inusij 
 were again per.secutod in 752 and 761, whtiifn. 
 stantiiie forbade his sulijocts becoming monks. lie I 
 woi-ship of images was restored by Irene in -fc. 
 This sohisiu was the occasion of the second louiid I 
 of Nice, 787. Theophilus banished all the paiiiuri 
 j and statuaries from the Kastcrn Knipirp, 83;, V:.- 
 I Iconoclasts were tinally excommunicated at ilie 
 I 8th general council at Constantiiioplo, 8(X)-!i;c, 
 I This controversy led to the separation of tk litres I 
 
t!: 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 r,o7 
 
 rciikevs). Thccon- | 
 it'll liiiil bi'i'ii intrii- I 
 ir instruction Ami 
 (1 occiisiuiiod m;ivi | 
 liu Eiistcrn Jirapin 
 ii^ts for dcmiJiJiinj | 
 , and tnt'orcfd tlin 
 lU'fuiidiTS ofiraacii 
 iiul ;0l, whi'ii C n- 
 •Diiiiiii; iiioiilis, li:? 
 il liy Irene in ;y. | 
 ' tlio seeoud loui,'.;! 
 lu'dallthepaiiiVi 
 Kmpin', Sjj '' ■ 
 nmunii'ated at \\.< 
 lutinople, S69-!*;:. 
 iriitiou of tL'.' (inti I 
 
 1 13(1 Latin ehiinlios. Miiny iirmnis in cliiinlics 
 tertdfsfr"^'' '" Srotliind unil tlio XftliurliiiKlH in 
 ,li^. i(.th ciMitiny, and in Kn^'liiml during tlio 
 feformiitioii mid tlio civil war, 1(41-8. 
 
 IDAHO, n northern " tcn-itory " of tho United 
 Sutc* of Xiirth America, wiiH organised in I.%5; 
 j^astate, I.Si)0.^ Capital Hoisi'e. C'ontlicts amoiii; 
 ihf miners at Cour d'Aleno; 4 non-union men 
 
 I kili.'J. " •'"'.^■- ""'"" "H-n victors, statu of reliel- 
 l;.ndoolared: several soldiers and unionists killed ; 
 surtial liiw; railway bridgea lilown up to stop 
 
 I iroops eoniiii,:.'. 14, 15 July ; iiisurrection suppressed 
 Mpresident Ifiirrison's proclamation, I iiH July, 
 i;o2. Great fire at Waidner ; linndreds liomeles's, 
 •I April, i»91 Population ill 1880, 32,(jio; kSiw, 
 
 IDEXTISCOPE, an optieiil iippnrntua for 
 (oniliinin? two photograph portraits into one, sold 
 iiil!i84. See Oniipoxila I'urtnii/x. 
 
 IDES (Laiin Iilii.i), were eight days in the 
 R.iman and clniroh calendar, following the Xones. 
 
 I Thfv were reckoned backward. In .March, May, 
 Julv, and October, the 8th Idus was on the 8tli of 
 
 ' ihe'month, the ^tti on tlierjtli, &e., the first, or Ide. 
 Wincthe 15th. In the other months the 8tli Ide fell 
 ontliehth, and the tirst on the l^tli. On the Idus 
 ifMarch (the Ijth) 44 11. c, Juliiis Ciusar was as- 
 
 ! ijisinated. 
 
 IDIOTS. -Vbout 185s there were in England, 
 eidusive of lunatics, jiauper idiots, or idiots prc.- 
 [ tnledinnational institutions,niales,33;2; fcniales, 
 jta; total, 7265; »vc Lioiiin/. The Idiot Asvlum i 
 atLarUwood, near Kidgate, Surrey, began in 184; ; 
 was chartered, l8()2 ; additional buildings we're < 
 founded by the prince of Wales, 28 June, lH(i(). , 
 Tht foundation of the Imbecilo Asvlum, Caterlmm, i 
 w,is laid by Dr. lirewer, M.l'., "17 April, 1860. 
 liliots Act passed, 1880. 
 
 IDOLS. Images are mentioned in Gen. xxxi. 
 1*30. '739 n-C- The Jews frequently deserted the 
 worship of God for idols till tlieircai)tivitv, 588 n.c. 
 HiftofTlioodosius for the suppression of idolatry, 
 3,12. Idolatry was revived in Britain by the Saxons 
 about 473, but it gave way in Uritiiin, after tiie 
 fnming of Auguatiii, about 597. See Icoiwclasts, 
 P'tiJi. 
 
 IDSTEDT (N. Germnnv). Here the insurgent 
 armv of Holstein and Schleswig, eommaiided by 
 Willisen, was defeated by the Danes, 25 July, 18^6. 
 
 IDUM^EA, the country of the Edoniites, the 
 descendants of Esau, the brother of Jacob : see Gut. 
 nxvi., Josh. xxiv. 4. 
 
 TkEdoantesiireveiit tho Israelites from passin" 
 
 tlimugh tlicir iinintry j, ^^ 
 
 ThfV are sulijnwiteil liy David . 
 
 Thrv revolt aKainst Aliaziah, 892 ; and are severely 
 
 iMeateil by .Viiia/iali 
 
 Tli-v join tlic Chalila'ans against Jiulaii, (mil are 
 
 .Mtliniiatised iu I'Mm cxxxvii. . alioiit sTo 
 
 Jhii llyreanus, the Maccalice, snbjUK'ates ami en- 
 
 ■\momi to incorporate them with tlie ,7ews . 123 
 
 llriii.l tlie (iivat, son of Aiitipater an Iduimean 
 
 liiiyof Judiea .40 
 
 lEENE, see Inlaud. 
 
 I6LAU, see Uimites. 
 
 ILBERT BILL, sec India, 1883. 
 
 ILDEFONSO, ST., Spain. Here was signed n 
 traiy Dctwccn I'ranco mid Spain, U) Aug. i-iyj; 
 ami another by which France regained Louisiana, 
 I Oct. 1800. ' 
 
 IM.AriGUATION. 
 
 ■1 " .1 
 
 MS3 
 1040 
 
 S27 
 
 ILLINOIS, a western state of Xorth Amvncii, 
 was settled by the Fremli in I74q; acquired by 
 the llritish, 17(13 ; made a territory, 1800 ; and ad- 
 mitted into the Union as a static, 3 IJec. 1818. 
 Capital, SpringHidd. I'opubition, 1880, 3,077,871; 
 '™'<_|>.3''^2'',3Si- See JOdliidi) Avciikitt'^^w Aug. 
 
 Iiylln,«ling„rncnnliniiie75inpiidr.iwiied 16 Feb. i333 
 CnvcMt and scliuiil ,it Ueilcvilie Imnit, abniit 
 
 27 ymi^' |"'rHons pi'iish . . . 5.6,11,11.1884 
 
 '-'>'''' \ '"■" churclies and (jther Imililiims ilc- 
 
 ^ ■'''■"V;:'! "t " "Id .... i^'^Xnv. ,8,a 
 
 Great lire at kehlnr's (lour mills at I.ilelitleld, 
 
 esliiMOleil Imss, I, (,x),«xi dollars . 21 .March, iSgj 
 Iii..t.iiis stiili,. lit. I.am,,i,t. ill the.lraiiiaye winks ; 
 
 cliceli,.,i |,y,„,i|,.„,|,„| |,||||,,| ^ _ Q.Jinie, „ 
 
 .Sliawii-ct.nvi, destroyed l,y „ Hood, k« deaths 
 
 I ILLUMIXATED BOOKS. The^pnic'tl' 
 of ado,,t,ng ornaments, drawings, ami embh'mati ,,,1 
 hgiires. and even j.ortraits, to enrich MSS is „(' 
 great antiquity. Varro wrote tin, lives of -f« 
 ustriouH Uonians, which ho embellished w'ith 
 their portraits, about 70 n.c. I'lin \„f 7/, 
 hmne beantifnl mi,s.-,ls and other \vorks w,m.". 
 P""t-1 .1. the isthand tOtli centuries ,ey.,": 
 tilie imitations have latidy apjieared. 
 
 ILLUMINATI, heretics who sprang up in 
 S,m.n, where they were called Alombrados, nbou" 
 '••>'■■'• , .-^";;'' their suppression in Spain, they ap- 
 peared 111 I ranee. One of their leaders was f • r 
 Anthony lluchet. They professed to obtain gnci 
 and perte.tion by tlu^ir sublime manner of pray ■,• 
 A secret society bearing this name, opposed to 
 
 a:nrwas'suiip^;:.e;l'lri7^!""""' "' ^"'^' '"'^: 
 
 ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS the 
 
 ei.rl.est publication of the kind, established by Mr 
 Hei-hert Ingram, MP., first appeared on .4\lay 
 1842. Jubilee number imblished, 14 May 1802 
 He imreliascd the ///».(,•»(,,( r/wcs first i.iir,lisl,ed ' 
 
 ;/;,I";'.';,"/'-/'."""' ""■"'■I;"i:"teii it with the ;v„a,/ 
 
 nm;nv;',;'s{';^;a;,„.f "'■;'»'-:' -^ "- i;^™- ^^ 
 
 Mr l.,.:ram and liis eldest son weri ac.ddcnt ly 
 drmvned m the Lmly Khjiu in Lake Mieliigl,,,^ 
 
 '"'•'//■''te'l^portin,, „n,l hrc.^txZlilll^lnn'^'^- ]l^, 
 
 l:,i'jl,sh IlUi^trnM Maya.inc begun Uy Macmillan "* 
 
 ._ _ „„• *'ct. 1883 
 
 t . , . . A ^"".'^^ I>i'lmatia, Croatia, and IJosnia), 
 
 230 11. f.) was made a 
 In i8o() Napoleon I. 
 
 ILIUM (Asia Minor), see Trot/. 
 
 after several wars (from 
 
 Iloman province, 16- n.c. In 1800 Napoleon' l" 
 gave the name of lllyrian pioyinc/s to Carniola; 
 ihilmatia, and other provinces, then part of the 
 1-rench empur, now Carinthia, Carniola, &c. 
 
 ILMENIUM. a metal of the tantalum group, 
 discovered by It. Herrmann, about 1847, b"it rel 
 
 ii'imin kr!'""'''' "' '''"'■"' ''"' '-^'^^^'rted by 
 ' IMAGE WORSHIP, see LoHodasts. 
 , ''P?rf^™^ .OF JESUS CHRIST" 
 
 10,1a work IS unknown. It has been attributed to 
 an abbot Oersen (whose very existence is doubtful) • 
 
 Je.an Gersoii, the celebrated chancellor of Paris 
 who died in 142.); and to Thomas a Kempis, said 
 to have been merely a compiler and editor, who died 
 23 July, 1471. 
 
 celf^f^^^^^^'^^ CONCEPTION, see Con- 
 
 IMMIGRATION into the United Kingdom 
 first estimated in tlie Emigration Keport for I87S. 
 
 :||^l 
 
 f -^ 
 
 .ff, .'..-•; 
 
 "^■m 
 
 ■•■f:y:R'lii| 
 
IMMORTALH. 
 
 «.58 
 
 IMPERIAL INHTITT'TE? 
 
 (If; 
 
 mm 
 
 1 I 
 
 lift 
 
 [7^: 
 
 1111870,49,157; ill 1874, 118,129; in 1877, 81,848; 
 
 "879, 53-973 ; 1881. 7r.'<>.s; 188.5, "00,503; 1884, 
 
 I2V4W); 1885, 11^549; i88(). 108,879; 1887, 
 ii9,on (33.5?8 fomniiori') : 188H, 128,879; |8H(), 
 i47,;,fj8; i8<jb, 1SS.910; 1891, i5'.3'''»; •S')*. 
 •43.747; '8<»3, 141.054; 1894. i85.7'»; i8<)5, 
 '75."74; i8<X), 15(1,913; i8()7, 155,114. Comparu 
 tins with £111 iijrti turn. 
 
 IMMORTALS (Orcck, nlhniiatni), thu flower 
 of the Peraiuii iirinv, liiuitt'il to 10,000 in number, 
 Hnd recruited fioni the nnliilify alone, about 500 
 II. c. The name was alsoj;iven to tlie body-jcuarJ of 
 the emperori) at Constantinople in thu 4th and sth 
 centuries. 
 
 IMPEACHMENT. The first impeachment 
 bv the conimoMs houae of parliament, and the first 
 of n lord ehaneellor, Mii'liael di' la I'ole, earl of 
 Suft'olk, wan in 1386. l)y statute 12 He 13 Will. 
 & JIary, 1 700, it was enacted that no pjirdoii under 
 the jfreat seal shall be jileaded to an impeachment 
 by thu commons in parliament. 
 
 Iinpi'iichnu'iit of \V:iiTcii Ilustiiigs, 13 Kub. 1788, to 25 
 April, 1795 ; ni'cjUittal. 
 
 Iiaiicachnaait of lunl .Melville, 9 April ; nccpilttal, u 
 June, 1806. 
 
 In.iiiliy into tlio cliargcs i)f colonel Wanlle ajjalnst the 
 duke of York, 27 .Ian. to 20 Maicli. 1809 ; aeipilttjil. 
 
 Trial of Carciliiie, .piecii of (icor),'!' IV,, liy liill of pains ' 
 anil penaltieN. ln'(iirc the house of Im-ils, connneuecl 
 16 Aug. ; Mr. Iiron;,'liMni eutcicil on Imt majesty's de- I 
 fence, 3 Oct. : and the last ilchiiteou the bill took place I 
 10 Nov. i8.io ; see ijitirn Cnmfiiie. \ 
 
 Iinpeuchnu'Ut of the iireshleut ; see L'nilcil Stiilet, i863. 
 
 IMPERIAL CHAMBER, sue Aiilic Coimdl. \ 
 
 IMPERIAL DEFENCE : an act for de- | 
 fruyiiig the e.vpenses of earryiiij; into etleet an 
 ajfreumeut for naval defence with the Australasian 
 colonies, and providinjc for the defiuice of certain 
 ports and coaliii);: stations, and for making further 
 provision for imperial defence, passed 13 Aug. 
 1888. Changes made by the Finance Act of July, 
 1894. See Coloniis. ^ 
 
 IMPERIAL FEDERATION of Great Bri- 
 tain and her colonies (for defence, A:c.) , the principle 
 was affimied, and a provisional eoniniittee of an 
 association constituted at a great meeting of emi- 
 nent politicians of all parties, and reju'esentativea 
 of the colonies, held at Westuiiiister I'alace Hotel, 
 Mr. W. K. Forster, .M.l*. in the chair, 29 July; 
 a league constituted iSXov. 1884. The electric tele- 
 graph has now brought the colonies into closer com- 
 munication than Exeter and Newca.stle were fornu'rly. 
 In 1885 many of the colonies otl'ered military assist- 
 ance in the boudnn ; which was accepted. 
 Conformed at thr Colonial anil Imllau Kxliibitlon, 
 London; earl Roscbcry, iircsidcnt, i July, 1886; 1 
 rt hon. Edward Stanhope, Kept. iBgz. The report of 
 sir Kawson Kawson discloses ^rcat dilllculties tluiaigh 
 opposing taritfs, March, iB83. 
 Fourth annual meeting of the I.,eftgne lield in London 23 
 M»y, 1889; meeting at the .Mansion-house 15 Nov. | 
 1S89 ; meeting at FMinburgh 12 Feb.; at Peojile's 
 Palace, B. London, duke of (Cambridge in thu chair, | 
 . 28 April, 1B90 ; at Westiriin.ster, i3JnnH, 1891. ! 
 
 Funds much wanted ; reportoil July, 1803 ; the league, j 
 having become defunct, was succeeded "by the Hritish ' 
 empire league (w/iicft .wr). and by the Imperial fedora- j 
 tion (defence) committee, about' 1893. 
 
 IMPERIAL GUARD of France, was created 
 by Napoleon from the guard of the convention, the 
 directory, and the consulate, when he became 
 emperor in 1804. It consisted at first of 9775 men, | 
 but was afterwards enlarged. It was subdivided in \ 
 1809 into the old and young guaid. In Jan. 1814, 
 it numbered 102,706. It was dissolved by 
 
 ^'Tllililr. 
 
 Louis XVIII. in 1815 ; revived by Nuhdl,.™ m 
 
 1854. It surrendenJd with .Met, t,; ' h " '"i" 
 
 I 27 Oct, 1870; ami was abolisl..,! |,v U;™S; 
 
 soon alter. It took part in the CriiiieMn war in ,«.- 
 
 IMPERIAL INSTITUTE ok tiik Con! 
 
 NIES ANU INIHA, to reliresent nil ""■ 
 
 ' tures, and commerce : estat)lislie,l m ;, „„,, , 
 
 ' the queen's jubilee, proposed by the nrin,"' , 
 
 ; oept. looo. ' ) 
 
 Prellhiinaiynieetlngat tlicMaasl'in llniiv jjSi.it 
 
 prince i>f Wali's's connnltti'i' n t m .Nnv ,»I' 
 
 I 8ii- Frederick Abel, oigioii/iiig seeictaiv ' s,,. 
 
 Issue of ivpiatreci.niniehdihg the c..iistiiM'ii.;|, .,1''' 
 the Instilntc at .S.piith Kcnsiii^tnii, cmimmh, . r 
 twii seclinns ; I. to illnstiale thic-,.iiiiii,.,,,||i"" 
 natuial ri'soiirccs of the Uolcpoics hm,! Ih.ij,, .'■', 
 till' condition of the natural prmlncts iin.l nrlrii 
 faeluresof the L'ldleu KinKdum ; with .siilti,i,i," 
 aeeoinitmiinents .... ji-j. p,.,, 
 
 Meetings at .'^t. Jaini's's Palace and Miiii.siiin l|..in,. " 
 
 Sir. F. Aliel exjiiaindcd the objects i,( il,,. |ii,'ti'tnl'' "'" 
 
 at the Royal [nslitutiim with tin. ;.iipr..|,|tj ,'j 
 
 the prince of Wah'S, who was in tln'chiiii 21 \m,i 
 
 25,000/. awarded to the Institute out (,| tli.. ,m|. ii,,' " 
 of till' ('oloninl Exhibition c.r itjci6 . m\,|,| 
 
 Architect, Mr. T. E. Colcutt ; contraetuH j,,|i,; ' 
 Mowleni and Co. ' " 
 
 Munlllcent donations from Inillaa nniicpH' th,. 
 niaharajah of Jodhpore gave 10,000/. .Iuiic,'iB?7' 
 niaharajah Holkar of Indorc, nxi.ooo rini..™ Ki.b 
 
 1889 ; the niHoariOuh of Jiypoie, ao,o(»/. Xijj' 
 
 1890 ; the Indian government grant 1,000/. iiiiini' 
 ally for the nmscnm . . h.-iiiiiiiiLr N„v ,1., 
 
 ronndatinn stoni! laid by the Macen ; (ml,, hy Ji,. '' 
 Lewis Morris, music by sir Arthur m\in„' 
 
 sung ; addresses) jui,.' , 
 
 20, (xxil. received trom Canada . . zjAii'. ' 
 
 Amount received (a- <lellnitcly proniisi'd, 4oo,a»T " 
 
 Receipt of 310,000/. exclusive of the Indian coiitri^ " 
 
 bution, repeated aJilly, ,ffl 
 
 .See OriniM ,<(ii(/im, 1890. '' '" 
 
 The pri'udcrsof the Australasian coloni..s,nnnonnoi' 
 their hearty co-operation in the wurk of tlii'Iiisii. 
 tnti', June, iSgo; the const itn tion oftln'lniinTial 
 Institute, pnoli.shed in the Ijimlmi ilnytlt jj 
 April, 1B91 ; the prince of Wales horniaa'tcd ilint 
 president ; governing body iBgovi.riiors, ijnonii. | 
 nated by the nueen, 6 by the president, ami 3 
 ex-olllcio otileers, abp. of Carderliury, hinl cliaii. 
 cellor, and others. First nieeiii;;' of tli,. |j«r. 
 inancnt governing body. Lord lli.rscliell v\rrM 
 chairman, and the execntive cuuncil cunstitiil.M 
 
 The Institute was partly openoil to the Kcllowiaiii ' 
 
 , public 22 Jaw, c:. 
 
 Imperial institute year-book pnhlisli..il . snmiiiHr, 
 
 First annual meeting; the prince of Wales in tlit 
 chair; above 3,51x1 members, reported . 26X1.1'. 
 
 A peal of 10 bells, the " Alexandra," set up in tlw 
 "gneen's" tower; ordered by Elizalietli Millar, 
 an aged Australian lady, to he nnide by Slwrs. 
 John Taylor & Co., of Loughlioroiit;li, nsaciflt.) 
 the prince of Wales, reported i.j Oct. ijj; ; first 
 rung ,0 .Mav, ijjj 
 
 London .jubilee fund (5,700/.) transferri'd to tlie 
 institute May, 
 
 The institute was inaugurated by tin' (inei'U in 
 thu presence of the royal faiiiily and a larse 
 as.seml)ly of illustrious and ' distingiiislwl 
 persons, 10 May. 
 
 After an adilress to the ipieen from tlio fxpoutiie 
 body, rea.l by the prince of Wales, di'scriliiiii; 
 the ob.jects of the institute, the iinoiMi in liir 
 reply (leclared the institute to he now n|Mi. 
 and concluded with an earnest inayer "that it 
 may never cense to ttonrish .ts a lasting I'mblfin 
 of tlio unity ami loyalty of her mnpirr." The 
 ceremony was closed by a benediction from the 
 archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 ITie royal proetssflion proceeded from IJnckinjjhaiu 
 palace to the institute, both sides of the route 
 being lined by nulitary and a vast coucouneot 
 
 IMPED 
 
 p«pl« of all ri 
 Itageil during t 
 C»n*l«, Aintral 
 Hi' liiwntifld knj 
 Ih.. in«titntii «■! 
 nmtsls hn night 
 uiailt' iiy .M.'ssrs 
 of tlmduy wure . 
 Grand reception h> 
 (iimlly, tire mill 
 princes, and olhi 
 
 Till. InHtltatn oiieii 
 tions . 
 
 l,poliiri"<iiii therein 
 dent and Iter coi 
 W. H. J.e -ky 
 
 Donatiunol 1,000/. 
 
 Imiieriiil huHliilr /. 
 Internationid railw 
 
 prince of Wales 
 |iit..rnational geogn 
 
 iliiki' of Vork . 
 .Scientlllc ili>|wirtlllel 
 Varhtlnu ami lishe 
 
 prince and prince 
 " Donilnloii.day " ci 
 
 "at lioinc'' hy sir 
 
 IMPERIAL 1 
 
 Lordt, fdr/Miiii'iif, 
 
 IMPERIAL ^ 
 
 Westminster {w/iii 
 
 IMPERIALS 
 
 in i8;8, to signify I 
 of the British ciiijii 
 tion to that of Un 
 separate part of the 
 IMPI, or Imbiz 
 
 IMPORTS OF 
 
 projfressive increase 
 with other countrie 
 exports {ichic/i are) : 
 
 VAU'E or I.MP0RT.S 1 
 PAKTI 
 
 In 1710 . . jB4,75 
 
 1750 • . 7.28. 
 
 1775 . . M.Si' 
 
 1800 . . 50,571 
 
 1810 , . 41. 13^ 
 
 1820 . . 36,514 
 
 1830 . . 46,245 
 
 1840 . . 62,004 
 
 1845 . . 85,281 
 
 1850 . , 95,252 
 
 1851 . . 103,579 
 
 1856 . . 172,544 
 
 1857 • . 187,844 
 ■859 . . 179,182, 
 1S61 . , 217,485, 
 
 1864 . . 271,952, 
 
 1865 . . 271,072, 
 
 1866 . . 295,290, 
 ■S67 . . 275,183, 
 
 1868 . . 294,693,1 
 
 1869 . . 295,460.; 
 
 1870 . . 303,257,. 
 '871 . . 33i.oi5.< 
 
 From foreign co 
 
 1871 i«75 
 ti58,o7i,o62 £289,515,6 
 
 From Uritish pos 
 i7'.944.<'8 84,423,9 
 
 IMPOSTORS. 1 
 
 most e.^traordinary : — 
 
 AMebert, a Gaul, in 743, 
 
 the liedeenier. which f 
 
 "c »eiUu:ed ninititudea 
 
 forests, and to live in i 
 
 , He was condemned hv a 
 
 Goiialvo Martin, 1 Spaui 
 
"'1 l;,v N„p„l,.„n i[[~; 
 
 i'Cniia.;inw;,riniijj° 
 TTE 01. ruKCoio. 
 
 «'■'' !')■ til., prin,, ,, 
 
 "1«>'M' of Lolilloii IJ 
 
 IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT. «i9 
 
 ('iiliiiii.'s,,iiiiii)iiiif,. 
 ■ wiirk.ir thrlin.i. 
 iiiinprtli.MiMi»'n,il 
 
 l.niiilmi Ciyll,^ jj 
 
 li'« ii'i'iiiiiatt'dlirsi 
 (iivrnjiirs, i2iiuiiii. 
 !• pri'siili'iit.aiHl 3 
 iTliiiry, lunl clan. 
 '!■ ill'.; iif till' |«r- 
 ll.'isi'lii'll rlectf'l 
 
 'llllK.'il ClJIlStitllti'il 
 
 2j''iily, liji 
 tollie I'i'lluttiiaii'l 
 
 . 22 June, I'j 
 
 ilislii'il , siimiiiiT, 
 ■ft of Wali',1 ill tlw 
 i'|ioi'ti'i| . 26X"V. 
 lr;i," .si't lip ill tlw 
 ' Eliailii'tli Millar, 
 'I! iiiiiilu by JiMsrs. 
 -iriiiiKli, as :i ^ift to 
 19 Oct. 139:; lirst 
 
 . 10 May. i^j I 
 
 raiisfuri'i'il to tin 
 
 • ■ May, „ 
 
 liy till' (|ueeii in 
 
 iiiily ami a larRe 
 
 ml ilistiiigiiislwl 
 
 from liuckiiiglum 
 siiliis of tlio roult; 
 vast concourse (jt 
 
 1893 
 
 pwple of all riiiik* Anions (ho iiillH(|,.y „||. 
 lin^ti iliiriiiK till' iIay wnre roiitliiKonisfrDiii 
 Oniflii. Aiintniliitaiiil Imliii. 
 
 riio iKwiififlil ki-y iiKiKl liy tlu) i|ii In (,|„.|||,n, 
 
 Ihi" iinlitiitft wiw ooiii|K)K«.l of KoM iiiiil iilhor 
 iiiotfllH liPiiiKlit from till) ciiliiiili'H, an, I ^.,1^ 
 uinilii liy Mmhi's. Cliiilil). All tlio urranKoiiiniit* 
 of III" 'lay woro miiTi'intfiil. 
 
 (jraii'l ri'Cfptl'iii liy thf prlnciMif Wiili-s, of t h,. myal 
 fmiiily, till' Miiiiintry, niiiliiKiit iiffli.ial.H, (cjn'iu'u 
 prliicw, nii'l otIii'iH ; about jo,ijoo iiorsuiw, 
 
 Tim Inntltilto opeiiml to tlio imlilic, iiliilci' i',.''Mi"|iV 
 tioii.1 ... . . . ,(i Miiv ,'7 ,',.,. 
 
 LfCtiiri'ioii tliiirelatioiiH bi'lHi'oii tlm L'liltcil Kiti". 
 ilniii ami lii'r colon inH ; opi'iiinK lulilnn. b\. Mr' 
 W. H.I.I' "ky jiX'i.y" 
 
 lioiiatlon ol 1,000/. from tlio Oolil.Hiiiltli.H coniii,"iny,' 
 
 /wpriWf'M'ifH/. V„u,',„,^. nioiithly ; So. i . ,'jiVn' 
 hitcrnatloiial railway ciiiiKri's.s ; opcni'il liV tliii 
 
 priiit'H of Wall's ... . . aft Jim,., 
 IntHniatioiial iji'oKniplilcal congress ; opon,.,! \,y ,1,,; 
 
 ililki' "f Vork 36,;iilv 
 
 Si'li-ntlllv cli'iiartmi'iit coiii|ili>ti'il, ri'porti'il Oi.'t' 
 Vaolitiii^' ami lislii'i'ii's cxIiibitlDii open,.,! Iiv tliii 
 
 iirliioi' anil prliii'i'ss of Wall's _ 17 Mav 
 
 )oiiiliiloii.ilay" I'l'b'briiti'il iit tlio iiistltuti'' an 
 "at lioiiii'" by sir Doiiabl ."jniitli . , ,jn|y 
 
 IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT, see Commo»», 
 
 Urm, Partiiiiiieiit, anil Itrtonn. 
 
 IMPERIAL THEATRE at the Anui.rium. 
 
 WeilmimUT {which m). ' ' 
 
 in l8;8, to sipitv that >yhidi ri'liiti'd to tho welfare 
 ot the British cniiiire iia a whole, in (;oiitniilistiiii'. 
 tion to that of Great liritaiii itself or miv other 
 jeparate part of the empire. 
 
 IMPI, or riiibizo, see Miixhniirihtud. 
 
 IMPORTS OF MEnCHANDI.SE. The vast 
 propiwiye .iifreiise of our coninierfi,,! iiiteroourse 
 with other countries is shown by our imports unU 
 
 exports {KlHtli set) : — ' " 
 
 IMI'ONTCJR.S. 
 
 Hjlftlm HOl'l of tJ,„i 
 '■MMrrn woi'tliy,ini,,„v, 
 
 ^"'.t'h.'U^"^ """^ ""t by til. hi,p.|s,ti„„7, 
 
 Imil many r„||,„,,.„-. ,„ !,^ , ' .'^ ''"'""» ''.v «iti ; h« 
 '■i''<" aKiiin In tliri',. y,.,,," """''• 'JS*. promising t» 
 
 !;:':.;i«;i^i;t^;iin't';H'?"-'i"--Ml:i 
 
 '■"iKml; lilHsii,',',..^"|, 1.1 ■ ''■ ""'" " """'il hy 
 
 t'"-tl'i""i', anll'iHi';;'' ,'::'1|-:;'''»A'lilnito 
 WiiiiK izar, ami „|| |,|,s fano'ly 
 
 'I'lKllillK I'; 
 
 COVlTI'll, III 
 
 1894 
 
 1696 
 1897 
 
 Imiiil'S, F,.o,|„i', tin, 
 
 „ ,, '"■wasassassiniiti.ViTn'i.r., V'"'""'"'"' ''i»- 
 
 ."labbatji Levi, ,, ,N.,v ,,| s ,,, , ' '''■' '"''"'■'■■ ■'><>1. 
 ' ''''"ks a loHK i 11 . a ■.'^ , '; '"'l''"'''' ,•'"• .ii'ws ami 
 
 . Apiiaiitlon of.Mir |,„,|v „,■ m,,i,,„„ . »,,. ■ 
 
 PosfU anil seyeial ners, ns , ' .", ''"l"'-'''ii« nx- 
 „.Tl"'«iili-r»tltioii i-'v i', I ; .'i:;,'';:'!' ^^Vnl .846. 
 
 A;r';pi;n:';:^:':^L^'t^^,--;^;^o,,8s..., 
 F-;',i-;i;i^yi:--;;:'^5^^ 
 
 "; -869 liy iliieeii I.sabi. Ii'm,! '^,„;:"«',r'"l "' IWis 
 I'liotoKiaplier as liis so , 1^ .. '^ ' '•••f''ft-'il by,, 
 KiiKlisli wi,!„w. Ki'o . J,„.H ■^''l'l""-''''l I'.v a rioli 
 
 'j"bnsaki,i«. iv;rs;:r;;:;;l'::n"M'"^';'K""n, ' 
 
 lIl'llttlTWIlllI 
 
 ill l.oiiiloi 
 
 -'::;«'K;'fflxif2E£ 
 
 ViU'E or IMPORTS INTO IIKEAT BRIT.llN, Kn,,„ ,,, 
 P*HTS or THK WOULD 
 
 • '■'4.75!. 777 I In 1875 
 
 In 1710 
 1750 
 ■773 
 1800 
 iSlo 
 1820 
 1830 
 184a 
 1845 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 
 
 1859 
 
 i36i 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 1669 , 
 
 1870 . 
 
 1871 . 
 
 7.289,582 I 1876 . 
 
 ■ M.SiS.Sss 1877 . 
 
 • 30.570.605 I 1873 . 
 
 ■ 41.136.1.35 J879 . 
 
 • 36.514.564 I 1880 . 
 . 46,245,241 ,33, , 
 . 62,004,100 I 1882 . 
 . 85,281,958 , i83j . 
 . 95,252,084 I 1884 . 
 
 • "oj.579.58-2 1885 . 
 
 • '72.544.154 i336 . 
 
 • 187.844,441 1887 • 
 . 179.182,355 I i833 . 
 . 217,485,024 ; 188,^ . 
 . 274,952,172 ' i89,j , 
 . 271,072,285 j ,89, . 
 ■ 295,290,274 I ,892 . 
 
 • 275,183,137 i ,8;,J , 
 
 . 294.693,608 ' 1894 . 
 
 . 295.460,214 j ,855 , 
 
 • 303,257.493 1896 . 
 . 331.015,480 I 1897 ■ 
 
 frora foreifjii countries. 
 1 ,, ,'87i 1875 ,8„ 
 
 . i;58,07.,o62 £289,5,5,606 £304,865,684 
 
 ^72,944,4.8 84,423,97. 39,553,9.;8 | 75,752,, 50 
 
 IMPOSTORS. The following are amorn. H,« 
 most extraordinary :— ® among the 
 
 ' ''^^^"^■^iia?'n!;rs^^,'!^.-';f^" '''«- z^- 
 
 I'i- «lu™l iMiiltitudes to ^Tl mv li ;,; in, ,t?'f '""' ; 
 
 ^373.939,577 
 
 • 375. .54. 703 
 
 • 394.4.9.682 
 
 • 368,770,742 
 
 • 362.991,375 
 
 • 4'. ,229, 565 
 
 • 397.022,489 
 
 • 413. t>. 9,608 
 
 • 426,891,579 
 
 • 390,018,569 
 
 • 370,967,955 
 
 • 349.863,472 
 
 • 362.227,564 
 
 • 387,635,743 
 
 • 427,637,593 
 
 • 420,691,997 
 
 • 435.441,264 
 
 • 423,793,882 
 
 • 404.683,178 
 
 A.n.,prct,.n,,l.,«-^.r;b::j|--;„n,Uw,..., 
 
 12. 
 
 '450. 
 
 on, a 
 
 inatccl 
 
 il by 
 
 "P to liliuler tli'cK ,;'„,' ,•;.';;' "f Kent, spirit,-,, 
 tions from l„.„v,.n, foi".,, •',',;'' '''''V'.''' '''"l"™- 
 Imvo nn early anil violent ,. ,1, '.•''" '""n «""l'i 
 
 •>:''cnti.,latryl,iirn.2,;\prii, 
 
 line of .Spain ami 
 liercinfeilirateswer, 
 
 infession, b.rwbii.lisliV.' 
 
 «':r;;^::t::;i'i;;;.';;;::;;;;;.,ir-r''-«'.vi,,,.,an,, 
 ^7^';nJ;f;:^;:ri.yi;^i'iS5ti,:{':'r^ -nt. 
 
 „ ''l^in^t 1 licli,.v, 1 hii; '"'" •'''"'" '«6- iioyle aii.l 
 
 Dr. litus()„t,.s, .see ,;„/«. ' 
 Kobert Y,i 
 
 tuiiiults : cinvipt.i.i 'lu ;,... * .• 
 
 .i«..«.o,..,i£T;:;as;:.a,,, 
 
 '.vithiii Iicr, 80 iniiios,:,, ,„,,*"''"' '"■'■'' "-"''I'lts 
 "th,;-s. Jlr. St. Anil'. s,S t ■h?'i'''''''';"'-^ <"""">« 
 e.spouscl l,er,.ause, ,;26 ^ """S*' "'»' they 
 
 olianua .So„tlu'„t,., wlio ,;,.,,.,.,;'';'' ''•• '''"'■"■ 
 _tl.,Messia.,,_a,nU.,i,,iU;a'-^ 
 
 I. Tlioin, .see Tlini,,ii„.. 
 
 W. Tlion'i. .see Tliomiic,- 
 
 l&ee Absttnaics and Hugiir.] 
 
 «l 
 
 
 ,M 
 
 
 .■i?ii.^''T,i' 
 
 1*.^ 
 }* 
 
 •?IU;i,'M 
 
 , I 
 
p'^1 
 
 will 
 
 E%^ 
 
 
 ^^^ > 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ^U^\ 
 
 
 lAirHKSSloMSTEH. 
 
 Ml) 
 
 INCOME TAX. 
 
 lAIl'UKSSKJMSTKS, u mime given to 
 
 iirtintH \\\i> mm iit |iriiilii( iii»; rii|ii(l uiiHtiiilii'd 
 <ti'i TtH iii(l('|iciii|i'Ml "f the iiiiiiHiK (pf iirt, KUi'll iii 
 iMiini't, iMic/, iiiiit otlii'Ktiti l''nuui'. In KiikIiuiU 
 .NIr. \Vlii«tlri' cxliiliilcil Hiich iiirtimii in IH", m- 
 <'lliiliiiK iiKHJiiliijlit KH'iH'n, iVi ., iJiiililfil in two (liiyt, 
 nlidwiiiK' H'l-'iit "I'niii! "I' (dlmir. V»r Mr. Kiiwkin'ii 
 <Titiiiiiiii!< Ht'ii Titii/«, iH'H, Till' Iin|iir»Kiiini!<t«'» 
 lire mI«ii cliiuactfri/cil u» illustiiilnrs u( tlL<ii- nwii 
 Jiiniii liy iiure iiit ; MM. MiincI, Dunnid, Itiiil, 
 Di'KMH, iiml Uiiuiir, mv Firmh tx;iiiiiiU'»; tliiy 
 I'xliiliiti'il in LciMiluii in June, liJiJ2 iiml tincv, 
 <.'«j)t'ciiilly in April, iHHij. 
 
 IMrUKSSMKNT ov Skamkx, .ilHnncMl tiy 
 sir .\l. iMisIrr tci Ijc cif iiniifnl |ir,iili''t'. 'I'lii' Ktiit. ' 
 2 Uicii. II. »iM'iilt» of iinpresKini'nt an ii mutter well 
 kninvii, 1178. Till! first cuMMninsi'-ii fur it was 
 insucil 2'tkiU\-. III. I.VS.S. I'riMBin^-, fitliir f'>r tlit- 
 sni or liuiii Ki'rvicc, ili'ilartil tci In' illi'ital liy tlif 
 )iiirlianu'nt, Die. I(>4I, but practiced till prt'Kciit 
 tinic-". Ini|iri'!'iim('nt was not rewirteil to in the 
 ItUHHian war, !H54-5. 
 
 IMPIUSONMKNT loit DEBT, see ArmU, 
 Jhli/dis, and Ferrtira' A11t.1t. 
 
 IMPUOPHIATIOX (applying ecclesiastical : 
 |ir(])]irty to lay purpoacM). Dn the fuip]irensiiin of 
 ablieys in is.vii tni'ir imoiiicn tium the K'^'it ti'hea , 
 were" distnlinted amoiif; his ecmrtiers by Henry 
 VIII.; and tlieir aiieiesaors constitute 7597 lay 
 inipriipriators, 
 
 INCAH, SCO rem. I 
 
 INCENDIARIES, f^cc Ar.wn. 
 
 INCPiST. Manhigc with very near relations, 
 alnieht iiiiiverMilly forbidden, took place in K^'ypt, j 
 I'ersia, and (irceee. For recent eases see J'lirlin/ii/, , 
 IJU\ 1777, and I,S26; Jl((/;/, I.SKH. The talde of j 
 kindred in the book cd'eoniinoli prayer was set forth 
 in 1^(15. For the Hebrew law see Leviticus, chap, j 
 xviil. 1400 11. c. 
 
 INCH. It was delincd in l><24 by act of par- 
 liament, that v»'',V'-9 inihes is the length of a 
 .seconds pendulum in the latitude of London, vi- 
 bratiii); in viiciio at the sea level, at the tenipcratiiru ' 
 of 62 Fiihrenheit; see Ciiiid/i, and .Staiii/diil. 
 
 INCHCAPE BELL, see Jkll liotk. 
 
 INCLOSURE ACT, to facilitate the in.lo- 
 sure ami impiovenicnt of cominons, ajipoinliiif; 
 <>omniissi(iner», etc., 8 ii 9 Viit. c. II.S, passed 
 8 Aii^'. 1845; another act passed in 1^170; see 
 Coitlllni>l.i. 
 
 INCOME TAX. In 1512, parliament granted | 
 a subsidv of two-til'teenlhs from the commons, and I 
 two-tenths from 'he clergy, to enable the king to i 
 vnter on a war with France. In Dee. 17^)8, Mr. 
 Pitt jiroposed and carried, amid great opposition, 
 resolutinns for increased tixi's"as an aid for the 
 prosecution of the war" with France. 
 (Irailiiateil ilutics 011 iiieone iMi|iosicl, liegimiiiig with 
 
 60/, per anaaiii, bv the act passeil 9 .Inn. 1799. 
 Tlic " piii|ii'rty tax" pii.ssecl wliicli levicil a rate of 5 |icr 
 
 {■eiit. I'll ;ill iiieoiacs aliove 150/. and lower rates tai 
 
 siiialler imoiiies, 11 Aug. 1803. 
 Increased to 6i Jier cent. 1805 ; 10 pev cent., einbraciiig 
 
 tbe ili\ ideic's at tlic liaiik, i8of'. 
 Ill i3oo tlie tax jaodueed 5, 71''. 572'. ; in 1804, 4. ''150,000/. ; 
 
 ill iSofi, 11,500,000/.; m ido8, 16,548,985/. ; in 1S15, 
 
 14,078,557/. 
 Tlie tax |piodiiccd from IniidH, laaises, reiitagcs, (tc, 
 
 o,r)T7,9j7/.. ; Iioiii fmidcd and stock lirojicnie.s, 
 
 2.885,505/. ; tlie profits and gains of tnide, 3,8ji,o88/. ; 
 
 and salaries and jiensioiis. 1. 174. 450/. IJcpealcd 18 
 
 March, 1816, on motion of U. broinjliuiu. 
 
 I Bir Hols'it IVern bill Juipiwinu n tiuiitii riiti.if , 
 the pound (1/. i8«. 4./. in !■ m.r) on ,,1,1,111,1 i,,,. , >■' '» 
 i.v'.aiid iipwardsd,., tliief .veins) i,,„„„i „ j', ™"; 'I 
 
 It prodii,-,.,! ,il,.,iit 5,jjo,t»«./, a->i'iii , i,„.i i,.,i i,,,"' '■,'•' , 
 about ij,o«,,c»»j/. Indirect taxes. ""I'Hl.fl 
 
 Ili'lleweil fiU' tlllce years, 1845 ; i||„| ,'.,,11, 
 
 Large iiieetliigH iisseiiilijed 111 Triifiilj:,, !•.«,, „„,„ , 
 
 (tortlleo,te„-ll,lcl.,ll|,oseof ".^ni,- ,ll,. I,',,\, :;; '" 
 
 rioting ensued, wbiili was soon i,ii,||,.,i / , i, "• 
 1S46. ■ ".711.111., 
 
 Tax eoiitliiiieil for one year In 1S51 niiil i?,, 
 
 Tlie tax of 7,/. Iliiilteil to siv,.|i yiviis (tin',:,, ,. , , 
 gllldllillly leibli'i d ill iililolliil ; li,|( „{| |,|,^,| '' " 
 luo/. to ijo/. iiiiule liable to 5./. in n,,. ,„,i|||ii'f ':; 
 •bat iierioil: tlic tax also extei,.],,! i,, i ,,|„,„ ,' '' 
 i8.vt. 'i''"", J,,,., 
 
 Ciiiiieiiii war : riitesiloiililcd, 14'/ , nSj.,, L 
 
 xl (making 11../.) iiddeil to ti„. i,,., ,,'„ i,,,.,,,,,,,, , 
 150/., mid I J./ .ill tlh.se l.,.iw,..ii KK,/. „„,( ,., . ,1"' 
 foll,iell„.|lig i«. 4,/., tlielatter iij.l. iutli,.!,,,,;,,, ; '"' 
 
 Tlie loiiiier assesBiii.Mit rcdi 1 to 7,/,, the li,n..i , 7 
 
 1S57. llotbbeeanie ,,/.., 8,-J. ' ' "'""™t"i^ 
 
 The former niise.l to Q,r, til,. Intter tocj,/ ■1111,1 ii,,, 1 
 
 on in ii'S, .1, rived froin lands t"ii-iii,|,t« ,v,. , ', 
 
 fioiii ,i,/. to 5j,/. for Kiivdiind, iiii.l | , m ,,' , ,' 
 
 Wc,,tl»ii,l,iii,| Ireland, .Inly, is.s> ' "('Ir j 
 
 Tlie iississineiit on ii iiies I'aiseil -mi tin.*,, al,,,,. .. 
 
 to 7,/. ; on fho-,1' iiliov,' 150/. to uy/, ' '■ 
 
 [Tbe olijeet of 111,' Ineicase was to proml,. riirii,l,.||,.|,.| 
 oi'i'iisioiie,! l.y extra expen.lituiu f,ir (Itftu.jiw .iM 
 eoiintry, April, \i(«\\ ' \ 
 
 A eoiiiniittee to iii,|iiiie into tlic woikiiii,' nf tl„. i,,„ , 
 tax lljipolllfeil. 14 Feb. iSf.i. '" " 
 
 Rediietion of tbe lust iissessini'iit friiiii .,( (,, f( ,, 
 fioiii 10./. to 91I. for tliivc-iiiiaiteis ,,f tliV 111,1111, ,[, ! 
 iS6i-63. 
 
 Tlic rates of 6d. aiul (/I. to .••■niliiini', April, iSfij. 
 
 The rate of 7,/. nii nil eliiiri^eiihl,- liiiviiufs I'd,; 
 fiiriiis, ,Vc. , 111 Kiigliiinl ; and ij,/. in Si'i.tlninl aH I-. 
 land. Ineoiiies iii,,I,'r uh../. ii \fi,i' lAriiiiitol ■ t],,!!! 
 above 10c./. ami iiinUr joo/. allowed im iiliatiintut ,", 
 Co/., 8 .llllle, 186,1. 
 
 Tbe riite ,if i>/. on eliaigealile ineoiiii.s.wlth «,iiiice,M.. 
 tloiis and abateiiieiit, 13 Miiy, itti4. ' "' 
 
 The rate of 41/. on eliiiigi.ablc iiieonifs, with mime (seiti. | 
 tions anil abati'iiieiit. .May, 1865-7, 
 
 Haised to 5</. (for year emilin; i Aplil, 1S68), to w 
 for Abvs»iiii.iii war, Nov. 16(7. 
 
 liaised to 61/. (for 18US-9). May, iSfA 
 
 )(edii,eil to 5./. ill tbe p.. 1111,1, A|i|il, iSf.ij; t(i 4'/.,,\i,rl . 
 
 1870. Hiiise,l t.i M. le,', lint of ri'-einaiiijjiii,,, 'j 
 
 army, abolislilng iiureliane, 1671. Ui-iliuca to i.| 
 April, 187;;. ' ■ 
 
 Heiiewed iigitiitlon ngnliist tbe tax; eeiifcn.npe at Bii- i 
 iiiinKliain, ;2 .May ; at the .Maiision-heiisr, I,.iiiil,'i, 
 pr,.|„,M.d fori nation of 11 Xatiomil Autl-Iumiue Tii 
 League, 13 Dee. 1872. ' 
 
 Ueillleed to ;./■ flolil n April, 1E73 ; to;./., jj A|.ril,i\ 
 
 Mr. I'. Lewis's iiioti.ai l,a- iv, lining or iili"li>liii,Vii. 
 tax dideate.l (n,)-;81, 3 .Inly, 1874. 
 
 Ilaiseil to 3</. ; iiie.>inen umler i?o/. |i, he rs«iipi; 
 120/. of iiieoiiies under 400/. exempt, A|,ill, \>f,, 
 
 liaiseil to ji/. (tbrougli |.reiiaiiiti,,iisfiiMViii), .Vpril,iS;i. 
 
 Haisi',1 t,i 6,'. liy .Mr. liladstoiie, ,luiie; mt ni>.v.>i,i; 
 Aug. iSSo. 
 
 Hi',liie,',l to 5,/. l.y Mr. (ilii.lst.nie; l.ii.lg.'t 4 .\|iril,i::i 
 
 Haised to 6M. for tli.' year (in e..iis..i|iii.|i,'|. „f tb I 
 Kgvptiali expedition), Aug. 1182 ; rediicwl ti.5'l..l|.ni 
 1883. 
 
 liaise. 1 to 61'. I Pee, ic'?4; to E./. 30 April, iSSslivfr , 
 tiiiiie.l, AiH-il, i3S6 ; ii.liiee.l t., -,/, April, i;;7;;iiul, 
 ,V;c., Knglan.l 3*.'. ; IScotlaii.l iin.l Ireliiii.l, jj"/.(acl!j 
 -May, 18B7); rediice.1 t..t'v/. 16 May, i£68; Cilitiiud . 
 April, 1SS9-92; raiseil 1,1 -jd., w .May, 1=93; to M, 
 witbgra.|iiatl.iiis,si.e llinhiit. Actiia.s.swl3i Jiily.iJti; 
 30 May, 1895; 7 Aug. 1196. 
 
 Mi-. Hartley s niotion for a coiiiiiiitt.'C to cmiiiiri' 
 into tlie work ill;: an. I liicl.Ieiiee.if rluMiicutin-.t.ix 
 iie;;ati\e.l by tile coninions (i'n-i,..6) . 34 K*-!). i:<i j 
 
 The house of lor.ls .l,-ei,i,.s ...I appeal tlmt n'li;.'ioii.i 
 and cliaritabli! societies are exempt from ilicoiiir. 
 tax soJuly, „ 
 
 For 1898-9, incumcs up to lu,!. cxprnpt ; iw. tiHi... ] 
 160/. nbat.nient ; 4,,.i/. to jm,/., 15,,/. abattintiit: I 
 5:..,/. tr, o ,<,/., 120/. aliatement; 6c«/. tu 700/., ;^. ' 
 abutenicut ; ubove 700/., no abatement 
 
 
 
 INCO 
 
 
 rnooucE 
 
 l)ll • 
 
 . 
 
 . *37i 
 
 ilM 
 
 . 
 
 . . S.")> 
 
 iW . 
 
 
 ■ S.jy? 
 
 ll\> 
 
 
 ■ . 5.3.«, 
 
 T 
 
 Marclt)' 10,64 J 
 
 „ 
 
 . M,o7o 
 
 iM' 
 
 M 
 
 , 16,089 
 
 lllJ 
 
 „ 
 
 . ll.jSli 
 
 l»» 
 
 „ 
 
 , 6,li83 
 
 life 
 
 II 
 
 ■ 9.J9* 
 
 liSl 
 
 „ 
 
 ■ 'o.yj.i 
 
 li»i 
 
 H 
 
 . 10,365 
 
 1MI 
 
 
 . 10,567 
 
 mw 
 
 MArcli). v.iJiJ4. 
 
 ■»( 
 
 ,, 
 
 . 7.958. 
 
 ,m 
 
 ,, 
 
 • 6.J</>. 
 
 I'S 
 
 II 
 
 . 5.700, 
 . 6,177, 
 
 rW? 
 
 
 . 8,618, 
 
 .(ro 
 
 „ 
 
 . 10,044, < 
 
 8ri 
 
 
 . 6,330,1 
 
 Ri'.il j.ropcrty, liiii.l, Jii!, 
 Ptoftuiuiia, triidus, Im. 
 
 lvcokporate; 
 
 lncumbents' 
 
 liith iirovisioii for pen 
 lirai'iiilcil 1887, 
 
 LN'CUMBERED 
 
 llnrti Ealalei. 
 
 LVCUEABLES. 
 Icaniblei, founded by 1 
 lihaltiiii ill Surrey, in 18 
 Itc I'utiiey. 
 Ifintiili Hoiiiii fur Ineurat 
 
 Willud . . , ■ , 
 
 I.Vitwiul llosiiifjil for Iiieu 
 lUi'iiiHcT Incurable Cliil ri 
 
 INDEMNITY BIJ 
 
 ■[ the iTowu or the go' 
 
 ue responsibility of niei 
 
 ind urgent euae-,, withon 
 
 barliiimcut. One was in 
 
 llier 10 indemnify mm 
 
 luring the suspension 
 
 caiTieJ ill the comi 
 
 190 to (14); ii'"Jin thelo 
 
 |Sl!l, 111 1848 and 1857 
 
 listil for the suspension 
 
 Ij the ministry; see Obi 
 
 1 passed at the end of ev 
 
 It persons who transgress 
 
 l». The practice began 
 
 JlXDEPENDENCE 
 
 If, by United States of 
 i;6, 13 annually celebrate 
 
 r INDEPENDENT 
 
 punied by a society cc 
 peen at the Koyalty Then 
 ICDts resembling those c 
 I. .^nloine to include 
 plstoi wliich could not bo 
 J the theatre is supporteiJ 
 f ney taken at the doon 
 
INCOni'ORATRD. 
 
 am 
 
 'l'i"vi'li'f"r«.l,||,.i„|,,| 
 IIUi; Inr drfiliiliii^ II,;, 
 
 W'likiUi; uf til,, li,,,., „ 
 
 it flnlll ;.(, til '7, . ,, 
 tlTx 111' till- IllnilliJai.Vj I 
 
 111''. April, 1S63, 
 ii'ii' iiii'i.iiiis: j(,i 
 
 \'l ill Sn,tl:llM a{,.\\,.' 
 ■Vfilf v\Vllllit.-.l;tl„. 
 I'lWlil nil lllllltl'liniitr. 
 
 868. 
 
 iiil, iSf-.j; tii4'/,,.\],r| i 
 lit uf iv-iiipiiii»ati„|,,|| 
 871. Hi-iliuiil to, -I, 
 
 liix ; i.(>iifi.ri.noeatBii- 
 iiiisiiiii.liiiuw, LiiiJ... 
 iiiiuil Aiitl-Iiitoiiis Li 
 
 '1 ;t'i;'/.,a3Aliril,i;.^ 1 
 ii'liij; cr ;iliMli»|iijc|i, I 
 874. 
 
 l?<j/, t" \V fSnilft; 
 
 c.iii|.t, A|iiil, 1*76. 
 iiisfiinviu), AfriliiS;!, 
 I'l Jiuiu ; ai't l«s»p|,i! 
 
 !■; lm.ln.-t4Ai.ril,i:;i 
 
 It l'i>IlH|.(|lU'llr(. .if \\sf I 
 
 32;itcliHTat"5i'..lit:l, I 
 
 '1?. 30 April, iSSjift 
 " ;i'. April, i;;7:;aiKl 
 ml liiilaii'l, jjil. (iiclij 
 Jliiy, i£S8; Ci'litiini.] 
 ij .May. iSijiitoW,, 
 
 initliii' to i'iii|iiirt' 
 cif tlli'ilici)llli-t.l\ 
 1-106) . 24 FrI). l:j|| 
 
 pt-nl tlmt rclij.'ioiis 
 ■nipt from iucoiiif 
 
 . 30 July, „ 
 exempt ; icci. tii4i., 1 
 ,»!., 15.J. alkittiaml; 
 it ; 6cof. tu 700/., rJ. I 
 iittiiieiit 
 
 , i!ti ■ • 
 
 I 1M4 • • 
 
 1*46 . ■ 
 
 I |'„,(]i'M«n:h), 
 
 ' iSjJ » 
 
 1")? ■■ 
 
 iljJ .. ■ 
 
 ilN •' 
 
 lib .1 
 , liSl 
 
 i(«4()ijj«rili). 
 
 , iXi .. 
 
 iW ., 
 
 iMl » 
 
 1 liM t> 
 
 lU; » 
 
 I i!?i> " 
 I il?l 
 
 DUL'l'l! Illr Til 
 
 . *J7i.o53 
 
 ■ 3.'9>.59; 
 
 . 5tig.f.)vi 
 
 I 3.5U9.'M7 
 
 . io,64i,()3i 
 
 1.1,070,958 
 
 16,089, gjj 
 
 Ii.58«.ii5 
 
 6,68), 587 
 
 9, 996, 106 
 
 ic,94j,i86 
 
 10,365,000 
 
 10,567,000 
 
 9,084,000 
 
 7,958,000 
 
 6,j90,ooo 
 
 5,700,000 
 
 6.177,000 
 
 8,6i8,uoo ; 
 
 10.044,000 j 
 
 6,350,000 I 
 
 IK INIUMK r,%x. 
 
 1 '87» 
 
 
 I187, 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 1876 
 
 
 1878 
 1879 
 
 Miireli) 
 
 It 
 
 1880 
 1881 
 
 >i • 
 
 i88i 
 
 
 1883 
 
 II 
 
 1884 
 
 
 1885 
 
 tiarcli)' 
 
 1886 (J, 
 
 1887 
 i883 
 
 
 ' 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 184a 
 
 II ■ 
 
 INDKl'KXDKNTH. 
 
 • 419,084,0,10 
 
 • 7,4uj,736 
 
 • 3.641,791 
 
 • «,3>3.Mi 
 I 4il09,oo'j 
 
 3,l84,o<yi 
 5,8jo,,),ia 
 o,7lo,fnxj 
 9,i3o,<xiu 
 Io,65,),(x«j 
 
 9i949,'-»" 
 I l,9<ji>,(j,>j 
 10,718, OIX) 
 
 l','JOO,[XX) 
 
 M,i6o,cxxi 
 i5,yoo,ixx'> 
 ■ 4,44<>,CKXi 
 ■'.»,7u),,xx» 
 • 2,77o,ixx) 
 'J,J5o,o,x) ' 
 IJi4.JI,uuo 
 
 fHOUHcR .IK Tin; in, „„>; r^X.. 
 ''=»» " *:'J,417.tn' 
 
 '°M " . IJ,6<x>,f«i.i 
 
 'M M . 15,6,.,..,., 
 
 -. •roNTiNir.ii. 
 '««'* .. i«i6, 100,000 
 
 'y>f >• . 16,650,000 
 
 ,(K- ,.mt..l tliat ,.. ,„ ,,,„ , , ,,,„,,,, ,. 
 
 I ;i98o,oo;,:V885.) '"'•°*''' "'*i •.»«».«»', .878; 
 
 TOTAL AN.VfM. VAr.rt; or rRi.PKHTV ANl, ,.K„MT, 
 AH,.K*,KU, isnr.U KINonoM. 
 
 1 863 , , 
 
 1871 . . *;4J'',3«8,97« 
 
 1873 . . 313,807,184 
 
 l88i ... 378,^94,971 
 
 1887 . . 6ul, 450,977 
 
 i883 . . «»9,397i96j 
 
 «3'5>I34,693 
 
 890 
 391 
 
 I 1893 
 
 pTIMATKO AXNUAL INCOifE. 
 
 *43, 1 38,689 
 669,358,613 
 
 698,407,549 
 7i",75>,684 
 71^,181,099 
 
 I M property, laiul, &i; 
 I fioltniuin, tniili;*, &!■. 
 
 Enmuno 
 1I14 
 
 33,495,000 
 
 3«,».S8,ooo 
 
 Scotland. 
 1814 
 
 Ihkla.ni). 
 
 i8gt 
 
 j '893 II 1834 
 
 87,783,000 I 481.314,618 9,414,000 
 
 INCORPORATED, nee Aut /„„•>, Law. 
 
 LNCUMBENTS' RESIGNATION APT 
 
 Ifjlh iirovisioii for [ii'iiaioiis, punsod 13 July 18-1 
 
 limi'iiueJ 1887. ' ' 
 
 INCUMBERED ESTATE.S, sco £ncum. 
 
 fhn Hslalei. 
 
 , IXCURABLE,S. The rojal ho..,,ital for in- 
 ItuniUei, touiuli'il by Dr. .AtidrBW Ket'd, at Ciir- 
 liytiiii in Surrey, in 1850, hits sinou been romovod 
 ■to rutiiey, 
 |Bmi»li Homo for Ini!uralileii, C'lniilmm-rliie csta- 
 
 ■.Viiknul Hospitjil for Iiinirnlili's, Oxronl " " la I 
 iH'.imltTliiourablBL'liil roil, Miilila-viilo ■ . ' .,875! 
 
 IXDEMNITY BILL, by wl.ioh ihe mi.nstcr ' 
 htthe crown or tho Kovt.rmnuiit is relii'vcd from 
 111! responsibility ot iiiciisiirea adopted in extreme 
 N.urgentottse., without the preyious saiietioii of 
 >rliiiment. One Wii8 passed 19 April, 1801 ; uii- 
 Ither to mdemnily ministers against their acts 
 luring tlie suspension of the Uabmi, Corpus act 
 Itas tamed in the eoimnons (prineipal divisions' 
 ■9010 (4); a-d in the lords (.w to 27), 10 Mar, I, 
 i.8. In .848 and 1857, bilYs^f iXm°ity 'l", '^ 
 used for the suspension of tlio JJank Charter aet 
 
 > passed at the end of every session of nuiliament 
 fcr perns who transgress tfirough ignorance of the 
 l». Thepractico began in 1715. 
 
 J INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION 
 
 1,0, u annually celebrated. t •"'}, 
 
 ['INDEPENDENT THEATRE " a name ' 
 fcuDied by a soidety eoudueted by Mr J T 
 hn at the Royalty theatre, l.rovidi ig en erti.i, : 
 
 mj mm at the doors, it is considered iiide- 
 
 33,4a6,4i3 I 16,672,000 | J5,o7j,j,7" 
 
 liuliii WHS peitoniii.il 15 {,',.1,., ■■■ '^ '"Lr»- 
 
 and his " Ghosts 
 
 11 .Marel. iXoi (i,i "■' , ' """ "'" Ohosts " 
 
 „f ,1. ■' . ^'i' "'''■' ix'iformances were iriveii 
 
 h, ilf ')-"p ""■'."[•' '" ''"' -■l<il-l'ouse tTeeted o 
 
 «ar w °' V""p '';."P'' ^'"••''•t ^i">-aen, 22 Ma? 
 
 i39» 
 
 1893 
 
 at 
 the 
 
 1891 .. .„,, ..„ r,,i^.ii„ri version of Zola's " Th.-rAi,'. 
 aquin • given at the Itoyaltv, 9 Oet i«.,, oOier 
 pim-s heensed by,,,, lord eh'aml.erlain.'V m" !h 
 •892. Ihe censorslup aieopted, July, .892 
 Thi, Dueliess of Malll," at the Opera Con.liim, 
 
 Mr. neniiml .Shaw's ■■Widower's Houses "^-a^" 
 
 l''pe;^ru;:;r;Sti;;;Trri--j^--,- 
 
 other pieces perfoniie,! at .lillV.reMt theatres! " 
 
 23 April ,( .«,,;. 1891.3 
 
 ISTS, Hold that eaeh ehureh or eon"-reL'ati,,i, ;.. 
 independent of all others in reli.^ioiis , mtte -s • f V » 
 
 no authority to e.xeo,„„,u,,ioate uX^t L^^^^^ 
 preached thoio doctrines a^out V:8- .iV ^ " 
 
 . thev formed severa churches- tlmf nf i„,.V "^^ 
 , un/er .Mr. Kobinson. ot^^.f„ rega ■ e.l . s tin „"m'''''' 
 
 mdependents published an epito^nu "t^' their 
 f6-8' „,','rj."P "' " conference at the Savoy^7, 
 ■ nil w f''" """S'-^'tfo'iomil union of J.:ngi id 
 and Wales funned m i8ji, published their -de- 
 
 O 
 
 ' '''k *1 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 ■li 
 
 'nil 
 
 
 
INDEXES. 
 
 S62 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 
 1695 
 1843 
 1862 
 
 1875 
 
 clnrntion of faith, order, nnd discipUiip," in i8_^3. 
 In 1851 tlu>y had ^2iS dinpols for l,o<)7,76o per- 
 sons iii Kngriuidand Willi's; total for United King- 
 dom, 4,()lij cliurchps ; 3,112 ministers, 22 Dec. 
 1897. Annual meetings are held; see Worship. 
 The first indeijeudents in Scotland were the 
 Glasitos (which see). The first independent 
 church in America was founded hv the followers of 
 John Uobinson, at Plymouth, New England, in 
 1620. 
 
 I'ongrejjatioiiMl Fiiiiil Iloanl to assist inii>v minis 
 ters, uslalilislii'd 
 
 L'oii(,Tegntiimal ni),iri\ nf Eihicatiiai, Ilciiaurtoii 
 
 Ndiiconfoi'inist llicontcimry fmul Ih'xihi 
 
 The CoiiKiTKutiiPiialist Mciiiiirial-liall, Karriiiniloii- 
 streot, Loiulnii, ciTctcil in iiifiiiciry of tlie iiiiiiis- 
 ters cjc'clcil in 1662, as a hniiii' fur religious 
 socit'tii'S, was siilisrrilu'd fur and o|iciitMl ly .Ian 
 
 All iiii|"iitaiit connrcKntiiiiialist syuoil, licld in 
 I,oiiil(in early in Oct. ,, 
 
 Hev. .Iiilin WacliliiiKtiin's "CoiiKrcgatiinml History, 
 1200-18^4," |iii1ilislicil .... 1869-78 
 
 8ainiu-l .Moilcy, a wcallliy l.nndnn nii'vcliant, a 
 lilicral siiiipciiliT cif tlic iii(i('|iciiilcnt elinii^hcs, 
 and (,'cni'ral iiliilaiitlii(i|>ist, ilicil . . 5 .>Sc|it. 1886 
 
 James Spicer, a man nf similar cliaiactcr, died 
 
 23 Jan. i338 
 
 Tlio llrst International Cnnncil of ('(iiiKri'^atiiiiial- 
 ists held at .Meinuiial liall, l.iind.in, Hev. H. \V. 
 Dale, (if lliniiinnliain, iiifsidiiiK . n-24 July, 1891 
 
 Hev. Joliii Stcuinhtiin, I), 1)., einineiil sclioiar, 
 active minister, Ikhii 18 Nnv. 1607 ; died 24 Oct. 1897 
 
 INDEXES OF PROHIBITED BOOKS. 
 
 The Index liy which the reading of the Scri])tiireB 
 was forbidden (with certain e.'rceiitions) to the laity, 
 was confirmed by a bull of pope Clement VIII. in 
 
 I.S9.S- 
 
 Tlie council nf Nice (i20fi>rliade matjical luiiiks. 
 
 Popa I'aiil IV., 1S5S. I»'^'all tlie "Index" laildi-shed by 
 Pius IV., 1559. Till' Talmnd and heretical books were 
 especially jprnliiliitcd, causini; ineeh di.s.satisfaction. 
 The liKiuisitiiin was en^'aifcd in the wnrk, which was 
 orfranizuil by the Cnuneil nf Trent. The ('oiit,'re),'ation 
 of the Iiiilex was institntcd :ind rules laid diiwii. 
 
 The Indexes are — 1. I^rohihit'irins. of Itiuiks al)Soliitely 
 forbidden to be read; 2. Kriiiiniiilniiiiti, of books not 
 to bo licensed till piii'>;icl from errca'. 
 
 JIaiiv of the works ot the great antliois of Kmnce, 
 Hp'ain, Geiinanv, and Kiiglaiid. are thus prohibited. 
 On 25 June, 1B64, llnno's " l,es .Miserables" and 
 other'books were added to the number, and many 
 otliers since. 
 
 INDEX SOCIETY, (.'stablished by the lihrn- 
 
 vians of various London stientifie and liteniry 
 institutions and societies, and literary men, to form 
 u library of indexes, and to make indexes to rare 
 serial works, important books, &c. 17 Dec. 1877. 
 
 INDIA or HlXDOSTAN. The Hindoo his- 
 tories aseribi' theii' oriKin to a period ages before 
 the ordinary chronologies. The 1 yrians, Eg^yptians, 
 and Romans carried on commerce with India. 
 The expansion, consolidation, and conciliation of 
 India have liceii greatly I'Meeted during the reign of 
 (|uecii Victoria, 1837 1/ -I'v. 117 native states 1888.* 
 
 "The Oolden Hon\ of Inlla." l,y 
 bridge, llrst published Feb. 1891 
 
 R.,|».r i,„,i, 
 
 « British India extends fioiii 8* to 34° N. lat. and from 
 70° to 90* K. long, (exelnsive of the Hiirmi'se additiiais), 
 about i,soo,ooo .sipiare miles. The popnlalion in all 
 India. :88i. jvi.SM--''" • '^Qi, 289,137,516; Uritish India, 
 221,356,187; Native Slates, 66,803,435. (Hindoos, 
 207,654,407; MussnlmaiiM, 57,365.204; Christians, 
 2,284,191 ; Jains, 1,416,101); .Sikhs, i.ijo-;,S^ft ; Dnddliists, 
 7,101,057 ; r rsi'cs, 89,887; Jews, 17,180; foivst tribes, 
 animal woislni.pers, 9,302,083.) Cotton was ].liinled in 
 1839, and the tea-iilant'in 1814. Hallways (8545 miles in 
 
 1870) and the eleetrie telegiiiph are being rapidly 1 - 
 
 stru'leii. ;uid i-ioiais foi iiiig.ilioh , ..„i' diiitiii.s t'Htidl ; 
 iiiilwdvs ill 1890 I, 16,996 miles open ; 1898, 21,156} miles 
 oprn. ' The Indian ie\enne in 1854-5 "''" 20.371,450?. 
 The expenditure, 22.915, Kw/, In 1858-9; revenue, 
 
 060,78s/. ; expeiidilnii', 49,642,350/. Ill 1869-70 ; 
 
 ' if 'It. 
 
 . 1210; 111' ilic'd, 111. 
 at "fTiinriur. 
 
 Ueligions : the iire-bisti ; ic Hindu or Vi'dio svLi, 
 reformeil and superseded bv liM.lilliisi,, ;,i, ', '" 
 500. The reformed and iiinilillid y,.,|i|. n\u-\ i "' 
 termed lirabmanism, was restoiv.l rdniiit , ,, , , 
 la-evailed till the iiitrodnciion,,rM„i,„i,i,,ta4,"''"'' 
 in the ,,th century; see '''1''''w;w. ii,'fo„|;''''J 
 below. 'Jimif, 
 
 I'rnriiirrf, lieiigal, Hombay, Madns. I'liiiii,,), y™ 
 and ceiitml provinces, Assam, and lliiniuili, ' 
 
 Northern India is said to liave l,i.,.|i iiivail,..laiii||T, 
 i|uereil by an Ariaii race from ei'iiiral Asia, W,' "' 
 n.r. 1500 and 1000. ' ^^ 
 
 Invasioii of Alexander the great ; kin;; p, 
 fi'at4'd, snlmiits and retains his kiii.:i!<]i., 
 
 Irrniitions of tlio Mahomi'liins. uiuIit Maiimmi ' ' 
 Cihnzni. i(xii-24. He eaiitnu'cl Sfniiiinii, j [, -r 
 
 F.xtiiiction of the hiMise of (ihiizni. nHr,; iiiif „tthe '"' 
 slave-kings of Delhi, 1 206-1288; ofili,. Kil^liisaml 
 house of Toghlak, 1288-1 412 :iif the Symls,iJi2-m. 
 ofthehouseof I,,,di . . . ',/?:, , 
 
 Palhaii. or Afghan empire, founded ' 
 
 Jlogiil invasion underdengliis Khan 
 
 The Mogul Tartars, nmh'r (he cnndnii m mnriur 
 or Tamerlane, invade Hiniloilan, ami (akr IMhi' 
 defeat the Indian aniiv. 1197; I'oiMiuiTlliiulnstani 
 anil butcher 100. CKxi of its lie )],!,• , ' - . 
 
 The Ca]ie route to India disi-oviivd l,y y,ism,ij ' 
 (lama; he left Lisbon, 8 .Inly, 1407, arrivnl at 
 ('alieut, 20 May, 1498, and relunn-il to l.istioii, 
 
 Aug. iir ShiiI. i,j. 
 
 The first Enropenu settlement (PortiijiUi'Srjistal). 
 bshed by Iiini at Cochin (S. Coast) . . ,;,,, 
 
 Allmi|iii'r(pie govenior-geiienil. 1508 , dirs at fina, i:r, 
 
 Conipiest of India completed liy the sultan Rilier| 
 founder of the Mognl emiiiie . . • liij-i' I 
 
 lieign of hi'- sou Huninynn .... ii]l;i\ 
 
 Heign of AKbar, greatest sovereign uf Iliii.lnstin 
 
 The Portuguese introduce toba 1 . . , . ,. 
 
 The Dutch tli-st visit India. 1601 ; estalilisliatjiitel 
 
 Fast India Company ,. 
 
 Traiii|Ui'biir gianted to the Danes , ,, 
 
 Heign of Jehaiighir . . .... ifo;. 
 
 Heign of Shah Jehaii ; golden age of the Mnsuls, i6ij-;i 
 AuriingzelH' dethrones liis father iiiul iiiurilt'i's his 
 la-others. 1658; reigns .... 1658-1^ I 
 
 I'^reneh Fast India Couipaiiy e.stiililislit'd . . ,#, [ 
 
 Hise of the Mahratta imwer uiidei- Hevajeo. i';;9;he 
 
 assumes royalty, 1674 ; dies |i 
 
 Aurungzebe coni|uers Cinleonda. i^e. .1' 
 
 His prosperity wanes, 1702 ; ilii's . . J2 F-ti. ;■ 
 
 Ilahailoor Shah succeeds. 1707 ; dies . . ;■ 
 
 Jehamler Sh.'di. 1713; dethrnned ami killiil . , !■ 
 
 .\ecession of Matiomeil Shiih 1;;) j 
 
 Iiidepeiideii if the Nizam of tlie Dec 
 
 Hise of the Mahratta families, llolkai- ami Sninlisli ip | 
 Invasion of tlie Persian Nadir Sliali nr Kmili Khan: 
 at Delhi he orders a general massari-e, ainl 150,000 
 ]iersoiis perish ; carries away treasiiri' aiiinitutiiij: 
 
 to 125. 000. 000/. sterling i; 
 
 Mahomed Shall dies iii:| 
 
 (The Mognl empire now bei-ame iiifvelv iiniiiiiiil, in- 
 dependent sovereignties luing fonin'il liv i^ltv 
 princes. In 1761, Shah .\liun 11. altaikiiis the 
 English was defeated at Patiia, 15 Jan. In ijtn, 
 
 reveii'ie. 52,1)42,482/. ; expi'iiditiire, 56,184.1841. Ill 
 1875-6, rpvenne, 52,515,788/. ; expeiulitan', ^j.mj.s&I 
 In 1877-8. revenue, 58,069,301/.; i'Xpi'iiililaii'.''^.;i;,m/.:r 
 1881-2, revenue, 7i,6o6,o(«>/. ; expi'ii 'iliin', :i.n;.oto':r 
 188,-4, revenue, 67,274,000/. ; eN|«'iiililiin', '«.6i:,ot'.: 
 1886-7, revenue. 77,3?7.n4Hx. Ilni rHj".-'': ■i]-'i\ 
 ture, 77,ii;8,7n7Hx. : 188990. revciiae, f!.!:.?*! 
 expend iture, 82. 473. 170HX.; i89i,ieveilui>.E;.;4i.'(;H 
 ex)ieiiditnre,82,o53,47Bltx.; i592.revi'iiiii'.8(),i4.i.!:.;Bi-| 
 expenditure, 8B,675.748Hx.; i8.)-i-4, rev., 90,or.;,jocRi:| 
 exijenditnie, 9i,6oo,8ooHx. ; iSo4-i;,rev.. os.eM.wl 
 ex]ieiiilitnre, 94,404,3ioHx. (ailililiininl rtHitml 
 4,446,2 fiHx.); 1E96-7 (d. ■licit i.wir,;; to fe:i:-sj 
 plague). Exports and imports. i8t7,alioiitii.ooo,(<».:| 
 1856, 53,<»io,.KK./.: 1S85-6, i56..«i.rt«3/. ; iSSH'™! 
 8o,ooo.<x«Hx. ; 1800-1. 196.26.1. ;'-'.>I!v. KsHs.ishI 
 1 1 3,464.991 Hx. ; imiioils, 79,614,84' iltx. 
 
 .iftcr the battle of I) 
 i.rntOTtiDii uf the Eli 
 .lllalialiad. After t 
 fen. Lake restoi-cd t 
 flivm'ipity, which I 
 ,.)n. AklKir Mliah. . 
 ,;iiriTill'il by the las 
 mtivcil a iiensiiiii ol 
 IHejoiiKHl the iimtii 
 ami transperted to li 
 1862.) 
 
 .Itlempt niEile te reach 
 north-writ p.'e^sages 
 sirFrann." DralM-'s ex|i 
 l/'vantainipaiiv's land 
 First cnmmeriial adveii 
 First charter til the 1, 01 
 (see Will r.i«i/»ini/) 
 Fii lories I'StaWislieil at 
 rThos. Riie, lirst Eng 
 I Mstafoiimlcil, 1640; 1 
 I Biinihav coded to Eng 
 Catherin,', iiaeeii of CI 
 I Ffi'Hi'h cnnipanv establi 
 I Thw sf ttle at I'diiilielici 
 I CJfiitta piirrliascil 
 I Wsrbftwfon the Englisl 
 I English liosiige Pianlichi 
 j.-nvi'mnipnt. without s 
 I Clivf takf.s Arcet . 
 I Fe.iPe maile 
 (s-vemdrDog and other 
 
 .tnpria t'lki'ii 
 I Ciiltiire nf Calcutta liy .S 
 ofKnelisli ill the Ulact 
 ICalfiilta retaken by Cli 
 
 Sonbah at Plassey 
 |F>rt William, the strongi 
 |Fr*ni'hsiiiw.ssfiil under I 
 lilut lose nearly alt their ) 
 |Tlif Freneli iimler I, ally 1 
 
 iit-.ir Waiideivasli 
 iHyiler Ali usurps tl.e aovi 
 |CM(|iiPst ni' Patiiii 
 iBattie of Uiixar (trl tch see 
 ■Tht' nabob becnines snhjei 
 |1op1 Clive (ilitains the 
 grant, wbirheimstitntes 
 of tlie revenue nf Ilcnga 
 k-ives the British tin.' \ir 
 roiintries 
 fTrfatv with N'izam .Vli ; 
 
 Northern Olrears 
 BnlerAli ravages the Can 
 Frisktfiil famine in Deiigal 
 Warren na.stiiigs governor 
 India Bill; supreme cinir 
 \B>lh) .... 
 Mtywitb Bliontan 
 Mh of Clive; iiiigratefnll 
 li-eusatlons eoininence ag; 
 I aroused nf taking a linl 
 [MeerJafflerfree Huxlings' 
 Innroniar, a Hraliiiiiii, acei 
 Irteeiviiij; brihes 
 Ihanped for fiirgery 
 [(SirEHiab luiiiev, the jut 
 1 time, but afterwards vii 
 fcndieherry taken 
 hrtrtss of Gwaliiir taken b> 
 iTdfr Ali overnuis the cii 
 IBritish, 10 Sept. : takes X 
 |ydfrAlidefeateilhvsirE\ 
 Iimn na.stiii(,'s nccuseil of 
 luilitir) 
 
 j-ssy lands with nFren'ehd 
 IirwithllyiliT All aided bi 
 ■rdfrAlinvi.rtlirmvn hy Co 
 fcith of llyiipr, and access 
 iMhib 
 
 Ipoo, who 'had' taken C 
 Bwinoh' 
 
 lndirlii.rr>- ri'Storeil' to til 
 pemaWiotlie Dutch 
 li's India bill thniwii out ' 
 
M 
 
 '"." tiy sir Hijjkt i„ 
 1891. 
 
 "1 "ii'l liuniiali. 
 
 till' Hi'i'raii . 
 lliilkariiml Scimiiali ipl 
 Sli;)li or Kiinli Khan: 
 iiassiuTt', mi'l 150,000 
 ■ trcasiiix' aiiiniiiitin;; 
 
 i;!il 
 
 ini| 
 
 I' iiiTi'lv iintiiiiial. in- 
 111; fnnilril liV in-lly 
 nil 11. atUi'kiii)! the 
 la, IS Jan. In i-jt^, 
 
 nilitiiiT. 56,iS4.<8sl, III 
 I'Xliriiililun', .!;.n;,ji| 
 ; tx]'i'iii!itiiM'. ^^5i;.atJ.:f 
 I'Xprii Mtiin', -i.ii^.oco'f 
 I'Vpi'iiililmv, f<.6i:.<m':l 
 <. ftni )■»(;'«■»''' ; fxp^ll 
 . rcvciiup. Ps.ciS>.k:RiT 
 qiji'vi'ifuo. f.;.74i,6((M 
 
 81JI-4. ri*v., 9o.oc,j.7odRl:| 
 ?04-5.ri'V.. 95.i5;.4«lli'| 
 (niMitiijiml I'SiieiHlW.! 
 It irtviliC to fJlnii:'^ t'tT 
 s, 1817, alirait2i.ooacniJ 
 6,«io,o<xJ. ; i-SS.''*! 
 HS2IIV. Kxiiorts, i*-»| 
 14,84mUx. 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 fiC3 
 
 .iftcrthe Imttli' "f Hiixnr, lie wn.s thriiwii iiiioii tlits 
 i.roWftiiiM uf till" KiiKiisli, Willi I'stalilisliuil liiin iit 
 Allahaliail. After llii> victory at Dcllii in ,803, 
 gtXL Lake rc»tiiivil the nKcil indiiiirch tiianiiniiiiiil 
 iOVOTipity, which dcsccnilcil at lii.s death to liis 
 «n, Miliar JSliah. Akliar dicil in 1837, '""l was 
 siiiTmlcil liy the la.st kinj; of Delhi (hi.s .son), who 
 nrcivpcl a |ieii<i"ii of alioiit i25,cxxi(. per Hiiinini, 
 IllejoiiiPil the iimtiiiy in 1857; was tried in 1858, 
 anil transimrtcil to Haiigoon ; died there, ii Nov. 
 1862. J 
 
 BKITISII I'llWKH IN INDIA. 
 
 .(ttemiit ineile to reaih India liy the north-east ami 
 
 I nnrtli-wit paBsaKcs ,5,8 
 
 SirFrancii' Ilrake'.s ex|ieilition ^^^ 
 
 I,»i,intOTnpaiiv'.s land expedition .... 1581; 
 KiRtcammenial ailventiire from KiiKlanil . . . ,5^, 
 first charter to the Liindon company of iniirchanta 
 
 (seeWi"''"'"/"inv) 1600 
 
 J F.Ktories fstiihlished at .Surut, iVc ,6,j 
 
 I Sir Tho.?. line, first Knulish amba.ssiidor . . . 16,5 
 I Miiilnisfoanileil, 1640; made a presidency . . . 1652 
 Bombay rcilcil to Kn^land lis part uf dowry of 
 
 j Catherin.'. ipieei! of Charles II ,f,(,^ 
 
 I Fri-noh rnnipaiiv estalilished .... 1^,5. 
 
 TlirtSfttleat I'oiidieheriy jf^g 
 
 j I'J'iittapiirehaaed ,fiq8 
 
 I Wjibftwcen the English and French in India 1746-g 
 
 I English lie,sie;;o Poiidielierry, the seat of the French 1 
 
 I tnveramont, without success . , . . 1748 ' 
 
 Iciivetakre Areiit .1751 
 
 IPfcifemaile j^;^, 
 
 I Sfven«lroi>k' and other strongholds of the lurate 
 
 I .*n(:ria taken „ i.v), ,755-6 
 
 ICiiitnifif C.'iliutia hy .Surajiili Dowla : sutrncatioii 
 
 J fifEndlish in the lilaik hole (icAi'iA sef) 20 June, , 
 
 ■ Calfiitta ri'takeii liy Clive, 2 Jan. ; he defeats the " 
 I Smihah fit Plas,Key .... 2^1 June 
 IF 'rt William, the stniiinesl fort in India, built 
 iFreni'hsacoessfiil Milder I.ally 
 
 ■ Bill lose ni'arly all their |ioW(-r 
 
 ■ Tlif Frcndi under I.ally defeated by sir Eyre Coote 
 I near WiimleHasli .... 2 July 
 JHnlfr.AliiiKiirpstl.c.sovereiKiity of Mysore UfiVi 
 ■Cinniiost ofPatii.i .... 6 Nov 176, 
 ■Battle of lliixar(rfifj .w) . . 23 Oct 
 ■The nalmb lieemiies siilijeet to the English' 
 Tloid dive ohtaiiis the DeWiinnv by an iiiiiieriiii 
 
 j grant, whirh eonstiliites the company the receivers 
 
 "f the revenue of liciiKal, Ilaliar, and Orissa and 
 
 I sives the Uritish the virtual sovcreiL'iity of these 
 
 J ronntries ,j ^ 
 
 p™ty with Nizam Ali : the English obtjiin tlie 
 I .VortheniCircam .... 12 Nov 
 FyilerAliiav.U'cstlie Canmtic . ' . j,„{ 
 
 fritttful famine in Itrii;;al . ' 1770- 
 
 frarrtn ItetiiiRs governor of nenwil ' ij April, ,772 
 ■nj Bill; sn],reine court established (.see iLiid 
 lUt'is) ..... 
 
 patywith Blioiitan . ' 
 
 Nh of Clive ; niicratefiillv treated' 
 I'flisatimis enniMienee ii;:.ainst Warren HastinRS- 
 laeeiiseil of taking- a bribe from a concubine of 
 IMeerJaffler(see//c.«/i„„,,) to May 
 
 ■nnroaiar, a liraliiiiin, luruses Warren Ilastiniis of 
 lieieiviiinlirihes ... ,, Mm-cb 
 
 IhanHforfiircerv , Anli' 
 
 IISirEliJali Iinpey, the judnc, was censured at tlie 
 I time, but afterwards vindicated) 
 pnilinhen-y taken q . 
 
 fcrtressofGw,ilior taken by Pophnm . ' . auiz' 
 
 JBntHh, 10 Sept. : takes Areot ,, ,,,,t 
 
 ■rter.Mi defeated by sir RvrcCoot^. ' , j, ,.' 
 
 fZ^"'""'''' "' "''' "' '"■*'"« """■" '"■"'«'' («™ 
 
 Issy lan.ls with a'PrenVh detachment 'M^r.'h 
 |rritl,IIy,lerAliaidedby,lieF", eh *'""'' 
 ■ylprAli overthrown liv Coote , Tone' 
 
 p^^fllyiler.aiKl ucce.ssloi. of li'is son, t'i, 'i";,; 
 
 |p;^,jho' had taken Cuddalore.' now takes 
 
 fcra,*''"'"'^'--'''-""'^;'' 
 
 as Imlia hill thrown out 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 i '"("^('a'!^)'"" «"""'"»•''"« the boo,^ of .^mtn.! 
 
 iKiioble jieace wi'th Ti'npoo' 
 
 Vi,'I,"T","P'""*- ^^''"■'■'" U'lstings ' , 
 Ills trial bcKUn 
 
 ■ War with Tipiioo renewe.'l 
 
 Hengahire taken (see lliuignhn) 
 
 Foirs'''f'^"''''"'V'''l '"t.Uike'ra 
 
 III tiess of Havniidroo- taken. 
 IXdInitive treaty with Tiiipoi 
 
 1784 
 
 1786 
 1788 
 1790 
 '7«I 
 
 Ii March, 
 
 13 Feb. 
 
 21 March, 
 
 '5 May, .. 
 
 1 . •" "''''• II 
 
 : his two sons hostages 
 
 I t.;ivil and criminal courts erected '' *''"'"''• """ 
 
 ! l'""ili<d.erry again taken • • . . I7»3 
 
 ' 'ippoos sons restored ' ' ' «, ' , ' " 
 
 '«oL.;i;rKi^;i,:''' "'«■«"-'■— -j^'r'ilr''^ 
 
 Warren Hastings aciiiiitted ' . ' ,i' ''95 
 
 ''Mr^:iiL;;V'''^'^''''''''''«''-.«fi-'-'''i^n;;;^^ 
 
 , tbeEnglisiifo'nrii^isir,; '*'''" '"-^ '«''■''•'''■',- 1'' „ 
 important treaty of • m (wit,, Mahra'ttaV"""' '" 
 
 'i:&™;v'..arr''---'f-'-^--'''-wj"-i::y " 
 
 Wellesleys great victory at Assave . ' :,-, s,:,,,' '^"^ 
 
 w;:r^i^b'^];^S"-''«°-)-f'^- . " ->- :; 
 
 Caiitm-eofllhurtpore 1804 , 
 
 Lord Wclleslcv siiperscded i,v tii . , ' .'' M'i». 1805 
 wallis, who dies ' '^ "'" """■'l'"« ^-'"n.- 
 
 '^'"' '''"'^^'"" '■ ^. ^*"i.i.li..'l.. dLfeatiid l^.*tli; " 
 
 ' I7S7 
 
 17.S8 
 '759 
 
 1760 
 
 1764 
 .765 
 
 iiritisb: treaty of ,„.,„.„ . 
 1 reaty of peace with Holkar 
 heiioy mutiny at Vclloi-e,. 800 executed 
 
 •mil' a surrenders 
 
 .Mutiny at .>Seiingapatani',|„elie,l ' ' 
 Act opening the trade to India 
 War with Nepaul 
 
 Holhar defeated by .sir T. llishm ' ' 
 
 iw^itrvioij^;!^"^"^"'""-'"' • ■ • 
 
 (i ..^.".'''r","'''''':"."""^""i^i'iiii'im 
 
 by 
 
 23 Nov, 
 
 24 Dec. 
 July, 
 
 21 .\ov. 
 ^3 Aug. 
 
 ■ ''illy, 
 • , "814-15 
 
 21 Dec. 1817 
 
 ■ 1817-18 
 
 • 6 Jan. 181S 
 
 5 May, 18114 
 
 180A 
 i8ui 
 i8o(> 
 813 
 
 1766 
 I7fi9 
 
 '773 
 '774 
 
 , '775 
 1776 
 
 1778 
 
 '780 
 1781 
 
 1782 
 
 1783 
 
 1821; 
 i8j6 
 
 ., , ....,, I, ,< am s n India 
 
 Hanacko''';''''''' 'J'"' ■^'"""l""'" '""''' '"1 
 
 {vj;::?i:miribi!.i!;^s;; '-■ ■- • -J):: 
 
 '''^^■i/ri^ftsri' ""■''^'■«' -" "-"'^ ^^^ " 
 
 AMitbm of s„tte.«, or the burning of w ws (see 
 
 '^fVT'l'',""*''.*'"' t™''' •'• ""'i^'' '""I toil trad,? Ac" ■""' 
 to Uiina, tonning a new era in llrHi'sh Von,: 
 
 32.^!''s;:;t^t^^^ 
 
 Fostal service begun 1837-a 
 
 Slavery abolished 
 
 Afghan, mr. Prmdamatioii aga'inst i)ost 'Mabonllai 
 
 Ji'iHl""''*;','.','"''''"'^- *■■""'"'""• ■ . ailvIS' 
 
 ya;V^;::r,;;:;:^:^''^^^' ^^^^^ 
 
 Wade fiuces the Klivbcr ass ' ' " "^ '^",'>■• 
 hI,gllsh defeat DostMabomcd .■ • "?o' ,^' 
 
 „Ma -.^m'xt'hc!;!'^;:^,,:;^:,,!^-':^;;:,;,.-;' {^-t 
 
 j;di:^;iUtei;'xrsr''"' ■ • ' -=3^^ .. 
 ^'pia";i''tdv't;;. Y:'"'"Ti "■"'•""'•' ^•"'"";'"" 
 
 L- " ■ "'111. *c., as h OS ages with ALi.ni 
 
 6-13 Jan ,8.^2 
 o o 2 
 
 '837 
 1838 
 
 >8J9 
 
 184a 
 
 1H41 
 
 f 
 
 i!;|l| 
 
 
 'ipiM 
 
 %( 
 
 -'* 
 
 M ih 
 
 'mv 
 
 
 ^Hlii 
 
 fr ' 
 
 1 1 , 
 
 hi i 
 
il*!' 
 
 
 ml 
 
 U!ttMt1JL...J,iii' ■ i 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 664 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 The British pviKnmto Ohlzmw . 
 Sortif fniiii Ji'lliiliiliiul ; K<'lit-'riil Polio 
 
 Khylici' puss .... 
 Ghizni'M rctMl<fii liy gciu'ral Nott 
 Oencrnl I'ollock enters Ciiliul 
 
 [842 
 
 1843 
 
 1845 
 
 1846 
 
 S47 
 
 31 .\l>lil. 1848 
 
 . I Mai<'h, 
 •k fdlTt'S tlic 
 5 April, 
 . 6 Hcpt. 
 16 tSciit. 
 Lnily Sail' iind other prisoiiei'S reseued hy sir H. 
 Shnksiii'ure ; arrive at Ken. Pollock's eaniii'gi Sept. 
 Cabul evacuated after destroying the fortilleations 
 
 12 Oct. 
 Scinde war. Ameers defeated I>y sir Charles Xapier 
 
 at Meanee 17 Fell. 
 
 Scinde annexed to the British empire ; sir Charles 
 
 Napier governor June, 
 
 3walior war. Battles of Maharajpoor and Punniar : 
 
 the sti K fort of Gwalior, the " Ciliraltar of the 
 
 East," taken 29 Dee. 
 
 Danish possessions in India pnreliaseci . 
 
 Sikh war.* Tlu' Sikhs ero.ss the Sutlej river and 
 
 attack the British at Ferozepore . 14 Dei'. 
 
 Sir H. Hardinye, after a long rajiid march, reaches 
 
 Moodkee ; the Sikhs (20,000) make an attack ; 
 
 after a hard contest they retire, alian<loningtheir 
 
 guns (see iVum/;,pc) .... 18 Dec. 
 
 Battle of Ferozeshah (((jftiV/t see) 21, 22 Dec. 
 
 Battle of Aliwal ; the Sikhs defeated (see Aliwi'! 
 
 and SulteJ) 28 Jan. 
 
 Great battle of .Sohraon ; the enemy defeated with 
 
 immense lo.ss (see Submoii) . . 10 Fell. 
 
 Citidel of Lahore occupied liy sir Hu^'h Gough, and 
 
 the war teniiinates . . . . 20 Feb. 
 
 Sir U. Sale dies of his wounds received at .MiKidkee 
 
 (18 Dec. .845) 23 Feb. 
 
 The governor-general an<l sir Hugh Gough raised to 
 
 the peerage, as viscount Haiiliuge and baron 
 
 Gough ; ri'ceive the thanks of parliament and of 
 
 the K. I. I'ompany .... 2, 6 Marcli, 
 
 Treaty of Lahore signed . . . . 9 .March, 
 
 Vizier Lall Singli deposed . . . isJaji. 
 
 Mr. Vans Agnew and lieut. Anderson killeil bv 
 
 the troops of the di m .M<iolraj 
 
 Lieut. Eilwanlcs joins general Courtland, and most 
 
 gallantly engages the army of Moolra,|, which he 
 
 defeats after a .sanguinary battle of nine honis, at 
 
 Kennyree 18 June, 
 
 General Whish raises the siege of Mooltan tlirough 
 the ilesertion of Sliere Singh . . 22 Sept. 
 Cavalry skirmish at Uannmggnr . 22 Nov. 
 
 Shere Singli, entrenched on tlie right bank of tlie 
 Cheiiab, with 40,000 men and 28 jiicces of artil- 
 lery ; gen. Thaekwell crosses the river with 8 
 inlautry regiments, with cavalry and cannon, i 
 Duo. , and attacks his left flank at Sadoolapm-e, 
 
 3 Dec. 
 Lord Gough attjieks the enemy's advanced position ; 
 victory of CliilliauwaUah (which see) . 13 ,Ian. 
 Uneonditionai surreiidei of the eitinlel of Mooltan 
 by Moolriy (sec .Ui»i//((ii) . . . 22 Jan. 
 Victory of Uuzerat (ic/mi7i .ii'i) . . 21 Feb. 
 
 Sir Clia.s. Napier appointed comni. -in-chief, 
 
 7 .March, 
 
 The Sikhs surrendiT unconditionally 14 .March, 
 
 Formal annexation of tile l'un.jali to the Hritish 
 
 dominions ; Dluileep Singh obtains a jiension of 
 
 40,000/ 29 .Marcli, 
 
 Mooiraj sentence'! to death for the murder of Mr. 
 
 Agnew and lie ... Anderson, .\ug. ; commuted to 
 
 transportation for life .... Sept. 
 
 Sir Charles Napier disbands the 66tli Bengal native 
 
 infantry, for iMUtiny .... 27 Feb. 
 
 Dr. Healy, of the iiei'igal army, and his attendant.-, 
 
 murderc'l liy the .Mlii'cdis . .20 .Marcli. 
 
 ■Emba.s.sy from the king of Nepaul to the ipieen 
 
 of Great liritjiin arrives in Kngland (see .Yiyiriii/) 
 
 23 May, 
 Resignation of his eonimand in India by sirCliarles 
 
 Napier ' . 2 July, 
 
 His farewell address to the Indian army 15 Dec. 
 
 • Unnjeet Singh, long the ruler of the Sikhs and the 
 Punjab, lived in amity with the British. After hisdnith, 
 
 27 June, iHui, se\-i'ral of liis sii ssni-s (clijl,|i-,.i, ;.]i([ 
 
 graudcliildren) were in turn assassinated. lliiriiiL; the 
 minority of his sou Dlndeep Singh, tlie favourite of 
 the .Maharanee, Lall Singli, ruled ; and linding the 
 army ungovernable, sanctioned the unprovoked attack 
 on the Bntisli, ,as given above. j 
 
 Biimme war. Death of Bujec liuo, e\.ni.i«liu. , 
 the Mahiiittas. [His nephew Nana ,Saliil''s . ' ' 
 for continuance of the iieiision (80,000;.) rtfii«.!ri 
 
 before ainn.Kiii 
 
 19 .Mjy. 
 ' 4'! nil". 
 
 jJillv. 
 
 21 .\,.v. 
 
 I'liiflaiiu. 
 
 20 l)n. 
 
 '»!!l 
 
 849 
 
 A British naval force arrives 
 the Bnrnian empire, and coniiiiiiilnri,. f,,,,',',' ','! 
 allows the viceroy thirty-live days to ol,ta ' 
 strnetions from Ava . . . ^ "''|j|' 
 
 The viceroy of Kangoon interdicts eonni'iuiiicni' 
 between the shore and the Briti.sli .sliiii.s „f ',, ' 
 and erects batteries to lu-event tlicir drisuiii'iv 
 
 [Commodore Lambert blockades tlio IrawiiMv' ' 
 the Fox, Hermes, &<:, attacked liy the liatt™ ' 
 destroy the fortilleations, and kill neiirlv zrJ^'i 
 the enemy.] • '^ ■' 
 
 Mai-taban (5 Ajiril), Rangoon (14 April), and n, 
 stormed by the British . . , 
 
 Pegn captured, afterwards abandoneil ' 
 
 Prome captured by capt. 'I'arletoii 
 
 Pegu recaptured by general Godwin 
 
 Pegu annexed to our Indian empire liy 
 tiou of the governor-general 
 
 Revolution at Ava ; the king of Ava iU''i»iscii],f j, 
 younger brother j^ 
 
 Rangoon devastated by lire . . . ' , 'f,.|' 
 
 Capt. Lock and many men killed in aiiatkickimtli,. ' 
 
 .stronghold of a roliber chief, 3 Fell ■ wliici, , 
 
 tjik-.nbysirJ.Clieape . . , ',5 M„,,; 
 
 Fii-st Indian radway opeueil (fiim linmii.Hv ,„ " 
 
 Taiiuah) ,6'.i,,fi| 
 
 Termination of the war .... jj,,,,,' 
 New India bill passed . . . .20 \ii'' " 
 Death of general Godwin .... 26i)iT " 
 A.ssassination of capt. Latter . ' "up,.,. " 
 
 Rajah of Nagpoor ilies, aiel his tenitorii'S fall 1,, ' 
 
 the K. I. Com|iany ,, n,,,. 
 
 Opening of Ganges Canal ',;; 
 
 First Indian postage stamp sliuck in . , "'* 
 Opening of the Calcutta railway . , iK,;, ... 
 Treaty of friendship with Dost Maliiiiiieil of CabiJ "' 
 
 30 Maaii 
 Insurrection of the Sonthals («'/iic/tscf) . .lnh 
 Which is only linaily suppressed . . Mav ■; i 
 
 Oude annexed (see Oiule) .... 7 1-Vi, '' 
 
 MUTI.NV OF THK NATIVE AR.MV. 
 
 JIutinies in the Bengal army ; at lianaekimiv, ki:.. 
 
 several regiments disIiaiidtMl . . , .Al'artii -■■■ 
 
 " India is ipiiet throughout." -Ikmbaij i:ii:,tt, 
 
 I .Mav! 
 -Mutiny at Meerut* (near Delhi) lo .May. TlV 
 
 mutineers seize Delhi, cominit dreailfui out. 
 
 rages, and proclaim the king of Dellii i'm]ii'mr 
 
 11-12 .Mav, Sr 
 
 Three native regiments disbanded at Ulmu. in 
 
 the energy of .Mr. .Montgonieiy and liripidiir 
 
 Corbett, who save the Puii,]ali . 12 .May, 
 
 Martial law iiroclainied by tlie British lieut. -ggveV- 
 
 nor, J. H. Colvin .May, 
 
 British troops under general .Viisnii ailvaiire 1 ' 
 
 Delhi ; his death 
 Mutineers often defeated . 
 Mutiny at Lucknow . 
 Neill suppresses the mutiny 
 
 and recovers .\llalialiad . 
 
 27 .May, 
 
 . 30 May-23 Jiiiif, 
 
 . 30 .May, 
 
 it lieiiares, 3 Jmii"; 
 
 . 4Jqii(, 
 
 1850 
 
 • On the introduction of tjie iiiipniveil (KiiWl) iiib. I 
 ket in the Indian army, giva.sed raitiiilgcs liinl 1,,] I 
 broug'r from Fugland. 'i'liese were olijedeii ti l>yil,, | 
 native soldiers, and tin* issue of tlieiii yyas iiiiiiie4Lit.ir 
 discontinued by orders in Jan. 1837. .V niiitiiinns s|;r.; 
 however gradually arose in the lieligal iiativc arm. 
 In .March several regiments were ilislKiiiile(l,lolliw..l ii I 
 others, till in June the army had Inst iiy ili.sl«aii&iii [ 
 and desertion, about 30, uoo men. (iii 5 .\iirjl, a sc-j.p; 
 and on 20 April, ,1 jemadar, or native lieutenant, »ri> I 
 executed. At the end of .May 34 irgimi'iits Wdy l-ii 
 In April, 85 of the 3rd Beiig.d native eaViiliyalMitUI I 
 refused to use their cartii'lges. On 9 .May tiny wt» [ 
 committed to gaol. <iii Sunday, tiie lolli, a im.tiiiy j | 
 
 the native tlunps lo.ik f : tle'V liivcl nil tlli'ir'iflii'S 
 
 killing col. Finnis and otjiers, 'I'hey tiieii releasfl tlidi I 
 comrades, massacred iiiitny l-hiinpeaas, nitil Iirvil tli« I 
 public buildings. Tlie Kinopean tumps rallii'il aiiMwe 
 them from tlieir cantonments. The lautiiieers thtn Hsl | 
 to Delhi (which set). 
 
 I Msrilirstii Aluniliagh, m 
 , takw Sei'niiih'ralmgh . 
 I J.iinM liy Havelfiek, h 
 
 iii.«'iir« the iM'sieu'ed in 
 Ilavi'loek lilies of dvseii 
 GfiiemI Wiiiilliam (at 
 
 Inss in an attack on th 
 
 take iwrt of Caw 11 pore 
 I SirCCampliell arrives a 
 
 lakes, 28 Nov. : ami di 
 
 I Tlif relu'ls defeated by Hi 
 
 at Gnnick|)nn' hy Kowi 
 
 tfligliurliysirC. Cani) 
 
 l.iiikiiiiw utroiiglv fortilli 
 
 i Ceneralu Ruse, Koherts, 
 rinug in many eiieoiinti 
 
 I Tri.al of king of Delhi ; si 
 
 Sir C. Cainplit'll iiiarelies 
 
 ■ .U tlio onil of June tl 
 I in: iilaoes were in open 1 
 
 pniv, .Mlygliar, Rmirkee, 
 I Sumraiiad.Nrrmuch, III 
 
 .lalliiiidnr, Azinigliiir, Fi 
 I Slialijfliaiiiinre, Allnhnho: 
 
 italii'9, Eumiieaii wnnien 
 
 -TheMie/fioii/ for th 
 I iiiPiieeil 25 Aug. i8i;7. T 
 I Ifdii, and tlie Sultan, ga 
 
 !So,74()l. liail Is'eli eiillect 
 , lli'i', 1861, 140,000!. had I 
 
 [ liiilin ■ ftiul ifio.oool. to 
 
 i laaiiinl for the iK'iielit of 
 I was oteorveil on 7 Oct. 
 
 I Horn 5 April. I^c)'. : 1 
 
 I I.nnilnn,»-lii'n'lieWHscal 
 
 iSjv. wrvpil ill the Bii 
 
 I Sikli war, 1845. He was 
 
li Si 
 
 lA. 
 
 c liii", i'X-M.i»h\v,i „f 
 w.Vm.iSal,n,'.s,.Ui„ 
 "ii(8o,ooo/.)a.fu*|,| 
 
 coniiiiodor,. LamiV,, 
 ve days tcj oljtaii, ,„ 
 
 lllCts c,,!,,,,,,,,,!,,,,, 
 
 intisli sliij.s of wir 
 •iMit tlicir ,|ci.arti,i„' 
 
 ailfs till! Iii,w;„i,i,.'. ' 
 kfd hy tlie l«itt.ii;,' 
 m kill iiBiirly 300 i,f 
 
 i4Aiiril),amll)iiss,.ii, 
 19 M, 
 
 4 June, 
 9J!ilv, 
 21 X.v. 
 
 iiiliincil 
 
 tnll 
 
 iilwiu 
 
 nil'iri! liy inoi'lamj. 
 
 , ■ • 20U,T 
 
 I Availci»,.,„ii,yi,i, 
 
 Jan. ,s;,| 
 
 il iiiiinattiickiiiitlir 
 
 •f, 3 t'L'l), ; «||i,.|| ,, 
 
 • 19 Manli 
 (fii'ii liiiiiiliay t„ 
 
 • 16 .iiiril, 
 . Juii.-, 
 
 20 All,- 
 . 26II.1 
 
 8 l)r:' 
 
 is tciritiii-ifs fall li, 
 . II Un: 
 
 iifk ill 
 
 >■ • • 3 i-v;n : 
 
 ; MaliniiiHlof L'alii.i 
 30 Jlarcli. 
 hidisec) , Juh 
 il . . Mai- , 
 
 . 7 Kfi.. 
 
 A-rivi; AiiMV. 
 
 it IJan-atkiiDi-i', ic. 
 
 . .Marcli. I 
 
 " -liombnij il<i:,'iu 
 
 I Jlav. 
 
 ■llii) 10 May, Tl'ir 
 
 unit ilri'iiilful out- 
 
 iif Di-'llii eiiiiitnir, 
 
 11-12 May, Si-. 
 
 iiilcil at Ulini-e l,v 
 
 m-iy anil lirijtaJir'i 
 
 1 . . 12 May, . 
 
 lii'itisli licuL-guvcr- 
 
 • . May, . 
 Aiismi atlvani'i' mi 
 
 , 27 .May, . 
 . 30 May-23 Jiiiif, , 
 
 • 30 -Mw, , 
 t Heiiarcs, 3 Jiiiii^, 
 
 , 4Jiiii(, , 
 
 inipi-iiveil (Eufltlil) ini. I 
 Sfil i-arti-iilgca li»l l«n I 
 »-i'i-i; iilijix'teil f.) 1)1 il„ I 
 ' tht'in was iiiiiiieili,iltk 
 1837, A iiiiitiiiiius >nR I 
 111- licngal iiativf ursir. 
 I ilislianileil.l'olliwnlii I 
 III lust liy ili>iliaiiiii;iti;t | 
 . (Ml 5 April, a if].) 
 iiativo lieutenant, irn I 
 34 ri-t,'iiiielils Wen- liit 
 iiativi- i-avaliyat JlttiB 
 
 On 9 .May tlu-y wtn [ 
 , the loUi, a 1111,1111)- IF I 
 
 'V fil-ril nil llli'iri'lfi-v 
 
 iiii-y then lelease-l ttitir I 
 u'lilii-aiis, ami litnl ik 
 tiiiiiiis rallietlanililMf 
 'I'liu iimtiiieerstlienltil 
 
 INDIA. 666 
 
 I Jlniinv siin-ailn tliniiigliout Btngiil : ffiirful ntrocl- 
 .<mmiiiittta* ....... 1857 
 
 I \-,it u- trouns ili.sliaiiilcil at Slooltaii, wlm-h is 
 
 •wil --••••• "■'"">•■ -• 
 t!-kiiiK„fOnilt'aiTi-stoil . • • hJihii', „ 
 'v'ftlieiTsiil''"''y «t Lui-'kinjw l.y the i-.-l,cls, 
 
 SrH-UwreiK-edic'sof liis wuiimls at Lui-kiniw.' 
 I 4 "lUy, ,, 
 
 I Tlie lii.Mv fif tlio nrprts rt'Hti'ictcd . . 4 July, „ 
 11 miimr.'.'.mnanMi..« lieforo Delhi .lies of 
 .liile«,"uiTe,-il.-.n.vKeiienilKee, 5 July, .. 
 
 fiHifnil Nirhdlsiin (l.'sti-(.y» a large body "fj^'Mn 
 
 iV ^i'vt'mrrend.-i-i to Nana Kaliil., wli'o klll,s "the 
 
 Slm-k, .SJ">y: who re.eaiitmes Lawi,,«,,;e 
 
 I r.,'nmlVil retliTS, anil sir Arch'dale Wil.snii tjikes 
 M:;^;:rr''«r;ti»h-re,,n,s:i ;^^; " 
 wreliiSsatArrah . ; • .25 .Inly ,, 
 
 HiTf*' exertions and nunierons vi.-to.ieM of Keiieral 
 ' i«vel«-kaiidhisanny, althoiiKli snllemiK from 
 , ,li«i.asp • ■ ■ =9 •J"'y. '" 'O.AilK. .> 
 
 I.,'m Ciuining's so-ealh'il ".-lenien,-y ' I""|-'''i_'j»- 
 
 Vi!'t™v of Nfill at'Paniino Niiddee . . 15 Aiifi. „ 
 CriirralXieholson's victory at Nii.iufTghur (hf 'lies 
 I -Seiit 1 ,-■•.■ ^5 Aug. ,, 
 .(^inlt of 'Delhi. 14 «''l't. ; .taken, 20 Held. ; the 
 kine raiitiired, ji Sept, ; his son and grainlson 
 I *inlivi-olonelTtodsiiii , . 22 held, ,, 
 
 I sirJameiOiitrani joins Havelock and serves iiiider 
 
 1 ■■ ,j 16 ISi'itt. >> 
 
 Hiw|ni-k iiiai-i-lii's to I.iiekiiow and ivlieves the lie- 
 
 '«iewil resiileiiev : retires and leaves Outrani in 
 
 I i-niiiiiiana ; Neill kiUeil ■ • S5. 26 Sept, .. 
 
 Citai'l Grentlied defeat*! the reliels at lioliindsho- 
 
 liar 27 *l't. : ilesti-ovs a fort at Jlidanhnr, 29 
 
 Sfiit • tikes Allvglmr, 5 Oet, ; and defeats reliels 
 
 I -it \(tra 10 (let, „ 
 
 «irCiilin Caiaiihell (aftei-s, Iniil Clyde) ainioiiited 
 ' ■uiiimaiuUT-iii-c-liief, II July ; arrives at Cawiiiioiv 
 
 3 Xov, ,« 
 Marrlifstn Ahiinhatili. near I.ueknow, 9 No\-. ; and 
 
 tito .''ei'iniih'rahaKli • - ■ • 16 Nov. ,. 
 Jiiineil liv Havi'lnek. he attacks the reliels and 
 m<i'iie» tliP liesii-Kcil in the leaideiicy. 18-25 ^'ov, .. 
 I ilaveloi-k t (lies of ilvsenteiy at Aliiiiiliagh, 24 Nov, ,. 
 Gi-neral Wiiiilliaiii (at ('iiwn|Hire) reimlseil with 
 I11S8 in an att.iek on the tiwalior contingent, who 
 I take part of Cawnpore , . . . 27 Nov, ,, 
 I SirC, Camiilifll arrives at Cawniwire, which he re- 
 takes 28 Nov, ; and defeats the Gwalior relnds, 
 
 6 Dec, „ 
 TliP reWfi ili'fented liy Heaton, 14. 17. and 27 Dee. ; 
 .itGoniikpon'liv Rowcroft, 27 Dee. ; and at Kiit- 
 , telifliiirlivsirC. Canipliell , . 2 .Ian, 1858 
 
 J I.iii-kniiWHtroiiglvfiirtilled liy the rebels Jan. ,, 
 
 I Gmeralii Rose, Huberts, Iiiglis, and Grant, vii-to- 
 I riniis in many eiiiniinters . , .Ian, anil Feb, ,, 
 
 Trial of king of Uellii ; sentenced to tiansiiortation 
 1 27 .Ian. to q March, ,, 
 
 I SirC, Cainpliell iiiarelies to I.uckiiow, 11 Feb. ; the , 
 
 ' At tlieenil of Jnne the native troops at the follow- 
 J in: places were in open mutiny : Mfcrnt, Ilellii, Feroze- 
 I pure, Allygliar, Roorkee, Miinlaiin, I.ncknow, Cmi'iijtoir, 
 I Ximrrniail, Nennnch, lliiusi, lliamir, JIkiiihI, .Mehidpore, 
 
 jiillunilur. Aziiiigliiir. Fiittehghnr, ,latinpore, lliireillii, . 
 
 Slialiielianiiore, Albtluihid. At the stations printed in 
 I italii's, Eimipeaii women and eliildren were niassai'ied, ■ 
 I -TlieMi>/f'ioiil for the sntlerers in India was eoni- 
 I iimii-eil 25 Aug. i8s7. The Qneen, the emperor Napo- 
 I Icon, anil the Siiltjiii, gave each tooo/. In Nov. 1857, 
 I !?o,74()/, liail iK'Pli colleeted ; in Nov, 1858, 433,620?, In 
 I lifi', 1861, 140,000!. had been distrilniteil to siilferera in 
 I Iiiilifi - fliiil loo.ooo?. to those at hoipe : 746,060/. re- 
 j iiiaiiiwlfortlip lieiielit of widows and orphans. A fast 
 I Mas observed oil 7 Oct, 1 
 
 I t Horn 5 April, 179'; ; educated at the Charterhouse, 
 
 Innilnn, where lie was called " iiW /7i/o,< ;" went to India, | 
 I 1823 : seneil In the lini-mese war, :8a4 ; and ill the 
 I Sikli war, 1845, He was a llaptist, i 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 In 
 
 siege cnininences, 8 March ; taken bv successive 
 ansaults; the enemy retreat; Hodsoii killed, 
 
 14-19 March, 1858 
 Severe proclamation of the governor-general in 
 
 Onde * ,4 March, ,, 
 
 General Roberts takes Kotah . . 30 JIarch, ,, 
 Sir Hugh Uo,se beats the enemy severely, and takes 
 
 Jhinisi ,, April, ,, 
 
 General Wliitchu-k takes Hiidaon . 19 April, ,, 
 
 Death ol i-apt, sir W, I'eel, of small-pox, at Cawn- 
 
 „ I'ore 27 April, „ 
 
 General IVnny killed in Hohilcund . . 4 May, „ 
 
 Uareilly reeaptiireil 7 May, „ 
 
 Sir Hugh Hose defeats the rebels several times -at 
 Kooiich, May 11, ami near Calpee, which he re- 
 takes 23 Mav, ,, 
 
 Victory of sir K, I.iiganl at .liigdcspore 29 Mav, „ 
 The rebels seize Gwalior, the cajiital of Sciiidiaii, 
 
 who escapes to Agra ,13 June, „ 
 
 The rebels defeated by sir II, Rose (the heroic 
 Ranee of Jhaiisi killc.l), 17 June ; Gwalior retaken 
 and Sclndiah rciiistated . , , 19 June, ,, 
 Taiitia Topee heads a division of the rebels . „ 
 
 Rajahs of Jeypore, &c, , suireiiilcr ; Roliileund and 
 
 other provliicis tiaiiiiuilli.seil . . July, „ 
 
 General Rola-rts destroys the remains of the 
 
 Gwalior i-elH'ls 14 Aug, ,, 
 
 Many Oiide i-hicfs surrender . . . Aug, „ 
 An attempt of disbanded regiments to retake their 
 arms at Mooltaii, siiiipressed by major llamiltou 
 (300 killed on the sjiut, and Soo slain or captured 
 
 afterwards) 3, Aug. ,, 
 
 The (jiivenimeiit of the Kiist IiiiUu CvmjiiDiii cenaef, 
 
 1 Sept. „ 
 General Mitchell defeats Tantia Topee, near Riy- 
 
 ghur is.Sejit. „ 
 
 The (lucen prochiiim-d thi-onghoiit India- lord Can- 
 ning to be the first vii-croy , . , i Nov. ,, 
 Campaign in Oiide begins ;' several chiefs submit, 
 
 others subdued t 30 Nov. „ 
 
 At Dhoodeii Khera loiil Civile (fonnerly sir C, Camp- 
 bell) ilefeats Heni Mahdo . , , 24 Nov. „ 
 Flight of Tantia Topee— he is beaten in Guzi-rat by 
 
 mi\Jor Siitherlanil . , , . 25 Nov. „ 
 
 The ex-king of Delhi sails for the Cape of Gooii 
 Hope, 4-11 Dec, ; the (-iiloiiists refuse to receive 
 
 him ; he is scut to Rangoon , 
 
 lirigadiei- John Jacob dies at Jacobabad (greatly 
 
 lamented) 6 Dee. „ 
 
 Iiiileeisive skirmishi'S with Ferozeshah Dec. „ 
 
 Who joins Tantia Topee : they are defeated in 
 
 several .small engagements . . . Jan. 1859 
 Knforeenicnt of the Disarming Act in the nortli- 
 
 w-est provinces Jan. ,, 
 
 The ruiijab minle a distinct jircsidency i Jan. ,, 
 
 Rebels completely expelled from Oude ; enter Ne- 
 
 paiil J;m. „ 
 
 Giu'i-illa warfare (-ontiniies in Rohilcund , Feb. „ 
 Tantia Topee henuned in ; deserted by his troops, 
 
 about 25 Feb. „ 
 Defeat of the Hegum of Oude ami Nana Sahib by 
 
 general llorsfiird , , , , 10 Feb. „ 
 
 The new Indian taritf creates much dissatisfaction, 
 
 March, ,, 
 Miuiu Biiigli surrciiileis .... 2 April, „ 
 Tantia Tojiee taken, 7 .Viuil ; handed . 18 Aiiril, ,, 
 Thanksgiving in Knglaiid for pacilieation of India 
 
 I .May, „ 
 .Mutinous conduct of Rritish troops lately in the 
 company's service at .Meeriit and other places, on 
 account of their transfer to the queen's service 
 
 without bounty 5 May, „ 
 
 Sir Hope Grant defeats Nana Sahib in the Jorwah 
 
 pass 23 May, „ 
 
 A court of iiiipiiry appointed . . . June, ,, 
 
 Sir ChiLS. Wood becomes sec. for India , 22 June, ,, 
 
 Dis,satisfiiction among the troops at their transfer 
 
 from the service of the company to that of the 
 
 (-rowii, without a bounty, settled by discharge 
 
 offered to them, which about 10,000 accept July, ,, 
 
 Tlianksgivingdayob.served in India . . 28 July, ,, 
 
 
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 rp«Mi 
 
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 L 
 
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 l?l 
 
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 * Lunl KUciilnduii^ili, tlif iiiiiiistcr U>t Imlia, suit, mi- 
 kiiown to liis colleat^ucs, a (U'spatch si'vcn'ly i-enHiirinj? 
 tliis luocluniiitiuii. This di'simtrli lu'raiin' imblic and 
 UmI to his iv.si<."t!itiu!i ami very iieiirly to tlic dofctit of 
 tiie mlnistr ;i v-itr of ct'iisnic ln-iDg moved fur in both 
 llouHcs of 1';.. i:;.!Mi'ut, imt Hot raiTii'il. 
 
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INDIA. 
 
 666 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 ':h:.^-^ 
 
 i / i,? 
 
 An income tox hill (nillcil •• tlic TiiuIch' and Pro- 
 fessions' Licensing liill ") julssi's tile legislntive 
 council ; great meetings at Calcutta and .Madras 
 
 protesting against it Seiit. 1859 
 
 ROtth Jey-loU Singh liangod . . . i Oct. „ 
 Nana Saliib, in force, in Neiiaul on the frontiers of 
 
 . t)"<l« Oct. „ 
 
 Insurgents in Nepaul disjiersed . . 24 Dee. „ 
 Important financial changes made by Mr. James 
 
 Wilson, new linance secretary . . . Fob. i860 
 Company fonned to obtain cotton, flax, &c., from 
 
 Iii'lia March, „ 
 
 Paper currency determined on . . .March, ,, 
 BaliiMloor Khan, ex-king of Bareilly, hanged for 
 
 munlers caused by him . . " . 2 March, „ 
 
 Sir Chas. Trevelyan recalled from Jladras, for pub- 
 lishing a govennnent minute against .Mr. Wilson's 
 
 connnercial scheme May, ,, 
 
 Sir Hugh Hose takes command of the Indian anuy, 
 
 amalgamatcil with the british . . July, „ 
 
 Lonl Clyde arrives in London . . j8 July, „ 
 
 Lord Canning's reconuuemlation that the adopted 
 successors of Indian princes should be recognised 
 agreed to by the home government . 21 July, „ 
 Death of sir H. Waul, new governor at Madras, 
 
 3 .\ug. : and of Mr. James Wil.son . 11 Aug. „ 
 
 Nana Sahib, supposed to have died of jungle fever 
 
 in Aug. 1858, is said to bq living in Tibet . Dec. „ 
 Mutiny of 5tli Kuropei u regiment at IJinaiiore, sup- 
 jire.ssed; breaks out again, 5 Oct. ; is again sup- 
 pressed, Wm. Johns<m shot, and the regiment dis- 
 
 l):iiided ,3 Nov. „ 
 
 British troops repulsed in Sikkim Nov. „ 
 
 Agitation against the income tax supjircssed at 
 Bombay and other places .... Dec. 
 Excitement against sir Chas. Wood's grant of 
 
 520,000/. to clesceudants of Tijij .Sahib . Dec. „ 
 
 Mr. Sanuiel Laing, successor to Mr. James Wilson, 
 
 arrives 10 Jan. 1861 
 
 Awful famine in N.W. provinces through failure 
 of the crops ; immense exertions of the govern- 
 ment and others to relieve the sutl'erers, 
 
 Jan. -June, ,, 
 Expedition marches against Sikkim ; natives retire 
 
 Feb. „ 
 Disturbani'es in the indigo districts . . March, „ 
 Kootoob-oiKl-ileen, grandson of Tippoo Sahib, mur- 
 dered by his servants . . .31 March, „ 
 British subscriiitions for relief of the famine com- 
 mence at the Mansion-house, London, with 4000!., 
 28 .March ; sa.ofW. subscribed 20 .\pril ; iloses 
 
 with 114,807/ Niiv. 
 
 Order of the " Star of India" (whkh ace) constituted " 
 
 25 June, ,, 
 Excitement through the printing and ciri'ulation of 
 " Nil Darpan," a Hindu dranui libelling the indigo 
 
 Iil"'>t«r« June, „ 
 
 Tlie rev. James Long, the tnuislator, sentenced to 
 
 line and imprisonment Aug. 
 
 New Indian council and newhigh court of judicature " ■ 
 
 established Aug. ' 
 
 Mr. J. r. Orant, licut-governor of Bengal (who had " 
 authori.sed the translation of •' Nil Darpan ") an<l 
 Mr. Seton Kerr, his .^ecretarj- (who had, without 
 authority, distributed copies) are censured and 
 
 rvM^n Sept. ! 
 
 Law of projierty in India altered ; sale of waste i 
 
 lands authorised Oct. 
 
 Lonls Harris and Clyde, sir J. Lawrence, Dhuleep " 
 Singh, and (jtliers invested with the Star of India j 
 
 l)y the queen , Nov. „ ! 
 
 Rcjiorted pDisperity of Indian finances ; licence tax I 
 
 not to be reimpjised 31 Dec. ' 
 
 First meeting of m-w legislative council ; includes " I 
 
 several Imlian princes .... 18 Jan. 1862 
 Lonl Elgin, new governor-general, installed at Cal- 
 cutta ,2 March, „ 
 
 Lonl Canning arrives at Southampton, 26 April : 
 
 <li™ 17 June,' „ 
 
 Mr. S. Laing returns to England thniugh ill health ; 
 censured by sir C. Wood ; he justifies himself and 
 
 resigin Iiilv, 
 
 High court of judicature at Bengal inaugurated " 
 
 12 July, „ 
 Reiiorted suspension of sale of waste lands Aug. 
 Kao Sahib hanged for munlers during the revolt " 
 
 8 Sept. „ , 
 
 Great increase in the cultivation of coltdn in 1,, 
 reporteil . 
 
 Sir Charles Trevelyan, new tlnauce 
 
 ■ . , ■ ■ Oct , 
 mmister, arrives 
 
 First agricultural exhibition at Calcutta in-t^u): ' 
 Rise of HamSingh, a fanatic, in N.W. pri]virirMOf.f 
 War with wariike hill-tribes on the N W fnjiit^N 
 Oct. : severe conflict, gen. Clmml.,Mliiin«-.,uiiatj' 
 20 Nov. ; command assumeil by niiyor-mn JfJin' 
 Garvoek, who totally .lefeated'thc eiifmylaton, 
 15,000) in Chamta pass, 15, 16 Dec. ; war «iiilt"l 
 
 The Hindu religion deprived of governiiieiitsui!^oit 
 Death of the viceroy, lord Elgin . . j^ x'J' 
 Sir John Lawrence, his sui;ce»sor, assiuiius oBi™ 
 
 Excitement amongst the Ilindimson accouiillf b!' '' 
 veniment suppressing funeral rites on saiiitari' 
 gi'uunds y > 
 
 Prosperous financial statemi'iit of sir Cliarlci Tiv' 
 velyan '^ =' 
 
 Mr. Ashley Eden, envoy at Iiho(.taii, seiztj and 
 compelled to sign a treaty giving up .is.saiu 
 
 Gold currency (n sovereign = 10 rupees) .jnlra'atn 
 
 Ih! introduced at Christmas . J^|,. 
 
 Terrific cyclone— immense lo.ss of life, pruiuTlv and 
 
 ships at Calcutta and elsi'wh.Tc . '^'y,.. 
 
 Grand durbar, held by sir John Lawieiue, at La'. ' 
 
 liore ; 604 native princes iPi-eseiil , . 'ijOit 
 War with the Bhootanese fortress of Dlialiiutote ' 
 
 '«ken ,2|)(|, 
 
 Much commercia speculation at Hoiiiliay Dp. ' 
 
 The Bhootanese attack on Dewaiidiri ri'iiulstj ' 
 
 with severe loss, 29 Jan., evacuated liy the llritisli 
 
 Feb ^ 
 Opening of the Indo-European telegnipli-a ttle- " 
 
 gram from Kurracliee received . . 1 .March 
 W. Massey succeeds sir C. Tievelv,™ as liinuce ' 
 
 minister; he arrives at Calcutta " . 31 .Manii 
 Sir Charles Trevelyan declares a large deliiit in the ' 
 
 i-evemie . ;, ■ ■ • ■ ■ AkiI, 
 
 Dewangiri recaptured by gen. Tniiilis . 2 Aiiril, ' 
 Sir Hugh Rose retires from cuiniMaiiii of tlicannv' ' 
 
 which is iLssumed by .sir Win. .MiinslieM, 2j.\|iril' 
 Sir Charles Trevelyan's plans leveised bv sir c! " 
 
 Wood " .May 
 
 Death of the able and beiieliceiit lion. Juggiinaih " 
 
 Sunkei-sett, the recognised i-eiiri'seiitativu ui the 
 
 Hindoo community . . • • 31 July, 
 
 Negotiation with the Uliootanesi" . Julv' " 
 
 Shipwreck of the Kiigic Sjiceil near Calcutta; 265 " 
 
 coolies perish through neglect . . 24.%. 
 Peace with the liliootaiie.se sij;iied , . 13 .Nov! " 
 Much dissatisfaction at mildewed cnttmi gmia " 
 
 lieiiig received from England . Jul.v-Uet. 
 
 Settlement of the question respecting iiianiageoi' " 
 
 Hindoo converts .\iiril 
 
 "Simla Saiiiihil." Trial of capt K. Jervis; at'. 
 (|Uitted on charge of peculiitioii of stnres Monj. 
 ingto sir W. .Maustleld, coijiniandei-iii.eliief, bat 
 condemned for iiisubordinatioii ; .seatina' (dis- 
 missal fnim the service) a]>priived liy sir W. 
 
 Mansfiehl " i;,Sepl. 
 
 i^wful famine in Ori.ssa, Deiigal ; almut 1,500,000 
 
 perished .\iig.-.Vov. 
 
 Relief by Government Oct.' 
 
 Dr. Cotton, bishop of Calcutta, accidentailvilrowiied 
 
 6 (At 
 Famine abating ; ofticial iiKiuirj' onlered . Nov, 
 Great durbar held at Agra, liy sir .1. Lawrence 
 
 10-20 .S'ov, 
 
 Simla case ; sentence against capt. JeniscoiilirmeiJ, 
 
 and sir W. Mansllelil censiiied liy the iluke of 
 
 Cambridge, by letter dated . . 17 Jan. 
 
 Deficiencies in the revenue ; .Massey's preiioauii new 
 
 licence tax much opposed . .Vpril 4 -May, 
 
 False rumour of mutiny at -Meeriit . 20 May, 
 
 Report on Orissa famine ; auilioritiea blaiawl, June, 
 
 Deficiency in revenue for 1867, i.^uu.oool. re]JOrteJ 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Mas.sacre of Hindofi chiefs liv the nawab of lenk 
 
 (for which he was depo.sed) . . i Aug. 
 
 Grand durbar at Lui'know . . . 9-17 Xov. 
 
 The fierce Wagheers of Kattywar, in a niglit attack, 
 
 are nearly exterminated; capts. Ilibbert anil La 
 
 Touclie killed aijDec. 
 
 vM 
 
 Kiilway between Calcul 
 
 Mncli oorrapt oppositioi 
 
INDIA. 567 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 Ir. SlMSfV's linilBet; surjiliis (if Soo.ooo?. ; llceni'e 
 malKilislU'il.tiixoii trailc«.itc.,»iilj.stitiit<'il;ex- 
 ,,„jilure(if ijoo.oooA OH jmlilic works |ir(>|iiiHi'il 
 
 14 Marcli, 1868 
 Kjr.inthe X.W. fnintifr; tlie Hnzotees, fiiiintlciil 
 MJiwini'Wi'-''. defeated l).v Keiierul Wilde ; 30 killed 
 aiidWMiiii'li'd : all diHiiersed, 4 (Jet. ; villages tmrnt 
 isimnisliiueiit fiii-imtrages . . . Oet. „ 
 Ml' of the lieguni of Blioiial, who helped the 
 Britiilnluri"*! tliB »"'t'»y ■ • ■ 30 Aug. ,, 
 Tlieilulit of Argyll seeretJiiy for India . 9 Dee. „ 
 irnval of the earl of JIayo, the new viiteroy, at 
 
 tak'utta 12 Jan. 1869 
 
 Severe fainlue ... . . . . 1868-9 
 
 Sir R Temple's budget; deflciency of alniut 
 ,,750,000/. ; a I I"''' ^^''''t. ineciiue tax jiut on 
 laccasively opiiosed) .... Mareh, 1869 
 
 Mefling ot the viceroy and iShere All, the Afghan 
 s.iver«ign, who reeeives a sulisidy and jire.senLs 
 
 27 JIareh, „ 
 Sewdivorteaet in operation . . . i April, ,, 
 BwotalKxly of Indian religioun refonners termed 
 the Braliinu Sniuaj (.tee iiei.sm) . . . Aug. ,, 
 irt fur the better governing India and defining the 
 
 •ovemor-^eiierars powers pa^ d . . 11 Aug. ,, 
 In'li,a visited by the duke of Ediuburgh, Uee. 1869- 
 
 April, 1870 
 Kiitay between Calcutta and Bombay completed 
 
 Mareli, „ 
 innounoed deficiency in the revenue ; increased 
 tasjtieii proiiosed; much opposition to the in- 
 
 iiiiiietax llav, „ 
 
 CniiiJJiirbarat Uhurtluire . . . 10 Oct. ,, 
 
 Ii.iiaiicoinaxeact passiHl 
 
 Umeuteil death of sir H. Uurand, from fall from an 
 
 ciflitont 1 .Ian. 1871 
 
 i\: Proliy L'aiitley, designed Ganges canal works, 
 
 Sc, died, aged 68 25 Jan. „ 
 
 Volunteer system proposed for India . . Jan. ,, 
 Wian finance committee appointed . . Keli. „ 
 
 Sit R. Temple's budget . . . 9 March, „ 
 
 M.ralviLiakat All, a cruel rebel who in 1857 ''"'cd 
 ,is vieeroy at Allahabad, apiuvhende.l . 5 July, ,, 
 Imlianoivilengiueeri'igcollege, Coo per'sdiill, opened 
 
 tivtliedukeof Argjll, secretary for India, 5 Aug. ,, 
 J;i*tiee Xiinimn stabbed at Calcutta, 20 Sept. ; dies 
 ji8ept.; assassin convicted, 28 Sept. ; exccutcil 
 
 4 Nov. ,, 
 Mncli corrupt opposition to the income tax reiiorted 
 
 X..V. „ 
 Lnnl Mayo visits PiJunipore fair, and holds a niral 
 
 diirliar 6 Nov. ,, 
 
 Militarj- expeditiiiu imder generals Nutthall and 
 
 taii'liier, aided by the ra,jab of Munnipo re, against 
 
 the Loo.iliai», about 13 Nov. ; skirmishes, 1 Dec. „ 
 
 De.ath of the earl of Eilenbovongh, a late govcnior- 
 
 jeneral(see i'omiidf/i) .... 22 l)ec. „ 
 
 Skiniiishes with the Looshais, 21, 23 Dec. , they 
 
 sue tor peace 29 I)ec". ,, 
 
 TliekinuufSiam visits Calcutta . . 7-12 Jan. 1872 
 Uatlireak (if the Kookas, near I.oodiana. severely 
 suiliressed by cuimuissioners Cowan ami Forsytii 
 
 (seeA''"J"s) 15-17 Jan. ,, 
 
 Cam]i at vlhi; military nnimeuvres, by sir II. 
 
 Tombs ! others .... 13-23 Jan. ,, 
 Liwshais I'ulsed and stronghohls taken 28 Jan. ,, 
 Tlie viceiiiy arrives at Kinigoon, 28 .Ian. : on his 
 return he visitji the convict estalilislnncnt in the 
 .tmlaiiiau Islands, and is assassinated at l'ni-t 
 Blair liy Sliere All, a convict, while about to 
 emiiark in the (lUinqow ... 8 Feb. 
 
 Lord Napier acts as viceroy . . .23 Feb. ,', 
 Looshaissurreiideruncouditionally; army returning 
 
 28 Feb. „ 
 The Kamoiis tribe, while carrying ofj I.ooslmi cap- 
 tives, defeated, and captives rescued ; British rc- 
 tiiniiiig to Calcutta .... 7 March, ,, 
 Sliett All hanged, without confessing associates, 
 
 12 March, ,, 
 Annual jiension from Indian government to i.idy 
 Mayo, 1000/. ; gnuit of 2o,(xiof. for (ddldreil, 
 
 Mandi, „ 
 Sir Klchara Temple's budget favourable ; income 
 
 tax to lie reduced April, 
 
 Lord Ndrthbrodk sworn in as viceroy . 3 May] " 
 Liakat All, nn i^oufession, condeninell to transiiortii- 
 liou for life .... 37 July „ 
 
 1874 
 
 Christian njariiage bill passed . . . July, 1872 
 
 The Ix'guni of Ilbopal made a knight of the Ktar of 
 India at Hombay .... 16 Nov. ,, 
 
 Changes in ci-iminal iiroccdnre ; compronn.se in ,, 
 
 The incoir'.e tax not renewed . . . 21 March, 1873 
 
 Hints of the .Moplahs, .Mahometan fanatics, on 
 coast of .Malabar, suppressed by ndlitary ; about 
 
 13, 14 Sept. ,, 
 
 New tax road cess) reported successful . (Jet. „ 
 
 Messrs, Hermird, (jiiddes, ii Hobiiisou appointeil 
 comiuissioners in anticipation of famine in 
 Bengal Nov. „ 
 
 Sir H. Temple appointed superintendent of relief 
 in itehar Jan. 
 
 15 districts (25,ooo,(x)o itdialiitants^ niU(di dis- 
 tressed ; II districts (14,000,000) affected 
 
 middle of , Ian. 
 
 Subscriptions at Mansion-house (whkh ser), London 
 
 begun 24 Jan. 
 
 1,000/. given by the Queen .... 4 Feb. 
 
 'The mar(|Uis of Salisbuiy secretary for India, 21 Feb. 
 
 Report from Calcutta; " people well emiilovcd on 
 liublic, works ; no adult should die now' from 
 starvation " 25 March, 
 
 A loan, not exciwling io,o(xi,oixi/. for India Oovei-u- 
 ment authorised by parliament . . 30 March, 
 
 Sir K. Temple installed lieiit.-gnv. of Bengal in 
 room of sir (jeorge Campbell : a\i(jut 500 deatha 
 from dist^ase and hunger re|i(irted, about 8 .Vpril, 
 
 The famine kept luidcr ; l•^tunated net ex|icudi. 
 tni"eon relief, 6,5oo,(xjo/.(ht'e Mansion-hotmc) May, 
 
 Crisis of lainiue past; reported declining; much 
 rain ; good prospects .... June, 
 
 Only 24 deaths from faiiiinc alone ; 125,000/. I'ai.sed 
 for relief ill l.oiubin .... 27 July, 
 
 Abiuidance of rain .Sept! 
 
 Saduii Khan, a cruel leader in the mutiiiv, sen- 
 tenced to death ' Sept. 
 
 A jierson said to be Nana Sahib captni-ed at Gwalior 
 by the Maharajah Sciudia (ideiititv since dis- 
 pi'iivcd) " . 21 Oct. 
 
 Attempts to poison col. Phayre, resident at Baroda, 
 Nov.; he is replaced by col, I'ellv . Dec. 
 
 Outrages of Dulllatribes on N. \V. frimticr (trouble- 
 simie, 1S38-9; 1852; Feb. 1873); expedition against 
 them Dec. 
 
 Mulhar Han, gackwar of Baroda, carried to Calcutta 
 f(ir trial for attempting to iioison col. I'hayre ; 
 his chihl reiMignised us his succe.s.sor, provi.sion- 
 iill.v 14 Jan. 
 
 The Dullla trilies surrender and pay line . 29 Jan. 
 
 The gackwar's trial begins, 3 native .iudges (Scin- 
 diali, the maharajah of Jcyiiorc, and one other) 
 and 3 British 23 Feb. ^^ 
 
 Lieut. Holcombc and a surveying party (about 70) 
 in Assam, massacred by Naga natives 
 
 aliout 24 Feb. „ 
 
 Close of inquiry into the cnndiict of tin? gackwar 
 of Baroda ; verdict of 3 British ,iiiilgcs, guilty ; ot 
 3 natives, not pi-oved ; 30 .Maivh ; lie is deposed 
 for misgoverument by the viceroy, ami ordered 
 to live in British India with suitable provision ; 
 proclamation that a successor be apiiointed 
 
 23 .\pril, ,, 
 
 Naga tribes chastised severely; the objects of the 
 expedition acconiidisbed . . 15-25 .March, „ 
 
 Flldest son of the gackwar appointed successor 
 
 22 .Mav, ,, 
 
 Ditticulties with Biirmah .... .May, 
 
 .Mi.ssion of sir Douglas Foi-syth to .Mandalav (see 
 liuniuih] June, „ 
 
 New gackwar of Baroda installed . , 3 June, „ 
 
 Kstablishment of a new Malioniet;in college for the 
 N, \V. iiroviuccs (idiicBy by Ahmed Khan); an- 
 nounced Inly, ^1 
 
 Dispatch from marijiiis of Salisbury on repeal of 
 cotton duties . . , ' , . Sept. 
 
 The I'riuccof Wales sails for India. 11 (bd., arrives 
 at Bombay 8 Nov. ; warmly received at Baroda, 
 9 Nov. ; at lioa, 27 Nov, ; in Ceylon, i-S Dec. ; 
 at Madras, 13 Dec, ; at Calcutta, '23 Liec. ; graiul 
 reception of Imliaii pfitentttti'S ."' . 24 Dec. „ 
 
 Unveiled statue of Lord .Mayo at Calcutta . i Jan, 1876 
 
 At Benares, I.ucknow, idc, 5 Jan. et .w/.; in Nepaul, 
 12 Feb. ; sails from Bombay . . 13 March, „ 
 
 Lord Lytton, new viceroy, takes oath at Calcutta. 
 
 12 April, „ 
 
 1875 
 
 1 '"^fSft7B( 
 
 |i! . < 
 
 ;* 1 
 
 1 W 'j 
 
 J^: 
 
 
;iiiMlittW 
 
 
 Tlie Queen iirocliiimea Eiiii.ies» of IikUu in J.diidoii 
 
 liiiliiin llnnnci's: ilcflc'ifniy tluoiiKli ilijurd'at'ion 
 '•r silver curirncy ; less nliout 2,300,000/., vro- 
 IKmetl liiiin i.f I ,«,ooo/, , . , ,, Aiiy. 
 
 Vicc-iVKul inoflanmtiipii (if the Queen's title 
 
 tiuiuess (if iuiliii ; " (ti) Ije iiroeliiinieil iit Delhi, 
 
 I Jim,, 1877) ,„ Yuu 
 
 Kir J.ilin Stnieluy npiininted tinniieiiil iriiniHter' " 
 ahijut 17 Uet. ; j'cnvrniii'nr X.W. I'liiviiieeH Nov. ,, 
 
 At Akhi Mr. Fuller .■iliij.i.ecl for neglect n native 
 scivant, 31 Oet. i><j^. who died soon utter; he 
 WHS fined liy 11 niiiylstrate ; sentenee oonsidereil 
 too li(;ht liy tlie high court ; the viceroy in a 
 nunnte censured all ; this caused much dissatis- 
 lactnin; (lord Salistiury sui'iiorted the viceroy, 
 1877) July 
 
 Famine in liomlmy, JIadras, &'c. '. Nov., iVc! ", 
 
 rroelamatiou of tlie (lucen as empress of India 
 with much niaKiiillceiice at Delhi, by the vicerov • 
 also at Calcutta, Madras, and Uomliay , Jan' 1877 
 
 Creation of the "Order of the Kuijiire of India" iiii'. 
 iiouiieed , j„u 
 
 Sir U. Temple removed from Ucngiil to Bomliay ' " 
 
 r» 1- » , . . 19 Jan, ,, 
 
 Uelief works orKanizing, fiivourahle reports aii- 
 
 nouueed April 
 
 The raids of the Alfreedis on N.W. frontiers suii; " 
 
 pres.sed ; aniKMinced ,' . end of April, 
 
 Famine formidalilc, but enerKetically met June,' 
 
 Misery increasin(; ; establishment of "Maiision- 
 
 liouse relief fund" (le/iiV/. .»ri) . 12 \ui; 
 
 The secretjiry for India autliorised liy iiarliament " 
 
 to raise a loan for 5,000,000/. . . ,4 Aul-. 
 919.771 employed bynoveninient ; 1,326,971 relieved " 
 
 Kiatiiitously ; rejiorteil . . go Auk 
 
 Disturbances on N.W. frontier; raids of the Jawa- " 
 kies, or Jowakies, an Atfreedi tribe ; chastised 
 by exiiedition under sir Kd. Pollock, jo, 30 Aug ■ 
 BKain by yen. Keyes .... Nov 
 
 Copious rain in the south rejiorted; greatly iml " 
 I'loved prospects . . . Sept., Oct. „ 
 
 formation of a new N.W. government jiroposed 
 ,, . , ... Oct., Nov. „ 
 
 Wnnsion-house Indian fund cbised, bv reiiue.st of 
 the duke of UuckinghaiM (by telegram) 5 Nov. 
 Juiumu, the Jawakies' stronghold, taken ; tliev 
 are defeated and dLsjiersed . Nov., Dee'. 
 
 Sir John Strachcy's budget : 1,500,000/. to be 
 raised annually for famines(tliev cost 16,000,000/. 
 in live years) ; taxation raised'; trade lieeneesi 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 .p,(i "","'I"''''''>'"iou in Central India dviim, 
 >t70 : deleats of lelicls . 
 I Nana raids and murders 
 I Indian budget, by sir John .Straclicv 
 >> ; 119,000/. reported . ' ' 
 
 Maroiiis of Hipon, new vicerov, arrive 
 col. (lordon, Ills .secretarv 
 
 '■'Zti,!^Z '"""•■*• *"'™""' "'-'"''■' 
 
 ■■ "I'V.'Ml 
 
 SllllilllH „t 
 
 lit Caliiitt.i ; 
 '» In 
 
 l)e 
 
 A-c. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 " Imperial Order of the Crown of India," for ladies • 
 
 instituted ,, D^,^. 
 
 The Jawakies defeated by cavalry, 15 Feb ; sur- 
 
 renderunconditionally ; anuonuced 22 Feb 
 
 Bill to restrain licence of the native press, passed' 
 
 by the council at Calcutta . . 14 March, 
 The Indian press eommission to Iielji and control 
 
 the press, established 
 
 Builget ; cost of famine about 3,450,000/. March] 
 Native Indian troops sent to Jlaltn. April; eom- 
 
 1878 
 
 mended liy tlie duke of Cambridge, Julie ; re- 
 moved to Cyprus .... Aug 
 War with Afghanistan (ic/iiV/i .vw) .' . f-;c)it. ", 
 England now liolils the passes through which India 
 
 is accessible liy land .... Feb 1870 
 
 Revenue— Gio.ss reiripts, 65,207,694/. . . 1878-9 
 
 E.xpenditnre, 67,545,201/. . . ' . „ 
 
 8545 miles of railways opened (expenditure about 
 
 uo,ooo,ooo/.)upt 31 March, 1879 
 
 Treaty ot peace signed at Gandamuk (ii'hkli sic), 
 , ,. ., 26 Mav, „ 
 
 Indian railways guarantee act passed . n Aug 
 Loan of sum under ;,ooo,ooo/. for India ; authorized " 
 by act ,, .\,|,, 
 
 Di.satfection and plundcringoftheRmnpn hill trilH^s, " 
 Aug. ; suliilucd (),.j 
 
 Mutiny and luassaeres at Cabul (see 'jt/yhiinisUiii), ' " 
 
 Murder of Mr. Dainaut, coniuiiMsioner, in Naga " 
 hillsbynativc-M, during an oi,fl,i>.rtk . 14 Oct. „ 
 
 New stringent rules for new.sjiaper corresiiondents 
 witli iiruiv ; issued . oet 
 
 Lord Lyttoii llred at by Ihisa, a haifii'iad, intoxi- " 
 eated Kast Indian ; 110 injury . . u Uec 
 
 '"'itiug AlVhan war exi.euses ; large 1,.,|.„"' 
 "i"7">i™l May ; sir Jolin MracI n^J "^^^^^^^^ 
 cecd,.,l l,y ,||,|),„. I(„ring) ' ii»ini» (siu- 
 
 on};:ti;;i^;!;;''!"''^ "''""' '--'■•:v.-;;;^' 
 
 H.v a landslip the hill station Nviiee Td ',„' v"''': " 
 T»l, in the Ilimalayas, destroyed ,,,,,; I , ...^i"" 
 (see /.(iii//,7,;i,) • ■''"''"> in ''s'list 
 
 i'tiei,;i^:;rz^!r'"'^''''"''''^''-'-^i''S^^ 
 
 ! War declared against the Wazjiris, „ yuyi,!"''} - 
 
 with their submission . . ,i,,,oc«* 
 
 I ri'"Posals for loan of ,,000,000/ issiw.,i ^ ■ ' " 
 
 Budget introduced by theZnli ^ f ),.„.7,;'j""'' '■ 
 
 The budget for .882-3-U,.venue, 66.\,,,^,:i ^ ;;,^ 
 
 ' The Indian eontingent S:^;^;;^;;'^;:";. ; ■ 
 war . [ r,^\[iii;iii 
 
 Officers visit Londmi " .' " ••^"K--fj^M. „ 
 
 ""ly^he'vlim;:;" !'°' '""^"' ''''■ ''■'^*""i™) "l^'^i " 
 
 Mr. Iltal's Criminal i'rocJdnre' AMieiidaienMni " 
 
 strong V opposcl by all the uon-ofli ci ,1 K,,. 
 
 and the aniiy throughout India vev' 
 
 meeting at Calcutta . ' •-'•1™ . 
 
 Euj-opean and Anglo-Indian defen'ce aismtfinn '"' 
 
 Calcutta, foniied ; llr.st nieetiuL' \, . 
 
 ^'^nV;^:;;^!;r'"'"'""^'''''"*'"'''^'"'"--''-S;i 
 
 Mr. lianerjee, editor" of t'he ISnujahe, ^^,,^^1] 
 two months imi.risomiient for gross 11 .] .a ns 
 .indge Norris; gi-eat e.xeitemeiit „f --"'•'""'•' 
 
 finance mini.ster 
 High courts of nombay and Madras favour' tlii.t'.'f 
 Calcutta op,„,ses, the Ilbert bill . .Ji'i'v 
 
 ■Tiilv. 
 int. if 
 Alt;'. 
 
 Illicit bill : compromise aiinoiinccl ; Kiirnprai, 
 allowed to claim a .jury wholly or parby Kiu'i'™ 
 
 mis 
 iirepenn 
 
 ■ „ 2' Ow. ., 
 
 major Beresford's f.irws 
 
 24 Dc. .. 
 
 • i";-4 
 
 8 Jan. i£i4 
 . Jan. .. 
 ■ 25 Jan. ,, 
 ports tlirijiis;li 
 
 Akha raids Into Assam 
 
 repulsed .... 
 . Budget— revenue 71,727,000/. ." 
 expeiMlitiire, 70,340,000/. 
 The Akhas disper-sed bv gen. Hill 
 He returns .... 
 Ilbert bill amendeil and' passed 
 Great increase of ciiltivaticui and 
 
 railways since 1B48. 
 Exports : 25,000,000/. raised to 147,837,920'. in iSe, 
 
 Indian budget: finances soiin.lniul iiiiprovr.^s'viic 
 Ptttlians for their raids into British territon- 
 
 They are defeated by gen. Tanner; 56 knM^:'^ 
 No resistance rejiorted, 6 Nov.; fronp.s lilimi 
 
 Upwards of 1000 addresses from ii.itives".' t"he 
 niari|iiis of Hipon on his 1, aving India , Nov. 
 
 harl of Diifferin installed viceroyat Calcutta nDeo. 
 liiKlget— revenue, 70,690,681/. . 
 
 expenditure, 71,077,127/. . 
 luiportant Bengal tenancy bill passed ,, Man'h', tk 
 I' •ciO'"'" '""'*•''''• '■<i"i''iii''dsuriiliisnfT years ' 
 (i!-B2-5), 1,378,000/. ; lessened bv (leiaecia'tion of 
 Sliver currencv : ri'vcnue for iPRJ-/; -^ -0= loc/ ' 
 expenditun; ,885-6, 7fi.488.960/. . ' '.■" .j-'Marcli', „ 
 »ir Donald Stewart, with 50,000 men, .irdereil to 
 
 ,/"'"""■<;!• Q'li'tta Maroli, „ 
 
 Meeting of the Ameer of Afghanistan and tlic vioerov 
 at Hawiil Piudi confercmc and durbnv 2-12 Ainil, ., 
 
 .l!6t-i 
 
 fltiiawnbofMoorsheil 
 1,1 sfll their .jewels, f: 
 ■k Uritiah governme 
 
 I Tli.T.milli defeliee of Ii 
 llriti.ili>;eycriiii»'iit. ' 
 I |r..|.wil lean of 10,001 
 nnwl . . ■ 
 
 niifTrmti f iiativi 
 
 J tMinniaii'li'i'-iiiehief 
 I i.iiil Rmuleliih Chureli 
 liMlia . 
 ,v:r Kmlerick Hoberts 
 , fliirf;anniiinieed . 
 I Xiticiual congivss of 71 
 (frs.iiolieoliiiasti'rs.ai 
 iiirt't ,it lioniliay, I'X] 
 ,|iwu, and pass nine 
 i„ ..btalii a royal (•< 
 infmisecl iielitical poi 
 eraiiil iiiilitar>' review a* 
 (li.oootiiuijis, 709 oltli 
 I jv lliilferiii's fund foi 
 fnclitioiiiTS for the 
 ^iicci'^.^fal 
 I V|l«T lliiriiiali aiiiiexei 
 viCiTfpy, Icrd Diillerin 
 ruiiTl'ii'l »|»'ccli of lord 
 ;,M).ooo/. through w: 
 jHiM'il liicrease of incoi 
 liicmic.tax hill passed 
 I Eail lif Kiiulicilcy appi 
 
 S:.i.Colvin'sliiiilgct,iS! 
 
 fX|«iiihtiire 7?, 616,500 
 S;r Hiclianl, aft. viscounl 
 
 f"rliiilln . 
 t Stiniial Indian congress 
 
 |lliiii|iKi«) to proiiiott 
 
 V't: t886 ; anc! again e 
 I Tiii'i|iin'i]'s,jnliilee ee'el 
 
 ciiicf: Iminairs distill 
 
 ;mi«1 cliaracter releasee 
 Jlaliarajiili of liidore n 
 
 |irnfiitnt the jubilee c 
 
 .\|jUy . 
 r„;uoiiiilMiif railway ii 
 till- iiizaiii of Hyderabad 
 
 till' vicci'iiy, olfers 
 
 mii'i'S fur tliree year: 
 
 'l.fiiid' of the N.W. t 
 
 l'-ii;.'til with thanks ; a 
 Tlirnijali of Kaparthala 
 
 iiiklis of rupees for 
 
 iiiinouiiet'il 
 F iirlaklisiitTercd by laj 
 Siiiii'ar iifTcrs by other pi 
 ^iil'scriiitiinis to lady 1 
 
 <ii|i|Kirt of the nationa 
 
 fiiiiali' ineilioal aid aim 
 
 lii'lia, anil 1,770/. in ] 
 
 ivci'ivt'il 50,000/. 
 I'i'itiicts 111 Deloochist 
 
 aiiiii'iiiiowl . 
 Iii'lia 4 jm' cent, stock c 
 
 lyacl 
 [!ir iiialiara,inh of Harbin 
 
 iifi-inale nititical liosjii 
 
 fiiiiil 
 Military ilcmonstratiini 1 
 
 iinit'ml . 
 I!ii'l;'ft 1887-8 ; great d 
 
 Jii'l increase of salt di: 
 
 [.'■V'l PiilTi'rin, the vieero 
 "fri'sisninL', for nrivat' 
 
 Mi'ilrrati' Xatiniial liid 
 rfCi'iiiniiinls ivjircsentf 
 I Majiir L. R. linttve and 
 ami llvp Sejioys killed 
 i'S|iliiratioii on Ijritii. 
 M'unitnin, N.W. froiitii 
 
 lilark M.iimtaiii t-x-,.eil 
 Firlil Force " under gei 
 
 tl utingpnf iqJuiie; 
 
 s'i/ni('ofMaiiak,iilaiia< 
 «itli the loss of 200 
 viiiTrilla warfare ; Briti 
 
INDIA. 669 
 
 I J],, Mwnb "f Mixirslii'diilmil and (itlii'i'iirlnccs dflpi 
 i.,wll their .ii'Wils, Ac, ti> iimvldp niuricy U> iiiil 
 •lif BritUli giivinniiiL'iit in Imliu UKiiinst Uiism1« 
 
 I A|jril-Mny, 1685 
 
 jliifiii^ ili'fi'iK"!' (if India dctcnnlncd im liv the 
 llritish ^'|lv<■nllnl■nt, dfcliircd . . uMiiy, 
 
 I iNi.Mfd liau iif io,ooo,ooo(, 21 May et w/. ; apt 
 
 Ki*!mi aa July, 
 
 ■nirfr:iiatiiin nf niilivr viduntccr ciii'im undiT tlii! 
 P'lninamlfi-in-cliii'f .... .May, 
 
 I i,,i,l Raiitliill'li t'liurcliiU aiiiKiinU-d sreirtary fur 
 
 I'fiin 24 Jniic, 
 
 M FniliTkk Hnlwrts npiinintcil ccmniiandcr-in- 
 
 ohirf; aiinounei'd ^o.Jiily, 
 
 Viliiiual ciilip't'ss iif 71 dcli'KfttPH (princiiiallv law- 
 ' yfrs,«chiiiill"iisti'r»,ancli'dit(irs, not .Miilii.inctans) 
 liiMat limnliay, cxiircss ureat loyalty to tlic 
 ,|iiriii, and lias-i iilni' icsidntioiis to iTidcavoiir 
 1,1 i.litalri ii royal conunisnion of iiuinhy and 
 iiicmisi'd political power . . end ip'f Dee. ,, 
 (luml iiiilitar>' review at Dellii held liy the viceroy 
 (15,000 tniiipK, yoqottlcers, &c.) . .19. Ian'. 1886 
 WvliiiiriTin'sfniid for provldinK female nn'dical 
 linctitiiiiiiTS for the natives of India, highly 
 -iifowsfii! "1885-6 
 
 V]i|«T liiinnuh annexed liy proclamation of the 
 
 vmri'V, lerd Diillerii i ,Jan. 1886 
 
 Piwrfu'l speeeh of lonl Untferln ; delicit of aliont 
 ioco.ooo/. tlirnutih war pre|iaratlons, &c. ; ]iro. 
 |M»i'iliiicreBse of hiconn'-tax . . 4 Jan. 
 
 |iic..iiic-tax liill passed . . . . aq .lan. 
 
 Earl ef Kiiiiberley appointed secivt.iry for India, 
 I abont 6 Feb. 
 
 &A.Ciilvin'shu<lKct,iS86-7; rcyenue, 75,798,700/. ; 
 is|»ii(litiire 75,616,500/. ... 34 March, 
 
 Si; llicliard, aft. vl3ConntCro»S| ajipointpd secretary 
 fMrliiilla Inly, 
 
 Xiti'inal Indian conjiress at Calcutta, 400 dele^;ate.s 
 ' (iliiiili«i«) to iirouiote native advanc inent, 28 
 
 Pro. 1886 ; and npiin early ill .... 1887 
 I T!if i|iii'('i]'s jubilee re'ehrated with great maKnill- 
 ct'iine: linnonrs ilistribnted ; 35,000 jn-isouers of 
 ii««l rliaracter released . . 16 Feb. 1/ .sci/. „ 
 
 Jlalnrajali of Imlore and many Indian princes 
 ]irrsfiitatthe,inbilee celebration in Westminster 
 
 XhWy 21 .Inne, ,, 
 
 . i!.;ooiiiilt's (if railway in India ; rejiorted . . . ,, 
 I tt iiizaiii (if Hyderaliad in aletter to lord Dntferin 
 tlie viceriiy, oilers to present ao lakhs of 
 miin'ii fur three years, total 600,000/., for the 
 ilrfriifp (if the N'.W. territories, Sept. ; acknow- 
 l.ilneil with thanks ; annoiniced , 10 Oct. ,, 
 
 Tluraiah "f Kajiarthaln iitfers his army and live 
 lakln (if rupees for the defence 'of India; 
 aiiiiemiwl 31 Oct. „ 
 
 Fmirlakliiidlfered hy rajah of N'abha . ." Xov. ,, 
 
 ^:!lli'ar(lffprs by other princes . . . \(i>'. ,, 
 
 SBlBoriptieiis to laily Dutferin's jnbilee fnnd in 
 sii|i|«iit (if the national association for sup|ilyin^' 
 female mc(ii(;al aid amomits to 478.465 rnpe('s in 
 lii'lia, ami 1,770/. in England 15 Oct.; anionnt 
 ivwivfd 50,000/ 35 Oct. ,, 
 
 I>i<tiiots ill Heloocliistaii nmiexod {whiili .we) 
 aiiiidiiiK'ed Nov. 
 
 lulia^iOT cent, stock converted into 3^ per cent. 
 lyart 33 May, „ 
 
 rile i!i.iliara,inli of llnrbhanna in Helium, estntdishi's 
 a fiiiiale medical hosiiital in aid of lady DiiHerin's 
 
 , '"ii'l antnnin, ,, 
 
 Jlilitary (leraoiistratioii nKniiist Sikkim (wlikh mv) 
 
 „ , 24 Jan, 1S88 
 
 lliM.'et 1887-8; (.Teat dedcit ; tax on jietridenni 
 aiel increase of ,salt duty proposed Jan. ; jiassed 
 
 L"i'l lintterin, the viceroy, annonnces his intention 
 ifn'sixninL', for private rea.s(in» . . 9 Feb. ,, 
 Klerate N'atioiial Indian Con);ress at Madrns 
 rcciiiiinieiiilsiv]ireseiitativeiiistitntions,(S;c. Feb. ,, 
 
 I Majcr I.. R. liattye and captain H. I). Urmiston 
 ami live Sqxiys killed by the Akozais dnriiiK an 
 es|iliirati(iii (111 liritish territory near Dlack 
 Muinitain, N,W. frontier . . . loJniie 
 
 : Blac!; Mcmitflin fx.rditioii, or " The liazara ' 
 Hrlil hdice under general McQnecn to tt\-en};c 
 tile "iitiSKO of iq June ; organized Sept. ; advance 
 ■eiziiiP(.fMaiiakadKiia4 0ct. ; the enemy defeated 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 iS83 
 
 Moderate 
 
 .,,■., .. , , t^-^i. , Lin; i-in-iii> iieiea(.e(| 
 
 Mitli le |„s, ,if joo men by gen. Galbraitli : 
 j^iiernlla warfare ; Ihitish success nt Kotkai with 
 
 slight loss 5 f)ct. ; villages burnt, eiieinv retiring; 
 Uritish casualties, 59 killed and wonndl'd 9 Oct. ; 
 gen. Mcyueen advances 18 Oct. ; more villages 
 
 burnt ; col. Ci kshank dies of wounds 34 Oct. ; 
 
 the trities submit and jiay tines 21-30 Oct. ; 
 (iiimpherpeak oftherimila monntains, 9,5oofeet, 
 taken by gen ('lianiier 2 .Nov. ; ictniii com. 
 inenceil 5 Nov. ; linal Nnbmission aniionnced 
 
 18 Nov 
 
 Lord Dnflerlii at a durliar at Pntiiila announces 
 the decision of the governmciit to decline tlie 
 occeptaiice of nioiiev fioiii the princes; but 
 rt'Coinmendsto raise the character of their armies 
 and so to lit them to combine with the Uritish 
 lor delence of India .... 18 .Nov. „ 
 
 Farewell address of 700 native ladies presented to 
 lady DiiHeiin piivatelv ... 4 Dec. ,, 
 
 Installation of the iii'aniiiis of Laiisdowne as 
 viceroy ; departure of lonl Dnth'rln . to Dec. ,, 
 
 l!ai(I(ifI,iishais(intlieCliittag(iiigborderaiiiionnce(l 
 
 Native Indian congress at Allahalmd (inoderate 
 
 and illdgical) opened . . . . 26 Dec. „ 
 
 Fortress of ynetta, a bulwark of India, llnlshed 
 
 ,, , , .„, Jan. i38q 
 
 Raid of Chittagong hill tribes on Uritish territory 
 
 near TIpiierah, 24 villages destroveil, above 100 
 
 Jiritishsnbjeets killed and 91 carried oH' prisoners, 
 
 nnniiniiced 28 Jan. „ 
 
 Mikknr bridge opened . . . .37 March, „ 
 iMr. Arthur Tnivers Crawford, an able coiiimissiiiner 
 for 34 years in Ilombav, after a long investiga- 
 tion, was acipiitted of serious charges of llnanclal 
 liii.sconduct, but was for indiscreet liorrowing 
 
 disinissed the service. After some coires] leiice 
 
 the sentence was conllruied by lord Cross, secre- 
 tary for India, in a despatch . . 39 March, ,, 
 Military expedition sent to cha.stise the hill tribes 
 lor their raids and the lunnlei of lieut. Steward ; 
 object ellected ; reported . . . April, „ 
 1 ro|Hwal for a new 4 jier cent, loan (20,000,000 
 
 rupees) issued , ,||,iv 
 
 .Subscription list closed .... 30 July, ,, 
 
 Lord Ueay'seiiiiiloiiiiigthe native noiiibavoHlclHis', 
 
 who confessed theiiisidves giiiltv of bribery and 
 
 coiTii|itiini in relation to the Crawford case.'much 
 
 censured, but eventually approved livthegovern- 
 
 nieiit " , Sept. 
 
 Tantia Hlieel, robber chiefof the central provinces", " 
 a kind of K(diin Hood, in the Holkar territory 
 began his career about 1874 ; robbed the rich anil 
 helped the poor ; lately sutfere(l luncli, captured 
 about 18 Aug., convicted of murder (in 1879), 
 about 20 Oct., executed at Jiibbnliiore . 4 Dec. „ 
 lour of the viceroy in the N,\V. provinces, Oct ; 
 
 a durbar liidd at yiietta . . . .19 Nov. „ 
 5th native Indian Congress meets at Ilombav (Mr! 
 
 Hradlangh iiresent) . . . 26 Dec.'c/ .»;. „ 
 .Military exiHMlition of sir H. fl. .Sandeman to pro- 
 mote ('(Uiiinerce by o]ieiiiiig a road through the 
 /h(di districts, N.W. fnmtier, reported success- 
 ^ fill without bloodshed .... 2 Feb. 
 Treaty with China res]iectiiig ISikkim, vhirk gee, 
 
 „.«'«'"■'" • , 17 March, 
 
 .Sir David Darbonrs budget presented; a large 
 
 „«'"Iil<'^, ■ , 31 March, 
 
 rriiice Albert \ ictor of Wales received at Honibay 
 by the (hike of Coiinanght and lord Reav ; Hv- 
 derab.ad, 15 Nov. ; Madras, 19 Xov. ; MvMm', ^3 
 Nov. ; Rangoon, 20 Dec. ; Mandalav, '34 Dec, 
 1889; Calcutta, received by the vic'erov, 3 Jan. 
 1890; lienares, 14 Jam; l.iicknow, is Jan. ; 
 N.W. jirovinces, 20 Jan, .■/ .■.r,/, ; Lahore, 25 Jan. ; 
 Khyber pass, 31 Jan. ; Delhi, 9 Fidi. ; Ihiinbay, 
 22 March ; embarked fur Inniie . 28 March, 
 Expeditions (organised by gen. Cordon) to chas- 
 tise the Chills and LiLshais for their raids, and to 
 
 form a road coi ctiiig Cjiper nnnnah and Lower 
 
 liengal ; gen. Wymoiis pror ds from the east, 
 
 gen. Tregear from the west, to form a innctlon 
 Jan. ; the resistance geuenillv feeble ; tiie trooim 
 at times sntlered lunch bv di.sease; the Vokwa 
 Chilli submit to gen, .MyiiKins. 10 , Ian. ; iiencefnl 
 surrender of .Moiigpnnga or Lienpunga, a Ln.shni 
 chief; construction of road proceeding: recon- 
 iiiiissances and skirmishes ; 200 Hakas submit, 
 two villages burnt ; health of trooiis iniiiroved ■ 
 junction of the two parties reported, Feb, . 
 
 1E90 
 
 i 
 
 ' It ♦* 
 
 iH->-\ f' 
 
 \^M- 
 
 r t M 
 
 .,, I "n\in 
 
 'I ] 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 i' 
 
 
 till, 
 
 
 m^' i\ 
 
 
 Mi 
 
m 
 
 1 • 1 ■: . 
 
 1 ». 
 
 I5« 
 
 I '; '^ Wit* I 
 
 m'i^- 
 
 I : 
 
 m 
 
 V] n 
 
 li:|i 
 
 II 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 Oiivrillu will-rare ; Hakn clilefii nubniit . about 
 
 31 Miircli, 
 
 Tim 'raslicin oliii'fH siiliiiiit t(i gcii. Hyiiions ami pay 
 Hiiu ami triliiiti' . . rcporti'il 24 March, 
 
 M^jor (funlMii-l'iiriiniiii^ 011 cuiivoy duty, uluit 
 (ii'ail, from HJi anLl>usca<le . aliuut 24 March, 
 
 Ten fhiy.H' recoiitiai.sMaiice of ^eu. SyiuoUH Houtli- 
 waiil ; iMil. 'I'regear at llaka . 13-16 April, 
 
 Till' new mail to llaka coinplcti'il coniU'Ctiiin ilur. 
 
 mah anil Imlia ; llaka anil other jioHts i;arrisoiieit 
 
 reported 10 April, 
 
 tieu. Syinons and the expedition return to India . 
 
 I May el .ici;. 
 
 •Siibinissiou of Malliani-pai chiefs to nen. Trenear; 
 rsldiiif; to (reuse, I'oadrt to be made, lic. 20 May, 
 
 Increased a).'itjitlun in India and t^iih'land agninst 
 Hindoo child ninrriaKi'" . . . . Anj;. 
 
 Bi'volntion at Mani]>ur .... 21 ,Sept. 
 
 Insurrection In C'ambay with bloodshed, the nawab 
 appeals to the Dritish for help : they restore 
 
 order reported 23 .Sept. 
 
 [.Mu,ior Kennedy, a political olllcer, was autho- 
 rised to redress grievances, reform the hnances, 
 
 &c., Jan. 1891.1 
 
 Insurrection in Maniimr in N.B. state; the Malm- 
 rajali nlxlicates in favonrof his brother, who hail 
 seized the palaci.', i\:c. . . . 21-24 ^ept. 
 
 Eruption of the Liisliais near Dalleswary river; 
 
 ctipt. llei-bert Browne killejl, reinforcements sent 
 
 : iKjrted 12 .Sept. 
 
 Lieut. ^Su'illton kilh'fl ill ail attack . . 2 (let. 
 
 The Hlack .Moiintain Kx|H'ditioii under neii. sir .J. 
 M. M'l^tieen starts, 22 Oct. ; returns . 3 Nov. 
 
 TheZliob valley expedition undersell. White arrives 
 at Fort Sandeman 30 Oct. 
 
 Ultlinatnm sent ; skirmish , . . 30 Oct. 
 
 The trilH's submit . . . reported 12 Nov. 
 
 The Liishai party niiiler capt. Whakespear and 
 Mr. l'ii;;lie advance to Jadiiiias village, 34 miles 
 W. of Fort White, 6 Nov. ; returns successful 
 
 20 Nov. 
 
 Tour of the viceroy in the N.W., he visits Delhi, 
 &c., Nov. ; holds a durbar at A^ra, 24 Nov. ; 
 Benares 4 L)ec. 
 
 Indian Factory comiiilssiun ; report with leeoiii- 
 niendations issued .... early lieo. 
 
 The principal l,iishai chiefs surrender iiiicoiidi- 
 tioually 9 Dec. 
 
 The 6th National Coiij^ress of mixed charact^'r, no 
 governiiient olllcials present, 26 30 Dec. 1B90; 
 air A. Si^oble introduces a bill into the lej^islativc 
 council to raisi! the a^ie of consent to iiiarrla^e by 
 girls from 10 to 12 g Jan. 
 
 Capt. Knndall with 200 rides marcbes to I.ushailand 
 
 atxitit 22 Jail. 
 
 A stroiif! force inarches a^'ainst the inarandiii); 
 tribes of the Mininzai valley on the N.W. frontier 
 
 about 30 Jan. 
 
 Several tribes submit . about 16 Feb', rt .sci/. 
 
 Mukkmudin, principal chief of the Kiibbia Kheyl 
 U'ibe, surrenders, reported 19 Feb. ; theforcte re- 
 turns about 24 Fid). 
 
 The iiiiliortaiit factory bill for the pnitection of 
 women and children passed . . ig March, 
 
 After iiincli public discussion, the "age of consent 
 to marriage bill" is jiassed by the legislative 
 council ig .March, 
 
 Disastrous expeditiiui to Manipiir, icAic/i sir 
 
 March, 
 
 Sir D. Barbour's lluaiicial stjiteiiieiit ; reporti-d sur- 
 plus, 20 -March ; he recomiuends a commission to 
 consider the currency and the introdnction of a 
 goM standard, ifec .March, 
 
 Black Mniiiiliiiii Kriieditiim, N.W., undergen. Files, 
 two coliimiis under col. Williainsoii and col. 
 Uaniiuoiid, starbii about 15 .Jan., crosses the 
 frontier about 15 March, 
 
 The Ghazis attack the Pioneers, slight loss, 19 
 -March ; successful movement forward 26 March, 
 
 Sharp engagement, 9 soldiers killed . 5 April, 
 
 Koad-makiiig party attacked, 14 seiioys killed 
 
 re|>orteil 7 April, 
 
 Bridge of boats over the Indus, broken up 
 
 about 20 -\prii, 
 
 The party ascend the Macliai peak, 9,800 feet high, 
 a lew shots exchanged, iB April ; iliincnit travel- 
 ling, severe weather, April ; huts to be con- 
 strneteil for the troops .... May, 
 
 570 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 890 
 
 The country evacuated by the British 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Mlmiiznl VdHrii /■.>;)nii//im.— .Sir W. I.nekliart with 
 7,000 men at Koliat preparing to resist Hn, ii|.,|( 
 zuis and other tribes (I'alliaus and .\lreij,l(',i 
 
 '■■'A 
 
 sudden attack of the tribes repulsed liy the pm,' 
 iRiib Infantrv, reported u April ; tlie Sa.imna 
 heights held by Syed Mir llasha, a fanatical 
 priest ; the Mollahs preaching njilm.l, whielnH. 
 reported i. Aiihi 
 
 Sir W. Lockhart with thri'e coliimiis eiiiilinessoinf 
 outposts, and clears the Saiii,iiin mlKe, f,,] 
 Cramer and ina,ior Egerton sevindv wimiihI,'.,! 17 
 18, April ; successful tlghting ; tlie eiieiiiv Wn'. 
 perseil and villages burnt, 10, 20 April ;'alKiut 
 yx> Orakzals killed, they dfsiieise, ami (,",„ 
 tribes retreat .... ji April fi",,,. 
 
 Sir W. Lockhart advances against the very aK'nri 
 sive Akiiel tribe ; severe lighting, seveiiii yiWu^n 
 
 22 April, 
 
 destroyed 
 
 SaiuMia range occupied ; several tribes siiiini'it'" 
 
 April, .May 
 
 Sir W. Lockhart advances to punish theSlieiilinn',' 
 29 April, their towers blown up; vaiioiu triVs 
 submit, accepting conditions . • . j .Mav 
 
 The tribes restore stolen property, and seeli foj 
 peace; all opposition cea.ses, reported 13 .Mav 
 the troops ordered to return . . . ,, >|j,',' 
 
 A reiirescntative meeting of delegates agrees tu re. 
 solution to be sent to the vieernv eoiideiiiniin! 
 sir Joseph Pease's resolution resiu'etiiig iipimn 
 adopted by the comuions, 12 April (see O/aiiin) ' 
 
 Alarming dellciency of rai speeiallv in .MailraV 
 
 Ka,j|)utaiia, the Piinjaub, an 1 the soiitli, iiii,|rile 
 of July; supply of nilu in noil h and imrtlniest 
 
 al"iiit 2. Villi. 
 
 Trial of the Baiigaba.si newsimjier for seilitiuu cuii. 
 eluded ; jury disagree ; no verdict, 24 Aug., tlie 
 defendants siibiiilt and aiKilogise . . a^iSi'iit. 
 
 A good supply of rain in .Malabar and other iilacis 
 
 about 27 Sept. 
 
 The N.W. iirm iiices relieved . , . !^,.i,t. 
 
 The lliinza and Nagar tribes op|»)se British t,M. 
 making ; lighting ensues near (lilgil, X. nl'Cisli. 
 mere ; a fort of -Silt, taken by lii'iit.-col. Diiraitl 
 who is wounded ; seveml si'iioys killed . 2 Ufc. 
 
 Further successes of ca]it. Colin' Mackenzie, lieut. 
 Manners Smith and others near Nilt ; abuiit 70 
 natives killed ; other places oeciipied ; Jafar 
 Khan of Nagar submits ; end of the war 
 
 20-22 Di'c. 
 
 Seventh Indian National congress iipeiii'd at Xag. 
 pur with strong jirofessions of loyalty 2S-30 Dee. 
 
 Gen. sir Frederick Sleigh Uoberts created u pi-rras 
 Baron Koberts of Candahar . . . Feb. r 
 
 M. CliMiient Thomas, governor-general of Freiicli 
 India, received by the viceroy at Caleiilta 
 
 3 .laii. fl st'i. , 
 
 General mourning tbroughoiit India , it the deathol 
 the duke of Clarence and Avondale . 14 Jan. , 
 
 Death of col. sir Hobert Groves Saiideiniui,29Jan. ; 
 eulogised by the viceroy in eoimcil (see lkl<«- 
 chintiiii) Feb. . 
 
 Increased gloom in the districts tlireatelieil by 
 famine through want of rain . Feb,, Marcli, . 
 
 Total einployed on relief works, 32,853 
 
 early Maroli, , 
 
 Sir Juland Danvers, able governiiient ilireetor .if 
 Indian guarante'e'd railway companies for fifty 
 years, retires 23 M,ircli, , 
 
 Faiiiine relief works ; persons employed: .M.ai|ra.*. 
 48,000; Bombay 2,000 ; Bengal, 17,000; Diirnia, 
 28,000; My.sore, 13,000; Kajputaiia, 33,000 
 
 repiirted 2 April. . 
 
 The IIunza-Nagar rising sniipressed, and onler re- 
 stored reported 25 -Marcb, , 
 
 Desultory war with the Lushai t lilies, the Dritish 
 under Mr. M'Cabe generally successful 
 
 March, April, . 
 
 The r.ushais attack the tea-estate at liooriwiicherra 
 anil kill 52 coolies . . reported 4 April. , 
 
 .idvancc of cajit, .Shakespeare . . ■ -^pri!, , 
 
 Death of gen. sir Lewis Pelly, M.P., an able otitcial, 
 aged 67 22 April, „ 
 
 Report of the Public service comniission ; import- 
 ant changes recommended . about 24 April, , 
 
 Uiabelr 10 years uhl ; 
 
 EirlofKiiiiberley appi 
 

 INDIA. 
 
 (571 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 Kitcimlvp rinlri)? of the I.iihIirI tribes ; hi'VitiiI cnii- 
 
 |llrt«, villiiKi'"il''"ti''iy'''l. "I">iil 24 A|iril i McviTiil 
 
 tliirf«»ii''r''i"li''' '" ■^''■' M'Ciilic, iilxMil 2ft April; 
 
 tniiii|"illi'> Kiwliuilly rc«l(ijcil . . j -jg May 
 
 Kiiii III lli'iiniil • • • ''iiil I'f Ainll, May, 
 
 .,,ooot(itiiliiii ri'llrf wfirku . , u Miiy, 
 
 tb'f nialianijiili of Ulwur, ciilltflitciifil ami loyal, illcn 
 
 2 J May, 
 
 Uinlielr 10 yi'ais uM ; lii« milliliter nHHanHliiati'il 
 
 n-poiteil 26 May, 
 
 Indian Ciiiieliey A«»oeliitloii fonmil lo pruiiiute 
 the abolition of Kllver an the mile «taiiiluicl in 
 India May, 
 
 The iiialianili'li ^aekwarof Dnroila iliiie« witli tlie 
 i|iiMii at Wiiiilsor (nee above, 1874 i) . 4 .Jnly, 
 
 Uowl iiioiiHooii ; faiiiiiiu averted; relief woik.t 
 dimliilsliwl Inly, 
 
 Vilueoftlie rupee reilueeil to is. 31;. ; great anxiety, 
 
 Aii'k. 
 
 Petition of the Currency A»Hoclatloii to parlia- 
 ment rrspeetinK the ilepreeiutioii of the rtipeH ; 
 l«r)!elysi(!iie'l at Calcutta, Uoinlmy, Ma<lran, itc, 
 
 Aug. 
 
 EulofKliiiherley appolnteil secretary for Iiiilla, 
 
 18 Aug. 
 
 Eipeilitinn of 5,000 men (the Isazal lieM force) 
 Hjaiiist the HIack Mountain tribes ; organizeil 
 miller col. sir W. I.ockhart marches . i Oct. 
 
 Sir W.Lockhartoccniiiesaiiil destroys Balo, 5 Oct. ; 
 the force ri'tnriis, rejiorteil . . . 8 (Jet. 
 
 The Iniliaii CiUTeiicy committee (lord chancellor 
 Hfrsoliell, .Mr. I.eunanl Courtney, sir Tliomas 
 Farrer, ami iitlii'is) meets . . . 27 Oct, 
 
 (Ippositioli of natives in Heiigal against restriction 
 oftliejiiry system ; onlereil . .. 10 Nov. 
 
 Tour of the viceroy ; he visits Hyderabad, My.sore, 
 UailraK Nov. 
 
 Fightiiii! on the N. \\. frontier ; tribes repulsed, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Mnior-ueiieral sir ficorKe Stewart AVhile appointed 
 coiniiianilcr-in-cliiefin succession toloril Holierts, 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Calciitia: visit of the nmharajuh of My.sore, 26 Dec. 
 
 The jury question referred to the home govern- 
 ment, ntioiit 27 IJec. 
 
 [A coiiiiiiission appointed, Feb. 1893.] 
 
 Eighth Iniliuii National congress meets at Allaha- 
 bad; claims increased representation, Ac, 
 
 30, 31 Dec. 
 
 Col. Turner occupies Bulandkhel on the Afghan 
 bonlers . . • 6 Jan. 
 
 British intprveiition in Chitral (ic/iir/i ,vf) . Jan. 
 
 Farewell of gen. lord Roberts to deputations at 
 Lahore g ,Jaii. 
 
 Deinilation of olhclals, respecting tlie depreciation 
 ofthe rupee, received by the viceroy . 31 , Ian. 
 
 Sir William Hunter, at the Society of Arts, clescribes 
 tlipgreat progress of India since 1858 under the 
 government by the crown, in relation to territory, 
 amy, creilit. native government and law, com- 
 merce, murals, education and literature, 16 Feb. 
 
 Farewell iliiiner to lord Roberts at Calcutta ; large 
 subscriiitioiisforan (iiucstrian statue, n .March ; 
 leaves Uombny 8 April, 
 
 The tribes defeated in an attack on Cliilas, a N. W. 
 fort, with above 150 killed ; mu.jor Averell 
 Daniell and 22 others killed, 4 March ; major 
 Twigg in command of the gurri.son . July, 
 
 Sir David liarhour's budget, 1893-4 ; expected 
 delicit, about 1,595,100 rupees; presented 
 
 23 March, 
 
 The Bengal jury coniniission In their report approve 
 of the old system, and recommend the removal of 
 the restrict ions, with some aiiiendmeuts (this is 
 adopted by government) . . 28 March (( ,«/. 
 
 Gen. sir George White arrives at Bomtiay, 2 April, 
 
 Disturbances at Keunjhar, in Orissa . 10 May, 
 
 Tlie sultan of Joliore and other princes were present 
 at the inauguration of the Imperial institute, 
 10 May ; .iiid at the duke of York's wedding, 
 
 6Jn!v, 
 
 liiere-armiiigof tlie troops proceeding . July, 
 
 Indian currency coiiiinittee report received at Ca'l- 
 cutta; sirU. Harbour Introiluces a bill adopting 
 its reconniieiiilations, suspending free coinage of 
 Sliver, to accept gold for silver at the rate of i6</. 
 
 1893 
 
 ; for the rupee ; a gold standard lo be established ; 
 
 ( bill iMissid, well rcciMved . . 20jiinB,ii893 
 
 Abdication of tlin khan of Klielat ; succeeded by 
 bis son, .Mir .Mahnind, ri'portcd . . 15 Aug. „ 
 
 Hclieme fur compensation to government seiviinis 
 for loss liy the mtu of exchange lor the rupee, 
 aiinouncHl ,,u Aug. ,, 
 
 Sir Henry Norman declines the apiiointment us 
 vicorny In succession to lord Lansilowiie . Sept. ,, 
 
 The earl of KIgiii appointed viceroy, about 11 Uct. ,, 
 
 The Kiist India loan oill (io,ooo,ooui.) pa.ssed, 
 
 21 Dec. I, 
 
 The gtli Indian national congress meets at Lahore ; 
 1,000 delegates present ; Mr. Naoroji, .M.l'., 
 president 27 Dec. „ 
 
 Skirmish with the Abor tribesmou on the liorder 
 of Assam; 7 of the military police killed at 
 Homjur a Jail. 1894 
 
 Diinibuk and Sllluk captured by capt. Maxwell's 
 force Jan. ,, 
 
 The earl of Elgin arrives at Calcutta . . 25 Jan. ,, 
 
 Departure of lonl and lady Lansdownu (greatly 
 regretted) from Calcutta ... 27 Jan. „ 
 
 James Fuiroaini Kinlay, tlnaiice nilnister . Jan. ,, 
 
 Nine of the llengal inlaiitry, 6 police, and 8 fol- 
 lowers, killed l>y Ihi! Abors at llonlak, and 19 
 prisoners carried otl from DuHIa . . 27 Feb. ,, 
 
 Villages burnt by capt. Maxwell's force, reported 
 
 b .March, ,, 
 
 Safe anivol of capt. Maxwell's punitive expedition 
 at Sudiya .March, ,, 
 
 Keveniie, 1B93-4 : improvement in land and rail- 
 ways ; loss ill opium and salt, reported, 21 March, ,, 
 
 Tlie Lalisdowne hospital at Ldaipur, coiislmcted 
 by the maliarana of the Rajput states, opeiii d, 
 
 .March, ,, 
 
 Failure of the wheat harvest in the N. central pro- 
 vinces, reported . . . . 12 April, „ 
 
 Destructive storm in N. W. India, with loss 01 lile, 
 and railways blocked, reported . . 23 July, ,, 
 See //(//M'/((i/(i,s'. 
 
 The interest on loans, \v., converted from 4 to 3J 
 percent. ; abovegij millions had been converted, 
 
 Nov. „ 
 
 All attack of 2,000 .Mabsiid Waziris on col. A. H. 
 Turner's delimitation party (Afghan Iroliliei) de- 
 feated at Waiio; 350 Killed ; liritish loss, lieut. 
 1'. J. F. .Macaiiluy and 44 men . . 3 Nov. ,, 
 
 Punitive exiiedition under sir Win. Lockbari into 
 Waziristan against the .Mahsuils,aiid to carry out 
 the demarcation i7^Dec. ,, 
 
 Makin destroyed ; desultory tightiiig . 21, 22 Dec. ,, 
 
 First medicul congress at Calcutta ; opened by the 
 viceroy; great improvement in public Inalth 
 through sanitation since 1868, reported, 
 
 24-29 Dec. ,, 
 
 Tenth Indian national congress opened at .Madras; 
 1,150 delegates ; Mr. Webb, M.t'., president, 
 
 2b Dec. „ 
 
 A customs duty of 5 per cent, (abolished in 1882) 
 on imported cotton goods, and a countervailing 
 excise duty of 5 per cent. 011 certain cla.s'ses of 
 cotton goods manulactured in India, iiM[>osed by 
 the legislative council to increase the revenue 
 suH'ering by the depreciation of the rupee ; bills 
 luissed about 27 Dec. ,, 
 
 Public debt, 116,000,000/. ; as.sets (railways, irriga- 
 tion works, canals, ic), 185,500,000/. ; un- 
 covered debt, 35,750,000/. ; interest reduced 
 from 4 to 3J per cent. ; Uetlclt caused by deprecia- 
 tion of the rupee ; .Ur. ^Z. /bic/rr . 29 Jail. 1895 
 
 Sir Henry James's motion in the commons against 
 the cotton duty negatived, 304— loy . 21 Feb. ,, 
 
 A gathering of about 700 tribesmen (Waziristan) 
 surrenders to col. Kgcrtoii ... 8 Jan. ,, 
 
 Sir Win. Lockhart issues an ultimatuni to the 
 .Mahsud chiefs at Wttiio, 21 Jan. ; bis terms 
 acceiited 5 .March, ,, 
 
 Delimitation concluded of the southern border, 
 
 12 Feb. ,, 
 
 Col. sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, diplomatist 
 and Oriental scholar ; born ii April, iSio ; died, 
 
 5 .Mai'cli, ,, 
 uiey, M.P., statesman and 
 •of "Indian Polity," i368, 
 rms ; bom 1830; died, 
 
 31 Mure, ,, 
 
 Gen. sir George T. Cb 
 military expert ; ■ 
 the source of niai 
 
 ^f:mrm 
 
 m 
 
 
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 I-, 
 
 
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INDIA. 672 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 Ml 
 
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 |i| 
 
 K. Iinllii rollwiiy, frnm Tuniki'swar to Mii^jm (tlin 
 (Irnt (■ciiiHtnictflil liv iiiillvn cftiiltAl niiil niixiin'iTH), 
 oiu'iiimI hy tlm lloiit.-Kov. or Hi'iiKftl, «ir C'Iiuh. 
 Kllldtt a April, 1895 
 
 A I'liynl coiiiinlssliiti iip|Hiliiteil tii liiqiilrii liitu tliii 
 iiiliuiiilHtnitinri mill I'Vpi'inlitun' (if tin' Inilliiii 
 anuy ; liinl Wrlliy, ('liiilniiari . utmut 11 .May, ,, 
 
 Mi'cr-i'tjiry (if Mtati'. iiml (1imii-(,'c Ilaiiillldii, vs.liiiic, ,, 
 
 Mir .lanwaiit Siii;;li lliiliadiir, iiialiarajiiliof .liHllipiir, 
 all ali'c ruler, iiiiicli laiiii'iiti'il, (llcil . .Oct. ,, 
 
 riii(itlV(< cxpcilitiiiii a^^aiiiMt Kairuiiia, a Ixmtlla 
 I'liicf, III llic N. I.iixlial IiIIIk . . . Hit. ,, 
 
 Tlic nth Iiidlaii iiatlniiiil ciiiitrri'nnopi'iMvlat I'odiia ; 
 1.600 ilclcnatcs, Miiri'iiilm Natli llaiiiicr.jl, pre- 
 Midciit 27 l>('C. ,, 
 
 IIIIIh for till" ri'vl»loii nf tlm cotton diitli-H Intro- 
 (lil>«l liv «lr .lanii's Wc.Htlanil, aj .Ian. ; iianKcd, 
 
 \ Veil. 1896 
 
 Di'iilli of tlic iiialiarala iil' l!liiiwiiiit;w('r, a^'fd 38, 11 
 w'i^f, i'Mli^lil('ii(>d rill, 'I' , , . :i9 .Ian. ,, 
 
 iircat distri'H.-( tliiiiii;,di want of winter raiiiM in N.W. 
 and Ceiitnil province.*. Hajpiitaiia, etc. ; 296,000 
 eiiiployed on relief works . . Marcli-May, ,, 
 
 Mir .Iiinii'H We.Htliind's Inidnet, improved rcvcniiH 
 proM;iHCtn ; annual fiiniine ttraiit to lie renewed, 
 
 18, iq Marcli, „ 
 
 Hoval coniinission appointed, 19 May ; see /m/id/i 
 Eijutiiiiiurt' ig May, ,, 
 
 'J'lie home >!overniiieiit decides that the Indian 
 ^Miveriiiiient siiall partly support the Inilian 
 troops sent to Siiakin, 30 ,lniie ; India protests, 
 7'mii.'.( 3 .Inly, ,, 
 
 |)..iitli of lleiit.-;.'eii. sir W. K. Klles, an eminent 
 olllcer, at Naini Tal, N.W.P. . . 5 Anj?. ,, 
 
 Indian liiid^'et passed hy tlie Ilrltlsh parliament ; 
 pr(w|«.rity ami solvency ; reported . AilK. ,, 
 
 Hanari station, (^iietta riiilway, attacked liyMarriH, 
 iiiassaere of the stalfand men ontheline; trooim 
 ealit'd out : reported .... 17 Oct. ,, 
 
 Death of Mr. .M. (ilnjse, llrst native barrister, 
 
 9 Nov. ,, 
 
 The lenlnlative council jiasH n lilll ralsinj^ th« paper 
 currency from 8 to 10 crorea of rupees 17 Dec. ,, 
 
 latli Indian national coiiKress opened at Calcutta, 
 7txj delegates 28 Dec. ,, 
 
 IlNiiiAN f.vmink: 
 
 Famine prospect lliroii;.'li failure of rains, in Oiidli, 
 Piin.jali, N'.W. and Central provinces, relief 
 works, construction of wells, railways, etc., 
 o'iene(i ; 66, Qivi employed . . . 8 Nov. ,, 
 
 IrriKation of the I'linjali, reported, successful ; 
 some relief l,y storms and rains in .Madras, Hoiii- 
 liay, Heiiwil, and Heliar . . . Nov., Due. ,, 
 
 Ap'ieal from the Indian Koverniiient to (ireat 
 Ilrilain for aid 23 Dec. ,, 
 
 New relief works opened ; eiier>;etic olHcial action ; 
 total on relief, 404, 2ck), ai l)ec. ; 2,ocx),cxk>, 29 
 •Ian. : 4,500,(300, ,Inne ; t, 303,968, 13 ,inly, 1897. 
 
 National fund o;ieiie(| at the .Slaiision house (irhirh 
 .<( ), s ,Iaii. ('/ ,<i'./. i3q7 ; relief committees founded 
 in Unssia, Canada, (llas;,'ow,Hinj,'apore, and other 
 Iilaces. 
 
 Famine ridief fund ornani.sed nt Calcutta, tlie 
 (pU'cii-emprens, patroness, the viceroy, president, 
 
 13 ,Ian. 1897 
 
 Great nmetiiix at the Mansion hnnse, London, duke 
 of Connannhtand lord (!cor^;e Hamilton, i^resent ; 
 report; famine aU'eeted area, 164.000 sip nil., 
 liopiilation. 36.tKi.i..Mv) ; area of scarcity'. i2i,(xio 
 Hi|. mi.; population, 44, rv«,'».xi; the ^'overnment 
 s]ien(liiit! 100, cxx) rupees daily on relief 16 .Ian. ,, 
 
 Blue hook issued relating; to famine 19 .Ian. ,, 
 
 Eniirjietic action of sir Anthony .Macdonnell in N.W. 
 Provinces and Oudh, oiie-and-adialf million oil 
 relief or piltilie worka (18 distressed (listl'ict.a), 
 
 Fell. „ 
 
 Many deaths in the central native states and Itiiii- 
 delkhand district ; famine severe in S. I'nnjali, 
 >.'OVeriiiiieiit works i.|ticieiit . . . Keli. ,, 
 
 Monsoon and j;eiieral rains reported in all afTected 
 districts, 28 .liine ; (jood crops expected ; famine 
 ceasiii;; Aiii.'., Sept. „ 
 
 Total reliel fund from all somees .-tintiite.1, 
 1,500,000/.; 4,5(x»,ooo persons ndicved in ,Iiine ; 
 total cost to the Indijin government, estiiiiateil 
 io,oon,caol. sterlint;; reported at the Mansion 
 liouae 7 Oct. ,, 
 
 A letter of thanks from sir Kiancls Miiilnui , ||i,,f 
 .lustlce of India, 7'nni.«, 10 Nov. , 
 
 Contrlliiitlons, inclndliiK 7i\,o<x>l. Hrilishi .iiiii ' 
 1,000/. from the (|neeii, alioiit i,7v.,(«.y r« 
 )Kiited 30 Dee. Illnul repnrt, and tlianl(« fnnii 
 the viceroy, r. ived 1 sih ,)Mly, i-',,3| 
 
 IKamineri.llef cost ; 5, 190,,.,.. Hv. ; inaiii^t iilmdaJ 
 (•Ktimate of i,64o,ri,«j llx. ; for 1807-t ; ivnortwl 
 2.1 March, 1898.I *' ' " '■ 
 
 Death of Mr. James Tallinys \V1 ler, liULiriim of 
 
 " n.lan. 
 
 Death of Ken. sir Ilolit. riiayre, a^ed ;, a8 .luii 
 
 Indian plaKiie hill passed at Calcutta ' . j.',.!,' 
 
 Kpidemic (liseases act, passeil . , . Fi-li' 
 
 A loan anthurised hy the government for iiii'iuiiviim 
 docks, etc., at Kiilder|iiir . 8 Kci, 
 
 Planne liK'ali/e(l in llomhay and Lower Seiiidi.' 
 decreasing, 9 .March ; see ;;„m)»,i, uiid /V,i,ni/ 
 1H96-7. ' 
 
 Thanks of native memtiers In the leKlslntlveeuiineii 
 for liheral aid, from Knulaiid and otherriiiintrio' 
 dnrinn the I'nniiiie . , ^(, jin^^^' 
 
 Irrigation of i,iK«i,t,i., acres by eanals in X.w' 
 I'idvinccs, annonnced .... Ali'ril' 
 
 Mahiaiied Afzul, Ali;liaii by birtli, einliieiit fiwnl 
 and dijiloniatist In the Ilrltlsh service; liorn 
 1834. 'lii'il Aiiril' 
 
 Oeneral warm expression of loyalty to the iiu'.f„! 
 empress thronghoiit India . .' . April 
 
 Trent herons attack of Waziris on Mr. flee. ]iii]itio(ii 
 olllcer, and his escort, at .Mai/ar, in IIih Tochi 
 valley, N.W. frontier; lient.-cid. A. ('. iiiiniiv 
 capt. .1. K. llrowne, lieiits. II. .\. Ciiiirk^lnulk 
 and HlKKin.son, and 22 others killed ; CHOdrt re 
 tired under 4 his. .sharp (iKlitlim to UiitliikliH ■ 
 50 Waziris killed .... lo.iiiiic' 
 
 Tochi punitive expedition ; 6,i>xi men under niii|i,r! 
 
 tien. Corrie llird. col. Kfjeiti iiid ei.l. Svimi'iis' 
 
 proclamation issued ; 50 tribesmen , ■a|itiiiv.|, -J 
 .Inly; British sentinels killed, 6 .liilv ; Muiiar 
 fiilllld deserted, 20, Inly; ,Sadd:l Kliall a; 1 ,,tlii.r 
 chiefs, surrender ciinilitioiniUy, 1-14 Xm. 
 
 Extensive shocks of eartlKpiake': wides]iiiiiil ruin; 
 Calciittji and Assam (irliitli .<n), 1897 ; over j,;,,' 
 
 , 'l™t'i'< ■, ., i2-i3,hiiip, 
 
 Diaiiioiid jubilee celebrated throUKh(jut Iiuli.i, re- 
 lea.sK of prisoners, diubahs, etc. . 22 .Innc 
 
 Contagions di.seases bill passed legislative ciiiincil' 
 
 22 .Inly,' 
 
 [Frontikr wak ; Fanatical risiii;! of the " iiinlliih's 
 followers" in the Swat vallev, iii;;lit attack nii 
 Malakand, re|iulseil ; major Ta.vlor. liciit.-col. 
 ,lohn Lamb, lient. Mauley, and n nicn killed. 26 
 .liily ; severe llnlitiii;;, rapid niarcli of tlic ilniiic< 
 from .Maidaii, 27 .Inly; eneiiiv repulsnl with 
 heavy loss . . . , " . . 2, .Inly, 
 
 Field force (8,000) organized, under iiiniiir.(;i.n. sir 
 Hiiidon Illoi^d and others . . . lo.luly, 
 
 Rebels ilriveu Willi nn^at loss from the hills iiboiit 
 Malakand !i .hily, 
 
 Chiikilani furl besiep'd. .j6 ,liily. by PiiIliaiH, iivlr 
 3,000 killed ; ;;allant defence (7 men killed iliiriii« 
 the sie^e), relieved by p.ii. Mciklejiihli j Alls. , 
 
 Shabkadr fort attacked by 6.1.10 Al>:lriiis ami 
 .Mohmands, 7 Aii(,'. ; enemy routed. aft.T :i sliar]) 
 tij;ht, and brilliant cavalry eli;irj;e. liy -en. Elles; 
 lient. -col. Wood, and 3 Itritisli killed . () Ain. , 
 
 Government friendly remonstrance, li-artilv ,.0' 
 ce])le(l by the ameer .... 16 Aii^'. , 
 
 Landikai occupied, after a desperate liKlit with 
 3,o(jo tribesmen ; ;;reat heroism ; lieiits. (tieavHS 
 and Maclean killed .... i7Aii«. . 
 
 Siirre.ider of tribes in the r]iper Swat valley, 
 arms brou);lit in Aiii!. , 
 
 Fort Maiideand other ontpiists In the Khyl»'r|ias!i, 
 captured by the Afridis, 21 An;;. ; the Alridi.s 
 shelled and dis|iersed byp.|i. Westinanitf.sfnrei', 
 
 24. 25 AiiK. , 
 
 Landi Kotal, and other small native fiats, raiilwl 
 by Afridis, ill the Khyber ]ia.ss . . 2; AiiR. , 
 
 Small police posts burnt by Onikzais, E. and W. of 
 tie- S:it[i:tiia taii;;e, 26 An;;. ; se\t.re Ii;:litilt;; ia 
 the Uldaii piias, nre«t heroism of medical ultirrra 
 and othei-a 57 .\ii(!. , 
 
 Four distiirlH'd areas ; Qiietla, Kiirain pass, lli« 
 Orakzai, Afridi, and Mohniand hills, ami the 
 
 lifii. Kilns drives the 
 inaiiai l«iss and captii 
 
 IliH ciidiiy cunipletel) 
 MiillaliH 
 
 .linjiji ami forts, etc. 
 iiiacott's hriiiade . 
 
 suliiiiissioa uf tribes in 
 
 111" ameer refuses liid| 
 ulliprs . 
 I'liiiitive o|ienitions ; i 
 
 .Viiili and Oat taken 
 2,000 strong'; lieul 
 Uromie-Claytiin and 1 
 
 Bj,|plni ill the .Mainiii 
 lurtilicatioiis, etc. des 
 
 .Muhiiuuid caiiipaitiu (j 
 40 forts destroyed, an 
 
 lltii. sir Will. Lockliart 
 i]iimiltlieTiraliexp(uli 
 Dnikaiis lor liivakinn 
 
 Cii|il. Kred. Newcumc 
 W,iUoii killed on jiatr 
 
 Mtli'iiient with the M 
 siirremlered . 
 
 Sir.\. I'alnii'r drives tin 
 Cliah'rii delile and D 
 lijss; major .leiiiiinus- 
 
 Thc enemy ri'.occiipieil 
 withilrawal of the tro( 
 liDiii the riilne with ;,'i 
 lu'ht, lireat heroism . 
 4:, iiiinutes by a;.;allaii 
 ImiliTs under iieiit.- 
 l!irouj;li a iiitiideroiis 
 (■a|its. J. (1. liuhinsoi 
 .*.!.. Liinoiit and 33 1 
 
 ll''-i)|ii'niii)( of the !ndii 
 NiPiiiled bv U.S.A. n 
 .l!ilv;(|ecli I . 
 
 Tli.'litllonltandstronKl 
 raiiluied, laiit. lie I 
 29 Oct; the Arhaiifia 
 
 Gtiitrilla IlKlitiiiK ; Tirali 
 'lisiH^rsHl 
 
 Uriii;; into camp, lient 
 Watson (entomiilr)^;ist 
 
 Hokt't of one native ollii 
 ill the Karmana delile 
 liy a jungle lire 
 
 >;sty hamlets and towi 
 iiillicteil on the enemy 
 
 S.ulli Srtl uecupieii will 
 retiriiin, sir Win. Loi 
 rotts l)ri;;ailes wi.re 
 Xorthaniptuiis and S 
 ivitlrlrawiil ; lieiits. A 
 
INDIA. fl73^ 
 
 Smtvollry ; Niikh |inlil,aiicliii'mH Hiirri'inli'ii'il nt 
 
 Ml, oiiilBwut viilli'y . . , Aii«. I Mi'iit. 1897 
 tiii'iiiy ri'piil*'''' ''>■ «''"■ Vriitiiuiii llinKs, wltli 
 
 IlKAVy loAH, III till! HUIIIIIMII IlilU J, <, 11 Sl'pl. ,, 
 
 Xalivestiiti'SOlliMniipiiciit 111 till' ;ji)Vi'niiiii'iit jMi'iil. ,, 
 
 iiiHuhnrl pout "h tin' Miiiiiiiiia lakiii liy tli" I'lirmy 
 
 ' (liokllleil); tlii'Kiiirisiih, ji .Slkln, >\Wi\ tlnliliiig 
 tuHii' liwt. " *'|it. ; piist ri'.i'iiptiii'i'il liy ki'ii. 
 Vimtiimii-lliM^. Iiii't" (iiillHtiiii Kiiil l.iH'kliiU't 
 il'.o nilli'Vi'il, liirK" toiTi-s ul' th.i imi'iiiy ilrlvim 
 ta'k 4 *'lit. ,1 
 
 Si^jlit ntUick "11 K''ii. •(•■ffli'y'n lu'lKiiiln In tlii' Hani- 
 
 ' lut |«i«»; lli'iitM. Win. lO. Tnnipkln.s, A. W. 
 ftiiley, II. A. H.inliiKtiiii kllli'.l. r+.-Scpt ;i'iii'iny 
 (6,000) miiti'il nlti'i' II Mi'vcni IIkIiI, IImiiU. llnnlnw 
 ami A. T.O'niwIindkilli'il ; tutnl I.ms, 144, i6Mi'pt. „ 
 
 (iuiiiliibfortm'i'iipii'il, withiiiit DppiiHition, liy ki'm. 
 EIIh*. nltiT 11 tiyliii^ iniiivii Into tin' .Mdliniiinil 
 coimtr)' iS.'Si'pt. ,, 
 
 ilfii, .lir Wni. Loi'kliiirt iippuintcil I'liinnninili'i' In 
 (iicc()«»l"ii t" »ii' ""'"I'K" ^Vhit" . . i/Hi'pt. ,, 
 
 del,. joHii'y ililviK tl;ii I'lii'iny I'lDiii DaniiKlntii ; 
 L'liira KImiis fort hlo»n up, Iuwit-h, etc iIi'.h. 
 iroyeil 3 Hi'pt. ,, 
 
 )le*M(i« from theiiiici-ii i'xpr«»nlnt{ Hynipiithy with 
 Uielroopn igSi'pt. ,, 
 
 .UUfks byiiliont 4,noo ul' IIinMii .Miillnh'.s lurci' 
 uii Kir B. tllouTx I'unip iit .Niiwii)(iii, ntpiil.siMJ, 
 
 19, 30 iSt'iil. ,, 
 
 ili'ii, Elhi.H drives till' Moliniiinils froin llm Dml- 
 iiiaiial IWHK mill <'iilitiiri's tin' lii'iKlils . 23 Mi'pt. 
 
 Ill,' enemy I'onipli'tely illspcrsoil, llinlil oC tin- a 
 Mnllalw 24 Miipt. 
 
 .Iimbi anil lortu, etc., ilestroyed by nen. We.st- 
 iiiacott'n brlKiiil. 35 Sept. 
 
 siiliiiUHsloii uf tribeM in tlie Mwat valley, 
 
 25 .Sept.-2 (let. 
 
 IV ameer refuses help askeil liy the Afriilis ami 
 ijtliere .Sept. 
 
 rmiitive operations: 15 towers, etc., ilestroyeil, 
 
 ag .Sept. 
 
 .Vrali anil flat taken after a Severn ll(,'hl; eininy 
 ;,t.» stroll),'; lient.-eol. O'Hryen ami lieut. 
 lirowiie-Clii.v ton anil others, killi'il . 30 .Sept. 
 
 lia,Wai ill the .Miiiiiiiml valley stunned, all the 
 lurtillcatioiis, I'te. ilestioyi'il . . 3 Oct. 
 
 Muliiiiainl ciimiiaijiii (3 weeks) endeil ; 72 towers, 
 4ofortailesti'oyeil, arniscaptiiieil, and lines jiaid. 
 
 ( )ct. 
 
 In'ii. .sir Will. Lockhart arrives at .Sainann to cdin- 
 iiiaiiiltlieTirah expedition iiKiiinsl the Atridisaml 
 Orakzaisfor ln-eakiiiK the treaty of i83i 10 Oct. 
 
 Cai,t. Fred. Newt'onie .loiies and corporal .John 
 Walton killed on patrol .... 10 Oct. 
 
 vttli'iiient with the .Maimimls co.npleted, arms 
 Mirreiideri'd Oct. 
 
 Sir A. I'almer drives the enemy (almnt 3,(xxi) from 
 Cliagru dellle and Darfiiii heights with severe 
 loss; mnlur.Ienninns-Hrainly killed . 18 Oct. 
 
 The enemy re-oci'n|iii'd Daryal and C'haKin on the 
 vvithilmwal of the troops, and were anaiii driven 
 fmiu the rid^'e with i;reat loss, alter a liesper.'ite 
 li;lit, t;reat heroism shiiwn, the liei^lits won in 
 4j iiiiiiiiti's liyasilli'iil dash of tliedordon lli;,di- 
 Imders under lieiit.-ccd. .Mathias, and others, 1 
 
 tliroiiKh a iiiiiiderons lire; nia.jor C. II. .Iiidp', 
 raiits. J. (i. liiiliinsiin and \V. K. .Smith, lieiit. ' 
 
 .VL Uiiiioiit and 33 men killed . . 20 Oct. ,, i 
 
 Ri-i)lH'niiig of th,' Jhilian mint for silver recoin- 
 meiiileil by U.S.A. and French governments, I 
 
 .liily; declineil ()(.{, 
 
 Tli'''littlcnlt and strongly-defended .Sampanha pa.s.s 
 caiAuriHl, (-apt. lie lliitts and 4 others killed, 
 29 Oct. ; the Ailiaii);a pass taken . . 30 ( let. 
 
 Gmrilla liKhtinj; ; Tirah, .Maiilan ociiiiied, Afridis 
 'lisiiersed 5 Nov. 
 
 Uriiij; into camp, lient. (iillard uml capt. E. Y. 
 Watson (eMtoiiiiiliij^ist) killed . . . 5 Nov. 
 
 IVket of one native ullii-er and 35 Sikhs massacred 
 ill the Kanaaiia delile, their retreat was cut oil' 
 liyajuuKlelire . . . . • 7 Nov. 
 
 ^lUy hamlets and towers destroyed, .severe loss 
 iiillictedoii the enemy in the ArliaiiL'a iiass. 8 N'liv. 
 
 S.iiaiiSar oecii|ii.-,i with siiKhi resistance, lint on 
 rftiriii^!, sir \Vm. Lucklmrt's and neii. Westnia- 
 rott'.s hricades were liercely attacked, the 
 NorthamiJtoiis and Sikhs Imivelv coveriii" tlm 
 withdrawal ; lieuts. A. 11. Maciiitire, J. T. Wad- 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 ilell mid ig men kllleij, enemy'i* Iohs mnero, g 
 Nov. ; Hiiecesstnl reeunnaissanee, vllhiKes des. 
 triived I, Nuv. 
 
 Till' OrakJal and Afridi .jirnahs received liy sir 
 Win. I.ockhart at .Maldaii, terms of siilimissiun 
 aiimmnced .... lannd 21 Nov. 
 
 (leneral Kenipsters fmce attacked hy Zakka-kheU 
 mid Akakhels in the Tserl-Kamlao pass, lapt. N. 
 A. 1-ewiirne, limits. II. K. A. Hales, (1. U. (.'rouke, 
 (I. .M. Wylle and 25 men killed . . ,0 Nov. 
 
 NorlhamptuiiH, Duisets, .HIkhs aii.l (iurkhas hiKlily 
 coinniiinded ij N,n-. 
 
 March cif nun. Westmaeott's force to Datol, 3 days' 
 IlKlitliiti, etc., lient. I). K. (I. , limes killed 
 
 22-24 ^iov. 
 
 Lozaka pass cleareil after n idiarp light liy Ken. 
 Oaselee's lirinade, 5 killed . . 26, 27 .Nov. 
 
 Col. Sliiirgin's rear«iiard encounters heavy liKlitiiiK 
 over the Kotal hills, 4 killed . . . 21; .Nov. 
 
 Chamkannl valley Ukeii, villa^jes liiirnt, lient. H. 
 .M. Ilattye killed, my routed . . 1, 2 llee. 
 
 The Afridis' towers, etc. deslroved in'the Waraii and 
 HajKiil valleys . . . . 8, y. i>,,,.. 
 
 Gen. Lockharl's proclamation to the Afridis issiieil, 
 
 n Uec. 
 
 .Severe attacks on gen. Kenipsters reargiianl, g 
 kllle.l ; limit. West killed at .Mamaiii, 11, 13 Dec! 
 
 Operations uver In the Timli distiici, forces with- 
 drawn , 1,,,^.. 
 
 Tliehei-hts from Fort .Maude to All Mcsjid occii. 
 pied liy the llritish ■ . . . jj iJec. 
 
 Oeii. I.ockhart moves up the Khyher pass without 
 opposition, 24 Uec. ; defeats the Madda-khels in 
 the Alachl pass; enemy repulsed with heavv loss 
 In the llaair valley; Lamli Kotal fort duntioyed 
 by p'li. llanimond's column . . 27 Dee. 
 
 The i3tli Indian national coiiKiess meets at Am- 
 rati ; .Mr. Mankaran .Navar presidi'iit ; frontier 
 policy coiidem 1 ; thanks for famine relief, etc. 
 
 Sir Umiry llavelock-All M.I'., aged 67,'soii'of 
 
 gen. Havelock, lea his escort near the Kliyber 
 imss, killed liy Afridis . . . . j,j Dec 
 
 Zakka-khel villa^ies, etc. destroyed by gen. Ham- 
 mond's force ; hard IlKht in the Khyher pass, , 
 '"'■11 kill"'! ."jo, ,1 Dec. 
 
 Major D. W. llickmaii killed while out on convoy 
 
 „''''J>' , iJiin. 
 
 Death, from exposure, ut p'li. Yeatiiiaii.rilgL's, 
 BKcd 54, at Peshawar jaii 
 
 The my surprised and the I'ersai pass taken by 
 
 col. Ailanij 6, Ian. 
 
 The Taiipi pass taken ami 2 standanls of the 
 enemy, by nen. sir II. blood . , ,Jan 
 
 Large investiture of honours, speech by tlie vice! 
 roy, at Calcutta , ^ .Jh,,^ 
 
 Gen. Jeffreys receives the full submission of the 
 Chamlawals at the Ainbela pass . . 17 , Ian 
 
 Guerilla warfare carried on by the Zakka-kliels in 
 the Khyher pass i-,,,^ 
 
 Government terms cumplicl with by the Afri.li.s 
 and the Honerwals ; gen. illood's force with- 
 draws from Uoiier .... ig Jan 
 
 8ir J. Westlaml's curreney bill (notes against 
 gold), with a proviso, passed . . 21 Jan 
 
 Successful advance of 3 colnnins to clear tiie 
 Kiyiirai plain; the 4tli from .Mainani, attacked 
 by Alridis in the .Shin Kaiiiar pass, Bazar valley 
 lieut..col. .1, llanghtoii, lients. Turing, Dowilail' 
 HiighcH, Walker, 28 Vorkshiies and 2 Sikhs 
 killed ; enemy's loss, 30 . . . ...>□ Jan 
 
 Sir Win. Lockhart at Calcutta eulogises the cou'- 
 dlict of th,' army during the late ditllcult coiii- 
 pi'iKii 3, Jan. 
 
 Operations in .Mekran ; enemy completely routed 
 at Gok rarosh, by a small force under lieut -col 
 
 „.•"*'.">'"'■ • , ..' • • • • miil-KeU 
 
 loclii expedition : 3 llritish ollicers, over 100 
 soldiers, 50 natives, and others, die 1 from sick- 
 ness ; trooiis highly commemled for their eii- 
 
 ciurance, etc ,, j.-,>|, 
 
 [Losses on the frontier; 68j llritish, including 43 
 of!!c"i-s. killed: 9.t wnuntieH, u men mi.ssin" 
 am! 1,233 native troops killed, from 10 June 
 1897 7 Feb. iSgS.j ' 
 
 .Sedition (press law)amendnient act iiassed, 18 Fob 
 Indian postal system greatly extended in the late 
 12 years, reiiortcd j, j,'^,^, 
 
 1897 
 
 
 189a 
 
 I*' 
 
 ,'':■'■# (■:-., 
 
 It 
 
 f*5 
 
 ; M 
 
INDIA. 
 
 ^Wiu. fJirkhiirt" cli'K|Mitrliiin iiii i ' »Tlriili ciiiri- 
 
 M\ftl\ |Mii,l|.?|ln.l .... 1 Mlllcll, l8c;S 
 
 TIk" Khyl]."!- i.mxi r('|iMi'ti'i| iii'uci'fnl ; i i< In Iw 
 
 1 1 Miirch ,1 
 
 ' ulvi's I iiruiiliciriill Hi'i'tliiiiK iif (h« 
 ' I'luili-iMif in'MciMir «iir, w Miiri'h, ,, 
 < nniriiiii i>i.^, ■)« bill |mH»i'>l liy tliM li'MlHlatlvii 
 
 I'oiiiii'll ij MiiitIi, ,, 
 
 Till' Hari.liirilHooity «aiiM(iili(Mit i yi'nr»' tili(l)niiully 
 
 cDhvli'li'il ; 7.1 triinH|iiiit('i| fill lif" . ift Miiirli, ,, 
 Hir ,1. Wr-lland's liiiilK''t utMlriinfit. ji Marcli : 
 hi' (li'Pmn"< II bIIvit "tiinihiiil, mi- i li" i'<''ii|n'irlii)( 
 
 of tlU" ini'ltH lllllHlSHlllll' ; till' VllMM-riV ll'I'i'I'K til" 
 
 <|iit'Ntl()ii ht l.iiiMJDii, iiiiil itMt'fniU the liMtlun 
 ^ovcriiiiM'iil mill iirtiiy, jH Miirtii ; u ili'|iartini'iitnl 
 I'oirilrilttri' 111' liii|Mli'y into tlii' iiKini'liiiy HyHti'iii 
 iif Inilla iii.'ri'i'i| to III till' ciiiiiiiiiiiiH . 'jg VlarHi, ,, 
 
 ravnifiit Ml tliii'H anil Hurrt'iiilcr of rlHi'H liy tin* 
 AfililiH, .•(Mii|il.'ti'il .... 1 April, ,, 
 
 tiii-Wiii. l,...l,liiiit'»lrli'iiillyrari'Wt>lluftlii'AfrlillH, 
 
 4 April, „ 
 
 filrHilyhl Aliniiiil, snciiil ri'fdniii'r, I'lnlni'iit Malm- 
 liii'tn'ii Iriniil iif KmkIkiicI, Imni 1B17; K.I'.H.I. 
 1888, ilii'il April, ,, 
 
 liiiliuM (•iiiiiiicy ciiiiiiiillU'i' appoinli'ii, Mir ili'iiry 
 KoH'ler, I'liainiiiiii aq April, ,, 
 
 Great lire lit I'lsliiwiir (35 hm.), 4,oexj Iiiukhk Imriit, 
 
 M May, „ 
 
 Act piiXHi'il liira Iciaii "f i'i..i "i.ifM.r tci iin'ft Insm'H liy 
 fiiiiiiiii', plau'iic, i-artlii|iiiiki>N, iihil war , i .Inly, ,, 
 
 IIOVKIlNciltH IIKNKIIAI. IIF INIilA, At, " 
 
 Wiirri'ii IlaMtiiiK's iin.^iiiiii'H till' Kiivt. . . n Ajiril, 177? 
 
 Hir Jiiliii Mai'piii'niiiii . . . ,1 Keli. 178s 
 
 I.'inl I'l'inwiilliH T3 Hi'pt. 17815 
 
 Mir,Iiiliii SliciiiMafti'rwariU Innl 'ri'lKiiiiiiiiitli) iS Oi't. 179J 
 I,iinl (al'ti'nviirii.'i iiiiii'i|iiis) I'oriiwalliH iiKaiii : lio 
 
 ri'liiii|iiisiii'il llii' appiiintiiii'lit. 
 
 Kir Aliiri'.l iiarl<i' r, A|iril, 1798 
 
 Lunl Miiniiii>,'tiiii (afti'rwanla Miiripiis Wiih'sli'y) 
 
 17 May, ,, 
 
 MiiniuiK ('(uiiwallis a«iiin . . . . 30J11IV, 1805 
 
 Sir (leniKi' lliiaiv llariiiw . . .'loOi'l. ,, 
 
 I.iiril Miiilii II .Iiily. 1H117 
 
 KarliirMiilra.arii'rwarilHiiiariiuiMOf HaHtiiiKH. 401't. 181 1 
 
 linii. .Iiiliii Aiiniii 1 1 Jan. i8jj 
 
 (leiir^i' ('aiiiiiii^;, ri'Iiiii|iiislii'<l Hit' aiipiiiiitiiii'iit ,, 
 
 ■William, l.nnl (afti'rwariirt I'lirl) Aiiilu'ri.t . i All),'. ,, 
 
 HIiiii, W. Itiitlirw.irtli llayli'y . . ij Mari'li, i8j8 
 
 I.iii'il 'Viii. I ivi'iiilisli Hi'iiliiick . 4 July, ,, 
 
 [Tliin mii'I'iiian Iiffaiiir tlii' llrsl (iiiviTimr m'lifral 
 of Iiiilia. iimliT till' ait i & 4 Will. IV. i'. 85: 
 AiiKv8, i8i,.l 
 Sir Cliarli's Tlu'npliilii.H Mi'ti'alff (afti'iwaiiU liuil 
 
 Mi'tralfr) 20 Maic'li, 1835 
 
 ■Willi.iin, liinl Iliyti'slairy ; iliil not priii'i'cil . . ,, 
 OeiMX'-. liml Aurklaiiil(ufti'rwaiils carl iif Anrklaliil) 
 
 4 .Miircli, 1836 
 
 E.l-.vai., liinl Kili'Tiliormitili . . . ..8 Fdi. 1842 
 
 William Wiilicil'oric Hirii . isJiiiic, 1844 
 
 Sir Ilciiry (ul'tirMariis visiniMil) Ilanliiitfc, aj July, ,, 
 JamcsAn'iriw, carl (artcrwanln inari|iiis) lif Dal- 
 
 liiitisii' 12 Jan. 1848 
 
 ^'harlc.H Ji'liii, visi'oniit CaniiliiKi aiipniiitcil, July, 1855 
 
 ■Proclaimciitlii'lirHtvicERiivtliroiiKliimt Iiiilia,! Niiv. 1858 
 Jariicrt, carl of Klylii, appoiiitcil, Aug. 1861 ; ilicil 
 
 ■20 Nov. i86j 
 Sir .Tolin I/iwri'iicc appoiiiti'il . . . Dec. ,, 
 Rliharil Houtliwcll, carl of Mayo (sec .\fiiy„) ap- 
 poiiitcil. jAsHassiuatcil 8 Veil. 1872.I . Oct. 1868 
 Tliomax ^icornc Uarin^,', lonl Nortlitirook . Feb. 1872 
 Eilward V.^iicrt Duhvcr l.yttiui, lonl I.ytton, took 
 
 icitliat 'il ttii . .' . . . I? April, 1876 
 George I'ri vk ^^a!UHel IlubiiiHoii, iiianiuiH of 
 
 Hipou May, 1880 
 
 Frcilcrick Tcr,, 'Taiil''iin-l'.lackwiioil, enrl of 
 
 Diilfpriii, ^'pt . '■ . : • .tril iiiKLiiis of Dutl'criii 
 
 ami Ava . .12 Nov. 1888 
 Henry Cliarl' 1 K..^i Fit.'. .-iii^C", iiiaripii« of 
 
 I.ansil"wnf. iw'a! '. ■ .... i.-iP'-c. ,, 
 Victor Alexa'.'im tic- , f'.i.-) of Elgin, aii;.-) ■ ,■.' 
 
 about'. Jot. i8q3 
 
 George N. Ci.- .in Bpi;oin..il . , . Aug. 1898 
 
 • Keveirtl of iliche api'oiniiiienU were inovi.sionul, as, j 
 for instan'C. sir Aiurcil Clarke, sir George Hilaro Kariow, 
 boll. Williain Iti.ttcrwortli Haylcy, William Willierforce 
 Hiril, itc. 'I'lie iii)/oia/mpMf,« of governom-genenil were, 
 of course, of uailiiir ilat* thai) tbuir Hxauniption of ottlce. ' 
 
 m INDIA. COUN( 11, 0H\ 
 
 I INDIA COMPANY, K.VST. TlH.|ir„,.„„ 
 mcreial intcreour-e of the Kngii,!, «it|, thekl 
 nnlli's wan 11 private adventure ot tin. .• »hi„. «.. I 
 out ill |.;,,|. Only one of tliem rea. Ii, ,| I,,,)' 
 '"fr n vo««(f« of three yt'.ir*, t' 
 
 tuifi l,aiU'Hster, wan brought Imnic in ^i 
 
 iiiiiinriili'i 
 
 tllN 
 '11; II till, 
 
 trigui-H anil crime 
 Ah reineillal nicasurcs two iictH pasHcil, (im, 
 
 nil. 
 
 .. ., , ■ . . ", , . ••■ "ii'ither«tiiii 
 
 the •ailom having aeizcd lilii own; Inn hit i 
 ^ formation gave rinc to a nicrcantile \ n n;e unj,?' 
 eitabli»hnu'nt of u eomnany, wbn»e firni 1 h ,rtef 
 Dec, Kioo, wan renewcil in Knii), i(,--_ |,^|| |,^" 
 and 1744. It* dtoi'U in 1(00 coiisi<t, ■,'!', if -,'.„/ 
 
 when it fitted out four »hipH, N m,,, ^Uu'mZ' 
 
 it continued to tnule, and India ntnrk wild at -(j,/ 
 
 I *'"^^ ,"'"'!;'' I?' "^'•'" "^3- Ka«t iniiia,vi,ii, ■ 
 
 and H. lHi)«, ' •'■ 
 
 I A new ciiiiipany (tbe " Hngliiib") was rliiti,.,,,,! , 
 
 ^ Mcpt, ,6,jH, anil tlic ol'l (tl I.oiiiloi, ■■) „„,„|„|„ 
 
 from lrai|in,< for llncc years; the two «. le iniil«i „ 
 New Kast Inilia company eHlatiliilicI . *' ''°' 
 
 I'rlvilcgcH of till) company lontiniicl till i7iii ' ' !! 
 
 Alfalrn of tlie i ipany were liroiiKht li.l n.. linriia. 
 
 iiieiit, anil a conimittce i'X|ioscil h »,.||i , ,,f jj,' 
 
 riscil a lean of i,<.io,(oo/. to' Hie c'.iin'.iiiiv tli« 
 oilier celclil-atcil as the /,„(,„ l„ll) i-m'ti-ii li,™ 
 
 impoi-taiit changes in tli iistituti f {\„, 
 
 company iiinl its lelullons lo Inilla. A uoveninr 
 general was appointcil to ii'siile in i),.,,, ,| ,„ 
 which the other pivsiilencies wiie ili.ii ,||'^||, 
 suliorilinale ; a Hiiprcnie court of iiiilir.itiiri' whk 
 liHtitnti'il at Calcntta; the salary nf Hi,- «iin.rnnr 
 wat llxcil at 25.0.XJ. per year; tliiit nf tli,"riiiin,.ji 
 at lo.noo;. each ; ami of tiie chief ,111.1^;,. at SixW • 
 
 the alfairs of the iipany were cnntrnllnl • ii||t|ie 
 
 iN'partnienIs were ic-organiseil, iiiet all tlie tcrri. 
 
 ii'iiul eiirri's|ioni|ence was licncefortli t" lie iiiiil 
 
 leforc the lliillsh ministry j,,,,,. 
 
 Mr. Pitt's bill ai.pointing'tbe lloanl nf r„iitr„i 
 
 ( K'A ,',■/, ,<,r),passeil .... iSMiiv, „5, 
 
 The conipanv s charter was reiieweil f,,i- .„ veirs ' ,, 
 Trade with Inilia thrown open . , ' .' T' 
 
 Trade to China o|«ncd ; Charter renewed till ,85.' ,1 ' 
 The goveniment of India was eiinliiiin-.i in tlie 
 hands of the eonipany till liarliiinient slmuM 
 
 otherwise provide ^j., 
 
 In con.seiiuence of the mutiny of 1857, nn.l the ills. " 
 appearance of the ciini|iany's ariii'v, Ihi- (-.ivirii. 
 nient of Inilia was tiansferreil to tjie iiiiwn, the 
 Hoiird of Control was abolished, and a CMinn'il of 
 Mtate for India institnted by the a' I 21 K 23 Viit 
 c. loft, which received the royal as.seiit, 2 Ann." iv. 
 The company's political power ceased 1.11 1 Sejit, 
 and the iinecn was proclaimed as giinn ,,f (ireut 
 Hritain ninl the Colonies, ,1ic.. in tin- iiiiiiii|ial 
 places in India, amid lunch enthnsiasiii i Nov. 
 The ciim|iiiny to be dissolveil, i .Iniie, i5?4, ami 
 
 ilividemls rcdeei 1, by the " I'.ii Ii|.|i,i .'<tiick 
 
 dividend lledcmption Act," |^Hr.ni . ij .Mi\ .J,, 
 Til Kaht iMiiA-Iliii'sK built 1726: eiilaijnli,uil» 
 new front erected, 1799 ; sidd with tlnj liiii.'iir-. 
 1861 ; imlleil down in ."ii'in. iinl (li t. , , , ,061 
 
 INDI2V, Coi'NCU, OF, csluMishi'il hv act of 
 parliniiu'iit, 2 Aug. i;(r,«, in tlie place of tlie board 
 of control {which s,r). It consists of 15 inenibirs 
 (salary I2(X)/. 11 yciir), eight of wlmm weiviipiiointHl 
 by the queen, and seven elccteiUiy the ilirectorsnf 
 tlin_ East India coiniinny. The niemhers niiivnol 
 sit in parliament. Tlie council met tiist on 3 Stpt. 
 1858, when lord Stanley, secretary nfsiate for Inilia, 
 presided. The nicmbcrB of the first council irf 
 
 * liOrd ralmerston lironght in n bill for t 
 12 Feb., which was accepted by the limi 
 He resigned on the following day, and the 
 A aiinilar bill was introdiiceil by .Mr. Disniil 
 but inaiiy of its details being objcitiil u 
 drawn, "on lonl Jolm Husse'li's propiwiti 
 proceeded to consider the matter bv wav ■ 
 on t7 June, lord Stanley broiigl.t in the ali 
 bill, being the third on 'the subject intnil'i 
 scsHiiin. 
 
 hepur]»«e"ii 
 le on iS I'A 
 hill ilni|'|<ii. 
 
 :iiin 12 March; 
 it was with. 
 11, the hoiiM 
 
 if r"»oliiliiiiis ; 
 
 'ive iiu'iitiiinhl 
 
 '•I'll'l'iriiifc'Ilit 
 
 rliailMMIIlK. 
 J.hii rtif liherd. 
 K„ii« n. .MaiiKlen. 
 William J. Kaslwlik. 
 
INDIA. KMI'UIXS OF. 
 
 m 
 
 INDlA.N.s 
 
 » 
 
 rf oritrf below. Mciiilicrii were ndtleU to tlio 
 coun.il by nil m'l |mi<i«'cl jo Jum>, lH<)j, 
 
 tM.Kl 
 
 IKI>. 
 
 !Hlr.I. Wi'lr lli>w 
 
 Klllot MMrllllMlltl'll. 
 
 lli'iii) T. rniiHi'ii. 
 
 j„|iii HhfPlifril- 
 h.«i [). MiiiikIi'ii. 
 WililamJ. Kiwtwl.k. 
 
 AIM'illNTKIl. 
 
 MrFrwIi'iti'k Ciirrli'. I Sir .I..I111 I.awriMii'f, 
 
 >irlli'iin' HiiwHiiHiiii. S:r llniiy Mipriluc ry. 
 
 ,„ II lliimi'V S'lvliui. Mi' I'liihy Ciiiilli'y, 1111(1 
 
 J I'olUnl \Vlll"ii«lil.y I Will. Arl'UtliiHit. 
 
 INDIA. E.Mr''E«s op; iiuiiji Vlctdriunoprn- 
 ' e<l in LiiiiiiHii, 1 iUiv, iHytt, in Iniliii, 1 ,lun. 
 Orilt'r rl till' 1' lliin Kiiiiiiri' iiiHtitiitcd, 
 
 l/*'r'. I)"':!*' KiiliiWil. i.S Fell. \Hk;. 
 
 IVniA MUHKUM, TlIK, «UH IMnpllW.l IpV 
 
 ,; ^1 :l, > Wilkiin Hiiil iippriivi'd by tlic Hunt India 
 tompunT In l'<)>^' 'l'"' viiliiiilili' lollcriionii wcri' 
 rfinoml frmn I.i'idi'iiliiill-Ktrc'i't lo File hnii»i', 
 bftiiiiJ tho cluipcl riiviil. Whitcliull, iiinl Mpriu'd 
 ,. jiiiy^ iHdi ; iriiiiivi'd ti) (lie Kimt liidiii 
 
 niinpum'.'wtii''*' *"* "I"'"'''' 'o ""■ I'll''!''' -Mny- 
 lV<i: removed tn Smitli KciiKin^'tnn, npeniil June, 
 |S-;; cloiifd 2? ''et. lH'(), iind tlie edllnticinii ic- 
 ninVfil to Kew (iiiidenn Mnfeiini, lliere ic-npini'd 
 |-Miiv. iSto. Iiiiliiiii F.iiipiir h:.ihihiliiiii[\\ i'.mV* 
 ('c'lirt,' opened tiv the dukf id' t'lniiliridu'e, 27 -Miiy, 
 
 INDIAN ASSOCTATIOX (Cnnstitntimml), 
 l"|immnle wieiiil priiL'resM iind (■dnciitiuli ill India, 
 \ti«p«tiihlii'lieil under the piitmiuiKC nf the prinecH.s 
 if WnleH in 1H70. Annu.l niectiiiKit held (lKi)<S). 
 
 IN'DIAXA. » western state of North America. 
 Il MS iniluded in Ohio till itol; was eonstituted 
 a lirritorv in lH<y), and admitted into the Union 
 11 DiT. 181(1. Ciipital, Iiidinnapolirt ; iiopula'ion, 
 i*Alos,43'>. Population, 18H0, 1, 9;8,,?oi ; i8<)0, 
 2.i%',;o4. 
 
 K\ a itrwt !lre »* IinllniiiiliollH nliout n (Ireiiieii 
 iviTokllliilanil i9iii,|iireil— cstliimtt'd Ionh jno.tioo 
 ■iHlliirH '17 Miireli, 1890 
 
 llylliHliuriilii).' of (111 hosiiltil lit Indianapolis, ig 
 lifr^diiji jwrisli ',•.? .Ian. iSga 
 
 (illiipsi'nrilie laiV" "pan of tlie iiearlv conii.li.tecl 
 liri'lKf oviT tlie (lliio ; 40 pi'isriiis killed, is liee. iRg^ 
 
 INDIAN riVIL SERVICE COLLEGE, 
 
 i-tiiMi»lie(l at Coopers hill, Surrey, 1870. 
 
 INDIAN EXPENDITURE. Koval ,om. 
 iiiiisiiin of inquiry appointed, lord Welliy hair- 
 man. »ir Donald Stewart, sir AVilliain W.Mlderluu-n, 
 ami nthern, 10 J'ny, iSi/i ; meetings in i8iX>-7. 
 
 INDIAN HEROES' FUND aiipn.ved by 
 1! 11, e of Wales and lo-d Georu'e Hamilton, 
 Indian secretary ; lord liobeits, president of the 
 (ommittoe. £4,208 received, July, el sii/. ('452 rs. 
 from tlip queen and royiil family) l8i)8. Ste 
 /«'/i'i, 181)7. 
 
 INDIAN INSTITUTE, Oxford; nromoted 
 bv professor (afterwards sir) Moiiier Williams, 
 A'^etm/.; establisho') 1878; tirst stone of the 
 building laid, 2 May, 1883; opened, 14 Oct. 1,884. 
 
 Tlip liistituto lins ri'coivml liberal donations from 
 liiiliiiii liriiii'i's ; ri'portiil .... I'-,-. 1891 
 
 .VMiiionalliiiililinKs opened . 3 ,Iii le, 1894 
 
 Ki'v. .Solomon Casar Mnlnii, wlio pri'seiited to Ilie 
 iiislitiile his vnliialile library and MSS., Ac, dieil 
 at llouriipaioutli, at!ed 82 . . . 25 Nov. ,, 
 
 The coiii|ileti'(l Imilclinjis oiieiied by lonl fieoiuo 
 Hamilton, neeretary for India, i July, 1606. Tlie 
 ir..stllul<i liHS been siippurted by lils'itil dona- 
 t'ons 1875-96 
 
 INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS, ad- 
 vocating k'l^islrttive and administrative changea in 
 
 I favour of the natives, im t nt U.iinbay, end of" Dw. 
 : l88c, and iiiiniiJillv "iio 1 Net favoured by Ma- 
 huliietans. ,Sei. /»i/i,i, |,S,S; ? hii/. 
 
 ' INDIANS oiciipyinif lb.- south-western 'inrti 
 j of the I'nited States, ti riilid Jiii/iiiii li rn/orf/. 111 
 ; direct ediiiicvion with the ifoveniineiit, were tilim- 
 I hereil at 2V),i;ii') in l8(ii ; 2(p|.i)i2 in 1881 ; 244,704 
 ' ill l8i)i. 'rlieliiri:ertribesarMthe("herokee»(22,ooo), 
 
 I the ChoektHWs (i8,ii«i), the Ci ks(ivSS<>l. *•"! 
 
 j the Chiekasawi (Sn<«>); the Sioiii (vi.'xio). A 
 I larice proiiorlion are in eoiiifortuiile eireiim- 
 ! sliinees, and haveseliooU andeliurehes; other tribe* 
 are the Delaware^, Sues, Foxes, Shawiiees, Siouj, 
 and loways. I»urin({ the American eivil war in 1861 
 the Choetaws joined the 1 unfederales, who per 
 niitted two Uhoetaw delejtati's to sit in eoiiKresa; 
 the first beiiii,' Saiii|isoii Folscuii and Kastinaii Lo- 
 man; hut the juineipal chief of the Cheriikees, on 
 4 May, l8fii, issued a proelaination id' neutrality, 
 which wasiniiintained witlnrreat difllcully Inn war 
 jiroyoked by oiitriiires (feneral Sheridan defeated the 
 Indians, and they surrendered nncoiiclitionally Dec, 
 18(18. Negotiations undertaken by tlie (Juakemhail 
 no effect, .■mil the war was renewed June, l8/i(). 
 As a ehastisemi'iit for iiiiirders a. id other oiitriiKes 
 niajcir linker killed 17^ Indians, iiicludiiiif women 
 and eliildrc'ii, Jan. 1870. n June f'cillciwin)f ■ 
 deputation of einiiieiit chiefs was received by the 
 presidi'iit lit WashiiiKlon, and )ircciiiisi>s mid present* 
 weri. made to thciii. On 1 Oct. i8(i() prince Arthur 
 visited the villat;es of tbe Caiindiaii Indians, and 
 was made a chief of the "Si.v Nations." .\ depu- 
 tation of Indian chiefs were widl received by the 
 president at Washington, Jan. 1870. A meeting of 
 dele^'iites from various tribes met at Ocmultree, S"'? 
 June, 1871, and aifrecd to a eonsfitiition for the 
 coininon (i;overiiinent by means of a senate and par- 
 liament reprcsentint,' 17 tribes of (x),()ix)peci]ile; see 
 Modoe, 
 
 Professor Mnrsli repents lo the icrcsidcnt cif the 
 ITiiltccl Htates flic cciincplion and fciiudiilc-iit 
 eoiiclciet ccf the " Indian Hiii^-." th.. olllci.ils eiii- 
 pliiyecl til jiay ccniipensalicni. and deal with the 
 liidiaiis (this said to cause war of 187^1) ; c'cir- 
 rcibciratcd ley p'li. Custer Iiilv, 1875 
 
 [Uisbiip nuller, an .\iniTican, said that if lhc> lii. 
 iliaiis win'c trealc'd as fairly as they are in Canada 
 there would lie iici wars, 1S7H.I 
 
 Tblrteeii Irocpmis end 14 Caiiiidiaiis |ierfcirnic>(l tlio 
 Canadian national Kaiim " l.a Urosse," belure tlio 
 Queen at Windscir , . . -..7 .luiie, 1876 
 
 Oen. (li'ci. A. Custer, a brave, able iilllcer, attacks 
 
 aliout 2.500 Mioiix Indians, led by Sitting Hull, nil 
 
 able chief, cm Little lloni rivir. .Monl.inai in a 
 
 ravine; he unci his family and iic>arly all bis 
 
 ^for lestroyed (275 killed, 60 wcnindeclj ..5 ,Iune, ,, 
 
 Urgent measures tiikeii liytlie riiited Htates ;;oveni- 
 iiieiit, Hhendan |ait in eoininaiid . .'iil.v, ,, 
 
 Sliei'idaii nnsuccessful ; ccnnniissioners arraii^^e'a 
 treaty with the Hioux Indians to remove for sclf- 
 susteiilatioii 7-J7 Oct. ,, 
 
 War piiiiK' 011; neii. Howard opposed to an able 
 chief. .Icsepli Inly, 1S77 
 
 The tribe "N'ez Perces" defeat the U.S. tioojis in 
 Idaho, ami kill about 33, duriiif,' and after tlio 
 battle alicuit 14 Sept. ,, 
 
 Great conference of Indian cliiofs with la'csideiit 
 Hayes, at Washington ; tlieyaccc]it terms 
 
 end of Sept. „ 
 
 "Sitting Hull" and Sioux Imlians defeated in a 
 raid retire to Canada [when paicloiied returned 
 to Ills tribes) lulv, 1879 
 
 FiKhtiiiK with Indians at Mill creek, near I' 'ii's, 
 in Coloi 'do ; 17 whites and m:i,ior Tie .ry 
 
 killfil, ji) Scpl. ; t;eii. Meiritt enlrenclieii , uii 
 to lie surrounded ; reinforced ; Indians n'tre.it 
 
 14 Oct. „ 
 
 2o>T.\pac-hc> Indian^ turn and kill •,.! of the inii-suin;; 
 whites ■ . , 9 Nov. „ 
 
 
 % 
 
 *;»i 
 
 .^-J-iieil 
 
'Mm 
 
 
 INDIANS. 
 
 5va 
 
 INDO-CHINA. 
 
 Inflian^ (H i'ltnt'iht. In 1883. 110,505; ill 1892, 
 121,638; luiiiibi'rs iULTcasuig ; iMiiiditiuii iiii- 
 jir(*ving all t iirosin'Mnirt 1892 
 
 Till' Sioiix si'Uto tin; Unitfil StuU'S ii,uoo,ooo acirs, 
 imrt otth''ir JJakuta rt'SiTvatioii, I'ur 14,000,000 
 dollars ; tliu (.'iiii)i)L*\va agree to si-ll 4,000,000 
 ucifs olthi'ir lands . . . . Aii|,', i88g 
 
 A rising t)f lliu Hiuux Indians, aboul 25,000, in Hail- 
 lai>ils(tlie Mativaises IVnvs of tlii' Frencli jiio- 
 neers), in South Uakiita, stated tu be snileriug by 
 want, ill conseiiueiice of the rednceil goTernnieiit 
 rations ; they are ineit<'<l liy tlieir fanatical medi- 
 cine men, who iJivdicl the coining of a cominer- 
 ing Messiah, 11 nd begin tlieir ghost war-dances ; 
 they attack the outlying wliite settlers and 
 frieiiiUy Indians ; inaiaiiiling and outrages ensue, 
 causing great alarm ; troops and siipiiUes of fooil 
 sent to tjie Dakota frontier ; the' Sioux are soon 
 joined by other tribes, Nov. ; col. Win. F. Cody, 
 " Uiitliilu bill " (.see Aiiinkidi K-ihWitlmi), sent to 
 the front 23 Nov. 1890 
 
 Ueii. Miles, chief, coiiiinaiiiling in Dakota aided by 
 gen. liruok ; the trooiis in .Missouri, Nebraska, 
 Kansas, Dakota, .Montana, and Wyoming, ordered 
 for actn'e service 25 No\'. 
 
 llttliid advance of troops and cannon into the reser- 
 vations ; Uttle Wounil and other Siou.x chiids 
 tender subinissiun 26 Nov. 
 
 Father Jule, a iJiissionary, visits the Indian forti- 
 tied camii, to dissuade them from war; the older 
 chiefs inclined to yield, the younger determined ; 
 he returned 6 Dec. 
 
 The hostile Indians said to be ilemoralised by a 
 display of troops and cannon . . . 12 Dec. 
 
 The olil .-jiuux chief .Sitting Hull (.see above, 187 67) 
 captured by the police, 14 Dec, and in an 
 attempt to rescue liiin, his son Crow Foot and 
 himself are killed with others, and his camp is 
 occupied by the troojis . . . .15 Di'C. 
 
 Gen. Miles' heail-Huarters at Hapid city . iS Dec. 
 
 lied Cloud, at a great council, recommends sur- 
 remler, and warns resislers . . 19 Dec. ,, 
 IlutlifJ ll'iiiiiflril Kiien ltd.: 
 
 Desiring tu revenge Sitting Hull's death, the re- 
 mains 111 his baud join Ihg Foot s band on Chey- 
 enne Hiver; they stall lor lladhimls, and are 
 joined i)V oilier Indians, making alioiil 160 war- 
 riors in'all ; they are met by tlie 7111 cavalry 
 under lieiit. Ilawllioiin-, ami artillery under 
 iniyor Whitesidi-, and made to surrender, 28 Dec. ; 
 in the e/ening major Forsytli with other troops 
 ar''.ves. Wlule pretending to .surrender their 
 arms, at the command ol major Whiteside, the 
 Indians suddenly altiiekt lie dismounted troopers, 
 and a munleioii's haud-to-liainl light ensues ; the 
 Indians are joined liy others, and additional 
 troops arrive,' lie- Indians tiee to the ravines, are 
 ijursued by the artillery, much slaughter ensues ; 
 during the confused liglil, Hig I'oot and his 
 band were nearly exteiiiiinaled, togcdher with 
 many women and children (about 200). Capt. 
 Wallace, lieuts. l.'asey and .Mann, ami several 
 Mon-eonimissiuned oliieeis and privates wi'ie 
 killed 29 "<'i'- „ 
 
 Vi"orous attack on the Tine Kiilge Agency, r,.- 
 pulsed, .'y Dee. 1' .-i''!- ', sharp skirniisli in which 
 nearly 3,'->oo Indians are dispersed by major 
 
 Forsytli 29. 3" "ec. ,, 
 
 The great body of j,oix> Indians near I'iiie Itidge 
 Agency, gradually surrounded by the jiid In- 
 lanlry legiineiit under gen. Drook 2 Jan. il ,<.<;. 1891 
 A sharp Indian attack on supply waggons repulsed 
 
 5, Ian. ,, 
 Kansas and other states called on to supjily troops 
 
 7 ,)an. „ 
 Ueii. -Miles recedes the submission ol the rebel 
 chiefs of the liniles ; provisions sent to the 
 
 Indians 4. Ian. „ 
 
 About 4,000 Indians, nearly surrounded by the 
 troops, collie in and siirieiider their arms 
 
 iS.lan. .( .SI//. ,, 
 fieii. Miles, in ail address, coiiinicnds his troops, 
 
 and ileclares tlie war at an end . . ly.lan. ,, 
 lie takes 40 liidiaiisaiidal.so some friendly chiefs to 
 Washington, Fell. ; they have a coideieiiee with 
 >|r. Noble, secietary ol the Interior, 7 Fidi., and 
 jiresideiit llurrisoii .... 12 Feb. „ 
 
 ProiKJsed enlistment of about 2,ox> ynim^. Iiuijo^ 
 ns separate compaiiim in the army al„,i'ii ,;, e 1' 
 
 The delegates return to I'ine Hidge Innu Wasliin'.' ' 
 
 ton, much dissatislled with their reiTpti,,!,'. (ii,,"' 
 
 loyalchief " Aniericnn Horse," coMi|ilaiiisi,i'n,.fi^. 
 
 of the injustice and harshness ofUri 
 
 ^''iveniiiH'iit 
 
 and the oltlcials, but speaks well of ^.n. j||i„ 
 
 Revolt of the Chippewa and other linliiiiis hl'-Min' " 
 nesotnnnd Ari/ona, reported 12, Inly; dcfdljiy' 
 measures ordered by governnieiil ' , j,,! 
 
 Great milling explosion at Kivhs, in the i|,,ij.:,; " 
 territory ; about 70 men killed . . .jj,',, , 
 
 Rising of the Navajo Indians iie:ir S, Col'irailii '''" 
 reiiorted 10 April' r- 
 
 Mr. O. 1). Grlnnell's "Pawnee Hero Stiiri'cs" uiil ''' 
 "Blaekfoot Loilge Tales " publislied . '. 
 
 INDIA RUBBER, sec Cao,ilc/,mic. 
 
 INDICTION, n Koinun term nri-inallvanr,!;,,,! 
 to a tribiito of corn, paid e\'cry til'teeii vein's, an,i|„ 
 the time at which it was jiiiid. The li'rist e.'Janiiilfi 
 in the Theodouiaii cmU' arc of tlie reign of tin' 
 stautiua II., who died '^r. — In iiieninrvoftlienn" 
 victory obtained by Conatantiiie i.vei' Maxeiitiui 
 8 Cal. Oct. 312, the council of Nice (irilaim'jilut 
 the accounts of years shotihl be no longer kept liv 
 the Olympiads, but by the Indietion, wilich has iu 
 enocha I Jan. 313. It was Hrst used by the Latin 
 church in 342. 
 
 INDIGO, the dye obtaineil from the vmi 
 plant, isiitis tiiictoriti, was used by the Kgyptian- 
 and other ancient nations; and the prooesjes are 
 described by Pliny. After tiie pnssiige of the (.'aiii^if 
 Good Hope, in 1^97, it was gnultmlly siipersedod liv 
 the eastern indigo, got from 'he iiidii/ut'cra, %■ 
 mention of indigo occurs in English statutes in i;/i 
 Its cultivation was begun in Carolina in 174;. Tlu- 
 quantity imported into Urent ihitain in iS40«i< 
 5,831, 209lbs.; in 1845, io,i27,4KS lb.,.; i„ pj-,,; 
 70,482 cwt. ; m 1859, 63,237 cwt, ; in ifKii, 
 83,109 cwt i in i8(/, 74,25!) ewt.; m kV,), 
 
 86.721 cwt.; in 18-1,, 79,255 ewt.; in j8;i, 
 106,307 cwt. ; in 1874, h5,767 ewt. ; in iH. 
 
 88.722 cwt. ; in 1877, 60,646 cwt. ; in i87(), 8o,iV 
 cwt.; in 1880,58,283 cwt.; in iNSi, 81,088 cwi,; 
 in 1882,95,272 cwt".; in I1SH3, 100,243 rwt.: jii 
 1884, 104,423 cwt.; in 1885, 94,514 ewt. ; iniS,*-, 
 76,700 cwt. ; in 1888, 78,128 ew't.; in i889,()0,;j\ 
 ewt.; in 1890, 81,854 cwt.; 1S93, dd.iiSi pwt. 
 After long-rontinued experiments, esiieeially In- 
 
 lirof. ,\. liaever, the dye has bieii pivniiMl arli!;- 
 eially from its ehenileal elements in inal tar !;;,;> 
 Professor II. K. Koseoe, at the l{..yal lii,-,liluti.'ii. 
 jiroved that the properties of the aitilieial :m[ 
 natural indigo were identical . . 27 May, :;:i 
 
 , INDIRECT CLAIMS, sec Ahikim, ll\uk. 
 ing Ion. 
 
 INDIUM, a metal discovered '.~ tlie arsenii.il 
 pvrites of Freiberg by F. Keich iiiij T. Kiilitor in 
 1863. Its name is due to its giving an imligoUae 
 .lay in its spectrum. 
 
 INDIVIDUALISM, the prineilial m.iiii- 
 taiiu'd by Herbert Spenser ami otlins in epiuisitiiii 
 to too much slate control iukI socialism. "'&■ 
 coming individualism," by .\. Kgiiient Hake ;&; 
 0. 1'-). Wesslaii, publislied Jim. iHijd. 
 
 INDO-CHINA, a name given to eentral .Ui. 
 The countries under Freiuh government or ppiteo- 
 tioii are Annain, Cochin Cliiiia, Canilioilia, iici 
 Toni'iuin. lUirmiih 19 subjccl to Great llritain, and 
 Ijiam is independent, 1893- -M. de Lumiesiin 
 apnointed gov. -general (actively ie.'i;ressivc'), super- 
 seded bv M. Armiind lUuissi 1111, Ji| lleo. 18114; he 
 died, Uec. 1896; succeeded by M. ii.iunier,l)ir.lii 6. 
 
INDORE. 
 
 13, iuo,243 ^'>*'"iii 
 
 scf Ahtliama, WiA- 
 
 INDORE. II province of liiitish Iiulin ; tho 
 pr.ii(i|)iil iiiilivc nilci-d Imvu liccu tlio .Mulimttii 
 riiiij, naiiiiil ]f(ilkiii-, riviila of tlio Siimliahs iit 
 |.«j|iiir. Il:i ' lliilkiir ivccivi'd 11 ^'niiit of liTi-itorv 
 ,;,iiii the Ilrili^li ill 1733. AttiT svww ("iillicts tlfc 
 Miiiiiattn I'liii'ls Hcro (iimlly quelled in |,S|,S. 'i'l,,. 
 t nil of Inileir, fi)UM(lctl ill i;(i-, WHS dcstidvcd liy 
 SMiidiiih Mlli'i- :i liMttlu oil 14 ()|.t. i.Soi." TlTc 
 iiijliii.iijiili Shiv.-ijii Unci llcill<iir died 17,11111,., ijsjif,. 
 Si.i I tiicd li.v Ids s.iii, Tii(d<iiji \{:m II,dlc:ir, wIid whs 
 pi-i'iit lit Die iiiieeii's jiildloe in London in (,s,s-. 
 Iii,loiv was vi.-iled by tlio vieei'oy, the iniin|iiis of 
 Liiisil.nviie. 24 Nov. i,«9i. r„])uliition, i,S,Si 
 i,o.;,;,2i7. 
 
 LVDrCTIOX of oleeti-ie euiTents, discovered 
 l.\ Fini'iiiy, inid iiiiiiouiifed in liis " Kxiieriiiientiil 
 K. -I an lies" |;iilili.sliea^ in KS31-2. Uuhiiikorlfs 
 iiti.'iicto-elc'ctrie imUietioii coil was oonstructed in 
 I'';.!. Si'C imder Elntiiciti/. 
 
 INDUCTIVE PHILOSOniY, b.wd on 
 
 liic iftiilts ol oljserviitions and experiiiients, renllv 
 f.Mim xiiisr, is es|ieeiully expounded liy Jiiuon ill 
 till' sopoiid book of liis '' Xon/in <ln/iiiio>/," pub- 
 li-liftl 1620. Wm.Hiirvoy (157.S-165;) endeuvoured ' 
 ■■I" sejvoli mil llie sei rets of nuture bv tlie wuy of 
 Timciit." Sec HliMiil, 
 
 J77 INFECTIOU8 DISEAHEH. 
 
 1872 71 8el,ools (4870 boys, , = ,6 girls); in iHivi. 
 '33 »''liools; 111 i8()2, l3Sseliook -^ ' 
 
 ' ,/,.^,^.^*^;'*'^l^I^^I^ SOCIETIES, see Co-opm,. 
 ofVb^^V'^TF-^^^ VILLAGES, tlie fonniilion 
 
 "'"',:' ''>■ '"; '■""'""^'.' "' "■"'■'^""■" ivoiii towns, 
 
 «a>, piopnsed at a nieetiii- of the Soeietv of Arts 
 
 -0.liiiie, i,S,S5. Annual nieetin.;-, 2(), July, l,S,S,S. ' 
 
 IXprSTKY, see Srientijic. A eonfereilee for 
 
 le elinstian oiwmization of industry met in 
 
 llolborn town Imll, 2<) \ov. 181)3. 
 
 INEIiJUATES, see Dntiiho-ih. 
 LVFALLiniLITY OF THE POPE in 
 
 re, -an to lailli and morals, was decreed l,v tlio'Va- 
 tleaii (ouneil, and liioiiiulj;iitcd, !« ,liilv, l',S-(i Tlie 
 
 (■ ocfrin,. 11-1,^ ,....,.1. I ■ _ , . ' ' ' ." " 
 
 loitnne was luueli ojuKised in (ieriiuiiiy, and led to 
 ' ■" ''•'■ '■■ ' d "Old Ca. 
 
 aiLTi 
 
 IXDULGEXCES in the earlv eliuivli were 
 tiiMUodoriition of eeclesiastieal piinislinient. The 
 |i:i;wl system for the absolute pardon of sin, eom- 
 iiMiiod by Leo. IIL ahont 800, were irranted in 
 ihc nth ooMtury by Greg:ory VIL, and liv Urban 
 If. mid by others, ill the I2tli eeiitiiry as 'rewards 
 
 I t" the crusaders. Clement V. was the first pone 
 who inndc public sale of indulgences, 1:512. in 
 
 I i;:;, Leo X. published fjeneral ind'nl-ences 
 tiir.iU!;liout Lvuope, and the resistance to them led 
 
 I tothi' Ki'foniiiitiiin. 
 
 IXDU.STKIAL DWELLINGS, see 
 
 IXDUSTRIAL EXHIBITIOXS. in Grc.n 
 
 liitiuii, arc new trccpient. One for South London 
 
 «,i..,ipoiicd at LiiMibeth, i Maivli, i8(,4; for North 
 
 LuidHn, by curl Kiissi'll, at the Airricultural hall 
 
 Mii.-'tnii, 17 Oct. 1864; for West London, at the ■ 
 
 lli-ralhall, Coveiit-gardeii, I Miiv, i80s; for the ■ 
 
 imof London, at Uuildhall, 6 March, '\^(h- one ! 
 
 iei> u]«;iied at York, 24 Jnly, 18W,; and sc'veral ' 
 
 Imio. llicANnikiuen's International E.\hibition I 
 
 l.l.'riMiltund Hall, London, was oiieiied lO Julv- ' 
 
 |(i'*iil, ,il Oct. 1870. ■' ' i 
 
 IXDrSiniAL PROPERTY ; an inter- 
 iwii'iial loiilcrciice for its protection was opened at ' 
 <' 'M^ii;ii. 1.SS3; third, at Home, 30 April, '• 
 ll''M'; atMiidiid, iSijo; London, 1 ,/une, '|8()8 
 
 lr/,vJ?nH'v;.'>4^ REMUNERATION ! 
 
 |aiNH;,l I'AClvS, at Prince's Hall, I'iccadillv, 
 I..;ii.aiii, 1,,.1,| 2,S.,5o ,)an. 1885. Papers read on tlie 
 ■milion between Capital and I.almur, A:o. by lord 
 llliiiiKVill, Kir 1 liniiias lirassev, und others. 
 
 fc 1,1 I'l^^''"^ '^9^'^' ''^-^2 and 1 802, were 
 fciiuiiiW In- acts passed 18O7, l87i,aiid 1870. Acts 
 twi-udatcd 111 i,s,)3; amended, hSVjv 
 
 ^i',^"^™IAL SCHOOLS ACT, 2, & 22 
 
 riw lor the care and education of va-nint, desti- 
 
 |.to, and disorderly children . Another act was 
 
 ,7; '71- Ji'-'-'" f^' were consolidated hv an , 
 
 ' f.u" '^"»-'; '**^*i «mended 18m. Fi'irtv- 
 
 > '1 of these schools liad been certiSed und'er ■ 
 
 land, 1SO8. England and Wales, 
 
 , .' " "ri'^.-'-'t 01 viei loan 
 
 1 le coii.stitution of the church name, 
 
 tio ics,'' v-hi,h>uc. Mr. 01,ulst,ine's" painphi;i;, 
 
 Alb. ',„'•■"' ' 'I'-'TI ";-*'"■"■ '"■"'•'"" «» <-'ivi 
 All,.f;ii,n,.,., published Nov. 1874, and "Viitl- 
 canisin," m Feb. 1873. 
 
 INFANTICIDE, e.speciiilly femal,., was very 
 previileiit in barliarous countries. Lord Jlacarlnev 
 stati'dthat 2(),(X)o infants were killed nnuiiallv i't 
 is^ now gradually d, •creasing in India. On 1 -• "Nov 
 I831, -Mr. Koikes in.luei.d the Chohaii ,l,iefs to 
 iignr to resohitions against it, and a gr,.at nu.etinK 
 1 the I-un,|ab was held for til,, same purpose^ 
 14 INov. 18^3. .Much susincion was cause,l in l.on. 
 don in 1.S67 through the deaths of ,.hil,lr,.„ ,„,,„ea 
 out to impropi^.r i.ers<in... The agitation revived. 
 June, 1870 Marmiret Waters was convicted of tin 
 murder ,.t .lohii Cowen, an illegitimate infant, by 
 poison and n,.gl,.ct, 23 S,.pt. 1870. SI... h.ul lubiptefl 
 about 40 ,.|iildren, receiving a f,.w iiounds as pn- 
 j ininm; in our years, many had died. ,l,din and 
 Catherine liarns, of Tranmeri., near Birkenli,.ii,| 
 convicted ot manslaughter (si-e Trinh), 2.) Oct' 
 I I«79. Ihe Infant Life Protection act pa.ssed .';' 
 innt,'!::';^'^ aniemlcl, r8<,7. Female infanticide 
 prohibiti.,1 111 China about June, 18-:;. Vim.li'i 
 
 V •;"''; ", !',■',"'■' ''";'"'■''' '■""^■i' t"l "f til'' munb.'r 
 ■■ of iiilant iluhlr.n. 111,. bo,lies having been llinnui 
 ; into the niauu.s at Keadhig, 22 .May ; e.xcutcd, 
 I 10 June, l8i)(). ' 
 
 I INFANTRY, foot soldiers; thc.ir organisation 
 
 I niuch improved during the wars id' Charb's V and 
 
 i I'raiicis I., in the K.tli century. The liritish arm\ 
 
 coinpris,.d 99 regiments of regular infantry in i8;8 
 
 , wh,.n the Canadians raised a irgiment which is 
 
 ; termed fli,. KXJth. 'Ihe number, now iixj, imluilos 
 
 th,. nine regiments forin,.ily in the pay of the Fast 
 
 India company, and s,.veral colonial eoips. Marshal 
 
 hoult (or marshal lUigeaud) said, "The liritish 
 
 mfantry is the biiest in thew.a-ld: liapiiily there 
 
 19 not much of it." In 18(^1,69,274. 
 
 INFANTS' RELIEF ACT, passed 7 Ang. 
 IS, 4. to anieml the law relating to contracts mad,, 
 by persons under age. 
 
 The i.ow,.rs of wiv,..s and widows in rosp,.ct to tlii> ,.aro 
 
 and laiiinig „t tb,.ir iliiMivii, w,.rc soin,.wliat ..n- 
 
 .■nged 111 ,S:w more so in ,873, aial vry ii,ii,.|> mor,, 
 
 tliia' 'fi Mim'.lf ,8s" •^'''' ''"""'■'* ^^''^''■' ''•'"' " ■■«'coud 
 
 Guanliaiislii]) ..f Iniiinis .\ct pass,.,!, iSSf,. 
 
 INFANT SCHOOLS began in New Lanark, 
 
 hcotlan,!, m 181:;; m London in i8i,S. 
 
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES, liy nu a,t 
 
 passed 30 Ang. i8.S,_), notiti,ation ,if an'v p,.rson 
 siittenng troni inl(.,'tious ,lis,.asi. is n.qniivil to be 
 given by the nearest relative or any per.sou in 
 
 P 1' 
 
INFERNAL MACHINES. 
 
 578 
 
 INOCULATION. 
 
 
 An "' 
 
 ' 
 
 ■J" •- 
 
 M: 
 
 fhnrRp, uiul iilso liv tlm iiiiMlioul atteiulant to the 
 tiuilicul ofHcor of li'oiiltli of tlie disti-iit. An net to 
 ).rivcnt the sprciul of infectious lUsciiso wus passed 
 4 Alls;. 1890, 
 
 INFERNAL MACHINES, see /•-•rtxfr, 1800, 
 1855. I'liJ 1858; H<il/ic,m>U'\ J);/>iiimttc; Jlimsia, 
 l>sfc-l ; Linrpool, 1881 ; Exphnicca. 
 
 INFIRMARIES. Ancient Eome had no 
 houses for tliu cure of tlie sick ; diseased iiersouj 
 were carried to tlic temple of yEseulapius for eure. 
 Institutions for the aceoniinodation of travellers, 
 the indigent, and sick were fminded by the em- 
 jieror Julian about 302 ; and infirmaries or liospitals 
 were frequeiltlv b'uilt to eiithedrals and nionas- 
 teries. The eiiiperor Lo\iis II. caused infirmaries 
 situated on mountains to be visited, 85V In Jeru- 
 salem the knights and brotbers attended on tlie 
 sick. There were liosjiitals for the siek at Consfan- 
 tinople, in the llth century. Tbe (ddest mention 
 of physicians and surgeons established in iiifirm- 
 Hiios occurs in 1437. Jiir/aiiinin ; see .Hox/n/nls. 
 Parish workhouse intiiinaries established, iSO;. 
 
 INFLUENZA, a iKime P'^'i-'n i" It'i'y ".'*»"' 
 174U0 an epidemic febrile catarrh with vaiintions, 
 IH-obably known to the ancients. 
 
 It iirevnilcd in Karojie in 1510, and bas since fro'iuciitly , 
 annenrcd, Kcncnillv ciuiiiieiiciiiK in liussia ana 1 
 tlicnce spreading OCT tlie cniitinciit. It api.eanMl in ; 
 lirifain in 1762 and fiv.|uciitl.v since, usiieciiilly 111 | 
 ,8,0-1, iSu, '8,^ 7, and ,347. It appeared iit I'ans 111 i 
 ,666-7, and at llerlin, ,874 5. In (let. ,689, it "as 
 si'vere in St. I'etershiiiv, and llieiice spiva.l o\er 
 Knriip,., rcacliiio; Creat liiitaiii. Caiia.!:! aii.l tie 
 Unite.1 States N. A. .Jan. .Pyo. causinj; iiidiivctly t he 
 deatlis (if several eiiiineiit pnsniis. In tlie sprlll^', the 
 .lisease was severe in India and Australia. In iSy, 
 the ilisease was severe in the west of tbe I'lllted Mates 
 N A., aii.l in I.oielon and other parts of Eiij;lan.l. aiel 
 also on the continent. 'Ihe disease reai'peaivd 111 .inn. 
 ,So2, in niueli the same Inealilies. In I.oiMuii llie 
 ••eiieial iiiortalitv was much increased, all elasse.^ 
 heiiiL' atl.-icked. The dratli (,f the .hike of Claieiice 
 and Avniidale, ,4.1an. ,=92, was attributid to piien- 
 moiiin f..llnwillK iiilbieii/a. Hepnrts ..f the epidemic 
 of 1E89-Q0, liv Pr. I'arseiis, issued by Kovernmeiit, 
 1891-3. 'Moilerate outbreak in London, leb. ibgj, 
 chiellv anions the upper and middle elass.'s, the mar- 
 
 <inis of Salisbiii-v. diik ' Abereorii, mar.pus ol 
 
 Loiebaiderrv ami olliers. March ; many eases autiimn 
 .and wiiiter.",e9i-04; eiiidemie in I.niidoii ; prevalent 
 ill Unite.1 Kint;.b.m and on the eoiitiii.'Ut, many 
 .h-atlis. Keb.-Apiil, iSgi. Ki.i.lemie in St. 1 1'ti'i-slair:' 
 an. I S. Ilnssia, .Marcdi, ,895. Kpi.lemie in L.jii.lon an. I 
 huiiie eotinties, .Ian. Keb. i8q8. 
 INFORMERS, "iion penal statutes, com- 
 poundiiiK' with d.fendants without I 
 e.iurt, were puiiislialde with tine and 
 18 Eliz. c. 5 (l.S:M. Their share ..f a 
 regulated by 2 A; 3 Vict. c. 71 (183.)). 
 
 INFUSORIiV, see Ai,iiiut!rnh.i. 
 
 INGESTRE IIvVTJj. Staflord-hiro, destroyed 
 hy tire 12" (let. I.S82. It was bnill in 1(170. Many 
 v.'iluahle iiortraits, i:e. were destroyed. 
 
 INGOUR, 1' river rising in the Caucasus and 
 falhn" into the Hlaek Sea. Omar Taslia. niaivhing 
 to the relief of Kais, er.is.sed tins river .■n<. .Nov. 
 lUr;, with l(i,()(K) men, ami attacked the Kussialis, 
 '■yixM strong, wlm, after a strmrgle, retreateil with 
 tin. hiss of 4(W men. The Turks ba.l (.Skilled and 
 242 wounded. Kars, however, was not saved. 
 
 INK Tlic ancient bla.'k inks wvvtt e..iiip..^.d of 
 s..ol'aiid' ivory black, and Vitriivius and I'liiiy men- 
 tion lamp-black; Imt they had ink of various 
 .adeurs, as red, i:old, silver, and purple. lied iiik 
 was miiUc of vermilion und gum. Inuia.n i.Mv was 
 
 brought from China, iuid must hiivc been in use hv 
 the peopk' of the east from the earliisf ages, i^vis. 
 iiii.K, or Symi'athetic Inks, were known at lurK- 
 periods. Ovid (.v.l). 2) tea.dies vnuns w.^meii ti, 
 write with new milk, lleeeipts (dv prc|i;irin;. i,,. 
 visible ink were given by Feter liuicl, in ||,5!^l]|J 
 
 •ave of the 
 |iill.iry, by 
 penalty was 
 
 by Le Mort, in lOfx). BeckiiuniH. 
 
 INKERM-\NN (Crimea). Tli,. Kussi;,,, >„„■ 
 (about 40,000) having received rein t'..rieiii..-iit,,., nil 
 being encouraged by the presenc of tlie'jiaiiil.iiiV.s 
 lliidiael and Nicholas, attacked thi' liritidi s,,,,, 
 near tlie old fort of Inkerniann, bel.ire ilavhira'k, 
 5 Nov. 18-;^. They were kept at bay f.ir »ixli..i;ix 
 till the arrival of (XX« French. Tlie ltii>,M;iii5 mn. 
 then repulsed, leaving ycxw kiUed ami woiiiuliiL 
 The lo.ss of the allies was 4(12 killeil, iq;2 wnirail.,l| 
 and H)i missing. Sir Ge..r;;e Catlieavl, aiul goiimls 
 Strangways, Uoldie, and Torrens, w.ai> ain.iiii tin. 
 slain. On 15 Nov. 1851;, an expl.isi.™ „f (|l„,„t 
 100,000 lbs, of gunpowder oiaan-ed near Ink.r. 
 niaiiii, and caused gre.it loss of life. 
 
 INLAND NAVIGiVriOX, see Omih. 
 
 INLAND REVENUE liO.VltD ^as wn- 
 stitnted in Feb. 1849. _ It cmipriMs tlie lioards ..f 
 Kccisi; IStiim])!<, M\A Taxex {ic/iich v.). The l,w 
 respecting the iiilainl revenue aineinlej |,S;i. T„|,l 
 inland revenue, 189(1, 64,3(X),(XK)/. tip (..31 Mai.!i; 
 1897, 64,720,000/. 
 
 INNOCENTS' DAY, 28 Dec. in tin. ;v(<ura 
 churidi ; 29 Dee. in the Greek or eustcni clmrrh; 
 see VhilderiiHis. 
 
 INNS at Rome were regnlati'd by la\v.<;a!i(l 
 Edward 111. enacted that tin y slmidil lie siilij... iij 
 to iiKiuiry, I3,S3. See Tuni-ii", and I'idiiiilkn. 
 
 INNS OF COURT (L..iidoii) were estaUisln-J 
 at dill'ereiit periods, in some d.'giee as c.illfgts ti 
 teaehing the law. .Viiiiual revenue in 1872 siidtd 
 be ab.nit 25,000/. See Jl(ini.slti:i. 
 
 The Ti'iiipl.' f..iin.le.l, an.l the ehur.li Imilt by 
 
 KniKbts Ti'ii'-plais n:; 
 
 Th.' Inii.T ami Mi. bile Tempi. • iiia.lc inns ..f law 
 
 al..iiit ,140 ; th.' Ont.M- ab.iiit (Sl.nr) , . . ,5;^ 
 lianianl's Inn, an inn ..f Chan.'. i-y (..n snlc, 40,400). 
 
 ri'fiis.'.l 2<),Jiiiie, 18S.!, l.'t t.. Art W.iik.'is'GiiiH. 
 
 (let. 1SS8) ... .... 111; 
 
 Cli'm.'iit's Inn W'jic >o 
 
 Clill'.ii-.rs Inn, 20 Ivlw. Ill in; 
 
 l-'urnival's Inn, 5 Kliz i;-;, 
 
 Cr.iv's Inn, J2 K.lw. Ill i;;: 
 
 I.in.Mln's Inn, 4 Kdw. 11 1310™ i;i: 
 
 l,v..irs Inn ux 
 
 New Inn, , U.'ii. VII a:; ] 
 
 S.TJeants' Imi, Kli'.t Stieet a:) 
 
 Si'i-'i. ants' Inn, L'ban.'.'i-y-laae (s..M fer 57,000!. 23 
 
 K.di. 1877) ■ 
 
 Sta..l.-s Inn, 4 II.ii. V 1 
 
 Tha'vi.'s' Inn, ,0 lI.ii. VIII i;:j | 
 
 Staph' Inn, ('l.in.iil's Inn, an.l Clill.a.l's bin >»! 
 to lies.. 1.1 to liiiil.lers lift. 1 
 
 INNSBRUCK, capital .if tlie Tyrol, njltvi I 
 by Maiiri.eof Saxonv in i;i2; liv flii' lliivaroa | 
 in 1705; hv the l-'renidi and liavaiiaii*, l^\: 
 Much fighting took pla.'C in i.S(k), and Iniiflrai 
 idiaiiged niasti'rs several tini.'s, In ins lir.iilb' 'JW I 
 by the Anstriaiis, 12 Aug. Tlie i'iii]ii'iv,r Fraii.ii| 
 .Jjiaeiih met nueeu Victoria her.., 23 ApHI, |8S5. 
 
 INOCULATION, see SnmU Tw. Lady Mm I 
 Wortlev Monlagii introdn.'.-.! inocu hilM fr-in 
 small p'ox to Hnglaiid from Turkey. hil7l>* 
 had her son inoculated at Ailriaii..iile with*.* 
 She was allowed to have it tir.-t tiicil in hnpliiiil a 
 seven condemned eriniiiwls, 1721 i nudmir.'JW 
 
INQUESTS. 
 
 57'J 
 
 IXSURANCE. 
 
 
 . Till' Kuf*i;i;i army 
 
 I n'iiil'.,rrciin'iits,;iii;| 
 
 I'll 111!' liviti-h s.,,„ 
 tin, lirluru iliivhrrak, 
 t atljiiyfurMxh,!,;! 
 . Tll(J Ull-si;ili5 Wi IV 
 
 killcnl anil wouinlnl, 
 ^^lll•a, I952w,«iiii(lnl| 
 
 'lllllc;irt,;ilulgt.,i(.r:,lj 
 ■I'llS, WCIT ilUlnli; |l,, 
 
 II OXlil.isinil ..f ;il„.ut 
 xviirvd iioiii- luUi. 
 llilV. 
 
 [ON, see C'liiiih, 
 
 ; BOARD was r.„. 
 
 Miiii'iulcd iS;i. T":il 
 oail. uiitu3'i Miini,; 
 
 :8 Di'o. in tlio wtstim 
 L'k or cMstei'ii ckrch, 
 
 [illiitiMl liy liiws ; anil 
 y sliDulil 111' suhjivi,,! 
 /(.«, iiiul Victmlkn. 
 
 uliiii) were cstiiML4J 
 ilc'i^rci' iis ciilk'gci I'.j 
 I'vi'iiuo in i8;2 saidlo 
 
 • fliiiriU Imilt In- 
 
 I CUIIuia's lira >;iiJ 
 
 (if tlie Tyrol, captwii I 
 532 ; liy till' ll;iviiri»M I 
 "iinil Iluviirians, IV;, 
 I i8o<), ami Iniisk'jik 
 u's. lioing tiniilK'tiM I 
 Tlio I'Mipornr Kniii'S 
 lievi', 23 April, iSn>. 
 
 HmitU Pox. Lady Mm I 
 \:vA inocuhtion friJ] 
 I Turkey. In CiS ili( | 
 (Iriiuiniile withsuiv 
 iist tiieil in KncIaiiJi'il 
 1721 ; !imliui::2W 
 
 „ft|icroynl fninilv were iiioi'ulat<'il. The |n-actici> 
 .taiiiiTaclu'cl aL'ainst by niaiiy of tUu lii.^liojis and 
 ,\a%) iiiiti' T'*- J'l'- 'Mi-'ail prai'tiscii inoculation 
 v,.rv sui'fi'ssfnlly u]) to 1734, and Itr. I)iiiis<lalu of 
 l.miiloii, inoiMilati'd C'allioriiie II., cnipn'ss of 
 Ku-sia, in 1708. Of 5i)(,4 win, witc inoi'ulatcd in 
 ;■.]■■'¥)• "!''.^' '''.™'' ''''■''• •)ii iiiiii'ulatiiiii liijsjiilai 
 »'aM?stal)lisli(.'d in i74(). Vdrciiic inoculation was 
 inlroJuoed by Dr. JeniiiM-, 21 Jan. I7i)(); lie had 
 ,li;i(iveiv(l its virtue in [71)'), and had bi'cn making | 
 ,\|ifrimi'ntsdnriiijj; tbo iiitcrnicdiatc three year." 
 lam'iilation w.is forbidden by law in |<S40. See 
 fiithiiitiniu •Slicep, llitilviipl,tihi,i, iimi liijiliiliiriK. 
 
 INQUESTS, see Conma: 
 
 IXQUISITIOX or HuiA' OlFICE. Prc- 
 
 vimis to Cunstantine (;o(i), heresy and spiritual 
 ,*n«'3 wi'i't' iRinislied by exctminiunication only; 
 lilt shortly after his death capital punishments 
 will' milled, and imiuisitora were appointed bv 
 Tlii'Oilosius. 3.S2. rrisiilliaii was put to death in 5.S4 
 !a tlic ompi'ior JIaxiiiius. Justinian deci'eed the 
 .i-iftrincoflhe fourludy KVnod.s as to the holyscrip- 
 ii:iv;-:iikI tln'ir canons to ho observed as law's, 32';; 
 In! ,, itu' iiciial codi; aijainst heretics. .Vbimt' Moo 
 i„.;i:.,.7r of the western bishops was enlar^red, and 
 ,,iimj«ereestablishcd fur trying' and punishingspi- 
 v;ual-ili'n(lers,even with death; the pnnishmeiitbe- 
 iiij tcriiifd in .Spain Kitto-ild-f,', " an act of faith." 
 Ill Ihi' 12tli century many heresies arose, and during 
 thoiriisades airaiiist the Albiuenses, Gregory I.X., 
 ill 1253, cstalilislied by rules the ini]uisitorial 
 riissiims sent out by Innocent III., 1210-11;, and 
 immiiittcd them to the Dominicans. I'ietro da 
 Voroiiii (styled Peter .Martyr), the first inquisitor 
 mIio Irtinit heretics, assassinated by an accused gou- 
 filonii'r,6 April, 1252, was canonized. 
 r;riTO lie Castelnau sent against tbe .Mliiu'cnscs, 
 
 1210: St. Uonihiie laiiile tlic llrst iuciinsitur- 
 
 I'l'iieral 
 
 Til.' Iii'iiiisitiiiii eoiistituteil by fircgorv W., 1233 
 
 .stalilislied ill .\ra;;"n, 1233; Venice, 1241^ 
 
 Fniiii't', 1255 : Castile ..... 
 Tiiclmiaisitiiiii reviveil by a 1iull . i N'o\ 
 
 TiirllHl.vOlliec was iTiMstitutc'l in Spain liy I-'crdi- 
 
 iiaiul and Is,ibellii ; Toniuciiiada iinpiisitor- 
 
 ^Tiieral 
 
 X'-ariy i(xio persons burnt in .Vndalusia, and 17,000 
 
 <aHi.'r oilier ]ieimlties .... 
 ••|ii»tniilioiis"of tlm new tribunal laoiiiiil^'atcil 
 
 •j.JNov.' 
 X-ivartiHeswiMv added . . . ,488 & 1458 
 K.lal.iislied in l'"rtu.L;al . . . . . jj^e 
 Till- fstalilisliiiniit resisted in Naples, and only 
 
 iiitnnlueeil into oilier parts of Italy with jealoiw 
 
 liiiiitatiiiiis liy tile temporal power . 1546-7 
 
 Xriv eiilinan.'es ill Si articles cenipiled by the 
 
 iii.|iiisit.ir-^eiieral Valdez .... 
 >f'll'|iwsed ill Fraliee by edict of .Valitcs . 
 Oinirsir.lii ,.\,.ciit,.| at li.Miie, 1^67, ,aiid Galileo 
 
 <.aii|«.liedni abjure his pliilosophical opinions 
 l..iiiisXlV. revoked the edict of Xantes, but 1 
 
 fa.se.||ciiiitii..|nee the Ini|iiisitioii . 
 Mlvrsiiin peiish at .nil nHli,-ilii-fc at Coa 
 (eihrii'l Malaijrida. a.iesiiit. buriit at Lisbon 
 
 1215 
 
 1290 
 1478 
 
 1480 
 !4Si 
 MS4 
 
 ■ntract with tlie 
 
 7 Nov. 
 
 and r.oinbanlv . 
 
 , 4 "ee. iSoS. and 
 
 1561 
 
 '633 
 
 1 68 5 
 1717 
 1761 
 
 17S1 
 17S7 
 
 I'Vli. 1S13 
 
 I July, 1S14 
 
 1S20 
 
 .V weiiiim aeeilsed of lllakillj,' _. 
 
 Irvil hlliiit at .S'ville . 
 TlirtrilmiialalMlishcl in Tuscany 
 f'll'Iirrsseil in fi|.iiin by Napoleon 
 
 liVtlleforlei, 
 
 H'Stnrodliv Ferdinand VII 
 
 Kiiullyabelislied by the Cortes 
 
 ll.l'iiiiite states tliat in 2)6 years the total niihilier 
 efferseiwiait to.leatli in .Spain bv the In.piisi- 
 ti"ii was abniit 32,000 ; 2i;i,ooo were snbjeetud to 
 
 ■■t!|..T|'mils!lllli-liti:.] 
 
 IXfSAXITY, see Liumtics. 
 
 IXSECT,'^. About 2(X),ooo species known, Jnii. 
 15". .U e.xlubltiuu of these ereaturcs, illustriit- 
 
 moi-.il and 
 
 one body, 
 
 ' aftenvartis 
 
 Centenary 
 
 ing their structure, food, and Inibiti, was openod 
 in the gardens of the Tuileries, at I'aris, - Sept 
 1S74 ; at_the Westminster .\.pniriuin, 9 March, i,H-8; 
 and in the /oologiciil gardens, Kegeiifs park, 1881. 
 nee hntiiiiwUiiiij, 
 
 IXSOLVEXCY. The first insolvent act was 
 
 passed ini(,49, hut it was of limited operation; a 
 iiiiinberof nets of i.iore e.Uensive operation were 
 passed lU various periods, and particularlv in tins 
 iviiin of Georu^e III. The benefit of the ,„.t known 
 lis the (-.reat Insolvent Act, was taken in Knglaiulhy 
 .•,o,,5; insolvi'nts from the time of its passing iii 
 1814, to Man h, 1827, a p,.riod of thirteen years. 
 Since then the acts relating to insolveiiev have 
 been several times amended. Persons not t'raders, 
 or being traders whose debts are less than XOOL, 
 might petiii.m the court of bankruptcy, and pro- 
 pose compositions, and have pvn tern, protection 
 trom ah process a-amst their persons and property, 
 by 6 \ict c. rif, (1,842). T„ ,,S6,, bv a new liankl 
 ruptey act, the hushiess of the insolvent debtora' 
 court was transferred to the court of bankrnptev; 
 anil a nuniber of imprisoned debtors were released 
 luNov. i,80l. .See 7.V;,^r(,/;.'v. 
 
 (laris). On 22 Aug. and 25 Oct. 1793, all the 
 Acalemies (formerly Hoyal), viz., the French 
 acaUeniy, tlie academy of inscriptions and belles 
 li'ttres, that of the mathematical and physical 
 seience.s of the fine arts, and of the 
 political sciences, were combined in 
 niider the title of " Institut Xalional," 
 Ito'hil, Inipn-lnl, and again Xiitioiial. 
 celebrated, 2.5 Oct. ,1 sr,/. 1,81,5. 
 
 INSTITUTES, see O,,/.., Arf,.,n-U's, Agnvul- 
 tun; An-liitirls, (Jlmnienh Im-intorx, cjr. 
 
 INSTITUTION, see Ro^al, London, Civil 
 rjiiijiniifs, ite. 
 
 DI.-^E. buetonius conjectures that Claudius was 
 the hrsl contriver of the insurance of shipi, 
 
 '''I'nTind '" *'''''"''"' '"*'"" '" "'''■'• "'■•' '""' '" 
 Iiisuranee i.olicies first n.sed in' Florence ' 
 1 he Inst law rehitin- t., insiirinee was enaet«>d 
 '";""■'","■'■ ;"■ i»e^ niid u' Is a-,iin.st FniK, in 
 
 i.oiMloi, be;,-anthe,vearlol|,„v:ngthe Great Fire 
 
 ot i.oiiilon ..... 
 An ollleeset lip for insuring boiis'es and bnildii'iL-s' 
 
 cliietly on the plan of Dr. liar , one of the lirst 
 
 'iiid most isiderable 1, nil has of l,on,lon 
 
 The llrst re^iular otilce set up in l.oielon was the " 
 
 Ihuui-iiL-Hiuul, 169G; bi-ceiiteiiary cchdaate,!, 
 
 First 7.1/0 Insurance OHice (the Amicahle), esta- '^'^ 
 
 ollsheil ... 
 .s'"/( li I e-ottlee established ' . ' 
 The Sin, infrodiices the ./ne-.V ..pfmn f.is'rm (in- 
 
 xciited liv .Mr. Harris .XaiiiMers) , hiiii,,.- two 
 
 b.rnis ol i.ssnraiice against death and ohl a'^', 
 
 aniioiniced ' ' 
 
 The tirst SUniur Insurance was tl'ie lioyid ExclmiiKO 
 
 liisnr.inee, and tlie I Ion Insurance 
 
 Duty first lahl on insnranees of ,s. M. per ,oof. iu- 
 
 sure.t, 17S2 ; duty increased 
 In 1S57. 1, 45'. 1 10/. wi'iv ].aid 11s diitv for lire insurl 
 
 aiiees on piop.rty iiiiionntin^; to 72,136 5S5/ 
 -^ .'"■"' ^' leial Union lire iinnrauce; fonndeil 
 
 111 conseipieiice ol the increased cliarues of the 
 
 eoiiipiinies f fjept 
 
 Hate of tax on insnranee, redn 1 froni3.< lo i« bd 
 
 le-rceut. on stoekin ti,i.l,', lo.ia ij May, ,864; 
 
 on lionselndd gooils . j jt t . 
 
 Se.a insurance duties rclu 1 . ' . ' . ' ji,^,; ,gg' 
 
 I'oheies ol .\ssura aet (..nabling assignees of 
 
 assniaiiees to sii,. in their own names for ludiev 
 
 iiiomes), pas.sed .... 20 -Uig. „ 
 
 1' I' 12 
 
 1560 
 
 1 601 
 
 1667 
 
 1706 
 1710 
 
 1889 
 1 7 JO 
 ■797 
 
 1861 
 1865 
 
 
 JT;:' 
 
 ..L^M^:^^^ 
 
 t ^ 
 
 
 |M 
 
INSUKRECTION.S. 
 
 680 
 
 INUNDATIONS. 
 
 
 i V 
 
 
 1iii^ 
 
 1 
 
 ^^^H 
 
 
 
 "bs| 
 
 
 Klrc iusiimr^iMlutiPs tdt.ally iviiOiiU'd . 24 Jmic, i86g 
 
 jMlwrt Assurain'c Ci>iiiliiiiiy fail fur uboiitS.ooo.ooo^ 
 
 All};. „ 
 
 Acta aiiinii\iiiK tlin law rcsin'ctiiij,' life nssmaiic-i' 
 companks passcil . . . • • ',^7°,"'"? 
 
 Tiie " I'uuiilfs I'niviilciit AssuiMiii'i' Smii'ty,' ostalilislieil 
 2 Sept. 1854; iiaiiii'il i:iiriii,niii A.-'fiiri'iiii S,«-iilii. iS6ci; 
 aaiil to liavc absdi-lji'il 44 oilier sncii-tius ; Inniiglit 
 into cliaiicuiv, 1871 ; suliji'dwl to ailiitiatiou l.yact 
 of pailiai ii'iit, i8;2; lir.st iiicctiii;,' l.utv.;v lor.l Wi'st- 
 liury, -^3 Oi't. 1872; siic'cTssivr arlpilriitois, lonl 
 Iloiiiilly, Kir Will. Jaiiii'.s ; Mr. Francis llcilly (last) ; 
 llnal award sinned 2 Sept. 1B79. Imiiicnsu loss to 
 slmivlioldcrs, . 
 
 A sclicico for the insiiraiici' of tlic lives of its 
 aiiilors, and otln'i-s, jiroposed by tlie ;ilHppiii;- 
 
 Fcdeiatiun, see uiiiler Shipj'tnij 
 
 April, 1891 
 
 AMOIST l.SSl'UEll. 
 
 J783 £130,000,000 
 
 1802. , . • t • • 220.000.000 
 
 ,822 3yy,ooo,ooo 
 
 1842. . . • • • • 652.000,000 
 
 1S62 I,oo7,ooo,o<x) 
 
 Snin insnred in 125 ollices, about 3j8,o<x3,oooi. ; nc- 
 cniiiiilated lite-l'nnds, 94,000,000/. ; pioiniiini iiicunio 
 nearly 11,000,000;.— VJwi/'/ o/Timlt: ncpurl, 1874. 
 
 INSrEKECTIONS.'sce Coitspiradcs, Mas- 
 saciea, livbelliuits, Jtiols, ice. 
 
 I NTE LL I G E N C E DEPARTMENTS, 
 
 Military, sou uiuler Arjin/, I April, 1S73 ; NhvuI, 
 see uiufer yavi/, I Feb. 1887. 
 
 INTENDMENT of Chimes. l" cases of 
 treason, woumiiii);, burglury, e ., iiitiiitum [irnved 
 was made as puiiisliable .13 crime completed, by 7 
 Geo. II. IT 4' '^''"^' >''ii"i"' "''^ inoditied by sir 
 Hobert Teerb revision ol the statutes, 4-loGeo. IV. 
 IH23-29. 
 
 INTERDICT or Ecclesiastical Cen- 
 sure, seldom decreed ii\ Kurope till the time of 
 Gregory VII. 1073, but often afterwards. When a 
 prince '.vnj e.\comniunicated, nil his subjects re- 
 taininfr their allei;iiince were c.xeonimunicated also, 
 and the clergy were forbidden to perform any part 
 of divine service, or any clerical duties, save the 
 baptism of infants, and t.iking the confessions of 
 dying penitents. In 1170, pope Alexander put all 
 li'ngland under an interdict ; and when king John 
 was e.\conmuinicatcd in 1208, the kingdom lay 
 under a papal interdict for six years. England was 
 put under an interdict, on Henry VIII. shaking otf 
 thejioiic's supremacy, 153S; i""' I'f'l"^' i^*-'^'"* ^'• 
 published a crusade against ipieen Elizabeth of 
 England in l.ySS; bcv Kicommiiiiicalwii. 
 
 INTEREST, see r'w/cy. The word interest 
 was !;rst u.-ed in an act of I'larliament of the 21st 
 James I. I()23, wherein it was made to signify a 
 i.nvful increiise bv wav of compensatioii for the use 
 of money lent. The rate hxed by the act was 8/. 
 for the use of too/, for a year, in jilace of usury at 
 10/. before taken. Tho Commonwi'alth lowered the 
 r.ite to 6^ in lO^l ; eonlirmed in IWX); and by an 
 act of the I ^th of (|Ueen Anne, 1713, it wasredueed 
 to :,!. The" restraint being found prejudicial to 
 eoiiimerce was somewhat relaxed in 1830, and was 
 totally removed by 17 i: 18 Vict. c. ()0 (1854). 
 
 INTERIM OF AlJO.SllUJtG, » Jecree issued 
 by the emiuaor Charles V. in 1548, with the view 
 of attemiiting to reconcile the Catlndics and I'ro- 
 tc.stant>, in which it entirely failed. !tw:ir. revoked 
 in 1552. The term Jiitii-im has been api>lied to 
 oilier decrees and treaties. 
 
 INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION ACT 
 
 for Ireland, passed ll) Aug. 1878. 
 
 INTERMEZZI, light dramatic enkrhm. 
 nients, introduced between the acts of a ti;ioi.,|v 
 comedy, or grand opera ; of very ancient (ii\-iii' 
 They became more important in llie iwlucmun 
 Tliose connected with liardi's ",/«,/,„ /„/,;•; 
 1581), were verv line. ' 
 
 INTERMITTENT FrLTltATIOX n. 
 
 Scwauc, a proci',~s niiuli advocated by I'ldi .*.,,■ p 
 Frauklaiid and otlicr.s in 1875, and A:aa\ [,. i,.,j". 
 been successful at Mcrthyr 'lydvil vinn. j.s-,, 
 
 INTERNATIONAL AFRICAN ASSO- 
 CIATION, see 0,uya. 
 
 INTERNATIONAL, see un.ler c/„.>,-, 
 C/whrii, (.'iij>iiri;//(l, ('iixiiinpiJi.-i, MIkciIj,,!,^ ]■■(,, '_ 
 ti-icilii, lirhihitviuii, O'tDi III, JIiivi-i; Jlurlindi,,,;^ 
 lAUranj, titatintics, Sviciilijiv, Workiinj-uuii, ano 
 
 INTERNATIONAL LAW. ««. .Y, .,/,,,/ 
 
 Towirs. 
 
 Tlie inolessorsliip of inteniatioiial l:nv, ;ii C.'iii,il,ii.|.,. 
 endowed by bcHUest of llr. Win. \Vli. \v.;ll, iii;i>t,:^| 
 Triiiitv College, 1867. 
 
 Tlic Assoeialiiai bir the lii'toriii 1 Cedilieiili„ii „t t:-,. 
 
 l„i\v of Nations liist met ai linissiN, 10 Oet. u-., 
 (lelicva. 2-i r^ept. 1S74 ; Tlie Ibigiir, Se]il. 1:;;' 
 liieniell, 1876, .Mitwelp, 30 Au^'. 3 N'pf. i:;|- 
 l-'r.lllkbut, about 2.1 An;;. i;'.7S; i."lMl..ll, 11 Aiy. l:-,- 
 lienie, 24 .\llg. iSio; Colo;;l]e, ji,-Kj All;;. i,K,; |.iv,.|' 
 p.iol, about li Aug. 1882; fill 111, u Sept. iSS..; Milan. 
 II Sept. 18S3; London. .Iiih', 1S37; l.iveriii;iil, .\n;. 
 iSgo; London, Oct. iS.-)3; lini-.sels, i (let. i^^ 
 
 Tbe liistilute of Internal ioiial Law was uigaiazwl it 
 Olieiil by l>r. Lielier, .M. .!ai|iieiiiyii.s, aini .M. .v„y. 
 iiier, in 1873. It lias siiicc met at lieiieva, 1:74; 
 tbe Hague, 1S73 ; Znrieli, 1870 ; I'mis, ,578; liia.v 
 sels.Sept, i87y; Oxford, fc-io Sept. iSoo; Tiiiiii, 1:12; 
 Jlnnieli, 4 Sept, 18S3 ; llanibnrg, .) Aug. 1805 ; ll.i.id- 
 beig. 5 Sept. 1887 ; Lausiiniie, 8 Scjit. iS3S; Haiiilmr;;. 
 7. Sept. 1S41 ; (ielieva, 6 .Sept. 181,2; I'aiis, 27 .Mairi.. 
 i.St)4 ; Canibiidgc, q Aug. 1895 ; Viaiice, 24 Sepl. uj), 
 Copi'iiliagen, 20 Aug. 1807 : Tlie Hague, Aug. lir,-,' 
 
 See nilder /'. e.v. 
 
 INTEROCEANIC CANAL tictw,™ th. 
 
 Atlantic anil I'aeilic. See _/'(//"«/». 
 
 INTER-VARLIAMEXTAliY COX- 
 
 FERENCES, held by inemlicr.-- ol dillciviit iiuij. 
 hitures, wlieu not in session, .-ee uniier iVccf, 
 
 INTERPRET A'lTON ACT, " for m>& 
 
 dating eiKietiiients relating to tlie efii.stnntiNim' 
 acts of parliaiiiciit and f^r I'liillier sli'Tteiiiii-- ih 
 language used in aits of iiarlianieiil" was i.a-cj 
 30 Aug. I8,S.,. 
 
 INTERREGNUM, see OmmoMn<illL 
 
 INTEST.V'i'E. A person wlio dies willifict 
 leaving a will. Intestates' Estates act [lassiJ, :; 
 July, l8i)(i. 
 
 INTR.VNSIGENTES, "r Irnr»iieilealiK«. ,1 
 ))arty of extreme rcpulilieaiis in Spain, wlm will). 
 drew from the Cortes ard beeame very ti'eulilisi!!ii, 
 I ,lu!y, 187 V joined liy ciuniniinists t'liey heUUi- 
 thagelia from August to 12 Jan. 1874. 
 
 INUNDATIONS. The foUuwuig im aiiwn? 
 tho most rciuarkabh ; — 
 
 All iiiiiiid:.tion of tlie sea in Liueubishirelaul uiuliT 
 I water niaiiv tboiisaiiil acres. Ci(«ii/i'« . .t.n. !4! 
 I Another in i.'hesliiie, by wliieli 3000 iiersunii uinl 
 an inniinierable c|ii,iiility of cattle perialiLKl . 3;; 
 An iiiiindatiiiii at (ilasgow, wliieli iliuwiiea lima! 
 
 than 400 taiiiilii'S. l-'ui-ihiii "« 
 
 Tin- Tweed ..>,itl..w,..l its baiiV;:s, and laid waste 
 1 the eonnlrv fiT 30 miles roniid . ■ ,■ ■ ^-■' 
 I An inundation ini the Knglisli coasts, aeimiliatol a 
 
 nuniber of sea-port towns i^'l 
 
 Earl llo.lwins lands, cxi ling 4000 ncrc'S, iivw- 
 
 1 llowcd bv the sea, ami an iiiiiuciuc saml-baiiii 
 
 At Vii'iin.i, the dwell: 
 laiil iiiiiler water 
 
 10,000 linusps swept n 
 Iicrislit'il, at C.iutoi 
 111 inuiiilatieii, oe 
 Ki|iial or greater e: 
 s:aav eaa.se in ntlu-i 
 
 Aivl'iil hiiiuclatiiiii in 
 watore into the Hln 
 ami I'civered (10,000 
 in Avignon 100 h^ 
 Iwuses were carried 
 
S81 
 
 INUNDATIONS. 
 
 ."\V. Ki-'i' yndr.il 
 
 'AL liutwi'i'ii tilt 
 
 INUNDATIONS. 
 
 .'nniiwl on till' coiist iif Kriit, now kiniwii by tlio 
 
 uiiircflhi' lliiil'.viii siiiiils. CiiiKiliii. . . . ,ioc 
 Hiii.liTH ill imluti'il liy till' sen, ami tliu tiiwii niiil 
 
 :,:,il.,iMiiif DHtiiiil tiitiiily iiniiii'i-si'il . .1108 
 
 ):,.a' tlwM y>J imu-ii'tf iivi'iulii'liiii'il iit Wini'liulswi 
 
 |,v ,111 illllllillltinll III' till' si'll ,280 
 
 At ilir Tcx<'l. wliifli lli'st laiisi'il tlio I'Diiniiei'ou of 
 
 Aiiisliriliiiii . 1400 
 
 Tlj'':.«i lii'i'l<i' in I't Diii't, iinil (liTiwin'il 72 villiiKos, 
 
 and 100,000 ln'il'lc (si'C /<ii/0 , . i/Ai'i'il, 1421 
 Ilii' ^H'ViTU oviTllowi'il iluriiiK ti-n days, ami ranicil 
 
 :uv:iy iiii'ii, wu'.iii'ii. ami I'liildrcn, in llicir luils, 
 
 ,,iiii'i(Hini| till' t'ljis of many hills ; (lii' watiTs 
 
 „l!lid ii|"iii till' lamls. ami were rallnl tlie 
 
 (ijial W.iti'i-s fur 100 yuais aftiT, i Hifliaril 111. 
 
 ""■'">''"'■ • . •, •, .'., • „• ,.,• ..1483 llltl'l-a VinUllt Illlimll'TStiMllV . . s«i'l't. ,. 
 
 A .Miiralniunilatmnliy tlii'failni'i'nf tlii'ilikosm Iniimlatii.ns nf tin' liasins nf the Hliini' iml the 
 
 ll.Jlauil : the mmilii'i' of .Innviii'il sanl to havu ; lihone, ovn-llmviiiK the eomitry toaL-reat extent 
 
 ken 400,000 1530 ; 10 Sent' 
 
 Till' waters lose iiliiive the tops of the houses, anil ! iT-n,,],,,,-,, i,,,if (i.„,.i..,i i„. ,1, I'li , „" 
 
 al„v,' loo reisons iiei'isheil in Son.ersetshirJ and i '•'"""'" '"'"^ ''■'' ''> ""■ ''l'« • • « Jan. .855 
 
 l,l..iUT.ster.sliire 1C07 1 I"',''"''''" ".'■'< 111 simtli of Kranee, with inimensu 
 
 At latalnnia. where so.ixw liersons lu'i-ishi'il . . 1617 
 
 A;jiiim'.ilatiiin in Yorkshire, when a rock o|ieneil, 
 :,ii,l|«iineii out water to the height of a cliiireh 
 stwpli'. V'ukVhil Tmns ,686 
 
 I',!rt of Zi' ilaiid oveifloweil, 1300 inlniliitants were 
 .Irinviieil.iniil inereililile daina^'e wa.s done at Ilam- 
 I'lir;,' 1717 
 
 At Maihiil. several of the S| isli noliility ,ind 
 
 i,tlii'r|a'lsolls of ilistinetion |ierislieil . '. . 1723 
 
 III Viirksliire, a dreailfiil iniindatiiui, ealled liiiion 
 
 ■■'':""'' ', • • • ,•,;,. ',. ■ • i;7' I tii'i'iit II is in northof Knulaml. iiiiiiii'iisi'ihimaj;u 
 
 111 N.ivaire. wlieie 2000 iiersons lost their lives by I i,, Vorkshire, Laiieashire, and Derlivshire ■ farms 
 
 ll,,.N.mMtsli'onithenii.unlaiiis Sejit. 1787 ' destroyed, iiiines Hooded, mills tiirowii 'down' 
 
 Iiiiiii'laliiiii of the I.illey, whieh did immense ' — " - ' ' 
 
 (iaiii,it,'e in Dublin, i-.- Nov. 1787 : aj.'aiii, 2-3 Dee. 1802 
 Lnira, aeity of Miireia, in S|iaiii, destioyed by the 
 
 iiliwards of 300 at Vaise, Marseilles, and Xisnies : 
 the Saone had not attained sneli a height for 238 
 
 , >'''"'^_ ,, •. • ■ • -31 Oet. to 4 Nov. 1840 
 
 Laiiieiitable inundation at lireiitford and the snr- 
 roiiiidiiig eoiiiitry ; several lives lost, and iiii- 
 iiiense i.roiieity destroyed . . . i6Jan. 1841 
 
 Uisastrons iniindation in the centre, wesi, and 
 south-west of !■' ranee ; nnmeroiis bridges, with 
 the Orleans and Vierzon viaduet, swept away; 
 the hitter had eost 6,oi»,ocx) of frillies. The 
 damage done e.xeeeded 4,000,000/. sterling. The 
 1,0111. rose twenty feet in one night . 22 (h't. 1846 
 I Lamentable eatastrophe at llolmllrth (see Ihiliii- 
 , , ,/'■"' ^^l ') .4 "■•eb. 1852 
 
 Inundation of th.' valleys of the Hevern and Teiiio 
 
 damage (see r-.'ior) . . May amlJnne, 1856 
 
 In llollind, nearly 40,000 acres snbmergid, ,Ian. 1861 
 (ireat inundation through the Inir.sting of the out- 
 fall sliiire at St, Cleiinain's, near King's I.viiii 
 (see /.,,■,',.) ,•■,... . 4-li-Mliy, 1862 
 
 Another iiiarshlaud .sluice bursts; many aires 
 
 , iuiiiidated 4 Oct, „ 
 
 liurstingof the Dradlield re.scrviilr (see .s'/o/'iV///) ; 
 
 iiboiit 250 persons drowned . . n .March, 1864 
 (ji'eat iniindations in France , . 26 Sept. i( ..'7 1866 
 
 railways stopped ; and nineli snlfering at Leeds 
 (about 20 drowned), Manchester, Preston, Wake- 
 
 Imi-stiiig "f II reservoir which inundated 'more ' Inundations at Cork, Dublin, an'il other 'pliu'es' " 
 
 thai! 20 leagues, and Killed 1000 persons, besidts about 30 Jan i860 
 
 Ar'iwh, lii'iir Vresiiurg: th.; nvertiow'^,i"thl; " "'ii;';''lt'bv tie. i'!;;!'""' '■^^"»"'= «'-""^''"^'-^ •'■■«: 
 
 !::^;:,.e s>:!:t aUt '"^"^^ """ ""■'■' "^y: -r .8. G.v;,rin,!nil!.t;ons^oii, iHe mountains i^iV^lldv'; '''" 
 ijr^lnl^ty o/sido ; ,;y the buritingof a" : i "" J^^, j" -;[, ";""[- '■'--'-'*- ■ tl-isands of 
 
 Ii'.„iri,l iiuiiiilatii'in in Utmgary, Austri;,, and " F';''"'-'* '••' '""'ks of the Thaines throngl, veiy high 
 
 oS;;^'i:.lle'D;;;;nbeV;[-Tnrkish™r,.sof^'«'^ ^'it,"-- Va,h.y, .U'ar No,.th,,mpto,r Sll '^'^ 
 
 „„ii, 0,1 a small ishiml near Widdin. snrpriiH° ' • m, , '.1, 1 lo-ifi.^T'' '■'"'^"■' , '''T"','-^'''' 
 
 ,'111.1 met iiistinit death . , . , ,; .Sept. , ' '''.'« '|>' ''"™ti'|f-7't" re.scrvoir, badly dan,. 
 
 In Sil,.sia.&x« inhabitants perished, and tile ruin Vi , L-,' v ,■ ,'i I'tVi i -■ T ■'''■^'a.v. „ 
 
 eftlii. Kri'ii.'li army under .Macdomdd was accele- 'Tit; •),"■"'' """"'' ''"" '■'",'' '' "■^"'■'■■^l";"t i 
 
 r:itol l.y til" Ids; al.so in I'oland 4000 live:: ■ pi V, m,T i .5° l''' ■■<";'' l;-"'!-^'' , ■ . =4 ;Iuly „ 
 
 »,ii.s„.|in,se,ltoliavebeenh,st . . . . „ 1 1'.""'^'"' ■^'.Miim.v, W. IVniisylvama ; storm 
 
 At Stialiiiiil', Irelaiiil, by the melting of the snnvv .'j ,„',;: ' , "" '""'"' '"•^■'■""»- : ■''"'"t "° persons 
 
 "11 till' siiii'.iiin.liiig mountains, most destructive V |. ,■,,„',.',.( of 'T,,nr,„ .„ '1 „♦,:., I'l,.*; ^P.''"'>':, >> 
 
 il ],< uviv ,,irasii)iii'il c I III o , , A l.iige pait 01 loulouse destroyed by the rising of 
 
 lnii,.rni,iiiv.tlii'Vistnl„ovi';ilowe,l;n'iaiiv\iM'ag.s I I'l^*?,';',";";' •;'''".'" "-"o 'i^'" l"Ht and iiiueli 
 
 wm. iai.i iin.ler water, and great lo.ss of Iif, Imd l'>-"l'e'rty (St. Cyprien quarter, a .sepulchre) . 
 
 luniHitv was sustained . . . 21 .Mareli I „ June, 187s 
 
 In Kii'.'laail, 5000 acres were deluged in the Ken 1 "™^'y ''"''i-'' <''iiisi' inundations in West of Knghiud 
 
 I'liUiitrk'S Jiiiie 181Q "'id Wales; destruction and loss of life at New- 
 
 IniiiiilatioM at Dantzie, occa.sioiied bv the Visaila ! 1"";' '""1 •'^'"""""illi' >5-i6 .Inly ; in the midlaml 
 
 I'Mkiiig tiiioiigh SOI If its dikes, bv wi n' i n'.;; ;;,: ;;^,::''T.l"^^'a.''.:i|■'^ ^' '""'■ Vv"-- 
 
 .0.00.1 lu'.id .if cattle and 4ckx, houses were dc- r. ' , ".^"^V' ■'• ' ".-,"'" , , ,■ .'■^■■'^, ^"V' - 
 
 stioycl. and nii.ieinns lives lost . . o April, ,820 1 «''f „''""'^ '," '"','"= -Mmiedabad inundated; 
 
 m ,... 01 I .. ,, y.ii"o, 1029 I about 20,000 homeless . . 22-'4Sept . 
 
 Til.' ..hiniy Hiuds usedby iiunfall, wlien the Severe inumlatiouMU Holland and I-Vauce Mar 1856 
 
 ,si.iyiiiii| hnd lorn rose 111 some places 50 -.eet Severe Hoods in Kngland through heavy rain. 
 
 .iliovi'tliiiriirdiiiaiy level, and caused great de 
 stniiliiiaiif propertv. Manv lives were lost, and 
 wliiili' faiiiilies who took refuge onelcxated places 
 wi'icwith ilillieully ri'sciied. Sir T. liU'k Lauiln: 
 
 3i 4. 27 '^fg'. 11 
 At \ lonna, the ilivellings of so.oooof its inlnibitants 
 
 laiil miller water K,.),. 1830 
 
 10.000 linusps .swept aw.iy, and about 1000 per.sons 
 |ii'rishi'il, at Cantmi, in Cliina, in conscipieiice of 
 •an iiiinulati.in, measinned bv incessant raiii.s. 
 hi|ii,il or greater ealaiiiitv was produced by the 
 viim cause in other iioits of Chiiiii . Oct. 1833 
 
 Awtiil nmiiilatiim in Knii : the Saone poured its 
 
 watora into the Hlnnie, broke through its banks, 
 ami I'livi'i'eil 60,000 liens ; l.vons was iiiundated ; 
 in Avipion 100 houses were swept awav • .18 
 ijDUscs were cariieil away at L;i Uiiillotiere ;' anil 
 
 25-31 Dec. ,, 
 
 Piers at Folkestone, Dover, and Hastings much iii- 
 ,1m'''l I Jan. 1877 
 
 Much damage through Hoods on banks of tho 
 Thames, and throughout the country, middle of 
 
 June, ,, 
 
 Inundations in London through heavy rain, 
 
 10, II April, 1878 
 
 Szegediii, Hungary: tlnough storms and rain, the 
 ihiins of the river Tlieissgave wav ; the town was 
 nearly destroyed ; out of rtcC.r, houses, ,iii|y ,,i 
 stood ; many iierson; drowned ; thousands lioine- 
 1«ss, 12-1', March, 1S79. [.\iio|lier iiiuudation lieit; 
 not i|uiti' so disastrous, about 3 June, iSS? ; again 
 March, iSSSj. 
 
 North Italy; much diimuije through ovcrBowitit; 
 of the I'll and .Miiicio .... June, 
 
 1/ ^ii*" • i'lt*' 
 
 I of 
 
 ^fi 
 
 f -r 
 
 , I it SIS 
 
 Jll 
 
 ;., « h 
 
 r:\m\ 
 
 *';■ 
 
INUNDATIONS. 
 
 o8-^ 
 
 INUNDATIONS. 
 
 1: 
 
 \-' * 
 
 Iff* h 
 
 Imimlntloiis iiiMmciii, Spiiiii, tliiiiiiKlilu'avyriiliiH ; 
 
 iirovimr.i "f AiHliiliisiii, Alicaiitr, AliMciiii, iiml 
 
 }Ialii).'n ; iil»>ut i(x« livi's lust ; lumli iluiiingc to 
 
 Jii'Oi>t'rtv ; almiit 2000 liitut*cs ik'sticyi'il. 
 
 16, 17 Oct. 1878 
 Ajjniii In IIuiiKai'V .... alioiit 10 Dec. ,, 
 JliiUaiul cdiiiiticrt iif Enylaiul ; iiiucli ilaiiiiit,'c, 
 
 nlKUit 8-11 Oct. 1880 
 Jlnch rain; flooiln in Clictliirc, I.ancasliirc, Sir. 
 
 Any. 1881 
 Great iniiinl.itiunn in S.K. Knidpo tlmmgli rains 
 
 Uct. „ 
 Inunclatinns liy tlie risin;;of tin' Lnssic iiml Hpey, 
 
 N. .Suntlanil ; briilgc is limken ami otln r iliinnitJe 
 
 mill. Hci't. 1882 
 Intimlntinii.s in the Tyrol; mncli iliimiifrc witli loss 
 
 (if life in niu'tli Italy iiiiil llnni,'aiy, ami sontli <>f 
 
 France Sept. ,, 
 
 In Germany : ^.-rcat rise of tin' Hliine ami Oannlie, 
 
 Nov.— llec,; cicstrmtion of 11, c villiii;es with 
 
 nliovc 250 lion.ses, ne:ir Wicslmilen . . Dec. ,, 
 Great llooils in llie Tlianu'S valley anil niiillaml 
 
 cinnitics of Knulaml I>ce. ,, 
 
 Much ilestrnction near Worms ; about 6oilro\vneil 
 
 early in .lau. 1883 
 Raali in HnnKary jiarlly snluneryed . .lo.Ian. ,, 
 In I'ennsyhaniit. (_)iiio, aiu' Cilu'inmiti . . Fel>. ,, 
 Cachar in Imlia in uriat ilistresK . , 16 May, „ 
 In Silesia, the river Neisse rises ; lunch ilamaKC 
 
 ahunt 21 Jnne, ,, 
 In Thame, i valley, Ontario, C'anaila, nnu'h ilestrne. 
 
 tion of I'roi'erty, ahout 30 lives lost 
 
 aliont 11-12 July, ,, 
 Overflow of the riviT IVnens, Thcssaly, Greece ; 
 
 niueh ilama|,'e . . . . annonneeil 29 Oct. „ 
 Great innmlations in Ohio, reniisylvania, (tc. ; 
 
 ahnut 15 ileatlis ami sixxj honu'less ahout 7 Keh. 1884 
 
 I)isastri>ns H Is in K. Sjiain . end nf .May, ,, 
 
 Floods in (ialicia: new railway Ipridye over the 
 
 Vistula di'stroyccl ; 20 lives lost aliout 23 June, ,, 
 Prcat inundation through heavy i-ains in eastern 
 
 Spain ; much distn^ss in Alicante, Alnieria and 
 
 Valem'ia ....... No\. ,, 
 
 Great inundation of lower town of Montreal ; 
 
 about 500,000/. duma^'e; much privation 
 
 17-18 April, 1886 
 Groat inundation at .Mamlalay, Dnrmah . 18 A\i>.'. ,, 
 
 (ireat II Is in .s. United states . . . July, 1887 
 
 Great ovi-rllow of the lloan';-llo or Yellow Hiver 
 
 ( e Chilli:), Sept. -Oct. 1887, and .Sept. 1889. 
 OverHow of the Kibe; aliont uhj villani's sidi- 
 
 nu'r^cd ; loss of life and destrnction of propi'rty, 
 
 about 26 March; also of the Vistula, about 77 
 
 villaf,'es snlimcrj;e.l . . . aliont 27 .Mareii, 188S 
 Great tlood in the Canton river; 3,(k» people said 
 
 to lie drowned, anuouuced . . . 8 May, ,, 
 Deatructivc freshd in the Mississiiipi ; lUin.iis 
 
 coast ; ynini'y, Hannibal, Alexandria ami other 
 
 tiiwn.s overtlowcd .... 17 May, ,, 
 
 Innmlations in .Mexico through heavy rains; ;.'reat 
 
 loss of life i7-2o<Inue, ,, 
 
 He'jvy rains caused the rising of rivers in Kssi'X 
 
 and' Kent ; form lakes navigable liy boats ; stop 
 
 railways ; swei']i a\eav the erojis from the soil, 
 
 creatin;^ much calamity 30-31 July, i An;;. ,, 
 
 Givat Hoods also in liermany, July, Any.; France 
 
 and .Swit/erland Oct. ,, 
 
 Destinctive tl is in the midland and .S.W. 
 
 Kn).dand ; Leicester, liristol, Taunton and other 
 
 places snih'r lunch .... 3, 9. March, 1889 
 Coneniaugh Valley, &c. See I'tiinsiilmiiiii d t'niliil 
 
 States . . ' .May, „ 
 
 I)estriicti\'c Hoods in China and Japan (n'hult .scr) 
 
 July, All;;. 1S59 ; and Cliiii" . ... Aug. 1890 
 Disastrous lluuils uii the upper .Severn ; mneji 
 
 snHcrini^ early Feb. ,, 
 
 Destructive floods throUHh heavy rains in the Mis- 
 
 Hissippi valley and Sontherii .States, L'.S.A. (see 
 
 Jl/is.i/s.ii/i//i) .... bout 13 .March „ 
 Destructive floods In Alistiia. Holiiiuia. central 
 
 Europe and France. iSee Aiic .Si<i((/i 11 ii/i.< 
 
 Aiifr-Hejit. „ 
 Overflow of the Orinoco and tributaries, S. America, 
 
 ransiiiK K'''at destruction . . 16, 17 .Sept. ,, 
 Destructive iiinmlalions caused liy violent gales 
 
 llimiiKlioul Eiiroiie, especially in Gciiuauy, 
 
 Austria, Mecklciibiiri,', llttltic coast, l.'el;;liiiii,aii(l 
 
 Heiimark ... . 21.3, .%•,„. . 
 
 .Serious Hoods in Kent, \c., tliioii:,'h tlie ;iia\v,at1,r '^' 
 
 the loll;,' frost ; also in luaiiy places on n,,.' (^•,„^. 
 
 tiiicnt ,1,1,,' .^ 
 
 Destructive Inundations in \V. Vii„diiia, dhin, ^11,.! '" 
 
 Khany, &c., about 17 Feb. ; in Arizona (n'lilrk 
 
 an) reported a March ; In Tennessee aiid Mi,«j,. 
 
 sippi alioiit s Maicii 
 
 Deslrnetlvc floods by the rislu;; of tlir Vair...|,„. " 
 
 Kiaii;,' ; ;.'reat loss of life at Foochooalinm ..Tjuiv 
 (ileal Hoods in I'oseii, loss of life and iii>iriii'iii,j| " 
 
 of property ahuut jft.luiv 
 
 Heavy rains and destructive Hoods in E. I.iuipa>liii',. " 
 
 '." 14 All;. „ 
 Heavv rains and destruetive inundations ii, v,,,., ,. 
 
 ("•'"■1/1 .«iv) ', Sept., :/.;,:, 
 
 Disastrous Hoods m Spain, France, Itiijv, nu'i " 
 Eii.iiland (especially S. and \V.)al'oiit 2.Mie(.',('„., 
 
 Coll.apse of ImildiiiKs tliroii;,di lloo.ls at l.iiiK.nx' " 
 France ; about 20 persons killeii, alioii; ^j (),,{ 
 
 Great Hoods in .Somersetshire, with de-inic'ti,,,, |,j- " 
 liuildiii,;;s and crops; travellie;.^ impe li d, nnicli 
 distress .... ... \;,,y 
 
 Disastrous floods in Andalusia, Miircia, ami Esln • " 
 madiira, about 12 March, I'l .so/., aiid in iiniivr 
 Italy; railway coinniiinlraitious slop 
 
 alioiil 31 M,iri.||, ,:., 
 
 Ifisc of the rivei-M in Illinois; 15 towns II Ie,l (s,.,. '" 
 
 Missifsifijii n\ii\ lim-ii) . . almiit 6 mIiv, 
 
 Great floods in Italy, near Genoa ; liriil.'e<. ,V(". " 
 
 destroyed ; sexeral deaths ; lake (01 \''rll.i\\>' 
 
 aliont 13 Oct. ; rail\\a.\- eonitiiuniealinii liet\(,.,.TJ 
 Uoiiie and Genoa stopped . 1 5 (.let .,/,., ,, 
 
 Great Hoods throu^di liea\ y rains in .\. K. v,,,.];; " 
 shire; nineli dama;,'e in York, l.ee.ls. ami i.ti,,.,- 
 
 places; several persons, and latlle and si 1, 
 
 drowned i.i-i5Un. „ 
 
 Destructive Hoods in Derbyshire and Wale.,, 
 
 I i tll'l. it XIII. 
 
 Disastrous floods in Sardinia and Veiie/iielii(Wiii7i ' 
 "") Oct. 
 
 Dcslructive floods in Qneeiislaud, 5 Feli. tt .«..;. ; ji, 
 HniiKary, 2S Feb. i( .sci;. ; N. S. Wales, a .Miirdi 
 (.1// ii-li.ih sit) _ ,.-... 
 
 Inundations in Uonniania ; raihvajs stopped ami '^^ 
 villa;;es destroyed . . . ' . . jjav. 
 
 Destructive Hoods in njiper Iluii^'ary ; more tliaii " 
 
 30 lives lost, reporteil . . ", 14 All.'. 
 
 Destructive inundations in Spain (n-hich .<o), almni ' 
 15 Si'iit. ; in Najiles and in N. Italy, tlimiiLli 
 
 heavy rains ' t-j(ici. 
 
 OverHow of the river Noir, near (^neliee, eaiiseil liv 
 a landslide ; aliout 20 deaths, iiiiieli live-steik 
 and property destroyed . . . 23 Apnl. 1= ■ 
 Destruetiv e Hoods in Wisconsin, U.S.A., .iiid iitli.i ' 
 places; lirid;:es destroved and rail«ay tralliv 
 stopped, 15-17 -May; receding' . . '22 Mny, 
 
 DestructiM'H Is in the I'uiijaiili, M-a) (vhii-h ni), 
 
 \ and in llun;.'ary . . ' . . ' . ,liiii,.| ^^ 
 • Floods at Lueknow ; litiuses su}iiiier;,'eil, ivportfii. 
 I 13 .Seiit. 
 
 I Floodsin Fraiiceand nel;,'iiim ; aliout icu.oooli.iiiil.* 
 ; out of work, reported .... :;i(lct. „ 
 [ Heavy rains ; overflow of the Avon at Datli'; iiiiiili 
 
 ilaiua;;e i2-nNu\. „ 
 
 OverHow of the Thames from Wiiid.sor to irvliinl; 
 
 railway stopped and much daiiiat;e . 15 Xuv. ,, 
 Destructive Hoods ill the Tliaiiies valley, .S. W. 
 
 counties and Wales . . . 21 Jail, d,-!'/, li^ 
 Flooiis on the lower llannlie; villaj^es siihiniT;.'!''! ; 
 
 much siiHeriiii.' ; soiiie deaths, reported, 21 Aiiril, „ 
 llnrstiii),' ofa reservoir in the \os;;es, see tnuni, 
 
 27Alilil, „ 
 Great loss of life and (leslructioii of piein-il.v 
 thronijh the overtlo'v of the Ti;;ris, in .Mi-o]iu- 
 
 ' taiuia ; reported 2 .Maali. \ip 
 
 Flomls in many parts of Swit/erlaiei. '.liruii;;li »iiu» 
 
 and heavy rains Manli, „ 
 
 Great floods, aceoiiipanied b.S' a liea\ \ ;:aie. in N. 
 
 Wales, railwav tralllc suspended ; Iiuiim'sIUmIi'iI : 
 
 . lunch Milleriii;; at l.ianelly, estimaleii liainap' 
 
 over 100,000/. 6-£tK"t. „ 
 
 Destructive floods throui^h heavy rains in Italy uial 
 
 France 20 dot. „ 
 
 Destruetive Hoods, w illi loss of life, in l<ao Mifiiiel, 
 A/ores 4 Nov., „ 
 
 (;r,,il Howls, with 
 lipo. ; iiieivasiii;,', 
 fk,«i« in Spaui tin 
 
 i-X'.iKive ilnods tli 
 ',,,3, iiiidlamlsani 
 pi^nietiv" Hooils, 
 
 i„iii|ii valley 
 Ii.Miiietive lloofis li 
 
 ef life • „ •, 
 IV-lriictive Nuods 11 
 ..stiiiiiiled (lama;;e 
 
 Sec .1/ 
 
 INTALIDES 
 
 in .6; I iiy I'n""*. 
 WyofXaliol''""- 
 
 INVASIONS 
 
 itiVintuuifimAJIi 
 llicCenfessor, onl) 
 (1) have been succi 
 William of Xorniand 
 Till- IiisI' • ,•■ 
 IlieSi'ots. 1091 ; KU 
 llMliiit iif Nuraiaml) 
 Till' .Snits . . 
 Tlir fmiiress Jiaud 
 l,.,laii,l, liy Kitz-Ste) 
 livlaiiil, liy Kihvnrd 
 I.tili'l, i|iiee" "f Kd*' 
 Imkf (if I-aiieaster (s 
 giuTii of Henry VI. 
 Kail iif ft'arwiek (s.) 
 KilminllV. (.<.) . 
 Qniru of Henry VI. 
 Karliif Iiiiluiiiinil(.f. 
 
 l.aiiilK'rt Si el . 
 
 I'likiii Warln-ek 
 S|ianiaiils and Italia 
 livlaiiil, Spanianls 
 liiikiMif.Miiiiiiiinith 
 William iif()rin.i!e (a 
 James II., Ireland 
 oM I'lvteiider . 
 fntrlliler ayalll , 
 YmiiiK Pretender 
 IrdamUsee Thiirnt) 
 W.iiiS, the t'lellell 
 Irrl.uiil : the f'reiieh 
 
 INVENTIO> 
 
 nalioiwl c.\hihitni 
 So'atli Kensington 
 ii|iriiwl by tlie piiii 
 man, sir K. J. b 
 3,;tX),5Sl persons 
 214.40,5/. See Vol 
 
 IXVENTOR^ 
 
 M;iy, 1802 ; lii-at [i 
 
 INVERARY, 
 
 1(148. The duke of 
 i;45-8, was great! 
 
 INVERNESS 
 
 I'ictsup to K43. 
 taken by Uruce, i 
 isles, 14! I ; take 
 prince Chiirles Ei 
 defeated at Culhidi 
 iii'js, 16 April, r 
 
 lS()I, V),2\J\. 
 
 INVESTIGA 
 
 INVESTITU 
 
 cause of discord 
 sovereigns in tlie 
 war between Gregi 
 IV. io;5-io85. 1' 
 
INVALIDES. 
 
 683 
 
 IONIAN ISLANDS. 
 
 ■ • May, „ 
 ary ; iiiur.' iInui 
 
 M All'.'. „ 
 iihirli ».). iiliMUt 
 . ll.'ily, Ihniii;.!, 
 
 1-2 (k'l. ,. 
 H'licc, ciinscil liy 
 iiiiu'li livi'-slm'k 
 
 . 23 .\\m\. i-,( 
 .S.A., aii.l otli.i 
 I'iiihiiiv tnillic 
 . 32 M«v. „ 
 May (.''/nVA ,'„'), 
 
 JllIU', „ 
 
 i'r-1'.l, n'|ioi'ti'.i, 
 
 i3.Vl.t. 
 
 >iit 103,000 liaiiils 
 
 • ji Oct. „ 
 1 at Until'; iiuicli 
 
 12-13 Xul. II 
 
 iilsnrtu (ivfuiii; 
 j;c . :, Nov. „ 
 le.s viilli'y, S. W. 
 
 21 Jan. 1 (."."/. iSv; 
 ii^i's siiliiiiiT^i'ii ; 
 linrli'.l, 21 April, „ 
 
 rs, M'l' i-Ai/'i'', 
 
 27 Ainil, „ 
 ion of inifi'ity 
 iBiis, ill -Mi-upu- 
 
 . 2 .Mui'i'li. it^ 
 111. tliruUijli Miovi 
 
 Mui'ili, „ 
 iii'avy ^'ali', in N. 
 : Iioii.'M'.''tUH.ii]i'ii : 
 ■liliiali'ii lialii.'ip' 
 
 . 6-£lirt. „ 
 rains iiillalvaial 
 
 . 20lK't. „ 
 
 >, in (■ao.Miiiiii'l, 
 4 h'ov.^ „ 
 
 llr«t llooils, with Uwx of life, in N. Gi-Ht't'i-, 23 
 'p'f,.. • incmi.sint.', \illa><i's mibiMiTniMl 31 \)iv. 1896 
 vii«lii'iii Spain ttirougli tlio lisiiiH of tlm Oiiiulal- 
 
 'iiiiviT •,•„■,•,• • • , 9''""' '897 
 vMi'ihivi' llooils tliroiiKli lii'avy nuns ami .snow, 
 
 iiS iiii.llanil.sanil I'a.stiM'M cijiiiitii's caily Ki-b. ,, 
 li.,iniitiv" Hiioils, Willi los.s of lilo, in the Miss- 
 
 ',!],i|,|,i valli'.v 20 March, ,, 
 
 ii .iiactivc llooiis in 8ilt'Hln and Saxony, Ki-wit los.s 
 
 '.'llil , • 30 •Iiily-i Aiiif. ,, 
 
 ii,',Mii('tivi' Hoods anil tiilal wave, Ki'iitish coast, 
 ',.sliiii;itiil ilaiiiai,'cs 30,001:./. (si.i; .s^,l•ms). 
 
 28-30 Nov. ,, 
 Sec Miinsion Iliime Funds. 
 
 INVALIDES, HOtEI, DES, Vans, foundea 
 ill i6'l liy 1'""'" -XIV. Its chiiiiol fontiiiiia tlie 
 body of Niil'di-'o" ^'i ili-'positcd there 15 Due. 1840. 
 
 INVASIONS OF THE BitiTisir Islands, 
 ift. /iVi/«iw,anil-/^rt"('''. From the di'iitli of Kilwanl 
 ilie Confessor, only the foUowiiig invaiiions markod 
 («) luivo bi'i'U successful :— 
 William of Sonnanily(s.). . . . 39 Scjit, 
 
 TliP Irish • ., ;, ,',,•.,,,• 
 llie Scots. 1091 ; king Malcolm killed . 
 
 ll„lK.it"f N'oiiaanily 
 
 Tli.'.si'ots 
 
 Till' I'laint'ss Maml 
 
 Inlaiiil, I'V l''itz-Stelilu.n(,<.) 
 
 lii'i.iiiil, i'V I'Mwari! Hrnie 
 
 I,.,l»'l,iliil'iii "f IM"'ai'l il. (s.) .... 
 Imlii'iif l.aiM'aster(s.) , 
 
 lo'^.e 
 1069 
 
 lO'^l 
 
 1I.J3 
 1 13b 
 II.)'} 
 1169 
 1315 
 132(1 
 
 '39) 
 1402 
 
 147" 
 I471 
 M7' 
 
 J4S5 
 
 1487 
 1495 
 I5^u 
 ir.ji 
 I0.S3 
 I6ti8 
 1689 
 1708 
 I7'5 
 ■745 
 
 y Mil iif lli'lliy VI. 
 Hiilnf Warwick (■'.) . 
 IMwimllV. (.>-.) . 
 yaiiMif lli'iiiy VI. 
 
 Kiiliif liiili nil(s.) 
 
 I.,iiiil»'i1 Si vl . 
 
 r.iliiaWarliick 
 
 Si<iiiiiiril» aial Italians, Ireland 
 
 liiliiiiil, S|iiiniaiils . 
 
 Iiiiki'iif MiiiiiiMiuth 
 
 William ef()r'iii!;e (3.) 
 
 iliiiiics II., Iielaiiil 
 
 iiU I'li'teniliT .... 
 
 I'lvli'iiiler iiKain . 
 
 Vmiii;; I'l'cteinler ... 
 
 Iri'laliil (see yViiii'ef) 1760 
 
 W,il«,tlle f'renell 1797 
 
 Inliiiiil : tlie freiieli land at Killala(u7iic/i s«) . . 179J 
 
 INVENTION. See 6Vo.M,i>rt<()(/«. An iiiter- 
 nalional c.\liiliition of hivciitious iiinl music .it 
 Soatli Kensington in l88j; proposed, .\\]g. 1884; 
 ii|iciipil by tlio prince of \\ ales, 4 ilav, 18S5; uhair- 
 iimii, sir K. J. llraniwell ; closed 9 Nov. 1885 ; 
 v;f-<),5Sl persons admitted. The receipts were 
 214,463/. See Vuloniti. 
 
 INVENTORS' INSTITUTE, established in 
 May, 18(13; first president, sir David Brewster. 
 
 IWERARY, ArRyllstiire, made a roynl buriih, 
 1(148. Thcdnke of Ariryll's castle, rebuilt liy Adam, 
 i;45-S, was greatly injuied by tire, 12 Uet. 1877. 
 
 INVERNESS (N.AV. Scotland), a city of tho 
 rictsup to !<43. It was taken by Kdward I. ; ro- 
 talien hy Urucc, 1313; burnt by the lord of the 
 isle;-, 1411; taken by Cromwen, 1(149; and by 
 prince Chr.rles Edward in 1746. He was totally 
 dofoatcil at Cnlloden, about five miles from Inv, r- 
 nws, i() April, 1746. I'opulation, 1881, 17,365; 
 1S91, 10,214. 
 
 INVESTIGATION. See Delicate. 
 
 INVESTITURE ui' Ecclesiastics, was a 
 cause of discord between the poin' and temporal 
 sovereigns in the middle ages ; and led to actual 
 war between Gregory VII. and the emperor Henry 
 IV, 1075-1085. The pope endeavouied to deprive 
 
 the sovereit;n of the right of nominating bisliops 
 and aliliots, and of investing them with the cro-s 
 and ring. Henry V, gave up tlie riglit, by treaty, 
 Feb. mi; but other sovereijjns resolutely refusod 
 to concede it. 
 
 INVINCIBLE ARMADA or Sr^vNisic 
 
 Alt.M.\.D.V, see ^Iniiaild. 
 
 INVINCIBLEH, IRISH, see Insh Lirin. 
 cililvs, I'eititiiin and Inlmul, 1882-3. 
 
 INVOCATION OF THE Vmoix and 
 
 S.VINTS to intercede with (iod. This practice of 
 the Komish ebureh has been traced to the timu 
 of (Gregory the Great, 593. The Eiisterii chiireU 
 began (in the jtli century) by calling upon t!i8 
 dead, and demanding their auil'rage as present in 
 the divine otiiees. 
 
 IODINE (from the Greek vhUi, violet-like), 
 was discovered by M. De.Courtois, a miinufactinvr 
 of saltpetre at I'aris in 1812, lUid investigated liy 
 M. Clement, 1813. On tlie application of heat it 
 rises in the form of a dense violet-coloured vapour, 
 on.sily evaporates, and melts at 220 degrees : it 
 changes vegetable blues to yellow, and a seven- 
 thousandth part converts water to a deep yellow 
 colour, and starch into a purple. 
 
 lONA, ICOLMKILL, or IIii, one of tlio 
 Hebrides. About ^(jj St. Columbii founded a 
 mona.stcry here, which flourished till the 8tli and 
 9th centuries, when it was frequently ravaged by 
 the Xorsemen. Other religious bodies afterwards 
 were formed here, and the isle was long esteemed 
 sacred. 
 
 IONIA (Asia Minor). ,\bout 1040 n.c. the 
 lones, a I'elasgio race, emigrated from Greece, and 
 settled here and on the adjoining islands. They built 
 Epliesus, Smyrna, and other noble cities. They 
 were eoniiueri\l by the great Cyrus about 548 n.c:. ; 
 revolted 504, but were again subdued. ^Uter the 
 victories of Cimon, Ionia became independent and 
 remained so till ^587, when it was once more sub- 
 jected to Persia. It formed part of the dominionj 
 of Ale.Muider and his successors ; was annexed tu 
 the llonian empire, 133, and conquered by th« 
 Turks. — Ionia was ri'iiowned for iioets, historians, 
 and philosoplieis. The " .Vntiquities of Ionia" 
 wore published by Chandler, Kevett, and Pars, 
 1769-1840, and the" Dilettanti Society, 1840-1881. 
 
 IONIAN ISLANDS (on W. coast of Greece). 
 Corfu, the capital, Ceplialoiiia, Zante, Ithaca, Santa 
 Maura, Cerigo, and Paxo. They were colonised by 
 the lones, and partook of the fortunes of the Greek 
 people ; were subject to Naples iu the 13th cen- 
 tury, and in the 14th to Venice. 
 I The islands ceded to France liy the treaty of Canipo 
 
 I Korniio 17 net. 
 
 I Fornieil into the republic of the seven islaiiils under 
 I Kussia and Tnrkev . . 21 March, 
 
 ! Restored to Kraiiee liy treaty of Tilsit . 7 July, 
 I Taken liy the Kiif;lisli .... 3-ia Oct. 
 Formeil into an iiiili.|iendentstntu underthe protec- 
 tion of Ureiit Hritain (sir Thonuus .Maitland, lord 
 
 hi.u'li eiiiiiiiiissitiiier) 5 Nov. 
 
 A eonslitution ratilied .... 11 July, 1S17 
 A university est. ililislieil at Corfu . . . . 1823 
 Tlie cniistitntion liberalised during the government 
 
 of I011I Beaton 1S48-9 
 
 In ciinseiiiii'iiec of eoniidaints, Mr. W. E. Gladstone 
 
 went lint nil aeoinniissiun of iininiry, i'C. . Nov. 1838 
 Sir H. ritiirhs, liinl iiigli eniiinii^siiuuT . Feb. 1S5.) 
 The iiarliunient declare for annexation to Greece, 
 
 .March, i36i, and April, 1863 
 The islands annexed to Greece, 28 .May ; the British 
 tnioiis retired. 2 June, and king George 1. arrived 
 at Corfu (see CJita-t) .... 6 June, 1864 
 
 1707 
 
 1800 
 1807 
 1809 
 
 1S15 
 
 ' . m\ 
 
 H(.'' 
 
 m 
 
 1 t WC 
 
 
IONIC ORDER. 
 
 584 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 "■ mm 
 
 i 
 
 /iintc »iifli.rc'<l ;;n'iitly liy c'iiillM|\mli.'«, li|.>;iiiiiiiiK 
 witli a vlcilfiit slicpi'k, ii .Imii., f.illowrd l.vdtli.T 
 .sliiicks III tlic tii\Mi iif Ziiiilc :iii<l tlic ii.'i^lliliiiiii'. 
 Imii.l ; scvcnil tliniisainls were iviiilnv.l lii,iiii'lr>s 
 ami ciiiluri'il maiiv inivaticnis, «liicli wcit mhicIi 
 
 IvIil'VI'il l,y til.' llllil'ITS 1,1 11. M.S. ro„ii^,,,ln,rii 
 
 ami (jtliiT finvi^'ii vi'ssrls. It i.s .itali'il tliat niilv 
 6 iH'is.ais wi'iv killi'il liy tlic jiliucks. Tin' islam'l 
 was visiti'd liy till' kint; and cuici'ii ul' (iivnr, l>y 
 "lii.m Micaiis (ir iciirf were (ucaiiizMil, 6-s Im'Ii. ; 
 I'stiiiiati'il ilaimiKi', civiT fxn,i.ial, Snliscii|itiiiii,s 
 n'('iM\,.i| ill tiivcc,., I.MiiiIiiii, \c., iM'h. ; liviim'iil 
 KliiickH, l-'cli., Maicli ; vinlciit .sliock.-i in tin' liiwii 
 1)1 Zaiilc, tlic clmirli ami iiIImt laiililin^-s ilc 
 (itniycil ; i7di'allis ; sliuoks, witli iiiaiiv li.allis, in 
 utliiT iiart.s Mf llic i.slaii.l, 17 April ; 'niiu-li In'li. 
 Hivi'ii tiyCiii'i'k and Kirncli inmclads and II. .M.S. 
 Injiuilik, 17, iS Ainil ; iiioiv Hlmcks . -ji April, 1803 I liciim.t'dics 
 
 . IONIC ORDER OF AitriiiTKCTfUE, mi ' 
 improveiiicnt on tlic Doric, was invented by tlie 
 loniiins about 135011.0. I'i/niiiii.s. Itsdistinguish- 
 iii!,' rhiiraclcrs are fhc slciidcmcss anil tliitiiig.s of 
 it.< cohinins, and tlii^ volutes of rams' horns thut 
 adoru the capital. 
 
 IONIC SECT OF PltlLOSOPIIEUS, founded 
 by llmles ot .Miletus about'dtxi n.c, di.stin^'uislied 
 for its abstruse speculations under bis successors 
 and jiuiiils, Aua.\ininiiilcr, Aiia.\inieiies, Aiuixii- 
 Koras, 1111(1 Arclielaus, the master of Socrates. They 
 held tliat the world is a living being, and that water 
 IS tho orij-'iii of all tliiii';s. 
 
 MnKiins III., kiiiK of Norwiiy, dclcat.d ,„„| ,,,:., " 
 diinn^; an invasion .... ' 
 
 (111 tlic i.dli cinliny Irclaiiil is divi.1,.,1 ii,i,! 11! 
 kiiwluias, viA : I'Istcr, l.ciiistcr. M.m ° 
 iiaiif;lit, and Munstcr, besides a iminli, i- ,,|' , ,"' 
 
 i;i;r;!;;'h':;ti;:;'r"''""'''''''''''''''"'''*"^-'^ 
 
 Ailnaii IV. peiniittcd llciiiy II. to inv,,,!,. |,,,|„,. 
 '"' ' li''"" ,'l''i' bcioiiipcllcl cvc.fy liisl, f, i !| : 
 
 n,:/::nii:rbn;:ir'.'''*' ''"'»■ i"^^- "'''''''■'■' ''-a 
 
 Dcnm.l MacMiimiiiKli,kiiiKofI.iiiistci-,.lriv,ilr, ', "■' 
 
 Ins lliicnc for liis nppicssii.il . , 
 Klccs to KliKkllld, where lie takes an ei'itl, ,,i li,!,!;,,'. ""' 
 
 to Henry II. wlio pioiniscs \u ivstnr,. Inn, ■ 
 
 Invasion of the KiikIIsIi under lMti',-Stc|i|i,.i, ' ' "'* 
 l.iindiiij,' olStronghow at Watcifoid " '"' 
 
 iry II. liiiuls near WatcifonI, and inHv., 'n,'. ""' 
 snl.inissioii of tli.' plinces of the coiuitiv s,..||,. 
 
 tlicunveniiiieiit, ami makes his s )<iliii l„),i „f 
 
 Indaiid .... ,. 
 
 Invasion of kiiit; John, EiikHsIi' laws, .u'., ii'iiri.' ""' 
 
 luce, I 
 JMv.ision of Kdwaid Hnu'e, 1315 ; 
 
 ... ....^M.ii >.i i,M,,.iiu Kline, 1315 : Clowned kli|if 
 
 l>crcati'd ami slain at l-'oiiKliai1. mar I land ilk'"' ' ' "' 
 l.ionel, diikc ort'laiviice, third smi of F,lw'ii,l iir '''' 
 
 lii,M,l,.j |.Mi-/..l.„ll, .1.. ll„,.,.l. 1...;... ..'-'."' "'-1 
 
 i^li 
 
 iminics Kliz.ilieth dc liiir);li. heiress, if do,.,. 
 Statute of Kilkenny passeil l,v him ( i,-/i iV/, „ , ) 
 Hiilninl II, lands at ■Watcitoii'lwithati'.iiiicfii,,!,']...' 
 4u.« nieii at-arms, ami 30,01x1 aivh,. is • ...in, n"'. 
 
 ■■'"'•'■ti 'f th,' 1 pie l,y his iniimii,',.;,.,. . , 
 
 eonti'iN th,, hi.noiir of kniKhtl ,1 on tli,ir , iii',.i. 
 
 liiehanl apiiii lamls in Irehrml """ ' lH' U 1;.,, 
 
 The .saiiKiiiiiary >lea,l a,'t i,a.ss,.,l at Tiiiii l',,- tliii '■'■' 
 IOWA, 11 wostcni state of Xorth America, ^vas Vi',', ,"' '''■""'"'".'• 'I'.'l","\' '" ^"Pl'iv.ss i„l,i„.,j.. 
 orpiniscu as a territory 12 June, 1H5X; and ad- ' Am.- t U^ 'mum. t li "m VT'''^' 'v, ' • M^i 
 
 m.ttcd into the Union, 28 Dec. 1,841,. -Wpitul, lies ; Vln^lilill'anri';"^;;;;,;:; slima,ii,rs ' "''^'^•^'^'^ 
 
 Moines. Population, kS8o, 1,(;24,0is; 1890, i «"■ K,lwar.l I'oyninns sent to pnnjsh tH,- \i,..|„' " 
 I-9II,<S<j6. ■" Irish for snpportinj,' 1-erkiii Wai heck ; li.. c,, u't,' 
 
 Sioiix City snllere.l much by iiinmlations, cansin;, I'ledui, eollneil''''' "" '"''' ''^"■''^'''"•'" •>' tlie 
 
 Kreath.ssollilc . . . al.ont .8 May, 1892 Great" ivl.eliion of the' Kitzl-eial'ds, .'.r (mViM;,,,.; '«* 
 
 IPSUSd'brysia). Battle OF, Au^^ 301 I..C., iiein^'vi'n ■,ss,'iim,s'th,.-,i,h' r /• •■ ■ ■'^••< 
 
 when Seleucus was cntirmed in his kl.iKdom of k,,') .'f Iiidaml "^ '"""' '"^''■■"' "^ 
 
 Syria by the defeat and death of Antisoiius, kin^t The letninicl ivlifjion eiiilaa,..d l,vs,.i,;,.,.rii„. r'„ ,' ''*' 
 ot Asm. Ihc latter led into the ticld an arniy of ''sh s,dtleis in the ici;;ii of Kilwanl \| 
 about 70,0(X) foot and lo.exx) hor.se, with 71; ele- ''''I'lU'l hmiliy ,liviilr,l into shiics . ' ' ;'" 
 
 phimts. The former had ()4,(XX) inliintrv, b'c.sidcs i'''l'''"- J!' 'i';lV''i';™'V'','' ''i''"'bnc,l h,^ N. \V;,id,; ■•' 
 im,500Wse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed chariots. : 7.« ."dians: ile.X,! i'v^ltzin ,<;,,,,; ■^^' 
 
 ! they aiv tieaclieioiisly hiitehered hv tlu' ruluf 
 
 IP^^rCH (;Sunolk), the Saxon Gipjieswic, ' Inirwion of Shan-.rNeil., i^iil of Tv; ... " 
 
 panl,,ne,l ami iveeivi',1 in l.omhin, i5fi2 ; 'iv"li,.Is 
 
 - -ppeswic, 
 was ravajted by the Danes, <ji)i ,iiid Rxxx Wolsey 
 was born here, 1471 , and founded a school in 1^25. 
 The port was >neatly improved bv the erection of 
 wetdoiks, 1,837-42. The railway' to London was 
 opened 25 .June, 1846; and the new town-hall, 
 20 Jan. i8(j8. Xew corn e ' . . - . 
 
 in, I bi'coiiies ,|,aiiinaiit in L'Istia', 1564 ■ ii^v^si- 
 
 nated ' ■•.laii,' i-i 
 
 (iri'at cxiieilition ofWaltia- Hi'Verciix. earl i.f Ksm.x' ^'' 
 to ]int ,l,iwii till' (J'Xeills, .sanuiiinaiv, hut |.||! 
 fid 
 
 2()Jan.i808. Xew corn e.xchaime opened, 2r, July, iiM!lh'',rs:'i .,,,•,,■ v' iii "..-i 'i . 'i ', ' ''"''■' 
 
 ;«-?-„nT'" '^'^t ^-'■i;"i~t at Ipswich in "ar'nm" i^l^ '.^t'lcilki: ^j ^ 1 t'l:.';::^ ^1! 
 
 1851 andm 1,895 (11 Sept.). ,-ail „f Tyn.ne ; iwolt.s, ,597 ; d,.feats th'.K,' "h;!^ 
 
 IQUIQUE, see C/titi, 1879. 
 
 IRELAND, anciently named Eri or Erin, 
 lerne and Jlibeniia, is said to have been tirst 
 colonised by I'lnenieians. The early mytliical 
 histdry has many beautiful le';eiHls. " The Irish 
 language is a branch of the Gaelic. See V/iurc7i 
 of lntitiid,M\(\ I'liptddtUnu 1891, 4,7n(.. 1(12. "'J'lio 
 Aniialsof the Pour Masters." edited li\ O'Donovan, 
 were imblislied in Irish and Ki " '' ' " ' 
 
 at ltlai'kwalir(„/i;./( .m,) 
 
 14 .^11,:;. K.i 
 
 rnsin'cissfiil i'.\pi',litioii of li,ih|.rt. I'Mil ,if |.;,„"s 1;" 
 OXiill invites ovia- the Spiiniaiils. aii,| s,til, > t!i,iii "' 
 
 ' ^ IjMrr cii-il inn-: .M,.re ami .MaKiiiic s I'i'l 
 
 prol.iibly 4th or ,;tli centiirv 
 
 Arrival of St. Patrick . 
 
 Cliristiaiiity e.,t,il.lishe,l .... ^,i,oi,t 448 
 
 ihc Danes ami Normans, known liv the name of 
 
 Kasterlinns, or Ostmeii, iiivmie Iiciana ,.- = 
 
 Tlmy hiiil,] Duliliii ami ,.tlier cities . . . aliout 800 
 JJnan Ii,.r,,imli,' t,.tally ,lefcats tlie Danes at Clon- 
 
 tarfjamlis kilhid .... 2j April, 1014 
 
 in Kin.siile ; ilefi-atcil by the lor,| dejinty .M,.iiijii,iy 
 
 Kli^'lit of thi'i'aiis of Tyrone, Tyrciiim 1,1111,10111, IS, 
 
 t,) .join till' Spanianls ] ^r^ 
 
 In eoiis",|U,'iice of ri'peateil r(dM.|li,.iis iin.i f,,r! 
 
 feitiiri's, 511,465 acres of land in Ihi' pi,,\iij f 
 
 Ulsti'r lieeame vi'stcl in the cri.wii, ,111,1 .l;iiij,.s |. 
 
 "Iter le vim.' the Irish fn.m llnir hiiisiin,! (!i,si! 
 
 ms.ses, ,livi,les the himl anion;,' such of his K,i;;|i.di 
 
 cli..,.se m 
 
 i6og-ij 
 i'lli..ii:ll„t 
 catlnilies sal, I to coiis]iire t.i ex|iel tli,' Kii;,'lisli, 
 niiil massacre the proti'stant si-itleis in I'I-i.t, 
 
 eoniii ccd on St. iKimtitis' day [siaiie ,l,iiilit tlic 
 
 rmissacre] ,,(i,.,. ,f^, 
 
 O Noill defeats tlie English iindi-r Moar..,'iit IMi- 
 
 ..•^"■■b S'liiiir, 1646 
 
 Massiicre and uipturc of Droflieda hy Cr..iinv,ll 
 
 12 .'Si'iit, 164} 
 
 I lii-li N'litioiiiil EtUicatioi 
 
 l.tmst of Miti'lifll, editor o 
 
'Hi ■ » 1 ^": 
 
 ' n 
 
 it''r.'liivi'iifi-.,m ■' 
 
 ) clirss lili,, tl,;. 
 
 ";/, nisi,:,.! of 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 ^M 
 
 IKELAND. 
 
 (MiiiKfll mid Iirtun reduce tlio wiiule U\\\\v\ iiml 
 
 ri'iivMi'lt if.4()-if)^fi 
 
 ijiiJiiiXiifJ'iii"'" "• •, • ■ . 12 Miiivh, ,f.!j,j 
 
 .^iltirliwllllltlilltllilltcil . . , ,||||v, ,/ 
 
 1 i'villMiii Ml. Iiiii'lx iit l-'iiiTlrkrcrKiw . i4.liini', if.uu 
 
 .Utli'i'l'""' "">■'"'• •'"""'"'I''''"''''' . 1 July, ,, 
 lifaiKifLiiiiinik (SIC ;,(iHi'/iV/,) , . 3 Oct, ,6,,, 
 
 l.iiiriiiimimfiii'tim'i-'iiciiiiniKi'cl .... if,,/, 
 
 l'„i<ry,ict|iiissc.l ,„•,.•_ 7c,. 
 
 [vitfiiii'litiwiiiist WinkU liairiii'iU'o(ic;i;c7Ki,i) . 17^4 
 
 I rh!iiia»iiiv.i«ii>n (sir 77iii,(,o i^Oo 
 
 toliilgfiia'S granti-il to tlio ciitlidlii's liy the ivlicf 
 
 Mil ■.•„•,•. 1778 
 
 IfiLnilndmittfil tnii fiw tivido .... i;i,, 
 ll.mylinittan I'luliiis iMilr|ji.iiili.|i(:>. I'lir llii. liUli 
 laiiiaim'iit in sinuchi'S ili'livi'ivil ly April, 1780, 
 
 mill ifi April, 178J 
 Th Irisli iinrliiinii'iif ili'clan'il iiiili.ii(ii,|,.iit li\ mm 
 ifl ]a<sril ill till' KiiKlish )»irliiiiiii.iit, .May 17S2; 
 1 („iillniifil liy iiiiotlii'i' net pusni'il .... 1783 
 (;.i,,n«iTffiigii'.s ivi'i'ivwl ill Watt'i'fdril . . . 
 
 iii,!.riif.'>t. Tatriik I'.staliliMln'il 
 
 Kiiiriyiif L'iiili'il Irisliiiii'ii fiiiiiiili'il . , , ,^,j, 
 
 I (iraiis,riliil«, Ariv , I'liriiii'il (si,c ///,,ui„ii(() . _ . ,^ j 
 I |risliivt«'llii'iiniiiiiiii-i,ii'i'il4 May, 179S ; nisi ijo.coo 
 I Irisli livi's, 20.1x10 Kii;,'lisli : Ki'inlniilly siippivsscl i7,m 
 L,;hlativcliiii'iiiil'UruatlJritiiiiiiiiicllivlaM,l i.l.ui. i«ui 
 tiiiiiiittaiiisiinvi-tinii . . . , 23 .liilv, 1803 
 
 I b;lisli ami Irish I'Si'liffiucis coiisuliilati'il 5 ,laii. 1817 
 I V;,lltulrrlllllil"l'(fi'iilW IV. , II AUK.-lf, Sept. 1821 
 
 I Tli.. I'atliulic Assiiciatiiiii iirfiaiiiscil hy IhiiiicI 
 
 ' " ' ' 1^3 
 
 26 
 
 Alicsti.f .Siiii 1, Ml,,.,, at riiiirlu.s; l,o Ih .■imy.v.Ml 
 
 tn KllMialllliaill uani, Diil.lin . , \,w g j 
 
 .\n,.st„f.\|,. „«!„,.,(,■ I, K'liiii', Av. . . ,^J'|!^ ^* 
 
 .Uirliiisi'iitriiicltntraiispiirtatioii . 14 An"' " 
 lMii'Uinh,.r,.,l ..stales act pass,,! . s,pt 
 
 MiiillKniii,.,,. .Mea;;lier, anil the other ecufeileraei " 
 
 tri,.,lah,l.s,.nten,e,|t,,,leath . . ,,(),.t 
 
 Ihe Irish iniirt III- ipieeii's lieneh (,'ives |ii.liiii„.nt " 
 
 ;","■',','.■''.'""' "'"''' ""' ''■^■""' l'i''<"ii''i's iim- 
 vicleil nl hiHi t,va.snii,aii,l niiillrins the JiulKineiit 
 111 till, cinrt l„.l,,w . . ■'7 1 „ 
 
 "'''nt!'l *'""''"■'■■ '''■^'"""«' ^'»'Uri);m„HimJn;.n": ^' 
 " li'I','^' l,',"t '■■■"'"'"« ""■'">• "t '""1IJ''< li'i'iie ; wiei'iii " 
 
 Her i,,;,j,.sly visits li'elaiiil, and hiiids li'er em'irt at " 
 11111)1111 lastl,. . ^ 
 
 Kirst.,,nrt niMl.'rtheei,,ii,u'l,,.iv,'u.stateHai''t(ie/,,V/t " 
 «'•) liil.l 111 liiildiii . I I,,., 
 
 Queen's niiiversity in Ireland estal.lish,.,i ,5 Auk! 1830 
 .Syii,i,l„f Tliiirlesinn,|eniii,siiiieeii'si-,illi.ges 22 AiiK. 
 Census taken ; iinpiilatiuii, 6,574,278 . 30 .Mareh, 1851 
 K'linan eatlmli,. iiniver.sity nriyiimted, and l.irjiu 
 HMiiis sniisi'rilied . 5 M.iv 
 
 Deathiitl!. |,al„r,siu.il, atKldiVneo .' 2I .May,' H 
 .Me.Maiiiise,s,.apesfi,,ia transpnrtathm, anil arrives 
 at hail I'laiiiise,,, in L'alilnrnia. . 5 , lime 
 
 '^';;' ''■'■•;'! '';;"■"'» '■'■••Kne Imld a iiie,.tiiiK ,111 til., site 
 lii.' latiiuiiii Jv.^.^.«.,.l^ ,'Mi i,, ^ait ,:.(., I (ty uaillel L" . 'Ill I li' < II tilt' |},)yile . . . i4,Iulv 
 
 iiCiiaicll iiml iithers (see lUnmn Ciithullr.i) . 1B23 meeting' iif the " fathnlie UefeiH'eAssiieiatiiin" " 
 
 Br ciirwiry iissiniilateil .... , .Jan. 1826 m , , . 17 Met. ,, 
 
 DanivlUX'oiinell is elected M.r. for C'laiv, but ili«.s ."niKhi.r escapes fr.ini \ an Dienieii's l„in,l an, I ar- 
 
 »'«' •. • •, • • • • .i; July, 1828 r 'ri-v ,•'?'. ?',"'.'? •• • ■ . . 24 Mav, 183a 
 Fwi Kill <atliiilii'eiii:iiieipiitiuii net pa.ssea n Aiiril, ,820 ';•,■',"' '■■^'"'"'"'""I"'"'''' . icJune. 
 
 (■:i.l,«,™s„li,lated .... f, ,),,„: 183*1 ''■'■^^'''''''*•™l'■:^l'il'iti"Ms,.t, ,11 fu,.t; Mr IM^^^^^^^^ 
 
 |ii. Wliatcl.v, sii|,|,erter of Irish National S-IkimI arailw yeiiiitraetiir.euntriliiitestmvahlsit 26,,x»/. 
 
 si>tiiii. liei'iiiiies iitip. ot'Uiililin . , . ,33, , L't.luin' 
 
 Ir.-ii ivlnnii Hit passed . . , 7 Auk.' 18,2 ''■'""' 1 ,'''''''." ''''"""'^'''"''"" •'*■ ^^'•'"^■"■■*t"wii " 
 
 f.n.rlaws iiitiiiiUieeil ; ,ai't Jiassed . . 31 Julv 1818 ,,.""'l"''''"'d I'y the in,.|i;isti,ites . 3,Jiilv 
 
 ..V,»iisIi.land"(„./,ic/.«.)pai1ylor,ued /l ,84. ; \^:^Z!i:^{t:Zu:r::i'^^''\l'l^\..:,... ' !^ ''ll'V- '' 
 
 . •.. ■"■■!,>;,, MIS ii,}is ai iiellast . . I'j.Iiil'v 
 
 ■840, l-at,deleeti„n ri.it at Six-Mile ilridKO . 22 Julv," 
 
 '"K'ii''l'i't'v''\''* "■' l.''"'!;'""'"'- f"''»'l 'I "Helij;i"iw 
 
 i;fV'1i:.*'7''T7'' 7,^^r ""V'''^^'^''''-^^ -^« >'.ii'k'ln,'l'usiHai''l.!'hlhm,iiiel,,sed ' """"" 
 
 |M4l.vMa){Uiiv, a.weretsneiety.'lonned Imnine tax extemled ' ' • ■ 
 
 I P.i|inlatieii liy eeiisus, 8,196,597 
 
 lon;it Kitiiil iiiuveiiieiit, lead by O'Cuniiell ; meet 
 
 10 ?Nept. ,, 
 
 11 ^<ept. ,, 
 
 lie, 1S53 
 
 ,', i,t, .'. 1,11.,". .,, -Ill 1,,.^. im , oiiK'iiipt ill notfilii'v- 
 in;aiiimliTiif tlie liiiuse of eoiniaiins to atteii.l a 
 I 'iiiiitiltfe 3,^, .Vpi'il, iSa6 
 
 Faiiiiv iif till! potato crop tliroughout Ireland • 
 siiai'U'rsn.iievi.il by parliament ..." 
 
 WilliaiiiSiiiitliO'HiiiMaiid the " Vouii); Ireland, "or " 
 |Ji\*alfeiwparly, .seeedel'riini the liepeal Asso- 
 
 I, .'.'■"'""„. ■, ,• -, . • ■ • • 29diiU-, „ 
 l(il,.|iinllslast speech in ti, eoniiiions 8 Feb 1847 
 
 iGrairts from parliament a iintiiiK to 10,000,000/ 
 
 torrlieVB the peojilu sultering from famine ami 
 
 llVjilM.fO'C.iiiiiell at Genoa, oil his way to limne' " 
 ui lib 73nl year ; he heiiueatliud his heart to Home 
 
 15 -May 
 
 15 .'lay, „ 
 
 lrl.iitatioiifi,mitlielri.shiieoiile(?)-«initli()'|!rien 
 .M,:i;'lnr, ()ti,>riiiaii, ,te. to l.amartiiie ami 
 Minis, iiiiiiilx.rs. it the provisional governniint at 
 
 I 1 ''TIS . t , , ., \iicj) o o 
 
 jCreat meeting of •■Youiii,- Irelanders" at liiibliii ' 
 ! 4 April, 
 
 ,.4rr.>tof.Miteliell,editorofthe " United Irishman" 
 I i3tli Mav, „ 
 
 to. inals in the Irish ipieen's beneli ,5-^7 Mav, „ 
 I ;."]!""". /'^.'""i' "'"' si'iiti'in'ed to tran.s]iort'a- 
 
 iim.i of Gavaii l)„liy, Martin, 'Meagher,' fioli^i^ilv' " 
 «'•., for tcioiiioiis writings, speeidie.s, i-e. ' 
 
 A pardnn Kmnted to U'liiieii ; he .shortly afti'r re- 
 
 turiii'il til Ireland ... -, \i.,,. ,0,,; 
 
 I!.di«i„us riiits at Ii,.|fast . . " . " ^s,.pV Is?, 
 I'lD-ress of eardiiial Wiseman in Irehind Sept' :8^S 
 
 A packet from Ualwiiy reaehes N. Ameriia in si'c 
 
 'lii.vs ^ 1 
 
 I'liiclamationafrainst secret siii'ieties .' .\,,v' " 
 -Virests iif iiieiiibi.rs iif Phienix S,icicty Ii,.,.' " 
 
 I'r.ipiised deni.iiistrati.iii ,if lamlhinls (headed by " 
 niaripiisiif l),,«nshiiv)Kivenup . . 2, Jaii i8= 
 National GaMerv f,iiiii,l,.,l . ' 'f V "*5 
 
 .^,iii,iiiai eiaiier,\ nillimcl p,,|, 
 
 Agitation against the Irish National s'ehooi systi'in', 
 
 Ueligious reviviil movenient in the north 
 
 larly at Itelfast 
 
 Great eniigratiim tn America in tlie siiriii" 
 Many Irishmen enlist in th 
 
 TI 
 
 ■yt. 
 
 partiiii- 
 
 Uct. 
 
 1859 
 
 i85o 
 
 k"«M(rate eliihs proliiliited 
 
 plif llalH'a.* Ciiriiiis act susiieiided 
 
 <v liiiius rebellion .siijipressed . 
 
 8 ,liilv, 
 
 .26, Inly, „ 
 
 26 July, ,, 
 
 • 29 July. „ 
 
 l.-iny Irishmen enlist in tlic servii'e of the pope' 
 .May, .liine : many return dissatislled .July' 
 
 lie reniaimlcr taken pris,inei-s by the. Sarilinians are " 
 releascil. and return to IJnblin, where tliey receive 
 
 . 1111 iivati. Ill ;; xov 
 
 Attempt, .,1 revival of Uejieal .agitation . Uee' " 
 
 Agrarian outrages ; alderman Sheeliy nmixb'rcl, ' " 
 
 Census taken ; popnlation, ■;. 708.067 8^\pril' lOfii 
 
 .•jiispeiisiiiii of packet service between (iahvav ami 
 America through theeoinpany'sbreaidiof contract 
 
 23 Mav 
 [ \ isit of the prince of Wale 
 
 I ami prince consort 
 
 Irish Law Cmirt coinmission appointed 
 ; Numerous agrarian murders ; 
 
 'S, 29 June ; and the iiueeu 
 
 24-31 Aug. 
 
 U Deit. 
 
 ■s ; tiustav Thiebault, 28 
 
 iir 
 
 
 I-, J., 
 
 i ' 
 
 <J'! 
 
 4'^ 
 
 
 
 
 ■■>) 
 
 'i,ifi 
 
 

 
 H|H^' 4 
 
 :^'|'t|l|^1_l 
 
 
 M 
 
 Hi . 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 Apill ; Kniiiii» Flt/pTiilil, i^i Miiy (hiuI iitlii'iK) ; 
 
 Mlrhat'l tl:iv>'!< M U.Mr. Joliii IIi'ikI'UM, 
 
 lo.Iiily, 
 The I"'liii»ti.'. •'• 0. HciVMfm'il.iilili. iif .VrmiiKh.ilii'S, 
 
 np'tl a.; 17. Inly, 
 
 llulliliiiK fur till' catliiillc imlvumlty fuuiicliil, 
 
 30 .Inly, 
 All fliniip! ili'iniuiKtratloii at Helfimt U'iuIh tn ili'- 
 
 Htrlli'tivi' lints 17 Sl'l't. 
 
 Orciit »;,'iiiiiltunil ilistrcrtH ; iniiiiy iiiiinlcm iiml iMit- 
 
 riiKi'H. inil iif iSd.', lu'KinnliiK "f .... 
 
 OiilHMVi'iirkit >iMVlcc irntiiirilliy Kiili,siilyiir7o,ix«)?. 
 
 (Mv'lnihnni) \ll«. 
 
 IiHi^'iiilli'aiit •' Niitiniinllst" iiiiTtlng . 15 -^Hn. 
 Ili'iith i.f .■iirliliisli.iii VVIiMtcly . . . 8 Oct. 
 (iriMt ciiiij.'iiiti'.ii ,.| iiMi'-liiiilii'd liiliciiirci-rt In . 
 Aiii'i'.iiMiiir iif till' Ki'iilaiiH (ic/ii'r/i grc) . . .Ian. 
 Di'atli of siiiitli o'lirluii, ilcMCfiiilaiit i>f kliij,' Hiiiiii 
 
 H.iniiiiilii' ifi.liiiic. 
 
 Acl.liv.Hs i.r tl N'atlcmal A.H>i(iclatiim " tci lilHTatH 
 
 tiiiiut rapital, iviiivtT till' prnln'i'ty iif the Catliii- 
 
 lii' .liuii li. Arr I J .1.111. 
 
 Oiiciiiii;; nt' till' liitiTiiatliiiial KNliililtUm at Diililiii 
 
 liv till' plillci' nt' Wali'.H .... y May, 
 
 Ci'iii'ial I'l.rtinii rav.iiiraljlo tii tlif j,'civi'riiiiii'iil ami 
 
 libiral party Inly, 
 
 Iini'i'itatinii nf lattli' from' EiiK'laiiil lifolillMtc'l mi 
 
 111 lint nf till' I'laKiii! . . 'J."; .^iij;. 
 
 Hi'iziii-i' cif till' iii'MspainT " Iiisli rcnplc" anil 30 
 
 Ki-iiians (si'c fMii.iii.i) . 15-17 Si'pt. mHi'I. 
 
 IiitiTiiatii'iial K.vliil'itinii iliwd . . 9 Nnv. 
 
 iSti'l'lli'll-i I'Siapi-^ I'lnln !,'anl . . 34-.'5 .N"V. 
 
 Ki'iii.aii trials licjnn at Diililin, 27 Nnv. ; Tlnuna.s 
 
 L'larki. I,iil>y lunvicti'il nf trca.sciii fulmiy ; .hi'ii- 
 
 ti'iiii'il tn 20 yi'ar.s' pi'iial si'rvitiiilii . 1 l)ri". 
 
 O'l.i'.iry ami litlnrs innvicti'il, Di'i-. ; O'lldiiiivau 
 
 liiissa Hi'iiti'iii'dl til iinprisiiiiiiii'iit fnr lifi-, 
 
 1., liii'. 
 Miiri' Fiiiialis anvsti'il anil I'onvii'ti'il at Cink ami 
 
 Dnl'lin Ian. I'Vli. 
 
 Disiiivi'iy of an arms mamifai'tory at Dnliliii ; tlic 
 city aii'il county proclainicil as I'lit ninlcrtlii' pro. 
 visions of the i'liiic I'lcscrvation act, 11 .Ian. 
 Ilalicas Corpus act Miisiicmlcil ; many I'Viiians lice 
 
 17 I'di. 
 Agitation rcspoctiiiy Irish cluircli ; ilcliatcs in jiar- 
 
 lianicnt \|'ril, 
 
 l.onl Alidcorii mailc loril-Iiciilcnaiit . .Inly, 
 
 Aliout 320 siispcctcil I'Vniaiis remain in pris 
 
 I .•'<cpt. 
 Great seizure of fliv-arms .... 15 l>ee. 
 Clare anil other counties proclaimcil luuler I'cace 
 
 rresi'iTiitioii act lice. 
 
 Election riots at Unntjarvaii ; capt. liurthol-Kclly 
 killcil . . . . . . . i'« I Ice. 
 
 Death of Win. Uargan.promoter of Irish Kxhiliiti 
 
 7 Keli. 
 Irish collc,L;e of science estahlislieil atDiililin early in 
 
 Another l-'eiiii itlircalc (see l-'cnitni.^), 5-13 .March, 
 
 Appointment of commi.ssioii respecting church of 
 
 Ilelalel ajjlceil to .... 24 .liine. 
 
 Chancery ami Conimnn-lnwDltlcesact passed, 20 .Vnc. 
 
 Irish chiirch commis.siim aplioiiiteil, earl St.-irilii'pe 
 
 cli.airmiin 30 u<t. 
 
 More trials of Fenians .... Nnv. 
 
 Execution of Fenians (.\llen, (ionlil, ami I.arliin) 
 
 for muriler of lirett, a policeman, at .Maiiclicster, 
 
 23 Nov. 
 Funeral ilenioiistnitions for thein at Cork, 2.) Nov. ; 
 
 llnlilin ami l.imericU I'lc 
 
 Party fuiici.il pii ssioiis prohihiteil . . 12 Dec. 
 
 Protest I. r Irish nolilemcn ami p-ntlomeii aj;ainst 
 
 Irish church estaiilishment si},'iieil, alnait 12 lice. 
 
 Declanitioii of many lionian catholic cler).'y pmres- 
 
 siiis loyalty, lait claiming seir-yoveinmeiit for 
 
 Irel.inil' . ' 23 Dec. 
 
 Dp. .Moriarty, of Kerry, )iiihlishes acircnlar censur- 
 ing the fnneral processions for Fenians 30 Due. 
 rrosecntion of the "Irisliman" newspaper for 
 
 seilitiim 10 .Jail. 
 
 Arrest of I'ico. Francis Train on his arrival 110111 
 Aineric 1, on siisincioii ot Feulanism ; soon ilis- 
 
 chargeil (claii I lo.oou/.) . . . 18. Ian. 
 
 Publication of facts pruvini; the iiicreaseil pro- 
 
 speritv of the country .... 28.11111. 
 
 Great iii'otest.int ilefeiice meeting at Dublin, many 
 
 peers present . t • • (J I'eh. 
 
 1863 
 
 ma IRELAND, 
 
 Ilalicas Corpus act siispemle.l till 1 M.iiri,, ,.,, ,;, 
 persons iletaineil on suspicion) . , ' " f.^|J .^ 
 
 Messrs, Sullivan ami I'lpitt, coiivicteil nf «,..iiii„,|', '' ' 
 llliels 111 their newspapi'iH (the " Weekly Ni'w," 
 ami •' Irishmau "), Heiitence'l to iia|in.viiaii,iii 
 
 1863 
 
 8 64 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 mill llni 
 
 i3.nK..|,, 
 
 1868 
 
 Mr. .lohnston, Kiaml niasterof an Orange ii',,|v i"!,, " 
 pris 'or inliaction of Party l'ri'ci'»«|ciu,'!i.t' 
 
 Manlii 
 Train arresteil fur ileht . . . i Manli ' 
 
 Fiiiir nights' ilchati' on livl.iml in |||i. ( ..l,,!,,,,, ' " 
 
 emleil (Mr. (Ilailsti'iic ileclaieil fur i||«i.»|i,i.|i,i|. 
 
 nieiil ot the Irish protest,, lit chilli li) ic, Ji.mii' 
 Irish reforiii hill Intioiluceil into tlit Ciii'mriH " 
 
 I7.M1111I1' ,, 
 Ilcliate on Mr. (ilailstmie's proposal riiraciiiiiiiti,.,, 
 
 oil his resolutions fnr the ilisestalilisliiMi i.i ..f 1,,. 
 
 churi'li (carrieU hy 328 to 372), 30 Maul, t.r la.Jv 
 
 iiioriiin^^ of , \., .[ 
 
 Mr. Featlicrslonehaimli. .1.1'., a ilepiitv-lii.|\i.", 'i, ,,' " 
 
 iteail while leturiiiiij; from Inilillu ^i,,, |,,|,|',„. 
 
 ccntly raiseil the rent of his tenants) , 1, .\i 1,1 
 Visit of prince ami princess of Wales ; ..rrivi aj 
 
 Dulilln ; ilitcnse eiithusiasiu , ,15.V',.| 
 The prliipii ami princess at Piinclieshnvn la.vi. 
 
 il .Viiril 
 The prince Installed an a, knight of !SI. p;iiii,k, ' 
 
 The prince niul lu'lncess at review in riiiiiiix'|i:iik' " 
 
 20 April ; leave Duhlin . S4.V|.|,|,' 
 
 llicreaseil emigration to Cnite.l States . Ai'iil, " 
 Mr. (llailsloncs llrst res.iliitioii pas.snl la tlie oii,,' " 
 
 iiioiis (liy 330 to 265) early on i .May ; si'nii„| ;,],,[ 
 
 thinl resoriitions pas.seil . ,' . . j)j,,. 
 Irish archbishops anil hishoiis jiresent aililiv»s i.l " 
 
 the queen at Wini'.ior, mi belialf nf tin' liiili 
 
 Church establisliin. 't . , .14 ,\|,iy, 
 
 Irish Church comniis.i-'n r. ninieiiil eiiiisnliilaiiiVi 
 
 of ilioccses ami other rel'ornis(ist ri'jiiat), J7,liilv, 
 F)arl .spencer lonl lieutenant .... I1..I' " 
 Visit nf prince Arthur . . . i; .\]iiili(.,, ,.", I 
 .Many mni'leis : Mr. Anketell, 3 Mnvii ; Mi, l)i-,,i. ' ' 
 
 shaw, .1,1'., 24 .\pril ; Capt, farii tnii 28 .\|inl, 
 Mayor of Cork, for a speech inlogizii;^ Feiiiaiis. 27 
 
 .Vpril, I iiinpelleil to resign . . i, .May, 
 
 Ail'lress of :ircliliislioi» l.ealiy conileiiiniiig (i;'i-jiri;iii 
 
 murilers i6.M,iy, „ 
 
 Irish Church hill Introiliiceil Into the enmiiiMiis, i 
 
 .March; after iiiuch o]ipositiiMi passeil, 26 .luiv. „ 
 Irish niixcil scliools ilemiiiiiee.l by alip. Ciillc! , 
 
 support for a Catholic univiisity ili laamleil m a 
 
 circular ilateil iSiU:. „ 
 
 Great agitation for amnesty to the Fenian cuuriil*, 
 
 tilt. „ 
 Tonant-right agitation ; a cnnh'icin'o at Cork, 10 
 
 .Sept. ; county nieeting at Kilkenny . i3IV;. „ 
 Jeremiali O'|iiiiio\'.iii liossa, a Fii.ian eniiviit, 
 
 eleeteil M,l'. tor Tipperary . . 25 .\"V. „ 
 Many agrarian outrages . . Jan.. Fi'i. i;;: 
 
 O'lii'niovan liossa's election annulleil , 10 KA .[ 
 Irish I'hnrch cniiveiitinii met . ahmit 21 Kii. „ 
 Irish J. ami bill, reail a seeoiul time ia ei.iti]iKiii> 
 
 (442 against u), i a..m., 12 March ; roail sionsl 
 
 time in tin' loiils i7Jmir, „ 
 
 New "Irish I'eace rreservation art" ]ia<M-.l, 
 
 I';iglit counties ])laceil nmler this act . 2j.\|rl. „ 
 Itcporlc'l growtli of a "Xationality " |'aityaiii"!i; 
 
 the Protestants Iii!v, „ 
 
 Irish l.auil act passeil . . . . i .in., „ 
 The " llome liovernmeiit .\ssiiiiatiiiii," to imliMi' 
 
 all iiartics. meet at Dublin . . . iStt. „ 
 Aggressi\'c outrages ami iiiurilers . Nnv. 
 
 ISoiiie Fenian convicts releaseil fnna pri«oii. .Ian, i:;i | 
 John Martin, a nationalist, electnl M.l'.,fjr.M.-alli, 
 
 5 Jan. „ 
 Census taken ; population, 5,402,759 . 3 .\l'nl. 
 Hill for piotertion of life ami taoiierty in Wist- 
 
 nieath Inought in (ami pa.sse<l 16 Jiiiie)oiiai'i'Oiiiit 
 
 of rilianilism sJli)'. 
 
 Chief con.'stabk Talliol shut, night of 1 1 Jul; : 'l;"'l 
 
 15 July, 
 
 Visit of the prince nf Wales to open the Rmal 
 Agricultural exhibition .... lAu;;. 
 
 Riot through attempteil rciiression of hiiian 
 syinpatliisi-rs ; .several killed , . 7 A"(' 
 
 |f„„,l,,l(|'atatloii(c,,mt 
 
 ' l„llMiiktlie liishli.i t 
 
 iiiiliulHiiie ihiimg I hi 
 
 wtliKfli'i'"" '''■'"""" 
 
 Ivr l«iai' ll'i". I''"'''''' 
 
 J *,ti'il.M,l'. for l.imci 
 
 Til, II. C, bislii'l' "f I"' 
 
 iiilifM, ileilare again 
 
 ,,„.iiil,,ri ill Itt fi"oii 
 
 Iprt'diiUtiHeol'""-'''"" 
 
 Jn, SflU nmrilered nt li 
 
 C»rtX"l""i^'''' forOi! 
 ilntii'li I'V lii» agents ; 
 riiT|i)' wvi'ii'ly ceiisn 
 ljivili|(«-iiti'iice , . 
 
 OWnii' r, .Miiniiiis ol 
 aiili.'r) I ir exeii'iling 
 iiirt'tiiii; ill l'liieiii\-pa 
 ii'iiliit f '1 I'laiiitlir, 25 
 
 F,lliin(l.»ftu"'ii:'IW'iidi 
 imriiitialivay election 
 
 Kr Uliiil»l"ia' brings in 
 flllvrl-.itv bill (rejectei 
 
 I H' 11. !■'■ '■i<ii"i' "f S' 
 
 I ,«U('i|ilitteil(see /'n'li 
 Tnai:0'Ki'"llci'.<-.'i"'''iii'i 
 
 I Hiiiii' rule iinil amnesty I 
 I llotioiiJ ill favour iifUoi: 
 I in iiarliaiiieiit . 
 1 Irianil n'p'iiteil very pn 
 I Ji'lin Miti-lii'll (arc c'.in'i, 
 liir fil'I'iTiiry, 16 I'eb 
 
 tlie C anils', li*^ dii 
 
 .liiliii Martin, M.l',, ilii 
 
 , Gnv,M,l'. ilie.l . 
 
 I Hiidirll'si'lritioaileclar 
 
 I I'fji'e I'rrarrvatinii .\et r 
 
 I t'cniiiiary of the birth 1 
 
 bnili'il at Iliibliii, mall 
 
 prwiit ; iiiui'li ilissensi 
 
 Ilii'lltriealanil llome-i 
 
 I Mr. Mi'.Siviiii'V, Inril may 
 
 tuf.iiiii a iii'W jiaity fi 
 
 I nmiDSt'il tit liiiiac-rnle 
 
 I Cjtlmlir syiiuil at" .May 
 
 rfimnn'il 
 
 I RiiiU lit Ciilinn, Mr. u'l 
 
 altJirki'il(28iiU'iici>iiini 
 
 I DiJOTlsiiin between lilel 
 
 tenaryciitaiiiittee, whii 
 
 I ifinriaii initraj;!', Mr. Hii 
 
 il,iylii!lit. tin: eoaeliiiiai 
 
 at'Mit.'lii'Istiavii, Cork 
 
 iltTaj-hllv, I'Xi euteil 2 
 
 I O'Kn-lli (sre al.eve, Mini, 
 
 I Culli'llfereelllpellsatiu 
 
 I An liisli university bill ii 
 
 (wiiliiii-awii) 
 I Cainty litliii'i-s anil emirt 
 I Sii|iriuic court of jiuliciit 
 
 I Tfnipnrary .strike of iiiei 
 WVstiTii railway, about 
 
 I Dr. Miiiiarty, li. C. bp, 1 
 linns 
 
 I Mr, (ilailstmie's private v 
 
 j Tlipjiiiliratiiri' act comes 
 
 I Tlii'iarlnl l.ritriia(eeeeii 
 sliiit iliail near his loilg 
 Bil. . . . 
 
 I Bill for iTilui'ing Irish h 
 jei'tiil ill till' eollllllolis 
 
 I Irish Sniiilayiliwiiig(pul 
 
 [ V'^i'il • passi'il 
 IrisliiiiiiTiiii'iliateeiJucat 
 
 I IriJi vnlnatiiT hill lost 
 
 j liili ti< alKiIbli tlie tjiii 
 Mtablish a new iuii\en< 
 iiitrmluti'il hy lunl clii 
 carricil in commons (25; 
 
 |Preveiiliiin of crime act p 
 
!|) 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 r,H7 
 
 lUKLAND. 
 
 All lli^ll lllllli>lllll CPllVl'llllnll til INl'lt ;it llllllllll, 
 
 |ir..|i,,«i'il liy .Mr. i;|iMili.|( Hlrwml i'mih'll (xi'i 
 //..»„ l;„l,). 
 
 p_„,,|i,lci.utntli'Il{i ill' 'I'' I'li'vlKli.v mill nthiTs) 
 
 7,taiiktl.HM>liliii;tli.'"K,sUt, i.rilii. lii,l. ,. , .,. 
 
 .inlmliiii''' 'l'i''"« ""■ "■"'■■ "iiinily iririvi'il, I ll„„„ l;,,l,) ii «f|it. lO?!) 
 
 ,itliiitilitlim»il''i»"i"'""'i"ii" iiKiilii»l iMiKliiiiil, I I'lHKivsKcitiif Mr. l'iiiiii'll;iimcliiiiitl-riMitii;,'iliiri..ii 
 
 If-JH AllK. 1871 I lllltuillll, „ 
 
 i|, I«Mr llMlt, li'iiilii- "f Iliiiiu'rulu ini.vi'iiiiiit, Appi'iil fni' tlii' IHuli iiiilluiial liiiiil Iwikui' liy Mr. 
 
 *,lnlM.l'. riirl/iiiiilik . . . 3o«.'i.t. „ j I'linii'll.Hulii'itiiiK >mli»i'rl|.tiiinK til l.iiy till' liiiiil 
 III. II l. Iii«li"li 111 l)i'n-.v, tliu O Diiiiiigliiic, ami ' t'nr rln' t.ii.inln . . . . ' u iiit 
 
 ,„l„!r*, iliiliiro iipiliint till' liiiivciiifiit, .liiii. t I KxiilliiK»iiccclic,i(ir .Mr, l\ini..ll iiiXaviin 
 
 niiiiilirr' 111 "" f"*'"'"' •^"''■'"l f'"' •^"'"■"V ',"••' ' II. 13 Oct. ,, 
 
 Ki-rrj' ■ •„., • „,; ,' ■, , ■. f •'■'!'';• »87» , JiiiiifH llr>ri' Killi'ii, ImrrlstiT, .T. W. Iinlvl iini- 
 
 r,a„tnUMl" of 111" "'"'"' : fu»- lirUniici'.s fi.i tn,il, ,,r|,.,„r „,■ ..^ hkIiI Trliwiipli," iiiul .Mirli'irl 
 
 """■"' •> liiivltt (rx-KiMili .11 tii'ki't nllravi') iinvsli-il at 
 
 liiilillii liir «i'.litiiiii (at aiili-iTiit iiifi'lilin lit 
 liiirtci'ii, SliKii, a .NiiV.); li.rii.Ma'iitioii laip»t.il,) 
 I ii( N'lV. ,, 
 
 ] Givat iilili'ily iiiii'liiiHs 111 III lit iHilpliii, Italia, Ac, 
 
 ■I' I. 
 
 Mm XclU nninliTnl nt litT nwii ilnur near DiiMiii, 
 
 I " 37 .May, 
 
 I iji't Xi'lii'i. ^'l'' fiirfiilwuVi iinwati'il fur iiitiiiil- 
 
 'i|,ji,'ii l,v liin HKi'litit ; till' H. C. lilslin|.s ami 
 
 ri,,fi;y nivnvly i'i'iiaiir>.'il liy JUHtJii' Kr.inli In 
 
 (iiiii'li wiiti'iiir . . . . aliniil j; .May, 
 
 lO'llvmi' r, .Miiri|iils nf Iliirtlii«t ami nllnTu 
 
 iilili.T) I'll' I'xn'i'iliiiK iliily ill siii.i.ivs^iiij- 11 
 
 I'irfliii;: ill I'iKi'iiix-iiark, Diililiii, in An;;. 1871 ; 
 
 (fnliitf'ii I'liiiiililf. 23'- i'iiii'"K''n • II July, 
 
 I FilliiT* l-"l'i'i "11'' yiii'iii •'■'I'l' i"i' imiliii' InliTl'i'r 
 
 31 .NuV. fl I 
 
 f'i'vi'I' iMit iiiniiiKi'imiils I'lir '.ii'Vlii^ lUsti'i'i 
 
 imlilUliiil 111 Unlilin .... 33 Sow 
 I'awtiiiiil liy iilip. .Mi'Calir iiKaln^t tim iiKltatlnii ; 
 
 „ '■''■'il 33 Niiv. 
 
 Tims, llivnnaii anvsti'il lor hi'.litiuns spci'di (at 
 '■ " 5 Di'c. 
 
 FilliiTK l.i'i'in iiii'i ijiiiiiii "11 '1 i"i iiiiiiiic iniiTii'r- 11., i„ ,„ V ,. \ 
 
 ,ii,»iiitiiil\vayiIi'i'tliiM;.tiii'yilli«a;,'i'i'i'il,in-i4l-'i.li, 1874 ti„ l. , .i'^ r m ...n' , 'i „\ ■ '• ' V.V;- " 
 
 U lliiMi'iii' I'liiiH-i iiitii tli.TiMi, minis the hisli . ^'" 'lii'li'-'* "I .Mii'lliiiriMiKli (tli« Mcrruy s will') 
 
 '"c,Syiiiii(.i'>'iti'ii».iiiwii ■i.wn) 1.3 1.',..,, „ , ii^;:;;:,,:;'-,^:;!' •;;■;': ':-^ '■';''•■ »■'■»' t^i'";')- 
 
 m, 11 (' l.Uliii|i III' t.'iiiifcit, hr. Iii-^'an, tiinl (M nm 1 .1/""-'-. / m-is^ 1879) 18 Div. „ 
 
 . .,, ,lti ,1 (iir liiililiit) .5-1.) Ki'li • ^'''' ' 'iiiii'll "ii ivi's at .Si'W \ in k In injilali' or ii'lii 
 
 T •:' ut ^ '*C ri 1 Cu^^ •' I ,,-';n'li;'Vi:'i'i'lii.i.ll-litii'allyaml Kinniarily 3,Ia,l, ,S8< 
 
 '"'"'"■^ " ^ 13 .May I "l"l» lit <-arrai'ni', fiiniiiniara, anil otlii'r jilai-i's in 
 
 ,, .,,...„i»,,n,i,mino»lvnH«iicliitliMmai'tiv,.. 'oo'f' " Uulway, In cMiisfiiimmc of mitii'os ol'i'vii'tiou 
 
 I H.iiinimlciiniliiiin'i'Kty ii»«iii'iiitliinMai'tivi', Dot. 
 
 I Jli.iioiu III favour 111' lli)im'-i'nli'(i''/M'i/i .irOilcfi'iitnl 
 
 I ini«irli'iim'iit . • 30 March it 3 .Inly, ,, 
 
 llrtiiiilri'|"iitril very |iros|icrmH . . Aiiv'. ,, 
 
 JiJiii Mitrlii'II (»a' c/«.iv, 1848, 185.3), diMtcil M P. 
 
 Iiir Ii|il"'rni'y. '^ ''''''■ '■ I'li'diim iIimIiivciI mill hy 
 
 llif Ciiiiiiiii'ii" ; 'n' I'ii'i' '" .Miircli ; Ills fin-nilH, 
 
 .Mill Miiilin, M.r., illcil 21) March ; ami Hir .luliii 
 
 , lirav, M.l'. ilitil g Aiirll, 1875 
 
 I Jikli'rH'si'li'iti li'clai'cil viilil . . 26 .May, ,, 
 
 I rfjitl'rmiTutiiin Alt ri'iii'Wi'il . 28 .May, ,, 
 
 I CinliMO' "f ""' ''i''"i "I l'''iiii<'l o'Copiicll cdc- 
 
 Inilcil'iit luililiii, many forciKii li. C. ilitjnlfarlcs 
 
 prt'Si-iit ; iiiiirlHlisM'iisiiiii at tin- liaminct lictwccn 
 
 , tlifi>iii:,liiii.| lloiiic-nili'iiartii's . . fi An^', „ 
 
 I Mr. Mi'.Sivimy, loiil mayuriif IHililin, cnilcavnms 
 
 tufinii .1 iii'iv party fur " faith ami falhcvlaiiil," 
 
 o|i|««il tn lloiiic-riilc . . . .\ii^'.-ISciit. -- 
 
 I Cjtliiilii' xyiiiiil ntr .Ma.yiuuith ; inixcil cilncatim 
 
 .".™ .(> ._.i.ii..i>i , .„">iiiii 111(11 il, fiiii 
 
 Ciulway, In ciiiisciincinc of mitici 
 
 3 .Ian. '7 .'■(■*/, 
 C'liiitrllinllmiM to the I'aiiilnc fnmls arrive fruiii 
 
 t'anaila, An«lr,ilia, linlia, L'niti il Ntalcs, kr. 
 
 .lull. Kcl), 
 Mr. I'arncH'. a^titatiiui salil to lie a ilcail failnic Fell, 
 30.00,)/. receiveil In. in liiril iiiayor of l.omlnii ; 
 
 (iMihlin CO. icliirns, 82,43../.) ". . -^3 Kcli. 
 See.l sn|.|.ly act |.assc,l . . . , March, 
 Kelicf of ilistiess (Irelaiiil) act passcil 13 .March, 
 Helicf I'liml: i2i;,oix)/, rcceivcil up to 25 .M.irch ; 
 
 '41.562/ iiM I,, ,, ,\|.ri|. 
 
 Charter fur new Irish nnivcrsitv si^tneil liy thei|neeu 
 
 ,9 Ai.ril, 
 
 iTiiKiirt'il 
 
 N'pt. 
 
 I iTilsiinii .... . • . .^.-jii. ,, 
 
 I liiiil.< lit Ciillaii, Mr. o'KeeU'e's cliiipel ami lioiisn 
 1 iitiirlii'il(.'8iiiciiciiiiimittcil for trial) . 11 Oct. „ 
 I Kiwiisiiiu lietwi'i'ii iiiemliers of D'Connell ceii- 
 I triuryi'iiiiiiiiitti'c, wliicli is ilissoheil . 26 Nov. „ 
 I ifrariiin iiiitrii};e, Mr. llriilKcs ami party lireil on In 
 iliiyliijlit. till! ciiacliiiiaii killcl ; several noniiileil 
 jl'Mii.'lii'l^tnivii, Cork (Crowe convicteil of niur- 
 I iliTjs.liily, exieuteil 25 .Vii).'. ) . . 30 .March, 1876 
 I 0'K«'l1i- (.w iiliiive, Mini, 1S74) siiliniits to canliiial 
 I I'lillfiifiiri'iiiniiiiisatiiiii , . . . .Muy, ,, 
 I All Irislniiiiveisity hill introilnceil liy Mr. Uiitt 
 
 I (ivilliilr.nvii) 16 .May, ,, 
 
 I Oiiiiityiillii'i-r.<iiiiil cinirts act iiasseil . 14 All;;. 1877 
 I liii|iniiict'iiiii'tof juillciitiire act lor Irelanil, passcii 
 I 14 Anx. „ 
 
 I TfniiwnuT strike of lueii on Great .Sontherii ami 
 1 WistiTii lailWiiy, iilimit . . . 14-22 Sept. „ 
 Dr. MHriiirty, H. C. bp, of Kerr)-, patriotic, jmli- 
 
 I liiiiis (lieil 1 Dct. „ 
 
 I Mr. (lliiilstiiiie's private visit . 17 Oct. i7 .ic;. ,, 
 I Tlipjiicliraiuieaiitciiiiii's into operation . i .Ian. 187S 
 I IhtKirliif l.iitriiii(eiceiitric), liisclerk, ami ilriver 
 ' sliiit ili'iiil near liis IoiIku, Manor Van;;liaii, Donii- 
 
 I Irish jiiti... 
 I Iri.s1i vnluiit 
 
 [lllll tn 
 
 estnlili; 
 
 iulriHliKcil liy lunl cliaiicellor Cairns, 30 , 1 line"; 
 
 I'iirritil ill ciiiiiiiiinis (257-90), 25 July ; piisseil 
 
 Helicf for IrUli ilistress liroiiKlit in the ('..h,,/i//ii/;ou 
 I'roin Uniteil States ; iirrives at Cork 20 A|.ril, 
 
 Ueceiveil for Irish ilistress, 177,401/. ; ilistrilniteil, 
 '70.357' up to 23 July, 
 
 CoiM)ieiisatiiin for Distnrliance liill (to check evic- 
 tions, restrnin lamllonl,^, ami liciielit tenants), 
 2ml reailin;,' in commons (295-217), 5-6 .Inly; 
 
 passeil ill eon Ills ;3U3-237), 27 .Illly ; reject'eil 
 
 liy tl;ch.nls(2S2-5i) .... 3 AiiK'. 
 
 I.. 'iM... . i> .. I . II f* ._ . 1 .r . '^. 
 
 inlcnt spi hof Mr. llillon. M.P., at Kil.larc, in 
 
 favour of the Inml Ic,i;,'iie, 15 An;;. ; tcrineil 
 "wickcil ami cowanlly" hy Mr. W. K. l-'orster, 
 who jnstilies the tcriiis in parliament 23 .\uK. 
 
 Mr. I'anicll proposes that tenant slionM 1 niic 
 
 owner of lami after payiii;; 35 yea is' .just rent Sept. 
 
 The ihichess of Marllioriiiijiirs relief I'liml ; total rc- 
 ceivcil from all parts 135,245/., ami 119/. interest 
 from the Hank of Irelaml ; lepoileil 19 Sejit. 
 
 I.onl .'.lonntmorrcs shot at lintlieen near Cloiiliar, 
 (oihvay, about 8 p.m. ... 25 Sept. 
 
 Progress of a;.,'ilation ; excitin;,' speeches of Slcssrs, 
 I'ariiell, Keilpath, Dillon, ami others ailvocating 
 the principle of ■' lioycottiiiK " . Sejit., Oct. 
 leiiilin;,' laiiilowners with audits wait on the 
 
 iPreventinii of crime act imsseil 
 
 _ Alls. 
 '.5 An;;. 
 
 iiuiv »iii.i, mill ■■itiiii'ii|i^i(i-j V<'ll\ 
 
 Arrest of Timothy .M. llealy, .Mr. I'arncU's secre- 
 tary, ami Mr. Walsh, for iiitiiniilation of Mr. 
 Manning (on ifi Oct.) , , 26, 27 Oct. 
 
 §mm;.J^ 
 
 r 
 
 
 !' .-Ml' 
 
 #1 
 
 .ji 
 
 
 ''^ 
 
 itii'. 
 
*,».' 
 
 •»t ( 
 
 t' 
 
 . . .1 
 
 '^Ik 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 A8H 
 
 IKELANI), 
 
 Mfn-rn. I'.iincll iiijil ntliiTM iiftvHii'.l f.ii iiKl>lriu'y 
 
 iiikI liiliiiiMiitiMii to iHcvnit li'iiiihtrt piiyiiiu ri'tit, 
 \M'. (iv nil): imlicii ^>rvii| | N.iv. i ' .<r./. i 
 
 Sir. Iliiyfiitt I'f I..111KI1 Miiik fnilii, in'icr lliilllni"l«', 
 MiiV", IichIi'U.'.I ; IiIh liilioimr.-. llHviili'iiril ; lih 
 liMili'siiii'ii rrfiiii' 111 r<ii|iiilv liim ; lii" 1 ri'lii 
 liMtluri'.l liv InmiiKiiinl liiliiiiinrn, |iimIiiIi'iI_ liy 
 iiilliliirv, >Vc Ill 13 >""*■• 
 
 Sir. lliiiiv Wlici'liT, Imiil n«iiit, Tiiiiiiliii'il la N'lv. 
 
 .Mr, KuistiT, liisli Srciiliiiy, Hi'iiiU a I'lnulni' tn tlu' 
 iii.i„'lsii,iics ri-iiiiiiilln« tlii'iu 111' tliiir >tiituliir,v 
 
 |iuwrM illiiilll « I'l'i'. 
 
 Sir. W. lliiii'.i.IiiiKMiir IliillliiMsnirlliy, Iri'Mli'il liki' 
 Mr. lli.viMll "'■''• 
 
 Tlnvi' lihlfc'.s (Kllztji'mlil, Hurry, nml linwsi'), ili- 
 livrr iiliiriiilM;^ rliiir.'ri mi Htiili' uf I'liimlry lii'i'. 
 
 TriMl uf Mr. I'iirni'll ami ulliriH fm' cnii.iilrai'y, 
 
 lll'«illrt (ii'C VVl■'^ -18 I'l'l'. 
 
 .Iiirv ilh.iu'ivci ; iliirharni'il . . • as .laii. 1 
 
 Aliiiiit .s,..*. sulilii'ix In Iri'laiiil . . ''an. 
 
 I(i'|iiirt of .X^-riinlliinil OniihilnHiivn (I'm- lirlaml) 
 issniil; nival illslir«H, i377-y; ^.-'iml liarvi'nt, 
 iS-"u; II u|i|ii.si< tliviliriT K'h. ; rciiiiiiiiH'iiil^i'ini- 
 >:ralliiii ill ■•111I11' ilislrliN 'an. 
 
 mil fur iirnliMliun uf HIV ami iimiii'l-ty (Icrnn'il 
 ri'crrinii hill) liiiin>;lil in liy .Ml'. KiU'Hli'l', 34 'lii'i- ! 
 Iiinnili'liati'n; niiirli i.li»thi'i'tliili(«i'c Vxi-linmiul); 
 iiaKscil iM.niiiioiis, (.8i-/i), 25, s6 Ki'li. ; paKKfil 
 Iiiriln. 1- 1 Mari'li ; ruval iiswiil . . iManOi, 
 
 Traic i.ivsiM-viitiiin liiil (arms liill) ; intrmliii'iil 1 
 Mari'li ; iLissnl ninuinms, 11, u .Marili ; )ias«i'il 
 iuriln, if. Maii-li ; iiiy.il assent . . si Manh, 
 
 Slaiiy ayitatiirs anrsli'd ; ai in Kilmaiiiliain pnil, 
 
 10 Mairli, 
 
 " Claii-Xii-dai'l" si'cri't Hucii'ly t(i ri'iilacc Fi'iiians 
 sai.l In 111' fnrnii'il . . '. . . Manli, 
 
 Iri^li lanil liill (" iiraliznl runliscaliim"- /;■"■■"".-■• 
 liihi) JntriiilmTd intu tin.' coiiilmiiiH t>y Mr. (II. ni- 
 si, mi' 7 -^Vi'i 
 
 Sliiii' arri'sis (lutal almnl 4(1^ . n\< tn 2.. .\liril, 
 
 Cniil uiilra;,'i's in ililli'ivnt iilacis; Imlilln lity |iin- 
 claiiiMil iniili'r I'liiri'iiiii iii't, i Mav ; .lnlin liillnn, 
 M.l'. airisli'il Ircli'a.si'il .Vnj;. 1 . . 2 May, 
 
 llivisiiin in Irisli iiarliann'nt.irv iKirly ; Mr. rarni'll 
 ami iillii'rs n|i|i.i.si' iIm' laml hill, aimiit . 5 .May, 
 
 Ini'i-i'iisi- in anniniit lit I'riini' . . April, .May, 
 
 Tiital arri'sls. 54 ; ini'ri'csi' nf rvli'tliuis . .May, 
 
 Irisli laml liilTirail 2I11I tiiiii' r-jsa-i?^); Mi'. Tarmll 
 anil aliiiiit ioirliri', 19, an May ; inl tinii'(22o-i4) 
 
 20 ■Inly, 
 
 Anrarian mitnini's, 419, .I;in. : 170. Kcli. ; 146, 
 Mari'li ; 21/1. April ; "2 iS in lliri'i' wn'ks . Slay, 
 
 Hiulsi'iiiimi-tnl Willi I'riiliiiiiM at Srari'll, I'li. Clari! ; 
 snini' iirrsiins killi'il ; many iiOnri'il • 2 ■linn', 
 
 Hiiitiii),' at variiiiis plai'i's in ni. I'nrk., A'l'., 
 
 ■;, fi, 7 .IllllC, 
 
 ropiilaliuii iliniinislii'il mir ninth in It'll yi'ais (liy 
 I'l'iisns) Iniii', 
 
 First pnhlicallun i.f r,N7MMr.Aif-' . . .Inly, 
 
 i.and bill in Imnsi- nf lunls; ivail 2111I tinii', 2, \ 
 AiiK. : iiil liini' (Willi anii'ii.lnii'iils), 8 Aiic. : Ilia 
 I'cininiiins ri'lrrt sunn' ul' tin' aini'iiilini'iits, 12 
 Aiij;. : till' luiils ii'sist, 13 AiiK. ; llif I'linumins 
 iiiiiiliry till' aini'iiiimi'nts, 15 Alifrl "k" I'iriU 
 virlil.Vi Aii^'.; nival assi'iil . . 22 AiiK. 
 
 In'i'ii'asi'il l«iyniltiii;,'iif sliiip.ki'i'pi'rs ami utliias, 
 ami iiimli I'riii'lty Sipt. 
 
 Gri-at I tiii;;iif ili'le'iati's fnnii tin' l^iinl I.i'a^ni', 
 
 ili'mninrin;,' tin: laml art as a sliani ; -Mr. I'anii'll 
 in'i'sent 17-10 Sept. 
 
 Mr. I'arni'll iirri'stfil iiii I'liarni' of ini'itiiit; tn iii- 
 tiiiiiilatiiin anil fur ni'Kiiik' ii"ii-]iayiiii'iit nf ii'nt ; 
 iiut into Kilniaiiilmiii Haul, Uiilillii (n'lir-lt sei) 
 
 iiOi't. 
 
 This arrest "Ii'gal, iiii'riteil, nml I'xpcilicnt," Tiniri 
 
 15 lilt. 
 
 An'i'st (if Messrs. Sext O'Ki'lly, .1. P. Oiiinn, 
 
 seiTctary nf Laml Li'.iHiU', Dillmi, O'lirien, ami 
 ntliers i4-i6()il. 
 
 Violent riotiiiji tit Ilulilin ami I.iiiipriik ; alioiit 
 2000J. iliiiiiaite ; soon Hiipprosscd ; miirc arri'st.s 
 
 i=.jP. (l,:t. 
 
 Store troops sriit tn Iri'Iaml frnni rhulliani, iS:i'. ; 
 immifistn nf tlif Laiiil l.ca^'m.' ili'mniiioin;; tlio 
 govei'nim'iit, ami nriU'riiin miii-pavniunt nf rent 
 
 iS Oi't. 
 This manifesto rensureil liy archljishnp Cmkii 
 
 19 Oct. 
 
 88o 
 
 FlMt liii'i'tlliK nf till' lilnli Laml toiiiiiilH»ioii imiih, 
 lulilresseil liv, Instill' O'llaHiin , . , ,, ,' 
 Oreal i-aliii al liiililiii ami l.lmeii.k 3o(i,|.,,,' ' ' 
 The liinl lielllelialll nil till' re.<pii|i»|l,|l|ty ,if «'' " 
 
 W. K. I'lirsler pinel.ilms the «iip|,i;.,„i ; 
 
 the l.aml LeiiKiii' us all illei'iil ami itiiiiiini 
 
 nrpinizatinll, 20 del.; the |e,li|e'> i|i'i|ii||. f„, 
 
 jiiiHslye ri'slslame ; aielililslmp M'Tuhe', |,„i,,||i 
 
 imllllist llie l.iiml Lea^'lle liiallll'i itn leiiil III II e 
 
 ehnrehert III liiililln ^,j]' 
 
 Iinpnrtaiit ili eisiniis in favniir nf lemnitii In ,iii,| " 
 
 enlnniissiniis al llell'asi, \i , . ' y^^^, 
 
 34413 persniis III prlsiin; iiioreavre:ils; »"iiiiMi'|.'«„.,i " 
 
 aUiioiiMii.l 1 .N„y, 
 Iliiine rule meeting at I>iilillli , . i X.iv' " 
 
 Ilealh I r III. M'llale, areliliUlmp nf Tiiiiiii, "i inii " 
 I ,irthef..liliif,lmlali" . ... 'si,';." 
 ' Aliiiv« 4o,cuo iippUeatlniiH tn the liiml („'i|f(,' " 
 
 , C'iiiitliiiiaiii'('nfa},'i'ai'laii iiiiirilt'i'iiaiiiliiiilnnii'a 's,,v' " 
 .Strike apiinst iiayini'lit nf I'l'lit in l.iiin'riek ; I'li,! " 
 
 lliilis nlileleil ioXiiv' 
 
 Irish rrnpeity lleltiiee nssm ialliin (fiiiiai'il Xnv' " 
 I i8i!o) aetive uiiil mieeesafiil (see .Viiii-r'„(,.j,„„^ 
 
 I faiiiO Niiv. lie,. 
 
 flreat inrreaHenf erinie in Miiiisler aniMriiiirnl |w' " 
 All as.sneiatlnii Inrineil tn snppiiil lie' Inv " 
 
 al.iilll ...ill... 
 I'riii'hiinatlnii .■inalnst pussessinnnraniis in liiil,!,,, " 
 
 A-'i' .■; h,.,.' 
 
 A|ipiiilitiiii'iit nf live speelal lna;;i^llall■s, wjHi mf,^ " 
 
 I pnwirs, 111 ilislinlieil ilislriils; .^^i) a>,'iiniiii 
 
 iiiitr;i;.'es ill the year . . . almul 30 |w. 
 
 Several laily laml lea^suers arii'sliil .. .Imi. .N. ,' ,;', 
 
 Hay nf hiiinillalinn Inr I'rnteslaiils . .ii.linl "' 
 
 Aliniit 4a siis| Is ariesti'il . . j;,!,,,,] " 
 
 l-'ryi|iieiit iniinleis ivpnrleil .... hvi,' " 
 
 ■ C millie l.i eiiipiiie iiitn wnrkiiiu nf l:iiii| u.i '' 
 
 Mileil liy Inl'ils (96 - 53, 17 t'l'li.). eiul f.linu, 
 
 chairman 31 Frit 
 
 Hiehael Havill, emiviet, I'leeteil M.I', liir n. '' 
 I .Meatli, 22 Fell.; anniilleil liy the eniiiiiiniis (m 
 /•■■"'" a..-) . . . . '. . . aSWi, „ 
 Dallev, an iiifnrnior against l.aml l.i'a;:iii',niiii'ili'r(i| 
 
 at i mill ill 1; Ki'li, 
 
 ' Sir. (ilailstniie s resnliilinn against Hie InriU'n.iu! " 
 I millee, 27 Fell. ; earrieil (303— 2j0 9-10 .Miiivli, „ 
 
 The li.rils' e ilteesit . . . .Millih, 
 
 j C'niiliniiam I niiiiilerniis niilraps . . .M.inli, " 
 
 Arehliishiip .M'Calie eleateil ealilil .il 27M:ilvli, 
 
 j Sir. Fnrslel enllfesses failure nf;.'nvirt1IIU'lll |...li,y 
 thrnii^h iiillneiiee nf seeret siii'ieties j/Miirili, „ 
 
 ■ 511 snspeetH ill prisiin Xyti]^ ^^ 
 
 I Mr. I'ariinll I'l'leusi'il i/i jmrefi fur leu ilavs, 
 
 li).\|Til. „ 
 
 I Now Riiveriinieiit imliey ; ri'si;.'n,iliMii nf Mr, W. K. 
 FnrslerlMr. Fmsler narrnwly 1 -ia|ii'il a",i>-iii. 
 atinii several timesj; release nl .Mr. I',iiiiill:ii;i| 
 nllier siispeets ; earl Sjieneer appiiiiili'il lupl lim. 
 tenant almiit 2 .Mav, 18S2; release nf Mi.lia'l 
 
 li.ivitt f.,M,iy, „ 
 
 Karl Speneer enters Imlilin ; liinl Fie'leriiki';iviii. 
 ilish, new ehief .seerelary, iiinl .Mr. f. II. iliiili.', 
 perm.ineiit iimler-seerelary, iissassm.iieil In -i.ili. 
 iiin;;, by fmir men (" Invineililis ") iilinal 7 |i,iii,, 
 ill riiienix-park, llnlilin, 6 .May ; iiianil'i-.Hi.i ,-\. 
 
 pressill;,' alihnrrellee nf tile itreil si','liL'il ii\ 1'. S. 
 
 I'.irnell, .1. Hill mil M. liavitt . . 7 )Im, „ 
 
 Onvirnmenl niters ici,ik»i/. rewanl fnr ilisniwriM 
 nf the miinli'iTrs; .Mr. (j. ((. 'rrevi'lyaiia|ii«iiiili"l 
 
 ehief seeretary 9 .M,iy, ,1 
 
 Dill I'nr the preveiitinii nf eriiiie i'l Ireliiml iiilM- 
 
 iln 1 liy sir \V. V. llarenurt (new trilniiial nf 
 
 three jml^'i's withniit jury fnr spieial iiieasiuiis; 
 linwers nf imliee inereiisi'il ; alien art III U 
 revivi'il ; snpervisinn nf newspapers ami iil'.ii»i'iii- 
 lilies, ite.), 11 .May, 1882; secmnl rwiliin; 
 
 (333—45) .j-joM.iy, „ 
 
 Many arrests 12 Muy • !<•.(. „ 
 
 Alle^ieil aj;reement nf the gnvenmu'iit with Mr. Par- 
 
 iii'llamliiarty,eiiilySlay,i882,sarensliiMllytCTiiiBl 
 
 the In-iit'j uf Ki'.iiiiiiiilutm : arrears of I'fiil liil!, 
 
 seenllil reailillj;(2fi9-l57) . . 23-J4 May, „ 
 
 Sir. Walter Hinirkeaml ciiriiiininVallaee,hiiiesTOrl, 
 
 shut ileail liv live iiieii neardnrt, ilahvay S.lime, „ 
 Sir. .Inlin Henry lilake, ai^ent In the iiiiiriiiiis of 
 L'laiiriearile. ami his steward, Mr. Ivaia', ilut 
 dead near Loiishroir . , . . sjJune, u 
 
 IKl- 
 
 |7nwili«'n««l"»,,)" ""■' 
 ', lull ill trlliii.' hill i 3 J 1 
 
 ln-Pariii'lU"'""'"",''"' 
 I ,'-jrr.'ntiiiit LmiKlirea 
 (nildl ill «a aliiemllni 
 ml. i.f i.ii.«l"Y'"l l"|i 
 MVi'iillali "I '■'■'"""" 
 ]a«'.| II) the Inrils, 
 
 li-nmiiliMpi''"''"'""';' . 
 
 ' ;,,iiii«'ftiiiii'ii'i"''y 
 
 ji, l,„nls' ciiiaiiiitti'i! or 
 
 U, Eiliniiml llwyiM' (Ira 
 I liuUm.rx-liinliiiaVnr.s: 
 liiiiiriniiiMiii'iit anil u 111! 
 ,,„irt 111 iirti.li's ill lire 
 ,li,jury ell trial "f Iran 
 ^smn lilll l«is.si'd 111 He 
 Jul,", liy till' liinls, wil 
 l,te-i,6i, 11 .Inly; will' 
 
 tiVfl liv ill I " 
 
 ,„Yi.ltol liy the Innls, 
 
 |„.ii.|Mt«ri'liaiieil . 
 
 IWiii Jovrraml his wlf', 
 
 ,|,.,J liy hand of 1 
 
 ,],.ii.ler iliatriel, tialwa, 
 iiilliPimlii'i' 
 J.iliB 1,1'aliy, atli'd fiii'iiiiT 
 iiiiinlni'ii hy a iiinniiHt:! 
 tii,n.iili'iitaiiiliii'*iil"adii 
 jl Oiillni, link, and 
 Kttli'il hy liriiiiiess an 
 
 |piiiimiialiir«iiiiii' Iinlli'i" f 
 iiif In Diihhii ; all the 
 
 „rifriiiaiiiWi I hv thr 
 
 ri.UTu 111 till' iviiiiii:,', 1 
 Miiirn ill 2 Sept. ; resi; 
 Itlllly ivitll le.spei Ulll I 
 llhUleil . 
 
 I E\n iilii'ii iif Kraiirls Hy 
 li,il,m(ilily)atl.iiiieriek, 
 liriiiimleriif .Martin 1.; 
 
 |Jn,irii«l\il priij;ri'ss nf tl 
 Jip'tli-iT. Ill till' west 
 
 |l'„WiililiUef Miiliael \Vl 
 
 mall, a piiliiriiiaii, 2.^ ,"< 
 . lifi' .... 
 iMr. E. II. Gray released 
 I Kxpr,itiiiii iif eiiei'i'inii ae 
 
 I Liii,l l,'iii;iii' luiiil 111 Xnrtl 
 IS.ilinliali.ltic eiillli'l'i'liee 
 
 i>i'.vlniili Nuliinial Lea 
 
 ;i,iiiiiii,|it ami laud-Ill 
 
 !'rf>l,|i']it . 
 |li:';iiiiiiitiiiiii.fai,'niriau eri 
 |)li:i|iT,,ib assault ell Just 
 
 r.itrii'k lirlain, a reliiri 
 
 |ll'-lil:ll|i|l-iillllliwsii,ll repi 
 
 |Tlii'Lii„li'iiri«irati,iii nf Ir 
 lliiviilieiiiif umrih'rers n 
 J,,)ii', 15 Niiv. ; Palriek 
 ,l"Vi'r, i3 Xnv. lilll exei 
 Cwy, Tliiiiiias Jnyee, , 
 Jiiyi'i', niiifess ; sentei 
 (iwvaliil I'liiliiyti, ap]>l 
 |Slwl,T,,lH assailli nil del 
 IIbI; liisiaanleivr, Di 
 
 iMr. Fii'lil, a jiiryiaau, slal 
 
 fooJ. fur assassin ; 111 
 
 iiiartiiil law 
 Ihlrhkaiiil 'riioiims 11 II;;: 
 
 „f lUiiilys at Liiujili M 
 _ liSlI . . . . 
 |AI.«i Micliai'l Plvn 
 |6yheiili;rroff,Jaiiif8 Uarr 
 
 iitCiirk . . . . 
 |l:iiii):ratiiiii fniin Ireland, 1 
 |Ci,alili.stnssiii UmieKal 
 
 a,'rariaii iinlraaes in the 
 lAiTfsl ill Duhliu of 21 pe 
 
 spincy to murder . 
 

 liin'iinlii'M"'"''"'""",' 
 
 lUKLANI). 
 
 libniiilliK'""'''"" In tli« niiiiiiinim on tliii iimvcii. 
 |'yi„t,.rliiii'MUi aj •rl"'' mc'MilMTH tiiH|.i'ii(li'(|, 
 i'lJuiii — I .Inly, 
 
 II. Pjnii'll «i'i' '"'""' ''"I''''" »'llliilriiw, .Pily, la.^j; 
 ,', jrwiW »' l.c'iiulnvM, 4 July ; K"Viriirm'iit iliu 
 
 (fjldl III »" "iiiii'ii'l Ill ''l"''l>liiK 'I Iilililiy 
 
 •iiiu i.r •ii'l"'' ''■'' l"'i»"ii'< 'I' i'l«lil, J"7— 104; 
 miviitlcmi'ri'HiiM'lilll ivml thliM tliiir, 7-.^.liiiy j 
 lawl li) ""' ''"'''"' " ''"'y' '"V"' "■'■"■lit, 
 
 . rilHiiit ij •hilv, 
 
 . J AiiL'. 
 
 tI, l.'nh' ciiiiiiiiitti'i! nil till' liiiiil act ail.loiinix, 
 
 i5Aii«. 
 Ilr Eiiliiiiiiil I'wyiT (Imy, M.P., lil«li slicrlll nf 
 
 0*liii '■"■I'"''' iii'iV'"' "I'lili'li It" till''''' iii"iitli«' 
 
 li„,,ri„iiiiiic'"t "ii'l " I""' "• ••"■'■ •"!' ' l''iiil't "f 
 
 fiiilrt III Itrti'l''^ ill /•'i'. iii.Mi.( .liiirni'l iitlili'klli« 
 
 ll„jiiryf.ii trliil "I" I'nmi'iH Holies . 16 Aiifj, 
 
 irmni lilll |iii"»i''l 111 Mn' i'"iiiiu"in fvS? -177), ai 
 
 Jill,.. |,y tllf liinlrt, Willi llljlllliHH llln>'llllllll'|lt>4 
 
 lifa-o8l, " '''ilJ'' "'''"'' ■"■'' i""'llll'''' "1' "''»'• 
 
 livi,| l,y ill niiiiniis, 8, y AiiK. ; Mi.' rc'\ IhImu 
 
 •iiTfitol liy tlie liii'l.'', lu Alii,'. ; '".Mil "■'■•flit, 
 
 i3Aiu. 
 B.ii.i«t«n-li.i*'il • . . .alioiit It; AiiK'. 
 
 jollB JiJUV illl'l llil «'ll>, ,si.H IIIkI .lilll^htiT, sh.it 
 
 ,l,,„l l,v iKiii'l III' iiii'ii iii'iii' M.iMintr.isiiiM. ill 
 lluiiilcr ilistrii't, lliilwiiy, lur (,'iviii;! iiilni iiiatioii 
 lolliMiolice . •, • . • i7-;SAu-. 
 
 JJiii Lfiiln, W'l fill'""'''. Ill hi'iwtci'ii, KilliiiiMy, 
 iiiiinli-re'il'y 11 iii"i'iilli-'lit l""''.^' • ■ -"I Aiij;. 
 
 Pkuiiti'iit mill iiisiiliiinliiiiiliiiii iif Mir 1 slMlmliiry 
 
 at iwllJii, I'i'il*. "iiil i'«|ii'i'iiilly iit l.iiu.Tick, 
 
 KttK'il I')' ttl'llll"'"!* "I"l Jllilil'i"!!'* 1 ii'<»iiMIS 
 
 I'liil 111' An«. 
 
 Pi,iiita!cir»"iia' luillcc fll|■llllllllll^'n |iiililic rt- 
 
 iiil> In iMililiii; 111! till' |iiiliii' iif Mil' I'ily ri'>i;,'ii; 
 nili'riimiiiliiii"''l I'V llii' iiiililaiy, wlm iliiii;;i' ini 
 ri'MK 111 till' I'viniii.^.i .■<i'lit. ; s|ii'ri,il nuislalili'H 
 >«iirii III J ."'I'l'l.; ri'»i|,'iiiiliiiii witlnlriwii luui. 
 Willy with U'»iiinlliil iii'titinn 3 .'<i'|.l.; a..o iv 
 iinu'tal '17 ^'I't. 
 
 E\K lUiini iif F'niiii'l-1 Hyin'n (f"f iiiiiriliT 'it .Inhij 
 |i(il.iii|!lily)atl/iiiii'i'ii'k,ii .Si'|it.;iill'atiii'lc WaWi, 
 liiriimnloriif .Mnrtiii l.yili'ii, aHialway, ji. (Si'jit, 
 
 Jiiirmftil iirii|.'ri's« iif tliu lonl liciitciiaiit, carl 
 
 .'H'lll-lT, ill till' west . . . llliilllll' Si'lit. 
 
 I'l'iiviilliiiiiif .Mii'li.ii'l Wulsli, fur iiiiiiiliT III Ka\:i- 
 riflo'li, u piilii'ciuaii, j> Sept. ; penal hi'r\ itnilc r.ir 
 lit.' yllct. 
 
 Mr. E. 11. ClMV rele^iseil .... 3.>!Seiit. 
 
 Esi'iraliiiii I't euereiiiii act; all mwiioctH iclcascil 
 
 ;» !Si'|,t. 
 
 Lml li'iiitiii' filial 111 N'lii'tli Aiiierien cinseil fi 1 ),'t. 
 
 Saliiiialiiillc eHiilereiiee at Diililiii cinistitiites a 
 mw Irish N'utlniial l,eat;iie (ultra) tn nlitaiii sclf- 
 i^'-nniiiiHit ami laiul-huv relnnu, .Mi; C. I'aniell 
 
 ITiMilrllt 17 (let, 
 
 P:iiiiimliiiii Iif librarian crime . . April -Nuv. 
 
 )liri|iTiiiHa«H.iiiU I'll .iusllce Ijiw.smi at Dulillu l.y 
 I'jtrii'l; lli'liiin, a ii'liinieil ciiiivlct . 11 Xov. 
 
 Ir:-lil;iiiiliiiiiiiins'^iiiii icpiirt Issucil aliimt ij Nov. 
 
 Till' l:iiiilriii|i"iatii ill "f liclaiiil lll.'^^slllvcl| Nin-. 
 
 C'liviilliiiiivf liiunlerci'.s iif .Iiiyco family; Tatrick 
 Jum', 15 Xiiv. ; Patrick L'aacv, 17 .S'nv. ; MvIch 
 Jnvi'i.', i3 Xiiv. [all evecuteil, 15 l)ec'.| ; Miil'iael 
 Ciiiy, Tlmiiiiis Jnvcc, .lulni (,'asey, ami .Martin 
 Joyii', niiili'ss ; seiileiice cuiiiiiititcil ; 'i'liiiiiias 
 twyainl I'liilliyii, apple. vcru . . 21 Nnv. 
 
 M'anKniiis iissaull mi iletectives In Dili. Mil ; I'ux 
 killed; lii.s lailiilercr, Ui.wliiij,', severely wuiiinled 
 
 25 Niiv. 
 
 III, Fielil, a juryman, stal.l.eil, 27 Xnv. ; reward i.f 
 Kai. fur iishiLsslii ; llulilln prnclauncil nmler 
 iiiartiiil law mS Now 
 
 ihtiifk ami Tlioiim.i lliiiKiiiw ei.nvlet.'il of imiiilcr 
 "f llajilys nt iouijli Ma.sk [exceuteil 15-17 Jan. 
 
 , I'StI 13 and 16 ll.'c. 
 
 |il*i .Mii'lmpl Flyn 20 Dec. 
 
 iBvlveiter Poff, Jaiaes Uurrctt, convicted of niurcler! 
 
 '■'ti'"* I! lice. 
 
 Kniiirniliiiiifrran Irclan.l, 89,566 In t!io year 
 
 till at .listless 111 lli.iieKal In the iii.rlli'-wcst ; 34153 
 jpToriaii initiates 111 the year . . I>ee. 1882— r 
 
 jimst III Dahlia of 21 iiersoim, siLspeuteil uf cim- 
 spincytu murder .... 12, 13 Jan. 
 
 ,m 
 
 IiaCLAND, 
 
 1883 
 
 HiilHTf Kam.ll, apiirnviT, rcvHilx pint fur n!<»a»|. 
 
 n.itliin iif Iht' pneinni.'iit , . i^.lan, 
 
 Tlie piii.c'H li'lli'r t.. III. hlilshiip Mi ralie, eshnrtluM 
 
 tll.'c|i'r>.n HUllllsl BCI lit siir||,tl|.s,,\c.ali,,|i| j,,,Im||' 
 
 Ksi'iiitliin if SjU.stcr I'.'tl iind .lames llaiictl at 
 
 'I'lalci', li.r iiinnli r .... ., .i',,,, 
 M. Havltt, riii.s, llcily, M.I',, ami P. (^ulm, I |„i 
 
 liver fur .scilltli.iw Hpcichcs, J4.laii, ; cli'ct tu I.,. 
 
 ImpiUi.iM"!, fi Ki'li. ; imprlsiiiieil . , p |,',,i, 
 Kl:,'ht 111.11 .'haiv.'.l will mplhliv In nmiihr ,,i' 
 
 h.i.l I'l.'.l. rick Cavi nillsli ami Mr. lliirkc 3 |.',.|, 
 Irish 11,'itii.iial Ici^'ui', liisi nicetiiiK . , i i.',.|,] 
 llcyclatli.iis ..r James Car.'V, appinver, Iniplh-.itli,.' 
 
 th.' i.aii.l l,.'a','ic'(l'h..s. Ilr. iiiiaii, ., im,! p ,j 
 
 Mi.'ii.laii); stal.'iii.'iil ivsi tiiiK the Irish liiMn: 
 
 cll.h's; aii.'st ..I .Mis. i'.ll\inc,i hai;.;eil»|thti.iii,. 
 
 niilllii;^ anus, A'c , 17 F''.'li, ; .lis.|i,iii;i .1 ■„, |,-,.|, 
 
 A.'. ns..i| prlsiiiicis I mltlcl |,,r trial . 'j., VvU. 
 
 Mr. W. K. I''..ist.a's .l.'r.'m .' in llii' c.iniin.ins, ,in,i 
 
 char;;.'H a^ihist .Mi, I'ariidl ; Mr. n'K.'llv ,„,. 
 
 p.'ii.|..ilti.rawi'ck,liirKivin«lilintli.' lie .....j , l',.i,. 
 
 .Mr. I'arm'H'a iiiis.'itlsfai'ti.iy reply . 2ii''cli' 
 
 1 Arrest (if .Mr. Dyrne at Paris, 27 Kcl,. ; r.'l.'.isd] 
 
 I al..mt9 .Mah'li,' 
 
 1 FIlKlit uf Patrick Kaan, trcasnr. r i.f tlie I 111.1 
 
 Laaunc, rrnin DuMIn, 1 .Mmvl,; i,, \,.„. y',,,,!. 
 
 ,, ., , , 12 .March' 
 
 Many tliiiuwiml yi.nnn fur.'st tr.'.'s fur i.l.iiitlml 
 
 Kivcli hy KiiKllsh, .Scutcli, ami Irish niirs.'iym..ii 
 
 ; It. (', hUli.ipH ailv.icatt- nuvcinnieiit l'el|..f l^.r'dili' 
 I lr.".sin (■..iiiiaiwlil,.laii, ; lefiiseil, 1 r-law i.'li.'f 
 
 rccknii.'il snill.icni 
 
 March, 
 
 ! Iwch.' imiul.cis uf th.' "Patrh.tli' Hriithcih.,i,i| • 
 I (.'--.alili.sh.'.l at CcssniaKh'ti, ,S3i) ,scnt,.mTi| t,, 
 j liciial scrvitiiih' fi.r .-..nsplracy |i, murder l.iml. 
 ' li't'ils , . , . ., ? \i , .1 
 
 Phu'iilx.p,irk ninidcrs; It.iht.'rarivll, J,^, '( lnvv' 
 
 1 and ..th.'iH, iippiuvi'is ; tri.il i.r ,l.,s.'p|i llrMdv' 
 
 ci,nyi..|cil, ii-ii Apnl : Tim.ilhy K.'llv, third 
 
 trial, 7-9 May; Ihum.'is (■;i||r,v plca.ls "iilltv 
 
 wMay; Patrick lichiiiy ami l)allicK■|nll'^^ ,6.,3 
 
 , Ai-nl; Mi.'hail l-a^;aii . . . 25.27 \p,'i| 
 
 Iri.sh .'uiiy.'nlh.ii at riilla.l.-lphia ; Pain.'ll's p,,n,.v 
 
 1 , a.l.ipteil; .ly iit. rs dch | , , = . '7 \l' 11 
 
 i U.'ti'eti,iii nic.uispira.'y ..tth.' ■• VWIanc". ■■ miild'.,' 
 urKaiilzatii.il at Uul.lln; prlsuner.s i'.\amlne.l, 
 
 r.nvcrfnl circular li.im the pupe, „tiu'tlv ..nl.ihl'im; 
 
 Ml.' asli..pst..alisl,iiii|riiiii ravi.iulii-.||.sali.'ct|„n 
 ti. the >,'..v.'iiini.ni, n.,t l.i siil.s,.rlli,. ti.t.stiim. 
 nlal»,.V:c.|ar.'hliisl,,,p.;iuk,.,,,,'(;,sh,.l,|,:,,i.iv,,,, 
 5..'. t.) the I'ain.'ll l,.sliMi..nial,iy('.| . ,,Mav 
 James Kit/Harris ami ..tli.rH c..iulcti'il uf c.m' 
 ,spiracy tu mni.lcr ; .s.'ntcnc.l t.. p.nal servltn.le 
 
 .M.'ssrs. Ihnitt, llealy, and (,lnii,M ich'al'd"4 J,mi{' 
 
 Kx.'.'it... ; Jnscph llrady (a.'tiial murdeitr) 1 
 
 -May; hamel Ciirlcy, k-: May; Mh'ha.'i 1'^,,;,, i 
 
 •May; Ihunias Lallriy, 2 June; Tiimithy K.||y, 
 
 I Iri.sh lacei'xliil.itlun at the Mansiiuid se, iViii'.'lui', 
 
 ! r ,, .. -3 Jllll.' 7 ,iu|v 
 
 I Janies Carey, the appruver, shut ih'ad l.v I'atrii'.k 
 , 11 ILinnell, 2.) ilnly, .m l.„„r.l thu .1/./,;,., („,,/, 
 11. 'ar I'.'it Kli/ah.'th, Suiith Africa . „, (m..' 
 
 , la.aiis aiii.itiiitiiiK t.i 4,6.«,(x«/. lur pnl.li,' wurks 
 I anthuriscd hy ].aMiamciit . ' „. ,, 
 
 1 Xalliimil l.ea^u.' invade flstcr, strun^ly n^is, ^ 
 l.y till' (Hanni'iiU'ii at Auehnaeh.v, lliiicanmui 
 and uMier -.lacs . . . ' ,.,,,1 7,|.s,., , 
 (sir Stallur.l .;..i'tli.'.,te warmly reclv.'d at IJ.ila's ' 
 ! I...ii.liiiiil.'riv, ite, . . ■01 
 
 ; M.'.'tluK ,.r .Nati..mil UaKUe at'Knnis pruhil.it'ed 
 
 I M.'etlni:sor ()ran-.'M,cn and \ati,„ial I.,'a"ncrs''[t 
 (.arrisun, l'1'rmiinai.-h, pnihihitid. . l..\,,v 
 
 1 Tatrick O'Di II ei.iivi.-ti'.l , ' Vlh" 
 
 I Mr, Trev.'lyaii repurts Kivat riimimitiu'n in li^uarlaVi 
 
 1 sS,...../, pr..s.'iil,',l tu Ml. Parncll ("as a natl.,nM 
 i nliut.." tn'nith.' Irish peuple/at a lian.,nct ," 
 
 the liutiimli, liiihlln . ' 1, 
 
 I K>:.;.iitl..ii ,,f Patrick ( I'MniincU' (sc' :,„ J,ilv)''.','f 
 
 Newfjatc, 17 I.e. ; I.f .1, s p;„,|,., ,U iliillili, 
 
 I lor iimrdtr ol Juliii Kenny, iiiiunui'f . j8 Dee! 
 
 ^■' 
 
 ^0 f^^/^i 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 ^~ 
 
 t 
 
 
 n. I 
 
 iH^ 
 
IRELAND. 
 
 590 
 
 IKELAND. 
 
 ''' V, 
 
 A riinicUitr lull.! l;nv ami'inliiieiit bill ri'.ioctiMl liy 
 tlie cipnuuniis (its ti/mUiig to Cdiiflsciitiim), liy 
 2?;~72 5 Miiivli, 
 
 V.iwX fSiKiiccT waniily let't'ivcil iit liell'ast 18 Jinii', 
 
 Suriims lilifllcms i-liar^i'S a^'iiiii.-.t Mr. Uiilt(iii,i--iuwu 
 solii'itdi- ; sulinniatioii uf witiicssus, kc. 
 
 July, An^'. 
 
 <'li,ii-^'c's(lisiirnvccl; ItttiM- rrmii I'arl Spencer 13 Aut;. 
 
 Irish National League eiaiveiitinii at Dublin, Jli'. 
 1'. ()'Ciiiin..r ill the chair ; urp's revival cif a^'ita- 
 tiiill ajiaill^t the ;,'iivernnicl!t . . . 6 Sept. 
 
 Death ut .Mr. A. -M. Sullivan, cniiMent Natimialist 
 
 17 Oct. 
 
 3Ir. H. L'aiiii'liell-liaiinennan, eliief .secretary, 
 swiirn ill =4 "'''t. 
 
 MnaiiitraMiia trial iiupufiiieil ; tlieir verdict sup- 
 pcrtcd by the c(iiiiiii"ii.s (jig— 48) . 28 Oct. 
 
 Atteiiiptecl ( xiilii.sicin ot lvliiiliiirii-lMiu.su (Samuel 
 llussey, l.iiel a;;ciit) by clyuiiinite, near TriMce, 
 KciT\ '; II" ileaths .... 28 N'"V. 
 
 Di-ath .'■f earilinal McCalic, paeilic and liiyiil i : Kcb. 
 
 rarnellite nianil'cstn ilirei-tui;,' Natiniialist cuipina- 
 tiiiiistu inaiiitaiu an attitudeur reserve duriii;; the 
 priiK'eiif Wales' visit ill .\pril, issued iilimit 16 Mar. 
 
 The luiiicc lit Wales iirrivus at Duljliii, S Ajail ; 
 sails lioin Lariie .... 27 April, 
 
 The Irish H. ('. bishn|i» suiniiuuied tn Honii' ; 
 arrive 21 April ; rebuke 1 by the pnpe f'lr 
 (lisluvaltv, A:c., in sc|iaratc iiitiMviews, 27 Apiil- 
 15 .May; bishnp Nulty's pastnral, Inrctclliu.t; 
 seccssiiui iif Ireland rniiii liniiie, causes f;reat 
 displeasure; the bishupsopiiuse prcijccteil refcrins 
 at .Mayu'inth, but are said to siibniit, uuiiouiiced 
 19 Mi'v ; dismissed abmit ... 25 .May, 
 
 The earl of Caiiiarvnii, lord liculeuant, arrivi's in 
 Dulilin 30 June, 
 
 «ir William Hart-Pyke appoiiiteil chief Secretary 
 
 June 
 
 tjtoppnfje of the Miiustor bank for about 70,000/. ; 
 fraud discliiseil July-All^. 1885,; recoiistituteil ; 
 o|i('iied 19 Oct. 
 
 I.onl Ashbourne's act, Hi-niit ill); 5,000,000?. t'^r the 
 purchase of land by tenant to be paid by instal- 
 ments, jiassed 14 -^"c-'- 
 
 riii^;ress iitthe enrl of Carnarvon, lord lieiit. in the 
 west ; well received ... 17 An;;. 1/ mi;. 
 
 Mr. I'arneirs rescilutcdeclaratioM (o theiiationalists 
 at llubliu -!5 -^"t-'- 
 
 I'revention of crime act expires; revival of boy- 
 cotting' and ■ utrap's .... Sept. 
 
 The llist count V con vcntion.forcontroriii^' elect ions, 
 hidd at Wicklow under Mr. rarucdl . 5 <ict. 
 
 Cork d(deiice union formeil (the earl of liandon 
 1. resident) ayainst the tyranny of the imti"iial 
 ica;,'ue "ct. 
 
 The Cork steam packet company threatened with 
 bovcottiii^' by the lea.uue ; the company deter- 
 mined on resistance .... 10 Oct. 
 
 Anhadoc house. Killariii'V (Mr. Husseys), attacked 
 
 bv " iiioonliLdilers " and defended with lire-aniiH 
 
 •' II Oct. 
 
 Manifesto of Mr. raruell claiming "1,1,,^, i-ni,. " 
 *:c., i.ublished II Nov. 
 
 Castle farm, .Molahiire. in Kerry, attacked for arms 
 by inoonliL'htiUs ; .Mr. John 0'(Joiui(dl Curtain 
 killed, while his sons and daughters biavely 
 resist ; one assailant killed . . u Nov. 
 [S. Cas.sey and U. Ualy convicted of burglary, 
 .Vc. 21 Dec. I 
 
 Klecii.ms : home-rule nmnifesto issued 21 Nov. 
 
 Irish defence union formed to support local defence 
 unions 
 
 Irish loyal and patriotic union (soiithern), after- 
 war Is'lrish unionist associati formefl . . 
 
 Mr. W. H. Smith, .M.l'., chief .secretary for a .short 
 time , •'ii'i- 
 
 The earl of Aberdeen, as lord lieut., and John 
 Morley, as chief sei'ietary, sworn in . 10 l-'eb. 
 
 Irish loyal union, repiat to Mr. Glad' tone, the 
 svsteii'iatic cruel oppression of the national 
 league 27 -March, 
 
 Mr. liladstone in a long speech introduces a bill 
 >• ;.. iimke tielter jirovisinu for the future L'overn- 
 liient of Ireland "; it iirouoses to establish a 
 legi.slative body to .sit m Dublin, to consist of 
 two orders each with a veto; I. twenty-eiLdit 
 re|iresentative peers and se\eiity-live members 
 fleeted for tcu y .is ; 11. the present 103 Irish 
 
 members, ami loi .additional : the loiil lieuteinnt 
 
 with a privy council to be iiiclepeiideut i,f (i,',J; 
 
 1884 Itiitain ; the new bofly emjio\vii,.,| ti.oiiuet ].«■ 
 
 „ and to imp.isii and cr.llect taxes, exo.-iii ti,,! 
 
 cust s, but not to interfere wit li the lu-iiiv ■11,1 
 
 \ navy, or foreiL:n anil cohmial altaiis, ai|,| ||,,j ,' 
 ,, I enact any religious endowiiiein, ; iiivsunt l.,.,.,'i' 
 ,, and police arrangements to remain leiin,,,,,,,;;' 
 
 snb.iect t.i the crown ; no Irish 1 iihors t..Mt ',, 
 
 Westminster, 3-o April; read lii>t ti ',, '' 
 
 „ Ajiril ; second reading rejected ( j^j |..;,- ;.,,,^,,* 
 
 I vatives, 93 liberalsl-313). . . ;.M|||,.' 
 The loyal and patriotic union rnriiii.d .Mm- ,.>i.'. 
 
 great tim; at H. .M.'s t'leativ, I i,,'., ^^.h 
 
 Cow|ieriii the chair, the maicinises .,f sa.i^liii™ 
 and llartington, anci many hading n.iiv .vaiiv',. 
 and liberal leaders present. UeMiliitii.ii, ,.„„ 
 demning .Mr. (iladstoiies Irish •loveniui.'it i,iii 
 passed; petitions to be pie.seate.l to parliaiiiint 
 
 Sale and purchase of land bill iiit"(idiice.l liy'ji;.' 
 tiladstoue ; (propo.sed creation of 5o,o(x..^»;. j 
 
 '! tillK. 
 
 1885 
 
 i^Sil 
 
 per cent, stock' from 1837-90) rei'nl Ti™ ' 
 
 944 agrarian oifetices in 1885, reportid . ",\\,n\ 
 Arcliliisli"|i Croke and his clergy ■ \\iiv..s win,,', 
 
 gratitude to Mr. Uladstoije . ' ahuui - , .\',|j| 
 Important meetings of liberals uii.l eniisei\ai'iv,.j 
 
 against -Mr. (iladstoiii's policy . u-i^ M;iv 
 Intimidation practised by 11 Iiuhm. \li■^^,-,f'^ 
 
 upon owners id houses in Kniy, ,ve.. p, i,i„ii,ii. 
 
 reduction of rent . . . ' . . ^|.|,. 
 Hiots at lielfast Cie/iic/i sii; . 9, 10 JniHT'i. ' 
 Armagh and 'ryroue prockiiimd umier peaKMiivvi 
 
 viitionact ,3,1,11 
 
 Dissolntion of parliament : Mr. (iladstuiu. |„.ii!j j,, 
 
 u minority, resigns 2oJuly; Maripiis ..r.'Sali^lnirv 
 
 supported by UUiouists, reslllnes olliei. ;',.Iii|v 
 
 The iiianiuis of l.oudoiidiiry as hud lii'at., aii.i 
 sir .Miidiael Ilicks-lieach as chief smvtaiy 
 iippointed jj.ii,];.' 
 
 Convention of about i,tx>i delegates c.f hisli 
 j national league of .\meriea meet at Cliiiimn' 
 I Johu Fitzgerald elected president 15-2; .\Ii'! 
 ' Gen. sir Hedvers linlh-r with civil iileiiarv iim»to 
 I appointed tocomuiand in Kerry, Clare, and L'.rt; 
 I arrives at Killarney . . ' '. , ;oAiU'.' 
 
 Mr. rainell's amendment on the address iieiiiivHi 
 i (304-181) =7, l:Au.', 
 
 Mr. I'arnell introduces tenants' relief hill, n Njit,; 
 I rejected (297-202) .... 21 23S,-iii.' 
 
 Ca]ilure of nioonlighters and arms at Castlei-lain!, 
 
 I Kerry zf. s,|it| 
 
 ■ Two women shot by moonlighters for ivfiisiiia t.i 
 I give up anus at a farm near Williaiaslnwii. T'lk, 
 
 I 4 "CI. 
 
 I'lans of organization (termed phii\ (i/raiiij»,.,jip,[ 
 ) tenantry in each estate against the laiiiilnnis 
 \ with stringent iiieasiires proposed (pi"!ai,ly 
 i by .Mr. John Dillon, leader of the n.n;'Miul 
 j p'lrty, and Mr. William Olh'ieu) in ('"W 
 I Inland, organ of the national league (the l-naiil 
 i was to pay his rent to the league, ami hiMi|.. 
 Jiorted by it if evicted) .... 21 Hot. 
 Si4- Uobert liamilton, under secretary (saiil t-i bi' 
 home ruler) rexigns; (sir Kedveis lliiHerleiii]i"iai.T 
 j successor); col. 'riirner acts in Kriry 3.. N.tv. 
 Increased agrarian agitation . . , Nm. 
 Otiices opened foi' the receipt ofients.it rimilr>i n, 
 j Mayo (lord Dillon's estate), many ilepusits ; hn'. 
 i Prosecution of Mr. Dillon; the attnriiey.sraml 
 terms the " plan of campaign " a eonil.iiiati ai if 
 debtors to coerc(» cieditois n Dee,; i'i!i;t ■!' 
 \ riueen's bench requires .Mr. Hillou to liml viuii- 
 1SS6 I ties for good behaviour, or be iinpriseiicil Ta' .m\' 
 
 ! months 14 Hir. 
 
 „ I Messrs. Ddlou, Wni. O'Hrien, .Matllieiv Harris. anl 
 I .Shechy aiTest*d whilst receiving rents mi la I 
 I Olauncjirde's estate, the books ami unaiov si-iml 
 „ j i"li.'i'. . 
 
 I rroclaination against o plan of campaign" iSlin'. . 
 
 RentJi sttU illegally receiycd by several M 1' ' 
 I ali.iiit 18 lire. r'"-/. , 
 
 ' Tlie "eat of prosecution remove.l fiuui l,Mii;;liival 1 
 
 Dublin L'llkr. , 
 
 ; Mr. I'arnell stjites that he defers his npiiiieinmlli.' 
 i pluU of campaign , abeut 1: UiC. , 
 
 i 
 
 l.,5?ral unionist organiz 
 
 Mntiiii In snpnort of : 
 iml Mr. Maiideville, v 
 laa.'Jitmti's' siimuions 
 Mitohelitiiwn mi 9, 10 
 iiitii anil crowd, abo 
 
lEELAND. 
 
 691 
 
 ieeland. 
 
 Chief B""'" P"-'^' '" "^ntenoinR 36 Irish ilcitiTs, 
 i.fM\iresthe"ili«pi-'ijsinRpii\\ei-"oftlii'fXi'Ciitivi> 
 jiiJ thf alistcntjnii of tliu pnlicu ihii-inj; ri"t« at, 
 
 evicti'ins 5 .liin. 
 
 [ pr,fc'uti"n nf Vi: Hillnn, tiM' niluT M.l'.s, iiii.l 
 Mr. (riiricn(('Uilor cit Vintn! Inla.iri) hfnun iit 
 imbliii, 21 Dtc. ; cnininitlcd ami l>ailc.il 11 .Ian. 
 
 !lr ranu'll's aiui'ndmeut on tlip acldri'ss nlatinn ta 
 
 ' Irish attiiirs iv^'ativcil (352 (63 lib(M-al'il-24(i) 
 
 11,12 Fell. 
 
 EviftiiiuJiv.sisti'rlbyarnifd nirii ; an "in'ci-i;i'ncy " 
 iciU'lii'S"!'^'"""'''*"' '*■'">■<'"'■ . M, 15 Kc'li. 
 
 Boi'antii'n nf liii' M. llicks-Hwicli, cliicf scciTiinv. 
 for" ill-litaltli ; succcudcl by Mr. Artlinr ,1. 
 UalfMur 5 March, 
 
 Ili,.td.itYoiwh;il with bl.ioilshi'd . S.March, 
 
 ' Jiiitice O'Urirn at Korry says : " T.aw is at an end. 
 
 IhtrcisaHtati- of war with.iuthmity." k, M.-irch, 
 
 '•/virJiii'.'Mi fliirf crime" (whicli «!■<■) iiiililisln'd in 
 llie Tmis 7 March rl x,;,. 
 
 i:TMtnrfiithi'rK(>llor(suiip(irtcd byalip. Walsli)f,.r 
 (ontrtni't nf C"Urt in rcfusinir tn }.'ivc evidence 
 ,isa cnufcasnr) in ,1 tuinkruptcy case, i3 .Mardi ; 
 .omiittnl to pi-ison 19 March ; father liyan 
 Ciinimitti'l fnr same cause . , 29 .March, 
 
 Ijcrrase "f crime and lawlessness in simth ami 
 «vit . March, 
 
 Trjl of Messrs Dillon and nthcrs, 14 Kidi. ; jnry 
 li^L-reein,!!, discharged 24 Feb. ; iiniccedinKS 
 ivitlidrawn I April, 
 
 F.itlieis Ktllcr and Hyan ami othi'rs released 
 
 21-24 ^Iity. 
 
 l.bcral unionist or^'ani/ation begins iu Ii-elai'id 
 
 24 May, 
 
 Wwcriniinal law iiroecd'u-e bill intrcduced by .Mr. 
 
 'itiH.ur, ;S March; much opiwisiticn, 'Irish 
 mmbein anil cithers retire 17-30 .lune, read 3rd 
 tiiif 3-9 July, passed by the luiils 18 July ; 
 iiival assent ' 19 July, 
 
 Evictiiins at nmlykc in Clare, on pnipertv of 
 cnluiiflOCallashan ; violently resisted early June, 
 
 LabiWiT slint by a gang ncai- Killariiey 13 ,Iune, 
 
 rrince .\lbcrt Victor and George of Wales \ isit 
 
 l.-eliiiil 27 .lune, 
 
 I JiiWee address of unioniHt Uonian catholics to the 
 i|«fen 29 June, 
 
 Cpat infflting at Cork to resist the operation cd' the 
 frinirtact ig July, 
 
 Eijiti-i'iici unities proclaiini'd underthc crimes act ; 
 tivdve Ciiinitic's inutly jin. claimed, to^'etlier with 
 Dublin .ind iiiiii! other cities . . 23 July, 
 
 S.-nsijiier IVrsico visits li-eland on behalf of the 
 P"pe July, 
 
 Xrti Irish land hill (favotirable to the tcinint) 
 !<is»l ; royal assi'Ut . . . . 2?Au;;. 
 
 Tilt lutienal league proclaimed as a "ilangi'rou.^ 
 ,issi«iation" ipAug. ; .Mr. (lladstone'sniotion for 
 jiiiililress tn the nueen against the proclamation 
 iifsativeil (272-194) . . . 25-26 Aug. 
 
 Xili'iialist meeting at llallyoorec in Clare )iro. 
 fliiintil 31 Aug.; attempted meeting di.spei'seil 
 
 4 .Sept. 
 
 Mivliiii; in snpiiiirt of Mr. W. O'Hrien, .\I.b., 
 jn.| Mr. Maiicleville, who refuse to obey the 
 iin,'istratcs' siinmious irspecting speeches at 
 Mitchelstown on 9, 10 Aug. ; about 150 horse- 
 iiMi and crowd, abont 3,000, anned with 
 
 MtaitTj 0/ par/mmc'if anieinvd to imprh<onmenl 
 tiiilirlkf iHWitd. 1887. Mr. W. ODrien 31 Oct.; .Mr. 
 E. llarrinRtnii i Oec. ; Mr. T. Harrington 19 Dec.; 
 .Mr. U..ii«- iQ Pee. ; Mr. tSheehy 21 I»ec. 
 
 i';-;. Mr. J. U. Cnx 2^; Jan. ; Mr. I'. O'llrien 8 Feb. ; 
 Mr. I'yiie ,5 Peb. ; Mr. Flyn 25 Feb.; .Mr. (iillmolv . 
 Miitli; Mr. W. O'Hrien 3 .May, 20 Juiic ; .Mr. Condcm' -7 
 .Miy; Mr. Dillon 20 June ; .Mr. James O'Kelly lo Auu ■ 
 Mr. Itolnmnil 26 .Sept. 
 
 Kij. Mr. John ()'C.)nnor 31 Jan. ; Mr. I). .Sheehv i 
 W.; Mr. J. It. Cox 2 Feb. ; Mr. T. Condon 7 Feb.; .Mr. 
 kiibriJc S Feb. ; .Mr. W. O'Drien 19 Fi'b. ; Mr. Care w 
 ;■ FA, ; lir. Tanner 7 March; Mr. Condon, Mr Connnr, 
 >M Hr. Tanner i .«av ; Mr. Conybearp , MrtV ; Mr W 
 lilineuaud .Mr. Gilliuoly 25 Aug.; Mi-. Kwlinond 2a 
 Bc^l't. 
 
 lip. Mossrs Wni. and Patrick O'llricn and John 
 
 IWl'.ii ijNiiv. 
 
 >:,i. Mr. W. OBrieu and J. Dillon, 13 Feb.-ji July. 
 
 bludgeons ami stones; Messrs. Labomdu're, 
 
 in 1.111, Urunner and other M.l'.s. pivseiit ; the 
 
 j p.iliee Hill, the government iviiurter ((/..nderon) 
 
 I •.iltacked with sti.nes and lilinlgcons, retreat to 
 
 lijirraeks; return reinforced; comiie I i,, Mre ; 
 
 I .Mieliael I.onergan and John Shiimerv killed 
 I and many wounded ; town iinlcted by military 
 
 Constable Whelehan kill,.! and three ',U, '.'•''; "'''' 
 
 wounded II, defending T. Sexton's house m^ar 
 
 l.is.lo.iiiv.-irna against moonlighters . iiSioit .. 
 |l.eary and lour others sentenced to pen.al servili dc 
 
 10 Dec. 1 
 The national league in Clare and several baronies 
 ,.'-?,. '.'''''^''''•'**'*''l'l''''''*'*''''''.^'l'i''el''»i''tion2oSent. ,. 
 Mr. (I I lien and Mr. Mamleville sentenced to tbn.e 
 
 months iminisiii nt . . ,, sj.|,t 
 
 The lord mayor of Dublin (Mr. T. I). Sulliviin) " 
 
 cli;irg,.d with oflencc against the crimes ael (see 
 
 ,/'"'''"') ;. • •• 6 Oct. „ 
 
 .Many nn.c ings of sujipressed branches of tlio 
 
 natiiiiial leagiii^ .... „ oct 
 
 Ml- .Ins.pl, ('liamliiTlain, M.P., warmly received at " 
 
 lielta.st and other places in Ulster by the liberal 
 
 umon..sts and others. . . ,, Oct. ,7 ..,,/. „ 
 \ eidietot coroner s.iiiry ,in deaths at Mitchelstown: 
 
 wiltul murder against county inspector Diown. 
 
 rigg. sergi'ants Hyder and Kirwan, and en. 
 
 stables (iavaii, lirennan, and Doran . 1 ^ 1 let 
 [\er.lict iiuashed by the (picen's bench, Dublin' " 
 
 10 Feb. i83S.l ' 
 
 C"l sir .loseph West liidg.'wav succeeds sir 
 
 Heilvcrs liiilli.r as Under-Secretary for Ireland 
 
 Midnight meeting at Wo,,dford; 'M'l',"'\rH'ru'.'i; " 
 
 piisent 16 Oct 
 
 Cork county and city placed unde'r the ci inn's act " 
 
 »*.... 2 1 * ict. 
 
 At a riotous meeting at Woodfor.l which h.id I , ' 
 
 pniclaime.l, Mr. Wilfrid Itlunt, tlie ,diaiii,ian 
 
 and others arrest .M, and tlie imetiiig disp.-isrd 
 
 23 l»ct; Mr. Blunt sentenced to two n,..nlhs' 
 
 imprisonment ; aiipcals . . ,, , ,,,. 
 
 tSenteiice coiilirmi.d 7,laii. i388.] " ' ' 
 
 .Many evictions viohoitly resisted, autumn . 
 
 Mr. W. Olhiiii withdraws his appeal; after " 
 
 resistance sent to pris.m for three niumhs • 
 
 seiitenci coiiiiii I against Mr. Mandeville two 
 
 months' iinprisoniueMt, 3, Oct.; reninved 'liom 
 Cork to lullaniore gaol, King's county ■ .\ov 
 tlther arrests and imprisonments . x,,,. " 
 
 I.inienek city proclaimed . . about 14 Nov' " 
 I Me national league supinessed in Kerry ■.. \nv 
 Serious riots at Limerick tl,ronL;li alteni'pied " 
 
 II liii« to inaugurate ;i mennnial of the so 
 
 calleil martyrs executi'd at Manchester lir/n.-li 
 
 «''V1" 1867 , ' ^•,,^, 
 
 Gn^at unionist meeting at I.einster hall, Duhliii 1,', " 
 
 receivi' Imd llartingt.in and Mr. tioselieii ; thu 
 
 most eminent iiersons in profes.sions, learniu" 
 
 I coniniprce, &e. present . . ,,, \i„v' 
 
 I Death of Dr. Daniel M'tiettigaii, H. C.' aichliishop " 
 
 I of Armagh; judicious, tolerant, and aniiablu 
 
 I Convention ,if Irish landhirds in Dublin toc.nsi.'l'er " 
 their iM-ospects and coniluct, 15 Sept.; leioiire 
 
 I legislation n-is llee' 
 
 : Father Matthew Hyan, II. C, sentenced toon,', " 
 
 I moiitlis impiisonmi.nt for .si'dition , n D,.,. 
 
 I Large rcluctioiis of rents onlere.l by tin' land " 
 
 I commissiiui '7 Di'c 
 
 Many arrests under the crimes act, and iinlirisou'. " 
 
 iiicnts |i,.(, ,4;.>,_,j.,|. ,gaj 
 
 Visit of the marnnis of I{ip,,n and '.Mr. Jnlul 
 Morley, M.l'., to Ihiblin . .1-. F,.b 
 
 Mr. I'ariieH's amendnniit on ih,' addivss attimking " 
 the gov.uninent Irish policy moved, 1, F,.b ■ 
 negativi'.l (317-229) ....,, Fei3' 
 )Mr. I'armdl's land law aim'nilment bill dialing with " 
 i arrears rejected (328-243) . . 21 March, „ 
 
 Alleinpteil priicl.-iinied m,.etiin;s dispersi'd by thu 
 ; police and military nt LmiKhrea. Eniiis (bv col 
 ^ lurmi), ami other places . .' . ''; \nrll 
 
 The idan of campaign and boycotting coiidemnuii " 
 I by the pope mi moral grounds, iS April ; res.M-Int 
 
 ! '■•'■•"iml .0 \pr(l 
 
 Mr. Curew's county government bill reiectci " 
 ' (=8^-'a5) 25 April, „ 
 
 •"'.i;: y *i'„ 
 
 h 
 
 
 ■■^••'{f 
 
 ii.M 1^ 
 

 \^^n 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 592 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 !• ; 
 
 tk - 
 
 K/' 
 
 Exi'TOtion nf Itaiiii'l Iliiyi's anil Piinlcl Mcninity fur 
 till" mmdcr nl' Jiiiiii's .Fitzmaiirice, a tiiniu'P (on 
 51 .Jan.) =8 April, 
 
 KMTUtiriii I'f .laiiicx Kirby nt TraliT k-""'! f"r the 
 iiiiinler nf I'atrick (juirke nt Liscuhaui", Ki'rry, 
 (3 Ndv. iSSj) 7 May, 
 
 Till' i'\ch('i|iii'r ilivision nlllniis rij;lit nf (■nimty 
 curt to incicariP st'iitcncrs on aiipi'Ml i; May, 
 
 Jlcctinj; of catholic .M.i'.s in liiililin, who 
 resist till' iiopc's inti'iffivncc in iiolitical allairs, 
 17 May ; ol'othi'is in I'ho'iiix jiarl; . 20 May, 
 
 Till' li. C. hishojis aci'i'pt thi' papal rescript May, 
 
 Jlr. .John Moili-ys motion for vote of censure of the 
 }.'o\ernment fur its Irinh policy iie{;ativeil (j66- 
 273) 25-27 .luue, 
 
 The duke of Arftyll's resolution in the lords 
 warmly comnieiidin),' the giiveninient's Irish 
 policy accepted iK'HL eo?/. . . . 12 .Inly, 
 
 K\ictio'ns on the Vandeleur estate violently but 
 unsuccessfully resisted . . 19, 20, 24 July, 
 
 Coroner's inquiry into the death of Mr. John 
 ^landeAiile (imjirisoiu'il No\-. 1SS7) ; 19 Jnl>' ; 
 [suicide of Dr. Hidley of TuUaniore ^ai'l, 20 July ; 
 i33S| verilict— di.sea.sc cau.sed by ill-usa;;c in 
 jirison 28 July, 
 
 Jlr. I'arnell in the liou.se rtf commons asserts the 
 letters attributed to bim in I'linullhin ami rriiiic 
 to be forfieiies, and the e,barf!es against him to be 
 false. 6 July ; Mi. I'arnellsreipiest for a select com- 
 mittee til investii;ati' the chaifjes in the. Tiiins 
 refused by the t;oveiiiT[uMit, 9 July ; Mr. W. II. 
 .^^niith proposes the a|ipiMUtment of a royal 
 commissiini of Jud^^es to examine tbest! char.ues, 
 j2July; bill read lirst time, 16-17 July ; imnies 
 ini'iitioned, sir James Hanneu, jMcsiilent, .Mr. 
 Justice Day, anil Mr. Justice A. L. ."Suiith ; act 
 
 jtassed . 
 
 Auu 
 
 Great diminution of crime ; boycotting' reduced by 
 three. fourths in twelve months . . An;;. 
 
 Sir. I'arnell proceeds against the Tlmr-i in the 
 
 .•^cotch courts Ann. 
 
 See I'ni'ntMitr coinutisslon, 
 
 NtiUcontorinist ndnisters of Irelauil presept an 
 address to the marquises of Salisburv ami 
 ]Iartin;;ton, pmtcstinK .asi>i"st the seiiaralist 
 l>olicy 14 ^ov. 
 
 Jlr E. Harrington tlneil 500/. for contem]it of 
 court in bis jiaper, the Kiu rii Sciiliiiel . Nov. 
 
 lieuewal of lord Ashbourne's act of 1885, grautiiiH 
 5,'>Do.ooo/. pro]>osed Nov.; .Mr. tiladslones 
 anu'iidnient rejected (330-246), 20 Nov. ; 2IHI read- 
 in:: carried (299-224), 22 Nov. ; passed 24 Dec. 
 
 ■\'eidict for .Ml. .foyce aj?aiii.st lord (.'lanricanle for 
 libel on appeal ." Dec. 
 
 Letter from pope to Irish people expressiu)? 
 svinpatby ami advice and gifts to the Irish 
 churches" I Jan. i 
 
 Jlr. Win. O'iirien, Jl.l'., sentenced to four niontlis' 
 im)iiisonnient, 25 .Ian. ; (escaped), arrested at a 
 meeting at Manchester . . . . 29 Jan. 
 
 Depiitv iiispeeliu- Win. f-inierick M.iilin killed 
 whileatleniptingtoarrestfatherMel''adilen,I'. 1'., 
 al (iwcedore, Donegal .... 3 l-'eb. 
 
 The court of session, Edinburgh, dismisses Mr. 
 I'arnell's action against the Timrs with costs 
 
 5 Feb. 
 
 Jlr. nillou, sir Thomas EMConde, and Mr. Deasy, 
 .M.r.'-, Home linle delegates to Australia, iVc., 
 arriM at A<lelaide . . . .11 April, 
 
 Sir. I'arnell moves for a trial against the Timrs in 
 the excbe(|uer ilivision, Dublin 11 Feb.; Ilnally 
 stopped Apiil, 
 
 Great decrease of agi-arian outrages (i83i, 4,439; 
 iSSS, 660) announced .... 21 Feb. 
 
 Liberal siibscrijition to suiipoil Mr. Olidieit of 
 (Iweedoie, Donegal, in his cinillicl with the 
 national league and Hie plan of campaign May, 
 
 The ni'gotiat ions between Mr.T.W. Hussell and Mr. 
 Shaw to settle the clispute fail . . .May, 
 
 Ib'sisteil evictions oil the Vandeleur, Lansdowue, 
 .Smith-Uany, I'onsonby, and other estates 
 
 M;i> July, 
 
 Jlr. A.J. Ilalfour exiilaius bis bills forthe im|irove- 
 nielli of Inland (drainage of the Daiiii, Harrow, 
 and .Shannon, by grants of 333,oorj/., and the coii- 
 Ktnictiijii of light rullwiiys was also proposed) 
 
 Ji May, 
 
 Jlr. William O'iirien arrested for speidi at Clona. 
 
 Jlr. \V. O'Brien anil Mr. raViiell' aiiimmUv'tlo ' 
 foniiation of a New Tenants' Defence bm.,,,,.' 
 
 i Dr. 'raniiersi'iitenced to one month's iiiipri'Mii'inllt 
 ; for an assault, and to three inonllh: forcuiit-iMt 
 ' of court I ','' 
 
 ' The light lailwavs bill re.ail scour, tin,,, ,,, i,.i;.' 
 
 I The mission of Mr. Dilh.u and other .irle'4.s,', 
 
 I Austialiatoobtaiu support for home rule, n.|,',|.i,'i 
 
 unsiiceesslul ; meetings at Sydii. y, M,',ii„„|,.,|" 
 
 and lirisbaiie, indtest against lii.iii . , |„|.' 
 
 The Suck drainage bill and the light raihvav.s bill 
 
 ,13 All;. 
 
 pas 
 
 ■d 
 
 Father O' Dwyer and 9 nf his parishioieis s,.|,i,.|,|,,;i 
 to 5 mouths and other terms of inipiiMnni,,.,,) f,,.. 
 iutiinidationand conspiracy . . iiii,i,||,. s,.|,t 
 
 Jlr. William O'iirien seiitenceil to two iihihiIis' i,,,! 
 prisonmenl and .Mr. James Gilhooly to six \n.,.Vs 
 
 Tl arl of Zetland sworn in as lord li.Miteiiaiit"^- *(«.';■ 
 
 I National league inoelaime.l in lliingarvan ili^siiiei 
 
 7<)ct.,aiid in placis in county Tippenuy, ,,1,,,, 
 
 Jlr. .Instice (jibson at -Maryborough tries ihim,;^ 
 
 implicated in the niiinler of ilepiily.ii„|„.,..i',J 
 
 Jlartiu at (Iweedoiv (3 Feb.) 17 (lei. ' s.uliiic. 
 
 for inauslaiighler Win. Coll, mveais piiiaiy-f 
 
 tilde:— pli-aded guilty, I'n'rii'k lioarlvaiiil i),",',;. 
 
 nick Hogeis. 7 years' : Coiinell .M'(i,.e', -^ vi-.ii,'- , 
 
 others, 6 months' iiiiprisoiiiiirnt witli liaiMliilioui • 
 
 I'athei M'Fadileii rejii iniaiided . . ^lOc-' 
 
 I The niissiou of .Mr. Dillon and other M.l'.'s ;.] 
 
 I Australia, said to have received 27,«»,/.; laoVoils 
 
 to New Zealand .... aliuiit 5, (Jct 
 
 ' Jleeting of the Tenants' Del'eiice Assoeiatimi at 
 
 Thurles 23()rt 
 
 The tenants on the I'onsonby estate, who lia\v|,aii| 
 I no rent and refused very lilu lal teiiiis, aiii«al 
 
 I against eieetiiieiit j ^^•,,^. 
 
 Failure of I'laii of Canipaigii through eniiiliiiiaii.'iniit 
 1 landloiils; the tenants of the Oli.lieit est.i;,. 
 
 jiay the rent diu' \^',^^.^ 
 
 Jlr. I'arnell s]ieaks at Nottingham 17, ,3 IVq.'; 
 visits Jlr. Gladstone at Ilawaiden, 18 Dec. ; it 
 
 ' I.iveriiool ,gll^.p 
 
 First meeting of the Landlords' coiivi'ntiijii .u 
 
 l>'ilibn ,3|i,.f 
 
 PriMdamatioiis relaxing the stringency of tin. Cijiius 
 
 act in some counties , . . .24 .bin., 16 Krti. 1 
 
 'I'lie Irish Deiuociatic Labour Association <tar'iil 
 
 at fork by Miidiael Davitt . . . jija,,. 
 
 Jlr. Farnell's Censure of llie goviTiiiiieiit iwlievii'i 
 
 Ireland (negatived 307-240) . . 14^131',!,. 
 
 ' Jlr. Jose]ili GiUis lliggar, .M.l'.,i'miiieiit I'ariiellilr, 
 
 I dies suddenly ,g p,.). 
 
 New Land I'liicliase bill introiliici'd hy.Mi.A. .1. 
 
 lialfoiir 24 March, lead jiid lime, mB 2i6 i May, 
 
 The new Land riiicliasi' liiU iv-inlrciducej by Mr. 
 
 A. J. lialfour jS'.Nov. 
 
 Poiisonby estate, Cork (137 leiiaii's), plan of cam- 
 
 jiaigu adopted, Nov. i336; evicted, 1887, 10; 
 
 I 1888, 3 ; 1889, 32 J tin; remainder witliuut ivslst. 
 
 , aiices 17-30 AiPiil, 
 
 ' Nationalist meeting at New Tippenuy, held lliuii-li 
 
 I proclaimed; Messrs. DiHoii, W. Oliiicii, ,1. 
 
 ' Of'oiin.ir, aiel olbers pieseiii . . . 25 May 
 
 Geiieiiil Viscount Widseley appoiideil eomiiiainiir. 
 
 I in-chief ill Inland (bE:4iniiin:,' Oct., succii'iliii; 
 
 lirince Kdwanl of.Saxe-Weiiiiar) . . ,)niy, 
 
 Thomas Walsh and two others seiileiici'd to MVtii 
 
 years' penal servitude for niouiiliglit oiiliaS'S 
 
 I 26.liily 
 
 [ The National League issuesacirciilaidoil.sbniiicliw 
 
 j urging cxeitioiis to obtain suhseii|itimis. i^c, 
 
 amioiiiieed 7 .\ii.-. 
 Strikes in Dublin, lielfa.st, and otber placo 
 
 Ji|ly,./v';, , 
 Tour of Messrs. John Dillon and William iiliii'ii 
 in Tippeiary, &c. ; arn'sted with time M.l'.'.^aii'l 
 seven otiieis, on charge of cons|iiiiii;i tiiiii'Iiict' 
 JIi'. .Smith Harry's tenants not to pay ivnt.aiul 
 to Intimidate t Vieiii ; I'iiile,!, ,? s.-pt, ; i.r..^~-i;- 
 tion begun at Tip|ieiary before Mr. J. II. liwin 
 and Mr. G. It. Shannon . . . 2^S|.I. , 
 (Mr. W. Olliieii and .Mr. Dilbai do nut a|i|«ar, 
 10 Oct. ; at I'aris, 16 Oct. ; sail lur Aiimica, 25 
 Oct. ; at New York, t Nuv.l 
 
lEELAND. 
 
 Vldicos: W. (VBrii'ii, M.l\, J(,liii Hill,,,,, M.P., 
 I'alrick OUiii'M, if.P., Mini ,U,Uu Ciilliiiinii-, 6 
 
 ■ii,.iitliH'iiii|"'i^"i iit; .Micliii.l o'lliii-i], Dalloii, 
 
 i'atrick MockliT, aii.l Thus. Wiilsli, 4 iiidiillis' 
 
 19 Nov. 
 
 )lr. A. J. Balfour visits Mayo and otlii'i- Wfstrni 
 
 '(ii.iriots tlireaU'iifil with tiiiiiim'; warmly iv- 
 fiici ■ • • • . . 24 )o ( let. 
 
 Bnt'i't Flaniidan, (laii),'lit<'r of Pnlrirk, sh.it ili-acl 
 
 inlifrbcil by iiioniili!.'liti'rs, pruljalily in niistakr 
 
 {or licr father, who liail taken a ih-ivliel farm 
 
 abcjnt 28 ()<:t. 
 
 Mrlblfoiirvisits Doncwil, &c. . . 4 7 Nrjv. 
 
 EsMi^ivf evictions on tlie Olphcrt's cstati' at Kal- 
 rtfnvli 12 N'ov. fl fiij. 
 
 Ittirvfiitioii of till' R. C. bishop of Ha]ihoc, Dr. 
 iiUoniii'll: Mr. Klphcrt rniniivs tlie total aban- 
 .f.miiMit of the "plan of canipaiKn" on the 
 tMf, 110 agreement 12 Nov. ; evictions inuceeil 
 
 15 Xov. 
 
 TV National U'Himf sniiiiresseil in townlanils in 
 tVniiaiiash, .Voiiat;han ami Waterlunl . ,4 \ov. 
 
 )|r. Balfour inti-oiinces new Land Purchase ami 
 G)ii;.'tstcil Districts bills. 27 Xov. ; ami a bill to 
 
 rrlifVHtlii'Coiif!este(l (listrii'ts by proviiliii}; s 1 
 
 ]<««■«, and by the constrnction of railways, 
 Mil«,,to,4 Dec. ; royal assent given to the bills 
 
 9 Dec. 
 
 Firtliflivision in the Iri.sh Home Rule party see 
 I'JniiHiIrs 'Dec. 
 
 JIf.l'anitll warmly received at Dublin, Cork, .tc. 
 10 Dec. rt ftps. 
 
 I|i!iircil)lyoccu]iies the ollice of Vuitnl li-ehi,i,l at 
 llaUiii, 9, 10 Dec. ; two rival editions issued 
 
 12 De<'. 
 
 X.irlli Kilkpliiiy election ; Mr. Vincent (Scully, Par- 
 iiiliiti'. 0]il«)sed by sir, I. Pope lleiinessv, anti- 
 Panirllite ; fierce conflicts; llennessy electe.l. 
 
 -■) Dec. 
 
 MHilislitont of Cl.-ire and Leitrim, convicted of 
 .,'trai;i'S, at Slisio : senti'iiced to penal servitude : 
 .liiiutliy Ulor for life ; seven others for 20 vears ; 
 filur for two years, and two for i year . ig Dec. 
 
 iTli' coiistnictioii of the li^dit railways IjeHiin at 
 Valriicia; rmd-iiiakin;; be^iiii . '. . jjcc. 
 
 iflii aiitid'arnuUitc lU'Wspaper naniecl IiisiipprexsiliU 
 about 34 Dec. 
 
 iTlif.'arlofZctlaiid,-liird lieutenant, and .Mr. A. ,1. 
 lialfu'jv ailiral to the jinblie for assistjinee in the 
 Miff nf the ilistivss ill the congested districts 
 ■jf tlw western coast, 3 Jan. (.see IrUh liislirsK 
 /\'«l), imblislied j j;,!,. , 
 
 Kiiid works actively jiro^'ressiii}; ; several tlicju- 
 <i«!srtiiijloyi'<l— men, women, and children ,)aii. 
 v«if:rmUf stoppeil . . . . c!4 .Jan. 
 
 ijlr, Sliaff-Lefi'vre's resolution for the application 
 -farliitnition in rlisputes between Landlord ami 
 ...ntiifiiativod (.13-152) . , . ,o,Iaii. 
 ■ ; mrw Siilliv:ni exirnti'd nt Tralee ior the 
 . : l.r of I'atriek Klahive (30 Aug. 1886), who 
 .I'l Mkiii an evicted farm . . , . , |.',.|i 
 
 i|.!i«iililo)id on light railwiiys, 2S1 ; iinskille.r, 
 !4i! T [.',.1, 
 
 »r. I'iriirll n'fnses to resign his h.ailerslii|i ■ ,|i,s. 
 rni^ioii of the party, m Keli. ; Messrs. \V. O'Hrieii 
 aiiU. Dillon, after fruitless conferences witli .Mr 
 I'auii'll iit Duiilogui., coniv to Kolkestoiie aiv 
 aiTi'stBl ami conveyed to Cloninel gaol, 1; l-'eb • 
 !oi'al»ay in K,di' 
 
 ll:_ .l"hii .^[ol■h'y■s resolution, comlenining the 
 r:ii.i;uy iirosecutioiis, negatived by the c.mi- 
 
 IliiilS (520-245) . . , ■ ,f,_ |,,,|,^ 
 
 »r. I iiiullcoiiuiieiiccs along series of public nieel- 
 ' " on .Sundays ; ,at Koscoinnion and ot her jdaces 
 
 li' V;.,m! I'rcm, anti-Parnellite pajier, lirst pub! ' 
 
 ■■•■'i IV.leratioii («'/iii7t sw), 'aiiti-'parnVilit'e, ' 
 -"smtol nt Dublin ... ,0 .Alardi 
 «.-. .U. Ualfonr re|»)i ts to the commons tli'e sue- ' 
 '■"fiilrfsultsnrtlieeirorts made to n-)\.-\r Iii^h 
 'i:»!.-i'ss; 5;,33,(. vot,>d for relief works, \-c • 
 
 -*W„feri,,,e in the south, rei^Hedl,;: ' 
 " w»"t-« of Zetland, .Mis^, Balfour", and utl'iers ' 
 
 093 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 vi.sit the relievcil district 
 
 warmly received 
 
 6-11 April 1S91 
 
 The lord lieutenant visits counties Tork,' K, I'l'v "^• 
 
 Pv^i,"'!i'"' ."'"■"•■,' »'"'"l.v received 5,4 Mav „ 
 
 1 ,e '." V '■' '"'V;'"'' '"i'W'^iiio by ilynamite at " 
 
 Don.ighadee, c. D„wn . . . . ,, May 
 
 Ihe crimes act sns,„.„ded throughout Deland " 
 
 M A. ,Jli,,|(,„„. „,„„.,.,„ „ns iep„rts the com- 
 
 plele SUece.ss of his remedial measures . 22 .)ulv 
 
 decV-, '■"•■" '""' ■^''■■- "" '"■'■'■''•••■I fn.inV™!! " 
 
 ■i^laietheiroppusitiontoMr. Pariiell . jr.July ,. 
 
 ^','i:;'Jl'.'.T "' '•"'"' "'"' Coiige.ste.1 Districts acl*^ " 
 
 S91 
 
 I ^ passeil , 
 
 The ynn,i,ni.'s .L.iirnnI iii'o|jrie'tor.s dete'rnnne bi 
 
 support tlie aiiti-Parnelliles . . Ls Aiil" 
 
 '.^;.t ;;'■ t''-i;|ke;d-(.'anibridKe to inspect the Ibrce^i 
 
 arrnes lu liublm ... 26 .Sept 
 
 National le.-igiie convention nt Limerick .'oct' 
 
 Ml. I aniell .b-livers an aildress at fin"'.'s Calwiv 
 
 i/nT: ' ''';■;."'■':'"•.""'•'*!(■ fev,.r „e7ir iirigbton; 
 
 or .;.' '"1 ■''"' •''"!"'"''li'-t Imieral at Ihiblin 
 
 oideilyandiinin-essive ... ,, ^ct 
 
 .Mr. Will. L. Jackson becomes chief secretary 
 
 Relief \yorks ido.sed as not re.,iii,ed . ' s'ov 
 
 Uw Imhpui.knt, new Paniellite journal, published 
 
 : Mr .1. K. Redmond, Parmdlite. elected M'.P.^for 
 
 tile clerical candidate i, ' 
 
 I The c.irporation of l.on.h.n, th',. Irish So'cie?v, ,a'nd 
 
 4) London pompames, snnimoned to app'ear in 
 
 bin to answer charges respecting the ■ laiiag" 
 
 I meiitot their Insb estates . . ^ r"n i 
 
 Landowueis-convention. animal meeting \ , Kei,' 
 
 i ses 'lo n^l ' V'':"'"'^' '■'"•^""' ''^- ""• ""ti^^W I'lMtei 
 ' ses^lolla^ chairnian ... „ [.yi, 
 
 Above ,50 tenants on the Ponsonb'v estate siL'il 
 
 \;'bb!!l,'',','. !'',''"'■'-'''"'" ""'"■ ''"'''"■'-■' "'"!'•'• ti"i 
 
 .mil I *' HI I lie 1 let . , I' 1 
 
 Lish Kduaitioii bill introduced 'bv Mr Wiii'V' 
 oie',.|^,v"'' ""^ *■''■''•' """^^'' "I'posed" by the l{'. C.' 
 
 ''in:msfJ'''''''''^'^''''''''^''''''-'J™'-'''>'^ 
 iiicms (229-174) 2 M.irch 
 
 Ihe A o(„,,,,„ /•,.,,« amalgamated with the Fnv' m' 
 ./..Hr„„/(Iiti^.Mt„m ensued) . about-, \ ,,h 
 
 Meeting of Ulster n.en at liellast to fori,, al.,,,' ',,,'. 
 tioi, to oppose U,;nie Rule (to be on 17 Jul,,') 
 
 Meeting of Irish unioni.st alliance nt Dnld'in 
 Loral t'oyernnn.nt bill („■;„•,./,, ,.c) introduced'by 
 wit-b,l::^'^;;"-' '\ "■'■• ■■'■"" ="" «""•■ =4 Mny^ 
 i The i.dneation bill passnl ' . ' . ' 'V ulm 
 I , 1st, r.o.iiv,.,ith,n („■;,;,./,. ,„.)„,i)ei,;,st . ,1 u\Z' 
 : ■i(Wtuiiinnistnie,.tiii.,-s at Dublin . 2,J. ,c' 
 , Lh-ctioiis : Pa,n,.Ilit,.s, 9 ; anti-l>ari,elli,,.s. 7^ 1, v' 
 
 .lohn Morleycbiet M.civt.irv . ,s Ai,» 
 
 Ciperation of ,)„. (■,,•„,„, ,,,[ i„ coontv Mavo a mi 
 
 other lornnuly ,listurb,.,l co,iiiti,.s ' susp,. „ 1 1 
 
 d^ci^Sfi?^;:;"'':' '■ -""">^--'- '!-."■; 
 
 Ontragi'S by ■■ inoonlighters " ni'ar'Maci'oonifr'u'k; 
 
 Appointment of a commissi.m t,. in.piiie i'nt^'um 
 position ot evN'ted tenaiibs ; sir J.-,„„'s C. Matbew 
 judvy„,.,.nMi,.n,d,, England, and ,.tli,.rs,al„i 
 rlf..,n ■,' '""' ■■""""-'' 7 >«■'»•.; the landhuMs 
 
 W^-' ". ■■•l^"-"' •.■•••■ • • • Nov 
 
 "lia" 
 
 Disin 
 ma 
 
 392 
 
 leelinebiapp,.ar .... j,^^^. 
 
 vage assault on ,listrict.iiisi«.clor Lillv, near 
 llalbvnv, .M,.ath. ,, Oct. ;,,,„.„ ar,-eM..d, ,0 jj 
 
 sinissalofol.Turiier,,livisionalcoi aider ami 
 
 nagislratc in Monster . . about V(), 
 iipos,al byabp. Croke re.p.rting tl„. Irish fund 
 
 i4rf.;di;;:r':''''''.''^ ''''''•'''•"'■''''- --'-';- 
 
 Eviction iit a farm at Ablicyfcaie, Li'merlck. clb-cted 
 
 Cork,''i''"N,'iv'' '" ^"'' ' """""''■ "«"• Kantiirk; 
 Inundatin 
 
 17 Nov. 
 
 '"wuh lo^slit'ilt^'- •'"■'^' ^'"'""^ •-•;l; "-■;"«'■: 
 
 Mr. Patrick Kullatn, M.I..'f„r S. M.^uC t'lseateli 
 on aeconnt of ill,.,.al R. v. ,de,ical ntin,' , ,• • 
 powertul ad.lress by Mr. justice U'Urien,"" Nov' 
 
 1 1I 
 
 
 \>wm 
 
 
 
 
 '■:..t'%, 
 
 ,:f i*f4' 
 
 I 
 
 
 I" 
 
 
 n' 
 
 .. ..M 
 
 . Wi^' j 
 
 i^ii s 
 

 
 \f 
 
 m\\ 
 
 IKELAXD. 
 
 ili-t 
 
 lEELAND. 
 
 m 
 
 
 ■M(i(inli>;lit oiitnip. :it Hcuiiiiuv, Kerry ; .Inliii 
 
 OrcaiH'V iii'Mrlv kill.M ....(' Di'i'. 1892 
 Jlr. Micli'iii'l liMvitl. M.I'. fiM- N. Moalli, uiiwiitnl 
 
 oil iiccDUiil III' H. ('. iirirslly iiitlui'iifi) . jj \)iv. ,, 
 Kxil'cisinlis ;il IJlllilili cantlr (c/llrfi »i(), 31 I'lr. 
 
 1891,1.111! „ =4 '"■<•■ '■ 
 
 Tlic tlwi'ciliirii convicts {si'C nimvf, l''uli.-Oct. iSSu) 
 
 rclriisiM , ■ ,?3 '•7'- " 
 
 Mei'tiiijxat Coik.lii'l.l liy tlii'uinyor, ilfiimiiilint; Un^ 
 
 ivll'l!--!' l;f III'' llvilMllli'tl' IMisollcr.s . 15. lull. 1S9J 
 
 Kvictioiis on Hoilvke, iJioinTty ofcul. O t:.illiii;liiiii ; 
 
 iiincliicsht.'d .... iiiiil.ll.'.liiii. „ 
 Mfi'liiins ill L'lstiT, opiiosiiiH Iioiuo rule; licllasl 
 anil Ariiia:,'li. 17 .Inn.; lluiij-'aiiiioii. ■-■.' .Ian.; 
 Oiiia;;li, -'i Jan.; Ilerry, 23 Jan.; Ballyniena, 
 
 34 .Ian. ; Ni'\vr\' 'J5.lan. ,, 
 
 Great Uiiionisl liiei-linHs in Ulster (nVii./i .10), iiel- 
 
 tiisl. &(■.. 17 .Jan. ./ mi;. ; Unlilin . 2f>Jau. ,, 
 Mr. (llailslniie intrminees a new lloiiifi Knle liill 
 ("to am. '11. 1 Uie iiiovisioii lor tlie j;ovi'riiiiienl of 
 Irelanil"); eliieV leauires, \ ieeroy (non-iiolitieal) 
 for a lixi'il term; Iwo elianiliers ; le.^islativ.' 
 
 council, 43 iiil'iTs to lie eli'cte.l liy 20/. voters ; 
 
 le(;islative assiii.lily, , loj nieinbers, So luenilieis 
 to sit at Westminster, as now . . i i I'el.. ,, 
 I'.iU read 1st tinii', iS Keli. ; 2111I tiine(,M7— 314). -•■-=- 
 Aoiil ; cominiUee.S May— sS.luly ; Un' lnllmiieli 
 clIanL'i'.l ; inanvameinlmeiils not consiilere.l ; iiil 
 rwiiliiiK, 30 AnV'.— 2 ivjit. (301-267); lorils: reail 
 isl time, 1-2 fiejit. ; on 2111I rcailinj,' re.iccteil (419- 
 
 41) 5, 8. 9 Sept. „ 
 
 The yneen's lieiicli Division deciile tliat the jiolice 
 authorities have no rijilit to relnse inoteelion to 
 the sherills on duty in the night-time ; appeal ol 
 the crown disallowe.l ... 16 l-'eli. ,, 
 
 Irish A;;rienlluial Associalion, cisteiisihly lor the 
 henelit ot landloids, tenants and liilwureis ; in- 
 iin(,'Uial iiH'.'lin^.'al Uulilin . . 21 l-'eli. ,, 
 
 Agrarian outrages: i .Inly— jo iSi'iit., 94 (63 in 
 
 Minister); I (let.— u Dee., So, reiiorted, .'4 l-'.O.. ,, 
 The Irish National Leagiieot Aniericii condemns Ihe 
 
 new home rule hill in a manilesto . 25 l^'el'- i. 
 Fall in hank and railway slocks . Feli.— .March, „ 
 Mttiiv meetings and petitions against the home rule 
 
 bin Keh.— March, ,, 
 
 Mr. jUHtice O'lirh'ii's severe remarks at Kiinis on 
 
 llie lawlessness of co. flare, 27 Keli. ; warmly 
 
 discussed bv the commons, 2 March ; by the 
 
 lords . ■. . . . • ,. • 3M:'>\1". .. 
 
 Aiiti-rarnellile convenlion at Dublin adopts ilic 
 
 home rule bill 8 March, ,, 
 
 Heport of the Kvicted Tenants comniission, with 
 
 rccuinnien.lations, piesented to the I'omi s, 
 
 9 March, ,, 
 A PariiellitP convention at Dublin, Mr. .lohii H.-.l- 
 mond in the chair, declares for iiieseiit nenlrahly 
 respecting the home r;-'e bill . . 9 March ,, 
 Depulation orabovejo l,iiioiusts(ciimniercial, .Vc.) 
 Iioiii l.einster. Munsleraii.l Connaiighl, r.'ceivi'.l 
 by the maniuis of Salisbury, Mr. A. .1. llaU.iur, 
 Mr. Coscheii, and lord Handolph Churchill ; ami 
 liv the duke of Devon.shire, Mr. Chamberlain, and 
 si'r Ilenrv .lames .... 10 March, „ 
 Disagn-emeiit among directors of the l-inmi'na 
 J,.unnd companv ; opliosition of ab|i. \\alsli and 
 Mr. T. llealv ". . about 13 March 1 /.m 7. ,, 
 Manifesto of li. C. laity against the liom.' rule bill, 
 
 Willi iietitioii to parliament . about 14 March, ,, 
 Synod of the I'lolestant i-hiirchat iJublin ; iiiolests 
 
 "against the home rnh.' bill . . 14 March, ,, 
 Orcat Unionist meeling of all creeds and classes in 
 Leinstur hull, Dublin ; lord Iveajjli in the eliair, 
 
 15 -March, ,, 
 Thn General Assembly of the Presbyterian church 
 of IrehinJat lieifusl i)rote.sts ugainst the home 
 
 rule bill '5 Mureli, ,, 
 
 Till) Irish Unionist Alliance appeals for funds, 
 
 18 March, ,. 
 Honian Catliolic Unionist Association formed at 
 
 Limerick '8 March, , 
 
 Piotest of Society of Friends, N. Ireland, against 
 
 the home mil) tiill . • about 22 March, , 
 Mr. A. J. Halfoiir's resolution in the commons, 
 c'eiiKuriuK the Irish executive for releasing eon. 
 victs, negatived (319— 272) . . 27 March, , 
 |{. C. petition against the lionie rule bill . Alinl, , 
 
 Ideal Unionist ting at Albert hall, London: 
 
 the ilnku of Abcrcorn in the chair ; about 10,000 
 
 persons present, including 1,2., di'l.'.-at,., 1,,^,, 
 Ireland . . ... . 2.1 Aiirii' ,:., I 
 
 The Irish delegates entertame.l at Si. .lai,i,.„> i,;,;i '' ' 
 ami other iilaees, 22 .\pril ; i.y th,. iiiar.Mii> „. 
 .Sdisbiiry at Ihilli.-ld : abonl i.ij,,-, il, ].....,,,., 
 
 present ; addresses by tlie Uiiioiiisl Irit'lfis, 
 
 Hevival of moonligliliiig outrages in K. rn, Ki,. ' 
 k.'iinv. Limerick and Clare . . Apiii, \f.i 
 
 Visits to Ulster (irUUh .M.|; Mr. A. J. lliil|..i,V ' 
 3, 4 Ai'iil ; llie niai.iiiis of Salisbury , 25.\Lj' 
 
 A petition to til.' ipleen agail!^^ llolie' rnli',ii,„,',i 
 by 103. .>»j Irish women of all cla.is.". imilcivni,. 
 
 pivsellled . . . . . . uAli;! 
 
 James Donovan, caretaker o| an .■victeil laiin ;,[ 
 Gleiihara, owned by the ea.l ott'urk, imii',|i-i>,i, 
 
 31 Aiml. \-r, I 
 
 liy the iipselling (,f an overein-.ti.,! l,i,at, ia.;,r '" ' 
 AVeslporl i|uay, about 33 liaiM^ti'i's, f|i;,.|;v 
 women and girls, were .Irowne.i • aliunl 75lj\v'< 
 .save.l by the crew ol 111.' l-'Aii, e,iiliTr.i|it. I.ai.,. 
 welUlhe lieople of AeliiU isl.ni.l wen- [.nin^. (,, 
 Kngland and Scotland to earn iiinney tu ivniv 
 the governmi'iit loan incurred in i;oi) . 14,11.1,,', 
 Increase of outrages, Clltlle poiMiiiiii;;, .Vc, t,. 
 Limerick ; moonlighting, Sc, co. Cmk, ici«iiii..| 
 
 .li!h. „ 
 Mr. (iladstoneanil lord Tweeiliiioinhiiaoli;;iv....jJ, 
 to Ihe Irish parliamentary Imel (mi- innulVi'i). 
 
 An;. „ 
 S.'vere storm in co. Kerry and other parts, uiih 
 
 loss of lite . . . . 24iitt. „ 
 
 Diminulion of crime in 1894 re) irlid in tlii'iiiiH'ii3 
 
 epeeeh 5 Fill, i;'};! 
 
 John Twiss executed for iiimder of .las. Iiuii.Aaii. 
 
 a caretaker, at (,'ork . . . . g IVn, „ 
 Inaugural baiii|net of the liisli Lnyiilist diil. in 
 London ; speech of the maripiis of Salislnirv. 
 
 iMVli. „ 
 The seed iiotato.'s supjily bill pass,.il . 14 Man],. ^_ 
 Death of llie I'arl of lie.ssboiougii, a puimlar laii'i- 
 
 lord, age.l 79 ij.Mimii, „ 
 
 Hoards of guardians (li-elaiid) bill : jiid miiliii:. 
 
 U.Miirrh, ,. 
 Old I age on a tenant of an evicted farm at AIiIih- 
 
 teal, Cork i3.\larili, „ 
 
 Laud bill, commons r.-.-id 2iid time . , 5 .Viiil, ,, 
 
 See iri7.7ii'cii/^, 1395. 
 liill virtually reiiealing the Crimes act(i33:)r»l 
 
 2110 time in commons .... SMay. ., 
 Irish Agriciihnral (Jrg.-iiiizatiuii snciety; la>t 
 aiinnal meeting •■it Dublin; the hull. lIuniM 
 I'lunketl, .M.l'., president . . .b)l,w, „ 
 Decrease ol crime reporteil . , . loJuiif. ,, 
 New ministry : lord-iieiit. earl Cailogan ; Imil disii- 
 celloi, lord Ashbiiurne ; chief .secivtarv. (IrniH 
 
 lialloiir 25,liiiiff|..,. ,. 
 
 Municiiial franehise bill withdiaHii, 111 111" lirK 
 
 :.li:;y. „ 
 Di.s.s.'nsion between Mr. Justin Ml ailliy, Mi.ll'.i.i. 
 
 and olliers .W^. „ 
 
 Irish national convention at Cliieago(si'0 C.Ml.i 
 
 ,s/,,(,,.) Si'iil.-Ort, ,, 
 
 Field-marshal lord Hobeits of Kamlaliar as niin- 
 
 maiider-iu-ehiel airi\esiii luiiilin . . lUr;, ,. 
 Kxpulsion of Ml. r. .M. llialy ami sotlii'is Iriiia 
 the Irish National K. .leialioii, 14 Nov.; Mr, 
 John Dillon I'lected ehainiiaii. 7 Fell, isc/i. 
 Death ot .lani.'s Mack 'fuke, aged 70, liliiliiiitliro- 
 jii.st, active in relief of llie lamiiies, u40-7;wl J 
 
 10&.-S6 , ., n-l«-m 
 
 Mr. Ilariinglon'samendiiient for the reli'asi' ol tlit 
 Irish political iirisoners (dymuiiiters), iTJnl"!; 
 inaioiilv, 1&2 • T''''' 
 
 Dispiit"s on the Ponsoiiby estates, 00. Core, ainl 
 the Sinith-llarry ■ ate, Tipperary, aniioUy 
 settled , *"'l'' "I 
 
 Loid-lieiit. earl Cadogan hosiiitable ami l«)l«iw I 
 brilliant season in Dublin . . • -'la'* »l 
 
 Mr Gerald Italfonr's Land bill ratlit'rfaviiui-,u.iy 
 
 rcceiu'd . . , .„ • • . ,• ■♦'^l:"''"l 
 ^71 agrarian otlences in 1^93'. n-imin'il • ■«-'. ■ 
 llvbiid ireess commiltee respecliMj; InsliaW-. 
 
 ■lornied by Mr. 11. I'lmikett, M.l'.,aiitiiiiiii,Ki.j; 
 
 report issued . . . • ■ <-''f- ' 
 Local taxation ; act passed . •,,,;,,'*•;"';' 
 Land law aet iiit.odn I by Mr. Oenilil 11*". 'i 
 
 April, based on the act of ii;i ; passcJ it-"S- "I 
 
 lEE 
 
 ..Omeiitlon of the IrisI 
 lUll.lll), j.cwi delegate 
 BWiil; nr- t>liii"iiell, 
 ,,r,.siilHiit ; message fr 
 |iitiijiiifOT"nity.><:i"-. p 
 . ami iiioui'V siippiirt 
 liiTst of V. .1. Tynan, 
 
 ■ ili,rtiis Park murders 
 ,1 l)oiilo;;ne, 1 3 Sept. ; 
 ll,,. Kmirli governniei 
 
 I II,;; relniseil . 
 |)|,s,d|iolitii»il meetings 
 
 ■ pstil ainrmiiig the ex 
 „f fr.lauil, 2,7'xi.,>>i'. t 
 t|i,.iviiortof IlieFinane 
 ji|,i ilpiiiniiiliiif; restitn 
 
 I iiiirtioiiiiihitiire(see I- 
 llri-li liiiilowiiers' convei 
 lt„ iipff land act (sn- 
 Mipd, 27, 23 .Ian. 189; 
 linlloiiH. M-ni'i : '^ V. 
 ,|iite of Alieiviirii, lo 
 liiiUVriii, iiiid "tilers prt 
 . lifsiaiiiiwl, 30 A 1 nil 
 llntlii'MiauuiisMr. Itlaki 
 thf rc:iort of the royal 
 iiefflsity for remedial I 
 I iir.iitivril, 317— '57 • 
 lili liiili'Miiif'iit NaMona, 
 lites), Sir. J. Reihuond, 
 
 |iii Irish Financial reform 
 
 I Mr. k. J. Balfour's stati 
 (irtlieliPiu'llt of Irelaii 
 
 |E«|pomiiiissioiinii the 1 
 sir Bhvanl Fry, .Messi 
 ll.inloii, Dr. Traill, and 
 sat ill Diililia, 22 Sep 
 IHfast, 15 Oct. ; Cork, 
 Ffli. 1893. 
 
 iTIi'Shaiiiioii route openei 
 
 |jiiiiifaliiri)(Iii'IiiMil)!icts 1 
 llpasseil 
 
 Iriiliirt of the ]iotato ai 
 Kerry, anil Clare, report 
 
 |lli' Juke ami ihicliessot ^ 
 I,.- f/iiWiii), 18, Aug. ; 
 All;;. : Loiiiloiiilerry, 4 .' 
 
 iTluijts for reo 'ption from 
 
 |A|il.liratioii to the High c 
 fjrl for a mrjiii/ioiins ci 
 mission to rehear ap] 
 ti'Kinlifor tile lixiiig c 
 iviihout costs 
 
 |lri<li liiviiicial ri'l'iinii lea 
 tiT'dri'ss iiniiui' taxatio 
 
 ll.tnl Clariiia (Eyre Massei 
 LiiiiiTirkiciiiservalive) 
 
 ll/iri Carliiiglnnl, chief. se 
 
 : ilifil .... 
 
 llr. Gfralil lialfoiir's Iris 
 
 |««seil . . . . 
 
 l|.!«l from Diililiii to tl 
 
 rfli'if of distress in the 
 
 l:iiiil. 31 March ; again . 
 
 |fir John (iilluTt, Miiiiien 
 
 i;2o. ilipil 
 
 •iilulion alleging Irelan 
 ill lierliiiaiicial relations 
 !:6-l44 • 
 
 KIXilS AXD riovKi 
 Kl 
 
 |r(i>r9So. M.aolCi'aelilin 
 |mi,irioo2. liriaii liaron 
 sler, slain after ti 
 Cliintarf, 23 April, 
 
 * Tlie list of Irish soveir 
 ■ill-, has l»Tn iiiiiitteil. : 
 ,'■11 o[ kings \ery li 
 f li'iiiiiis hiiips, (if the Scut 
 |i-«„ii,l,.rtliat "the leai 
 M>i .'int, like tlinse of citl 
 tiiualilfremaiiis of their n 
 }i»,Vfithjuattiiiiiiilutioiia 
 
Ill»t 
 
 I-">-'l.'.i 1 t, ,,,:., 
 
 U*'l ' :il)ljMl ;5 Ijv.-'s 
 
 I, I'.i'li'iiMpI. Car,. 
 
 ilMii HCIT ;.iiili;.. 1,, 
 in llllilll'V t'J l.l«ly 
 
 ill i:ol) , l4Jl,ii,'. 
 iiiiMjiiii];:, ir,, (... 
 
 CI). Cuik, rri«.jii-,| 
 
 Inh. 
 
 ioiillii'a('li;;ivi'ijji, 
 
 An;. 
 1 ulliiT imi'ts. Willi 
 
 .■4 I HI. „ 
 
 jrtnl ill tlii'i|Si'''i, . 
 
 lEELAND. 
 
 59.5 
 
 ieeland. 
 
 .•Onveiition of 111" Ii'i«li nii'f" (or-iiiii/cil liy .Ml'. 
 li|i|oii) 2.IW' 'li'li'fJiit''-* ''I'liii nil I'liil^' 111' the 
 m'i'l; Or. O'liiiiiiu'll, H.C. Iiisli.,p ,,f Haplioi', 
 miiilrlit; iMi'ss.r.;!' Inilil tin' pupi' ivm.1, icso- 
 |iilioiwf"i'"ii't>>'^'''' I""*'*'''' • aiipiMl.s for unity 
 ami iiiowy .siipport . . . . i- j Si'|it. 1S96 
 Um<t of ('. ''• 'I'viiniii Nu. I. iii-cuscil or till- 
 ' |1,.i-iiix Park MimdiM's (sc. <'h„r:; 6 .^Iiiy, ,83.;), 
 lit ItailiWiii', isHc'lit. ; i!Xtr;iilitiiiii ivlii^,. 1 hy 
 (li„ Kri'iirli ^uvi'i-iiiiioiit (ill |i'^;iil ,L;r(iiiiiil,s, 14 
 
 l„.;.;|Tl«Wrl . • ... 15 I )rt. „ 
 
 |)ln„l Tjolitieiil iMi'i'tiMKs 111 Diililiii; ii iv^nliiti.iii 
 l<i.se(l alltiiiiint! Hn' i'M'i'S'*ivi' iiiiiirrinl taxiitimi 
 
 lit Iri'iallll, 2,70J""^''' '"" llllll'll. as ilisclusid liy 
 t|i..|Tll0rt0f llll'KilKlllcilll Hi'llltiuilSCii lissiiiil, 
 
 ctI ileiiiaiiiliiiK ivstitiitiuii lor tlic jiiusl imil iv- 
 iliictioiiinfiitiiri'(«''' '•''"'I"") • 14, 23 lice. ,, 
 llti'li tolovviipw' coiivi'iitiuii iiicias iii Diililin, 
 (u new laiiil act (S'T ithiv:-, 14 Aii^. i3y6), ci'ii- 
 iiire.1, 27, 23 .Ian. 1897 ; also liy ti'imiits iiml 
 iii!i.lloiil<. Mai'ch ; a t;i'"it ini'i'tiir,' iit liiil.lin. 
 liiike uf .Uii'iciini, lonl l.oii.loiii|i.| ry, Imil 
 ImiriTiii, ami iitlicis pii'si'iit, compi'iisiilioii, iVc, 
 
 , ii.'Mii(l«l, 30 April „ 
 
 llntlKi'icniiioiisMr. liliiki' moves ,t resolution, lint, 
 ih' rejiort of the royal coinniissiuii jiroM's tin' 
 iiwssityfor rcmi'iliiil lt>i,'l.slntion, 29, to .Maicli ; 
 iii-..ativwl, ?i7~i57 ■ ■ ■ . ji .Marcli, iLv; 
 lili liiilo|ifiiii'iit. Xatioimllst assooiiition (rariii-l- 
 liti's), .Mr. J. Reiliiiuiiil, Iiri.'siili'iit ; iiiaii^iiratcl, 
 
 2o.\pril, ,, 
 linlrish Financial reform loat;ncfoi-iiii.il in Diiblin, 
 
 22 .\|Mil, „ 
 
 l)lr. .\. J. liall'oiir's stati'iiicnt of liills propo^nl 
 
 I brtlielOTii'lltof Irclanil . . . 21 May, ,, 
 
 |R.)y.ilcniniiiissioii on tin' li'isli land acts, cliairnian, 
 
 sir Eilwanl Kry, .Messrs. Holit. Vi^'crs, (ieor;.'i' 
 
 G.)rilon, III-. Traill, ami others, reporteil, q .Inly ; 
 
 sat in niililiii, 22 Sept. 1S97 ; last sittin;,' at, 
 
 IWfast, 15 Oct.; Cork, 19 Oct. ; report issneil, 
 
 |Tli"Sli.iiiiion route opened up for tourists 2 An;;. ,, 
 |j;iiliratiire(lrclaiiil)acts 1877 to i88S(aiiiendiin'iit), 
 
 lull [lasseil 6 .\ii^. ,, 
 
 Iriiiiiri' of the potato and other crojis in Cork, 
 I KiTry, anil Clare, reported . . .3 Sept. „ 
 IHir ilu'ki' mill iliichessot York arrive at Kinjistowii 
 (>B' /wiWIn), iS-Aii;;. ; visit Killariiey, Ac., 28 
 ,\u:... ; Loiidijiiilerry, 4 Sept.; liellast, S, 9 Si pt. „ 
 ITlmks for recption I'ruiii tne i|iieen and tlie dnke, 
 
 BSe|it. „ 
 
 |A|i|iliatiiin to the I[ij,'h court by the o.arl of (ios- 
 f'.ir.l for a nuiD'huiii's comjielUn;.; the land coin- 
 liiission to rehear applications niaile hy his 
 ti'ianti fur the h.xiiit; of fair rents ; discliar^;i'il 
 
 iritliont costs 29 Xo\-. ,, 
 
 llrisli liinnriid n'furiii lea};uo, meeting at Dnhliii, 
 
 I'.'n^lrmsnndiie taxation . . . 8 Dee. ,, 
 ■1*1 Oariiia (Kyre Ma.s.sey), |io]iiihir landowner in 
 
 I l.i ni'k(i'oliservative); liorn, i8)n, died 16 n.'e. ,, 
 
 |L"M Cailiiigfiinl, chief .secretary lor Irelanil, 1865, 
 
 1 fcl 30 .fail. 1898 
 
 pir. Ucralil Balfour's Iri.sh local t;o\enimeiit bill 
 
 I<1'<b1 12 An.;. ,, 
 
 toivil from Piililin to the liritisl iiiire for the 
 
 r.'lii.f of ili.stivss ill the south anil west of l.-e- 
 laiij, 31 Mareli ; nKiiiii .... 27 April, ,, 
 lir Juliii liilbert, I'liiineiit Irish liistorian, horn 
 
 j:".''i<"l 2iMav, „ 
 
 •iiluti.m alle);iii|,' Ireland to lie unfairly treated 
 in liwlliiaiicial relations rejected in the e'liinniiins, 
 ■■^'W 5, Inly, „ 
 
 KIXIIS AXD flOVF.RNOR.S OK 1HKI..\ND.' 
 KINIIS. 
 
 ry'irjSo. M.inl Ceaehlin II. (Malaihi) deposed. 
 pMi er 1002. Ui'ian Hanmiy or linroiinhe, kin^' of Mini- 
 Kler, slain after totally defeating the Danes at 
 Cl.intai-f, 23 April, 1014. 
 
 • Till' list of Irish sovereigns, ].rinted in iirevions edi- 
 |M.Mi.n Wen omitteil. The Irish writers ,.|.rry tln'ir 
 '""'iMiifpi very liiKli, I'he learned aiitiqiiarv, 
 
 |Mi..ii.l,,rtlmt "the learned men o,' the Irish nation 
 T^Hn<hketlio,e of other nations, vet liulilished tlie 
 
 liK.withjusttrauslatioim, iuoulcrtoiieiiurttte what is 
 
 1014. JIaol Ceaelilin II. restored ; dies 1022 or 1023 
 
 [Disjillted s ssiiill.j 
 
 103S. III! -h, or Denis, Dlirian, son. 
 
 10-2. Tirloili, or Tnrlon-h, nephew ; dies io,3r. 
 
 1086 1132. The kin^'.l.iiii .livide.l : tierce ciinlests for it 
 
 1132. Tordel V-; 'h ; kille.l in hattle, 
 
 n66. lio.lerie, nr lio^.r, n'l ',111111.1. 
 1172. Henry II. kin- ..f I'liinLuel, 
 
 [The Kn^lish iiionaielis were stvh'd " I..ir.ls of 
 
 Irelainl" until the ni-ii of lliiuv VIII , who 
 
 llrst styled liiinself /.'in;/. | 
 
 (aivKiiN'oHs OF ini:i..\N'i) (with various litles.)- 
 
 1172. Ilii'jnesde l,.'isci. 1,7,, liiih. Kitz-Cisleliert. c'lrl nf 
 ri'iiihroke. 1176, liaynion \ le(iros. 1177, prime 
 .lolni (alt.rwaiils kiim), mad.' lonl of Ireland 
 
 11S4 ('( ...■../. .Instieiars. Tli. .■/i«,i,/,'.,- »',.,■,. .«, jminrnt 
 lliat llir m;,r i„i,,n,-l,nit ...W.'crs •■iiti/ iiir gimi. 
 "' liilherfs History of the Vicerov.s," i80s. 
 
 118^,1203,12,);. IIiij,'ni's.le l.asi'i. ' 
 
 1199. 1204. .Meiller l-'itz-lleiiri (soil of lleiirv II ) 
 
 1215, 1226. (ieiill'rey ile .Marreis. 
 
 1229-32-33. .Maniiee l'"it/;,'.'i'ald. 
 
 1308. I'lers (iaveston, earl of Cornwall. 1312, Edmuml 
 i; lintilhr. i3,(-,, Kn-rr de Mmlimei'. r32o. 
 I hiMii.is I'it/^'eraM. 1321, J. dm de liennin-hain. 
 1327, earl of Klldarc. 1328 ami i ;4o, I'rinr 
 Ho-er Ltla-h. 13,2, sir .John d'Aiev ,337 
 sir.lohn lie (■li..i'lt..ii. T344, sir H.ionrirUll'ord 
 131';. sir lio-er .lAivy; sir ,lohn Moriz. ,348, 
 Waiter lie lJermint:liaiii. ,,55, .M.iurii'c, earl of 
 Dismoml. 1356, Thomas' de Uokeliv. ,557. 
 Alinerie dc St. Amaiid. 1350, .lames," earl of 
 Ormoiid. 1361, Lionel, duke, ;fCI.,;ence. 13^7 
 l.eral.l. eiirl of Desmond. ,36,, and 1374, \Vi|. 
 liain .|e W imlsiir. 1 ^-j:,. .Maiuiee, earl of Kildare 
 ;,n.| .laiiiis. carl of (Jimond. 138a, Kdmnml .Mnr- 
 tuner, carl of Manli. ,383. linhert de Vere, 
 earlol Oxl.ird. i3Soaiid 1398, sir John Staiilev 
 i3')i, .lames, call of Oi'iiiond. 1303, Thnm.a's 
 duke ot-inoiii.,.stei'. ,3,j5, H.i-erde Mortimer; 
 earl of Mini,, killed. ,jyi, H,.gi„ald Grey ami 
 Ilionias d.- Il..llai„l. 
 
 1401 and 1408. Thomas, .'arl of Lancaster. 1413, sir John 
 Staiil.'y and sir ,lol,ii Talhot. 1420, James, earl 
 of (Irnioml. 1423, I'Miniind ilc Mortimer, earl of 
 .M.inh. 1425, sir John Talhot. ,4^7, sir John 
 de tiie.v. 142S, sir John Siilton. lonl Diidlev. 
 14.11 ami 1435, sirTiioinas Stanley 1433 i,,.ou 
 lonl lie WeMes. 1.(46, John, I'arlof .Slircw.shnrv." 
 1449, liiclianl, duke of \-,,rk. 1461, Geon',' 
 (Ink,' ,,f Glan'iicc. 1470, earl of W.in'ester. 1478! 
 John dc la l',.:e, earl ,.f Sutlolk. ,481, liieliaid, 
 earl of Ivd.larc. 1483, Gerald, eail of KiMarc 
 J484, John ,le la l>,ile. earl of l,in,'oln. ,4S=', 
 .lasper. dnke of li,.,lfonl. ,4,4, ll,.,irv, ilnke of 
 York, afterwanls Henry VIII. (his deputv, sir 
 K. I'oyniic.'s). ,49c, Gerald, earl of Kildare 
 mid III ij04, 1513. 1521, Thomas Hinvanl, earl 
 ot Surrey. 1529, Henry, duke of liiehmoml. 
 <.en,ld, his son, is5(i-6r. Thomas, earl of 
 Missex. [Ainoiif; the lonl dejuities, 15150 *;i' 
 sir Win. Filzwilliam. ,-». -ir John IVrnil I 
 1399, Koliert, call of Kss, .s "' 
 
 1603. Sir Charles lilounf, h.rd Moiintiov, made earl nf 
 Deyoiishin.. 1040, Tlios., viseoniit Wentworth. 
 earl III Strall'onl. 1643111111 1C4S, James, maniiiis 
 ofOrniiiiid. 1647, 1'hili]!, lonl Lisle. 1649, Oliver 
 Cniinwell, 1637, Henry Cniinwell. 166.., James 
 lintler. duke ot (Irmnnd. 1669, John liolicrts 
 lonl lloherts. 1670, John, lonl lierkeiev. 167., 
 Arlliui'C,i|.el,earlof Ks.sex. 1677, .lames Iliitler 
 dnke of i irinoiid. ,683, lleiir llv.le, larl of 
 Clan'iidon. 1687, Itiehanl T'alhot.'earl of Tvr- 
 eoiiuel. ,69c, Henry Svilnev, lonl Svdiiev 1O03 
 Henry Capel, lonl Capcl. • . jdi 
 
 fahiilous. and only ^Toniiiled on the traditions of their 
 jioets aii.l lianls, from what is rcrlain history." "O'l-'la- 
 ."'■'V', ."^''"l"'"' 'I'lilauil, Kenned.v, and other niiMlern 
 li'i.sli historians, have rendered all uncertain, liy deducing' 
 heir iistory fi..m the |)ehi-c with as mm h as'siiralne a» 
 they deliver the transactions of In-land fnun St. Patrick's 
 time.' --.-ll^^')■,^■,n|. 
 
 * I.onls justici's ami deputies, ami latterly Lonris 
 LiKi-i'KNANr. It has heeii several times luo'poscd to 
 aholish the viceroyaltyoflreland, hut without success. 
 Ihu last time 25 Moich, 1858. 
 
 Q o 2 
 
 MjS 
 
 i> 
 
 'li. 
 
 ll ' .%T%\^ 
 
 f' I 
 
 f f 5 \ i 
 
 ''?' 
 
 
 .iiui«>t| ♦■ ■ 
 
J*. i 
 
 
 urn 
 km 
 
 
 ■J' 
 
 .« 
 
 w 
 
 f( 
 
 M2« 
 
 rf?-.. 
 
 596 
 
 1787. 
 
 1700. 
 J794- 
 
 IRELAN D FOKGERIES. 
 
 1700. LiinniiPi' Hvile,' curl of Hiii'liostor. 1703, Jmiu'« 
 liiill. T, iliikc iiroiiiiiiiul 17C7, Thniniis, I'lirl nl 
 I'lMiil'iiiki'. i7<«j, TliMiiiiis. rail iif Wliartoii. 
 1710. .laiiu's, iliiko iif o-.iniiiiil, at;iiiii. 1713. 
 fliarli's, aiikfi of tilivcHslnny. 1717, C'liavluH, 
 ,lMki-of H,.lt..ii. ,7ji,CliMii(ts,ilukiMif<.lrartoii. 
 17.-4,.)ol||i, loidCaitcict. 17 u. Lionel, iluUr of 
 llors.t. 1737, William, diiko of Ili'Vonsljire. 
 1745, I'liilip, rail of Lln'.s'eilh'M. 1747. William, 
 
 carl of llaniiif-'toii, 1751, l.i 1, duke ot Ilea-- 
 
 set, a};aiii. 175^, Willi,-iin, iliikc nf lievniisliirc, 
 1757, .tolm, iluiie of r-Jfniil 1761, (iciKe, call 
 (.fTlalifax. 1763, HuL'li.eailof N'oitliuiulieilaicl. 
 1703, I-'raiii'is, cai-l oi' 'lei'lforcl. 
 
 1767. Ge(a>;e, visenuiit Towiislieiiil, 14 Oct. 
 
 1772. Siiiion, earl of llarronrt, 30 Nov. 
 
 1777. ,)oliii, earl of Hllekin^.'ll.llIl^llil'c, 25 Jan. 
 
 1780. Kieil Ill ofrarlislc, 21 Hec. 
 
 1782. Will, lleiii-y, duke of I'ortlaml, 14 Ainil. 
 ,, (ieoi-ije, carl Temple, 13 Sept. 
 
 1753. Holieit, carl of XorlliiUKtou, 3 June. 
 
 1754. Charles, duke of HiUlaud, 24 I'cb. ; du'd 24 O'-'t- 
 
 Gcoruc, mar(|uis of lUickingliam (late earl Temiile), 
 again, 2 No\'. 
 
 Joliu, earl of Westiuoii.-iiiil, 5 Jan. 
 
 William, carl Fitzwilliaiu, 10 Hec. 
 ., Joliii, carl Camden, 11 Mnreli. 
 jy)S. Charles, nianiiiis Criniwnllis, 13 June, 
 iSoi. I'liilip, carl of lla.ihvieke, 25 May. 
 1S06. John, cluke of lie.Uoul, 18 Mandi. 
 1807. Cliaih'S, duke of l{i( hniond, 19 April. 
 1S13. Charles, earl Wliitwortli, 26 Auk'. 
 1S17. Charles, carl Tall. ot, oOi't. 
 1821. Hichard, iiianpiis Wdleslev, 29 Occ. 
 iS=8. Henry, iiianiuis of AiiKlesey, i .March 
 
 1829. Hutili, diiki' of Xortliumlierlaiid, 6 .March. 
 
 1830. Hcnn-. marquis of AiiK'lescy, anaiii, 23 UtO. 
 1833. Marcpiis Welleslev, again, jd Sept. 
 
 iSh- Thomas, curl of Haddington, 29 Dec. 
 
 1815. Henry, maniuis of Xormanhy, 2t April. 
 
 j339. Hugh, visionnt Kliriii.L;top, afterwards carl For- 
 
 tey MIC, 3 .\pril. 
 1841. Thomas I'liili]!, earl de Grey, 15 Sept. 
 1844. Willi.am. lord Keytcslairy, 12 Jul.v. 
 JS46. John William, carl of licsslporougli, 9 July ; iln'd 
 16 Jlay, 1B47. 
 Geor-e William I'leilciick, earl of Clarendon, 26 May. 
 
 ArehTu.-ild Willi; earl ..f Kglintoii, 28 Keli. 
 
 Kilwaid (ir.invilli', earl of St. (leriiians, Jan. 
 
 George, carl of Carlisle, March. 
 
 Aridiihald, c.-iil of Kglinton, ag;iin, Fell., resigned. 
 
 Vilq. George, carl ofCarlisle.again, June; died 5 IJec. 1864. 
 
 18^4. John.lord Wodchoiisc,aft.carlofKiniberley,iNov. 
 
 i366 James, mantnis of Ahcreoni, July ; made ilnke, 
 
 Aug. 1868. 
 1868. John, carl Spencer, Dec. „ » co 
 
 1674 James, dnke of Ahcreoni, Fell. ; died 31 Oct. 1885. 
 1876. Jidiii, dukcorMarlborongli, 28X0V. 
 iS3o. Francis T. dc Grev, carl Cowper, & .May. Resigned 
 
 April, iS3-. 
 ie3a. John royiitz, earl Spencer, May. 
 1S35. Henry Howard .Mulyneiix Herbert, earl of Car- 
 narvon, 24 June, resigned Jan. 18S6, 
 18S6. John Campl.ell Hamilton Gordon, carl of Aber- 
 deen, about 5 F(d). 
 i836. Charles Sti'Wart Vane-Tciiipcst-Stcwart, marquis of 
 
 Lonil'inderrv, Aug. 
 1S89. I.awrcnce IHindas. Karl of Zetland, 29 .May ; nmr- 
 
 (|uis, Aug. 1802. 
 1S92. Uobert n. A. Millies, baron Houghton, 18 Aug. 
 iSgj. Georgi' Hi'iiry, earl Cailogan, June. 
 
 IRELAND FORGERIES. In 1786 W. H. 
 Irclaiul made iiublic the Sliakspeai'C manuBcnpts 
 ^vlliell lie Imil forged, and doecivcd iiiuny critics. 
 Tlic pliiv, "Vortigcrn," was iicrf'ornu'il lit Drury- 
 lanc theatre on 2 April, I7'/i. He shortlv after iic- 
 liiiowlcdgcd till' ffirgcry, ainl puldislied his " Con- 
 li'ssions" io 1805. llc'dicd in iS.^S- 
 
 IREL2VND, YOUNG, a party (or ratlior 
 "school"), lornu'd for the rcgciieratldn of the 
 country, founded bv Thos. (Is^orne, Cluirles Gnvan 
 Ili't'V (who established and conducted " The 
 Kation"' frotu 1842 to 1855), Smith O'Brien and 
 
 IRISH LAND LAW ACT. 
 
 loiniatiua of a "W 
 at u mittiii; 
 
 1S47. 
 
 l8s2. 
 1S53. 
 
 j833- 
 1858 
 
 Others in 1840, Someof theirprurcoilinisldltniWl 
 state trials of 1843 and 1848. ^rr. DiillV (iifiirwarj, I 
 premier of Victoria, Australia, ami K.O.M.li.) pnV 1 
 tished " Voung Indand, a l''ragnieiit of Irish ]i'jL|! 
 1840-50," in 1880. The " 
 Ireland league," was proiiusci 
 Dublin, 17 Sept. 1891 
 
 IRIDIUM AM) OSMIUM. In 18041,™;,,,, i 
 discovered these two rare inet;il,< in the on „f I 
 platinum, in which, in 1S45, Cl;ui< (lisinviml 
 third, Kiithenium. Iridium' ig s;iiil to he the] 
 heaviest Known metal, 1878. See W'tightf, 
 
 IRISH CHURCH ; see Chimh of kti„„^ I 
 The Irish I'resbyterian Church act, p;isse(i 11, Jj|,e' 
 1871, regulates the •.imiiageineiit uf icrt;iiii tru.tl 
 properties for that church. 
 
 IRISH DISTRESS FUND, luvlicrHli,. 
 
 sull'erers by the failure of the |inf:ito crui, jj ,[,, I 
 western coasts of Ireland, w;is Ktinteiliu LlulJhiiiv 
 the lord lieutei;;iiit, the e;irl nt Zcllaiul, anj J|r' 
 A. J. lialfour, th' child' fcercturv, ^ J;in. is,,|' 
 lleceived, up to 2< l;in. 30,ixx)/. ': u'p to ij .Vpril' 
 49,Of)7/. The iiueeu gave 200/. ; tlie iiiavia-ol fc..' 
 fast 2000/. ; .sir Edward C. Guinness ;l.,ril Ivf;i.;l,| 
 2,000/. Large doniitions of clotliin^' were ;ilsoiv. 
 ceived. 
 
 IRISH EXHIRITIOX, in thi.Olvmpi;,,w. 
 Kensington, opened livthe Lord .M;iyors'iir Liinlij I 
 (Ue Keyser), and Dutilin (Sexton).!) Juuf, iSSS, 
 It included natural pro.lui ts, niaiiiifaetaics .,f all 
 kinds, viduable antiquities, line units .if art, 
 fticsimiles of a castle, round tnuevs, a vill.agr ic.', 
 horses and cows. The uiiiuseiiieius cuiiiiiiiM-.| 
 theatrical performanci'S, cniicerts, ni-^.'s. j:o. 
 Lord Arthur ..ill, honorary seerelaiy; iiin.iii.. 
 ihe patrons were the duke of Wesimi'nstw, l.ni 
 Li'itrim, lord Charles lieiisliiicl, .sir J'.hn 
 T.iibbock, archbisleip of C;iiilerliiir;-, oai<lii;,il 
 Manning, lord llartiiigfon. The exliibitiHii «iis 
 
 closed Oct. t!jJ| 
 
 The exhibition was linaneially iirisucci'ssfal, ;in.| 
 an indcmiiily fund w;is .started ill . . Jiiiy, i:;i 
 
 IRISH HOME RULE BILL, Sio/«. 
 
 Itii'd, Feb.-Se])t., 1893. 
 
 IRISH INVINCIBLF.S. a mni mA^ I 
 established in Dublin Nov., 1S81, said bvJ.iniis] 
 Carey, a menibi'r, to h;ive been foniicd byniii' Waiik | 
 and others, from Knghind, to " iii;il<e liist'iry" 
 killing tyrants. Ivuh meiuher wa.s liouml ti otey I 
 orders, under pain id' de;itli. By some of its | 
 inenihers tlie life of judge Law;;nn was attcrapH 
 and lord Frederick Cavendish uml Mr. Uiit; 
 murdered, 6 May, 1S82. Mr. W. K. I'orsUnnii 
 frequently watclied with a simihir intintioi!. See 
 nniler Fiiiianx, li-clmiil, 1H.S2-3. In Fi'li. V^] 
 there were stiid to be 250 mcnilicVs in Gro;it Brilii 
 and Ireland. "The general Xn. !," was said to!* I 
 n wealthy man. " Murder leagues," and "ii.-.<a.<- 1 
 eination "circles" were mentioned. 
 
 IRISH L2VND BILLS, SCO Inlmul, iS;o, | 
 1880-81, 1887, i8<jo. 
 
 IRISH LAND LAW ACT (44*45Vi.I. 
 
 c. 49, pa.ssed 22 Aug. 1881. See /(Wuie/, .IprS- 
 Aug. 1881). It settles the rights of kiidlciril- ;iiiJ | 
 tenants; establishes ;i court of inmiiiis.si"ii. siiik 
 first met, 20 Oct. 1881, lo try diireieiioes betwerii I 
 them, and determines the cinilitiiins hy wliiik 
 tenants may hccoiiio iiroprietors ; it atlirnii ll» i 
 virtual ownership of tciniiits with the iimerofl 
 selling their rights, securing the i>iiyiiuiit .if a j'Jit [ 
 rent to the landlords to he settled by the court, anJ ] 
 restricting evictions. First court of cominiisi«, 
 
IRISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 697 
 
 IRON. 
 
 iKrcant O'llu^'iii:, Edwiml Fiilconor Litton, uml 
 |j,,iSi liawuid Vcnioii. Itoyul A.-scnt, 22 Aug. 
 
 I ,„womiiil.«i"iw»tli('lliiHt, .V('. . . Nov. i33i 
 
 |ii,vc jjooiil'l'l'i'"''""'* '" ""•' '"'"' C""i't'* "!' t'l 
 I* II Niiv. ,, 
 
 ml f.ir aniiniliiij: imrcliaHc clmiscs nf lan.l iict ; 
 ' ,j„s of lair.-liiisf Kiviitly facililatcil : not atinv,. 
 
 •ooo,ooo(. ti' I'l' llilV(llll-cil liy till' stilt.' ill nlic 
 
 irir'aiiil nut inure tliaii so,ouo,oou(. in all ; bill 
 ii.lR-liiL'cd by Mr. Tri-'velyan, a; .May, withili-uwn 
 
 loJuly, 18S4 
 Bj',! ejtcmlini; the iiowcfs ol' tlin net of 18S1, iiitin- 
 (I'lml l>y Mr. UiTiiM ISnlfuur, 13 .Vpril, 1896; 
 niulasMiit 14 An;,'. 1896 
 
 IRISH LANGUAGE, n brancli of the Celtic 
 I cr(ia>'l'fi of wliich much litei'ature twists in hookn 
 I aiij MSS. of eaily date. The Xi'W 'J'estaineiit \vaa 
 1 niililisheil in Irish in U^}, and the Old in ifxS^. X 
 
 wiifl.v for the rresei'vatum o( l]u^ Iri.sli lanniiatre 
 I Ijisbrenfoi'iiieil; in its iiiintml reimrt for lH(jo, it 
 
 wis stated that Irisli is tau;;lit in 4-5 national 
 I thooli. At 11 iMcetini; of the Irish literary society 
 I ielJ at ttic Society of Arts, London, lord Kiissell of 
 I Killowii, iircsidciil, in the chair, !l lecture was 
 I iiiinTOl by -Mr. Douffhis Hyde, on " Gaelic 
 I tuvatiJiv," 31 Oct. l8()4 ; 4.^5 "n-'iuhers in l,H.)(i. 
 
 , IRISH LOYAL AND PATRIOTIC 
 
 I UNION, see Iretuii'l, iSSO. .Viinual meetings. 
 
 , IRISH NATIONAL LEAGUE. Seo/rs- 
 I Uu<l, 1; Oct. ltl,S2 ; annual meetings. 
 
 , IRISH PROPERTY DEFENCE ASSO- 
 
 I Cl.VTIUX, formed by landlords, ^■ov. KS80. 
 
 , IRISH REPUBLIC. Treasonable plans for 
 I '\\- rjtablisliincnt dated 1869, were discovered in 
 I Jjii.es F. Kgau's garden iu liiriuingham, April, 
 
 IRISH SOCIETY,. The Hoxouii.vw.E, 
 
 I tlif iiaiiie given to a committee of citizens of twelve 
 LiuJon companies invited by king James I to 
 mmi.e the conliscated hinils in the north of 
 Irtlnnd, Icrnicd the Ulster plantations, including 
 LoiiJoiiilcrry and Coleraine, Ito). The committee 
 nwived li charter, 1613, which was taken away in 
 1I13;, and rcstoreil after various changes 1(170. The 
 atlairs of this company and its iiu'lliods of business 
 I Wire discussed in parfiumcnt in 1K68 ami l.SOi). 
 I Til'- saloof the cniiipaiiics' estates inidcr loll I Ashliiiunic's 
 act befall in 1887. Hcecipts tVniii tlic estates in 1SS7, 
 9.061/. iit'.sjtios receipts for tishcries am' other rents. 
 |Iiif»clrctcoiiiiiiittce rcspeetiiin the Irish 8iicie|v 
 (-ir Will. T. .Varriul., .Mr. John .Morley, sir 
 KicliannVni|ilc, and others), lirst met, t; .Inly, 
 i3;9; iiR'l H;,'aiii 9 .June it no/., 1S90. Three 
 r>|Kirts luloiitcil, 4 May, 1891 ; see /it/khi/, .Ian. 1892 
 I Income, 34,767/. in 1896. 
 
 , IRISH UNIVERSITY BILL (to eom- 
 
 biiie Trinity College and the Catholic College), iii- 
 
 I tiodiiccd bv .Mr. L Butt, lO May, 187O ; withdrawn. 
 
 IRON- The Grctikj ascribed the discovery of 
 
 I iron to tlicinselvcii, and referred glass to tlie I'iia'- 
 
 I niciatis. .Moses relates that iron was wrought by 
 
 'fubal-Cain (den. iv. 22). Swedish iron is very 
 
 cylcliratcd, ami Daniiemorti is the greatest mine of 
 
 Sw'Jen.— The weekly publication ''lion," which 
 
 I began 18 Jan. 1873, was a continmition of the 
 
 j ".l/iMfliiin' MiiiitUi,,,." (started lfi2^), iiiul was 
 
 j combitiod with " 'liidiiittritu," in 1893. ' See ^/nl. 
 
 I IW^'iuni, an early scat of the iron manufac-tiire ; eonl siiiii 
 to have been eniiiluycil at .Man-he-le.s-ilanics, 1340 
 British imu cast liy Kalph I'age uiul I'eter Itamle, in 
 Sussex, 1543. llymers Fwilav. 
 
 Iion-iniUs Used for slitting iron into liars for smiths, liy 
 Godfrey IJoclis, i5i>o. 
 
 Tilinin;,' of ii-oii introdnred from liolieinia, 1681. Till 
 iiliont 1710 iron oi-es were smelted i-ntirely with wooil 
 eliarcoal. wliieli did not wholly nivu way'to coal and 
 _ cok.' till 1788. 
 
 The Can-on iron works in Stirliii^'slii|-e, \\-liere tliere is 
 niiieh ironstone and coal, weie estatiiisheil nmiiily hy 
 the exertions of Dr. John Hoi-lniek, 1759 60 ; this was 
 the lieninniii.; of the j.'i'i'iit .Scotch ironworks. 
 
 The operation ti-rmcd pmhUhi'i, and oflui- very great 
 inipiovii lints in the nianiifartnie, invented liy .Mr. 
 ileiiry Cort. aleiiit 1781, who did not reap the diie re- 
 ward of his iii^;eiiuity. Ileilieil ill iSoo. 
 
 .Mr. James II. .Niilson, of (Ihisyow, i«itented his /io( ti'ir 
 
 hlilM in 1828 ; see nnder h}nii-;,t,} nmrliim-^, 
 
 .Mr,, (after sir), lli-ni-y liesseiiu-r patented his method of 
 niannlUetming iron and steel, 17 Oct., 5 Dec, 1855; 
 12 Fell. 185(1. 
 
 Strike of the pnddlers and loek-ont of the masters in 
 Mtatl'ordsliire, N'ortliunilierland, ic, histed during 
 Maieli, .\]ii-il, and May, 1865. 
 
 Iionworkers of (in-nt iiritain dcti-rinine to form one 
 t»-'ides' union, with one exei-nti\-e. * )t-t. 1S66. 
 
 Strike of iioinv.irkers in tin- north over, 31 llee. iiC^6. 
 
 Mr. Will. Uoliinsoii annonin-.-d a nn-fhod of making 
 wrought iidii from cast iron liy means of nnmnetism, 
 July, 1867. 
 
 Mr. John lleaton's in-ocess for making steel nmiouueeil 
 ahoiit Nov. 1867. discussed (let. 1868. 
 
 One of the tiin-st. thickest, ami heaviest arinmir-plates 
 ever rolled in the world was pressed into the very )ier- 
 fei-tion of a maniiliictiired ainionr-platc at tin- L'l-eat 
 .\this Ironworks of sir John Urown and Co.. Slieliii Id. 
 The si/(- of it when in tin- fiini,ii-e was a little over 20 
 feet loll.;; liy alicnit 4 feet liioad and 21 inclies thick. 
 \\.^ rou^di Wright was o\'er 21 tons. It was Iniilt ii]' in 
 the fnrnai-e liil'ore lieinj; rolleil hy live niould jdates, 
 each ) ini-his thick, and one solid phite of 6 inches. 
 Tliis mass when reduced liy intense heat to the eon- 
 sistein-y of iloni;h. was w-ithdrawn from the fni-naee, 
 and in the eoiiise of less than a ipiaitcr of an hour was 
 jiassed lietweeii the eiioi-mons rolh-is iiiaiix- times, was 
 lediiced to a eompai-t slali of iron of a nnif.nin tliirk- 
 lless of 15 incln-s, ,ilnl tiiell passed on to its lied to cool 
 till lit for liaviiiu' its rough edj;is idain-d down to tin- 
 
 jiroper dimensions, f. Sept. 1867. .\ri ir-plate 24 
 
 iin-iies thick rolled at same woiks, Oct. 1876. 
 
 Ii-on forts (eost aliont i.otw.iKio/. maile liy Wliitwoi-tliaiid 
 Co. at .Manchester) jpiit up at Spithead early in 1872. 
 
 Jlr Cramptons iion fnrnai-i-, in wliiih dcliiiite jiropor. 
 tions of eoal dust and airare introdiiced under pressure, 
 was tried at Woolwich ami was reported successful, 
 May, 1S73. 
 
 Ii'onstone iidners in York.sliire ; great stiike through 
 rediu-tion in \va;;es, May, 1874. 
 
 Iron trades, see /-.'(;i/)/m)/. ,■.,■. 
 
 Ii-on mei-eliaiit vessels Iniilt in iSfe, iSi ; in 1877, 545. 
 
 Alfred Newman, an eminent art iron-worker; of the 
 '• siiiitliv," llavmarket, London, du-s a;;cd 3=;, Jan. 
 1887. 
 
 /i-Dii M'linififiliirr : between 1865-75 the capital invested 
 rose frnui 7,citx},ooo/. to 29,000.000/. Nnmlier of inni- 
 dling furnaces rose from 3462 to 7159; also great 
 increase in blast fnt-naecs. 
 
 Great di'iiression since 1S76 ; due to excessive piodnction 
 ami increased and cheap manufacture of steel ; revi\-al 
 18891/ ■"'■'/. 
 
 Iron and Steel congress at New York . Sept. -Oct. 1S90 
 
 Strike or lock-oiit in the Scotch iron trade respeel- 
 
 'i' 1 
 
 
 moN 
 
 l'Ii(ini-|-K.Il IN OIIK.VT 
 
 . 4 CICl. 
 liniT.MN. 
 
 1740 
 
 
 . 59 furnaces . 
 
 17, f5o tons 
 
 178S 
 
 
 • 77 .. 
 
 61,920 ,, 
 
 I .. :^ 
 
 
 . 121 ,, 
 
 . 124,789 „ 
 
 1803 
 
 
 . 16S „ . . 
 
 227.1x10 ,, 
 
 1 806 
 
 
 • 227 
 
 250.000 ,, 
 
 18-20 
 
 
 . 2(10 
 
 400,000 ,, 
 
 1825 
 
 
 ■ 374 
 
 581,367 ,, 
 
 ,840 
 
 
 ■ 4"= 
 
 . T,-:o'^.4oo ., 
 
 1S48 
 
 
 . 623 „ 
 
 . 1,998,558 „ 
 
 1852 
 
 
 . 055 
 
 . 2,701,000 ,, 
 
 In 1S55, 3,217,154 tons of pig ii-on were ].rodueed ; in 
 1857, 3,659,447 tons ; in 1865, 4.819,254 tons ; in 1869, 
 5.445.757 to"s; in 1873. 6,566.451 tons ; in 1876,6,555,997 
 tons; ill 1879, 5,995,337 tons; in 1882, pig, 8,586,680 
 
 
 
 •-«i 
 "'11 
 ■ . 1 
 
 "yFW^^'T. 
 
i^^^mjjjii-^ii 
 
 
 i:i :m. 
 
 
 
 IKON INSTITUTE. 
 
 5!)S 
 
 ISLES, 
 
 tdiis ; ill iS3.|, 7.S11.737 toiiH ; !ii 1S86, 7,009,734 t"iH ; 
 
 ill '8S7, 7,559,518 tiiiis ; ill 1SB8, 7,01)8,9^9 lulls ; in 1889, 
 
 8,jj;!,S24 Inns; ill 18911, 7,9(14,214 tmis; 189;, 6,976,990 
 
 tuns; 1896, 8,659,681 tuns. 
 
 KximrlH of '''"" !'"''• ■*'!'', fi'iiiii t'lilti'd Kiiigilmii. 
 1S60, i,5n2,5ix) tuns; 1865, 1,687,071 tuns; 1870, 
 2.825.575. tuiis; 1875, 3,457, )o6 tuns; 1879,2.881,484 
 tuns; i88j, 4,04 (,,i<i8 tuns; 1685, 3,mo,632 (uiis; 1887, 
 4,i4,),o23 tuns; 1888, 3,966,591 tuns'; 1889,4,186,182; 
 iSyti, 4,001, 4j(i; 1891,3,240.146; 1893,21/39,279; 1893, 
 2,856,574 ; 1896, 3,550,398 tuns. 
 
 IIION .\\i) STEEL IX.STITrTE.tlioduke 
 
 of Ili'Vuiisliiri', |irusi.lciil, lirld its tirsl iiicclin}; 111 
 Lniiiliiii 22 .luiic, l.H(ic), lii-st |iruvini'i;il iiiriliii;,' at 
 .M"rtliyr-'l'vilvil,(iSriit. iSjd; liist I'ui-cimi iiifctiiii,'iit 
 I.ii'L,",', iS All,;;. 1.S75; si'cuinl ;it I'liris, idSi'i.t. I,S;X. 
 yrc'i^iioiitlv 111 utliniilai'i's (Vii'iiiia, |i> .Sciif. kS,S2); 
 at >(■«' Vurk. Sept., Oi'i., at Oltawa, Nov. i,S()(i; 
 Loiiiluii, |S();; linissi'ls, 2\ .\ii^. |S()4 ; ]iilliau, 
 I Sept. IiSi/i; Stuikllullll, 2() .Viis- 1.S9H. 
 
 IROXCLADS.scf Ciirii/or, XiU-ij, ami I'liiUd ■ 
 Sidles, ltf()2; Oii/iiaii;/, 1878. 
 
 IRON CROSS, an unlcr uf kiii-htliuud esta- ' 
 
 lilislii'd by t'licicrirk William 111. of I'russia, i 
 
 10 Mairli, i,Si j, to huiHiur patriulic In-iivcry in the I 
 
 war ai;aiiist l-raiii-c; was rcviveil liy Williiini I. in I 
 
 till' Fraiiici-l'ius-iiiii w:ir, ami awarded liy liini to ! 
 
 his son for liis victui-y at Wissi'inlmui-L,'," 4 An,:,', i 
 
 1S70. AlKiut 4u,t)0O iicrsuns were di'coratcd in i 
 
 1870-71. j 
 
 . IROX CROWX (uf Italy), of soM and pre- \ 
 
 cious stunc>, sut ill ,1 lliiii rin^' cd' iron, said to have 
 
 liccii furf;i'd fruni a nail i<{ Chiisl's cruss, was made 
 
 liy urdcr of Thciuklindi' fur her husband, Ai^ilnlf, i 
 
 kins "f the Lnnirubards, :;<)!. .Slie iire.sented it (to j J.'i'„|,.,.|, 
 
 be kept) tu tlie elinivli at .Muii/a. rharU'inajine i 
 
 lie was of iiulde inieii, and w.is tn.'itod uiil, 
 found respeet ; but his keepi i-s hail„|.,|,,. l'"• 
 spatl•h liini if he iineiivei-ed, .M il|, St \i""i'"'''' 
 always pbiced the dishes on his ial,|,.' ,,,", '"""If 
 his i,Vesein:e. '"'" ""i" *oa m 
 
 IROX-PLATET) SHIPS, ..e/„w,„/. 
 IRREDENTISTS, seo JMi,, ;,,„/,„,„ ' 
 
 IRRIGATION, practised in the ,.,,,,', 
 Enypt from the must remote „.,,,s. 1, '„' '"" m 
 oii.-ly a,lvu,.aled fur Imiia bv sii' V ! ,"'"""; 
 others at tt.e Soeial Seiemv Coii.-iv^s'ui M„ , ',' ,""' 
 Oet. lS(,(,. Ill l,S(,s a.ts weiv p;i>-,,l 1,!, ';:*'> 
 Limdun sewa-e m t'lie irri;;atinii ,,{ -1 „.],„ 1 "? 
 
 tlie lesnltsare said tub,, generally tVvounil'ir' 
 siilijeet was niniii disenssed, .Am;. iS-j i ' , 
 
 of jjirnhKaii- artili.ial rain ti■un7nMn',U|,^' J'"' ; 
 
 steaiii-puwer, pateiiti'il by Isaa.- lb-.,wi,\,n' ',''' 
 
 biirnh, was tried liy .Mr. (JuhMii.'iii, at si\,. i> [' 
 
 and repurleil sueiessfiil ; see ■^'"'m/c, mi,| / ,,' 
 
 niittciit I'll Initio II, Muiliiis (kScj3), jfyiyi,/ yV' 
 
 TRUX (a fruntierviHajjo of .Spain). ()„,(,,M;„ 
 8^,, the Knti.sli auxiliary b-a.n nmkr ...J, 
 
 irrri !";V''''';^"i"':".^'','''i'''^'''""'-"« i,'i, 
 
 was crowned with this erown, and after bim all ! 
 the einiienirs who were kiiifjs of Lomliaidy ; 
 Xapolcon I. at Milan, on 2(1 May, lN)i, put it on 
 his liead, saviiif,', " Dicn mi' I'u ihniiiu ; i/nri' li ijiii 
 y /uiir/icni.'' ((jod has j,'iven it to me ; woe to 
 liiiii who toiiebes it.) The eiuwii was removed IVoin 
 Monzii to Mantu;i by the Aiistriaiis, on 2^ .Vjiril, 
 1859, After tliu ]ieace uf Vienna in iSOd, the 
 eruwn was },'iven np to ireneral Meiiabrea on 
 II Oct., ami presriileil to kin:,' \'ictur Kniinaiinel, 
 at Turin, on 4 Nov. The order of tin' " Iron 
 Cruwii of Italy," iiistiuiled liy Napoleon 2(> Slay, 
 1805, was abidished in 1814, "Init revived by tlie 
 emperor of .Vnstria 12 Feb. 181O; see (lutliii.' The 
 order uf the Crown of Italy was instituted by kiiij; 
 Victor Kniinanmd 20 Feb. i8()8, 
 
 IROX-MASK, TiiK Man with tiik.» A 
 
 mysterious inisuiier in Fr.iiue, weaiiny: a mask and 
 eloselv eunlined under M. ib' St. .Mars, at l'ij;iieidl 
 (1(179), F.\illcs(i(j8l),Saiiile.Mar};iierite (1(187), and 
 at till' liastiUe {U')'^), where hi' died 11) Nov. 170J, 
 
 * Tlie foUuwiii;; eon.icctiircs iiave been iiiaile as to liis 
 identity : An .Vriniiii.iii patriareb fuicibly cinieil fruiii 
 Coiistanlin.iplc (wlio .lid ten years bcfoiV Die inasli) ; 
 tlic due ill! Viiniiiihlois. sun of l.uuis XI V., n {loitcd to 
 liive pi-risliiil ill till' e.iinp lii-l'.in' Dixiiiudi' : tlic due de 
 lii'aurort, wliosc heail is ivpi.il.il to li.ivc liceii lal<eli oil 
 bel'ori' I'andia ; .lanes, diilii' of .Muniiiontli. cxci'iilcd uii 
 Tnwer-liill ; a sun of .\iiiii> u! .\iisiii.i, c|iici n of l.uiiis 
 XIII., citlicr by car.liiial .Maz.iriiii , ur l.y tin' diibe of 
 liiickiiinli.ini: tlic twill l.i'otliiT ol' l.oiiis.XIV. (a conjec- 
 tiiie reccivi'il by Voltaire ami uIIkis); l'uuei|iu't,' an 
 iniinciit st.it. 'small in tlic lime uf l.uiiis .\[V. ; and a j 
 coiiiil .Mattliiuli, si'ciel.ii'y of state to t,'li;iiles 111., diikc ' 
 of \l;iiiin:i M Ihluil and ilic ri.L'bt b.-ii. A;;ar KIlis ■ 
 (afterwards lord Duver) einle.ivuiired' to jiiove Mattliiuli 
 tu li.ave l.i'i'ii tlic person. The iii.isk.il seems, w.is ii.it 
 iiiihlc of ii.iii ; lull ol' l.liick M'lvi'l. sliin:.'lli.in'.| with 
 whalebone, and fastened beliiiul the head with a padlock. I 
 
 1' 
 
 (held by the Carlisis), which allcr a liisi,,,,.,, ,. 
 sistancr was carrii'd by assault, 17 .Slav. 
 
 IRVIXGITES, folluwc'sof l.:,i„,,i',l Irvi,,.. 
 
 Ilowe.iUed tne"lluly(;alh..|i,Apcsi„li,('|„,„,r., 
 
 hevn.se a litnrfiy (framed in l^^:, ami™!,,,,,, 
 
 '•^.■5.5). and have ehiireh ulliceis iiiuii,,| ., ,1 
 
 aiifrels, pi'uplu'ts, A:e.^ In 1.S52 lidded cmiJlls,,,' 
 |ila,ed on the masnilleent altar, and iMirmi,. d i 
 ineense duriii- prayers was prescribed. Tli|.|Jo"il„ 
 
 nrch ill Uurdun-sipi.'ire was salcinnlv oi.,.|,J 
 I .Ian. 1854. It is .said that all who jnii, tl'iciLh 
 
 ^ oiler it a tenth of their iiicunie. 
 
 eliapels in I'limland in 1851. 
 
 •, ISAXDULA, Isandlana, ur Isainlhvnna.tmnJ I 
 tim "iMiKlish C'renicia"; sec /.'itiitoiul, ii ia.\ 
 
 'I'llcy haj ;o I 
 
 LSAI'RIA (a province in Asia Miimi'i ,.„,. 
 (inereil by the Ifuniaiis ii.c. 7,S, l,v i|a. .S;',;..,,,,, | 
 .\.l). (j:;o; was retaken bv the eni|ici'or Lm ln' 
 who luunded the Isanriaii dviiii.stv, -iS, ,ii|i| 
 ended with Coiistantine VI. in 7<,-. i-aur\i'.i4 
 im'or]iorated with Turkey 1 5.S7. 
 
 LSCIILV, .'iee Kiii-thi]iiiilirs, I.SS3. 
 
 IS]']RXIA (S. Italy). 11,.,-,' tho Sanlw 
 freneral C'laldiiii defeated the Ncapolitnus, I" U 
 l8(iO. ' 
 
 LSL.VM, or Esr.AM, submissinn to GoJ, ;li( ! 
 Iiaine ^iven to Miilii,iiul,iiii\ii, {iciiiel, m). ' 
 
 ISLE OF EltANcK, 3IaX, &o., si'e .Ifcri. 
 ttiin, Man, Jtc. 
 
 ISLES, BrsiloriilC ok. Tliis see c()nt,ra«l | 
 not only the Hebrides, or Western Isles, but Hit j 
 Isle of .Man, which fur nearly 400 years hail Wtiii | 
 
 • Kdward IrviiiK w.is l.uni ,-^ M\g. i7,)2, au.u^, 
 
 Kap'd as assistant tu |ir. clial is, at tllasfi*. j I 
 
 iSiy. In 1S23 be allract.'.l ii -iisi- ,-i..\nls .if .liMj. 
 
 giiislic.l pci'suna tu liis si'iiiiuiis at llii' ,>ii'.iic'li .Imtil,, 
 llattuii-Kai'ilcn. A iii'W chinrli was Imilt |,,r liim m 
 liegclil-siiuare ill 18.7. M,„,ii .iltiT. h,. |,i„|«iuii,l.,| ;„» 
 du.'triiii's UII tlie linmaii nature ..t Cliiisl: ami Ii..' "Vl- 
 ti'i'aiii'i's ol' L'nknown T..iif;aes," whicli licnaii in liis.-i. 
 Ki'i'^atioii with a Miss Hall aii.l Mr I'aiiliii, i6tl.l. lia. | 
 wen- fciiiiti'iiam'cd hv Iniu. .i.s ..r.l.iaa- iii»|.ij,,ll,iii ilt j 
 w.'is expelleil llolii the S.'ulcli cllllrcll. 15 Maiiii. ii;j. 
 His ebiircb, " rccuiistitiilcd witli the thi'icl'ui.l.wl.li 
 s.-vciil'ulil ministry," Has reiiiuvcJ to Xt'Wiiiiin-ilittl | 
 lie died S Dee. 1834, 
 
 i piMi.' Intlis and w« 
 
 mjvi.r Evans . 
 I iVi.!Jf.'l.'('ti'ioli(.'litin 
 I -a ff. Wilkin, cust t 
 I Th'C'v. Clia.H. 11. Tin- 
 
 |.Iill;.t.ill 
 
 , ISLY(X.W.Afi 
 .Inib I'liief, was tot 
 uniliT lliiyciud, 14 } 
 
 miML (lifssa 
 
 I siaiis () Aug. 1770, 
 
 liii>sians lost 20,1X10 
 
 st..rni, 22 Deo. 1791 
 
 I nicpiless warrior of 
 
 Turkish siirrisnii (7, 
 
 (k-liviieil up Ismail 
 
 massacre of bono w 
 
 i hi' llie Uussiaiis 2(1 
 
 the tri'iity of I'aris 
 
 JfnlJavia. 
 
 rSMATLIA, tlie 
 
ISLINGTON 
 
 VI: 
 I''' 
 
 i8y2 
 
 1896 
 tlio 
 
 „ir;iie l]isliii|iiio. The first hinlinp of tlic IhIcs 
 I ,'i> linrlii''!''""' .V*'- **'''■ I"""- '■'iiii'c the i-uvd. 
 (wiicn lliin liisliopric wiH (lUi'iiritiiHii.l) tlic 
 liiive hci'ii ioincil to .Mmimv imd Ud-K, nv to 
 I IV* :ilo"i'' I" ^^-^'i' ''""'i'^'''n Ai;:\ll and tlii' U\vn 
 ' ,J.ri'm;tik' a scvriith poat-vvolutiou mid distinct 
 I |„4o|iric ; ace Jlis/iops, 
 
 ISLINGTON' (anciently Irtendonc, Iscldonc, 
 I aiil'"jr''i'i'i'-''")' " Jiiiy sii'Hiiliai: piiiisli in X. 
 Loiiiion, still ciiiitaiiiin^' K<iT:ian and imdia^val 
 nmm, "I'll old biiiUlinirx, all ;:i-a(lually disap. 
 [wriiij;. i'oui' nii'inliurs wi'P allnttud t(i Islinijlnn 
 IntheActof 1SH5. Pojmlati.Mi. iKoi, io,l2l; 
 isSi, 282,865 ; i*J[, 3i9i433- «.'l"iivhes iji 183;, 
 ^;i83;, about 35. 
 
 iVi:m(tiini1l"'ni<'i'"'™"i'"*|'""l. H"IIn\vav.ir.ad, 
 „,,.ii,.,| by till' I'l'iiic' "f ^Villi's . . 17 .hily, i338 
 
 [•,,'.i rhii'l, CiiniiPliiii-ti'iiiii'i', iTi'i'li'.l III iScj 
 Inaiiiiioii III' Kpisi'iipaliMMsaiid Nnai'iiiifoi'iaiits ; 
 r..|i:iilt,ii|ii'"i"l 1 "'■''• 'S77 ! ''"iMpli'leil and siir- 
 
 ,„ itfil hv a tiiwiT. Ocl. iBSg. 'I'he riv. Hr. 
 
 Kfiirv Alliiii, lit first eo.pastur (18, ;) witli tliii 
 lirsniiiiii''ti'r, till' ri'V. Tluaiias Lewis, ami aller- 
 wjnis soli' pastiir, iia ai'i'iniiplisln'il writer and 
 ■ictivi' ailiiiiiiistrator nf seliiinls, .te.. ilied. a'.'ed 
 • ■mlli.'a(;iit!iiiiiliiicce.ssiir, the rev. W. llarwnnd) 
 '■' irt April, 
 
 P;iili.' liAtlis anil wash-houses ii|uiied hy lr,ii! 
 'iiaviirKnais . . , 21 .May and 26 . Inly 
 
 I'vilji' I'li'ctrie liVhlia;; inaiieurated by lunl iniivnr 
 -ir W. Wilkin, eost 80,091/ 1 Miireli, 
 
 Ti.'pv. CliiiH. II. Tiiriior niado sutl'rnnan bishop of 
 |.I;ii;tnii M May, 
 
 ISLY (N.^V. AlVi.'a). ][.M-e Ahd-el-Kader, 
 .4iab fliii'f, »'iis totally defeated by the I'reneh, 
 nmlfr lluiJi'.iud, 14 Aujf. 1844. 
 
 ISMAIL (liessarabia) was taken Iiy tlie Itns- 
 fians () \\\g. 1770, after a lonj; sii'f;e, when tlio 
 l!ii-<iiiiu lost 20,(XX) men ; tlie tim-ii was taken by 
 fti'rm, 22 Dee. 17fK'i when Sinvarmw, the nmst 
 raiTi'ili'ss warrior of modern times, put the braye 
 Tiirki-h pu'i-isnii (.^0,000 men) to tlie sword and 
 (liiivmil up Ismail to pillaire. and onlereil the 
 m:i";ioiv of iKMX) womon. It was aLtaiii eaptiired 
 U till' Ihissians 2(1 Sept. iSoi). and retained till 
 till' tri'iity of Paris in 1856, wlien it wa.s eeded to 
 
 .M.IllllvilL 
 
 ISMILI A, the halfway station on the Suez 
 ('aii;il. Itissiinpo.sed to oeeiipy nearly the site of 
 ll:iiii''si'«. Sir Samuel liaker named it Isiiiailiii in- 
 straii 111' (inuikikiiro, .May, i.Sfif). The rebel Ksyp- 
 tianaimv was defeated hear here by the IJrilisli, 25 
 .\u;. I,SX2. See i:i/!/pl. 
 
 ISPAIIAX was made tlie capital of I'ersia by 
 .\tiiia.- the (iriat, in 151)0. It lost its supnniaey iii 
 I'lfi. whi'u Teheran became the capital. 
 
 ISR.\EL, KI^•^.I1().^[ of, see /(■»■*.— Handel's 
 onit'iho, "Israel in K^'ypt," first perfornu-d 4 .Vpril, 
 
 i:.w. 
 
 LSSrS (Asia Minor), the site of .Mexander's 
 ffwnd cri'at battle with Darius, whose queen and 
 family were captured, Oct. 333 n.c. The Persian 
 army, accordini; to Justin,' consisted of 4(V),o(to 
 fiot .■\n(l 100,000 horse; 6l,onoof the former and 
 10,000 nf the latter were left de.'id on the spot, 
 anil 40,(X)0 were taken prisoners. Here the emperor 
 Scptiniius ilpfeafcd his rival Ni^er, A.i>. 194. 
 
 L'^TAMROUL, see Coiistantimple. 
 
 ISTER, sec Damthe. 
 
 , TSTHMIAX GAMES received their name 
 tMiii the istlmuis nf Corinth, where thev were ob- 
 scrml; their instifutinu is nivthicallv "attributed 
 toSisyiilms of Cnriiith, 1526 ii.c. iiud to Theseus 
 m houour of Neptuije about 1234. The games, 
 
 599 
 
 ITAL..V.N LANGUAGE. 
 
 which Were solemnly kept every third year, were 
 diseniitiiiueil at the destrueli.in ot'furinth'hv Lueiim 
 .Mummiiis, 14(1 n.c. The names were revived by 
 Julius Ca'sar. (n) n.c. ; and by the emperor Juliiiii, 
 A,l>, !(i2, and ceased in 31/1', when Corinth was 
 sucked hy the Goths. 
 
 ISTKIA was tinally sulidued by the llomnns, 
 177 li.c. After various ehan^'cs it came under tlio 
 rule of Venice in 1 57,S, and was annexed 1420. It 
 was obtained by Austria I7i)(,; bv France 1806; 
 by Austria 1814. Population in iHijo, 5(7,610. 
 
 ITALIA IRUEDKXTA (" uuredceiued 
 
 Italy '), a secret society which first appeared ill 
 Italy Nov. 1S77, and said to have 21K) eonimitteefl, 
 the chief at Naples. Its professed object is to add 
 to the Italian kin;;dom Trieste, tliu Tyrol, and other 
 Austrian provinces on thu Adriatic. 
 Cry I'or Italia Irredenta: iiicctiiiKs at Itonic, &o. 
 
 10 ... -■■ ''"'.^■' '87S 
 
 111 1879, col. Ilayincrle, an Austrinn milltarv resident 
 at Home, jHiblislicrt "/,'i>- ItaHm;" freclv disciissint.' tho 
 siiliiect. riu' Itiiliaas weiv much ;iniio\e'l. iiinl the pub- 
 lication was disiivowcd by the Anstrian ;,'iiveniiii('nt. 
 tSi;.'. (.'risiii, ill a siieeeli at I'lnreiic,., stroii/lv dc- 
 elai-i.i a;,'aiiist the Irredentists. . . g'Oct. i3oo 
 
 , ITALIAN AFltICA, see Mimmi-ah uud 
 /iiii:iliur, 1895-5. 
 
 ITALIAN AS.SOCIATION FOR THE 
 
 ADVANCK.MKNT OK .SCIK.VCK, first met .a 
 1 isa, under the e,,ironai!e of the },'rand duke of 
 luscauy. Ill 18;;. It met in Uome, 20 Oct. 1875, 
 and at other places since. 
 
 ITALIAN BENEVOLENT SOCIETY, 
 
 London, lounded by the kiii- of Italy und othors. 
 18O1. "^ ' 
 
 ITALIAN CATHOLIC CIirRCH (he- 
 
 tweeu two and three thousand persons) ; first 
 bishop, Donieiiico Pauelli; a synod met at Naples 
 in 1875. Ureat progress reported Feb. 1888. 
 
 Its stiitutc (of 62 articles asserts that the ('atholie 
 cliineli IS iiuthiii^ but the siii'ictv of all belicv.'rs in 
 .Ji'sus (.'lirist, ;inil that he unly is it's su],reiiie head and 
 jiastiir; reje.ts .'lU miiMeles sinee the death of till! 
 A|instles; ,1,. Clares that the Ciitlinlic taith is oiilv that 
 
 revealed 111 the llnly Seriptun's, ,ye. 'I'h amn-l-ation 
 
 ill St. I'aul, iif the Italian ratlmlie church headed by 
 savaiese, declared heretical, Oct. 18S4. 
 
 Ml. us 
 
 ITALIAN EXIIIRITION, West Ihompton, 
 London, oju'iied by the Lord Mayor, 12 May, 1888. 
 It coniiirisi'd models nf the li,,ni:i.i foiuiii, enliseum ic 
 dioiainai.f the hay of Naples,, te., |iaiiitiiiKs, sculpture, 
 nianutacturcs and natiual prndacts of Italy. The 
 eelebrat.'d sculptor, siiiimr Focardi, hud u" studio 
 there and ilid work. Closed ■\i Oct. 1888. 
 
 ITALIAN L.VNGUAGE, based on Latin, is 
 said by Dante to be formed of a selection of tlie 
 best portions of the ditrerent dialects. Pure ele- 
 j,'aiit poetry was written by (iiiido Cavalcanti, who 
 died 1301 ; and-ood prose by Malespini, about 1250. 
 
 eiUNClPAI, nWI.I.AN AI-rilORS. 
 
 
 
 }'>'irii 
 
 Died 
 
 
 
 Born 
 
 ni,,i 
 
 1265 
 
 1321 
 
 Parini 
 
 
 1729 
 
 '799 
 
 • ',104 
 
 'J74 
 
 Allien . 
 
 
 '749 
 
 l8oi 
 
 • iJiS 
 
 »J75 
 
 Volla 
 
 
 '745 
 
 1826 
 
 . 14(19 
 
 15=7 
 
 Monti 
 
 
 '754 
 
 1828 
 
 ■ '474 
 
 >53J 
 
 I.copardi 
 
 
 179S 
 
 18^7 
 
 1 1482 
 
 1540 
 
 Oiohelti 
 
 
 iSot 
 
 1852 
 
 • 1544 
 
 1595 
 
 Nii'oliui 
 
 
 1782 
 
 iS(Si 
 
 . -564 
 
 1642 
 
 Van/Old 
 
 
 17S4 
 
 iSt; 
 
 . 1 093 
 
 17S2 
 
 Aiuari 
 
 
 1806 
 
 1889 
 
 • 1707 
 
 >7i)3 
 
 
 
 
 
 wiutf tonus are 
 
 often used 
 
 witl 
 
 1 lefereuce ti> 
 
 j Dante . 
 
 I'l'trarca 
 
 lioeeaccii 
 ; Maehiav, 
 i .Vriosto 
 ! {liiiceiardiui 
 '• Tasso 
 : (ialileo 
 
 Melast.isio 
 
 Goldoui 
 The fo 
 
 eertaiu iieriuds iu the history of Italiuu literature ami 
 
 art. 
 
 In 
 
 *»' 
 
 /.%!»• 
 
 , f ...#, 
 
 't. 
 
 '1 f', 
 
ITALIAN liEl'UlJLIC. 
 
 (iOO 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 ..*♦ 
 
 
 1 ' . 
 
 1 bv iiiti'stine 
 
 I. I'rmiilo (lliruc liiiuclrcil), fioin tliu lilitli <if Diinti) 
 (1265) to tin; ilfiith of Hoci^fi'lo (1375), whii'li two, 
 Willi IVtiuitii, iiru Htyluil "tlie trlumvliiitu of tliu 
 Tiitt'iilo. " 
 
 a. (Jiialtin 1(11 (four limiihvil), from 117s t" tlic iMvivat 
 
 of Itiiliiiii liliTiiluri' by l.oii'ii/.c) do' M.'ibi'i in tlm islh 
 ri'iituiy. Iliiiin); tbi^t |iiTinil l.iitiii wim ifvlvuil, to tlio 
 Vi-cjuilic'c III' Hidniii. 
 
 3. 0'iii/;(mii/u (livi! bumlivil), from nliiiut 1480 to 151/3. 
 A awimiuii.s siylr of art, IduiiJuJ oil the hi'Utlifli liiy- 
 tholu^y, briran tn iiir\ail. 
 
 4. Stic,nti'(Hi\ liiiinlii'il). Irom IJ90 to 1700. Tim Iiiid 
 tastf wbii'b iiii'vaib'il lUuiiin tins |icrk>il Is ascilbiiil to 
 till' iiilbujii'i' lit Ihi' Spaiiiaiils ami tbi' .liMiiits tbroujili- 
 dUl Italy, ,S iiriili.^li Is a tiriii of ir|iioaili. 
 
 Tlie 'I'll CI ulo :i\ul Ci III/ iiccciUo wcic tlm must lliiurisliiu;^ 
 jn'riuils, 
 
 ITALIAN KEPUBLIC wns thv, namu Riven 
 to till: ri'iiiuili-llcil Ciaaljiiiif irjuiblic. Niiiiokoii 
 Boua|iiirtc, ]iit'!.iiI(>Ml, Jan. lMu2. 
 
 ITALY, a name iiiytliirally dcrivnl I'itlitr from 
 
 Itahi.s, an early kiiiR, or ita/ii.i, u IniU calf. Tlio 
 iiivaiiinjr ri'la,-j,'iaiis Inmi tJrccce, and the Abori- 
 tjint's (rnilirians, O.^-rans, unil Ktriiscaiis), toni- 
 hiiicd, loiiii tliu I.a'iii raci', still iioast's.siii}; t)io 
 ioutlii'rn ]iart ol' Kurojic. 'Iliu liistorv ri' Italy i* 
 80011 iilisorbcd into lliat of lioine, founded 
 In the middle iif;e» it was desolat 
 wars and tlie inlerference of the (Jernian eniiieroraj 
 since then, Sjiaiii, Kranev, and Oeiiiiany stni';{;led 
 for the jio^sissiou ol tlia eoimlry. which lia3 
 been divided anio'i;' them several times, Spain, 
 whieh iiredeminati il in Italv dunn;: rn.^ il.'tli and 
 17th eentnries, xirlded to ttie lioii.se of Aiistri.i iit 
 the befiinniiif; of the l.Slh, 'J'he vii^torie.s of Ibiim- 
 jiarle in 17117-8 ihaiified tlie frovenimeiit of Italy; 
 but the Au,-.|rlan role was ri-establislii d at tiie 
 Jieaoe in l.Sl.). In l.S.|,Sthe .Milanese and Veiietiiuia 
 revolted and joined I'ledniont, but were subdued by 
 Jiadetzky ; see bi/ow. The liostile feidili); between 
 Austria and I'iedmoiit Kraduallv inereased till war 
 broke out in A|iril, iHy). The Aiistrians were 
 defeated, and the kingdom of Italy, eomiirising 
 J'iedniont, fSardinia, l.oiiibaidy, 'I'useanv, Modeiia, 
 I'arnia, the J{uma,i;na, Naples', and Sicily was re- 
 e-tablislied, 17. March, l.Sdi, by the Italian parlia- 
 ment (con.sislinnof 445 deputies trom 59 iirovinces). 
 On 2()(Jct., l.Sdl, tlie 'internal ):overn'nient wa.s re- 
 org;anizeil ; the ^i) provinces were placed under ]irp- 
 fects, siilijeet to lour direilnrs-ffeneral. War with 
 Austria was declared |,S June, l.SdO; and on 3 Oct., 
 Jieaec was signed at Vienna, and Veiietia was ceded 
 to Italy ; sei' /)c/o)r for the events. The settlenieiit 
 of tlie kingdom of Italy was consmnniated bv tli-.' 
 occupation of Home aa the eajiital, 187(1. 'Ksti- 
 mated po|nilation of the kingdom, i,S62, 2^,005,(15^ 
 (Home was added in i<S7o). 187H, 2<Si2o<Mi2b ; 
 
 Jim, 1882, 28,452,^39; i,Si)3, 50,535,848. i8.)0-')I, 
 
 revenue, 78,i2i;,3,S3/, ; i.Sijj, (ii|,3(),S,3i)7/. ; exiieiidi- 
 lure, 81,850,050/.; 1893, 7l,l.i)(),Ni7/. ; iniiiorts, 
 
 "''99.S.3''^.5''' ; e.viiorls, 51,171,070/. For other 
 
 details .see J/uiiie and tlie various Italian cities 
 
 throiiglidut the volume. 
 
 Karly liislnry laytbioal ; Italy (Saturiiiii) fiiblcd to 
 liuvu been ruled by ^iatuiii daring the yoldcn aj,'e 
 
 it.e. 2450 
 
 Anivftl of (Kiiiitrus from Arcadia, 1710: and of 
 livaiiiler ; icigii of l.atinus . . . about 1240 
 
 iKia-as tlic Trojan saiil to land in Italy, defeat ami 
 kill 'J'unius, marry I.,iviiiia, ilaa;;lilci' of kiie; 
 l.atimis, and found I.aviniuin, in ,siiutb Italy, iiS.,&<;. 
 
 Greek colonics (.scp Miujua UruxUi) fuundid ." . 974-44;; 
 
 Komuhis builds li.iine ^53 
 
 [For subNcijUcnt liiKtory, see (,'.,,«,-.] 
 
 Odoaeer, leader of the Ileruli, eslnblishes the kinij- a.d. 
 (loin of Italy 4j6 
 
 The Ostiiwilhs invade Italy, 4S9, and retain it till 491 
 
 Tlii'y are expelled by the lujiieiial ycnerals Nai,ses 
 and Uelii:uiiua jj2 
 
 [See KlNim or Ir.M,v, and /,■.,„ f,., , 
 
 Xars'M, Kovciiior of Italv, linihs t),,. r ', , 
 
 I frornticn y, s^S: wlnnivcu a,, luh'' ''''"'« 
 
 I Invasiun ami dclciit ofl.'oaslans II. 
 I Venice llrst i^uvciiu'l by a ilMi;e . . ' ' ■ 
 l'c|illl Uives li;ivcnn;l to the piijii. .' ■ • ■ '7 1 
 t'liarleniaKnelnvadcM ltalT,774; oveivHhii.'sti 'i "t 
 bards ; Clowned eini.enir of the wct .,t |i','',';!"|','' 
 
 I The .laraccn.s Invade Italy nrid seftlii at Ilni'' ^"' ''<> 
 
 I Invasion of (ithi. I. ,,51 ; eiowncd vmwu., , i',.r *'■■ 
 
 ; (lenoa becoiniM iiii|iiirtant . . '"lu, ,,rj 
 
 The Saracens c\|iclird bv the Xi.rin.in.H ' ' ' '■"■' I 
 
 The Norin.iii- ai oniic Naples fium ||„i ,„,,„, ' '""-i! I 
 
 ro;M. (iiTKoiy Vll., iriilebiand, pivt,'„|s , ', „' ' 
 
 vcisal sovcieiKiily, in which he i, ;,,,;,, , , 
 
 Matilda, ennntess of Tuscany, mlslivM 1,1 i'' 
 
 "i-eater i.ait of Iialv " ""' 
 
 I il 
 
 Dispntos bet ween the pojics and fmp.n.N r,.|,ti,!° 
 to ecclesiastical investiliiirs, bc^;iii (im,! i„, ,, "V' 
 tatc Italy andCennany) ^ ""i 101,), ,1^,. 
 
 '»?3-S( 
 
 , lllH.lIt 
 
 ■'i 
 
 siMiy, ,,.,^ 
 
 Ilisciif till'' l,i>iiib,ird cities .' 
 
 \\'ho war Willi each olhcr , . 
 
 The Venetians obtain many vlctijiW ani u' "'^ 
 
 I'.aslcin cniperurs . . ^ "''• 
 
 Wars of the lluclfsund Uhlbollnes (e/ilrf, „'() |,;,.' "■! 
 
 Kicderle I. (Uarliarossa) Intcrleivs : 1,U „•„„ "'""" " ' 
 l.iiiiibard league foniicd . . ";*■■; 
 
 Ills defcal at l.e^iiano , 
 Peace of ('nil. lance .... 
 Civil wars a'.;.iiii ... ' ' ' ■ U-j 
 
 Ui.seofthe Sicdiciat Kl..ienee . ■ ■ ■ „,"*-''*'• 
 Wars of Kicdeiiik II. .and the I.oa.k.ni ■],..„; ':'";' '=•■ 
 Ills iialiiral son, .Manfred, kiln; of Siiijv .Ihi ,1 r ■•' 
 and killed at the l.atlle of linieventi. l.'v ci,', 1 
 
 of ,\n|uU .... ■ /'eV 
 
 Wlii.di1eatsCoiii.adiii.ntT,vli,aciiZzo . ' ,\ {n ""• 
 The Vi.se nti rale at Milan . ^ '^ '■ "'> 
 
 The Sicilian M >peis : ina.s.saere o'f tlie'l'ii.iali. wh,', '"' 
 
 ■■"■'■ exi'cUcaii Sicily . . ,oM.,,, . 
 
 (.■Icnieni V. (pope, 1 J05), llxes his resi.leiai. ,0 V ^ 
 
 leai il I-'rancc . , . . "i.vi.^- 
 
 Loiiis H.,n/.a>.'a makes himself li'iasle'r „f ■«.,,„'„,,' '5'' 
 
 with the title of imperial vi.ir , . ' , 
 
 first done of Henna aiilminted . . ' ' ' '-'' 
 I.iieea independent . . . . ' ■ ' ' '- ' 
 Kimic a-ain llie .seat of the i.iipe . " ' ' ' '■'' 
 diaries VIII. of Kniiice iii\a.les ll.i'lv, ,',0, .'.J ' " 
 
 conipieis Naples, ,.,,,5 ; h,.esitia " '■'^<"""' 
 I.oui.s XII,, loins V.'iiice and eoiaincis .Mihni '(senii 
 
 I,ea;;iie of Caiabiay (150S) a^ains't Vciiiir, wlmii i^ '"' 
 
 despniled of iis llalian pnsM.>.^inn< 
 I.co.X. pope, ]ialiiai of liieriiaie.-iiKlail' ' ,-.' ' 
 Wars of e'hailes V. and iMaiais I. . '.'"' 
 
 I'laiieisdelealcd and prisoner at I'avi.i ' z.K,!.'',''' 
 I'aniiaan.l naeeiiti.-.madea dieliy r,„ hi., L,,:,, '■^ 
 
 by impe r.iiil III. (.MexamliT l-'aniese) 
 
 re.-iec III (■.■lle.lll-r.-llllbresis . . . _ ' i!' 
 
 War of the .Malituall sneeessioli . ' ' ',1,'.:' 
 
 L'atinat and Ihe frelich defeat the 'diikci (if Sav,,,"' '' 
 
 at Maisaelia jj^,' ^^ , 
 
 War ol Spanish succession coininenees in Italv ,.',' 
 
 liallle of Turin VSri.t' ,■ 
 
 Uivisiiai of Italy at Ibe jieaee of Utireli't, 11 \hV ,- .' 
 The duke i.f Savoy becniaes king iif Sanliaia . ' ,. ' 
 Snceesslnl Krciieh eaiiipai;;!! in ll.ilv ' ..' 
 
 .Milan, A:i-., obtained by the hunsr of .\iislria ro6' '" 
 
 coMlinned by ticity of Aix-la-t'liapelle . '. ' ' ,.. 
 Italy nverrnii by the Kreiieh . . , Jhiv-^Ilic i-"- 
 Hivisiiiu of the Vem-liaa slates by Frailec aii'i " 
 
 Austria by the treaty of C,iiii]io Fcniaio ; Lisii- 
 
 pine reiniblie foniided .... n(i,|,— 
 Tins VI. ilcposed by Honaparte . . ' , j-,:, ,;'' 
 The linssians, under Suwairow, defeat tin- Kiri.rli ' 
 
 at Trcbia, .Vc ,.. 
 
 liiinapalte crosses the .\lps, 16-20 .Mav ; (liftaNtli,' 
 
 Anstriansat .Maivii-o . . . ' . ,.,,|,|,„., ,:.„ 
 Thr i'(s.iljtiii' bccoiaes the Iloliau lepiihlie (lim.a. 
 
 parte, picMdeiil) jj,, ,. , 
 
 Napoleon crowned kiiiK of Italy , . se.Maj, 1:5 
 Kti;;e!e' IJeauttai ic'is ni:ide viceroy of Italy . 
 Austria losi's her Italian poK.sessiuiis by the tn-at.v 
 
 of I'lesburt; ; ratilicd .... i Jaii. 1; j 
 The kiiiHiloni ceases on the overthrow of Xainilinii, 
 
 1S14 ; the l.oiiib.irdo-Veiietian kiiijjlciiii isi.i- 
 
 blisiied lor Austria 7 April, I'.i; 
 
 n 
 
 Cariiiiaiel""'""' >"""« ' 
 .iimrtl.iiia . . 
 
 lijiiiiAiwec'liitlon lor h- 
 ',,11 will 111 111 Lonibanl 
 
 '■'l„„„l by the klUK of ! 
 
 ,,„,kl,Vilcfi'atedat So 
 
 ,uiil LiiHibiU'ily reverts 
 
 (.See.v.oi'i 
 
 ..Vjnelrenlll. etrltali 
 
 Tije .iualiiiin nltlmatu 
 
 ,V Mislrliiirs cross the 
 'KHiiclifiib'i'lb'iKia . 
 
 ivairful U'Viilation at I 
 i.Ma.v ; .Meilcna . 
 
 li,/.\il«tri»in ilefHntod 
 I'.ilwtm, 30-J1 ^\»y } 
 1111111,8 June; Sollerin 
 
 PnifWiiiliiil Koverninent; 
 ,j .Vjiril ; rarnia, .Ma,i 
 ni^iHii'thel . 
 
 |.,,,„nrliiiii in the pap 
 
 liini, *!■■ ■, , ■ 
 .tosai'l'teftlieliisurtjeii 
 
 tiiMi|« • ., ,,.■ 
 
 Tliiallicurriisa the Mim 
 
 .Iniiintii'O l*t«'ccii ■\iisti 
 
 i'nlinii"»">'» I'f l"'ie'e si; 
 
 lianlysiirirnileiid to I: 
 
 llalvillmiia.W'il at the 1 
 
 Fiiirclirc, .Moilcna, I'a 
 
 ,„niitCuviinras minis 
 
 II r i«il« iilipeals to E 
 
 S.ililillill 
 (;„l,li:lMiexlliirtS the It. I 
 uiiiiiililiikciil'Tuscan.yii 
 l(,iMlitiitl>'ii:il ii.s.seniblie 
 
 ami lit .MiMlciia 
 IiDiaiiv, .MiHleiia, Parnii 
 ;iitiiailifin»ivealllalii 
 full til I'iciliaont, 20 A 
 tiuiis briivtrii them i 
 
 .(ssaMiiiatiaii of eel. Am 
 (uiilmiili iil'I'Cids to the, 
 
 ill Italy and clsewlier 
 
 Italians 
 Tuwaiiy, &o.,elii>oaethe 
 
 S.ivii,v, asi'i'gi-nt ofi en 
 
 i.f;i:mliiiiii rehisinj,' hi 
 
 ,!;liisllllMi|liee, but r 
 
 l,a aiiii'ai^ni 
 
 Tira!viilZiiiiili(estalili; 
 
 .v.- '1. .iKiK'd . 
 (l.iiilriili rilircs fi'oiii Sa 
 Xiw lariliiiiiUi eiiiistitnti 
 ilir iniiiu riiiitleiniia the 
 
 i'mim" 
 Till' ■iiii«'na' Napoleon 
 
 -i\y 111! tlie li'^iil ions 
 Till' i"!* veluses and 
 
 Count Ciivour charged 
 
 lllilli>llT 
 
 .\iiiirxatieii III Sardinia vi 
 lia.:i) ill I'anii.i, .Mode 
 Jlairli; Tuscany, 16. Ma; 
 
 Treaty ceiliiii; Savoy and 
 Jlaali; apinuved by t 
 
 Tlip Fn'111'li Iiniips retire 
 Vain iusiu'itcliiiiis ill Sici 
 Garilnlili laiiils at .darsa 
 .iiiiiii's till- otiiee of d 
 tliB Xraiiiilitaiis at C 
 at Miiiazze, 20 July ; 
 XeaiiulitaiLs 11.1,'ri'c to e 
 
 fiariltiliU l;n',ile. at Reps 
 ilitiTS X;lliles ; king f'l 
 
 iiiMiiTwliiui ill Papal jsti 
 iiiaus niter, u Sept. ; 
 at t'.isti'l-liilarde, iS ! 
 
ITALY. 
 
 GOl 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 ,„mi'tl'Mi« iSjI-ni 
 
 iiJuiiAHW'i'liitl"" fol-SilcMci' llr«t iMi^t (lit ri«a) . iBj; 
 iiireitlii" 'I' l."iiil»iiilv ami Vi'iilic, MiiitIi ; mhji- 
 
 ' A|iill. 1848 
 
 ,, l,jii).ilHfi'.itrililt Niivnni, iilHllcnti'S, 3j Miiicli ; 
 
 '„„lLiiiiilwii'ly"'i'Vt^rti' '"-^ii"'''" . . May, 1849 
 fSff Siniliiiiti ami Aii^'tritt.) 
 
 Vjiiolron III. itritnllc"|'»''ll»l""l ■ . Kcl>, 1859 
 Ti!- vusliiao ulliliiatilin, ivjeitiil by Sai-dhiia, 
 '' 96 April, „ 
 
 J, ViMtrliiiii' cnws tlio Tlclnn, 37 April ; ami llm 
 
 ''Kirucli '"•'■!' '"'""" 3 ^''ly, ., 
 
 lVarpfulri'V"l"ti"ii iit Fliariiiv, ^7 April ; I'Mrma. 
 
 iMiv; .Mi"l''Ma 15 .lime, ,, 
 
 ll/Auntriaui ili'ffatoil at MniitiOirlhi, ■..„ May: 
 
 l**trip, 3^-ii Miiy; M;1k;iiI.'. 4 ■Imir ; Maii-- 
 
 mllii, 8JUII1'; Mcilrnllio (.'•/, I. /( ....) . .q.llllrr, „ 
 
 p„n,|,;,iiial pivi'rauaaits cslalilihlinl at KlMri'iiic, 
 
 ij \iiril; T'anaa, May ; aii.l .Mwlciia [tlic ki.vi'- 
 
 rfiiiii'! ri'tlri'l 15,111m*, „ 
 
 |,iMmuftl»a ia the pupal Htatcn; Uclo-ini, I'rr- 
 
 ,1111, S;c i,t-i5 Jiuir, ,, 
 
 )l,v»iiircuftla'lii«iirt;i'iitsat IVninia liy tlii' .Swiss 
 
 Tlifiilliwrriiastlie Miml" . . . i .hily, „ 
 Wiiistin' I'l''"''-''" •^"''*'''" '""' I''"'"''' 8,lulv, „ 
 
 iWiniiiiiiii''* "f I"''"''' "'Kia' 1 "t VillalVaiM'a ; Ijim- 
 
 l,;,alj'»"ni'"il>'ii-il ti'Sarilhiiii . . 11 .Inly, ,, 
 Itilvill.siiiiiM''l at tla' pi'ai'i' ; agitallnn at .Milan, 
 ViimliiT, Mi»liiiii, rariua, iVc. ; ri'slyiiatinii i,f 
 n.niitOcviiar as niiiiisliM' . . . .Inly, „ 
 III- ]■"]"> appi'i'l" t" l''iir<'Pi' a^aiust lliu kiii); of 
 
 MlililliU '- "'"b", ,1 
 
 (j,nlal,lii.xli(irts tla^ It.iliaiis til arm . 19, Inly, „ 
 ij'i,ii„iiliikiMil"r"siiiii> aliilirati's . ^iJnly, „ 
 
 liinstitull'iaal assi'iiihlk'S iiiiTt at Fluri'iire, 1 1 Aiij;. ; 
 
 iiiiil at .MiKlciia 16 All;;. ,, 
 
 Iiuiaiiy, MiHlt'iia, Painin, ami tlii' MiniiaKUa I'litir 
 iiitiiii ilifiii>ivi' alliani'i', ami dcrlari' fur aiiiii'xa- 
 tii,iiti>rii''lai"iit, 20 Aii;i.-io .Si'pt. ; lisi'al nstrir- 
 liiiiis bclwiTa tliuiii ami Pii'iliii.nit almlisln'il, 
 
 10 (lit. „ 
 .teissinatiim of I'lil. Aiiviti at I'annn . 5(11-1. ,, 
 tMiiliiiliU iippfals til till' Xfapulitiilis ; siilisorlptiniis 
 ill Italy aail ulsewliero ti> .supply arms fur tlic 
 
 lliiliaiw , • • "I't. „ 
 
 jusniiiy, ici'la'iwi'tla'prim'i' Kut,'i'm'iif CariKimn- 
 Saviiv, na ri'iJi'Mt uf ii'iilral Italy, 5 Nov.; tin- kiii- 
 iifsia'iiliniii rvlasiiin liis I'lmsi'iil, tin' i.nmi. ilr- 
 iliiii-stlii'iillii'i', liat ri'i'uiiuiHiiils tlie clirvaliiT 
 
 lluiiiuaiiipii;,'ai 14 Nov. „ 
 
 Tmityiif Zanili (fatal ilisl.iiiK Italian ciinfi'iliMiii'y, 
 
 iVr ». .ijiiit'il lo Nov. ,, 
 
 Gariliudi rc'tiri'S friini Sardinian si-rvicn , iS Nov. „ 
 Ntwijiiriliniaa iiin.stitiition ]iroi'lainird 7 \hi: „ 
 
 llir |iii|ii! rimiluums tlie pamphlet " l.c J'lijic it le 
 
 O'lujfti" J I Uer. „ 
 
 Till' i'iii;<'nir Xnpuli'on ri'riininiends the jiopi' to 
 
 fiviMlptllBk'glltiiins .... 31 Pit. ,, 
 Ik jiiipe refuses ami demuniiT'S the empi'ior, 
 
 8. Ian, i860 
 Count Cavoiir elmrged with the formation of a 
 
 iiiiiiistiy i6J:in. ,, 
 
 AiiiicxatinntiiHardiiiia voted fur (hy univei'sal suf- 
 fnit^e) la Piinii.i, .Mmlt'iia, and the Uoiiiau'ua, 13 
 Maa'li;Tuseimv, lO.Marih ; aeeepted liv the kin;;, 
 
 18-22 .Mareh, „ 
 Treaty mliiij; Savoy nnil Nice to Friinee si;;neil, 24 
 Miiitli ; aiipiiived liy the Sardinian iiarliament, 
 
 29 -Mav, ,, 
 TlicFmiili I iniips retire from Italy . . May, „ 
 Vaiiiiiisiuieeliuas ia Sieily , 4 April ; 2 May, „ 
 Garilialili laiiils at .llarsala in Sicily, 11 May; as- 
 sumes the cilliee uf ilietatur, 14 .May ; defeats 
 tlia Xi'a]iiilitans at Calatillmi, 15 .Slay; and 
 at Miflazzii, 20 July ; liy a convention the 
 Xea|iiilitiiiis agree tu evacuate Sicily (see Slcilii), 
 
 3oJuiv, „ I 
 Gsrilial.U liHuls at l)cygi.-i in ralal.ria, iS An-. ; j 
 
 inters Naples ; king l-'vaneis retires . 7 .Sept.' „ 
 tairrei'tiim in Papal States. 8 Sejit. ; the Sardi- 
 nians enter, 11 Sept. ; defeat the papal troops ' 
 at L'astel-llilardo, iS Sept. ; take Ancona, 
 
 i7-2'j Sept. „ ' 
 
 Vlctur-Kininaniul takes the cuiniuainl of I1I.4 nrniy, 
 
 4 (let. i8fi» 
 The SiirdlnlaiiK enter kInRiliini of NapleH, 15 Oct, ; 
 
 detent Xea]iolltiiiis at iMcrnia . 17 (let. „ 
 
 aniiliiddi ilcl.als Xi iipolil.ins atllieViillnrno. lOct. 
 
 i.S'io : nieels Vli tor Kiniiianiiel, and saxs, " Kinu 
 
 of Italy 1" thii latter re|illes, "I thank voul" 
 
 26 (let. ,, 
 My uiilvei-sal NUirriiKe (pleliiseitunO, MIcily and 
 
 Naples vote for aiiiicxiitlun |u Sardinia 31 Oct. „ 
 (.•apnii liniiili,u,l,.,l ; ilie Neapolitans retire, t Nov.; 
 
 and iiredelealed at the tl.'uinlianu . . (Nov. ,, 
 Victor Kiiiiiianiiel enters Xaplcs as klnn, 7 Nov. ; 
 
 (larilialili rcsiKUs the dictatorsliip ami retires to 
 
 , ('.il'reia ,) Nov. ,, 
 
 Victor KiiimanncI receives hunuw fmni the Neiipu- 
 
 litan clergy, I'tc. ; wives money to cncoiirap. eduea- 
 
 tiun ; apiniints a ministry, including Poerio, itc. , 
 
 Nov. „ 
 Sicp> uf Oaet; mmenees ; attack liy sea |ire- 
 
 vciited liy llie liresem e of the Ficiich llect, 
 
 3 Nuv, &C. „ 
 Treaty (if Zurich signed (see ;;piri>/i) , 10 Xuv. „ 
 licrrcc in iioiioiir of (larilialdis army . lu Nov. ,, 
 
 Hcactiomiry move iils suppressed . Nov.-liec. ,, 
 
 I'riiicc uf Cari^;iian-Savuy aiipointed lieutenant of 
 
 Naples Jan. 18C1 
 
 The Kiciich licet retires from (iai'ta, 19 Jan. ; after 
 
 severe liuniliaidmcul it surrenders'; Kniiicis II. 
 
 retires to Hoiii(. ,, fVli. „ 
 
 Moii.istic est.iliiislimcnts in Naples aliulisln .1', with 
 
 eumpensatlun tuthe Inmates ; scliuuls cstalilishcd, 
 
 Fell. „ 
 Assciiilily of the lirst Italian imrllament, 18 Fidi., 
 
 wliich decrees Victur Kmmanucl kiii.i,' ut It.alv, 
 
 26 Fell, ami 14 Mareii, ,, 
 Naples unsettled thruUHh reactiunary intri;:ues of 
 
 tlie jiapal party . . , .Maich and April, ,, 
 Italy recii;;niscd liy fircat Uritiiin . 31 .March, ,, 
 (irdcr I'm the levy of 7o,L»«j soldiers . April, ,, 
 
 L'avour forms a new niinistrv, iucludinj,' nn'niiier.s 
 
 friirii all pints uf Italy .... April, ,, 
 Tlie jiupc prutests awiinst the kin^iduni, 15 April, ,. 
 Altcrciilion in parliament lictwccu L'avour and 
 
 (lariliiilili, iS April ; reconciled . 25 April, ,, 
 Iloiulionist l.aiid.^ defeated . . 7 May, &c. ,, 
 I'rincc uf t'iiri;;nMn resigns ; .San Martimi ai'iiointed 
 
 licutcntint at \iiples . ■. ij .^lay, ,, 
 
 Death iifcuunt Cavour, a;^cd 52 . . 6 June, ,, 
 lilca.sulilurms a niinistrytueontinue favour's poliry, 
 
 II June, ,, 
 The kinpluni recu],'niscil hy France . 24 June, ,, 
 San .Martino rcsi.i;ns the ;,'iivernnicnt uf Naples; 
 
 active iiieasures taken iif;ainst tiic insuij.;cnts ami 
 liri|.'iinils hj L'ialdini, ids successor, appointed, 
 
 III July, „ 
 The kiuH uliens till' exhibition uf Italian industiv 
 
 at Florence ,4 ^^.|,t. ,, 
 
 The kiUiiduiii recu^jnised liy l'iirtu;;al and Ilelaium, 
 
 I Uct. ; divided into lifty-ninu prel'eelures, &c., 
 
 13 Oct. „ 
 Skirmishes in the south with lirisands nnd foreign 
 
 eniis.sarics in the cause uf Francis II. . . Oct. ,, 
 Cialdini ictires, and l.a .Marmora lieeunies lien- 
 
 tcniint-^icmrai of Naples . . . 2 Nov. ,, 
 Iiri;;amla;,'e .still previiilinK in the south, aided liy 
 
 tiie kill;; of Naples ; insurgents defeated ; anil 
 
 many killed 19 Nov. „ 
 
 Jusc liorp'S, II Sp.iniaiil, lands in Calaliria, 15 
 
 .Si'ld.; calls on the pcuple to rise fur Francis II., 
 
 Seid. ; taken and siiot . . . . S Dee. „ 
 The reactiunist warfare continues ; cruelties of 
 
 tlie lirigands lead tu reiirisals, 
 
 Dee. i8(3i, Jan. and F'eb. 1862 
 Hieasnli eompelled to resign liy court inlluenec, 
 
 t JIareh ; Kattazzl furnis all administratiim, 
 
 3 March, 
 The kin;;doin recn;;iiised liy Prussia . i March, 
 Surrender uf Civalclla del i'roiito, the last lionrbuu 
 
 fortress ill Sicily .... 14 March, 
 
 Triumphant luo-ivss of Garibaldi tliroiish Italy, 
 
 estalilisliini; rillc clubs . March and April, 
 III. J. F. liishoji, an aciivc l-.n;;lish liuurlioiust 
 
 propa;;amlist, captured . . . .2 A)iril, 
 Conspiracy iinionp; the Xeiiimlitaii soMiera at Milan 
 
 snpi.ressed ig April, 
 
 The king received at Naples with great enthusiasm, 
 
 28 April, 
 
 ■'•• I , 
 
 •>•■ 't- 
 
 ''^''':l 
 
 ''I 
 
 it.*' 
 
 

 w 
 
 1 36a 
 
 ITALY. «»' 
 
 Till' Krciiili niMiiTiil (liivi'ii uliln 111 till' suiiiiriHHldii 
 
 llf IIk' lliMuljolllrtl lMi;illllll4 . , . April, 
 
 Till' klll^ilnlll lll'iiKllUl'll I'V llUKwIll . . .i-'i'lV. 
 
 ii.irlluiMI I'h'ci'i'iln til Hii'llv ; iit Miirmilil lit' lallit 
 I'm' V.illlllti'iTS, giving lilt lll« WlltrllWnl'il, " II » 
 
 nr ili'iitii !". II) .Inly, 
 
 «'alU nil till' lliinmiiliiiiK til rlxi' . . jilIiiIv, 
 
 'I'lii^ kill); iHtiiiiH II |iriii-liiiii;itiiiii iiKiiiii»t liln lii.iri'i'il- 
 
 liiH». ii» liiiiliii^! til ivlii'llliili . . . 1 Aiirf. 
 
 <l;iriliil.li<'iiti rsCutaiilii.iiiiiliil-HiiiiUi'HiipriivUiniiiil 
 
 piM'iiiiiii'iit ii; AiiK. 
 
 .Sii'Uv pi..il:iliiii il til 111' 111 (I Ktiiti' iif sii'«i', Jt Amu. ; 
 iiiiil I'lil iiMili rui'iii'i'il 'i^il'liiil • ■ -'J AiliJ. 
 Claiiliiilili l>^iii ^ IiIk liist {iriirlMiiiiitliiii ; I'liiluiikH iit 
 t'liliiiilii ; liiii.Uiit Mi'lltii, 111 C.ilMliiiii, mill iiiMivlii'H 
 tiiwarilH lii'K'Kl". -'i -^'U'- '■ '■" Miii'iiiiiiii I'l'iiliiliiw 
 II utiiti- iif sii'.'i', .'1' All;;. ; (Liriliiilili iiml liU lul- 
 luwi'is I'lill 111 Willi till' iiiyaii-ls iiiiili r 1'mIImviiIiiI, 
 
 lit A.i|iMIII'illtl', wIl'Tl'. Illtl T H sllurt HkillllUll, 111! 
 
 Ih w.iiiiiiliil mill tiiki'ii iirisiiin'r, -v; Aii^,'. ; ivimivi'il 
 til Viirli-'iimiii, iii'iir S|ii'//iii . . . i N'l'l. 
 
 Mr. .1. !■'. Ilisliiip miitciii'iil til lu yiiir^' liiiprlmm- 
 imnt fi f^'I't- 
 
 Oi'iiiTiil Diiiiiii.lii l,'<siii'rt 11 ilipliiiiiiitii' I'Iri'iiliir 11111- 
 ili'iiiiiiiiK' (iariliiilill'H piiii'i'i'ilincn. yt iii«'rtiii« 
 till' liii'i"<Hitv iif till' Itiiliiiii t;i>vi'riiiii. lit piwsi'SH- 
 hiK llii ■ i.iSi'pt. 
 
 A Hulisi-iipliiiii ill r.ii'-'lmul I'liiilili's priili'ssnr I'liit- 
 
 I'iilKi'.iil'KiliH'uL'iillini', l.iiinliin.tiiKiitiidjiriliiilill, \ 
 
 II, Si'pt. „ 
 
 I'liiii'i'ss M.iriii I'iii iiiiirrli'il % pmxy in tlii^ kiiiK' nf 
 I'l.rtii^iil -•' ^'I't' >i 
 
 tiiiriliiilili istui'rt 11 ilii'liiriiiil iipin'iil til till' Klit;liMli 
 lllltiiill, lUKilln it" illtrrvrlltinll fur tile I'llllsi' of 
 llliiTty :.'8Si|it „ 
 
 Illtkllllllliltnrv lllllllirr.stil llililri'SSl'il to tllO pl'ii|i|i' Ml 
 Itlllv liV .li'isrpll .Mlizzilli .... Si'pt. „ 
 
 Aiiiiic«tv"i:iiiiitril til Umilialili iiinl liis fnllnwi'iH, 
 
 • " sOi't. „ 
 
 Slmrp 11 piv iif M. Uniiuii ili' l.liiiys to UuiamlnH 
 
 mil,. SOi't. „ 
 
 Kiiil of sliiti' uf siiiir ill Xiipli's ami Sii'ily . i/Drt. „ 
 iJiHiiriliTlviiir'iiiiili'i'lii'lwi'i'ii ItalimimiiiilAiisliimis 
 
 on till' limiksiif till' I'll .... I Nov. ,, 
 Falliir I'li^vi^'lia ami m.ooo (out iif Sn.ixxi) Italian 
 
 lirii'sis si;;ii a ilri-liiratioii aKaiiiKt tliii tciiipnial 
 
 aiitliiiiilv of till' popi' Niiv. » 
 
 tiarilialili ii'iii.ni-.i In I'isa, <; Xnv. ; liall I'xtnii'li'il 
 
 liniii lii.i I'lii'l liv Zmii'lti . . . . 2:i Nov. „ 
 Sli-i'tiiiK nf parliaiiii'iit : ili tiriniiu'il nppositinn tu 
 
 Itatlaiizi. iS Nov. ; In' iv»i;;iiH . . 30 .Nov. ,, 
 Ni'W iniiiistrv fiinni'il liy Kaiiiiii . . i) Di'i'. „ 
 Jt ilirliiiis Initln'r iii'yiitiutioiis with I'raiK;!' on llio 
 
 Uoinaii ipii'siiiiu . iS Hi'i'. .. 
 
 ^'oiiiinin i.il tivatv witli l-'rani'i' siiiiiiil . 17.11111. 1863 
 Kiriiia n^i^-'U^ ; .Miiij-'lii'tli .'^iii'i'i'i'iln • 24 -Mari'li, ,, 
 <,iraiiil CaMiiir raiial for irriijatinii iif I'ii'Llinnnt 
 
 <ipc'iii'il 1 ''niii'. .. 
 
 tnciiiiif tax lilll piissi'il .liilv, ,, 
 
 Tristaiiv ami otlii'r lianilils i"iptiiri-il , .Inly, „ 
 
 Cuiiiiiii'ivial tivaty witli liriMt liril.iiii .-.iK'niil, 
 
 6 .\ii|.'. ,, 
 
 Dcatli ofFarimi -i ^'l''' •• 
 
 Si'Vi'ial |.,iiMlit-i raptiirni on Imaril tin' Kriln li sliip 
 
 Auiii.s ; p-iviii lip tu l-'ranii', July : ii'stuii'il tn lialy, 
 
 ijf<i'pt. „ 
 Till' nriiiy of Pli'iliiiont (so.ooo) cnnsoliilati'il liy I.11 
 
 Mnniiiira ami I'Xpiimlwl into tliu "uriiiy of Italy" 
 
 (250. (xio) ....... ')i'T. I. 
 
 Tlif kiiiKVisit.sXapli's: irvii'Wti NatinnaUiiiaiil, .Vr. 
 
 II 17 Nov. ,, 
 Jlr. (attir sir) .Jainrs Huilsoii. Ilritisli ininistiT, 
 
 ■Ti'iilly iwsistnl Cuviiiir in tliu niiiliraiion of 
 
 ftulv 1352-6;) 
 
 Orlifl'al t'li'i'tidii ; tiiniiii'li of tin- 1 Iilatr |iaity, 
 
 .Ian. 1864 
 Oarilmlili'avisitt.. i:ii-lmi.laniiil>t iiimlii'ntliiisi.isni, 
 
 •M'i'il. i> 
 Frani'ii-ltalimi , ..nvi'iition si;;iiiil (Kn-iii'li tioi.ps tu 
 
 ([Hit Hoini- in two ywii-s llioiii 6 tVli. 1865J, 
 t'luri'iii'ii ;!i Iif thf i:i;!!'' "f Huly, '<'•), 
 
 l^Si'pt. „ 
 Riots at Turin in I'onsi'M ' ' : lii^my pt'isoii-i killcil 
 
 liv till' inililarv . . -m -■-■ Sipt. „ 
 
 Jliii.i-'lii'tti ami 1ii» riilli-aKUn lilann'il ; lfiii},'iii'il ; 11 
 
 ni'ilii-iliy foiini-il li' l.a M.,'iiiiira . . 24 ^I'l't. ,, 
 OaribaliliiU-iiuiiui 1 ' i 'H • 10 iJi't. „ 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 iJi'Hpi'l'iiti' Ktati' of till' llnaiii rx anmiiinn ,1 |,y <(,||.,^ 
 tlio iiiliiliiti'r ; 111' pnniom'K HtrliiHint niunii,.,' 
 
 Hallwiiy from Till-ill to Kliir.'iii'i' iipMuil , 4 x,',,' ' ' 
 Til nvi'iitlon apprini'il liy tl li.iniliiri.i i||,|„|. " 
 
 tli'K, II) Nov. ; liv till' sriiati' (aftir an iiMi. ..ii,.,, |i 
 
 liv riaUlnl, ii lli'i'.l ,, II,,. 
 
 Ill iivr fur liaiiHl'ir of tin' riipllnl imlilinlinl, |, |i,,,,' " 
 I'riiii'i' llniiilii'it ri'»lili'» at .S'aplit , . p,.,.' " 
 
 Slatiil that 1411 Ini^jamh liail lii'i'li killiil In „, ii.,i,' " 
 
 4S I lilki'li in ai tl ami 1 |J muh ii<Ii'i,,| ; :,|„„|,' 
 
 liHi riinalii to In' liaikiil; many iMrliji.l 1,, |,. 
 
 iulijui^tii uf tliu I'X-kiiig l''raiiili( 11. uf Xnpl,,, 
 
 lii'o! 
 Di'iiiiiiHlriitlon as-'iiiiiHt tin' kliix at Turin, su.laii ■ " 
 
 lll'K"l'.'< to I'l iivii.' M, 
 
 Amiii'^ly fill |ii.litii'aliill'i'lii'i'»piilillBliiil ;1,H|ji,|„|„_.„ '' 
 
 III tliii .Niapolitim ami Uouiali stati'H iiiiri.n.u,.. 
 
 .Maui'! 
 Frilitli'HH iii'ijotlationH witli tin' pnpi. liy W-xna " 
 
 ri'ipi'i'tinn till' poHitiun of lii»lio|,s, .\|,iji t,,.|i||y^ 
 Till' kiiiK ami rinirt pr i-il lo I'lmi n, r. 1 , Maj ] " 
 
 111' iipi'li.s till' jlalllr fi'Stival, tlii'i"i.jllialiiiiiiiMiy 
 
 nf till' 1 t'K liirtli 14 \|,n 
 
 Mr. .Mollis, a llritlsli hilli|i'it, si'1/i'il ami PUiiimi " 
 
 liy lirlKiiinU i; M.n, 
 
 45 iiionka mill I'llii'i-M arri'Hti'il at Sali'iiiiiiiu ,|i,,i^,, " 
 
 nf a lliiiirliiiiii.'*t I'liUHpirai'V . . . ....lun,., 
 
 liiaimnrali if a iialiiuial rilli'iiii'i'lin^'al Plmi nn.' " 
 
 till- kin;; liivrt llii' lirst slmt . . i3,|iaii.,' 
 N'liimriimi alrmitirK I'nininittiil liy liri;;iiiiiU ; (lur. " 
 
 iliiUii ami 8 IniKiimlM nai'tiiriil . . i,.li ^ 
 
 Till' kiii;;iliiiii ri unisi'il l,y Spain . Jiai,.', " 
 
 .Mr, .MniiiH I'l'li'.ini'il alti'r a ralisniii of j^j^J. \u,\ 
 
 lii'iii paiil j6 Aii„', „ 
 
 It ink nf Italy I'staMUlii'il . . .7.N.1V, „ 
 
 l''ii lull Irnnps InaviiiK Italy : ;,'i'ni'ial I'li'i'limi, tl,,. 
 
 iiiii'liiali- parly prill iii:iti' . . , x„v. 
 
 Till' lii'W ii.irliaini'lil lin its at Kloli'lli'i' . iI.N'hv. ]\ 
 .Si'rioiis lliianrial ililirii'my ; In' i\y tasaliuu |ii,i. 
 
 linsi'il, u llii'. ; iiiinli ills.'., ilislailiiiii ; 111,; mini,. 
 
 ti'iH ri'Mijiii, ^i I'l'i'. ; a iii'W iiiiiiislij lul mill iiiiilir 
 
 i,a .Mai'innia 
 
 . !i lii'i' 
 
 i.ii ,.iai iiiiiiii . . . . . ;i I'rr. „ 
 
 Ui'iitli of till' patrint ami snMiir, M,n,,iiii,i li'.\&;|ii,, 
 
 ..... '5 ''"I' i!« 
 Knnniition nl tin' " I niiMiirzio Niizmiiali', 11 piiMi,; 
 
 Killi.siriptinli fur iiiliiiin;; tin' natiniial dilii, 
 
 .'7l''l.. ., 
 Massai'i-f of I'rnti •^tants at liarlitl.i, Na|.li> ; inin. 
 
 liiili'il to prii'.sts .... i; .Mairli, „ 
 .Mliinrr witli I'rnsnia ... uMiiy, „ 
 Viiliinli'i'is niinii'iiiii-ly I'lilisi I , 7 June, (( ,,'.(. „ 
 War ili'ilari'il ii;4aim.t Anstii.i iSJiiin-, „ 
 
 .Vi'W iiiiniHtry fiiriiii'il iimli'i liiiasuli , saJiiin-, „ 
 HnVal lliallifl'.^tn 111 till I" npli' . . 20J11111', „ 
 
 Till' army, lirailiil li\ tin' KiiiK, i'rii».si'S tlir .Miiuii., 
 
 i!) ,lnni' : ili'li'i'i'' 'i' ''iiil'"''''' • ■ •.i4J'iii', „ 
 Vt'iii'tia ri'iliil tn !■ i.iiii'i! liy till! I'inpirur of Aiisli.i, 
 
 3.11*. „ 
 Fl'lUt1i'S« cnlllli. *s ; till' vnlllliti'i'l'S liliilri' liiiii- 
 
 lialilliliifrati'il it .Miiiiti' Sui'llo . , 4,1hIv. , 
 IJill for .Hii|i|iii>~ii'ii of liioiiasti'iii'n and I'liiilisnili n 
 
 nf prii|ii'rty j.a.ssi'il .... 7.1111,1, „ 
 C'laliliiii I'liissi's till' I'll, ami I'liti'i's Wiu-lia. j.Jiilv, ,, 
 Naval liallli' in'ar Li-^sa ; Italians i|i'liiil.,i liv .\ih. 
 
 triaiisl/.'i- i(7'ii''ii ami /'ii'r.</iii liloHini|ii. .•.iJulv, „ 
 Tliu Italians lii'iiti'U at Vi'isa ; tliii last iimllii I, 
 
 •-■njllh, „ 
 
 Aniiistii'i' for four wi'i'ks sl^'iii'il . . .i2.\iii „ 
 Voliinti'i'l's ilisliamli'd ; Uarilialili rutin's to L'ai'irra, 
 
 i;.\iw „ 
 Tri'iitv of pi'iii'i- with Au.stria si;,'iuil ut Viiiiiia, 
 
 3 iii't. ; ralilli'il i-'H't. i. 
 
 Court I'liiistitiiti'il at Flnii'nrii to try admiral I'l-niiiiiii 
 I for ni'Kli'i't of duty at liattle nf l.issa .iiHi'l. , 
 I Tin; Aiislriaiis iitiin finiii Pi'm iiiii.i, 9 IM. ; 
 I .Mantua, 10 t)rt. ; Vi'inna, 11, Oil. ; Viiiin', 
 1 171111. „ 
 
 liiiii'i-al Mi'iialii'i'ii l>ays to rnuiit Jli'iisdiirlf a sum 
 of nionuv, and I't-ui'lves thu iron onmn nf Italy, 
 I ■ 11 lilt .. 
 
 ! Natiiin.1l lo.in fi't'i'ly sulwcrili.'il "'•- ■■ 
 
 I rii'lii>ritniii ill Vi'iii'tia; for aiini'sation with Italv, 
 64i.7^s ; apiiiist, (19 .... 21 lilt. ,. 
 This riMilt ri'pnrti'il. and thii inin rniwn ijii'simnl 
 
 tl) Ihi' kill',' at Turin . ... 4 N"V. ,. 
 Till- kirn; iiitiTs Vi'iiiii', 7 Nov. ; visits Ni'imia, 
 1 Manilla, .xc ^"^ 
 
 Ti"j[j (iti'iiiiinii'ii't'Wl 
 
 liy the ri'sigiiatiiiii 11 
 
ITALY. 
 
 iil,,f,pf III vis.rll til till' inilVi'ts, ri'i'.iMi iiHIiiu 
 
 iiliKlliill ili\ili'|Milillt iijkI c liiirn', iMihlddiii;; 
 
 , ,i^,iliili.'i'"'''i'J"l"i"Hi"'"'iii'''> "tfiiiliiinU^inr, 
 
 liNtiv. 
 
 I lliffpiiii lti''iiniill I'ltl li'iKV r imui'ii'lliiH a, 
 
 '','„,,, ,.|iiiicli 111 a fii'i' iitiitc . . . j'l N.pw 
 riiuiuui'uwiiiitU'il fill' tiiul; I'Xitiiilimlliiii IhkIhh, 
 
 piil'iriu'iit I'l'i'iii'il liy till' l>l'i». Willi ili'i'liiri'H Mint 
 
 ,. Itjiiv 1» iiiiw ri'nliiii'il t" lii'iKill"' nDi'i'. 
 
 ,j. T'lii'M" ii-'i'l>i''l ''\ 111'" P'll'i'. 1.5 I'l'i'- ; iiiiiiiy 
 
 "',i,|liil,» rctlllll til tlll'lr (llnnsi ■< . , Di.c. 
 
 |Vr»iii"ii'i|"'"''' iil'i'ii»iiiillii' lit I.Ihh:! . ,,, .lull. 
 
 o.vtniliiriit |in'|ii«iil fill' liivi'Hllii^' luiit lit thii 
 iiriWrty "f H"' ri'llKlmi'' Imiliis lnr «iiii|iiiit nf 
 ili'lVV ('' ''"''' *''l""''> '""' I'l'iii'iflilNtii'ill l.li|ll|i|ll- 
 limi lilll ") '""'Wli' ''"I"'"''' • • • ''iiii. 
 
 CiVlll rtlllll""" '" "'" '"'"'J' (^" M^iUvw) lllll.Ml.l, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Piff.it iif till' 'iiliil"'0' "'1 i|iii'«tliiii of the rl^lit nf 
 
 |.nl>lir iiiri'tliiK" III Vi'iictia, II Fi'li. : ii.irll^iinriit 
 
 ,|l.*.|vnl ■,•,,■ • • ' > ''''■''■ 
 
 Ij:,,„ii11 iri'iiiislnii'lii IiIh iiiliilstry . 17 Krli. 
 
 T!iuliiiH'in'(T|il»ltiiliiiiilirliitii.sii|iiiivi(Hlirlt{aiiiliiKi', 
 
 .Mttlrll, 
 
 F.livtiiiiK »!ivi' II iinOiiiit.v fill' Ki'Vi'iiinii'iit Miinli, 
 
 liisi'.-imtii'ii nf HiiiiKiili, 5 A|irll ; a iiiliilidry I'lHiui'il 
 iV'llattiizzi • •,,■,;. H -M'lil. 
 
 [I,., 4^ Mllilrllllli'iU ili'KI'luli'il ami illHllllHSi'il thi' 
 
 „'-.iie fill' illKi'l'i'il'i'iKt'i ilii'iil'iii'lt), ami m>;ll- 
 ,11.'.! i5A|iiil, 
 
 Ttiaty (ift'iiliinicii'f Willi Au«lria»iKiii'ilat l''lipriiiri', 
 
 riiWIifiiiii'niliif tlic |iatrliit l.'uilii rniTin i .May, 
 
 IlllyJiiilH III III'' I'llllll'll'llll' at Lnllllllll ll'«|il'rljllH 
 
 lkl.iixriiiliiii,i'Hm'«tiiiii . . 7-11 .May, 
 
 Xiiliiiiiiil Mil. 1111 ill! iiiiliiiiranniiiiiils ; till- kiiin 
 ' tivi-s lip I'liil I'f III.'* I'lvil lint; priiiiiisiil Hiilii 
 
 ('If iliiiirli iaiiils, ami ri'ilm'tluii of r.\|irmliliiri', 
 
 .May, il ..1-7. 
 I'.joo.ooof. lulviilii'i'il fill' I'liiurli laiiils liy Kniilil 
 
 '.'I'luliitlii.'iniil' I'aiin .May, 
 
 Cliiirililiriilii'rty liill liasNi'il . . . .Viik. 
 ftiriiiiiMI, alii'iit tiii'iiliT tlir Kuiiiaii tiTiilmy uitli 
 
 iiiliuitirin, nipliiii'il liy llaliaii unviTiiiiU'iit at 
 
 i^iiiatuiiL!u(ni'AHiiuiluiiga)umliiotit in-Vk'Ssainlria, 
 
 Silt to CupriTii, 27 Si'pt, 1 fsraiH'S to l.irlmrii. 
 
 Mill la Sfiit liHi'k . . . / I Irt. 
 
 BamlsufUiiiilialiliaiis invailc Uuiiiuli ti'mtiirirH, 
 
 Si|it.-(li't. 
 (-ijiilfllilii'wapy ri'iiiii (.'apivni . . i5*<il. 
 tiiilnrkatiiiiiiit'Vi'i'm'li t^llll|l«alTllllloll,BllSlll•ml^^l 
 
 liVtlie resigiuitina of Kaltazzl itliil Ilia liiiiiisti\, 
 
 •Jul ' I. 
 liilliiii triM t" fiiriii a iiiiiilstry in vain, ai-zj ( it. 
 IkiilnMi »t Kliii'i'lii'u unniiunrcs an i.'X|ii'illtiiiii 
 
 ;i„™il»t lliillii' ;!.> Ort. 
 
 Tlir Frtiii'li luilii.ster Mi)il«tii'l''H rinular aj.'aiii.st 
 
 till' iliviwiiili liidrt. 
 
 OaiilialiliiiiHili-feati'iI nt Viti'i'lio . j^Oit. 
 
 tiilirKiiiiiaiitriTiliirii'S ; lU'Tcat |ia|>al U"ii]is, anil 
 
 laki'Miiiiti' liiilniiilii . . . jri, ,!7 1 let. 
 M.iialimi's iiiiiii.itiy fni'iiu'il ; |ii'iirlaiiiatiiiii of Vii'- 
 
 turKiiiiiiiiiiui'l apiiimt tliu llai'ilialillaii iiivasiun, 
 
 •.■7 I lit. 
 Hints lit Xiiplis, Tiiiiii, I'avia. ami ntliiT jilaii'S, 
 
 sii|i|iii'!isi'il .... 26-28 Oi't. ft .".(■'/ 
 Frriiili iiriiiy arrivvK at Ciyita N'l'i'diiii, .'8 Ort. ; two 
 
 tillgl.ill'S clltlT Unllll' .... 30 (tit 
 ll.yal Itiiliaii t limps I'litcr lia|.al tiTritury ; .Mi'iia- 
 
 lirra'sjiistilliatniyeiivular; Hiip]ii'uS!iiiiii iil' iiisiii'- 
 iwtiiiiicil I'lmiiiiittt'i's in Italy . . ill Oi't. 
 Iif Miiusticr's ii'ply . . . 1 Nov. 
 tl.iiilialiliili'fi'iitnl at .Mi'iitaiia, iNnv. ; ntri'ats intn 
 
 I'.iiy witli liin smi ; ia]itiiivil ami .sent tn Var- 
 
 i-iianii. ^iilfut spi'Z/.ia j Nov. 
 
 FiiTV iiiiinifrstuiif .Miiz/iiii . . . 8 N'nv. 
 
 (Miilialili wilt til 1,'apivm .^ Nov. 
 
 I'triuli pit.tHwuI i.f a Euiupuaii ctiiirririiii' on 
 
 Kiiiiiimqiu'.sliiiiiilisi'iissi'il . . 9 Nov.-IHm'. 
 KmkIi trimps Ifft Uimii' I'orCivitii ViMM'liia, 1 Dw. 
 Milting nf iiiirliaiiii'Ut : jmliciouH tlniiiu-.s-i ; uii 
 
 aiiiiipstyf..ilJarilialilians inoi'lainii'il •; Iter. 
 
 L"i- aniiy .liliati' : vntn against the iiiiiii>tiv (joi 
 
 lu J99) ; Muiiaba-a itsiyiis , . . jj Due. 
 
 (iO;j 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 IIIh iiiiiilBtry 1 stiliiliil . . 5.11111. 
 
 M. Caiiiliiiiy Kinhv's lliiaiii'l.il Mtati'iiicMit : ;.'iiiit 
 
 ill 111 it ; a UI'Ml lil\ plii|iiisri| . . . ji .Ian. 
 
 1866, K.\iiilpal.iry inlh r lit l.a Mariiiina l»»iinil . (•'nli. 
 
 (Iini'liilili 111 llli.iln lal liii'iHilli's aliliMiiili'iil Knli. 
 
 M ; NfW iiiilii- of kiiinhthoiHl, thu "tinwii uf Il.ilv ," 
 
 \ I'oli.'.liliitiM .■.ilVli. 
 
 • i ; HrlHt tax aliijitiMl aftiT ill ihiyn' ih'liatii . i Apiil, 
 KiilhiiHiaKtii'r('i'i'|itiiiniifthi'i'riiwii|ii'iiii'i'iif I'liHxIii, 
 
 ■ • ! .1.1, it April, 
 Mairiani' of iirinri' Ililinlirrt to Iiin iinHin Mar- 
 
 tthi'iila III 'I mill .... .'J April, 
 
 1867 l''li(.'iltllll lllliiritil'H I'uliilllilliil l,y lni-iilMls ill 
 
 Hiuilli Italy \piil, May, 
 
 Cli'iMt lax ailnptril liy till' XI iialn . .Iniii', 
 
 .Vi'ianxi'iiii'iil iiiaili-' fof ilnlit of tim hitu |ia|ial pro- 
 
 I. I ^ VlllilS (u.IlllV, 
 
 (iii\iTiiiiii'iil liiliaiTu imiiioiiiilyiii'ili'i'riltolH'ianiinil ; 
 >• I ri'nlKliation of tlm iiilliinti ix, Laiizit ami Sella, 
 
 8 AiiK. 
 
 I.on^'i'ontiiiih'il rain ; ilrnailfiil liiiiiiihitiinm in tin) 
 >i .Vlpliii' ii'niiinx ; nivat xtoriii , . jj Nnpt. 
 
 ■ I MiitiiiK of ihainln'r of ilfpiitlfM ; Oarilialili with- 
 
 ilniwx ^.i .N'liv, 
 
 .. ' Xllnistirial victory ri'xpi.'i'tliiK thu yrist tax In llio 
 ,, I'll.llllla'rx ...... jfi .1,111. 
 
 ' Tlnnii.n, Miiki' of (liiiioii, I'litcri'il ii iitipll at Harrow 
 „ I (».T.s>nia, 1870) \piH, 
 
 j L'iri'nlar of .Mi'iialinat aKain.il tlic iniimil at It n, 
 
 Ulllt. 
 
 ,, Vintur-Kiiiiiianiiil Fnrilinaml, xmi of piinin Iliiin- 
 
 liiTt, iiiHii at .S'apli's Niiv. 
 
 ,, .'^nriiiiiH illimss ami minviTy iifllin kin,^', (i-ji. Nov. 
 
 tllli'ivil ri'.>imialiiiii nf Miiialiira, alioiit m Nov. ; 
 
 " Cial.lini ami .Si iia iiiialiln til lonii a niinixtry, 10 
 
 lii'i. ; I.aiiAi ami Si'ila SUIT I . 1 1 llri'. 
 
 " (Kniiiiiiiiiial loiiiinil at Uoiim {hvh Home, Cu'im-IU) 
 iipiiiiil .... . . S lii'i'. 
 
 Unpiililinan ri.siiiHX in I'aviaamliitliiTplai-ixipiiliiil, 
 
 alimit ...i .Maiiii, 
 
 " Xiiitrality in llin I-'ramn-I'nisskni war aiimiiiinn.l, 
 
 18. July, aiiilitioiial aniiaiiiniita unlrrnil . 4 .\un. 
 
 <• .Ma/ziiii arir.sliil at I'ah'rnio ami si-lit tu (lanta, 
 
 " "4 -VllK. 
 
 I'linii iMi^Biiiii of primal Napoleon toohtaiii lulp 
 
 'iie« . . . . . 21-jt .Vii;;. 
 
 ' mite t',1111 the Koveniiiienl reeoiintin;.' tim 
 
 ,, . (,. .leiif nil iltnlllpt.H to iiillriiiate tile pu|ie silinu 
 
 iSi.i, ; ami inippiwiiii,' f.iviiiiialile leiiiis jti .Vii;;, 
 Kn mil vessel ((,1 )n»/i„' phleeil ut L'ivitli Veeehia oil 
 
 I ■ li.liriitllle pope . ... Auk. 
 
 Hi >|ieetliil letter I'loiii the king to the pope, 
 
 aiimmmiii;; llie oeeiipatioii of Home neeessarv to 
 
 onler 8 N-pt, 
 
 The Italian ti ps enter the ]iapal teriitoriis (neo 
 
 Iln„u); ni-illpy Viti rliil .lllil olIliT plans, I; Sept. 
 " Oemial Ilixio hiaii'lles tnwalils Hnllle, 18, ly .Sept. 
 
 " After a short reslstaime. tlie Italians iimler (iiiieial 
 
 t'.iilornai'iilerltiiiiie. ( l-'unh tailssee /.'mii,, I.MSipt. 
 
 " VUhUiiu ill papal tirritinies ; fur uiiinn willi the 
 
 kiiijiiloiii of Italy (out of 167,548 voters) i ) ;,(,8i ; 
 
 " a|.'ailist 1507 2 (let. 
 
 " Tlie kinn reieives tlie result of the plilii.^i-ile, 8 Oet, 
 
 Ilniiie iueorporaleil Willi Italy Iiy royal' deeiee, 
 
 " j general I.a .Mariiiora piveninr . . Uet. 
 
 I Arrival of I,a Maniioi'aat Home as vieeroy; repi'ileil 
 
 1 au'itation in Xieu fur reunion with Italy or 
 " ' aiitiiiioniv 1 let. 
 
 I Capture ami lieath of rilone, a ynat linurl li.st 
 " ; lirii,'aml eliief 14 , let. 
 
 ' Maz/ini arrives at Flineme . . ii; net. 
 
 " Aniiie.-ty 111 politii'al iilleiKlein proulainieil, la (let. ; 
 
 I inelii.jin;; Mazziiii .... irtOet. 
 
 j Ulphiiiiatie eiiriilar anminneinj; tlie iH'eii|iation of 
 
 " [ Itoiiii' as till' i.ipilal ol Italy . . . iSOit. 
 
 '• 1 HiMIUIll plnviliies Uliiteil illiu line, witll live suli- 
 
 lU'eleiture.S liiOi't. 
 
 Ministerial i'liaii;ie.s I'ompletiil . ^^lOet. 
 
 ,, Uieasiili retires into private life ; aliiiiit 14 Nov. 
 „ I Ainailius. iliike of .Vnsta, the kind's secona son, 
 ,, elei'leil kiiiii liy the Spanish enrli's . 16 Xiiv, 
 
 ! Eh'etiiiiis tavniiralile to tiie yoveninient ; all thu 
 M ! niiiiistei's eh'iteil . . . alioiit 28 Nov. 
 
 „ Pariiameiit 11 ts ; the king deelares itume to Iw 
 
 the eapital of Italy .... 5 Dee. 
 
 „ I Hills iiitniiliireil lor the traiLsfer of the eapital ami 
 
 I the lU'i'Servation of the juniu's riyhts, almiit 
 >■ ' 10 Dec 
 
 lar.s 
 
 iHOi) 
 
 1870 
 
 li^ i 
 1 ' 
 
 
 •■■' i 
 
 i 
 
 ,„r 
 
 ■'M '■ 
 
 1 JI- 
 
 ■ 
 
 f k'" 
 
 1 1" iT^H,r 
 
 • , t. tkJ' 
 
 III' W\W : 
 
 i.' ' 
 
 ,%m 
 
ITALY. 
 
 GO! 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Tlii^Ci'iiiti tuiiiu'l I'liiiil'U'ti'l . • 25 I'l''- '37° 
 
 Oreiitiiinii.hiliciii; tin- kiii^ visits Hdiiii' :.■''''•• " 
 Tin- sciiiiU' vnti' till' traiisfi'i' of the caintiil tjnm 
 
 Fl.imiri'td lioihf (94-39) • • 20.11111. 1871 
 
 Till' kill',' anil iiiinistiTS ivniuvi' In Homo, i, 2 Jn V, 
 
 wliic'li is iii.'iii^'urati'il lis tluM'iivitiil • 3 'J'.".^'' >■ 
 
 Tlic liiiiliaiiiciit "i"' 1 tlicrc I'.v tlii' king 27 Nov. „ 
 
 Tflcj;i'ai.lii(' c.'iilVn'iu'i' iit Uoiiii: . iS Ui'i'. ,, 
 
 .Ti.si'pli Mazziiii .lirs at Pisa . . 10 .^laicli, 187a 
 
 Klui'tiiiiis t'avom.ilili' to till' lil'irals . . Aug. ,, 
 Ciirat iimii.latioiis in tlu' valli'V of tlic 1 o, .'ti'., l"ss 
 
 of lifi' and ofniucli j.ioiicrt.v ; nun'li savf.l liy tlio 
 
 exertions of till' military . . . ''''t- >• 
 
 Oi'i'osition t.i the iinonio-tax in tlio assembly; 
 
 majr.ritv fortioveinmeiit (144- 116) . • "''''■ •> 
 Great sorrow at the di'ath of Xal'oleon III., 9. Ian. 
 
 iiroiiosals for moimment ill Milan . . .Ian. 1873 
 Bill ilealiii'' with the relitjioiis estalilishinents at 
 
 Komeintln.lueea . . . . . -M'"'. .. 
 
 The I.anza-Sell.i ministry i'esit;n;lint resume olliee at 
 
 tlie reiinest of thekiiiK . . ahoiit 4 May, ,, 
 Death of Alessandro .Manzoni . . .22 May, ,, 
 Death of Url.ano liattazzi . . • 5 '''"if. " 
 J.aw for expulsion of Jesuits iiassed . 25 .lime, ,, 
 
 See ,lr.<iiil.<. . ■ . r 1 
 
 I.aiiza ami Sella resign, 26 June ; a ministry foniieil 
 
 liv Minuhetti ..... 10 .Inly, „ 
 
 The kiiiK's visit to Vienna, 17 Sept. ; to Deiiiii. 
 
 22-26 Sei't. ,, 
 Monuments to Cavour at Tnfin inauKUrated I'y tl" 
 
 Eleetlons; (;reat mn|ority for Depretisiiiinistiv, 
 
 alinlltfj.VMV. ,-..■ 
 
 Maria Vittoria, diiehcss of Ansta, ex-(|i.eiu (.ff;].;ii|, ' 
 
 aged 28, dies, greatly lamented . , t N,.,' 
 Parliament opened by the king . . 20 .Ni.v " 
 
 1-1 : \- I" .lli..\-.l r-^ ^^. ....;... .1' 11 , " 
 
 i.iiii.iiinuL.'l'.."'. ■•.. .."■ — ■■?. . . .lu.im. 
 
 Diseoverv near Verona of ahiive 50,00c eoiii,s„f(l;il. 
 
 ,! _..'.., ..*, _i,;..il.. I....,..,.. , 
 
 lieiius imd others, rhielly lir.inze 
 
 .lilll. .?;, 
 
 kin 
 
 S .Nov. 
 
 The king opens parliament with eongratnlalory 
 
 s]ieeell 
 
 1:; N..V. 
 
 Aeademv of San Uu'ii replaced liy a new aeadeiiiy, 
 
 Jan. 1874 
 National festival on the 25tli nnnivcr.snry of the 
 
 king's aeeessioii . ... 23 March, „ 
 
 Minghetti niinistrv defeated on a linanee lull ; their 
 
 resign.ition not aeeeptedliy the king . 24 May, ,, 
 Aeeoltilhitori (seer.'t assassinating societies) re- 
 
 porte.l in liavenr.a and other places, Sept. -Oct. ,, 
 About 80 secret extortioners (see r((iiici'ni in 
 
 Naples seized and traiisi"irted . . Sept. -Oct. „ 
 Teodali, a p.ipal chamberlain, seized by brigands, 
 
 ransoniea for 2ooo(. . . . about 8, y Oct. ,, 
 The Urniuiiiie (Kreneh) sails from CivitaX ecehia 
 
 13 Oct. ,, 
 Jesuits ordered to (lUit their establishments 
 
 15 Oct. „ 
 Result of elections in support of government, Nov. „ 
 Tlie L'anmrr.i. MaHei, aiel lirigaiitaggio (terrorist 
 
 secret SOI let ies prevalent in south Italy . 1874-5 
 G.iribaMi declines a sum of money (3500!. J voted to 
 
 him ,3' ";■'.■ '8'''» 
 
 He enters Uome aniiil great excitement, takes his 
 
 seat in the chamber of dei.iities, and takes the 
 
 o.'ith to the king 24 .Ian. 1875 
 
 Accepts the siini voted and devotes it to imiiriive- 
 
 meiitof thcTibi'i', A;i'. • ■ • ,• '-' 'l''': " 
 The emperor of Austria ami king of It.ily nact at 
 
 Venice J"? April, „ 
 
 Treaty of eommeree with Great Hritam, to expire 
 
 26 .i line, 1876. aniiMunced . . ■ •'""'■. .. 
 
 Syiioil of Italian Catholic eliureh (wliirh xa) hehl 
 
 "at Naples ,,-...■ "^"r- " 
 
 Elections of parish priests declared valid m opi.osi- 
 
 tion to the bisliops Iiily-.\ii.i.'. „ 
 
 Michel-Angelo lete at Florence . ijSc).t. „ 
 
 Italian (.'atholie congress, blessed by the p"pe, 
 
 meets at Kh'ienee; scanty alteiidame. 22-25 >^'Vy » 
 Visit cd' till' emperorof Germany to .Mihiii; warmly 
 
 received by the king and people . . 18-23 Oct. .. 
 Minghetti niinistrv defeated on the budget, 18 Mar. : 
 
 resign »9 > '"'■ '• '^^^ 
 
 Agostino Depretis forms a cabinet . . .March, ,, 
 The liiiiUii, great iion-d.id, laiimhed at Gastella- 
 
 mare, in presence of the king . , • 8 .May, ,, 
 Di.scoverv ofa " black book " in the home-ollice, re- 
 cording misdeeds of many ollleials, A;c. ; gives 
 niueholfence .... . • ''".i"''' •> 
 
 Italian geographical society's I'xpedilion m Alrici ; 
 
 ill.i, !,.,l at Zeila ; the khcdivi' informed .Inly, „ 
 
 Marciiesi' Mantegazza tried lor Pirgiiig Hie sign.i- 
 turesof the king and iniiice Jlniiibert on bills 
 and letters to obtain mom y; confessed, luil re. 
 fused to disclose name of a.ssociate or insti'.!alor, 
 j8 Aug. ; Keiiteiiee, 8 ycais' penal Hervltmle 
 
 31 Aug. „ 
 
 Hill for repressing clerical abuses adopted hvHi,, 
 deputies : the pope expresses great displca.iiliv in 
 his eirciilar to foreign powers, 21 Maieh ; tlie 
 bill re.ieeted by the senate . . . 7 Jiay^ 
 Atiti'uelli (.'n.'.f— Countess I.oreta Laiiiberlini i-iiim^ 
 liroi.erty of her alleged father, cardiii.d .Xiiti'inHj; 
 resisted by his brothers, 30 June ; tii;d ; liii en,,' 
 
 not proveil b.i'. 
 
 Ministerial changes . . . about ,2 x„v " 
 Monument at .Meiitana (ifhich sve) inaugtir.itnl, " 
 
 25 Xev. , 
 Resignation of the miiii.stry, 15 Dec.; li|.|,r,;i, 
 re-t'ornis his niini.stry (Nieotera repland liy 
 
 Cris|ii) 16-26 IW. 
 
 FatlK r Cure! (see Jesuit') luiblishes " Hissidie M„. " 
 demo fra la Cliiesa e I'ltalia," against the i«.|.i.', 
 
 temporal i>ower li;.,-. 
 
 Death of l.a Marmora, aged 74, 5 Jan. ; di';itli ef " 
 king Victor Kmnianiiel 11., o .Ian. ; his liimn; ; 
 l>roeession 2 miles long ; buried in tlie I'aiitlii"!!, 
 
 Home 17.11111. iS-: 
 
 Death of pope Plus fX. 7 Feb.; cleetieii of |.,.i, '" 
 
 Xlir 2ol''ol.. „ 
 
 Aul'iiii'Ui ('(rsf— the countess penuitted to. ijipear ill 
 court: the case defeiTi'd . . . . Feli. 
 Hcsignation of the Dei.retis niiiiistry . loM.inli, ',' 
 Caip'li forms a liberal ministry, Corti fcnijn mi. 
 
 Ulster ; new men . . . .23 .\hiiili. „ 
 
 Seismet I'oda, tinancp minister, aniioimeesiirel'iilil,. 
 
 surplus .Iiiiii'. „ 
 
 Diniiliilf, largest Italian ironclad, lauiii'lii'd nt 
 
 Spezziii, in presence of the king . . io.liily, ,. 
 Poinilar discontent at the IJerlin treaty ; desir,. |,.r 
 aciiuiring Trent and 'I'rieste : cry of " Italia im- 
 dental" (e/iie/i .sit) meetings at Hoiiie, A-e. 
 
 al.Hiit 21 Jillv, ,, 
 Death of Giorgio Pallavicino, senator, p^itiint.fii.i'i.l 
 
 of Cavonr, aged 84 3 Aiu. „ 
 
 Diuid I.azzaretti, " the saint," a peasant, a^-i'il 4S, 
 I fuunder of a religions socialistic sect in iS6a,\vitli 
 I 12 apostles. Are., and creed somewhat pniteslant ; 
 I iiro]inseil to erect seven hcrmilages ; iiKinlml In- 
 wards .^reidosso, in Tii.siaiiy, witli hetwieii tw.i 
 ' and three thiHisaiid followers; liaviil, clad in a 
 ! half-regal, half-pontilical eo;,tuiiie, piin laimin;; 
 the Chiistian republic, resisted dispi rsioii l.y tli,' 
 liolici', who, w hen lired on. lired aid kille.l Havi,' 
 ' and one of liis followers; the.se retired, laiivin,; 
 
 iilV David's body iS .Vii;:. „ 
 
 .Ministerial crisis ; resignation of Cmti anil ntliii.*, 
 
 19 (let.; of all the Cairidi ministiy , saOrl. „ 
 Sig. Cairoli reconstitutes till' ministry . st Ort. „ 
 Atlempted assassination of the king at Xa|ik',sliy 
 Giovanni Passaiiaiite,an internatiinialist.iijfi'iljc; 
 the king and Cairoli, the minister, shi;lilly 
 
 wounded i7.N'iiv. „ 
 
 " Pietro liarsanti " Clubs (in meniory .if a sergiaiit 
 exeeiitcd for gross iiisubordinatinii a few years 
 I agii)becoiiieprominent ;iippose ministiy, aiitaiiiii, „ 
 i The Cairoli ministry defeated on vote of niiilliliini' 
 ' (263-189), II liec '; resign . . . 12 Ihr. „ 
 Sig. Depretis's ministry takes olHce . 19 lio-. ,, 
 ■ rassananteeoridemned todealhat Niii'les, 7>iinvli; 
 
 to perpetual imprisonment (by the kiiig),2iyManli, i-.jA 
 ' Antonelli ca.se: the countess Liindiirliiii'»aii|iral I 
 
 I reieeted sJi'bi .. 
 
 ' Government defeated on the grist bill (251-159); n- 
 
 , signs .I'li'ly. 1. 
 
 Sig. Cairoli forms a niinistry . . 8-12 .Inly, „ 
 
 New elerieal conservative party issues a iiiaiiilVsti', 
 
 12 .\lli.'. . 
 
 " /I'ri Itulii-ir" painplilet (see ll'li" /i-rf/iMdi). .\iv „ 
 The followers of Liizzaretti tried and aeiiiiittnl, ' 
 
 12 N'ev. „ 
 i Citriilt niluhstn- n'eonstmcled . i:--^ N"V „ 
 I First iiublieatioti of " .^lid'om," ft papal daily i"'"" 
 
 I paper, at Itome ■ ''»"■ '-^ 
 
 ! rarlianieiit opened bv the king ; relief of ta\ali"ii 
 
 pninii.Hed '7 ^':'' "| 
 
 I Majority in eliamlier against ministers, 17 lei).; its ] 
 
 /M/in, great ironelad, lauii 
 
ITALY. 
 
 eo5 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 wiinmtii'ii not a('CT]itu(l Iiy tlie king, 29 Ajnil ; 
 
 .Ihs.ilutiniKif tlie cliiiinliiM- . , 2 Miiv, i88( 
 
 f:Miiins : iilwiiliite liiiijm-ity for tlio Cairuli niiiii's- 
 
 trv ; iwilianii'iit liiiM'ts . . . . 26 Miiv, ,, 
 Cniliiiliiiiii, II liiilf iiiiid tailiir, ( Icniiiccl tu iili- 
 
 prisiiiiiMi'iit fiirtliiuwiiig luiviny-stcjiii'.s lit a gnmii 
 
 ,.r,lfliiitii',s(25.luiu') . . . 26 AiiK. ,, 
 
 t 'Ifbratiiiii of cai'tiii-e of Itoiiiu Ijy Italians in 1870, 
 
 20 .Si'jtt. ,, 
 pjiii, great ironi'liiil, limnclied at Castellmiiiirc, 
 
 2<J Wl'JPt. ,, 
 
 iljiiluMl (ill"! '"s """ "''""tti) irsi|,'ii a.s ili']>iitii's 
 
 i.iiiicniiiMloftlii' iiMpHs lU'iit of liis soii-iii.Iinv, 
 
 ;,iii. Ciiiizio, for rfiPiiblicaii iiiaiiifistafioiis, 27 
 ;v|it, ; Uariliiilili goes to (ii'iioa, Oct.; t'aiizio ro- 
 ka-i'il 10 Oct. ,, 
 
 I !. Juliii Whitflioad, "GaribaMi'.s EiiglisliiuaM," 
 lifs, ai;i>(l 69 21 N'uv. ,, 
 
 IHUuatior, of Cairoli and liis caliinct, 3 April ; iv- 
 luni tu iillice ; I'f 'isiirwl on aocount of tlii; Tunis 
 aUiir . . • . ■ . . .18 April, i83i 
 
 Tin Caimli "nnistry agam resign . M.May, ,, 
 
 II. I>i'|iretis foniis a ministry . . 28 May, 
 
 i.lkrCuri'i imlilisliL'S " New Italy and old Zealot.s'," 
 
 .luiie, „ 
 
 Tic king and quefn warmly received at Vi.Mina, 
 
 23-31 Oct. ,, 
 
 Tin giiveriimcut eoinplain of Vatic'an intrigues 
 
 about 28 Der. ,, 
 
 HitliiifLiiiza, General Medici patriot, died 9. Mar. 
 
 moiiiig of St. tiotliard iiiilway from I.iiceriie to " 
 
 "'l'"' • .,•,,. V ,,' • , ■ 20. 21 May, 1882 
 |i jtli of Garilialdi at tajirera, deeply lamented 
 
 . ., 2 .June, ,, 
 
 ll;ri.<i there in the pre.seiieo of tliousauds 3 June, , 
 IVluiiii'iit ilis.solved • . . . 4 Oct, 
 
 IwraitiveHooils ill N'ortli Italy . Seiit., Oet. 
 rwinii.siii favour of the ministry almiit 28 Oct. " 
 first iffiimi parliament opened by King Ilumhert 
 
 Wiciftlioduke of Hermoiieta . . ."i2'l)ee.' " 
 H-iiMi-itratioiis against Austria lui account of 
 isirulioii of Oberdank for tlireateniiig tlm 
 rtiilfnii's life .... 20-22 Dec 
 
 Uknutioiial line art exhibition opened at Koiiui " 
 
 ... , 21 Jan. 1S81 
 
 >]Meii.iyim'Mts resumed . . _ 12 April 
 l,,.i,i(.), Italian built inm-idad launched at' I.e '' " 
 
 h»mi tlie king present . . . . 17 .MaT- 
 rVdiir-liiuiilredtli anniversary of Kapliael'.s birtll " 
 
 fiflinileil at Home , . ' . , ^g ^j.^,. 
 O'UiidfiiCBin the Ih'prctis ministry voted (ijS-jol '• " 
 ■ iiKslijiis, mid returns . . 25, 26 .Mav 
 
 StJ ii»|Hjrtaiit treaty with Great Dritaii'i signed' " 
 
 .l'.,;l jo iiersons perish by lir,. in ,, theat'rc'at " 
 Ikivit), near Coiiio . . ^ 24 .June 
 
 [ feViotnr Kiiiiiiaiiuers bodv reniovi'd to the' I'm' " 
 ifciiisJaii.; tlicusaiidsof j.ilyrims visit his tomb 
 
 i pi.-fSig..s;.!la, great ■tlnanVial iuiniJter il Mar' '^^^ 
 R.i.iotiea of the Depretis ministrv, 20 Mai- '• " 
 
 ,;"""*'"•'"' ,,• .,• ; 22Mar.-ioAi,ril,' „ 
 I lix-:"i..ii risp..etmgtlie sale of the I'ropa-aiidl 
 . fil.vatHoiiie .... T^,,,.!! 
 
 kMiiil exliil.itioii at Turin opened bv the 'kiii-' " 
 I :;.i|.t!l, rinse. 1 ■ ^^ Xov' 
 
 Ml iMiiclail launclii'd at Castellamare ' " 
 
 Tiait.VHiiie HOW members added to t'lie Senati' " 
 
 ttf, imiiiiKr of .soldiers in the army, 2i"'fi,^^9'69 " 
 
 Ikyninsisted of 112 vessels afloat or biiMdi'lg '^^^ 
 
 Hmsiiimstoniis in Piedmont, near Mont Ce'iiis- " 
 iiaayjralaiiclies; many villages destrovcl ; verv 
 .-rut loss 111 hie . . ; j^ ^'g j.^j;' 
 
 I Mm to .\ssab to avenge tlie ma.ssaere'of " 
 .'liaiiil lliaiichi . 
 h: ||.i.f,M-/,„vM arrived at Hcilui . ' 2, J,,,,' " 
 I T[.):.,Mry,|,.,,.n„,„e to assist Great IWIain in " 
 
 I tas ft« linisted at Massowali (wliUh ice) 6 t\'h " 
 
 teitMnftlie Depretis miiiistiy on aooounl of " 
 [ Itociiif, fnrclgn policy, ,8 June; ivoonstiti,',.,! 
 
 "bout 24 June, ,, 
 
 ■ Iroiiclail i.-m,ie;soo M,uwi,i.i launched at Venice 
 
 I Elections : ministerial maj.u-ity about 55^"'".' u '^'^' 
 
 neath,^ Marco Minghetti (prime ministe/bM8^ "'' 
 ti ■■•"/.J, a;;i'(l 70 . ■. ^ 
 
 M)e|uelisM,inist,y resigns ". •. ' "g vC' ,^V 
 
 IVstnictivc cartlnpiakcs (,H,H, s.-r ' ,,, .• , ' '^^^ 
 
 I hcvcial statesMn.l, having dirli 1 oliie,"'' 1 ,'. " 
 
 llepictis ministry resumes nilice . = Vlaicli 
 "'■ ;;ii-<;;v treaty of nliiaiice with Austria-Hu , , y " 
 
 I and Germany signed . . . ,, m.,, ' .' 
 
 I C«^,';.l|;:|'™l^i"''tf"rnie,l, Depivtis.f, reign il.iiiis.,!;.; " 
 
 prciiiicr 
 Krai 
 
 3 Ainil, 
 
 oliie 
 
 Aug 
 
 -eseo Crispi visits prince Hisma'rck . 2, ^ Oc'l 
 
 thorough peace . . n 
 
 Parliament opcne.l " " ' 7, v " 
 
 •■— ;;'Mon,n^^^^^ 
 
 Duke Torlonia, syndic „f H„iii,:, dl^miss'ed f'n ' 
 coii.iatulating ,he pope on hisjubilee J, ,883 
 
 oonosei'l ',''";., ''' ""■ 1'^'""" «'tholic cliuicb^" 
 <pposed to the papacy, reported . . i.vi, 
 I^all of vast avalancli,-s iu north Italv ; 23 per', m " 
 
 '^ chamb!'s " "f.™l'""' I«>»i«l.m^nt passe.n'y n!e " 
 
 Cheap jiopular edition of the' Italii 
 
 ian bibh.. (uilli 
 
 Casseirsillustmt s) issued I y'^i^,;^:,' 
 
 editor ,d- the .^■„■,.^,, Milan . ^ " J? w' 
 
 for war with Abyssinia, ..r M„..„„r„h . ' %, "m 
 
 .Marriage of tl„. ,i„i;,. ,,f ,\,,^,,, , ! ' ,• ■337-a8 
 
 With Ids, ii,..e princess Lo,;;Via.^t:;^,;::?n^ 
 
 sistei th.til.le and inince Nap.dcoi, Jcr„m,., 
 The emperor William 11. warmly received at'Hon',','' '^''^ 
 
 oc at' ^-iT '.''';','''■' '■"/'""•'"' ''t tviitocci ,"; 
 
 Laiidslii, between .Salandra and Giaseaiio- hV " 
 s ruction ,d an exc,,rsi,,i, train, about 2" p;.;.s:ns 
 
 killed 
 Manpiis of Dulf, 
 
 bv-the kin"'''''""' "'■'•'^'' """--'"■•. --'-i '" 
 IJeath of Father Gavazzi,'cli„;ch n'forin'er, agiMgo " 
 
 Opening of parliament by the king . .'a Ja!!' " 
 miuistrr" '■••"«'" '' ''•'''■ but-'econ^tituf"!":; " 
 
 Death of l.eiicdetto Cairoli. aged 63, i^J^h' and '''' 
 
 Sig. Crispi ii,|„iv,l bya stone thrown 'at hi'iii diuile; " 
 
 a carriage drive by Eniilio Caporali, a sm;.j!;;,;;'C 
 
 The king ralilies treaty of 2 May with Abyssii'dli'"; " 
 
 Italian protectorate over Abyssinia aiiiiuuiiced'^''; " 
 
 '^'tlirki',!:'"'"" "'"'"'''' "■'"' '■' '^'"■'■'■f-'l speech'by " 
 
 Death ofThc'.liik;. of Aosta, .aged ' • ■'5 ■">'"*■ •■ 
 
 Ministry dcleated in tile's,.; a ,m n .'oi,, '.^ ■'""■ '^'J" 
 turn, 5 May; the crisis passe ',;;:,\'C rrr 
 
 .dl,lvuceiu«ig,iorCrispPsniinistry';'Zl(^^?; " 
 
 The prince of Naples visits «t. IVfersburg^'lM^l; 
 
 G,K,,ii,,,,.h,,s,,-.,,;qi-^^^^^ 
 
 .Sig. Kilonaidi l„.comes illrectorof tl„. It.ilia^iu"',^'^ 
 . announce,! 12 Aut{. 
 
 Miyor GaidJini Casati n.tii 
 to Eiiiiii pasha(S( 
 July ; by th,' kin 
 g. filonaidi bi'co 
 Africa cijiii[,aiiy 
 
 i 
 
 If, I 
 
 '■•few \ff%y,, 
 
ITALY. 
 
 GOG 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 f«if.,^a 
 
 
 An"l.i-Itiiliaii stciinuT line (Nai)les, raluriiui, niiil 
 l.un.lnii). iiiaii;:nrati'.l . ■ • :;-■ All},'. 1890 
 
 DolnicUvi' cyclDiR' .'^an Jliirinn, Tiinii, (mini, 
 Xiiiilus, .Siin'liiiiii, &c. . . ■ '-'fi Aui;. „ 
 
 Uiuiil irouela.l, SiMojiw, lniincl»'il at t-iie/zia . 
 
 20 N'|il. ,, 
 
 Omfi'min' at Xai.li's, nf ivpivsnilativcs of (livat 
 
 lirilaili ali.l llal>, ivs] liiiK tin- limits "1 H"; 
 
 tcriiloii.'s in Kast AlVifa : siu;. (.'nsia and lord 
 Dnlli'i-in lnesiMit ; ili:iaKn'enii'nt ivsiirctiu^; 
 Kassala, &c. ; the coiilVionce dosi'S witlionl 
 ivsnlt 4 -10 Oct. „ 
 
 Till' liaiiianii'iit ilissolvcil . . . . ^t •'';''• >> 
 
 l-ailianii'iitaiy i-leotions liolil, ;^ivat majority lor 
 
 Ih.' ,'OVI'lllUICllt n"'-' n'"' " 
 
 MinisliTial I'liaiii-'i'S . . . . S .9 Di'f. ,, 
 
 I'arliaiiu'nt oiuMiol 10 Dec; conlKli-ncd in tlio 
 
 niinistrv voted . . • . • •. '9 "''''• » 
 
 Si-iioi- Cri^iii di-teatcil on a linancial (lucslion (186- 
 
 ";.,), and ivsi:,.iis . . , ■ .- 3' •'""; '^''' 
 
 New Ministry ; inaninis di ItiKiiiii (invsideiil and 
 
 foreign minister), and otlieis, 6 Keli. -/ «v. ; lliey 
 
 ]iiii|iose iiiaintenanee of i.eai'e, and r.dneed ex- 
 
 iieiiditiuv, >ve , •. ," • " 
 
 VotuufeoiilideMce in tlie ministry a.loj.ted. . 
 
 21 Mareli, „ 
 Treaty for the delimitation of the British ami 
 Itiil'iau spheres of iiitliiencijin Kast Atrioa, signed 
 
 at Home . . • ' . • ' , 'r-^l'"' " 
 
 Financial dilhcnlties ; opposition to rediiclion (it 
 the army expenditnre . . . ;i''\'''* J' v'. " 
 
 Trial of 179 persons connected with the -Mala \ ita 
 roiispiiiK'vat liari, see Ciime/vi! . . Al "'' " 
 
 The triple alliance renewed . . . 2u,li\iie, „ 
 
 Tour of the piiiK r Naph's; arnves 111 London 
 
 ivciMved by the prince of \\ales, 22 July ; dined 
 with the ([neeii at Osborne, 24 .Inly; visite.l the 
 niar.inis of Salisbnrv at Uatlield, 25 ''nly ; other 
 visits ; with lord Mayor, 28.luly ; made k.(i. at 
 Osborne, 3 Ann.; visits Ivlinbur-li and other 
 places in Scotland, 7 Aug. 1/ soj. ; at Newcastle, 
 14 An-. : leaves for Deiwii, &c. . 15 Auj;. „ 
 
 The mail steamer Tcnmhifi sunk by collision with 
 Mie (ireek steamer Tlifs-^i'liti, olf Cape iSiiiiiuni, 
 about 60 lives lost, 2 a.m. . . . 12 Sept. „ 
 
 The Hnssiau foreijiii minister, M. de (..lers, meet-s 
 the Marouis di liiidini, the llaliaii iiremier, lit 
 Milan i- Ocf. ; they visit the kinj; at Moii/,.i (no 
 jiolitical r.'snlts) . . • ij and 17 Oct. „ 
 
 Trial of 6<) anarchists . .• .• ,•„'■•*"■'•. " 
 
 New commercial treaty with Austria and Gernianj 
 si-nedat Itome . • • „ : ■ ',?!'";■ '• 
 
 lord Vivian succeeds lonl DntTenii as lintish 
 'minister , . • •. . • about 22 .Jan. 1892 
 
 lleath of count ile I,aiinay, minister at Herliii sue- 
 ce.ssivelv for Sanlinia and Italy fov 37 years . 
 
 7 ren. ,, 
 
 Siniiorrrispi retires from public alfairs . Feb. „ 
 
 Cipriani Talla and other anarchists seiit.uiced tji 
 dilfereiit terms of imprisoninenl, . 24 Marcl; „ 
 
 Ucsi 'nation of the cabinet llirouf,'li dim-reiices re- 
 specting liiiance, 14 April ; most of the resiKim- 
 tioiis withdrawn . - • \ , ,"' '^•!'.'''i " 
 
 Dilllcultv with the United States se tied, see Acie 
 o,.;^,,,,;. about 14 April, „ 
 
 Anarchist leaders arrested in Hmiie and other 
 places, 25 April, W, .•<../. ; 48 arrested up to 29 
 April ; 42 arrests on . ,■ , • ;','? ^I'i'"' " 
 
 The Uudini ministry, defeated in tlic (.liambei 
 (iQi i8=;), resijiii . . • • . • 5 '}<*>'• « 
 
 A 11. »■ ministrv formed by sIr. Ololitti 1.-15 May, „ 
 
 liesi-natioii of the ministry not accepted by the 
 kin., 27 ^'"V- " 
 
 Ministerial victory in the chambers (iimjority.^igA 
 
 The kinf? and (iiieeii received nt rot.sdain by the 
 
 (lerman emperor . ... ,;, ?'^='t "!'""'• " 
 Death of general Cialdiiii, duke of Gaein, eminent 
 
 patriot and soldier, aged 8. . . 8 Sept. „ 
 Increase of brigandage ; many arrests . Oct. „ 
 'I'heehambi'rclissolve.l . . . • •o'"''- » 
 Destructi^e tjooils in the north (see 7iiiiii.("/"iii»), 
 
 1 { Oct. ( ( wy. n 
 
 Cieneral election ; great government iiia,|ority, 
 
 o >ov. ,, 
 
 rariiament opened by the king . ■,.•;;' j!"';',^' " 
 Death of adinirul I'licoret de .Saint-Uoii, duel ol the 
 navy ... • =<^'^"'- •• 
 
 The chamber votes confidence in the iiiiiii,,|.v 
 (296—82) 6 IW ,;,, 
 
 Arrest of sigiior Cueiniello, manager of tlir Ij,,,,,,. • 
 branch of the bank of Naples, 22 ,Jaii. ; iv]hiii „f 
 gnvenimeiit committee presented . 20 Jliiirli ,^, 
 
 The Jiojie's .jubilee at Unlue (see r..,..) . p,.],' •"-> 
 
 Hill to make ci\il iiiarriagu obligatory iiitr,i,hi,.,.| ' ' 
 
 S .Marol'i 
 Establishment of the " liank of Ilaly " priip,,s,.,|. ' ' 
 
 about 29 .Miu-fli 
 Mr. Harry Ogilvie, engineer, murdered at (.'ivitj " 
 
 Vecehia = Aiiiil. 
 
 The silvi'rweddingof the king and. |Ue,iic.'l..|n;ii,.,| " 
 at Home with gri'at festiv iiirs ; the (l.-n,,;,,, 
 eiuiieror and en.iiress, and ;lie .|iil<i. of y^,.]. 
 inesent, 22 April; historical toiiriiiiiiii.|it j- 
 April ; e.debrated at Naples , . 23 April 
 1 Resignation of sigiior Ciolitf and liis ministiv 
 
 tl .......^t O 11I11.I . 1, ' 
 
 I .May ; reciiustituted 
 
 =.( Miiv, 
 
 20 .llil_\ . li-v 'ni.->iii .1. '• . . . 24 .»|;|V 
 
 Sigiior (jiiciniello sentenced lo 10 years' iiii|inse!>! 
 meiit ; signor ilal.'sandro. cashier, to 6 yenis' ii,,. 
 prisonmeiit, for embezzlemem . ij.lun.. 
 
 New bank law passed by the senate . „ _\| .' 
 foiillids, with bloo.Uhed, lietweer the I'reiirl, a;, 1 
 Italian salt-wo'keis at Aigties.M.irtes, mi n,.. 
 .Mediterranean littoral, iti .\ng. ; lead to ilcm,,;,. 
 st rations against the Kreiudi at Home, Xa|,|i.^. 
 Turin, and Milan, Are.; many rioters iiiTi>st.'.|, 
 1S-21 Aug. ; rioters aci|Uitted . . 50 line! 
 
 Visit of liritish si|uailroii, under a.liii. sir Slirliai-1 
 Cubue-Seyniour, at Taranto, 16 Oct.; wamily 
 received at Spezzia . . . . 2;-2o(ii'I, 
 
 Death of lord Vivian, liritish ambassador, a-i.,] ;.j^ 
 21 Oct. ; iinblic funeral; the iirinee of Xa|,i;.s| 
 adni. Seymour, the diplomatic corps, and many 
 ollieials present ; buried in ilie Knglisli ei'iiict.iy 
 at Testaccio lift, „ 
 
 Sir Clare ford a|ipoiiited Dritisli aiiibas>,idiir. Nmv. 
 
 Opi'iiing of the chambers . . ijXuy, ,' 
 
 Investigations into the alfairs of the banks; si-.-u.,! 
 (iiolitM censured ; he and his niinistrv ivsi..;ii, 
 
 =4X'iv. „ 
 
 New ministry formed by signor Crispi . n-15 poc. „ 
 
 Seizure of revolutionary maiiifestoes in Uoiiie, 
 
 oJaii. 1:0) 
 
 Riots ill Carrara (le/i;./! »'.) ^ 
 
 Indemnity (42o,o(x. f.) paiil by Kraiie.' lotliiTi'h- 
 lives of the Italians killed at Aigiies.JI(iiti.s(,,.. 
 
 »/«il'i, ifi .■ll(i^, :Bq.!) .... 25J,|l;. . 
 
 Thirty thousand francs jiaid by llie Italiiiii guymi. 
 niei'it to Franci' to coinpensate the siilfeivrs In 
 the riots, 16 Aug. 1893, in Home, Naph^s, \e. 
 
 28 .hill. ., 
 Rudget introduced : deficit. i;,o.aoo,rxx) lire, 4 tvt'. ,. 
 .Signor Sonnino's tinaneial scheme; new ihitii-snii 
 
 corn, iVc, and increased taxation . 21 pi',. „ 
 Vote of eoiilideiice in signor Crispi . 7, Maicli, „ 
 lioiiib explosion oiitsiile the Chanilier iil' ii.|iin].., 
 
 in Rome; 2 deaths .... 5 M.iirli. .. 
 Signor Cris])i applies for extraordinary povor-. 
 executive and linancial, for hini.sell, aidnl Uy a 
 
 committee 6 April, 
 
 Trial of signor Tiilongo, ex-go\ eriior, .ami ellloi.ils 
 of till' liaiica Roinana, 2 .May ; aeipiitted, 2S,hily, 
 The military budget passed . , . May, 
 Resignation of signor Crisjii and ministry 5 .hui'' 
 The Crispi ministry re-constriieteil . i4,hiiif, 
 Signor Crispi shot at, whilst driving, by Onlo 
 I.ega, an Anarchist, irtJiine; imichsyiiipatliy ex- 
 pressed ; I.ega sentenceil to 20 years' iiiiprivni- 
 
 iiieiit gJiily. „ 
 
 The government linancial proposals adopti'd liylln' 
 
 chamber (180— 74) .... J9JHI1". .. 
 Signor llandi, a newspaper director at I.i'glioni. wli'i 
 bad iiiiblishe.l articles against Ihe anaiTlii-t-, 
 assassinated, i .)ulv. (Uosoliiii Uoiiiili, tin' 
 muiderer, sentenced to life iniprisijiiiiieiil, . inI 
 two others to 30 years, 22 May, 1895.) 
 Murders bv anarclii.sts at I'isa and Kiiil»ili, 4 .hily, .. 
 Two hundred and llfly aiiairliists luider anrst in 
 Rome, and about 2,208 among tlie prisuiK in 
 olittrr Imvhs, rejtf'rte.l . . . 9.11:. v. .. 
 
 Anti-anarchist bill Jiassed by the cliaiuhi'r, n .hily, ,. 
 Decree issued dissolving all revolutionary wjeiiiliMir 
 
 societies 22"'''; ■■ 
 
 Deslrnclive earllnpiakcs ill Rt'ggio, Calnhim, aii'l 
 I aicily ; miiby ileaths . . i6-si Nov. „ 
 
ITALY. 
 
 007 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 l),„liaiiieiit opened liy till' kill;; . . 3 Doc. 1894 
 Ijaraii Soiiiiino's lliiiuiciiil stati'iiiiMit ; ilolii'il rc- 
 iluceil ; ailditimml taxiUidii iinipnsi'il ; wrll n>. 
 i'eivwl ; "II""'""''''' .... 10 Ui'c. ,, 
 
 ipir il('iiiiti''s, (ii'ilitli (I'X-ijri'iiiiiT), Mazziiio Mini 
 '.Marliwulli, fliar^'i'cl witli lor^iry uf iluciiiiPMits 
 relating to tiii^ ItMlica Holiiaua. iialiia;,'ili); tin: 
 clnract('rc)fsixii"i'*'i'if^pi'''ii'l "Hi'-is ; piusi'i.-utiim 
 cirler«iiiiul parliaiiLciit ad.jouriii'.l . . II, r. „ 
 nir (iiaciiiiio Kililip" Lacaita, Iv.C.M.C, patriut and 
 ' sclioliir, limii at MaLiduiia in Lccci^ 1813; liiiii< 
 
 mrt iu till' iii'iviM il 111' 1843 (si'i' .V.1/A.1) ; siMit 
 
 livlli"t''i"l"^i'"i'.'' lii»'i''i' pivfTiniic'iil as si'crolary 
 ui' Ifliiitiuii 1" I.iiiid'iii ; ri'inaiiis IIuti', and is 
 naturalized ; li'c-liin'd at tlir Kii.val iiistitutiuii on 
 Italian l.itiTiiluiv and Hi .Inry, i3j5-8; awcini- 
 tiaiiieil Mr. \V. K. (Uadsliini! in his nnssiun to tln> 
 Ionian isU's. X"v. 1838 ; returns ti) It.-ily altiT its 
 liiii-ratiiiii in iSfn; clcuti'd a nicniIxT iif the 
 cliaiiilJi'rnf deputies, and in io76nia |e n senator ; 
 Vmi Kngland, and visited il annually ; died at 
 
 Xai/les 5 dan. 1S93 
 
 gevm winter ; increased .state expenditure I'or tin 
 
 juior 
 
 iM 
 
 Tie proceedings nKninst si^'. (iiolitti rpnishecl hy 
 tlif! court of eassatidii on his ajipeal . 24 Ajiril, 
 
 Tri-c''iit''Miir\ of the death of Tasso eelelirated ; an 
 (Sliiliili'in'ot .MSS., iiietiues, and other relies, at 
 liouii', opened hy the kiiiK . 25 April, 
 
 CliaiiibcrdiSMdveil throu^'h opiiosition . s .May, 
 
 Sliocksofeartlnpiake (irkk-li .<:r) in Central I' ily, 
 
 1 .May, 
 
 ParliniiHMitary elections; large 1 ,,. .,• lor sig. 
 
 Crispi •••„•.■., =7 Jliiy. 
 
 Attempted assassination of sign.'.- c 'i ran. ,'. deputy, 
 
 at Rimini. 3 Jiini". '!"■'' • ■ • ioJiiiii\ 
 
 The kill),' opens iiarhainent. strongly recoiiinn'Md- 
 inj; further linancial relbnii . . lo.linie, 
 
 Siniii,; opposition to signor Villa, [iresidenl of the' 
 
 ' clamber midline, 
 
 liuilget introduced ; retrenchiiient and some aildi- 
 tiuiialtjiXiition rei|uired . . . . 13 .June, 
 
 Defeat of the opposition ; riotous scene in Iha 
 ctoiilier 17, ig.lune, 
 
 MsriTweof tlieduki' nf Aost.'i ami princess U"leii« 
 ofUrleansat Kingston-on-Tliami s . 25dune, 
 
 \wit of thi' fleet under ailin. the dnko of (ieiioa to 
 I'liitsniuuth, the duke and olhcrs leceived hy 
 «.lm. sirNoivellSalneiii.on N'elscm's ship rirturii ,- 
 lpaiii|iiet, tile duke of York, .Mr. lioschen, and 
 ellurs prestnt, .Inly; received hy the i|Ueeii 
 ,it Wiiidsiir, 12 July; illuiiiinatioii of conihined 
 tleHs, &e.. Ml 18 duly, 
 
 Fiiaiicial liills passed 7 Aug. 
 
 National fetes (see llnmi) . , , .20 .Si'pt. 
 
 iiiiJget, 1895-96; financial iinpi'ovement reporlecl 
 
 25 Nov. 
 
 Itonmeiits relating to M. Giolitf i prescutcd to par- 
 lianiHiit, .Nov. ; case shelveil liy vote . 13 Dec. 
 
 Warin Aljyssiniii. see Miis.iiiicnh, 1895. 
 
 Del«ito intlic chainher, goveninuint iiiajoritv 
 
 19 Dee. 
 
 ft'^iu'iiatioii of t!ie Crisp! ministry ; Kuropem (ex- 
 ivjit Hibsiin) svnipafhy with Italy 4 .March, i 
 
 liieatexciteijieiit in the chamlier ami throughout 
 111,' euuiilr>- ; imiteaclinieni of the niinistr-y pi'o- 
 
 1» 1; gen Daratieri, Ijy d''cri'e, |d.ice.l nt\ half- 
 
 Hiv list ; ]i.ipnlar desire foi the aliandonnii'iit of 
 K.vtliit'u expressed at .Milan ami oilier places, 
 
 5 Mairh, 
 
 S«i,',list manifesto against llie war . 7 .Man'li, 
 
 .New miiiislry formed hy Ihe man|ui.s di lludini ; 
 ilea, liieotti, war, duke of Si'rmoncta, loiei;;ii 
 luiuisters 9, 10 Mairli, 
 
 Ii.'civeuf amnesty to political olVenders, 14 March, 
 
 heelanitiua of flic inai'ipiis di liudini in the eliani' 
 tier expii'ssiiei admiration <if the army ; m'^',)tia- 
 tions fur pi'.n'e inithorised . . 17 March, 
 
 file African credits ailopled hy the chamlier, m 
 March ; ami seiuile .... 25 .Mari'li, 
 
 llail(!et for 1895-6, delicit, through the African war, 
 :,::=,o:]o lire ; for itgt 7, a deficit of 1,197,71 ^ 
 lire aiiticipateil 5 .May, 
 
 The foveriimeiit policy .idopteil liy the cliamlii'r 
 (278-13:!) 9 .May, 
 
 (ien. Uaratieri tried by court martini at Asmara fin- 
 luiscondnct us geiieml ; acciuilleil 5-13 Juno 
 
 TheHritislisipiadron, under sir Jf.Cnlme-Seyniour, 
 visits Koine, the olliceis ami men warinly re- 
 ceiveil hy the go\ I'riiment and the pope, i4'.luiie 1896 
 
 liesignatioii oftl inistry, n July; re.for 1 hy 
 
 the niari|Uis di liudini . . '. . 14. Inly, ,, 
 
 Tlie 111 I' III' III.-, Dnteh sfeaini'r, cioilaiiiing arms, 
 e.iptnreil hy the Khin, Italian cruiser, in It Ulan 
 "aters ij An-. ,, 
 
 'i'realy iietween FraiiciMind Italy resiiecting Tunis, 
 "igii"'! " . . io.Sept. „ 
 
 Monti'iie^rrin princely faniilv visit Uoine, 22-201 let. „ 
 
 Marriage of the prinei' of Naples to princess Helen 
 of .Moil tern '^iro in tin' t^uirinal ; gr.iml iiaui|Uet, 
 general amnesty decreed, 24(101. ; review or2n,ooo 
 troops 27 Oct. 
 
 Peace with Abyssinia signed, n Oct., latilieil, 
 
 if) .Nov. 
 
 Di'hate ill the chamber on the colony of Krythrea, 
 JO .N'ov. ; victory of the government 011 the homo 
 lioliey, 9 lli'c. ; see Smunlilii mi. 2 1 1 Sg'.. 
 
 General elections ; the Crispi party inucli ledueeil, 
 
 „ „ -1 M.irch, 1807 
 
 Parfiament oiieueil by the king . . 5 .\],ril, ,, 
 
 Attempt to slab the kiiej wliiie ch-iviiig totlier.ii...s 
 Ipy I'ietro .\cciarito, fanatic (SE'iitenced to ]ienal 
 servitude tor lite, 29 .May), at Home 22 Aiuil, 
 
 VotE' of coiilidence ill the ^'overument and its 
 African jjolicy, 148 nia.iority . . 22 .M.'iy 
 
 Conunereial treaty willi ,\b'yssiiiia and Ironlie'rl " 
 m'goli.iteil by major Nerazzini, accept, '.1, joAicj! „ 
 
 The count of Tiuiu challenges prince llenrv of 
 Orleans, for libels against Ualian olliceis, pi'mee 
 Henry wounded liy liinj in a dind, ne:ii Paris, 
 
 Visit of the king and ipieeii to (iermauy {vhuit .v^), " 
 
 i We)jt, rt xri/. 
 
 liaiik scandals, 20 persons convicted, at Coino ■ 
 np|i'':ils -Sept! „ 
 
 The iHii-i'mhi;, armour.'d cruisi'i-, launched at 
 (ieiioa, 27 .'S.'iif. ; the Kmmiiiiiiilr Fililiirl-,, ist 
 class battleship, launched at Cistcllniare, so.'Seiit, 
 
 A popiila- denionstralion in Hom.. a:;:iinst ibe " 
 scheme of taxation on incomes and per-,on,il pro- 
 perty came into conllicl with the tro.iii^, 1 di'iith, 
 
 DiscontiMit al'.„yed by a pacillc circiil.ir . 15 Oct! " 
 All proceeiliugs against signor Crisjii stopped ,,11 " 
 
 , lii'' :il'I"':il 8 .Vov. „ 
 
 Dr. (iiiiseppi' Hottei-o, 50 yeirr,editor of the (;,i;,//, 
 ilil I'lijiiihi, born 1816; died . . ib No\- 
 Speech of sig. Cris]ii d.'sirin- an imparlial inonirv " 
 with iv^aid to his relations with the bink ,\( 
 Naples, 2 Di'c. ; nentiMleoinniission ol iiiipiirva]j- 
 poinled,3 Dec. 1897; no-round hninipe udin'ieni, 
 liulcen...nred polilic.illy in its leporl. 19 .March • i8qS 
 adopteii by the chamber (207—7), ■' j -Much ; sig. 
 Crispi resigns as deputy, 24 .March ; rc-eli'ded! 
 
 Debate on the military promotiou bill ; , u'. I'eil " 
 loux, minister of war resi-ns, ■), 4 Dee. ; Ui,. 
 ministry resigns, 6 Dec. ; iv-foriiicd by thViinr- 
 i[nis di Hiidini, niacpiis Visconti' \enosia 
 foivi-n, sig. /Caiiardelli, .justice, 14 D,.e. ; vole 
 of want of contidence icjecled, 20 Dei-. 1897; nil- 
 .journs, 21 Dec, till . . . .25 ,laii 
 
 Jubilee of fill' anniversary of the Italian constitu'- " 
 lion (1848) celebrated at Home (see fnihi) 4 .Mar. 
 
 Sig. t'elice Civallolli, radical leader, killed in a 
 duel liy sig. F. .Macola, consei'vativc depulv, 
 
 ,, , 6 .M.ueli, „ 
 
 Hi-'Md iiots owing to rise 111 pnees at Ijai-j ami 
 Kaenza. biiildiii-s sacked and hurnl hy the inob. 
 27, 28 .Vpril ; council of ministers order reiiiedii.s 
 lor the disticsscd. 30 Ainil ; further riolim;, con- 
 tlicls with tro.ips at .Milan. Florence, l.e.;||,„ii 
 I'isa, I'.ivia, andoilmr iilaces, 82 killcl, 3 8~.\|,,v ' 
 price of bicail ivilueed, 9 .May; stale of sie-e'at 
 Naples, 10 .May; iiuiel restored, cliainher.s"pro- 
 '■""'"■'l 14 May, „ 
 
 Army fund for tlie himiliesof the poorer sol.lieis, 
 io-i,.y>)liie by till' kin^taiid royal lamilv, i3 M iv! 
 
 Sig. iiriii, miuisti'r of niannc, ciuiimnl, nav ai areiii- " 
 led ami politician, died . . , 24 .Mav 
 
 The ministry resigns, 28 May; reci.ustriicted bv " 
 the maninis di Hudini |,|,,,; 
 
 Sir Philip Ciirrie appoinieil ambassailor, arrives at " 
 l''Jii'B 2 June, „ 
 
 : ill 4 I (Bfil^^^B 
 
 . 'Mi 
 
 4 
 
 : 1 
 
 i'm im^Aviii 
 
 I'Wfi] 
 
 
 . 
 
 '•fa 
 
 
 1 
 
 :s:* 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J_n-um 
 
•-f^-p.- -.jm;.. 'I 
 
 i a 
 
 W' 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 603 
 
 IVEY. 
 
 The clmmbnr of (loputloa niectH, linron ammiiio, 
 leniliT 111' till! <ip|iiwi'.i'iii, si'ViM-i'ly rriticimM tho 
 liolii-v nt llp^ iiiiii-'iuia (li Hiiilini, ii wuiit of ooii- 
 lldi'iii'i^ ill till" lu'v; i-iiiiisti'V vutnl, i6 Jumv, tliii 
 iiiiiniiiis resi^Mlill uul the houso ail.i'ii'i'n'''' 
 ihieilk iS.liiiii', 1B93 
 
 Gen. Fflloux forma a ciibiiiftt, n ministry of tlui 
 left, l'ori'i;,'ii si'c. mini. Ciiiii'varo, 29 .liiiii'; tins 
 clmiiilii'r iiiiwts, iJiu'ilie i>olii'yaniioiiiii'i'il, 4. Inly ; 
 vote of c'onllili'iM'C! in tli" noveniiiiciit 11 .Inly; 
 bill iiassi'il for tlio |iresi'rvatioii of pilbHc; onler, 
 ami till' I'liaiiiliur acl.iounii'il . . 12 July, ,, 
 
 Ki'i! Cnlnmliii', 1S93. 
 
 Avbitnitioii treaty lietwcuMi Italy and Argentina 
 
 ■2.! ■Inly, ,1 
 
 Kaihvay collisiun near Poiito Deciiiio, 11 killi'il, 
 
 II An;;. ,, 
 
 KINGS or IIAI-Y. 
 
 476. Oiloaoer, kiiiK of the llenili, invades Italy, and 
 bci'oin.-M kinj,', eon ered and hImIu by 
 
 jgj. Tlieoilorie, kiiincf tne o,s(,„,/.,,'/i.<, an able iinnee. 
 lie leit to death the phiioso|ilieis IJoethins and 
 Svniinaehns, falsidy aeeiised, abniit 5-5- 
 
 526. Atiialarii', his ^'landsoii, dies of the iilaguo. 
 
 534. Theodalns (deited ; assassinated. 
 
 536. Vitifles eleeted. , 
 
 540 Tliro.lehald (Hildibald) eleete.l ; assassinated. 
 
 541. Tnlila, or liadinla, a yreat iirinc'i' : killed in battle 
 a'ainst the iniinMial army niider Xarsea. 
 
 552. Thiias falls in battle. 
 
 Ifalv snbjri't to the e^ustern empire till 
 
 568. Alboin, kin^'of the [.nmlatrds, with a lingo mixed 
 army, eoiKpiers Italv : poisom^d by his wife 
 Ho.samond. for eompelling ber to drink wine out 
 ofa ell)! formed of her father's skill'. 
 
 573. Cleoidi ; assassinated. 
 
 575. Antliaris ; poisoned. 
 
 591. Agilnlph. 
 
 615. Adaloald ; poi.soned. 
 
 «25. Arioald. 
 
 ^36. Hotharis ; married the widow of Anoald ; pub- 
 lisheil a eode of law.s. 
 
 ^52. Hodoald (son): a,s.sassinated. 
 
 ^53. Ariliert I. (imele) 
 
 661. Itertharit and (lodeliert (sons); ilethronod by 
 
 662. (irimoald, dnke of lii'iievento. 
 ^71. liertharit re-estiiblished. 
 
 f86. C'nnibort (son). 
 
 700. I.nUbert , dethroned by 
 
 701. IJagimbert. 
 Ariliert II. (son). 
 
 712. Ansprand eleeted. 
 
 LnitiTand (son), a great prince, ami 1 favourite of 
 
 the e'.iiirell. 
 744. Ililiietiralld (llejihew); deposed. 
 
 ,, Raehis, dnke of Frinli, eleeted ; became a monk. 
 749. Astoiidi (brother). 
 736 Desideriiis (Itiilier), qnanvlled with the po|m 
 
 Adrian, who invited (.■h.irleinagiie into Italy, by 
 
 wlmm I\'«ideiins was de|iosed, ami an end put 
 
 to the Lombard kingdom. 
 781. I'el'in or L'ailoman (sou of CliarlemngneX 
 .812. Bernard. 
 820. Lothaire (son of Louis le D^bounaire) 
 
 888. 
 SS9. 
 S94. 
 921. 
 926. 
 943- 
 950- 
 
 EMl'F.UURS. 
 
 S75. Charles the Bald. 
 S77. Carhnnaii. 
 £79. Charles the Fat 
 
 Berenger I. 
 
 and Guy. 
 ,, and Lambert. 
 
 ,, and Rudolph of Uurgiui.ly, 
 
 Hugh of Pi-oveiiee. 
 Lotliaile II. 
 
 Jiereiigcr II. and Adallieit his sun ; .le|ins,.,l ii, , 
 by the emperor Otlio the Uivat, wliu inl,]i.|i i..',', 
 *o the German empire. ' 
 
 MOIIKIIS KINOS OK ITAl.V. 
 
 JS05. Napoleon I. pioclaimed kin- ,.( Italv, ,s Jlui'r 
 
 crowned at Milan, 26 May ; alnlii at,.,l, ,;' ' 
 
 1861. Victoi-Kmmannel II. (of JSardiiiia, ni;,), »,) |,„„ 
 
 14 Maieh, lijo ; dei'laieii king of Italv |,\. .|' 
 
 parliami'iit, 17 Maicli, iSCr ; dierl g j;,,,', ,..., 
 
 1878. Ilutiibert (son), born 14 .Maivli, 1844; iiianii'ii'iij. 
 
 cousin Margherita (born 20 Nov. 1851), 22^110;' 
 
 1863. ' 
 
 Ih ir : Vietor-F.mnian'iel (son), priiwe of yiM,],.^ 
 
 born II yov. 1869; married, Hi'lni, liriiir,.."; 
 
 of .Montene, ro, 24 Oct. 1E96. 
 
 ITHACA, kinjtilom of Ulysses, see lonin 
 IslcK. It was explni-od by Dr. Schliemaiin,in ilj-s- 
 few discoveries being made. ' ' ' 
 
 ITINERARIES. The Uonian Itiiifrariuni 
 was a table of the stages between iin|iertant pla.fs, 
 The "Itineraria Antonini," emlirneing the whnii' 
 Konian empire, usually ascribed to the empirir 
 Aureliiis Aiitouius, and his successors, a.d. ijS-iSo, 
 was probably liased u])on the survey maile bv 01(1^ 
 of Juliu.s Ciesar, 44 n.c. The" " ItiiuTiriuin 
 llierosnlyinitanum" was drawn up for the use:' 
 the pilgrims about a.d. 333. 
 
 IVORY was brought to Solomon from Tiirshish, 
 .about 992 D.c. (l Kiiif/nx. 2Z). The coWsal statues 
 of.Fujiiter, Minerva, A:c., by I'liidias, were fumicil 
 of ivory ami gold, 444 n.c. Ivory tu.4-, 7 foot Ion;, 
 sent l)y the Zulu king Cetywayo to lii.'d Clielms^ 
 ford, as a token of peace. Rummer, 1870. Celliiioiil, 
 iin imitation of ivory, tortoise.shelj, etc., compoiej 
 of guncotton and camphor, used for the miinufacture 
 of Ijuttons, billiard balls, and various imiamcii!-, 
 rejiorted dangerous as being iullaniaiable at low 
 tempenituves, Feb. 1892. 
 
 IVORY COAST, W. Africa, a French rolonv 
 constituted 17 March, lH()\. M. llinger, gnvcniir. 
 Successful expedition to Indciiia, liostile villa-es 
 burnt, reported, 29 .March, 1.S94. 
 
 Grand liassa destroy. -d byai; exiilosiiiii of giiii|«ro'. 
 der caused by a lire at a failory, seyi'ial [ii imhii 
 in.iureil ahoiit i IVii, iJot 
 
 Jlas'saei'o of a French force under major Caiidii'liiT 
 in the Lubi region by Saiiiory's trooiis (Sifas) 
 
 20 Au^. „ 
 
 IVRY (near Evreu.^, N.W. F-:moe). nere 
 Henry IV. totally defeated the due de Mayeniie, 
 ami tho .U'Uguu aripy, 14 JIaroIi, 1590. 
 
 JACOBT^S, a gol( 
 James I. of England, i 
 
 1603-25. 
 
 JACQUARD LC 
 
 mitfil by Josciih Mui 
 patfiited 23 Dec. 1801, 
 
 J.\CQUERIE, a 
 
 revolted peasants (he: 
 Jacques Bouhohiiiie), ' 
 the captivity of king jc 
 »ith much bloodshed, 
 curred in Germany. On 
 from the large shoe esp 
 i;02; and another ter 
 till' Poor Conrad, 151 1 
 I about 100,000 lives', ai 
 tlif anabaptists. 
 
 JAFFA, 11 seaport i 
 
 I ture as Joppa, whence 
 
 I B.C.), and where reteri 
 
 (a.d. 38) ; in mytholof 
 
 delivered Andromeda. 
 
 caliph Omar, in (136 ; 
 
 Salailin, 1193; by Louis' 
 
 "March, 1,-99; 'tile i'ri 
 
 Stilish in June, the sar 
 
 fir Hubert Wilson, wer 
 
 by Bonaparte ; but thii 
 
 by,inearth(iuake in Jai 
 
 1 13.000 persons were kill 
 
 JA6ELL0NS,adt 
 I over Litliuauia, I'olam 
 jlefinning with .Jasre 
 jiiiusbiindof lledwig, da 
 I '3'i|), who heeiinie kiiij 
 r'^'^'iOQ, andendii 
 {iiiedini5;2, 
 
 JAINS, see Jei/nes. 
 
■lillj 
 
 'Hill 
 
 JACOBINH, 
 
 609 
 
 JAMAICA. 
 
 J. 
 
 JwasJistiiiijiiished from I by tlio Diitcli scliolars 
 otllii'l6tli century, iiiul iiitroiluct'ii iiitoiliuiilpliabct 
 byuilfsliiys, printer, of Paris, 1550. JJiiJ'nsiiu;/. 
 
 JACOBIN'S, n name sivi'ii tn tin- Doiiiiiiiians 
 ill i'ramr, bi'cause tiicir firsi ronvnit was tlii' 
 hMitiil of till' pilgrims of St. Jiiini's (.lacoliiis), 
 It I'aris, at tlie reiiufst of jjopo Honorius 111. 
 (i:it)-27). Tlie Jacobin clnb (first calli'd "rhib 
 Breton") consisted of about, forty jrciitlcmon 
 ami men of letters, who met in the liall of tlie 
 Jiifobin friars, at l'ari.s, in Oct. i^.Scj, to discuss 
 |)olitiial and other questions. Similar societies 
 weri'institnted in all the principal towns; of the 
 kiiigiiom. Tlie club was closed 11 Nov. 1794. 
 
 JACOBITES, a Christian sect, so called from 
 Jicoli BaradiEus, a Syrian, uboiit 541 ; see Ihiti/- 
 f/ims.-Thc partisans of James 11. (Latiii, 
 JawbusII.) were so named lifter liis expulsion from 
 Eiii'land in l(j«8-9. 
 
 K ifiitinii'iital revival of .laoliitisni nppcareil in V.w^- 
 laii'iiii jBpt, the " Wliitc li(ise League" liaviii^' been 
 fnraitfl. I'lic ni;iriiiiis ile Hiuij;iiy aii'l otlLerineiiil,i-rs 
 '■ftlie "LcKitiniist .liicobite I^ca^'ui' " were stnp|i|.ii in 
 tli.ir atti-aipt to lilace a lar^'e ticiral wrciitli mi the 
 to!iil) iif .Mary, ipurii of Scots, in Westminster Aliliey, 
 • Ftb. 1S92. 
 
 JACOBT^'S, a gold coin, so culled from kins 
 James I. of Euglaud, in whose reign it was struck 
 
 i6o3-.'5. 
 
 JACQUARD LOOM, for figured fabrics, in- 
 Tfiiteil by Josejili Marie Jacnuard, of L)ors, and 
 patented 23 Dec. 1801. 
 
 JACQUERIE, a term applied to bunds of 
 revolteJ peiLsaiits (headed by one Caillot, calleil 
 Jacques Boiihomme), who ravaged l''rancc during , 
 tlif eaptivity of king John in ns8, and were (luelled 
 with much bloodshed. Similar insurrections oc- 
 curred in Germany. One was termed the liiiiidsili uli , 
 from tlie large shoe especially worn by i)easunts, in 
 IW2; and another termed the liund'(or league) of 
 the Poor Conrad, 1511 and 1524, which also cost \ 
 I about 100,000 lives, and led to the iiisurrectiou of 
 the anabaptists. 
 
 JAFFA, a seaport of Syria, celebrated in scrip- 
 
 I ture as Joppa, whence Jonah embarked (about 862 
 
 B.C.), and where I'eter raised Tabitha from flic dead 
 
 (a.d. 38) ; in mythology the place i-. hence IVrseus 
 
 delivered Andromeda. Jathi was taken by tlic 
 
 caliph Onuir, in (136 ; by the Crusaders, 1099 ; by 
 
 SaMin, 1193; bvLouisIX., 1252; and bvBonaparte, 
 
 L^'arflb l/'W, the French were driyeii out by tlie 
 
 Ilnlish in Jime, the same year. Here, according to 
 
 sir Robert Wilson, were n"mssacred 3X00 prisoners 
 
 I by Bonaparte; but this is doubted. Jallii sutVered 
 
 by an earthijUHke in Jan. 1837, when it is said that 
 
 J 13,000 persons were killed. 
 
 JAGELLOXS, adyna.sty \yhicliat times reigned 
 lover Lilhuunw, Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia, 
 Ibepnnina with .lamdinn. duke of I.ithDatni 
 
 JAMAICA, a AV. India island, discovered by 
 Columbus. ;; May, 1494, and named St. Jago. ft 
 was con(|uere.l (rum the Sjianiarils l)y admiral 
 Tenn, with land forces commanded l)v" Venables, 
 3May, 1955, and si'ttb^d soon after. Population in 
 
 1.3, .'SKj wliites; 81,074 coloured; 346.374 
 
 wliiti 
 
 \\,\ 
 
 "o > .i-t' 
 01 ; ecdo 
 
 ured , 
 
 I8(ii. 
 
 blacks; in i«;i, ^(X,, 154; 
 
 l<K),34(); blacks, 31,2,707; in 1881, 585,582 ; 1891, 
 
 ''.W.4'J'- Kevenue, i8(K)-I, 7(14,0.15'/.; 1895-4, 
 
 8()3,(.44/'. ; expenditure, l8(|0-r, 5io.n5.S/. ; 1893-4, 
 
 8ot),4i8/ ; revenue, 181,5^,, 649,103/. ;"e.xpindituiv, 
 
 • >2(i,(,34/. The government of Jamaica includes 
 
 lurk s and Ciiros islands. 
 
 All awful eaitlic|iiake Ii.tc ... 2 .June, 1602 
 
 llie .Vaii.,.ns (runaway slaves) penuittecl to settle 
 
 III tlie iini'lll ot'tlie 'shillil . . 57,8 
 
 Desnhitiii^- lllliriealles ill . . . ,722, ,734. & i„i 
 
 lie J line, 171,5, fli,. M..IV IS rose against the Kiiirlisli, 
 
 aii.l weivn.it (|ii,.ll,.,l till .... .March, 1796 
 Miuiy tiaiis|initeil toMierraLcoue . . . .1800 
 
 Mave trail,. Mlinlisli,.,l , j(ay, 180,7 
 
 lieiiiciiiliiii.s liiuiicaiie, by wbieli tliewbnli, ishinil 
 
 was ilelii-cl, liiiiiilvils of lemsts wiislied away, 
 
 vessels wivi'keii, and 1000 persons ilinwiied, Oct. 181? 
 liisliopne cstalilislicil ,3^^ 
 
 liisiiirertiiiii of 11 
 ti:ins burnt ; fh. 
 .iiartial law. 
 Kiii,inri|iatiiiii of fb, 
 .Vlmiif 50.000 die of 
 
 ni;;ro slaves ; iiiuiieious plaiita- 
 
 ivernnr, Innl lieliimie, ileelareil 
 
 . 22 Dec. 
 
 sl.'ives ... I Aug. 
 
 liiilera in 
 
 iiustiimaot licdwig, daughter of Louis of Hungary, 
 j»|), who became knig of Poland as l.adisliis H'l 
 Idied'" '■'^' ""^ ""'"'° "''"' '^'Sismund II., who 
 JAINS, see Jeyna. 
 
 Ill .May, 1853, the .lisseiisiini between tlie e.iliuiial 
 legislature iiml sir Charles Ciiey, the finvernor, 
 orcasiiiiu,,! his recall ■ bis successor, sir 11. Ija.klv, 
 
 aiTiveil Q,.'( 
 
 liishcipric (if Kin^'stcni establisheil 
 Chaies Henry Darling aiipointid p'vennir 
 Kihvaid .Jiihn Kyic ,ipp,iiiit.,,l MnviTinir . July, 
 Nct;rc. insuncctiiin begins at .M..r.int-lii,v, bv resi.st- 
 iiigtli,' eaptiire iif a nejiiii eiiiiiii'.-il, 7(H,t. ; tlio 
 eoi.rt-h.iiise tired on ; baiuii Ketelhiililt, rev. V. 
 
 llersehell, and others cruelly inurclered, ami niaiiy 
 woiiiidcil. . . ■ . ,, Q,.t 
 
 Hebelliiiii spreads, and iiianv atrocities are eoiii- 
 nutted; it is sii|,presseil iiy the ener;;y of file 
 gnvernor, the military and naval olticers, voliiii- 
 teers, the .Maiiions, and leva! nenriie.i, 13-24 Oct. 
 
 George Win. vliirdmi, a cohiiired~ne.'iiib,.r of the 
 cgislatuie, eoiivieted of encoiuaging fh,' rebel- 
 lion, 21 Oct. ; executed . . . 23 (let 
 Paul Hogle exciiitcd 04 o,.f'. 
 
 Xiinieiiius exceulidiis . . . . Oe, i Nov! 
 
 Sir Henry tstorks siiiiiiiioned from Malta, aiiii sent 
 
 I" ''a lea, with .Messrs. Hiissell (lunicy ainljohu 
 
 H ^fallle, us eoiiiinissiiincrs, to iiKiiiire'pispeeting 
 the disliirbanees, and the measures taken in siip- 
 pressing them .... 11 Dei', c/ ,m-./. 
 
 C.iiveriior Kyie tenipiearily suspended ; sir Henry 
 fStiirks arrives in .laniiiiea .... 6 Jan. 
 
 The legislative •i>senibly of Janiaiea dissolves itself, 
 and abrigates tliecoiistitiitioii(whieli 'ladexisted 
 200 years) ,7 Jan. 
 
 i6oo/. subscrilied at Jaiiiaie:i for defence of "oy 
 
 „ 'VVi'c Feb. 
 
 Coiiiimssion opened ^3 Jan. ; (dosed . 21 March, 
 
 They receive cviileii if the existeiiec of widcdy 
 
 spread diseont.ait during 1865; they iviiorted that 
 4.Wl'ersoiis had suffered by iimrtial jaw ; that about 
 u-Kio dwellings Inid been buriil : that about fio.-> 
 (many women) had been flogged; that tliev con- 
 sidered the puiiislmieiits inflicted excessive, the 
 executions uiinei.'essarilv freipienf, the Imniing 
 the houses wanton; and that they saw no proof 
 of Gordon's roiiiplieity in the o'-tbreak, or in 
 an organised conspiracy against g ,ermiieiif. 
 
 I) .\pril, 
 11 li, 
 
 .831 
 1834 
 1850 
 
 ■ 853 
 1856 
 ■857 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 isee 
 
 
 til ^\ii\\mk 
 \*\ 4fnjin 
 
 
 Ws' 
 
 ^m WW A 
 
 'S si <41t 
 
 'l- 
 
 
 [f'.:ff'';|.| 
 
 I ill 
 
 f Til' 
 
 ii. ism r 
 
1 «■ ' 'ni 
 
 H 
 
 nil! 
 
 / * > i 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 ' JnimiU'ii Govi'iniiiu'iit lU't " iHiaacd in KiikIiiihI 
 
 23 Muirli, i866 
 Sir J. P. Ciniiit L'lii'i'ttc'l ttiivcnicir in rdoni (if yoviTiiiir 
 
 Evil! . . . • • ■. ■*•'»'>•. '• 
 
 A "Janmica Cnniniiitc,!'." J. H. Mill, i-luiinnan, I'ld- 
 
 iiosc iiiiiseciition iil'K'ivcnKir Kyre . . a/JnIy, >> 
 lie arrives at ^^lMltllanlllt(>n, 12 Aug. ; wtlconii'il l>y 
 
 a liaiui\H't '"■ ^"^- " 
 
 A I'liiinnittcf fiM' lnsil>'fi-nrcfiiiini"i\ . . hi'l>t, „ 
 aiu'gcivcnior, Mil' J. T. tinint, i.r.iniulK'»tc« tlic new 
 <'(institnti(in ; oiu'nint,' of tlie li'^islativi' cimncil 
 (cunsistini! of the niiVfiiKir ami six nieiiibeis), 
 
 16 (tet. ,, 
 G. D. Ilaiiisay, areUHed (if niuriler, disiliawd liy 
 
 p-and jniy • .- ■ , • , '^ •^'''■, " 
 
 ■Wamnits issued awiiust k(iv. Kyre, eol. Nelsou, and 
 lieut. Hniud, Keli. ; the grand iniy dihchaiws 
 the liills afe-aiust Kyre, 29 Xlareh, and the (itliers, 
 
 II April, 
 
 A liill of indictuieut for unsdi^UH'anour nuaiust 
 
 governor Kvre brought in, 15 May ; discliaryed liy 
 
 grand .IV ■ , • ' r">^\' 
 
 Chief-'M-tice Coekliurn dischiinied agreement with 
 
 VaridfjustieelUackhuiirs charge (Ui till easion ; 
 
 an almost iinexamiiled case ... 8 .June, 
 
 Trial of I'ldllii'S 1: Kvre (for lieating and imiirisou- 
 
 nu'ut durinj; the reliellion of 1866) ; Kyre i>leaded 
 
 net of indemnity ; verdict tor defendant 29 .Ian. 
 
 F.|iisco|ial elinreh di.sesti»l>lished . . . 3» "''^'■ 
 
 Appeals in Kngland lor its sui'l"Ut. . , ■"'IV' 
 
 Legal expen.ses of Mr. Kyre ordered to lie Jianl, jitter 
 
 discussion in the eoniuioiis . • 8 July, 
 
 JIauy estates in Jamaica olfered for sale in the 
 
 London papers 'j''.^'' 
 
 Returning prosperity reported . . . May, 
 Sir Will. (Jrev appointed governor . March, 
 
 .Sir Antlioiiv Miisgrave, appointed governor .Nov. 
 Kdward Kvi'rard Kiishwortli, governor, April, 1877 ; 
 
 gi'ii. sir lleiirv Wylie Norman . . . Oet. 1883 
 Destructive lire at I'orl Anloino • • 18 Oia. „ 
 
 Introdiietioii of representative goveriiineiit pro- 
 posed ; !Sir llenrv \V. Norman arrives 21 Dec. 
 Great |.utilic dissatisfaction at the proposals, I'cli. 
 The legislature rejects proposed confederation 
 
 with v'an.ida " •)"'*'■ 
 
 Sir Henry Arthur lilake apiioiiitcd govcrmn- Dee. 
 Kioting of the 1st West India rcgiiiicutat the nices 
 at Kingston ; severe eonlliel with the police, 
 who are liiidlv injured; the rioting (iiielleil by 
 liiekets from the camp . reiiorted 28 Jan. 1891 
 
 The International exhibition at Kingston was sug- 
 gested by .Mr. Win. Fawe it, director of publie 
 gardens, 9 July 1889; is.ooo/. siibseribed oy the 
 iMiblie. a. id 15,000/. given by the govcrunient ; the 
 exhibition was oiieiieil by prince (Jeorgeol Wales, 
 will) was in the harbour with a.sipiadron, 27 .Ian., 
 and closed by the governor . . 2 .Mav „ 
 
 Janmica made the head-(|iiarters of tlie Iiupciul 
 
 forces ill the West Indies annouueed . Marcli, „ 
 Sir Augustus Hemmiug appointed governor, Nov. 
 
 i89'T ; arrived at Kingslon . . .iibeb. 1898 
 The c'ouncil grants 7,000/. uunnally lor increasiul 
 
 militia force '8 .May ,, 
 
 JAMESON " KAID," sec Tfansmal, Dec. 
 l8(;5-,liily, l«</i, mid Jtli'xhsid, \\v^. l8(/j, and 30 
 Jiin. ct Kfij. i8()7. 
 
 JAMES'S GAZETTE, ST., anti-nidi.al 
 evening papei-, tir.st iippcartd, 31 May, loso. 
 " - 1 „ ]S82. 
 
 and marriages haVe here taken iiluc e. •' lid;,,,,!,!, 
 of the rahice," by the rev. Edgar «lie|iiiiiul, i„i,' 
 
 io 
 
 1S67 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 1870 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 . 1S74 
 
 1876 
 
 1884 
 
 1 888 
 
 liuhed, April, 181)5. 
 
 The 1'auk a marsh till Henry VIII. eiii'ldswl an.i 
 
 laid it out in walks 
 
 Much improved by Charli-s 11., who eni|iliiyi.,i |,,. 
 
 Niitre to plant linii'-trecs, anil to lay mii "ii,;, 
 
 mall," for the purpose of pluyiiig a gaiiu. witli ;, 
 
 ball called a mail ,(^ 
 
 William 111. granted a passage into it friiia Siiriin;. 
 
 gardens ,5^, 
 
 A 'srand display of llreworks timk jilare here at tlie 
 
 jicace, when the pagodii briilge 1 ivi-teil lierc i,y 
 
 sir W. Ciingreve was burnt . , , .v,,;. ,;, 
 
 The park imiiroved by Uco. r . . iS;.,,", 
 
 The enclosure lirst opened t . the piililii- iu Jui,, ' 
 
 1829 : the opening by Carlton-sti ps hi . , ,.., 
 
 The iiMirble arch at lluikiiighiiiii ludiiiv rciiinv,,! ■ 
 
 til Cunibeiiaiid-giite, llydc-pink 25 .Miinli, ,C;, 
 
 An iron bridge over the ornaiin'iibil water om- ' 
 
 structed ,?: 
 
 ';? 
 
 ■y for John llraliani, tlie singer; liiiMiiil I 
 
 Trice zd., reduced to id. 2 Jan 
 
 JAMES'S HALL, ST., near Piccadilly, 
 erected for public meetings, &e., was opened on 
 21; March, l8i;8, witli a concert for the beneht of 
 the Middlesex hospital. Jlr. Owen Jone.4 was the 
 architect. The " Topular Monday Concerta" es- 
 tablished by Mr. Thos. Chappell here began 14 leb. 
 1859. 
 
 the Moore and Burgess (" Christy ") Minstrels have 
 lierfiiniieil here regularly since 1S65. 
 
 JAMES'S PALACE, ST., &«., London, was 
 built by llonry VIII. on tlie site of an hospital ot 
 the same name, 1550-6. It has been the oUicial 
 town-reaidence of the I'inglish court since the lire at 
 Whitehall in lO<j8, and many royal births, deaths, 
 
 JAMES'S THEATIIE, ST., erciud k 
 Bea?' 'y for John llrahaiii, ' 
 
 I4;''jc. 1835. See TIncitrcx 
 
 JANINA, see Albania. 
 
 JANISSARIES (Turkish u,n tdm, new | 
 soldiers), an order of infantry in the Tiirliisti army; 
 originally, young prisoners tniineil tu ;inns;\vi'r(| 
 first organised by Orcan, aliout 1 5511, ami reiiiiiil.m 
 by his son Aniurath I. l?'*-); iheir miiiibeivli.iiiH 
 increased bv following sultans. In lalcr liay-tluv I 
 degenerateil from their strict di-siipUiie, aiiii'jiwtil | 
 times deposed and killed the siillans. Dunn; an m. [ 
 surrection, 14-15 June, 182(1, wlieii nearly jw.i.f 
 them were killed, the Ottoman army »a< rt-"r:a.( 
 nised by iMahmiid II. and a hrinaii was isiutJ on 
 17 June, abolishing the Janissaries. 
 
 JANSENISTS, persons wlio emlirairf tkel 
 doctrines of Cornelius .lansen, bishop of Yprp,*, iilm | 
 died in 1638. Tlie publicatiim of hi;. "Aiiiiiisli««\' 1 
 1(140, in which he maintained the dootiiiit uf irn I 
 grace, kindled a lierie controversy, amlwasH. f 
 deiiined by a bull of pope Urban VIll. in 114!. I 
 Through the Jesuits Jansenism was I'liiiiKiiinHl it I 
 Innocent X. in 1(153, and by ('lenient XI., iiii;ii,| 
 by the bull Unigciiiliis. This bull tlio Fr»ll 
 church rejected. Jnnsenisiii still exist* at I'trethlj 
 ami Haarlem; see J'urt llnijuUsts. alp. t'l| 
 
 Utrecht, died, June, 1873. 
 
 JANUAIIY derives its name from Janus, ail 
 early lloman divinity. January was aiUrd tu lit I 
 Koinan calendar by'Xiiiua, 713 11. c. He pliuiiiilj 
 about the winter solstice, and luaile it the srst I 
 month, because Jniiiis was suppused tii luwijeoieij 
 the beginning of all business. In 17^ tin ' ' 
 year in England w.ia ordereil tii begin nil I .'a. ii'! 
 stead of 25 .March. MildJamiariesin Eiii;lanJ,i&^| 
 mean teiiiperature, 43-2; 1834,444; 184I), IH; 
 1875, 43'4; 1884, 43-9; i8.>i, 43'5 (« i8iu«| 
 above 50). 
 
 J ANUS, Temple of, at Umne, waserecleJl 
 by C. Duiliii.s in \ti century ii.c, lie|it"|ieiuntBiil 
 of war, and closed in time ot peace. ■Aasital 
 at the close ol the lirst I'liiiic war, 235 B.t.: aiiiiuiirl 
 Augustus, 29, 25, and 5 B.C. 
 
 JAPAN, an .Asiatic empire, (■oiii])relieniistw| 
 larire islands, Niplion or Nippon, Shikoku, KniiHu I 
 ami' Yezo. and alioul ^v"'^'' '""■''' """■ , '","?*| 
 Tokio, previously called Jeilo, was licclariii ttil 
 eastern capital till 5tw •^•"■i ''"' "'"■'"'"' M*"-! 
 named Saik\o or Sakei, becoming the wiwra.! 
 Population, 1892, 4i,o8(j,')40. 
 
 Tl.f early liismryi^legei 
 liif foamier of the \i 
 . liipieil 11.C. 665. 
 The enilircsii Jingo Is 
 
 lOlA.D. . 
 
 I C'iMii civilization iutri 
 
 , I:,!n«liicti'iiiofl!iii|illii.' 
 
 l'.li;.raroliyi'stablislie- 
 
 Vi-nliTO'i, .•'■'i'«jn" or ge 
 
 rhiiiesr 7'i;i-i"». usurp 
 
 eiii|Hiri)rbecij|iiing the 
 
 Saiifiiinary wars aiiiong 
 
 J)|(ili visited by .Marco 
 
 ,His " Maravigliose Ci 
 
 Weak rival il.Viiasties ill 
 
 J,i]an viiiiU-'il by .Mend 
 
 I Tviiasii, Victorious ovei 
 'slrictlvcoiiservaliveg 
 |Hi.<ilyiiiwty lasted til 
 TliePiirtiWii>'S('C''t«'ili«l 
 a<l iiitnidiice Jesuit 
 (unverts ; by a Herce 
 fMrtii8iie.<e and their 
 tlieir coaverts mas.saci 
 
 I Ilielliitoll.srttlelllelitsu 
 '..leraaiii f'lra lime, i 
 
 I Tlieleanieil Kii;.'i'Uiert K. 
 II fureife'iii'is rigidly 
 
 I .ta .Imericiiii eX|ieilitioii 
 reailien Jwln, and is 
 iCTiaius only a few day 
 
 I .Uieatyiifconiiiiercial a 
 llieliniiiiinitries . 
 
 I .i-inalar treaty with Gri 
 
 j Willi Rii.«ia 
 
 I lir.vriirtiveonrthfiimke ; 
 
 I slniyeil, Jeilii iiiucli in.; 
 
 I XffiKiki iiiiil Hakiiiladi 
 
 J aieri'e . . . . 
 
 I f.iiaram'iiil treaty with 1 
 
 I IjiplKlsin visits Japan, 
 fii tlie oiiilieror, and 
 July; olitJiiiis the t 
 
 - jHiantn Hntisli eomm 
 
 iTii'seralareuiperiir dies 
 
 I )lr. (aftervfanls sir) Uiitl 
 renjiil-gciieral, Llec. iS 
 
 l.t Jaiaiiese eiiiliiissv visit 
 
 ■ , fiiiteil StJites 
 l-ttlark (111 the Utitisli 
 
 l^niiius woiindeil 
 llEifila^sy received at Pari; 
 
 in llnilaiiil, Prussia, itc 
 Ifi'iei-ii iiiiiiisti'i'S traiisfe 
 
 t" Viik.iliaiiia . 
 |}lr. Itirlianl.S'in iiiiii'dei 
 
 1 luelly iiasailed by a Ja| 
 
 IJfiniinieiit oreeteil by i 
 
 Lieiitli-iiiaii, in liniiiinr 
 
 |'I^'• 'atli'rii'S and vet 
 
 .N.if.iitii lire 1111 an Kiig 
 
 at the entrance of tli 
 
 |Sonie Knglisli, Fix'ndi, ai 
 hnl lii.s forts and his v 
 Reiiaratioii ileniaiiileil ; icx 
 went ; the jirinee of .Sal 
 25,000/., his portion ; a 
 l<iyorKaj!iwiina,Hiidis 
 bimlianls the town > 
 steamers 
 [The Ja|«inese iniiiister u 
 "luiieil by virtue of tin 
 
 pheiaiiiceofSiitsnina )m: 
 pile Jajianesc governnieii 
 1 treaties ; u eiiinbiiied H 
 I Simniiii«aki,4Seiit : a 
 J tlieJaiMiieseliatteries 
 Piij^rBalilwinaml lieiit 
 1 tiniMsasbinsexeeuteil 
 fir Hany I'arkea uppo 
 1 .^IfiKk M eiivov 
 pe.atii-s with Eng'liUKl, Kn 
 
M I 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 GU 
 
 VIII. I'lii'liiwil ,111,1 
 
 . Willi I'llllilllVPil |,i. 
 
 nil t,i hiy nut "ii,,. 
 i.viii;; 11 Ka Willi a 
 
 iiitd it frmn Siiriiij;. 
 
 E, ST., ITCltcd bv 
 
 I, tlie singer; opmtj 
 
 ts iiiimc from Junus, ul 
 luiury was luUtd lu tlit I 
 , 715 11. c. Ho pWilj 
 iind iniide it the lir<l| 
 sii|)|iusi'cl to pn-'siili'oraj 
 iHss. Ill Ijy till- Wj 
 '(I 111 bi'siu cm I Jan. in- r 
 ,miiiifsinKii?l;uiJ,l8a(,| 
 
 is.U' 444; i^'in;. 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 7i.fmljlii»tni'yi»l''«<'"'''>''ytill 4.11.500. JliiimuTomifl, 
 llir fciuiiiler nf the lireneiil, ilyimsty, is hiiIcI to have 
 irifc'iieil n-'^- 665. 
 j Tif «iilire.fii Jiiio'o '" sni'l I'l Imve cuiiqiiurcil Corea 
 
 CirKinci'viliiMtioii Introihici-il 285. 
 
 liilniJiicti'in uf HiiiMlii.tiii fniiu Corea about 552. 
 
 lsliifnircliyi'Stiil)lislii'<l,6^4. 
 
 Viiritiiiiiii, ■■'■''"!/"" or pMii'rali.ssiiiio, siiici! nillcil liy tlic 
 
 rhiiiMf ■;>■■«'», iisiir|is .suiiii'iiii' p.iwiT, till' Mi/.itili, ,n- 
 
 Hii|K'riir beooiiiiiiK tliii Hiiirr.iml i!1ii]mT()1-, m,? ,/ .«•,/. 
 &ip;iiiary wiir.s iiiuoi'.g tli.' cliii'ls liiiiiiH lonrci'iitiirirs. 
 ji|(iii \i.iitfil liy .Marco I'olo, a Vci.'i'ti.iii, alioiit 1273-95 
 
 His •'.Miiravij.'liiwc Cose" iiriiiti'il 1496.) 
 M rival ilyiiiwtirs in the north ami south, 1333 92. 
 j ,la|aii visitcil by .Memlez I'iiito, a Portuguese, about 
 
 i;j7-58. 
 { Tivvasu. victorious o\Tr southern barons, establishes a 
 
 Vricllv conservative ;;overiiiiieiit at Jeilo, 1600. 
 
 IHisiivimsty lasleil till iSfiS.j 
 i IhcPiirtiwiii'si'estiiblisli tr,'.iliii';settleiiieiitsatiouti543, 
 
 aii'l iiitnjiliu'e Jesuit niissioiiiiries who iiiakc iiiaiiy 
 
 wiiverls; by a tierce iierseeiitioii lieHiniiiii;; 1590, the 
 
 ^1rtll^'lll!»e mill their inissioiiaries are e.xjielleil, ami 
 
 tlifircoiivei'ts iimssaereil, 1637-42. 
 
 Two more jiorts opened .... Jail. 
 Death of the ty< : his suiU'essor saiil to be 
 
 tavourable to foreigners . . . Hcpt 
 
 Town of Vokohani.i iiml thinl iiart of Kiiroiieiiii 
 
 settlenieMt ilestroye.l liy lire . . 26 Nov. 
 
 Jeilo ami other jilaees 'oiieneil to trade, bv the 
 
 k'overnnient , . 25 Ajiril, 
 
 Visit of sir Harry I'arkes to the tyeooii, Htotsltashi,' 
 
 I'rinen Minbontalyou, brother of the tyi 1, ar- 
 rives at Oliver, 2 Uiie. ; laeseiited to the i|iieen, 
 
 Osaka and Xioyo oiieiieil to Kuroiieaii eoninieree] 
 
 Insurrection of the Dainiios ; rivalry between' the 
 mikado and tyiMioii, Uee, ; foreigners neutral. 
 
 27 .Ian.— Feb. 
 
 Jiipane.se ontriiKOS on French sailni-s ; culprits e.\e- 
 cuted, 16 March ; further outrages punished, 
 
 The niikailo's troops defeat the tvcoon's, who Hies', 
 26-3^ Jan. ; the niikailos defeated near .leildo, 
 
 10-17 Mnv, 
 
 Alter loiiK war and varyiii),' success the lelulliini 
 ends : the mikado re-establisheil . . ,)ulv. 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 Hie lliitcli settlements iiiiiier severe restrictions, sulTered | Majority of the niikailo proclicinied 
 
 li'ii'iiiaiu for a time, :6oo ft hi'ij. , ..:. _ _.■ ... 
 
 7l«lBiriieilEivelbert l^emiifer visits .Jaiian about 1690. 
 
 _ I fori'iViieis ri^'iilly e.xciiiileil from .Japan ti 
 
 I All .liiu'rii'iin exjieiiition, under eommoiloi,. Parrv, 
 
 rmlifs Jeilii, and is favmirably received ; biit 
 
 rfiiiaiiis "lily 11 few bi.vs . . , EJiily, 
 
 I AirKiljnfiemmereial alliance concluded between 
 
 llifliniiimiitries .... 31 March, 
 
 Asiiiiilartreaty with Great Britain 14 Oct, 
 
 I mil Riisiila 26 Jan, 
 
 I tetnietivc cnitli(|iiake ; Anasaca and Siinoda de- 
 
 slmveil, Jeilo iiiiieh in.jureil . . . 23 Dec, 
 
 IXajiKiki lUiil Hakoilaili opened to European coui- 
 
 I iiien-e 
 
 lOiiiiiieiviiil treaty with Russia . . 19 .\iij;. 
 
 I l.'*l Efein visits Japan, with a jircsent of a steamer 
 
 (t the emperor, and is honourably received, 
 
 July; ohtiiiiis the treaty of Jedo, opeiiiii},' 
 
 Jaiaii to British eoininerce ... 26 .\ut;. 
 
 iTlHsiTiilarcmiieror dies (ajted 36) . 16 Mept. 
 
 I )lr, (afterwanls sir) Hutherf.ird Alcock appointed 
 
 lijiisul-general, Dec, 1858 ; envoy cxtraoidinarv, 
 
 Nov. 
 I.Ua|Biic« ciiihiiasy visits Washington, Xew York, 
 1 Iv, liiiteil States . . 14 May— 30 June, i860 
 lAlliik im the British embassy at Jedo ; some 
 
 853, i 
 
 '853 
 
 1854 
 
 1S55 
 
 1854 
 
 1836 
 1858 
 
 •859 
 
 Ills 
 
 tvci 
 Visit 1 
 
 by the mikado 
 
 1869 
 
 Ki rst 
 
 NTsmis woinuleil 
 
 5 July, 
 
 1861 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 |!Eiiil<issy received at Paris, 13 April; London, J iiii< 
 
 11 lliilliiii'I, Prussia, ite. . . July— .Sept. 
 1^*1,11 iiiiiiislei-s transfer the resideneu frinii jedo 
 
 1" y,ikoliama 27 .hiue, 
 
 |}lr. liii'liaiil.son munlered and Ids ('ompiiuioiis 
 
 uiullyiissailedhyaJapanesenoblo ami his suite, 
 
 [M,iniiiiient ereeteil by Mr. Knrokawa, a Japanese 
 
 fMilli-iiiiiii, ill liimiiiir of Mr. Kiidiardscn, 1S84.I 
 
 |^^• ',itti>ries mid vessels of the jirime of 
 
 .Vapuo lire 1)11 ail Knglish and a l-'rench vessel 
 
 at till' tiitnmi'e of the straits of Simoiiosaki, 
 
 ISonif Kiiglish, French, and American ve.s.sels iioiii- 
 tanl Ills foils and his vessels . . 15-19 ,lulv 
 Teimtiuucleniaiuled; 100,000/. jiaid bv thegoverii- 
 wiit; the prince of Satsuina resists' payment of 
 15,000;., his portion : admiral Kuper eiiters the 
 ayorKiigiwuiUMiiiil is llred upon ; whereupon he 
 biiiilianls the town and burns the prince's 
 
 stfaiiiiTs I- \u" 
 
 fllie Jaiouesc minister announces that the^poits " 
 "IMtd by virtue of the treaties will be closed, 
 
 IlieiiiiureofSiitsi ijiays the 25,000/. ^U i')ee' " 
 
 m Jajiaiiese suveriimeiit refuse to abide bv the " 
 
 trnitits ; a eoiiihined lleet entew the straits of 
 
 !iimi)ii,«ki, 4 Sept : and attacks «n,l destroys 
 
 aiiaiiese batteries . . . f. s,,,,. ,0^^ 
 
 |I«J«aji|,viu,uiillieiit. Bird murdered, 20 Nov * 
 
 t»n assassins exeeiiled . y^,' , ' 
 
 fir Harry Parkcs appointed to 'succeed sir R. " 
 
 .AlriK'k as cnvov , \,„.il 0/; 
 
 tre.«i,.switli EngliuKi, FraiiJe, Sc'., ratilled.'js nI'v': ,. 
 
 Nov. 
 marriage, 9 Feb, ; another relK'llion of the 
 
 oil's partisans i.',,), 
 
 f the duke of FMinbiirgh, 29 Aug. ; received 
 
 The tycoon submits to the mikaiio . ,' Dec! " 
 (ireat progress of internal improvements, ami 
 assimilation to Kiirope.in eivibsalion ; i.roiio.sed 
 istablishnieiit of railways, tele.'raphs, &c. . 1870-71 
 Industrial exhibition opened at Kioto 10 April, 1872 
 Destructive lire at Jedo .... Mav, 
 F;iiibassy of ilistingiiishcil Japanese arrives iit 
 
 \Vashiii;;toii, 4 March : in I iloii , . 17 Ann. 
 
 Paeiic mail screw steamer ylwt/icu burnt at Vokol 
 haiiia ; about 40 killed ... 24 Aug 
 
 ri'ilway (from Vokoliania to Sliinatfawa) " 
 oiieiied,i2 June, to Jedo; opencil by the mikado, 
 
 Oct. ,, 
 Japanese ambassadoi-s received bv iiueen Victoria. 
 
 5 Dec. „ 
 KUKlisli proposed as the natioinil tongue . Hie. 
 Public library at Tokio estublished . . . . " 
 Insurrection, through desire for war with Corea'; " 
 
 soon suppressed .... Feb.-April, 
 A siiceessfnl expedition against For ,sa to chas- 
 tise savage tribes lor massacring Japanese sailors. 
 May; Chinese protest, Aug, ; Japanese withdraw 
 (see Foniiiisii), annoiimed .... Nov. 
 Mr, D, llaber, (lerniau consul, murdered at Ilako- 
 iladi, by a fanatic, 8 Aug,, executed . 26 Sejit. 
 The Japanese minister received by (pieeii Victoria 
 
 3 Mar. 
 The mikado decrees a new constitution ; 2 chani- 
 
 ,„,''i''^.,*;''; 14 April, 
 
 The inikailo opens a parliMment of ollicials, noiiii- 
 
 11, ited by himself, ill Jcil 20 June, 
 
 Inilustrial exhibition 
 
 Insurrection of Satsuma and other elans specially 
 against the ministry, Feb. ; suppression an- 
 nounced Seiit. 
 
 " foo Nxi," iron-idail man-of-war, biuiicbcd ,".t I'op^ 
 lar, London, Chineso ambassador present. 
 
 Insurrection suppressed; power of the Dainiios 
 
 virtually suppr.'sscd ; iirincipals only puoished; 
 
 i'nnoiiiiccil ,3 Oct. „ 
 
 Progress in Japan: 3744 post-omees ; 22,053,430 
 
 letters, and 7,372,566 dumcstic newspapers sent 
 
 by post ; 2 railways in i.p,-rati"ii ; 34 lighthouses ; 
 
 ample religious freedom and virtual tree trade . ,, 
 Okuto, able ret'orniing minister of the interior, 
 
 killed by six men (iioliUcal motives) . 14 May) 1878 
 .ScientiHe works in Kiiglisli, imblisheil by Tokio 
 
 university 1879-80 
 
 Ini|.orial decree < ouvokliig a nalion.il iisseiiibiv in 
 
 , '890 12 Oct. i33i 
 
 Faitirely new cnininal node enforced . . . ,, 
 53,760 iirimary .schools and eoinpulsorv edue.itioii 
 
 established " aiiti.Min, 1882 
 
 The Japanese comm.aiider in chief with iiresents 
 
 received by the ipieeu al Wiiii|.-ior . 25 Nov. „ 
 
 11 R 2 
 
 1874 
 
 II 
 
 1S75 
 
 is'76 
 1877 
 
 £^ 
 
 >Mm 
 
 .^p 
 
 Ifii 
 
 1 ' ( I 
 
 >> I 
 
 Ml (i'l .iMl^ll' 
 
 Ul '''I ,!r rt'i 
 
 I »!■' 
 
 ■ '-^S 
 
 
 \ »'' 
 
 ii, ' ^/^ 
 
 . *' 
 
1 
 
 Wi 
 
 li'Mwr'iBWI 
 
 S. TT 
 
 w^^ 
 
 '"£< s ' 
 
 md 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 (il2 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 RfV. Artliur \V. I'udIc, fdU.wcriitiMl .\nnlicaii liislcHp 
 
 ..r ,Iii|i;iH BDrt. 1883 
 
 All .Iii|iiiii (ci lie tlirowii cii«'ii t" fiirci^n triiilc, vyitli 
 
 IlliXCll tlilMlllillS . . . MIlllHllllClMl Xiiv. „ 
 
 Dcatli c'l' till' liist tyi'.io ^ln'il, 1884 
 
 A iii'W iiiiliTiil' lii'iv.litary imliility ill^tit^ltl■ll Si'|.t. ,, 
 Tlu' naliiiMiil ri'li>;ioii ilisfstjiblislic 1 iiml fri'cilnm 
 
 Hivcii til ntliiM- f 'liiiiuris . . iiAiij;. ,, 
 
 A Japaiic^ii' villiii,'!' fxliiliitoil ill I.iinilcni, 1883 ; 
 
 liunil a May ; iv.npiMii'.l . . ■_• Drn. 1885 
 
 A.Iaiiaiii'siMlicli.iiiary pi iiitnl in Uninaii diarai'tiTS, 
 
 CMiiiipli'ti'il . . ' . . . . siiniiiit'r, ,, 
 Aiiiiiialili ■ri'siiiiiiilriici' lii'twi'i'ii tin- iiiikailn anil 
 
 tin' piipi' Oi't. ,, 
 
 Uislinp I'n.ili' ilii'il 9 Jiilv; siicricili'il liy vv. K. 
 
 Itirki'isti'tli N'lV. „ 
 
 Grailiial ailoptii f alplialu'tical in placi' uri.'.oi- 
 
 j;rapliii: writ in:.' liv a^iMiry i>t llii' Knina-ji-Hai, iii' 
 
 UiiMiaii Alphalict AssMciatiim 1 
 
 Di'nri'i' Kiviii;; I'nlarp'il pnwci- in the priini' niihisliT 
 
 snli'ly icspnn-iihlr to till- Miiliailii . .il>i'i'. „ 
 ri'inci' Kmnalsn aiiivi's in i.nnil 'ii t" I'dul'i-r nn tin' 
 
 prince nf Wali'Sthi' iiiiliT nt tlu' clnysanthi'mnni 
 
 30 Nov. : rt't'i'ivi'il liy thn ipici'ii at Wimlsnr 
 
 22 Niiv. 1886 
 Japani'si' connnission t" cxaniim' tin' tliii' aitH in 
 
 Kiiiiipi'anil AmiTii'a ; irpnrlsin lavimn if Japan ; 
 
 -pmo art is aslirp in Japan, but lU'ail "'^g , (•„vi.ni,n.'nl orilinani'i' t„ prnvMo fur tl„. Hii:r ,^f 
 
 Cm,'"t"lti'i, (1,;. pii'nn. mlnisfiT, ..■ni'w.ticnlly iu'tn,. | ,.,'•"■ ^""'•'7.'' ''V."'- •■•■''t'';l"'k'; ■ .5 li«. 
 
 iliiRcs wcsti'inilri'-is anil habits . . spring, 1887 \ nili'iit r I'cli -nils witli li.ss .,| j, l,v,.s ,, p.l,. 
 
 Death of «hiniailjii Habni-ii, ex-pi'ince of .Salsnnia 'I'ln' estalilishnimt iil a liunian ('aniulw liii.iar,|,v 
 
 6 Dec. „ antliiinzi'il, ivpurti'il . . i;M,m-l,, 
 Japanese Kiiie Art Exhibitinns npeneil in I.iinil.m 1887-3 Tlie Japanese parliament iiiieiieil liy tlie iiiil:i.|„, 
 
 Cmnpletiiiu lit the Iranslaliim nt the llible into ' ,. ., ,, , « MaV. 
 
 .rajianeseeel.'braleil .... 3 Feb. i338 Ni'"' cabinet fcir I by cunnt Itn . , 2(,.\ii|;. 
 
 The .iapanese niiiil steamer, Mii.^li>t .l/"ii/, fiiiinii,.t, 
 ill a },'ale iiir the .lapaiiesti cnasl liisiim ii,.;iilv ,|| 
 hererew, repiirteil . . . jj, ', , 
 
 The first Jaiianese parliiinieiit, npi'iieil |iy ly '' 
 emperiir, with >;reat re.luiiiie.; . . m x,,. 
 
 The parlia nt lionse (wuml) liiinit ilmva ,;',||||,' ,!' 
 
 The .Iapanese eiimniiiilni'e. kanaka, wiiriiily iv. 
 ceiveil by the sultan a. 'nnstaMtiiuipl..' nn.i 
 thankeil I'lir belli Kiveii tii tie' wrvekeil A;,/.,,,,.,,/ 
 
 i8.Se|it. iSgu) 8 I'M! 
 
 Death 111' iirinee !Sanjn, prime minister »iii jr'J " 
 
 highly liii ireil ,3 1.',,|,' 
 
 The e/iirewiteb travels in Jajian; wmniiliii in,, " 
 lanalic at Otsa, 11 Jlay, visiteil hvllie mitpj.i 
 
 '.'.Miiy', ., 
 ("iillisiun between the T'lmnnf aii'l tin. Min-i; 
 I (rai'in^' in Snirakami Hay, nil' the enast hi' Yiwi) 
 j abimt .;f»i lives lust .... ij.hilyi 
 I Ty|ihiiiinal Kiibe, ll.M S KmibDat '/'ii'..ii' innlnnily ' 
 I i''M'r vesselssnnk with '^'leat ln^>ii|'li|.. ifi.v,. 
 , Ver.i ilestnictiveeaithiiuakeuii tie' Ni|iliHiii.|;ii|,u. " 
 i aiiiiiit ?4.cvx> hnilsesanil railw.iy... liiiri;.,.,, j.,. ' 
 ilestroyeil ; almut m.oio jiersniis l^il||.ll ;,,|,j 
 icxi.oiKi hiimeless ; mitiin' slmeks fnlluw; ,..ii. 
 inateil loss 2,<io(>,ooo/. . , , 28 Oct, 
 The parliaiin'iit, iippcisiiiK' llie ^uvi'iiniiciit, i|is. 
 ilvHil 35|i,,e, 
 
 Vulcanic eriiptiiiii at .Shii-Hanilai-.'<ati ; rep irteil 400 
 persiinskiile.l 15-18 July, 
 
 New c.inslitutiiiii iirnmnli^ateil by the mikaihi at 
 
 Tiikiii; the hnnses nf Innls ami ( imimsesta- 
 
 lilisheil ; relinimis liberty ami general freeilnni 
 
 Kianteil II Keb. 1689 
 
 h (i,'iiverMinent ilesires new cmnmercia'. treaties 
 with the Kiiriiiiean |iiiwers; they hesit.ite ; mic 
 with the Uniteil .States iimmiitly si^'iieil, Feb. ; 
 with llnssia 8 Ail};. ; with Italy, with Uermany, 
 with France ,, 
 
 Deiitnictive sturms ami iiinrulaliuns in Yc/o, ie., 
 
 Ainil, ,, 
 
 On west coasts, 1,200 hniises ili-sti'iiyeil . June, ,, 
 
 Viilcjinic crn|itiiiii 011 Ishiina Island, 300 Inuises 
 ilestroyeil ; 170 persiiiis killeil . 13, 14 April „ 
 
 Eartlniuiikes at Kiimamntu, 19 persons perish 
 
 28 Jnly-3 Auk. » 
 SDiitheni islainliif Kinshin, einbaiiknieiits, litc, 
 (lestroyeil, July; W.K. Japan the L'hikiih'o river 
 rose 28J feet above its usual level twice, 73,694 
 Iiersiiiis nmile ilestitnte .... An>;, ,, 
 
 Jai>aiies immissinii of emiuiry resiiectiiiK parlia- 
 mentary pnieeiliire in Europe, arrives in J.,oiiiliiii 
 early in "i^t. i> 
 
 Jaittinese national banks repo rte.l hi,L;lilyiirosi)L>riius, 
 
 Oct. ,, 
 
 Nine non-trcatv ports openeil to commerce, early 
 
 Oct. „ 
 
 Several chaii;;es in the ministry . Oct.-Dee. ,, 
 
 N. Japan, ilestrnetive ^'ales, 11 Sept., total loss 12 
 prefectures ilevastateil ; 2,419 persons killcil, 
 above 9o,ori.3i!estitnte, 50,000 houses swept away ; 
 150,000 acres of crops ilestroyeil, 6,000 liriilj,'es 
 (lestroyeil, reporteil . . about iB Nov. ,, 
 
 'Volcanic eru|itiiin of the Zoo, Hin^-n district, 
 Kiikiivama buried, inhabitant ■ ^eapi'd 16 Jan. 1890 
 
 Violent cyclone on the coast , ^ llshinj,' boats 
 wrecked, ureal loss of life , . . 24 Jan. ,, 
 
 The pope proiioses to apiioiiit u metropolitan, and 
 four bishops for Ja|iaii . . 12 March ,, 
 
 National Inilustria! and Fnie Art Exhibition opened 
 at Tokio by the mikado. . . 27 .March, ,, 
 
 New civil code ])romul«ated ... 21 Ajiril, ,, 
 
 nie iluke and duchess of Coiinanght visit Voko- 
 hama 15-22 April, ,, 
 
 The mikado institutes a new order of kiii,^lithood, 
 " the (ioldeii Falcon," to commemorate the 
 2,555tli annivers.iry of the coronation of Jimnia 
 Teiuio, the semi-uiythicallirst sovereign of Japan, 
 reported " May, ,, 
 
 First parliamentary election . . . i July, n 
 
 Hurricane in Toknshiinadistriel ; aluint jookillwl 
 
 reported l^^'\^. 
 
 The rliiili'it,iii, cruiser, sunk by eollisiiia lyitli tli" 
 
 reninsnlar and Oriental eoiii|i;uiy's straUKlii;. 
 
 IliirniiKi, oll'lyo; 75 lives Inst ; 20 saVil, n'. 
 
 ported, I Dec. 1892 ; the 1'. JS (). eiiiii|i'iiiyii;;iv,' 
 
 to pay by coiupromise, 10,000/,, ainioaiiced. Hit, 
 
 1895. See l\'ml:i p,,., , 
 
 i riirliament opened by the eiiipenir. 25 Xny. ; in. 
 
 crease of national defences propiisi'il . i p,,,-, ., 
 Tn./o'iMi, large iiroteeted Jaiiatiesecrnisi'r. lairarlfl 
 
 at the Elswick works, Newcastle . 2ol)iv. „ 
 (ireat lire at Osaka; 275 bnildill,^s destmyi'il ; 1;; 
 
 liersiin?, perish ..... 20 Dit'. „ 
 Continued iipiiositiou to the eiiiiistry; |mrliiiiui'iit 
 
 priH'ogueii, 3 Feb, ; deadlock eluserl by ruiiiiii^,. 
 
 mi.se, 17 Feb. ; diet closed . . ' M.irtli, i-;; 
 Increase of the ua\y agreed on . ahnnl 5 Marrh, „ 
 Death of count Terashima, emini'iitst:itesiii;ei,:i:'. I 
 
 60 6.I1U1'', „ 
 
 Fire at Hachiogii ; alioul s.ooo hoirses ili>stiiiv.'.|, 
 
 reported 25.til.'. „ 
 
 DestrucliM' tiom!. and a hmdsliji in tli" Uif'i 
 
 district; :,'ieal loss of life, repiirted . i;,Si|it, „ 
 The ollicers of the new Jaiianese iroticlnd r».'iM." 
 
 dined with the lord mayor of I-Oiuliin . ; N'uv, „ 
 |lestrueti\c Hoods, with great loss of lil'i', n'- 
 
 ported 13X1., ,, 
 
 Parliament opened, 28 Nov. ; great disonler; i<ir!a- 
 
 ment dissolved, 30 Dec. 1S93 ; general I'liTtiuii; 
 
 liberal viclory 1 .M,toIi, 1:1 
 
 Disastrous floods tliroughont the eiiiiiitry . Ma.v, ,, 
 Death of Mr, Hugh Fraser, Ihitish iiiinialiT, at 
 
 Yokohama 4J1U11', ,, 
 
 rarliament, dissolved, alter niueli ilisseiisiuii. re- 
 ported 4J™''. ™ 
 
 Fire at YaiiiaL'at.i ; over 1,200 houses ilcstroyfil; 
 
 1 1 deaths, reported .... 1 Jiiiu'. „ 
 Destructive lire and eai'llnpiake at Vokuluiiiia,"!!!! 
 
 loss of lib' 2oJi;nf, ., 
 
 Mr, 1'. le I'oer Trench appointed liriti.sli minister 
 
 at Tokio I'll)', •■ 
 
 War with China (see ('.,v,i) . . . .Inly,,, 
 Loan of y>,ix»j,cx\i dollars authorized, 17 .\iii; 
 
 the liob.h'S subscribe So.ooo.o-j-j 'l"!hu'S, 22 .\ii.:, :, 
 Aiiglo-JapaiiesH treaty signed, 16 July; ratifeil; 
 
 the tariff modilied and the lureigii jurisilittiuuat 
 
 thctreatv ports to be abolished ; l!ritislirf.<iiloiit.( 
 
 (iiiualiseii with the Japanese ; ti'i>;ity to come into 
 
 forci^ in 5 years 25 A"i!' ■> 
 
!iT 
 
 JAPAN SOCIETY. 
 
 613 
 
 '"' ■".■,«, c,i||„|,,„ 
 it liMiiig iii'iiily nil 
 
 .. "l»'ii('.l l,.v til,. ' 
 
 JEAN DE LUZ, ST. 
 
 I f ,.„,il pru«i"'ritv mill lnviilty, tin' (jciviTiiiiii'iit, 
 I 'i,lH liv 11 iiiilit'ii'y li"i't.Vi iii'Uvi'ly piciiiiDli' till) 
 1 i,r«itli('liii«i • • ■ , • . ; ^iiK- 1894 
 I Pu'iaiiifiit Mlii'iii'il iiy '111' iiiiKMili) Willi 11 llriii 
 si'imli IW"'!'*' Cliiiiii ; II larxi' liuiii iiiitlicprizi'il, 
 ••(let.;"""''' '''"" 1'"'""''' liy '111' Iiuiliiiiiii.iil ; 
 iitli tl'iaiiks t(i tlm iiniiy iiml mivy ; sMssinn 
 1 ,liis"l . • • • ,■ , • ■ 22 "ft. „ 
 I nj,!,,. nuke in VaiimKni'i iiml Akita ; tlii. tciwii of 
 I Sikata urarlv cli'stiii.vi'il, « itli gri'iil liis.s iil' lili., 
 
 ' 22 (Jd. ,, 
 
 Tfdtrtfitli L'liit'''! ''""'''" ^'- A. »i>!i»''l . 2j Niiv. ,, 
 
 n, ,iij|||,.|it iijii I ; i-lii'i'i'lnl spi'i'di In, '11 till) 
 
 'lins; pru^TM.s ul'imiliaiiit'iitiiiy HuviTiiiiii'iit, 
 
 24 lire. ,, 
 I »„,v ut iii.ni'o witli Cliiiiii ; (-oiicliiili.il 17 .\|iril 
 I ,,fe('"''«i); ™''"''"''""'"'^''''""^-''''' • 8 May, 1695 
 I nirEnwl Siitu«' iiliiwi'iti'il minii'ti^r at Tokin, 
 I*' 26.I11111', ,, 
 
 Ini'i f" " »i'ii-"'i'" wi'el'uil diiriiiK a kiiIc, 140 
 wiilipm killi'cl ... . . 27 .Inly, „ 
 fuiinli It", Viiiiiiiwita, Oyaiiia ureati'il iiian|iiisi..s ; 
 ulhTsraisKl tiMlij-'iiity . . . . An;;. ,, 
 PiirliiimBiiti>lii.i'''' ''.*■ tl"' '''"I"''''"' • . 2S l>i.c. ,, 
 U'iitiM, warship, luiiiicliril uii tin- Tyiii' at KIs. 
 
 j rtk ' 28 l''i'li. 1896 
 
 I f„i warship, I"""'''"''' ""•'"' ''''''""'''*i .i' -MiU'i'li, ,, 
 I jrBi'iy of cuiiiiiii'''™! '''^'-i "'i^'' lii'i'iiiaiiy, nikiii.iI 
 
 I itliirliii 4 April, ,, 
 
 I Kimiii'Wi '" ^'' ''"l""'! almost I'oiiipli.ti'ly ilfs- 
 irovnll'iy™''""!""'"''^' "'""'*• '1""" ''*■''" 'i"*'. '50 
 -bijcks ill 20 Ill's. ; aliuiit 2*i,tJuo iici'sotis i|ro\V]it<it 
 tiv :i ssisiiiic wiivi', anil uiaiiy tuwii.s ili'stroyiiil, 
 i.-i7Juiie; 7'i)iic.«, .1 Ann. ; «.'n Miiii.iidii Iiiiiim', 
 I Xuv. 1896. , . . 
 
 I !!.•> iaiiitioii of till! iiiiiripiis Ilu and ininislry, An;,'. ,, 
 I Mi(|Uiiki. ill N.K. piuvincc., Hokii;io ili.,slruyi.il, 
 I iitiiiy iloiitlis . . . . . .31 An;;. „ 
 
 lOuiit .Miitsiikata appointitil ))ri'iiiii'r anil iiiinisti'i' 
 of liiiaiii''' ; I'lJiiiil- l>kiiiiiii, I'on'iKii niinisti'i' ; 
 
 I Miioiiiu'wl iS Sept. „ 
 
 ICKitilevBloiiiiii'iil uf tniilf, iii'W lini'.s of sli'iiini'i-s, 
 .M'ksi'tc, coiistriii'tt'il ; ri'porli'il . 27 Nov. ,, 
 ; li.iitopHiii'il, 25 Di'i'. ; I'losi'il 24 .March, 1897 
 
 .jiat Vokoliaiiia, with loss ollit'i' . y , Si.pt. ,, 
 1 1.,! ..Liiiiiit oiiciii'il, witli a clii'i'ilnl spi.|.(.|i from 
 tlie lliroiw, 21 I'i'i'. ; till' ministry ri.si;;ns, a; 
 lltK'.iaii itiilt'pi'iiilt'iit ininislry Inrnird by tlm 
 iiiiiii|iii« Ito, 12 Jan. ; lie rrsigns; siicft'i'ili'il liy 
 
 ■ MintUkiuim aSJuiii), iBg8 
 
 |Tlii.i'iira transport viissul ViTiH'ki^d on licr way to 
 I Uiel'MCiKlorns, Jsilisiths ; ri'porti.il 16 .Ian. ,, 
 
 IciiiiiHsewiirliiili'iiinity paiil, 11,008,857/. . 7 .May, ,, 
 ITTriUe gnW on N-K. coast, i,5c« ILslii'iiiii'ii 
 
 I ilromiDil II -May, ,, 
 
 I Xuw ciiiiiiiiHrt'i.il anil ch'il coili's conm into 
 q«r,iliuii I, 16 .Inly, „ 
 
 KEIIiMMi KMI'Enoll liH MIKAIM. 
 
 iJlatsu Hit", born 3 Xnv., 1852 ; shcpcihIciI liis 
 fitlirr, KniiieiTt'iiaii, 1S67. . . 13 Jan. 1867 
 
 //«r ojipirmf, prhicc Voslii Hito, liorn 31 Aug. 
 1879, iinitallrf 3 Nov. 1B89. 
 
 JAPAN SOCIETY. London, wus foumied by 
 llorildeSauraari'z, Mr. .Vrthur Dibsy, ]ii-ot'ess{ir.s W". 
 lindiirsoii, Church, and others, to proniott' the 
 I ituily of Jaiianese art, aciencc, fiimme, conimorce, 
 |ki;'uafe, literature, etc.; instituted Jnii.; in- 
 lniL'unil mcetiiif.', 2i) April, l,S()2. The mikiido of 
 I Jaian [irestntod 105/. to the society, Nov. iiS()2. 
 
 .JARGOXIUM, a now metnl discovered by 
 [T'liworA. Church ii, combination witli the zircon 
 iU'ryl.in. Tlic spectrum was shown by Mr. H. 
 |Surb_v, March, i86g. 
 
 JARNAC (W. France). On 1,3 Jtarcli, ijOg, 
 llkedute of Anjou. iifterwarda Henry ITT. of Fniiice, 
 lieie defeated tlie Huguenots under' Louis, prince of 
 ICoiidt,\vho was killed in cold blood by Montestiuicu. 
 I Tilt rictor (seventeen years of ii^e), on account of 
 I his success here and ul Moncontour, was chosen 
 lliirig of Poland. 
 
 .1 JdiiiKi: .stroke ; a term of opprolniiim, Is ilerlveil 
 
 ' from the MclKiieiir ilc .lariiac, who, in 11 ilnel with 
 
 I<a (.'liiitaiKm.riiyc, for a Kicat imiiilt, illsiililuil 
 
 Ills aiitayopiist liy an uncvpectiil wonml in the 
 
 '""" 1547 
 
 JASMINE or Jk.S.SAMIXK (Jasminum of/ici- 
 \ m/i), native of I'ersia, ice, was brouglitliitlier'from 
 ; C'irciiK.sia, liefore 1548. The Catnloniiiii jnsiiiineeniny 
 I from the Kast Indies, in 1629 and the yellow Indian 
 1 jasmine in 1656 
 
 i J2ASSY, the capital of Moldavia, freiiuently 
 iiiciipied by the Uii.ssiaiis; taken bv them in i-yj, 
 I7(xj, and I.S2,S. A treaty between them and the 
 'I'lirks was signed here, cj Jan. 1792. Population, 
 1885, 90,000. 
 
 JAVA, a liir;;e island in the Kastern Archi- 
 peliigo, is said to luive been reaeheil liv the I'ortu- 
 Kiies(. in 1511, and by the Dutch in' i^i).;. Tho 
 latter, who now pos.se.ss it, built Hiit'nvia, the 
 j capital, about 1619 ; see Jlotiiviii. The atrocious 
 I massacre of 20,000 of the unarmed nativi.s bv the 
 : Dutdi, snaring neither women nor children, to 
 jios.sess their effects, took place in 1740. The 
 island capitulated to the liritish, 18 Sept. iKll. 
 The sultan was dethroned by tile Knglish, and tlit- 
 hereditary prince raised to the throne, in June, 
 181^. Java was restored to Holland bv treaty in 
 1814, and K'iven up in 1816. The KukHs'Ii promoted 
 free labour instead of forced ; but the Dutch re- 
 'erted to the old system, and in 1850 alinlished 
 fret.' labour, introducing the "cnlture'svstcm," by 
 which the ({"vernment controls the cultivation o"f 
 the land and buys the produce at its own jirice. In 
 Auj;. l8(x), the Swiss soldiers here, aided bv the 
 natives, mutinied, but were soon reduced, and many 
 suflered death. The diminished iirosperitv of Java 
 led to warm di.seus.sioiis in the Dutch dinmber in 
 1866. 
 
 The \alnal.li. "Ilislory of Java," bv sir T. Slamfuid 
 Halllcs (sncccssfiil Knvcinor 1811-16; his liCc liv .Mr. 
 Demetrius iloiilgcr, pulilislied 1S98), was puliiislicd 
 1817. 
 
 Java has a great many volcanoes, ami has freiiuently 
 been ilcvastaleil liy i.rnptions and eaifhipiaki'S ; tlios'u 
 of 5 Jan. 1699, 31 (let. iSjG, ami 10 June, 1877, were 
 very ilestiiictivc. 
 
 Java ami ncighlionring isles ilesolatwl bv a scries of 
 violent eruptions from about two-tliirils'of its 46 vol- 
 canoes, beginning with Krakatoa, casting nji iiiim..nsi) 
 iliiantiticsof lava, iiiml, aslies, ami fragnifiitsof rocks, 
 darkening the air for about 50 sipiari' miles. Moiin- 
 tains were split np, some disappeared, and iiianv new 
 craters wen' formed. Humbling nnises In-ard js'.Vug., 
 violent eruptions of Krakatoa 26 Aug. J'licre wa.s 
 iniicli snbimiiine disturbance, and an iiiiiiirn.se " tidal 
 wave" destroyed .Viijer and other places, 27 Aug. 
 The lightlionscs in the straits • f Sinida were swallmved 
 up, and new volcanic jieaks ppcared, rciirlcring navi- 
 gation liiglily daiigcrons. Loss of HI,, estinialed at 
 35,000, 25-28 .\iig. Great atiiiospheric, oceanic, ami 
 electrical dl.stnrbanees for tlion.samls of sipiare miles. 
 See under .S'lii, 1883. 
 
 A eommifl f tin. lioyal Society is.sued a report on the 
 
 eruption Oct. 18S8. 
 
 Serious volcanic outbreaks: great destruction ; about 
 500 iicrsons )ierisli, early .May, 1885. 
 
 Insurrection of the nalivcs at -Viijer ; some Europeans 
 and natives killed; the revolt ehecked bv the p.iliee 
 and settled, 16 July, 1888. 
 
 liy a great eniiition of the volcano of Galoenggoeii in 
 1822 114 villages were destroyed, and over 4,000 lives 
 lost; several villages destroyed by another eruption, 
 reported, 20 Oct. 1894. 
 
 JAWAKIES, iH-e Jli'liu, 1S77-8. 
 
 JEAN DE LUZ, ST. (S. France, iioar the 
 Pyrenees). Soult's stron;: position here was taken 
 bygeneral Hill and marshal lieresford, 10 Nov. 1813. 
 
 'il«-ff, 
 
 ,1 
 
 ' 1' I 
 
 ' 'f 1 III 
 
 '' "I : ' ill. ,1 
 
 ^1l 
 
 
 li^K ■,,111 
 
 1> 
 
 '*! )! 
 
JEDDA. 
 
 DM 
 
 JERUSALEM. 
 
 iIP^DDA, till' ti'nt of Mi'c<ii, Arabiii, On 15 Jmii', 
 iS^H, the t'lmatii' NialiniiiifiiMs imii.imik red twclity-Ki" 
 of tile {'hii«tiiiii inliiil)itaiits, aipinii)f tlniii tlie Kiij;- 
 lisli ami [■'rcnch cohsuIb mmiI piirt of tlicir fainilicn; 
 but iiiaiiy lied to tht^ «liippin(f, Dii the deliiy of 
 iuHtiee, ('(jiimKidore I'lillcii. with the Ci/fl(ijis, lioiii- 
 Daided the town, 25, 2() July. On (> Auk. eleven of 
 the as.sasBin.s were executed ; the linsleaderH after- 
 wards. 
 
 .MunlerDu-- altaek on fnin^ncorisiiln, for llii'lr sani- 
 tary n'KMlalions, liy lleildiiih ; i man killed, 
 (1) .May; iinnH'<liate iiahixlunerit ordered |py Ihe 
 Multan, as clenianded liy the |ici«i'rs, i ■Iniie, 1895 
 (inilennilty paid, j,i May, i8()6. | 
 
 f;iiolerali(jspil«lde.stroy('dliytliulledouln,re|iorled, 
 
 5 June, i8g5 
 
 Ordia- reslcired, re|H)rleit . . . 15 , June, ,, 
 
 JEDO or YkI)() (the name was changed to 
 Tokio about iH(x^), the eastern enpital of Japan, on 
 the island of N'iphon. Here \va8 signed the treaty 
 with Oi-eat llritain, 2O Auf;. l^l.sS; sii' Japmi. ijCKXj 
 liou.seH destroyed by lire, 8 it'ec. 1875, and 2,547, 
 JIareh, i.Sijo. 
 
 JEHAD, see JihmK 
 
 JELLALABAD, Afghanistan, d(^fen(led by sir 
 Robert Sale from 8 Jan. to 5 April, 1842, when the 
 sietje w»^ raised by general U. I'oUock, who de- 
 stroyed the forlilieations. 
 
 JE MAIXTIEXDKAI, "I will maintain," 
 the motto of the house of Na.ssau. When William 
 III. laiue to the thntie of Kn);hind, he continued 
 thi.s, but added "the liberties of l'Jn!,'land and the 
 Protestant religion," at tlie same time ordering 
 that the old motto of the royal arms, " J)'uu et man 
 droit" should be retained on the 5,'reat eeal, l()8<). 
 
 JEMAPPES (N.W. liel-inm), the site of the 
 first pitelied battle gained by the Krencli reiiublieaub 
 (under Duinouriez), in which jo.cxx) French troops 
 drove out 19,000 Austiiaiis, who were entrenched 
 in woods iiinl mountains, delViideil by redinilila an ' 
 many eannoii, 6 Nov. I7i>2. The miniber killed on 
 each side waa reckoned at 5000. 
 
 JENA and AX'Klt.STADT (Central Germany), 
 where two battles were fought, 14 Oct. 1806, be- 
 tween the I-'rench and Prussians, 'llie premh were 
 commanded at Jena by Xapoleon, and at Auerstadt 
 by Davoust : the Prussians by prince ILdituilohe at 
 the former ])lace, and the kin;; of Prussia at tl.e 
 hitter. The Priissian.s were defeated, losing nearly 
 20,0(X) killed and wounded, and nearly as many 
 prisoners, and 200 Held jdeces ; the (''reiicli lost 
 14,000 men. Napoleon advanced to Herlin, and 
 issued the lierlin decree (which .wi), 
 
 JENKINS' EAR. In 17,?;, an Knglisli mer- 1 
 
 chant-ve8.s(d was boarded by a Spanish gnardship, I 
 and tlie captjiin, Itobert Jeiikins, (^-uellv used, his , 
 wounded ear being torn off. He oi)tained no ' 
 redress by appeal to his government. He appeared ! 
 before parliament in 1738, when the convention of ' 
 the Panlo was severely diseus,«ed, and war ensued. 
 Jenkins' story was verilied by Admiralty llecords 
 in 1889 •' 
 
 JENNERIAN INSTITUTION, fotuided 
 1803; Jemier society established at Ulom ester 
 {tvhich xie), j8()(). Jeiiner celebration in Kussia 
 
 Dee. I.St/), Bee Vaccixdtioii. 
 
 JEPHTHAH ileliverod Israel from the Ammo- 
 nifes B.C. 1 143, Ji(il!ie.i x\. " Jejihtliah," Handel's 
 last oratorio; composed 21 Jan. — 30 Aug. I75i;per- j 
 formed 26 Feb. 17:2. 
 
 JERSEY. Tlie chief isUlid of the tli 1 
 archipelago (which inclndesdiictiHi y,Siir|( a|| 
 iiey, i:c.), formerly held by the U'M'iiiii, i„'t|,J!,'I 
 and 4th ceiilnriea after Christ — Jer.<. y Win.'iirr 
 
 Ciesarea. The isles wer( pturcil 'hy Ui,'ii„ " 
 
 thus hecaiMc an appanage ot the ilu('|iV(if'\' 
 mainly, and were united to the cr.nvn nf t;i,j '] 
 by Ill's descendant, William the t'oiunicnir "'I'l 
 il'ih.ibitaiitsof the Channel l-hiiid |irclcrivii to 
 main subjects of king John, at ;lie |i,.|ii,(l ufii" 
 eonmiest of Normandy by I'hilii Aii!,Mi«tu* ii 
 while retaining the law's, ci'istoins.iiiiil (mitll|;||jv[ 
 the language of their eoutiiicnial arcc,tiir« ji , 
 always remained tiriu in their allcitiini.,, („' I'i",' 
 land. Alrimst every war with t'liuici. 1,,,^ |^,'"" 
 charaeten^cd by an attack uii .Icim'v, the inoji ['," 
 midable of whiidi, under the barnii (||. Itnlh,,/, " 
 WIS del'' lied b\ the I'higlisb gani- -u ,iiiil jir-iv 
 luilitia, commanded by major IMitmh, (, j.,,, ,.^- 
 Mr. J. Hertrand I'ayiK-, in his •' Aruinii,l nl.l,',.,;, •' 
 andhis"G(wsipingUui(le," hase\|i.iu,iu(.h tiniij 
 the general and faniilj history of tlii. i,];,,,,], j„„,j. 
 became a place of refuge for .\IM. Unulu r, hii,,,;,: 
 Dronyn de l.huys, and other di»lin','iii>li(',l \:tllti 
 imperialists, Sept. 1870. Snnie nf ihi' Tmium 
 and other monks e.vpelled fnuii Krinicc, <itil,. "," 
 Jersey, 1880-1. I'hilip IJosset, sentcnidrto'; vnr'.' 
 imprisonment for fraud against the state {(.2'\n!- 
 and a banking company, 8 Mav, I,S,S(,. l)i^<^!nJi„|;j 
 in regard to the c.xclusicn of the Kiutliili Inn;,,,,,', 
 in the legislative assemblies of the [AwwU ,', 
 Feb. 189(1. I.ieut.-tjov., jjcn. ( . |(. i.;«.;i,f, ]ss-' 
 lieut.-gen. I'Mward Maikham, iSi)2: mai'ur.'H, 
 Kdw. Hoptoii, 2,S April, i8()v The pimiila'ti,,,, 
 ot the ehaiimd isles in i8(pI was 90,978 ; in is-| 
 90,5(13; in 1881, 87,702; 1,891,92,272. '' 
 
 JERSEY CITY, U.S.A., |.opu!ution liiSo 
 120,722; 181/), 163,003. Hcv Sill- Jmij. 
 
 JERUSALEM, called also .S.u.KM IOUbc 
 {Ocn. .xiv. 18). Its king was shiiii by Jo'sliuii, 1 .:J 
 li.c. It was taken by Daviil, 1048 ii.c, whoiUtli 
 in the fort, calling it the cily el' llaviil; si,. /,», 
 and Uo/i/ I'luccn. I'opiilatidn about 18X7, 4j,i_ft,,' 
 
 Tliellrst tclllplcfoiiliilcilIiySoloiii 1012 H.c. ■ \\\A 
 
 solcianly clcilic.iti'd lai Iriilay . ,J(),t ™ 
 
 Jerusalem taken liy Cliosrocs the i'nsiaii, .\,ii. 
 614; rclakch Uy tln> cnipiaoi' ||i.|ai Ims, toS; jij- 
 thi^ !Sii-accns, (.j7; and hy the t'm.sadcis, njitu 
 7o,txx) inlidds were put to tin; swonl; 11 new 
 kingdcan loiuelcd .... 15 .liih, i™ 
 
 Thi!"assi/i' of .li'rus.ah'iM." a ro.jc of la«» ,.,taii. 
 lislicd hy liodlivy oni..iiilhai, king . . ,,;, 
 
 Kihg(iuydclcatcd at Tilicrius.nmlJcnisaliiii lakcii 
 
 hy .^Saladin iO,.) ,|^ 
 
 Turks, w lio drive away the Sarairiis, 1217 A uj) 
 ■ eniiieior Kivilciick II. l)Vtivaty, ml 
 
 1'...,^...!...... 
 
 . . 11(5 
 
 Taken from the ('hristians i;q, 
 
 Taken hy the 'I'nrks ' ,],{ 
 
 HeM liy the Krcncli under lionapaitc Fpli. i-j) 
 
 Jeni.salein visited hy tliB prima' of Wales, A'c, 
 
 31 .Maii'li, iSd 
 Convention foi the |irescivatinn of the liii|ysr|.iil. 
 
 chre, signed on helialf of Hnssia, FnniVv, nml 
 
 Turkey 5.sc|,t. „ 
 
 Jeru.salcra and the neigh hoiuliODd sun'eyi'il liy. 1 
 
 Jtartv of royal eii;iinecrs siiict' . . " !Seiit. il'^ 
 Vlsiti'd hy the prime of Prussia, 4 Nav. ; liy tliv 
 
 eiii|ieror of .\nstria .... jX.iV, isf^ 
 Greatly heiielited hy sir Moses Moiiteliorr, wlio 
 
 visited it for the aeventli time, wImmi liKfl'j'? . li-t, 
 Dl.scovery of pnveiauiit altrihati'd to Coiistaiitiiw 
 
 Xw. nil 
 Ihrabim Hakki jiaslm appointed govonajr, loXov. [sj> 
 Jlr. (.'arl Kroseh's cvclorainic iiaintiii^'of Jeiusalrai, 
 
 A.u. J J, was exhibited in York-street, Wi'stiiiiiishT 
 
 Ilv tl 
 
 SniTcndercil to tl. 
 Surrendered to the Cnisaileis 
 Taken liy Carizniians 
 
 (l84,'^),riilutetolegKl| 
 
"JERUSALEM DELIVKU?]D." (il.j 
 
 I (lai.ininm <]f .IcniKllli'lri, .Vi'., cxliiljllpil in VIr. 
 L,„,(tvi't, WrNtiiiiiinttr . . . i8 Aipjil, iSijj 
 
 InilW '■■"'" ''''"""''''"' '" ''""" <'"ii'»ti'i"'ti''l 'ly 
 ,|.>iiclifonil«iiy ; i'l«'ii;'il . . . nHcpi. „ 
 
 TK,mirclui«iiiif tl"' ii'imti'il KHi-ilcii tiiniliDf ClirlHt, 
 ',ii!,Mie till' DiiiniiiiMis K»l''. proposcil liy Mr. 
 H,iin' A. Liiniiilii'll, .Mr. .lulin Miirniy, tin' iilip. 
 „, fj'iitflrliniy, ill" lii«lii>|i nt' Ciinlii'l, llr. l)y™ 
 Driivn, ami "tliiT.i ; linicli iIIscih.smiI, t)ci, ; »iil)- 
 ifriiiliuiw "■'''■'' i'i'''''i*''''. Ni)v.. Ili'i'. i8c>j; lliii 
 wrrl*«. *■'"' i"lJ"'iiliiH I'""'. i'll''i'ti>il lor 3,.«:)ii/., 
 
 I lMti,3"''- ■'"lwi'i'»'il iHiic, i8.)4 
 
 TrtUklK'Vlll'l'"'"'-'''' ''''"'''''""' • • 2'Hlct. lSi;7 
 
 y,,j( Dt t'hii licriimri iMii|ii'iiir ; ili'iliciitidri ol' tli" 
 
 Clinri'li of till! Hi'ile hi- t.i mk(^ phwr. ii Del. : 1898 
 
 , n'lidiui"' lii'i'vii'" to 111' liiilil on tlio .Mount of 
 i(li.e.H Ucl. ,, 
 
 t'HRIHTIAN KINOM. 
 
 ;i„|ta.y of Ilonllloii iStylwl lilni.st'lf " liaroii of tlio 
 
 hiilvViinlrlm'") 1099 
 
 fcUiiii I > 100 
 
 BaHiviiill . . 1118 
 
 fiilk'f.Vni'ii' >'Ji 
 
 Bjl'lwiiilll Ii4't 
 
 iiiuiiiKi'rAhncnc) . . . . . . . ii6a 
 
 jaMwiii IV., 117.1, 1 iHpor, Bi't nsldii ; liis slstpr 
 Svliilla, hia hi'li'i'^", 1185, on th« mispicloiimli'Utli 
 of her ohilil, Haldwiii V., cniwiiBd luT Het'uiiil 
 
 linsliaml, Oiiy ill' LusiKimii, ill uBfi 
 
 llrtiinifL'liiiinpiiKiii! iiya 
 
 .Viuiiri ill' l.ll«it!IKlU 1197 
 
 Jrallllr lie Brlrlllni I2lu 
 
 Emu'riir Fmlcrii'k II 1229-39 
 
 l',.M««l llislioi'iir I'f JeniHiilim crei'tcil liy tri'uty 
 ;Se|it. 18^1, uniler till) protei'tion of (jR'at liritiiiii 
 iiiill'niaaiii: 
 
 ,> M. S. Ali'Xiinilcr iiins«!iiiti'il iiKslioii . 7 Nov. 1841 
 MiiiiU'lOoluit. Wslii'l'i '846 ; illi'd 11 .May . , 1879 
 Joiffli liiiri'liiy, Mi.l)., I'oiisfi'iatud 25 July, 1879; 
 
 ,|if,| 22 Oct. i88i 
 
 IN'ii iiu'i'esrtor appniiiti'il ; tlio compact ilH.snlvcd 
 Jijw, 1886; I'l'iiiiiilly minonnci'il, 18 Auk. 1887. 
 ill I'wliiiivily AiiKlii'an liisliop was priipnsi'd liy 
 tlifiireliWnliii|ii'l' Canti'i'liufy ; snlwcriptions in- 
 vitiil, Feb. i»87. l>ian (J. K. 1'. lllytli, April, 
 lij;, waaujipiiiiiti'd liLnliop. | 
 ri../Miwi/fm, Ciiwpi'r'n Court, Cnriiliill, in-ininally 
 if.iirif-liimsi', iipi'iii'd early in the i7tli century ; ' 
 
 taint ill till' Kii'ut tlic 1666, and aKiiiii in 1748, 
 la-t ivbiiilt ill ,1880. It is suppiirti'd liy a cmii- 
 ]<uiyanil siibscVilii'is, ami fiiriiisari'nili'/\iius for 
 siii|M'\vni'i'H, liriiki'is, and otlicis closely cin^ 1 
 
 im'lul with sliippin^' and I'lHiiiiii'ici; with the 
 Ea4, Aii.itrnlasia ami the Cape. 
 
 "JERUSALEM DELIVERED," tho great 
 
 Itjiian epic, by 'l':i9.su, was puhlislicd in 1580. 
 
 JERVIS'S ACTS, n & 12 Vict., cc. 42, 4,5 
 (iSjh), relate to legal proceedings iigiiitist criminiils. 
 
 JESTER is described ns "11 witty iind jocose 
 piTson, kept by princes to inform tlicni of their 
 liiult.s iiiid of thiise of others, under the disgiii.se of 
 aivaggish stiiry." Several of our kings, particu- 
 lirly tlie Tudors, kept jesters. Jliihere, the 
 founder of St. liaitbolomew's priory, West Sinith- 
 lield, LonJoii, ll^j, is said to have heen 11 court 
 jwttraiid minstrel. There was a jester ut court in 
 the reigns of James I. and Charles I., but we hear 
 of no licensed jester afterwards. 
 
 JESUITS. The society or company of Jesus, was 
 founded by l,i;iiatiu8 Loyola, a page to Ferdinand V. 
 of Spain, substuiuently an officer in his army, and 
 afterwards canonised. Having heen wounded in 
 both legs at the siege of rampeluiia, in 11521, he 
 devoted liiiiiself to theology, and renounced the 
 mjlii^iry for 'lie fc !--i:i';tiea[ i.iufcsaioii. He dedi- 
 cated his Ufe to the Blessed Virgin as her kniglit ; 
 made a pilgrimnse to the Holy Land, and on liis 
 ri'tum kid the foundation of his society at Paris, 
 K) .\ug. 1534. He presented his institutes, in 
 1539, to pope Paul III., who made many objec- 
 
 JESITH CHRIST. 
 
 tions ; but K'natius adding to tlie vows of chastity, 
 poverty, and oliediciiei', a fourth of inipUeit sub- 
 niiHsion to the holy see, the iiistitiiliiui was eon- 
 tinned liy a bull, 27 Sept. 15.p1. The niiinher of 
 nicmliers WHS not to e.xeced sixty, but that icHtric 
 tion was taken oil by ainitber hull, 14 .Mareli, 1^43 ; 
 and pones Julius ifl., I'ius V., and (jicgory Xlil. 
 granted inany Privileges. Loyola died ji July, 
 IS.S'"' Francis Xavier, and other missionaries, tho 
 first brethren, carried the order to the cxtremitieg 
 of the habitable globe, but it met with great opposi- 
 tion in Fiirope, partii iilarly in Paris; sw I'liidi/iini/ 
 and Juiinfiiisl.H. The ordi'r still exists in liiaiiy 
 Kuropean states contrary to tlie laws. 
 
 The .society eoielenined !iy the Horlionne, Paris, 
 ■ 5,154 : expelled fioiii K'.auee, 1594; leadiiiitleil, 
 1604: lint after several deerees is totally sup- 
 luessed in Ki'iinee and its |ihi|ii.rly eontlseated . 
 
 Ordered liy parliament to lie expelled t'roiu Kng. 
 land, 1579. 15S1, 1586, i6oai and by the Catholic 
 
 relief act ill 
 
 Kxpelled from -Venice, 1607; llollalid, 1708 ; I'l 
 
 . . 1767 
 21 July, 177J 
 
 1814 
 
 I ' 
 
 l^f>^ 
 
 1829 
 
 tiin.il, 1759; Mpaiii 
 
 ■ I'd by Clement XIV. 
 
 i860 
 
 189a 
 
 •873 
 
 1877 
 
 it!e4 
 .879 
 1880 
 
 .Vbolishei 
 
 Hi'stolvil liy I'ilis VI 7 Au«. 
 
 Father I'iene.i. Hei'kx.elei'ted general 1851; active 
 and sueeessl'id ; leliied, i Sjldied 4 March, 1887I. 
 
 Kxpelledfiom — lieljiiiini, i,m8 '. Hussia,i82o; ISpain, 
 1S20, 18)5; Fiance, 1831.1845; I'mtUKal, i8j4 ; 
 riardinia, Austria, and other states, 1848; Italy 
 and Hieily 
 
 The chief of the order appeals to the king of .Sar- 
 dinia fur redress of (.'rievaiiecs 24 Oct. 
 
 Kepint of the order; lntal nuinlier of .lesuits, 8167: 
 in Fiance, 241'^: in iSbd ; 12,947 ri'|iurted Jan. 
 
 In ii.iisi'i|Ueiiii' iif the .iitivity ul II dir on be- 
 half of the papal snpi niiny. a liill fur its expul- 
 siiiii from Uernmuy pii^^ed li.\ the parliament at 
 llerlin (iji-9j), 19 June; piinindnated . 5 July, 
 
 The head ipi.irters of the mdiT priipo.sed to lie r"e- 
 niiivi'd friiin Itome to .Malta .... Oct. 
 
 Expulsion 1 if the Jesuits linin Italy,ileereed 25 June ; 
 carried into exeiiilinn, jo Oct. --2 .Nov. . . . 
 
 Father Ciuei, oithodiix ani eimpii'iit, resigned (vir- 
 
 I tually expelled) for n riimmending the pope to 
 
 sulimit to loss of temporal power, Oct. 1877 ; 
 
 iiulili.-.liis "U .Moderiio I)i.ssidio fra la Cliiesa c 
 
 I'ltalia." Mue. 
 
 Sulmiiis to till' I'lipc in a liumlilc letter ; received 
 ' into faMiiir .... alioiit 16 Oct. 
 
 27 Jesuits' lolleges 111 France ; 848 teaehers . 
 
 Tl der in France dissiilveil liy lirrrei-, (o March, 
 
 lieereefur expiilsiiiii of Jesuits and ifher orders 
 from France, 30 .Mureli ; canied out 30 June, ,, 
 
 A laige;,Mtlieringiif Jesuits of all eountiies at Honiu; 
 Father Aiiderledy appointed Viear-tiem ral .Sept. 
 
 1883; dies 2oJan, 1892 
 
 Father Martin elected general of the Jesnits.iit the 
 monastery of Loyohi, in (iiiipii/coa . i Oct. ,, 
 
 JESUIT'S BARK, called by the Spani;ird8 
 fever-wood, from the 1 inehona orehinchona tree, 
 discovered, it is said, by a Je.^uit, ubout 1^,^,^ (and 
 used by the order). Its virtues were not generally 
 known till l').?3, or Ki.iS, when it cured of fever the 
 wife of the viceroy (Cbineliona) at Peru, hence 
 tiTiiied /iK/fiK foniifixmi: It was sold at one period 
 for its weight in silver, anil was introduced into 
 Frame in 1(149; and is said to have cured Louis 
 XIV. of fever when he was dauphin. It came into 
 general use in I08(J, luid sir llaiis Sloane intro- 
 duced it heie about 171K1. The cinchona plant, 
 largely plantnl in the Neilgherry hills, Imlia, in 
 1861, is said to he thriving greatly, and also in 
 Ceylon ; see Quinine. 
 
 JESUS CIIllIST, thr SAVIOfll OF TIIE 
 World. I Tim. iii. 16. The following dates 
 given in the English bible have been much contro- 
 verted, and others have been proposed by eminent 
 ehroiiologers, such as Hales and Clinton, see 
 Nativity and Cniiijixivu, The birth of Christ is 
 
 .t HJi 
 
 . r?-f.' 
 
 
 t 
 
 .ill 
 
 '# 
 
 .^'J 
 
 ^1 
 
 |l: 
 
 
 » W '• 
 
 '"«'■?'' 
 
 il;;!i; 
 
 ,Tt 
 
 .;, * 
 
n» 
 
 m 
 
 JKU DE I'AUME. 
 
 010 
 
 JEWH. 
 
 m( 
 
 
 * 
 
 Uutcd, 4 n.c. ; Ilia biiptiMin unil liiHt iiiitiiMli}', 
 2J A.I).; his crucifixion, roBiiriivtloii, uml iikith- 
 81011, 33 A. I). 
 
 The ilivlnlty .if t'lirlut, diiilcil liy tln' AilaiiH, wiiH 
 'lllriiii'illiyili ui.cll.pfXic,. ' . , , 31J 
 
 1' wiiiKS illiiKtnillriK lliH litv iif Clirlfi. hv M. 
 ii«»ot,i-xliiliit,.,| III lloiiil-Hlrcc't, LiiMilnii, .VliilTli, iBgft 
 
 JEi: 1>E I'Al'ME (tlu' tcniiiH c.mrf). The 
 KinK liuviiig ildHiil till' liall .if llic aiw. 'iilily at Vcr- 
 •ai'lfH, till) tliiril cstute (In iw-r/nlj iiii't licit', 
 nil., swiirc ii.it til (li«K.)lvc till a cDiialitiitMii wa» 
 fstalilislicil, 20 Jmiiis i;«(). (It in the wiilijcrt of 
 n niiiiitiiijf by David.) C'oiiiiiiciuinatcd 20 June, 
 18^3. 
 
 JEWELLERY was rcccivcil l.y llclickali as a 
 iiiariiMK'cKift, 1H5; ii.c. ((/eii. xxiv. 5O. I'linv tin- 
 elder savH ho saw I.ollia I'aiiliiia (wife of C'uiiie 
 Ciosar. and iifierHnrds ('ali({nla) «eariiij;iirnainentn 
 vnlucl at a sum ei|iial to 522,<)i(i/. slerlin;;. JcweU 
 Were wi.rn in KniiHC liv',\(.'nes .Sore! in 14^4, and 
 encouraged in KMitlaml iihoiit l()«c. Tlie standard 
 of i;o\i\ f.ir jewellery, except wedilinjf rin!,'«, was 
 lowered In parliament in |Hs4- 
 
 JEWEL UOnHElttE.S.Hco Triah, 1871, 1873, 
 and He. |.S.>|. ' '•" 
 
 Till' (■.iiiiif^-, |.f |l|i.ll,.ys jeH-.U fvillllc 15,000/.) 
 .it.il.Minl (;ii:if W.'mI.to Itiiilw.a .stutiun 13 l>i-r. 1874 
 
 Messrs. Williiinis, of llattiai (iai-.li'ii, I.oii.l 
 
 rolilM'.l lit a5,(«,,;, wmtli . . . 55 Mandi, 1S76 
 
 Diii'lipss of (,'li'Vil.iii.l, at Datflo Alibey, Nnssex, 
 rolibed of lii'tw.iii 5000'. and 10,000/. w.ntli, 
 
 early hi h'et.. 1877 
 
 Connti'ssof AImm-iIcch's (value aliove 5000/.) st.iliii, 
 Halstead I'lii.'i', Hi'VcMnaks. K.'nl u) Nov. ,, 
 
 Ilatton (ianleii I'.isl.dllle.', I.ini.l.ni ; pis sii.l.leiily 
 cxtlnKuislie.l at 5 iMii., tw.i mail lians Htnleii, one 
 coataiiiiiiK .lliiiii.ih.lH, aii.l olliiM-.|i'Wels, watelies, 
 &e.| in ri'Kisleii'.l li'ttiTH ; value above 15,000/. 
 
 16 Nov. 1881 
 
 Loril Artliur IlillTri'Vor's li.mse, Hryii-Kiiialet, near 
 Cliiik, Wall's, iiililii'.l uf Jew.'ls'vahie.l 6c.,ooo/. 
 
 Siniiliiv, 4 Dec. ,, 
 
 Ln.ly Milcs's jewels/value jo.ckw/.), at Leigh c.iiirt, 
 near llristol, st.il.'ii, Hiui.lay . . 18 Dec. i8.)2 
 
 liapiiiess .Sclir.M>.liT s jewels (value 3,000/.), at 
 Wiirlestoh, Cliishire . . . 16 March, 1893 
 
 Countess WiUi.n's jewels at the Hatch, near 
 >fai.leiilM'a.l I Auk. ,, 
 
 Jlr. Hpyzer, of Antwerp, overiKiwereil liy clilorolorni 
 at yn HaUiin tjarilen, anil rolilie.1 of diaiii.iu.ls, 
 A-e. (value 2o,.joo/.) , iSi'pt. 1894 
 
 Mrs. Ijiii«try 1: the l.'iiioii liauk, Hloaiie.stre.'t, to 
 lei'ov.M' 15, .»«>/., till' value of J.'wels .lepiisite.l by 
 her at the bank ami delivereil up to an unautho- 
 risi'.l piTsou bi'arinjia tortreiloiiler, j^ Anit. 1P95; 
 verilii't for tile il.'f.'UilanIs without costs, tlu'y 
 aureein^' to pay .Mrs. I,aiit;try lo.iHxV. . 5 May, 1896 
 
 At the Dianionil .Merihaiils Alliance, Piccadilly, 
 jewel robbery, estimated value, i5,<x)o/. 
 
 30 or 31 Oct. 
 
 1697 
 
 JEWI.SH COLONIZATIOX A.^SOC'I- 
 
 ATION, registered as a cinpaiiy by tlio H.iaid of 
 Trade, Sent. i8i)l. Nominal iMpita'l, 2,(XXi,cxxi/. ; 
 promoted by lord liolhsebild, sir Julian (ioldsmid, 
 and other gentlemen to carry out baron Hir». li's 
 schi'me for the cniigiation of 'distres.scd Jews from 
 Eurojie and Asia to X. or S. AnuTica. Haron 
 Mauriie de Hirsdi, born 1831 ; died in llnn^'ar^ , 
 21 April, rKi/j. 
 First general nie.-ting; amount suliseribe.l 39,826'. 
 
 (Messrs. N. M. Uothsehilil, 10,000/ ; Me.s'sis. H. 
 
 Hap'iael, 4,oc«/. ; .^ir .luliau (ioldsmi.l, 1,000/. ; 
 
 Messrs. S. Montagu, Mrs. Nathaniel .Moiit.'li.ire, 
 
 K. I.. Itaiihael, ami .Messrs. Stern. 2,u<k./. lacli), 
 
 14 (■•ct. 1S91 ; £9,^63/. ncii\e.i u|i t.i . 29 D.'e. iSg, : 
 Negotiations with tlie .\rgeiituie i'e|.ublic for .settle. 
 
 ineiits. Thearraug.'m.'Uts plaee.l uu.l.Mtl iii. 
 
 maii.l of licut.-eol. Alb.'Jt (l.il.lMiii.l . . d,.,.. 
 ' Colony llirsch" foinied in N. W. Cauu.la in . 1892 
 
 Karly illsiirderM c.iiiiiii.seil ; uuml i,.|„,ii 1,,, ,, . 
 
 e.il. (iid.ls .' . , ' I'""' l'"il,. 
 
 The society's tirst annual reimrl |,inii,'.| ' ''")'"■. i!}) 
 Koiir coloiili'M III the Argeiituie huiiiblu.' ' ' '"'• '-''J 
 (■imm.|la|ip,Hi,t...l |.,i the .liiwlion .,1 uHii'lr,, {"!;■ ''«< 
 
 II. (hil.lsehiMI.lt ple-.l.l.'lil . ' ; ■'• 
 
 .Suce.'ssful |ii,,gi,.,ss ii|iiiil..l . . ' (.'',■'-*> 
 
 .2ff;^j^"^'^^^^'^^''^"^^'""'"-'""^-! 
 
 JEWISH ERA AND Cai,i;m,\|( a., , 
 
 usually employed the ,Ta of the Sel, i',,.,,!,,, ,'.'*' 
 
 I.sth century, when a new ni.i.l ...ii',, 'I'''' 
 
 iniopted. They date from the ,.|e;,li.,M tl ,. " ."' 
 
 c.msnler to Imvo been 3;(k, .m.,i,, ,,,„', 
 
 bef.ire the commencement of our em f„ .. " 
 Jewish time toours, subtract j-i.i m.mv, TIii. I "C 
 year .■onsista of ei'her tw, Iv,: :,. ihi|.|,,,.'„ i,,,.,' ,""'1 
 2.) or 3.1 days. ^ The civil y.n- . .Miim.ii.,, „„|, j,;; 
 month lisri, immediati-ly alter (h,. new i,i.,„n 1 
 lowing the autumnal eiiuiuox; the mUiJuA 
 year liegiiiM with Nisan, <"«k.ii 
 
 Ciril iieiir, 5^^8-59. 
 
 N.'bat 
 
 ■\'lar . . 33 Feb. ; I'e-Aihi 
 Nisiin or Abib 
 
 l.l.ir 
 
 ."^ivan .... 
 
 Thiuiimuz .... ■ ' 
 
 .1 2; 
 
 ,1.1 '*•''"'■ >hi 
 
 ni.l A.liii ■ 
 
 14 .Miiri'ii "^ 
 
 • ^jAj.iil „ 
 
 2> .Miiv. . 
 
 I .hill.. 
 
 aojiilv, 
 so AUJ!. 
 ■ 7*Tt 
 17 1 ''t 
 15 X"v. 
 It lit.'. 
 
 Ab 
 
 Klul . . .'.'.■.' 
 
 Tisii (llist day of new year, 5659) 
 
 .Miuehesvan 
 
 t'lusl.'V .... 
 
 Theliet . . . , ' . ' 
 
 The .l.wisli caleii.lar is giv.Mi luimiallv in tli,. 
 almiuiaiks. ' 
 
 JEWS, HUceessivcly called Hebrews, I<raf|it,,< 
 and Jews, the descendants ,if Alualiam, wiili ,vl„,m 
 (lod iniide li covenant, 1M1J.S II. e, //,.„ j^jj s, 
 J,ru.v,t,m. Computed number of .lews in 't|„. 
 world May i88<,, (,.30(,.,hk) (Kuroiie ZMm, 
 -Vtr'ca 350,(KX), AiniMica, 25i),(XX)). The |M||,.;,i„j 
 
 her itiv.-n ill ilie 
 
 2sl),i 
 
 dates are generallv those liy I 
 I'inglish Itible; dili.'iin- ihitis ; 
 I'iinton, and other 1 In. m..!.. ;;er- 
 'iiii.'iiiii 
 
 !.■ i;iviii l,\ lliil,., 
 
 .lb 
 
 int.. tl,.. 
 
 mi 
 
 .lilt i.f 
 
 ■ 'i'l 
 
 Ciill.if Abiam t.i.'iit.i 
 
 Isaac born to .\briihaii 
 
 llii'th of Ksaii ami .la.- 
 
 Iie.ith i.f Abraham . . ' . ' 
 
 .l.ise|i|i .s.ilil int.. Kgvpt 
 
 Tin; male .■liilili-,.|i of the Israelites tliinw'i 
 
 Nile : .Moses b.irii .... 
 The Passover iiistitute.l ; the lsr«,.Iii,.s m 
 
 Kgyiit, ami cross the lied .>Sea 
 The law iir.iiiiulgat. '.I from .Mount Siii.ii 
 The 'fabermi.l.. sv\ U|i 
 Dentil of .M.isi's; .loshua leads the Isra'i'litis int 
 
 Canaan and e.. miners it . 
 The lirst b.imlage(()lliiiiel, juilg,., ,405) . ' ' 
 The secoml bomhige (Khii.l, 1 125) 
 Till' third b.aiilagi' (ll.liorah aii.l llariik, nS?) 
 The fiiiii'ih liiiu.lage((ii.U'oii, 1243) 
 The llfth bondage (Jejihthah, 11S7) . .' .' 
 
 The sixth b.imlage 
 
 Maiiis.m slays the riiilistiui's ... 
 
 Samuel giiveriis aMju.lge, about . . ' . ' 
 .Saiiison pulls .l.iwn the ti'mjih' of Dag.m . 
 
 Saul ma.li' king 
 
 David sl.'ivs (J.iliiith, about 
 
 Death of .Saul ; David iiiaile kiuji . ... 
 
 Davi.l liesiegcH and takes Jenisaleai, and mikeii it 
 
 bis capital ,^i 
 
 .Solomon king, 1015; lays the f.iim.latiim .if tlie 
 I teiMple, iui2 ; which is il.'.li.'at.'.l . . ,cc^ 
 
 Death of Sol. imoii ; the kiiig.l.iiinliviili'.l . ■'.,;; 
 
 lilXtlDOM OF I.slUfcl,. 
 
 Jerobnain estjiblishes idolatry 5^5 
 
 * IiitercBlate.l every tbir.l year, to supiily tlic .ji-fi. 
 ciciicy of the Jewish year of 354 days. 
 
 • Uil 
 U:l 
 
 ru! 
 
 U:7 
 11 ;6 
 11:0 
 ill; 
 
 ICj 
 
 • Ifji 
 
 |t,ll.a tiiki-n friiiii .lerii 
 
 |M»l1lli't"l»"'ili"''" 
 |T|»Sirt«ii"lie»ii'Kc ''l""!' 
 I ruliiraiuliiii'l '" ln'i"'< 
 lnin.lrtiiftlisliathepi.. 
 I T]„ V««}'ri»li uivusi.iu lui 
 Ipiluil. ln'sii'Ki'S'l.'iMsalem 
 Itiiyratakfiiliy llieking 
 I ,iv,iirriwlliiti'.'"|ili>it 
 tii^il.im "f Isnii'l . 
 
 ,1 .iBik. kiiiK .'f Kgypt, t 
 
 ;,, Ihi'll'llll'l.' 
 
 |.l!.].i!i .li'f.'iits the king 
 1 '.laiiiiii lotlli' 
 J iuilffeiitsllii' Ktlii.iplan 
 I j,i|.i,li;i|ili«t.iiili'istliehiv 
 
 I i!„ Ml illlti'S. *.'. 
 
 I |..tniti"ll llll.l .li'.lth of i' 
 I H,,;jrlilr'..illlt.'S,lll.lah 
 1 hU. kiiiK iif Isiiii'l. I 
 
 I iD.iXW.lf till' 111. '11 .it .III 
 
 I |l.,fkiiili alielislii'S i.l.iliiti 
 
 |>Mi* III' rill iMviiil.'s.lii.li'ii 
 
 eiiti-rH till! i'aai|i.if thi'.\ 
 
 .WmysiSs.uooi'f them 
 
 I ||..!,if.'nii'i ."iilil I'l liave b. 
 
 I iMliiiliahy Ja.lilli 
 
 1 1', r'lairiiiK till' tem|ili'. II 
 
 I .liii'law, llll.l J.isiiih 1> 
 
 I N. i. Ii;i.lii.'i:%ir Miilijiigat. 
 
 J ii. i.ik.iJrnisuli'ia iift.'r 1 
 
 iJ.rml.iii tlliil. the temp 
 
 lillii'jjruiiii.l . 
 
 Kl.VllH. 
 
 
 S,iiil U'j,iiii t.i rolgi 
 
 , 
 
 hvi'l, kiiiijef Jail 
 
 ill, 1055 
 
 ^.!'«i'iu „ 
 
 
 «.(■. Kiiipo/Jiuli 
 
 ft. A 
 
 07} KeliiilHBUii . 
 
 . Jer 
 
 iij. .VWjiili . 
 
 
 «j5, .\sii . 
 
 . Nai 
 
 ,j. 
 
 . llai 
 
 J* ., • . 
 
 . Kla 
 
 (jU u 
 
 . /ill 
 
 til. „ . 
 
 . (iiii 
 
 ,1! 
 
 . Ah. 
 
 <,!(. Jdioiilia|iliiit 
 
 
 i,i. . . 
 
 '. Alii 
 
 U. . ■ . 
 
 . ,li'h 
 
 li). Ji'lmriiii 
 
 
 Si; .UiiUi.'ili . 
 
 
 iil .Uli.iluili 
 
 '. Jeh 
 
 t;<. Jiasliiii'Jt'liiialaiii .. 
 
 i;: 
 
 . Jell 
 
 iiy. .\iiiaziuli . 
 
 . Jeh 
 
 hy „ 
 
 . Jen 
 
 fia I'zziiiluir.VziU' 
 
 ah 
 
 rl t> 1, 
 
 . Ana 
 
 "J. „ 
 
 . Zc 
 
 
 IS 
 
 ''!■ ,, I, 
 
 • (M 
 
 '^1. 
 
 . IVk 
 
 m 
 
 . IVk 
 
 jji. Jotlmiii . 
 
 J 
 
 741. .\liaz . 
 
 
 "fl' .. 
 
 ' Hos 
 
 ;j6. HfZfkiali . 
 
 • [fai 
 
 i!v3 Miiliassell. 
 
 
 €41. .\iii.iii , 
 
 
 (41. J.isiali 
 
 
 I .'elimlriz 
 
 }■• 
 
 <''o- ■ (Slialluiii). 
 
 '. Ji'li.iiiikiia. 
 
 ( Jflioiai'liin 
 
 1- 
 
 iji. . ii'..iiiii||) 
 
 1 Zt'lrkiali 
 
 ) ■ 
 
 BABVI-.'Sls 
 
 Baiiiellimjiliesifsntliabvl, 
 
 ilaJratli.Me.sluii'li 
 
 lUMl .\h 
 
i4J'>li l!-3 
 
 .-ml .Villi ■ '' 
 
 24 MlllTll 
 
 • 'S Aiiiil „ 
 
 ij Slav, 
 
 ■ :;i <hllii- 
 
 a.ijiilv, 
 
 • "> -^K . 
 
 ■ ■7^Tt. „ 
 
 • '7"'t, „ 
 
 • 'SX-v. „ 
 
 • ■ t I'f. „ 
 
 iiiiiilly in tl,.- 1,,. 
 
 i'bri'w«, IsraelitK. 
 
 ■aliiiiii, with «i„n, 
 
 '"". xvii, s,,. 
 
 Ill .lews in 111,. 
 
 Kiirfipi. ^,.|i«.,r«>i, 
 
 '). Tlic CijlMvin. 
 
 -lii'i' itivcii ill ii,e 
 
 '' Kivin li\ IIiiIh, 
 
 . i>i: m 
 
 ■ ■ lis* 
 
 • ■ i:!J 
 
 ii'"«ii liitii till- 
 
 • ■ '5?i 
 
 Ill's jjl) oiii uf 
 
 • • Nil 
 
 IMIl 
 
 . ',,. ■ ■ M-o 
 
 IsiiifhUa iiil.i 
 
 .... 1451 
 
 05) • . . 141; 
 
 ... 1:4) 
 
 ■ik, laSs) . ,;,; 
 
 . . . iil6 
 
 . . 11:7 
 
 . . . mi 
 
 . . ii;o 
 
 ,'iin . . . ill; 
 
 . . . 10,; 
 
 . . 1«! 
 
 . . . . lojs 
 
 anil iii'ikea it 
 
 . 1043 
 
 ilittiun of tlie 
 
 I) ffliiiiiljr the 'U- 
 
 JEWH. 017 
 
 j,il„l iiiki'ii I'l'iiii .Ii'iiiliiiiiiii i jixi.uoo Imiu'llti'H 
 
 •liiiii .■••-.... 957 
 
 I liwl .llllll't*''! with till' rilllllMI' lUVillitnl liy Kll.lllll i/i(, 
 
 goi 
 
 8«5 
 771 
 74> 
 
 |n,Srtaii«l»'>'i''Ki' Hiiiiiiiriii 
 
 h'lijlitniiwlii'''"" '"'"*''■" 
 
 Il|i.lf«'iflili»l""l"'l""l'l"'t 
 
 |r„ ^,,yr|aii irivanliili illiiU'l' I'liill .... 
 
 1 Ml l»'«l''K<'» •'''"'*''''"' 
 
 ([iwniilnki'lil'.V tlii-kiim"f .\«".vilii ; llirti'ii tiltifH 
 in-urrli'il lti>" <'ii|illvil.v, ami iiiiniil in put tiitliu 
 i.uj.hilii "f Ikiiii'1 7a I 
 
 KISIITiOM llK .JI'IIAH. 
 
 I amliak. k'lil' "' KK.viit, tiikr« .IiTiisiili'in, iiiul )ill. 
 
 I |i|,'ullll'lflll|ilr 
 
 I ilii]»li 'ii'fwtl'' till' king iif lurai'l, srnj.ooo iiii'P nfii 
 
 lUinlii I'ltlli' 
 
 I lailrM'^thi' Kllilii|ilaiiK : iilmllFihi'M iilnliitry 
 
 I Wiialiii|ih»l iiiilriii tlir liiw til !»' taiixlit 913 ; il'i'fi.at.s 
 
 |ij, Aiiiiniiiilti'". A'c 
 
 |'.:ir|tili"iii»i'l ''''"III "f Atliallali . ... 
 
 I ll,i»|ili'wla''''''''i'l"'' 
 
 IvUi, kiiin 11' l«nii'l. lay.-i nIi'ki' to Jciiisali.m ; 
 I L^j.aool'tiii' iiH'ii nl'.Iiiihili art' rtlaih in mii ilay. 741 
 I ll./'fliiah iiliallnlii''* liliilaliy ... ' . jib 
 
 Miii*liiTil'iiiviMli's,li|[|i.ii, I ml tlii'ili'HtriiyiiiKaiiKi'l 
 eiiiri'H tlif t'ain)i(ir till' .\sMyi'iaii.i, anil in <ini- nl^llt 
 
 IrjiniymSs.uiiuiif tlii'Ni 710 
 
 I llr,|.ifiTiii'S Willi I" liavf lii'i'ii killcil at tin' .sii'nc nf 
 
 ll..||iiilialiy.Iiiilitli ^,56 
 
 111 ff|«irin|{ till' ti'iiiplr. Illlklali iIImi'hvi'is tlir I k 
 
 .(llirlinv. mill 'I'ltiali ki'H|« II scilfinn I'iimsmvim' . 624 
 
 I \. 1 li:ii|inzZiirHiili.|iiKati'H iliiili'a .... fn,; 
 
 !.iki< JiTtmali'in al'ti'i'a liinn Hii.;;i' . . . 5gjj 
 
 iJ.r.-aliiii lliT'l, till' ti'niiili; liniiit, tlic wall.i mznl 
 
 iitlii'Uruiinil 587 
 
 KIW8. I'lll It'll KIM. 
 
 I iinl V'^Mii t" n'luii . . B.C. 1095 .Siiiimu'I. 
 
 I li,ivii|,kiiii!"f Juiliih, 1055 ; iif all Imai'l, iu4« Xallian. 
 
 JEWS. 
 
 «lil|' till' ;iii|ili'n iniiiKi', nil' niHt Into 11 lli'iy fuf- 
 niii'i', liiit nil. ili'llviiiil liy ihi. an«el ... 587 
 Oliaili.ili |ir>i|i|ii'>(ii'K ... . . . „ 
 
 Ilanli'i liiilaii'M tin' iiii'unliiK nf tlif ImiiilwiltniK 
 aKainst lli'lHlia//.ai' ; I'imt Ilitii tlii' Ihiiik iIiii : |irii- 
 Iilii'nii"4 till' I'i'tiiiii friiiiiiaiitivlty.iiiil tlicninniiK 
 iif till' .Mi's«lal 5)8 
 
 97" 
 
 957 
 94" 
 
 89A 
 
 8S4 
 857 
 
 51« 
 
 458 
 
 457 
 445 
 
 I (.'liiiii'iii 
 
 lul5 
 
 Uf. Kiimo/Jiiiliih. 
 
 Kiiiii»(i/ Isriii'l. 
 
 
 o-;. ItrliiilNilllll . 
 
 Jl'I'IlllOltlll i. 
 
 . Aliijali. 
 
 v:. .U"iali . 
 
 j^ 
 
 
 1.^1 .\>a . 
 
 \ailali(954) . 
 
 .\/ai'iali. 
 
 «!i 
 
 Haaslia ,, . 
 
 . llanaiii. 
 
 9;i). ., . 
 
 Klah „ 
 
 . Jiliii. 
 
 «i „ 
 
 Ziiiiri . 
 (imii . 
 
 • •• 
 
 51; 
 
 Aha'. . 
 
 . Kliiah. 
 
 914. JehiMliii|>hat 
 
 
 
 in- ■ ■ ■ 
 
 .Miii/lali 
 
 . Klisha. 
 
 {«i . . . 
 
 .li'liiiraiii 111' Joiani 
 
 . Jaiia/it^I. 
 
 Si). Ji'lmnm 
 
 ,j 
 
 
 i'.\ .Vliuiiih . 
 
 
 
 iSl. .Vtlialiiih 
 
 Ji'liii. 
 
 
 IE;9. J.iashiii'Jt'hiialiiiz .. 
 I £};. „ M ' •li'liMiilia/. 
 
 jSi^.\iiiamh . .li'lioa.sli (841) 
 
 |h;. „ . . Ji'i'iilniaiii 11. . 
 
 {10. I'zjialuir.Vzjuiah ,, 
 
 I ''* 
 
 |;;3- 
 
 Aiiarrliy 
 Zri'hariah 
 I ^^llalllllll. 
 1 Mi'iialii'iii 
 IVkiililali. 
 IVkah. 
 
 1 73^ Jiitliaiii . . . 
 1 741. .Vhaz . 
 J IP- " . . 
 
 j;i^. Hra-kiuh . 
 |V. .^Iaiijts,st;li. 
 
 |C4j. .\iiiiili , , 
 
 1(41. Jiisiali 
 
 ' Jchnali^iz ) 
 
 |«'o. ■ (Shall mil). [ 
 
 I. Ji'liniakim. ) 
 
 (Jdinillrhill ) 
 
 . ... ■ iCrilliillA. - 
 
 I t i!t"l.'kiiiii ) 
 
 Hiwlira. 
 [Cai'tivity, 72t.] 
 
 .Imiili. 
 I HiLsi'a 
 
 ^ AlUOH. 
 
 Joel 
 
 ( Isniah & 
 ■( .Miiali. 
 
 Naliillii. 
 
 .'crriiiiali, 
 iSi']i|iaiiiali 
 
 Ilaliakkuk 
 
 llaiiii'I. 
 KztkU'I. 
 
 IlKiniS KIlliM CAITIVITV. 
 
 t'ynm, khviti'Ikii nf all .\»i,i. i.iiIiIUIm'h nu nlli't fiir 
 till' ivtnin iif till' ,1,'WH aii'l itlmililiiiK nf tlio 
 
 ti'iii|ili' 
 
 lliiKKai iiiiil Zi'cliiiiiali |iiii|i|i|.tM .... 
 Till' .si'i'iiiiil liiii|i|i. IIiiIhIii'iI . 10 .Mari'li, 515 
 
 Till' .li'Ws ilillMii.,! trniii llaiiiaii lpy Kxtln'i' . . 510 
 Kzi.'i, till' pi'li'Ht, ari'lvi'H In Ji'i'ii«ali'in to I't'fniin 
 
 aliiiHi'M 
 
 Urii' lii'K'iii tlm 711 wt'1'kn nf ypnin in'iillrtt'il liv 
 ll.'inli'l, lifiir .,,,,, uH l„.|,,ri. tlm 1 inilllxlnlnif 
 
 till' Ui'.li' .' i' 
 
 Till' »alls. :,),'i'ii„i|,-i,, . lit liy Ni'lii'iniali . „^ 
 
 Malai'lii t ' |pr..|lii.i ^ij 
 
 (Till' .Hi'H| 111,. 'iirtt,,|.v III' .li'.Icw'rt ('nil«, ai'i'iiriliii« 
 
 In A.'KHf .(«, ' ,.yj li.r, , .,11,1 f|. thin tiiiii- .)n- 
 
 Hl'lillllH 11. I ,li Itnlllllll ;.l»tnl'iallH KiVl' till' licit 
 ai'l'nlllll III , p. ,1, ',VB. I 
 
 .Mi'vaiiili'i' llii 1 . ii ,|rf|ii'||i'K aKiiliiHt .li'i'iLsalt'in to 
 lii'.'iii'Hi' il. I : il ii «aic|, nil .Mi'i'liiK Jaililiw, till! 
 Iiiuli'in'ii'xl, 1 1,1,1 in Ills inlii'M, III' ili'i'l.nvs III' liail 
 ii'i'ii Miirli a liunii' in .Mini'ilnnia, iiivitu liim tn 
 Asia, ami |irniiiisiii(.' Inililivri- tin, I'lisian iiniiiii' 
 ilitn his liaiiils : hi' j;ni's In tin' liiniili', ami nlliTrt 
 
 S.I. I'ilili'S In til,. (1,,,1 nf Illi'.li'WS . 
 
 Jniisali'in taki'ii liV I'tnli'iiiySnli'i' 
 
 I'lnli'lny l>liihi,l,.l|,liiis sail! tn I'lnplny ■,2 Ji'W.s t 
 
 Imilslati. Ihr Si'l'ilillii'i'S . . . iilinllt aSj 
 
 Till' Sa.l, ill. I'l' si'i'l Ini 1 
 
 ,li'ws iiiassaiTi',! at .Vh'Xamlrlii . . . ' . ' . 
 Aiiliniliiis tah..> .li'i'iisiili'in, |illlii),'i's tin' ti'iniih', ainl 
 
 shiys 4,,,,M,n i,I'llii. inlialiitaiilH .... 
 (invi'mimnt nrili,, .Maii.iilii'i'.s li|,j.iiiM . . . . 
 Ti'ialy Willi till' H aim; tlii' lirsl nn ri'imiil Willi 
 
 till' .ll'US 
 
 Jinlas llMi'iiiiiis AriMtnliiiliis a«siiiiii'.s t'lie title nf 
 
 '■ kiln; nf till' ,Ii'ws" 
 
 Ali'Miiiili'i' .laiiiiii'iis siiiiiirissis a rt'ticlliini nf I'hari- 
 
 si'i's I'riii'lly 
 
 Ji'iiisali'iii taki'ii liy the lininiiii Winiis iiiiilei' 
 
 I'mnpi'V 
 
 Till' tl iiipl.' pliimli.ii'.l liy I'rassiiN , ' . ' . ' ] 
 AntipatiT iiiaili' inlemlaiit nf Jmlii'ii liy Jiiliii.'i 
 
 Cii'sar 
 
 IIi'i'ii.l, snii nf .ViitipMter, iMiurU'M Mnrlainiie, Kraiiil- 
 
 ihiu«lii,.riifili,.l,i;..h priest ..... 
 
 Inva^i'.ii nftli,, rai'ihiiiiis 
 
 lli-rnii ,.|ii|iluvs the aiil nf the senate : the', .'eeive 
 
 him In lie the kiiit; 
 
 .leiiisali'iii taken liy llei'ml ami the Itmiuui K'enerai 
 
 .Snsills .- 
 
 llernil kill.s .Mai'i.uiiiie, 29 ; reliiiihla tile temple ' 30.18 
 .iKsi's (,'iiiiisT linrii ... , 
 
 33a 
 330 
 
 ;..lO 
 
 170 
 166 
 
 161 
 
 107 
 
 66 
 
 f'3 
 54 
 
 49 
 
 43 
 40 
 
 BABVI.'.MSH riPTIVITV. 
 
 |DinieIi.miiliesii..«atHalivlnn , . . . n<' 60-4 
 |Slia'lnii'li, Me«li,i,'li, 1111,1 .\h|.,l.„egi., lefusiiij; tn Woi-l 
 
 I'niitiiis I'ilate is imiile iniieuiatni' of Jiiilea a d. 
 .Inhn Hie HaptisI lu'Kiiis In pieai'li .... 
 Christ^ iniiiisliy ami iniiaeles, 37-33 : 'li-'* eniei- 
 
 tlxinii anil resiuieelini 
 
 The .li'Ws pei-seeiiteil fnr refii.siiit: to wni'sliii, (.'all- 
 
 Kllla 
 
 Heieive the i'ii;lit of lioiiian eilizi'iiship 
 (-'liunliiis baiiislu's Jews finiii Unine 
 liivasinii nf Vespa.siaii .... 
 
 .lew.s settle at .Meiiila, .Spain . . . ' . ' '. 
 Titns takes .lern.salein ; the eily ami leniple saekeil 
 
 ami liiiinl.anil i.ioo.ooonf the Jews perish, 8Sept. 70 
 Tai'Kiiiii nf (liikelns wi'itli'ii aliniil . . 100 
 
 Ailrian lelniihls .leriisah'in (ealliii;: it .Klia Capitii- 
 
 Una), anil erei'ls a li'inple In Jiipitei' . . .130 
 lieliellinii nf Dar-i'iielilia ; lakes .leiii.salem 13a'; 
 
 killeil in war with Julius .Sevenis, 135 ' ilesola- 
 
 tinll nf.lllilea 135-136 
 
 Mine than 580,000 nf the Jews are slain liy the 
 
 Unniaii- 
 
 Jews favoiii'eil by .Viitniiiiiiis Tins ; eollejte of Jam- " 
 
 Ilia i)|ieiieil ,,3 
 
 The Misi'hiia (see Vii/maiOciiiiipileilliv Hnliliijinl'ali', 
 
 the prill,',' ... . . . iH'lore aoo 
 
 llie Jews lavouieil by Sevenis, 196; liy t'oiistan- 
 
 tiiu', 310 ; by Julian, 363 ; liei'seeuteil by Cniislaiis 353 
 
 'lllP' 
 
 1' I 
 
 I I 
 
 1*1 
 
 
 l!i/l'!t 
 
 'W 
 
 f 
 
 
JEWS. 
 
 I^v^ 
 
 • • 415 
 
 aljoiit 600 
 
 618 . JEWS. 
 
 OwiiiH ti) tlir (lisiipiiciimiicc uf a Greek inicsf .. 
 Huciitiiiii (if the Jews Ijeynii at liiiiiiaseiis IsJ,. 17' 
 
 Jew.s iiinssniTcil iit Alexanilria 
 
 Tim Ualiyldiiiiiii Talniiiil ciiiiiiileteil . 
 
 Jt'i'iisaleiii taken liy Omar 655 
 
 Jews lli-st iiieMtiiiiieil in l';iii;lisli I'lirdiiieles . . 740 
 F(iniiati<in (if tlie sect leniied Kaiaitus (whivh Sfc) 
 
 by Anaii alinnt 754 CnnK'ie(;ati(m of liritish Jews n.nne.l (,,,. („;,„m 
 
 Jewish edIleKefdtindeil at O.r.l.iva . . . . 948 Sir I'Ml.Oiplilsn.iil funiided the Jewisl, l„r„,t ., ,'"" 
 
 Jaliniid ti-anslateil iiitd Ai-ahie 1006 , ,Sii- Isaiie Lvnn Onldsinid, the tii-,t .leiv- „. " ''^' 
 
 Jews said t(i he banished fi-iiiii Kn),daiid livCaniitu 1020, liamnet .... "I'liir a 
 
 Polygamy in C'liristian einntiies inoliibited by tlie i Dr. .Vatlian M. Adh'r installed' eliief |.,i,i,i ,', „ ' " 
 
 Jewish synod at Worms ,oto Jews in the eini.ire, London ' ',,'" 
 
 Jews retnrn to i:ii),dand 1060 ! Aet t(> ixdieve Jews eleetecl to iumii(ii,,d',,ili,.,lf ''' '■*! 
 
 takin-o.iths, &e.,9 Viet. . '"'sniim 
 
 [t'hielly settled in London and Lineoln.] I liaroii Lionel de Kotliscdiild retnrned to Pivli,,,: , : '^^'' 
 
 The Ji'ws m.issaered in London, on the coronation f'l' """''l-^' "' ■^""''"" ''>' '^ "':i.l""<y ur6ri„,vn|,.s. 
 
 day of Uiehard L, at the instiwdion of the priests 1189 I ""' "li"""'"''. '"" John JIai is, [„,]ii„j; „„^: 
 
 500 Jews liesieKe 1 in Vork ca.stle bv the mob, ent l?,'°'* ' ^, ', ' ,' . ; • s.i'iiv,:,, 
 
 ' " - [ Alderman hahiinons elected member r(ji(in.,.Jm.i,:||" 
 
 mii.si'Hs) 1 F 1 
 
 Jewish mission to the Kast under sir Mcwes .Moiit.'' '**' 
 
 each others throats to avoid their fnry . . 1190 
 Jews of both sexes imprisoned ; their eyes or teeth 
 I'lneked out, and numbers inhumanly biitehored, 
 
 by kiii^; Jolin 1204 
 
 The Itabbi Moses Maimoniiles ilied ....,, 
 700 Jews are slain in London, a Jew having forced a 
 Christian to pay him more than 2s. per week as 
 interest on a loan of SO.S-. (X/.je-. ) . . . 126^ 
 
 Stjitiite that no Jew slicadd enjoy a f.ieholil . . 1269 
 
 Kvery Jew leiidint,' money on interest < polled to 
 
 wear a plate on his brea.it, siHiiilviiin that he was 
 a nsiirer, or to (piit the realm, (.s/mr.) . . . 1274 
 267 Jews hanged and iinarterud, aecnsed of clijiping 
 
 '■"ill ... 1278 
 
 All Jews (16.511) Imnisln^l fnnn Englanil. (Ilapiii.) 1-90 
 Jlnidi ]iillaned and persecuted ill France during the 
 
 14th and 15th centuries. 
 A fatal distemper raging in Europe; they are sus- 
 ].ecteil of having ]ioisoiied the springs, and num- 
 bers are m.issacred. (/,l■».//f^) . . ,348 
 Sever.il hundred thon.saiid' Jew.-- banished from 
 
 iSpain, rortngal, and I'Yaiice . . 1492-94 
 
 Elliots iigaiiist .lews rescinded by pope Hislus V. . 15S5 
 Jews favoiiieil in Holland ..... 1603 
 
 After lii,<iiig been banished England 370 years, they 
 
 are iiermitteil to return by Cromwell ' . . . 1650 
 Who grants a pi'iision to M.iii.isseh Hen Israel . 1655 
 
 First I'oitngnese synagogue. King-street, Duke's- 
 
 lilace, ereided 1656 
 
 Statute to compel them to miiintuin their protestant 
 
 children enacted 1702 
 
 Jews acipiire right to jiossess laiiil in England . . 1723 
 Bill to naturalise the profe.s.sors of the .lewish reli- 
 gion in Ireland (wlieri' 200 Jews then lesided) 
 refused the royal assent 
 
 Neither permitted to sit . . -^ "'"">. i:ii 
 
 The Jews' Oaths of Abjuration bill pa.4M tiii' lii.'n -,' " 
 of commons ," 
 
 Daroii Kothsehild again returned fur llie litv ;,f " 
 London at the general elecli,,iis, July ,0 
 .March, 1S57 ; July, 1S57 ; and Jnlv, i86i' 
 
 Violent outbreak against the Jews in fiteiklir.lin 
 
 The Jewish Oath bill passed in comii,„„s „\w,i: '^=' 
 thrown out in the lords . . ' jq \iii ' • 
 
 Alderman .Salomons the lirst Jiwisli Icr.l nm',!. f "•'• 
 London ■^' , 
 
 The .lewish O.ith bill several time's passed 111" tin'. "^'^ 
 ciaiimons and thrown out in the lonls ( 
 
 E.lgar .Mortara, a Jewish child, fonihlv taken ii„ii,''*" 
 his parents by orderof the aiclibis|,ii'|,,,rii,i|,„,||| 
 on the plea of having b..en haptize.l whea iiirii',! 
 flint by a Rimuiii Catholic maiil-servaiit 
 
 Sir F. H. r.oldsmid, the lirst ,Tew made i) v ''"""' '^■'' 
 An act jiassed enabling .lews tosit in parliaiiii'nt In ' 
 
 reS(diition of the house 
 
 .ii,:v, 
 
 Bar in Lionel de Uotlisidiild takes his seat as .M.'i' 
 
 for London 
 
 26J11IV, 
 
 To commemorate this event he einlnwcd a sclmliV " 
 
 sliipiiitlieCityotLoniloiiSchu.il . 
 The French govenimenl hiiving in vain iirjtej jinr. " 
 
 tara's restoration to his jpaieiits, sir Moses Miiiiti. 
 
 Ilore proceeds to Home (but obtains lai leilnss). 
 ... ... 22 Itt-r, 
 
 Alderman Salomons elecieil M.l'. fur {JiitiiwvIi 
 
 (died 18 July, 1873); '«"oii Mever ,le li„tli.s,liii,i 
 
 for llythe ,; p,,i, 
 
 Statute to natiimlisc them in Englaml passed' . '. I753 '''sllJjlnl^'naiZJt- H?''7; 'VI''' '^''^i ''^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Ri 1 *i .1- p 1. ., ... ' si^iM'il III Jiiiitunn \)\ t (' an I. nf tantt-r iiirv -niii 
 
 epcj.led on the pet 1 ion of all the cities . . .754 ,,i^,,,„,„, „„,,|emen,' and gel Heme 1 I ,,' 
 
 nie .lews ot Spain. I'ortngal, ami Avignon are de- K,ei,cli ambas.sadoi-, Oct."; and p, e it ! v I 
 
 claredtobeciti/eiisof|.raiice . .,790 J„hn Hussell . . . .' -s,,.' 
 
 The synagogue, Uiike s-place, London, h coiisc- „„,„.,i „,• m,„|-,lians for tli,' relief of the Jniisli " 
 
 '■","'•. ,,• • •.-,,• • ^6 ■»;"•"••' -. r, 01 rtliegraiidiii.stitutioiisoftlieJmiii 
 
 The Ji'ws 111 Vrance emancipated . . 27 Sept. 1791 London, fminded in 
 
 The DeiiMiark-conrt (Strand) synagogue coiisti- : Oppressive laws against tlie Je'ws iii the \ii.strim " 
 
 tilted, 1707; centenary celebrated, . 21 Nov. .897; empire anmille.l , 6ioJi'iiii'3 
 
 Sitting of the great Sanhedrim of I'aris convened by ' Act iiassed |ierniitting Jewish Ml" 's to lui'iit fiiiin 
 
 the emiieror Napoleon .... 18 Sept. 1806 ! the oath the woiila " on the faith of a L'hri.stiaii," 
 
 Jews' hospital, London, foiimled ,, | 6 .Viv. 
 
 London society for iiromoting Christianity ai..oiig i AiMitioiial jiolitical iirivile^'cs graided to tlie .Irtv.i 
 
 the Jews established 1808 , in Uiissia. 26 Jan. ; and in I'olai,.; . Jmir iS.j 
 
 Jews' free scl I, Spitalllelds, London, established ,8,, 'lews pcrsecntcul at Home .... lie,, ij^; 
 
 tl I »• |» 1.1 I ...it .. . . t ' *1.1 i>....: :.. w. 
 
 Alderman Henjamin Samuel IMiillips.si'eoiKlJewisli 
 
 lord mayor 9 Xnv. iS(; 
 
 IVrsecution of Ji'ws at Iliichare^l .■■pMite,|,,Iiily, ij.-j 
 1822 A synagogue at Hi'iliii, said to he the largest iiiiil 
 
 most iH'aiitiful ill the world, eniuseirateil, 5 Scjit „ 
 JewLsh enmncipation bill, lliingaiy, reeeived nival 
 
 iisst'iit " . . 29 Ui'i'. lie; 
 
 Ueii,|aiiiiii Disraeli, of Jewish extraetiiiii, piviiiii-nif 
 
 England 2,, Fi'li. i3fi 
 
 Alexanderof Hiissia grants land on tliesea of .\zopli 
 
 to I verted .lews .... I .Sept. i8.'o 
 
 The brothers Hothsidiild made barons of the Aus- 
 trian empire . 
 
 Jews' orphan asylum font. ,ed 1831 
 
 Mr. (lift, sir) Francis H. Goldsmid, the lirst Jew 
 I'ttlled to the Hritisli bar igj^ 
 
 Mr. David Salomons eleet»^d sherilf of London (the 
 first Jewish one) ; iilir :t |insseii to enalile him to 
 
 , '"'t ■ ■ . . . ■ • 24 June, 1835 Jews' synagogni' at Harnsbiirv, Lund .N"..fiii'iiiil«i 
 
 Mill for Jewish iinancipation in England lost on the , by baron F. Uot!i.scliild, 24 Dec. i867,eiiiisrrRitiHl 
 
 second reading by a majority in the ciiiiimons, 228 jij .Mairli. 
 
 against 165 17 .May, 1836 Jews iieniiitted to ndiini to Spain . . ',im' ". 
 
 Moses Montellore, e.s.j., elected si. .f ..f London. Jcwisll congiv.-.s .-.t I'esth op; ncti h; the liiiii;«tir;;f 
 
 and knighted by theipieeii, lieiiig liie lirst Jew on public worshiip, Eotvos . .' . 14 Hit. „ 
 
 «1 1 that hoi ,ir has bee ferred . 9 Nov. 1837 It idoses and inesents the new st.itiite.i te ilu 
 
 L'kase of the empcrorof Hiissia, permitting .1 etitle ministers 25 K.'l.. ii<) 
 
 of citizen of the first chi.ss to Is- held by any Jew Jewish reform convention at I'liiladeliihia, L'.S., 
 
 who renders himself worthy of it . . .1S39 alterations in rituals, ike, ri'siilved uii . Od. „ 
 
 iiwl Davis, a Jew, 1 
 nliicatinn, Jewish au< 
 
 V..» iiiitral synagogue 
 Miiiilwl h.v baron Hi 
 I (Miset'iiiti'il . 
 
 ■ Hfiiri'W Literature Soi! 
 
 iagl.i-Jcwish Assoeiatir 
 jwiiil, and intt'lleetna 
 iii'clioii with the Uni 
 ill I'ariH). First jires 
 ttalcy, M.A. . 
 
 Ilif iiii|ii'rur of ]h-azil 
 IVist Ci'iitr.il L'liidoii 
 
 J.1VS |«i'iiiitt('d to work 
 M . . . . 
 
 .s.. iffy formed at Dirmii 
 
 .iJvimiaile JI.A. at Ox 
 iHts) 
 
 ,<ir Gi'orge Jessel, a Je 
 iS;i ; master of the ni 
 
 Miiiutril iiniiiberof Jei 
 11,1.1111(1(111,39,833 
 
 >■ II' syiiag'igiie founded 
 
 M wiiii'iit ag.iiiist the Ji 
 ,;,/;(); ii|i|iii-ii'il by Mom 
 ceiisiiml liy the crown 
 liers ; no vote, 22 Xov. 
 
 iiili-Sciiiitii' league form 
 
 Bismarck to lestriet t 
 
 Jews 
 .Iriis severely perseeuteil 
 
 in Siiiitli Hiissia . 
 .tlimt 6o,ixxi liiissian Je 
 
 ntiini til Spain, granti 
 rdsfiiitiuii going on 
 
 iiit.'ifcriiigtd sto|i it 
 S'lvrc restrictive edict 11 
 
 i"iif(l, lint uutfiilhi c 
 
 'lisiliilitil'S 
 
 Oiiiiiiiittei'S funned at Hi 
 niiiiH'V til help Jewish 1 
 ifci'ived ill Lundiin 
 
 >'(»■ synagogue at Ab 
 fiiiisfcnited . 
 
 Tlie Jew.s vidlently «ttf 
 ;iiry; martial law proe 
 
 Tiiiildf Jews (see Hinuiti 
 
 Violent utlaiks iiii Jews 
 Zaia Kgei-szeg, ike. 
 
 Diiiili lit Charlotte, Han 
 li'iicfactip.ss 
 
 ,I.ws still persecuted in I 
 
 Ci>tiniiissi(in tu eiKpiire 
 rii'lil.s iif tlie Jews 
 
 TlicJi'Wsenjuy at present 
 (with the exception 
 Kiissia and Spain) ; alsi 
 
 .Sir .Muses .Muiiteliure c, 
 ifk'liratt'd hy .lews 11 
 ven' j.Teat heiiefaetor 
 25-26 Olt. 1884; (lied 
 
 Sir Xathaiiiel (le Kothsch 
 a jieer ; take.s his seat 
 liriit. (if Uuckiiighaiiislij 
 
 Estimated iiuiiulatiun of 
 
 6,,77,6o2 . 
 Exliiliitieii of .\iiglo-Jewis 
 
 .\lbert H.1II opened . 
 Esiiiilsimi of Jews froi 
 
 ilcciveil ... 
 Henry Aaron Isaacs, 31 
 
 Dr. Xatlian Adler, chic 
 
 Enforcement of the sevo 
 against the Jews 111 Hiu 
 to be onlei-ed, .Inly ; c 
 .St. Pet<M-shurg, 6 Aug. ; 1 
 Russia .... 
 
 .\i a liival ineeliiig in th 
 ;.;,,«'al to the Czar to nil 
 (lie Jews agreed to (me I; 
 
 Dr. Hermann Aiiier rhosi 
 
 ptfS 
 
m'kiiiii.,t,;,|,ff. 
 iiiii:is('iis(swy)„. 
 
 '■'Us'--h;i )■ ;-,:■ 
 
 IK'S rai.hi n'r t 
 
 .• . ,■ 9J11: 
 ini«il„l|k,.sfr,„|| 
 
 
 !"l to l'ai'liiiii,',.|ii 
 'tVi'l 66i,y\,i|,.s. 
 I'I'S. ['"llill;; Lilly 
 
 ;■ ,■ 3J11IV, i3.j 
 
 I'l- I'll- (iri-tliwiili, 
 
 28 Jim,., 
 
 pllhswl 111,. ],„■,„■ " 
 
 ■ 3J1I1V, 
 
 '"•• 111!' lily ;,f ' 
 
 HIS, .Inly, ,852. 
 
 Illy, isr.j. 
 
 '•■•< ill St,„.kli„ii„, 
 
 3 '^'•\'l 18;; 
 IIIIICHIS, 15 Alirii; • 
 
 a loril iiiayiii „| - 
 
 • , <) N"v. l3;; 
 's |i;issi.il 11, 111,. '■ 
 
 '"I'll^ . . IV,. 
 '■il'l.v tali.Mifi,,!,,' ' 
 i.slMiii"flJ..l,i;:iia. 
 
 (I'll Wllril 111, 11,. 
 I-SIM-Villlt 
 
 24 JllllP, iS;- 
 
 ll:lili' ().(;. . . • 
 ill liiiiliampiit liv 
 
 • Jiiiv, , 
 lii siMt lis Jli', 
 26,Iulv, 
 li'Wcil 11 srlinla'i- ' 
 
 il 
 
 vain iii;;i,il Miirl 
 sir Miist'sMnnit- 
 liiis nil mlivss), 
 
 22 III-!-, „ 
 '. fur Clin-ii\ii,li 
 LT (le H.itlisiliiH 
 
 ■ i;Fiii, ,-.■, 
 Ill' li",v Mnrtiua 
 t'liiiti'iliiirv, iiini 
 I'll, si'iit III tl„. 
 iiv.siiitnl bv liinl . 
 
 ■ 'X"V. „ 
 ■ "f tllf ,Ii,«isli 
 •la iif till' Juwslii 
 
 ill tlir Auslriaii 
 
 ■ 6. 10 Jan. t'y.:) 
 's til nil, it fniiii 
 III' 11 C'liiistiaii," 
 
 oAlv. „ 
 li'il til tliu Ji»s 
 i . Juilf iSf; 
 
 . . Ui'i:. iH, 
 s,srt'01lilJi'Wi>li 
 
 . 9 Xnv, ,«,; 
 
 i"|iiiiti'il, July, M 
 till' lai(;rst ami 
 
 il'iTlltril, 5 Sl'|it. „ 
 
 , I'rci'ivi'il royal 
 , 29 IK'r. i36; 
 
 tillll, lUVIIlii'lllf 
 
 29 Fi'lt. liii 
 li>ii,.V,fiiiiiiili'il 
 867, ciMisi'i'nitii] 
 29 ,Maii'li. „ 
 .III! „ 
 thiMiiiliist.ri^f 
 
 [4llii', „ 
 sl,ltlltrs til till 
 
 . 25 Ki'l.. .;^) 
 aili'liiliia, l.ft,, 
 ilnll , Utt. 
 
 JEWS, 
 
 619 
 
 JEZKEELITES. 
 
 ilfif-l Davis, a ,Ie\v, a iiiiiiiiMi'i'iit liiMiffiKitiir of 
 
 iilucjitiiiii. Ji'wluli mill t'lirisliiiii, ilii,i| y j,,,,, ,870 
 
 \Vw raiitral syiia(,'ii(;iic in Ciii'iit Puithiiiil-st., W., 
 'fnuiiileil liy liaiuii UotliHchilil, 18 .Miiii-li, 1869; 
 
 coiiseeratol 7 April, „ 
 
 ■■Htbn'wI.it»'ratiiruHoi'ii'ty"estiililislicil in Lumlim 
 
 2g,llll,i', ,, 
 iiigWwisli As.siioiatiim constitiiti'il I'nrtlic imii-al, 
 ' sn'iiil, anil inti'lli'ctiial lu-iinri'ss iif ,lL'ws(in ciin- 
 
 iwtioii Willi till) Univi'i'sal Isi-acliti.sli Alliiini'i', 
 
 11, I'aris). First iH-tsidi'iit, tliu late Mr, ,Iai'iil) 
 
 Walcv, M,A 2,Iiilv, „ 
 
 Ilif fiii|«i'iir iif Brazil atti'iiili'il wiirsliip at tlm 
 
 WesttVntral Liinildii syiiimiiHiMi, . 8 ,Iiilv, ,, 
 Im n'l-iiiittoil til work nii .Siiiulay.s liy u Workslmii.s 
 
 ,\,1 ,, 
 
 Siii'tyfornii'il at I)iniiinj,'Iiaiii to ri'sist inosi'lytisiii ,, 
 .iJfvniiailc ,M.A. at Oxt'onl (afti-r the aliulitimi uf 
 
 tnts) 22 ,111111', 1871 
 
 Sir Gi'iirgu .Ii'.s.sc-1, a Jew, solieitor-yi-iieral, N'liv. 
 
 1S71 ; master iif the rolls . . . 29 Aii,i,'. 1S73 
 Eiliiiiati'il imnilieriif Jew,s inGreiit IJritain, 51,520 ; 
 
 in Loiuliin, 39,^33 1876 
 
 X/KsynajiOKiie I'liiiinleil at liayswater . 7,1111,0, 1877 
 M'Vdiiont apiinst tlie Jew.s in lierliii, cfci-., (.1,1, hii- 
 
 VCc); Hliliiisi'il by Moniiiiseii, Viri'liiiw.anilotlier.s; 
 
 veiisureil liy the erinvn priin'e; ileliate intlie I'hnm- 
 
 Itnllio vote, 22 Nov. Many Jen-.s leave lierliii, 
 
 I lee, i38o 
 AiitiSi'iiiitie lea^'ue furiiieil ; presentn a i>elition tii 
 
 Bisiaaiiik tn resti'iet the iilierty of the rriissian 
 
 Ji'ivs 15 .\pril, i38i 
 
 .Irtvs severely perseeuteil at Kieir anil other |il.iees 
 
 iiiSiiilth Russia Mi,v, ,, 
 
 .ilmiit 6o,ixx) Hiissian ,Je\vs reiinest iierniission to 
 
 rrliini to Spain, Ki-anteil . . . .In,,,., ,, 
 
 Piisi'iutiiin Koiii},' on ill I'rns.sia, the eniperor 
 
 iiitfrfmnKtiistiip it . , . . Anj,'. „ 
 Sivm ri'strictive eiliet afiainst the, Jews in Unssia 
 
 issueil, but nulfiillii carrieil out, inereasinx eivil 
 
 ,|isaljilities .May, 1/ s,,,. 1882 
 
 Cniiinitteca fornieil at Herlin anil Lonilini to reeeive 
 
 iiiiiiieytiilii'lp Jewish einif,'i'ation, Ainil; 108,7^9', 
 
 reii'iveil ill I,iin,liin , , . . 25 (let. „ 
 Xm synacoj-'uc at Aljliey-roail, l.onilon, N.W. 
 
 (•iiiisi'cniteil 30, Inly, 
 
 The Jews violently attaekeil at I'resl iiirj,', llnii- 
 
 ;.Tiry: martial law ]iroeIaiineil . , 29 Hept, 
 
 Trialiit Jew»(s('e //((Hi/iin/) ,883 
 
 Vi.ilciit attaiks Mil ,lew3 at St, I'etersbiii-i,', I'estli, 
 
 Z.ila Knerszi'K, 4e Inlv, All},', ,, 
 
 DiiUli nf Charlotte, liaroness ile liothsihili'l, (jieat 
 
 iK'iiefiirtress ,3 .Ma,.. ,8g, 
 
 Jrnsstill perseeiiti'il in Hiissia . Auj,'. i'/ .seiy. 
 Cimiiiissiim til eiiipiire into the coinlition ami 
 
 rii'lits of the Jews ()(,(, 
 
 TlieJewsi'iuoyiitpre-seutl'iill eiti/en.sliip in Eniii|,t, 
 
 (mill the exception of I'ortiiKal, Honiiiania, 
 
 Kiissia , mil Spain) ; also in the Uniteil .'Slates . 1S84 
 Sir .Muses .Mnulelinre eoiniiletes his locitli year 
 
 celelirateil by .lews all over the worhl as a 
 
 verypeat beiiet'aetor (27 Oct. Jewish (..'aleiiilar) 
 
 !5.26llet. T884; ilieil . . . 28 Jnlv, 1885 
 
 Sir .Vatliaiiiel ile Kuthsehilil, son of Lionel, ereati'il 
 ii|«'er; takes his seat 9 July, 1885 ; iiiiiile loril- 
 liiiit.otUuckiiiKlmiushire . . . .May, 1889 
 
 EstiiiiatiHl iiiiimhition of the Jews in the worlil' 
 
 ^.1:7,602 
 
 Esli'il)itiiiniif.liij,'hi-Jewisliaiithinitiesatthe Hoyai 
 
 .UbiTtH.ill ii|ieneil , . , . 4 Aiiiil, 
 
 Ex|iiilsii.n of Jews from Oile.s.sa ami Kinlanil 
 
 ,,'''*'""' • i • ■,,•,;,• AP'-'I. '838 
 Henry Aaron Isaacs, 31-11 Jewisli lord mayor 
 
 Dr. Xatlian Ailler, chief rablil, Loiiilcn, dies ' ' 
 
 Eiilorcement of the severe eiliet of May, 1882, 
 asaiiist the Jews in Russia, about 2,0(x),ooo said 
 lobe ordereil, July; ollleiallv eonlradieteil at 
 St. Pelei'sburg, 6 Au;!, ; many Jews exiielled from 
 
 ,'"'-™', •,.•.;,- ■ . . Dee. 1S90 
 Ai a Bieal ineetiiig in the tlniblhall, London an 
 -;,,..'al to the C/ju' to inltlKate the laws nirainst 
 •lie Jews agreed to (i.eeiiiidurZ,on'foH, l.'eb, 1891 
 
 [ Dr. Heriiianu Aiiier ilioseii oliief rabbi li.v"de'lel " 
 *■'"''■' ■ • ... 4 Juno, 1891 
 
 1891 
 
 .817. 
 
 1 89 J 
 
 l8q, 
 1896. 
 
 1897 
 
 1885 
 1887 
 
 Kxpnlsion of Jews from a, Unssiii ordered 
 
 _ , ., about 29 .May 
 
 Uela.vation of the persecution ; enforcement of the 
 
 decree of expulsion from 8t. I'etei'sbiirK ad- 
 
 J""''"!''' about 18 Jnl.v 
 
 3,000 acres of land at Ilnlbertoii, (Jiimberlaiid 
 
 county, .\ew Jersey, iiiirebased by Mr, Leon 
 
 Lait, u Uussinu, for a Hebrew colony 
 
 _,, , , , about 20 July 
 
 ihi! Jewish Colonization As.sociation, ii'liirli aw, 
 
 .•■"."'"'••'J abi.nt u Hept, 
 
 Aiiti-,lewish riots at ,Stariiiloub and other ilistrlets 
 ill liussia, about 30 deaths; older restored by 
 the niilitjiry, 170 arrests , 1 1 ( let, cMc// 
 
 NewsynaKOKiioal llublin coii.seerateil by the ehliif 
 
 rabbi Adler |v ,.,, 
 
 L.yKe expulsion of Jews from Russia oid. . .i 
 
 belore i Nov., 10 Feb,; execution of the order 
 
 suspended, reported , , , 4 .March, 
 
 Mr. Jacob .Monleliore, philanthropist, died, a..<eil 
 
 95 , Nov. 
 
 .Sir Julian (loldsniiil, M.I>., born 1838; dierl 7 ,liiii. 
 
 iiaron Hir.sch died ; many beipiesls to ,lewish and 
 
 other charities , . , . 21 Aiiril 
 
 Foreign .jews permitteil to enter Russia . ..8 ,lune,' 
 
 Meethij,' of the Jewish hi.storical society of tiiiHlaml 
 
 tocommeiMorate the re-settlement of 1 • ,lewK 
 
 (see (ilmir), ,650; l)r, Adler presided, Maeeabeaii 
 
 rooms, I'leeadilly ^ i,',,|, 
 
 Death of the maiid rabbi Lazare Wogiiii at Carls! 
 
 ,..'"l."'rt'"' i^Aiiril, 
 
 Zionist congress (e-/,;,./, .<,■,•) . '9 VuK 
 
 New synaKo-nein Maie-street, S. Hackney, iipi' i 
 
 by the bon. Walter liothsehihl . „, ,Sept 
 
 lassportlaws re-aniiii- Jews in the meilieal pro- 
 
 . tession iepi.|ii,.|| |,y the ezir . . . 8 Dec, 
 
 I' ittli animal " Haiiui'a"niilitarv .service for Jewish 
 
 marines and soldiers at the Hampstead syna- 
 
 ,,«"«"" ,9 Dec, 
 
 UKKonMKi. or linrrisii ,Tt:ws, In 184011111! ,841 a 
 coiiKrejiatioii was formi'd by certain laiiiilies of 
 Spanish anil lierimiii Jews, for iinitiu),' two sec. 
 
 t.';"'V''^ " omiiiuiiity, and for siii,plifviii(,' tlio 
 
 ritn.il observaiiies. Their West l.iindiin .Syiia. 
 
 K'l.i'i 1 Hurton-street, opened 1 ,lai,. 1842;' re. 
 
 moved to .Marwuet-street, Re^-ent-street, ,849; 
 sneceeded by a iiiaf;iiilieeiit synayogne, in l.'piier 
 
 lierkeley.stleet, i seerated . ,, ,S|.pt 
 
 I'he UeCu'ined Jews reco-nise the aiith.'.ril V of the 
 <|lil iestaiueiit III' written law only, and ii.|,.ct 
 the oral law eiiib,i,li,.,l in the Talmud, which U 
 accepted by the Orthodox or Rabbinical Jews, 
 
 JEW'S HAEP (proliublv .laws' Imrn), i„v 
 anciont instrument, Cliiirlcs I'aik'iisti'iii nroiliiceil 
 miiiirkiililo cllects with Jews' liarps at tliu Itoviil 
 Institution, London, 15 Feb, 182S, 
 
 JEYNEiS or JAINS, a sect nf DmldhistK, iiv 
 
 India, datiii.i,' from the <)tli eenturv. 'I'licy do not 
 
 I ivcoifiiisc 11 ci-cator, bnt believe mutter to lieetci'ii.il, 
 
 I and i-ctrain IVonulestrnvingliff.eonsideriiiKiiniiimU 
 
 I to be siicred, 
 
 I Their disciiiline is very strict ; a trial lor defama- 
 tion of character by a libel, accnsiiiK certain 
 members of breakinK the laws of caste, lasted « 
 ' days at Moorsheilabad, and cost above lu,, ,mJ 
 I rupees. The verdict was for the defcinhintH 
 I March, 1R91 
 
 I JEYPOOR, one of the fonr piinci|inl Hujnoot 
 states ot Iiidiii, tributary to tlie Ih-itish. Vln- 
 new cajiital, Jcvpoor, terinea tlie Paris of India, 
 was built m tlie h.st century. Tlie .Malianiiah 
 friendly to the Hriti.sh, by whom be was supportc<l, 
 died ill Sept. 1880; ho n'omiiiuted a suecessor. in- 
 atiiUed 30 Sept. 1880. 
 
 JEZREELITES. New and Latter lloum. of 
 Israel, was (bunded by ,ramea Jeishoru J.izieel 
 (James White), who died 1885, They assert that 
 the (Tos|iel IS sulHcient lor the salvation of the soul 
 but tor the salvation of the body the Law imist bo 
 added. Head quarteis, Uilliiiu'ham, Kent. 
 
 1870 
 
 ^^^tIP 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 ''i> 
 
 il 
 
 1 
 
 i ! . ■ 
 
 f 
 
 
 , ( ...,*■ 
 
 ' . '* 
 
 1 
 
 

 
 iiiii 
 
 
 
 
 JIDDAH. 
 
 620 
 
 JOHNSON'S CLUli. 
 
 JIDDAH. See J(r/V«. 
 
 JIHAD, or n^liifioua warfare ngiiinst unbelievers, 
 altlujujrli iiiculeatcil ill tlie Molianimedan law, was 
 proliibited by the Sbeeahs, and (Jiily jierniitted bv 
 the Soiinites in some eases; eertainly not witli 
 siiiy nation \yith whom they liad made a treaty of 
 peaee. Tlie Jihad was preaclied by fanatics in India 
 111 l87l,aiid iir'>'.;bite(i by goveriinient. 
 A .iiliad MfiMiiist tile liussiaiis was iiiininihei'il liy the 
 
 sheikli-ul-lsliua, at ConstaiitiniPiple, aliiml 28 May, 1877 
 A .jiliad against llie Uritisli in Atj,'li:iiiistaa, laii- 
 
 IJiiseil l,y Wliere AM Oct. 1S73 
 
 A jihad ajiaiiist the liritisli was jiroelaiiaed by 
 
 Anilii I'asha .... .ili.,ut 24 July, 1882 
 A copy of the Ain'er's book 011 Jihad reported in 
 
 Kiiyland, 7'iwM 11 .Sept. 1897 
 
 8ee Eniij't- 
 
 JINGO PAETY, a name given (in :8;8) to 
 jicrsons w'-.o jireferred war with Kussia to submis- 
 sion to her aggressive poliey. A popular song said — 
 ■" We don't want to lij-'lit, hut, hy ,jint,'o if we do. 
 
 We've Hilt the ships, we've got the men, and we've got 
 the lilnney tuii." 
 
 " liy iingo" iieeuis iu Jar\1is's " Don Quixote," and the 
 " Viearof WiiUelield." 
 
 JOAN ()!•' ABC, the maid of Orleans, born at 
 ^)omremy, imagined that she had a divine eoni- 
 inission to e.xpel the English, who under the earl of 
 Salisbury were besieging (irleans. Charles VII. 
 entrusted her with thc> coininaud of some Freiieh 
 troops, and she raised the siege, and entered Orleans 
 with supplies, 20 April, 1429 ; and the Knglish, 
 who were before the place from 12 Oet. jireeeding, 
 Hbandoned the enterprise 8 May following. She 
 •<-ni)tured several towns in the "posse.-siim df the 
 Kngli.sh, whom she defeated in a battle near I'atay, 
 iH June, 1429. She was wounded several times 
 ilierscdf, but never shed any blood with her own 
 hand. She was taken at the siege of C'umpiegiie, 
 .25 -May, 1450; and, aftir a trial, burnt fur a witeh 
 nt ilouen, jo May. 1431, A statue of Joan of .Vrc, 
 the work of the late princess .Marie of !•' ranee, was 
 inaugurati'd ,it Orleans, 15 ,Se|it, 1851, and the 
 455tli anniversary of the ileliveranee' of the city 
 was ndehiated there on 14 .May, iSti^ 'I'he anni- 
 versary of her death celebrated," 30 .May. I1S78. See 
 I'nlnii. Her statue at lieauievoir unveiled <) .Vug., 
 •at Domie'iiy 2'i \\vx. 1891, at Chiniui, 14 Aug. 
 1895; at Iteims. [^ July, 1896. Iler beatiheatioii 
 apiudved by the jaipe, 2~ Jan. 1894. 
 
 JOCKEY CLUR. See Ram. 
 
 JOHANNESBUItG, see Tnni.si-a<,l, 1887 et 
 
 SCI]. 
 
 JOHN nULL, a iiieknanie given to English- 
 men, is said to be derived from Dr. .Vrbuthnot's 
 ■satire "Jidin Hull," ])uhlisheil {■;\2.—Ure{rtr. 
 "John lUill," a comedy, hy (ieorg(> Colman the 
 younger, was i)erfoiineiri8o5. The " John Bull," 
 a Tory newspaper, sui)|iorte(l by Theodoie Hook, 
 -was first published 1820. Its inihlication ceased in 
 'I892. 
 
 "JOHN COMPANY," ii name formerly' 
 given to the East IndiH t'om|iany, was soinetinies 
 given to the South .Vfriea Company, 1891. See 
 
 Zaiiilie.si. 
 
 JOHN DOE AND KiniiAiii) Hoe, names 
 well known, us standing pledges for tlie prosecution 
 •of suits. Ill early limes real and suhsta.'itial ])er- 
 ■.sons were required to jUe.lge themselves to answer 
 to the crown for an aiiiercenieiit or fine set upon 
 the plaintiff, for raising n false lueusation, if he 
 Ill-ought an action witlmut eaiise, or f'aih'd in it; 
 
 I and in 1285, 13 Ed'.y. I. sheritl's ami l^iUH, .,,,. 
 before they made deliverance of the distrcsg t 
 ceive pledges for pursuing the suit, aiid'L",?" 
 return of the property, if return w,.,-,. .^'l'"' 
 Hut this heeonung a matter of foim t),,, '|j ,■ "'■ 
 names of Doe and Roe wer.. used until tlie Ibnlu.il! 
 declared to he no longer necessary hv tln.f,, 
 Law Procedure Act, 1852. ' • "-""""" 
 
 , JOHN O'GROAT'S HOUSE ai, ,„,:„„, 
 house formerly situated on Duui.in'^ liiv' H 1 
 , the most nortlierlv point of Oreni liiit iiii'',i,„ '• ' 
 : its name from John of Oroat, ,.r ti,™ ' r;f» 
 _ brothers, (uigiiuilly from Holland, said to 1, m. , 
 , tied here about 1489. "" I" liave ,et. 
 
 I The IiiHise was of au oitagon shM|.e, hnn^.,,,, . ,,„„,, „.„ 
 
 : .ught windows and caght ilnnrs, t.. ,-i.i7i,it ,.,";"'"' 
 hers ofthe family, the heads ,,|ili||;.|viit 1,mi;i ,";' 
 
 to prevent their ijuarrels l',.r preie.l,.Mi,. ai f ."'v ,' 
 
 came in hy this contrivance at his ,,«ii dnni „ 1 '' 
 
 ; atanoctagi.ntal,lc,atwhie),,et,.„„,.s,,,i,,;';;',; 
 
 j ehu't pla r head. '" '■' 
 
 , JOHN, ST., see Kcirfn„i„!l,nid, Cml,,;.!, 
 ^iir Jlniimwic/i and O.if'uri/. ■ ' 
 
 SI. ./iiliii'.i Xiiiht, or .Midsunuiier eve, 2?,Tuiii.> 1,., 
 aiv still niaile in Ireland, ni.,1 iu siam. 1' 1: ■'''' 
 land, anti thuu^tit to he the relic eta p;i'™, ,■ , , '"" 
 iisiauhling the I'liiiMiician wuiship nfjjaal. 
 
 - JOHN, ST., Kxioir'r.s oi-', sec Jlnlia. 
 
 iiK Knioiits or .St. ,l>,ns (.lul,„,u,;i,rl!;ii.;) ir„,i 
 iMi. i.i-dcr ot high rank, fnrnied hv FiHlm.i T;' 
 ban, 111. of Prussia, 23 .May, ,8,2, ami ,,,',,,,: 
 
 th.t^,S52. 'fhese knights eo.,,„.„m.ihvi,|,;i;;!; 
 
 of St. Jiihii III Malta and varii.iis ntlivi ti„,i^, , 
 rendering .•i.eigetic assistanee tn the \vniii,.|,,i ,1,', | 
 tlu; iTaiieii-l'nissian war, 1111870-1; tlic il,i,.f „ft.; 
 heing at the aneiiiit gate ol' the pi-iniv i,f st l„ „ 
 Clerkei,w..ll, loud..,,, 1' C. ; the'priac,. of" W ' 
 
 piior iif til iter, i8y2. '' 
 
 The Hiissian and Knglish oiileis elaim (.,„||„.,,,|„., ,,;,;, 
 
 the ori-inal institutimi iit .Malta asUvnnf i|,/,. ,, 
 ri,' SI. Jiihii .imhiihiHtr ..|.«„,',ii^:„,, f,iiiiiili.i| ■1,1,1, ,','■ 
 lished by the ( Inter of St. Ji.hii i,r ,l,.iii>,,l,,',i ii, ,'.::': 
 lis iilijects are— 1. 'file ilisseiiiilial ii.li i,f iii^lirM ;,,' 
 Ml "liisl^ Hill," i.i'., th.. prelii aiy tivatiiii.in ,',| JiJ 
 
 i sicl; and injured i^nuliini //„■ ,(,„■(,„■■, „,;ifiii'. 
 Iretiires In wiiineii nn hmii" iiiusiii^' ami liV'^;,'..,"' 
 ,5, the deposit in appi npiiale lucalilii-s i,f n.Ji,'.: I 
 (such as stielehers, hanipeis, splint.s. Uimhi..,., ,v,''i 
 I'nr use 111 ease of iicciiliMil ; 4, tin- ilrv, luimr' 1 f 
 ainliulance emps fur the tlall^pl.lt .,f tli,. sirk";,„i 
 mjuied. Upwards of l-so iiilniiiiiMiiilin' ■■ci.un,,' 
 and siinie tliiiiisaiids nf "liilaclinl cla^M•s■' Iiavi vm 
 
 I foinied ill all parts .if Ilii. L'liilcl Kin-.l hulia >1, 
 
 Cohinies, and elscwhiTe ahinad. ami mn ,a: „ 
 eertilicjitvs of piolieii^nev liaw |„.|.|i ii«iii,l.,| *■- 
 Kdiiiund A. II. LechiniMc, harl., .M.l'., oliaiman". 
 .lohii l''uiley, e.sip, hiiiiurary ilireclnr iil' sl.nvs ,v,i 
 iiiaiiii;;er of n'aiis]inr| ilepailiniMit ; iiinjursii^ Hfii,",, 
 «'. I'eirntt, halt., chief sccielaiv. 'I'lie iiriiRv,; 
 Wall's installed at St. John s (late 11s (liaml ViM't 
 the Older lit the llnspilnl nf Sl..l,.|iii,ir,J,.iiisal,.,„;„ 
 fhiirland leernily iiic,,ipi,i-ati.i| hy linval aaii,,. 
 18 July, i388. 
 
 ^ JOHN'S GATE, ST. (St. John's Sqi», 
 Clei'kenwell, London), a line vestige of iiinn.i.iw 
 Imildiiig, was the gate of the luiory of St. Jului f 
 Ji nisalc'in (suppressed in 1540). and was llic fhe 
 wdiere the (M-iillenuin's .Vni/ir.iiie w.is tirst |.iib. 
 lished, () March, 17,^1. Tile lenise wasnftcnvisilnl 
 hy Dr. Johiisim, (iarriek, and their friciiils. Thii 
 gate was iiurchased for the Order of llic Kiiijlilsi'f 
 St. Joiiii, by Sir Edmund .\. II. I.ci^linnTi', lit,, 
 secretary id' the Eiiglisli leafiuc The first nicitiii» 
 lield here 24 June, 1S74. 
 
 JOHNSON'S CLUB, see Uliran, CU. .1 
 society for the study of Dr. Johnson's works, elf. 
 was founded at I'emhroke college (his 0*11 eollen) 
 lit 0.\ford 111 1871. 
 
JOHNSTOWN INUNDATION. 621 
 
 JUBILEES. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN INUNDATION, see uiuler 
 ;\ii,i»ijlttiiii(i, i>S8y. 
 
 JOHOKE. A stale 1111(1 town in the Jfiiliiy 
 IViiinsill:!. The siiltnil rcci'ivrd l)v tlic (lUi'di, iit 
 IViiiiisor, 21 1''<'I'- \^')l- During' liis visit, sniiic 
 lirritiiriiil aiTiniui'Miciits wric iiiiidt'. Jlo lel't 
 Inslml IS -M''"''!. i^')l- 111 till' riise uf Miss 
 Jiimv Migiu'll /■. the siiliim (itMnlicirc foi' lircacli nf 
 nroimsi' "f iiian'iii^e. niaile iiiiil"i' an a'Siiini'il name 
 111 Kn"l;iiiii. iiui'fii's Iji'iirh division, vcnlict fur the 
 (ji'fdiiliiut. as an inile|ienilent s(.vereii;n, 4 Nov. 
 1,*|!; lio (liiil in Loiulon, 4 ,)niie, hSij^ ; sueceeded 
 bvlii'sson, lliraliini, crowned 2 Xov. 1895. 
 
 JOINT STOCK COMPANIES (sood and 
 
 iiilUMVe lieeii very niinierinis diiriiii; tlie jn-eseiit 
 mitiiry (csiieeially'iii nS^i, 1X40, uSiit), and 1872). 
 jliny acts have lieen jiassed I'nr their regulation; 
 lilt most iniporlant in ICS44, 1.S5:;, i.S^; and iSyS. 
 In imp>irtaiit aet for the inrnr|ioralioii, refjnlation, 
 jnJ wiii(ling-ui) of tradin;; eoiii|i!iiiies and ollnr 
 afSAiiiitioiis passed in I.S()2, was amended in iNlj- ; 
 ffti'oiiipaiiics, and Liniiletl lAiihUUij. I,f>32 m w 
 fompaiiit's ^■''i''-' n't^istercd in the year i88i-2; m 
 i4 1482; i''^.^. 2,550; 1891', 2,6S6; i8()2, 
 ;«;; 1X9,;, 2.('i 7 ; >Si)fi, 4,;35. 
 
 JONATHAN, BROTHER. This national 
 name lor Anieriea is attrilmted to Washin;;ton's 
 reliiiiii'i' f"i' advice and support on .Jonathan Triiiii- 
 ball, "ovornor of Conneetieiit, wlioiii he ternied 
 '•thi> 'tir.<t of patriots " (Trunihull died 9 Ang. 
 i;S5).— i'ccHrc. 
 
 JORDAN, !i river of Palestine, cro.sse(l liy 
 the Israiilites 11. c. 1451, when they entered 
 Ciiiiaiin. A plan for formiiij; a eanal from the 
 JleJiloriani'an to the Riilf of Akahah was di-i'iisised 
 attlic liritish Assoeiation Sept. 188,5. 
 
 JOSHUA, sni'oeasor of Sfoses, led tlie Israelites 
 into Caiman, it.c. 1451. (See liihh:) Handel's 
 Ijtii oratorio "Joshua" was tinished 19 Aii^. 
 i;4;; produced 9 Miircli, 1748. It eoiitaiiied " See 
 till' Cuiuiucriiig Hero conie.s," afterwards trans- 
 ferroilto "Jiulas Maccaliiens." 
 
 JOURNAL DES SAVANTS, -see Reviews. 
 
 JOURNALISTS, Nai'Ionai. Associa- 
 tion" of, established at Hiriningiiam, 1884. 
 
 The .immal meeting at Li>iidnu was largely it- 
 tMilril, 18 lli'c. iSS; ; at .Newcastle . Ki'lj. iSS8 
 
 liiililiikrifjoiii-utilist^, l.niiiloM, iiiaujinratedij .Mar. 
 1339; iiiciirporati'd .... S l''eli. iSgo 
 
 Fihtaiiinuilcniiri'rciiec held at HhiiiiiiKli:ini27 Se|it. 
 1890; in London, .M. Zola iiivseiil, supports 
 aiioiivniitv, 21 fiept. 1891; at riyinoiitli 2 .Sept. 
 1395; IMfasl, I Sept. 1896 ; Cardiir . 30 Aii^'. 1897 
 
 FiK iiitoniatiiinal coiilcrciieo at Antwerp, 9 .July, 
 i3g4 ; one at Hiidupcst . . . i6.Iuiie, 1S96 
 
 JOURNALS, see Xeirxpapers. 
 
 JOURNALS OF TitE House of Commons, 
 
 foniiiu'iiocil ill 1547, first ordereil to lie printed in 
 1752, fflicii 51XX)/. were allowed to Jlr. HardiiiKe 
 k the ciecatiun of the work. The joiirmils id' the 
 lloiKE OF Pkkus (eonimencing 1509) were ordered 
 to be printed in t'O;. 
 
 JOWAKIES, see IiHli,!, 1877-8. 
 
 JUAN FERNANDEZ, un island iti the 
 
 Pa; itio, nami'ii from its di'-coverer in I5''>7, Ale-Kan- 
 lin Selkirk, a native of Scotland, left on shore hero 
 byliis captain in Nov. 170.], and lived alone till he 
 WIS discovared by captain Kogers in 1700. He died 
 lieutenant of H.M.S. IVeymoiithy i-]2t,'. A monu- 
 
 I nient to his memory was erected on the i.shinil in, 
 18(18, then colonised hy Gernmns. Krom liis nar- 
 rative l)e I'oe is said tii have derived his ..irfctv/O^/cs. 
 0/ ./^"ii;/«;« 6'/v/.vw, )ii;st published in 1719. The- 
 
 ! present trovernor, Uodt, a Swiss adveiituri'r, settled, 
 on the island about 1874. 
 
 JUAN, SAN, a small island, near Vancouver's 
 island. I'he possession of this island, on account of its. 
 commaiidiiiKthestraitslietweeiil'.ritishC'olunibiaanU 
 the Cnited Slates territories, le,! todis]iutes between 
 ilie two countries, owiii^; to the doubtful interpre- 
 tation of the treaty of Washiiiuton respecting the 
 boundaries, 12 June, i,S4(,. See i'mled aiiite.t, 1859, 
 and l8()0. The n -r (,liy tlie treatv of Washing- 
 ton, 8 .May, 1871) «as referred for" arbitration to- 
 the eni]ieror of Uermativ, who decided in favour 
 of the United Statu, Oct. 1872. The isle '.vas- 
 evaeuated by tlie liritisli 22 Nov. following. 
 
 JUBILEEvS (Hell. ;/u!iel. the sound of 11, 
 trumpel). 'I'he Jews were eomiiiaiided to uele- 
 lirate 11 jubilee every liftv vear.s, 1491 ii.c. 
 (/(■('. x.w. 8.) Among the 't'hristia;. i 11 jubilee- 
 every century was instituted bv pojie lioniface VIII.. 
 in the year 1 500 It was ordi'rcd to be celebrated 
 every fifty years bv pope CIviiieiit VI.; and by 
 ■ rlian VI. every tliirtv-tliird vear ; and by Si.\- 
 tus V. every twenty-fifth year. Leo XIII. cele- 
 brated his e|iiscopal jubilee, 'l'"eli. 1,895, see J'ujje. 
 •Valioiial jiitiilci' ill ICiiulaiid on aeeoiint of Ccorgti 
 
 III. ciilciin.L; lhi. 5otir, vear otliis ivi-ij, 25 Oct. 1809. 
 Jiiliiic: 111 cclcliiatiuii of the Ki'iicial p..ai-c, and of 
 
 the cciilciiai\- nt the accession of the Mruiiswick 
 
 „''V"''-^' , ■ ' Aii^'. 1814 
 
 shuksiw^'n-f Jiihiln: projected by David (iarrick, 
 was eclclaated ,it Shakspeare's birth-place, 
 Ntr.itloid-nii-.Vvnn . . . . 6, 7, 8, Sept. i76t> 
 A. Shalispiare h-stival at Stratford . . 23 April, i8s6. 
 A Shakspcare festival at .stratlonl . 2, April, ite; 
 TheMcutt cent.'uary celchratcil (he was born"! 5 Aug. 
 
 , ;'7').. . ., 9 Aug. 1871 
 
 liiteiiiational iiiiisical jubilee at liostoii, U.S., (sec 
 ,'''"'■'""} 17 .'"uc- 4. Inly, 1872 
 
 yiKKX \ K-rnlilA S J IHll.KK, 1887 (accessii ill 20.1lllie, 
 
 1837). (iraiid inoce.ssioii wiiacssi'd li.v iiiiiiiy 
 tlousands; so|,.niii thaiiks.'.'h in;,' service iii 
 Westlllilistel Aliliev ill the ini .scliceorthe i|llccli, 
 the royal faiiiily.the kings. .f llemaark, HcI.L:iiiin, 
 (ircece and Saxniiy ■ the eiuwu ].iiiiccs of (icr- 
 iiiaiiy. Austria, l"orlu-al and Sweden ; the ^-raml 
 duke Seigiiis ol Hiissia, Ania lens, duke nt Aosta, 
 prince l.e.dwi-i.r ll:ivaiia, tln' luaharajah llolkar 
 and many Imliaii princes, tl ■■ queen of Hawaii, 
 also the di.:;iiilarics of the empire, and many 
 persons eminent in science, art, and literature 
 
 21 June, 1337 
 
 By lier ina.icsty's eoniniand, a piidurc re|pre.senliii;; 
 •lie scene, WHS paiiil.'d by .Mr. \V. K. I.ockhart, 
 U.S.A., ami by her |iermissi,in was , xhihitcd at 
 Waterloo llonsi'. Fall Mall (eii-nnings were sohl 
 by .Messrs. lidi^; ,«i Co.); 
 
 Ma;;niticenl illuiiiinations tliroii^,'Iniut 'hi' metro, 
 polls; two deaths rccoriled, and not many 
 per.sonal in.iuries . . . . ai .Iiiiie, ,, 
 
 Jiibili'i' hi'ae.)!! lires tliroiighoiit Engl. uid and Wales, 
 started on the .Malvern Hills lo ii.in., and seen 
 from Cottingtoii Hill, Hants; over 80 tires seen 
 
 21 .liiiie, „ 
 
 About 26,000 element arysel 1 children I'litertained 
 
 in Il.vdc I'ark at the inslanee of .Mr. I.awsonof 
 the liiiih/ yv/ii/io/i/i. The ipieen presents a 
 liicinorial cup to Florence Dunn, a;;cd 12, of , St. 
 Mary's, Westminster ; the prince of Wales and 
 many of the nobility present . . 22 June, „ 
 
 Graiiil fete in I*only|)ool jjaik, Moiimoutlishiro, or- 
 ganized by captain (ins. lievan (who w.as thaiiki'd 
 by the iineen); about. P..i,,>.. juTs.ms ].reseiit ; 
 Kieat Kisteddfod ; a prize of sto/. awarded to 
 Dowiais choir ; tireworks, \-e. . . 11 April, ,, 
 
 Jubilci- celchrated in India ami all the rolonics, 
 andthriiiighoiit thccivili/cd world, June ; envoys 
 from the popc(Moiis, UulloScilla),JapauaiidSia'iii „ 
 
 11 
 
' ,^f 
 
 JUBILEES. 
 
 622 
 
 JUBILEES. 
 
 
 Citizens' tliaiiks);iviiiK siMvIco at .St. rani's I'tiT 
 
 fcinnal preici'ssirin fnmi (iiiililliall 2, .innr, 188 
 
 The <inrcn issues a Irttrr to tlir natinii, cxiin-ssinj; 
 lii'riii'ut'niniil}.'ratitnili' loitlji' mt.v kiml ri'ci'iition 
 ciftlic vast jnnltitnfli' ilniiri;; licr inn^'n'ss tu ami 
 ri'tnin fivmi WestniinstiT Alilicy, and lici' liit;li 
 ailniiratinn I'm- tliu cvcclli'nt uiilcr ihi'sitvi-iI 
 
 24 .Innc, ,, 
 •Jnl)ilci' yacht mce mnml tlic island (see I'fj.A/.s) 
 
 14-27 ,lnne, ,, 
 28,000 VI ilnnteeis reviewed liytliei|neen at Itnckint;- 
 
 jiani Talace, 2 July 
 
 Tlic> (|neen lays f'uundatioii-stni f tlie Imperial 
 
 Institute 4 .Ilily, ,, 
 
 'The (ineen reviews abiait 60,000 nu'n at Ahlershnt 
 
 qJnly. ,, 
 ■Grand naval review by tin' i|neen (see Xiiri/ 11/ 
 
 KiiijUiiul) . , ' . . . . 23 .Inly, „ 
 Thejiresents ^iven 1" tin' (|\ieen exhibited at .St. 
 James's I'aiaee, rieli, beantil'nl, and eceentrie, 
 
 12. Sept. „ 
 Jleilals jiresenteil to the metKipcIitan iinliee for 
 their ciindnet dnriiiK the jnbih'e celebraliun 
 
 ordered ^ Sept. „ 
 
 'TluMineeiiexpr ses her thank.s fur jubilee aililresses 
 
 from all iiarts lit the empire .' . 14 .Sept. „ 
 ■Great number id' uddiesses I'mni nniniripai ("nrpM. 
 ratiiuis, seientilic societies, and otlier bodies 
 
 I 27.1une, ,, 
 
 East India chiefs received And decoraterl at Windsor 
 
 3o.Iune, ,, 
 The queen thanks the mayors and nnniieipal 'bodies 
 
 for their presents; /.()iii/i)» (,'(i.-i7/c . . ., Nov. ,, 
 Lonn iilliclal account of the jubilee jirnceei'injts, 
 
 l.iHi'ldii liicinc -, Jan. 1888 
 
 -Jtlhili.'c I'furiil'l of thr irnlilt'll of tlif lU'itUl Km- 
 l^iff (from 1//. to il.) ; 75,000/. jiresented tr» 
 tlnMpiei'M 22.)une ; her letterof thaidis jmlilisheil 
 2 July, 1887 ; sum ineri'ased to 84. 116/. in .M:iieli, „ 
 The (|Ueen a]pprovc^d the ajiplieation of about 
 70,000/. foi^ tile sick Jioor, ami the bei.ellt of 
 nurses and nursing' instilnlions. Abcait 10,000/. 
 was set apart for a colossal statue of the prince 
 c<iiisort, arnlabfiut 4,116/. fora personal ornament 
 to lie worn by the (pn-en ; re]ior;ed 20 .\nril, ,, 
 
 .Statue of the ipiei'u by .Sir. I. E. lioehm, subsei'ibeil 
 for by the ;;raduates, unveiled by the jirinee of 
 Wales at till' L'liiversilv of London, Itnrliii^'ton 
 Gaiibus 8 .May, one by 1,. J. Willi^imson, at the 
 Colle^'e of I'liysieiaiis, Thames Kmbaiikmeiil 
 
 unveiled 24 May, 1, j 
 
 Picture of the Eniperoi' William I. and his family, 
 I>aiiitud by .\ntoii von Werner, jiresented to the 
 (llieeli by the Gerinans residiii),' in Eii'^'land . . 
 
 16 May, „ 
 Royal Vicl/iia [Jubilee] Hiis|iital, liourneinonth, 
 cost 8,<jO)'., ojieni'd by the prince of Wales 
 
 16 Jan. 1S90 
 ne Juhilee nfriiij of ♦he iillieers of the Hrilish 
 army. — A silver ;^'ilt centre p: 'ce, representing;: 
 the t;reatiiess of the emjiire, desi^'ued bv .Mr, 
 
 Alfred (iilbert, l{..\., iiri'sented to the .pi at 
 
 liuckin^ham |ialace by tlie duke of CambridL'e 
 
 and a deputation i May „ 
 
 The bronze eipiestriaii st;itue, by sir .1. K. lioelini, 
 
 was set up near Virtjiiiia water, Windsor ^reat 
 
 park, and w;ts nneo\'ered by tlie (pieen . 12 May, ,, 
 
 Jubilee statue of the ipieeii (as in 1837), by the 
 
 princess I.iiuise, in Ki'nsiii;,'ti)n ;^'ardens, umeiled 
 
 by the '.piei'ii 2S.Iiim', 1891 
 
 [Qiiim'i (''iiiiiiiimu-iilioiiFnnil, for the Jubilee in- 
 stitute for niir.ses: 12,500/. from lord Ivea^h ; 
 total, 156, «»V. ill 1807.1 
 PiAMONi* .Ii'Hii.KK : .March of eoloniu! troo]is from 
 
 Victoria iiarl; to the Mansion house . iQ.luiie, 1897 
 The i|ui'en's 6otli ri;.'nal year compli'ted. Solemn 
 thanks;,'ivint; day (the iip. of Wakelield's hymn, 
 music by sir .\. Siilli\an, siiuf,' by reipiest of the 
 ipiecn) at St. rani's, London, Westiniiister 
 al)'>ey, and all places of worship throughout the 
 
 empire, ,s'(mh/'o/ 20 .June, ,, i 
 
 Piannnid .Inbilee odes by the poei-laurcate. ,\nii i 
 
 others, 7'/ lac.i 21, 22 .Innc 
 
 Fleelvstrcct, St. Paul's, ChiMusi,!,. \.„, 
 
 house. Kin;; Williani-st I I o,,,!,',,, ' ,'"" 
 
 Southwark, Westminster binl;.,., \Vl,it,.l,,'ii ,","' 
 Mall, and back a(,'ain to the pah,,;,.. 'I'l,,! ,,'1 ,'„''' 
 Asiatic, ami African coiitiiiK,.Mls li.,| 1,,' , ; 
 Itolii'rts, acc,ini]iani,',l bv tli,' I'lilimial ,„,,„ , '"' 
 left liuckiii-ham iialacc, about g a m i],,. ."■'"; 
 
 IM-oci'ssioh st.irti'il 11.15 A.M.; tl „.,.,'";; 
 
 leaving the palace sent this tel,.-iai„ [„ „ , " 
 subjects : " l-'r,jni my hi'iirt, I timiil; niv l„.l„vl."i'' 
 
 i subjects : may (io,l bless th' . " '> ""nH 
 
 The procession ineluili',1 the naval ,'ui,l ,1,11,^^. 
 
 : forces, foreign ,'nvoys, Indiiu, ii,ii„.ri,,i " , '• 
 Hrilish ami forei^ni princs, tip, l.,,,,, U? f ' 
 ili^rick, the princesses anil cliiMivi, ; ,., „,,,ni,,i ',!' 
 in.chi.'f lord Wolseley; the ,j,kks' i,,",,, '; 
 
 Wall's, ami prii ss Cliristiaii, iiriiieE. „i w", ' 
 
 diiki'sofEilii!bur-h,(:oiiiiaii-lit,, 111,1 c,,,,!,,,!'' 
 troops, and the Hoval Irisli ( on^i;,!,,!!.,,.,. ' 
 
 Tlieipi,'eii on thi'sile of 'i'l'mple [j.,,. iv,.,:!;,,,, „ 
 
 i city swoivl from the loni imivor, „i„'| r,.i|,i„, 1 I" 
 
 : At St. I'aul's {'ath al, wi'st front ■ '11,, , J!! ', 
 
 clM.ral s,.rvi,v, was hel,| by i|,,. .,|,|k ,if ■ '^ 
 terbnry aii.l V,,rl<, aii,l other hisliop, '™' 
 
 ec,'|iti,)ii at the Mansion li. 
 
 II' i|ll,'i'li iv. 
 
 turn,',! t,) l!iickiii;;hai,i paliU'e at 1.4; e I 
 Jubilee honours, aiiiioui,ci',l, Timri ' ,', i,., 
 
 Illii'iinatimis 'iil festivities throu-hoiU ''lii'li'iiiia ''''' 
 
 '■'"' ■' ori'l^'U stati's . 19-26,1,111,. 
 
 Over 2,. .., .^.","on tires from Cornwall toOiitlli,,.*,' " 
 
 1,981 ii. Kr.^iland ... j ' 
 
 Colonial and fori'ij;n con;,.T„tulati,ry aildresses t,; " 
 
 the ipieen ami till' Hnlish n,,ti, 111 . jj i,,,.. 
 Th,' ,iuei'n received the mayors and i„„vi,.sts uf '' 
 (.reat liriUiin and In. and, ai„l „tl„,,,,'; ,i„.i,„„^; 
 ol lords and lions,' of commons; reviews ,o,vv, 
 I .school I'bildren in Ihi' (irei'i, p,-,,!; uh,, r,','.'i',Ml 
 I in,',lals an,l irfn'shments ; she iveeiv,-,| ;„M|,,„,, 
 I fi-om tlieir repr,'s,'nlativ,'s, l,ir,| L,,i„'|,„|i|,,n.''' 
 *•'"'. ''':■ "•' '.."lel'in, cam. Van;;li,ni, aii,l „il„.,x'. 
 «rriv,',l at W imlsor, ri'views the Eton l„,vs m,\ 
 ri'c'ivi'd a,l,lress,'s . . . 2','iiiii,. 
 
 I.,ir,ls of the a,liiiiralty and foivi/.n aiiiniiais ,",!; '' 
 ceived by tli,^ ipiiM'ii at Wiialsor, llie ra»tl,' illii 
 
 minated 
 
 m^iU" banqnc; 
 
 , ftii'el'jn princ 
 
 f^s. envovs. an 
 
 :! othc 
 
 received by the i|uei'n 
 •Connnetnoration ihiy : 
 
 June 
 
 Jun(>, 
 route of jiro- 
 
 ssion ; linckin^jham palm',', f,',nistitutioii-hill, 
 IMccadilly, St. James'-street, Pall-mall, Strand, 
 
 State baminet by the iniiice of'w,il,'.s at'' i)ii,.k' 
 iii;;ham palace, to forei;;ii princes ami i'i,v,,y<. 
 
 Jnbilei? dinners to ^■!o,ooo nietropolitu, ii,jm'ii'i -a 
 ilistricts, initiated by the princess of \V,'i1,''s(,h,, 
 
 U„«,-: „» /,„■,.->, April ; some di, is visit.'il l.v 
 
 ,he prince and princi'ss of Wah's ., & ,, i,,,,,: 
 , The qnei'U inspects about 6,o.«i selm.il I'hJM,-,.,, i,', 
 W inilsor nark, ami reviews the liri'.hri].'ii,l,s tr,n„ 
 all parts of th,' country. nn,l,'r the ,|ii|<,. i,f 
 .Marlb,irou;;h ; sir Kyri'Sli,i\v. :ii„l otlii'ispn's.'m ■ 
 
 torchli^iht in- s:,ion of tin' Eton l„ivs >s .lim,.' 
 
 Princ,' an, I pri ns ,ir Wah's, tl,,. mviyiiiiiiilv' 
 
 l,ii,'i-n prine.'s ami .'inoys, aii,l others ,.iit,:i'. 
 
 tami'il at th" .Mansion ho, IS,' . 2^.1,11,^ 
 
 Grand naval review ,'it Spitliead (m'i' .V,,,.,). ' 
 
 „; • ,. „ . 26,1,11,.'. , 
 
 I he iiueeii visits Kensington. re,','i\,'s „,l,ln'<.,'< 
 
 ami -ivi's a state wirden-party at Ihiekiii-lianl 
 
 pidace ; about 6,.Ryi pri'seiil . . ig.lini,. 
 
 (iram! army r,'vi,'w ,it .\l,l,'rsli,it (n-liirli ,.0), 1 ,l,ilv' 
 
 Kiincy-ilress bad ilbistiiitin- th,' i',iii,t ,lr,'s.<, rtr.' 
 
 of the 16II1, i7tli. and 18II1 ei'iitmies, j;ivi''ii i,v 
 
 the link,' and ilni'hi'ss of ll,'v,iiisl,in' at Ilrv,,,,. 
 
 sMre house, the pill Ill, I princess of Wall's ;ii„l 
 
 till' royal family pri'M'nt . . . 2.li,l,v, 
 
 Th,' Innis,' of 1 .nninons and Indies ri'i','iv,'d l,y tli,' 
 
 ipii'en al a ^;ar,l,'ii piirtv al Wind.siir I'lkl" 
 
 I'l'il^'- " 
 I he iiueen decorates the Indian ollii'er.sat \Vii„N„r. 
 
 S'llllv. ., 
 
 400 soldiers and sailors d f,i,mlit in i,ait|,. 
 
 b,'tween 1817-97, in'ne "• the iiniic' ..I 
 
 Wales, lorils ttols,'l- a,. "ts, aii,l ,jtliHrs 
 
 5J11IV, ,, 
 I.i'tti'r of thanks from , >■■ ■", her i«iO|ili', i; 
 
 'Inly ; '/'iNn-.s, 17 , Inly ; «i - .r 1 . . i6,hilv. .. 
 The Diamond jnbih'e presents exliibiti'd at tl'i,' 
 
 Iniperiai inititnti' . . . iS Oct. '/>■•, 
 The Diamond jubilee described In tliP /."«,/"'« 
 
 ddsrllr E.rlriioi-iliiKM-ji, pnbli.shi'd 14 Marcli, 189.', 
 
 ]iiice i.s. 
 
 See Cliuivh Ilome, Imjuriiil Iiislilittt,£ Xiirta. 
 
 JUDAS MAC( 
 l„rio, composed 9 Jn 
 
 .Ipril, I74'' '><-■<' '^ 
 
 JUDGE ADVi 
 
 judge uiartiul ol al 
 belli b.v l)iiteiit fron 
 ii.lfisrr uf the lomiiii 
 a„ii bv I'is autlioi itj 
 liflJ, ' All iidvocate- 
 IF) France in i()2.S, 
 5,.jii lifter the resti 
 ,vas iippoiiitcil iO(j6, 
 j„lmR. Davison aiqio 
 .liii Riikit Pliilliniore 
 
 visi,iiiitlly 
 .\(t„ii S. .\yit,iii . 
 .'iii'fli.'ii Cave . 
 (If,. .\. F. L'aveinlish '. 
 iipi,!}.'*^ OsUirn,' .Miirgii 
 IVilliaiiiT. Marriott . 
 J,.iiii\Viii. Melliir . 
 WilliaiiiT. -Marriott, J) 
 Sir Francis 11. Jennc 
 
 JUDGES appoiii 
 niTc in buiidajjie, nil 
 ti'in of Saul as kin^' 
 J:ialkes, Ciirinls, Xi 
 I'mij OjHiieils, and 
 .) ;i|,;es |iuui»la'il for br 
 
 lai,fl liiuii'ilu'il - 
 IVilliaiinli'Tliiii'p lian;; 
 J.'IniiU' L'aven,lisli bel 
 teyliaii, cliii'f jnstii 
 
 ,le'9]i,itistii, and iithel 
 Till' prince, if Wales sa, 
 
 i,v jutlgu Gascuignc 
 
 Wiicli . 
 .*ir Tims. .More, late 
 
 Ji'Igi'Stlii'tatcneil witl 
 l.ikfii ,iir the heiii'h a 
 i„i'iis, ,111 a cliarg,' ,,f 
 
 T;,iw'jiiil(,'csii"lieacla" 
 >l,il,.iii„iicv 
 
 Jii'lge Jclfcrics-ooiiiinit 
 '[I'Wcr, wlicre he ,lied 
 
 Tli,'juil|.'L''s ollice made 
 iN'liaviiiiir) iiKstead of 
 'ii'WiiliyijWill. Ill 
 
 Ti.-ir ,i,iiimi.isi,,ns 1; 
 *iiiiliiig till' ileini.se , 
 
 Thiwii'Milienal jinl^'cs 
 I'liuit, 1784; an, I iipi 
 
 .\ii,'ffju,lgctiiiik his St 
 
 T«,i iii'W \ii-c.i'lia,ii'ellc 
 
 .\ tliiiil viei'-ihani'i'llo 
 juilkTS (styk',1 l,irds-ji 
 
 ,1 fouihit "f miUjrSf w; 
 1S73, onliTi'il to he III 
 ,11, surli ilay as slionl, 
 c,ll,)r aii,l loril cliii 
 o|«jrationof tlieact, i 
 17, 21, 23 June, 1892 
 .iUi'.,tlicyiiropo,senii 
 
 riifreiiort was refi'ire 
 l'orcoiisi,lcrati,)ii (the 
 aii'J otlif^rs 
 
 K I'ill ailoptiliK tin' re, 
 i.iitl.'ii r,'a,l 211,1 time 
 
 .V.'iv rps,)l,iti,jiis issneil 
 
 In till! ca.<e of Mr. Hi 
 -Vi'W Zcalanil, r. Mr. \ 
 jmlKc, tlii'.jiiiheialeoi 
 'ieciili'il that the app 
 uliil unless the jia.N 
 vioiisly 81'Ciircil l,y st< 
 
 JUDICATURE, 
 ^JUDICIAL co: 
 
 CjI'XCIL, 8C0 Privy 
 

 JUDAH. 
 
 623 
 
 JUDAH, >"■•« Jeu--i- 
 
 JUUAS MACCAB.^^US, Ilimders 121 
 
 t„rii),coraposea9 July — II Aug. 1746; prod 
 .Ipril, I747' See Maeciibns. 
 
 JUDGE ADVOCATE GEXEllAL, and 
 
 juJge miirtial ol nil the (onus, an iincii'nt office. 
 blJ bv piileiit t'lMU) tlie cidwn. Jfc is the Icif,!! 
 :i,lrisir'oftla'(i)niniiindcr-in-cliii't'in niilitarv lascs. 
 and by Ms luithoi it y all ,'ei;i/i-al eouits iMiutial are 
 h,|ii.' All iidvooate-j;enenil aeciini|)aiiied tlie iirniy 
 I, France in l<)25, iind the otiiee was cunstitute'd 
 irtii after tlie restoration. Dr. Samuel Harrowo 
 Wiis appointed l6(/). 
 
 J„|inR. Uavisuiiai.pniiiteil Dee. i87o;(lif.l 15 Apr. 1871 
 >-JiidKe)aete(I pni. 
 
 JUNG EIVER. 
 
 I • 
 
 iji i>. V' II ■ . i.j 
 
 RiilitTt I'liillininre (luiiiiiralty ,ji: 
 
 visiiillllll.V 
 ArtOll S. -V) Ttdll . 
 .vie]illi'll L'avi' .... 
 (lid. S. K. Caveiiiliali Duntinek, 
 
 1875 
 
 1871.3 
 Auk. 1873— Fell. 1874 
 Keli. 1S74 -Nov. 
 : iv.,875-.M.iy, 
 . .Miiv, 
 Jiuie, 
 15 Fell, 
 ktiik'hd'd Ainil, 
 
 1886 
 188S 
 
 aliout 24 iJce. 1892 
 
 1289 
 ■351 
 1381 
 
 (Iwrst O.slwrni' .Morgan 
 William T. Mari-iiitt . 
 J.liiiWiii. Melliir . 
 William T. .Marriott, .Jnl) 
 .•^ir Krancis H. .Jeune 
 
 JUDGES appointed by God, wlieii the Israelites 
 inre in bondage, ruled from 1402 li.c. till the elec- 
 ti.in of Saul as kinjf, ICXK; see Jews, C/idiirc/hr-i, 
 Jii'lices, Cimiit.s, Loi-^h Justices, I'iee-Vhancctlors, 
 I'liri/ Oiniicils, and Supreme Cn'irt. 
 
 Ji.Lwpuiiislu'il fur brilieiy and Tlionias de WVy- 
 
 Imifl biUiisIuHl 
 
 William lie Tliiii|i hanged fur Iiriliiiy 
 
 J.iIhhU' Cavcnilisli btliMidcd by tljo .SuHblk rebels', 
 
 Ti'syliaii. eliief justice, executed fur favouring 
 ili»|iiitism, anil other, judfjcs (•ondenined . . . 1388 
 
 Till' I'l'i""' of ^\'idc» said to Imve been eonniiitted 
 liy judge Gaseoiguu for assaulting liini on the 
 Itt-iicli j,,^ 
 
 Sir II111.S. More, late lord iiliancdlor, lieheaded, 
 
 6 .Jnlv, i5!5 
 
 Ji,.|gr,s tliixateiK'il witli Mniieaehnient, and IJci-kcIcy 
 takeiuillthe ln'Mcli ;ind eoniniitted liy tlie ciini- 
 iiwiis, on a charge of treason . . 13 Fdi. 
 
 TlmpjuilKCsiiniieached for favouring the levying 
 sliiit-iiioney 
 
 JiflgcJfll'eries-eoiinnitted by the lord mayor to the 
 fewer, where he died 
 
 Tlirjudja's ofticc made tenable for life (during gooil 
 lieliaviijur) instead of (Inrii.g the pleasure of the 
 [■iiiwuby 13 Will. 111. e. 2 
 
 Tinir iciumissiiins made jiernianent, notwith- 
 siimiliiig the ileaii.sc of the I'roivn (by i Geo 111.) ,7(51 
 
 Tliiwadiliticinaljudgcsapiiointed, one to eaeli law 
 fiiuil, 1784 ; anil again in 
 
 .Uir»-jiul(;e tuck liis scat asviee-ehaneellor, 5 May', 
 
 Tttdiitnv viie-cliaucelloi's appointed 
 
 .\ tliiixl vice.clianccllnr and two new eba'ncci-y 
 juilKes (styled liirds-justices)aiiiiiiinted , 
 
 .1 foioinV iij jmhjes, was by the judicature act of 
 1S73, oiiliTeil to he held at least once every year, 
 onsuehilay asshonlil be llxcd by the lord' cliaii- 
 Orllor anil lord chief justice, to consider the 
 operation of the act, end sucli councils were held 
 ■7,21, S3 June, 1892. In their rejiort issued 6 
 Auj<., they iiroposenwny important legal refurins. 
 
 riip report was referred to a eomniitlcc of the bar 
 forc.jiisi.leratii)n(tlie Incoriwratcd Law society 
 and others Nov. c<*7 
 
 A lull adopting the rcconnaendatiuns of the com. 
 luittec read and lime in the lords . 26 June 
 
 .New resolntions issued . . 2 June' 
 
 In the rase of Mr. Itiiekley, attorncv-'gcneral of 
 .New Zealand, r. Mr. Worley 1>. Kd wards, a puisne 
 JiidjCP, he judicial committee of the i.rivv council 
 ilecii "il that the appointnient of a Judge is not 
 laliil unless the payment of liis salary is pre- 
 viously secured by statute . . . 21 May, 
 
 JUDICATURE, see Law; Supreme Court. 
 
 JUDICIAL COMMITTEE ot^the Piiivv 
 C Jl.\ciL, see Privy Council. .-^ x m v i 
 
 JF^}^}^^ SEPARATIOX of married per. 
 2tliora- '"',',,•">,'";"■ ^^' '•'^'■'•"■'1 IJ.v the Divorce Court 
 iuced I ^»'"''''«l""'l by .uet of parlia>n,.nt in i8s- The 
 persons separated may not marry again. 
 
 A.^,Fw^^^^f STATISTICS FOE Englavd 
 
 A^D \Valk.S began with the vear (lHs»)) in IN^ 
 bee tinder tV-»»c. The nevv series besmninVw it'll 
 
 ^di^tie:'d^•^' "";''"'•'' ■""">■ ^l-"oes,°n.de;h,, 
 st.itisties ot some loreign countries. 
 
 Loul ot the \orld," om. of the incarnatiois of 
 u-i8h>n., m an idol formed of an irregular pyraniidu 
 black stone, with Uo rich diamonds to'^rVS 
 eyes, the nose and rnouth are painted ver nilion 
 Ihe number ot pilgrims that visit the god is st t "i 
 
 by the wheels of the ear (so lately as Aug. i.SOa) ■ a 
 g eat many never returned, and/to the distance'of 
 
 v''V'.'t,"^f '■''''"' ''''«, «^i''"'J "bout 800 
 nel ded b 1, r" "'.'"*"""■ t" tbe temple was sus- 
 TbM 'LP 1 ^l"!"'" government in June, i8;i 
 Ihe tea ival was kept, Jnne, 1872. Twelve ners.ms 
 were sa.d to be killed by aeeid.ult, Aug. S^"^ Tl e 
 festival of 1878 reported a failure. ^ 
 
 . JUGURTHIXE WAR. Jugurtha murdered 
 his cousin, 11 ieni,,sal king of Numi!lia, and usurp ■ 
 his throne, 118 n,. He Have Adherbala sharei it , 
 government, but Killed him in 112. He then im 
 voked the Romans to war. Cccilius ie tel u ' "s 
 hrst sent a^anist li.m, and defeated hin. in two b.Vt- 
 ties; and Marius brought him in chains to Home to 
 ddorn his triutnphiot, n.c, where he was nut •" 
 
 JULIAN ERA and Year, see C<,Ie„d„.- 
 . JuUanpenud (by Joseph Sc'ligc? about csf a 
 ! erni oi years pro.luced by the n'lultiplieatiou 'o f 
 i the lunar cycle 19, solur evele 28, and 1 oman 
 mdiction i:. It consists of ^qSo years and be" 
 4713 years liefore our em. Itias ,ee I'cZloved 'n 
 ! conipu i.ig tune to avoid tbe ambiguity aeW.nt 
 
 on reckoning any p..riod unteeede.rt toot era , 
 
 : uh antage in conin.on with the mundane eras ..ed 
 
 at dillerent ti.nes. Jiy subtracting 4-, 2 from the 
 
 JdUan period, our era is found; if letorrtJhri' 
 
 I 8ubtract the Julian p.^rind from 4714. ""'• 
 
 ' ii.'^F-f'^^''^^''^' " I'™*'*',".'' province; madoaduchy 
 j 111 I ?.•)(',; be,;amethe sub eet of contention on tie 
 i e..tinction o the ruling fani.ly in ,(x,„ ; ""a tted 
 
 i I,, f """.■■? ".'. '^'.W V^^'i^'''l by the French it ,7, , 
 and ceded to Prussia lu 1815. 
 
 JULY, the seventh, originallv ..ith Ron,,,, 
 I month .ninied by Marc Antony froi^. S^ C^ 
 the dictator ot Rome, who was iioni in it. 
 The early part i.f .hUy, ,833, w.is very c,. ,■ 
 
 July Itcvdutiuii. H,v Fmiici, ,830. 
 
 1641 
 i68o 
 
 1702 
 
 1830 
 
 813 
 
 1841 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 1894 
 
 JUNE, originally tlie fourth, now the sixth 
 montli owes Us name to Junius, which me d er n^ 
 from y«»« ana others from ,;»««,■,,, this bei V the 
 inonth for the young, as May w,,s f,, aged p "sV, 
 
 Ovid in a,s /;^^Y^ introauc,:sJu„oasekimin^? s 
 month. " Glorious 1st of June ; " see rl/mut. 
 
 JUNG RIVER, west Africa. Natives clia, 
 tised lor outraireou Mr. Laluinle, eiiv,^- «, rot/r; 
 b^- gen. Uuvelock, governor ef Sierra LeXMlaj' 
 
 !'i 
 
 •HI 
 
 i 
 
 ,-. 
 
 'I. * 
 
 ' ! 
 
 e. •. 
 
 If 
 
 

 i: 
 
 It'll 
 
 '4*' 
 
 IMiilfii-fli 
 
 JUNIUH'S LETTERS. 
 
 624 
 
 JUSTICES, Ldl! I IS. 
 
 JlTNirS'S LETTERS bi-fin in tin- I'ublic 
 Aitrcftiwi; 21 Jan. 17(19. 
 
 Tliry )mv.' Ill I'll iisciijicil to Mr. Win. Iliiikc, M :: Williiiir. 
 GiTiiril lliiiniltiiii, (■ciiiiiiiniil.v "iill' li HiiiKli'-.s|ii rli H.iiiiil- 
 ti.ii. John Wilki'S, .Ml'. Diiiiiiiii}' i.ifti'rwiirils ImiiI .\sh- 
 litutuii), scr.jcjiiit .Vihiir, tlii' if\'. .1. Itiist'iihii^;»'ii, .liiliii 
 Riilii'i'ts, t'liiirli's l.liivil, Huiiiui'l Hvcr, uriiiTii' Ijcc, llie 
 iluki' (if I'nrtliinil, IIiihIi lioyil, loiil ^^„^i<vii,^ S.irkvilli', 
 I'ftii Ti'iiipli'. i'iil sir I'hilip Kiiiiiri.^. Tlii' last niiiiii'il is 
 gi'iifi'all.v rnii.> .iliTi'il til liavi' Imtii thi* aiitliur. .Iiiiiiiis 
 naiii, *' I am tin ili'imsitar.v iif iii.\' own si'i-rrt, ;thil it 
 sliall pfrish witli iiu', " I'lii- work of Mr. rliiilini i.ml 
 
 llilli, K. T. U. Twislrtoli \\iis coMsiilrrril ili'cisivr o* .^il 
 
 Pliiiip Krani'is lii'iiif,' iliinir.s, .Mii.v, 1871. ".lui/ius i-. as 
 
 inurli iiiikiiown as i'vi*r." -Aflnnn'iim, S Si'jit , 1888. 
 
 Sail' of iiiaiiiisrriiit iiapi'is of sir I'liilip Krauris, re- 
 porteii to lir iiicoiiclusnt' ivsprctiii^ " .Iiitiins," 
 .iiiiiH, i8g-2 ; till' sir I'liUip Kraiicis corri'spiiii- 
 'Ifiit'o solil for 4 ^o/. 2.1. . . . .27 \o\". i8q7 
 
 Mr. Charles Kiii;.h', in liis ilcscriiitioii of tlm li'tti'is in 
 liiH " I'lipiilar HJsloiv of EiiKlaijil," iSfio, asserts tli.it, 
 
 tlipv a^oiniil Ml ,';i'i"-s cxay^'erati'in iiial vi'imi m 
 
 abiist'. Mr. H. i' !*' iiu'i.'i, ii,^ liis " .Inniu.s " U-miUil, 
 pnlilishi'cl .March. . i;.(, luainbi'iis that his pr.i 'It'athi'r 
 (Mir I'hilip) was •liiiiiiis. '''ho ..'^.n/'ipn (17, ■>4 'Man'li, 
 1804, anil .Mr. KrasiT l!a«, in o pa^>ll|•^, ly I'nl). 1898) 
 coiisiili'i-s till' hook »ii|;i':i<f:iciory. 
 
 JUXKElf. PAllTV {liiidry, iJi-rmiiii for 
 
 yoioiy ii'^li/i), a term uiiphid to tin' aristocratic 
 jmrty in i'russia, vviiich came into powor iiinliT 
 Otlio von Hismarck-Schoiiliaii.scn, iippoiiited priint 
 minister, qOct. l8()2. Their political org:an i.s the 
 Knuz-Zeiliiiig. 
 
 JUNO, the planet ili-covcreil by M. IlariliiiL', of 
 Lilieiitlial near IJrciiien, r Sept. 1804. Its distaiic" 
 from the sun is 254 millions ol miles, luul it ac- 
 complishes it-^ revolution in four M'ara anil i2iS 
 (lays, at the rale of nearly 42,000 miles an hour. 
 
 JUNOXIA, festivals in honour of Jun (the 
 Gi'eek Ilerii, orllOre) atllome, and institute ' 1 11. c. 
 
 JUNTA. The Spani.sh provineiiil juntas or 
 councils deelarej njrainst the French in 1808, and 
 incited the peo|ili' to insurrection. 
 
 JUNTO, a name ^'iven to the leaders of the 
 whiff p.irty in the riisiis of William III. and Anm.' 
 (1689- 1 7 14) ; the chiefs were admiral Edward 
 llussell, .John Summerfi, Chiirlea Montague, and 
 Thomas Warton. 
 
 JUPITER, known as a planet to the Chaldeans. 
 The discovery of the satellites, incorrectly attrihuted 
 to Simon Mayr (Marius) in iUk), was made by 
 Galileo on 8 Jan. 1610; sw I'/i<iiets. Jui'Iteu's 
 moons were all invisible on 21 Aujif. 1867 ; a very 
 rare oenurrence. A fifth very small satellite was 
 discovered by Mr. Barnard at the Lick obser- 
 vatory, 9 Sept 1892. — Jfi'iTKH Ammon's temjile in 
 Libya was visited by Alexander, 332 B.C. Cumbyses' 
 army sent anainst it jierished miserably, 521;" n.c. 
 The Greek Zens was the Jioman Jupiter, eontraeted 
 from Diovis pater, the father of Heaven. 
 
 JURIDICAL SOCIETY was established in 
 Feb. 1855, and opeiu'd with an address by sir It. 
 HetlicU on 12 May foliowin^. 
 
 JURIES. Trial by jury vna introduced into 
 England during the Isa.von ' c, arehy, mention 
 being made of six Welsh a ■: Anglo-Sii.\on 
 freemen ajipointcd to fry causcf ' . jen the English 
 and Welsh men of property, aiia i.aide responsible, 
 with their whole estates real and personal, for false 
 Verdicts. LainbtirtL By most authorities their 
 ijistitution ia iiseribed to Alfred about 886, which 
 is not h Jilorical. In Magna Vhiirta, juries are 
 insisted on as the great bulwark of the people's 
 liberty. When cither party is an alien born, 
 
 the jury shall be one l.ili iIp|,:, i,- .i, 1 1 
 other half aliens, stat. 28 VAv . 1,';.'' ,-' , 
 the common law a prisonci upm, '|,|];,.,(j'' ' 
 appeal might eliallenge pereiaptouly ti,i,-"'."l "' 
 being un.ler thre ' juries; bnt ,1 lo',,! j, '• T 
 nient, and a pe -i of the .o...l,n, wli,. j,' '" 
 trieJ by !iin iieer,-, eanimt cl, lUeiii'i. aiu m ' 
 peers. An act for tic trial by ji,r in civil' iil,''* 
 Scotland was passed 111 181:;. " An'ait io.(,|,,ir'|,"' 
 
 ' jih-ii'siii lid'f! 
 
 land was passed 111 181:;. .\ii ait to 
 
 inii' li': the laws rel.ang tii jmics 
 
 Will. IV. 18,5,5. A 1,1" 
 
 ■i'liiii 
 
 'Lc, I 
 
 and 
 
 waspusMii ; mil. lY. 1055. A iii-wacticsi, 
 juries, rc-ilating then- paviiiunt, i,- «■.„' 
 9 Aug. 1870, The clause respe, ij,,^, tlicir'ni 1" 
 was resciiii'i'd by 'it pnssc ■! jS l.,,!,, i-i-, 
 respecting i'.vies in Ire ;nni iLia^iuieii ' )', 1 
 1871. New Juries !>ill b'-oUL-hi in !n i|h .|.|, ,'. ■."' 
 general, sir John -"oleiiMne, I-'di. 'j^-j '^'■' .' 
 juries bill jiassed, Miu , i8i,,S. Jm-icruri. ',','" 
 moned to assist th- cor.m.r in inv, .i-Mii,,;'!'' 
 causes of sudden or vnileiif iiealli._(;iu,,|j j' ' 
 (of not less than 12 or mme than 25 pcrsiiu.'i ,1, ■';* 
 whether sultiiient eviijciuc is miilurcil ti'i'mt ','!'"' 
 accused on trial.— 'I'lie constitiition of i-iu,, ,'" 
 blished the trial by jury in l''i'.nue.-Aii'ii,„„,|n 
 decree abolished trial In ,iirv tiiroicliniit tlir \u 
 trian empire, l,s Jan. I^.2.'-Tria! In iiiw wJ™ 
 111 Idissia, 8 Aug. 180(,; „, Spain, iSSil- .uVu,.I,i 
 for hbel granted against ■] v. ininn ..jr Y. Tni<,„„ ;, 
 his absence, who was hon. i .iblyaciiuittcJ, iisSm,' 
 1879. ■ ' ' ■ '''■ 
 
 COKRCIO.V OK JnUKS.-h is s;ii>l tllllt ill ,n',. 
 
 tunes the suitors useil to fed \W jiirv i.iiii,iiii,.|i,, ,' 
 their action, anil heiiee arose tie eoni],,,,',, ]„„!,',( , ' " 
 snsteiiaace to a jury after the i, nji,.,- „f n,,, ,v|',i'-„"'» 
 A Jury laiiy be iletaiiieil iliiriii;; tli- rlrasiire nf u,,. jio'l 
 ;f they cannot ii-ree upon ,-, veri . 1 ; ;i,iil mav I,. ,',;, 
 liiieil without meat, ilrink, or lire, i-inuile li^laVxim I 
 till they lire nmininious.— Some jiiicrs li:i\v 1„.,„ i, i 
 tor hiiviii- fruit in their pockets, wlici, thcv mvimvui? 
 
 (Iniwii to 1 siller of their venliei, thmi^li tliiv.W Z 
 
 eat it. l.nm liiier, i ,7. A Jury iil SinMmiv ii,it'l,i,", 
 
 able to agree, anil having' lieea si lin,,. Mii.l.t i|iirf,',° 
 
 foivilily broke from the court where tliev«vii. l.i.kriim' 
 ami went home, 9 Oct. 179,. 7'/,,V(,/,<, In Smiln'i' 
 Ouernsey, .Jersey, ami Kriinee, Juries ileiiilt l,v , li,,' 
 .jority : in Kraiiee, since 1831, a aiiijiiiitv of twe-tliinlsi, 
 reiiuireil. 
 
 "JUSTE MILIEI^" (nioilcratiim ami „. 
 ciliation to parties), aeconling to Liaiis-l'liilip|ie jr. 
 1830), is the only principle of goveriimciit «lmh 
 can secure the welfare of I'nincc. 
 
 JUSTICE GENERAL, I.ia'il, SctUnd, ,(, 
 Court oj tSmxiijii. 
 
 JUSTICES OK THE I'EACK are unp:iiJlo(il 
 magistrates, invested with extensive pnwir* in 
 minor eases, hut subject to supersession ami |mni.h. 
 nient by the King's lieucli for an aluise nf ilifj 
 authority. They were first nmiiiiiateil 1« Wil. 
 liam I. in 1076. S/oir. rcrsims tcnneil raii<im. 
 tors of the jieace in each count v were a|ii«iiiit(J hv 
 I Edw. III. e. 2, 1527 ; 
 dclined in l,5(x). The lorn 
 peace settled by the juile 
 kins ; see Eijrc. 
 
 their iliilirs Wire 
 eiiiaiiiis,<i.in (if lie 
 '■Hi,:. i;So. ]im. 
 
 JUSTICES. LORl 
 
 English soverei; "i pc 
 cs])eeially by Willie m i\ 
 (1695-17'to). Gt',ir"jh 
 Sept. 182 1, when i 
 lords justices wen 
 
 wt.'o appointed by 
 
 during their absent; 
 
 orgel. amlUciiriif II. 
 
 •■'er left England, h 
 
 irge IV. went to IlaiiMtr, 
 
 , 'iifed, the iluko nf York 
 
 being the first, h '. v..; appointnunt h,i.; 'r„i;i 
 made during the i;'Si"m, r' ni, it havini: Iwti 
 decided by uie law autn . ■: ■• .■ 1843 to be un- 
 necessary when the nueen .• ,,;, Knincc. IrilaiKl 
 is always ruled by lori; ;i..s when the lonl- 
 
 JUS 
 
 hil'T.mt i.s out of t 
 maat,- Two lords jus 
 ,\\.ii'"i having rank 
 (, A.! esi.lnjtier, were 
 ul.iy :<Cot. For recc 
 
 ,■• '1' Jmai's Ij. Kiiij 
 
 ; Nov. 1866. 
 K(l»rt lord C'ranv 
 
 (x'lliir). 
 i!.-3, SirGomwj Jas. Tun 
 m Sir Uiisli .M. Cairn 
 
 cclliir. 29 Fell. i8( 
 T!«;.,«i.|-Ji.!.-i Holt, July 
 iiti. Sif "^li-irles Jasper 
 
 ifiCg. 
 i;6i. Sir William Page V 
 
 1 Nov. 
 liJ) Sii Georfc-e Jl. GilTan 
 lijj iir George Mellish, , 
 ■.hi. 'i:i Ricliaril IJn>;giillii 
 i!Si. !)ir Cliiirles S. C. Dot 
 ijjj. Sir Eilwaiil Fry, 9 A 
 1J91, Sir Horace Uavey, 
 
 1894. 
 
 rre-fciit L 
 liSi. SirNatlmniel Limlle 
 
 Oct. 1 89 7. 
 i!;'j. Sir Henry Charles 
 LuiUow 21 June, ii 
 I iSjo. Sir Edwil. E. Kay, 
 ilit'd, 16 March, i8c 
 il<ii. Sir Archihnlil I.cvin i 
 I 1894. SirJolin Hi^'by, Oct. 
 1:9;. Sir Joseph Cliitty, Ja 
 119;. Sir Bicharil Henn Col 
 1 1!};. Sir Rolaml Vaiigliun \ 
 
 , JTSTICIAES. In 
 I England used to hear nni 
 I ii declared by law that 
 I mine every controversy, 
 I divide the labour among 
 I and fearing: Cl°(li and out • 
 I lie Saxou kings of En 
 I after this manner, who 
 I deputy. After the Nomi 
 linrated with that power 
 tJiuticid, or Jusliciarius 
 Itontinued until the erectic 
 Ibenchandthe common pi 
 
JUSTICIARS. 
 
 62.5 
 
 ili'vatiim ami cf.i;. 
 Louis- I'liilipi* n 
 goveninicnt uliich 
 
 liAitT,int IS out of the countiv, or liis offlco is 
 msl-^yio lorckjusticeii of tincniirt of <u)n,,il in 
 i:.ui,'t having rank next after the Jliiet' l,;iion 
 (.iitijm.iL^i'.er, wer« appointed from i Oot l8;r 
 I nVr '<^l- For recent clianscs see Appeiil. ' 
 
 ''■'''" ^:r^k '^"'«'''-"™'-<^. '^isnea Oct..' , Ilea 
 
 't i'U> . I ODD. 
 
 " "Si)""' ^''""""■'"'"' (■■'"^■'■"■iiiaa lord clmii- 
 *} Sir Oi'"r,L,-v Jus. Turner, Jmi., cli,.,i, n Jiilv Tfi«, 
 
 •%;. ffir Jii'.'i Holt, July; ri'sigueil Feb. i863 
 
 uiS. Sir rhirlcs Ja,si.er iielwyn, 8 Feb., dierl i, Aug. 
 
 a. Sir Jiiliniii Piige Wood, .March ; lord-cliancellor 
 
 I 2 oOV. ' 
 
 I iS!) SirGeorge M. GifTard, Vcc. died i, Julv ,»,„ 
 ,iji SirGeortje .Mellisli, Jul.v; ilied 15 Juno '1877 ' 
 :5^5. 5:! Rielinrd liiiKgallny, resigned 1885 ' 
 liSi. birCharli's S. C. Uowen. 
 liJj. SirKdward Fry, g Ajiril, renignoil 1802 
 1J91. Sir Horace Uavey, Sept., loul ol appeal, Aug 
 
 Present Lords Justices. 
 iSJi. Sir Natlianiel Lindley, made master of the rolls 
 
 I, Kj. Sir Henry Charles Lop,.s, IVe., made baron 
 Lajllow a, Jime, ,897, resigiuMl 23 Oct. ,So,. 
 ,!jo. Sir Edwd. E. kay N'„v. ; resigned, Jan. .S97 • 
 (lied, 16 March, 1897. ^' ' 
 
 i'.;/}. Sir Archihald Levin Smith, June. 
 ii9(. SirJoha liigby, Oct. 
 1 1!^;. Sir Joseph Cliitty, Jan. 
 
 1J9;. Sir Richard Henn Collins, Oct. 
 1 1!97. Sir Roland Vaugliaii Williams, Oct. 
 
 I ^ Jl'''^TICIAES. In ancient times the kinjrs of 
 England used to licar and determine causes ; but it 
 lu declared by law that if the king cannot delcr- 
 I mine every controversy, ho, to ease himself, may 
 I We the labour among persons, men of wisdom 
 I and faring Ood, and out of such to appoint iudees 
 llhe Saxon kings of England appointed a iud-'e 
 latlerthis manner, who was, in fact, the kinips 
 Idepaty. After the Norman conquest, the person 
 Imested with that power had the style of Gimtalis 
 i;«(tei«, or JusUcinnus Aualice. These jiid.rHs 
 Itontmued until the erection of the courts of kiii-'g 
 Ibenchandthe common pleas. The first justiciars 
 
 _JUVENILE OFFENDERS. 
 
 (H.nFj- lU). ' AuthS,",';:,; '■ "»»'■»•■•■■. i-'.J 
 ASf^"^"' «<"■■'"■' «>■. •» <■«»■' ./ 
 
 ,8S-^,V-'-^'*5'°-^ *="''• ; i» '«85. 2«iT6-4 tons [; 
 '»«r. 327,221 tons, of undn.ssed mtp J,,. ■ " 
 
 JUVENILE OFPENDFRS Tn ts,c 
 act was passed for institutim. m m^ ."„ . •'^•5^' *•* 
 ing and correcting juvdr^i.E^rd thf '" r " 
 tary hospital at I^.rkhurst i.rthe IsTj of Wi b '' 
 appropriated for this purpose a,, If ff!,."* 
 oomm^tal to reformato^sC pas4d ^\%^^ '^'" 
 
 '-■■' 1! 
 
 
 ym 
 
 I ptrt 
 
 M 
 
 • 8 
 
 
 . i. i 
 
 ,1 
 
 
 " ^^B 
 
 i 
 
 i^^^^^^l 
 
 1 -' 4fik 
 
KAABA. 
 
 626 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 KA 
 
 1 1»«' 
 
 
 lib 
 
 K. 
 
 KAABA, see Caaba. 
 
 KABYLES, see Algiers. 
 
 KADSEAH, see Parsees. 
 
 KAFFRARIA, an extensive country in S. 
 AfVicii, extending from the north of Cape Colony to 
 the Ornnge river. Our wur with the niitivcs began 
 in 1798 
 
 1819 
 1834 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 1853 
 
 1853 
 1873 
 
 1877 
 
 The Kaffirs, lion.lod liy M.ikannn, n iirmilict, attaek 
 Uraliaiiistciwu ; n^imlsi'il with iimch slauj^hter . 
 
 Ai;ai'iil''f''''>t''<l. '828, 1831 • , • , • 
 
 The Kattlrs rise ; sir Jlarry .Smith, the Hovenioi;, pro- 
 claiiiis martial law, and onlers the iiihaViitaiits 
 to rise en mime to (lefeml the frontier 31 Uee. 
 
 Disastrous onerations (ipiiiist the kalhrs m the 
 Waterkloetl- folh.w ; ei.loiiel Konlyee ami several 
 ollleei-K ami men of the 74111 regiment killed 6 Nov. 
 
 Wreck of the lliil;r,ihe,iil with reinfoivements fniiii 
 Knglaiid (see Jlirhiilie.'il) ... • 26 beb 
 
 The Viostilities of the Kaffirs Iiavinf; iissumed all 
 the featm-ea of ret;iihir warfare, the Ki.venior- 
 L'eiieral, Cathi-'art, attJieked mid defeated them, 
 " so Dec. 
 
 The eomlitions olTei'ed liy Catlienrt ni'eepted, and 
 jieaee restored , •.••,.,• 9 Mareh, 
 
 Death of Makoiiio, an eminent eliief . 11 hei>t. 
 Insnrreotiou of LaiiKalilialele, siiHircssed ; see 
 
 KrelV'aGalcka chief in the Tniiiskei territory at- 
 tacks the Kin^oes and their Uriiish inoteetors ; 
 repulsed at Ibeka . . • =4 nml /Q^ept. 
 
 .Sir Uartle Frere, the governor general, with ollle.'is 
 
 ' and volunteers i.ro( ds to the .spot ; Kieli <le- 
 
 IVateil liv eoniinamhiiit Urifflth, his kraal Ijiirnt, 
 o Oct ■ depo.seil and liis lands annexed . <>ct. 
 
 Galekas defeated and expelled from tlieir territorieH 
 
 2 IJOC. 
 
 Rise of the Gaikns under Handilli, an old chief 
 (who after eduentiim relapsed into liarbarisni), 
 
 Cetvwavo, kill!,' iif the Zii'Uis, troiihlcsomc ; sir 1!. 
 Frere' reiiucsts lielp ; 90th regiment and a liattcr,\ 
 (ifartilierv sent from F:ii(.daiid . . . Jan. 
 
 Dritish advance ; rebels defeated, 24, 26 Jan ; at 
 liniiitaiia, 7 »"i'''-. ''>■ »«'■"• 'llicsigerCalmiit 400 
 Kaffirs killed: S.andilli escapes) 18, 19 Miiich 
 ■ii-iin (caiit Donovan, lieiit. Waul, and cajit. 
 khawe kille.l,) about 21 March ; c.mtinned Mit- 
 inj.' snirietimes severe . . . Marcli7-.Ma>, 
 
 Sandilli and other chiefs reported dead ; his .sons 
 cantiircilKafflrrernp-esiiidrcadtnl condition Jniie, 
 
 Ai.incstv proclaimed to all siinvndenng rebels, 
 
 about . ■ • ■....• ■ ° , V " 
 ThanksuiviuK day f"r restoration of j.eacc . i .\ K. „ 
 War still lii.Keied -n the bnidcrs d.inn^- .\ ij,'. „ 
 
 Tiiii Macoiiii> and Gan^;llbele comleiiined t.ii. atli as 
 
 traitors; intercesshm for them ill "London ; rc- 
 
 F,Ir"thc'war, see' also' /i(Wi'-'o Imtil, rmnavwl.iind 
 
 Zulvlcnil. 
 
 KAGOSIMA, sec Jopan, 1863. 
 
 KAINAEDJI (liiilgaria). Hero a treaty was 
 siaro^l July, 1774, between the Turks and Itussians, 
 whk.h op',-u.'d the'Blaek Sea, and gave the Crinica 
 to tlie latter. 
 
 VAT. A FAT on the Danube, opposite the 
 forTresrof Wid.len. This place wa- fortitie.l by the 
 Turks under Omar Pachu wlien tlicy crossed the 
 river, 28 Oct. 18S3. In Deicmbcr, prince Oort- 
 hihakotr witli the Kussinn army, ilctermiiied to 
 slorm their intrenchments. The contiict lasted from 
 V D«e. to q Jan. 1854. «!«" "»e «"«"'«>» wore 
 
 compelled to retire. Among these conflicti one 
 occurred nt Citnte, 6 Jan. ; see Ciliile. Kalatai 
 was invested 28 Jan. and general Schildersatlaiked 
 it vigorously on 19 April, without suctcss, and tW 
 blockade was raised 21 April. 
 
 K ALAKH, ancient capita! of iniiWle .Uvrir ; 
 where many discoveries lia\e been niailc h\ li\y,\jf 
 and othei's. Sec Assi/riu. 
 
 KALEIDOSCOPE, an nidicd instrument, 
 which, by an arrangement of niirmrs, produces a 
 symmetrical reflection of various transparent sub- 
 stances placed between, was invented by Dr, (aftir- 
 wards sir David^ Brewster, of Edintiurgh; itwas 
 suggested in 1814, and perfected in 181;; (ee 
 De//t(sseoj>c. 
 
 KALEVALA, epic poem, see FcuUml 
 
 KALENDS, see Caleiuh. 
 
 KALI YUGH, see Call Y<igh. 
 
 KALITSCH (Poland). Here the Russians 
 defeated the Swedes, K) Nov. i7c)(i, mid here llir 
 Saxons, under the French general, Keynier, «erf 
 
 by the 
 
 fiuBsians under Winzinjerode 
 
 1878 
 
 beaten 
 13 Feb 
 
 KALMAR, see Calmar. 
 
 KALMUCK, see Tartm 
 
 KALUNGA FORT (E. Indies), iitt.iekedM. I 
 Buccessfully by thi^ Hritisli forces, and general 
 Gillespie killed, 31 Oct. 1814 ; and afjiiin unsucf* 
 fully, 2,1; Nov. ft was evacuatea liy the Xepaute, 
 30 Jfov. same year. 
 
 KAMPTULICOX, a .substance used for Ami- 
 ing, patented by Elijali Oallowav in 184;, anii 
 manufactured since 18^1, by .Messrs. Tarler, 
 Hurvoy, and Co. It is composed of India-nibte | 
 and cork, combined by masticating machines. 
 
 I KAMTSCHATKA, a peninsula, E. coast oil 
 
 j Asia, was discovered by Morosco, a Cossiiok ciiiel, j 
 
 I l6<)0; taken possession of by liiissia inilx);;anij 
 
 I proved to be a peninsula by Iicbrin<;in \;i%. Foat j 
 
 ; months, commencing at our niidsumracr, niavliej 
 
 considered as the spring, summer, and aiitimil 
 
 here, the rest of the year beini; winter. Tlfl 
 
 amiable captain Clarke," a companion of laplaiij 
 
 Cook, died in sight of Kamtsdialka, 22 .luf, i;;J 
 
 and was buried in the town of St. I'etcr and M| 
 
 in the peninsula. 
 
 KANDAHAR, see Camhhar. 
 
 KANGAROOS, animals indigenous to. \is-l 
 tralia (first seen by captain Cook, 22 June, i:;c;,| 
 were bred at San Doiiato, the esta'e of 
 Uemidoir, in 1853, and since. 
 
 KANSAS, a western state in N. .taerics 
 organised as a territory, 30 Xhiy, l854;_adniilt« 
 into the union, 2>) Jan. INOI; ina icitopc! 
 slavery, contrary to the Missouri Comnromisc;! 
 mwry in America. During 1855-8 this state « 
 a scone of anarchy and blooddied throush niitM 
 cftbrts to make it a slave state. Capital, um 
 
 lorth; population, ll 
 I tit), 132,716. 
 I I'tiontowii destroyoil 
 
 raujeil by heavy nii 
 
 :ir)rt*^i . 
 I (Kimctive cyclone at \ 
 
 ititii loss of life 
 |v;ol«ililispntesatTope 
 
 anil iMpiilisls in the 
 
 lii«; chocked hy tlio 
 
 p)piilisls«iitHliieil . 
 I Dfstnictiva cyclone o\ 
 
 jj ilfaths 
 I Cclli.-ioii oil till! Santa ] 
 
 i;«ll» . 
 
 K.iPCXDA, see 
 
 K.\RACHI, a flou 
 
 fipilalof Sinil, was ta 
 
 J iSj(), Outbreak of 
 
 I mej'urf s adopted ; de 
 
 (July, J.402; reiippcnrs 
 
 K.4EA1TES (or R 
 
 Juiiiiisni, it reniniint of 
 .isfitby.-lnan-ben-Da\ 
 IfMi'Ss adherence to th 
 IJtit the Taliiiud and 1 
 Itlill Mist ill Turkey, Pi. 
 jpirts of the East. T 
 |eri^'in, 
 
 K.1ERACK, see C, 
 
 K.4R,S, a town in A 
 
 'if Kussiiins under V 
 
 fliT three days' contli 
 
 lendej bygciicnil Fein 
 
 pen, and' with three mi 
 
 . ' aramimition, aga 
 
 Bloararielf. with an .iri 
 
 IftoaOfaviilry. The sii 
 
 18.V0V, 1855.' The siiir 
 
 iery great from choleri 
 
 liussiaiismndea^rand a 
 
 ppnlsea with the loss of 
 
 hrriionwere overcome 
 
 riM, Kars was restored 
 
 |Oa*vt|.tiiig^.,>ni'ral ^Vil: 
 
 , ;iii,nil .Mi)ui'avieir sail 
 
 ( made ymii-self 11 iiaij 
 
 >taiiil amazed iit the i 
 
 Ji»i|iliiie wliidi this 8 
 
 fcmnis "f an army. Let 11 
 
 pll saiwfy tlie il'eiiiniMls 
 
 inuiiilv." ill ,856 the l'i 
 
 lili III.' litle of sir William 
 
 plrUnlnlapeiisiiin; he li 
 
 Je lli^siins liesiegiiif! Ka 
 
 Itiy.MukniarPnoha, . 
 
 'itrilir -rami duke Mich 
 I rfwlni 2. 4 Oct. ; defeat 
 
 |IllJl(»V|,VI, y,.f) 
 
 f^ iJkiu, after 12 I'murs 
 lit IS NO.lliy treachery) 
 |ii'"lm.|woiiiiiled;l!iissin 
 »:»iili|iisscif 10,000 pi 
 I'll to liussia hy the 
 
 JASHGARIA, cast 
 |i:!iibilucd by China; 
 W- insurrections subd 
 m laljoob Beg, durin 
 Kmi, made himself ri 
 jscntenvovs to I.nndor 
 Kill attacked by the C 
 7 'Mil to have been nas 
 > 'ailitiil, Kashgar, was 
 Puicd by China, iNov. ; , 
 
''I . ■ 
 
 M] t': 
 
 K'VPUJJDA. 
 
 \\ of luidiUc Aiivrir ; 
 bi'cn niiulu ly LivirJ 
 
 Ills inJigenoiis to .tel 
 n Cook, 22 Juno, l"0)| 
 I, the esWf. of | 
 
 state. Capital, l«at«« 
 
 „r!h; population, 1880, 996,096; 1890, I,42;,096; 
 
 1!}' '32,7^0. 
 
 mtowii (IcHtroycfl by the biirntin},' of n dftm 
 
 627 KEKPER OF CJONSCtENCE. 
 
 KASHMIR, »ec Qinhmen. ~ 
 
 1889 
 
 awi by lic-'ttvy nilim, Mevcrul lives liwt, ri 
 
 I'lrtnl 17, inn 
 
 I Ik^iructive cyclone »t Wellington nnil otiier iihiee 
 
 .mil iosH of life ' j|„y „ 
 
 I v,,>iitillHpiilM lit Topekn lietwnn tim repnljlieans 
 
 aiiil i»piili»l» in llii'lDwei' lionsourthe lei'iNiii. 
 
 am; cliDckecl liy tlio niilitiii, iihont 15 Keli ■ tin, 
 
 ,.,,,>ilistssi.l»hie,l . . . . ' • }..,,,,; g 
 
 I [V^'riclive cyclone over Willlnnistown ; alumt 
 
 I jiitaiths \, jiiii,. 
 
 I Cc:i:>i"ii oil till! Santa F^ railivav near Emiiuria' " 
 
 ,..*atlH ...... 8 y„,,t; ,g^^ 
 
 KAPCNDA, sec under h'n-vks, 188; 
 
 KARACHI, a flomishing; port inN. W. India 
 
 . ipital of fiiiid, was taken by tlu^ Hritish, 3 Ft'i)' 
 \\il<). Outbreak of Inilionie jilaKue, reinediiii 
 I im-urrs adopted ; dentils from J)ee. iSod up to 
 I July, 3,402; reappear!!, Sept. 1897-8. ' 
 
 _ K.lRAiTES (orREADEHs), tlic Protestants of 
 ltoi.-m, a remnant of tlie Siiddncees, formed into 
 j.iint by Anan-ben-Uaviil, in tlie 8th century. Tliev 
 Ipl'i'ss iiilherence to the Seriptures iiloue, and le- 
 ■jfit tile Talmud and Kabbinieal triiditions. Tliev i 
 ■•nacsist in Turkey, Poland, the Crimea, and other ' 
 Ipjrti of tbe Kast. Their inline is of uncertain 
 |«ri;in, 
 
 KAERACK, SCO Can-ack. 
 
 KAR.S, a town in Asiatic Turkev, captured bv 
 '"' Kussiiins under I'askiewidi, i^ July ,i<,g 
 
 ofT,:^ka^m.^r^l.v'''■'"' "^ ""^ '''Sri'""" P^oviueo 
 frnm . ' ^» '>**""". captured ty the Italian! 
 
 Xit ''"•"^'''■"' ^^'^ ^'^'"-''•"/', '7 July. .8^; 
 
 A.„in,|,,nnienl ut K^issala l,y t,i,; ,tailanH;"a?;: "'' 
 
 ^''!l;..,',';'7""c'.V"'P"""''"-- «"1v>'h, .8 ■noc ""^' "*" 
 
 ^';.t^:tsZ^;:^i;.^-:-:,;-,-ue|5 
 „ ;.i;ai^:^';;-;,^;::;:i;i-i,-'--:-.r-^^ 
 
 nc,„lo„,e,„H„ts„,,.ler ,.,!,„. jiKerreil „„,i i^u\\M\\ " 
 
 4 .Ian. 
 
 qS 
 
 nnt 
 
 ■ three days' conHiet. 
 
 '8.S 
 
 IS it was Ue- 
 
 pnJfJ by general Fenwick M'lliinms, with ic,(K)0 
 *"-" and with three months' provisions and three 
 
 . ammunition, a'cainsl the Itussian general 
 louraviftf, with an army of 40.000 infantrv and 
 10,000 «™lry. The 8ie-(. lasted from 18 June to 
 
 .Nov. 1855. I lie sulfenngs of the garrison were 
 rery gnat trom cholera and want of food. Tlie 
 toiaiis made a |;rand assault on 29 Sept biit were 
 ■piilsfa with the loss of ahove (xxx) men and the 
 irmon were overcome by famine alone. ,Sa,iti- 
 !M. Karswasrcstored to Turkey, Aug. 1850. 
 0.1 aiv,.|,tiiij; general Williams' la-oposal for sniTendcr 
 !p,,v,™l .M.,umvieirsiii.l:_'.cieneial Williams, voi, 
 
 >■ ".* y.,ui'self a name in history; ami po.s eiitv 
 J *in.| amazed at tlie emlurance, the coiir!|.-e ,1 
 • 'liviiJiiie which this siep,. lias .villed forth I,', ,1.' 
 
 "",;"v",'hl.''"?'; '■';' "%"'■'■"'«" " capitulation 11,,,, 
 
 JI.> tbe (leinaii.ls of war, without diSLTa.iii.- 
 
 "»«;». In ,836 the p.ncral was made a i.t,',' ' 
 
 tlirtileef sirWillmiu fc,i,vi,-k Williams of Kais 
 
 J;mWai,e«si,m;liedie,l26,Inlv, iSS, ' 
 
 |Wa«,lw,,,„„led:Hussian,nI,ont=5o>^'Tui^isl,-, ■' 
 B-co «i I, ,,„ „f ,0,0001.1 , .oners, ,00 t;nns, &c. ) 
 "1"! t.) liussia hy tl„ Uerlin treaty ,3 ju'v' , -,8 
 
 KASHGARIA, eastern Turkestan, • , - m1 
 1^. subdued by China; annexed bv Kr r.^ \J 
 ^. imurreotions subdued, 1826 k ,,■„. '"MiV- 
 
 En'1 t^'-'l',";">g "" insurrection of the 
 
 I a attacked bv the Chines;, tot'ally , e ' cd 
 Tr.,'"'^avebcenassas.sinated, 1 Mnv i«--' 
 
 r^'' ''J Cluna, i\ov. ; and the war elo* d Dee. 
 
 ->lorj,'aiii chiff, aniv. 
 
 ™t^«^/2^ ^*'"""^"^' -"^^^x'^SAtlg, 
 
 '';:"c;>i:;^u:St;;:ami'^-*:;!;:'.-,'?-r'» 
 ^^i^r::^:z^zi:::^r' " ""■ ^-^'''^- """ 
 
 l'""-i..panyin«.K.AIviel'"'".'""':'";J^;;;; 
 j .See Ciiitiji). ' " 
 
 ab^if ?;?s^!!^T^,'l'1 "^''^I'lTAL. ST., foumled 
 
 ^: ;;e'^:;^i;;r,;::,:i;;,-f-";;:/-;^.^^ 
 
 bt. Katharine'sdoc^scomiianv The b ceH,^. ,,, • ■ 
 o.-.lers„i„dnotn.st|.icted,(.o;n'm:,'^.t^f^' '^-;^ 
 
 torl,te;h,st,nvc.s,i„ii.e , . ^ V" 4 dn,'!?' ,37, 
 KATSBACII (Prussia); near this river the 
 
 under .MiicDoiiaid 
 the title of piiiici 
 neighbouring villaj 
 
 "','■ IV "u"; '''*'-5- "« received 
 ot Wahlstatt, the name ot a 
 
 KEATIXG'S ACT, 18 & 10 Vict 6- CiX-r'* 
 relates to lulls „f e.xchange. ' ^ •''S) 
 
 KEBLE COLLEGE (Oxford), founded in 
 memory ot the rev. John ICeble, author I th 
 "Christian Year," born 2; Airil i-o-, d 
 29 -March, ,.%,.. The first ,-itone" /'fl,,' uiht 
 «.is laid by tlic archbishop of Canterbu. v, 25 A ."' 
 1808 the buiMingw.is dedicated, 2 ^ Sm^v Xo ■ 
 
 tluu-hape , the gift of \Villia,n (libbs, \ -iS,' unl' 
 and the library opened, 2S April, i8;0 '""•"'"• 
 
 KEEPER OF THE Kixo's Cox.scievcf 
 The early chancellors were priests, and out of ufeT,- 
 supposed moral ..ontrol of the king's mind grn- 
 t be Idea ol an equity court in contradistinction to 
 
 through he lord . hancelhn- to the ki ig's co. sc.e ' ■ 
 
 or remedy xn matters for which the king's "on mo i 
 
 law courts artord no redress. The keeper he 
 
 king 9 conscience is therefore now the officer who 
 
 8 8 2 
 
 :\ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 mm 
 
 ! 
 
 
 , ■ 1 jrWlflM 
 
 {. 
 
 1 ' 
 
 !'!!%•■ ♦*' 
 
 1 f ifnl 
 
 if 
 
 1 
 
 ^i,#,- 
 
 ; i 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 •%■ 
 1 r'ssH;. j 
 
 ■/■•'I 
 
 f^^ [•-'' 
 
 1 
 
 1.1 
 
 ( 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 S'*?'-'!^, 
 
 Ut3 
 
 
 <«^ 
 
lit 
 
 KEET'ER OP GREAT HEAL. 
 
 028 
 
 KEW. 
 
 f*'#^ 
 
 ft 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 romt of chanotr; 
 
 cillur 
 
 pri'Bidrs ill til 
 
 Ullll /.(//v/ Jift'l" .'\ 
 
 KEErHU (LOinii oi TlIK (illEAT HKaI, 
 OF EN(H, \XI) (UlltTKl ..ilv Inmi tliu I'Hil clmn- 
 (cUor ill tliiit till' liilti 1 l.iid l.'ttiTs putfiit. «hnc;;is 
 thr loril kei'|icr liiul ik'Ho. Kirlmrd, ii clmpliiin, 
 in mid to liiivf Iwii till lir«t kcrjicr iiiidei- Uiiinilldi, 
 in 1 1 Ifi. l-'<is« Kiiv-^ til, It till' disliiirtiim lirtvv.'oli tlic 
 twii (dtici-^ WiM iliiidc tJ^; Tlif two iitllic.t Wfli' 
 miidc "lie liv s Kliz. IS''v' 0.»r7/; si'i- C/,niivit/o, 
 The oliii'i' id' lord kcrinT of tin- niviit seiil . i 
 StoTLANlMViiscstablWud in 170S, altcT tU^' umoii. 
 
 KELTS, we rr/t.t and a^iii/x. 
 
 ill) (I 
 
 KE.V'lLWORTII castle (Warwirk^hir..\ 
 was Iniil' i"ait I i:!o, liv (icottivyd.' I'luiton, wli.>sp 
 irraiid-'iiii r'ld it to llciirv 111. It was i')i..irKfd 
 fdi-li.-i'd by Sinuiii dc Slontfort, to whom Hi'nry 
 ' it un n niairiiigc portion with hissistrr Klraiior, 
 Qh- n Elizahcth conlVnod it. iMi hor fivourite, 
 U'.dl'V, I'lirl of Lfiicster. lli-i entcTtniiupu'iit <d 
 the (1111 -u coniniiMutcd lo July, 1575, and coat the 
 earl 'laii> looo/. 
 
 \1I.T tlic liattlH of F.vi'shiiiii mid defiant niul ih'ntli of 
 Simon ,W Moiitf.iit, liy I'riii.'i" IMw^ird (afliiwiiids 
 Kdwai-d 1.) lii^s. Ml i^ttoit'.H yoiiiiKiT Hon, Hiiiiou, shut 
 liiiiisidf 111. ill K.iiilWHitli lastl,', which siist.iiiu'd a xi.-^.' 
 for si\ iiioiillis iiKiiiu-it till' loyiil fi.ri'i'S of lli'iiiy III., to 
 whom it at l.'hKtli M'.r.'iidi'i'i'ii. Upon this oi'i'ii,^i"n was 
 
 issui'dtli.' -Iiirt::,,, ,1, Knuh rt," or "lian ol A.'iill- 
 
 wortli '■ I'liactiii;; that all wh" lia.l lionii' arms a#niist 
 tliii kiiiK shoiiM I'ay liiiii tl. valiii' of thi'ir lands lor 
 IK'riods yavyiiiK fi"m 7 >'""'<* '" ^ ni"'itli«. 
 
 KENNINGT(/ X COMMON (Snn-..y). The 
 Chartist demonstration, lo April, l^><- took place 
 on the conimoii. It was ilirei ti'd to he laid out as a 
 public pleasui'i- ground in 1852. 
 KEXSAL GREEN, ^ee Cniicfent's. 
 KENSINGTON : thi pahn-e was puv' ^ased 
 bv AVifliaiirUI., from lord ham cUor Finch, who 
 niade the rond throuKb ita pan; . The (jardi'ns w ere 
 improved hv ijiieens Mary, Anne, ai.dCarohiie, wlio 
 died here. ' Here died UenvTe, prince of Denmark. 
 
 and Oeor^'e II,; and here n Vietor'i was born 
 
 24 Mav, 1810- The ntai 1 .oma oiuered to hr 
 restored at national exiiense and opened to the 
 public, Jan. 1898. Kensington returns two M.l . s 
 by Act of 1885. 
 I3v pennissioii of the (.'oyei'liliif 
 ■play d ill Keiisiiintnii Hardens 
 Olijeetedto; disi'oiitimied . . . • • 
 New iiarish cliiinli erected liy sir liilliei't C. Heott 
 
 was iseiiati'd . . •,, ■ 14 May, >87» 
 
 New towii-hall liv IS. Wnlker opened liy the diichcss 
 
 „f T,.,.k . . ' 7 Aug. 
 
 Ki'i'e eeiitnil pul.Iic lilimry op..|ied hy the priiicesH 
 
 Tlie (iiieeii iiiiveils the stntiip ot herself (as 111 u , 
 
 hv the Ii-iiicess Loaise, near tlie puliice (s' 
 
 scribed for) . . . ■ „• j8Jn. 
 
 Population, 1881, 163,151; icgi, 166,321. 
 
 Bee .S';M//i Aciui)i(/(on. 
 
 KENT see liritaiii and //"','/ Maid. 
 bishop of 'liaveux, brother of 'William the 
 queror, was niade earl of Kent, KKi;; am 
 Grey was made duke of Kent in 1 7 10 ; he died with- 
 out male heirs in 1 740. Edward, son of (icorge III., 
 was created duke of Kent in IW), was father of 
 queen Victoria, and di. A 23 Jan. 1820; see hnghind. 
 
 KENT an East ludialmui, of 1350 tons burtlicn, 
 left the IJowns, 10 I'eb. 1825, bound for iioinbay. 
 In the Bav of l)i- iv she eueouutered a dreadful 
 storm, 28 iVb. On tiie ne.\t day she accidentally 
 took tire, and all were in expectation of perish- 
 
 * ,1 .lolUnry 
 .11 Hiiiidays, 
 
 I land 
 Aug. 
 
 I8s5 
 1856 
 
 i38o 
 B89 
 
 ■893 
 
 Odo, 
 
 Con- 
 
 llenrv 
 
 ing, cither by the tempest or tlie tliiiiicH. t|„ 
 <'a»i/»iii, captain Cook, biniiid to Vera Ci:i/, prMj. 
 dentially hove in sight, and iieiirlv uU oii Uani 
 were saved. The Kiiit blow up, 2 Murdi, 
 
 KKXTISII FIRE, a term ^nv,.„ t.,t|„.,,„. 
 
 tinnourt cheerin); common at tlir proti'stnmin,,! ,,",, 
 held in Kent, 1828 and l8ji|, with th,. ,|,,.,; "f 
 preventing the passim; of llie Catlii.li,. n, , , 
 
 hill. — Kkn'»'1»H I'KTlTKl.M to tile llollSf of (.„||,|||,!j', 
 
 -roceediiigs, w is »igun\ m Jliiij,i, ,|'|,' 
 i(j April, 1701. It g'l -e mui . 'lUiu'e, * 
 
 KENTISH TOWN, X.W, Loiulm, ,,„ ,y 
 iinnior, ihun h pronerfy, origin illv finnwl ,,,„., „ri 
 the great forest of Middlesex, fiiiw iSjiliuilliv 
 has very greatly ini'ieased. 
 
 KENTUCKY, a western state nf \. Xmma 
 admitted into the union 1 71)2. It ilciliirpil forsiricil 
 neutrality in the contlict iHtwecn tlic .Nnnli jj, 
 South in April, l8(j|, out was iiivialnl bv 15, 
 Southern troops in August. On tlieir |.,.fu;.|i ',, 
 retire, after much eorrespondeiice, ilic i,.'i,i;ip,„ 
 of Kentucky gave in its adiiesiun to tl,i. mii, 
 27 Nov. |8()I. In the cai. piu^ii th„t cibui J sll; 
 skirmishes took idace, and 011 ig Jan. 1^1;, jl, 
 confederates under ZoUieolhr «eie ili'i; a;,., 
 himself killed at Mill Spring, and in Mur, ji n 
 feder.ite soldiers remained in Kentu.'ky, liiiinai 
 rrankfort. Popuhition. l.SSo, 1,(14^,01)0; \\ 
 1,858,(135, See Utiilvd iSliitiH. 
 Miinli'i'oiis ten years' feud orveiuli'ttan, '.! 1 Im.1, 
 I Howaii fiouiity, cliii':iy helweeii Hi)llih«.|(» ai,,i 
 
 Uiid. 1 wiiimIs, begiiiidiig with a cIuiik'C lifli.Ts... 
 
 stealing «K«liist J11I111 Maitiii, s.iiai'tiiiii.s li-in,; 
 
 tn nctiial war. Closeil liy lln' MioHtr liillii,; 
 
 CmiK' T'dllver and his Kiiii« . . j!.)iii. 1! 
 Ity till' tall of a new liridne ln'twi'fii Coviiintmi r . 
 
 'Newport, aliout 30 wnrkiin'ii pi'iislu'd 1; Jiin.. ,• 
 
 KERREKAN, Battle of, see s..H,h«. \ 
 Feb. 1885. 
 
 KERMADEC ISLANDS, naih ,, ^ 
 Zealand, annexed by the oiitisliUoverimnnt.Miil 
 l88((, 
 
 KEROSELENE, a new an.i'sthetir, .:..nii 
 from thedistiilation of coal-tar by Mr. W . li.M 
 of Boston, li.S., w.is made known early u. isti, 
 
 KERTCH, formerly Pantiiapii'iira, ciipitai 
 the ancient kingdom of li"s|iiii'us, late 11 tlouriskil 
 town on the straits of Veiiikale, sea of AztJ. 
 was entered by 'lie allies (English and Fmi 
 24 May, 1855; ti.e Russians retired lifter di'stroj) 
 stores, &c! The place uis (iisniimtlcil ly' 
 allies, anu most of the iiih.' iL.iitsri'iiin',eJ. 
 
 7',.^'i'S REBELLION; a n-uit in h 
 .'-41J, instigated by William K«, a taniKr, 
 SV yiuondhani, Norfolk, He deniumlrii tht abolil 
 of "inclosures and the dismissal of evil counwll 
 
 ifi insurgents amountc .i to 20,000 nu'ii, bum 
 
 ickly defeated by the earl of Warwick. S 
 to.in 2000 fell; Ket and others were tried J'S 
 and hanged soon after. 
 
 KEW (Surrey). The ^.oiice was sucfeiiin 
 occupied by the C'apel family me; Mr. Jlohiw 
 bv Frederick, iirince of Wales, 1730, .adGeorgt 
 U'ueen Charlotte died here, 4 Xov. 1818. 
 old palace ordered by the i|uecii to lieoiienedaj 
 public museum, the grounds being iimie.\tdto 
 gai'de'.s, Jan., opened 21 May, iSijfi. A 
 ptilfee erected by (je.-.rgc U!., aiider the dl's!! 
 of Mr. Wyatt, was pulled down m 1S27. Ihe 
 dens contained a tine collcL'tion of plant!, and ti 
 decorated with ornamental liuildin}:?, nmst oftbl 
 er. eted by sir William Clmmbcrs, ;il™t i:'jO. 
 
KEYS. 
 
 tiii) 
 
 E 01-', see .V/«i/,i)i, 
 
 ,'w ann'sthetii', wnti 
 arlivMr.WliJlml 
 uowpi eurlvu. iy.i. 
 
 Sv 
 
 |J47 
 
 IS77 
 
 1871 
 
 i37g 
 
 i83j 
 1887 
 
 llnrAXIr lUIlDKNH. 
 
 )!;. Ait.iri P'timl fruiii lii^ i,»Wu ,it illiv( tur, ufter 
 
 jjlvu'urs siTVicf . 
 
 I j„;r.i.-l l.y w Wllliu.n ll,K,k,.f, . Apiil, ,84,, „i 
 
 ,|i,w iwimillirniliitliiii till' K»iili'iis wriu ii|T,.||,.,l 
 
 I t„il,tpulilli-iliiil.v. riir ri'.viilklt. i„ iiaiiJfuiviii« 
 
 I jarlrtwiiii'iin""'"'"-''' "Itli the iNPtiiiiir ^.„|,i,.„^ 
 
 WWi'ilii In the iMilseiiiu ipf Keniii.inii' llniaiiv 
 I Wiiuiwlth the iinyate inllertlnii „f ^jr WHlliijii 
 I H'-'ker, ({Iveii hy hliii 111 
 
 ai'T '"» i'i"W the Kaiileim wciv nieatlv Iml 
 I iin.Vf.1, ami iim((iillleeiit niiiHervatiiricH i-ivc'teil 
 
 Ufiiifl ijAiiK. 1865, ami Was ,siii'i'n.i|,.|| |,.. |',|j 
 
 I ,.ii,Ur.(uow »lr JiwHi) D. ilunker, ,865, wh„ 
 
 rwi,'iifl(«iiccee<le.| by Jlr. W. T. Tlilseltni, |)y,.,) 
 
 I «!;,v;j||,Tfil' 'iieriam)vl»lf(irH 111 . . ."" ' 
 
 i.ir Mrtfemlit' I'iil Ulweivatmy ineseiiteil t'li the 
 
 llrtinii Awoeiiilinii, 1843; |i|irelia,ieil liy J 1' 
 
 {,wi"lturio,<Mul., aild luvsellteil tci tliu Uuyili 
 
 Si<irty 
 
 I (irtjl ilamiine ihiiu' to emiNervatiirles ami illuiits 
 :iutonii(eint ali.'Ut jooo/,) . . . aiAiik' 
 Miss Mariuulie Xiiith's present Ufa eiilliM'thitiiil'iiirl 
 liimcif fruit mill ll""ersiifall iiiitliinsjMliiteJ liy 
 luwlf, aiiil|iliiiiil IrialiiiililiiigtiL.eteilatlierex- 
 j,ii.«, i.lwiuil tu I imlille . . hiiiiiiiiei-. ,3^3 
 Hif«, Sept. 1890, iler "HecuMectlnhs of a 
 H:iwy Life, " Were imlillslieil early In ,a, j j 
 
 iiirltM Hint "I eil at III 11)11 . . , 1 ApHl 
 
 ■|!;,.v,''".'ilile hiillctiiis (Irst iKsiieil . . . 
 
 ■|:.;i\- Keweiisis jilaiiHiniiii phaiMT(ij;aiii'armi*i 
 
 wiiiiia et nyiiuiiyiiia " (the Kcw lieh'X iif iihiiit- 
 
 ioi«), s vols, 1893-4. This (.'iva- work was 
 
 iap'Jtwl liy Mr. C. H. Ilai win, hIk, lieipieatlie.l 
 
 jiiijiipyI'orllS|ii 'Meiitloii ;th«wijrk wasexeeiiteil 
 
 »|iT liie siijie. ,,! (eiicleiieii of sir .losepli Hunker' 
 
 , lifMr. UtydoiiJic. ksoiiHnilthestiilliiniit..rai-.leiii)' 
 
 [ llif .■anleiu eiilurg > ■ a ^Ift li . ,,i the iiuecii, 
 
 April, iiq5, .iiiil May, ,jr,j 
 KEYS. See lo„. V, Jta,,, h/e of. 
 KH.iRTUCAI, eapi! ' of Nulii,,, nt the • nji. 
 Illatikri.l the lllue aiel -• ,.ito Xile Imilt li\ M.i. 
 iBiiinl .\li, 1X20. It- . J" -ity w;i. (lestrovwi Ky 
 JlkeniiiiirityoltliOK' nioM. I'oj :atioii in i,S-'- 
 leahabeut 15,000. " 
 
 I .Ift^r -iinvs.iftil iiiliiiiiii.stratiiiii enl. 1 (ie.irijo 
 
 ll»nl"ii nimpelle.l tu leave Kliiii-i,',iu, anU re. 
 lurufiltiiEiinliilel. 
 Iliiiiij^deuwni Kli.irtiMiiiiiK-aiiisttlieMali.HifnMii 
 fi 1184) lie was Ki'i-illyaideil l.v euliuii-l .loliu 
 1' i.il.l.'iU'mrt mill lli, Kmnk I'oiv.t, eurivsiiiiii- 
 ■Ml', iif tlie iims (wli,, were l„,tli mas.saereil 
 
 .i™iii;aiiexpe.|iti .s,.pt. ,884). He iiiiiiilleste.l 
 
 iii^i'li military .skill, pulltleal MiKacK,-, temler 
 1: ..iMly.aiiiliiiiirveliHii.s p„wei in iii.liirliif,- |,js 
 ;. 11- ti ini reiiMii- serioiLs ililliuillles aiel 
 ; :i..!f!lv riidure ureal sulleriiiKs auil privations 
 IKiiiIiiUiiwas surreiiilerecl, ami (ionloii ami his 
 lullifiil fullowers killed, early on ;6 Jan. iSS^;' 
 
 S^tilliiliT >'l;ll</(Oi, ^' 
 
 |Tlifllriti»liaml K>;yptlaii Hiiks hoisteil .m Sim. lay, 
 
 KHEDIVE, (ir Kedervi, kin;,' or lord, m title 
 kitMi ;- the vieeroy of Kgypt, insteud of vali or 
 |rew'>, 14 May, 1807. 
 
 KHELAT, see lUluiiih'mtiin. 
 
 KHER.SU\,imaneiciitBoriim(oloiiv(dertyiii" 
 |1L< name from Cliersoiiesus, 11 pcnius.,],.). eaiiie 
 lnd,T';,|.,wavut ilie^rreat Mithridiites ulKnit ijo 
 ■11.C.; aiiJ after« ards uiuler tlmt of Uome, a.d. in It 
 
 ■iii.p eJbytlie Uu^iaiwiuid Greeki.. Justinian 11 
 inaivM,,! „, It was (...en by Vlailitn ' ^ ,id- 
 
 Jjkr .lime, who ubtamed Kliersou as her down- 
 ■w.''r'",""',™^'^'" ">■'''•* Lithuii inns: nnd the 
 I «U loiind .: dcerted when they ; .ok possess on 
 I e niiieani ,4--. -i^.t „„J„ „, j!,, , ^ Xe 
 
 ■"jea a»aj lor the construction of Sebastopol. 
 
 KIDDEltMINiSTEK. 
 
 S77 
 
 foimd^.n^^-lf'r!''' " ,'^"'"<'"» ^'fty on tlio Uniepei, 
 w 1. d ed /.■ ' '"^■""*"'' "'« f"*''""!" "f Catherfi . 
 
 20 J ;'',^t'»i''"'''' "'■,'"'''' "r»t, who died here, 
 
 A.^7"Ii,v!';v'^'^■ r'""^'"'"). ii> Turkestan. 
 h. Si eueid, ! '"f';"-'' ,1""' ."'' «>»■ territories o 
 
 tl S 1 ;.L T ;"" '^J^', "'''■" it «as sul.jUuted \n 
 
 ■ ned till ,-,"'; r '".I '■'■"• ^*''"^" '''■'''e".l".it« 
 icouf.;' " "'■^■^1. tnlie who still' inhaliii the 
 
 F V C 1' "'*■ '■''""'";.;" '«40. lu i«7i, eolo.n.1 
 I »heii his ■" "'' '"'"""; I'"'' ■' l"''-'!'"'" 'i'l''. 
 
 I ropuiiiiiun, aooul ;(io,ixxj (,i,Sy4) ■* 
 
 ';;xi:;'^;;!„;i':!'i:tV,^,i!v;;">- """•■'«-• - ">--■' , 
 
 ""Vur-'laKojKr"""' the Uussians re,:i;^il^i - 
 
 ant,., I«lt of Khiva aniiexeil ,-ii„i 
 
 Th«eiiiiii(iT,|iHturl„.,li,v,,.>„|,s ' ' ^"'''o " 
 "i;^^;;;,^"" ^' •■■"<""' -eivedat'^t:^"-^ 
 
 imlJ^^t'^''''^''''"'''' ''''■'■■"''■'' i'-^- 
 Jiei to Cllliia a imit xrij.-,- .■,,|i„|i,..i ,,11 
 
 tn^tin,- only. ,«,, ^ICtlii't^iirt^'-" 
 
 111 ftept. wiissupiiivssed Oit 18-4 
 
 War with llussia ;«,.„, |<„„„„„;, i,,,.,. ,„ 
 
 30,000 men. 4 s,.p,. ;.„,„,,,, Klmkaml ^i'.tlllj 
 
 lie deleals 5000 imni. 
 
 .itofkhokan.lanii...ed l.v Kussia . 
 iuss an Karrisoii iiiavs,,ri,..n,v natives 
 (eliels t-.t^ally .lei, .t,..l at As.ak. 
 Mi,.kan. I„rmallj .iiii«,..| „,, Keixhaiia 
 '■"""tiealr,s,iiK,li„.,siaiif.„eel;,„^,snrpri 
 
 16 Sept. 
 
 31 Sept. 
 
 21 Oet. 
 
 Oet. 
 
 X.iv. 
 30 .Ian, 
 2Q Fell. 
 .I.aiel 
 
 1875 
 
 18^6 
 
 1893 
 
 139:' 
 
 L-fi)"','/'"' f./'"''-'"'' '■'■''■■'■■^ (i'tmilv r;.piiN;.,| ,, 
 
 '';a^'^;,,?^ti';;r;;eii;^-:.uiir:''-:iU:'„, 
 
 <mi.Mii. int.. At-liaiiist.iii Iroiii In.liu) It is i,., 
 ml-^ "v^t „, l',.,l,awi.,. e..lendnis about tUry 
 hree iiu les towards Jellalubad ; lyin;, I,etwee,y 
 
 he . by Atr..e.l,.es and ,,.,l,..r warlike tribes. toXu 
 U St Mahomed ornmriy ,,aid subsidie , w S 
 
 Akiiiii r.ir.eil l,y j;,.,ieral (aft. sir ()",.., r;-,'.) j.,,!],,..), '^^« 
 
 x.';:r,:i;Cwi^^;:^^'=^''''''''^''-''-"--ri^: „ 
 
 Al,UiM,^ji,l,a,„,,i,, ,,,-,,, il,^-M Apr, .84, 
 
 wm;t!m.a;;ofvi,.^;„:i" -'--•»- ,.H,i.M.,n, 
 :i;bei-shei,ii,y,i„.i„itish' .' . ' tiifM^;: .j ' ;^'? 
 
 See Af„h.nu,h,„.'l,nli'„, ,^97-0 ■'° ""• '^^'^ 
 
 K11>DERMIXSTER (Worcestershire) re- 
 
 Xr. -/-"'■ U ::"'''' -— -faetuivs, establlu'd 
 
 ui)outl,3v It .mail . parhaiiieiitary boroiiKh 
 
 again in i.Sjj, 1 he statu. :f IlieharU Ba.xter" th" 
 
 ■m 
 
 I 
 
 .. lih 
 
 1 
 
 .;if 
 
 I , .ti ' I ij 
 
 ifF" 
 
 'Hi 
 
 0r%\ 
 
 W 
 
 i I ilil 
 
 || r 
 
 f 'J 
 
 :,' 
 
 '4 
 
h-' 
 
 •t, i 
 
 l\'S 
 
 
 KIDNAPPING ACTS. e30 
 
 lioiiconriirniiHt, wax iiiivi'IIimI by Mm. Philputta, 
 wifti of till' liiBlmp of Woncslt'i-, 'iH July, 187^ ; mi 
 iiiliIrcHH WHM ili'livi'ii'il liy tlc'iin Stiiiili'y. Firiir 
 riotiiiK tliri)U)j;h iMirpct trudii Hi itoa (|iii'IIril, 4>S 
 April, 1HH4. i'yphoid fcvri j,, .viilunt, Sept. to 
 Oct. 1H84, 87 di'uthn. I'opuUtiiin, 1881, 24,370; 
 l8<)l, 24,8()j. 
 
 KIDNAPPING ACTS {iKp and 1875). 
 piiDDed to pii'VtMil iind piiiiiHli i'niiiiii:il outiuguN 
 upon Tiiitivi'H of the iiilaiid.i in tin' I'ucilio Uueuii ; 
 sue Hldieiij, Qui inula ml, mid Mrluiunia. 
 
 KIEFb'(Ki'iv or Kiow), chief fortii of 11 province 
 of tile Millie iDinie in iOiiropeaii KtitiMiii, niiido a 
 prini'ipalitv 11^7, nnnexec! to I'oland ijH^j, and 
 after Hever.il elianj^eK was icdeil to KiH^ia 1686. 
 I'opulatioii of tliij proviine, |88(,, 3,026,036. 
 Tlie CHllieilnil of Nt. Mopliiii was fiMin.l.'.l In inj;, 
 
 the Uieek uiuiluiiiy i^iiS, uiid tliu uiiiveisily in 
 
 ViHilof llieeair; eoiiHeenitioii of a new ealliwlnil 
 
 of St. Vludlliiir ; Htati f tl,i'eiMpt;ror Nieliola.nl. 
 
 Illivelle.l J Si'pt. l3q6 
 
 KIEL, II seaport of Selili .tvi;c-H<ilstein, and a 
 ineinber of the llaii.teatii lea^riie 111 Ijuo. The 
 iiuiveisily was founded in l(y)5. Ity a treaty 
 between Great llrilaiii, Swiileni and Denmark, 
 signed here 14 Jan. 1814, Norway was ceded to 
 Sweden ; see S'uttva//. An e.xtraordinarv asseiiilily 
 of the revolted provinces, .Schleswijj and ll(dstein, 
 met here 9 .Sept. 1850. Hy the 1 unveiition of 
 Gasteiii lietweeii Austria anil Prussia. 14 Mig. 1861;, 
 the former was to (,'overii Holstiin, hut Kiel to he 
 held by I'mssia as a Ueriiiaii fi deral port. This 
 W!is annulled in 1866 hy the issue of the war. Popu- 
 lation, |8(/), (k),2I4. 
 
 Koiiiwlaticph stone of opening' Imk of the canal 
 tVnin tin' llaltie to thi' North Men laid by tlic 
 
 I'lnpci'or WiUiain I iJlliir, iSS; 
 
 Tliu canal was openeil with tfrcat ceremcaiv, 
 30 June, iSijs. The cinpi'ior William II., with 
 his sons, in the iin|HM'ial yacht lliilnii:'illi ni, foU 
 IowimI Ii\ j) other vessels, (iiTinan and foreij,'n, 
 jiassHil tln^ hiiKc water-KUtcs and entcreil the 
 i-anal at Itriinshnttel on the North sea at 4 a.m., 
 anduniu'ilat lloltenan, on the llaltie, adistancn 
 of (11 miles, at W.45 p.m., hein;; receixeil witli 
 many salutes ami other denmnstiiaioiis from the 
 loreii;n war-ships assemhleil in Kiel harhoni.* 
 The emperor tlined on boiii'l loi'l Waller Kerr's 
 ItiiKHliiii, the lliiiiiil Siii-nviiiii, n June; on a<lni. 
 Kirkland's tlaK>hip, the .Viic I'm/.' . jfi.lnne, 1895 
 Kxplosiiai I 11 hoard a (iermaii pinnace, 3 death . 
 
 28 .Inly, „ 
 
 KILCULLEN (Kildare). Here a large body 
 of the iu8ur({ent Irish defeated the liritish forces 
 eoniniunded by general Uiindas, 23 May, 1798. The 
 general in a subseiiuent engiigeiiieiit overthrew the 
 rebels near KileuUen-hridge, when 300 were slain, 
 
 KILDARE (K. Ireland). The Cuiragh or 
 raoe-eoursB here was once a forest of oaks. Here 
 was the nunnery of St. UridKct, said to have been 
 founded by her in the ^tli century, and here was 
 a building called the hre-house, where, it is sup. 
 posed, the nuns kept the inextinguishable tire 
 which existed till the reformation. The see was 
 
 KILLALA. 
 
 one of the eurliint epiiien|)al founiluii„||, i„ t ' 
 land; St. Conhuth, who died ii'i, the iir»t ir 
 The Hrst Protestant bishop was rho,„,u U, ii* 
 in 1 550. Ibe see is valued. In an ,.xie„t ,„,„ ' ,' 
 3;. Aen. Via., at (.)l. I,., -4,/, Iri.h w 
 Kildare wan united to Unhliri In 1X41,; s,.i Lv 
 The iiiHiirrection in Kildaie. «|ii, h 'inv,.l|,,i |',I!' 
 the rebellion, com- nienced, 31 ,\lin ..^^ , 
 that night, lieut. (iiin.rd of iJuhliii uui'l VL.i " 
 of other gentlemen were innrdcrcd bv iiimir.,,,,!" 
 Ihis rebellion was i|iiclled in i;,)(,, I'ji,, (iir, ,1 
 is now a military camp .St. Hii^'iil'snilhiilrji'," ' 
 opened, the aribhisbops of t'anieil 
 and Uuhliii present, 22 Se]it, |,S(| 
 
 KIL^ENOHA (Clare), a hi.,hm,rir, ,aij ,, 
 have been founded by St. Fachaiiii, CarJii 
 Paparo, in 1152, rendered it a surthi^im «/, 
 Uaahel; but in I660 it was uiuiexcd toTuaiii „" 
 to Killaluu in 1752, 
 
 KILIMA-NJARO, a Inflv Vulc;,ni,. i,,,,,,,,,,;, 
 
 in K, Kiiuatorml Alrica, discovered l.y Ui'ljiua,.,, li' 
 
 In4'», 
 
 .Mr. II. II. .lohnston a.scenilefl ]i, 
 
 '"'IJ, Araiii'h, 
 
 summit of Kih> 
 
 I I'i'i'l hum 111,. 
 
 Dr. Hans .MeyiT (iinsnccessliil iSS/una i8d3) «iii, '' 
 llerr Pnrt.si'hcllerand i;iie naliv.'. elluilinl m, n,, 
 icy steeps to the lUKlicst pinn.e I. 'if tlii. nri ',.,a 
 the Volcanic cratiTalHint 1,1,7,., i,,t MkIi ulijtl, 
 he naineil '• KaisiT Wilhelm s I'ciik. iifli'i haviir 
 plantcil lai il Ihi' tlciiniin IIuk, oUcl. ; they Icil 
 the moniitaiii .... 'n,, . 
 
 In. Meyer gave an acciinnt of his travi'li 'lu rd,, 
 Koyal (leoKi'Miihical Soci-ty, I.iiihIum , ,, ^,,|.|| 
 
 Ma,iorvon Wissnia stahlMirs a rmtitli'il suij,,,; " 
 
 at Kilima-.Njaro, in ehnr;;e.i| licutcMani WItzielwi, 
 15 Keh. 1891 ; (iermans i|e|,,ale,| ; r.irtiiliiiiiil.iiiwi 
 10 June; I'e.ocenpieil willinat li;:lilnii[, a,, ,|iilv 
 i3i)2 ; limits ili'llneil liy ciiini'iiti'.ii . . ,\nk r 
 
 Dr. Lent, botanist, and Dr. Kiet,(Mlniiin-. ziKilu'ht' *' 
 uimI .s.'Veral of their followers, kille.l. ii'i^ili-l, ' 
 
 :6(X't. ,:,, 
 
 KILKENNY (S. K. Ireland), uti Eiicli.i, 
 settlement about 1170. Tin' i-a»tle was liiiili u,:, 
 by Will. Marshall, earl of PeinliMke. .U theitii.' 
 lianient held here by Lionel duke of Clari'iice if , 
 the statute of Kilki'iiiiy was passed.* .\l'ti'r:i,.;,.'J 
 the town surrendered to Cromwell, 2,S .Murrb, 1'; . 
 on honourable terms. 
 
 KILLALA (Mayo) was invaded by a Frvii'li 
 force landing from 'three frigates, under gf&ni 
 Humbert, 22 Aug. 1798. The iiivudcri worejiirml 
 by the Irish insurgents, and the hatlle.sof Outk-U 
 and Coloonev fidlowed ; and the Freucli werrilr- [ 
 feated at Bullynuuiuck, 8 Sept. same year. 
 
 The aull.'ii 
 
 ' The key stimeof the works at Holt eiiau was .solemnly 
 hiiil hy the em|S'i'or William, anil the canal was nanieil 
 l)y him, in memin-y i.f his gramlfather, the Kniner 
 WUhi-lui canal. Kiel was tor sexeral (lays the scene of 
 ureal festivities. The Hans of 14 nations wi'ie lloating in 
 thi' liarlH>ni on upwards of iio .sea-going inen-ot-war, 
 all'! (tver jor, yachts anil ste.-imers of \-arions nationalities 
 were present. Dr. vcai Hoettieher, iiresident of the com- 
 mitti'i' of commerce, receive*l mnch hono.ir from the 
 emiH'ior for his >;reat ser\ ices in relation to thi.') nutiunal 
 work. 
 
 KILLALA (Sligo), an early see 
 of the Tripartite life of St. I'.ili'ick, si 
 434 he came to a pleasant place wlu'Ve the rivrr | 
 Muadas (Mov) empties itself into the ocran; ;iiij 
 on the south tianks of the said river he built a 11 
 church called Kil-.\ladli, of which he made odf of | 
 his disciples, Muredacli, the Hrst bi,sho]i." Thr-'( 
 of Aehonry was united to Kilhila in the I7thceiitii;; 
 and both were united to Tiiaiii in 1839; ^a 
 Titain and Ilishopn. 
 
 • Itenact, ' inmng other things, "tliiit tlie all jh 
 of the Kiiglisl inarri.'i;;e with any Irisli.tlii' imrt:;i-'l | 
 infantes, and „ '^Hipreil with the Irish, l«' ili'i'iiitil li;;! 
 treason. ' AnduKain, "it loiie man ni Kiii^li.iii ruir u..^ j 
 an Irisli liaini', Irish i.piiarill. or ,niii' other giii» -r | 
 fashion of the Irish, his lumls shall In' iirizifl, ,u4 li 
 holly iin)irisoiieil, till he shall eimfiirm In Kii;ilisliiiii.; 
 and cnstoins." ><aiil nevi'r to ha\e liceii I'liforu'l. Il | 
 aholished the Brehon laws. 
 
KILLALOE. 
 
 03 1 
 
 KINO. 
 
 M 
 
 ■'II^Illi'.MMlllHipjllv, 
 
 <-'ant,,l,„ij, Anu:ii:li, 
 
 ijii;;s, "tliat tlie ali.ii.tr 
 uiiy Irisli.tlii'UuttNiv'l I 
 1' IHhIi. 1«' dirnii'il liiji | 
 
 MilM nf Elljlli.lll rji'-uw 
 
 «r iinic otiirr giiiff -r | 
 sli;tll }»• iti'izni, ali'l ' 
 mfiinii 1» Kii;;foli 11" 
 i;iM^ lii'i'ii I'lifonoL U I 
 
 IILLAf'OE (C'lure), a hbo iupimmxl to huve 
 ii.,.ii loumliil l>y St. Jfipliiii, whdHii diitciiilf, St. 
 tlnnniuii '"I' '" '''">? Tlii'odorio, (Muiiierriitiil iit 
 Sonif by J"l"' IV. ill <)jo, wax ulno Ipinlmi). At Iho 
 |i)«of th« IJtli coiitury, ItoHcmi wiia inuu'xiMl to 
 Killaloe, «"J Kilffiioru liua hrm lidd willi it. 
 CWcrtanJ Kilmaiiiuiuh were uUdeil in |8}0. 
 
 KILLIECRANKIE (tt detiluin PerthshinO. 
 Hilt the .'urn* "f WiUiiiiii 111. coiiiiiiuuded liy 
 Kocml M«i kay were defeated by the iidherentH of 
 imtn II under Oniham of Cliiverhouni', viaiouiit 
 Dundee, «li" fi'U "i the inoinont of vietory, 17 
 o.-j;July, I'*;- 
 
 KILMACDUACII (Oulwny). Thi* see wua 
 lirlJwith Cloiifert, from Kku. 8t. Coleimm wim its 
 jnt bislii.]!, in till) 7th lentury. It wan valued, 29 
 l\ii. ijHb, at 13/. tw. S(l. per miimiii. It ix uuited 
 10 KiUaloe. 
 
 KILMAINIIAM IIOHPITAri (Dublin), 
 
 ihe nobli' asvluni of aged and ili.'taliled wjldiers in 
 Inlind, built by Wren, wua founded by Arthur, 
 carl i)f Oninard, niarahal-geueral of tlie army in 
 IriiaiiJ, il>;5; ""<1 the duitu of Ormoud perfected 
 
 Ihe plan i» H>'')- 
 
 The tena Tiriiln I'f KiUiuiinhuM was a|i|iliMl to an 
 illffnl ajfm'aa'iit lictweeii .Mr. (iladatnae's p>M'iiiiai'iit 
 iii.l Mr. IVni'll imd otlaT liiialUviKUen? iiii|irisiiii,'d in 
 llir Kllmaililiiiiu Kieil on 13 Oct. irtHi. The (;iivi-niinent 
 ii«iiilt<i liaVB entered Intoa liugutiatioii with tlu-iii wliilo 
 ilm, May, i68a. 
 
 KILMALLOCK (Limeriek), An abbey wua 
 founded here by St. Moehoalloj; or Molaih aliunt 
 (mj, undan abbey of Duminicana wa.s built in the 
 nth century. /)'/»•<■. A charter was granted to 
 Kilmallin k by Eilwanl VI., uud another bv Eliza- 
 bt'tbiu 1584. The town was invested by the lri,<h 
 forces in I5i>'*, but the aiefte wa.s raiaed ny the earl 
 ofUimond. There was much h;;hting here in 1O41 
 iiidl642; 800 Feiiiuiin, March, 1867. 
 
 KILMOBE (Armagh), an ancient town, whose 
 bl-liops were-sonieiiiuea called llretinienaea, from 
 Breftiey, and BuMietiniea Triburnensea, from 
 Triburiia, a villa;?e; but in 1454, the biahop of 
 fribuma, by assent of nope Nicholas V., erected 
 ihe parish cnurch of ,St. redlemul into a cathedral. 
 flDrniee O'Connaety, the first bishop, died in 1231. 
 Viducd, 15 Jas. I. with Ardagh, at lool. per annum. 
 Tbc joint we of £lphin and Ardagh was united to 
 iliDlii41. 
 
 KILSYTH (central Scotland). Hero Montrose 
 defeated the Cnvenantcrs, 15 Aug. 1O45, and 
 
 threatened Glasgow. 
 
 KIMBERLEY, wo under Giiqtialand, 
 Kiiitberley'a Act, see under Crime. 
 
 KIMMERIDGE CLAY : Kov. H. Moulo 
 announced his successful use of this clay for fuel 
 and gas-miikin}.', Jlarch, 1874 ; practicability 
 
 doubted. 
 
 KIXBURN, a fort, at the confluence of the 
 rivere Bug and Dnieper. Here Suwarrow defeated 
 ilie Turks, 28 June. 1788. Kinburn wag taken by 
 tlif English and French, 17 Oct. 1855. Three 
 tloating French batteries, said to be the invention 
 "f the emperor, on the principle of horizontal ahell- 
 tanit, was very eliective. Ou the l8tli the 
 Ruasians blew up Oczakotf, a fort opposite. 
 
 KINDER-GARTEN (ehihlren'a garden), a 
 iwtem of cdui ation devised by K "bel, but prac- 
 tically carried out bv Mr. and .drs. Ronge, in 
 Geraiany,m 1849, and in England in 1851. The 
 •yitem, founded mainly on aelf-tuition, and en- 
 
 livened by toys, games, and »ingiii«, is set forth in 
 ttonge a '• Kinaer-Karlrii," published in |8;8; ami 
 haa been partially adopted In KiiKlish schools. Tho 
 tidbel S'MU'ty established 1874. Annual uieotinit 
 18 Jan. 1.HM4. * 
 
 KINDRED TauI-E ok, in the Book of Com- 
 nidii I'rayor, was set forth in ithx, leu UvUieut, 
 chap, .wiii., ».(;. 141)0. 
 
 KINEMATICS (^Urck kiuen, I move), tho 
 science ut motion. Keuleaux's " Kinematica of .Ma- 
 chinery," translated by A. I). W. Kennedy; pub- 
 lialied, June, 1870. '• Kinematism " is a method (jf 
 treating certain diseases by movement. I'rof. 
 Kaiikiue's "Machinery and Millwork " llrat ap- 
 peared, 1809; newed. 187O; see Motion. 
 
 KINEMATOORAPII, a machine Invented bv 
 Sir. ihonias .K. Kdiacin, cdmbininj; electric ity with 
 photography, by means of which the movements of 
 the actors in a s. enu atthe theatre (accompanied b 
 their voices and the music) are rejiroduc ccl upon 
 screen. The kinemalcigiaph was descrilied by .M 
 hdison at New York 28 May, and in the fiw/cv, 
 2CJ May, i8rji ; see I'm in, 4 ^fay, i,Sc,7. 
 
 M. M. A. uimI I.. l.anilcivH Ciiicinatcjumiilii' (llviriK- 
 plicjt(«)c'Xhihiteil 111 Luiiildii . . .Marcli, iBg6 
 
 (:iaciiiatc)nm|.lii> pictaivscillli.. .liiliil,.,. piuccssluii, 
 2j.liimi(cxlilbilci| hctiau llicciuc^eiiul Windsor, 
 23 Nov. 1897). 
 
 KINETOHCOPE. An apparatus invented 
 by Mr. Ldison, tor the coiitiiiuous photcijiraijhv of 
 objects 111 motion, the first .series of photoKra"phs 
 were of the strong man .Sanclo.v, reported. New 
 lork, 7 March, 18(14. 
 
 Various scenes exliibited In Loicliai : lilaeksinltlis 
 at work dancers, .y;c. . 17 Oct. f« .s..;. 1804 
 
 ■\.''," ,"'"""'"*='''''''• i'lveiitc.l liy .Mr. lt„l,t. W. 
 1 aul, kincdoscopie pletiiivs pniicelcil 011 a t'lill- 
 sized laiiteni screen, wciv c^xljlhlti'il at the lloyal 
 Iiistitution, i8 Fell, itiyo. A nliip in motion, 
 witli siiectiiturs walkiiiK uii tlie .-slioie, and oilier 
 scenes tt.ie ivpresentcil. 
 
 , KING: German A'ow/y, equivalent in mean- 
 ing to the Latin liix. Scythian lieis, Spanish Uai, 
 Italian Mi; French Moi/: Hebrew Itowli. Rex is 
 thought to bo toiineeted with the Hindu rajah, de- 
 rived from the SansiTit rdiinn. the root id' which its 
 dig, iirijiimi, to jiossess." U.x therefore ineaiis 
 pos8e8.sor. Ninirixl was the tirst founder of a 
 kingdom, about 224s nc. The "manner of the 
 king" is set forth in 1 S.ioiucl viii., 1112 n.c 
 Saul was the tirst king cd' Israel, 1095 ii.i-. Most 
 of the Grecian states were orininallv governed by 
 kings ; and kings were the tirst rulers in Koine. " 
 Kiiui vf KihiUimI. The ■•Ivlc wms iis.-.M.\ Iv-Uert 
 828; but tllc^ title Iter •l,'„ti.^ A,i'lh:nn,l. kiliy of 
 the Knv'!,^'; eation, existed diiiint; tlie Heotarchy ; 
 sec Hr.ituii. 
 Tlie plu.al iiliiasi oloKy, icf , i(.<, oiic, was (Irst adopted 
 
 amoiii,' Kiit'l ^li kiiiK's liy .lolm 
 Pope U'oX. iciiiferivil the title of " Defender iif the 
 Kalth"on lleiiiy VIII. . . . n Oct 
 Henry VIII. c'liaiined h,n1 „f livhind into kiii^. 
 Till' style "Gieiit Hritain " was adopted at the union 
 
 ol'Knuland and iSeothiiicI, 6 Anne . . 
 That of tlie " L'liiteil Kiii>:ilciiii of tiieiit Ili'itJiin ami 
 Ii<land"at the union, when tlie royal style and 
 tithe was appointed to ran tlins :~-"(,Vor<;iic,s- 
 TeitiiiH, Dei Hiuliii, ISrilnniiiininn Ilex. Fiilei 
 Defenmr." "OcMii-^je llie Third, liv tile K'laee of 
 fiiMl, of tlii'l'nited K!!!);do!M of UrVat Hritain :ind 
 Ireland, kinj,', Uef'eniler of the Faith" (France 
 
 lielnK omitted) , j,,,, 
 
 Hanover caiiittcd in the cpieen's style 21 Jiinc\ 
 
 The ciucen was prochiiiiied in all the inipcii-tant 
 
 places in India, as "VietcMlii. liv the Grace of 
 
 God, of the United KinKdoni of Great Uritain 
 
 '■99 
 
 1521 
 '542 
 
 iStii 
 i8j7 
 
 »-i«t^ , ' 
 
 
 
 I I 
 
 
 ujiV 
 
 li'Jftw' 
 
 \. 
 
 . . Hi, 
 
 ^ il 
 
 
 ri' 1! 
 
 ' <•) ii 
 
 . - 1' 
 
 ^'■^i 
 
 '' life 
 
 Am 
 
KING-OF-ARMS. 
 
 632 
 
 KING'S COLLEGES. 
 
 
 ■.-iuJi....i;;. 
 
 1718. 
 1725. 
 
 '733- 
 
 >737- 
 1754- 
 1756. 
 
 1788. 
 
 1802. 
 
 ami Iri'Iiinil. iiiiil tlii' ecilimies ami (Iciionik'Hcicit 1685. 
 
 tlit'i'edf ill Eurii]if. Asia, Afrit'a, Aiiicnca, ami ■ 16S7. 
 
 Aiitttntliii, (Hii'cii," A:i'. (seu Kmpiess). 1 Nov. 1858 1689. 
 
 Tile national asscnjlily ileciee 1 that the title of , 1709. 
 
 Louis XVI. •• l,iiifi 0/ Fminc," nhinM be cliantred 
 \o"khi(j(iniicFi'citi:h" . . 16 Uet. 1789 
 
 The royal title in Fi'anee aliolisheil .... 1792 
 
 Lo .is XVIU. stylcil " by the giace of Goil king of 
 Fiance ami XasaiTe" 1814 
 
 Louis-riiili]iiM' I. WMsinviteil tntlienioiiarchyumler 
 the style of the ■' kiiiH of the Kreneli" . 9 Anj,'. 1830 
 
 The emiierois of liermanv, in onler that iheir 
 elilest sons might lie elmsen tlieii siieeessors 
 in theii own life-time, ]iiili*irallv obtained them 
 the title of ■•l.hi;! uf thr Jt'nu'nns/' The llrst 
 emiiei-ipr so eleeteil was Henrv IV. . . . 1055 
 
 Rielianl, biother f.f Henry III. of Enylanil, was 
 indneetl to goto tiermany. where he (Hsbnrseil vast 
 sums under the I'l'oniise of being leeted next 
 eniiieripr; he was elected "Idngof : ■ Uomans" 
 (but failed in succeeding to the imju nal crown) 1256 
 
 The title of "king jf France" assumed, and the 
 French arms iinarteied, by F.dward III., in right 
 of his nudher. 1340; discontimwil by Geo. Ill, 1803 
 
 The style "king' of Honie " wao ' revived by 
 Na]uiieon I. for liis son, liorii . 20 M.irc h, iSii 
 
 The title ■•king of Italy" .(Uifcrrcd on Vieior Ennua- 
 nuel II. of Sarilinia iiy Italian iiarlianieiit 17 .Mau h, 1861 
 
 KING-OF-AEMS : three lor Engliiiid,— 
 Garter, Clurencieux, uudNorroy ; Lyoukinft-jt-arrns 
 for Scotland, and Ulster for Ireliind. These otiices 
 are very aneiciit : Cliirencieux is so named from 
 I Jonel,"thiid son of Kdward III., the sovoreig'ii who 
 founded the order of the Garter; see Garter. 
 Lionel having by his wife tlv honour of Clare, was 
 made duke i f Clarence ; v. Inch dukedom afterwards i 
 c^cheatinff to Ei'ward IV., he revived tlie office of I 
 Clarence kin^- at-arms. The office of Bath king-of- i 
 arms, createii in 1725, was changed to Gloucester I 
 king-of-arms, 14 ,lu'ne, 172O, t'lstcr was substi- 
 tuted, it is said, in lieu of Ireland king-of-anns, by : 
 lOdward VI., iSr? ; but the monarch himself named j 
 it as a new institution, 
 
 KING'S ADVOCATE, see Qiuen's. 
 
 KING'S BENCH, or Quef.x's BENni, 
 
 CoVKT OF, obtained its name from the king 
 sometimes sitting here on a high bench, and tiie 
 judges, to wh.iui the judicature belongs in his 
 abscise, on a low bench at his feet. This court in 
 ancient times was ealli'd Curin Jio.tihn Iii(/is. The 
 court of fiueen's bench sat for tlie last time, July, 
 l.S;^, (see Su/iremi Court). Chief justice Cockburii 
 received the freedom of I,oiid(ui, 9 March, i87(j; 
 said to be the Hist case of the kind. The (Juedi's 
 lieneh Division of the high court of justice till iSlSi 
 ■•onsisted of the cliief justice (d Ivu'gland and four 
 judges. The chief justice of the oU( ell's bcllcll 
 division is now chief justice (d' Kiigland ; the e.\- 
 ehequer and common [ileas divi.-Ion were abolished 
 in 1S81. 
 
 Sir Edward IlerlK'rt 
 8ir Hobeit Wright. 
 Hir John Holt. 
 8ir Thomas Parker, 
 
 aft. lord I'arker, 
 
 carlof>lac(leslield, 
 
 ami lord chane. 
 Sir.lohn I'ratt. 
 Sir liobert liayinond, 
 
 aft. lord liavnioiul. 
 Sir rhili]i Yorke, aft. 
 
 Id. Hardwieke and 
 
 lord chane. 
 Sir Williair. I,ee. 
 Sir Hmlley Hyder. 
 Win. Murray, Icrrd. aft 
 
 carl of Maiislield. 
 Idoyd, lord Kcnyon, 
 
 9 .lune. 
 Sir Edward Law, 12 
 
 1832. 
 1850. 
 1859. 
 
 i83o, 
 1894. 
 
 hllciili„rii„|,|i 
 Sir Cliaiita A1j1„ii 
 
 ,f. ^'">'-: all. ].,.; 
 
 I'litcr.lcii. 
 *'"-'nHiiaa»ll,.im,„|, , 
 
 >'"v.:nft.in„i ■),:,;. 
 
 laau ; re«itiH,| 
 J"'ai.lenl(,ai.ii,l,.i| 
 
 , c|iaii,.,,iiiir, 
 
 Sh- ■Me.tiuiilcr C'.ick. 
 hnni, Jma-;(,|u.,i 
 20 Nov. ,38o). 
 
 John liiike.lciiU'ol... 
 
 '■■'Ikc, 25 Xr.V 
 (dilMl4lllii,Mir,|' 
 
 Charles. l,,rii i;,,,;;'; 
 of Killuwui, ., 
 .Imie. 
 
 1509. 
 1526. 
 
 ■339- 
 1546. 
 
 1552- 
 '553- 
 •554- 
 ■556. 
 1559- 
 ■573' 
 1591. 
 1007 
 1613. 
 1616. 
 1620. 
 1624. 
 1626. 
 • 631. 
 
 HIKF .USTKKS IN K.NC, 
 
 John Fineux. 
 John ; itz .lames. 
 Sir f';w,ard Montagu, 
 sir licdiaid Lyster. 
 Sir Hoger c'holmely. 
 Sir Tliomas liiomhy. 
 Sir William I'oitman. 
 Sir Kdwaid Sioinders. 
 Sir Hobcit fatlyn. 
 SirClnisto|iherWray. 
 Sir John l'o|>liam. 
 Sir Tliomas Fleming. 
 Sir Kdwar.l Ccke. 
 Sir Henry Montagu. 
 Sir James Ley. 
 Sir l{aiiiil|ih Crewe. 
 Sir Niiholas Hyde. 
 Sir Tliomas Hiclian'- 
 
 SOll 
 
 ..\NI) KU.iM HKNllV VIII. 
 
 1635. .Sir .Inhii Urampston. 
 
 1643. Sir liiibirt I'cath. 
 
 164*). llcniy HoUe. 
 
 [("ijS. ,Iuhn IJI\ u. 
 
 1659. Sir Hi'. Newdigntc. 
 
 ,', Ifoiiert Nicholas. 
 ifiho. Sir Unbelt Foster. 
 lAiij. Sir Ijobcrt Hyde. 
 1665. Sir .loliu Kelyng. 
 1671. Sir .Mattlicw Hale. 
 1676. Sir liicliaid Kavns- 
 
 fi>rd. 
 if.y'i, .Sir William Scrnggs. 
 1681. Sir Francis I'einlier- 
 
 ton. 
 1683. ■ irlvlmd. Saunders. 
 „ ■ 'r viei'rge Jell'eries, 
 
 aft. lord Jidleries 
 
 and loid chane. 
 
 CHItF JCSTICES IN IRELAND Csee .SwjlieilK t'OUrt). 
 
 1690. Sir liichard Keviiell, 
 
 6 Dec. 
 1605. Kii- Hichanl ryiie, 
 
 7 June. 
 1709. Allan lirodriek, 24 
 
 Uee. 
 1711. Sir Hichard Cox, 5 
 
 Jnlv. 
 1714. W. Wljitshed, 14 Oct. 
 1727. John Hogersou.jAiir. 
 1741. Thomas Marlav, 29 
 
 Dec. 
 1751. St. George Canllield, 
 
 27 Aug. 
 17C0. \\ardell FI 1, 31 
 
 July. 
 1764. John Gore, 24 Aug. ; 
 
 aft. carl Annalv. 
 1784. John S'l.tt, 20 Aiiiil ; 
 
 alt. earlcfl'lonniel. 
 1798. Arthur Wi.lfc. 13 
 
 June ;alt. lord Kil- 
 
 warilen (killed in 
 
 1S03. 
 
 1S22. 
 1841. 
 18.(6. 
 1S52. 
 
 Einiiict'.s iieiim-r. 
 
 tl"M,2jJuly,,t„). 
 Wllll.llll liLWlltS. ',j 
 
 ^'■I't. ; aft. iu„i 
 
 <:lias. K..iiil;,l Biidic, 
 
 14 l-'cl'maiv 
 Edwanl 1\.| fati,,.,.^ 
 
 10 Novca.lifr. 
 Francis lilacliliuriir, 
 
 23 Jan. 
 Tims, hefiiiy, Miiivli, 
 
 i866. James Wliite-i,! 
 
 Julv; ilieilssXi'i 
 
 .S76. 
 1S77. GeuigcAi:giistii.siiii. 
 
 Chester Mav.g Fill 
 i£37. Sir .Mi'^ha;!".M„ni,. 
 
 Jan. 
 1S89. Sir Vctn O'Dri.ii. 
 
 Dec., iiai'lt; luni 1 1 
 
 aiipeal M liiM 
 
 Ml aris, Dec. 
 
 KING'S BENCH PEISON (Southwarf, 
 
 near the site of one of the oldest iirisoiis of I.oiuldii, 
 long Used for the coiitinenient (d dehturs. Here it 
 is said, prince Henry (afterwards Henry V) wm 
 committed by Justice Gaseoigne. The prison was 
 burnt down liv the London rioters, ' June, 17S0; 
 see Gordon's y'n-l'upiri/ Jtiot.\. It was rebuilt in 
 1781, and contained about 2.?o ; .onis. Foriiuilv, 
 file debtors were allowed to imi'liasc the lilierlns, 
 to enable them to have houses or liiiigiiiga \vitli"Ut 
 the walls, or to ]iurcliase day-rules, to go out ot 
 the ]irisoii under certain regulations. 'I'he niiis 
 included St. George's Fields, ice, .\ coniciiudii.c 
 of the bankruptcy act, iHbl, was tlio release of 
 many insolvent debtors; and i.u act was pus-id 
 in l8()2 " for discontinuing •he queen's prison 
 and removal of the iirisi>iiers to Wliiti'cross-strot 
 prison." The buildings, used as a iiiilitary prisni, 
 were piillcii down and tlie site sold, 187(1-86. 
 
 KING'S BOOK, or " Valor Ecelesiasticus 
 temp"! lleiirici VIII." the return 0'' the commis- 
 sioners appointed in l554tov,ilue clie first fruits 
 and tcntlis granted to the king. An edition by 
 Jolm Jiaeoii ("Liber llegis") was puUisluJ iu 
 it8o, and it was printed fortheKemidCumiuissioii, 
 ISI0-2.V 
 
 KING'S BOUNTi% an annual grant of 
 lOfxi/. for the Maunilay royal alms ilisfiibulcil by 
 the loni high almr.iui-, iugaii i arly in the rci;ii cf 
 George III. and continued till 10 Oeorge IV, 1829, 
 Se(- Mdididiti/. 
 
 r .NG'S COLLEGES, see Akrdecn mi 
 Cambriili/c. King's College, Londou, iiicorporaifil 
 
 KING'S SPEE( 
 
 is said to have been 1 
 
 KING'S TREA 
 
M 
 
 KING'S COUNSEL. 
 
 633 
 
 KNIGHTS. 
 
 SCO Aberdeen mid 
 )mlou, incorpnratoii 
 
 .. w. 1829, :iii(l opened 8 Oct. 18,^1. It was 
 iiico'rpo-''f.te<l with the university of London in 18.57. 
 Ihe liospitiil wjs founded in l8?0- The dining- 
 hallanil kitchen fell in, through driiinagc, 8 a.m., 
 (J Dee. I^^'O; "0 ''^''^^ "^iKxe lost. In consequence 
 if the withdmwiil of the poverniuent grant, on 
 icfount of denominational tests, the council of the 
 ■oUf'e issues an appeal to the public for "dditional 
 mnds (50,000^), 24 Jan. 1891. The Christian 
 Knowledge 6u<'ietv votes 5,000'., payable in instal- 
 ments. 4 Pec. l8()4. The sovemnient annual j;rant 
 „f i.'oo/. «iis rcstoreii irrespective of tests, i April, 
 
 KING'S COUNSEL, the first under the 
 ,le»ree of Serjeant was sir Francis Bacon, made 
 injmoris co.iim'i, without patent or fee, in 1604, 
 i)v'jaiiii's !• The (irst niodeni kinfr's counsel was 
 ,ir frunc'is North, afterwards lord keept-r, in 1663. 
 
 KING'S COUNTY (Ireland), formed out of 
 ...ntiscateil property, and so named from Fiiilip, king 
 ,,1' Spain, the husband of queen Mary of England, 
 
 inHjO. 
 
 KING'S CROSS MAEKET, N. London, 
 
 .iptned 7 .-Vug. 1S68; did not succeed, 
 
 KINGSDOWN'S ACT, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 114 
 ^lSOl) relates to wills. 
 
 KING'S EVIL (scrofula), formerly supposed 
 t(i be cured by the king's touch; the first Ijciiig 
 ;;dward the Confessor, in 1058. In the reign of 
 Charles JI. 92,107 persons were touched ; and, ac- 
 • orilinjr to Wiseman, the king's physician, they 
 were nearly all cured ! Queen Anne olheially an"- 
 lounfedin the London Oiizette, 12. March, 1712, her 
 ir.tcntion to touch ptiblicly. The custom was 
 jropped by George I., 1714. 
 
 KING'S LYNN, see Li/nn Ilenh. 
 
 KING'S SPEECH. The first from the throne 
 !>.-aiJ to liave been by Henry I., 1 107. 
 
 KING'S THEATEE, see O/wi-a-housc. 
 
 KINGSTON, see Jf»/A -K , .V(5ST0.\. Ja- 
 
 luaita, was founded in lOi'l, after tlu' great eartli- 
 .[uake in l(i<)2 which destrojcd I'ort Uoval ; it was 
 .Mnstituted a city, l802. An wful fire here 
 r,ivi'»e(l a vast p(a'tiun of tlie tow ., and consumed 
 500,000/. of property, 8 Feb. i;-.S.; ; another fire in 
 1S45; another great fire; town nearly (lestniyed ; 
 ,'Stl'raated loss about 3,000,(XX)/., 5' ilcaths' an- 
 ii'iimred. II Dec. 1 882. Hi^e .][ini.siiiii Jtoii.sc. The 
 bishopric was cstablislicd in 1856; t^w Jdinaiai. 
 
 KINGSTON TRIAL. The dmhess of 
 Kin^'ston was ai laigncd before the lords in West- 
 minster-hall, on a charge of bigamy, having 
 married first, captain Hi-rvey, afterwaicls earl of 
 Dristol, and next, during his lifi'tinu', Kveyln 
 I'ieiTepont, duke of Kingston, 15-22 April, 1-71). 
 She was found guilty, but, on pleailing the privilege 
 ■I peerage, tlie punishment of burning in tue hand 
 Ma> remitted, and she was discharged on paying the 
 
 KINGSTOWN (Dublin), The harbour here 
 was coniincnccd in June, 1817, The name was 
 ilianged from Diinleary in cumpliment to (Jeorge 
 IV., who here embarked for Kiiglaiid at the close 
 ■ f hii visit to Ireland, 3 Si'i)t. 1821, Tlie Kings- 
 :'niii lailwaj iVnui Dublin was opened 17 Dec, 
 iSj4. lly tlie foundering of 11 lifeboat, 1 7 men 
 were drowned, 24 Dee. l.Sc)^. 
 
 KIEBEKAN, Battle of, see SumUin, 10 
 Feb. 1885. 
 
 KIEKDALE CAVE, see Gculo'jy (Buck- 
 land). 
 
 KISSING the hands of great men was a Grecian 
 custom. Kissing was a mode of salutation among 
 the .lews, I Seimwl x. I, Jcc. The " kiss of 
 charity," or " holy kiss," commanded in the Scrip- 
 tures {Romans \\\. 16, &c,), was observed by tlie 
 early Christians, and is still recognised by the 
 Greek church and some others. Kissing the pope's 
 foot (or the cross on his slipper) began with Adrian 
 I, or Leo III, at the close of the 8th century. 
 
 KIT-KAT CLUB, of above thirty noblemen 
 and genth'inen, instituted in 1 703, to pVomote the 
 Protestant succession. The duke of >larlborough, 
 sir II. Walpole, Addison, Steele, and Dr. Gartli 
 were members. It took its name from its dining at 
 tlie house of Christopher Kat, a pastry-cook in 
 King-street, Westminster. 
 
 KITT'S, see Christopher's, St. 
 
 KLADDEEADATSCH, the German 
 
 " I'linch," first published in iierlin, by Albert 
 Hoffmann, the proprietor, originally a bookseller's 
 assistant. He amassed a fortune, and died 10 Aug. 
 1880, aged 62, 
 
 KLONDIKE GOLDFIELDS, see Cati,i,!a, 
 i8y7. 
 
 KNEELING. The knee was ordered to bo 
 bent at the name of Jesus (si'c J'hi/i/ipidns ii. 10), 
 about the year 1275, by the order .it the pope. The 
 ceremony of a vassal kneeling to his lord is said to 
 have begun in the 8th century. 
 
 KNIGHTS. The w,u-d knight is derived from 
 the Sa.Kon C'niht, n servant (i.e., servant to the 
 king, ire). The institution of tlie Uoinan knights 
 {£(jHiti:s or horsemen, from ('//(/(.v, a horse), is 
 ascribed to ]{omulus, about 750 11. c, when the 
 curiai elected 300, Kniglilhon;! was conferred in 
 England by the priest at the altar, after confession 
 and consecration of the sword, during the Saxon 
 heptarchy. The first knight made by the sovereign 
 with the"sword of state was Athelstane, bv Alfred, 
 A, I), 900, Spclinetn. The custom of eccie?iastic8 
 conferring the honoi.r of kniu'lithood was sup- 
 pressed in a synod held it Westminster in 
 lioo. Aihinolii's Institiitis. Sainton. On the 
 decline of the empire of Charlemagne, all Europe 
 being reduced to a state of iMiarehy, the proprietor 
 of eicry manor became a ]ietiy "sovereign ; his 
 mansion was fortified by a moat, and defended by a 
 guard, and called a casllo. Excursions were made 
 by one petty lord again^t aiiotlu r, and the women 
 and treasure were carried olf by ihi conqueror. At 
 length the owners of rich fiefs associated to repress 
 these maramlirs, to make property secure, and to 
 protect the ladies ; binding tliei'uselves i.) these 
 duties by a solemn vow, and the sanction of a 
 religuius ceremony. Cervantes' "!)oii (Quixote," 11 
 satire on knight-errantry, was published in l()05 ; 
 see llanneri't. Chiralri/, TonrnamtHts, Holy Sepul- 
 chre, Joh>i, and Michaii. 
 
 I'KINtai'AL MlI.n.MiV, K!;i.lCiIca-S, AND HONORAUV 
 
 oiuir.Hs OF KNUiirriioou" 
 
 .\friraii star, Cmigo stale . 
 Allii'lt the De.ir, -Vllllall, 
 Allnrt, .Saxony . 
 Alcautam, instituted about , 
 .V!cN;!n.lcr Xevskui, St,, Hussi,i 
 Aiu 
 
 :833 
 i8j6 
 1B50 
 1156 
 i7-'2 
 
 aiauta, Swcileii (ftmnh) 1645 
 
 * Knlargcd ami eiarecteil fnaii Eilinondsou, Carlisle, 
 and the " .Mm.maeli cle (ioth.a : " tlie early dates aro 
 iloulitl'ul. Many oiibis were instituted after the Hettle- 
 luciif uf i:urope in iSis, 
 
 ' ' 
 
 F.| 
 
 \ 
 
 1 1 
 
 % 
 
 ' * 
 
 
 i If 
 
 ' 
 
 » 
 
 '■■■'' 
 
 T' 
 
 1; 
 
 M 
 
 4 
 
 ,1 ¥ 
 
 ' II 
 
 . m 
 
 S^ ^'il 
 
 w}M 
 
 M 
 
 1 „ ' 
 
 
 .u 
 
 m 
 
^%l 
 
 1:1 
 
 'IP 
 
 
 KNIGHTS. 
 
 684 
 
 KNIGHTS. 
 
 r 
 
 Andrew, St., RiiHsiit 
 
 Aiuli-HW, St., Secptliiuil (sL'O 3'/us(?t') . 787,1540, 
 
 Angelic Knights, Oieeie 337, 
 
 Aunc, St. , Hiiistein, ndw Rus.sia 
 
 Anniinciiida, Savciv, almiit 
 
 Annuncinilii, Mantua 
 
 Anthony, St., Uainault ...... 
 
 Antliuny, tjt. , Uavaria 
 
 Avis, Piirtugal, alMiut 
 
 Hanneret«. See Jlaaiierels. 
 
 Bath, England, 1399. Hcvivi'il (see liotli) . . . 
 
 Bear, Switzerland 
 
 Bee, Franee (feiimle) 
 
 I3entod'Avi«, St., l'i)rtui,'al 
 
 Blaek Kagle, Prussia 
 
 Blaise, St., Armenia, 12th century. 
 
 JiliKHl of Christ, Mantua 
 
 Bridget, .St. , Sweden 
 
 Broonirtuwers, Kianeo 
 
 Brotherly (or Neighliourly) Love, Austria (foiMh) . 
 Calatrava, Ca.stile, instituted by Siiueho HI. . 
 
 Catherine, St. , Palestine 
 
 Catherine, St. , Hnssia (/cmii/c) . . . . 
 
 Charles, .St. , Wiirteniberg 
 
 Charles III. (or the Innnaculatc Coneeption), Spain 
 
 Charles XIII., Sweden 
 
 Chaxe, Wiirtenilierg 
 
 Christ, Livonia 
 
 Christ, Portugal and Rome 
 
 Christian Charity, Kranee . 
 Cineiiniati, America (soon dissohed) 
 Comiiostelio (see St. Juincs). 
 
 Coneeption of the Virgin 
 
 Coui'ortl, Prussia 
 
 Constantine, .St., Con.stantinople, about 313 ; by 
 
 emperor I.saae, 1190 ; Parma, 161/.); since removed 
 
 to Naples. 
 Cresi-ent, Naples, 1268. Revived . . . . 
 
 Crescent, Turkey 
 
 Cross of Christ 
 
 Cross of the .South, Brazil 
 
 Crown of Italy 
 
 Cixiwu of India CA'w"''') . . • 31 Dec. 
 
 Crown of t)ak, Netherlands 
 
 Crown, Prussia 
 
 Crown Royal, Franee (I'ricsland) .... 
 
 Crown, Wiirteniberg 
 
 Uanebrog, Denmark, instituted by Waldenmr II., 
 
 1219 ; revived by Christian V 
 
 Death's Head (fenuihi), liv the widow Louisa Elizii- 
 
 bethof .Saxe Masburg 
 
 Denis, St. , France 
 
 Distinguished service, British anuy . . 
 
 Dog and Coi'k, France 
 
 Uovi^ of CiU'tile 
 
 Dragon, Hungary 
 
 l)riigon Overthrown. GenuiUi 
 
 Kagle (see Jf/c ,, ihxkan. AV'/, White). 
 Kar of Corn and Krmine, Brittany, alKiut . . . 
 Elephant, Denmark (alKiut 1190), by Christian I. . 
 ElizalM'th, St., Portugal and Brazil (/cMd/f) . 
 Elizabeth Theresa, Austria (Jnn'lr) . ... 
 
 Knijiire of India 
 
 Fsprit, St., France 
 
 Ferdinand, St. , Naples 
 
 Ferdinand, St. , Spain 
 
 lidelity. Bad<'n 
 
 idelity, Denmark 
 
 FiKils, Cleves 
 
 Francis I., Two Sicilies 
 
 Francis Jo.sc|di, .Xustria 
 
 Frederick, Wiirtemberg 
 
 Friesland (cu' Crown Royal), France 
 
 Garter (.-(i/iii'/t .wf), Englaml. 
 
 (lencrosity, Brandenburg 
 
 Genet, Frame 
 
 George, St., and the Reunion, Naples 1800 and 
 
 George, St., Angelic Knights 
 
 George, St., Austria mo, 
 
 George, .St., Defender of the Iniinaculate Concep. 
 
 tion, Bavaria 
 
 George, St.. England («'e ','"/•((•;■) , , . . 
 
 George, St. , Genoa 
 
 George, St. , Hanover 
 
 George, St. , Ii>inan Isles 
 
 Geoi-ge, St., Rome 
 
 George, St., Russia 
 
 George, St., Siiain ....... 
 
 1698 
 1687 
 1191 
 
 1733 
 1360 
 1618 
 138a 
 1382 
 ii6u 
 
 1725 
 1213 
 1703 
 1162 
 1701 
 
 1608 
 1366 
 X234 
 1708 
 1158 
 1063 
 1714 
 
 1759 
 1771 
 1811 
 1702 
 1203 
 1317 
 1558 
 '783 
 
 1618 
 1660 
 
 1099, 
 
 1464 
 idoi 
 1217 
 1822 
 1868 
 1877 
 1841 
 1861 
 802 
 1818 
 
 1671 
 
 1709 
 1267 
 1886 
 500 
 ■379 
 14.W 
 1418 
 
 1442 
 l46^ 
 1801 
 1750 
 1877 
 
 •579 
 1800 
 1811 
 1715 
 
 ■73^ 
 1380 j 
 
 1829 ! 
 1849 
 
 1830 I 
 8^3 j 
 
 "349 I 
 1685 
 726 
 1819 
 1191 
 M94 
 
 1729 
 '34') 
 1472 
 
 1839 
 1818 
 1493 
 1769 
 >3'7 
 
 George, St. , Venice .... 
 
 Gerion, St. , Gernmny . . . ' ' "w 
 
 Glaive, Sweden ' ' ' ■ '•.• 
 
 Glory, Turkey " ' • ';.i 
 
 (Jolden Angel (afterwanls St. Geoigo).' ' .,il, ; ">' 
 (iolden Falcon, Jaiian(ic/iic/i.srf) . ." •""«.;•. 
 Golden Fleece, instituted at Bruges liv Pliiii',, .1 ''' 
 
 Good, Austria and Spain . . ' "" '1' Ik 
 
 Golden Lion, Hesse Cas.sel . . ' . ""• '" ■ 
 
 Golden Liiui, Nassau, and HoUaml ' ' ' '""' 
 
 (iolden Shield and 'I'histlc, France " ' ' ' ":- 
 Golden Spur, by Pius IV. . . . ' ' ■ nn 
 Gohlen Stole, Venice, before . , ' . ' ' ' '^v 
 Gregory, St. , Rome . . . . " "" 
 
 Guelphic, Hanover . 
 Henry, St., Saxony 
 Henry the Lion, Brunswick 
 Hermengilde, St. , Spain 
 Hohenzollern, Prussia 
 Holy Ghost, France 
 Holy Sepulchre (c/iiV/i .sec) 
 Holy Vial (St. Rend), Franco 
 Hospitallers (which see), 1099; of Uliuaos,'i,o8' i,f 
 
 Malta J . I 
 
 Hnlwrt, St., Germany (by the duke of Julicrs rui 
 
 Cleves), Bavaria 
 
 Imtiaz (Turkey) ' _ 'jj, ; 
 
 Ir(Ui Cross, Prussia ' * ' 
 
 Iron C'ptwn, Lombardy, 1805; revived 
 Iron Hehnet, Hesse Ca.s.sel . . ' ' 
 
 Isaliella, St., Spain, 1804; Portugal (/I'uie/rt 
 Isabella the Catholic, Spain . . 
 
 James, St.. Ilollaml ' 
 
 James, .St. , Portugal . ' ' 
 
 James, St., of the Sworil, Santiago, 1175; Siuiii ' 
 
 anil Piu'tugal ' ' . 
 
 Januarius, St. , Naples . . . . ' ' 
 
 Jerusalem (.see ,Uc/fo) . . . . ' 
 Jesus Christ, Ri>nie. instituti-d by Jnlm xxu 
 
 1320. Reformed as Jesus and Marv, by Paul V ' 
 Joachim, St. , Germany . . '. 
 
 John of Aeon, .St , after . 
 John of Jerusalem, St. (sec Wosj)i((i/?cr,<), Roiiie 
 
 John, St., Prussia 
 
 Joseph, St. , Tu.scany 
 
 Julian of Alcantara, .St. 
 
 Katheriiic, St. , England (female nurso) . 
 
 Knot, Naples 
 
 La Calz.i, Venice, about . . . . ' . , 
 
 Lamb of God, Sweden 
 
 Lazarus, St., France, befiwe 1154; united witli tliat 
 
 of St. Mauricv, Savoy 
 
 Legion of Honour, France ... 
 
 Leopold, Austria \ 
 
 Leopcdd, Belgium .... 
 
 Lilyof Aragon .... . " . ; 
 
 Lily of Navarre, about 
 
 Liiin, Holland ' _ ' 
 
 Lion (see Sitn) . . 
 
 '.'on of Zaliringeu. Baden ... 
 
 Lioness, Naples, alstnt \ 
 
 Loretto, Lady of 
 
 Louis, Bavari.i 
 
 Louis, Hesse Darmstadt 
 
 Louis, St., France 
 
 Liaiisa, Prussia (frmiilr) 
 
 Malta (see llmpititUerA 
 
 Maria de .Merced, St., Spain .... 
 
 Maria Louisa, Sp.iiii (Jcmidi) . , , . 
 
 Maria Theresa, .\ustriji 
 
 Mark, St.. Venice, about 828. Renewed . , . 
 
 Martyrs, Palestine 
 
 Maurice, St. , Savoy 
 
 Maxiniilian Joseph, Bavaria 
 
 .^Ied,iidic, Turkey 
 
 Merit, Bavaria 180S, 
 
 Merit, Belgium 
 
 Merit, Hi'sseCJassel 
 
 Merit, Ohlcnburg 
 
 Merit, Prussia 
 
 Merit, Saxony 
 
 Merit. Wiirtemberir 
 
 Miuit^ MiliUiry, Baden . 
 
 Mi'Xican Eagle 
 
 .Michael, .St., Ilaviiri.i 
 
 Mich.-iel, St., Franci. 
 
 .Viidiael, St , (iermany 
 
 .Michael and George, Sts, , i3i8 ; re-oi„'aiiisi'd, Marcli, 
 
 iti; 
 
 1:3^ 
 '■H 
 
 1S14 
 
 i»;i 
 'w> 
 
 •«♦ 
 
 'in 
 
 1.!1J 
 
 ■e,; 
 'm 
 
 iSo; 
 
 llj6 
 
 '■■'■) 
 m 
 m 
 
 >:-4 
 
 ■;"- 
 1:02 
 1»S 
 
 1413 
 10(3 
 
 iSli 
 
 m 
 iji) 
 
 iS:; 
 
 1^; 
 16,5 
 1S14 
 
 .■ii5 
 ijjj 
 >:■•! 
 ■j'.- 
 
 lvJ14 
 U.H 
 
 iS* 
 iSs. 
 
 \](^ 
 lijj 
 
 ii>7 
 lis; 
 
 J 
 
 Moiitlole, Jpm.Halcin 
 Vfi'liboiirly l.ove, A 
 Nirholius, St. (.\rj;oii 
 
 Volile P«.<sic". **■""' 
 0,kot.N'avane.Spa: 
 
 Olaf.SL, .•'»■«"■" 
 UsiiLiiiie. Turkey . 
 OarLaJvof.Moiitesa 
 
 OiirlJi'l.viif"i''V"," 
 imrLaJyi.f the Lily 
 
 Palatine Lien 
 Jialiiiiiucl Alligator, 
 
 Ml ill ■ ■ 
 Passion cf Jesus Lhr 
 Patrick, St, Iivlaiid 
 Paul, St., Heme 
 p„|n, I.. Brazil . 
 Pfter, V'lvilerick Lew 
 M'T, St.. Home . 
 Pliiiiji. Hesse Dariusi 
 Pius, f.iuiiiled hy Piu 
 
 emi IX. . '*"""-' ■ 
 Pillar Star. Swcileu. 
 
 Pim-miilie. France 
 Hfiili'.".N"iil''i's. about 
 llfllEaglt, Prussia, i 
 BiHleeiner (or Savioui 
 Rdiii, St. (<M- Holy Vi 
 liosarj-. S|«im 
 liiise, linuU 
 liiiiinilTiil>le. Kiiglam 
 ii,ivalK«lL'r.iss(./iw 
 lliival Vietorian, Eng 
 lliieCnwii, Saxiuiy 
 Kn|«rt, St,Ueniiany 
 Suiuiir, Aragcii . 
 Jsiviiinr. IT Uecleeiiier 
 isiviiiareftUe Worid. 
 Siivov, Italy 
 .<iale', Castile, about 
 Sraif, (.'iwtile, 1330. 
 Sf|fli!clite, Holy. Pale 
 Sm]iliiiii, Sweden 
 aipauilCiesceiit. Fr 
 Slaves of Virtue, (iiTii 
 Stanislas, St.. Pcliiid 
 Sti /'raniij 
 Stai.Sii'ily . 
 Slaref luilia. British 
 Staroftlii' t.'ri)ss(;i/«' 
 .sill Mf tlie Xiirtli, Sw( 
 .Sti'i Jieii, St. , lliiiigar,\ 
 Mf|ilifii, St..TiiM'aiiy 
 Sim ami Lion, Pei-sia 
 Snail, Fliimiei's, about 
 S«aii, Prussia (fimulf] 
 Swiinl (iir Silence), Cy 
 Swiinl. Sweden. 1525. 
 Tfiiipl.irs (see Teini>iai 
 Trstr .Miirte (Ueatlis I 
 Trtitiinie, Austria, al 
 
 ijjj; re-organised 
 Thistle of Bourbon . 
 Tlii<tlo, Seotlaiid, 809. 
 Tliomiaiif Aeon. St., s 
 T.ils,ina'Or(tl..lileii Fl 
 Tiiuvraiiil Swurd, Por 
 Tiisiii. or Hungarian f 
 Two Sicilies . 
 Vasa, Swiileli . 
 Vii'toriaaiiil Alherl, Ii 
 Viijilauie, or White Fa 
 Virjtiii Mar}-, Italy 
 Virjiiiof Mount t.'anin 
 Wrjiils. .Meeklealilllg 
 W!i:ti. Cross, Tuseiinv 
 Wliilo haslc, I'olaioba 
 Wliite Falcon, .Siixe-Wi 
 Willk'lni, Holland . 
 WiiyofSt Michael, P 
 Wla.limir, St, Russia 
 
 Ff»ai,i Ksicnix. It 
 wiiiK'n who pre.si rve 
 ly tlii'ir stout resi 
 graiitiil to till' wiinie 
 ftiiLile oniers appea! 
 liave l««i admitted I 
 
&') 
 
 
 • 
 
 ibout 
 
 /' 
 
 I ■ 
 
 l.y 
 
 I'llili 
 . ic 
 
 1' llic 
 Jau, 
 
 H'. 
 
 I7-J 
 ■ 370 
 
 1851 
 
 '°<». 14/, 
 
 Uliuilo 
 
 '». 1308 ; i)t 
 ke of Juliera a!„i ' 
 
 4,* 
 
 ivwl 
 
 Niiv. n-j 
 
 "i (/fm('(f) : : '^ 
 
 ■175; Slain 
 
 !)■-■ 
 
 ■i;7 
 
 ''V .luliu XXII 
 ilary. by Paul V. . 
 
 tellers), Rome 
 
 lursi's) . 
 
 iinitnl witli that 
 
 lll'Wul 
 
 .6.; 
 
 '7;; 
 '3:7 
 
 nii 
 
 ii;^ 
 li-j 
 'iji 
 
 ;j7 
 
 '■U 
 
 ■ ':7- 
 
 . iSoi 
 
 • iSoS 
 
 ■ 1362 
 . Ul> 
 . iO(J 
 . lil5 
 
 . iM 
 . iSu 
 
 ■ 'i« 
 
 ■ ijj; 
 
 . !So; 
 
 • m 
 
 ■ 1S14 
 
 ■ IJH 
 
 • ■ MM 
 
 . iS* 
 
 . . lS:i 
 
 1808. IW. 
 
 . . 1867 
 
 . •>;6, 
 
 . . M 
 
 
 iiiiiiiiiisftl.Jlaroli. 
 
 KNIGHTS. 
 
 635 
 
 KOMORN. 
 
 .i.iiitioie. Jfi-iisiili'i". Ijuforc 
 
 vi-lilHiHriv I."vc, Austria (fiimilc) . 
 
 Viiiulas. «'• (AiV"iiii»ts i.f , Naples ... 
 
 Viilile I'assi"". *""'.">■ 
 
 OakofXavariv, Siiam 
 
 Uliif.St.f'wwliMi 
 
 Osmauii;. Tiiikcy 
 
 Our Laiiv of Miiiitesa 
 
 Our Uil'v "f till' L'miceiitinn nf Vill.i Vii;nsa . , 
 
 im,. Lady «f till! Lily, Nuvane 
 
 Piliitine Linn 
 
 Palm aial Allitiatnr, Africa, granti'il t" Gov. Camp- 
 
 liell i" , ■ . ■ „ 
 
 Passiou »f Jesus Clirist, France . . . . 
 
 Patrick, St., Iii'lanil 
 
 p.ml, St.,H"ii"- 
 
 IVli-u 1.. Brazil 
 
 Prter, Kreilen''^ Lewia, Oldenburg 
 
 p,.t»r!st.. I(»iiie 
 
 piiili|i, Hesst' Dariu.stadt 
 
 Pins f.iiuiili'il I'.v I'ius IV 
 
 l>iiisIX.,H e. ■ ; , 
 
 PclarStor, S«wlcn. Rin-ived 
 
 Puniniiiit. Krani'i' 
 
 UBili'.'Xajilos, al'oul . . •.-,•• 
 
 II,h1 Eiiglf. Prussia, 1705, i7rj. 1734. Revived 
 
 Riil«mtr("rSiivioiir). Greece 
 
 Rerai, St. (er Holy Vial), iiliout . . . . 
 
 Rnsar>'> Spain 
 
 liiise, linuiil 
 
 liiiimilTaWe. Eii(jlaiid,liy Alfred (see flrtrtt'r), 5,6 ,,r 
 
 jldValKeilL'riws (/fi"<i/i') . . . 2j April, 
 
 IliiVal Victorian, Knjilaiel . . .23 April, 
 
 HwCniwii, Sa.Koiiy 
 
 |lii]»rt, St.,(jeriiialiy 
 
 Sa\ii>ur, Ara;;iii\ 
 
 .Sjiviiiur.iirlieileciner, Greece 
 
 Saviimr of the World. Sweden 
 
 Siviiy. Italy 
 
 Sale, Castile, about 
 
 Si'iiif. (.'astile, 1330. Keviveil . 
 
 .S|iii!olnp, Holy, Palestine . 
 
 Siapbirn, Sweden 
 
 Slii|iaiul Crescent. France . 
 
 Slavrsiif Virtue, (iennaiiy (fimiih) 
 
 Stanislas, St.. Poland . 
 
 8ti ;'raucij .... 
 
 SlaL.Sii'iiy 
 
 Saii'f Iiiilia. Uritisli 
 
 Slai iif the Cross (Jtiiuile). Austria 
 
 .siariifthe Xnrth, Sweden 
 
 ,sir|i|ifii, St., Iliin^'ary . 
 
 StfpiMi. St.. Tu.^f■any 
 
 Sim anil l.i'ai. Persia 
 
 Swan, Flamlers, alioiit 
 
 S»an, Prussia {feiiwie) . 
 
 Siviinl (or Silence), (.'yprns, 
 
 S»onl. Sweden. 1525. Kevived .... 
 
 TriiilJars(,see 7('»i;i(ii/.() 
 
 Tr>te .Morte (Ueatli's Head), Wiirtemlier),' {femnM 
 Tfiituiiic, Austria, about 1190; abolished, 1809 
 
 1522; ixMirjSiiiised . . 
 Tlii.<tlc of Bourbon . . .... 
 
 Tliistli', .Seotlanii, S09. Heviveii . . 15,10, 
 
 Tlii'iniiaof Aeon. St. , after ... 
 Tnisiin dOr (liolden Fleeci') . 
 TiiwiTainLSwoid, Pcu-tnaal, u^q. 
 
 1 180 
 1708 
 13&2 
 1704 
 722 
 1847 
 1861 
 1316 
 i3i8 
 1043 
 1768 
 
 1837 
 1384 
 1783 
 1540 
 1826 
 1838 
 «53o 
 1840 
 
 1559 
 1847 
 1748 
 ■393 
 ■399 
 1792 
 1833 
 499 
 1212 
 1829 
 
 1896 
 . . 1807 
 
 . I70I 
 . . II18 
 
 • 1833 
 . . 1561 
 
 . 1815 
 . . 1316 
 
 . 1700 
 . . 1099 
 
 1260 or 1265 
 .. . 1269 i 
 . 1662 I 
 
 • • 1765 I 
 
 . I022 ' 
 
 ■ • I3S> i 
 . i86i : 
 
 . . 166S 
 
 . 1748 
 
 ■ • 1764 ' 
 . 1561 1 
 
 . . 1808 ' 
 . 500 
 ■843 
 ■195 
 1748 
 rug 
 1652 ^ 
 
 1840. 1863 
 1370 ' 
 
 44°^ 
 
 Ilevived 
 
 lont 
 
 :-■■-, 1459. 
 
 Tusin, or Hunjjarian Kniglits, abn 
 
 T»ii Sicilies 
 
 Vasi, Swcilcii 
 
 Virtoria anil Albert, India (/i'lmi/c) 
 Viiiilaucc, or White Falcon, Suxe-Weiliiar . 
 
 Vir„'in Mar)', Italy 
 
 Virgiuof Mount L'arniel, France . 
 
 Wfiiila. .Mi'ckhnliiirH .... 
 
 Wliitf Cross, Tuscany 
 
 Wliite ha-le, Poland. al«uit 1325. Kevived 
 Wliitc Fall-on, ,Sa\e-\Vei|iiar 
 
 Wiiliflin. Holhiiiil 
 
 Wiii^'iifSt. .Michael, Portni,'uI . 
 Wlailiniir, St., Russia .... 
 
 ffinr.i KNioiirs. It is said that tlic tirst were the 
 wnmon who luesirvcdTortosu from the Moum in 1149, 
 iiy ticeir stiait resistance. Liirge inuiinnities weie 
 grjiittJ bi the women and their duscenilants. S-vi'ral 
 ttinale oflers ap].iar in the prenoilin;^ li.tt. Ladies 
 liavc Iwii :iilmitted to several male orUers. 
 
 1687 
 
 'J77 
 142.) 
 jSo8 
 1502 
 1S08 
 1772 
 
 1 362 
 
 1732 
 "33 
 1607 
 1S64 
 1814 
 1705 
 ■7.32 
 181S 
 1172 
 
 Kniohts OK Glvn ANi> Kkruv in- Ihki.and. The beads, 
 
 of two bruin-hes of the family of Fitzucrald, who still 
 
 eiijoy the distinctions bestowed on their ancestors by 
 
 sovereigns in the 13th century. The igtii knight I't 
 
 _ Kerry died 6tli Auk. 1880. 
 
 Kniuhis (IF THE Shirk, or of Parliament; summoned 
 by the king's writ and chosen by the freeholdei-s, llrsV 
 siiiiiinoned by Simon de .Montbirt, in 1238, and ill a, 
 more lornial manner, 20 ,Iaii. 1265. There are writs, 
 extant as far back at- : i F.dwaril I. , ,283. The knij;ht* 
 are still girded with a swi.iil when elected, as the writ 
 prescribes. 
 
 Knioht.s of Laboi'r. a large secret trade union in tile 
 Ijiiiteil Stiites, said to have been origiiiakMl by a man 
 named Uriah Stevens in Philailelphia in 1809, for pro- 
 tection of workmen iiguinst capitalists. They were- 
 energetic in tlie proiiiiition of railway and other 
 strikes, espeeially in Missnnri in March, i8B6. Ileaci 
 ipiartersat Philadelphia, number alxjut 400,001 , May, 
 1886. The society is eiuidcmiied by the pope. Ucciinii- 
 ot the order re|iorted Aug. 1888 ; active in Aug. 1890. 
 Knights iifliiiluslii/ active in regard to strikes, 1893. 
 
 KNIVES. In En-land, Hallamshire (tlio 
 country round Sheffield) has boon rcuowned for its- 
 cutlery for live centunea ; Chiiucer speaks of the 
 " Shetiield thwytel." Stow says that liieliai-a 
 Mathews on tlie Fleet-bridge was the tirst Eni;lish- 
 miin who made //it- knives, ice. ; and that he ob- 
 tained a prohibition of foreign ones, 1 1563. Clasp 
 or spring knives became common about ;6so; com- 
 ing originally from Flanders.— A','i//t-<'i'((j«iH« ma- 
 clHiieH were (latented by Mr. George Kent in 1844 
 and iiSjz ; others have been invented, by Masters- 
 Price, Jce.; see foc/C-.v. 
 
 . KNOW-XOTHINGM, a society which aro3& 
 m 1853, 111 the United States of N. Ainericti. Their 
 princiules were eniliodied in the following proposi- 
 tions (at New York, iS^^)- 'I'hev possessed several 
 newspapers and had much political intlueuce:— 
 I. The Americans shall rule America. 
 a. The Union of tlicst! Stiites. 
 
 3. No North, 11.) South, no East, no West. 
 
 4. The United .States of America -as they are— oue ami 
 
 inse|iarabli'. 
 
 5. No sectarian intcrtereiices in (Uir legislation or in tlu.- 
 
 administration nf .Vmcriciin law. 
 
 6. Hostility tn the Mssoniption ,.f the pope, through tin? 
 
 bishops, &c., m a republic .sanctilled by Protestant 
 blood. 
 
 7. Thorough reform in the naturalisation laws. 
 
 8. Free and liberal eilneational institntimis for all sect* 
 
 and idaHse.s, with the Bible, Gods holy word, as a 
 
 iinivereul text-book, 
 A society was formeil in 1855 in oii]iosition to the above, 
 called A»oi(vS'irai«Hiii»/.«. Jtnlh bodies were nb.surlKick 
 mto the twopariics. Democrats and Repuldicans, it. 
 the presidential election in Nov. 1S56. 
 
 KNUTSFOED, Chealiire. The foundatioii 
 stone of St. I'aul's college for the ncrtheru countiea 
 here was laid, 24 Sept, 1873. 
 
 KOH-1-NOOK, or " i[ountain of Light," the- 
 East India diamond ; see Biamomis. 
 
 KOLA, a West African nut, from wliich is ol>- 
 tamed, by grinding, a stimuliitiiig and sustiiiuiiig 
 drug, much used by the natives in long journeys, 
 enabling them to endure thirst and hunger, i8()2, 
 
 KOLIN or KoLLiN (Itohemia). Hero (he- 
 Austrian general Uaun gained a signal victor)' o\ er 
 Frederick the (Jreat of Prussia, 18 June, 1757. In 
 commemoration, the military order of Maria Thcre.-a 
 WU8 instituted by tlie erapress-quecn. 
 
 KOT.N, see (hlcy...: 
 
 KOMORN or CoMOIlN (Hungary), an ancient 
 fortress town, of' -. akeii and retaken during the 
 wars with Turke_, , Near it the Hungarians, nndcr 
 gen. Khipka, defeated the Austriaiw, 11 July, l8.j<j, 
 but surrendered the town 1 Oct, 
 
 ! f! ' 
 
 ,4i^ 
 
 1; 
 
 ;.f .5,7 
 
 ^ I 
 hi 
 
 1* 
 
 y \ 
 
'TV:; «3^' 
 
 KONIEH. 
 
 036 
 
 KRYPTOGRAPH. 
 
 h''' 
 
 i0' 
 
 ^'m 
 
 .- .; £K\M^iiT 
 
 KONIEH (formerly loonium). Hero the 
 Turkich army \vna defeated by the piisha of Egypt, 
 after a long sanguinary fight, 21 Dec. 1832. The 
 grand vizier was taken prisoner. 
 
 KONIGGRATZ (Bohemia). Near here was 
 fi^ught the decisive battle between the Austrians 
 ci'i;mianded by marshal Benedek, and the Prussians 
 commanded by their king William I., 3 July, 1866. 
 Truice Frederick Charles halted at liaiumeuiz on 
 Monday, 2 July, his troops commenced their march 
 .at midnight, and the first sliot was tired about 7'30 
 a.m. 3 July. The attack began at Sadowa (after 
 vvhien the battle is also named) about 10 o'clock, 
 .and a desperate struggle ensued, the result ap- 
 pearing uncertain, till the army of the crown iirincc 
 of Prussia arrived about 12-30. When Clilum, 
 which had been taken and lost seven times by the 
 Prussians, was taken for the eighth time, the fate 
 of the day was decided ; and the retreat of the Aus- 
 trians, at first orderly, became a Im.sty disastrous 
 flight. About 400,000 men were engaged in this 
 ^.^ttle, one of the greatest in modern times. The 
 Austrians are said to have lost I74gui'.«. about 40,000 
 killed and wounded, and 20,000 prisi'ncrs. The 
 I'russians lost about 10,000 men. The victory gave 
 the supremacy in Gennanv to Prussia, unity to 
 North (jermanv, and Venetia to Italy ; and led to 
 the legislative Independence of Hungary. 
 
 KOXIGSBERG, the cai)itiil of east Prussia, 
 was founded by the Teutonic knights in I2S5, and 
 became the residence of the grand muster in 1457. 
 
 It joined the Ilanseatio league in 
 founded, 1544. It 
 Jh'andenburg in Id', 
 
 'jf'.v 
 
 king of Poland, in 172 
 !33,(i(j7 gallons of wine 
 
 University 
 was ceded to the elector of 
 ^ ;, and here Frederick III. was 
 crowned the first king of Prussia in 1701. It was 
 held by the Russians l7-;8-().(, and by the French : 
 in 1807. Hero king William I. ■aid las tiueeii were 
 crowned, 18 Oct., 1861 ; liis monument unveiled by : 
 the cmj)eror, 4 Sejit. ; the emperor at a l)an(|uet , 
 censures tlie nobles for oii)Hj.-iing iiis i)lan», promises ■ 
 ;ulditional giants to the jirovince, aii<l declares that ' 
 lie reigns by llivine right, () Sept. 1894. Popula- 
 tion, in 18.S5, 151,151 ; 1890, iM,52y. 
 
 KOXIGSTEIX TUX (Nassau, Germany), 
 suost r.ipacious, was built by Frederii'k Augustus, 
 25. It was made to hold 
 and on the top, which was 
 r.iiled in, was accommodation for twenty jiersons to 
 i-egale themselves. The famous tun of St. liernard'a 
 was said to hold 800 tons; see Heiilvlkrrj 'I'l/ii. 
 
 KOOKAS, a warlike reforming sect in N. W. 
 India, founded by Ualuk Kam about 1845, and after 
 liisdeith, about 1855, lieadcd by Kain Singli, who 1 
 jjivached the restoration : f the old Sikh religion, 
 which venerated cattle and ])unished their slaugh- 
 terer. After several outrages against the Mahom.v 
 tans, an outbreak of the Kiiokas took ]dace near 
 Loodianii, which was vigorously suppressed, 15 
 Jan. 1S72, by commissioner Cowan, who ordered 
 49 ])risoner8 to be blown from cannon, 17 Jan. 
 Several others were tried and executed by com- 
 missioner Forsyth soon after. For this severity 
 Jilr. Cowan was ordered to be disnlis^ed, and Mr. 
 Forsyth removed to another station, Ajiril, 1872. 
 TheKooka Ipaders claim 8(jo,rxx.i followers; but 
 tbe jind'able number is about one-tenth. 
 
 KORAX or A1.C0RAN (Al KuR.Cf), the 
 
 «.;crcd b>•^•k of Ii:e Mahoiju-tane, wa? written li'juUt 
 ■610, by Mahomet (who asserted tliat it h.id beiu 
 revealed to him by the angel (iabriel in twenty- 
 three years), and publislied by Abu-I» kr abou* tj^'. 
 Its general aim was to unite tlie jirofessors of idi;lair\- 
 
 I and the Jews and Christians in thcwor»binof 
 God (whose unity whs the chief p„int incuVai,!!!'' 
 under certain laws and cereniuniis, cxiH'tin" iV 
 dience to Mahomet as the iir.jjdict. ThVk-ii(lui," 
 tide of faith ijrcached is ccjmiiomnleil of aii f:i!'J!!'\ 
 truth and a necessary fiction, iiaauly, thiitthn^ 
 onlv one God, and that Mahomet is tbe iiii(jstli.„fG' 1* 
 Gibbon. The Koran was translated into lit-r 
 1 143; into French 1047; into Enalish by s,;"' 
 1734; and into other l-:uro;ieaii iMiiguic'es i-r' 
 et mj. It IS a rbapsoily of («» icrses' a'-vidM 
 into 114 sections; sea Mi</(omttiiinii„i, ictj' ' 
 
 KOREA, see Cun,(. 
 
 KOREISH, an Arab tribe wbidi had Hi, ,\,„!. 
 of the Caabii, or sla-ine of tlie sacred stone ol'Mwi 
 ' and strenuously opposed the pretensions' of MiIk' 
 ' met. It was defeated by him and his adhennts' 
 
 KOSSOVA, see CVs.u,va. 
 
 ' KOSZTA AFFAIR. Martin Koszticallunn 
 nan refugee, when in the United Stati's in i,s-'o 
 declared his intention of bcioiiiiac: :ni AnUTinn 
 
 I citizen, and went through tbe luciiaiinury fom',. 
 
 ' In 1853 he visited Smyrna, and „n 21 JuiiMias 
 seized by a boat's crew of the Au-^tiian hvig Hn-sr 
 liy direction of tlie Aiiicrirun minister at I'oiWan' 
 tinople, captain Ingrahatu, of tlic American sloop .iv" 
 /^&«/.s-, demanded his release; but liavini; heard tint 
 
 : the prisoner was to be vhmdcstinclv 'tran^prjitrj 
 
 I to 'Irieste, he ilemaiuUd his s\invndeV by a ,en,iii 
 time, and^preparcd to attack tbe Austrian vcsm4 ci, 
 2 July; Koszta was then given up. (Jn 1 Aii' tli' 
 Austrian government protested ;ig,iin>t tliesi" mu- 
 cecdings in a circular aodres.scd to the Eum'ni' 
 
 : courts, but eventually a ((iniproinise was i-tn'ttj 
 and Kuszta returned to the United States. 
 
 KOYUXJIK, the site of the ancictt Sinovti 
 {w/tich mi:), 
 
 KRAAL, a Dutch name for a Sunth Afiicvi 
 village. See /tiliiland. 
 
 KRAKATOA, see J(n;i, 1883. 
 
 KRAO. A hairy female Ibinui'se 
 bited at the AVestminster .\i|Uariuin, 
 thought incorrectly by some t. 
 
 chiM CN-hi. 
 ■l.Mi. iSj: 
 ■|icrimiii ..| 
 
 the nibssing link bttwecn man and the mitliripuil 
 apes. 
 
 KRASXOI (central Kussia), line the Fwii; 
 defeated the Kussians, 15 Aug, 1.S12; anil here tl;,; 
 were themselves defeateil alter a scries uf raiilliiN, 
 14-18 Nov. following. 
 
 KREASOTE, see Cr.asotc. 
 
 KRIiMLIX, a palace at Moscow, built by lie- 
 metri, grand-duke of Kiissia, about IJ70. It was 
 burnt down in Sept. 181J, and rebuilt in ISH; 
 partly burnt aliout 23 July, 1S71). 
 
 KRIEG.SPIEL, see n\o- iJnme. 
 
 KROMSCHRODEP. GAS, n new lyj,,,. 
 carbon (air saturated « 11 h i)cti'irl,.nin spirit), w,i< 
 tried in May, 1873, at Great Murlow, ler >trM 
 ligliting, and reported suciissful. The t-is wss 
 said to be cheaji and (|iucldy generated, the oiiii- 
 bustion giving a brilliant while siiiokcle.ss liilit 
 
 KKOUMIRS, see V«i,i,v. 
 
 KRUPP',S Ca8T .Steel Factory, see I«,.. 
 
 KR'-'PTOGRAPII, sec V,!ii>t<„jf:,,,h. 
 
KRYPTON. 
 
 637 
 
 KEYPTOX, a new gas discovered by prof. 
 Riunwy I)y mciiiis of t'l"' spectroacopo, reported 6 
 June, and exhibited at the Ibyal society, 8 June, 
 
 1898. 
 KU KUX KLAN, the name of a secret society 
 in tlie southern states of the Union, principally in 
 Tennessee in North America, bitterly opposed to the 
 ruling nis"' Early in 1SO8, this society issued lists 
 of proicrilied persons, who, if thev did not quit the 
 cjuutryaftcrwarnin};, became liable to assassination. 
 General (jrimt endeavoured to suppress this society 
 in April. Its repression by the militia in Arkansas 
 itas ordered, Nov. 1868, and it became the subject 
 oflfftisl.itionnt Wasbinston, June, i8;i. 
 
 KULDJA, a revolted province of China ; was 
 jpizfd bv Kussia in 1871, and restored by treaty 
 
 KULTUE-KAMPF, the conHict in Prussia 
 respecting worship, see Prussia, 1873, et sc/j. 
 
 KWNEESD(.>fiF, Battle of, see Cu». 
 
 iiiniorf. 
 
 KUNOBTTZA, in the Balkan. Here John 
 Humiiiidos, the Hungarian, defeated the Turks, 24 
 Deo. 144.V 
 
 KYELE SOCIETY. 
 
 KURDISTAN, Western Asia (.the ancient 
 /»'^vriiO, subject partly to Turkey and Persia. In 
 Oct. 1880, the Kurds, warlike and nffricnltuni' tribes 
 nominal Mahometans, invaded andravaited Persia 
 and weresiibduedafterfierce conflicts with theirchief 
 Obeid-uUah, a Turkish sheikh, Nov. Dec. 1880. 
 In 1881 he went to Constantinople and was well re- 
 ceived, but k('i)t in a kind of honoural)le restraint, 
 Sei)t 1881 . In Sept. 1882 he escaped to Kurdistan 
 and incited the Kurds to revolt ajrainst Persia - 
 captured liy the Turks; resigned l)y his son, Nov' 
 1882; said to have died at .Mecca in 18S3. See 
 Anii(}:iii, 1892, i-t my. 
 
 . KUSHK-I-NAKHUD, see Mahrnml. 
 
 KUSTRTN or CrSTHIN (Prussia), a fortified 
 town, be8iei,'cd and bunit bv the Russians, 22 Aug. 
 1758; taken by the French in 1806; given up, 1814. 
 
 KYRLE SOCIETY (named after John Kvrle, 
 who died 1724. extollwt bv Pope as the Man of 
 Koss), started by Misses Miranda and Octavia Hill 
 in 1875, and founded in 1877 liv i)rince Leopobl, 
 princess Louise, the duke of Westminster, and 
 others, witli the object of "bringing beaut v home 
 to the people," by means of decorative ai-f, gar- 
 dening, music, kc. First public inecting held 
 27 Jan. 1881, 
 
 *IW* I 
 
 . 'ill" 
 
 
 V )| 
 
 10 aacioLt Siucveh 
 
 r a Suutli Africia 
 
 ■ Ibic tlii'Iifini; 
 1812; uml here lljij- 
 II scries of eontlici-', 
 
 -■<■%, J 
 
 
L. *. rf. 
 
 G38 
 
 LACE. 
 
 L. 
 
 Ij, s. d. sec Coin. 
 
 LABARTJM, see Standards, 
 
 LABOKATORY. The Royal Institution liihn- 
 ratory, the first of any ininoitance in London, was 
 ■established in l8(vi. and rebuilt, 1872. In it were 
 made the diseovi T'h of Davy, I'araday, 'J'yndall, 
 Hnd Frankland ; sei lin>ial Jnstitiitioii. The Koyal 
 Laboratory, Wool wicli Arsenal, was re-orf:anised"in 
 1855. Fii-st stall laboratory to deteet adultera- 
 tion in rommeice, rte.,near tvinR's colleffc hospital, 
 38 rooais, erected under sir Joiin Taylor, of the 
 office 111 works, reji irted 5 (.'ct. 181)7. 
 
 LABOUR COMMISSION". The relatii-is 
 between capital and labour havinfr been grearly 
 <listurb.'d in recent years, esjieeially since. 1888, 
 leading to many stril<cs, the i,'ovenimeut were in- 
 <luce(l '.0 aiipoint a royal connuission "to iui|uire 
 into the rehitions between employers and employed, 
 and to report "-hether leaislatinn can with advan- 
 tacre be directed to remedy any evils that nuiy lie 
 <liselosed," ifce. 
 
 Aiiioii;,' llio )icisons iioiiiiiiat.il, in April, 1S91, were 
 the rolliiwiiij: : till' iMiiniiiis of Ilartiii^'tuii (iliikc 
 of Di'voiisliiri', 21 Dee. 1891) cliiiiniiiiii, tlic eaii of 
 liciliy. sir .M. llirks-Heaih, .Mr. .Miinilclla, .Mr. 
 Cmutiiey, .Mr. .lessc (■|pHill^;^,. .Mr. Ijmt. -ir F. 
 I'oll'ick, Mr. Tiiiii .Maiiii. .Mr, I'liiiisull, with 
 scvi rnl chainiieii of piililic cDiuiiaiiic- lunl i-in- 
 pli. VIMS 111 lilh. .111'. Si'Clvtari.s, .Mr. .John lilirilett 
 ami Mr. (Iiulln y Dia-e. .\|i^s (inn,., .Miss Ahni- 
 liaiiis, .Miss Colli-tt ami .Miss Irwm were niipoiiitcil 
 laily siih-eoniiiiissioiiers .... .March 1892 
 
 First aieetiiit;, the iiiariinis of llartiiifitoii in the 
 '■hair , Miiv 1891 
 
 I'lie lirst report laid before ]iarliaiiieiit . j April 1S92 
 Meetings coiitiiiiieil, 1892. Kviiience dosed. 2 Feli. 
 iSgj. Ailjoiiriiiiiem. .m'»/' Wi'r, 14 Keh. 1894. The 
 cautions report, issiieil 20 April, 1S94, is the 
 result of proloiiml study of the aliiimlaiit evi- 
 dence : the reeiiiiiiiiemlatiriiis are negative or 
 neutral in reiranl to le'.'islatiire le^peetiiiK the 
 time of laliijiir and the setlleiMent of .lispiites hy 
 conciliation nr arliitration. Various rcnieilial 
 proposals were ilisinissed. 
 
 LABOUR QUESTION. The relations be- 
 tween lajiital and labour have been much di.scussed 
 in recent years. See Giriiiinii/, lHH<)-t)0: Jlir/in, 
 tStrikcs, Triii/e.'< I'liion, Slii/i/iiDfi, (ias I,ii//it, 
 lForki}i(i-)ti(ii (Labour 1-biy), r May. l.Si)(.)-2, 
 United Stdt'S. I Sept. 1890-2", I'm iiiplmjeil. 
 Tlie '■ Imlejienilent Laliour iinrt> " held their lirst, 
 annual conference at ISraiHiini ; 115 delefjiites of 
 various opinions; Mr. .J. Keir Ijanlie, .M.I'., 
 elected piesiilent, 13 ,lan. ; a revoliitionarv pro- 
 ;.'raiiinie lulopted, 14 ,Iaii, 189^ ; at Manchester, 
 i Tell. iSq4: Newcastle, Mr, Keir llardie, .M.I>., 
 president, 15 Aiiril, 1803; Nottin^ihani, f. A)u-il, 
 1896; London, ig Aiail, 1897; Itiriuiii^diaiii. 
 
 II April, 1898 
 LAiioeR DrcAHTMENT (under the Hoard of Trie le), 
 constituted under Mr, Unliert tiitlen ■ Mr, 
 Llewellyn 8init1i, coiiiiiiissioner for lalNWtr, and 
 
 25 correspoiiilents J«,ii. 1S93 
 
 " l.:i!ai:;r Ktotiiitirsi" H biH#-!)ooli )4y Mr. JJiir^ — rt, 
 published ...... M«\ , ,, 
 
 The " Labour Onzette," No. i, published . 15 Mav! ,, 
 Tlie T.,ahoiir Itisimtes tiill inlrodiieed liy ;coveni- 
 iiictil ; withdrawn , . ". Se}»i. ., 
 
 Mr. Cbas Booth's " I.ifp niiil Labour of n,, p 
 111 Liuidon ; 9 vols. . . 
 
 Mr Tom .Mann, about to attend n labour'n,.;,'!,',',".' '■'' 
 expelled Iroin Pans . . . " ""■iiiiii.. 
 
 M' 
 
 H .Miiv. 
 
 Intiiiir 
 
 : LABOURERS, Statute of, r,..uh 
 : wages, enacted I349,.I357. A confcr.^n'ee of?) 
 thronists on the condition of aKricultnr.d I , 
 u^is lield at Willis's rooms, \Ves„uii,s,';,^;'',^\;';;';- 
 1868. L.vnoriuNo Classes Dweliin.rH",; .7 ' 
 passed, 1855, and May, ,860. I Eoun, , " 
 land) Act passed 1886. See W./nc.//' I ".'.>'' " 
 and U o>-/,iiif/-men. ><'iitmi„>, 
 
 A lahmnrs Imvi,: was established t.. ,is,i„ „„ 
 
 . labourers in tl xercise of the ri,. u -"'^ 
 
 I them by the Local Oovcriunent Act ^ ,.,. 
 
 ; LABRADOR (North America) ', dM„"ni " 
 of Newlbundland, liscoyered A^^Til! 
 1497; .vis.ted by Corte Kcl ";„ ,^00 '.nl" 
 Moravian mi.ssionary station in i--| M, 1 V 
 tress throu-h famine reported Sept.',,s,s," e,;, '" 
 of the fisheries, reported 2 Oct. 18./, ;■■;„„!:,„ ' 
 
 ' ijejit. i8()7. ' '" "-'"i 
 
 LABUAX, nn Asiatic island X W u 
 eeded to the Uritish in l,«4r,, .,,„ i;, „ •„'""' 
 James Urooke in 1848. The bi.l,, nn «., " f', 
 .8S.S (iovernor, Jo\n Pope lle„'„|.:: ; i' ' ," 
 L iJulwer, 1871 ; ]l,,.l,ert Tayl,,,- "«,,•'' X-.' 
 Cbas, Cameron Lees, 1871); p 1 Vvv i88j' ' v''' 
 deleur Creauh, Nov. .88-,; L. I';uil'l;,'ai7f;rt',v 
 Labiian was given up to the North lieni r . ;' 
 pany in 18S,,. Successful luven-css ri 1 ■ V 
 18.J0; .see 7y„;v«w. ' " "l'"ite.i -N.i. 
 
 f.,^^?,^'^^'^^^' ^i''^'"' ^■"''ii'-nm,,. callt.,1 V<« 
 he golden .■hain, was brought to these count ue^ 
 trom Hungary, Austria, ic, about I57(,, Mh 
 
 LABYRINTHS. Four are tncntioncd. ',ho 
 hist, said to have been built liy Daedalus, i, 
 island ol Civte, to secure the .Minotaur ' 
 second, of Aivunoe, ,n Fgjpt, i„ the is, 
 M.eris, by I'sammet.cus, king of that p|;,„, |,„„ 
 '•'-!..c.; the thud, at Lenino.s, ,e„,ar Ll,l ■ 
 
 sumptuous julhirs, which si 
 
 'ems to have hecn asti- 
 
 , . .' ^ '. "...111.., Ill iiii%e iiecn a wf..!. 
 
 lad ite grotto ; and the fourth, at Clusium, i„ Hajv 
 erected bv I'or.senna, kingof l.'tn„,a.ahi,ut '^.nu 
 Ilun, Ihe labyrintli of Woodstnek is lo'^ief ,,,. 
 wuh he story of Feir Rosamond; see wl' 
 " illiam J II. in the 17th century. 
 
 LACE is said to have been made in tlie Mil, 
 eentury m !• ranee and Flanders. Its iniporiait,, 
 into Lngland was ju-ohibiteii ui 14.S2 ; imi it\v;iMi.ni 
 111 the court cos! unie of Elizabeth's reign. \)r,.i,^ 
 
 Nalennennes, Meclilin, and itrussels, have lon-'hw 
 famous for their tine lace. An niuue weijlit ol 
 Humers tliread has been frei|uentlv m.IiI for lour 
 flHunds in London, and its value, wlicn mimulai- 
 Tnired, has been increased to forty ii,iund«,tentiuif 
 the price ot standard gold. A frainewurk kaitter, f 
 Wottingliiim. named Ifutumend, is aaiil t.-. hr-- "- 
 vented a mode of applying ills stoekiiiir-frarae to ilie 
 manufHcture i.t kce from studying the lace on liis 
 wife a cap, abow 17(18. Mmrulloi-h. (50 nianv 
 improvements havt been miuie in this manufnetun'. 
 
LACEDiEMON. 6 
 
 irticularly by Heathcote (1809, 181 7, &c.), Morli'v 
 i Leaver (181 1, &c.), that a piece of luce which 
 lut 1809 cost 17/. may now be had for 7* (1853). 
 fre The process of "gassing" by which cotton 
 wjis said to be made equal to fine linen lace, was 
 ■nrented bv Samuel Hall of Basford, near Nottinn- 
 " He'diedin Nov. 1862. Seguin's " La Uen- 
 flle; Histoirc," &c., published, 1874. Irish lace 
 viiibition at the JIansion House, London, 25 June- 
 ■ julv. i^i' ('•■heme fur encouraging the Irish 
 ;, e manufacture suminrted by the government, 
 inne. i8i*4' M™- ''"'J' ral'iscr'a '• History of 
 Li-e,'" 3rd edition, 1875. 
 
 LACED^MON or Lacoma {Tzakonia), see 
 
 U CROSSE. A game of ball, with running, 
 
 „iion" the Hcd Indians of Canada ; adopted succes- 
 Jveh° by the French and English settlers, and 
 mn'mitted tu tlic United States and to the United 
 rj- .'(lom. Its rules were systematised by Dr. Beers 
 [j'jji^j. Miiiiy clubs have been formed." 
 
 IjACTEALS (absorbent vessels connected with 
 (ii'eiuon), were discovered in a dog by Jasper 
 l<ellius of Crcniona. 1622, and their tennination in 
 tl).?thonicit' duct by Pecquet, \(>z,\ ; svn Lymplialies. 
 
 LADIES' COLLEGES, see under GlBTON 
 
 College. 
 
 L.ADIES' NATIONAL AID ASSOCIA- 
 TION', f''™''"' '" <'"'itribute to the relief of the 
 fill; imbvoundcd in the Soudan and Egypt. Ori- 
 finaleil by the duchesses of Buccleuch, St. Albans, 
 ,[„l')[iilboroiii;h, the marchioness of Salisbury and 
 itlim, Feb. 1885. See y/«/. 
 
 L.ADOCEA. ill Arcadia. Here Clenmenes II. I 
 king'ofSparta, dclcated the Acluean league, 226 n.c. 
 
 LADHOXE ISLES (N. Pacidc), belonging to 
 Smin, discovered by Magellan in 1520. He first 
 toikW at the island of Guam. The natives having 
 flolen some of bis goods, he named the islands the 
 iiiif/ww, or Thieves. In the 17th century they 
 oltaincd the name of Marianna islands from the 
 oueen of Spain. See Sjniiiis/i-^lnu/ioin ll'tir, 
 ;o June. 
 
 LADY, The masters and mistresses of manor- 
 liousfs, in former times, served out bread to the poor 
 wteklv ; and were therefore called Lnfords and Lit- 1 
 (f«i/.!-signifying btfaU git-ei-s (from hlnf, a loaf) : 
 hiice Lords and Ladies. Wedgewood considers this 
 laniiful, and dcriv.'s the words from the Anglo- 
 Sjxon, iaford, lord, and hUcfdiy, lady. — Ladv day 
 (Maroh 25), a festival instituted about 350, according 
 to *(ime authorities, inid .• .t N'fore the 7th century 
 sfiordiuir to otlic' i ; »in' A-mmiciuf'on. The year, 
 ivliirh previously '; 'gai. on tins day, w..s ordered to 
 iiein on Jan. I, in I'ranc.in 1 5(14; 'and in i'cotland, | 
 bv |irocJ.iinatiun, on 17 j)ce. I_S<)<); but not in Kng- 
 land till 3 Sept. 1752, when the style was altered. 
 
 LADY-BIRDS. About iSth August, iSfr), 
 pwittii^hts ol these insects alighted on the S.li. , 
 coasts of Kngland, and arrived as far as ]..(ndoii; ;i j 
 ciinikr event occurred in 1867. ! 
 
 LAFFELDT, Holland. Here marshal Snxe ' 
 (ii'Iftited the liiiglish, Hutch, and Austrians, 2 July, 
 
 LA(}08, an island in the Bight of Benin 
 'Mtrics), was assaulted and taken bv the boats, (.'f " 
 liritish sijuadrdii, inidcr commodore Bruci', 26, 27 
 lift. 1851. This affair arose out of breaches of a 
 tri'ity tor the sajiprcssion of the slave-trade. In 
 iJOi, the place was ceded to the British govern- 
 
 SiT ' 
 
 LAHORE. 
 
 . "E97 
 
 iS9:i 
 
 .895 
 
 1897 
 
 mcnt, and created a settlement : Henry Stanhope 
 Ireeman, first governor. Lagos was constituted u 
 distinct colony in 1886, see Ooltl Coast Colony. 
 
 Governor, sir Cornelius A. Molonev in 1880 • 
 (.illicrtT. Carter (art. sir), in Kcb. iBgi ; resimis 
 succeeded by naijor H. K. MT'allan] . ,lnn 
 
 Treaty wifli tlie liing of ,)elin seciinng frceiloni of 
 roads, signed at Ijigos l>y delegates . 2, Jan. 
 
 Tlie Jelins and Kglias tlireaten I.agns and tlic (iold 
 (oast ; cliecl<cd by tlic arrival of trooiis under 
 nia.ior .Madden and col. h'l'ott, Afinl; tlie.Iebiis 
 reimlsed 111 tlicir allacl< on Col. Scott's expedition 
 and tieir villages tjilscii . . 12 May <•< .v,,,. 
 
 iotal defeat of the .Jelins, snri-ciider of the kiie' 
 Jelju Ode occupied, army disiiersc'd . 17-20 .Mirv 
 
 Omiosition again sulidneil . . .Sont (Jet 
 
 Abeokiita, tlie Eglia capital, visited by sir'o. 'f' 
 ( arter iep,,rtpd .^ j„„; 
 
 Iiilcaiiial treaty with the Kglias, about 3 Feb. ; con- 
 
 reaty of tbe governor with the chiefs at Jebii 
 Iteiiio to abolish linnian saciiflce, slave dealing, 
 
 Fnrtlier annexations, reported ' . * ' '' \I|v' ^ 
 IJcstnietive effects of flic increased iiiniorta'tiini of " 
 
 cheap spiritiiMH liiinurs. vpiii-tcd . . .Imic 
 
 Native lisiii); in tlie Hinterland, capt. Dower ilc 
 
 teals tlic king of Vonilia, and lioiiil)ards Ovo 12 
 
 No-. 1895; the kiiit; iiiiiidciTil, about 2n\ov. ; 
 
 2,<x». ll.aiiis attack the liritish, and are rcimlsed, 
 
 3iAlairli, 1S96; defeated a};ain with hiss at (Ido 
 
 Hill, Apnl ; totally defeated, theie chief Adaiiui 
 
 r. ,, ,• /. • • • • early .Mairh, 
 
 r.reat loyal meeting of chiefs ami natives 21 \i|,r 
 
 \aiioiis |«wts iMi the X.W. frontier occiii 1 hvthe " 
 
 Untish ; the Ki-eiicli leliic to Itonssa : a Hi'itisli 
 t.ii-ce imstakcii for French isattackcd hvJiaritias 
 who are icimlseil (ahoiit 300 killed)' liv cant! 
 Iloiiitrcy, ie|,oitcd ... ,5 Oct 
 
 French cncioachnicnts: Saki and Ilas'si in Yornhii " 
 oeciipicl l,y them, Nov.: they retire on the 
 anival ot a Untish force ; Ilcsha anil Here occu- 
 pied by till' liritish ... .>q l),.c 
 The French advance to lioi-ea, and 'order the " 
 llaiissa olllcer t, haul ,lowii tlie lii-iiish tia" 
 cleniaiid relnsed ; the French retire 1 q FeC 180S 
 I.t.-col. MXalliini (made K.C.M.d. .Inly, ,8g8) rel ' 
 
 ceives the envoys of the kill-s of liolfju and 
 
 ^ onilia at haki : settlement of the tend ; treaties 
 
 inade, 23 Fch. ; he is Well r ved at Ileslia by 
 
 the king and (diiefs of Hariha; Woii Varo niad'e 
 kint; of lioign, i. .March ; arrives at (Jkiinia n 
 March. («ce .\eii-J,,ii„iiliiiitfj . Seia 
 
 Col. Allan holds a |,alavar with the king'aiid cliiels " 
 and hoists the lintisb flag at lioile, treaties 
 si-ned; reported .... .March 
 
 Kishi {lliiilerl;,„l) evacuated bv the French, oc<'n- " 
 pied l.y the liritish .... May, 189, 
 
 LAGOS BAY (Portugal). Hero was fought a 
 battle between admiral liosciwcn and tbe Irench 
 admiral De la Clue, who lost both his legs in the 
 engagement, and died next day, 17, 18 Aug. i-cq. 
 'Jhe Cviitaui- and Mudcste were' taken, and the'^^e- 
 duuhldlilc and Ocean run on shore imd burnt : the 
 scattered remainsof the French licet got into Cadiz. 
 
 LA HOGUE (correctly Hague) (N. W. France) 
 Batti,k op, ig .May, i(xj2, when the Engli.sh and' 
 Dutch tleets under admirals Kussell nnd BoolvC, de- 
 feated the French Heet commanded bv admiral Tour- 
 ville. The Kiiglish burnt thirti'en 'of the enemy's 
 ships, and destroyed eight more, thus preventing a 
 descent npo". England. 
 
 LAHORE (N. W. India), was taken bv Baber 
 aAout 1520, and was long the capital of the 'Mongol 
 empire. It fell intothe power ot the Sikhs in 1708 
 It wa« occupied by sir Elugh (iongh, 22 F-b. l~-b\ 
 who in March concluded a treaty of peace. See 
 Durbar. Visit of the prince of Wales, 18 Jan. 1876, 
 anil of his son jirinee Albert Victor, who laid the 
 foundation stone of the "Jubilee Museum aik 
 
 , I 
 '1), 
 
 
 It 
 
 
 j|tjf ' ff|ir j-faF ii| 
 
 Wi 
 
Ilji'tji'lll 
 J 
 
 I. 'if 
 
 . ' \ 
 
 ^'H \ 
 
 LAINOS XEK. 
 
 640_ LANCASTERIAN SCHOOLiT 
 
 
 :;/!•'. 
 
 i 1*1 
 
 H 
 
 Tci'lmicn! Institutt^ of tlu' riinjiib," 2-5 Kcb. iScp. 
 ropulution in 1891, 176,854. 
 
 LAING'.S NEK. see Transraal, 1881. 
 
 LAKE DAVELLIXGS f-nntnin relics of tlie 
 stoiii', iron, and luass nj;i'3. Urnnlotus (iil)iiut 450 
 li.c.) (lesci'ibi'd the Pa'oniiins us livini; on ])latt'oriii8 
 in Lako I'rasias. In 1855, Dr. Jvellor (liscovcrcil 
 till' remains of lalic lialiitatinns whidiliad liccn sn])- 
 portcd on jiilcs in scvoral Swiss lakes aj;fs a);o. His 
 Dock was i^ulilii-lu'd in >^n,ulaiid in 18(1(1. Similar 
 relics disi(jver(d in lake t'onstance, Manli, 1882; ; 
 tlioy liavo also been disiovcrcd in Uritain ;ind 
 various parts of l''\niii>e,.\lrii'a, and South .America; j 
 they are now consideretl to lie cviiionce of a stase in ' 
 human jjro^'rcss. The artiticial fortiticd islands ! 
 termed "Cranno^cs" discovered in some Irisli lakes 
 nro attributed to the<)th and 10th cnnturies. They 
 have been freijuently used as places of refuge. 
 ^irtijii iai lithf. see uiuler I.h-criiii<il, 1881 it inj. 
 My. Artlinr liullcid. in the s|iriiin of iBgi-, 'lis- 
 Cf)\('ri'il, Ity cxcavatioii, iu>ar (ilast()iiliui'.\", in 
 Soiiicisctsliirc. nMuains of » prcliistoric liikc- 
 villat,'!', in alioul 60 lnw iiiniuuls, enclosing,' 
 wooden stnictnri's, many of wliicli had licnn pro- 
 bably worksholis. Tin'' many interesting relies 
 of bronze, ivm, bune, iVc., with frannientr* nf 
 pottery, were 'le|iusiteil in tin.' (ilastonbury 
 nniseoni ; U. .Miuiri), JI.D., " Lake Dwellint^s of 
 Euroiie," Sept. 189^; excavations contimieil . 1897 
 
 LAKE POETS, a term aiiplied to ■\Vord8wortli 
 (l"0-l8jo), Coleridi;e (17-2-1.834), and Southey 
 (1774-1843), from their residence 111 the neighbour- 
 hood of the lakes of Westniorelaiul. 
 
 LAKE llEGILLFS (Italy), where, tradition 
 states, the Konians defeated the Latin auxiliaries of 
 the' expelled Tar(|uins, about 49S 11. c. 
 
 LAKES CHAMPLAIX, ERIE, xsv ON- 
 TARIO weie the .^■■eiies of many actions between 
 the British and Americans in the war of indepen- 
 dence (about 177O and 1777), and in the war of 
 1813-14. 
 
 LAMAISM, the religionof Mongolia and Thibet 
 dating almut 1357)1 is a corrupt form of liuddhism 
 uhich see). 
 
 LAMBETH, parish, X. K. Surrey, became the 
 seat of the abjis. of Canterbury, ni)7. Lambi'th 
 returned two members by the lieform \ct of 1832, 
 and four by act of 1885. Population, 1881, 253,699 ; 
 1891, 279,202. 
 Lambeth public librarv, at nrixton-o\'al (cost 
 
 15,000/.); the (.'ift III .Mr. Ilenry Tate (bart. 
 
 1898); wasopeneil by tlie prince of Wales, 4. Mar., 1893 
 
 Lanibcth I'hIuci-. A considerable portion was 
 built in the I3fh century, bv Hubert Walter, 
 iirchbishop of Canterbury. 'the tower of the 
 church was erecte<l about 1375; and otlier parts of 
 the edifice in the 15th century. Simon of Sudbury, 
 archbishop of C'anterbuiy, was killed here by tlie 
 followers of Wat Tyler, who attacked the palace, 
 burnt the furniture "and books, and destroyed the 
 registers and public papers, 14 June, 1381. The 
 domestic portion of the jialaee was greatly enlarged 
 for archbishop Ifowley (who died 1848), by Mr. 
 Hlore, at an expense of 52,ixX)/. The jialaee was 
 reopened after restoration, (let. 1875; see Canter- 
 bury, Articles. For Lambeth Confereucu see I'an- 
 Atiglican Syuoib. Lambeth bridge was freed from 
 toll' 24 May, 1879. 
 
 Liriibeth d.j,-i,6 .-.re th...>e C'lnfeiT' .i by tjio arciibish.'i. i.f 
 Canterbury by virtue of 25 Heuiy VIII., c. 21., «533-4. 
 
 LAMIAN WAR, 323 li.c. (excited hv Ik>mos- 
 (henes, tilt ■^-iiitor), between Athens and lier allies 
 
 and Antipater, govenior of Maccdnn u.'~ 
 Hed to Lamia, in Thessaly, and was tl,™.' '"'■• 
 He escaped thence and defeated his uai™ri''*''' 
 Cranon, 322 n.c. '^'wum !,j 
 
 LAMMAS-DAY, the ist of August nw,t 
 four cross quarter-days of the year Wl. '" 
 was the first, Lammas the secoml, 'Mh,,,'' """";■' 
 thinl, and Candlemas the last; and su'li ! ',', ''' 
 
 of the year was once eipiallv ei>nu i will, .'i 
 
 sent divisions of Ladyday, Midsniniaer, .Mich 1''" 
 and Christmas. Some rents are vei 'iiv.U,. t '"' 
 of these quarterly days in Kii-biinl, 'uid ven'V"'' 
 rally in Scotland. J.iiminii.^ lin.lial.lv ,■ „„' "."'" 
 tin' >J"v^., ;./,..„■„.«„.,.. i.,..f ....' , '.''""em, 
 
 '!f„f 
 
 'the 
 
 .\ 
 
 btixou /iliimiiiie.'ise, loaf ma>s, ln'i'm,,. r, ,., , 
 upon that day our ancestors olfeied Inenl n ' ' 
 newwheat. Anciently, those tenants tliiitlii.u'i 
 of the cathedral cluirch of York were l.v tern • 
 bring a lamb alive into church at lii;;li laass ' 
 
 LAMPETER COLLEGE (Ca.diir.r.],,', 
 was lounded by bishop Ibugess in i,i<,, 
 incoriiorated 1828. Henry .lames I'linec ' iiij','' 
 of the Agapemone {w/iic/i we), was one „i"- 
 revivalist Lampeter brothorliood, institutej 'ii. 
 the students here about 18 5(j. ' ' '' ' 
 
 LAMPS. The earthen lamp of Epictetj^ 
 philosoiiher sold after his death for Jixidrni 
 Lamps with horn sides said to I ,_■ tliV inveiui' 
 Alfred. London streets were first li'lited ivith 
 lamps in 1681, and with gas-lmnns in 18,, 
 lamn "constructed to produce neither sniokl'i, '■ 
 smell, and to give considerably more liifhttlniir v 
 lamp hitherto known," was jiatentcd bv .M \j.','; 
 Argand in 1784, and was brought into geiiir,! '/ 
 in England early in the present cenfurv Un hi 
 Iirinciple are founded the lamps inventeiUivti" ' 
 about 1803, and since 1825, thi' moderator hnu-i* • 
 Levavasseur, Hadrot, anu Neulnirirer. See ,V//, 
 Laiiij). Paraffin oil and naphtha spirit niv n'o'V 
 inucli used in lamps. The Water Snfetv lami, ^i- 
 vented by Mr. Devoll, was tried and .iwir'i.Vi 
 2 June, lS()0. The flame is extiu'.'uislied iiv'th- 
 water if the lamp is overturned. See htrol,',,,,, ' 
 
 LANARK (W. Scotland), wasaUomansttuon 
 and made a royal burgh 1 10^. ' 
 
 LANCASHIRE was created ii county piilatiiie 
 by Kdward IlL for his son John of Onuiit" who hid 
 married the daughter of Henr\ first duke of Lv- 
 easter, in 1359, and succeeded' him in 13O2. ii't 
 court of the duchy chamber of Lancaster « < 
 instituted in 1376. On the accession of Henrv IV 
 in 1399 the duchy merged into the crown," vi 
 revenue to the queen in 1888, 50,000/. ; t,nr 
 receipts, 80,284/. ; total receipts in iSfjj, f<i,-4-,'' 
 net revenue, 13,080/. For chancellors, see (,,'.,!' 
 and other administrations. See Colto)i. 
 
 LANCASTER, sujinosed to have been \he 
 Ad AUiiiiiam of the llomans. Lancaster \i ,. 
 granted by William I. or II. to Roger de l'oit„; 
 who erected a castle upon its hill. It was lakiii 
 by the Jacobites, Nov. 17 15 and Xov. 1745, '''"* 
 disfranchised for bribery" by the Kclorm ait , I ' 
 1867. The public park, "vahic about 2^.000/., «:« j 
 nresMited by Mr. .las. Willianisnn. „f liyluiiis, 21 
 Nov. 1881. The Stoi-i'y Institute (tcchiiioah. 
 founded by sir Thomas Stoi-c}' by a gift of 20.a«, . 
 in memory of the (lueen's jilliilec in 1,^87 when hv 
 was mayor, opened by the marquis of HartiiiL,'t,iii, 
 23 Oct. 1891". A new iiifirmarv opened bv rh,, | 
 duke and duihcss of Yoik, 24 March, ibyO. Fupu- 
 lation, 1881, 24,239; i89J,3i,03,S. 
 
 LANCASTERIAN SCHOOLS, based on « 
 system of education by means of mutual instructioii, 
 
 LAN( 
 
 I j,ri«fil by J.)3eph Lan 
 p,h|iatr"iiiKcdtillal 
 ,,,ihc'fi>nniiti(in of tht 
 
 ioiii'tv, in l«t'5. w''<'8t 
 „jf the Bible as the on 
 
 lion. Lancaster was 
 I VorkiniSjR' 
 LANCASTRIAN 
 LAN'CEKS, see R 
 LVNCET, a weekly 
 
 nmrniiteil by 'I'homii 
 
 farJiiiironcrfiirMiddli 
 
 jiit pub!i»beil % Oct. il 
 
 lit Sir. Abi'trietliv ag: 
 I iKtiir-s in the " /,"/o-/7 
 
 .lijnn'lhir in i^2v Mr 
 iMav.lSfi:. The propri 
 J ,11 various limes eniplo\ 
 Lwfriofeaipiiry. Tli 
 1 Sanitarv Ciiiiiniissinii of 
 I tfrfmiMisbeil by Dr. A 
 |ii^.|,hilt"rali"ns," in 1 
 
 .KJini'i's (ibvce nbys 
 I iuifif ivorkbiHise infiri 
 I iuilieinunlry, 1867. 
 
 UN'D is said to 1 
 I En'landfor n. iicr .lere 
 
 fbolfroiitnler the kiu'j 
 linidoo; about i4.(X)(i,() 
 J Pitt |iro|iospi! bis ineomi 
 I (itiiiiiti' of ioo millions 
 1 ;oDiillions, tint of hou 
 I pnilitiof trade at (O mil 
 I fi-rcMeraiitcd iniii'b lai 
 I !,»■*. The rental of 
 
 «tirajtpd at ^o,;(X).otxi 
 
 dill- of land in Ku'^'lani 
 
 ;;.!iy,ooo/. in i,S()4. . 
 I tnnsi'cr of land more eas 
 I A'lriodliire, ll'inn siliiii, 1 
 I Asl^ii'S I'f i'l'iil-ttir was *• 
 
 lolli iTDlur)', which prod 
 
 »'(lia 
 I UbI Rinks wi'ir iiroposi'd 
 |T!n'/>o('?-fi.r j;i>'W 'lat of a 
 
 i,- |«miiil (which pnnliici 
 
 i'*i. 
 iJiii't'iswrre left in a mi 
 
 ,*,,.ii!ii,ais en the hiinl'tox 
 
 111- liM illslaiH'c ef the 
 ,:!',■ lili'll'VellltiiiM. its 
 ,, :r<imii IS. 1,1 4S-. in tin 
 |!lrr:l!nia,ii'tlietax|ier|iel 
 liSt iatriiiluieil his |.lan : 
 
 |l!)( tax ill iSio priHliiceil 
 i.;.;;.43o/. :in 1810. 1.4,^^,6 
 in i3;2, i,iii,()ij/. ; in ; 
 i!' iS/s-fi, i,ogo,'i77/. ; if 
 1.3^5.000/.; i8gi, 1,0^0,00 
 tiiii to the year 18.70, tin 
 J :;7-.'o.i.ooo/. 
 
 Itini-hf .!»,; hiiiise-iliilfi (t( 
 
 T i.ao,ooc>/. ; 187^^, 2.41)6,00 
 
 IJ'S. :,67o,ooo/. ; 187.1, 1,0' 
 
 Oiaujes made in the fan' 
 
 I .Vt, i3o6, iRr,7. laml-t 
 
 Jitv. i,5w,,ioo;, ; laliil tax 
 
 1 lis'-o. 
 
 Imi .Hklmnh. l.oiil ijr 
 I ni»rimi'nt in Essex, of al 
 '(toiiltopoorfaiiiiiies.tOi 
 IjlieiorislipiKir-nitts 
 fcMtlri,.ii.iiiy wiB nrnt c 
 I kataflfrwaiils Nmc V ilium 
 I Ikilioo/. prr'niiiKM were ■ 
 lli,vfcl f.'.t(.i(,.., Ciiirt. estalilis 
 aif.miltraiisfi'iof hmd in 
 I'XKUitatisAcI) 
 
LANCASTRIANS. 
 
 "*> LAND CREDIT COMPANY, 
 
 jirkd bv Jjseph I'""''''st''"" "Ixiut 1706, were not 
 B,u,h|i«li'""i'"''"'" "''""* lHo«. The svHtcm Icil 
 ,,,,lii.fiiniiH(i»ii iif 'ho Dritish and I''<irci),'ii SiIkjuI 
 iixii'tv, in I'^'i' whose si'hniiU iiro unwr'turiiin, and 
 jif the Bibli' as the only means of relifioiia instruc- 
 lioii. I-iincnster wiis nccidontnlly killed at New 
 I'orkin 1S38. 
 
 LiN'CASTRIANR, see Jioaes. 
 
 LAN'CEKS, see Itfijimvuts, 
 
 LVNCET.H weekly ineilieal jounial, pstalilished 
 inil fJittJ by Thomas Waklev, suruenn (ufter- 
 fanljinronor I'oi'Midillesex and M. P. f(,r Finsbiiry), 
 jrst pub'.islieil ,^ Oct. 1H2V An injunction obtained 
 
 I by Mr. .Abcriicthv u<.'ani»t the pnhlicatinn of his 
 Ifdiiwiiitbc " l.iiiifi/," was clissiilved hv the lord 
 .tafi'lW ill I'^-v >''■■ W.iklev. licini 171)5, died I'' 
 Mav. I*'-'- ''"'"' liro|)netorsoftlii. '• ],ancet" have 
 iivarioiistiiiic'i ciiiploved niedical men as eomniis- 
 
 Li(ineHofcniiairy. Tlie reports of the An.ilytical 
 SjniWvCoiiiniissioM of thi' " Lancet" in 1851-54. 
 KreniiWi^bcd by Dr. A. TI. Ifass.ill, as " Koodiiiid 
 ils.WiilH-iiti"!!-," in 1K55. The " f.ancet" eoni- 
 
 |!lli^^i'^l•rs (ibice nlivsii'iaiis) eii(|nired into the 
 4jie.,f *orkb(iii<i^ infirmaries in London, 1865, and 
 
 I ijilieniiintry, l.S(]7. 
 
 LAND is said to have been let itenerallv in 
 I Enzlaiid fur H. |icr acre, :j(i lien. VIII. 1 54^. 'The 
 
 fhiile ri'iital i<( llie kin'.'dom w.is abnit (),n(io,0('KV. 
 linlOoo; iiboat i4.(X)o,(xxii'. in 1(188, In 1798 J[r.' 
 
 Pilt |ir()pi>se(i hy income tax of 10 jier eenf. oji an ^ 
 I jitiiiMtc of irtO millions, takin- the rent of bind at i 
 
 ;oniilli™s, tli;it (jf hoiises at 10 millinin, and tin' I 
 Ifwlitsof ti-iidc iit (O millions; but in his estimate i 
 I tm ixeniptcd much l.uid, and the inferior ela.ss of 
 lb«i. The rciit.il of the United Kiiiirdnm was 
 l«rimtf(l (It ;c),5no.or)o/. in iX:;t. The rateable 
 lijiiifofliind ill Ka^land w.is ^(),8 55,0011/. in 18-0 ■ 
 
 ..dy.OOOA ill lX()4. An act for ren lerini; the 
 ItniisfirofliUiil more ea.sy w.as jiasscd in 1862; see 
 Umtiiltnre. llunu xi/n;/. M and new. 
 |.U|nieSf'fZ,(ec(-(iir was exacted in Kiij-laiul in tlie 
 
 lotliccnlurj', ivliich pr(Mluced 82,000/, (see /iiiac- 
 
 «i'i)in 
 
 J toltoksBTiv iirnpdscil by Yio'iaiiton 111 
 |Tliffa»'W'i.rsrcw..iit of a siili.sidy si'la'iiic or4,< iil 
 :hi-]«niiil (which imiibecd 500,000/, in i6,)2), iin- 
 
 Tbe I.11111I Itnjhlni nffirc for 
 in 1862; re]Hirted to be 11 )• 
 
 u'er of lanil opened 
 •;by II I'laiiiiiissieii, 
 
 TL-vf,,.. i> . .March, 1870 
 
 I KM ill. liKroUM Lkaiii-k i„.i,| h,,, ,|,,^t 
 
 iiectiiiK , o M, Muart .Mill in t bair, , , Mav, ,87. 
 
 of reKistratioii l,n,iiKlit in l,v lonl cli.ui. cllnr Hd- 
 b(a-ne,2y April, ,873; by lord chaiicllor Cairns, 
 
 Tlie transfer of land in Scotland facilitated llv'tl!,'.' '^'^ 
 
 veyancniK act passi'il .\\. , 
 
 Annciiltiiral li(,|,lii,„ act and land trnnsfe'r act l^or " 
 
 1 AliK'. 
 
 I. AND 
 
 KiiKlaiiil passed 
 ■• ^^^^ ■""« '"'"' I'ltrodue'eil by lonl elianeellor 
 
 the 
 one 
 
 22 .Vll)}, 
 
 and 
 
 '. Kii- 
 
 s 
 
 Trad('' 
 
 laetiopolis), of h.ss than one acre, 7,,, 280' 
 
 ,-., !!'''■ "!"' .'!;'■"■'■• ^^'■.■^". Ivstili.ab.l v'.lue,' 
 I24,c«o,ooo/.; tubes cstimateil, 5,,vto ooo/ 
 
 icH'i;:iTl,;;;"^,.n,':scT''^^"""^"'""> 
 '■'use u:/;;;;::.:t,is:r''''' '"'"■'■■'''' ^'■'' "'■'•-' 
 
 A new laid coriiiiiissiiin unites in one l,o.lv lb 
 .■losiire CopyhoM, nn.l Tithes .■uiniiiissi a's 
 Nnv .\>;,icaltuial IIohliM,,.s Act pass" 
 Niil.ionalizatio„ottlielan,ia,|v„,'.ate,l Py'thc ' 
 
 Nonmisr:^^^^''''^^'''™' ''>•'''-•--''';' 
 ^■';;.:^r:;;7r«^iV';;,,:'^;^!:;:L!;-;'';tS^ 
 /i;;:s;ddi;;^::Mrp^;^i-:i;lr^;;'--^--''' 
 
 passed, .see //./.. ,,; ' 
 
 lid annual ine:";;^r"""^'"^f"f '5^^. '^^.m; 
 
 :|;f:,;;f;7:;r;:^!;:•;;-;;'-l,,,;.:;;;;UiH^ 
 
 '""""■■"■I '--aid to l.i< labourers, lie ,li,.,i 
 
 1875 
 1880 
 
 18,9 1 
 1862 
 
 ■;!, 24 April, 
 'd, 14 Anu', 
 aiioth.T act 
 
 lo carry out lie 
 
 iS35 
 
 i838 
 
 iSS« 
 
 1018 
 1648 
 
 ill rcirard \i 
 
 I'ee. ,890, a^'ed 8.i. 
 l-icelaiid le,a-uef.iniied,.sn|ii,orf 
 
 Ariiol.l aii.l oiheis: it 
 
 of IhelaiMlau.l 
 Irish land c.iiuiiiissiou ; ,.;i,.| <■, 
 
 sir ,1. Caird and otl 
 
 leport iiresciileil . 
 
 *'■ 
 
 |Siiii»t.rs\vrre left in a niinority in the house of '"'" 
 riiiiiiMi.s nil the hmil-tox hill in 1767; it beiic 
 Ik llrst iiistoiice of the kind on a ni'oiiev bill 
 sii.v the revdiiitiiiii. Its rate varied in dillcrent 
 vcwfiMiii !.«. to4s, ill till' )ionii.l 
 
 |»rP;II)iiiiilr till' tax iicrpetiial .it 4.<. in the iioniid 
 Ijt iiilriKluivil his ipl.iii tor its redcniiitiini, 
 
 |H( 1.1s in 1810 prodaeed i,4i8,-ii7/. ; in is",', '^^ 
 i.:,.A42o/.;iniRio, i,4,M,6i8/.; in 1840, 1,298,622/ '• 
 |.i i3;2. i.iji.niy. ; in year 1872- », 1,108,2?!;/' 
 a i3;5A 1,0)0,177/.; 1S80, i,n47',ooo/ ; 188s, 
 i.otj.W. ; 1891, 1,050,00.-)/. Fiiini tlie revoln- 
 Eiiitotlie year i8.xi, the land-tax bad yiehled 
 ::7.Mo.ooo/. 
 |toM« mi-/ /ei./.,v.,/„(,/ (to ,, Maridi), in ,87, 
 i.uo.ooo/.; 1876, 2,4,6,000/. ; 1B77. 2,.;r- ixx-,/ '• 
 2,670,000/. ; ,870, 1,07s, sii/. (hiii.l tax only)" 
 I Ciiiiitw iiuule III the land-tax by the Pina.iee 
 .w„ 1806, |S',7, land-tax, 020,000/, : liiiiise 
 I fev. i,;io,<»>.'. ; laud tax, estimated, ojo.ocW., 
 
 ji-l AMmnU. Lonl Bniylirooke's sneeessfiil 
 !I',T.''""" ^r'^: "' ""'"•'■"« "'"^'11 r-rtea.s 
 IJne p,uisli pani'-nites . o 
 
 "i<;.U;t.-.,l..i,y wiB timt calleil P,ii,,»;-f!;i;!n,-: '""^ I 
 itatemanis .\« r,://,,,,,,. ,„„[ ^ ;;, ,..,,,,„,.„,.,( 
 
 'ulnf; rV.""""" *'■■■'• ''^"■'"' t" 'he ,,arisb. 1 
 r"' '■'""-■' ''""■'■ cslahlislHMl to •• faei itate tie 
 
 I bv Mr, Arthur 
 
 proposes li.aliniialiiatioii 
 ■s luleiiureaiid transfer 1885. 
 «pcr, |,,r.l .Miltown, 
 iiimaiiiccd J, Sept. ,13,,. 
 
 ^';e/;:;iSSiii^;^r;;;?:;;;r.:ir'-"''^'"'''" 
 
 New Irish lan.l bill pass,.;i " ''• , 
 
 .\ o|„HMitsii,KiiKlaii,land\Vab.s.64,, ■ ,,,i;,'i;,,'r;; 
 
 ;' di" h/:* 1:";",'*'"^ saiiitait'i^u^.^^i;;,:^ ;; 
 
 ."-HUH, 1,1,1.1, make armiwnieiit.s, .te., passed 
 
 ■93 
 
 1S87 
 
 8S7 
 
 Til 
 
 Dee. 1888 ; yreat sneee.. 
 
 Land ha.l been sold mno 
 3,792.512/. lip to 
 i|i. lo ■ 
 
 lord rhaneelhir': 
 
 ■ 09,? ; aj;.aiii 
 transfer bill 
 
 nasse.l 
 ie|iortc.| Xov. ,889; 
 ii'itinj,' in value to 
 
 ^. Tilly, 889; passe,/r/hr;:!^:is""^"^'"''''^' 
 ac„!';;'^;;;tss:,/'""- ■^-'3= " ^^ 
 
 Ncwullotiiicnt ,iet pass,.,| " ' ' • * -^'lo, 
 
 ''^il=';j;:t.:r;:/^'':;^;r;r^y-i;:;,;{- 
 ,^;^.f"!f;n^r;^ve;?^:::r;!,;-r----^?- 
 
 n lis ai't iirovides further funds f ' ' ' 
 
 baud 111 Ireland, and mak 
 
 f'ouiiiiissioii, it also creates a'( 
 
 Hoard.] 
 Seleet conmiittee on the Iri.sl, lan.l actn 
 
 iwinted, ,6 April; report issued 
 >>i: J. Money '.s lri.-,li laml , 
 
 i8S3 
 
 ■ Sg.i; iliYi 
 
 I 
 
 r the imrehase of 
 pi iniaiiciit the Land 
 ii.^'c-tcd Districts 
 
 1 597 
 iSgo 
 
 iSpi 
 
 Land law (Ireland) act pas 
 
 &c.. ap- 
 
 Aui;. 
 leail jiirl (i,„e, 
 
 5 April. 
 
 14 •\U}.'. 
 
 I8,j4 
 
 •895 
 1896 
 
 M-^^. 9' 'EDIT COMPAXY (forSi7e«i ' 
 estabhshed by Frederick the Uix-at ; ee C^^^;" .' 
 
 T T 
 
 p...... 
 
 k- .1 
 
 I?: 
 Pi 
 
 ■•f'l*'" ^' 
 
 I 
 ' ; i. 
 
 .1, 
 
 
 :.!''« 
 
 ii;^ 
 
 I ,1 ' 
 
 .11 
 
 ■'"MaMk£:ihX 
 
Ipli, 
 
 LAND LAW ACT. 
 
 04-2 
 
 LANGUAGE. 
 
 I' ; II ''' 
 
 i,nir 
 
 mmy 
 
 
 
 LAND I-AW ACT, mv /v/v/, /,,/,»/ /,«»■ ^c<. 
 
 LANDED LNTEin-IST, i tirm ;;iv,.ii l>y 
 Bir iliUiifs I iiird, ;ij,'rii'iiltiiiwt, lioiii iMli, ulcil |S()2, 
 to nil i)i'rj<iiM.H iliiniiiK iiniht.s tVum liiinl, iiuicli 
 lU'prenst'U in the lattfr Imlt' (il tlic I'jtli ciiitury. 
 
 LANDEN or NKintwiNDKN (Di'lK'iiim). 
 
 NiMirhnc till' Kii'iuii iMidii- iiiiiislml I,iixcml)"U|-({ 
 ilcti'Htt'tl llii' iilUi's, cciiiirniiiulcil liy Williaiu HI. of 
 Jiiiglaiiil, iliu'tlv tliioiimli tilt' cowiuilici' ol tliu 
 Uiitd), 19 J\ily (N.S. 29), 11 ').i- Till' iluki' ot Uer- 
 wiik, illi'^itiiiiiitt' tdii (it JaiiUK II., tightiu;; on tilt' 
 siiIl' 'it' I'Tiiiii'i.', w,i» tiiUiiii)risout'r. 
 
 LANDGKAVJ'; {(mm liiinl iimi (jyaf, a 
 I'ouut), 11 Ui'iiiiiiM titlr, wliicli riiiniiii'mi'il in lli'i 
 witli Louis HI. (il Tliuiinniii, lunl lii'imin- the tu 
 of the lioiisu of lli'a^e ulnmt Iji'v 
 
 Ili'Htnictivi' IiiiiiIhIiii iii'ai' Itiiiiliv, i'i>, {\n^ ,,„ 
 |«.rt.'.l . . . . ' . . „i^,, 
 
 ' ;i.it|.», i8c)6. 
 • Vi" '"■'■, i3H.), 
 
 i;i6 
 
 HI 
 
 „h, 
 
 LAND LEAGUE, »vv 
 
 Jir/aiii/, iS-i). 
 
 utidrr Li'tiij'HH uiiU 
 
 LANDLOKD, soo lia.t unci Inhiiil, iHS;, H 
 an/ , 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT ACT (Ire- 
 
 la«id), [iiissc'ii 1 Aug. i«7o. 
 
 LAND NATIONALIZATION SO- 
 CIETY, formi'il "t Wtstimnstci- KiJiil". 1«<S2. Tlii' 
 olin't't lius lii'i'U wiiniily advoiatt'il Ijy Mr. lli'iiiy 
 (jt'orgc ill his " rroyi'i's'a mid I'ovei-ty," luilili^licd 
 i'vti. 1881, iind uiiici'. He KimU'iiiiis comiii'iit'iition. 
 JIo met iibout 2,000 men at the Uoyal Ji^■ "-'iije, 
 London, 17 Jan. 1885. .\niiual moutinsf ■ •• ' 1 
 
 LANDWEHR (tjerman, /«,„W,.,, ,„j . 
 force ho named wn« riiiHcd in Aii^triii ,n is,,; i,,,,] 
 Prussia in iSi ^, ajjuiiiHt the KitihI). 'I'l;]'. i,,,.,'" 
 the niiiitia of (lirinany, es|ii;i'jiill\ .|f |iri|J|? 
 was vi'i\ etl'ective in the war wiii ,\u«iiiii j,, ^f^^'^' 
 and in that with Kniii '• in iX;i>. Nn rank* In lif'. 
 are exempt fniiii this ^, rviie, and inmiv |ici-*,i|j !„ 
 foreign eountiieH returned to scrvi,' in iVo. 
 
 LANGDALK S ACT, Ldhi), ; \v,il iv ; 
 
 I Viet. e. 20 (lHi7J, rehite.s t,) i'(,|iyliul(lN, >\£, 
 
 LAN(,tEN.SALZA (N. Uennanv). H,..,, the 
 Hannveiiiin iirinv on its way to i.,in the Ihv „.;,„. 
 was attacked liy the rmsMaiis, wl,., were Oil,,,;,,! 
 with the loss of aliout a tlionsaiul killnl mj 
 wounded, and i)l2 prisoners, 27 June, iWy,, 'f)|',, 
 victory was of little avuil, for the Hanowrijii', 
 were soon surrounded hy 1-alrkeii^tciii, iiml i,,,,,. 
 pelled to eapitulate on" lioiiiairalilc terms i,|; ^'r, 
 June. 
 
 LANGOBARDI, see ;.oml„„;U. 
 
 LANG.SIDE (S. Scotland), wlicio the f.,,,,., 
 of the recent of .Scotland, the earl of Murnn.ij,.. 
 feated the iirniy of .Mary iiuecn „i Smts, 1; Jl,,, 
 IjlK^. .Mary tied to Lliijtland and (•ni..s,.i| tlic>,i|»jv 
 Frith, liiiKling at Workiiiuton, in ('uiiiliciiiin;, :i, 
 .Miiy. Soon afterwards >lie was iiniirisoiml' 
 Elizaheth. 
 
 LANDSHUT (Silesia), where tb" ;' -■- 
 „ ,.ro defi'iited by the Austriuiis unO' ' uiiti 
 Laudohn, 23 June, I7()0. 
 
 LANDMLIPS. I.andslip.s are due '•■ !.';i 
 
 Ihu rocks or oxeessive suturatiou of the »i 
 
 rain. 
 
 liosf:lM-rg iMiaiiilaiii li,'liin,l the Uigi .sliM'cl down, 
 buiTiing villag''s and liaiiilcts with ai'.'Vc 800 iii- 
 haliitaiits 
 
 Lyme Itcgis, Duis.^t, a strip of clialk clitl tlirce- 
 toiirtlis ol ,1 mil,' l"iig, liilwccii Kxjaiid 150 I'cct 
 liigli, midcniiinc'l I'V rain, slut forward oil tliii 
 beach, carrying tiiliis, liowscs, and trees 
 
 ■24 27 Deo. 
 
 Xuiiii or Nynec Tal, a i-anitnry liill-staticai in the 
 Hinialayiis, iiulia, was dcstroycl liy tlo' ilcsccnt 
 of tlio iiioiintaiii ; almot io valual'lc liritisli lives 
 .inehi'ling niivi'ir Martin ".Morpliy, c'll. Kiel. Micr- 
 woiid Taylor, ; ;..l ,-apts. !■'. 'I. lioo.li've, 11. S. 1-". 
 Haviiis,"aiid A. lial,|,'i'stoii) and 200 native 
 
 liiill 
 
 V of 
 by 
 
 1806 
 
 .839 
 
 perislicil 
 Near Nortliwidi, clic»liii<' 
 
 iS.^cpt. i33o 
 . salt wurks »t,ippcd 
 
 () Dec. If sr'i. ,, 
 
 Klin, (llarus Oiiit"ii; fall i.fali.'Ut 30 li'iiiscs; aiiovc 
 150 licrsons pcri.--li,',l .... 11 .Sept. i3Si 
 
 Sabsidenco on the i'linicss railway, near Limlal ; 
 an engiiio biirici ; iioilcallis . . 22 Sept. i8y2 
 
 IJy sulisiilcnccs in tlie western part of Samlgatu 
 '(,j mill's) niauv houses weresliattered and I'ainilies 
 rendered lion'ieless ; duniuge to |in>perty, aliont 
 5^,00^ ; iniicli assistance was given by the iiiili- 
 lary at .Slioriiclitle, the coasl-uan land police, and 
 relief was iinmiiiUy sent fiooi I'olki'stoii,; and 
 ilytlie, 4-3 .Mairli ; Uio snlisiili'iicis were allri- 
 Iniled to the sulisoil being saturated by liiuvy 
 rains, or by ihe scourinn action of tliesea ; liberal 
 sitiscriptions in l.omlon and tlirongliout tlie 
 eoiiuliy (about 6,000).) . . . l'u March, 1893 
 
 Landslip at Vaenlaleh, in N. Trondhiein ; over 
 ;:> biulilings ili'strovHil ; alionl 113 deaths, 
 
 18 May, ,, 
 
 A train of railway workmen buried by a landslip, 
 a. out 48 person's iierisli, between .Ma,;oii and Aix- 
 les-Hams 17 "et. 189O 
 
 tenons landslip in the " Warren," between Kolke- 
 .siiiiie and hover early Nov. „ 
 
 I'ither have In;™ ri'vi'slpil 
 or the fruit of huinnii 
 oiiinioii is eiiilirac.il n 
 
 LANGUAGE must 
 originally troiii heaven 
 invention. The latter 
 
 Honiee, Lueretius, Cicero, iind most of tlic Oivft 
 and Hoiiian writers; the I'ormi'r by the ,li'«, a,,,: 
 Christians, and many niodern pliiliisciihciv. s%f 
 suppose Hebrew to have been the Iniiguage »|'.,t(.|i 
 by .\djiu ; others say that the llcliiew, Chuldec, 
 aiid Arabic are only dialects of the origiiml tiiii;u.. 
 " And the wliole earth was id one laiinniiire aiiii -if 
 one speech," (jtiiemn xi. !.• (ieorge l.in 1724.1,111! 
 Oeorge II. in 173(1, app'iiiited rcgius iniilcsws of 
 niodern languages and of history to eaih ot ili,' 
 universities of England. 
 
 The original Knropcan languages were tliiitccii, v;,-. : 
 tiicek, Latin, (iernian, Wclavoiiiiiii, simki'ii 111 ilii,|,i,i, 
 V,'|.lsli ; liiscayaii. spiikeii in Spaiic : liisli ; .Mlaiiun. 
 in till' nionntains of Kpiiiis; Tartiiriaii : tlic nti I 
 lUjriaii ; the Jazygiaii, reiii.niniiih' yet in biliiiniu.ife I 
 Cliauiin in ti.e 1101 tli of Uniigaiy ; ami tin: Kiiiiui.iu | 
 east Ki'ii'sland. 
 
 from the Latin sprang tlii' Italian, Kriimli, S|iaiiisli,,ic.l 
 I'ortngni'se. 
 
 The Tinkisli is a mixed ilialect of the Tartarian, 
 
 From the Teutonic sprang the pnseiit (li'iiiiaii. Dani.;!, 
 Swedish, Norwegian, Knglish, Siutili, Ai . 
 
 There .lie 3424 kimwii languages, ,,r latlier ,li,'iliYi.s. in I 
 the world. Of these, yj7 ale .\siatie ; ^'i-j Kllr,i|»,iii; I 
 27ii.\l'riran.aiiil 1624 Americaii hinguaKc'ianililialeiii 
 AiUiinig. 
 
 In 1861 and 1862 professor Max Miiller h'ctuifil rnilfce | 
 "Hch'iice of Language" at the Uiiyal liistiluti,.'! 
 London, lie divhles languages into tlU'eii families:- | 
 I. Abvan (in Sanskrit, iii/Wc). 
 
 Snulhern JJii-ision. India (Trakrit, ami Pali ; S,inskiit; | 
 dialects of India ; Uipsy). 
 
 * ICmv^ent hiti'iuistA. — .\nas Mnrtaiiu.s, oilitiir of tlif j 
 Antwerp l'olysi"tt Hible (1527-98); .sir Win. Jniw | 
 (1740-04); (Janlinal Ciinsepiu'. .Mezzufaiiti (i774-i64!;Mi 
 .said to ba\c known 114 languages tu' ihalfi la, iiini jj j 
 well; and NiebiilM' (r776-i83i) knew 20 laiinTi.ijfs m 
 1807, a»d iii»iy aftei wards ; llans Oiiiim vuiiilir lijk- 
 Ifiitr knew many languages critically : In ,liiil iSt|il 
 1874, aged nearly 67. .Solomon Vxant iMalan (1612-54), | 
 eminent in Oriental languages, see Indian InslMi. 
 
 ■ itiii, "III' 
 
 LANG 
 
 |.,iii,(l'an(i ; .Vriiieiiian, 
 
 IHn^iim. fell 
 
 , Mielnii. 
 
 , l.aliii ; L'li 
 
 ,.,.*,', Kieii'li. iVc. ). 
 
 .:Ii (.VllHiiiiaii). 
 
 ' u.lltiiii'tUri'i'k. and its d 
 
 »,!i.lii' Ibi'ttie: flhl 1 
 
 lllii'iiiiaii, HiLsslan, I'o 
 
 I iK,i.,nii(//i,'''"i'riiiaii 1 : 
 
 Willi' ; .^M|.'lii*ix 
 
 wwiliiiiin'"".' "Id \i 
 
 iiyjisn, ll'elllllillc). 
 
 i 'iiMiTic ; Soutlirni, 
 „,„ .(inliiirlc). Mi'l'llr. 
 I'll,,! inaii iiiscriptiMiis), 
 
 il 
 
 >jni'', 
 
 Ciiiieihiriii iii« 
 
 >im'Vfli). 
 
 III. TrBA.NMN(fril|M I'll 
 
 J rikniUii'i'iiiii. Tun^'i 
 ' iirkie; Saiiinyi'ilie, and 
 ,, ,fVnt Dil'i-^iiiiL Tail- I 
 ' .Hilil'ii' (riilyiiesi.'i. itc. 
 Mviic); .M Hilda . Tai 
 • fliHHiipechiif .Miiiikeys,' 
 
 I ),',/.,• iMIliJilili.lt' Ai^iiri" 
 
 p'M'lwil, prof. .Max .Mil 
 
 LAXGUE DOC, s 
 
 UNOUEDOC (a 
 
 f.iiiiii'il part 111 the Itoniiii 
 I gjmt'il Uothia, as liavin 
 
 I fillwWi *'''" ^*''''''' ' ■''1 
 J lira ilrivcn nut liy ( ,irl 
 I tin. Ill the (lark ,ige 
 I Miliiiiiiuia (piiihably (1 
 I inipoitant t("' us) : after' 
 I jjili'ii, see TiiiKiiii/uiir.s 
 \tati to the nnuiareliy 
 Ipfrwutionsof the Alhigi 
 
 , LA.VSDOWN, ne 
 
 llirpiidiiiiiieiitary army 
 Ibrnli'fi'iiti'ii, i .Inly, !(.. 
 
 LANTERNS ef scrai 
 iLijIauil, it is said, liy Al 
 llliilliiira was used for wi 
 l«i!iiotsi'ni'rally known, 
 I »js liiliti'd hv siifjicmlcd 
 riiy 
 
 LANTHANUM, a 1 
 
 IliruxiJeof ccriuiii, by .M 
 
 LAOCOON, an ctqui 
 III iimrlili', iiiodelleil bv . 
 Iinil I'olydorus, all of 'llh 
 llUlUiirii's (about A.n. 70^ 
 IdI' tk' Trojan hero, Laoc 
 I111I llii two sons, as desc 
 lit, 2(X). It was ilisroverc 
 ISilli' iirtir Rome, and jiiin 
 |Ilisn'i»inthe Vatican. 
 
 LAODICE.V, see snt 
 L.\ON' (.V. France). 
 Ilk'ttcfli the allies (cliietlj 
 ■fr.ncli, was fought nnde'i 
 ■•hithfinleiiin the defeat 
 lo9, i).io Jlari'h, 1814. J 
 ■Ceiniiiiis 9 .Sept. ICS7U. .■ 
 ItirJf mobile left the citai 
 jtjalni-ejitioii of the caji 
 JuwiiiTmagaziiic, causing J 
 f--T, mi\ fonii^f. The , 
 Wft'kleiiburg.Sehwerin was 
 W^i'ii and 300 Freiieli ga 
 Kwouiided; gcncralThere 
 JuniiiT, was wounded. Th 
 •ijibsion to accident. 
 
v;fi 
 
 LANGUE DOC. 
 
 643 
 
 , whclC till. I.IVr, 
 
 arl cif Murnn, ,i,. 
 
 i'l'i>:.sri| t|l(•^„il^J, 
 ill I'mulii'ilaii.,, {:, 
 I'u.s iiiiprisoiiiil !iv 
 
 liiivi' been n'\v:,\,,i 
 V t'ruit of hiiiiii'i 
 II is cnibrir. .1 i,v 
 most of till' ijinii 
 r liv llic ,li«> aiij 
 hiloni'lilii'iv. Sniw j 
 It' Iniiguiige s|'.,!iH, 
 llcliri'W, (Jliiildfi, 
 liL' "riginiil tuiiiu... 1 
 lie liinsdiii^'c iimi ,if 
 orgi' I. in i;24,Miil 
 :'('Si>i* priiff.isors 4 | 
 tory to iMcli of ilif 
 
 will' tlilitfi'ii, vi;. : 
 
 n, S;Pllkfl| ill |lln;|,|; 
 
 in ; Irisli : Ali«iii!,iii. i 
 'rartariiiii ; tlit ..U | 
 ^'.vct ill I.il«iniia.tli» 
 >■ ; iilid till; Fiiiiiii . in 
 
 Fri'ni'li,S|iariisli,,ic4 ] 
 
 III' Tartarian. 
 
 cut Oi'iiiiaii, Danisii, 
 
 iitili, it. 
 
 II' lallii'i' ilinli'its, in 
 
 iatii' : 5?7 Kiirii|Mii; I 
 
 iiitjiiai^i'sandilialfiis, 
 
 UlllT ll'ftlMTil im tl» I 
 
 ', lloyal liisiiiulion, 
 into tlirei) families :- 
 
 , aiul Pali ; Sanskrit : I 
 
 ntJiiius, eilitiit of til! I 
 98); sir Will. Jones | 
 
 IZllfallti (l774-lH4ytl! 
 
 ■H 111' liialt-i'L.i, .mil 3a i 
 new 2o lan^iia^jes in j 
 Cmioii viinJiT li:il«;- 
 jiiUy : In ilirihSitt 
 usar Malan (1612-^), j 
 I Indian IiistiMt. 
 
 Imiif (''»"' ■ Al'liii'iiiaii, \t:). 
 I \,ftlurn /lii'Miim, I'i'llii' (Cyiiiri 
 
 I.ATI.V KimH)OM. 
 
 • 'i'HiIkIi, WcWi, 
 Italliiii, lS|iiiiii«|i, |>,„.. 
 
 ■ )(,|„, lili'lll', lll'l'lnll, Aim. 
 
 I'i'irtthuaii : l.allli : L'liiliriiiij 
 ■.^UMC, Kn'iii'li, *i'. ). 
 I .nilAllMiiliiiO' 
 I nJidiii'tUri'i'k, mill lt« iliiili'itw). 
 
 I Oiijii' (1,1'ttii' : I'M I'nissiiiii ; .•<l,u;,iii,' iliiOfcIa .. 
 Ulii'liiiaii, Himilan, I'iiIinIi, l.itliiiiiiiJMii, \r.). 
 Irtliiiiii' ("',''' ''I'i'iiiaii : .Miiili'iii tii'i'iMMii : /.iiic (iiTiiiaii 
 ji„tliir; Aii|.'lo-»itxi.ii ; liiiti-li: I-imi,.|ii; Kimllili 
 
 .,M«i/illlll'i"«.' old Nlll'w, IIiiiiInIi, !S\VI'lli..di Sill- 
 
 »ftm, li'Hliiiidii'). 
 
 II *)liTlc: Suiillieni. Aniliir (iiiiluiljinj Ktliliiiiji. 
 
 ,111,1 .tnihnrli'^ ,l//i/i(/('. Ili'hmii' (||,.|, ,,.«•, ,Sniii,Hitnii 
 
 |ill.Ha('i»ll illHi'lll'lliills), Si;tl(,rii. Alulimii' (Cli.ilil,.,.' 
 
 >ini'', Oiiu'lliiriii iiisi'iiiitiiiri.^ i,f Hiliyi,,!, ,|||,i 
 
 Nini'Vi'li). 
 
 Ill, Tl'RASUN (fi'illll /VCK, Mwiniirss). 
 yiikniUiriiiina. 'riiliKii»ii' ((■liini'.sc, Ic,:) ; .MniiL'iilii- ■ 
 
 firliii': Haiiiiijc'ilii-. iiiul Kiiiiiii'. 
 ,, ,li,,ii WrMi'i". 'riiii- (NiiilPi. •.<!■, ,V,. ; (lliiiiiiliiva.s) 
 
 ,\|,,Uyii' (I'lilyllcHUI. *i'.): (illllnrlii- ; l.iiliiti,; (|1||,.: 
 
 i,,M, 4i'.): .Mniiila ; 'I'liiiMilii'. 
 
 . ||K.'<|«>i'cliof MoiikcyH, " hy li. I.. (iiiriKM', Si'i.t ,^1,, 
 ;;,/,. hmjmujr Asfrintitu, , liiuiiilcil m ,8,,,,; liisi 
 
 |,y,.|Biit, prof. Mux .MhIIit; i mil mretiiiKs liidil. 
 
 LAN'OUE D'OC, Sfe TruHbadoitrs. 
 
 I LAN'OrEDOC (li prnviiin', S. Fniiic,.), 
 
 1 I'll part 111 till' Itiiiniiii fiiilli.i Nai'liniicnsiH ; wiis 
 
 j lunu'ii Uothiii, 118 liuviiii,'- liccn lifM tiy tlio Viai- 
 I filll,q09, wllD «l'|-r • .xi.flli'ii liy tllc S:ini('ciis, in 
 I imi ilrivi'ti out b_v ( .ulca .Mm-tt'l in tlif Mtli rvn- 
 fin. Ill tlif (Jiii'k ,!.;;('» tlie riuintrv was iiiiincU 
 I s,|iliiiianitt (pi'idi.ililj tiiiiii it.i inntuinin;; seven 
 liiiportantto"ii») : al'tei'ttiirdu lainj^uedue (IVuiii il.s 
 IjMlivt, see y/'/"i<»/(y«/'.v), almut iz't), wlieii an!. 
 jmiJ to tlie nioiiui'cliy. It .HiittiT<'il iliii-in^' the 
 I per.wutionD of the .\ll)ii;eiises and llii-nenuls."" 
 
 , LA.VSDUWX ar liath (Simwi'setshirel. 
 
 Illrpiliilineiitrtry iinii.v uiider.^ir Wiu. Waller was 
 Itri'Ji'fi'iiteii, 5 July, I(i4_5. 
 
 LA i'EllOlSKM VOYAGE, in i-M: u 
 
 IVrouse iuiled f.,,,,, |.',.„nee lor the l',„ itli', wit 
 
 .■ A"».vv»,. ami ,,,,,„A,/„. ,„„ler ,,(, ,,„„', „ 
 .mUa»la«t heard „l Ir.,,,, Iddany Mav.tn .Maul, 
 
 l,8«. N;v.T.,.l expeihtioiis were .sulw,|„ei,t|\ del 
 -patelied in ..areh of l'er,i,„e ; hut „„ Vi ,-,a,n ,„- 
 liirMiiitioii was ohtained i.ntil eaj.tuui Dill,,,,, ,,t' t||„ 
 
 •aiHt India »hip H,'<,i;ir,h, a.see, r u,h,,i ,|^ „ , ,. 
 . •>■';».■. slnps had heen 1 ,.st uwav -n the .\ ' ■ 
 Hehndes aiilhentleated Ia artiele,, wliieh he 
 biiM.^Jit to I'ah'iitta, .) .Vpi'il, ,«2,>j. 
 
 LAPLAND or ,S.\.MKI..V.\n (N. Karon,.), 
 nommally s„h|eel to N„r«av in the 13th ,■,.„„,;' 
 ■mil now to awed.'ii and Uuss,,.. mT vi.,,,l L , .' 
 
 LA PLATA, the enjiital of the Xi-i,,,,;,,,. 
 p.-.;vu>eeo, l.,,eno, Vyn. ',- AieA ,.., was 'mu!' ! 
 in_l««2. I'l-piilation „, ,,s,S,s, .j.oxy. See //V,r/,,v, 
 
 .LARCEXy, Fiineh, /,„■, 
 
 ililitliii ; see T/nfl. 
 
 Latin, latro' 
 
 LAXTEKN'S of ."oraped horn witc invented in 
 Jli,'luiil, it isMiiil, by Alli'i'd ; and it is siipposi',, 
 I till Imru WHS used for window liifhiij also, as ulass 
 Injinotp'neially known, .S;2.ikii. Slmi'. Lmld'on 
 liiuMitotl bv suejieiided lanterns with L'la-'ssiiles 
 |l|ly 
 
 . LAXTH.VXl'M, a rare meial disiovered in 
 IlirijxiJe of cerium, by .Mosander in iMj,). 
 
 , UOCOOX, an e.X(|uisite work of (ireeian art 
 lii nmrbit', modelled by .Agesander, Atheiiodoi'n-' 
 |>nil I'olydoru.s all of Jihodes, and other eminent 
 liiaarii'S (about A.n. ;o) ; it rejiresents the death 
 loltlit' Irojau hero, Laocuon, pi'iest of Xiiitnne 
 liiii his two sons, as desirihed bv Virifil. .Em is 
 |ii.2(X). It was disiovered m I'jot, ni the ,S|.ttJ 
 »ilii' near Rome, and piirehased h'y iioiie Julius II 
 |ltiiii,i«inthe Vatioan. ' " 
 
 UODICEA, see .SVrcy/ Clnirdus. \ 
 
 L\ON (.v. France). A .sueee.ssinn of actions • 
 IMwn the allies (chiefly the I'rn.ssianB) and the ! 
 ■fr*h,™ fought under firewalls of the town, | 
 ■.blohonJedni the defeat of the latter with -rea 
 |k',9-!0 March, 1814. Laon B.irren.lerea to the 
 ■taiiiis 9 .W. 1X7U. A» the last man of the 
 Vr emobile left the citadel, u Fr-eneh soUlh'r, in 
 Ntraveiition 0! the cajiitulation, l.h'w un |l,e 
 Wer magazine, causing -reat destruclion to the 
 Ci'k c r- .■""' S5'''""l-'liila- William of i 
 We.' bburg-bchwenn wns bruised, and 9s (« rnmn 
 K«U'.. and 300 French gardes niohrles were killed 
 Irwiided; general Theremin iJi, Hame, the 00 „,. 
 
 C;T ^^■""/"'r''- '^'"'^ ^'^^•"'■'' "ttrib t -a' '; ; 
 
 ■ipwsiou to accident. 
 
 LAREXTAIJA, see UurrntnH,,. 
 
 LAR(iS (.\u'shire, H. Seutland), Here the 
 great e,xpedition of llaeo of Norway was Himll. 
 
 ; an 1 Uussiaii annus, with great loss, after a Ues , - 
 ni.i enga.enu'nt, . I;..!,. ,«,^. 'i'/,,, Va „to' of 
 Napoleon s last victories. 
 
 . LARYNGO.SCOPE, an instrument consist- 
 ingol 11 eoni'iive mirror, hy which light is thrown 
 upon a small plane mirror placed in the 1,0s" 
 t'M'ior part of tlie cavity of the n.ouUi liJ i , 
 means the vocal chords of the interior of the 
 larynx, ike. lire exhibited, ami have been photo- 
 graphed. It was invnterl by Mr. Manuel (Jania 
 und reported to the Uoval Society 24 Mav 18=:: 
 One eonstrueterl by Dr. Tmek was ,^reily nlo'diti-ejl; 
 111 1»5/. I'J- V'\'-^iT">i'l<, who e.xhibited its suc- 
 cessful aetion in London in i8(;2. A similar aiipa- 
 ratns is said to have been construeted by Mr John 
 .\very, a surgeon in London, in 1S4,,. 'n,,. i^,,^,^\^ 
 
 hSS'i;f ■«;!«:'""' ""'■"■'""'^'" ■^--'"- -- 
 
 LA SALETTE, see l'U,jr\,na<jes. 
 
 LATER .VX, a eliiireh at Home, dodieated to 
 I .St. John, • -he mother of uU the .hurches," was 
 1 originally a pala.e of the Luterani, a Koman tlunih- 
 I and was giy.'ii to the bishops of Koine by Constant 
 I I'".-, iiiid inhabited by them til! their removal to 
 
 held there?' '" '^''' ^''"■" "'"""'''' '""'-' ''"^» 
 
 LATHE. The invention is a.seribed to Talus 
 a grandson of Diedalus, about 1240 11 c I'linv 
 asoribes it to Theodore of Siiinos, about 600 n c 
 breat iniprovemenis have been wade in recent 
 times. 
 
 , LAT HO M- HOUSE (Lanenshiro), was 
 heroically Uefeuded for thre.,' months at^ainst the 
 parhamciuanan.s, by Charlotte, countess of Derby. 
 She was relieved by prince Uupert, 27 May, loaj. 
 I he louse was however, surrendered 4 Dec igI; 
 and dismantled. ^ "' 
 
 LATIX KINGDOM, Emi-ike, &c,, see La- 
 turn, i.a,urn Em,>ire 1204. and Jcmsalem 
 
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 ij^-U^ ^^ 
 

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01 W 
 
 LATIN LANGUAGE. 
 
 U44 
 
 LAURUSTINUS. 
 
 LATIN LANGUAGE (founded on the Oscaii, 
 
 Etnisciiii, 1111(1 (ii'cck), one of the original hiiifSUiiKea 
 of KiiiMpc, luul from wliiih spiang the Itiiliim, 
 Fi-eneli, and Spanisli ; see I.atinm. A Ini'^'e I'Oi'- 
 tion of oiii' lansnaKC is derived from the I.atiu. 
 It eeused to lie spoken in Italy about V*^! ; and was 
 first tuuKJit in Kn};limd liv Adehun's.' lirother of 
 Ina, in the 7th century. The use of Latin in law 
 deeds in Knt;hind jiavu way to the common tonirue 
 about liKX); was revived in the reign of Henry 11. ; 
 and af?ain wiis replaced by Kn^'lish in the reign of 
 Hi-nry III. It was tinally discontinued in religious 
 vvorsliip in 15y'^> ■""' i" conveyancing and in courts 
 of law in i;?! U'y 4 0<'o. 11. e. 25). A (orrupt 
 Latin is still 's;Mil<cn in Kounielia. The foreign pro- 
 nunciation of Latin («, ah ; i\ a; i, e, ki\) was 
 adopted in lOnglish universities and many schools 
 
 about lf<7;-t>. Vi 
 
 ' Latin name," see Luliiini. 
 
 I'liiMii'Ai, I vMN \vurri:ns. 
 
 (*»', 
 
 H.I-. 184 
 
 . 1A9 
 
 <heil) 166 
 
 M9 
 
 ■ 103 
 ■ • 52 
 
 ■ 44 
 4 J 
 
 l.iH'an . 
 
 .Si'tlccJt 
 
 IMiiiy tlic KMcr 
 (^iiiiitiliaii (.ffrc 
 
 V.llcfiUS t'laccu; 
 
 I'liiivtlic Younni-r 
 
 StMtillS 
 
 T;icitus 
 
 ■ "i 
 
 ■hill) 
 
 79 
 80 
 Si 
 100 
 
 40 I Silius Italicus 
 
 (c/».i//> 100 
 { /Inttrifihai) 100 
 
 •.s/irtO A. II. 
 
 ( ll'iui-ishtil) 104 
 
 Martial 
 Siiclcinius 
 .luvcicil . 
 .\iilas UcUias 
 
 (Uniiri.hiil) irt) 
 .\pulcius . . 174 
 
 .\tiiiiii;inMS ^larccllinus igo 
 t'laiiiliau . . , 408 
 
 Mfirrn)iias . . . 415 
 Huctliius . . . . 524 
 
 I*I:intus 
 
 Miniias 
 
 Terence 
 
 Cat" tlic l-;iclci 
 
 I.ucilius 
 
 laici'ctius . . 
 
 .lulias L'a-sar 
 
 Cicero . . 
 
 CattiHiis 
 
 .•Snllast .... 
 
 Vitrnvias (Jlnurlshnl) 
 
 Propcrtiiis . . . 
 
 Virtiil .... 
 
 TilMiUas .... 
 
 H.u- 
 
 C .'sas (lliiK 
 l.ivv . 
 nvi.l 
 
 I'al iculiis 
 Tcrsitis . 
 
 (S.'c Fulhns oflhiCluifrh.) 
 
 LATIN T'NION (Monetary), that of France, 
 Italy, liel^iuiu, and Switzerland, to maintain the 
 u.se of tlie same coinage, from \\\liy, il sni. \ )c-con- 
 stituted in 1SS5; arraiiL'cd to be continued from 
 year to year, autumn l.H.Si); ri'iu'wed till ^l Dec. 
 1S95, Oit. I1S9I ; conference at Paris, 9 Oct. hSi)^. 
 
 LATITAT, an ancient writ, directins; the 
 
 sheritf to aiiprchend jiersons to be brought beloie 
 the king's bcncdi com't, had its name iruin its being 
 supposed that the iiersmi was lying bid, and could 
 not be found in tlie county to lie taken by bill. 
 The writ was abolished by tl;e Uniformity of Pro- 
 cess act, 2^ May, l.S^3. 
 
 LATITUDE. First determined by Hippar- 
 elius of Nice, about Iii2 n.c. It is the extent of 
 •he earth or tlic heavens, reckoned from the e(|ua- 
 'ir to either pule. Maiijiertnis, in 173;, in latitude 
 (/i'20 measured :i degree of latitude, and tii.ade it 
 6i)'49{ miles. Swanlierg, in I.S05, made it tiiC2<)2. 
 \l tlie e(|uator, in 1744, four astronomers made it 
 <iS-7^2; and I.amliton, in latitude 12, Tnadeit(i(S743. 
 Mudge, in Ennl.md, made it (if)' 148. Cassini. in 
 Fr.mce, in I7i8.ind 1740, made it (uriz ; and Itiot, 
 0,S7()i) : while a recent measm-cment in Spain makes 
 it but tiSd^ - le<s than at tlie eciuator, and contra- 
 dicts all otlicrs, |iroving the earth to be an oblate 
 spheroid (which was thi' opinion of Cassini, lier- 
 nouilli, Kuler, and other.-), instead of a prolate 
 spheroid ; see LoiKjitiide. 
 
 LATITUniNARIANS, a name given to 
 certain tlieolo^'ians who endeavoured to reconcile 
 thi^ nhuroh and nonconformists in the 17th cen- 
 tury, such as Hales, Chillingworth, Tillotson, and 
 Hurnet. 
 
 i'lhuHl) b . 
 
 4'/l 
 
 LATIITM, now Campania (Itah), the mm, 
 try of the I.atini and their niytbb.d kite- Lilirr 
 )Mipular date, 124011.C. Laurentinn was'ilil ,.„„•' 
 tal of the comitrv in the reign nt I.iitimis, I ,. " 
 nium in that of jEneas, and Alb.i in tlmtof i< 
 nius; see //«///, and 7^i»((.'. ''"''" 
 
 Tlic l.atiiis ally with Itniiic , 
 .loin Porsciiiia to restore Tiiripihi II. 
 Defeated by liuniiins near Lake Iiet;illiis .g(j„j. 
 League with the H.aiLiiis, 461 ; ili'snt tik-m m 
 
 flolllile, 3S8 : imioii restored 
 lletcMted ill wiir; (hefore the Kre.it viet'ily iinr ^'■' 
 
 iiioiiiit Vesuvius, th.. i-oasul, p. Iieiiiis Mi'is ,ip. 
 
 voted himself to .l.'.lth, 540), 339; <lll«h..nl'iiii,i 
 
 iMcorpomted with Hiaiie . . ^ , 
 
 olitiiiii liiiMian eiti/eiishi|p . ' ' '" 
 
 The " >-!'<• II »'.!«■" Ill the ml CMilllrv. lie ii,. " 
 (dialed the cohmies ill It:ily |..iiiii||..| i,v'il,. 
 Hoiii.'uis in I heir coii.|iiered lerritmi,.,, i,s ii'|.ii„, 
 thos(. I'nniided liy the Latins. 
 
 LA TRAl'PE, see Tn,/i,,i,is. 
 LATTER-DAY SAINTS, see Mm„min. 
 
 LAUDANUM, see Oy)/««, 
 
 LAUDERDALE EARLDOM, kt. ,L,t,,i 
 from I5')0). Major Fredcaiek lleiiiv Maitlan.i'. 
 claim to it established before the ll.,ii,e of LuiJ-, 
 22 July, iS,S5. A roiriantic story. 
 
 LAUENBURG, a (hichv. N. (lenaam-; wm 
 eonciuered from the Wends hv Ilearytlie I.iun r,f 
 Sa.vony, about 1 1:;2 ; ceded to" Ihmover, idsi,; i„. 
 corporated with the Frcncti ciiipir., iSin; ccImiIi, 
 Denmark, 1S15; annexed by I'ru^-in, I4a'iilm%;; 
 possession taken 15 Sept. following'; see r";,,,,/^;,,,' 
 
 LAI'FACH, liavaria (S. W. (,ieniianv\ was | 
 taken by the Prnssimis under \\ raii-el, on i;.lulv, 
 lW)t), alter a sharp action, in wlii,li the nes.:,,n! 1 
 were .Icfeafed, the Prussian nccdie.-an beiiiirvm | 
 etlicacious. 
 
 LAUNCESTON. Cornwall. The ..lani-.e I 
 church was erected in liii; the new tottielnll ( 
 in lS,S7. Popubition, iSSi, ^.SoS; iSiji. ^.^j;, 
 LaU.M'ICSTOX. Tasmania, was f'uiinded I.SO); ini 
 corporated 1X58; made a citv lSSi). IVauliition. 
 18S1, I2,7.s.?. 
 
 LAUNDRY, Lonibin and PiMviu. i,d ^hm\ 
 L lundry, Hattersea, erected liya eniafanv; i)iicr...i! ( 
 in iSXo; and others since. 
 
 LAUREATE, see /'«■< Lanmiie. 
 
 L.\UREL was sacred to Apollo, 'joj of puftn ; I 
 and fnim the earliest times the poets, anil jpiitrali | 
 of armies, when victors, were crowiieil witli laml. 
 Petrar(di was crowned with laurel, S April, [^\.- 
 Thc I't-niiKx hiufiii't'riisii^ was hreicjlit to Ilriuin | 
 from the Levant, before |(k;i); tlic I'ortiisallaurd, 
 I'ruiiiis /iixi/ii/iirii. bid'nrc ii^.S ; the roval kiv, 
 I.iiiinis iiii/ifii. from Madeira, idi.^; the Alism- 
 drian laurel. HiiHfUs rdcrmnsiis, IV.an Spain, before I 
 1713; the glaucous l.mrel, I.oiinii «(/i/)T(/fi'ii, from 
 China, l.Hofj or 1821. 
 
 LAURENTALIA were festivals celeliratfil at I 
 Rome in honour of Aeca Laiiiviiliii. or Lneiilia, 
 said to have been either the nur.-e of KiimuliiSMii I 
 Remus, or a rich dissolute woman, who briiuwthfJ 
 her property to the Roman jicople. The ft'liral 
 commenced about ()21 li.c, and was held on. lie | 
 la.st day of April and the 25rd of December. 
 
 LAURIUM MINES, see Grcm, iS;2. 
 
 LAURUSTINUS, Viliurmtm Tmm,mm- 
 green shrub, was brought to Eii^jhind from li( | 
 I south of Europe, before 159'j. 
 
I'ANIA(lti,lv;.th.,n,„. 
 r myttuiMl k-iiii;, Utifj, 
 Laui-i'iitMiii w;is til.. ,„„j.' 
 
 md Alb,, !iuliat..f i, ., 
 ic. 
 
 ■ .■■ <■'' Ob • :,, 
 
 niuiii II. •; 
 
 "V ""«"'"» ■ «8"r ^- 
 4''! ; ili'Si'it tllem 111 
 
 "■'■'' 
 
 \\i' nwM victMiv,' iirar ''' 
 <"1, I'. Iii'dus Vliw, dp- 
 140). 339 ; <iltii|i!nl aini 
 
 - V,* 
 
 ' ii'il iiiiliirv. u.i., ill. ' 
 Itiily lc,iiii.|,.,i t,v 11,.. 
 
 ■'1 llMTitnli,.,, nsivcll^j 
 IMS. 
 
 V>-(ij>)nslx. 
 
 L.INTS, see MdfiiiuiuUy 
 
 EARLDOM. \e. ,i;,!.,i 
 
 •ili'iick llciiiy M;iitliiii,r, 
 ■fiirc 111!' H'uise nl l,ui,i,, 
 til story. 
 
 iliiiliv, N. (iiTiiiiiiiv: wiis 
 Ills by lli-irvtln' l.inn „i j 
 cil In nMiiiivc'V, i(iS(|; in. 
 I'll i'in]iir., iSin; (■nl..iitri 
 l),v l'i-u>si:i, 14 An?, I'i*;; 
 :. I'liUdwiir,'; get' (htitein. 
 
 ii C^. W. Genniinvl, was | 
 iiilcr W v.m-M. on ij.Iiilv, 
 M, ill uiiii h ill,. l|,s.:,,i;i I 
 an iii'i'iUi'-miii btiii; virv 
 
 CoriiwiiU. The i;nii;;e 
 in ; tlic new towh-liill i 
 .S.Sl, 3,.SoS: iS,,,, 4.y- 
 111, was toMiiilecl iXn|; in. 
 
 I city iSSi). Populition, I 
 
 II mill PiMviniiiil .^^ttam 
 ted by 11 e,,ni|;:iny ; niieti 
 
 L'. 
 
 1 to A|)iillo, joj ofpuelry; 
 les the poets, iiiiil ^I'lUTal! 
 were erowiieil with laurel. 
 th liiiii'el, S April, i;4i.- 
 V WHS hi'iMiiiht to llriM | 
 l(>2i); the rnrtiiyal laurol, 
 re 1(148 ; the royal lay, 
 iili'ini, iMi^; the Alisan- 
 iiinxiis, I'r.iin .Spiiiii, Mm I 
 1, LiiKnin iii/i/nyjaidjim 
 
 A'cre festiviil.s leleliratfi! al 
 a T.iiuiiMiliii, or Liiienlia, | 
 the nurse of Roinuliisaii' 
 e woiiiaii, who bi'i|iuMllifil 
 nan people. The fc'tivai | 
 .(■., anil was held on ll« 
 2 5ril of Deieiuber. 
 
 IS, SCO Greece, iS;:. 
 
 I'ihiirtiiim 7(H«», an evtr- 
 lit to Kii^'land from he | 
 
 LAUSANNE. 
 
 645 
 
 LAW. 
 
 UrSANXE, ciipitiil of tlie canton of Viuid, 
 jaterliinJ, orijjinally 11 Itoinnn statiuii. The 
 ,.itlie<lral was consecrated in 1275, and the univor- 
 .i;v founded 15.55. Here Gibbon conipletod his 
 "Decline nnd Fall," 27 Jnne, 1787. The Inter- 
 nilional Workmen's congress assoinliled here Soiit. 
 l.<!);. Population, 1888, 33,340. 
 
 LA VALETTA, see M„l/„. 
 
 drawn t.. it in ,Iii|y, ,87. ; and tbe statutes were 
 repeab'il 
 
 1S71 
 
 ."lerjeants. tli.' bi^-best nieniliers of tin' War. weiv alone 
 pcrniitte,! t.. pU'ad in tlie court of coiiiniou iib^as 
 llie tirst UiiiK's eomisel niider tbe iIcKree of scr- 
 leant was sir francis liai'on, in ,(,a, 
 
 Law Assiiiiatiun charit.v for widows Iniiiide.l in '. ,s,j 
 Ineorpoiate,! Law .-ioeiely of solieiturs fonued in 
 182J ; plan enlar-ed, 18^5: a eliarter olitained, 
 
 1831: renewed, 1843; n.'w eliarter, 1872, Tin 
 Jail dm- in Cbancerydaue, from tla' desi-ns 01 
 \ulliaiiiy, was cnuiinenced in 1829; provincia 
 
 UVALETTE'S ESCAPE. Count Lava- 
 !,tt(, for .jonung; tlie emperor Napoleon on his | meetings aiv beld ■ Mancbeste" 
 Murii in 1815, was condemned to death, but escaped ■laridical So.ieiv estatilisbed in 
 from prison in the clothes of his wife, 20 Uec, 181?. '"''"' '''""f''. e.^talilisbeil 
 Sir Robert Wilson, Mr. Michael linice, and captain !,'.',""■'":"',".':'. ■ 
 
 J. H. Hutchinson, aiding the escape, were sen- ' 
 
 irared to three niontlis' imprisonment in the 
 fMch capital, 24 Ajiril, 1816. Lavalette was per- 
 Biittfii to return to France in 1820, and dieil in 
 r-iircment in 1830. 
 
 LA VENDEE (W, France). Tlie French 
 toialists of La Vendee took arms in March. 1792^ 
 iiiii were successful in a nninbor of hard-foii'alit I 
 taltlfs with the republicans, between 12 July, 
 i;ij, and I J.iiu 1794, when they experienced"!! 
 sfere reverse. 'I'lieir leader, Henri ((Hiite tie La- 
 rulicjaquelin, was killed, 4 .March, 1794. A short 
 (t*iMni8 made at I,a Jannay, 17 Feb. 17.)^. 'i'lie 
 »ar was terniinatcd by gen. lloehe in i/iji'i, and a 
 ireatj-of peace was signed at Lu(;on, 17 Jan! 1800 : 
 Iti C'hOMils. 
 
 . Oct. 189,1 
 
 ■ 1855 
 8 April, ,84,i 
 
 ,.i. , , , |. , , • , 'an 1866 
 
 llie estJiljllsbnieiit ..fa l,.|;.il univeisitv .strouKly 
 
 advoeate.l l.y tln^ lonli^lia ib.ran.i otlieis, .Ian', ,871 
 
 Tbe.niimil ,.t l.-.ile.lu,.ati„n put fortli a s.'beuie 
 
 iiivolvm;,' m.iuy iduin^'.'s, Nov. ,,872- an. .tier 
 
 scheni.s Dee. 1891. 
 ■ •••tfil I'ractitioliers'. Society, estalilislie.l . Nov. ,873 
 
 .See Itiinhtn; Cniiu^.l. 
 
 L.AVEXDER, Lneaiidiila n/iiai. broimlit fron: 
 tluiouth of Jiurope, before 1568. 
 
 L.W, sec Canons, Codes, Coiniiioi, I.nw, Civil 
 
 lm,CnMf,llitiet>t, :iiij)rcmr Cmirt. 'llie Jewish Tb'i"rii,;:l 
 
 Infwiis.siveii by tiod, nnd promulgated b, .Moses I'lbinls. 18 .Maul 
 
 ' tbe si'ssjuii 
 
 I..VW KKKoliM. 
 AW A.MK.SI.MKNl SiiilKTV. lonmle.l ill i3(l. It bol.ls 
 
 mcetm-s .iiuin- tbe session of parliam.uit, ami iml,. 
 islirsa,l..iiiiial aii.l repoits. Its tirst iliairi.ian was 
 lord l.r.iiigliam. wbo intindm'e.l tbe siili|,..t of Law 
 
 lietorm li.\ a ii,.,st el..i|nent sik li in lb.. Imnse of 
 
 ciiinnmns. on 7 Keli. ,828. iMaiiv acts lor |„,w Hefonii 
 have lieen passeil since, ami viKoroiis iiieasiiivs pro 
 piised. ' 
 
 H.i.val commission t.. in,|iiire into tb.' opiantion ami eoi 
 stitution of tb,. Ku-li»ii courts of law, &e , issued 
 
 ^ ■N'pt. 18(17. 
 
 Tbe ,)mlieatniv C.mmissi.in (appoiiitiul 1867) roeoin- 
 inemle.l tli.' .■..ns..li.lati..n .if all tb.' siipi'iior courts 
 int.ioii.. sii|,ivm.-c,.urt .livide.l int.. ilianili.'rs, April 
 
 S9(j 
 t').;o 
 
 '3f«) II is^ 1 its liftb anil last i..|... It Sipt i'874 
 
 1 ('..iirt ..f,liistii-,' Hill iiitr.i.Iii.i..| into the lion.se 
 1870, was droppe.l near the en.l of 
 
 lioval (.■i.mmission ..11 tbe a.lmiiiistr.itiv.' .I..|iartiin.nts of 
 t.i.nrtsol ,lusti.i.(L,,r,l Lbsgai' aii.l otli.as) ai.|.i.iiiteil, 
 
 4 ' '''* -. 107 >■ 
 .Sii|.r,.|ne C.nrt ..f ,lii.lieature IJill intr...liice,l by lor.1 
 
 cbanc.db.r Sell..,riiefor .•staMi.sbinj; a Iliub Court of 
 •liiMi.-... an.la lli-b (.' tot Ap|..Ml n Feb., pn.sse.l 
 
 5 .\ll;i. 187 \. 
 
 Its i.perati..ii .l.dVrre.I rr..ui 2 N,,v., 1S74 to , \„v., ,87:; 
 l...lili..n ..f tb.. I1..US,. of lords as an Api>eal 
 
 i"'l''il 187" 
 
 on I..:,m1 I'roeeiluie ; report, r.'com- 
 m.'ii.lm.i.' siinpliiMiii,. .■baiig.ss, piiWIisbe.I 8 1 let. i88r 
 
 .New rnlivs issn.'d )„|y ,8g 
 
 lnt..riiali..iial...iiiiiiisM..iioii ju.Ii.ialivlormr n- 
 
 iiiemls tin- .•>lal.lislimi-iit of an inl.'riiatioiial 
 tril.iinal tor .l.Miinj; witli tbri.JKm.rs, i.\.ept in 
 
 '■.■'l''V'' ''■■'"'■" .Miiv, 18S4 
 
 •—■■ ^..p.r,,,. (,,.,,/ tor. bd.iil, ^ 
 
 14)1 H.t, 
 
 liittasiittril.iitcil to Plioroiieiis, in tb.' kiie'.l.im 
 
 HiTli.s iviav re.iuced to a system l.v lli.i.n. f.ir 
 
 :ii' .^tlii'iiiaiis, ()2_i lie. ; wbose eo.le w.i- siiii.'r- 
 
 -l.-.lliytliat of .Sol 594 H.c. 
 
 IrSHUtaii laws of Lv.airgiis were ma.!.' .-iI t 
 
 ciiBC, ; tliey reiiiaiii.'.i in full for..- f,.i al.,,iii 
 
 ;:■ yi-ars,aiiill'..niiiMa ra.-i. t. .tally .|i(|,iriit fi 
 
 lii-'tlifiN living' ill .-ixilisc.l s'.i-ietw 
 T:!. li.iiiiaa laws of .SimtIiis ■fidliiis jr/, n . «,.||, 
 
 ffliiili'il l.y till' Twelve Tal.l.'s piilihsb.'.l in 419 
 
 H. .aii.liviiiaiiii'd in fori'c till Jiistinii i.miIv 
 
 ' l!i"iisaii.l yeai-s. 
 
 BKiriSH LAWS. 
 
 I;.' Britisli laws of earliest date were tiai .l,it,..l 
 
 )iit.i till' Sas.iM ill ... . J I, 
 
 tas.rii laws, if Ilia piililisbe.I about 
 .ffi"! , 1 .«!.• of laws, t be fonndat ion of t b.' i, .iiiii'i, ,ii 
 
 "■■> "I Kii-laii.l, is sai.l to liave lie,.|i arrange.I 
 
 i:'-Ui,..r,intess..rcoI,e,.,e,, the laws "'""" '*' f'-''-'"- " ^^ " '"• "^ 
 
 Tb 
 
 Coiirt r 
 C I 
 
 Sid 
 
 ■be if la« i.doi III issii.'.l l.y H,,. |,ar council. 
 
 1050- 1065 
 
 ■ M,l6 
 
 1134 and 1173 
 
 !l'|Jiiii.vliaitia-of-iaii'ral liberties 
 lli'in ll.'sniiiliniiaiioii of it 
 
 L. inariliin,. laws of Kiidianl I. (see iMmn) ,,„. 
 
 JWaittaiia, l.y ki,l^- ,Iol,n, ,2,,; eonlirme.l l.v ^= 
 li'ii" 1 I. 1216 el H„i. (.see .\l„;i„„ cimrl,,. ami 
 
 t-ir.-il.< i fill, i IT). 
 
 [ b.M .MaiijlleM, lord ebief .instice of the kln>;-s 
 i«.;li.iWamI,"Tliat,io llcdioi, of law .ih^'.n 
 ;-i.... far prevail against tlie real trntb of the 
 '"las to prevent the exeenti f .iu^til•e.■• 
 l MiavM te,.h,,i,.abli,is were g,,t rid ..f l.v',; ^ ?: ''^* 
 ■'iilk/^i 'l';:'":tf|'rtbeiniprov,.meiit7,rtl,e 
 '■"'"'"""« criminal jiistie.., ,.a.ss..,l 7 .Vm:-. ,35, 
 
 I, , , , l.AWVKllS. 
 
 l.-lris.iftl.eliar, or barristers, are sabl 
 
 t.. ha^■e 
 parliament, by stat! 
 
 291 
 
 ,;"i. Ni>ia|.|..iiiite,l by K.lwaiil I. 
 
 I="-I'mlul,iti„ii was ibrlared to be invalid by'rok,'. '^^ 
 'i'hiiii'onstitntional by Hlaekstone; .ail.ntloi.'was 
 
 (-'"iiimissioners appointed in 1839 report e.l 
 in lavi.iir of till' .■..m.uilrati.m of tb.' law-courts in 
 L..mlon, on a site m-ar Cari'V-s'rei.t, Cliaucervdaiie 
 about 7 ai res. ..n wbi.b ,t..oil about 4.W lionsi's.' 
 
 " stiliiali..l expi'iise was about i,5o<j,ooo(., wbieli it 
 
 "■'1^ '■ ii.'cn.f-.l to t.iki' from tb.' .naainiiilated 
 
 tbam-ery fun i. teriii...! ■' Suit. .is' fiiinl." Acts of par- 
 liaimuit to .Miry out tbe plan w.-re p.isse.l in ,86, ami 
 1800. 
 
 Comp.diliv.' .b-siu'iis w,.,-.. iuvit.'.l. ami after inuidi dis- 
 cussion (j.iibli.- ami prolVssioual). Mr. Street's ilesimi 
 wassi'lei-teil, !., JIay. ,860: miicli atta.^k.'.l, but ap- 
 
 |.ri.v..,l by till' .•ommis^i Vii^. ,870; conlraids signed 
 
 ,''..''',', ■^;4. and tb.' w. irks w.-i,. begun iinineiliately 
 by Hull ami S t.. be linislie.l in 1881. 
 
 Tbere w.uv to be ,8 courts, varying in size; a ci.ntral Iinll 
 2(1 I'eid biiiK. 48 fi'ct will,., JO f.'et liigli ; i.riiieli.al 
 eiitraiic.. in tlie Straml. 
 
 Olli.vs 1,1 i:,,>i..in B|...-k , iipie.l 2, .\pri|, 1879, 
 
 Iiiiililiiii;s I'oinpli'te.l, Old. ,882. 
 
 Dpene.I by tb.' .pu'iui, 4 |),.c. 1882, 
 
 Ail tbe biiiblings , .stitiile by statute the ridiicr 0/ 
 
 The I'.iiirts ...■ciipi..d Hilary sittings, 11 ,laii. iB8j 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 itifl 
 
 : fll 
 
 %i,>i 
 
 ' , ti .'I' 
 
 li 4 P. 
 
 ilj ,il,;j| 
 
 \''W 
 
r»^ 
 
 vlrfii 
 
 h 
 
 i^^Mmm^. 
 
 \t' : 
 
 f^i f 
 
 
 11 iiUs 
 
 LAWS BFBULE. 
 
 046 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 Law IJKi'dKis : A new and nimc (•(■unciniiciil lilnii of 
 
 ]ii'(>parii)g aiMl ])iil>lisliiii^ law rciinrts was tliially 
 
 a loiiU'U liy a ciiinimttci' (jf barristi'is mi ii Mari'li, 1865 
 
 (hoc Yetir-bmkii). 
 I. AW Tkhms, kcc TeiHis, alinliulu'il liy SupniiK' Court of 
 
 .luilicatmc Ai't, 5 Ans;. 1871. 
 Iiilrninli'iiml Jaiic, sec Siidnil rnifira ami Ii'ti iiu'liiinnl 
 
 I,n w. 
 Kxpeiiililice for law aiiiljiistiri' from tlu' pulilii- iairs(M'X- 
 
 I'liisivc ofconnty ratfH, in tlif yvar 1865-6, ^,^44,540^ 
 Coiirt.i iif J'.uitii:e : salaries, \"., one year (to 31 Mareli, 
 
 1877), 6:^1.701/. 
 Kiieyi'lopii'ilia of tlic laws of Eiijilaiid, ediieil hy 
 
 Ml'. Wood-HfMiton, vol. 1 1897 
 
 Cyelopailia of Si'oteli law .... 1895(1 
 
 LAWS BUBBLE. John Law, of Edinburgli 
 (born 1681). was iiiiidu eoinptrollor-aeiu'r.il of tlie 
 tinanci's of Kranci'. uimi the strcnsth "f a sihenie 
 for estiiblisliing H bank iind an Kast India and m 
 J[i8.sis-i])pi eninpiinv, liy the jirotils of whieli the 
 national delit of France was to be paid off. See 
 Minsiisip/jt. Ho first otiered his jiLin to Victor 
 Aiiiadeiis, Uiii^' of Sardinia, who told liiiii he was 
 not powerful enoii<;li to ruin liinisolf. The French 
 inini>try accepted it; and in 1716, lie o]iened a 
 ))ank in liis own name, under the protection of the 
 duke of Orloins, ret'ont of France, and tlie de- 
 luded rich subscribed for sliares both in the bank 
 and the coinjianics. In 1718 Law's was dechired 
 II royal bank, and the shares rose to Upwards of 
 twenty-fold the original value; so that, in 1710. 
 they were worth more thaneishty tiniee the amount 
 of all the current specie in France. In 1720 this 
 fabric of false credit fell to the ground, spreading; 
 ruin throushout the country. Law died in poverty 
 at Venice in 1729. — The Sooth Sea Hubble in Enj;- 
 land occurred in 1 720 ; see South ficn. 
 
 LAWN TENNIS, see Tmnis. 
 
 LAYAMON'S BRUT, or Chronicle of Britain, 
 a poetical semi-Sa.\on p.iraplirase of the Itrut of 
 Wace, made between 1100 and 12.50, was iiublishcd 
 with a literal translation by sir Frederick Jfaddcn, 
 in 1847. 
 
 LAYBACH (near Trieste, in Illyria). A con- 
 gress met here in Jan. 1821. and was attended by 
 the sovereigns of Austria. Rusnia, Tru-ssia, anil 
 Naples. It broke up in May, after having issued 
 two circulars, statinjr it to be their resolution to 
 occupy Naples with Austrian troops, and ])ut down 
 popular insurrections. 
 
 The town sMlfercd iiincli by an earllHpiakc, with 
 loss of life, 14, 15 Ajirii ; relief sent liy the 
 emperor if. Aiiril. 1895 
 
 LAYER'S CONSPIRACY. Christopher 
 Layer, a barrister, conspired with other persons to 
 ?eize George I., the prince of Wales, lord Cadogan, 
 and the princi])al olhcers of state, to seize the tower, 
 to plunder the bank, and biinH: in the. Pretender. 
 Layer was handed. 17 Mav, 172.^. lie was hanged 
 for enlisting soldiers for the I'rcteiid'r. Hishop 
 Atterbury was accused of complicity anl attainted, 
 but permitted to quit the country. 
 
 LAY BROTHERHOOD of St. Paul, 
 
 for the diocese of London, was formed by the 
 bishop of Marlborough, with the sanction of the 
 bishop of London in 1891. 
 
 LAY HELPERS, to hold a position between 
 the clergy and laity, propo-ed by the archbishop of 
 Canterbury, and others, Oct. 1881. Tlie association 
 of Lay Helpers for London began in 18(15. 
 
 LAYMEN, HOUSE OF, composed of 102 
 members elected in the dioceses, as a purely 
 consultative body to assist the Convocation of the 
 
 clergy, its main object lieiii;; the broimii™ , 
 church reform. It first met with cllntatiZ I ' 
 
 Westminster. I(. Feb. l88(,. L„nl S,.] ;.7k' " 
 man; Mr. G. A. 8pottisw,,o,h, \iV,.7;, ? 
 Tliey met in tlu^ Church house, 12 |.\.|, |,C, ""'' 
 
 LAZARISTS (the Priests „f ,1,,, j|i,„, , 
 con^iregation devoted to cducaliMii, l..uii,i|.,|"|.. v,'' 
 Vincent de Paul. 1025, were so iiaincl lr„ii ■ii\'' 
 first establisliiuent in a house which 1 n .. 1 i ' 
 
 .1 .... , ..... ' " ^'ll'C III.' h'TlB^. 
 
 to the military order of St. I.azani 
 called Viiifiiitiiifs. 
 
 I hcj are t 
 
 LAZARO, ST. (N. Italy), lice the k,,.'. . j 
 Saniinia and the linjierialists clcfeate,] the Fr™ 
 and Spaniards after a long ana ..e,-eic tonilM'j I 
 Jane, 1746. ' ' 
 
 .■1,11. 
 
 LAZISTAN, 11 Turkish province in ih, 
 lik of Trebizond, on the lilack sea. li.itniin •,, 1 
 seaport, was ceded to Uiissia bv the treiitvoflji.rlin 
 13 July, 1871-;. The inhaliitantsat tirstVcsi.tivtl,'. 
 change, but submitted on iiersuasion, niaiivi'ii 
 grating. ' ' ■ '■ ' 
 
 LAZZARITES, sec !/,</,,, iS;i^. 
 
 LAZZARONl (from /"--:«(■«, Snani-h (>r , 1 
 pauper or leper), 11 term applied l,v the' S,,.,r.. I 
 viceroys to the degraded bcinu's in" X:,pl,., ] 'V 
 clothed and houseless. Xo nian was buni ;, 1 .'^j,' . 
 and he who turned to 1, trade ceiiscd ti' lie cm ''fii' i 
 viceroy permitted the lazz,ir..ni tn elect m ,hi'il wlti' 
 whom he conferred re8|iecting the iin|i(jst* 11 iV 
 goods brought to the maikcis. In 11147, MaMuiilin I 
 held the office, and niaile an insumrtkii ' 
 Xaples. In 179,?, Fcniinaiid IV. ciufilled .iniai I 
 thousands ol lazzaroiu as pikcn.eii ^siiohImchiV 
 who generally favoured the cant |iai-ty- „ii 1' 1 
 May, 1848, they wre permitted, on ili.i \i\,,..{ 
 behalf, to commit fearful ravasHs on the ii|.|,rt,i 
 ciiy.—Culhttu. " " ' ' 
 
 LEAD is found in various ocnntrics. am! is I 
 abundant in various parts of I'-'' .in, iiml in «(» 
 places riebly mixed with si' ThclniKjs 
 
 Clydesdale mines were disco-. i;i;. |i;,tiij* 
 
 son's valuabli! method for e.\ „ the jijvir wj. I 
 
 made known in 1829. The leae-„inies of Cumbfr- 
 land und Derbv shire yield abimt I5,0(ti t.iiisffi I 
 annum. Hritish miii'cs pnidnccil oj, 521) tuns of 
 lead in 1855; (i9,26()in 18^7. 07.181 in" iXn^; -■4J0 
 in 1870; s8,777 i" ^^n- "vVi(.i7 in i!i7(,; ■;;i,i,!-in | 
 1^79; 50,328111 1882; 40,07s in i>S,S4; !-,.-*;(; in! 
 1887; in i«88, 37,578; i889,-35/i,i4i .,So5,3;,joe: 
 1893, 29,().)S ; l89f), 30.818. ^ ' 
 
 Leaden pipes for the conveyance of water mii 
 liroii);lit into use in , . ' ,;.» 
 
 In 1859. 23,690 tons of pi^ and slnct lunl ivm ' 
 ini|iiirteil,,ind 18,414 tons exi»ated ; in 1806, jt.^jo 
 tons iiii|«irted ; j7,jS3 tons expurtcil : in iS;;, 
 79,825 tons imported, 35,19310118 ex|iiiiteil: fii 
 
 1883, IOI,715tolls inipolteci, 39,;i!;tim»c\|«.l1.cl; 
 
 in 1887, 114,493 tons inipnrlc.i, ^^.■YJ[ tdiis «. 
 ported; in 1888, 132,880 tons i:i.|»iiti.i|, ,,s.'i6 
 ions e\poiied ; ill 1889, 145,203 tuns imiinitnj, 
 52,040 tons expiirtcd; in 1890, 158,649 tmis iin- 
 ported, 55,s57toiis exported; 1893, 188,249 t"iK 
 imported, 48,871 tons exportcil. 
 
 liy an explosion caused throii^li it:iiiti'il };asat tlif 
 Mill Close lead mine, llcrbyshiie, livi' iiicii vvi-ic 
 killed, 3 Nov, 1887. Explosions in Icail iiiiiiis 
 are very rare. 
 
 The deadly maniifc line of white liiiil ;;i«iily 
 ameliorated by tiic siilili:iiati"n prnccss iiocnti'il 
 in .\meriea aiitl mlopted by John Halt & S>iiisi<f 
 Bristol 111 i;;r 
 
 Professor Mac Ivor's new proci-ss was n'iKirtPil 
 cheaii, (|iiiek mid sate ; works, Clapliaiii, 
 London, H.W Inly, if?.! 
 
■'Ms > 
 
 ii.sli pniviiurinlhi [*],;,. 
 ;■ Ulii'k si'U. IUmiii, it, 
 
 'Si;il'vtla.ti-™iyoMi,.rliti 
 ihitaiitsiit lirst ri'si>tn:!!,'. 
 311 I'lTsuusidii, mam ,Vi, 
 
 various ocuiitrics. anJ ii 
 ts of I''", .in, mill in <(,», 
 ll J^i' 'I'hc I iiiirjs 
 
 i8l!0'. IjlJ. I'attiB. 
 
 1' ex . p; tllf silviT wi! 
 Ill' I.Mr.,, lilies of CuniW- 1 
 L'M Mliniit i5,oi]o t.iiisperl 
 
 l>i(iiliiicil (15,52(1 iimi (,f I 
 S57, 67,i,Siin i»i5;:3,4:o 
 
 58,6(17111 1S76; '5i,(,jjir, j 
 .0,075 ill 1884: 3:,.>vioiii 
 
 18. 
 
 veyiiiice of watrr iiiii 
 
 IK llllll Sllll't l.Mil W.I, 
 
 fX]..ii-ti:il;iii 1866, 36.940 
 Ills cxii.iitnl : ill iSj!, 
 i,i93 lulls |.\iKirt|.il ; i'li 
 ■il, :;9,jisliiiisi.\|iiiiii.i|; 
 I'.ii'tcil, 44,301 tlltIS ,'\. 
 tuns iii.|„,rt,'il, 4S.'i6 
 
 145,^03 t.illS iMI|l.illnl, 
 
 I 1890, 158,649 tuns illl- 
 ti'il : 1893, 183,249 I'liw 
 
 inrtl'il. 
 
 ■iiuhIi i).'iiiti'il j-'iisat llio 
 rbysliiri', Itvi' iiifii wi.it 
 pliisiiins in li'ail niiiiis 
 
 cif wliiti' liinl jtiratly 
 iiiiti.iii pnic-ss iii\|.iiti'i! 
 jy J..I111 Hnll& Nuns. if 
 
 iit( 
 
 jiroci'ss was n'luirtwl 
 V' ; W'irks, Clajiliaiii, 
 
 .Inly. )icfi 
 
 LEAD. BLACK. 
 
 (i47 
 
 LEBANON. 
 
 jj J B, llnnnay'H iiniccKS of iiiaiiiifiictiii'iiiK .snl- 
 ..iiateof Ipnd ivportpil iiiiiociious . . .Iiiii. 1893 
 
 I. il Icail mint' lit Ma/arrou, Miircin, 27 iiicii wen; 
 'iilirocatfil, rcpiirteil .... 17 Ki-h. „ 
 
 jjf repiirtof a coiiiiiiittcr' nf cxpi'i-tH roferrwl to tlui 
 sfriiiiis ilaiifSi'i's TOiiiii'ctcd with t)ie iixe of white 
 vjiliiivarions iiiaiiiilacturcH . . . Dec. „ 
 
 <,teii iiii'ii lii""'! "'''"'' 'leseeiiiliiiK a lend mine, 
 
 'mrSlirnvshiiry, hy the lireakiiinnta rope, 
 
 C Mareli, 1895 
 
 LEAD, BLACK, see Giaphitc. 
 
 LEADEXHALL MAEKET, London. 
 fcundwi tiv sir Kicliiird Wliittingtoii, in 1408, and 
 prfifntc'Jtofliecity. A p;i':iimO' wiisadilfil l)y Simon 
 Jvie, 1419. T'"' ili'inolition of tlie old iiiarki'l 
 l(.Tiu in Sept 1880; first stone of new one laid 28 
 Ja"n( ; o|ii'neil by the lord iimyor, 15 Dec. 1881 : 
 (Wi4;,500/. 
 
 LEADVILLE. A hiffh mining district in 
 Colorado; liiglily siiccessful results of exciivutions 
 for the precious metals, 1878 ct acq. 
 
 LEAGUES. Four kings combined to make 
 ,Mra?aiii9t five, about 1913 li.c. {Gen. xiv.) The 
 tiiii.s of Canaan combined against the invasion 
 ,)i 'he IWiiL'litcs, 1451 n.c. Tlie more emi- 
 nrat Greek leagues were the vTitolian, powerful 
 about 320 H.c, which lasted till l8r) h.c, and tlic 
 Adimii, revived 280 n.i'., wliich was broken up by 
 the conquest of Greece by the Uoiiians, 146 I) c. 
 The fall of these leagues was hastened by dissension. 
 Hjiiseatif league 1140 
 
 Liiiiitanl lcai,'in's a^'aiiist the emperors (sec J.nm- 
 ':nniii) 1167 and 1226 
 
 Caijdt^ i(';i^'iie ()'"'('V/i .^'(t) about 1396 rt scif. 
 
 Liafiieiiftiio I'lililic (iood was foiiiied in Dec. 1464, 
 liytlKiliikcs.if l.'alaliiia, Brittany, and Uniirbon, 
 aiiJ other |,iiiices against I.oiiis XI. of France, 
 timieriirctext of reforming abuses ; ,111 indecisive 
 lotlle »us fdiight at Mmithlcri, 16 July ; and a 
 tn'aty was siyned 250,1. 1465 
 
 I,i.'ij;iitofCanihi-iy agiiinst Veuii-e .... 1508 
 
 Holy Lea«iic (the Jiope, Venice, iVc), against 
 I/iuisXII . 1510 
 
 Uai,'iieofSiiialeaUl . 1530 
 
 Ifspiie of tlie lirggars ('.'iifii.r) ; the proti. stunts so 
 talW (tlmiiuli liiniian Ciitliolics.joined the li.ague) 
 tn {i|i|iose the institution of the In(|Uisitiuii in 
 PLinllers 1566 
 
 Thi Hoi.v I.EAncE, to jireveiit the- aeccssion of 
 Henry IV, nf France, who was then of the i-e- 
 fnnneil n-lij^icn, was formed at i'croiiiicand last<'il 
 till Henry eiiihraecd Uoinanisni . . . 1576-93 
 
 Lfajjiie of Wnrty.biug, by Cathidics ; of Halle, by 
 Pivtfslaiits ifiio 
 
 LKiiiiieiiBiiiisI the enipeior 1626 
 
 Wfiiin I.eat!ue and Covenant in Scotland, against 
 tlie Pi.isiii]ial goveriiment of tlie t'hiircli (see 
 ior(«««() 1638 
 
 l.ta;,iieiif.\iiKshiiit; against Frani'C . . , 1686 
 
 Ltiipie of St. Sebastian institute, I to )iroiiiiite the 
 restoration of his teiiipiaal (loiiiii.ious to the 
 lo|«, about 1870; held gtli annual luecting in 
 Loiiilon 20 Jan. 1879 
 
 Lfa^'tieiii Hill of Christians in Turkey foniied ; carl 
 ofSliafti'shniy, cliiiirnijin, . .' . 27 July, 1876 
 
 X.,li,inal Iiish '1,1111.1 League osln:>silibi fonueil to 
 liny np faniis lor the tenants; supported bv Mr. 
 Paniell aiiil dlheis, 1879 ; its enforceniei'it 
 «trinj(ent lilies against laiidhmlsaiid loval tenants 
 1 reateil a leigii of terror ; led to legislation. See 
 I"l<"iil i88o-i 
 
 Cliargeil with Cdinplicity and outrages ; dissolved 
 liyt'oveiiiiiient 20 Oct. 1S61 
 
 Xew Irish Xalinmil league formed (see Ireldiid, 
 iS82fl.W7.)(OrKan rniird Irrloiid, 1886). 17 Oct. 1882 
 Sec lime Huh, 1890, and Nutiumil Fcdinition. • 
 
 Free land leairae. see Luiid. 
 
 .Annual eoiiventi f the liisli National Lcaiiucor 
 
 (ireat Britain met at CanlilV, 29 Oct. 1887, at 
 BirtniiiKhani, 29 Sept. 1888; Manchester, He)it. 
 1881): Kilniliiir;;h. 27Sept. 1890; London 12 Dec. 
 
 1891 ; Kt other places since, Liverpool, 12 Mav, 
 1894; Leeds ". ifgs 
 
 .Seveml other lengues formed to obtain lioiiie rule 
 
 t879(7.'«.j 
 
 "National t.aiid League of rire.it Ihitain " formed ; 
 Mr. .Instill Mi-Caithv, president. 26 March; met 
 at Xewcastlc-.iii-'l'yne, 29 Aug. i,-:8i, and at other 
 _ places siiK'c. 
 
 National league f..r the iiiiillcatioiiainl cousoliilation 
 of the empire. iii,.t lit Westminster; stronwlvop- 
 liosed to iiiilair live trade . . 8 Sept. e'f se./. ,. 
 
 LEAP-YEAK or Bissextile, originated 
 
 with tile astronomers of .lulius Cicsur, 46 n.c. They 
 fixed the solar year at \(i-, da\s, (, lunirs. ooninris- 
 iiig, as they thought, the jicriod from one vernal 
 equinox to another ; tlie six hours were set aside, 
 and at the I'lid of four years, forming 11 day, the 
 fourth year was made to consist of 566 days. The 
 day thus added was calh d intcrciihirv, and was 
 placed 11 day before the 24th of Fehruary, the sixth 
 of the calends, which was reckoned f'icice, henre 
 called Itisne.ittlf or tivice xi.rf/i. This added dav 
 with us is Feb. 2i)th ; see CdUndtir. Thisarrange- 
 nient makes the year nearly three minutes lonirer 
 than the astronomical year; to obviate this, 1700 
 and iSoo were not, and ifKX) will not be Iciip-yeais, 
 but 2000 will bo one; see Calvjiihir ami Year. 
 
 LEARNING AXD the AhtS flourished 
 among the Greeks, under I'isistratue, 537 «,<■,. 
 and especially under Pericles, 444 n.c. ; aiid with 
 the Romans at the eonimenceimiit of flie Christian 
 em, under Augustus. The Greek refusrees caused 
 their revival in Italy, |)articularlyal''erthe takingof 
 Constantinople by the Turks in 145:;, and the inven- 
 tion of printing short ly bi.fore, -Ihe'perio.l of the 7?^- 
 iiaiamnce. Leo X.aiid his family (the J^fWti'i) greatly 
 promoted learning in Italy, in the l(,tli eenturv'; 
 when literature revived iii France, Geriimnv, aiid 
 Kngland; see Z^ii', -vi/'/f/f, and .lutlKU's under Gnek. 
 Latin. I',if//i.s/,, and other luiiiiiunjcs. 
 
 LEASE (from the French /rtiiwc, to let), a kind 
 of conveyance invented by Serjeant Moore, soon 
 after the statute of uses, '27 Henry VIII. 1555. 
 Acts rtdating to leases were jnissed in 1856 aiid 
 1858. Fnnjrd Lvascn vane, see Tr'uil.i, Jan. "1878. 
 
 LEATHER was very early known in Egypt 
 iiudOreei'e, and th' thongs of manufactured hides 
 were used for ropes, harness, &c., hv all ancient 
 nations. The (Jordian knot was niaile of leather 
 thongs, 530 n.c, A leather cannon was lu-oved at 
 Kdinburgh, firel three times, and found to answer. 
 23 Oct. 1778. I'liilUps. The duty on leather im- 
 posed 1(197, produced anniiallv in Ensland, 
 450,000/. and in Ireland about 'so.ocx)/. It was 
 abolished, 2') May. 1850. Manv bimkriiiitcies were 
 declared in the leather trade, in' tlie autumn of l.SfjO 
 in England. In the ease of Lawrence, Mortimore, 
 and Co.. enormons fraiidnh'iit dealing's in hills were 
 disclosed. A ))lan fur making artificial leather cut 
 of cuttings, tV-c, was m.ide known in 18(10.— 
 Leather doth (invented by Messrs. J. R, & C. P. 
 Crockett, of Xew.irk, U.S.,"aml ])atented i;i iH4fj'i is 
 r.nblce.rhcd cotton coated with a mixture of boiled 
 linsuedcil and turpentine, and coloured. The l.en- 
 ther-dnlh company. London, successm-s to Messrs. 
 Crockett, was established, 1851). An exhibition of 
 leather inannfactures at Northampton in 1875: at 
 tlie Agricultural Hall, Londiui, 15-25 Sept. iSSn; 
 20 Sept. 1881 ; and 15 Sept. 1882.' 
 
 LEBANON {ivhltv mumitnin). the mountain 
 ranK:c between Syria and Xorth Patr...tinc, assigned 
 to Israel, hut never eonquered, and huig iittnebed 
 to Syria. Special ordinance for preservation of thfl 
 ancient cedar forest, Sept. 1881. The governor- 
 
 !.<-»:, 
 
 ^■ti 
 
 Mm 
 
 (I.I 
 
 V '7' ■" 
 
 ■^4 
 
 m 
 
 'II' 
 
 im 
 
 Uh. 
 
vwiJr"!;'"'' 
 
 
 LECH. 
 
 648 
 
 LEGATIONS. 
 
 gfiiiTiil siiiie 1861 Ims l](rn ii|i|iointc(l by Tiiiki'V, 
 8ul)jc(tt(i tlic usaoiit of tlicgi-i'iit iiciwcrs. (jrcivcriKirs, 
 1873, Hiistom I'lisliii; iHSj, WiisMii I'iisliii, died 29 
 Jiine, l8g2 ; siicci'ssor Niic.iiiii Kllcndi : see ^/vart*- 
 Kiiii, hnisen, Muroiii/in, and Si/rui. 
 
 LECH, 11 riviT, S. GiMiiiany, tu'iir wliiili iit a 
 yilliige iiiinu'd Knri tlie iiuid "iniiicriiilist st'iicriil 
 'I'illv was deCcati'd I'V thi' Swcdrs, uihUt Gustavus 
 Adolphiis, 5 April, 1052, and dird of his wounds. 
 
 LECTIOXARY, tlic name sivcn lo lli,. An-- 
 lii'an tal)li! of sciijitiire lessons; see Common 
 Prayer. 
 
 LECTUllES. Those on Pli\ sic weiv instituted 
 by Dr. Thomas I.inaLre, of the College of I'hysicians 
 (lounded by Jleiiry VIII.) about 1502. Vlinical 
 lectures, at the bed-sidi' of the patients in hospitals 
 are said to have been given (b\ Ur. John Kuther- 
 lord) in Kdinbmg!!, about i;4!S'; in Dublin, about 
 1785; in Londr.n, by sir It. ('. Itrodie (1815-17). 
 .Mr. U. .Macihvain, about 1824, gave surgiear elin- 
 iciil lectures in connection with u dispensary. 
 The liolitical lectures of Thdwall, conina'nced in 
 Jan. I7()^,were intcrilicteil hv an act of parliament. 
 In the aiitunin ol 1.S5; ami since, many distinguished 
 lioblenieii and gentlemen lectured 'at mechunies' 
 institutes. An act passed in 1.S55 prohibited the 
 iiublieatioii of lectures without tii'e conseot of the 
 lecturers. See (/ri.s/idm C'(i//ci/i\ Hni/lvn Lirfiinn, 
 Royal and LoihIidi Iiis/iliitioii.s, Trin'/n, 1887, &c. 
 
 LEEDS (Yiirlishii-e), the Sa.\on Loidis, once a 
 
 Itnman station, received a charter in 1O27. See 
 J'opu/ation. 
 
 Leeds liridge l)nilt ,,2. 
 
 Sliciillcldsgraniiii:ir >,eli(.ul fiiiiii.I,. 1 . . 1552 
 
 ( cl.iured riotli li;ill liailt 1758 : White (.'lutli IimII . 1775 
 
 Literary and riiil.isci|.liieiil socieiv est.ilplislicil . ,Sio 
 
 KiitVaiicliiscd liy tlie lieforiii net I'r ■ncinliers) . . i8-!2 
 .M:iglliflcent new lowTl-ll.'lll opi'lle.i liy the i|aeen. 
 
 the ni;iyoi', I'ctcr t'.-iirtiaini. lirii^litc'il 7 .Sept. 1858 
 Mllxicitl t'esti\"als liegiui . 7-10 .Sept. 
 
 Hiitisli .\ss"ii,ltii'l) laet liere , Mept. ',', 
 
 tJreat liefonii nicetuig: .Mi. Bn>;lil tliere 8 Oct! 1866 
 An additional JLP. yiveu to J.eeds l.\ Hefcirai act, 
 
 15 Aug. J867 
 Exbiliitioa of lot treasures, opeiie.l liy t!ie prince 
 
 of Wales. ly .May, cl.>sed . . ' . -,i Oit. 1868 
 ltiiioidliay-i«nk inaugurated as a jmlilic park liy 
 
 iniaee Arthur, and new csclianyc fciuuded. 
 
 19. 20 Sept. ,872 
 
 Lliiuch congress met .... S-c Oct. ,, 
 
 New liridge opened .... g,)ulv, 1873 
 
 .Musical test n.i I 14-17 (let. 1S74 
 
 Vollishirc eoMi-r ,,f M-icMc'e upclie.l 2fi (let. 1374; 
 
 new buildiii-s Mpe 1 liy the pri'iec of Wall's 
 
 ij.luly. i33s 
 \(iikslurc cxhiliitinu of aits and ui.iiiul'actnres 
 
 <ipeneil liy the .liikeof Kdinlnugh . . n .Mav, iS7s 
 Theatre li,,yal l.uiMt 28 May. „ 
 
 \eW e\, li,.|ii;;e iipellcd .... 31 .Vli;... ,, 
 
 ■^mk^hile collc^;!' fur science I'nllii.illy 1. pencil liy 
 
 the iliikc of Hcviiiishire . . .' . fidet, 
 
 dreat alll|iliithe;itle liurilt ; loss, almut -,o.nool. 
 
 „ . , ' = .March, 1876 
 
 Musical tesfiva! 19-22 JSciit. 1877 
 
 XeWliiuilieip.il ollii-csalld puhlic lie" lilnalV opclieil 
 
 17 April, 1884 
 
 I; is i-etiiins live M.l'.'s by act pas.sed 25.)uiie, 1885 
 
 Kii.eart gallery and niuseuiii cost 10,000?. openeil 
 
 ! Oct. 1S88 
 (■■■1. J. T. Xoifh pivseuls Kirk>t;ill Abbey and 
 
 grounds In the eiupiinitii.ii . . . ' .Jan. 1889 
 .Sir Kdward liaines, chief prri|)i iitm of tbc I.ml.< 
 
 Mcriini/, .M.I', tor Lei'ils 1859 74 ; kiiightcd i33o. 
 
 lilieral iioiiciiiilnrniist ; clic.i, .•ij;c.l g,; _. March, ,Soo 
 .strike ofgas-sliikeis ; the town in dark ucs> ; a lime 
 
 15,000 riolcrs attacking the gasworks, icpniscil 
 
 atf.-r (l-htih,^: many jicr-sotis sc erel\ iiiji:reii. 
 
 jiolice re-itilorcerl iVoin neighbonriiig towns, aiitl 
 
 liy the military. 30 Jniic ; strike ends by eon. 
 
 eession to striker.s' .... -J .lnl\ 
 
 Mi'ctiiig of llritisli associiitiiiii . 
 
 At a churi'li bazaar, (ildliehl, Wiiilli'v .,' ,", 
 children dresseil in cotton wool ' «i|i.", 
 lanteins, perishecl throii;;li lir,. ' , r, 
 
 The dispute lii'twccn the eoriioi-atioi|-|,|„| „;'' ;^'; 
 
 ''.'1 I 
 
 '1 to 1,1 
 l.v' .',1 
 
 stokers aiaicahly settled 
 (Ileal lire in the stores under the rail«a 
 
 csiiniated loss, about 2(xj,(xxi/. 
 Leeds constituted a city, the iiiav 
 
 lord 
 
 The electric lighting works opiMie 
 
 Ward, the lord iimyor . 
 (ireat lire in the central inaiket ; 
 
 8o.O(Xl/. . . . . _ 
 
 Visit of the (lake and diiclie>s ol \ 
 
 of nieilieinc, Ac,, openeil 
 Destructive lire at M 
 
 pit-lane; about 1000 out of work 
 Death of col. .1. T. North, benefactor t| 
 
 king" 
 
 Strike in the bnildingtiade lii;;iiis .Miiv ■ 
 
 i"! IVii. 
 
 l.v ,II,-Il|.< ; 
 
 1 ( •I.Ui 
 
 "ni,:,i. 
 
 1:51 
 
 oik 
 
 ■l"'rteil .,1,.' 
 
 • =1 N'lit. 
 
 • !"■« ."Cll,,,! 
 
 Hcpwoiih «:Vii„V|!": 
 
 Jili'iT. 
 
 "'iliati. 
 
 ■ 5.M;o, 
 
 ■l"l»i,t.|. 
 
 "S* 
 
 per hour coneedeil to the men) , < - 
 
 .11, si.jii. 
 
 LEEK, the Welsli cnibleni, wnn, n,, st i,.,: .. 
 day, I .Mardi. The custom is tiailitu,,;,.! 
 signed to a command from Dewi or Uavi I U,l' 
 wards archbishop of St. David's, m -i.,' ti'' 
 liritoiis are said to have worn a leuk in ihij,. 
 when Cadwallader defeated the Saxons, qo 
 
 .ipt 
 
 LEESBUKG HEIGHTS, se, ii,<!r.< nui 
 LEEWARD ISLES,, West I,„lies: Antigua 
 
 (made 
 serrat 
 
 a crown colony, i8i)8), Ilarbuu:,," m!;, ! 
 St. Chnstopher"s, Nevis, \,|„nir, 
 Virgin Isles, and Dominica (»7,„.„ ,„s° 'j' 
 act for their federation pas.sed 21 Au" i.S-f 
 Goyeriior-general of the Ih'itish Isles, col "steni ™ 
 John Hill, 18O3; sirB. C. C. I'inc, l8tx) .'r 1 
 luriier Irving, 1873 ; lion. Geo. Uerkclcy, iX-,- ,{, 
 J 11. Glover, Dec. 188. ; sir C'lias. Cat,,;,.,,,, uJ 
 1883; \iscount Gonnanston, An-. I.S.S: ; .sirClniV 
 liullen Hugh Mitchell. Dec. I.S.S"; 'i,- W | 
 Smith. .Nov. 1888; sir Kraneis lleinini;, .bnl iv,-' 
 Total population of the isles in i,si,i, i2^,!-(j Ji';' 
 astrons tloods witli loss of life at .M.inNci'.it r' ' 
 ported 13 Jan. 1897. ' 
 
 LEGACIES. In 1780 receipts fur le..„itj 
 were subjected to a staniii duty, ami ia r'^jtb 
 legacy duty was inipo.scd. The impust was inriv,<ej 
 several times subsequenth, iiarticidarlv in \%- 
 1808, and 1845. In 1853 the Icgacv'dun Z 
 extended to landed or real propi.it'y. K'mtlier 
 changes were made in 1881, iS.^.S, i.s.Si',; tlie liiiv 
 was replaced in 181)4 liy the " 1- state dht';," ,,iJi, 
 Kir, also Si<mn.iwii Jjiily Art, ami l/',/'.,, J„|u 
 Camden Neild, an eccentric miser, died ;o .\ir 
 18.^2, bequeathing about 250,000/. to tlieipleiiL "" 
 Heceiveil for leaiey and succession duty in years in.iir 
 
 ;,! .March: i33o, 3.7<xi,6o6/. 
 
 3,540,385/. ; 1883, 3,536.538'. ; 
 
 3,74l,(xi9.. ; 18S6, 3,332,963/. : 
 
 3,645,062/. ; 1889, 3,736,847/. ; 
 
 3,835,243/. ; 1892, 4,028,509/. ; 
 3,983,509/. 
 
 3i59J.777'- --. 
 '884. 3.i35.8i7'.:i:i'. 
 '887. 3.37S.4SS/.: liii, 
 1890. 3,789,o-5(. : il:.. 
 1893, 4,697,Sr.7'. : i:,; 
 
 LEGAL PRACTITIOXEIJS' SOf'IKTY. 
 
 for retorming abuses, ic.. establisheil Xia. |.^-;, 
 
 LEGATES {leynliix). Human aiiiliiis.s;i(|..rs; 
 and also governors of the provinces iiitii uliitii 
 Augustus divided the empire, 27 ii.e. Lepilis sre 
 also ambassadors from the pope. The luMtc's 
 court in England, erected in 151(1 liv fariiiniil 
 ■\Volsey, to prove wills, and for the trial of oUciue- 
 ■igaiiist the spiritual laws, was soon discoiitinuol. 
 
 LEG.\TIONS wriv tlie twenty ailiiiiiii.tn.tiv. 
 divisions in the slates of the cliurcli, suvernwi 'it 
 legates. They rebelled in iX^ij-do. and aic now 
 included in tlie kingdom of Italy ; see RmiK. 
 
TION.S, 
 
 ''""■'■ ■ ,T r)..c.,, ' 
 '>n"'rali'Mi iiikI III,, ai " 
 
 '''■!■ ^>l"'ii(ilHa.vui,.i„'.,'; ■' 
 
 ii"';-n,;,,„-|„.'^,^^i';v'| 
 
 ■« "i"'i"-''i iiy' .■.i.i..'i-i,,,; ■ 
 
 ■ iVn. 
 "■l'"i->i-ii 1..,,, 
 
 Iiilulo'l ; 
 
 -"H-'^; J'S" 
 
 Hi'|,»(,itliAVu, 
 
 Ul wiM'k 
 
 .Clav. 
 ■ii ll.'c. .1.. 
 
 -51 I 
 
 ""'"* • ■■gsi.'j.i; 
 ilileiii, worn on St l)a,i,^ I 
 stniii is ti;i(liti„ii;,ilv ,/ 
 111 lJi'"i or Uavil :,|,,,, 
 
 l)iivi,l% 
 
 '." ,Si'i. Ilie 
 
 V 
 
 worn II leek in ii,,,,;. 
 I'll the Saxons, 54,), 
 
 rllT.S, siv i;,,//', j,i„^^ 
 
 i8')8), Uurlmu.'i, .m4. 
 L'l-.s .Nevis, Aii.',iili;i. 
 miiii {„■/,„■„ .,r,), \^ 
 
 piissi'il 21 Aua-. i,y-| 
 British Islos, i.ol. sii.pin 
 ^- t. I'ini', i8(>); sir 11 
 .tic".lirrk,.k.y,is;4:,i; 
 
 sir thus. Ciiniov,,,, L(„ 
 nn.Auu:. |NX:;;s,rCl,aii,; 
 )||'. 1^^:; sir W. 1. II 
 
 llllcis {■llliijii;;^ Jllll |,v,;' 
 
 lusin 1,'^.,], i25.;-(|. In,. 
 >!' life lit MoiiHeriiil.r... 
 
 rSo rccoipts IV.r 1,.j;,,j,j 
 I]! iliity, and ill i;v,tt|. 
 Tlieiiii|ii,st was ill,' ivj<ri 
 1>. imrtiiiiliirh in [^ 
 i.5 'hi' ii'^Mcy ihiu ws! 
 real propiTi'v. K'uither 
 
 Wl. I.TO, ISX,",; tliiMJlllv 
 
 111' "I'stiiiciiuiv," „/,«; 
 
 ' v/c/, uml ;/',/',,. ,i„|jj 
 trie iiiisi 1-, ilied ;,, .li;:, 
 50,000/. lo lllc iiiiivii, ' 
 
 essioll ijuty ill Vdll's, -11,111;; 
 )/. ; 1881. 1,592.777;.: 
 
 '•; '884. 3,335,3.7'.; 
 
 •{■• '887, 3.37.i.4SB;.: 
 f. : i8go. ^,789,0:5/. ; 
 
 )'• ; 1893, 4,697,307'.: 
 
 :OXElt,S' SOCIETY. 
 
 eslal)lisheii NiA. 1.^;;, 
 
 Koinaii uinl)ii.<.<:ii|.,r,,; 
 (' provinees intu iiliicli 
 ire, 27 li.e. I.e^'ntoart 
 he pope. The li;;iti''s 
 1 ill 1^1(1 liy ciiMJiBi 
 1 for the trial of otfiiiie- 
 was .iioon (liseoiitimicii. 
 
 ic twenty :iilmilii.-!;-„livi 
 he ehiirdi, Boveriini w 
 i8,;i)-(iO, mill nil' now 
 Itiilv ; see Hoiiir. 
 
 LEGHORN. 
 
 649 
 
 LEIPSIC. 
 
 LEGHORN. Livorho, Tiisenny, n mere village 
 .J Ik 151I1 I'eiitiiry, owes its prosperity to ttie 
 j|p,|i,i I'.unilu It siiflereil (Ireiiilfullv by an 
 ;j,t|ii|iiake in 1741 ; anil was entereil In llie iM-ene', 
 irniv, 2; •'"';■''?-'''• ''"' the llriiisli jiropertv h id 
 l^liri'iiioved. ll was lielit liy tlic KreiK.li IJi^G-g 
 loJretaliCT. 1800. It was unsmeessfiilly uttaeked 
 Ditbe liritish and Italian foroes in Dee. 1813. 
 I'lie.hstriiiiis took this eity from the InsurKents, 
 n, 13 Mav, 1840, anil quelled a sliglit in.snrreetion, 
 ;'dv6, liij;. Ill Juiie, 1857, above 60 persons 
 ,efekillf<l lit the theatre, throiijjh an ularin of tire ; 
 ^TiiMiiymA Itidtj. Population, i8i)o, 104,1/10. 
 
 LEGION, II '■""•ps of soldiers in the Roman 
 irniieii, s.'iii' toliave been formed by Romulus, wtien 
 irioDsisti'ilof30(» foot and 300 horse, about 720 n.c. 
 jhra Huniiibal was in Italy, 2!() B.C., the legion 
 «n^l.^tl'll of 5200 .soldiers ; nnd under .Mariiis, in 
 jj B.C., it ^>'i"* ^'^00 soldiers besides -ijo horse. | 
 Tjierewrre ten, anil sometimes as inany as eif,'hteen, 
 |:..ioii3 kept at Koine. Augustus had ji standinf; 
 irmvof 45 lejjioiis, together with 25,000 aorse and 
 ••,000 lislit-arineil troops, about 5 n.c. ; and the 
 ptf fstiibli.-hnient of AdriiiTi was thirty of tliese 
 [.inniilaWe liripides. A \vf\im was divided into ten 
 ;„|i,)rts, iind every cohort into six centuries, with a 
 tisiiluni, or standard, guarded by ten men. The 
 Bice of Brituin was protected by three legions. 
 Ifi Thmideriiiri Leg io>i. 
 
 LEGION OF HONOUR, a Frencli order 
 mkaiin); the arniy, civil ortieers, and other iiidi- 
 (ijuals distinguished for services to the state ; 
 iii-titutt'd by Xiipoleou Bonaparte, when first consul, ' 
 I'l May, 1802, to replace the old suppressed orders of 
 tiiight'hooii, Arc. The order was confirmed by Louis 
 XVIII. ill 1815, and its coi, titiition moditied in ' 
 I'JiOand 1851. The honour was conferred on many ; 
 British subjects who distinguished themselves iii 
 tkcRiissiiin war, 1854-6, and in the Paris exhibitions 
 ,il i8;5, 1867, 1878 and 1889. The pal.ice and offices ■ 
 iwcnumtbythecomniiinalists, 23 Hay, 1871. The 
 Lijiuii fomprisi'd upwards of 54,000 "members in 
 1^7 The iilleged traffic in decorations ci"ised 
 iiiuili cxoiteiiieiit. Oct. 1887 ; council censured by 
 tliffhamber, rcsisns. 16 July; plans for re-organi- 
 siitioii proposed, Oct. ; gen. Davout miidc grand 
 
 i fLiiiu-ellor of tlic reconstituted eouiieil, Dec. 1805. 
 
 I Sff i'fdmr. 
 
 LEGITIMISTS, a term (since 18 14) appliei! 
 [.) those who suppnrt the claims of the elder branch j 
 of the Bourbon faniilv to the tlirone of Franee, 
 uliosfrepreseiiliitive, llenry, duede liordeaux, caUed 
 coiiit»di>ChiiMilinrd, liorii 29 Sept. l820,died 24 Aug. 
 iSSj. They held a congress at Lucerne on 24-2') 
 June, 18C2, and agreed to continue a piieitie policy. 
 Iheparty was active in Feb 1871-5. Their efforts to 
 11 iwer power have proved ineifectuiil ; see France. 
 
 .May, and by Fairfax, 17 ,liine, 11)45. The st.ickiiig 
 manufaetiiie w,is introduced in i(i,So. Xew town" 
 hall opened, 8 Aug. 187!). \cw Abla.v park opened 
 bv the prill. .e of \Val(.s, 2() Mav icH8->' " ' ' 
 I.S81, 122,370; i,S.)i, 142,051.' 
 Hi. it iiccasiiaicl by a slrik.' 
 
 Piipuliitiiili, 
 
 - , iiucll.'il by 111.. p..lie. 
 11-12 V>'h. ; I'li.l ..f slrik.' . . . ,', i.',.| 
 William (iray l,..w.,, nu'rcliant, t'Miin.l ,l,.ai| liv 
 lev.ilver sli.pt ill a .Mi.llaii.l railwav earring.. Iil.r. 
 
 Gi'.'at . 
 
 i3,5C 
 
 ■ 337 
 1 33.^ 
 1894 
 1896 
 
 . . 21 Aug. 
 
 'p|)"sitioiit.,vaceiiiati..n 1 33 ) c' .«''';. ; similarv 
 
 I>rc..aiili..iis slri(.||y ..iiCiic..,!, scJ. Vwviimiinii ' 
 Mi.ssrs. lira.lsliaw Ik, rayii..'s slioe laclorv liiinit, 
 
 l.,ssal«.v.. ,5.,„V ■ ,,„,.,. 
 
 Wati-r laiiiiiii' llinm-li l.iiig ilroii-lit. Sept.. ( )|.t. • 
 
 r.'li..v.'.l by gr.'al ex.M'ti.ais aii.l lica\ v rains, Nov. 
 liii.Mi: agnciiltiiral .society's slii)wli..hrh..|i. in ,868 • 
 
 .."W'i" • .• ; sj.lan. 
 
 .N.'W r.'s..rviiir an. I wiit..rwiirk,. op.. I at t'liarii- 
 
 w. 1.1.1 I.'or.'st 1,1 S. 'lit 
 
 \..w art an. I te|.luii..al si.|ii«,ls o'|,..|i,.i'| bv t'li.. bislion " 
 
 "'■'^■""'"'' ■ . 5 Oct. ,397 
 
 LEICESTER SQl'ARE, London. See 
 Olii/ie. 1 he si|uiire, alter remaining some time in a 
 disreputable slati., was renovated bv .Mr Albert 
 (jriint, who bouiflit np the enclosure, and presenled 
 it to the Metr.ipolitiin Board of Works, 2 Julv 
 1874. 
 
 LEIGHLIN (W. C'arlow), a see founded bv 
 St. Laserian, about (128. Biinhard. tlie Norwegian", 
 tlie son of (iarmond, foiiudi.d or endowed the priory 
 of St. Stephen of I.i'ighlin. Mish.ip Doran, appointed 
 in 1523, was murdered liy his arclideacon. .Maurice 
 Ciivenagh, who was hanged on the .spot where the 
 crime was eiimmiffi.d. ]!ai/.so)/. In lUio Leiglilin 
 was united t.i Ferns; the ciimbincd sec united to 
 Ossory in 1835 ; see Fcnis and Jli.s/io/t.K. 
 
 LEININGEN (or Lin-anoe), a principality 
 partly in Bavaria, linden, and llcsse, mediatised lii 
 l,So(). The present prin.'c Fh'nest, Imrn 9 N.iv. 1830, 
 a captain in the British navy, is the son of prince 
 Charles, the lialf-lirother of qu"ceii Victoria. Feodore, 
 dowager princess of Iloheiilohe Langenbiirg, the 
 queen's lialf-sister, died 23 Sept. 1S-2, aged nearly 
 
 ''5: W 
 Victor of 
 
 LEGN.A.GO, u fortress on the Adige, N. Italy, 
 
 oiir of the (luiidrilateral. It was captured by the 
 freiu bin 1790 ; hut reverted to tli,' .Vustriaiis in 
 l^lj. It was surrendered to the Italians in Oct 
 
 1S60, 
 
 emperor 
 Milanese 
 
 LEGNANO, Lmnbardv. Here the 
 Frederick llarhiir.issa was defeated bv the 
 and their allies. 29 May, 1176, and the treaty of Con- 
 •stimte wisueil in 1185. 
 
 LEICESTEK (central England), a bishopric 
 
 j fir a short time in the 8th century, returned two 
 
 ...lubera tn jwiliiuiient in the reign of Kdward I. 
 
 , Here Richard III. was buried, 25 Aug. 1485; and 
 
 here cardinal Wolsev died, 29 Nov. 1530. During 
 
 ! Ibf ,inl war, Leicester was taken by Charles I. 31 
 
 son, count (ileiehen, iiftcrwiinl.. prince 
 Ilohcnbihe. born [835, died 51 Dee. 1.S91. 
 He entered the British navy in Sept. 1848, and was* 
 long ill active service, especially in the Crimean 
 war. He was also an eminent sculptor. The tir.st 
 husband of the duehess of Kent, prince Fniieh of 
 Leiningen, died 4 July, 1814. 
 
 LEINSTER, a kingdom in 1107, now one of 
 the four provinces of Ireliind. The abduction of 
 Devorgilla, wife of O'Kiiar.., a lord of Connaught, 
 by Dermot king of Leinstcr in i!52. is asserted to 
 have led to the landing of the iinglish and the 
 subsequent conquest. The province of Leinster gave 
 the title of duke to Si.homberg's s n in 1(190. The 
 title became extinct in I7I(). anil was conferred on 
 the family of Fit/gernld in I'l^,. 
 
 LEIPSIC (Siixonv), an ancient iit\, famous 
 for Its university (founiled 14(k)) and its tair (1458). 
 At Breitenfeld, le'iir here, (iustaviis Ad.dphus, king 
 of Sweden, defeated the Impi'iialists. under Tillv, 
 7 Sept. 1(131 ; anil tlie Imperialists were again 
 defeated here by the Swedes, imil.'r Torstenscn, 2^ 
 O.t. 1042. Here took plme, .m id, i.S, 19 (Jet. 1813, 
 ''//ll' battiv nf the iiiitious." iictween the Freiiili 
 army and its allies, coininiinded bv Napoleon 
 (Kw.ax)), and the Austrian, Kussian, ii'nd Pru.ssian 
 nrinies (240,(xx) strong). Tli,. French were beaten 
 chu'tly owing l.i 17 Sax.m battiilion.s, their allies, 
 turning upon them in the heat of the engagement, 
 80,000 men perished on the Held, of whom more 
 than 40,(XX5 were Freiieli, wlm aNo lost 65 pieces of 
 
 li ''■ 3 I 
 
 I ., 
 ' fi 
 
 .-#, 
 
 I 
 
 1 .4 \ -jt-W^^ 
 
 ifl '*f^ V 
 
 H* n'r.v- 
 ' ii'"'"/^„ 
 
 m^ M 
 
 -i,..i ^' 
 
 'H 
 
 .- I 
 
 i I 
 
 
 
 ■!, .j 
 
 
 ill' 
 
LEITH. 
 
 U<30 
 
 LESSOXH, 
 
 artillery, and iiiiiny staiiiliinls. Tlic viitury was 
 foUoWBd liy tlie ii'ipliirc u{ I.cipsic, of the rem- 
 Kiiiirddf the FiTiicli .irruv, aiidnftlLc kiny (if Saxony 
 and Inn family. Tlic 50II1 anniversary was celc- 
 liratod iX Oct/iWi^, Tiic /,(///.s/c liiiok' fnii- lic^an 
 I v(5. Till' new Siiiinmc Court for all (li'rniany 
 /ipi'iii'd here i Sept. 1871). I'.ipulalion in iKS'v 
 170,340; in l.S(/i, jy^,272. 
 
 LEITH, l!ii' port of I'Minlmruli, was burnt liv 
 lln' oarl of llcrlforii in l-;44. It was fortilii'd l)y Ihi' 
 l-'rcncli i)artisans of i|ui'i'n Mary in i^fK), "ami 
 Kum'ndi'rfd tn the English, Tlie " Ajcrirnicnt ot 
 l.cith" ln'twcen tlic siipiriiilciKlcnt-i and ministers 
 was nnidc, Jan. 157-- H'o <lo(k.s Hcie begun 
 1720. I.i'illi was made a bur;;li in lM.5.5. I'opu- 
 jation, i8()i, ()().(i()(i. 
 
 LEITIIA, a riv.'r ilivi,linn- tl 
 lories; see Aiistrid. 
 
 LEITH HILL, near Dorkin;.', Surrey, said to 
 have been u Jtonian station, and 1ms a" view of 
 eleven counties, being aliout liXK) leei above the 
 Hen level. 'I'he lofty tower on its sunnuit was 
 erected in 171)0 by >lr. Uieliard Hull the then owner 
 of Leith Hill I'liice, he died 18 Jan. 1772 and was 
 biiritd within the tower. 
 
 LELEGES, a I'edasfrie tribe which inhabited 
 Laconia about 141)0 u.c, and alter iiiaiiv contests 
 iiierged into the Hellenes , see lIMax. 
 
 ^ LE MANS, a I-"renih city, department of the 
 Sartlie. Here the retreatin;; KriMH li urneral (.'hanzy ; 
 was overtaken aiul defeated liy the Germans under 
 prince Frederick Charles anil the uranil-duke of 
 ilecklenbur^% after some ciinllicts: Ki, 11 Jan. 1871. | 
 Le .Mans was eutered 12 Jan. In six days' lighting 
 iibiiut 22. (KW Fi-emli dc piisiiners. ' I 
 
 LEMURES. The ancients .-uoposed that th( ' 
 tioul, aftia' death, wandered over the world, and 
 disturbed th(' peace of thc' liviuL;-. The hapjiy 
 jipirits were called l.dvvx IdiiiHhti-t'n, and the 
 unhappy, J.emKrin. The Uomaii festival, Liniii- 
 ralia, kei>t on 9, 11, I ? .May, is mythically .said to 
 have been instituted by Komulns'about 747 i!.c., 
 to propitiate the sjiirit of the slaughtered Ueinus. 
 
 LENNIE MUTINY, See MntiuUs, 187.S. ' 
 
 LENT (from the Saxon, lencfcii, spring). The 
 forty days' fast observed in IheOreek, Roman catho- 
 lic, Knglisli,aii(lotlierrliurehesfrom.\sh-\Vedne.sdav 
 to Faster-day. Tiie commencciiieiit of Lent varied, 
 hut in the "8th or !)th century .Vsh Wednesday 
 hecaine the lir>t day. Lent w.i-i first observed in 
 England by (omniaiid of Ercombert, king of Kent, 
 ju640or(4l. //«/ic'v r///v»/. Flesh was prohibited 
 during Lent; 1ml Henry VIII. permitted the use of 
 white mint.s bv a procl,iniati(jn in 154.^, which con- 
 tinued in force until, by proi-lamation of James I., 
 in 1619 and 1625, and dy Charles L, in 1O27 and 
 Id^I, tlesh was again wiioUy forbidden ; see .Ixli- 
 II ti/iwxddi/. Qn(i(/i-(ii/t:iiinci. ' 
 
 LEON, KlXGDO.M OK, see under •S/iaiil. 
 
 LEONARDS' ACTS, Loud St., 22 & 2; 
 
 Vict. c. ,35 ; 2,5 i; 24 Vict. e. 38 (l^S'^to), relate to 
 legal proceedings. 
 
 LEONINE CITY (C/ttd iMmiiui or Borgn), 
 formerly a suburb, now included in the city ot 
 Home, was founded by I.eo IV., pope 847-55, "and 
 iiiinied Leop'dis. It c"ompi-e!iends tin- castl(''of St. 
 Aiigelo, the hospital of San Spirito, the Vatican 
 palaei! and gardens, and St. Peter's. Its possession 
 was allotted to popi' I'ins I.V, when the Italian ro\al 
 
 troops entered Home, 20 Sept iS-n 11 
 inhabitants of the Leonine cilvvon'd'n ,..•'" '- -. 
 the kingdom of Italv, 2 Oct. |'8-,, ' '•'"'" '■'m 
 
 , LEONINES,hexamcteran,lpcatamcl,.rv,r.,,! 
 
 rhyming at the middle and the ,„'l, ;„ ,; V\"'"'' 
 lieen first made hv Leoninus, , ,', „ I '""' 
 middh. .,f the 121I1 cenlurv, .,r I ', "V" "•' 
 about (,82. ■' '■ ''"I" '■"■11. 
 
 LEOPOLDS, I'KIXCK. VWir.vl 
 
 .H'T (pas,sc,l 7 .\u.. 187.1), |;r.,^i,•|:;)V."M 
 I5,(><X)/. a year, from 7 .\pril, i.V-, hI,,., j '"'" 
 of age. ' "■ ''V;. 1 
 
 LEPANTO (near Coriiitb), |i;,„i,. . 
 1571: wlirii the cduibincd lints „f S„,i„'v ' 
 
 ^';;r;ri'?':;::j'.^i..':'''r..^''V"'!-™.":il;t' 
 
 .\u.-!!rian terri- •'ohn of .\iislria, defeated Ihc'wii,,!,- 
 
 dtheTurks,aMdc,unpb.tclycbe,.kcdti;:b';;;j,::;; 
 
 . LEPROSY, a skin disease (b.^.i-ilifd ill /,,, 
 .\;ill. (n.c. I.(i;o), which prevailed ill iii„ I,,; , !'"' 
 thro,„i,ou. .\sia It li,,s nnw „h„o.,i ,| ' ,' '" 
 Irom I'.uropc. It chietlv alfe,!,.,! ,1,0 l,,,,.,,"' " 
 yet oci-asioually proveil ImImI t,, the v,'iv \lt7\ 
 personages, Ihdiert Hruceof Sn,llaiid,li.,r„r|'n"'' 
 in 132,,. \ hospital lor leper, u.s f„|,j ""I 
 'jran.idii, bv iiueeii Isaliella ,if Castile, ;,1„„,, . ,' 
 anil a large number of leper liou-cs were Immi 1''' 
 Hritain. Dr. Fdniondson , net with a. iJ. •'.''' 
 , burgh in i«ck). ' ' '^"■''• 
 
 ■riic ^Mcat increase of leprcsv in Mic S;,ii,l«i,.l, 1,;,. ;. 
 ; compelled tlie Kovcrmiiciit I,, isH|i,t,. n,,, 1,,, '"';,'! ' 
 lar;;e imialiers were traiisp..ii,.,| 1,, M,,|,,Ji ', " 
 llle.v eiiiliiicl liiucli sliirciiii^., Sin,.;. ,«,, I- •■'■ 
 Jo.scpb Daiiiicu (dc VcustiT), K. c. |), i.,!,,,, , ' "'■ 
 I ary, (Icvntcd bis wli.ilc lit,- iii..sl slice, <.'||,||, .' V'"' 
 \ yciieral relief, and lliially .li.d ,,r thHi ,|is,.as,.' , , , '" 
 10 April, 1889. Oilier iiiissini,:iri,.s, ijiiili.,i|,',i'i"'.'.*; 
 are eoiitiiiiiiiit; bis liiliMiirs. ""'Mt 
 
 The h'nllin- lliiinii 11 Mniiniinl luu..l, uihIit tin „■ , 
 of the piiiici of Walls, ui.s r..iiiii|,.,l ;i|„,||. ',.'";!,!" 
 1889; and on 29 .liiiic it, '.iiis (litiTiiiii,i.,l tn m-iV 
 nicniunal statue of l-'atlnT l>iiiiii,ii ;ii Kiiliiwii, •'■■* 
 cstMblisli 11 fiiiMl for 111,. „„.,|i,..ii tivaiiiii.nt'.'i'.ui 
 ,lis,'as,- III til,. I,iiii,.,l Kiii^',1,,1,1, ;,i„lf,.ii|,|,|,|,,, , ', 
 ,it tlic stiuly ,if it at leMiic ,111, 1 al.r,«i,l csi're.j;,;;;. ;! 
 
 Sir Henry |i. |.i„.li foiiinls 11 ll,l^],ital al lt,ilili,. 
 
 island, Call,' colony .... 8A|r'.:-, 
 N.-itn.iial Ij.prosy l-'iin,l ; snlisciipti liiiiicnit t|„: ' ^ 
 
 ll,it,l.\l,trnp„l,., il„. |iiiiic,„f Wales iiitli,,.li„ir. 
 
 Til,' .\ll.,.|l N'ietor 1, ■prosy liosjiiliil .-it l alVn'i'.'' 
 foilli,l,',l (,| 
 
 Tile liiin. sir Ilinshaw .Miiiiiick.i,i- P.tit |ins,ns 
 ioo,o<xjriipi'estoroiiiiilalcp,-rlni-.piialiit Hfiii,|,av 
 annoiinccd p^.j^' 
 
 Til,' Uritislili'prosyeoniiiiissioniiriivi-iliitCainitia 
 Xov. 1P90; tliey report llial tlierc iiri' iilwiiij 
 iio,«y.Ie|icrs in I ml in an, 1 liiuiiinli ; tlmt|,,,i,„v 
 
 is not iiicreiisint'. ami iiiiiy ihlIimMv !.,■ iv.iy ' 
 
 by sanitation ; Ibat it is n,it p'ii,'raliv iM-iwlitai', 
 or eontaL'ioiis, ami 01 i'.'inat,-s clii,.tly i'li iliit : tjin 
 rccoinnieiel jialicioiis ls,)laii,in ," , ^.,pi j;. 
 
 Hiss Kate .Marsilen li,ni,jiiiv,l by the ipiwii furlni ' 
 exert ions am, H,^' the Siberia 11 lepers, about 24 Oil. 
 i8q2 ; her l,o,)k |Mil,lislir,l .... Jai" 
 
 Iiitcrnatioiial c,mgi,-ss at. Il,.rlin, prof. Viirlnjii] 
 discoverer nf tin' li.pr,iiis cells, pri'siili-nt. ,,' 
 Oct. ; CMiiiuissioii appointeii . . 14U,':. e- 
 
 LERIDA, the ancient Ilerda, K. Spain, founoio 
 by the Carthaginliins. Near it Juliius Ca'-;ir dt- 
 feated Pompey's lieutenants, 41) n.c. Itwasnuii,' 
 the residence of the kings ,if Arie.;nn, 1141). Ilwai 
 captured for Philip V. by tlieFreiieJi unili'rthed5kf 
 of Orleans, I,^Oet, 1707, and hySucbet, i3May,iSic. 
 
 LKSE- MAJESTK, or lezc-inajesty, any 
 crime eominitted against sovereign power. 
 
 LESSONS, see Common Pra>/tr. 
 
' •'^'.Tt. 1.S70. AIku, ,. i 
 
 'Hill's .1 (■iin,.n ,1 
 '"">' •"■ h- V'[» 1,,„1| 
 
 |«:t:. |.r..vi,i,.;i •; ,'f, 
 '"'■'"'ii). liiiiii- ,,f -,,, 
 
 ''•' •^"'^"'■^l'i".'v,u, I 
 
 1 i"';vii„i,.,„Mht,„,,-,,; ' 
 ''iyduTii,,i!i„.i,-|,„j„ ' 
 
 |lli'\.lll('(l III ;lli,i,,,„ ,; I 
 
 ^ '!"«■ .iiinost (lis,,,,;;:, 
 
 «-'"IN''"tli.ii,l,h,,,l„fl,,„,, 
 
 !'• ''■i";i;> «^as n,:i,ia',i :• ^ 
 
 "■'■ li;'U:"s WIT,. fu„„,le,l „ 
 ' lii'f «ltliu(;.N,Mi, K.lin. j 
 
 'sviii 111,. Sanilwidi 1,,:. 
 
 lit t" is,.iiiii. til,, i,,|,..;v. 
 "»i'"n,.,i t„ .M..i.,ku;,.;i' :;;: 1 
 
 lli'ini- .Si,,,.,. ,8, p ,;. 
 
 i"i). it. I'. it,i™i, ,,,.:'■ 
 
 I'; iiii'sl s;i,,,,, s.^iuiK ,, ■,,■■, I 
 '"■''"'■"'■■ii 'lis.;iM-'.„,,,i,:' 
 ii,ssiiii,iirl.-s, hiuli'iiiiili,, ,,;■ I 
 
 M. " 
 
 '1/ h'liiul, ,iii,|,,|' 111, ,|,,,,^,_ 
 
 ".•IS l'.rl|||,l,,,l „|„,|,| „ ,' 
 
 '■Mis,i,i,.ii,,ii„,,i t,, „:.'■■ 
 
 I' l':M,li,,|i ,11 K:il;i»,|„,,,,;." 
 
 ' illi'.iil'ill fivall„rl,|',,| .;,,. I 
 
 K'li'iii, :iiir||-,,rili,,|,|,,^ , ,^ 
 II! ami alriiiiul fsiin.j;,;;, j' 
 
 , or Iczi'-miijcsty, My 
 fiovcrciirii |,i,«er. 
 
 Lilii 
 
 LEFTEUS. (Ml 
 
 iimtt Cnp'li"!> Machiue, Ep'mtU.s, Lilniiliire, 
 
 lETTHES DE CACHET, kcmIkI IrtUis 
 iaurtlliv till' !<'">■"* tif l''i'ii"ii'i' Kiiiii' iilt.'iit 1070, hy 
 irtuc if «li'''l' 'h'l'*'' lifi'i'i'i" iij;iiiiist wliiiin tlicy 
 ' jir,.|,|i.|| wrro tlii'owii iiilo |mIs,iii i,r I'.xilci. 
 Ihe .Natiimul Assembly dni-ccil tlii'ir abi)litiiin, i 
 .Vol, :;*). 
 
 LETTUCE) introdiicid into 
 
 LI MEL. 
 
 ^^ , .,, EnslunJ fi'iiiii 
 
 flJ;iJfViilinut'l520. It is saiil tlmt when iiuccii 
 r,lhi'riiii' wislii'il for " salad, t.lii! liad to ,sciid to 
 lllllaliilorFlaiiiliTS for Icttiicf. 
 
 lEl'CTKA, ill Ilii'otia, X. (iii'cic, where the 
 rvliaiu iiiidiT Kpaniiniiiidas ili.lVali'd the ,siipcriol 
 
 I |„p',.'iil't'li'i>i"'>i""i''|l^'"J^"'''^l""''"' ^•'"',^'.?7> "■'•■ 
 lOO Spartans, with llii'ir kill};, wire .slain, 'I lie 
 jiurtiiiiJ gniilually lost llieir iire|ioiiileranie in 
 
 LEUDE.S, IViiin till' flerinaii, T.ddc, jieople. 
 Xalifc fi'iiilal vus.sals, t'aitlil'iil to the (ierniiin aiul 
 [•I'j.nJi sovciviiriis in the dtli and 7th eentiiries. 
 
 LEUTHEX (S. Prussiu) ; sec Lissa. 
 
 LEVANT (till' East), a term applied to Greeie, 
 Tarki'V, .Vsiii Minor, \.i-. I.evinii eonipaiiies, in 
 Lmdiiii, MiTi' I'stalilished in l.S.Si, 151)3, 'i'"l "'O.v 
 
 LEVELLERS, a finalieiil party in Oennany, 
 ),,,jj,.Jl,v Ihiurcr and Slorck in Ihe If,th century. 
 tliotauslit tliiit all distinetions of rank were usiirpa- 
 lions on the riclits of niankinil. At the head of 
 laOOO men, Muneer eoiniiianded the sovereign 
 piiifi'sof Germany and the niaijistrates of cities to 
 tisi;iithi'irautliiiii"ty; and on hisnianli his followers 
 ravasi'il 1I11-' country, 'i'ht' landj;rave of lless(. at 
 Itiijdi ilcfeatcl hiiii at Fraiikenhansen, i; May, 
 k:;; 70(X)of the enthu.iiasts fell in the liattle, aiid 
 th,' mt lied ; their leader was taken and heheaded 
 al.Miiliiiiusen. The En;;lish " l.i.vellers," i)owerfnl 
 inparliiiinentin 1647, were put down hy Cromwell 
 ir,V)49, ami their leader Lilhurii was tried and 
 ao,|iiitIed. At the period of the Krencli revolution 
 Mime I-evellers appeared in En;,'l,»iid. A " Loyal 
 As.-ofiatinn " was formed against them hy John 
 llfrves, Nov. I7')2. 
 
 LEVELS- The groat Level of the FvM is a 
 
 liiw-lyini! district of about 20(X) square miles, in 
 
 I.inrolnshire, IIuiitiugdonsliire,C'aiul,ridi;i'shire,and 
 
 X.iifiiik, said to have lii'cn overliown hy tlie sea 
 
 ,l'iriii;raii eartluiuake, 3(18. It was long afterwan's 
 
 : ,111 inland sea in winter, and a no,\ious swamp in 
 
 I juranier, andwasgraduallydrained — hy the Uomans, 
 
 ! till' Saxons, and especially by the monks during the 
 
 ri'ijins of the l'lantai;enet kings. One of the first 
 
 '.wrks on a lar;,'e scab' was carried out by Morton, 
 
 ,;.l,..n«P l.'K. ;« tl,.,,,,,;,r„ Af n, .„,,,- V'TT V <r<.,, 1 
 
 wi>rK,' 0,1 a iai;;c sciiii' *>iia i .ii 1 len im,l hy .Morton 
 '.jiliopof Kly.in the reign of Henry VII. .\ gcneiii 
 ,lniinaj;e act was passed by the advice of lord Hurgli- 
 !fv. in ifol, bat little work was done till the ri'ign 
 .)f James I,, who, in 1(121, invited over the great 
 Dutch engineer, Cornelius Vermuyden, to assist in 
 ihegencral draiiiageof the country. After eouiiilet- 
 ingsever.d great Works, Vermuyden agreed 'in Ifi2f)) 
 10 drain the "Great Level." lie was at first 
 lireu'nted from procei'ding with his undertaking 
 through a popular cutcry against foreigners ; but 
 I ivfiitually, aided by Francis, earl of Hedford, in 
 i spite of the great opjiosition of the iieojile, for whose 
 iiriielil he was labuuriiig, he declared his great work 
 , .jmplete in 1652. He also reclaimed much valuable 
 land at Axliohne, in Lincolnshire, 1O26-30, and 
 
 here 
 
 land at Axlioline, in Lincolnslure, li)2(j-30, 
 many Dutch and French ]irotestants settled 
 
 about I''U; and n few of their descendants still 
 
 remain. — 1 hell' are the Middle, Hedford, South, 
 
 and North Levels. 
 
 The ilnilM,,-,. ,,f the CmciiI Level eiii|ilc,yeil tlie 
 tiiliuts III Idiini,. (iili.iiit 1B07), ami of Tflforil 
 (i8.>.|), .'iiid "I'.ithi'r ciiiiiii.iit ciigii IS, 
 
 The .Miililh' l,.,v,,| i-i,tiii,iissii,ii ,-ut tliroiiyli ccrtaiii 
 liiirrii.r liMiiks, 1,1, ,1 r,.|ih„,,,,l thi'iii l,y other works ]C44 
 
 This,. \v,T,. i,,|,i,iie,l nils,, mill In Maiih. iiinl the 
 iiiitfall sluice ill ,st, Uci'iiiaiiis. near Kind's l-yuii, 
 gave way , .May, 1S6.1 
 
 Ilinb tides iiisiiiiig, all,, lit 6.,oo ui.'ics ,,f fi'itile huul 
 w,.|v imiiiil.iliil. caiisiii;,' M loss i,r aliout ^5,000!. 
 Al'ti'r iii,wc,iii,,.|, ;,ii,l. r,,i- II while. UMsiii.ccssl'ul 
 illoi'ts. a 11, 'W I ..ilir ihiiii was eoiistructcil under 
 the su|„'iiiitii,il,.|iieol'.Mr. llawksiiaw, which was 
 ri.|„,ilci| sc.111,,1 July, ,, 
 
 Aiiothi'r iiiuinlatioii, begun through the huistiug 
 Ufa marshlaiHl sluice, near l.viiu, was ehi'iki'd 
 
 4<)'t, ,, 
 
 New oulfall slui, .■ iiiieucil . . . .;6 .N,,v. 1^77 
 
 LEVinUAN :\ri'.SErM, formed bv sir Ash- 
 ton Lever, e.\hibiled to the ]iublic at Leicester- 
 bouse, London ; it was oti'ered to the public, in 
 Ij'^.V by the I hance of a guinea lottery, and won hy 
 Nir. I'aikinsoii, in 17H:;, who sold it by auction, iii 
 lots, May-July, i,So6. 
 
 LEVIATHAX, -see Sfann XiniyalioH. 
 
 , LEWES (Susse.xl, where Henry III,, king of 
 
 England, was defeated by Monlfert,earl of Leicester, 
 and the barons, 1^ Miiy, 12(14. Mmiiiv, The 
 king, his brother Hichird. king of the Romans, aiul 
 his son Edwaiil, afterwards IMward I., were taken 
 prisoners. One division of .Moiitfort's army, a body 
 of Londoners, guve way to the furious attack of 
 prince Edward, who, pursuing the fugitives too far, 
 caused the battle to he lo.st ; sei' Krixliidu. Popu- 
 lation. 1.S81, 11,11)9; i.Siji, 10,1)97. 
 
 LEXICOX, see Ithtimitiries. 
 
 LEXINGTON" (Massachusetts), Battle of, at 
 the beginning of the war of independence. 'Ihe 
 British obtained the advantage, aijd destroyed the 
 stores of the revoltid cohuiists, but lost in the battle 
 273 men, killed and wounded, K) .\pril, 1 775. The 
 nostilities 'bus commenced continued to 178^. — 
 Lexivotox, a town in Missouri, U,S,, fortified by 
 the Federals, was attacked by the confederate general 
 Price, on 29 .Vug., and after a gallant ri'sistance by 
 colonel Mulligan, surrendered on 21 Sept. 1861. 
 
 LEYDEN (Holland), Lui/didimn lUituioridii, 
 important in the 1 5th century. Jietween 31 Oct. 
 1 57,5, and 3 Oct. I f;74, when it wasridieved, it endured 
 two -ieges hy the armies ot Spain, during which (XXX) 
 of the inhabitants died of famine and pestilence. In 
 commemoration the university was founded, 1575. 
 In l()f)9 two thirds of the population jierished by a 
 fever, which, it was said, was agirravated by its 
 improper treatment hy professor Do la Hoe. The 
 university was almost destroyed by a vessel laden 
 with io,iX)0 lbs. wi'ight of gun|)0wder blowing up 
 and demolishing a large part of the town, and killing 
 numbers of people, 12 Jan. 1807. The f.ei/cleii ^ar 
 was invented about 1745, by Kleist, Mnschenbroek, 
 and others ; sei^ E/ecin'ri/i/. Population, 189O, 
 4.5. .S 10. 
 
 The tliinl cent, ■nary of the fiiiiielatioii of the univer- 
 sity celeliratcil jnyliilly .... 8 Ki'li, 1875 
 
 LIBEL. Hy the Itonian laws of the Twelve 
 Tables, libels v.-hidi atf'ected there])utationof another 
 were made capital ott'ences. In the British law, 
 whatever renders a man ridiculous, or lowers a man 
 in the opinion and esteem of the world, is deemed a 
 libel. "The greater the truth tlie greater the libel," 
 the well known law ma.\im of a high authority, is 
 
 ■1 <L . 
 
 'd .... 
 
 
 fi 
 
 il ,\ ^"*' 
 
 wf 
 
 
 
 V:* 
 
 h' 
 
 N I 
 
 ■ii! ( 
 
 
 f s ' 
 
 - i'fi t 
 
i 
 
 : i 
 
 ik 
 
 I 
 
 LIBERALS. 
 
 66i 
 
 'tti 
 
 ipfi 
 
 
 LIBEIUA. ~ ""~ 
 
 IHDKmiiiliiH, i8.(iiri. 1895 ; IIikI,!,.,,!,,.!,] .,/« ' 
 
 .a.,h; N„i»i,.i,, ,; .>f,i,,.|,, 180 V;; "'""■!'■ 
 
 Miuch, ,Sy8. "'• '■'.■"'■•l-i'. , 
 
 Niillnii,,! |ii„.iMl iliil,, W..Mlhilnst,.|- r..m„l..,rv 
 
 tic.i. (illioiiH,. Ml Wliitchull liil.l 1,; .MiCli'i,,,!";'';'" 
 
 linwiliaputiMl; hc,. Tniih, 17HK, 17CX), 170J, i8oj, 
 1808 «/ m/., i«(i5, 1882 i iiiid (iiotr) ruietiln mid 
 Tillies, 
 
 l>i!<|n'r»iii;; sliiiiiliTiiii.i lilii'ls niiiilr fi'l.iM.v . , 154, 
 Will. I'rviiMi', 11 ]iiiriliui liiwyiT, lliinl s.h.i/., i.l.ici'ii 
 
 ill till' pilliPiy, Wlinv \\\h CNllN Hl'lr rill iitr, tiiiil , 
 
 ','"l'n« 1, I'm- wiitiiiK ••lllHtii..i,i,i-tiv,';. - Tin' IIIm^i'iI niuii.iin- h, .aa. o . tS,\\, 1 
 
 t.ili.. M Ml,,! ,,11 III,. ,|ii 1. wlio riiv,„iiv,| tjii.iii. ■...'.""""""'' I 
 
 1633: lie wjis Irii'il ami fiirtliiM ] Uli,.,! |,.|' lijs 
 
 witiriral \n-iliii^;s in ,g„ 
 
 Fdx'.s lili.'l tiill, wliirli i-iilm-KiMJ till! (lisnvii.ni.'iiv " ' niul ullins) iixulml Mr ViiuiiVi',!;' '"'1 ''■,■'"""■■ 
 
 lnr,ls,M,7,„; |,;,ss,.,li,i , . , ,„ | .May ; at I. ...Hlnvii.v | |m. , . ,.1 ' ''"'•■• 
 
 Hl.i^pliciM.MiN iiii.l sr.liiioiis liLcls, ..II III,. »,....,ii.l llM..Sali-l„irvj,..,v..,iiiii,.||| ■ '^' '" «'l|'|"Tt 
 
 .'ttcii.'.', iiia.l,' i.iiiiisliiil.l,. Willi lniii;.|...ilati..ii . i3i() ' IiiaiiKiiial i tiiiK..rili,. | I,.',, I ii„„.,i ', ,„'''''''• i 
 
 An aclioM r.ii- I1I1.I wan l,r,.ii>;lit in lli.. ,-,.nri i.l | L'lii.. '•'" i'"'".'! Ha.|||.,,. 
 
 ■■' ' ''""'I'l'l Tal.l..'W'..iilVivii(.,. at siiWni 11:,, ''•'''''■ '-'M 
 
 .Many .s..r,.,si..ii, (|,,r.| |laHlnKl..,i l..i,l s.ii 
 ™il l>;Tl.y, .M,..l„liiilt|.i„|,|, M;.(,„t "",';■ 
 (;iian.l;.Tlulii. sM' .l..|in l,nl,l,..,-k. ,i,- i| .i; "'■ 
 
 '■'"■ '■"■iiiii'Mi or M si.H an.! iiia.K;;;,;','''-' 
 
 ^'" '•''■""' '' ■'• " '"■»■ ''-^i-w i.iii,ii,i;,.:j 
 
 l,..|.l llartn.ut..n ai,.| a ;;ival nianv ,„i '.'.'..f ■'''l'' 
 
 ivlii,.|V..i„ III.. .\ali.,iial l.ilirmlil I ,' " 
 
 ri"' Niii »i iMi<„i L-„i„ii i,..,...ii„., ,;. V..: '''■": '^ 
 
 III'' Xiill..ii,ii 
 
 Thr \V..ni;.ir>l.il,..ml O.nn uii,,,; ,(,i;„i^;^|;;" ■!'> 
 
 <'"Msi,i>,,r,,,,,>,ni,., rs ' '" '.""" 
 
 A ;,'r..al l.ilMTal r„;.,„,sj liaiii|Ui.| al 'i|,,. '(vJ ,'; ' 
 
 '""-•"■ ''''■'■til,. iiiaiipn,,:iil;;rti;:;:''' 
 
 .i,-M,M,,-y,an,,.s..,iai,.,,,an:ii;,:,i;,;i;;n'-;;^: 
 
 Mr. W. v.. (il.i.l.st .1,.. |,i- i,,,., ,\|| 
 
 I'I'I'.lpil liy III,, i.-iil .,1 U.jsl'liciv 
 
 l...V.,(. ,: 
 ■•')i\ Mil'. 
 
 Kiiig'H Hi'iicli by II I liMrlliT iiiiiim'.I Sl....k.lal. . 
 
 .iK'.'iiiist .M(»isis, lliiii.<ar.l. Ilic |.riiil|.|,s I., ih,. li.,ii>,. 
 
 ..I f.irnnii.ns ; lliis a. ■linn ri'lal.^.l I,. ,in ..piiiiiin 
 
 f\l.ivssi'.l ill a liarlianiiMilaiv ri'j.i.il ..f ,1 li.i.ik 
 
 ll^l.li^lll■ll liy .SI. ..■!<. laic. 7 .Vi.v. iSii, |.,.|.l ||(M|. 
 
 111,111. in KiMiiK.in.lKiMiMil. sai.l li.."wa> 11..1 ..ivviiiv 
 
 that till' iiiilli..rily iiCtlif li..iisr .>Ii-..iih s..iii|il 
 
 Justify III., pnlili.'ati.in nf .■! |il,|.| ;in .ipiniiui 
 
 wliicli Ifil t.. H.inii' pr...' liims i.n th.' part ..f tim 
 
 li..ii.sf, ami tddtlicia.-.liiiiis liy Ml...k.lal.- 18.17-30 
 
 ViMilii'ts wiTi' ;;ivi.|i in his fav..iir, .-111.1 ii, \i,v. 18 ii). 
 
 Ili.-shiTills l..i.k |."ss.'ssi.iii..rilalisaiil s |.iviiiisi's 
 
 'I'liis laiis.'.l iiiii. Ii .■\i-i||.ini.iii in |.,iili.-niii.ii| . an. I 
 
 ■I"'.*' «■'■!■ 'l<'i'''l '" a|.|.i-,ir at Ih.- l,.ir i.l thr I .. ,■ , . -, , ,- ■ . I'i'y'.'v' : 
 
 li..n.-;c i.r .■..iniii..i,s. aii.l «vi,. r.„„,ally , ,it|,.l , N.''!i";«il I.il";nil I "'■■»:-M'"iilVivii,.,at MaMiW..: ''' 
 
 t.. tin- ,ust,,.ly ..f 111.' ,s,.i:i,.antal-aiiii>, ..., .Ian,. ' " " 
 
 l.iit iiiinii-.liati-ly ilisi-liaiKi'il : thf ci.nlli.l was 
 
 ni.iilitjiiiicil l.y till- law iilla-i'i-.s nii.l tin- .•..111111..11S 
 
 'I" M.-iy. 1S40 
 
 A law was passi-.l niviii;; Hiiiniiiary l.r..t.,.ti..n t.i | 
 
 |...is.iiiscMi|.l..y.-.i hyj.ailiaiiicnt iii'lhc |.ul.|i.-.-iti.,ii 
 
 "I It-* ivp.iris, 111.1 pap.'is , ,4 April, .. 
 
 Th.' si-vcntv ..I th.' law in ri's|.i-.| |.. n.wsi.api'is 
 
 ivIaxcMl hy I.n. I raiiii.li.-lls a.t. 6 A: 7 Vi.t. , . .,'. , 1S4 
 A hill ri'licviiiK in-wspapi-rs IV.. 111 a.-thms f.,i |ili,.| j., 
 
 lrp(irtilif.'s|i,,...,li|.s at lawl'iii piil.li., iii.i-lih;;>, ri-a.l 
 
 third time in tin- .'..ninii.iis. Aiii; isf,7, l.nl 
 
 ilroppcd ; ri-ail 211.1 ti Ajiril ; and with. Irawii. 
 
 ,,. „. ,, ,,,^., ... ,. I .Inly. iSfiS Th.. I'lul lit K.JS.-I..TV ivsiuns th.. I.,|.i,. ,.i,i„. 
 
 W as.,, ,■, Walter (" 1 iim-s' ) ; parlia,„..iit,.ry r..,...its l;.,.-h.ni, o . u-t. ,ig„ ; hinl Klii I ',.';,, 
 
 an.lfair...iiiiii.,iils hir.-.l 11.. 1,1,.,1 . „ x„v. „ Ih,. h.nl,. sir Wii, V.-rniin ■ , r ,„; i'^ ^ 
 
 N..w.spap,.r l.il„.l Ai'l i.ass,..l . . ..; Aim. 1881 Ih .lui ,>. .Ian. i3,,7. ""■"""'" I''"''' 
 
 N..W I,ib,l Law ,,ass..,l .... ,4 I ),.,.. ,333 Tl I.ih-ral l-'.,rwar.l'' |mrly Innn,.,! |,v ,; 
 
 T TTjTn-n A T o . " AriiM.ni.in Cav.. " in llii. Iih,.i,,|| nirlv' « 
 
 LIBERALS, a name pivcn tn tin- mure ad- '■•.'■■ i'..-^— n' 1.. ' .i''"'-^. .-'i 
 
 vaiiiod \V liijrs mid n'toriiiiTs .sill,... i.Sa.S. Tlii' piirty 
 
 111. Id orti..(. uiiili'i- Karl (Ircy, Vls.iiiint .M(.llHnini,', 
 
 Karl Uuss(dl, Viscount, riilmi'i-.^tnii, Mr. \V. ].;] 
 
 (ilii.lstoiic. mill tliu carl of U.ischcry. See Aii- 
 
 iiiinistnitions. 
 
 <'-.in;M;.n.>r.r.,iis,.rva,i,^'::;;,tl.:;:'^^ 
 
 in 111. 
 
 .■l...ti..ns 
 
 .liiiv 
 
 N..W IJa.li, :.l .-.iniinitt...,. ,y M.IVs(.M'r I,ah„i„.'i,','.!,' ' 
 sir Wm. NV..,l.|..il,„i„. Mr. I^.l.,..!. lu,,, ." ''i 
 I,r.,p,.,.. I,, l„iiii a •■.listiii,-tiv.. a.lval,,.,.,! IWH.',;' 
 ,s..,.ti.in 111 i.arlian...iit.and t.i i.;,iiv„ii an m-'iui 
 cin.pai^ii iMlhc,..,„ntry inhn.,iin.|,l,.i,„„.„„,, 
 " ■ • 2, .Ml,.,, 
 
 Til.. I.:iirrnl, a pnp.'r li,.^'iiii by Hyr.,ii. .Sli..ll,.y aii.l 
 l...i^'li lliiiil, 4 iiiinibcrs ..lily |.iihlisli,..l '. . jfj,-, 
 
 New ..ity liberal i-liib; i.ail (.Iranvillc, prcsiilcnt ; 
 ..r;;aiiis,.d 
 
 New lib(.i-al ..lull for \v.\st cii.l, f,.iiii,l,,,i . .luiiV, 
 
 .V ni-w liberal I'ry i.r.ip.is,..! " Kri'.. ,liiirih, si.Ii,i..|s' 
 mimI lanil " (Mr. ('liaiiib(.rlaiii) . aiiinnni. 
 
 Ml. Clla.lst.in., r.,sii.'ii,..l th,. l..a.l(.rsliip of the pally 
 in th,' ....iiiinons. 13 .Jan.; lii.s siii.i'e.s.soi , the 
 iiianpiisof ll,irtiiif;t..ii .... 13 .Ian. 187 = 
 
 Assui.iations .■..inp..se.l ..f c.I,.(.ted (lph.;iate.s t.. i.r- 
 gaiiisi' libi.ral \.)leis, hav,- been foriiie.l in Dir- 
 niintlhaiii. Si.iithwark, lira.llor.l, an.i .itlu.r 1 
 y'<nriUn ,3,, 
 
 Mr. W. K. l-'..rsti.r n-l'iise.] t.i siibmil (,. Ih.. .lii-t,. 
 
 tiiiM of III. Miniitt..,. ..f thi. Ura.lCn.l ass.i,.i,i- 
 
 ti.iii in resp....t t., his v.ilin),' . \u- 
 
 s.... r„ ,(,•,(,■. ' ■ "■ 
 
 Natii.nal l.ibi'ral Fe,lt.rali..ii : (•.iiisliliil.,.1 .-it Jji,,. 
 iiiin;;li.iiii, 31 May, 1877; lirst aiiiiii.ii iiie,-tinL.'(.-it 
 l..'i..ls), 2j .Ian. 1879. (Iri.at lib,.r;d .•..iili.ri.n,,. at 
 
 l.ei'.ls, 17 (l.t. 1883. At th.. 'lin^'al Xotliii". 
 
 liaiii, i3 Oi.t. 1887, Mr. (iladston.. .s,.v,.r..ly ,.,.n. 
 ,|.-iiin.-.| tin- -..M-rnnieiit iri.sli imiiev an. I a.''li..n ■ 
 Ills.. lit Hiriniiinliani. 3 .Vov. 188S. .M,.etiiig,sli,.l.|.' 
 1889 ,■',<.'./. : l,ivi.rp,i.jl, ,Iaii. 1893; Lei'.ls, May! 
 1894 ; Carilill, Kiirl .jf HiHeb.'ry , I, .elates bis 
 
 l...i)iH.. liiiss.-il > (.oininilt,.,.. repuil...! - Lih,, 
 I r.,t..st against i..)..ri.i.,n of lir,.,.e,. in (•n.|i.,'i /. 
 
 IIUS li,.l.l ... - .»- u,., I 
 
 ^ti"iiKs| bof sir Will. V. liar,..„'nv'iir\V '\li'ii!' 
 
 Mi.iiitli, ...7 AlMil, ,897 ; aii.l 27.IUIV, i,?g8. 
 >at. liberal assiH-iatmn, 1 tinu ;ii |,,.,.|„. ,„,„ 
 
 pronraiiini.' propo.s,.il , , '-li,,,. 
 
 LIBERATION' OF RELHaoX ™,m 
 
 „..., STATI.; PATll<).\A(il-; AM) Cn.\T|ti)l,. S.„,ii.i 
 
 May, 1874 *"''' "''"* •■'^talilislK-d by eniiiient pi.iiti.al ili«i.iit.,i; 
 
 ' M;'.^'- ''^44- "'111 triennial ciilerenco oiitnij' 
 
 3 May, lH()2. Jubilee .'elelirateil, 30 A]inl. pv,,' 
 I7tli eiinlereiKi., I May, 189^; 2 May, l»)\ 
 
 LIBERATOR," a name popularly livm n 
 Xfr. Dmiiel O'Coiinell, for his suei:i..«sfiil exorlion- 
 relatini t.) Roman Catli.ilie emaii.ipatioii, roin. 
 lili.t..|l by I'.irliiinieiit in i.Sji). " l.ilicrulor" wn* 
 
 !?'■';''•'■■"'■ til., iimii.. of mi .Vi ■iiaii aiili-shivi-rv j.iiiiii'il 
 
 ' ■■ foiinili'd li,\ Will, l.loul (iarris.in, .liin.'i,S;i,;in,i 
 
 cditod by liiiii till l,Sli(. II,. win iiideil i.v .Mr. 
 John (1. Wliittier. .See /l/d/i/iii;/ .Swirlin, l'Si|;, 
 
 LIBERIA, th.. n.public of fn.ed and iiiili..,,n(,.;< 
 ii,.-roes on the i-oast of i:pp,.r (iiiin..a, Wi.rt.Vlni:i. 
 WHS founded ill i,S2oby tlie American Coloni..:iliTO 
 Society, wliii.h was eslaldi-lieil liy [[eniv (.'!;;) ;:: 
 iHlO: eiipitiil, Monroyin. The indVpi.iiili.|'ii.,. ol'Li- 
 beria was pi-o,.|iiinieil, 24 .Aul;. I.S4;: ri.roiriii<i.|l liv 
 Europe ill i.S4,S, by America, in 1862. Pivsiili'iil-': 
 
 187S 
 
3RIA. 
 
 LIBERTINEH. 
 
 «.VJ 
 
 LIIIKAIUES. 
 
 
 ll'"Mrul„.i,|.,,,,,| 
 '1. '«V7; l,;ln.,|-,, '■ 
 
 '"''J."''''' '"llNilcl V,,,. 
 
 1 1;> Mr:!.i,St; 
 
 5. 8. (.v,.|,„K,:;S'''i.| 
 :lil. Ml. <l..sH„.„ I 
 
 i' ''"';■'<• ""■ "■ ■t.l,,:': 
 
 laiUlnli,., 11,1 ' 
 
 "li-t 1 ,.i'; •;;;;'■' 
 
 '■■' "■■"''^'' ' t"i' 
 
 '•ii»iai.ii,.ina,i;;:;i;'^- 
 
 1 1 •lllll. ,/ „,' 
 
 "■"■ '''■>"■« I'liiiii.ii,,;; ■ 
 '"""^ iii'Harii'iM,:":'!'; 
 
 I"'-'"- iin- x„iii:,;;; "'■' 
 
 '"I'l"! Mt';i„. u*;;; ■ 
 
 ""■'I'll' "I lliirtii,.,,,,, 
 
 1; M,n' ,: 
 li'mi<'|.,it Miiiii'li,.<|,.,: •' 
 
 . !lH'iiii.rc|MiH.,riia,.: 
 
 'Ml iKyDilM.I til,., Ink,. 
 
 I'"'-. ^^"«. ■•V; v„. '' 
 
 llfTV, 
 
 M^iivii, i89,,)„i„,, ,... 
 
 llllVI's aiul Lllil,|||,|. 
 
 •I'.'tOlr. I„ii«,ii('l,','.iv ■ 
 
 .."■■''"■■l, ' ■itli.i.l 
 
 ■l|^'•il,llllllc■l■,| niiiii-i; 
 I to I'iiny ,111 ill! iii'ii\,. 
 I lav,.iiriir,i,. .|-||,, 
 
 ^ till' i,M,i,,,-sii"i|,'- '„,,; """ 
 
 KiiiiImtIi'V I,';i,|,'i ii 
 
 I ll:m-,,iin 1,,|,|,.| . 
 
 ii'ly l,inii,,,l iiy ;;. 
 
 liliiTai paitv; M. 
 
 •, ivpurtcd ' , I),,. 
 
 (iwcc ill Cii.!,., ,.|. 
 
 • 5. -•? MaiTll, ;:.- 
 
 lliiicimi', III W. Mi,|,. 
 27 'liil.v, 1,^1,8. 
 i'tiii« lit hfiliv, ||,,„ 
 
 . ':l , . 
 
 KELKWOX KiiOM 
 
 S'l) t'().N"lltl)l„ S,KHt\ 
 
 iii'iit jKilitiiid ilissi'titci-. 
 ial ciiilcivnco oiwiKi 
 brated, 30 A|iril, i«,,j 
 9S ; 2 Miiy, !».)». 
 
 iiimc pupularly livin 11 
 liis sucn'ssfiil I'Xfrtioii- 
 lie oiiiaiii'i]Kitio!i, loiii. 
 X21). " l.ihcfatoi" w» 
 
 II aiiti-slavci'v j,iiirii,i| 
 anisiiii, ,)iiii.'i,\i(,;iiiJ 
 
 111' \va< aidoil iiv Mr, 
 'i/diiii/ .S'(;(i'(Vi(.v, I'Sf);, 
 
 ■ iif ffi'C'il ami iiiiliiino'j- 
 )iM- (iiiiiira, WrstAtria 
 ' AiiicTican Colonisation 
 -lull hy Hpiiry I'hj is 
 riic iiiilcpi'iidi'Mivnl Li- 
 111,'. 1847 ; rcco;.'iii>iil liv 
 11, ill 1S62. PlVsilllllt-' 
 
 I I lj,il„,rtK, nil aldi> utiitcHniim, 1X47 ; Diiiiitd It. 
 H.rniT I'li'i't'''' ''**''>• •'i'""'-' '^pntfK" I'u.Mii'. in- 
 ,'|,J(iJi"i' ''*''^' '•'■ •'■ ""■^■' I'lvsid.iiit, .lull. 
 '.\' „.i,i|,,|),i-ril. Old. 1H71 ; I'Hciipi'il IVniii pri«iiii; 
 
 '".nnl I''i''' I**"-' •'• ^- ""'"■I't" i-i'-i'li'i'li'il .lail. 
 
 ';;„ Vjiii^. <V'\ A. w. fiiiHiiiiT, 1K7H; A..1. 
 
 '•:*|,,^?«,;li;i.. W lnl„,s,,„ 7.1;;-!. I,SK4; 
 J ('Iiw«miiii. 4 .lall. IS()2 : dli'd 11 N,,v, ; sii,.. 
 iel bv AVmi. I'aviil ('iiliiiiin, \ iic'-pi-csiilcnt, 
 rSti I'<<)'|. I'l'iml'i''""' iili'iiit 2o,(XK) ,ivili/iil 
 lfni;ins.iili"vi' 10 ),(«io natives. 
 . t,,rrlloriM liii';;'lv iiii'i'i'M.-i,il liy aiiii,'\nli,iii«, 
 ',>( »■!(., aii'l Iiv till' aillii'fdoii III' Maiylaii'l, a 
 . ;;',„,n.|mlilir(t"iiiidi'd iSj. 54) .... 18^7 
 
 n|n-,Mi'iitli"l"'i'».,vi»it'<'-";i'l' iHte 
 
 fi", ,l«,ri«i"i'«|l'l''"'''''"' *-"!"' '"'"'"^ • 17 •'^'■Id. 187"; 
 
 Mai'idi, iS7(. 
 Kidi, iPE,, 
 
 r I"""''!'"''''' , . , > 
 
 (, .1,.111,,1'M'diiia i"/ii,/i <f()aiiiicxc.il 
 
 uirlii.^iiii" Hv\<*. a If 1 imKI-i'H", iit'i'd 76, fniiii 
 
 iii*da rrt'i'ivi'd liy llii' (pii'i'ii at Wiii.lsur 
 
 ' iCi.Iiily, it\ii 
 
 I fir »itli o,'!"' I'll'""''' iialiviii'liii'I'sat lloi'k 'ruwii ; 
 .|i,Lili<'riiiii.-"l'''''''''''l "'"'"'' . . .'(I'l'li. iB,M 
 
 I Liiiitalioii riiavi'tili vsi tiiiK llii' Kiviiidi tiTii- 
 
 t„rin uluiipil at l'avi«, S Due. 18,52, ralilii'd al 
 «„nnlviii, ri'li'iiti'd • • . • =1 •Inn. iR„4 
 I fi^i.difni'mm'liiiii'ii'""" ""' '•'''■'"'"■y . fi'li. ,. 
 Uiitatiiiii trriilvsiniii'd . . . 1,1 Aii^. ., 
 ' i!„.i| IKirts liliii'kaih'd I'm' tiiluil distiiilia s, 
 
 "ll't. lF,i; 
 
 I (J Canli'iv, «"Vi'ni,ir ,d' Sinra 1 in ll.M,.-<. 
 
 )•,.(,!, iirrivfs ill Miiiinivia, t,i |ii-,,t,.i'l l!iiti..|i 
 Ji|,.rt!i, aS I'l'l. ; iiidi'iiiiiity |iiiid, at ili.uid 
 
 ll„sa ally \,iv. iSo'i 
 
 I Xjtiv'towiaibanit liy Mlii'i-iaii tr,iii|i< . K,di. u;,); 
 TMtyiiri'Xtiiiilitiiiii with Krain'o, sinni'd at I'aris. 
 
 s .Inly. ,, 
 yWiMit. ILilly l''iii'i'lii''f,' all, I M. raiily, l-'n'iirli 
 lAitlorer,* iiiitidi.n'il al Zoiiloii, .\. Lilirfia. if- 
 i-rfd jdiiii", I'yS 
 
 I.inEKTIXKS (liitiiifyiiii.' fn'rilnini and tliidr 
 ill.'. Mils a -I'll lioadi'd liy (iiiiiilin ami C'ui'iii, 
 ii'i-iut K'i, >vh" lii'lil iiiDiiatrous (ipiiiidiia. 
 
 LIRKli'l'Y. nt'i- /''•'■.'■'' iitid 7'»'''("'. .\ I'lilnssiil 
 
 I .-il'iiMif I.iliorty, 1^0 fi'rt hiirli liy M. 11 irtliulili, 
 
 frill, h si'illptoi', jiri'-i'iiti'il til till' rniti'd Stairs of 
 
 X \mi'i'i(a, was si'i up at New Yni'k Ilai'lMuir ami 
 
 w:'i. riiWiily dcilii'atPil ?'^ Oft. 1886. 
 
 UliERTY AXD PROPRKTY DK- 
 
 FENTE LE.'VOrK, funned liy lords Klrliii 
 
 liiiiir iMil III' Wriiivss), Hniiiiwell, an, I (itliers, to 
 
 iviatclliiM'H'i-lsdl' li".'islatiiiii since 1S71. h'ii-st 
 
 [ iiifftiill s ,Iiily: lil'st ireiiei-al inei'tiiis;' 2i) N,iv,l.S82 ; 
 
 I aiiiHtil nii'L'tiir-'s iM'o lield. 'I'I'e lea'.nie has many 
 
 t iiSli itcd sorieties. At the general meeting' en 
 
 1 Jiilv, rSX6, M. Ia'iiii .Say was iiresideiit. 
 
 i LimURTES.* Aceadi 111 or Chaldean lihniri.'s 
 
 I art'*iiil to liave lieeii f.irnied 1700 11. c. The remains 
 
 ,.ft'i"st>f,ii'iii('d liy Assyrian iiemarehs (744 c/ fn/.) 
 
 itXiiicvi'h, kf: I'oiisistiii'.' (it taldets of linked elay, 
 
 I wiTodisiovered by llotta. r,ayai'd, and others, 184^ 
 
 I'lfi/.: spp Xiiirri/i. Hiiidiinis Sii'uliis des-'riben a 
 
 librarv in tlii' tmiib of Osyiiiandyas, kiiii; of Kjjypt. 
 
 A /«(te library was foiiiided at Athens hy I'isis- 
 
 trains, about s|0 n.r. Another was founded liv 
 
 Ploli'tnyPllilailclpliiis, 284 n.c. Tt ^vlls niirtially de- 
 
 rfrwttl when Julius Cx'sar se*. tire to .Vloxandria 47 
 
 I ii.c. 400,000 viduable books in MS. are said to 
 
 I have been lost by this catastrophe, lllair. 
 
 I Till' first (irimfcliliinn' was .Vristotle's. Strahn. v.c. 2M 
 
 Tlif llrst lilmiry iit Koiiu' liniiij,dit froiii Maeedoiiin 167 
 
 ' S.(yinferpnce of llrltUh fOid forrifjn librnrhnia nifit at 
 
 I ilip Loiiilim Institatinii. 2 Oct. 1S77 ; UKaiii at the Ouild- 
 
 hiall, sir .lobii l.iililiock pi'i'sident, i^ .Inly, 1S97. It 
 
 fiundedtk'Liliraiy Association of the United Kiiiydoni. 
 
 Aicoidiii;,' to I'liilaich, the lilaarval I'dwaiiius ,,,||. 
 laliieil ..L«,,iKKj li,iiiks. It cam,' iiiti, the iiiisHeM- 
 
 "ioiioftlie II mis at ihr ,li.,ii|i ,,r AlliiliiH III 
 
 who In ,,iiiiitli,.,l his kiUKiliilii to the llniiiilll lieople 
 
 I he liliniiy ,,1' A|.|ielli.nii, .sent to Hiiiiie rri.hi 
 
 .Mlielis, In S\|ln 
 
 I.ilaary I'oiiiided al C',.iistniitinn|ile liy CoiistiiMtllie, 
 
 II . ■ .1 . , . about 
 l.iluaiy at M, Maik s, Venice, lieunn. Iiv nifts from 
 
 I'diaicli, r (!j ; I iil.iixed liy eardinal jtcssarion . 
 
 Manillas Ciiviiiiis, kiiiK of lliniv-arv. ,,,||,.|.te,| a 
 liliiary of leailv v«).'ski v,,Iiiim,'s at llii,|a ' i|i,.,| 
 
 The tlrst piilili,' lilii.iiy in llalvfoiuidcl ,ii Khiivn,.,'. 
 hy Ni,,,,|,i Ni,v,,|i, ,,Mei.f ih,. Hia.at icsli.icrs of 
 leaniiiit;. Alliis,li,illi he Icll his lil.i.ny 1,1 the 
 
 I'lilillc. i.,,f|. (',„ I,,' M,.,i|,.i ,,||,.i,|„,,|' I, „-|,|, 
 
 the iiivaPiahlc (111 1 k iiii,l llelncw .M.s.s , m 
 
 The Vathaii l.iln.ny at Hoiiie, l'i.niii|,.,i |,v ,„,.„. 
 .N'icli,ilas V. Ill i4.,7, ami impiiivcil l.y .siuus V 
 (coi.taimd aliiiut i^u.^m \olnmes and 4o,„o<i 
 
 .'1 ^o, , I hf>o)i 1 , J 
 
 Impeilal l.ilirary of Vleiiiin, foiiiided hv Ki'i'iierieli 
 
 111. ill 1441,, and Iiv Maviiniliiin I 
 Il'ival I.ilaary "f I'aris, I'i,iimi||.i1 l,y .Inlm ,„„,.„; 
 
 Iarp.,1 liv( holes Vuf,4: said to ,.,,iitaiii 8,voc«j 
 
 Mihiniesand ,-i4,,,„, MHS in isr,,, ; 1.7,., „«, y,,is 
 
 111107,,. .V m w i,.a,|iii^;.n„ii„ ||,.|s I i, imiit 
 
 '•",","/ '•;'o'"-'"s| latl'o|i,.iilia^ci, liyChiistiiii, 
 
 ' '■ 11' • 1511: at Moi-khnlm. iiv (iiistiivns Va.sa 
 
 ,."' ', 'V',',' '," '^"""11,!^ Alliilt III. . iiliiiiii 
 
 Kscmialat .Ma.liiil.,ii,i„ii|,||,.,,,i„.itlitli,.fiii,i:,|„ti„|, 
 
 ol the |,ala,-,., I.v I'liilip ||, 
 llaiviird L'liiMisiiv I. iliiaiv (see //,,,■,■,,,■,;)' .M.|,si'. 
 
 ' bn^i'llx. I' •■< . I Icl ,(,(... eii.|.iw,.,| ' ■ 
 
 ■lopci'ial [.■il;i;"'.v.it XI. l'clersl,i„« (I ip.iliv the 
 
 .-l",ils,,| I',, 1, 111,1), I',, mill,., I . ' ' ' 
 
 Aslor l-'i, ,. I'uliii,. |.il,|..„.y. x,.„. v„,k, |';„„„|,.,| ,,v 
 
 •lobll .la,.,.l, Asl„|., l,y Hilt iir8,..,HKj,. ,8,,,; hi' 
 
 died m |P4,= , ami the lihrarv has sinec Vi,.,,, 
 
 wailiiV siipi-l'lcl liy his wealthy „„i. Wm. 
 
 Hl.ckljons,. .\,t„r (ilied ,37s), ami his ;;iaii,|s,,ii, 
 
 .lohii .laeiili A~!,ir(ilieil i.Syo). 
 ^ Cniiovas li..,,i,'athed j,,x., I ks to the Na- 
 
 > u 
 
 .\.Ii. 
 
 355 
 
 MM 
 'Mj • 
 
 138a 
 ijio 
 
 1550 
 
 I5.s7 
 
 i6;;3 
 1714 
 
 tioiial lilirarv 
 
 . S AiiL'. 
 
 linKAUIKS IN CIllKAT HIlllAIN. 
 
 Ifi,'li;iidilc limy ih,- cllorand IiIkIi ti surer of 
 
 Kii;;laii,l, I'Uichascd tliiity or fmlv v.iliinies ,,l' the 
 ;,'ilv',','! ' '"■ •^"'''"''•' ''"'■ I'ft.v po'iinds- wci-ht of 
 
 I'liivd'sity I. iiir.iry, St. 'Andrews,' r.imi'ileil ' ' ' 
 
 t.lasKow I'liivrsity Lihrarv, foiiml,., I ,ii„,„t ' 
 
 '■"' >li pala,,' l.ilirary fo le,| hy ,il,|i. liaiic'r,if't, 
 
 Si, .11 ('nil,',.-,' I.ilirarv, fiaindcd . "'"'"' 
 
 lioyal s,„.i,.n l.ihi.iiv, fiimiilcil 
 II, 111, ian I. ilirarv („■/,;,/,,„.,.) |„„,|||| ' ' ' 
 
 liiiv.rsity l.il.iaiy, (-'ainhri.lKcJ'iiumled '.473 lovo. 
 
 I Kave 6000 K"!'.. 'as to piircliase Dr. Hume's eol- 
 
 Iction 
 l!.H|l,'ianl,il,rM;' „t Oxl;,rd,'loundeil ijyS ! opened 
 
 Cttonian l.ihraiy. f,„iii,l,',l |,y Sir Ifobert Cotton 
 ahout i5S.^: .ii,|,i'o|,nat,'il to the pnMi,., ,70, ■ 
 parly ,h..,ti„.v,,l hy lire. 17.,,; i',.,'„i,v..,r ti/u,e 
 Untish MiLsi'iiiii (,pki,li ,<,.,.) 
 
 111. liaiii,.l Williams's |'iil,lii. I.ila'ary ' H,. ^u,.,]' 
 171';: li,',|ii,..,tlii.d his lihrirv and iiiom.v f,,,. \ 
 
 '',"ib'iiif.'.whi,.|iw,is nedat,,,, H,.,|,.,.,,.ss-stre,d 
 
 ' 1'.^' 7-9; It Was siicccssivelv rciiiovi.,1 tii 
 
 ymcn's-s^nai',., lilonmslimv, iSfei.'and to (iraf- 
 
 ton-stnct Kast, ami ,i],c 1 ,Sept. ,8,,; to 
 
 (ioi',l,iii.s|iiar,., (l,,we|..sti','i'l /.>• '^ 
 
 "'m,'.''','!'' I 'r, '.•'"'■■■ "• ""■'"'''• '■""""'•■'' ''>• i'l^ will "f 
 Or, Uadelillc, 1714 ; ii|i,.|ii'd 
 
 The iJhrarie.s nf the Uoyal Institution (founlli'ii 
 
 p '**•,,'.'':; '-"'"!"'.' Institution (1805), mill the 
 
 Ko.MiltolleHC ot .'siirKeoiis (1786), have ilus^ificj 
 
 Ul.rary',,f tlic rniversity of Dnlilin (,(«,), and the 
 A.Uocate., 1.1 iniiy 111 Kiliiii,,,,..), (.gg^) ., 
 tensive and v.iliialile. 
 Idhrary of East India Coni|ianv, f,iiii,,l..,i 
 Imi/uI [Ahrarlry iii KiiKlaiid : tli.it of [.Mwaril TV ' 
 nientioned 1480, ini'i-eased in the reigns of Eilw' 
 \I. ami Jaim-.s I. i much enlarged hy llichan'l 
 ,'1 tley while liliranan. irt,j4->7,,5 ; n.hled to the 
 lintish Museum hy (l,.„. i|,, ,7 . h,;!, m,,,y „f 
 
 1S97 
 
 ■341 
 Ml' 
 
 M7.3 
 
 ifiio 
 
 1667 
 170s 
 
 1715 
 
 175 J 
 
 ligr 
 •74D 
 
 1800 
 
 % .) 
 
 '^ 
 
 . *'.» 
 
 : , . . 
 
 ■■'-> 
 
 f^ 
 
 ^'^ir 
 
 .' 'biyi 
 
 k 
 
 t^' 
 
 i-Mll! 
 
 "'Ii'^ 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 [ 
 
m 
 
 lir 'i 
 
 
 ft! 
 
 '! ■*! 
 
 fw^-i 
 
 '-■f t i,i 
 
 8,1 ' liiitJ 
 
 LIIIHAIiV ASSOCIATION. I.- 
 
 lIlMl III., |l|VH,,||tl'>l lollH'lllltlllll, iSj I . l||,|,IU,|t|,(| I 
 
 III till' lllill-,ll .MllKrillil ,g^^ 
 
 III l(i<)(j till, (Stllllnllrlx l'ii|ii|>illl\ HKIl'l'll li' « I VI' II 
 
 nil'.V "I ■■lil> I k |.llii|l»lllll, til till' Hm.||.,|,III 
 
 I.iIhuI-.V, ll\(,i|ll, ll\ t4 I'lllllll'B II r n(Hi(>j), 
 
 lliii i|,ii» Hi'ir ii,i|iilriil III 111' KUi'ii III I iTtiiln 
 
 imlilir liliiiiru™ ; liy I. .Viiiii,, i'. ii)(i7,i.,|, tlir mini. 
 
 Ill'l- WU» llli'linsi'il In liilll': I1.V41 til'M III. r. 1,17, 
 til I'll'VI'll , Hllll'll IIIMIlllIT Wlln ll'illlll'il III I|V|. llV 
 
 5 if. Will. IV. I'. ii,>(iH|0: ilii'llrili-li Miisriiiii, 
 
 till' llllllll'lllll. (Miilil, III,, I'lllilir l.iiii.iiv, I'lilll' 
 
 liriiln.', till' .\il\ri:itiK' LiliiMij, IvIiiiIiiii'hIi, aiiil 
 
 'Irillll.V C.illrni,. Dlllilili. 
 
 Kill I l.iiiimiii ,»lll i,,,HKriillvis|iili|i,li,,,|,!,|iir,, ,850, 
 
 III .Minn lii-.li 1, l,i\i,|| I, llliiiilii),'lmiii. Sn: .Many 
 
 iitlii'i.< li.iiiii'il iiiiiliT ails immi'il in i.S45, 1^50' i-fw./. 
 
 Nutlin|,--liill n.'i' hl.iaiv, iiiMinliiiiii'il In .Mi. .Ia..<, 
 HH>»i.iHl,i|i,,|| ...... ui't. ,e,,7 
 
 Oil 5 .Niiv. 1855,11 |iiii|i...'<iil til i'»tiilili..li a I'Vi'i' Li- 
 llian ill till' I'lly iif I Inn «:i» ni'j,'iiljM'.l. ami 
 
 ill 1,^57 that in Miirylilinni, wa-. ilnsnl Im waul nf 
 mi|iliiiil, lint «as ri'.ii|ii,|ii,,| , ,M,i\, i.-;,,,,. 
 
 Till' iiinv lity lilnaiy, (iiiililhall (hi'i') v/hh nprin'il 
 
 Sli'll'iilMilltaii I'll'.' I.iliraiy .V-iHiiriatinii fniiin'il, 
 
 ■t -^I'lil. 1870 
 llii' «ri'al lil.iai-,\ inlli'i'liil l.y Cli.iilr^ .>i|,. inii , ,ri| 
 
 I'llll l.r MiIIIiIi'IIiiImI, till' |.IH|il'rlv nt tli.. ,|iiK,. nf 
 
 Marllii.i.ai;4li. i.aiilvmilil l.v aii'i'tinii (nmliT Hn, 
 
 llliiiiii'iin iNilll.,.! I'l.Htili'sAi't i.f iSBn) 11.' Di'c. 1881 ' 
 l.il'iary nf sir l-'njiri.s liiaki' ami liiiiiih »n|i(, .Mar. 188 ( 
 L'liili'il lliiniilinn ami lli'ikrniil lil.ian.'s mi.IiI inr 
 
 'i''.444' i88t-4 
 
 Tlii'^y.slnn I'liik lil.rai> (..ir.lnlin lliiMm,! Tlinmlil) 
 
 iiirlmliiiK a .Ma/.'iiin l.ilili', larly |iiiiiii,il rla.ssir.'^, 
 
 Ar., .-.nlil Inr al.nllt ja,,«,>/. '. , i. ....llri.. iSSj 
 
 Till' hliiaiy ..f .Mirliail \V.,i|liiill, cnlli'i'i,,,! in n,,, 
 la-.ti'i'iitiiry,iializi'il liy u.ila.VM «ili' 1 1, ,7 )/. 4.*. n,/. 
 
 -'1 'laii. 1 33(1 
 
 13.1 fi'i'i' liliniiii's I'sliililislii'il ti|> tn i8,^7, j.Maiiy 
 liini'i' rniimli'.l .'iml iiri'si'iiti'il hy .Mr. I'assnii.ii' 
 Kilwaiils.l 
 
 Ln.il Ayh'slnnl .s liliiiiiy ri'alJKi'ii, 10,754/. Mairli, i833 i 
 
 Til a«iiilii-.'iil Altliiirp lilmiry, ciill,,,'!,,,! |iy 
 
 lii'iiiK'' ''"I ail ,S|ii'nn'i, was ili,sri ili,',| ami 
 
 iUiislratr.l l.y Hi. T. I- . Iiil.iliii in his •■ llil.liniln'ca 
 Slii'lici'lialia. ■ 7 Mils.. iiiililislii„l 1^,4-.. .. It was 
 pnvati'l.v si.1.1 l.y thi'i.ii'si.iii I'ail loMi,. IM.imls, 
 
 wiiliiw iilM'iliii Hylamis, a n.ll. lanul.u'tiiii.r, 
 
 ami ailili-'l in a imlilic lil.raiy. Innmli'il liv lii,r in 
 Jliiiirlii'sli'i- as a iiii'innnal i.l lii'i liiisliaml ; 
 " ii"''''l Auk. i8yj I 
 
 Tim lil.niry l.r Inril Drlnnl ivalizi'il 2,(-,iy/. ii.liiiii-, 18115 j 
 
 Till' lil.niiy nltlii' lull' sir I'lininas riiilii|i|.s. hart., 
 aiii'iiiiiii'iilrnlli,,'iiir. was sol, I l.y ,M,,ssr~. ,«ntlii,|iy 
 & I'll., liJl a laiHi' sniii. .Ni'li'i'lliiiisliiiin llii, .MSS, 
 (iiiaiiy Ininsi'riiits) ri'ali/i'il, jj,87.j/. . . 1895-185 
 
 Asliliiiniliain lil.niry, .-..ilays' Milr, 6^,71.,;. 7«. 6,;., 
 
 '■'""i-'l 14 -May, „ 
 
 Si'i! ISruniiiii, C'iijA)i.'.s in aitii'lii rrintiii;!, .-ii.,! 
 Cirt'iiltiftnit t.iiii-ttfii. 
 
 l.lClil'IKI,!). 
 
 I.I H Y A, lifi I'k lliillli' fur all ,\||„.,, , 
 li.r till' iiilrriiir as ilistiiinni.jn ,( \,,,f^[ '^i' ''l"i,!i,\ 
 
 Is tlll'lllilllll'll llV llnliii'l lllll|i||,„ ' '"'ii"il!, :. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ■M.':i;' 
 
 LIBlJAllY ASSOCIATION ok t]IE 
 
 LMTEli KlXODO.M, lililidtal lit a lolilii-ciice ol 
 liliraiiaii8 at tlii' Lomloii iiistitiilu.ii, 2 Oit. 1.S77. 
 Jt met at ().\loril, 1-^ (),t. i»;S ; at .Matnlirster/J} 
 .St'l.t. l8;9; K(liiiliuif;li, cjlti't. kS.So; l.ninlnn, i«,Si"; 
 Ciiiiibfidgi', 5 Sqit. i,S,H2; l,ivi'i|,0(.l, 1 1 Sicjit. lHHj; 
 Dublin, JO fii'i>t. |«,S4; I'lvnu.utli, 15 Si'j.t. |««, ; 
 Loiidi)!). ZS Sqit. l«,S(i; llifiiuii;{|,;iiii, 20 Sept. 
 1887; (il;is,uow,4Si'iit. 1W8; l.i.Milnii ((iiav'.s Inn), 
 2 Oct. 1881); Ueaditig, 1(1 !«('pt. i.Sijo; iN'i.ttinfiliaiii, 
 lO.Scpt. iNji ; I'ai-i», 12 Sept. iNi^z; Alii'nI.cn, 1; 
 Sqit. l.S.;j; HcUust, 4 Sept. I«(;4 ; faiditi; li) 
 !Sc]i;. 181(5; H\i.\t(ili, 5 Srpt. I8ij<i; l.oiiilnn, 20 
 (lit. i8i;7; .Soutliiioit, 2J .\ug. 1898. 
 
 LIBIU) D'OIU) (H'liik ... Colli). Till' titk' of 
 (III ancii'iit ri'^iiatcr uf 24 niUiii; V.iictian faniilirs 
 bi'li.if 813; and iilmi of another Imok, dated 150O, 
 ii'ioidiiif; tlie Kenealofiics of the iiolili' hoiii'es who 
 mild \eiii(e till the fall of the fepublie in i-(j-. 
 
 \ It WlIM ti'lllpnialllj Mlliillinil In I ,1111 1,,' ''.'"'"''I' 
 
 rer«iii, aliniil ^.-s'l' I . Till' r'niinin »',',''' ^""■' " 
 f.irlraile|,„rpn.,.sliy IM'.b'iny ||,, f| | ;,;.;;|'|'- 
 
 , lilCKNCKS. ThisiiinUi. i,f |,.vvi|,,. 
 
 intr.iilii.i'dl.N Itiihiinl l.aliiiiit m/ i„ ""'«" 
 • '■""lii liisUilMifllii'miliiliiv as ill,',!,' I ","'''''■'' 
 
 the lists at tniiriialiniits. S,.,. /•,,,, '"^ '" ""It 
 j (laini's am! kuihIiiu Imnsrs lii'i'iisnl ni j I'.n.j 
 
 l.ii'i'iii'i' systi'iii I \iisal.li' arlii'i,., '..Mi'i 1 ' ■ 
 
 variniis ri'lMiis. Ir,.in tl,,, uih ('||j,||,., , '""'I n, 
 
 l.ntti'lV nllliT kl',|i,ls In laki' nn| llni,,,..' „ , ' ''■■ ■ 
 
 5"'. 1"! I'lilll. This, I'll Ithi lu.lMl,,;.! J'"' 
 
 In 51 n.'iii^f,, 
 
 (li'iii'Val lii'i'iisiiiK ai't, ijOi'ii. IV,',. ,,,■ '^l* !•;> 
 
 '•''■'■ » '"!■ I"il'hi' liiiiisi'SKiaiiti'il III ■■,„ „„i, '=•= 
 
 ri'lii'sliini'iil liniisi's. with Willi, lii-,.,,,,,', ' ''"' 
 
 lllllli'l'as,'nt.s/»ii;,\. ir.l*.7li/.', tli,,hi.i, fi i '*'" 
 
 ",""l'l"'»l.'l"'' l""'llbHii'nis,aKMiisll,,.'i'„;- 
 
 •In; pi.ttiT nt ,i.|iis„i« 1,1 i..iii.»^ri,. ,.'":'■ 
 jiillilii'alis, whi'ii tlii'y think lit . ,„\„„,'" 
 
 Till' lii'i'iisiiiK sysli'in wasapi ||,i|i„ ,,;, 7 'j '■" 
 
 III iiii'iinii' lav, 185,^: n.asi,,! j,, " n" ■! Mill 
 
 l.lri'iii'i's fnr till' sail' l.r li'ii, inlli'i' i|„„.',,i„, ■ ; '*i 
 
 ■■"i'l'v™!"''-'-' -■•'"■ -ii-'it: i2 
 
 li,\ aits piissi'il in . . . """I 
 
 I.irinsin^' lli'h.iiii AKilalinii , ' ' ■ '»'•)■ 
 
 ,Vi'ts Inr liri'iisiiiK phi.\s ami playlimisi,, liy H,,, 1, 'j''"' 
 
 ihaiiilii'ilaiii, will' p.issi'ii in 17,1, (,,', 11,,,, ' 
 
 1'. -••^):'","1 i",'«4i(o.V7Vii.|.'i''.68),„i,i ,L 
 liiiisii'iihil ilaiii'iiiK 11, pnliiii'hiiiiN,,,, ,„• ' " 
 itrn. 11. r. \t>). " ^'5 
 
 .V.'ii'/.iyas/Hi/ni/, ri'Kiilaliiij,'tlii'sali'i,f||,t„vi,„,i,,, 
 
 Initmrs ; v.tv iiiin h ,.|.|,iisi',| ; |„i.s,„,,| m,,, '^ 
 
 llltn nprratinll . . :"" 
 
 .Xllnthi'l /.,Ta..linM'iMui''si''i , ■ '.'ill""" 
 
 TTii' lii'i'iisiiiK .'liinsi's lit 11,1' 1,.,'al taxat.i.i.' lili ''■' 
 
 (iniii'li iipiHisi'il), ilmpp,.,! I.y i|„, p,v,,|.|||,„.,|j| 
 
 l.lri'iii'i's isMiii'il : 1877,31,729; 1881, sona,'*' '""' '•'■' 
 
 Aiiioiiiit ri'i'i'ivi'ilh.r lii'i nlor tlii. .salV 1,1'si.irii, 
 
 in 1891 1J4 15, i8<),i45/. ; l"'iii', y, 5 iij.uiti/ s..', 
 
 I.l'lll,! hi'ffli: V3J,J4 , s,, 
 
 LICIIFIKLI) (Slallnnlsluiv). Tl,,, .,,„ , 
 .Mi'i'i'ia (at l.iililii'ld) was fniindi-il almut h;(, ir 
 moved III (.'hester, 1075 ; to t'oveiitr\, iiu:. hun 
 Uoberl I'l I'lie was i',iii»ei'i'ali'il liiffinn ut I,i|.|,ij|'. 
 and Covi'titi-.v. liy an ordef in I'liiinoij, Jai'i \y- 
 the anlideai'onrv of I'nvintiy was ail,!,,! i,, |||,,' f;,! 
 of Wi.riestei', and Dr. Saiiiui'l llutl, r lii'iaiiii'lii,| "I 
 of Lichliild. This sei' lias ;;iv,'ii lli,-,,,, saiiiKInilI, 
 U'lniish ehiirih ; and to tile Hiitish iiatinii „iu, I,,,',) 
 ehatu'ellnr and tliiee Imd treasiirrrs. U is v,,],,,,! 
 in the kinx's books at 55.)/. i8.v. 21I. I'risciitin,',,,,,,. 
 , 42(X)/. I'opulation, 1,^81, 8,341); l''"'')!, 7.XW. 
 
 I.ii'lilli'ld I'athi'.lial was llist l.iiilt ul.i.iit (U n,,, ,,,, 
 I Hi'iit .'jtiiii liiri' was h'ni.,1,,1 l.> lj„p.,. ,|,. (n;,,,,,, ', 
 ! 37II1 l.ishn|i. Ill ,i,,,s. Waltir ill' l.aiij'ti.ii |lii»l,ii,,i, 
 
 r.'./,). limit till' I hapil 1.1 ,s|. .Maiy w takvi, ii,i,I,i,; 
 
 I'Iniii, ami iimhr l.islmp lliv «iiith(,4M)tlii'i','itl,i,|„l 
 was pi'ih'iti'il. I hi' liiiihlin;; was ih'siii.iW ai ,|„ 
 Ui'lnriiiatinii, ami was siamlalmislv iiiji.ml in tin,,,,, 
 liaiiii'iitar.\ warlwhi'ii its iminnniiiit,';, its linp .w'li,, 
 tiiri's, ami lii'aiitit'iilly p.iiiit,,! wimlnws wvro iliij, 
 lishi'il). It was I'lpaii'.lat till' ii'.sti,r,iti,.ii ,6.„ ., 
 1788 ; ami hy (iillint i,, Si,.tt, i8("k)i,,uiii| 1", ' 
 In i.ii'lilli'lil rasth', kin- Uii-hanl 11. krj.t liLs Clirhln u 
 festival, 1.197, when jou tuns of wiiii' anil jcco ...v,,, 
 were I'liiisuiueil. A eliarter was -laiiti'il ti, l,„'l,ii,.i.i 
 eniistitiitiiiK It a lity, l.y l';ilwaril VI., 1549. ||,v,i 
 alisi.rlii'il into till' ennnty in 1885. 
 Visit of til,' piiiiee i.t W.'ili's, 29 .May, 1894. 
 
 nisiioi'.s Of i.iiiiKii';i.i> Axii ii.vkntry. 
 i 1781. Jaiiii's, earl of Coi'iiwallis, ilii'il 1824. 
 ; 1824. linn, lleiiiy llyiler. ilied 31 .Maii-li, i8;6. 
 
 j nisnol's OK I.IOHKlKl.D. 
 
 ■ i8j6. .Samuel liiitler. died 4 Dee. ,839. 
 iSju. Jaiue.s Ui.wsteail. 'liicl ii (lit. 184 
 184J. John Lonsdule, died 19 Oct. 1867. 
 
 , LIEUTENAJ 
 I iii-lituted in Knijli 
 I Iri'lamlin 1831. ' 
 I lidieJIiy Aniiv Ke; 
 I !i.;utt'nant of Trelu! 
 
 LIFEASSITR 
 
 I pi-i'ilg.'Vug. 1S7C 
 li'li .inn ual return 
 
 . 'h* U.« .«-*•>=-*' 
 
■"imtii w,„',"':v" 
 
 '■'"Mi.,i'ii.„,;if"' 
 
 111 . 'Miin'K 
 
 "'■''I" Ih.llan,,, |,||,,| 
 "l"'l 'I'l'lii'miiiiiiiKi,,! 
 
 I"Miuii«,.hI;.vi1ii. |,„',|'''' 
 
 » '■'■ <■■ 68) . and |„|. 
 '■•Ii"ii»c.», in ,7j, , 
 
 ■■il'l'iiv). Till' sw ,i 
 
 ll'Ulldcl !lll(.Ut(lV,; I,. 
 
 I'l'v.litrj, iiuj. |,|||,| 
 ili;n liisli»i) „1 Uil,ri,i(| 
 !• Ill coiincil, Jan, iv- 
 1 y WHS iiddfil til 111,. „ 
 III Until r liiTaiii|.lii,|,,|, 
 uiiiii Ihrcc siiiiilstiiilif 
 ' linlisli iiatiiin unc |.,ii) 
 i-ciisiiriTs. ll is vahifj 
 iKv. 2(/. rrisiiitiii,„ii,,. 
 ,.W); '■'■'<)I,7„S(>1, 
 liiiilt iiliiMit fi5»;, till- IP 
 
 l'> Ki'KiT .i,. (■Ijlit.li. |1„ 
 IT '\r l.alint..|i (l,i>|;„|, |„ 
 
 •^'•II.V w takrliiiil„i||, 
 
 i«"illi(M.'o)tliiTat|,„i;,| 
 iiiK Mas ili'spcilni ai u,,. 
 illiillsly iriji.rni iiitlifi,,.. 
 "Illlllil'lllS, its liliv sill||.- 
 
 Ii'il Hindiiws, Were ilm,,,. 
 till' i'i'sli.niti(iii, i6to: la 
 tt, iSfKj-hjUiiil 1884. 
 Ill II. kcjil liisClindffiai 
 IS iif Willi, aii.l 2cft.. MV,|, 
 Hiis Kiiiiiiv.l III lai'liinH 
 Iwiiril VI., 1549. II n,i 
 1SS5. 
 y May, 1894. 
 
 > *M> CinKNTUY. 
 
 I, ilii'il 1824. 
 ji Mari.|i, i8;6. 
 
 I I,I(iIFIKM> IIOI'SK (J()MI'A(rr. r,. 
 
 ' ,; Vim i^''l">li. lilt'' lil»ll"|i III Vi'W Zi.|iliiii.l, 
 
 •'' III .V|'"i. 'f'« , 
 
 ,( f llliuni DiilfViiil'"' Miii'liiHHii. r"ii»c.|.i i|,.i| j^.liiiii', 
 ■" iniii«l«ti'l I" ^"ik. Mii.v. i«i>i. 
 ,^,, Hull. .^iW"""" l.'W'. .liiiiM. 
 
 iicHFiKr.T> HorsK c'oMi'Arr, wii.i 
 
 ',„ 111 I'll Mimli' III'' wi'i'ii till' Wliiv Lriivii'iiiiiiht 
 ''i|i,„i,l (rCiinni'll ill iKj^ III l.ii lillclil-liiiiisi., 
 "|it,'j,iim"<'«-^il"'i''''' 
 
 LICINIAN LAWS. In .C5 » ' .. '' MiiniiH 
 SiXanil I- '^'"'t'l"' li'iliiiiii" III till' |H.u|ili', jini- 
 Mifflli'il vanillic iiiKiitiiiiii'" "!■ Iiiw" til \M.,iKi.M liir 
 Lffiif till' liiitiiiiiiti* "'111, I'i'iii lit till' |ili.|ii.|iiiis : 
 ji.f;|!i til ri'lii'"' till' lili'lii'iiiMs I'niin llirir ilrlits ; 
 lilhir I'liii' ti'il t'l'i' "" jiii'"!!'! "'' iiiilil jiiisHrss lllllll' 
 .liU^OOJimiTI' III' ''ll' jllll'l'l' I'l'lll, 111' Illi'l'l' lllllll 
 
 j'olieml I'f liii''-!' I'liltli'. I'l' S'Ki "'' Kiiiiill. ill tilt' 
 
 Jinian Miitrn; iiml tlir tliinl, tliiit niir nl tin' mn- 
 
 I fjl.ihoulil 111' II I'li'ii'i'i'i- ,'^"'.''' 'iiiii'l' i'|i|iiisiiliiii 
 
 (if^sori'iiiiTiril. mill '•. Si'xtiiiM luTiniii. tin. livsi 
 
 ,i,l'eiimcoii«iil. .V'. •\ii"llii'r lii»', 5'i ".''.. "Illii'' 
 
 I Ji,,,, imposcil iii"'viri'|ii'ii"lty nil |iiii-ty cliili-, m- 
 
 L,i,.|ii.ii usi'inlili'il for I'li'itiiiii iniipcisis; anil 
 
 ailhfr, iilwMit 10^ II. t'. (Iniiiijllil fiirwiiril liy I', 
 
 tifiniimCnissiis), Iniiitcil tlii' rxjiinsi'siif thi' ti'ilili", ; 
 
 LICK OltSKUVATOHV, sir niiilir ()/,.„■,- ' 
 
 i fjfsry. I 
 
 LIEBENAr (lllllll iiiiii). Ifi'ii' wan fiiiitflit 
 
 lh.|ir«tartiiiii "f till' si'vi'ii wicks' war, 2(> ,luni', 
 
 liiyi; wliril till' .4 iisll'ialis well' i'iiiii|ii'll|.|| to 
 
 I rfiMt by till' rriissiiinn iiiiili'r (.'I'licral Von llnrn. 
 
 LIECHTKXSTEIN, a piimipulity, S. (in. 
 
 1 luiiy. ropiiliiliiiii, ill iKXo, ()i24. C'liiisliliiliiiiial 
 
 fhsitiT, 2(1 Si'pt. lX(<2. ^ I'mu-i' .lllllll^ 11., linrn 5 
 
 Oct. 1840, surci'i'ilcil llin fatlici' Alnis-Josi'pli, 12 
 
 LIKGE (Hi'lifiuiti). a liislioprii', uiiiIit tlii' (Iit- 
 
 1 ininfmpii't', t'l'i'iii Hn' Xtli I'l'iitiiry liU 171)^ l.ii'«i' 
 
 fw]uriilly iTViilli'il iiKiiiiist ita pi'iiici'-l)isliii|m. 
 
 I .IfliTasi'Vcri' I'i'iiti'st, till' i'.,izrii» wcri' lii'iiti.n at 
 
 ilruitkni, 28 (lit. 14(17, 'iii'l I'l'V*-' taki'ii iiy Cliiiili's 
 
 I till' Bold, duke ol' Uiirdiiiiilv, wliDtnatrp tl'irni with 
 
 gn'ntiii'Verity. Iii I4f<2 I.li'jfi' I'l'U iiitn tlir prnvcr . 
 
 (iDeliiMur'ck, til'-' lloai- nf Anlciiiiis, wlio killnl 
 
 I the bishop, Louis of Itourboii, and was liiiiiscif , 
 
 Neffiiti'dnmlkilU'il. Lioci- was taken liy llio iliiki' 
 
 o(Miirlbi)riui|;li, 2< Ort. 1702; ami by t'lir I'Vini'li 
 
 anJiitliiTs, at vaniius liiiii's, up to I7i)(i, when it 
 
 wiianne.vcd III Knini'i'. It was iii(!iir|i(iriiti'(l willi 
 
 the N'fthi'rlimds in 1H14, ami with Hi'l;.'iiini in tKjo. 
 
 Ii(in-work.s wiTi' ('st.ililislicil at I,it'j;(' in the K'ltli 
 
 tenliiry, and liave lieeii (jreatly enlarged by ilie 
 
 Cockerills in the I')lli, see ticrtii)!!/. An intei-- 
 
 nitionalvolunteeishootinu eonteat held liei-e, ISi'|il. 
 
 \\^. The 11. .'1 and Sieel Institute met liere iK 
 
 I Auj!. 1873. Dviiiiniitc e.\[i|osii)iis ; the ilinn.li of 
 
 iM.Murtiii mui'li injured, 1,2 May; nine ;iiiiir('liists 
 
 I tonvifted ; .sentenci's, penal servitude, one, 25 
 
 ytai's; two, 2c)yeiirs; four, K years ; one, id \ ears"; 
 
 oiif, 3 years ; trial, i8-2()Julv. iiS(j2. Top .lation, 
 
 |iiilS<jo, I4i),7.'<i). 
 
 LIEGMTZ, 8ee Vfufffmhyf. 
 
 LIEUTENANTS, Louu, for counties, were 
 
 instituted in England. 3 Edw. VI., 1^41), and in 
 
 Iri'huulin 1831. Their militarv iurisdietion iilio- 
 
 MieJIiyArmv Kesnlation Act, '187 1. Fortlie iorda 
 
 I jmifonnnt of /rehind. h'o Inliiiiil. 
 
 LIFE ASSrRA.NCE COMPANIES ACT, 
 
 pivi'd 9 Aug. 1870, recjuirea the eoinpaiiies to pub- 
 liilianDiiol returns of receipts, expenditure, &c. 
 
 '*' MFI'MJOAT. 
 
 F.IFI'l-noAT, >V.„ see »•,,,/,. 
 
 I'lili'lil KialilMl ll. Ml 1. 1.. I,.. I l.iikiii |,„ II lir,. |K„it I jUj 
 A li.«liri|, .illile.l l.\ a 1 iHlllllllli.|. Ill Nniilli Hhlelils 
 fill' a hli' lllllll, i7,'l,s,i.l,|ai I li\ Ml ll,.|ii'y(lii.|it 
 
 lll'llil, orihilt liiWIl (lll'li'ielvi'll 1.,.,/ I'll. Ml I'llllill' 
 
 lllllll). 17K., , it llrsi iiiil til H.'ii 11..I1111 i-i.ft 
 
 .Viiiilhi'i life limit «a, (l|^,.|||,.,| In William Woiil.l 
 
 IllHe. Ills liillili. ttii, lii^|.||lii.i| 1,11 11 ||||. lilll 
 
 'li'iti'il 111 liol of II. .MIA lil|.alli,.||,| Mil till. 
 
 I'li'i III Soiilli.H|ii,.|,|, .,n,,|,..| ..i.liii„., ,8,„ 
 
 11 lili' lioiils l.llilt. .111.1 |... liM's lave.l ll|> to ,^ix 
 
 ■llli'illlke of .\..lllililiil.|.||ii|ii| otri.r..| ,1 1..U1111I (ir 
 
 i..s'. f"! a lili. I...iit, iHv . .il.tiiliii.il l.v .Mr, Jii s 
 
 III... I lull;;, ol Viillili.lltll , , , , . ,H,| 
 
 Til.' Iiiliiilar llf.. I...Mt or Mr, II. III. luinlsoii, the 
 I'hitllrinin-. piitiiileil In ,||iii. ; a riiiise was Iliiiili' 
 li.\ liliii Iroiii l.iMil I to I.'. ml. .11 III ll . |j|3;r 
 
 Till. .\nli,„„il /,,/, l,„„l l„.llli,H',i,. I' I, ,1 III ,8v4 : 
 
 it s,|.. Ill Till I lilst|.lll.llsli|..l. iHiJ, 111 Ih ,Olt ll'l.l'lM'll 
 
 11 i.c.i|iii.si ol 1,.,.,,,/ ri..iii iiiiiiiiii..ii |.it/Ki.|.|ii,i, 
 
 i.M| , iiii.l ..!' lo.'"".'. from .Mr. Win. Iliil.s llli...|..s, 
 "llir llolllislow liii,si.r," III i«78. 
 I«, llt'elioiits ill till' L'lllli'il Kllluilom, iHf,5; ag,,, 1884; 
 J.Jl. 1888; |.._|, ,i.il ; ,,,4, iH„.. ; ,..,, ,H,j,i ,„H, 181,4; 
 
 |..|, I.Jys; J',1', l-lljU ; Jly5, tiltj; Ji.O, iriyrt. 
 
 lien Kitiril lift ll,f liiMllliilili,rK //./^ /...../,«, ifc, |8J4 .;->, 
 4".474 : 
 
 u 
 
 18..4 
 
 1«14 
 1844 
 
 18S4 
 18^.4 
 1874 
 ■ 87s 
 
 ■v 
 
 1877 
 1.^78 
 
 . •■'4 
 WI4 
 
 . lyi 
 .)5S 
 
 . M 
 
 74,1 
 
 . gji 
 
 (icxi 
 
 I.J48 
 
 616 
 
 Hans Husk Mfesli 
 
 1880 
 iJ8i 
 188,' 
 1881 
 
 18H4 
 l88s 
 l38ti 
 1887 
 1888 
 
 8m 
 t«)7 
 lUI 
 
 884 
 
 555 
 
 7(11 
 57-1 
 (117 
 
 1889 
 181/j 
 i8vi 
 
 1.8./.! 
 
 l8i>,l 
 1S94 
 
 i«g5 
 1896 
 
 I ':i)7 
 
 . 6.7 
 
 71" 
 l(i)5f> 
 
 . 5y» 
 79<» 
 
 • 709 
 
 461 
 
 . b-it 
 
 • let. 1869 
 
 |. Ilistitllte fotlllil...| 
 
 'I'll.' .Ii«|.i/r«ii l.if,.,:,fi, |.|.iii|...si.i| i.r ..vlinilers 
 lasheil |o^|.tlii.|. saili'.l fi..iii New York, 4 .liiiii'. 
 181.7, navinati.l l.\ tlini- min, |.,i|.| ,|i,|,i, Mike..) 
 ami .Messis. .Millii ami .Miillaiii., ami airin'il al 
 Soiitliaiii].t..n, ..3 .Inly r..||owiiij<. 
 
 I.iii: I'liKsKiivi:!!, III., .ippaiiitiis of |.a|.| .Maiiliy 
 (l.ioiiKliI into 11,.. in j.'i.l,. ,8..H), I'll,... Is a eoiii . 
 iiiiiniiati.in Hitli tlii. ili^lri'ss.'.l y..sM.l l.\ a roi.i., 
 Iliri.wn l.y a >li..t from a nn.itar, will, a line 
 
 iillailii'il to it I'l.r 11 i-hl. a iiiilil i..,|| \» 
 
 |.|i.vi.||..l Willi .'I I1..II..W I .isi. of Ihii'k pa^leKoanl, 
 ami 11 I'lise .111.1 .{iiiik ni.itrli. ami iliai-fjeil witli 
 lllly l.iill>, ami a siillliii.m.y of |iow.l..r to iiitlaiar 
 tllilll. 'I'lie fllM' is ,,.. ;;r..|ilii,.|t,..l tlial the shell 
 shall i.\|il...li. lit till. Ii..|.jl,l .,f ,,«, v.iiil.s. 'I'll,, 
 balls s|.re.i.| a l.iilliaiit li-ht f..r nearlv ,.| minute, 
 
 iiii.l Kive a i.|(.ar yii'W of every suir lin^' .ili||.|.t. 
 
 In .'..years. ,8 ves.sels ami 410 of tlnir erews' ami 
 passen^jers ha. I heeii saveil, I'apt, .Manl-v ilieil 
 l.S Nov, 1854. iiKeil 8.|, Si.' /;.../.cN, 
 
 The Hii,vr l.iiWi;iiiMi .\i'i'Aii,\rrs, In eonseqiienee 
 of many l.eiiiK lost when boats were lowereil frnm 
 the .4.11. 1;.. a in 1852, inveiiti'd bv .Mr, (,'harles 
 Clill'or.l, ,.f l.oh.h.n. In i8s'J. has liein niu.Ji a|i- 
 inoviil of. anil has been generally aihipteil in the 
 royal navy. 
 
 <.'a|.t, Kyiiiiston's liooks were upprove.l bv ailinirni 
 sir Ital.lwiii Walki'i in iSoj. an. I by a uoiiiinittde 
 
 .in the Sllbj...t ill 187... 
 
 Kxhibition of life-boats, lil'erafts. A'c, al the 
 l.onilon Tavern opeiieil 15 .\pril. 187J, 
 
 llirl.x l.ije-ivfl, ri.|...itii| n I on tii.il in Kast India 
 
 ii"|'l<.i 1 Oi.f. 1874 
 
 (;..,.^ l!miti,ii'i /,'•/(' fir. <rrr; III! ihras (,,f iii.lia-riibber) 
 with means for sinnalliii',' at sea, Irie.l by him on 
 the Thames siieeesstnlly. ■.. 1 ,laii, ami i .Maieh, 
 nt Dowes, l.el'ori. the qmeii, hIuI,. ill til., water 
 he llreil roekets, eaiiKlit lisli, A;,-,, 5 .Vpiil ; n.'arly 
 ei'osseil the ehaiiiii'l from Dovir (|iail.lle.l two 
 miles an hour ; sl..i.|i|..l by the I'remli pilot 
 
 April, 1875 
 
 Caplain Doyton erosseil the C'haiinel from Orianez 
 111 the Mouth rorelami in 2^,1 hours . 28-29 May, 
 
 Chiiilie'.i l.ifi:siiiiii,j tiijl tried on the Thaiiiea', " 
 coulil not be sunk .... 17 March, 
 
 BImuvd ■i'/iem;..*.a'.. I.i/e-ni/t. jiiirtiallv .^neeessl'iil otl' " 
 •'"I'liir " . 22 April, „ 
 
 lioyton raee nii thf Thames by six yoiiii); men, tlm'e 
 prizea awarded by the iliiehess lifTi'ik . 10 .Aug 
 
 1,1 
 
 
 
 "'J' 
 
 m 
 
 il;H 
 
 !r 
 
 a^ 
 
 ,?'. 
 
 .it fu " 
 
 >-4f^ 
 
 Ifi it 
 
Ijiil'ltNih 
 
 
 l!iillii>t~ 'I 
 
 •iiai. 
 
 'k'' 
 
 »l 
 
 '#^'4 
 
 LIFE-GUARDS. 
 
 ().56 
 
 LIGHTHOUSE. 
 
 Ciipt. H(iyt(]n's wiitrr jianult' nf lidiits, ciiiioi's 
 
 minutes niul ei^lit sccoiuls fur 
 
 wrttiT-vclociiirilcs, etc. ,111 thi. TliiiMii-s 15.MH.V, 189J throiieh snare to thr. ...ivt « ,.'* ''•"n8mi<„„„ 
 
 tlir Hs^ninil,.,, aiMl im.vcl t.. In- .suiTcssfnl Soi.t. 1S82 .' he undulatory theory of liuht, its p,,!.,,;,, /''•'■,'■ 
 
 Colli ia(Mliil(,'iv<'ii til viccailiiiinilWard.el.iennsiiec- ita ehemieill aetloii, have all lieeii m ul,. |V ''"' 
 
 tor of life-lin.it.s fur i2 years . . . A\il'. 1S83 present eenturv by Dr. Thus Yiiiin,.' n- 1 V,'""!* 
 
 tor of life-lin.its for i2 years . . . A\ij,'. 1S83 present eentury by Dr. Thus. Yi 
 JIncli assistance rindereil liy life-lii.ats (luring a . .Alahis, .\raK0, Ih'ot, Hrewsler ,. m. t . 
 
 severe Kale . . 14-16 < )|.t. ami S, q Dee. .886 Niepee, I)af;nerre. Talbot Sti.l, e '"",'■ '<itlfT, 
 
 The Mcilni wreekeil near Siiiitli]init ; the l.ythaiii 
 lif'elioat saves 12 lives; Ilir Siiiilhpiirt aiiil St. 
 Anne's lil'elinats eapsizeil withniU ri},'!itiiij; them- 
 selves ; 27 nf the I'lews perish . . ij Deo. 
 Aiiei|nate siiliseriptinns fur their wives ami fainilies 
 anil nnelensitfa perniaiient fnnil fnrnieil Dee. 
 The S/i./i/i A'/Hi/ patent life-lmat ,0 feet loll^;, with 
 its invriiliir, ea]it. .luiTKenseii ami a man iiameil 
 XelsiMi, left l.iimlnn 12 Kept. 1889, eneouiiteieil 
 ln'av\' ;;alrs ; ;uri\eil at f'ape Tuwii . 2 -Mareh, i 
 Diatli of .Liaipiin Lojiez, linatnian, aj,'eil 92, wlm 
 hail saveil iii.any liM'sfrum ilniwiiinj,' ami reeei veil 
 forei;jn iiiinours 22 Dee. 
 
 The ipiii'ii iiresents the AUiert nieilal to Lanrenee 
 Ifennessy, sciinan, fni" lia\ln;; sa\eil the li\es of 
 ■ji mill iliirin;; ship-wreeks . , .18 Ft!b. 1 
 
 Tlie liiil.r 11/ Xiirlliiiiiihnhii il. a ni'W fast steel 
 hvilranlie steam life-lin.'it, witli iswaterti^'htenni- 
 partiiiints, ilesiuneil hy Messrs. li. ami H. (ivrii, 
 to hi' stationeil at llarwieli, trieil on tlie Thames 
 near lilaekwall, 24 .Inly, ami since broiifjlit into 
 serviee 1890 
 
 A'lont 714 lives saveil by lifeboats, iliirinj; thf t;reat 
 Kale 6, 7 Nov. ,, 
 
 JJ/i-liniit Siitiinlufi in abiiiit 90 ]irinei]ta1 towns of 
 (treat liritain srt apart to eolleet Inmls for the 
 institution, 1691 il i"/. ; the lirst in I.oniliin, a 
 ilenionstration in the ^ronnils uf tie- lni))i'rial 
 institute. 16 May, 1S96 ; a^ain, 15 .M.iy, 181)7; 
 in. 206/. eolleeteil in 1S96. reporteil, 30 .tan. 1SQ7. 
 
 44 liti'-lioats lanneheil, 99 lives saved, dnrinn the 
 ^reat^'iileof 22, 23 Dee. 1894 
 
 54 lives saved by lifeboats in the (.'ale . 2, 3 ( let. 1895 
 
 24 lives savi'd bv lifeboats, 25 Sejit., and 24 in a 
 ;;ali' 8 ( )et. 1896 
 
 JSeleet eoinniittee uf tlie eonnnoiis apjiointed to in- 
 ipiii'e into the Lifebo:it institution, 17 March 
 
 |ii Bseiii eeniury uy ijr. J lios. Voiin- \V, 1, ,. '" '■'■' 
 Mahis, AraKO, «{ot, Unnvsler. uTil. t ',' ' ^r"^'-- 
 Nience, Oa-uerre. Talbot, .Stokes r:,, ^,i"',"'■^ 
 lei-li, Dewar, Crookes, \-o. ; .s,.c\], k'''''''''^':'- 
 yrnp/ii/, Oihmeenec, F/uore.sciicf llLin,] J'"'" 
 VchKitii of I.Ujht. Direct detennihai,,,,, 1,. ., ' 
 toothcd-wheel rnetboil l,y l-'i/,.,, ' , ' ',> '"' 
 the astronomical result '''""' «'tl> 
 
 Foucanlt. with the revolviii;; 'milter ...v 
 kilometres ill a .second uf mcin tinn' "' ' 
 
 2fy8,00(. 
 
 ■:.,, 
 
 I Corim's improved tooth-wl 1 ;,',,|,.o',,, ' ■ '^M 
 
 3 ,300,400 kilometres in a scion,! ,,r ,,.■;;','' •>'"'* 
 Professor Simon Ncwcomb, of Walli ", ,'",;„■ >«■< 
 
 l,.«"photi.taeh cter"(c.on,plci,,|i„-{p ; "'"' 
 
 nave 299,860 kilonictres in as ,| ,,1 1," ','"'"' 
 
 Mr. att.sirWni.frookcs, Kl{ s c„i,si,i , 'V""',' '-'■ 
 
 I demonstrated the mcclianical aetim, ,,n,'i ,,""'"'' 
 
 ^ ; ments with delicate lialam-es in Hie |,i , 1 ''>'M- • 
 
 vacuum, and ealcnlatcd the force of lli.rsi,,,'.'"'"'"'''' 
 
 the earth to be 2.3 tons to the s, n'ov' ,i,™J\''l''i' 
 
 Dr. C. Wi 
 
 tl; 
 
 .solar li;,'ht 
 
 His ajiiiaratiiswas termed /i'.i./i.",;;„ /,:;!;,!,;,. "'''-; i87'o. 
 nmch investigation, Mr. l.'rookes a.hiiiii,. 1 o* ,„■*'''' 
 tion was not due to radiation, but |., ili|i,.'r,. ' r 1 ' 
 absoriition and the reaction of residual aj',. "' '"'■'■ 
 
 Mr. L'rookes at the Hoyal Smietv allium,,,.,,, 
 ments rcs].ectiii- an nltra-Kaseous ibite „f , .'iVi.'''"' ' 
 
 porting; the emission th -y , ' '"'i n. sii;.. 
 
 C. Win. Siemens reporteil to the lii,v;il s,",,.,,',',. ''■■ 
 li'f,. I'','i' /'''■'■*"'^' ''fc'''*- "'■''* '"I v,-i.'tatii',i, lit;. 
 
 ■ ■ I liPi'. ,;:-. 
 
 «.■ ISiihikliifo. 
 
 ^LIGHTHOUSE, called l"han« (now ,>/,„ , 
 French ;/rtco, Italiiin), from one erecteil itPhm ' 
 {which .vrr) neu. AU^.xandria, K-vpt, s^o M l'ii»l 
 said to liiive been visible forty-two miles, almu' V- 
 n.c. There was one iit Me'ssinu, at uieides i ' 
 The lifrht was olitairied by tires. A nrd-iire'lii'|i 
 
 LIGHT BRIGADE. 
 
 1897; meetings, 6 April, tt sfj. ; report fa\onr- ..^ , 
 
 -■•i"'''li ; lu'i ,•,■•• iVi,'v,- '•••''''>; '^97 i was e.Sibitwl at''rvnnnouth'ea,.ti'.'v^^^^^^^^ 
 
 'llie Marwite lilelioai, Ai-ir,i// e/^d// .Ni(/„i)i,«. iMiset i.,„,i .,i,„„f,/-,a 'Tl... (J .. ' .'" • •^"Hiiuraoer- 
 
 ill a e„le, „ men ilro«ned (over 8,000/. snbseribed I'""'' il' out 16.58. Tlie hrst true li-lithousc erwlfii 
 
 for the widows and children) . . . 2 Dee. ,, in Jingliind was the Lddy.stone li^htlmiHo («7,„/, 
 
 Total iimonnt (incliidin- the Lifeboat .Satiiiday xee) m 1758-60. Lijthts were I'xliiliiteil in ynfiuj, 
 
 fund), (x\<yrjl. lis. 21/., received in 1897, re]ioiteil, phices bvthe corporation of the Tiinitv-li(ii|.ii.|.„i, 
 
 12 Maich, 139S i in tlie i6th century. 2814 lightlmu.s,.; h, the wirlj 
 
 LIFE-GUARDS, see Giomh. 
 
 (186;). 
 
 LIFE INSURANCE, see I„.sHrm<ce and An- .,,,, , ,.,,,. „ , ""' """ ';;^'""";--^h.s. 
 ,„,;/;,., J'"' hKlitliouse (40 years old, lieij-ht s~; feel «-,,i„i,t . 
 
 ""'" • J."','») '",' "»' Pi-i- "^■'^"lelcrlanil. |l,nlM,,,,A;,X{ 
 
 LIFE-rEER.VGES. \ bill for creating them 
 was read a secoiul time in the loids, 27 A|iril, 1869, 
 but afterwards rejected. Two peers for life created 
 to act as appeal judges, ^ Oct. 1876. See Zo/yAv. 
 
 forwaid 500 feet without stoppinu. Hie lilanlinati,, 
 under th,' suiienntendcncc of .Mr. .l,,},,, j|umv: 
 
 ' 'Cti>L)t'l , 104 I • ' 
 
 The Coninii.ssioncrs on Lights, A-c. (,3fii), rciiort ,„ 
 shoreliKhts in Kngland, in in Sintlaiul iiil--n 
 Ireland (total, 357) ■ ^oid 47 tl.Mtin^.-li.l't.s "' 
 
 LIFE, RRlvSEllYATION OF. SveSmii- , « lighthouses bnii.iin;.-, April, 1867. " " 
 
 fnfiiiii. The Life Saviii!;- society was founded in The French have 224 linlithouses mi sii.nv. 
 
 ""le sourci' of liyht in our liyldlioiises is iirimimiiv 
 oil ; liut ill harbour lights g.is Iri.s 1 n suivjrlillv 
 
 1801, for the in-oinolioii of techniciil education in '"' 
 swimming, lifc--iiviiii;-, and the resuscitation of , 
 the apparently drowned, etc, ; 40O organizittions, i 
 lit lioine and abroad, in 1896. 
 
 used. 
 
 Glass retli'ctors were used in ,780, •■iiiil i™,Kt 
 
 ones in 1807. A corumoii cnalliiv light was ilisf'm 
 
 tinned at St. Decs so recentlv as iS.^ Frpsiitli 
 
 TT-n-n oTTniti T . .1 » .• "ioptrie sy.stem (ic/iie/i sw), devised alieiit i,?i„' nu 
 
 LIFE-STIirS. To in-omote the construction adoiited forthe first tiniein Kngfind by M.s^rs Wiiki',. 
 
 and use of tlii'se the Hans liiisk I.ife-Ship Institute , at the direction of the corponitionof tliiiTiiiiitv.liuiis,' 
 
 was founded. Oct. 18(A). The life-ship, /Vruve/^e, 1 .Inly, 1836. 
 
 WHS launched at Southainiiton, 2s Aug. 18-J. I T'''' "i'"' brilliant nrtifleial light everpi.wlii,Til-aerii>a 
 
 '■' I t^ioni magiieto-eleetricity bv a iieelii l,.vi,s,.,l )„■ 
 
 LIGHT. The law of refraction dLseovered bv P,i'"fe««or Holmes was llrst eniplove.l at tlir Sm,,ii, 
 S,tellius, about ,(.., The motion and velocity <^ ! ^^ DlllIilMl^ 7 Du;i;;^:i,':srh; "^.^''^/^f^.^J 
 
 light discovered liy Iteaumur, and after him by t armn-ement, ami a similar on ii.tni",'! k 
 
 Cassini, and ea.. uluted by Uieiner ((676) and i -M. Serin, were shown at the Interiialioiwl exliiliiiiui 
 Bradley (1720'). Its velocity ascertained to be about I London, in 1862. 
 
 liyi^OOO.OOO of miles in Bi.xtecn minutes, or nearly i ^''- "• Wilde's apiianitus for prmlucing ,3 mrt4i»iWiTriiI 
 !00,000 miles in a second, which is a million of jnagneto-electne liglit, on trial in iiiirthum light 
 
 tim..s swifter t lan he velocity of a i.innon ba 1 i.imedight (.'kick ,ce) eiiuiloyea ut the 8, Forehnd light- 
 about 1607. Ihe light of the sun takes eight house in i36i. ""u ngm 
 
'";'.'■" i"^"l'' known i 
 
 "•"<•'■«.■., 7,'tf„/,„, ;,„J; 
 ;lt|tmni,,ali..,, ,j. II,, 
 
 ;;;;;'■' :'ii.:M„t„. ■,„:'"= 
 
 '",''''' ""-I" tlMil . , . 
 "' "•l-'MlMt..,,, ,„(],'' 
 
 :"M,|,l,.„.,ii„.Ma,v,,88o 
 
 • --"i.'l.. I .„.■,„, ,i„„.;,,;, 
 
 ■ H>..r„i,si,l,.i,.,ltliati,,i:; 
 ", !»■ -in;in. mil,./ gl/ 
 
 "'i;"V"''"i"'-'itiJ-,i,':' 
 
 I. I'lil t„ .lir!,.ivii,.,.„fi,. , 
 
 >flVM,ln;ll„i,-. ""'■ 
 
 ' '''"•"•t.V -.1 HIMiTS ni, 
 
 i.s.;,ius.s(;,t,.„r,„.,„,,,,;i^,,;; 
 
 1 toll„.|!„v.l s,l.lX'-"- 
 til nil v,g,,tati„i, lili,. 
 
 ■ 4 iipi-. i; 
 
 lli-'d I'lwiros (nnwW,,,,-, 
 imoiic civdcilutPharo-' 
 nil, Ksyi.t, .iiufotliiBl,' 
 'i-lv-lwoiiul.'.s. aliouiiV 
 Mi'^siuii, at Uli„,l,.s, i;' 
 1' fins. A i'a;il.|i|.e'ij,|; 
 'iitli cM.stl,., \„rtliiiraberi 
 st tnicli>;litliou.sefrcc|f,i 
 i-.^toiic liulitlifMiic („./„■,•;, 
 i-prp ("xliiliit,.,! in v,.,ii,„< 
 
 f till' Tlillity-l|(ii|.,. |.j,]. 
 
 lislitli(,u<cs ill il,,. nf,|.;,j 
 
 llTHiirsKS. 
 
 .'"•iKlit.'-f.-.t.TO^Iit.,,^ 
 I'liiiiil. HiiilN.iii, was ,|,„,-,i 
 sl.ippiii- the illuiiii,iati,.i' 
 Ji' "f .Mr. Juhii Murray. 
 
 t.H, (to. (,8iii). ropdrt ,„ 
 11) Ml Sicithiiid, .111.1;; in 
 
 fl",ltlllK'-li;;llts. 
 
 1S67. 
 
 I>il'S Mil Sll.ll-f, 
 
 • li.nlith.iiisi-s is priiiriii* 
 ;.'ii.' lia.s linMi suiTMsfiillv 
 
 • 'Ki'il ill 178a. ;iii,l m|,|« 
 cnal-liiv li^ht w.-i.s ,liso„i. 
 ■I'lill.v us ,,Sj2. y,(snU 
 , .livisi',1 ,ili,,iit i.Sio, »as 
 Kiit;I:in.| liv Mi'ssrs.Wilkiin 
 iniliuii.iftlii!Tniiit.v-li(j».' 
 
 ,'lit i'\vr|n.i,liii-nl-afrivnl 
 i.v a inaiOiiip' ilfvisnl l,v 
 (t diiiiliiycl at tlic S"«lh 
 >"viM', nil 8 Di-i', iS;8:aail 
 <s) in iSC-. Mr. I|iilii,fs' 
 il.ar Mill' ,-,,iistni,'ti'4 kv 
 J IntuniatiMiial cvliiliiliiiL, 
 
 nrortiii'inj,' a mrnt |«)»>rfiil 
 trial in iiMrtliiirn light. 
 
 LIGHTING UP. 
 
 637 
 
 LIMERICK. 
 
 r,3s lislit trieil siK'ci'ssfiilly at Ilowtli Hiiiley liglitliouse, 
 
 UalJ:nBay,.Iu.'>.'3(-.g. 
 Mr ffisJiani'^ tnlnnu li«lit ; Klass lielt iTiniiil tliM fj.i.s- 
 
 ■■ --...... i,|.linv till' licit, ami j.risiiis fiiriiiiiM' 11 
 
 ■ Duhliii ; approvi'il by Dr. Tvii,lall, 
 
 Ij.-lit, iirisiu-^ 
 niiKila: trusliM'i 
 ' - ■ fiirtliiT iiiipruvriiiHiuts hy Mr. ,J. H 
 , Dec. 1 394. 
 Will Siciiii'iw' i:ia,'iii'tu-i'lL-ctrii! lij^lit used lit tlio 
 
 Lianln, 29 Marcli, 1878. 
 fkfiistdfiTcctiiij; tliM tiiivi' p-cat liritish liKlitlinuscs 
 -rii, the Slv,'iTy-Vcir(! (west ciiast), 13S ImmI IiIkIi, 
 
 Jiilv, 1873; 
 Wialiam, shown, 
 
 I uiAN Uki'l-iilic, founded in May, 1,-97, on the ruin 
 ot (jt-nnn, was incorporated witli France in iSo?. 
 anu thin merged into the kingdom of Italy. 
 
 LILAC TREE, -V'«.'7«. The Persian lilac 
 from lersia was cultivated in Knghmd about l6i8- 
 the comiiKiu lilac liy Jlr. John Gerard about 1597 ' 
 
 BiwM. ; tholtishop liiick, «cilly Isi, . 
 ^' • ,11,1 till! I3cll U.icli, Sccitlaii.l, 
 
 145 fci't lli;j 
 117 feet lliy 
 
 Bd'iirn to inipiirii'S rcspcctinsi iillicials, tlicir duties, 
 
 iilarici, All. issiicil lairly in Dec. iSSj. 
 |iiiiv>rUiite.\liiiriiiiuiit^'it ■"'"iitli Korelainl on clectricit v, 
 J3, anil oil as illiiiiiiiiaiits, June, 1884. I!c]i,iii, 
 aila'ptcd by Trinity llonsc : elcctrie li;,'lit lirixlitest, 
 bntmnstexin'iisive; ni* and oil nearly eqiMl ; nil re- 
 (.iiiiiiieiuleil f»r inMCtical purposes; electricity fur 
 special u.ie Mil lieadliiinls, &c., almut 25 Au^. 1835. 
 BiV.ilcoimiii.^i™' respcotiii',' telegraph cciminunicatioii 
 ikiMn li.itlithraiscs met, i3 June, 1892. Kirst riipDrt 
 i,<iie.l rncoiiiiuiiii'liiij,' I'lcetriecoininiinieation betwemi 
 :.- linlithoasos (adopted), i Keb. 1B93 ; liiial report 
 iiiiwl, 15 Oct. i3g7. 
 
 Blirffliieat of sir .James Danu'lass, born. 16 Oct., 1826 ; 
 oiistrilctoroftliH pr.isentKddystone, Wolf ll.jck, and 
 other lishthoiwos, Nov. 1892; died, 19 Jiiiiii, 1893. 
 
 7,'li','rapliicaiiil toluiihonic comiiiunicalion establisliivl 
 ivtiviHiii lifd-boat stations in Livori) lol bay, li^'llt- 
 liouws, tK. ; also between othar stations 011 tli« Welsh 
 rout, ropwtol, Jan. 1395. 
 
 X(W lijtlitlioiise on tlie Admiralty piar, D.jver, com- 
 
 ' pli-tel, aiinouneed 23 1) le. 1S93. 
 
 Xi'it liiihthousu on Liiiidy island, Divon, opeiiel 13 
 N",iv. 1397. 
 
 destroyed by 
 
 lull Ciwhy li.^'htlious I on tin M'rsey di 
 liroiluriii;,Mt!ale, 3deitlH, 2 b"eb. 1893. 
 
 LIGSriya up (Towns, &■.), soj Lon-lon, 
 6ii.i'))y, (r(«aii.l E'c/i-ic Liijht. 
 
 LIGHryrXG-CJXDUCTORS were first 
 i..tui)l'irtlie]nMtei;tioa of l)uildln'.;s by Krankliu 1 
 thirtlyafter i;,:, when be brought down oleetricity I 
 fro:u II thiiniler-eloiid. lUchinaiiii, of St. Peters- I 
 bur,', w.w killed while repeatiui!; these e.tperiinents, ' 
 i:i». l"fl. The first ooiidiietor in England wasset • 
 up at Payne's Mill, by Dr. Watson. In 176') one 
 WIS pliicod on the tower of St. Mark, at Venice, 
 wiiith h IS since escaped iiij ury, afthough frequently i 
 injured bvliglitiiiiii; previously. A powiler maga- 
 liiie at Ulogiiu, in Silesia, w.is saved by aoonduetor 
 in i;32; and, from the want of one, a quantity of 
 
 I jaiipi),vdi;r\va.u2;nifod at Brescia in 1767, and ahove 
 50)) per.son.s perished. In 1762, Dr. Watson 
 
 ! recoinai 'iided conductors to be used in the navy ; 
 anltliey wore eniploj'ed for a short time, but soon' 
 fi'll into disuse frini want of skill and attention, 
 .Mr. (aftorifards sir William) Snow Harris devoted 
 
 I lii< .ittention to the suhjeet from 1820 to 1854, and 
 pililishedawork, in 1845, detailing his experiments. 
 Ill iSjO, above thirty sliips wjre titted u]) with his 
 
 I f iii.lurtors, and in I.'i42 his ]ilans were a lopted, and 
 
 1 hi* inductors are now manufactured in the royal 
 di'ky.irds. In 1854 parliament granted h'ini 
 
 i 5000/. 
 
 LIGHT E.VILWAYS, see R'lilwvn, 1891, 
 
 LIGXY (ii'ar Fh'urus, Belgium), where Napo- 
 om defeated tlic Prussian army under IJlucher, 
 I l6June, iSli; see Waterho. 
 
 ,„I'IGrUOliI.\N'.S, or RBDE.Ut'roiltST.S, a 
 
 |lt):iirae.itlioheorder, established in 1752 by .Vlfoiiso 
 
 iL;,-airi,,appriireai)y pojie Ueii,:diet .VlY., 1749. 
 
 LIGURIAN'S. a Celtic tribe, X. Italy, invade 1 
 liio itiuui territory, and were defeateJ 25S u.c. 
 Ilni'v were iwtsubjug.ited till 172 11. c— The Lioi;- 
 
 LILLE, see LMe. 
 
 LILLI-UURLERO, part of the refrain of a 
 popular song ndieiiliiig the Irish papists, 1688. 
 Iho wor.s are attributed to lord Wlinrton, the 
 music to Henry I'ureell. 
 
 I ^^^W: il 'liiti^-'' nf Persia, Syria, and Italv, was 
 M-ou^ht to Kngland before 14O0; the niartagon 
 Ironi Uerniany, 159O. ° 
 
 ^..LILYB.EUAI, a strong maritime fortress of 
 bieily, besieged by Pyrrhiis, kiugof Epirus, 27611.0. 
 and relieved by the Carthaginians 275 B.C. It was 
 taken by the Konians, 241 n.c, alter a sice of 
 nine years, which lei to the end of the second 
 Puiuc war. 
 
 LIM'V (Peru). In 1^5;, Pi^arro, marehini? 
 through eru, was . 'i with the beauty of the 
 valley of Runae, an.. e he founded this city, and 
 gave It the name ot l\al;d d. h, Rn/m, or city of 
 the kings, I ; 55. Here h ■ was .assassinated, 26 June, 
 1511. Awful e irtliqiiak"s occurred here, lsS6, iGw 
 UW; and 28 Oct 1746. In i8:;4.s, thousands 
 perished by yellow fever. Mr. Sullivan, the Britisli 
 consul, was assassinated at Lima, it Aii'. i8;7' sea 
 Vera, .872, .88.-3. «'ul liags injured 'bj-' an 
 earthquake, 20 S.qit. .Sj7. Popalation, 1876, 
 
 LIMBURG (Netherlands), a duchy in the loth 
 century ; acquired by the dukes of Urabant about 
 .2^S; added to Burgundy about 1429; passed to 
 he house of Austria in 1477; became one of the 
 United Provinces, .007; conquered and annexed to 
 , the Ireneh republic, 1795; restored to the Nether- 
 lands, ifit4; divided between Holland and Beh'iuiu 
 l8?0; completely separated from the QermaiTeortl 
 teder.ilion by treaty, i. .May, 18(57. 
 
 I . LIME or LrXDGN- TltEE, probably introduced 
 in the ibth century. Tlie limes in St. Jam.is's 
 park are said to have been planted at the suggestion 
 ol hvidyn, who recommended multiplying odorifer- 
 ous trees, in his '• Kumifugium " (.66.). A lime- 
 tree planted in Switzerland in 1410, existed in 
 1720, the trunk being thirty-six feet in circuin- 
 terence. 
 
 LIME-LIGHT, produced by the oombuatioa 
 ot o.Kvgeii and hydrogen or earburetted hydro-en on 
 a surf ice id lime. This light evolves little heat and 
 does not vitiate the air. It isaUoeiUellTruminoad 
 Light, after its inventor, lieut. Thomas Drum nond 
 who siteeessfuUy produced it as a first-ehus li.'ht in 
 1826, and employed it on the ordii iiiee survey It 
 is sai.l to have been seen at a distance of i .-. niiloa 
 [t was tried at the South Foreland lighthouse iti 
 .861. Lieut. Driimnond was born, 1797, died 
 '.1 April, .,840. To him is attrlliuted the rii ixiin 
 that property has its duties as well as its rights." 
 
 Lt.MERICFC, aniently Lumnoaeh (S. W Ire- 
 land) About 550, .St. M.inchin is said to have 
 touiided a Inslioprie and built a church hero, wliicli 
 attw wis .l,-iti'oye,l by t!ie i) iiies in 85^. I),3„;iid 
 Urien, king ol LiiUYick, fiuiided the cathedral 
 about .2)). Liin -rick o!i^ line 1 its charter in I19: 
 when John btallird wis nude lirst provost: and iti 
 hrst iniyn- was Alim Servant, in 1.9S. It was 
 
 u V 
 
 
 ! I ;. 
 
 "^VX 
 
 ■1> 
 
 4 
 
LIMITATIONS. 
 
 658 
 
 LINEN. 
 
 taken by Iretoii aftir six moutlis' sie,i;c in l(i-,n. In 
 Aug. i6i)o it was iiivi'.-lfil l)y tliu Kiii;lisli anil 
 Dutch, and suiTL-nilcLiil uii nnwl liunDuralile toiins, 
 3 Oct. lOfjI.* An awl'iil cxiilnsiciii of :icS baiTfls iil 
 gunpowder greatly sliattc red the t<iwn, killing lOO 
 persons, I Feb. linj-f. .^nollicr oxplusidn ot gun- 
 powder liere killed many persons, 2 Jan. iNjy. 
 Awful and destruidivc tiiii|u'st, ii-- ,l:in. 1X51). A 
 new graving-dock was o|irn I'd by thi'lord-licnlcnanf, 
 carl Silencer, 13 Jl'iy, 187^. A new K. t'. calludral, 
 St. Jonn's, eonsecraicd, 21 .lune, 181)4. I'opiiliilion, 
 l8«',.)«oS.S; 1891,37.072. 
 
 LIMITATIONS, St.vtuxh of, 21 Janu^s I. 
 
 C. lO, 1023. By it actions for trcs|iass or debt, or 
 Biniple contrauf, must lie coaiincmid within six 
 years after tint cause of action, :ind actions for 
 assault, Tuenace, or iniiirisonnient within four years. 
 Tlie Keal Actions Limitation act, 1874, came into 
 operation i Jan. 1879. 
 
 LIMITED LIABILITY. An act for limit- 
 ing the liability of joint stock companies, 18 A: 19 
 
 Viet. 
 
 '33 (passed iSji), was several tinie.- 
 
 amended 185(1-7-8. On 31 May, 18(14, "3830 join! 
 stock eomjianies bad been formed and registered on 
 the limited liability principle, and 1)38 had (eased 
 to e.xist." Much calamity in l8(jG\\as oocasioned 
 by the abuse of the system. The t'iiiii|ianics act ot 
 1862 was ameiub d in l8()7. 1241 registered in 1874 ; 
 1,791 registered in l88(>; total l802-8(i, S^i-M^. 
 Tlie jiriiiciple ado]itcd bv some joint stock banks 
 ill 1879-80. See under 7;((/(Av. 
 
 LIMOGES AFFAm.see Frmnr, Dee. 1877. 
 
 LIMOUES IVIUHDEKS, N.-eentral France. 
 Several barliarous iifiir'i is, especially of aged 
 people, took place licie, Jan., Sept., Ji'ov., 1873, 
 and Jan. 1874; several pcr.sons denounced, proved 
 innocence. In June, 1874, one I'oirier conlesseil t<i 
 similar niunlers at Xogent and other places, in 
 Nov. 1873 and Jan. 1874. Jvxecuted at Chartres, 
 29 Sept. 1874. 
 
 LINCELLES (X. France), where the alli.'d 
 English ami Dutch armies dcfeat<'d the French, 
 18 Aug. 1793. (jeneral Lake co.nmanded three 
 battalions of foot guards. 
 
 LINCOLN, the lioinan J.uidiiiii Calmiia, and 
 at the period id the eoiiiinest rich and poimlous. D 
 was taken several times liy Saxons and Danes. The 
 castle was built by William I. in 108O. Without 
 Newport-gate u)ion I.iuccdn plain was fought the 
 battle between the partisans of the empress ILaiiil, 
 commaiiilcd by the earl of Gloucester, and the army 
 of Ste]iljen, in which the king was defeated and 
 taken iirisoner, 2 Fel). 1141. l.ouis, dauphin ol 
 France, invited over bv the discontented barons in 
 the last year of king Jolin's reign, was acknowledged 
 by theiii as king of .' ;glaml here; but the nobility, 
 summoned by the carl of I'eiubroke to Gloucester 
 to crown Henry III., marched against l.ouis and 
 the barons, and defeated them in a most sanguinary 
 tight (called the Fair of Lincoln), 20 May, 1217; 
 and Louis withdrew. Theatre Koyal burnt, 2O ^uv. 
 1892. PopuLition, 1881, 37.313; "1891, 41,491. 
 
 * liy till- treaty it was agreed that all imns, iiid|ierty 
 iUid estates slioiild lie ii'storcil ; all altainilcrs .■iniiMlleil, 
 and all oullaviries reversed; and th,u no oiitli l.nt that 
 of allegijiiiee slioulil be leijuiieil ofln^ii oi' low ; the tVee- 
 liiau of the (Jatholii' religion w.i- mcuhiI; relief from 
 pecuniary cliiiias incurred by boslilihes was guarimteed ; 
 pi rniis^ion to Icuve the kiii;;'i'-:ii \\ .ir ex I ended to all wlai 
 ilesireil it ; aid a general |i,iiibiii piocfiiiiieil to nil tlieii 
 in arms. Jhini.i. This treaty w.o. iiiimilleil by the Irish 
 pailiaiiieiit, lOgj. Lili.erick is still called " iUu city of 
 the brokcji treat j." 
 
 LINCOLN, I?i,sii()i'i!i(: ok. Si,inu,.,s, . 
 
 Lindisse and Dorchester, two dislinel mvs in\i.. "' 
 were united aliont 1078, and the see wa» reiiilv'.' 
 to Lincoln by bisboj) Kcmigios ile b'ev liam., ni!'' 
 built a cathedral (108(1), afterwards ili>t,,,vjj 
 lire, but rebuilt by bishop Alexander (112- S 
 bishop II ugh of IJurgun.ly. The dio.vsc iV ,> 
 large, although the dioceses of Kly (ii(>i), (Jsi',,?,' 
 and retcrborougb (1541) were formed fnii'n it ■,n,I 
 were further enlarged in 1837. The see wai v'll'" 
 at the dissolution of monasteries at 2tylri '"' 
 anmini; and alter manv of its manors" ^ 
 
 I.1T 
 
 'V 
 
 , .. .■ , • , '''"I l«D 
 
 seized uiion. It was rated ni the kiiig'» |,oots • 
 894/. IO.V. III. I'resent income, 45110/. "l; l,as tiv,' ' 
 three saints to the cbureli of Konie, and to tin rivi' 
 state of Kngiand six lord ehaiircllnrs. Tlie-r',' 
 bell of the cathedral, calhd (inul Ti'iii nf Hi', 1.' 
 weighs four tons eight pounds. 
 
 ItKCKNT !ilSll(^^^. 
 
 1787. George I'lvtyiiiaii (att..rwaiil.-i Tnialirif), Imii-Ut,,, 
 
 1827. 
 
 •■I I lo 
 
 1S5... 
 
 ■'1 lo I.Olllloll, iSCj. 
 
 elated 24 i\\, ; 
 
 to Wineliesler, uSjo 
 1S20. Hon. (Jeolge Peliiam. ilii 
 1827. .lolili Kave, dieil 10 f'eli. 
 1852. .John .laeksoii. Iiaiislati' 
 1S69. 'Jliri.Nto|iher Woi-ilsw'iitli, 
 
 signs liee. ,884; ilieil ..1 Mai I'll, ,E..;; 
 1B85. Kdwar.l Kin.-, Keb. Kor lii.s trial fw iitmli,t,r 
 jiracticL's, see n]\iWr Cttiili rlmni. 
 
 LINCOIjN'S-INN (Li>ndoii\ derives its nm^ 
 Irom Henry de Lacy, carl ot l.iiieoli:, wKm einieilii 
 mansion on this spot in the rei:.;ii of lulwarjr 
 which bad been the bishoii of Cliiehc.stcr's p.ilioe! 
 It became an inn of court, 13111. The garilens ot 
 Lineoln's-inii-tields were laid' out bv Iiii;;a J,,,,,., 
 about 1620, and erroneously said to oicupviln. .;iiii( 
 space as the large.~t jivramid of Kgyiit,' wiii.ii i; 
 7(4 feet square ; Liiicolii's-iini.-;iniaie'heiii'.'82l (rt 
 by 625 feet inches. Willi.mi lord llu*ei| n;,.- 
 beheaded in Lincoln's-inii-liclds, 21 Julv, ji.iV 
 The aiiuare (furnieil in 1(118) was eiieloM.,! with ||4, 
 railings about 1 737. 'i'he new hall ai.diitlicrliiiilj. 
 iiigs were opened, 30 Oct. 184V and the f^'tire 
 planted. 'I'he llmilrc in Liiieobrs-iiiii-tieliU wa, 
 built in 1(11/5; rebuilt in 1714; made a liun-.iik in 
 175(1, andiinlled down in 184S. The liebls (cucliiSHi 
 in 1735) opened to the pnldi" (cii.»t 12,000/.) brsir 
 John Huttoii, L.l'.C. , 23 Feb. 1895. 
 
 LINCOLN TOWEE, Westiiiinster llriJ;. 
 Itoad, was erected by the united siili<eri|itiiiiii l.t 
 liritons and .Vniericafis, as a luemorial of tliciWi- 
 tion of slavery, and of Abraham Limoln, invsiiifnt. 
 The founilation-slone was laid by .general Schtiik, 
 then American minister here, 9 .Inly, 1S74; am] the 
 head stone was jilaced by the Itev. ^'c\vllllmHall. 
 minister of Surrey cluqiel, 28 Sept. 1875. Ilic 
 tower, which is 220 feet high, cii.-t abuut ;ao(, 
 The eliureh, named Christ cliureh (to ri]ibt 
 Surrey chapel), and sidiools adjoiiiing (n>>t iilmut 
 (i0,0(xi/.), were dediealed, 4 July, t7 .My. 1X7(1. The 
 rev. Jtowland Hill's body was reiimved fruiii Siirm 
 chapel and |ilaced here, l.\ .\pril, lS8l. 
 
 LINDIsFAKNE, or Holy Isl.vxd, on tl„ 
 coast of Northumbciland, bccaiue a liislii)|i's >«•, 
 6^5. It was ravaged by the Danes uiiilcr Hiiinr 
 lio'dbrok in 793, and the monastery ik'Stroyoi l.y 
 them in 875. The bones of the hisliup, St. Cutli- 
 bert, who died in (1S7, were conveyed, aimmi; other 
 places, to Chester-lc-street, 8K3, and to liipoiv)}}, 
 I and tinally to Durham, irhiclt sir. 
 
 i T.TNEN. I'hariioh arrayed Joseiih in visturei 
 i of line linen, 1710 11. c. {Oeii. xli. 42.) 
 
 first iiiaiml'aetiired in Kiigl.iiid by I'liiuisli wi'iivirs, 
 i under tlie protection ot Henry 111. . ujj 
 
 i A company ot linen weavers establislicil in I.oiiilun 13!) 
 
LINGAM. 
 
 jjfjrtofstiiiiiiinliiii'ii kii.iwii . . . iiliiiiit 13 
 
 J,*IlV(l'Sl'"tH 111 till- l-l'ljillnfJu s I.,ail.l.ltll,'l- 
 
 p^sktoriaiirt wli'i lied IV.nri piTscciitinn in siir- 
 
 ftMilik' reit-'ll'<. I'lilMtlil liillllsi^lvi-s ill lllr ll,,l'|li. 
 
 fjil |,art of livi.iii.l, Mini tli.iv ,..sl,[l.li.sli,..l tin 
 iii!inii(;Lrtnr('. wliii'li was liln'r.-tilv '■*■ 
 
 fij!) 
 
 LISMOllE. 
 
 liiBir iiiiinnr:i''tiirc, wiihmi w.is lilMr.iIlv cn- 
 Miati'i I1.V tlii^ lull' Ji'imty Wiiitwc.ith in' 16)4 ; 
 M-ffiUiani III- „• ,■ • . . . ' . I'-iyS 
 Bdinllax, lini'ii. ilii'i':"'. Mini y;irii, fmui livlaiid, 
 , n-raiilloa til li'M'xpnitr.i .Inly tivii . . . . ,r r, 
 
 |.n,li liiifii liiKiiii i-italplisli.,1 111 1711 ; til,' l.ini'ii- 
 I 'hjll. Duliliii. "I"'ii"l W-S ; till! Iinanl iiliolislicci . iS-S 
 ilHinliiftnistivs losn|iiTintciiil tin; Si-i.tuli linen 
 
 Bamlfill'tlllV I'^lllllislleil ^y.jy 
 
 Mvuii'i'ii'" '■''^''" ""' iSoo 
 
 [hinffniiliiii' ill Fili'sliii-e, Dninlci. in F-'m laisliirc, 
 
 Jill uaiu-ili'V ill Viiiksliire ,iiu cliicr scats of uur 
 
 I;iiiii maiiufui'liU'L'. 
 
 79 siirioi'di'il ; ilioil 20 -Miiivli, 181)5 ; .Vlcxiuidor 
 ((k'niii^'c'il), linilliur, sueei-oduJ ; liisputud buixus- 
 Kiiiii; iiiniit Ki-iist iiiiminatril ivtrciit ami siiiTis-ior 
 liy 11 ti-i|n;iial, ,lulv, iSij;. I,ip|ir Invaiii • a lUi'iiiliiT 
 iifthu Nnrtli Ui'i-niau i'oii(Vil,.iMtiiiii, iS Aii^. I'-iOlj, 
 
 LIPPSTADT, sie Ul:n,. 
 
 LKiUEFACTIOX. See ^V^^r^, (■„/(/, Air anil 
 l/i/'/rdi/cii. 
 
 LTQUOK TKAFFrC, loynl ciiminissiun, 
 liinl 1'itI iliairiiiaii, sir C'liarU's Cinnenm, tlie I'ari 
 of .rciscy.tlic liisliopiif 1,1.11 Ion, sii- William llouUls- 
 "iirtli, anil V) (illii'rs; lion, Siiliicv I'rrl, sue, 31 
 Miiivli; lii-st incrliiii,', H) May, iS'p, 
 
 LTS150X (Olisippo, and Kidieilas Julia, of ttit 
 "■'"'"-^ taken hv llie Aralis aln.iit 716, and 
 
 . . ,,, , , , ijinnu.x i,viiisippo, ana l-clieiias JuUa, ot the 
 
 LINGAM, 1111 nneii'iit Umdi..) -oil (nineli iineientsl was taken hv llie Anilis alioiit -16 and 
 
 i.irshinlii'il liy wiiinen), who had many Icniples in hnainc iinportaiit wml.r llir .Mi...ri,|i kin'.s ' thim 
 
 Dellii, Ijofoiv the Malioin.'lan eom|iiist. One „r ; Mhoiu it was (•aptiired hv Alfimso 1. of I'lirtii- il in 
 
 liiijols .let 111 ,i,'olil. diamonds, and other piveions ; Il-i;. It was made the eapital of I'ortii.'al hv 
 
 I stones, WHS sold bv .Messrs. riulhps of li..ml .Stiviit, ] Kmanmd, 1506. Li.shon has snir.Teil n^ndi bV 
 
 I L)iMf'»'-4.i"'o .S I'l'f- 'f^.'iH. J eartlniuakes,' aid was iilniost destioved by one, 
 
 LINLITHGOW - BRIDGE (n.'ar Kdin- i ';^v;i,!,i;?i\.V;,^!,'';^ ,'''■'':'''' '''r.''S,''''''T'- -ei'" 
 b»r;h), near wliieh the fore,.u of the earl of An^ns, i ! ;;' , ' ', '" ,'*,""^'. ''"' ■ •'''': /•'"•'/,./„„/,•,■.. I'he 
 ,1,0 held .lames V. in their power, defeated the v '',''■'',•", ." f \ '°.'^"'- ■"'!:;:'","'"" 3" 
 t„,of the earl of Lennox, 'who, after reeeivin^^ ' ^ ,• ' ';'';',''' 1!":V ""'."'v^ '""■'''■'' ''':'"'"• '""' 
 Uoof iiuarter, was killed hv sir James llai, 1- ' .^ ' "/ ''^ ^i; He ot. \ m.eira m wlmh . hey 
 
 ™,,526. \l:.ry, qneei, of Seob, was horn in the 1 V , i,' i.'.v 'I', It Sn^ 'T''' •","''■'• .^"- ■^'■",""' 
 »al« of Linlithf;ow, H Dee. 1^42, James V., her ', , -'^ ,'^"^- l?"*"' '"^ >'>ilita.T msurre.'tion 
 
 itlRT,(lvinKi,f a broken heart; 14 Dee., in e„nse- '• ", ,' "' '■^""- '^.5'' "•;"* soon suppressed, and 
 
 , 5«cif liis defeat by the Ktidish at Sohvav !Iti,,o7,' ,'K?-''^1'''nm'' ' ' ''^■^' ^ '"'".'/"'• ^'"I'U- 
 5Iosj,25Xov. previoii.s. ■ ; ''"ton in ih,\„ 24.„oio. 
 
 j A pli'asine boat on tliu Tagua npset, about Cq 
 
 LLNXEAX SYSTEir of botaiiv, arnuifred 1 , drowi.cii ^^ j,,,^.^ ,3 
 
 I kv Liniii' or I.imia'iis, a .Swede, 1725-^0 Jf,. | '•'■<'"'"•'''""" '•'''■"'""•'i.'/Ciimjii'n;/, favomv.l bv duke 
 
 (bed the plants aeeordiii- to the mimber and ! I'.n.ni;',;','.!!''!,':. T'o'';r'';ib' ,','',!■''''','''''• i"''';','''"-'' 
 
 «don of the sexual parts, and made tin. .lower | l^alllw!; V.ll^n^iri.e-nlady; ^e'i V;!:'':' ;" ll^^.^ .s.. 
 
 anil fruit the test of his vanonsneiiera. Linnaais ' Cieat liiv at tlie .biekvard . . ,,-,3 l),,.' \%Z 
 
 )iinltromi707 to 177.S. His library and lierliarinm I (li'eat exeiteiin.iil tliroiit,'Ii the liiitish nliiuiatniii 
 
 «fri' purchased by sir James M. (tl'uMi Dr.) .Smith, ', lespieiiii- Kast Afriea (see /'..i/».,,.;) . .j;,,,. ,ggj 
 anJi'ivi'll to the Liiiiiinii Suriiti/ in I....111I011, wliieh Slril;.' of bakers ; 6,000 eneaiui.e.l outsiil.. tlie eitv, 
 
 ri-uistitiitcdiii 17.S.S, and ineorp.irated 20.Mareh ^ /-"'' "■i'7'i'ip'"ye'l ;is hakers . . ,,,,Jiiue, 1894 
 
 ,te; at Mihiii, ai/oiit 2c, Sept. ,i,2. '"'"• ; i^;',;:!^i:;;,':[a',;!;;!^:^;;;^t't^i;:s;::i 'i^i^i-,.'^ j^!;;- '^^^ 
 
 Ilk'Biitriiiiry of llie foiiiiilalioii of 111,. I.iinieau Soeiely I air.'st of 6.) anarchists ..." s Kcb' I'qO 
 
 wWirati'il; P'lil iiiedids were presented 1.1 sir J., Mpii . Heiiressive Ie;;islation introdiieed . . q Feb 
 l|.«.kiT, anil sir Kicliard Owen, 24 .May, iS35. I Sen. Uoiiiinj;or killed by dynamite at .VUiamlia, " 
 
 HVOTVPl? S b,.. 7.,.;.„;,... 'Strike of gas workers a.,Mi„st einplovmenV" of " 
 
 loreiynors ; eity in darkness; ended bv eoin.es- 
 
 „„'*'"" /, ■ i-ii All-. ,. 
 
 llie 4.;«tli aiinivers.ary ofVaseo da (laiiii's Mist 
 arrival in Iinlia, eelebrateil . , 15-21 May, i3o3 
 
 LLVOTYPE. See under I'rintbuj. 
 
 I LIOX .V\I) T'.\iroii\, the former Kn-lisli, 
 till' latter Seottisli, beeanie the siip|iorleis ol the 
 j roval anus on the aiaession of James I, in 1(105. 
 |Tlifli.)iisinTrafal}:ar-s{|iiare, desiened b\ sir Kd win 
 I LiiiJ*er, were uneovered, 31 Jan. i.Sd"." 
 ILiix. True li.ms beloiif; to the old world exelii- 
 sii.ly, They eNisti.l in Knrope, I'i'Vpl, and 
 I'liltstiiie, but liavi' 1i.ii,l; disappeaied fi..iii tli.ise 
 .'..mitries ; their present e.iuntry lii'lii;,' Africa. .V 
 li..n uiuiie.l roui|iey died in the Tower of London 
 _ 1111760, after 70 years' eoiilineiueiit. 
 Ijlr. G..11I11U Cuiiiuiiii,:;, tile lion-slaver, published 
 I li:s"Sl»irtiii- Aihviituivs in Houiii .\frica " in iS=o 
 I bin .iiiihiir^'h was very saciessfiil in taiiiiii;; linns ■ 
 l.'il many have peii^iinl thr.Micli rasliiiess. The 
 l.i..ii-iiueeii was killed at Cliatliaiii, 1S50 ,■ an.l 
 llaiiirti (John McCarthy) wii8 killed by a lion, 
 
 I,, o , , 1 Jan. 1872 
 
 IXi't .Vm/m preached ainiiiallv on 16 Od. at St 
 ■ KatliiTiue L'ree ehinili, 1 Ion, in nicnmrj of 
 
 till isoaiie of sir Julm (iayer from a lion in .\rabia 
 
 16 Uef. ifijo 
 
 LIPPATJ, see Umsites. 
 
 LISLE (now Lille), N. Fraiiee, has a strong' 
 citadel by \aiiban. It was besieu'ed by the dnke 
 of Marlbntiinsb and tin- allies ; nnd, thoiijrh deeined 
 impref;nalde, was taken altera three inoiilhs' .-ie"-e 
 in 1 70S. If was restored by the treaty of L'treeirt, 
 ill 1713, in consideration of the demolition of the. 
 fortitiealioiis of Dunkirk. Lisle snslained a severe 
 b nnliardment from the Austrians, who were obliged 
 to raise the sie-e, 7 Oct. I7'j2. J'opulation, i,S80 
 188,272; 1891, 2av)3.S- 
 
 The French .\ssoeiation (or the A.lvaneeni.nt of 
 Science met here ^.^ x^^^ ^c^^^ 
 
 LISMOKE (S. Ireland.) St. Caitlne^h. first 
 bishop, (13(1, siys : " Lismore is a famous and ledv 
 eity, of whieh neatly one-half is an asvliiin whe'e 
 no woman (he I- enter." Thee.istle (bililt hy kiiiH 
 John when earl if Moreton, ll8v) burnt in' Kq^, 
 was rebuilt wilh itreat niaj;nilieence hv the dnke oi' 
 Devonshire. The oatliedral, bnilt l\-^l^^ w:is re. 
 
 I LIPPE, a constitutional principality (N.W. UevousUire. The cathedral, Iniilt (,;(, wis re, 
 
 Iim',';"'-'im ^T"'"",","-! '^^^5. ,12.5.212 ; 181^, j paired by Corinae, s.,n of Muivtns, kin-'i.f Muns, 
 
 I,; iliisnu T'' ;i'''T ' H^''- '^''' "'"- ' ''■'•. •■'•'oi't I <30- 'I'lH- bishopric was unit, I 1., that 
 
 I ■ h 1 ' w"?';'''' ' •';'"• ''^•^' ■' •"'■'' « ^''■'•' ' "'■ Waterfora, about ii,Uy, and both to Casliel in 
 
 ■Isj-ms brother \\aldemar, boi-n iS April, 1824, i 1830. 
 
 T 
 
 
 \1 
 
 m- 
 
 : fmt 
 
 ■ 1 J 
 
 m 
 
 ^ ■":'iiili 
 
 ■Mr-'. 
 
 kq 
 
 a.,U ■', 
 
 1 ' '-L^J 
 
 ' '1 'e- W 
 
 J ^^ ^: 
 
 I ikd 
 
 ;fj. ■',y-'l'f>f 
 
 ■ ^' ! . 
 
 
 lli .' l''ll 
 
 iSi 
 
 V I I 
 
 If,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 (J Jb 
 
 MSffldl 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 M| 
 
 iii 
 
 1 Iii 
 
 wi 
 
 'if^"Y 
 
 
 Hi'^ 
 
 > .^l,, 
 
 
 m' 
 

 
 •»♦• 
 
 ?w 
 
 yt ^^' 
 
 fWUMa 
 
 LISSA. 
 
 660 
 
 LITHOTOMY. 
 
 LIS8A (or liCiithen, Sileain). Hero the kint,' 
 of Pi'ussiii vaiiquislicd Cliiiiles of Lorraine ; 6000 
 Austriiins wore slain, 5 Dec. TS"- — I-lssA, in 
 I'riland, was laid in ruins h\ tlio Uiissiaii army in 
 tlif (iiniiiaifjn of 1707.— Lis'sa, an island in tlio 
 j\<lriatic-. Nf'ir lioro the Italian llect, (•(innnandcd liy 
 I'l'rsano, was defi'atod with scviac luss liv the Aus- 
 trian ticet, coinnmndfd by Tc-ctholf, 20 July, 1806. 
 
 The Italians liad 23 vcssi'ls, 11 (if wliicli won' irnn- 
 i-liiils. aail the Austrians liail 23 Vessels, 7 only 
 
 Ipcill^ ilntlrlads. 
 
 IVrs.iU". will 11 ni sijit iif the ciu'iiiy, quitted liis 
 slii|i, till' ;,V((7("(iii, and Imislcd his liaj; (in the 
 Affiiiiihititn: His iriinelails did nut kei'ii well 
 tivcther. 
 
 Darin;; the actinu, the irnnelnd VnU'Mrn tonk fire 
 and ex|ilnded, and all cm Imanl perished (cxeept 
 jg nut nfjMjincn), exelailaillj;, Vin' il Ue ! Viva, 
 lliili'i : Tlie /,'i' •rili'Vm was sunoiindeil and sunk 
 liy the . Vast I'iaiis. The lie ili i'.,r(.i'/f//(i disaliled 
 the Austrian line-iiMiattle ship Kui.ii r, and enni- 
 pelh'd lier tii rail aslinre. linth iiarties sunn after 
 retired fniui llie ennlliet, whieh had lasted four 
 liiiurs. 
 
 Adinind Persauo was tried for uiiseduduet and 
 disuiissed the service (see 7(ii/i/) . 15 April, 1867 
 
 lUitIk off I.lisn. > 
 
 Capt. Wni. Ilciste in the Amphinn, with two other 
 frij;ates ; the Aclin; Capt. ,7. A. linnlnn ; the 
 Cerl»'nig, (.apt. H. Whitliv; and the ruhiyc, 
 22-pia sliip, Caiit. P. Ilornliy, det'eated a Frauei)- 
 Veuetiiui siiuadiini whieli attaeked him; lie 
 captured two vessels, the Coniiin and Iltllomi; 
 lie was badly wounded . . . 13 March, i8ii 
 
 LITANIES (Greek liloiieia, supplication), were 
 first used in jirocessions, it is said, almut 469 ; others 
 say about 4CX3. Litanies to the Virfrin Alary were 
 first introduced by pope Gregory L about S9.S- 
 The first English litanv was coiuinanded to be used 
 in the Uefornied churelies by Henry VIIL in 1544- 
 
 LITERARY CLUR (at first called "The 
 Club" and ">r(iliiisim's Club"), founded by Dr. 
 Johnson and sir Joshua Keynolds, in 1764. Haw- 
 kins, Tophani ISeauelerk, troldsmith, liurke, ami 
 liennet Lanjjton, were among the first inembi'rs. 
 The opinion formed of a new work by the club was 
 Blieedily known all over London, and had great in- 
 Huenee. The club still exists; many eminent men 
 are luenibers. Hallam, Macanlay, the inanpiis of 
 Lan^downe, and bishop Blomtield were tnembers; 
 Dr. Milman, dean of St. Paul's, was in the cliair at 
 the centenary dinner, on 7 June, 1.S64. 
 
 LITERARY AND ARTISTIC CON- 
 GRESS, International, met at I'aris (VietPrHugo, 
 president), 1 7 June: and founded " Liternalinnal 
 Lit"rary Association," 28 June, 187S; met in Lon- 
 don. o-"l4 June, l87(); at Lisbdn. 20 Sept. i8<So; at 
 Vicuna, 20-29 Sept. iSSi; at lienie, 10 Seid. 1SS3; 
 at lirusscls, 27 Sept. 1S84; at lierne, 7 Sept. 18S5; 
 at .Madrid, 8 Oct. 18S7 ; at Venice, 19 Sept. 1888; 
 at Paris 20 June, 1889; at lierue, 5 Oct. 1881); 
 in London, 1 Oct. 1890; at Neufchatcl, 2(1 Scjit. 
 1891 ; at Slilan, about 20 Sept. 1892. Literary 
 conferenee at Chicago, IO-15 July, 189J. 
 
 LITERARY FUND, Roy.m., was founded 
 
 in I7"KI. to ridieve liter.arv men id all nations, by 
 D.ivid Williams,* the friend of iienjamin Franklin, 
 
 and incorporated in 1818. The king of the H,.],^,. 
 presided at the annual dinner, 8 .Mnv, i,'--)- ,t' 
 ]irince of AVales at the cciiteiiarv diu'iier' I'Tu 
 1,890; the dui;e of York, when (■iiainiMn' s'm.;!' 
 1895, stilted that among his pri deces<„rs Vere f!' 
 great-grandfather, the duke of Ivent, isi: , i' '■, 
 grandfather, tlie prince cnn.sort. The licnilirmJ 
 fund in 1897 was 15,091/. 19.V. 31/. '•"■ 
 
 LITERARY PROPERTY, SOCIETIF; 
 
 (Sec, see Aiithorn, Oi/ti/rii/Zif, Hucktini, ,&,•.'' 
 
 " Liicroni Prod iirl I nil ('"iiim/l^p' " of laitiiMs. 1 r ■ 
 formation, with the uliject of nhtainiiii.. a '■, ,,i'',"ri, 
 for their works, July, 1878. " ' ''"" 
 
 LITERATUR]'':, see l(l/e>:i, EnqtU, }',„■„■}, 
 (Ivrmiiii, Orec/,; Jfa/imi, lali,,, 'ami ' s,„i„;,i 
 
 Liinf/i((/f/f; comprehends idoipauicc, ] trv hivt,,, 
 
 langtuige, and their subdivisions. I.:f,'r,iiil' ■\' 
 weekly critical journal, edilecl 1,\ ji, 
 issued at the Times ollice, but inilcp 
 si.xpence, 23 Oct. 1 897. 
 
 1>. Tiiuli, 
 '■pi'inleiit, iirice 
 
 LITHIUM, the lightest metal knawn h,,rh 
 gravity O'.SO : atomic weight 7) is ohtuiiicl hm'm 
 alkaliiu' substance termed lithid ; diseovciej bvJl 
 Arfwedson, a Swede, in 1817. 
 
 LITHOFRACTEITR, or "Stoxk-Bkevk- 
 
 ER," an explosive material, a mnditic:iti(iri of livin. 
 
 mite (compo.sed of gun-cotton, nitrd-glyivrine.'with 
 
 the constituents of gunpowder, ami' other' sub. 
 
 stances), invented by professor JOngi Is of Ciil(i>Tie' 
 
 and made by Krebs, in 18(19. It wns occiisionallv 
 
 '■ used by the Germans in the war 1870-1, and W* 
 
 tried and well rejiorted of for ]iower and safety at 
 
 Nant Mawy (juarries, tiear Slircwshur\-. 9, 10 Jiav' 
 
 1 1871, and again on 20 Feb. 1872, before the govtm.' 
 
 I ment explosive committee, w iih similar results, 
 
 I LITHOGRAPHY (drawing on ctene). Tie 
 
 , invention is asca-ibed to Alois 8enefelder, about 
 1796; and shortly afterwards the art was lUiiioiinteJ 
 in Germany, and was known as polyauto!,'r;i|iliv. It 
 
 I became partiallv known in England in lSoi,(7.s,n, 
 but its general introduction is referred 'to Mr 
 Ackermann, of London, about 1817. Senef.iJcr 
 
 i died in 184I. Improvements liiive' heeu imiJi-bv 
 ICngclmann and many others; see rriiitbn} a 
 Cvloiirs. 
 
 LITHOSCOPE. Ati instrument for distm. 
 guishing precioiis stones, invented by sir ])mi 
 Ure-.vster ; described by him Jan. 181)4' 
 
 L I T H O T O M Y. The surgical oiierati^n of 
 cutting for the stone, it is said, was jierfoniiiil k 
 Amiuonius, about 240 n.c. The " small ii|i|iar,itiii.'' 
 so called from the few instrumeius u-nl in tie 
 ii|ieration, was [iractised by Cel-us, about A.a. I", 
 'I'hc " high ajiparatus " wa"s practi.ed (nn ur rirainil 
 at Paris) by Colot, I475; by Franco, nu a cLili, 
 about LS'iO; and in England, liy Dr. llouisi 
 about Ii;'l9. The "lateral operation," inveiitidbj 
 Franco, much performed in Paris liy FrereJaoiUB. 
 in l(n)7, has been gre.',tly improvc'il. The "aa: 
 apparatus" was invented by John de Romaiiis, iinj 
 described by his pupil Marianus Sanetus, 1524 
 
 * Klover Sydenham, nn eminent flicck seliolar, of 
 Wadhaiii coilc,u-e, Oxl'oid.and I larislMlor of s.aiie of the 
 W'U'Us of l*];ito, was arrt ste.l .-lU'l ttirowu into jirisnu for 
 a trillui^' ilelil due lor his frugal ncals. and llicie, in 
 178S. died of a lirokcii heart in want ami misery, wlieu 
 nearly eighty years of a;.'e. The .symjiatliy e.xciteil gave 
 
 rise to this institution, since well supported. Wiiliar.! 
 
 was in early life a di.sscutiii;; niiiiister. niul muto nn 
 
 eiiuciiliou. lie was coiiMillcii Iiy liie c;iriy rcvniiitliiiaF 
 
 ]«irfy in France as to the form o'f a eoiisii'iulioiifiirtbi 
 
 j e.iMiitry; he. Dr. I'ricstli-y, sir .l.iiiiis Maekiijtcsli. .isl 
 
 j other distiie.'uislicil lOiidislinieii, hnviiiL' ln'cii jirtvioUilf 
 
 I declared French citizens, lie died 21; June, iSi6 
 
ii((M'"ciruiitlir,r 
 
 \ "f '"'taimn, a «.i;,'S 
 
 test metal kimwn {*|,,.,-;t:t 
 Kilt :)is()bt:iinc,lfiMiiim 
 iit/iia; tliM.'ovcivd bvM. 
 ol". 
 
 R, "r " StoXK-Eke.U{- 
 ill, iimo(UKc:ition(,|\iv],i,. 
 ittciii, iutio--lviTr:ne,Vili 
 ipowdiM-, ,111(1 other 5„b. 
 'fj'ssur Eiig, U of Cnlugne, 
 1S69. It wMs oocasionallv 
 the w;ir .'870-1, and wi 
 of for ]io\vcr und safety at 
 ir Slirt,wslmr\-. 9, 10 Jl,,,- 
 
 1). lS72,ll..folVtlll!g0ViTi.' 
 
 e, with siiiiiLiri'usulti, 
 
 (dniwinj; oil stoiip), 'n,j 
 
 Alois (Si'iiefoldor, about 
 iirdstlic iirt was aiinouaoej 
 mn as polyautosvapliy. It 
 ill En^'laud in lSoi,f/j!»., 
 Ptiou is rcfiTixil to it 
 
 about 1S17. Sencfriiif, 
 iiciits luivi' birii matk 
 others ; see r,iidii,!i '' 
 
 rVn instruiuent for distin. 
 s, iiivi'iitod by sir llanl 
 liini Jiin. 1864" 
 
 Tlie surgical oin'rati^in of 
 is said, was jiorfonind tv 
 
 \ The " siiinll api™ itiii.'' 
 iiistrumi'uls ii>nl in tkf 
 by Col-iis, about a.d. r, 
 
 lvasIll■a(■ti^ed(^n a (riiiimil 
 ; by Franco, 011 a cLilj, 
 
 iii;laliil. liy Dr. Dou^'bi. 
 
 al operatinii," invpiiliilk 
 in Paris by FroroJaii|iitK, 
 
 ly iiiipiiivcd. The ";nr 
 
 1 by John dc Romani-, aiij 
 iiriaiius Sanctus, 1^34, 
 
 ICC well 8n]iiiortc<l. WilliiBi 
 tin;; iiiiiiistcr. ninl vMe i.n 
 Ird I'\' liie fariy ir\Miuti"nsrT 
 inii of a (■nMsIi'iuliuiifiiriLii 
 ■, sir .laiai's Maekiliti'sli.iiiJ 
 iitni'ii, liavini: iieeiiitriviouiiy 
 He dii'il 29 June, 1S16 
 
 LITHOTKITY. 
 
 6G1 
 
 LIVEIiPOOL. 
 
 LITHOTRITY (or bruisin- tl;;;.8tone). The ' tho Corporation postponed, Jan. hS88. See nnder 
 
 apparatus piodueeu ny .> 
 hai since been improved. 
 
 d by .M. Leroy d'KtiolIes in 1822 
 
 Prizfiof 6oooaiwl 10,000 IVaiicH were awarded M. .Jean 
 Ciiialc for liis nielhud of ciperal ion, 1827 A: ig^cj. 
 
 LITHUAXIA, fomierly 11 -raiid-dnchy, N. E. 
 „fPrussia. 'I lie natives (b(loni;iii;; to the Slavunie 
 
 I'liptiliitiDii. 
 
 I.iveii„,nl i,ia.|(> a flei' l.oiougli bv Ileliiy III. 
 
 .^la.lc all ill. I. 'I,,. 11.1, lit jmrt . " , 
 
 l.iv.ii.,„,l"aiiave.lt..«ir'(f.,/.,„.;) .... ,553 
 Ihe liei.|.|,. nt lier liiahslv'.s deiaved t'AVli of 
 I,ivci|i.i.)r' petithiu Klizalictli to lie niieved IVnm 
 a sulisiily 
 
 J2J5 
 
 13J8 
 
 rife) loin; maiiitailied their iiiileiinideiice u-aiii.st I i;;,''I''"~"''l I/'"" the dueliy of Lancaster , . . iCcS 
 
 eUiansaial I'oles. In I i8(Mh,ir ;;rai„l-diil<e , ill^.n a 1 mT ,1 iVl'v?:;^ ""p'"'''i'- '•J-^'':'f ' '^■'+ 
 
 j;;,!i„„ became kin^r of Poland and was baptixed : ' il;!;.':; tlla'a',;';:';,.!^/'''''''^ '^"1'^'' ^'' •"""■ \l't 
 
 Lilhuaiiiii wa.s not iiicnrpoiat,.,) with Poland till ' The .,1,1 , lock .onstiiu ted, ,69^'; the lirst sliip. di,', '' 
 
 1:01, «lien aii,)ther duke Casimir, beciinie kins,' ol ' .U,o7'i.. ;■„», i/i, i-ii|i.re,i . 
 (liit foimlrv. The conntries were lorniallv united lfbie.e,,ai lo.spiial f,,iiii.li,l 
 .„ i:(fl. The larger part of Lilliuania 11,, u b, h,iies , .'"' t"wii vi^.,r,,usly ,,|,i„,s,., 
 
 iJiiiiia, the remainder to Prussia. /Zoa;''.::;;;;:;^;:;:.' ' 
 
 oRi 
 
 LITUKG-Il'I'S (froin the (ireek l<if„i, pnblie, 
 anilii'y)'', «<"l<)- ''.li'- •■I'eek and Uoiniin litnrities 
 arrverv ancient, liaviin,' been eoiinnitteil t-. writini; 
 abouttiie4tli and itii i eiituries, Tin' Koiiiish iliunii 
 rediiiisos lour: tlie Roman or Cir, ;;,,riaii, the .\ni- 
 bribiaii, tlicljalliiain, and lb Spanish or .Mosarabie. 
 The Greek church has two principal liliimii's ; .St. 
 Chrv*ftoni's and St. llasil's, and several snialler 
 oiii's. I'arts of these litiii;,''ien are atlrihnled to the 
 
 -lllllc, 1700 
 
 1709 
 
 the Vimii;,' I'r,t,ii,|er 17.15 
 J?-!') 
 
 '753 
 '7.57 
 1762 
 1770 
 
 .Sealiooi's li,,-i|.it,il r,„iii,l,.,l . 
 
 .•Salllieiis,' ,1,,,'k ,,|„Mi,',l .... 
 
 I.iv,||„„,l lilo.iiy l',iilli,l,al . ' . , ' , ' 
 
 .\ not ,|isiriiitivi' lire .... 
 
 II, ,11s,' ,,riii,|iisiry r,,iiii,li.,| . . . ' . ' 
 
 Tluaitre liei-lisi,l,i77i ; ,,|,|.ii|.,l .... 1772 
 
 '•■i^eii 1 iiiuips, at till' ciiiiiienceiiK.'iit of tlie war 
 
 iiftiiiisl iMaiic, 120 privateers, cMrryiiigii^SC guns, 
 
 aii.l 875.) SI allien ' . . ,,5, 
 
 I'lrst miisii'.il IVstival .... i-8c 
 
 Kindt's ,1,,,-k ,',.iisliiieti,| ... ' ' 1^8, 
 
 liiaitles, to ,St. K'natins, 2^0, to St. Ambrose (died , I'l'be (iiii-,ii's .l,„k was also coiij,triiete,l aln,iit tlie 
 
 ,');), and t,i St. Jerome (died 420) 
 
 Tlif liri'.wiit Kii^ilisli l.iliii„'y was lirst ,'iiiii]„,seil, 
 ;iii,lwas ai'l,r"Vi',l aiol c,,iiliriiie,l l,y p.ii liauoiit, 
 in 1547-8. The ollic's f,,r moiiiiii- aii,l e\iiiiii;,' 
 liniyi'i- were then put into nearly the same form 
 ill wliieli we now have them, an, I i,ul,|islieil 1549 
 mi,l 15^2. 
 
 .Htlii'siiheitatioii , if Calvin aii,l ,)tliers, tlie litur^'y 
 iva,sri.'viMve,i aii,l altiaeil ....'. 1551 
 
 It ira.s llrst rea,| in livlaml. in tlii' Kii;;lisli lau- 
 ■jiiiij,', in ijju, aiiil ill S,>,i|l;ni,|, wli,-r,' it ,iei'a 
 
 M,iiu-,i a tumult, ill 10)7, aii,l was witlolr.iwii 
 Tliflitnr/y was revi.s,,l by Wliit,li,M,l, f,,riiierly 
 iliaiilain to -Vnne '!,,!, yii, and liy hisliops I'arkio', 
 Griuilall, O'X, iin,l I'ilkiiiytoii, dean .May, ami 
 snmlary Smith. 
 Jitlai Kii"X is said to linve iis.'d n litur(,'y for several 
 viars. The r,v. liob,'it I.e,', of IO,|iiiliiirL;li, iiitro. 
 iliiml a f,,nii "f i,riiy,M' in pulili,' worsliip, imt 
 pvcitn], wlii'ii onh'icl to ,lis,-,,iitiiiiii. it in May, 
 i3;q: hes,,t,iiiifterrcsuiii,.,l it.aiiil tli,' ,lis,ai?.si,iii 
 
 s.iine time. I 
 M,iii,,ialp|i' st.irm |■a.^',',l 
 Tile exeli.au;;,' burnt .... 
 Tlie t,iwii-liall ,l,str,,v,'d by lire . 
 'I'll,' .\tlielialllil o|,clle,| 
 L'iii,iii news-rooiii erei'teil 
 The Lyceum eicte,! .... 
 .VwPil 111',. ; l,iss,'x,',.,-,|c,l 1,000,000;. 
 I'oiii cx'-haii:;,' ii]i,ii,.,l 
 
 Itoyal l';x,'li,ili;;e 1 iplel,',| . 
 
 f^tatiie of li -e III. ,"iiiiii,.|ie,.,t . 
 
 l-'all of St. \ii-ii,i|as' t-iwi'r, 28 kille,l 
 
 oirtlifaul'jeetceascl oiilyat bisileatli, 14 .Marcli, 1868 Uhl i',,ick el,,s,',| 
 
 16.1S Hoyal Institution r,,iiiiileil 
 W,lliiigtoii-ro,iiiis built 
 Hoyal liistitiitioii ,.p,'m',l liy .Mr. lios,-,., 
 .Xiiii'i-iean seam, n'.^ Iiospitai . 
 l'riii<-,''s,loi'k ,.|.,ii,.,l 
 SI. .hilin's liialki't-i'laee 
 lioyal liislitiiti.iii iiii-oiporateil 
 .Marine llum.iii,' s,,ii,.iy forni,',! . 
 New bouse of iiiilustry'ercetcd . 
 Liver til, 'all,' ,,],ciic,l ' . . . . 
 
 Se,' V'niimiin I*ntiii 1 
 
 
 1789 
 
 
 '745 
 
 I ,Iaii. 
 
 '7'J9 
 
 
 iSoo 
 
 
 1802 
 
 14 Sept. 
 
 ,, 
 
 4 .\llf;. 
 
 1808 
 
 
 iSq9 
 
 25 <)et. 
 
 ,, 
 
 II I'eb. 
 
 iSio 
 
 
 18.4 
 
 
 181, 
 
 2 Xov. 
 
 1818 
 
 
 1820 
 
 19 .Inly, 
 
 1821 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1823 
 
 
 1823 
 
 
 1824 
 
 
 1821 
 
 
 lS2f. 
 
 12 Aug. 
 
 1828 
 
 LIVERIES OP THE CITY OF LON- 
 DON. The term Ks derived from the enstoni of the Liiiiati,' a.sylum f,aiii.lc,l, 7792 
 nlaiiicrs of the loial mayor aiul sherill's weariiiif eiwt,',! 
 
 i-',iiiii,|atioii of 11, 'w cii.stoni-lioiise l-ihl 
 
 lihickro'k linbtloiiise built, and light lirst shown, 
 
 I Maieli. 1830 
 11, -w biiihiiii.'s 
 
 clothes of the form ami I'obiiirdisplaved bv those ''I'li'eu.,' .lock I'omplctcl . . . s'.pt. „ 
 
 fuiicti,.naries. Liveries were regulated bv 'statute /^^Xliy",','".!,'' j^';"''''"'^'''', ''''''"''5' ''l'''''''''" "5 Sept. „ 
 
 ill 1392, ami frcpieiitly since. The inibility e-ave (i^'atli'i''. ; "'Uwvl'/I'p'n'.pcrtv ,iestrov,.,l ' . , ,Iaii' '^^ 
 
 hicrics to their retainers, bev ConijJiiintn. I.oi'k hospital aii,l Watcrl 'lock .,p,'iie,l . '. 18, 
 
 333 
 
 834 
 
 8 S,'pt. i8j6 
 
 Sept. iSj7 
 
 8 IVli! '' 
 
 S38 
 
 TTT' nnr-ir-iT rwr T 1- % • , Vi,'toria aii'l 'I'lafalnar ,1,1,'ks ,ipeiie,l . 
 
 Ll\ UPtJUL (« . Laiiciishire), is supposed to liritish .\^sorialioll m,,t liei,', ist time 
 
 b'Mioti' 111 Donie.sday-book nnder the name A's';»c- M''iliaiiies' iiiviitiit,' o|>,'ii,',l 
 
 i/u/if, ' , Siiia/iiiic* Soon after the coiU|iiesf, New lisli-iii.u kit 'ipi'io-.l . 
 
 ffilliiim jtrailtcd that Iiart of the coiintrv .sitiiate.l •Vl"''b,',aii, s' ,• paiiy form,',l 
 
 bitivecu the rivers Mersey and Kibble to Ihi-cr ,d' \Vav'',"i' n""l """'"'-'""" ("''""' •""letioii) rail- 
 
 I><,itiers, who, according to Caniden, luiilt a 'castle Uail\iay t,.'Lmi,l,a;(n,iwtlie'N,,rt'li-\V.'>t,.|u)o,',a'i',-;i 
 
 hnv, about the year I08r). It atterwards was held its eiitiie b'li-th i7.s,.|,t 1 
 
 bv the carls of Chester and diike.s of I.aiicastir. Statisti,',il soch'ty ami INilylci'lmie so,-icty f,mn,leii 
 
 Liverpool is the .se,',, 11,1 city of the haiiiiire. The The /.ic/'/w,,,/ steamer, of 461-liorsc power, sails for 
 
 iiiojiiio of the estates of the Cin-|)oration 1^/. in New V, irk 28 Oct. ,, 
 
 l',;2, iiow about 12,500,000/. (1888), from retiewal Awful st,irm riiyeil 6, Inn. 1839 
 
 fines, &c. Chanjjes in the leases, &('., proposed by 
 
 . ,„ ,1 , ,~ ,, . * The lirst '.■rand work of the kiml, alniiit ji miles loni? 
 
 n other aii,'iei,tiwor,lsiMappenations are /.;//,cc,i»/ Tlii' lirst shall was eoiiii,i..,i,.,',l in o 't. ,6 .V 11 , L' e"? 
 
 aii;l/.rM.s,Knilyi,igpr,,bably 111 llieam-ieiit iliah'et.tbe ..avathm of tlo' tuiiiiel, oic mile aid .-i ,,,,;,■;,■, h!,, J .^ 
 
 ;',:",'"""■,'"'"'''' r"!";' ''''*'■ ''edu,-e,l us ,'tyiii,,|',,i;y iSj? ; til,' tunnel was ,-oiii|,l,.t,.,l in Sc .. uS ■« alol ,aielle,i 
 
 f„; its ,; 7 ' '■'■" .';■'"";.•.;""' '"I"'!^', '•!■ Welliii^iloii aii,l,,tb.r ilbi.strious pi'isoiis weiv pics, ntl 
 
 fo'iii It kmiiK l«l,.ip',l t,i a l.imily ol tic iiai f ami Mr, lluskisson who alii;lit,',l liirim,' a sto.iia'O'o 
 
 ^S h'eZS" ■""»"'""'"'tlyeslahlislieato the ,'iuiiies, was kiiocke,, ,lowii by oiie^if'thU^li 
 
 
 \**, 
 
 
 
 !» 
 
 
 
 li'.*' ' 
 
 
 . I 
 
 1 ' 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 !ti til , 
 
 W' 
 
 n 
 
 %' ' H'<i& 
 
LIVERPOOL. 
 
 Gfi2 
 
 LIVERPOOL. 
 
 
 .-tw: 
 
 I'liniichiticii (if tlii' ciillctiiiiti; liistitiitiiin laiil hv lunl 
 
 l^t.-iiili'V ; . 1S40 
 
 I.ivi'i'iKKil I'liilliiiniioiiii' scicicty I'niiiKlcil , . ,, 
 
 l''"iiiiiliitiiih nl SI I M ,.];,',•■« h^iil ami cimrts l;ihl . . 1^41 
 liiiiiii-iisi' liri> : |iiM|,riiy wnrtli iiinii' tKuii li:ill-,'i- 
 
 lilillicin sli'llill^; il. sDiiVl'il . . . 25.>rpt lS-(2 
 
 Mr. Jlllsl^i^s.ll!'.•. sliltlU' ITI'l'tl'cl 
 
 Ni'w Lan^'tnii .Inr); „,„. M,j. 11,,. |,ii„ce niHl-,,ri,, 
 
 L'liiVfisily Ciillcj,'!' ijiaUHinal.-,l l,j tli>favl,,f|), ,,,,;,• '■'■ 
 
 N'i'W iniir( liimsp fdiiiiileil 
 
 14. 1 'i 
 
 -Ml'. Jlllskl^s.ll! ., stiitur ITI'l'tl'cl . . .(lit. 1S47 
 
 I'l' ssiiiii "rnnui;;i'iiji'ii : lalalriut . i4jMly, 1851 
 
 Tlif iillnMI VI.Mls I.IVcll 1 . . . yOc't. ,, 
 
 liritinic AsMK'iatiiiii iinct licic, ami liiiiu . .Si'Vt. 1854 
 St. (u'lii'-r's hall ..].i.iji'il . . . . iS Si-|it. ,, 
 liri'ad rluts (150,000 jk'Imiui.s out of uiiililoy UiruuKli 
 
 till' Iri'.-^l) 19 I'VI.. i8i, 
 
 (;iTatlaii.liiiKstap'riirlarj,'(>sti'aiin'rso|riii'il, 1 Scjit. 1817 
 
 Jlaiiy rciiiiiiaari.il lailiiii'.-i . . Si'jit. to Nov. ,, 
 
 .\ssoi'ialicpn I'.ir So-ial .'Sficnn' iiii'ct.t . Di-t. ib;!-, 
 
 .'lailors' Ij.arjr ic....t io,o.«.,/.) hiinit . . 3) Aiiril, j8i,u 
 Fi-fi' lilpiary. ,tr,. luiiialr.l hy .Mr. (nfti'i-wanl.s .sii-j 
 
 \V. UroHM.M.l'. lor.s. I.anra.slihv, 15 Ainil, iSj;; 
 
 free liliiMr\. ,yi', ii|,i. 111., 1 .... iiili't. ,, 
 
 II, an,' lor am-iiiiit mariners o|,i'n,-,l l.y tli,. ,'i,'k. ,■ '' 
 
 (lit. 1S47 I K,lirilMirnli ' . ;,^^|"- 
 
 I.aiHilofH hay wari'hoiiso lairiit (ilaiiia;;,. ,,iV,i',; ' 
 
 T00,000'.) ..... ^-^j ',, '■ . 
 
 .Mii-si'y tiniml, o]pi>m',l {mv mu]cr T'iu'ii,',<, ,,' l- 'Hi 
 
 l.iv,M|io,il ivIiiriisiiiiii'M.l'.'slpvaiM iia.sM.,' .-^ii,','' '■'•' 
 
 I Internal iipiial lOxhiliiliiPM oLNaviijati' ' " "' 
 
 , oI'iMM'pI 
 
 Free .Mu^ iioinii,,! 17(1,1. iStn 
 
 iirowniipw llill.hiu,h an.l w.Mkhipvi.s,'t.,liool nmnt, 
 
 ami 2) livp's |..>t (;ocliil,hvn) . 8 Sept. iS'j^ 
 
 ExphpsiiPii ,11' iiA ton.s of ^iiinjpowil.'r in the l.uilii; 
 
 .S/fi!//i. in tlip' .Ml is,.y. -ri'.it .lama-,' . 16 Jan. 1S64 
 Death of .sii Will, lirown, .1 ^:!vat Ipiin'l'aetor tip Liver- 
 
 irernaiionai r.XMiiiiiiiPM oi .Navimitiiiii.t;,,,,,-,,, ,^ ' " 
 iVc. ; i.ioiiose.l hy al.liiniaii liaviil |(,i,;(.i|,| ' 
 nil.ppt,.ll.yllM-.arloriMliy;r,vW.sinist.|ii"': 
 ■ate •.T.iiileil hy Ihe eorimralii.n lii^x n|„.||,.,i |V 
 the i|iieen ; ahh'inian Ihuli'liii,., n,,. ^ '■ 
 kniuihleil 11 .May; the quei.n |iin,s r- .Vv- 
 2,4fii,.>.,-; visitors; re|iMrl.il iveii|,|s ij! ,"'.'( '. 
 ,'\|i,'iiilitnri' 150,167/. ; elnsi-il . . 'n,",'' ■■, 
 Riots ; sni'ialist, oian^ii'iiii'ii, ,>ce. . ' ,^,v.,,''''' 
 
 .M.ssrs. Lewis's premises with a eloeli.tmvi.i I'li'm'',' " 
 
 I ' 3 .Mareli, ,, 
 
 AcMili.inal .M.l'. (now ;) bv Ifefonn net, 15 An-. i!;'.7 
 
 lioyal l.alili ,.1 l.JMri Istoppeil . . ^n ()et. ,, 
 
 (iivi k stivini. 11 /;.'/,. o'.;,,,) in the -Mersi'y e.\pl...le,l ; 
 
 aliont 1.) |i\i < l.i>t .... J,, .Nov. ,, 
 
 Reveiily .loliii-Mii. tlie I'liile.l .Stales' minister 
 
 w.iriiily IV, eiveii 2.. (j|.t. ,SC3 
 
 A (iivilc ehiiivli eoiis,irat,Ml l,y Hie Greek iireli- 
 
 hisiiop otSyr.a 16 .Ian. i8C<., 
 
 Pani,' thripirL'ii false .■ilariii ol lire at .St. J.is.'ph'.s 
 
 Catholi,' eh.ipi'l. 15 livi's lost . . af.l.in. 1870 
 Stanley park. hk. .i,res(,'ost42,oo,.i(.),p|ii iii'il 7 .Mav, ,, 
 Stanley hospital; tniimlation laiil hy the earl ipf 
 
 I'erlpy 6, June. 
 
 British .\s^,p.■i,lti,.l 
 
 Orphaiia^.',' to Si'pt 
 
 Alioiit 32=;.o<W. Ipi'ipii'allu'il to I'haritii'S ii'y 1{. I.. 
 
 .Jones, ,1 liiiilni 111, •reh.int . . . '. .Inn. 1S75 
 Visit of M, .Mirliil Lhiv.ilier, fna-tratler :.m April, „ 
 Statue of Wni. li.ithlpoii,., iinimnit mi'n-liant, nn- 
 
 veileil I .hin. 1S77 
 
 Rotiiiiila theatre l.nnit .... ij .Itilv, ,, 
 Walker Art (ialli-ry (-ill nf the mayor, .Amiir'w 
 Walker), eost aliove 0,000/., openeil liv tie' ,'arl 
 iif I'erlpy . ■ . . . . ■ 6 Sept. ,, 
 
 BishiPiPiiis .\et. pp'rmitting the erec'tion of ,a si-e at 
 
 Livi'ipool. pass,-il .... 16 Ann. 1S7S 
 Panic thnpii^'h false alarm of lire at Colosseum 
 
 theatre: 57 pi'isons ernshi'il to ileath 1 1 Oct. „ 
 
 Strike of ,ioek lalionrers ami sailors; riots snii- 
 
 pressi'il. 7 IoIp. ; strik,' ends . aliont 23 Feb. 1879 
 llysli'riousilisappearam'e ol Miss Eilwarils, 4 Se|pt. ; 
 
 fonml in I. on. ion '21 (let, ,, 
 
 Bislioprie ,•^l.,ll|i...|ll.,l .... 24 .M.ireh, ib3o 
 Liv,.rpool n.piiiin.it,-,! a eily . . .\pril, ,, 
 
 Fonmlalion ol L'niv,.|sily eolleg,. ; ahipiit S3,.x)o/. 
 
 sulpsi-rilH'.l .... . oi-t. „ 
 
 New wati'r wipiks in Hi,, valley of the river Vyrnwy, 
 25 miles from (iswestry, in.gnn, 14 .liilv', iSSi ; 
 innu^nraleil hy th.. .Ink,, of Connan^ht slaitin).ii 
 fountain al l.iv, rp.pol .... i4,liilv, 1S93 
 (Lakr- 4iiiil,sloii:; f.irniiil, \ mil,, t03.10y.ls. wiil',., 
 Llanw.hliii villHL-,. eov,'?,.,!, 68 mili..s of aipie- 
 ■ liK'Is. I u nil, Is. )iip,.s, i^-e. Tin. niiph.i I.Tkin^- was 
 jpiojeeleil in 1870 by -Mr. (i. V. ll,.aeon, .Tiileil 
 by .Mr. c. Ilawksley nml .Mr. ,1. IJal,.nian, (inil 
 earreil , 111 by .Mr. Di.ar.iii fi.s clii,.f eM.i.'im.,.r.] 
 Di.seovery of iideinal niai'liines in sleanii.rs Miill'i 
 
 nml lUiri'intH ;innoniii.e,l . . .24 ,Jnlv, 1S80 
 Plot to l,!,,w iijp the bpwii-hall ilis,.MV,.ri.,l: baj; I'pf 
 (.Xlii.isivi ... 1, .1111,1 :,r .l...,r ; j r,:lil.,li>.,|i|.|i h.leleil 
 10 .nine ; i.oii\ iili'il. seiit<.m.e,l to i.i.n.il servitml,. 
 .Jauii.s Mi'lirath I'.ir III',.; .Jaines .Mi.Kiiivett 
 
 U, 
 2 Auk. iSSi 
 
 uiek spae,. in iSio, 26ai.ri.s lorshijis, 704,000 tons ; 
 in 1857, joij ai.res, tonnaye, 4,320,000. 
 
 i.siimai,.,! loss 250, ,T(xi/. . . . . |, ■ 
 Koyal .Inhili.e Kxhiliilion opiii,.,| i,v |h,. i.nn,.,'' ■' 
 
 ' I isp. ; . V, \|,,".' .. 
 
 i First meeliirLTof the .National Ass.ieiatiiiM i„i. j;,,! ''" 
 
 .\phaiieeni,.iit of .Art . . . . 17 po'.' -. 
 
 Strik,- 01' sailors anil lireinen mil of .Mny ■ ,;i.|,,,j '"'' 
 
 ' .. .,..., , '^ J'.Ir i^.- 
 
 I- 11.4111. n» .I'.p.k strikes, met liy :, supply „|- ,;,;„| ' 
 
 ,, , . -, ^■•■l^, Mai'..],', ,:,, 
 
 j .-Miont 2o.o.i.> men on strike, rrpiprfe.I 7.Mevl|. '' 
 I siiliiip.rs from rii.sioii ariiv,., li .Mai'eli; ill,',,,!,! 
 ' «ettli.il ,, \|.,'„,j_ 
 
 j The link,, of riareiie,. an.l A\.aiilal.. uneiis 111- i,rn' " 
 I lloyal Inlirmai-.v . . . . * . r., n,-- 
 I .Mr. (h-,.r.-,. Hull 'pr,-s..iils ui.aal lo eii,li',«- 111- mir '' 
 of pliysiolo-y in I'liivei-sily Oilh.p. . i.li'i'i,. ,:- 
 
 .Naval exhibilion opi-iie.l by lunl 1; ■^',. Hai'iiih,,,,' "' 
 
 ilr,.at cotton liri.at llramhy .Mour linek ; estiiii:ii.,i '"'' 
 loss, aliont 100. 'xKi'. .... i-K.-ii 
 
 I .Mr. .loliii 1 1 all imp kill,.,! by fallin;,. I'l 1 tin, t.|,,.,f " 
 
 I till. l.iv,.r]io,pl observatory, liiikeiiliea.l, ,,r wl,i,.|'| 
 
 lip. was ,|ir,.,.tor ..j \|.,-i. 
 
 Mr. W. li. I.p.vy an.l Mr. (I. ,1. Cohi.ii, "rraj,!,'.;,'; " 
 Ii.,-ate,.s ol .Mr. Ilaviil I. e" is. m,. reliant, in a,-,..,... 
 i il.iiiee with his wishes, presint about 3:.j.o.x.(. ;-. 
 I the workiiiu'elasses of Liverpool aiul .Mlint-lii.M,.r ; 
 
 annonneetl .ji,,,,,' 
 
 St.. I'l'ter'.s hall burnt .... 27 N,,v' 
 I .Mr. W. K. (iladsloiie receives llii' freeiloiii „r .]..'. 
 
 • ''it.v 3li..'.. 
 
 New \iitoria liiiihlings of (he university oil,..-. 
 I t.i which til', ipieen liiel pven 4.,x»/., i'i]ii.iii.ir'i..,'- 
 
 earl Speiieer ,;|i..,: 
 
 (Iri.at lire in ,luni]>i.r-strei.t, 2 lirenii-n killi-pl ; p-.;;. 
 
 . mat,.. 1 loss, 150. ««.' 5. ^.laii. r 
 
 I The overlieiiil ,.fi.ct .ii'al railway at tlip' ilo|.ks,,-i!....it 
 I 7 miles lon^', be^nii in i8S9,'inaiif;nrati.pl l.v ili,. 
 i niaripiis of Salisbury . ... 4 1',.|. 
 j Heath 111 111,, (.arl of Ui'rby ; h,. li,.i|UiatliS2,oncJ. |..r 
 I the imrchas,. of iiii-tnri.s, his ealiinet of .aiitiiini. 
 ; lies, to thecit.\', and 2,tMj,j/. to l'onn,l aseliuiiu-.^lii|i 
 
 iir jirizp. 21 Aiin;. ,. 
 
 The litl,. of " lord " ;;ranted to the iiia.vor ij .liii.,.. „ 
 
 Fire at Hornby .lock; dania;.'e about jo.oeo/.. 24 
 
 .Inly ; lire al Camilla ,lock, estiniiited ilaiiia^H 
 
 itxi.cKHi/. 5 All:'. ., 
 
 Death of .Mr. Clharles Kdward Ilorsrall, win 
 
 I eipieaths 14,70,,/. to i.haiilii's . . 21 An;. ,, 
 Ml-, (i,.,,!-:;,. II, lit, presf.nts i.,..>v)/. to oiidow a cltiur 
 of path. pl.i.jy altlie L'iiiv,.rsityi.olIe;_.i. ami -ycnj. 
 lor the laboratory ami stall, .\iail. 1=1)4; 15.,.^.,;. 
 ^'ivcii bv the r..v. S. .\. 'fliiiiijp.-iiii Vati..s .liilv. i.';, 
 Visit of liie,liik(. ami .lui.hi.ssof Viirk ; r.iiiii,l,.ili.'.;i 
 sloiip. of new ]post iplllce laid ami weMiii^' dit 
 
 i'|.(.,.ivi.d io.S.].t. .. 
 
 Dp.ith of Mr. Goorne Holt . . . 1 Aiuil, lii 
 IJritish association me,. Is here fourlli tiiu,., 
 
 16-23 S(.],t. ■■ 
 The fonmlation of ihe " Daviil Lewis" nurtliprii 
 hospital laid by the counti'ss of Iterliy (ia.l;' 
 niayori.ss) . ..... 15 IK*'.. .. 
 
 Till' |.|irl of Di.rhy eli.ctcd lord mayor, Nov. if?;; 
 ri. turns his allowance of 20Kj/. . .220,.I. .. 
 
 LIVE R POOL A D M I NX S TEATIOX, 
 
 Sliui'tlv alter the nssassiiiatinii of Mr, IVreei-il 
 
trooL, 
 
 ll'Vlli,.|.iihreaii,l.„i„."^ 
 'I .M.Miii.lni. , (j(|,„ .. 
 lali'lln til. ■(.■arl„f]), ,,,,;■ '= : 
 
 a ii|po]ifil i,y tlu. ,;„'|;',','',',;. ■' 
 «! liiinit (ilaiiin;;,; ,,1 , ■' 
 
 r,"i ''V ;./.n'i;:;l:;;:: 
 
 '' NiiviKini cii,- ,,,.,; ■• 
 
 'iiiL.iii hiiviil lla.^iMii,.! 
 ili.v ;{,ii,n,v)/. siilpM.riii,.,|l 
 '«lini,,o-5;,,,„,|„,i I,; 
 
 ii:i'ii'!iii.', II „y„;. 
 
 '"":' • • 5X..V, ,;:, 
 '"'J^'-- ■ io.ShiI. ■' 
 
 vitliiicliii.li.tdWHi |,i|,.,;t; " 
 
 "l'c'ii''l l.v tilt' ]iniipi.„ " 
 
 • , •, • ■ ''' Mil,-, ,::. 
 
 I'liiii Assdi-ialion I'ljr tlu- ' ' 
 3 7 li'T. ,;-. 
 
 "■•■I iM'l of Miiy;;.,,!,,! • 
 12 Jnlv, ]»,. 
 
 ^''■l'., .Mllirli, ,: 
 111;.', rcii(,ri,.,| y ji,.,,,!,. '' 
 iii^v, IS Miiivli; .li,],.,:,. 
 
 , , , -'I •MiMi-ii, „ 
 
 .WniLhilc npi'iislli,. iirtv ■ 
 
 •, • • -O'li't. „ 
 in.i-KK-i'. Ill i'iiiliAV:ii'.,air 
 <it,V Cull,-(. . ,J,;„'. ,: 
 
 '.v l"iil W IIai'iiili-.!i, "" 
 
 I IV;,, ,:,. 
 ■y Mn"rl)n,'k;(.stiiint.,.| ^'' 
 
 • I5l'-I.. , 
 i.Vf:lUili.L; IVuiil 'lict i|i,.f ' 
 ry, liirUiMiliwul, iif wliirli 
 
 . I., J. f'r.liiMi, rmiilw.t 
 I'uis, iiicri'lMiit, iii.wivir. 
 
 n-i'srlit lllidlil •t:o,(Xxii', :.i 
 VlM'lil!(jlllllrLMiril(li|.st,.|.; 
 
 J'llll-, „ 
 27 N.'V. ,, 
 M's l)ii\ IVci'dciiii uS th,. 
 
 • 3l''f. , 
 llip nniviT.sily culli..., 
 
 Kivi'ii 4, OCX?/., (jjii'iieil liv 
 
 ■ • . 13 IW. „ 
 t, a liri'iii.n killiil : e>ti- 
 
 3i 6 Jan. i;;; 
 
 Iway lit tliiMl(ick.s,a!,iiiit ' 
 iSg, iimUKuriiti'il l,v tW 
 
 • • . . 4l-''l'. „ 
 ;li('lii'i|iii:itlis2,o(xi/. fur 
 1, Ills iMlMMct of aiitiiini. 
 :,l. to riiiui.l asi'liolaisiiiji 
 
 • . . Ji^l'v:;, „ 
 ■'1 to tlu' mayor 15 .liin', ,, 
 iiiiyii aliDiil 30,000/., 24 
 uek, I'.itiiiiali'il ilaiiia^e 
 
 5 An;. „ 
 Kilwanl Ilorsfall, wlw 
 iiilii's , . 21 All,:;. „ 
 !<).'>«)/. luiMiilowai'liair 
 'Tsity i'oIIi'l:*' atnl yyj. 
 air. .\|)r'il, liQ.f ; 15.1^.,.!. 
 'Imi1ii|imi1i VatV.s .liiiv, u;, 
 ii'ssof Vink ; tiiiiiiilaliiia 
 ' liii'l aiiil wi''iMiii^ ;:i!t 
 
 10S'|it. ., 
 
 . :, Ainii, i;,x 
 
 liiTc I'liirtli tifiip', 
 
 16-23 Si'iit. ., 
 l>a\iil r.rwis" iiortli'i'ii 
 iniiiti's.s of ilnrliv (lii'l'' 
 
 . . . 15 "rt. „ 
 lorii mayor, Nov. iS^ji 
 2000/. . . 22 ykl ,, 
 
 DMIXLSTEATIOX, 
 
 isiiiatiiiii of ill'. M'evjl 
 
 LIVERPOOL mSFIOPItlC. 
 
 GG3 
 
 LOANS. 
 
 .'IlMav, l8l2\ till.' I'lirl of Livcrjiiiiil licnniu' lirst 
 
 Jiiiniite'r.* H^.^MiliniiiUtnition tcniiiiiiitiMl when lie 
 
 «M attafkeil by upojilcvy, i; I-Vb. i«2;, iiml .Mr. 
 
 C:iiini"Ssi"''''''''''''' "" 1"''""' miiiisttT, loApril. 
 
 Kill iifLivrJ'l""'!. "''■<* '"'■'' ",''""■ Irensiiri/. 
 
 tVlufKMoi;, /"/■'' f '"""•'""'•. 
 
 KirliifHari'.iHliy, h,r:l lumUnit uf Ihe. i_;,iincH. 
 
 [',il,il'WV.sliii"ii:i"'l. '""' I'l'i'H "I'll- 
 
 V Vaiuitt.'ilt, ilMuiMiir iif Ihc exihrqun- (sllci'i'i'ilcil by 
 
 ' F.J. liiiliiii'ton. 'S23'- 
 
 Visi'-iiiiil Siiliiioiilli, iKiaie secrd'iry (siicn.'fclcil liy Hcihcit 
 
 lV<i i3«l. 
 VLwiiiit la,<tlMvaKli, "It. iiianiuis of LimmIoikIimtv, 
 
 /,r«'/m(!cr«'"''.i/(sMi'ci'i'ilfcl liy (Jcurjjc Caiiiiiiit;, 1S22). 
 J-iil lliitliiirst, fUimhil sei-irtiirii. 
 \,v..iiiit Sltlvilli',yic.s( Inril (,/iiiliiiiriillii. 
 jjiliifUiii'kinuliainshirc, hminl iij i-initnit (.siicc'clcd liy 
 
 i;, CaiiiiiiiK, 1S16: LI. liatliiir.st, 1B20 : C. Wyniii', 1822. 
 /■!;.irlrt llatliurst (1S13). chiii,;llni- ,,/ ihirlii/ 0/ I.diu-iislcr 
 " (siinwiiil I'V N'. VaiiMittart, Imil lii'xlry, iSai). 
 Wiilriley I'oli'. aftcrwanl.s lipi'.l .MaryiKJiiiii^'li, 1815, 
 
 wul(ii)fllKiilinl. 
 f. J. Uoliiiisuu, 181S ; W. Uiiski.sson, 1823, limni oftnule. 
 tarl "f .Miilp"ivi', uiiliiaiice (siiciTuilfil liy cliikc of Wcl- 
 
 l;li.'t"ll, iSiu). 
 
 LIVEKPOOL BisiKiriiit) cstalilishuil liv 
 (irdrr I'f the liri> y couin'il, 24 iliinli, i88u; Si". 
 Fiti'i's clmri'li to lie tlie oiitlKMlriil ; tir.it bislioi), 
 J(,lin C'liarli'i Itylo, l'.l». 
 
 LIVIXGf.STON]';, see umkM- .tfnci, 1856 it 
 
 LIVOXL\, 11 Uii-i>iiin proviin'c on tlic lialtic 
 sf;i, lirst visiti'il by sonio lircnicii iiicrcliiiiits almut 
 llyS. It has Iji'loiiffi'd suc-ccsiivt'ly to DciuiiiirU, 
 Swi'ili'li, I'olaiiil, 1111(1 Itii.-isia. It wiis filially ci'ilcil 
 10 I'ettr the Ureiit in 1 72 1, ropumtiuii iii 188(1, 
 
 LIVEET D'OTTVRTEll, a species of work- 
 aim's [wssport, iritroiluccil into Fraiit'c by Tiirgot 
 about i;Xl ; abnUslictl 2j .Marcli, 1869. 
 
 LLAXDAFP (S. Walos). Tlie first l<nowii 
 •liihup MMs .St. Diibriliiis, said to liiivo dicil in (jl2. 
 Till' Sir is valued in tlio kini;'.s booksat 154/. I4,v. id. 
 peraiinimi. I'resent iiicoim.' 4,200/. 
 
 /IIX'KST lll.slliiPS. 
 
 ,32. Rifliaril Watson ; ,lird 4 July, 1S16. 
 fSi6. Hrrlicit .Maisli ; traii.s. to l'(lorlini(iiiL;!i, 1819. 
 1S19. Will. Vail .Mildcrl : traiisl.-itcd to Ourhaiii, 1826. 
 
 1826. Cliarli'S Itii-liard hiiiiiiii'r ; traiLslatcd to Win- 
 
 I'lu'StiT, 1827. 
 
 1827. EJwaiil Coplc'stnii ; .lii'il I., Oct. 1849. 
 i84,j. Airinlilllivant, diod 16 l)n\ 1882. 
 
 loJ!. Ifirlianl l.iwi.s, loii.si'cralod 25 Ajiril, 1883. 
 
 LLEKEXA, see Villa Franca. 
 
 LLOYD'S (London), at the Royal E.\chan<;i! 
 
 llnut Kip):. .Vcolt'ee-house, liept hy'l'Mwd. I.l.iyd, 
 AbclmiTii-latU', lieciniu a place of nloctiiit; of nicr- 
 ohaiits. Alter several removals it wa.s e.stablislied 
 finally at llie Royal Kxehaiije in 1774, and re- 
 mained there till the tire in 1858, wlien it was 
 reiiiDveJ till the present buildin^r wa^! eoinpleteil in 
 1841. Here resort eniineiit niercliaiits and ship, 
 owners.aiid here are etl'cclial insurances on ships and 
 mc;ciinnilise, X Ue^'ister id' shijis liei;an about 
 rfi\\ and the terms A. 1, &e. were used abnut 
 '"5- I'^^o societies (underwriters and inerelianls) 
 were united, imJ one re;;ister issneil, Oct. 1834. 
 Jubilee celebriited, 31 Oct. i88.|. Lloyd's is siip- 
 
 porteil hy siil),cribcrs who now p.iv iinnimllv C/. c,*., 
 loniierly 4/. 4,*. The hunks kc|it here cnitain an 
 iieciiiiiii (it (lic arrival and Miiliiii,' of vessids, and 
 ■ire reiiiarkalde fur their earlv intelligence of 
 iiiiintinie iilfaiis. .Many lu'w s'i<;niilliii;,' stations 
 I'stdili-lied, 1N82-3. First iimiual is-iie of the 
 '•I luvcrsal Shippin;; l{e-i>ter," pnlilished hero, 
 ■Miiy, 188(1. In |8()j, the siihscnbers institute(i 
 7/ ''''''''"''<' ''''"""' ("•/"■'■/' M(). The Aii.\ti-i,in 
 JJiii/il'x^ an assucialioii for general, coinmereial, 
 j (ind industrial piirpo.ses, wa.s fuiinded at Trieste, hy 
 I liai-"n lirnek, in 1855. It has established re^nhir 
 '■oiiiiiiunieatiun between Trieste and the Levant, 
 liy means of u (jcet uf steamers earryinglhe mails, 
 and puhlishes 11 jmirnal. 
 
 LU^VDSTOXE, see M„,,mr,sm. 
 
 LOAN EXIIlPrTIOXS, .see K,-/,ihUious, 
 Aalional Porlr/iiiK, .Sa'ci'i/ic .Ipjmra/ux, •^■c. 
 
 LOAXO, Piedmont (X. Italy). Here the Aus- 
 trians and Siirdiiiians were defeated hy the French, 
 niider Ma.ssena, 2,j. 24 Nov. 171^5. 
 
 LOxVXS for the pnblie service wore raised by 
 Wulsey m 1522 an.l iS2v In 1^59 Klizabeth 
 borrowed 2(X),(xw/. uf the (dty of Antwerp, to cn- 
 
 I aide licr to ndurm her own ('(dn, and sir Thomas 
 
 , (ii-esham and the city uf London joined in the 
 sr( iirity. Ji'ii/)iii. Til,. aiiMiint of' some uf tho 
 
 { Fiij^'lish ,ind other loans, diiriiij,- iiicinoralile iieriods, 
 
 i VIZ. : — 
 
 • Rnlji'rt.IcijkiusnD.lioiij yjaii. i77o,ciiti'rcd tlielmuse 
 .nftomm.iusiiu.l.T .M'. Pill ; o|i|.osc.l the .ilpulitiuu ut la,. 
 slave trailc in 17,53 ; Ipci'aiiic lurd Uawki'shurv in 1796 ; 
 h.'1'aine f,iivij;ii iiiinistor iiiiiler .Mr. .Vllplill^tppil, in 1801 ; 
 sucieeilol lii« fatlior as earl uf Liverijipul lii isoS .- died j 
 Dec. 1828. ■* 
 
 M'Vi'ii years' war 
 
 .Viiii'i-i "111 war . . . 
 
 i-'ri'iirli rcvppliitloiiary war , 
 
 War a^'aiiist lioiiaipa'rte . 
 
 2 loans. 1S13 
 
 War a,i;aiiist Hiissia . . 
 
 Kur dellciciicy in rivp'iiuc 
 
 ■7,13*01763 . ,t;52, 100,000 
 
 17711101784 . 75,500,000 
 
 1703(01802 . 1(18,500,000 
 
 1803 to 1814 . 206,300,000 
 
 .t2 1 ,o..w,cx>j/. and 22,(x)o,ooo 
 
 i?55 to 1856 . X*i6, 000,000 
 
 1^56 . 10,000,000 
 
 lli.pili tak.ii hy the liolhscliiMs aloiic.| 
 
 Uy East liclia Coiiii.iuiy . . ,s;3 , s,ooo,ooo 
 
 .\ siiliscri|ptiuii luaii (i,S,ooo,tKx./.) to ciirrv on the war, 
 a^'iiiist Fraii'c, illlcl up in London m' 15 Inmrs and 
 2o iiiiimtes (sec l.-ijiiiltii /.o.iH,), 5 I),.,.. 1796. 
 
 rifiirh Iwni uii ,, .Inly, 183,, on accuiint of tlic war with 
 Kiissia. The frciidi h ,,'islatiire passed a liill for raising 
 by loan 750 million francs (30,000,000/. sterliiiK"). On 
 liie 3uth the total snipipiiheil in (■'raiiee aiiiuiiiited to 
 3,652,591,5183 Iraiics (alippiit 146,103,679/.), iiearlv live 
 times the aiiioiiiit iviiuircl; 2, :;;j, 883, 450 francs wero 
 truiii I'aris ; tVom tie- ilepartiiieiits,'^ 1,118.703,533 francs. 
 The inmibcr ur siiliseiihcrs was 316.S64. No less than 
 23'>92o,i55 francs were in elc 11)1 hy sahscniitiun of 50 
 francs and under. .Uioiit 600 millioiis came tVoin foreign 
 cuiiutries. I'lie English snhscripliuii of i5o,ooo.(xo 
 francs was rctnnicl, as doiilile the nnioiint riiiiniroil 
 had liceii ]irollered. 
 
 The Freiieh govcrniiiciit raised a loan nf 2o,o<;x).ooo/. for 
 the Italian war from its own peuiile witlioiit dilliculty, 
 .May, 185,,. ' 
 
 \ Tnikhh loan, in 1854, at 7,^ jier cent., reeiiiiiiiietuled 
 hy lonl I'almcrstuii ; a loan of 5,ooo,tK>u/., at 4 ]ier 
 cent., (in the security of l':iit;laiid and France, was 
 taken up by Hutliscliild in .\ii-. 1S35, an.l was well 
 11 ived : the stock ippsc to a siii.iU |irciiiiimi, 
 
 Fri'iii-h loan for i7,6<ki,ooo(. aiiiiouneed 29 Jan. 1868, 
 
 h'iri/rh hudi 2,(xx»,(x)o,ooo frillies fur 80.000.001'. : nearly 
 twice tlic aiiioum siihscrihc.l ill fraiiee alone, 28 June, 
 1S71 ; aiiuther luaii, uf (120.000,000?. at 61 per cent.) 
 for speeily payiuciit uf the iinleinnity and cvaeuation 
 uf tlic provinces held by the (Iciniaiis ; aniiouiieed 36 
 July. 1872; above twice the amount subscribed. See 
 /•'i-i'/iir. 
 
 /•'■iivi;/,i /.ii.iin fnmmitt:!': aii|ioiiited to iiniuiru enn- 
 cpu'iiing certain loans to llunclnras, Costa liica, ninl 
 I'araguay, in llieir report coninieiit uii the cxaL.'';erateil 
 stateiiieiits respcctiiu' the, revenues and resoiiri'cs of 
 
 the states ill ihc iiros| tuses, the eltorts of the eim- 
 
 tractors tu make lietitioiis mirkets ; tlic proceedings 
 lui the stock c\cliaii,i.'e tu maiiitiin their jirestige ; tlia 
 secrecy adopted in the procecilings ; " the best secu- 
 rity a.L-ainst the recurrence of such evils will be found, 
 
 <f '1 
 
 i !i i 
 
 !fi 
 
 ' 'i'k..iid»lt, 
 
 ''Mi 
 
 I 
 
 ■■■' iiir; 
 
 'hv I 
 
LOAN SOCIETIEH. 
 
 Cf)4 
 
 LOCOMOTIVES. 
 
 
 not Ki) iimi'li ill li'Hisliitlvii cimctiiicntH iih in llii' I'li- ! LOCAL RATKS in Klisl'.unl, i,,),,,. 
 liKlitcninciit (if llic puliiif aa til tlii'ii- rciil iiiitiiri' iiiiil ioni'ci'S. 
 origin, tiiiis ii'iiiii'iiTif,' it iMMiT liilllcult t'(ir miscruiailiiHs 
 
 llLTMrm.s til (MITV nut siltt'Illl'S .... wilil'll ilMVt* I'lulni 
 
 III wi iimcli ilisin ilil .iiiil ilisasirr," .Iniy, 1375. 
 
 I,iir;il si'ir-(,'iivi'niim'iit 1« 11 c'1mm-( of iiiitliiriti,, 1 
 
 illl'l illl'art. (.'../. (i'n.Si7)ril. ' 'I Ml! 
 
 Hi'O I'nihdlr lintti, |J;',-;. 
 
 'I'iir t,"ii inn llMti']ia,vci>i' D.'IViicc r. 
 
 cliilic nt W(stiiiiii>(rr iircsiiiiiit; iB Ni,v 
 
 LOAN SOClF/ril'lS. 'I'lu' liiWH rclatili!; In 
 thi'iii wen' liiiii'iKli'ii I)) till' act 5 A: .( Vict. c. I Ui ; 
 piiiisod All;;. 1.S41). 
 
 LOHSTEKS ami CKAHS. Tlir size at wlii, li 
 they aiT to be miIiI is ir;;iilat('il liy tlic !• islifrirs 
 act,' icS;;. 
 
 LOCAL GOVEKN.AIEXT Afri', pass, ,1 in 
 
 iHjcS, was aiMriiiUd ill iHliI, fSi'iitch Incal (jdVci'ii- 
 nicnt liill iiilriiiliiiT(i In the li i<l mlvoiatf, J. 1". IS. 
 lloliirtsnn, ,S April, |las^l•(l 2(1 Xm;. iSSi). 
 5Ii'. Hilcliii'\ Local (.•..vciniii. Ill llili (iMciami & Wales) 
 
 rcail lirst lliuc k; .Maicli ; .sccniiii time n> m. fun. -.m 
 
 April ; ii'Val iissciit 13 Aiii:. iSBS ; 51 >V 52 Vii^t. c. 41. 
 
 I. Kstalilislics Cm siv ('(MNiii.h in every luiniiiiis- 
 
 tlati\e ciilliity us fielilleti hy the act. ('(illlicil til 
 cniisisl of ciiiilicilli IS aiiil aliii'tliicli, with a cliair- 
 inaii ; elcctois tn In- pailiaiiietitary Noteis, ami male 
 ami female rale| iiyeis. 
 
 II. 61 lioroU;^lls enlist itllleii eiilllity lioron;;lls ; tlie 
 lllctlo|iolis eolislitiiteil till' eoiintv of l,«llilnll,SUper- 
 
 seiliii^' llie .Mrlropnlitaii linanl I Wmlis. 
 
 III. liiiiiiiilaiies. 
 
 IV. l-'iiiaiice. 
 
 V. .'Sllpplrmelll.'ll. 
 
 VI. Traiisitiiiy iirnvisions ; liisl ileetioii (for tluee 
 years) in ,laij., ami iliilies ciitereil on i Apfil, iSSij. 
 
 Loi'AL CiiiviaiSMKNT (liiiiNiiAHiKs) AcT. ."Sco uniler 
 
 Jlimiiilnifi .I-'v, 1SH7. 
 Local liiivi:nsMi\i (lOi.Krioas) Act (lasMil ,r, .May, 
 
 l838. (i:leetioll.s) lull |i;iss,,I, fi Marcll, iFi,(,. 
 
 Irish I.dcal (lovciiimeut Hill iiitroiliiceil by .Mr. A. J. billiilay, 2 May, l^d.S 
 J)illfour:ilm' pinvisiiinniaile fort lie rights of uiiiinri ties); 
 reail lirst time 18 Keli. ; secnml n'ailiii^' (jig-247) 
 24 May ; \villiili;iHn, 1 5 .Iiine, igyz ; .Mr. (leralil lial- velat^'s to le^'al proci'cdiiii.'s, 
 
 four's hill passeil, 1.. .Vilir., It'ij.S. See Inhtinl. 
 
 Bill for the eslalilishmeiit of parish coiiiieils (irlilrh 
 
 .«ii')rea(l lir.st ti , 21 .March, iSgj ; pas.seil, 5 March, 
 
 1S94. 
 Stotcli Local Oovenimciit Art jiasseil, 25 Aiif;. 1E94 ; 
 
 amemleil March, 1005. Hiv Snilliuiil. 
 Parish cuiimils, nliiili mr, guardians ami district 
 
 councils ef.talilishi'(L 1894. 
 
 "l-'i" I'enii.,! I 
 
 HaiiiiLT Act, 17 ,V ;S Vict. c. 54. iia^swl, , ,\,;„ . 
 ali'ilislies exeiiiplliiii from tli-" I'on? Lrvw Art"' ''"' 
 Klizalieth.aml proNidi's for the iatimrii|H',HH|', * 
 riulils of fowliiif,'. llshirj;, ,ve. A liill Inrlln-n 
 mai'hiitery was read a secoiiil tliii.. in ,.v-, ,^ " ' 
 and .t'9,;. " " ''■-'■ 'V: 
 
 He|iiirl on hicnl taxation hy Mr. llenr'- II. I-Vmi,.,!,, 
 
 si t of llie Local (iovenininit Immil) u,,'^ , """ 
 
 IKxpeiidilnre, iBM, =4-7.| <.'.-.«. ; 16,;,',,!'^;'^ 
 innieipally raiseil l.y lativs. Lnvluml .||,,i (y V" 
 
 lt'i)4, .)■•'. 2'.M,97-''- ; i'cnll.inil, •.:-,-„., •A.; IliTi' 
 •.•,Sh7,77o/. 
 He introdncps n liill fur thf ei|nuli/,itii,n iif rati., 11, 
 don); read lirst tiiiip, 1 May; witlntniwii, Swit \'-'"- 
 act jiassed, 2s Anj;. 1804. ' ' '•• 
 
 llnyal e ni'ssion on lociil tiixnlinn iit.iniiiiti.i ■ •,., 
 
 Ilalliinrnf linrlei-li. l.inl Lmlvn, Mr. J D ii'if;;:'' 
 and others, nnl, t May, , ,,7. ''""""■ 
 
 LOCIILEVEX CASTI.E (KiiMv,s,i,i,„ii,,-,„ 
 an isle ill l.mli l,<'Vi 11, it is sunl hv iti,' Piii< „ , 
 tlic rnvKl rcsiijeiici' of .Mcx.iiidcr 111', am! Iiiiim,',.!, 
 wlicii taken from it to SiirliiiL'. ll wm 1,1,', ,„i 
 by tlio Kn^'lisli in l !,!.>}, and in 155^. ii^j.'jl 
 (jrabani, lirst arclilnslmp of St. .'\'iiiliv«s, ]'„.,. 
 iirisiiiicil I'nr ;itteinjitini,' to relnnn the ilivrih' il,,) 
 hci-c iilioiit r.|7iS. The (■•■iil nf .Nnrilicinl.irL,,],'! ,;,i 
 conliticil ill It, I^di). It was llu^ pluic (if m,,.,, 
 Mary's iiiiprisniinieiit in 15'';, ami of lierora.,, 
 
 ,111'lay, 2 May, i^d.S. '"' 
 
 LOCKE'S ACT, .2.? .V 2.\ Vict. c. ,,; ;,^v._ 
 "lati'S to le^'al procccdiiip*. 
 
 LOCKE KING'S ACTS ; 17 .t i.s Vit 
 «• II.? (|HS4), and 30 A: ji Vict. c. (,(, (hSo;), rcke 
 to inort.iriigcs. 
 
 LOCK HOSPITAL, (stabli.!,,,! i;j-; :i» 
 flsylum, 1787. 
 
 LOCK-OUTS, see A/,;,h.v. 
 
 LOCKS, early used by tlic K^'y[itii(nji, Gmlis, 
 lioniaiis, and tlic'Chiiic.st'." Ileiion "has eiiL'nuiil;,],' 
 
 LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOAUD (a lu w 
 department of the pivcrnmcnf, coiiipiisinir the 
 supervision of llic jinldic )iiallli, and local irdVcin- 
 Dlunt togLtliCT with tlic )'o\vcr.s and duties of the 
 
 Poor Law board, iinludinir I'dm ation, ]iolic(., Ivi;vptian lock of wood. I'n C'anj;c iiiciilions lii^j 
 highways. &c..), was eslablislied in puisninec (d' ami padlocks as early as 1 5X1. 
 an act pass, d 14 Aug. 1871. First lircsidcnt, Mr. liarmn's hudis (nii the nianv-tu(.,il.l(.r ..rinci.il,) ,,>, 
 James blalilelil, appointed president r,f Ibe jioor iiatented in 177S; liraia.al'rs, in i^gs; ami (_|,i;ii, 
 
 "deleelor" locks in l8l3. 
 
 Mr. 1:. Iie(dictt lieiiison (imw lord (iiinitlnir]*) ij. 
 vcnied a Inidi as.srrtcil to he sei-nn ii^Miiist iiickici:, i 
 
 law board, March, 1.S71. Mr. (aft. sir Jolm) Lam- 
 bert, C.])., first .sci'reiary, a]iiioint('d Sept. 1.S71. 
 Eeports isaneii anmialh .' See G/k/^/oih and otlur 
 u-lihninislyii/idiis, Mill Cli/ihrii, Jan., l8')7. 
 
 New locks ha>e heell )iro^li|ii.,l hy Messrs. Piiy iM 
 
 .N'cwell, Vale, Andrews, .(iiil oilnis, isjui.iiillv ia 
 
 .Xmerica. 
 
 Mr. Iliihhs, an Ainerieaii, e.xlidiileil liii, i,«u kjiks j 
 
 the Crystal paiaee, in iS5i,aml .-(hdwcd iisv.it skill in 
 
 ]iiekiiif; ntlicrs. 
 
 A "Key liuicaii" to .lid in the rci'nvciy ef kut kitj 
 
 ((■har^;e is. per aniinni) cstalilished in Lcnduii iiii-;i. 
 
 Chulilis " ]u,nie door lock " for e»sy .lll,llil^; (.f <n.fj 
 
 in lliitilns anuii.niced net. 1SS7. 
 Mr. !•'. ,1. lii^'Kss Inlinlar Im-k, said tn he cluaiwaul 
 
 1895. lii'tler than rlicc locks, niannlactiircil !,)■ a sjmli. 
 
 r r^fi 4 T /"vTimT/-iXT ,, '"^''' '" ''nndoli, .Alaw rSgo. 
 
 LOCAJj^ OlllOiS, see i', ///(,. v.m'cc j:i/l A he.autitnl key , |,ose.l of ;,'iili| and ntlifr n.i^tali 
 
 and Liijiiiif Tiiijlii'. hronKht from various colnnifs was iiijile hv Jl's-i?. 
 
 LOCAL PARLIAMENTS. Tlie first of <'lH|hl. ami us.jilliylli.. ,,.■..,■,, in (.p..i,i,,,Ml,i. «.i! 
 
 these niinue iiarliaiiK nts was opened m Liverpool, . . *-> 
 
 about 1864; ii conference of .-liiout 15(1 dide-ates LOCOMOTI V1-;S, mv Itaihnnis. Tkiisic'- 
 from 146 111 these assemblies, witli 2(1.ihk) membcr.s, steam locomotives on ordiimr'- roads'is rciulatdlit 
 in Great Itnlain, met at the t'ryslal I'aliice, 20-2.5 acts passed in 1861, 1865, '1878 and 1898. S^ 
 May, l88j. , t'<ii-i-inqc8 i8u6. 
 
 LOCAL LOANS ACT. passed i-, An-. 187^ 
 
 By tlie National Debt ami l.ni-al Loans .\et jiiisscd 
 12 Jul.v, 1887, tlie local loans -lock was ( reatcd. 
 In May, 1891, tli,' local in lehleilne.ss was stated to he 
 about 195,400,001'., which is still incrcasin.:. heiu;,' the 
 n^sult of exiiemliuiic hy hu.'al aiilhiu it ies on important 
 public wiiiks. Ireiiucnliy repiiiiiueli\e. ami also saiii- 
 tiiiy imprnvemeuts. Tlie ilihlors inehule nearly all 
 the ureut towns in the kiin;i|oiu. See A'n/;.n,e/ Ihhl 
 
LOClilANS. 
 
 (i(i(> 
 
 LOMBARD MEJU'II AN TH. 
 
 ■lm"<"ri..il,lM.riti,,,,|,.„_^ 
 
 .V.;. .At.illl,,,-!!,,,,,;: 
 ""I liiiiM ill u-y,, i':,,,, ,:, 
 
 iM""li7Mti.,n ofrnt,, (i„. 
 iiy ; wnli,ii;mi,, Sfjii.,.- . 
 
 tilViltillll llp|il)i||l,,]. .,,., 
 
 Kiiii.vn, Ml-. J. U, ij,,!,;,,:, 
 
 STI,!; (Kii/i-..s>i,i„,ii,,,, 
 II i^s(m1 liv 111,. I'ii|.,,j„ 
 viiiilcr 111. iilMlliiiii'i,,,;, 
 ■ilirlni;:. Il wm i,,,,,.,,;) 
 
 • ■""! i" l.V-,\. I'Htilk 
 ']' "I Si. .Viiilivws, i|,,. 
 :<> n liTiii lli''ilii'rii|j:|j 
 vl iif'N"iilii'iiil,(.rl;i||,|,,|, 
 was llu. ,,lii,.|. of ,|„„'„ 
 
 ACTS ; 17 & IS Vi,., 
 
 V till' K,t.'\ptKin8, Grnk!, 
 
 iH'iidii iiasciijiin,,!,, 
 
 1)11 C,-lllj;r lllflllions loiii 
 
 iiy-limililiT (iiinriiiM «..i, 
 ill's, in 17SS; mill tku.j 
 
 (new Inril ('iiiiiitli"r|,0 in- 
 lii'M'i-iirc ii^-auist \iii-kiii;,:ij 
 
 ■lllrnl liy M.^Ssrs. |l!V ;,>l 
 all'l ,.tll,IS, ,»}ic,;hl'|;- ;3 
 
 ■xliii.iiti'il hi^ irau UAi b 
 , iiii,l .ilmwcil t'ml skill is 
 
 II til,' ni'dvi-ry »f lost kn) 
 iililislii-,1 ill l.,in,!,,iiiiii:!i. 
 " fiir i-»sy riji, iiiiii; ot 4«.fj 
 
 . 1SS7. 
 
 K-li, Ml ill (,,1 1,1' C'llcaUT JUli 
 
 , iiiiiiinlai'tiii'vil by a syni. 
 i. 
 
 iif (,iili| and «tlin- meta!* 
 iiiios was iiifl'lc t,y 31*ssr!. 
 ii'i'ii in iiin'iiiti;; tlicliiii^ta! 
 
 ii'i' linihvinjH. ThpBsKf 
 iiary romls is rciulatd bi 
 5, I.SjS and 1898. Stt 
 
 LOCBIANM. Hii ailiii'iit iiciiiilc cif Ni,rtliirii 
 OrrtTc Tliey n'sisl'''' I'liilip »f .Maiciloii, wcic 
 jiiinl li.v till' .Vllii'iiiiiii-* ami Tliiliaii>, iiiiil ilrlVat, il 
 i„him'iitChiii"ii'n. '""• 7 .\ii,-. jjS ii.c. 
 
 LOCrSTS. "Ill' "I' I'll' |ili«iii's III' !■;!;) |,i, I. I'll 
 
 m (hsiiiix-) Tlir r.iva;;-!'- 1,1' hi, iisls 111 Cyprin 
 lJ,.',, |,i,in uri'iit'.v ilii il<i il li.N 111!' ~l>iil unci riiri'^y 
 otMr. Hii'li^il'' .\t:il"ininl -Mr. Saiiiu.'l llmwii, l.Ss'i 
 .,,,,' iswarlll ■•{ liicllsl.H srlllril ll{i,,|| llir i.;r,,uilll 
 
 jii,,„t'[,„liil amli'iinsllliu'il llir vi-riahli's; f;nat 
 
 niiiiibif» I'l'll ill till' sli'i'i'ts; ; tlii'> ri'sniililnl sia>s. 
 hofpiTS, but wi'I'i' llil'ii' tiini's tlii' sizr, anil llirii' 
 
 i cdlouri' iiii'i'i' variriTiiU'il, 4 -^'i-'- K\'^- 'lln')' in- 
 
 i fclfj (iiTiiiiiiiv 111 171''. ''"laiiil Ml 1750, .S. .Mill a 
 |.'i^-, |S;7, 1111(1 Warsaw in .liiiir, l,Siii. 'I'liry aii' 
 jni'lnliiiVf l«,ai scrn in l,i,ii,Ii.ii in 1.S57. R',|ssiu 
 wu inl'i'sti'il liy tlii'in in .Inlv, l.Sur, .Munia, 
 
 1 (,.vm'lv,in l,Sl.li. 1S7.), l.S.Si), ami iSqi-j: Surainia 
 in !,'!(>'<; mill .Miinii'siita, !..><., i,'S7^J4; S. Uus-ia, 
 
 hiiiK', l'''^''4i 'Mil'"-''" l'"''''^! '' "'7 • •^- lii'lii' •iiiii'', 
 Julv,K*)i; Mari'i'i". I>i'i', ■•'■''(I. •Iiilii'. l^!')2; (iili- 
 
 Ljlt'ar, AlL'i'iia uiwl Mmcicci, 211 .\iiril, iS,)^; T,ikar, 
 ji.jjaii, Xiiv. lSi|l'. I'l'i.siiiiiim willi aisriiir ^aill 
 t„ lie suiirss till ill Nalal, iiiiimiinn il .'-f|it. i,'-:i)7. 
 
 LODGERS payiiii,' ro/. a yi'Ui' Un- a wlinlc umt 
 I fj, aiiailiin'iils wiilmut I'liriiilui'i', iniiniri'il llir 
 lilfoft', I'V Ui'l'ni'iii act pas.scal i; .Am;. 1.^(17. .\i t 
 to|iriili'i'tlln'irp""lf^ l'i'"i" ilisli-aiiit. |iasscil i().\iiu. 
 I lS-1. Tlif Iiiilffi'i' ri'anrliisc inin-li iniTciiscd liy 
 III,' Piirliiiuiiiilarv anil .Miiiiiri|,al Kruisti-atinii a, t 
 ofiS;8; iinil liy tliu ni'w licrunn Mill, (1 lin'. i,s,s.|. 
 
 T!ii,a.«i'Illlil,"l.iil,l^'i's ili'i'iiii' llial willi a li,)li-ivsi,|i nt 
 I l:iii,lli>nl tlic linlr'i'r Is II liciiisi'liiilniii' ; with a rc.si,l,ail 
 I tolliinlliciinist Miialiry a.^a iMiniiiininil liniisrliiiMcr. 
 
 I.ODIHNG-HOrSKS. .\n act iilacin- en,,,. 
 
 I niiiii liikiiis-licnsi's miller tlir watch (if tlic |Miliic 
 «:,* passed in 1S51. In tlcit year Id ludyin^'- 
 
 I hi"-iM'i-iT!cd liy |irincc .\llici-t a|ip(a|-cil at tlictiii at 
 E\liiW!iiiii, .Since tlicn, lilmlvs pf liidninii-lKiiiscs 
 f illicpiiorliavc liccn erected liy liaiunes.s liurdell- 
 C"iilts and iillicis. Mr. realiii,l\'s ilniiiitidii nf 
 12 .March, l,**!:, Inis licen appmpriatcd C'lr 11 .similar 
 purpose; spi- 7'( (''/'«/// and llnirtiui. On \i) Xnv. 
 
 J l<iij,tliccity ,11' I.iiiidiili viited 211, (««)/. 11ml a piece 
 olliiulin Vicl'iria-sli-'ct (new l,'arriii}|;(liin-r(md) lur 
 tht purpose. Hvv Ldiiifdii, l<'<4.v 
 
 LODI (N. Italy). Nap.ileim l!iinaparte, cimi- 
 llaiicliii',' llic l-'rcinli iirniy, t,i, tally ili I'eated tlie 
 i .kstriiiiis, uiiilcr lieanlieii, iit'ler a Idiiddy en:;ime- 
 iilit, at tlic liridijc id' l.ndi, li) .May, I7()(). I he 
 jnp'iljliciin llai; tl,iatcd in .Milan a few days al'ler. 
 I Ihiiuniciit to Vi( t(ir Kniniaiiiud inaiinui-ati d, id 
 (Sept. 1883. 
 
 LOGAlUTinrS, the indexes (if the ratio (if 
 Inuiiihcrs (iiie tn iiiHilhcr, were invented liy .liilni 
 I.Xapit'r, iiaran ef .Merch'.stiiii, wIki pnlilisheil his 
 li^anon, ortiililc, in 1(114. 'I'lic invention was emii- 
 plitiJby Mr. Henry liris^'s, at D.^l'onl, wlio imli- 
 Jlislii'il tables, i()i(i-i,S, The nudliod of eoiii|)iitini; 
 Ibv means of iinirlicd pieces of ivory was discovei-ed 
 lahiiut till' siimc time, and lienia' (ailed ynjiur'.i 
 'h'liies. 
 
 "Tlie C(iiistiiicli,iii i,r l.,isirilliiiis," irtio, liy .I,,liii 
 
 .Viliicr, Isii, ! Mcicliistoii, Iraiislaliil with ii,,tcs, 
 
 mill ,1 calal,,;; .f Napiia's w,iiks bv Win. liac .Mais 
 
 ,i„iiaM, palilisiinl ill tSf.g, 
 
 LOGIC, "tlic science of rcasoiiiiiL^" l'!iiiiiieiit 
 
 livoiks on 'it are liy .\risl(ille; liacon, Xnviiin 
 
 lOrpinon; Locke on the L'lKlerstamlinj;- , and the 
 
 modem treatises on Lo^ic, hv archlnshoii W'hatidv, 
 
 kir William Humilton, and Mr. John Stuart Mill." 
 
 Karl Hlaiilio|iii'H |li»ii .trat,.r, .a- l.,,^icil .Macliinc, in- 
 
 vciilcil III llic latta- pint ,ir ili,- i„Mi eciilury, wii.s ilc- 
 s.'iilicil l,y I, .v. iliilii'ii Mail, V in llic lliilisli Assoclii- 
 11, 111. I,; .\ilK. lh7.S. 
 
 Ill his " l'iiiici|il,sor .•Sciciic,,." 1374, .Mr. Will. Stanley 
 .Icvolis ilcs,iil„< his " l..i..,-ieal Alicccihll iuiu " aliii 
 " l.o-ical.Mat,.," 
 
 II. I),i,il,, nil " LawsdlTlinllKllI," |3^.(, 
 
 .1. Venn's "Syiiilinlic l.di;ic," .liily, itSi. 
 
 UXilKlv'I.W NVS'I'I'^M nf niiisici.l iduca- 
 lion, enniiiiciiri il hy .1. I!, j.n-ii r, in .i.ni. ]H\y and 
 iiilrodiiced Intothc" ( hief i.iwns ,,i thn Inited 'l<in«- 
 d rnissia, vVe. II,' ili, (I in iSp,. 
 
 LOG-Iil N'M, 11-,, 1 ill navi^ntidii, ahoiit 1^70;. 
 first nil nlidiiiil hy llniiiiie in 1577. It U ilivlded 
 into spai es o| ^iiini.aml the w'ay which the slii|) 
 makes is meiisined hy a li.ilf-iiiii,ute .^uiid-jilass, 
 whiidi hears nearly the sam., |irdp,,rtinii to au hour 
 that S" feet hear In a mile: llie line used i)l tliu 
 roy.il navy is .|,S fci. 
 
 L( )(i()(ik AIM r. apparatus invenled byMr. W. 
 
 II. liarldw, aliont |,S7|, |,i -iv,. ;:raiili(c i-cpriseiit,i- 
 lion of till! viliiatory innti'iis of tlic air-waves of 
 speech, Sdiiieivhat resemldiir,' a t, le^'iiipliic nies- 
 sage. 
 
 LOGOGIfAI'IlKJ J'l!INnX(;, in which 
 the coiniiidiier words were i-u-l 111 diie mass, wa* 
 patented hy Henry ,loliii>on and .Mr. .K.hn Walter 
 of the _'/'/,;,(, V ill i7,S5, .\ndi i-son's'-llistorvof Coin- 
 meice," vol. iv. «as printed hy tlii'se types in l7,Sij. 
 
 LOGKOXO, SIC .V,'„„„. 
 
 LOI ])ES SrSPKCTS, enacted (,y Ihu 
 FreiK h cdiiventidii, 17 .Sept. i;')!,, diiviii- the reiuiv 
 of terror, lil!, 'I the iirisniis nl I'.nis. 'Ihe I'lihlio 
 Safely hill, nf a similar eli.ira, ter, was pa.ssed^ 
 liS l''eh. l,SyS, shortly after (»i>iiii's iitlempt on tlio- 
 life of the emiiernr, Xapoieon III. 
 
 L()I,y.,AliI)S(liysniiie derived IVnm I he (iermiin 
 /'///(•(/, Id sin^ in a low tune, hv otiiers iliaived frdiii 
 the Kiie;li-h verh to loll or hnrii^v) the name K'ivcu 
 to the lust icl,irniers dt llie l;,iiii,in catholic relisjioik 
 ill I-hi-land, 111, Inlhiu, r, i,t Wyklid'c 'I'lie sect ia 
 also said In lia\e Inen loiindi'd in 1315 tiy Walter 
 Lollard, who was hiirnt for hcresv at 'Cologne ift 
 1322. The Lollard- are said to have devoted them- 
 selves to ads df mercy. 'J'lie livst Lidlard niartvi> 
 in Knf,'lan(l was William Sawtiee, parish jiriest of 
 81. Osith, Londdn, 12 l-'ih. qol.wlnn the Lollards 
 W( i-e proserihcd hy pal liaincnl, and iiumln'i's oS 
 them were huriit alive. Sir .lohii k'oldiani, lord 
 Oldcastle, a fdllower of Wyi,lille, was accused of 
 trea.sou and eomlcmned, Seiil. 1415. llr escaped to- 
 Wales, where he was captured,' and hrdiindit to 
 London and burnt, 2-; Dee. i.jiS. Ijd lards' tower, 
 part of the hi.shop's pri.son, was near St. I'aul's, not 
 Lanihetli jialace. /ir. Miiillidiil. 
 
 LOMBAllDISTS. disciples df IVter I ihard, 
 
 the S(dio(ilniaii, hislnipof I'aris. anlluivof tliu " Book, 
 of Sentences," who died in 11(14. 
 
 LOMIiAKD ilKUCHAXTS, in En-land, 
 were underslodd to he composed of natives of some- 
 oiieof the four lepnhlics nf (imna, Lucca, Llorenco, 
 or Veiiiia'. ^hiilrf^nii. Ldiiiliiird usurers were sent 
 to Knf,'laiiil liy pmie (iic-dry l.\. to lend money to 
 convents, i diiimunitics. and private pirsmiswho 
 were iKit aide t(i pay dnwii the tenths wliiidi were 
 cnllecteil thi'diiulc'Ut tile kiiiuiloiii Willi L'lcaf ri;.,'nii)r 
 that year, 13 lien. HI. I2(_)(). They lia'd ollices in 
 the street nainiMl all them to this day. Their 
 usurious transactioi .cd their e.yjinlsion ('•-,•» 
 
 the kingdom in the k .^ . -if LUiZiiheth. 
 
 t; "' 
 
 ,. Is 
 
 1 ! 
 
 
 ■ Il 
 
 t 1 
 
 m 
 
 t0n 
 
 1 1 
 • I ) 
 
 lii! Ill- 
 
 i^ 
 
 f-i 'i 
 
 J, 
 
 ■.u 
 
?!!f!jn!.^ 
 
 i'-'fTWT 
 
 
 n\%i 
 
 III 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 LOMTIAHDY. 6Cfl LOND(J\, 
 
 LOMHAKDY (N- Huh) niTivnl iN mum' I.S:;i, 122,440; in l8()I, I12,ii(,;; i,, ,S-| -,,, 7 
 from til.' l»ii'.'ol.;inli,.iU(TiiiMiiti-ilH-l'n)iii llniiiilcM- i.SSi, .S<'.S2. J'^V iimmiw, -ii-.i" .V|inj,';;', ;'" 
 
 <Miir, Slid (cIdiil.tliilU) to liavc licrii iiivitiil into I'*'*! . 5 'M"''!- .?"•'"'» ('I'l.v iTii-ii,, 27 April ;,,, ■.,' 
 
 Jtalv li\ .hisliiiiiiii io Ki ivc iiu'iiinst the (lotlis. Km- l.oii,|..ii iiii.l siiliui-ln, iSoi ,r„,^. ^,,.'|^;M. 
 
 Their I liiil', AUioiii, cslahli-hiMl ,1 kiiiudoiM wl.iih iiilicli' /;,/.ii/,i/iij,i (^ A|.iH, |.v,|, ,,,, ','■"' 
 
 liistcil IV ^1'^ Io r74' 'I !'<■ ''"' l'''i»-'> I'^iiclrriiir-, /////<(■ I.'iikIuii, .|..V)2.,i|'i; ",(/,,■ /,•„„,_ |'"V,'V '; 
 
 WHS cli'tlii-oiicil liv Cliiiriciiiii;;!!!'. (,Kor 11 lint of tot.il, (i.o^S, 555- ''"'"'• I'^'J.v '''H^Ui I'li n,,,,,;''' 
 
 tlic l.oiiilrird kirris, »ic //.(///.) Al)oiil the I'lid ol' I vjci^tnitloii distrirt, .|,.|| 1.J71, :,,.\l„,,.i, ';'• 
 
 tlifilth .ciitMrN Ihr cliirf tenuis of I.omliiirdv I'mli- K.'vi'iuii' or .•oniomlioii, iNi,;, .n;,;n. . ' ,.,'| 
 
 <ii'd iliciiisidvci. mid lie nil' r.'pulilii'-.. Tlic llr-l <i.i.S.3')iA: i'X|ii'iiditiin', 5'):,: (t/.; nM'>- 'i„v,,;;i 
 
 Lnmlmrd lniii>ii\ ."iMi^tiii}; of Miliin, V.iii.i'. 'iH-7.i4'' : '■M'''ii'l''>'i''S ''''r.''^l.'/. ; in i,s/,;,,,v, ', I 
 
 I'liviii, Modrn;!, .\:i'., w;is foniiod In ri'slmin tlo- :"*>!vV»''<''' : ''^l'"'"'''.'"!'''' 77"'l iW. ; in is,,^ i,.,,,,!'''! 
 
 nowcidf till' (ionium I'liip ■^ in lid;. On 2') 7J').7i")/. ; ('N|ionclitoi-i', 717,1121,/. Tlir ,i'i, ,. ';| 
 
 ■Miiv, II7(), thi'V di'f.'iiti'd tin' cmiHi-nr Kri'dcrit k I.. Imvc cxiiondrd 1 1, 22,^,277/. ni "h' M; , v-ml 
 
 Biirlmros.^11 111 l.(Vniin", iind rvi'iituMllv coinpcU.'d lor tin' limciit ol tlio iiii'tin|inli, (|n.,-)^ \imA 
 
 him to M','n the pciin' of CoM.-<tiinr(' in !!.*<(. Ill nitoalilc value (nietro|iohlaii dl^t|■i^|), .\|,ri!^ ^^^ 
 
 1220 another Uuiqnr \v\\» for d at,'ain-f l''rede- 27,41 )S.4'S>i/. ; 111 ''V' " .v,\i7'^'il'. J.iii' iss^'l 
 
 rick 11., wliieli wai also suires-^fiil. .Mter this, ,v+,.U"'5'''"'' ; ^i'""-* value, 4;,,,,,|,(,^-/, . ,.,.^ 
 
 petty tyrants ro-e in niiHl of lie' lilies, and foriiiin valne, .Vi-4.(7^""'-' .V Muhh, i,s,|',; .\hn ,, , 
 
 inllneiree (luieklv lollowed. I he (iiielf and (ihihel- del.t of London (eiaiiity), ,C'')tl.7"|'.. V,r'ii'| 
 
 line ('actions ^ii-eatlv ilistraeled l.onihardy ; and laiulislied Nov. iSi/i; total delu, ;^,i.^i.i,:|' , 'I 
 
 from the l^tli e.'iitnrv to the present time, it has year endin-. March, lSi)7, aiiiiouncnl :i |i,.,|v. 
 
 been contended for"liv the (ienuan aiel l-'reneli The " I'ort " of l.onooii e.\t,.iiil,,fi„ii, |,„„„ .„ i,^> 
 
 eovereit;iis. Tlii' li.uise of .\u>tria 'ohlamed it in to the North Korel.iiid. Toiiniiiie nit,...,,,, ^1 
 
 I74K, and held it till 171)7, "1"'" •' "''^ eon.iuered li'avin;; the port, 1,'<7I, 7,()iiimxiu; iSS;, |j.,",jjv| 
 
 «)V the Krench, who im orporated it willi the C'isal- (duesiiaid over 4l,aHi/.). Tl citv' iviiin„,'ij.| 
 
 i)iiie ri'pulilie, and in l.'^o.i with the kinu.loui id ^tead ot 4 nieinliers_ ^l paiiiaiiieiit ' .^ AH .1 ['vv I 
 
 Italv. (Ill the lu'cakili!,' iili of the Krendi empire " l.'Hiiloii .Stiili-shrx,"^ piildisiu'd l,y Ijiiid,,!, rnuji'v | 
 
 in I'Sis, the LdMiniiDii-Vi-.M-.riAN Kixhimim was Cuincil, i.S()j-i)i. ^n' linil.x, .]i„ii,n\ Mii.fil. 
 
 t'atahlislied hv the allied si)V('rei','ns and f;iven to '_"/( //"")■(/ 0/ II oris; l.niiilvii ' ""/('y ',„(„., /,,u|j 
 
 Austria, who' had lost her I'Meinish possessions. Tnntics. 
 
 I.omhardv and Venice revcdted, and jiuned the kiiiK' 'I'lie t"Wii apiwars to have prosp'TiM iiii,i,.r ijn.:A 
 
 of .Snrdin'iain .March, 1S4S; hut tliev did not Mip- lioioaii, aid N'i>;.iii nilcs, an.l 1,, |,av,. 1,,,.,, J,; 
 
 port him well, ami were a';ain siihjec'led Io Austria "."','.','',','.''',„'".,", ,','.,,!!!,' ,',"», •;'";''"f*"". 1".. ««!M 
 
 after his defeat at Xovara, 2? .March, I'V). An 
 
 amnestv for |)olili. al oM'enei s was j^ranted in lS:;(i 
 
 Cireat jealousy of Sardinia was felt hy .Austria ;illei 
 
 1840. In l''<i7 dipliunalie relati'Uis were suspended ; 
 
 and in Ajnil, l.^^i'), war broke out; the Aiistrians 
 
 crossing the 'I ir'ino and eiiteriiii;' riedmoiit The 
 
 l-'reneh emiieror deidaicl warauainst Austria, and 
 
 immediiifelv M'lit troop- into Italy. The .\nstrians 
 
 were deleatod at .Moiitehello, 21) Slay ; I'alestio, 5(1, in i3=8. 
 
 31 .\lav ; iMa;;enta, 4 .Iiine ; aiel SoHeriiio, 24,lnne. l.nNii.,N (iiu'tiopolitandislricli, conMiii»6r.ijm;|,j 
 
 "lly the neace of ViHalVaiica (II .luly\ the .arf,'i st of slrccls ; 5jS,7y.t iuhahiti'd lioii„.s ; |.i.i,ii|;,ii„ii, 
 
 luirt id' Lorn hardy was ee, ed l.i I.onis.N.ip.dcon, who i,,,'.;;;,',;''^',]:^,,,: ..j,^.-,.^,.,;,.^ -',Hf,-',; ' ' ''"""'''■' 
 
 transferred it t.i the km- of Sanlmia. li now lorms _^„|,„ |.|,„„i,„ ;„™.lcs lintai'ii'aiHl nvcts ,; fon " 
 
 part oCihe new km-doiii o| Italy, Io which \enetui ,,0 the Thaiacs j,„, 
 
 was also siirreinlered hy the treaty of Vienna, Ijiuaicea, (|iiccii of the leciii, ilelViUs tlir I'luunii, ' 
 
 X Oct. I,S()-. I'oiiulation' 181,0, 3,1,0(1,1)58. au'l biii-iis London ; she is il.'IVatcd liv .'SiHdi,;;;, 
 
 "^ ' all'l dies liy Slliciile i| 
 
 LOIMBOK, an island in the Indian Arcliipelai^o, Loudon liel,l liy the rehel iinp.'rois, Ciiniiismsaifi 
 
 suhiect to the Dutch since IHI,;. Sec Jli,/f,(iii/, Allccliis . . . . . . . . a 
 
 ,Vn, ,f 1,1 (Joiiicctund date ol the baililiia,' ol the wall .;;>.* 
 
 *'''+" • '■ S,w vcss,'ls said to l,e eiii|.|o,vcd ill tlie pnlt i.fL'ii'- 
 
 LOXATO (ISreseia, N. Italv). Here Napoleon , Ion for the export. ,,r cia ,,, 
 
 lionaparle defeated Wnrmser and llie Aiistrians, J si. I'.iiirs diaicli founded hy KIIm H'crt. .'iliniit , ;;, 
 
 J, 1-1,1, ' l.oii.loulcniie'lthc eecli^iaslicalr'apit.duftlii'EiW " 
 
 ■'^ "■ '■ J • Saxons . . .in 
 
 LOXDOX, tliL' <'i'P''''l "'' "'"' Itriti.sh empire. M.dliins, llrst hisliop (soon I'xp.ll.di . . . . f^ 
 
 The earliest hist. irv is traditi il. The Celtic name .\ plague ravii^es London i^^ 
 
 is said to have been I.vn-din. lake-fort ; riicilns in *irc,it lire wlii.'li nearly consiuiic.l the city. --^ 
 
 the lirste,.,v..ry, calls-it l..ndiiiii,ni; and describes ''"^il^!:/;;! li^^^^lli;^!!;;;;;;;!;^:,^'^^^^ 
 
 It as allouri-hinc; fradm-citv: it was alterwards i-,,^,,.,|i„;;s settle in l.ond.'ii h.'hiiv . . . . .-j 
 
 enlled Au^tiista, an ajipellation Ireiiueiitly jjiven to .\n,,thcr ureal lire j, 
 
 greateities ; several 'ither firms ,if the name appear T„H'er built liy William I ,:^ 
 
 in docuiili'Ml.s, such as Lundeiibv ric;. l.nndonia. and l-'iist charier ^'ranteil to the city hy Ilii's:iiii.'kii;;' 103 
 
 Londo.i-wie. In l8(X), Loudon and the siihurhs ■~7ns^,,i|V7,;;;;:~;:j )„,,,,. c,tv aivl,iv,vlb| 
 
 were estimated to civer 121 Mmire miles (11 miles ..i,.,,.,,.,. j^ written in l.critihil Sax"ii ili,iia''..r>. -'jil 
 
 each way, beiii;; three times as lar-e as in 1800; in slip ..f parclinnnt six in. Ins f.n:.', nn.l iiiii-l.i.ra.i.ij.iiil 
 
 1880, 122 si|uare miles. I. mhui was constituted in Kimlish as f.ill.iws : -" Wiihaai tl.p kuii; I'Wtltl 
 
 an "admini.-tralive" I'ountv liv the lo.'iil frovern- William th.' hish.i].. an.l (hisfiiili tli.' |i..niwy.-, aidiHl 
 
 * ■ " ■ ■ It;,' liuri;cs.si:; \viltiiM L''ii.i"[i, Fr'-!fli :',:■■': h'::;::?:, f 
 
 I *", *lii|ffnl 
 
 ^;r.'ally by tin' I laiii's ; 11 was 11, .1 i:i,ic|;i..| i.v itji'l 
 
 liani l.,hy wlemi lli.' cili/i'iis wii- iliiil".!, «.ii,j| 
 
 I'oipiirat.' ^'o\.•^lllnl'nt was ri'C<.i'iii/..,| |.y'i,'H\,,l 
 ll.'iiiy 1. 'I'll.' city ri'e.'iM'.l laiuiy lav.iiii> (-..j, jul 
 I 'la 111 a}.'.' net kin,i;s, hat tr..i|ii, n'lly iv,i,i,.,'| ",w I 
 
 .'\a. 'lions. I. loll is ).'.iv.'ni...| liy' llii' Li-l my.i I 
 
 I h.' I'. mil ofal hTiiicn, Hi.' e.. nun. ,11 e..iai.'il,.iii.| ,t|ig| 
 .'lli.'cs. Loll. Ion was 11..1 iii.hidi-.l in ih,. miii,., •,] I 
 
 corp.irati..iis Act. 18 -,3. Tli.' 1 .hni .".imty . 'lijl 
 
 w.is c.mstitnt.'.l by in.' hical /.ivi'iiiiiicnt .Ui;4s,|| 
 
 niellt a.-t,l8.S8, in.-lu.lin;;' as ralealile xaliie si' 
 
 d,htbs ,,f Muhiies... about ,w,,-ihir.is of Surrey, ^;::^^;, .^\^ ::t:::;^j-^^::i.}^:^:z' >^^ 
 
 and nearly .iiie-lhir.l .d Kent. 1 liepopulatioii.iltbe [ „.iiiti,,.,t ,.v,.|vVliil.lb.'liis lalli.'rslieii-,:ifl.'rlii>(iilirril 
 
 ■"eitv"iii 1,801,15(1,8^9; in 181 1, 120,1)0.); ini82l, ,i;,vs. An.l I 'will ict siitlcr thalaiiy man .l.i .v-uinfl 
 
 125,434; in 1831', 125,574; in 1841, 125,008; in wrou;/. (jod preserve yoa." 
 
LONDON. 
 
 on; 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 ^i 
 
 '■"'I ■li'll'wJ 
 
 111 iWl.t .... ' * ' . 
 
 i'"r.Ki.'/.;iiii,C'r„,v 
 "I'.'"" ''"""■O.Aiiri!, iwjj 
 
 '■> .v.\ir-5''i'. .1,111, ito'I 
 
 tntal ll,.|,t, 0,(A|,|,,|/ I I 
 
 ):, uniiiiiiiiiTii ji |)„„, n, 
 
 f.\tc'll(l,-lln|i, |,,l|(;,,,l|,j,,';' 
 
 ii. Tniiiiuvc (III,;,,,. ;;,i| 
 
 7/i;;;m«k'; i»v ij,,»),co)| 
 
 .). lie ■■'■it.v"ivtunisjii,.l 
 luiliiiiiicnt n Alt ^f im: I 
 
 HiM.s'1,.,1 l,y l,ond.,M rW; 
 
 J /lm/.:s, .Udjidrs, .1// ■ v^,,;,' 
 l.iiiii/iui CciiiiUj '■'/<(». i/, .uj I 
 
 IIUV |.lMSlMT,vl |„|,|,,r ljn,;.j I 
 
 '''7'. "i"l '■' li'iv.' I^iwil 
 
 ; it KM ii.it iWM-YA LyWi/ 
 iti/.'iis w. IV i''iiiiiliaini,i'ii,,||i,| 
 
 WMS IVCn.-M,iz,M l,v »|l v., I 
 I'l'hnl liiiiliy liivulli. Ir.iiii'i.l 
 lilt liv,|iiiiitly r,.,|,i,,i ii,;"! 
 >;nv,.ni..| hy tlii. \.n-\ i,ii„,,| 
 till iiiiiii'ii (•■iunnl,,iii.| ,ii,;| 
 
 llnl ill.lUil.-il ill th,. ||,!,|,s 
 
 Till' l.iiiiil.iii (•'.iiiitvi.-.i;., 
 ■ • I"(m1 K'ivi.Tiiiii,.|it Aci|«i»i| 
 
 slrii'l), i'"iit.iiiis6''ijmilj 
 lliit.'.l lliMlM.s;|ii,|,ii|:iii„ii, 
 
 Di'itiiiii ami irw'ts a tort 
 
 . '• , '. '. • <'"ill 
 Ici'iii, iliMcals til,. Ilijiiijii, ■ 
 
 11' is di'lViiti'il liy .SiictuMis 
 
 ■1 .■iiipcrni>, f'anuisiiis;i:i.i 
 
 liuiMiiiL! Ill' till' ivall ' . js^Al 
 jiliiyi.l 111 the ]»)it .ifL.ii'. ' 
 
 "III u,| 
 
 il liy Ktliillii-it, aliMiit . Ijl 
 ^ia^lil'nl capital ijfilnEa-t 
 
 111 
 
 inll lA]ii'lli'Jl . 
 
 •uiiMiiiic'l tlii'i'ity, ■ • sil 
 lams, Sj'i; *lii'»i-iA-|'i'llrtl; 
 
 ll^'llll'IIS I/ill'Inu . . . tifl 
 llllll IH'I'lMi' 'jl 
 
 r i;;i| 
 
 tlic city liy till' siiiiif liiii; 
 
 il ill till' rity airliiws. Hill 
 ra-ilifiil Saxmi [•liamiim, ■■di 
 'ill's li'ii;.', ami ntifliroail. an'iiil 
 :--" Wili'alii till' kllii; jvftttl I 
 
 (iiisfiith till' imitl vr.'all'llll 
 
 I.M11.1 Fr-m-li a::'i E::;! " 
 
 iiityim. that I will tlial.vfkf ill 
 crciiikinn KiUvarils days, inll 
 his fat hi'i- s hrir.afti'lliis filhrti I 
 iiilh'r that any man iln y,iuuf| 
 oil." 
 
 in4lier),Ti'nt"i'i''*^'' l'aiir« luimt . 
 
 111811 
 
 ' irlll.l'-llli" " l'l'"IV f"lll"li''l li.v ll'llll'li', "lii'llt „ 
 
 i;,i!^''iii'riiiiii' I'"'''' ""'♦ • '"'"" "'"' '""^ "'' "'" 
 
 oSXririiiti'iii'viii'iivyii' .'.'.'.■: ;;!i 
 
 ,ilJL.iii'iiiii''i"'-''' '"■-"" 'T'' 
 
 „ ,^piU..\iliii'i. IhcMrsI iiiayipr(si'rv('il twenty. 
 
 S,MW)«i'|' '"'""■. '"Sy • • • n8.;..i',,.,. 
 
 l|i.,tir'n'iif'li'*i< ' , ,' , 
 
 W„I,t"iii'l'fiil><''l'i''" ' • , ■ • • ■ ''"> 
 
 i1iirtfriil'l<iii;-'''"'iii • niu.viiraiiil cinniipii I'mini'il 
 
 1, 1,. I'li'ctiil aiinnally i.'i.| 
 
 ;',,,^^ti iiiiTllMlllS illVilcil, settle hl'll' . Il.,.j-IJj„ 
 
 il,rt.-riillli'iii'.v 111 wij 
 
 itiiiiiiii Lmi'l'iii. If. Ili'iiry III 1..5J 
 
 fnnl''i.i'« b'l"'"''''"" "'" ">iii''i' "ii'ii'iii'tits ("'/iiV'/i 
 
 ,,,) 1^59 
 
 ■n..iil)i'rtii'siiiiil lii'ivili'W'siil' the I'lty iimlnliiiiicil 
 
 ' i|,,ii|;,ri{i'il liv Wiilti'i- llai-vey, iiiiiyiir . . ,.7.. 
 
 »,f.ill,,il I •a;;i', til keep the walls iiinl ililehes in 
 
 \.,,',ll' lllinllt l.'Ka 
 
 I n,.|irvl''Wiili'y» llllll niithei'slirst M.P.'sfui- Lnmliiii u.^,, 
 
 «',i,Tl.iviii;lit IV.iiii'IM'iiiii tu West Cheap . . i^A; 
 
 r5|,ii|<iMiiii|'tlii'.le«-. I'V Kilwanl I. (ir.,511) . , u,,, 
 
 Uyiii.i,i,,ri)rS"nlli«aik C'lineye'l li the i-ili/eiis : \.-j 
 
 aarti'isniiii;'"'.*'-:'!"-'"' ",'■ ■ ,.;. ■;■ ■ '"'* 
 
 Tfrnlili- I'W'ili'li''''' 111 wiiii'ii S'l'i^wC') I'ltizeiis 
 
 L.U'iiw'iiil^tiiii'i"'"'''* '"I""''"'""'"'' • ■ • '.)55 
 WillniiiiirWahvi'ith liTil niaynr . . . .hKo 
 
 WltTvllTlll'ielll'ill (see 7',./'") .... I381 
 
 .lH,'riiii'U I'li'i'l'"' I'll' li'i' '.194 
 
 lirati'lu^'iii'. .i"'"^'(->,'lii;'' ' • • • • ■4i'6 
 Ciivlii-stliitliti'iliit iiiuhl liy lanleins . . . , i.,i5 
 
 I lijil'lliall iiiiiiiiii'i'ii'i' M"' "iii"'"'' • ' • 'ti''> 
 
 hvii:lliiiL'tiiii tlii'ii'i' l"i'l 'nayiir. vi/., 1.197, Mof', 1419 
 
 Ja'kCii.lesrclH'lli.m; seel'...;.' •.■,,'..• MS" 
 
 I finti'ivii' pr ssiiiii "11 the w.iter : sir .Iciliii Nm'- 
 
 I nimliinl liiJi.^i'i' i|i.! 
 
 FaW!il'riil„'i':itli'iiil'ts tl ity .... 1471 
 
 Priiiliii^' pri'ss M't iiji liy Caxtmi . 
 .'iifr.iliii.; siekiii'ss ia:;es .... 
 fl.',tilili'liiiavi!<ahle .... 
 
 ,<! I'alll'i sril'liil lnlllnli'il 'ly ilcail t'nU't . 
 
 ■riif fatal .sweat, .^"'("1' .lH./fii'«.< . 
 
 KvilMav'lay(Wi;"ft -«■) 
 
 ,NI..-Islirst pave'liri'/r'/'s ,'■'"(.) . ... 15; I 
 
 l"IUI>ef .M"itality""rili'reil til he kept . . . i^^.s 
 I |)ii.iiliitiiiii iif ivliuiiiiis hiillses ,• . . . 1 J i,j 
 
 iM.Uirtliiil'iiiii'w'siieinasteiy eliaii(;eil tuaii hnsiiil.il ., 
 I Forty tavt'iiis :iiiil ptihlie liinises alli'Weil ill the 
 I cjtj'. ami tliivi' ill Wesliiiiii'ler, net 7 Kilw. VI, . 151;. 
 
 It'liri.Jt'ii lii'spilal I iileil hy kini; lalw. VI 
 
 |llil«ialitl-lihii^ paii.s I'Stnlilisheil 
 
 lO'i'lii'silitniiliiee^l al t 1 i,r- ; 
 
 llfml Ksi'liali;;e lillilt (see /•.■i,'/i,,,i.(e) . ... I5(,ti 
 
 INiw liiiililiii'js ill l.nmh.u iiirliiihleii " wlici'f iii> 
 fmiiT lialli 1 II knewn tn have liecn," t(i pre- 
 vent tin' im'ii'.isiii;; si/et 15S0 
 
 iTliaiiiw water eniiveyiil intn the city liy leaileii 
 I'ljion 1580-9.1 
 
 M'S 
 
 . i.".'~i'J 
 • 1517 
 
 'This torrlhle iiestilenci' linike cut in Iniliii, ninl 
 |5;riM,liii,i; itself wi'stwanl tlirmigh evei-y I'luinti-y mi the 
 Ivi i<'. naelii"! Ijinlann. Us ravaf;es in Luinli'ii wire 
 
 ;;ri'at. tliat tlie eniiine'ii eeineteries were nut sntlieieiit 
 Ifnr till' iiiteriin'iit of the ileail ; iiinl yarimis pieces nf 
 JjMiiiiilwitliiiiil till' walls W('ii'assit.'iieil fnrliiirial-jil.iees. 
 |Aiii"ii^-st tlii'Mi' was the w.•l^te lainl imw liniiiini; tin 
 
 Ijin'rilli'tsiif lliel'liarlerlaillse, while 'IpW.irils iif 5,..i«kj 
 • nIIis Were tlll'll ili'pnsiteil. 'I'liis (lisnl'ilcr tliilllut suli- 
 
 biilf till 1357. J.i'ii;''. 
 
 t Tins priielaiimtiiin 111' ileeree was ilateil I'lmii Nuiie- 
 k", 11,7. Inly, 15S0, ami it was Inrliiihleii tu erect new 
 ll'i:iil;ii^-,s where iniiie hail liefne existeil in the ineniiiry 
 lofiuaii. Till' exteiisinn nf the inelrnpnlis was dceiiieil 
 tll'llLitcil tn elliiilimKC the illclcasc uf the pla;;ue ; 
 p,itea trmilile in ^'uveriiiii;,' such iiuiltitinlcs ; a ilcartli 
 bfv'.rt^iaU: niiilliplyiiiu- nf ln-jgars, ami inahility t.. 
 klirvo ilii'iii ; an iiiiTease nf artisans iiini'i' than cni M 
 livf to^'etlier ; inipnveiisliiii^' ntlier cities fur lack n| 
 TnlaWtaiits. Tlie.leeiec si ilnl that lack of air, lack nf 
 
 >"ra 111 walk ami sliimt, .ve., amse nut nf tmi 1 rnwilcil a 
 lily. A in'iH'laiiiatiiin m the same ell'ect was also issiu'il 
 ly 'lollies I. 
 
 .Stnw plllilislies his HllI'Vcy 598 
 
 Nearly all l.niiihni yd Iniilt "f« 1 . . , idua 
 
 111,578 peisnns salil 111 perish hy the I'laKHc . . ifoj 
 
 'riiniiias Siiiiini rniiinl,, (•hnilcrliniise sclinnl, ite. , k.m 
 
 .New river water Innii.'lit til l.iiliilnn . . . , 1613 
 
 I'lincipal slleels pnVeil lljlf) 
 
 llai'kney cuaclies llist plieil \(,3i 
 
 X Kieat pla^'iie . . . , , , . „ 
 
 llllllilllli,' (if the western paiisli.s, ,-il. (Illes's, ifcc, 
 
 l"'«llll 1640 
 
 I'l ty liehl lin- the pailianient .... 1643 
 
 l.nilillill Inrtilleil 1043 
 
 .lews iillnwi'il 111 relnrn In Lnii'lnii hy (.'rnniwcll . 1650 
 
 llankiiiK ls>;nii li\ I'r.iiici-. Chilli .' . almiit 16(10 
 
 lliiyal .'Mieien nf l.niiil iMiitereil .... itej 
 
 Tne Mrcllt pl,l,-lle(see /'/.i.)».N) 1665 
 
 " U.\tii|'ir' allerwanU •' lannlnii lln/elte" |Mih|islicil 
 
 7 N"V. „ 
 
 flreat Ill'Cdfl.nliilnn (see F;,7 v) . .2., .'Sept. l(j(.6 
 
 Act fur a "new Id nf hiiihlinn" in the city ■ n 
 
 Miniiiiiicnl erceleil hy Wren (see Mimmiu'lil) . iC)?!-? 
 
 .SI, Paul s Iniiinleil .... ji ,)iine, ir.75 
 
 .\ I linn ilileeliny pnlilishell 1679 
 
 Charter u'ranleil hy Charles II. .... inbo 
 
 I'elinv pn.^t e>tali|i...lieil if,83 
 
 l.iiiiiliiii partly lit at ni^lit liy lalwaril IIiiiiIiik's 
 
 patent ,684-3 
 
 .■^dtlclllelit nf Krelich pi'niestallts .... 1685 
 
 Charter ileclariil hirleiliil, i(„-ij ; lint rctnreil . . 1689 
 
 Hank nf V,w^\ 1 est.ililislicil 1694 
 
 ?<t. I'liiil's iipeiieil 3 Dec. 1697 
 
 Awful stnriii .... jn N'nv..i Due. 1703 
 
 .■iachi'Vei'dis serinnn ami li (see /.'c./,) . . , 1709 
 
 Ad fur the eleell, f lifl \ llew chlllelieS . . 1711 
 
 Nnllth ."^ea lilllilile c, nillleliecil, 1710 ; explnileil (sec 
 
 S,,,l{h .s,,i ('.i,„;f,la,/l ,720 
 
 Clicl.^e.i wMter wmks Inn l ,722 
 
 The Klecliiiii act pn-^-iil 1724 
 
 Hank III I'ill^lainl Iniill i7i.!-4 
 
 tll.iss lamps in the sirc.'t . . I id ween 1694 & 1736 
 
 I'ii'd ilitd vereil, ami Kleel ki I npelieil .1717 
 
 " Cleat I'inst," ..5 Dec. 17JJ In K fell. . . . 1 7.',o 
 
 l.iiiiihin lliis|i;tal institiitm , 
 
 .N'eW .M.ilun nliiiiise fiinnileil, 17;.); en'llpleleil . . 17:3 
 llnlisii .MliM 1,111 iMal,|i.,lie,l / . . , . ,, 
 
 .Si.ciely nf Arts ,-;l |Ml,lie,| 
 
 The Ni'W 111,1,1, i;-,--!,; Cily rmnl pnijedi'il almiit 1700 
 
 Ki,i;lit ^'.ites iciiiiiMil i7(s.i-i 
 
 Slii.p si^iis ri'imiveil ,7(12 
 
 Wisiininsler paviii;t-a,t passeil 
 
 lUarklriars lMiil;;i' iipeiieii . . 19 Nnv. 1769 
 
 The I. nil iiiaynr (liiass Crnshy) cnininitteil In the 
 'Tnwcr liy file liniise nf tjnmmniis fnr a hreacli nf 
 
 piivilep' 27 .March, 1771 
 
 l.nnl Cienrnc Cinlilnn's Xn-pnpery llliili (sec 'i',./i/iia'.l 
 
 '""'') llllll', 1780 
 
 Tiiaiiks(,'iyinKnf(icnrf;c III. at St. Paul's Catliclral 
 
 2j .V)iril, 1789 
 
 IlllililillK nf • alinlell InWII, lieunil . . . . 1791 
 
 l.nllilnll lii.ik- iipelleil .... 20 .lail. 1799 
 
 l.iinihiii In^liiniinn liiiiinleil 1805 
 
 1.111,1 Nils, 'II s liincral .... Jan. iSuo 
 
 Ca.s liistc.xhihitcl ill Pall .Mall . . ' . . 1807 
 
 Hints nil the cinnniittal iil sir p. Iliiiilett tn the 
 
 I'nwcr April, 1810 
 
 T'hc Mint l.nislicil iSn 
 
 l{i'f;elll-slreet lic^Ull 1813 
 
 Civic hamiiiet In the allieil siivci'ci;.'ns at (liiihlhall, 
 
 iS .llllll', 1S14 
 
 Ciintniiilinnsc liiirnl 12 l-cli. ,, 
 
 The city ^.'eiicrallv li-htcl with j;as ....,, 
 
 Waterlnn l'lii|;,'e npelieil . . . 18 .Illlle, l8l 7 
 
 New Cn>tnm-|ini|sc npelieil 
 
 .Sniithwark-hriil;;,' npeiieil . . .24 March, 1S19 
 
 'The ;,'rcat iiii'i-casc ill Imililini; cnnimeni'cs . . . 1820 
 
 Hank nf Knvl.iinl cnnipldeil iiy sir.lnhn Sirane . 1821 
 ■Tnninlts at ipi, en (.aniline's I'liiieral . 14 Any. ,, 
 
 Calls inlrniliiceil ,823 
 
 l.nllilnll .Mechanics' Ilistitlllinll fnllliilcil " 
 
 Hnl'l.lc ,niii|,aiiies' panic 1823 
 
 l.i'mh !i:iv,isi!y chavii r..| . 11 T'.-U. iS.?6 
 
 27 turuiikes re ve,l hv act nf parliainont . . 1827 
 
 New Piisl-nlllec i pletcil ,829 
 
 Karrinmlnii-markd npeinil ,, 
 
 nmniliiises iiinmlii, d , 
 
 New nidiiipnlitaii ]inlii'c lieiian . . 29 .Sept. 
 
 Cnvcnt-nanlen market relniilt iSjo 
 
 «.' * 
 
 Tj 
 
 A^, 
 
 t ,i« 
 
 
 ^^ ^ n/'i 
 
 
 
 •Bsk-flSm 1 
 
 
 ! 
 I 
 J 
 
 6 
 
 
 .Js 
 
 if^ffij 
 

 <, K.'h. 
 
 .8r^ 
 
 . i.liilv, 
 
 iHii 
 
 . l6 0.t. 
 
 l^i.K 
 
 . XuV. 
 
 |«17 
 
 lUilllll. 
 
 I»)H 
 
 lllriiilnuliMMi, 
 
 
 . j8 lli'i'. 
 
 ,, 
 
 lo.l'lll. 
 
 1«.|.. 
 
 It .Miiy, 
 
 
 
 i^n 
 
 . JO.Illlll', 
 
 
 . J AllL.'. 
 
 ,, 
 
 31 Mr].!. 
 
 ,, 
 
 . as M.iivli, 
 
 ■ =M 
 
 , jBDit. 
 
 '■l\ 
 
 McmiUMlilt. fii'lltlriil |iiiiili', j Nnv. . Ii'l lii) liml 
 tiwyi.r'^sh.iw . . . ■ . . .; Niiv. 
 
 JP' * /,;,., ^■n■lll•l,l^, "fi'lifd . . . . i Ann, 
 
 Uulii^i// It I J '>HH('t',ii|lil III' till' I'linli'l'll'lll I'ili^ilillnl, 
 
 () K.'li. 
 
 IIiin«i'if.,iti.| sirlii't ii|iiiii(| 
 
 Iliillsrs iif |i;irli (!'li'lil lilinit . 
 
 L'itV iiri,ii|li|>i|l ni'lloi.l I'.'UIpIi'iI 
 
 Till' iillnll ililM 4 :il Cllilillhill 
 
 IdHJil Km'IiiHiki' IiIIIIiI 
 
 HallH'liy n|ii'1liil U I.nlnliill (n 
 
 17 Sr|it. : 111 (ilVrmvirll 
 
 l'l'llliyiiiis|:l;4i' l,r-llll 
 
 H.lllWMV In .•"illtlllillliliill "I'l'Ml'l . 
 
 W 1 |i.'l\i'tili'lil tlli'il ; r.ilU 
 
 t.iiiiilnli liliiiiry rril.'ililiKlml , 
 
 Kallwiiy In llrlN|i>|ii|ii' I 
 
 UliirU»:ill r.iilwiiv ii|ii mil . 
 Hallway In llii.'lilnii uiii' I 
 
 TIllllMI'S TllMlli I ii|ii'lli'll , 
 
 ilii.Mil Ksi'liiiiii;!' ii|ii'iii'i| liy till' i|iii'rii 
 
 Km rtliiii nf halliM mill » i-ih-liiiilMrM Ih'^:1iih . . . ,, 
 
 Fli'll |ilinilll l.lkril ilmm 
 
 Ni'W Imlliliii); ai't lir„'iiiH ii|ii'riiliii|i . . i ilaii. in^i 
 
 i'clinV Mti'.'IMlllil.ll.-l Iii';;ll1l 
 
 Mllill'l l.lil-ill'/ ll.llHI'H llllilt 
 
 Kallway aiaiiia 
 
 Thii|ii'1II1V MlirilllllSI'H lll"Jllll . i . . , 1S46 
 
 Great ( harlisl lll'llll'll^ll'allll1l In I.iinilnli (si'i' 
 
 Cli"iii.4s) I,, Ai'iil. 1848 
 
 Hi'-a|i|ii'araiii'i' nl'llii' I'lmli la . . , >i'|il. iiS.('y 
 
 Coal K.\('liali«i' ii|ii'iiiil .... vi"'t. ,, 
 Ldi'il iiiaynr's ^rtal li.iiii|iiil (nf iiiayni-s) (mi' /.im/ 
 
 Min/nr.i) 21 .Maii'h, iSju 
 
 Attai-k uiioii K'l'lii'i'al iliivaaii . . . .| Mi'pl. „ 
 
 lircat KxlilliiliiHi .•/.ran/, I .May ; i'/..,..!./, 11 Oit. . 1851 
 
 IJilki' iirWi'lliiij,'! lii'H. 14 Mi'l'l. ; Inn riiiii'i'Ml at 
 
 St. Taul's (M'l' Il'i7//ai;/.ia) . . iK N'.iv. 1853 
 
 Ciili-striki' i'7-..i; .liilv, iSn ) 
 
 Visit nfklMni.f|'i.i|;i-al . . . . II) .Mav, iSVi 
 
 Atta.'k III' I'll.. ii'iM \U|,'. it t^i'i.t. ,, 
 
 Mi'i'tiiij,' r..r I'.ilri.ilir I'lniil .... -2 Nnv. „ 
 Visit lit' ('iii|i('i'iir aiiil i'Ui[iri'rtS iiC tlif (''ii'iifh l.i llir 
 
 liinl iiiayi.r nj Aiail, 1855 
 
 Till' i|iii'i'ii ili.sti'ilinli'S Crliiii'an iNi'ilals . 18 .May. ,, 
 
 Faililli' "!' I'aill. .■illaliali, iV Cii. (sit '/'/ i'.i/s) 5 .Iiiiii', ,. 
 
 Mi'tr.i|'.ililall l.ii.al .MaM.l^i'llli'llt ai't l.a.ssuil 14 .Sili;. ,, 
 
 Visit .if III.' kiiii; i.f .■s.uilini I . 30 .Nil'-, ,, 
 
 Mi'tiii|.i.|ilaii lliiaril 1.1' Winks, llrst Mii'ctiiih' 32 Hi i'. ,, 
 IV.'ii'i' |.ri.i'l,'iiiiir.l, jii .\|.nl; illuiiiiiialiniis ami llri'- 
 
 wiiiks in till' parks .... j.) .Mav. 1856 
 lidyalllrilisli Dalik stnps |.,iyiiii'iit(.si'i' llrilisli f.nil.) 
 
 Mi'i'liiijjs iif uinini'li.vi'.l ii|.i'rativi'S In Siiiitlillilil. 
 
 Ki'li. 1857 
 
 XI:. I" ciiiainirrial I'.iilim's ; Hank I'liarti'i' art siis- 
 lu nili'il 12 Nnv, „ 
 
 Jaini-s .Miii'isiiii (nri^-inally a iMmr liny), wlm inaiiilv 
 iiitr.iiliii'i'il till' -.\>li'Mi ii|'i|iiii'k ri'lnnisaml sniall 
 ]ir.i|ils, ilii'.'. I'M'i r.liii;;ly mil . 301'rl. ,, 
 
 Mi'li'n|...li.s ilivi.liil iiiln u. piista ilistri.'ts i .Ian. 1858 
 
 Oi'i'iit Kasti'iM l.innilii'il (lii'^an 1 Xnv. 1837)11 .Ian. ,, 
 
 t'niniil.'iinls III' 111!' stall' 1.1 tlic 'I'lianii'S ; art I'nr its 
 liiM'JIIratii.n I'.'is.si'il 2 An;;. ,, 
 
 Pauii nil .sin. k I'NiliaiiKi' (40 iir 50 failn ig at ii'- 
 liiiili'l Kri'iH'li ami Uiis.siaii alli.'inri! aw iiHl .\ns- 
 tri.'i \|.iil, " 
 
 A strike aniniiK Hh' IniililiiiK tnuli's, ami ,'i Ini'k-i.ia 
 liy till inasti'rs, 8 .\ii|.'. ; tlie laltir rciiniri'llii' nun 
 to m.ri a '' ii'iiwi'/i', ilri'lariiiK that tlicy will imt 
 Y...l..t. . , ...... ^....i.i. ,..i.;..i. i..i..,r......... ...:«i. <i... 
 
 LONDON. . 
 
 '059 
 
 LI' niv :i It " <■ 'I III-' "<i <i<< iiiitii^ tiiiit' iiii^ I 
 
 lii'lnli,' 1.1 any Miri.ty wliiili iiiti'ili'i'is witli tin. 
 IVci'ilni •■ till ivnrkni.m ; tin' .strike was ilyin^' 
 out ill . ^■^ 
 
 Dls^'i'ai ' fill . 
 till' Ka.,;, t 1 
 tariaii . li 1 :'^'^!,-■ ilu- 
 Oct. TS..'. In:.-. 
 
 fri'sh il;.iHi'-nii'" ' • -..i ., 13, 20 .-^.iv. ; 
 tiiiiii i.iuii.n>-'il:'i. .!i" Kingi'i'lirc'il; tti' ' 
 
 . .\ilV 
 
 I'liii.. It of .St. Oi'ni'^i''.s in 
 mill ■■ .inn nf till' Trai'- 
 .... "I'V. iiraii Kin^'. .Si'i't. ami 
 fr'- ■ < fill a liini'j r.' nin'ii.'.l ; 
 I .S'ov. : 11. aK'ila- 
 iiiii.se 
 
 was I'lli' '1.1, .... J.) .Inly. 
 Ali-trii|i..lii.,.i railway ('iii.ti'r'.;ri.nml) i-niitiui'in'ril in 
 spring' nt' 
 
 Ori'at ili^t lis-; lliliiil",ll llir si'li'l'.' winli'r ; I linllsan.ls 
 I'llii'Vi-'l at till' |...|ii'i' I. 111. IS . I iSr,,,, it .liill. 
 
 Aiuitlur strik : in the liiiililiii'..( tr.iiirs ci.iniin'nris, 
 
 jj Mari'li, 
 
 A street railway in tlie im'tro]inlis oiieiieil near 
 liiyswater jteiniiorary) . . . 2) .Mareli, 
 
 18*50 
 
 1861 
 
 flri'iit lira lieiir Toolnv-street (see l-,,,t , 
 
 Hale of the Kasl Imlla Imiisii . "'''""•■•M 
 
 Meellll«|neslali|'sl, II < 'Ity lit (,ii|1,|i,,h , 1, "■', '• 
 
 liiH ILniiilnnintl hair , '"""•*i^;.' 
 
 Mr, (li'iir'4i' I'ealinily, tin Ainerleiin iiiiiriiiKii,' '' ' 
 : I5i'..««i'- l.ianiili..i,'ili- II ullliiiiinril,"', ' 
 
 aniln v.. I' I, . . ,%i"7 
 
 ' The Inii'i'iiiitiniial I'Millilli pen* T''' ''*! 
 
 ri IIS iiiiliiinkni. Ill liill iiHs.'.l, iifti'f III' I ,"• " 
 
 ellssinn .... . ' . 
 
 Fiithls ill lly.le-|iark lii'twi I'll til. i;,iil,,|,|,. • 
 
 li'l"! .,,',,1,1 ,.?,''■ 
 
 I'lililli' iiii'i,tin;.'slli.'re |ii'iili|li||ei| . ' \\. 
 rnnili'sse lie !Sill,\ li':ive< ,( nxi/, to imiir nf lil,. , 
 'llie Metrniiiilitaii railiway ii|ii'iii',l ,' i ' ", 
 
 I'ni'ilinalie il,'s|.ati'li eoniiiaii.^ lii-jim. '(„ p,,,,* "*ll 
 
 |i.istiill|i'e lia«M '"' 
 
 I'riiii'L'.sii Alexaiiilra of Heiiniark iiiUrs |.",, 
 
 IMii,.,, ml, ,Hn.'ssiaWah's ,,,',, 1.1 ,,u,,,^^^^^^^ 
 
 Appeal lit tiii'iiishiipor 1,1111 ni,'i',;ii„,, :'':■■' •■ 
 
 spii iliial ilestilntlnii ot the iiii'liia.i,lli,(„.,., ., , 
 
 ■!/''''"|/'.'"'') . . . . . '\V 
 
 I '11 ..llUllnll I'Olllleil vote -jn,!,,,/ ,|||,| ,, , , ' '• 
 
 I Vii'lnna-street, I;:.!.', (imw Kaniiwli.i,.i'„,„|i'|,:;. 
 a liiilgin^'-honse Inr the pour , , ^^^ 
 New sheet lil'tweeli IllaekrHlirs iili.l l...li.li,|,.!.|i,'.,,. " 
 I'l"''!'''! .... ,1 '" 
 
 rliariii«('riHH railway iii.eniil . ' ' , j'" '■^' 
 
 First lil.iek 1,1' I'l'ali.i.ly's ilwelliii;,., i„ si.ii,|ii,,'i " 
 
 .i,..,i,...i ' ..'...,. I'll 
 
 "I" ""I , I' I 
 
 llaiilial.li enters I.i.mlnii, u Airil ; ri'i'iiw 'i, " 
 
 i fl'i'i'ilnlil lit the eily . , _.| \.^' 
 
 .Many tiiiii|iikes in the .\, siiliiirlKaliiillsl'ii.,i, ,'.|', ,' " 
 
 1 (iriat I'M'iliiiii'iil lliii'ii:,;li the iiiiir.|.i'..|' Mf' i;'|,,V " 
 i In a I'.'.rria;;.' nt the .S. I.i.n.lnn i.iilw.'iv'. ,, Jiii"' 
 
 Tile llrst railway train eiileis Hie i :ty of |„|,,i ,,! " 
 near lll:irklriars-liriil^e ', , . 
 
 Norlh 1,1.11,;. .11 imliistrial i'Xliil.iti..ii, Uliu i ,, " 
 
 I opelieil liy e.irl Ullssill . . , , '||„|' 
 
 Kieitelni 111 Ihrnll^'ll the pirriinniillienl't'li,, ii'iv,,,,; " 
 
 i"'|'> '"■"'iii'i'* ui'tm. 
 
 liieat l.iillii II I'lililiery ill l,..niliaril-s|i'|.|.t, ),,r .ji,,, " 
 Many lairHlaries in l.nii.l..ii ; ni,,,,,t f,",!,!,,,,, , " 
 
 Walker's, the .Jewell, 'I's, I',, riililll . .4, U'.l.iia 
 Hniitli l.niiilon imliistrial exliil,iti,,ii n|,(.|ii.iTl.v.'.iri 
 
 i.t.slial'tesliiiry , jj.||.,'||' , 
 
 The inini'i- of' Wales pri',seiit at Hie npi.iiiug'i.'r i,,; " 
 
 main ilraliia;;i' wnrks, at the ,snnthi'l'li miihil 
 
 near Krilli , \,,„| 
 
 rrinee nt Wales niieiis the iiiteriialiiniiil refiiriii,ii.,r " 
 
 I'Xllil ill '11 at IslillKtnll ... ,,j>||i 
 
 Cattle piaKlle lil'e.lk 1 o It ill enw hnil.ses Ilrar Uiiwl " 
 
 liiirv, alioiit 37,11111. 
 
 ll.Vi'sli;;atiiiii Into the state of the wi.rklii.ii.i- m! ' 
 
 tinnaries I'l'oni several imilpers ilyilij; lluiiii'H 
 
 ■"'(-■li'i'l Aiij, 
 
 Many turnpikes in the W. Hiilmrl.s alKillilitil.jiii.' \^ 
 Mr, I'ealmily ailils iim,,ixk./. In his ^\\\ at e.i, 
 
 ** ■'■•' ,'.'J 
 t'lty Imliistrial exhihitioli (.'eiie.l liv ierii ' 
 
 ,, '!,, ■„ 
 
 Ilorrilihi innnler of 8ai'ali Jl,li,v u .:, 1 .'llllll.ll■^Il,.t ' 
 (I'lilprit nmliseovereil). . . . 11 .ii.ril. ., 1 
 
 Hlai'k-I''riilay ; eoniini reial Iiaiiie;r:iilaii'i.riivrr.ij'i' 
 Clililiey, & Co., Disi'iiiint Cniiipaav I.hii. /i.„,',^ 
 11 .M.'iy) . • . , ' . 10 .11.11, 
 
 Ahiii mill .Mantiiriniiirs luiiik stops ; ^'ivatexeitiiiuiit, 
 
 6Jiiii.', 
 
 iihni'kiiii,' revelations 111 Loliilnii wiirklimiM- la- 
 liriiiaries Iiiiii', iLsj, ,, | 
 
 Cliolei'ii inevails In east Lomhni (see i Imlrm), 
 
 JiilvS'tl, „ 
 
 Hints in Ilyile-park .... 23, ,'4.liih. „ | 
 
 Canniin-strei't railway station iipeiii'.l . , .'..■ji „ 
 
 l.iiril iiiavor hoiiniiralily eiitertaiiieil at UnissrUk 
 the kili^' of the ll,'l;,'ialis . . . , lit, „ 
 
 Working' elasses imliistrial exliihitinn at MiiiiMi 
 
 I'lllSl'll ,,.Vt „ 
 
 Hepnrt nf enniMiiltee at eniiiiniiii enumil rr . ;: ■ 
 iii.-ieliiij; e!ihii';;.'iiieiit "f i'niistilii..!i.'V V"ti!i; ! r 
 iiiiinieilial iiiiestions (from aii.iut (1700111 i5.(x..) 
 
 12X..1'. 
 
 liil'nriii ileiiiniislratinn liy tnules iiiiii.iis ; inni-.i'ii 
 of aliniit 25,<xxjtoHi'aiil'ort-liiiiise^riiiiiiil», llniiii- 
 toll 3I* , 
 
 fi- .Siil'nn Ulvi-'" 'V 
 fc„|,.t»fiirM.l'.'« to 
 
 , l.,iiii.'iit 
 
 kit M'Dalllii.'ll i*)lot 
 
 riii'i, . . . 
 
 ;!..«' «trlkii, lii'Knn -. 
 If 1 iijv.ii'* Htiite I'liii 
 ruiin,.!! I '..1111. '11 mil 
 [("jilli'iu'ivki'MI'ir fii 
 
 hi illall'lll'Vplnsinl 
 
 JiM.Mitiiia ti. releii 
 llii.|,ilKint 5oiviiaiiili 
 ■ni'li I'li'iti'iiii'iit tliri 
 liiiu,) ; about 30,000 
 
 ivitiriiiiiii illnappi'iirn 
 
 rw.-iiiiiii'tiT 
 
 ImI ilislli'M III the I'l 
 ..ftni|.lii.vliirllt ; lili'i 
 i.l.iVfil; work nll'i'iei 
 Uirivasmtilei'liiU'il 
 
 L,);i )|vi.'lnl unuHtiib 
 
 Ir, Si«kii Qiartinlly 
 
 j>t)I.iiniloii Masiiiii 
 i(iii'fii lay.H I'l 111 11. 1 
 I Tli'iiiivi'a liiMpltal 
 lol'iiiaitroin'li sti'i'i 
 
 •■ : 'n-htinsi) u.'Iief 
 ffiii'li (24,000/. rai8..i| 
 '"'■■.'< iir the I'rtriiiiri 
 l-Viltrtlull, Ktiisii 
 

 '"■'• '" l'""r nf |,,„,| ,j 
 
 'I"'"'' . I .1,1, .. . 
 
 IpilllJ tii'-lln In ,,, , ■ '-'I 
 
 'l«'HiiiK» III »|iit^i||i,|,|, 
 
 II Ai'Hl; pi,ci,lv.., ■!„. 
 
 iiil'urlisiil,iil|,l'ii.,i^,j,t,'' 
 lliiMi:ii-.|i,i-,,r.Mr, i;,,..; 
 'II, I,, II niilw,'iv . ri ,|ii" 
 tiTs Ih,, i;iy iif l,„i„i,.; 
 
 1 i'Xliil,iti,,u, Miii.i.i,, 
 
 ■ , ■ ■ ■ I7'h' 
 ■irnniiiiii,-,. Mftlicliav,:,. 
 
 . (lit I 
 
 iiiilMnl-ilivct, 3i,r4li,,. 
 'i"ii ; nw.a riiliUiv • 
 '"I'lliill • . .I.^IVI, ,1,,, 
 
 Xllihllicill (>|iHlwl l,y,j,i ■ 
 
 . 1 Jl'ir, K ' , 
 It lit til.' I'pfliiiii; ,.fti., 
 it 111!' K'Ullliilli "llHiil 
 
 • 4 ■M'fil, » I 
 
 lllllll:ill"lllll IvrMlliMl,.;' 
 
 nM", 
 
 I rciw hullMi'S Ill'lir Itiiii,. 
 
 ■ 27 Jlilc. ,^ I 
 ti^ (pf till' wnrklii'iw II,. 
 liiiiilu'W clyln« \\m\i\ 
 . Alls, 
 ulin' H ilKilWluHJ.jiii.. 
 w/. t" ins J.-'" "f ! ;. 
 
 Mill.v 11 il. 1 llllllcil|.>ll,..t ' I 
 
 . ii.Vi'ril. 
 |imilc;l',iiliir('iifliv,.||.ii,|, 
 111 t'niii|i:iiiy (.si.|. i;.,,;,, 
 . K\\:e. 
 {8tiiiw;j;iv.iti.si.iti.iim,i, 
 ij.liiii'., 
 Lditilnii wnrkliiiib,. Ill- 
 
 ■ lllllr.'lx/. 
 lull ill (si'f t'liiilem). 
 
 JiilySi.|.t. 
 
 23, .'4.liilv, 
 
 ion "I'l.iii'.l . 1 .<,.|i 
 
 ;iti'rtiiiiii.i| lit liriusil- k 
 
 III, , 
 1 cxliiliitlim at l«liin!,.ii 
 . uU. , 
 
 I'l'lillllnll I'millHl IT,,'!!'. 
 
 ' i'"iistitii"i!'y V'timf r 
 inn iilMiit ()7uotiiij.a.| 
 
 13.V"V. , 
 
 ;rafli's iiiiiinis: iiirr,%si,.ii 
 rt-lii'iiscyrmmils, lii'.mi" 
 . ■. . 3l>'. ' 
 
 LONDON^ 
 
 li.'iiiii"! I«i|iiltotl'iii lit tlm "City" liy dny, 
 
 I .iuu;liv iiWit' ii'""i' ">'■'"'«' I 
 
 L .fffr't: 4'>ll>'i" '"■'' ''> liii'.ililiiK III iif li'i' (ill 
 
 I ,„, iitiilw.iliTshi lli„'i'iit'H |i;irk . tj.liiii. 
 
 I..| iiiulil": iiiiiny iii'i'lili'iitii tlii'iniMli rill nf ruin 
 I ,i,,| iii,iiu'illiili' friint . ■ . . . aa ,!iili, 
 Jl ,, ',1. Stint llifiil-iii .\»«iic'llltlnn iirK'llilwil, .lull. 
 
 Ii,.',i.|.lri.«iiii 1"' I I"ii : liiWiiili" ili'tiiiii.i ; 
 
 (I, 1 1 »(■ .MrliiilH'lltiiii IMii.r Fninl ,,,1,1. 
 
 |,:;.|if'l . ■ ■ ' ' . sfi .Inn. 
 liip.i.ililan (innr iii't lumwil . . y.i Mun |i, 
 J,bJ,iii ciJlifi'a'lii'iJ 1111 liiixiiuliimi'u <IIIi'hI n m 
 
 t|Ki.|.iii«l«lilof UollMirii vliulncit, 3 Jiiiii. , i,|'ii,.\v 
 
 fwiiiiiiirkct. ■ ,■ ,;, ; • •• ■! 
 
 [1,. i,.p| iiiiiviir I'litiTl iiiii'd till' vletTov iif M^vi't 
 f„Jiint': til.) Hi'Wiinit, la .liilyi till. .Siiliiin, 
 
 iH.luh, 
 
 fl . .Will ^IveK .'(oof. Ill ttio piiiir (if I.imiiIihi, 
 
 , . .■j.hUv, 
 
 l.t'infnr M.l'. » t(i liiivii J v.ili'H iiiily, ),y |||.(,,iiri 
 f j,t|«i««''l ... . . 15 Aiic 
 
 f jiiiyl'iiurt fur llii' I'ity I'stiililinlii'il liy net i,f |m|.. 
 
 I,,iiii''iit a... All;;. 
 
 Ei» M'Dontii'U uliiit liyniiM'.i.si'il Pi'iilan,38Mi'|it., 
 
 SU 5 Ort. 
 
 Iii'in'itrlki', lirKn" iJ April ; iiv.T . . Ort. 
 
 ,rliii.iy,ir'ii.Htiili' I'liiii'li iii.t UHi'.l . . g Nnv. 
 
 ,n' r,,iiii,'il iiiiiliTtiiki' tTi'i-tiim <if iiiiiiiliiT 
 
 ,,ii:kit (t'.ir I'liii'Igii I'iittl..) . . f, |)|.(.. 
 
 ,i;t,iti.,| i.v|i|iwliin iMitrtlih' L'li'rki'iiwi'll limisii 
 
 I „t,l,liiitiiiii t" ivli'iisi' Kciiiiiiis (7 I'l'i'miiiH killi'il 
 
 I ifri sl«'iit wwiiiiiiili'.l). . .11 I 
 
 miitxi'ltriui'iit tliniUKli othiT at'i'inpti'il I x|i|ii. 
 Iiloii); about 30,1x10 Hiiticlal ooiiittnlilLK Humii in, 
 
 i7--'4 D.'i'. 
 .li.iH illmppL'arniii'ii of tlio 'uv. 11. (Spi.ki. in 
 hf.iiiiiiMi'r . . ... 8, Ian. 
 
 fc.i.i ,i;.li.'s< in timcast iif Lunilim tlir.iii^;li want 
 I idiiil'liiyiiiriit ; iiii'i'tliiK iif eiiipliiycr anil I'ln- 
 I |,l„Vf,l : wiiik iiiri'icl to the Irmi slilpwrlKlitu at 
 |UirmiBfmk'rlliU'il .... 35 , Jan. 
 k);4 9|VL'lal cuuiit«blt!8 111 tliii lut'tnipiillH uji ti) 
 r 28 ,Jaii. 
 
 ■t. S|«kc (jorttolly liisano) fnund In t'dniwall 
 
 =4 I'i'li. 
 ti!l|I."iulim Musriiiu .Siti' aL't |iiis8i'il , 3^ K,.), 
 Jii. 'iiii'Fii liiy.< fiiiniil.ition-stijiiu of tliy new jst. 
 IllMiiiw'i liiwpltal . . . ij Jlav 
 
 IriHiiapi'roai'li Htrcot, Ilulliiirii Vall.'y, npi.ni.i'l,' 
 I a5,Imii', 
 
 fcrt "f llie Allwrt (mi.ithuni) einliaiikniont iif tlir 
 
 Illillllrtopi'lU'il 30, Inly, 
 
 lin/U'riwi iiiiirkt't (ipL'lU'il . . 7 Ail". 
 
 [i.lliiil t'liiiiitli's railway station nprni'il j (),.t. 
 Jr,liiiirtili|,'tiin'lii'Vi' .<iiiri.ri.|.s l,y ..Siiiitli AniiTii.aii 
 |r;irliiii»aki'(ii,.xx)/.)|.i.lli.,'t('il . . . 13 Oi't 
 ■(ifiiiKit iiiiirki't, Miiiitlilii'1,1, inau^'urati'il liy tin' 
 |l,'r'lim.v.'i,34NiiV.; upi'iicil Id tlii'piilili|..i'|),.,.,' 
 ■r.Mwl' giwi luiDtliiT 100,000/. to tlm ii.Miriif 
 
 11""'!"" 5 Ijec 
 
 ■iil'iiAsviiutioii fur iircvfiitlim of iiovertvaini 
 
 ■<■»"■ l"llll'li'it I7"l)i'i' 
 
 II, a I'll iiiiiustriali'xliiliitlon opened i .Mari'li' 
 liciiil'ii liiarkd, l!('tliii;il-Kri.|'ii, erei'tcd liy .Miss 
 
 Ji'lMllt-CMltts ; n,„.l,i„l l.y I,,,, . . ^g'ApHl. 
 
 ■til'"'! Jlr. IV.ibii.iy uiu'iivi.'ri'il, ]iriiiee of \V,iI...s 
 
 ti."iniliiin'nf tlii' riiilliorn vla'lin't ni, 1 tin. I'l'.'w 
 Bi,i,kfriarsliri,l-i'liy tin. iiiui/n . . 6 Nov 
 liViMti..ii.iftiii'Vii.t,iria(no|.ili,.ni)Tlininc.H,.i„l 
 B.nikiii,'iitbytli.']'iiiii.o(if Wale.s , . nJ,iiv , 
 B,iiulii,iial wiirkiiii'iis .'xliiliitioii at I.Hliii'.t.'nl 
 k^iW liy till' ].nii|.,'i,fWak'..* . . ,r,,h,lv 
 li:l"ii r.itep,iy,.r.s' silioi.Miuard a.s.soeiation i-sta- 
 
 ■'Ihlli'il Si I t it 
 
 ■»'ityliliniryaiiiliiiiwi'U!ii fomi'l'i'il near Oiiildl 
 
 tl-'ni'illieiti,,,, ii,,..,nicl«.ted ' . ' 'o^Nm'' 
 li«'l;.tiim.i.toiio lai.l of new general rcst-ollli',., 
 
 r;,!5,'r* J''^''^'^ l'""^ csfcililinheil iv.r'^li; 
 J ii'li (24,aW. raisi'il in 4 days) . ,3 J,,,, 
 
 I s<« 0? 1,0 corpnnitiim,, resented . Js IV ' 
 ^..Uikrtliall, Kui.si„j,.to,i! opened l,y tlu'i,,,';.;;; 
 2q Jliueli, 
 
 001) 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 |8«« 
 l8(i; 
 
 18G8 
 
 Flrit nnniiat InteMialloiml F.xlnl.itii,,, „, H.aitl, 
 
 ylVrl'f"" "'"""' *'>' ""• I'f""" f W,ll.'.S(,.|.„|.|| 
 
 Nt: TIioiimiVh ■liosplial open,'.,! I.y the' iiin.;',;, ''*'"*' 
 
 llaimMtead li..atl, piir.lia«i.il l,y M.'lropollt.i'n i',.','I',i'i 
 ot vork« for 4,„„„/, , ,„., ,,,, ,„,.,! , I,,' ' 
 
 ^'"■"' '"'""ftl ltypir«l.|,l,.dtopH.l,...»,tl,ii,.: 
 
 TollH on the foiniiienlid niailn, I,.,i,i| K, ,n.',',,!,','.d; 
 
 (iii.'enVielorlii-Hl ,.,.,. t i,,i|,,„.d, ., X,,,, . „,, .^„:|;).;;.'f, 
 
 NMHle,ll,.Malii.y„|i|,„|„|..d. , Nov. . a'lli,,' 
 
 , i"w",' """.'.'"'■^'^■ll't-' '•'"■ the r, ,,.,'y or the pi 1 e,". 
 
 ol Wales 1 the ,,„|.|,„ „|„| ,„.|| Kot.ilSt, 1-allP,. 
 
 Strlk,.ori,iiiMi„^.,,,„,,,,,,„^,„ Uuw(H,:^l,u!). 
 
 I."k mil liy tl,i. inaslir.-, 1,1 ,.,111 , ,,, i,,,,'' 
 
 Kiist l.oi„|i,„ M,,,,,,,,,, ,„ „,||,„,,| ,„: ,, " ; 
 
 tli.;|irlii,.|.aii.|pil,ii.|.s, i,f\v,,ii.,\ 'a4,)ii,,, 
 
 ''n!'^H;l!i^:,!:!:;;-:;;;l,;;;;,.,!r- '^^'i:"-; t 
 
 IhiiMerH' strike ami loi-k out ,.„il. ,,y ],^,Z;^;i 
 Kliidniili'. snia'llpox .' ' ' ' jJjS'Hf 
 ''''i'Mav''"i'l"'-l' I '"'""'■" '""■■'' '■'"''"'I'i"" "Peii.'ii 
 
 Ihiilal niiiiilir of ||.i,ii,.t IIihwi'II, a «,iy yvo»i',',V 
 
 m tlreat (•onmi-^tnit (iiii,|iHei,vi.|-,.d)'^ ' " . 1' 
 
 'ZZ,:V^:i!^ -.Kn^l.iiidtf.atn.nil'of 
 
 "'»r;'ar'"^'"'" '"'''"••'"""" ^ ^att^ieAi;;: 
 
 Vletoria.na,.k vlxlted I.y til,; Miieeti :' "lie wi' o 
 throngl, I.Hlln«ton and retiinie,! lliroii«l, tlie "it"' 
 
 The City teiniile (to repP:,,. the Poultry Hnorli 
 .foiinileil ni.ir llollion, Via t . ' ,'«"'> 
 
 lli.'Sl,;,lH,IIN.,,,,,atal,a,iip,,.t»tOi,i|i|l,all.ao.lii I.' 
 
 liaiik-rate, 9 per eenl., ,,,„i|.' on stork' exeliaiwi"'' 
 
 Continued foK, iiuii'li slekness, and luaiiyae/iiiTnu 
 
 National tralnliis,' n,'1,oo1 r„r ,„„.,!,,, .Soiftl'Ml;''.n: 
 siimton;l,,iinilatlou lai.l l,y the liuke of I'Mi,','. 
 
 Tiehliorne ea'se elosi'd (see Trhih) ' ' 'g I,'',/ 
 Duke ami lJui.h,..s, „r i.;,i,„i.iirgli enter London 
 
 F.m,-ri rnteniatiimal Kxhlliitlon, opened ' VAm-il' 
 City ilieral el.ili. earl Ui-anviUe', president, oiijan' 
 
 ■871 
 
 '373 
 
 1874 
 
 The e/ar entertaiii.il at Vliiiliniall' 
 
 May, 
 
 18 May, 
 
 870 
 
 1871 
 
 Cily Teiiipli', ll'.llioni Viail,ii.t.'i.pem.d .' ,„ 
 Haiiijiiet to ptoviuiial miyors at Mansion-house" 
 
 Seeond Ilosplfil Sunday . ,j li'o,','.'' 
 
 Tl-.e ezar presents ,o«,/., to the liishoj. and the h '.i 
 
 mayor t.ir the rori„,ni|i,n .' ' , '.' 
 
 Hr.stll..spit„ISaliir,lay(,W,/,./, ,,f,.) . ' ''']■■• 
 hreeiloiii -ivi'u to sir (lariM't .). Wolseley '. 2/ (.,.t 
 liiteiMati.inal.'xliil,iii.,„,.|,,„.,i ■* " n ." 
 
 Lordiiiayor .Stone and the sherllis at \he 0I e nin" 
 "f t he new operadiouse, I'aris . ' ' i. ' f 
 
 "'I'peiiS '' ^''■"""■'"' '"'"■ Pi'mn^Mini-slrei.t; 
 ^wBl^ ''■""''' ""'' Si>i'l.oy"(sei;;;i.,'/„,^rnl"i 
 '"drawn''!"''' ''"""'"■ '"'""''il'"'' K"Vernni?u?'withl 
 Great AV(/»TO hi the Iroiitmi'le " ' ■ ^'■■'■^■' 
 Arrival ofthi'lSiiltan of Zanzihar .' ' o i„;: 
 
 P.rifi ! - . 1 i- ■ ' ' • .Inn.', .11 v 
 
 l.riti^l, ,,,„i i..r;.;^.„ ,ii,iy.,i., I,ui^i,„,„sters, pivlVts 
 &e., enteitain.'il liy the lor,! „,7,vo,. . ' 1 ' /, "' 
 
 )iseuss,.,n ,m wi lin,:; |,,„„!„„ |iVii|.,. w,.,:? 'o 'V 
 
 I'list pile of sl.'.iiu-fi.ny l.,ii,|i,i;;-phe.,. fro „ 'w^ 1 ' 
 innj,' to Hotherhithe slruek by hA-cUniayoi Stone 
 
 It Oct. 
 
 •875 
 
 ti ' 
 
 
 ... -Jrb^ 
 
 
 '';i'' ■ 
 
 
 j. 
 
 ! 1 
 
 !0k. 
 
 .nn 
 
 ] OIF JUniiiii^wiA 
 
 ■f** 
 
'"-♦■^iW jiff:*' 
 
 \^ i!:: ; 
 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 ()70 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 Prince I. I'oiioM takes iiji liis fivi'(li>Mi . . 25 Oot. 1875 
 Gi'iKi'rs' cuiiiiniiij' winy, Lcmilun IjosiiUmI, ippcni'il 
 
 l).v till" i|uc'i'ii 7 Mari'li, 1S76 
 
 Fri.'rdiMM i>l' I lie citvaivcn ti> I'hicl'-inslicc CmUlinrn 
 
 (sai.l to li,' fnsi I'MM' nl'tlu' kiuil) . c, M:irili, „ 
 liiiiKlui't nihl \<M t(i llic in-ince ul' Willi's nn liis 
 
 ri'luin IViini liiili.-i (11 May) . . kj Mny, „ 
 
 Lmil KUliii'.s ivMiliitiim fnr ri'riinnin^c tlic ciiripuni- 
 ticn anil I'stal-iisliur^ a niitrniMililan ^'iiviiiiiMt'nt 
 withiliawn I'rnni tin- Cuniniuns . . i^Jum', ,, 
 Stni'k cxi'lianpT wry dnll ; uvw 3 pt-r i-rnt. i-nn- 
 
 s"ls, 07i -'4 'Inly, „ 
 
 Pulilii' lui'c'tin.i- at JlanMnii-liinisc rusiiucliii;; iitro- 
 
 ritii's in litil;iaria x'l' 7'i(iA./() . . iS Si'|it. ,, 
 "Clri'at Ka.stiTn-.-iliuut " (Imni Sliunilili'li to (Mil- 
 
 stivct), ii|ii'niil 12 Del. ,, 
 
 Visit nf ninnii'ii'al (illict-rs nl' I'aiis, U> ins]n'fl lail- 
 
 ways, \i'. . . . ;io April— S .May, 1S77 
 
 Sir.lului liiMitnlt tliricc t'K'iticl aldriician, ii'ji'clcil 
 liv ('nnrt (ifalili'inH'M, tliiril tinif, 16 Oft. ; 'jvl;^;ir 
 UVi'llilt cliclcil liy iiiurt uralilirna'n . 2; (ii't. ,, 
 Temiilc liar iiiiinvnl . . 2 - 14 .l.an. 1878 
 
 Ht'vi\al (if trade ; liank ilisrninit 4 ]ifr cent, i An,^^ ,, 
 lian(|iict III till' niini-.lvrs atliM llir treaty nl' Hirliii; 
 Iri'ciliini 111 ciiy^'iviii tn tlic i-arl iil'ljcai'iinsliilil 
 anil till' niarnni.-i of Siilisliiny . . . ^ .\n>;. ,, 
 The I'arurliial Cliaiilirs ciininLi-siun aiiimintril (tlio 
 ilnki' (it Niirtlininlii rlaml, i-.-imm H. Uruyury, prc- 
 licnilary Wni. liii^i'is, anil Hilars) . ij Aug. ,, 
 Jlank disi-onnt i;iisiil to 5 jifi' ri'iit. u An;^. ,, 
 
 Cirrat Kastuni-stiri't ciiniiili'tiiil ;inil oiu'iicil .\n;,'. „ 
 Fonndnin;.,' ot tlii' ri'iiirrs.< Alii; in-/tirk M.) tiliiiiii;,di 
 collision willt tlic I'ljirul CttMifi ill Tluinit'S (sco 
 M" iisi, III H,,t,^i' lui 11,1) .... J Hcpt. „ 
 Watciloo-lirid}.'!- o|iiMiciI lolirivr . . 3 (Jet, „ 
 "City anil (iiiilds nf London Institute lor tlic ail- 
 vanccnicnt ut Tcrhnir.il Kducation," I'onnally 
 
 constituted II Nov. ,, 
 
 City t liurcli and Cliurcliyard rrotcction .Society 
 
 I'ornieil Kcli. 187^ 
 
 Ni'W-foniicd street lietween Sliorcditeli and Hetlin.il- 
 grcen oiieiied (it coniiili'tes direct road Iroin 
 Oxforil-sticet to Old-lord) . . . 29 .March, „ 
 Ilolborn Towndiall oiicncd liy tlic lord mayor, 
 
 iS l*cc. „ 
 The king of Greece receives frceduni of tlic city, 
 
 16 .Iiine, j88o 
 Municiiuility utLoinlon bill introiluceil by Jlr. I'irtli 
 
 and others 25 .lime, ,, 
 
 Exjilosion of (.'as main near 'rotlenham-conrt-road ; 
 
 2 deaths ; niiieli |irii]icrly desiroyed . 5.)iil\, ,, 
 City Liverv i'oniiianies' (■iiiiiinission a}iiioinleil(earl 
 of Derby, duke of Uedlord, lord «lierbrooke, lord 
 Colcreltle, sir H. A. floss, A-e.' . , .liily, ,, 
 
 Toiioj;raiiliiea! Society nt" London fonnded, 28 Oct. ,, 
 Temple I'ar Jleniorial nneovcrid (see V'twiyi/i), S Nov. ,, 
 Maiisiondiouse (m7m'(:/i tfii)', attempt to blow it up 
 
 delected 16 .Maivh, 18S1 
 
 Elcho shicM iil.icrd in Cinildhall, loth time jy Oct. ,, 
 Mr. W. Ward bei|ueatlis 20, .km/., ami otherproperty 
 
 to the Ciirporatiiiii, annoniii'eil , 17 Nov. ,, 
 
 City of London CoUegi,' near .Moorgatc-st. ; roumla- 
 
 tion hull ',t March, i£32 
 
 The lord Mayor takes rrecdom of the city to the 
 
 King ot the Nelherlaiids .-il llie Hague . 20 Sept. „ 
 Newcilyot Loniloii sehnols, Victoria Kinbankn.cnt, 
 
 opened by the prince of Wales . . 12 lice. ,, 
 rieedom given to lonl Alcester . 11 April, 188; 
 
 City of Loiiilon Parochial Charities net, 46 i!l: 47 
 
 Vict. c. 56, passed 20 All'.'. ,, 
 
 Much excitement about the dwidlingsof "OiU-cast 
 London" Ihroiigh Mr. ti. 11. Siliis, "Ibiw the 
 
 imor live," cVe Autumn „ 
 
 Xleeting at the Mansion House to raise 50,000/., to 
 
 aid tlie Hcanmoiit legacy, in establishing a great 
 
 instiliitioii tor the in^triietioii and recreation of 
 
 the ]ieo|ilc of the L.asI end . . . 14 Dec. ,, 
 
 New street from King William street to the Tower 
 
 opened 25 .Ian. 1884 
 
 1,000/. tillered by government, ninl i,(xx)/. by 
 railway companies, for iliscuvery of dynamit^i 
 coiisiiiiators about .... 3 March, ,, 
 
 See I'lliiiiiititc, and K.riitiiHUill.'i, 18S3-4. 
 I'Vjedoni of tliecity given lotheen.rlof .shafteslmrv, 
 
 H lilcdoiig social iiliilanlliropist . . 5 .Marcii, ,, 
 Proposed setlh'nicnt of Oxlord and Cambridge 
 university men in K. London to iiniiruve social 
 life Jlay, „ 
 
 Keninlns of Unman nrclilteetnre, \,. ,1.^ 
 iluring excavations in Levis JIark.,, k ^.*"\""' 
 
 The col on council meet in their now'!)',',,,!/ '-. "H I 
 
 finildhall '™ii"r4 
 
 The eoiiinion council agree to Ilie'eniiJni li t*'''' " 
 husMevel lirid;;e between the Toweivinil ;; ''I ■' 
 down, with lifting .seclions Ibr tin. 1 ., " ■ " 
 ships, cost about 7 w,..«.,/. . '■'"■'■'J;'; "' 
 
 Great meeting of uneiniiloyed social ilniwl '^^ " 
 fcdeiation on Thames cmbanknieiit ■ ZT '" 
 hieal governuient board ; dis.satislie(iai„'i'r',';„''.' 
 
 I'rcedoni of the city pivsenlcd to Mi„.,.'ui''''' '-^5 ' 
 
 Victorof Wales . . . ' 'V'"'' 
 
 Tower bridge act passed . . ' ' "^ ,""' ; 
 .Meeting of cilizens at (Jiiililliall'; sir ,).,],|J , ''r " 
 
 biick-.s resolution against an Irish ii,i,.|i„,;,,; 
 
 earned ' ' '!'' 
 
 Foundal ion-stone of (he Tower b'iid"e' l'ii,MH.'ii ' ''-'' ' 
 
 prince of Wales . .... ,., ,''"' 
 I-'Irc iiaiiii: in Hebrew dramatic clnh' S|,|ii|i|;,'.|'|''' " 
 
 17 killed ' /', '"1 1 
 
 Parliamentary commiUcc to ciii|iiire int'oeleii- "'i '■' ' 
 
 spending corpoial ion fundi lo opii,,,,. niu,,;!',' '; 
 
 nibriii bill re I the charge t'„ he 1 '.i 
 
 sustained in getting up •Irop.ilitan rnuim','. ■ 
 
 plnlectlon association; Imglls etiu.s'vl 
 
 much agitation {iu,5^J. spent in lasj-O'iii,,;',' 
 
 21 May, 1887: charge declared imt iiiov,. 
 
 the comnion couneil . , . , c 1' 1 
 
 The qiieeii nreives the lord inayoraiuleiii,,,; „'.;■ '--- > 
 thcir.inhilec address ... ^, .. 
 
 The iineen proceeds from Padilin-tmi |,'i Mili.'l'!' j "•' ' 
 to open the "People's I'alaee"; visi'< ' 
 llansion.lioiise ; the houses in tlii. ,,,.' 
 siilendidly decorated; the line 1;,.,,, 1,/.,'; 
 military, volunteers, and police ; iiu il;.<n„|,, 
 
 IJeatli of sir Horace .loiies, city arclilteot a-iii'V " 
 21 May. See Ji(/j//('e, .liine, 1S37. ' ^ ""' 
 
 Terrillc stcn'iii, ilcstriieti\e of life and i,,.,,,,,,,,. 
 began 5.30 p.m., lasting about 4 honr.s 17 An- 
 
 Increased spread of scarlet and (itln.r fiv,", " 
 
 Torchlight niei'ting ot liberal and radirai "iJu " 
 
 at Hi it h"-. hit he, about i2,orm present ciiiiiliuinii,. 
 
 the Irish policy of the governuient . ,,o,.f 
 
 .Special ciiiistables sworn in (see /;;.,),) 17-10X11' " 
 
 Pieedoin of the city of London coiifernil ',m tlii' " 
 
 nianinis of llartingtoii . . . iS liirl lail 
 The new city of London court opened hv Ilie inij ' 
 
 in».Vor • 6,'|,, 
 
 I'he great flee steam ferry bet ween north ami smiih ' 
 
 Wiiohvich opened by Inr.I Hoseheiy „ 5|„.i,, ,:. . 
 Ihc lord mayor Whitehead visits the exliiliiiiimat ' 
 Paris, and is hoiioiinibly enterlaiiiei|6 .M;iyi7 j, 
 I Freedom of the city given to the liriiiiiiis'.'f " 
 j DuUeriii (with bamiuel) . . . p,,, Mav 
 1 Pieedom of tliecity presented to prince (livr'.i.'iii " 
 
 \Vales ,j|,|,p^ 
 
 Strike III dock labourers (see ,s7W/,c..) . Aug. Int! 
 Pall at the Maiisioii-hi.iise to celebrate tile TOiili " 
 
 anniversary of the iiiayorally . . :^o>',. 
 tlrand lord mayor s sliow arranged hv llmi. 1 i«i.^ " 
 
 Winglield " , ,, x,„. 
 
 Sir Sydney II. Waterlnw presents a \ar'ii atSuiiCi 
 
 Ilainp.stead (see ll'ii/iWoir /'.:,/,) . . i;.\i,v. 
 
 Lord .Najiierof .Magdala dies 14 .lain; giaml mili. 
 
 tary funeral, St. Paul's . , 1 .laii. i-.v, 
 
 The freedom of the city given to .Mr. II. M. I^taiiliy \, 
 (sec.s'om/.iH, 1887 i/.-.i/.) . . . 13 Mai- „ 
 
 New art gallery of the corporation oiieinil livtli" 
 
 lord mayor n .Inn. 
 
 Ti'inporary strikes of the |iostiiieiiaiid ]Kiliei-(»'i 4 
 
 see) )„iv ^^ 
 
 Excavaticnis near the posl-olllcc, St. M.irtiii's-li'- 
 Ciraiid ; discoveries of Konian reiiiaiiis, lliFto»ii 
 
 ditch, .^e Si'iit. ., 
 
 City and S. London Electric, Uailway <i{ii'npi| bv 
 
 the prince of Wales .... 4 Xuv. „ 
 The Coipoiation medal coninicnioniliiigllii'fuiimlQ- 
 lion of the niayoiality in 1189, euiiiiilitol liy 
 .Messrs. Kiikwoud of Kdinburgh . . Noi. 
 Financial crisis through the .serious d!ll!iv.illir.< of 
 '.''e'ssrs. Ilaring (liabilities, 2i,i.xyi,ao<->/,), wlionn' 
 )iroiiiptly and .indicimisly assisted by tlic l!:iiili ef 
 
 Kngland, William Lidilenlale, govennn li-l !iy 
 
 the IJank of France, and other estalili>liiiirat>; 
 
 *M..^^ 
 
LONDON. 
 
 671 
 
 iiu^ftiii-i_., \,.. ,i,s,,,,.„,, r 
 it 111 tiiuii-iifw,i,aii;i;,, ;("■<! 
 
 ■M.MlioVnn.ir,,,,;,'';"'; „ 
 
 ■litl.rT„w,Tul,.lll,.;,; 
 
 i'l|o.i.s lor tl,. i„«,„/>, 
 
 '■i"l«iiiliiiM'iil ; M.*.,,! , 
 1; ili«iiti.-.lii-.laiiih-n,J 
 
 iiisl :ui liUl, i,„riia,;,,,., 
 
 T..worbVi,i^,:iHi,i'iti'; ;;;'■-» 
 
 I'aiimlie chil,, S]ilhlii,,i,|'^' " 
 
 t"lMlllllllV MllMcli;,! < ■ ' 
 
 m<U ti.„|,|„,s,. iiuiuhJ 
 • '■''•"•^■'' I." !"• |Kmi;,':|v 
 I •>i'"l"''iliiiimii|,i,v,.,v 
 '• ^"•"."x. '"■•'■tints ■,i„",i 
 '. spjMit m ,38^-5), ,rt„„( 
 <lcrlaii-.l ii„t i„„vo,i i,v 
 
 riliniijdraiulc.thviswiili "" 
 
 PlUllllll-tnlltd Jlilf Ki»i 
 
 o's raliiec^'; visits ii„. 
 liniisi'S ill till' rniiie 
 I !'■ lilU' k.'pt l,v il,„ 
 
 unci poller ; iii> ,lisi,|,|,,. 
 
 ■s, (-'ity arcliiti(!t,iuHi/.- 
 uiir, 1SS7. ■" '"' 
 
 ivc nf lit',, and i,r„,„.,„. 
 ; alniiii ^ hciiis ,j,i||: 
 eaili't anil ctluT f,.,,,, " 
 
 Si'pl.-lici 
 
 ibcral aii.l imlical ..i;,!,, " 
 2,000 pri'si'iil ('"iiili'iiiiiiij. 
 ,''ivi>niiiiciil . 2^(i,,t" 
 ill (sir llit'h) 17-10 X„v.' " 
 Lnniliin ciiiil'iTivil Im i|i,i " 
 
 iS Jinil, ,;:5 1 
 cimrt iipciicil liv ilii> l.fl>i 
 . . . .' 61i.r. ., 
 lii'lwi'i'ii nnrthaiiiisnnili 
 Id Hiisilriiy 21 Mmdi, ,;■■, I 
 d visits till' csliiliiiiniiat 
 ,yrlitirlJiili.'d6.MayfU> 
 iviii III till' iiiari|iiis lit 
 
 ' • • '29 'l»v. ,, 
 ■iiti'il til iiritici'Griii-.'i- ut 
 
 I JllliC, ,, 
 
 sen Slrilav) . AiiK..S|.|it. 
 SI' ti) ci'k'lirato tlio^ootli 
 Jialty . . loOit. „ 
 
 anaiitreil hy Umi. L'Wis 
 
 - 1) Nov. „ 
 pfcsiiiits a jiatli atSoiilli 
 •I" l'"rlc) . . iiXdv. „ 
 lies 14 Jan. ; urainl iiiili- 
 
 1 Jim. 1E90 I 
 veil lu .Mr. II. M. Sliiiili",' 
 I . . . ijMav 
 
 irpuMitiiiii ii[»'iu,'il liy till' 
 
 . loJlllll' 
 
 lostnicnand iiolici'(i/'/ii.J 
 
 Jiilv 
 
 ist-iitlici', St. M.-irtiirn-li'. 
 
 tunian it'inaiits, tliptowii 
 
 . . .Si'lit, 
 
 trii! Mail way iipi'iict liv 
 
 . . . 4X,';. 
 
 iiiiiii'iiiiii-aUiiKllii'fiiiiniia. 
 
 ' ill 1189, ciMllpl'trii liy 
 
 liiiljur;;li . . \m. 
 lit' si'riiius (Hniiiiillit'.'i of 
 ii'S, 21, 001. 000/.), wlinni^^ 
 yiissisli'il liy till' lliiiikuf 
 iilali', Kuvrriiur, aidi'lliy 
 il otlici- I'staljli.^liiin'iil*; 
 
 LONDON BRIDGPJ. 
 
 Sr Ct'rtraiii W. Ciurie vi'iy iiistrim tal ; 
 
 J iuiiicliaiill>'ivi'rti''l • • 8-1, .\uv. w s.,,. 
 ■« Brotlii^i'i' ("iiislitiiti'il 11 liinilid liability 
 1 ,viiip.™.v,l>riiicil'aIlyliyMi'. T. C. Daring ami Mic 
 
 fiiialy: rt';;isli'ii''l J4 N'ov. 
 
 itnwtiii^iii 111'' lliiililliall, r.ciiiiliiii.aiipi'aliiij; 
 
 lii'liall'cil' llii' .li'ws, 10 'd 
 
 I'c. iSoo ; 
 
 loan '"" '.^' ■' ..-'•".. louij , 
 
 iirtioriiilaiiil lln' li'iil niayiir's li'tliT, I'l'titriu'il lu 
 lijii.tliroiit'li till' t'"r''ion "lllia:, by tlic Kiissiaii 
 aiiitesi'l"rwitli"n'- ''""'""'"t . . 7 l-'i'b. 
 
 d^ tA'l'lii""' sysl''ni bi'twc'i.ii Loiiiloii and I'ai'is 
 ir.!iKiiniti'il(si'<' ■'■''' /''"""■) • . iS .Mai'i'li 
 
 fK.,iiiiii III' till' city pi'i'st'iid'il ti) Ml'. William 
 IJiHrriliik', ijiJVi-'iii'ii' of lliu bank ol' KiiLslaiul 
 
 iByo 
 
 1S91 
 
 run „ 
 
 6 .May „ 
 (jiiiitas strike (ii'/iiV/t.iir) . . .7 li.luiii', ,, 
 
 tUIflijiluftllL-Cil'I'lliail I'lllplTlll'lllIll Ullllil'iSS (sill 
 
 :.-.<!-'.ii/) lu.Inl.v ,, 
 
 iiiiiitu of Xapli'S diiR'S with Uu' lunl iiiavnV 
 
 '.'S.l'uly ,, 
 |n,l.i'»li)ii liiiti'payi'I's' IVft'iici' I.i'af;iii' I'lirnn d at 
 rii,i«'!;ii.i.'.it till' 'iiiii'lliall . . . 18 .Niiv. ,, 
 ^lili of iir. lit'iijaiiiiii Si'otl, afii'cl 78, cliandiiT. 
 , i(!:]siiice 1853,1 Hid . 17. Ian. ; .siK.'ci'eiU'cl byaliliT- 
 ImaiiWin. .1. li. Ci'H'in .... s Ki'b. 1892 
 fcrfiaili'slliill, y.<'..''l''i:li''l I'l'i'm-'liT . 8 l''i;b. „ 
 fee 'ii»C""'i'y "t -Vnii'i'ii'a by Coliiiiibiis in ijg2 
 I clrkiti'l dy a bamiiiet at tlio HiMi'l Mitni|ii,l,i 
 ' ' 12 Oct. ,, 
 
 ;.in rliaiiiber of arbitration lirst sittiiijr at 
 
 :;:'!!iiili 2)N.,v. ,, 
 
 i!; lic.'iiriii Uiiiiin iiiaiiKiirati'il . . 15 lin'. ,, 
 fc„iali'ui.iiiiissiijii ii'spi'i'liii,2 till' nnilicatiiiii of i|ii. 
 ililiiiiiiislratiijii ijf l.iiiid.iii apiminli'il, .'Mr, I,. 11. 
 I C'lrtiiPy, t'liaii'iiiaii, sir ■riioiiias 11. Kancr, and 
 
 ivMari'li. i?n ; pri'liiiiiiiary nici'tiii},', 4 .Mav, iSoi 
 ;attl.|. Mali-ii.ll lliiilsi. tii .M. Wad.liiif.'l„ii, 
 . tiring' fri'iu'li anibassadiir . . 4 .Marrli, ,, 
 
 _ ill! billn'il, having' pri'st'iitt'il iiictnri's tii tlii' 
 
 I city, till' lion, fri'i'doiii i« votinl to liiiii by tliii 
 
 I f.iiiii.iii omiK'il 27 .ipril, ,, 
 
 Jivjt iiiHi'liii;; al till' (iiiildliall, protestiiii; a^'iiiiist 
 |t!i.'Iri>liliiiiiii' iiili' bill .... 3 M.'iy, 
 Jh-'laki'auil iliirlii'ss of 'i'lirk, after tlii'irwi'iblii'L,' 
 |at.<t. Jaiiii's'spalai'i'(si'i' A'iii//ii»i/)ilrivi' tlir'iii.li 
 iLi'ii'liJii ti> Livi'ijiDiil ,St. statiuii, uiid arri\t' at 
 
 ISaiiilrinjiliaia 6, Inly. ,, 
 
 Jjf till;' anil ipiwii of Di'iiiiiark, tin) jiriiu'i. ami 
 Iphijci'ssof Wali'saiiil ilaii.:;liti'rs, tlii' ci'sari'vitcli, 
 laii'l "llier I'liiiiii'iit pi'rsmis, I'nti'rtaiiii'd by Im- 1 
 linayjr Ktiill lit till' (biiidball . . . 8 .Inly 
 fciri'-ntiiiii sifts to tilt' iliiki' and ilnclicss of York 
 Ifr-'iiteiat Viirk Hoiisi', fit. .lanii's's . 7 Oit. j 
 
 \;.;:,ii~trial and luan I'shiliiliiiii in \\\'stniinsli'r 
 lii|.iB.|tiytlH'lip. of '.Vaki'lii'lil . . 4 Ili'i'. 
 ■Mills; of iiii'ii'liaiits and otlii'i'M iirninj: tliii 
 Ifovi'mmi'iil to ini'i'i'iisc the navy, ami oili'iin^' 
 lliaaiicial liHi) , . . . ' .12 llei" 
 111' i''iri«ratinn dwliiii's to pve I'tirtlier evidi'm-e 
 Ititli'. uniliriitiun niiiiiiiissioii, 16 VvAi. ; repint id' 
 liC'iiiiiiitti'i' imlilislii'.l, '/'inii'x . . 17 Feb. 1894 
 li« .Viliiiiiiiiiii' (■liili.riiiiins, Windinill-stri'c't, Tnt'- 
 Itftliaiiiouiiit-niail, ailinitly taken by the imlie.', 
 iutm'iiist iliii'iinii'iits fiiiind, nianv persiins lem- 
 ■poiarily imi'sli'd ; other Inm.se.s searehed ami 
 ■tsiii'-oivcsclisi'uvered, evidences of u coiisjiiraey 
 1 16 l''i'i..' „ 
 
 fcposalj for tlio uiiillratinn of London prusented 
 ■Vj till' nij-al I'oiiiniission by the Lumliui count y 
 *aa:n'il (a lonl iiiavor, 19 nlderineii, 118 eoiin'- 
 |[il!.ii\ *o.). ri'purti'd ... -,-, |.',,|| 
 
 m^Mf-\ ', .. • . . I'-.Maii'l,: ,',' 
 ■i. «iii. Ihivwoiid, eiiiiiiieer, I'onslrnetiij' nf the 
 TlijlUiniviaihittand oilier works, a-ed 72, ilj|.,i' 
 
 |t.stnki. ii'/ii,';..,,,' . . ,6May-u,li,i,e 
 ■pw liriilgo, irtirfi ««', openeil by tlio (irince of 
 
 lializalioii of rates (f.iiiidoii) bin'passeil,''",' An''''' " 
 tport of tlio royal cuiiiniissiun aiiiiointeil fli " 
 flarcli, 1893; iiiipiirlanl cliaiiK'es ri'i'niiiiiii'iiil|.,| 
 rii.oneiwveniiiin body, with various iiidenei,' 
 K«it loPBl eleeteil biiiiie.s ; the uliule area i,f 
 T/m.ion to he railed the "City of London," a 
 fK'ily 111 Itself; the present "city" to bo 
 ^niii'il the "old city." Th„ ucw wyeriiinf; 
 "ht.) consist ot the •• mayor, ami coiniiionaltj" 
 
 mill citizoiis of Loml " to siicceivl the present 
 
 curpuratioii ami London cuiiiity council, issued, 
 
 ! Liriuiilationoftlie Hariiis. estate p,'a,'licallv'rml'i'';f- '^'•' 
 ,si'i;i(/«„'i', ,Nov. iSy„; repui'teil . . '. .Nov 
 
 : 'b'i;';Vr "!' l'"""':'"'^' "^ ''"' •V^""<i""-lion'<^, oii " 
 I ''hall ol li'ieiids, presents to tlie r.'V. Win 
 lio-ers, rector nf liishops.,'ate, a iiortrait of Mr. 
 
 ItiW'is, by Mr. A. S. Ci , ami a piece of plati, 
 
 111 I'l'co-iiiiioi, of his eniineiit servici.s to the 
 poor; the earl also opened the liishops-ate. 
 
 institute, estaldisheil by, neaiisof ancient "dole" 
 money .... , v . 
 
 Tlinnilerstorni with' smlw ; ■chmVlies slleli'liy " 
 
 'lania;;eil by li-htnin^-, tst, Ilride's, Mt. Clement 
 
 I'aiies anil .',1. Sti'idien's, Westminster, 2 t .Ian. ,89.: 
 
 lestrnctlve -ale, 4 deaths . . '.4 March -' 
 
 'r'',',M'li "n' -^'"'"'1' l'"i"-'''i Xasmlla Khan, to the " 
 ui imna I . . . _ ci,,,,,, 
 
 NiM'l. I'eel receives the freedom . ,,,I„lv 
 
 \isi;oru,ekiii^.ofI'n,lii2ai . . . ,Vn";v' " 
 
 eMlMi-e, ,'hii'lly relatii,;; to African mines, a 
 lew tallnres. reported . . i-'.\ov 
 
 riie incorporation of SMilliwark with thiri'itv' " 
 
 approved by th iminoii eonncil . ,= April' iSnft 
 
 ;'re"," V'," ''"'■'•l''''','l'''Vi''t'n'iaeiiibaiilan'e'it; ^^ 
 pi 'sen eil to l.oiiiloii by sir A. fSeale llaslaiii, 111,: 
 
 ./'II'''' i'yll keofC'aniblid-e . •., .Inly 
 
 Jleetin- at the Mansion house in aid of the Indian " 
 lanuiii' reliel luml;. see /m;;,, ,a i.,„ 
 
 J!iilf'.ravotel'or96,o,W.I'orrortilicaUon;(Lomi;; • '^^' 
 re.iil 1st tiiiie . . ^ It' '1 
 
 '"'/•'"."'ii-^'r' '"^'"'""'ii nnil others 'arrive (see .v,',',',); " 
 
 /•.. .1' II . /'i-sM,,,,) ;; I''i'b. : he lectures (o the li. 
 
 (.CO),', society at the Albert hall, receives a special 
 
 iiie'lal Iroiii the prince of Wah's ; lieni. Scott- 
 
 blli.se,,, scentili,' head of the expedit ion, also 
 
 II. iM'sameilal; plioto-rajdis exhibited 8 Feb 
 
 lhanksj..|vin-ilay, 2,,,liim.; see ./„/„'/,,.. .Sq, " 
 
 K' w. I'harles Ilariii., lord lievelstoke; l'^- nerly 
 
 l.eaal ot^ilm „„„ ,t liariii. Uros. (see uhon), born 
 
 ^'■••„f"lt;.''-, "»"'«. Pl.ila'iitliropisr, bon, Vs'''pt': " 
 >8.i8, ol the Aivlo-Aiiiericaii lionse of .1 rt 
 Morgan and Co., died . .. , \i,v' 
 
 MeetiiiK at the .Mansion house, propnsiii.ra iKai',,,,;! " 
 
 Al'lVei'l""""'"*''"" '" "^'' "'' •■''" '^'"^'' "'■ '~'"« 
 '^l';'iJ""'"f Australian'art at the (Irafton'KaJ: '^^'^ 
 
 l^';o %;,.,,,,,] anil tlm oe,:nrrem'cs',a^''^lo{£?;i " 
 here, under their respective heads. 
 
 LONDON, BlSIloriilO of, is said tru.lition- 
 ■lUy to liavu been touiidcd i„ the rci-ii of Lucius 
 "■""'t ir9' Jl.'sftiilns, bisliop. is snid to have 
 l"'i' 11 IMcseut at Ihc cniiicil of Aries, ua. An-uslin 
 mailo Canterbury llic nii'ti-ojiolilati sec of Kii-limd 
 Molitus was lirst l„>hop i„,«4; c.,(,„,ll,.'d (,i6:' 
 first .successof, Cil.l, ir^u. The see lias i'iye.i to tl ^v 
 
 loid" li, t eel ors ,'uiil lord treasurers; it wiis valued 
 M th,.lunj,.'s books, at ll.y.Ss'.y. pc, atututn 
 1 u'sciit luconio, liMxx)/. In 184^ Ilerlford ami iiart, 
 ol '.ss.'.x wero lake, fvu,n Ih,' see of London and 
 added to tliat of Jiochesler. 
 
 KKlDNr nisllill'.s. 
 
 1787 lieilby I'oit, lis, died ,4 Mav, ,809 
 
 1009. ,lohn liaiidol) ii.U'S.lniv, iS.i. 
 
 i.ii.). W. Ilowley, trans, to Canti'i-biirv ' ViiL' ■«,» 
 
 1S56. ArclMbald Cauiiibell Tail, translated toCanterlmry,, 
 
 1869. Join, Jack.sini from Lincoln, elected ,4 Jan. (had 
 nmseiajiteil 84 new chnrches, .869:^9), dK 
 
 .S85. Freil. Ti'iiiiile, translated fron, Exeter; Canterbury 
 
 .896. Mimdell CieiKliton, translated from I'eterborouKh 
 .>oy. ; elected, 5 ,Iaii. iSciy. 
 
 LONDON liKIDGK. The lirst hm\gc snid 
 to have been built 9.^4, was much injured by the 
 
 
 ''I n J' I'.'ll 
 
 „*' 
 
 J-* *^ ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 tt' 
 
 
 mt 
 
 
LONDON CHAMBEE. 
 
 C72 
 
 LONDONDEllIlY. 
 
 Dunes lOoS nnd di'slroyil liya il"(nl l(K)i. Aiiotlicr 
 bridifo erected by (■(iii'iiii;ind of Williiini II., was 
 burnt in 1 1 ?(>. 'J'lie lute old lirid^'e was coni- 
 nienced iihon't 117(1, l>y I'etrr of Cidei'lumdi, iiiu', 
 ■coni|d('ted in 1201), witli houses on eaeli side, coh- 
 iiei'li'd toijetlier l)y l.ir^'e arelies of timber wliich 
 cro.ised tlie slreet. 
 
 A lire lit tlie Soiitliwarii end tirnuijlit iTowils on the 
 liridue ; the Iioiims at the nortii end ean'ihl lire 
 likewise, and iUfVi'Mted llieir I'seiipe : and nii- 
 wards of v>i>o |iersoMS lost their lives, lieiii),' 
 eillier killed. Imrnid, oi- drowned . . .Inly, 121 = 
 The Inidne reslorr.l in i.)oo. iii,'ain destroyed Uy lire 
 in 1471 ; 1 ) fell. ifM2, and . . . ."Seiit. 1725 
 
 All the llcnsis iiulle.l ilowii 175fi 
 
 Waterworks lie^oni, 1582 ; destroyed liy lire . . 1774 
 The toll diseontinne.l .... 27 Mareli, 17SJ 
 
 In i8.>2 till ponlion advertised for desi;,'ns for a 
 
 new liiiilj;e : that liy .lolin Uennie was aiiproved, 
 and the works weie I'Nei-iitid by liis sons John 
 nnd tii-or;,'!'. The lirst pile was driven 200 feet to 
 the wi'sl lit the iilil liiiil;,'e, 13 Maridi, 1S24 ; the 
 lirst stone was laid hy the lord mayor, alder- 
 man (iarratt 15. 1 line, 1S25 
 
 The liridgo ojioned liy William IV. and his nueen, 
 
 1 Ang. iSji 
 'The cost w;is 506.000/. 
 Flans for wideniii,:,' the bridge reji'eled . . . 1875 
 
 Jt was Diluted that on 17 JIareh, itsg, there 
 
 ]i;issi'il over l,iiinhin-brid^;e 20,408 vehieles (of 
 whieh 44S3 were eabs and 4280 oiiinibnses), and 
 1(17,910 persons (107,074 on toot, and 60,8 }6 in 
 vehieles). In ,\in-il 18S1 in one day (24 Imurs) 
 passed over 75,043 iias>.eii,iji'rs in 10,731 vehieles. 
 jVttenipt to explode -S.W. end, damage 1 1 pmiiiTly, 
 not life ; near 6 )i.iii, 13 l>ee. 1884, 500?. reward 
 oll'ered. 
 
 LONDON CHAMBER of Akhithation, 
 
 .SCO Loiiilnii, Nov. 1892. Instituted to deeido 011 
 oinuniercial disputes, and to avoid tlio enst and 
 diday of loRal jn'oeeodiiigs, lield its first sittin;,' at 
 Guildhall, tlie lord mayor ])residont, 23 Nov. i8i)2. 
 The seheme was widely supported hy tlu' citizens. 
 Tlie first ease was decided by sir Albert KoUit, sole 
 arbitrator, after 10 d.iys' deliberation, 16 Deo. 1892; 
 reported sueeossfiil, ])<'C. 1895. 
 
 LONDON CONFERENCE, of represonta- 
 'tives of the 1 liief lOiiropeau powers to reconeile Aus- 
 tria, I'mssiii, and l)eniuarl<,nu4 25 Ain-ilto2s June, 
 l8()4, without elfeet. .V conference in London re- 
 Bjicctins the treaty of I'aris, 1X56, led to a treaty 
 signed 13 Marcli, 18; I ; see lihick tica. 
 ■ Coiifrriiire ,(>-,i,r/ii/.r l-liiiii'lhrii tiffnirs; earl Gran- 
 ville, foreign .Mcnlary, iCQ., 11. C. K. L'hilders, 
 ehancellor of the ixeheiiuer, met the tollinvin;,' 
 nmbiissailors : Count Ivamlyi (.\nstria), II. W.'id- 
 diie-rlon (Kraiici), cmuit .Milnsler ((iermany), 
 .eiinnt Ni-ra (ll.ih ), eonnt Do Stiial (Russia), and 
 Musarns I'aslia (I'arkey), 28 June, 1884; ad- 
 .tiinrned willeiiit result siHii/ic . . a Aut;. 1SS4 
 
 LONDON. COUNTY OF, constituted hy 
 the Local -ovennneiit a.t of 18.SS. It contains 24 
 ptrislies, t'lital leres, 75,442. First lord-lieuteuant 
 tile duke of Westminster, announced, 24 Oct. 1.S8S. 
 
 LONDON C(JlTNTy COUNCIL was 
 
 eonstituteil hv the I. ie,il (ioverninent Act of 1888, 
 and to it was transleiavd tlie powers, duties, 
 in-operty, and debts and liabilities, of the .Melro- 
 politairHoard of Works (/r/(i'e/( ,svr). The council 
 consists of 118 nn'Uibers, tdeeted hy the ratepayers 
 of tlio parishes, and 19 alderuieii, including a 
 chairman. Tlie old "city" retains moat of its 
 nneient ]u-ivi!eL'es. 
 
 First coniieil ,-Icc|.'d ; the earl of Unscbcry, sir 
 Jiilui l.nbbi.ck, .Mr. lien.juniin Cohen, nnd Mr. 
 lienrv (;iarke returned for the city (lady ,>Sand- 
 Imrst" and .Miss Cobdeii elected Councillors) 
 
 7 Jan. tSSg 
 
 First provisional nieelini;, sir .ln|||i |[,|- , 
 ehairnian, 31 Jan. ; 1,1 nlilernicii el,.'i,.,i i|,'H,','i',*" 
 hird l,in:,'ei,, lord llnbhnusi., .uid li," ,"'.''"^ 
 Mialh, the iii.i.iuritv prn-ivssivc lii.lic'ils - |.-'i '' 
 
 till- earl of Itosiliriy api |..,| chaii'ir,,, ' ' 
 
 .liihn l.nlibiick viei ■ehairiiiaM (linih iminiiii '\i 
 J. 1', llollomlcy Filth diM.iily.ehainMaM,.,.;; 
 2n>v>/.) 12 l''cb. iSSo. .Mr, Firlli ,|„.,| l^:'"'^} 
 
 about 4 Mept. ; sni c(l,.il by m,, .\„.|„;,|' ':'! 
 
 lla;;--is(.sahiry loixV.), 7 N'nv. iSSi^; he .Lei ,111. 
 
 The c.iiincil ciiliTiil on its dntii.s bj iinh.rt.nJ' '-J'| 
 IiiimI ■;oviTiinieiil liiiard . . . 21 M,wl" 
 
 The ipiccns 111 iich decides mi appeal .if Imiv i,,,] ' 
 hinsl thai w.iiinn are disipiaiijicil f,„. ,.|,',„, 
 nsconiieill.irs, irt .May, i8Sg; see ll',,,,,,,,, ,1'j ■ 
 
 (Sir John l.aliliiiek elected clininnan tn siiwiwl'n' '"'" 
 ™,lor;bis,.|,,.rv(n.sif,.n,.i|), 22,l,ily;,,„.n,,,,* 
 II, larrir, vic.'-chairiaan, 29 July; t|„, ,,,, 
 ollie,.rsre.,.|rcl,.d . ... y ;■ • k 
 
 The council was authorised In raise liiniii.'yljy'ar; "*'| 
 passed i83i)-9o ; acts p.'isseil iJ|ja-i3rj5. ' '■ ■ 
 
 .sVivim?eouneileIecli-d (priLrressives, 3; . i)jr»liini • 
 
 3S), 5 >'■■:■. h; 1 1 irl ot li,i,el,,.,v ,.|™"i 
 
 chairmaii ; .Mr. .Inhii llutlon, vic.-eliainn,,,, . j| 
 Vi. II. Iiirkiiisoii, depiily-eliainuaii. 1; Mirr',' 
 the earl nt Uosebery resi-,'iis 2-- .linii- ; -am.,,,]'] 
 by Mr. .lolm llnlloii (Uiit. 24 May, i-,j,)- M- 
 Charles Harrison, vice-ehairiiian ', ij'jiilv 
 
 For the niiilication of Loiidoit, see /,,)(,,/.,,■. ' "' 
 
 Proposals presented by the coi il t.i' 'i,,. r.'j!;: ""I 
 
 commissioti. reported . . . . ^, p.i" , I 
 
 -7 ^'-IJ. pa, I 
 
 Tliinl council eleetel (moderatiis, 51); p^OTl•^siv»i 
 5,1), 2 March (allei wards 6a nn, lei-a|,.s, 53 raj 
 j^ressives); .Mr. Arthur Arnold (kiit 1= -i 
 electeil chairin.an : Mr. .1. W. lieiiii, .M,|i., vk*' 
 chairman; Mr. Dickinson re-elecied i|™|iv. 
 ehairnian; resiu'iied, .Inly; all pryri'ssivis ; 1,' 
 alderiiien (i)r.i,;,'ressive ijiajorit.v), 12 .Miiroli.it,V- 
 Dr. Collins eleeteil chainiiaii, hi-:^fj . g Mar4' , 
 
 Uepiirt ot the Works eoiiiliiitlei., iliselosjm |al,i! 
 heat ion of aeconnts and Jolibery, di^missufof Mr 
 Holloway, maiia>;er, and .Mr, Huddle, a','ii.|.iltu 
 17 Nov. iSy6; special coiiiiiiittee a]i]ioiTitnl, jj 
 Nov., 4 oHicials dismissed, i |)ia', ; Mr, \V, Ailaiiis 
 appointed manager, 2 Feb, 181)7 ; I'l'iiortorspfciai 
 coiiitnittee, lahrieated aeciiunts jiniviiil but n,) 
 misapproprialioii ot nioneys/cli.ui^'es in iii.iiia^e, 
 nient recomiiiended, 6 .Viiril ; iiuw staiulii:^ 
 or.lers adopted, 20 .Inly, i.-?()7, 
 
 Hiiildiii^'s (Tralalgar-sipiare) bill rejoctod by tlw 
 eoiiinioiis .... , iSK,.!,^ 
 
 I-'oiiiili council idectiid (69 projirossivos, 48 mi>l.>. ' 
 rates); Mr. T. .M'Kinnoii Wooil, elriinirui ; lorl 
 Welby, viee-cli.iirman ; and Mr, II, P. jlarrj, 
 deputy-chairiiian (n, aMeriiien foreyrs.), i'l.','t"i!' 
 
 15 -Marcli. i: 
 
 LONDONDERRY or DKiiuv (.V,M<1 
 ineiilioued 154(1, ■^" abbey here was liunicl In- tie I 
 Danes in 7S3. .V (diarlcr was granted to tlie'Lin- 
 dou companies in 1(115. The town was siirpr»J, 
 and sir Gcin-ee I'owlett, the guvcnior, andthfl 
 entire irarrison were imt to the swi,ril byrekLsin I 
 l(iO(). It was besieged by O'Neill ill 164'!. Airut! 
 was made of Derry, with 2lo.o(X) arros nflaiii.tJ 
 various eoiupanies in London, in 1(119, wlicii it t))i 
 its present name. 'I'liesieneof llcrry liy Jaraeill.'s 
 army comnieiiced 20 April, KiSq. The nmm\ 
 and inhabilauts were driven to the extromitv ol I 
 famine; but under the rev. Ocnr:;o Walkor.ihe?! 
 d(d'eiided it until the siege was raised In «.i 
 Kirke, on 30 July. James's army, under tlie It:::! . 
 general Rosen, retired willi the loss of about *X 
 men. Foyle College act pis.^ed, \ii-^. A .'nill 
 iron brid.ge over the Foyle, opened I J;iii. l^'i 
 Uiids tbrougli orange opposilinii to the inaviir on 
 I)ublill':< visit, .51 Oel. I'-^'-^;. !'.;.;!•.•■■■:: 'i^S, 
 29,162; 1^91, ^2,895. Theliird lieuten:int.tlliiill I 
 of Zetland, opened the new (iuilillialKjl Jul.v.kViO. 
 Visit of the 111 irijuis of Salisbury, deiuoustriM 
 against home rule, 2!i, 27 M:iy, 1^93, 
 
'ONDElillY. 
 
 liiiK, sir ,|j,i„, i,,u.,r~ 
 
 '''''■'""•'"■'■■'''■'i.i'iH : 
 
 "'''""i«', !iii.| 111,, .a,.|": 
 
 :-n„'IVSSIV|.l!i.lic.-lls, ,K,.l, . 
 
 i:iiniKMi(l,„il, „„|,;,i,n\,' 
 II ; "l"ilyTliuin„ai, (.;,i,yj 
 •Mr. Firll, .1„.,| <„,,,, 
 •'■'l;;'l l>y Mr. Altr.,'! 
 7N"V. ,S8v; lit o:e.l ,in; 
 
 iis',iMti;.sb;,„,i;/i/i;;;'=)'i 
 -; .; ai..n^!.'lJS''^i 
 
 , iSby . si'C' II ii„|,,i ^ j,j I 
 il (•li;iini.,uilosiicw,.,Ui,e ''■ 
 '""'). "•'iilVisii-Tlraiias 
 "iiiii. ^9 July ; th.. thrw 
 
 s(iiU() raise in.m,.yt,yac!, ''■ 
 iiissc.l iV2-i3rj5, 
 
 i'"-'ivssiv(.s, 3, ,,i,ri,l,.ra|p, 
 ,':"! "' H"-.iii'i-,v rWl,,! 
 ''i""ii.yi'''-i'li;iiriiiaii;\||. 
 l'Hly-i'li;iirn,,iii, i; Marfi,'. 
 
 t'^lu'lis J J .IllIK! ; j.'lip(>i-i'(|,ii 
 
 (kill, .n Miiy, i3,j4); M, 
 •(■liiiinii,-iii , [jjui,; 
 )liihili, si'i' Lniiiln,! 
 
 •Miirelniv.,. ,:,| 
 tlM' coiiiii'il til 'Jio r..viil '■'■ 
 • =7 fell i:: 
 iidiTiilis, 5r, ; iiri)_'ri'4sii.s 
 mis 6.) iiiu li'iMirs, 33 |,f„; 
 iiir AriiiiM (km, ,: .i 
 ■• •!. W. lii'iiii, M.I'.viiC. 
 liiison riM!li!ci(i,i (h.i.ijiy. 
 Inly ; !>11 |ir.i,i;ri!ssivi's;'lg 
 iii;M"i'ily), 12 Maroli.ii;' 
 '"■'"■I". 61-59 • gMiirth!,:, 
 "iiirnlb"', ilisclixiu;. f;,|<j. "' 
 
 'l.iMl.l»'ry,.iisiiiissalorMr. 
 ml Ml Uii.iaii', ii-nwl to 
 
 COIIIIllilti'l' a|l|)0illM. 2. 
 
 si'il, I Dec. ; Ml'. W.Adaiih 
 l-'t'b. 1897; r>'p(irtn!\[H'(.'ial 
 I ai'ciiiiiits pniv.'.l Iji.i ii„ 
 i'iiii'y,-i,'cliaii;.'iN ill iiiana;,.. 
 
 6 April ; now .st.iii(liiy 
 y. ''<n- 
 liiii') bill ro.iectod by the 
 
 . iSFcb. . 
 (69 projrro.ssives, 4S mode. 
 1011 Wiiiiil, cliairmaii ; lorl 
 
 ; and Mr. H. 1'. Iliirri*, 
 lili'niii'ii luroyrs.), i'l"ot''il, 
 
 15 March, lij 
 
 LYor Deruy (NMrduljJ 
 lilii'V liiTc was liiinio'lk iki | 
 ■tcr was uniiitcd totlif'Lin. 
 ;. 'I'lio town was surprW, I 
 i'tt, tlio goyiTiior, and tin 1 
 lilt to till' ..iworill)yrt'bels,ni| 
 
 liy O'Xcill in 1041. Ai'nutl 
 ith 210,(100 arros oflanitol 
 Loniloii, in 1(119, wliaiitt«i| 
 • sii'irc of Dia-ry liy Janieill.'i [ 
 
 ,\pril, i()St). the jarnal 
 
 ilriyi'ii to tlio ('strnmtvoll 
 if rev. (j('nr:;o Walkor, !lii? [ 
 f siege wa.s riiisod liv ga 
 iiics'.f iiniiy, under tliehai 
 
 Willi till' loss of iilioutiOT 
 act 11 is.si'il, i.S;4. A ?rml 
 
 I'liyii', njieneil i Jan, &}. 
 
 opposiiidii to tlie iiiavorot [ 
 ;1. 1SS5. P.;r:!at;";i'i^^i, 
 
 Tlu'lonl lienteiiaiit.llltiMll 
 
 iU'wlinililliaU,3lJuly.l!yA I 
 of Salislinrv, (lenwnstntiail | 
 
 2: May, lS'93. 
 
 LONDON DIALECTICAL SOCIETY. (!73 LQNDOX. UNIVEKSITY "oF." 
 
 'uiSboS DIALECTICAL SOCIETY, 
 
 I ifflii'ilidicvl. 
 
 LON'DOX GAZETTE, sec Xm-.'.paiim. 
 
 LiiXDOX HOSPITAL, Whitnliai.,'!, in- 
 jtiiuliil X«*'- i'-\^< lor w'iimi'i!, !a!iom-ia-s, A:c. 
 
 ■ ,,i„lili„ii nl' pivseiit laiiMiiin laid by a.liii. .sir 
 
 Pri.rWanvll. 1.1 ••■■t- 175-' ; liail lui bells . . 17G0 
 I Pif .iurrii I'l'ii"''' ""' liio'-ii-t' eniupaiiy's wiii^' 
 
 ■|n,,:ii • iiiiiiiiii'r of beds to 790) . . 7.Mareli, 1R76 
 
 Lj,j^,.liioi.wls of a bazaar, liamled in, iS .Inly, iS.jS 
 
 LON'DOX IN'STITl'TIOX, "for tho m\- 
 
 riiicfini'iit iif libralinc and llii' dill'iision of u.si'l'ul 
 tiviili'diri'," ill imitation of tlio lioyal Institution, 
 j'lUiumleJ i" I'Vi 'iv sir Kraneis liariiif;, liart., 
 isJ olliers, lit ^^ *''il irfwry, Clii'aiisidc, and iiicor- 
 rtnlfj 30 April, liSl^. I'mf. roisoii, tlie first 
 (iinri:in, ili'.'il 2,i Sept. iSoiS. 'I'lie present building 
 in Finilmrv-ciriais was opened on 21 A|iril, 1S19; 
 ihilirstli'i'tui'i' was delivered liy llr. \V. T. lirande, 
 on ; Mav following. Mr. W. K. Grove, Q.C. 
 |,f;,.,ivards justiee) (tlie inventor of the Voltaic 
 bjiwy whiell bears his name), was the tirst pro- 
 (ei-orof ii.vperiniental philosophy, 1840-6. The 
 jjiliti;'!".' ,. .ssesses an exeelleiit lihrarv, leeture- 
 PMii. aiiula-ioiatiiry. Thomas Daring, Sl.V., long 
 nrriiili'lit. 'iii'il I^ Nov. 187^ ; siieeeeded liv Dr. 
 Suriido ia Hue; by Mr. Ifenry llucks dibbs, 2 
 Jjianli. ••'^'\ sii' J"!'" I^ubbock, 18194. 
 
 LONDON LIBEAEY (eireulating), at first 
 I in I'ali-mall. now in St. Jiinies'a-snuare, was 
 lloiiiiilfil by Ifvil Kliot, Thos. Carlyle, \V . E. Ulad- 
 JstoDPiT. ll. Maeaulay, imd others, 24 June, 1840, 
 lanJopcncd I Mav, 1841. The latest catalogues were 
 Iprintt'din iS;.s-X8; 24,cx)o books in 1,845; 175,000 
 |li.:«l;s, anil 2,472 incnibers— Mr. Leslie Stephen, 
 Ifrtiiilcnt, in 1898. Death of Jlr. Uolit. Ifariisoii, 
 Jlibraiiiin I1S57-93, 4. Ian. 1807. Aniuial meetings. 
 
 I LONDON :\riSSIONARY SOCIETY, es- 
 
 lesablislu'd 1795. In 187H there were 151 European, 
 ■anil 543 ordained native missionaries : receipts in 
 IlSS;, 105.382/; 1894, iiH'niiit', I ;<),835/. ; 1897, 
 lli;,o;3; fcntoiiary celebrated, i; Jan. 1895; ceu- 
 Itiiiaiy fund, 108,451/. : dotieit, 8416/. 
 
 LONDON MUNICIPAL BILL, intro- 
 Jduiod liy sir \V. JIareourt, 8 April ; withdrawn, 
 ■10 July, 1884. 
 
 plie coriifiratiiai of Liuidon was to be so extetideil as to 
 rciiiiiiirrlioml till' whole Mi'tropolitaii area; eoiiiiiioii 
 0,1111011,(240 iiu'iabers) elected tricniially by burgesses 
 I of]^^*'™'*, t" besole govcniiiit; body, and to eiaii- 
 liiiiefuiicliiiiis iif existing corporation, .Vetropiilitaii 
 Board of Wmks, and other local aiitliorities ; and to 
 dect aiiiiiiallya bold Mayor ami Deputy .Mayor; and i 
 to control all lucul allairs wicciit t'ocr Law Adiniiiistni- 
 I tion, Eiliicitiiiii. and Police. | 
 
 fc.iiiiiioii c'eiiiieil iiilopt a sclieiiio for cre.ition of nine | 
 f iiiiiiiiciiial CI irpi lint ions in addition to that of London, 
 I 5 Nov. ; jtuliiishetl in Times, 6 \ov. 1SS5. 
 Tur ii|i]iiisitiiiii 1" the Liiiiiloii inniiieipal bill, sec 
 I /,ii«iiij/i, 21 .May, 1887. 
 
 _ LONDON MUNICIPAL REFORM, a 
 
 league wiis founded !0 March, 1881, to promote 
 
 |iu' representative municipal government for the 
 
 tttroiiolis ; nieotinga were held in Oct. 1881 ; 
 
 lliaimian of council, Jlr. J. F. 1!. Firth, M.P. for 
 
 Ihi'lseii, 
 
 pi" ;.oni('iii fii/iina (.'11 ion inaugurated by tlie ear] nf 
 j HusciiiTy, Mr. Asiinith, home secretary, ".Mr. Aclaiid, 
 I Mr. Chililcrs, Mr. Hutton, chainii.in of the comity 
 jtiiiiiicil, mill otliers, at Kxelcr-hall, 15 Dee. 189.. 
 Illie union absorbs the Municipal Ueforni Leagiii', 
 land recoiiiiiicuds tlio amalgumutiou of the city 
 
 piveriiinent with the eouiity council willi I'lilarned 
 j powers. Annual iiieetiii;;s held. 
 
 j huiilnil .\lllilivil«ll S,iri,t!l rijIIIKled liv llllioilists aiul 
 
 cniiscivatives for the lelonii iit I Inn -overnnieiit, 
 
 ami piiiniotiiai of its wi'll-beim;. First i.;ciieial 
 
 " liii^'. lord (leoiv-e llaniiltnii ill the chair, j,,.)nly, 
 
 1894. .Annual iiieetin:.;s. 
 
 ' LONDON PARKS AND AV( »RKS ACT, 
 
 placed liatliiseii I'ark, Kiniiiiigton I'ark, lietlinal 
 linen .Miiseiiiii (iardens, Clielsea Kinbaiikment, 
 and Victoria I'ark, under the direction of the 
 .Metropolitin liour.l of Works, 1.S87. 
 
 LONDON PHILANTHROPIC SO- 
 CU'jIi was foiiiideil in |.S4[, 
 
 LONDON RAILV'AYS, prim ipal exten- 
 sions , '111(1 br.iiiclies iiirorporaled. 
 l.iind.iii and lilaidcwall. i3if, ; l.iiiiiloii. Ibi-diton, ami 
 .South Coast, 1846; I.omlon, (.'halliaiii and Dover, 
 1S5J; I.omlon and (Ireenwich upem,! i,-)S; I.omlon 
 and .Vorlli.\Vcs1,.rii (bprnied out of tin- f.iimlon and 
 liiniiiiiKhaiii. Craiid .luiicliiui and .Mambester and 
 liiiiiiiii,i;liai„). 1847; see .\,„ili-ii:.<t,,„: Lomhin ami 
 .■siuitli-Wcst. Til (and Sonthaiiipton till ,3,9), opened 
 1S40; acts consoli.latcl, 18,,: Mi'rojiolitan, i8i;4 ; 
 .Metropolitan District. ,,Y,,,; .Mi,lh,n,i. ,8,,,^; Xm-tb 
 l.iimlon, 1S46 ; .South Kasteru, iSjft. 
 
 rMl'iiP^^^ SACRED HARilONIC SO- 
 (:1EIY, formed after ihe dismissal of Mr. Sur- 
 nian, eonduitor ..f the tSacred Harmonic isoeietv, 
 .March, 1848; ;,-:.vi last concert, 22 Die. 1856. " 
 
 LONDON SALVAGE CORPS, maintained 
 by the Insurance Companies, established 1866. 
 
 LONDON SCHOOL BOARD, see £,/u. 
 
 ClltWII, 1870, ft SflJ. 
 
 LONDON STEAMER, see ir,rc/.s, &c., ii 
 Jan, I8(i0. 
 
 LONDON STONE. A stone said to have 
 been jilaced by the Romans in Caniuin-street, then 
 the centre of the city, 15 n.c. London stone was 
 known before the time of William I. It was re- 
 moved IVoin the opposite side of the way in 1742; 
 and again moved to its ]ireseiit position'in the 'wall 
 of St. Swithin's cliurch, 1798. It was iig.iinst this 
 stone that Jack Cade is traditionally said to liave 
 struck his sword, e.\elaiming "Now is .Mortimer 
 lord of this city I" 1450. 
 
 LONDON, UNIVERSITY df. The "Lon- 
 don university" was t'oundi d by the exertions of lord 
 linuighani, Thomas Campbell, sir Isaac L. Giddsmid, 
 and others; thedeed of settleiiu'iit dated 1 1 Feb. 1826. 
 The building wascomineiieed 50 April, 1S27 (when the 
 lirst stone was laid by the duke of Sussex) ; and 
 was opened bv an inaugural lecture from proles.sor 
 Hell, I Oct. 1828. On 28 Nov. i85(-|, two charters 
 were granted: hy one the " Lomlon university" 
 was idian.ged to " L'niversity coilcge," and bv the 
 other the University of Londnn was established, 
 with a clianeclliir ami other officers. Xew charters 
 were granted to the latter on 5 Dec. 1857 and 21 
 Ajiril, 1858. It has powir to grant ili-rees to 
 students of the universities of the united kingdom, 
 and of many collegiate establishments; and to 
 women, by a supiileniental charter. l8"8. ItsofHces 
 were long in liurlington-house, I'iccadillv, London. 
 The university was enfranchised by tlie Kefoini 
 net of 1,8(17, and Uobert Lowe was elected tlie tirst 
 M.P. 17. Nov. 1.8(18; succeeded hy sir John l.iibb.ick, 
 June, l.HS'n. 'I'll" new bujldit,';;, in lluiliiigtun- 
 gardens, erected bv Mr. I'ennethorne. were inaugu- 
 rated bv the (lueen II May, 1S70. Chancellors: earl 
 of Kurlington (aft. dukeof) Devonshire. 18^6; earl 
 Uriuiville, 1856 (died 31 March, l89l);'earl of 
 
 X X 
 
 Tt 
 
 isia " 
 
 ■l^ 
 
 1, $V'-^'* 
 
 ll J,? 
 
 ^' ■: 
 
 
 
 ! \u 
 
 '11 
 
 ill 
 
 
 1 
 ^ ) 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 " • .,' 
 
 ^ 
 
 (1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^1 i 
 
 f 
 
 
 J > >>il 
 
LONDON WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 674 
 
 LONGEVITY. 
 
 |;i J 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 m^& 
 
 } 
 
 S 
 
 awimt 
 
 
 
 mmaa 
 
 if; 
 
 ' 1 
 
 l||i 
 
 'h 
 
 
 Derby, April, 1891 (died 21 April, iSrj^) ; Farrer, lord in the rei^'ii of Clinrles I. " In lorj ditj i, 1 
 
 Hcrsc'hi'll, .luiic, 1H93 ; vii-c-cliaiict'llDr, sir II. K. ' dc Tcniporilms, who livod ^fii vciirsf'v '"' 
 
 K08C00, l''cli. lSi)f). I'liiirrniti/ Ildll, (iurdoii- Thniiiiis I'ai r, a liihdiiriiiK liiaii iif Shi,.',. 1 " 
 
 ircrxiti/ lid//, (iurdoii- lliniiias I'air, a lalioiinn^ man „(■ Sin,,,,,) 
 ill 1^>-|7. I'liinrsili/ <'ii//tt/i\ ' hroujrht to l,oiidoii by tho I'arl of Anunlif I,"'/ 
 
 i"l Siii^l to li" 'I' Ilia 1531'J Vca'r uid i'„":';-' 
 ' Ill till.. SUIIifvC... 11 
 
 1893 
 
 Koscol', l''(.b. lSi)f). 
 
 squiirr.', was tbllliibd 
 
 new luiililiii};'s oju'iii'd, (let. l,S,So, A scla'iiK.' lor 
 
 cstablisliiiia- a tcacliitii,' imivrrsity o( Load .11, with 
 
 four I'acultirs (arts, laws, science and medicine) 
 
 set fell til at the Society of Arts, hv lord Keav, and 
 
 others, 15 Uee. 1884, niid 5 Feb. iSSj. 
 
 Report fit the royal ciniiiaission aiiii'initcil i3S3 — 
 I.nrd .S .Ibnnje/sir (iciirj^c.. .Slnkcs, sir Win. Tleuii- 
 son, sir .laiiics Ilaiincii — rceniniie'iids tliat a 
 teaeliiiiir luiiversily fur Loiiibiii sUmild !«■ |iru- 
 viibil liy the extension ef tlie nniversitr ,if 
 I.oniliin May, 1889 
 
 Another sclieine propuunded liy tlie senate ot the 
 nniversity of Liinclini, l''eb. ; nota|iproveil by tliu 
 colleges, Mareli ; rejected by Ihe uonvocation 
 (461-197) 12 May, 1891 
 
 University eiiMeee i.ssnes an appeal to the public 
 for additional fniids (50,000'.) to enable it to 
 carry on its work 24 .Ian. 1B92 
 
 Koyal eoinniissiini to consider tin' charter ot the 
 jiropose'l tc;icliin,i; nnivi'r.sil,\' in and for London, 
 noiiiiiiati'd : earl Cowper, ehainnan, lonl Heay, 
 Ui. J. S. liiirdon ??andersoii, and 10 oth-.-rs, 25 
 April ; 1 . . ... 2 ,lnne. ,, 
 
 The establishment of a " Professorial University " 
 fill' I,, 111, lull was ]>rop()sed in .liiiie. iSuj, by sir 
 H. E. Hmscoc, prol'essurs lllleker, K. Hay Lan- 
 caster, and others. 
 
 A seheine set before the University coniinissi.iiK'rs, 
 
 Ajiril, 
 
 The new enfiineeriii); and electrical laboratories 
 for University College opened by the duke of 
 Connaught 29 May, ,, 
 
 Scheme pnblishcl by tin' Ore lani conimissiun, 
 reeoinmeiidin;.' the establishment of a teaching 
 univ.'i'sity for f,.ondon, with a visitor, chancellor, 
 senate, e.inncil, convocation, schools, itc, to 
 replace the ]ireseiit university of London, whose 
 convocation utterlj' opjioses the scheme. 5 Ajiril, 
 1894; mc'tiiiLr of coin'oeation ; tlie (iresliam 
 scheme ap|, roved by a iii.ajurily of ;;i . 22 .Ian. 1895 
 
 University lit London bill read ist tiiile in tlieloids, 
 9 .May, 1895 ; imiiortant memorial presented to 
 thednke of Devunsliiri', 'J'itmi, 30 Dee. ; he in- 
 troduces a bill into the loids, 6 .Inly; with- 
 drawn, II .Vni;. 1896; read 2nd time, lords, 2j 
 .Inly; withdrawn .... 2 Anj;. 1897 
 
 The establishment of a "University of Westmin- 
 ster" iiroiiosed by a eommitlee in(. hiding sir 
 Uugli H. lieevor, dean of King's college, TiuKs 
 
 23 Nov. ,, 
 London university commission bill pissed by the 
 standing cumtiiitti'e cif the lords ; eumniissiuniM's, 
 hud ll.ivey, til'. liisho|i of London, .sir William 
 Hiiliert-. and others ; passed . . 12 Aug. 1898 
 
 LONDON WATER SUPPLY, see Water. 
 
 LONE STAR a secret society formed in 1848, 
 in Alabama and other southern states of the North 
 American I'liion, for the " e.\tension of the institu- 
 tions, ])o\ver, inriuence, and eoinmeree of the 
 United States ovi'r the whole of the western hemi- 
 sphere, and the islands of the Atlantic and J'aeitic 
 oceans." The first .leipii^itions to be made by the 
 order were Cuba and tln^ Sandwich Islands. " The 
 knowledge of the e.xistenee of this society reached 
 Kngland in Aug. 1852. 
 
 LONG ISLAND orEL.\TIiU.SII (X. America), 
 Jiattle of, 2" Anar. IT;o, between the ih'ilish troops 
 under sir William ilowc, and the revolted Ameri- 
 cans, who sulKreil a .severe defeat, alter a well- 
 fought artioii. lo.^ing 2000 men killed and wounded 
 and 1000 prisniier.i. 
 
 L0NG1':VITY. Methuselah died, aged gUi) 
 2349 ii.c. {(rm. v. 27). Uolour M'Crain of the Isle 
 ot Jura, one of the Hebrides, is mythically said to 
 have kept 180 Christmascs in his own house, and died 
 
 health; he died 13 N 
 
 leiikins. of Yorkshire, ilie,| in i(,-o_ ,„-„| ^^"^ ''" 
 in liiiltonchurchyard, 6 Dec. aged' u^j venj./' '' 
 researches of sir (>. C.irnewa" ' ' "' 
 
 'y] Tl> 
 
 mm 
 
 of sir 
 Owen, Mr. Win. J. Thoni^ (in iiis 'i llu,,,',,,, , 
 vity," May, 187,5) ii'"' olliers, liavedi,,,,.,',,.,,,.'*! 
 alWged cases of longevity; and ,''"'^"'"™l 
 of lives extending much beyond a cciuvrv 
 relied on. There were no reeuiiU nf 
 th ' • ... 
 
 iny 
 HiMii i 
 
 f2| 
 
 he l6th century. In last decade aljout 800 ill , 
 •eutenaria.is registered ; 204 men. Ilrati,,' ,-! 
 men and (j6 women aged above 100 rei-iV,',- 
 1881. Suu A//.stim:ncc. ° ™ 
 
 AUtijtd i)i,s(((a(v,s (most of them '■fukr.lhi h'\ 
 Died. ' ^ '■■"'■ 
 
 1636. James Howies, Killingwiutli . 
 1691. Lady Kcclestim, Ireland . . ' ' ' ■ 
 1759. .lames Slieil, Irish yi-nman . . ' 
 
 1706. Colnnel TliMiiias Winslmv, livlami 
 177a. Mrs. C'liini, Lichlield . . ' ' 
 
 1774. William lieeby, llaiigai'van (iiu 'ensijin «v, ' 
 served, at the battles of the liiiviie luid u'l 
 
 rim) ■ " •■'■ 
 
 17S0. liobert .Mae Uridc, llerries . ' 
 
 Mr Wiliiiim KIlis, l.iver|i.iiil 
 1785. Cardinal de ^ulis , . . \ ' ' '• 
 1797. Charles Maeklin, aet,.r, l.iinil. Ill 
 1806. Mr Creeke, ot'l'lmrliiw . . ' ' ■ - 
 ,, Catheritie Lope/,, uf .laliiaiea . ' ■' 
 
 1813. .Mrs. Meighan. Ilnimugliiiiiiie . ' . ' ' '[ 
 1S14. Mary limes, Isle of ,skve . ' ' ■ 
 
 i8i6. .lane Lewsnn, Coldliatii-lields, CleikniiVf!l' ' ' 
 1840. Mrs. Martha Hnrke, of Droiiiire, coiiii'vif' 
 
 Ivildare, 27 .\iig. 
 1853. -Mis. .Mary I'uwcr (aunt of liii. l.a'lor Sl,j,;i ' 
 
 L'rsnline convent. Cnik, 2,j .Manli . 
 1858. ilames Niilan, Kiiipckardnuie, Oiiliiw ' 
 
 1S74. Antliony lii'l-esfnld (bnni S I'Vli. nij) J;,.,!.,'' 
 Alstonliehl, 3Maivh, e,//;„,„(;c''; " 
 
 1875. Count .Jean l-'red, Waldeek, iiiiiiit..r. Imn « 
 
 I'rague, 16 .March, 1766; died at I'aris j, 
 
 ■M'lil. 1S73 '' 
 
 ,, .laeiib Will. Lulling, at Morden eiilk'se 
 
 1876. .Madame llnl.senstem, said t" liuve Wmi 1™' 
 
 oflioiiour to lheeiii|,ii.,ss .Maria TlnTtsa ' 
 Klizalieth Alil.oll, liiswii-li, s.ii.l til 1,0 ' ■; 
 
 1877. I'leasanre, widow of sir .laines K. Smiiii 1,^'' 
 
 taiiist. (h. 1 1 .May, 177) , ,i. 3 Fi'Ij. 1;-') 
 ,, Kuiiice liagster, wife ot Siiiimel, Uilik L;-. 
 seller, Londmi, jj Aug, 
 
 1878. Thomas Hudgea, Spilallields, Lniiilnii ,\.,, 
 
 1879. .lane IIoo]ier, fit. I'aiin.K, Limiliii; . "' 
 ,1 Hev. Canon lieadna, Sliniehaiii . , ' 
 
 ,, Mai-g,iret Crook, Unrhaia . 
 i83o. Sarah Way, liristol . . . ' . ' 
 ,, Johannette I'olack (lioin Geatli) ; \vi ,,,l,:,!i,j 
 
 1881. Martha Gardner, Liveriiool, 10 .Maivli 15/,; 
 
 ,, Fanny liailey, Worthing, 6 A]inl , 
 
 ,, Annie Webb, sister of Mir .Insepli .Maxivili, Av , 
 
 ,, ,Iane I'ink.rton, of l.iever Cniiiips,ll, 'j|i-. 
 
 Chester, (born 10 , 1 , i774).lii.il jiw, "., 
 
 ,, Archibald M'Arlhiu', HuMuoii, liiini i;;; .„ 
 1S82. James .Smith, St. Maiy day, l.',rn ,— ' 
 died 27 .Nov. .i^'elitaifi J 
 „ Ihiimas Hraniley, llkcstuii, Di'ihy, ha 
 29 Dee. 1777, die-l Dee. . . ' . 
 
 1883. Jietty Morgan, Carlli in Wales, ilinUe KA 11 
 ,, Stephen l.ewes, Soiilhaliiji; iliid .M:iv 
 
 1884. lihoda lliiiiii, Hiiiisl.iiiinii, .\,,rr,,||; ■, 
 1335. Sir Moses Monlelioiv, l(anisgati.,diol23Ji!:v, ra| 
 
 ,, .Mrs. Town.send, |.'aiiiiL.'ileii, lieifaluit, U 
 2'.! M:iv . . . ■ . . . „ 
 
 iS36. -Miss.loaniia llastiiigs(aiuit uf 0. W. llastii:,\ 
 M.I'.), (ireat Malvern (limii 14 .M,iicli, i;;.-), 
 died 12 March ' i 
 
 ,, nichaid Holmes, Uealhlleld, Silssra, -fcl 
 5. May . . ■ . . 
 
LONGITUDE. 
 
 j'l. ''In1oi4du.dj,^ 
 hvrd 3(,[ vciirsC)" v1 
 ""K nun uf SI,,.,,,,,),; '"'"I 
 
 '^ '..=;3i;<i yr,i- ;,r.,l in' 'j| 
 I'v. in tlic sanievc- n J 
 
 ilotliirs, liiivcili.^,,,.,,,.,.,! '"J 
 
 UK-Ii bi'Vcjiidii a.im:rv,.„,J 
 •IV IK. Rr„nls „f i„,:,i,; MJ 
 
 I iislilucmluiil,oiit8(X),,llt.,l 
 ed ; 204 luL.ii, Il.ath, „(-| 
 iigi'il iilMv,, 100 rogbtctej j 
 
 iMili;;\v..illi ■' 
 
 IivI:.im1 . . • ■ 
 
 1 yccMnaii . . ' ' 
 iViiisli.vv, Iri'liiiiil ' ■ 
 ii'M . . . ■ 
 
 ''""-■;";■'"(■>» eibijin «i,„ 
 
 tlfSdltli.; liuyne (111,1 Aug!,. 
 
 ', Hcnii's . . ' 
 I, Livor|iiiijl . . ' ' ■ 
 
 iii'tor, I.,.ii,l,,ii . ' ' 
 
 lUI'lliW 
 
 ol'.Jaiiiaicii . , ' ' 
 i'iiim;^'lim()i-e . 
 ,,1'Sky,. . ' ' ■ . 
 
 l,tl,atii-li,.l,ls, Cleikurnvril' ' [% 
 rkf, 111' Diijiji.jit., cuiiiny ,/ 
 
 •r (aunt iif U,i. i,ai„r fii,,,.; '■ 
 It. t',,ik, 20 Mari'li . 
 mikai-.liaiK', Carlnw , 
 ;■;' O-n. Sl-Vh. ,7,,)d:,J„' 
 .Man-li, iiuihi'HiU: . . , „ 
 1. \Val,li',-k, iiaiiit,']'; l,„n it 
 iirh, 1766; dk'.l at l'aris,!g 
 
 n^', at .M,ir,U.uiA,lli';'e . 
 
 <ti S'lid 1" have l„wj iBiij , 
 
 liiM'iiiiiri-ss Maria Tli.Tts:i J 
 t, Ipswi,-!,. sai.ltiilio . '■■ 
 a "t Kir .laiiu'S K. ^iiiitli. liu 
 
 Miiy, 177,, ,/. 3 K,.l,. ,j;.) 
 
 wit,' ,,r Saiimel, Uil,le l,,,-. 
 I, ■■■■■^ All;;. ... 11 
 
 , S|iitalli,'l,ls, Liiiulr,], ^ ^,,, ,1 
 . I'aiiiiMs, l..iiicl,i:i . ' ^' ■ 
 I, 111. sicmOiam . 
 
 IMirliaiii . 
 
 '"' ■ • ■'•... 
 rk (l»ini Gi'iith); \Visli.'i,|,i 
 
 101 aiiil ! n; .jta 
 ', LiVL'i'jiiail, 10 Maivli ij, ^,1 
 
 (irtliiiig, 6 Aiiril . . 
 
 i;nifSir,I,,s,.|i|i J|;ki\t1I,,V;'M 
 ,it \,iiKvv C'nnii|w„ll. )I.ir.- 1 
 lo.liiii,', i774).lk',Ui)ii. .J 
 
 .lull', hllllllDll, liDln i";;; . , J 
 
 St. Mary Clriiy, Imni i;-; 1 
 ilii'd 27 N,iv. ajif.l nfar'nJ 
 I'V, llkcstmi, l>iliv, l.« ' 
 ilii"l lli'c. . .' . .in 
 
 Ciarlli ill \Valra,ili,.cl lU'd. J 
 
 S,,iilliaiii|,; ili.'il .Mm . , , J 
 
 liiiist.iiil.iii, N.,rr.,ll; '. .;J 
 'li,iri', liaiiis;;iili',,li,il jJJii'v, ,J 
 I, Kariii.irdiin, licrksliire, Jiri 
 
 ,stiiif;s(aiiiil(ifO.\V.llasti!!;<, 
 MalMMii (Ijiiiii 14 Marcli, i;:4 
 
 1 ' r. 
 
 ■s, lIi'iitlilloM. Siissi'x, Jif! 
 
 675 
 
 LORDS, HOUSE OF. 
 
 \!fA 
 
 1,1/"'. 
 . in; 
 , li.f 
 102^ 
 
 1:, 
 
 l-.f. 
 
 .•» Airah Marshjll, Naiity;;!", Willi's, ilicl 6 Ar,',- 
 
 iv. .Vi*'l*"''. ^\'i'"d,'ll, VMi'K. ilii'.l 15 I),',;. 
 
 a, jl'ivi Jam' t"i''^""' '■liix,''iw, ,li,',l I),'l'. . 
 '"' 71,1., l,'»tli lit 31 ull,';.','d e,'iit,'iiiiiiaiis rcii^iiti-,! 
 " in 1887. 
 ,;;i M. IHiiiitriiis Antippa. ilii'd .Inn. . . u^C/) 
 
 ^I'lililii' 11,'alli'irin'. ,|i,',l ; Ki'h ,04 
 
 '■ I'atiis'iii.I'illy, lliililin. ,li,',l 5 1-','1>. . .104 
 
 " 7i|,imas K,,',;'U'.'''iiii. Wi'st Virginia, U. 8., ,|i,'il 
 
 " 1 Mnv M I j 
 
 ,:!■ Mk. H- '^'|''>I""^"| ''''"'''"''''''■' ^''>i''''' • "ii 
 
 Eii,'i'iii'C'"'*'''''"'' '''"''*• 9 -^l"'' . . . ,-..• 
 " Mi-s. Catlii'i-imi V,iss, .Sliortlamls, ,li>',l 17 .Inly 
 " Miilnmi' l',ailailli)ii, ur ll<iiiv, at 'r,jnl,)ns,', 
 
 " ■ ilii',1 N'nv _ 
 
 Aa Mr. E'lwanI Gnilil), llri.stol, ,li,''l almnl i July i,t, 
 \iiuTi'lfur'l.at .Maryjuii'i, ,li,',l 1 .\lan-!i . 
 Mis. Ann .'^larliii,:,', liimiiii-liaiii. ,li.',l ^u !S,|il 
 Mm'ilali'n I'onsa, at Vi,'iiiia. ilii'.l 4 F,-l). . 
 \\tl. Mai-.vaniK' Pariiiiirstor Glas.s,,', Hounio 
 
 ' moiitli."ili,"l I'arly .Ini 
 
 M,iry Ann IVvlTuH, liuni 17 Jnly, 1792, ili,',| 
 
 O.Ian. . . 
 
 Dr. William Salmon, ot Pi'iilynncoiirt,Glaiiior 
 " j;uishiri'. liiirn 1790, dii'il lo May 
 
 Anliiiii'' Miinnlsdy, naval vi'ti'ran, liorn at 
 " ' Ilur,l,'.nti.'i, 1787, di,'il iioai' l.iclilli.'ld, 22 
 A|iril. 
 Mrs. Maiur, Sntton V,'n(',v, Wilts, diod 2 An;;. loi 
 ,:-/. Mri.Saiidi Tlidinas, 'IiiiTvpiirt, ,\in,l 29 (?) ,lan. io3 
 '/ Mr.<. liailaiiil, Diihliii, died iniil. .March . . 105 
 
 EJ.lUrtF.'i FfnXlsHKl) nV im. .1. yVEB.STKlt, F. li.S. 
 
 {it)Viuthi;titiotkd.) 
 |li;,,l ISirieiliit A<ie<l. 
 
 " ' 148^! 
 
 127 
 136 
 172 
 132 
 130 
 
 iji 
 136 
 130 
 121 
 
 I2i 
 
 I2,J 
 
 104 
 106 
 
 117 
 
 103 
 106 
 
 .... Dr. W. Mcaili', War,', Herts . 
 li-ii. Mra. Si'riniMliaw, Uiisciiiarv-laue 
 |i--i Mar'.'an't l'att,'ii, Cliristi'lnirch, Westniinsler 
 li'Ji. jiiliii H'l'iM, I'l'iiii'Kwar. Ilnnjjary 
 li;;;. .VIi'.uiiaiT M'Ciilliii'li, Alu'rili'i'n 
 |i-a UiiaaW Caiuiriiii. liannauli, Alierileenshire 
 
 Ii;6i.Min. Tailor. I'iiTa.liUy 
 
 Iij'i. ,l,iliii M"iint, l.in^'liain. Dunifrios . 
 ,I„lni Hill, l.i'ailliills. iii'iir I-:,liiilmr',di . 
 , Mr. Wliaili'V, H,itli,'rliitli,! ... 
 
 |i;;j. Wi,l"W,Ii>ll,'S, Cainptll'll 
 
 |i;k Mr. Kvau.^, Siiitallli'Ms 
 
 [!;i4. MaryCaiin'nni, lirai'inar, Abordcc'U . . , 
 i:;i. .Vivl'ihil. (.'aini'iiin, Ki'itli. Ali,'r,l(!,'nsliiri> , . 122 
 [!ji. JoanGiili'iiilii'ski, Uiitcl des Invaliik's, Taris . 126 
 
 LOXGITUDE, dotm-iniiiod by Hippurclius, ut : 
 jXiii-, who lixi'J t.iu tir'^t drgrec in the Canaries, 
 1162 B.C. Harrison nnuh' a tinio-Uci'por, in .\.i). 
 
 i;59, which in two voyasi's «"is fouiiil to cii-rci't , 
 |ttelonj;itU(l(' witliin tlio limits rcquirc'd by the art ! 
 lof pjrli,iment 12 .Vniin, 1714; and ohtiilnod tins i 
 Iteivanl; ,«et' Uni-rimii's Timepiece. Tho clironi)- 
 Xwkn of .Vrnold, Earnslmw, and lireijia't, art.' 
 Ihijhly cstcemi'd. Clu-ononiotora iiro now ri'ci'ivcil 
 
 1 trial at Gri'i'nwi,h Olisci-vatory. The act rclafinjr 
 It! the iliscovery of the lon^itiule iit .sea wiisrcnealcd ! 
 linlSjS. The HiirLMUi deb Longitudes at Tai-is was ! 
 ptaUishwl in 1795. 
 
 . LOXGMAN'.S MAGAZINE lirst published ' 
 |(torei)lace " Frazcr's''), Xov. 1882. 
 
 LOXGOBAUDI, sec Umhm-dy. 
 
 LOXG PARLIAMENT met 3 Xov. 1640 ; 
 
 bs forcibly ili'isolvcd l)y Cromwell 20 .Vpril, 1653. 
 
 LOXGWOOD, in St. Helena (S. Atlantic 
 lOteiii), the ri'siilcncc of the emperor Xapoloon from 
 p Dec. 1815 till his death, 5 Muy, 1821. 
 
 LONTxWy (M.K. France), a frontier town, 
 MS taken hy the allieil army of Auatriiins and 
 fnissums, 23 An-. 1792, the bc'-iniiinB of the ir,.L..,t 
 Nr. It was a^'dn taken 18 Sept. 1815. After 11 
 lombardment it surrendered to tho (Jrermiuis. 2; 
 Bin, 18-1. ' •> 
 
 ! LOOCHOO ISLES: X. Pacific; lonj? nomi- 
 nally snhjct to .lapan ; wilh a nearly independent 
 l<inu'. Disputes Ij, 'tween China and jajian respect- 
 
 ! in,i?them, 1879; the isles aiine.\od by Japan, 1870. 
 
 i LOOKING-GLASSES, see Mirrors. 
 
 LOOM: was iis,'dl)y till' H'/vplians. Thewi'uyer's 
 olherwisecallclthc Dutch loon'i, was hroiifcht into use 
 in London from Holland, al)out 1^)7(1. There were, in 
 1825, alxiiit 250,000 hand-looms in Great liritain, 
 and 7S,0O0 |i,iwcr-looms, each hciii),' equal to three 
 hand-looms, niakins; twenty-two yards each per 
 day. The steam-loom was intrndiic'cd in 180- ; see 
 Cotton, Electric-loom, JiicijiMnl, I'lieumatie-loom. 
 
 LOOSHAIS, a predatory nomadic Indian 
 trilie, about 300 miles east of 'Calcutta. They fre- 
 HUcntly roblied the Uriti.sh tea plant.itions, killing 
 the planters and carryinu; olf their children. An 
 e.\peditiontoohast;setliem was successful. Dee. 1871. 
 
 LORD, see Lnrtij. M'hcn printed in the Eng- 
 frlish Millie 111 small cajiiials Lurd stands for Jeho- 
 vah, the self-existin.i; Gcd, the name lirst rcveah'd 
 to Moses, 1491 H.c. Kriil. vi. ^. When Lord is in 
 ordinary type, it represcsei'its Ailomii, lord or 
 master. 
 
 ..i^9l^'J^T.^^^'^9^'^'J'E- CHAMBERLAIN, 
 CHANCEILLOR, A:c., see AUcoeate, Chamber- 
 lain, Cltai.eellor, A:c. 
 
 LORD MAYOR, see .)[„i/or.s. 
 
 ^ LORD'S DAY ACT, 29 Chaa. 11. c. 7, see 
 
 oiifjliat/i. 
 
 LORD'S SUPPER, instituted by Jesus Christ 
 (Matt. .x.Kvi. 17), ^^, see .SacrtimeiU lind Traiimb- 
 stiuitwiinn. 
 
 LORDS.* The nobihty of England date their 
 creation from io6(), when William Fitz-Oshorn is 
 said to have been made carl of Hereford liy Wil- 
 liam I. ; aii,l afterwards Walt,'r d'Evrcux, carl of 
 Salisbury; Copsi, earl of Nm-tliumlicrland; Henry 
 dj Ferrers, earl of Derby; and (iherbod (a Fleming) 
 earl of Chester. Twenty-two other jieers were made 
 in this sovereign's reign. The lirst peer created by 
 patent was lord lie;iuchaniii i,f Holt Castle, by 
 Uichard II. in 1387. In S.'otland, Gilchrist was 
 created earl of Angus by Malcolm III. 1057. In 
 Ireli.nd, sir John de Courcy was created biiron of 
 iCmgsale, cV-,'., in ii.-^i ; the first peer after the 
 obtaining of that kingdom by Henry II. 
 
 LORDS, Horsi^ of. Tb,' peers of England 
 were summoned ad eoiixnlenilum, to consult, in carlv 
 reigns, and by writ, (j A: 7 John, 120^; but the 
 earliest writ e.xtant is 4,) Hen. III. 1265. The 
 commons did not form a ii;irt of the ^n-i'at co'uncil of 
 the nation until some .iges after the' coui|ucst ; see 
 Varliament. Theh,msooflor,lsinclu(lest hi' spiritual 
 as well as temporal peers of Groat Britain. The 
 bishops are >upp iscd to holdcert;iin ;inciciit baronies 
 under the king, in right whereof they have seats in 
 this house. Some of the !eni|ioral lords sit by de- 
 scent, and some by creatio,i : others by election. 
 
 * I'ccrs of !-:n;,'lan,l are five fnnn all arrests of ilelits as 
 li ing till' king's here lilarv .■..i;iiselli,rs : thcivlor,' a peer 
 iMiinot !,;', ontl:r,v,.,l ii, my .'ivil a-li',i>, aid no .ittacli- 
 iiu'iil lies ag.iiiist Ills p r-ioii ■ linicyecutlou may lie taken 
 upon h.s lands and g.iols. l'',ir tlic same reiismi, tliev 
 ar,' tri'c from all atti'ii 1 inc at ,',,uits let or slierilli' 
 turns; or, in case of ;i riot, from alt,'ii,liic,' the ms-a 
 amiUitiii. lie ,'an a,'t is a jiisti,',' of the peace iu any 
 partof tin kin;.lom. sjec i'ccu/i, f.iri, &e. 
 
 X X 2 
 
 !»«§c 
 
 
 
 ^ h 
 
 1 
 
 iMl 
 
 
 •' iil 
 
 
 '1 
 
 
 i'! ' 
 
 
 P: 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 ' I 
 

 M 
 
 \^'l'', 
 
 
 
 
 LORDS, HOUSE OP. 
 
 076 
 
 LOTTERIES. 
 
 H 
 
 ii« 
 
 HD 
 
 S*"-- '. 
 
 H 
 
 ^^B 
 
 *i; 
 
 ^H 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 (! 
 
 "nHd 
 
 Nf 
 
 
 aince the union with Scotliind in 1^07, und with 
 Ircliuid, iHoi. In 1719, witli tlic lunjr'» consiMit, 
 a bill for lillutin^' tlit' power uf the Hovcrcisn ol 
 ereiitinjj peers, was iiitnicliueil into tlio lords luul 
 twice passed, but twico ri'jeeted liy tlie eoiiuiiuiis. — 
 Scotland elec^ts 16 rein-escutative peers, and Ireland, 
 28 temporal peers for life. The lioiiae of lords in 
 Jan. 1898, consisted of (> jirinees of the blood, 2 
 archbishops, 22 dukes, 22 marquises, 14 1 earls, 35 
 viscounts. 357 barons, and 24 bishops; in all, 58'). 
 The valuable " Con>'titutional llistorv of House of 
 Lords," l)y L. 0. I'ike, was publislied'in 18(14. Sir 
 " Crusade ajjamst the Constitution: 
 of the House of Lords," publishe<l 
 
 Marquis of Siilisbury's liill lor er.al i..1i ,,r lif,. uhv 
 htmI ex-cluslnii of those wlima lie liiiii„| •■ii^,.], 
 sheep" rend llist tiiMe lij Juni'; secc.ii.l tiii,,. ,, 
 
 .Inly ; ilinpiied 
 
 July, 
 
 Wm. tliarles' 
 a vindication 
 1896. 
 
 House oflords at death of Charles II. 1685 
 Will. 111. 1702 
 
 Anil 
 tieo. 
 tieo. 
 (ieo. 
 
 1714 
 
 I. 1727 . 
 
 II. 17(10 
 
 III. 1820 
 
 IV. 1830 
 
 In the i8tb Viet. 1855 
 „ 2.fth Viet. 18O0 
 „ 3211(1 Viet. i8i)8 
 
 Will. IV. 1837 
 
 176 peers. 
 
 192 
 
 209 
 
 216 
 
 229 
 
 339 
 396 
 456 
 448 
 462 
 464 
 
 39tli Viet. 1876 . . , . '. . 494 
 
 „ 41st Viet. 1878 501 
 
 ,, 6ist Viet. iSy8 519 
 
 The kill},', liarims, and clergy enact the constitutions 
 (if Clarendon in 1164 
 
 OlitJiin .Ma^na C^harta in 1215 
 
 Held the (^oveninient 1264-5 
 
 House of lords abolished tiy the eonunons, 6 Feb. 1649 
 ,, ,, met af;.'iin, . . . 25 April, „ 
 
 Unite witli the eonunons in naiking WiUiuni and 
 Mary kiiiK and (piecn 1689 
 
 Reject the great relorni liiU, 7 Oct. 1831 ; pass it, 
 
 4 June, 1832 
 
 The iiarlianient biai.se destroyed liy lire . 16 Oct. 1834 
 
 Take possession of their new house . 15 Ai.ril, 1847 
 
 Ojipose successfully the creation of life iieerages,* 
 
 7 Feb. 1856 
 
 Voting by ])ro.\y abolished by standing order, 
 
 31 March, t868 
 
 New regulations resiieeting committees 2 April, ,, 
 
 Six new peers were gazetted . . 17 Ajiril, ,, 
 
 ''ankniiit jieers not to sit or vote, decided 10 Fel). ; 
 settled liy act 13 July, 1871 
 
 Tliat peers cannot vote for M.l'.'s nlllnncd by court 
 of conunon pleas on appeal . . . 15 Nov. 1872 
 
 Two pcfrs fnr hfy may be erenteil by her majesty as 
 lords of appeal in ordinary, to aid the house of 
 lords ; as a court of ultimate appeal (see Supreme 
 Cinirt). 
 
 Lords Ulackburu and Gordon created peers for life 
 
 5 Oct. 1876 
 
 Entitled to sit and vote in parliament while appeal 
 judges ; llrst sitting .... 21 Nov. ,, 
 
 Lord Uayleigh (.said to be) the first jieer elected a 
 jn'ofessor of phvsies (at C:unbridgc) 12 Dec. 1879 ; 
 lioyal Institnlimi, l.oiKhai .... 1887 
 
 Propiised abidilion of tli(! heicditary principle 
 negatived (202-166) in the commons, 5 .March, 
 1886; (223-162) 9 Maicb, 1888; (201-160) 17, 18 
 May, 1880; (201-139) . . . 21 March 1890 
 
 LoiilUlackburu liavbig resigned, peniiitted to sit 
 
 by appellate jnri.sdietion act .... 1887 
 
 The call of Hosebery's motion for a committee to 
 consider reform of the house of birds re.C'cted 
 
 (97-50) 19 March, 188B 
 
 Lind lliuiraven'sbill for reforming the constitntion 
 of the house of lords witlulrawn on the promise 
 of the government dealing with the (piestion 
 26 April, „ 
 
 • Peemqefur life only, with the title of lord Wenslcydale 
 of Wensleyihde, was granted to oc.ron sir James Parke, 
 loJaie 1856; the house of lonls opposeil bis sitting ami 
 voting tts a peer tor life, and on 25 July, 1856, he was 
 created a peer in the usual way, with the title of lord 
 Wenslcydale of Walton. He died in 1868. A bill for 
 creating bfe iieeragts was read a second time in the lords, 
 27 April, 1869, but afterwards rejected. 
 
 The lords of appeal are jieers for lilV (s,,^. ,,,,1 
 .l;.;»(i/.s). 
 
 LOllDS JUSTICES, see /«.,/,,,,, ^nd .],,/,„.,. 
 
 LORDS LIEUTENANTS, se,. L\mUu,^.,\ 
 and Inldiiil. 
 
 LORDS OF THE PAIiE, see T„k. 
 
 LORENZO MARCiUEZ, see Lmm^,,^ 
 
 LORETTO, nearAneona, Ital>. IlereiMt.! 
 Cam Simla, or itoly House, in whii h!tU|irti,ii,i.,'il 
 the Virgin .Mary lived atNazarelb, iiiiil suiiltolntJ 
 been carriod by angels into lliiliii;iii;i frmii (JnH!,, I 
 in 1291, and brought here a b'W years iitt.r. 'Ill 
 lady of Loretto, gaudily dressedi stuuds wn.r, i 
 altar holding tlie infant Jesus in li,.r urms .^j,'', 
 rounded with gold lamps. Loretto \v;i,s taken bule i 
 French in 1797; tlio boly image, «liiih hmlWr, I 
 carried to France, was brought tiaik with liijun ■ 
 Jan. 1803. "' 
 
 L'ORIENT (W. France). I,„rd Riili,„rt ofl 
 this port defeated the French Heel, 25 Jum, r.,- I 
 The loss of the French was severe: th.it liiJi'l 
 Hritish inconsideratile. — Tlie Frenrh t!;ij.<ij[, 
 L'OuiENT, blew up during the liatlle of theXil7 1'l 
 Aug. 1798. Admiral Brueys and about gixi m'tii I 
 perished. 
 
 LORRAINE (Lotharingia), formcrlv a Fr.ncb 
 now a German province, liecani" a kini;iium mjeil 
 Lothaire (son of the emneror Litbaire I.) alJoBt I 
 
 ■ 855; and was divided at his death, iu 8(y), p;irtit| 
 ' it being made a duchy. From the lir.-it luTHliii 
 
 duke, Gerard, nominated by the emperor Henry 111 I 
 
 in 1048, descended the house of LoiTiiinc, fcfre.! 
 
 sented now by the enijieror ijf Austria, whose antej. I 
 I tor, the emjiress Maria Theresii, inarrii'il in r±\ 
 i Francis formerly duke of Lorraine, tlien of Tuii;iiiv.| 
 1 Lorraine, given to the dethroned kiny of P.,lnU 
 
 Stanislaus I., for life, was, at his duuth in \%\ 
 I united to France; see yiiiici/. Liirrainewa3thi4il| 
 
 of war in Aug. 1870, and aliout the fifihpar!. ii.T 
 'eluding Jlotz and Tbiouville, was anntsM t 
 
 Germany at the peace, 26 Feb. i<S;i. 
 I Visit of the German emperor and einpivss, i;nrt. ; 
 I the statue of emperor Frederick (William) 111. at 
 Worth unveiled is (lot. ligl 
 
 LOTS. Casting lots, 118 an appeal to Gw),»al 
 
 ■ sacred among the Jews, iVoccci,* xvi. 33. Itw»| 
 : employed in the division of the land ol'Cin3ai,r 
 ; about 1444 n.c, bv Joshua (xiv.), and in tlleele^| 
 I tion of Matthias the apostle, A.n. 35, Jri> i.-lotij 
 i for life or death have b(!cn frequently cast. fota| 
 i instance, see Wales, 1649, luite. 
 
 I LOTTERIES are said to have originattj a I 
 Florence about 1530, and to have bi'cnk'pihs(iiii| 
 France in 1539, and soon beciinie coiiinion. Bfil 
 I were prohibited by pope lieneilict XIII. (i;24-j!),[ 
 I und sanctioned by Clement Xll. (17^^0-40). Ml 
 1 ArtUnion under ^ird.v and i'«)v's(c.\hihitionlS?5S,| 
 The Hist nieiitioneil in F.nglisli liistury Wi 
 jilaee, day and night, at tlie westeni Jimrdl 
 St. Paul's cathedral. It (•onlaiiied 40,000"/*" 
 at los. each lot, the jirollts win fiirre]iairinn the 
 liarbours, and tlie prizes were pieces of platf, 
 
 II Jan,-6 Jl.ir, i.i{| 
 A lottery. gnu!tc(l by the king, in fnvinir nfili' ' 
 colony of Virginia (prizes, pieces of plate), drawn 
 near St. Paul's . 29,linie.2oJttlr, ifiil 
 
 First lottery for sums of money tnok place in . . i()>| 
 Lotteries established (for iiioro tliiiii 130 yean 
 yielded a large annual revenue to the crown) . . iSis| 
 
LOUDOUN-HILL. 
 
 (577 LOWERING BOAT APPARATUS. 
 
 ;NANTS, sw Licui,h,w;\ 
 
 J PALE, «f r„k. 
 LCiUEZ, si'i' Liiinnp, 
 Vncdiiii, Itnlv. Iler,. iMli,.| 
 
 "USC, Hl\vlli,!liti3j„.j.,,|„l^ J 
 
 brought li;iili '.vitli |,„ 
 
 Jli'UC'ja iiiid ubout t/xj i 
 
 hai-ingiii), formerly a Frintb I 
 e, liUL'aiii" It kiiiu-iiuui undetl 
 L'linieror I.Ltlmire I.) ;i»,i| I 
 lit his dt'iith, ill 8(jO, piirtcll 
 . Frmu tlic lii-st luTHiiian f 
 I'll by the I'miicrorHcnrvIIU 
 iB liiiiisc of I.omiino, fipre-j 
 t'l-cjr of Aiistriii, wliosi iiiitei. | 
 a 'I'licrcsM, iiiiiviii'il in |-jJ 
 of Liirriiiiu', tluii of Tuianv. I 
 ) (Ictlironcd kiii^' of hlaiA 
 , wns, nt liis ili'iith in [%\ 
 Xdiiei/. I."i'i':diii'waslht4»i) 
 mil iiliniit thi' tifilipar;, ii.L 
 .'liiiiiivilli', was iinneshittl 
 2() Fub. i,S;i. 
 crur imili'iii]ii'fss, i^tirt. ■ 
 Kruil('rii'k(\Villi:iiij)111.3t 
 
 ■ . . .iSUft.:;,;! 
 
 its, as an appeal toCi'd.nil 
 i-s, I'rorcrh xvi. 33. It wd| 
 sion of t!u' land ofCiUiiai,' 
 sliua (xiv.), ami in tlieelrt- 
 piistle, A.n. .V3, Jrt i,-te I 
 idL'U frcqiu'iitly cast. Forail 
 549, note. 
 
 3 saiil to have ovigimttd id I 
 mil to liavi^ been lefalisi-d ill 
 
 0011 blTMlUC COMIIllOll, Itfjl 
 
 ]ie Bi'iieiliot XIII. (i;JM),| 
 I'liii'iit XII. (l7;,o-|o). s«| 
 I and I'aris (exhiliilioii K% 
 
 in Kiifilisli liistia-y hvi 
 I, at tlii' westi'ni (ii)(ir cf 
 
 It colli:! l.vil 40,000 "l"/i" 
 
 otits \vi ]r fiirrt'iiairinii llie 
 izf.s weiv iiieei'S of iiliitf, 
 
 It Jan.-6May, iij)| 
 tliii kini^', in favnur of tie 
 izes, lueees of plato), ilrawii 
 
 . 29.Iii!ii'-!oJulr, ifiil 
 ' 11101117 took plate in . . iE)>l 
 '(or more tliaii 130 yean I 
 ' revenue to the croira) . . i!>ij| 
 
 Ir.ti.rvfirtlielinlisl) .Miisemn ■ 1^.3 
 
 l/vuiKiuuJ. niutaiiiiiif,' niaiiy ram .siicmmumis of 
 ■ 1 ' . 1.1' 1..' i..t I..1.1- 
 
 aj,jj>i»iiwi';ii'> 
 
 lotli'iy 
 
 ..,1 fur iiie sale of the liuiMiiiHs of tin 
 .16 June, 
 
 ■77J 
 
 . 1780 
 "784-5 
 
 ■ is »l H-"!' 
 
 I j,i,i|ilii iiv lotli'iy 
 
 |Tn,l,,IJl'lutliMyilia\i-ii . 
 
 lilIrrvfrtlii'l.''V''iiaij .Miisiii , 
 
 IfrtlR I'is"'" 'liii""""b I'l'i'ioilli'il. Jim. 2, 1801 ; it 
 I t:ii sft(r\raril.s »")<! al L'liii.stio'.s ain-tioii for 9500 
 
 I'LiiMS 10 .May, iSo2 
 
 ■frlif mlli'ttiiiu "f J'ietiiivs ot aJileriuaii Uoy.li'II, 
 
 I liva.l ........ 1804-5 
 
 ■j,,',,rj.jiilii,li!>lied liy (i (»eo. IV. e. 60, Oct. ; tlie 
 
 I biJiawii 18 Oet. i3.'6 
 
 il|.,i.,si-ilil"Iani'%'llial llietheu j<eiiiliij^:Ula.s)<ow 
 
 r,,.'MVill"lll'l I'etlii' la.^l 18 J4 
 
 irljiwsriliiiil"'>iiin a peualty iif 5u/. for ailvi'i'- 
 I B,ai;Mtiiie.«iiJ till' ";■■''•! la I 'OIK . . . . ,836 
 k,!irnt4SU|iiav,<seil 111 I'laure . . 175J ailil i8J6 
 
 Cr U,ibiiT»' IHilflli-eake lottery, Argyll-i ii», 
 
 r Hi»'iver-*iaan', sii|i|iiek.<i'il . . .27 IJec. i860 
 BKlrc iiiilliim natioiiaJ lollery HekeLs of 0110 fmne 
 I (iili.siiM at l'ari< lo |iay for)/ri/es to exliiliitors, 
 I .iwrti'fiws urwiiriiiii.i,' lui'ii visitors, 1873 ; ist 
 I pmr »'"rtb 5,000'., 2U1I, 4,000/., (ril and 4tli 
 li.xo.;'"'"' 230,000 nmofls. Drawiiij; lie^.m 
 \ 26 ,lali. 1879 
 
 ijiw iriri/ ri>»i;»(('t"A. Ill i3<)2, soiiiii weekly 
 hifrli'licals oceasioiially printed a seiiteneii iii 
 I liiicliOTBiigfcl wasoiuittod, and olleriid a liioliey 
 I prize t'( till' l>er-ioM wbo loneolly siippliuil ihi, 
 I .kri'iii'V ; i.<. coupons heiiiL;- issued. This was 
 |c,);l'!iiiii''l hy sir ,loliii iirid-i' at liow-striM't as 
 |,i-|«it's of luttir.v, and several pi'isoiis wire 
 I Kri. Tliis seiiteuei' was eonliriiii'd by .Mr. 
 Llii-tiiv StirUun ill tin' Chanei'i-y division, in tin. 
 Ifs..';l Biiclav and others c. Pearson (in r.datioii 
 • ,/..ir,M«< Wnkhj), and he iloei.le.l llmi tlio 
 
 ;.-..;■', uliicb haii 1,1'iMi paid into e t, slmuM 
 
 1 1/i. rttiiniecl to .Mr. Pearson, to lie dislrilinteil liv 
 Ifci. I'l the elaiiuaiils, lo whom the eoiiit eonhl 
 ;i\v 110 lu'lp, a;, I 111' atliiir u.ei ille.u'al, 9 Fell. 
 =«;. Tliis was iIolm;, 
 
 [LOrDOUX-HILL, or DuuMcxou; see 
 
 IlOUIS-D'OI!, a I'lviiili irolil ooin of 24 fmnes, 
 Jr,.i •lriicl< liy l.ouis XJII. 111 ll>\o\ it wa.s not 
 Iril, i;<)5-liSl4 ; su|H'isedcd by the Xapoleoii, 
 
 ElO. 
 
 JlOUISIAXA (X. Aiiierira), one of tllu riiiled 
 ititis; iJi.scovereil hy Kenliiminl dc Soto, 1:541 ; 
 Tiviwil by .\I. lie Silh'. I0,S2; settled by Loids 
 [IV. (from whom it d.riveo its name), about KkjS. 
 I firiiii'il the liasis of Law's Mississjpjii seheiiic, 
 li;. It was eeileil lo Spain wlieii all oast ol the 
 |l^,^is•i!l|li was^jiveii to KiiKland, 17(13, Capital, 
 ■ton lijiijj'e; eoiiimenial eapilal, Xew Orloaiis, 
 liml;ition, i,S8o, c/j9,ij4() ; i.Si^o, 1,118,587. 
 
 ■il'iivJ til Kniui-e ,80, 
 
 111 t'l till' Aiuioieaus, j8oj; and made astute . 1812 
 I Jaolisoii ileltaled the Ujitlsli at New Orleans, 
 ,, , , 8 Jan. 1S15 
 
 J frnm the Union hy oidliiaiice . 25 Jan. 1861 
 |iii. KarraKiit tikes .Vow Orleans for the Fedends, 
 
 . . , , , 28 April, 1S62 
 
 W'™iarpsti>.'e.l to till Li1i1.11 . . , ,sq. 
 f »t,iti' ilistarlnil hyfartimis and eivil wiir : at ^ 
 
 j.mt|«risb many ii|.;,'in,.s nia.ssaered 11 April 1873 ■ 
 
 lct|«)rl ilMti-oycd liya eyidoiie ; « deaths, 7 Sept. iSq, 
 I Sre.\nf l/r/olll,saild .i;;s.si.s<l>;u. i 
 
 JLOULS, iSr.. e»iiiiii(ircial capital of the Missis- 
 
 Ipi valley. FoumlejJ hv the Freneli in 1764 
 
 Illation ill i,S7o,3io„S(;4; i«8o, 350,518, i8a5, j 
 
 p.7'0. sci' Muiiriliic ' I 
 
 Tilili! cyclones, inr'eded liy utter darkness, j 
 
 K,."- Ii.el, 111-.., and laiieh shipping de.struvi.sl, j 
 
 "■™"')""^''< • . . . . 27 May, iSgfJ 
 
 LOUISVILLE, eliief eonimereial town in 
 Jitucky, I.S., fouudod 1773; named after Louis 
 ■1., traiiw, i7Sa Tbe town sutlered great I v oy i 
 
 II tornailo, 27 March, i8c)0, when about ()3 persons 
 jienshed; see .SVon/i.*. (ireat lires and e.vplosion, 
 iibont 25 jiers HIS perished, 8, ,) Dec. i8'il. I'opulii- 
 tinn, 18K1), 125,758; I.Sip, n,|,i2i). 
 
 
 LOURDES, Halites rvreiiees, S. France, seft 
 iniiice, 1872, <t nei/., inid l'il;inmii;i(s. 
 
 LOURENCO MAR{iUE,S. a rortui,niese 
 settlement, h. coast of .Vfnca. In .May, 1,^-9, 11 
 tre.ity was a-r.ed to perinitliii- a railway to 'bo 
 made to the Transvaal t.-rritorv. Its ral'ilicatiou 
 was opiiosed in the clianiliers at Lisbon in I,s8l,and 
 led to a (diiin-.' of ministry. .See I'nrtunuL 18S1, 
 iinil J)-/(i<j(jit li.nj. ' 
 
 Kalllr rising' n-ainst the hnt-tax ; raids liy tlio 
 
 natives, reporicd . . . . ^ „,.t. ,3,^ 
 
 Htate nl sie-e reported .... i . Oct 
 
 Hostilities leaween the Port iinucse and natives, ' " 
 ,„ , "''t. i8u4-,iaii. 1805 
 
 1 reaeheroiis attai'k on the I'ortiiHUese camp at 
 Jlaneiiieen; lieiit. Antonio and iiiaiiv oilicrs 
 
 killed - 2 Fell 
 
 The reliels riiiited and kraals deslnived on the In- " 
 
 eoinati river, reportcil . . . ' . f, Fell 
 Kallirs defeati'd with heavy loss near .Maraip 11, ' " 
 
 4 1 ... 1 -' .^lareli, ,, 
 
 About 400 rortiiKuese .soldiers arrive at .Mar.epieen, 
 
 ! Defeat of tlie relids ; end of the n-voU, ivpon.iil,' ' " 
 
 Natives defeated at M,ij;ue(i,., killed) . ''8,Scpt' " 
 (iiiii.u'iiiihina's army dcleilcd with ;;rcat slaiediler " 
 
 ' b> col. (Jalhardo ar lake (;nolciM . . s^.N^ov! 
 
 j .Maiijacaze taken, siiliiiiission oftrities . ,-. .Nov.' " 
 j (iiiii;.'imliaiia, -iiid liisson (io.liiic, captured by capt. " 
 j .Moiisiiiho, at Chainiite, rep.iii.,. I . .', ,l,.ui iSq6 
 I Porlii-il maintains strict iiioitr.ilitv ill the Tr.iiis- 
 vaal dillleulty ...'.. .|;,„ 
 
 j Two lleriuan warships in Dela-o.a liav, n Jan. iSns' " 
 
 ; witlidrawn ' . ^ i.',,!,] 
 
 I The Portn-nese ;;overiiiiieiit (.'r.inl '450'.' to the " 
 ; KiiKlish at t'atemlie, hir losses during' I he native 
 rising', aniioniiccd .... .,- Feb 
 
 Oiinf,'iiiili ana, his son (Iodide, 2 indi'inas,'' etc.', " 
 
 arrive as prisoners ill I, isbiiii . . 13 March' 
 
 Expedition aj;aiiist the .Nam iralios, reaches .Monti'' " 
 
 P.io, reported siicei'ssiiil, 8 .Much, 1897 ; chiefs 
 
 sMli.nit, repi.rted 2:j .May, ,897 
 
 liiMii;.' Ill (..iz ilaii.l, a-ainst the lint-tax, reliels de- 
 leate 1, 2,, .May ; ivbcllion enishe 1 . , Ail" 
 
 .Major .M. I).\lbin|iici,|,ie, t;overnor-poi. ; tronlili! ' 
 with the until c.-> on the Limpopo, soldiers cap- 
 tnreil, rcporle.1 ,5,),,,,. jg^g 
 
 LOUVRE, ill Paris, is .said to have been a roval 
 residence 111 the reif?ii of Itauoliert, (128. It was a 
 prison-tower eonstnii-led by I'hilippe Au^'ustns in 
 1204. It afterwards heeanie a library, and (ijiarles 
 VI. niiule it hi- ]ialace (about li'q.). The new 
 biiildiiii;s, beiruii by FiMiiids I. in 1528, were enlarged 
 and .■idoriieil by successive king-., jiarticiilarlv Louis 
 Xl\ .—Napoleon I. turneil it into a ninseu'in, and 
 deposited in it the llni'st eolleetion of paintings, sta- 
 tues, and treasures of art known in the world. The 
 chief of those brought from Italy have since been 
 restored to the ri'jhtfiil possessors! The niagniticent 
 buildings of the new Louvre, begun by Napoleon I. 
 and completed hy Xajioleoii III,, were inaugurated 
 by the latter in great state, 14 An-. 1857. The 
 library was destioveil and other buildings much 
 injured liy the coinuiunists, .May, 1871. 
 
 LOVE FEASTS, see ,bjui„e. 
 
 , LOW COUNTRIES, the Pavs Bas, now Hol- 
 land and lielgium {which .sir). 
 
 LOWER EMPIRE. Some historians make 
 it begin wtn the reign of \'alerian, 253; others 
 with that of Constantiiie, 323. 
 
 LOWERING BOAT APPARATUS, see 
 
 Lije-bodtn. 
 
 Wa 
 
 la. 
 
 ■'i >^ 'I'M 
 
 'i '" 1,1, 
 I ' if' 
 
 1 
 
 r-'-m 
 
 m 
 
 
 ■MtfM 
 
 
 .iH 
 
 
 «-v,?ji|^^^H 
 
UnV SUNDAY. 
 
 078 
 
 LUNATICS, 
 
 LOW SUM) AY, tlictiirtt Siiiuluy litter Kii»tiT, 
 snid t(i 'Icrivi' its iniim' tVom tlir iiilcnoritv of its 
 solemnities !» tlmse of liantei- Siimliiy ; see luii/n: 
 
 LOYAL AND PATRIOTIC UNION, 
 
 see In III 11(1, iiSSd, 
 
 LOYALISTS, II term iipplieil to tlie Uoviilist 
 paitv (Im-iiij; tlie AniiTiean war of l"i;-8j, a'liil to 
 tlio aniiiiorteis of the Union in Ireland in 18S5. 
 
 LOYALTY LOANS wire raised darinj!; tlie 
 revoliitioiiiii V wai^i. 'I'lie term was ajipiiid to one 
 opened in London :; Dee. I7i;'i; in liltecn lioiirs and 
 twenty minutes tlie Slim i^f eiuliteen millions steiliii'.' 
 was siiliBirihed ; see yul'uDiiil ^isxuiiiitiini, 
 
 LUBBOCK'S ACT, Sir Jolm, see llmik Iloli- 
 diii/i' ^Ict. 
 
 LUBECK, n eit> in X. Germany, one of the 
 
 four repuldiis nf the (iennan eonfederalioii, was 
 Iniilt in the I2tli eentiirv, ami was chirf foiindi r of 
 tlie Ilanseatie league alioiit 124(1, whieli la>ted till 
 1630. Lilticek was declared a free itnjierial city 
 iihmit I22fi; hut was frei|ueiitly attacked hy the 
 Danes. The Fremdi took it hy asstiiilt, (I'Nov. 
 IcStid, and Na]iolcon iiii'orporated it «ith his empire 
 in IiSfo. (In his fall in 1814 it hecame once more a 
 free imjierial city. It joined tlie North (iennan 
 eonfodcration iSAu'.'. I.Sdd. I'opulation in liSjI, 
 52,158; in 1880, (l^57l; in 1885, (i7,6s8; 1890, 
 ■76,485, 
 
 LI'CANTANS, a warlike poojih' of S. Italy, 
 defeated Alexanderof l-;pirns at I'amlosia, 332 n.c; 
 were sulnlned hy the l!"imins, 272 ; revidled alter 
 the battle of (.'an'ioe, 21I1; weie reduced hy Scipio, 
 201 ; a^ain revolted, ()0 ; admitted m Uomaii citi- 
 zens, ,S8, 
 
 LUCCA (central Italy), a Konmn colony, 177 
 H.C. ; a l.omharil duchy, .C.n. 1327; a fiee city ahoiit 
 1^70; took an active part in tlie civil wars ot the 
 lialian reimhlic. It wa^- \inited with 'I'liscany, and 
 given ns a ]irincipality to Kliza l!onii|iiirle hy her 
 hrother Napoleon I., 181)5. Lucca, as a duchy, wiia 
 (liven to Maria Louisa, widow of I.ouis, king of 
 Etruria, in 1814. It was exchaiifred hy her son 
 Clnirlcs-Louis for rarnia and riaccnlia" in 1847; 
 wns annexed to Tuscany, and with it hecame part 
 of the kingdom of Italy, in uSdo. 
 
 LUCERNE (Switzerland) hecame indcpcndi nt 
 in Iii2, ami joined the conlcdeiation. The city 
 Lucerne is said to derive its name from a li;;hl 
 {luceriin) set up to guide travidleis. It dates from 
 the 8th century, and was suhjeet to the alihols 
 of Mnrhaeli, wlio surrendered it to the house of 
 IIa|i8burg. It was t.ikcn hy the French in March, 
 171)8, and was lor a sleat time capital of the Hel- 
 vetic repnldic ; which, as the focus of insurrection 
 against the I-'rcnch, was suppressed Oct. 1802. As 
 a catholic canton. Lucerne was very active on 
 behalf of education by the ,resuits, 1844; see Swit- 
 zerlnnd. I'lipulationj 1888: tanton, I35,3('0; city, 
 20,314. 
 
 LUCIA, ST, (West Indies), first settled by 
 the Knglish, 1(130; expelhd by the natives; settled 
 by Fremdi in 1(151.); tiikeii by the l!riti>h m \cral 
 tl'inea in the su'li-eqticnt wars. Insiiricclion of 
 the French negroes, April, 17()5. St. Lucia was 
 restored to France at the peace of 1802 ; but was 
 seized bv Enu'laiid, 1811;, and contirined to lier in 
 1814, I'opulation in 1871, 31,811 : 71(1 whites. In 
 1880, 38,2(j5 ; 181)1,41,713; .see Wiiiihninl hies. 
 
 LUCIFER MATCHES came into use about 
 1834. Friction niiitehes were invented byAVrdkir 
 
 of Stockton-on-Tees, 1821). In Nliupli, i.Sn \|, 
 Ucuhen I'lirtridge patcnlcd niaclniivr\ m ^.^.j], 1 
 facturing the splints. In 184J, Si-i.ruii,, 'j 
 Vienna produced his amorphcm," plj„^^[|, ,|| ,, 
 heating oiilinary plm-pbuius in a i;i|. '.vliitli {H 
 cannot alisorh), by the u,-e ot wliiiii lur.iir- m 1 
 rcndired less dangi'i'iais, and the ii.iiuuli,,..,,,,, 1,,^ ) 
 iinlieallhy. I'liiixplinni): ((inekj a)nW«|,/,,-iLa(u. 
 holli signify /ii//i/'tiiiiiir. ' ' '' 
 
 .Mr. I.owc's pic.|iiiscd tiix nil lie.'il. c, (wiM, '•,, )., I 
 iiiri/Zio/i " nil tlic I'lix) wa^ liiil'li "|'^l'^«^l,il^nl w ttj. 
 
 lIlllHll, .\plil, 1^71. lor tllcir CXlll|.lU«, ';, ||;|,t.:,.' 
 
 Iiiiiiiliilii lit llnw WHS iiiaii;;iinilci| lis ii uiminiji t", 
 
 llriaiil and May, 5 (let. iBya. 'f lie iiiiiKli uiuiii hunif,' 
 
 was niiiile u nmnopoly in Kraiiii' in iiii ii-3 f,,; 
 
 7So,ooo/. 
 Strike lit wniiicu mid j;irls u[ Uryuiit awl Mujs «.>ii.i,,i 
 
 liy sncinlists, 5-17 , Inly, iSSi. 
 Till- SwcdUli nialcli ciniiiiiiiiy rnniicil in v'SS iti,iii„\ 
 
 iiiisucccssl'ul, 6 .Miiich. K r.,. 
 The iiiaiiiifactiiiv in t'luncc ln'cuiin' :i »tiac ui.)Uij|tlv 
 
 1 ,lall. lEyo. See y/ci/r/iiacs. 
 
 LUCIGEN, a strong lijiht lor mnu-air M„rt, I 
 produceil by aiipar.itiis iiiviiitvil hy 1,- li> niij I 
 llannay. The liiel is h\ilvii-ciiiliiiii nil ai'ij im,. I 
 prcsseil" air. It was tried at the Kiiin'* t niJ 
 Station, Ilec. 188;, and bus liecii ciii|ilii\iil 1.1, th.J 
 Forth liridge Works. Flxhihitcil iit lin (n,i,\( 
 I'alace, 14 Sept. 1.*'87. 
 
 .\bssis. V. iiiaby & Co. putciit u li;;\il main! l,yii| 
 ciaiiliiiiiilii'ii III licalid nil, Wiit'-r iiiiil oiiin|,ii,.„,l i], 
 ■I'll,. p;;lil siiiil til 111 ii|i;iil In i.^^,, i-ai„i],.^, I, ; 
 
 iutcllilcd tn li;;llt plllilic UnlU» ami jm.,. i,,,, 
 
 (Id. ifiSS. 
 
 LUCKNOW, the cupital of (Hale, >iiivc il,;;; 
 see (Jiii/c, and liidiii, 1857. Visit ot piiiic cj I 
 Wales, Jan. l87(). Liickmiw ni arly Mil iiiii;;ij |,y j 
 an innndalion, reported 13 Sept. 1I-1J4, 
 
 LUDDITES. Large iKiitii s of 111111 iiWirthiil 
 designation, iicrived Imm Ned l.uii, uii iiii„i, ivkdl 
 once broke snnie Iranics in a lii^sinii, iiuijiiiniiti [ 
 dcinvdations ,it Noitinglium. liieiikniL: liaimsanll 
 machinery, Nov. 1811. Skiinii-h uilli tin- iiiiiibn I 
 there, 2') Jan. 1812. Sciioiiii rints iniun.i iisiiis I 
 in 1814; and nuincrnus bodies i.t inu'iinili.oiijii:. I 
 sails eomiuittcd ijreat cxcesM^iii l8|(i(7.(((. iM'uni I 
 of these Luddites were tried and exciutid, iMjuci j 
 18 18; see Jifilii/. 
 
 LUGDUNI'M. see Lci/dni and li/m. 
 
 LU:MIN0US PAINT, inviiitvil liy Mr. IV.] 
 11. liaiiiiain, ol I'nivirsily Cnlli;;i', Li'Vidiii; 
 patented by Ihlee and Home, of Liiiulim. 
 
 riiiispliol'cscciit uiiitcrials ; liiiu; iiml siiiiiliur »:isii I 
 with oil or water; clock-laccs. utiitius, At., niintrf I 
 Willi this iiiixinrc, exposed to liiclit, ituiaiu Ir.iiiitv'is I 
 Inr sniije time. Jiesides lUiuicstit asm, it isiii'ihtillo | 
 military purposes. 
 
 ! LUNAR SOCIETY, l!ivmiiigliiim,nb(i.iti;Sc. 
 
 The mriiiliers, Jose]ili Priest U'y, Julius Walt, tra- 
 nius Darwin. Dr. Witheiiiig. ami nlliei-.i, mri Mr I 
 the full of the moon, to discus* iiliiluiovliy ml | 
 pidities. 
 
 LI'NATICS. Insanity (ileliii.il iy sir IVo. 
 Ilamillou as "the parllly^is of llie ii:.'ulatiii;tt | 
 legislating faculties of the luind "). 
 
 " The king shall have tlic ciistmly nf llit kmli «f 
 
 natiiial funis," .tc. 17 Kilw. 11 ! 
 
 Marriages Willi lunatics ilceliiiTd viiiil, ijOf". 11. 
 
 e. 30 ; '. , I 
 
 Others were iiiade m .... 1774 .mil i::i I 
 Act regarding criiiiiiiiil hnialies passed . .Uig, up I 
 Lunacy act, 8 A: 9 Vict. c. 100, pasatul . • ii(5 1 
 
LUJNATIUS. 
 
 IJ. Ill NIiUtIi, IS.,;^ \1, 
 
 Ic'il iMiiilmHi'v i,„. ,„j,, ■ 
 
 111 i^.ii, s,.i,r„ii„ ;,j 1 
 
 """",'",•'. Kii' •vlmhft 
 iiH' II «ln,ii luc,i,.r, .(„ 1 
 mill till' ii,iiiiultt,;i,|-,, i„j 
 lini'li;ii)nWHr._/;,'(l,aiiij^ 
 
 i.\l llU'if. V^ (\»i«, ",j ,,^ 
 1^ lnll.ll i.|i|'iTOl,»i„i »;tii. 
 
 Ilhiv I'NiUiMi],. a ||,||^,^, 
 uiiit;iii;iti'il ii.'* n MKiii.itiil t'. 
 871'. 'I'lic iii.iUli iiiiiiii h,,!,!,, 
 ill l-riiiMi' ill (lit, ,j.,j^ J,, 
 
 It Hryuiit ami Mav'« a,ji,i.,,i 
 188S. ■ ■ i 
 
 iiiiy fnmiiil 111 iSS! iciliw 
 
 idc;. j 
 
 !• lii'i-uiiiv {I »t:iU' ijiim(in,lv. I 
 
 III''. 
 
 ;■ lijilil Inr oinu-air ,,,,],•_ 
 iiiviiitvil liy l,;li. ami 
 ulvii-niiliiiu nil ai'iil ((.u,. L 
 iiril lit till' Kiiii.'s I ii,ij| 
 lius 111 111 cni|ilii\iil 1,1. Ill, I 
 K.vliil.iU'ii ill till' (n,iil[ 
 
 imliiil u li^;lil oiiat.il l,)-i 
 il, wiil.'V mill tiiiii|iiiMi,liiit. I 
 imii l" j,:v') ruin|l,.>. li ;t I 
 Ik; vvt'i Us uiiJ !ui^i ui,|._ 1 
 
 liitiil of (null', >iinT i(,;;; 
 lSi7. Visit ot iriiiit oi 
 kiiiiw 111 ml; syiliiii.igi.Jly I 
 13 S.'iit. i,'-'ij4. 
 
 ;i' iiiirtii j III' 111111 iiiiilirllii»| 
 :ii Nfd l.uii, 1111 iili„i, 'lit,! 
 in 11 \iiissiiiii, luiiiimiiinl I 
 liiilii. Iiii'iikilit; lraim> jj,) j 
 Skiiiiii-li uilli tli|. iiiiliiin 
 .limiii ri"ls I'li'iiiivi; ;i;iib 
 biiilii's (,r vnu.|i'\M.\ui,itl;- 1 
 ■i.>M.>iii iiS|()(7-i((. S'ltni I 
 I'icii mid f.\i'»ul|.(l, iMjaDll 
 
 :NT, iliM littil liy Mr. W, 
 nisily C'iilic;;i', Loiiilin; 
 1 1.1 lie, of l.iiluluM. 
 ila ; liiiiL' mill siiliilmr mirt] 
 i-l;in'«. ^iMtUfS, Av., |iaifllrf I 
 III ti> li^'lit, n'Uiiiiu liiuiiiitxl 
 iloM».stii' iisvs, it isai'i'ltallo f 
 
 Y, l'irnuiisrliiiiii,iibn«ti;8o. 
 •licslii'V, Jiiiiii'sWait.trJi- . 
 'liii^, imd ntlii'is, iiiH MI I 
 to (listviss lillilusinijiy ill I 
 
 luity (tlctiii.'il h sir Wu, 
 II h sis di' llu' ii'^'ulating II I 
 1k' luiuil "). 
 
 . I'listiiily III' lilt Uuiliuf 
 
 :,hv. 11 n 
 
 Irrliiri-il VMJii, 15 G^ii. 11. 
 
 IjlKmnierdun'i'"'' ri'Hln'i'tinK liiiiiitics wcrn cim- 
 J w'iiliil mill """''"'"' ''y 'f' * '7 ^ "'•- '■''■ 7".9<Ji 
 
 |i'',»'liiii:ii'yiii'tf"f*"tliiii'!l"i.^si'il . ' . '. 
 
 |r,,,|l„imii.iiiltlii' law ri.hiliii«tii I'lniiiiilHMiniis i.t 
 I ]i„,.|i.j. |jii.Mi.il(siiiil til 111' ill riiiisriiiifiii.,. (,f t|„. 
 
 I Wniiiliiiiu™.'"' •'*'''''''■'"'''• '''''"'■ 
 
 ■ . ..:.,ii..iiu.ntjirvi'ii?iiiiiilli'i' iiimrls fiiviiuralilv nl 
 
 070 
 
 LUTUEltANIHM. 
 
 vmlliaiii riw . ""• • '"■". ■u...i; . . . . 
 
 nrli;im«itiiryiiiiiiiii"''i' iil'in'l" rnvoiiralily nl 
 i,.iin.3eiit».vsti'iii iiri'iMtml.v lit liiiiiilirs . 
 
 jft Hi'ljiiliitliiii iirt iiiiii'inlril . , . 
 
 1853 
 
 1858 
 
 1863 
 
 1878 
 1881 
 1 88 J 
 
 iSSg 
 1S91 
 
 1770 
 
 iSin 
 
 [l.'nl'ofLiiiiiilli.'<.'i'l T'l^si''! . . 25 Auk. 
 
 iitntiBiit l'iii""'y '''" liiliiiiliiii'il liy lull! f'Imii. 
 
 etl|.» Sc'llxiriii'. ^fi Mmi'li, 1885; r...iiitr.ii|iic,.il 
 
 bv Iml oliaui'i'lli'i' lliTsclii'll, I Mmcli, iSj'/i ; 
 , [ii-nl bv till' 1 iiilx. 1 Apiil, 1887; miiitliiT hill 
 
 ntflwfil; ilri'|i|ii'|l .... 10 .Inly, 
 Loj^liiiBtto ill oliiii'Ki' 111 fSi'iilliiiiil . . 1 .Ian. 
 Liiasniirt.i iiiiii'iiil nt I'iH |iiw.'<i'il ;!6 All),'., 1B89, 
 
 iiiiliicunsiiliiliiliii^ iii'l ill iS.ju; iiiiii'liili'il . 
 IlitC"itkiirtfiw(.'<i''' 'Vll(^<) . . . .Jiily, 
 
 J TllK.VT.Mt'..ST OK TlIK INHASK. 
 
 Ilia the mil nf till' last I'nitiiryliiiiiilii'.i were tiviitcil 
 I litliini.'lsrvri'ity ; si'c Cniiiilly " On the TiiMt- 
 
 I Blrnl "f till' llisilll..." 1851.. 
 
 ITIirilUlllll'I'l'I'l' cxlliliitl'il lit lirtllli'lll Il.H II .slliiw, 
 
 I f„r I'l. i.r jil. till 
 
 I EiiHilc'iied |ii'iiii'i|ilnn "f t.i'catnicrit win. intrn- 
 ■ ililrwIlivWlll. Tllld', lit till' Niii'll-ty lit I'lii'lhls' 
 "lii'tri'at,"iil Yiii'k. iiml liy I'iiii'l.iit tlii' Itici'ti'i', 
 I Tiris. »itli vi'iy t'li'iit siii'i-i.ss 
 |Esi|!i>'I»iii'i'i'i'i1.s I'iiii'l, mill stiiiii^;ly re. iiiiinicnil.s 
 ^ iiniriiliiiu ill till' liiaiiiwiiii'iit lit ini'iitul ilis- 
 
 J l.pllTS 
 
 lEil'siirf of ciiiinniiiiH cnii'ltirs in tliii lli'tlili'in 
 
 I liiiS|.il.nl 1S13 
 
 llliis iiil In Simliiiil iinin'iivi'iiit'iits, mnl at last tn 
 
 Ilif tiital iilMilitii.il lit 11 Iianiral nstraints at 
 
 Liiii'iilii, iS)?; anil at llanwill Asylum (iiinlii' 
 tlii'siii'i'i'iiit'i'iiili'iiri'iit Dr. .Iiiliii t'liiiiilly) ami at 
 
 .illicr iil«ri'S i8j.; 
 
 |Piv.'ii.i|i.iai'iilJiiin'iml ilrst imlilislicil liy Dr. Koi'Ih's 
 
 I il:ii<i.n' 1S4S 
 
 |MmaliirMeiitiilSc'ii'in'i', by Dr. J. (.'. liiicknill . 185'^ 
 
 S«' //....,»■(..;..'. 
 llMiiliciiiic/kn'liei" Kiuilinul ami WnUs, 1 .jun. 1853. 
 
 I'lllVATK. I'.VIl'KU. 
 
 Mall'. Ki'iiiali'. Mali'. Keinalu. Tntal. 
 
 iffiiity .Isyliiiiin . IJ2 i-'i 6008 7316 I J. 57.) 
 
 |lliS|.it;ilj . 8y5 72,^ 01 94 i,8u3 
 
 .ifiisoil houses . 1448 1150 1034 1279 5,111 
 
 2475 2"/' 7133 8689 20,493 
 Uml'm, liVwIt, mill I'eifniis ,,/' {'iixoKuil Mind in 
 Eiiijiiititl (ttiil H'tOcs ; 
 
 Hi'gisti'1-i'il 
 69,8,--3 
 71,191 
 7.''"3 
 74. "'1,1 
 7''.705 
 78,528 
 79.704 
 80, 1 50 
 80,891 
 82,643 
 84,340 
 86,067 
 
 86. 795 
 87,848 
 89,822 
 92,067 
 94,081 
 96,446 
 99.365 
 101,972 
 
 ^llll. 
 
 HuKistcrwl, 
 
 I Jit II. 
 
 lj!9 • 
 
 36,672 
 
 J 879 
 
 ifSo . 
 
 38,058 
 
 1880 
 
 ii6i . 
 
 • 30.647 
 
 18S1 
 
 1(62 . 
 
 4". '29 
 
 1882 
 
 1863 . 
 
 . 43.1--8 
 
 1885 
 
 1S64 . 
 
 44.7-/5 
 
 1884 
 
 lS6s . 
 
 45.950 
 
 1S85 
 
 i366 . 
 
 . 47."48 
 
 1886 
 
 1M7 . 
 
 49,086 
 
 18S7 
 
 i8c3 , 
 
 5l,ixxj 
 
 1888 
 
 1669 , 
 
 53.177 
 
 1889 
 
 1870 , 
 
 54.713 
 
 1890 
 
 1S71 . 
 
 . 56.755 
 
 1891 
 
 1872 . 
 
 . 58.640 
 
 1S92 
 
 1S7I • 
 
 60,296 
 
 ■ 891 
 
 1*74 • 
 
 62,027 
 
 1S94 
 
 i»75 . 
 
 63,793 
 
 ■893 
 
 1376 . 
 
 64,916 
 
 1896 
 
 1S77 . 
 
 66,636 
 
 1897 
 
 1S78 . 
 
 , 68,538 
 
 1S93 
 
 t, 900 
 
 .27.5 
 
 ,,S6; 1863, 
 
 I Criminal lunatics in pliar;;(>, Ort.. 1S90, 926 ; 189 
 te.gis; 1893, 728; 1895, 757 ; 1896, 769, 
 1 1S73. .MnleliiniiticB, 31,024 ; IVinalii, 37,514 ; ratii 
 Mr 10,000. 
 I llati.i i.i'r 1003 to the )inpnlaticm : 1859, 
 
 S;o, 2.47 ; 1S74, 2.62. 
 
 [^In 1S51, tlii'i'i' wi'if in iR'kinil iioaHy 15,000 liinatii's i.t 
 
 ' lissM; in Si'iitlaml in iSsi, 3162 in (.'liarKi' : in 1855, 
 
 ; "fwliii'li Lilly 3328 Weil' I'liiiliM- tlii' iiriiti'i'tion'of 
 
 law; 14,500 iiisaiii.. in Scotland; i8,g66 in Irclainl, 
 
 iJali. 1S97, 
 
 LUND-Iirrji, iii'iir liiinisli.y, in .Sou'li York- 
 Hliiic, Willi., till' iiiliiii-s wiTi'diiiiim ill ilii'|iit, 19 
 Fell, l>^-i', till' iiillitnininhU! gun tiink tin. and 
 o.\|iliidi'il. About IiSij iiiiiii'VH iH'i-ishiil. In April 
 iind >[iiy bodii's wcri' still bciiiK I'.xtiii'ali d, Tbi'i'o 
 lliid bci'ii j;i't';it laxity of ilisiiiilinr ill llii' pit. 
 7000/. wcrr mibsciibi'd'tbr llir biniiivud. 
 
 LUNEHrUO, s,..' ItrmisuU-!;. 
 
 LUXEVILLE (Kiiincc), I'KACK ()!■•, t'lm- 
 I'huk'd lii'twi-i'ii till' f iiiK'li ri'iniblii- and tin' emperor 
 of (Ji'niiiiiiy, I'.iiilii'iin d tlie ii'^sioiis 111. ide by tllB 
 treaty iirCiiinpo l-'oriniu, slipubited tli.it tin' liliiiie, 
 aa far as the Dutch territories, sbmild Iniiu tUu 
 boundary of Friiiiet', iiiid veeo;;iiiscd tlit) liatiivian, 
 Helvetie, Liguriaii, and Cisalpine repnldies, 9 Feb, 
 1801. 
 
 I LUrEKCALLV, a yearly festival obsi'rved at 
 U'.iiiie on 15 I'et), iii:.iitiited ill nieiiiory ol Uoiiiuhia. 
 j and Ueiiais, niiiirdiiij,' to I'liit ireh ; nut aeciirdiiit; 
 i to Livy, brini;,'lit by I'^vaiider into It.ily, These 
 ' feast, lire said to h'livi. been abidislie.! in 41)0, by 
 ' pope Uelasiua, on aecouiil of their great .lisoiders, 
 
 LUSATIA, 11 niiir(|iiiaiitu in N. (iermimy, 
 '■ given to Jiilin of liolii mill, IJI9 ; obtained by 
 : .Matthias ol Hungary, 1478 ; eeded to Sn.xoiiy in 
 
 I LUSH2VIS, see Cliins. 
 
 I Ll'SIAD, the ffreiit epie poem of I be Portu- 
 i,'iie.«e, wniteii in lionoiir of their uisemeries ia 
 India, b_. l.iiisde Ciiiuoens, and |iiib'.i,si ed by liiia 
 at Lisbon, l.i72, 'ihe Kuglisli tiaiisiatioiis are by 
 sir Kiebaid I'an.'bawe, l'i_55; by \Vin..)ulius .Miekle, 
 1775; and others; the "lalest and best by J. J. 
 Aubertin, 1884. 
 
 LUSIT2VNIA, see Vui-liiga!. 
 
 LUSTRUM, nil aiiiieiit e.xpiatory sacrifice 
 made foi tiie Itonian jieopie, at the end of every 
 live years, alter tiie census had been taken. Every 
 tiftli year was called a /iislnan ; and ten, nfteen, or 
 tweiiiy years, were comnioiily expressc .1 by two, 
 lliree, or four titslra. Ihe last lusirum took place, 
 74 ..v.ii. 
 
 LUTE, an ancient instruinent of oriental origin, 
 (.Vrabii-, lit' ml): said to have lierii brought to 
 -Meria, ill the dth reiitury A, I),, and theiiee to 
 Fairoj'C, J. (5, Kacli and others coaiposcU lor the 
 We.-tirii lute in the iSth leiitury. 
 
 LUTIIEKAXISM,* tlie form of Chiistiimity 
 
 lirotes.sed iiy the inajorily of the peopie ol the north 
 of Uermaiiy, I'russia, IJennuirk, and Sweden. The 
 doctrines are mainly embodieil in Luther's cate- 
 chisms, in the Augsburg Confession, and in the 
 Foniiiila Oiiicnri/iic i)( liiL' Luther.ins, pubii>hed in- 
 1580, Their first university was founded at Mar- 
 burg, in 1.^27, by I'hilip, landgrave of Hesse, The- 
 Lutlier nieiiiorial at Worms was unveibd in presence 
 of tiie king ol I'russia and other sovereigns, 25 
 June, i8(j8, Fourlh ceiilenary of Luther's birtn 
 celelir,ited at Hiilb', Lisleben i, where he was born), 
 Berlin, and tlironghont (jerniaiiy; iil.so at London, 
 Kdiiiliurgh, Dublin, iiiul other places in the united 
 
 * Miiitin f.iitliir was liorn at Kisli'licii, 10 Nov. 1483; 
 stiiilii'd at Ki'l'iirt, 1301 : \vas proli'ssor of i.liilosoiiby at 
 Witti'tllierg, 1508 : I'l'sistrd the sale ol' in.lnlgi'lii'es. allix- 
 iiig Ins tlii'si's against tlieiii mi the door of the Ciistlo 
 eliuri'b at \Vitteiilii.rg(ir/ii'.-/t ,>.|( ), 31 Oct. 1317; delendeil 
 liinisi'lt at Angshmg, 1318; at Worms, 1320; was ex- 
 cnininunii'atcd, 16 Jinu', 152a; began his (iernian hiblo, 
 1521 ; niari'ied KatbiM'ine do Hoia, 1325; iiiil.lisliemiia 
 Ucrnmn liilile complete, 1534; died 18 I'uli. 1546, 
 
 \ii$''f 
 
 mi 
 
 
 r'Tir 
 
 
 «. 
 
 . M 
 
 '; 
 
 ■•■*-:; 
 
 
 •■isi^ 
 
 ij'^tS i 
 
 I'^l 
 
 .^K 
 
 
 .4 '^" ■ 
 
 1 
 
 MUSS^Bk 
 
 '/liiW 
 
 ^Wl 
 
 1.-" ij^M 
 
 4 *'• 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 .Niini 
 
 JH'-,^ 
 
 H 
 

 \ki\r^^M 
 
 
 ' \m 
 
 n \; uii 
 
 
 4 
 
 p. 
 
 11. -^ 
 
 LUTINE. 
 
 080 
 
 LYNCH 1,A\V, 
 
 kingdom! lit I'iirin, and othor plaoci ou the con- min cif ApoUn) wuh u N|Mit nnir thi'Ilimun ;„ i,,| 
 tiiicut. ,}l U.t.— 17 Nov. l8«j. wliiTc ,\ri»liitlc tiiiiKlit. I>hil"'"i|iliy; '11,1,1 ,,,i'' 
 
 LVTIXE. «'(■ liy.rks, i7().). 
 
 ciicnillv tiiiit;ht im lie \v;ilki(l, 
 
 ''>Mi"Iiil< *.(, 
 
 I i'ti\Wi\ /ir,i/j(i/, lien, "■"//.■('/■*-«/"//(^, iitiil lii»'|,l|ji ■ 
 
 LUTZEX, IT Li'T/EXdEX (N. Ocrmiiny). I'ljv tlmt of till) tyi'ouni, 342 i,.c. .sv«J„,';," 
 
 tllll illlllrli:.liM> umliT Wiairll-triM, l(. XuV. I(,^. LYCIA (A«ill Mlllor), »lll,i,,.t Hl(„.„iv,.U. , 
 
 hill HiH himself kiUcil ; ami lirrc tlic !• rnicli iinny. Cni'sus (al' it S(jt) li.c), In tlic'l'ri'HiiiiiH Cji , " 
 
 comiiMiidrcl In Naiiolron, ilrf.at.'d the ciinbiiicl to Alrxumici lir (ircat (i^f l'.''0, and loti , 
 
 annii's ol'UiHsiu aiiil l'ni«Ma,( nmnianili'd tiv tfiMiemI ,-v*M<r* the Srlcmidii), Tho K.in ihh "in. i 'i" 
 
 W itf-i'ii.Ht,.iii. 2 .May, l,Sl,v The iiattlMol lliiiitzrri tli.' Itliodiuim (l,S,S ii.f.). It 1 iiir iMimr iii iV 
 
 mid Wiir.si'h.Mi iiiiiiMMliMtoly followed (kj-ii .May). u„d,Tilie Uoniaiis and was annexeil t., tlu. 1, ' 
 
 both ill favour ol Na|Mdion. The allies weiv eom- in Claudius. The iiiarliles oinmrht |r„ni 1 , ,1, 
 
 pelled to pass the Oder, and an ariiiisliee was si,- Charles Kidlows were deposited in thf \,'i i 
 
 iij^reed to, afterwards proloiiiied; hut, iiiifirtiilialely Miiseiiiii, 1H4U-4'). 
 
 fi'f tile Freiiidi i iiiiieror, this diil not iirodiiee 
 
 peace. LYCrRGI'S, sec lan:^. 
 
 J. !ll 
 
 H'XEMRUHG, a Kvaml diiehv liidd by tlie LYDIA, or Maonia, an aneieiit kinii]., 
 
 kiiiK' of Holland till .Nov. iMijii. Lii.xenihiirs, tlie Asia .Minor; the early history «li dly iivt:..,, 
 
 eapilal, oiiee euiisidered the stroiiRest t'ortitied city "I' ;i liiiii: dynasty id' kiii-s, th,. l,„t was '>n"' 
 
 in the worhl, has been many times hesiesed anil "the richest id' iiiankiiid," The eoiiiajr- of ([i,;,j 
 
 taken: hy the Kreiieh in ')M4, 1445, 14711, 1542-,?; and silvca- money, and iilher useful iiivi n ioiii ;„> 
 
 by the Sjialiiards in |:;44 ; by the 'f'reiieli iii 1(1X4; ■'^iriln'i' •" I'n' I.yiliaiis. .Ksop, the f.jiii||(. 
 
 restiaed to .Spain in li)i)7; taken lij tlit I'reiieh in Aleinan, tli irly lyric jioet. Thaler "f .Vilii,!' 
 
 1701 ; jfiven to the Dntdi as a barrier town, but Aii.ixiinenes, .Xeiiophanes. Anarre„ii.itTi.,^, n,.,,,! 
 ceded to the emperor at the ]ieace in 1713. It 'ifof of i'lpliesiis, \-c., tlourished in Lj.i;;, ',^^'\ 
 witlistooil several .iej{es in the List eentorv. It (ireece, from the 7tli ci ntury ll.(■ 
 slll•rende^ed to the Kielich .ifter a .siejfe, from Nov. , , ,...,,, 
 1714 to ,liily, 171)5 ; and was ivtakim by the allies •^-.';""' 1' 'l''«''''i"l'"'t "' Hciralcs, reigns in \.y 
 
 lUrn'l. 
 
 ill May, 1.S14. ' T'opiilation of the ■;raiid duchy, Tli'c'k'iiWloiu, jaopeily so callc 
 18O7, l<)i),c)5>S; 1875,205,158; hSS:;, 213,2X3; 1890, .Vnlys'l. lilnh- . '. . . 
 
 .almli' I,, 
 
 I, licjiiiis iiiiilir 
 
 113; 
 
 211,088; city, 18,187 
 
 Till' ),'r,iiid diicliv was amicxcil to tlic Xctlicrlaiids, 
 Htm iciiiailiiiin a laciiilicr of the licnnaiiic coii- 
 fcdi'iatioii. tile cipiliil hiiviii;; a I'mssiaii garrison 1815 
 
 A |iortiiiii j;iveii to tile new kiie_'doiu of llclf;iiiin . 1830 
 
 After the dissoliitinn of tlic licnnaiii iifeilera- 
 
 tloii. tlic ciiipenjr .\.'i|io|i OJcctcil to tlic I'l'iis- 
 
 sliiii garrison, ami ollcied to Iniv the uraiiil diichv 
 from the kiii^ of IImIImimI .' . . .March, 1867 
 
 III coiisi'(|iiciice of the opposition of Prussia, a coii- 
 fcieiicc of representatives of thcf-'ivat powers met 
 ill l.oiiiliiii. 711 May, who a;;rer.l upon a treaty 
 Jinaraiiteciii;.' the iiciitr.ility o| the laoviiiee, the 
 ivtiii'iiiciit of the I'nissiiin ^,'arrisoii. and the dis- 
 iiiantliii;,' the fio'ticss of l.uxcmliiuiJi . 7-11 May, „ 
 
 The Prussian soldiers ivtircd . Nov. ,, 
 
 The foititieations dismantled . . . . Aii^' 1870 
 
 The 1 pie protest a;4aiii,st 111 isoi'id ion iiitoGcrmanv, 
 
 21 Oct. „ 
 
 They are accused of violatinj,' neutrality, and the 
 abrogation of the treaty in mooted hy I'mssiii, 
 
 early in lice. ,, 
 
 The kin;j of Holland, their sovercinn. declared that 
 he woidd maintain the treaty, 15 Dec. ; aiel the 
 goviMiimcnt protested aKaiiisl the cliarnc, 19 I'ec. ,, 
 
 New treaty with l'iiissi,a ; indemnity to he |iaid for 
 lircaclies of neutrality ; liu'trcsses to he garrisoned 
 bv Oeinians 
 
 Alyatlcs I, reign.'i 
 MyrsuseiMiiiiieiiecMhisr.il'. . . . . ' ll 
 Hcigii of (,'amlaiili's (or .'..r, ilii.s) . . . ' ' l'; 
 (iyges, llrst of I he race .Mci idie, kills I'lniilinihi '' 
 
 marries Ins ipiecii. usurps th,' tiiiniic iilieiit fei 
 
 anil niiikcs great coimuests . . , .,i„„,{ .^i 
 .\irlys II. reigns, 678; the L'iialui licsirgi' Nihls ' 
 
 (lie capital of l.yilia ' ,,, 
 
 The .Mil-si,-iii war, eomiiicnecd niidir Gvgcs, ismn. '' 
 
 tinned liv Sadvattes, who reigns .' . (.: 
 
 licign iif Alyatlcs II ' ' ,j. 
 
 li.ittic upon the liver I laly.s, hi't ween the l.viliaiiN 
 
 and Jlcdcs, iiiteri nplcd hy an almost total ii li|isi. 
 
 of the sun. This eclipse had hen predicliil iimnv 
 
 years before hy Tliales of .Miletus. Ilhiir. 
 
 .iS .M;iV. R,' : : 
 
 Cro'sns, son of Alyatlcs, snecceds to tin- tiimi,,. ' 
 and conipiers .\sia .Minor if.j., 
 
 Cro'sus, dreading ( yrns, wliose ciaii|ai»ts Itul ' 
 reached to the borders of l.ydia, cnnws tlip 
 lliilys to attack the .Mcdcs, w itii 4^0.000 uu'ii iiuil 
 
 6o,o<)0 horse . . . . . . . . :r 
 
 He is dcti'atcd, inirsncd, and besieged in lii.s cnpiial ' 
 hy Cyrus, who onlers him to hu hiniiiil aln,': 
 the lah' is alreiidy on lire, when Ciiisiis lalU 
 aloud Siilttit ! ami Cyrus hearing him. spaivs Ins 
 life. l.ydia made a iiroviiice of the IVban 
 empire 
 
 FortitTcatiiai's^ransforined ti'. civil iniriioses ." '.' I874 ?'"■',!'' '""'"* ''^'iH'" ';',"''"'", 
 ,' duke of Nassau, mi the severe illness of the , ;V'''" '■""'ini'icd by Ah'Xandcr 
 
 Till 
 
 king of Ilidlanil, assumed the regency of l.uxcni- 
 biirg ' lo .\pril, iBSg 
 
 The king iccovers and rcsunics the government 
 
 3 May, „ 
 
 The duke reassnmes the L:ii\crtinieiit as regent, 
 fi Nov. ; hecomes grand diike on the dealb of the 
 
 king, 2j Nov. ; takes tl atb and opens the par- 
 
 liameiif (J lice. 1890 
 
 timnd Duke, 1890, Adolphiis William C'liurlcs, 
 (titulardiike of Nas.san), horn 24 .Inly 1817. Ihir, 
 William .ylcxauiler. horn 22 .^jiril, 185.'. 
 
 LUXOE, imEl-Uksur, E-ypt, see T/iebes. 
 
 Hecomes part of the king'lom of rergannis , . i^; 
 Ciiniiucrcd hy the Turks VD, iw 
 
 LYIXG-IX HOSPITALS. Tin tirsi, i>li,. 
 
 blished in Dublin by Ur. llartlioliniiew .Mossf, a 
 physician, amid strong opposition, was opiiu'd 
 March, 1745; txv. Hospitals. 
 
 LYMPHATICS (absorbent vessels ■■onn..,;,d 
 with digestion), discovered about 11150 liy Ituuhii 
 in Sweden, iiartboliii in Denmark, anil jolvffe i.i 
 Kimhind. .\se!lins discovered tlie liicte'ils in 
 Ifi22. In 1654, (jlisson iiscrilicd to th('«"Vos>fl>tfc( 
 LT''XT'I?Y. T.nciillus (died ,|r) Il.^.^, at Rome, function of absorption ; and their prn|ii<rti"i wr, 
 was distinguished for inordinate luxurv; sec 6«ffi;j- i studied by Win. and John Hunter, iMonro, Uf»- 
 tiHin/ Lairs. ' I son, and otlier gmxl anatomists. 
 
 LYCEUM (originally a temide of Apollo ' LYXCH LAW, pnni.shmeut iuflicleil bypri- 
 Lyeeus, or a portico, or gallery, built by Lyceus, 1 vate individuals, indenemleiitly of the legalauiliTi- 
 
LYNDHUHST'H ACT. 
 
 081 
 
 LYRE. 
 
 
 nciirtlu'llNitu, ;n \iti , 
 
 I)lliln»„|,),y; ,„|,| ,„ ^\ 
 
 ■ «:ilk.d, III. i,u,,ii<„,,. 
 i:i>.-tlhiiltl, iind 111, ,,|||;__ 
 
 I, 34J ii.c. siu„\ ,1 . ,,',■ 
 
 ■), Hulijcct iiiicm»ivi.lv i„ 
 III till' l'iT»iiiin(!;i(,,|\ 
 
 i.vi.i |i.c.), iiii.i iii'iii. „,; 
 
 I 111' K' iimiiii uiivi. |,,,.j,. 
 
 J' ' nil' n"niiii;i|l\ ir,'. 
 
 VMS aiini'M'il til till'. li',|,„ 
 fx lii-iiiiiil.l Imm \^-u\,• 
 ' ili'jiiMiti'il in tiip v,.,,! 
 
 , an iimirnt kiiml',!, ■„ 
 histiii'y »li,ily iivi;„;,i 
 !;.'«, till' lai-t wii:. r'l.'j 
 il." Till' I'liiiiiijr i.i J,,;, 
 
 lll'l- llHI'llll iiii'iniMiii ;,„. 
 IH. .Ksnp, the l.rMili.; 
 
 P'lft, Th.ilii nf .Mil,,,; 
 i. Aiiiii'i'('i,n,,lT,,K, n,f^„; 
 tliiuiislii'il ill l,j,i;;, ,|„i 
 tuiy II. ( 
 
 ri'llll'.l, ivlnlis III i.yc ,i|, 
 
 .'■lllllll' l.(. IJ, 
 II''''. lii'siiis iiiijcr 
 
 ■iliis) . . .'[ I, 
 
 iiii.iilii', kill.'* CiUiiliiuln, ■' 
 ( III.' tinnm' ul».ii| fejo' 
 
 I" • . . iiIkIiii )i.- 
 CiMiliri licsiryi' siiniB^ 
 
 -.'<, lll'IWl'CII till' l.vili;lll> 
 
 i.viin Mini. 1st liitiilnli|,st. 
 i.'iil lii'.ii |iri'.hi'ii..lii]iiiiv 
 .Mili'tUS. ]:hiir. 
 
 -•SMllV. nr ;: 
 HUl'l'I'I'lls to tllr liini,., 
 
 • • ■.;'<>■< 
 
 Wlll.SI' CIllMlll.'sts ImI 
 
 III' I..Viiiil, iii.S'ii's til.' 
 'S, with 420.000 iiii'ii iiiiii 
 
 il lii'sii'pil ill lii.s .','i].ii,i| 
 
 illl to bu l.llllli'il iiliv.'; 
 
 ill', when L'nt'.sus rails 
 li(':iriii|,' liiiii, spaii's las 
 iiiviiii'i' 111' till' riTsian 
 
 I'l''!' . . . . :,2 
 
 nil 111' ri'r^.;lllllts , . ;■: 
 
 . l.n, !,;■ 
 
 'ITAI.S. Till' first, I'.tii- 
 )r. liartlioldiiii'H' Mo>si', j 
 : ii|i|iositiiiii, was nimnTl 
 'ala. 
 
 ihsni'liciit vi'sii'ls oonni'ild 
 red aliont Ili^o bv Huahii 
 
 1 Di'iiin.'irk, unil jolylti' is 
 M'overed llic lactcals in 
 nsi'rilii'il fn tllcsi'VPSi'i'l-tlit 
 
 mill tlifir prnjiorti''.* \wrr 
 Illl Hunter, Monro, Hn'- 
 tiiniists. 
 
 iiii.'slimoiit inflictt'il bvfri- 
 ik'iitlv of the li'''iihiu'tlii'n- 
 
 ; TTij origin of thn term i* ilniilitfiil ; the 
 '"■,,,,,, hmhi'i'n iittriliiiti'il In Jnini's l.yni'li Kitz- 
 Irlilii'n warili'n iilCJiilwiiy, iilinut I 52(1, t(i l,)Ilill, 
 '1 farmrrii' VirKiiiM.ii'i'' •" l..viirli,:i |ii'i'siin srlit tn 
 iiiirrii.i t'l unppK'''"' I'ii'ii'.v, K..S7-.S. "Jiiil;ri' 
 ivmli" iiilli"iil.'l'l ''.*■ •"'"." '".'"' " '".vtliii'iil iicrmiii. 
 rt,, inode of uiliniiii!*ti'riiiK' jiHtii'c nlill cxiHtH in 
 lliioutlvinsr'li'li'i''''' "' ''"'.lni'i'il Sliilcs, I'Viur 
 r bWm wcri' tiiki'ii ''i'"'" in'ii*"" ii'nl Imiisii'd liy 11 
 iinlaniT ri'i"mitt''i' lit New Alliitiiy, on the Uliio, 
 11 Ike. If*"*' 
 
 . ,, „„'iirri'.l nt Snv.iiiniih, fli'iii'K'lii, niul iiwir 
 luwiiiir, AliilKiiim, hihI t'liiiiu, .Ml.s!(iH»l(i|ii, 
 
 Nov. iB(,o 
 1' Sjlinn villnKi', Uonl'l'T eoiiiity, CdIoi'iuIh 
 
 31 Kill, 1891 
 
 \\,tOr\eM\ii(ii'liiihwf) 4 .Miil'fli „ 
 
 ' :,.,. IWishiii'ilnii SI'ili: 
 
 I \ ,ii„riiii« ra** "I ; • ' ,•,,■.• '^9' M 
 ivlit IIII'II kl'l"! "'"' iiiaiiy »''"""li''l 111 atti'inpt- 
 iimtolyiicliaiM'lwmi'ri' llonnoki', Vii'Klnla, 
 
 ai) Hi'pt. 1893 
 ,„ ,||t|.ivnclilnii ('oinniltti'ii oxl^tlni; In Loinliin, 
 ilie.liili" uf Aruyll, sir.l. E. Unrnt, Mr. .Iiritlii 
 .irCifliv, aii'l "tlii'i'^ 'let. 1894 
 
 J fi'n.iiicii 'l)'i"'l"''' at Versaillet, Imliaiia, i) Mept. 1897 
 
 LYNDIirKST'S ACT (,S >t (• Will. IV. e. ,S4), 
 
 I ialrixlucrd li.v lerd l.,Miilliiii'»t, retiilereil viiliil eer- 
 laiD raiirriai-'i's within the furliiiiileii ili';;ree'< (witli 
 Jrci'iiseil wife's sister) ii]) t" that time, but prohi- 
 
 I kiti'iitlii'm for the future; passed ,y .Viin. l.Sj^ 
 
 LYNX KKOIS, or Kiii;t'.s L.mhi, seii]i(irt nf 
 
 I y.rfiilii.V'P"''"'""' '^^'' ''^•4.'i4'' '""'T' 2<i,(i"". 
 I ('liarteri'd liv kin;; .lulm in 12114; taken l.y the 
 I ](irliiimi'ntiiniiiis(.{ Weeks »iep:e), id) ,. Oiitlirenks 
 
 (llviiluiid I'l'^i'i'. attriliiiti'd tii hail water. lH()2 cf 
 I .../.' New sii|iply "f water to he ready in i.Scj.S. 
 I Tliirlern biisini'ss and other houses huriit down in 
 I tlwHisli-^t.. 2: I'''''- '^'17- 
 
 LYOXS (S. Franre), the Koinan Lnirdunum, 
 
 i fmiiili'ii li.v M. I'laiiens, 45 II.C. 1 1 ity wa.s re- 
 
 I (luced to u«lirs in 11 siii^'le nii,'lit hy lii^'htiiiiip, A.l). 
 Ifl, anil wim relmilt in the reinn of Aero. It was 
 la tree eitv till its union with Franei! in 1307. 
 
 t'opulation in i«86, 3()7,.S22 ; in- kS'jI, 401,930. 
 
 t Dattli! mar (,ynn«; Clmlliis AIMnni rtufuMed nnd 
 
 hIhIii liy .•>i'ptlinliiH .Seveins r/ I'eli. 197 
 
 Two neiii'iiil eoiiiii'ils lielil hire (ijth ami i4tli), 
 
 .Hllk iiiiiiiiirMi'tiiie I'lUiiiiii'iii'i'il .....' ijij 
 Lyons taken liy llie npiililii'iniN after yoiliiys'sleKe, 
 9iiet. ; awful pillauii and slaiiKliter fnllow 1 tliu 
 I (Jonvuiitliiii doeriitid tliu denmlltliin of the eit.v, 
 
 I J Uet. 1793 
 C:i|iltiil,'iti'i| to the .Mistrliiiis . . , Mureli. 1814 
 
 Klltr.V nf N'.llioli'ull 8 .Mlllel., 1815 
 
 All insiiiriiliiiii iiiiiiiiiK the armuiiis, wlileh led tn 
 Kleiit popular exeesses : ipn lied liy an iii'iiiy, 
 I ?1 Nov. -11 llee. 1831 
 
 Dreadful ill its, put down liy iiillltiiry . 15 April, 1834 
 Kailwuy to Paris cijieii.il /April, 18)9 
 
 A dreadful lliiiiidiitinn at Lyons (see /«hi»/.i(('ii/i.i), 
 
 4 Nov. 1840 
 
 ; AniuherlliNuriiTli pielliil, with iniieh lo«si.r lil'e, 
 
 I 1'^ .llllle, 1849 
 
 ; Clrand lianipii't In Louis N:ipii|i-..i 15 Auk. 1850 
 
 Aeniiiiiiitlei'of piililirsal'el.Mipp.. '''d hi'l'e and the 
 I'edlliiKi'aisi'ilNoniiiil'ti'rlhi'ii'Vnh, iiilii l'iii'i«. .M. 
 !Sai>;ne,ealliiix hi nisei tpresl.leht,-. n I'liisii-.t (ex- 
 pi'lle.l I'rnin |'iiii.'<), ami othii-ixiivnii' lepiililieans, 
 di're,ilei|iiit|i,.ii'|.n.|i'iivoinnio,li'posi'.M.t.'lialli'iiii'l 
 Lai'iiiii', the prel'i'it of the Uh.iiie, who was well 
 Hlippnl'teil liy the ti.itioiial noiii'd ; Ken. M.i/iil'e, 
 the niilitary eoiMiiiander, aeeiised ot trearheions 
 iiiaetion, was airistiil . . 28 .'Si'|it. 1870 
 
 Ani.'iiid. eiiiiiiiKindiinl of the natlmial Kiiiird, niiir- 
 ileriil liy the iiioli, after a iimek trial, loi- ii'sist- 
 
 in.i; tlieni 2u llee. ,, 
 
 Visili il l.y marshal Mae.Miilinn . . W.'pt. 1876 
 
 Uioliii|>, .s.'e /''I'niii',' ()|.t. ,88a 
 
 Assassiiiatinii of president C'ariint, .see /•'nraei', 
 
 •-'4 .liiiie, 1894 
 Anti-Italian rints . . . jg .lui.e , r-.../. 
 
 Ahont .!,™x) niiiii'il Italians ipiit, I, ymis, n ported 
 
 :'9.liiiie, ,, 
 
 LYllE, Its inventiiiii is aserilied to the Grecian 
 Ilerines (in Latin Merenry), who, aeiordiiiL' to 
 Homer, -lave il In Apollo, the tirst that playecl 11)1011 
 it with method, iiiid aieoiiUMiiiied il witli poetry. 
 'J'ho invention of the primitive lyre, with three 
 Ktrinjrs, is ax'tihed to the lirst K'.'yplinn llerinos. 
 It is said that Terpander added several strings to 
 the lyre, niakiii),' the iiiiniher seven, O75 h.c, and 
 that I'hrynis, a iniisieian of Mitylene, iidded two 
 more, niakini,' iiiiu', 43.S 11. c. 
 
 '~ 
 
 J' 
 
 ¥■ 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 
 '..."■i 
 
 /,ia 
 
 
 
 . ^TmW^/M 
 
 w 
 
 1 
 
 '^H 
 
 'i»''S 
 
►*> s: 
 
 MA('AI)AMISIN(J. 
 
 mi 
 
 MACKDOX, 
 
 ';!'iNfi: 
 
 ht :iw 
 
 ^n 
 
 M. 
 
 MAOADAMISIXn.ii ■<\«t(iii ipriniKl-inakinir 
 iiiM'iili'il l>\ Mr. JhIim Mik'iiiIiiiii, iitiil pulill-lii'il l>y 
 iiim ill mm' r«nM>, in |H|i), |iii\iii»f |n-iMti.tril it in 
 Ayr«liii'('. lie ]in*Tili('ii HtoncH tn li^' hrnkc'ti tii >i\ 
 iii'iiK'ct wct;IiI,iiiiiI tlii'ii^i' iit' rliiili llllit< iiiiiI Krnlliti' 
 <'li|ipln};'<. Ilcni rivcil i(),(i(«i/. IVniii |iiiiliiiMi('iit; win 
 u|i|i.iiMliil,iiirvi\ui--uciici!ilii| till' iiii'ii-H|Miliiiiii idiiilrt 
 ill 1S27, iillil iliiMl ill iHjh; Hi'f Itdditn. 
 
 MACAO (ill tjiiaiu'-tdiiu', S. CliiiiMl wiis (jivi'ii 
 
 til till' riillUUlll»r MS M nillllllCl-fial NlMlicUl ill \y<(\ 
 
 (ill rc'lul'll I'cil' tlli'ir MS-istMllir MttMillst pllMlro), Hllli- 
 Ji'it tiiMlluiilMliilli'ilnilr, whii'li \\»* I'l'liiillril ill iSSd. 
 llcri' (j'liiilHi'iis ciiMiliiKi'd pMl-t 111' the " I.ii-iMil." 'I'lii' 
 lilm»r-i lit' llir Ciinlii' tiailr li\' tlii' l'ii|-|ii^.icsr li'il tn 
 ilK iiliiililioli lirlr liv llir l)lili-li Mini Cliiiii'-ii' khvitii • 
 Illrlil.'* ill 1X7.5. "ull'iiiiU nC plM^iUi' I'cqiiirtcil, 2}, 
 April, liSi)v 
 
 MA(/'AR<)NI. 'I'liis iiiiiiir, jjivi'ii til M piiciii li\ 
 Tliriipliilii' l'iilrli;;ii, I V"). iniitiliiii'S I" ili'nijji uti' 
 trilliii;,' pri'liir.i.iiiircii, iin luilliniiii'i'y, puns, iiiiii- 
 (rraiiis, "wit witliiii't wiMlmn, ami liiiiiiniir willimit 
 Bt'iisr." Ilin piirtii was wi rallrd I'nnii 11 niitritiinis 
 iin'paratiiiii iif wliiMl-llniir in tulus miil tliii'inls. 
 Tlii'sf piiciiis, ill Italy anil Krami', h'm*'' I'i^i' •" 
 Atiiriiriiin iicdi/ciiiiii, anil in Knijlaiiil tn Miiffinmi 
 cliih.H (aliiiUl 1772). «lii'ii rvii-y tiling' riiliriilniH in 
 (Iri'Hs mill inaiiiii'rs was rallnl '• Mm miiiii." Wil- 
 liMiii'rt iiiiii'annii nmniirai-ti'ry '.ii l.iiiiiliiii, mily mir 
 ill Kii;;liiiiil, Dn'. |Ni)7. 
 
 MACCAUKKS, a naiiirnf tlir As i.iina'aiis, wliii 
 cniiiiiiriii'fil tlirir niii rr iliirini;' (hi' pi'i'st'i'iilinn iil' 
 Antiiu'hiis KpipliMiirs, 1(17 H.c. Mitlallii IS, a prirst, 
 rusisti'il till- lyi'aiinv ; ami liissmi. .Iiiilas Mai raliM'iis, 
 dcfcati'il tlir'Syriaii- In thiiT liatllrs. Kid, Id.S H.C.; 
 but ti'll ill an iiinliusli, Idl ii.c. His liriitliir Jmia- 
 tliaii niMili' a IrML'Uc willi tlic Uiniiaiis ami Lari'- 
 (ht'iiioniaiis, ami iirirr an alili' MiliiiinistrMtinn wms 
 trearliiTiuisly killi'il lit I'tulciiiais liy 'I'l'vpliiin, 
 143 n.c. Mis lu'olliiT ami siK'i'i'ssiii', Simon, was 
 also inunli'ii'il, 13^ 11. f. ,(ii!iii llyi'i'aniis, sun of 
 Siimin, siiiTi Tili'ii. His sun Jiiila.s, rallnl also .Vris- 
 totiiilus.tiHik tlir tiili' 111' liiiiu:, K17 I'.c. Tlic liistnry 
 of till' .Mai'ralii'i's is cniit iiiii>i| in tivc lionks i)|' tliiit 
 naiiii', two iif wliii'li lu'c iiiiluiii'il in mii' Apni'iypha. 
 Fiuir iiri- iiii'iiuiifi'il I'liiiuniial liy tin' Hiuiian C'litliulii' 
 I'liiirrli ; mini' liy I'lnli'Staiit niiiniiiitiioiis. 
 Till' iiMt-'iiilii I'lit .Miii'i'mIii'i'S I'liiiprl at (ii'iu-va, fniuiili'il 
 
 ill 1415, liy 111" ranliniil .li'aii ili' ltri«iiii'i', pi'i'siili'iit nl' 
 
 till' rnlllli'il iill'iillslilliri'lllnl till' plan' ill' Ilis si'plllrliri'. 
 
 Till' liiiililiiii: iinirli iiijiiri'il anil lii'sri-iati'il at iln- tiiai' 
 nC till- llrliilliialiiilt w.is hlii'ly M'liiivatril ill 1881 mill 
 lltli'il up MS a I1II1-.IIU11. 
 
 MrCAin'flYITES, n niirc "ivrn to tlip 
 Aiiti-l'anicllitr-. si'c l'iinii//if<s, JJi'L'. lHf)0. 
 
 MACCIiKSFIEF.D.. Chcshin'. was inrorpoi- 
 ntcil in I2'iii, ilisruliiiiirliisi'il in i.S.S^ Tlir cliui'i li 
 of St. .Miiliai'l was li.umli'il liy i|iiri'n Mlraimr in 
 127.S; till' ^rriiinniMi'-s liiiiil in 15112. ruiiulation, 
 
 MACDOXALIJ AFKAUI, soc Prnnsia, 1861. 
 
 MACE. » "iiijKm am ii ii'ly u-iwl !>y tlif> I'avalry 
 of iiiii-t iiatiiins, was orisiiially a spikcil I'luh, hung 
 at till' sadilli'-liiiw, ami usually of metal. Mares 
 were also early I'lisijiiis of aulhnrity Imrne liefore 
 officers of atiile, the top lieiiig iiuule in the form of 
 
 an iiprii rriiwii, mill ruinninnly of hUmt ({i'.t. 71,,, 
 Inril I'liami'lliir anil iipi'.ikeriil tlii'linii,,|ii| iniiinn.iu 
 liMve mail's liiiriie lirlnif lliiiii. Kilwimi Up uj.,,,,,.! 
 to I.iiiiilnn the privile;,'!' of lm,iiii.' pilii „r jjly,,. 
 iiiaies I'lirrieil tii'lore the Inril iii.iyur, 'iiiiiirK, ii.|,,f. 
 men, ami iiirpnralioii, l.ivl. 'l w. is with llii'inn,'. 
 usually earrii'.l liel.iri' the I'lril inayur 1,11 ,|'|,,. 
 11 I'Msiiins, that Wahvoitli, lonl luavi i-'nl' I,.iiil„|, ,, 
 Biiiil to have knni'keil the rehel \Viit TiliT iilf iii, 
 hntse, fur riiilely iipproai'liim; Uiilnnil l|., ^ i.,,,,,.. 
 tier iiflerwanls ile-pati'liinu' him wilh liU i|iij[..,|. 
 15 .Iiiiie, IjMl. CriMUWi'll, eiili'iiu..- tlii' Imin^' ,,( 
 I'liiiiiniiiis tii disperse its Inemlier^ ami ilis.i.lien,,. 
 Iiarliaiiunt, urdered one of his snldii vs |(, li(|,^|. 
 iiway that hauhle," the niiiee, wliiih was il'iu, ;,||,j 
 the doors of the house luekeil, 20 .\piil, lo^j, 
 
 MACEDON (N' (ireei'e). The tu'st kiiwlLn, 
 is said III have heeii loundeil hy t'ariiinn, .ilmiifdi 
 11.(1. It was Hiii'i'issively niidi-r llie piutiitiuii'of 
 .\tlien», of 'I'helies, mill Spaila, until tlui riik-niit 
 Philip, llie father of Alexander ihi' llniit, who In 
 his iiiililiial wisilnin anil warlike explniis ni.iile it', 
 pinverl'iil kingdom, and paved llie way Inr hi. ,„ii', 
 greiitnes.s. 
 
 lii'iHiis iif Cariiiiiis, aliiiiit 71. i ; I'ruliiTus 1., 7.,; 
 
 .\rpiiis I,, (,84 ; Philip I, (.4oiir ).,.). 
 Ileiijii lit .Vinyiitas, 54(1, iif Ali'X.'iiiilir I. lu', •(,, 
 
 .Mai'i'diiii I'liiiipii'ii'il livllie I'i'rsiiuis, 511; iji'llvn,.,! 
 
 liy till' vii'lmv lit I'liilaa . . " , , ,.| 
 
 Id i|.'ii lit I'liiliiias II " 
 
 I'lilidiia, ii'viiltiiij;, 4,1,1: II' lakiii Uy llii' .\UiMii,iin ,., 
 .\i'i'lii'laiis, n.itural snii nl' I'l nlii'ias. niiml, v, tlj,; 
 
 li'^itiiiiati' heirs ; si'i/i's llie tliiiiiit', ;iti.| iiii[it.i\ts 
 
 llii' I'liiiulry, .114; iiiurili'iiil I'V a lavniinii., 1,1 
 
 wliiHii he prill ' I'll his dairu'lilii in iiiiin'liini' ■ ]>» 
 
 I'.iiisaiiias ii'i;;iis M, 
 
 Ui'iHii nl' Aiiiviilas II., arii'r killing I'liKiiiias . :,, 
 Till' lllvriaiis enter .Maridniiia, exprl .yiMyii|ji.<, mil 
 
 iiiaki' .\rKii'iis, lirntlii'r nl' l^llls:lllia^, ki'ii^ . . jjj 
 .\iiiyiitas .'i;;aiii ri'i'ii\irs his Kiu-'ilnai , , -^., 
 
 Ul'i^!ll 111' .Mi'xaiiilir II.. jo-j; .'iss.is^iiuU'il . . . >, 
 H.'iKii of Pirdii'i'as 111.. )64 ; killi'd in l.iitili. . . ,,0 
 Ki'i.Ltii nf I'liilip II., ami iiistlliitlna ul tlie .Miii'i'. 
 
 ilnlliall Jillalalix :,, 
 
 lie ili'leats till' .Mlii'iiiaiis ,'iiii| llhri.iiis . 
 He lakes .Viiipliipnlis .... 
 III. rniiipiirs Tliiaii'. lllvria. and Tlns.salv 
 liiith iMAIi'Xaii.l.r III till' (ileal . 
 Cinsi' nf ihe lirsl sarli'd War 
 lllyrii'iiiii nviriim liy Hie aiiiiy nl' I'liilip , 
 Tiirai'i' made tiilniiaiy In Maridnii 
 Alistnlli' llppnillli'il tiitnr tn Ahxaiiilir . 
 
 War iiKiiiiist the Alhiiiiiiiis ;„ 
 
 I'liilip lii'sii'gi'il Hyzaiiliimi niisiii'ii'ssriilly . . '^u 
 Itatlle iirciiierniiea ; I'liilip vii'lnr . . . isS 
 
 I'liilip is iissassiiiati'il liy I'aiis.iiiias at .K;;!!' ilurins 
 
 the eeleliralimi nf names in liniiiiiir nf liis 
 
 daiiKliter's miptiids; Ah'Xamler 111., tin; Gri'iit, 
 
 ' slleri'i'ds Kft 
 
 The (irei'ks a|ipniiit him (.'ineriil nf their iiniiies 
 
 a;;aiiist the Persians :-,; 
 
 The Thi'liaiis revnlt ; he U'M'ls Tlu'lics In tlii' 
 I ^rnuiiil ; the liiiii.se of I'iiidar ainiii' lilt . „ 
 
 ' He passes iiitn .\sia, and ;; allis his lirst lulttk nviT 
 Darius at the tiraiiieiis . 22 Jhiy, ri 
 
 Sarilis surrenders, llidieariiassn« tiikeii, mul I'itirs 
 
 in Asia .Minor 
 
 Mi'iiiiinii ravii^i's Hh' fyelailes : Darius liiki's llii 
 
 lield with 4f«.ix)o iiilaiitiy. and nxi.oon eiivalrj' 35) 
 Darius difeateil at lssus(i>'/i;./i .sit) . Xnv. „ 
 
 Alex ler nil his way In K.^ypt, lays sii'ge te Tyir, 
 
 whii'li is destrnyid after seven iiiniiths . . ja 
 Danuiseus is titku'n ; Uaza surreiidi'is . , , „ 
 
 3''«. 
 
 ■ 3:' 
 • W 
 
 ■ 314 
 
 ' 3IJ 
 
MACEDUN. 
 
 StS 
 
 MADAOANCAR. 
 
 1> "f KiUiT (ji'it. Til,. 
 
 t I hytl.MWnl ,.„,„„„,„, 
 
 !■ hhviir.l III.itmii'M 
 
 liii-iim t:u|,i „r li'.ir, 
 
 iii.iV'i'. 'liiiiU'Mi.],!-. 
 
 Il Wiis vntli iliniii,,. 
 
 1"1-|| ll|;l\i,r 1,11 ,t|,,, 
 
 nl ni;iVM',,ri,,|„i„„^,, 
 
 '•'"■I \>llt IMiT.Jfl,,, 
 
 .' Ili'liiinl II., „,„,ir. 
 Iiini will, liU ,',^„,j^ 
 "■iitirliiM. Ill,, iipii,, ,j. 
 niliiT^ iiiid (liwdlvcii,,. 
 Iii" «..|ili. r* I»"||,1,, 
 
 ■, Wllil'll Wll« il„|||.. jiij 
 
 1, 20 .Viiril. |(i^;. 
 '). Till' iii'st kinrt.in 
 
 !))• ClUlllMH, :ll«.ut;tjl 
 IlIlT lllr |llot,'(Ui,|l'i,f 
 
 II til, iiiiiil thi' rtiiiii.f 
 
 'IcT 111'' fil-iut, wIloU 
 
 ihki- ix|ilMit«iii,iileii;i 
 il tlic wiiy tin- hi. jiin', 
 
 lillll!<, 51.!: ilHiVilr.l 
 
 I'll li.V till' .VUl. walM , , 
 
 ll<ltl<-, llll'l illill|M\.^ 
 
 li.v 11 t,u.ii\mi,, 111 
 
 li'i ill 111,11 riiip' . jjj 
 
 llll;; rilH;illl;lH . 35^ 
 i'\|»l .Viiiyiiliut, and 
 
 i-i,iiii,i>, kiiij . . ,-,, 
 
 i:--l"iii . ' . . '':',. 
 
 ■^a'^iniitc'l . , . y; 
 
 illi'M in lilllill' . . y/s 
 
 imiiMi u| 111,. Mill.,,. 
 
 u^ 
 
 lllyrliiiis . . j'o, '„ 
 kS 
 
 let Tll'.1.*ll.V . ^j6-Vl; 
 
 ■lit .... lU 
 
 <llcri'S.sfllllv . 
 tnl' . ' . 
 
 minx lit .l-^ii' iliiriiis 
 
 in liniiniir (if liis 
 
 iiliT III., tlic (Jnal, 
 
 .•Is Til. 
 riiliilli' lilt . . „ 
 s his lii-,1 l.;ittli' nvrr 
 
 J2 May, ;;( 
 
 Ills tllkl'll, .uiil cillLS 
 
 s : Darin.s fakfs tlii' 
 ml itw.cKMj r.ivalrv 3J3 
 
 Il sir) . . x.iv. ,; 
 
 )t, l.iys .sict;,' W Tyrr, 
 I'll iiintiths . , 331 
 •Ulllll'l'S 
 
 • 330 
 
 y'7 
 
 ■las 
 
 .T5 I 
 31a ' 
 
 301 I 
 
 »y8 I 
 
 (Hiimler flit''" .li!ni»iili>iii ; K((y|.t f(iiiiiti(irf.l 
 
 liiHii.lrIn l'"iiii'li"l 
 
 '„ |Vr«iiiii'it"t.illy ili'fi'iilc'il III .\rln'lii . |(i,i 
 i,wiiili'riiiii»tii"' .KkIii ; I'litci'n lluliylnii 
 .|,.iiillii'llii'"iii' "I' I'li'lii" 'It f^ii'iii 
 I'iriliiii, Mi'iilii. *'■ . "I'l'i'iiiii liy liiiii , 
 
 |,il.,Iri«,l|llc'''ll "f till' .\lllll/li|lrt. VI«ltH liilll 
 
 i|, i.iil.liK I'lirini I'lii'iiH'iiiM III ili'iitli. 111! 11 clmrKii 
 
 |...u,|.irai'y Kiipiiii*!! I" Ik' I'hIki' 
 lli<,\|«'iliti"ii til Ihiliii : I'linm, kliiKiif lihlln, Ik 
 
 ,|,.f,.il,Hl mill t'lki'U ; mill tlii' I'miiitiy an riir iin llm 
 
 iiiiii.i'«, i»">i'iiiiii ■, 
 
 t',iliiillii'ii''« i" rut til till' liii'tiiii' fur i-rfii^inn t" 
 
 Mlilrrillvlll'' li"lll"K'' t" AI''N'lllili'|- 
 V^iVH iif lilnaiiiiiiml .Ni'iinliii.i fr'Hii the Iiiilliit tu 
 
 iV EuiiliriiteH , 3ad-3jj 
 
 MiinutiiUiili.vliin, 13 1 : '111'" .... jjj 
 
 l«,ili|,|II. (Ariilii'U.ijkiiiK Vii 
 
 .Ui Wl'li't'il i'i'lli|'li"'t» Mil' ilivlilcil llliinll); hiN 
 
 p iiiTiiN, }'}'■ 111" ri'iiiiilii" nil' lriiii«|i(ii'ti'il tu 
 
 lHaiiilriii, llll'l li'ii'li'il li.v rtiili'iiiy . , 333 
 
 Hiriin-rki .Irl'iiili'l liy .\iili|',ili'i' ami Ih,' .Man'- 
 
 ,i.iiii«iiii,iiwii'l'i~iii"ii ("■'''''' -11) 
 
 OiMiiiliT I'l'inii", II'' : I'l'iill'l" 'I'lii'lii''! . 
 
 S'l.'iii'iliri'i''"!'!'' I'iil')l"ii 
 
 Oi..aiiiliT kilN ll",\iiiia mill licr K"n (Ihi' hint of 
 I .il,'«aii'li'r''< fiiiiiily). iiml iiHiii|i!< Ihi' Ihiiiiii' . , 
 nillii'Mf l|»iii»("''i"'/i ."I'l'); AhtiK'iniit killi il , 
 
 .V(« iliviniiHi iif llu'i'injili'i' 
 
 iwiliiifCii.wiiii'li'i' 
 
 I Ri.i.iiiif Ali'Vau'liT V. mill .Viilli'iiti'r, hii .sim.i 
 li.:mlnii» I., I'iili"ii'i'li"<, sun uf .\iiti)j;iiiiiH, niiiriU'i'H 
 
 .U'Mlll'irl', ami Xl'i/rl till' I'lliWIl iif .Mai'i'illill . 3g.j 
 
 .lili.iaiikwiii' li'iiiii"! iiKalimt Miii'i'ih'ii , , 381-243 
 liKivriiiii'-ati I'f I'ynhiis, 287; Ly«liimcliiiH, a86 ; 
 
 I'liili'iin I'l'i'iiiiiinn 
 
 Irru|iii"ii"f II"' "111111 ; I'ti'li'iii.v kllli'il , . . 
 S,i>tlu'iirsK"ii'riis 
 
 RiV'll'if.VllllKi'lllllt'i'lllltll". "I'll I'f Hrlmtl'illrt 
 
 Piirlum iiivaiii'i Slari'ilini, ilrlrats .\iili>,'iiiiiis, ainl 
 i.4 |ini('Iiiiiiiril kiii^' . . , , . , , 
 
 P;riliii»»lalii ; .\iitiKiiiiiH ri'ntiil'i'il 
 
 .Uilifiiiiiiilakrs Allii'ii" 
 
 Ilirlial,l»anaiii ilivaih- Mai'i'ili'll , . . . 
 
 Il,\..||iii till' I'lirlliiaiis 
 
 llri.'iiiirilriiii'triiis II. . ^ 
 
 riiilij'. Ills Null. 232; Hft iiMiili' liy .ViiliK'iiiius liiisiin 
 
 i'liilil' v., j2o; allii's with ll.'iiiiiilial, 211 ; wai's 
 iiiiiiii'i'i'Msfiillyapilnst till' Iflii'ilimis 
 
 riiilij' ili'l'iali'il liy Mil' Uiiiiiaiirt at tlyiiiwc'iilialin i.j; 
 
 ll.:.'iii.f IVimii.s, lii» SUM, 178; war with HniiM' , 171 
 
 I'lhiih 'li'li'ali''l at ryiliiii; .Mil Inn iiiailc a 
 
 Kiiiiiaii pnivliH't 
 
 I'tmih aii'l Ins snris walk in I'hailis lii'lnrr tlm 
 ihaiiiil iif .Kiiiilins in lii.s triiiin|ili I'nr tin' run- 
 i|ii,',s|i,r.Mni'''ili'ii 
 
 iMiiiviliun .if All. iris, lis, ,.allin>; liinis. If rinli]i, 
 .iiiiiif IViwns. ,|iii.|li'i| 
 
 51; liiiiia iiliniili'n.il hy Thi'iuhaii' tlii' Ostin. 
 
 , -''111 \.ii. 48j 
 
 h'ij|iii'ml liv till' Hiiltr.'iiians ,,g 
 
 l|.r,.vi'n'iil.y llii'(.|ii|ii.|iir li.isil ,,,;„ 
 
 I'nii.'l iiit'itlii' l-.i-i'i kin^t'lnni uf 'riu'ssaliinica, liy 
 
 38l 
 
 ■jyi, 
 278 
 >77 
 
 V.\ 
 ^7-' 
 368 
 
 2 so 
 -.(') 
 
 ■JMJ 
 202 
 
 168 
 
 l.,8 
 
 ll"ii!lari'. Iif >i..:itli'i'i'.'il 
 
 l.'o4 
 
 I .'ilii'i'iaii'ais iliaiip's, I'l'ii'iiuri'.l liy .Viunialh 11., 
 
 I ami iiiiiii'.wl liiTniki'y i^^o 
 
 .UIamliiiiiaiiSiii'ii.|y fiiniii'il tn my the rxi'i'iilinn 
 
 .if til'' I'lvaty lit lliilin (1S78) was actiM' in 
 
 ,S!i-,;5. 
 I Mawl'iiiian ciiii^jri'ss at Snlia; iii'tition.s in iirinci! 
 I IVriliiiaii'l llll'l till' czar . . . April, iSnc 
 
 I Til trypi'atiy ilisliirni'il ; ciinllii'ts lii'twi'cn 
 
 llii' pisipli' ami till' I'lirkLsh tr()ci[is, ri.jiiirti'il, 2) 
 
 .lull.'; many airi'sts . , , . .Iiini'-Aiij;. ,, 
 I TiiMillii^euf lliis|iatattai'ki'.l anil ilcstrovi'd liv a 
 
 tanilof Maei'iinnliili.s, An;,'. 1895, 8.'i> 'V'l.ai.s 
 
 It, ,1 • • 7. I.S •Inn. liq'i 
 
 [ Tlif Maci'iKiiiian fiiiiiniitti' talHnlia, ili'inamliiiL; 
 
 I Miinus I'riiiii TiH'k.'y .... ji .liini' 
 I I'.iiillii'ts brtHi'iMi Tiirks nii.l (Irni'ks, r(']M)rti'il 
 
 , , , ''iilv. All-, ,, 
 
 .1 Turkish consul assm.ssiiiati'il liv .'Vlliniiians in 
 Vi-i'ii.'i: alsi'iil nf in«nri;i'nfs r.iiiti'.l Ivv Tiiiks 
 
 I "■:'";''"l "24 An;;, „ 
 
 |i.r.'.'klnii.ls.lisii.'i's...l; fiirtli.'rcnnllicts, 4 -^g Si'i.!, ,, 
 
 jTniiii|iiillity ri'imrti'il ,^ \i,v. 
 
 iTafcis, Maci'iliinian rliirf, i'a|itiin's Kiania, 'ii.st'rijn;i 
 Turkish i,o.sitiua 6 Mareli, 1897 
 
 Frnr|ii«nt I'tiiiHU'ln liutwiii'ii Mi'rviaiiH iinil lliilttn- 
 
 ^ '■'"'I", net. iB9r 
 
 ."'ii'arili fur iiriiix ; tortiirn ami iitnu'ltldH uii lliilwi- 
 rlmni in I'skiili, Kimmivii iiml iiUmuIiiti' liy I'lir. 
 
 kl'<li iilllcials KhIi, i6i)£. 
 
 CiMiiniUsliin iiniiiinlrVHi'iit liy llii. jKirlai; ,27 llnl- 
 KarimiM ri'h'a«i.i| at L'skiili, ami 151 at l«t..|i, Ki'li, 
 
 ,Miiri'lii t\ lliiluarliiiii tcnti'i ,1 Id lifn ini|irisiHi- 
 
 iiii'iit 27 Niar.'li, ,, 
 
 M^VCKDOM.WiS.iisi'riii-Arinnsi'ct.l'iill.iwi'rft 
 
 "' .M.li'l'il lis, ni.lili. li|s||ii|i nf ('nl|.tillltilln|iln 
 
 II limit 541. Ilj.s ll|i|lnil|l||li'llt XMlH U'ri'llllv nl)|iiisi'(l 
 
 iiml It'll ti) iniii'li III Isliiil, II,. w.in |..x|M'lli.il l>y 
 
 till' lll'iri'l' l.t 11 inull'il lli'lll ^'Hl, 
 
 , ma(;hiavki,i.i,\n- I'uixcii'ijis, 
 
 " "I Ni."l" .thiclii.ni'lli lit I'liiniiii' (.liufn 
 
 M'l), ilii'il ls.'7), ill Ills ■• I'lni'tii-c nf I'nlilii's" 11ml 
 "Till' I'liiii'i." liv smiii' IMry iiri' Hlvlnl "the 
 niiwt pi'iiiii'iniiK inii'ciin.s nf ;.'i.\i.niiiii'tit, IhiiikIi'iI oh 
 till' vili'st p.ilii.j' ;" l)y iitliirs lilt '■s.iiiiiil ilui'tritK"*, 
 
 tlnt\vitlisliiiii|iii(- till' |iri'iiiiliii' err .mslv ruiiii'il 
 
 iiirjiiiisl lliini," Till' iiiillinr Mini llmt if lin liiiiKlit 
 jirinii's In 1)1' tyniiits, hi. nlsn tiiiiulit tlm jii'i.iili' ti> 
 ili'-li'iy tyiiiiils, "III,. I'nnr,.' ii|i|ii.iiri..l at limne 
 in lyj3, mill was ir.iisliiti'il iiiln Kn^ilisli in 17(11. 
 
 MA(MI';.rOVI('K (iii'ar Waisaw, r.'lniiil). 
 Iliri'llir I'nlis w, ri'i.itiillyili'l\'iit(.il liylli,. Uiis.-iiiils, 
 unci t.irir (.'iiifriil, KnM..i'i|.iki), tiikri'i iMisnncr, 10 
 Oi'l. i;i)4, iiilcr a iiiiiiilfii'iisni'liiiii, lie sircimniiiily 
 i'nili'avnin'i..l III pri'vi'iit tin' jiim'tinn nf ih,. Kurtsinn 
 mill Austrian nni.ir.s, I Iw stalrnu'tlt tliiit Im siiul 
 " Kiiiis l'.,l..iiiii.:" is . .iiitraili.'ti'il. 
 
 M.VOKKXZIE HASIV, xn- Ciw/'/ii, iHHH. 
 
 MAIJAUA.SC.\U (S, !■;. nin.st nf .Vfrii'ii), n 
 )i\v,:v islmul (i'i|iiinl, .\iilaiiaiimivn\ saiil tn Imve 
 lii'i'ii (lisinvi'i-.d hy I,.iri.iizn Aliiu'iilii, l^U,. Tllif 
 Iicnplc me I'alli'il lloviM. I'niiiilntioli, about 
 4,(KK),fXKJ (lHi)4), 
 rnrtnuiicKc K,.llU.|ii,.|it, 154S; il(.stiny(.il liy tlm 
 
 I'lanch mil', 11142, III! arrival nf a l-'rcmh pivcriim le^ia 
 Till' I'lini'li ,ittiiii|.ti'il I.. SI till. ,it Antiiiini'l hav in 177+ 
 
 L' it llinynwski sii|iii ill,' in llii' islainl, Uil. 1773 •. 
 
 killi'il ill an in.'niinli r wiili th.. Ii, n.li 2) Mav, 1786 
 Th.'ir I'stalilishni.'iit at I'mt lian|.|iiii I. 11 iiitn tl'i,, 
 haii.ls nf th,. Kn^lish with llmirlinii ami .Manritin.s 
 
 ,„i'i iSio-n 
 
 The mtth.nii'iil.s 1 iilnl tn kin;; Uail.inia, mi his 
 
 K'iviiiK lip tin' slave tia.lf i8iS 
 
 Ua.laina 1. kin;; iKu., wlin f;iv..nri'il Kiirnpcaiw iiml 
 
 .'ii.'.'iiriig..,l I'liiistimiity, liiiil , , . . 182a 
 .\ nailiiiiiary imliiy iiinlrr his i.iii'r,';i'tii' iiuci'ii 
 Uaiiavalniin, i.SjS. Tlii. Kii-lisli iiiissinnaries who 
 rami, in i,Sj,iiil'li.v'i..l 1.1 ili.|iart . . , 1835 
 
 T'lii' api.li.'atn.ii m tin- u.iii\.' l.iws In Uii' Hiirnin'mi 
 si'ttli'ls ,.,rasii.ii|.i| an iiiis'i.ri. .s.iil atl.ii-k mi th,' 
 tnwn .if Taiiialav.', l.y ,1 iiiiilnl .'Xjiclitimi I'rmii 
 till- -'.n.-lisli at llii. .Mauritius, ami tlic Kniii-h 
 fi.iiii 111,' isl,. ,ir l|,,iirlii,ii .liiii,.. 1845 
 
 Allmnii'alih'inti.rriiiirsi.ii asi.s,tli,iialiv. Cliristimis 
 
 siill.r pcisi'intiiin iK|,.il8t-/. 
 
 The Krcii.h ilch'ati.il in all aita -k mi the islaml. 
 
 I'l ii.'t. i8s5 
 t.nispira. y a^i.iinst Ihe i|ni.,.|i fiu.iiate.l . .lime 1857 
 The rev. W. Kills |iiil,lislii',l mils nf his three 
 
 visits tn ill' islainl. mi l„.|iall uf th,- l.mnl.iii 
 
 .Missimiary .■Sa.iety, in i,S!;4 5 < 1858 
 
 The i|ii.'en I'les ; siic..e,.,li',l l.y her smi liailaiini II., 
 
 ,„'i''l"i^ti'i I 2i Any. »«(» 
 
 ri'i'aty Willi liriat llritain ami l-'ianee sipie.li 
 
 12 Sept. i86? 
 .\ I'.'VnInti.iii ; till kin;jamlliisniiiiistirsassiissiiiale,l: 
 
 till' . I 1. '.'11 K.isnh.iiiia lir.i.lainie.l s.ivii, it;n. .May, 1863, 
 Kiiiliassy [11,111 .Maii,i-as. ,11 arrives al Sunlliauipli.il, 
 
 l-'eli. 1864 
 Hispnli's With the I'ri.iii'h . . . Nnv. 
 
 T"i.at> v^ilh in'. at Hritaiti ; t'iiristiaii..i tn he tut,. 
 
 raleil. ,\;r,. 27 .liiiie. 1861; ; ralilleil . jjiilv, 1866 
 
 Hev. Will. Klliss •■ .Maihi;;a.si'ar llevisiteil,'' niiii- 
 
 li-^li.-.l , l-'eli. ,867 
 
 Tlnilineiiilicil in .March ;ln.rciiHsiii, liana valniia II., 
 
 sncccileil a.s iiiiecn, i .vpril, 1868 ; Imptizcil, Full, i860 
 
 []'! 
 
 ■■]* 
 
 
 
 U' i. 
 ,.'' • 
 
 
 4..m 
 

 mi 
 
 m 
 
 
 IV 
 
 Wk 
 
 
 MADAGASCAR. 
 
 6St 
 
 MADAGASCAR. 
 
 Dr. Iliiiiry Hnwlcy w.is ciinsi'cnilcil llisllc^l) of 
 MiKliigasciiv, Dec. 1S72; llr. H. Ki'st.'llrdjiiisli 1874 
 
 Afru'nii sliivfi-v ]in>hililti'il. 1873 ; s.il Iv Juiio, 1S77 
 
 Uispiiti'S with the l-'ivni-h ll,■^i|l ivs|iitIhi'; liiiid 
 givfii ti) I.:ilpiirili', :i Miissiiiiiiin, icliiiniml by tin! 
 Hi>VMs ; ajjKn'Sshc' insulcjit i-mnliift nf l-'ivnch 
 i-onsuls. Cmssiis, Mi'ViT, mikI liaiMlMis . . 1S79 it sn/. 
 The Kiviicli cliiiiii inoti'i'torati' of part of N.W. Mii- 
 iIm),',is(.mi, liy virliic III u tivaty Mi;iiii' wiUi ivlu'l 
 cliii.'i's, 1840-1 ; nil a]i|ii'.il till' Miiiisli piMTniucnt 
 (•iin-csjiiiinl Willi tin- Kivm-li niiiiistry .July, Ann. 1S82 
 Native eiiil«i.s.sy In l-'iaiiee (ilijeetiny tu Kieiieh 
 
 ]iri)teetiirate, &e. 0,1. ^^ 
 
 'The Freijeh (."'vei'iiiiient iinyieliliii^ Xnv. ; tlie 
 eiiviiys iiuiii' to l.iiriiloii;' receiveil liv eavl 
 Granville, z llei'., Iiv lli<! i|iHrii . . 12 Di^e. „ 
 I'rienilly nioilDiration nf ihe treatv iif iS'iB with 
 
 i':ii.nliinil ' . . i-\.],, ,883 
 
 Arrival nt Kreiieh war vi'ssel.s in Mailiifjasear 23 Im-Ii. ,, 
 Treaty with the L'liited Statc.-i ratilieil almiit 
 
 14 .March, ,, 
 H.M.S. /)n/rt(/at Taiiuilavc . . . i4,\|iril, ,, 
 Treaty with (iennaii.v .... 15 May, „ 
 Ailmiral I'iene limuliarils ami seixeH the ciistnin- 
 hmisc at Ma.jiiiiwi 24 .May ; .\i|iii. I'iene Iniinlianls 
 Taniatave,iiiiiv,si.sliiii,'ii.Inne,ca|itiire.sit,i 5,)iiiie, „ 
 Freneh ultiiuatuin, nllereil ami rejeeteil,aiinimnee(l 
 
 1 1. J line, „ 
 Tile iiiiet'ii Daiiavaluiia II. dies atioiit 13 (liilv; 
 
 sni eded hy her nil Kaiiavalnn.i III. . .liil'v, ,, 
 
 TcmiariV" destroyed; slate of sie;;e al TanialaM'; 
 adiii. I'iene orders liie llrilish eoiisul, 'l'. C. 
 i'akeiihain (ill) to ijint within 24 hours, who dies, 
 22 June. .Mr. 81ia\v, iiii.isionarv, aneslid ; ea|it. 
 Jiilinson 111' the /i/v/'"' insiilteii ; the liiilish ^o- 
 veriiinent deiiiamls e.Njr.aiialions 12.J11IV, salislac- 
 tiiin ordered to he Kiven . . .' .Xng. „ 
 
 Adiii. rien-e re|iiirts repulse of two iiiKht-attaeks 
 
 '<» 22 June and 5 July, ,, 
 
 Release of .Mr. fShaw elioiit .... 7 Aug. „ 
 
 Adin. I'iene dies ,„ Sejil. ,, 
 
 The Hovas retake I'remdi ]iiists, exeept .Majuntsa, 
 
 anmiuneed 6 ^Sept „ 
 
 Mr. Shaw at K.veter Hall, deserilies his arrest, false 
 charges af^ain.'il him, cruel iLsane, and aliruiit 
 
 ^'■elease 27 «eiit. „ 
 
 Cireat mortality amonj; French troo|is . Sept. ,, 
 looo^ awarded to .Mr. Sh.iw, and ,ipolo(.'y made to 
 the Uritish (,'ineniineiit liy the French, announeeit 
 
 alioiit 21) Oct. ,, 
 Jfueh liritish piope-ty destroyed . . .Nov. ,, 
 Freucli demand raised, liy .M.Ilaudais . .Jan. 1884 
 'The p'rench cliainlicm vote to support Freni h 
 
 honour in M.adiiKascar (450-32) . . 27 .March, ,, 
 French attack on the Kova canip re|iulsed 27 .lune, ,, 
 Two blue honks iiulilishedliy the llnvaj,'oveniment 
 Kiviii^ the history of the disputes with the 
 
 Frenidi, 1879-84 An^'. ,, 
 
 Desultory warfare and iie(.'ntiations re)iorted, 
 
 French settli'inents in iirnt;ress at .MajuiiKa, fee. ; 
 
 the Hovas piviiare for war . 1 , . Ana, ,, 
 
 The French homliard .M.ihaiioro . , .22 Sep. „ 
 
 Mr. T. Wilkinson, missinn.iry ami trader, ex|ielle(l 
 
 from Antananarivo I'nr newsjiajier cnrrespondenco 
 
 Nov. ,, 
 The Hovas severely del'e.ited . .2 Dee. „ 
 
 The French take forts after sharp conllict 6-1 1 Dee. ,, 
 iJeven French ships of war at 'I'amatave, the Ilnvas 
 
 retreating inland Jan. 1885 
 
 French chaniber.s vnte for maintainin;,' of .'<liihix i/iin, 
 
 Jiilv-AUK. „ 
 Unsuccessful French attack on the .Mahcasy 
 
 position near Tauialavc . . . 10 .Sept. „ 
 Another conHiet (undecisive) annniinced 28 Sept. „ 
 AeKotiations for pence fail; French iirnlect orate 
 
 riyecteil 3 .Iiiiic~i7 Auk. „ 
 
 Tresly si^-iicd cnncediiiK jiartial French control on 
 
 fnrelKM alliiirs; 4oo,ixif)/. as coinpcnsaliou for 
 
 local iii.iuries&c, liy the agency ofadm. .Mint. 20 
 
 Dec. 1S85; ratilicd liy Freiich'scnalc 13 .Ma -eh, „ 
 
 M. le .Myre de Vilcrs, liist l''rcnch rcsidenl .Vjiril, „ 
 
 Tamatjive evacuated liy ihe Ficiich, rcoccupied liy 
 
 the natives . . ' . . . . .j:; .lau. 1887 
 I'mspiiily of the island iciioitcd . . .,i)cl. 1889 
 French protectorate recognised liy GriMt Ilri'taiu 
 
 5 Aug. i8go 
 Wa.S3acre of about 200 coniplainiiiji natives, by the 
 jfovernor of Delanoiia, reported . . 9 Jan. 1891 
 
 The governor and his brother tried and iv|.rii i 
 reported , ..'"',' 
 
 Dr. Catat, .it Paris, reports the iVsnlts ,,f"''"-'' 
 exphiriliK .seielitilie ex|iedilinii in .Mielamse . 
 I sent lint m .883, by the t;ovcnimeiit ,, j| ' ' 
 
 Iiisunection in the Conior.i Islands (iiein '.Vi'i,,! ' " 
 
 Kiiscar), rilled by Arab (diicfs iiiiilir I-',- f, . .^ 
 
 tectioii; massacres and exactions. I'rinee Saij,,; 
 rcliiscs to iic;.'otiale with Dr. Oriuiires ti I 
 ; French resident, reported . . , .gji',,,.. 
 
 The residents take rclii-e in the ships ; slaves In,') ' 
 the town in .loliaiina Island, rc|)oi i,.l , \, . , 
 
 Murder of Dr. lic/iat, chief of the FhikIi im. ;.'i " 
 
 '^i.'iii, reporied ":;;;;::i 
 
 j .M. (ieniKcs .Miiller, Fremdi explorer. ,d»,t i,',' " 
 lirifjands near Maiidritsara . . '^ , 
 
 I Coiilliets lietween the Freneli and the Hovas v '''- 
 liorted ^1 111. . 
 
 A cyclone at Diej;o .Suarez ; [.'leat deslraeiion'lf " 
 property p,,,, . 
 
 Exploring ex]ieditioii of prince Ili-nri d'OrJi.a.js ''* 
 and .M. de (irandmaisnn , . , .Jn]^. .' ', 
 
 I'arlial lilock.ido of the jiorts by the Freliell r?.' " 
 I'orted ,,^.,.- 
 
 Arrival of M. le Myre de Vilers at Tiiniatine 2 " 
 .Nov.; his nltiniatiim re.jecteil bv lii,. i|„',.,, 
 Kovernmeiit. 1, .ported .; .Nov.; dip'loin.ui,. r,,,,' 
 tiire lu Xo\ . ; 'I'aniatave lesertial by the llnvm' 
 
 The (pieen's manifesto exhorting' to resistance" " ' " 
 
 Tauiativcoceupied by till' French . . ",VliiV ' 
 
 The iinceii accepts the conditions of the I'lvneli ' " 
 
 I ) 1 ii'(^ 
 
 Defeat of the Hovas at Farafatra . . ■•■ \),;.' " 
 
 .Murder of .Mr. ^oriiay, a Dritish subject. re|.r,n..,i' " 
 
 .M. le Myrede Vilcrs, dissatislied with lln- c|ii,,.i'^ " 
 concessions, leaves, 27 Dee. 1S94 ; arrives nt 
 
 Marseilles ../j^,, ... 
 
 Ma.juiiKa bombarded and occupied by the l-'renrli,' '" 
 
 Nossi-Vey, island, S.W. coast, taken by the Fiin'ii',' " 
 
 Mr. Waller, forineily U.S. con.sul at faiiiabi'vi'' " 
 imprisoned liy Frciich for aidiu.; the Hovas- 
 U.S. jiovenimeiit protests; he arrives at Mar- 
 seilles, 20 April (released ly .March, njqo) 
 
 The French occupy Ainbommariue after severe " 
 liKlitiiiK, reported 21 .^iiril 
 
 Gen. .Metzlnger storms .Miadane, the Hovas IM, ' " 
 
 Murder of .M. Greve, naturalist, by the Ilovai'r,.! " 
 
 ported . . . . ■ . 25.,,',ri| 
 
 Marovoay stormed by ni'n. Metziiij;er; imioli 
 
 slaughter ; IliKht of the Hovas , . 2 \|ay, 
 Gen. Duchesne, coniniaiider.iii.chief, arrives at " 
 
 .Ma.iiiii>;a f, May 
 
 Defeat of the Hovas; successful advance of iI'ih ' 
 
 French, repiiried . . . 10 .Mav, ./,<.., 
 Great mortality anioiiKst the Freneli fruiw irvr. " 
 
 reported _., \|av. 
 
 Withdrawal of Col. Shervinton and Kii^dlsli iii|iror> 
 
 from Mada};ascar Mav, 
 
 Reimlsoofthe French advance, reported 15 Mai-,' ." 
 .Mevatanana occupied witlmut resistance laijiily' 
 Itridyu over the Hetsiboka coiii])lete(l ; 300ft, lijii};| 
 
 22.IlllV, ,, 
 
 Cajiture of Audriba by kcii. Duchesne, 21 .\ii^''. ; 
 slow .advance of the French ; the llova^nverie 
 lueiit a|iparcntly ineapalile of luep.irin;; fur lii'- 
 
 fence or surrender ; many Fr -h snldiiMi in. 
 
 valided and dyiiit; .... .\ii^:.-Si'|it. 
 
 Tlie Hovas defeated with Kieat loss at Tsiiiaiiiimdrv, 
 by Ken. Duchesne .... i5.Si'|i'i. „ 
 
 Antananarivo, the capital, lioiiibanled ami ca|i. 
 tured by Ken. Ducliesne ; HiKlit of the i|ni.,.|] ami 
 court, 30 Sept. ; treaty of |ieace mtiiied hy tli" 
 ((iieen, i Oct. ; she accepts the French iiniteclo. 
 rate, and is reinstateil ; the prime iiiiiii<tiT 
 arrested, 4 Oct. ; Ki'H- .MetziiiKer iippuiiiteil 
 Kovenior i,,iiet. „ 
 
 Hova works at Farafatra caplnred . indei 
 
 Till) ipieeii holds an assembly, aiiiioiniciii}; tln' 
 peace ' . . 6 .Nov. „ 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. .lohnson and child niiirdereil at a 
 mission at .Xrivonimamo . . . 22 Nov. ,, 
 
 Hebels defeated witli iiiucli loss . , 23 .Nov. „ 
 
MADDEE. 
 
 685 
 
 MADltAti. 
 
 ■H\^ 
 
 Eitimatwl French loss (luring Uiu aiinimitjri by 
 iliseasp. 3,3^" .•,■,• • . . Nov. iSgs 
 II. Urai'lii'iipimjiiti'il n'sMliMit-pMicriil . i Dee. 
 IriialrisliiKSiiWiiii-^t till! llijviis . . . ,l,iii. iSoG 
 SlciniiisliBS with till' l''rciicli . . . April, 
 Srvtral iiionwr cxplonir.s Miiinlcrivl by brii.'iiiiil.s, " 
 
 Aiilsirabo hunit by rpbnls, 3 d.-iys ,si('),'o of* tl'ii' " 
 .N'orwei'iiui niissiuu raisuil by JI. Alli'z, nOjcl \oss 
 ■m . ■ • . . . llliijut 4 Jlilii', 
 
 MtinliTS, loolii]),', aiiil burning of villages, i>tc., 
 
 *iPiililii'i'xpi''litiun nnilcr Or. Forsytli-.Mairii'-iaiuls " 
 at .Maimiizara in 1894; ri'turns «'illj c'uUL'eti()n.i, 
 
 .M. Loroche recallcil ; noii. Oiillioni ai)iiointH(l gov- " 
 tnior-fc'un. ami coniinaniler-ln-ohii'f, iirriviw, 
 
 2S Si^it. ,, 
 I'rinre Ratsiniananfja (tlie iinpiMr.s unol(i)anil U\n 
 ex-iioviTiior III' Taniatavi', lni«l anil exeeiiti'il for 
 rpHiioa at Antananarivo . . . 30 Oct. 
 liisiiriwtion ovi'r, iniprovivl conilition.s . Jan.' 1807 
 T!iei|iii'i!i Imvi's for iicnnion . . 7 .Marcli 
 
 Tivo I'ri'iii'h priitr.stant niissionarii's niassacrrai " 
 
 iiiAiikanilni .... abt. 10 .Jnno, 
 Skiniiish oil tlio Tsiriliiliiiia, 3 otliccr.s ami others 
 
 l<illrf Oct. 
 
 Sie^crai.Heilat Iniorinaanil lietsiloo . nihlJan. iggg 
 Natives ivpulseil witli loss by tlid Freiieh at Am- 
 bik.v 22 fob- -- 
 
 1I.\DDER, tlie root of till' Itiihia timtorin. 
 Uglily valued for ilyeiiii; proiiei-tica. Seu Alizarine. 
 
 MADEIRA, 1111 isl.iiid, N. W. eon.st of Africa, 
 Jiscoveivd, it is siiui, in I ^4.^, liy Mr. Miiehaiii, 1111 
 i'liglisli seiitliiiiaii, or iimniier, who lied from 
 France fur an illicit iiinoiir. He was driven liciv 
 k a storm, ami liis mistress, a Frciicli lady, dying-, 
 he made a canoe, and carried the news of' lii.s" dis- 
 ciivery to I'cdro, king of Ariigon, wliioh occasioned 
 the report that tlic island was discovered bv a 
 I'ortu{;iaw, 1345. It is asserted that tlic I'ortu- 
 giiesediil nut visit this ishiiid until 1419 or 1420, 
 or colimise it until 1451. It was taken by the 
 Ilritishiii Julv, i8oi; and again hy admiral "Hood 
 and general Hcrcsford, 24 liec. 1807, ami retained 
 in trust for the royal family of Portugal, who had 
 iiiiiyrated to the lirazils. "It. was ri'stored to the 
 rurtiigiiese in 1814. Since i8i;2 the renowned 
 vintages here have been almost totally ruined by 
 the vine ilisease (oi'dium). ropulation, 1882 
 
 mm- 
 
 (ipiKwitiun "f the iieasiintry to new taxation ; 
 liglitinj,' witli l>luiiilslieil anniainceil . 16 Jan. 1S8S 
 
 1I.A.DIAI PERSECUTION-, see Tuscwy. 
 
 IIADRAS (S. E. llindostan), called by the 
 natives Cliennapatam, colonised by the English 
 1040, I'opuliilioii "!' the province, 1881, W,8i2,74i:' 
 '*9'.35o«S,S5o; of the city, 1881, 405,848; 18.11' 
 
 Fort St Georp built, 1641 : made a iiresidency . ,6,, 
 UriigalpLieeiluniler .Madras . .Al 
 
 Laliiitta, iiitlierto suliordinatc to Jliulras," made li 
 
 Jiri'Siileiiev 
 )WnL,tal<;n by the French '. '. " ,4801,1; l74f, 
 
 •740 
 ■758 
 
 • '7''9 
 
 July, 1770 
 
 Wept. 177, 
 
 ll.*iieiltotlie'Knglish . 
 
 Vainly besieged by the Kreiicb mnler Laliv 12 Dec' 
 
 ll,vJer niarelies to .Madras and obtains a favonrabli 
 
 trf'it.V ■■.... Aiiril 
 
 SirJohuLiiidsav arrives . " ' ' 
 
 He is siiiveeiled by sir \{. Hartlaml . .■„.„t 
 
 Liira ligot, governor, inii.risoncil by his own conn 
 
 iil,24Aag. 1776; ,li,.s in eonllneineiit, 17 .Vpril 
 
 1777 ; lus eiiuniies convicted and lined loooA eaclii 
 
 .vEvreCuotean.ves " v'"''' ''°^ 
 
 H. . Meats Ilyiler . ' " ' ' ^^Z •• 
 
 LoM Macartney arrives as governor . " .22 June '^ 
 "talicuee, and send him to England . . June, , 783 
 
 r.oril Cornwallis arrives hero . u l),.i. ,,„„ 
 
 '"gov.'rnl'ir""-'' """'''■"" «""• ^^'"'- '^''•«''''ws as "°' 
 
 ■^'iilw,';)"-^'"''''" "^ ''"'"' "'''i'"''i"t'"'lin'Jd (see'jlW ''"'"' 
 
 I.ordMinningtonCafterH-aiilstlieniariiuisWcllesicv) '■'^' 
 visits here ., * ' „ 
 
 Gencial Harris with tiie Madra.s arniyente'rs Mv.sore' '" 
 S -March ; and arrives at .Seriiigapatain. , April' 
 which IS sl,.in„.,l |,y ti,„ |,,itish under mail,.': 
 geii.ial liaiid. and Tippno .'Sahib kiUcd . 4 May ,,ro 
 
 .\ppoinlnieiit nf sirThoinas Strange, first jadg ,f ^'^' 
 .Madras iind.r the, barter . 26 Pee 1800 
 
 More than ,oof, hmises in .Madras burnt . . K,-b.' i8ox 
 
 Ihe Ma.|i;,s ainiy iiniler general Arthur Welhslev 
 at envards ,liil<e of Wollingtoii) marches for I'oif. 
 
 mill (Src liiiliii) .1 J 
 
 ^'l!,o"^- 'V"n"f "'" "^'•"■'■''^"•'■-^« at' Velio,; ;"^ " 
 
 Mntinv ol the sep,,y troops at Madias. . ^' ,0° 
 
 Arrival nt l.,„l .Mii„o at .Madras, who pi.blisb.'-s a -' 
 general aliuiestv ... ' -oSeoL 
 
 Awful hniri.aiie, by whicb the shipsat anch, r'wero " 
 driven into ,|„. town and .seventy sail snnk, ma, v 
 "ith tlieir rivws vi„,; „ 
 
 Madras attack..,! by the Pimhirees . ' " •^"'*' ll]t 
 fi's''''' '''' ""■ '■'■'■■ '"■■ ^''"■''''■' "'■■'<t l>isli"V of 
 
 air Jliai'h.s Tivvclyan, governor, .i.„. ,859 ; I'tidM '^^^' 
 for piil.li.shinga miniit,. in niipositioii to .Mr. Jas 
 Wilsons liii.in.ial schemes . . 10 Miiv ,sr,r, 
 
 [•Vl;l'";'";'l ' 'Hal se,-reta,-y ami a member of 
 
 the Indian ciincil m CahMitta, (let. 1862 I 
 
 Fis sueccsso,-, sir II. Ward, dies at Madra.s 2 Aug. 
 
 LordNi^uer appointed governor' . ' ' 3^ Ja!;' jafi^ 
 .\rrival of the ,liike „f hMinbiirgi, . .23 Marc' 8^t 
 Lord llobart appointed govenmr, Keb. iSrV ,1 tnl ^ 
 27 April; thclukeof llmddngham appoin'ted, ' 
 
 yisitefthipi-ineeofWahs . ..uic"'^"' 
 
 vii"' Hp""' r'-i ''■ ■',;'"" ■'"'"•■'"'-' ■*-'"'■'-■-; " 
 
 Aoif n ',;■ "'' ^t,-^'''.^-; tl"' Ht. Hon. M. K 
 (.rant Hull appointed governor . . J,,,,,. ,g!!, 
 
 n. ti .1,. '':■' 1' J"'"':,.l"' Is over the lami," 
 
 nat \es i.lvaneingiii ,.|vilizati(Ui . . j.„', .op^ 
 
 1 lie right bnn. |(o,„.,, nuirke(civatcdh,rdO,n,e'. ■* 
 niaia) appointed gover ■ . . A , , ,RPfi 
 
 (iicat aeei.h.ntal lire b,.g„„ in booths at a &r ^^' 
 11 llie pcples park; great panic, about 40, 
 persons said to have jieiaslieil . a, IW 
 
 '\dl'l'e'',''f, 'st'lval '■'' "" '•''■l''"''i"''"l'K""I."w.rer at a " 
 
 ''fdti'fvi'H'''; "','',-"i^""' »"^ l"-t cl-ops l^Vhlii '^'^'' 
 biled Ibioiigh delieiniey of ,ain ; high mjces 
 
 ""'l,'""';l' '''■^ti'"l ; aiKuit ,.,«» persons 
 
 e nploycl on ,elief works ; deaths iVon, ch lc,-a • 
 
 about ,.400 wcckl.v mid f May H .'.'^ ['sll 
 
 Lord Connemara visits tli strict . ' .),,,,? i88c 
 
 Government relief aided by native |,nnces ; o 429 ^ . 
 
 i persons eniplMyed 01, pnhp,. w„,|'s ; 865 l^dbs 
 
 from cholera 1,1 one week , reported . ,8 J„ o 
 
 • lb i,o;"";"r"" ''•■l""'-|'"iuovemeiiiintliecm: " 
 diti n ol (.aiii.iiii; emplove.l on woi-ks, ,,.425- 
 deaths li-oni cholera in a week, 602 ; ivpm-led 
 
 Lord Coniieni.ira resigns, much n'"retteil ' 'v'';T' o' 
 
 :"^/rl]-;8:^;-:;t^'•'•^"-'~^^ 
 ^!;^';;fh,rdrnh!cr"""! ■" ' -..M "- 
 
 ";;;;;,>' ™V'^' " v^-i prospects. May,jli,H.:iu ■; •• 
 
 Kiiplo.vcd ,m lelicl woiks, .5,728, .Sept. ,889 " 
 9.«55,, ,0 Nov. ,89, ; .9,3,9, ,6 Feb. .892; 64,0.^' 
 5 -Ma.N , 5,!,<>;)o. 22July; under 9,000 . 3 .Vnt 
 
 , ^'"-ksstop I, rcp,.rted. . ^. 2, .Sent-' " 
 
 Great Kast Coast railway briilgo nt liez'wmla, ov er " 
 to kistna opened by lonl Wenlock. ,7 .Mar d, ,80- 
 
 ii Chi ,";;";■"""• '"Vr'"'^ ""■'"'"■■■ con.mande : '" 
 in-chiet, l,-oiii wonnils bv a tiger . ^ »i„,. 
 
 Madras and lionibay armies act oas.sed , Vdoc' " 
 , The Krc.u lv,i^„, lingalion works executed by " 
 r ;.r li" '■■'"•V""''^' -SSy-M (tl,e course of the 
 ru rlnerted Irom west to ea.st, a great dam, 
 t let and reservoireonstriicted, eastern drought 
 supplied Iron, western llooils, costabout 500 W ) 
 opened by lor.1 Wenlock ' ,'2 Oct .895 
 
 I. m 
 
 5I| UT A' 
 
 4 
 
 II t 
 
 il'iJ 
 
'■"'iT'ip:' 
 
 MADEID. 
 
 .MAGDEBUliU. 
 
 e\ . 
 
 
 
 liisiiiii of till! .Moplnh fiiimtlcs, wlio am ilt^fenteil in 
 a cuiillicl Ii\' fiiplrt. CosHMs anil (^'hiul, i Murt'li, 1S96 
 
 liiiJl ill Nc^::i'|Kitani tliniu-li tin' lncl;.uul liy tlii! 
 railwity cuiKinuiy ut' j.ooj wi rknu'ii ; niol) liri'il 
 uii by ilitj pulicM, 2 ri(ttiTs killcii, I't-purLfjil 240ft. ,, 
 
 .Sir Artliur llavcli"!; apiiniiilnl nuvi-riinr. ili'O. 
 1895 ; nni\ i.'s al .Mailias, ri'puilcvi 19 .Mai'i.'li, ,, 
 
 lliir iitlic'i- fVi'iits. si'c Iidliii.] 
 
 'MADIUT) (New Castile), niciitioneil in histf ry 
 as Majcrit, a Jloorisli castle. I'oimlatioii in 1887, 
 470,283. 
 .Saelviil liy tin- Mums 1190 
 
 l''(irtilii'il liy ili'ii'y III- 'i'"'"' 14"° 
 
 iluniiliatiu!,' tnaty nl' Madriil liutwei'ii Cliarlos V. 
 
 auil Kr.iin-is I, liis piiMiiiiT . . . 14 Jim. 1526 
 
 Made till' scat of tiir P^panisli lonit by I'liilip 11. . 1560 
 
 Till' Kscarial l>uilt 
 ■I'aki'U liy lor.l (i.ilway 
 "J'Im' olil |ialari- limnt ilnwn . 
 Madriil t:il;iai by tlif l-'ivncli 
 
 1 563 i'( SCI], 
 
 24 Jnno, 1706 
 
 • • »734 
 
 Maicli, 1808 
 
 The Ma(lri;.'al So.'ieiy in l,oii,li)ii began in 
 1741. Kiiglisli Liiee and Madfii^^al LTiiiini foundi'd 
 1111851. Uiinbaiill's " liildiotlieea Madrisjiiliuin " 
 imblislied 1847, 'I'lieniadri;; il, ".Sumnief is i cumun 
 i,i " is attfibuted t) the i :;tii or 14th century. 
 
 MAESTKICHT (Holland), the ancient T,„. 
 jrc/uiii (ii/ .Uot'dn, the capital nl' l,inibur,^'. It re- 
 volted from Spain, and was taken by the prince of 
 I'anna in I.S7')' when 11 dreadful massacre took 
 place. In 1652, the prince of Orange reduccil it 
 after ii memorable siege, and it was continued to 
 the Dutch in 1O48 ; Louis XtV. took it in 1(173; 
 William, princi' of Orange, inyested it in vain in 
 1676; but in 1678 it was restored to the Dutdi. 
 \n 1748 it was besieged by the Fremdi, who wiu-e 
 ])ermitted to take pos.sessicm of the city oti condi- 
 tion of its being restored at the peaci^ then nego- 
 tiating. In l''el). 1793, .Maestrielit was uiisncce.ss- 
 •fullv attacked by the I'lViKdi, but tliey beciiuie 
 masters of it, Nov. 171)4. I" ^^^i '' "'''^ '"'"''' 1''"'' 
 ■of the kingdom of ttie Netherlands, and now 
 belongs to Holland. ro,)uUition, 1891, 32,2::.v 
 
 MAFIAi !i secret terr.irist murderous society in 
 Sicily, coiupriaing all classeg; became proiuiiiout 
 in :86o. It is opposed to the Cainorru. Elibits fcr 
 
 the suppression of both were made hv tli.' m- 
 ment in 1874-5. ^^''^ ^^'<'"' Or/enus, iXtp.,)- '" 
 
 'i'lic citiziais attempt to cxpd tlic Frcncli ; ili'I'catcd 
 
 with niucli slanglitcr . . . .2 May, ,, 
 
 -Joscpli linnapartc cntcis Mailri'l as king of Mpain 
 
 (lint sonn r,-tiivs) 20, Inly, ,, 
 
 Mailiid ictakcii by tlic Fivni'b . . .2 lice. ,, 
 Jlctaiiicil till it is culciid by Wclliiigtiin 12 .\ng, 1812 
 j'crdinanil VII. rcstmcii .... ^4 Miiy, 1814 
 Jladrid |ii-iinonnci'S fur inovisiiinal government 
 
 against Isabella II 29 (Sept. 186S 
 
 Knglisli protestant cliincli anthoriscil 9 Nov. ,, 
 
 Slailriil (with Alciila de Hunare.s) made a bislmpric 
 
 early in 1885 
 
 The bishi'ii MartiiU'Z l/ipiierdo shot on the steps of 
 
 the prii-catheilral by Cavetano Claleote, a priest 
 
 siispcndeil by him, i3 Aiiril ; dies . 19 Aia-il, 1886 
 Destructive hurricane, abmit 32 persons killed and 
 
 about 320 wounded, 12 .May ; .siitl'erers visited by 
 
 the ipieeii 13 May, „ 
 
 Or.'ind Columbus celebration ; liistnrieal exhibition 
 
 opened 30 t )et. i7 .«;. 1892 
 
 JIucli dania.'c caiisiHl by the explosion of an 
 
 aerolite, see Mrtroriti'.i 10 Fid). 1S96 
 
 5 bombs ex]iloded near the royal palace, no iii.itiry, 
 
 .several arrests 19 Feb. ,, 
 
 See Spain, 1S92-4. 
 
 I'oimlation, in 1857, 271,254; in 1870, 332,024; 1884, 
 391. 8?9- ^ . ■ a . 
 
 MADRIGAL, an unaccompanied song for three 
 <n' more voices, of whicli tine e.vamples are by Kng- 
 lisli composers. M.nlrigals, invented in the Nether- 
 lands, were adopted in Italy, wliere tine specimens 
 were produced. Many were |niblished by Morley, 
 151)4; NVeelkcs, 1597 • W'ilbye, I5,)S ; an<l liennet, 
 '59^J- "' " 
 
 MAGAZINE, at first a miscci 
 
 •iiieotis|,i,ri,i;i,. 
 
 publication. Tlu're are now magazines ii.v„t. 1 1 
 nearly every department of knowjedjri., 'l||, ,]" 
 lowing arc the dates of the tirst pnlilieiiti.i,, i.f i| 
 
 f 'lie 
 
 •i'l: 
 
 principal magazitics, sotiie of wliieji a,.,, ^^.^ 
 In Jan. 18(15, 544 magazines; in .lan. t,S-i 
 in Jan. 1.SS9, (including reviews) l.^0!:'?ii J".. 
 I.Si)2, 1,901 were in course of puiiUeatimi 'i,, i;,.^';, 
 Hritain and Iridaml ; siio Jinnicir.i auil Xncsmn ' 
 
 1 731 ; .Magazine of Art , ,:.' 
 
 1732 ' Aatepial'y . . ' ' .V, 
 1739 Ci iitiny. . ' ■ ": 
 
 1759 Harpers . . ' ' _:; 
 
 1760 I.iill'JllJiM's . 
 
 176S MeiTV Engl.iii.l . ' ' ':; 
 1772 F.ii-li,li Idustnitwl ' '■" 
 1782 .Mlinay'.i 
 1784 Seribiier 
 1792 .^tr.uid , V 
 1791'' <iei,-nipliie:d .Ii)';in,ai i^'- 
 .T-jS Fall Mai: ,Mav •' 
 1817 llliKtnteil Alvli:,.',' " 
 1814 ' louist . . ,1 
 
 |=';l 
 
 . 1830 , The Minsli.r(illiw,i;,;',,| 
 
 . T831 I Wiiidsur . ' ];' I 
 
 . 1832 : The 1; ii,-lisl,.v,)i„;„; "'^* 
 
 . 18 53 , (illiistraled) . 
 
 . 185! ' I!a.lniiiit.,ii(illii.«.U\:j. '' 
 
 . 1859 , isavoy (ibushl. (,iur. 
 ,, ; terly), Due. (139;) 
 
 • iSfo j Xw. ,'4 
 
 . 1861 I Losniojiolis (iiitiTiia- 
 
 . iS6t ■■ tiun;it review, .laii. 
 
 . iSfiS Aroliite'tinv(illiisi.l.i '' 
 
 Genlleman'.< 
 London . 
 «cnts . 
 Koyal . 
 Court . 
 Gospel . 
 Lady's 
 Kuropean 
 Methodist . 
 F^'angelical . 
 •Monthlv 
 
 I'lliliisiiphieal 
 
 lilackwod.rs 
 
 N'ew .Monthly 
 
 Fraser's 
 
 Metniiiolitan . 
 
 I'ennv. 
 
 Tait's 
 
 Cassell's F.imily 
 
 Cornhill . 
 
 Macmillan's . 
 
 (ii.od Words 
 
 Temple liar . 
 
 Quiver 
 
 St. Faul's . 
 
 Xineteenth Century . 1877 The Wide WerM Msr.', i'i;| 
 
 JUAGAZIXE KIFLE«, see midoi- Fm.\ 
 arms. 
 
 MAGDALA, a very strong place in .Ibvaniii 
 {whicJi Ki'C). 1)11 Good l-'riday, In April, iSiiS.ilifl 
 troops of tiie emperor 'riieodore attaikeil llie lir,.t| 
 brigade of the lirltisli army umler .sir liiVaeitf 
 Napier, and were re|ml-ed with great sliiugliicr,! 
 On tlie next diiy all the Kurojiean ]iri.<iinor»Mvi'r(| 
 given up, but Theodore liimselt' refused to iui-. 
 render; and on K.isfer Monday, 13 .Vpril, M;igii;ilj| 
 was stormed, and Theodore liimseU' l;illi'd-it ijl 
 said by his own hand.— British less, 2 kilW;^! 
 wounded : Abyssinian loss, about 51/) liillud mil 
 wounded out of aliout 50 X). Magdala was burn! ti)| 
 the ground by the liritisli, 17 Ajiril, 1S08. 
 
 MAGDALEXS A\n M.vriiiAi,KXETTES,l 
 
 communities of nuns, eotisisting eliielly ef imiitiiitl 
 ciMirtesans. The order of penitents of St. MajJaljl 
 was founded 1272, at Marseilles. Tile eonvint oil 
 Naples was etidoweil by nuecn Saiielia, 1 524. Tiiitl 
 at .Metz was instituted m 1452. .U l';a-is, Ifl!, 
 The Magdalen at Rotne was endowed liv popjl 
 Leo X., in 1515, atid favoured by Clciiient VlII.ul 
 1594. The Magdalen liospital, London, was lounWl 
 iii 1758, under the direction of Dr. Uodd. Ih(| 
 asylum in Dublin was opetied in June, 1766. 
 
 MAGDEBURG (rrussia). Tlio arehbisliiiaritl 
 
 was founded al)out 9(17. The city suH'crud miji'li| 
 
 during the religiiUis wars in (jcrinany. It « 
 
 I bt^sieged atid taken by the elector .Maurice, .\'ovJ 
 
 ' 1550, and Nov. 1551 ; blockaded for seven moiitkt 
 
 I bVthe imperialists, uinler Wallensteiii, in l'i!);| 
 
 I aiid barbarously sacked by Tilly on 10 Mav, |i,3l.r 
 
 It was i;ivcn til lirandenlnirg in 164S; wastakdll 
 
 by tlio French, 8 Nov. 180I); iinnexcd to tW liinj-j 
 
 doni of Westphalia, 9 July, 1807; restwtJ tof 
 
 I'ru.saia, May, 1813. Valualile line art rollctiiiil 
 
 burnt 6 April, 1891. ropulatioii, iS'jo, zo:,]!}, 
 
EBL'llU. 
 
 v.'.vm„aeby,|,.,,„,„^ 
 w Uiivtiiis, iXip.j-. 
 
 Nimi»celliiueous|„ii,,!i,., 
 Kiw niiisa/iiH's il. v.it.j ," 
 ; of kii.mlt.|j;,'c. 'H.t f,r 
 111' lir-'t iiuliliciiti.iii i,f',|'r 
 lie i>t' wlii.'h an. n\-\\'. 
 /.\\\vs: in ,I:i|,, |i,-, ,, ■ 
 
 <c' ol |mi)h„i(i„„ ii, ,;,,,„ 
 
 , Jl:i^::iziiieof Alt 
 
 ' Aiitii|iuiry . ^ ' ;., 
 
 CriMury. . ' ■ •■' 
 
 ^ IhD'iici's . ' . ■ ^:;; 
 
 : I'liimiiiiiii's ' ' ■" 
 
 Miiny KiiKluml , ' ' ..t 
 
 Kii^-'lisli l:liistnrt,'il ' '"' 
 
 ' Miinay's . , ' ,;', 
 
 Si-rihiu-r'ft , ' ' ' 
 
 •'^ti'iii'i . . ' ■ ,;'.u 
 
 : : I'l'll Mall ,M,,v -^' 
 ' ' Illiistnti-il An'ln'.i'. 
 
 li«ist . . ,i,„„., , 
 p ; Tlic Minsti?r(illi;si,|\,':' I 
 
 : j T'l" Eiii;lisli'vo;iiaii '' 
 1 (illuslratiM) . 
 1 i I!a'liiMiit.m(illii>.)Ai:i " 
 I j JSaviiy (i!lii>til. i|iui" 
 j ti'riy), iJw. (u-,,;) 
 
 I LO.SMll)]luli.< (illt,.,!,:,. 
 
 I tioiial I'i'Vii'W. .Ijii. 
 1 I Arcliilc-'tinv(inii,!,!.| " 
 . Tli..\Vi.|,.WMi-MM:,r,,i'i;| 
 
 ^LKS, SCO under Tm- 
 
 stroiii^ lilacoiii Aliv^.inijj 
 l''riiliiy, II) April, |Sii\;|.f| 
 'hiMiiloro attacki'il \\k iu\ 
 1 iiriuy undiT sir iWieitl 
 .<im1 with ^'roat slauglitiil 
 ■ Kunipi.aii ])risoaorj\n!re| 
 ' liiniM'lf rot'usi'd to surT 
 Monday, I.? A|ir;l, M;lfii,ili| 
 dnri' hinisidr killi',l-it iJ 
 -Dl-itisll InSS, 2 killf,l;.'o| 
 
 loss, about VjO killi'il mJI 
 (X). Ma<;dala wns burnt to| 
 li, 1 7 April, \m. 
 
 XD ^Ia(11)ALEXETTE*,| 
 risistiii;;' idiirdv nl' |iin,' 
 t'|M'llitciitsul'St. Ma:; 
 arsLdllis. I'li.; roiivint oil 
 [|Ui'i.Mi Saiiidiii, i;24. Tmij 
 111 1452. At I'aris, ifl!,r 
 L' was ondowi'd liy pupel 
 cured hy C'lciiu'iif VIII, Jul 
 <]iital, London, was I'ouniWl 
 ■etioii »i l)r, Dodd. liil 
 )i;iicd in June, i"66, 
 
 riHsia). Till! arohbiihiiiiritl 
 . Tlio city autlerfj iiridil 
 ir.s in Ucriiiany. It fA 
 tlie olci.'tor Miiiirice, .\'ov,| 
 oi'kadi'il for si'vcu moiitlu 
 dcr Wallriistidu, in l62i;| 
 
 liy Tilly on 10 Mav, lii3l,r 
 'iiliiirir ill 164S; wastaki'ilf 
 So!); iiiini'Xi'd totlu' kiusJ 
 
 July, iHo; ; restwcJ tJ 
 k^iliuiblo lino art collivtioiij 
 jpuliition, iS'JO, 202,325. 
 
 MAGELLAN, STKAITS OF. 087 
 
 MAGXESlU^tr. 
 
 tlie,tf(i7'le''«r!/ hipcrtmunt issbnwn liy inraiisuf a liollow 
 s],kre, diiaip","!'!! ot two lici»i,s|.|iij|.,.i, liltiiii; air-ti'-lit 
 Klmtlicairisfxlialisl.il l,y I In- air-|.iiiii|.,' lli,. li,T|,ii. 
 si.knsaic lidil t";,'itlicr liy n,,, |,n,ssiirc ul llic atiii.i- 
 jlilii-ri., mill rniiiirc -real fmcc lo ,s(.|,,aiiiii. tliciii The 
 a]i|anitas was .siinp.,-itcil liy (ittn vmi (iiii.rickc llic 
 imeiitiiriiftlicair-iiniiii.. Jlc i|i,.,l in 1686. Jtraiiih: 
 
 JIAGELLAX, Stuaits oi' (comicctiii!; tla- 
 
 itiaiitic and ]'.iciti(. oceans), w;m [insscil l)y"Fii-- 
 ninilode Man-clliiiciis (Mii-cllaii), a I'lirtiii^ucsc, on 
 ;;.\ov, 1520. He gave tlio Intti r ocean its iinnic 
 on account of its cnliiinuss. .MiiKcllaii completed 
 the first voya.ije roiiiid the wmdd, with a fleet of 
 dlipovcry fitted out bv the emperor Charles V., but 
 laskillcd in 1521. i'lie Siianiai-dshad a fort hi.re, 
 calWCaiicFaiiaiie, because the garrison perished 
 from want. 
 
 JIAGEXTA, .a smalltown in Lonibari'v, near 
 nhiili the I'l-eiudi and Sardinians def(.ated the 
 Auitriaiis, 4 June, 1.S59. The emperor Louis 
 N,ipoleon coiiiniamled, and he and the king of 
 Sirdiuia were in the thickest ijf the fight. It is 
 i,iidtliat5i,ax) l''ri.iicli and Sardinians, and 7SiO(X) 
 Anstrianswcrecnpiged. The fornu.r are asserted 
 lo Lave lo,st 4(XXj killed and wounded, and the 
 iiiitrians lo,(xio, besides 7000 prisoners. The 
 French generals Kspinnsse and Clere were killed, 
 'flie arrival of general MacMahon during- a deadly 
 ftrii?;,do between the Aiistrians and the French" 
 .•reatlv contributed to tlie victory. The contest 
 iirartlie bridle of liull'alora was very severe. 'I'jii. 
 .\uslrians fmigdit well, hut were badfy comm'nnded. 
 The emperor and king entered llilan on ,S June 
 fjllowing; Mae.Mahon and U-gnaiilt d'Aiigely were 
 iTOited mursliiils of Franco. A nionumeiU erected 
 liere in meiiinry of the slain was solemnly inau"U- 
 rilniiJuni., 1.S72.— The red dye, rosaniline, ob- 
 tiine.'M-plienustsfromgn3-tar, 13 termed ma/icntu • 
 '.if.i.illne. 
 
 1863 Iho present arrangement of metmpolitaa 
 magistrates (the chief sitting at How-street) wis 
 iiiade by ads of parliament in 171,2 and l,S;n 
 hie\ en courts were aiiiiointed ill 1840. 'i'lieir salaries 
 niLsedfrom 25 Marcii, 1,87^, Henry Fi..ldin.Mht- 
 noy.lis wa> acting magistrate fo'r WVstmTiister 
 am at liow-.ticct lie was snceceded by his half, 
 brother, sir John Fiehliiig, in 17O1 ; by 
 Mir WUliani Ail,liiigt,,n . 
 ■Sir Kiilianl Kuril • • . . 
 
 •Mr, Head , . 
 
 «ir NatbaiiicK'oiiaiit 
 
 ■Sir Hiiheit Ji.iker ' ' " ' 
 
 «ir Itiehaid Hhnie 
 
 ■Sir Freilehek Hue . . ■ ■ • . 
 
 •Mr, T. J, Hall . . • • . . 
 
 •Sir TlKimas llearv (.lid smlilciily, ,6 .jiiiie,* ,876) 
 .Sir James laylnr l„g|,,,n,, ,Inly, ,876 ; ilie.l 5 .M.arcli 
 .Syo; siiccccleil liy sir Jul,,, |!,i,i^,e alium, 2, 
 
 Till I, i' "fS"'' '■;;^'t-'""'l. >Sy7; sirJa,„cs Van-Iiun 
 llic new ulliceis, Jiinv-strcct,u|H.|,cil . ^ \p,.ii 
 
 . 1780 
 . 1800 
 1806 
 .8,3 
 1820 
 1821 
 1823 
 
 ■839 
 1864 
 
 : '897 
 
 w,-?^'\^^*A CHAKTA. Its fundamental parte 
 
 ye derived troni Sa.xon charters, continueil by 
 
 He my 1. and his succossory. On 20 Nov. izu the 
 
 arihbr.shop of Cinterbmy and the barons mtt "^ 
 
 bt. Ldmondsbury. On b Jan. .215, thev presented 
 
 their demands to king John, wTio deferred hi^ 
 
 nnswer On ,9 May they were oensured by he' 
 
 opi. On 24 May they marched to London, and 
 
 he k ng was compelled to yield. The charted was 
 
 se.iled hy John at Uunnymede, near Windsor, 
 
 Pinl.TVi'i^'''' , ,.''''^ mnny times confirmed, by 
 
 lleiiiN III. and his successors. This last kind's 
 
 In Ldward I. ; ,.ee I;,nst,. f he original ilS. 
 ■fiarteris lost. The tin,.st .MS. copy, w-hieh is a 
 Lmeoln, was reproduced by photogV .ph,, i„ the 
 ".National .'.-.SS." published hy government, 1865. 
 
 MAGI, nil order of |,riests and teachers amoii..- 
 tkeiiucicnt Jlcdesaiul lVr.--iaiis, with much iiolitical 
 (Hjuvr. Oucot them who on the death of (,'a,i,hv.ses 
 asserted that ho was Smerdis, a .son of Cyrus, 'and 
 fliiimed the lliroiie of I'ersia, was-d(.i)osed bv Jj'uins 
 Hvitaspi's, ;2l 11,1',, and a massacre of the Mayi 
 followed. They retained their religious position 
 till the later lioinan (.iiipire. The constitution of 
 tleorderistrailitionallv assigned to Zoroaster the 
 Zirathiistra of the Zeiid'avesta, whose lime and 'very 
 «L<tcnee are niicerlain, the Olh (.entury 11 c beiin' 
 iiirationcd. He is said to have taught the know" 
 Ugpof Oriniizt, the .supreme good principle, to the 
 Slasi, whom he cla-^ilied as learners, masters, and 
 perlect siliolar.s, tile i,ossessiirs of all siiiritual 
 foner, and the scienee of the age, see hn:si,:s. 
 llie name .Mai;i has been apjilied to the " wise 
 men ,)t }[,tll. .*., and the I'ar.se(,s at liomhay arc 
 fcicudants of the Guebres or lire-\yorshippers. 
 
 MAGIC, sec Alchemij, Witchcraft, &e. The 
 I invention ot the .Maori Lanteu.n is as,.ribed to 
 
 fojer liacon, alioiit ufo, but more eorrcdly to 
 .Itiauasius lurcher, who died 1080. Sir Uivid 
 Sa onions, in a disoours.. at the Iloyallnstitution on 
 
 Uplieal I'nijcction,' exhibited an arrangement of 
 temasic lantern, in which by the us,.„f lenses 
 magmfyuiK upto 4,500 diameters, he stated that he 
 
 a. enabled to niagniiy a postage stump lo the size 
 t 2 ac™, 2b leb. 1892. See Uodwln's "Lives 
 
 "III, ^f m'"''"''o''''''' !'^-54. "U'l JMineniosi.r-s 
 HbtoryotMag,.,.," trauslald hy W. liuuitt, ,8^4. 
 
 I kJdP^'^'^^^'^'^^''^' *''" JuHices. Stipendiary 
 Itaujh magistrates may bo appointed by 5 & I 
 
 73+ 
 730 
 721 
 710 
 703 
 
 '>73 
 627 
 582 
 432 
 
 ra.iv. 
 
 C.76, 18, 
 
 !j5 : uud by 20 & 27 Vict.'c. 97, 
 
 ' fo,?.f^?^"4. G^K.T;CIA, the independent states 
 
 founded by Greek colonists in South Italy, Sicily 
 
 f'. Cunue, in Campania, is said to haJ-e been 
 
 unded ui ,054 n.,-., iv,„au,i,,, „,,j Metapontum 
 
 j 111 ; ,4 11, f. 1 lose states were ruined through sidinir 
 
 : with Ilanmbal when he invaded Italy, 216 ii.c. ^ 
 •Syracuse lun,iili.,l al,u,it . 
 l.eiintinuiu and t'ataua ' ' ' ' 
 
 I ^yiiaris . . . _ ' ■ 
 
 t-'i'otuna , , . ' 
 
 Tarentinn . .'.'.' 
 
 ■ l.iieri Kiiizepliyrii .'.'.' 
 
 ■ .ipai-a ■ ■ • 
 
 •Vs'iigentuiu 
 
 I'liuriuai . 
 
 MAGXANO (X.Italy). HereSehcreranda 
 Fiei ich army weri> defeated by the Austrians under 
 ivi.ij, s April, 1799. 
 
 MAGXE,SIA (Asia Minor). Here Antioohus 
 the groat, king of Syria, was defeated by the 
 Scipios, im i^A:-Mai,m,w, alba, the white alkaline 
 of H > ,1?!,'" "'.'■^''""'^'; «''^ i" "■^^' i» the beginning 
 hv n. 11. ,^ ".'""■•>■• Its i.rop,.rties were developed 
 0} i)r. lilaek m 1755. ^ 
 
 MAGNESIUM, a metal first obtained from 
 magnesia hy sir Humphry Davy i„ ,808, and ^ 
 I oduced 111 larger quantities bv lluss •, Uoville, 
 and especia ly by Mr. K. Sonstadt, in 18O2-J. 1 
 light when burnt is very brilliant, and is so rich in 
 chemical rays that it may be used in photography 
 Lamps maue for burning magnesium wire, wm-e 
 '■■ip.oyed by Uio excavator, of the tunnel through 
 
 tenor of the ryramids were taken iii i8(,v Larkin's 
 magnesium lamp (in which the metal i burnt in 
 tlie ,orm Oi s powder) \yaa exliib?tec' at the Hoyal 
 
 w 
 
 '# 
 
 :li' kJ 
 
 f 
 
 , '.I 
 
 
 'tl"^ 
 
 '1 I 
 
 'i^n 
 
 s 
 
 jjfWi 
 
 
 ,i.n 
 
 ■ d 
 
 jtM»fBUKaa«Uttl 
 
 nnMlHiliilll l[ 
 
MAGNETISM. 
 
 (iSS 
 
 MAHOMETAMSM. 
 
 Institution on I June, I866, luiil boforn the Uritish 
 Associiitioii lit Nottingham in Aiij?- l^(>(>. 
 
 MAGNETISM. The attnictivo power of the 
 loiidatone or iniiitiiet wiis eiiil) kinpwii, iiml is re- 
 ferred to b) lloiner, ArisiutU'.'iiiul I'liny; it was 
 also known to tlie ('liiiii>c and Arahians. Tlie 
 Greekt lire said to have ohtained the h>adstoiie IVoin 
 Ma;;nesia in Asia, ICXK) li.c. Itoner iiacon is said 
 to have lieeii ai'(iuaintid with its |ini])ertv of ])oint- 
 ing to the iiniMh (121)4). 'I'lie invention of tlie 
 mariner's conipas:! is axa-ilied to Khtvio (iioia, a 
 Neapolitan, ahmit 1310; hut it was known iii^ Nor- 
 way previous to 12U1; and is mcnlioiied in a t'reiieh 
 poem, 1150. S'-J under Eliclricilil. 
 Uobert Xoriiimi, of Loudon, tliseovcivd the dip of 
 
 tlie iiecllc about 1576 
 
 Gilliert's tivutise "De Mii(,'iiete," publisbed . . i(kx, 
 llallcv's tlifiirv of inaniu-tic^ viirialioiis pulilisheil . 1683 
 MiiieL-1 oliservVd tliat a siisiieiided tiar of iron bu- 
 
 C'Ollll'S tellllinllU-ily IMM^'lU'tii' liy liositinll . . 1722 
 
 Aitilleiiil iiuiKnets made liy Ilr. Uowau IvuiHlit . . 1746 
 
 The variiition uf thi' i'i>mi«iss was oliscrved liy Bond, 
 aliout 1668 : tlie diuiiial variictiiai liy eiraliaiii, 
 1722 ; on wbieli latter Canton made 40.x) observa- 
 tions luvvioiis to 1756 
 
 C'ouloiiili ciiiistrueti'd a torsion bidanee for deter- 
 niiniUf; tlie lawsof attractimi and iviiiilsiob, 1786; 
 :>lsi) invest ipit I'd by -Micliell, Euler, Lambert, j 
 
 lUiliisnii, and ntliers 1750-1800 1 
 
 The dellectiiiii of tlie iiiaKiietie neei'le by the volbue j 
 
 eurruni was ilisiovciTd liy (Ki'sted . . . 1820 { 
 
 Mr. Abraliaiii invents a maniietie guard for persons 
 (Ui^ayed ill Hriiidiiij; ee.tlery 1821 
 
 TlieiiiaKiietie .■ll'ccts of tile vioU't rays of linht ex- 
 leliiti'd l.v .Miiricliiiii, 1814; iiolai-ity of a sewing 
 ; ciilie so 'magnetised sbown 1iy .Mrs. SiimerviUe . 1825 
 
 Jii Cliristie laoves that heat diminislies uiagnetie 
 ; .™ •' "'""it .. 
 
 Sir W. Snow Harris invents various forms of the 
 ■• impass '^3' 
 
 Ma"iietie nortli pole disi'uvered by c'uiiiniander (att. 
 sir) James Clark Koss (during sir Joliu Uoss's 
 seeoiid voyage) . . . . ■ i June, „ 
 
 Electrieity pnidiieed by tlie rotation of a magnet liy 
 professor l''aradav, 18^1 ; bis researelies on the 
 aetion of tlie iii.igiiet on liglit, on the iii.agneMc 
 prolierties of tiaiiie, air, and ga.sus (published 
 t84s), on dia-magiietism (1845), 011 magiio-e-ys- 
 tallie aeticiii (1848), 011 atmospherie magnetism 
 (1850), on the magnitie force. . . . 1851-2 
 
 Magnelie oliservatiuns estalilished in the liritish 
 eolonies under the siiperiiitendenee of col. Edward 
 S,aliiiie ,-, • 1840 ft sc'^ 
 
 Prof Tviidall proves the existence of dia-magnetie. 
 polaritv ,-.,.• '^56 
 
 Mr Arehiliald hmitli de.seribed the re.sults of his 
 iiivestigatiiins respeetin.:; the deviation of the 
 eomiiass in iron shiiis at the Uoyal Institution, 
 ■ ' 9 Fell. 1866 
 
 Win Rdliiu.soniiatentedanietho.lofmakingwrought 
 iron from east iron by the help of magnetism, 
 
 aiuiouneed, July, 1867 
 
 Wikh'.'a iiiagneto-eleetric luaehiue exhibited (see 
 under Elcilricily) ■ ■,,•,;, ', • " 
 
 In the present eentury our knowlc:lKe of the phe- 
 nomena of niagneti.sm has also been greatly in- 
 ereased liv the labours of .Vrago, Amperi", Hans- 
 teeu liauss, Weber, Pnggendnrtf, .Sabine, Lament, 
 l)u Jliuieel, Arehilpahl Mniitli, sir Win. Thom- 
 son (lord Kelvin), &e. (see Animal Mi'nuetism). 
 
 In the Itoyal Institution, l^ondon, is a magnet by 
 Logemail, of Haarlem, euustrueted on the prinei- 
 iiles of Ur. Elias, wliieli weighs 100 Ih, and can 
 sustain 430 ft. Hu^'ker, of Nuremljcrg, eon- 
 strueted a magnet weighing 36 grains, capable of 
 sust-iining 146 times its own weight. This was 
 exhibited in 1851, also at the lioyal Institution, 
 sir Will. Thomson's mariner's eonip.ass produeed, 
 
 1872 
 Kir E. Sabine, eminent fir lifchmg ivsearches in 
 niagnetiani, died (aged 94), 26 June, 1883. 
 
 MAGNETO-ELECTRICITY, the discovery 
 of professor Fariiday ; see under Eleitricity. Mag- 
 
 aeto-eleetricity has been recently applied (,, , , 
 f;rai)lii(! and to lighthouse purposes, I'l,,, '^ I," 
 [•'orelaiul lighlliouse, near l)nv( r, was illiiiiiiiini'..!' 
 by tlie inagneln-electrie ligiit in tli ' 
 
 iSyS-ijand I<S;-,i)-(iO (tllr liglit renin veil toll 
 
 «iiit(r „f 
 
 in'iUdi), tlie l.i/ards, by Dr. C. Wini.iiu s''mi!|K' 
 niagneto-electne ligiit, KS78. .See /■'(0«(/i,„,'„„' / 
 MAGNOLIA. Mdiinnlid (//mien w,,, 1 ,., , 
 here Iroin N. America, lliiO',. ■[]». laurul-In;.''; 
 .\laginilia, Mdi/iifi/iii ;/riiin/iJlui-(i. ri.,111 jf .\iil., ' 
 about 1734. 'I'lie dwarf .^laJ;nllli;|, .I/ki//,,,/,;, ,,,',„',,;,' 
 from China, in 17^9; and (iiImi frnm Cliiii|,i"!|'' 
 brown stalked, 17.H9; the juirplc, 171JO; mill' [i''' 
 slender, l<So4. ' '" 
 
 MAGUIltE, see Mol/:/. 
 MAGYAllS, see HiDiyan/. 
 
 MAHAKAJPOOR (India). Here sir lla^b 
 Gough severely defeated the Maliratta armv r,f 
 Gwalior, 29 Dee. 1843. Lord lillciboroughVaj 
 present. 
 
 MAHDI (Guided hy God), a name iissmmd fcv 
 foveral Malionietaii fanatics claiiiiing lo beiiu-inrfv 
 sent reformers and liberators. An eminent csiiinijle 
 is found in Ibn 'ruinert,the.\lninli;ii|e Mi,li,|j j,,',^,^ 
 I2tli century. .See Hii/i//.iiii,iuu\ Inrthelatc-iMiiliiiis 
 see fiuiidau, 1881, it in/. A JIalidi lias risen jr, 
 Hokhara, named Mahomed Alidallah hen Untin 
 Jlay, 1884. Hf^ J)n-rin/iis. " Ten Years' Can! 
 tivity in the Jlalidi's Camp " by Father Olirwaliitr 
 published Autumn, l8ij2. ' 
 
 MAHEDPORE, see Mehc('pore. 
 
 MAHOGANY is said to have been hrnnj'ot ti 
 England by Kaleigh, in 1593 ; but not to liavaonit 
 into general use till 1720. 
 
 MAHOMET ANISM embodied in the Koran, 
 includes — the unity of God, tlie immortality ot lie 
 soul, predestination, a last judgment, and a M\\«i:\ 
 paradise. Mahomet asserted tlnit Ibe K'iraii was 
 revealed to him hy the angel Gabriel duriiifa 
 period of twenty- three years. He enjoined uiiliij 
 disciples circumcision, prayer, alms, frrqucnt ablu- 
 tion, and fasting, and permitted polygamy aii 
 concubinage. 
 
 Thu Maliom<'l<m yvar, 1313-1316. Mniitlis ; Sluialaii, 
 begins (28 Jan. 1895); Ham.ailaii, (26 Feb.); Siia. 
 wall, (28 March); Dulkaada, (26 .\pril); Dulliej. 
 gia, C26 May;— 1313 ; .Muharraiii, (24 June); Saii. 
 bar, (24 July); Itabia I., (22 Aug.); Rabia 11,, 
 (21 Heiit.i; Joiiiad I., (20 Oct.); Joiaaila II., 
 (19N11V.) ; Kajali r. (iS Dec.). 
 (The dates are given in the best aliuaimcks.) 
 Mahomet, Mohammed (the name is spelt many 
 
 ways), born at Mecca . . . . 569 ii'r j:o 
 Announced hiiii.self as a imiphet . . . almiit (li 
 Fled from his enemies to .Medina (his lli.!;lit is lalhii 
 
 the llegira) 15J11I.V, (» 
 
 Defeats his enemies (the Koreish, the Jews.ic.) '. 623-! 
 
 Defeats the Christians at Muta 6:9 
 
 Is acknowledged as a sovereign ■ . ip 
 
 Dies, it is said, of slow poison, aduiinisteioil liy a 
 
 Jewess to test his divine character , , 8 June, {1: 
 The Mahometans are divided into several snt.s, the 
 two chief being the Siiiniilci, iir the (Jitlimios 
 (who reciignised as caliph Abubeker, tlie fatliit- 
 in-law of Mahomet, in preference to Ulnar and 
 Ali), and the Sliiilr.^ (Sectaries), or h'uliviilci, the 
 followers of Ali, who married Fatiiiia, the ito- 
 idiet's daughter. 
 The former (also called 811 ites) ri'ciiKnisii the 
 "Sauna" (traditinns) sayings of Maliuiiiet (sup- 
 plementary to the Kiiriiii) wliicli the Sliiites 
 reject. Iliisnn and other S"iis ..f AH wtTi; niiir- 
 dired a. d, 680, and a miracle | day ami a festival 
 hi their honour are still observed. 
 The Ot.toinan empire is the chief seat of tlie Son- 
 uites, the sultan being considered the representa- 
 
tETANlS^r. 
 
 I«78. See fa nulls 
 
 iu •wntlyiipplk.dtHeu. 
 mm- pnriins..,. 'n,,. s,v|i 
 
 'I'l' '"vrr, w,H iiii„„i,„;,;; 
 ■';; '-I't "1 tho uimiT „( 
 
 ■lii;litivniuv..,lif,li,„n,m,, 
 
 ■■'lO/l. 
 
 '. ''■•^«- Tl»,. l;,urel..l;;.J 
 iiiii/ijluni, liMiii \. Am,,,, 
 Muj;nnli:,, M'n/„„tiii, ,„„„:',' 
 111(1 (iil.M, !i,.,ii China) tk' 
 llu' imri.lc, i;.ju; ,„,j ,,.^, 
 
 R (Iiiiliii). Here sir Hart 
 :ed til,. .M„;iriitta annv of 
 i- Lord Kilf'iborougti'was 
 
 ly God), 11 iiMiiie lissiiiiudiv 
 iitius iliiiiiiiii,;,' tobeiliviiiflv 
 •iitors. Aiiciiiiiu'iittx:„,,ple 
 ,theAliii,.li;,du.M;,luliintl,e 
 
 '.v;//,iiiullortliMate»lMalidis 
 »■</. A Miiliili l,;,s risejjj 
 
 mii'd AlicliiUidi IJcii Onim, 
 
 ■hhix. "TiMi Years' Cap! 
 
 mil)" by Fiitlior Obrwalutr 
 
 |2. 
 
 ieo Mthcrpore. 
 
 iiiid to liiivf \wMn brought to 
 
 'S9.1 1 liut iiottohavucome 
 ;o. 
 
 SM cmbfiilied in the Koran. 
 God, tlif immortality of tk 
 list jud;rmc-nt, iinil a sinsml 
 iserted tliiit thu Koniii \vaj 
 lie iingt'l Giibritl during a 
 yi'urs. He I'lijuineJ a\\n 
 prayer, alms. fnquHitiiljIu. 
 1 permitted polygamy ani 
 
 -1316. Moiitlis ; SliaaKa:,, 
 [imiiiuliiii, (26 Ki'l,.); Sl,,i. 
 .-iiiiln, (26 .Vpril); Diillieg. 
 iiluuTaiii, (24 .June); s,!],. 
 I., (22 AiiK.); Ualjia II,, 
 
 (20 Oct.); Jornada II., 
 
 Di^c). 
 
 n the best alinanack.s.) 
 
 he name is spelt many 
 
 . 569 or \r> 
 iiV|ihet . . . al«int fn 
 Mediliii(liis flight is lalW 
 
 . 15 July, 61! 
 inreish, til,.' Jews, ic.) . hy- 
 
 Mutii 6:9 
 
 •rein" . . . . ( 
 ',iison, niliiiinisteied liy a 
 e churai'ter . . 8 June, ( 
 led into siiveral si'cts, tlie 
 iiinites, or the Uitleulax 
 ih Almlieki'r, the father- 
 prefereni'e to ( (mar and 
 ctiiries), or h'litimik!, the 
 uan'ied Fatiina, the [iro- 
 
 Sii ites) reeofmise the 
 layinfes of Mahomet (sup- 
 iiiin) whieh the Sliiites 
 ,er sons of Ali were iimr- 
 liracle |ilay and a festival 
 
 observed. 
 
 le chief seat of the Son- 
 
 ■ousidered the reprcsentii- 
 
 1609 
 
 MAHRATTAS. 
 
 tivfi'ftlie caliphs; PitsI.-i has Iiimmi f,.r ecntnrics 
 ihi'strfflij-'hold oftlii' Shiiti's. 
 Ilitir I'nwres.s 111 l''raii.v w.is stojipe,! by thidr 
 
 iltfratatToiiis liv Charli's .Maitil. in . 
 1!i,'M,ih,iiiielaii .\r;ibst,Tiii,'il.SaiaciM,s. con, pi, t,.,! 
 \i:,l.;a. X'Tlli .\l'ri,"i, an,! part ,.r .\sia. in t),,. 
 ;lli ,',iiliiiy ; ill I'lc Sth tlo'V Inva.lc.; Kiuni.,', 
 .,ii,.|iieriiw Sjiain. Willi,' th.'v l'oiin,le,l the iuli- 
 fatef C'iii-il,iv,i. whii'h Iiist,',l fr,,ni -^^r, to 1051, 
 All it was hrolii'ii lip iiit,i snialhT •;ov,mii- 
 wntt. the last of wliicli. tli,' kiiij;,i,ini ,,f 
 Gwimla. eii'linvil till it.s s,ilij,,i;ati,iii liy Ki'nli- 
 iiand ill "W- '■ ''"' tbe Mnoiish .M,ili,,iiii.ta'iis were 
 
 n.ii liiially I'xpelli'il fi Sp,iin till . 
 
 .\f;,r.il,iiiKi'"ii'i'-'t' tbe Turks iin,|,'i> .Mahomet ll! 
 l,.ikOiiist.iiitiii,il>le: he iiiiule it his cipital ami 
 
 llii' I'hh'f seat "fills ri'Iij;!,, 11 
 
 Tiioiiiihcnisiilereil t,i he ,lcidinin(,'. Miiliometjinlsni 
 is I'ahMilatwl as iiiclinling :oo millions amongst its 
 v*iries. 
 
 I Cmnr leeii Tyahjee, a Malionwtan, n,lmitt,',l lo 
 
 |ir,Kti.wasaiiattoni,'y in Kiiglainl, having takiii 
 I tlii-nathsniioii till' Koran . . . .\,iv, 
 I BilriiiKleen Tyahjee, a .Malioiii,'tan, c,ill,',l to the 
 
 I lor to April, 
 
 frlii'stMalioiiietaii iiio.s,|iii' in Eiiglaml er,'ct,',l at 
 Maylmry. W,,UiMu'. .Surrey. t,i li,' c,iiii]il,'t,',l hy 
 11,,'' fxertieiis ,if Hr. (i. \V. I.,'itTi,'r (i,,.t 11 .Mah,]- 
 
 i!irtaii), Aii^'. 1881;; the an r of Algliaiiistaii, 
 
 hv his son. presents 500/. to th,' i,i,>s,|,i,'. 4 ,(,iii,', 
 
 I Tlif'n>|irPseiitation of a jilay call,',l Mali:, mid ,,n 
 
 ll,.> Eii;;lisli St e-'e. was stop|i,',| l,y r,.,|ii,'st, ai,li',l 
 
 l,vth,'il,t,'r\"l,tioli oltlie .siiltiiii . . |),.,.. 
 
 .Ohihniiii'tan i,ianiat;,' at Ih,' Mosh-m Insliliil,.', 
 
 I.ivrr|«)ol, the liisl ill Kiigl;in,I . i3 A|iril,' 
 
 ■Till' l-ife and Ti'iieliiiigs of .Mohaiiimed, or. The 
 
 .Spiritof Iskini." Iiy .Sycl Aiii,','rAli, M.,\.,a iii,lge 
 
 iiiDi'iiiial, pnhlisli,',! in 1B75 ami iSgi. 
 
 .Umfereiicc of .Mosh'iiis proti'stingagainst att.acks 
 
 fill tlieir ridii;ion, \e.. Sir E. Asliim^ail-Iiartlett 
 
 , ftf^mt. Liieloii .... 15 Ma.v, 
 
 I Loyal deelaratioii of th,' .Moslem patriotic h'agiie 
 
 a; the Oriental a, 'ail, 'iiiy, Loll, l,)n . 13.1111'! 
 
 , lUHRATTA.S, a people of ITindostim, who 
 
 I oridiiallyilwelt iiortli-wcst of tlio ])cecnii, which 
 I itey overran aliont ib-;6. They ende.ivonred to 
 oifrronie the llofjul, hut were'restniined bv the 
 J .\fjhaii3. They entered into uUiiince witli tlie East 
 I InJLi company in 176;, mud,' war a^ninst it in 
 I i;:4, ajaininade ncace in i;,S2, iind were finally 
 I suWiiedin 1818. ,Seo Iiiilii) 1803, et acq., Gwalior 
 I anil Imkiw 
 
 JUID, see Hniji Maid, Klizabeth Barton, and 
 I Jun of Arc, maid of Orleans. 
 
 M.\IDA (Calabria; where the French, pom- 
 I nianJfd by frcneral Ueijnicr, were si^nallv defeated 
 In the British under nnijor-general sir John Stuart, 
 |4July, 1S06. 
 
 MAIDEX, see GmUolhic. 
 
 MAip.S OF HOXOUR. Anue, daughter of 
 jlrantisll. ilnkeot Ilrittanv. and queen of Charles 
 I Ull. and Louis XII. of 'Frani-e (1485.98), had ' 
 
 689 
 
 MAJE.STY. 
 
 ,867 
 
 xSqo 
 
 1891 
 
 1895 
 IS97 
 
 I MAIL-COACHES, for th. conveyance of 
 e ers, were l^rst set up at Bristol by .Vlr. John 
 lalnn'r,ofIiutli,2Au?. 1784. Tln'V wcVe einploved 
 I lor other routes in 178s, and soon bi'cunie -eneral 
 ! '" J/"Sl;'iiil. iliu nmils were first sent by'/-«(7iu 
 I 105,3. 
 
 I MAILLOTIXS (small mallets), a name given 
 
 toeii-taincitiz.nsof I'aris, who. in .March, 1582, 
 
 Violently opposi'd th,. colh'ction of new taxes 
 
 I iniposi'il by the duke of Anjou, the rc-eiit They 
 
 , ar.ned themselves with small iron mallets (takeii 
 
 , trom the arsenal), and kiUeil the collectors ; for 
 
 which they were severely punished in Jan. 1383. 
 
 ■ MAIMIXG AND "VVOUXDIXG, see Cornitru 
 
 : MAIXTEXANCE, see liavvaly,/. 
 
 MATX PLOT, a name given to a conspiraev 
 to make Arabella Stuart sovereign of England iii 
 
 Ivu "*^„'^;"!";' ^- j" '^'O.V i'»''J C.bhani, sir 
 \\alti'r Kub'igli and lord Grey, were condemned 
 to death lor impluution in it, but repricv,.d ; others 
 Nvere e.xecutcd. Kaleiyh was e.\eeute,l, 211 Oct. 
 lulo. 
 
 ■ ■^AT-^'^^' '' " P''"^'''i"'i N.W. of Franc, seized 
 by William I. of England in lofirj. It u.knowleib'ed 
 prince Arthur, ikk); was taken from John" of 
 iMigland t>y I'liilil) of France, 1204 ; was recovered 
 by v.dward III. m 1.557 ; but given up, I3(x3. After 
 various cliangcs it was tinally united to France bv 
 Louis XI. in 14S1.-2. MaIXE (X. America), 
 was discovered by Cabot, 14,(7; iiinl colonised tiy 
 tlie English 16,50 c/ .sr/. ; it b,','aine a state of the 
 union in 1820. Capital, Augusta. Population, 1880, 
 ''4^-",V'-' .'Ji'M«)i,o80. The boundary line between 
 the British and the Fnited States 'territories in 
 .Maine was setthd by the Asliburton treaty, con- 
 '■l.ii'led -Vug. 1842. The M„wf i:,,mr /aw, pro. 
 hiluting the maniifaeture, sale, ami use of iiito.vi. 
 eating drinks, with certain exceptions, was enacted 
 m iSjji, In 1872, it was offii-iallv reported to have 
 gri'atly deereasi'd drunkenness and render,'d the 
 trade disreputable, 
 fiieat lire at C'anulun ; 8a w.irchousesaml 50 houses 
 
 ,,.,''",'!''"■'",' ■ •, .,• • • '"^""V. i8r2 
 
 lh,'(i])eralioiisoan,l other buihlingsatUath burnt, 
 
 ,r . .- .1 ■ . , !o March, 
 
 M''iih: Lniteil states cruiser, burnt bv ,'X|>losi,iii 
 
 in H.i.aiia harhoiir, 2 ollleers ami 270 men kilh'il 
 
 ..''•4f>"''«.' ,, I'Vl,: 
 
 ( oiirl ol inquiry liiids no evi,l,'ne,' to lix th,. i,.. 
 siioiisihility. hut attributi's Ih,. ,'xpl,,sii,ii to a 
 mill,' 1111 h'riM'allilh,' vessi'I, r,'port.',l t,icoiigress 
 with a digiiili,'il inessagi! from th,. ipresiih-nt, 03 
 Mareli ; the Spanish I'oinniissioii I'liiisiiliT th,! 
 exjihisijii was Irom within, report r,','i'iv,',| at 
 W.ishingtou .,, J,.,,.,., 
 
 1S93 
 
 rgS 
 
 rf,„n„on,ii;„,,,.;f'"iVi-" "i""'!' 1 ^ ' f ' .f^f^ J < "■^"- MAIWAND. Afghanistan, ulioiit TO nillcs fvom 
 ,you;and beautiful ladies about her person, railed Candahar. On27Julv. i88o,gen .] liurrows , n- lied 
 iMnjs of honour.. The queen of Edward I. of ' A-om Kushk-i-I^akluul, anlf^trnd'ed i^anny ^ 
 
 Ayoob Khnn, about 20,oa) men. entrenehed her 
 
 |lin»land is said to have had' four maids of'iioiiout' 
 |(I2:m307) ; queen Victoria lias eight. 
 
 MAIDSTOXE, Kent, a liritish town, anciently 
 Itermed the city of the Meilwav (Caer Meguald) ii 
 Iposscssion of the anlibishop.s" ,,f Canti-ibiiry in 
 li",''*"'', l\ "■"^° '■'""■t'^""! ^>y several kings, 'from 
 lEdward M to George II. The royalist Kentish 
 Inicn Mre here defeated by Fai.xfax, 1048. The 
 |arclihisliop s palace w,i8 built in 1348. Maidstone 
 ,!,.ir„ pevioiblv sent two monili,-i, 1,. , ailiniuent,' 
 1,1 IV , "'"'■ Typhoid eiii.Iemic uttri- 
 
 I nil ,"« w"'"";r= ^'■'■"■'"'Sli «-ater supply cut off, 
 |JU 1. 1897 (see ,Vrt«.v(,)».A«i(w F„}u/). Papulation 
 
 11881,29,263; 1891,32,150. 
 
 ,- . TTi "", — '"" i.v ..v.,t.. mil- on 
 
 the river Jlelmund, and after tour hours' severe 
 conflict was compelled to retreat. About 500 of the 
 British with many oltieers fell (in,'ludinglieut.-col. 
 Galbraith. major G. F. Blaekwo,Hl. eaji'ains Gnrratt, 
 JleMath, CuUen, Roberts, and others), especia'lv 
 olli,.ers of the ()6th regiment ; with abet 700 of the 
 native troops killed or missing. Tlie liritish eom- 
 niaiiders were censured. Ayoob Khan did not 
 improve liis victory, and was totally defeated by 
 gen. sir F. lloberts, I Sept, 1880. See Mii:ra. 
 
 MAJESTY. Among the Romans, the emperor 
 and imperial family were thus addressed, and also 
 the popes and the emperors of Germany. Thu 
 
 Y Y 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 '' i, 
 
 nt WW 
 
 < '. ii 
 
 ^€ 
 
 r 
 

 IP 
 
 
 
 uiin.^i ' 
 
 
 
 PI 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 
 Hi' 
 
 1 
 
 
 I^HHHub »' 
 
 ' 
 
 \^H 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 ^i 
 
 .MAJOLICA AVAltE. 
 
 (100 
 
 MALT. 
 
 Btvlc waB |.'iv('ii fn I.diiirt XI. "f Friinco in 1461. 
 Voltaire. Uimii Clinrlcs V. \»n\v^ cluism ciiiiirnir 
 of Gormnnv in l^l'i. tli" kin-s d' Spiiin l""k llij' 
 style. Friincis f. nf Kiiincc. lit tlic iiitcrvuw wiUi 
 Iffnrv VIlI.nfKnu'liniil, "M tli.' ViM of tlic CL.tli 
 of Gold, :\'l<lrcHsc(l tlic liittci- 11s Y"Ur Miiji'-tv. I.:.20. 
 Jnmcs I. usicl till' stylf "Siicifd," and " Mo^t 
 Excellont MMJi'sty." 
 MAJOLICA WARE, ^ce rutkn/. 
 
 JIAJOI!C!A, S''i' Jli'/f'iiif '•■''•«. !"iil J[i"nrrn. 
 Mnjorcii oiip.'scd I'liilip V. .if Spuin in 1714; Imt 
 submitted. [4 .Inly, 171 v Its tii>t riiilwMy, Irnni 
 Talmii, riii.ital of tlu' liiilciinc isles, to Inta, lb 
 miles, opened, 24 Kcb. 1.S7V 
 
 MAJUBA TITLL (.<ee Trmm-naT). On Sntur- 
 day night, 2(1 Fdi. l^iHi, alioyo C)(X) men under sir 
 Gcorjje P. Colley iiKinh'.n.i:- fnmi the i'ani)i at Momit 
 Prospeit, asoeiiJled Majnlm hill overlookiiifjLaing s 
 Nek, \vliere the lioers were enrainped, to aui-pnse 
 them. The attack of the lioers hec,'im lo..^o 11. m. 
 
 ete., sinee iS;^. I'rotcited StMlcs'l'dlfrati,,,, -. 
 
 V. k. Swetteiiliam appointed n Mddit-si in.,. ' " 
 
 ported, S l-'el). l,S(((i. _ l,iellt.-e..l. ^i^ flmil, ,'|: '" 
 
 Slilehi'U appointed hi;;h e'limiii.^ii.i,,.,-. siuk- ,, . 
 
 I'llell appointed lll;;li e'lniiin^-i,,,,,.,-^ j^ j^i 
 Bee M(ili«((is, I'/ii/ijipiiiii, Strattn, ki', 
 
 INIALDON fKssex), laiilt 28 ii.r., ia ,„.,,, , 
 to have liecn the tirst Huinau (cii.i.ny m li'l. " 
 It was l)iirnt liy (jueen lieadieen, ;iiul niiuilt'ln"',f; 
 Romans; hiiriit liy the Danes, A.D. (/ji^nniii^-i,,"' 
 liy the Saxons. iMaUloii was ineoipcMiiiwl 1,^ j, '.; 
 aiid .Mary. .Misorli.-d into tlie eiaiiuv, i,S^'- 'ji''^l 
 siiifiular 'eiistiim uf lioroiij'h-Kiigii.sli isKiiitm 
 here, by wliieli the yoimucst sun, iukI i,,,j J. 
 eldest, succeeds to the' Ijiir-ajic tiiimto 0.1 
 father's deach ; see Jluroi(^//i-I;ii;/iiili, 
 
 "'■wtral 
 
 \n 
 
 of 
 
 the 27th. Fierce conllicts ensued ; eventually "ver- 
 whelmed by nnmliers and deadly tire, the liritish 
 were routed" and tied. Sir (ieorge Colley fell with 
 hi3 face to flie enemy, lioer loss about 150. About 
 3:;o Ih-itish engafieii 
 
 Loss: killed, 3 otficers and 
 
 aljout 82 men r many wounded, 122 prisoners, and 
 Bome missing. 
 
 MAKALAKA, see Mashmm. 
 
 MALABAR (S.W. coast of Ilinilostnn). The 
 Portu^'uese established factcaics here in 1505; the 
 English did the same in itiol. A murderous attack 
 on the Hindus hv the Moplali Mussulmune, pun- 
 ished by the iiritish, 8 April, 1894. 
 
 MALACCA, on the Jtalaypcuinsuln,E. Indies, 
 was made 11 rortuguese setthaiient in 1511. i he 
 Dutch factories were established in 1O40. The 
 Dutch government exchanged it for Bencoolen in 
 Sumatra in 1824, when it was pl.aced under the 
 Pengal presidency. It is now part of the Ulraits 
 Settlements (which see). 
 
 MALAGA (.S. Spain), a rhoDnician town, taken 
 
 by the Arabs, 714 ; retaken by the Span-ards, after 
 ti long siege, 1487; see yarcit lUitttis, 1704. An 
 insurrection against the provisional goyernment 
 was put down with mueli slaughter, 31 Dec. 1808. 
 Populatior in 1887, I34,I0(). 
 
 MALAKHOFF, a hill near Sebastopol, on 
 ■which was situated an old tower, strongly fortified 
 by the Russians during the siege of 1834-55. The 
 allied French and Knglish attacked it on 17, 18 
 June, 1855, and after a contliet of forty-eight hours 
 were repulsed with severe loss ; that of the English 
 being 175 killed and 1120 wiainded ; that of the 
 French 33^8 killed and wounded. (Jii 8 Sept. the 
 Frencli again attacked tlie MalakholV; nt eight 
 o'clock the lirst mine was siirung, and at noon llie 
 French Hag tloatrd over the coiaiuercd redoubt ; sec 
 Sebastopol. In the Malakhoiraud Redan were found 
 3000 pieces of eaiiuon of every caiibro, and I20,oco 
 lbs. of gunpowder. 
 
 MAI;A VITA (evil life), the name of a secret 
 society in south Italy ; tlie hii;hest of its three grades 
 is the" Camorristi. "At I.ucera, in Foggia, (18 men 
 were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment 
 (from 5 to 10 years), reported 2 Oct. 1894; see 
 t'amomi. 
 
 MALAY ARCIIirELAOO. Great im- 
 pt'iyemcnt in tie country through Ihitish lu-o 
 slavery abol'-shed, 
 
 MALEGXAXO or :\Ii;i.K.iNASo 
 names of ilarigiiano {ir/iic/i ,m(). ' 
 
 MALICIOUS DAMAGES. Tl:e 
 
 specting them was coiisnli<|iii( d .i,,,] ii,|„,,„|,.,i , 
 24 & 25 Vict. c. 07. 'fhis act protetls vmt.ij 
 electric telegraphs, &c., i8(jl. 
 
 MALINE8, see Meehiui. 
 
 MALINS' ACT 20 & 21 Vict, c, :;7, rrfsa. 
 to the powers of wono in regard to prcpirlv n^ 
 
 passed in 1857. 
 
 MALMESBURY, Wiltshire, an ,M n^iA 
 town. The abbey, founded iiKuut '170, «iiss,vmll 
 times destroyed by the llnncs and rcstniol. 1 
 chief was made a mitred abliot liy Kiln, 
 III. Athelstan was buried in the alilicv. Th,,!, 
 Hobbes, the philosopher, was Imni liero, ; \.'| 
 1588. By the act of 1885, .Mahiir.-buiy was ,u'. 
 franchised and absorbed into tlie enuiiiy. IVml,!.! 
 tion, 1881, 3,17''; 1^91. 2,9(14. 
 
 MALO, ST. (N.-W. Fr.inre). Tim port, j. i| 
 great resort of privateers, sustained a ti-cTn;in|isi| 
 bombardment by the Fhiglish under admiral llinbivl 
 in l6<)3, and un'dcr lord H''rkclcy in July, locj;. 1^1 
 June, 1758, the British landed i'n coii«i,l"cinl)Kr[,,,,| 
 in Caiu'ale bay, and went up ti the liaiVji.t 
 where they burnt upwards of a liiimlnil ships, ajl 
 did gre.it damage to the tiuvii, iiiakiii? a iim/.rl 
 of jirisoners. It is now defended by a virv ^t^™ 
 castle, and the harbour is very dilliciiltof acti'Si. 
 
 MALO-JAROSLAVITZ, ncarMtiscow,*! 
 1 tral Russia : the site of severe encounters IxUftnl 
 ' the Russians and the retreating French amv,! 
 
 24 Oct. 1812. The latter were victorious, but tiiif 
 
 great loss. 
 
 MALPLAQUET (X. France), IhreliJ 
 allies under the duke of Jlarlberough anil friEjf 
 Eugene defeated the French, conuiiiiiulej bvEal 
 shal ViUars, II Sent. 1 709. Each army m,* 
 of nearly 1 20,(XX) choice soldiers. TlioriMvai errij 
 slaughter on both sides, the allies Insing i\ 
 men, which loss was but ill repaid by tlie oaiifuit ,l] 
 Mons. 
 
 MALT, barley prepared for browin? amliisi' 
 lation. A duty was laid iipun malt in lurisj 
 pealed but reini])osed 1(197, '' "7- IiapTtaiit i a 
 lor the regulation of malt duties were pasaiij 
 
 1830 and 
 
 In .Maieh, 1H5S, there were (i;| 
 
 tectlon, 
 
 niiiways 
 
 Ihitis 
 
 constructed 
 
 iceiised maltsters in the I'liitcd Kiiigilmi. IsJ 
 duty on malt in 18(13 :iiie'Uii!ed to (i,:;],;!;lj 
 In 1864 the duty was'rcniitted on maltu-iill»f 
 ciitle feeding; aiid ill l8':5, m .ct fni ] 
 allowing the excise duty to be idiargeihoo.n!ir:!l| 
 the weight uf the gra"in used, A imliaiiKnlii] 
 committee to consider re|ieal of malt U\ viiisa 
 , to, 14 May, 1807, without success ; a motion !■ 
 
■'''<' ii*l"''''-'l'>''lornti.,.| mJ 
 mlcil rcMddit-;;, iivr'' 
 iMil.-i-u|. sr ('U,^rl^^: .,; 
 
 )f.v, .S7y «!',«, ixc. ' 
 
 iMlilt 2,S ii.r., is si|pr,„,l| 
 K.Miiiin (ol,„iv 111 li'r, " 
 !iiiiilir'';i, aiiclviiniililii',', 
 Dlllli's, A.l). C)()l,„n,l,ji„''.-| 
 
 ivv;isiiirc.iiinratiill,vli.i:J 
 
 lllO tllC ( .illlltv, lUiv'-. ']l'',| 
 
 (iniu^'li-Kii^Ui-'li ij hri,tiil;| 
 uimc'st suu, aiij ii„| ,|;| 
 (■ 1)II1-1IHV tl'lmv,; 0,. i'; I 
 ■lil{://l-J;il;/liili. 
 
 71 1(71 .Ml). ■ 
 
 \MAGES. Tl;e \n ... 
 isuhiliiiid ,111(1 imK-iiil,.,! 1-1 
 liisail livuti'tls wuib ii ,,,. I 
 , l80l. "■ 
 
 echliii. 
 
 20&2I Viot. c, :;7, ri.l;,,in.| 
 ill rogarU to proiitriy, «j^| 
 
 ', Wiltshire, iiii old nnj-j,;., 
 imlcil iilimit (i;o, vhismvit'iJ 
 10 llaiKS iiiul rcstcirwl. \A 
 iiiilivd ahl.i.t liy ti!,t,„ji 
 iricd ill the aWicy. Tl|nn!ij| 
 1C1-, was li.ini liL-rV, j {,,',,[ I 
 X.S:;, .Malnic-buiv was ,li<,.: 
 ■d iiitii tlio cuuniy. IVpai,.! 
 r, 2,i/'.l. 
 
 \V. Fraiirc). This port, m ,| 
 '(.'1-9, sustained ii trtm^iiiiial 
 lnj;lisliinider admiral Hinlxwl 
 d j'erkidey in July, i^j, ^t 
 h landed in eonsi.l'eralili'frij 
 1 wnt lip {1 till.' haildirr 
 •ards iif a luimlred ships. mJ 
 ;lio tdwn, maliiiij a mni'al 
 w del'eiided liv a very strnil 
 ris Very difficult of aws!. 
 
 jAYITZ, nearMnsoow.rtn.l 
 (if severe encounters bitittal 
 le retreatiii!; French arevj 
 Iter \ver(.' victorious, bntiiif 
 
 ET (X. France). H.ielsel 
 (' (if Jliirlbimniijli and prisJ 
 Froneli, coniniinulej byciij 
 . 1701). Each array c(ing,:t( 
 lice siildiers. Tlicre was rrtsl| 
 ides, the .illies losing i>,o 
 but ill reiKiid by thi; caiteei 
 
 cnared for brewing anJiiisiiJ 
 laid upmi iiialt in llj(i;;r(| 
 1 I(i')7, it sif}. Iniimrtaiit Jii 
 if malt duties were pass 
 .Mareli, l8yS, tlici'c wore W, 
 n the United Kingdiiiii, lil 
 18(13 ^ini'iuiited to (i,2;j.;!;l| 
 ,'a3 remitted on malt u-nltiT 
 ill 18',-:;, an ,ict wi- I'V 
 lut\' til be charged aooriiri;:! 
 ;^ra'iii used. .V iiarlianKnan] 
 T repeal ef malt t.ix was aa^ 
 without success; n motion ;i 
 
 -AiAr/rA. 
 
 tiiii 
 
 JIAX, ANTIUUITY OF. 
 
 „m1 the tax ^ya.^ iie^'atived (-'.44-17), 2} .\piil, 
 
 ,y. Tax abolished, I.S,><o (wliuu it was 2s. «',(/. 11 
 
 hslifl). Itceiisi'il 1 tict. l.S.Sii. 
 
 j,.,iiii( fT'.m llie laalt diili^'s: in the year cndiiin -\t 
 Jtirdi, '850' .ii.iy'.i-'-i'- ; - 1K54, 5, .118,418/. ;— ib^'ii, 
 (6;«,849'.;-l85; ('"X reduecl), 5,0.;i),95o/. ;~iS(.a, 
 n,iM'l-'- '^("' fi.^oS.Sij/.; 1S07, 6,316,185/.;— 1871, 
 
 ;,04O,373/.;-"8r3, 7.7-'i.54S/. 
 j/i.l iiiado iinil let.iiiieil in tlie UiiUeil KiiiKdoni : in 
 ii;j. 36,205,45' linsliels; ill iSii, 4a,8.j2,oi3; in 1S47, 
 i!,307,3i5; i» "^^57. 41. 545. ''.n; in >S6i, 46,65o,icx); in 
 ii;o, 56.775.6M ; hi 1875, 63,015,676. 
 
 J[.lLTA (formerly Melifa), an islaiul in the 
 jleJitciTimeiui, lieU suece.ssividy by the l-hd/iii- 
 .jjiii, Caithiittinbins, iiiul Itdinaii.s, which last ccm- 
 i-ucml it, 259 li-c. The a]i.istIo Paul was wrecked 
 i'erc, .1.1). 02. (-'J'"''' xxvii., x.wiii.) .Malta was 
 tiknbvthc; Vandals, 55.^; by the Arabs, ,H7o; and 
 !iv lit ^'ormans I'roiii Sicily, lo'/i. With Sicily it 
 wanie successively jKirt (iV the possessions of tlio 
 li„aifS of Holieiistaul'eii, of .\iijou (I20()), and of 
 ,|ni?nn (I2()0). In 1530 Charles V. ^^iivo it to the 
 jiniifhts IlosjiitiiUers,^ who (iefi'iided it most cou- 
 ngeouslyaiicisuccessfiilly, in 1551 and 156s, against 
 itoTurfo, who were obliged to iihanibn'i t'lie entur- 
 pri-c after tlie loss of 30,o<X) men. Tbe island was 
 utm by Loniiparte in the outset of liis expedition 
 to Egypt, 12 June, 171)8. He found in it 1200 
 pieces of cannon, 200,cxx) lbs. of powder, two ships 
 of the line, a frigate, four galleys, and 40,0(X) mus- 
 kets, besides an imincnse ireuaiire collected by 
 sjperstition ; and 4500 Turkish [irisoners, whom he 
 .set at libi.Tty. Malta surrendered to the liritisli 
 'jn'ier I'igot, 5 Sept. 1800. At the peace of Amiena 
 I itiras stipulated that it should be restored to the 
 , ji'hts. The J3ritisli, however, retained possession, 
 j and the war recoinmeneed between the two nations; 
 lutbytho treaty of I'aris, in 1814, the island was 
 juaranteed to Great liritain. A legislative coii- 
 I ititution WHS established in 1849 ; anil after various 
 j thanges was replaced by a more popular one nro- 
 (Liiaicd 22 Dee. 1887. La i'uletlii, tho capital, 
 w;u founded in I5.;7 by the grand master 
 La Valolta, and completed and ooeupit'd bv the 
 I taishts, 18 Aug. 1571. The Protestant college 
 was founded in l.-!46. .V grand new naval dry dock 
 was opened, May, '871. (jovcrnor of Malta and 
 Gozo, sir Patrick Grant, March, 1807 ; air C. T. Van 
 Straubenzce, 1872; sir Arthur liorton, 187S ; gen. 
 fir John Lintorn \. Simmons, i8S.j ; It. -gen. sir 
 I Honry D'Oyly T"rrens, .March, 1888, died i Dec. 
 IS'i}; gen.' sir II. .V. Smyth, T)ec. 1(8.89; lieut.- 
 j ;t>n. .i. J. Lyon Fn-mantle, Dee. l8f)3. — The 
 visit of prince of Wales, -Vpril, 187(1. Great 
 inimigr.ition of destitute Knropeans from .* lexandriii 
 (see £/;//)/) miildle June, 1882 ; abnut 22a), 6 July, 
 iSSj, See C/iol- ni. l'o|Hilation of Malta and ad- 1 
 Ijaientislesiu l(S()0, 165,(1(12. j 
 
 j -Ve^itiatioiis respcctiiii; tlie Koman Catbolies and 
 Marriage laws coiiclii.led liysirJ. I... .Siiiiiii.ins ; 
 sfiMUKltri'njic, l.eo.Mll. . . . 7 A]iril, 1S90 
 I JiiWlce statue of the (Mieeii unveiled, 6 Aii^'. iSqi, 
 ' b.v My Smyth. ' = J , \ 
 
 M.iLTA. Kxrr.iiT.s of. A military religious 
 
 .irdiT, called also li.ispitallers of St. .John of Jiru- 
 
 .'aiem, Kniglits of 8t. Joliii, and Knights of Rhodes. 
 
 I Some merchants of .Malti, trading to the Levant, 
 
 I obtained leave of the cali[)h of Egvpt to build a 
 
 I house for those who eanie on jiilgriniage to Jerusa- 
 
 I km, and u h'jiii they received witli zeal and charity, 
 
 1 104S. They afterwards founded a hospital for t lie 
 
 I wejilion ot pilgrims, from wlwnce thev were called 
 
 Iteintallers (Latin, /,of/es, a giiivt). The military 
 
 (iriT was founded about 109'j ; coufirmed by the 
 
 pope, 1113. In irirj the kiii-htsih.f.Mted tlie Turks 
 at Aiitioch, .\fter the Cliristi.ins had lost tluir 
 intere.-t in the Kast, and Jenisalem was taken, the 
 knights retired to .\. re, which thev (Icfeiiacil 
 valiantly in i2()<i. John, king of C'\priis, gave 
 them Liinisso in bis diauiiii'iiis, where' tliev stayicl 
 till I.5I(\ in wh eh year thev took Rhodes, uiuler 
 their .j:raiid master l)e \'allaret, and the next year 
 defended it under the duke of Savov against an 
 army of Saracens. The st.irv that liis successors 
 liavo used F. K. R. 'I'. (/.;„V,V,„/„ ,./„., J!/,„,/,iui 
 tciiiii', or his valour kept lihodes) lor their device 
 is miiih doubted. From this thev were also 1 ailed 
 /i-i/i;/h!s i.f li/ioihn; but Rliod(.s' being taken by 
 Solyman 111 1522, thev retired into Caiidia. theiicj 
 into Sicily. I'ope .Vdrian Vf. g.anted them tin' 
 city ot Viterbo for their retreat; and in 15^0 thu 
 emperor Charles V. gave them the isle of Malta. 
 The order was supjiressed in Knglanil in 1540; re- 
 1 storecUn 1557; and again siippris^ed in l^^f). .St. 
 ; J(din'sGate,ClerkeiiW( ll,a ndie of tlieirpos.scfsioiis, 
 ! still exists. Thu emperor Paul of Russia declared 
 ] himself grand master of the order in .lune, I7()(). 
 .Vfter the deatli of the grand master, Tommasi di 
 Contara, in 1805, the order was i,'ovenied bv a lieu- 
 tenant and a college at Rome, till I'ope Leo.XIII. 
 made count Cesclii a Santa Cisco (lieutenant since 
 14 Feb. 1871) grand master, 28 .Man h, i,S79. Tin. 
 knights sent a hosiiital establishment into Rolicniia 
 during the war in 186C), which ullbrded great relief 
 to the wounded and sick. 
 
 MAIIELOX, a hill, one of the defences of 
 Sebastopol, was captured by the French, 7 Juni.', 
 
 MAMELUKES, originally Turki.sh and Cir- 
 cassian slaves, established bv the sullan of Kgvpt as 
 a body-guard, about I2(,0. " Thev advanced ('me of 
 their own corps to the throne of Ka-vpt, May, 12(10, 
 and continued to do so until it became a 'Turkish 
 province, in 1517, when the beys took them into pay, 
 and tilled up their ranks with renegades froiu 
 various countries. On the eon(|uest of lOgvpt by 
 Bonaparte, in 1798, they retreated into Xubiii ; but, 
 assisted by the Ariiauls, iveon(|iiered |.;g\ pt from 
 the Turkish govciniiieiit. In 1804, Xapoleon em- 
 bodied some of them in his guard. On i March, 
 181 r, they were deeoyed into the jiower of the 
 Turkish pacha, Meheniet Ali, and slain at Cairo. 
 
 MAMERTTNT, sons of ;\[ain( rs or Mars, were 
 I Campanian soldiers of Agathoeles. They seized 
 I .Messina in Sicily, in 28r, 11. c, and when closely 
 
 besiej^ed by the Carthaginians, and Hiero of Syia"- 
 ! en.se, in 2(J4, they ini|>l.ire(l the help of theRoniaii.s, 
 
 which led to the first Piiiiie war. 
 
 i :Ar.\:MiIOTn, an extinct species of cle]ihaiit. 
 
 ■ .\n entire maiiinioth, lle.sh and bones, was dis- 
 covered in Siberia, in 17(1-). R, mains of this 
 animal have since been found at llarwi.h, in i8oj, 
 
 i and at places in JOurojie, Asia, and .Vnieriea. -Maiu- 
 niotli is also termed Mastodon. 
 
 M.VN, AVTIQTTITY OF. In 18/,, M. B .ueher 
 do Perthes found some rudu Mint iniplenieiits, 
 which he believed to be of hiinian luaiiuf utur ■, 
 minded with hones of extinct animals, in the old 
 alhiviui" uej -Ablieville in Pieardv, Fniiiee, and also 
 in.1847, ne;:r.Viniens. Similar llinls have ^ince been 
 found in Si.-ily b.y l>r. Falconer, at llrixham by 
 -Mr. Pengelly, and lately in vari.ms jiarts of the 
 world. Jleuce many geolo-ists infer that m.iii ex- 
 isted on the earth niany au'cs earlier thau has be.n 
 hitherto believed, 
 
 \ V 2 
 
 a :■ 
 
 #' 
 
 f.ii' 
 
 M*! 
 
MAN, 18LK OF. 
 
 602 
 
 MANAS8AH JUNCTION, 
 
 
 ■■'»r» 
 
 
 h <. 
 
 II' .. 
 
 to? ;\ ( 1 
 
 iiU 
 
 Wiiincliiinit lulrksfcMinilin Ilii'Xili! arc ciiiisiili'n'il 
 Id III' .'o,<«xi ^iMH (i]<l. mill Hiinii' li ini'M fniiinl in 
 
 l.ll'Uslli 1. i.ii>il.s ill Kloliiill, )n,(««j Vrlils lilil. 
 
 Till' " i'ln^'is >.|>iill" rimiiil liy SuliiiicrliiiK in II"' 
 Viilli'V C.I Ihr Miiisc iiliiml 1S34 
 
 I'lissil illllllMII I'l'llMJIIH rnlMlll ill OXtlni'l VIllc'llllOK of 
 
 St. Dciiii. 11. iir I'liy I'll Vrliiy .... 1844 
 A limiiMii jiiH saiil 111 liiivi' liciii fiiiind 111 till' drift 
 
 lit Miiiiriii IJiii^iii'ii, iii'.ir .Milnvllli' . .Miiiili, i86j 
 Mir riiMilis I.mII's ".Viiliiiiiily c'f Mum" was imli- 
 
 li.tllr.l ill iSM (.(111 ivlili.ill, 187O, iiiiil xi'' •'"li" 
 
 hiil.linrk'H •• l'i.lii>t,.rii' ■riiiiis, 18(15 (4llH'il. 1878). 
 
 Till' Mki'lllnll iilll 111:111 sll|'l«i.si'il tiiliaVl' lil'l'll Hi'iill- 
 ll'llllnirMrV nf till- IIIMIII Ill illnl I'ilVC-lil'lU' WlUi 
 
 I'nmi'l Willi i"ilislii'.l liihl imi'li'iiu'iitH by M. 
 l{iviri(' ill tin- '.'iiviiiiii iiivcrii, near .Mi-iilnni', 
 I'll .Miiivli, ih;.'. Mr. W. IViigi'lly wi'iit to t.\ii 
 
 lllilll' tllC'Sl' ll'lllMillS. 
 
 •■ Till' .\ii'iriii stun.' liM|ili'iiiiiits, \V(','i|inns, nmlOr- 
 
 ll.llll.'lll-' "llih Ml l)lilMlll,"liV.)"llll Kviiiis, KU.S., 
 
 I'lililislnil, .liilv, IS;.' ; iiii'l his " .\iiri(ia Itrmizi' 
 liii|.l.iiii'iils, \ViMiiuii>, ,Vi'." iiiihlislir.l. .M:iy, i83i 
 
 " III iiiu il.iy ilii' (lU.ili'niiiry 111:111 is 11 fait iiiiivir- 
 sallv a. ri'i'ii a ; I'll! till' 'li'il\iiy man is a inn- 
 l.lii'n iiiiili'r ilis.'iissiiiii."— i'liv/ii'ii' . . . 1877 
 
 Mint iiii|pli'iii.iils loiiiid III Knypt, i>rotiiil)li> dntn 
 t,»«i. n.r. (ti'riiii'd tlio " palii'ulitliii: UK"") 
 ii'liiirti'il 
 
 March, i.Si;i ; ci'mniiiiiy sliurli'iicl l.j'hjn ,,.|__, 
 'J'lic! bisliiip's jmlai'ii iii'ar "ainsi'y purl inHy'i, ,,""", 
 trnniwny frniii I)imi:l:is lu'l;.','.'' 
 ^■^iiiii'fi'l 
 
 An I'li'i'tric 
 
 ii)ii'ni'i1 . . 
 
 Oiilliiirst iif )niisniiniis fniiii's at th 
 
 iiiiiii's, l,ii\i'>-, .?!) ilralhs . 
 Till' In Hist' (il Ki'\ s niri'ls at hiniKla 
 1 
 
 .\li: 
 
 SMi M',\ 
 
 1895 
 
 MAN, Isl.K OF, "'lis sulHliicd liv Kdwiii, king [ 
 of Niirlliiiiiilirilaiid, iilmut (i2o; liy MiiK'nua nf Nor- , 
 way, icxi''^; li\ tlm Srnts, 12(1(1; (u'lupicd liy Kdwaril 
 at tlii'wisli uf till' iiilialiitaiits I2(X); rci ovcicJ tiy tin) 
 Scots in 1515; linl taUiii IVinii tlicin by Mmitucntc, 
 iil'tcrwiinls carl of Salislmrv, tci wluiin I'ahvanl III. 
 pivc the title id' kiiig (d'"Man, in IU,V It was 
 afterwards subjected to the earl uf Nnrthuniher- 
 lund, 1111 whnse attainder Henry IV. granted it in 
 lee ti) sirJidm Stanley, l-iod. 'it was taken from 
 this I'aiiiilv bv Kli/.alie'lh, lint was restored in lOlO 
 to tlie earl' ul' Derbv, throngli whom it fell by in- 
 heritance to tliediikeof Athol, I-35. He rcceiyed 
 70,cxx)/. from imrliaineiit for ail' ' his rights in 
 17(15; and the nation was charged with the fnrllier 
 suni of 1 52,044/. for the imrchase of his remaining 
 interest in the rcveiines of the island in Jan. 1820. 
 I'lie eonntess of Herby held the i.sle against the 
 
 1S40. 
 1841. 
 
 1S41-.. 
 1 84 7. 
 ■ 854. 
 1877. 
 
 1887. 
 
 liarliament forces for a time in Id.Sl 
 
 The 
 
 .|uceii-s landin.' I>ier (cost 4(1,400/.) inangnrated 
 iiy the lient. governor, H. H. Lodi, I July, I.H72. 
 Act relating to the harbours and coasts, nassed June, 
 1872 The tirst railway (from Donglas to I'eel) 
 opened. I Jnlv, 1.S75. I'oralation, 1871, 54,042 ; in 
 18S1, 5;,55''<: I'^t'l, iS.V*'^- Ueveiine, l.S.S()-i)0, 
 (15,824/.; e.viiindilnre, 57,'I47/- 1894-5; estimated 
 revcnne, 72.000/. ; e.vpeiiiliture, (17, OCX)/. The 
 lil.sHiii'ulo is s:iid to have been presided over 
 by Aniphilialiis about 5(10. Some assert that St. 
 r'atrick was the founder of the see, and that Ger- 
 nianns was the lirst liishoii, about 447. It waa 
 united to Sodor in III V 'l''i<' bishop has no seat in 
 the hou.se of lords; but lord Auckland (bishop, 
 1S47-54) sat by right of his barony. I'rcsent 
 iiK'ome, 2iKw/. 
 
 Tlic TyiiwiiM an iiidcpciMlent legislative boily, con- 
 sist.s of two liranelii's, i. The governor and 
 council ; J. The house of Keys ; their acts rccciv- 
 111',' the rov.il assent. The house of Kc\s w.is 
 
 loriiiiirly scll-i'lcctive ; cli'ctinii by the [ pie 
 
 cvi'iv seventh year was cstalilishi"! by aet of 
 parliament. i8fi6; the property qiinlillcatioM for 
 iiii'mbers alioli.she.l ; houseliold snit'rage was 
 L^i'.iiitcfl ill towns and snilrage conrcricl 011 wo- 
 iiu'ii bv nival as.seiit in i83i. New C'lisloms Act 
 passed' ill ' 1887 
 
 The I'.iiiiilali.in stone of the Eitl'cl towerat Donglns 
 1,11,1 Iiv Ihc iiol .jf l.alhoiii . . . 23()et. 1S90 
 
 .yi'CordiliK lociistoui. live liills, which had received 
 ihc royal assent, oiu' lor the re-distribution of 
 ^I'.ils ill the house of Keys, were iiromiili;ateil to 
 Hi" lejiislaliirc, in the open air on the Tvnwald 
 liill, by the lii'iit.-guveniur, .Spenrer \Vap)le, 30 
 
 I'.Mi, , 
 
 ill rail of Ihi'i'i 11 pri"*i'iil,'d' l,v licKi.'iiV,, ,'1 
 
 island !.■ .\piil ; fSIr Win. liriiikw;Hi.r ,., ,, ,' 
 
 " .^'•''•l- (icsinmid, Oct. lAy;); pli'vi'il,.,!' ",:' 
 
 an address, clc j.hi' 
 
 IIKCHNT Illslllll'S or so 
 
 1784. Claililiiisl'riKan: died In 1 . ,. 
 iSif. (ii'oij-'c .Miiir.'iy, Iraiis. to li.ich, ■.,!,. r ,; ,, 
 i8j8. William Ward : died ill 1S18. ' ''' 
 
 l8j8. .):imi'S llowslcad, tllllis. to l.ii lill, 1 1, p,.,, : 
 lleiny IVpys. trails, to Wnnisiir, i'<,, '"-■' 
 Thos. Vowlcr Short, trails, 1,1 st '\vii,l| ,t 
 Waller .\ii-uslus Mliiiliv : di,'.| in ,f.,. ' * ' 
 .lohii I'Mi'ii (lord Auckland), ir.in-i t,'. nui, ,- 
 lion. Ilonilio l',i«ys; did ., .Mm, ,,■'"' '■^' 
 Itowlcy Hill, consecrated ..4 .\u;^,' ; ii|,,| „ .. 
 
 1S87. 
 .loliii Wareing Dardslcy ; Iraiisknd t,, c,,,, 
 
 I iSoi. '"-.Ullv 
 
 1391. Xoniiaii I). .1. Hlraloii, jiic. 
 
 Iteeciil lii'id.-govcniors : II. II. I h .ir... .;,, , 
 
 Walpoh', i8e...; ,'<ir,lo,s,'ph West iti'h'.'wav \„,' "' 
 till Sept, 1B.J5; John M. lord llciiiiikir.'i',,;',,!!, ' "' 
 .Ian. i8q6. " -• 
 
 MANASSAS JUNCTION (Vir,-i„i,,, ,•,,;,„, 
 States), an imiiortant military im-iiinn, «||,,|.^. |' 
 Ale.Miiidriii and Maii.issas (jap raihv:iys nn'ii u,,,', 
 a ereek named Itui.i, KcN. i. Ii w.is l|,|,i ]\',i^ 
 confederates in 18(11, when they were atlii.!<,.'il iij. 
 tho federal general Irwin Mi'liowcll. JK, 1,,., ■ 
 his march from Washington on 1(1 July, aiiij "nJ.'j 
 some advantago on the i8th at Icn'trcvi!:." (in 
 the2Ist was fought tliey//'.s7 battle nf lliiij ]> „ 
 Thu federals, who began'the li-bt, hail llii'iul'.i 
 tage till about three o'clock ]i. in., when d,,, , ,'. 
 federate general Johnston brought up rciniiiiv, 11,,] '^ 
 wliich at tirst the federals took tor their eiviitr'.V 
 After a brief resistance, the lattir were »rizij«i'i 
 sudden panic, and, in spite of the utiiaist iili,ti,,If I 
 their officers, lied, abandoning a large (|ii;iiitiu.f 
 arms, animunitioii, and bagg;ige. The rHnfrj,,] ,J 
 generals Johnston aiul lieauregard diil iintiliiaki; I 
 prudent to pursue the fugitivi s, who diil r.oi ],;'■ 
 till they arrived ut Washington, The li'ik'inl mi- 
 is said to have had 481 killed, lull winiiii; 
 1210 missing. The lossof thecoiifcder;ili'sw;i.>t:i',> 
 to be about 1500. - In .March, iHhz, wlicr, tlu'are 
 of the I'otom'ac, under general .McClelhiii, iii,iri|:,-i 
 into Virgini;i, they found that the I'liiili'diniU'sW 
 ietly retreated t'rom the camp at Maiiiissus, 2. (m 
 
 qu 
 
 50 Aug. l8()2, this jilaoe was the site of iiimlinr tr«! 
 battle between the northern and suullicrn aniiir-. 
 In August, general "Stonewall" Jacksmi, jf',; 
 compelling the federal general Pope to n tmit, li . 
 feated him at Cedar mountain on thi'iiili, turjn 
 his tlank on the 22nd, and arriving at MiiiuKii , 
 repulsed his attacks on the 29tli. On tlir yl 
 geiier.il K, E. Lee (who had ilcfciitcil pciiira 
 McClellan and the invading northern arm; Wl r^ 
 Uiehinond, 20 June to I July) joined Jai'kiiiin>;;ii 
 his army, and I'opi,' received reinl'iirn'iin'iiu fir. 
 Washington. A desperate conllict ciisui'j, wltj 
 ended in the confederates gainingadcrisivo vidcrr, 
 eonipelling the federals to a hasty retreat to Cmte- 
 ville, where they were once more routed, I Sept, He 
 ivniaiiisof their army took refuge lieliiiiJ tlif lir.d 
 of Wiwhiiigton 011 2 Sept. Pope wiiaiituU'c.-Y.- 
 seded, and MeCTelhin resumed the coiimiiitu M 
 niiirch against tho confederates, who lif.J cnsd 
 the I'otomiic and entered Slar\'laud; see r«i'(iil 
 S/atcs. 
 
 u^ii...: 
 
MAXCIIEtSTEH. 
 
 (i'jy 
 
 MA' "IIESTKU. 
 
 I, , I" Mm 
 
 IF HOI.nll is[, „,,,. 
 ll In :8[,, 
 
 . t" H'irli,.stir, i5„ 
 
 ill iSin. 
 
 IIS. t" l.irlilil!!, ll,r ,:. 
 
 to Wnn.sl,.,-, ,n, 
 
 ■I/- 
 
 ■llU'd ^4 All;;. ; ,ii,.4 _.. j, j. 
 sti'V; tniiiHl,n,.,| |„ i^-,,;, 
 
 II, \h<: 
 
 11. ii. I h, ,«,. s,, , 
 
 ill W.'sl Ui.|.-,.«a,;.v„i' ,"■ 
 
 loiil IlriiiiikiM,'ii,v,,,;i',,i "■ 
 
 'CTION(Vi,.™i,,.r„j,,; 
 iililiiry li"Mli.,ii, «|i,.|v „,; 
 iin Uap niilHiivsmivi u,,, 
 ■N. I. It wa.s h.MU..; 
 lien tlicv wciv atlii. ki'rl ^v 
 i-iii M.i».,H,ll. IK, i„,;, 
 ;t(mc,ii l(i,liilv,;uii|;;„;.,;i 1 
 
 l.Sth at C'litivvi!;. ua 
 (■./(V.V/ l.alllc „f Hull ij,,; 
 
 II lllO li-hl, hlld tl|,;|,i,.. 
 
 (■lock 11.111., wlivii ih,, , :'. 
 iibrininJituprcinliiiiiiiiE.i.s 
 
 Is tlinU lor llll'il'M.VIltl..;,,' 
 
 tlic liitti r ttciv .»iiz,,l«|:V 
 Jiitt' of tlic uliiiiM(||;,tt,.5 1 
 nldiiiiii; a lai-fri^ quifntiiv, 
 
 liiiK-ajif. Tlio ( f,.,|,:,,., I 
 
 liiMiirc^ard diil imt (hi;i', ,• 
 ruKitivfs, wlio dill i;,ii i,|'. I 
 liin^tiiii, Tlic f,.,lml anr'v 
 4iSi kiUwl, loii wmiiiii,^; 
 
 )ltlU'Ci)lltllUT:ill'SW;|.,t;i:,i; I 
 
 ilarcli, iS()2, wild: tht anst 
 {rcncral .Mi'Cli'lhai, iii:in.i,i.'i 
 ul tliat t'lcvuiiliidcniti.sliij 
 be caiiipa! Maiiiis.*is. 2. (.n 
 
 was tlu'sitfofiimithiTrrrtt | 
 •tlicni and smilliiTii iinair., 
 'Stonewall" JiuksHi, alVr 
 geiiei-iil ri;iH'tonin;it,c. 
 louiitain on tlie i)lli, tirnit., | 
 , and arri\ing :il Jlanaiv 
 u the 2()lli. On llip j:^ 
 iVho liad dcfciilod prihr,:; | 
 ading nintliern iiira; kl n 
 
 1 July) joilii'd Jaiks'iiivii I 
 L'eeived rciiifum'iiH'nts fi.Tj 
 irate eonllirt eiisiinl, wl.ks 
 es jjaininffadcii^iviMkun, 
 
 to a hasty ivtrrat toCcnlrt- 
 neenioreroutwl, iSqit, He 
 took refuge behind the lints | 
 
 pt. I'ope Wiiaat*v.-uki. 
 
 resumed the coniiiiand M 
 ifoderates, who hr.J iTOi.*i I 
 -■red MaryhiuJ; see I'uiui 
 
 . (rju 
 
 llliout 6i7 
 
 Ijul 
 
 14.21 
 1516 
 1 54 1 
 
 1 .ids 
 l''4.i 
 
 )I VNCHESTEK (I.iuiensliire), in the time of 
 
 I'pii'ilil:!, WHS one of tlieir most iniiiripiil stations, 
 rJliaiitlie priiilegeof Kaneliiary a.larheil to lis 
 !'i'ir, in tiie llnlish language .ltii/iir,n stoni'. It 
 j'i',,',,1,. of Itie seats of the liriguntes, w liu had a 
 .tie. nr »ti'""r'ii'l''> ealleil Mitiici niiiii,in- the pliue 
 ''|ifii'l<, neai' the eonllueiiee of the nvir.s .\Iedloek 
 111,1 h-»eh- 1'"' "'•'' "' ""■-• "•'" e.illed the 
 "Caille Field," was, alioiit -(), selected hy the Ko- 
 ijiiisiisthc slatiiin of the Cnliiin, I'limii tiiniiiriun, 
 Ilrtillfcl h^' 'hem Mdiiciniidii ; hence its Sa.\on 
 uinii' J/"'ii'"'*'''''' '■'"'" wl'''''i '''' niiclern appella- 
 t..i|ii('di'rivi'il. I.iifm. .Manehester constituted a 
 brbtiuriiml port, 12 l>ec. 1X95. .Sei> under J'njHi/a- 
 (pJi. 
 
 Uiiirtiilnn taken from the HiltoiiH . . . . 488 
 iabliiml liv Kdwin of .NoitliiiiiiUriii 
 
 Tiiiiilialiit""''' '"■'■"""' '-'"■'■■''"""' 
 
 Tiiriinviitiikeii li.v the Danes, S/j; rcliikcii . . 
 
 Ih rliartei'(.W"'/"'i i'IkiiIii of .Miincliester), 14 May, 
 
 ■■'.ihm'liesli'i'i""""^ " '""■'"''"■^■'' . • • • 
 Tirrliimlimii'lccolhriatc 
 
 f.,ci;niiiiiiiii-scl""'l loiiiclcd 
 
 I'nnlrp'iifsaiictiiiiry moved to c'licslcr . aliout 
 \i.iiuliiiyer(iiicasiiicr) sliitioncil liei-u . 
 .mIIiiiiii.w laiiliix l.ikcs llic town . . . , 
 IiirivalUandlc-lillcalioiis razed .... 
 Uirrtliaia ccllegc, or Dliic-coat Imspital, foiiiclcd 165J 
 I rialt niiseil I'y " fiyddall, the liiirlicr,"iirter«iiids 
 
 ':i,iii;ed . . . , ., ,• ■ • • • i7'5 
 fr.aiT llmvles Kdwaid, the loniig rietcndcr, 
 
 wkesithisipiiirtcrs . . 28 Nov. 1745 
 
 g,r,ii>llieatie llrst laiilt i/ij 
 
 1,, liiliiiiiaiv iiistiliitcd, 1752 ; laiilt . . . 1755 
 It.mlialiitaiitadlscliiiigcd from their obligation to 
 
 •liml tlifir corn at Irk mill 175^ 
 
 IMIMIIB Is liist exported . . . . . 1760 
 
 \|,in, liester iiiivigiition opened, by Urnlgewatcr 
 
 .anal I7f>i 
 
 |.;aitir asjiiaii founded 17(15 
 
 .\:n,iilniial*'ciity iiistilutcd 1767 
 
 [I'ristiaii. king "f ilcnmaek, visits Manchester, ami 
 
 |,iiisii|iat tlic HiiU-itin i7f:8 
 
 Ib.ljiurirs theatre rclMiilt 1775 
 
 .;;'srri|'li"ii e.iiiccits cstaldislieil .... 1777 
 Kvlsa.aiiist iiiai liiicry .... gOc't. 177.) 
 Jl.miifaeliiiecif iMUslin iittcmpti'd here , about 1760 
 iil,;|..si.lillieals"ciily cslahlislicd . . . . 17, 
 
 NrivRllley I'lid^'i-cnllllilctcd ..... 
 
 (jiiirns tlieatic hiinit down, 19 June, I78g ; re- 
 
 dtrle.1 
 
 N.« Dailev lillilt 
 
 .\-.rinMv.rcciiis, .Moslcy-strcct, bnilt . . . . 
 
 i'liili'l"i;ieal Sncicty instituted 
 
 Merlawiiitalciictcil, iSoj ; Theatre-royal . . 
 
 [ Tl;.' I'ortieii erected 
 
 I Tlir weavei's' riot 24 May, 
 
 i:\-liaii;;e and L'oiiiiiicrcial baildings erected, .Ian. 
 .M,iiii'lie>ter and Salford water-works establisheil 
 
 laiketeeis' meeting 4 Nov. 
 
 I L'.k-liMspital established 
 
 Jljiuteter refiinii meeting (I'allcil l\lfrli«i) of from 
 co.oootn 100,000 persons, iiieii, women, and chil- 
 -irrn. Mr limit, who tool; thecliair, had spoken 
 .1 few Winds, wlicii the nicetinn was suddenly as- 
 -lileil liv a charge of iMvalry, assisted by a 
 lliesliiie'iegiiiieiit of yeomanry, the outlets being 
 i.,vu|iii'd by other niilitaiy dctachinents. The 
 iiiwrmedninltitiiilcwcre ilriven upon c^ich other ; 
 iiiauy were riildeii over by the horses, or cut down 
 l.y tlieir riders. The deaths were 11, men, 
 Biiiiien, and elaldreii, and the wounded about Ooo 
 
 16 .\ng. 
 I Xeiv nniiisiviek-bridge Iniilt .... 
 liainlierttfeoniiiicrre established . , . , 
 
 I |j»' lilirary fmindeil 
 
 N.iiural llistery society jirojeeted ... 
 I NVuyiiay eiiiiipaiiv founded .... 
 i.,ifai'.,l liiiiidm.iiiiid instituted . 
 
 I li.yal hi.stitiition I'ornii'd 
 
 n.iralaiiil Herlieiiltniiil society established . 
 M"iiaiiies' institutioiL hianded .... 
 
 Jhhieal festival liist lielil 
 
 .Utliuhiiiiieli of a vessel which keeled and npset. 
 
 17"5 
 1790 
 
 17<>! 
 
 1803 
 iSut) 
 
 1809 
 
 i8'i7 
 1819 
 
 1S20 
 ,, 
 
 1B21 
 1S22 
 
 102J 
 
 1824 
 1828 
 
 Upwards of aoo jierHoiiH proelpltatoil Into the 
 
 river ; 51 perished 29 I'Vli, 
 
 In a tiiiiinlt, a factory burnt, and niinh machiiicrv 
 
 deslroycil j Mny, 
 
 New eonci.rt ro.mi islaldishcl . . . . . 
 
 Tlie races cstalilislii'd 
 
 .M.iiichcslcr and Liverpool la-iilway opcm d Mr. 
 
 llnskisson killed (SCI' ;,icee/««//) '. 15 Sept. 
 
 Manchester made a parliamentary bormiKb (2 nicni- 
 
 bers) by llclorm ad .... 7 .lime, 
 
 Chiaal siioicty estJililished 
 
 Statistical Hiieiety lormed (tlii' liist in Kimland), 
 
 2 Sept. 
 
 Cliiircli-nte refused .... 3 .Sept. 
 
 .Man ■lieslcr ineorporalcd. by Meiiiii]i,il Kcforin act 
 .Manchester and Leeds railwav act piisscd . . . 
 
 llcoloK'ical Society instituted' 
 
 Chailer of incorporation . . . . 23 Oct. 
 Manchester police , 'n't .... 2'i .\iit;. 
 (iii'iit disorders In the midland eiinalies anioaf,' 
 artisans ; they extend to this town . , .\iin. 
 Itritish Association meet licic . . . s(,Iiimc, 
 (ileal free-trade meetings held here (sci' Ciuit l.nir.i) 
 
 14 Nov. 
 Importjint meeting held at the Allienanm (sec 
 
 .i(/H'a.C((H|) ...... 3 Oct. 
 
 (Ireat anticuni law incclin^', at which (14,984'.' were 
 siibschlied in four hours . . 21 Dec 
 
 The tincen's-park, I'cel p.iik, and I'hilip'.s'-park, 
 opened Van. 
 
 .Manchester made a liishopric 10 .\ii^'. 
 
 Opeiiinn of Owens ciillcniiite instituliiin, to Hhi.h 
 .lolin Owens beipicathcd ii«Mx«V, . i„ .Maicli, 
 
 The (^accn's visit to .Mam lii'stcr . . 7 Oct. 
 
 (ireat meeting in the Kreetiadc liall, to greet .M. 
 Kossntii I, Nov. 
 
 The ciinincei-s' strike . 1 , Inn. -2(1 April, 
 
 Tlie (iiiild of Litcralii'.e entertained at a liampiet by 
 the citizens j, Aug. 
 
 Opening of the I'Yce library , . . 2 Sept. 
 
 (ireat Kree-trade banquet ... 2 Nov. 
 
 .Mancln'stcr declared to be a rrrv, and birinally so 
 gazetted ,,-, A'pril, 
 
 (licat strike of niinilcrs and piccers . . 7 .N'ov. 
 
 K.xiiini'niiN UK .\icr Tkk.vsi-iiks ilidii-niiiicd on, 20 
 May, 1856; 1115 old paintings, C.S) iii-w pniiitings, 
 969 watcr-coloiirs, 388 Uritisli poiliait>, \c. col- 
 h'cted ; opined by prince AlbiTt, 5 .Miiy ; visited 
 by the (jneeii, 29, 30 June; visited by" 1,335,915 
 persons; exiieiises, 99.;ixj/., receipts', 98,500^ ; 
 closed 17 Oct. 
 
 Sir John Potter, a bencractor to tlie town, died 
 
 25 Oct. 
 
 Dritisli Associiition meet here (2nd time), 4 Sept. 
 
 (ireat county 1 ting; i3o,(xx../. snliscribed to the 
 
 Lancashire Kclief liiiid .... 2 Dec, 
 
 MectiiiL; of tlie Chinch ('oii;,'rcss ivisOet. 
 
 (ireat Ueforni itiiig: .Mr. Uri^lit there. '24"Scpt. 
 
 .Manchester Kdination bill c. iiittcc iippuinted 
 
 Additional M.I', (.'ranted by Ibd'oriii ait 15 Aug. 
 
 .Meeting of .Manchester and Liviai 1 aKrici'iltinal 
 
 society 27 Aug, 
 
 Trades' Unions eoniniission opened ; evidence ob- 
 tained of gross oiilniges . i-24 Sept. 
 
 Two Kcnians, Kelly and Dcasy, fonildy taken from 
 a police van, near Mancliester, and Ibctt, a 
 policeman killed 18 Sept. 
 
 23 persons committed for trial; trial, 21) (Ict.-i2 
 ; Nov. ; live condemned to death for murder, i 
 I Nov. ; others to imprisonnient ; Allen, (Jonld, 
 j and Larkiii executed , . ,23 Nov 
 
 I Jacob Drinlit elected M.P. (Lily Maxwell, a widow, 
 
 j voted for him) 26 Xnv. 
 
 j False alarm of lire at Lang's music Indl, 2^, killed, 
 ; '■■.! .Iiilv, 
 
 New town ball foniidcd .... -fi Oct. 
 
 Mancliester Kccipmcity -Vssoeiation foinidcd. Sept. 
 
 National iMliication Union meet . . ^, 4 Nov. 
 
 I Itishop James Prince Lee died, 24 Dec. 1869; siie- 
 
 ceeilcd by James i''raser .... Jan. 
 
 t Alexandra -park (provided by the ein'iioration) 
 
 ' opened f, Aug 
 
 Owens colle;;e new buildings foinideil . 2 ( Sept. 
 
 (iranimar school: additional building opened by 
 earl of Dcrliy 25 Oct. 
 
 Visit of -Mr. IJisraeli ; entliiisiaslically i-eceivcd, 
 
 2'S.Vpiil, 
 
 The library at the .Vtlienieum burnt 24 Sept. 
 
 1S2'' 
 1829 
 18.10 
 
 l8(2 
 
 18.) 1 
 
 lb (4 
 ■8,)li 
 18(6 
 1838 
 
 1839 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 
 1844 
 
 1845 
 
 1846 
 
 ■ 847 
 
 1851 
 
 1853 
 
 1858 
 j80i 
 
 1862 
 1863 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 18C8 
 iSOq 
 
 1870 
 
 .871 
 
 1872 
 ■873 
 
 ^n 
 
 'nisi 
 
 Pllil! 
 
 il^H 
 
 t ;> j ...4 
 
 '^ijy 
 
 lji>'; 
 
 ! 
 
 t/^M 
 
 
 'm *t 
 
 J I ' »:« 
 
 i HI 
 
 r I 
 
 II .■- 
 
 '^f .{! 
 
 'I 
 1?! 
 
 •HiPi 
 
T , f !: 
 
 ill 
 
 
 mi 
 
 |(K,.' 
 
 li"* 
 
 'i. 
 
 mi 
 
 MANCHE.STEM. 
 
 litil 
 
 MANEHU. 
 
 
 riii|uimil to ri'liiilM till! luthcilml liy Bubsciiirtlon, 
 
 Hpllll^', 1874 
 
 Atliiiiiiiilii li"'liin'-ri"iiiis npMiicil liy liinl clii. iJiihi. 
 
 riHliliuni, till' iiiMiMUls ors»li>liur,v, Hw 2; '.Inn. 1873 
 llniii|iliiv Nicliols, nlii. liM.l K'ivi'U aliuiit 11x1,000/. 
 
 Im |ii|l,lir ,|i irilirs, ili.,1 , . . , II Di't. 
 
 KiMlii. Ill' n H.ll (l,y M. Xi.bl,) yil't iif JIr«, 
 
 AIpi'I llcyw I, lIllcuViTril . . .1 l>Vi\ „ 
 
 lli'V. Thus. .MMilii'tiiii lii'iui'iitliH 14,000'. to Iloyiil 
 
 liMliMiiiry Mi'iy, 1876 
 
 Ti"l"'s,il to iii:iki' nwciis (■■illi.;;c 11 iiiilvcrsitv, July, ,, 
 Jii'iilli ur»ii' Klkiuiali AniiilM;;!', a j;rriit lifhi'liu'tor 
 
 ar, .\..v. „ 
 New towii-liall uiioiiiil, liv Mr. Alul IIi'vwou.l, tlio 
 
 "iiiyor . . . ' . . . ' 1 ; Sf|.t 1S77 
 
 (jHi'ii.s I'lilli'p. niiiiletliL' iiui'k'tiH of Viitorlii L'liivci'- 
 
 Hlly(iW(M'/i -.. ) . . . ,Ii,ly, i3Eo 
 
 Nriv .•sclioul ul' art oik'IriI by tliu I'ail of hriliy, 
 
 57 April, i88i 
 \ i^it of tlif itiiki'Hof Killiiliiii-Kli imil Allimiv i.> \hv. „ 
 l'onii;iti"iii.f,.|sliipcMiial by jiiiic'tloii olthV .MiTsry 
 aird Invcll ; Mr. Williaiiin's iilaii iipprovcil al>cMit 
 
 .-■6Srpt. iE8a 
 Hill' art mill iiiilii.-.trial rvliibitioii opciii'il . 30 ( irt. „ 
 Fill' at .M.'ssrs. Wilkiii.son ami lloil^'kiiisuii'.s, iilioiit 
 
 1 ....Kiu/. iliiiiaKi' 1; Nov. ,, 
 
 N'.'vv liiii' art naUrryii)ii'i I'll . . . 31 .Vii^; 1883 
 
 lOiliiiiiiiil I'littir, iii.iiiiilautiiror ami lii'iii'lai'tor of 
 
 till' uity, ilii.l a^'i'il 81 . . . .-ifjOrt. ,, 
 Tliii'i' ^'iriit iiiii'tiiiK'i to Miipjinrt till' Kover»iiii'nl 
 
 an. 1 till' IV.iiii'luM' bill . ... 25 July, it.,4 
 
 Gri'at ('iiii.si'ivaliv.' iliiiioiislialii.il, pri'si'iit ll'ic 
 iiiriKiiiis ol'.sali.sbiiiv, .sir II. t'ro.ss, lonl llamlolpli 
 
 Cliiiii'liill, iiml ollii'is 9 Aiif,'. „ 
 
 J):.urliisti.r (i.o-r.iplii.Ml Sorirly I'stabllshnl Jan. 1885 
 M.ni''liisli.ri,.(iiiiis si\ M.l'.'s byar-l |ia.ssi'cl 25.111111', „ 
 Jloyal Jiibilrc K.\liiliiticiii of' iiiaiiiilai'liins, sciiiici', 
 ami nil opfiii'd liy tlii' priiH'c ami princi'ss of 
 Willi's, 1 >lay ; closcil .... 10 No,-. 1SS7 
 I4i7*>5ii.l7 pi'isoiis ailiiiitti'il ; ri'Oi'ipIs about 
 25o,oiK}/. Tlif surplus ovi'r 4^.000/. j^iwh to 
 till' .Maiii'lu'stiT Wliilwoi-lli iiistiliili', l)ix\ 
 ."3y.l 
 Sir Josi'pli Wliitwortli's Iriisli'i'S jiropnsi- tlii> rslab. 
 lisliiii.'iit of til.' Whitwortli liistitulf of Art and 
 
 liilU'^liy Muv, 1888 
 
 Triiii'i' Allu'it Victor op,.ii.s llirclilirlil ircniition 
 
 LiroiiiMls ami kills' ('lull . . . 20 Oct. ,, 
 
 5Ia : 'li.'sti'r m'W i'oi|.);i', Dxi',,:,!, ,,p,.|i,.,l . 25 net. 1SS9 
 Till' .Maiii'licstir Wliilworlli jnslituti' cliai'ti'i'i'il, 
 .Nov. 1SS9; iiiaii,L,niiali'il liy Uu' iiianiuis of liar- 
 tiirjtoii ...'... 17 July, iSgo 
 Till' yiiii'i.'.s lliiati'L' biiiiit . . . 17 .\iin. „ 
 
 Sli'ssis. Ilolkimls I'litton mill luinit, isti'iiiali'il 
 
 biss 120,(X)o/ ,7 All^'. „ 
 
 Klatui' of Mr. Joliii Iilioiit luivi'ili'il by tlii' I'arl of 
 l>''rby '. i„Oi't. 1S91 
 
 Earl spi'iK-i'r iustallcil iliaiicellor of tlio Victoria 
 liiiiv' isity 25 .Mav, 1S02 
 
 Hvl.iu.i.. Fr.'.' Library (.SIM- l.iV„-,i,'ii'.s)(Alt!iorp) ". „ 
 
 For .Mr. Uavi I Lewis' bi'ipii'st (si'o I. if: ;'/»«i,') . , 
 
 'llic title of " loril " K'l'aiiti'il to tliii mayor, 13 Jiiiio, i£93 
 
 D.'alh of .Mr. Abd |[,.y\v..i»l, a-c 1 82, t'wicf mayor, 
 I'liiini'iit booksi'Ui'r ami I'lii-rni'tii' ojiiKwcr of tin' 
 Mamp.V-t, u-ij,,ls,.i 19 Aii.u'. „ 
 
 111!' m-w Uuyal C'olli'/i' of Music opcnoil, 7 (let. ,, 
 
 .Stitucof Dr. Joiil", iiatiirnl pliilo.sojilicr, nnvcili'il 
 111 lonl Kelvin (sec //ciif) . . , 8 I Ice. ,, 
 
 Textile Workers' international connrcs.s opcneil. 
 
 24 Julv, 1894 
 
 Till' Waterworks at Tliirlmerc (cost 4,5<>i,fK»/.) ; 
 opeiieil; a fountain in Maneliester atjirtcil bv sir 
 .bilin llanv.ioil , , i ict. ,, 
 
 Jlr. Henry Wilile cmlows the Literary nml I'liilo. 
 sophical .society with 8,(.'oo/. . ". . Feb. 1E95 
 
 Jti. .Sun Weston bi'i|iieathe,l 177,001.;. to charities 
 ill ami aliout Manchester, nml 50,000?. to tliu 
 ehurcli, iiaynieiii bi ^uu . . . Sept. 1E96 
 
 Death of .Mr. Francis Win. Cros.slev, iihilanthro- 
 pist, iigt'd 57, fouiiiler of Star Hall, Ancoats . ,, 
 
 2t .March, 1S97 
 
 Jiovfil .iKTlciiItur:'! slnnv liinlilii;j,-s etc.', iiiii.'li ; 
 
 iujnreil by the fr,.,le, ,6 June; opendl 2; .luiie, 
 the iliike of York (iiresiilent) present . 2. .liiiie. , ' 
 
 JI.isf-iii;Mrv;i(siiiiTANAl.acl(will iditi iiisliiassiil 
 
 July, 1885; coinpany fonneil, .Mr. Itaiiiel Ailani- 
 
 I «nii, HctlvK pri)ninli>r, iiri.|i,,s,.,f „„~7^ 
 6,.,«,o,N,/.nc|. ,3d5. 'riiholii pro ...rn,,,,!'!;;'"' 
 
 1 water NavlKnlioii t'ompaiiv ; In oecM,,; •'' 
 7,510 s.|iiare nilli's. CoMtiael for wml, 'i,,k ' ","' 
 
 I; '^«"■l■^i^'lfor5,75o,'...'^Jnlv;;.;,.IZ^ 
 
 the.schiniesnspi.ml,.,! |1„„„.|, nl ii.,i,h„ ' "' 
 
 ifcapitalai unci ,• .liih, ,.- f.- Iu-m '1 '" 
 
 lit Kiislhani by lord l.;:;irtoii of 'ra'tt,,ii |',"\"" 
 
 i;«7 ; .satisfactory proKrcss in Ihe vu\k r n'\ 
 
 about third ilohc . , ^' i",""l. 
 
 Mr. .1. A. Walker, the eontnictor, d'l,., ' v"'"' i:!. 
 
 i:;n^s;,rn;'''r''''V'''"''''*'''''''^v^ 
 
 W.'ilerofthe Mersey first adinltled intn WS '='■ 
 ham .s,.|'lion of the c.inal, i3, ,,, .l,ii„. ,. '' 
 ('ollaps,' of part of the en.bankiiiein 1 .'ar if 
 
 I'.asthani seel ion ; new enilnoik ni .inirkh., 
 
 striicti'd, ijJnIy: Hiellrst llolilLi .,ii|..u|i, »,.'"" 
 
 t''ii"'''M'.''ri.'' -''""^ '""""''' ''""" ""' ■■''''l''''""liw"i 
 ThroUKh ill!' erior o'f n I'loinl'^ni.in, (:,',',i'.,,'.'|'.''.'','V '/' 
 a/c'l ifi,a train of carria/i seoim viicnfckii ' 
 nml soil was iireeiiiitiiti'il down an riuba,,!,,,;',,; 
 60 leet ilei'ii, kill ,!« lo men at supper lii'l.iww 
 men on the tr.iin leaiied from It and tliiis,'<i'„i„'.„ 
 
 aliout I ,i.M 1- hi 
 
 , Aimiunl expended, 10,159, liri;?. up I,, '_ "j'."'"; •■ 
 
 I The Manchester •'■orporation lent 3,, wo,ooo(. ■?, r ' 
 
 1.500,1.11../. more lepiired ... i',' 
 
 I Moni".- hian.';: Mamlii'sler "orpomlioii, 2,"e.,.'rr,T "'' 
 
 (ad.litional); Sallord, ,,<x^,,,xW. . -.,,.„[„ 
 I The /..'./..re, from Niltporl, on the canal, arrii,.,.-' '' 
 I the lie;,'ent's ['anal dock, l.oiiiion . ; p, .' 
 
 Ol.lham agrees to len.l ,-,r,,.,^l. . abiiii't ,;,)„„' ,'.' , 
 Ihe company nuthiirizes 'hi' directors p, l.i,rr,„;. " 
 
 2,0'>0,lHKl/. ..... ,f^ I,., 
 
 The canal comiilete.l ; leii,;th, i^ iiii'les- lii.i 'i,' " 
 172 n. ; depth, from 26 to -3 it, ; total i„uiav' 
 '835-931 13.470,2^1/. ; insiii'ciion trips hv li,,'. 
 dir.'ctors \:c., 16 Dec. i,?9j ; public oii..,ii'i,,. „r 
 the eaiinl, n procession of steamers, ship, i„„| 
 
 liarnei 
 
 i,k 
 
 li, 1!,, 
 
 The canal iiiaii^;iirateil by the ip u, nfte'r ilii'vlijl; ' 
 
 throUKli Manchester .iiid receiving adilri's.si's. 
 
 Mr. K. Leadei' William.':, chief C'ii„-iiieer, kiiiKlii,..'|] ' " 
 
 Unfavournble r.-jiort respecliiiKlralllc , };,"y " 
 Uoviiiitii) from all sotireus j^railiially liicrisi.siii«, ,i^^i 
 
 MAXCHESTEK, liisminnroF. Anonk 
 
 111 council ill Oct. I.'-i.^.S, deeiairil that tlu' sost^ 
 St. Asajili iillil liiillLror slmuld be utiileil nii the nest 
 vucaiicy ill citlier, lunl lliat llie liisli.i|irii' „f J|;,„. 
 clicstcl- .sliiiiild 1)1' iiiinicdialely eieited within tic 
 jiiristlictioii of till' arcliii'pisco'pal sec ofYdrkitlie 
 county of Lancaster for llmt purpose to be dda'liij 
 t'rolii Clii'ster. liy net lo Vict. (1.H47) tlie seis of 
 St. Asa]ili iiiiil liane:iir were lo cxi.t iiinlist'orW 
 iind that of Manchcstt'i- was to be create.]. ' 
 
 B;siioi'.s. 
 1847. James I'linee Lee ; died 1.4 flee. 18(19. 
 1S70. Jaires Fraser. .Jan. 1S7.1; di.'.l 2: (let. iS:-, 
 i='36. Jaini's Mooiliou.se, DA). (Iiisle.p of .M.li.iunjri 
 Jan. 
 
 MAXCIIURIA. X.K. division of tlic nmat 
 oiiiiiirc. (.'apital, .Miikilen; treaty ii.irt.Niii-Clniaii:, 
 The Maneluiseoii(|iii'ri'il China in Hm, luulluuuili'ii 
 the present Chin (lyiia.sty. 'i'lic Ireiii-ii {i.SjSi 
 anil Uritisli (iSoi) Inivc missionary stations tliirt, 
 rnpiiliition ('sliiiiiiled overa milU.iii'. The Jajiaitet 
 inv,nleil .Miinchuriii during tin- war of bS.^-;. Cap;. 
 Frank K, Yonnuhiisliaiid's "Travels in .\laiiolin- 
 I'lU," published. .March, !»)'). I'lusperity inirtajiil 
 by Kussiau imuiigiution, 1897-8. Sec Cunii, 
 
 MANDALAY, capitul of Upiier liurmali,' 
 
 P'.J.ll'ati.'ii, iS'Ji, 188,815. See i)'(((m.f/'i. 
 
 MANEllU, near Ptientc dc la Ueyiia N'av.im'. 
 Here to.ik ]ilace 11 eoiiriiit bctwi en th,' re])iililii'aii>, 
 uiulci' iloi'ium'ij, and the Carlisle, uiulur Otto; IwlL 
 
■"P"H>.TIIri,i;„. 
 
 •" I;"' «.'il, 1,1k,,. I, 
 
 'infill iM ii,,„|,„, 
 i'>, I ■-<'■. lu-M..,,: V: 
 
 "" "' T.m.Mi I, \„;. 
 
 <il] (lie v,.ikivi„'|.|„l', 
 
 hm'i'.r, ,h,, ' ;;!";"■;';;■ 
 
 I, iH, II, .liiilr, |.;„. 
 
 ■'M 1.1.1,1 ,|ui,klv,,,i,. 
 
 I';iil.,„nmitl, f„„„ 
 
 HI Uh' »ljli.eiimili,ii„ 
 
 iiUiiMM, (i.mvHVm '•' 
 
 '; V'.vih-n,vk,|,.!,f, 
 
 'l"«;ii nil HiiLiuiki,,,,! 
 II "t »iii,|„.r h,|,„,.,^ 
 
 Jill ltlll|lltllll,1.'W|l|.H|, 
 
 ,' .■ • iS'liili; . 
 7/-'iM" . lAir-; " 
 
 llMIl .!,iwO,ooo/., iS.yi ; 
 •Ol'llomUiJll, .;,lY,,'f„j/^'' 
 
 11 liii'<"iMal,iiiTi\.., ,i 
 
 •oii.i.m . . s n,:,. „ 
 
 i^'- . iil'iiUtiyJaii, ,. . 
 u illn'oldis lu hi.rrirtv ' 
 • . . i6.Jiiii,. 
 Ill, 3,;} iiiili'*; «i,|.i| " 
 
 ' -- .11. ; intiii „ini„v' 
 
 liirliiiii iiips |,v ,j|„ 
 
 [)', \ plllilic I,|,„|,i'|,j, „f 
 f .Sll'llllllTS, ship, ,„„| 
 
 • 1 'laii. 1";, 
 »• iini'i'ii, nftiT .Irivins 
 Jct'iviii„'iuMrfMra. 
 
 " Mav, „ 
 ^rengiiurr, kiil«lit,,i; 
 
 Jill,.., , 
 uiKtmlllc , Xuv 
 nicJiuilly linTiiiLsliix, uos-i; 
 
 ISIKIIMIKMIF. AnnrJii 
 l.iiMUil Unit llic si.s (H 
 
 Ul.l 111' llllitl'il mi tlllMUX! 
 
 lat llic l)ish.i|,rii. iifJI:,,,. 
 iilcly rr.Mlnl within tU 
 isiMpiil siv ul'Yuik; the 
 lit |iur|ii,s.- ti) 111. dfliiilinl 
 Vkt. (1.S47) the SITS ol 
 \v to v\\A. iiiiilist.jrbn!. 
 ;i8 to If urfiiti'ij. 
 
 Jl'.S. 
 
 ..; ilii'.l iidi't. iS^j. 
 U. O'l^li..!' i.f .Mdlj..unif), 
 
 •:. (livisiiin of tlif ('liinoir 
 trratyp.irt.Xin-Cliuaci;. 
 hiiiaiii 1^4^,1111.1 tuuu.lui 
 y. ^ 'J'lif I- mull (i.SjSj 
 nissioiiiiry stutioiistliirt. 
 
 II iiiilli.m. 'J'lu.. Jali;iiii-i 
 till' Will- iifiSi)4-;. Capt, 
 s "Tnivi'l., ill Maiidiu. 
 l.f'i. I'lwpcrity intrea:til 
 
 III of UppiT Lurmalii' 
 Set' Bni mah. 
 
 te dc 111 Uoyim Navarre, 
 lii-lwri'M ll;.' r('|Hililiiaii>, 
 iirlists, under Uttu; Uli 
 
 MANQANEyK 
 
 On5 
 
 MAMl'UU. 
 
 I • i,i|.il « vk'torv ; 6 Oi't. \X'\. The CiirlisU wcr« 
 
 J;'jW'<i'" I'"'"' ''"■ "''*■""'"»''■ ' 
 
 \[IN'GAN'KSK. Uluc'k ii\iili> nf niim^'uiu'Kc, 
 
 II 1*1 t'i*il'*...l"i'i''i' uli"<i, mill I'dUi'il MdijiHsin 
 I v "» I* l'"iiii''i''^' iiii'iii''''' ii'ii.iiitf tluMii'i'.siitii'uii. 
 
 mjii^W'livo .l.iiarl.'i; WHS iin.vril l,y tli.' r... 
 
 i.,ir..ii,.inifrutt(i:.('i). '^'"'1' III"' >>iiii''ii (irro), 
 |,nis-iiwii^ II"'' ii'TBiiiii'iii (irru; " ^^.'^ 'n'"' ' 
 
 I Viiiaiti'J liy (iiiliii. -M.iii'A.iiii'M' n.iiiliiiiril with 
 I 'ti-i«ni '•'''""''' iiiiiii'i'il flmiiii'h'.iii, Irmii its 
 I •i.li!liiii(?''"f ''"'"'"' III"'''' "I'taiii <'ii'riini>tiiiii'cii. 
 |'.';,,',|,,|-i,i,i.i'i'iiipl.iVi'(l it lis II t('>t lor tl.c pri'.<i'iii'U 
 I ; fjjjj,. iiialU'i' in wdti'r; iiml Dr. .\iijriis Siiiilli, 1 
 r''„.'iful|y upplii'il this li'st I" iiir ill 1.S5.S. 'I'hu , 
 I'rJei* tH' iiiil"irtMnt iii;;ii'(li('iit in fiimly'H "iliH- 
 I'j.iinz lliii.l." Miiii'jiiiH'si' hi'iiiizi', 11 n.'W iin'liil I 
 
 IL. l8;(i. ilaiig.iiii'su sti'i'l iii'iiihu'til li\ .^ll•^s^a. 
 I'lidU Co. IS**:. 
 
 MVXICA. » lii'iit.ivy ill S. Afririi in Miisli mii- 
 llii'l'u'ear M.i'iiiiil"i|'i'''> whioli uii iici'inint uf its 
 ltiim'< the I'.irluxiii'^^i' vuinly rniinivmirca to , 
 aii'jire in ll'L' lli"i »i'iitni-y. Sit /(inihisi. , 
 
 1. ,,.rrii„D-wiis iii'kn..wli":.i,'.'.l l.> I,,' iiii.lii' llii' iullu- 
 I ,n,.,..,f l'(irlii;!iil I..V II. '■ i'.iiivriiti..ii ■■f .Viik'. 1 .^11. 
 I, ..„,,,, with (li'.'at llrilalii • ili'liiiiilati.iii r.'liin'.l tu 
 
 arbilnitlim of Iliil,v, .Mari'li, li^; lioiiii.lary m'IUi'.I, 
 
 ;, Jail. i£o7. . 
 
 MVNICIIEAXS. ft i-i'i't fiMlIlilrd ll; Alancs, ; 
 |iiiV'rsiii,a"boiit 21.1. H s|ii'('ail into K-ypt \raliiii, 
 iMilU'riia. A villi wiilow, wIi.ku siTV.int .Main's 
 I till bi'oii, h'lt liiin iiKi'li wraith, iiltov wliiih hi' ' 
 
 '.iiufd the tit;,' of Aposth', ov envoy of Jcsua 1 
 l( ri.t, ami uiiii.uiin'i'il tliat lio was the ])aiMelete 
 rj'^,„iiliii'tt'r that Christ hail pi'oiiiisi'il to seiiil. He 
 I maintaim'J two laiin'ioles, the one Kooil he eiilleil j 
 llitht, the iitlii'V liail ho ealle.l ilarkness. He vo- 1 
 liMi'dtheOlilT.'siaiiieiif, ami I'.iiiiposeil a system of 
 I Wriiie from Cliristiaiiily ami the ilnniiias of the , 
 luifiit fire-wiirsliiiipei's. iSiipor, kiie,' of 1','i'siii, ; 
 
 ii'Vi'J in him at one time; hut iiftevwanU 
 Iliniilu'Jhiiii. He was biivnt alive hy liahram or 
 J ViWifs, kill^' of i'evsia, in 277. Uis followers 1 
 I Ji^piTiwi, aii.l scver.il seets siinm^' from theui. j 
 
 MANl'jLA ('IV M.vnh.a) (ImiU nhout 1573), 
 . iiiilal of till' I'liiliiiliine isles, 11 (fveat mart ot 
 ,s'i!ii-li comnii'i've. .Manilla was taken hy the 
 I fcijii>li, f) Dot. 17(12, when the arehhishop eii.;ai,'ed 
 jt' raiiSDin it for iihi.ut a million sterling;; never 
 ImIii.IIv paiil. Manilla has siiU'iveil ^.Teatly hy eavth- 
 |<|iialii'*. It is stall ll that nearly j( ion pevs.iiis pevislied 
 Ikoiieiii [l)4.v In Sept. l,SS2, theeity w, is nearly , 
 Lbtroyeil, and on 3 July, lSfi3, aliiuit a thousand 
 I lives were lost. The duke of Kiliiilmrj;h was liospit- 
 I a'jlv eutertaiiieil here. ly Xov. iSfn). See K:irth- , 
 
 .j,(»/!'f5 1852. 1803, lS,So. Uestruetive typhimn, 20, 
 I :i Oct. \^'^2. tireat lire; 4,(XH) iMUses hiiriit. ; 
 miiiv deaths. I April, lSi)3. Great tire, 30,000! 
 rs'ins hnnieli's-, re,.orled 5 April, l>^i)'i; an .ther, 
 I jiililie biiildilif;s desiroyeJ, several deaths, 28 Sept. 
 I 1.S117; another tire, 20.) house.s h irnt, reported, 7 
 i'lli. lSi)S. ii'ti Sjiiii(tx/i-.liH:rkjii liar. j 
 
 MNIPUU (M ini|'"i'i''l, i> small native state, \ 
 I >'.K. Iiiiliii, luljiiiiiiiif; Assam and liuriiiah; popuhi- 1 
 I t;..ii, 1881, 221,070; army about S,o<Jj. 
 
 I I!ir Stat" li,M liiiiK hi'i'ii iirot'.'C.t.'.l by the Rritish from 1 
 tlii'attacksof till' IJanii.'se. Ill iS.m, (iiiiiibliei'r Niii;,'li, 
 llu' restore.! niali, .11. '.I, ami was siu'eeeili'.l by his 
 -■•1, ri-m.lr.i Kirti siii;,', t'.v.-. y.'ir.^al.l, Tli,' m,mii, j 
 Nar Siii;{li, II li'lative, iisiirp.'.l the j/overiiaii'iil, ami \ 
 r,\M till his death in 1850, when the yimii;; rajah was 
 ivstorrd; n Hrilisli resilient lieiiiua'lenvanU pla 'I'.l in 
 t!i' capital, with pi.nl itleel. .Miieh truiible was j,'iveii 
 i'.v rival injmh-TS ot his family till i356i he ilie 1 in 
 
 i55siiriS3i'. Me left el;tht sons, whur.irnii'd oiii-isInK 
 parti, s. 'I'll,' ,'l.b'st, .Siua rliiiii.lia Wnnh, I leanie 
 in.iliirafih, an. I a|,p.iinli'.| bis ehlisl lii.ith.r, KoU 
 Cliaiiilra IHiiiya NiiiKb, .Inl.ni.l, ..r hili-iippuiiiit, alter- 
 wauls l.'rni.'.l i.':,;,'nl,a weal*, iii.iipiilil.' man. InSi'iit. 
 I i).i, bis bn.thi'r. Tiikemli.i.lil Slii^jh, the ■,iiiiipiittl, or 
 
 e.iniiiian.liT.lii'ehh'l', .h'thro'ii.'.l lb.' hi.iiijali liml Net 
 
 lip the .{iibraj ill lii.s plaee. Til.' iiialiarajuli retired to 
 Caleiilta. 
 
 Ill ji l''eb. 1S91, Mr. .lanii'S VV, (^iiiiitiiii, elil.'f eolnllils- 
 
 sinner of Assam, was .liii-ete.l to pr.,i 1 with a 
 
 siillleii'iir r..ie,' til .Mani|.iii'. In i..i',.nni-„. ihe recent, 
 nil. I l.i ri'iniiv.' the s.'nti|iiitli. H.- riitir.'.l Maiiipnr 
 .'J Maieli, Willi 47<' ni.'ii iiii.l ..Ihe. 'is, elvil ami 
 iiillitarj, ami was hi'II ii'e.iMil by th.' re^'eiit ami 
 the seiiapiitii, bill eiiiil.l nut siieei'i-.l in ^i.ttini{ 
 the latter tu altiinl a .liiibar nr e..iiit. Mr. (^iiln- 
 ti'ii as an iiltitnatiini i'i'.|iiiieit the snireiuler of 
 the siini|iiilti, the letter bi'iiii! taken by .Mr. V. Ht 
 
 ('. (iriniw I. p.iliti.'al le.'.'iit, willi.nit any result, 23 
 
 .Maii'li. On the ^4111, e.,l..ii.l Sk.'iie inneeeileil with 
 Sill nii'ii l.iaiiest 111.' s.'ii i|,iitti at his b.inse within 
 the fort lii.l isiiii', i,f whi.h thev nl'laiiinl possi'ssi.ai 
 lifter a shiii|. si iii;.i>ih', ibuiii;; wliieh li.iit. Hrurki'Ii- 
 biii'v was moilallv \\<.iiiiili-.|. Tlii' s.-miiintti had 
 esrii|ii.l. .\b.,nt HI \ M., till' M.-iiiipiiiis up. 'in'. I lire 
 on the ri'si.h-ney in ti'iiil, ami abiait noon on the rear, 
 ami sb.'lh'il it, Abniit .( e.M. the troops wer.' with- 
 ili-awn fi'.iii the s.naiinltis liuii-,,', ami all the foreo 
 w.is piisl.il In the ri'.M.li'ii.v, wbieli was Heriously 
 ilaiimne.l by artillery ahniil s e.'.i., ami the .iniinunl- 
 lion bei;iiii t.i fall sh.nl. Alii.iit 7 e.M. n.'n.iljatlons 
 Were r.'-.ip.'iif.l by b tt.'i- frniii .Mr t^ninl.in, ami the 
 liiiie.' ee.iM'il, bill I In- eumliin.ns nibre.l l.y tlie recent 
 e.ailil lint III' ii.'i'i'pt. .1. llaviiii; been liivileil by the 
 seiiiipiitti haltw.iv belw.'.n lb,' lesiileney ami the 
 palaee, .Mr, t^nint.ni tonk with him euloiiel Skene, 
 Air, !■'. St. (.:. (irinnv.iii.l, Mr. 11. liisslns, an 1 lieut. 
 Simpson, unarmi'.l, ami with. ml ese.irl. After a loiiK 
 parli',v, tile party eitt.'i.'.l tin' fntt ami were si'eii no 
 inoi'e] ami it was .illenvavils ilise.iveieil Unit they 
 Wi'i',' all kilh'.l (b.'hea.li'.l ..r otlni \vi,i ). The llriliK 
 I'i'.e.iniim iieeil aliniit inii|ni.;hl. 'I'll.' amniumtioii 
 
 liaviii^ 1 11 j;ieatly ri'.liii'iil, it was .l.i'i.h'.l In reliru 
 
 frniii the ri'siili'ne,\', ami In iii,iieb aernss the enuiitry 
 tn nii'i't eaptain Cn-.vleys a.lv.ineinn party. This was 
 ilniie abnut 2 .\..M. nil til,' 25II1. till- parly taking with 
 them 17 Willi mh'.i, a 11' I .Mrs, (irjiiiw. mil, who ilisplaye.l 
 niiieli .iml^'ini'iit, eiinr.i^;.', aii'l hiinianily. Tlii'ie was 
 ■ In >eri,iiis resistance .Inriii^,' the niareli, but a few 
 hkiriiiislies neeiirre.l. AbnnI m .\.M. they met eaptain 
 (.'nwleys jiarty, whn siippli,',l Ibein with fnoil ami 
 olli.'r assislanee. 'rin-y eniitiniii'.l Ih.'ir niarcb, ar- 
 il viii>;,nii in Mai eh, at l.akliipiirnn I h.'Caehar frontier, 
 
 Lieut. V. .). W. (li'.inl heirin:.', ..n j; Mairli, nf the 
 disaster at Jlaniiiiir, vnlniili.T.il In attempt the 
 reliel of the liritish eaplives, mill liiiilehe.l with 
 e.1 native snl.lier.s frnni Tamil in liurmah, 28 
 .Mar.li ; entreiieheil hiniselt mar Tliobal, 31 
 Mar.li ; behl out a;;aiiist the alia, ks nf flie 
 M.iiiipiiri army (ali.nit i,ni,n) till 7 April ; and 
 lesisli.l ni'^.itialiniis.in.iieiniisly ; only i killed. 
 (l.i'Ut. (ii.iiit was niaile iiiajnr ami otherwiso 
 
 llnnnliri"l.| 
 
 .\bniit 2,ix.o .Manipiiris, entremhe.l near Tamu, 
 altaekeil anil ilisj,eis..il by {general Uraham's 
 jiarly, e.iplidn Diiuy In uiK espieially siieees.sl'ul, 
 
 25 April ; Ihri liinins nii.ler^;i'ii. (irahain. ami 
 
 others irma .litfennl iliiei'tiniis eniivi'ri;e at 
 Manipur, wliiili tiny liiel l"taliy .Ii'si-iIn.I, the 
 re.Lteiil, seiiapiilli, ami niher iirinees haviiit; lle.l, 
 ;'6 April ; Ih.: palaee had beiii blnwn lip; the 
 hea.ls nt Ml'. Quint. Ill and his eumpauiuus were 
 foiiml in the iiieln.^nre. 
 
 Funeral eeieinnny wasbeMovertheexhmned bo.liea 
 nf Mr. Qninton ami his enmi.aiiions, -jo April ; 
 general Cnllett was left in .ninni iiel at Manl|iur, 
 sniin- nftlie lrn..|is left. T'li' Maiiipmisrelui'iied 
 tn their bnni.s. M.iy ; Ihe r.',i..n! ami his ininiater 
 were eaptui'eil, 8 .May, an.l the seiiapnlti, 
 
 nl.iiiit 23 May, 1891 
 
 The re;.'ent, the seliaputti, an.l iirinee Aii;.'ao Sena, 
 a y.ninp'r hrntber, were trie. I fnr rehillinii and 
 ab'eUiiit; to inili'ler, and seiiteiieed to .leath (all 
 appealed) y-2oJune, „ 
 
 The senteiiees of death on the senapiitli and the 
 Ton^'al general, as iiiiidiial.'.l in 111.' murdei-s, 
 Were euiilirmiid. The s.'iitenee.^ on the regent 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 '?■:'! II 
 
 (rai 
 
 fj^ 
 
 
 .''"■'.'?< HI 
 
 'I M* 
 
 I' I ^ * 
 
 ■ftl 
 
 ^:^ '. 
 
■!i!'2lM'ti'""ii 
 
 MANITOBA. 
 
 6Jd 
 
 MANHlON-llorsK. 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 mill liin yniiiiKi'i' liriitlii'i'i'iiiiiiiiiitiil tn tiniix|Mirtii- 
 tliii I'l.r life 1,1 till' AiMlaiMiiii l»liiiicl» ; rmri'lliihi 
 111' I'Mipi'iiy, iiriiiHiiru'iil n, Auk. 'Hm' iiiinluiUl 
 mill thi' Tiiiitiiil gi'iii'iiil liaiit,'i(l lit Miiiii|iiit', 
 
 1 1 Aiiu. iSqi 
 
 It wiiK ili'i'lili'il Hint Miilil|iiir hIiiuiIiI sIIII lie iiiliil 
 liyaimllvi' ininri', ai Ann.; nml Cliilra ( Imml, 
 iiKi'il J.Kri'iit niiiiiil-<iiiiiit Xiir fillip; h.\viin»|i|H. I 111 I'll 
 rn.lali, 1,1 Si'|.l, : illnnlly In In. Inivilliaiy. Hiililirt 
 In till' niiviTiiiiii'iil ul' hiilia : Miiiiiiiiiial iiiliiili' to 
 It paiil ; ili'i'liualiiiM (■iiiiiiiiiiiiiniliil . . (let. ,, 
 
 Till' y.iuii;,' |.niiri' Mils iiivixliil wiili a ilinnily, 
 
 ^i/Alnll, i8./' 
 
 Ili'nvy rain, caiisiiiK ili'stnii'llvr llumls ainl li.ssiif 
 llf" .May, leyj 
 
 AIANITOIIA, xic liH/in-fn hiiiilmu\ llinlmn'i 
 Jill/ (.\. AiTiiiii'.i;. Miiiiiii.liii was maili' a part of 
 the •■unCi'ilrnitiiiii in i,S7o. Caiiital, \ViiiMi|icjf. 
 i'opulatiiiii, l.HiSd, KvS.tqo; lXi)l , I5.(,4,)i. l.iiMit.- 
 (."'V , .liiliii C. Scliwltz; hii'Tccilcri liy Mr. J, ('. 
 raltirxiiii, JiiiH, iHijv A l-'iTiian aHaik (in the 
 coliiiiy wiiH mippri'K.iril liy Aiiioriiaii troiips alaiiit 
 12 Oct. iH-i. Fur iiiNiirri'i timi in llic iiciKliliuurint,' 
 iinivinics ill Marili, iKH^, sci' Ciimiilii. For tlic 
 Id'il Uivcr liaihvay ili.^piMcn xcc Viuimlii, Oct. iSSX, 
 Disputes Willi llic lliiniiiiiiiii (;iivcriiiiicnt rc«pcctin(.' 
 tlio jirivilc^ps (if tlie Catlmlic siIiuhIh, Marili tl etii. 
 IX()5 ; iicKctiatiniiM cIumiI, tlic dilliciiltt Bcttlcd liy 
 cnnipidiiiisc, 17 Oc't. iNi^i; liill ihi»»c(|| 25 Miirctf, 
 l.'-'(»7. J'ralric tires, villat'i's burnt, 7 deaths, re- 
 pnrted, 4 Oct. lHi)7. 
 
 MANXIIKIM (S. (ieniinn\\ founded in Ifof), 
 beeainu tile court reHiilencc of ilie palatine of tlie 
 Jtliine in I7I(;; l>iit liis beconiiii}; elector of Itav.iria 
 in 1777 caused tlie reiiioval of tlie court to Miinieh. 
 Mannlieiin mirrendered to the Frincli, under coin- 
 niand of general I'ii hcKni, 20 Sciit. I7()5, On 1,1 
 0(t. the Aiistriaiis under Kcmiiil WurniscVdefeat'eil 
 the French near the city. Several hattles were 
 fought witli various siiness in the nei);hhourlii)oil 
 (luriiic the wars of Napoleon I. Kotzeliiie.the po]iu. 
 lar dramatist, was iissassinatcd at Miiniiheiin, by 
 Sand, a student of Wurteburg, 2 April, i8i(j. ropu- 
 lation, lK(|(), 711 (144. 
 
 MAXOJIKTKll (Greek, nwiios, tliiii), iin in- 
 strument tor niea.suriiiK tlie rarity of the atnio- 
 ephere, (ruses, and vapours. One is .said to liave 
 been made by Otto von tjueri(ke almut l()(K), and 
 tli(^ "statical barometer" of Kola rt lioyle was 
 It simple manometer. Various forms of the apjiara- 
 tus werr devised liy Uainsden (almut {--\), by J{oy 
 ('777)1 li.V C'azaU't (I7><(j), and liy l''urdoii anil 
 ottiers. A inanometer was ooiistru'clcil for the in- 
 vestigation respecting tlie elasticity of j-teani con- 
 d.uted by Trony, Ara^'o, Diiloiii;, aiid Girurd, 1S50. 
 
 MANORS lire as ancient as the Sa.xon times, 
 and imply ii territorial district with its jiirisdii tion, 
 rights, and prr(|uisites, 'I'liev wereforinerlv culled 
 baronies, and still are lordsliips. Kach lord was 
 empowered to hold a court called the coiirt-baniii 
 for redressing niisdemeaiiours. and settliiij,' disputes 
 between the tenants. Viibiiiit I.dui/ir. 
 
 MANSFIELD COLLEGE. Oxford, for the 
 study of Xoncoiiforinist theolo;rv opeiied in tempo- 
 rary rooms H)Orl, i«,S(). The n'cw college .-olemnly 
 0])ened, 14 Oct. iS.Sij. 
 
 MANSION-HOUSE, I.oxdox. The resi- 
 dence ot the lord mayor. It i- situate at tlie east 
 end of the I'oultrvoii'the site of the ancient Stocks- 
 
 east slilii, almut II p.m. It) .Mill,!, •,. , 
 
 ' ' ' ■' , ilUrt.ii^ 
 
 Atiiii»iiiii-/liinv FiiikIh . 
 
 H Mil 
 
 tiiiMii IIi:i.ii;k Kimi lor IIic saiUi,,, 1,. ,, 
 of Tails, was I'Hlalillslicil at 1 ,.|,„ , ' "" " ''■' 
 
 III four days ithoiit ..j I |ia,| |„.,,.' ;,.■■•''"• I'ri 
 
 •■1 4 .March. ,,,,„„/. ; hmmIIv, ..,(,,k. ) , i 1')' 
 tnalt Woitley ,i,„l .M,, ,i,„„.j,,. „„„^. . 'Uf 
 
 l"^:;:!ii'':';;':;.];.?.':..;:«i!v''"..';'i'i-i»i..ii;'l; 
 
 to 4 .March, u i, .;,„/, 
 
 Wt 
 
 I'll 
 
 pcrKiiiiaiiyHiipciiiiirii,ii,iiii,.i,.,i;,,(;;i;;j";""' 
 ci.Mw, lorcitih coii«iii,, ,111.1 nil,,,,, \, ',,','': 
 
 irpi.it Issiicl l,y 111,. |„|,| „„„„, ,1,,;,'*"' 
 iS/i, sliowcil a l.aliuicc of 4h7,,; in hi,,,,! ' """■ 
 
 of Wales l„.ca,„i. pall -•4 ^vt. ; .1, ,,',;', " 
 
 .4 April; aliovc ,5,..«./. hi,I,,,i,i||,.,| ,'''''!•'• 
 
 i2,s.'«./, J7.iiiiy, when the 1 1 «,„„i;,:, I '; 
 
 K*HiKiiN Wah .Si >rniK,i,.,' Kisi, -....^j :,„ ,, , 
 np to 6 Oct. ,B7ti; lb Oct. .j„.W ; , ;.' 
 
 Inini.aiionsI1ki.,kfI.Vni,; 1877, ivi-clvcl, „,,.,, 
 36,«.W, ; 20 Jan. Sii«j/, ; cliwil, ,. j-vi, «, ■ 
 
 Ki.i,,nFamini; liM,,,.KF,s,,, ,,^^.„.,,',.;,;i; 
 15 Autf ; iccclvc ,to JO .\iiK. ,,,,,,0;. . '[■ 
 
 (luii.l ilcclaicl .■lose,: l,y ivip„.,t „| ti„t*,|', :;, 
 l^l^klll^;llalll,^,'ovcl■llor..^Mallla»|;,la,.l.rl.l.^,■„ 
 ■^^ lice. 4(>j,o.../ ; 15 Jan. i87i, juj,.W,; t.,i' [ 
 H'ccivciI, f,ti<j,4M)/. 1711. . . 1, \ 
 
 "KenviiK K" Ke.vii (wic IIV(.7,.«, ^4 Mir,.|, ,;,'?' ''^ 
 reiviv.a for families „f the nun, ,,,,,/.' .'• 
 lllillcil .... i.s 1' 
 
 '•I'llISrKKS Al.ICK" IlKI.IKF I'Vsi'i; „,,',.,|,.,1 ,%,| •■ 
 
 i«78; icccUvd :.ist,Scpt. .s.,j,W.; , l>l.,V.i./ 
 
 .Sci' 7 / (KCI'.VS ,I/(,C. •' ''^■ 
 
 I AllKIUAIIS Oll.l.lKllV KXII.IIHKIN FCNII • 01».„, I 
 ! 14 Sept. 1S78 : icceivcl, 21 .Sept. ii ,„,; . J , "! ' 
 ! ■-•t),!.../. : above i8,.«.«)/. 1 avcil in llic luian,, ' 
 
 ! 1>1S.\S (.'OI.I.IKUV Kxi'I.OShiN [•■lMi(|',,| itu«i,!,:,,', 
 
 anil chililivn); opi'iii'd in . . , 1."' . 
 
 IllNOAlllA.V l-'l.ool.s I-'INI,; op, I 14 Miltrll ;,,';"" 
 
 market. !t v. 
 Dance till' elib I . ! 
 1867-68; see .l/(///i// 
 Attempt to lilow up pa 
 of b'lliipowilcr (40 11 
 
 ■ ■■• ■■■r.tme.: -t"he o;, Ireor^e 
 /- 1,5 , repaired and redecorated, 
 
 I 'f Mil ii-lluiiso ; a Imx 
 ''- ! in a window, 
 
 ccivc.1 IB .Miircli, alioiit4,w.../. ; .M„v ,, ,,, v/ 
 
 /ei.r Waic H nii ; ope 1, j, .MaivU ; ,.,,4; 
 
 2 April, i,4„i/. ; ...5 April, io,,rx,i. 
 HoWl.AM. llll.l. .Ml MoliiAl. Jiloposeil yScp> ',«.,. " 
 ■ the lohl mayor, Wlieihiini, aiiiiiiiin,.,.,! IliiiJ' ,; 
 
 I alioiit lew/, only li;el 1 11 siiliseilli, ,| ; n,,. ,|„,|||,^. 
 
 Wiiulil lie rcturiii'il ; annllii i oiioaillee vm,, \\„ 
 
 bm I, and lord mayor Tins, nil assnineil \'\i„... 
 
 of the liiiiil, II Nov. ; 6.),../. iccelveil n |i,.,. 
 
 ' 1879; aliout i("i,.xxi'. 2ii K.ii. 1880; i7,.,S6/ (.Ju,' 
 
 IM. iii;hs (IF .MAni.iionoi i.n ,^ Ikimii Hki.ikf Ki si, 
 
 I'peiicl on appeal l.y licr Kniec, 22 |i,.(.. ,5,.' 
 
 iihont 2,-i,ool. rccciM'il It) Dec; |i.|,i| s,.|||''.' 
 
 jMllilill, ,4,164/. f eJ. ; flinil cl.iseil . ,, ,\„' 
 
 " ATAi..ASiA" Fin : to relieve siiU'eii-is l,y li.s> : 
 
 the .I/i(/((;(/(( (ic'. ./i .sh) ; tipelieil . . i!.),|,,. 
 
 Thiiio Cathi:iihal Ki ni)oiicii,.,I i4,)uly ; icni,,' ' 
 
 i.oB.s/ ' . 1, N. ,' 
 
 ItlsCA C-'oI,I.IKIlV K.\l'l.oSlllN FlSlMipelieil ,( ,1;;,. . 
 
 received 7 (17/ ^'V 
 
 i Nai.s'i Tai. I.ANiisi.ie KiMi ; npeniii . 2.0,1' ' 
 
 AilHAM KAHriUJIAKK FlMl ; o|ielleil . jV,\,,v 
 
 I'KSVOliAlU CoLLIKllV K.XI'l.oslON KCNll ; i.j.r|ii.il 
 
 ■ 3 1 1"''. „ 
 Chios oh Scm EAlirniiVAKi: Kr.su ; upeiicd 7.\|,ril, ,;:, 
 Dkkkm i OK rnoi'Kiirv i.s- Inri.A.Nii Ki xn, (•■t„n|,. 
 Iiolil I he rifihts of properly asiiiist "iwmiZHl 
 conil.iiiation, to ileleml ami to siishiiii liviilum nf 
 ■■oiitnict anil lilicity ofaction, ') I . j;iiii, 1. |i,.,. . 
 iBSi ; i8,22fi/. applied, liahmec nf 1,26^/.' imxl 
 ten e.l to Irish Del'eiic^ Union . . iS Dec, p'; 
 EiiveiiAN Hkkickks I-'inu: 2,100/., ;oJiiiiv, iES,; 
 2.70,../., 6July ; 7,800/., II Ant;. ; 8,000/., loSriit.; 
 -',ioil 10 Ai'ril, liii 
 
 Hl;l,lKF OF PKKKKCI-TEDltl'SNIAN.tKWS FFNIi, lie;-™ 
 
 I Fell. 1882; 46,oix)/., ruceivcil, ij Keh. ; y>,j6-.'. 
 20 Fell : aliiiiit 73,000/., 10 May. Kiiiul il.nil 
 ioS,7~ ,' . received (over iiu,oou/. received, liiialh 
 i)os.:.i .. .'.-.ily, igRf,) mi,., , 
 
 Fl Nil FOH F;M[IIHATI(IN of TIIK U.VKMI'I.OVKii, 1- 
 
 tahlishiil 15 April; iinsuceessfiil, eluscil isApnl, ., 
 IcKLANii Fa-MISK Fi'Nli, foriiu ,1 ..,) Aiij.. iStz; 
 i,5n<.J. rcceiveil 6 Sept. ; 2,800/. 14 .Sept. ; i.7o<y, 
 SI Sept.; 5,505/., closed .... Ainil, i:!i 
 
I. ih Jliilili,-,. 
 
 t'l' "|"'llln;< 111,, li 
 
 MANHION-IIOUME. 
 
 007 
 
 MANTUA. 
 
 'I ; iinKiii 
 
 nMiiv", 
 
 i.| Mu, 
 
 i":i 
 
 ilii'»uiriiu<ii) 11,, .1., 
 
 nn:iiv,'::;i::,:r'"';;^w' 
 
 , V'"";' i""^"i""« ■ 
 
 'I'l iiii,\,,r, ,l.,t.,| , v,,' 
 
 ■>^^vh■ i.iii,ii,.„i,,.ti|,. 
 „"" ™ '■' I. .Q .M«h'k; 
 
 -t HM. ; ,,4,«/, t,.,,,|v„i 
 I I'Lt. ij.ux,/. ; ,7 „„ 
 
 ",; '877,iv,tIv,.,|.„,|,,., 
 ■I"-"''I. Ml'VI...8.,j,;. 
 
 IM', li;?!!; 1,1, u |,.,,| 
 
 au.MlK. I, .,0.0;,; 1,,^.,,' 
 
 '"■'■■. '. N"V. 44fM„:;; 
 j; ivMU,.,l „| ti„. ,|„t^,^| 
 
 t Minima); MfliiTiTtiv,,! 
 I'll. '87ci, 5"J,uo<.;,; u,i,,i 
 
 ""■■ "I'll. i*t'l-; trail,. 
 '.. • • 'J.'i'Tt 
 
 F H'Nli; ,,1„.1|,',1 5 S|| ■' 
 
 t. as.'J'J'j'.; 1 Oct. ji.,;J„/' 
 
 1'l.tlHlclN [.-IN,,; |,|,,,„,| 
 21 .'•"■lit. 11, S'..',; 2] lilt 
 
 ri'i'..|vi..l in 11,,., .,„„„„ 
 
 IN tl.Nl.(f,.l lSo»i,|,i«, 
 
 >: "iii'iicii 14 Milt,.!,;,,, ■■' 
 
 ,Jii»'. ; M.iy I, 11,. .46;. 
 'il. :ii .Miin-li ; iTO-irt,! " 
 
 1, Ui,)t«i(, 
 
 . |iliiliiis,.,|oN.l,K ,».,. " 
 mil. iiiiiiiiiii,,.,.,! ||,„| ;„ 
 imilisiTll,,,! ; 11,,., „ .V 
 
 111 1 xlllUlill..,' H„s ,||,,| 
 
 i'niM lilt iissiiiii,.,! I'lii,!-,. 
 
 ^.im.'. l|.|.|.ivi.|| ,2 |l,,,. 
 
 '•■I'. >88o; 17,..S6/. 5,1,111. ,::, 
 I 1 iHimi Uki.ikkKim,: 
 IT urim; 22 1 1,.].. ,5..: 
 jy I '"'I'. ; tiitiil sfiil'i.i 
 tiiiiil chw,.,! . ic.xiij. ^^^ 
 
 ■lii'Vi. siillinTs l,v li.v, , ; 
 
 "l"'ii''il. . is'liii. 
 
 luliril I4.1iily ; rm-jv,,], 
 
 • • . . 9 N"V. ,. 
 < FlSli. ,,|i,.in.(l ie,lu|j.; 
 • ,• • 9N'"V, „ 
 
 1; lllil'lllll . 2s(M. „ 
 
 > ; ii|ii'iii.,i . ,j x„v, 
 
 'i.iwlox KlXB; ii|.,. I, 
 
 13 lit|.. „ 
 K Fr.VD; ii|'i'ncil7.\|iril, liii 
 ni:i.A.sii Kixii, ("tiini.. 
 
 iiTly IIKlliust ntJIliniZnl 
 
 ml I" siKl.iiii Iri'i'iliini iif 
 
 ■li ■)lv;;illi, 13 lltr; 
 
 iiiliiiiir i.f 1,263/. trans, 
 iiimi . . iSIIfP. i;;5 
 1 : 2,100;., qnJiiiiv, i88?; 
 AiiK. ;S,tioo;., ioS|.|it.; 
 
 Ill Arril, iJ.j 
 wiAN.Imvs Frsn, lic^'iin 
 '(.'ivcil, 1 1 Ki.|i. : 50,3651'. 
 II) May. Full, I r!.*.| 
 lu.ooo/. rt'Ct'ivi'd, liiLilIv 
 
 Till-: UxKMI'MiyKli. 
 (.(•SHflll, I'lliM.il ;5 A].! 
 
 fiinniil ..,, All;'. iS::; 
 2,800/. 14 .'Si-pl. ; 3.7ct.(. 
 
 . Ajinl, lU; 
 
 „„nf.| 4,400/. ; Ji Ki'l), 7,ftj.,/. 1 iliiHnl. iTi 
 
 ,1,1 UtiMl-'clMICIlV FXfllmliiN FlNIi, Illil.Ut 14 
 ' V ,..i,jW It"", f'. Ii'lllllli'l ; flllMll'lnm.,1, jl, ,liir,. 
 
 ' '*<^ '■ ■••■ "■■ .-..I l'-l..-l ,,1,1,1, 
 
 I'lVl'll 
 
 ■ ■U . ■ • • ., ■ ■ • 'J '^I'l'"! 
 
 I ,. \,H,,r cir HrilTI.ANIl ItNIi, j.jnn/. llii.ivvcl 
 
 \|iril; i.9<'4'. '■' •W'i'"i 4.8'"'. s .Miy ; i.ivjl. 
 i'„i,.|fli'«"l • ■ • J ■ • "(■'"'.>i 
 
 |r,„i (UK SlKKBIlMW I.V Nilllill Hka llAt.K, 
 
 rMiii'h) • ■ • • , ■ . • '■' Al'i'l. 
 
 I L.,lllK*HTIIi4l*t<Bl'''<". "1»'">''1 14 ■\"K. ; I.^""'. 
 
 , ji,j, ; uliollt 39,"i«i/. laHi't.; I'linnl iidit. 
 I [ iVriJS l'H"ii:"> '•'i^l't "iK'iii'il .11 Ant!. iiImiiiI 
 
 • il. rcwin'il ;ilii»i'il . . . . y .Nov. 
 
 ,' ,I,K (.•,11'NTlt'..' KvlUilUl'MiK FlNIi, lll'^inn jft 
 
 ' II nl 1584 1'.'*""'' '''''''■' ^''''' -' '^'".^ ' I1"""''. 5 .^'ii.v ; 
 
 J isMiiv ;i;,9<«'/. lo.lnni. ; i..,4i,i/. ti .Inly, 
 
 I \.,,R.i KiNli {■"!■ .Ni""), <'sl,ililiKlii.il 17 .Inly; 
 
 ■' .) ff,.f|ve,ll|iilii mil III I'l'lliy iili,lii||i,.,>. ; f»Ki/. 
 
 inrivfil fnnii lliittcriliini, Aiij;.; i,,.i7/. ivi.|.lvi.il, 
 
 I iiiwi rli'iiwl • ■ • •,'.;' "'■'■■ 
 
 I Vl III'LITAN t'll"l.KBA fl'NIl, 1,000/. Hl'lltnlt, ( )lt. I 
 
 l'ni.ln'mltliii"'<'. .V/' . . ■ -Nov. 
 
 |,;„|;|,iSN*TloNAI, .MK.MlllllAl. FlNIl, (He,' (,i,ill;ll 
 
 J i(,,i„n.i/)lw(!ini 25 Fell. ; 1 i,v«''. U'ri'.yi'il ii|i to 
 I tMll; kiiiKi't' IIi'ImIiiiii K'vi'H KKi/. . 8 A|iiil, 
 |>i,vi>il ('liiii.KiiA Fi sii l)r;;uii II Si'|it. ; 4iyi/. 
 I .„Yii,M ; vl.-i'l ... • • , • 4 N'l*'. 
 |r,p,ii,i.ii:ii IlKMKK Itnh lii'Hiiii nil.. lit 5 hi'li. ; 
 ;,„., I,. . /. iwi'lvril ; jf),j.'-^l. jii .Miiii'li ; 76,^19/. 
 
 ■1 Mhi'i'i ; 77,910^. (1.3'*^. L'lilll'Ctril ill till' Htn-l'tH 
 
 ;A|iril)7 A|Mil; cliwil 19 Apiil ; tolnl rrei'lvud 
 
 1.1' I'Aii.s Catiikuiial Ari'iiiiAcii Frsn, lii't.'nii 
 
 aliiiiit 5 Fill. 
 
 I EiiitiiijrAKE Frxn fm' «iitrn-,.vs in tiriTi.!. iiml 
 
 ilnilnlnii, F.S. 7Mi'lit. ; 5,n«:./. i7S(.iit. ; O.^.^J. 
 . .,."l.|it. ; rliiMi'il .... -jfiDft. 
 
 lo'inSiAi-ASii iNiiiAS 1n«titiik Fisii iiriipusi'il us 
 
 .iiiB'Uiiiiiiil III' till' i|Ui.|.|i'!<,|nliili'i' liy till, priiii.,. of 
 I Walraij.Si'lit. l386; 27,5.«i/. li'i'iivnl 27lli't. 
 Ie.mteb'Ihkatkk Fikk Ukliki.- Flsd 8 Si'iil. ; tliu 
 
 ,'it'i'iiL'ln'.s 100/. ; uiiliiniliCTil iaM(.|it. ; 1,300/. In 
 I ' ibMi'iit. 
 
 Ipiil.SIAS ISIMIATKIN FfSll, q ApHl ; i.MXll. 
 
 I . ...1....I . . . t-1 \I,fi1 
 
 iS8j 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 188S 
 
 1887 
 
 l.ri-iw-il 
 
 13 Aliiil, i388 
 
 IciIisim; Kamink Fini, priiiinsi.il 22 .Iiiii. ; 5,v«i/.' 
 i-ii'ii^Ml JO Jjiii. ; 18,250/. 4 Maii'li ; 21.700/. 26 
 Manli; tiuiil I'losi'il, "Vii S...654/. ni'i'lvnl .Miiy, 1889 
 |l!i.fuiiil iiiaiil of till' Koyiil AKiiiMiltnnil Jiiliilii 
 I ,<lii.»(«.i' H'l.'i'/.""') niiioniitiil til 5,516/. I An^'. ,, 
 
 |rA-ri;ill ISHTITITK FuSI>l.stlllill.illl.ii (Hl.l. Illldni- 
 
 .iiJ.iii), iJiilv, 1389; iviriviil liiiiH till' pi'lnei' of 
 
 Walrs 1(15/, till' iluki. of WistniinsliT 2,,,/., ll„. 
 
 iliiki'iir.Nortliuiiilii'rliinil ioo/.,iiiiii iimiiy oIIii.i'h; 
 
 , ;,iiioiiiitm'i.ivi.ii, 2,839/ "'■"'. 
 
 IFkiit CiLTiKK FfNii lu.(;iiii liy tlii' Innl iimyor ; 
 
 iliiiliiki'iif Wi.stiiiiii.itrrjjayrso/., Imruiii'^s Hur- 
 
 ■ ,i..|i.('iiiiltH5o/., mill iitlii'is . . . 14 Oct, „ 
 IL;..i«;ecii I'lii.i.iKKV K,\ri.iwn>N Fi'Nii. "'oiitri- 
 
 iiiitiuimR'ci'ivt.il, II Ft'b., 363/. ; i Mmvli, ,>>.o/. ; 
 
 ;,jjj/. remltti'il ;; jMiiy, 1890 
 
 iJliiiiiA riii.LiiiRV Kxrr.dsiiiN Fi'np, 15 .Slmrli. 
 
 Oiiitriliiilliiiis ri'ci.ivi'il, 22 Miiivli, alimit i,joo/. ; 
 
 I iJlllll', 2,8co/ ,, 
 
 |L"Ii1' .Stkathxaiux (sn lliiuli Itiwc) Mk.miihi*i, 
 
 ■ I'lsp. Aiiiiiinit iwi'ivi.il, 17.I11111., 1.51x1/. 2,700/. 
 ' .N'liv. I.ilii.iiil coiitrilintious ri'ci'ivril from 
 liiiliaii |ii'iiiri's 
 
 ii.ai«ii-A Fikk Hki.iki' Fimi, m Sipt. ;.,373/. 
 
 riCTlvcil, 7 Nov. ; riiiiil closiil . . « Nov. ,, 
 
 |L..i:ii XaI'Ikr ok .Mai.haia .Miimokiai. Fixii. 
 
 Hi'i'-'iveil li'um city I'oiiipaiiii's a,,i| othiirM 2,1x10/., 
 
 _ : Krii. 1890; total ri.ii'in.il, 5.446/. . 10 .\"oy. 189: 
 
 fcttrasT WutiK Hki.iki-' Fi'.vn (sn. .Viir,i/, 10 Nov. 
 
 i.-yo, 1/ w(,) slaiti'il tiy rripii'st ulioiit 20 Nov.; 
 
 :.:;o/. ri'i'i'ivi'il 8 .Ian. „ 
 
 iM.irRiTirs HiiuiUANK Frxii, opcni'il 30 April, 
 iiliont 1,300/., 24 Miiy ; (closril) 
 _ - . . . . ao.Si'i.t 1893 
 
 |br..liiHss, NEWKoirxni.ANti. kiiik, hki.ikf Kt'xi. lor 
 :!ii'*iilferer.<isliirteili2.Iiilv;n'('i'iviiiliiplu is.liilv, 
 ..'.ithiiiiiii'i'ii 5.-.'., till' iii-it-.i-iiDf Waliiii j'f.:. 3."., 
 "f Loiiiloii I'orporalioli 210/., Gulilsinillis' 
 I iiiliiiiy 500/., anil utlii'rcoiniiaiiii'9 ; sir lloiialil 
 I A.Siiiith i,«x)/.); 2i,ono/.. 2o.\nj,'.; 24,502/., Nov ,, 
 
 pMiK Sl.l|i CIII.I.IEHV IIKI.IEK l-fsli Olllilll'll, 29 All-. ; 
 
 I ili'i|iiwii, 100/. ; the iiianiuis of UiUe, 500/. ; tho 
 
 189, 
 
 1894 
 
 Ion! iim.Mir, 1>. KyaiH, 500/. ; ri'ci'lvinl 1111 to 
 14 Wi'pl. 1, 1.../. ; 4,^11,/. . , . 4 Nov. i8g» 
 Viniiiiu iiixAnrKii ii'lii'r fiiinl ii|i(.|ii.i| j) ,liiii„ |w.ii 
 .Viii / ./ Iliiijlniul, -22 .liini'l; till, iini'i'ii, amj. ; 
 piliiri' mill pnmi'HM of WiiIi'm, <•■,■)!. i.«, ; lliiuliikit 
 111 KiIiiiIiiii'kIi, iv./. ; lln' iIiii'Iu'ms of \i,rk (rii- 
 piirti'il m.ipliK of lu'ililiiiK (iri'Ni'iil riiinl, 8110/.), 
 ami otiii'i' I'lniiii'iil |ii'i»oiin ; lot«l ii'ci.iviiil up in 
 1894, 7i,2fi5/., ii.poiti.il . . , 'av.Mny, 1895 
 
 JlllillNIIII.I. ('iil.llKHY HXpllMlllll fllllil II|H.|||>||, 
 
 10 .Inly; tlif i|iitiiiii, 50/. ; 12 July, (1,661/., re- 
 
 l"ilti'il ' . i AllK. 
 
 (IIIKKK KAlllllijI AKKH ri'llnf flMnl iipi'lli'il, 10 ,\pril ; 
 
 pi'iiii'i'»s 111 Willi's, 50/., 7 .Inly; tntiil, 5,2B8/. ; 
 
 <'lo«i"l 'i.liily, 
 
 Ai.iiiiis iiii.i.iKitv, I'liiilypi'lilil, I'spliiHloii In,,, I 
 
 iipi'iii'il, jfi .liiiii' ; priiH'i. anil prllii'i'sH of Wall's, 
 
 5./., I) .Inly; till' ipii'i'ii 50/., 17 July; 5,000/., 
 
 9 Aiw. ; 7,(»«J. ii'i'i'iM'.l at t'iinlilf . . , „ 
 t'liNsTANriMiiM.K I Alu ilwiAKKliiml o|ii.|ii!il, 17 Jiily; 
 
 (Htoiiim' liaiik.rii'illt uf s.onoi., ui July; .Mussrs. 
 
 IliitliM'lill.l, ,.,..J .... 2, July, „ 
 
 Ariii.r.v 1 111,1, iKiiv .lisiislcr (14 Jan.jfnml iipcni'il, 
 
 25.lali.(loi'i,l I'l, ml ri'lii'f. 4,0 .,/., ii-porti'.l ..-iJiii,.); 
 
 5.-./. Iron, lliii ipii'i'ii ; lolal, 2,121/. ii,«. 10'/., 
 
 April, 1895 
 
 liKCIirANAIASn I'l'lll'f rilllll llpi'lll'll, 2iy Jiinii, 1896; 
 
 total I'lici'tvi'il, 1,432/. 12.1. 51/. 
 Jai'an KAiiriiiii'AKK I'l'lll'f fiinil opi'iiiiil, 21 July; 
 
 total, J,Si;5/ Nov. 
 
 I.MiiAX Famink fnnil (ipiMiinl, 8 .Ian. 11^97; tlii) 
 ipli'i'ii 5..,/. lo.liin, ; aKiiinsoo/. i.,.Mai'. ; llii'prlneu 
 mill pi'ini'i'ss of Wall's 250 >!s. ; iliiki' ami linclinsH 
 iir('oiinant;lit 105/. ; iliiki' of Vork 1..5/., 13 Jan. ; 
 1,050/. I.oniloh ('orporiilion; 1,...,/. Hank of Knt<- 
 luml ; inaninls of Sallsliiii'y, 23.1/.; olInT lurKii 
 snnis ; total, 550,. «>./., .Nov. ; sin' /m/iii , , 1897 
 .MoSTHKiuiAi iiiiimliitlon rrlii'f I'linil opi'iieil, 16 Jnii, 
 
 iP,j7; total, 2, ..)../.; I'losi'il . . , i April, „ 
 KssKx Sturm ri'lii'f fnml, 6 .Inly, ley;; loV. from 
 
 till, iini'i'ii, II .Inly ; tolal, 2S,i!«.x)/. . . Nov, ,, 
 Lmly .Nlayori'ss's liian(.|i of tim urim-i' of WaliwM 
 
 Nov. ,, 
 ' ilinniT fllllil, 
 ^ ; lar^o sub- 
 1 Mr. I.iptiiii 
 'tal, '>o,ou'./. ; 
 
 896 
 
 lloxpital fiinii, 5,"i»i/. , 
 
 I'oiii(i>i 1.1- nil I ,11 l.iiiiili)ii,luli||i. 
 Initi.ii"! 1 till- 11 MCiiss of Wall' 
 scril ' . 29 Aiml; 3s,u,,l. lioi 
 
 (km , .Ian. 1898); I'uportiil ti 
 liuiilflosi'il, .May. |2o,oooslii'i'i 
 iralia.l Si'ii .liiliilrrn. Niirplns 
 vai'Idiis I'nnils, Jan. 1898. 
 
 t^irv FiHE reliiif tiiml : for tliu «ork| 
 
 I'lit I'roiii Aiis- 
 illstrilinli'il to 
 
 opli' 
 
 <ioo/. , 
 
 I 1)1'( 
 
 I'm; rew'lvwl iiliont 
 
 l;.o5J. 
 
 MAlIls^n^■F.l'llilll'lnll'^llllll)pl'nl'll,o(»l't. i397;tiitiil, 
 ini'lniliii;; locial riilii'f liiiiil, 27,916/. iS--. 81/., 
 anniiuiM'i'il 16 July, 139S 
 
 .M2\.NSOUKATI (I.ow.r KK'Vpt). lliro Loui* 
 IX. was ili'tciiti'il tiy the .Sarai'ciii. iiiul tiikim pri- 
 sillier, vVjiril, 1250." llt'^'iivc lliitiiii'tl.i ami 4(X),<XK> 
 livri'.s "fur his riuisum. Maiisoinali sulforetl luuch 
 by clioieni, suiiiiiu'r, l88<. 
 
 MAXTINE^V. (Arcailiii, Gri'i'i'c). Here— (l) 
 Atlu'iiiiiii.s i\ml Argivea wrni di'ti'iilrii tiy Agia II. ot 
 Spurtii, 41S It.c. (2) And licrc Kp iimiioiuiiia and 
 the Tlioliaiis di'fcatril tlic lomliiiu'd lorrcs of Lace- 
 dii'mon, Achiiia, Klis, .Vthiiis, mid .Vvt'adi.i. _}(j2 i'.c. 
 Kiiiimiiionilaa \vas killed in the eiif,'ii:;riueiit, Mid 
 Thebes lost its power niiionf; the (ireiiaii states. The. 
 emperor .\driim built 11 teiiijili'iil .Maiiliiieiiin honour 
 of his fiivinirite .■Vli-iiiniis. J'lie town was also tailed: 
 Antigoiiia. Other battles were roii;;ht near it. 
 
 MANTU^V (N. Italy), an Etruscan city, near 
 which Virjfil was liorn, ;(i 11. r. ilaiitiia was ruled 
 liy iheGiiiizairas, lordsnl'.Mantiin, Inmi 1 528 to 1708, 
 when it was sci/ed by the emperor Jo.seph I. It 
 surrendered to the l-'Vi'iiili, 2 Feb. 171^7, after n 
 siege of eight months ; n'taken liy tlie iiustriuna 
 and Unssians, 30 July, 1 71)1), al'tei" a short siege. 
 Afler llie lialtle of .Mitrenmi (14 June, iHou), the 
 French aguiii obtained possession of it. It was in- 
 cluded in the kiuitdoin of Italy till 1814, when it 
 wiia restored to the .Vustriaiis, who surrendered it to 
 the Italians, 11 (Jet. iSfid, aflcr the peace. 
 
 # 
 
 ??'! 
 
 " *<•> Is 
 
 ^ 
 
 m- 
 
 31 !'i 1 ■ 1: 
 
 ii'l 
 
 ■!■• ; 
 
 
 ._^.j^:>mk. 
 
M,VXU. 
 
 098 
 
 MARINE SOCIETY. 
 
 MANU, SCO M,>/u. 
 
 MAOEIS, S.C Xcw Zeahiml. 
 
 MAPLE-TKEE. Tlic Ace- riihrum, orsoarlot 
 inii])U>, w'as bniiiirlit hciv (Voiii N. America, Ijcfoi-e 
 KijO. Tlic Actr Sciiiiiiilii, m asli-ltavcd maplo, 
 lu'lore i(jS8. From the Avvr n^iccluiriiiiim (iutro- 
 duced lit'ix' in I ; 55) tiie Anu'ricans iiiaku good sugar. 
 
 MAPS, see C/i«rts, and Mvrcator. 
 
 MAKANON, see Aim:uii. 
 
 MARATHON (in Attiea). Hero, on 28 or 29 
 Se]it 4()o U.c, tlie ''-eelcs, only 1 1 ,0(X) stroiij;, de- 
 feated tlie Persiau an., amoimtiiis to about I I0,ax). 
 Tlio former were oomniaiiiledliy .Milliailes-, Aristide-s, 
 and Themistoeles. Amon;.' tlie slain (al)out()400) is 
 eddto have been llii)i)ias, who h ul been expelled 
 from Athens, and was llie insti-ato.of the war. The 
 3'ersian army was I'orued to retreat to Asia; see 
 
 Iiivi'stij;atu)ns in 1890 on tlie prosiniiod site of tliis battle 
 led to tlie (liscineiy ul' vases, and the lirolialile grave 
 ol the 192 Atlieiiiaiis ivlm IVll. 
 
 MARBLE. I)i|ia>nii3 and Seyllis, statuaries of 
 Crete, were the first artists who seulptuj'ed marble, 
 iind polished their works; all statues previnusly 
 being: of wood, about 5(18 11. c. J'/iiii/. Theedifiees 
 or luonunionts of Koine were eonstru'eted of, or orna- 
 ineuted with, tine marble. The ruins of Palmyra 
 are chiefiy of white niariile. The marble arch, 
 London, erected at liueUin^hani palace, 1830, was 
 removed to llyde-jiark, March, l8jl. 
 
 MARBURG (W. Germany). The cathedral 
 vas founded, IZij ; and the first Protestant univer- 
 eity in 1527. Il sutfered much during the Seven 
 years' war, I7j3-fw. 
 
 MARCH, tlie first month of tlie Komnu year, 
 until Xuma adiled January and February, ~li n.c. 
 It is said that Uomulus f;ave to this nioiitli the 
 name of his supiiosed fatlier, Mars; thou^'li Ovid 
 observes, that the jieople ol Italy had the mouth of 
 Jlarch before the time of Uomulus, but placed it 
 dill'ereiitlv in the calendar. The year commenced 
 
 on the 2;th 
 
 month till 
 
 between tlie Austrian Rpneral Mela.^and ]\,.,„.'r. ' 
 si.^M,(-,l 15 June, the latter obtained twelve T"'' 
 fortresses, and became master of Italv. '"'? 
 
 MARESCIIALS or Mai;sii\i., m, Fr 
 were ihv esquires of the kin-, ,nul oVi.r.,,. ii;T! 
 the eonimand of the vanjjiiard to oli,scrve'"tli i 
 .and to choose proper jdaces for its ' """" 
 
 Till the time of Friuicis I., in 151^, t]„, 
 two mar.-hals, who had _:;a> liVres 
 
 on ine 25111 01 tins inontli till I7S.5; see liiii: llie 
 March of 1845 '"'J iSiHi hud much frost and skating. 
 
 MARCHES. The old boundaries between 
 England and Wales, and Kiigland and Scotland. 
 Tlie Lords Mardieis of the Welsh borders liad vice- 
 regal authority ; the wardens of the Scotch inandies 
 Y'ere subordinate ollicers. These powers were abol- 
 ished, 1 530, and 1081). 
 
 MARCIIFELD (Austrial. Hero Ottocar 11. 
 of liohemia was deteated anil slain liv his rival, the 
 €tnperor Kodolph of llapsburg, 2C1 Aug. 1278 ; see 
 llo/ie/iUa. 
 
 MARCIONITES, followersof Marcioii, a here- 
 tic, about 150, who preceded the Manichees, and 
 taught similar doctrines. Cdfc. 
 
 MARCOMANN7, n piople of Southern Ger- 
 many, e.xpelled the li'di from ll(dicniia, and, united 
 vith other tribes, iinaded Italvabout 167, but were 
 repelled by the eni))cr"rsAiit"n!nusandVerus. They 
 Vere defeated by the Icginii called, from a fabled 
 miracle, the Tliundei ill'.;- I.e^imi, 170; and finally 
 driven beyond the iJamibe by Aurelian, 27 1. 
 
 MARENGO (X. Italy). Here the French army, 
 
 oonitnanded b\- Mon.'iiiarte, after erossin.L^ the Alps 
 into Piedmont, att.oked tlie Austrians, 14 June, 
 |."So;j ; his army was relreating, when the arrival of 
 general Dessai.f tiiriieil the fortunes of the day. Tile 
 slaughter oil both aides was dreadful, iiy u treaty 
 
 ■IIHIIV 
 
 I'licaiiipiii,., i 
 
 war, but no stipend in time of peace Tl'iV'nll"']'" 
 was afterwards greatly increased. Niiii,i|,.„||- ''''*' 
 shals Were renowned for skill and mur; ""' 
 Marshal. 
 
 MARGARINE, see under lUitla: 
 MARGATE, Kent, ILiyalsea-batlii,,,, 
 
 H't 
 
 founded I7V2. enlarged 1882. The'i;;;',lv';||';'''!' 
 erected in 1820. Poimlatioii, i.SSi, k.ojo . 
 I8.4I(). New jiark, inesented by M,'. i.\Swm'ni 
 
 opened by the lord mayor, I Juiie, ihi 
 
 MARIAN PERSECUTION, scciv, 
 
 'rotatmu, 
 MARIGNANO (nowMAi,En\\x„N x r,,,,,, 
 
 near Milan. Three battles have been f 'ilil,', , "' 
 ili'fcatcil thcduktjf 
 
 ere — I. Francis I. of Franei 
 
 Milan and the Swiss, 13, 14 S,.pt. 1 5 1 s ; r.lmc 00 om 
 men were slain. This coiulict has l,ci>ii cill,„io 
 Battle of the Giants - v ■ "" i''"^.J the 
 
 •2. Near here was fuu-ht il,. 
 Iiattleof Pavia {ii-hi.h m),- ^ ' ""■'"' llie 
 
 After the battle "" 
 
 trians entrenched themselves at .Malc-ii;iii , 
 emperor sent marshal liaraguay d'lliljicr. 
 
 a ()/•/(/,■// «,<), 24 Fcliriiarv, K':-, 
 le of Magenta, 4 June, r,S-Q, tinTj.j; 
 bed themselves at .Malc-ii;iii , 'I'lie 
 
 --. — - imi'-shal liaraguay d'liiljicri „i,i, 
 
 10,000 men to dislodge thciii, whicli he diil v.\[i. 
 loss of al'out 850 killed and wniiiulcil, on 8 Jure 
 The Austriaui are said to have lost mxikiika aid 
 wounded, and 900 jn-isoners, out of 18,000 ciioajni 
 
 ^MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIA 
 
 TION. Hve Bioloi/;/. v.ou^U- 
 
 MARINER'S COMPASS, see Cw«;„m,ani 
 Mdl/tutisin. 
 
 MARINES, soldiers serving on sliip-Wani 
 were first estiiblished with the object of fumi! 
 iiig a nursery to man the licet. An oiJtr in 
 council, dated' 16 Oct. i6()4, autlioriscil i 200 sol- 
 diers to be raised and formed int" <iiio rc^'iinoiit. In 
 1084, the third regiment of the line was talleii tlie 
 Marine Kegimeiit ; but tlie system of liaviii;,„,j,iji|^ 
 exclusively for sea service was not canicil iiit,ifi|,.ti ' 
 until 1(198, when two marine rcuiiiiciilsu civ foniirt. 
 More regiments were embodic.l in subsciiuciit vorc 
 and in 1741 the conis consi.-led of tea rcgii'iitnti! 
 each loixi strong. In 175') Ihcy iiiiiiilicicd iS.ax) 
 men. In the latter years of the Kreiuli war, eiidim 
 in 1815, they amounted to 31,410, but tliiTc sett 
 frequently more than 30111) siipcrm.mciarii's, lie 
 JiJ/its, as they are called, freiiuciitly di,-tiiij;ui,lifll 
 themselves. The " Hoyal Marine Foicm" (so 
 named I May, 1802), now comiircbeiul artillorvaiiil 
 li^lit infantry. Tlie vote for 1S37 was for i'(),((o 
 marines, inclusive of l-;()0 artillery. J'. //. A'm/m. 
 Marine Ji^ngineer.s' Institution, fMiiiidid in lS;j. 
 lllficcrs of the marines made cipial in rank iiitd 
 those in the army and navy, lice if>,Si. Tie 
 Historical Kecnrds of the Uoyal Marines, tditiiilij 
 major L. Kdye, iiublished 1893, <i snj. 
 
 MARINE SOCIETY (for the mainton«e 
 and instruction of boys for the navy), wa.'i fiiiiiiiiJ 
 by Jonas llanway, I7.i<i, and incorpoiati'd, l"2. k 
 instituted the first training ship on the TliaMf, 
 1780. II. M.S. Il'im/titi burnt, no dia'lis, 3 Ja 
 1S7O; uud thu boys were removed to tkc C<«iV»fW. 
 
SOCIETY. 
 
 ;i'l- olilaiiH il t«elvf sir 1 
 astcTofltiily. "'*'«? 
 
 laces l„r „, ,„,,,„," 
 
 I., 11. u,5ai..,v «•!,;'; 
 
 I 5'J" Uvius i„., ,„,,, • 
 
 .r sum a,uiT;;I;;!:;;"- 
 
 uiului- Butler. 
 
 1^X2. 1 iel„w,i.l,all,,i; 
 latioii, iSSi, u,.()nr r, ; 
 
 ir, I Juiiu, 1 87V. 
 
 CUTIOX, sivlUhttanti, 
 
 «MAU.;(iXAxn),X.i„i 
 tics liavc lutn luuirht i-t',; 
 raiii'c (Ict.^ati.a tliHukeof 
 
 )iuh.t lias i„,,„ „n,j';;^ 
 
 Jieai- luavwasfuudittlie 
 K),24lcl)ri,;,iv, i52-_, 
 iilu, 4 Junr, I)S:;9, tlifiui 
 rlvos at .Mal(-i|;,u„, X|„ 
 
 lianiguay d'Hillim uiH 
 lii'iii, wlucli he dill «itlia 
 
 ami wouiulrd, „ii 8 Juif 
 
 have lust Hwkilkaatj 
 crs, out of 18,000 (ugagtj, 
 
 OGICAL ASSOCIA- 
 
 iIPASS, sec Cuitipuss, wi 
 
 •s_ serving oil shiii-boaiti, 
 .\ith the oljjuct of funn. 
 
 the fleet. An order in 
 l(i;)4, authoriseil !2uosol. 
 iiieil into (iiie n-iim'iit. In 
 
 uf the line was tailfj |1„ 
 le system of liaviii:;,(,|Jij|.j 
 e was not caiTieil iiUiufci 
 •inereiiiiiieiilsuiivfmii 
 bodied ill salisei|inntv:ir!; 
 ■onsisleil of ten ri jiiiuHit., 
 
 751) lliev luiialit'iij iS.Ko 
 s of the l''reiirh \v;ir, fiiiiiiij 
 
 to 31.4(0, but tiiciiMmi 
 xio su|ieniuijuTarii.'S. Tit 
 il, frec|iieiitly di,-tiiifuiil,tj 
 )\al Marine Korn's" (a 
 \- eoniiirehend artillorvarij 
 te foi- i,S3; wiLs lor iVooo 
 K) artillery. /'.//. AVcj/ik, 
 itution, fouiiik'd ill |S-;, 
 made e(|ual in rank vtjtli 
 
 1 navy. Dei. i8,S:. He 
 e Uoyal Jhiriiies, tdittii bj 
 d 1S95, il stij. 
 
 TY (for the niaintonantt 
 for the navy), wasf.niiiW 
 anil iiiii)r|)iirati'J, I":, l! 
 linu' »hi|i on the Tliiuiifi, 
 1 hiiriit, no diii'lii, 3 Jan. 
 ; removed to tkt CiwiyiMW. 
 
 MARINO, SAN. 
 
 G93 
 
 MARlflAGE. 
 
 VlTiiXO, SAX, II vepuhlic in central Italy. 
 
 |,,r;';_,j,iJsiisi'ril'ed 1 1 St. -Marinus, a lieniiit, who 
 J .ri'l lici't' '" ''"■ 5''' '^^''"t'lry. Its indeiiendeiiee 
 |u.'i;,r;isliiirt time, to Cu'siir Itorgia, I :;()j, and to 
 |,,',„',w, rii|; was eoiitiniied hy |joiie J'iiis VII. 
 I'y,i A invention with Italy, 27 Maivli, i8;2. 
 ILiiLition, ill i'\S«i "I'uiil- ^tKW ; i" i«0<j, 7303 ; iu 
 ||i.,,;8i(j;in iSiyi,about8,(xxi. 
 
 I li VRIOLATH Y, woislup of the virgin 5Iary, 
 
 L,,,',iuthe4tli eeiitui-), gieatly increased in tile 
 
 JIARIOXE'I'TES. inippet plays. The fnii- 
 I, , „',, j)0|uilar ill Italy in the 15th century; in 
 1^', ist'h ill KiiL'l iiid, and (Jennany. See I'lduii. 
 
 I MARITIME EXHIBITION at ilavic 
 iitJbyrf|iresiiitalivesof thcKoveniinent 1 June, 
 <: iiiiiollier at Havre, 7 May, 18H7) ; a similar 
 'jioii was o|iened at Xaples hy tlie prinee of 
 
 /'lit, 17 April, 1871: at I'aris, 10 July, 1S75; 
 |j;'LiviTiJOol, ii.Ma\-, lS8(j, 
 lilir.iiiiiE Laws, see Xttviijittiv^i Imks. 
 
 HARK, il silver coin of the northern nations, 
 ui'jiiii' inline ««('■/.■-/»/« is si ill retained in DenmarU. 
 Jatn.'lami. the mark menus the siini of l^n. 41?., 
 Enu till' inline '» retained in law courts. 
 _ JIAEKET. see Smith tidih Mi'fropolifdii Cat tie 
 Iv'i'iil, liilHirl'iJiite, Liiiilciihcill, Fui-riiiititun, 
 Vi'ii/i'iiK, and Cvnnt Cnirdoi M<n-I,its. There are 
 ll>j Ike li'jroni;h and Sjiitalrtehls markets (vege- 
 iji'b;. Cumberland market, llaiiilistead-road (,hay), 
 ViiJ ilniilwell (tisli). New market constructed 
 
 II Great Kiistern Hallway C". at I'isliopsjrate 
 It'reit; opeiK'il, I .lulv, 1882. \Vliole.salo lisli and 
 
 taltrviiinrki't I'lieiied, H) Oct. 1882. 
 i varC"niiMiss;"ii 011 .Market lii.Jits .iiiil Tolls 
 :,i.-iiiti<l in li'io; issiii'il lir.st ri']ii'it March, 1889 
 ..^Marki't ami fairs act. 18S7, aiiieinli'il . . i3i,i 
 ',i.;l ivi'urt Jan. 1891, ivcoimiieiuliiij,' reloniis. 
 
 MARK'S, ST. (Venice). The church wus erected 
 
 litivccu 977 and 1043. 
 
 \[\<t lesl'iratioiis of the Palaoe of tlte Doges were 
 
 T(ii;ii]'liti'il:iiiile\l»iseil to view '. . Nov. 1S81) 
 
 MARLBOROUGH, a town in Wiltshire ; a 
 
 ^'Uil iiniiior incnlioned in Uoniesdav hook. King 
 
 liiirvHl. passed the " Stulutm nf .)lii//iri(/i>r " in 
 
 ilu' aiicitnt castle in 1267. Jlarllioroiigli returned 
 
 IwiiiufmWis I" parliament since Edward 1. Ah- 
 
 Tcik'd into llie toiiiity, 188:;. 'I'he griimniar 
 
 [lii'iulwasl'oiiiiileil hy Kdward Vl. — Maulhouoiiih 
 
 I'lisE, Pall .Mall. London, was liuilt hy Wren for 
 
 l:i' dnki'of .Marlbonuigh, r7oi)-I0; was let to the 
 
 liiii'X'ss Charlotte and iirince Leojiold in 1824 ; 
 
 lilJ liyipn'eii Adelaiile, i83"-4(), and hi'eanie the 
 
 |t-idrnce of the jiriiiee of Wales, 18O3. " Marl- 
 
 niUjh Iloiise," by Arthur II. IK-avan", published 
 
 ;'/). See Gems. Topulation, 1881, 3.343; 181JI, 
 
 I MARLOWE JIEMORT AL, a eommittce de- 
 fiiiuiu'toornt a memovial to Christopher Jlar- 
 
 ;■, tilt' dramatist (l5()4-'(3)> i" C'anterhurv, Dee. 
 
 >. The statue unveiled by Mr. II. Irving, 
 
 I JIAEOCCO, see Murocco. 
 
 [mAROXITES, Christhms in the East, fol- 
 l-urs of one .Marun in tlie jth eeiiturv ; tliev are 
 lid to have enibraeed the errors of the Jacobites, 
 |rst.)rian<, mid Mmiotheliles. Ahout 1 180 they 
 iniiberi'd (o.ihjo, living in the neiglibmirlioiHl o'f 
 fcuut Libauas, and v.X'ie of service to the Chrisli.in 
 
 kings of Jerusalem. They were reconciled to the 
 church of lionie soon after. For an account of the 
 massacres of the ilaronites iu iStxj, see Lritsus. 
 
 MAEOOX'S, a name given in Jamaica to run- 
 away negroes. When the island was lonipiered 
 from tlie Spaniards, a number of their negroes tied 
 to the hills and bec.inie very troulilesome to the 
 colonists. A war of eight years' duration ensued, 
 when the ilarooiis cajiitiilated on being permitted 
 to retain their free settlements, ahout 175H. In 
 '79.S they again took arms, hut were speedily put 
 dow n and many were transported. Mnimh\ 
 
 , MARPIXGEK. village, near Saarliruck. The 
 A irgiii and Satan said to have been seen hv children ; 
 and niiraeles wrought, 3 July, 1871). The jiriest, 
 Xeureuler, accjuitted of the charge of imiiosture, 
 April, 1870. 
 
 MAR-PRELATE TRACTS, vimlentlv at- 
 
 tacking episeopacy, were mostly written, it is 
 lielieved, byjohii I'enry, who was "cruelly executed, 
 2i> May, 1.51)3, for writi'ng seditious words'against the 
 queen (found aljout his person when seized). The 
 tr.icts apjieared ahout I58(,. Some had very singular 
 titles: such as •• An Armaiid for a i'arrat"," "Hay 
 any Worke for Cooper .' " ice. Tliey were collecte"d 
 and reju-inted in 1843. 
 
 MARQUE, Lettkiis of, see Vrivalcer. 
 
 MARQUESAS ISLAXDS (I'olvnesia) were 
 discovered in ly)^ by .Meiidana, who named them 
 after the vi.eroy of I'eru, Maniuesa de Mendoi;a. 
 They were visited by Cook in 1774, and were taken 
 possession of bythel''reuehadmirali)upetit Thouars, 
 I May, 1842. 
 
 MARQUIS, a dignity, called by the Saxons 
 niarkin-revi', by the (Jermans markgrave, took its 
 original from mark or March, a Limit or hound (see 
 Miircln's) ; the olHee being to guard or govern the 
 frontiers of a province. Mariiuis is next'in honour 
 to a duke. Tile tir^t Knglishman on w hum the title 
 was conferred was the fa\oiiriteof king Kiehard II., 
 Uobert de Vere. earl id' (Ixford, created maniuis of 
 Dulilin. and placed in parliament between the dukes 
 
 and earls, 1385. James Stewart, S( nd son of 
 
 James HI. of Scotland, was made maniuis of Or- 
 nioiid, in 1471,, without territories, afterwards earl 
 of Itoss. 
 
 MARRIAGE was instituted bv God {Gai. ii.), 
 and conlirmed by Christ {Mark x.)", who performed 
 a iniraele at the celebration of one {John ii.). Ma- 
 trimonial ceremonies among the (J reeks are ascribed 
 to Ceerops, king of Athens, 15^ 11. c. See A/ic, 
 yljh'iiili/. 
 
 18 
 
 3=5 
 366 
 
 1073 
 
 Law favonriiijr niarrlagc iKisscil at lioino . , b.c. 
 
 I'rii'sts l'orl)iilik'ii to many after ordination a.u. 
 
 .Marriage in Lout lorhidilin 
 
 It was fnrliiilili'ii to liisliops in 692, and to priests ill 
 1015; and these latter were oldiged to take tlic 
 viiw iif eelihaey 
 
 Statute iiruliiliitin;,' marriages lictweeii certain 
 persons witliin inoliiliited degrees 2s Hen. VUI. 1533-4 
 
 The celeliratioii of marriage, as a s.irraiiiint, in 
 cliurclies oiilaiiieil liy )iup(. Innoeent III. almiit 
 ii9'j; ami soalllrnii'.l liy the eoiiiieil of Trent . . 1547 
 
 .Marriages solemiiisi'il liy justices of the peace under 
 an act of the euniinons ...... 1653 
 
 A lax laid on marriages, viz. : marriage of a duke, 
 5u(. ; of a eommoii iicrson. 2.5. 61/ if,n= 
 
 Irregular maniages iiroliii)Ued (seu Flat Hun-iaijcj) nl'i 
 
 Marriages again taxed ,1^;: 
 
 N'i'W marria^v ait, 1S22 ; partially ivpealed . ] iSjj 
 
 Acts prohiliitiiig marriagiM by" Human Catholic 
 jiricsts ill >iiitl,ni'l. oriilliermiiiisti'is iiothclong- 
 in,' to the eh'.ueli of •■icotland, repealed , . 1S34 
 
 I I 1 
 
 I ! 
 
 
 ■^1,,-f 
 »" I 
 
 '4 
 
 
MAERIAGE. 
 
 700 
 
 MARRIAGE. 
 
 |t.ul 
 
 
 ¥ 
 
 Act to njidrtr **e cliililiTn of certain innrriiiges 
 within forliidili'n Ucgri'i'S (irith ilecivsnl wife's 
 si-fUr) U'liituuiiU) : siH'li niairiiiKi'n in fntnre iirn- 
 liiliitcil(I.Tii(ihnrst'siict, ic/im7i .mi); (cllnrtsniiiile 
 to li'(;;ilise nmrri:ige witli <k'ci'ii«'il wife's sister 
 ever sinre) '835 
 
 Tlie present marriiiKC net for EnKliincl. nntliorising 
 nmrri»(;ea witlioiit reiinions eeremony, liy rejiis- 
 trnr s tertilii'iite, nr in 11 ilissentiiii! cliai'el, iHissed 
 1836 [iinii-nded in 1837 and 1856]. 
 
 MnrrifiHe Uegistratiimnet 'S.17 
 
 Aniendnn'nt nets imssed in . . . 1S40 nnd 1856 
 
 A l)ill to H\i|ipr('«s irri'gnlar niiirriagos in Seotlanil 
 (see UielHn) iiassul in ,, 
 
 A I'ourt estJililislied for Pivoree and iratrinionial 
 Canaes, wliit'li lias tlie jiowerof j^'ivinj; sentence of 
 jndieial separation for adnltcry, enielty, or ileser- 
 tiou witliout cause for two years and upwar<l (see 
 Divorce) 1857 
 
 In tlie case of Brook v. Brook, it was decMcd tliat 
 such a marriage eeleluatcd in a foreign country 
 was not valid 17 April, 1858 
 
 This decision confirmed on appeal to the house of 
 lorils, on 18 March, 1861 
 
 A conindssidn appointed to ini|uire into the work- 
 ing of the marriage laws of .Scotland, 22 JIarch, 
 J665, reported stmnglyin favour of changes lieing 
 made to insure uniformity, simplicity, and cer- 
 taintv i . .'nly, 1S68 
 
 Consnl.ar Marriage Act, enabling acting liritish 
 iMmsuls aliroad to sulemnize marriages, i>assed, 16 
 .July, 1S68 ; amendment act passed, 1890. 
 
 Married Women's property act passe. I . 9 .\ug. 1870 
 
 Marriage Law of Irelaiul amended liy an act passed 
 10 Aug. 1S70 ; amended .... July, 1871 
 
 Matrimonial Causes Act (ic/iiiVi .wf), passed . . 1878 
 
 A hill for the recognition in Great Britain of such 
 colonial iiuirringes was read a 2nd time In the 
 commons, 28 Fell. 1877; (21 mii.jiu-ity) 27 Fell. ,, 
 
 An .let to encourage regular marriages in Scotland ; 
 liasseil 8 Aug. „ 
 
 These m.arriages made legal liy the legislature at 
 Melliiiurne, Nov. 1872; at Sydney, 1875; in 
 New Zealand, 1880 ; Canada , . . . 1882 
 
 Tl e Marriage LawUefonn association instituted (to 
 legalise a nian'iage with a ilceeiiseil icife's sinler), 
 15 Jan. 1851. A hill for this iiurpiisc passed the 
 c imnions, 2 July ; was re.iected by the lords, 23 
 July, 1858 ; again rejected, 1862 : and again liy 
 the ciimmous, 2 May, 1866; and 30 Ajiril, 1870, 
 rejected liy the lorda'(77-73) 19 May, 1870 ; passed 
 hv commons, 9 March, re.jected by the lords (97- 
 71), 27 March, 1S71 ; passed by commons in 1873, 
 1873 : and r(!.jeoted by the lords (49-74). 14 March, 
 1873; rejected by commons (171-142), 17 Fcdi. 
 1875 ; 1iy the lords (101-81) ; (the prince of Wales 
 and duke of Edinburgh voted for it), 6 .May, 1879 ; 
 (10J.90), 25 June, 18S0; (132-128), 12 June, 1S82 ; 
 read sei'ond time bv comnmns, (165-148) 11 June ; 
 rejected by lords (145-140) . . . 28 ,Iune, 1883 
 
 Revolution tor it adopted by the commons (238-127) 
 6 Mav, 1884; reicetcd by the lords (140-127) 24 
 M.av,'i886; re.id 2nd time liy commons (239-182) 
 i3 April, 18S8 ; again for Scotland 3 April; rc- 
 jccteil liy the lords (147-120) . . 9 .May, 1889 
 
 Head 2nd time by the commons (222 — 155), 30 
 April, i8.)o ; (202-155) II Feb.; withdrawn, 17 
 ,lune, iScji ; rtijecteil by the lords (129-120), 15 
 June, 1S94 ; passed by the lords, 10 Jidy, 1896; 
 stojiped in the commons .... Aug. 1896 
 
 C'immander <'liristn]iher IlethcUs marriage with 
 'reepMo, a Baralong woman, in licchuanaland, 
 according *" native rites, declared invalid in 
 Knglaud (" Hethell r. Ilildyard ") . 15 Feb. 1888 
 
 Marriage Act pas.sed i8S5 e.\lcnds hour of marriage 
 
 from 12 to 3 p.m. in Knglaud and Wales. 
 Marriages Aliroad act p.assed . . 27 Junfl, 1892 
 
 Till' "World's Orejit Marriage As.sociation " (to 
 provide men with rich wives), Daniel Mortimer, 
 .1. C. Skate.-i, and John Aliraliams convicted of 
 eiiiisiiiring to detrand Alfred .bird.'in and cilhei's ; 
 Skates senti'iiced to 5, and the others to 3 years' 
 penal servitude .... 5 March, iSyO 
 
 Uegistered JIarriages in Kngland Wall 
 
 iSio 
 
 184.5 
 
 1848 
 
 1850* 
 
 1S53 
 
 1854 
 
 102,437 
 121,083 
 
 M3.7'13 
 . 138,230 
 
 • 152.744 . - - 
 . 164,520 i 1862 
 159,727 1863 
 
 's-C0)ih'i 
 
 '859 . 
 
 i860 
 
 1861 ((■„//„„/„'„„■ 
 
 I'll !f.-„-; 
 
 REGISTERED MAUIII*c;KS IN F.SilI.ANn 
 
 17.50 
 1800 
 
 iSto 
 
 40,300 
 
 73,228 
 84.473 
 
 I8I5 
 
 1820 
 1825 
 
 l855(C)-iM«(l! II (O) 152,113 1864 
 
 1S56 , . . 159.337 , 
 
 MAniUAfiKS IX THK I'XITEO KISHXiH 
 
 England ami Wales. Seotian,!. 'i,,l,,, 
 
 .866 . . 187.776 23.6,9 "™'t 
 
 1567 . . 179.154 22,521 I'.ff 
 
 1568 . . 176,962 21,8;; „':t' 
 
 1869 . . 176,970 22,oS) .,'-'i 
 
 1870 . . 181,655 23,788 ',l-',l 
 
 1871 . . 190.112 23,966 jV";' 
 
 1872 . . 201.267 25.580 j,"j** 
 
 1873 . . 205,615 26,730 Jf'j.l 
 
 1874 . . 202,010 26,247 2 ' ', 
 
 1S75 . . 201,212 25.1)21 1,'tl 
 
 1876 . . 201. S74 26.563 J;'";< 
 
 i8;7 . . -.94.352 25.7./) ^j';;^ 
 
 i8;8 . . 190,054 24,333 j; /:, 
 
 1S79 . . 182,082 23,462 J,,;;; 
 
 iSSo . , 191,965 24,489 2- -4 
 
 l£3l . . 197,^90 25.94^ !i':'s 
 
 1S82 . . 204,405 26,574 22 -",j 
 
 1883 . . 206,384 26,855 5i.-ij 
 
 18S4 . . 204.301 26,061 2ji-- 
 
 1885 . . 197,745 25,256 j,';;J 
 ISB6 . . 196.071 24,469 ,,-,.. 
 1887 . . 200.518 24,^^76 j,V; 
 
 i£s,5 . . 203,821 25,305 ;;;:,5 
 
 1889 . . 213,865 26,318 21;,, 
 
 1890 , . 223.028 27,441 2^,'.;^^.^ 
 
 1891 . • 226.526 27.069 21.4-- 
 
 1S92 . . 227.135 28.617 2m';) 
 
 1893 . . 210,251 27.090 21.-1,) 
 
 1894 . . 226.449 27,604 2,,;,.2 
 
 1S95 . . 227,^:65 28,380 2;.l;o 
 
 1896 . . 242,445 30.256 22,:;j 
 
 1897 . . 248,843 
 
 RoVAi, .Makriacik Act, 12 Oeo. HI. c. n, wasrass«.!iri 
 1772, in eonseiiuciice of the luamiigr of tlif Jiikenl 
 Uloiicestcr, the king's brother, svilli tlie \viil.„v„(!;,e 
 earl Waldegrave, and of the duke "f I'lniilii'ilaii,! ii;j 
 the widow of cohincl llorton and diiii^litirnHrili:!. 
 
 ham. [Bytllisact,noneoftlledesrell.l;llitsiirUp.VfiiJ 
 
 unless of foreign birth, e.in many uiider llu' ai;, (,[ ' 
 without the consent of the king ; at .iiel.il'tiTfli.iii 
 after twelve months' notice given to tlie ]irivjici;ii 
 they may contract such niarriage, wliicli 'slui'i ,. 
 good unless both houses of parliament iliMiine. I 
 The marriage of the duke of Sussex with iIkU-IvI 
 Augusta Murray, solemnised m 17113, w.is iiruiMi.j'il 
 illegal, 1794, and the elaiiiis of their .sun, sir Aiipistyj 
 d'Este, declared invalid, by the leiiise el' l.irls, ;,J:,!i, 1 
 1844. Jle married lady Cecilia L'ndenvniKl aftirwiijs I 
 duchess of Inveriu'ss), i8|i. I 
 
 H. 1{. 11. the ]irincess Louise was nianiwl totlier.i:-| 
 ((Ills of Loriie by thec|ueen's ennseiit, 21 Miiivh, rji. 
 
 Half Maiiuiaoi^;. Semi-Mtilrimuiiii.iii. Aiiimn; liel 
 Ifom.ans eoiiculiinage was a legitiiiiatp iiuimi, rj-tl 
 merely tolerated but authorised. Tlie i'oneiiliiifflii.l 
 the name of .icmi-njiijiir. Men iiiiglit luw rilki 
 wife or a concubine, iirovided they liml not Kiilit- 1 
 gether. Constantine tlie (ireat elieekul (■(Hn-iiliiiia.T, I 
 lint did not abolish it. This ancient lustmii utiLel 
 Honians was iircserved, not only aiiieiig tin' l.iiiiiliir'l*, | 
 but by the French when they helil ilnniiiii.iii in ilal I 
 country. Cnjas assures us that the (lascensaiMillttl 
 people bordering on the ryreiican iiiniintaiiis lialitl 
 relimiiiished thisenstom in his time, i5go. TlifM,rs| 
 liore the name of " « ives of the secinnl cnlfr." 6- 
 )i(ia((. .See Mdiyiiiuitic Marriii'jts. 
 
 ' Of these marriages, it is stated in the rcpslniiie. I 
 turns that 47.570 men and 70.601 winiiea ciinliiiiniwn?, [ 
 and that tliey signed the marriage registiT Willi lltir 
 marks. — In Kranee. tiie i.ianiagcj^ weie juC.cqi iii ijk; ] 
 243,674 in 1825 ; and 259,177 in 1830. .\s rcs|itrt« Pi-ii, 
 AND WALES. 7754 niarri.iges Were, bacheliii's and inaiils. 6456;liaiM'<l 
 
 . . 91,046 and widows. 368; widowers and maids, 708 ; wijowoi 
 
 . 96. 88? and widnws, 222. 
 . . 98,378 t Ai'pidximative, through doulilful rutiims. 
 
'^ii!!il!f 
 
 EIAGE. 
 
 -_ 
 
 - . — 
 
 
 
 DKllllHl \Vu1(\s_ 
 
 7 1S57 . . 
 
 roiili.iiK,/, 
 
 3 
 
 1858 
 
 . ■ 'l;;^' 
 
 3 
 
 •859 . . 
 
 ■ ': ■.> 
 
 
 
 i860 
 
 . ■ !'.■■"'» 
 
 4 
 
 
 1861 (Ct,lt„i,j 
 :862 
 
 '^'"''"') if;:S 
 
 7 
 
 1863 , 
 
 ■ • 'Uop 
 
 3 
 7 
 
 1864 
 
 ■ ■ ';:.5ii> 
 
 UK rXITEI) KIS 
 
 ''»0M. 
 
 L'». HciitiaiMl. 
 
 3o,m 
 
 a3.f".-9 
 
 32,521 
 
 31.853 
 82,083 
 23,788 
 
 
 23,966 
 
 25, ,*ft 
 
 85,580 
 
 37.111 
 
 26,730 
 26,247 
 
 
 25,921 
 26,563 
 
 
 25,790 
 
 24.*;2 
 
 »4.333 
 
 !i.J'i 
 
 33,462 
 
 2^,2:1 
 
 34,489 
 35.948 
 
 20,;f3 
 
 2i,t:6 
 
 26,574 
 
 22.:^ 
 
 36,855 
 
 36,061 
 
 aj.!-; 
 
 35,256 
 
 ...J.J 
 
 21.1-7 
 
 34,469 
 
 20. ;^ 
 
 20.545 
 
 24,876 
 
 35,305 
 
 20. CM 
 
 26,318 
 
 2I,t;i 
 
 37,441 
 
 20.f/>5 
 
 37.969 
 
 21.4;; 
 
 28,637 
 
 ^hlii 
 
 37,090 
 
 2i.;i3 
 
 37,604 
 
 ilki 
 
 38,380 
 
 23.1:0 
 
 
 30,256 
 
 22.;:o 
 
 2 Oco. III. ('. n, wasj.assf.!i.i| 
 if the liiarn;lj;r of tlir ,li,k, ,'(l 
 liiiitlicr. Willi iliiMrMii,! ilt'ej 
 ■{ tin; iliiKi- i.f l'iiiiil«>itailiii||| 
 iirt.iii aii.l il.iii-litiTiil'l.ii.l|a.| 
 (if Uu'iU'sci'iKlaiitscifiitdv 
 
 can many uiiili'rtlii'ajiiit:V,| 
 till' kill;; ; at aii'lalVrtluttr,' 
 itici' nivi'iitii till' privy niad, 
 ii-li iiianiaKi'. wiiicli 'sliall Is 
 isi's 111' |iiu-liaiiii'iit clis,i)i|:t.,ve. I 
 ilukc of ><ii;.six with 111- ill I 
 inisi'il HI i7>u. was iiruiHi, 4 1 
 jiiiiis itf tlii'ir sun, sir Aii^iisMj I 
 I, liy tlu' liiiiisiMif liirls, jjiv I 
 
 (.'I'lilia L'li.lorwi.iHl aflereifijl 
 
 i8)i. 
 
 lOiiise was marrii'il to thf r..;- ] 
 H'l'ii's poiiscnt, 21 Slarrli, li;: 
 )(-.U'i^"(mi'(((*.,;i. Aiiiiiiig ilftl 
 
 was 11 U'jjitiniate iiiiiiii, c-tl 
 Lutlitirisrd. Tlu' ccnrHliiiie bi I 
 itr. Mm iiiij.'ht liavc fill,-: 
 iriiviili'il tlii'V liail imt l-tlit 
 ho (irt-at clH'ckftl niucul-iiu.^, I 
 t. This allricllt custnlll "l\u\ 
 , lint Hilly aill'ilii.' till- Liillll#ls 
 
 icii they held itniaiiii'iii iutU 
 ■s us that till' (iasi'i'Usainli'iUrj 
 I' ryri'iu'aii iiniiiiitaiin laliaj 
 111 in his tiiiu', 1590. TlieiuM | 
 ivi'S of till' si'i'imi cnler." I:- 
 c Mitrriii[i<s. 
 
 t is atiiti'il ill tlip rppslraii t- 
 1(1 70.601 Wdiiii'ii niiilil imwr.-, j 
 hi' mai'i'ia},'!' ii'xistiT Mill tl>.: 
 hiiirriajics wen* -iuS.ciH iui:.'., 
 ,177 ill i8;^o. As rt'siiti'ts Pir.s I 
 ii'hii'sanil maids, 6456: Uv I] ' 
 vvcrs and maids, 70S : wiiiofiii | 
 
 iij^li diiuhtfiil rt'tiims. 
 
 MARRIED WOMEX. 
 
 701 
 
 MARSHALS, OF FRANCE. 
 
 I ,r VAiiiiiA(if.s- Thci'd nri! smnc instam't'sof 11 hus- 
 I'* 1 ,',i,l twiiwivcsflint thi'V ai'c vi'i-v riiri') in I'oiintrii'S 
 't'tii'lTOiiiivwas inti'idiil.'.! by tlu; stat,'. The lli'st 
 r'!^..iiioniairwli<' 111"! t"" "ivi's W'ls Aimxandri.lcs, 
 if'UiofLeiiii, iiiiiiiit 5'o !"■• Diiiiiysins c.f fiyiacuso 
 "'.''u,,,, wives, viz. illdi'is.thiMhniKhti'nif XiMii'tus, 
 
 l:!,Tuistiiii"i''lii'' ^i'-"''' "'■ "'""■ 39S "■<• It i« »i»'l 
 'Ihttliei'oiiiitlili'ii'lii'ii.atJi'i-nian nnblcnian, was i»'r- 
 Sti'l, uiiil-'i- l"''"'i''"- i'in;unistan.'..s, by llivKmy IX., 
 
 \i,,™mitra linii'tisi! and I'Mi'oiii-agi' iiulyi,'aiiiy. , 
 
 . ™ ,UBin.v,iKs. Tim stat. 3 Hi'nry VII. (,.,87) ma.lu 
 I ,riii,''ii«laiid alii'ltnrs in maniac's with hi'iii'ssi's, 
 Irliitnivl" their will, n|iially ^'iiilty as fchiiis. 
 
 Bv;;kiiz.('i5r-) ^'i''!' f'''"'"* ";'•'■'■ '''-"i'"! ,"T ''.''"'■'" 
 
 i\\.n This ulh'iic'u was made pnnishabli' by trans- 
 ' litiiii'i lUi'"- IV. (1820). Till' n'lnai'kablL' I'asii ,if 
 'uk ffluirtoii, lii-'in'ss iiftliii hnnsc nf Wliartnii, whom 
 
 ,,11111 Camlihi'll iiiarrii'd by foi'i'i', oi'rnm'd in William | 
 ". .' ,|,,„ .Sii'jidm diihn.stonwas liangi'.! fnrsuiziiiK ' 
 
 . v.iiiuir'lndv, and tin; marrianc was annnlh'd by 
 
 i liwicnt, .6go.-Kdwai'd (Jibb.m Wak.'lh'ld was tried 
 iSter, and found Kuilty of the felonious ab.lne- , 
 rnf Miss Turiiei', 2+ .March, 1827 ; and liis inamaKe 
 till! her was iiaiiiediately ili-ssolved by act of jarlia- 
 
 I vSucES BV Sale. Amon^ tlie Babylonians, at a cer- 
 ni,i time overv vear, the iiiarriaKcabh- fi'inahs wei~; 
 S,,*.l,ai,d'disi.nsed of to the best bidder. This 
 rtstoiiilssaid t" have on(.'inated with Atossa, ilaiiHhter 
 
 . (.f lli'li";lies, alioiil 14.13 1"; 
 
 IrLi:i:r.MAin!iAois. See i'/t.f. 
 
 3UERIED WOMEN, SOC- If.' 
 
 3URES MURDERS, 900 7?i <; ; j/iiva>/. 
 
 I \UR'8 INSURRECTION. John, carl of 
 |j|ir'wwlaimi'il.'iiii»-'s 111. at Hi'ai'maf, Aboriloeii- 
 |s'''ire Soiitemlicr, 171.V He was ileiViitcd at 
 I skri'ffiiiuir, 1.^ Nov., ami eseiipod I'roiu Montrose 
 I uitli tlio Preteiuloi-, 4 Feb. 1716. 
 
 jjy{S^ a planet, ne.xt to the earth in order of 
 limvv from the sun ; the spots on it.s surface were 
 Ifi^t onservcd by Fontana, in 1636. Two satellites 
 liiameil I'liobos'anil IJeiinos, were discovered by 
 I professor Asaph Hull, at Washington, U.S., 11 Aug. 
 
 IM Dii'oais of Paris auKKi-st'S tliat these sat.dlitos may 
 iif iihaetoiiis attracted liy .Mars, Ai tliia ami another of 
 these billies having disaiilieuicd about tlm tiinu of the 
 
 . (lisoovery. . 
 
 Ih Scliiaiarelli, of Milan, describes conligurations like 
 oaiial.s, 1882, and M. I'errotin since has nmpiicil them 
 an'la.sserts tliat Mars lia.s an atmosiihure and clouds 
 
 "Tliry have likewise discovered two lesser stai'S or sa- 
 tellites whi.'li revolv.' about M:n-^." ~ Svift, Gnlli- 
 ver's Travels- Voyage to i.aputa, about 1726. 
 
 , MAESAGLIA (Piedmont, N. Italy). Hero 
 
 Ithe imperialists under ]iriiicf Kugeiie and the duke 
 Jot' Savoy were defeated by the French under Cutinat, 
 |40et. l&«. 
 
 MAESEILLAISE HYMN. The words and 
 Iniusic are ascribed to Koiii^et de Lille, or I,' Isle, a 
 I Fremh engineer otticer, wlio, it is said, eoinposedit 
 llivreqiiest, 171)2, to cheer the coiLseripIs at Strasburg. 
 Ili lisrivci its name from a body of troops from 
 JMarseillt'9 marehiiig into Paris in 1792 playing tlie 
 Itmie. Thisiieeount is doubted hysoiiie (1879). The 
 laiithor was pensioned by Louis Pliilippe, 1830, and 
 \iwi in l8j(i. 
 
 , MARSEILLES- The ancient Mnssilia (S. 
 iFraiiec), a maritime city, founded by the I'hociinins 
 laljinit 000 ii.c. ; an ally of Home, 2l8 n.c. Cicero 
 jetjieii It the Athens of Gaul, on account of its excel- 
 Jlont sehools. Population, l88r, 300,099; 189I, 
 
 I3:5i3:8' 
 
 ■Taken liy Julius Cii'.snr after a long siege . .B.C. 49 
 ■By Euric the Visigoth A.D. 470 
 
 Sacked by the Haracens 
 Marseilles a re|iiiblie 
 Subjected to the counts of rrovciico 
 I'nited to the crown of l-'rance 
 The plague rages 
 
 • 839 
 . 1214 
 . 1251 
 
 . 1432 
 1649 
 
 It carried olf 50,000 of tlie inhabitants. The. bi.shop 
 Uelsunce devotedly exerted himself to relieve the 
 sulVerers 1720-1 
 
 Uevolntionary eominotions here . . 30 .Vjiril, 1789 
 
 .Marseilles opposes tlie revolutionary goveinioent, 
 and is redmed 2^ Aug. 1793 
 
 Dissensions ami conlliets between tin; Kreiieh ami 
 Italians; imicli stabliing ; several deatlis ; about 
 200 arrests, ly. 20 -Iniie city ipiiet . 22 Juno i33i 
 
 riiaro Chateau and I'arU pii'sented to tlie city, 
 by the ex-eiiiiuess Kiigenie, Dee. 18S2 ; finally 
 accepted. ...'.... .Inly, 18B3 
 
 Inanguration of great drainage works; M. I'roy- 
 cinet, tlie premier, and 4other ministers present, 
 
 3 Oct. 18,, I 
 
 Xowcatlieilral, begun in 1852 by M. Leon V»ndo.yer, 
 consecrated 30 Nov. 1893 
 
 Sue Cluilem, 
 
 MARSH^VLS. Two were appointed in London 
 to clear the streets of vagrants, and to send the 
 sick, blind, .iiid lame to asyhmis and hospitals for 
 relief, 1567. yurthnuck. 
 
 MARSHALS, DitiTlsu Fieltd. Thi.s rank 
 was lirst conferred upon Jolm, duke of Argyll, and 
 George, eail of Orkney, by George IL in 1730- The 
 duke of Cambridge was made held-marshal, S) Nov. 
 18O2 ; tlie prince of Wales, 29 .May, 1875 ; lord 
 Xapierof Magdahi, I Jan. 1S83, died"iJ Jan. lS()0; 
 sir I'ntriek Grant, 24 June, 1883, died 28 March, 
 1895 ; lord William Paulet, 18S6; sir Donald .Stewart 
 and viscount Wolseley, 24 May, IS94', ?•■'"• Fred. 
 Sleigh, Lord Hoberts, 24 'May, 1,895; pfinee 
 Edward of Saxe-AVeiniar,Junc, 1897, see Maresclial. 
 
 MARSHALS of France, appointed by 
 the kinirs and revi.ed by Napoleon I. during his 
 wars, 1804-14. 
 
 Augereau, duke of Castiglione; ilieil 12 Jnnc, i3i6. 
 Ueriiadotte, iiriiice of I'onte t'orvo, king of Sweden, 
 
 1818 ; died 8 March, 1844. 
 Eeithier, prince of Nenfehatel .and AVagram, killed or 
 
 oommitted suicide at Haniberg, i .luiie, 1S15. 
 nessieres, diike of Islria; killeil at hiitzeii, i May, 1813. 
 llrnne, Gnillaume M. A., murdered at Avignon, 2 Aug. 
 
 1S15. 
 Davoust, or Davout, prince of Eckmiihl and duke of 
 
 Auei'stadt; died i .luiie, 1823. 
 Gouvioii Saint-Cyr, Laurent; died 17 March, tSio. 
 Grouchy, Eniinanuel de, liieil 29 May, 1847. 
 ,Ionrdan, jieer of Fraiiee ; died 23 Nov. 1833. 
 Kellermann, duke of Valmy ; died 12 Sept. tSao. 
 Laiioes, duke of Jlontcbello, wounded at Aspern ; died 
 
 31 May, 1809. 
 Lefebvre, duke of Paiitzic ; died 14 Sept. 1B2 ., 
 i Macdonalil, duke of Tarento ; died 24 Sept. 1S40. 
 j Marmoiit, duke of Hagusa ; died 2 March, 1852. 
 
 Masseiia, priiicu of Essliiig and duke of Hivoli ; died 4 
 ! April, 1817. 
 Miditor, Gabriel Jean Joseph; died 28 July, 1849 
 (doubtful). 
 I Moneey, duke of Oonegliano ; died 20 April, 1842. 
 ; Mortie'r, duke of Treviso, killed by I-'iesehi, 28 July, 1835. 
 1 Murat, king of Naides, exeeuteil 13 (let. 1813. 
 Ney, prince of Moskwa, duke of Kleliiiigeii, executed 
 
 7 Dee. 181 ■;. 
 Oudiiiot, ilnke of Heggio ; died 13 .Sept. 1847. 
 ! I'erignon, Domiuiiiue C. ; died 25 Dee. t8i8. 
 ] rouiatowski, prince Josef Anton, wounded at Leipsie, 
 I ami diowneii 19 Oct. 1813. 
 
 : .Sernirier, Jean JIatliieu I'hilibert, cointe ; died 21 Dec. 
 I 1819. 
 Soult, dnkc of Dalr-.atia ; died :6 Nov. 1=31. 
 Sueliet, dnke of Albufera ; died 3 Jan. 1S26. 
 Victor, duke of Hellnmi ; die.l i March, 1841 
 It is asserted that Ai'rlglii,duc de PadomiOlieil 21 March 
 1853), H. J. \V. Clarke, due do Feltre (died 28 Oct. 
 1818), ttud Andocho Junot, due d'Abraules (suicide 
 
 „«<lt' 
 
 ' '^r 
 
 
 ^lllljll 
 
 ■t^^ 
 
 .■' -rt'C 
 
 Mili 
 
 ■^' 
 
 
 1 
 
 'lim "... 
 
 Lii 
 
 *i 
 
 [i\ 
 
 KmlVl'i 
 
 li 
 
 m 
 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 
 8 
 
 jflTl 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' 
 
■; m 
 
 fiifnl,' 
 
 ■PfitiiiyHi 
 
 
 MAHSIIALSEA COUllT. 
 
 702 
 
 MASCAT. 
 
 79 .Iiilv, i3n), wpro niilv titiiliir mmsluils, nihl tlmt 
 (i. Cliristiiiiiri' Jlii'lii'l Diinic (killi'il at llu! ImUlc ul' 
 M.icki'isdi':!!, jj Aliiil, iSi j), wus unly uiarHliiil uf Uio 
 imliico. 
 
 Aiii'i'iiiliil "liiir iSi., I'l'i-trniMl. cniiid' ill' Claiisi'l (ilii'il 
 :;i Aiiiil, iF.(j): .; Haplisti^ lH'iini't, oniiitc irKiIiiii 
 (ilit'il ^5 ilan. 104^ ■ , Klii'iMii' Alaiirit'i' (it'raii! (tiii'il 
 17 Aiuil, iSsv); .pa('i|iii's A. li. I,. Laiirisimi (ilii'il 
 I3i1niii>, 182S); Niciilas.l. JIaisun (ilii'il i; l-'ub. 1S41') ; 
 l''riiiic;(iis A. lla/aiiKi (ilicil 2t .Si'iit., i6£S), ami Maiii' 
 E. r. Jl. Mac'Malion, ilnc ilo JlaKeiila (iIumI 17 Oft. 
 1803). 
 
 Fraiii;nis Caiirotiert, tlio last siirvivhiK iiinrslial, iliwl 
 2S .Ian. i?c)5. 
 
 MAESIIALSEA COURT, linvinp: jurisilir- 
 tidii in the mval pulai^', was very iiiioiiiit, of liigli 
 dignity, and coeval witli tlie (Miiiniion law. Since 
 the decision of the case of tlie Mmshal.'icii (see Ion/ 
 Colic's 10 liip. OS) no bn-^iness Ins been done in this 
 court; but it was rcsni 'ly opened and adjounied 
 at the same time with the "I'alace court, tlu' judges 
 and other oHiccrs beintr the same. These courts 
 were removed from iSouthwark to Scotland-yard in 
 1801, were abolished byi)arlianieut,anddibContinued 
 31 Dec. 1849; SCO I'nsoiis. 
 
 MAKST, n brave people of Southern Itnly, who, 
 after several contests, yielded to the Uhmans, about 
 301 B.C. During the civil wars thcv and their 
 allies rebelled, having demanded and been refused 
 the ri(;ht3 of Kimian citizensliin, 91 n.c. After 
 inany successes and reverses, tfiey sued for and 
 obtained peace and the rights tliey required, 87 ii.r. 
 The Marn being Hociiot the lloniaus, this wnsealled 
 the Sociiil it<i>\ 
 
 MARSTON-MOOR (near York). The Scots 
 and parliamentary army were besieging York, when 
 prince Hupcrt, joined by the niar<iuis of Newcastle, 
 Ueterniined to raise the siege. Uoth sides drew up 
 on Marston-TOoor, on 3 July, 1^144, and the contest 
 was long undecided. Kupert, commanding the 
 right wing of the royalists, was opposed by Oliver 
 Cromwell, at the lieaJ of troops disciplined by him- 
 self. Cromwell was victorious; he drove his op- 
 ponents o!f the field, fidiowed the vanquished, 
 returned to a second engagement and a second vic- 
 tory. 'J'he [jrince's artillery was taken, and the 
 royalists never recovered the blow. 
 
 MARTELLO TO"\VER«, said to have been 
 erected by Charles V. on the coasts of Italy. 
 Similar circular buildings were erected in the be- 
 ginning of the present century, on the southern 
 coast of pjigland, and other parts of the emjiire, as 
 defences against invasion. 'I'he towers were said by 
 some to be named from Cape Martello, or Mortella in 
 Corsica. They are now being destroyed as obsolete. 
 
 MARTIAL LAW, see Courts-Martial, and 
 Mititary Imw. 
 
 MARTINESTI, see Itimna-. 
 
 MARTINKiUE (French West Indies), dis- 
 covered in I493orl.;o2; settled by France, l(}35. 
 This and the adjacent isles of St. Lucia and 
 St. Vincent, and tfic Grenadines, were taken by the 
 l!riti-li from the French i: Feb. 17(12. Thev were 
 restoud to France at the peace of the folliiwing 
 year. They were again taken, i() Mardi, 1794; 
 restored at the peace of Amiens in if^02 ; again 
 captured 2; Feb. I1S09, A revolution in this island 
 in favour ^f Xapileon was finally suppressed by 
 the British, ! June, I.Slv and Mariiniipie rcverti'd 
 to its French luasti rs. Severe earthquakes occurred 
 here in 1707 and li^y), 
 ilriat lUstnii lliii of liTr (ii:il prcpirty Was caused by n 
 
 cyciuuc and u»itli4Uukt alout iSAinj. itj/i ; istilaatvd 
 
 deaths 37.5, bcsiiles losses by .,1, 
 
 loss 2,mx),tK>t)/. 
 
 pv/r,. 
 
 K-iij, 
 
 MARTIXMAK, -i X„v., ,ia> f,„,„ . 1 
 Martin, lushop of 'I'mirs, in llic jt), ,,,;,,' SU 
 (luarter day in parts of tiie north „■ ■ -i' 
 and in Scotland. Thehiirh slniiii;, (,r ]■] ,■" '''"il 
 Wales are nominated on the niorrow „i s', w ' 
 12 Nov. •'wrt.nl 
 
 MARTIN'KnALL,ST.fI,.„M,,, i-,. J 
 
 was ojiened as a conccrl-nmni f..i ,\|,. I,,|,',, ii /'■ 
 on II Feb. I'^^o; lnirnt(lo\vii2i,Auir.'i's,.. ," 
 l8()li opened as the New (ha^i n'Vli, ' !'''' 
 Mr. Alfred Wigan, 24 Oct. i^'(,-. s, ,'. ;;■ ,";''"' 
 i8i)0. "'"' 
 
 MARTYRS. Stejihen, the fir,t n ■ ■ J 
 artyr, was stoned, 33, The fcsijv;d.T!,1 
 art\rs- of verv jnu'ii.iit A;t.. ,.. i. .1 ■ '. ' I'fl 
 
 ni; 
 
 martyrs, ot very ancU'iit dale. lo„k thfini , 
 thetiuicof I'olycarp, whcB\illri,,hn.„.n...';"i - 
 .(.9. St.Albani. theFnglish pniuii,;:!;' t; 
 see J'crsiriilKills, I'mtci/atilx, :,\„\ lii,„i,i,"i' 
 The Martyrs' Memorial, Smiilni,.!,), civc-cdh ,?i 
 I'ndestant Alliance, was inau-uralnl 11 \r.;'1 
 1870. The Martyrs' memorial chiuvli, St j'l 'l 
 street, Clerkenwell, was consccratcil : Ju' ' 
 
 MARY- ANNE. Secret 
 
 J UUP, 
 cpnhiiiaa : 
 
 '^1. 
 
 tions, csjieeially in Fiance, lu,' name .ikc^v, 
 the republic ol 1792, to the guillotiac, audio w,.d 
 statuettes of Liberty. ''' 
 
 MARYLAND, named after nucfii Honri,", 
 Maria, one ol the first thirtciMi I'nitod Snt, 
 North America, was granted in iii^: to lorii'ii".';! 
 more, and settled by a cnnmal.v of l::„»'';'iT 
 Romanists in 1(134. J' eontaiiis tlic (li<t'i,i 1 
 Coluiabia, in whidi Washington is situiito iiirf 1 
 tinned in the Union when the oilier slave s'iih 
 seceded in l8Coand 1861. 'Ihc conlwlcrato arirv I 
 under general Lee, after their vidorv at liullP -f 
 30 Aug. 1862, crossed the I'liU.rnac ai,, e„,(!|jL 
 Jiarylaiid. They were followed Kv the fiiiiEiT 
 army under WcClellan. Severe con'lliits nxM 
 especially on 17 Sept., at Antictani CitcIc \tM_ 
 great lesson both sides, each ilainiiiig tlievbrtl 
 The confederates retired into Virginia in gooj Mrtit'r'l 
 and it is said with much bnofy. Caiiihi \r,'i'| 
 polls; population, 1880,934,945; lS.|0, i'op,;;,? 
 
 MARY-LE-RONE, a kn-o parish, .\,.ff,| 
 London. The name is corrupted tVnia St. MarvaiitJ 
 Bourne, or brook,— Tyebournc. It wms diiftli nuf 
 ture land in 1 760. The manor was ar(|iiirrj iviM 
 duke of Tortland in 1813. The Imnliny^^iif 
 now form Kegcnt's ])ark {ic/iii/i si(\ The i an<i.ii| 
 of Marylebonc, St. I'ancras, and l'addiiii;luii«ij| 
 made a parliamentary boioiigli in \>^^2. "llvr.ii ■ 
 l88j Maryieboiip aliino ri'lurns lu,, M.l'.'s. Siil 
 men killed by fail of a new bnnsc in Ijri.it Titih-L 
 field Street, 9N0V. iS'-8. SI. Marylclouc tliti bl 
 Dill passed. 1898, I'opuhition, iNSj, k^^iq, |,.,| f 
 :42,38l. 
 New liiyhor grade and teihnical sdi.i.ils iirpsn Ui ir| 
 
 I lilies Howard do Wul.lcu and (issiijitou oimlril 
 
 July, i£yo. ■" ■■ 
 
 uUii/;/-/(-'".;ic !;"ri/fii,«— .attached tn tlic "Rnse'tXa-l 
 
 niandy "- a pl.-iec ol' pulilie 1 hlert:iiiimiia,.tnf.in| 
 
 Ihe niiildlc of tlif i7tli cinliny : liniiliiainl l.v l'.]i! 
 
 eloseil 2! Iscpt. 1770 ; a inilsie hall le etnlll.fo, i:iVl 
 The Miiri/lihimi .1/iin/i c— Miss l.uey (■lark,i|nwii!!t'ti,l 
 
 .ipit 49, living at £6, (.ieorgu Si., pMitmaa .Sj., fisjl 
 
 niurdeied 23 Jan. i?'6S. 
 N'ew liallis anil waslihousos eiiiiad hy I'jc lidei*! 
 
 York, 6 -March, iSi;,7. 
 
 JIASANiEl.I.O. see Aiv,/,,v, ir47, .iurtil 
 opera, " I.a Muelte do I'oitiei" (itoM, w.is pra.| 
 ducevi in L' lulon as " MasanieUo," 4 llav, it'M. 
 
 MA.SCAT, see MliHiit, 
 
JASCAT. 
 
 MASriOXA. 
 
 703 
 
 MA.SQUE.S. 
 
 TI X 
 
 1 (if til 
 
 K,ii;, 
 
 . '■'■] '111' fciist f,f c, 
 
 '""■til ".■ hd 
 
 nl 
 
 111 
 
 in.Di 
 
 ■liiijhslu.iii^ulK;,,!* 
 '11 tliu m„now ,.[ !,t. il 
 
 f .ST I,n,„A, „,!,,„,. 
 ;>(■«• UncT,,', Ih,,,,.'' '■ 
 
 "''• ''^'T- t^"- ;;■.,/ ;.,j 
 
 oi.hon the fi,.,t cim,iiJ 
 
 ■lit .lat,.. tu,,k ,l.,.in-i.o J 
 
 ;' •^''ii;li'^li l'r"lMi„artvi,,v, 
 
 f''',"''V"",' ""■'■■''' "«L,1 
 '1. f"i'i'l'li'l'l. nvctdMl 
 "■'"' 'I'iii'.-ui-atHl II MifJ 
 iH'Miorial ,.l,„,-,l,, St J,!,,.* 
 
 :is cuiiMtnit,',! 2 Juno, IV, 
 Sfoivt iviml.ii.au ;,..,',;'. 
 
 |"7,'- "i:;, I'll""- •>nH'iv.ii'ij 
 
 laiiiHl aftoi- (jiiccn HonricN 
 i-t tliii-tci'ii I nitoil Siat,i',i 
 ;rimtnl ill Id?: to lord B.li 
 ly 1 I'oiiiiiiiiiy of hz'ii 
 
 It iv.iitania tlie Jistriu, 
 asliiiiul.iii is situate, Iirrr,."] 
 
 wlu'ii tlie otlici- slave ^■iiJ 
 M,l. Thr .■"l.tulci-ato m-il 
 ti- tlu'ii- victory at liiilUiiJ 
 1 till' l'oi,.iiiao ai,;i tntHdl 
 ■re 'j'llowcl l,y tlie kkni 
 a. bcvorc toiiilii'ts fi&jl 
 ., nt Antii'tam Crotk-. tii| 
 H, I'ai'li ilainiiiii; tlii'vit:,;v| 
 h1 iiitci Virginia ill jotil.^i;,','! 
 luoh booty. (a|iftal, \n'i.'f 
 n. 934.943 ; i'"^' A l,042,3(,!. [ 
 lE, a laryc ),arish, .\,.;rl 
 oiTiiptodlVoiuM.Marvjtitel 
 L'bounio. It was (liic'ili fiir 
 le inaiior wasun|uiicJlii!hJ 
 1813. Till' luniliri;.:'t 'ailil 
 k Oc/,i(/i xa). Thefariitsl 
 iiiiTiis, anil racl(liimtiiin-,:t| 
 lior(i\i,i;li in iSj:. Tiv: 
 c rotunis twi. M.P.'s, ^n| 
 I new limise in Uivat Uhi 
 S. St. MMrylohoui'Chui.iifsl 
 lUlatioll, kSM, 154,,jio; inii I 
 
 prliiiif-al si'lio,,Is ]iresei:t« it\ 
 l.loii ainl iissiii^toli o|(iiiil«f 
 
 ttlic-lll'.l tn till" "Rose ft X,;, 
 
 iiililic iiil.-rtaimiinil.i.fir'ihil 
 ('I'liliny : iiii'iilii.iicil IrylViiiT 
 I iiHisic liall 1 1'l'tnl luff, i:u, 
 
 jeiii'geSl.,1 
 
 "It man 
 
 Si, f.oi 
 
 uses i^iNi.i- 
 
 1 l.y I'. 
 
 > iui ■:( 
 
 see Xijiit 
 
 S if4". 
 
 .liilrr'i 
 
 I' I'mtiii'' 
 
 (i.s:f.\ 
 
 was PN- 
 
 Jlasaiiioilo, 
 
 • 4 M:i} 
 
 , iC-j. 
 
 ititit. 
 
 
 
 )I.\SHOXA,. Maliiiliikalaml mid Matal.ole 
 
 I uj;, tiiritorii'S ill -iiiitli .MVicii, lulcil \r, l.nlicii- 
 
 ■j' Xlic count i\v ii* I'ioti in iiiiMcriiIrt, tllo .Mii>li- 
 
 j^.'jfncrally poacct'iil, tlir .Mntiiliidos dcsciiliod as 
 
 I,ii1m'Ii;;ii1ii cnttTi'd 
 
 I (jrliktMigKi''-^""'^' '111'' '■'''"'' 
 
 I jj.j a;'iwim'iit with tlio liritish giivrrniiieiit, ir 
 
 f(b. m- 
 
 ijfpntiitionof two head incii rnnii liiiii was roccivcil 
 
 Kirlif'l ^ ''■'"! '"' ' •^'•"■'■ll, I-'''). l'o.|IOSliM],' pni- 
 
 jrf.m ngainsi a syiidicati', In wlciidi lio had iiicun. 
 
 !i,|init''lv coiici'.t.'d lands. Tlio concession was 
 
 jIMwanls liv'idly « illolrawii. ,Sco /.iinilwM, 18B9. 
 
 i r," liiil"™' •^li''''"!' ''iiiivcyiii),' qnccn Vicluria's letter 
 
 I p |.„l«>ii|,'ala, recnniMooidiiiK the IJrilisli South 
 
 yiJiMoliaiteieil cnniiiaiiy, iMVoiirMlil.v received liy him 
 
 itiliiiii"iiyo, the MalalM'le I'lij.itiil, ;n; Jan, tfic/n. 
 
 I jKMsful pioniess of ciihpiii/atii.ii, re|uirted .May, iSgs. 
 
 jplOTtioM.^ of Ml', it, 'I'lleudnre Dent; lie ili.'iCDVers at 
 
 2i;iili.ilnvi', all ancient I'mtieHs (ijinljiilily riKenieiaii), 
 jvniiifWithoniaiiiciitcd walls, nidiiiil litis, s|ii.ciinens 
 ,;i,ii»lpetteiT, relics of :;ohl-iniiilin,', ide,, .lniie-,\ii|,', 
 i-lu Mr, Heiit gave an aecuniit of his ex:]iIi>i'atloii at 
 j'liiretliiKcif the Uo.val tico^;nuihical Hot-iety, .ii Kuli. 
 
 lioi, 
 I teiil 400 '^'" "f Maslioim goM cxldbitud ut Cajio Town, 
 
 "jhnit 18 Nov, 1692. 
 
 [1;, Kiiik'lit Urice, tlrst liisliop, 18152. 
 
 HufliToiH mills of Matalieh'S{)ii the .^[ashnnas ; invasion 
 oiiiiritisli si'ttlciiiciit near tint Victoria, iinaiithorlzi'd 
 bv I/jticnt'iila : leiinlsed with slaiiKliter. y.lnly, i(,m</, 
 li^jl I)r, Jiiiue.soii, ailministrator at fort Victoria, and 
 Ur, C. J. Hlioiles, prep.are for war ; an^ry niessa^'o 
 Will I/ibpn(,'ala, reported i Auk, ; intervention of sir 
 H. 1), IjH'h, Aug. ; tin' chartered comiiany directed to 
 aroiJ afinriwsioii, 7 .Sept.; reint'orcenicoils and voliiii. 
 Ifffs fruia Oipe Colony sunt liy the conipaiiy to fort, 
 Victoria, at.'aiiisl which 2 iinpis (iiativii contin^onts) 
 arc ailvaiicini.', 21 Sept. ; capt. White's dofoiislvu force 
 lireilathya Matalwlo inipl, about i Oct.; tliecoiii- 
 
 fmy'stmopHwell arnioil, 500 men at forts .Sallsbii».', 
 ifl'oria, anil Charter, 3 (.let. ; an attack on thii 
 BwlHiaiialaiiil border police (major (ioold Ailanis, 
 coiiiiiiaiiilL'r) hy tlio Matahelo on the .ShasI rivtu', near 
 Macioiitsin, 5 Oct. ; the company's forces ailvancliiH to 
 Mataliclti bonier; a free liand given to Dr. Jameson, 
 jtlct, ;juiictloii of all ttie forces. Joined tiy volinite"rs 
 from C'aiw Town ri'ijiments. 16 (Jet. ; ni/ijor Forties 
 coiiiiiianiler ; skirmish at Intalja Zlnilii (tho iron 
 nmniitJiiii), 15 Oct, ; 22 Mataheh; killed ; cajit. Camp- 
 toll wouiiili'd, ilieii It) Oct, ; two envoys from I,o- 
 lieiii,ni'.a shot by iiiistako at 'I'atl, aliout 2) Ot. ; 
 I>jlM?iigulii"s army (about 5,000 strong) severely re- 
 pulseil, with licavy loss, near t'lc tSlmiiK'aid fiver, 
 14-26 Oct. IlirltLsh loss, Walters, liiirnett, capt. 
 Gwinyilil Williams, and others). liritlsli advance on 
 Hiilawayo attacked Ity I.obengiila's picked re;;inieiits ; 
 tlwoiii'iiiy ili'fcaled, witli heavy loss, by deadly tiro of 
 Jl,isiiiiKiiiis, near the. Vliemhezu river; I!riti,ililoss, 3, 
 1 Nov, 1393. 
 
 Maior Forlit's aiiil Dr. Jamnson occupy Biilinvayo, 4 Nov. 
 iJ93- 
 
 b)!«iSiila retreats towards Zambesi ; uttiiiintiiiii sent 
 to hubciigiila, 9 Nov. 1093. 
 
 Miiior Forbes starts In piirsnlt of Ijolieni;iiIa, 14 \ov. ; 
 si'iiils forward eajit. Wilsim, 3 Dee., wlio is encountered 
 liy an .ambush and cut oil' from ttio main force, 4 Due. 
 
 )l:i,i'ir Forbes' advaneo att.acked by ttic Matabele, and 
 
 olii'i'ki'il by the risiiii; of the fShangaid river, retruats ; 
 
 irrivi'sat InyatI, 15 Uec, 1895. 
 M: r .\Uaii Wilson and aU hisparty killed, after severe 
 
 ;,-!itiii,', 4 Dee. 1S93; cajits. KJtz^enild, Jndd, II. 
 
 timiiliel.l, Kirtoii, II. .1. 1 Sorrow ; lieiits. (!. Hurtles 
 
 ,«iil llohiieyer, and 22 others, reported. 3, 6 .liiii. iH<)4. 
 Submission of the Mataliele ; einl of the cainpai(,'n ; 
 
 supcws attributed to the eiier),'y and forwlglil of Dr. 
 
 Jaiiii'son ami .Mr. Cecil JIhodcs. 
 I Mr. A. U. Cobiiiliouii ist administrator of Mashonaland, 
 
 .tail. 1894. 
 Giiifi'reiii'o rPK.anling thn Matatielelaiid settlemont 
 
 U'twetn sir IIiMoy r,ncli, Mr. Cecil Hhodes. .and .Mr. 
 ^ Hnfmeyer, at Cape Town, 10 Jan. 1894. 
 I Siiliniissiuu of .Matahelo chiefs, 14 Jan. 18134. 
 Diylli of bobeu^iila by fever, 2; Jan., 4.:) rn. S. of the 
 
 /ainbcsi; most of his army surfendoi's, ri'tiortc I 9 Kcb 
 
 '-94- 
 
 (inlet settleineiil of ,lie coiinlrv proceeilin^, 27 Feb. 
 ic'94. 
 
 Tim otileers niid inioi of the Dechiianiihuid jKiIn'o 
 exonerate.! fi'.im blame by tlie •jovernmiuit respeclln^i 
 
 'be si iin;,'or l,olieii;;nla's eiivovs at Tati in Oct. 
 
 1S93, r"]iorled 5 .March, 1894. 
 
 '•' ' anonymous ebai'Kes of cruelty niado aKainst tlof 
 
 olllcers and men ol' the comiianvs lorces oni'a"ed In 
 tlie war, which ap|ieare,l In •/';„//,, ,, pel,. Tsoa a 
 paper piibllshe.l In l.omlon bv Mr. I.abiiiichere \l l> 
 and which he jnstilie.l In the '/'/ue.s, j, Feb. .'iiid 
 2 .Marcli, were r lied, e.-peciallv b\ Mir African ex- 
 plorer, ,Mr, F, (_:. .S'loiis, in the '/ ;«i.,-, uj Feb,, and in 
 a lecliiri^ at the Itoyal colonial institute, i ; .March 
 1894. 
 
 Dr. Jameson and the companv's olllcers exoneratnl bv ,■» 
 Koverninent cominisslon of iiHinirv, .Inly, 1891. 
 
 Temporary novernitii-iit ; the Mdmlnislrator, a crnincll of 
 three, and a .indue nominated by the companv, willi 
 tlio asKi'iil of tliu secretary for tho colonies, '.Mar'li. 
 1894. 
 
 fill. Hhodes at linliiwayo, 6 Anril, 1S94. 
 
 Daniels ami Wilson, of the Heehn.ui.ibuid police ha\ inc 
 siijiiiressed a nies»at;e of siibioission I'n.m I,o'b..iiKiil„ 
 to nia,ior Forbes and appropriated a pieseni of i,r.x,^, 
 thereby caiislni; the ile.iihs of major Wilson and bis 
 party, were tried at Unli.wa.vo, and sentenced to ,4 
 .vears' penal servitude, 20 Mav, i8,).i. 
 
 Settlements in .MatalMdeland ('11a I Hhodesia, irlUh 
 
 ,w)oiien to claimants, 25 April : bnlldim,' iiroceedin .-, 
 .nine— AiiK'. 1894. 
 
 Dr. .lameson, C.li., appointed administrator for tlifr 
 
 UntisliS. Africa coni|iany, 10 Oct. 1S94; superseded 
 _ ,i Jan. 1896, see •/'niiiscoo/, 1895. 
 
 Three of I.obenKUla's sons arrive at Capo Town, to bu 
 educated at Mr. Cecil Klicdes expense, i, Nov. 1894. 
 
 All inoveinents awilnst tho Transvaal (ic/iicA sfc), liro- 
 hibited, 4 Jan. 1896. 
 
 MASKiS. Mask.s of paiiitcil jinpyrtis arc saUl 
 to liavi' been occasioiiallv worn by kinlrs and priest* 
 of anci.'ut Kfiyjit. Jloracc iittribiitca tlicm to. 
 y?.,scliylu9; yet .Aristotle savs the inventor and tiim> 
 of their introdin'tinn were unknown.— Modcn> 
 masks, and nuiH's, fans, and false hair for the 
 women, were devised in Italy, and broufrlit to Eng- 
 land from France in 11572. 'Stow; see Iron M"ik. 
 
 MASONIC INSTITUTIONS, sco rnc 
 mason nj. 
 
 MASORAII fTIebrew, Irndifioii), a collection 
 of conjectural veadino-s (Keris) of the Hobrew text 
 of the Old Testanieut, with critical, >framinatieal 
 and cxcfretical remarks bv various Jewish doctors- 
 written between tlie dtiraiid loth centuries, who 
 also furniBhed tho Mii^m-elir voinl jioin/n. 
 
 The tlrst Habblnicd Hebrew liii.ie, ( taininR tho 
 
 .Masoraii, liir;,'niiis, and coiiiiiienis. was luiiii'd by 
 
 Jlimibernal Venice, ,,,8. 'I'l liookoftl ■■ Masorah, 
 
 the Hedi,'!' of the l>aw," was lirst printed at Florence 
 1750. 
 
 MASQUERADES wore in fashion iji the 
 court of IMwurd 111., i;,4o; a,„l i:, the reifrn of 
 tdiarles II. KKiO, ma.squoradcs were freiinont anion"- 
 the citizens. Tlie bishops iireaehod auain.st them" 
 and made such reiircscntations as occasioned their 
 suppression, 9 Geo. I. i;24. 'I'hev were revived 
 and carried to a snanieful excess in violation of the 
 laws, and tickets of admission to a masquerade at 
 Itanelagh were (ui soni,' occasions suh.scribed for at 
 twenty-five guineas each, 17-11. Moiiinio: \t 
 the close of a hal ni.iM|iie. eivi''!! liv .Viulersnn t'hc' 
 \\ izard, ; March, i,S5(,, Covent-sardeu theatre wa» 
 destroyed by hre. 
 
 _ MASQUES, preeursoi's of the oiicra, intrialuced; 
 into hnglaiid m the latter part of ilie idth century 
 many were written by li.n Joiison, lieaumont ami 
 others; Inigo Joins desii.;ned the co.stumes, &c. ; 
 >\ni. and If. Law,?, llanisler. l.ocVe and others 
 composed the mtiiie. .>, very eostlv -.uc was Iield at 
 
 3« '^l 
 
 M.I 
 
 \^Ku\\h 
 
 
MASS. 
 
 "01 
 
 lllil'' f! 
 
 U.'i t, 
 
 MASSACHES. 
 
 
 till! Middle Temple on tlio miirriiiiro of prinecas 
 Elizabetli, Kcb. 1(113. ^'i'ton's "Comiis," the imisie 
 by Henry Linves, wiis re])rL'sentcd iit Ludlow castle 
 in i6j4. 
 
 MASS, in the Kiinmn church, is flip ofliee or 
 prayers used at tlie celebration of the Kiicbari.it, in 
 memory of the ]>assi(in of Christ, and to this every 
 part of the service alludes. The general division 
 consists in biK:h and low ; the Hist is that sunu; by 
 choristers, and cidebrated witli the assistance of a 
 <lcacon and ^ub-deacnll ; low masses arc thoso in 
 which the prayers are ndiearsed without siiifjiiig. 
 JIass was first cidebratod in Latin about 394 ; it was 
 introduced info Kiijiland in the 7th century. Pro- 
 stration was enjoined at the elevati^ n of the host in 
 1201. Dr. Daniel Uock, in " Tlie Church of our 
 Fathers " (1840), describes an ancient MS. of " The 
 Sei'vice of the .Mass, called the Kite of Salisbury," 
 compiled ''a that cathedral, by St. Osmund and 
 others, '-.rinf? the I2lh century. The English 
 communion service was adopted in 1549 j see Minaal, 
 and Ritualism. 
 
 MASSAC HT^SETTS, tho mother state of 
 New England, North America, fouiided by tho 
 English puritans at l'lymouth-roel<, 1620. It 
 abolished slavery 1783, and adopted the constitution 
 of the United States, 1788. Capital, Boston. ro]ni- 
 lation, 1K80, 1,783.081:;; l8(X), 2,238,943. See 
 I'ilijrim Fathers and JIuston. 
 
 Creat lire nt I.vicii. a lar;,'c slioc-nialiins town. 296 
 buililiiiKsdcstniyi'il, anil aliuut S.ooopcrsoiisdostitutc, 
 estimated lo^s 5,000,000 <lollars, 26 Nov. 1889. 
 
 MASSACRES. The following nre among the 
 most rcmarkalile, probably exaggerated: — 
 
 nr.FoHK eiiiiisT. 
 Of all tlic Cartba,i,'iiiiaiis in Sicily, 397. 
 2000 Tyriaiis iriHilied and So<-)o |uit to the sword for not 
 
 suiTciidcrinf; Tyre to Alcx.-iiiilci-. j^i. 
 Of 2000 Caimans, fiiinds of llannilial, by Gracclius, 211. 
 A dreadful slaiij;litcr id' the Teutoncs and Aiiilu-oncs, near 
 
 Aix, liy Maiins, tlie Ituinaii general, 200,000 lieiiij; left 
 
 dead on the sjint, 102. 
 The Roiimns tlii"ii';h"iit Asia, women and children not 
 
 exceiitcil, luassai'icd in imu d"y, by order of Mithri- 
 
 d.ltes, kinj; of I'untns, 88. 
 A jjieat nnnilier "f Hmnan senators inassiicred by Ciniiii, 
 
 Marins, and Siitorins, 87. 
 Again, under Sylla and Catiline, his minister of vcn- 
 
 gcauce, 82. 
 At Penisin, Dctaviamis Caesar oi-ilered 300 Roman .spiiatms 
 
 and other pirsmis of ilistinetioii to lie sacrillccd to the 
 
 manes of Julius Casar, 40. 
 
 AFTKU f'liniST. 
 
 At tho destnictiiiii of .Icinsalem, 1.100,000 Jews arc 
 
 said to have Iiccii imt to the swunl, 70. 
 The Jews, lii-adcd by one Andni', imt to death many 
 
 Greeks and Uiiinans, in and ncarCyicnc, 115. 
 Cassins, a Unman general, under tlie emiicror M. 
 
 Aureliiis, lait to death 300,000 of the inhabitiuits of 
 
 Seleiicia, 165. 
 .'Vt Alexandria, many tlinnsands of citizens were mas- 
 sacred by (irdir of Antnninns, 215. 
 The empcrur I'lnbiis is said to have jnit to death 400,000 
 
 of the barbarian iiivaileis of Uanl, 277. 
 Of the tiiithic hostages by Vulens, 378. 
 Of The.s.salonica, when 7000 iiersims invited into the 
 
 circus were init to the swoixl, by order of Tlieodosius, 
 
 Of''tlie circus factions at Consf-antinople, 532. 
 
 Massacre of the Latins at Coiisfaiitiiiniile, liy order of 
 Andronicus, 1184. 
 
 Of the Albigcnses and W.aldensps, commenced at Toulouse, 
 1208. Tliousaniis ]ierislu'd liy the sword and gibbet. 
 
 Of the French in Hieily. 12S2; see i'i'ci7iM)! Vtsptrs. 
 
 At Paris, of the Armagiiaes, at tho instance of John, 
 duke of Buigundy, 1418. 
 
 Of the Swedish nobility, at a feast, by order of Chris- 
 tian II., 1520. ' 
 
 Of Protestants at Vassy, i March, 1562. I 
 
 Of 70,0 
 
 (sec 
 or thi 
 
 : 70,000 lliigueiiots, or French I'liltestiint. 
 (sec.sV, HHrlhKhmev'X 24 Aug. ,,1, '""' '■ ^>.i■ 
 
 - the Chiistiaiis ill Cniatia by tiic" Tmli, ,,l„, 
 were shilll, 1592. ' "'"" •;.. 
 
 or the invti'iider Demetrius, and liii 
 at Miisi'iiw, 27 .Mav. i0u6. 
 
 or I'm ....-.- 
 
 ur 
 
 Ic 
 
 I'uli.^li 
 
 I'nitestants in Ihc Valtcliiie, \ \Ui\\ ,„ 1, ■ 
 
 l•^.tl^stMMlsalTh,l^l, ,i,,tl„d..,ti ;,,,V',-,',''-' 
 cgal .siMileiicc i.r till. I iNinirll,,,. „r l'„'„1 ';"'';' ■ 
 'iinccriird in a tiiMinlt ."■••.•isiiMiid l,v ■■ I ^ " 
 
 .■cs,.i„n,,724. AlltlicI.n„:.sli',K ;!!:;™;i'l- 
 
 'i-irilvd to have this imjnsl .sii.t,.),,.,, r.Vl '' 
 vailinglv. 'niii«..i, i 
 
 IM-IICC 
 
 iiil 
 
 ■"' i"tca,li.,i iiaa,;: 
 
 llnssinii.s, 
 
 30,000 lAl 
 
 lii'1'lii'tratc.l l,y ,1, J 
 
 At Ilalavia, 1 2,000 Chinese were ninsH,niTi.,li.,.*i I 
 
 Old. 1740, under the l.retext ,■' m, iu,;,,''!,!!";.,'™"".! 
 tiun. 
 
 At the taking of Ismail by th 
 yiiung Were slain, Dec. 1790; m-,' Imuiil 
 
 or French Huvalists (see .Sni(tiii;„-;.i ,.,1 ■, s,.,,( 
 
 or Poles, at I'raga, 1794. '' ' '^ I''' Hy.'. 
 
 Ill ,St. Diimingo, where Dcs.salines iiiade |.ri),l.,„„,: , 
 
 tl assaiiv of all the whites, 29 J 1, d ,': ''"'" 
 
 mauv tliimsands |ierished. ' '-'M. ■«, 
 
 ''TMar'^Sos" "'*'"''"''' '""' '""*''■'"'" "' "" FkMi 
 
 ^7^lu■!:^^u """"■'"•''■''■ "'t""^'ita.W of Cair, 
 Massacre of I'lutesfants at Xisines 
 
 Cathiilies, May, 1815. 
 Massaeie at Seio. 22 .Vpril, 1822 ; see Chi,,, 
 Of the .lanissaries at Constantini.i.le, , , ,i„„» , . 
 
 Olbiil (see A/.ih,n,ht.,„), ,34,. ' ' ' "*■ '-■ ■■ 
 600 Kabyles snlfncated in a eave in \\ ,,.,■;,, ■ , 
 
 1845; seeyiii/im. ■'•r"a. ,: kt,, 
 
 Massacre of Christians at .\le]i|i,i, ,r, (let jj-o 
 
 Of 136 emigrants at Mimntain .m' l,„v< i-{..i, ,, ,, 
 
 be by Mormons whiini they h;,.! oirei,d'e.l)-ii r« ' ' 
 ilreii spared ; iS «.'td. 1857. ' '' '"""- 
 
 (liishoiis I'll. Iv. Siiiithand i.eeaeoiised: Bri-lnm V.., 
 exonerated, 187,. Up. l.e,. suntei.ce I to !■ |, V' 
 1S75 ; shut, 23 Maivh, 1877.] "'■ '"'■ 
 
 Of Maronites, by Druses, in Lebaimn, Jmi(.. igf,.,.,, ,. 
 Christians, liy M.-ihonietans, nt flu- .• '" ■'•''"'ii 
 
 i860 ; see Ih-lixi'^ ,-11111 ll,iiii,i.i,-i,.< 
 
 Of 173 N-W Indians (in. lading wouieii ami rkiH,,,, 
 (as a eliasiisement lur murders, i.iitni -es .,,, ? 
 lieries), by iiiajiir liaker, uf l.'.-s. nmiy ,1'., ',?.!j 
 
 Of French niissinnaries and others, at Tie'n.ts'ii' i,,„ 
 Sims (see Cliiiia), 21 June, 1S70. ' ' 
 
 Of foreigner ' " " 
 
 )f foreigners, by the native (;;meliiis in the TiiJii ■ 
 trict, liiieiins Ayres, S. Am.riiM, i .bin. iSt,' ' "'' 
 
 )f about 90 Frencb enlonists ami otliers hi NVtiV 
 donia, liy natives, dnriiig a reviilt, June iS-'j ' 
 
 militia-men, who had ui;'iii',. VisitrifJ 
 4 July, by whiles, ,nt Ihiiil.'ij: f 
 
 or 
 
 d' 
 Of about 6 1 
 
 ileiniinstrat 
 
 South Caiiiliiia, 9 Jiily, i,S76. 
 Of .Meheni. t Ali I'aelia', .■ind i.theis, at Inek 
 
 tari, by Albanians, 6 .Sept. 1S70. ' 
 
 At Cabiil (.see .\fyhiin;-l„ii), 1S79. 
 Alexandria (see hiiiiil). 11 .hine, i832. 
 or Chiislians in ('.ichin-China ; 24,000 ronnrti.l 1, ■•., 
 
 massacred, summer, 1SS5 ; and alumt 22,TOi„.teaii 
 
 by rebels, July- Dee, 1S83. 
 See I iiiliii IIS, MiiiHfxntii. Muilne /i»/ei».i, ,111,1 r,,*, 
 1876, and 25-29 Aug. 1896, ^Irmciu'ii, i£o4-d6, S(«'li 
 Iitiul, Nov. 1896, Caiiiliii, 1896-7. 
 
 MASS.MllKS IN' mUTlSII UlSTullV. 
 
 idiles, on .Salishury Plain, liyHtrK, 
 
 Of 300 liritisli no 
 aiiiiut 450. 
 
 Of the nnrnks oniangnr, to themunlicrof 1200 I'Vffld. I 
 frill, king id' ISeniieia, fx>7 iir 612. ' . •■ 1 
 
 Of the Danes in the southern enmities nf Kndiii! j 1 
 the night of 13 Nnv. 1002, by nrder id' Ktlieln,! 11. Al 
 Liiudnu it was must blnndy, the elMn-,li,.s 1,.;. 
 sanctuary, .•\moiigst the rest was Ciniilila, ,< (I 
 Sweiii, king of Denmark, left in hnstano fur t,,. ui. f 
 formanee nfa frcity but newly imeliideil. l',„hr 
 
 Of the ,)ews, in Fnglaiid. SniiiJ I'eu |.ressiiig iiiMlVcst- 1 
 .iiiiister hall at Hichaid I.'s cnnmiitinn, were l-M lo I 
 death by the people ; and a false alarm ln'iiif ;to 
 that the king had ordered a geiienil nwssacri' of to, 
 the people in !na!iv)iarts nf K;i-!-.ai| slewallt'rviJ | 
 In York 500. who had taken shelter in a castle, kiili 
 themselves, rather than fall into the liaiiJs of llj | 
 multitude, 1189. 
 
 Of the Uristiil colonists, at Culleu's Wood, IrelimJ(s(( I 
 Culkn's Wooil), 1209. ' 
 
 m 
 
MA8SAGET.E. 
 
 703 
 
 MASTER OP THE REVELS. 
 
 i;s, md Ills l'„ii,|, ,,j,^ 
 Mill 
 
 iidlif IiwHhIi factdrynt Amlioyim, In nnliT to disiiosaeaa 
 
 I4i«"i'i'i''*"''""''''l'''''' l'*!'''"''*. '■''■''■ "i2|- 
 
 UM*'n'"ftl"' I'nitfSl.iiitM ill liihiii.i, in ONcill's rclii'l- 
 
 ■ .■„„ «liii'lil"(.'.iii-'(il''ti''4'- I'pw.inlsipf '.o.iKxiHritisli 
 
 iHn'liilli''lii' tlii'.-niiiiiii'iiii'iiiiiitut'tliiH ivlB'llidii. .sir 
 
 l\-iili.(iii I'fllir 111 '111' '''■■<t "iii'i' 111' f'li'i' il^ivs of it. 
 
 •'li'ii'. N'. Itiilv, ir.Ji'i ^H („m' cir llftv tlimisaiia nt' tlii> I'ruli'stants wirii ile- 
 
 '"t to.l.iilh ,'„„;,rr„,';,;''-" ^B ,,p.;v,,|. /.">■' Chimi'hui. liifciic 111,, ivlirllinii wa.s 
 
 llilllc'cllnr ,,f I'lrlii,,], i;,,', 'f'^^B fiitiR'ly sii|>lin';'''<i'il. 154."°" I'l'iito.stiiii t.S Wclu llllW.SIl- 
 
 ■• I ii'li't-liin; |inn-,.|.,,, , 
 iiiMiisl svi.tni,.,. r„„|.^! 
 
 w,'ronms,a,;r..,n,ytlinu,iv,,,l 
 >-'teM ,. an nit.iu|«l ii,,„n;,:' 
 
 mil inasMiuTc of tlic Vtn.i, 
 
 kc's, in til., cita.lvl of Cai.-,,, 
 
 It Xisiui.,, i.ovi.rfrate.1 l,y ,i„| 
 
 , i332 ; ai.|. Chwi. 
 stantiiioiil,., ,^j„np ,s 1 
 i34i. -J. .11 
 
 I ■■'■ I'i'vc ill Al-,.ria, ,; j., 
 \li'l'l"\i^.().t. ,3;o. 
 
 iii'yiia.i„ir,.,„ii.,i).., frt..;;! 
 
 ?57. "-•■ 
 
 1 l.i'i'ai.pii.<,.,l:i!i.i.||„„Y,„ 
 l.ci' .si.ntt.Mi.wl to dratli i,rl 
 377-1 ' 'I 
 
 n LrlBinnii, Juii,., ,sfv.ml,fl 
 tii"^. at llainiiaiMis, o-,, jji, " 
 i/m.sTii.s'. 
 
 I'lniliii- \v..,ji..n ,111,1 ,li;H„n| 
 iiiiii'ili'rs, (.iitiiijji.s, „.|,i f,i' I 
 iif l.'.S. .-iniiy, J, ,,, ,?.c f 
 111 I'tlii.rs.atTit.ii-tsii, ,,,„| 
 1', 1870. ' ''I 
 
 1' liiiiii'lios ill till. TanJilrJ 
 .\iiiiri,.a. 1 ,Iaii. 13^,. ■ I 
 i^ts 1111,1 „ili,.,., ill x„f,.j.| 
 K a I'l'viilt, Jiiiip, 187S. 
 i(.ii, \vli,ilia,| iiiail,. 11 i-niii,,.,. 
 ly, liy wliiii's, at ll:iii,i,ti^ 
 1S76. 
 
 iKl iitlicrs, at li,,.);, 
 It. 187S. 
 ), 1879. 
 
 .(IIIK., 1882. 
 
 'liiim ; 24,ix)o rf|i.iiii,l i.,;,! 
 ; ; aiiilal),iUt2j,oooiiiAiii;iiij 
 
 I. .V'liliif Inilwn.i,!mi\hiiii! I 
 6, .•Irmciii'ii, 1894-96, *is>.;,! 
 
 Sq6-7. 
 IllUTISH IlISTOIlY. 
 
 Kalisliiiry Plain, liyHma, 
 tlicniniiliorof 1200, l.ytiUl. 
 
 7 111* fil2. 
 
 hi.rn nniiitips of Ein;liin.l.:j , 
 , liy ,inI,.r,.rKtlii.lwlll. .« | 
 i,i,ly, til,. ,.liiir,.lii.s U'"i;i,i 
 |. rest was Uiniilila, s ,( | 
 , li'l't ill liiistaj,'!! f,)r t.,v i«. 
 in'Wiy i-,,ii,.liiik.il. Mr. i 
 S,iiiii. r,.w i.rcs.siiij; iiii,i IVtit. 
 
 I.'s oinmation, were |nii n I 
 1,1 a f'als,. alann ln.iiig jivm [ 
 I a {.'I'liiial iiia.ss,i|.n. 11! tbmi, 
 
 nf Kii-l.-iil^lfwallt'i-yH. 
 ken sliillerinacastle, k;M 1 
 
 fall into the liands of <k 
 
 t Cullfu's Wood, IrelanJ (w 
 
 riitialy sill')' 
 
 ,.ml. .'.'ir 11 . leiiii'li: 
 iiillir Miinloiial'ls nf (ili'iii'iie (:-(>p Ck.nme), 13 FVli. 1692. 
 uj ,3,1111.11, wiiiiH'ii, ami rliililri.n, I'lii^tly I'l-nti'staiits, 
 
 liunit, sliiit, ill' liiiM'|.|.il til ilcath liy piki'S ; iin-pi.tiiiti'il 
 
 liv till' iiisiii'!,'i''.t Irish, at tliu burn of Siinliabiigui., 
 
 IfflamUii :7';8- .W"-:/'''"'^'.. „ 
 iiftiiniliiaiisat .M|.|.iiit, Uollii, &i'., iiy iiiiiluici.rs of the 
 
 ci'livi. liiiliaii .ii'iiiy C'*i'ii '"''"). .May mill .Iiiiii', 1857. 
 iifKiinilii-'aiiHi" Kulaiife'iin, on tliu simth coast of lloi'iiun, 
 
 I Slav, 1859. 
 
 ijItlic'Ei'i'iilit'i"" "' Miinint liay, .lainaic-n, hy the In- 
 furiatt'il nr^i'ii'S- ir-12 Oi-t. 1865 ; hui, Jtuiuilai. 
 
 Otiiiiit. H"l,'"iiilii' ami »iii'Vi.yin>; iiarly (aliiint 70) in 
 \i,aiiniii Nil;.'.! liiH-'* ; .'ilmnt 24 l'y\: 1S75. 
 
 Of .Mr. .Miirgaiy ami svi'vaiits (with nil. l)niwni''s i.x|ioili- 
 limi into WVsturn China; at Munwyiie, liy Chinest., 
 
 II Fell. 1871. 
 
 iKi-oiiimii'liii'i' tiiiiiili'iiiiii^'li, of the I'litrl, ami ? si'iiincn, 
 liyiiativi's iif .Santa (.'luz islaii,|, S,ii;th I'liciUu ocean ; 
 jitarkoil 12 .\iiH., ilii'il 20 .Vii^'. 1873. 
 
 ilfi.n.f. raliiii'iaii.l nth, rs ; sec /-.'./iz/.f, 1882. 
 
 iifpll. (iorilnli ; s,.|. Klinrhitnil, 1885. 
 
 ut.Mr. yiiiiitniiaiiil others, in .Maiiiiiiir(i('/(f('7t ser), about 
 24 March, iS.ji. 
 
 MAfSSAGET.Ti, an ancient Scytliiiin people 
 prob'alily the ancestors of the Goths), wlio iiiviulcil 
 
 .iiiaiilwut 6k. In 
 lire.1t «'as killcJ, 5, 
 
 11 conflict with tlieiii Cyrus tlic 
 529 11. c. 
 MASSILIA, sec MarseiUen. 
 JIASSORAH, SCO Masorah. 
 
 MASSOWAH, 11 port on the Reil Sea, subject to 
 E.'y|'t. Certain cunmien.i.il liffhts secured to Atiys- 
 siiiia by treaty with KnglnnJ anil Ei,'ypt,Miiy, 18H4. 
 The Italian Ha^' hoisteil licsiilc the Kgyiifian, 6 l-Vb, 1885 
 lilt. Abyssiuiaiis mill, •!' Itns Ahmla severely ilefeat 
 
 till' Arabs at Kulcit near Aniailib . 23 Sept. „ 
 fi.jv,riiiia'iit of Mas.siiwali assnineil by the Italians 
 
 2 Dee. „ 
 Abvssiiiiaii.^ attack Massow.ih anil Italian outposts 
 
 but suiter l,issaii,l retire . -. iSJaii. rtnf/. 1887 
 .llnmt 500 Italians iinicci.iliiiK with supplies to 
 .-silLiti cut iitr hy Aliyssinians umler Has Aloula 
 at Uapili, near .Vassiiwab . . 25-26 Jan. „ 
 Xf^iitiiitiiiiis with ItoAloul.i with respect to release 
 
 (.fpris'iiiers 11 .March, ,, 
 
 jkiniiislu.'s between Italians anil Uelier tribe 
 
 27-2S .M.arch, ,, 
 .\|aj,ii'Siv,iininxiimilca prisoner, uliU kejit by the 
 
 .iby.ssiiiiaus, April ; releascl . . iSejit. „ 
 
 Pridaiiiatiiiii issiieil ileclarin^' that a state of war 
 fsist" '.ii Massiiwali anil its ilepenileucies, with 
 blnckaileiif pnrts . , '. . 2 May, ,, 
 
 Tlitchirf Kaiilibay snhniits to Italy . 18 Oct. ,, 
 Dt^lami t,i be in a state of sie^e . . 10 No\-. ,, 
 Italy nntilli/s to the powers that it has annexeil 
 
 Massowah July, 1868 
 
 Pri'toctiirate pninlaiiiieil at Ziilla . . 3 Aug. ,, 
 
 i^fveroilofeatiif Italians at Sanganeiti on the l»,ir,lers 
 thnni;;!! native treachery ; four Italian olllcers 
 
 killeil Auf,'. ,, 
 
 Keren occiipieil anil annexed by the Italians 2 June, 1889 
 (nil. Ualilissera occupies Asmara . . 4 Auf,'. ,, 
 Almut 1,000 ilervishes severely ilefeatcd after their 
 incursion into Italian-protecteil country ; eaiitivcs 
 anil liiKJty n.scueil, reported . . 29 June, 1890 
 (itii. fiaiiilolfi, newfinvernor, aunoiinees the teriiii- 
 natiou of military rule, in the Italian possessions 
 iiiitlio Heil Si'a(nainiHl Kritrca, I Feb.) i July „ 
 Seyere defeat of atont 10,000 dervishes by the 
 ItAlLintmnpsmiiirrcol. Ariiiiotidi atfort Agordat ; 
 about 4,000 dervishes killed, also Ghcu Daref and 
 4 emii's, reported .... so Dec. 1893 
 Tbo ilorvishes, after a iiuirderous raid, pursued by 
 Italians iimler col. Baraticri, gov.-gcn., wlio 
 captures Kassala by assault >7July, 1894 
 
 DataKOH, an Abyssininn chief, ilel'e:ite,l and killcl 
 i at lliilai by Italians umler major 'I'melli, reported, 
 ' 20 Dee. 1S04 
 
 ; fieii. llaratieri defeats the Abvssinians under Has 
 
 .MaiiKasciaatt'oatit. . . . 13,14.11111.1893 
 Another victory at ISeimfa, ri'iiorted . . 17,11111. ,, 
 Adi^'i'Mt occnpli.d by the Italians . 25 .March, ,, 
 The beiuhtsoi' D..|ir,iearrii.d byinsaiilt. .iiid An tab) 
 occupied by gen. liaratieri, alter a r.ipid nnireli, 
 
 9 I let. ,, 
 I .Major Toiclli's column (iiliout 2,430) surprised and 
 ilefeuled by 1 3,.« 1 .Slioans at .\iiilia Allied, niiijor 
 j TiLselli and \ \W\\U. killed, after a bi.r,,ii.,l,.fi.n'ee, 
 Ki'i'at slaii-hter nii lioth siiles; capt;.. liotreni 
 [ and l'a;;i.lbi with the s..iitti.re,l trnnps retreat to 
 Ailem, ami join n,.ii. ..\rinioiidi . . 8 I lee. ,, 
 Hhoaiis repulse I with heavy loss at .Makaleh, by 
 lient.-col. (ialliano .... 7-11 Jaii. 1896 
 1 Ihi It iliaiis lirgeh- ,iutiiunibereil, after a gallant 
 j resistance ami gr..at sulli.riiig, vaeiiate the fort 
 j with leinours of war, 23 Jan. ; anil arrive at 
 
 „-\|IW'i'* ^o.)■.m. ,, 
 
 I I'riiitie. negotiations for peace with Meinlik, 
 
 ! 26 .Ian., 15 Fi'h. ,, 
 
 Shoans dofeatod, and the Pass of Seeta eaptiir..il, 
 j 16 Keb. ; again deflated by col. Htevaiii at 
 
 .Maimara 215 p,.|i. 
 
 The battle of Adowa: ltalif>ns umler gen. liaratieri 
 .severely defeated by the Shoaiis ; g,.|i. Diboriiii,la 
 anil prince Cnigi killed at thiiheul of tli,.ir iii,.ii 
 (the lirigaile loiighl heroically all dav) ; gen. 
 liaratieri, iiieapahb. thiviugh weakness^ retireil ; 
 gen. Arimoiidi (fat,, iiiikiiown) an,| 150 olllcers 
 ki,li.,l ; estimati.il Italian loss, 7,0 >n, and '>,ooo 
 natives ; gen. Alb,.rt,ini, cols. \ava and (ialliaiii) 
 (mortally woiiii,|,.,l), 4S olllcers, iiml 1,500 men 
 prison,. rs ; .slioan loss, ,,o.>j . 29 Ki'li., , .March, ,, 
 
 Fort Ailigrat, provisi 1 tor a month 1111, 1, .r inajiir 
 
 I'restiiiari, surroiindcil bv tShoans, 2 .Mi.rch ; the 
 
 garrison ivliev..,l, 5 May; evacuated bv the 
 
 Italians, reporteil .... 18' May, 
 
 Gen. liablissi.ra a.ssium.s th,. cimmaiid in Sla's- 
 
 smvah, 4 .March; gen. liaratieri arriv,.s there 
 
 gr...itly proslrateil . . . . n March, „ 
 
 Negotiations lor pe.'ice oueiicl . . n March, , 
 
 Di'i'visbes ri.piilM..l wdtb heavy loss ne ir Kas.vila, ' 
 
 8 and i3 .March; again by col. St,.vaiii at .Mt. 
 
 Mocrani ; forts captiir,.d "at Tucriif, 2 April; 
 
 eni.my's camp burnt, liiiiit. Partini and 3 others 
 
 ^l^'lli';' 3 April, „ 
 
 I'euish ri.tr..at troni Kassabv . . 7 April, 
 The Italians strongly cut r,.iicheil at Dongollo ami 
 
 other places, the -Miyssinians retreating. 26 May, ,, 
 Negotiations between gen. lialdissera and Has 
 -Mangaseia and other chiefs for release of 
 Iirisoiii'is. 8 .May ; many rel,.as,.,l i ; Mav el sc;. ,, 
 Anilira Debra captiireil in a night attack bv lieut. 
 
 Mapelli. Ilight of enemy . . . I's May, ,, 
 
 Gen. liaratieri tried by cotirt niarUal at Asmara, 
 
 ami acpiitted 5-13 .June, „ 
 
 1,300 Italian prisoners reported in Abyssinia, 
 
 6 Nov. ,, 
 Treaty of peac« signed (see Ahjissinia), 26 Oct. . „ 
 .\dvaiiee of (3,000 or 6,035) Dervishes on Agonliit, 
 
 Tucnlar occupied Jan. 1897 
 
 Gen. Vigaiio arrives at Agordat, eoncentnition of 
 
 troops, and defence organizi'il . . 22 .Ian. ,, 
 Retreat of the Dervishes, to Amdarab . i Feb. ,, 
 
 AIASTER OF TJiE Ceremonies, see a«- 
 
 moiiks. 
 
 MASTER AND SEUVAN-r Act (amemling 
 the statute respecting tiiem) wiis passed 20 Aujr. 
 18(37 ; another act repeelinj; parts of jirccediug acts 
 was passed 2b July, 1889. See Servaiift. 
 
 Roy.al coinniissiou to examine into its working, 
 reiiorted 31 July ; published evidence . 001.1874 
 
 MASTER OF TTTE Gre.vt Wardrobe, nn 
 ancient oltice abolished in 1782; duties transfen'ed 
 to the lord chamberlain. 
 
 MASTER OF THE Revels, an otCce,- of tho 
 court. Solomon DayroUc was tliC last appointed. 
 
 z z 
 
 
 ! r!' W 
 
 I .) IK. 
 
 'fl 
 
 .llf 
 
 U.i 
 
 .''^ ^i 
 
 I t:v% I f a*j 
 
 ' mm 
 
 t-,.^,, » (i-tj 
 
-rr- m 
 
 ■III 
 
 
 MASTER OF THE KOLLS. 
 
 7C0 
 
 MAURITANIA. 
 
 :; April, i8j4 
 
 Mnv, 1 8: 7 
 .834 
 1836 
 
 iScj 
 1:07 
 
 flirt rtihp (liitioswc'i'C tninsfenx'd to the lu'i-iiscr of 
 
 MASTI']!? OF THE Roi.T.S, Mil criMity jiii'vc 
 JiTivt-s hU title Inim liiiviiiir the 1 uslmly nf :ill 
 •JuirtiT?, |i;iti iit^, ((iiiiiiiissidiis, (li'i'ili, mill nco^'- 
 ■iait'jci-.i, I'lili'i'i'il M]inii rolls of parilLiiiciit ; his dc- 
 «n<s an,' «li|ii'Ml;il)lr to llio cdiiit of iIkiiii'itv. The 
 B1.r«lor)' of imlilic imiior-^, called the KiilK, vvih in 
 ChuiK:(T5'-l.iM,'. The rolU were fnniurly Uept in a 
 •K'lf'Cl foiiiiiled f"r the eniiveited Jew*; Imt after 
 til* Jews were expeUed the kiiiiidoiu in IZ'p it was 
 «««.ti\l f'P ever aftia-warda to the "tliee of the 
 aMi*tii>hi|i of the rolls. Here were kejit all the 
 SK^nJs siiiei' the he^inniiiif of the reiirn of kiiii; 
 ttictuml III., 14S3; all prior to that [leriod beins 
 Sff.< in tf«' Tower of I.diidon ; Kee //uon/k. Tlie 
 Srst rcct.nleil master of the ndls was either John ile 
 Ijinet)/!, iipiHiiiiti'd l2S(p, or .Vdani ile U-u'i'deliv, 
 m.Yii'Jn!(tl 1 Oit. 1211^ ; Init it is elear that the oiHce 
 WW* jn (■?;i:.teii<'e haii;' hefore. lliinli/. The duties 
 wTTt define il in iSVi^ the salary rc'.'nhited in 18^;. 
 ditiTi^.TS liy fill! inilieatiire act of iNSi. llv the 
 3Briiviiii- cmirt of judiealiiro aet, the master of the 
 Mills ■was made a judse of appeal only. 
 
 si:ri;vr mastkhs ok tiik r.oLt.s, • 
 
 Si Win. fl.-:iiit appointed . . . . 17 Mav, iSoi 
 
 ifn-TlK-iiwis I'tiniier f". .Jim. 181S 
 
 «oi<fTl, istlililliad .... 
 So J. S. <,-i<\A,\- (,'JI. lord r.yndlinrst) 
 
 ^r Joint (.eaili 
 
 iStC. !'e|ivs(.(,V lord Cntteiiliam) 2,Si-i.t, 
 
 JItTiiT liiekirsP 111 (",//. liird l.aiigiliile) , in .J. in, 
 Mr John (Iviinii tSos) Hi'iailly . . .■•S Mareli, 185 
 Sir Uixicyo Jussel (a Jew), sg .Vilg. iS?? ; died, 
 
 21 Mareli, 
 iBr Wrn. Tlalinl Brett (lord Esher, 1825, viset. iCi)7), 
 
 3 April, i"-!; ivsi^jiii'il . . . . 13 Oet. 
 Sir Natltitii.'l l.iiidley, annoiniei'd . 2j(>et. 
 
 MASTERS IX Cir.VXCEUY, elmsen from the 
 eqnity Uir, were first aiipointed, it is .said, to assist 
 ilir ijnMX'iinee of sir Christo]iher Ilattoii, hnxl ehaii- 
 ecit«>r of Enirland, in 1587. The ottiee was aholi.shed 
 ilk 1853. The oHiee.s of the musters in the (|ueen's 
 8«'nf?i, fdmnion pleas, and exclieinier divisions of 
 Uie liigli eniirt of justice were amakamated into 
 aae ccntnil otlice hi the high <ourt nf justice in 
 
 MASTODOX, SCO Mammoth. 
 
 IH"AT.U5ELE LAXD. See .M««!,nii,<. 
 
 MATACAO. a small island near Sierra [.cone; 
 aKunU to file iiritish liy treaty, t.S April, I.S2(i. 
 It was weupied liy the Freiieh, .March, 1871); and 
 afti-r MMue aisiussiou was left by them June fol- 
 Jciwiog. 
 
 MATCHES, see Lucifers. 
 
 MATERIALISM, the doctrine held hy tliost 
 wbu Biiintaiii tli.it the soul of man is not a spiritual 
 »uibstiii)ce distinct from matter, hut is the result of a 
 jarticuliir oriraiiisation of matter in the body. The 
 *TTQ is rather loos(dy applied to the system oi 
 8})ira7n.^, iihnnt 310 n.c. ; Jlohli' about \.\i. 1642 ; 
 ^iiE-.4ii'y, about 1772; and many eminent men in 
 titt prfscut day. It is nut ueeessirily identical 
 with titheisni, see Animism. 
 
 MATERNITY CHARITY, ROYAL, 
 
 JU»li«ry ; founded 1 757. 
 
 MATTIE:MATICS formerly signified all kinds 
 ^i kuraiii;; ; hut the term is now applied to tlie 
 scii'mfs relating to numbers and quantity ; see 
 Arilhmetic. Among the most eminent matlic- 
 matici.nns were Euclid, 300 n.c. ; .\rchimedes, 
 iHj B.C. ; Descartes, died 1650 a.d. ; Barrow, died 
 
 1677 
 
 Leibnitz, died 1716; sir Isaic v,.,., 
 
 .,„, Kuler, died 17S5;' I,:c.r,i ;*^' ''i"'''^'- 
 
 l.aplace, dh.l 1827 ; anil llr. I^ iic,;i- T, ' 'il 
 
 sirVr. n. Airy, l!aHli..lM,„i.w |'ri,„, ,| : ''"'' ''V** 
 
 (.ii. 
 and 
 
 d IS M;nch, 181(7), 1, To.lliiinti ,-, 
 priif. .\rthur C'ayley, burn |ii 
 
 ■ Svlv,, 
 
 nindi liononred aHniMil; (dj,,! 20' ,| 
 eminent mathcinatici.ins. .M 
 I7<)0, author of the ".Mechi; 
 died 1873. 
 The London Xrathematical 
 
 ister, l840-(i3; wndc al„n-,.,Soo p;;,,'',':.; '*$!',''''•"{ 
 
 /■'"■ ■*i>> r I 
 ""■^"•"itli.llu,v,.„™f 
 
 Jan. I8(,5j iirolessor Aug, l'»e"u!r^'n',!iS" 
 Jolin Tlioiiiiis CiMSslcy, niitli-,r ,,r n,,. „„iii|i,,. .1 ;,■ 
 
 Icctiml Cahailator,' died t, April, ,iA [,';',, '*!f 
 M.itlieniatical euiinrcss at Zuricli, mH \,:, ,J' I 
 
 to lie at I'aris in n,oo. •'"«• '597i *| 
 
 :\r/. niURINS, see nmler Tnmlu, 
 :MATINS. The service or prayer, first „.,., 
 formed m the nionim- or bcuimiin- of the,!,. J 
 the Uonian Cathnlic chnreli. Tl,c >V,w," j/V I 
 were the massacre of St. ilarth„l,iii„.„-,' ,] ",'"'1 
 1572. The .Vdliiis of .Mnsi'.ii- were the ii'„i".tT""J 
 " ''^■* I'is "illimM,j,'iJ 
 
 prince Dcnietrin 
 the morniiif,' nf 
 
 111 th 
 May, i(k)(). 
 
 MATRi:\IONIAL CAUSES ACT rv. 
 
 1850. liy the act i.assed 27 .May, lS;8, anri'sK 
 
 'Jsi.'f.l 
 
 m 
 
 may sraiit judicial separ.ii inn « iili iii.iin'trn'i'iH^^^^^^^ 
 a wife sulle.-in,!!; from a husliaiul's viokiit ' 
 The act was amended in 1884. 
 
 MATTER is held to ,..M>t i„ tliiTo .j, 
 gaseous, liquid, and solid. Mr. WiJlKim (r,, 
 considers tliat Ihere is a fniuili state, "iiaVil 
 matter," subtler than any of these, 1879.80! "{Ji 
 
 MATTERHORN, a part of the niainriiWd 
 the Alps, about 14,830 feet lii-h, S. Swit?crljiiJ I 
 .Vfter various truitles.s attempts Ky |irel'cssf.r TinJ 
 dall and other eminent (diinbers, iii r8l/),"the <»[ 
 niit was reaidied on i4Jul\-, 18(15, l.y Mr, EilivJl 
 Whymper and others. Diiriii!; tlicirilosc'ort 
 of the party were killed. Mr. Ihnlnu fril'- 
 connecting rope broke, and he himself, ],ii,i fr'ti J 
 Douglas, the rev. Mr. llndsen, and .MiihaiUv, 
 .1 guide, slipped down, and fell fiuiii a pmiiJi.l 
 nearly 40«J feet liidi. Miss Walker, with %| 
 father, ascended the Matterlinru, 22 Julv, liS-J 
 Three gentlemen ascended without a iruiiii', 21 Jiiii f 
 1876. Dr. W. O. M"<cley, an Aiiiericiin, waskiiliil 
 here, 14 An/, 187 ,, Three per.snns atttmmingitd 
 ascent perislied 12 Sept. iSijO. 
 
 MAUNDY-THURSDAY (dorivnl IivSmlI 
 
 i man from maiit/e, a hand-basket, in wliiihti'ifkiij 
 
 I was accustomed to give alms to the ]nior; bvolhaJ 
 
 ' from dies mandali, the day on which Clirut iwl 
 
 his grand moiu/dh; that we slmulil love mtrA 
 
 other), the Thursday before Good Friilav, l/'*iii(/j.| 
 
 On this day it was 'the oustoni of our sovoreijnsirl 
 
 [ their ulmoiiers to give alms, f md, and(lothin»|oiil 
 
 ' many poor persons as they were years olil, IitoI 
 
 I begun by Ldward IIL, when he was fifty jcaKsl 
 
 age, 1363, and is still continued. 
 
 MAUR, ST., sec Ueiialicliuiis. 
 
 MAURITANIA, (N. Africa), with Xujiidi),! 
 beeaiue a Roman province, 53 n.c. Augustuseroatfdl 
 (30 n.c.) a kingdom formed of MaurifiiiiiaaiiJpiiit| 
 of Getulia, for Juba II., a descendant of the mm' j 
 African princes. Suetonius l'aulinusiiipprei.<(iii| 
 revolt hC'e, A.D. 42, wllell it Was liKule a jirovcr, 
 divided into parts. The country was subjugaldl 
 by the Vandals, 429, and Greeks, 535, aiul fell into I 
 the lianda of the Ariibs, about O80; see J/wwrtiinJ | 
 Moors, 
 
RITAXIA. ""■ 
 
 ;";"':^';-"".J.j.syu'4f 
 
 .1. I'KiliUMt,,., ,,|j;,| ''.I 
 
 ''■•V '""■'' "•■\'i>.Mfiji,i,;'i 
 •; ('ii''i-^''.i'u.,i,,r'i| 
 
 i'la S,,,.iHvn-,i,fo,,n,i,,,, J 
 ""• 1''-' ■"'"■'-'•m, preM,!,.,,! 1 
 nntlna-.n,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,. ■ I 
 1 Ji AlKl, .SS9,a„.,..|8,. 'I 
 't'^"'"-!', M,„I.A„g.4,,,„| 
 
 ''"■''•;" "1' I'l'i.vcTs first WT.L 
 r""\'"-'.".!'"'Vl'tl,e,l, J 
 
 ht. M:crtl|nl,ill„.H-, 11 („„ 
 
 j/.-wv,,,. „,■,•,. tii,.,.-.,!,*:,,;,:;. 
 
 tiK' 1 i.Ii's Ins iiJlimnti i„l 
 ', i(kj(j. ■' '"■ 
 
 . CJAFSES ACT, p,..j| 
 
 )iiratl..ii uitli m:iiiit(.|,a,n.,J 
 
 a l^l^l,alu^s vioUiit u-nT 
 
 lu hSK4. 
 
 ■i t" I'xist in ihrro ,(.|,,,.| 
 olul. Mr. Will,,,,, (■,,,,-1 
 IS II loiii^li stilt,., '•raJiaiil 
 nny ot tluse, i}i;(>8o, Sh| 
 
 ■, n part (if tlio niainriiW J 
 
 ) fcft lii-h, S. SwitztrlsnJ I 
 
 iiUcinpis l.y iiV(.|ossf,r TinJ 
 
 : chiiilRTs ill l8(/i, tlie i^l 
 
 J July, iSi,:;, l,v .\ir. Eikifll 
 
 Dunn- their ,loscei;l, fori 
 
 lloil. Mr. lL„lou- Ml'; ii'l 
 
 :iii(l he liimsi'lf,l„iilfr-;5jj 
 
 llmlson, iiiiil MiclrulfeJ 
 
 1, and IVU fium a prc(i[,a| 
 
 li. Miss \Vall(LT, with t«| 
 
 Afattcrliorn, 22 Jiilv, |S-|.| 
 
 ilril witliiiiit a ^-uide,':! jiiit,' 
 
 ■ley, nil .Vnu'rifun, «;iskill,J 
 
 rime pir.'i.insatttmmingitJ 
 
 'ESDAY (clcriv(.iHyS[<l.l 
 ild-liaslii't, In wliithti'ickiijl 
 alms to the poor; byotkiJ 
 le day (ni wliich Clirk jukI 
 hat we .<Ikiu1i1 love miaJ 
 L'tbi'C OnoJ Friilay. //7i(ii(;j.l 
 ' custcini of our sovtreignsirl 
 alms, I'iMid, andflotliiiistoiil 
 thoy were yi'urs old, Itxiil 
 ,, when he was tifty yeaKs(| 
 coiitiiuicd. 
 
 Beiialictiuits, 
 
 (S. Africa), with yuniiii!,! 
 iiiee, ^3 H.c. Aiigustiism-atsil 
 irnifd (if Mauritiiiia anJ psn f 
 '., a descendant of theamiffltl 
 'tdiiius I'anlinus supprcssdi 
 
 hen it Waa Wade ;i j'lliiir, 
 riio country was subjnjatdj 
 iiid Greeks, •:,^^, ami fell into [ 
 1, about OSo; see Morom^ai 
 
 MAURITIUS. 
 
 707 
 
 MAYORS. 
 
 MAnUTIUS, III' T.sr.K oi' Filwck (in tho 
 
 Ir.aiill (Kcaii), was diseiivercd liy the I'uitiij^ucsc, 
 |-o:; but the l)litch were the llrsi settlers in l^'iH. 
 iVv' called it after prince .Maurice, their sladt- 
 hiilJ'er, iHit oil llic ac(iiusiii(iii df llie (.'.mic nf (jniid 
 y.i'ic, they deserted it ; and it cniitiiiue(t unsettled 
 
 until the l-'cciudi lauded, and u'livc it the u.ii d 
 
 one of the tin. 'st iinivinces in I'laine, i;!^ Thi.s 
 i,,|aml was talliil liy the lirilisli, 2 Dei!. l8lo, and 
 iMiitinned I" them'liy the treaty nf I'm is in i.Hi.(. 
 Thebishopric was fiiiinded lK:;j. Sir Henry Iturkly, 
 joveriHir, ill i^^'-i- succeeded liy sir .\rlliur II. 
 (lorJ'in, iffro; sir Arthur I'urv.'s I'liayre, i,S;4 ; 
 sir ticiW '■'• Itiiwi'U, l.S7,S ; sir J. l',i|.(> Ifcunessy, 
 "ikr. liW; sir Charles (.'aiuciMU Lees, Seiit. IcS^i); 
 ;(ir licilicrt E. H. .Icri.iii-ham, April, iHi)} ; 
 ^;r C. Uriiec, Jan. iXi;;. l'(i|nilatiiiu in iHtii, 
 4'i2; ill I""?!. .^44.''<^2; in iS.):), .577.(jS(i; 
 
 m'- 
 
 111 iS'il) two railways were in 
 
 f lojit's.'i ; Imth iiiiW (i|)cued. liy an awful huiricaiie, 
 on II .March, iNdS, (;reat daiuaire was doiio to ship- 
 niiigaiid buildings, with iiuudi 1 iss of life. 
 
 IrtiiBiiisiUcKovcriiiaciil gi anted witlialegislativo 
 
 ■jii-'iiibly Jiil.v-.Scjil. iSSj 
 
 pi-wiiiiiiin liclwccn sir J. I'lijic Ueiuicssv and 
 
 .Mr. Clillord l.h'Vil and the Cdiineil, April ; Mr. 
 
 i.liiVil removed f made govciniir lit t lie .Seyclielles); 
 
 jir'lleicales Koliiiisini as myal ('"iiimissinner 
 
 inwstiv'atesthcatlairs, ami suspeiclstlie gnvi'iiinr 
 
 [riiuiactioii.nimouiic l2,Sllee. i3S6. Sir, I. l'np(! 
 
 Hrtiiiessy rciii,<tate(l with aihiicniition July, liriy ; 
 
 anivisat Miiiritiim .... 'zjlJcc. i888 
 Ti'Ji-nt lairiicanc, .ijrcat ilcsfruction nt linihliiigs, 
 
 jlii;i|>int!aiid crops; nMC-tliinl of tuirt I,()uis(h'- 
 
 it'OV!''!, *itli atioat fijo (h'atlis, 29 Aiiril ; tot.il 
 
 n:mliorolde.ith* rciiorted. i,2(Q . 14 .Inly, i8()2 
 Rflirfeoiiiiuittecs oife'uiiised (see .l/(iaiiuii.,'n,i(*). 
 Till' queen 50!. 
 I.„iii(if6<»,ooo(. to the colony guaranteed by the 
 
 liritisli {loveniia ait . . . about June, ,, 
 Cmit (in' at St. I.oiiis ; great daina'ic . 2<,I\ily, 1893 
 lM^letivecvcloll(^ with loss (if lite . 2iKidi. iS(;4 
 Statue ot the ipiceii uiiyeiled at St. Louis, Jnliilcii 
 
 day 22 June, i3()7 
 
 MAUSOLEUM. Artemisia married her own 
 brotlier, Jlaus.iliis, kinif of Caria, Asia Minor, 
 rpi.c. At his death, 353, it is said she drank in 
 liiiuor his ashes after his hody had heen burned, and 
 erected to his meni:iry at Halicarnassus a inoiiument, 
 one of the seven wonders of the world (550 11. c), 
 termed Mtmsokum. She invited all the literary 
 men of her a^e, and proposed rewards to him who 
 oo.iiposcd the best elegiac ]iaiu'tfyric upon her hns- 
 band. The prize was adjudired to Theopoini)us, 357 
 B.c, She died ,^52 n.c. The statue of .Mausolus'is 
 among the .mti(inities hroiiirht from I[alicarnas8us 
 by .Mr, (lift, sirl C. T. Newton in ICS37, and placed 
 in the British Museum. .\ mausoleum for the royal 
 fimily of £ng;laiid was founded by the queeu at 
 Frogmorc, 15 March, 1862. 
 
 JLiWE (French for mnlra, mallow'), a dye 
 produced by Dr. Stenhouse from lichens in 1848 ; 
 uoiv produced from Aniline {which see). 
 
 lI.iY, the fiftli month of the year, received its 
 nam(>, some say, from Koniuhis, \vho gave it this 
 appellation in respect to the senators and nobles of 
 his city, who were denominated inajores ; others 
 supposed it was so called from Maia, the mother of 
 Mercury, to whom they ottered sacrifices on the first 
 day. The ancient Romans used to go in procession 
 t' the grotto of Egcriii on May -day ; aee £cil 
 Mij-day, 
 Ma Elizabeth Montague (who died in i8(X)) gave for 
 
 many years, on Jluy-ilay, nn entertainment at her 
 
 lioaso in Purtmuu-siiuarc, to tUo chimucy-aweenera of 
 
 LouJou. 
 
 Tiio niinnal festival ot ".lack In the drecn," and liil 
 I eoin|iaiiion s\vci'|.s, liasgr,olii,allv cased, 1876, 
 : .'^ee nioler lV:i1,[u,j M,„, .May lij,., iS^ji, iSyj, Utj}, 1894 
 
 i MAYENCE, see.!/,/,^-. 
 
 I MAY-FLOWER, see J;/:jnm Fullieiy. 
 
 j "MAY LAWS," bee I'nmia, May, 1873. 
 
 MAYXOOTII COLLEGE (Irdmd), 
 j loiiiidtl liy parliament, 1795, and endowed by a 
 I yearly grant v. led lor tli.' Idi.e.iti.n of students 
 disi;ned for the Koniaii Catholic |irieslhood in 
 Ireland. .\n ac't for its goyernnient was passed in 
 liSoO. It eoiilaiiis alxeit i(X) students. I'erinaneut 
 endowment of Ihiseidlege I'^d.iKH.i/, for theeiilar^'e- 
 liienl nf the buildiii-s aid 26,0(X3'. aiiiiuiiUv) Wi.S 
 granted hy p.irliam 11', June, i,S43, 'riiis(icciisione(l 
 iiiuidi coiitroversy in Unghiud, a liiotion beingmude 
 for its aliolitioii almost every session. The college 
 was repaired and enlarged in |,S(k), liy the Irish 
 Chnrdi act, passed 20 July, i.Wk), tlie animal parlia- 
 mentary grant was to cease alter l Jan. I 71 ; a 
 compensation ladng made. A syn id held here, 
 Sept. I.S7J, eondeiniied mixed education. The bnilt.- 
 ings Were niuidi injured by lire, 31 Oct. 1.^78; dnm- 
 iigB estimated at lo.axj/.' Tlie'|ii(turis and boo, s 
 were sa\ed. Th ■ centenary celebrated, an inter- 
 national assembly of eecld'siasties prcsout, 25-27 
 June, i8(j5. 
 
 MAYO ASSASSIX.VTIOX. Richard South. 
 well liourke, earl of .Mayo, was born 21 Feb. 1822. 
 As lord Naas he was c!ii'ef secretary for In land, in 
 theDcrbyaudl)iM-,i(lia(lniinistrati(ms, 1852, 1858-1;, 
 l86()-8. In Sept. i,S(i8, lie was appointed vicemv 
 of India, and energetically fultilled the duties. 11 j 
 was assassinated at I'ort lilair in the Andama.i 
 islands, on u visit of inspection, by Shore Ali, a 
 convict, 8 Feb. 1872. The Indian government 
 granted an annual pi nsion of icxxV.to theenuntesp, 
 and 20,000/. for tl (diildren ; and looo/. a year 
 was adi'-'d to lady .Mayo's pension by parliament, 
 voted unanimously, 22 July, 1872. 
 
 ^MAYORS OF TiiK Pal.VCE, high oeBcers in 
 
 France, who had great iiitlueiiiM' duriiig the latir 
 .Merovingian kings, termed '^ f'diiiniuf.i," do-no- 
 things:— I'epin the Old (or de Laiiden),()22 it sen.; 
 Pepin Heristal, ()87--l4; Charles .Marte', despotic, 
 714-741; I'epin le Iir(f', 741, who shut up Chil- 
 deric III. in a moaasterv, and himself took the 
 kingdom, 752. 
 
 MAYORS OF CoiiPOliATlOXS. At the time 
 of the Norman conquest, 10' ,, the chief officer of 
 London was called ;J/y■^f/)•((/■(■, afterwards softened 
 inio port-n'ive, from Saxon words signifying chief 
 governor of a harbour. He was afterwards culled 
 provost; but in Henry II. 's reign the Xormau title 
 of mdiro (soon atler mai/or) was brought into use. 
 At first the mayor was chosen for life, but after- 
 wards for periods of irregular duration ; now he is 
 chosen annually, but is eligible for re-election. Ik- 
 must be an alderman, and have been sheritf. His 
 duties commence on () Xoy. In early times tho 
 mayor was always an V.V. for tlie itity. The prefi.'i 
 LORD ia peculiar to the mayors of London, Dublin, 
 York, Belfast, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Bir- 
 mingham and Sheffield, and to thi^ ]irr.vost5 df 
 Kdinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee, Aberdeen ami 
 I'erth. The dukes of Norfolk and Sutherland, the 
 mar(iuis of Ripon, and the earls of Derby an<l 
 Lonsdale, and 6 other peers were elected mayors, 
 Nov. 1895. 
 
 z z 2 
 
 ' 
 
 i 
 
 
 »i 
 
 , M;ii*f 5 
 
 . ; .31 
 
 i 
 
 i#!!''. 
 '1 
 II. 
 
MAYORS. LOltD. 
 
 70S 
 
 MEALXrn I -LOT. 
 
 Till' tlr«t iniiyiir of Lmiiliin, Ilriiiy KitzAIUvlii, 
 hi'M iiltli !■ fill- j.| \iiii-H, aiiimlnlccl . 1181; iir ngi 
 
 Sir lli'iiry rickiinl, wlm \uh\ Ihth lunl iimyiu' of 
 I/iihiliiii III 1 1;7. HiiiiiptiiiiUHly ciili I'tiiiiii'il ill line 
 liny t'uiir iiiiiiiciri'lis : Kilwiii'l, kiiii; nf KiiKlaml : 
 .Jiiliii, klii« III' Kninci' ; tlii' kiii>.' m (.'yimiM ; niiil 
 n.'iviil, kin^' i>r s iitl.'MKi : llir lllnrk I'lincii niiil 
 iu:iiiy 111' till' nnliility liiiiia pri'sinf. Slmi: , , 136J 
 
 Sii'iliiliii Niaiimn, Im 1 iiiMynr, went by wiitir to lir 
 HWnrii tit Wi'stiiiliisU-i', anil it i» Haiil institutcil 
 lunl niayor's slmw 1453 
 
 Till' iiiiMv ciirttly iiap'aiil -iif till' slidw laiil aside . 1685 
 
 Till' lin'il iiiiiyur inli rtaiiii'il tliii iiriiii'ii ri'p'iit (if 
 Knulaiiil, till' I'liiiiiTur uf liiissia, kIiik uf rninsla, 
 aii'l iiiiniinniH ri.ivi>;iifrs nl' liijjli rank 18 .Iiiiii', iBi 1 
 
 Till' lunl iiiayiir, Fai'iii'iiiuln', K'IVi- a I'liiuiint to 
 jiriiiri' AUiiTt aii'l till' iiiayurs nf must nf tlie 
 1iiinMi|.'lis III' till' L'liltcil Kiii^iliiiii, in rurtlirr- 
 ani'r nf till' im'ji'i't uf tin' ^nat Inli'i'iiatinnal 
 Iinlnstriiil Kxliiiiition, 1851 . 21 .Miinli, 1850 
 
 Till' Innl niiiyiir, sir K .Mnnii, cnli'itaini'il tlii' ciii- 
 pi'mr mill I'liipiisM nl' till' iMTiirli . in A]ii'il, 1855 
 
 Till' liml niaynr, I). S. i'liilli|i«, I'lilcrtalni'il tin: kiiiK 
 and iiiniii nf till' UidgiaiiH, July; untiTtalucil liy 
 tlii'in at IliiissclM Oit. 1S66 
 
 Tlio Innl iMiiynf I'litiTtaincil tin' vicci-ny of Knypt, 
 II Jiini' ; till' sullan, 18 .liny. iSft;; the uliiili nf 
 I'l'i'Mia, 20 .Inni'. 1873 ; till' rzur . . 18 May. 1874 
 
 Lnrd Mavnr Nnllani' dii'd wliili' in nfll^i' (tlic lli.st 
 siiii'u William litckfonl, wlinilicd 21 Jnni', 1770), 
 
 II Ai'l'il, i88s 
 
 I.illin MAVllIiH IIK LONDON 
 
 1800-1. Sir Williain Staini'H, liart. 
 1801-2. Sir.Inliii KanitT, liart. 
 1802-3. Cliailrs Trii'i'. 
 180J-4. Jiilm I'lTrinj;. 
 1804-5. Fi'ti'r IVn'lianl 
 1805-6. Sir Jaini'S (Sliaw. 
 1806-7. Sir Williain Li-i|,'liton, liart. 
 1807-8. Jnliii Aiiisli'y. 
 1808-9. Sir Cliarli's Klnwcr, liart. 
 1809-10. Tlinnias Sinitli. 
 1810-11. ilnslnia .Jiinatlian Sinitli, 
 >3ii-:2. Sir Clandiiis S. Uiintur, liart, 
 1812-13. Gi'iirno Sc'linlcy. 
 1813-14. Sir William linmvilli', liart, 
 Samuel Hindi. 
 Mattln'W Wnnil. 
 Mattlii'W Wnnd aciiin. 
 (Jliri.stni'lii'r Sinitli. 
 Jiiliu Atkins, 
 iJi9-2o. Gi'nrp' llryd^i'S. 
 1820-1. Jnlin T. TlinriK'. 
 
 ('liristn]ilii'r MiiKiiay. 
 William HryKati.'. 
 Itnlii'i-t Waitliinaii. 
 Jdlin Oanatt. 
 William Vi'iialilcD. 
 Antlinny Uniwiie. 
 Mattliia's rrimi' Lucas. 
 William Tlmmiisnii. 
 Jnlin C'rnwdi'l'. 
 1830-1 and 1831-2, Sir .Inlin Key, bait. 
 1832-3. Sir I'eter Laurie. 
 1833-4. Charles Fan-Uiiitlier. 
 1S34-5. Henry Wiiii liester. 
 i3i5-6. William Taylnr C'niielaiiJ. 
 18)6-7. Tliniiia,-! Kelly, 
 1J37-8, Sir .Inlin C'nwau, liart. 
 1 i'38-9. Samni'l Wilson, 
 H39-40. Sir Cliaiiman Marshall, hart. 
 1 J40-1. Thomas Jnluisoii. 
 i3ji-2. Joliii Pirie, 
 
 J. Huniiihr?y. 
 Sir W. .Maniiay, liart. 
 Mieh.aeltiililis. 
 Jnhu Jnliiisnn. 
 Sir George Carroll. 
 John Kinuersley llooiicr. 
 Sir James Duke, liart.. .M. P. 
 1849-50. Tlinmas Kariieonilie. 
 1S5J-1. Sir John Musgrove. 
 T.S5T-2. Williain Hiinier, 
 1852-3. Thomas I'lialiis, M. P. 
 1S53-4. Thomas Sidney. 
 1S54-5. Sir Fras, G, Moon, liart. 
 1855-6. David Salomons, v^cro. 
 
 1814-15. 
 
 i3i5-i6. 
 H16-17. 
 1817-18, 
 H18-19, 
 
 l321-2. 
 1322-3. 
 1 823-4. 
 1824-5. 
 1I25-6. 
 1826-7. 
 
 i";27-8. 
 1828-9, 
 
 32;-3o. 
 
 ,Mii 
 
 ;),v;:i,ii; 
 
 1 3 (2-3. 
 
 1 5 13-4- 
 18(4-5. 
 1845-6. 
 1846-7. 
 1847-8. 
 - 1-9. 
 
 TliiimiiM Qiiesli'd Fiiinj.. 
 
 Sir ItnliertW.CaldelK hint 
 Jan. i38S). 
 1838-.). David W Wile. 
 i8s,).6ii. Juiiin Carter. 
 i8tKi-i. William Ciiliilt, M.l'. 
 
 William Cnli'itt, uuaiu. 
 
 W ,V, llnW', 
 
 Will, l.a\Tifnee. 
 
 Warn i> S. Hale, 
 
 Hi ii|, .Slim. lliiHIiih, ,/, 
 
 TIinM. Gikln-iel. 
 
 Will, Feriieley Allen, 
 
 .limit * fjiwreiire. 
 
 linli, It llesley, 
 
 Tliiiiiias Haliiii, 
 
 SiHs.lnhn Gll.lnlis. 
 
 Sir Sidiiev lledley Wali.rl.iw 
 
 An.llew Lllsk. M.l'. 
 
 David ll.'nry SdMie. 
 
 Will .lames liielininnd Cnttnn 
 
 .Sir Tliiiiiias White. 
 
 Tlinmas SeamlilirUHdiii 
 
 Sir Charles Whelliaiii, 
 1S79-S0. Mr Fiiinels Wvall Trusin|| 
 iSSci-i. Will. MiAilhur. 
 
 John Whiit.iker Fills ; li,ir( .\[ ,>. 
 
 Ileiiiy Fd nd Kiiii,dit. ' ' 
 
 H. .\. Fiiwl.r, .M.l'. 
 
 GeoiK,, Swan .Vntla.L'e ; di..d ,, .\,.,i: , 
 
 SirH.N. Fowler, tarl. M.l'.,, ■,..,.ll,,,;., 
 
 Jnlin staples. 
 
 Sir 111 ■ • 
 
 r 
 
 888). 
 James Whlteliend (hart., Nov. i»3-,) 
 Sir Henry Aiinui Isaaes, ./.(.' "" ' 
 .inse|i|i Savnry (hart., Julv. iSi,i 1 
 David Fvaiis (kilt., ,lnlv, "1692) 
 Sliiart Kiiill, H.C. (1 art., Julv ,0g,) 
 (ieni-e liolierl Tvli'i (hart.. ,io'jiii„'..',;,j.i 
 SirJiLsi'iih lteiials(l„ni.,,|„iip ,s„,) '** 
 Sir Walter llenrv Wilkin "'' 
 
 Oenrp.F. Faiid,.l.l'liilli,is(liart.,Ju,„. 
 Col. lloratio David Havies. M.l'. 
 
 1856-7. 
 
 ■857.8. 
 
 1861-, 
 
 iHfij.j, 
 
 186 j-4. 
 
 1864-;, 
 
 l86.i^, 
 
 l8f*-7. 
 
 1867-8. 
 
 I86«,(> 
 
 i86i>-7., 
 
 18701, 
 
 187'-^. 
 1872-3. 
 
 IS7.1-4' 
 
 ■ 374-5- 
 1875-6. 
 
 ■ ■i76-7. 
 in77-8. 
 18781;. 
 
 14.^1". 
 
 '<ir Ili'Kiiiald Hanson (hart., Mav i",) I 
 hil.vd.ii-e lie Keyser (Uelgiiu. li.'c.yft,,,. J 
 
 ':■',•). 
 
 "iiiliiiiiy graiitnil.y 
 
 'i-M 
 
 i83i-2. 
 
 1882-3. 
 
 iS8)-4. 
 
 1S84-5. 
 
 1S85. 
 
 t 38 5-6. 
 
 1385-7. 
 
 1887-3. 
 
 1833-9. 
 
 18E9-90. 
 
 l8go-i. 
 
 1891-2. 
 
 1892-3. 
 
 1893-4. 
 
 1894-5. 
 
 1895-6. 
 
 1896-7. 
 
 1E97-8. 
 
 i.nni) M.WoKs iiK iiriir.iv, 
 
 John le Deeer was aiiimiiitcd liisl innvnsl in i-^j, 
 a nilded sword was Ki'aJited tn he hiirut'lu'l'i.ri'tliii 
 innvnst liy Henry IV, . . , , 
 
 Tlinmas (.'iisaek aiiiminted first iiiavnr ' ' ' ' 
 
 Theenllarnf SS. and a fnnt 
 Charles II. to the miivnrs . . . i,. 
 
 Sir Daniel lielliiit;liaiii', the first ninvnr |i,.i,„i,'rf.,i 
 with the title nrinnl. hy Charles II.', wlin.'niiiti.i 
 500'. jier annum, in lien' of the '■iiiii|iiii:vi.fi,«i| ,51. 
 
 The new eollar of SS. Kmnted liy \VilIi;iui |||, t„ili, 
 mayor, value lowV. , the foniier luiviiij; hreii li.,t 
 In Jan s ll.'s time ,11 
 
 MAZAKIN BIBLE, i^'" rrmtu,s,mo.i.' 
 
 MAZRA (or liiilui 'Wall), near Camlihr, 
 Afjtlmnislun. Horc gen. sir l-'ri'derklv Skb 
 Kobcrta totally defeateil Sinlar Malimiiwl .Vv-.i 
 Khun, iinil eaptiired his eanip ;ind all hisran'uin 
 I St'iit. 1880. Anion;;st tlio killed vveiv iiilniieir! 
 Urownhiw. eapt. St. Jnlin !■'. Fmiik', niul «])!.£, 
 Stratoii ; limit, lleetor Maelaiiie (nimle ]irii.iiirr:; 
 Jtllv) WHS found reiently nmrdei.-eil. .\yiiiibHi.,D 
 with sonic I'ollowurs tied towards Herat. 
 
 :MAZITRKA, a Polish danee nf the ifthfU'l 
 tury,introiluei'd into Kiiiflaniiahnut 1S15; C'liofmil 
 musie for the nuizurkn is niueli ailniireiJ. 
 
 ^MEAL TUB PLOT, iitrainst the dukf sfl 
 York, at'tcrwiirds Jiiine.s II., eoiitrivcil bv oiff 
 Diingerfield, who soereted 11 liumlle of scliti)!' 
 Iuttei'9 in the lodgings nfeolonel Miiuiifell.andlhenj 
 gave information to the eustnm-house ofcrs til 
 search for snin<r;i:led Riiods, 2,^ Oet. i();i). Atel 
 Dangcvneki's niiprehciisinii, on .^u.^|iiciun "iMwj| 
 these letters, papers were found conceaW in 1 1 
 mcal-liib at the house of a woman with whiniitel 
 cohabited, which contained the solicme to lit s«ot I 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
-, Tun I'l 
 
 
 
 'il Klniiis. 
 I'iiiili'i] (i,„i-i 
 
 M 
 
 I, M.I'. 
 
 
 'ittliih, ./, 1. ■ 
 
 
 All.n. 
 
 ce. 
 
 
 inliH. 
 
 ll.y \VMl,.rl..« 
 M.l'. 
 
 liMliv 
 
 ■liMiuml (',,((, 
 
 n. 
 
 'l'TU«,l,.ll. 
 
 ctlunii. 
 
 Mil 'I'llWI'iitt. 
 
 
 MEAHUUES. 
 
 709 
 
 MECKr.EXHUHO. 
 
 ir Klli.^; liail. .M.iv 
 
 <l Kiii;;lit. 
 
 .M.l'. 
 
 «'"ll;i-''';.li.M,,.\,,nl,,-. 
 
 L'l', l«rt. Jl.l'.,,V.,l,,|v,l,,,(,,,jJ 
 
 fnii!<(iii (liiiit., Mnv, i".) 
 lv.'y«.r(UHKm„lt.t.)"(k„t,Oc!j 
 I'O'l (liiiH., Nov. ,E3.j), 
 
 ■"M Isililis, ,/, II'. 
 
 (lull t.,. I Illy. i8„,) 
 kill., July, ,igi), 
 {.<'. (lint., Julv, jtcf). 
 Tyl.T(liiut.. 10 June, 1:4.1 
 
 nry Wilkin. "' 
 
 .1H-I'liilli|,s(l,,ir|.,j„„,, ,s.J 
 >aviil liiivii<, .M.p, ■• ' 
 
 iVllHS ciK Iill:r,I\-, 
 
 inti'il lirst |iiipv(.si ill ijoS: 
 lUiU'il to lie liiiruulirfi.rt'tlit 
 
 vt\ first iiinvdi' . . ,' 
 '. t'li'it i'nlii),iiMy -nintol l,v ' 
 
 '"'■'* '. itj 
 
 , the llr.st iii.'iynr liuinur,,! 
 liy i'li,nl,'sll,,wliii.'niiit(,i 
 
 I'" "I'll iMi«iiiviirii«,i ,'/J 
 
 iiTiti'illiy WIlliiMu lll.t.illi,. 'I 
 he InnikT luiviiig Lltii list 
 
 i'<7| 
 
 ILE, si'i' /"''i'i't/l^i I4J0-J, 
 
 iliii AViili), ni'iir Cimlihr.l 
 gi'H. >■[[• iM-cili'iiik Sl«;bl 
 itcil Sinliir .Miilii.iikil .Uxil 
 lis I'liiiip ;mi| all his iMiiw,] 
 
 J"lm !■'. KiMim-, iiml capt,!;.! 
 r Miicliiiiii' (iiiiiili.']inifiiiir:-l 
 itly iimrdiTcij, .lyi4tt,D| 
 cd towanls Hi'rat. 
 
 olisli danii' nf the ifthftU'l 
 'Jmlaml abniit iSii; t'liopin'il 
 I is imi(;li adiiiifoJ. f 
 
 LOT, against tlic iluke .tl 
 iie.s II., ooiiti'ivi'd III- W:tl 
 retod a biiinlle of seJiiioiJ 
 of coloiiid Mauiu''.'ll,,indtiai| 
 tlie cu.stoiii-lioust' officers lol 
 piiods, 23 Oct, ll);9. .Iferl 
 ir.iiin, on .-lU.iiiitiuii "iwijiiijl 
 wore fiiniid concealel in il 
 [> of a woman with wimiiiltl 
 iiinc'd tlic scheme to k siora J 
 
 l4)((U*iM ill!" "I""' I'liiitioiit piTKoiis 111 tho I'rotCH- 
 lat iiiUTeiit, «lio woro ii.v'ainst the diiko of Vork's 
 
 Lfifwi^'ib "' ''■''"'"'"'"]""'''''"''"■'>■ ""' '"Ills ci:' 
 SliilWiiirv, K<<ox, mid lliihfax. (lii lliiiiaroi'fiidi 
 
 h.jii: whi|f I'll tho last tliii • ■' ' ' 
 
 L,iii, I JiMif, lliHv on 
 
 iif pari of hi.s piiiiUli- 
 of his ivcs Mils sinirk out 
 I(iriili:irri*li'r iiaiiiod liolicvt I''iiMO'is. This laiusod 
 |lljj«lh,fiJi' whii'h him iisKaihiiit wim lian^fod. 
 
 MEASl'liKS, nv V'ii;//i/.H, ami Miinimetcr. 
 I ".Vol mill, 111" nii'iiHurcH," a phr.isu usfd in par- 
 IliiikUtliy llroiij,'hmii, 2 Nov. 1830, 
 
 JfE.VT, «*!-' rrnfisiuna. 
 
 MEAT-HISCI'IT, said to have h.on invented i 
 h (.MilioriU'ii, '^S'J' See J////,-. i 
 
 MEATIl (Ireland). Miinv ejii-ieoiml gees in 
 |!1ci;M;h('I"11i'I'', J)iileek, iind others of less note) 
 l«ri' tiii'tl lit Cluiiard, before I151-2, when tliu 
 Idivi.'ion of the bishopries in liclaiid was made liv ' 
 Ijollll I'jpiiro, llieii leffiite from I'ope Ku^'elle III. ; 
 I Eusfiii' »M* the lirst styled bishop of ilealli. iibont 
 |(|-i. .Vciith uas valued, 30 Henry VIII,, ut 
 W'J. i:<. iRTaHnuin. 
 
 MECCA (in .And.iii), the birth-plaee of Ma- 
 Ih'iintl, iil«iiit.\ I, wbeiiee he was eompelled to the, 1 
 
 i;July, 022(ilie lli'fiira). On one of the neijrli- 
 I biniriiii; hillH ii a eave, where it is asserted he ' 
 liflirrdtii iierfinn Ills devotions, and where tlic 
 'itjiart of the Kor.in was lirou;;ht to him by 
 IlliMiiwitiidaiel. IK)4. Mecea, after liein|,f vainly 
 I MrH ''.*■""*'■'" '"'■ ''"-' ''alipli Ve/id, 0H2, was 
 lukfii liy .iliihliiirlek, (k)2. Ill 1.S03 it fell into the 
 IlLiiiilsof till' Wahabees, 11 Mahometan seet. Tliey 
 |«ft ctpcllwl by the ])aelm of V.f:.\\i\. in i8l«, 
 »ho rclirfil in 1.S41. It is said that ifo.ooo : 
 lil.'rinis visilcil Meeea in IcS^.H, and only 50,000 : 
 liiiKSji). TliL' jtriind shereef was assassinated by a 
 jfinatii', 21 .March, I«Mo. rilj^riiniige to Meera 
 Icili fiiiitiiiiii's; annual average, 93,350 (1887) ; 
 [akit joo,iXX)in I.Sijj. 
 
 . MECHANICAL ENGINEERS' INSTI- 
 
 ITUTIOX. See iiiuler JuH/i/uim, 1847. 
 
 MECIIAXICS. The .simple meohanieal 
 jp-jivera have Ixm'Ii ascribed to heathrn deities; the 
 law, wdgo, viiahle, Arc, to Uiedalus; see Uleain 
 tEiii/iiie, Motion. 
 
 I.Witiitli'writc.Hiiii iiici'hnnles nliout . n.r. 
 
 iTlifl'MlHTtiosof the li'Ver, &e., deijioustrated liy 
 
 I .triliiiiiciU'S. whip tlicii 
 
 |(Ilihi'l tlic I'liatiiliitioiis of nearly nil tliose liiven- 
 tii.ns, till' fartliir pn.secnti.in" of wliieli is the 
 
 iKiast nfolMIIHc H'(l//is (1(195).] 
 
 ITV lijiiiliiiill, iirc|iirrn, was viay early in use ; the 
 
 I ll'iiuaii.s foiiiiil mil' ill Yiirksliire. 
 
 |Ci;tlfiiiills, "lofir jiira<n((o'i(i', were also in use by 
 till' RoiiiaiH. 
 
 ITlKwalCT-iiiiUwa- ipi-olmlity invpiited in Asia; the 
 liwt that was .liscrilii'il wis near one of tho 
 'iwMliiiKsotMithridati's 
 
 |.\ iv,.j,T-]iiill in siiiil to have been erected 011 the 
 
 I nvrrTiliiT, at Hiimic 
 
 |ri]i|'iis«riiti'm '•haiiics . . nlnmt a d' 
 
 Jli'.itiiwiiiill.sipii till' Tiller 
 
 |Ti4i'-Liills were, iiiaiiy of tlicni, in use in Venice 
 
 320 
 
 70 
 
 50 
 35'J 
 5JU 
 
 .„..„, ,„ about 1078 
 Illni'limm wore m verv j^'i'iieral use in the lath 
 J 'iiitiiry. 
 
 Pmmilis.ueKaM 1.. have been in use at .VOL'slmrg ,,,2 
 ■Tlu'iiyof the indiiK'.l plane investigated by Cardan 
 
 Iir„i.™o..i' . i.. . about 1540 
 
 IMileo's " Sfieiiza .Mecaniea " . . ' ,1,. 
 
 ,J T()lfallinj;l.i.ilii.s, (lalileo . . " " °Al 
 
 ILi«<,.f,,,',','„„i„ii, lIuyKbeiis, Wall is, Wren, about 1660 
 
 ■TiininiifoNlllatlnn, iluv^-llelis . .(..^ 
 
 |ll'U'.vdo]dalloriaufllieteetluif wheels, Roeiuer '. 1675 
 
 lerenHsiinaiMlaiiiinaliaei'lianleH, Hiirelll ; !,« <||,.,| ,6,n 
 A|iiiheatl„n of iiieelianles to iistinnoniy, parallel- 
 sin ol fiiiees, laws of mutiiin, &e,, Newton, 
 
 llooke, ite |,,,^^ 
 
 rnibleiii „f the eateliaiy with 'the analysis, lir, 
 
 tlicKory 1^ 
 
 Mplritle\el(anil many other Inventions) by Dr. Ilonke 
 I,. ,, , ,. , from iWhi to 1703 
 
 I>AIeinlu'r(si','H,.,aiehe»ondynainli's . about 1741 
 {.iW'aiiK. s ■■ .M,.i'aiili|Ue .Viialytiiioe " pnblishe.l . 178S 
 .aiilae,' s • .\l, rani.pie (\WnU- " pllblisl,,.,! Mqu-iSoS 
 
 il"i>:iiis Ilhliunnaiie de .Meeaiilqiie applioic' 
 aiix Arts." i,,vii|s. . . " ' ,8,831 
 
 I Kdwanl II. Knii;hl's eyiellent "IMaelieai Hie- 
 , llonarv,irM,','l,a„i,'s,"p„l,||,|„',i ,g g 
 
 : lAliioiiK the lust iiir.ili'rn writers mi tlic seicn, ,■ nf 
 j ineelianii'saie l','ii,','l,'t, Wlnwill, DuiImw m,,,,,. 
 
 ' ''■■*'; .'.':',',"""''^' llankiiie, IJarlliiiluiMew ITice, Hall 
 ' ami \\ illis.l 
 
 MEOHAMCS- INSTiTI'TIONS. Ono 
 
 was toniidi'd by Dr, ilirkbe.'k in London, ml 
 aiiotliirintilas-ow, in 1825; and main nthers sin.'e. 
 Ilo'v have revived since 18^;, many iinhlemen mid 
 genlluineii giviii- leetures in them." 
 
 MECIIAXICS- MAGAZIXE,weekh; esta- 
 blished 30 Auff, 1823; was incirpiiruted with a new 
 paper termed Jroii, Jan. |8, 5. 
 
 MECHLIN or Maijxes (nelsiuni\ ro- 
 
 nowned t'.r its lare nianufactiire, was f,,unilii| in 
 the Oth century; destroyed by the Normans in ,884- 
 sacked by the .Spaniards, 1^72; taken bv the prince 
 of Urmi«:e, 1578, and by the Kii-lish,' 1^80; and 
 Iroiiuenfly captured in the i;th and |8tli centuries 
 partukni- in the evil foitiiues ut the country V 
 Uomaii Cath.ilie eoiicress w.,.s lidd In.,-,, .Seiit. I'sO" 
 lopulation iSiK), 50,1/12. ' 
 
 MECKLEXIU'KG (N. Germanv), formerly 
 » l.rineipalily in I.owrr Sa.xony, now ■|iidi'|iondeiit 
 lis the two grand duchies oi Mecklenburir-s'hwerin 
 ((lopulation in 1,885, 5r5,is2: 1,8.^1, 578,5*.,) and 
 
 Meeklenhurs-Strelitz (populnticn in 1,88; 118 ;-l 
 1^1)0, 9r,07''<)- 'I'lio house of Meeklcnbiirf; ci.ainis 
 to he descended from (Jenseiic the Vandal, wlio 
 ravaged the western empire in the 5th centurv, 
 and died 477. During the Tliirtv veins' war .Meek.! 
 li'libnrg was conquered bv Walleiist'eiii, who became 
 Its duke. i()28; it was restored to its own duke, 
 1030. After several changes the govi 1 rimont was 
 settled in 1701 as it now e.vists in the (»,, liranches 
 ot Schweriii and Stivlitz. In l-^i 5 the dukes were 
 made grand dukes. The dukes piined the new 
 North German confederation hy treaty, 21 Vu" 
 1866. • . ) - D- 
 
 OH.yND-DrKE.s OK MKcKi.ENniMin-senwFnix 
 1815. brederie-Ki'iincis I.; ili,.,l 7 llarrli ,8,2 
 i34i. Freilerie-Kraneis II.; liiirn -jg fih. ,823; ,lie,l 15 
 
 18S3. Freilnic'-Kraneis III. sou, born ,0 March. iSs, 
 died ,„ April, .397 ; bis l,i„il„.,', duke .liiliann 
 Albreebt recent diiriii- tl,,' ,i,ii,„ritv of the 
 b.'ir; dnUe trederie VVilhelm, lialf-brollier to 
 the regent, aeeideiitally drowned, 22 Sent. 
 1897. ' 
 
 Heir: Fred. Francis Michael, born ,; April, 1S82. 
 
 riUANtl-niKKS OK MEi'Kl.Ksniimi-STHFLITZ 
 
 1815. Charles; ilii'il 6 Nov. i,Si(. 
 ,816. (Jeorge, bon, ,, Aiif,'. ,77,: died 6 Sept. ,860. 
 i860. Fieilcrie \\ilbam, born ,7(),-t. ,8,g ; inarried prin- 
 cess Augusta of Cambriil^'e, 28 ,luiie :84i 
 Heir: his son, Adolplms-Fiederic, lierii 22'julv 
 1848. ■ ' 
 
 The rnval family of Kn^dan..! is intimateh- allied 
 with the leiuse „r .\hrUfiil,im,-litrctilz.' King 
 l.ci.rf,'c III. married Charlotte, a daughter of th" 
 duke, in 170, : their s.m, lli.'dukei.f Cumber- 
 land (atterwards king ,,r llanuver) married 
 linneess trcderica Caroline, a daughter of the 
 duke, lu 1815. 
 
 ^. m 
 
 m 
 
 
 3 
 
 Mis I 
 
 'il 
 
 m-% 
 
 m 
 
 m^^ f 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
 
 1 V f !■ ' 
 
 Jkl 
 
 1 
 
 h 
 
 Il ' I. ,«e-Ji 
 
'-^- »«■ 
 
 w imi 
 
 
 w 
 
 it'ii 
 
 pi'! 
 
 
 .MEDALS. 
 
 no 
 
 MKDUN. 
 
 
 MEDALS, >ei' yiimliinnlieii. The niioiont 
 moduU n"<i'inlilr(l iiicilnlliKiiH. MmliTii niciliiU 
 bogan iibout l|;? ill till' iSlli I'C'irui-y willi lli" 
 works of Vitlcin l'i-;iiii), iif Vci'iiiii, wli'i ilii'il 
 1456, mj lli* |..llovrri. ('imilri I. nntlinr- 
 iliid .,■ prcsciitatioTi ol II liailni' m- m iliil l'"r : 
 "forlurii lin]p h" w,:(l iTi Miiy, Kq.V 'Hio li'HH'' 
 of rommnii* i,-nhi(l l(i (,"""' rcwiird* ciiiil ir.cihiU 
 t) the tlctt wIkwc otlliri-H (llhilic, Mmik, T' nil nil. I j 
 l,(iw-<(i'i) iind iiii'ii •;iiiiic'd 11 irlnriiius \irl..ry f>>rr 
 tho I),ii. h fit' 'f, nifllii'T.M 1, ill K-vV llliil.f'M iiinlul 
 of lOji wiirt bouft'il liy lii^ iimjcsiy, Williiiin IV. f.ir 
 IJO Kiiiiirna, In H''/-' mm net wmh piisscd Im' ii|i]dy- 
 ing till,' lentil imrt id llii' I'riii'ii'da nf p|-izi'H lur 
 mednl.H nnd nllicr i-i'\v;iidr* tor nlliciTs, miiiiih'Ii, mid 
 nmrini.'.'i. Siili<i'i|ui'nt (o Lm-d Ilnwr's victory, 
 I Jiin", t7f)4, it WHS lliniuht rxiiodii'Ul tn iiisliliitr' 
 n nnv;il nii'dul. Mrdal-i wiTr slrmlv fur tin' viilin-y I 
 of \Viii(,'rlo(i ; n (,'i'iirriil wiir ini'iliil (loi; tin' war j 
 171)5-1^14) MMSordi'iTil in I \17 ; mid .iiicriiil nn'dalB | 
 were givrii .iCtcr t'lcCallVi ■anddliinci'i' wiirs. Medals 
 were prixenti'd liy tlic i|iiren tn pevtniis dintin- j 
 Kuinhed in the war in tlie ('riini'ii. l.HMay, 1H5:;, | 
 Jlediils were (liven to iiretii' \oyap'r'< of I^Tv''' '" 
 1S77 ; lifter Kf.'\|itian war, iSXJ, distriluiteil liy llie 
 q'lein nt WiiaN-.r, 21 Nov. l.SHi; leedals fur the 
 Suuihin war, unh red, 2 S. pt, I.SS5 ; a lliiruiali medal 
 was given lur the war. I.SX^.7. ' (ol. Katmi exlii- 
 hiteil 1000 iiiedaU in Xew lUmd-strcet, May, l.SHu. 
 St'O Vuioiiii ('/■linn. 
 
 fi«(«<V 1/ ■""'"'"■'■' f"""''d In the sprla,;; nf iF^i bv the 
 
 linn. r. W. Fivinantlr, lll■pal,v•lliM^tl■l■ .iC llie Mint, ' 
 
 presiclint, sir Fi.'.l.'i i.U l,,i;;litMn iiinl ollaT«. 
 Jalah'i I'll ilesi^;nei| liv sir KieilnieU I.eljihtiai, 
 
 r.H.A., Issmil. 
 A list ipf military an.l imvnl lals is-lvin In H7n7ii/,fi-',i 
 
 Almiiriitrh- in iHr-ri. 
 General Kieil. Urine pessessi's a line cnlliotlnn (if war 
 
 liii'ilals which he has cxliiliiteil. 
 New military incilal for ti ps employed la W. Al'rlen, 
 
 i387-gi, repnrtc'l i .Nov. ifiyj. 
 "Nunihniata l.caalinenNla, " cililed hy Charles Welch, 
 
 with photocmiihs, iStji. 
 Diainoiiil Jnhilce mcihils in fohl, silver, and bronze 
 
 tssUKil hy the mint, .Iniie, ruy. 
 
 MEDIA, n prnviiiee of tlio Assyrian empire, 
 revolted, 711 11. f. Jts ihionido'.'y is doubtful. 
 Arlmees, repnteilfoiinilernfthe rnonareliy aUoiit n r. 843 
 
 Succeeth-.i liy ei;.'lit kinns (( lifius), la- l.y loiir 
 
 (Hemlnhi-). 
 Deioees, fimiiiler of Ke'i'itana, rel^'lis . . . . 709 
 Phriiortes.or .\rplia\ail, nii-'iis ■. (he conquers Persia, 
 
 Anaeniii. ami other eoniitries) .... 656 
 
 ■Warlike rel;.'ii of I'ya.vaies 63»-J>M 
 
 War with liie Lyiliaiis (see IlnlfiA .... 603 
 
 Aiitynf(es reiKus S'H 
 
 Astyages clijiiiseil by Cyrus, who estalilii-hiil the 
 
 empire of Persia (i'7iii'/i .■"■) .... 560 
 
 MEDI/EVAL, BOP Ihirf: Agra. 
 
 MEDICAL ACT. kop Jfedir/il Coinicil nnd 
 Jtoynl A VIII II Mulicul ('w/in. 
 
 MEDICAL A S S f ) C I A T I O X, Tliii ish, 
 founded in 1H52 tor the iiromotioii of medical science 
 and the niainienmice ot the honour of the medical 
 profession. It holds annual nieetin'.'s at dillerent 
 jilnees in the Viiited Kinjjdoin, and jniblishes the 
 Jlritish Miiliitil Joiininl weekly. M(C iiifrs in 
 London, 1873. l.^oo nieiiibers ; July. 1X1)5; 
 ilontrc'al,30 Aug. l8')7 ; Kdinburgli, 20 July, 189.S. 
 
 MEDICAL BENEVOLENT COLLEGE, 
 Bo^al (Epsom), ojieiud in 1X5!; by the prince 
 consoit. It provides an asyluin for "20 |)ensioners 
 male nnd female ; nnd 40 foundation scholars (son? 
 of medical men) are fed, clothed, and euueuted. 
 
 MEDICAL CONdUESNEH, Intcrtnii,,, 
 
 have hccii held at I'aris, |M(i7 ; Kl,,n i,,.,,^ |j,,"' ■ 
 Vienna, iM7,? ; HnH'-els, 1X75; (b una,' iv-1'.' 
 Ainsterdmu, l>i7'i; London, 3.1) .\ii,;ii»i, ,sV|' 
 ('opelllne^eil, 10 ,\iiir. I.'<H4; Wiishlirjteii. ^.loj,,., 
 |M,H7; Merlin, 4-1) .\ng. {Xifi; ItMnc, h) Mnll 
 lSi)4; Mo-eow, II) .Wi. 1N117. 
 
 MEDICATi COrXCIL. The MulaM \„ 
 
 iSyS, "111 ri ijulate the qualilicaliom i,f ,,|;i,.[ 
 tio'iiers ill medicine and siirj;ci\ ;" wa, ;iniiii|i|!,'. 
 ill IH Kj, and an iiiipirtiint iimtiiilim nt act, «ii|,. 
 drawn 25 July, I'^^^l, pisseil i,ssi,. it ,,,.|[ 
 blished 'Mlie ('idlcral Council ol Meilii ,,1 |ji'„! 
 rati 'U nnd liejisiralion of the Ini',,! Kiir." 
 doiii." The Uoval CoUcj'cs of I'liv.iiiini* ,.,",1 
 Siir^eons form a roiijniut eXiiniiiiinj 1, it'i 
 The tirst niectill'.' nf 'ibis e nunil IhiIj ,,'|,,|'|'. 
 
 23 Xi 
 
 iSsH, when 
 
 11. ('. llriHli/ 
 
 elected llrst iircsident (who on 30 Nnv. wamlii>,,( 
 president of llie lioynl Sorji'tv' lie w,H»\ifi|.,,i,,j 
 ipy .Mr. J. il.lircen in June, ■. 'i\\ bv |ir. (■> ',■„ 
 H'tirrows, Jail. |S(.|; bv Mr. lie , no. Kilwnril I "t 
 in 1.S70; ami b\ |ir licnrv Wiiilworth .\.|iaii: H, 
 IS74; Mr. John Marshall in jS^;, ,||,,| l,^ ' j^. 
 Uichard (Juaiii, hart., ill I.Sijl. Th^ timt Mi.li.al 
 Ucirister was issued in July, iSvi. In \%i i],,, 
 e.ililieilwiis iucorporaleil by parliaiiieiit, im,! ,iyii|,„. 
 rised to prepare and . II a new I'lianii!ir.i|i..ii| 
 
 wdiich was puldished as the '• lirilish I'lmnii I 
 
 pieiii," in 1W14. New edilioiis have iip!ii';iri..l siiire, 
 
 MEDICAL SOCIETY OF LONIiOX, 
 
 foiinded 177,1. Ih.yal Medical and (.liir\ii;ii,ii 
 Society, louiidcd lJ"'ii5. 
 
 MEDICI FA.^IIT-Y, the restorer!, of];:, „. 
 lure mill the hue arts in llal\, were chiif. „f 
 sii/iioi'i of the republic of Florence fnaii Ijjj, m 
 which year Cosiuo de' .Mi'dici, who haf lun 
 haiiishid fioiii the repubHc, was rei alliil anil iiiaiie 
 its eliiif; he ruled b.r thirty years. Loirnzn ilf- 
 
 Medici, styled " the Maeiiiliielii,'' and tl K;itii, r 
 
 of I.etter.s," rub d Klorejice fnnii 14(10 to ||,;, 
 Oiiivanni de' Medici (pope l.eo \.) wm il,,. si.n ,1 
 I.oienzo. /'usnii . Kiniu i^(ii)ti. 1737 Ilic Mnijij 
 faiiiily wi re hereditary );raiid dnkcs i.f Tiisianv 
 (irliicli me), t'attarina de' .Mcilici became qiacii n'f 
 I''raiic(. in 1:147, and ie;:eut in 15^.1. .She ]i!.,itia 
 with the duke of Alva to destroy the l'l■^itl^talll^ 
 in 15'iv 
 
 MEDICINE, see rhimc. sml rhiisltmi^. 
 
 MEDINA (.\rabia Meserta), fanmus f.r the 
 tomb of .Nlalionict. in a lar,:;.' moMiiic, lii:liti'il W 
 rich lamps. Medina was called the C'ily . f tli'i' 
 I'ropliet. Iieeause her(. Mahomet wasprotecii'ilalifn 
 he tU.d from Mi.cca, 15 Jiilv, (i22 ; see Hipn. 
 Medina was taken hy tlie Wahaliccs in 1804; re- 
 taken by the pucha of Kirypt, l.Sr.S. 
 
 MEDINA. liolHira country. Africa, n liingilnm 
 annexed to Liberia by iniiscnt, annnunciil Ftb. 
 IiS.So. It is rich in b.rests and .VlViian [mHluit,*, 
 with gold, iron, and other minerals. 
 
 MEDINA DE , KIO SEC.'O (Vallniloliil. 
 
 Sjiain). Hero liessieres debated the SimiiiatiJi, 
 15 July, 1808, 
 
 MEDIOLANUM, sec Mihm. 
 
 MEDIUM, see SpiritKalism. 
 
 MEDUN. near Podgoi-itzn, Eumpcin Tiirlior. 
 In a ravine here, the Turks, under MiilimiiJ 
 I'acha, were severely defeated by the Montl'm'grins, 
 14 Aug. 1876. 
 
MKKANEE. 
 
 7U iMELllurUNE ADMIN iSTltATIUXK 
 
 iliml mill Lliir,n:u,l 
 
 lie, Bill! Thijiitimi. 
 
 si'rtii), Ciimnuii fnr the 
 rui' in"-i|iii', liir)iti.i !:v 
 cmHciI till' City .1 till' 
 iinrt wiis|irnti'cicil»lifn 
 ilv, (>22 ; si'i' Ui'iin. 
 \\ iili.ilii'is in iRu; te- 
 t, l.SlX. 
 
 riti'v, .\fiir,'i, ft kinjiloin 
 isfiif, iiiiiiouni'ul Feb. 
 mill AlViLim proJuits, 
 lini'niN. 
 
 > SEC;() (Valliulcliil, 
 uCiiilfJ the Sinuiiarili, 
 
 itzii, Eurnponn Tiirter. 
 'iirks, uiiiltT MiilinuiJ 
 ■A bv the Montfui'griiii, 
 
 MFEAN'K'" '"'" ll<'l""''li'''""i niii'iuntliig to 
 * 'ii'ililnin, witli IS Ki'l"" ii'i.l 51KX) nivulry, 
 
 IP'*. 
 
 f.iiiiiiihililr iMPtitiuii 111 Nliiuiiii', 
 
 1 1 ,ir t'lwi'"' Niil''''''> ^*"'' ^''<J" ""^^" "i ull 
 
 ir 
 
 1*.^'' 
 
 ,„VvkMii. Ill Miiy, iN.s;-; wi' /(.■'.'(«. 
 jIKii.T-UiA, •If ""'■'•■/i», 1H71. 
 MEOAFiOl'OLlS, M 'ify nl' Anailin, f..iiiiiliil 
 
 |;j til tliii Miiiiiliiiiiiiiii'. liaviiiK jiiiiml till' 
 iVkaii I.i'iif.'"'' 2.(4 H <■•. it wiiH iiiUi'ii anil pliin- 
 JLjlivClfiiiiii'iii'-' <'•' I'^l""''"' 222 11. c. It wii- 
 Isitlv ri'Kloreil 2JI, liiit Kruilimlly iln 11;, uil. 
 
 Itoriii'tlii'i'sraviitliiiiM I'liirli'il mi I'm' tin' Itrititili wl 1 
 
 jlMti'iiliVy"! AlliiiH. iiiiiiiy ilisriiv.'ili'S wi'ii' iiiii'l. , 
 
 L'l'ilJintlli' »lll' III' II I'^K'il llll'lllll', II llllllUlllS WlMi 
 
 |„iiH, i.niiiiiii'"'«. i'"' • ii'l.mli'il April, iHi;,.. An 
 ireiiiiit <if tliii i'Xi.'iivi;tU)ii» will* piiiilmlii' 1 liy Jlr. 
 trwt A. tliinliifr, iB^j. 
 
 VKliAPHONl'l, II f'l'l'i "f ti'li'plioiii' (/t''(/c/( 
 ■ j, iliiJiitiil liy Mr. 'I'. A. Kili.'-uii, lui' the u.-u ol 
 jllt'ilwl; iiiiliiiiiiii'i'il I'^^r'*^- 
 
 MEGARA, II I'il.v "' iiiii'ii'ii' Irci'i'i', WIS suli- 
 Iwln'tlii' Alliiiii'iii!- ill till' Hill I'l'iitiiry li 1 . 
 ifrfirb sii|ip"''"*''il I' I'l'Viilt, 44.S "''' '*''"' Ali'ti'i- 
 Ifjiiifurailiil U\/;iiiliinu ''.ir I'.i ■ -Mrt,':ir.i lii'iiiini' 
 ,(„.,., ilv jo;, ii'lliljiiiiii'il Ull' Aihiriui l.r;i,L;iii', 2.);, 
 IjiiH'iitii'i'ri'iillii i'"l"'i.V, di''^ 111. 'I'la' Mr.Hill'liili 
 I trislir nr ilispiiliiti'iiii-) (ii'liiHil III' pliilii''iipliy \vii» 
 JjjjinltJby kurliil .iml tjiilim, iiiitivi's ul' .Mi'^'.ini. 
 
 JIEHADroiiK m- IMaHKIU'oUK (W. Imlin). 
 
 ll'rr sir 'I'luniiiin lli.^l'p iiiiil .-ir Jiilm Mali'nlin 
 
 Idiati'ii llio Miilii'attiis uiiili'i' Hulkar, 21 Di'i'. 1K17. 
 
 MEINIXGEX COURT (JUMl'AN Y. Sec 
 
 lumlir J/»i/fi'i».' Jiii(i;/-/tiiii. 
 
 HEISTEIISINUKRS, «i'o Miiniesimjcra. 
 
 MELANKSIA, Smilh-wi'iit I'lU'ifie Isli's. Tlii' 
 Irci.J.I.'. l'atti'.''iiii v^iiii '1 sii' Ji'liii), hiini i^2', was 
 |(in*criti'il inissiMiiiiry liislmp iM' Mrlaiii'sia. lie 
 Lrithi'rt'V. ,1. Alkiii wi'ii' imirilrriil at tlii' ii-li' ot 
 ISjiitii Cruz, 0111' "I till' QiH-'i'iiChai lilt ti'j;uiiip, li\ tlu' 
 Initiu's, Sr|it, liS;i, it i- siipposi'il in ri'vi'ii^r fur 
 |l!|..' kidmiii|iiii{r iwtivw t'H' sluvi's t'ur Hin'Liislaiul 
 inJ till' Hji isU's, a iiu'asiire which thu bishop 
 |Mmsi'lf stri'iiumisly opp'isL'il. 
 
 MELAZZO (W. Sidly). Hero (iaribalili, on 
 
 [20,21 July, l8(x), ilil'iatt'il tlii' Ni'apuUlaii.i miiliT 
 tdienl liiisi'ii, wliii lii.-it iibimt (lOO iiii'ii ; GanbalUi's 
 Iiss Will;' iIj;. Till' latti'i- I'liti'ivil Mi'asiiia ; ami 
 IwijoJuly II oinivi'iitiiui was Hi;,'in'il, liy whicli it 
 Mi sottk'il tliiit till' iNi'iipulitan tinopa wiTf to 
 kit Siiily. Tlii'y la'lJ the cituilcl of Alcsuiuu till 
 BjiLirch', 1801. 
 
 MELBOUKNE (Austniliu) cnpital of Viitorin 
 VAich m). It \v;is I'liiMuk'il by J. 1'. FawkeniT, 
 KAug, 1X35; ami laid out as a town by orili'i' ol 
 ■it 11. llourkt', ill April, l.\(7. Tlii' Hr.-it"laiul sale 
 xik |)liii;i' ill June, anil spi'ctilation toiitinufil till 
 It Ciiumil wiik'-spri'ail iii.solvi'iicy, in 184I-2. 
 ™ulation ill 1.S51, a^.ocw; dSiji, 491,378. 
 
 pleaimiiiitiiMl I'uriioratimi, 1841'; a liislmprie . 1847 
 first Irsisliitivcassi'iiililj 111' Vii'tiiria mi'i'trt . . 1852 
 
 1 1.lf'iiiiiilin(!ii'atiiliaiiiliiim' iiliinit 80 mill's fi'uiii 
 i Millmumc ill till' aiitaiiiu of i8i;i, ami immi'ime 
 i iiuiuinra iif t'liiiKiiinls lliii'lii'ii tliiTii ill riiiisf- 
 
 qufiii'e, causing nil I'lmrmiius rise in the priei's of 
 [l.nivwloiiaaiiiU'liitliiiiL- „ 
 
 'J icily Kix-atly iiuiiruvea with publie buildings, 
 I toilsome shops, 4c jQjj 
 
 Till' Vli't"i'lii liiiik, lliilliii'iit, limki'ii ii|«'i), si'f • 
 
 I4,l'>i', 111 himii'N mill j.«i iiiiii'i's ill v:.i|i| iluii 
 iiirii'il mr|..iii' lit till' iiiIiIh'Ik «,h U\\^< n 111 Kii.t 
 laii'l. ni'iit li.ii'k tn .Mi'lliiiiiriii', iiinl tlun' lri<'il 
 
 ami liiiii^i'ill iO>\. if,<,t 
 
 lull. r..lty t'ciiiii'li'il li^ 
 
 MmiMlir iiii'i'tiii>( lirlil at llulliirnt ri'.4| • .'liii;^ |}ie 
 I "ll.'i Ihni ul' till' uul.l lir.'iH'i'i., riillii«. .1 l.y ciiiM, 
 iluiiiu wlilili till' .Soiiilii'ni Ciu^s tliinw.it iiiiiwtl: 
 I'll'iMiitli'ii u| till' mlllliiry ; .."■ riuti'i's iiicl lhit« 
 Hulilii'ix killiil, ami many wuiiii.|i.il . 1., .Nov. „ 
 
 'I'll', nnviir .< tu l.miilun 1 uiKraHilal'' tJx 
 
 ipn 1 n ull III.. Ill irilii^'i' uf tlir pi ;iii.|.m« 1'u\,i| . itr,f. 
 Iii|..|i uluiiiil i.MiilMliuii u|ii mil . . . I'^Di-t. i:)t,h 
 .\iiii il . t thr 'liiki' lit KiliiiliiiiKh . . .'J .Nov. t'y». 
 iiivii |i li.,|.u|.,. si't lip at till' Ulwi'i'Vatury cmly ill y.ih^ 
 ■f,i..(iiiv rii>.il Imiiil . . , , I ) Jlim'li, i«7» 
 liiti'imitjiiiiiil |.\lilliltliiii iipeiii'il I'y till' m'li'jni.t "f 
 
 Niiriiiiiiliv , .... I iVL idiW 
 
 Iili.'i-t i.iilway ti- ' .ilii : 'mpliii.l . .Imi.-, iaa.5 
 (.'nili'iiiirv i\lil"ii.mi lu v<- 1 rati' I ho I'uiinilaiint <it 
 .\rw S..111I1 \.\\.-i eiiluii; p.'iiiil liy sir Iiiiil^- 
 Hruiulium '. ii'li. ilii.iiiiv.ri ..i Aii«. i8a;~ii.)aii. iOT«^ 
 il'riil iiii'iliii'. Ill vippurl Imp 'ill lii.Htitiiii' , ,M»y, „ 
 tHi'iii liri' 111 .'(ill, 'I I street. .- '.ivuu'ii kill. I. hwi 
 
 III. .lit .'u .,i>j ■. . . . . 1 ;."l|')lt. .„ 
 
 Mi'i'lilU uf .VllK.' 'lilnil lll'li'-.LI.'ll ri'KIHM'lilu' llll! 
 
 Ii .1. rill lull (noo . i.ii.'... .',1 , . ti-i.| >'(!*. la^ 
 liii'iil strlUi' 111' iiHo. I'liil iiii'ii I'liipluyi'il 111 >)ii|)- 
 
 piii;^ emUH'Oti'il .vitli tlio marliii' IinKui'latimi, 
 
 aliuul 1 \iu. „ 
 .\ 111. i. Ill 111' I'liniliiyi'i's fiU'iiii'il, 4 ISi'pt. i pl. II' > >»/ 
 
 Iri'i' lull iiir II .'sVjit. „ 
 
 (liailiial ri'.siimptl.ili uf wiirk ; eliil uf Hh' .sirikej 
 
 III iiui'i'.! Ml a iiiai-^ mii'tiii..; . . 14 Vnv. ^ 
 
 Til.' iii-w .Vhulii'iiii I'iillii'.liiil ruiisi'Orati'il t.jj.iii. i3j^ 
 lii'^tiiii'lisi' i.viilt'iw uf till. Varra-Yiirra ii\\\ii;t la 
 
 liiiu y raiinalimil 1 1 .Inly, 1/ .<i./. ; lliiiii|.i milniili' ; 
 
 ij... V,'. siilirti'rilii'il fur siilfrri'is , ^ijijy. ^ 
 Till. St'imlai'il lliii.U uf Australia ittupH jiayiuciii ; 
 
 tiiiipurary imiiii' ' j lli'i-. „ 
 
 fill' iiiw ;;ri'iil West. Ill iluek opeiiiil liy lunl lluin'. 
 
 tuiiii I'.. .M.iri'h, 189* 
 
 j;. /I... Ill III ,i:Hi-i!rr: Krclcriok Itailov lii'i'iiiiiij,'(iiliii« 
 
 .Mlii'it (lliver Williams), '.li.'il fur tlio miinli'/nf 
 
 Kiiiily Mallii'i- wlium lie iiiiuiii'il nl \.\\i\-\ttS 
 
 1; III 1.. ami liruii;,'lil tu .Viistiiilia i, l.i.r-,»i)/. 
 
 miir.l.'ii-.l at Wimlsur iioiir Milliunrn.. ,il»iiii. 
 
 25 Itee. 1891 ; cuiivleteilaS Ainil 2 May; 1 v.-nili'ii 
 
 - 1 Way, M 
 
 III was stiiti'.l that In Kili, iS.^i, li' n.'jrrii'ii 
 Miiiii' .laini'S. wont with hor tu ."<y 'lioy, Ain^ 
 wa> till 10 omivioti'.l lit trainl lii'i.- j; tliat 
 111' tuul< liiiih.'iiii Villa, Itiiiiiliill. iiiiir Wj.lmii, 
 I.aiii'ii^hit... Kii.'lanil, 2\ .liil>', ii,i; itinl 
 ilr 1.. iiiui'iloio.l hi.s will' ami fuiir olul.ln'm 
 111". lit jf), ."7 July, 1891 ; ho was eliiir;j.'.i wilj, 
 till' iiiiirilors, liy tlio venliet of the o...iiijj, fa 
 .jury, jS .Mareli," 1892.] 
 liostniotivo •sturm, I ileath . . .15 March, iBqS 
 '>i. Patrick s K. c. cithi'ilml cmisooiiitoil ji Oct. iSjg 
 llri'it till', ji tiiiililii .s^iilloil, Klizaliolli-st., Kliii- 
 
 iloi ■.-liiiii', I'stim.il.'.l liiss, i,.i «.,,. , ,/. . iiNnv. „ 
 Kxtroiiio lio:it, iiiaiiy ilo.illis, biisli llios, iviiurliiil 
 
 Fell. »39« 
 Bee VUtor'm. 
 
 MELliOURNE ADMIXISTRATIONB. 
 
 On the retiri'ini'iit of rai'l liny, i) Julj, l>in, 
 viscount Meliiuurno * bcoiiine first iiiiiiisioi' at' tjK 
 ci'own. III July. When viscount Althni'i) htams 
 eai 1 S|)i'iu'ei', on hiu lather's iloooaso. Jvuv". sxma 
 year, lunl Melbourne waiteil on the kiiii: to ttvtivtt 
 his majesty's eoniiiiaiiil as to the aii|ioiiitiiii'nt of a 
 now clianeellor of the Kxcheijuer, w hen hLs tuajcahf 
 saiil he consiilereil the mliiiinistratimi al an imi. 
 Sir Robert Peel sneeeeileil, but was eui .polled (•!<»- 
 sif;ii in 1835, nnil lord Melbmirne i-etiiriieil tuoj&oe. 
 j His adnuiii.stration tinally ti riuinatoil, 30 Aiij(. 
 1841, sir Robert I'eel again eoniing into pi/uei-; aae 
 AitiniitktiatioHS. 
 
 ' Wui. Lamb, bom in 1779; bcoamc M.P. fur Wmk- 
 
 liiiiister, 1812; seorotary fur liohiml. 1827; suirceokKl his 
 I futiicr us Yiseuuut Melbuuruc, 18^8 ; died, 24 Nov <2^ 
 
 'W- 
 
 '■^tl'.^ 
 
 
 41 ,,,. r 
 
 I' 
 .i..-"i( 
 
 
 %w: 
 
 i lJ ! %? 1 -"_iJi..iiiJ 
 
MELEGNANO. 
 
 712 
 
 MENAt STHAIT. 
 
 m " ^ J ' 
 
 f9' ' ' ■ 
 
 
 !■} 
 
 riRST AUMINISTIIATICIN. July, 1S34; ITSlgllfd 
 
 Nov. 1834. 
 Viscdimt Mi'lliimi'm>..rfis/ Imil of the treasiiri/. 
 Marnuis nf Limsihiwin', Innl jirvtiitlcnt. 
 Ivirl Mll]n\:t\v, inirii fi'iil. 
 Vi> on It AUhnrp, r'lniiinlhirnftlirexrhniiirr. 
 Vis iMt DiMii'iiiuinii, visi I I'mIiimtsIi'Ii. aiiilT. Sjiriiif; 
 
 Hiri' (iilli'ittMrils Iniil Mcmti'Mglc), liifiiu;/i)reiijii, (iiiil 
 
 i-nl,,„i,,l .■<,;',rl,'rirs. 
 Li'lil .\iiiU1;iimI, ("ImimHil. 
 Mi: t'liMili's lir.iiit (iilti'iH-.-mls Icnl OlfiU'lK). niiil Mr. C. 
 
 r. TliiiiiiSHii (Ml'tiTwanls lonl Svileiilmin), buiinU u] 
 
 r'liitrol 1111,1 tri'ilr. 
 I. lid Jnhii lliissi'll, pinnnoslrrnf the forces. 
 I.M-.I Hr.iM',-lMlil, l..nl ,li,i,i,rlh,r. 
 .SirJolm Ilnlpliniisi', Mr. Kllice, iiianiui.s of Ccinvngliaii., 
 
 Mr. Littk-toii, «S;o. 
 
 SKClIND AIiMlXISTti.tTInN-, Ajiril. 1835. 
 
 Tisi-oiiiit Mcll«iiinic.,ri/.s( /.ill/ ..fllir (/iii.-io'i/. 
 
 Wuniiii.s of l.iiiisiliiwiii', 1,111! pirsiilejil. 
 
 Visciiiiiil Diini'iiiiiiiiii, i:rir!i sen!, mill vimls uHd foresli 
 
 (.Mici'i'cilril liy i-m] nl'i'lMiviicldii, Jan. 1840), 
 T, Siiring liic'i', I'h.niirlli.r of the cxcheijiier (.siRM-ciMleil Iiy 
 
 Knmcis T. liiiriiitt, Mi^. 1840). 
 ].,oiil Jiilm liii.ssi'U. home seerettirii (mn'im- \ei\ by niiinii i . 
 
 (if NoniKiiiliy, Aug. iSjg). 
 Vi.>(('ouiit l'aInifrshpii./(i/r/;/j) serretorii. 
 Lonl (ili'ni'l;;, eolioiiiil freirlurii (sui'ci'cili'il liy niiiriiii;.i 
 
 (if Xdiiiiiniliy, Fell. 1831); lord Joliii Kusscll, .Viif.-. 18)9). 
 Vi-sccniiit II(,i\viik, sereeliirij-iit war (.suecirilud liy T. JJ. 
 
 Jlaoiniliiy. Sc|it. 1839). 
 fj mi Aiickliiiul, i!c;wi/-((/(i/(succi;edeil by earl of Minto, 
 
 ^<(Tt. iSis). 
 Mil .biliii V. Ildblioiise, hoard of control 
 (.'. I'dulctt Tlidiiisdii, («idrr/ oftniile (sueceedod by Henry 
 
 l.abiiucliciv, Aug. 183Q). 
 I.diil iIdlliiii(l.c/i»iiri7/d/-ii/(?iii'/ii/,i//,(!)'cosfcr(suc(.Tedeil 
 
 by earl (if Clarciiddn, Oct. 1840). 
 Tlie cliancclldisliip in ciiiiiini.ssidn ; sirC. Ti-pys (after- 
 wards lord Cdttenliani), betanie lord chuneellur, Jan. 
 
 JS36. 
 
 MELEGXAXO, see Jr,inr/ji«no. 
 
 MELENITE. a new explosive invented liy M. 
 
 Turiiin, a French clieniist ; approved liy the French 1 
 
 ■\Var Minister, Dec. i8H(). Several persons killed i 
 
 by an e.xjilosion of this material at beltort. ! 
 
 Hy an expldsidii of nicK'nite at Uonrgi.-s fonr work- ' 
 
 men were killed 10 Uct. 1890 ! 
 
 The iiirJiiiite aniidol, notice by tlie cliainlier nl 1 
 
 dejiuties, May, June, iSgi. M. Tnriiiii and 
 
 eajitaiii Tri|idiie siiiteneed lo iiiiiuisdiiiiicnt, I 
 
 exile and lilies for receiviiij.' iiiiiney for coiiiiiiiini- ] 
 
 eatioiis respccliiig iiicliiiite lo foreigners, 17 June, 1891 1 
 
 MELFI (.\pulin, S. Italy) was nearly destroyed 
 by an em tlujuake, 14 Aujj;'. 1851 ; about (xx) persons 
 perished. ', 
 
 MELODISTS' CLUB, founded iu 1825 by 
 admirers of Dibdin ; prizes were oH'ered. 
 
 MELODllAMA, in which dialo-nc is mter- 
 sper.sed with music, be^an in Gei'many in tlie l8th 
 eentury, ami was introduced her«! by Thomas liol- 
 eroft. 
 
 MELORA or Meloiua, a small isle in thf 
 Mediterranean, near whic' in,' I'isan fleet defeated 
 the Genoese, in 1241, captiirinp: many l)isho]is jjoin;.' 
 with niiich trc.isnre to 11 1 duncil. The total destrue- 
 liun of the I'isan licet im (> Au^'. 1284, by the 
 Genoese near the same nlac ■. alter a most sanguinary 
 rnntlic', was edn.~idered tt --m the just puiiishmont 
 of their imjiiety. 
 
 MELOS (now Mile), one of the Cvclades in tlie 
 
 .^"wan sea, early coldiiised by ■'.■• Spartan?. 
 J'lirinfr the I'ddjidnnesian war the Melians 
 
 ndhered to .Sjiarta. ill tlie island was ennrured, . ,„. ^ 
 
 alter seven inontlis' siege, by the Athenian.-,, who Ktcidiensou and Fairbairn iu l84(J-50; see JnWif 
 massacred all the men and sold the women and liridgvs. 
 
 children as slaves, 416 It.c. A sta'e of \ 
 found here in 1820, was jilaced in tlie Lcuviv. i"''~' 
 Many statues, etc., discovered by exeiviti,,i 
 
 1' "ted • . ', ji.ij;- _.^ 
 
 ^ ar E 31 B E R S OF P A ]{ L T \ Mi' V r 
 
 (ClIAlitiKS AM) Au,KOATI()\s)A('T ! 
 
 I,^ Aug., 1H88. See under lixUiml ami IWiliu'll 
 
 MEMEL, an important eoiniaercial ,,„, 
 Prussia, built aliout 12,2 by tlie l.ivi.ni'in ,,."1"' 
 It was fdrtitieil by the Teutdiiic kiii^li'.* , ,' 
 It was almost totally destroved bv iliv ', f,'' 
 1S.S4. • • • ■* ^•■ 
 
 MEMXONEIUM or KAMKsiqiix (Th„i 
 
 ligy]it),tlietirst Kgyptiaii "K'Uari li— 44;.;, 7;,„„,| ,'' 
 the tomb of Osymandyas, aecdnliic,' ti'i'l)i,,,j, |.,' 
 ndw Cdiisidered to be that of Kaiiieses 111 .,' '"' 
 1200, llniiiacli. '' "'- 
 
 MEMORIAL HALL, see li„hpn,j„„.^ 
 
 MEMORY, sec Mnemonics. 
 
 MEMPHIS, an ancient eitv of Kiviit ■-,,< 
 which the very ruins are stiipeiiildus"'i,~is g.iij ,' 
 have been Iniilt by Menes. It inclm'lcu sever,! 
 grand tcniiiles with the tonilis of the kiii". 
 The invasiiin of t'ambyses, 525 11. c., becaii tl". 
 ruin of .Memphis, and tlie fdumlinir of Ale.\iiii,lri'' 
 3,52, completed it. It was restored bv .Sei'itiimi"; 
 Severus,.\.i). 202. In the 7th cciitnrv, uii,iir i^, 
 dominbn of the Saracens, it b'll inin Jniyl 
 Mkmmiis, Tennessee, U. S., on the Mi.^sissipiii.'n.,, 
 taken fiom tlie confederates by the federals alitii 
 severe coiiHict, (1 June, 1802. 
 The cycliiraiiia of Memphis as it iniglit liavea|i|Kiri,I- 
 the depiirtiire (if llic Isr.iclitcs finiii KL'vpt 14 ir,"' 
 painted by Ilcrr Kdiiiiiud l>ciiiig.r. was' cxli;Ui,.,i' , .' 
 Niagaradiall, Westiiiiustcr, ,)aii. i,"u.'. "' 
 
 "MEN OF THE REIGX."bvT. Ilurai.Hn 
 Ward, published 1885. '•Celebrities of the U-n'. 
 tury," by L. C. Sanders, 1887. 
 
 MEX OF THE TIME, a DietinnarvofC,,,,. 
 tem|idraries, first i-ublished 1852: I2tli ei'liij, n, i,, 
 T. Jlnmphry ^Yard, 1887. i ^tb cditimi ".Mm, 
 (did ll'iiiiieii of the Time," eiliti'il l,v G. \V. Jin.,. 
 18(^1. 14th edition by Victor (i. I'la'rr, A|ii!, V.,; 
 — '• Men of Mark,'' printed pb(itiif;ia|ilis,' «j|i 
 biograpbical sketches, by Jlr. T. Cooiier, tw 
 appeared Jan. 187(1. 
 
 MENAGERIE, sec Xoolop,,, Tower. 
 Mr. I'hiiicas Taylor lianiinn's great ineDapTie ,it Pii! . 
 port, (.'oiiiieet'icut, biinit ; agrcat iiiaiiyaiiiiiialsi.i.]" 
 loss about i4<3,<xx)/. 20 Nov. 1SS7. .Mr. ltiiriiiiii!.t;,i,i 
 to have imrcliased the old Woiiiliwi'll's colledin Jai 
 1S8S. i^iv Jhuiium. 
 
 MENAI STRAIT (between tlie -n-elsli w, 
 
 i and the isle of Anglesey). Siiet.iiiius r.uihiiij.. 
 
 i when he invaded Anglesey, transpurtcd liistiiw» 
 
 across this strait in llat-botlonied Iwats, v). In 
 
 ero.ssing this strait, a ferry-boat was lust, and fillr 
 
 persons, eliietlv Irish, 4 Dec. 17S5. The reaii fiwi, 
 London to Holyhead has long been reij.irdod as tl.i 
 highway from the British nielropidis t(i iJulilm; 
 Mr. Telfiird was iijinlied to by the government tv 
 perfect this route liy the l.iinddii and ll.ihluMl 
 mail-coach road, which he did by erecting lieainiiui 
 suspension bridges over the river Conway aiiJ tl.i 
 Menai Strait, eonnnenced in July. iKi.H, tiiiislinii- 
 July, l82j;, oiiened 30 -Ian. l82(). The Diitamiii 
 tubular bridge over the Menai was coiistnn ted In 
 
MENDICANT FEIAES. 
 
 713 
 
 MEKCURY. 
 
 „. . f 
 
 • Kamkseiox (T1„.1,, 
 
 , iicciinliii^' u, l)i,,,i, p,,' 
 t of Kiinii'sus HI,, ;|^„ ■ : 
 
 cut ritv iif Eavm ;-,' 
 stiii>c'ii(l,ius"),iVs;iij ,;, 
 t's. It iinludod MviTu 
 J tomlis c.f tlio kiir. 
 cs, S2.S li.c, lopm ,]„. 
 • imiiuliiii: of Al.'xaiidri 
 s ivstoicl liy Soiitiiuii;; 
 .' 7tli CMiiliirv, uihliT ti,, 
 s, it tVll iiiio (1,., iv... 
 .,011 the Mississii)],i,\vai 
 I's ')>■ thclederalsafttrit 
 
 ,2, 
 
 s it iiiU'lit li!iVfn|,]H-ir,,,],. 
 liti'S IVniii K^y|.l 141.1 i;r 
 IScrill^rl-. \v;is i'.\lii!ji[,,| ..' 
 
 , .):iii. la,.'. 
 
 [E> !i DictiniiiirvofCoii. 
 ll I.S52: L'lii I'liitMi. li 
 <;. i.5tli clitiuii "jiiii 
 
 • cilitcil l,y ti. W. M„„,.. 
 tor ti. I'liiVi', .\]>ri!, i^i,-, 
 lltl'd l)ll(itnj;ra|dls, ivitl; 
 y II r. T. CoojiiT, tw 
 
 (oulnijij, Toirtr. 
 \ Ki'i'iil iiicii.'i-.Tii. at llii!'. 
 j-'n'iit iii;iii.viiiiiiiialsi,.:i.l,: 
 . 1887. .Mr. Diuiiiiiii-tai,.; 
 iV liwolls ci.lifdi'UiJaii. 
 
 I'twcci) tlic ■Wi'l.*li ffij?', 
 
 ). Sui'tnllills r;iu!lliij., 
 
 y, transiMii't'd In- tivf.^i 
 iiltoiiifd h'jiit.<, ^1). Ill 
 -Ijdat was liist, iiiiJIilly 
 c. i7Sy Tlio ronilfroiii 
 nii.a: liccn roifardcd as tl.i 
 
 I iiK'tni|)iilis ti) iJiililiii; 
 .) by the ^'ovcriiiiiuit ;- 
 
 I.oiiduii and lln|\|„'pi 
 iliil liy trc'idiiiir ln-aiiiiiui 
 It' rivcv (.'(iiiwav atiJ ll.i 
 
 II July, iS.lK, ti'iiislmlir 
 . liSid. The liriliimiLi 
 'iiiii was I'oiistni'twl k 
 u lS4c}-5o; sue Iiihhir 
 
 KEVDICANT Flil AES. SovctiI religious 
 Lr^Twiuiin'iH'fd aliiis-bi.'g:giii;r in tlie i jtli century, 
 K poiitili'"''^' "'' li'iioi-ciit III. 'lliey spread 
 r,r.jfim>, and formed many eoninuiiiities; but 
 
 -th bv'ii treiieral cuuneil, lieUl by Urej;ory X. 
 
 'iH ill 1-7-' ^^■'■''''-' reduced to lour orders — 
 fc.mioj'iis. Fraiii'isi'aus, Carmelites, and Au^us- 
 lC 'riie'Ciiimi'liius ami otiiers bnuiehed utf; 
 D'raBf"''""*' *■'•'• 
 
 IllEN'DlCrrY SOCIETY (Red Lion-square, 
 vVu wasi'sluldislied in lSl.*< for the supjiresaioii 
 tiribiK' liogt'ii'i-', '""' other iiniiositioiis. Tiel<ets 
 L'iifJ froiii the society are .niven by subscribers 
 K.-ir?, who "htaiii relief at the society'.-- house, 
 liieiviii?. I" If<.i7- .S4."74 meals;" in iSIki, 
 ki-; ill KS6.i, S-,i.?7; 1" if'72, 2(),,3jO; m i87«, 
 f, -J wire distributed. In IS7<S, 1700 be-iKiiijj 
 J'"'-jivi'K'iiivcsti,a;ated; in 1.S91, l,55M ; in l8i)6, 
 f l',',' ill KSy7, I.'ill. 1,400'. were e-xpended in 
 liid'in l.*)4 ; 1,244/. in 1897; and 1,182 vngraiits 
 ■rriiirirW. (See i'«ft/'.) 'I'he society has been 
 li 1 aiJi-il liy the action of tlie Charity Organiza- 
 T'l, iiiciety;'c8 abhshed in 1870; they agree to 
 :«r,ilo togetluT, June, 1897. 
 
 I MEXDOZA, ill the Argentine ri'imblie, nearly 
 Vjilju'iI bv an carthiiuake, one of the most awful 
 viriJ, 20 March, iSOl : above 7000 persons 
 Itffilit'il. 
 [mE.VIPPEE, sce5«C(Vc. 
 
 JIEXXOXITES, four sects of Dutch, Flemish 
 
 Ijiucniiaii liajiti^s; (k'l-ive their name from Meiiiio 
 lfji,iiij(l505-(il), formerly ii catholic priest, who 
 tame !i teafher and leader of the anabaptist^, 
 [ii.jt 153;, and published his '•True Christian 
 feiief" ill I j.i'i ; sulisci|iieiitly divisions ami changes 
 (jsifj. Tlic .Mcniionitea, d)jectiug to war, emi- 
 irjtftl from rrusaia to Udcssa, to esc-iju; military 
 fcrviio, auil went thence to America, 1878. 
 
 I MENSl'KATIOX. The jiropcrties of conic 
 jttioiiJ were discovered by Arcdiimedes, to whom 
 tii iliii'f ailvanccment in mensuration may be 
 Illritati'd. He also determined the ratio of spheres, 
 IplMDiils, i:c., about 218 ii.c. ; see Arithmetic. 
 lk.l/iN»W(i'i'r, a new machine for the .-olution 
 |f triaiiirli's, was c.vplaiiied by Jlr. W. Mar.sham 
 
 Mm, at the British Association Meeting ut 
 Iriditiiii, Aug. 1872. 
 
 I MENTANA, (near Monte Kotondo, in the old 
 Jufji state.*). Here (jaribahli and his volunteers, 
 ■flcr having intrenched his positions at Monte 
 lotoiiJo 1111(1 Jli'iitana on their inarch towards 
 livoli, on Sunday, 3 Nov. 18(17, ^*'oro totally 
 leldteil bv the pontitical and Frencli troops under 
 Ifwrnls Ivaiizhir and I'idhes, after a severe con- 
 lift, ill whuh general Failly said "tlie Chassepot 
 Bllrs did wonders." There were about 5000 men 
 In Mill side, lint the (iaribaldians were very badly 
 IraicJ. The loss of tlie pajial and French" troops 
 lisabnutaookilledand wounded ; that of (jaribahli 
 pjUtSoo. (jaribahli cros,sed the Italian frontier, 
 bill was arrested at Corrcse, and eveiituallv sent to 
 laiirira (aliout 25 Nov.). fcieo Jioiiir. A r.ionu- 
 ■iiit to the (iaribaldians who fell here was inau- 
 y.ited 25 Nov. 1877. 
 
 hiEXTZ or MaykxcE (S.W. Germany), the 
 luiiiau MoijmitiiiiuiH, built about 13 n.c. Tlie 
 JfhWsimpnc wns ti.imded by Itonifaee, 745. Many 
 teti have been held here ; and here John l''aiis"t 
 fctiblishedii printing prcs, about 1440. A festival 
 limiour of John (iuteiiberg was celebrated here 
 dlSj;, another June, 181 w. ^w I'l-intiiig. Meutz 
 
 was given np to tlie Prussians, 26 Aug. i86(j. 
 J'o])ulation 1890, 72,934. 
 
 MENIT, Ixsthttes of, the very aneii.iit 
 code of India. Sir Win. Jones, who translated them 
 into English (1794), considers their date should be 
 jihiced between llomer (about 9112 n.f.) and the 
 Uoman Twelve Tables (about 449 11. c). 
 
 . MERCANTILE MARINE ACT was passed 
 in Aug. 1850, and amended Aug. 1851. 
 
 MERCATOR'R CHARTS, said to have been 
 constructed by Gerard Mereator or Kaiilfmaiiii and 
 published I.S.Stj, and applied to navigation by Jidward 
 >\ right abort 1599. 
 
 . MERCHANDISE MARKS ACT, passed 
 
 in I8(j2 to imiiish forgeries of trade-marks. Alio her 
 
 act iiassed in 1887; rejiorted elfi'dual, 1890; 
 
 amended l8()l-()4, reported partiallv elleetnal by 
 
 a coniiiiittee, July, 1897. 
 
 At an Iiitirnational Cunlereiice (oi tlio subject of 
 liandiileiit trade maiks. lield iit .Madrid 7-14 April 
 1S90, an iiiiporlaiil convention was a;,'reed to. 
 
 MERCHANT ADVENTUItl^RS' COM- 
 
 1 ANY, established bv the dulie of lirabant in 
 129(1, was e.'itended to Kn.^laiid in llilward III. 'a 
 reign, and was formed into a corporation in 15(14. — 
 The .NIkkch.v.nt-T.wi.or.s, a rirli eonipany of the 
 city of London, of which nianv kings ha"ve been 
 members, were so called after the 'admission of 
 Henry VII. into their companv, l.soi, but were in- 
 corporated in i^iib. Their sciioot was founded in 
 I5(jl. litoir. 
 
 MERCHANT SHIPPING ACT of 1854 
 
 was amended bv actsiia>sediu lS(i2, 1807, 1871, 1872, 
 and 1873. The Act suddeiilv ius<ed 1 5 .\ii-. 1875, 
 gave further power to the" Hoard of Trade for 
 stopping un.seaworlhv ships. Other Acts jia.ssed 
 l87(i, 1880, 18S2, 1.SS3, 188.), 1892, consolidated 
 1894; amended, 1897 and 189S; see Courts uf 
 Hurreij, and t^enimn. 
 
 Loss of life at sea having gr atlv iiieri'ased, a new 
 liill lironght ill liy Mr. .Joseph '(.•liaiiilierlaiii, lire- 
 sideiit of tlie Jl.Kird of Trade, to prevent over- 
 loailin.i;, under-nianning, and over-Insurance, 19 
 Jlay ; withdrawn . , . . j .Jiilv, 
 Ito.val eoniiaissi.ni to ini|iiire into inerelemt shije 
 ping (earl of .Mierdeen, the duke of Kdinl'urgh, 
 .Mr. ,1. Chaintn.rlain, .Mr. Hurt, Mr. H.tireen, .Mr. 
 T. C. liarinn and ei.ght otliers), g.i/etted jS tiet. 
 iS>34; last ineeliiig .... 31 .liilv. 
 
 Fust report issued 15 N.iv. 
 
 Hoyal eoniniission on loss of life at sea apiiointed 
 
 4 .March, 
 Issue repo;(, recominendiug sneli alteration of law- 
 id' marine insurance as wouhl ]ireveiit owners 
 from making prolit by the loss of their ships and 
 otiier chaii.L;es 27 Au^ 
 
 MERCHANTS were protecled by Magna 
 Chartii, 121 S, and by nuiiiy statutes. See Arton 
 JiHriic/. An attempt made by qiii^eii Anne's ministry 
 to e.\(dude merchants troni sitting in the house o"f 
 commons in 1711, failed. 
 
 MERCIA, see under BrUain. 
 
 MERCURY, the planet nearest the sun, and 
 the smallest known to the iiueieuts. .SehiaparclU 
 rt.sserts his rotation to be as long as his revolution in 
 his orbit. The transit of Mercury over the snn'a 
 disk, of ip.re occurrenee and Hrst observed hv 
 G.i.ssendi, lo:;i, was well oliMrveil 5 Nov, iS(i8; a't 
 Athens, 10 May, l,S()l, well observed by I'rof. liar- 
 iiard at laid; Observatory. California. 10 Nov. 1894. 
 See Ciitomel mid Qid'cksilicr. The Greek god 
 llermes was the lioinaii Mercurv, 
 
 i3S4 
 
 1885 
 
 i336 
 
 1887 
 
 1^1 
 
 f1 
 
 I. ' 
 
 ''m>- 
 
iFili i 
 
 M 
 
 ¥ik 
 
 lii;; 
 
 nliiit 
 
 
 IU-. 
 
 it ' 
 
 MERCY, OKDER OF. 
 
 MERCY, OltDEI) OF (in Friiiui), was cstiib- 
 lislii'd witli lliciiliji'ct nl'iic(oni|ilisliin,Lr tli(< red. m])- 
 ti 111 of Cliristiiiii ciplivrs iimoiis till' SiiiiU'cii.s, liy 
 J ihn ill' Matliii in lli).S. Hi'iiiiiilt. Aimtlici- order 
 w:ij fciniujd liy J'icnc Nola-(iii(' in Spain, li."!,;. 
 
 MERTDA (Spain), n town in Ksti-cniadura 
 ('milt liy tilt' Itniuaiis), \va3 taken by tlic Fivncli, 
 Jan. I.Sf'i. Xi'ar tliirt tiiwn, at Arroy dis .Mulinos, 
 tho Uritisli army nndrr irrncril (al'tcrwariN lurd) 
 irill dil'cati'd till' Fri'm-h under ireneral CJiranl, 
 nt'tcr a severe en;^;i^'enieMt, 2S Oct. iSlI. The 
 ]iritisli tniik Merliia from the Frcnili in 1S12, 
 RiMieral Hill lea^linj; the tonibined forces of Jinglish 
 and Spanish trmips. 
 
 ]MERII,)TA\. see miller Grmhs,/. 
 
 MERINO SlIEKP, imported info Kii-land 
 from Spain, 17cS,S, an ih 'Uirlit to be desiend.ints of 
 I'hiirlish shee]i take.i to Spain as jiart of tlie dowry 
 of John of Claunl'. daiightir Ivatlierine, 151)0. 
 
 MEROE, i.n ancient city and eoiintry of 
 Africa, near Ihe Konrces of thi' Kile, said to have 
 tionrished under sacerdotal i?i>vernnient in the time 
 of n 'roilotus, abont 4J0 ji.c. 
 
 Till' ]iriesl-kiii^' Kivaiacncs jiiassncrcil tlic pries' s and 
 
 liccaliic alisoiille, ;tliimt vxj H.e. 
 Tlic ruins of tic ancient cjipilal, were disfovercd by 
 
 C'liillauil liel Weill iSniaml k'j;. 
 
 MEROVIXGIAXS, the first race of French 
 kini;s, 4iS.-:;2 ; see Fnnivc and Mayors. 
 
 MERRTMAC, see United StaUs, 1S62. 
 
 MERRY-ANDREW. The name is said to 
 hive been tirst tjiven to Andrew Horde, a [ilivsician, 
 who lived in the reiL;n ef Henry VIII,, and wlin, on 
 some occasions, on accoimt of his facetious manners, 
 appeared at court, 1 54 7. 
 
 MERSEY TUNNEL, sec Tmuid. 
 
 .MERTHYR-TYDYIL (filanior!rnnsliire>. 
 liiiits eumniii'.ced here, 3 June, 1S51, anil coiitiiined 
 for several days ; nian'y jicrsons" were killed and 
 wounded ; sec Cuiil {.Uriiltiitx). 
 
 MERTON (Surriy). At an .abbey hero, the 
 barons under Henry III, 25 Jan. 125O, held a 
 parliament which enacted the'i'rovisions'of Morton, 
 the most ancient body of laws next after .Ma^^na 
 Charta. They were rejiealed in iMd^; see ISdstdids. 
 The statute of Jlerlun also provides tor the iu- 
 closure of common lands. 
 
 MERY, or Jleru (Ihe ancient Antindiin M<ir- 
 piajiri), a town of independent 'I'urkeslan, Central 
 A.-ia. Il lliiurished under the Scljuk ']'ur!<s, espcci- 
 nlly under Sultan Alji Arslan ; it'was sucked hvthe 
 MonMuls in 1221 ; it became subiiot io IVrsla in 
 1510; to the emir of liokhara ' 1787; to the 
 'Jurkomansin l8;(i, and to linssia iNS)..). Nearly 
 10,000 Turcomans die of mali;rnant fever, March- 
 Oct. i{<</i. See A'«,s«(« and Tiirkc.stun. 
 
 MESMERISM. Frederick Anthony Mesmer, 
 n (ierinan physidan, of Merscburfr, published his 
 doctrines in I'iii), contendini,', in a thesis on 
 (ilanetary iiilhience, that the heavenly bodies dif- 
 fused through the univer.se a siilitle flui"(l which acts 
 on the nervous system of iinimated bein;;s. Quittinar 
 Vienna for Pari.-, in 1 778, he jfiiined nuiiienmi 
 proselvtes and much money by experiments with 
 ■.uid withon': metallic jilates, produeinj: eil'ccts termed 
 then, "animal inaf;iu tism " m.w " ii>pnotism." 
 A committee of ])hysieiaiisand philosophers investi- 
 gated his pretensio'iis, and Itailly, in a paper drawn 
 up in 1784, exposed the futility of auinml mag- 
 
 m 
 
 :metals. 
 
 netism. Mesmerism excited attentiun iicr,,v ,, ~ 
 1848, when .Miss Harriet Marti,,,.; " I' "''.^'■''l 
 
 1 4I,.:. l.l- ,-:-. ■. T "in ('lli'rj 
 
 iinri! 
 
 announced thcii belief in it, In iSvi, tiii' \| ,'. 
 
 Inlirinary issued its tenth annual lep'.it .„",i'i'"I 
 
 Whately beinj; president, ami the e,irl",,f ('"'f 
 1 and Mr. Moiicktou Milncs (sime le,,! H,,,'',', !' 
 
 aiiiiinf,-tlic vice-iiresiilents. Si e. (/,(«„,/ |/,„ , ''* 
 I and ]liip)ifi'ixiii. ' ■'"'"*'" 
 
 Tic " .Vi'W Mesilll'l-isai " e\liii,it,.il ji, p,||.;, | , ,, 
 
 Lays ami nllicrs, wliicli iiiclii.lid the iiv -..i '' 
 tenializ.ilioii ot si'iis.-uioiis aid tia,'Vli.|'.|,|.,."; 
 si'iisiliility to iiiaiiiiiiiili' olcccts. sueh isi'l,,'' 
 was well di'scril-eil ill tlic V'(,',„.., ...<; i,,.,. jc, , ,'"■ 
 ,1;. II ,1.111. r.y;, iiml liy .Mr. Enicl I'l,',,; n''l'i 
 
 lu-iii'i, Mnii.„:.j,.,n;Ha . . , ; "j'f . 
 . .AIESOrOTA^riA, the di.-trict Icuvlir 
 
 rivers Iiarisand Fiipliratcs (k ;,,',•/, ,«,,,||,,| ,' .' 
 I snecessivelv held by A-syiians, I'alivliiia:,;,' 'i;,!;' 
 j sians, drccks lii.mans, Aial.s and Turk< '^i, 
 
 potaniia is aieutioncd in (Jen. .xxiv. nv Vi.iJ;!""" 
 j and i.th-r places. ' '"'■"■ 
 
 : JIESSAIJANS, a set prof, .,.],,. ,,. .„„ 
 , the letter of the -ospel, iibuut 310, rduscl U,'mA 
 , <^uoInl- this iiassaye, "Labour not fur ^],^. f': 
 tuat pcrisheth." 
 
 j ^lESSENIA (now Mniirn-Mitm''^ in ,, 
 I reloiionnesus, an ancient kin^'doni. l't'l,;,a I'n", 
 I san-uinary wars with Sparla. It «,,* .,t •,'; 
 governed by kings ; after its restonitica to ,,„';,' 
 in the I'elo]iiinncsus it iuinicd an iiil'crioi iviii,i,l,. 
 under the iiriitectbui tirst id the Tlicbaiis, uiid ■,!.,,' 
 wards of the Macedonians. ' ' 
 
 Till' ,/i/>7 Messcuiim war U.yai, 743 11, r. ; w,is ,»■,•, 
 
 Siolicl by Mnli'llcc ollelV'l to soln.' Sci,,,,',," 
 Wolileli ill a ti'lllpic of ilevoliiili I'eiiuii,,,! |,, ,, ,1, 
 
 11,-itioiis ; th,' king of hiimita lieiii.^: kill,.il ii> i,u 
 clliirts to ill fen, 1 the Icinales. Kviiitiiallv, Uiiiin,',. 
 was taken, ami llic .Messciiians lic'iuiic'slavis t' 
 tlic I'oii.iueriiis bi - 
 
 The ,^,,,.„,/ w.ir, to tlirnw "If tin- Spartan vol,/, ', ' '■' 
 
 iiicnciil alioiit 665. einliiiL; ,11 tlic defeat of th,. 
 .Mcsscniaus, who llcl to Si,ily . , . ,,• 
 
 The (/li'ci; war, (the .Mi'sscnians cini-ral ■) ' , it,.! 
 
 MESSIAH, synonymnui with C'liiist "iLt 
 anointed," foretold liy yi"j/(, / i.\. 25. alict ;:,Si!f 
 " We have found the Messia-, whiih U, iii'ini u,] 
 tcrpreted, the t'hrist." Julm i. 41. "ilic'jlrs. 
 siah," Handcrs greatest oratorio, co„,)i,isi.,i iiv 
 him in twenty-three days (22 Au^'.-I4 Sc|it. i-ji' 
 was lirst |ierf<irmed at ilulilin, ij Ajiril, i;42',iU. 
 receipts being given by him to tlie di.ivitiii ot'iliat 
 city. 
 
 MESSINA (Sicily), so named bv tl;o Sanii,iii!, 
 who seized th,- city, then called Ziiiiilc, (,;i lu, 
 It was seized by the Manurliui {irhUh m),^^ 
 281 II. c. It belonged for many ages to tlic'lUian 
 euijiire ; was taken by tlu' Siiraeens, alwui K.\^.il^. 
 J'lustlii/. Koger the Norman took it from tliiiii k 
 surprise, about 1072. 
 Ki'Volts against Cliaiics of Aiijoa, and is siio'i'-.ircil 
 
 liy Tclcr of Aragoii ,25; 
 
 Revolts in favour of J,oiiis XIV. of I'l-am-e, i6;f ; 
 
 the (Spa.iiarils paiiisli it -I vcivly . . , ' '. ,(ji 
 Alinost rained by an earthipialic ami criiiitiiii, vl 
 
 Ktllil , . . ' .',; 
 
 Nearly dciiopalated liy a pla^'lle . , . , i-'li 
 Half destroyed liy an earthiiuaki' . . , . ,Jij 
 Hcaib'piarters ottlie Hritish l,i,,-esiii Sicily, iniurt,! iSn 
 An insurrection here sulnlued . . . ' y Kili, 1846 
 UarilialiU cutci-s Messina after his victory at Mi'kizz,, 
 
 2'J-2I Jlllv, li^ 
 
 The citadel san'CMiliirs to Cialdini . . ij .Maiuii, ,t6i 
 Popnlatiiiii i.°"7r», T,j:?,n.---,. 
 
 METALS. Tubal-Cain is niontioiit'il as an 
 " instructor of every artiticer in brass iiiiil iron," 
 (C»f«. iv.) The I'Lucnicians had groat skill in 
 
METAMOllPHISTS. 
 
 71.> 
 
 METEOliOLOGY. 
 
 Lijn; nielali'. liunsrn iind Kircliliod"* nu-tlind 
 L jjjiij'ifiil aiialvsi^ liy moiiiiH of tlic s|ic(ti-iim lins 
 
 ,■ ' Jii';iiin, ^^fc;ja'<ii'iii,rii'ii'lii"'"' tliallimn, iiiiliuiii, iiiilliiini, 
 
 i!imHi;ili,.|„„|,..,i-,|,i,i.u ^Kthpr* to tl»' !<"""■" ""''"'■''• '^'■'' '■■l<'in,it>., 
 '< "111! tlio .'arl „f („■„,, ^K ,,,,„, „,„l tli(. other nu'tiils. " .Mctalh.i-v," 
 n'-s (sm.-o 1,.,,| II, „,1.,,:;;, M^ :ie,l 1.V Dr. J"lin JVr.T, lS(.|.Ko; luMlir.i .9 
 8. bi .•./,/(«,„■/ J/,,,,,,,;-; ^KriSXy. '•El(vtio.M,.tMlliii-y," tmn>.liit<.(l 
 IfiDthf GiTmiin of J)r. W . Jinri'lici's, witli luldi- 
 r.,l,v Wiiltcr IJ. Mi'Millaii, iJubiisliKl, iHi;;. 
 
 iMETAirOIirillSTS in tliii i:;tli rrnt\iry 
 Lmijiliat C'liii^t's iiiitiiral IhkIv, wi'tli which lie 
 L,nWmti)lieiivi'ii, was wlmlly duilicd. 
 
 Iiil'it'''! in l\iri.. l.viv 
 ■flU'l.-l th-ai!,..,,: "■ 
 
 
 !.'iiii 7.(3 II. r. : w.nsfMi-a. 
 
 IV.I t.> S..I1H. S|,;,|i.,ll 
 
 'liiiri coiiiiMiiii t.. I,,,i!i 
 vta l.iii.j; Kill,..! II, i,i, 
 I'S. Kvi-iitiiiilly, liii,,!,;,. 
 lialis lK":aiiic slavis to 
 
 ' • II a. ::* 
 tlll■^|Bl^lllu yoki'.c.iN. 
 ; ill till.' ileti-at iif the 
 
 '■ily m 
 
 ins eiiii-r;it ■) . ^f^.^.'. 
 
 niniH with Cluist "ilt 
 nil/ is. 25, ulioiii ;5,Si!.c, 
 s.-^ia<, whirli i..i, IhVii;, i,,. 
 Jo/iii i. 41. "Tlit-Jlii. 
 it oi-atorii), ooiiipiisnl liy 
 (22 .\11-.-14 S,.|,t, [-^i\ 
 ihhii, 15 Aj.nl, i;4:.iU. 
 ill! to the chariliuoitlut 
 
 :o nainoil liy Iho Samiani, 
 n talli'il Zanili', t;i m, 
 lUTliiii {ir/,i('/i .Mif. abfiit 
 many axes lo tlio'lti.iiian 
 ' Sarai'i'iis, atwiit A.i).l-;(). 
 ■man took itlMmtkaik 
 
 iijd'a, and is siuvoureil 
 
 1* 
 
 XI\. of I'nini'O, i6;C; 
 ^■'■■ivly .... ,6,s 
 inaiiu aiii.1 iTujitiiia uf 
 
 rnlvc.sin.>5M.ilv, ]ili"rt.l 1S11 
 
 .1 . . . ' 7 F.-li. iS,i 
 ■r hi>i victory at Jli'lazzip 
 
 'nin is nipntiontJ as an 
 ticcr ill brass niiJ iioc." 
 iaiis hud groat skill in 
 
 IMET.VPnYSTrS, tlie si'li'iice of ahsfract 
 L.i';iii',i'rtliat «lii,li coiitciniihiti'S tho cxi.^tcncc 
 lltii'isJ'williouf ri'hitioii to iiialtcr. 'J'ho term, 
 \,llv(li'iiotitiU' " after i)hysii..>!," originated from 
 ^ I'orils liiiviii? Iicen jiiit at tlie head of eeitain 
 hivj pf .\risti'tle, whirh folhiw liis treatise on 
 knf. ilieldi.lin'li. iloderii metaiihy.-.i(s arose 
 I'lli,. 15th century— the jn'riod wlieii an e.\tiM- 
 "liliiisry' impulse was given to the study of the 
 Jmijii'iiiiiKl in Kuiope, conmionly oiilled "the "re- 
 Itjiollf-iniinir." llohhes, Cudwurlh, S. T. C'ole- 
 iiii:i.lil Stuart, and sir W, Jlaniiltoti, were 
 tiiiriit llriti-li nietiiiliysiiiaiH, aiiil Descartes, 
 j:,l. Kant, Silielliiig, and I'ielite. lorei^'ii ones. 
 
 [,;■;, i7r,.t!i;i//,'/. 
 
 IjIETArRrS, a river in central Italy, where 
 Ijxrjl'al. the lipither of Hannihal, was'dofeated 
 li!s!aia,207 li.c. when marching with nliuiidiint 
 riaenls. The i{nnians were led by l.ivius 
 jl Clauiliiis Xero, Ihe eonsnls. The hitier eoni- 
 tnili'il tlieh'.'iiil cf Hasdriibal to he thrown into 
 l!i,.jllii'r'3cainp. The victory saved Koine. 
 
 PETEMPSYCITOSTS, n doctrine attributed 
 T l''.tlia;,'ons, iili'iut 52?) Ii.c, asserts the trans- 
 m>n\n\ ff the soul from one body to another. 
 Jii also aserilied '0 the Egyiitiins, who wouh! 
 ■t no aniir.ii'. food lest they should devour the 
 Tilv into ivhiiii the soul of a deceased friend had 
 kjtii. Tliey liail also an idea that so long as tlie 
 r of the licensed was kept entire, the .soul 
 liiM not traiisnii;rrate ; and therefore embalmed 
 T»iirail. See //«'/(//(;■«//'. 
 
 |3IETE0E0GKAI'.H, an npp.iratus for the i 
 
 Ivintionif whiih fajiei Secchi of Kome rei'eived 1 
 prize at the I'aris [iiternalion:il K.vhibiii.m, .July, ! 
 It is si'if-nclinir, and rejristers the variou.< 1 
 langos of the aiiiii):;jihere in the form of a Oia- I 
 
 pi^ i 
 
 SIETEOROLOGY (from the Greek mttmrn^, \ 
 ill), the si'ienee «liich treats of the phenomena 
 Kill have their ori;;in in the air, sneh as rain, 
 lilning, nieleiii>, fo>;s &e. The wiitinj;* of 
 lfO|ihriulus, on mcteoroloi;v, ^ril eeiitiirv li.c. { 
 V'transhitel lij J,is. U. Wood", edited bv G. J. 
 jninis. puljlislie'l I'ii^, .\ristotle, Bacon, "]ijyle, 
 B Franklin wmtc on the subject. " j 
 
 llOf'iiiloj:iiiil Suriety of the ralatinate, estalilislicil 
 ifml.igical Society of London, f.rst met, jsOit. 
 
 Jihalton's essa.v mi nictoorolopy appeared in 1 793. 
 
 If Ilnivanl's H-.iik on the clmids appi'aied in 1S02, I 
 
 liilii»"l!aroiiietrcij;nipliia" ill 184S. iSec(7..(»k I 
 
 Iff. Heed piilili.sl.cl his weak cm 11 law of storms " ' 
 
 liSjS, The wurks of Daniell (1845), Kicintz (1845), I 
 ■«lltr(i847), mi'l Haolmii (1867) are esteemed. 
 l"Br;tish" MetfuMlede.-d .Sni'lctv, cat.il.lNlied in ■ 
 |,;o, rliartiTOl ill i86(), becaiiie Ii.ivai,'t)et. i3?3 ; .Mr ] 
 ■niry rwinal, the treasurer, a s',.ieiitisl, died, ni;cd ' 
 *. f .Imie, ,£53. I!y tlie cxcrtimis cif .Mr. .lames ; 
 prJier, lonKllieseereliiry, the apparatus at (irccii. 
 Till was erettcJ ; and meteorology lius upiicarwl in I 
 
 tlie "Greei'iwleh Oliseivatieiis " siiiee iS.tF. :^ii- 
 
 lUilliimi - SriiiiUfc Axd III.-: 
 The Inyill lllcteorol(.};ieal Kcicictv s aiin.llll ( xliibitiniis. 
 bc.'.'.'lll ill l8,So. 
 
 Mcteiaiilo^'iciil oliscrvatorics have been erected in all 
 pints lit IlicKlnlie. 
 
 The .Mctcnrcil.i-iciil dcpartinciit of tlie Iloiir.l of Trade, e.s- 
 tii'ilisliid ill 1855. iiiidcr adiiiiial Mtj.inv, cpniim.nci il 
 the piililicatii.il (if rc|i.iil:, ill 18:^7. 'llic ii.lininil iml,. 
 hshccl his " Weal her liimk" iiriSC;. His cxcitnin* 
 (lie .saiil to liiive ovcnvnrki'd his Iniiii. ; neil on ^o 
 April. iSf;, he ilicd liy his cmii hand. The Jlctcih. 
 hi;;ical ulticc was sunn after |ila.i d 1111, lee the divcctioii 
 ol .Mr. lliilicit II. Scull. II ;,as issm d ap|iaiatiis iiinl 
 
 ilislnictinli lini.ks t" caplailis uf ships aim esllllilished 
 
 iiliscrv.itcires ill many |ihiccs in the impiic. It was. 
 ha 111 led CI., r 111 the lici\al."^^ucic.t V in 1E71, and endowed 
 liy .Mr. ,1. P. Cassiol. 
 
 The Kcw nictcciicil,it;ii.al (discrvatciry (jivcli t.i t^io liriti.stj 
 Asscici.iticiii ill April. :S(. It was idaccd under the 
 ^P-tccicilcijical c.iiiiieil iiuii ted l.vllic Hnyal Scieielv, 
 l.iil api Hinted by the treasnrv. U. U. Scott, secrctaiV, 
 ,liily, ,P77. I .» 
 
 At the. iveciiiiiiicndaticiii of M. :..• Verricr and n.lniiral 
 Filzrc.y. nieteciicilc«ical inlmn.ir.iiiii. cil.laincd by the 
 tclc;;rapli licmi the principal pl.i. 1 s in tin. I nilcil kii.-;- 
 
 dcni. has 1 11 tiaiisiiiitled daily I" Paris, and tliciice 
 
 tci ether jiaits ol l-'.iircij.e since 1 s^c.pt. iSc... 
 
 .SV...)«-iciii-,iih;/.< lirst issiiid ill lldllaiid ihrongh >f. 
 Hliys llallcil, 186,,. His "law of the ttiuds- pc.'iit.* 
 cm the ichiliiin bctwc.cn the dirc.eticni of the \..iiil, 
 
 ailcl the atniiis]ilicl ic Jiresslllc 
 
 .Stciriii-waniiii^.s lirst sent tn the cc.ast by Hie Board of 
 'J riich-, 6 Fell. ; ami lirst piililishcd 31 .jiily, 1B61 ; siis- 
 liciidicl 7 [Ice. i8(.(. ; rcstciraticiii prc'ipciscij, Nov. 1S67 ; 
 reissued at C'hrisliiia.s 1S67, and have been since 
 
 ciintiliueil. 
 
 Ilaily iiiteinalicinal Imlhliii of the imperial oliscn-atory 
 at Paris, iinchi the cliieclicni uf .M. I.e Verricr, tirs"t 
 piililishi.cl III. M.S. , .Ian. i-;,!;. lirst issued to siibseribi.rs, 
 .( Nciv. iS6j. (This was llii. lirst chart with uniteil 
 mails.) 
 
 " ;/"i7,i/ veillhi- ili"it<" 'iisi issiie.llivtlic.Mctcorol<i>:i(,Tl 
 
 (Mllc'e, I llet. (lid pi-cpalvd ill .M.S. i Sc.|it. 18^0)1872; 
 •• Wnhl.l Wnllliir llipnil" |;|..,t |,lll,lisllc . I. II Pell. 1878. 
 
 Inleriialicai.il .M..|eorcdci^ical ciiii(;i..ss at Vienna, 2-16 
 .Sc'i't. 187? ; lit licime 14-22 Ajiril, 1S70 ; and at licriie, 
 912 Aii^;. iS8c). 
 
 " \Vcatlierl.'liarts and Munii 'Waniiiigs." bv U. H. Sci tt, 
 ]iiiblishcd. iS7fi i-t mil. 
 
 Wrecks cliiiMiiishecl in ccnisccineiice, ,)unc 1S76-7, 1805; 
 ii^7i^-Si, Sijt 
 
 Circular issued relating' to a new plan for iditaiin'ng in- 
 fiirniaticin Irciiii ships at sc.a, iVc.. 14 .\piil, 1882. 
 
 ObscTvalcry cii..ted cm Hen N,.vis ; .Mr. U. T. Omoncl 
 ii|ipciiiitc.cl clircctcir, 6 Sept.; onciicd 17 dot. 1883. New 
 tcnver erected, 1884. 
 
 A Frcncli aciidcniy cif iiictcciridc.,_'y organiseci. a successful 
 ballcicui ascent, 9 .\u(.'. 1S7Q. 
 
 An (ibsei\:iliiry cm ,>Siinnliliek fSalzbiU'K (10,177 feet 
 bi^jh), ci)iciic.(l ali.iot I Sc-pt. iS36. 
 
 IJaiiy birecastsfciiiiiidland cnuiities, i38''. jio. Alwciluti? 
 successes 247, absolute f.idiircs 26 ; aiicl partial suc- 
 cesses 36, aiinouiieccl '/'/mc-.s-, 7 Kc.b. 18S7. 
 
 Il'cuf/ii !■ /•hint 1 .ibniK jiiri-:it'ii-:ii^i i.\hiliilid by professor 
 Nciwack at Vienna ; ehaii^'cs in "be weather said to bi> 
 fciretcild liyaltcraliimiiithelcavesallriliiilicl t.icleetrci. 
 iiia,i.'iielisni in 24 to .;3 Imurs picvicmsly, Aiij.-Scpt. 
 i338. The pjaiit is firciwii in the licitanieal scieiity'tt 
 Hardens, Lcnidoii. Many .tlicr jilaiils possess ttii« 
 pmiierty (II'. Smiri-hii], Sept. 1808. Hnrin^; the expc.ri- 
 inciits made at the JcidrcU labciratury, Kew, h.y 
 Dr. (Ilivcraiicl llerr .Icisejih Xuwack in ticiober 1SE9, 
 when many weather ehaiiKcs cicciiii-ed, end , ine fore- 
 cast was give. II by the wcatlii.r plaiil, wliicb therefore 
 cannot be relied u]iciii for inetecircilogical pnr]ioscs. 
 Jlr. .1. !■'. N'owack maintains the suc.cc.is of liis new 
 system of forecasting iitiiios]ihciie, etc., disturbances^ 
 by it, 'I'imrs, 13 Dec. 1897. 
 
 Internntionnl Meteorological Coiigrcssnt Jlunich 26 Aug. 
 
 tisnj. 1891 ; at Paris, Sept. iSoo. 
 The i3tb annual exhibition of meteorological aiiparatus^ 
 
 I,.iiidi.ii, ripeiie.l 15 March, i".j.!. 
 State observatory estaldislied by prof. Aasmann of 
 
 lierliii on the Urocken, i (let. iSqc:. 
 Observatory on .Mt. Wellington, Tasiiuniiia, begun May, 
 1895. 
 
 See Mrometi'i; Thcrmomekr, &c. 
 
 . i\ i'''l 
 
 ii,i I ' ' :i 
 
 w 
 
 ,p' 
 
 i 
 
 
 * . *i-* ,,i.a* I 
 
 1 t i4i 
 I It 
 
 .'(«« 
 
 II ,dkw 
 
MjU'EOKS. 
 
 "IfJ 
 
 METKIC SYSTEXr. 
 
 METEORS, LlT.MiNovS, iiuluilo shooting 
 stars, (irr-lialls, suu\ I'ullini; stones or ui'rolitcs. 
 They were ileseriheil liy llaMey, Wallis, and "thcrs 
 ■early in the 17111 cent liry. The i)erioilieitv the 
 star sliowers ahoiit the lotli of August (termed in 
 the middle a^es Ht. Lawrence's tears) was dis- 
 covered separately hy Qiietelet, iS^fi, and by Iler- 
 ■riek in lS^7. 'I'lu' lollowing are reniai-lialile"e|iochs 
 for their annual return : —2 Jan.; 29 Julv; 3 and 
 9-12 Au-. ; 8-14 Nov. ; 1 1 Dec. Ji. J'. U'mj'. See 
 
 AlKJIlst. 
 
 IIk niiij,'nillceiit cnnlinuous stiir-sljower of 14 Xov. 1S66, 
 hail liecn preilietcd Ipy pmlVssia- Newto.i sunie time 
 jireviously. A line display 1 urred nn the ni;:lit of 
 
 13 Nov. ifiiiS. in 111!' Uiiitcil States. .V siniil.M' plnaioaie. 
 non liiici been witaesseil liy llanili.il.'.t .'it faiiiana 
 (8. A.), I.; \ov. i7()) ; ami hy P- |>. Olnisteil. at New- 
 liavenCl'S). 13 Ni.v. iSn- Tliev were wi'll olisiTve.l in 
 lirilain and KarM|,,., -7 S'.iv, iS;.. : and in Snutliern i 
 and Wesiein lOninpe, ij Nov. 1885. 
 
 Atiioi.rr'Ks. Iallin','sliines, ai-eumpanyin},' meteors, are I 
 found in our noiseunis. They eonlain iron, nieUel, ami i 
 other niiuer.ds, ! 
 
 Explosiim (it .m aerolite aliovo Madrid, windows sliat- j 
 tered, liiiiise< daniin;ed, etr., 9.29 A.M. 10 Kid). 1896; 
 another e\|ilnded S. utCypriis, iS April, irgl. 
 
 Ilr. Niinnaa l.nekvi i- iinnimi s Ids thenrv. liased nn I 
 
 speetrina experinieids that all self.lnmim.'iis i,..dies in I 
 the eide-tial spaees are eonipnsi'd nf nieteinili's nr 
 masses nf vapour prndueed liy he.at lirnn-hl aliNiit hy j 
 conilensaliiin nt nntini' swarms due In uniwty ; Hnval , 
 Society. 17 .Nov. 18^7. .\ ^reat melejr or tiri'Sall seen ' 
 in KuLdand. j, .Ian. i3g.). I 
 
 flir. C. .lohnstiine stoney reported his studies of the 1 
 N'ovend.iT metenrs, at the Koyal Institution, London, j 
 
 14 IVIi, 1S79, and I. .'ob. 1397. | 
 
 METHOD (Creek, a way of transit), tliat whieli | 
 gives to l<nowleili.'e its elmraeter. S. T. Coleriilti-e's ' . I'arli.-unent 
 treatise on the seienee of nudlioil is preti.\eil to the 
 first volume of the " Eneyeloniediailetronc'itana," 
 1845. 
 
 tion ofa hotter system. The eomni.lte,. n~~^ 
 the purpose hv the aeademv iuiluilnl tl, '"'"""r 
 llerthollet, liorila, Delanilire, l!;e'u,nl "i"","'' 
 .Meehain, and I'ronv. Delamlnv i,inl u-'i "''''"'• 
 ehar-ed with the lueasuienuail nf m mi",, ifi"" "''■'■ 
 dian between Dunkirk uiid Ham luna' iml 1 ""■'• 
 eal ulationsthe iitvlrc, wjiieli is n|,',.',i' , '"""'"r 
 lioiitli part ofthedistance between the n„l ''""I"''- 
 nim.tor (.V2.So,S I-;n,lish feid) w , 1;;,»"J'W 
 
 leuMliand the ba.se of the sv»ti ,n hv I n\ ,?',''' f 
 179.S. The system waseomplet,.,! in ,1,,,, ,',-m""i 
 by law the only le-al oneon 2 .\,. , si, '"'"''"■"■'■ 
 on 12 Feb. aeeonnnodated the old 'measun.; I'T 
 new system; but on 4 Julv, iNj- if ,,.','""•' 
 that after l Jan. 1S40, the iia'tVi, :m \r''"! 
 system m its iiriniilive ,sini|iliiitv s|,„.,i,i 'i„ ",":" 
 all business transaetions. 'i'ln. ^vj i ^ """" 
 has been folhnved bv the greater n, It of I.'"''" 
 and will probably in"time be adopted i,, t), . i5"i';{;' 
 
 eminre 
 
 Unit of HruFAeE, cenliiin'=ii s. 
 
 piare iiii'lr,.^, , 
 
 KriKlisii yard (a sipiaru deeainetiv .„ ,„,-, 
 no'tres). ■ "-- luj 5,|u,,a. 
 
 Unit .f \-,,i.eMK or Soi.ii.rrv. ,«^■■lT-n ,.,,1,0 .^ 
 
 Unit ofCveAorrv, ;i7,r=a enl.i,. di-ii, e ■ T,i , 
 melre)=i-7f,o77 IOn>;lish ],ii,l. * ' '""'"'s 
 
 Lnit of WiaiiiiT, ;,'-'MM.' = wi.i„dit ..f ,1 ,.,d,i,. ,,,,■ 
 
 ij;;:;i[sho': a. ^-^^-'^^--^■"^^^^:;:; 
 
 ^"ninunlr"'-'''"^''''"'' '''■''■'■'• "f^''^-" ».;,,,:,,., 
 
 Tlie ninltipies of these units u'e esi„vssnl 1 ,• e . 
 nuiiierals (</cm., 10: /„•;.«?„.. ,„,, ■ ; J;,, ,,, '■* '*•" 
 10 o.«. The divisors are expn-ss:; l,y i.aiulZiZ' 
 
 ^''r..'.',"'.'." ^^/■"'t'-'s'ey brought the sahj,.,t l„.f„„ 
 
 25 l-Vli. 
 
 The mo.st recent work on this selijeet is Vrofrssor 
 .Stanley .Icvons' ■• I'rim-iples idSeienee : a Treatise on 
 l.iif,'ieand Siii.-ulilie Midleid," ,874. "The powers of 
 mind eiineiaiied in ereatiim of seienee .are diseriinina- 
 tlon, deteetion of identity, ami retention." 
 
 METIK )DISTS, see U'e.i!,;/„iis. 
 
 , METHUEX TKE ATY, a treaty for n-ulat- 
 ins the eouMnene between Great liritaln and I'ortu- 
 Sal.made 27 Dee. l-()^,eoneluiled bv I'anl Methuen, 
 •our anib.issadiu- at Lisbon. It greatly favoured the 
 iiiinortation of port wine into this eouiitrv hv 
 lowering the duty, to the diseouragoment of French 
 wines. It was abrogated in 18 54. 
 
 METITYfj, a colourless inodevous gas, n com- 
 pound of hydrogen and carbon, obtained in the 
 free state lir.st by I'raiikhmd and Kolbe beniiratelv, 
 in 1849. i J> 
 
 METHYLATED SriRITS. Hv an net 
 
 fas.sed in |S5^ a lui.xtuie of spirits of wine witli 10 
 Jier cent, ofits bulk of wood-naphtha, or inethylie 
 iileohid, is allowed to be made duty free for usi' in 
 the aits ami manufactures, not le.ss than 450 gal- 
 lons heing made at one time. In I.Sdi an iict was 
 pas.sed permitting the methylated spirits to be re- 
 tailed by licence. 
 
 MET(^XIO CYCLE, a period of lovears, or 
 i^)94udays, at the idid of whieli the changes of the 
 inoon fall on the same days; see Qilijipic rcriuil, 
 4juUU'n yiiinhtr. 
 
 MErmC SYSTF.M. Br.f.,re tlie reM,!ulion 
 there was no unilormity in Kreiieh weights and mea- 
 sures, till 8 May, i7<;o, the constituent assembly 
 ■charged the Academy of Sciences with the orgauisa- 
 
 A commission of impiiry aiipointd it t|„'. insi.ii'...'' ''" 
 oftheehancellor of theVxilM..p,,r. /'^ , 
 liice (since lord .Montc.igle) , . , )|!|I" ;,. 
 
 Another commission was appointid (linilin.tisi t i '' 
 
 of eminent scientitie n, and ii|..,ii,.il ^lim, .1', 
 
 in tavour of the change) . .' . ' i^;;;;!' ,^ 
 
 A eoirmottee of the house of eominnns reniiit.',! f,' 
 the same ellcct ' , ^„'"^.. 
 
 Mr (ihidstoae, .adnnlting the .■eh.on.v.s nf 1" 
 
 syst tlioiight its introduction pi, mTitiav. " 
 
 V'cimal .\ssociatiin formed lor the iiiinnK,. t 
 ob'Muiiig the .adoption of tlu' sysirni . ,)„„,. ,:., 
 
 Anoii r commiss for impiirv w;is .um,,,],,,,!!' ''' 
 
 consi.sting of lords Montca-lc and 1 KviM.',,,. ■• 
 Mr. ,1 (i. llul.Uud.whnpnlili.h.dapivH,,,;,;;;' 
 rejiort (with evalence), liut ,■^pl,.,^^,.,l .j,,,,!,^^; 
 
 An luternatiuual Decimal Assm iatii.n I'.n ■, h,"*' ''■■ 
 
 The decimal currency adopted in t aiiaila i .lan ,;.- 
 
 The new weights and nieasiuvs bill („n appruxiina ''' 
 tion to the decimal sysPan) was p.'i.scd • 
 
 An act pa.ssed ■• to rcn.lcr pcnnissiv,- 1|„. nscMf il,;. ''' 
 metric svsleni of wei.ghts and incisaivs " .|,i||iv :.• 
 (repealed liy weights ami mcasiuv,., acl,'ii7S) '' * 
 
 .* bill lor the .onipnlsory adopliun of the iiu'trir 
 system n.iccted hy the I'ommons . . jtiJiilv ,■■-, 
 
 Meeting at the .Mau.;ien-laiiise, i.oinhiii, adv.ii-.itiii' 
 its ado]ition i7,Iai" ■"•, 
 
 Iiitcnialional Congivsa to liroinolu the anivi'ivii ' '" 
 adoption iifthc metiie riysteia . 2..Si.|,t 
 
 International cori\entiiin for udoiitiiig 'netric sU ' 
 teiii, signed \w Paris, hy ie|iivsi.|itidiv.'s '.if 
 .\ustri,i, (ierm.iny, Hessia. Il.-ilv, Spain, r..itiiMl 
 Till key. Switzerland, Hclginni. Swcliii, Piiiii.aV 
 United States of America, .\rgentiiic liipiiIJi,' 
 I!ra/il, and Peru, jo .May, iSfs. laijilaa.l ' ,'^ 
 
 The system (ti nie into'toive SSiOadniiteii l,v * 
 
 , ^"■'■''';!' , • • • ■ • ■ .M»v, ■;■; 
 
 InteniatioMal ciaigre.ss oii ,-c .,..| lao.isuivs 
 
 mid at Paris .... ,,Sp,,|" ,5.; 
 
 A.l..pti..i, ..fderimal syster , 0,1 (luS-iJl'; ' 
 
 in the Commons , . 29 Maivli, iP, 
 
 Delegates Iroin the .Vew I.,.c,aial nssnn'atiHi, 
 
 chambers of commeree, and other hoi|ie>, re- 
 
 ceived by .sir >V. V. Uurcourl, chaneelloiuf tlie 
 
iiHi ' 
 
 Tlietdinimit,,. nr~T" 
 ''■l:'i»l|iv;,ii,l \i,'. I ' "'■ 
 
 (•1m'I«c,.iiii„. ,,„l,,„,J;:'■ 
 Julv, i.Sj- It ,,..,. 1 "'- 
 
 ' 'I" I'.vuiniilo uf v,,,"" 
 '-• f^'-'"|'n- |,;„-t of KuM,;' 
 -' Iji' :i'lo|,|,,] 1,1 1],,, u^jj!/ 
 
 i- «/nc-„ niliit ,i„.|iv 
 
 I l'i''i'|' of .silver wri„.i,i,|^ ; 
 
 lits uv i.x|„vss,.,l l,v (;„,,.. 
 '"■• '""■ '•'I", uwo ;' »H„.,-., 
 
 i'Ni>ii-ss,.,ii,ji,ati„„u„;m,; 
 
 s'lit the .siil,|,.,t l„.fnre 
 
 • ■. , • • 2^ '■■■■I', r, 
 imintcil It tl,,. iiiM;,.,,.,. ■■' 
 I'Xc.lii'iiiui', Mr. ,S|,. ,,,, 
 
 '■)■■. Mi;:,. 
 
 'l">lliti'c|(liotln'oiisi^t.il 
 aii.l n|„„i,,l Mr.,i,;..|y 
 
 ■ 20.I1111,.'. i;^, 
 
 r I ""MS ri'liurlnl In 
 
 I All:;, p; 
 tlio :l.lV:illl;,ps ,.f |:,„ ' 
 
 lui'liiui iniMiutiiiv, 
 ■;1 l"i- til,. ,,„r,„,s,. „t 
 llio.sysi,.„i . Jim,.,,;., 
 Ili|"in" M:is .■llPpoiiitiM 
 
 1^1,' ;ll|.|(lv,.|s| , ;,;i,l 
 
 i"liHsli,.,l;l |ilvliii|,„,,n. 
 
 t 0.\|,IV.SSIn1 1,1, |,|ii,|j,„; 
 
 ssni'iiitioii r,,rm,-,! in 
 I'll in Caiia.l.i i .hn. ,1;^ 
 ivs hill (,iii .■ippruxiiiia- 
 1) "MS l.;issi..l . ,:,•; 
 
 ■Minssiv,. li,i. iisv„r tilt 
 
 1111,1 Ml,-llsilr,.s,".,,.||,iv, ,r; 
 
 iii,Msiir,s,.„.|, i^.jj, 
 !'l"l'li"ii of till' iiii'trir 
 
 I'llK'X^ . . jdJiiIv. ,;■■, 
 
 SI', i.011,1,,11, il.lv.pi.itij'i-.' ' 
 
 ■ 17. lull !?•; 
 
 lU'dliMite 111,. niiivi'i-s;i| ' 
 
 ''•'". ,-. ■ ^-t^^vpt. „ 
 
 1- iiiloptiii;; •iiitiii' ^vs. 
 l,,v ri'l'ivsi'iitiiiiv.'s iif 
 . Itiil.v. S|,iiiii, Pi.niial, 
 
 llIII..S\Vi',||.ii, |l,.||||,,|,k, 
 
 I, .AiKi'iiliin' liq.iililic, 
 i87=, i;nj;l,'iii,l . y', 
 !•'■'■■ SSo) mloi'ti',! I,v 
 
 • May, u-f 
 
 '■L ■'. 'l III0.1SIIIVS 
 
 . 4 Si'l'i- iS:J 
 ' s 't'tl (loS-ss); 
 
 29 Mati'li, t;:i 
 I.,'i',iii,'il assooiati,*, 
 1111,1 oIImt l,",|i,'s, n- 
 oiift, chiiiic'lloi of the 
 
 METRONOME. 
 
 ,,^,.|i,.,|iii>r ; lie iloclini'^ tiikiii;,' up Iho iiuostimi, 
 
 2i .Inn. :£<jj 
 Mi'trir nvMli'iii .Tl'Miti'il I'y Tiiikoy ; t Miivcli, 
 ,:,«; MliM-^si'' iS(;7 
 
 METRONOME, torceulafc time in tiio pcr- 
 (.niuiii'i' "'' inii^'i'- '^ nii'trimoiiii' witli ilmihlo 
 nfiiiiuluni, iiiviiilcil liy Wiiikrl, wms iiilii|,ti'il »u,- 
 ',,ijfu|ly liy -Miu'lzi'l, and iMitnitcd by liiip in 
 iSiii 
 
 METROPOLIS OF GiiK.'.r Ehit.m.v in- 
 (liiili'S the lilii'soT I.oniliin and Wt'siiiiinsliT, unil 
 ,|n. borou^'lis of Sdiitliw.'irk, l-'insliiiry, .Mai-ylc- 
 !hiiip, Towcr-IIiinik'l.s, llackmy, Laiiilii'tli, 'ami 
 fysfii, in wliiili .irrciit diaii^'cs wcri' mailc liv tin- 
 r,..iiiitnhiition "f ''i'al« act,^ i,S,\v The .Mctrc'ipolis 
 MiiiKiii'nif 'It ■\''*' ''^ '^ ''' ^'''t. !■• 1-2, wiispassid in 
 it;;:; estiiii:iti'd Riws valui' of pmiii rtv, (> Api-il, 
 1% 3»,4'i2,49.V- ; nitiilik', 31,592,387/.; see 
 l„ii(lm ami lom/on, Cnun/i/ of. 
 
 METROPOLIS ROADS ACT (passed in 
 
 |M,;) tniii'frni'il the iiianafjcimTil, nt' leitain i-oads 
 trth of the Tliaiiies friiiii tlie I'onim .sioiu rs to tlie 
 n'lrislies, uiul abolislied eertaiii turnpiliea and toli- 
 
 b;irs. 
 
 METROPOLIS AVATER ACT, 1852, 
 ami'iiJeil, 1,^71. 
 
 METROPOLITAN (fmrn tho Greelt mc/ro- 
 n.,/i»), atitlejjiven at the eoiincil of Nice, ,^2^, to 
 iiTta'in bijlio|i9 wlio had jurisdiction over otiiera in 
 
 J prmiiict'. 
 
 METROPOLITAN ASSOCIATION fou 
 
 iMl'liOVIXd Till': D\VELI,I\<iS OF TIIK Ix- 
 IirSTlUOr.S Cr,.\SSES. Founded 15 Sept. 1841 ; 
 ia,i,r]ifir.itt'(l if) Oct. 184-;. 
 
 Oii'ital ,,iiKii'allV ioo,(x»/. ; iiicre.ascil to 200,000?. 
 [r.Stl. Iiivi,li'ii,l not to cxci'i'il 5 in.r ri-itt, S|.(.n.tai-y, 
 jiiil iliii'f oiWiiiator, .Mr. Charles (iatlilf; ollii'i's, n's, 
 Kiiislmn-i'iiTii-s. Tin' late rt. lion, lord L'lauil lliiiiiilloii 
 Iiiiiiil*r"i845-S4 ; chainiiaii for 13 years. 
 
 METROPOLITAN BOARD of WORKS 
 
 was I'stahlished liy 18 it K) Viet. e. 120 (1855),* 
 amended in I1S62. It held its fir.st mectiiifif and 
 elected Mr. (uftds. sir) John Thwnites (is cliairinan, 
 12 Dec. 1855. The olHce was in Spring-g.irdcns. In 
 1S5S, it9 powers were e.ttended in order to etlect the 
 punlication of the 'riianies liy eonstruetin;; a new 
 main drainii;;e for the metropolis. The board was 
 authorised to raise a loan and ievy ^d. in the pound 
 ,ia the property in the metrojiolis. It was also 
 authorised to construct the Thames Embankment. 
 In 1861 tho hoard received nearly n million pounds, 
 and e.vpendcJ qoo.oool. ; see fiiirnf/c, and Tliamci. 
 Sir John Tlnvaitcs, the chairman, (lied 8 .Vup:. i8;o, 
 aged 5.;. Much discussion ensued respecting the 
 apiinintnient of his successor ; Mr. linice, the homo 
 swretiiry, having intimated the probability of the 
 nllice being aliolished by parliament, witli other 
 ita|?es, II Au?. Col. (aftds. sir) James Mac- 
 i:aghteii McGarel Ilogf; (created baron Majrhera- 
 iiiorne, June, 1.S87), a nieniber of the board, was 
 elected chairman for one year, 18 Nov. 18-0 ; 
 anmially till i,H8() (be died 27 June, l8()o). I'he 
 Iward was empowered to borrow money by acts 
 passed lSfK)-87. Its powers extended over 117 
 sijuaro miles, and 3,2f)(),287 persons in 187^. It was 
 t'lmposedofilclcjjatesfrom various local bo'ards, &c. 
 If'jul coniml.ssioii of imiiiiry into the working of 
 the boaiil amiointcl by parliaiiieiit, iSSS. Lord 
 llerscliell chairiiiaii ; eliaru'es air.iinst. Messrs. 
 H„U.'il.sijii.Goililaril, and others; many dismisscii 
 June-July, 1SS8 
 
 • " or llio maii.'iKenicnt of public works in which the 
 wetroiiulLs lui.? a common interest." 
 
 '17^ METROPOLITAN POLICE ACTS. 
 
 ! The conlniissiiiiieis' ■' inli'iim " n.i„„(, ,|iscliises 
 eiisi's of iieKliveiiee, Inclllciiiii.v, in.uulaiitie.s, 
 ercrs in .iiiilnnienl, unil sonic e\ i.leiici' .,r 
 
 I'ornipl 1,111 j,-,^. 
 
 Til,' iiiiiiii.ii' I'li-ini'ir of the Hoaril, siV ,Jo*si'|,h 
 na/iiliieltc, iii.pointed 1856; reHi),'iis F,h. .-sSo ; 
 
 Tl 1 1 ■ •,,.•■.■, • • ■-. Mnreli, 
 
 III,' l„.ar,| was aliolislicil by the l,„.,il ;;ov,'iiiiii('nt 
 
 acl ,i| ,383, ami its p,,w,'is, ,liili,.s, i,|,,,„.itv, 
 
 ,1,1,1s aii.l liiil,ilili,.s lraiisf,'ri(.,| to ih,. 1.,,ii,|,',m 
 
 e,,iiiily ,',,1111, 'il, I.e^'iiiiiiiiK -M A|,ril, 1 >•„ ; cani,,| 
 
 into ellcet by the local Hoveriiniciit li,iai,l, 
 
 ,,,, 1 , . , -'■ Mari.b, 
 
 111,' boaril .iceciitcl a temb'r for the c.,i, si ruction 
 
 ol a tunnel ironi lilackwall to (iniiiwich for 
 
 318,540/. from .Messrs. .S. l'earsoii& s<ons. 
 
 Final r,'p,,rl of Ih,' coiiiniission issii,,! . '^ '., .Mny 
 
 1 888 
 
 iliit 
 
 .AIETROPOLITA^^ BUILDING ACTS, 
 
 see Jliii/i/nii/. ' 
 
 . METROPOLITAN CATTLE IMARKET. 
 
 in;iu,i;ur,itc(l by the b,r,l uiavor and i-orporation oil' 
 \\edn,'s,lav, I,? July, 18;:;, in presence of the prince 
 I consort It IS silualeil in t:o|ienha-cii-helds, an 
 j e evateil site north of London, occujix im;' an area of 
 about bftecn acres, lar-cr bv nine aii'vs thanSmith- 
 j held, and capable of containing vvio" sheep, 6400 
 i bullocks, 1400 calves, and i^x) jn-s. In ;ho cciitro 
 IS a circular buildin,-, let to bankers and others 
 having business connected with ;,'ra/icrs am' cattle- 
 agents. Within and around the market are erected 
 several large taverns. A place is set apart for 
 slaughtering animals, with ajiproved appliances for 
 purposes of health, by ventilation, scwi'iage, &c ; 
 there is also a pla,,' for hayslands. Sides com- 
 menced on !• inlay, 1,; June, i8:;s.-An m't for 
 establishing a meat and poultrv market in Smith- 
 held {ivhivh sn'j was jiassed in i,^()0. 
 
 METROPOLITAN COMMONS. Acts re- 
 specting them passed i860, 1869, and 1878. Seo 
 Comiiioiis, 
 
 Tx^"l™-.?r??<f'^^^i^ CONVALESCENT 
 
 I>iSllIliIOX, FlUK ]}UI(iAI)E, .md 
 HCU-SELESS Pooil. See Vu>n;iksmit, I'irv 
 Iiri;/(Hh\ and lloii.Hvknii Poor. 
 
 ^¥¥^}}?K?^^^^'''^ DISTRICT ASY- 
 1jL;A1 iRJARD, instituted by parliament in l8f,7, 
 proceeded to erect hospitals at llaverstock-hill, 
 taterliani, Arc., 1868, causing much discontent in 
 several parishes. The asvlum for idiots at Leaves- 
 den, near Watford, Herts, inaugurated 27 Sept. 
 1870. An act respecting the board imssed in 1884. 
 The eiiiilcinifi of f.'vcrs, csp,'ciallv searli't, c,ins,',l 
 greatly ini'ri'asi'il ,|,'iiiiin,l f,,r .•i,''coniiii,„lali,,ii for 
 liatieiils, Well met Ki'pt. i8S7-.laii. iSo3. The 
 s]ir,'ii,l of small-pox greiilly I'heckcl. 
 
 Ca.sesof infect ions,! isea SI'S 11, It ili,',| to thi'iiian.agcrs 
 Iwi'llth iinnnal report, i.ssiieil . . m,,..' 
 
 :96 
 
 METROPOLITAN 
 
 Si ircr.i. 
 
 DRAINA" 
 
 „^IKTROPOLITAN DRINKINCx FOFN- 
 
 TAIN AM) Cattle Thofou As.sikiatij;,'; 
 founded 1859. See Jlriiikin;/ l-),iiitUiii,s. 
 
 METROPOLITAN MEAT MARKET. 
 
 hnntlibeld, erected 111 accordance with an act passed 
 111 l.':;()0, was inaugurated by the lord niavor, James 
 Lawrence, 24 Nov. 18O8, and opened fur business. 
 I Dee. '■ 
 
 r}Wi^J^Q^^?^'\'>^ MUNICIPAL ASSO- 
 CIA HON met II Dec. i80(). 
 
 METROPOLITAN POLICE ACTS. 1829 
 
 et SI.'/., eonsulidated 111 1887. 
 
 
 !> > 
 
 *. 
 
 ,iil 
 
 ■n 
 
 III 
 
 fi 
 .1! 
 
 
 in 
 
 ,K^ 
 
 •:.,iif '^« 
 
 %0 
 
 Ml ^ii"' '-I:'.:"' 
 
 i,* 
 
 +1 
 
 'w^il 
 
 m I 
 

 .'»' 
 
 
 1. " ■'^. .;. 
 
 METPOVOLiTAN MAUI.STKATE.S. 
 
 ri8 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 MET! 'jl'Or.ITAX 
 
 TKATKS, sue .Uif/i.slrKtin 
 
 POLICE 
 
 aiul J 'alia' . 
 
 MAGIS- 
 
 METROPOLITAN POOR ACT, "for the 
 ■f stiil)lisliiin'iit ill tlu' i][i'tn>ii(ilis (if as) li'ii.s fur the 
 sirk, insMiic, iiml iitlii'i- classes (if tlic |'<i n'," pasacJ 
 29 Mai-fli, 1807 ; was auu'iulcil in i1S(j(j; .-i u I'uur. 
 
 METROPOLITAN RAILWAY (J'>i<ler. 
 f/fOi(.i(l), at lirst liitwt'i'ii l'ai''liau;t(iii am; Victmia- 
 sti'i.'1't, near Hdlhcirii. 'I'lie act for it juivsci in |,S;^ ; 
 tlie construct ion licsan in the sjiriii^ of iHt\:; anil it 
 vas opcncil for trallic, 10, Ian. l.Hdj. Mai;)' se|-ioU3 
 •dittionllics ■v.ic ovcivoiiio willi };re;it skill and 
 cnenry liy tho cn^.'iiiccr, Jolm Fowler, and llic con- 
 tractors. Jay. Sinitli. aiul Knight. In the lir-t ^ii 
 months of i,S(i^ tlicr(.' wore 7,462,82,^ passcn.'i is. 
 It liiis been coniiiiucl niid there is now iiii limur 
 iiiid Outer Circle, and it h;is been anpiikinentcd by 
 the Metropolit;in liistricts Railway. 
 
 IVIETROPOLITAN SCHOOL BOARD, 
 
 iliititiited by the ]-.leincnt:iry Keii'iation iiet, lM"0, 
 w.'is elected :() X v. [S;.; (for th :•(■.■ years). It ni- 
 •cludcd lord L;r>vrcni'c, lord SiUidon, professor Hux- 
 ley, iliss (J;irrcU. M.li,, mn? Mis,-, Diivies. At lis 
 first meetin;;, l^ ;■,'.. lord Lawrence \vn- '.dected 
 chairman, and Mi. C. He'd, M,j\, vice-chnirnmn ; 
 and it w;i3 decided tbat Ui', 1 lirsinuan nhoiild be 
 un]iaid at presdit. (li; .7 ^'1 v. l&;k, ju Xov. 1876, 
 «nd 27 Xov. 1S79, Mr,' .,,\t' er'-vards'^.ii) Chiirles 
 Heed wa,s elected eliaij .-.i-.n. lie diiii 25 March, 
 l88r, sue cedei! bvMr. i.'iwd. North lii\.\ton. Kev. 
 J. K. I)i,!;!;!e ol(;cted ( Iiaiiiinin, ^ Dec. 188^; re- 
 <dected 4 Uce. 18H8 ;iii(l ^ Dee. i8')I ; lord Geor^'e 
 ILimilton elected ciiaiiiiian, 6 Dec. iSj.^. i'or 
 history, &c., see EJttcation, 1870 itufij. 
 
 METROPOLITAN STREETS ACT 
 
 <p «& 31 ^ i't. c. 1^4) " for reiruhitini; the tralHu in 
 tile metropoli-. and for iiii\kiii>c provision for the 
 gi'e:itcr secuiirv of iiersoiis p;is>iii^' through the 
 streets, " passed 20 Au;^. i8()7. A short act, modi- 
 fyini< the clauses rehitiiig to costermongers ^.,■,', cabs, 
 w;is passed 7 Dee. 18O7. 
 
 METTRAY, see Reformatory Schools. 
 
 METZ, a fortilied city in Lorraine, annexed to 
 the empire of (ierm;iiiy, 10 May, 187 1. It was 
 the Iloinan Divoilunuiii or Meti, e;ipital of the 
 Mediomatrici, a powerful Gaulish tribe, and after- 
 w;irds of the kiujrdoiii (if .Vustrasia, or Sfetz, in the 
 ■Otli century. It w:is made a free iinperial city, (J85. 
 It was besieged by Charles Yll. of !• niiice for seven 
 months in l.|44," ;iiid w;is ransomed for 100,000 
 florins ; was c:i)itnred by Henry II,, 10 .Vpril, 15^2, 
 and successfully defended by the duke of GuLse 
 against the emperor Clnirles V. with an army of 
 100,000 men, VL Oi t. i5;,2 to 15 J;in. i;;^. Metz 
 W;i9 ceded to inmce by the peace of Westphalia, 
 24 Oct. 1648, iind was fortilied oy Vaul);;nan 1 lielle- 
 isle. On 28 July, 1870, tlie emperor Napoleon HI. 
 arrived at Met.', and assumed the cliief command. 
 After the disastrous defe.its at Woerth and Forb;ieh, 
 on 6 Aug. the whole French army (except the corps 
 of M;icMalioii, De I'";iilly, and Douay) was conoen- 
 trated here, 10, II Aug., ;ind by delay was hemmed 
 ill by the Germans. Marsli.il li;izauie a.ssumed the 
 chief command, 8 .\ug. The emperor departed witli 
 the vanguin-d, which crossed the Moselle early on 
 14 Aug. rii]iul;ition, l8(jo, 6o,lOi. 
 
 I. Biittle of l';inj,'c or Couroolle ■ .! .'cd by tlio 
 lirst :'.!';!;v uiclcr Veil Steinii ■. ; -x severil 
 hours' ligbtiny, with yrcat Gi loss, 
 
 14 Aug. 187a 
 Cazaiui; was censured for not advancing on 
 
 15 Aug. „ 
 
 2. liattlcorVioiivill 
 
 le or Miiiii4iiT,.|.. , , ~^ 
 
 till' jiiil ;MMiy aiMba- phicc Ki',1, J; *'''''■'' ''• 
 ttller twelve liullrs' li^litiji , '1, '^'-•■"'ii's 
 I.cclcil lii,iii;iskiiiK nf ,1 iM'*e,Ml,.i, ""■ !""■" 
 
 111. l.lcs were liillcil in , 1, .i- „,':•' "^Witii. 
 
 i-''iiii,i"\ 
 !;l\i.'. 
 
 jlp. 
 
 " IViiili. 
 '■ till «at 
 
 '•"■» iif ,1 
 
 ^'' 'U'li 
 .11 1., 
 
 ■' ae*,.,Ml,.|,,„ . 
 "Icl 11/,: 
 
 vi( lory w/is ill lirst chi'.V.l m"'', 
 (Tliis li.ittlc, till' must ,s,.i,- 
 liitliertu, incluile.l a 
 (;ciiii;iii rcKiiiiciil iif ciivi' 
 lia"ciy, liy M'liich it w;i, 
 
 Whicllthcv'ileiy W;ls;;„ ,lu ,|„„ ,,,,., 
 
 iniiiiy licnnaiis were killi.l „; ,,,1; ,',"'"• 
 the i;illcd ami wniimlcl i„ , '^ 'V' s™-^, 
 
 bell ('i|iially great) , "" ''1 '■'"•.' 
 
 Di;'.,i;e- 'iiiLssca bis tiooi.,c, feruiUci.sive ,."'-'* '"^ 
 
 . 15.1", 
 
 tin: - eilliilli 
 
 liy th. kiiiji ., ,„.„,.„ ,|. ,1 
 
 tigbti,.-. "To, alost.;,.M.,., ,/,!;'";•■; 
 
 I'lai .'. tlie slopes o,,.r,i , S-J'^K-k 
 
 vi;ci)iiiii,.t^ 
 ■> Uczonville or 'irivcleii.. ■''•?"-'■ 
 
 ,i;-X;-t,.i.,we,v,. ,.„!;.! 
 
 : Idjies 
 
 tlie (.eniiaus ,.uiie,l liy iii«l.tl„!|, Vf.,„";' 
 I cat,-, rami c„ ,rg,..- ; rlic i;,:,„,,,;,r' , ; ' 
 
 Kivn.-lilK.ill,. „ "iiifenkcl. ,|„,,t:i;« 
 
 llglltillg to lllC !:Ht, 
 
 of.Mctz. The. I'lviii'li 
 
 ,,|^'""1 ini.i.r','*J 
 
 i<),o.«; anil the (icriiiaiis.',,-'^' '^'i?'',!'''' 
 01. the „,th, ha.l ii.it mill ,,":,, *,,,",'"-■. 
 
 bonis. The ('ariKi.-e is ce„si,r:;',r, •' 
 
 bcenuaexaiiiple,l:alaiw iiiimh. r ,,fc,. '"'V 
 pn.soiiei's were im;ii1, , iicl iii..n,i„i„ l„ '„ ■' 
 expeiieiice.l liy the 'iiieenal j;ii,ir.l ' Tli 1 '' 
 man army included IS.ivous ;iii,l Ilessialisj '' 
 
 D;iz:iii,e repulsed in a sortie atCoui'ceU.B,,,™^;;; ' 
 (he elaiioeil a vicl.nrv) ..>."•';. 12 
 
 His whiile army ilefciiteil liy .•.•:, 
 army of iiriiiee I'Veilcnc'k 1 ' 
 histiiig fioiii tlie luoniiiig 01 
 
 Von Steiiiiaetz sent to 
 
 • M;iiit.ul!M i.f iia 
 '■ii>';S in ;i lijitij 
 ;' Aiy tu 11, , 
 
 goverj p. 
 
 I ,V],t. 
 
 'si'ii : I'liiM 
 
 Kredcrick Ch;irles sole coiiiiii,,,,,;i.,. ln.t„i,.'ii'',j" 
 Three vigorous but iiieirectivo i.illii.s, ''*''" 
 
 Aliout 100,000 siililiers estiiii;ileil iii'Metz' '1 v',,'1' ■ 
 
 Ure;it sortie ; the llenaaiis Mii|.ii.;.-.l • il'iiiii't ,', ''' 
 Freiicb eiigageil ; tliey are ie|.,il.vil'afti'i'a sivrt" 
 enwi^ciiieiit from 3 p,m, till d;irk; lessalHint,. ' 
 French and 600 (Jermaiis . f,:. 
 
 About 600 oxen and 500 sheep (';i|itiiri.a .]iiiiir"i ' 
 sortie 5-;' 
 
 Oeiieiiil lioyer arrives at Vers;iill,.s to Iriit l', ' 
 tenus of capitulation . . . f, 
 
 .Metz suni'iiilers with the army, inclmlini, ||,.|,,|.'. 
 Hazaiue, Oiiiroliert, and I.e HiciiI-; m Ki'iitri" 
 alioiit 6,100 oilicers; 173,000 men, iiiHinliii, uj 
 imperKil KUard; 400 pieces of .irtiilorv! ko 
 mitr;iilleiises: and 5je;iKles ,.rstan,lai,ls,2,o,t. 
 
 The c;i]iitiilatioii was sigiieil ;it l-'resi';iti liVMirjU " 
 ,I;irras and Wticlile on beluilf uf tlic FiVmli lu'l 
 tJennaii commanders . , . „(,,, 
 
 General order to the iirmy issued liviiiarsliiiiB:m'i]f " 
 Siiyiiig that they were "e laeri'tl hy fniiii,,." 
 
 Order to the army issued by prince FitikTiii 
 
 Charles, recognising their hnivery, gri-.it iili,.i;. 
 
 enee, calmness, elieurfuliicss, uiid jiviitii.ii 
 
 ijiki „ 
 The Germans enter Metz . . . j.jOit 
 Uiie (';iiise of the fall of .Metz w:is the givat .inuyit " 
 
 coiitaiic'd ; it might have been ,^iie(jessl'iilly'jt. 
 
 fended by 20,000 men, 
 Miiishal H;izaiiie was hied and 
 
 for siirrenderiiifj Met/, an . 
 
 10 Dee. ; iiiiiiishiiieiit con 
 
 imprisonmuut, 12 Dee. ; he 
 
 Marguerite 
 The German eiiipr le' 
 
 ceivud at lleti . 
 
 See Ffana. 
 
 "'' illlciltiifatli 
 
 ■'liy, 6 Oil,- 
 
 'I 20 yuis' 
 
 1 -. , Jill hk St, 
 
 ■ • 9-l»ii!;(| 
 
 -^■is were well ft, 
 
 . . IjiiljM 
 
 MEXICO, anci.;i.>:r ^nahuar, X, .lraeri:j,ii| 
 said to havu been (.ciii.^uev.d by the Ailtu', tUI 
 
MEXICO. 
 
 71'J 
 
 lit \irmt „,,| , „. '■}»'■ 
 
 'It "I' ■■iiviM.,- I,,,,., ,";,'" 
 
 i''ii it \vj„ ,,, ,;,,; ' ■>■ '^ 
 
 ■ y ""IS (I,, ,in ,| „ Lf 
 w,T.. kill, . I .,; :t K„ •;'*"■ 
 
 !<tr..oi.sf\.,rua,,isivt;,;;l;:v-^ 
 ill.' "I- 'iiMv,.!>,t„., ,,.;;.f:-' 
 
 ■'•'|"i-|i'iiu-ini,.s,,„i,„i',';; 
 
 iiiijst .li',,.,.r.!|, stni ■:..■' ■ 
 I'l'i's •■•.>■!• (i;,, ..ictf" ' 
 ""'•■'' I'.v iiiulil!.,l| ,'.., 
 
 >W'-. •1"' f-:nih.;,rli,;.; 
 
 tj'l'l;' . lilltth. , ,. ,., ■ 
 
 a i,i:\:!:,i,k..,l. tli,,",,., ;■•; 
 
 ;,'"''' ■"■'■ '."■'I t„ l,;iv,. |, ' 
 
 (..•nr],ius,^s.u)o."m,,L„, 
 ^"1 ""f "■.■ln.,s.s,.,lf,;, ;; 
 ■<M^" w .■..i,si,|,,nl t„ "■. 
 
 'l:''l"r-";iimiil,.,-„f|,,:,'; 
 ''■"I', ■ ■""l'-i,..n,„„i»l,„, ; 
 il«:'H,H■n:,lKU,u■.l. Th,u^ 
 
 mrtif alComveU™,,„"fj,;ij "I 
 
 "ll>M-:,.'M„„io„trui;j ■■ 
 '''■'.'"■l> ' '■iil'", ilL ,1 l,„ 
 'ni:ii|,' m .i Aiu- tu iio,.„, 
 
 to HIIVPr:l P„s,.„; '^, »' 
 
 noircclivo !„,!li,..s, *"''■■ 
 
 I'Stiiiiatvil ill MHz, ,o,>,, 
 iMiissnrpiis,.,!; aliHiit,,' 
 ■.var,:iv|„il.v,hift(.rasm.K 
 .111. till ilai'kilussaljuut.™ 
 
 00 slieoji oaiituml Jiirin-a 
 
 1 at Vw-.sailli'.s to treat for 'I 
 
 1 • ■.,-,.• "fOd „| 
 
 iK-aniiy, inclndhigniarduii I 
 mid !,(! lln.uf; m iirtuaU- 
 i73,»x) nn'ii, iiiilii.liiy i|„ 
 « pii'ivs i.f ariillwv; ,-,j 
 1 iMjik's iir ^lainl.ucN, ijiM i 
 .Kllcil at l-'iVM.ali l.v i.-iirmli | 
 1 Ijoliair uf the FiuKh 11..1 
 ■ 271*1 
 lyis.sucdliyniarsliallliniiii', 
 re " ciilHiiRTtd lij- faiiijji,." 
 
 27i>t. , 
 isucd liy jiriin'e Frulrtui 
 tlicii- hravcry, ;,'mit nl. i.. 
 L'L'iliiliieb.s, and Ji'Vuti..!;, 
 
 2;'M. J 
 r. ■ . . j.jU.t. .,1 
 Motz wa.s tlic gnatariiiyit ' 
 have buL'ii .^laTi-ssl'iilly'ilr. 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 t'd 
 
 and 
 
 "'' iiiiM to ilfjlli 
 
 t/. 
 
 an . 
 
 ■'iiy, 6 U.1,. 
 
 It 
 
 con 
 
 '1 20 ytais' 
 
 -'• i 
 
 lu' ■ 
 
 I .. . Jill Me St. 
 
 :,ii' 
 
 
 ■ :.■>» were Well ft. 
 . . Jji!]?.::;; 
 
 I fiumW the city of yU-\Uu about 1 52V I( wns (lis- 
 
 ■ ( iViTfcl in 1517. ii'i'l I'oiicjiK Ti-'d liy i'Vi'iiniiilo Cortoz, 
 
 ■ i;i().?'; I'-Milond by Alc.\.iinler vou lIunilKildt, 
 ^ ri.-i'' i H i"ii^i-'^ I't' -7 ••oiili'iloratc .-states. It 
 »■ |,' ,(;,.,' .liiil tlHTc have lii'on abovo 2()0 iusiiiToc- 
 
 ,,,„„ ia MoNU'O ►iiuT 1.S21. IN.piilaiioii, iSrj, 
 .JH, u-;o.(i;(): io,447.')r4 in 1.^.^2; iHrj:, 
 I. '.;?'. r; .■ ; '■Ht'i'i'Vi iu-xico, 44,37;, m,j^. 
 
 M .ii;:J :' ..1 i'!'i|ii'i'of 
 
 Ui! r ^ nahuiip, X. .Imcri.i, iil 
 :uqui. ,! by tkc Mi^n, »ij| 
 
 ,,,rt ;ia.n'*, iJKj; I'lU'turis tlif I'lty of M..si(.i. , ,j,, 
 ilrt.^'M"i-.i-il'itfda kiiijiiliini, Cortes, ^.M.vunMii' ! i^l-j 
 jliiniiiai, ! r^t viicT'iy of Xuw .Si.aiii, 1530; cstiib- 
 Ibliea 11 mint ... .... 151 = 
 
 li„iiiressliiliii- inv.'li"iisof.Mi,^iu.l Uidnl,-o, igio; 
 
 „f.\l.,rel,«, li:j: nt Mllia ,3 
 
 ilrsieii dir' uvd iuaci.cmlunt liy tliu tiviity of 
 
 ' :iuia 23 Aiif,'. 1821 
 
 -htiu Itrrl.idc, invsnlfiit of n iirovlsionarinnto, 
 i,:.Me.\i. " foiiiicd Into an eniiiiiv: tin- c-rnwii 
 ijiitil liv .•<i'ain ; Ituilddu iiiadf i-iniuTcir, .Mav i8'2 
 •iloil":i';'li''iil;V. • . . , . 2O.Ma.vi1, ,8^3 
 iif.'.iiTal iv|.iililii' ladclaimul . 4()ct. 
 ; ■!.. ,i..nt tH Kn-lainl ; irliinis ami cndi'avoiirs " 
 
 ;,;,,■■;. flli^difinily; sinit . . . tyJulv, 1824 
 
 Mrraiennsliliilion I'stalilislird . . . ()|."t. 
 'rualviifc'iinniic'i-ir »iili (Jn...it llritaiu April' isU 
 
 Es|.iilsiuii"ftlii'S|>niii.'iiii.sdwn'nl . Jlaivli, ,32, 
 
 ,S|iaiiisli Mpeditioli a^-ailist Mexico siuTiinlcrcd, 
 
 26 .Sept, „ 
 Jli'Siea'i revolution : tlio prcsiilclit Guerrero ile- 
 l«'*i . • ., • • • • . 23 llci.. „ 
 
 S.iiilaAiniaprcsiilcnt 11 .Mav, 1813 
 
 blf|*ii'lfni-e of .Mexico recoyiii.suil by Hrazi'l 
 June, i8jo; liy .Spain , . . . 28 llec.' 1836 
 [Ifilaniti'iii cfwar.iBiiiist France . . 30 Nnv iS'iS 
 TliiiW.irleniiiiKilc.l .... 9 ".March' ,8,0 
 
 Warwilhllie Lnite.l Slates . . . 4,1111,,. ,g1: 
 Be .MMii'iiiis defeale.l at Palo Alto, ami at .Mata- 
 iii'iras .... . . . 8 -Mav, 1S46 
 
 .<aiit,iFeo,i]it»red.22.\ii{;. ; anil Monterey, 24.Sep't 
 Uutle "f Hiieiia Vista ; the M<xi,'ans di'teated liv " 
 p.iieral Taylor, with great loss, after two ilay.s' 
 
 I'rlitini.' . • , 22 Kl'-l) iS,7 
 
 T.'i,. .Mii.riians, umler Keiierill Seott, defeat the 
 .MesieMHat CeiToiionla . , . 18 A|iril 
 liir .Mexi.'aus licaleii in several actions ; Mi'xico " 
 t.il^eii liy a,<.saiilt hy general .-ieott . 15 s,.pt 
 
 TMlyofi«ic,.rati 1 .... ,y .Mav', ,848 
 
 r.ihiiali'iiiiviilsions . . , . Sci.t 18=2 
 
 rnsiileiit Arista resigns, 6 Jan. ; ami Manta Aniri 
 
 retiras, Feb.; ilietal.ir . . . iC ji,,. ,8,, 
 llraN'lii'ates; Careraclc.'teil presi,I,.iit . Jan ,8r- 
 
 Wlm alsi) alhliiatcs; siU'c'edcd llrst l.y Alvar,./' 
 aielaftirwaols l,y grn..ra| L'.iinonfurt . 1),.,.' 
 rr"l«'rtyuftlie<'lergy..^ciiuestratc,l , 3,' Miindi' is'ro 
 N\» eellslitllthill estal.lishcl . . 5 l-'cU ,8-7 
 
 Uisiiiiiiag iif a reformed Church by Agiiilar and 
 
 . utliers , _ 
 
 I Cmioiif.irt ehosi n iMvsident . . ." Jnlv' " 
 I Cell]' ilotat; i'"iistiiiiti,.:' an'oilleil Iiv the clmr.'li " 
 I'iUty; Oiiiioiilort conipell,.,! to ri'tire, n Jan • 
 i:riier,ilZiil,ia,;;atak,'S tliegovcrnijiciit, 21-26 Jai'i' ,8=8 
 Benito Juarc2 declared eouatitutioiial iircsident at 
 
 \ era Cruz nKeh 
 
 I Civihear: several engngcnients . Au" to Nov " 
 Ueiural Miguel Miraiicn iiuminated prcsiih'iit at " 
 
 .Me.vi.:o livth,' Junta . . . . (,,l,u, ,r=, 
 
 Z;il.iiii:aali,|ieat.s . ... ' Ti'vH' '^^'J 
 
 111 oiiHoiu, nee ..f injury to British siil.j'ects 'sliios " 
 
 otwarseiit to Mi'Xieo . , ■J • ^.^^^ 
 
 Miraiiiiili f.irces the lims of tl,,-' lila'ral g,. 11, rah' " 
 
 outers the capital, assu s his functions ;is 
 
 yiveiiior an.l govriis without rcspc't to tli,i 
 Ia»3,.f life and property . . . 10 Aiiril 
 Juarez ceiilisi'ates the ihiindi i,r,ii„.rtv 13 J ilv' " 
 Miraiiicii and the , leri,.d party dcfca't the lil«.r,al.; " 
 I uielerCclinia . . 21 I) . ■ 
 
 ^St^irr^i^/^^^^^ 
 
 Miraiium aiTe.^t.s Zaloaga, 9 May; the ,li,,|,'iina'tiu " 
 I bodies suspend otth ial relation.; with the form, r^^ 
 
 iMiramMiHli.featedhylVgolla.b . ',0 Au'^' " 
 
 lUesoverus Mexico witli s-reat tyrauiiy; seizes " 
 
 152,00./. l.,d,iiigingto KnglisI, lion.lhohlers, s,.,,t • 
 
 the loriign minisi,is,|,iit tl iiv ■■,,;' 
 
 "'■;; defeat,..! ;,.oi„p,.||,.,| „,,,,ti,;. ;,,,„,,, ,„t,;, 
 I Mesn-o, ,, Jan.; 1, ,1, .t,,! piashh-nt . . .g.lan 
 i ;,i;^iivj;m.ol,.,l„|,,|,i,i.ytl,e,..',i,g,.e.ss. ..liii'"- 
 
 ti; loivigiii.rs lor two years . , ,, .|,,|,. 
 
 Whn h h.a.lstothc liivaking ofTdiMomatle re atil, m 
 
 with iMighiml and l-'raiic,^ . 27 liilv 
 
 '" I'on.snim. f ni.iiiv gross oiitragi.s on f.iivi..ii' 
 
 .Ts, th,. liritish, rrnich, and s,',nis h g ■ .' ! 
 
 lo'H.ts. alter nimh v.aii, n.g.itiati h,i,i, , , 
 
 elh'n.htpr,il,.,.tio,i,,rf,,,,,i^,,,,,,,,,,,|,i; ,, , - 
 
 o am.ars.l,,ct,.rnn,||i,d,l,.rs, signa.vinventioi, 
 M,"xicli'^' '-■"'"'""^■'l hostile operations against 
 
 The .>l,.xican congress diss'olves, nft'er c'inii'r'ri'ng 
 lull powers on the pr,..si,|,.nt . i-U,,. 
 
 I I'vudcrs''''"'''' '"'"' "' ^''■''" '-'''"'■■ ^ ""'■■■ '' •*'"'• 
 
 I '\,n'iv,^s'' '""'"' •''"' ''''■''"'■'' "'''*'■"■>' 'M-'mioi; 
 
 The M,.xic;ins ivsist: ami invest Vera Criu I'^t'hl'ir 
 • ,,."''^''» '•■"^'•d 2,s p,r.-.nt ,j.,,. 
 
 .Mir.cm,,,, aiiives, imt i.s «,,„( |,,,ek to Spain hy 
 th,' Ihilish ailmii.al , , K,.", 
 
 *■'':'.;!'■;'', ';'' '^^I'll'li-^lonK a Mexlca'n im'marc'hv, for 
 '" \"/]\^'\ •Ma.vinidian of Austria, ilisapprove.l of 
 by Ihatish ami .Spanish g.ivrnim.nts hVI, 
 
 Negotiation ensni's la.tw.a.n the Spanish and Mi^xi'- 
 
 cans; convention lietwccn the , iniissaiiesdf 
 
 s'de.lilr "" '^'^■"''■•"ii Kfiieral Ij.jldado, ,at 
 
 Tin" m;";!...,! -gcnji-ai 'Manpicz 'tak,.; up^!;;;!!; 
 
 against Juarez; ami g,.m.ral Almonte j. ins to 
 ■iviiohg,.n,.ral l,or,.n,vz; J,i;,r,./d,.|iian;isac,!,,' 
 pulsory loan, ami putu Mexico in a state ,if si,g,., 
 
 Confcr,.u,a. lietwei'n pIcnipot,.iiti;iries of th,^'alli!.s 
 at Oruali.-, ; thcKnglish and Spanish d, 'l ,re t ,? 
 
 9 Apiil; who ilcclaro war against Jiiar,./! 
 
 The Spanish ami Hritish forces retire ; the Kna'i'el', 
 b'overniueiit semU rciiiforcenieiits to Lorcnc.z, 
 
 Th,^ Frem.h, imi, 1 1,^ ManpU'Z, a.lvancc 'm'to 
 
 Flat",' ,"'"i'V "■^■"'■"'■^' '■"l""^''l 'V Zaragoz,a t 
 1-oit l.uadahaip,., nearPticlda . % \\,v 
 
 Juaivz.piitst apilal . . . ' ,^ v' v' 
 
 Ihc Ficimh ,1,-lcat the Mexicans at Ccrro d,? ii r'-,' 
 Ui'.ar Orizaba , . ,, , , ', ' 
 
 "^'uat'm''"' '""'"'' '"'"^'^" ^'^ 'l«"-""^of "''i^- 
 I'eJb.r "fe'-'; "'n' '5'" ^''■''•'"■^' '>^<Mh;-^ hind '28 Au'g.' 
 di.sclainiing any mtintion of ii„p„siiig a govern- 
 , '"'■»t"'i M''^"-"; anie,un,.,.,l '. ".''«,.," 
 Death of iSaragoza, a great loss to the M.'xicalis', 
 
 Giui. Forcy ilcprives Almonte of th,. preshhaicv'ai 
 
 t,ii.\ powi'r to hini.silf . ,,,., 
 
 Ort,.ga taki'S ,'oinmaii,; of the Mexicans '.n M.t' 
 Ihc Mexican ,-ongr,.ss assi'inbles, and i.rotists 
 
 against the l'r,.neli invasiou . ' . ', "Vi't 
 
 The Fn-mdi eva.aiatc Tanipi,.,, . . ."J , , ,' 
 l',M-ey inaivhcs towanls .Mcxi,.o . i.^ .-'u 
 
 Snw of I'ncbia; brav.ly ,lclemle,'l, .2, .^?a rel • 
 
 .scviae assault, 3, .Maivli to 3 April -it is si ■' 
 
 rendcrcl at dis,.,vti„n by Ortega . ' ,3 .m.,''.' 
 
 l^m'Lui'dl'p,^'^!''''""''^''™''''"'^"*^""''^^ 
 Mcxmo m.,a,pie,l by the Fivuch. 'uniliu' liUini; 
 5 J iiie l',u-cy ami Ins army cuter, loJiiue; pro 
 visional goveriiiiii. lit , ' 
 
 A.ssembly of notables at Mcxi'co d,'ei,le'ou t' es". 
 tab ishnmnt of a liniitc.l licr,.,liiaiv nmnarcl y 
 with .a l^,luan CatlM.lic prinr,. as cinper ■ a ,i 
 
 wt, l*: """■" '" "'•■/"■"l"'"ko Ma.ximiliu, ,if 
 Austria ; a n^aicy ,.stablisli,.l . . fi..^ j,,]/ 
 
 Thefremdirc-o.aaipyTampico . . „vuLr' 
 
 Hiirs lal forc.v resigns his cojuamiul to Uazainci 
 
 ami returns to FraiU'c , , ri 't 
 
 The andalukc Maximilian will accept 'the er, w-i, if 
 
 it be the will of the people . ' ," .} 
 
 I'llAllie;'' "" """•■'■"' *-''^'"""f'^'t surprised ami shot 
 
 ''il'""""'"^ 12X0V. 
 
 iff.t 
 
 18C2 
 
 iSfij 
 
 j^m m 
 
 f 
 
 
 If* 
 
 mi 
 
 I • 
 

 iff'.ii'UHf:. 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 720 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 [i^'i'i^^brl 
 
 KiU'ci'Hsrul nilvaiico of tlic liii]ii'riiillHtH ; Jiiariii 
 
 ri'tirt-s fri'iri San Im\^ <ir I'nttmi, ili Uvv. ; it is 
 
 riiti'icil liy tlii' iiiil'i riaiisis . . 24 Di'f. 
 
 Tlii' I'li'riili iici'iipy \ai'ii>us I'laci'S Jan. i: I'Vli. 
 
 Till' IX |in'«iili'iil. f-'iMuTal Santa Anna, lanils at 
 
 ViTa 1,'niz, inolissinn ailla'sicm t" tlic cnipiiv, 
 
 27 Ki'li. ; lilsniissi •! iiy liazaini' . ij Maii'li, 
 
 Jiiarr/ I'liliTs Mnntrri')', wliicii liccnnics thi' si-at of 
 
 tla- n'|Milili,an Ki'vi I int. . i .\|inl, 
 
 TlaMirclaliiki! .Maximilian clillnitivly aci'i'jit.s tliu 
 (■rowii frciin tliu Mexican ili'iailatiim at .Mirainar, 
 
 u, .\ia-ll, 
 Till' I'miuTiir ami cHiiai'.ss lainl at ViTa l.'i n/. 21) .^lay ; 
 
 iMitiT till' rity lit' Mi'xic li! Jiiiii', 
 
 Tliut-'iiilU'rm'Vi.sitsthf iiili'rinr; t;iaiits a tii'i' ini'.s-i, 
 
 .Vug. 
 The rcimblli'aii.siU'fi'at tilt' iniiiriiali.stsatSanri'ilrn, 
 
 ■J 7 Di'i'. 
 
 Jiiurpz, nt Oliilnialiiia, cxlimtn tlie .Mexicans to 
 
 Inaiiitaiii tlnir iinli'iniiiliin't' . i Jan. 
 
 Till' I'lniu'iiir in.stitiitcs tlic uriU'i' of the Mexican 
 
 ca^li' 
 
 Siincnili'r of (laxaca to niarslial Uazaino 9 Fi'b. 
 A I'onstitiitiiiii |iroiiiul;;ati'il . . 10 A|iril, 
 
 Oiti'j;a, at New York, eiili.sts reeniilsforthi' leimli- 
 
 lii-aii ai'iiiy, .May ; ilisciiiintenaneeil liy the U. .S. 
 
 ^iivernnnnt Iiine, 
 
 Anniversaiy of Jlexican Inileiuinilence ; ilesceml- 
 
 aiits of It'nilii'le niaile pi-iiu'i'.sses, iVc. iG Sept. 
 The eniiicroi' pioilainis the enil of the war, ami 
 
 martial law a^iaiiist all aimed lianJs of nun; 
 
 iMiieh imliKiialion I'xeiteil . . . 2 Oct. 
 Jiiarist neiier.ils taUeii prisoners ; shot;. 16 l)ct. 
 The Anieiieaii pivernnient protests ag.'iinst th« 
 
 Fn'iii'h oei'iiiiatioii .... Nov.-Dec. 
 Presiileney of .liiarez expires ; he ileterniines to 
 
 continue to act, io Nov. : he tliesto Texas, 20 Dee. 
 Bamlail, on the It'io tiramle, seizeil hy American 
 
 Jnarists, 4, 5 Jan. ; occiipieil Ijy tlie .-Vnieriean 
 
 general Weitzel, 5 Jan. ; hiseomlnet ilisavoweil ; 
 
 ami HaKilail re-occnpieil by imperialists, 20 Jan. 
 Jlinisterial ehanges . . . Mareh-April, 
 Emperor Napoleon ai,'rees to withilraw all his .sol- 
 diers from Mexico latwcenNov. i866and Nov. 1S67 
 
 April, 
 Guerilla warfare Koing on, mtmcroiia conflicts, with 
 
 varying snccess .... .March-.May, 
 Matinioras captured by the liberals, under Kscolieilo, 
 
 23, 24 June, 
 The empress Charlotte departs for France, 13 July ; 
 
 conspiracy against the government suppressed, 
 
 15-17 July, 
 Convention between Maximilian and the Freneli ; 
 
 transfer of the receipts of the customs to France, 
 
 30 July, 
 Juarez and his party take Tampico . . i Aug. 
 The .Vinerieans disallow Maximilian's bhiekade of 
 
 Matamoras 17 Aug. 
 
 Dis.sension among the liberals ; three rival presi- 
 dents, Juarez, Ortega, and Santa Anna, 
 
 Sept. -Oct 
 The empress solicits lielp from France, in vain, 
 
 Sept. ; she falls ill Oct. 
 
 Firm speech of emperor Maximilian . . 19 Sept. 
 Kmperor leaves Mexico for Orizaba ; giving aiitlio. 
 
 ritv to liazaiiie Oct. 
 
 Till French evacuate several places . . Nov. 
 Imperial conneil at Orizalia determine to maintain 
 
 the emiiire 24 Nov. 
 
 Death of Augnstin Itiirbide . . . 1 1 Kec. 
 Maximilian, at the head of the army, arrives ,'it 
 
 yiieri'taro m Feb. 
 
 Departure of the French. 13 Jan., 5 Feb., 14 .M,. eh, 
 Conti'st for supremacy between Juarez, Diaz, and 
 
 Ortega ^I'l'il. 
 
 QuereUiro, aftev many coullicts, captured by 
 
 treacherV : Meiidez shot . . . 15 .May, 
 
 Emperor .Maximilian, -Miramon, and Me.jia, alter 
 
 trial, shot 19 June, 
 
 Mexico citv t;iken after 07 days' siege ; republic re- 
 established 21 June, 
 
 Surrender of Vera Cruz . . . . 25 June, 
 Santa Anna caiitured ; detained a jirisoner July, 
 Juarez enters Mexico ; convokes the as.sembly lo 
 
 elect a president . . . .14, 15 July, 
 
 Mari|Uezandotherssaid to be m-ganising resistance 
 
 to Juarez Aug. 
 
 Numerous exqi.'Utinii» ; ieign.of t(;rror Aug. ct fcn. 
 
 iSr,, 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 i3C6 
 
 1867 
 
 I'ortlrlo Diaz said to ,.e iioininaU'il ti.r 111,. |,„.v,i,. 
 
 Santa Anna sentenced to eight vius'i,,' • '''"'l''' 
 ^ •',■"" '►aiis.aii,,.,^ 
 
 Mexican (ongresK opened; Jnnnz :',eti|iL- ,,:\^"\ 
 sional president ; foreign consuls said li,u.|,..' ,'■'"' 
 
 Juarez re-elected president . ^ ''' 
 
 Juarez in.iugnrated as inesident . ' „\,.,,, , 
 Maximilian's body buried at Viemia "'J ,'" 
 
 Hebellion against Jmirez in Yueiilan (iii.j olli',', '" ' 
 vinces .... onij,|„. 
 
 Hast,' bloek.'ide of Mazatlan hv ea'nt i S ''' 
 11. M.S. Clinulirhn; f..r an oiitr,.,' , ',-"l 
 raised by admiral lla.;tings " '" ^f: ■ 
 
 Treaty with Uniteil states adoptc'l . ' ' ,';''■ 
 Insurreetion at I'nelil.i suppivs.sid ' ' !. , 
 (iciiei.d .Mniontc dies at Paris . ' 'v ' ' 
 
 K Iter between Mexiejnis iiial' I'liiii-irsI'.''' 
 
 troops who had puiMnd ,s.,mi. JiHii..,,, ,1,.. '""■' 
 tors; about 40 Americans killed; ii'i.:,itr,| '" 
 
 Election for president ; Diaz, i.,R2 vnios •'"),'!''"'' '='' 
 1963; U'rdo, 13O6; Juarez retains tlie p',™,,""' 
 
 Insurrections arise ... ^7'm\-, , 
 
 Insurrection headed by Negrete, Hiveris ''i " 
 
 others, suppressed wiili niiicli slaiigliin''',',,",", 
 
 Juarez re-elected laesi.l.nt . . ' ";"■ » 
 
 Insurgi'iiis under I'lUlirlo Diaz twiej ,\,.Li'u " 
 
 announced .... ."'' 
 
 Civil wargoingon with varying suii'is.h, .\m» i,,,'"' '•' 
 
 Kebels nearly subdued . . . ',?'.' ■ 
 
 Death of IJenitu J u;irez (aged ab<ait 68) li.v a|«i]il,« " 
 
 The country traiuiuU ; Diaz aceepts tlu- aiiai,..slv ' " 
 
 announced . ■ 
 
 Lerdo lie Tejailo (of good character) el,',.),.,''.,,;' "I 
 
 dent, Oct. ; DiazMibmits , . . 'y'^' I 
 llailway from Mexico city to Vera Craz ','omii|rV"i' 
 
 "Uis [.,]'',' 
 
 Customs' tarill's liberalised . . ^ 'j^..^ 
 \ senate voted by the Congress . . ' 'w,' 
 Heligious orders snp|pressed . ' '|J," 
 
 Religions disturbances : Catholic outnaii's wii'l,, 
 
 ti'Stants Jii".:j 
 
 Insurrection by Porllrio Uiaz, .Manli ; lie tak„ j|,I' "I 
 
 tamoras , ('jj' . 
 
 rrogress of reformed ehiueli ; unimi with (i.i.*.Li'' 
 
 church of United States propoMMl . o,[j| 1 
 Insurgents defeated at U;ixaca, 29 .M:iy ; atyuirel " 
 
 taro " . j|„„' 
 
 Death of Santa .\niia, ex-liresiileiit . . zo.liin,' 
 Diaz defeats the government troops at ifU^' 
 
 12 Nov. ; enters .Mexico, a.ssunies im«-cra.<iir,jvil 
 
 sional ]iresident Xiir 0, 
 
 President Lerdo de Te.iado retires; li;l«ia.s tfa 
 
 arms as president . . . ' . p„, 
 
 Diaz defc.'its Iglesias, who retreats ; Uiaz c.|,.|.|t,i 
 
 president, 18 Feb. ; proclaiiiied .jMsvi:.,! 
 
 Brief rebellion ; about Bo hanged ; aiiiiniiiirnl, ' 
 
 z3 llrp r-il 
 Insurrection of Negrete ; Diaz niiiii'lie.s ajiiiM ' 
 
 him ; becomes president . . . i6Juiif, I'-jL 
 
 Manuel (lonzalez eli'i-ted, 11 .Inly ; sine Is i lir! yj 
 
 About 200 lives lost through piveipitatieijiif|r,i;j'" 
 
 on San Morelos lailw.iy into tiie rivn- ii'.ii 
 
 Cuartla, through tall of laiilge, night nf 24 Jim,. ];;,| 
 Increase of riiilw.iys eonstrneteil hy Aiiii'iiians 
 liritish envoy re-appointed (sir Siiem-ir St .Iulm). 
 
 June ; received ijJiilv. i::j| 
 
 liemains of an ancient city discoveroil in Smiito, 
 
 near Magdalena, ineliniing a gre.-it pyriiiiiii, 
 
 rooms cut in a stony iiiiiniilain,iiiipli'iiR'iits,i(. 
 
 and hieroglyiihic inscriptions .... 
 Diidomatic relations with Great liritain ri-siiiiiei!, 
 
 aiiMi iiiictil, Aui i;!,| 
 Concession obtained from the Me\ii':iii Kiivi'miwi! 
 
 by Mr. James I!. Fades for 99 years lor the 0"r,. 
 
 structionol a railwayfor the ciaiveyaiu'ei ' |« 
 
 acroiis the isthmus ; estinialeii ce^^t, i5,l ,..,; 
 
 model exhiliited at Long .\ere, Leiaimi . iuj. „ I 
 Riots in Mexico citv on aeeniint of I'ul.vcN'ii J 
 
 Fnglishdebt; hloodshed . . . iSX.iv, ,| 
 Porlirio Diaz inaugurated president . , ilk. 
 
» 
 
 iuiMiiiiiUMl..rii„.|,|,.y,,„,,, 
 
 il,'I|C-(,ll.Slll,S8lli.ll„|,,|,,.',.;:|J- 
 
 UM:t . * ''■'■■ 
 
 I'i! Ill viiiiitiii, „i„i ..ii,,.,.',;;'': • 
 "f <i^'" by ,„,„, ii*;f'|- 
 
 it"^^ t.M. ' • '*• 
 
 '■"I'l'ivssi'ii . :.; 
 
 ll I'.Mis . ■,,■■■'•■ 
 
 '■^"'■'i ,-^"111. iii.iimmi,.,.,, ; 
 
 ll-llll.S killi.d ; ri'l,;,!!,.,!, 
 
 liiiircz ivi.iiii.-iiii,.. |,„,v,,,, 
 '\<y N-ww.., iiivnis, 1;;-| I 
 
 itlinnicli^la,i,i;l,i,r ,,u ' 
 
 illi-io IJiiiz twii'J (l(.f|.|,(,,||': ■I 
 
 varying s'iir.',.ss,A|.pi|.,i,„',','; 
 
 ;(:W'liil"ml68)l,.v„|,M,4;v ■'j 
 
 Diaz :u'i-i'|its tlir i,ij.ii,,iv.' 
 
 "ll '■lMr,i.-ti-i)cl,Ttr,lVn'v 
 units , . jj^j^: 
 
 ily Ui ViTii Cruz I'omiilfVii'- 
 LoiiKress . , , ,(„■; '"I 
 
 ^'Ssril . , _ I J, " 
 
 : t'utlinli,: Diitrastos on IV 
 
 'i,- \. ■. ," • ''■III. • 
 1) Lliaz, M;i\t\i ; lif t.ikcs Ms. 
 
 ■ , ' . ■ .■ ' -^I'l.!, i' 
 iiinli ; iiiiiiiiiwitli(|ii*.,.|,|| 
 tcs pnii)„s,«l . .uril 
 
 Ua.vaiii, 2.) .May ; at ilwK- " 
 
 • . , • . . JaiB-, 
 'x-iire.siil|.Tit . . jcliiii, 
 LTiiiiiciit triiops lit T,.k,iai.; ■ 
 k'l), a.ssuim.'.s iiciwcra.iiiriivi. 
 
 ;',iailo retires; l!;lcsia.s tat,.* 
 
 Willi rctrcMts; Di.iz (.l„.|„i 
 
 ilMclaillU'il . , 5.\(;,v ,:., 
 
 6o liuii;;i;il ; aiiii"iiii,i.,|. '' '' 
 
 23 li|.i< ::.i 
 'tc : Diaz niari-li(<s a?.iiN ' F 
 I'll' ■ . 16J11111.. :.,L 
 
 ■ll. II .Inly ; .'illrr Is 1 |j,., , :,| 
 
 iriiii;.'li iiriTipitatiuii iif tnis " 
 ilwav into till' rivrr ii..,r , 
 iilliriilKi^, niiilitiifi^Jui,. .::,| 
 nslriii^ti^il liy .\iiiciiians . 
 iiti:il (sir fsiiciii'iT St. .liilinl. 
 
 • • • i7''iily. li^il 
 ; city ilisi'iivcroil in SmuTa, 
 iclmliij^' a ;;r«it yymmi, 
 
 iiii'iiiitaiii,iiiiiilfiiiriits,i(. 
 
 ■riiitiiiiis 
 
 dtii Gruat Uritain rfsiimc!. L 
 aiiiii iiiii'til, \n:. i;;J 
 nil tlie Mi'xii'.iii KiiviTiiiKtt 
 li^s fur 99 years Inr tin' nT.. 
 ■far till' cnnvcyaiirc- ' |^ 
 
 (.•r^tiuialcii (■'■-I, z-., ; 
 
 oiin .\i'ri', I,niiili.:i . .te. ,, 
 ill ai'i'iiiint 111' I'lU.voN'ii >( 
 Oiiil . . . iSXi'V. , 
 (.■ll in'u.siik'iit . , ite. „ 
 
 MEZZOTINTO. 
 
 721 
 
 MICROSCCJPEH. 
 
 i883 
 1339 
 
 •jiDMiiling utatii limiilvi'iicy tlir(iii«li imbllo wiirka 
 jLulatloiwi fiiiiilliiK ili'litsiuiil liiiiii imjiinscl ; 
 
 ill liiUMtlnfllCtlllll JllIU', 
 
 lnurwtiiiii at Nui'Vii L mi siiiiijri'ssi'd, Dit. 1885 ; 
 iiiiitliiTiiiniii'i'>'i'lii"ii*'"i''''" ''"!'' Ill'' 'il.lii-siirKeiilM 
 jiTially ili'l'i'a'i'il ; ilixtiirbunei'S lii'twi'i'ii tli« 
 i^mlciifEl I'asii nnil tlii' Tcxuns ; intcrfi'n'iico 
 '(tlieUiMti''! Htati'H ftiiil Mi'xicun KnvuniiiiciitM, 
 
 July, 1 
 ui OiitiuKi "11 Aim'ricnii Jimi'iinllst In IVxas, 
 ■ .,nii*iiiia fur lilirl : till' V.H. Kiivcriinii'iit liiti'r. 
 ;'tiU,Jiily-.ViiH^ ; -^li'' CiittiiiK M'liascil 23 AiiK. 
 li,„n,|atiiiMs tlir'iiiK'li tieavy rains ; -rcat Inss nf 
 life, especially »t U'mi ami Nilas 17-20 .Iiimi, 
 
 K^kiil aiitxciirsiiiii steunier ini I-nke C'liapaln ; 
 
 |,ijjnf 50 lives March, 
 
 T,o coiiiiiaiiii'n of soldiiTS, wliile hntliiii),', mas- 
 sacri'il V Yiuinl Imliaiis from Monuni ; tliii 
 soveriiiiieiit sciiil 4,000 iiiiiii to imiiisli tli. In. 
 
 lUaiis, aiiiiiiinieeil _■ ( let. ,, 
 
 Faiiiiiif ill 'III' "n'rieiiltiinil ilistricis, govern it 
 
 usiitam-'eniveii, ri!i«j:ti'il . . . 10 IJi'i . 1891 
 Iniurrw'tiiiii ; Ken. Luri'iizii (iari'la killcil liy Ills 
 'ti,, , lis, Willi, jiiin till' ri'lii'ls iiiicli'i'tiai'zii in Ti'.xiis; 
 ll.. raiitares' 45 siililiers ami kills 4 olli|i|.|..s, re 
 |.frtPil3i fee. 1891; (iarzu's liainl ilis|ii'rs('il, i-i'. 
 |,)rt«l 4 Jail. 1892; Uiuz rii-eli'cteil iirusiilinit 
 
 II .Iiily, 1892 
 lii.liaii rising .suiilires.soil, with slaiiglitur, ri'iioiteil 
 
 25 (X't. „ 
 I Coiillict-s on the frontier, with varyiii),' siu'cess, 
 
 alliMIt 28 Pel'. ,, 
 Gen. I'rez shot as a relie! . . . 6 I'uli. 1393 
 H«ie«eil war with tho Yaiiiii Iiiilians, rciiorteil 
 
 18.I1111P, ,, 
 ttetnictive storm in tho Kill f of Mexico; alioiit 
 
 1,000 live.i lost 2 (let. „ 
 
 liftuwii Teiiiaimitln anil TeiiaiiKO (inter-oceanic 
 raii»av)a train goes over a precipice; 140 lives 
 
 lust ' 28 Ki'l 
 
 lJoiiiii|aryili.s|iute between Mexico ninl Giiatcinala 
 settlfil, reporti'il .... 2 Aiiril, 
 
 Puis, Diaz re-elected , Dec. 
 
 Boiimlary ilispute with Gt. Uritain settled, April, 
 I Jauiuiii An'oyo, for HtteinptiiiK the lil'ii of the 
 l.resiilent, 16 Sept. ; assiissimilcil by the police, 
 
 '/Sept. ,, 
 
 ! Irtijxiliceoliitials sentenced to death, one to iiii- 
 |iri.soiiiiieiit, reported . . . .23 Nov, , , 
 
 tJIFKBOfU). 
 
 I i8j!. Aug. Augiistin Itiirbide, Feb. ; abdicated 23 
 .March, 1823 ; shot for attciniitint' to recover his 
 autliiirity, 19 July, 1824. 
 
 ' 1864. .Maximilian (brother to tliu ii;:;icror of Austria), 
 horn 6 July, 1832; accepted tho crown, lo 
 April. 1864 ; married 27 .filly, 1857, t» princess 
 Cliarliitte, ilaiighter of Leopold I., king of the 
 Uelgiaiis ; adopted Augnstin Iturbide as Ids 
 Atir, Sept. 1865 ; shot (after a trial), ig June, 
 1867. 
 
 MEZZOTINTO, sec Engraving. 
 
 MHOW COURT-MARTIAL, see Trials, 
 
 I Xov. 1863, 
 
 MICHAEL, St., axd GEORGE, St. 
 
 iThisoriler of knighthood, founded fur the loniuii 
 jlilesand JIalta, 27 April, 1818, was reorgiinised in 
 I March, 1809, in order to admit servants of tlic 
 jcrown eoBiiectcd with the colonies. Among the 
 [tinitoftheiiewknights were tlie earl of Derby,earl 
 I Russell, ami eiirl Grey. See Knights, 
 
 MICHAELMAS, 29 Sept., the feast of St. 
 IJliiliiiel, the reputed guardian of the Koiiian 
 jCatholit' church, under tl.e title of "St. Michael 
 |«nd All .\iigels." Instituted, according to U'.Jor, 
 
 ■Tile custom of eating gimse at Michnelnia!' h-'.\ been 
 erroneously attrilmteil to Queen Elizabeths . .ling of 
 tiit-'uiMatiiimieroii 2980111, 15SS, at the hon.-,c of sir 
 Xcrille Umfreyvilli', at the time she heard of the 
 ilestruction of the Simnisli Armada. The custmn is of 
 much oliltr date, ami is observed on the continent. 
 C/iu'is Cii/ei«iuria. 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 1897 
 
 893 
 1896 
 
 MICHAEL'S MO LINT, St. (Cornwall), is 
 considered by some to be the Iktis of Diodoruii 
 Sieulus, and iin ancient resort of the tin nicnhants. 
 St. Jlicliael was said to have iippcarcd on the 
 mount, 4()5 or 7lo; and the pl.ue, thus reputed 
 Holy, became the seat of a body of monks, wlio 
 received a clmrter from Kdward the Confessor, 
 1044, and many privileges from pope Oresorv VII 
 1079. ^ ' 
 
 MICHIGAN, a north-west state of N..\merica, 
 settled by tlie French, 1670; admitted into llieuiiiun, 
 20 Jan. 1837. Capital, Lansing. Population, 1880, 
 ','>36,937i 1890,2,093,889. 
 About 3(>o persons perish and 10,000 made homeless 
 
 by destructive forest tires on . . , .>Se|,t 1881 
 Great lircutGrandhaven, 41 buildings destroyed, ' 
 I c„. 1 , . „ . about 30'Hept. i88a 
 
 Kxplos on at Messrs. Karriwold's dynamite factory * 
 
 at White I'igcon, ,6 men killed . 3 ,Sept " 
 
 Snbsiib'hce in a mine near Crystal Kails ; about 40 
 
 ' , 'l™tli''< 28 Sept. 
 
 Oiitonagnii destroyed by tiro, great loss, 1,800 n- 
 habitants destitute .... 25 Am- 
 
 MICROBES, SCO Gvrm. 
 
 MICROMETER, an astronomical instrument 
 used to measure any small distances and the minuter 
 objects 111 the heavens, such as tlie apparent dia- 
 meters ot the planets, &c., was invented by Win 
 tmscoigne, who was killed at tlie battle of Marston- 
 moor, 2 July, 1644. It was improved by JIuyghens 
 about 10,^2. Sir Joseph Wliitworth made a ma- 
 chine to measure tlie millionth of an inch, about 
 1858; the measurement of the 30,000th of an inch 
 13 now common. 
 
 MICROPHONE (Greek, nukrnx, little; phone, 
 sound), » name given byWlieatstone, in 1827, to an 
 instrument tor rendering weak sounds audible by 
 means ot solid rods. 'I'lie name was also given to 
 an uiTaiigement invented (in Dec. 1877) by pro- 
 fessor D. li. Hughes (an Ainericnn, an inventor 
 ot the printing telegraph), and shown to the Royal 
 Society, 9 May, 1878. '' 
 
 An clectiic cnrn nt is cstaldlshed between two mode- 
 ratoly conducting bodies (such as ineees of .'harcoal, 
 metJilliscil by being plunged when heated into mer- 
 cury) resting slightly upon each other, mounted on a 
 inece ot tin,, wood. If the contact is .so made that 
 one c)t the bodies may be easily displaced, minute 
 sounds produced on the wood disturb the electrie 
 condm'tivity at the place of , out ict, and may be heard 
 
 by the help ot the telepli The sonorous and 
 
 electric waves are thus rendered svnchronons, and 
 become convertible. The tread of a Hy sounds like 
 that (ll a large iiuadrnped. .See Tilrplwne. 
 
 MICROPHITE, amicroscopic plant, especially 
 parasitic ; some pliysiologists consider biicteria and 
 bacilli to be microphites, 1890. 
 
 MICROSCOPES, said to have been in- 
 vented by Jansen, in Holland, about Isoo- by 
 Galileo, about 1610; by Fontana, in It,%,' and 
 by Drebbel, 111 HoUaiid, about 1621. Those 
 with double glasses were made at the period 
 when tile law of refraction was discovered, about 
 1624. Solar microscopes were invented by Ur. 
 Hooke. In England great improvements were made 
 m the microscope by Benjamin Martin (who in- 
 vented and sold pocket microscopes about I -40) bv 
 Henry Baker, F.R.S., about 1763, and still greater 
 during the present century bv Wollaston, Ross. 
 .Tnckson, \ arley, Hugh I'owell, and others. DianioU 
 microscopes were made by Andrew Pritchard in 
 1824 ; and the properties of " test objects " to prove 
 the qualities of nucroscope.s, discovered by him and 
 Goring in 1824-40. A binocular microscope {i.e., for 
 
 o A 
 
 '«*•■*'■■ t' 
 .. ■ ll' a: 
 
 li 
 
 ill ■# P 
 
 ,1 ' 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 i 1 1 
 
 ill 
 
 i- 
 
 i 
 
 ? 
 
 nil 
 
 IW 
 
 
 \4m 
 
 iilteL 
 
 I <;^lii^H 
 
' •. nil ^nii 
 
 iiiii . II 
 
 1S>»P" 
 
 
 mm 
 
 MICKO-TASIMETER. 
 
 7-'2 
 
 MILAN. 
 
 two pves), W( 
 185 1, anil \Vf 
 
 , wiia ccriNtnirtod by iinfinsor KiddoU in 
 Wniliiini'n inipiirtiint inif/rov( n'f'n'i wore 
 nimlo known in i.'^'il , Trciliwi'S en '" im, .1 , i ■ 
 bv J, (iuckclt(lf<4,S), by Dr. W. T: C.i'i' mui (iKy. 
 el sf'/.), by Dr. Lionul HimI (i:';K «« <''i.;, .,iid 
 Gnltith iind Hcnlivv's " Mi iaiiliH- 1 ! <l mi .y " 
 (iSS'), i87_s, iind iMf<5), iirc miiabli'. 'I ho Micro- 
 scopiiiil Siiiiclv of r.imiinn wi» I'ntlibliabi'il 20 Uer. 
 iHv), nnd Hit' (Jnckctt Mi. n opiral Club, iM/jj. In 
 1805 Mr. II. Sdiby exhibit, il Im npictnim micnmcope, 
 by which the millionili "f 11 griiin of blood was 
 dolectcd. 
 
 MICRO-TASTMETER, n new instruniont 
 invented by Mr. '1'. A. Kilison, in wliich lie hii« an- 
 jilied tlic priniipb' of tlu' larboii niiir(>|ibiine to tlie 
 monsureiiiont ■ i' iiitiniteHinml pressure; iinMouiieed 
 July, 1878. lie proposes to fipply tlie |iriniiple to 
 delicate bnri'iuelera, tliernioiuelers, li urometers, 
 &c. 
 
 M 
 
 foun 
 endoweii 
 
 MIDDlil'! AGES, see Dark Age». 
 
 MIDDLF.-CLASSEXAMINATIOX.vxu 
 SCHOOLS, fe luhicdliuH (t85«, ai.d iSO^-H). 
 
 Middle-' lit-- KiIncntloTi ('orporatiMii, estnlilislie.; in 
 1866, I ir cilncntioii iifcbildreii ofcl( iks and ollurslii 
 sliailar ranks of life. Iliiildiri),' in L'owpi'r-street, 
 London. r 
 
 MIDDLE-LEVELS, see Leveh. 
 
 MIDDLESHROUGII. N. Uidiii- of York- 
 shire, (in tlie Tees, a coal ))ort and a chief seat of the 
 iron nianufiicture, the first liou.se erected by Georpe 
 Chapman, .\pril, 1850. \ewdock, and literary ai' ' 
 scientific institntioti opened, Oct. i87v ^'i'- Iloni\ 
 W. F. liolckow and .lolin VauLhan, heads of jirea't 
 iron-works Q\r. llobkow, the tirst niavor and M.P., 
 died 18 ,Iunc, 18-8). T!ie prosperity of the Cleve- 
 land liislrict, which liiul greatly decrtned since 1874, 
 began to revive in the autumn of I87<). At the 
 jubilei' oelebration, (t Oct. i.'iSi, a bust of Mr. 
 Jtolckow was unveiled; and one of Mr. V'aufrhan 
 was unveiled 2 iJiuie, 1884. See under Steel. I'lmu- 
 lation, l86r, 18,992; 1881, .Si,'* 54; '^9'i 7.Si5'C' 
 
 Soutli Oare lavnkwntcr, nearly .' miles Inni-. 
 bcKun in 1864, opened by tlic rij^lii luai. W. li. 
 Smith 25 Oct. 1888 
 
 A town ball &c. opened by the prince and prmccss 
 of Wales .... . 23.lai 1889 
 
 StopiiaKc of the firm of .Messrs. I)i/.»h'\ & Co., i 1, 
 manufacturers 28 .March, 1892 
 
 Great distress in the district tlironjrh tlii^ Dnrlmm 
 miners' strike, April tV .^■l.'y. ; rclievcdliy siibscriji- 
 tions in Loniliin, &c. . . May, June, ,, 
 
 Boiler explosion at \V;irrenby ; nine den-'is • esti- 
 mated 'lamnK'c, 50,000^ ; 400 person'^ '.iv.mi ijut. 
 ofemployacnt 14 June, 1895 
 
 MIDDLESEX, the metropolitan county of 
 England, was the seat of the 'f'rinoliantes in the 
 linnian province, Flavia Ciesarlensis, and the Mid- 
 del-Sexe, or >Iiddle Saxons, in the kinfrdom of 
 East-Sexnc, or Essex. Lionel Crnntield was creu 
 ted earl of Middlesex, 16 Sept. 1622; succeeded !. 
 his sons, James I(j4j;-5r; Lionel, 1651-74, wht 
 the title beiamc extinct. Charles SnckviTle wi 
 made earl in 1675 ; and his son became duke 1 
 Dorset in I7..'0. 
 
 .'li I'.'.esex returns forty-ei^'lit M.P's. by .let |iassed 
 
 23 June, 1885 
 
 The Middlesex county record society was estab- 
 li.slied in 1884. It has issiipil four volumes ciin- 
 t.ainins; sessi'M! rolls &o. U'-^^f' .'■■I'V.) iS3S. iSai. 
 The earl of HtratTord, lord liciiti'iiant, president 1888 
 
 The .Middlesex sessions now leM at tlie fiuililhall, 
 Westminster; tlie county uf London sessicais 
 held nt Clerkenwell since 1888 
 
 riDDLESFX HOSPITAL ' „, 
 
 ided 1745; ir.,orporated, i^;!,,^!, ■•;'"''"'■ 
 
 "f «»ril 
 
 "I'eated by Oic 
 Capt. HIch.inl V. llnitmi .■X|-I„i,.,l th,. nil„..i ,.. 
 
 Mi.liali in ,877, and f 1,1 tin , r,,''''''''' 
 
 mines, niaiivrelli.s, ami K"l.', An.s,, ,,'' 
 bytbBkbcdlvcofKKypt, andpl,,',!,' , I'Jj!" 
 
 M..:. .0,,. r..bro,i;Mi„,,„, .',:,,;;;': '"-I 
 
 s|ieelmeiis, spi'dniens of silver in,,! .■„|,|„', ,",,*'' 
 '""' l'l'"t"i;nii.|.- ..u\. 
 
 aiiHn,| 1 
 |"l 
 
 coins ami otiier aiilli|uillcH 
 remains of niiiieil litles, la 
 
 . MIDLAND INSTITrTE, liiiniiNrn., 
 meoriioratcd 1854. '"'""^''n.isi, 
 
 MIDLAND RAILWAY STATION s, 
 
 rancr.is. N, London, piwsessinK i|,n.,|.',,.,'J: '' 
 ro,fintbeworld(24sVect. iu^,,.: .'i ; " f"; 
 feet lonrt. was opened fur M-mH;,. i f|,., .ij^ ti 
 engineer was Mr. If. W. Harlow, The 'hi,,,,", 
 I the inasnilicent Gothic hotel was^irU,fJili„,^, ;<';,'; 
 
 I MIDWIFERY W„„,,„ *',.re,l,eonlvpr,„V 
 I tioni'i-s among the Hebrews and K.-vntiniis ' li ' 
 ' crates in Greece, jjfK) i,.c., is styled theV,.!,!;,; 
 niidwiferv, as well as of idiv^ic It „,' 1 
 under Celsus, who nourished A.ii, v. ;in(l nfoT,'' 
 wlu, lived 1.51. In England niiitwifer,. iJ!,"'' 
 science about the period of the in.titiii!, ^',1 
 college of physicians, 10 Urn. VII. .-• 1 
 
 ; Harvey en-ag,.d in thepcactir ' i,. ah',,;,,, ! 
 
 .Astnie all,; -is that luadame de li, VaJWre, ,„i„ ^ , 
 
 of Louis MV in iW,_5, employed Julian UemJ 
 
 I a surgeon, with great secrecy. ' ' 
 
 I MILAN, Mediolanum, e;ipital .,f tli, „„,i.i,t 
 
 ' I-l|?"na, now Lonibardy, is reput,,! to have W, 
 
 built by the Gauls, aliout 408 n.r. The n\Un\ 
 
 ' termed dmmo was built about 1 58:. r.^iatw 
 
 1890, 4i4,,S,si- ' 
 
 CoiKinercl liy the Roman consul M.nvi.lliis «, 
 
 Heat of Hdvernineiit of the western eiiiiiire ' , ■' 
 Coir il of Milan . . . 1 ■ i ,, ;■ 
 
 i St. v-ilirose, bishop of Milan ' ' ' ' ' " 
 
 M' i pliuiilereil bv .■.ttila 
 
 li. l-,lintlieOsl .gothie kuwlom. 4'8,:i,ii|„. '■•' 
 
 Lombard kingdom . . ., 
 
 Ilecomes an imiepemlent ri'imblie ''■' 
 
 The enipcp.r Frederic I. takes Mil.iii, ;,n,i aeimint, 
 
 aiKiiUstii . . . , , 
 
 It rebels ; is taken by Fn.Ieric and its'f.inili.ations "' 
 
 destri'Ved . , 
 
 RebnJt iindfortilled . "' 
 
 Th,. Mil.aiiese def,M|,.,I by tlic emp I-|...l,.riu II ' ' „ 
 The Visi'onti I"-, i.nie iiarniiinant ill ii,,ji .„ 
 
 .lolinOale;,,,. \iseonti ta;,i , the titl.- nMuk^ -• 
 franc 1 iiorza. son-in-law of tlic last "f tip li- 
 
 I'oiiti, lUidues .Milan ,iiiil bi|.|,mi.silukt 
 Milan coiiipiered by Louis Xll. of France 
 'he Fren, h i.xpelleil by the HiKiiiiards 
 'dan "iii'Xi'd to the crown ofs in 
 
 :'ent ;;mi; alleviated bv tie anliliishiiiBcr' 
 
 roi .... 
 
 Milan , . . .1 to Austria' .'..'.' 
 Conipieiv.l by the French and Spae .nls' . 
 Reverts to .\nstria, npiai Naples . .Sicily being 
 I ceded to Spain , „| 
 
 Seized by the Frciiib , . . , ' , .[,,ue ,-i. 
 Retaken by the Anstrians . . . '' . ^ 
 Regaini'd by the Fri'iicli ... 11 Mav m 
 Miiile f !,.. .-,pi;,I „f (i„. kin-dimi of It.ilv, .-.r.^i X,ip.. 
 
 Icon lioiiaparteiTowiifil with the i run crown lieie, 
 
 m, 2* ""'■ *S 
 
 The Mihin il, ■•rm of Napoleon ag,iiii>t all rantinfiital 
 iiitereoiirse with Kngland . . . 17 Dec, w 
 
 •vi I 
 li'i 
 1)* I 
 
 ■ ^n 
 
 ■ 171(1 
 
 . mi I 
 
ILAxV. 
 
 HOSPITAL ' ,., I 
 ' _ ' ''""T iiiin] j 
 
 izMAniAN, N,rt'.,in,>,|, 
 
 '24') li.... ana vvretSr 
 '.'■■^1 '"':'■'' •!"■ niliiHlHiu,, 
 
 ':^t:. ' '•'-' ^"r^^jiK 
 
 Tm-TE, l!i.niiNr;nA„, 
 [LWAY STATION (>, 
 
 k. iarlow. Tl„.„.,.l,i.„p,„, 
 li"li'lwiis.-u(i,(iil|„,„j,^,, 
 
 Wniiicn Avrethconlvpn.'' 
 rfW9iiii(ll':-v|,tiii„,,;i]j, ' I 
 
 "■'■• '«/tyM ihf f„ti,;.;„, 
 
 » "f pliv-i,-.. I, ,„; ,„,„, 
 rishrdA.i,. :;;, i,n,l„fOal,f , 
 iicliind niidwifiTi- Ix^nuf j 
 mil of tliciiKtifiiti' iti, 
 10 H..n. VII. ,,;:. i„ 
 p piaHi.iM.f it, ahi.iitKp.. 
 lunii' ,1,. l:i V;illi;.r.Miii.ir,li | 
 , emplojid Juliiiii '.■lem.nt 
 
 mm, r.'ipitiil nf thf mfin: i 
 ly, i« ivimtcl to have Wi 
 "It 408 n.r. Thp f!ith«lral 
 
 lit (iiK.iit xT,n-y ru|,i.u,, 
 
 I (■(IIISIII M.illfllllS . R( „; 
 
 : western cniiiire . j i, J.', 
 
 liiiiii ' . ■ . ■ . ■.;::! 
 
 a , . . . ' ' : 
 
 Ilic kliiKdiim, 489; ill 111, '■■ 
 
 ri'iiulilii' . . . ! Ill' 
 takes Miliiii, ami aiiiinintu 
 
 ilerle mill its f.iriilliiitlons 
 11'; 
 
 tlieeni),. Ci..,),™!!. .-.I 
 iiii"iiiit in 111,11 . I,., I 
 
 i;,< tlie title- HiMiil-. .iv; I 
 law .if tlie lust ..fill, \i,- ' 
 ml Inclines ,lllke. 
 
 s.Xll. "f Fninen 
 lie Sj.;tiiinr.ls 
 
 "11 "I'- 11 . .,-^\ 
 
 liy til. iir.-libish.ip Bor- 
 
 >i*\ 
 
 . i;n ■ 
 1 anil Spniii ,r.l.s , . . ,.,; 
 Naplis .: : :<iell5' lieim 
 
 ■ illl 
 
 '"•Uv, i;5f. 
 
 * irn 1 
 
 51 Mar, iloo I 
 iii^'iliiiii rif Italy, r.n.i X.if.i- 
 Iwitli tlic iri.neroffiilinf, 
 
 26 May, iJo; 
 eon against all enntinPiital 
 ml . . . 17 ike. &• 
 
 MILETUS. 
 
 723 MILLHANK PENITENTIARY. 
 
 laninwil™ iiK""'"' "'" •Vuntilann ; fllglit iif t 
 n.wy . ■. /, • • • '8 Man 
 .nneiiilentntlie.XiiBtiianH . . . , .\n^. 
 Iwty 0' I**'" '"'tween Aiulriii nihl Hiinliiilii, 
 
 6 Ana. 
 I jiftllur revolt piiiinlitly HniipreHsed ami rlKoimiHly 
 
 ...iniiilieil fi '■''■I'- !■> »i'l. 
 
 jiliinviKll' "'V tl»'i'i"l»'''or"f Austiiii . Nnv, 
 lliillrttyt.i! l"li'i''i'lollelleen Kialiteil . De,., 
 
 'lltfttlmJi'fialoI tlieAnsti'laiisat MiiKei 1111,4. 1 iine, 
 ■ NjiiolMi III. and the klii({iifSanliniii enter Milan, 
 
 H.Iiine, 
 F,j,« (if Villnfniiiea ; a laine |iai-t, iif I.ninliaiily 
 I iMniforreiltii.Sinlinia . laJnly, 
 
 VifturEiiiaii'"""'! I'"'''!'' ^'"'""" lili'K . 8 Aug. 
 B,jctioiiary|ilet«"fNeal'"litiiii siililleryMiiii|iresseil, 
 ji), to A|ii'll, 
 TheVlctdr-Eliilimmndtfilllery mieiieil liy tlie king, 
 
 15 Mejit. 
 I riiii«rt8fslilliili"n ii|iined liy the king afi Aug. 
 I Vijitiiftlii'i'i"!" •ir"l'<ierniaiiy . i8-2)()et. 
 
 I rieMentaiia.Menii.iial Inaugnnited Iiy Uarllialdi, 
 
 4 Nov. 
 I .ViiiiiiialMliililtlnn, opened li.v lliu king 5 .\lav, 
 Visitoftliemiilienir Williuni II. . . 19 Oe't. 
 lintperfiinuancH of Verill's operas: (Hello, 6 KhI). 
 
 I lii? ; f'nl'li'f 9 Feb. 
 
 I'iiileJ esliibltioiiH opoiied by tho king ami (|ii«hii, 
 
 fi May, 
 difluiiieiit U> Victor Kiiininiinnl unveiled liy tho 
 
 tjig 24 June, 
 
 See rtaly. 
 
 MILETFiS, a fireok citv ..f [..iiin, Asin Minor, 
 j (..uiiJcd !,' out 104.3 II. c. The Jlilesiiins (Icreiidcil 
 !liinisilvea.sueoe9sfully, (>21-(>12 li,(-. During ttin 
 nr vfitli IVi-siii it was tiikon, 49.). Init restored, 
 149. Here I'iml delivered his eelebnited chiirKe 
 ■1 ilie c'iJirs of il i' church of Ephesus, a.d. 60 
 .1 '»JX.). 
 
 .yiLFOED H EN (AViles). Here the 
 I parl.)fRi(Iim"iiil.afU ds Henry VII., Innded on 
 '■■■ .viytocnwinnter Ui, .i ird III. whura he defeateii 
 ,; . -worth, l4.Sv The ]i.'"'<ets from this port to 
 iirland. sailinif to AVaterlV . were estiihlished iii 
 i;8;. The diiek-yiird. 'li-lied In re in 1790, 
 
 I »as removed to I'eiiiin. .>.■ in i,Sr4. Sham naval 
 
 cihtshere lli Xui:. ct s y. 18S6. 
 I Miir.jni Haven ailnpteil as an Atlnntlr is by 
 
 the .^iioliiir line eoniiiany ; their si , tho 
 
 i.(i(f/I,'i.ni(', arrives .... , Oct 1889 
 
 the 
 h, 184B 
 
 ■849 
 
 ■8.5.1 
 i8s(, 
 1857 
 
 185.) 
 
 i860 
 1861 
 
 iSfi7 
 
 1H7J 
 1S75 
 
 iS8g ' 
 
 •89 J 
 1894 ' 
 1896 ' 
 
 I MILITAIIY RIDKS. See /.',>///„/. 
 
 I MILITARY TOUUXAMENT, sec Tour. 
 
 naniriil. 
 
 I MfLITARY or .MARTIAL LAW is built 
 
 on ii.i ,elili.,| pniiiipli., but is eiiliiely nrhitriiry, 
 and, in trutli, n.> law ; but sometimes indulu'ed, 
 nit her than allowed, as law. .S'lV Mntlhnr Hale. 
 It hiiH bein several times proilaiimd in parts of 
 these kingdoms, and in i;i)8 was almost general in 
 
 heliind, where it was als oelaimed in xHox, 
 
 .Military nminiuvres act passed, |K()7. Military 
 Works act passed, \Hi)^. ' ' 
 
 MILITIA, the tandin;: national force of these 
 ri'iilms, IS traced to liinic Alfred, who made all bit 
 subjects soldiers, .S^z-i/H. See Army Dejfenct. 
 
 ',?.""'"'';",'"".'.''' "'™.>:'o raise 11 militia . . .,,„ 
 
 I , .. ., ,■- ......V.., , . . uaa 
 
 ,",!V 'hniy 11 7« 
 
 1 66 1 to 
 
 '557 
 
 ■ 633 
 l6«3 
 
 1796 
 
 IS04 
 
 1809 
 
 1814 
 
 EDUCATION, see Army, 
 
 .MILITARY A.SYLUM, Eoyal, at Chelsea, 
 
 "for tlie children of ili.- soldiers of the regular 
 j irmv." Tlic first stone was laid by the duke of 
 [ V'iri(, 19 June, iSoi. 
 
 . MILITARY 
 
 l/uiir, 1868. 
 
 -MILITARY EXHIBITION, Royal, 
 
 lOiilsea, prp.siijcnt the duke of Cainbridsfe, was 
 I'-.reiied by tin- |iriin(' of Wales, with the princess, 
 Jik- duke of Kdiiiburgh, and other distinjtuished 
 llMsoiis, 7 May, l8()o; visited bv tlie(iueen,4,Iiily. 
 ITlii'exhiWtion consisted of the' industrial wmkof 
 
 'hr soldieis, articles of military CMiuipment, jiietures 
 llriit, and other objects of inteVest; luilitary sports, 
 liirills, (ic. Mr. Spencer's strong war " balloon 
 
 •.ended 10 JIny, ct svif. The exhibition was 
 liiiietided t.i promote the increase of soldiers' insti- 
 llutos in towns. 
 
 Jhe exhibition cliiswl i Xov. 
 
 eprolits weiereimrt-l to be 9,744/. . 9 .Mayj 
 
 1890 
 
 MILIT.A.RY TTXTOTl "S of Yr^NDSOE, 
 
 lee Foor Knights . Wwdsi .: 
 
 MILITARY LANDS ACT, passed 27 June, 
 
 ",/2; Bmcndcil. 1897. See Comiiioim. 
 
 Uevlv 
 
 Again reviveii 
 
 Maid tManninnt t.i ifc.txxj iii'cu 
 ! The niilitia statutes 
 .Snii)ileiiii.|ital nnlilia act imsHcil 
 liish nillltiiioll.i ' !s services In Kllgland, 
 r. 1 ,,... "* Miircli 
 
 tienernl inllitia mi f.,r Knglaml and Hentland, i8oj 
 
 liir Ireland. ... 
 nnaetnieiit antbnrisiiit; inliHsinartial to iniilet 
 
 iiii|irlsiinnieiil msteail ..f Ihigt'in- passed 
 •.V.|^'" consiili.lal,- the militia laws . i833»-34, isS 
 Militnt enibddle.l mi anniint „f Ui,. Hnssiau war, 
 
 1854 ; iiiiiiei lit "fthe Inilian mntiiiy, 1857; and 
 
 Illl aecimnt (if the wariiitheMinidan . "i3 Feb. i88« 
 Militia reserve act pass, il . , ,ggj 
 
 Militia in 1872, 139,018; ,87.;, 149,330; 1877. >34,'5oo; 
 
 in 1884, 82,525 : in ,386, loS,,/, ; iu ,887, ,.0,438; 
 I vr.?' ■■'V'^l'' '890,, 113,163; l8qi, ,34,693. 
 .■tlilita V(dnntecr.s) Kiillstnient A. t, cmisnliilating 
 
 ami aincn.liiig the laws |ias.sed . ,, \ng ,875 
 
 A comniitt Ill the st;iie of the militia repiiited, 
 
 I l*cu. ,890, greatly inereaseil clHciency slnci! ,330. 
 
 ' ^TI^ITIA OF JESUS, a society of Roman 
 Catholic youth of France and Italy, formi 1 to sup- 
 port tlie papal cause b\ moral agencies, became 
 known in 1877. 
 
 i MILK. The type of food as containing all 
 I things needful for the development of the animal 
 I y' , ,^ l"'oees8 f(ir its condensation was in- 
 vented by Mr. (in I liurden, near New York, in 
 '«49. for which 111 was awarded a medal at the 
 ^ OreatLxhibitmn in l8:;i,when he erected factories. 
 I He invented meat biscuit, 18^0. The Anglo-Swiss 
 condi^ised milk company was established in 1866; 
 I and since then the Aylesburv company. 
 Typhoid fever ( .:.| to be raiise.i by bad milk, pre- 
 vaileil)inl,i>i,.l,,„, Aug., Sept. ,873;abont 20 died 
 of feverthroiiyliiiiilk.at ui.a near Eugley, Lan- 
 '-•'"''"'•» March, ,376 
 
 MILKY WAY (Px.ilaxy) in the heavens. 
 Juno 18 said by the (jre. k poets to have spilt her 
 milk in the heavens alter suckliiiu' Mercury or 
 lien iiles. Democritus (about 428 h.c.) taiiglit'that 
 the rifi laetea consisted of stars, which Galileo 
 (l')lO-42) proved by the telescope. See Stam, 1892. 
 
 .MILLBANK PENITENTIARY. West- 
 nunster The very unhealthy site wa- purchased 
 ot the (.losvciior lamily. The building, a modi6- 
 cation of Jeremy Bentham's ]>an..pti.on (which 
 see), hrst received convicts 27 Jum , 1816. 
 
 * This militia act was conse(iuent upon the then iire- 
 vailmg opinion of the necessity of strengthening our 
 n....t„>na! dcfj ii;-i,^ ,gHi,„t .u,. pas.sihiiity .,f neueh 
 invasiee Tin act empowered her iiiaiestv to raise a 
 force IP t .!xcccding 8o,t»jo men, of which n'ninber 50,000 
 were to be riu.sed in ,85.., ami 30,000 in iS.;; ; the quotas 
 for ea(^li county or riding to be llxed h.v an order in 
 
 3 Jl 2 
 
 'liN» 
 
 N.-+!! 
 
 
 I.V 
 
 ,rii 
 
 m 
 
 
 I'l 
 
 t I 
 
 r 
 
 I 1 
 
 ca^t:.. 
 

 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ,1 
 
 MILLENAllIANH. 
 
 724 
 
 MINES. 
 
 Ill l'OIHl'l|IUMI(M> cif 
 lIlMllll' llll' ('"in il't" 
 
 ■ BiJ-i' Oil i6 .Inn 
 liiMillfiitliiiy » I'lillni 
 pitrliiiiiH'nt, un<l tin 
 
 iiiivnv ilriillM iliiihiK » l"'''i>f I"!''- 
 ivi'ir' |il;iiMil III Wiiiilwlcli liiilkn, 
 •, iH.H, 11 I'Hiillnlllrr ivpnrli'.l till' 
 I-. Till' hvhIciii «i\n ahiMxhni hi 
 liiililliiK '»ly>'''l Millluiiik iirli">ii; 
 
 iiimlii a luilllary iiilmni, 1870. 
 
 Till' linll.linurt inili'iviltiilic imlli'tlilnwii ami hIIo wilil, 
 1 383. 
 
 tt win nniiMy cloHcil 6 Nov. iSqo. , , , . 
 
 MttiiiiKii I. Ill' till' »lti' imimli'iriiil ' Um lionrd or 
 
 work», liv lift iiiiMsi'.l In iBijj. 
 
 Krcotliin mi llii' Mu (jj iuTi's)(if an ErmlUli iiiitlniml 
 nailery, pniiMWi..!, Nuv. i8.;j ; xiv S'alionnI linllaii, 1897. 
 
 MILr.KXAU[ANS(orChiliii»ta)8uii|:.n»|.tlmt 
 the wdilil will rml iit tlic uxiiinition of lln' si'veii 
 tlioumiiiiltliyiMiiliinii Hum rnitimi ; iinJ Hint iliii;ilij{ 
 a thniisiiMil yi'iirit (iiiillrmiimii) Chrirtt iiiul tlii' waiiiU 
 will rci^rn' upiiii thi' cnrtli ; »<•(' Uir. xx. 'I'lic 
 (lo( trino wiis vrry Kfnernllv inciiUiiti'd in tlu) 2ml 
 and jKl iiiiturii'H, liy I'aiiini*, Justin Martyr und 
 
 (itlll'lS. 
 
 MILLENARY PETITION, prosenti-d to 
 kiilK Jaini'H un liis aicr.-iHiijn, IfX)}, im bclialt "t 
 nearly a tlnniwinil I'uritiiii iiiiiiiHtiTs ajraiiist tin' 
 " human rites ami ii ri'iimiiien " of ih. ilinrch of 
 England. 
 
 MILLS. Moses fnihade niill-ntones to he taken 
 ill pawn, heeaiise it would he like taking a man's 
 life to pledge. Unil. xxiv. 6. The hand-mill wna 
 in use among the liriloiis iireviousl^' to the eon- 
 (juest hy the KoimniH. The Kouians introdiieed the 
 water-mill 
 erected li; 
 Uerhvahii' 
 
 Coltnii inilis moved hy water were 
 
 ,ir Uii'liard Arkwright, at Cromford, 
 
 He dieil in 171)2. .See MeclKtidcs. 
 
 IliiUys " Tridtu (111 .MliioruloKlu " iiii|wim.,l |„ 
 MlluTulotilnil soelcity of (hviil llnljuii lidij i,. 
 
 nieetliiK III L.aidon, jImIi. ia7'i, Nii.ij.th,.,.,,,. ' 
 .\liollii.|- society tonnea Itselt /,, j-^ /_ j||,,' 
 
 syiiiliol tor the fiiiu ot 11 1'lyatid 
 James 1). Dana's "System ot .MiiiemLinv' .. 
 
 edition *'■ i' 
 
 MINEllVA, leo I'uithiUiHi and .((;,,„ 
 
 MINEH. Stnihoiiiid Taeil i« rnu , ,., 
 
 and silver as among the proilu(i«oi' liiitm,, 
 earliest instanee of 11 eluini to a mine rinnj! 
 eliforct'd oeeurs 47 Hen ■■• - ■ 
 
 mines eontaining g<dd, 
 
 I.. I.'.: 
 
 
 I He 
 
 _ . together with id! 
 
 In I'.dward I.'s reitrii 
 
 't rii'iir|"i! 
 
 I I'lT, 
 
 Devonshire. In Kdward t.'s rei^ni, i,,,.,,,,',,,''. ''' 
 Mr. Uudiiig, the mines in Ireland, w|,i,,|, |,|.i„„",| 
 silver, weri^ aiijipiwed to he so neji ilmt 'i,,, |.'|''' 
 direeted 11 wnl for working thi'iii 1.. K,,!,,,,, '',^ 
 Ulhird, lord justii'e, |j;ii. The lead miiii'si.l (, ,,!',' 
 ganshire, from whiidi silver has ever mii.|. I.,,!,',!''" 
 traded, were discovered hy sir II null .Muiaiii„ii j,' 
 the roi({li of James I.; see Vaiil, ami thu i,,, 
 metals. Average depth id' miiies (i.'^<)l) jum ,,.1" 
 Deep mines: Ashton Moss euUicr), iinn 'j|..!'' 
 Chester, 2.H.S0 It. ; lairt j,i.)(x. It. ; \n\,^,.y i',,,,,,'; 
 Calumet, near lake Superiur, U.S., i,i)i)oU, (is,,,,!! 
 f.ilv( r-lead mine, I'rzilinini in lii.lieniia ' ' 
 (J/ii(iiibir/i' l.iiii/c/(ij)ivil(«, iHiji. 
 
 ' ,v4,iJ It, 
 
 Mill-work oxhihition at tlie Agriculturnl Hull, 
 London, N. lO-l.S May, 1H81. 
 
 lyilLWAUKEE. A town in ^V'se'msin 
 North America, lounded iSjv Hie New Hall iiotel 
 was hurnt 4 A.M. 10 Jan. l8,S?. when nhovit l(X) 
 persons penslied. (Jeorgo Silicller, lessee (d the 
 bur-room, arrested for arson iih..iit 17 Jan. i.S.S^. 
 ropuhitioii, l8i)0, 20.},4S(). (ireat tire at \hr I lu.ni 
 oil works; (XX) hiiildiiigs destroyed; estimated I'-^s 
 iibout 5,82r.,(X)0 dollars, 28 Oet. 1892. 
 
 MINCIO, a river of Lombardv. Here the 
 Anstrians wi re repulsed by the French under 
 Bruno, 25-27 Dei. 1800; and h^ Eugene lieau- 
 harnnia, 8 Feb. 1814, near Vuloggio. 
 
 MIND-CURE. A sect termed Christian 
 Seientists in Itoston, U.S., led hy Mrs. M. li. O. 
 Eddv, professed to cure bodily diseases hy acting on 
 the 'niind through the body, by staring, &c., 1885, 
 et aeij. 
 
 MINDEN (Prussia), Battlk of, I .Vug. 
 1759, between the Knglisli, Hessians, and Hano- 
 verians (under prince Fenlinaiid of Drunswiek), 
 and the French (under niiir>hal J)e Contades), who 
 were beaten and driven to the ramparts of Miiiden. 
 Lord George Backville (afterwards lord (jeorge 
 Germain) who eommanded the Ih-itishand Uano- 
 verian horsi>, for some disobedience of orders was 
 tried bv a court-martial on his return to Kiighmd, 
 found guilty, and dismis.sid, 22 April, 17(10. He 
 waa afterwards restored to favour, and liecame 
 secretary of state, 1776. 
 
 MINERALOGY, the seienci' of minerals, is 
 a branch of geology; see (jivIik/ii, Miihk and 
 Cyi//it"'/'ii/riip/ii/. It was not muc 1 studied by the 
 aiil-ioiit-.." G.'.-.rs:.- A-ricn!a in the Kith lentury 
 made the lirst attempt to treat it .scientifically. 
 The stmlv of inineialogy was ailvanceil by liecker. 
 
 Kirciicr, iiiiil Woodward in the i7tli ceiitniy. 
 A British Jliucralogical Sjoeicty csUiblislied iu . . 1800 
 
 .Ui/"'i!/./iiin lie' estiilillslieil . . .jgAii' 
 The lloyul «cl I of .Mines, In:, Jeriiiyicst'iv,'' 
 
 St. .Iiiiiies's, ojieneil In . . . ' \^,^^' 
 
 .\\i act lor tlie n ;,'alatioii of mines |iiis.seil in 
 .\ .Milieis' I'rotecliiiii .\ssoclaliun iaoiinanl l,j j|,.' 
 
 William Unniey ami olliei.s 111 . , j|'|,|.'|,||' 
 Value of the total mineral iniHliice i,f |hu Unii,,! 
 
 iijj 
 
 '"ii 
 itto 
 
 Kingdom estimated at 30,155, 701/. 
 
 31,680,581;. 
 
 63,7,7,831/. 
 64,076,424'. 
 100,80^,6^7'. 
 78,7j8,q47'. in 181 
 Miners' coiit'ereiiee. 
 
 ill 
 ill 
 ill 
 in 
 III 
 
 859; 4'i5.",7os'. 
 
 1870 ; 69,041,158'. 
 1879; 88,042,457/. 
 1884 ; 58,653,689/. 
 1690; 80,91x1, 825/. 
 
 I8i4; 
 iStd ; 
 1*7 C 
 Itel, 
 18^7; 
 ■'94; 
 
 lill 
 
 for amelloi'iitloii of tlicif 11,11. 
 ilition, held at .Mertliyr Tyilvil ; well ei,ii,lu,.t,,| 
 Mr. llallhlas piesiiienl .... ii,i 
 Lord Aliiirdarcs .Metalllfernus Mines llexi'.lnti"!! 
 
 act passi'd 10 Aiy. 
 
 Tlie Aimilgaimited Assoeiiilioii ot Miiiiiis lipgun ji, 
 baiicasliire alioiil 1869, held a ciiiileiciii'i.atx,.«. 
 poll, 1873 ; at llristol . , . .80,1. ,j., 
 Uoval eommissioii on mines (nee iimler fnil).q.. 
 
 I'lolnted, b'cli. 1879. Heporl issne.l . .\,.\. ,a; 
 Aiiiiiieis' iiHtionaleonl'eienccon wages, ite. ;,)|,.,|,.,| 
 at llirmingliam, 30 April, 1881 ; at .Miiiii.|i|.,st.r. 
 29 Aug. 1882, ami Ireiiiieiitiy iit .ilhiT I'laivs. 
 Miners' iissiielal ion of Noilhiiniliiilaiiil vi,li.,i^..iii,,. 
 coiitiiinance of payiiiciils tn tlieir .M.l'>, .M,.,<|< 
 Hurt uml Kenwick, 19 .Sept. ; vole ri.»ciii,|,-.|, 
 Nov. 1887; fnitlier agitutloii on tlie .siilijvci; 
 
 iigHin rescinded Ai.iil, |i:j 
 
 Xatloiial Miners' Kederatioii uniiiml eiiiifi!n.|in(, 
 1889; liirmiiigliiim, j.i .Ian. i/.s"/. 1890; biniiiiii,.. 
 ham, 7 ilaii. 1891 ; Stoke-oii-'fieiit, is jiui. ji^:; 
 liiniiingliiim, 11 ,lan. 1S93; Leicester, 16 J.u.. 
 1B94; Uirmiiighttm, 8 .Inn. 1895; Leice.<ti.r,5Jai,. 
 
 1897 ; Uristol 4 Jan. ,^ 
 
 Interiiationai exliiliition of mining and iimtulliiry, 
 
 (Jrvslal palace . . . . i3 .liily-n llc'i. li^ 
 Instlliite of .Minin^; Kn;-;ineeis met at Niittiii(;iiaii;, 
 24 .Si'iit. iB.jii; at othei' places since. 
 ! International congress of niiiier.s at .loliiiumt, IH. 
 I giiim, 20-24 May, 1S9.J; at Pans, 31 .Mimlc) 
 ! April, 1891; at Westminster, 7 10 .liiiie, liyj; 
 I III Itnissels, 22 .May, 1893; at llerlin, 14-19 .May, 
 ' 25 1B94 ; at Paris, 3-7 .lime, 1695 ; Aix.|a.l.liaiifll.., 
 j May, 1896 ; l.oinliin, 7 June, 1897 ; Vieiiim, iAil. liji 
 : See (.'i«' 1889 ^l K''!- 
 
 ' Persons employed in mines ill tlie United Kliijj.lum, 
 
 i3S3, yj.^/-'jf>< !°9'i -■'7..|!> ■• :-Q7. 728.71,!. 
 
 By the Hooding of Wheal Owles, a Curiiisli tin 
 
 mine, 20 111(111 w '•• drowned . . lo.liiii. lijj 
 
 , Uo.viil eoiniiiis.s, on mining royaltits, Kirl 
 
 Norlhbruuk, cluariiiun, appointed, 18S9; liiial 
 
iMll'"llll|l|.al,,| 1,1 
 
 ilvut Unljiiii hM ,,,., "-" 
 
 iiclidmtiiin (if tlu'lr ri.|i. 
 ryilvil; well f(.lli|llit.-.|; 
 
 • "il. li-i 
 'iTMiiH Mini's Htw.liit|,.ii ' 
 
 linn lit MilllMS liejiUll ill "' 
 ll'lil II (■lllllVrclK^l' III Xr«. 
 
 ■ ■ • .8(H. ,J,j 
 
 IKil't l.ssucil . N, I ,:.. 
 lliri)|i\Vii|,'rs, &!•.;, ii.,i„,i 
 ril, i8Si ; iit Maiiclii'»trr, 
 iMilly 111 lillicr plutM, 
 tliiiiHlii'il:;iiil vi.tcav'aiim 
 s til tlii-ir .M.l's, Jliwh 
 I Si'|it. ; villi' ri'nciiiiliil, 
 iillltiiill nn tlie slilijrct; 
 • . • •, • A|'i;l, ,;:j 
 tiun uiimiiil I'liufiTi'iitH, 
 Ian. rlsii/, 1890; Uirimii;- 
 I'-iin-Tii'iit, 12 Jim. ! = ,;; 
 189J ; Li'ii'L'sti'i', 16 .liiii. 
 111. 1895; Ltiit'i'iitiT, 5Jaii. 
 
 • • ,• .4J»ii'iy 
 il niiiiini,' aiul nietiilliiriiy, 
 
 . iS Jiily-iilic'i. li;, 
 ii'i'iN iiii't at Niittiiisiiaiii. 
 
 (ilaiii's siiiii'. 
 
 niini'i-.s at .iuliiiioiil, IH- 
 ) ; at Tails, jt .Munii-j 
 lillsllT, 7 in Jtllli', 1:^2: 
 93 ; lit Itt'i'liii, 14-ig .May. 
 nil', ib95; Aix-la.Umiii'lif, 
 hull', 1897 ; ViHiiiu, i.Aii.'. r^i 
 
 'Sill the Uniti'il Kiiii'iloiu, 
 ..^ll : 1SQ7. 7:8. 71!. 
 ■al Owlos, II Coriiisli tin 
 viii'il . . lo.'ai). ijjj 
 milling ruyiiltiw, arl 
 , niniuinttid, 1869; liial 
 
 reionnuiiiiii, was lor it iiinu uieir iit'un. 
 
 were piililislicil i»t Xureiiiliorj,', I560. 
 
 s" imil "Kcyiianl the Fo.\," are attii- 
 
 MINCiHEI.IA. 7U 
 
 i,,„rt jnil dvliltini'i' ri'laliiiK In the net iil' 1873, 
 
 I,. niinM '4 .Maii'li, 1B91 
 
 Tk,ir4miMi"'l nilioit 1111 tlie iiiiiienil iiiiliistiy iif 
 .|,, L'liltwl K iiKiliilii (1894) ti.v 111', V. 1,11 Nine 
 (intiT, |iillill"le"l. ''»"■ 'Hg*; »eei)iiil part, A\m. 1898 
 
 ,j,i,(,.Mniiiliiii. s hIi'i r.Hil. 
 
 MINORKl'IA. Hie iiliiii'li' Ciili'liis, iiii'iitioiied 
 iiiliii''li'j,'enil of "Jiusiiii, till' Arxiiimilts, ami tile 
 (joMi'ii Klcei'i'-" A iniiviiiie uf .Vsiiitli' Uusaiii, 
 liriiin' Nii'iilii" Imviii'.? ei'ilnl his riKhts tu tlie C'/ar 
 In I*-. In 1H.S7 tlie iniiin' was nimkeii of iih a 
 ,,iii.||iliite fiir the lliilt.'ariaii thi'niic. 
 
 MIN'IATl'UE PAINTIXO was i.nieti.seil 
 in tnKliiilJ !',> Ilnlhein, Isaae, iiiul I'liter tlliver, 
 ,iiil others in till- I'lth i'i'iitui-\ ; liy otlirr eiiiiiieiit 
 jr|iii< >'we. Till' iii'W Siiiiilv <if .Mimaiiire 
 I Piiiilm, pri'siileiit. Mi- .M.vii- Williams, ci;ieiie(l iu 
 lirit Mliibitimi lit 17s. Ne* llmiil-slri'i't, I.iimloii, 
 r >c|it. li!'/'. " I'lie Siirieiy uf Miniaturists," 
 pnolciit, Ici'il Kmiiilil <li)"('i', 1st e.xliiliitioii, at 
 111,' iinilton (.' illcrie*. Loiiilmi, 14 Nev. iXiyd, Sir 
 Will. lloKS, l^iX-lSOo, may be saiJ in lie llie liwt 
 I iiiiiiiiluriit. 
 
 MIN'IE HIFT/K. inventeiliitViiueiiiiis, about 
 Ij'ji. "bv M. Millie (her" lf<'")- I'' ruin a eiiiiiiuuii 
 liiitr lie miseil liiniself In the rank iif ihef 
 I li't-ailron. His riHe, emisiilereil to siiriiasa all 
 tiiJo iirevimi" t" it. «'iis ailii|iteil liy the Vreiicli, 
 »nd, Willi moililiralioiia, by the llritiMli, iHs,2. 
 
 MINIMIZEUS. A iiunie Kivi'U to tain 
 
 KiiliTs who iiilviii ate the liiuitation of the siivr- 
 
 I lri;ii|iiiwer of tlie slate as iiiuili is |i.issilile tu the 
 protrttioii of life ami |irii|H'rtv, whirh is stvli'ii 
 III liriifcwor Huxley "iiilminislrative nihilism." 
 
 I llii'V inrliiJc W. von llumliohll, J. S. Mill (in bin 
 '•K'siiyon I.ilierfy "), mill Mr. Ilrrhert ,S|ienier 
 
 I (ill Ills'" I'olitieiil Inatitutiiiiis"), 1S82. 
 
 MINIMS (froui minimi, the least), iiti order of 
 
 I miiiiiis, foiiinleii liy S. b'laueiseii ili I'lmln (141!) — 
 
 Ijii;), in t'ulahriii, reieiveil their iiume, as ])riifi's- 
 
 Uiiii; tlienisi'lvis inferior In the .Min.irites (tVom 
 
 Miirti', less) i see Fniiiciiciiiin. St. Fraiieis ilicil 
 
 in France in 1^07; where he hail estalilisheil houses 
 
 I of liii order. 
 
 MIXISTERS, see .UmiHinti-dliiDin. 
 
 MINISTERS in Seotliiml : ehiireh piitronngo 
 
 w.i- aliolisliei) in 1874. 
 MINXESINOEUS, lyric Germnn noeta, of 
 I till- 12th anil l^theeiiUiries, who sniijj of love and 
 I njr to entertiiin kninhts anil barons of the time. 
 I Till' ilei»lersiii</irs, their sueeessors, an ineorporated 
 I (rali'mity in the I4tli eentury, emnposeil aiitiricul 
 Ills for the amuseiiient of the eitizens and lower 
 ItLusi-s. Uans Siiehs, a shoemaker (I4i)4-I57()), a 
 
 I ml uf the I'eforinaliiin, was for it time tlieir dean 
 lli< works 
 
 " lln'll'ljllISS 
 
 I I itnl to the Meistiirsingei 
 
 MINNESOTA, « western state of X. Amerien, 
 I IV 1* organised aa a territory, ,5 March, 1840, and 
 IfiJniitted into the uiiimi in iJ^S^- On 17 Auk. iS()2, 
 I till' Sioux Indians coiiinieni'i'il u series of outraj^es 
 InLUlonin Messier county, desolatiiif; the eoiiiitry , 
 liino luassaiTini; above ^a'l persons, of lioth sexes, | 
 lanJ of all ages. General Sililey heat the Indians i 
 liii two liattles and rescued mimycaptives, Thirty- 
 lii.'iil Indians were exeeiiteil as assiiusins, f'lipitiil 
 Im. I'aul. ' 
 
 iTliH ^ipiit Trilmiii' Imil.liiifjs at Miiiiieaiiolis were 
 i'liriit. about 20 |ihi'siiiis perislieil, yy Kiiv. i88g ; 
 aiiiitluT tire, 3 deaths ; estiiimteil hiss, 2,cyK),ono 
 ''"'■"^ -jAiiK. 1893 
 
 MINT. 
 
 Tornadi), iiiiieli ilestnielli.ii iiml loss of life In Mt, 
 
 I'aiil ami tlie iii'i^lilioiirl i| ; the .'>Vii./vi'ie/, 
 
 steamer, on lake I'eklii upset, uIhiiiI hk, prrsmis 
 ilrinvneil, and many others In siniill bouts ; tutal 
 loss aliniit 3V> I'liily, iSiJii 
 
 lli'stnii'tive tiirnailii with hwH of llfii 15, ir.,Iiine, 189.1 
 
 jlestlllrtive liirest lll'es ; see I'llitnl Sti'let, ji AUjJ.- 
 |Mi.|,l. ,B„4, 
 
 ropiilaliuii, iBii, 780,771; 1R90, i,ioi,8j6. 
 
 MIXOUCA AND MA.TOUCA, the llakarie 
 Ules (iihir/t lec). I'orl .Miliuii in Minoria wan 
 laiitured by lieiili'iiant-Keneral >Stanliii|ie and sir 
 Jolm l.eake in 170K, anil was eeded to the Hritish 
 by the treaty of Utreiht in 1715. It was retaken 
 liy till' Siiiiii.sh and Kremh in .Inly, ITS'", mill 
 admiral llyii- fell a viitim to |)iililir iiuliKiiation 
 fir not relii'Viiin it; see ////".'/. It was restored to 
 the llritish at the peace in 17(1^; taken !, Feb, 
 17S2 ; iitain eaptnied by the llritish iitnler ifencnii 
 Stuart, witliiiiit the loss of a mnn, 15 \i,v. 171)8; 
 «iveii up at the peace of Amiens, 25 Nliirih, l8o2. 
 
 MINOHITIES. In the new reform bill, 
 pissed 15 .Vii^;. 18(17, provision was niade lor the 
 repri'sentatioii of minorities in eoil-litin iieiis with 
 three members by liiniliiip; eai heleitiir to two votes, 
 It was introilui'i'd as an ameiidnieiit by Imd Ciiirni 
 ill the lords, ^o.luly, and arii'|ited by llie luinmons, 
 Aux. 18(17. The principle w.is adopted in a new 
 ciinstitution by the stale of Illiniiis, U.S., July, 
 1870. See l'i{j/jiii/iu>i(il Jl'/jft.>{ ntiifioii. 
 
 MINSTEll, or MoXASTl'Utll'M, a pliieo oc- 
 ciinied by mutiks; see ll'i:\tiiiiii.s/ir and i'nrk. 
 "The Minster," an illustrated moiithly miiKiiizinti, 
 ■aipported by the arehbishnp of I'linterbury, sir 
 Meiijamin linker, iind other eminent persons ; 
 No. I, Jan. 1895. 
 
 MINSTllELS, originally pipers appointed by 
 lords of nmnoi's to divert their eopyhnldris while nt 
 work, owed their ori;jiii to the ;;lee men or harpers 
 of the Saxons, and eotitinued till about l^ln). John 
 iif (raunt ereeteil 11 court of miiistrels at Tutbiiry in 
 13H0. So late as the rei^'ii of Henry VIII. t'hcy 
 intruded without ceremiiiiy into all eoiiipanies, even 
 at the liousi's of llie nollility; but in Klizabeth's 
 rei^'ii thev were iidjiidtfed rogues and vagabonds 
 
 Cso:)' 
 
 MINT. Athelstan enacted rejfulation.'j for the 
 jtoveriiment of the mint about 928. There were 
 several provincial minis under the eontnd of that 
 of Liiiulon. Henry I. is said to have instituted a 
 mint at Winchester, Ii2.j. Stow >,iys the mint was 
 kept by Italians, the l'.n-li>h liein^' i^iinrant of 
 the art of eoinin;;, 7 Kdw. !. 1278. The operators 
 weie formed into 11 eor]ioratiim by the charter of 
 kill}? Kdward III., in which lotulition it eonsiateil 
 of the warden, iimster, comptroller, assay-master, 
 workei's, coiners, and siiliordiniites. The first entry 
 of ijiild broiiifht to the mint for coinii;;c occurs in 
 18 Edw. III. 1^45. Tin was coined by Charles II. 
 1(184; aid yiii •mi'tal iiiid pewter by nis siiecesaor 
 James aflc his abilication. Sir Isaiic Newton was 
 warden, l(o<)-I7-^, , duiing which time the debased 
 coin was called in, and new issued at the loss of 
 tlie government. Detween 1806 and Ihio, grants 
 amounting to 262,aio/. were made by parliament 
 for the erection of the picsent mint", wliich was 
 completed in 1810; it was injiircd by hiv, 31 Oct. 
 181,;. The new ciinstitution nt the mint, Inunded 
 on the report of the lion. Wi'llesley I'ole, took 
 effect in 181 7. Professor Thomas (iraham, tlie 
 master of the mint, died Kj Sept. 18(19. by the 
 Coinage Act, passed 4 April, 1870, the office" was 
 combined with that of the chainellp the e.x- 
 
 tli • 
 
 ■ i 
 
 1 IfBi] 
 
 'IJb. 
 
 JI m 
 
 
 ,iij M^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 III 
 

 MINUET. 
 
 726 
 
 MITCHELSTOW.N. 
 
 chequer, the duties being tninafcrred to tlie deputy- 
 master (Sir C. \V. Freraan'le), K.c.ii., I Jan. i8()o; 
 resigned, Sept. 1894; euceecded by Mr. Horace 
 Seymour. After reorganization, the work was 
 resumed, 8 Dee. 1882. See Coin. 
 
 Sea Inlands in the Duff, I ;()(,) ; ciiitenarv 
 brated, 15 Jan. 1895. .Most Oliristiim )iX', 
 support missions, liritiih Cuiili-il/iition,: t., h' 
 Mmions : 1871,855,742/.: iH;-, ' '"' 
 
 1871-7,6,977,586/.) 
 
 MA.STi:ilS OF THE MIST. 
 
 1S4I. 
 
 E. Glad- 
 
 1845. 
 1846. 
 1850. 
 
 1855. 
 
 Willinin 
 
 stout'. 
 
 Sir Cieorgu Clork. 
 Hicliiinl L. Slicil. 
 Sir.IoliiiF. Her.iclicl, 
 
 F.H.S. 
 TlioiMiis Graliniii, 
 
 K.H.S. 
 
 1817. Welle.sle\ Pole. 
 
 1823. Tlionms Wallaee. 
 
 1827. George Tiernuy. 
 
 1828. J. C. Hcrrifs. 
 1830. Lord Auckland. 
 1834. .Jnnn'S Abcrcroinliic 
 1815. Alt'.siaiiikT liaring. 
 
 ,, Henry Labouchere. 
 
 MINUET, a French dance, said to have been 
 first danced by Louis XIV., 1653. 
 
 MINUS, 8. rius. 
 
 MIRACLE PLAYS, see under Drama. 
 
 MIEIDITES, or MiRDlTES, see Tia-key, 
 
 3IIRR0RS. I'l ancient times mirrors were 
 made of metal ; tliose of tlie Jewish women of 
 brass. Mirrors of silver were introduced by Praxi- 
 teles 4th centiirii n.c. Mirrors or looking-glasses 
 were made at Venice, A.u. 1300 ; and in England, 
 at Lambeth, near London, in 1673. The imnrove- 
 ments in manufacturing plate-glass, and tliat of 
 very large size, have clieapened looking-glasses very 
 much. Various methods of coating glass by a 
 iolution of silver, thus avoiding the use of mer- 
 cury, so injurious to the health of the workmen, 
 have been made known ; by M. Petitjean in 1851 ; 
 by M. Cimeg in 1861, and by Liebig and others. 
 
 MISCHNA, see Talmud . 
 
 MISERERE {rsiilm li.) sung at Rome in the 
 " Tenebrte," the service in Holy or Pa.ssion Week, 
 in a peculiarly etteetive manner, to old music. One 
 arrangement is by Costanzo Festa, dated 1517. 
 
 MISSAL, or Mass Book, the Romanist 
 ritual compiled by jiope Uelasius 1. 492-6 ; revised 
 by Gregory I. 5130-604. Various missals were in 
 use till the Roman missal was adopted by the coun- 
 cil of Trent, 1545-63. The missal was super- 
 seded in England by the book of common prayer, 
 IS49- 
 
 MISSING WORD COMPETITION. 
 See lottiru/i, 1893. 
 
 MISSIONARY BISHOPS, see under 
 Bishops. 
 
 MISSIONS.* sei' Markwi. 15. Among the 
 Romanists, the r.-Iigious orders of St. Dominic, St. 
 Francis, St. .\ugustin, &c., have missions to tlie 
 Levant and to America. Marco Polo is said to have 
 introduced missionaries into China, 1275. The 
 Jesuits have missions to (;hina {which ,ieij and to 
 most other parts of tin! ivorld. Among the Protes- 
 tants, an early undertaking of ihis kir.d was a 
 Danish mission, planned by Frederick IV. in I'oh. 
 The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in 
 ' foreign jiarts was established IJOI, and the fllora- 
 vian Brethren encouraged missions about 1 732. 
 The London Missionary Society held their tirst 
 meeting, 4 Nov. 1794 (ist mission sent to the South 
 
 • JIis.-iio.s'H, "a si-rlcs o. scnaon ,, gciuTally liy ,i 
 Miii.-siout'r,' or sjiccial ini'aclicr, oft '.) followeil by con- 
 fessions mill (■■ :iiiiiiiiions" (a sjie • I'S of revivalism), 
 were iiutlinri: I in tlie iiK'troiiolis oy *'xu liisliiijis of 
 London, Willi .Ulster, and Kocliester, 1' . 1869 and 
 lliice. 
 
 Moo,:<j3/. 
 
 m] 1 1 
 
 Great congress of protcstant nii.ssinns in ii,,„i,, 
 large number ot societies reiircwMitcd rl'i 
 Aberdeen president, q-iq Jniie, 1888. ' 
 
 Coniiciinder Allan Gardner, U.S.. w Im li.ft £„ ,1 
 the Ocmii Queen in Sept. 1850, .11 th,. I'atiu'.mla, ', '' 
 ^ion, with Mr. Willianis. sui-Knm, >lr S' 
 catecliist, and four others, died ,,1, Piiti.iiVi f''- 
 the niontli of the lJen(,'le ClmMii.l, t.i tli.- I I'' '' 
 Tierra did Fnego, haviiiK been stiirveil u, iImH 'il 
 bis conipaniims having i.reviimsl; l.i;n,ln.,l 6n,'' 
 1851. ' ' ''' 
 
 M. Scholller, a missionary to Coidiia-Clniia wa< 1,1,11; , 
 executed at !Son-Tay, by order of U„. (,,,,„, ,„J 1 jJ 
 for preaching Christiaiiitv, sucli iiivMeliiiiii l«.ii,„ 
 hibiteil by tlic law of that conntiy, 4 Shiv:,85i "" 
 
 MISSISSIPPI, a great river, x'. Air.er,. 
 explored by De Soto about 1541. Captuin (j'lu,:i." 
 discovered "its source, 1884. Its leiigtb i.s iiowsiHf 1 
 to be 2,960 miles. The Mississippi tr;nle<vusi),.Vm 
 in England, in Nov. 1716. Law's .MississipiiUi.!,',.,'. 
 in France, commenced about tlic same period n 
 ploded in 1 720; at which time tlie nnininal ca'piiai 
 is said to have amounted to loo.ixm.ml. Thpnii- 
 of thousands soon followed, iiei' law'h Buhile " 
 Poiinlation, 1880, 1,131,597; 1890.1,285.6x1. 
 Tlie great Kails bridge Mt .St l.oiiis (ip,.|,i.,|, 4 J„|v ,:. 
 Hy the exiilosion of the huiler of the Oimim at "' 
 Port Unilson on the .Mississippi, 4. persons 
 
 perished jo,,, .,. 
 
 The North American state, Mississieer, was si'tlleil ""' 
 in 1716; .admitted as 11 stale of the luiioii, igi,. 
 seceded from it by ordiniiiice, S ,Jaii. i%i;,sulj! 
 initted, iSe,. Capital, .laeksnn. 
 Aliont 85,000 persons made homeless lliniiij^linoijils 
 
 in the lower Mississippi valley earlv in Marcli p:, 
 Tlie Mississijipi valley snfleis niiii h by fmnMij '" 
 inniidatioiis ; one was very disiisii.ius'ih .\|,';rc|i. 
 April, 1890, when thousands of si|ii;iri miles wciv 
 immerged, many towns isolated, luid eoinimiiii. 
 cations cut ott'. Louisiana suHeri d iijueh in Aijril 
 following'. 150,000 dollars voted Ity emi^ress to 
 relieve the sulleiers . . . .' 25 April, iV 
 Grenada nearly destroyed by lire . . 14 Jan. j::. 
 The meat cantilever bridge over the riV'T, 3 niilei ' 
 long, at Menipbis, .ioiniiii; Tennissee and .KrUu- 
 sas, conipleteil ; cost, 600,000/., aiiiioiiiicod 
 
 11 April, c-, 
 
 Destrnctive H jds ; about 250 lives lost, abuia 13 
 
 Apiil ('/ .11'/. ; about 1,500 si], miles eovere'l iipar 
 
 St. Louis; II million dollars e>tiiiiale.l hss; 
 
 great loss of life ; floods abaliiiii . . 25Ma}, 
 
 Great rising of tlie river .... May,' i|;, 
 
 MISSOLONGHI, a town in Greece, bk™ I 
 from the Turko, i Nov. 1821, and heroicallvaiiil 
 successfully defended against tlie Turks by ilin > 
 Botzaris. Oct. 1822—27 J'*"- 1*^23. It wusiiiker,!; 
 April, 1826, after a long siege. Here bord Bvtis 
 died, 19 April, 1824. A ,<tatue of livrmi to'uii. 
 veiled here, 6 Nov. 1 88 1. It wassuiTciiderediolie 
 Greeks in 1829. 
 
 MISSOURI, a south-western stale in X. 
 America, was set led in 1763, and admitted into tU 
 union, loAug. 1821. It decided on neutrality in 
 the conllict of 1861, but was invailcil by bothitt 
 confederate and federal fori'cs in June ol that ywr, 
 and beciiiiie one of the seats of war. Capiiil, 
 Jefferson city; population, i8ho, 2,168,^80; if'/i, 
 2,679,184; see I'ltited •Slates. l.Sdi et »eq,-l'm[ 
 railway strike Marc'n, l8,S6. Tlie iiniver.silvlibnrt, 
 flnliimliia, burnt, 9 Jan. lHf)2.— For the Mwirs! 
 Cf)MrU(>MISE, see S/iivcri/ in Aiiiencu. 'fte 
 Missouri river is 3,047 miles long. 
 
 MITCHELSTOWN, Cork, see hdmi 5 
 , Sept. 1887. 
 
SLSTOWX. 
 
 7>''. '7'/'); oi'iittnary ,,.:, 
 
 . •;'":'' (.'iii-iatiin, stp'tj ; • 
 
 -*"'■• "^■■- '•''W.W. iil; i 
 
 stant lui.ssiuiis In r,,„i,|„,,. 
 ti.'s rqiivs,>iit,.,l , rl„ ^' 
 19 J\mc, 1888. ' ' 
 
 ■1-, H.N., wlio l,.ft Eiular,,! , 
 t. -Sso, iutlu.l-atagonian ,:' 
 inx. sui-pnn Mr >laia„ 1 
 ■•>■«, .linl ..„ Pi.t,,, [„„'7'' 1 
 
 ii« iK'.m stiirve,] t.. ,]tatl,:,, ^ 
 ; lircviuuslj .,«i,iiea, 6 .v,', 
 
 ■t(i(;iM'lMi[.ciiina, was|,„i,|i,i, 
 
 mt lumitiy, 4 Mav, ,851. ' 
 Srciit river. N. Amcriia 
 
 ^">'t 154;- Cuptainaiazj.; 
 
 i84. UsloiigtlnsnowsliiiHl 
 Mississippi trii(](. was brvui, 
 
 0. Law's Mississippisci,,,,,,, 
 
 nliout the siuix.. poriod, es. 
 
 eh tiiiii' (lie iMiiiinal capital 
 
 d to lOO.OCKJ.lXXV. ThlTnili 
 
 vi'd. tiiif L(iw\ISuUe."' 
 17 ; 1B90. i,2S9,fi». 
 
 St .l.i>"is.i]».|ii'.l, 4Jii|y, ,=.j 
 boiler uf tlie Oraiid jt ' | 
 Mississipi.i, 4j persons 
 
 e, Mississippi, was settW 
 
 stiile lit' the iiniiiii, i8i;- 
 
 liiuuire, 8. Jan. i!16i; sul! 
 
 ilaekseti. 
 
 lelli'llieless IlirmiKli tlnwl, 
 
 i valli'y early in Marcli, , 
 
 .Utlel-s IMlli'll hy fr.-ijUiia 
 
 .'ery ilisastiuiis in M,ircli. 
 iiiiiils cil'si|iiare miles uvji. 
 < isolali'il, ami eoinimini. 
 iia suHere.l imieli in April 
 Inrs vute^l liy ediifjress to 
 , ,■ • • 25 April, M; I 
 I by tire , . ,4 Ja,,. , ' 
 Ij^eover tlie river, 3 miles 
 ill}.' Tennessee aiel Arkan- 
 x)o,oo<j/., aiinuiiiicetl 
 
 1 1 April, I 
 it 250 lives Icwt, atKjnli. 
 ;oo s([. miles eovereri iipar 
 I dollars estimate.1 liss; 
 s abating . . ajMav, 
 
 . . . . May,,: 
 , a town ill Greece, takft I 
 IV. 1H21, mill heroically ano ' 
 i^aiiist the Turks by Slir. , 
 ;• Jan. 182,3. It wast.iktr.!! 
 lir sipiri'. Hc.ri' I.iird Byris 
 A statue ot' Hyrmi was'un. 
 !l. It was surreiuleredtoiit 
 
 smitli-wcstern state in >', 
 1 1763, and admitted into li.t 
 It deeideil on neutrality in 
 It was invaded hy both' lb 
 I forecs in June nl that ywr, 
 ;lie ei'iits of war, Capitii, 
 tioii, !8Si, 2,168,580; \'ti,\ 
 
 SIdlcH, iS()i et .tfj,-(irnl 
 iSHd. Tlie universilv library, 
 I. !Hf)2,— for the ^fm,«ori;! 
 iS/iiffi-i/ in Aiiimca. Ut 
 
 niili.'s long. 
 
 Cork, sec Irihni 
 
 MITHKIDATE. 
 
 727 
 
 MODOC INDIANS. 
 
 V'N, 
 
 iJIITHRIDATE, a mt'dical preparation in the 
 
 fcriiiol'aneU'i'tuary, supposod to be an antidote to 
 iJ(,iiCii aiiJ the oldest coinpound known, is said to 
 lavt been indented by Mithridutes, kiiigof i'ontus, 
 ,l)out ;o B.C. 
 
 HITHKIUAIIU VVAK, eauseu by tlie raas- 
 f,„reulto,ooo Konmiis, by Alitliridates VI., kingof 
 jijjlus, 88 H.'.'., and rennirkablo for its duration, 
 jt<iiiaiiy8iinguiiiary battles, and tlie eruelties of its 
 lonimaiiJers. Mitliridatea having- taken the conswi 
 iquihusi '"»''^' '"'" ''''''' "" "" ""^ tliroiiifh a great 
 patiof.isia. crying out as lie rode, "I am Aquilius, 
 [^injulol'tlie Homaiis." lie is said to have killed 
 jjiia by causing melted gold to bo poured down his 
 lliroatj in ilwi'^'oii of his avarice, 85 li.c. Mithri- 
 jjteswa defeated by I'ompej, 06 u.u. ; and com- 
 mitted suicide, 03 n.c. 
 
 IflTEAILLEUSE, or Mitrailleuk, a 
 
 uatliiiie-guii ill which 37 or more large- bored rities 
 ;,re toinbiueU with breech-action, by means of whicli 
 J jhower of bullets may be rapidly projected by one 
 man. It was invented in lielgium, and adopted by 
 the French emperor soon after tlie Priisso-iVustrian 
 war in 1866, and was niiieh used in the Franco- 
 Prussian war in 187c. Its peculiar "dry, shrieking, 
 terrible sound " w.is de^erined in the bombardment 
 r,i saarbriick, 2 .Vug. 1870. Moditications of tlie 
 niitiiiillensc have been made by Montigny and 
 ullicrs. The Foshery niitrailleuae was tried and 
 approved at Shoehuryness, 11 Aug. 1870.— It is 
 nifiitioneJ in GroHCK Mi/ihi);/ Aiiliijuilic.s (1801) 
 tltii in England, in 1625, a patent was granted to 
 Wihiain Druramond for a niaehine composed of a 
 number of muskets joined together, by the help of 
 wliich two soldiers can oppose a hundred, and 
 naiiieJ, on account of its effect, "thunder carriage," 
 or more usually, "tire carriage." .Vn English 
 mitrailleuse, a modification of the .Vmeriean gatling, 
 containing 50 cartridge?, was tried at Woolwiidi, 18 
 Jan. 1872 : tifty of them were ordered to be made 
 by Armstrong.' 
 
 MITRE. The cleft cap or mitre was worn by 
 theJewisii high-piiest, IJ.91 n.c. It had on it a ' 
 golden plute iiiser.lied "IIoi.i.ne.ss to tiik Loud." 
 Exodus \:n\. 2ii. The inos,t aioieiit mitre that 
 Las the nearest r; semblance to the present one is ■ 
 th.it upun the S' 1. if the bishop of Laon, in the 10th 
 century. /'o.v''/'i'/. . Anciently the cardinals wore 
 mitresi but ai the council of Lyons, in 1243, they 
 were JireeleJ to wear hats. 
 
 MITYLEXE, or Lesbos, ^gean Sea. Near 
 herethetirecks defeated and nearly destroyed the 
 Turkish aect, 7 Oct. 1824. 
 
 liyEMONICS. artificial memory, was intro- 
 duced by Siuionides the younger, 477 ii.c. Annul. 
 Marbles. " .Mnemonira" was publislu'd by John 
 WiUisin 1618; and the " .Memoiia Techniea" of 
 lit. tii'ev first appeared in 1730. .\ system of 
 raiieiuomcs was aiiiiouneed in Germany in 1806-7. 
 
 MOABITES, descendants of Lot, a people 
 living to the south-east of Juihea. They were fre- 
 quently at war with the Israelite.-., and were sub- 
 dued with divine help by Ehud about 1,336, by 
 David about 1040, and by Jehoshaphat, 893 n.c, 
 but 'ften harassed the Jews in the decay of their 
 monarchy. The discovery of a stone witli inserip- 
 ti-.;i in I'hnr-iiieiin characters, sai.,1 to relate to 
 Meslia, king of Moab, referred to in 2 A'iiii/s, iii., 
 was announced in Jan. 1870, and impressions were 
 evhibiteil soon after, causing much diseiisaion among 
 orientalists, and its authenticity was doubted. 
 
 MOCKERN (Prussia). Here the French army 
 under Kngeue Jieauhariiais were defeated by the 
 I'ru.ssian.i under Yorck, 5 April, 181?; and here 
 Blucher defeated the French, 16 Oct. 1813. 
 
 ilODELS. The first were figures of living 
 persons, and Uibutades, the Corinthian, is the 
 reputed inventor of those in clay. His daugliter 
 being about to be separated from "her lover, traced 
 Ills profile by his shadow on the wall ; her father 
 filled up file outline with clay, which he afterwards 
 baked, and thus jirodueed a figure of the object of 
 her artection, giving rise to an art till then unknown, 
 about 983 H.c. 
 
 A beautiful iiiiidel of tlie new town of Eilinburgli, before 
 
 the liuiMiiig lii.;,'an, was foinieil in wood, 
 A moilel was iiia.le ofa bridge over the .Nev.i. r>f uiicoia- 
 
 iiiou strength as well as eleKauee ; ami of the mouu- 
 
 tains or^^witze^hllld, by general I'llller (1766-S5). 
 M, C'hottiiis model of I'aiia also was remarkable for its 
 
 precisicai. 
 Fine models of Gibraltar, Quebec, and other fortified 
 
 places, are deposited in the l{<itumla at Woolwich. 
 
 Wee iriMiivi/-/, and hulijiiiij-Uuitsis. 
 
 MODEXA (.formerly Mutina), capital of the 
 late duchy 111 Ci'Utral Italy ; was governed by the 
 house of Este, from 1288 till 171)6, when the last 
 male of that house, the reigning duke Hercules III., 
 was e.\pelled by the French. By the treaty of 
 Cimuo Formio, the .Modenese possessions were 
 incorporated with the Cis.ilpine republic, 1797, and 
 vvith the kingdom of Italy, 1803. The archduke 
 Francis of Ivste, son of the archduke Ferdinand of 
 Austria, and of Slary, the heiress of the last duke, 
 was restored in 1814. llodena, in accordance with 
 the voting by universal sutl'rage, was uniie.xed to 
 Sardinia on 18 March, i860. ' Population of tlie 
 city, 1881, 31,033 ; of the province, 1881, 270,234, 
 '««y> .303,.34i- 
 
 c:HAND DIKKS. 
 
 1814. Fram is IV. .\u invasion of his states liv Murat 
 was (h'feated, u April, 1815. He was exiielled 
 by his subjeets in 1831, but was restored by the 
 Austrinns. 
 
 1846. Francis V, (born i .luiie, 1819) succeeded 21 Jan. 
 His sulijeits rose against him soon after the 
 Italian war broke out, in April, 1859. He fled 
 to Verona, establishing a reniMii'y, 11 June; 
 wliieli \< as abolished, i) Juie : Farina was ap- 
 pointed dietator.27.luls-: aeonstituentas.semblv 
 
 was i lediately elected, whieli otVered the 
 
 diiehv to the kill;; of iSardiiiia, 15 Mept., who 
 ineoriioratid it with his dcuiiiiiions, 18 March, 
 i860. Fiain-is ilied, 20 Nov. 1875. 
 
 MODERADOS. A political party in Spain, 
 long headed by Jtamon Maria Nm-viU'z, duke of 
 Valencia (who died 23 .-Vpril, i8()8), who opposed 
 the I'rogresistas headed by lispartero and I'rini. 
 The party was reintbrci'd by the favourers of Don 
 Carlos, after his total defeat in 1876. 
 
 ^MODERATES, opponents of ihe Progressives 
 {uliicli .•.■(■(■). 
 
 MODOC INDIANS (a few hundreds), 
 dwelling in hinds south of Oregon, were removed to 
 other lands bv the I'liited States government. Kot 
 obtaining subsistence, they returned to their old 
 possessions, and their able leader captain Jack de- 
 feated the troops .sent to e.\pel theiii, 17 Jan. 1873. 
 During negotiatiims for a ]>eaeeful .settlement, tlu-y 
 decoyed the United States commissioners into an 
 ambush (11 .\pri!). e.nil n^as-;aeved getiiTal Casiby 
 and about 40 otheis. Fiu-Iiling took place, 15, 16 
 .\pril, and the Indians re ; rented to almost impreg- 
 nable positions. The troops were fired on, and 
 sullured much loss, 27 April. The Indians were 
 
 vti 
 
 
 l^:'iilteJil 
 
 ' v.'!'; 
 
 ;^.|ii 
 
 
 ^;^UM 
 
 t 
 
 ' >; I I , I > 
 
 ,'^^1 
 
I ' 
 
 '■■;, ' t.f 1' 
 
 MCESIA. 7.2!:* 
 
 W W! 
 
 jii, >.*'i. 
 
 MONCRIEFF SYSTEM, 
 
 gnidimlly surrouiuliil. Jack and about twputy wnr- 
 riiirs helil out. (Ii'spcratolv. Scmu' siivrciuli-it'il, and 
 lie himself was captiued, I June ; tried, July, and 
 executed 3 Oct. 1873, 
 
 M(ESIA (now liosnia, Servia, and Bulgaria), 
 was tiuallv subdued by Augustus, 2tj 11. c. It was 
 successfulfy invaded by the Uoths, A.u. 250, who 
 eventually settled I'.ere ; see Goths. 
 
 MOGULS, see Tartarij. 
 
 MOHACZ (Lower Hungary). Here Louisking 
 of Iluiijrary, defeated by the Tiirks under Solyman 
 II. with the loss of 22.(V)0 men, was sutf'oeated by 
 the fall of liis horse in a muddy brook, 20 Aug. 1526. 
 Here also jirinee Cliarles of Lorraine defeated the 
 Turks, 12 Aug. 1687. 
 
 MOHAMMEDAX, see Mn/iomctainsm. 
 
 MOHAMMERATI, a Tersian town near the 
 
 Eujihrates, eiiptured, aller two hours' eannonading, 
 Iiy sir James (hitiinii, diiriiii; the PersiMU war, 26 
 Mareh, 1857. News of the peaee arrived 4 April. 
 
 MOHILEV. or MOIIILEF (Russia). Here 
 the Russian army, iiiuler prinee liairration, was 
 BiirnuUy defeated by ibe Krencb under marshal 
 Davoust, prince of Ivknuibl, 23 July, 1812. 
 
 MOHOCKS, rartians. who went about London 
 at ni^lit, woundiiiu' and ilisti^ruring tlie men, and 
 indeeeiitly e.\po>iu..' tlie women. OiU' hundred 
 ])oiinds were olbred by royal proelamation in 1712, 
 for apprehending any one of them, yorthdiick. 
 Tlie "se'purers" uf the se>eiiteeiilli century resemble 
 
 tlie .Mnli,,eks. 
 
 M(3HURRTTM,aMahometanfestiv«linhonour 
 ot the prophet's nephews ; ;it its celebration in Bom- 
 bay, Feb. 1874. tlie .Mahoiiir'tans fiercely attacked 
 the Parsees, and w re (lUellid liy the military. 
 
 MOKANKA (Hakim ben Allah), "The Veiled." 
 prophet, fouudcri'l a sei t in Kborassan in tlieeishth 
 century. He prdeiidcd to lie an incarnation of 
 God, and therei'nre veiled bis fuce, but really to eon- 
 eeal the lo-s of an eye. lie nbelled aijainst the 
 tiilif AluKihdi, was f.ir a time successful, but wa« 
 subdued in 780, when he and the remains of his 
 followers took puiMUi. lie is the siibjci t of a po'.m 
 hyThos. Moore in " Lalla Rookh "' 1817. 
 
 MOLDAVI.V, s(>e Dinuihiiiii l'i-iiici))(i!itlis. 
 
 MOLIXISTS, a Roman Catholic sect, followers 
 of Louis Molina, a Jesuit, horn l.vvS' Hemaintained 
 the reconcilaliilitv of the doctrines of predestination 
 and free will, 1588. 
 
 MOLLY MAGITIRE, the name of a secret 
 Hociety in Indand in 184;, and of another society 
 (oiijtiimlly Ihick,-bot, about 185^) in mininjr dis- 
 tricts, Uniteil States {irhivli ,te<), 1877. It ceased 
 about March, 1879. 
 
 MOLOKANT, a sect in "West Kussia, said to 
 date from the liith century, who maintain iirimi- 
 tive Christian doctrines and practices; v.ell de- 
 Bcrilicd by Mr. I). Mackenzie Wallace in his 
 " Russia,"" published 1877. 
 
 MOLUCCAS, nn archipelapro in the Indian 
 Ocean (the chief island, Amboyna), discovered by 
 the Portiii-'nese. about 15!!, and held bv theiri 
 secretly until the arrival of the Spanianls, who 
 elaimeil them, till I-;2'), when Charles V. yielded 
 them to John III. for a laifte kiiiii of money. The 
 Dutch conquered them in I'i07, and have held them 
 ever since. — exfcjit from 1810 to 1814, when they 
 
 were subject to the Lnglish. Ivutlumalio ,t ) 
 boina, the capital, almost destro\ed iim' 
 killed, s Jan. 1898. 
 
 i50, 
 
 t MOLWITZ (in Prussian Silesi:0. Hm ,1 
 
 Prussians, 1 ummiinded by Frederick 11 ,\, ,'" 
 I great victory over the Iiilperialists, 10 i,Vii'"/o''',' 
 j 30 March), 1741. "••'in>(0.^ 
 
 MOLYBDENUM, a whitish, brittle il„, ,1 
 infusible metal. Scheeie, in 1778, <li.Zc,i"J*' 
 lybdie acid in a mineral hitherto cuIouu.kI .^."l 
 graphite. Hjelm, 1782, prepared the meld f , ' 
 molyhdic acid; and in 1S2S Derzclius (ksm 
 most of its chemical characters, (jnieliu 
 
 i'TlOpJ 
 
 MOMBASA, 
 
 Africa territories ; 
 
 •hief t.iwn of the British E.tl 
 .increasing pr«speritvrop„r,tr 
 J uly, l8yo. Kl^awlr, or 1 rere Town, i< a ,] ,,:.,' 
 station of the Church Missionarv so.'ictv 1: ' 
 Afni-H {Jiriti.sk J-Mst). • ■■ ^w 
 
 MONACHISM (from the Greek „„ , 1 
 alone). Catholic writers refer to the i,r„|,h,,t "vK 
 jah, and the Nazarites mentioned in XiihIc,; "' 
 vi., as early examples. The first Christian ,i<feti, ' 
 
 V 
 
 appear to be derived from the Jewish seel'oftlJ 
 
 Lssenes, whose life was verv austere, pricti., ! 
 
 celibacy, &c About the time of Constam;,',: 
 
 (306-22) numbers of the.s( 
 the deserts, and were 
 
 ^ijn«taiiiiu» 
 ascetics withdrew ij,,, 
 od hermits, imiiks mi 
 aiichoret-s ;* of whom Paul, Anthonv, and l\X, 
 mius were most celebrated. Siiiieoii, the f,.iii„>.l 
 of the Stylita- (or pillar saints), died 4:1. n' 
 .said to have lived on a pillar thirty vears <' j 
 Henedict, the great reformer of western inoniic'hi.'ni' 
 published his rules and established his mon;Hi-rv't I 
 Monte Casino, about 529. The Carthusians, a'tcj. 
 elans, ice, are varieties of Benedictines. In Wm 
 by di'cree of king Edgar, nil married prie^tMvw 
 inetl'ectuiiUy ordered to he replaced by iii„nk< 
 Religious orders oxjielled from France, bv decri.' 
 29 Manh, l8,So. Relieved of their v,i bv tte 
 I'ojie, iHiSl. Set: AMfi/i, iiniX Bnudicliiin. ' 
 
 MONACO, a principality, N. Italy, held U 
 the Uenoese 'ainily (jrimaldi since ()()8. Bv Ireiiv 
 on 2 Feb. 18O1, the prince ceded the oomiiiuntv,:! 
 Uo(|uelirune and Meiitone, the chief piirt uf hij ' 
 dominions, to France, for 4,000,000 fruno. The 
 iiriiice, Charles III., horn 8 Dec. 1818, supwcW 
 his father Florestan, 20 June 185(1; died lo.Sert 
 1889, was succeeded by .Vlbert, horn 13 Xov, 184?! 
 A commercial convention between the iirinee arj 
 France, signed 9 Nov. 1,^05, was much disrussed;!* 
 tending towards the abolitii'iii of the French navia. 
 tion laws. Petition 1 against Monte Carlo, tlie^TOl 
 gaming establishment, 1880-4: a 50 yeaiV {..r,. 
 cession granted, reported, Mareh, 1891). ronuli. 
 tion, 1888, M.,W- 
 
 MON.A i CHY. Historians reckon v,m.i 
 grand moii.u. hies — tlie Chalci;eaii, Assyrian, Dulii, 
 Ionian, Median, Persian, (ireitian, Piirtbiiin, anJ 
 RoTuan {irliic/i we). 
 
 MONASTERIES, see Al>k!/>i. 
 
 MOXCONTOITR (near Poitiers, Fran.. . 
 Here tlie admiral Coliiriiy and the FrencLrrutf" 
 tants were defeated with creiit loss by the liuiie ,.■! 
 .\njou (afterwards Henry HI.), 3 Oct, ijtx), 
 
 MOXCRTEFP SY.^.TEM, see a........ 
 
 * The niiclioritcs of t!i€ i->tli, 13th, and 141)1 oiiliriri 
 must not lie coiifouiided wiui tlic anuehoifts anil .imtv 
 rets, or lieriiiits. 'I'lie former were conlliied lu *i|iUry 
 cells ; the latter permitted to go where tlieyiiteed 
 
- l''':«lvn.'k IL, „i„,,i, 
 ipenahsts, ioA,rii (( 
 
 a whitish, hriUl., al„, J 
 
 '.II ',,8, (hscovm-dnio. 
 lliithenocHuloum-trt™. 
 
 Feparod tho nH.,.l ,„, 
 
 '•actors. Giiitlm. ' 
 
 ti)wn of tho British Ei,t 
 ■asm- pnisperitv K.p„,.,tj 
 1 ivru loxvn, i, „ ,ii,„..,; , 
 MissKinai-y sorii.ty. s^.p j 
 
 ■s refer to the j,r,.,,l,,, jn; 
 nicntioiied in S'KHhr, ,v i 
 
 The first Christian ascftii; 
 ■0111 the Jewish serufthe 
 IB ver.v austere, pnittH;,,, 
 
 the time of Vjmmu,', 
 ese asei.'ties withdrew ir,,, 
 called /,(.,-w,V.v, «(,„/,■,,,,,„ J 
 
 aul, Amliony, ami l\],„. 
 ited. Simeon, the f .muW 
 r saints), died 45,. H,, 
 
 a pillar tlurtv vein-- Jt 
 iiier of western iiionn.'hi.n,' 
 wtahlished his moii;i.-!,.ri r,> 
 . Tlie Carthusians, Ci*r. i 
 i of Benedictines, hi f/jj 
 1-, !ill married priests wi?e 
 
 be replaced bv monk* 
 >(1 from France, b"v (lem< 
 L'\-ed of tlieir vo by tie 
 '«, and BiMdictim f. ' 
 
 'il"ility, N. lUilv, lielj k 
 iialdi since o08. Bvtreitv 
 nee ceded the coimi'iunei i f 
 one, tlie chief jiart ufdis 
 for 4,000,000 fraiio, Tht 
 irii 8 Dee. i8i8, siifrfKl.J 
 
 1 June 1856; died loSfM, 
 Alliert, horn 13 Ndv, ijj« 
 ill hetween the prime 11J 
 1S05, was much discussed .u 
 litiniiof tlie French mvi> 
 liust Monte Curio, tlie;reat 
 
 1880-4; a 50 years',.!,. 
 ed, March, 1891'). l'„pu|j. 
 
 [listoriaiis reckon rariou 
 Chaldiean, Assyrian, Babv- 
 111, (/rei'ian, I'iirthiaii, anJ 
 
 (near Poitiers, Franff*. 
 ;iiv and tlie Fvencli IVite-. 
 1 t;reat loss bv the duke 01 
 
 Till.), 3001.1569. 
 
 'S.TF.M, see CaitMti. 
 
 i-'tli, I jtli, and i4tli (piii'irirs 
 iui tlic aiiiicborftsan'l .mrifi. 
 iicr were coiitliied lo si'lilaiy 
 to go where tluy plcasal 
 
 MONDAY CONCEKTS. 
 
 729 
 
 MONT BLANC. 
 
 )10NDA"V CONCERTS, fee under Mime. 
 MOVDOVI (Piedmont). Here the Sardinian 
 omiiia'i'lL''' by Colli, was defeated by Na]io- 
 S'iioi.aparte, 22 Ai.ril, 1796. 
 
 m\ETA.UY CONFERENCES, Intenia- 
 
 ,7,1 owned at I'liri-S 16 Aug. 1878; and 19 April, 
 ''*'''JS,,e, ll-U Oct. 1882; Paris. 21 Jul,v, 
 'r'unu'il. ^ -^"K- '8'^.'); tbe union continued till 
 
 i'm iSii": conventions signed, Nov., and 8 
 j ,'sj<!v 'a congress was held at Paris 11 Sept. 
 
 • if,) "1889. See Liitin Uinmi. International 
 '' '" jfv conference at Brussels, respecting bi- 
 ""■lUism («•/'"■'' ■'""■). proposed by the L'niteU 
 f'.'-N'A ■ 18 nations ri'pivseiited (sir Charles 
 
 tmiitirsir Win. II. llouhlswortli, M.P., Mr. 
 
 ' Icur™. Mr. Alfre.' liotlis.hild, and other-', 
 / Veat lU'it.uii) ; opened by .\1. lieeriiaert, 
 feHaii minister ol tiimnee, 22 Nov. 1892; eonter- 
 „'; adiminica to 13 May, 1893, 17 JJee. 1892. 
 ..Viternatinnal Monetary Conferences, by II. li. 
 (i„'J,ll, Aug. iS')8. 
 
 IIONEY is mentioned as a inedium of coin- 
 
 „„.r i'li tf""''" ""'■'■' '^"^ "■'■•' "■'"'" ^\'""l','.V" 
 1 based a tield as a sepiilelire lor harali. Uie 
 Li-o of inonev is ascribed to the Lydians. 
 Lii-ia^asthe name given to their silver by the 
 Liiiii" it living been coined in the temple ot 
 J,n„'..\hineta, 2(19 n.t- .M»"''y w'as iraele of dif- 
 frreat luetiiU, and even of leather and other articles, 
 Ml ill ancient and modern times. It was made 
 tfmusteboiird bv the Hollander,^ so late us IS74. 
 Tlie rzar Nicholas struck coins in platinum. Par- 
 liniieiifarvfonimittee on money lending, meetings, 
 T U'. Kiisscll. chairman, July, 1897; .Mr. Juhu 
 Kirk«'"oJ refused 10 answer certain iiuestioiis, ud- , 
 i,-,nisbcil tit the bar of the comm.nis, lO July, 
 VeO.w; OoM; Co/'per ; Mini; Jlmik.", laiiii 
 'l'i„',ii, i-c, For Mohii/ Orders, see I'ost OJIm: 
 
 JIONEYERS travelled with our early kings, 
 mi loiueJ liHiney as reipiired ; see M<i>l. 
 
 MONGOIiS, see Tarlini/. 
 
 MOMTEUR UNIVERSEL, a iiewsi:,iper, 
 ^.t'lbi^iied ni Paris bv C. J. I'aiieijoucke, 5 May. 
 |-,S(); U\\ paper. 24 Nov. 1789 ; the organ of the 
 o'.ii.iiimeii't. :S Dee. 1799. It was su])erseded by 
 Wwhrniurdjliii'l, I Jan. 1869 ; resumed itsoHieial 
 i,„.ithii MiMiit 2\ Sept. I,'<70; and was again supev- 
 !,,,l,-,|liv the ./"«/■""/ '#('(>/, Feb. 1871. It became 
 tbenraiiofMacMahon'sgineriiuieiit in 1875, 
 
 MONITORIAL SYSTEM (in education), 
 ii iiliieli jiiipiU are eniphned as teachers, was used 
 U llr. Hell in the ()r|iliau Asylum at Madras in 
 r'lv.inil «as a'so adopted by Joseph Lancaster, 
 ia I.ijiiiImii; see Kiliiciilioil. 
 
 MOXITOK SHIPS, see I'luUil Sliitei. The 
 A ':crii all iii'iniim, Mliiiiliiiiumuli, ariived at Ply- 
 r. 'atli ill ,lune, uSiiO, an I e.'icited much iitteiition. 
 
 MONK, see Monacliimn. 
 
 MONMOrTH, Monmouthshire, was a Uoinaii 
 
 slatioii, ;illcr«ards a Siixoii fortress. 'I'he ancient 
 cslle icliuilt by Ji hii, lord of Moninouth, 1257. be- 
 ciiic the iiiepcrlv of John of (iauiit, and in it his 
 LTaiiJsdii, Uciuy'\ ., was born, 9 Au,'., 1388. Mon- 
 in uth was tirst' incorporated in 1 550. I opuhition, 
 |.\M, (1,111 ; l8'i(, 5,470. 
 
 .MU.NMUmiS UEBHLLION. Jumes, 
 
 i'up "i .Mdiiinoutli (born at Itotterdam, 9 April, 
 l'4');, aicatiiral son of Charh's 11. by Lucy VVaters, 
 «a- liaiiislied Kiwland for his eoniieetiou with the 
 llye-lwuse plot, in I(>85. He invaded England ut 
 
 Lyme, II June, 1685; was proclaimed king at 
 Tiiunton, 2n June; was defeated at Sedgnioor, near 
 Bridgewater, July ; and beheaded on Tower-hiU, 
 15 July. 
 
 MOXOCPIORD, a bo\ of thin wood, with a 
 brhlge, overwliiidi is stretched a wire or chord, saiu 
 to liava been invented by Pythagoras, about 600 H.c. 
 
 MONOLITH, Greek for single stone; see 
 Obelisk. 
 
 MONOPHYSITES, see F.ntychians. 
 
 MONOPOLIES were formerly so numerous 
 in" Knglaiid that parliament petitioned against 
 thein, and many were abolished, about 1601-2. 
 Thev were further suppressed by 21 Jas. I.. IO24. 
 Sir Giles Momnesson and sir Francis Mitchell were 
 punished for their abuse of monopolies, 1621. In 
 16^0, Charles 1. established monopolies of soap, 
 salt, leather, and other coiuino'i things, to supply a 
 revenue without the help of parliament. It was 
 decreed that none should be in future created by 
 royal patent, 16 Chas. I. 1640. 
 
 MONOTHELITES, heretics who affiiined 
 that Jesus Christ had but one will, were favoured 
 bvthe emijeror lleraclius, 630; they merged into 
 tlie Eutychians {whieh nee). 
 
 MONROE DOCTRINE, a term tipplied to 
 the determination expressed bv James Monroe, 
 president of the United States, in his message to 
 the congress, 2 Dec. 1823, not to permit any Euro- 
 pean power to interfere with tlie conce, ns of any 
 independent states of North or South America. 
 This doctrine was referred to in i8!;9, 186:;. 18915.96. 
 : A resolution strongly altirining the doctrine pro- 
 1 posed by senator Davis to the senate, 20 Jan. 1896. 
 MONTANA. 11 territory of the United States, 
 north America, formed out of Idaho ; became 11 
 territory in 1864, and a state in 1089. Capital, 
 Helena. Population in 1880,39.159; 1890,132,159. 
 ExplosiiMis nt ilviiaiuite, \e.. tlo"n;;h a lire at 
 liiitte; 75 or :o3 deatlis ; estimated loss, 
 
 I, o(y..oco dollars 15 Jan. 1895 
 
 MONTANISTS, followers of Montanus, of 
 Ardaba", in Mvsia, about 171, who was reputed tc 
 have the gift Of propheev, and proclninied himself 
 the Comforler iiromiscd bv Christ. He condemned 
 second marriiiges as fornication, pcrmiiied the dis- 
 solution of marriage, forbade avoiding martyrdom, 
 and nrilered a severe fast of tiiree lents. 'llie elo- 
 quent father, 'rertulliaii, joined the sect, 204. 
 
 MONT BLANC, in the French Alps, is the 
 highest niouiitaiii in Euro)ie, being 15,781 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The summit was hrst 
 reached liy Jacciues lialmal in Juno, 1786, and 
 afterwards bv II. Ii. Saussure. aided by Balmat, 
 on 2 Aug. 1787. The summit was attained by Dr. 
 Hicniel (when three of his guides ])erislied) in 1820, 
 and bv iiianv other 'lersons hitore anil since. Ac- 
 counts of the ascents of Mr. J"hii Aulljo, Charles 
 Fellows (l827~l, and of professor Tyndali (1857-8) 
 have been published; seo J/y«, 57 ascents re- 
 ported in 187^; 64111 l88r. 
 llerr liidhe and a guide killc.l liv lui avalanche, 
 
 30 Aug. 1891. Accidents l'ri"ini'iit. 
 Kicclion of an olisiavatury "ii Itic sonmiit pro- 
 posed ; work proi'ccdiiig, .liilv : st.ippeil aliout, 
 28 Aug. : T, deatlis. Favourable report liy M. 
 .lausscu to thi' Academy of Sciences, 2 Nov. 1891. 
 rivp.iiatiuus for a renewal "f !h-' work, wltlt pre- 
 cautions '"lie, 1893 
 
 \ii assoidatiou was formed, and l>v its niec.ns, a 
 . . .lieu oliservatorv was constructed at Meiidon 
 aad sent to Chaiaouiiix to he conveyed to UiB 
 suuuuit of tlie niouiitaiu . . . Sept 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 ! ■ '■ ' 
 
 
 •'■■€' 
 
 
 'i 'ivji'"^ 
 
 
 H-j.t ' 
 
 )/»" 
 
 i^"^ 
 
 .'.m 
 

 MONT CENIH. 
 
 730 
 
 MONTK-VIDKO 
 
 •T.7ir^^ 
 
 
 1. 
 
 r \.<' " 
 
 U's^tii 
 
 i ■'* . ss 
 
 IS 
 
 The ubsL'i-\ atory t»ii Motit Hlaiic ci'rctcii, (to bi? 
 lnuiMrt'iT*'ii In ti rocky poiiil of tltr saint' alii- 
 liuit' MUMiin'r of ibyS) ; ottsriNatioiis on the spci'- 
 trnni of the so]nv r'ays !>>■ \int\'. .Janssrn, .Sept., 
 iviM)iti'il to thi' Fii'nrh Acaih'niy . . Oct. 1893 
 
 (;hx'kwoi'k ii'jjistralioh aijpanitn.s sfX np hy M. 
 Jiinsst'n 1894 
 
 By thi' toiTcntu cnnscciinMit (ill thi' liill (if a ulaciiT, 
 thi' " KliihlissMnii'iit :h's Hnins" at .St. ticrvais 
 aii<l Ittu \ilhw,s wi'iv ilfstroycil, ami abfint no 
 persons pt'i'i.shfil , . . .11, i:;.)uly, i8g2 
 
 MONT OEMS, se,. A!pi. 
 
 MOXTEBKIirA), ill riudmont, wlicio himiics 
 dofjiitetl llu' Austriiiiis, 9 June, i,So(), ami acijuircd 
 Ilia title of diiki! ol Moiitidu'llu; iiiul wlii'i-c, nl'ior 
 a contest u{ six lioiirs, tlie l''iviii'li and JSardiiiians 
 defeated tlie Austriaiis, wlio lost alioiil icxxi 
 killed ami wounded, and 2(hi prisonei's, 20 .May, 
 1859. The Krondi lost alMUit (170 men, imluding 
 general lieuret. 
 
 MONTE CARLO, --iei' Maii>„o. 
 
 MONTE CASINO (Central Italy). Here 
 lieneiiiet Ibrined his tir.st nion.isiery, 529. After 
 ail'ordin^: a refiifje for many eminent persons, its 
 nionastir eliarailer was aholishi'd hy the Italian 
 government in lf<;ili, eare hein'_' taken for the Jne- 
 aervation of its hl^torieal and literary nionunienls. 
 
 MONTEM, see liUw 
 
 MONTENEGIU) ^liia.k Monntain),inhahited 
 by urace of hardy mountaineers, inveterate enemies 
 of the Turk ; an' independent piimipaliiy in Knro- 
 pean Turkey, was corHiueicd hy .Solyman II. in 
 I52(). It rehi'lled in the 17th cijiIiun, and in 1(190 
 ostabiislied a lieredit.uy hierureliieal jrovernmeiit in 
 tlie family of I'etro^itMh .\jc';;ueh, — permitted, but 
 not recognised by the I'orle, ropulalioii, in 189I, 
 203,000. Capital, Cellinui'. 
 The lU'iihew ami sncnssor of th.' Vknlikn. Peter 11., 
 deeliiieil to assinni' the eeeh'siasln'.-ii fnnetion, 
 and deelared himself a tempor:il prim-e, witli the 
 title of Daniel 1., iS^r ; ami lie;;»n war with 
 
 Turkey . " 1852 
 
 Monteneiiro pm ill '1 slat.' of liloi-U;.di' . 14 Dec. ,, 
 Alter imiecisive enronnteis. tiani|nillity restorecl by 
 the inlhicnce of the arms .-tial iieKotiations ot 
 Oiiiai' rachii, the genera! of thi' Turkishanny ; he 
 
 left the provii '.is'l-'eb. 1S53 
 
 Dlockaile laiseil 10 .\pnl, ,, 
 
 War aK'ain broke out; the Tniks ileh'.'ite.l at Ura- 
 
 hovii. .Inne . peace restore.l .... Nov. 1S58 
 The eoiinlry nnieli distnrlie.l thronfjh the tyianiiiial 
 eoiidiiet of prince Di.nicl, who was ass.-issinateil 
 
 (aged 35) I.) Aiit;. i860 
 
 Siieeeeded by Id.s iiejihiw Nicola.s, or Nikila, 
 
 (iimrried) 8 Nov. 
 
 An insurrection in lli'ize,i,'o\ ini the blockade of 
 
 Moiiteiicjiro 4 .\pril, iSOi 
 
 Omar I'aehii invaded the piovim'e with an army of 
 
 32.000 men in \iit^. ,, 
 
 Many i-onllicts with various siici'css, lint latterly in 
 favour of the Turks ; jicace made, Tiirki.-di sujire- 
 
 liiiicy reeogiiiseil H .) Sept. 1S62 
 
 Confliels betwi'cn Christians and Mussnlmen at 
 rcMl|;oiitz;( ; 21 Montenegrins said to be 
 
 killed by Tmks 20 Oct. 1874 
 
 Threatened war prevented by iiitervi'iitioii of the 
 
 great (lowers Ian. 1875 
 
 Some rioters exei'iited ... 15 .May, ,, 
 
 Montenegro with dilllciilly ri-..lrained IVom inter. 
 
 velition III llerzegiiviiia . Autumn and Winter, ,, 
 The lU-iih'e declared war and joined the Kerviaiis 
 
 s.luly. 1S76 
 Hi'f Tiirkt 11 nii<\ I!iis-<n.Tinl Is!, vitr . . i876-7-8 
 Ueehired iiide|»'iideut of Turkey by treaty of Hau 
 .Stefaiio. 3 March ; (with new bouinlaries, and 
 Aiitivari for a aeaiiort) by tlic Iferlin tn .it\ 
 
 '.! ''"Lv, 1878 
 I'odgoritza surreuilercd by Turkey . . 7 I''eb. liyg 
 
 After much resistance b\ the .\lbaiiiaiis, and iciri,- 
 tiation with Turkey, tliissiugc surrendei.'d, .Vpril, 1880 
 
 Fiontier dispnles with Turkev srli||.,| ,\,, 
 the prince well leieivi'd at Coiislanli'n,',!.!,,' 1'" 
 
 nuildiug to contain slate libn„v, .r, ,;,'l' 
 theatir, at Ccltingc founded '. """" "m. "i; 
 
 A corsliliition promised 
 Temporary lighting between 
 
 iiegrins at Ccltingc . 
 The prini'c visits the czar at .Si 
 Heverc faiuine relieved by tin 
 
 I'liiks 
 
 i2.M,e., .' 
 •, .M,iv, ■ ' 
 "'"I Mi'iilV! ' 
 
 ^^^^^^t^clshilig M;,;, .:; 
 
 prince, .Sept.; aided "by Knssi'!,,'7hne'',t''' ''"'; ' 
 Turkey '^"■,1, .i.i'l 
 
 About fi.jfio persons emigrate to Sei'v'ia iicr \'"' ' 
 
 1869 ; famine ccuitinues . . ' u, ? 
 Colonel Hoko Marlinoviteh, (uusiii iii'tii,.' i'"''- ■:,/ 
 
 murdered ; the as.sassin Ivnehed 1 ,"' 
 
 Albanian rai.lscliecked by Tmks '. .hUv J' " 
 
 Agitation for re libe.al govermnenl .I,,,, ',' "' ■ 
 
 Kreipienl raids by the Albaiauns, apiii'.u 'u, '!,'' ' ' 
 
 I'orte ; redress promised . . .M.ireli ,\, , 
 Continued emigr.-aion into Aiistria-llm .Vn'"", ' " 
 
 nobles opposed l.ill e« system of gov.'n.hJ, 
 
 introduced by prince Nicolas, n.]i. ,' ■ 
 
 Kormation of a slanding army above Aoooii'i™' ' 
 wilh Hu.ssian weapons . . J^'"*""™. 
 
 Visit of the prince of Napl.'s. Aug. ;' Imves ^v,,,' ' ' 
 
 I'ruieess lli'len,the prime of Naples, and tli,.',|,t, ''' '' 
 oftieiioa arrive at liari, wliere she hr..f,.ssi. 11 
 K.C. faith, -21 Oct. (sei. II, ■1,1, Oct, ,896) " ' 
 
 Celebration of the bicentenary of the pre.sciit ,1, 
 nasty; r.'inoval of the ren'iains of l',.!,-,,, 1,1 
 Niegiich, the founder, from tie- eallu'dial i,, o, 
 mausoleum, designed by tin' piinc.ss olXa,,|,,". 
 addresses by prince Nicholas and otlieis "' 
 
 tl.S. 14 .).|,i 
 
 Marriage of prince Francis lo.seiih of l)iUt.'1ilii.n ' '' 
 and piiiicess Anna of .Miintenegiu, celi'l,rit,,li; 
 Cetthige ,5,,,;' 
 
 Successful Knropeaii tour of ]innce .NieliniV, 
 retmiis to Ccltingc . . . . ' ,,{;,,]'' 
 
 CiiiiHicts on the fronli.'r betwei'ii MahiHii.'taiiviii'i '' ' 
 (nnistians, many killed, inchiding \niiii,.|| '„,| 
 children ; over 700 houses burnt . 16.I11,,,. 
 
 I'RISCKS. 
 
 1851. Daniel, born 25 May, 1826; assassiiint.. I .. \. 
 i860. •ij-r--. 
 
 i860. Nii'olas. or Nikita (nephew), born ^ 0|.( j; 
 like his predecessors, a poet, ami |miii«.w / 
 national educ.iliou; nianieil priii..|.,j )|||„ ,' 
 8 Nov. i860, h^iir : (llel.ii, daii,i;lii,i- '(,,„■ ■ 
 .1.111. 1871; married the prineu nf \i'i,i, " : 
 Konin, 24 (Jet. 1896.) ' ' ' 
 
 llrir, IJaiiilii Alexander, biini 29 June, ij-i, 
 
 MONTENOTTE, « village in IVdn, ■ 
 
 memorable as being the site of lie. tir.<t v,, ■ 
 
 (jained over the Austriuns by Napcleun Uuini,,.' 
 12 Ajiril, I7t)(). ■' ' 
 
 MONTEREATT (near Paris), (hi the hrj,;.., 
 of Montereau, at his meeting with ihe ilnnpiiji,, I 
 .(oliii the Fearless, duke of llurgnmlv, wa« killeiii.v 1 
 Tannejiuy de Cliiitel in Ijlr). This event ltd ti I 
 our Henry V. subduing !• ranee, the joiini; dme j 
 I'liilip joining the Knglisli. Here the a'lliel"n.;. 
 were defeated by the l''retieh, ronunaiulcil 1 1 .\r 
 leoil, with i.;rea"t loss in killed and \voiim,'(ii: ,1 
 it was one of hii last triumphs, 18 I'eb. 1S14. 
 
 , MONTEREY (.Mexico), was taken hvft'n.nl 
 Taylor alter .1 three days' conllict with the )h\i. 
 caiis, 21-2.; Sept. 184(1. ' 
 
 MONTE-VIDEO (S. America), was tik- 
 storni liy the Itritish forces under sir Samuel .1,. . 
 muty, but with the los.< of nearly onc-thitii i| 
 l.Tiive troops, ; Keli. 1807. It wascviieuntcil -.Jin 
 the s.'iine year, in coiiseiiuence of the severe rejiulsj 
 the Uritisli met with at liuenos-.\yrc.s; .see //im.,.. 
 jiin'''», Miuite-Video, a *»ubject ei' di^icjiv ';;■:.'. ;:; 
 Brazil and lUienns-Ayrcs, wusgiven up t.j I'lu^Ln, 
 1828. Kor recent war, etc., seey(crt:i7aiiiifV„.jwi, 
 Fire at celebration service for (jariliaUi, aWul Jo 
 killed, II June, 1882. 
 
Hussia, llui,;;urj- „!;;| 
 dv l" fii'lv'iu, (let., xl'„'; • 
 ■li, I '"i"!!! of til,. ■,,,'!!^''''' '■»! 
 
 Yuh""' • ; ''"i: 
 '""-■* ■ Jiiiv.A,,; " 
 
 .'"ViTllliieiit, ,l;iii ,■„ ■• I 
 
 ''■'■"i'llS, ill.piMl t„ ,l'„'-''' 
 
 .M.irvl,,Ai,.;, , 
 II Ausli-i;i.i|„|,^.|fj;'; '-HI 
 
 vs.v,sl..|,iorp,v,T„i;,e,„ 
 "''"<• i';i'. . Jill, 
 iiriiiy iil«jv,: jfc.rBu III,.;,, ■' 
 
 ■s, Aui: ;• i,.,„,, ;v,„;;< 
 
 " Niipvs,„„lili,.,i„k,. ' ■" 
 
 ''■''(. Oi't, 1S96) 
 
 'limy .if th,. presfii, iIj,; 
 
 ivuiliiiw .if I'vlr,,,!,,'!, 
 'Ill till' i-:Uli.',lr,iU,n|,.. 
 
 llii' pniici»s..rN-a|,],,. 
 
 lolllS llll.l iiliiiMS, ' 
 
 , "■■'^'^•laii. ,. . 
 8 ■'"Xi'lihof ll,itt,.i,|,,r, " 
 inti'nejd,,, ,.,.:,.i,rnt,,|,J 
 
 •,,•.■ iS.Mav 
 ■ "I pniic'c Xioli,,],;, ■ 
 
 twci'ii MiiliDiiiftaib aiil '■ ' 
 
 iiu'liiiliii^ wuiiii'ii ,ii,| 
 " '""'I'l. . 16.I1111,., „ 
 
 Nf'KS. 
 
 , 1826; a»»as.siii{it..:l, ,j 4,;, 
 
 ;iii'l'lii'«). Iicini 7 Oit. ,i,|.| 
 I's, 11 l"iet, mill imimut.r ,f I 
 ; iii.uTir.l imiiirss Mirt, f 
 
 1 til- ii:iiu'u iif Xa|il,s, ..j I 
 
 Ilt, Ijiiiii 29 June, 1871. 
 
 a villiij;i. ill I'ipdmot; , 
 1' site (if tlir tirst viti.vl 
 IS by Naiiulcim iionapart.', ; 
 < 
 .'ur i'aris). (In the liriii^ 
 lectin;; witli tlir ilauplin, • 
 1)1' IturKiindy, wa. killed jiv 
 I-fl'). Tills event W in I 
 I'riiiii'c, till' yoiin!! ili;se 
 ill. lli'ii- tlic lillii.Uniiifi 
 iii'li, cnininunilfii 1 v N;,..,. 
 liiili'il iiiid \vouin;ni; [„\ I 
 mplis, 18 Fob. 1814. ' 
 
 ioo), wa.H tiilien liv tmtril j 
 ■b' ooiilliit with til" .\|.\i. 
 
 S. Aim-rioii), 'vastakfii'T 
 es iiiniiT sir Sanuu'l.tiii:.'. 
 )f iii':irly oiii'-tliiid cif. ;r 
 . It wiisi.vucuatfd ;Jijii 
 iienci' of the severe rcpiili 
 iucMos-Ayrcs ; spe/(»(ii«i. 
 Hiibjeet y! dispute !)t!'.v;rB 
 1, wiMgiveu up tu rtuguiv, 
 I-., see Jlmzit iiiii Vrw^m'ii. 
 eo fur (jiirilialdi, alioui Jo 
 
 I III 
 
 ' MONTFKllllAT. 731 
 
 'irliVTFEKKAT (liiiiiibmdy), Hothk ok, 
 
 l,K«i 111 ibi' lii-t'ii-y "•' /!"-■ Cni.siidcs l,c-iui 
 
 I h Alili'i'ii"' "'"' "'"^ 'ii^idt' iMiiri|iiis "I -Moiit- 
 
 I r t hv Ullic. ubiiut <)();. Cdiiniil of MiiiitlVniit 
 
 r^ciord lilTyic, luid ivi-ii...l fi-.mi 11X7 till 
 ** ^jIij,,, 1|,. wiirt ussMssiimti'd. Williiiiii 1\ . died 
 ' .i»i. 'It Ali'.\iiiiili'iii| liiiviiiK liei'ii tiiiis ini|ii-i- 
 '"1 Nineteen nmiitlis, 1292. Violiilitc, diui-litcr 
 Ijw n, niariied Aiidniiiii'us I'liUuoliifjiis, nn- 
 
 ' "„r of the Kast. 'riieii- d,;s,.eiidaMtH ruluil in 
 &aimJli^''T''t"''' '■'""''"'" "" '33.5' «lioii John 
 
 1 ' • , I'aU.olo'j;!!!' died witlioiit issue. His csliites 
 
 I " j,,f,,.r niiieli I'oiiteiitioii to Krederio II. Uoli- 
 ^iii'iirquis.'f .MiiiitU'i, in I5,j(>, and next to the 
 
 I jiiteiilSavcy. 
 \tOVrGOMKllY, eapifalof Alabiiiua, United 
 
 I ;,;trtounil<'ii '**'7- "'■'•'-' tli« state eoiivention 
 
 * J (i„. iinliiiiini'e of secession from the union 
 
 II Jan. iXbl ; lii'i'i' tl"' I'onfedcrate eonxrcss met 
 
 1° I Feb. anil elected Jefferson Davis president, 
 
 1 Ale.xiin<b'' Stephens viee-iiresident, of the con- 
 
 riti; states of North America; and ln're they 
 
 , „„,.'inaiiguvatHl on 18 l-'eh. On 21 May the 
 
 an-ress ailji'iini'''' *" ""''''■ "" ^o July at Uicli- 
 
 Loi'ii in Viruiiiiii. that state haviiifj; joined the 
 
 (onlVdiTati'S ami become the seat of war. 
 
 MONTH (''"I" """'"' Aiinlo-Sa.\oii iiimiii), the 
 
 I iwlftli' l«'i'' "' ''"' '"''■'"''"■ >■'■'"'• ''^'^^ ^''""''' 
 hltitdii>\J<i»iM"l and other months, Frcic/i Jiifo- 
 
 1 Mioiuin/ OiIukI'ii- and Jiwisk Jiia. 
 
 ;»,/.(■ U'liiCi. -I'lie jicriod ot' one revolution of the 
 '„i'(«m«liiMi); iiiiaii li'ii^'tli, 2l/^ 12/1. 44HI. 2.87.S. 
 '"< I ivr) Mialh. rnic "t iiioons revolution I'roin ustar 
 ,.;i'l„'.siuiica;;aiM, .7''. 7'" Vi>"- "•S-"- 
 ,W.if .U"rt"i. ''hi- liiii'' t'li' sua pusses tlinm^'li one 
 
 I .'.|MiftlieZ"'li.'i''i )o''. '"''• '^y"' '*■'■'*• 
 ■'li,forinat:"nn-|.cctiiit,' tin; montli.s .'f the KKyi'tiaii-s 
 i,«s Greek.s, liciaois, Persians, and otlier nations will 
 vfii'uii'l ill sir 11. Nicolas's "Clironolo-y of History." 
 
 I ijiTiiiiiliT./'ii'i.-'i "" »""' .Uc/iOiiu'dnii.sM. 
 
 MONTI DI PIETA, charitable instifutiona 
 f„r idvamiiiS! iiumev on pledges, were tirst estab- 
 
 ! liihi'il at I'eruKia, I'lorence, Mantua, and otijer 
 Itjlian cities. I4i'2i <'' ■''■'■'/• 'l'''" t'nini'iseans, 111 
 Mii; bi"'aii I" receive interest, which was ^ler- 
 mitted bv the pope, in I.SI.S. Mo>it>i /h IVt^, 
 blishod in Fimhcc 1777, were sujipressed by the 
 Evolution, but -ctored, 1804; re{;ulated bylaw, 
 ijM.j; see l>,nri''irnkiiig. The Mniit dc riiti- 
 starteil'iii liiiirlanil. failed, Anj;. l894- 
 MONTIEL (Spain), Battle of, 14 "^Iiirfb, 
 
 Ii6q between I'eter the Cruel, kins "f I'astilo, and 
 bis brother Henry of Trastamari', iiideil by the 
 frcuih wur.'icr, 'Bertraiid du Ciiiesclin. Peter 
 ifas totally defeated, and afterwiirds treiieherously 
 (lain, 
 MONTIGNY, see under Firearms. 
 
 MONTLHEHY (Seine -et-Oise, France), 
 I jite of nil iiidcH.sivc battle between Louis XI. and a 
 party of his imliles, termed "The League of tin: 
 Public Good," 16 July, H^. 
 
 MONTMARTliE, IlKI(}ltT,S of, near Paris, 
 
 Hkonbv Bliielicr, 31' March, 1«I4. They were 
 
 lortiSed'durinitlic I'.ommunist insurrection, March, 
 
 l8-l; and retaken liv the army of Versailles, 28 
 
 ! Mm 
 
 MONTKEAIi. 
 
 Majorca, 127(1; was ceded to France, 1349 ; (fiver, 
 to Charles the Had, kiiif; of Navarre, 
 
 for MantCf 
 
 '.!'': 
 
 iiuestere( 
 
 111 e.\cnaiit;e 
 I bv France, 
 
 1 57,S. It was seized by the lin^iieiiots early in the 
 rci);n of Henry 111., and held by tlieiii till Sept. 
 l((22, when it siirrenilcrcd after a sie;,'c, followed 
 bv a treaty of peace, 20 Oct. Se.\eenteiiary of the 
 L^niveisity celebrated, president Caruot present, 23 
 May, iSi)(i. Mine. Houisson, widow ol' a ]u-ofessor, 
 beii'ueathed l,;(JO,ooof. to iiromole tlie study of 
 
 medicine and tiieolo);v, reported N 
 
 IS,)! 
 
 Valu 
 
 lie archives, ])ictiires, etc. were destroyed by u 
 
 tire at the o.xliihitioir 18 Aug. l.SijO. 
 
 MONTREAL 
 
 iiiul city in Lower 
 
 Canada, founded by tlii' Frencli. and named Vill 
 Marii', l,S May, 1O42. Population, 1881, 140,747 
 l8<)l, 2I(),650." 
 
 Wnriendcieil to tlic Kiiijlisli 
 Taken hv tlic Am. ricain 
 lt(. taken li> til,' llriti.ili 
 Till' clinivli, .le.Miits' coUef 
 
 i,iiilitin;^s liiinil itowu 
 (ircit niililaiA allray 
 Hislmiiric tuunile'l 
 
 8 s,.|it. 1760 
 12 Nov. 177s 
 15 .liiiie, 1776 
 
 prison, ami many 
 
 Kiots 
 Tin 
 
 ailist the 
 .■llstyled " loyalists 
 
 r, June, .803 
 
 29 Hept. 1833 
 
 . 1836 
 
 6 Nov. i8j7 
 
 of Monlri'al assault the 
 
 iivermir-fieneral. lord HIl;!!! : iMitcr the parlia- 
 
 nieiit-lioasc, ilrive out the iminbi.rs, ami set lire 
 
 to llle hllilclin;; 25 .Xjiril, 1S49 
 
 A liishopih' eslalilislied 
 
 j .\ (li.sinictive lire 23 Aug. 1850 
 
 Another, destloyili); 1200 houses; the loss tisti- 
 
 inated at a million sterlin;; 
 
 12 July, 1852 
 
 At an aiiti-jiapal lectiiie lii'ii. liy (iavazzi, riots en- 
 
 sited, ami many livt 
 
 • lost. 
 
 jjiiiie, 
 I Dec 
 
 The cathedral ili'stmyed liy tin- 
 
 Victoria laihiay bridge (le/iie/i ,<ee) fonnallv o|ieiied 
 
 by the prime of Wales , 
 
 25 Auk. i860 
 
 I'icive riots at llm at I em ot to Imry Joseph (J aibovil, 
 
 Itoniaa Calliolli' 
 
 vhile under eeiisare, in the 
 
 Honi.in Citholic ceim'tcrv 
 (111. bcl.)ii.L:eil to the •■ Instilut Canailien,' 
 
 foi p. 
 
 siliL' lia-biddell books; he died i 
 
 Sept. 1875 
 siired 
 
 after iiiueli llti:.;atiiiii, llie privy c.iiiiiril jmliiMal 
 1 iiiitlec allin 1 his ri'-ht to burial against the 
 
 rieriial aiith, 'lilies. I 
 liiot at a iiieniorial Hoinanist iiroccssion ; i man 
 
 kiPcd 26 Sept.. „ 
 
 Guilierd lauied with ndlilary and imliee escort, 
 
 16 Nov. ,, 
 
 Violent bread riots 17 Dee. „ 
 
 Kiene oraii),'c riots, with lo.ss of lite 12 .Inly H .leij. 1877 
 ice palace eivcteil and carnival held . 23 Jan. i88j 
 I'revalciice of small pox ; riots a^tainst coiii|mlsory 
 
 \uccinat ion suppressed, 29 .Sept. 1,622 deaths ill 
 
 (lelober :885 
 
 Great iniiiidalion tlirmicb ice k"1W "f the lower 
 
 town ; about 1,000,000'. dainajje ; iiiiich privation 
 
 I Oreat tires in 
 The I.oii.u'iic Pointe hi 
 
 17- 
 
 April, 1 3 36 
 
 bo persi 
 
 ■rish 
 
 A.-,yluin burnt, about 
 
 1887-8 
 
 6 May, 1890 
 
 Visit of the duke and duchiiss of Coimauxht 2 June, 
 (Ireut tire at the Cote St. Antoiue subiirli ; the loss 
 
 about 5o,i>Kj dollars 
 Visit of the eonite de Paris, bamim't 
 
 (ilea 
 
 t lab 
 
 iiir demonstration 
 
 28 July, 
 25 Oct. ,, 
 7 .Sept. 189 1 
 
 Attempted destruction of the Nclsuu moniinient 
 b>- dynaiiiite, 3 loililia otlieers arrested, 20 Nov. 
 1893'; Mercier, I'elland and Ueniarti^'iiy plead 
 
 K'l 
 
 iltv, lined 25 dollars each 
 
 lieslriictne eai'tlniuake, iiodeallis . 
 
 Mtaln,' of sir.Iohn .Maedonald iinveileil by the earl 
 
 18 Jan. 1S94 
 27 Nov. 1893 
 
 , MONTMIRAIL (Mame, Frame). 
 ! N.apolenn defeated the allies, II Feb. 1814. 
 
 . MOXTPELLIEK (S. France), built in the 
 8lh ccRtnry, prospered us the ni'i}:hbourinff eity 
 Maguelmu'c decreased. It was ac<)uire(l by niar- 
 riajpi by the kin;.' of Arragon, 1204 ; by the king of 
 
 of AI'lM-deell 
 
 The ijichine mpiils, -20 
 
 6 June, 
 I to 25,.>»i horse power 
 
 Here ' "t'h^i-''' f"'' ''lectric li^siitiuK' ; works opened 
 
 35 Hept. 189 
 
 M'fiiU university : a new '•lieiiiieal biiildinj! 
 eted, ami chair of chemistry founded and 
 
 endow 
 
 id ; other emlowments, suppleineiited by 
 
 Jlr. \V. I'. M'lioiiaM 
 Fire at a hospital in St. Uyaeiiithe, 13 deatli 
 
 Doe. 
 
 j6 May, 1898 
 
 w 
 
 rm 
 
 
 ,1 '!■■ 
 
 §■■ 
 
 W I 
 
''^*'tef!|i'i!.L.,. 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 ^\k 
 
 iv 4;" 
 
 P: 
 
 MONTSERRAT. 
 
 732 
 
 MORAT. 
 
 MONTSERRAT, a W. India islnn.i, dis- 
 covered liy Cciliinihiii. in I4<)3, and nettled h\- the 
 Uritish in 1632. It lins feveriil times lieen i-.iVvn 
 by tlic I-'rencli, but was secured to tlic Uriti.^li in 
 178,5. ]»estrui'live titiods, 75 deaths, reporteil, 4 
 Dee. l8<)0; see M(iii.iiim Imuxe, l8()7. I'opMlatian, 
 l8oi, 1 1.762. See Leiwanl J.s/e.t. 
 
 MONUMENT of LONDON, built by sir 
 
 Clmsfoiilier Wren, l()7i-7. The pedestal is inrtv 
 feet Inch, and the ediliee iilto^'ether 202 feet. tha"t 
 ceinir the disfanee cif its base from the spot where 
 the fire which it eonnneniorates commenced. It is 
 tlie loftiest isolated colunin in the world. Its 
 erection cost about 14.500/. The staircase is of 
 black marble, eonsistiiifr of 34s steps.* I-'all of 
 l)art of the ston(M'opin!.', no oiie injured, 25 Sept. 
 18S8; e.xnmined and repaired; re-'o])ened 14 Jan. 
 1889. Of the four orii:inal ins(<rintio)is. three 
 were Latin, and the following in Kiiulish.— iiit 
 in I()8i, obliterateii by .lauos II.: re-cut in the 
 ivign of M-illiani III.-; and finallv erased by order 
 of the common ((uincil. 2(j Jan. l83[. They pro- 
 duced Po],e's inilii;n,ant line,-:— 
 
 " Where London's eolnnni, ii..iiitini; nt tlio skies, 
 I.ikc 11 tall bnlly, lilts Ibe 1m;i.1, ami lies," 
 
 THIS PILI.AH WAS .SKT VI' IX PKttrKTVAI, HKMEMiniANIK 
 (IF THAT .MO.ST DHKADFrL BL'HMXO OF THIS IMioTKS lANT 
 tlTV, UKor.V ANII I'AIlUVKIl (IN IIV V« TUKArllKllV ANIl 
 MALICK OF V» eoeiSIl FACTION, IN \' HK(IINSIN(i OF 
 Ki:prK,M, IN V« VFAI! (IF OFR I.OHI) 1666, l^ oKUKIl id \> 
 <MiIlVINri OS THKIlt HOIIKIIJ I'l.OT Foil KXTIHI'ATISC V« 
 riloTKSIANT HKI.KMON ANO (11. 1) KNIT.ISH LIBKKTV, AXO 
 V« INrliOUIidNd eoFKHV AND SLAVKUV. 
 
 :MONTT]\rENTS, see Aiidnit. An act passed 
 22 .liily, 1878. empowers the >[etropolitan board of 
 works to ia:(e care of Cleopatra's needle, and other 
 moiiunients, 
 
 MONZA. or Monsa. formerly capital of the 
 kin-dom of I.onibardy. fre(|ue!itlv liesie<r(>d. The 
 eathedral was founded' in tlie si.-ctli century. Tlie 
 iron crown of Italy (((■/,/(■/( ,ve,) was keiit here till 
 1850, See Itulii,iM. i8()I. 
 
 MOODKEE (India). Here, on i8 Dec. 
 
 1845. the Sikhs attacked the advanced (ruard of 
 the liritisli. coimnanded by jreneral (ioiiuli, and 
 were repulsed three miles, losini; many men and 
 fifteen pieces of cannon. Sir Ilobert Sale was 
 mortally wounded. 'I'he battle preceded that of 
 Ferozeshah {which sec). 
 
 MOOLTAN (X, W, India), an ancient city, 
 was stormed by Uunjeet Sins, 1818. Here his son, 
 Moolraj Shy;,' ruler of the Sikhs, treacherously 
 murdered Mr, Vans Afrnew and lieutenant Ander- 
 son, 21 April, i,'<48. Several conHicts took place 
 between the liritish and the .Sikhs, in which the 
 latter were beaten, and Mooltan taken ;ift(!r a jiru- 
 tracted siejfe. 2-22 .Ian. 1849. 
 
 MOON. Opacity of the moon, and the true 
 causes of lunar eeli]i'ses, tauslit by Thales, <)40 li.c, 
 llipparchus made observations on tlie moon at 
 Ilhodes, 127 n.c. rosidonius necount(-d for the 
 tides from the motion of the moon, and snid tl;it 
 the moon horrows her li>;ht trom the sun, 7ri n.c. 
 JJiut!. I.acrt. 
 
 * William Greiii, a weaver, fell fr<ii«i tliis monument. 
 25 June, 1750. A niannnmi'd Tlemet-rraddock. n baker. 
 pifeipit.Tted himself frtdiii its siimini: 7, Inly. 17S0. Mr. 
 Jiyon t.i \'\. a ,;,v,if.l, .u,„;«..,ii«i oit-n rT.uii. ofccusidcrultle 
 vcspectabilitv. tlu-ew Irmo'lf from li. iS .Jan. 1810: .is 
 • lid more iM.-,,utly tliri" I'linr peixoiis: in coiisc(|aeiicr 
 of wliieh a tViiee was Jilaeed rouiiil the miliilg of tbt 
 cillery in 1839, 
 
 Mnjis of the moon eoiiatructed hy ti 
 
 (Jassiiii •' 
 
 Beer mill Miidler's map pulilisheil 
 
 ■'■li"\ ,£,,. 
 
 Pri,fes.sor Join, l'hilli|,s iiivit,.,! t|„. Dntisl,'. ' ' ';;! 
 
 tiiiii to make anaii^eiiiciits to ohti '*'""' 
 
 ..K.ticr,.pres.a.tati,,iiortl,e,,|,y,i,,,|,,i;,J^^»y«t.. 
 
 loto^jrajihs of the laooii' takiM. l.v'l)i„n...,„ >• ■ 'd 
 k'oik, 1840; by lioiiil, ,a,o' liv M,, u' '^"•^'•« 1 
 
 moon' , , . . ■;■'■ •''»l'TOtiiftln. 
 
 riioto;;ia]ilis I 
 
 llae, 1637; by Hut heifonT' "' ""• "'"'''■i' ''.Mii 
 
 IlaiLscirs "Tables of the .Moon,- ,.,;|,,„|.;. , ■ . ,:,,| 
 expense of the Uritish ami 11 illisl ',;';' '" "* 
 palilisheil at tl St of the l.uti'i '' ■'™*"t«, 
 
 TliclintisliAssoi'i;ifi liinarconnMitl,.,'.", 'i,. ■ i:-?! 
 
 two sccthmsofa.impof the in., i , , ''"''''s'' ' 
 -.ioo inches to her (liamcter ^soiltuf 
 
 The earl of Kosse niaile-xiiiiiincntsnii'tl,,,,,' i-''"'J' '%\ 
 of lieat from the moon , '""" ""^^""IWion " 
 
 Professor S. 1'. J.allf;ley, of Washin-toM T-'u ' '^' 
 lisheil the results of ex|,eriinei,ts relati;>;'"V'- 
 temperature of the mo., n . ^ """'*'•■ to the 
 
 Professor .f. F. Julias .Schmidt, „r" ifli,'.,,. ^"'■'^ ':i;l 
 
 diameter 2 1111 ties , 
 Mr. James Nasmyth ;ui(l Mr, J. On iiciit,.i- ,„,i i' , ■ ' 
 U.e result of many years' olis,.,.,'„;;:,l^J'!;;''*J 
 
 Mr, "I'od'inun'd Neis.ai' pal'ilished' ••'''ri;,."\i;,;',''''"». 
 the Conditions and C'(inM,wrati..ns',r its >;.;;;,,;|.'',! 
 
 Professor Sehmidfs map )iul,Iish...l ;,t n,.rli„ ''"'>'' ^\t' I 
 
 .Mr, C. V. lioys, of .South Kensin ■i,,!, ,|,, 
 the Hoyal Institution Ihiw he nl.tiiin,., 
 of the heal of tin' 1 m hv ninins uf 1 
 
 Til, 
 
 .m 
 
 lat 
 
 'Vlil|.i„.„ 
 
 sensilive thermoiiile e,imi.useii"',',rm!,,'f "''y 
 
 See /•(/,■;,„.,: '7^^"^""»y.K,x 
 
 "MOONLIGHTERS," a name.-iv,.,, ,„,. 
 perpetrators of nighl oulra-es in i8j,o, §ei';,'lS 
 
 MOORS, formerly the natives of M • 
 
 M'<;^.-.)/l.utaf..rwards,h,.n:m;Sr£ 
 ^umldlans and othirs, and now ai,|?li,i , ' 
 natives of .Morocco and i|,e Sii,'' *' 
 They fr<.,,uently rebelled a^'u„s, ',t e ^''' 
 einjierors, and assisted Genserie ami til v!!!? 
 Ill then- invasion of AlVi.-a, 420 T iv I 't'? 
 for a time the pru-ress of tin Sani • T 
 Mahometans, but were overcnie \;r-;. •*" 
 m lOKi vvere by then. intr.i,lnee,l mto s„™ 
 where their arms were lo„j,- vel..ri„i,r fn ,-f 
 they were defeated in Sieilv l,c Uu..,^r' (; ? 'j 
 The Moorish kiuiidom '^i \nl^'l,^^ 
 111 I2,C, and lasted till 1402, v,l,,.„ :, . ..T/P 
 f<,rdn,and V.ofC,.stile,,;!ainly,,w^n"^^*l; 
 discord. 'I he e.-ipulsum of tlie M.,.ii!i',.,,n !;„■ 
 was decreed by Charles V., hat not f, 1 , ""^ 
 into etl'ect tilflto). when (be l.i.,,, " f'S"' 
 III, mtlicted this great injury Lihisciumiv * 
 IS. 8 the Moors established the pi,,, -11^ 
 Algiers and Tunis (ir/„c// ,s(, ). In ,e , l'^ 
 Spa,,,, the Arabs ilnd Mo,,,. nZ^'l^Z 
 founded. • " 
 
 ■ MOPLAH.S. industrious fa„„ti, ;,] Miihoniilar 
 inMalaha,',K. Iu,li,.s, g,,v,. t,>,ul,le In thiirm,^: 
 on Iluidoos and the liritish, csp.-ei;,!]',- j,, ,§',-! ,: 
 luitliri ak was supp,-essed about 15 Sti'it. i,?-, 
 
 MORAL PHILOSOPHY, tl,..' sl^* a 
 ethics, ilehucd as the know le.l.c of oar duty, an 
 the art ot being y,rt.,ous ,.,,,1 ha,,|,v, SJwiw 
 (about 430 n.i.) is ,-,.ga,'(le,i as tile li,tl,er Tf 
 mieii^iit, and Grotius (about i(,25) t|,e iHthn cl 
 modern moral philosophy; see /vMif,« .mAfhik 
 sop!,:,-. 
 
 Mt>RAT (.Switzerland), whce Chai-i,.- tii.Bold 
 of liurgundy was c.iuipletcly defeated by llicSwiis, 
 22 June, 147(1, -^ nionuiueut, construptrd oftlit 
 
MOKAVIA. 
 
 733 
 
 MORMONH. 
 
 Misli'cil . 
 taken liv'ln-,i|'„.,.,„.. ■ I 
 
 "■';'""'"'»'"''ti'omjiS!ii's^7| 
 """^'"^■'■34.v™,vCk; 
 
 :i'.J.Cm|,;.„t,M',,„l,ii,|,j'En| 
 ■s "l'»nv„ti„„s,i„ ..;,;, , 
 ■,. , • ,'874; iic-\v,,;;tj,„, ,'- I 
 '''»'"■'.' "TlMi lino, a ■'"51 
 
 ;'."'ii-^i-'i.tnc.ri,„ •"*■;!!< I 
 
 """■il'aliul,sot,„„|i.X . 
 
 KS," u iiamLMMvcntoili,, 
 ■'•"oVMn,S8o. &,,.4;5 
 
 ^™«T,.. and th,. Vanw ,^ 
 n-, 4:9. Th.y „sisw 
 
 <>M'icimif 111 -Q- , I 
 
 l^ivmiJu was ^uJ 
 '49.A when U fdl K.fo, 
 
 v' '"■'^'"■ii-'tn.iiiSpii, 
 \ - "it not („llv ,,^^ 
 
 ":" ""• l/>-"tn-,:tl.hiirp 
 
 >J >..■>■ tn his rnuiltly.Aboit 
 
 '''™ ""' i'"'iti'iil states 01 
 \'> «'>. Inthrhkorvof 
 Alodis 1,1, ijt not be .'on. 
 
 •ious fniiMti, :,! Malioraetaii 
 ;Vi> tiuiihl,. In thfiraitati,; 
 ixli, fs|i,Tially ill ,84-; aj 
 iibiiut I^ISqjt. [8;3 
 
 >OPHY, th.. 8,.i,,ice K 
 
 ii"«l.'ii:;t.„foiiv,li,tv,and 
 '11- aij,l liMppv. SM-ratt! 
 '4!^!inln| ,H till, liitlier of 
 aliiHit 1625) thufathfrof 
 y; -"fe iV/iM andflik 
 
 <0, where Cliuri,-th,i Bold 
 ti'lyileteateUhyiiicSfia, 
 iiii''"t, constriirtcd of the 
 
 of the viinqiiisheil, wiis destroyod tiy the 
 [^"■I'ln i-gS, anil I' atone eoluimi ert'cteil. 400tli 
 
 tfORAVIA, 'I'l Aiistriiin province, oroupicd by 
 1 1 Slavonian'* aliniit ■;4.S, iiiul coiKiiicivd by tlie 
 I* juJ Jtolu'iniiins," wlio sulimittiHl to Clmrle- 
 I rtf About louo it WHS subdiiud by lioK'slus of 
 Sd, but rt'oovoivd by Ulricli of UoluMnia in 
 ' After viM-ioiis 
 
 cliiini; 
 
 , Moniviaiiiul Hohomiii 
 
 "''''.nvi'l'iT'iniatcil into tin' Anstiiiin dominions in 
 " jioravin was mviulea liy tho I'russians in 
 '« and tin')' I'^taliliahcd tlicii- head ([iiarters lit 
 Hnn the ei.liital, 13 July. The denniiid of the 
 Lvians for lioiii'' rnU- was resisted Oct. 187 1. 
 
 hmki'of W.OOOeoal miners at Ostrim, and rioting 
 :n,»«etl In- military, lO, 17 April, l«cp. Popu- 
 
 |g?in.8<,b,2,270,«7O. 
 
 MORAVIANS, or Umtkd Buetiihen 
 I 1 til have been part of the Hussites, who witii 
 '*jiiito Moravia in the 15th century; hut the 
 wrhren iissert tlmt their sect was derived troni the 
 Lk church in the qth eentnry. In 1722 thev 
 Led a settlement (called Iln-iuhut, the watch 
 f the Lorf) "" *'"' i'**''''*^ "*' cunt Ziii/.cndorf. 
 Tieir church consisted of ,00 persons in 1727. 
 Thev were introduced into Kngland bv eount Zin- 
 Mkf about 1738; 111' il'i'il I't Chelsea in June. 
 ■to In 1851 they hail thirty-two eliapels in Lng- 
 Thev are zealmis missionaries, and founded 
 
 London 
 
 !sEd. 
 
 »ttlemcnts'in foreign narts, about 1732. Li 
 isiociation fouiiiled, 1IM7. Mr. Ihus. -Morton, a 
 Brituh merchant, who du'd II Sept. 1897, be- 
 (|Ufathed a large sum, eonduionally, to the Mora- 
 vians. 
 
 IIOEAY FLOODS, ai-i- Iiiiiiidatioii.i, 1829. 
 
 IIOEDAUNT, set' Aihuiuistrations, lOSg. 
 
 MOEDEX COLLEGE (lilaokheath), alms- 
 I tousesforilecavedmeriliants, with pensions, esta- 
 ! Misbod by sir John Mordi'ii, Ibcj^ ; opened, 1702. 
 
 MOEEA, n name given to the Peloponnesus in 
 
 I thr ijth century ; see Grevce. 
 
 , MOEETON BAY (New S. Wales). The 
 I colony founded here in i8V) ii'i''- f'inee been named 
 
 (l\mis''iiil\tehich sre). 
 
 , MOEGANATIC* :MARRTAGES, wlienthe 
 
 li'fthandis stiveii instead ol tbe right, between a 
 man of superior and a woman of inferior rank, in 
 I \rhich it is stipulated that the latter and her ehil- 
 (drenehall not I'lijoy the rank .a' inherit the pos- 
 I KSoions of tlie former. '1 he ehihlren are legitimate. 
 [Such niarriiijes an frei|iiently coutraeted in Ger- 
 Mu. ^'.' -ovaltv and '.hi' higher nobility. It has 
 jkii iiii'Tttd i!.:'' niir (ieort'e I. was thus married 
 1 1., ;lie duehess of Kei.ial; the late duke of Sussex 
 I to lailv Cecilia Uiulerw, id ; l''i'edei-ie VI. of ]>en- 
 jitriitotheiountcis iif Dan.'er, 7 .Vug. 1850; and 
 I several Austrian prineos, reeeiith . 
 
 MORGAlvTEX (Switzerland). 1300 Swiss cn- 
 Igagcd 20.0(Xi .Vastrians, enmnianiled by the duke 
 I Leopold, wlioiii they eoniplelely defeated, 15X0','. 
 1 1315, upon the heights ef M-irgarten, overlooking 
 Ithe defile ihroujih «hieh the enemy was to ent'^r 
 ftbi'ir territory from Zug. 
 
 MOEICE DANCE, 
 
 Iliirtoso.iK ..i till iv'untiv 
 
 iineient dance prcu- 
 ii.; of iOngiand, and, it 
 
 ' Sail! til lie (lerived I'mhii .Uiiei/i'il;/n/«, the gift of 
 la husband of a liiniteil |Kirt of his jH'operty to sueli a 
 ■Me on the muriiiu); after the iimrrui ju. 
 
 is said, also to Seotland ; it was performed before 
 James I. in Herefordshire. 
 
 MOEIER INCIDENT, see /'/v^v.v,„, i88y. 
 
 MORISONIANS, followers of the Itev. Jamca 
 Morison of Kilmarnock, suspended fur heterodo.xy, 
 1841. 
 
 MOELEY hall and Welbeek Institute, 
 Regent Street, London, for the Young Women's 
 Christian .Vssoeiation, opened by prineess Christian, 
 22 Nov. 188O. 
 
 MORMONS (calling themselves the Church 
 of Jesus Christ of t/ir Lattku-dav Sai.nts). 
 This sect derives its origin from Joseph Smith, 
 oalleil the I'roiihet, who annouiieed in 1823, at 
 Palmyra, New York, that he liad had a vision of 
 the ahgei Moroni. In 1827 lie said that he found 
 the book of .Mormon, written on gold plates in 
 Egyptian characters. This hook is said to have 
 bi'eii written about 1812, by a clergyman named 
 Solomon Spaulding (or by Jtartin Harris, who died 
 Sept. 1875), as a religious romance in imitation of 
 ilie scripture style. It was translated andiiublished 
 in America in 1830, in I'higland in 1841. It fell 
 into the hands of iligdon ami Smith, who deter- 
 mined to palm it olf as a new revelation. The 
 I Mormons command the payment of tithes, permit 
 ' nolygamy, encourage labour, and believe in their 
 leaders working miracles. .Missionaries are propa- 
 gating these doctrines in Europe with more success 
 1 than would be expected. 
 
 The Morinimites organise a ehurch at Kirklaml 
 I Oliio .... . . ; ,830 
 
 j They fouml Zion, in .Jaeksoii eimiity, Missouri 1831-2 
 
 Kiiim 1833 to 1839 the seet enduieil iijiieli jiersc- 
 
 1 eutioii, ami, driven Irnin ]ilaii' tn plare. was eoia- 
 
 pelleil til travel westwiinis : lill lie- eitv .N'aiiviio 
 
 on tlie .Mississipiii was laid nut and a teiiijile 
 
 I , was built ,3^0., 
 
 Josepli and his lnother Ilyrain, when in |iiison on a 
 I ■ liaige of treason, slint In an inliiriated mob, and 
 , lin-ha.ii Young elinseii seer . , .June, 1844 
 
 I Much liarassed by their iieinhboius ; departure fioiii 
 
 Nauvoo detenniiied nil , . ,g,- 
 
 TlieCireat ^'alt l.iike (Imseii "liii an evirlastiiig 
 allude," and taken luissession of . . -J4 .liilv, 1847 
 I The valley surveyed by order of the United .Stales 
 
 tioverniiient ,84a 
 
 ' Till' eiiivisiiinal governineiit abolished and the Utah 
 i ten-itoiy reco-iiised by the Uiiitid ^States ; ijng- 
 I ham Viiiing iipiioinled tlie liist ^uveriior ; and the 
 
 umvcrsiiv of iJeseret was finiiided . 1840-30 
 
 1 The iiopulati.in. 11,35, 1851 
 
 I Ihe eiiips at the Utah settlement said to lie de- 
 
 stniyed by Ineiists .... Aug. 183s 
 
 The United istales .judHc at Utah resigned lioni 
 iiiaMlity to disehai;.'!' his fiiiieliiiiis, in emise- 
 iiviellei of the vinli'ia and Ireasnieilile eniiiuel iif 
 the Monnnlis, and tlu'ir leader, liiij^haiii ^niin,' iS,y 
 I A confi'i-eiiee nf .Miiniiiiii elders, .Ve,. w.is hel.t ill 
 Liindiin ; ollriisive speeelk, made and songs >wii^ 
 aihiieating iinlyfjamy .... i Si(<,, „ 
 . The Ur.ited States Kovenniieiii sent mi nnnv to 
 I Ut.'.h. ! a eompriiniise was ent' n-U intn. ahd jleaee 
 j W'le tstablisaed by K''Veniiii' c;iiiiiiiiiiigs in ,lnii»\ :i'-3 
 ! A .Miiriiiiiiiite ineetiiit,' at Siiiilhaiiii.tiiii . 18 Kek i86i 
 
 .\ I'lviii h >biri ite priest pieaihi. I lit Pans in Uct. 1862 
 
 ' Latter day Saints'" iiieetiiii.'s held in Lniiduii . 1865 
 I Utah settleiiieiit visiti'd liy liepwnrih Dixuii ; hu 
 I stated that it contained joo.ixw peisniis, ami mi 
 ! aniiyiif jo.ooo ritles. (" New .Viiieriea," pulilislieil 
 
 ill 1867I .866 
 
 Reiinrti'd sehisnis : through increasing oppiisituin 
 
 j to polygamy ,jii,„,_ ,85^ 
 
 ! Syio'd held ill iStnre-street. Londiin (l.ondon eim- 
 i fereiuv said to inelude II72 meiabers) 5 Aprti, ^i{/i 
 hjo new .\lormonitessaili-dfroni Liverpool for I'tah^ 
 
 h Jaius 
 Hill depriving inilygaiiiists of eivi.' rights |i,-«sse«l 
 I U. S. house ufrepa'sentatives . . March, 1870 
 
 ^j 
 
 1; 
 
 m 
 
 ^1 
 
 (' 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 . »»* 
 
 m 
 
 %m 
 
 , I 
 
 H r 
 
 ! i 
 
 ^fffiK|p^B|pr 
 
 :t 
 
 14.1 
 
MOKNINQ ADVERTISER. 
 
 734 
 
 MOROCCO. 
 
 Inn' 'H^'' 
 
 
 iU '* 
 
 H.. 
 
 lJ^i^'lmm Ymiiit,' i.niiTid to l.i^ trii'il for Ipiwiiny, ' Alinnliadi's (1121), tlic Mrriiiit,.^ r,,.V" 
 
 Mies; II.,wk,h.s,aMonnn„it,.,.M,.r, s,.ia.ii,v,l t„ i ,.,(, ,,., „„\ s,,/ ' ,. f" . V,'^"°^' '""i ini 
 
 ^ . . . .1 - Imvi. hud li-ciumt wiii-« will, III,, s,,.,,,,., I " 
 
 l-ortUKiii's.', due to pirarv. I',.|,ul,,ti,:, ' .si , ,'"^'l| 
 
 .s,ooo,a«; Vvy., tlMu^apital, 140, to ,",;,,)^.'''"*«l 
 
 liii^iii.iii iiMiii^ niiiii'iii|i'in ii'i ifiiiii ^•ijiii., I'l.i* 
 
 <'ftMlii,;;sji,,i,nlIi-il hy tlii's,ipi-f,i,f('n,i,-ti,tnt,it May, 187, 
 
 Ilri^lliai,, YiMii,>; ii'sIkii^ li'",l'"r,il iupwims, k> Ainil, 1873 
 
 Till' M(in,i()i,itiM'iiiifeiciicc» at till' Hulliui'ii A„,pl,i- 
 tl,t'atr,' .25 ^lay, ,, 
 
 Xii,uti;t',, ,,,i.ssi,a,aiii'.s I'm- li,itaii,a,rive at l.ivi'ipnul 
 
 1:; Nnv, ,, 
 
 Urighaiii ymii,),' ajjaii, iadiitiil r(ii'|i()lygai,,y,alpiiiit 
 
 15 Oct. 1874 
 
 AiMmlged ti> siipimrt one of Ids wives while she sues 
 for ilivdi'ee, Mari'li ; ii,,iirlsoi,i'il in his own hiiiise, 
 tor non-i'ij, I, plii, ,,,(■, Niiv. : disci, a, ned . I>ce. 1875 
 
 Bji. J. 1). l.i'c shot foi' hi^ sliaii' i], Miiiii,tain Mea- 
 dows i,,assiii're, (Drif;],,,,)! Voui,^ suspected.) (see 
 Mdv.-oirrif) 2,j March, 1877 
 
 Deatli of HriKliai,, Yiii,nf;, iiKcd 7fi . '2y.\nK. ,, 
 
 John Tayhir, chief of 12 a|iosllcs, hecni,,e |,resi. 
 'lent fit the chtirid, Sejit. ,, 
 
 Conferee,' in l.omloii opened . . 30 Sept. ,, 
 
 Orson Pratt, a leader and eidleugut) of Jiweph 
 .Sniith, did Nov. 1881 
 
 Six ni(;etin(,'-h,insi's in I.o,i(l,in, Maridi, 1882; esti- 
 i,iated 85,oc)o Kii;.'lish co,i\i-,'ts . . 1837-82 
 
 r(p|ypiiny'ii, the United Statis ahidishi'il liy Ai't 
 passed 23.^iarl'h, 1882 
 
 Gii'at n,eetiiiKnt Salt Lake; 57 niissioi,arics sent 
 ont 6 (let. i33j 
 
 .Sei,ator Eili,, 111, il's bill for suppri'.ssion ipf the Mor- 
 mon chnreh passeil liy the U.S. senate (38-7) 
 
 9 Jan. 18S6 
 
 Meetlnfi of Mormon I'hhMs ami missionaries nt St. 
 (!eorf,'e's Hall, [.ai,f;),ai,,-iilace, Lonilon 12 Oct. ,, 
 
 John Taylor ill, il asJnly, 1887 
 
 iJccree for the suppri'Ssioii of the chnreh ; nppi'aleil 
 niiainst ... ... Oct. i333 
 
 A new tei,,iile e,-,'Cti'il in Sal* Lake f'ity, eaiiahle of 
 holding 14.000 pi'i'sons, II,,- (.'lanite walls 20 ft. 
 thick at the base, 'a per iijiwarils to 6 ft. 
 
 report, 'd An^;. ibSg 
 
 Many Monnoiis ilisenfranehiseil for takin^' an 
 illcpnl oatli ; the "(Jeiitih's" uhtain majority in 
 elections Keh. iSqo 
 
 rresiilent Wooilrntf ami a eonfcreiiee of eMers put 
 forth a iirofessioii <if faith, reeoi;iiizinn the Hilile 
 ami the Hook of MoriiHn, as tin- Wonl of Goii, 
 pfts of toi,;;\ies, &e., and renonnciii); poly;;aniy, 
 about 25 Sept. ; adopted by tlie chnreh at a (jri-at 
 meetinR 6 Oct. ,, 
 
 144,352 Mormons in the Uniti'd Stati'S, X. A. ; 
 ecbsiis of 1890. Mr. .Insipli Smith, .jiiii., son of 
 the founder of Moiii,oiiisin, heads a party op- 
 poseil to i>olv'.'amy (about ;o,<xx) m,'i,,b,',s) .Viiu'. 1S91 
 
 New sittlemi'i'it on" land ^'lanlcl by th,' Mexican 
 Koveriinieiit in \. Mexico ; arraiiKeineiits iii.aib^ 
 t>y Mr. J,'hn Voiiii.i.'. son of HriKhani Yoiin;.'; a 
 In'rue number of Mormons ready to start from 
 Utah, reportid June, 1892 
 
 Amncstv craiiti',1 for iiast iiolywiniic niaiTiaf!es, 
 future to be pnnisln^l by law, iiboiit . 5 Jan. 1893 
 
 Deilication of the fri'eat temple at .Salt Lake City, 
 bnilt in 40 years, stated cost, 5,txxi,txxi dollars 
 
 6 Ajiril, rt nci/. ,, 
 
 Sniipression of ]iolyi.'aniy f.','iierally aceejit,',! July, 1894 
 
 ranlon uranted to ]iolv).'aniists, by proclamation 
 
 27 Sept. ,, 
 
 Ten colonies ill N. Mexico, ii'port,"il]irosperoii.s, Jan. 1897 
 
 MORNING ADVERTISER first pub- 
 lished, <H Fob. I7f)4. 
 
 MORNING CHRONICLE, ir/nf/, 1770, 
 extinct 1762. 
 
 MORNING POST, fashionable dailv paper, 
 favourable to tlic Wliif;s iiiul Hish Church party, 
 first appeared, 2 Nov. 1772. Conservative, 1874. 
 Price reduced to id., 27 Juno, 1881. 
 
 MOROCCO, or MaKOCCO, an rmpirt; in NorUi 
 .Africa, forniirlv Wiiuritiinia {ir /it eh nee). In 1 01; I 
 it WBS snbdutj I'or the Fatiniito caliphB hy the 
 Almoravides, who eventnallv extended their do- 
 TOinion into Spain. The.-, were succeeded by the 
 
 Invasion of Sebastiiiii of l'ortii;i,i| ^i,,, 
 
 with his army at the b;iltl,. of .Al,.',,,,,,. <"'""•'■■':> 
 Tiui),'iers (whicli, see) ai'ipiiird by Kii-laiul ,« 
 
 4 .Vlln, 
 
 '3731 
 
 Hivell up 
 
 The Moors attimk the Kri'iich in \1 ,,.,.1,,' „, '„ ' ''*3| 
 instlKalion of Abibel-Kailer ; tin I'l'i, , ,' 
 Joiiiville bombards TaiiKiiTs, 6 Aug. , ,111,1 J!„|^,l„5 
 
 Marshal IhiKcaml deh-ats th,' M..01N it 11,!!'*^""' ''"' 
 
 Isly, ami lu'ipiiri's th,' titl,' of ,h,ke' ,,,"," 
 
 Peiic' lic'twi'i'ii l''raii,',' ami .M,.r,ic,o irs , 
 
 ''''I;!,.?:'l''''l■'V■'''.:.'!'.';^)"''"':"^:'':'■'■'•'^l■|!l'■'•»cIlX 
 
 ' St of >biro,',.,, (C'lita, p,.||,„| ,1,'. v,''l,V"(:,T 
 
 liaviiiH snir,'r,',l iiim-li aiiiioviii,,',' )„ .m',,,',™!' 
 liiriitis, ,1,','lar,' war ' ' , " 
 
 Xi'-otiations fruitless r th,' Spanish ^i.v,',",'!;, ''S' I 
 incivasiiiK their ilemamis as the suit,,,, vi,l, 
 the Kii},disli ■;overiinieiit inbrlei',.,! in vain ",', 
 the u'nr, fifr Si>ntn . _ ' 't • ■ 
 
 -V M ish aiiibassa,lor (the liist sii,,-,. the tii,„.,'r-'"* " 
 
 Charh's 11.) in l.oialon. (H,. pivc Jj'l "'.'o,' 
 lonl mayor for th,' l.omhm 1 hahliiM .i,,,,,, . ', . 
 
 Th,' British Kovcrnniint kuvi' a f;ii;,i;,nt,.,. fur ;,'i,„,: "" 
 of 426,000^ to the sultan to met liis eii',,.',',,,,.,,,. 
 withSpinn %'";''" ., 
 
 Insnrrei'tion of a pretemler. Klkadi,, Im, \i,i ' '" 
 ahniiin, siip|iress,'il i, ' 
 
 Prini'e Si, li Sh,'r,',f visits l!ri!:,iii . ' (,'''"" 
 
 Th,' i,'ran,| slii'rif of Wazan iMairii'Siin Kn.'li.,!, «.jf,.'. "" 
 
 libi'i-ati'S his slaves, &c, ; pcrsciil, ,1, In., , ' 
 
 Flench silbji'Ct y^^^ .. 
 
 Till' ri'bcl tribes of lieiiin flnilil disiii(|',l|.f,,'„',,,i '"* 
 after a s,'V,r,' ciifianc'iii'iil . •'-Iiiii. -i 
 
 The sultans visit to Taiit;i,'r d,'lay,'d . '^ '.s,.,,|' ' 
 
 An I'xploriii^'exiii'ilitionnmlir.Mi'. .bis,|,l,'Tli..iii;>.i " 
 anil Mr. Ilamhl Ciichton Drown,' aidcl hvtiif 
 Uoyal ami GeoKiaphieal s,ielcti,'s, sprii,-' ami 
 
 s'liiiiiier, ,| 
 
 Disputes aiiiouf,' the foreinn consuls ; abn-,,' nf tlieir 
 powers ami cousi'Cpicnt .Moorish lesistaiioe 
 
 initi'.i'iin, „ 
 
 The sultan visits Ti'tnan, 5 Si'jit. ; T.'iii;jii'r. 22 Sw,t. i", | 
 
 Dispnti' with S]iain respeetiiij/ th,' sciziiiv i>\ I ' 
 sjianish coasting vessel, Mhjui! V'ui.r, s,'iiu,l()y 
 dii,' ri'i'amtion . . . . about 2,)!|i'|ii. 
 
 Atlray Itt'twi',',! .Moors ami the Spanisl, cavalrvot " 
 th,' fortn'ss Melilla, si'vi'iiil kiUi'il, 20 .lilly; 
 peace r,'st,.n',l 25 'hil'v' I'v. I 
 
 Thi' sultan ,1,'li'ats n-bi'l tribes, luid iii'liiiiii.s So 
 prisomrs, reporteil 20 Ann. ; fnvtlnr ilifi-ats of 
 th,' ri'bcls ri'porteil .... ■A^\\i 
 
 Th,' ^b,o|•ish novcrnuii'nt a^n-es to I lay 50.000/. a.s 
 indi'niiiity for inurdi'r of im'I'soiis e,ii,iii'et,!i| with 
 a liriti.sh facloiy at Capi' .liiby in ,;•:,, . K,,|,. ,j,, 
 
 Sir William Kiibv (in I'li. thcalili' Hriti.-li iiiiiii»ti'r 
 to Morocco, died 25 l-'eb. ; .slice,.,.,!,.,! by sir 
 Charli'S Kuan Smitli. from /iinziliar . 
 
 Hostility of th,' l\,.iliyli's uml olli,.r trihi'S to the " 
 t;ovi'rn,'r; two lirilish war-vissels nrrivf ,ij 
 Tan,i;i,.r, about 5 Jan. ; 3 foniLti, vi'ss. Is arrii., 
 
 ii'.oill ,, Jan. il(ji 
 
 Trani|Uillity ri'stori'il by the siillaii ilisinissiii;; tlie 
 ;,'o\.,'riior, .'iml aiiiiointin^: ;, si,c,','ss,,r . 22.^11. 1-91 
 
 .Sir C. Kuan Smith r,.c,'iv,.,l by tli,. siilian at l'',2, 
 
 14 Jl.i.v, ,, 
 
 A new cominereial treaty eoiisi,lere,l . . M,iy, „ 
 
 Keli,dli,)ii in Angcra Jim't, „ 
 
 Sir C. Euan Smith's negotiations f,,r a I'niiiimrciii 
 tri'aty fail ; the mission with, 1 raws to Taii|;ii'r 
 
 22. Inly, (.ai/. „ 
 
 Ri'liellion of 1,200 Annlierites. or An,terite,s, liiailnl 
 by Hmani, a ilesperale fanatic (ehieiiy aj:aiiist tlie 
 'jovRninrl. near Tauf^ier. abijut 27 .July : iinlw; 
 sive conllicts, July, Anir. : ni'^otiatioii.s, 16, i; 
 2\uj!. : the Antilieriti's ili'feat,',! alter s,'V,M,'tl(;lit- 
 in^ : tlii'y su,' for peac, 4 Sept. ; a new ,:;,.v,'nior 
 aiip,>inte,l, reported i3Se]tt, ; [leaee pruri.iiii),',!. 
 16 Si'pt. ; ayri'ement signed . . . 26 (Jet. „ 
 
occo. 
 
 ■-"■" XCf 
 
 till, 140,1.1 IV),(kXi. 
 ■'"liiiwil, wl„. |„.,|„,„, 
 
 ■."'•li ill .M^.-ria I,, ti,' ' 
 ^'"''■j: t:„. i„.i„ ,; 
 
 L'ri<,6AllK.,,„l.lMn;,„|,„ 
 
 '"'•,^>'"-.itti:;';^::;'^«i 
 
 IS srwml |,l,u.,.» ,.„ i„ " 
 , l'cii..ii ,1,. v,.|,7. A.,, 
 iiiiiiuyiiiic.. l,y M,,,!,;,; 
 
 » lis tli..snlt:iii vjiMmI- 
 ilitcM-tcivil in vain, '■•„', 
 
 litlrstsii,,.,. ,l,„til„„;f'-'5-5»l 
 (!'• wnv 2m/, to tie I 
 " ''"""I"-* Ju AiiR. ,35, 
 
 tl.lJMCt |,)^,.,|;;aj,,,,|,|.||,, 
 
 .T, I'.lk.'idiM liti. Alnler. 
 
 !n;;iiii . \,.,. ;;' 
 
 MMnii'Siiii l-ji.'li.-lnviir' ''"' 
 ; I'lTSl'i'lltl.!, In-ci,,,., j 
 
 MOROCCO. 
 
 Tio 
 
 MOSAIC WOKK. 
 
 ii.h 
 
 all. liJ, 
 
 (inilil ilistricl il,.f,.a'|,,i 
 
 ',,■,• '5 Jiini!, lijj 
 •1- 'li'layi.l . ,SH,t, 
 
 ilcr.Mi-..l,,s,i,liTli.,iii*.| " 
 II Jirnwti.' iii.itil Ijvilie 
 
 I Sdcli't ii-s, .-in ill-' aii.l 
 
 ■illlllllUT, ,, 
 
 eniisiils ; iiljiKi'dftlitir 
 .Mcnrisli ivsistaiice, 
 
 iiiiti'.iim, „ 
 
 Sl'l't. ; 'I'Mll^'iiT, 22Sf[pt. IB) 
 
 rtipi},' till! si'iziiii. 1)1 a 
 
 MifJIti! 7'l.l(~v,sntll,ilby 
 
 iil.uut agSppt. 
 till' S|iiniisli cavalnot ' 
 
 IVcnil killl'il, 3o July; 
 
 • , • • 25 'Inly, t'.'fi 
 tnlii's, pinl iirliiails So 
 .11^. ; liiitli.i li.Ms ut 
 
 iKT-i'i'S t(i ]iay 50,000;. ,i,< 
 |ii'i-.soiis eiiiiiii'rti'il Willi 
 .Iiiliy in ,;■;., . m, ,^, 
 111' al.li' llriti>li iiiiiiistw 
 •'I'h. ; siii'i'i.i.iwl by .sir 
 
 II Zaiiziliar . . . , 
 mill iillicr trilii'.s to Hit 
 
 \var-\i'ssi'is iirrive off 
 3 lori'i.mi M'Ksi-ls arrhv, 
 
 atiniit n Jan. iS^j 
 !(' siilliiii ili^missiii;; the 
 ; a suci'i'sscir . 22 Jan. ijgi 
 1 liy till' sultan at lo-z, 
 
 M Ji'iy, ,■ 
 
 onsi'liTi'd . . .May. „ 
 Jiiiif, ,, 
 iatinns fcr a foiiuiicrciai 
 witliiliaws toTaiigiiT 
 
 ■22 .Inly .(.a./. „ 
 tPS, or An,ji'iites, lirailnl 
 iiatic (chii'ily a^aiii,st tlie 
 abmit :t .iuly; iiatej. 
 ii. ; lo'jiotiations, 16, 17 
 ffiit.'.! al'tei- ,seveiii(li:lit- 
 ^ Si'pt. ; a iit'W ^.'Vi'nior 
 I'jtt. ; peace prix'l.iliiii'.t. 
 u'.l . . . soUct „ 
 
 I ' I ini»si.iii, uniler ciiiiiit il' Aiilii^;iiy, ni'iivi'S 
 llf"!"' Dc't. iilrliarts, liaviiij; i.lilaliii'.l s.uno 
 J !'■ '"•■* , ... 5 Dec, 
 
 I 'r W Fuall .ll'llilll "'""'lit "11 '"l^^'. J""^^*" i 
 |.'V";!'rlP«Kll"l cl.ai'Ke .rallairi'S . 19 Oct. 
 
 l<"J"Xr < li'"'- '8'r^; repamti.in .leiiian.le.l, 
 'V' . an'nltiiiiatnin xeiit In llie Miltaii l.y .Mr. 
 '•™M Eliat, i«.|iiiriii« «» auswei' witliiii 48 
 
 '""^iimiri^h iiii-'litKii'"''''* iiiiprisoiicil for tliu 
 l*'*iH'liinii'''i-''i"'l'''' • • • ""'""• 
 , Im lavs an iiiileimiity of 1,000/. . 19 Jmi. 
 1i'*,''L-,,f ()nlil Hiiiam in AnKliera ; tresh 
 W"'S about 22 .rHn.,hH is ca,.t„re,l a„.l takH. 
 
 189a 
 
 ,.iini;'| 
 •.iTani.'i"' 
 
 I . ,,., . • ■ repnrti'.l ..| Keh. 
 
 i •; Tiirl «'('st Hi. leeway warmly r ive.l at 
 
 Iv'il js'jaii. ; at Tangier, u .Ian. ; r.'e.'ive.l 
 ' *; '0 iii»si..ner lor Mrei«n alliiirs, , Keb. ; 
 • ■ ...ViiL'I'in.I . . . . fi 'Inly. 
 l/-''"l,,t^in« 'liter Waznn, ami are sul»lue,l 
 l^'f ,M, m"lit.'r, reporteil . . 20 Fel). 
 I •■l!""".'^':r!l":':",,,,VtriUs ilefcate.! with miU'li 
 
 I 1 1. liter, r.'|i...leil ' . .• . • .' 9 ''illy 
 J iljKriie'tSiit.'"-, Hrilisli iiiiiiister, arrives, 29 Alls,'. 
 
 |,'„ .^ M.,.jrs (Kill' tnlie) attack Kort finn- 
 l^*" V'i«r Viita, li.'l.l liy K«. Spanisl, troops, 
 
 ■ "lav till" Mo.'i's lepiilse.l . • • 2>>ct. 
 In!; Moors .Iriven from tl.eir eiitreiicliments^ ^^^^^ 
 
 Leswliianls repnlseil, 27 <>ct. ; a iral Margallo 
 
 *wChU biKlvaml cam. cwv.'re.l, hiia.iish 
 
 1 ,kill...l.an.l fi woiiii.leil, -.'BOct. ; Keiieral 
 
 jX ,:!,ft''.lt.,tli.'C..i ,u.l,29()et.;skir. 
 
 1 VN"^' ■ Mclilla .listivsseil, the Moors 
 
 ;XVtruiit;.'iitreiiclini('nls, 7 Nov. ; th.' sullaii 
 
 ; «an» tlie iK'ti"" "f "'^ tnhesnien ami 
 
 ,|,r,at,.iiM.'iiiisliii»''i''''''l""''''''' • • 9 Nov. 
 
 lRSeiiii'i.tHseiitrr..iiiMimin . . . Nov. 
 
 I u.Nlial CaiiMiiis takes the col ami, 28 Nov. ; re- 
 
 ' • Jttn'ctimi of Fort Shli (iuaraid, '"■.-•m.^vith- 
 
 I Trtiils"of'peac'e"i'.roiiose.i tiy marshal Camiios t..^ the 
 
 Mm'ri* o.iiici'siions'. two" chiefs siirremiereil ^^^^ 
 
 ' vriviilof niavHlial Camiios as Hi.aiii»h aml.assa.lor 
 ' Moroccn, 20 .Ian. ; rcceivcil liy the siiltiiii 
 
 31 ,Ian. 
 nival of Mn.)rish troops at Melilla, to punish tliu 
 
 I (Jilftribe!! Ae atiout 3 ri'o. 
 
 .iMiiisli flal'iiis nccpileil to (792,000/.), 10 March, 
 lEoi; treaty roiiipleteil . . „■ ., ' •■'■"• 
 Revolt nf tlie Kaliyles in the .sooth, the Govern- 
 ment troops .U'featcil, near Maai^iii, r.'I.orte.l ^^ 
 
 Br,ti-li ami ISpaiiish war-vessels sent to Maza^'an 
 
 I 19. '20 .\ii^;. 
 
 I r.'cMiia.lewitli til.' Kahyles, rejiortP.! . i3><ept. 
 
 |ir-.,li mi«ioii nii.ler .Mr. Kriiest .Siitow, warmly 
 
 m-eiveilat Fez liy the siiltiin, 29 Hcl. 1894 ; re- 
 
 I lires successful . ■ • • ., ^° April, 
 
 I 4 llritish cnnii)nnv's settleiiieiit at tape .In liy 
 
 I ' Ifflialit tiv Moruceo ; convention sijjiieil . April, 
 
 I French Mission reci'lveil at Fez . . 27 *'i>.v, 
 
 s' \itliiirXiriilsoiia].ii..iiite.l niinister . 26.111m', 
 
 ; ■ !,ity rlaimeil lor miinler of a tierinaii siili- 
 
 : i-r-pil to I > ^"ii- 
 
 i..„„ .,1 tlie shereef of Wazan, benevolent citizen, 
 
 Oct. 
 Sir Wtrar N'icolson, Uritisli miiii.ster, arrives at 
 
 I Taiisiera , 3 Oct. 
 
 .tall rebellion, Snfli attacked, severe litihtiiiK 
 
 ' 7-1 1 Nov. 
 
 h \nhm Nienlson conliallv received liy the 
 
 1 -iiltaii, n.\pril, i8q6; returns to Tangier, 22 May, 
 
 l,!l..ial j;niiita from the siiltau for work.s at Tan- 
 
 :'!Hr, aiiiioniioed 27 ^'ay, 
 
 1 Tl;.' -iiltan marches with about 60,000 111. 'ii to awe 
 til" Rillians and rtisaBected districts, 16 Sept. ; 
 „!.*.,.i d.^r.-st'^I *t T— "a, Oct. 1?.-,- : rt'liels and 
 I iirisoiiers treated with great crnelty ,!an.,e( ,sp./. 
 Trial of Mr. Grav and the crew of the Hritish steamer 
 Tourmaline tor all ged atlemid to snuii-'gle arms 
 into Has, b.'Riiis at Tangier, 14 .lune ; all s.'ii- 
 teiiced to short terms of imprisonment 2 .July 
 
 1894 
 
 1S95 
 
 1896 
 
 Si;i.T.\NH. 
 
 1822. Mnley .\l..leialiiiiaii. 
 
 1859. !Siili .M..!rv .Mohammed, .Sept., died Wept. 1873. 
 
 1873. .Mill I .'<san (son), |iroelaiiiied 25 Sept; die.l 7 
 
 .nine. iSc,., 
 1894. Mnley .V.i.lnl .\ziz(soii) pri.claimc.l, 11 .lum'. 
 
 MOKPHI.V, III! alkaloid, (lisonvurcd in opium 
 by ticrtiiriicr, in iXo?. 
 
 MOKPHOLOGY (drcek, ;/,«)7;/a', form), the 
 scic'iiec of foiiii and stnietuii', as ilistingiii.shcd from 
 pliysiology, Ktiiilicd in llif Kitli century, by Uocthe, 
 GegcnbiuM', llauckil, and otbcrs. 
 
 MOPRILL TARIFF, sec l'i<iud States, 1861. 
 MORRIS DANCE, see Morice. 
 
 MORTALITY TARLE.S have been fre- 
 quently compiled. The Nortlminiitoii taldcs (for 
 •7vS-*^")> '>>' I't"- I'fii'e; the Carlisb' tiiblea (for 
 17S6-H7). by Dr. Hiiilshum; nvv AmuiitUs tmd llitls 
 of Mni-lidity. 
 
 MORTARA ABDUCTION, see Jcu-k, 1858. 
 
 MORT2VRS, ft short f;un with n hirg-e bt.re, and 
 close clminbcr, for throwing bombs; .said to Imvc 
 been usi'd at Naples in \^},^, and tirst made in 
 England in 1543. Tlu- ino'rtiir hit by Soiilt lit 
 Cadiz ill Spain was lixed in St. Jame.s's-park in 
 Aug. 181(1. On II) Oct. 185- a eolossiil mortar, 
 constructed by Mr. Robert SliiUct. was tried ut 
 W'oohvicli ; with 11 charge of 70 lbs. it threw a 
 ^liell weighing 2-;5n lbs. i, mile horizontally, and 
 about I mile in height. 
 
 MORTELLA TOWERS, see Mm-tcllo. 
 
 ilklORTIMER'S CROSS (Herefordshire). 
 
 The earl of I'enibroke and tlie Lancastrians were 
 
 here severely defeated liy the young duke of York, 
 
 afterwards tdward IV., 2 Feb. 14(11. He assumed 
 
 . the throne as Edward IV. in March following. 
 
 MORTMAIN ACTS {»m-t mm,,, dead hand). 
 When tlie survey of all the land in Kngliind wns 
 made by William I., io8y/i, the whole was found 
 to amount to 62,215 kniglits' fees, of which the 
 church then po.s.sessed 28,015, to which additions 
 were afterwards made, till the 7th of Kdward I., 
 1 271), when the statute of mortmain was passed, 
 from a fear that the estates of the clmreh might 
 grow too bulky. By tliis act it was made unlawful 
 to give any estates to the church without the king's 
 leave; anil tlii.s act, by a supiileniciital provision, 
 was made to reach all lay-fraternitic.s, or corpora- 
 tions, in the 1 ;th of Riclmnl IT., I.^')l. Mortmiiin 
 being such 1 state of posse.ssion as makes ]iroperty 
 inalienable, it is said t.i be in a dead hand. Several 
 statutes have been passed on this subject ; legacies 
 by mortmain were es]iecially restricted by the 9th 
 Geo II., c. },b (17.^1)' Law consolidated and 
 amended 1888'; i89i,"i8.j2. 
 
 MOSAIC WORK (the Roman opus lesuclla- 
 /i(i,i), is of iVsiutic origin, and is probably referred 
 to in Efl/nr, eh. i. 6, about 5K) n.c". It had 
 attained to great exeellenco in Greece, 'n the time 
 of Alexander and his successors, when Sosos of 
 I'ergamus, the most renowned .Mosaic artist of 
 antiquity, flourished. He actiuircd great fame by 
 his accurate representation of an " nnswept lioor 
 lifter a feast." The Romans also excelled in Mosaic 
 w.^rk, as evidenced by the innntiterabje spe.-imens 
 preserved. Rvzimtine Mosaics date from the 4th 
 century after thrist. The art was revived in Italy 
 by Tali, Uaddi, Cimaluie. tnd ( 'tto, wlio designed 
 Jlosaics, and introduced a highe .yle in the 13th 
 
 hr 
 
 "fpllf'lT 
 
 Si 
 
 t'i 
 
 \ ■ 
 
 isli" 
 
 ,d|'^ i^ttfl^tw 
 
 I I I 
 
 '"t I 
 
 IW 
 
 ,H ,.v« 
 
 i^' 
 
 '^M 
 
'tT-r ^ m'''_ 
 
 '^^ 
 
 
 Hi M^ 
 
 
 
 MOSANDIIIUAI. 7a6 
 
 ceiituiy. In the l6tli century Titian iiiid Vcroni'so j 
 also drsiKncd mibjcrt.! tor this art. Tin- pnatiii' nf 
 copying piiiiitii'f; < in McwiiicH riinii' into vi.kiiu in i 
 tlio I7tli cL'iitur\ ; iind tlii'ic is now a wurkHliop in 
 the Vatican whiif chcniiral science is cmiilnycd in 
 the productidii of colours, and where 211,000 ditl'erent 
 tints jire kept. In iXdl, IM'. Salviati of Venice had 
 e8tablislic<l his nninuliictmc of " Knanicl luosaic.*," 
 and in July, iMd), he ti.xcd a huye eiiaii 1 .Mosaic | 
 picture in one of the spanihils under tlic donie of 
 St. Paul's catheiliiil, Lon<lo)i. He has since 
 csecuteJ eniuniisaiona fur the queen and nllier 
 persons. He died Feb. l.^i)0, aged 74. See Pdiit's, ' 
 St., i8(/>. I 
 
 MOSANDKIUM. Sic nUipjiiim,. 
 
 MOSCOW, tlie ancient capital of l!ii.<sia, was 
 founded, it is said, by Dolnorouki, about 1 147. The 
 occupation of the soutli of Hu--ia bv the .Nlongols, 
 in 1235, led to .Moscow beeoin .g tlie capital, and 
 beginiiing with Jaroslav II., I2^^H, its princes 
 became tlu' icigning dynasty. It is rej,'iirded as a 
 holy city by tlie Uussians. Population, l88() ; 
 province 2,204,930; city, 1885, 75 J,4(ir); <) I'eb. 
 1897, ()S8,6l0. 
 Catbcilial of tlic Assuiiil'ti"M Imilt, 1326; "f tlie 
 
 Transtltiuriitiiin ....... 1328 
 
 Tlic Kri'inliu founilcd , . , ' . . . 1367 
 
 Moscow I'liiiiiU'rcil l>y Tiiuiiiir 1382 I 
 
 liy the Tartars M^;!, 1477 I 
 
 Massacre of Ucinctvins and liis I'olish aillicrciits, 
 
 the "Matins of .Mosi-^w" . 37 .May, 1606 
 
 Moscow laviiKcd by Ladishis of Poland in . 1611 
 
 The university fouiiilcd 1705 
 
 Entered liv Xapolioii I. and the Fri'iicli, 14 Sept. 
 
 MOUNT EVEHEST. 
 
 «ubJMct. Ill April, 1850, th. tw„ „^,„,„ . I 
 covenanted not "to occupy, or .'..rtif ," '|"''"' 
 or assume, or e.xereise anv iloi,,ii^ii.|, ,',.' ''"'""K ' 
 of Central America." Ii'i i.Srr n,,, r,,; '',"\ W 
 charged the llritish Koveriitii, 1,1 »,th ,'.";''"' 
 of the treaty ; on which the latter am ;"""," I 
 the disputed territory to the niiulilji „f u ,"* 1 
 with some reservation.* The in ,11,.. „"!""■'"• 
 settled in I«S9. '"■"" ^ »'i« hi,* 
 
 II.M..S. il,ni„,lm landed 50 m, 11 Inr il... ],r„t,.r. 
 
 Hon of thcchlcl. Hoh.Mt IIc,,rvr|,,r,'J' r'- 
 d..nt of the ..o„n,.,l, »,.,d„s, „„, X,™,';;. ; f "'. 
 l->'li, ; soon withdmwn, iviioit,.,! ,, J " 
 
 Conflicts hctween tlie Hrillsh »i,l,'|,.ot, ail,|"I,"' 
 NicaiaKiians on Cora Island ; iii„rt!,i| ,,, J ,'"" 
 
 ■'!-il liiw ],r,,. 
 
 ;. • • 14 Jiiiv 
 
 at,vcs, iv|,„ri,.,| , ■' 
 
 Uliiclielils retaken hy the N'icaia^iiinis ; 'iJr|„,'i'' 
 
 chiiined, re|iiirteil 
 OeneialUrtiz detents tl, 
 
 suliji'cts and prince Olaieneo re,,.,,,.,!'!,, ' , . 
 Stewart i.f H.M..S. M„l„fH, ivi,o,ted ? a,' ' 
 conveyed tu Kingston, Jiiiiaiica, re|ii,iti'.l 
 
 le IJritish vice.consul, Mr. Hideli, and '?iinl;"'' 
 arrested and taken to (irevtown try tlie XiAr 
 K'uans, J I Aug. ; released on paiol,,' iei»,r'i.4| 
 
 Martial law revoked, Nic«ra;,'nn s 
 
 el,„rl.,| 
 
 '; .\ii.', 
 
 list 
 
 ipcliin. 
 he 
 
 .said, donhtt'iilly, to 
 
 le (11.840 hoiiM's 
 
 hes) . 15. -Sept. 
 
 . Oct. 
 
 joSept ; ri;eo«oized liy II. S. N?rhiit''i!ot"by 
 
 (Ireat l!r,ta,ii ... , l. ' 
 
 Ultinialmii presented hy Mr. (i-linK', 'Uritislnnln'; 
 
 istcr, indemnity tor in,iiir,es, , „.^i, ^^^!'^^• 
 
 MpSS-TllOOPERS, .desjierate plunfer, 
 and lawless soldiers, seeivtinu- ll,eii,.<elvi., in h 
 mosses on the borders, d' .Sc,,tii,„,l, .Viiiiv *..,,; 
 laws were enacted auaiiist tbcin, hut the ' 
 extirpated till tlie l8tli ceuiuiv. 
 
 1:5; 
 
 '■y«(iiii„i 
 
 I'S ■>eriit 
 
 Ki .Inly, 
 1 .Iiine. 
 
 the governor, U 
 
 iiiive oidend it t' 
 
 lairiit, liesides palioi's . 
 The Krcneh eviieaiite M,,, 
 Railway to St. I'etiTsln. 
 Industrial cxhiliitioii 
 
 Very great lire, alii.'d Vi It- ... - 
 
 Zvartofsky's weiiviin5-vn.v!<« luf'it ; ahout 24 per 
 
 sons peiisli . . .8 .Miireli, 
 
 Exbiliition of Hiissiiiii arts a 'i . lannfactnres, 
 
 snninier, 
 St. Haviour's cathedral (erected to coinnieinoiale 
 
 the retreat of tl Kieiicdi in 1812), I'oniuled hy 
 
 Nicliidas I., 27 .liily, 1838; e,ii;sei'rate,l 7 .Inne, 
 The Kreiieli cxhiliilioii of arts and nianiilactiiri s 
 
 soleinidy opened, 11 May, visitcil by the c/ar 
 
 and czarina 30 May, 
 
 Admiral (iervais and the otilcers of the KrciKdi 
 
 tteet enthusiastically rceeiveil . . 7 An;;. 
 Coronation of the czar, see UiiMia . 26 -May, 
 The I'aiiii. hall, inililic library, linnit . 23 -Aul:. 
 Mtndeiil riots, 1,114 persons arrested, 662 luiiiid 
 
 Uniltv, reported 17 "ee. 
 
 Mminmeiit to Alexamler II. unveiled by the czar, 
 
 28 An;;. 
 
 1851 
 186 s 
 1876 
 
 iSSo 
 
 iS33 
 
 i?9i 
 
 1696 
 
 1 80S 
 
 MOTETTS, short pi. CCS of iliurch nuisjf „„ 
 of whieli iire dateil alio, it the cml of tlic nii ,.'' 
 tury. Good motetts vvcre wiliten l„twiu,i '" 
 
 MOSKIECH (linden). Here the Austiians 
 were defeated by Moreau and the French, S May, 
 1800. 
 
 MOSKWA or Borodino, Battle of ; see 
 
 Borodino. 
 
 MORQI'E, a Mahometan house of ]ira.\ er. Fine 
 examples exist in Spain, India, and other countries. 
 The dome and porticoa are leiidiiig features, .\ftcr 
 the capture of Constantinople in 145J by Mahomet 
 II., the church of St. Sophia was transformed into 
 umoaiiue, see Sophia, SI. A mosque w;is erected 
 in England in l88g ; see umlcr Mn/wiiuliiiiisni. 
 
 jjOi<QXTlT<^ COAST (Oentrnl America). 
 The Indians inhabiting; this coast were loin; under 
 the protection of the liritisli, who held Hidize aiul a 
 group of islands in the bay of Ilomhiras. The 
 jealousy of the United Stales long cxi.-tcd on this 
 
 and 1480; and very Kne oiua in the iwli mviA 
 centuru'8. The " Motett Society," for the rmij 
 cation of these works, was founded in 184- u 
 Win. Dyee. '*'' ■ 
 
 MOTION. On !3Nov. i8;i,pmfcssorSvlivt,r 
 described to the London Matliemiitir;,! SuViin- 
 machine for oonverting' splic i,al into rciifct 
 and other motions, ami im- pniiluiin;- |i,.ri;,,:,' 
 
 farallel motion, the discovery of M, lVui,it|li,t : 
 rench engineer ortieer, abiuit 1*17. ti„. /i',,,.' 
 matic.i. 
 
 MOTOR CARRIAGES, see C,m-i,ig,,, ,s,4 
 
 MOTTOES, Royal. ni,->, et mm 1m 
 first used by Kieliiird I., 1 19S. /c/i (lirn, " Ise.vf '' 
 adopted by"Kdwaid the lilack I'lim'c, at tl,,. iati'le 
 of Cresay, 134(1. ."""' *'"' '/'"' in.il 1/ /„„.,, ttc 
 motto of till' Garter, 1349. Jc luiiiiitiminii. ■■] 
 will maintain," adopted by William III., t,i uliid, 
 he added, in 168H, "the liberties nf tacilaiid ad 
 the Protestant religion." Semper emitm, wis 
 assumed by queen Elizabeth, i5yS, luiil ,idi,,iitcJ k\ 
 queen Anne, 1702. iifc l/wiii Hnrolii/. 
 
 MOUNTAIN MEADOWS, sec .l/„s,,„n«. 
 
 MOUNTAIN PARTY, see (.M„, hnd. 
 
 .MOUNT EVEREST, 29.002 feet l,isl„the 
 highest point in the llinialiiyas and as yet liiiwii 
 in the world, was named afti'r tl,c late 'sir (Irorjf 
 Everest, superintendent of the triifoiiomefriialiur- 
 
 * Mt. .Tiiaii del Norte(Greytown)w:islieMliyll,i.nrteli 
 
 I'll belialliirtlu- .MiiMiUUdCrt till the Allleiiillliiliililituri.^ 
 
 nuder col, Kinney, took iiossessiiui nf it ;,i Si|.!. i:;t 
 lie .joined Walker ; and m, 10 Keb. 1851;, tliiiraMiijtt, 
 |{iv,is, the president, elaimed and iiiiiiixnl tlieJluniito 
 territory to Nicaragua. 
 
T E\ KliEsT. 
 
 8.S0, tht t\\<, 
 
 t'lipy, or 'iitif 
 
 K»>'riin.(. 
 
 nil 
 
 ifli till' liillcr ii«n,„t, 
 
 Till. 
 
 lii'illir Win 
 
 tiiiiiilv 
 
 I 5" 11" II Inr tl.i' 
 
 lir'.t,.,.. 
 
 Kit llmry I lar,.|,oi., ,,r,.,. 
 
 ■ '■'•I""'t'"l • iV" I,;,' 
 
 llrili.Hl, siil,j,.ct, ami t,';, 
 
 luliiiiil ; iimrtial law |,r„. 
 
 ;. ■ ' mJiiIv 
 
 iilitivcH, n.purt.M , . ,, ,' 
 li" Nii'iim^iiMiis; iiii.,j' 
 lunMice r.'i,.||,,| i,,. ,.,,'' 
 
 ./i".'A, ii'i,.,!!,,! ,;a,iJ;. 
 
 Jiinmicii, ri'i».itiHl 
 
 ,Mr. Hal,!,, an.N^!.'' 
 |'<I ,,1, imml,', irii,,rt„i 
 
 « Aii„'. 
 nrn^'im snpioin,., rfi».rlei| 
 ly V. M. N. A. but i„,t by 
 
 Mr.'dn 
 
 ,. , 33 Nov, 
 lii'i;, Urltisli lain. 
 
 "■■"■M,,...«i. ,;Frt,. 
 
 R,S, <l,'siMTiil,. pluii,ler„. 
 ii'i'ivlin!.' tl„.|„s,.lv,,, in ,1,; 
 I"' !^;'"ti:„„i. .Mai,vsn,r 
 lllst til, 11,, l,ut till' ' 
 
 I'l'uaiiv. 
 
 "'■ywii'toi 
 
 piH'iK <it',liuri'li music, snuie 
 ,iit till' ,11,1 ,,(■ tl,|, |,,], 
 ivi'i'c \viiu,'ii latwiTu I '0 
 I' 011,'siii tin, u,\h aii,ln|i 
 L'tt Socu'ty," f„i' th,. puij. 
 , W1I9 tbuiidoil in ijt^;, (,j 
 
 S'ov. 1873, professor Svlve^tT 
 on M;itli(.|iiiifi,'iil S„Vi,.|v 1 
 H- s|,li,'ii,.al into ri'i'iiliiM,, 
 mi I, II- |ir,Mlu,iii;,' pcrfrtv 
 scovi'i-y ,if M, IVauifllitr', 
 '1', about iSO;, JS,.,. j(,',^,, 
 
 \.GP]S, see Ciirriiii/.s^ l>,|( 
 
 AL. Ilieii ct moil Iifdii, 
 
 , II9S. /(•/( (lini, "IseiTf," 
 
 Uliii'li I'lini'i', lit 111,, bati'if 
 
 .s'o'V (jiii mill If j,(,n,^ \\, 
 
 1.^4(). Jf llllll„iili„li;,i, "1 
 
 d liy Williuni HI,,!., «|ii,|, 
 10 lilii'i'ti,'S of l':ii,>;laiid ani 
 ill." temper rmlnu. wis 
 iilii'tli, l.iiS, imilaJoiitiJti 
 c l/ifiii f.iviriiUij. 
 
 iADOWS, si'c Miimin,. 
 
 iri'Y, sec Vhik, hmk 
 
 iST, 2r),f)02 fi'et llii'li. the 
 iiiiiliiyiis ami as yit knoini 
 (1 iiftor tilt' liiti'sir l.lf'ra 
 t of I la' triifoiioiiu'triiiilsiir. 
 
 ■oytowiOwaslii-HliyllifBriiMi 
 .> till llic Aiiifiifjii; ;,iu,iitu^;>, 
 li,,sH,'ssi(iii of it in l?e)'t i-;:, 
 II 10 l-','li, 185^1, tlifira-ssofiarr. 
 1,,'tl aiul aiin,'X,,| tliL-Mo>o';iUi 
 
 MOUXTM. 
 
 „i- of liuli" i" "''''• '''*4,^' 'iv liii* Kiii'i'ciiKoi-, iron. 
 ■"l„.lr,...S,Htt Wiiuifli. K.K., K.lt.S. 
 
 JIOrNTS. si'o lieiii'iiil. Ciilviii-y, Ktiia, ffecla, 
 
 Uf vr \l. Coll", IV iloriiiK lii'1 Kiinikoriihi oxp,',litl,iii 
 "'■ ■• ■•'•■'■'- ''oi,|,'rlii-('M ■■'■■^ ' ' 
 
 Wllil'll I,,. 
 
 Tl. t l.ipn.i,, .* • »■'■.» 
 
 ,iii„ii^ III,' ootaliiK lionli'ilii^; Casliii 
 
 . . 'I,,!,',! 
 , lifiiilit of *i<»»iff. wliii'li l„. iiaiiii'il CvHi.il 
 Pfjk, ami iiiiotlii'i' poi'l' "li'Hit i!i,,«Ki It. wlili'li iiiii 
 iij|i,#| I'loiii'i'r I'i'.ik, II .liilv, 25 A'lii. r8t)j. 
 Jliiniit M. I'.liii'. ''1 ■^!.i-'l<ii. IokIo'sI |„.,ik In tlio 
 lj,<.|iW, li.nx li'ot, ll''''t ii«','iiili'il liy tho link,' 
 „i.ll,rii72iiO"l I'lirty . . . jo-.M ''illy, i8,>7 
 
 JIOrUMN*' l-'CIl TIIH DkaIi. I'Iio l.snioi. 
 I ilr.arltll''!' "'l^ll'''' llol'allilllti'll IJii'llHi I Vl'^ ,llM'illc 
 J ii,,. liiii,. of iiioiiniiiii.', wliii'li for 11 fni.|i,l last, ,1 
 
 I jfVfii iliiV't "1"'" o\tnionliiiary , isioiis a iiioiilli 
 
 Lji,iii|.,.. ' Till' litt','li« iiml KoiiiaiiH lasii',|. Wlm,. 
 (Uiilii in iiioiiniiiijf for tlio iiniicriul faiuily ,it 
 I C'lutaiitiiiiilili'. .P.V . ''"' oriliimi'v ooioiu'' fur 
 I niiuniiii).' i" Kin'opo is tiliii'k ; in Cliiiia, \vliit('; 
 I ill Turlii'V, Moli'i ; in KlIiiopiM, lirown; it wan 
 
 ihil,' in Sjiiiiii until 1\')><' .Vnin' of llrittaiiy, tlio 
 I qii,;li "f t«» si|,',('ssiM' kiiiiTH of Kraii,!', 111,1'urni'il 
 
 ill lilai'k, iii*ti'iiil of tlio lion pi till' of woiiriUH' 
 
 »l,it,'. "11 llio ili''i'l' "' '"■'■ '"'•■*' 'lusbimd, Churk'D 
 
 Vill., ; -M'"'' U^^- ll'ii'iiitt. 
 MOl'SUrETATKES or Mr.-iKKTEKK.s, 
 
 l,,ir.,..*il,lirr» uioli'r tlio old Fl'i'ncli i-i'i/niii: nilsi'tl 
 I kbiiiinXIII., 1(02. 'I'liU iMirpH was i',in,.i,l,'ri'(l 
 I ii'militiirv si'liool for tlio l''i','iii'li loil ility. It was 
 
 fcl,aii,k'il in K^'i, Imt was ri'stor,,! in 1(157. A 
 I wmiil , iimpuiiy was ir,'al,',l in |(i(k), an, I f,)nn('il 
 I eai'iliiiiil Miizarin's f;iiiir,l, lli'iiiiiill. 'I'lu' ,\Iuus(|Ui'- 
 I tiiri's iiiri' iilioli^lii'il in I77.S' 
 
 MOZAMBIQUE, ohiof of tho Portn-uose 
 J liml'iri,"!, K, Africa, was visitoil by Va-soo da 
 I Giiiia, 14')'''; i'"i"l'"''''''' liy till" l'orli,;,'nt'so iiiuler 
 I Tii-taii ,1:1 t'linliii and All,'. |,ior,|ii,', 150(1; a 
 I frtlkiiii'iit was I'stalilished, isjoN. Cajiital, jloziun- 
 I bi(|u,', on an isiot. 
 
 |oiiatrisiii?"f till' natives nxaliist tlii' Poitiii;ii,'.si', wloi 
 I arc sai,l t,i hiiv,' li,'eii sevuroly ,|,'f,'ato,l 23 Oct. ; the ■ 
 
 r.lH'lliiin iiMi'll,',! Dee. 1886; teiiipoiiiry "revival 2-4 
 
 "3" MrMMFES. 
 
 nent about K.^o; eonvietod of blasphi'inv, Jan 
 \t>T'' iliod, i(,i)7. Ill) and .lohii K.'ovo I'lltirnii,! 
 that Uod llo' (•'atliir, l.'avini; I be ({ocrniiiont of 
 rioavon t,i Klias. I'anio 'lownami suHrri'd ,|,.alb in 11 
 liliiiian form. 'I'lioy iiss,rtfd tbat tbi'V wero Ibo two 
 last wit ni'sses „f (ioil whioli siioiibf appear before 
 tbeoiidof the worbl, Iti f.xi. j. Thin ho, t exiHted, 
 I >I.So. 
 
 Mt'IILRElai, "11 tlo' Klbo, 7'nissia, Hero 
 the (i,-riiian p|,'o~tanls w, >!■ il,.f,'al,',l by lh,. ,m- 
 
 pororCli/iles v., 'I April, [5)7 1 John Fredf- 
 
 ni'k, c'1,',1 .r (d'Sax.iuy, was taken prisoniT. 
 
 I Marill, 1887. 
 
 I Trnit'irinl ilispnti'S with tin' Hiiltao of Zanzibar 1,',1 tn 
 
 " »ai'. Til,' riirlii;.'ii,'s,'st,,rii,i',ri;iii,^'i 16 Ki'li, ; tlu'wiir 
 
 iiiiW I'aily .Mari'li, 1S87. I''r,'sli iiisiii'i'i'i'liiui ; lioii;;a 
 
 ilffraii-il liy till' Ki'Vi'nior alter a si'Veri' ciilliet, 
 
 aiiiiMiiiict'il 12 .lull. 1889. 
 I .\ oiiii|iiiiiy r,inii,,l at l.islion for tli,' ,levi'lo]iMi,'iit of 
 
 lli,TW'iiir,"'S"l' .Mozjiiiilii,|Ui', aiiiioiiio'i'il u Dee, 18B1). 
 
 F.'i lli''ili<|"it,s will, Kii^laii,! n's]),'etliif,' Kasl Africa, 
 
 I Mrlllai,','/"!,//. -l'. 
 
 IjIiK'li Inutility shown towanls the Kii^'lisli nt 
 J tjiiiliiiiaii,'. , . ' . . .May, .Jnii,', 1890 
 Ic.rl. ,Ii<„|iiii,i .liisc Maehailo a]ipoi!it,',l K,)Vi'ri,i,r- 
 I ^.laml 'if .Miiz,i,,ilii,|ll,' . . aliolit 17.1011,', ,, 
 lUiil. .\z,'Vi',lo (',,i,lii,h,i. in till' SIdri' si'izi's the 
 ./i'7»'.<.^'','''pi'.>',", l','lon'4iii.i; to til,' Hi'itisb .M'riean 
 laki-9i',jiii|iaiiy. at (-'liiiiior,,, anil s,'ii,ls th,' erew 
 1.. ijiiiliiiiaii,' f,ii' ti-iitl, rciiortcil ji July ; h,' 1^ 
 . ^,ll^lnvll liv tli,';;o\,'riiiiiciit 2 Aii^;. j 
 
 IMr. II. 11. J.'liiistoii, (Ml., ISritish consul at .Mo- 1 
 
 niiilii,|ii,'. iioiiiiiiati'il ciiiiNiil-p'iieral for the I 
 
 _ l'iitii;;ii,'.<,' East .\frica t,'iri(orics . . .Jan. 1891 
 ■A I'Mi'tii^iii's,' nival I'harli'r Ki'aiitcl I,, a coiii|iaiiy 
 J ill .Miizaiiiliiiiiii', II Fi'h. ; Tiioililleil . 30 July „ i 
 l>'alii,< r,'piils,',l ii, an attiick on I'ortiiKues,' troops 1 
 
 ■ uii'li'i' iiiaiDr .Moiisiiiho Alhiii|iier,|ii,', j,',iv.-^','ii., 
 
 19 Oct. iSqfi; martial law, 5 Nov. iSgO : eaiiipai^n j 
 
 laiilcil, ciiiiiiiii'ii'ial transit oiii'iied tu Maciiani' in ; 
 
 the iiitprior, r,']iorteil .... 5 April, 1897 
 ?.ii. Ferri'iiaa|i|„,iiit,',l Kovcnior . . July, 1898 
 
 , JirCKER {!n/pocrifcs), a, German sect ; see 
 fi'liam and lli-ii:ll, 1874. 
 
 MUGGLETOXIANS, so ('ailed from Ludo- i 
 
 [Kic lliwiik'ton, a tailor, known about 1641, promi- 1 
 
 this 
 
 'lid 
 
 place 
 taken 
 
 ,MrirLln)l{F (Havariu). Near 
 Fr,',l,'riii;, duke of .\iisti'ia, was il, font 
 prisonir by l.ioiis of iiavaria, 28 S, 'i' 
 
 Ml'MU:i!RY-Tl!KKS. Tl .d first 
 
 planti'il in I'.ii'.'lainl .n,' 111 lli,' s.iui. . ,,(' Sion- 
 hoiiso. Sbakspiare is saol to have plautod a 
 oMilberry-treo with hi- own ban, Is at .Slriitford- 
 uj .ii-.Vv.'O ; 1111,1 (iarn, k, Mioklin, and others were 
 entertain,- under it in 1742. Sliakspear,''a hou.so 
 was aflerw inls sold to a i'lori;vnian of the name of 
 (iiistrel, wh,, I'ut liowu th,- niulberrv -trei' for fuel, 
 17(15. A silversmith purchased ihi' wlodo, anil 
 luanufaitured it into memorials. 
 
 MFLE, n spiuiiin; iniiehino iuvonti',1 in 1-79, 
 by Samuel Ci^iinpiou, born at liolton. I.ani'.ish'ire, 
 111 175;; nanieil, from Croiiiptiiu's r,'si,|,.ni',', Ifiil/- 
 iii-lhi-iiiiiiil-irlit-il ; ami iiiii.s/in-if/i(i/, fnim its 
 K'ivinu' birlh to th,' Mritish miislin an, I lambrie, 
 m.innf.o'liire ; ami mii/i, from its eonibinini,' tht- 
 ailyantafics of llaririeavo's Hpinniiia; jennvr and 
 Arkwrisbl's a,la|itatiou. It is >tal,',l tba't (Vomnton 
 at the time knew uotbins of th,' latli'r. II,' did not 
 pati'iit his invention, but i;av,' it up in I7,sototho 
 public. It proilu,e,l yarn trelil,' tlm lim''iiess and 
 yin-y nimh softer than any ever before produi'cd 
 111 Kni^laud. Parliament vi'iteil him 5(XX)/. in 1812, 
 now cinsiilereil a most iiiad,'i|u.iti' ',',mipeiisation. 
 Mr. Uoberts invi'uted the .vc//'-«e^(«</ (/,/;/, in 1825. 
 
 MiTLHAF.SEN (in Alsac,-I.,>rr.,im.), an iin- 
 porial city, iindi'r li,,dolph of Ilapshuri,'; joined the 
 .Swiss I'onfe,!, -rati, m in 1515; annexed to Vranee in 
 171)8; i',iii,iu,'r,',l ami ann,'.\c,l to (ierniany, 1870-1. 
 'Pbe ,'ali,',i m.iinif.oture was iutrodu,'ed"in 1746. 
 I'opulation. hSijo, 7(j,i)(,S. 
 
 MUMMIES (from the Co|itio mimi, bitumen, 
 Kum, resin); see Kiiihiilniiiiij. The munimi,'siii the 
 Hritish .Museum, with ether Etrvpiiaii aniiquities, 
 wor,' plai','il thi'rc about 1805 and since. .Mr. Ale.x. 
 'ionlon, ill 1737, luiblished an essay on three 
 Kityptian nuimniii's, one of which was" hrousht to 
 Knjfland in 1722 by eapt. Win. [.ethieullier ; two 
 others came in 1 734, one of which was n'tained 
 by Dr. .Mea.l, the other was };iven to the College 
 ot rhysii'iaus. In l.Su, Mr. T. J. I'ettigrew pub- 
 lished a " History of J'-Kyptian Mummies." Tho 
 discovery of about 39 miiinmies of kin^s, priests, 
 and other eminent persona in sarcophai;i iit Ueiineh, 
 near Thebes, I'pper Kjcypt, was annoiinii'ii in Aug. 
 l88r, supp,ise(l to he of the 21st dynasty, about 
 II(X)I1.('. 
 
 The iiiuiiiiiiii'S of Haiii,'ses t|. (Sesostris) aii,l III. wore 
 nucivereil by M.M. (;ast,iii .Maspero ami E. liiiiKseli in 
 the iireseiii'c of the kh,',live ,if Ej;vpt aii,l others i 
 Jim,., iRHfi, 
 A iiumiiiiy, ilati'il about 8r» H.c. unrolli',1 bv Mr. 
 K. A. Wallis liiiilite at Univcisily eolh'ge, "l,,iii- 
 
 , 'bill i3 Dec. 1889 
 
 Discovery of a lar;,',' burial pl.-ic of iiimiiiiiilicl 
 cats, sacr,',l animals, in ciitial E^ypl, sol, I as 
 iiiaiime ; -28 tons broiij^ht to Liverpo,")! . Feb. 1890 
 
 3 Ji 
 
 III 
 
 ■ 1! l: 
 
 
 fri' 
 
 •'I |V,i,'^ 
 
 I I 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 ,<^\^* 
 
 V^ 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 ■ii|2£ 12.5 
 2.0 
 
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 t*o 
 
 IL25 i 1.4 
 
 - 6" 
 
 18 
 
 1.6 
 
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 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 \ 
 
 iV 
 
 •1>^ 
 
 \ 
 
 A 
 
 
 
3if 
 
 
 
 Hi*^ ^*s !mi 
 
 
 «iPi 
 
 I HU, 
 
 ^j» '»*fr 
 
 MUNCHENGRATZ. 
 
 738 
 
 MUSCAT. 
 
 DiscovpiT liy M. (irt'hiint, iliriictiir-KniPial of the 
 excttvii'tioiiM, of 11 vast toiiib uf tlii' liigli jirlnsts (if 
 Amen, on the IJbiaii iiiountftins west of Tliebi's, 
 near Deir-cl-UHliaii, containinj,' nmiiy sarcciplinui, 
 some ilfttiiia f"'"' t'"' •'"' ''yasty, statni^tte.s, 
 jiapyri, vntive oReriuKs, liv. Tliive s,'iilleiies 
 oiieneil, one empty ; tlio others contained 152 
 niumniies intact, 149 of tlie 21st dynfisty, aliont 
 1,100 B.C., and 2 of tlie igtli, the wliole conveyed 
 in barKes to Cairo Ki'b. 1891 
 
 The lii(,'li priests of Amen, at Tliebes, were a Inie ot 
 powerful prelates, beginnint,' under tlw kinys of 
 the i2tli dynasty, between 3,000 and 2,000 u.c. 
 
 Four mummV coffins jiresented l)y the Kliedive to 
 the British Museum ; rejiorted . . . Nov. 1893 
 
 " The Mummv," by E. A. WuIlisHndKe, published, 
 
 Nov. ,, 
 
 Tlie British inu.seuni now possesses about 44 hnnian 
 inuinniies, 80 coltlns, widl arranged, represenliUK 
 about 4000 years, comineneiUK with Mycermns 
 fll. (4th dvuastv), builder of the third pyramid 
 of Gizeh, about 3640 B.C., and eudiii;; with a lady 
 and 3 children, about 400 A. D., see /;/;/;>( April, 1698 
 
 MUNCHENGRATZ (Bohemia) waa taken by 
 the I'ruasiuns uudcr prince Frederick Chiirlcs, alter 
 a severe action, 28 June, 1866. The Austrians lost , 
 about 300 killed and 1000 prisoners, and the prince i 
 gained about 12 miles of country. | 
 
 MUNDA (now Monda, S. Spain). Here Cneius i 
 Scipio defeated the Carthaginians, mc. 216; and 
 here Julius Cirsar defeated the sons of I'ompey, 17 
 March, 45, after a severe conflict. 
 
 MUNDANE ERAS. That of Alexandria 
 fixed the creation at 5502 n.c. This computation 
 continued till a.d. 284, Alex, era, ST^O; but in 
 A.I). 285 ten years were subtracted, and 5787 be- 
 came 5777. This coincided with the Mundane era 
 of Antioch (which dated the creation 5492 B.C.). 
 Nicolas. 
 
 MUNICH, the capital of Bavaria, said to have 
 been founded by duke Henry of Saxony, 962, on 
 a site previously occuiiied by monks {Miiiichiii). It 
 was taken by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 
 1632; by the Auatriaus, in 1704, 1741, and 1743; 
 and by the French under >[oreau, 2 July, 1800. It 
 abounds in schools, institutions, and manul'actories. 
 The university was founded by king Louis in 1826. 
 A Bavarian art-exhiliition was opened here by 
 prince Adalbert, 20 July, l8fK). A congress of" Old 
 Catholics" {which see) met here, 23 Sept. 1871. 
 International exhibition opened, 19 July, 1879. 
 International art exhibition opened I July, 1883 ; 
 others, l June, 1888, and 1 892. Centenary of King 
 Louis I., 30-31 July, 1888. Visit of the emperor 
 "Williaiu 11., 7 Sepl'. 1891. Population, Dec. 1871, 
 169,693; 1880,230,023; 1885,201,981; 18<J5,407,307. 
 
 MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, &e. ; see 
 Corporationn. 
 
 MUNSTER (W. TriissiaV The bishopric, said 
 to have been founded by Cliarleiiiagiie, :8o, was 
 secularised in 1802; seized by the French, 1806; 
 part of the duchv of Berg, l8o<); annexed to France, 
 1810; ceded to'Pru.ssia, 1815. The Anabaptists. 
 under John of Levden, the king of Munster, held 
 the city in 1534-5- Here were signed the jirelinn- 
 naries of the' treatv of Westphalia {which see), 
 or Munster, Jan. 1647; deHnitively signed 24 Oct. 
 1648. I'opuLition. 1890, 49,344.— Mu.NsTEK, the 
 southern province of Ireland, an ancient kingdom. 
 See Ii-eliiwi, 1014. In l^dS a commission was 
 issued for its government by a president and coun- 
 cil, and new colonies were founded in 1588. 
 
 MURADAL, see Toloso. 
 
 MURCIA, « province, formerly a kingdom, 
 >'. E. Spain, was .subdued by tlie Moors, 713; by 
 
 Ferdinand of Castile, 1240; and diviilcj hrt, 
 Castile and Arragon, 1305. Populalidn m- 
 province, 491,436 ; city, 98,538. ' ' ■ 
 
 Muivia, the capital, was saek,-il bv Uie ¥1 h 1 
 
 Sebastiani, 23 April, 1810. It w:'is iiiiiiia.it,.,! l.v'.i'j 
 
 '5-I7 'l"t., ;H;„ „:„., 
 
 i8r 
 Segnra, after a violent stonii, 
 abiuit 1000 persons iierislied. 
 
 MURDER, the highest oft'cnce airaincf %h^ 
 of God. {Oeiiesis ix. 6, 2uH 11. c.) A i.u 
 Eplietac was established by Uemoplioon' of IthenS 
 for the trial of murder, 1179 11. c. The I'uMans i|i| 
 not punisli the first offence. In Kn^'laiul, (|.iri,J 
 a iiciiod of the heptarchy, murder tt.js I'luni^lJ 
 by tines only. So late as Henry VIll.'s linio lU 
 crime was compounded for in Wales. Murder,.- 
 were allowed benetit of clergy in 1:505. A;,t,'vii|i.| 
 murder, or pelit treasnii (a' distiiii'ti(,ii n,,^. ,,|, ■ 
 llshed), happened in three wav.s: by a sitvinl 
 killing his master, a wife her 'liuslwiul. an^aJ 
 ecclesiastical person his suncrior, atat. 25 Kdw I 
 1350. The enactments relating to this crinio ! 
 very numerous, and its wilful ('oiumissi.m Lisbitnl 
 rarely pardoned by our sovereigns. TlieitctwhenM 
 the murderer should be executed on the duv ikjJ 
 but one after his conviction, was repoaleil,' iS'JiJ 
 see Assassiiintioiis, Execulioiis, Tiiah; also /j,|j 
 <li)ii, 1872, liriirn, Iliirloii, j-jmloii, Itnliiif, li„\ 
 Jtiehmniii/, Hnrhi/ Street, Whitcrhajttt, l'uwi,'i,„i,f 
 Rnilii-aiis, 1864 and 1881 ; Slunfih, Mtllmrut. 
 
 Murders in Kiightnd and }i'(ih 
 quest.s) : — 
 
 867 
 
 (livlll CiiminT,s' iii| 
 
 ■fi 
 1837 
 185S 
 1859 
 1860 
 1861 
 • 862 
 1863 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 
 205 
 184 
 
 ■83 
 204 
 268 
 210 
 
 221 
 
 270 
 246 
 226 
 
 1870 . 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 ■873 
 1874 
 
 i8>-, . 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 253 
 261 
 265 
 222 
 226 
 
 237 
 223 
 223 
 2&0 
 207 
 199 
 
 1873 .. 176 1 1887 
 ■879 •• 153 '888 
 1880 .. 137 I 1SS9 
 
 i^^'t- 'A i '-'*-'/) Hi 
 (101 feliiaii's) i8(B-i 
 
 18S2 
 1883 
 1884 
 
 176 
 
 '77 
 192 
 
 153 
 177 
 
 '893 ■ 
 
 ■8g4 . 
 1895 . 
 i8gfj . 
 
 MUIIET (S. France}. Here the Albig, 
 under the count of Thoulousc, were delVatrJ bJ 
 Simon de Montfoit, and their ally I'eter ol Arragoi 
 killed, 12 Sept. 12 13. 
 
 MURFREESBOROUGH (Tennessee, Xl 
 America) was the site of tierce conflicts betweej 
 the federals under Roaeni;rana and the conWfrateL 
 under Bragg, from 31 Dec. 1862 to 3 Jan. 1%^, whei 
 Bragg retired with great loss. This struggle ii 
 called also the battle of Stone Uivcr. 
 
 MURIATIC ACID, see Alhlhx 
 
 MURRAY'S HANDBOOKS FOR TEaI 
 VELLERS. The parent of the scries, a" llanJlmll 
 for Travellers on the Continent," whii'li;i|i|i|.ar«lij 
 1836, was the work of .\lr. John Mumy ibl 
 publisher. Handbooks for Frauic, Switzerland 
 South Germany, itc, sown followed; one for .\terii 
 appeared in Oct. 1873; one fur Ja|ian in |.iH|| 
 New Zealand, 1893; A.iia Minor, \:i-. i,S<|ii: 
 others since. Handbooks for nearly all the muiitiej 
 in England had appeared 189S. 
 Mun'dtfs MtiijazUir tirst |inbiislird by .Inliit Miiria.v. ( 
 
 50, Albemarle (Street, I.ondfin, \V., .Inn. 1887. 
 Mr. .John Murray, aged nearly 84, died 2 April, i;<)!. 
 
 MUSCAT, or MaSCAT, an .\mb eity on thl 
 gulf of Oman, was conquered by the I'orlusuM 
 under Albuiiueroue in 1507, luit reenvcrcJ byt 
 Arabs in 1(148. Population, 1892,60,000. 
 Ahmad bin Sa'id ie|ielled a rorsiiiii iiiviu^iuii aiiJ 
 
 founded present dyntisfy 
 
 Sa'id, his sou, succeeded . . . • ■ 'lit 
 
 Sa ill bin Hultan, his son ... . . liol 
 
 Treaty with the British . . . . lijl 
 
mi 
 
 ^CAT. 
 
 240; and divided lirtw™, 
 1305- „ I'opulalion, iw-.f 
 , 98,538. ' "^' •! 
 
 mvM l,v the Kr,nrh „,„,, 
 10. U Wiis IMUllUatnl l.v '1,3 
 stnrill, 15.,, I),., ,s._ ' '"«l 
 
 ;heatoftonceaw»inst<h(.i,.i 
 6 2US «.c.) Accn'l 
 1 l)\ Dumopliooii of AthenJ 
 Iiroii.c. Tlie Persian,, J 
 L'ncr. In I'.nslamI, ,l„ri„] 
 •clij-, murdci- was iiunisliol 
 aa H,;nn- VIII.'s ,i,„p J 
 I (or 111 \Val,.s. M„„i„,,J 
 oleri.7111 150,5. A-'.r,.vati 
 '« (a distiiii'tK.ii now iib(,^ 
 tlm-o Nvav.st bya „,nj 
 wile li(T liuabaiij. ai„| Jl 
 i aiiiicric.i-, stilt. 25 I'M, iiij 
 I ndatiiij; to this crime arJ 
 wilful I'uiiimission has bitnl 
 sdveruifriis. TtioactwhfrcbJ 
 ; exi'outcd on tho day nnM 
 ictiou, was n^poaleil,' M,M 
 ■enilioim, Trinh; also /;J 
 0„, tfxion, Hnlrl.f, /,.,„J 
 ef, II /iit,r/iiip,/J'ui.«i,„mt 
 U ; S/11111//1, Melhoiirue. \ 
 '.lid U'tilrs (liviii Cnroiifrs' | J 
 
 .'E£8 .. 
 i?Sci „ 
 
 It'B-l 1^ 
 
 T 
 
 ■873 . 
 
 . .76 
 
 )I 
 
 '879 . 
 
 • 153 
 
 >,s 
 
 1880 
 
 • '57 
 
 2 
 
 iSSi 
 
 ■ '9,1 
 
 b 
 
 (loi f( 
 
 \m\n) 
 
 ;7 
 
 18S2 
 
 . 176 
 
 n 
 
 1883 
 
 • '77 
 
 n 
 
 IS84 
 
 . 192 
 
 ^0 
 
 iS3s 
 
 . m8 
 
 37 
 
 18S6 
 
 • 177 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 1895. 
 
 1E96 . 
 
 ICC). II(>re the Alhigra* 
 lioulouso, were di'fKitfJ brl 
 1 their ally I'etur of ArrajoJ 
 
 aOUGH (Tennessfo, .\'| 
 a of fiurco nintiicts briweej 
 ■iKM-aiis and the cnnfnlmtei 
 'KC. l862to3Jan. iSij.wkeJ 
 •cat Insa. Thia struggle j 
 :' Stone River. 
 
 [D, see Alkiilien. 
 
 NDBOOKS FOR TEaI 
 
 t of thi> series, a " IlanJlwli 
 oiitinent," wliifhii|i|i«ireilii 
 of .Mr. John .Mumy ihl 
 ;s for [''raiire, Switzi'rlinJj 
 5»n followed; one fur Ala.. 
 3 ; one for Japan in I'iSJ 
 A.^ia Minor, &■■. \^h: ani 
 ks for neiirlv all thi' i-'iiiiitieT 
 red lK<)H. 
 pulrlislieil liv Jnliu MiiriJ!-,! 
 joniloii, \V., jail. 1BS7. 
 learly 84, died 2 A|iril, iSoi 
 
 lSCA'I', an Arab cily wi t.. 
 )n(|iiered by the I'urtiKUfi 
 1 1507, but reeiivercil by thj 
 latiiin, 1892, (rt.ooo. 
 'd a Persian iiiviu^iuii aiil 
 
 ♦y ■ 
 
 MUSEUM. 
 
 739 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 lulii Jeatli his ttM-ritoricH divided ; after a eon- 
 I |||,i.iiij«onSi'idTliiiwainy (ditaiiiedOniaii;and 
 I JijiJ, Zanzibar (icAm/i.wc) . .1856 
 
 linjlReiiiiieiiiiil'elled to lly, and a (ddef, Azan iiin 
 Jiibni.SfizwltlieKovernnieiit . . Oet. 1868 
 
 IjliiiMiiiii enileavonred to regain liis autliority, 
 
 Aug. 
 |ll,,.iiv Has talieii by Sa'id Toorkee, and tliP (diief 
 
 1890 
 
 Klecl 
 
 about 30 Jan. 
 
 1870 
 1871 
 ■875 
 
 18S6 
 
 895 
 
 yW ...... (iiiiriiL ju Uilll. 
 
 |i>l.lWoolAsi'ersaiil to lie depo.sed by Iiis bro- 
 I iJtf. Said Toorliee, end of . . . i>,,,., 
 
 |ltklfi'»i«S''ii"*t ""- """"" . . . Jnue, 
 llstjl Ifsiiwd liy the sultan's brotber, whose 
 ^;,pi|iis aiii.'lled liy the Uritisb ship I'liilniiui; 
 
 ..triisal, announced . . . 29-31 Oct. 
 
 ■li Jf fi'ated and dispersed, nnnounced 5 Nov. 
 ■fif.lrabliiiPies presented by the sult«n received 
 1 irihuiueen lit Windsor . . . 18 Xov. 
 Liliftlif saltan ; succeeded by .Scyyid Key.sal 
 
 SibJifeei' 4 .June, 
 
 liijnwlioii of Bedouins ; the city plundered 
 J 24 Feb. 
 
 llMirrtiri' on payment of i6,ooo(b)llars . .Marcb, 
 'iBniiAgiai-boat sent there . . 15 .March, ,, 
 
 HUSEUM, originally 11 quarter of the palace 
 |((.(temilriH, like thePrytaneum of Athens, where 
 -iDtnt learned men were nmintuined by the 
 !,iio. The foundation is attributed to Ptolemy 
 -.iiJelphus, who herejilaced liis librurv about 280 
 lie. Besiiies the Britieh Museum,. Soane's Museum, 
 Liillie Museum of Oeoloity {tvhir/i xec), there nre 
 llirv many others in London. The opening of 
 Ijiilif museums and galleries on Siindiiy was long 
 ywated in parliament (see Siiiuliii/) ; agreed to 
 Jjr resolution for L'ndon (178— 93), 10 March, 
 1^. L'rban authorities uuthori-sed to provide 
 \etmi and gymnasiums, by act passed 3 July, 
 
 |K««;ii Hiimhiii, 6 Nov. 1892, when by the agency of 
 IlltSurday Society, irhirli .vf, the .Mansion Iloiise'aiid 
 I nrioiH MliiWtions and galleries in London were 
 I ([flif i, anil sennons were preached to support tlie 
 I nitfliient at several cbiirches ; supporting nieetiii" 
 1 11 tk Mansion House, 8 .March, 1893. Museum 
 I Sanilay, 26 Xov. 1893: 2 Dec. 1894; annual. 
 Braras As.sociatio\ formed in i8go to promote tb« 
 Irlliacyof nuiseiuiis, llrst London meeting, sir W. H 
 J Flw'r, presiilent, many countrv delcgate.s' present i 
 I W.v. 1893 ; at nnbliu, 5 .July, 1894. ' 
 
 lEsivson .Museunis, &c. " by sir W. H. Fl 
 Ifctol.Jane, 1898. 
 
 |l[l'SIC.* "Juhal, the father of all sucli as 
 
 iidle llif harp and the organ " (5875 h.c. Gen. 
 
 ^l\]. The tlute, and hanuony," or concord in 
 
 kii,*,aresaidto have het'n invented by Ilyagnis, 
 
 |j06 B,c. Arun/l. Marbles. Vocal idioruscs of 
 
 Ttn are first mentioned 556 n.c, see ^If/iniK. 
 
 mmii. .See Ori/aii, and other musical instru- 
 
 liiili, I'riiir to 1600, the chief music in England 
 
 n masses, ballads, and madrigals, but dramatic 
 
 Ihc was much cultivated from that time. About 
 
 leeiiJof James I.'s reign, a music professorship 
 
 fclmnded in the university of O.vford by L)r. 
 
 ■m.llychin; and the year 1710 was distinguished 
 
 ■t tlic arrival in England of George Frederick 
 
 Jiiijel. llozart came to England in 1 763 ; Joseph 
 
 Wn m 1791 ; and Carl Maria von \Vcber in 
 
 was iomple;,";?, ??,'-■"''''' ^''°'°' '"•'«"" '""■ "^'' 
 .^lonlhlii MuAimi Umml piiblisbed, 1871 tt ■<eii ' 
 
 to have been uivented by (iuy Aretino, a Ucncdictiiu 
 monk of Arezzo, about .025. Uhih: The notes at 
 present used were iicrfected in ,338. Counteriioint 
 was lirongbt to per/cc'tion by l'ali<trina about '5 
 
 Oallono ot Lodi read lectures on musical , ipositioii 
 
 m the i5tl century, and they eHectcd great improvc- 
 ncu ,u the science. The lUUian style .^com, s thni 
 was introduced into these cimntries about 1616 
 
 sec mi .'\ :; ";^° "T"''" "■• «5 double vilirations in I 
 au omi , hut tlirough error ot measurement the fork 
 m.nle gave (A) 439 double vibrations (c, 522) \t a 
 
 2"^;^ ;;;:>"r,:;:'!r;i:.'»:!;i!\' 'ijv ^--^v -f ^.-ts, ,„. 
 
 'lower, pub- 
 
 "wso/Jf ».<;.■, HouHseau's, publislied 1767 : 
 lin •■f,iiryrl,i|«.,lie Metliodiipm," 179,- Fetis 
 Tlliii,;ri|iliie U!:iver,selle des .Musicii'iis," '18 1^-44' 
 lit iifo-65. IVi publication of the excellent 
 I Uiftionary of Music and Musicians," edited by 
 
 |P)tliagora!, (about 555 b.c.) maiutjiiner'tbiirti'ie' 
 
 \ I iliii "■';'"' "':'';■'''''' """" i"'<>'i"i:e didigbtfui 
 
 Ws.i.iaaJilile tn mortal cars, wbiidi be calle.l " the 
 if "if ''1',™'"'; ^'^ ^'"■'''"' *"•' t" liavc enticed 
 ^^the patroness of music. She died in the sei: uid 
 
 t,^ u i^^' * "' ''""'■'•'■' l'"<'li"f <^ "-as i-;.com,„eude,l 
 Vi, V?. yil'.rations 111 a second : but the fork made by 
 
 ,,,i ;,i'. '"".7'''"; ' «'^™ 5393 vibrations. .Mr. tliilhih 
 adopted 512 viliiation.s. 
 
 A lower piteb was adopted at concerts in London in .fan. 
 
 869. 528 vibrations tor f ailo|,ted for iierfonimnccs 
 
 2oJau.",'872" '■>^''i''iti">' "f '872. at a meeting! 
 
 '"Cdciv' *""!"""'''"'''• '''••°' :'■'■•* -tSS ■■ the I'bilbarmonie 
 .>5ocictys, 1813-43, was 515.) 
 
 .Mr. A. .J Kllis's elalioiute " History of Musical Pitch" 
 IS publisbed in ".Journal of the .Soeiety o Arts '' ? 
 March, 1880, and separately ' ^ 
 
 ^'I'ii!?; ,-'*'"'='■"'■'•'■'; a'"' "* '"'■'■ting.agre,. to French normal 
 d .a, asoii 20 .June ; agr, to by international con' 
 
 111,?;.''"' •"'"""> ';'""'^' '7 Nov. ,885 ; a.lopted by the 
 rhilbarmonic society, Aug. 1895. 
 
 Mu.sicAL Kestiv.als in Kn(ilani>. Dr. Bvase, chancellor 
 
 o Heretord, about ,724, iMoposcd to the n'ieiiil«rs of 
 
 the (lioirs a collection at tb.^ catlicdral door after 
 
 moi'ning scry,,,, when forty g„i„,„s were ,t , lected 
 
 and appro] mated to cdiaritablc imrposcs It was then 
 
 .agi-ced to bold festivals at llclefoVd (ilo, ce t ^ , 
 
 \\ rccster, ,11 ro a ,01, annually. Until the year '.75, 
 
 the festival lasted only two davs ; it was then ex 
 
 tcmled at Hci-etord to tlir,.e evenings ; and 111 X^Z^. 
 
 trod Hi i^Pi.!!, "r''''.'."u' ■'''I' ^'' "'" •""■1"""' "f i»- 
 
 ti ,1 luig Handel s " M,.ssiali," wbicli was warmly 
 
 re e vcd and has been performed annually ever siiic ^ 
 
 Music. 1 festivals on a great senile arc now anniudlv l,el, 
 
 at \arious catln.drals in England : Chester, 2, Ju y 
 
 1897; see //ini(/f^ and Crv.s«,>/ /'„/„L.t. ' "uiy 
 
 "R;ur!f(!;4^'i^:^9' '""""" """"•»' l^^r-nanccs at St 
 
 MisiCAi. Fkstivai,.s. .^Several were held on the conti. 
 
 nent 111 be iStli century ; for Ha.vdii at Vieiiim, .808 
 
 ;u;;ii;'iz.,"' "■*'"' ■''■■ ^•""«- ■^-. -'' '■- 
 
 .'Study of iniisi,. greatly increa.sed by the efforts an.) 
 t,.acli,iig„r,l„l,„ Hullah since ,840 ;7 ,;, 
 
 1 h.' 1 oiiic Knl-f,, .system, in wliieb the letters d, r, m, /. s 
 , (, (for ,1,1 ,v. 1,1, /a .„,, /„, /,■,,„ ^;),„.e „,.,^.,| i„«teadof 
 lotes, was invented by Miss Cllovei', of Norwich ai 
 improvi.d by rev. .loliu C.U'Wen, about .84, ; lie'ilied 
 
 The Tonic Sol-fa Association founded 1853; the college 
 cstalili.slied .862 ; .iiibilce cdeluated at St. Paul's , 
 .luly ; Crystal Palace, ,8 .lulv, 189.. ' ' 
 
 MesMAi. iNsrin-rioNs. The .Vmaent Academy of Music 
 was ins , tilted ,11 ,7,0. It originated witli nuneioiH 
 
 r^t;;y';^;v;:™;i;:;;;!,-'"— ^'^'''-'^''MnoiS^ 
 "cai'^^'iHiirf^iixir •""'^'"■'' '" '7^'' -"• "'■"■■■'""»!- 
 
 " AiHicut concerts "began, 1776; ceased, ,848. 
 
 Koya .Society of Musi,, aro.se from the principal nobility 
 
 and gentry uni iiig to pr le the performance of 
 
 operas compiwed liy Handel, 1785. 
 Philharmonic Society's concerts began ill 1813 
 
 Mei:;d^;™l^;;;c2^""' """"''""'' •«" ^""^'^'^ ->■ 
 
 Xcw Pbilbariuonic .Society established ,8,2. 
 
 hacred Harmonic S -ciety, Kxcter ball, eslabli.sbcd ,8„ 
 jootli iierformance, ,3 Dec, 1867; performances at .St 
 .lames s Hall, ,880-1. It ceased to exist in i«- • 
 hnal co.ie..rt, 20 April (Hamlel's "Solomon") Tim 
 new society gave its llrst concert, 23 Feb. ,883. 
 
 nritisb Orchestral Societv, 1872. 
 
 CatidiClub formed, .761; centenary kept, July, 1861. 
 
 Oloe Club formed, 1787. 
 
 3 11 2 
 
 Blliii „.''*')' 
 
 4L» 
 
 'I 
 
 
 . /""'Hi 
 
 III' ml 
 
 (111 
 
 ' l< ■' isl 
 
 { ( 
 
 :^UK1^ 
 
 ' ''-^aiiMg t^^^^^M 
 
 . -ti^ii'i^^H 
 
 .iiM;,! 
 
 '^H 
 
 I 
 
MUSIC. 
 
 Jliisiciil Union, fiinn. led liv Jc.ljii Kllii, 1S44 ; hv .lied 2 
 Oft. 1S88. 
 
 HiiniMinii- rjiiiiii (fur ]ii'i'fiiiiii,inci's (if niicicnt nml 
 nicidciii niiisii'), 1S52-4. 
 
 Musiciil .'S(M-ii'ty iif Lundnii, pstuljlislicl 1858. 
 
 " I'lipuliir Jlnncl.iy ('"iiciTts" ;il Nt. Jiinii's's Hull, 
 
 fiiiniili'il by Tlios. (;iiii|i|i|.l|, (■(,! iii'c.l with u " .Mcn- 
 
 ilclssiilni ni^'lit," 14 IVIi, 1859; loootli (•(iiicfit , 4 Ai.ril, 
 1887. ■ 't 1 • 
 
 I.iindon Aciidi'niy of Music fdundoil in i860. 
 
 Oidliiin Miiidcty, t- ion, fniindcd h\ Z. \V, Vincent iind 
 
 otlicis in 1785 : ccasi'd in iS'u. 
 
 " Mnsiciil l-:dn<atiiin Cuiinnilti'c " of the Socictv of Alts, 
 r,cMidoii, Willi the piiiicf of WmIi's .-is chiiiriniin, licM its 
 lirst nLi'din^' 22 Jliiy, iS6,. lis lirst rc|.oit, ihilcd 27 
 .Iniic, 1866, ivciininiciidcd tlie icconstitntion of the 
 Roynl .\c,idcTny. 
 
 \tili(,}iiil Tiviiihiii Srhivl fnr Miifif. linildinK ncnr the 
 Allpcrt-hidl, foiiniled liy the dnki^ of Kdinlinr;;h. 
 i8 Dec. 1873 : opened liy him 17 M,iy, i87fi ; liisl |Mil.iic 
 I'onecrl, 23 dune, 1870, ric-iniMs i^iven wy lo tic 
 piinee (d' W:iles iis Chiurniiin i.f the i.ii.iuised Xiitiunal 
 Colle-eof .Mnsic, 6 April, i?82. 
 
 (Inildhall ,Sch,,id ,d' Music f.mndiM 1880 (see under 
 
 lloyid t'ollexe of Music, Kensiiifitou ; estMlillsl.nieiit jiro- 
 posed at a meetiUK at .Marlliorouglidiiiu.se, the princi' 
 of Wales ill the idiair, Anj.-. 1878, and 2 j and 28 l-'eli. 
 1882. Ch.-irter (.'ranted ; prince of Wales, presideiil ; 
 sir (ieor-v drove, diieelor ; 21 April, 1S8) ; Dr. Charles 
 Iluliert I'.irry. .Nov. 1804 (knt. 1898K opened hv the 
 priiiee of Wales, 7 .May; reported successful; ' lirst 
 aiintial etiii;; jS .May, 1884. ' 
 
 Mr. Samson Fo.v, civil engineer of Leeds, jircscnted 
 3o,ono/. (iiieiva.sed to 45,«»o/., 18 .May, i88<)), for the 
 erection of liuildin}.'s ; jiersonallv acce|iteil liv the 
 prince of Wales, Jan. 18S8, who laid the fonndatioii of 
 new biiildiiifis, 8 .Iiilv. 1890; sl.ite .i|i,'ninK liv tlie 
 prince and princess of Wales ; the lionaldsoii mi'iseuin 
 of uiicieiit musical instrumeiits, fn\, also opened -> 
 May, 1894. ' 
 
 " ilK^iml AsxiicuilinnUnnv Invesliffaticni and Discus- 
 sion of snlijects connected with the Art and tSeience 
 of Music, "founded 16 April, 1874, l.v Messrs. Spottis- 
 woode, Wheatst.Mie, TyiMLilI. (i. A. .Marfarivii ,1 
 IluUah, Sedley Ta\lor, Stone, Pole, (h.-ippell, Daiiiliv 
 and other.s. I'ulilislii's its '• I'roi liii,L;s." 
 
 Henry Leslie's musical i-lioir formed about 18^5 ; dis- 
 solved 1880; re-oii;,-inised, Mr. Haiidef.'j;er eonduetor 
 July, 1882-87. ^Ir- I eslic died 4 l-Vll. 1696. 
 
 Chunh (.'horal Society, London, incorporati'd as Trinitv 
 Collc};.', 1S75. 
 
 Xational()peiadiouse,N.Tliiiinesciiibanknient, lirst brick 
 laid by Jlde. Tiet.jeiis, 7 Sept. ; lirst stone bv tlie duke 
 ol Kdlliliiiifih, 16 I lee. ih75. 
 
 The Warner So,-iety in London i^ave coiiccrts to intro- 
 duce li. Warner's so-calleil "Music of the Kutuie " 
 (the due combination of iiinsiciind poidry), Keb. 1S73. 
 
 WaKiiei 's Ij.hniijriii, iierfoniie,| iit Coveiit-warden 8 M.av 
 at Druiy lane, 13 June, 1875. 'VVoiii/oVhs,,- performed at 
 '■..vent ;j,irden, 29 April, 1876. 
 
 Th.ee series of iierforiii:iii,.|.s of Wa-ner's " Hiic des 
 Xibeluiifreii," ill four parls (/«,,•»,,„/,/, ]Vnll;iin"sk,j- 
 fn.,1, and CnHn-.h/mmn-u :„i), at Davrenth, in 
 
 presence (d tl iiiperors of (iernianv and' IJr.izil the 
 
 kiiiK ol liaviina, and manv other sovereiKii- 'and 
 princes, 13 Auk., '' ■«';., o^76: nl iieilin, Mav, itfii In 
 Lonchiii, ^ .M.iv, rl fri/. 1882. 
 
 Wagner res'tival.' Hoya! Albert II.ill, London (Warner 
 in-csciit), 7- 19 May, .877, and others since 
 
 Hichard Wagner died at Venice, ,, Kidi. ,883. 
 
 National Society of I'nilessional Musicians 'founded in 
 1R82. 
 
 A tine collection of ninsicnl instriinients at the Inven- 
 tions Exiiibitioii, South kensiiiKtoii, opened a Mav 
 1885. ' •" 
 
 Jcsef Hofmaii, aged about 10, iilavs lirilliantly at St 
 James's Hall long classical pieces from iiiemm-v' 
 summer and aulumii; goes to America, where lii.s 
 lierformanccs arc .stopped by a philanthropist, 1887 
 
 Otti) Ilegner, aged it, jilays in London, Jlarcli i833 ■ 
 iiiany other juvenile performers since ' 
 
 Copyright of ninsicnl compositions, resfrirtim' their 
 unauthorized iiertormanee, passed 5 July, 1888? 
 
 Mine. Patey, eininent contralto, died a few hours after 
 singing an emvre at Shellield, 28 Feb. 1894. 
 
 740 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 lli-ceMlenary of the death of Hoiirv P„n.„„ . , 
 
 111 «i!sliiiiiisler Abbev, 21 Xov ,4- '" i''' 'lmil,.,i 
 ■riie Stnnul, musical inonlhly inaii^'ii,., ,:« 
 
 No. 1. published, Jan. ,895. '''"■'""" (illMrai.,|j 
 Kirst iiitiMiiational luusie-trades evhihili,,,, . , 
 
 cultural hall, London, .,nexliil,it 1 '''''"', "'"•toi. 
 
 prizes dislribuled 2, Jiiiie ;['''."""N "pe I ,,,|,„„; 
 
 Sirfharles Halle, conduetor anin,i,iii .. , 
 
 i8m, dieiUsDct. i8gs. ''■""'''■' "nM, .A.,„| 
 
 : Sir Joseph llaruby, eomliietor ami eein,, 
 
 Aug. ,S38, ,lied 28 ,l:,li. ,,-96. "'"*"■''■ '«'"' i.> 
 
 .Mdiiie Cl.ir.i Schumann (widow of n,,!,,,,. ^ „, 
 
 pniust and composer, born 13 S . ' ,; '^'"'Il™n0, 
 
 May, 1896. ■* '"• '°"), iliol J.; 
 
 The Miisi,i,i,i, -weekly jiaper, started i,ii,i \i 
 .Musical festival at Hubli,,,' „ , .",: ^ ''V. ;^:. 
 
 C.'eoil, .May, ,897 ; again. .Mav ,' > '" "'" "M li;< 
 .National C'.nvenii f cllullllla^le'ls n, , > 
 
 Chester, ,6 Sept. ,897. """''""'" '"i." ts „, j,,,,,. 
 
 Iiieorpiraled society of iinslciaiis . tl , 
 
 al the Mansion house, 4 .bm, ,'',.;''"' '"""'''1 1'"'.,:,,, 
 
 Mrsic.vi. Cu.MuriKs. Ifov.il ,s,„.i,.|, ',,1 \i„ ■ ■ 
 ' lished 17,8: iiienrpor„|-,.,| ,7,,,, ' "' ' '"^'™'iiM-<l.,i,. 
 
 , lio.yal Society of I'emale Musleialis, e,st„l,li, , - 
 
 these 'wo eoml 'd, 1800 '" iimmi ,. .. 
 
 t'hoir lielievolellt |-'lllid, 18,,. 
 
 ^^lered liar ic Ueiievolent I-'uiid, ,f-- 
 
 F.MINKNT .Ml'SlCVL CO.Meo.SKH.s. 
 
 Tallis 
 
 I'aleslrina 
 
 T. Morliy. 
 
 (Irlando '(iibbons . 
 
 11. Lawes. 
 
 Lullv . 
 
 rurcell . 
 
 J. Sell. Itaclr 
 
 (i. V. Handel . 
 
 T. A. Arne . 
 
 C. Gliiek . 
 
 W. A. Mo/art 
 
 Jose|ili llaydli . 
 
 I.'. Dibdiii . 
 
 S. Welibe . 
 
 .1. W. Calleott 
 
 ('. Weber .... 
 
 !•'. Schubert . 
 
 L. lieethovell . 
 
 M. Clieriiliini . 
 
 K Meiidelssoliii-Uartholdv 
 
 K. rlio|iiii 
 
 11. liishop . 
 
 U. .Seliumanu . 
 
 L. Spohr 
 
 J. K. Halevy . 
 
 J. Me_\ellieer 
 
 J. Itossini 
 
 L. II. lierlioz 
 
 M. W. liabe . 
 
 1). T. Aiilier. 
 
 W. Sterndale Heiiiiett 
 
 J. Half .... 
 
 H. Wagner . 
 
 M. Costa .... 
 
 .luliiis lienediet . 
 
 V. Liszt . 
 
 (i. A. .Marliirrcu . 
 
 Alfred Cellier . 
 
 ti. Verdi 
 
 U. I'laiiz .... 
 
 (ieorge .loll Klvey 
 
 C. V. (hiniiod , 
 
 A. liubinsteiii 
 
 J. lirahms 
 
 Clias. (,'. Saint-Saens . 
 
 J. Stainer 
 
 I', von Tschaikowsky . 
 
 P. A. Hvonik . 
 
 K. H. (ireig . 
 
 A. Sullivan 
 
 A. C. .Mafdtenzie . 
 
 Chas. II. II. Pariy . 
 
 r.. V, stniiford 
 
 !•'. H. Cowcn 
 
 ]-='* '5„ 
 
 '350 |[,;, 
 
 '5S3 1(24 
 
 ■IX\) |Jf„ 
 
 l6n 
 l6i8 
 1683 
 1684 
 1710 
 '714 
 i7-f. 
 ■7.« ifc 
 
 '^"•5 1 
 
 1748 
 ■740 
 i;6f) , 
 
 178'! 1 
 '797 1 
 i7;o ■ 
 171 
 
 1:1: 
 
 • iSio 
 
 • "753 
 
 ■ I?*) iS 
 
 ■ '794 c*4 
 
 ■ '7<ti m 
 
 ■ 'S03 t'l^. 
 
 ■ iSijS i;,j 
 
 ■ '784 liji 
 
 • 1816 I-.; 
 
 . 1S22 i-:,. 
 
 ■ 'S13 ifi'j 
 
 ' '810 i;i, 
 
 ■ 1804 liji 
 
 • 'Sii lis 
 
 ■ 'S'3 iS) 
 ■844 i:> 
 
 , 1814 
 
 181? lis 
 
 1S16 
 
 iSi3 
 ' 1829 liji 
 - '833 1% 
 
 '835 
 
 1840 
 
 l8<o 1;;; 
 
 1841 
 
 1843 
 
 1S44 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 iSs? 
 
 1852 
 
 IMS 
 
 * He had eloyen sons nmsidaus ^ four dlHtinpiislirf. 
 
 '111-a 
 
•■t™l.YNllil,itio|,„t,)„., , 
 
 ■;^:;i':^"-- • 'I;£; 
 
 •""•'""ll.i.nM.st,l„n,„A,,„| 
 
 l"'i'' ^t'"'!"'! mill. Mav ,^ i 
 
 I .l;ui. It:,,.;. "■; 
 
 '■;l^'"'i''l\'ilMnsi,.i,,i„ 
 
 ■ll I7f)i,. II- ; 
 
 .Musiciiiiis, i'.<ta1JivL,,i 
 t)6. ' ':■■; I 
 
 H5.. 
 
 Ii'iit Fuihl, 1B53. 
 
 MUSICAL GLASSES. 
 
 741 
 
 <ICAL ClIMl'iLSKHs. 
 
 ■ '5;< 1;.; 
 
 • '5:0 ,,.. 
 'S'*3 1'!, 
 
 • '('it ,f.-\ 
 
 ■ "■»; i;.-c I 
 
 ■ l'«4 1;.: 
 
 ■ >7i .--i I 
 
 ■ ''■' >h 
 
 ■ '''-'■ r.i f 
 
 ■ '?:•' li; 
 
 ■ "741! i'„ 
 
 • '7w n- 
 
 ■ 'y^; .;« 
 
 ■ '7,7 );i 
 
 • 17:0 •■■■r 
 
 ■ '7' 
 . it 
 
 . -A- 
 
 ■ '7-. 
 
 . iSio I- 
 
 • '7Sj ,;;; 
 
 ■ '7'*) li, I 
 
 ■ '754 i:') 
 
 • '7V l!',il 
 - 'S03 ,;.i I 
 
 • 'M li-jl 
 
 • 1784 i:;i I 
 . 1S16 
 
 • 'S2! iflj'l 
 
 • 'S13 r;;! 
 
 • 1810 lii, r 
 
 • 1804 iJii 
 
 • iSll I'j 
 
 • '815 iJi, 
 
 • '=44 i:yi I 
 
 . I8I4 ' 
 
 ■ iSi3 liy 
 
 • '829 ii9t 
 
 • '833 lis; 
 
 ■ '835 
 . 1840 
 
 ■ 1840 i;.j; 1 
 
 . 1841 
 
 • '843 
 
 • 1844 
 
 • '84; 
 
 . 1843 
 . 1852 
 
 IICSICAL GLASSES, see under JLirmonic, 
 
 jnd I'opop/ioiu: 
 
 III'.SIC HALLS. In I.S7S, 347 nf tlicsp wore 
 litenifJ in London : hrst cliis.s, 3 ; second i.'lu.si, 6; 
 llinl class, Ij; fourtli uhiss, 53; &c. 
 
 JIl'SKETS, sei; Firearms. 
 
 IH'SKETRY SCHOOLS at Hvthe and 
 
 riiflivood were establislied in 1X^4 under luiijor- 
 rtwnil C. C. Hay. He reai^'ned in iH(,-. I'he 
 shwi at Klfi'twood waa closed the aiinie year. 
 
 JI['SLiy,,n tine cotton cloth, so .'ailed, it is 
 siji from Imviiii,' a downy nap on its siii-(Mi-e, ic- 
 s'mbling luo.sa (French, mou.s.si) ; uminWuj; to 
 Ars, k'Ciiu.sc it wa.s first brought iVoni .\Inii"sol 
 ill India. .Muslins were first worn in lOnnland ill 
 nro. Amkrso)!. By means of the Mul,- {ir/iich 
 i,.', liriti.sh much sujierseded India muslins. 
 
 Ml'.SWELL HILL, X. London, see Tnul.i, 
 
 inX (Syria). Here Mahomet and his fol- 
 |„»«s ilcfcatid the Christians in his first conflict 
 uilli llieiii, O29. 
 
 MUTE. A prisoner is said to s/(ni,f miiti; when 
 fxiiij iiniiigiii'd fur trea.sou or I'elonv, he either 
 Bakis no liuswcr, or answers foreign to the jiiir- 
 posc. Until 1741, persons refusing- to plead were 
 subjected til torture by [iressnre. 
 
 WliT Calvriiy, |.si|., of Ciilvi'ily in Yniksliiie, liiiviie' 
 iiranlmcltWDiifliis diililrcn, ami stalilicl his witc in 
 a lit of JKilmisy, liciii;,' arrai;;iii.,l lor his cri)jic at Yoik 
 iiiiiei, slooil mate, and w.is tln.ivii|iun la-csscd to 
 iieatliiiitlicrastli.,iitu).'i'iron weight lii-inf; olaccil upon 
 lilsblTasI, 5 Ant;, ites. .sVi/ie. ' 
 
 aijor .Strantji.Hay sullereil death in a siniiliir nniiuier 
 at .Veagiiti- fur the murder of liis brothcr-in-iaw .Mr 
 Fiissfll, 1657. ' ' 
 
 IJiiJjiiifiitwa.sawarilcil iitjainst nuites, as if they were i 
 roiivirtril or hail lonti.ssuil, by 12 Geo. Ill 177:^ \ 
 
 .liii;mrefu.<iii;;tii jilcail was conih.nincil ,-oai eveciiteil 'it 
 
 Ik01illi:iili.ynnacli,irKcofhinnl<.r, i77S,,.,o.lanothcr ■ 
 .i|iadiai;;i.'iil Imr^lary at Wells, 17^2. 
 
 .liiactirissi'il hy which the eonrt is ilirected to enter 'i I 
 l.leaof "aiitijuilty " when the prisoner will net pleail' i 
 
 l3!7. ' 1 
 
 JIUTIXA (now Jfodena), N. Italv. Here 
 Marii .iiitdiiy, after defeutin;; the consul l'i"ina«, was 
 [lirasi'lf beaten with f^reat loss bv Hirtius the other 
 ■onsiil, and fled to Uaul, 2- April, 43 r.c. 
 
 MUTIXIKS, BlilTISir. The mulinv thronsh- 
 ^ )ut till' ticrt at Portanuaith for an advance of wa"e8 
 jiliril, i;9;. It subsided on a promise from "the 
 [.Wiiiinilty, which not being .jnickly fulfilled, occa- 
 lintd a second nuitiny on board the Linidon nian- 
 l-»ar; admiral fnljioya, and his captain, were out 
 jiitoconhm-iiicnt for ordering tlie marines to tire 
 Iw ereby some lives were lost. The mutiny sub- 
 ■iJod lO.May, i-()7, when an a,;t was passed to i-aise 
 :ii<- wages, and the king pardoned the nuitineers 
 bl-it.ny„f tl„. l)„uMty, 28 Ainal, ,789 ; see /(„„„,„ 
 l)toiyathfNinv,whi,.hldockeil up the tr.aile ,if the 
 to,,lm.k,.out,in27.\lay, ,797 „,i,i .s„|,si, ,1 „ 
 J«ni-s .7,7, when the iMinci,,alnmtim..rs we r , J ,^ 
 irons aiKl several executed (inidndina the rin- le ,le. 
 ;;li';l'a'las«u,neil the name of rear°„l, ,i,., ni,: ml 
 I'arlier), 30 June, at .Sheerncss. " I 
 
 lliiliiij- of the DmuK frigate ; the <'rew carried the aliio I 
 intoliMtliarhiiur, 27 .March, ,800 ' ' 
 
 llalinyon h«ni,l ,„hairal .Mitchell's Hcet at liantrv Bav 
 to'. .8o>,ai.,l January li.llowing(see lUuilnilkuj) ^ 
 
 MYCEN^.. 
 
 aisii'iaus \ fanr (listing»iili(d j 
 
 ktinv",aVi.','iV',' "."'"""•' ',""':"'"»-'<.«"' '"intni Hay). 
 
 '«,.„ blew themselves «I. I'v s. tth.K tr.. t a I'ari^i; 
 j;;^», consisting of hetwecn ,00 .u.'^U^^^Z 
 
 mm on tile Flomru /-«»<', bound from I oii,l„n („ 
 f Mnt-po,.; John Lyons and' six foreiU'''.s„ii;"s nnu- 
 
 dcrcil tlic captain ami others, ,0 .Sept. 186, ; Tillln, a 
 
 "III Iiicil ami live cNcciitci, 14-22 Kcb iSfij 
 Ml, iny „„ „„. .,,.;r,,,„„ ,,,„.,,;, 4 tj:H.V&,.-- two 
 
 i •"«;|t'''.V."" the /.CH".-,., lin'lisl, Shi,,, l,o„ml for America 
 31 Oit. 1875. \an lloyil,.k, >' •ivar.l niaiiiiu'cl to net 
 
 'vi'ir o:V"!^!":'f"'-^ '■"'-' -S'^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 I ^i May! .876 ' ''" ' * '""'"'^''■''' 4 *'".'' ■• '-■''iienteil, 
 
 Mutiny „'„ the rvw/, G1h.s;.ow l,ar,,uc, ca,,t. (1. Dest : 
 
 t; cn'kl'lT'-' '"';"" '■'•'"" Valpai'iiso ; captain ami 
 
 kil 1,1 •, ':"""",■':"' '"'■-'■ "0 l.y otli'crs, some 
 
 ■1. V , ', '""""I't •" ynccnstown, 1. May 
 
 ,,-;;■:! at. ^;;;^:';^A^;;!^-.^;^''- '^i"-i'i-i--toriaexe. 
 
 MuUny,i,,9tlilln>.sars,Curra),.lica , Dnl.lii, ; thnacd. 
 
 Scot' - ,n'";",'""''™ '!" "'■'■"""V'T extra il/u";!] 
 SCI it;,, I ' '"lestcil ; court inaitial ; .scntcMccl to penal 
 
 mZ 'n'ol;;"'sl "u (■'''""' ^- ''''"'"''■• u.^- »i"p, 700 
 
 c s ^ '";'";;■""";•.'"'""■■ '^"' "''^ '•'••"■ hnprison 
 ri . I '■;,""■ ^l"l.'; "^■'■'■l"'«crc,l; h'ap over. 
 
 Kt II f^ '■'■'"•,• ""■ ™plaiM ami crew in boats rcaeli 
 
 M. Helena 10 Jan. 1886. 
 
 l-i-r l,uli„n .M„ti,,i,:,, see .U,«7n,.., ,806, and I,„lin, ,857. 
 
 MUTINY ACT (l & 2 Will, and Jfary, c. s). 
 ■u tho dLsciphne, regulation, and payment of i(,« 
 
 1 .;,.■■' "f ■"'"''■'J '2 -^P'-il. lOX-;- 'i"J has since 
 been re-emictcd anuuaUy. 
 
 "^s!"lhl';yr!'!:nT''""'ri'' ''''l""'''"' '" favour of eon- 
 
 ■s il.aii- and siiniihlyiMK niilit.iry law, bv coiabininir 
 
 I ,' ' ,"""">■ "':[ -""^ "'"■'■I-'- "'■ "ar in a new act bo 
 
 I VimnU) (','1 s '^'■■•, •"">■• '87«i. eallcl the irn.y 
 I tAiinii.il) Act. .Sccuclcr J /„,/;, ,37y;,n.l 1S81. 
 
 j MYCALE (Ionia, Asia .\Huor), B.m'LE OF 
 fought between the Gireks (under Loot vclndes,?!,.: 
 , king of Sparta, and Xaiiti|,pus the Athenian) and 
 the ersian.s, 22 Sept. 4:9 n..', ; the dav on which 
 I .Maidomus was defeated and slain at'Plafa'a liv 
 j lausanias. The Persians (about I(h,.,k«, men), 
 
 I ": '." ''■"' J''ff '■'■turned f, , the unsuccessful expe.: 
 
 i dition of \erxcs in Greece, were eomidet,.lv de- 
 j feated, thou.sands of them slau-htcred, and "their 
 camp burnt. The (ireeks sailed back to Samos 
 j with an immense booty. 
 
 MYCEX^, a division of the kingdom of 
 Argivea, m the I'eloponuesus. It stood about liftv 
 
 of'thi' '."'" -rf "• ".'"' ,"'\"."^'"''l till the invasion 
 of the lleraduhe. Early history mytlii,.iil. 
 
 IVrseus removes frnm Argos, and founils .Mvccna., 
 
 HcignofKnrysfhcns . . "" l^^*' li!?' H;: IJ^^ 
 rrmvarils the close of his reign is piac, 'ffi;; iti^^- ll "'' 
 
 the labours surimiuiitcd by llcrcnlcs J 
 JOgistliUs- assassinates Atreiis ; Aganicinnon auc- 
 
 cycils to the tlmaic; bcccecs king of Sicvon, 
 
 torinti,amlpcrlia|isnfArgos. ." , '. „o, 
 He IS e insen generalissimo of the Grcchm forces 
 
 goingto the frojaii war . . ,.i|„,„t 
 
 /Kgistlius, ill the absence of Agaiuemm.u, lives in 
 
 ailultcry with the iiueen aytcmucstra. On the 
 
 irtnrii of the king tlicy assassinate him ; ami 
 
 Agisthus mounts the tlironc 
 Orestes, son of Agamemiioii, kills his mother and 
 
 lier paramour .... 
 
 ()restes dies of the bite of a seriieiit. 
 
 The Acliaians arc cvpi.ped 
 
 Invasion of the lleracli.hc, ami the cominerow " 
 
 divide the doniMiions 
 Myeeine destroyed bv the Argivea ' ' ,,fl 
 
 Uiseoveries on the sni.pnsed site of Mvceme Iliads ■* 
 
 ViH li *;',''"'"'"""■ ''''l""""' •^'"'■'■1'. ■S74-'«ei't. 1875 
 \isitedby theeiuiieroror lirazil , ,5 Oct. , 
 
 ■193 
 
 1183 
 
 1176 
 1 106 
 
 
 1/ I 
 
 
 
 1 ' j'JjP « 
 
 r f- 
 
jii 
 
 
 rit-» 
 
 lit':- 
 
 t,3 
 
 MYL-iE. 
 
 742 
 
 MYTHOLOai:. 
 
 Di»eovpry of tniiibs of AKnnit'iiiiioii, niiil otliPiH, 
 nnd of iiiiuiy ticamues ; iiimouui't'il I'y Ur. Hcliliu- 
 iiiiiiiii j8 Nov. 1876 
 
 Ur. Sililioiiinim lejiorts Iii.s discovi'iii's to thi' Ho- 
 cii'ty of Aiitiqimiii'M, London, 22 Miiifli ; oiili- 
 lislu'H Ilia " MyciMiH'" .... l)i'i'. 1877 
 
 Rcni'wcil I'xcavations with liieovi'iios by Dr. 
 .Sclilicinann Hciit. 1888 
 
 Dr. Sclilieniann dii'd at XapU'S . . . 26 Dec. iScjfi 
 
 MYLJE, a buy of Sicily, where tlie llomaiis, 
 timiiT their consul Duilius, gained their first naval 
 victory over the Carthaginians, anil took titty of 
 their ships, 2ttO 11. c. Here ulso Agrippa del'edted 
 tlie tlcet of Se.xtus I'oinpeius, 36 B.C. 
 
 MYOGllAPHION, un apparatus for deter- 
 mining the velocity of the nervous eurreiit, invented 
 by H. lielinholtz in l8i;o, ind since improved by 
 l)u Bois lleyniond and others, 
 
 MYSORE (S. India), was made a Hotn-ishing 
 kingdom bv llyder Ali, who dethroned the reign- 
 ing sovereign in 1761, and by his son, Tippoo 
 Sahib, who considerably harassed the Kiiglish. 
 Tippoo was chastised by them in 1792, and on 
 4 Slay, 1799, his capital, Seringapatain, was taken 
 by assault, and him.self slain, lip^ioo's last sur- 
 viving son, Gholani Mahomet, a liritish i)en- 
 sioner, died at Calcutta, 11 Aug. 1872. The English 
 established a prince of the old royal family as 
 mahanijah of part of Mysore in 1 799; being with- 
 out an heir he was permitted to adopt a child of 
 four years of age, matiara jah Chamarajendra AVodc . 
 yar fiahadur, in Aug. 1867 ; who succeeded him at 
 his death, 27 Mar. 1868, and assumed I he govern- 
 ment in May, 1881 ; an able, beneticent ruler ; died, 
 27 Dee. 1894; succeeded by his son, Kri-hnaiaja 
 Wadyar Bahadur, aged nine," installed by < ol. Heii- 
 derson, l Feb. 1895. Visit of the viceroy, lord 
 Lans'lowiie, 10 Nov. 1892. Population, in 1881, 
 
 ,180,188; in 1891,4,859,760. Agricultuial banks 1 
 
 'ormcd in 1895. 
 
 MYSTERIES, tlerivcd from the Greek miistf- 
 rio)i, a mystery or revealed .secret. The Siicrcii , 
 mysteries is a term applied to the doctrines of 
 Christianity, called the "mystery of godliness," 
 I Tim. iii. 16, as opposed to the " mystery of 
 iniquity," 2 T/ie.s.s. ii. 7. The Holy Kuiharist is 
 also termed the sacred mysteries. The /";•«/««« mys- 
 teries were the secret ceremonies performed by a se- 
 lect few in honour of some deity, t'rom the Egyptian 
 mysteries of Isis and Osiris sjjrang those of Bacchus 
 
 and Ceres among the Greeks. The Klci 
 teries were introduced at Athcii>'hv K,, 
 B.C.— Mysteuy I'LAYS; see Jh-iima'. 
 
 i 
 
 'i'l'c I'^linisiiiiiin inys- 
 
 MYSTICS, a name given to those theoloHa 
 
 who, in addition to the olivious 
 
 iiif;inin;' ot ilJ 
 
 Holy Scriptures, a.ssert that thcic m,, j„|,...,„ ' 
 
 tions to be discovered bv means cit n,, ,.,„,,„,., i 
 
 the Divine Wisdom, by whirl, the «.ui ', !' H„hl 
 
 ened and puriHed; for which p\uimse they adv,,,. J 
 
 seclusion for coiitemplatii>n and iKcctirisin 
 
 Mysticism tnut;lit lit AlcXiiiidriii Ipv ('iniK.in i>„. I 
 
 OriBCii, and others, wh., min^-lcd CInil n r'"*' 
 
 I'latomsiii, 2nd and 3rd ccnlnriis. ' ■ 
 
 Mucli promoted liy the works of tin' ik,.,,,!,, hi , j 
 
 ("Tlie Mystic TlicnluHy," ,vc,. 6tl, .via,™ '*''■* 
 
 Introduced into tlie Western eiii|iiii., j^ii, , ,:,',i,,,... 
 
 Kniinent .Mediicval mystics (o|i|iusid livllip .mIi,'], ,| 
 
 Master Kckhart (1251-1)29); .li.liii ' r,iiil,'r ,,r m'*I 
 
 liurg, where lie acted hcruically dmii, . n,,. ,1 
 
 termed the " liliick dciith" (1290-1361)^ ll,.|,iv 
 
 (1300-65), They iiinicd at 11 iii"rc >i.M'iii,|i 1" 
 
 than Knn.aiiisin ; hut their IcmIuhits w,!,. ,.j ' "' ' 
 
 with immorality, imiitlieism, cuiiiiiiiii,isii, i,,,! „, 
 
 tiiiiiiii;! private iiisipiiiition, 
 
 Jacob llohme orlichnieii, the (hM-niiiii luvsti,. 1,1,1,1, 1, ,_ 
 
 his ".Vnroi-a" (an alhwd divine I'eveli.ii,,,,) ,4l 
 
 died, i8 Nov. 1624. ' "•■ 
 
 For mode,-,, mystics, see IJimkeis. Q„Uti,,i, llnH; 1 
 
 mntiiiits nud .^tvcdciihin-uitiits. '''■ 
 
 MYTHOLOGY (Greek /«////,„,,, f;,i,i,^ ,, 
 traditions resiiectiiig the gods anil curlv lii-tiin', 
 any people. For the Egvptiau mviiioln-v <,, 
 J'ii/i/jtt. • :<■ 
 
 liiri'K' (Ivtl^i. 
 
 }^-;'-S parents of 
 
 Zens .... 
 riouton (Aides, Hades) 
 I'nseiiirp,, . 
 Here or Hera 
 Demeter . 
 
 Hestia . 
 
 l'i'rscpho,ie 
 
 Uionysins 
 
 ll'miii. 
 Siiturn I 
 
 Cyl,,l,.il''l»t,,i|| 
 
 Juiiitur(l)iiivis.i,,,i,,;i 
 ■ . I'im,,. ' 
 
 • • ■Ni'|i'«». 
 
 . .hiiii,. 
 
 . . r<'rrs. 
 
 . . Vesi,i. 
 
 liaiTl,,... 
 
 Jcririia's Ciiii.uhks. 
 Apollon i|,„ii„ 
 
 A"'« Mais. 
 
 Hermes m,.,,.„„. 
 
 Hephaistos y,,!,,,, 
 
 Atlieiia o,^ .\tl,ei,e .Miimva. 
 
 Ajiln'odile Wuin 
 
 Artfmis [||,|,j' 
 
 The chief Hindi, ;.'ods arc Brahmii tiic c-nntcr. Vi%, I 
 the preserver, and Siva the dcstrnyn-, Init tliiTckftl 
 been iiMiiiy chiinKcs in the Hindi, l'aiitlm,ii. 
 
ills CiMI.l.HKS. 
 
 I' liralniiii the i'liNilcir. V*! I 
 1 tlii'fli'stniyiT. liiii tliiTtiia,^! 
 ;lu: llliiilii I'aiitliimi, 
 
 NAAS. 
 
 743 
 
 NAPLES. 
 
 N. 
 
 V4.AS (E- Iri'liin*')' 'f''''p 1 dt'sperato engnge- 
 
 * ,' louli pliifi liotweon 11 liody of royal I'orcea and 
 
 Linsurgrtit !"»•'• -4 ^'"y, 1 798, during the re- 
 
 Ulion I'll'' liittiT wore dclVatt'd with tlie losa of 
 
 .[okilieJiindniiuiy wounded. 
 
 ' WBONASSAR, Era of, received its name 
 r,'m" tht P'""''-' "f i'l'bylon, under wlioae reign 
 '.itKinomiciil studies were mueh advanced in 
 aHim. The years (contain 3()5 days each, with- 
 out iutercalnticm. The tirst day of the era was 
 HWnfsdiiv (siiid, in mistake, to be Thursday, in 
 I'Arl tle'Virificr lea Dates), 26 Feb. 747 B.C.— 
 I ,»,-, Juliuii period. To find the Julian year on 
 fhi'Jii till' vi'iir of Nabonassar begins, subtract tlie 
 ,ar. if before Christ, from 748; if after Clirist, 
 [ (dd to it 747 ■ 
 
 ViCHOD (Bohemia). At this place the 
 Priiisiiiiis, under their crown prince, defeated 
 tlif Auatriaus, after a severe conflict, 27 June, 18W). 
 ]hf Prussian Uhlans vaniiuished the Austrian 
 (iviilry. 
 
 X.iCOLEA (Phrygia). Near here the usurper 
 Pr'iiopius Wii8 deflated, and soon afterwards slain 
 by the emperor \'alens, 3^)6. 
 
 NAFELS (Switzerland'). Here an Austrian 
 anny waa ilefeated by a small body of SN'.i.ss, I j88. 
 
 NAGA HILLS MASSACRE, see India, 
 
 NAG'S HEAD STORY. Matthew Parker 
 
 was wusecratea ardibishop of Canterbury at Lam- 
 belii, 17 Dec. 1559, by bishops Harlow, Coverdale, 
 S,orv,ai\ii Hodf^kiiis. Forforty-tive yours afliT, the 
 Koiiiisii writers asserted that Parker and others had 
 been orJaiiieil in an abnormal fashion bv Scory at 
 the Nag's Head Tavern, Cheapside. Tliis fiction 
 w;u< refuted by Huniet, and is rejected by ilomiin 
 Catholic autliorilies, such as Li'ngard. 
 
 XAHUM, Festival of. Nahum, the seventh 
 (jf the twelve minor prophets, about 713 H.c. ; the 
 festival is kept by the Kastern church on I Uecembcr. 
 
 NAINl TAL, see LntKhlipn, l8 Sept. 1880. 
 
 NAISSUS (MiEsia). The Goths wore defeated 
 near here with great slaughter by the emperor 
 Claudius II., 2(x). 
 
 NAJAEA or NaVARRETE (N. Spain). At 
 Logrofw, near these places, Kdward the lilaek 
 Prince defeated Henry de Trastamarii, and re- 
 esublislied Peter the Cruel on the throne of 
 Castile, 3 .\pril, 1367. 
 
 NAMES. Adam and Eve named their sons. 
 Qm. iv. 25, 26. A Uomau citizen had generally 
 tlu'ee names; prteiioiiwn, denoting the individual ; 
 ntmeii, the gens or clan ; cognomen, the branch of 
 the elan; soinetimes he had the aynomen {e.g., 
 PubUus Cornelius Scipio Afrieanus). The popes 
 change their names on their exaltation to the 
 pmtifioatc, "a custom introduced by pope Sergius, 
 whose name till then was Swine-snout," 687, 
 Flalina. Onupliriiw (followed by moat of the n)o= 
 liem authorities), refers it to John XII., %b ; 
 stating that it was done in imitation of SS. Peter 
 Slid I'sul, who were first called Simon and Saul. 
 In France the name given at baptism was sonie- 
 
 tiincs changed. The two sons of Henry II. of 
 France were christened Alexander and Heieules; 
 at their eonfirmution these names were changed to 
 Henry and Francis. Monks and nuns, at their 
 entrance into monasteries, assumu new names. See 
 Sitrnamen. Miss Yongc's "History of Christian 
 Names," published l8t>3 (new edition 1884). M. A. 
 Lower's " Patronymiea Uritannica," i8(X). 
 
 NAMUR, in lielgiiim, was made a county in 
 932; taken by the French, 1 July, 1692; by Wil- 
 Ifam of Kngliiiid, 4 Aug. I'J95; ceded to the house 
 of Austria by the peace of Lftrecht, and garrisoned 
 by the Dutch as a barrier town of the United Pro- 
 vinces in 1715. The city of Namur wa.s ceded to 
 .\ustria, 17 13; taken by the French in 174(1, but 
 was restored in 1749. In 1782, the emperor Joseph 
 expelled the iJutch garrison. In 1792 it was again 
 taken by the French, who were compelled to 
 evacuate" it in 1793; regained 1794; delivered up 
 to the allies, 1814; assigned to lielgium, 1831. It 
 was a site of a severe confiiet in June, 1815, between 
 the Prussians and the French under Grouchy, when 
 retreating after the battle of Waterloo. Population, 
 1890, 29,794. 
 
 NANCY (N.E. France), an ancient city, capital 
 of Lorraine, in the 13th century, .\fter taking 
 Nancy, 29 Nov. 147s, and losing it, 5 Oct. 1476, 
 Charles the Bold of Biiigundy was defealed beneath 
 its walls, and slain by the duke of Lorraine and 
 the Swiss, ^ Jan. 1477; sue Lonv in 1: Nancy was 
 embellished by Stanislas, ex-king of Poland, who 
 resided and died here Feb. 17(16. It was captured 
 bv Bliieher, Jan. 1814, and on the retreat of Mac- 
 italion's army, and expecting the German army, 
 suriendered ti) four Uhlans, 12 Aug. 1870. It was 
 restored at the peace. 
 Gniinl fetes; visits of invsideiit Cariiot anil tlie graittl 
 
 ilukc L'liiistiintiiif nf Hussia, 5-7 .Jiiiie, 1892. 
 
 NANKIN, said to have been made the central 
 capital of China, 420. It was the court of the 
 Ming dynasty from 13(19 till Yung-lo removed it to 
 I'ekiu in 1410. On 4 Aug. 1842, the British ships 
 arrived at Nankin, and peace was made. The rebel 
 Tae-pings took it on 19, 20 March, 1853. It was 
 recaptured by the Imperialists, 19 July, 1864, and 
 found to be in a very desolato condition. Esti- 
 mated population, 1,000,000. 
 
 NANTES (\V. France), formerly capital of the 
 Namnetes. 'i'lie edict in favour of the Protestants 
 issued here by Henry I\'., 13 April, 1^98, was re- 
 voked by Louis XIV., 22 Oct. 1(183 (bicentenary cele- 
 bration, 22 Oct. 1885). Awful cruelties were eom- 
 
 i mitted here by the republican Carrier, Oct.-Nov. 
 1-95; SKC Drowning. Population in 1886, 127,482 ; 
 189'!, 121,054. 
 
 NAPHTHA, a clear combustible rock oil, 
 known to the Greeks, called " oil of Media," and 
 
 ; thought to have been an ingredient in the Greek 
 fire {ivhich nee). 
 
 \ NAPIER'S BONES, see Legarithms. 
 
 I NAPLES, formerly the continental division 
 ! and seat of goveniment of the kingdom of the Two 
 ■ Sicilies, began with a Greek colony named I'arthe- 
 [ nope (about looo u.c), which was afterwards 
 
 I I I 
 
 ' 1 > 
 
 ;ii tjf'^ 
 
 I. il 
 
jjll'-lw'il 
 
 
 !|li'" 
 
 NAPLES. 
 
 744 
 
 NAI'LEH. 
 
 4').! 
 54J 
 
 55-; 
 
 572 
 59! 
 
 I059 
 
 itividfjl into l'iiliu()|](ili« (tlic uld) aiul NiMipolix (the 
 «('»• city); from the laltiT tlu' present iiiiiiii' is 
 (It'rivfii. T)ic ouloiiy wiis coiujuiri'cl by tlif Uoiimiis 
 in the Siuiniitf wiir, ,{2() H.c. Niiplon, lit'tcr rcsistin); 
 the poworof Ihu Lonilmrils, Krankn, mid (jcinmii,-, 
 WHS 3iil)ju^Mtc(l 1)V tlic N'ornmns under Hoser (iiiis- 
 card, kinj; <d Sicily, A.I), ii^i. Few i oniilnis liuvc 
 hiul so many puliticil cliiinitcs, and <tiicI uml des- 
 potic rulers, or sullered s.i niiicli by iniiviil.sidiis of 
 nature, siicli as eiirtlii|iiakes, vidi'iinii'cnipticins, &c. 
 Tlie eldest son of the kin;; of Italy is styled prince 
 of Naples. In 1X5(1, the popnliilion of tlie kingdom 
 of Naples was (),«,S(,,03o, of !?"cily 2,2^1,02(1; total, 
 0,11;, 050. It now forms part ot' tlieVeviyed kin<;- 
 doin of Italy, roiiulalinn of the province in iKSn, 
 r,o()O,032; of the city in l.S()0, 5.50,^72. 
 Naples r'oiii|iiiMvil liy ThciKloric tlio (Jotli 
 
 Till' I'ity rclakcn liy liclisaiius 
 
 Taken aKaiii hy Tntila 
 
 lictakcn hy Nju'scs 
 
 ilccoiiics H dacliy iioiiiinalh siilpjcit to the KastVni 
 
 , '■lapiie 568,,,. 
 
 Dachy of Naples (jreatly exteiiilcd . ... 
 
 Holicit (iniscaiil.thc Ncaiaaii, laadedakeof Aiailia, 
 
 founds tlic kiiipliaa of . Naples .... 
 
 ^a'l'ics aiueiid. ami the kiajjdcan of the Two 
 
 ."iicilics f.iaiMleil l.y Ur)j,',TUniscard II. . . .1131 
 The imperial house of lloheiistanfeii (see (livmiiiiu) 
 
 ohtaias the kiiiplum l.v laaniii^'c, ami rules ii()4-i jhf, 
 The |iope appoints Charles of Aiijun. kin;,', who de- 
 leats the re-eiit .Manlicd (son of Krederick II. of 
 Uenaanyjat Heiievento (Manfred slain) 26 Kelj i .06 
 Charles defeats Conradiii (the liist of the Iloli, n- 
 
 staufens who hnd jh' to N.iples hy invitation ,,f 
 
 the (Jhihelliiies), at 'I'.i^diaeozzcJ, 23 Aag. : (.N.n- 
 
 radin heheaded at) Oct. 1268 
 
 llie i]ia.ssaere called the Sicilian yespers (ii-hi,h ser) 
 
 io Maich, 128J 
 
 Andrew of limitary, hiishand of Joanna I. id. ivil 
 
 iH .'^I'jit. I \\-^ 
 His hrother l.onis, kiii^'of Hungary, invades Naples i|.|,, 
 Queen Joanna pat to de.-ith . . . 22 .M.-cy 1 .8 ■ 
 Alphonso V. of ArraKoii (e.illcd the. Wise and Mag- ' ' 
 nannnoiis), oiilhede,ith..f,)oaiiii:i II. sei/cs Naples 14 i^ 
 Naples con(iuered hy (.'harles VIII. nl Kiance . , ..m 
 
 And hy Louis XII. of Kiaia'c and IVrdinaiid of ' 
 
 ISpain, whip divide it 
 
 Kxpnlsion of thi' Kiendi ' \ 
 
 Na|iles and ."iicily nniteil to fipain . . . ] 
 Insurrecticai ol .Sl.-i.saniidlo, ociMMoaed hy the extia-- 
 tioiis of the ISpanish viceio'.s. An I'rnpipst was 
 elahaed 01 a haskct of (i^s. and reluse.l hy th,' 
 owuer, with whom the po|inlae,' loi.k pari, he.idi d 
 hy .Masaniello (Tlaaiiiis Anielh.), .-i lislieiiaaii ; 
 they ohliiincd the cnmiianid ..f N.-iples. njaiiy of 
 the ncdiles were slain and theijpal.icis hiiiijl, and 
 the viceroy was coiupcllcil 1,1 mIioIisIi Ihc hixcs 
 ami to restore the privih'ges giaalcd hvChailes 
 
 V. to the city ' . June, 
 
 Ma.sainello, intoxicated Iiyhis succi-ss, was slain hy 
 
 his own followers ifi.hily. 
 
 Another insinTectiiai supjiressed hy don John of 
 
 Au.stria ' . . o,.), 
 
 Henry II. duke of Guisi'. lands, and is luoclaincii 
 kiOK, hut in a few days is Ijiken luisoner liv the 
 
 .Spaniards vprii, .^.g 
 
 Naples ecanpUTcd hy jirince Knyene of Savoy, for 
 
 the emperor ' . . ,^6 
 
 l)iscovery of lli'icadaneuni (ir/ii(i/( .see) . . . ,,,, 
 
 The S|.ainaiils hy the victory at liitonto (26 Mav) 
 
 having made themselves masters of hotli kiii^-- 
 
 doms, Charles (of liourhon), son of the king of 
 
 .Spain, asi'end,s the throne, with the ancient title 
 
 <if king of the. Two Sicilies ,.3^ 
 
 Order of St. Januarius institnted .... 1738 
 Charles, beeonnng king of Spain, vacates the throne 
 in fivour of his third S(Jn, Ferdinand, agreeahly to 
 
 treaty 
 
 Expulsion of the Jesuits . . . 3 Nov 
 
 Dreailfnl eartlnpaike in Calahria . . . s lodi. 
 Enrolment <if the lazam.ni (iv.'in/i .v.i);i>; jaki n,.ii 
 
 (U' spiaitoneers 
 
 The kin^ lleeson the aj.proach of the Fremdi repah 
 lieans, who establish the I'arthenopean irpuhlii', 
 
 14 Jan. 
 
 7» ! 
 
 itcO 
 
 1501 
 1504 
 
 164- 
 
 1759 
 .7O7 
 1783 
 
 1793 
 '79 
 
 ! Nelsiai ajipears ; Naples retiik,.,, . ,1,,. ,,,. ... ^ 
 
 ' rules tyrannically "'ii i;aij; 
 
 i I'rinci' Canicelolo trii'd ami exeeiii.,! l„ ' ', ""'. 1 
 
 ! Nelson ■ '"'I' I"! 
 
 i The Neapolitans occupy liouie ' ' ">'"}^«; 
 
 hreadfid caitlKiaake ; thniisan.is |.,.|m|i '"^''I'l. „ , 
 ^ Tivaty^of m.ut,ality helw,.,., |.-| ,u„|';i;l;;|^; *5 | 
 
 Fenlinaml, thriMigh periidv, 'is eo'nieelie.l i' i?"''' '. 
 j Shdly, 23 Jan. ; the Krench enter NaMrs ,",",'" 
 I seph iiouapartc made kniK . ■ . .um ,i„. 
 
 ! The Frcmdi defeated at Mai. l.'i , ' ' •;'■;'■ 
 I Josi'ph li.aaiparte, after h,.gim.in- n'luiv ,.„?„'„"'■*' ■■ 
 ! ahdhateslorthei'r.nvn..r.-.|,i,„ ,""'■ 
 
 Joachim .Murat made king (ndi^ \,,.||) ' ,' • "W 
 
 His llisl .|uarrel with Nap.. I1..M . '^ "•'• .. 
 
 His alli.am.. with Austria . . ' ' ■, ■ lin 
 Death of ipu'en Caroline . . ' ' ' ''"'•1814 
 
 .hiachim declares war against .\ustria . ',-\h,!'','' •■ 
 
 Defeated at T.ihaitino " ''■ i:'5 
 
 He retires to Frani'.', 22 Mav, and C.ixiei • i„ \ ']■ •< 
 
 athanpts the r.vov.Ty .,1 his thr..i,e l.j Iim,,!!',','!! ,', 
 
 I'l/zo : sei/eil, trii'd, ami sla.t I'" 
 
 ; Fer.limniil, re-established, sisai returns to'tviin,,.,,'.'!; '• 
 
 niea.snri'S ■ "'""'a 
 
 , A plague rages in Naples. Nov. 181, I.'. .lui,,. ' '""'• ." 
 
 j Fstahlishmrnt of the soi-iely (d'tlii' (■iiH..iiiiiii' ' ""' 
 
 Suci-essful insuni'clion ..ttlie (■;iil...n;iri uii.!,...,' ' '*'- 
 
 I I'epc ; the king c..nipellc,l t,, sw.vir .v.!,.,,,!,],.';'," 
 
 new eonstituli.>n ... ■, . '' 
 
 The Austiians invaile the kingd..ni at 'th,' L '■■ """ 
 
 instigation ; gi'iiiTid IVpedel,.,itc.l . ,\|.,.',',', 
 
 Fall of the conslilutiohal gov.'rmn.'nt , 2' if . '' '"' 
 
 D.'ath of Fcrdinaml (reign. .1 (16 y. ills) 4I " 
 
 [In 30 years. iot,,oooNeai.olituns'pi.risli..l hv viii,',',','' '""' 
 
 kimls..r death.) .> i.ai..ii, 
 
 Insum'ction .d' the (.,'arhonari saniiress...! 1, 
 A,-,-essi..ii of K.a.linamI II., ILmd.,, (as faithl,.,; 'j '"' 
 
 tyraniiicid as his pr.'ileciss.ii-s) . 8 N v ■ 
 
 Dispute with Knglan.l res].ectingthe si.h.hur Ii'mI,.' "'" 
 
 1838; s.ttied . . . . . ' "r,. 
 
 Attilio ami Kmilio llaniliero, with .'iglitcvii (ilii,' *" 
 attempting an insurrecti.>n in Cdahria, iui' .^l|l,^' 
 
 [The statement that liu-.l Aher.h.en lia.l giv«in„'!ii!''. ''*' 
 ..t this attempt was e..iitradi.t.-d hv h?, l.i,i|.,||'i,''i 
 
 l'r..spect of an in^-urr.'cti.ni in .Napl.^,. : 11... i;,'|„ 
 grains a ni'W constiluti.in with lil«-iai ijii|,j,||i" 
 
 <;ri.at lighting in Napli's : 11;e lib.ials iii„i Uii''in '*'' 
 tional guar.l almost ani.ilnhiti.i l.v n,,. ,„(,,[ , 
 troiips, aided hy the l;iz/annij i; .Miv i 
 
 A nuirtial anar.hy pi. vails ; tli.- .■li...|.M,r ii„.i|j,.*,.|j " 
 jtarty ariesli'.l in |,^j , 
 
 Settemhriiii, r.iirio. ( aral.i, ami oth.rs, iiflir a '"*' 
 moidi trial, are e.imlcmm'O, ami cnsi^iii'il i,, |„,f 
 rildi' .iungi s tor life .... jim,, . 
 
 After naoonstniui-.'s with till' king on his lvRiiiiii,.|i '° 
 governnii'nt (May), the Kaglish ami Fr.'.iii'li ,nii. 
 ha.ssa.liu's are with.lrawn . . . ^Sli.t iH 
 
 Altempte.lassa.ssiiiationofthekingbyMiliiiiiiS|l,.,. 
 
 The CiiiiUdii, a Sariliniaii mail sti'aiiih.i.it [ilvii- " 
 hetweeii ticnoa and Tunis, sailnl ti.iin Ilj. |f,ni„r 
 1 nut on 25 June, 1857, with tliiity-llui:.. |iib„.,|. 
 gers, who, after a few houi-s' s:iii, l...il< l,iir,i,|i. 
 jiossession of tin' vessel, an.l e..iiip(.II,..l the tivu 
 English engiia'ci-s (Watt ami Park) to .stiir 1., 
 I'onza 25,Jiim. ,;■, 
 
 [Here they landed, released soiai- prisoners linn. ' 
 took them (Ui hoard, anil sailed to .Siij.ri, ivlim. 
 they again himle.l, and restoie.l tli.' vessel t.i its 
 commander and crew. The hitter sheivil iiimi,.. 
 diately for Naples ; lint on the way tli.' v.'.isrl wa.s 
 iKiarded hy a Neapolitan cruiser, an.l all tliei'ifw 
 were landed ami consigned to diiiigii.iis, wlirr... 
 tlic.y remainefl t.ir nine montlis waiting fur tiiiil 
 snltering great jiri vat ions and insults. Thiscansi.i 
 great excitement in Kngland : an.l after iiiiuli 
 negotiation, the rrew went rehMs.-.l, thi' vissil 
 given up to the Hritish goveniim^nt, 1111.I 3000/. 
 given as a eompcnsation to the siill'ereni.j 
 
 Italian refugees, under eoiiiit I'l.s.n I'^iiie, laii.l in 
 Calabria, are defeated, and their leailer kiiliii, 
 
 37 Jiiin' .'Joir, I, 
 
 Dreadful earthipiake in the Apennines . 16 Ilw, 
 Amnesty gninteil to ]Mditienl ollemlers . 27 llrf. ijij 
 I'lH'i'io ami sixty-six companions released and Kent lo 
 N. America, Jan. , on their way, tlu'y.srizp Hk 
 
AI'LEN. ■~~~- 
 
 "'■'"'>'■»: 1 1"- T'^t.,,.,!,,,,,, 
 
 II. ■ , ■ . ■ "';'"". „ 
 
 i'i.v,'u.n,„i„.ii..,it:, ;•',;,",' ■■ 
 
 1511 
 
 J:u,. 
 
 1814 
 
 i.|.y...nir,,,si.M-:i„.i,'|;;;' ■■ 
 
 .»'"mi'tunist,it,vr,iiiiii,'.,i " 
 
 ■ N"v. .8,,t;..i,n;,. ''"""'■ ;■. 
 
 i'iV"riiM. (Mil ,„i' ■ ""-' 
 
 iii"'iaH .■(huii,!,.,'.:,,; '"'' 
 
 ''■'' '"^".Mr.-.il.-lMlily'"!,,,, 
 
 »■ kinpi..,,,. „t 'tw^!;;';; ■"» 
 
 ''■''■■"'■'1 • 7 .MiiiH ,:„ 
 
 iiil(>6\.iiis) .,1,, ;• 
 
 Mliluiispni.slM-.lliyvm'iK'"' 
 
 iiiiri siippriss.il . i,,,, . , 
 l-.l il'u (MS raitl,l,4,V"» 
 
 ■fssoi-s) , _ a.\<v ■ 
 
 il'«>-tiiigtliusr,li.liwrtia,i,; "^° 
 
 '■y<, witii ,.i„i,t.M.il oiill"' '■" 
 
 tiiiii m Ciilulu-ia, ait,li„l' 
 
 \l..T.h.cn l„„l ^iv.,!]J^;!, '■>* 
 Ini.lidi'.l l,vliisl„.,K|,i,,| 
 l"li 111 N':ipl.'S ; til, l,;,;; 
 i"ii Willi lilifial iiiiniMir, 
 
 :ti.Hiiv,,,is,n„M';,;';::''^'^ 
 
 iiniluliili'il hi II,,. i„,.,| 
 /iimiii ' , ,;j|\; 
 
 s ; llii'|.|i.,.|^,,rili,.|,i,.,,|j " 
 
 • llil' l!i« 
 
 ■■III, ■mil cilli.'i-s, iifi.T a •" 
 "u, iiimI i-iiiisI);iiii1 tn imr. 
 
 .,•,.■ ■ Jiiii", iE:o 
 
 till' Kiiifidii Ills lyhmiiii-.il ' 
 Knulisli timl Kr.'iicli am. 
 " ■ ■ ■ -iSlli^t. iS-s 
 
 rtlickiiiKliv.Miliiimiill,r ' 
 II mail stc'iiiiliiMt liliii,,: " 
 lis, saili-il fiiiiii tlicfMiii„J 
 with tliiity-llir.!.- |.:kv.]|. 
 
 lllllll-s' s.'iii, tiu.k lc.ir,H,. 
 
 I. iiinl '■ pilicl tli.- tiiM 
 
 tt and I'iiik) tu stn i i„ 
 
 • ■ . 25 Jlinr, k:, 
 led some pnsnncTs tlun, 
 ill .smli'il tci .Siijiri, Willi,'. 
 
 ivstnli'il till' Vi'Ss,! 1,1 i(, 
 
 Till' liitti-r sti-i'ivil iiiiii,,.. 
 lili till- Way till- v,-,isrl«a,, 
 1 niiisiT, ami all lli,. iim 
 s'linl III iliiii|4i.iiiis, vv|i,.|.,, 
 iiiiMitlis waitiiij; fur trial, 
 saiiil insults. TliisiMusnl 
 iiKlaiiil : ami iifti-r inmli 
 wcni ii'liMsiil, till' vcssil 
 li tiiivcrnniint. ami joaj, 
 til the suircivrs.J 
 •limit I'isaiiMiii', liiiiil in 
 .ml tlii'ii' Iiiaili'fkilliil, 
 
 27 JlilR' J Julv, I, 
 (' Aiii'iiniiics . 16 De'r. 
 I'al rillrinkTs . 27 Hit. li'ij 
 niiiiisri'lrascilanilsditto 
 licir way, tlu'y stize llie 
 
 NAPLES. 
 
 746 
 
 NAPLES. 
 
 tMJfl. •«" '" ''''I'''*' 7 i'lii'i'li ; mill iiriwi'wl to | 
 
 i,iiiil,!ii iS .Miirrli. 1859 
 
 rujiii (if Feiilinaiiil II., after ilri'mlfiil mitleiiiinK, 
 
 ii May, „ 
 
 Ilifliiiimtic ri'liitiiiim reHiiiiieil with KiiKlaml iinil 
 
 Ffliiii- ■,•„■■ • , ,-. • , •'"".''• " 
 
 ( ,iilmri|itiiiii fur I'lieni) ami liis cmiiiiaiiliiiis 111 
 ' fii_.]iii,laiiiiiiiiiti'il til iu,o(io/. , . .Iiil.v, ,, 
 
 h(j'.,iiliiiatiiiii uiiiiMiK till' fSwiss triiiipH at Xiiples, 
 'iiaiiysliet..liily 7 ; nia.inr l.atiiiir sent to Niiple.s 
 In ll'ir, Swiss eiilMeilenitiiill . . i(),)llly, „ 
 
 j„,iviiii'n'asi'il ; ileli'iiee" i'1'eiij.'tliiiii-il (let. ,, 
 
 jljjy l»i|itii'al inipriniiiiiiieiils ; tlie fniviwu aiiiluix- 
 ,(a,|.irs relli'i'tively aililre.ss a imte tii the kiiij,' 
 stiiliiiK till- lu'i'essity fiir refill III In his states, 26 
 Jlnrrli ; till' iniiiit nf rSynieiise reeiiiiiiiiemls re- 
 fiiniiaiiiliilliaiiee with HiiKliiml . . April, j86o 
 OarilaMi liiiiil'^ ill fiieily, " May ; ilefeats the .Ni-a- 
 iHilil.iiiaiiiiy at <-'iilatatliiii . . . 15. May, ,, 
 
 KfV.ilulieiiiii.vi'i ittee at Naples , 15. lime, ,, 
 
 friiiii* II. priiilainisaiianiiiesly : pnniiisesa lilieral 
 aiiuistrv; iiil"lits a trieiiliir Ha;.', A;e. Ai .liiiie. ,, 
 
 Eariii Bri'iiii'i'. I-'ieni'h aiiihassaihir, wniimleil in hi. 
 
 rarriiiL'i 
 
 irliy till- iiHili 
 
 27 .hiiie. 
 
 ililn-raliiiiiiistiv I'liriin-il ; ili-struetinn iif the i-mn- 
 
 'jllisiillrillt iif the pi.liee ill 12 (listriets : state iif 
 iiffcl* Iil'iii-I'lillieil at Naples ; the ipieell-liiuther 
 HITS til lliu-ta 2S.liim-, 
 
 Cirikilili ih-l'i-ats Xeapiilitaiis at Melaz/n, au.liily; 
 ,iili-in Mi'Ksiiia, 21 July ; the Neapulitam* a;,'rei- tu 
 ,-v;ii-iiate Sii-ily 30 .Inly, 
 
 Till' kins iifiiiiithiia ill yaiiiiii'K"tiates with l-'raneis 
 II. fiiriilliiiiiie Inly, 
 
 Fniii'is II. |iiiii'laiiiis the re-establishnii'iit of the 
 I'liiulitiitiiiii "f 1S4S, n ilnly; the army in-nehiim 
 I'liiiiit ill- Traiii kin;; .... 10 .Inly, 
 
 Giiriitilli Uiiils at Melitii, i8 Any. : takes HeK;;iii, 
 
 ■21 AiiK. 
 
 IVd-i'tiiin in army ami niivy ; Fraiieis II. retires tn 
 liai'ta, 6 Sept. ; tiarilialili enters Xaph-s withuiit 
 lunilM 7 *'pt. 
 
 Ciiili'ilili iissinnes the ilii-tatnrship, 8 Hept. ; ;,'ives 
 ii|. llif Xi-apiilitan lleet to the Sariliniaii ailniiral 
 IVrsaaii, 11 S-pt. ; expelsthe.Ieslllts ; estalilishes 
 trial liy.iiiry ; releases piilitieal prisniiers Sept. 
 
 II,' n-jiiilsi'S the Xeapiilitans at Ca.ja/zii, ly Sept. ; 
 ,1,'fialstlleliiat the Viilturilii . . i Oet. 
 
 Till' kill!,' lit Sanliiiia enters the kiii;;(liim of Naples, 
 
 mill taki's eoniinaiiil of his army, whieli eonihines 
 with (jiirilialilis 11 Oet. i860 
 
 Naples unsettled tliroiiK'h iiitiiKiies , . Oet. „ 
 
 C'hililini ilefeats the .Neapolitans at Isenila, 17 Oet. ; 
 at Venafro ,8 Oit. „ 
 
 The pleliiseite at Naples, fte. ; almost uiiaiiimous 
 Vole lor annexation t<) I'leiiinont (1,303,064 to 
 10.312) J, (ji't. ,, 
 
 Oarilialill 1 ts S'ietor-Eiiimaimel, and salutes him 
 
 as kill;,' of Italy 26 Oet. „ 
 
 The (lihl l-ji^lish I'riitestant ehureli built on ground 
 ;,'iveii hy (iariUalili ; eon.seerated . 11 .Mareli, 1865 
 
 Cholera ra^eil at Naples .... autumn, 1866 
 
 (iieat eruption of Vesuvius liepin . 12 Nov. 1867 
 
 I.aml-slip at Naples ; 20 persons engulfed 28 Jan. 1868 
 
 Vietur-Kiiinianiiel, prime of Naples (sou of prim-u 
 llunilierl), horn 111 Naples . . u Nov. 1869 
 
 Maritime e.xhiliitimi opened at Naples . 17 April, 1871 
 
 (iii-at niariiie hioloyleal lalioratorv organised liv iJr. 
 Iioliin ' , ,873 
 
 Miinzo and his li.iml of liriKaiiils(.saiil to he the last), 
 destroyed liy siililli-is .... ao An;;. 1873 
 
 .Valional e\liililtiiinof the tine arts opened at Naples 
 tiy the kiln,' 8 April, 1877 
 
 De.iih of .Si.,to Ui.irio Sforzii. eanliual arehliishop, 
 a propoM'd Slli-eessiir to the pope . f, Oet. „ 
 
 Antiinio .Seialola, stiitesniun und liiianeier, died, 
 iiKi'd tii alioiit 17 Oet. ,, 
 
 lievivalofhripimhi;;!-, ('liietlyiiithesontli,Jnly, AiiK. 1878 
 
 Asi.'Uie ehiili'ia la-e.s 111 .N.iples and .S|,i-zz'ia (see 
 clfln-it). III,, ujii;; i-nerp'tie in ri'lii'vin^' the 
 snth-reis, 7-14 .•<ipl. ; ilisease ilyiii;,' out . e Oet. 1884 
 
 Na|iles visiii-d hyili,' kin;,' Humbeit and the em- 
 peror Willi.im II ,6 Oet. 1888 
 
 The kin;; iiiaii«ur.ites new sanitaiy works 13 June, 1889 
 
 Trial of till' iwo diikes ut Vilarosa lor the niiirder 
 of lieiit. I.i-oiii', a suitor lor the hand of their 
 sister, iu Ilei-. 1B88; one hroth.raeipiitted, the 
 other seiiieiieed tu 5 years' imprisoniiieiit ; iiiiieli 
 iiiili;;iiiitioii -j^ Di-e. ,891 
 
 I'aiiie thiiiii;;h lire ill a ehiiri'h at Tone dell' Aii- 
 iiniiziata, u deaths .... 25 April, 1893 
 
 Vi>it ot the kiiiL; and ipieen ami the (h'rn'ian em- 
 peroraml iness .... 27 Aliril, „ 
 
 lleeree is.siied suspend in;; the studies at the univer- 
 sity lor a year in eoiiseipieiie,? uf disorders, Feti. 1895 
 |(ii-neral history umler ltaUj.\ 
 
 SOVKItKlllNS OF NAI'I.KS AMI SIrll.V. 
 
 1151. Hi'Ki'i' '• (iifi^ii'il.^'i "i") •^'i"'"ii"'. I 1250. t'onrad ; son. 
 
 11:4. William I. the Had : son. I 125.,. Conradin, son ; hiii his unele, 
 
 lli. William II. till' (iood ; son. ,.^58. .Manfred, natural son of I-'r,-di-riek II., .seizes the 
 
 iiSg. Taiirnil, natural son of Kilmer. -overnnieiit ; kille,! at lieiiev.'iito, in 1266. 
 
 1154. William III. sun, siieeeeiled- liy C'onstanee, married I2f6. ('has. of .le/i,e, liioilnrof St. l.ouis, king uf Franee. 
 
 tiiHi'iiry VI. of tlermany. |C adin lalieadid, gy Oet. 126S.J 
 
 1197. Fri-ili'i'ii'k II. uf Uei-many (llnlccnstaiifen). 1282. Insurreetioii in Sicily. 
 
 NAl'i.K.s. (Ss'juiriition iiflhih'iiiiiiliim.-i ill i^Sj.) sirii.v. 
 
 i!3!. Oharle.sl. of An.iou. ,282. I'eler I. (III. of Arragi'm.) 
 
 i;S5. Cliiirli'S 11. ; son. ,283. .lames I. (II. uf -Vrragon.) 
 
 130^. liiilxTt the Wise ; hrotlier. i2,j3. l-'iederiek II. 
 
 1343. Jiiiuiiia (reigns with her liusliand, Andrew of Hun- 1337. I'eter II. 
 
 ^'nry), 1341-45: with l.ouis of Tareiito, 1349-62; 1342. Louis. 
 
 Jiiaiiiiaimt todeath (22 May, 1382) hy 1335. l-'ieih-riek III. 
 
 1582. Cliarli-s III., grands f Charles II. : lie liei-omes 1376. .Maria and Martin (her liusliand;. 
 
 kingiif Hungary ; assassinated there, 1386. 1402. .Martin I. 
 
 „ Liiiiis 1., titular, i-row 1. ,4uy. .Martin II. 
 
 13S5. Louis II., sun of l.uuis I. 1410. Kerdinaiiil I. 
 
 i3E'6. Liilislasof llnngary. ,4,6. Alphonso 1. 
 1414. Joiianii II., sister, dies in 1435, and liei|ueatlis her 
 
 doniiaions to liegnier of .Vnjoii. They are ae- 
 
 iliiirt'il liy ' 1435. Alphonso I. thus king of Naples and .Sicily 
 
 NAPLES. 
 
 1455. Fi-nliiiam! I. 
 1494. Al|ih,iiisii II. ahdieates. 
 1405. Ft-iiliiiaiiil II. 
 
 1456. Fri'dwie II. expelled hy the Freneh, 1501 
 
 1503. Ferilinanil III. (king of Spain). 
 
 151(1. Cliaili-s 1. (V. of (ieriiiany). 
 
 r.A Pliilipl, (11. onspain). 
 
 i;i!i. I'hiliiill. (III. of .Siiain). 
 
 NAPLK8. 
 
 1713. diaries III. of Austria. 
 
 (Sepaniliuii ofXiqilrit iuul SIcihi in 1458.) aie'iLV. 
 
 1458. John of .\rragoii. 
 1479. Ferdinand the Catholic uf Spain. 
 
 The Crowns United. 
 
 i 1621. I'liiliji III. (IV. of Spain). 
 
 I 1665. Charles II. (uf Spain). 
 
 j i7(x.. I'hilip IV. (V. of Spain), Boiii-bons. 
 
 I 1707. Charles III. of Au.stria, 
 
 {Seintmliiiii in 171.3.) sk-ilv. 
 
 11713. Vietor Ainadeus of .Savoy (exehanged .Sieily for 
 I SiU'diiiia, 1720.) 
 
 f 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 .'ii 
 
 ill 
 
 lU 
 
 
 I10 
 
 , %1 
 
NAPOLEON CODE. 
 
 740 
 
 NATAL. 
 
 
 5*i 
 
 1735. Clmrlts IV. (III. iif.'S|iiilii). 
 
 iSofi. 
 1808. 
 
 1815. 
 
 1835. 
 l8jo. 
 
 SAl'l U.S. 
 JllSCpll \,1]l(ll('(>ll lll>llll]>lll'tl'. 
 
 JiJiicliIni .Miii'iit, »lii>t ij Oi't. 
 
 TliKTworticii.itx 
 {t'art ti/the etiijnig nfHeniiinttf, 17^0-14.) 
 
 I i75y. Ki'idliiuuil IV. Ili 
 (St'iiiiniliiiii. ill 1806.) 
 
 I 180615. I'l'iiliiiaiiil IV. 
 ■5. I 
 
 TiikTwiiSicii.ikh. 
 
 Hlllt.V. 
 
 '*'''l)'. i!ioi 
 
 Kc'iilinaiul I., foiliiirl.v I'ViiUnainl IV., of NhjiIch 
 
 1111(1 ."Sicily. 
 Fninris I. 
 FiMiliimiid II., Niiv. 8 (tinned IvIiik Hijml)a). 
 
 1859. KlllllciM II., 22 Miiv; 
 
 1861, 
 
 ofNaim.kh: ,1,.|,„s,.,1: tied 6 (j,..,! -V '""I ''i^- 
 Arm, 27 Di'i'. 18.14. 
 Vic'tdi-Kiiunaiiiii'l II. iprsnrdiiiia, a.i Ki\,i 
 .Maivh : (s(.,. /(,,/,/, i-iid). 
 
 liwl 1,1 
 
 'line I M,. 
 
 NAPOLEON CODE, see Codes. 
 
 NAI'OLEON MEMOKIAL : Bubaoriptions 
 from till! lloval fiiinily anil Ihu thno scrvii-t'H furn 
 statue of priiico Loiiia Niipoli'.m (killeil in Zulii- 
 Inntl, I Jiinr, 1H79), wrri' i'IuhciI aliimt IS July. 
 1X71). The Htiituii was plarril in ISt. licdrge's 
 chapel, Wiiid.ior, .May, i8,Hi ; pliii iiij; it in Wist- 
 minstcr Ablioy Imviiiij bocn niurli iijiposi'il. 
 
 ^NARBONNE (S. E. Knuur), t'lf Konian 
 Nnrbn .Martins, I'onndi'd 1 18 11. c, niailc rapital of a 
 Visigotliii' liinKibirn, 4(12 ; niptiiiiil by tlie Sariiii'n.s, 
 720; n-laki'ii by I'lpin le Hri'f, 7^). Uaston dr 
 Yiiix, thi' lust vicomtf (killed at Kavenna, 1 1 April, 
 1512), re»i;,'iied it to the kiiiff in exihanf;^' for the 
 duchy of Nemours. .Many councils lidd here, 5S1J- 
 I374. 
 
 NARCEINE AND Narcotine, nlkaloid.s 
 obtained from <>/>iiim {ir/iir/i .«(r). Nareeine was 
 discovered bv I'elleticr in |8J2 ; .md narcotiue by 
 Derosne in 1H03. 
 Crystal li zed iiairciiie uas stated by M. Ijibonle at Paris 
 
 to lie an iiiinicnoiis aniestlietic, jniie 1890. 
 
 NARVA (f^sthonia, Kussiii). Here Peter the 
 Great of Ku.ssiii was totally defeated by Oliarlea XIL 
 of .Sweden, then in his iiincteenth year, 30 Nov. 
 1700. The army of I'eter is said to have amimnted 
 to 60,000, some Swedes attirm loo.ixx) men, while 
 the Swedes were about 20,000. Charles attacked 
 the enemy ill his intiencliments, and slew |8,(XX); 
 30,000 sim-endered. He had several horses shot 
 under him. He said, " Those people seem dis- 
 
 fosed to jfivo me exercise." Narva was taken by 
 eter in 1704. 
 
 NASEBY (Northamptonshire), the site of a 
 decisive victory over (Jharles I. by the parliament 
 army under l'\iirfax and Cromwell. The main 
 body of the royal army was eommanded by lord 
 Astley ; prince Rupert led the ri^jht wing, sir Mar- 
 maduke Langdale the left, and the king himself 
 headed the body of reserve. The king tied, losing 
 hia cannon, baggage, and nearly jotx) prisoniTs, 
 14 June, 1641;. 
 
 NASHVILLE (Tennessee, N. America) was 
 occupied by tlie confedin'iites in l86r, and taken 
 by the federals, 23 Feb. 1862. Near here the con- 
 federates under Hood were defeated by the federals 
 under Thomas, 14-16 Dec. 1804. Population, l8()0, 
 76,168. 
 
 NASSAU, II German duchy, made u county by 
 the emperor Frederic I. about 1180, for Wolfram, a 
 descendant of Conrad L of Germany; from whom 
 
 the warthe duchy wasniniexid In I'nis^j il,,.,! 
 20 Sept., and possessimi taken, X (l|.| ui/j,' 1,'"'' 
 lation of the ducl:y in l8(,s. 41,8, ,||. ' '''"" 
 
 17S8. (Viniit Kiriliiic Willi.iiii hiailiMUKc in ,n^ 
 1014. Williain (icnrKc, 20 .Vii;-. ' 
 
 18.19. Adnl|ilins-Williaiii-l,'liarlis. Imni 24 r,,!,. , 
 iissnined the reHcncv of l-uxciiiliur.- ,0 A .r'ii ',•'■" 
 lii'caine (,'iniid duke on the diri.usi' i,f 11 , J'" 
 
 i'nioiiand,2jxi,v. ,890. .si... ;„„:„,;::,""■' ^'"-i 
 
 NATAL (Ciipeot (inod Hope), 
 liinded here on 2.S I»ec. 141,7, ami hinn 
 lerra Natalis. 
 
 Till' Diilcli alti'iii|ili.il to coliinisi' it al.niit 
 'I'lic Zulu piiwiT cstalilislii'd aliiint . 
 
 nis, M'ttli'il' 
 
 24 July, 
 
 AlTil 
 
 if til, 
 
 'inj. 
 
 .Vasi'oiKiai,,, 
 niiiniii It 
 
 ll|.lcil to 
 cstalilisi 
 
 I, lent. KaiTWill, Willi siinic eiiiij;! 
 
 i-'apt. .\Ueii (iiinlinci's treaty wit 
 
 tlie 
 
 Diiteli ri'|inli|ic, Natiiia, set iiii 
 
 Hiilisli .... 
 Natal annexeil tii tlie lirilisli iins: 
 .Made a liisliuiiric (Dr. .lulm Win CnleiisiV l,is]|i,'|'J 
 
 185J ; anil an inili'iiendeiit eniuMV .' 
 Attempts to ilepiise liishnp C.leli.S'i fiii- iiii<,,|,||,i 
 
 Zulus, 
 
 'I Mav 
 
 I'Ut ilium livili, 
 
 12 Slav, 
 
 iHiniis . 8 .\iij 
 
 1?!1 
 
 lii; 
 
 ISil 
 
 MaiTurit 
 ai't witli 
 
 are descended the royal house of Orange iiow , Tlie,.conncil v..\.Mur a free and lespoiisilili.jr'v™ 
 
 reigning in Holland (see Oraiii/c, and llollund), 
 
 and the present duke of Nassau. Wiesbaden was 
 
 made tlie capital in 1839. On 2S .\pril, i860, the 
 
 Nassau chamber strongly opposed the conclusion of 
 
 n concordat with the pope, and claimed liberty of 
 
 faith and conscience. T^ie duke adopted the Xiis- 
 
 trian motion at the German diet, 14 June, and after 
 
 diictiine liaviiiK' I'aiieil, the lev. W. |i 
 
 was sent out as lip. nf Maril/linri,', tr 
 
 tliecleijiy iip]poseil to their liishop 
 
 Mee Chiiirh nf Eiujhinil, i86j-8. 
 .\ liisliiip iif Znlnlaiid aiipiiinled 
 .Mli'Ked insiineetii.ii iitCMllVes iimlei- l.aii-aliU-iM,,' ''"' 
 
 i|iilckly suppressed . . . .Nnv .p,,,,' ;. 
 He and ntliers were tried, it was sai.l illei,.allv a,„i ''"' 
 
 pnnislieil with iinprisniiiiienl ; he is sent tti '|i„i,. 
 
 lien island ... . \||,' : 
 
 Hisliop Coleiiso ca tii Kn^laml tii ailvmaiHit '''' 
 
 cii.se 
 
 .Sir (lariiet Wolseley .sent as tenipnraiy }.,iv,,nii,r " 
 
 Fell. ; LaiiKulilialele released, ami piaei.l iiii,|,,| 
 
 surveillance out of the coliniy ; sn- Caimi i,,. 
 
 turns ^^„ ... 
 
 fSiicceeiled liy .Mr, Walter .1. Henilall, appuiin,.,?,' '" 
 
 (Ireat dis.satisfactiini in the culiiny at this apiiiiim! "' 
 
 inent .\„y 
 
 Heath of liishnp t'lileiiso . ' 20,1'iiiie' ,;';, 
 
 (joverniirs iit Natal; Uolit. Win. Keate, 1867; u'. "' 
 thony .MiiSKrave, 1873; sir lleii.j. (.'.CI. Piii,.,',^' 
 Hir II. Kriiesl linhver, (Sept. 1878; sir (ian'ft 
 Wnl.seley, .May, 1879; sir denize I'miiernvCiilW 
 May, 1880; killed at the Iwttle of .M.ijnlm lliil, 
 
 , . , V W). i:ii 
 
 sir Henry h. (i. Unlwer noniinated unvernni, lin-, 
 1882; sir A, K. Ilaveliiek, Nov. 188;; sir I'iiarli.i 
 I). II. .Mitchell, Any. 1889; sir Walter F. IMy. 
 Hiitchinsun, June ; arrives . . 30 8f|)t. li-- 
 
 The legislative cmincil iitlers to ii.nlertaiii' the " 
 ttdininistratinii of Znlnlunil at the ci.st of the 
 ciilony til check the encroacliiiiK liners utmut u 
 Oct. ; sunction refused by the UritishfjnvmiiuMit 
 annonnceil 27 Oct. i!!> 
 
 .SlJKlit military inutiny ; two men killeil in its 
 suppressinn at Flirt Napier . . 7,\ii;'. i::j 
 
 nient 26Jmif. lip 
 
 At I'ietennaritzliniK (the capital) a statue iif tlw 
 i|neen liv sir E. liuehiii was nnveileil lij- sir 
 
 Charles .Milchell SJiilv, „ 
 
 The bill fur a new ennstitutioii voted . 3 Keh liji 
 
 raiiiament oiieiied 3o.\iiri!. „ 
 
 Constitutional bill passed, [tarliaiiieiit jihini^iii'il, 
 
 8 Aug. 
 
fll 
 
 i KN i 
 
 NATIONAL AORICULTKL. HALL. 747 
 
 NATIONAL DEBT. 
 
 ir> 
 
 ini.Y. 
 
 'iiii'Xr(lt„PniMi,l,vJc,.,,„ 
 itukcn K (.,.,. ,S(^;, 1, ; 
 «(>.,. 4()X,jl I. '" 
 
 i.llU IIIUill' IPl KK III |8,/, 
 \ll^'. 
 
 ^"^'^'■x. l"ini ,4 .hiiv, 
 
 i-"ri,iix(Miii.in-,oA|:ii,,,".::/ 
 
 Ml. tl».,l..,.HU,,.,,t,h,k-- 
 
 I«90. Si'i^ Luxrinhini, 
 nntl llnpc). Vusro ,|e f;,,„,j 
 I4'»r> iiiiil liiiii'c iiurn.ii n 
 
 iilnllisc it nl.olit . 
 
 •il Hliniit . , ■ ■ 'I" 
 
 c I'lllijJIIIIlH, M.|ll,,l' ■ I:!' 
 
 Mty Willi the Zulus, ■ ■ 
 '.Mav, ,.. 
 
 N>'t lip; l'lltiln«lll,y||„. ' 
 
 ■ ,' ijMjv, ,.... 
 
 isli piissi'ssmns . 8 Aik' ,-.'. 
 Ill Win. CdliMiso, liisi,,,,,)' ■*■ 
 ""■',''"»>• ■ . ,;..-. 
 
 "!' • "ll'IIS') fnr llln,,i,|„i ' 
 
 llic ivv. W. li. M,i,.n,|.i,. 
 
 .M;intzliin-h', t" art iviti, 
 '■"' ''i»li"|, Il ;,.. 
 
 iiijl'iii'l, ,86!-3. 
 >iiili'il . . ,;. 
 
 llivs nii,|,.|' l.aiwIiliiiWf' ■"' 
 N(iv..li„. ,1., 
 
 It WiisHjii.lilli-allv.iunl " 
 iiR'iit ; 111' is SL'iit tir li.iik 
 
 ., ' , ■ 4 AllL'. r-. 
 
 hiiKliiiiil t(i mlvcii 111,. Ills ' 
 
 as tiMiipnciiy K"ViTiiiir, " 
 casi'il, mill pliiiT.I iiiulrr 
 
 I'dlciliy ; sir (ialiiol |,.. 
 
 ,• • • • Aiii;. r; 
 r .1. Ni'iiiliill, ap|«iini,,i, ' 
 
 e ccplcjliy at this ap|i"iiit. 
 ■ N"V. „ 
 
 2c).lllllf, ,••■, 
 
 t. Will. Kcati>, 1867; All. ' 
 lir Hi'ii.j. (_'. (.', Pill,', 1S7,; 
 Hi'iit. 1878; sir llaniri 
 l-UuilIKl' I'lillli'lnvCillliv, 
 (! Iwltle of .Majiilia liijl, 
 
 27 Keti. u'l 
 (iiiiiniiteil pivmmr, liw'. 
 k, Xiiv, 188;; sirlharK 
 139 ; sir Walter K. Hi'lv. 
 vi-s . • 3° 'Si-pt. li;; 
 ilti'is til iM'It'rtakf the 
 laml at tin' cnst (if the 
 iniacliiiii; Unors atmiitij 
 ly tlie HritisliKiiveniiiitiit 
 
 . 27 Dct. i:!i 
 two men kilicl In iti 
 lii'i' . • 7 An;, i:i; 
 • anil rt'spfiiisihl,' ;:iiverii. 
 
 . 26 June, n-^ 
 nipital) a statiir , if I he 
 111 wa.s iiiivi'ili'il liy sir 
 
 . SJiiIy, „ 
 iitioii viiti'il . 3 Kfi) iiji 
 . 3oAiiril, ,1 
 I, [farliaiiu'iit iinirngiii'il, 
 8 Aug, 
 
 i,,iil,,r(i f two N'utiil ileli'Miiti'S, slr.Jdliii Unliiii- 
 
 ,11,1,11.1 Mr. .Siillon, witli lunl Kniitsliinl .May, 
 IliihiHy l""ii'iiKi' Kri'i! .Statu iipi'iiml . ii.Inly, 
 
 i8,;i 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 1897 
 
 I8q8 
 
 . *'Iii,il 
 
 il''.|ioii'«il'l" KuviMiiinniit (Infcni'il liy tlin l.iixisUi.' 
 imicoiiiiuil, about 7 Oct, 189^ ; apjiriivuil by tin, 
 iiiaiicll, 1 Miiirli, 189J ; bill pa.ssml by tlio eoiiii- 
 III, II .May; proclaiini.il . . . 4Jiily, iBgj 
 
 \iiiiiil»try foniii"!, sir .loliii K'lbinson, pnniiinr, 10 
 (let.; juiiliaiiii'iit oponoil by lliii Ki'Viiriiiir, n; 
 Oct.; priiniKiieil -.17 Oct. ,, 
 
 n»ii8W pailianii'iit opfiiud by tlin novi'nior, 
 
 .-5 Ajnll, 
 
 Miiil train fruiii .biliaiiiii'slimt,' \vii.i'ki'il imar Our- 
 tall, 35 ileatlis (mostly woiiirn ami I'liililri'ii) 
 
 Ju ilt'C. 
 
 Mniiih' ri<sl..itaiii'i< to thti iiiiiiilttmtiuii of Imlians al 
 Imrliaii, ii'porti'il lat 
 
 .<.iJ. Hoiiiiison ii'sl>,'iis ; ninv ministry foi'ini'il by 
 III." hull. 11. focoiiibi', att.-gi'ii. I ) I'Vili. ; ri'sij^hs, 
 jihti'ikIi'iI liy .Mr. Hiniis .... 5 (let. 
 
 Ilnti.ili si|Uaili'un, iimli'r ri'ai'-ailminil lUwson, 
 ariivMiit 'Miilian, 10 April ; li'iivi'S . au April, 
 
 Aiiiii.iiitioii of Ziiliilanil iiKrci'd to , 17 lli'c. 
 
 Tlwiaoiitlily output iif I'oal, jo.lxxi tims in Xatal ; 
 III,. Kuvi'riiiiii'iil ollius to supjily II.. M. navy 
 liilliii;,' at Durlian, 12,000 tons of coal aiinmilly, 
 tree of cost, jo .Maruli ; ucccptcil urati'lnlly 
 
 ■i April, 
 
 Tlie toivii-liall at I'ictcrmaritzliiirt,' liuiiil ilowii 
 
 la.lnly, ,, 
 
 Pij.ulaliiiii. ,i2f'.957 (3ri.4'Xi wlilti's), 1876 ; III 1886, 
 442,6^7; il' 1891, 54i.y'J' '^'■i' ^'iliil'in'l. 
 
 NATION AI; AGUICULTUKAL HALL, 
 
 >e,' under Aiinvnlluni. 
 
 NATIONAL ANTHEM, «(■«• GodMve tlie 
 Kiiiii. 
 
 N.VTIONAL AS.SEMBLY, FuEYoir. 
 
 I'liDii till' proposition of tlie alibc ^it-yi.!, tlii. sliitcs- 
 giiicral of Kraiicc constituted tliciiiselves llie Na- 
 tiiiiiul Asseiiibly, 17 Jiiiie, f;Hi). Uii the 2otli llio 
 hall iif tlii-i new assuiiilily was sluit by onler of the 
 kill?; upon which tlie dejiiities of the Tii-r.i Kliil 
 niuiireii 10 the Jin de ruiime, or 'ri'iinis-iinirf, anii 
 swore not to dissolve until they had diKi'sted a 
 oniistitution for France. On the "22nd ihcy met al 
 the church at St. Louis. This iissenihly abolished 
 the state relisjinn, aiimilled monaslie vows, divided 
 France into departint'lits, sold the national do- 
 iiiiiiis, cstalilished 11 national bank, issued u,s- 
 slsiiat-s and dissolved itself 2 1 Sept. I7<)2; see 
 yntioiKil CniiiriiHuii. In liS48 the lejjislnture was 
 ujaiu termed iho i>i'iitional Assembly. It met 
 4.M;iy, ami a new constitution was proclaimed, 12 
 Nov. Anew constitution was once more proclaimed 
 b; Louis Napoleon in Jan. 1852, after dis.solvine; 
 till' National Assembly, 2 Dec. 1851. I'lie present 
 French National Assembly was elected S l''eb., and 
 met 12 Feb. 18:1; new constitution adopted, 25 
 Fc'i. 1875 ; see France. 
 
 NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, Gekmax, see 
 
 Gentidiii/, 1848. 
 
 NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. One was 
 
 firintd ill 1581, headed by the earl of Leicester, to 
 protect queen Elizabeth from assassination, in con- 
 seijuence of the discovery of various jilots. Anotlier 
 was proposed in tlie house of commons, in Feb. 
 Il*/), by sir Kowland Gwyn, for the defence of the 
 person and ^'iivernmeiit of Williuni III. soon after 
 the discovery of the assassination plot (u-liich mr). 
 The iiicnibcis of both housi's of parliiiinent, and the 
 inujority of the male population, joined it imme- 
 iliately; all persons holding office under govern- 
 ment were required to be members; see Aid to Sick 
 ami WuuiuSat, Arlilkiij, Ails, Culuiiiv.s, Em- 
 ploi/ers, Furimrs, Socinl Science, and Volunteers 
 for other national associations, 
 
 ^NATIONAL BENEVOLENT INSTI- 
 TUTION, established 1812, incorporated 1859. 
 
 I'ensions are granted to decayed gentry, and to 
 professional people, teachers, and otiicrs in reiluced 
 circumstances. 
 
 NATIONAL CONVENTION of FuANCE^ 
 
 constituted in the hull of the luileries 17 Sept, and 
 formally opined 21 Sept. 171)2, when M. tiregoire. 
 at the lieud of the National Assembly, announced 
 that that asseniblv had ceased its functions. It wa» 
 then decreed, " That the citizens named by the 
 French people to form the National Convention, 
 being met to the number of {71, after having verilied 
 their powers, declare that the National Convyiition 
 is eoiistituled," 'I'his cnnventiim continued until 
 a Mew constitution was organised, and the Kxecu- 
 tive iJirectory was installed at the Little Lii.xeiii- 
 bourg, I Nov, |-i;5 ; see Dirictdrij. The Chartists 
 {irliult .«■(■) in England formed u National Coiiven- 
 tiim in iHjq. 
 
 NATIONAL DEBT. In 1^93 an exci.se act 
 was pas.sed, granting duti(!s for carrying on thu 
 war with France ; the act also secured certain 
 reciimpenses and advantages to such persons as 
 shoula collectively advance 1,(01,00(1/, for the same 
 piirpiise ; tins sum was spucdily siibsia-ibed. The 
 iieriiiiineiil debt began by the cstahlishmeiit of the 
 lliink of Fiiglimd in i(i()4, mainly through the 
 exertions of Charles .Moiitiigue, aflerwards earl 
 of llalifa.x, under llu^ condition of its lending 
 money to the Kovcrnment on interest, the repav- 
 meiit of the principal not to he deiniindcd. The 
 rapid growth of the debt was mainly caused by 
 foreign wars, and its reduction was continually 
 demanded. See .SV«c/,-.«, Siiikiinj I'liii'l. and I.uci'i' 
 I.iKiiis. Debts of the metropolitan authorities by 
 loans, rejiorted by Mr, Cosmo Kose-liines (Z'twics, 
 24 Oct. l8i|S), libout 3K,coo,(XX)/., \earlv eliiirge 
 about 2,S(K),()iio/, Mr, I'l. ('. llurdctt puis the 
 total debt of the Knglish and Welsh local authori- 
 ties at 202,742,804/, i8i)v 
 Amxitnt 11/ Ih' Siitiiinid I'liht, seo IVarn, 1689 rt .■ii-,/, 
 
 ifi')". JiiJ".otii', ; i7u[, l.•,55■J,486^ ; 1714,36,175,460/.; 
 
 '748,75.Si.;,iJ.!/. : i76j,ij2,7i6,o4(j(.; 1792,239,663,421/.; 
 
 1815, 861,0(9,049/, ; 1820, 834,900,960/. ; 1830, 
 
 784,803,997/.; 1840,789,578,720/,; 1850,787,029,162/.; 
 
 1856, 807,981,788/, 
 
 Dibt 
 
 £785, .19,609. 
 
 . . . 16,689,00a 
 
 (31 .March) 
 801. Funded debt 
 Unrnnile,! 
 Funded ilelit 
 Unl'iindcil 
 Flllldeii debt 
 Uiil'iinded 
 Funded debt 
 Unfunded 
 
 1881. Fiinileddelit 
 Unfunded 
 
 1884. Funded debt 
 Uiifunded 
 
 tB66. 
 1871. 
 1876, 
 
 773.313. "9 
 8,i87,7oi> 
 
 732,043,271.) 
 6,091,000. 
 
 713.637.517 
 '11,401,800 
 709,078,526 . 
 
 22,077,500 
 640,631,095 
 
 14,110,601^ 
 
 1885. Funded debt 640,181,896. 
 
 Unfiiniled 14,033,100. 
 
 i886. Fiindeil dclit 633,849,6(14 
 
 Unl'iiiiiled 17,602,810 
 
 1887. Funded debt 637,617,640. 
 
 Unfunded 
 
 17,517.900- 
 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 
 Funded debt 609,740,743 
 
 Unfunded 17,385,100 
 
 Funded delit 607,057 " 
 
 Uiifunded 16,093,322- 
 
 Funded debt 585,959.852 
 
 Lnt'inded 32,252,30^ 
 
 Funded debt 579,472,08^ 
 
 Unfundeil 36, 140,071) 
 
 Funded debt 577.944,66i 
 
 UiifHn.leil 33,31^,^94 
 
 Funded debt 589,533,082 
 
 Unfunded 20,748,270. 
 
 * Including Suez Canal lloiuls, i 
 3,990,000/. ; 1878, 3,929,200/. 
 
 1876, 4,000,000/, 
 
 'iff' 
 
 % 
 
 an 
 
 niv,ri%:' 
 
 I I I 
 
 w. 
 
 -1- m 
 
I! 
 
 IP* Hi 
 
 I 
 
 A 
 
 %y'-''' ■■ 
 
 '"'jI' ,' ''" 
 
 |!Hr 
 
 » » s ' ' •" ' 
 
 ',%i:^\!i^$i 
 
 m 
 
 
 i MH 
 
 !'■■, 
 
 1 IsHmHi 
 
 ? -r*i 
 
 i M^H 
 
 1 I 
 
 ■I^^M 
 
 ll '.\ 
 
 HHH 
 
 m^^ 
 
 J^^M 
 
 mki 
 
 ,\lltn,lllll Ihhl o.l 
 l8y4. KlMliliil ili'lit . 
 
 I'ljUiriilnl , 
 iSys. Klin.lnl .|i lit . 
 
 I'hliMMl.d . 
 it.96. KuiiiIpiI ill. Ill 
 
 UlllllMlll'll . 
 
 1897, Kiiiiili'il ili'lit . 
 LJiliinili'il , 
 
 lilqS. Kllllili'il ili'lit. 
 
 L'lihiiiili'il . 
 (K\ilii.iiv 
 
 NATIONAL DEFENCE. 
 
 ilunn.l. 
 
 74H 
 
 NATIONAL UVWV). 
 
 •J 1, 446, 300 
 
 S86,ul5,yi9 
 
 17,4uu, {uu 
 
 5>im,I46,B7a 
 
 9,975, 8u<) 
 
 5B7,09S,7ji 
 
 8,IJJ,llOLI 
 
 5ej,78U,uim 
 rti'i'iiiiiiiililt'iiiiliiiltii'S, I'Htliiiati'il, 18A7, 
 
 bfcli Hilled Kii'iilly iHIKIiHiilinl 
 cliiiMCH. 'I'lic jiri'scnt cililiii. 
 ilrcitfli 
 
 '>:. t"i<» "i"i ,„„. 
 
 «l|lll||v, 
 
 I'll 
 
 c(l t.y Mr. WilkiiiM, HUM ,„„,,,„, 
 ui"M,.,li, A|iill, |S,H. ImJiiIv, jM:- ,;„' " •"■i 
 miimintril III niiisidiTllio iinipni.tv' ,',i „.|,„'V, ''"■;;" 
 piiliiiu.i rrpiirli'il In t'avuiir nf ilii.i|. | .'"-'IIim 
 
 Mini 111 IMIk 
 
 a?.*-".."!' 1' ; 187^.55,749,070/. i 187(1,51,^11,^^7/.'; 
 J878, 4'>.J.15.5«'V-I 
 Till' Xiitiniml Dclil iiiiil I.iiciil l.iiuim Ant {innnvil 11 July, 
 
 I8S;. SIT /.I'll'/ I.U.IIIS, 
 
 .Ml. .Miillliiw ulliilly Diusf, fill ily .M.l". fm- Lmith, 
 
 lii'i|lli;llll.s llliiillt 4t),.Kji,/. InWiiiil.H uXllUHUlHllillK tllU 
 
 imliuiiul ili'lil ; lii'iiinl 17 .All)!. i,.i87. 
 Till Nali.iiiiii D.lil Ittiliiiiiiiiuii Art with niiiialija |imi. 
 
 vlnliiiiH wiiH imswil ; ruyul ii^hchi, u Ajuil, 1889 iiml 
 
 i('9). 
 .Sir hliill'iiril Niirtliiiitu's art |inivli|i'H the niiiiiial i'Iiiiiki' 
 
 111 j«.i««i.<«.)/. ; till. Kiir|i|iis ti) Iw iluviiti'il tn tliu i«- 
 
 iliii'tiiiii 111 Ihi. ili'lit 187I). 
 Till. iihiiMi'l liili'irst Ml 1850 wan ai,S().',257/. : ami the 
 
 tiital iiili'iv.si, iiiiliiiliiijr aiiiiiutii's, liiiiiiiiiiti'il tn 
 
 27.'»>9.74"'- "II 1 •''111- if^si, lli|. liilal iiiiiiili.|.|ii(.il 
 
 •ili'lil lit (iival lli'itaiii ami Iri'laml w.ih 7(.g...7j,5(ij/., 
 
 the I'liiiiK' I'll wiiiih lor iiiliii.f.1 ami iiiiiii,iniiiii.|il w.i» 
 
 -•7,(ijo.44()/. Till tiil.il i.|i,ii-i. III! thi' ili'lil iiir iiitrri'st 
 
 ami iii.iiiami'iiii.iit, 187J, j(i,hiy,ti.,i/. 
 .Mr. L'iiililii!! I'laii l.ii iviliinni; iiatiiimil ili'liI liy tfriiilii- 
 
 alili. alilillilli-.-., niliilmlirlli- itiSj, A I'll I, iHA f'. 
 .Nalii.iial liilil Uiiiivtr>iiiii ul .Mml, jirt |iii,si.il 5 July, 
 
 l£iS4 ; acii'liti'il, 17 (Irl. liij^, lii.cOO.m^j/. |ii|";:.J Jii'V 
 
 ii'iit. ; 4,45i,ixiu/. fur ii iif' cent,, l,y yiivi'iniiiuiit, 
 
 nearly ij,i««j,ixxj/. 
 A lal claipr n.iliu.i.il by j,ckx),»x)/., April, 1887. 
 
 H<'iliii.t.il to a5,(xx),ooo/. liy new not iiasseil, inval 
 
 unMeiit, _(i .May, 1889. 
 .Mr. (iiLselieiis .Natinnal Debt Ctiiiver.slnii Aet ; rnyul 
 
 assent .<7 .Mureh, i8iL'. 
 
 1.) iiereeiil. siiii.k reilneeil tn j} till 5 April, igoj, nml 
 aflelHIirils 111 2J, new stuck nnl reileeinalile nil 
 5 April, iv...,.| 
 >atii)iial ilelit reileinptiiin aet passeil, i8g.j. 
 
 KSILMATKIl KllUKIIIN NAIIIlNAI. IJKlll'H, 
 
 I'l'lllinill^ ,„ 
 1 ■ l^.l'.'l/. «,,|,. 
 
 I:lptllli; the iiiii,., I 
 
 llln;lmil.lintft.M..vl,iliili„„ mrne.He ,,!'"' 
 
 IW.I, the Nail I (Jallerv was re .'''■'• 
 
 1 " 'I itltir 
 
 tlleir prcMIlt liieillll 
 viiti'il III he expi'iiileii 
 
 l.ll 
 
 hlivllix lleell eiiiseil 1 l«:lit liiuiUh. iiriji,,, 
 tillR. wreiit lliipniveiiiems were imuie in theli,, , 
 iirrMti;;eiiient«. On u, June, |,S,i: tli'ii ,'''''''. 
 n.mmiiMH vuieil 2o.,xx,/ tiiliuyl.imliiieiilJr,.;! 
 liiiililiMK, Mini nil ,iel l.ir lliis |nirni,<e w,.. , 
 15 July, iKUi. Visiti.rs ill I.SUi, -^i' r.'',';f'l 
 i)ll,()5«; ill lH.Si, ,S4.,,(j„4; siiii,','i,;„'i'| "^■'' 
 
 .«.M.., pieliires m.,o. Tlie «all. ry 'e I,!;,,,; , ^;'; 
 piililie liuMi ,J til Ij |i.iii. 1.11 .Suiiila\»,3 May js;, ', 
 
 ■I '«. 
 
 I / ftf '/. iMi^i, 
 
 Siri'InirlesKasllake, ilireetnr, ,85o;.,|i.Kn.i| w „„„ 
 1004; Mr. (alterwarils.,i|.) Kihianl ,| p.ni,,,'.. .''' 
 
 iHv4; Mr. Ilawes llarisnn Turner siiei i'Ui«,'. ,'" 
 
 I.. Kastlake, .,„ years- keeper, . mV '.j ' "•'■■ 
 
 A p.irliaiiieiitaiy return kiM's a list "f |iiit'iniVi,i'..l;,'i'; 
 111 iir piueli.iseil li.r the Naliiiiinllialli'n ',''!'''' 
 .■hleil, .sM,|.,|Ueatheil,aml „, pnreli,, ll' S* I"" 
 
 fill. 
 
 ."I'leiiii, 
 
 1884. 
 
 jCyn.ooo.ooo 
 
 loti, 000,000 
 
 85,000,000 
 
 21,000,000 
 
 jg.tioG 
 
 1 1,01.10 
 
 Kranee . ,£780,000.000 I llnllaml 
 'taly . . 406,500,1x10 I I*oitu>:al . 
 
 'Russia . . 578,ooo.ixxi I i>el;;iuni 
 
 Allstri.l . . 346,000,000 I llreeei. 
 
 ■Spain (iSfii) 512,1x10.000 liiinin.'inia 
 Turkey (1881) 106.000.000 | Denmark. 
 
 NATIONAL DEFENCE, see Cnh,,,,,/ 
 
 JJiJiiici.s CiiiKiiii.y.iidii, tiinler Culiiiiiv!', 1879, y<ifii/ 
 
 (iiiil Mihtiiiji Ai/iiiiiiis/ndioii, iNi)5, 
 
 lies.ihitiiins viiteil in the eiiiiiimiin. I'm- siipiinrtiii},' 
 
 iiiTai.j;eiiieiits with the enhmies in pinviiliiiK ships, 
 
 ite., 8511, <xxi/. ; anil f.ir ilefen f varimis ports ami 
 
 eiialiii),' stations, 2,6<xi,oi«)/. 15 .Mav, i3S8. 
 ■Xatiimal DelVmie Ai't passeil n Au«. i833 ; ainitlier 
 
 aet imsseil ji .May, i88y ; see .Viii-;/, 18S9. 
 
 NATIONAL DRAMATIC ACADEMY 
 
 was iiniiioseil hy iirotessur 11 Miirley ami otliers in 
 l87<j. 
 
 NATIONAL FEDERATION (Irish) .'stii- 
 blisliod ill (iii|iositiiiii to Mr. rariiell, liv .Mr. ,/nstiii 
 ll'Cartliy ami otiier M.l'.'.s, siipportecl'liy tlii' K. C. 
 •binhops nml el, rgy ; iiiaiijiiiriil iiieetiii;; al Diililin, 
 10 Mareli, l«.^l. Itsoi-yaii is the y 11/ ioim/ J ',rKX, 
 lir»t publiuheJ, 7 Miiicli, l8(>I. See Jnhiii'.l, Mareli, 
 i8y2. 
 
 NATIONAL GALLERY, Loxdox, lugMu 
 
 with tlie i)illelia.sL', by the Ihitiali ^'overnim-iit, of ^^z^.. iyj^^n.ia 
 
 theAiiK«r.steiiieoll..(itioiio('.5«i)ietur..s,lor.-;7.0(JO/., ! institiitedbv Uiu Coimiiitteu of SalVty at I'aiis .« 
 
 Y.' 11 '*'n ■ '"' r/''"'"""'' "'■ l!!''"' .t»"|' i'l'"'« i" n J i.lv, 17*) (the (lav before the ilest'riie.inn oflhH 
 
 /,«,;? XI 7i' 1'" 1, ]'■' '•■'y- s*"' '/• J'™"'"""'' H'l-tiie), to ii„iintiun"or,lei- ana .leleml till- public 
 
 (I«2)), Ml. Holwell CiiiT (,1X51), and inuny other lil„.rtv. Its lirst eoloiirs were blue and rtJ, 10 
 
 A'f.M'.l.'iiieii, us well lis the lintish iistiiiition, i;,,,,. wlneli white was added, when its finiiatioii w.,j 
 
 iributed iimny line putmvs ; and tlie eolleetioii has apjiroved by the Iving. Its uction wiu sm^ ^/m- 
 
 i>.' the (IJ imii liases, whieli has I 
 
 years, lias been 254,5^7'. I'l' to 1871, 'i;? ,,.'i,'? 
 
 lel'l, expemleil. Tile I'eel leili.,,, (,,;' !i . „, "' 
 
 louKhl l.ir 75..»j<,/., spriiiK. 1871. Tw tiiL , 1 ' 
 
 lllellheini Ciilleetion ttele li,ii|>;|il liir 8 ■ ' 1 ' ' 
 
 ■ 885 (Uapliaels ■• Ansiilei Madonna 't;!'; "I ' 
 ••(on^iess iif .Munster," a niaslei-.pi,.;,.' „. i' ,, "' 
 
 .Mr. Wynii Klhs (.i silk nieivhant, burn ,Iiilv ,,8^,1; , 
 
 27 .Nov. 1875) lieiiuealheil al t bi«> pii'tinv,. ii,V;, 
 
 .Nalliillal (i.illeiy on eertaili e liti,,,,, |l,..„i,.,„ 
 
 imw Kalleries I'reeleil by K. Harry : pieiuiv, le-an-.,,;,!,' 
 .\u^',, 187(1. " . 
 
 Alioul i,,.„iiil p,ii,ilin^;sili Iheualleiv . M,,,,!, ,:: 
 
 Mr. Iliuiry Tale present- 57 iniii|enipii'.tnivsn..,|,i,.|V;,;'. 
 9o,u,«/.)aiinoiiiiee.l 8 .Mareh ; ileelin,.,! i,, n,, ,,,,'■ 
 iiieiit lor want of spaie ; the piven,,,,',,,, ,„„';,'; 
 lilarin« his iiietnies in ;;alli«ies iit .Snutl, Ki.ii,i, .,,, 
 26 .Inne iFyo; sir .li.liii Millais ■•ii„i,.,.|,f k,.,,,.;,,; ; 
 boii-htiy sir Henry late(5,,„, ^.-s.) i,i 11,.. l|,.|,t„i,,,,|„ 
 (11 April, in'.senti.il by Inni t., Uie fallen. .M.n e' s 
 
 I'br f llie earl of li.elin.is pielnles |iiiriiia.V.|'i„Vt'i, 
 
 tjalleryl.irss.i.xV. (llollie,„,-.Ai„li..,,,s„l,ir,,',„„|,,,'!, 
 piiitraitsby Vela.si|ue/anii.\liir,ini). ivp,ii;,.||.||,iv ,: 
 
 (The ^'ovellilm 11! ;;a\e 25,000/., Iiil'il li,i-,|i«||'i|',| ";, 
 
 l'..lH;ir.l(;niniiess(sineeli)rillveaKli)aiii|.\lr.ti,aiU 
 (-'otes, I aeli 1.1,00,1/. I 
 
 Mr. (iiiiw sir) William A^'iiew iilfeis tu pivsent ioco>' 
 lowarils the ereelioii ol a speeial Xaiimuil salliTv.t 
 liritlsh art. mar Keiisiii-tiin palace. 21 .|iil» 1-,,,' ' 
 
 An amin,\ us ilniior (.Mr. Ileiirv Tale) llm'ni'.li ')], 
 
 II pliiy Waril, ulliis to the ;;over ■ iii cii,,«i;. 1 ,r 
 
 the ereetiiiu of a .\aliiiiial Kalleiv uf l)nli,li \rt 
 March ; acce|iteil by Mr. (loscheii, irj .Maicli, ,$,,' 
 nut a]i|iro\iiiH of tlie site pii,p„s,.,| i,y u,, 
 government, withiliaws his olh'r, \ .M.-inli, 1892. 
 
 Tlie site of .Millbank pri.soii pmpci.seil hv (;'iin.naiii.[! 
 .Nov. ; aeee|iteil by .Mr. Tate (bart. M.lv. i3„»), \t^\ 
 1892; the bnilililr.;, ilesii;lleil by .Mi, Siihi,.y Siii;iii' 
 erected by .Messrs. HIkks ami' Hill, ..pi.i,,,'! |,v i'],; 
 prince (if SVales, 21 July, 1897. 
 
 A collection of Oiiiiisborounhs jiiveii to tlio iiatiou by 
 the Mi.sses Lane, llee. ifiyfi. 
 
 .Mr. (.'has. lliilmyil appointed keeper uf tlie (iallen- it 
 lirltish Art, July, 1897. 
 
 Mr. Tale 
 
 NATIONAL GUARD of Fuaxce wu 
 
VATIOVAI. l[KAI/ri£ HOUIKTV. 7W XATTOXAf, VlfJILAVCK AHSX.' 
 
 If'' \ Kilt. u,„l „,„. 
 
 •"'•>. '^.r. ..:■.„;„; ■",; 
 
 "V "' 'I"'"' ivh, l' 
 
 "'''l'""K' II,.. ,,,iir,| ,, , 
 I'm pur,,,,,,,. ,„iii\. ' 
 "ly wiH r(M|„.,i„,i ■ . ; 
 " """"I", 'tuin, «|, 
 "■'■"■nmu, MitluMiii,,,, 
 
 ""'■• ';^"> ""■ 1""'». ' 
 " '"yUiH i'M,il„i„,, ,1, 
 
 I Ills iiiirii,,'!' u,,. V. 
 
 n liila .' ' ''"'111 
 
 04; Kiiin snu.i („r j,'.': 
 ''. 2"."^S/. I.,,i,„,. • 
 M 2-|,(««i/., I,.|l i,/,^^' 
 
 "■ «iiil'iy (,i„.i„ii t., ,1 ' 
 
 I f5Ull,lllv,,3l|;|> j,S„,I 
 
 '■.i95o;«irKiT,l w. Id,,, 
 ''•;'l»i"''l .1. I^,^l,l..r u,l!' 
 
 '"'""i»iii immi. i';,;' 
 
 ■'"■',' . : ■ -M "vi,. ,: : 
 
 •«" .'I I'^iiiirv ,s/ I 
 
 " j;j I'liivh:,,,,!. ri,;.,',„, 
 
 '■';,'"'" l'"i"-M'nil„v,r, 
 
 /•I'," "'7'. .'.7.l«'.k, 
 
 ■'•1 '■"llci;li„i. (7u |,l'lii„„ 
 
 .1871, iw,.|,i,.|uft,,.ri|,' 
 
 l-ilKil l„i;Sj,5,J.,l|„,( 
 
 I .Mll'l.illtUl 70,UJ,J,). IT. 
 
 II iiiiist.T.i,i,T,. „r r,.|i„„„ 
 
 , piVSCl|.,.,( l,y »ir li|,,|,„„] 
 
 limit, linni .Iiilv, 1780: i|i,,| 
 
 illnilll Soil phtlirra l„ |i„ 
 
 'li' '""'li' »■ ll.-.t»,|; 
 
 Harry; lu,-iiNv»i,..|||.f,„,^„l^ 
 
 llli'K.'llKv . M.nil,, ,::, 
 
 ""l''ii'l'ii'liii''Mialii,.|i,„i;;- 
 I'll ; 'ii'iiiii.ii i,\ 111, ^, ,,,,;, 
 ; til,' K"\''niiii,.|it |,ii,,,„„, 
 
 il,'«i,'Sllt .Xl.lllll K,.||.i, M„„ 
 
 Mill;,i.> "llnl, r,,| |j,.l,.,„.' 
 5,'«-»>^-s.)mI11i.,||,|,i„ii',v, 
 I I" tli''uiill,n..M,,v, ,; :' 
 
 ■i l,i,'llllv» |„llrli,|.,-,h„V,"j'„ 
 lls-'Allil,,-!,,,.,,!,,!,, .|,„|„,j 
 
 .M,,n,iii), iv|„iii,,l,|,iiv,|;,^ 
 „u,<.,;., I, ,1,1 li,,jiiM|iili '., 
 Iiiril lvciij;li)illi,|.\li,(liaii„, 
 
 w ,,lf,-is t,i iii',.s,.|it lo.co-;, 
 s|„'ciiil Niili,,iiiil ^;i||prv,i 
 
 Oli ],mI|U',., ..1 .llilv, lif,/ 
 
 lli'iiiy Till,.) tli'i„ii);|i Jif. 
 Ill,' K"M'niiiii'iit5o,,W. liip 
 i;il Kiilli'iy i,f Uriihi, Art, 
 r. CiM-lhii, 19 Mim'h, 15,1,' 
 f till' .-.il,. ]ir,j|i,)se,| l,y tl, 
 is iilliT, , Miirch, ,891. 
 
 |ii-,)|„,s,,,l liy (jiiimiiiKtt, 
 ill,, (liiirl. M;iv, iSgO), IH., 
 iii'd l,y Ml. Si(hii;.y siiiiili, 
 s 1111,1 Mill, 'iiii'iinl by lli# 
 1697. 
 ills nivfii to tlie nation by 
 
 KD ()!•' FllAXCE wu 
 :ru of .Siil'i't) ill I'aiis uii 
 \iiv tile il('strui.'ti,inul'th" 
 ■1- mill ili'ti'iul tlio public 
 i wuri- liluf and rcJ, 10 
 wlii'ii its Cinuiitioii wii 
 Its uctiuu WHS soon pars- 
 
 |,»J bvtlii' rrviililliiin, mill it rciiscil iilliinrtlu'r 
 iiiiil,'rthi' fiilisiiliiti' iinil I'liipirr, It was ri'vivnl 
 j,, Xnpoii'iin in rHi). iiml iiiiiiiitniiii'il by I.imm-, 
 jVlll,, liiit HUH linikrii up liv Chui'lcu X., iil'tcr n 
 iiraiiltuiiiiiiri'vii'iv in t><2j. If winrrviviil in iK^o, 
 ,„,! ll,.|!" il 1,1 pliU'i' [.lillls I'llillppr nil till, tliniiic. 
 |,i l,s.jS (!.< n',"n*liliili"ii iinil ll< i'uliir«i'iiiriil Iri.ui 
 \,jmUi ii»i,i«>c' iiii'ii li'il t'ltlu' trittlilliil i',inllii't nl 
 Jiili,', i^>^^ It< i'i)lii«titilti,ili WIH fill irrly I'liiiuirnl 
 inJiin. iSsJ, wlii'ii it wii» wiiliji'ctcil rutiri'iy t,, tlir 
 funtml of thi' tfovi'i'iiinrnl, Koniuu'ly it liiiil iniiiiy 
 privili'ifi'i'. »"'■'' "^ I'liiiusiii^f its nwii (iilii'c'i'K, iV,'. 
 jn i,„n«'i|iii'ii' I' "•' I'"' ili'li'riiiiu (if part iif llie ' 
 yili,inal (juiii'l mill Hu' iiii'niiiiM'ti'ivy ,if tlir red 
 jiiriiiK till' "iitliri'iik ill I'uris in I.S71, it, (friuliiaj 
 rwlili'in W'l" ilrirri'il liy tlii' iiiili,iiiiil ussi'nililv at 
 
 VfWiilN (■|'<''<-i.vtV 2.f' All'.'. iH;i. 'I'lu. | .'|.|',ii 
 
 JimriiMMli'iil lii'l-'mi in SrptriulMT. .Vatiiuial (liiariU 
 Imi, lii'i'ii ,'sliililislii'il ill Spain, .\a|ili',, niiil iillin- 
 , ;;iiiiii,», liiiiinu' till' pii'si'iit , 'lilt my. 
 
 XATION'AIj IIHALTM S()(nETY, 
 
 ; iiiil.il in i,S;j f,,i' fliii i',,lli'iti,,ii mill iliU'iisi,,!) (,| 
 .(iiitiiiy kiniwlnl;;!.', liy Iri'tiircs ami ntliiTwisi'. 
 
 N'.VriON'ArilSTS. 'Ihi' iiaiiii' takiu liy the 
 l„,rt\ ill Iriiaiiil ili'iniiiHliinr Iririslativi' imli'prn- 
 ,|,iiiT, \'i'.. iippiisi'il liy tlir rniiiiiists. Si'i' liihniil 
 [Ymiiiii}, lliiiiif liiili\ I'liniillitiH, mill Si/iiinilixfs. 
 
 N'ATIIlN'VrilTV ; n wnnl nnii'li iisial sin,,, 
 iXjS. Ill I'i'laiiil, lliiniim-y, Italy, anil (ji'iauany, 
 iliflniiryli'liiniati'inality lia.s l„i'ii l,iii^' aiiils,'vi'ri'. 
 IiilSiyiajritiiti,iiil''irllii.spiiiii'iplrli,'t;mi in llnlii'iiiia, 
 ^l3^,lllill, anil nllii'i' iiiii'ts nf llu' .Viisli-ian I'liiulri'. 
 Till' niitioiiiility of rri'li.inl is tlir .ill. 'ire, 1 La^is uf 
 llifFmianiicifiitiim ; hvk In/iiiiil, 1.H70, mul //»//(, 
 
 NATIONALIZATION, kc See mulcr l<,,„/. 
 NATION'AL liEAGUES, see Li'iffiien, mn\ 
 
 Irrt'iiiil. INS.', (/ *"/. 
 
 XATH »XAL LIIJERAL FEDEIIATIOX, 
 
 sie nmlir /.(/" i<ils. 
 
 XATIOXAL OPERA HOTT.SE, N.TlmnKs 
 Knikankiiii'iit ; Mr. Mapli'siui, priiprietur ; Mr. V. ||. 
 Fnivlrr, iiriliili'i t ; Mr. Win. Wrbster, rimtnii'tur. 
 First lirirl; 1: id liy Mile. Tii'l.p'in, 7 Sept.; first 
 »/,.»r laiil liv the iluke lit' Kilinliurali, 16 Dee. 187^. 
 Failiiii' of the scheme repnrti'il, N'uv. I1S77. Mate- 
 rials sold, ;4 .Iiiiie IiSKo, c^ .«'■'/.; estimateil lasshy the 
 f,liiiiii' iilioiit i(w,(X)o/. ; the buihling was pulled 
 iliwn.Miiy, ISSS. 
 
 NATIONAL PORTRAIT EXHIRI- 
 
 TION'.S [irnpiwd hv the earl nf Derby, earl (iran- 
 lillr, and nlliers, nt a ineefiiifj in I.mulnn, 1 1, July, 
 l^i'v They were held in what liad been the re- 
 fn'Oinicnt niiiin of the Kxiubifiiin uf iK(i2, at Smith 
 Kensington. The 1st was i)|)i'iieil Id April; elosiaj 
 iSAus. i.SWi: 2nil, opened j May; eloseil 31 Aur. 
 1S1J7: 31'd, opeiH'd 1.5 April; closed 22 Aug. "1868. 
 
 NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY wag 
 
 ik'tirniincil on in Feb. 1857, in pursumiee of votes 
 frurabotli houses of parliaiik'iit. The Hum of 2000/. 
 Mas iipprii|iriated for the purchase of portraits of 
 prrsons eminent in Uritisli history. DonHtioiis are 
 ri'i'i'iypd under certain restrietiona. The Railery, 
 Gt. (jeorjre-atreet, WestniiiiHter, wasopenod 15 Jaii. 
 iSiO. Director, &e., George Schiirf, c.B. ; k.c.ii., 
 iS'l.i; litemry artist; horn, 1820; died, iq Ajiril. 
 i-'o; 6Uiieca,ain Air. Momtl Gust, Ajiril, 181)5. 
 llic lolloction was removed to South Kensinjrton 
 Dec, 1869, and re-ojiened 28 March, 1870. The 
 pictures removed to Bethnal Greon museum for 
 
 safety iiller the lire nt ftie tmliiin luiiseuin, Jim,,, 
 l88v A valu.ilili' iidlei'tiiiii i,f Nuiinii.il I'lirtraitH 
 iippeareil at ihe .Mini 'liester I'Miibiliiin in 1857. 
 
 ■riii'iiiiiii|iiis,irsiillsl,iii\ al Ml,' Il,,val Aca,|,.Miv,lliinei'. 
 stal,-,| that lb,' (,'"V,'iiiiiieiit liiel iv,.,U,.,| iiii aiciiyi , 
 
 ''."','■ •" '■! ' « bllilillllH lor III,' .Nlitlnliul I'nill'llil 
 
 tiiiiliiy. If a sll,' W' ri' pin 1,1,,]. ., Mia, iS8,i. 
 •Mr. W. If. Al,'\iiii,li'r liii\lii„' civi'ii i'.,,r,,,/. lb,' 
 , iiMitli .'vli.'iiillyol' th,' Nall,iiiiil(iiill,'rvcli,,„.ii l',,r lb,- 
 
 Hltrnflb,' |i,'Wl,llll,lllit;,.|iily; bill |,as;,.,| vft ,1 111 V, I '18,,. 
 
 ■ '; '■/, ■'■ V,""^ ■"■'■■■"■'il-' 'i"!' I'l'iliidtsiiliiladl'iiw. 
 iiius l,p III,, liiilb'ry, iiiiii,>iiii,',',l. (, lii'i'. |8,,,. 
 
 'I'l w Kiilh'i'y 11, St. Miullii s-|,ljie,,, W.C. Ml I 
 
 I 4 AjiHI, i8t)6, . 1 , 
 
 .\iili„iiifl fiTlivil i;<illrr!i f<,r ^■•'•,"M/l,^ — |n,noor,ilfci'i',V 
 liy a Ki'iitliiiiinn I,, fiiiiii it i"<llec||,,ii an,! eiei-t a biilbllii' 
 
 188.I-4, The blllbllli'j III hMllllilll'xb was i,|„' I by l|ic 
 
 niiiniiilsor I,.,ililiiii, ,,,|,iiy, isg,,. 
 
 NATIONAL itEEORM UNION, see umlei- 
 
 lirliinii .Isf'iridfiiiii. 
 
 NATIONAL REVIEW, Conservalive, lii.t 
 nppeaii'd .March, |,S,'<;,. 
 
 NATIONAL SCHOOLS, see /■:^/,m,/iuii,mu\i 
 
 Mi{.sir. 1 87 J. 
 
 NATIONAL SOCIETY for pioiuoiinc the 
 
 I'.iliicaliiiii lit the l',ior ill the priiiciplis id the estii- 
 
 hlisbeil I'liiinli of Kimliiiiil, |',,iiiide,| i,S|i, ii rpo. 
 
 rated I'S|7. Ill |,SS^ there were 2, VS^ (7 1 children, 
 and 2M,ii(H),(XKl/. have been expended.' ■rraiiiiii'' 
 I'ldle-es; SI. Mark's, ('belsea, Wliifelaiids, and 
 llattersea. .Vniiiial niei'tiii);,. 
 
 NATIONAL TE.STIMONIALS (subscribeii 
 tor) were presented to limvlainl Mill (f„r his e.\er- 
 ti,iiis in iibfainiiif; the peiinv postii-e), i" June 
 l'8.)(,; and In .Miss I'Mori'liee '.\i«hlin'.;ale (fnr hep 
 beneliceiit exertions fnr the siilb'i-ers during tho 
 I'nmi'an war), 21) \,iv. 1855. 
 
 NATIONAL THRIFT SOCIETY, fnrm.d 
 lit Oxford in 1878. Meilinirs havi'bein held at the 
 Mansi.iii llouM', I.niidiin. i,S,So, ,/ «■,/. The ereetion 
 of n Thrift-hall piM|,os,.d, ;i Dec. i,S87. 
 
 . NATIONAL TRADE SOCIETY formed 
 
 111 .liiiic. 1871,111 watcli over and secure the interests, 
 nf traders, and iiniiiiote ainendnieiiis in the law 
 alleciiii); coiiinierciiil interests, I'lesideiit, rt. limi. 
 W. II. Smith, Ml'. Civil Service tiadini,', the ml 
 eonii' tax, and internal imial exhibitions have heel) 
 considered by the cniiiniittee. 
 
 NATIONAL TRAIN INCx SCHOOL for 
 
 .Music, South Kensinirlnii, foiinib'd by tho duke of 
 hdinhurKh, 18 Dee. 187;; opened by'him, i" May, 
 187C1. * ' 
 
 . NATIONAL TRUST, for plaees of historic 
 interest or natural beauty; an nssnciatioii founded 
 hy the duke of Wesliuinster, the inaniuis of 
 DulTeriii, the earl nf Koscbury, and others; first 
 ineetintr, lO Nov. 1893; tirst iiniiuiil meetinir, Lon- 
 don, 9 May, 1895. 
 
 NATIONAL UNION was formed in 1868 to- 
 eorabine a number of aas.iciiitiniis supportiiit; tho 
 Conservative party. Lecturers were employed and 
 pamphlets circulated. The party was termed Na- 
 tioiialiata in Auj,'. i87r. Lord Uimdolph Chuivliill 
 was ehairmiin in 18,84. Conference at Aberdeen, 
 K) Oct. 18,84. The twentieth annual eonferene' 
 held at O.tford, 22 Nov. 1887, and iit other places 
 since. 
 
 NATIONAL UNION CONVENTION, 
 
 see LnUed fitateii, l8W), and Dec. 1890. 
 
 rrM?^,^^u^^ VIGILANCE ASSOCIA- 
 HON, for the promotion of social purity, and the 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 my 
 
 !«■ 
 
 1 
 
 !"' ; 
 
 f I 
 
 ^A 
 
 Ml 
 
 i^' M-'' 
 
 -k0 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i ■ ' ' ' tl 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 :.''.i^ A 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
] 
 
 mm 
 
 w 
 
 1 
 
 IM^'V 
 
 ,i 
 
 NATIONAL WOEKSHOPS. 
 
 V)0 NAVAL AKCHITECTUEE. 
 
 iiroteeUon of women nnd children, founded by Br. 
 <i. HiddiiiR (l)i>lio|i ol Soiitliwell), Jlr. Samuel 
 Jliirley luid dllieis, ilanh, uS86. 
 Anmml ni etiiifc's iiiv lii'M, latest, Kxfter Iiall, ij ,Iiily, 
 1S98. 
 
 NATIONAL WORKSHOPS* see Ai,'/Ur^ 
 yulioiiaiix. 
 
 NATIVITY. There are throe festivals in the 
 Konmn and (ireek churches, under this name. The 
 Nativity of Christ, also observed l)y tlu' I'rotestants, 
 on 2; bee. (."^ee C/iri.itmax) ; the Nativity of the 
 Virjji'n Mary, not observed by the Protestants at all. 
 Voue Ser^-'it'is 1., aliout (x)0, established the latter, 
 hut it was not generally received in France and 
 <iermanv till about icxx. ; nor by the eastern Chris- 
 tians till the I2th century. The festival of the 
 liativity of St, John tlie Hafitist, 24 June, Midsum- 
 mer-day, is ^.',id to have been institiiti'd in 488. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY was stu.lied bv Solo- 
 mon, 1(114 li.c. (1 Kii'!/" iv. r-,) ; .Vristotle (3S4-322 
 n.c); hv Theophrastus (.V)4-2')7 n.c); and by Phny 
 <2?-79 A.D.) ; see lliitdii;/, /oo/iii/i/, &c. 
 
 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, see Philo- 
 ■soplii/. 
 NATURAL SELECTION, see Specitn. 
 
 NATURALIZATION is detined to be " tlie 
 making a foreisjiier or alien adeni/en or freeman ol 
 jinv kinfrdoni or citv, and so liei'omin-, r.s it W(re, 
 hoth a subject and a native of a kiiiif or country 
 that bv nature he did not helonu to." The first act 
 of naturalisation passed in 14.?; ; and various similar 
 .enactments were made in most of the reii^ns Iroiu 
 tluittime; several of them special acts relating to 
 individuals. An act for the naturalisation ot the 
 Jews passed May, 17^^. but was repealed m 1754, 
 on the petition of all the cities in iMifjland ; see 
 Jetrs, for the privileftcs since sranted them. Ihe 
 act for the naturalization of iirinee Albeit jiassed 
 2 Vict , - l''eb. 1840. A committee to imiuire into 
 the naturalization laws, appointed May, l8(xS, earl 
 of Clarendon chairman, niet2S0(t. lS(.8; re]iorted 
 about Feb. l8(j<); and new acts for this iiiirpn-e were 
 passed 12 May, 1870, and 25 July, 1S72. In 1870 
 there were about 05(X1 Americans m F.njilaiicl. and 
 about 2,-00,000 Ih-itish subjects in the Tniled Slates 
 of Ameriia. Bv the new act the latterwere cii.ihled 
 to renounce their alhriance ; and bv the coiiven- 
 tion signed 3 Feb. 1871, the nationality of lintish 
 fluhiects was made dependent on choice and not "i. 
 birth Naturalization (abroad) net passed, O Jul\ , 
 
 NATURALISM, " realistic style ill litera- 
 ture, mainly introduced by lialzac, l^2'h ,f x,y 
 "Naturalism" is now detined as the knowledge ot 
 ph'eiionieiia, and the laws by whi( h they are con- 
 necte.l, but nothing more. Some writers e.mibiiie 
 with naturalism, agnosticism, positivism, and 
 ■empiricism {ir/iii/i xn). 
 
 Ivliaon.l and .lulcs (U> (ioiicouH pulplishc.l " .Medical and 
 
 I'livsiological Novels," i8.ifi, '( -"/■ „ . „ , 
 
 Ki.iile /ola, ill bis " H..iiK.m-MMcqiKiit seiii's ,871, il 
 
 v,i Lortraveil dctniiiicd and dis.'iised lallier tliaii true 
 
 natiire .v'.lnncitised form .d bis •■ .Vssunininir, en- 
 
 tith-1 • Mrink," bad a long run in Lmidon in 1879. 
 
 \ATURE, a weekly illustrated journal of 
 
 science hitt^appeared 4 ^")\ '*(}: -}it--. Mr. 
 
 Joseph Norman I.ockyer, F.i. S. Mr, Alex, .Mac- 
 
 .,„iliaii, one of the foumlcrs, born 1818, di",!. 25 
 
 ,lan. l8(i(i. , , „ 
 
 ■flic I-Ycncb publication, /.<< Kntnrr, appcarcl in 1892. 
 
 NATURE PRINTING. This proeesB cim- 
 «ist9 in impressing objects, such as phuils, mosses , 
 
 feathers, &c., into plates of inetiil, causiiv tin., 
 objects, as it were, to engrave tbcmsclvi.^ ,|,"'i' 
 afterwards taking casts or copies lit f,„- iin'„,'j,^',' 
 from. Kniphotf of Krf'.irt, between i72Siiiiil i--'' 
 produced hxfslhrbiirium ririim by prcsAnj. iiii.,,!',,";; 
 Ihemselves (previou.sly inked) on paper; -.In. n, ^ 
 pressioiis being afterwards roloiind by .i;,i|,l 1'" 
 IHU, Peter Kybl, of Coiieiihageii, niaiie ir-ciif si,,,,! 
 rollers and lead plates. In 1842 Mr. Taib.r pri,, ,,j 
 lace. In 1847 Mr. Twining printed IVrns, ^r|..,j,|,_' 
 and plants; and in the same year llr, ISninyniiMi.'i 
 gested the application of eleitrolypii,;r („ ||„, j,|;] 
 pressiona. In 1849, profes.sor l.eyduli, .ilViiDn,' 
 by the able assistance of Mr. Andrew Wiirnn,, „|',; 
 tiiined impressions of agates ami fossils. Tlic'tii.t 
 practical application of this pnniss is in Vm, 
 lleiitler's work on tlie Mosses ol Arpasi-li. iirir:,,,. 
 sylvania; the sciinid {\]\fjirst in tliis iMimti^ ,' ji^ 
 "The Ferns of Great Ih-itain ami Iiilinul," |:,i'|,,.,| 
 by Dr. Lindley. the illustrations to wbidi wn,.,,,, . 
 pared under the superintemleiirc of Mr. ||,„,,- 
 ISradbiiry in 1855-5(1, who also in iSVi-lx) iirii,i,;| 
 "'''he Hi-itish Sea-weeds," edited by \V. (,, .I,,),,,. 
 stone and .\lex. Croall. The process was ii]i]ili|.|| (,, 
 butterflies by Josejih -Merrin of Gbiincstcr, in isi.^ 
 
 NATURFORSCHER GESELI- 
 
 SCHAFT, see (liriiiiiii VniuH. 
 
 NAUCRATIS, see under Eipjit I-fphnil,,,, 
 Fioid 
 NAUTICAL ALMANAC, ih-st publi*iii,ii„ 
 
 17(17, edited by Or. Neville Maskclync. u.^tmimn;,,, 
 royal ; tne new and imiinived series be^'iiii in iS;,;, 
 l»r. John Ku.ssell Hind (died 18115), for ii,;!,^! 
 years superintendent, was succeeded by Mr. \. Jf, 
 Sv. Downing, Jan. i8()2. 
 
 NAUVOO, Illinois, N. America a eity of il,e 
 Mormonites(»7//(7i'.vc/); founded 1840; Urt'i'*4S, 
 
 NAVAL AND MILITARY ADMIXI- 
 STRATION, lloyal Commission ii|.p„intc,l ,„„. 
 sisting of Lord llartington. Lord l{. I'hunliil!, 
 Lord Kevelstoke, Mr. Campliell l!aniicrni;iii, Mr, 
 Isiiiay, (ieneiMl lirackenbury, Aiiiinral Sir F, 
 Uichards, Sir IL Temple, aiur.Mr. W. 11. .Smith,- 
 June, 1888. 
 First report, containing various n'cniiiiiii'iiil.itinnswisi, 
 
 I'vidcnce, issued jo Marc li, 1890. 
 Mr. K. Stanbope, tlic war si'crelary, rciiorts tlii')irn|<,vil 
 
 fur tl stalilisbnieut of a council witliin tlicraliiint, 
 
 fen- naval and inilitiirv aHiiirs, to dciiil,. on ,|iicsij,,|, 
 l.cluccn tbe two deiiartlneiits. also to cstalilislin n.r 
 ellici' council and .a iiruiiMitinii board, i.iiily, iSuj 
 Tbe " Naval and niililary eouucil,' tlie diilir ur IVm;. 
 sbiri'inesidciil (catiiliet luinistels), cstalilisliwliln"',;. 
 
 NAVAL AND MILITARY OFFICKIIS 
 
 ASSOCIATION, instituted to pr.mae m\\\. 
 nient for retired ottieers, proposed spring iSSj, 
 
 NAVAL ANNI^'AL, a valu.ible |uilili."itii.ii, 
 begun bv lord Hrassev in |8,S(); ciiiitiiiiii'il Ky i.is 
 son, Mr,'T. A. Brasscy. in l8i)(i il s((j. 
 
 NAVAL ARCHITECTS' IXSTITf- 
 
 TIC)N was establislied in Jan. \XU). .\ma[ 
 inlernalional sessions are held ; a mcetiiii: iil Pifn, 
 I lord Ih-asscy. ]ircsident, ir Jniic. iH\ty. iit II n,. 
 biirL', ') June; lierlui, 10 June ■/ .«'/, (the im|Mi.r 
 present II June), 189(1; London, (1 July, 181);. 
 
 NAVAL ARCHITECTUliE. A soimiiii, 
 commit lee of tifleeii aipoiiited to ennsiiler tlv j.n- 
 sent state of naval architecture, and tlie miuin- 
 nieiith of naval warfare ; () naval ollii crs, osciciiiilic 
 men ; lord Dull'erin idiairmau ; about lo Ihc I^;c^ 
 A royal school of naval arcliitectuic, cstiiblislioliit 
 
IHITECTURE. 
 
 s of inutiil, cmisiiij; tl,,,,,. 
 LMifrnivi' tViciiisclvw ■ ,11,1 
 or ('"liirs m f,„. ,„,'„,•„. 
 ■t. Iictwrcii I72Siiii(| |..." 
 ■/rHmhypi-fssinj;,,,,,,,!,;,',;; 
 iikc(l) ,„, ,Ki„,.,.; .,1,, i„; 
 (Is cildunu iiy,,;i,ia. 1,1 
 I'lihii^in, iii;»iiMi.-i.M]|\|,,.| 
 In lS42Mr.Ti,vl„r,,ri„,,i 
 111^' nriiitiMl tVnis, ..,■«<<,>« 
 mil' yen- Dr. liriinv,|| ,„,'; 
 t'leclrotviiiii;,' to lli,. [.'. 
 
 f('ss„i- lA.init, nivi,.,,;;,' 
 
 Mr. Aiulrc« W ..niii" „|, 
 itcs and f„.sils, ■ll,;'j,.J 
 tins pn.iT^s is ill v„|, 
 oKsivsol Ai-|)MM-li, ii, Triin- 
 ii\/irxt in tliisoijuiiin, i,, 
 itiiiii iiiid In-biiiil," i;i'i,„| 
 rations til wliirlnnici,,,. 
 nlcnd.n.c nf Mr. l|,iiiv 
 o also in iS;i,-(<) ],|.j,,,,;| 
 ," Cllilcil liy \V. (,, ,|„|„|. 
 Tlicpnii-i>; was,ipiili,,ii„ 
 niiof Gliiuicstcr. in \s,., 
 
 HER GESELL. 
 
 ( iiiuii. 
 
 UIIiUt B,:/l,t lifj,!,,,;,!,,,, 
 
 AX AC first iialili<ln,li,| 
 llf Maslii'lyni', a.itmiiiiii;,r 
 lived siTics lii';;;iii in iJiy^ 
 .1 (ilii'il l.Si)5), for iii;i,iv 
 13 succecdt'd liy Mr, A. Jf. 
 
 N. Ami'rica a .■ii\ of il,.. 
 foundi'd 1.H40; lil't'i'*4,s, 
 
 TLITAKY ADMIXI. 
 
 nnnnission a|iiii,iiiu.,l .if,- 
 Ston, Lord U. duinliil!, 
 .'auiiilicll lianiicniKiii. .Mr. 
 .■nlmry, Aiiiinr.d Sir 1. 
 , and'Mr. \V. 11. Siimii, ■ 
 
 riiMis ri'i'iiiiuiU'iiiliitiiiiiswi'ji 
 li, 1890. 
 
 I'l-ri'lary, ri'imrts llir ]irn|(,vil 
 a ('iiiini'il williiii tlii'raliiii.i. 
 Iliiirs, til ili'i'iili' iiii,|ui.stiM! 
 M'lits. alsii til I'.sliililislmti- 
 Kitinn linanl, s .liilv, ,;(,, 
 I'uinic'il," llii-iliil,iM,r |i,.v. 
 
 lilli^tl'^s), I'staWi-lli'clilii .;, 
 
 litai;y()FFrti!s' 
 
 itlllcil 111 prmiik' iiii]i\. 
 ]iroiiosi'<l spring i8Sj. 
 
 L, II vahialilc |i\ililirii!iMii, 
 in iHSd; I'dntiMiud U ;,i, 
 in lSi)(i (7 !.i(/. 
 
 ITECTS' IXSTIir- 
 
 d in ,lan. I.S(«j. .\in,ii;ii 
 (■ lirlil; a nii-rtiiii.'iilI'ii!H, 
 
 1 1 June. I.S115: at lli;i,. 
 1 ,l\iiii' ' / sii/. (till' ™!|i rr 
 
 l.iindiin, (1 July, liMj;. 
 
 [ECTUltE. A Sfiiiilili.' 
 winlod til iiinsiilurlliivri- 
 litrituri', and tlii' ni]'.irv 
 
 () naval iifliii'rs, iisfiiii'ite 
 irnian ; almut |i| Dn". l^i', 
 
 arc'liitcrtiuT, cslalilWiiiliit 
 
 NAVAL AETILLERY. 
 
 751 
 
 NAVAL BATTLES. 
 
 Sduth Kensington in 1864, merged into the Royal nnd loniciidunitini'n. Van Timiiiiwas tin' Dntcli 
 
 Vital CollPKi'.Greonwirh. | "ml lihikc the Kii-Msli ailmiml . ' is'-.o Kel/ ,651 
 
 u lliiiiiirii'fft, of (iiMii'va, announced liiH discnveryot ; ■'^*i;,""v ",".,*'"' •"^'"■"' '•'"ri'liiiid, Tlin Dntcli and 
 '.rtivkiiiiliifki'id til Klidi' over water, Aii},'. 1881. KukUsIi llcets eonsi.stfd of near 100 men-of-war 
 
 NAVAL ARTILLERY, VOLUNTEER' Ji""k, and l;ean!:7;;"K;S.'''«i"'lM^ 
 
 FORCE, Royal, estublisheil by act piissod 5 An^'. ^'■^'"^ ■ 1 1 »ii"k. and the rest ran into Calais nia'i 
 
 is:3. 
 
 Hi March 22, 1889. n proposal to ntilise tlie.ie volunteers 
 idiiiare .sfatimied at various ports, was made In tlie 
 
 l.msiMifl.irils. 
 
 NAVAL ASYLUM, Royal, begun at Pad 
 
 Again, on tbe eoast of Hollaml ; tlie I)ntili''li',s'e"io " 
 men of-war and admiral Tronip was killed (the 
 seventh and lust battle) . . 11 ,Iiilv 
 
 At ('ailiz. when two -alleons, worth 2,cx»,ooo idee^s " 
 of eij;lit. Wire taken liv lilake . . Sept ,6-6 
 
 Jini;ti>n in lH()l..»iis transferred to Greeiiwieh in '^l'"!''.-^'' "'■'',< ^'""liiished, and liurnt in' the liai'hniir 
 
 469 
 
 410 
 406 
 
 |So-. Tlic interior of the central portion of tlic 
 building was eoinineneod in 161 5 by Anno, qiiccn of 
 J™ii'sI.,iiiiil<'"'»P'''''''!''> 1'',IS l>y qiieon irein-ielta- 
 Jlaria, wlio.se arms still iidorn tlio ccilin,!? of tlio 
 lo.jin in which her son Charles II. was born, 1650. 
 
 NAVAL BATTLES. 'I'lio first sea-tisht'on 
 rirordi< that between the Corinthians and Corcy- 
 rrins, WJ; B.C. The follnwinf,' are among the nnist 
 flicbratcd naval eilgagenient.s : for tlie details of 
 Mliifli see separate articles. 
 
 11. c. 
 Biltle (if. Siilainis {Greek vietory) . . 20 Oet. 480 
 
 liillloiifKiiryiiiedon (ditto) 
 
 Eilll'-iift'yziiii.s : the Laeedemoniaii fleet taken by 
 
 .Uiiliiiiile.s, the Athenian 
 
 lljttlfufAi-Kiiiusa! 
 
 Ibttli- of .K};iis|iiitanios (8partjiiis victors) . , . 
 Till' Persian fleet, iniderConon, defeats the Wpartan, 
 
 ,il I'liiiliw; I'i.saiiilcr, the .\tlieiiian admiral, is 
 
 killiil ; and the iiiaritinie |iower of the l.aeede- 
 
 iiiMiiiansili'stniyed . , .... 
 
 llittli'iif.Mylie(!ioiiians defeat l.'arthaKiniaiis) . 
 Tlir li ail fleet, otf Tivpamnii, destroyed liy the 
 
 lartliaginiaiis ' . . 
 
 TlieCartliaginian fleet destriiyeil liy tlie consul Ln- 
 
 t.itiiis 
 
 Itatli'iifArtiaiii \ 
 
 Tiif inipmir C'lainlias 11. defeats the Goths', ami 
 
 ^illks jooo (if their ships .... a. I). 
 I!,illlMifh(|iaiitii (Turks defeated) . . 7 Oct' 157 
 
 Div.if tiiliraltar : Dutch and .Spaniards (a bloody 
 
 riiiiHiri and decisive victory, giving for ati the 
 
 .ni.rinrily til the l)at(di) . . 25 .\|iril. ,607 
 
 Till' .lustiians defeat the Italians at Lissa (see l.issii) 
 
 20 July, 1866 
 
 SAVAL EX0A0EMENT9 IN BUITISH HI.HIiinv. 
 
 Illaltoifonsiilcrs that the naval glory of Kngland 
 nil first Ih" tniced " in a colitinm'ins track of 
 light" from tl;e period of the Common wcallli.l 
 
 .tifml with 10 galleys, defeated loo .sail of Danish 
 |iinitcson the UorsetaiKUIamiishire coast Asw's 
 Ufi'jjAlfml 807 
 
 K'livanl III. defeats the Frenidi near iSlnvs 24 ,Jiine njo 
 I OiTffiiichel.5ea; Edward 111. defeated the Spanish 
 &ei(i:EsimjitiJ.i.iiir «oT)of 40 large ships, and 
 
 '■i|'"nT'l26 29 Aug. ,,,0 
 
 i lilt Kn-lish and Kleinings ; the latter signallv de- 
 
 2o.\|iril, 1657 
 
 yati-it. 
 
 LiiliifAnniilel defeatH a Flemiuli fleet of 100 sail 
 
 :inil raiitiiivs 80 .... 2, .March' 1087 
 
 XiarMilfiml Haven; the Kiigli.sli t<ike 8, and du- 
 
 striiy 15 French ships . . 
 (Jlillarfltiir ; the diike of nedford takes or ilestr'ov.s ^ 
 
 iii'arly 500 French ships . . isiii'i; ,,,f, 
 
 I In tlir l)own.< ; a Spanish and Genoese Heet 'can- 
 
 taml liy the earl of Warwick 
 
 r. Santa Cruz by Blake 
 F.nglish and Frcmdi : 1 50 (if the H(irdean\"'th.et' I'l'e- 
 stroyed by the duke (if Vork (afterwards dames 1 1.) 
 
 The (bike of Vork defeats the Dutch Heet off Harl "''^■' 
 wici ; Opdam, the Dutch admiral, lihmii no. with 
 all his crew ; iS capital ships taken, ,4 destroyed 
 
 Tlleearl(lfSandwi(dltook.2lncll.o^waramd'India "^"' 
 
 slops . >..|,,,( 
 
 A contest between the Dutch and English fU*ts for " 
 four day.s. The English lose 9, and the Dut( h ,, 
 
 Decisive engagen'ienl 'at tb'e mo'iith ('if the Tliiimes' '^^^ 
 tlie English gain a glorious victory. The Dincl'i 
 hi-a.^^24 men-id^war, 4 admirals 1-- ■ ,,,,i 
 
 lie i ^'::;, "i";'''!' "'"""■"i'i';'Wt.T sails ... j^tiZIl - 
 
 4001 and destroys some .ships ,, Tm,,. ,<;,;. 
 
 405 I Twelve Algeriiieshi|,.s of war ilestroyed' by .sir F\i: ^ 
 I ward Spiiigi' ' w 
 
 ^^1 S'^,;;;'il;;.;^^tve,r^''^'«"--^"'"'-'^^-^ 
 
 Oft licachy Head ; the En.gli.sb and Dutch 'defca'teii 
 
 liy the French inidciTourvillc ,„ 1, ,„ . 
 
 Who isdefealcd by then, nearCape I,a'lI(igmM^ Mat-' ^^^ 
 Oft St. Vincent : the English am', Duti h*; i,', .trons^' "'"^' 
 under admiial liookc. (Icfcated by the Flvm'li, ' 
 
 On^'^'rtliag Uietwceii admiral licnbow 'nid'Z "'" 
 
 Kiu'dlt ''*' '"'"""""'^■'' *'y iubuiial Du Casse. 
 
 Tbe other slii|,s of t'hes(jiia,lr'on falling ast.'nMcfi ''°' 
 JCnbow alone to iiiaint.iin tlie battle \ (d'ciin- 
 
 c,,',',',,."'!'".''''''"'.,'''' '"- •'■'■' '"■ »""l'' ""t !« 
 
 In"; 'n"'.i""' 'I'liirtcr-dcck, but coiitinncl 
 
 fighting till the I niiig, when the Fremdi 
 
 sheiucdotl. Me (lied in „ct. following, oV'His 
 wiinnd.s, at .laniana, where, .siion after his arrival 
 
 wi,!','.r'H'''r"ii "■'■'■ ':'■'"" ""■ '■''■'■"'■I' '"lii'lral, of 
 whiidi the fidlowiiig is a translation :— 
 
 "C.irtliagena. 22 Ani' noa 
 
 •«.«. -I had little hopcs,^oii.M„, jMasHnt 
 
 to have supped ill yiiur cabin ; yet it pleased God 
 
 to iirilcr It iithciwise. I am thauklnl for it \.s 
 
 or those cowardly captains ■.vim deserted vou, 
 
 hang thciii up, lor by U-d they deserve it. ' 
 
 Captains Kirby and Wade were shot oiiTlieiraiTival 
 ut llymoutb, having been previously tried bv a 
 ciiurt-iiKirtial. ' ■" 
 
 '^''■^;,;;;.';)^j;';H''''k<''l>'f'eutstlie French licet off Vigo 
 
 Olt.Mahiga ; li'hi.i.ly ciigagcincnt bctwc'n tin'. Fivnc'h ''°' 
 ""■(•r the count of Thouhiu.sc, and the English' 
 
 ,".".'.'.'•'■ ^''-^--'^''Hoiikc . . . ,/.v„!;.' ,,„, 
 
 2CIO 
 
 249 
 
 241 
 
 31 
 
 269 
 
 ■37> 
 
 ;l«tui.vc.l ,8 .Nov. : the Du(,.h .ndniira! 'miU in 
 lumiilia Iiiiingl, 1 he cliaimel, wit h a broom at his 
 
 h':I"lhetar'""""'"'"^'"''"'''^""''""-'^"«)-" 
 |Tli..Ki,j,.|isl,„,.|i,, a victory (iver tli'e Diil.dHlcct'i'dr "^'' 
 l"rl.iiiiiiuth, taking and destroying „ men-of-war 
 
 ^.Jt^"""!? between the English admirals ,, Feb „, ,., 
 on Cape Fini.stene : the Ficml, Hcet of 38 sail taken ' ' 
 by admiral Anson . . -^ , ,1,, ' ,, 
 
 OH- Finhstiure: when .admiral Uawke' took 7 nien-.if- ' ' 
 war (It the ficmdi ,, ^)^,^^ 
 
 Of ^'I'Wt'i (Hand ; when admiral Uosiiawei'i took 2 
 
 '"^■"-"f-«''"' .oJune, ,75i 
 
 l!i!|M •»%. l\ 
 
 IF. 
 
 \i'. 
 
 
 ^P'SM,;; 
 
 li-,. Ill ki 
 
 •t ii ii'" 
 
 . f* ! 
 
 I rii ! 
 
 ,l|l T!f 
 
 .'* 
 
 iMf!' 
 

 
 ; u ; 
 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 »■•<«! I 
 
 iH^^ 
 
 k; ^'■" , 
 
 
 XAVAL BATTLES. 
 
 Off C.iiie Fraiicoise ; 7 sliipsilufuatfil liy 3 Knglisli, 
 
 21 Oct. 
 Admiiiil Popdck <li'fi'iit>< tlie Froiii'li fli'i't in tlu' Kiist 
 
 Inilics, ill twii ai'tioii.-i, 1758, mill acain 
 Aiiiiiiral liciscawcii ilelrat.s the l-'iviii'li iiiiiliT I)c la 
 
 Clue, dirCiipi' l.a^'"s .... 18 -Viij;. 
 Ailiiiiral llii\vki> il.'fiv-it.s tlic Krciwli' tl.'ct. cniii- 
 
 inaiiili'il by t'.)iillinis. in yiiiliinni Hay, ami thus 
 
 im-vi'iits a jUL.ii'i till iiiy.i.sinu nf KiiKlaml isi'i' 
 
 l/llilnnill Itiill) •.!" N'<'*'- 
 
 Kcpl'i'l t.Kik 3 I'Vciuli fri-iitis, aii.l a tl.'i't of miM-- 
 
 cliautiiii'ii ') "''•■ 
 
 Ou l.aki' e'liaiiii'laiii tlic ]pniyiiicial font' tnt,illy ilc- 
 stioyi'il liv ailluiral llcivvr . 1 1 Oct. 
 
 t'apt. Sam. Slarsliall, •il"thi'.s,iuiy.lri'(/i v.'.","3J^''i»-- 
 (part (it' Kriipc'l's ll(et), sniiiiiiniii'il /../ Hillr I'mdii 
 to siinvu.ii-riilVLsliaiit, ami liiv.l acmss lii'i-l«i\v ; 
 al'tiTtwiiluiurs'c'iMtlii't, tin- Kiuui'li iiia.lr sail ami 
 
 escaiK-il 16 .11- i7.luiif. 
 
 Oil' Usliaiit ; a ilrawii liattld hctweiii Ki|i|ii-1 •■iml 
 
 (roryilliiTS ..■7.)uly, 
 
 In Ni'W Knj;laiiil ; tlu' AimTii'.iu tli'rt tutally Af- 
 
 .stnnv.l it. July, 
 
 Near Cape .St. Viiici'iit: ailiiiiral Hmlucy ilclrali'il a 
 Spaiiisli lli'ct uucliT acliiiiral dun l.anwira (si'u 
 
 11,,'luni) 16 Jan. 
 
 At St. .U'Zii : Moiis. Siilli.'in .irlratcil by cninUiinliMi' 
 
 ,I..Imstniic ih April 
 
 l)nf,wr-l«ink,Iii't\yi'i'ii ailiiiiral rarkiM-aml tlie Dutcli 
 aTliniral Zciutin.-iii : 4cx3 killiil mi I'.-ich sijli', 5 An?;. 
 Ailiniinl Uiiiliii-y (li'fi.-itcil tlic Ficncli f;iiluj! t" at- 
 tack .Jamaica ; tn.il- 5 sliii's nf the line, ami .sent 
 the l-'ieiich admiral, Cuiiiti! de Grisse, pri.somu- 
 
 til Kii?:laiiil " '\l"'il. 
 
 Till- liritish totally defeated the lleets of Krai and 
 
 Spain ill the li.iy of (lil'iallar . . 13 Sept. 
 Fast Indies: a series of actions lietwecn sir Fdward 
 llut;lies and Siillieii, yiz. : 17 Feb. i78-.', the 
 French had 11 sliips to g; 12 April tliey had 18 
 ships to 11, vet Were completely beaten. A},'iiin, 
 6 .lulv, oil rrincomalec, they liad t; to 12, and 
 were again beaten with loss of i •> killed, 3 
 
 Sept. 1782 ; again 2o.Iniie, 
 
 Lord llnwc defeated the French olf Ushaiit. took 6 
 
 ships of war, and sunk one . . . i .liiiie, 
 
 Kir Kdward IVllew took 15 sail ; burnt 7, out of a 
 
 licet of -,5 sail of transports . . . 8 March, 
 
 Fi-encli tiee't ild'cated, and 2 ships of war tak"ii by 
 
 admiral llotham. Fought . . i-t .March, 
 
 Admiral fornwallis took 8 transports, eoiivoycd by 
 
 3 Freiicli nil n-of-war. Fought . . 7.luiie, 
 
 F.h'vcn Dutch Fast Imliameii taken by the .v.T^.'n, 
 
 iiiaii-ol'War, and some armed Hritisli Imliaimn ill 
 
 loinpanv , ,■ '? •'i".",'' 
 
 L'Orient: the Frcncli Heet defeated by lord Ihid- 
 iport, and 3 .ships of the line tJikeii ; sue l.'ihinit. 
 
 23.lniie, 
 
 Dutch fleet, tiniler .idmiial Lucas, ill SaMaiiha Hay, 
 
 surreiidi'is to .sir George Keith Elphiustoiic (see 
 
 .SiiW/rn./i^ ;f".w) ..... '7'V')-'- 
 
 Victory oH' Cape St. Vincent (icAi'pft .5fc) . 14 Feb. 
 
 Unsuccessful attciniit on Santa Cruz; 
 
 Xelsoii loses lii.s right arm 
 
 Victory of Camiierilown (w/iicA ace) 
 
 orthe'Nile(w;iic/i8f('). ... 
 
 Olf the r-oast of Ireland ; a French licet of 9 sail, 
 
 full of troops, as siicconis to *he Irish, engaged 
 
 by sir John liorlase Warren 1 5 taken, 12 Oct. 
 
 The' Texel tteet of 12 sliijis and 13 iiidiaincii surren- 
 ders to admiral Mitcliell . . . 30 Aug. 
 Captureof the tVW)r/c;(n'/ui?i.<i'i') . . 29 July, 
 (Viiieiihagen bombarded (see Oritenluigen). 2 Aiuil, 
 liibrallar bay, engiigement between the Frcncli 
 and liritisli fleets ; the Ilaiinibu!, of 74 guns, lost, 
 
 6 July, 
 Oir Cadiz; sir James Saiiniarez obtiiins a victory 
 over the Frenidi and Spauish fleets ; i ship cap- 
 tured. Fought "i"'-!;'' 
 
 Sir Kobert Caliler, with 15 sail, takes 2 ships (both 
 
 Simnisli) out of 20 sail of the French and Spanish 
 
 lleets, otT Fcrrnl (Caiiler i:eMstiied) . a -'"ly, 
 
 Victory oirTrafalgar(te/iic/isp(^) . • 21 Oct. 
 
 Bir It. Strachan, with 4 sail of Britisli, ea|itures 4 
 
 French ships, olf Cape Ortegal . . 4 Nov. 
 
 In the West Indies ; the French defeated by sir T. 
 
 Diickwortli ; 3 sail of the line taken, 2 driven 011 
 
 shoro • • <' I''-''- 
 
 7.52 NAVAL BATTLES. 
 
 Sir John Horlase Warren captures 2 ^'rem h ^1,1.,, 
 
 Admiral Duckworth elfects the iiassice iil' c '''' 
 
 nardiinelles (see article /),in(.o»;;,.) " ,„.."' ^ 
 
 Copeiiliageii licet captured . . ' 6 1,",,, *' 
 
 The Hiissiaii Heet of several sail, in the r;igii< s'l'r " 
 
 renders to the liritish .... '"iVi.,i . 
 
 1757 
 
 «759 j 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 I76.. 
 ■77'' 
 
 1778 
 
 I77'l 
 
 1780 
 1781 
 
 178^ 
 
 Aix or l!asi{ue lioads ; 4 sad of tl 
 strovcd iiy lord O.imbiei 
 
 .i .Si'iit. 
 
 1783 
 •794 
 1795 
 
 1796 
 1797 
 
 admiral 
 
 24 .lull-, 
 
 II Oct. 
 
 I Aug. 
 
 1798 
 
 1799 
 i8..» 
 
 iSoi 
 
 1806 
 
 Two lin.ssian llotillas of numeroiis vessels tiikcn ll,' ""^ I 
 destroyed by sir . I. Siium.irez . , . .Iniv 
 
 Frcncli sliips of the line driven on shnr. hv' i,,,,! " 
 Collingwood (two of them liuiiit li\ (lie i'lvn i 
 next day) ' . ,;,"'." 
 
 Hay of Uosiis. \vliere lieut. Tailoiir, by dinrti,,:, „.• " 
 captain llallowell, taki's or destrovs u wai ii,!! 
 
 other vessels (see /,'.«...< ;;ci/). .' . , y'",' 
 
 liassetcrrc : /." /."I'/vaml /." .Sii/ic, Fivinii I'li-Mi .4' " 
 
 destroycil by sir .\. ('oiiirane . .15111.1"' 
 
 The .s'(»<,7i/« frigiite giill.nitly ciig,ige.<a lai,;e Fii.|„]'. " 
 
 forec in the bay of N.ipiis , j| . 
 
 Action between the '//i'."/!.', captain l!.Mi..l,iVail,i 
 
 4 Danisli brigs. Fought. . i; Mav 
 
 Isle of Hhe ; 17 vessels taken or di stliiyi..| liy il'l,', " 
 
 -Iri/iii/e ailiWo(/a(i/,s- .... i7.!ii[v 
 Captain Harrett, in the men-haiit vess.l r,.„,i,,;,.; " 
 
 hiii:l, with 2f) men, defeats four iiriv.itiiis aii.i 
 
 takes 170 prisoners .... 'ij.Jm ,: 
 Twenty-two vessels from Otrallto taken hy tlic 
 
 C'ec/'CC'l..* and .le/i'ec .... 2j iVli 
 
 Oir l.i.s.sa ("''lic/i xer): brilli.-int victmy ^.-aiii.,! mvf " 
 
 a Franco- Venetian si|iiiiilriiii bvea]it, Wm ll„,i,. 
 
 1 1 Manii' 
 AiMi2nii French frigate destmyid olf Ca]'i' ll,ii||i.iif '' 
 
 is M'Mcil 
 
 Sagone Hay ; 2 I'reiich slurc-sliips burnt Iiy ia|,i,iii'i '' 
 
 il;irrie's ships . . . . ' , ^j.^. 
 
 The liritish sloop Linh llrit, ami Aiiieiica;i <!ii|', " 
 
 r/r.<ii/ei/'; their reneiintre 16 Mav 
 
 Olf .M.adag.ascar : 3 liritish IVigatrs muler .aiitaiu 
 
 Schomberg, engage 3 French larger.si/.e.l. wjtii 
 
 troops on board, . -11111 c.tpture 2 . . 20 Mav 
 
 The 'l'hiime.i and ftji/nWi'.s capture 36 Freiieli vissds ' 
 
 ■hilv, 
 The A'niHi/ frigate attacked in preseiiee nf Hiiiia]ia,i,, '' 
 
 by 7 armed iiraams ; they were gallantly ri'imls,.,! 
 
 21 ?>i'|ii, , 
 French frigates /'iiH/iiii'aiid I'niiinKr captiiii'illivtlif 
 
 liritish frigates . I /.■•.<fe, .b/ii-e. ami (■,(|■^• :o 'X,iv. 
 Ilh'nii, 84 guns, taken by riiV.iWen.s-, 74, 21 wi ,:i, 
 I.'Oricnt : -• Frcncli fiig.ites, Are. , destroveil Ipv tlni 
 
 X„ilhiimlHrliiitil. capt. Ilntham . 22'Mav! 
 (Iiierrifif. liritish frigiite, 46 small gnus, eaiituivii 
 
 by tlie .Xmerican ship Cuniititiitwii, 54 ;,'iiiis (an 
 
 uneipial contest) ".1 .Viy. 
 
 British brig Fivlic captured by the Anieriiaii sl(,n|, 
 
 ll'ii.^;! iSd.t. „ 
 
 liritish frigate ilnrnlnnUin taken by the AiiuTaaii 
 
 ship (,'"i(n( .sV"'e.<, large class . . 25(111 
 British frigate .y.ie.i taken by the Aiiieiiraii slii|i 
 
 C»ii.<(i'"'i'"a, large class . . . .2911(1'. „ 
 British frigate Amdin loses 46 men killed ami 5; 
 
 \yiiiimlcil, engaging a Fieneli frigate . 7 Fdi, li,; 
 British sloop I'lui'iiek captured by the .Xiiiciiiim 
 
 ship Hiinipt : she was so disabled that slii' .sunk 
 
 with part of her crew . 15 Fcli. „ 
 
 American frigate (^hfsupeitke taken by the .'^/cnp/rKi, 
 
 captain Bloke (see r/ir.s.ijii'ir/.c) . . , Jan.., „ 
 American sliips (Irovhi- and Kr'ijlr taken hy liritisli 
 
 gun-boats 3.IUI11'. ,. 
 
 Anierieaii shinp Aiyns taken by the liritisli s|.i.i|i 
 
 I'lliciiii 14 -H'. „ 
 
 French frigate Id 'Imrc, 44 gnus, taken liy tlif 
 
 .-ladmiaiie/ic, of iSgmis . . ijdct. „ 
 
 French frigate rcri.s- taken by the liritisli sliif 
 
 I'»;/ll.S fill.™. lSl( 
 
 French frigates Akiiifni' and Iphuji'nia taken liytla^ 
 
 Vnivriif'If' i6,liin. „ 
 
 French frigate Terpsichore taken by the .Virjisiic 
 
 if'li. » 
 French »liil> Clnrhidi' taken by the /)ri/oi( and 
 
 .If/ic/cs, afti-r an action witli tlie Krrrlis, 25 FA. „ 
 French frigate L'KiuUe caiitnred by the //(Inij, 
 
 27 Miirdi, „ 
 American frigate Essex ca]itnred by tlii^ /'/iir/:f «iii| 
 
 Cheruh 29 Jhrrli, „ 
 
 Britisli sloop Avon, sunk by the AiiiHicaii sl,k,|, 
 
 (I'll.*;) ... ... i^\'l „ 
 
BATTI.ES. 
 
 iilitmvs 2 ;-'ivii, 1, ,i,||„ 
 
 '""■'' "•-> • .oK,',';,,8,J 
 
 il sail, mtii.'Tat;iH,s,||, 
 
 linvi'ii <„i sli.ii-,. i,v I,,,, ■■ 
 111 liuriil ;,> till' l-',v,|,i| 
 
 . Tiiilimr, ]'.■.■ .lii',,.tM,I'''f ■' 
 1 (ir ili'.stni\.s 1, jviii i,ii,i 
 '''"."> ■ ■ . 1 y"v 
 
 ;." Sri lie, i-'iviii-ii lYi^ii.; " 
 
 "■■""■ ■ ■ .IJIl.r' 
 
 tly in-.M-i'sa l:ir-i. Ki,.,,,)', " 
 
 '■^ ■ ■ iMiiv ,,-,, 
 
 "■■.laptaiu licyii.iMs. i„„| 
 
 ! • ■ , ■ -i-'Mai. 
 k™ "1- ili-ln.y,.,l l,v 111,. " 
 
 ■ I7'liilv, 
 iificliant vfssfl r,'},ii„-f, " 
 liats four laivatms ;iii,| 
 
 i^J;iii iM) 
 1 (Itiaiit.i UAm \,\ tliu 
 
 2-'Frli 
 
 lliaiil vii-toi V siiiiiM iiv.f " 
 (Iniii liyi-ai't. Win, ll,„t,. 
 
 1 1 Mairli' 
 ■Ktroycil .itl' Cai.r llaiil,,,; " 
 
 , . , 'i ^I'ticli, „ 
 
 iiv-sliiips lainit liv(ii|,|jm 
 
 1 Mav, 
 /.''", ami Aiiiia-i.'aa -liiii 
 II'' . ■ • loMav, , 
 ~li trmatis nmliT .•n|iiai|, 
 Fii'iicli lawr-siztfl. ivitli 
 il'tiii'' ■■> ■ ■ 2oM,iv, 
 (•apliiri! 36 Fri'iicli n ss.4s " 
 
 Jiilv, 
 .liniircsinii'ii.f liiiinnirt,. 
 I'V wiTi: gallantly iv]»ilsnl 
 
 21 i>i'].i, , 
 1(1 /'rmi, p;,rra|.tlllwlliytli|. 
 Ai-tirr. anil Ciiitv ;f) x,iv_ 
 
 1 '''■''"■'""■■'. 74. 21 Vl\ li'.; 
 
 trs. ^<\ , (IfstlMyt'iI liy tilt 
 Hntlialll 22Milv. 
 
 ■, 4O small c'lii'i. iMi'tiinii 
 Coimliliuioii, 54 jraiis (j,, 
 
 19 All;'. „ 
 
 ■eil liy the AiiU'iii-aii <l(„|i 
 
 . i3tM. ., 
 n» taki'U liy tlii' AiiicriMu 
 ;ci I'lass . . 25 (M. 
 I'll liy tile Ann ricaii >lii|i 
 i . . .3,) [tn: ., 
 
 isi'S 46 iiit'ii ktllt'il iiiiil ,)j 
 'I'l'Ui'li IViKati' 7Kfl., i:,j 
 
 iptiiii'il by till' Aau'rir.iii 
 sii ilisalilcil tliiit .sill' Slink 
 . '.-,VA, 
 like talii'ii by tlii'.'i/iiiiiiMi, 
 
 X'ljWiil.r) . I Jiiii,., 
 
 ami F.i'ijli' taki'ii by liriiish 
 
 . S'lnii". 
 
 aki'ii by till' liiitisli sl'.i], 
 
 14 .\u,.'. 
 
 ■r, 44 Kims, takfii In* tiii' 
 
 ,S ... lillrl. 
 
 iki'ii by til.! Ilritisli >lih. 
 
 . fj™, 
 
 and Iphiiji:nlii. taki'ii l.yitif 
 
 . 16 Jan. 
 
 ore takPTi by tlic ihjutlt 
 
 iFfli. „ 
 
 lake" bv tliii /)r!)(iil and 
 
 liwitlltiic /'.S.-i-'-'KajlA 
 
 I'liiituroil by till' IW'm, 
 
 27 Miiri'b. 
 
 caiitui'Oil by tin' I'lml'' aiul 
 
 . 29 M.iri'li, 
 
 ik by till! Ainerii'iiii sl'i.!]. 
 
 . . S.lflil. „ 
 
 NAVAL COLLEGE. 
 
 753 
 
 NAVIGATION. 
 
 TikeCliiirai''"'" • ""* 13l'itl«li suuiulfiiil cuiitiirea by 
 Yyiiutriniii, lifter a. -iiivi'i'i' i;.iiitlii't, n ;S.'|it. 1S14 
 
 iBrtiiaiisl'il' '''■w'''^'"-' ^^'U'tiii't'il 'ly tlni Kadijuiiim 
 
 i3.)aii. 1815 
 
 ,i„..N liiiiii'wi'l'''' ''>■ l"''il ExiiKiutli ; si'i! Aliiiers 
 
 ^'' =7 Aux. i8i6 
 
 <i„rino(ii''iii''i .««) 20 (Jet. 1827 
 
 ■'.,„ i,.t«-i'i'n the British shIpH ViAii'ie ami 
 i/',ioi"'* »'"' '^'i L'liiiii'Sf \yai--,juiiks, wliidh were 
 atti'iiti'il 3 N"V. i8j9 
 
 SUM'S T.VKKN liU DKsl'll.lVKli I)V TIIK N.W.VL 
 
 In the Fi-eiieh War, ending 1802. 
 
 IJdiiibaidinent mid fall of Acre. The liritish 
 siiuiidnni ninler inliniral !Stii].l'.ird ailiii'vi-.l this 
 triiiiii|.li with trilliiiK loss, \yliili' tin' Kfiyptiaiis 
 hist 21XKJ killt'd and wuiinded, and 3000 iiiis.in.is 
 (sec .S.I/, ill) 3 x,,v. ,S4c 
 
 Lau'.is attiii'ked and taken liv ('iiniimidnn' liim-i'. 
 
 (7.1-r .If/, M'/ . . . . . , 3 .>.i\ 
 
 iid|,'.is attai'ked and taken by I'minmidnie lirui-e, 
 witli 11 siiiiadriin eiiiisistiiifiiif tile iVnc/ujic, I;l.a,il- 
 liniind, Siimp.iuii, ami Tiii:cr, war-.steaiiieis, and 
 the 7'/, i/i'iHcMiri;,' ul' war . . 26-27 Iiee. 
 
 [F.ir naval aetiuns wliicli eaiiniit 1 alleil rctiiilar 
 
 battles, sec Cliiiui, Jaiian, hijujit, 1S82 ; Manila.] 
 
 AND M.MUNK FollCKS OF onK.yx HIUTAIK I — 
 
 1851 
 
 Fovee. 
 
 
 of the line 
 
 Fiftii-s 
 I'ti-'iitcs . 
 
 SlO'liS, &i'- 
 
 Tot.il 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 
 133 
 
 161 
 
 25 
 I 
 
 3' 
 
 32 
 
 55 
 
 341 
 
 86 
 
 
 7 
 16 
 
 Totiil. 
 
 In the Freneh Wnr, cndinf 1814. 
 
 83 ! 70 
 
 3 ' 7 
 
 '9' 4 77 
 
 264 ] 188 
 
 27 
 o 
 
 36 
 64 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 16 
 
 541 ! 342 I 127 
 
 64 
 
 t 
 
 5 
 13 
 
 Total, 
 
 124 
 
 9 
 
 148 
 
 288 
 
 >7 
 
 19 
 
 569 
 
 XAVAL COLLEGE. Royal, established 
 I jt'iim'iuvifli Hiisiiital, and ojiuiu'd 1 Fell. 1873. 
 
 NWAL CONSTRUCTION und Arma- 
 
 I j,*|,t< Coraiiiinv. chainiiaii, luliu. II. lioys, regis- 
 I teicd 18 Feb. ISSH. 
 
 NAVAL DEFENCE ACTS, see CnhmU,!, 
 \ iSijanillS'S;. Aotpassedjjl Jliiy, l88q; umended, 
 I 1^93 and 1894. 
 
 XAVAL EXHIBITION, Royal, Clulsi'n 
 I ralMiiknu'iif, was oiieiu'd Ijy the iirinei- of W'nles, 
 jJUv; yisited hy the Hiiceii, 7 .May ; hy tlie Oer- 
 iii'iii cmiiirnr, 10 "July : l)y tlie pi-iiiee of Naples, 28 
 July; closed 24 Oet. l8()l. 
 Sir Williiiiii Dowell was chairiiian of the executive coni- 
 
 I III,. rxlii'bitionconsisti-.l of niiie, cilleries, naiiii'd Nelson, 
 IViilnw, i'C, cniitaiiiin^' relies, iiictnres, ordnance, 
 ancii'ut mill modern, models of the I'iitnnj, licht- 
 li'iiiii's, Sc, nii.l an aretie iniiiornnia. Tliere was also 
 
 I ,1 lakt for iiautieal evolutions. ■ 
 
 IT'tal niiinliernf |ier.soiis admitted 2,331,683; receipts, 
 K5,447'. : hy till" snrpliis iirolit, 47,246/., the Rovai. 
 X,UAL Fi'SD was foiiinli'il, 29 .Inne; lirst Keneral 
 mi'Ptiiii;, 2.5 Dee. rBga ; lirst animal iiieetiiii;, the prince 
 iilWal.'sMi tin' eliair, 19 Feb. 1894. 
 
 NAVAL KNIGHTS of Windsor, see 
 
 \Tntr KniijIiU. 
 
 \ NAVAL RECORDS, RESERVE. RE- 
 I VIEWS, SALUTE, and VOLUNTEERS, 
 
 JsfC under yuvy. 
 
 IX'ini'ni/ii«'f''r 'i""!' OeffW-i' nasneinlimi, formed in 
 1:3;; ili'Cidcil in May, 1889, to break up in June 
 
 r.il.'Wlli;,'. 
 
 . NAVAL WORKS ACT (at Iwmc and 
 lalir.iad), relatinj; to doclcs, [lorts, passed ;U March, 
 mH'\ estimated coat, docks, 3,979,000/. l8()6. 
 ■Aii'jtbfr act passed iSij;. 
 
 I NAVAKIXO (S. W. Greece), settled by tlie 
 Lr.bs 0th centurv; taken by the Turks, 1500; by 
 Bfnetians, l(i.S(j; bv Turks, 1718; by Greeks, 182 1 ; 
 liv Turks, l.H2v I^ear liere, on 20" Oct. 1827, tlie 
 loiubined Heels of Eii^iliuul, France, and ilussiii, ! 
 *'i]'.!',-f luwinaiid of adiiiiriil Codringt-iii, nearly . 
 I'stroycd the Turkish iiiul Es.vptian Heet. More 
 lliiiu thirty ships, ti: my of them imir-decker.s, were . 
 ll'jwn up or liunit, chielly by the Turks themselves, : 
 I prevent their falling" iiito the hands of their \ 
 
 enemies. This destruction of the Turkish naval 
 power was clmraeterised bv the duke of AVellinfiton 
 as an " uritowurd event."' The port is also called 
 Xavarine. 
 
 NAVARRE, now a province of Spain, formed 
 a ]inrt of the Uomim dominions, and was conquered 
 from the Saracens by Cliiirlemagne, 778. His 
 descendants iip])ointed jrovernors, one of whom, 
 Garcias Xuiienes, took the title of king in 857. In 
 1076, king Suni'ho IV. was poisoned, and Sanclio 
 Uamoroz of Aragon seized Xavurre. In in4, 
 Navarre became again independent under Garcias 
 Hiimorez IV. In 1234, Thiliault, count of Cham- 
 pagne, nephew of Sancho VII., became sovereign of 
 Navarre; and in 1284. bv the marriage of the 
 heiress Jane with I'hilip IV. Ic Ijel, Navarro was 
 united to F' ranee. 
 
 SOVKnKlONS OF NAVARIiE. 
 
 1274. .Tane I. and (1284) I'hilip-le-IJel of Franco. 
 
 1305. Louis X. llutiii of Franee. 
 
 1316. I'hilip V. the Loiik, of France. 
 
 1322. Charles I. the Fair, IV. of France. 
 
 1328. Jane II. (daughter of Jane I.), and her Iiusbaiul 
 
 I'bilip d'F^vieiix. 
 1349. Charles II., the Dad. 
 1387. Charh's III., the Noble. 
 1425. lilanrhe, his daughter, and her hiialiaml, John of 
 
 Anif;on. 
 1441. John II., .alone, who liecnino king of Aragon, in 
 
 1458, lie endeavoured to obtain the cmwi'i of 
 
 Castile al.."i. 
 1479. I'lleanor de Foix, Ills daughter. 
 
 „ F'raneis I'liiebiis de Foix, her son. 
 t483. Catherine (his sister) ami lier husband John 
 
 d'Albret. Fenlinaml of Aragon emiipiers and 
 
 annexes all Navarre south of the Pyrenees, 1512 
 
 LowKH Navarrk (in France). 
 
 1516. Henry d'Albret. 
 
 1555. Jane d'Albret and lier husband, Anthony do 
 Hourboii, who died 1562. 
 
 1572. Henry III. who beeame in i=;8t) king of I'lanee 
 (Henry IV.), to wliieli Lower Navarre was for- 
 mally united in 1609. 
 
 NAVIES, see Fttits. 
 
 NAVIGATION began with the Egyptians and 
 1 hielueutiis. 'Ihe lirst laws of navigation origiiuiled 
 with the Khodians. The first aeeoiiiit we have of 
 any considerable voyage is that of the I'hccnicians 
 sailing round Africa, 
 riane charts and mariner's compass used about . 1420 
 
 3 c 
 
 'Km 
 
 ii ^' 
 
 r 1 
 
 
 "'"*^'i| 
 
 Til » . 
 
 
 '" »'. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 :>■'%'• 
 
 id 
 
 'A\'- li 
 
 - T--' ill 
 
 '^MiW- Iff 
 
 Md| 
 
 Mr ,1 
 
 • (', :'i'i' 
 
 .Hi 
 
 '1 ''' . 
 
 > 1 , ) 
 

 
 
 
 NAVIGATION LAWS. 
 
 751 
 
 NAVY. 
 
 1620 
 1623 
 1631 
 17.11 
 
 17C14 
 1 70 7 
 1820 
 
 Viiriiifinn iif tlic (■ciiilniss obsi'ivcd liy ('■ilniiilius . 1493 
 Tli;it tlu' (ililiiine limniti liiifs mv .siiiriil, lUsciivuivd 
 
 liv XmiiuH 1537 
 
 Virst tic'iitisi' nil imviKatinii I545 
 
 'I'lii' l.v ilrst iiiciitiniifil liy Uminie .... 1577 
 
 Mcrciitor's cliMl't >59y 
 
 llMviss(iiKiiiiaiit,nrliiii'kstalt', fdrini'iisiiriiiK.wylcs, 
 
 alMiiit ifJuo 
 
 l..n;,iritliiiiic Willi's aiijilii'il to iiavi^jatimi liy 
 
 (illlltlT 
 
 Mi.lilli' latitii.liisiiiliiiK'iiitriiiliii'i'ii .... 
 ?.li'ii^niMti"ii iif a ili'Ljivi', Niirwui'il . . 
 
 lli'illi'v's i)iia.lraiit 
 
 Ilairisnn's timr-ki'fl'i'r iisi-il 
 
 Naiitii'al Alniaiiai' lirst pulilislu'il .... 
 liarlnw's tlii'.TV i.rilii' ili'vialioii of the niiiiiuisn . 
 tinaili'ilv .1 'iimI of .Vaval rSi'iciici', ciliti'd by K. J, 
 
 Kwil.iMil.lislii'il April, 1872-5 
 
 «i'<' r../ii(i".«, I.i'tiliiik, Lnii'jitiiih.Stcum, dc. 
 
 NAVIGATION T.AAVS. \ pmlc "f muritimo 
 
 laws is att'-'biilL'il to Kiiliard I. of Kiiiilaml, saiil 
 ti) liavi' been ilcrrccil at till' isle of Oli'ron, 
 111)4, i>"'l fiii'tlii'i' ciLMi'tnii'iits wore made by 
 Jiiclianl ir. in hSi.— In Oi't. I(>il, tlic jiailianicnt 
 iKissi'il an act ciitilli'il "(iomls from fori'i.^'n parts, 
 liv wliom til be imi.ortctl," tlic prinriiiU's of which 
 were artirmcd hy 12 Charles II. c. If<, "an act fur 
 II1C oncourafiini; and incrcasini; of sliipiiiiii,' ami 
 naviiratiim" (i(i(x)). Tlic latter net restricts the 
 importation and exiiortation of g:ooils from or to 
 Asia, Africa, or America, to ImikHsIi ships, of which 
 the masters anil tlirce-fourtlis of tlie mariners are 
 to be Knixlisli. '1 his was followed liy m.iiiv acts 
 <if similar tenor ; whicli wi-re consolidateil by 3 A: -t 
 AVill. IV. 0. 54 (if^rO- 'I'll''-*'" "<■'» "'''■''' '" *''^' 
 wliole cr in pi'irt repealeil by the act "to aim ii(l the 
 laws ill force *'or tlie eiic"Ura;j:emeiit of iiritish 
 tihippinir and naviiration " (jiasscd 12 A: I.^ Vict. c. 
 20, 26 June, I.S41), after niiich opposition), and 
 which came into operation I Jan. iSso. The steam 
 navijration act passed 14 \' 15 Vict. c. 71), iS:;i, 
 (■liiiie intoopeivition 1 Jan. [.X52. Thi' act remilatins 
 the navigation of the river Tliaiiies was ]iassed in 
 I-,S6.— In Feb. iSd, the emperor recommeiiiled the 
 inoilificntion of the Prench naviiiatioii law.s; in IVli. 
 lX-2, new rc'strictions were laid upon foreifc'n ships, 
 ehietly all'eetins British. 
 
 An IiiliriiiiliniKit Mitrilhiv rniifrrnnr, at wliicli 23 
 nations were re|in'sciited by 50 ilelciiutes, I'ortu- 
 ;;,il not iiicliuleil, iiH't iit Washington, ami were 
 received bv Mr. sccielary Blaine ami intiniluceil 
 til president llanisoii. Adni. I'raiililin, U.I^., 
 
 elected president ihDct. 18S9 
 
 Conference closed Ji Dec ,, 
 
 I.Snhieets discussed by coinuiillees : lljjlits, sij;nal- 
 liiit;, rules of tlie ro.ad. life .saviiij? systems, sea- 
 worthiness, sailors, routes at sea.l 
 
 A^ioverniuent blne-liooki.ssuedontlie.sub.iect.Xnv. 1B90 
 
 A eoii};ress on international maritiinelawat Genoa, 
 
 26 Siept. 1/ Ml/. 1892 
 
 Intornatioiial code of sif;iial eoniinittee met at tli« 
 Hoard of Trade mliee .... 12 Jan. 1893 
 
 liiteniational inaritiine coufiress ; ist meetiiii; at 
 Paris, 1889; slid, London, iSJiily, 1893; lirussels, 
 
 25 July, 1898 
 
 For rule of the road, see .s'l ".-■. 
 
 NAVIGATOKS (orXawies). These helpers 
 in the eonstruetiou of railways ]irobably derivea 
 their mime (a'i""t ■'^5">) '''"'" ''"I'mirly makini; the 
 inland naviiration iii I.incolushiro, i;c., and are 
 doiibtfullv said to be descendants of the oriuiiial 
 ])utch canal labourers. Navvy Mission Society 
 (new) met at Lambeth palace, 7 May, 1880. A 
 "steam navvy" suitable for workini; in sand, 
 jrravel, or heavy clay, made by Jle.^srs. Itustoii, 
 J'roctor, & Co., lif Liiieoln, 1878. 
 
 NAVY OF EntU-AM), " whereon, under the 
 pood providence of (l.il, the wealth, safety, arnl 
 strength of the UiiiKilom ehietly depends," Act for 
 
 the finreriiment of the Xiir;/. See A'((im( n,/// 
 
 A licet of pdleysbnilt by Alfivd . , 
 The nnuilier of fialleys greatly iiicvn^.i! J,,,,.' -''I 
 F.dj;.-u-, wlio claiiaed to be lonl of tlic i,,-i„n m,. I 
 rouiidini,' Ibitaiii . . . ... ' 
 
 A foniiidal.le licet ciinippedbytli..c„i,t,-,l„||j„„„; 5«i 
 every town in Kiinlaud, in the r. iuii uf Ktli, liii| 11 
 wlirii it rcinliz\ eased al SaiclwiiOi, fn In. I'l.,,,)..,' 
 opposi' the lliiiics .... 
 
 A tlcet .elleeted by Kdward tllc l'.,l,f..,s,,v to \;.,-J ""' 
 
 the Norwegians, 1042; a:id l,y Uaii,!,! m i,.',i,t 
 
 the Norni.ins .... ,, t 
 
 liichard I. collected a tlcet and cnacti d iwvallms 
 
 about 
 
 [The I'iiniiie ports and inaritinn' tnuiis fri.irjiniv '' ' 
 
 fiu'iiished tieets coniniande.l by tlii. kin;; , r 1in 
 
 olhcers. 1 
 Edward lll.'stleet defent the Imvii. li ;,t tin' liui:,, 
 f Sliiys, 04 ,luile, 1340; aid \]\y Sti.iiii<li „ir 
 
 i': 1...1. .... . ' 
 
 Willehelsea 
 
 29 .^ns. 11:0 
 
 Iliiirv V. made elhirts to iiicieasi. 111,. i,;|\.\. , 
 
 iiriirv VII. built tlie /;..„.,; ;/,.,,■.,; cnlisi.i™.,'lt„l,r " ' 
 
 the lie^iilinilmonlie Huval .Nuvv . ., , 
 
 TlieTrinityliou.se r>tablish,.d and the Xiivv mil,.e ' 
 
 appointed (see .l''/iii/-e/('/ .-ind T niilil lii,ii!,) ,., 
 
 [The navy then consisted ori;,.e/ lliirrn, iiminm' ^ ] 
 
 two ships, of .'i.TO tons, and six or s.'Veii s!n;ili,ri' 
 James 1. and Charles I. iiiipi-ovi- ihc niivv, iu,. 
 
 Sun ri ill II iif til' Self h\\u\c\ui\ . . .' ^f,. 
 
 Frigates said to have been tirst built '.•■', 
 
 James II. systeiiiatises sea-si;;i]iils and inii.nivi.^tlir ' " ' 
 
 "iivy ,.; 
 
 
 
 — - 
 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Tons 
 
 Men. 
 
 N'mvv Esiiiati 
 
 1546 
 
 58 
 
 >2.4-i5 
 
 8,546 
 
 nii.m-.iiiH. 
 
 15S3 
 
 27 
 
 7,110 
 
 3.565 
 
 110 acciiiini 
 
 1578 
 
 24 
 
 10.506 
 
 6.700 
 
 11" ;m-.,'Uit, 
 
 1603 
 
 42 
 
 17.055 
 
 8,346 
 
 no JH-c'.iitit, 
 
 1658 
 
 '57 
 
 57.'»o 
 
 21,010 
 
 Il'li|CC„![];t 
 
 1 68 3 
 
 173 
 
 101,892 
 
 42,000 
 
 llu i.n-.i'jiii. 
 
 1702 
 
 i 272 
 
 759,020 
 
 40,000 
 
 l,K'i.;i: 
 
 1760 
 
 412 
 
 321.134 
 
 70,000 
 
 3.22;.u; 
 
 1793 
 
 4,18 
 
 433,226 
 
 45.«» 
 
 .i.52:."l 
 
 1800 
 
 767 
 
 668.744 
 
 133.000 
 
 I2.4;i,ii; 
 
 1S08 
 
 869 
 
 S.i2,S(X) 
 
 143.800 
 
 'WM] 
 
 18.4 
 
 901 
 
 966, .DQO 
 
 146,000 
 
 li.iiino) 
 
 Helen of Goor.'c III. ; diiiieiisiniis of slii|)s in- 
 creased; copper slieathiii;; adeptid fa- slii|n nf 
 rvcry ■■lass : estalilishnn'iits of aavid sinivs |.in. 
 vidi'd at all doikyaids and uav.d statim.s; aid 
 various inipioveiinnts made in slii|il,uiMiiy i;.ii.|!j, | 
 Great Britain had. imshii is; 1771^' tin liiie,iiuSi4:fji 
 slii|is, some of i.(o >,'nns each, .■inddinvii tusiivvrt. 
 ing vessels of two gnus only; 14S sail oiiijiinytit 
 
 on foreign and home service , 
 
 The screw ]iropcller intiodnced in the Unyal Xmy, liij I 
 The total number of ships of all sizes in ciiiiiiiii>>iiiii. ] 
 
 iSi '■'■lii- 1:11 
 
 The "N'avy eonsisted of 339 sailiic and 161 >h-a 
 
 v.'ssels v-a 
 
 Xaval Coast Volunteers' act jiassed . . .Vii i:;3 
 Of 315 sailing vessels, 97 screw steamers, aii'i 114 
 
 paddle steamers -^liril, iS^ | 
 
 Uoviewiif the Baltic licit at S|iitliead bytlndii 11, 
 
 in March, 1834, and 2; .M'ril ■¥ | 
 Of 271 sailing vessels, carrying 9594 gnus, ami zji 
 steam vessels, carrying 65S2 guns; tivi'tlur ;tj 
 vessels, carrying 16,176 guns ; also 15; pin- 
 boats, and HI vessels on harlmar .srrviir, .Iiiiy. ijji 
 Pioi lan'iiitien for niaiining the navy , . 3o.\|Til, liii | 
 Naval Itesirvi' Force ant liorisid , . , \«i 
 '■'lo"giiig not to he iiillictcd oil lirst-diiss sraiM 
 
 " i.xieptartera trial l'«'. 
 
 Great excilemeiit nspecting the French Gnveni- 
 uieiit buildiie-' the phitcd I'rigalii iV/m're (see 
 
 V,.i-i, ,,fFi;ini-i\ ilf» I 
 
 The ir.in-Mir, onr first iroii-i'laicd sieaiii fiiiih 
 
 the largest vessel then ill I lie Wiillil.'Xei'|it'lll'i;r,:ii| 
 
 /•■.iv/rrii (see .S/miii), length, 380 ft. hi.'a.ll!i. ijft : 
 iron-pbiti'. 4^ iiielies thick ; 6170 tuns linrtliin: 
 cost about 4(X>,ooo(. ; luiniched |irn.siireil in iH 
 
 2yDec 
 
 ■m,.. 
 
NAVY. 
 
 ■y Alfiv.i 
 
 ^ci 111' li.nl of tliv ci,™„M,r. 
 
 I'l""l I'Vti "'iiti-,l,iitti"i",',( ' 
 
 , ill llii'lVi,::lM.r Kill,!,,, Ill 
 :itSMU,hvi,.li,tnl„. ,.,,,,1,.,- 
 
 ; :i:i'l I'V llal'uli! t.Mi-,ist 
 I't aii.l iiKiitfilnnvali; 
 
 r^j I 
 
 irf6 
 
 lIKIlitiliir towns fn,|i;,ii||v ''' 
 iiMii.livl liy til.' kill- ,r li'i 
 
 t llii' l-'iviii li (it till' l.„i;;,. 
 i.i4o; iiii'l tin- Simiisli ,",f 
 
 ■ • 29 All- ,„, I 
 
 "iiii-ii'.Ki. ili.Miin-)- . m;., :,, ' 
 ;(.'/ Il'ir,-,i; collsiili-iwlt.,!,: 
 
 ioviil Nmvv . -, I 
 
 .lisll.,1 ,-,1m1 tin- X:ivvr,ffl,,', "^ ' 
 
 "//./ Mini r ■n'iiiihu,.-:,) ' J. 
 
 il lA'Crml Ihn-iii, i2(,)t,.iis' 
 
 i. ;11m1 six UV Si'Vl'll M;|;i|i,;i' 
 
 I. iiM|.rov.- 111,. \vM\. •I'lii, 
 ;iiiii'-li'il . . . . |( 
 
 'Cll lilnt lilliit . .. I 
 
 iKi-slKiiiil.s :iii.l inijiiDvistW ' '' 
 
 Ills. 
 
 MiMi. ' Xiivy Estiicat.,- 
 
 i.455 , 8,546 
 
 Mio 3,565 
 
 ),5o6 j G,7CK) 
 
 '.055 ! 8.346 
 
 r,citio . 21,910 
 
 [,8g2 i 42,txxj 
 
 ),020 j 40,000 
 
 [,134 } 70,000 
 
 1,226 I 45,:k» 
 
 J,744 ; 135,000 
 
 ?,.Six) I 143,800 
 
 J,'X)0 j 146, (XK) 
 
 iin.KTflnt, 
 nil ai.f.iiiiit, 
 niiafi..,;)i,t. 
 no ari-..iiiit, 
 
 ii'iai- ail 
 
 uoacniiint, 
 
 l.K'K.li. 
 
 3."!.ii5 
 ■"■'"■»! 
 
 ; ilimcnsiniis nf slii|is in. 
 ulliiiij: :icln|.ti.il f.ir sliij.s .,( 
 iiii,-iil.< 111' naval sl.iivs j.i,,. 
 lis anil naval stalii.l.s; alnl 
 s liiailc in slii|iliiiil.|i]i,' i-,>i;:) | 
 ijis: I77i'l'tln'lillt..illi-ji^;f;i 
 lis I'lnli, .■iiiililinviitiisiimy- 
 ins only ; 148 sail miiiliivnl 
 
 a-ivii.i 
 
 i:to 
 
 [iniluri-il in till' Ttny.li N,i\T, 
 i I IS I if all sizi'S inf(i!]jiiii>^t.iii, 
 
 1 -1 11:. 1:11 
 
 f 339 sailinu' ami ifn Anvi 
 ro 
 
 S' 11(1 passi'il . . A't I..;; I 
 
 97 si'ivw sti'anii'is, aiiil 114 
 
 -Mini, i:^ 
 
 I'ct at S|iitlii.ail liyllii.ljiy.il, 
 10 Mari'li, iS5t, aiiil2iA].r;i. iM j 
 cairyiiin us94 f.™*. mi'l i-i 
 uv^ 65SJ Kiiiis : tivi-tlii r ;;; 
 1,176 t-'nns ; aU" i;; ria- 
 ls oil liarliour si-rvir... .July. \H 
 iin._' till, navy . . 3()A]ir:l, i:';) 
 lltliiiri.si.il . . . Ai;;. „ 
 llii.tcil on llrst-i'lass siaiinn 
 
 . . I)"'. „ 
 licctiiiK till' Fivnt.li Gimni- 
 liliitfil frigato 'j'/oire (stt 
 
 . . ■ . . . l^in 
 
 ,st iniii-l'Ialol stwiiii riLil... 
 ninllii.\vorlili.xi.i'Iil'lii'i'-.'l 
 l(.n..'tli, 3Soft. lii..a.ltli,;ia; 
 i tliii'k : 6170 tmis liimliro; 
 ; laiiiirlK'il li'i'iisiimliiuS'^d, 
 2y Uet'. 
 
 NAVY. 
 
 vii i.'iiitiiiissioii ri'i'iiniiin-nils llii. aliolition of 
 ''.'Liril iif ailniiialty. ainl tin. a|i|iointiiii.iit of a 
 
 "'''j!!l',.i.iif'lu. navy ill. iiarlnirnt . . .Maiili, 1S61 
 , '"1 ,.|„,.,ii., ra;;i.t, sriTilary of ailiiiiralty, stati..s 
 
 •iiii Fiwiiiiii' ''■'■■' ''7 '*'''•■"" '*'''i'"' "'' ""■ '''"■' ; 
 
 ,y,Fraiii.olian 37, Kiissia 9, Wimin 3, iiml Italy i 
 
 11 .\iii il. ,, 
 .. J.J,,, •,rtlu'i;ivornnn.|it of tin. iiayy (tlio Naval 
 ■'lliii.ilil'iiieai't)liii''H'''* • ■ • • '' -^ii^'. II 
 
 r ".ir'ii-iiWf'i yis«'''« Ct™ '■'■ '""." ; 59J I't. "I'll' ; 
 
 '", ,' i,t nlii.iit 6oo,ooo(. I'aili) liiuliliiiK . I>ii'. ,, 
 
 ' oJJiorTiini't «l'il* L'''l''- taiwiK.r full's' nioili! 
 
 ' r,.,',iislllli-tiin;ii"i'-l''^'t'''' Vi.ss.ls, Willi aclliii.la 
 
 '.-lum't fi'i' :ii'"'!-' '''■'""• ""' """'■' I''"''* "'' ""' 
 
 ■v.„.i U'lii-' ni-aily suliiiiri'«i'il. iiiaili. known in 
 
 '.'■•"iiiili'.'i'.'iiiii""'!''' ^" ""' iiiliniialty in iK6[ ; 
 
 'r.j'^il liv r.rivson in tlm Mn,iitnr. 1S62 ; |iro- 
 
 ,,,l;ii'ii'^"'''l'l>''' ''■^' *'"' "''lii*'! ,u'ovi.rniiii.iit, 1862 
 
 lj.i',.|viitkillilsiif pliitc.il vi.ssi.Is saiil 111 li|. lon- 
 
 VrKiiiig ; K. J. lii'i'il autliiiris...l to Iniilil tlm 
 
 f,-.fi,,.|>'ii3 a .■<lii'i'ii"''ii "f .■"' iioii-lilat.il si.a- 
 
 '„ii,,.Vl.ssi'1 M'lil, ,. 
 
 r'i'w/.- ii'uii-i-lail stuaiiiiT, laiinclH'il iilCliatliain, 
 I " ' ' I" ^I'lil. .. 
 
 I j,:„ or. Imililo. screws fill' vi'ssuls nf liylit ilr.iii;;lit 
 
 I :i'iiriiilure'l • . . .• , ,-. , ' ,■ ,• , ,, • '^''3 
 11- r.l R<.eilniilii>iiiti"l I'liiif iiiiistriu-tor I Ilii' 
 
 I ' |!.ivalxavv ^■"'- ,, 
 
 I \.vi,...ii<i#ts iif 1014 vi'ssi'ls of all i.ki.ssi'S ; 85 liin.- 
 ' „|.l.,illli. .<liiim : i>) fritfilfS ; jo surew ciirvi.tti.s, 
 
 Jan. ,, 
 I .Mi-niirim r.i/iini( liiniii'luMl . . . 14! let. ,, 
 '";... Ii.iii- irmi-sti'iiiiii'i' liiiiiii'li'''! ■ • u l)i.r. ,, 
 il'.vilSiliiiiil.if N'i'™'»^''i'l''t'-'''t""'. !'i"'tli Ki.nsin^;. 
 t-.n. tstalili-slii'il ■ • • • , •^■•1864 
 
 Til., tiirri.t-sliili .S'.)iTi-cii7«, constnu.tcil ini Coles 
 
 I'i'iiilili', im' ""' "' I'liiii'iii.'^^i mill lilaiTil 
 
 i-i/iiii; ri'sci'veil slii]i.s ; tlii.slilanii.il liy sonii', Oet. „ 
 I Siv.il imiilflu frmii tlie timi' "f Henry VIII. lol- 
 " Ir-.ti'iKarlv in tlie in-iseiit eeiitnry liy sir lioliert 
 jtliliiiigs.iviiiDVeiltii South Kiiisiiititini .Miisenin, 
 
 .■ir.in.i.l.iilyessols liiiililiiiK "til lie leinly for sea 
 
 ' Ife vnir " Mareli, 1865 
 
 I ;i;',,..Jii.i«, inm-elail, liy Mr. E. ,T. Ueeil : ami llie 
 ' ,.; Il'iii'il.'ii, iron-eknl, lauiieln..' . . .May, „ 
 lBiiIi.-lill«'tontertaini.ilatClierlii.iirf.', Iirest,\|.., 
 ij.Mi;'.,.^.. ; anil a Freiieli lleet at I'ortsnioiitli, 
 
 29-Ji -^ii;.'. >, 
 R.ival X;H-y "Cimsists of 735 vessels ami sti.ani- 
 *ii'l..< of all classes " (30 iriiii-clails i-eaily for sea), 
 
 i*,.iiii.|trCii«)iii") 'illy, 1866 
 
 |N..,vN",ival Di.seiiilineacf, iwsseil . . . Aiif,'. „ 
 I if*!;lt laiuiil iif the Knithuiiilii'ihiiiil inni-elail, 
 I rMinli.f'.-"/. ; elfeeteil . . .17 .Vrril, „ 
 I KM-iiiaiiital eniise nf tlie iroii-elail lleet in stonny 
 Ml illirt ; Mieral iierfnnnaneesatisfai.tiiryC/'inii.s) 
 
 Wept. -.Nov. ,, 
 |i:,iv,.iiiWnsliilis "fall classes solil . . . 1S59-67 
 |{iif tiii.se were 7 line-nf liatlle ships .-iml 6 fii^iates, 
 I .1.-1 aliiive i.coo.ooo/., soM lor 87,543'. I 
 J.\ t<fiiriiiiilei'tiiin iif naval stores passnl, 1S67 ami 1869 
 1;.' .''n. 13, arnnmr-iikiteil ship, 1-200 hnrse-power, 
 
 I :l .itr.l at Cliatliaiii 10 I'eli. 1868 
 
 iTii.. .Vi'iiiiiWi, onr llr.st vnimir-clail turret ship, 
 
 I !:i;aii'lii.il at Chatham . 2.= .May, 
 
 I4- aniiimri-il vessels ai' 1, with 508 Kims; 06 
 
 ifcii'iitmiarinimreil vessels; ami a larf,'i. niinilier 
 
 • ilvtsscLs of tliii <il(l typo, eiiiistitute the navy, 
 
 April, 
 
 titisfaptorj' trial trip of the Navy Resen'esiiiiailii 111, 
 
 J ,liilv, 
 
 PEsi'Iisiiin nf the holier of the Thistle gim-lioat. on 
 
 ^ liialtri]!; 10 killed 3 Nov. 
 
 ■i.i.iiiVii, iron tiivret ship, llrst rivet (if her ke(.l 
 i:iiilioilhyMr. Lliililevs, thu llrst lord, at rolls. 
 
 753 
 
 NAVr. 
 
 869 
 
 ii,.iiitli 
 
 12 Nov. 
 
 1 -ij'iiatiiiil of Mr. E. J. Keeil, (.liief ciiiistriieti 
 
 ■Iiil.v,' 1870 
 '.la.sirT, M. C. Sviiinmls reports on the Moiidirh 
 .•,,lc...,(,i;.itiinvt-!iii.s(t!ii'!iittc.rs,ii.H,.l,..i,v..i.- 
 M.istfil ami unlit toeruise iimler sailahnie) Autr. „ 
 M.S. iren-elail frigate 7V/((iiiji/i lailiicheil at 
 Iwrnv 27 Sept. ,, 
 
 111., i.'.ij.f.iiii fiiun.lers near FinisteiTe aluint 
 Ti'Vt „ 
 
 4S3 lives Weil, lost, iiieliiilin^' the captain, IIiiuli 
 Ihirpiviie, Captiiii (owpir (.'oles, the ilesi;;ii,.r nf 
 the sliip, Mr. Chililers (a son of liie llrst Innl), 
 anil other ollin.rs, the i7/7i: of the service : 18 men 
 of the crew Were .savi.il. ".She eii|isizi.il in a 
 heavy si(inill shortly after iniilniKlit, ami went 
 iliiwn in lliree niiniites." - (/iiiiiiii.V ii/ii),./. Ih.r 
 
 j ilestriictioii was atlriliulnl to loo low Irei.-lioaril, 
 
 j lie.ivy tiip-vvei-ht, niasis. ami hiirricaiie ih.ek. 
 
 \ Sill, rosl 4.,,,,,,,«j/. Shf WHS llllilt liy .Messrs. 
 I.aiiil at liirkeiihcail. 
 A eoiiil-niartial tor tlie niinilnal trial of , lames May, 
 the jiunner, ami 17 other survivors, was liehl 27 
 S..|.t. to 4 Oct. ; Mr. v.. ,1. Kceil ami other emi- 
 nent authorities were e.xaniineil ; the venliet was, 
 tliat the loss of the sliip was line to iiislaliility 
 
 ' lioiii faulty ciinstriicliini ; "a ^lave ilepartiir'e 
 IVoni her original ilesign having lieeii (ominitli.il " 
 
 I (let. 1870 
 
 Heport on the ^'Inimrrh that her reserve nf eiieigv 
 
 j til prevent npsetting liy a sipiall, is lO to i iif 
 
 j that of the r»;.(.li,(.— VViili.- . . . loXov. ,, 
 
 [ A'lin/.— 55 ar iireil vessels alloat ; 9 con.strncting ; 
 
 eirective fore,, alliiat, 354 vesseks ; ami a large 
 
 I nunilicr of others 1871 
 
 Mnin;;i tioi.pshi]i lost Hear .\insterilam iskiml (see 
 
 If'TrLi) ,6 ,jnno, „ 
 
 The A>itiiniiirt, cajit. llnmiltoii lieamish, O621 tons, 
 struck on tlie Pearl lim-k near (lil.raltar, u a..m. 
 ! I ,Iiily; got olf liv great skill ami management 
 ■ liy the /;i.c..ii?.-<. cipt. loiiKlnililfonl . 4,liilv, „ 
 . [After trial, ailniirals Wdiesliy ami Wilniot onlereil 
 I to strike Hags ; capts. liiamish ami \V. !1 super- 
 ; seileil ; others ceiismeil ; lord Oullilli nil coni- 
 nn.mliil, Aug. 1871. 1 
 Turret vessels of the .iro«i7.ii- tv|ie ilesigneil liy E. 
 .1. lieeil, lanneheil : tlie (SlaUiiii, b Marcli ; Urcus- 
 ' '"'ii.ii, i2.luly ; c.i/W'vi.s . . . iS.liily, „ 
 ' New rules rcsiiecting iinimolhnis, &e., pnlilisheil 
 
 9 Keli. 1872 
 The Thidiilnrr, ocean-going turret ship, lanm.heil 
 
 at I'cmliroke 25 March, „ 
 
 T.vnl rl.i.lr, iroii-cIail, .stramleil iilf Pantellaria, 15 
 -Maich ; capt. liythesea anil stall'-comniamler 
 May ilismissiil the servii.e . . . . Jlav, ,, 
 A trial-triji of the Jlcnixlalimi rcporteil snecessfill, 
 
 15 April, 1873 
 ■Vi"',i/. -23 great iron-clails ; 27 suialler . Aug. ,, 
 "We now cany (5-toii i;niis on Imanl .ships in tiir- 
 
 rels proteeteil fiy i4-in(.li plates" (Tiiins) 28 Aug. ,, 
 Koyal Naval .\rtillery Volunteer force estalilished 
 
 liy act passed 5 Aug ,, 
 
 If. M.S. Alrnntihii lanneheil at (Jhathani . 7 April, 1875 
 1I..M..S. I'll nil Kiinl, iloulile-s(.re\v ironelail (cost 
 350,000/.), .sunk liy collision with the Imn Jiiikc 
 iluring a hig olf the Wieklow eua.st ; crew (almiit 
 400) saved ; 50 ni. |iast mum . . . i .Sejit. ,, 
 C"i()'(-.l/in7ic'oii cajit. Hawkins : assigned ns causes: 
 1. That tliesi|iiailion (under admiral Tarh'ton), of 
 which the ruii'i'hir'l was one, was u'liing at too 
 gii.at a speed for a log; 3. That captain Hawkins 
 had left llie deek liefore an ordered evolutiou was 
 
 perhirim.il; ;. That llie s| d of the Vni.'iiuinl 
 
 had lieeii injniliri.insly reiinced ; 4, 5, 6. The in- 
 enased speid of the //n/i /ih/,i., her improper 
 navigation, and want of signals ; captain liawkins 
 reprimanded and disniissi.d ; iilhers reprimamled, 
 
 29 Sept. „ 
 The AihiiirnUii Minuir ('onsiilend the speed of the 
 si|iiadriin no cause of the aei.iihnt ; censured part 
 of admiral Tarletmi's evidence on respunsiliility 
 of ullii-ers; and removid lienlenalit Evans of th'u 
 /i-nii /)i(/,|. from his coniniand . 12 Oct. ,, 
 
 Iron Duke nearly lost through a \alve left open, 
 
 28 Nov. „ 
 The .ViiiMii7i, irou-ehid, iniuieil l.y inllision with 
 
 Xiirw(.giaii ship //"'i/iH in llie Cliaiiuel 2S -Nov. ,, 
 The hith-iil'le, wilh iS-iiieh arnioiir and four Si-ton 
 guns, inovealile hy hydranlie power, hiunched liy 
 princess Louise at I'oitsiniiiitli . . 27 .\|irii, 1S76 
 The 7r,.aeii(i;i., smaller holi-elail, lauiiehed at Chat- 
 ham 9 May, I, 
 
 The Tliniiiteirr (see 1S72 n'lore) : explosion of'i'. 
 lioiler tlinnigh stickiic/ of ^ah.|y valves ; 45 deaths 
 ensiled; aliont -yj iii.jured; duriiu' a trial trip in 
 Btokesi Hay, near rorlsnciuth ; 14 July; iiuinest 
 
 3 c 2 
 
 4i 
 
 III '• 
 
 'II ' 
 
 /' .1 
 
 ^' ! 
 
 .I1 
 
 1 .1' 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 Jl 
 
 i 
 
 -i. 
 
 101 
 
154ii{.- .;. .illllL 
 
 
 ill 
 
 ^■'^'n'' 
 W"'! 
 
 ,1 
 
 (t' 
 
 iiU^ 
 
 kV ,>. 
 
 'i^ 
 
 NAVY. 
 
 750 
 
 NAVY. 
 
 bcKiin I" .July; (iil)imt 5,000'. siilisciilicd fm'tlio 
 HUtlcri'i-s); viTilii't, nri'iili iitiil ili'iitlis . yiAuf;. 
 
 ]l(H-htinte,umi-\ iifil wiir-sliip, l.uinclicil, i9<i'-l. 
 
 l.amu-licil at Ulasgciw, Xilsnn. iiun-iUul . 4 N'lv. 
 
 „ ,, Xinilinmi'li'ii , 18 Ni'V. 
 
 luininliia, iinnniiDiirea I'orvclti', iMiincJicd nt I'liiit- 
 
 liaiii , • v';'!'- 
 
 C'oniiiiissiciii iif ii»iuii-y rcsinc-tliij,' tlic Inilijihlr, 
 
 aii|i<iintiil nli"iit .... 14.I11IV, 
 
 4 new iroii.lii.ls Imii-lit .... Miin'l], 
 
 DmiihicKulil, iniii-i-lad ; 10,886 tons ; cn^.-iiii's, Sooo 
 
 )ii)rsi'-)Mi\vci- ; t'liiu' tS-tini giiiis, itc. ; lui'sl iKuvcr- 
 
 liil liKlitiiii; sliii' 111 llic wnilil ; cipiistiiii-tiil 
 
 EuriiiiUr. II. M.S. fiiL-'tilf ; tniiiiiii^' sliip, liiiiinUTca 
 
 111' a nail' iiir Duiiii.si', Islii of Wiglit ; aliinit 300 
 
 iiorislu'd witli capt. lliiii!, 24 Mmvli ; witli iinic-li 
 
 skill iiii.l lalHiur raisi'il aii.l taki'ii tu r.ntsiiiMUlli 
 
 I Hi'i't., <iiilcrccl to be hiiiki'ii up . . fii'l't- 
 
 The Thiimlrrfr (si'i' 1876), :\ -iS-tuii gim i'Npln,li-.s 
 
 while prai'tisin;,', in'.ir l.siiiiil, in the Si'.i (it 
 
 Mariii.ir.-i, Tiiikcv ; 2 ollinTs ami 8 iiiuu killcil, 
 
 mill lirtwi'i'ii joaiiil 411 wmiiiilc'il . . 2. Ian. 
 
 On invcstiKatioii tin' I'ausii assiKiii'd was tliat tlii! 
 
 (jun wa.s I'liiirtJi'il ami ini.ssi'il lire ; n'-cliai-j,'cil ainl 
 
 liiitli cliaiWH wi'iv lirc'il, when it cxpliiili'il Vrh. 
 
 A,](uimitni:,i, inin-c'lail tiiiTi't sliip ; 8492 tnii.s ; lU- 
 
 'gini's, Kxxi lii.rsi'-pnw.T ; I'our sS-ton guns; 
 
 laum-licil lit Cliatli.'iiii . . • _ i7^-''|.t. 
 
 Collision of tin' .l(/ii7''v-' ami .IMmmfni, oiri.ani.ica, 
 
 Mi'cliti'irani'an : boats injinvil, i\:i'. ,. 2 ()<t. 
 
 Sham naval attack on I'ortsmoiith ; lU'ti'mli'd liy 
 
 torpciloi'S, &!' rtdi't. 
 
 Thuii'Irrrr gnii cxiicnnii'iits at Woolwii'li (conlinii 
 decision of investii!atioii coniinittee of Feb. 1S79), 
 Q Di'i'. 1879-3 I'cli. 
 Atahinta training ship lost in gale (see Aluhmli'), 
 
 12 -in I'eo. 
 
 Great naval demonstration at rortsinoutli ; attack 
 
 on forts ; electric. liKlit used at night . 10 .\ng, 
 
 Dolerel, 6 guns; cai't. lUdiard Evans; destroyed 
 
 by oxplosion (attrilmted to iintlitir .iimilin; 
 
 3'Sei>t.) in Straits of Magellan ; out of 150 about 
 
 143 persons perished .... 26 April, 1 
 
 roliiphnnus, huge donble-ac.rcw steam arnionr- 
 
 plated ram and torpedo boat : launched at Chatham 
 
 (designed bv sir tJ. (S.irtorius) . . ij-lnnc, 
 
 Liunich of ( Vii.ii/ii .-orvette at Portsmouth, 26 Aug. ; 
 
 otCniiiiurnn; steel-clad tnrret ship, at Chatham 
 
 8 Sept. 
 
 Trinmrh, explosion of irroline ulrmlivr. (a pati'iit 
 
 drier for paint) near Coipiiinbo, coast of Chili, 
 
 23 Nov. ; 3 men killed, 7 wounded . .Ian. 
 
 Ai(u; new tirmoiiml liinel-.ihip, moved from Cliat- 
 
 'ham 2oheb. 
 
 Two ver>' largo arinnnr-plated war-ships laiinehi'd ; 
 
 Kilinh'ui'ih.nt Pembroke, :8 March ; (o/w.-"..', at 
 
 I'ortsnicmth . . , ■ 21 March, 
 
 The /'/iri'iiij- lost off Prince Edward's i.sland, 12 Sept. ; 
 
 commander Greeiifell dismissed . . '"''C,-, 
 
 The L'l'Uinqvniid. of " liritisli Admiral class, 
 
 launehed'at Pembroke , . • 22 Nov. 
 
 Naval Intelligence Committee formed . . Dec. 
 
 The diike of Edinburgh appointed to eommand the 
 
 Channel lleet .... ii'v"" '^ \',"^'- 
 
 Collision of the /V/ciirc and Vnlianl in li.intry liay, 
 
 iB July; capt. Edwin .lohii Pollard of the Dr- 
 
 feiirc, tried and dismissed froni his ship for 
 
 liiellli'iemy . . . ■ ■ 3o,'|"'.v, 
 
 It'd.s-n, gun boat(cimim. Nicludls), wrecked oil lory 
 
 island (attributed to bad navigation); about 52 
 
 ,,(,l.ig]l 22 Sept. 
 
 UtKlnru, great iron-clad, limnclied by the duchess of 
 Ediiiburgh, at Chatham .... 8 Oct. 
 Navy Discipline , let amended . . . • • 
 ('.rent Uritnin has 46 iion-elads . . . Dee. 
 Largo and important additions to the navy antho- 
 
 rised '"''-'''• 
 
 I.auni;l. of Jlferspy,"protccted corvetto,"atClialliam, 
 
 31 .March, 
 llcnhev, ironclad Jmttlcship, launched nt lilackwall, 
 
 iS.Iunc, 
 sli.im battle near !!nvitr>- P.ny, 3.- .Tunc ; .atteiiiptcd 
 
 attack on Oieeuock .... 14 .In y, 
 I.iirus, WBi'shiii, lannchi'd nt Devonport 27 .Inly, 
 ,-ViTrn, fast sailing stei'l corvette launched at 
 
 Chatham . . • •,-,■, =9 ^''I'f' 
 Jkri\ steel built, nrmoui'-plnteil, tun'eted rain, 
 
 launched at Chatham .... 2/ tJct. 
 
 1S76 
 
 1877 
 1878 
 
 [ Svallow, largest gun vessi'l laiiiich,j| nt Jilien-,,,,,, ;.. I 
 
 2" lll't' '^ I 
 
 C'(iiii(icr''rt"'ii, great ironclad "ar sliji, Liiii-.i,,.,, ,' '■ P 
 ' Portsmouth ... . >:"} \ 
 
 The duke of EdiMburgh takes cniiiii,iiB,r,,f t'| " 
 
 I .Mi'diteiraneau llei't ■ ■ ■ . 22 IVlj :v 
 
 ' Ansnii, twin-screw aniioiir-i'lated hailj, p, „|||.,' '" 
 ' launched at Pembioke ilockyar.l 17 PcL' 
 
 II. M.S. Cnllhi:/!'-"'"!, nt Poll^-lnolltll, m (,„, .,„,■ " 
 
 burst; no casualty, 4 May; staled I" ■■,.• d\i" t.i 
 
 defective metal 
 
 1879 
 
 'hi;, t.i 
 
 (i-^M'!. , 
 
 Sham naval lights at Millofl Haven i', Aii;;.,( ..,,. ' 
 
 II. M.S. (ii-Uiii.h,, lirst of the new class „r h,,i,,,j " 
 
 cruisers, launclic'l at .larrow nn Tyu,' . 3. Aii' 
 
 Till' I'liil'iiiiiliil. another belted cniiner, li.r'nHi.'j " 
 
 nt Jarrow on Tyiie .... j^ >,,,•• 
 
 A'((rt'i.'i,si(.<, new belted cruiser, Inunrlied at' Ijin' " 
 
 The naval intelllgeiire depnrtiiieiit fiiimil'as j " 
 committee, 10 April, 1834; as a 'l','aitiiiiiit 
 
 1 Kill! i':, I 
 Report of commission on adiniraltv cniiiii,i.|< "'' 1 
 censures .system and recoiiini'iids changes, ali,,ii; 
 I , , . loMiiicli, 
 
 I Serpnit, large torpedo cruiser kamicluil at lii'v..ii. ' 
 
 1 port 10 MiuTli, 
 
 j Vietnrin (first cnlled Uninvn), nriimiir ehvl war. " 
 ; ship, launched nt Elswick yaid, .Xewcn-tlc, 
 
 1 Siin^ ;'rirri7, ironclad war-ship, laiuielii'.l at Uliii'k! " 
 ..-.,11 , \i... 
 
 wall 
 
 c, Mav, 
 
 i83o 
 
 ,.,,11 • • • . . . . (, 
 Serious collision between A/iv n\ii\ 1 1, r,ui.,i';.,. ,„^ 
 
 their way to Spithead . . . iMr.h-, 
 Grand .jubilee naval review by the i|iieiii at S\i\'. " 
 
 head ; 135 vessels, 20,200 men aiidabuut 5od'.'iiii> 
 
 2-!.Illlv! ,. 
 
 Naval maiiouvi'es and torpedo exporiiiiiiitMiii iju- 
 
 CI last 
 
 •Vi.-, 
 
 1885 
 
 Tiiilhhjiir, great stei'l twin-screw liimt ram; n,,4o 
 
 Ions, 345 feet long, 73 feet bmad, laniif'lioi at 
 
 Portsmouth 23Si'iit. 
 
 irii.</i, gunboat, siipiiiised to have fuimilei-.l i;, j " 
 
 typhoon in the China sens . . . luili't. „ 
 jVi/V, ironclad, heaviest yet launelied in Kii-l.ii,.!; 
 
 i2,o(xi tons, 345 feet long, 73 feet bioail ; laiiiii'la,! 
 
 at Pembroke dock .... 27 Manli, i;>j I 
 H.M.S. Mfni;,-;,inn, twin-screw swift cnii-iT, ' 
 
 launched at Covan .... 12 M.iv, „ 
 II. M.S. ,1/ri/iii, twin-screw, seciniil class (.'iiiisiT, 
 
 lannehed at Chathain .... ^Jiii,.-, ,^ 
 H.M.S. Mi'i-dllii'ii, cruiser, lauiicheil by piiiifMs 
 
 lieatriee in the Clyde. . . . 23 .\ii;, „ 
 Naval manouvres, nham capture of I.ivor|iijiil aiij 
 
 otlier JioltS All.'. „ 
 
 I^nrd li ge Hamilton, tirst lord, at (llassii\v,}.'ivij 
 
 a favourable nccount of the state of llie navy, 
 
 10 (let. „ 
 Kuril (nl'tiil : 62 armoured vessels; 29 ]iii.t.'Ct"l 
 mid I'lartially protected ; 2^2 iiniirntecti'il; tetal, 
 373 ships; toiin.age, 679,144; Cost, 35.635.-1d 
 
 I •'»ii. iSi) I 
 Lord (icorge Hamilton proposes resiihitiniisfiiili.; 
 construction and equipment of 70 sliiiis, iii'tol. 
 ing 10 battle ships (3 lirst and 2 seci.inl class), 
 mid 42 cruisers, 18 torpedo boats, ,^-c., t.. lii>C"iii. 
 pleted 111 4^ years. Cost 21,500,000', (io.ooo,0(W, 
 from tile consolidated fund in seven ye,ir,s; 
 11,500,0.10/. from live years' navy estiimti's), 
 
 7 M.wli, ,, 
 The Northbiook programmeof i335repniti'.;ii'aily 
 
 complete 7":"A „ 
 
 Lord Cicorge Hamilton's resolutiims ail"|iti.l liv 
 
 the Commons 2-4 .^liiii, 
 
 Kir \. Hoskius succeeds the duke of Ediiiln.nl, in 
 
 coinmaud of the Mediterranean lli'et 6 .\iiril, „ 
 The Siill'iii, ironclad, run a.shoie on ,1 P'rk at 
 Comiiio channel, Maltese gronp, 6 Marrli; 
 abandoned; the crew saved: at'ter >li'!.i..n 
 nttcnijits to save her, the vessel saiil;, 14 Maick; 
 trial ; caiitain Uice reprimaniled fur sailih; t'<i 
 
 ch'se to shore 8A|iril, „ 
 
 [The admiralty appointed 1. court |.ieiii|iiiivii*. 
 all file circunistaiices, 29, 30 May, vhm the 
 duke of Edinburgh, who li.nl ilinrt.il tlie 
 salvage operations, was exaiuini'il; tliof";rt 
 rcjiorti'd its apiaobation of the steps takraf^r 
 the recovery of the vessel) . . 15 ■'""f. n 
 
rAVY. 
 
 '■1 llllllioli,;,] nt Mu.f.r„..„ ,:: 
 1 , , ■'■'"'<'■ 
 
 ml "111' slnp l,iiii.cli.,i„t " 
 
 . ; • ■-■jX.v 
 
 tiilics Pdiiiiiiairii' ,if III,, " 
 
 iiir-iil.ili'il laiij,. ,„ ,i,|,, 
 ilcickjiiiil , 1-1,!.' 
 
 l'"lt»Ml"lltll. 4! (mH ■.||.', 
 
 Hay ; ^latiM tn :,.. ,i„,?i;, 
 
 . 6S.|,t. ^ 
 nV'l llavi'M i<, All;;.,f .,,,, 
 :' till' iii'w (.lii<s uf |i,.||,,| 
 arrnw.ii, -pyii.' . j, .\,|„ 
 ■ U'ltuil eniiM-r, IimmkI,,"! ' 
 
 niisiT, lamirlii'il iit'l':!,]]' ' 
 
 1-, |j,r! 
 
 ili'linrtnii.iit Inn las a ' 
 
 1S34; as ft ili',initii:.iit 
 
 I Kill. ,: 
 nil iiuiiiinilty ciiiiiiacts " 
 
 ■comiuriiiis cliaii-i-,. ai,„iit 
 
 lo >li:fli, 
 I'ulsrr laiiiiolii'il at li.v.cn. 
 • • • 10 Mauli, 
 •nnm), nriii'inr rlail nar. 
 ;is\vick yanl, Xuwra-ilp, 
 9 Ainil, 
 ii--shili, laiinrfiwl at lilapfc. ' 
 
 . <,Mav, 
 11 /l./'M' ail. I lin-iiti,ii:..i, ,',|| ' 
 
 iMiilv, 
 ii'W liy tile qili'i'li at >.|iii. ' 
 ooiiii'ii aiiilalxiiu 5(»iiiiis 
 
 2'Jiilv,' , 
 cii'iicilo (.'XiiorimiMifs nil h'k 
 
 • • • ■ Alii, , 
 ill -screw tnnvt raia; 11.J40 
 3 fei't liiciiiil, laiiiiflinl at 
 
 20S,.1|1, 
 
 ■il to liavi' rciiiiiili'i 'il iii a 
 si-as . . . j>,(lii; 
 yet laniiclicil in Kiii;iai.r|; 
 iif,', 73 ffi't lirnail; Iniiiirbd 
 
 27 MaiTli, ,: 
 wiii-scicw swift Cllli.ii 
 
 isMav, , 
 ri'W, sccniiil class I'liii^r, 
 
 si-r, laiiiiclii'il l>y pii:.h„ 
 
 II captiuv of I.ivoriicM.l aini 
 
 All:. . 
 
 tirst Inril.at (;ias2..tt-,:iv,s 
 
 of till' stati- of till- 1;,1VV, 
 
 I ' I K. , 
 
 iM-il vissi-ls ; jg iiiil.fi.,1 
 
 I'll ; 2oj iiiiiiroti'Ctwl; tital, 
 
 679,144; cost, 35,63;.;i;,!. 
 
 I Jjli. li 
 
 prniiiiscs ri'siiliitinasf.i tli< 
 
 iiniii'iit of 70 sliips, iiiflii.l. 
 
 ;S lli'st anil 2 srciiiiil clas>), 
 
 rpcilo boats. \c.,ti' iii'C'piii. 
 
 ost 2l,5cx?,coo'. (lo.noi.ooV. 
 
 Ii'il fiiml in si'vi'ii yi,ir»; 
 
 w years' navy estiuiati'), 
 
 7 Marcli, 
 
 iniiiii'of ijssri'iiiirt.'.lii.aiiv 
 
 . zMimli. 
 
 It's rcsolntions n(l"|in.l l.y 
 
 2-4 A|.|ii, 
 
 U tlioilnUi' of Eiliiiliiiidiin 
 
 iitirraiu'an tli'i't 6A|itil. 
 
 run a.slmri' on a rrt .it 
 
 lalti'si' i.Tonp, 6 Jlarfli; 
 
 fW sa\'nl ; afti-r sti'i.ii'iK 
 
 ■, till' vi'ssi'l sank, 14 Maicii; 
 
 n'oriiimiiili'il for sailiii;t"i 
 
 . eAi'iii, , 
 
 iiiti'il !■ oonrt liiiMii|iiiii'iiiiii 
 iicrs, 21), -^o May, vlii'ii tho 
 ;;li, Willi liail iliivrtiil tlio 
 *, was cxaniineil ; tlif i.-'iirt 
 liatioii of the steps taken fir 
 ) vessel) , • 15 June, 
 
 NAVY. 757 
 
 j «, <H(liin was ralseil 20 Auj;., sailed to Malt« 
 ^Vw. «t''*l''''''™'' • • . . 23 Dec, 1885 
 I oji I'liteiii, swift enilser, InunclicU nt I'orts- 
 
 ' rtth . • • ;,•..■ ■, Ui'iiiie. „ 
 I i-„j; ilffi'ire iicl liasseil (iirovision luaile lor eoii- 
 'iim'linn 7" ships, ineliniinf,' 10 Imllli'sliips, 42 
 rnisfR, 18 lorpe'lo gun boats), royal assent, 
 
 , , 3' M'ly. » 
 
 I HifiltTtassi'iiihle'l ''»■ "i'' nntiiiiiii iiiaineiivres in- 
 iin'Hil 1)V !'"' e'iil"ior \Villi;iiii II. (aiiil his 
 IMllW llfilii'i' lleiiiy). the piiliee of Wales, ami 
 fifiilitrsoriioth houses of parliaiiient. I'he liiic 
 ivwiHisteil of 20 liattle ships (g llrst class, 9 
 inijiiil class ami 2 tliinl class), 38 tlrst cla.sH 
 i.iru'ilii beats anil other vessels, in all 106 vessels 
 (ik iiuet'u laspecteil tlic Itcct later in the ilay), 
 
 Ijiifiiival iii.iiiieiivres lieu'iii ; sham ileclaration of 
 
 jlMjAU.-'. : Kll,:;lish Meet eiJlllllialnleil liV aillll. 
 
 Iniiii, .U'iiill or lorii^'ii lleet by inliii. Hainl ; 
 fiieiiiiM' cuinilry, Inlaml ; liiililin, lielfast, 
 MtTfonl captiueil by Tiyoii ; Kiliiibur^li eap- 
 tiipil, .ilierileeii, Wnmlerlaml ami other towim 
 l„ialianl«l by itaini, invasion reiiellecl 
 
 22-29 Aii(,'. „ 
 ISi'lm, :,tci'l-l)lateil cruiser, Iftiinclieil at Ports- 
 
 lilOlltll II '^iept. „ 
 
 I Ii'il Siiiiboat struck on a rock, off Point Arnionr, 
 btolur efiiist, ami sank, 7 lives lost; hi'i-oic 
 wiiiliictoftliecrew, i6Si'pt. ; eonimamler Uiissell 
 11(1 lifiit. Sharp ceiisnieil ami ilisiiiisseil 4 Oct. „ 
 iWdliratecti'ilcriiiser, the largest yet const riicteil, 
 ifiijlli 375fl"i hreailth 65 ft., liuincheil at C'hat- 
 
 . lain 23 .\ov. „ 
 
 |(;..."«i>T mill UlMuer, j,'!'" vessels, lanncheil at 
 
 Hitfriir.ss 9 <Ian. 1890 
 
 |/i;rrnf»«i, cruiser (hiiiiicheil A|iril, iSSg), trial 
 Iri|eill'.Mai-;.'nte; explosion; Henry Ovemliiia ami 
 J.uiii> tioiilil kilieil, S siverely in.inivil, 7 Keb. ; 
 »ii|iU'«t, 10 Feb.; verdict, iicciiieiilal death; 
 rtijncrrceiisnied .... 10 . April, ,, 
 |)ji'"M, war cruiser, laniicheii at Harrow 22 .May, ,, 
 iJii'M.!, siTOihl class cruiser, the lirst of a set con- 
 ilniotol umler the Naval Defence act, lannclied 
 
 ai Piirl.iiiiDiitli 30 June, „ 
 
 |Jii«/iii»i, laij-'e cruiser, hinnclied at lilackwall 
 
 5'''il.V, II 
 |>'r.val iiiameiivres ; ilefeiisive lleet under adm. 
 sir (ifijr^e Tryon ; eiieiii\'s Hi-et under adni. sir 
 Jlidiarl (.'uliiie Seymour ; kept the seas but could 
 iMl III' iiiitwitli; there w,is iiiiich practice and 
 ii:aiiyi-vuliitioiis but no conllict . 9-18 An^. ,, 
 laaiicli uf ilttitnqiui, steel protveted cruiser, at 
 
 Itimiw 2 Au^'. ,, 
 
 ii'l/irsiiiflf, cruiser, lannclied at Chathani, 14 An^;. ,, 
 e/^'i'. turiH'ilo-cruiser, started from PI,\'iiiout|i 
 ; .Nov, ; iliiriii;^' a jjale struck on a rock at Peiila 
 I Uai'y oil the coast of t.'aniariiias, 5 miles \. of 
 can- Viilaiie. Ijimiiuimler Harry L. Itoss. lieiits. 
 I Guy .V. J. Ilreville and Torqiiil .Macleod, .Mr. 
 I Jaiiifs W. Uixi-ii, payiiiasler, and 169 others wi-ro 
 4iM»'ii«l;tliiei' seamen, Kdwiii liniton, Krederiek 
 [ Jwi'lili (iiiiilil and Oiiey LuNtoii were the only 
 'lirviviirs .... 10.30 p.m. 10 Nov. ,, 
 ii's were hiuiouralily buried as they were 
 I wailifil aslioie. Court martial verdict, error in 
 
 haviation 16, 17 Dec. „ 
 
 ) iiiiriniial hniil for the relief of the families siilfer- 
 
 ; liy till" wreck, was stjirted at llevonport by 
 
 I tlii'iliiki'uf Eiliidmr;.'li, iS Nov. ; the dnke j,'av"e 
 
 ixtl.. liii'iliR'liess 50/., the queen 50/., tlie prince 
 
 jf Wales 25i., see Mmisiuii. Il"ii^e Fiimt and 
 
 •"/'/('p-ji' loe/ Sti'ilor.^' Ftfillilirft .(ssne/o/ioii. 
 
 iTutalsiaiiculli'cteil 13,580/., re|iorteil . 15 Nov. 1891 
 
 |l;«f, lirst class cruiser, lannclied at Devoiiport 
 
 24 Nov. 1B90 
 ■r;"f, smnnl class twin-screw cruiser; lannclied at 
 Jll"ivili)ii.i)a.iyiie .... 13 Dec. „ 
 lariiist apiieal on bcli.alf of tli« rank aiid lllo 
 |(ivaiTaiiti)ilicei'S, &c.), for a system of ]iroiiiotioii ; 
 
 I'^nlatcil about 17 Jan. 1891 
 
 •.■■;:mi. in tho prespiicp of lier thief suns and 
 la lirsi' cniiipany at I'ortsmonth, names and 
 Iliaiii'liM the A'p.i/ii/ .Irf /no-, lirst class prolected 
 Icniisi'r; ami also names, and eansi s the lloatiiiK 
 |j!i!"f ilMel< of the A'.iipi/ s.u'. n i./,i, the hir^iest, 
 Ikiltli'sluii ill the Royal Navy (leiwtli 3S0 feet, 
 "r.a.ltli 75 Iwt); all very successful . 26 Feb. „ 
 
 f I' 
 I 
 
 NAVY. 
 
 The A'mprevs 0/ /iidio, (.'rent ironclad, 14,150 t^ms, 
 380 fei't lolli;, 75 feet broad, witl 
 rorpedijiis, iaiinehi'd at Pembroke 
 
 ''# 
 
 leiail, 14,1 
 
 broad, with 7 Whiteliraii 
 
 ■like docks bv till) 
 
 duchess of CiiiinaiiKlit . . . . 7 .May, 1891 
 
 VuriMUi, cruiser ; 2 lients. and 4 men killi'd by ll'm 
 
 explosion of a nun while practisinj^ in tlie Pacillc 
 
 i"-''"i' 29 J line, „ 
 
 ^aval iiiaiiieiivres tinder admirals Seymour ttlid 
 Jones, tiictical operations of all kinds 
 
 13 Julv-3 AuK. ,, 
 ii'nJ^iin'iin, armoured orulsor, Iniineliedat Hull, and 
 
 named by the marchioness of S.alisburv, 22 July, ,, 
 ll'««l. ^'leat turret ship, length 380 ft., breadth 
 75 ft., launched at C'liHtliam, and named by I.ady 
 
 Jluod 30 July, ,, 
 
 Virt'.ru', llaKship, runs nKronnd near Platea, 
 \V. (ii-ei'ce, 29 Jan.; nilloated, little in.jured, 
 5 Fell. It xui. ; arrived at Malta for ri'iiairs, 
 12 Feb.; capl. lioiirke reprimanded for nenli^eiici) 
 by a Court martial .... 25 Feb. 1892 
 Crafhiu, swifl cruiser, launched at tho Thames 
 Ironworks Dockyard .... 30 Jan. 
 ItipnU, 1,'ii.at turret ship, length 380 ft. ; breadth 
 75 feet ; laiinehed at Pembroke, 27 Feb. ; tlii> 
 Jl'imilics, a similar vessel, was launelicd on the 
 
 t^'.V'l'- I March, „ 
 
 llihrnUtn; lirst class protected cruiser, launched at 
 
 llovan, iieartilasKow . . . 27 .\pril, „ 
 JnfH, torpedo giinboiit, lannchiid at I)ariow-in- 
 
 '■'"iiiess ,4 May, „ 
 
 llisnliititiii, lirst class Ijatllesliip, )aiineheil at 
 
 Jarrow-on-Tyni! sS May, „ 
 
 St. inoriji, hrst-class battleship, launelicd at Hull 
 
 23 June, ,, 
 Naval manienyres, 5-13 An;;. ; 19 liattleships and 
 17 other vessels en(,'a>;eil ; red si|iiailroii, 2 divi- 
 sions, miller adm. H. Fairfax and re;ir-adm. R. 
 (I'li. Fitzioy ; blue si|iiadron iimler H. C. St. 
 .bihn ; luameuvres in the St. (leor^e's chaiiuel 
 and Irish sea ; the two red divisions eventually 
 unite and capture the blue siinudron, the jiro- 
 
 posed object II Aug. „ 
 
 llnrjlrur, ironclad, launched at Chatham . 10 Ann. „ 
 liiiiliil Xnciil t'uiiil for the relief of widows and 
 orphans, was founded by means of the surplus 
 from the Naval exhibition of 1891 (n-Aii/i .w), 
 ,„, , , 29 Juno, „ 
 
 riie 7.11(11 and Alanii, gunboats, launched at Slieer- 
 
 iiess 13. Sept. 
 
 The last 2 of the 8 itreat battleships ordered in 1889 
 
 launched : the /.'.e. ii./c in the Tyiie, 3 Nov. ; the 
 
 Hiiii'il Oil/,- ill the .Mersey ... 5 Nov. 
 
 The Iliiiiuvriiliiir, protected cruiser, launched at 
 
 Devonport by tlic princess Marie of EdinbuiKli, 
 
 2 Dec. „ 
 " Disi-inlitiihlr /o"./ir(," a term applied to a ]iro- 
 posal in the ,l;//i,i/ iniil Surii f,o.-Wfc, Nov. 1891, 
 for the niiioii of naval ollieers to briiit; their 
 Kiievanees befon; parliament ; a circular, siKiied 
 by comni. Ch.as. N. Hobiiison, was distributed 
 through the lleet, Ann. 1892.— 7'inii's . 11 Oct. „ 
 The II<iiir, battli'ship, runs a(,'ronnii on a reef olf 
 Ferrol ; atlribiiteii to an incorrect chart, 2 Nov. ; 
 (illieers aciiiiilted of blame, 30 Nov. ; vice-adm. 
 Henry Fairfax aciiuitted, 29 Dec. 1892 — 7 Jan. 
 1893; capt. Hastiii(;s and coiniuaiider Dick.soii 
 censured by the admiralty, 24 Feb. ; the llnwc 
 Hoated, 29 March ; arrives at Sheeriiess, 22 June, 1893 
 The riilorin (,«.e o/.iot, 1S87), tla^-ship in the Medi- 
 terranean (vice-admiral sir (ieor^e Tryou), sank 
 by collision with the 'iniijn r(/.,evi (rear-admiral 
 Markham) while niainenvrinf,' olf Tripoli, on the 
 coast of Syria, thronj,'h an error of ,|uil;;meiit of 
 adiuiral 'IVyon ; the vessels were 6 instead of 8 
 cabh's apart ; lie remained on the brill^;e till tho 
 vessel sank, taking all blame, 3.41 |).iii. 22 June, ,, 
 [Besides admiral 'I'ryoii, 22 ollieers, 336 men, includ- 
 ing lient. Philip II. .Muiiro, rev. S. S. .Morris, 
 chaplain, Felix Foreman, lleel-eiigiiicer, were 
 drowned ; niucliunselllsii heroism was exhibited; 
 25 ollieers and 259 men landed at Malta, 30 June ; 
 lilieral coiitrilmtions for the relief of the tiimilios 
 of the siilferers were received (.see .Ui(iisio/i-/ioHse 
 Fiiiiil. ,luiie-Aii!,'. it sK/, 1S03.I 
 A court-martial on board the 'llilnrnin, ndmiral sir 
 .Michael ('iilme-Seyimiiir iiresident ; the hoii. 
 .Maurice lioiirke, capt. of the I'irluiin, and other 
 survivors, were .acunilted. The cuiirt decided 
 
 H IHI ' 
 
 f II 'n '' ' 
 
 \Ji 
 
 4 . ■ ' 
 
NAVY. 
 
 XAVY. 
 
 ill*'' 
 
 
 li.'i^r 
 
 i 
 
 WHS' 
 
 that til.' iici'iili'iit WMs line tip lli.' irnir i.lii.lininil 
 Tf.viiii, l.iit iv^'iilli'il lliHt ihliiiiiiil .MiirkliiiiiMliil 
 iKit net on lii'i first iiitriitiiin tuiisk ailiiiiiiii Ti.Vdii 
 f(ii' Mil I'^iihiiiatloii of his si(,'iml tit' 6 i'iiIpIch' 
 
 iMsllililT i;-;; July, i£q3 
 
 NtiMil iiifiniiinifs . . . 27 .1iil,\— 4 All;;. ,, 
 
 Hill Si|ll,'lclllMI IIImIiT Viic-Miilll. II. I'MUlilX; lillK" 
 
 .S(|iiiicliini iiiidiT li. (I 1). I'itzniy, mriti'iiil Inrthi' 
 ]iitsM's^ii.n III' tlif Irish M'a ; niiu'iMrtixi' cMt'iiiiiiter 
 
 oil Cull ul .Miiii 21) .Inly, ,, 
 
 Thii Mi'ililLMiaiican si|iia'h(iii \ isit Taiaiilii, \i'. (mo 
 
 Iti'iii) i6-.'q()cI. ,, 
 
 II. .M.."^. I!i.-;.liii:,,.i iiiiu'h iiijuri'il iluiiiiK a ^'ah' in 
 
 till' hay III' lii»i'ay ; 1 man lost . . Dir. ,, 
 I.aniiihrs ; llio luiiiliiuiiii, iiruli'cti'il cinisi'i', at, 
 I'l'inhioki', ;u .hin. ; .l>//'"ii, iinl class I'l-ulsiT, at 
 |)i'\iiniinrl, 17 .Mari'h ; .<;..rp/,v (lai'^'i' turiii'ilo 
 Kiinlioat), at i:iiisHii-I<. .3 May; C/i.i/v/'i/i'.v, at 
 Mii'i'rni'ss; /■'!./, at riiit.~niiiuth, 15 .liiiu'; lln- 
 7»/"i", snil class ciniscr, at hi'Minimrt, 7 Nov. ; 
 /'/ii/'", 2nil class cruiser, at I'l-itilii'ukc, iii .\o\'. ; 
 full:, 2nil class cruisci', at Chathani, 9 Dec. ; 
 Horn, I, at riiplar, 2; lice. iSyj ; A'l/i'j.s,', ..nil 
 class cruiser, at I'liitsiiiiiutli . . m ,'nly, 1894 
 Mii,i„iii,; )it, ist class hattli sliiji, 190 ft. Ion;;, 75 II. 
 
 liioail ; laiuiclieil at (. li.'ilhani . . lo Dec. ,, 
 31r. Will. II. White, y.H.fi., director of naval con- 
 slniclioii (K.C.li. ifcys), in a ilisconrse at llie 
 Hoyal liislitntiiin 011 the " .Makiii,!,' of a Mmlerii 
 Fleet," re]iolte.l that nearly all iii the 7M ships 
 onlereil ill iS.-Q weleciilnpleleil ill the tiniespeci. 
 licil in till act ': cost, al'ont jj-; millions, i, .March, ,, 
 Xavy esliinates, it;Q4-5, net amoiint, i7l,_;66, 100/. ; 
 ]iroiiosed ciiiistnictioii of 7lh'st-class baitleslnj s, 
 6 cruisers, anil uihcrs . . . 15 March, „ 
 Naval manienvres .... 3-7 Au^. ,, 
 Hcil siiuailrnii umler ailniiials Titzroy ami Dale ; j 
 
 Mue si|iiai|i'oii iimler ailiiiirals ,>^eyiiionr ami [ 
 
 Drnnimiiiicl ; en,ea;,'einent oil llellasl Lon,i;li. 1 
 
 5 .\n^'. ; \ ictory awaiileil to the hlne . 7 An^. ,, ! 
 Mdjiftif, hallleslii]i ; _i(,o ft, loll/, 75 ft. linail; 1 
 
 lannohcil at I'ortsmunth by the princess Ionise, ' 
 
 31 .Ian. 1B93 I 
 Jlitiiiirii, 1st ela.ssbnttlcsliip, laiiiiclii'il at I'emliriiko ! 
 
 Dock s May, ,, ! 
 
 'Ji ri-ll'lr, <'rniscr ; 538 11. Ion;;. 71 ft. wide ; laiinchi d | 
 
 near (ilas/ow ;.; .\i;iy, „ | 
 
 J'mi'i ;/)'/, ist cla.ss cruiser laiincluil at Dai row by 1 
 
 the illH'hess of Devolishil.' , , , .■.( .Iiily, ,, ] 
 
 J'liiiri (.rue./., Ist class cinisir, launched at Ports- 1 
 
 mouth by the iluihess of Vnik , jL-nd .Vii;:. „ 
 Discussion on the la-opused siibstitutinii of tubular 
 for cylindrical boilers, hitlierto tried in .^'nnboats, 
 
 April i'( .■Jir/. ,, 
 Manii'Uvrcs : tactical exercises, ,^c., by t'hanml 
 lleet, reserve licet and toipedo si|iiadron, 24.llllv- 
 7 All/. ; " hide and seek " . . . 1.-1SA11V. ,, 
 rii/en'.iHs, batlbship, ;g.. ft. Ion/, 73 ft. broad; 
 
 launclie.l by .Mrs. (loseheii at C'liallia'ni it, (let. ,, 
 100 olllcers (taken I'loni the naval reserve, A-c. 
 anil ic« from the mercantile mariiiu to the naval 
 
 reserve), /azctted Nov. ,, 
 
 }I..M.S. Kiliim-'.-i iiimincD foninlcred oil' Cheninlpho, 
 
 48 lives lost 13 Nov, ,, 
 
 Jniltir, 1st class batth ship, ;(, , feet li.ii/i 7; It, 
 9 in, bioail; hiniiclu-d at Olas/ow, bv Miss 
 
 Dalfonr I's Nov, „ 
 
 Klyiii/ si|uarlriiii, rear-adm. A, T. Dale hoists his 
 
 llaK-oii the /.'..Ml;/. .... 14 .bin. 1896 
 
 Great iiii]iiovinienl of the navv in li/litin/ power, 
 
 i886(rM7., ib.niouslraled . . . ,bin. „ 
 
 Mtii-K, ist class battleship, 390 ft. Ion/, 73 ft, broail ; 
 
 launched at liirUeiihead, , . ' ;o Miircli, ,, 
 lliiniiil'i'l, 1st class battleship, laiinched at I'eiu. 
 
 broke Dock -ji April, „ 
 
 Naval maiiieuvrcs ; mimic war, 4 llcuts en/a/cil, 
 
 24-;o.luly, I, 
 28 vessels'pass Osborne, ami lire a linal salute, 
 
 3 Au/. ; inspected by the iineen . 4 All/. ,, 
 
 Ciesii,', ist class battleship, -9.. ft, loll/, 75 I't, 
 
 broad ; launched at I'ortsinoiilh , , j Sept, ,, 1 
 Jlliistruiiix, ist class battleship ; laiinelied at (bat- 
 
 ham 17 Sept, ,, ! 
 
 faid. ii. IJ. l.aii/ and 3 s.anieii of II. .M.S. .Y.oi ;,■,-«,-, i 
 
 Chum sipiadroii, drowmd , -It Fish river, II Sept, ,, | 
 Lieut, Cerahl A. Ileymaii and 7 others of 1I.,M,S, 
 
 Sitillltr, I'aeilie si|Uai|li.|l, dro« Ind tlll'iiU/h ' 
 
 hHaiiipiin; of a boat at L'luiluska . . 6 Sept. 1896 j 
 
 Lord Walti r Ken with the riiauiiel sniii ),., 
 I voys the ezar and c/.ariiui to uwH t'lu Kivi.i'l' 
 lleet miibclianiiel . . "»nniil, 
 
 rdwliul'.r, battleship; laiim bed r.t ivrt^rfjiili',' ' 
 
 A'oi'if, crniser ; lanncheil at Harrow . ,. L'''' - 
 
 Naval niaiiieiivres : (.■|iai 1 Meet, i.«t illVls '' ' 
 
 under adni. Stephenson, a/aiiist' .li,, ,1^,'"'"' 
 under rear-adm. Fellowes, linn, s \\ ||,„iV. ,' 
 
 leserve lleet, Iir adiii. Conipli,,, lii,r,,ii',' '.;' 
 
 8. Ireland, technical evolin ions, ,\:(. ■, ., i,.'. 
 ,>iec('ii;«e./ '.'"■' //";'!, iM.li.ly, ,",. ■ •■ ■ 
 
 Vinwiuis, battleship; launihiil at i'mtsu, „it|, 
 
 Ollleer.s mill iiieii of the Hossliiii ,S/. ';., rwrrnup'' " 
 from the t'niie, recehed by theimnnattid,,,].,,!' 
 
 ,, p ,i ' 
 
 yiib-lient. Win. Lnwlher and ; nun of tla '»,•,■' ' ' 
 drowned by the capsiziii:,; of ihe /i.', ami \'y.,Ji 
 /narilsuieiidroHnedoil U ells, .Sort,, ik 2, j.|'' 
 
 Navy work niinh debijed by eii/iueeiV stiilitiii ' 
 it97, reportid .... ^ Mnt 1 
 
 i:>.IUah, battleshi,., 300 ft. Ion/, 74 If!'™: ■ 
 launched at Chatham . , , w;.Miiiti' 
 
 Alhiiiii. battleship, launched at liliickuiii'l ■ \\n\'. " 
 and dueliess of York present ; .just as tlie'lnliri 
 took place a b.iekwasi'' of water swipt alioiit . ' 
 leople olf a /an/way; 35 deaths; imn.v 1,.;;,,, 
 rescues; 21 ,)une; luiiil raised, 5,,/, i,',,,,, ,|,. 
 
 iineell, 2,532/ ,!j||jj 
 
 (iiio/i, battleship; launched at IVvoiiiimt iv ' 
 princess Louise j,,.,' 
 
 Usual maiiieiivies suspended in view Siiiitli'\V;i;, ' " 
 foal strike; channel siiuadioli to cruise a, ih]„] 
 
 Julv, All 
 A//re/at(! stren/th of the Hoyal navy, 93,5, ,,,|||; " 
 
 eels, men, anil boys ,,.',' ,, jnij. 
 ANN'f.M. K.\i'KSliiriiii;oi.'TiiK liiiirisii Xavv(i.>;;J|!;,,.',',| 
 
 — 1S50, 6,942,397/. ;— iS.-,4, 6.('4o.5i,(5/. i-it:', ij'.i ..' 
 March, Uusdnn. irnr), 14,490,105;, ;- 1856, ij.c":,;:;'" 
 
 — 1S59, 9,215,487;. ;— 1S61, 13,3^1, mi. ■.'.■'',:■.' 
 :2,5i,8,o42/, 1—1863, ii,37o.5S8(, ;— it64, io,£2i;,i" 
 
 — 1865, 10,898,253/, ; — 1866, 10,239,7831, : -I'lV- 
 10,676,101/, ;-i86S, 11,168,949/. ;--iSG,j, ti,3ff.ii:('_' 
 1S70, 9,757,290/, ;— 1S71, 9,456,641/, ;- iSjj, 'y.5«,V.' ■ 
 -- 1873, 9,543,000/, ;— 1874, 10,279,900/. ; _,.-■ 
 10,680,404/. ;—iS76, 10,285, 194/, ;■- 1877, ll,:;H-'' 
 
 — 1878, 11,053,901/. ;— 1S79, l0,st6,Si)4/. ;'-!,'.': ■ 
 '0,492,935/. ;—i8Si, 10,725,919/. ;—,£S3, io,4!;,i', ■' I 
 
 — 1883, 10,899,500/. ;— 1884-5, ",645,711/. ;_V:;:." I 
 
 12,694,900/.;— its6-7, 12,993,100/.;— lEt?--:, 11!,. -',:;' I 
 
 — 1888-9, 13,082,300'/, ;— iBcg-yo, l3,6E;,4oi./. ;-i,- - I 
 i4i357.S56/.;-iS9i 2, i,t,2i5,ico/,;— 1892-3,14,: ;,. 
 
 — i3o3-4, 14,048,000/, ;— 1S94 -5, i6.~,6e,K^,.'.. 
 1895-6, i8,7ri,oc»/.;— 1896-7, 21,?23,C«./. ;-i;!,--, 
 2i,83S,o(xi/. ; 500,000/. addeil (.liilyj; — i;;-. 
 25,55o,(xx,/. " ' " 
 
 Number of men voted for 1892-3, 74,100; i£93-4. i;.(t; I 
 
 — 1895-6, 88,850;— 1.°96-7, 03,750 ;—i857-S,"io!),c'!c:- 
 1S98-9, 106,390 (6,340 increase), 
 
 N.VV.U. iS.M.I'TK To TIIK DlllTlSII Fl.UI lM>(;ail ill .\lt|i,]', I 
 
 rei/ii,aiid lliou/h soinetinies dispiitiil, inaj lll•^;liit., 
 have been continueil ever since. Tin- HutrliiUiej'. 
 strike to the Fn/lish eololiis in tlie l)iiti-li «;,,,.a 1 
 1673. 'I'lie honour of the Ha/ salute llt .soi «a> :i>. I 
 foinially assented to by Franee in 1704, altliiii.h 1 1 
 had been loll/ previously cxaeted by EliflaiiJ .' 
 Fliiii and Suli'lcs nl .s'co. 
 N.WAi. Unu'ohms. The lii'st notiee of tlii'cstiiMidiDim I 
 of a unilonii in the liritisli naval seiviir, «liiit«r I 
 
 have met will lUrs in ti.e ,/iii",W(t's Ji'im.ii' i.I; I 
 
 .March, 1748, under the head of " Deiiii'Stie.N'rtvs.'ii I 
 these teiiiis : ".\ii order is said tn he i-ssii"). r,- 
 i|iiii'iii/ all his majesty's sea ollieeis, I'luai tli" aiiiiMjl 
 down to the midshipiiiau, to wear a iiiiil'"iii.;tv .j 
 clolhin/. ha- which imrpose patti 111 (eats fi liim 
 suits and frocks for eaih rank of oijjeei.s arvl'd^i-riii | 
 the Na\y-olllce, and at the several il.iikyanlsf.i iWir 
 inspection," This is eonoborated by tlie i.'.ial!. .Ir, 
 ■Inly, 1757, when the lirst alteiatinii in tin- la.il'it. | 
 took ]ilaee, and in wliieli a lel'eriiiie is inaili- !• ;!,r 
 order of 174S. alluded to in the joiiiaal iil»a. ti:.- 
 tioiieil, and which in fact is the year hIhii a uvaliii,;- 
 form was lirst esialiiislied. Jaiiies I, liaii li'in'i 
 /ranted, by waiiaiit of 6 April, i6w, tesisi'fb 
 principal masters of the navy. " liveiir i'i«t.< i'.''t:!e 
 led cloth." The warrant is stated tn liavrlioiiow 
 ra liutliii from otic signed by (itiurti Eliial'vlli. lit j 
 
 iiiii 
 
till' ('liiii|,„.| »i|U., |,v,. ,,, ^ 
 ziiriim ti. Intel tin t'lvn.V 
 
 ''""" I'r.i i'.itUh.S:' 
 
 'il lit lliimiw . , l'"' 
 I'"||"H lW,.t, ,., ,,i\i^,;; ' 
 Mill, ;l;;lllll^t -..i.., i|ni,„i" 
 "WIS iv,„„ N.w, I,,,,, 
 iilill. CiMiii.lDii l>,,i:i,.ji,. ., 
 
 '■vi'iiuioiis. ,\:c, •,-:,,i,;;;: 
 
 7", l'"ll.ly, iJt,; 
 liiuiiiliiil lit r'urtKii, ,„ti| 
 
 "ns»lilp>''.'/'w,,rrHiiii„, 
 I'll 'iyllieiniiciiat(ii!l,„ii,' 
 
 2 I'fl'.' yr: 
 
 1' mill n iricn ol Dn ,|/„, ■> 
 ziii^;i>lllir -iv, mill 5,,,,,,' 
 ll«dls,N,,ii..|k,2,,..:i,;,' 
 jnl lij' eii^iiiui'iV Miikii'i 
 tjMiiivl' 
 P ft. 1,111-, 7^ II. „.,|, : 
 
 , •, ■ • •',Jl.iiti/ 
 jclii'il at lilMcliV.iill; ,;iii 
 
 ■ri'M'lll; Just llstl|..l|:M, ,'; 
 
 l''(jt u;itiT >\v,|,i :iin„|| , ■' 
 i", 35 il(;llli> ; liiiii.v l.ii',V,. 
 mill llli.-^l'll, 5J. ||',,;ii i|., 
 
 • ,•, • . • i-'iiii. , 
 
 lliclli'cl ill Di'MiiilMill li 
 
 • 5.I1;;.' 
 iiilril ill virw ffiiiitli Wai, ^ 
 <i|iiiiiliuii lijcriiiMa.Mi<ii,i 
 
 July, All' 
 liHioyiil nuvy,95.5^,,_||,. ' 
 
 ■ • • 11 Jiilv, , 
 
 'KTIIK liimiSIl X,\VV(i>!ii,:3,,.,| 
 1834, 6,640.5(j6/. ;-,t,-, (j'l, :,' 
 
 Mviyo.ioj;. ;- iSjf.. ig^b-.y.-:' 
 — :S6i. i3,3ji,C6S(. :'-.',' 
 I,3-o,3S8(. ■,- It64, io,Eji.;,, " 
 
 — 1866, 10,239,7881. ;-V'- 
 ,l68,g4ij(. ;--ibC.;. 11,3(6,14;/.';:^ j 
 I. 9145(1,641;. ;- iSj!, 5,5«,,'(;i:;.; I 
 
 — 1S74, io,;79,5oo/. ; - ;•;' 
 0,285,11)4/. ; -1877, >i.;:t,i-. 
 
 ; — 1S79, 10,5^6, CQ4(. ; _ .' 
 oJ^SiIJIq'- ;— i££3, 10,4;-... : 
 
 — 1884-5, lj,645,7ii(. ;-V:,:. 
 2,'J03,loo/.;— lEt7-i,i!,^.(. 
 
 — iEt9-9o, 13,685,400/,;-!: - 
 4,215, ico/.;— 1892-1.14,;. ;, 
 •I.;- 1S94-5, l6,3Ce,"ic.,.;.. 
 -I896--7, 2i,823,c«)/, ;-i; ■- 
 vl. uilili'd (July) ;-!:;:., 
 
 "' 1892-3, 74,i'»'i lE^'M. ;:.t ; 
 6-7i 93.750:— 1897-E, ioj,u,:- 
 
 lll'KUMi). 
 
 liunisii Ki.AO lifgaiiiii.\lfi„l,j 
 t'liiiirs ilisiiiili'il. Ilia; ln'sajiiin 
 
 VIT Sim-,,. Till- |llltrlni;ttHll,. 
 C'lilnllls ill till' l!liti-ll»,l..ili 
 till' Hat; .salute at ski Mai iL... 
 tiy l''riiin' ill 1704, altlimd :t 
 ||^^ly ixaitiil liy KuglaiiJ : wc 
 
 lirst Udtici' of tliee.<talili..li!ti;i ] 
 Dritisli naval si'iTiif, nliiitiu 
 4 ill tl.i' ,/iii"./,i(i's ,/miii.:i| i,t J 
 
 • lu'ail iif " l)iiiiiMtie.\'ws.";» 
 irilrr is siiiil til lif :5,sii,il, it- 
 's sra-iilliti'is, friiiii till' aiJiiMiil I 
 miaii, til wiar a iiiiil'iiiMvil 
 iiir]iiiM' iialtii'ii lulls tt.iitss 
 ■li laiili (if nllirris aiv liiil^fi It I 
 
 . till' si-vi-ial iliiikyaiilsfiiiil,tT 
 iiniiliiiniti'il liy tlic inoi;, .(ij 
 tiisl altiTatiiiii ill till' la.iliii:, 
 fli a ri I'l-iTiii't-' is iiiailr I" ■,:,, 
 til ill till' jiiiiriial alh'V i:,':.- 
 id is till' year wlirii il laii.il w ■ 
 isiiiii. Jiiiiu'S I. Iiiiii iLijiri I 
 iif 6 April, 1609, til six iifliS I 
 II' navy, '• livi'iii' cults I'ltir 
 lit is siatiil t(i liavi-tiiiiiii:ii»a 1 
 ;iR'il liy (iiU'i'U Elizal'illi, !-iil I 
 
 NAVY OF FllANX'E. 
 
 r.jy 
 
 NEEDLE.S. 
 
 uliii'll liml "lit lii'i'" '"^t'-il lliMiii tiy I'l'iisnli c,f liiinU'lltll, 
 ]i,ij,aiiiin.sil'niinii'iit l» ill tlir llritisli Miini'Uiii ; liiit 
 1,111 -Jaiiu's's liiiiiti'il nil liviry is sii|i|ii,si.l in Imvii 
 l„,,i siiiui iliMiiiitiiiiii'il.— ','«(i,V,/7;/ luncii; An ui-t 
 r,s|«.i'liiii;llii'iii «'iis iiassi'il in iiy4. 
 y,vv 1'av O, in k, lUiiaiiiM'il in 1644, wns iilinlislii'il in 
 ■ ,5/,, ivliiii till army iiiiil navy pay ilcpiii'tiiii.nU wcru 
 
 ,,,li„iii,luliil ill llii- I'ayiiiiisti'r (M'liiTiils ollli-c. 
 
 yiu l.i-'t""" l'"-l "itlii'iily iiinipilnl liy .Jnliii Kinliil- 
 
 'si':i, tlii*"'!^''"''''''' "''"'"^i "'"' piililislii'ii nii.nllilv in 
 
 iSi4ilsf'/. ; Lean's " Itiiyul Navy l.isi " Is piililislieil 
 
 lUiirtfriy. 
 
 SiKi. lU.virws. Till' uueen I'l'vli'Wi'il 111,. |||.,.t nt Spit- 
 
 ' II, iil.ii.ail'iirlsiii'iiilli.ii .\iin-. 1S53; ii^'aiii,.Miirrli.i854. 
 
 I,l.'ivil sailiii til till- lliillii', at till' iiiiiiiiMiiii'iiii-ni ,,f 
 
 IliP Hus.siaii war: ainl ajiaiii, nt I'liitsiiiuiiili, nn tlie 
 
 miuliis ifpi'aii'. in tin' pri'siii C tlir |iiirliaiiii nt, 
 
 Iif. 'I'lii'll'i'texti iiiliil in iinnnliiiiki'ii liiii' u( ^ iiiihs, 
 mill iiiimi.itrif iif iipwiiiils iif 300 nil ii-iir-wai', eairv- 
 iii,' 3800 Kiiiis, iiiul nianinil liy 4U.000 si'iiiniii. Tlie're 
 wi'ivaliiiiit loo.ouo spi'i'tiitiirs, 23 .April, 1S5A. 
 A.Tiiiil naval revii'H- (15 t;iviit wouil.n sliips, 15 inm. 
 iJ.itiil, i6..'Uiivi'ssc'ls anil Imats), was Inlil at .Kpi||,|.|„i 
 dill' i|iii'i'ii, till' sultan, ami tliii vin my nl' i:;,'\ pt pr,.. 
 S.11II, 1/ July. 1S17 ; iiiiiitlii'r nt Spit'lieail 1,,'riiri' llie 
 •lull iil^ I'ersia, 23 June, 1S73 : iiii.itlnr nt ,>^|iitlie;i,| 
 livllici|iii'eii,{io luiiailsiili' sliips, 8 tnrr.'t ships, ,Vi'.,) 
 I'.liii;. ifi/S; nimtlii'i' al riiilsniniitli, tlir iiuirn anil 
 culiiiiial visitors lui'si'iit (iit t liij I'xpeiisr nt tin- ulliuers), 
 .-iJiiLv, 1386. 
 Criiiil "iii'K'iiipli'il iiiivnl I'l'vii'W (Jiiliili'i') by (In, (|iiei.n 
 at S]iitlii'iiil, 23 ,Iuly, lid?; 133 vessels I'lf all kiiuls, 
 iin'luiliiii.' 26 iiiincla'ls, 2o,2(» ulMcers iiinl men ; ime 
 1,11111 ilii'il tlniuiv'li till' liiirstiiiK III' a saliitiin; ;;ui|. 
 liiA.Mii.Mi .liiiii.Ki; review at .Spitlieail ; the piineiiur 
 Walis, llii'iii.val t.imily. mill riinii-n visitnrs lui'Sent ; 
 i'5 linlisii warships in 4 lines, 5 mi. ju |eii;;tli,' 
 
 lU'liiic'ii I'lirtsii th ami the Isle uf' Wi.^lit ; mitsiiie 
 
 theiii, 2 lilies fit fmei^n warsliips, ami speeial nier- 
 fliaiit vissi'ls Willi j;ik' t.s ; iUiiniinalinns, &i.'. at 
 iii.'lit, soJinii'. 11:97. 
 Xaval V111.1 .vrKi;ns (ur I'escrvc) Ry 16 it 17 Viet. c. 73 
 (1853), till' ailiiiiralty Were eiiipiiwerer. tu raise 11 limlv 
 iifswi-fariiig nun tu lie ealleil the " .Vaval Cnast Vnliiii- 
 
 trrrs," nut tu ixeeeil lo.ayj, I'lir the ileh'l uf the 
 
 mast, ami fur aetiiiil serviee if reipiired. In 1859, 
 aits wiai' I'assiil tii ■ ii.ihle the iiiliniiiilty In raise 
 a nuiiilii'r uf men, imt exeueiliii;; 3cj,tx», as a re 
 I sirvcfuni'iirsuami'ii, tu lie ciilleil the " lluyal Xaval 
 Vi.liiiitii'is." In Xuveinlier Culliiwin^', the 'ailniiralty 
 issiini a stati'iiunt nftlie " i|iiiililie,itiiiiis, aiiviiniiines. 
 aiilulili-atiuiis" iif this reserve. The enrnlnieiit 10111- 
 iiuiu-iil nil I ,lan. 1S60. The eiiua^'eineiit is I'nr live 
 Vrtirs, ami tin- vnlniiteers are eiititleil tu a iieiisinn 
 
 lllll'll il|i:i|Miitaleil alter the expililtiiill 111' the term 
 
 .It till' luusiuel 111 war with the L'liiteil Mates in Dee! 
 iSonagn'at iiiiiiilier iirseanien at lliirtiepunl, Diimlee 
 Liimliiii, .Vlienlieii, \e., nUeieil their serviees. Alnmt 
 24,coo men, ill liigd. Naviil reserve act pa.sseil, 11 
 .Aug. i£96. ■• 
 
 First eiiMlli'il huily of Hoyal Xaval Vuhiiiteers inspecteil 
 alniiit i3 Jan. 1S73. ' 
 
 The .N'.wv liFaiuuw Siuietv, estalilisheil tn iinnnotc 
 till' writiii;; uf a, new ailei|Uate naval liistnrv of 
 Eiiclaiiil, ami the pulilii'iitmn uf lKinl,s relatiii' to the 
 .suii.it'rt ; lust i;eiieiiil meeting; at the li. L'niteil .Set-, 
 vii't' liistitmiuii. 4 ,liily, iSgj ; annual nieetiie-s 
 
 TiieN.uv Lk-vui:, estahlislieil In ,894, t,j seeiire 'is 
 aiiriiiiaryiili.ieeturthen.uiiiniil jinliev, " IheeDinim'iiui 
 of the sea," ami tu spreail v;iliial,Ie infiiriuatiiui l,v 
 means of piiliiiealiuns. leeliiies, Ae ; the l-ile 'ulm' 
 sir Geylfrey lliirnl.y, lirst presiilent. N,i. , „i the 
 
 J;'"™' l'"''"" ' 'I'll.v, .895; aiijieal tu the cihuiies 
 
 liir.sii|i|ii.it ri.s]i,imle,l tu fiylhe Cape, ri»n,s leailer, 
 12 net. 1195; aiiniial meetings. 
 
 > A\ Y OF FhAXCE. It is first mentiuncil in 
 In-storv, ;2«, wlie,,, like tiiat of Eii-liiiul „t an enrlv 
 fei'ioil, It euiisisteil of -alleys; in this year tlai 
 h-i'iU'li (letealed the Frisian licet. The' Frcneh 
 tlei'twiisa iiio.st annihilated by Kilwanl III. nt the 
 battle ol Sliivs. 2.1 .f * ' 
 
 1 
 
 i- 
 
 it 
 
 wiiH Bi'l'iitly Inrri'iiseil liy the fiiiiii'i'ur Nnpidcnn III., 
 
 nnil in iX^j I'onsisteil of i^i ships of the line (14 
 
 i Biiilini; vessels iinil ,57 st'eaniers), nml ^ij^ other 
 
 vessels, ill all 44,,; inelinliiii;' vessels Iniiliiiiii;. i 
 
 ycrtiiii:, ur urdereil tu he Iniilt. The new l-'reiieli 
 irun-elail fri-iite (,'li,i,;, eiiiistnii't"il li\ .\l. Diipuv 
 <le I.oiiie. laiiiiehed In pSdii, vvasKeiieiiiUy cmisiilereil 
 as sneeesstiil. The .So/f, riiio iinil Mii'/aifu weru 
 Iiiiiiieheil in Jniii'. i.Sdi ; utiier nun vessels siiiee. 
 I 111' Miii/iitlii WHS ilesti'uyeil hy lire, (i killed, 3I .\i|i;. 
 1875. 'I'he Jhnix/iifii,i,,'-d u-i-eni iriin-eliid, liniiielieil 
 at Lunent, H) .\ii-. i,S;.). I''rani e had 22 hatlle- 
 shijis, 11 nrnioiired vessels fur eoast delejiee, 
 liesides ^1111 hunts, ernisers anil turpedu Imats; in 
 nil 25(1 ve.ssels in I,S,SS. 'J'lie Supreme ^ilvv 
 Cunneil was erenti'd hy deeia'e, (, Hee. I«8f). ,Seu 
 tniiler F/tt/«. 
 
 NAZAltEXE, a iiiinif' -li-.-i.n t,, Je.sns Christ, 
 
 and his ili>i iples; lint afterwards to a seet who re- 
 jeeted tlie diiefrine uf Christ's divinity in the first 
 ei'iitiiry. \ seet named .N'azai'ciies, resenildin^' the 
 h.ieiely of Friends in Mritain. hei'iinie prominent in 
 llmiu:ary m the antnnin of iHd;. 
 
 NEAP(.)LI.S, see \„/jhs. 
 
 XEHli.VSKA, a N.W. territory of Xurtli 
 
 1 Ainenea (purl uf l.uiiisiaiiu), was iir'.;,ii;ised yi Mav, 
 
 1^54. Capitiil, l.ineoln ; Oninlm eitv, very iii'i- 
 
 liortant. Ih'adshaw destruved hy a tonindo, j'jniie, 
 
 1 [N)0. Ureal i.rairie lire aliovi' 1:; miles iii North 
 
 I liatteonntv; si'veral villn-es destruyod ; losii aliovij 
 
 I50,oai dollars, 50 Mareli, ,/ ,v,,/, iSi)?. 'J'rnin 
 
 wi'i'-kednt I,ini'olii,lliiuii-h sn^iieeied n'muval uf 
 
 ; rail iin a trestle laid;;,.; ahuiit 24 iiersons killed, 
 
 ' <> -Ui^'. l.Sv4. Poiiulation, i.S,So, 4^2,402 ; i&p, 
 
 ! 1,058,910. 1 t-i >-t J < 
 
 I NElil L-Tl, the liiiiiinons elondlike mist visilile 
 
 I to the naked eye in .some eunstellations, sueh 113 
 
 [ Orion, in others only hy imwerful teleseope : nuieh 
 
 I studied hy astronomers, and furnierlv emisiilereil 
 
 I to he elii.sters of stars, ilalley ^aVL' a list of 6 
 
 iiehiilie, with a tlieurv, in 1710. Messier, in I-,S4 
 
 .!,'ave 1(1^. Sir Win. Ilersehel di.seuvered mure 1 1 111 1 
 
 2,500, and sir Juhn Ilersehel iimre tlinii 2,ua); 
 
 7.'M<> l;""«->i »P to INS7 ; |)v. Drover's index eata- 
 
 ■ hi.-iie -ives 1,52;,, published t.ital,"i;, ^.i), 1^1,5, 
 
 The Y,/,ii/e,- //,7;«i«,.s;.s ,ii,t lortli l,v'l.iipliiee'in his 
 
 S.vstenie iln .Moinle," 1796, sui,,,um',| tleit the.sular 
 
 system was evolveil meelianie.illv fiiuii a vast ililfnse.l 
 
 revolviu- neliula, ami n,,,, iiei,,,,., ,,,.,,. „„, ,,,„.|^. 
 
 .sla„'i's 111 thel.iiiiiati.Miutphinetsaml their satellites 
 
 ly euolin- eiimleusation, ami euntriietion. This 
 
 I '>. "■"''. ailopteil by sir William Ilersehel, ami 
 
 ! thouK 1 at lirst uppuseil, is now .-eiierallv aeeei,le,l i„ 
 a 111..1I1 u'll luriu. Mr. l.assell seriitiiii/eil the ilniiib- 
 bell nelinla ,„ (),.i,„|, i,,„l reporteil that the biinlit 
 parts linl m,! iippe.ir to lie .stars, (let. u.6o. Dr. \Vi„. 
 llii>;.L'ins lepiirteil his iinali .s,.s „t eertaiii iiebiihe by 
 their speelra, am be ieveil U,e,„ to lie ..-aseou.s, ,^65. 
 loi Mr. Xorniiin Loekyers theory see umler .\hhuis. 
 
 -Mr. Wni. I'-iiril Stanley's •' Notes on the Nebular 
 llii'ory, a lull work, published .895. 
 
 NECIiOMANCEKS, see .miyic. 
 
 .NECTARINE, tlie yli,ii/,/,/„/,i.s I'nvin,, ori- 
 Jtinally liiiiie from I'ersia nlnuit 15(12. I'revioiislv 
 presents of ni'etiiiines were lrei|iKiitiv .sent to tlie 
 I'oiiit of Kii^'laiid from the Xetlie'rlands ; and 
 tathenne, i|iieen of Henry VIII., distribnted them 
 
 iiii|iriive(l under Louis XIV. at tl 
 
 ministerCiillierl,aliiiiit i(,()7. The Fi-eiiei' 
 
 n-idenibh '"iii'ti^' !ier friends 
 
 NEEDLES. 
 
 ill tlie 
 
 its siileinluuralii lilt 17X1 ; hi 
 
 \ 
 
 10 instaiiee of his 
 
 1 nnvv was 
 
 The niakinff of Spiinisli needle 
 
 wars witli Jinji'liind ; 
 
 'eainenreiitly redneed U 
 
 was lirst taniiht in Kiii.'l;ind bv Klias C 
 
 
 'Nf^ 
 
 
 t'fii 
 
 If-i,! 
 
 ;(|! 
 
 I*! 
 
 ^1 
 
 ' 111 
 
 
 ■•' tiff- 
 
 erman, alimit the ei.^hth \ 
 
 see ^■(lall li.'itllts. It , and iu UiU'CU Mi 
 
 ear of queen I'Mizabeth, 
 
 iry'istime there wasa negro who made 
 
'■ *^ . .— .-^.i.4..Jll< 
 
 NEEDLE-OUN. 
 
 700 
 
 NEKVII. 
 
 fiiU' S|mni»li iiri'dlcn in ('li<'ii)isi(l(', hut wniilil ncvci' 
 tciicli liix art to iiliv." — Sfmr, 'I'lir iMiilluriiiiiil'c 
 WHS ^-j'latlv iiii|inivi'(l at Wliiti'diaiicl, Ldiidiili ; 
 Itc'ildilch, III (i|niii'i'.'<t{ TKliiri', anil lliitliri'»:iL;(', in 
 Ili'ilivuliirc. An c'xliiliitioii nt' iiniinit no'illcwmk 
 «an Inniii'il at Smith Kl'll^ill),'tnn .Miincuim in iM;}. 
 
 XKKDLK-CU'X {/liiii/iHi,/, /,/,,,,;■/,,■). H iniiski't 
 
 invriili'il hy J. N. llirysc nt' Sii iiiinrnhi, ahciiil Ifii', 
 mill iiiach.' It hiccch'-lnaili'i' in lS;(i, wliiih was 
 nchiptid liy the I'liiNsiiin ni'iii'ial MiinlcnUi'l aliunt 
 1^4(1. It wan tbiind t'l he a IM">I I'll'ictiv i> \vca|iiiii 
 in till' war with lliiunark in |M>.|, and in that with 
 Austria in jMUi. 'I'hr i>;iiiliii|i id' IhrcliiirKi' is |ii"- 
 diicnl liy a lini' steel mil or niTiili' hrint; ihihsi'iI 
 thi'oiiK-h till' rartridi;!'. 'I'lii' iiiiin'i)di' is ilaiiiiiil lor 
 JaiiH'S Wliith y, id' Hiildin, iKj^; Ahiahain Mn^ar, 
 l.\?l ; and Jul'iii Hanson, nt' llii'ddi'rslli'ld, I1S43, 
 
 N]']ERWIN1)EN, 800 Uwlni. 
 
 NEGKO TliADE, bh- .sA/cd//. 
 
 NEGUS (wine and wntrr), Raid to hi.' naincd 
 iil'tiT col. Fniniis Nr^fiiH, ahout i;i4. The hovc- 
 n'ij;n of Ahyssinia is tiTinrd mtjiis. 
 
 NELSON'S VICTORIES, kv., boo siimmlo 
 
 artiiii.i. 
 
 Jlonitio N'l'lsiin, lioni at lluniliiiiii Tliorpi',. Norfolk 
 
 •JK Si'iit. 1758 
 
 Kiiili'il witli captain riiijips to the Xoilli I'olii . 1773 , 
 
 IMsthlKIMslicil liiliisi'lr ill the \Ve>l lliilies . . 1780 
 
 l.osl all eye at Uie reiliielioii nl' I'alvi, Corsica . 17114 
 
 L'apliireil Kllia y Auk. i7y6 
 
 Witli .lervis at the \ iclorv oft' St. Vincent, 14 Keli. ; 
 knitrhted and made re:ir admiral . '.'ij l''i'li. 1797 
 
 Lost Ids ri^'lit arm at the niisiicccHsfiil attack on 
 .Siintji Cruz .'s-.'ft .lidy, ,, 
 
 Gained tin- liattle of the Nile, i Au^. ; created 
 liaron Nelsiiii iif llie Nile . . . d Nov. 1798 
 
 Attacks (.'openlia^ien, .1 April ; created viscount, jj 
 Mdy ; attacks lioiilonne liotilla, ami destroys 
 several sliips s Aii'k. 1801 
 
 Alipoiiitcd to chief cmmiiaiid in tliu Mediterranean, 
 
 ro -May, 1803 ' 
 
 rursiiea the Krench and Sjianish Heets, March to 
 
 Aiii;. ; returns to Kii;;laiMl, Aii^. ; re-appears at ' 
 
 t.'adiz, ami defeats the lleets in Tra'iil(;ar lliiv, 
 wliere he is killed .... Jide't. 1S03 
 
 The yutnrtt man of war arrived olf I'orlsmoutli 
 with his remains 4 llic. ,, 
 
 Till' body lay in slate in the Painted Hall, at 
 liri'i'iiwich, 5 .Ian. : removed to the Admiralty, 
 8 .Jan. ; funeral took iilace . . . y .Jail. 1S06 
 
 The iirineeof Wales (iiUerwards George IV.), the 
 duke of Clarence (iilterwards William IV.), and 
 other royal dukes, almost all the peers of I'liiKlaiid, 
 .'iiid tile liii-'l mayor ami ciii]ioratinii of l.nndon, 
 with tluiiisiiudsof military and na\iil ollicers ami 
 distin;;iiishi'd men, (ollnwed I he limeral car loKt. 
 i'aiil's ; the military amounted to near io,rxx), 
 iniieiieudeiit of Miliinteeis. 
 
 7\thun ('•ihitiiH, Tralal;;ar-sipiare, I.omUui, com- 
 
 !lleted,aild statue ]ilaced on it (see Nr,i/H. .•,; 4 Nov. 
 
 1^4; ; repaired hy .Mr. Uiirrison, llie hhellleld 
 
 steeplejack q Nov. 1S56 
 
 Jtclics, iiii'dals.itc. ,hou;:ht tiyjjiA'eriinii'iit for2,5(xi/., 
 July, 1895 ; tmnsfencd to (irei'iiwicli . Aiij;. 1895 
 
 NEMEAN GAMES, celchratcd at Xcineii, 
 ill Ai'haia, said to have heen institnli'd hy the Ar- 
 jjivcs, in lioiiour of .Vrihiniorns, who died hy the 
 hiti' of u serjicnt ; and revived liy Hercules," who 
 pIcw theXenieiin lion. 'J lie lomnieror was rewarded 
 with a ernwii of olives, altcrwarils of screen jiaisley. 
 They were ct'h'hratcd every third Mar, or, aceoril- 
 iiiR to otlieiH. on the first and third your of every 
 <tlyiiipiad. — Jlirmlhtiis. 'J'hey were revived hy thu 
 tiiilieior Julian, A. I). j02, lull ceased in ji)6. 
 
 NEO-PLATONISM or New Tlatonism, 
 sec I'hUonvphy. 
 
 NEI'AUr, (N. India) wa. ^m,Z^\„',, 
 
 (ihimrkaH, l^liH.wlio made treaties wilhil,, I.,',"" 
 171)1 and iMiii; hiil lre,|Ucnllv un.lc i,,.; ''''' 
 HnilinconHcnuenei' war wit hi hen ••\^\«u. . 
 
 and iiicoiiHeiiuenei' war with lhi.|nc,,iaMiir,,„i'v" 
 .8,4 iterininated.r April. ,,S,,,, A tii'ilt .J,;, 
 was si^meil hetween the parties, 2 l)ir ix)- '1, 
 was renewed Ihren-li an inlraition "f'tliMrnt . j"' 
 
 the Nl |iaiilise, .lan. iSid ; 
 
 tests, nnfavoiiralile to the Nepaiili,,. tli f 
 
 treaty was riililicil, 15 Manh, |,S|6' 1' ''''"'i' 
 ordinary emhassy from the kin- of V,.,,.,,,] J''"'','''" 
 i|ui'eiiof (ireat llritaiii arrived in Kn-I iml I.,,,' 
 at S,ai,hanipton,2S May, and rcnaine i, ' Jl'-' 
 IS5,,; It eunslslcil of the Nepalile., ,,ri„' , , '•' 
 Ilahaddor, and his suite, to wlmm ni'mv I ' 
 were paid, lie supimrled the Kniilisl,' .i',,,"'';";;^ 
 Indian iniiliny in iSi;;. ■I'h,. primv ef w '' 
 Ininonrahly received in Xepaiil, 1.; jVii, i.h-J' "^''" 
 W.ir uiili Thihct on account of roliln'ij leeici,,',,,,, 
 
 Tliihi'tHnliiuils %, i;;4 
 
 Ucvoliition: the priaie luinister aii.l\,iMiaMr.i."'"|'' " 
 
 New iiiinislry coiistilnted : tlien,aliar,.,l,di pn-on' '"'i 
 llir llikrimi Snh (Lorn 7 ,\ii-. ,,■:,,' ,;„.,", ,,, 
 
 17 May, i:'.-;i); jiri niinisiei , .Sji'liiV fii,,.,,,'',"' 
 
 Kaiia iiahailur ; appointed . ^"'""-li'T 
 
 (I I011I Hoherls' visit to Ni'iiaiil Very satiCi;,i'i,,',\. " 
 
 llazaars destroyed hy Tihetansaml tnid.M kil'|.!i' '"'' 
 .S95; ultiiuatini, sent .... .^^ ,^_^. 
 
 NEI'IIALTA, sacrilicisof snhriety iniioiinl.,. 
 Greeks, when they oil, .red nieiiil ilistcuil of wii,, 1 
 the sun and iiiiiun, to the nymphs, to Aiimn u 
 to Venus; iinii luiriit iiny woiid hiil thatm {\\v\-J 
 ti;,'-tiee, and innlhcrry-ticc, esteemed sviiibol* 'f 
 drunkenness, (115 n.c. " ' ' 
 
 NEI'iroSCOl'E ('"/'/'"». fireck, a climil) .„ 
 apparatus h.r niea-iirin- the vel,„ilv of ri(.|.,|, ;,, 
 vented hy Jvarl Ihann, and reperteil'lotlie A™i'nuv 
 of Seicnees, I'aris, 27 July, l,S(i,S. 
 
 NEPTrXE, a priniarv j.laiiet, first olKorvfJ 
 on 2,5 Sept. 1X)(,. hy Dr. (iallc, at Hiilin, in J 
 seiinence of a lelter Iroiii .M. ].e Vcrrier, \vho|,a,| 
 conjoitnred from the imonialniis iimveimiiis cf 
 Uranus that a distant ])liiiict iiii;;lit exist ncariv in 
 the iiosition where Neptune was sitiiateil. tiiliiiii. 
 tiolis to the same cfl'ect lliiil heen ineviauslv ina,!,, 
 hy Mr. J, Joiieh Adams, of CMiihriilire; laii Mi|„r. 
 
 tiinato delays urreil in their piililienii^n, a,|j 
 
 also of pi-idessor I'liallis's innsei|ueut ilisiovm i.f 
 the planet. The lioyal Soeieiy nf I.„iiil,m iiwariW 
 its t;ii|d medal to hntli astroiioincrs as c,|iiiilsiii|i,( 
 tlieorctical discovery. A sa'cllite of N(.|ituiie ,v;ij 
 discovered hy Mr. Liissell on 10 Oct. fiiUmir 
 Nelitiinc is said to Imve heen seen hv l,:iliiiu|t,;,|"j 
 thou-ht to he a fixed star. The (lreek;;i«| IVi'iA.u 
 heeaiiie the Uoinaii Neiitiine. I'l"!'. ,1. ('. .\i]a,||, 
 died 21 Jan. I,S(j2 ; liis "l'a|i,rj" nubli-'y 
 Mardi, iSi)7. 
 
 Nl'lPTUNII'M, .1 now metal disoovcrtj in 
 tintalite, froin (.'oniu'iticiit, hy It. Hcirmunii in 
 1877 ; not generally Mdniitteil hy ehciiii.-ts, 
 
 NEltV]']S. Onr kniiwleil;;L' of the nature imd 
 fniielionHof the nervous system hns lircii ;;rfailv 
 cnlariied hy the veseai'elies and cxperiiiiciits('f|iliv- 
 i-iolouisfs (liiiiu;! the iireseiit century. ,Sir t'liarui 
 Hell annonnec.l his ilisn.viry ef 'the ilistimtiiiii 
 between the nerves of niolion'aiul .sensation, l!<iij. 
 He pulilished j^iipera on the iicrvouii systm, 
 1S21, See (U'unii,ii,ijii^ 
 
 NERVII, a warlike trihc in lleK-ii' Gaul, «ore 
 defeated in a severe battle by Julius L'ii'iar j;, and 
 subdued 53 u.c. 
 
:kvii. "' 
 
 'li'O wi.^ (•»nMM..v,ll,v,i,„ 
 ■'■H?'i';">' ^''"'" i"",,; " 
 
 imr !,.», 3 1),.,MS) ;.';.' 
 
 NEliWlNDEN. 
 
 ■Ill 
 
 NKVV HUIINSWICK. 
 
 ii<; iciiil afi 
 
 ''' '•lllTlli 'i.. 
 
 till' .\('|Mllll.|', 111,, f„,,"' 
 
 tlic; kill'.' .,1 N-,.|„„i ,„ ;,|^ 
 
 ■ , ■ ., I''"'l t" 111 
 
 ;iy. iiml .■.•ai;,i,„M ,1,1 ( ■■ 
 
 tin' .\.|Mui,.s. |,,i,„.„j,„;; 
 
 '■. I'> »ll-Ml lum.v 1,„,,,„' 
 
 " ,,|i- H"^ f.^:: 
 
 N.PMUI. uMVI,. i.s;,;"'"' 
 mil ur n.lil.nlii.,.r,],',„i, 
 
 May, ,=:, 
 
 ■ ,' ■ ■llllrp 
 
 iM«ti'r;iii.|s...iiiiiir,|,.,„|'. " 
 : tlH'M„.l„„;,J„l,,hiUH;i'-'3 
 
 7 All;;, ,.--^ ; »i;,.,,,,,.,|„| 
 
 iiiHii'i, .Sir llii-m ,\„ 
 
 ''v' ; "Ni.v. 
 
 i.Ni'liaiilvci'.v»iHi,|;,|.,„|.y " 
 "tm.saiMl Iniil.Ts klKI; '"" 
 
 i*'V"'' '^"'"■ii'ly iiiiinriifil,,, 
 IVll lllriid lll.-li'ilii«fwi|„. to 
 
 III' iiyiii|.|is, lu Aurm-i m,! 
 
 .V»"U(I l'llltll,ltn|tl,i,;i|, 
 -tlTC, Otcllllfll 8yilll).,|s III 
 
 "'/y"^'\'inrk,iid.,ii,|), \„ 
 
 .' till' Vl'll.rilv (l|(.!„|.,|s j|,_ 
 
 iiiilri'lM.rlid'lMlic'Adiil'uiiv 
 ily, l.S(),S. 
 
 niiirv iiliiiict, liiM olismij 
 T. Callc, al licrliii, ill f„„. 
 Ill M. ].!■ ViiiJMi, «|,„i.,,j 
 
 !lll.i||l;l|..US lllnvwililil, „f 
 
 iliilli't iniiilit I'MstiivMlvii, 
 iiiii\v.i,.*hituati',l, CaliVu. 
 
 llilll liCCTl [HOVilUHlv lliaiif 
 
 -, (irCi.iiilinili.'i'; liiii i,iii„r. 
 ^in llii'ir |iiilili,'atiiin, aiij 
 
 is'.s cnlisrliuc'llt (lisliiwrviif 
 
 . Socii'iy "n,.iiiiliiiia\varW 
 iistriiiiniiicrsiisc,|ualsiut),e 
 
 .\ suU'llitO lit' .\c|.tuiie «;IJ 
 Ssell (111 10 Oct, lnll„wi,|.., 
 
 ■ lic'Cii .MOM liy l.iilamic J 
 
 ir. Tlic (i|-irkK<iill'o-iiilMii 
 ■litiillc. rr.if. J. ('. .Uiiui 
 liis ••I'aiirij" i)ubli.>liHl 
 
 HOW iiictiil ilisi-oviTcd in 
 tii'Ut, liy li, lliTriiiamiiii 
 iiiltt'il liyclii'iiiijis, 
 iciwIciIl:!! (,r til" iiaturo and 
 » system liiis liirii jrrailv 
 U'9 1111(1 i.'X|ii riiii('iitsi.f|ilj\'. 
 ('Sent (■(■iilury. .Sir tWd 
 iscdvi ry (it till) (listimtiiiii 
 iiKilinii anil .-I'lisation, i(*ici, 
 
 on tlio iiorvuuii svstcni, 
 
 tribe in lioljic Tiaul, vm 
 Ic by Julius Citsar 5;, imd 
 
 XERWINDEN, st't- I.nnihn. 
 
 XESltlT, oi'i' AV,^(5<•^ 
 
 XESTUlilANH, llio folloHCM of Ncsidi-iiis, 
 hi,'|io|i(>lC('nstiintiii(i|iIo (-IZ'^^-.).}!), who is ropio- 
 n.ntc.l an u /uTi'lii-'. llo was (iii|)(mt'il by Kuty (Iu'h ; 
 (,,■ Euliicliiniiii- 
 
 I II,, rcicclc'l till' crnrof lli.isc who said t'lii'lst vn* 
 ,, imiu mail, as Kliioii, l',iiil «\ ,Saiiiii.-i,il'i I'li.iliiiiis. 
 !.. III. iiialiilaiiii'il that llic Wmil was iinlliil |i, ||||, 
 iiaiaaiiity in Clnisl .Icsiis, ami thai this iininii was 
 iiiintliitiiM.ilciiii'l strict. ). llii Ill-Ill tlial llicsclwii 
 naiari's iimlc "i"' Clnist, (aic ,Siiii, i,|i|. I'risi.ii ; imiy 
 iiiiilriilii'rt'vii iialiii-cs. 4. .\iiil this (iiic I'cisdii nuiy 
 liavpflllu'rillviiiBor liuiniiii in'iiiiortluH iittrllmti'd tii 
 
 I'ii"' . .... 
 
 y.l.iiiaii L'lirlstliiim In tlic Levant ndnilnistcr tlic 
 ' .iiniiiii'iil Mitli Icavciicd liicad iiiid in l...tli kinds, 
 
 ii.riiiit tlicii' I'licsts td iiiiiny, iiiid use iicitlicr cuii- 
 
 lliiiialluii iiiiruiirlciilarcoiil'cssi(ni.— /)» I'hi. 
 AXcstorluii I'licst 1111(1 (U'licoii were in l,,(ind(iii in July, 
 
 \ih. 
 111.. IVrsiaii Ncstorlinis (15,000) rerelvcd into tlm 
 
 llimlaiicliiiicli lit .St. IVtersliiM-K' . 6 April, 1898 
 
 XETHERLANDS. WilliuTn I'-icloriok, 
 
 ],riiiiu(if tlnint'c, assuinod llio titlo ol \\\\\fi id' tlio 
 yilu'ilinids [d .\liinli, 1K15, mill his siiccossiirs, 
 kiiii;s of llollanil, rotiiin tlio titlo. Hoo FtiiiHhis, 
 lIMmd, Mi\ Ikhjiiim. 
 
 NETLEY HOSPITAL, n(;iir Sdutlnnnpton, 
 I'f invalid saliliors. Tlio Ibunilatidii stuno was laid 
 ty tiic (luct'ii, l(J Miiy, iJijO. 
 
 XEUFCIIATEL, a o.intdn in Switzcilani! 
 
 >Jil!M;UAir,iJj, n oanidii 111 nwitzcilanil, 
 f.iniiciiy 11 Idiilsliip, aftorwanla a principality. 'I'lio 
 lir,-l kiKiwn lenl was I'lrio do l-'onis, nbdiij mp, 
 «iii«cilcs('ciiilants riilod till I37.3, iil'tor wliicli liy 
 iiian-iafTi'.'i it li-cipiontly olian),'od f^nvorndrs. On tlii; 
 (kith of the (lucliosso do Nonniurs, tlio last of tlio 
 L.iiijuevilles, in l"OT, tlioro wore many ilainiaiits; 
 aiiiHii!,' them our William HI. Ho aiid tlio allies 
 liiiwi'Vcr Riive it to l''rodori('k I, of I'lussia with the 
 tilk'of lirince. In I.S()6 the principality was coded 
 III Fiance, ami Na|iol('(in liostowod it on his yonoral 
 lliTtliicr, who held it till 1.S14, when it tell to the 
 di'|i(>sal of the allies. 'I'hov roBlorod the kin;; of 
 riiis,<ia willi the titlo of jirinoo with eortain rights 
 ,inJ privilcftes; lint eonstitiitod it a part of tlio 
 Swiss confedcratidii. I'opulation, l,S,H,S: canton, 
 I0S,I53; tity, 16,261. 
 
 .Ulvraniinsiicci'ssfal iittciiipt in i8-]i, tlic iiilialat- 
 :iiitsrc|iiiiliat(i! tlieir allc^'iaiiee to rnissia, and 
 ITiii'laiiii'd N'ciifcljatel a tree and indeiuaidiait 
 iiicialn-'r ct" tlic .Swiss coiil'c(lcrati()ii . . , 18.18 
 TlirkiiiKof I'i'iissiii pidtcstcd ii^'ainst this ; and a 
 ITiitiicol was signed lictwccii Kiiglaiid, Kiaiice, and 
 .Vnstria, rt'coKiiisiiiK his claims . . . . jgcj 
 
 Smiicof himullicrciits, headed tiy the cimiitde I'lmr- 
 tak'S, liiMkeiait iiitd iiisurrcetion ii^-ainst the re. 
 liiMicanaiitliiintics, whd, lidWever, ipiiekly suli- 
 iluiilaiiil iiii|iiisdiied them, with tlie inteiitidii df 
 l'riii;iiii;llicin til trial .... Wept. 1856 
 I W,ir tlircatciicil liy the kiiiKof I'mssia, and ),'icai 
 iiifiWanddctcniiiiiatidiiiiianifested liy the Swiss. 
 1111 tlic iatcivciitidii of the EiiK'lisl. and h'tiaieli 
 ;iivtniiiiciits, a treaty was si(;iied liy which tlii! 
 kiii-dfl'nibsia virtually rciiouneed his elainis, lai 
 
 ri iviiiK a |icciniiaiy i:()iii|iensati(iii, which ho 
 
 ivi'iitimlly save up. lie nlaius the title of piiiico 
 cf .W'Ufcliatel, without any iidlitioal riyhts 
 I m, . " June, i8i;7 
 
 I The prisoners of Sept 1856 were released without t rial 
 
 18. Jan. ,, I 
 
 ■ T,^x^rfJ.?-<^^^OPIC!AL SOCIETY OF ! 
 
 j LUAUU^, lormtii to pr.unutu Uio study of nerves i 
 Itniiii a psychological, idiysidtd^'ical, anatomical, I 
 laiw patholo^'ienl iioint of view, 1887. i'irst i 
 I ^ttiidem JJr. Samuel Wilks, i'.K.S, ( 
 
 I Nhl SrUIA or AV K.sr Fiianok, a kinKdom 
 
 alldltod to (.lolaire hy his lather Clovls, at liin 
 'h'utli III ,^11. His (io.(cendaiit, Charloma-ne, ho- 
 
 ( uiiio sdh' kiiiK' of I'laniM' ill 771. It wiisi i|iioroa 
 
 liy the .Norlhnion and honeo iianii'd Noriniuidy 
 {icldch sir), ^ 
 
 M'U'TlfAIJTY LAAVS. A commission, in 
 a report is.*,,, d ,,i .May, l.Sd.S, recomniendod ehan-es. 
 
 'y' '"■' ' ■'^'' licller provision fortlio presorvatidii 
 
 (I iieiilrality was passed ,, An^'. I,S70. J, dm I'. 
 .MeDiarinid approlionded, f,,r lireach of iiomralilv 
 laws, at lldw-street, 2,S Oot. 1870. 
 
 NEr.TU.VL I'OWKUS. Hv the frnitv of 
 
 oris, siijiicd |,y the reprc-onta'tivoK of (iVeut 
 llriliiin, I'laneo, Austria, Uussia, I'mssia, Tiirkev. 
 und Sardinia, on 16 Aiiril, 1X^6, it wai^ didorminrd 
 tliat privateoriiiir should ho uliolishod • that 
 iioiitruls nii-ht carry an I'Moniv's kooiIs imt eoii- 
 trahand nl war; that iiential -('.ods not (■ontralmnd 
 vvoro Ireo even niidor an onomy's lla- ; and that 
 DIdikades td ho liiiidmn. ,|„„t U- eiroclivo. The pre- 
 Nidoiil ol llio Cnitod .Stales aecoded to those provi- 
 sions III iiS(,i. I'roilamati f nentralilv in r'spect 
 
 to tho war lielween the I'nilod .Stales and Spain hv 
 i (<reat Hnlain, I'raiico ami other powers, 26 April, 
 rl Ki,/., i,S(,,><.— Soo liiliriwlwiKit Law. 
 
 NKVAr)A, a western territory of tho United 
 States (it >. Aniericii, (ir-aiii«i'd 2 .March, 186I ; 
 adinitlod a state, ,^| Oct. |,S(,4. Capital, CiirsdU 
 eltv. \ ir-inia city was iieirlv destroved hv lire, 26 
 Oct. I.S75; several lives wore lo.sl ; pi-operty alioiit 
 VXX),(Ki() ihds.: lo.cxKi persons reiulered hoimdess. 
 1 opul.itioi; of Nevada, 1880, ()2,266; i,S(,(), 45,761. 
 
 NEVILLE'S CUOSSorDi'iMiAM, Hatti.e 
 (U.-, hetween the Scots under kill- David Itruco and 
 t he I'.n-lish It issaid (pndialdv ineorroctlv) under 
 1 liilip]ia, consdrt of Kdward III,, and hu-'d I'orev, 
 12 or 17 Oct. [54(1. Mdi'o than I ^cxK) of the Scuts 
 wereslair, and their kin^' taken prisoner. 
 
 NEVIS (W. Indies), an island discovered hv 
 (-(dunilins, planted hv the Kimli.-h in 1628 • taken 
 hy the I'leneli 14 Keh. 1782; restored to th'o ICn-- 
 lisli 111 I7.\i. 'llio eapitul is Charleston. See Lic- 
 ircini /n/i'x. 
 
 NEWAKK (Xottin;;hain.sliire). The rhurih 
 was ereetial hy llenrv IV. Here, in the midst of 
 troiides, died km- Jidm, K) Oct. 1216; hero tho 
 royal arniv under prima' Kiiiu'it reimlsed the arinv 
 ol tho parliament, hesie-in- tho town, 21 .Marill, 
 I6.J4; and here, 5 May, 1(146, Charles I., after his 
 deleat at .Naseliy, put liiinsidf into tlio hands of tho 
 Scotch army, who afterwards l'uvo him up to his 
 eiieniies. Newark was tirst incorporated hv Ed- 
 ward VI., and ulterwards hv Charles II. Alworbed 
 into tho county, 1885. i'opulation, 1881, 14,018; 
 lS()i, 14,457. 
 
 NEWAIIK, a town in New .lorscy, IT S \ 
 settled in 1666, and chartered in 1836. 'Poiiuiatioi 
 in l.S()o, 181,8,50. ' 
 
 NEW BliUNSAVICK was taken from Nova 
 Sodtia, and received its iiaiiio us a so]>arato eolony 
 in 1785. It was umted with Canada for le-islativo 
 piirpd,ses hy un act pas.sed 2(, .March, i,%7. popu- 
 lation ol i\ow lirunswiek in 1865, 272,780; in 1881 
 ;2i,2,53; if<')i, 32'.2'l4, Capital iModericton.' 
 .lout.-s'ivoruor, I.onunl A. -Wilmot, i8()8; Samuel 
 I-oonard Iilhn, 1874; Ifohert Duncan Wilmot, 1S80; 
 
 sir SaiuiU'l L. I'illey, l.S.Sd; .J„hn Uoyi, 1.893; J"'"l 
 
 .las. I'l-aser i8<u ; died y„v. uSi/j; succeeded by 
 
 Mr. A. K. Jl'Clelan, 2 Dec, i8(/). 
 
 Iire.it lire at .St. Jdlei. to-jj .luue, ,877; destruction of 
 12 churclies, 25PUI uuildiu-s ; thousands h(Hi.scluss 
 
 1, ■•! 
 
 i if 
 
 m 
 
 ill ^^'^ ,. 
 
 w 
 
 Km. 
 
 '#!! 
 
 •:, K 
 
 •iiiii ill 
 
 w 
 
 rfi.:;; 
 
 FT, if' I 
 
l^ULi t tiM I 
 
 >'E\VBl'UV. 
 
 (I I 
 
 ill I 
 
 '. \f limrt atiMtit ,i,ijuc,0(Ay. bultML'rlp1)iMi» 
 
 ni NE Wr ASTLE-U1'( )N'.i' y x ff 
 
 ' r' '■' <'f Mr. W. K. UU.1.|„,, 
 
 ( 
 
 ,- fiin.tt llh'ii oil IkjHi nMi'H (if the St, 
 tiiiii ' Wf). 1^1)1. 
 
 I Imui., ; lullU Imrlit, 94 Hi'|if. iB,,, 
 ■ rt* cuil m OloiK'i'ntiT t'inihty ri'iiuii, i, 
 
 •n.. 
 
 Kt'li. 1..,. . 
 
 Fliii lit Uil».. i/fc'miiPs nml i cliiiiclii'H ili'ulriiyi'il, Iimk 
 iiliiiiit j..> I ' I., / (iin». iSyJ; 
 
 ," I 
 
 KiitliimliiNtii 1- i < |> 
 
 ^ 1 1 
 
 lll'itUll AnKiii'liiihiii III! t III !'■, xi'i'Minl iiiii,, '„ ^^ 
 
 Uiriil ill!' lit llrnwii K lliiiii- nillU. in:, I,,.,,,. ,'||,,', 
 
 ll'Vul lirlil^i', Wllirll In Ill.lUlTil , lllililll j.,,„, . ;, 
 
 Till' tViitl* Kxc'lmiiui' ilrntrii.Vi'il liy llri' 'ti I" 
 Mr MiiMHhii till' slii'iiir, iiiiil Ml Mrysiiii, II,, l,^, 
 miivijiii, ;' I ■'llii'in, kllli'il, wliiii'iitlwiii, 111 ! I 
 I'lirv H"in. '">!l)i'«'i'li"' 111 tlic tiiv(i..|iii„,r ti' 
 
 K'l ii'l"fii sliw' 
 
 StriliH MrnliiMit ,,< iikIiii'itk, fnfilnj', v/.tkiij " 
 
 NKWHUUY (IWksliwwV N.m lun^ woro 
 
 fiuilfllt twip ilrspiTllti' niittU'> -(l.) 2i) Sii.t Id.U ; i^triku ..r iiiiniit ,,<..i imikIiuitk, rnl'iliij', w, rk ,'if 
 bftwivii till' :iniiv of (Jhiivle* I. mill tliiit of tlio j ,, '.'I'"' '";!';,;■'"'',"' '|'',""' „ • • „• I'lM V, 
 parliunii.nt uinl,.- -Khm.x 1 it U.n,ii„„|nl Hi,„,,.wl,„t ' '^IIS'I^V^^A':;'!;;'': i:;,,';! '";•""■"""" «..ln.. 
 
 (iiviiiiriilil) Im- till' laiia;. Anions tlin hIiiiii whh •■ ^ - • ■■:• .■..'.. ■. • '«\. 
 
 tlic iiiiiialili' l.iii'iiiA Ciii'v, vJAiiiuiit Fiilkiiiiiil, 
 (lui'ply iT,'nltMl. (2.) A ii'c-oiiil liiittic of iluliii.im 
 ri'iiillt Will* t'niulit lirlrtci'li tlir rnyiiliwtn anil tlic 
 iiiii'liaimiitiii'i;iiisiii\iliT Wallrr, 27 oVt. I(i.(.|. rnjiii- 
 latiiill, iNSi, l.j.dlS; iSiji, 1.1,457. 
 
 A iiii'iiiiiriiil to loi'il l''iilkliiiMl mill Ills i'oiii{iiiiiloriM, at 
 Ni'wiiiiry, wii.s liiaiii^iirulL'l Uy lliu carluf Cariiiiivoii, g 
 Wi'ia., 1S7H. 
 
 NEW CALEDONIA (IVillc Omm), ili.- 
 
 ^ .' t -I • . . , I (,.. 
 
 Kiiuiiii'i'ii' "liikf climnl; li'niiH, iiltii' limin, n ,1,,. " 
 til III bill I'll I .Ian. ia7j; iiirii luwi.fii i,n.(ti|,',,'. 
 
 Wlll'll lirilril; W.l^im 111 II'IIMIIII ll||. ,,f||„.. „,' 
 
 ran^'i' liy .Mr 11. II. l'liiU|.si,i[ .m.l jj,, j,,',,,,, 
 
 I'liwrll .Ml, 
 
 Klswlrk I'Hialc |iiiri liiiNiil liy u I'liliuiilltiu. |,,r 
 
 |iulilli' pHik, iiiiiini.iiri'il . , , ^,| 
 
 Ni'W It. C. I'liiwili Imill liy till' lloiiiliiii':ii|.i, M|,i.||,;i '•" 
 
 Ni'W KWliiu-l'i'iilni' oviT till- Tyiic (3S1 ffit lull.' 
 wi'lwlit, iiio tiiris, lirti'il liy a liyiliimU, m,,.]'. 
 lii'Kim loll ; 1 iili'lnl . . . j,„|,; 
 
 I>IJ^>Y »JAIjl"jI'>'.'<i liV ^jaiiuu wrraii;, 111.-- lii'Kim loll ; i |i|i'lril . j,,,,,. 
 
 rovci'i'il liy t'oiik mi .J Si'iil. 177.1, wa.n soi/nl liy llin i IIIhIihiiiIck ;iil; pi'miiltlii;; tlic iavi.t|i,]|',,( n ».;,. j,", '' 
 
 I'Vi'Ilili, 20 Sept. lHi<, mill nil. iiiUiil. 'I'lir !• ri'iirll 1 Ni'Wciii.lli', Jiamcl .... ,(, j^„. 
 
 ({ovcriiiiii'lit ill lliv.' i.Sd.i, iviliTusril till' iiiiliii-rs \ IVi'liiilr.il rolli'H" lor linrlli of Kiii^hiiul inaivuMH 
 
 coiniiiiltiil upmi till' llriti-li iiiissioimricmit iintatiuii \ ,..,„i,.,,,,,,, .,n,i,.,i,,,r(i ...mi,,,!,,,, , t^'i*''' '■ 
 
 .«luMisl„.,l li..,-.. Ill .,S;i. , UM,ti'Mai.s ol liiitl l.ii..i'Mi|.liiii.v,un.|,.|i,;ii„| 
 
 ... 1 . . lyliiii.', I 
 
 iiiirttitiili'il a Illy; rjinrti.r rmHi,.,, 
 
 5 July, , 
 
 CHlaliii^lii'il liiic ill iM.Sl 
 
 111 till' latti'f imit of .liiiii', 187a, Kiirni' of Dm iinllvu | Ni'Wi-'aHtli' ^ 
 
 trllii'n ii'Voliiil, l.iM'iit iiii r till' I'lwiis nml villii;,'i'H, 1 „ ,,, ,,, , , . S'Julv, 
 
 anil killi'laliHiil ,,..i.r till' l-:iii-..|.i'an rnlmii^ls, iiii'ii, 1 I'liM '• Hlini'-y ojii'iii'il ,j N.,,t. i88c,; tlu' im, 
 
 vv '11. I'lilMivii aii.l m'lMiii'H, iiiiln.llii- ii.l. (Iiillv- I O'lii'liM.-; »'";< "j"'ii'';l •,,•,.,• . I ^'K. 
 
 I'assi'lii.si., till' iiiililaiy c 11. iiMl.iiit nl tlic Islaml. h.iiol'ii> ln^litatc "I dmit lli'itala iiml o.iiiki,,, 
 
 riicinsiiiii'i'lioiiwashiil'sulMlii.'illillllii'ciiiliilthi'ycar. „'",'■'• '"!'■'' , • , •,,,,,,,• .■ ■ • a-ifii'i.t, 
 
 .,,,«■ iHclasa l''iviiL'li|.ciiiil s.-llliiiiiiit; naliltolic very l»''k^ Kivcii liy Mir Wlluaiii Aiiii^tinii- ; iu|,|,tj„| 
 
 illsiirilcrly, i,-!.i(. S'c liWiilin.t.^. ...,., , • .. „. , ^''^■■ 
 
 licMtnii'tlvc liiiirlcaiic, tliivc ships wivckcil, ii'iimliil, \'*^'- ••' pn i"i' aid piiiiccsml Wales iin.l himiv; 
 
 I M'lifli iSii^ (•iitliiismstic I I'cptiiiii ; opcniii;,' "f .\n,i,li„i|, 
 
 park, iiiitiiral liislurj iiinsciiiii, lice liiimn' 
 
 \E\V('ASTr>E-ri'(i\-TYM': (Ni.rtlniiiibcr- | AU'cit K.I.M. 1,1, luck, .vc. . ,.,,j, „A.i.' 
 
 liiiul), lilt' Kniiiaii I'nlis .I'liia. till' lii^t coal pm'l ill : <"■<■'" "iKtu -s tlii'i.iiuli want of ciiipliiyhicnt Int. 
 
 til,, woilil,* mill till' conunci'cial iiicti'opi.lis of the \ '";-™ '"""'c-' c.c 1 iiii--, ai.;l iM.|,,,iral nl.,. 
 
 Jiortll ol I'li-hiMil. lie coal-MiMics vvci'i' ihsciive'cil ,,,,^,,,7^,,,|n,ls;iii,,s ; ivpiiilcil siiccc^mi | V i. ,, 
 
 JiiTi' iilioiil 12,^4. Ihc hrst I'liartor jriaiitrd to tlio j juiin 
 
 tiiwiisiiii'ii for ilii:>;iii;;' coal wim liv Ik'iil'y III. in ' llnval a^iilciilliiral sucicty's hIuuv njiciicil ii.'iilv 
 
 I2.V). Sec y,V,/,/i//lW, ■ .::-.;. ..-I I.... I »'..i - 
 
 Tl astlc liiiilt liy Itolicit Coiirtliiwc. sun uf Wil- 
 liam 1 1080 
 
 Taken liv William II ni.j5 
 
 Bt. Xicliul.is cliiiiTli liiiilt, alioiit 1091 ; hiinit In 1316 ; 
 
 I'cstorcil liy I'.ilwai'il I., to wliuin Jolin llallul ilUI 
 
 hoiiiaf;i' here, I. ).• ; rcliiilll 1359 
 
 Newcastle siirieml.'i-> to till' Sciilcli . . . . 1640 
 Who here gave up v'liailcs 1. tu the parliaiiieiit 
 
 30 .Ian. 1647 
 
 Oceiiplcil liy piicral W.ule In 1745 
 
 Alitir|iiariall Suciily c^^talilislieil .... 1813 
 IJtcraiy anil l'lil|usu|iliir,il Suciety fonnilcil 1793; 
 
 the (.'iiiim1.iI lull. .sto il' the liiilliliiin was laid hy 
 
 till' ilukcnr , Sussex in 182.^; lllicrally emluwcil by 
 
 Kul.crt r<li'plicnsiiii 1858-9 
 
 T. liewirk. the w l-cn^-ravcr, dies . . . . i8j8 
 
 The ii]aj;iii(ii'cnt m.irket civcti ,1 l.y liielel. tir,iln).'cr, 
 
 whu ),Tcatly impruvcil the luwn . . . . 1835 
 
 Ihitlsll .\ssiii'lMl!iin llici here iSjS 
 
 HIhIi level liii'l-,' civitcil i.y Uulicit Hlcphcnsun ; 
 
 anil i;raiiil ccnli'al slat iuii iMiIlt . . . 1846-50 
 1538 i>crsiins die utcliuliia . 31 .Viii,'- tu sf/ Oct. 1853 
 Orcat lire thiiin;j;h the c\ |iliis|,,n at (latcsliead (ici'iie/i 
 
 .wp) ... ... 5, (.Oct. 1854 
 
 (ircat distress tliruiij.:li t e ol' Xiirtliumlicrlanil 
 
 .lolnt-Stock Hank . . Nov. 1857 
 
 KU'liarcl Uiauinurilies, i'i{i;d()„ -4 ''■'>'< 1861 
 
 ..,,.». t.f,. .. .J .. , ..j„ III-,, tt,.,,|y. 
 
 visited liy the prii Ill' Wales and suns liJiiiy, 
 
 Scwc.'islli' and Dtirhaiii college ol |iliy,ii.;,| »ei,.ii|.|'.! " 
 
 fiiiiniialiuii-stiinc laid hy sir Wiii Ariii»tiiiii'. 
 
 (allce lurd), 15 ,liinc, 1887; ope 1 |,y n,; 
 
 princess l.u.nsc 5 \i,y ^j.j 
 
 Third meeliic,' ol'tiin Ilrlllsli Assiicialiun iiS.'|,i ,""• 
 The new coUe.^'c 111 medleine (tl led hy il,,. ,1,1^,', '' 
 
 of .Noilhiimberland In iSiS7)()peiieil liy'the nmyMi' 
 
 2 1 let. „ 
 Mr. .lolin I'Mendns; lie'inealhs nliuvc nw.ocW. to 
 
 local cliaiilies (l-'lciiidii; .Meiiiurlal lliisplUil lo,- 
 
 sick children, ,^.'1'.), aiinunnci'd , , Kili, i-'-^ 
 Dealh 111 Mr. .luhii Claylun, as^cd 93 ; 45 yi.ni '' 
 
 tuwn clerk (est.iic swum at 7.'i;,746/.) . 14.111' 
 Tlircateiicii strike of pcrsuns eiiipluveil mi ;] 
 
 Nortli-Easlci :. railway, averted by criia'™>iiiii> . 
 
 aliiait 20 ''■'. 
 jYcii'cK.i//,' pfn'ji'tnni)it\ propused at the nii'eri, 
 
 the Natiiinal l.ilicral Kederatiun (liy .Mr. , , . 
 
 sliinc). Hc-ciinslilntiiin ol' the linu'^e oflnrils; 
 
 line man, 0111' viite; shinier p,'ir'i:iiii,'iits; |«,i,i 
 
 iiieinliets ; settlcnicnl of the Irish niii'stinii; luti,l 
 
 laws, iXc. I (let. lit,.; ,.., 
 
 Great strike of thcenjilncers on theTyiieaml W.ar ' 
 
 respecthi;; overtime, 2 Nov., ended . . 7 .N.jv. 
 Htrlkcand hick-out of slil]iliiiildlii:,' eiiLiiiieii,, .■u,.! 
 
 pli'iidiers, on the Tyiie, diie tu iiileriial i|is|ii;ti'., 
 
 alioiit 30 ,lan. ; almiit 20,01x1 out nt' wnrk, 1: 
 
 Mari'li ; nrliitratlon uccepted ; work lesiiiin'il . 
 
 ^7 •Mil;!, li;: 
 niniteil In The rev. llr. ,7iihn f'(ilIlii;.'W(Xxnina:o, lilslnri.'ui mI 
 The lionian wall " dies, (iKi'd 86 . 5A|iril, „ 
 
 • In 1306 the use of C' ,;' fo, i , I wi , 
 
 I.undiiii.liv ru\al pioclani liol . c:'! I'c .cause it iiijnrcd ,..„-..„ 
 
 the .sale 111' wi'iid I'ui lin I, ,,imu iu..:. ; :il.f, .if w lin li w,i, ^ ..•;, 1 the lliirham mincn;' strike, .sen r„,i) . . 
 
 then (.'viiwinj.' iiliiiiit the c'-. -Hit t. ■ intcrdietiun did ' 11 Mareli 1 .liiii.', 
 
 not hint; conlinnc, and \,- imiy ('niisn.er co.d as liavint; I Centenary of tlin Lltoruryand riilliisii|iliicalSiKi.:y 
 
 liecn iIiil; and exported Ironi tills \ihii'c lor more than 500 I warmly eclHliratcd; lord .■\rnistriiM;;tlie ]iii'*lii,i. 
 
 ,.,.„|.s. ' IJr. Wllberlureo till) bishop, the niuyur anil iiiiiiiy 
 
3-Ul'0N.TVXEr~ 
 
 Mr. W. K. iil.„|.t„i„., ' 
 
 !••■.»' Mil tliiii. ',;'^|''- I 
 
 mill*. *i-,.ti,.,if II,,,, " ' 
 
 !r..,,.,i i,y ,„,„ '*f;i^': > 
 
 ',"'>'i',"i'v til. i„C ' ■ 
 
 iM, Willi, iittciiii, h, . I, 
 »■ 111 Hi" t.mi,., r,i„ 
 
 lli'lTH, fur, III)', ,v,|.) ,,f 
 
 ■ 111 i',im„.,.ti„i, v,„|| ,/; 
 ii''l , 
 
 llTlllll. Illllc ||,,|||.H „ ,|n. 
 
 ; 111'" t.,w,.ik ,.v,itiii,' 
 
 " I'lliMlll III,' ,,,|,„.; „,, 
 
 llll|"«"ll ,u,.l Jll, J„^„,|, 
 1 li) tt nuiilliltti'i. |,,r ,| 
 
 II"' 'l"llllMil'lll|ll,r,|,i'|l,„| ' 
 
 ii'' lyiK' (381 fi.,t i„i,.: ■ 
 
 I I'.v II liyilrimll, I'mi,.'! 
 
 ■ . ■ ''nil". I'"' 
 
 ;; til,' ('ri'i'll„iii,f „,„,,, u'-'" 
 
 II ,,l'l''.linlilli,|ill.lllniii',il,*i "'■ 
 
 .("'I'l 
 K,'WI,'1,||,|.„.||,'|.|,,|,|.,,.,| 
 
 'I'lill,. , 
 
 I'iiy; t'liiuu'i' i,.,,.n,,;, 
 
 3 Sq't. ,38.. 1 tli'''|l'|;' 
 
 . 1 S'l't 
 'lit lli'ltnlii Itllll Or|lUll„ 
 
 . ai»,'|,t. 
 mil .\nnMr,.iiK; ii,i,|iti„i> 
 
 '»,i ,,f Will, '1 1111,1 f.iiii,;/. 
 
 ; ,,|»'iiiii;.' ,,l Ai'hisii,,,/ 
 
 liiU'Si'iliii, III',' |ii,i;i|.v' 
 
 >'■ , • ■ ='J, Ji .V'l.'! v, 
 lilt <iri'ni|il,iv lit (ii'i ' 
 
 1;.', niiii iii.iiHii'jiii 1.^1,,; •• 
 
 k,',it'riiiiil'iM-i', II ji-n . 
 'l«,rl,',Uiii'i',',,riii;,.|M„,i 
 
 y s slimv (i]ii'iii',| 11 Viiiv' 
 
 Wlll,'.H 1111,1 H'.IIH 12, Inly' 
 
 ilh'Ki' "I |p|i.v>>ic'.'ilsi,'i,.,i,';.: 
 liy «ir Will Ai'iihtiMi,,, 
 
 1S87 ; „1„'11,',1 l,y (|„, 
 • • . 5 N'lV, f-:} 
 
 iwli AHmji'intliiii J, ,s,.|,, j' ' 
 
 iii,'(i,iiiii,i,'ii i,y 111,, iiiii,; ■ ' 
 
 iS!i7)i)lii'iii',l l,y tli,'iiiav.,r 
 
 jlii't. „ 
 I'litlis nil, IV,' ioo,,<W. I,) 
 j; .M,'iii,ii'iiil Il,isi,|i,i| |„|' 
 
 1' '''''I . . M,, , 
 
 .VI ii*"l 'j3; 4sy,,ir< 
 
 ■11 at 7ji,746/.) . i.|,|i'' 
 ITS'IIIS ,'iii]il,.y,'.| ,,11 
 , avi'i'ti'il l,y ,'iiiii'i'»'.i,ii;, 
 
 Ulwillt 2C ' 
 
 iliiisi',1 nt till' iii,".t 
 l'i',li'riitl,,ii (l,y .Ml', 
 
 ll III' til,' li'illi,' III' lunl.; 
 
 ImrtiT iiiir'iii n\<; |,u.|' 
 
 It' III,' Iri.^li ,|ii,'sli,'ii;liii,.| 
 
 . I Iti't. I/..,.;, ,:;, 
 I'l'.H ,111 til,' 'I'yiii'iiiiil Wi'iit 
 
 \,)V., I'll,l,'i| . . 7X11V, 
 
 ill-hull, Mil',' ,'ii'.'liii',i>, ,'ii,,| 
 
 , ilih' t,i iiiti'iiiiil ,|i^|.l;t.',, 
 
 2o,tx« tint 111' W'irk, I! 
 
 leptml ; wiji'k ii'»iiiiim| , 
 
 . 27 A|iril, li,: 
 
 };\von,l TlnKto, liist,)rliiii .if 
 I'S, iiKi'il 86 . 5A|,ril, „ 
 'r.s' striki', sit. t\.,il , 
 
 1 1 .M.iri'l, 1 .liiii., ,, 
 ■llllil l'llil,i,'„,pllirillSi«'j"'y 
 1 Ariii.slr(iiiKllii'|ii,'siil,'i,i. 
 simp, tliu liinyui' aiul iniiiij' 
 
 ^ 
 \ 
 
 NEWOASTf.K- r l'( )N'-T Y \ K. 
 
 XK\\FOlM»r-AND. 
 
 fiiiiiii-iii i»'i-«i 
 
 o-a ii.iii. 
 
 iM iiiHNPiit, 7 fr't'li, ; tiy 11 llri* iit 
 
 Ihi, pri'iiii'<,',< nil, I n liiruM luiit nf tl 
 
 ,ii,.),> 
 
 tipe'l'llll 111 
 
 lii.vnlt 
 |;„llifrliili 
 
 : i„n)«' 
 
 1,1,' illirai-y (iii'tiiit i.i,i«»i MiU.) Mi'ii' ll,'. 
 
 ii',|llllliiK'',l . . . . B Ki'li. 
 f tliii city pli'Ki'hti'l til lunl Knlii'itt nil 
 
 I iiiiiili'il tlicni'ttli'iiii lit 'III I'lyimmili link, 25 I)'' 
 
 Kiill, wllii'll ,Vil* lllllll. (I ,V' w'lilvlllnllll 
 
 18'* J 
 
 I ('i,lli<Ki'<i|"'ii'"' ''V III" 'liikii lit Villi' 
 
 5 .xpiir 
 
 ik., Ulllkl' llf X.I';. l',IM»l llllllWnlkl'lH 
 .llllv, 
 
 .Miiivli, i8,>4 
 
 riki'i'f I,: 
 
 ,|ii,' 
 
 -lit «l 
 
 ,liili„ „iii 
 
 "I'.iv'f 
 
 llllllll'lH nil till' N'.K. ClllBt, l'l,ll^ 
 
 iif iii'iii'ly jM,uu>i uiiiki'in, .Miiirli 
 
 |l,y Inilliit 
 
 II All:-' 
 
 ,, 1,1,1,1 1,1PI.||1I11 llf 111,' lllllI'Mllll lllll,>ll ,lf Cdll-l'IVU. 
 
 .„,. uMiiiiiiiti'iiiH ; .Ml. A. .1. lliiUiiiii' wiMiiily 
 Ivci'lieil ; piiWi'i'l'iil »l"'''i''i • • 1,1 .Nov. 
 
 1,1" "I' 
 
 ll iii;iiip«i,)ii liiiiHi', iiKiir till' 'I'my. Inn nt 
 
 .Si'i. .'•'>i'«yi, Ki'li. ifi07' 
 
 6 Oil 1893 
 
 ,ii.'iil ll"' 11' 
 
 t .M,'«ii'«, .Miuv^iiii nil, I riiirk'H, nil ri'- 
 
 \Viilk,'l''«iit,', ,'\iil,wlnii uf iii'i iiti', ti'ii 
 
 ilii|iiri''l 
 
 ,lii 
 
 XEWC AiSTT.K T 1 '( »N-T YNE. 1 1 is 1 10 piuu 
 
 Of, luumli'ii ll)' 
 
 l^nuncll 17 .Miiy, iJiMj. 
 
 if!j. F.riii'»tIliiliin'nVlll"'rl',>m'('"iisi'i'iiit,',l:it liurlmiii. 
 
 i'liily. 
 
 liii,',| t,i('lili'lii'>i,'i', X,)V. K 
 
 K,|;<iir.liu;"li, aliniit 
 
 .Nnv. 
 
 ';5. 
 
 NE WC A .ST[. K ADM 1 N ISTliATK )N 
 
 tlie li 
 tri'iiiiii'.V' 
 
 Tl IM 
 
 ,l„.(,-,„..«l';/ 
 
 Ikiirv llii»"ii 
 tiul I'l- ll"l'l' 
 
 A|iiii, ir3-(; i''"i 
 
 1 .N, 
 
 Nil, 
 
 till' mull' 
 
 MI'ii'IiiiiIIn iIi'VI'I 
 
 iif Mil 
 
 ill' 
 ,1 Ni 
 
 •llii-i 
 
 Irnlll will 11, 
 
 » 1 1 11 
 
 <lli 
 
 ('niiiiciliiiit, mill Itliiiilc [1I11111I, 111 KlU tlii'»i 
 
 H'ttll'llicllts liillili'il till' |ll>f Alllrlll'llll I i.llti'ili'i'iitlnll, 
 
 II ll, Ii'IImIvi' llllii'll, H jtll 
 
 M„<iil,' ll 
 
 'll>tltllt|n|l 
 
 iw, umirii 
 
 ri'liui. 
 
 'll mi till! 
 
 iih iiri>tiii'riii \, 
 
 wllii'll lll>tl'll till |(«)^, '.\lllilll' WIK lllllili' 1111 illili'. 
 
 priiiliiit Hliiti' in I'Sj.i, 
 
 NKW 1''()III';.ST (Uiiiiip-liiii), will, iiiiiili, 
 "■ iiUnrrntril ") li\ \\ illiiini tlir Cuiiiiiii nil', lii;i)-.'-'v 
 iuiiitr\, li,|' tliiii\ mill » 
 
 It U wiiil lliiit till' will 
 
 ill l,i|llpll*-i, Win lllill WllMtl'. W'iililllll illlflM Wll.l 
 
 killril ill tliis lim'^t liy nil iiiTiiw »liiit liy Wiilirr 
 'rurri, tlliit iii'iiili'litiilly uliimrtl ii'.'iiili-t 11 tlir, 
 ill' III' wliiili i.4 iiiiw piiiiiti'il nut 
 
 2 .Vin;. Ill 
 
 till' 
 
 liy 11 ti'iiiii«iiliir stmii'. 'I'lm Nrw l'',,i'i'st lli 
 
 Uriiinviil III t 
 
 '< jiiiiH ll 14 A: li Viit. 
 
 liS^l. Auit.iiiiiii I'm' till' pri'i.i'i'\iitimi nl t 
 
 iiiiiiiinii, I'S 
 
 UK In 
 
 Aii^'. 
 
 I. Ill iirnii'iliiiii'i' with nil iiit pUHMil 
 
 ill I'**;;, till' I'lirrKt is 11, iw iiiiiniiyril liy 11 nnirt 
 Vi'i-ili'iiTK ii» 11 piililii' pli'iiiiiru urm 
 
 III nil. 
 
 lllllll, lllUl I'llttli' 
 
 I'l' I'dl'IS'l 
 
 NKWI'-orXDr-AM) (\. A 
 
 llUVl' III I'll ili^imrlril In .lllllll ('lliiit, wl 
 
 I'll), 
 
 liiki' nl' Ul■viln^llil•l.■ biiiinii' lirst Imil nl' tlin 
 
 J'l 
 
 I islii 
 
 I'llllH', i.|'»7 
 
 flllll ll> 
 lllllll it. 
 
 It. WHS ruiiiiulU tiikrii. 
 
 llnlli'H IVlliiiiii, lUikt'nf Ni'Wi"iiitli',yir..( ^ia(ii/ 
 
 l,i';!Ki', I'/iii/iri//"!' I'flUr i'.rihitiiiri: 
 
 mill sir Tliniiins It iiinisun (iifti'T- 
 
 if Innl (il'llllllllllll). ■■ii'i'li '"' 'i''' "/ '"'"'''. 'I'll!' lllltl-' 
 ,il,rr,,l'''l liV ll,lll'V KnX (lilt, I'Wlinl.s Innl llnllillul). 
 
 1,„„| All" jir-t ''"'' "/""' "•^Mi'iillU. 
 
 |.:,,i'|i;roinilli', l;nl lur^i.hnl. 
 
 Utii UiiinT (surri'i',1,',1 liy the iliiki' nf MiiilliunniHli 
 Mt;), liTit ;,ii'r.i/.«r,l/. 
 
 Kii|M|lliir(l»l,'ki',/"ii/,'n/H,'i //,„•. 
 
 liiik.'.il'lii'.ill I'lil nl' lliilitiix, U,',,rjici' (In'iivilli', ,ti'. 
 
 NEWCASTLE AND riTT AD.MINIS- 
 
 TliATlUX [>vv Vim I liii III .1(1 III I II tul i-K I mil), Imiiii'il 
 
 pn.-.v'rsimi nl In .Ml lliiiiijiliry liillinl, i^Sj. In tin 
 
 1'1,'iKII nl' Kli/iilii'tll, (till"' I'llltinllH llllll' I'll' lllivuli- 
 
 tii'xn nf till' I'iiiiili.sli ill till' lMn.'1'v. In ■;-- tliii'i 
 
 wnri'lixitishiiii 
 
 1^1) fl-iiMI Klllll 
 
 .•.I'l'sri-nlllSpiiill, ^Ollnlll riil'tll;^ii 
 
 mil niily 1;, lull nl' 
 
 In, 111 Kii.-liiiiil,— //,^//'(//r. Hut thi'Kiijjlislitisht'rv 
 ill «miii' M'lns ulli I'wuiil-i (l',25) hail iiuiiii^i'il i.'> 
 
 llllll h tlllll till' |im|,M,r I>^\nll^l'li^l■ ulmil' t'lliplnvill 
 
 150 shins, whii'li siihl III, ir lisli ill .Spain, I'urtuiul, 
 llllll Itiily. 'I'hu snvi ri'ii?iity nl' Entilaml was rn m;- 
 iii-i'il ill 1715, hy thi' ti-ciity nf I'lri'i'lit, ci'i'taiii 
 
 ri^ht 
 
 mi till 
 
 ■ Kri'inli slini'i 
 
 lining I'l'.'ci'vril fir 
 
 I'laiiic. Ni'wl'niiiiillaiiil nhtaiiicil thn privili'^,' nf 
 
 lial I 
 
 ;i>liiliiri' Ml i.S;2 ; 
 
 Jullr, 17 
 
 AltiTviinmis 
 
 uijji's it n'siH;iii'il .May. 
 
 stiilili.-hiil ill 
 
 ill iSV*. I'nlHllllt 
 
 mill till' hisllnpl'l 
 
 \-y.; 1hi',1 lluti' I'liimnt! Illln linwci'. 
 
 Ti, .isllnllis rilliiiMi, iluki' nf Xi'Wi'iistli', fiid lull! !■/ ! 'i,(Kio,(xx)/. stcrl 
 
 I'l 
 
 l'»7v\5.S' .\ppalliii;r tii'i' at St. Jnhii'.s, a (jmnt 
 pni't;'iii nf till' tnwii il('stniM.il, till' Inss I'stiuiati'il at 
 
 j'l! 
 
 Ilirlivi-'ilril. 
 
 Willliuii I'ltt (iiftii-wiirils Innl Wliii'liaiii), mml'irii n/xtntr \ . 
 fvrlhe iii'i'drni ilrjiirtiiiciit, imd Iniikr I'f the hminc 1/ • 
 
 I«v. 11 
 
 9 .h 
 
 lK4(,. On 14 J.I 
 
 I'mivciitinii wiiH iniii'liiili'il hi'twi'i'ii tl 
 
 lis)i ami Fri'iii'li ;;( 
 
 lu 
 
 tain Ki'i'iii'l 
 
 iviniimiits, iniiiii'iniiiir cii-. 
 
 Kiirl nf llnlili-'rill'Ml', 
 
 (.■J.iitWi'llt. 
 
 iliiril I'/ sliile fur the suiithvni 
 
 F.iirl lliiiav illi', /"I'll ji)'r.ii</i'H(. 
 
 Kiiil Ti'iiipl,'. I'i'ii'il mill. 
 
 II H. I.it;;;i', rhumlUn- "flhf i.ri-hr'iwr. 
 
 Imki'iil' III viiiisliii'i', lunl ihnmlwiliiut, 
 
 luiln'iil'lfulliiiiil, /",,/,. ■/lien,',/. 
 
 ll Am 
 
 (111, iii/iii 
 
 iiki' 111' Miirlhiii'nii '.ll (siii'i'ci'iliil l.y Innl Llgimler), 
 
 "lllll'S 
 
 with this 
 
 I iiinili'u,'! 
 
 i,r li.sl 
 
 ici'V in I'.M'haiiiiL' fn 
 
 'fill' Kii'.;li-h cnliiiiisis' wi'i'i' ilissiitistii'il 
 
 I fusi'll 
 
 innvi'iiimn. 
 
 si'wfnnmllinul 
 
 tiiiimi with thi' ilmiiiiiinii nf t'liniiila, Mari'li, kS(,i 
 a railway I'mm .St. .Inhn's tn St. (i('ni'^i''9 liiiy, 
 prH|insi'il hy tho rnlmiial n "Vt'i'iiiiu'ut All),'. lf>-'s. 
 Ci.pitiil, St. Jnlin's; iinimliitinii, I.S,'<4, ^1,142. 
 
 ' ' 'V.Inhu 
 
 ( 
 
 11 liUivi'i-, .Ian, iS-ii, ■ M 
 
 1. sii' Sti'phi'ii J. Mill, 1.S7 
 
 111,, ll lIi'llli'V, 
 
 ,;ii'/' ',/(/ii' i/ri'fi/ siiil. 
 
 John Hiiwl 
 
 ilic 
 
 •y (i 
 
 ,'|,t. KSiSj 
 
 I. iii.v l''i,x, llllll^'' llriiivilli', visi'nimt lliiri'iiintnii, Innl 
 
 lllliililX, .lllllll'S lil'i'livilll', itc. 
 
 NEW CIIUUCII, si't' Su-dhnboiyiaus. 
 
 XEW COLLEGE (St. Jnlm's Woml. Lmnlm,), 
 im It'll liv till' Indi'iMiidi'iit ilissi'iiti'i's I'nr thn I'llu- 
 iiitinn ul tlicii' r.iinistiTs, l,S;o-l, was f 
 
 iS'^i ; >\v (;, Will, ih'.s V 
 
 lU'i'. iM.S;; dii'il 20 Srnt. 
 
 ll'llX, 
 
 l'''.'l 
 
 1. iN.Sd 
 
 ri'iini'i'X. O'lli'itn.Nnv. i.s.s.S; .ii- H. n. ,m, 
 
 .sir J. 
 
 Si'pt. i,«,)5. Sn- Ciiriilii.'Suw 1877 
 
 •a by 
 
 till' iiiiiiin nf Ifiiiiu'itmi, ilighhmy, and Coward 
 
 I'olli'jii'S. Si'i' tl.rfiiril, 
 
 NEW DEPAirrUllE DEMOCllATS, sie 
 
 Uiiili'4 {Hiilm, 1S71. 
 
 NEW EXGLAXD (N. Anu'rinO, Th.,' first 
 fettli'iiicnt iiuuli' ill Knr, was iiaini'd Xnw Ki|i;land 
 by iii|iliini Smith, in 11.14. .\ hanil nf 102 I'l 
 
 nf .N'l'wfnniiiUaiiil," hy Ji 
 lishi'il. May, i.Sij 
 
 1). W. Tl' 
 
 A Ui-tmy 
 (Wso, puh- 
 
 '.■>• 
 
 yi.ih'in liisi,iit,', M fiirtuiii' 111 
 
 llM'il lll't.s nil .Sllllilil 
 
 U.S., lislii'i'S 
 
 lull. iCji ; this lii'iiij; 
 
 "iitriiry t., Inrnl n'|.'nliitiniis, thi'v m-w t'ori-ililv 
 niiinvi'il ; iniitnivir^y I'lisiuil ; 'Mi'. Kviii'ls nil 
 piil't nl' I'.S. nn\ iriiliii'lit si'lit ilispiiti'li, 24 All;,'. ; 
 
 '"I'l't'sl 1,11,',', S,iit. 1 1,1. ; 111,' iiuiniuis nl'.SiillH- 
 
 l,iil'yi'i'IUM,l I'niiipi'ii.Miii.iii ; lull I'liii (Ji'iiiivillu 
 ^raiiti'il it ; 15,000/. Win' nwiinli'il liy ailiitiat 
 
 28 .May. iSS. 
 
 Till' Ki'fiich trl-rnliMii' tin- sit up at (.'uiiiln'i'liiiiil 
 !sta>;i', iii'iii' M. .Inlius, liy 11 l''i't'iii'li I'liptaiii, 
 
 ■ tmia'il ilu' "filgriiu Fatlicrs" (with 2.S | (^ 
 
 9.Si'pt. i£ 
 
 ntlii'ts lii'twi'i'n till' I'l'iiii., iiii'ii ntiil Iti'iiiiiiiist 
 
 women) arrived Lore in thu Jilai/ I'loKn; and [ at lliiil.mii'Unui' ; M-vi-iurkilUil 
 
 26 IK' 
 
 
 ;t 
 
 
 ■%*.;■ 
 
 f 'vv ■'^' 
 
 i.H.^r 
 
 s 
 
 i4i 
 
 %\l 
 
 ulwfeii.'ili'l 
 
 i' m' 
 
iiiii 
 
 
 ... ...ji,. 
 
 if 
 
 it, 
 
 It 
 
 f 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 7(li 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 (-'"iitiraicl .lisjiutcs tlii-(«i(,'li the I3ritl8li lobster the- 
 lurjfSDii tlic Kjcih-Ii .slinn. ,3gu 
 
 J'lii' pi'i]|.ii. ilissiilislii'il Willi til" lu'warmnj;!' ii(s 
 
 lif;;iiii ,-itliM- I .Inly. iSSo, trnufil iii,.diis rinndi. 
 A.L;iv,it in.'..tii,,i,'iit, St. .Inlii,'s . 2fi .Miuvli, „ 
 
 .^ir . Mlllrs Willt.T, fXatt(llliry-},'|.lllTlll, IllhlnlluT 
 
 Mi'iiv''il'-^, iiniveiii l.uiid.Mi . . . r.Mny, 
 A.liliv.ss Ti thu iinci'ii votfil liy till' .\i.wruiM"Mlliiiiil 
 
 li',L;lsl:iliin! ,^ ,M,,y 
 
 A Fiviicli w;ir vi'ssi'l miuo.sts tlic stii|;|M^.v iif " 
 lintish lishiii;; ill St. GcoiHi's l«iv ; iiicll-iiMtioii 
 iiir.Miii-;it St. .Iiihns . . iviioiii'.l -I.4 .Mdv, ,, 
 Jill' |.iirli;iiiMMit Vutcs ;iii mUlrest, tu liiiMjuciMi iiinl 
 
 isi,nii,,„.u,-,l ,, ,j|„|,. 
 
 1-i-lit l.rtw.'.'ii .Ninvfoiiiiill.iii.liMs Mini I'riiii-li 
 lisliiTiiM.ii ri'siH'cliii^' liihsliTs, lit I'lirt-aii-l'dit, 
 with flulis, .Vc. ; the hitter l.uitt'ii . 
 ,, ^ .. ., , . about i9,Iiiiii' ,, 
 
 t.'ipt. Sir n.iMwiii \V,-il|i,.r of tin' r.iM-mi.l. stopi 
 •Mr. ILuiils lolist,.!- lio-torvMt.s.uMlv I'oim, Hl.oiit 
 -■0 .Jump; .Mr. lliiini SUMS ior.l.iiiiiip.s . ,Julv, „ 
 l-rciic-h wMr vissrl lit I'ort-mi-l'oit ilrivcs ott ,o 
 Jlrilish hshiiii,' vessel!) .... 2,, Inn,. 
 
 Sir WilliiPiii WhilMwiiy, pri'iiiiiM-, Hiiil .Mr. Vliirvcy', " 
 'ii'h'^.ltrs ill 1.011,1, ,11. 3.lllly, yl .<,,/. ; the ciliiliisU 
 (■1.11111 .■\tiiu'ti,iii ot iMviioh ri,i.'lits, iiliont 5 Aiij,'. ; 
 .Sir \V. Wliiti'Hiiy rctnnis to .Ni'Wt'oiiii,lhiii,l 
 _,, , . i2 Now rl f:i:ij, 
 
 liio miuliis virnid! |.iilori:i.,l l,v the Knv nihl ami 
 tho F..;-/.-.ni/f.'niilMiat . *. . Si-u*. ,1 fci 
 Jo-si'iih Ciiariliii, i^apt. of the Frciioh schooniT 
 Mnc.iiinl, arrcsti',1 for ilh.-al acts; iiiiiirisoiii'.l 
 till liiii's wi'iv |.,ii,l ; ivsciif.l from iirisoh, jv^-aiiis 
 liisshi]!. puts ,, If to SIM ; thiisliii) rniis agroniiil, 
 ami is a^'aiii siiznl . . , , ] ocf. 
 O.'.'at storm, ili'structioiiofsliiiipin.i;, lmil,liiif,'s, ,(;i'! " 
 ... ... 'icporli'il 8 Ui'c. „ 
 
 Artioii o| Mr. Dainl n.iiain.st sir ISahlwiii Walker in 
 till' .snpri'iiii' court c-ont'liKh',! ; juilKiiii'iil ri'si'rvi',! 
 
 Vi'i-.lii't f,.r .Mr. liair.l, i3 .Maivli ; api.i'al 'to th'ii ' ^' 
 privy ooiiucil. .Mairli. iSgi ; ,lisiiiissi.,l ., Au'. iSqs 
 
 Aiimratioii acciiliM by ihi' lirilisli ainl Fivnch 
 f-'oVL'ruim'iiis. 111,. )„,,,/„< ri',-,,,,/; t,j continni', 
 atiic'iiii'iit si-iii.,l ill 1,011,1, ,11, 1, ,M,-,r,'li, at Paris, 
 ij .Mari'b, ami ivportnl al St. .lohns i j .March, 
 
 Bill broiij,'lit into tlic li,.us,' of lonls t,i ,'iil,irc,' the 
 7iiu.;ii,s- vU;i,il!, early April ; reail .seeoml ti . 
 
 •Sir William \\lii|,'way ami 4 other ilele-ates 
 aiipear at the house of hir.ls, ami make a state, 
 lueiit 2^ Ajiril, 
 
 The house of assembly a.lopts a petition lo Ihe " 
 ipie 11, to ratifytlieircoiiVe.,lii)ii with the I'liiteil 
 «'-;f<'« SAiiril, „ 
 
 The IJritish lishi-rmen of I'ortum's bav rise a/ainst 
 the sale of bail to otle'is. about jj .\pril ; stoek- 
 aile raisi'il. ami bail sci/.e.l . ab,iiit -S April, 
 
 Alter s,,im. ih'.Lc.itiatioii. the „„..fi,.< rirniili c,ii'ri'i,iii 
 act (to l.-ist till ,y.):) is i,as„.,| l,v botli branches 
 "I III.' N,\vl',iiiii,llaii,l l,--isl,itiiiv . 26 May, 
 
 <Tlie c,,,-r,'i,,ii bill in th,' liriiish liou.se of commoiis 
 ^ WHS with'lmwn .May). 
 
 The Krencli enlorce tl'ieiiKu^is i-irejid! : ilillk-iilties ; 
 
 lvp,n-t,',l iS .llllie, ,, 
 
 .hixty lirilisli lobster factories dos.'.l bv ,,nl,.r 
 uinler the mf).^(^■ riiriidi , . ii'p,irt,',r 7 .liiiv. 
 
 The Caiiailian j;ov,.n it |ii"lests a.-aiiist the re- " 
 
 stiictioiis on th,- siii.ply ,,f hi'iriiiKs as bait for 
 the llslmries ami tlin-abiis r,']iris.ils, about .;3 
 Nov. ; ami iiii|ioses inip.irt .liities on llsli 8 llec. 
 
 A siiihlen bli/?^ii,l oir th,' coast ,lrove out 220 lish- 
 iiif; boats, 2; men iierishcl by frost, ,Vc. 27 l-'eb. 1892 
 
 Jhe iii',di{x rinndi resjiectiii;,' lobsters, reiieweil 
 by the Uritish ami J-'reuch i,'ovcriiiiients 
 
 The Freneli shore bill supporlcl by llie'^iiri'tish " 
 government, for constilutini; a jmiicial i',,iiiiiiis. 
 -: n court to si'ttle tlie,lis|,ntessiibiiiiite,l to th,' 
 hmis,' ,,f ass,'iiibly. 3,, April ; ivj,.,'!,.,! ,4 .Mav ; a 
 .joint committi'e on the sub,j,.etapp,,iiil,',l 19 .May ,, 
 
 The ,lis]Miti' with Oinaila settle,!; leiurii to llm 
 ,s(a/a.< of rtiSy . . . aiinoun I 21 .May. ,. 
 
 Tile fniah |i«herl|jeli break the iiralns n ri ildl iiv 
 ilestroyiii),' 300 Uritish lobster traps . 
 
 about 1 i .Inn,', , 
 
 tireat lire al .St. .lohn's, from 5 p.m. 10 .luly till 
 8i).ni. II July, iliiriiiKa violent gale; about 11,000 
 
 lioiiieless; theb.'antiful cathmlialflivd (■ > ~~~~ 
 churches ami cliaiiehs, collies, amr,,!)',,,':',"'!''' 
 buililin^'s, anil the Kreater .art T '"•'"'« 
 
 ilestroyeil ; shipping Kioatlv \uu4L "'^ 
 about 2,500,000/. ; Oileaths .•"iml imoni,. ■„,. *"'> 
 Ilelief largely supplicl by 1 he' 1 1 „ :,^'"-- 
 Camilla, the Uiiitcl Stales aiel the fi 1. 7- "^ 
 (loin (si'o -Uuin.riH //„ii,,f fiindu). ^ ""•'•'' ^''i,;- 
 .Meeting' of the le^'islativii assemlilv en,.,,. • 
 sloraliouofSt. .loliu'sreporte,! " ' "'i,"" ''," 
 
 7 Mi.ii.ii, 
 
 licstructivi' hlizzani with loss of 5 lives ■ m '■'i 
 The ojieratioii of llie H;iit act suspemie,! "2" \!'!''' ' ■ 
 tielieral elecliou, th,' t;ovuriimeut of sir w' \vi ?'' " 
 
 way return, 'il lo ]io\ver . '""''''■ 
 
 The ministry re,|Ui'st ili.ssolutioii of tl„''l.. .i V, *' " 
 
 on account of charges of briberv 'it ei,.?-!",, , ""' 
 
 April; (,'overiior tJ'Urien refuses"; the i, ,, ■ ^ ^ 
 
 resi>,'iis ."imsiry 
 
 New ministry formeil by .Mr. A. T. (li'iodri.'lp' '"'' '''< 
 
 The Whiteway iiarly retain iiossession of t)',,-! ,'-„'"''' « 
 
 ber ami (leniaml a ,Iissoluti,iii ; tlicL-oven,, , , '" 
 
 roxuestheh'Kislatureto5,hilv , \'":j- 
 
 Election trials, many m bers, 'iuclui'liii" nilv' " 
 
 Whiteway, unseatcl for bribery, = M.,v " 1, ,'"■ 
 
 Le-islaluieiHoroKlle,| . , ''■ 5 ■ '•'.\ .ij J lly, „ 
 
 Elections, majority of the WliilewavinrtN ' v"-' " 
 
 Euiaucial crisis; several banks aiiil 6 liV /,' » 
 
 liayiimnt throUKb (■"inmi'icial embaii;, s';,,,;';,,,''! 
 
 application to the imperial ^'overlull,'lll lur ]■..", ' 
 
 10 II,., 
 
 liesi),'iiation of the iiiiiiistrv, 12 Dec • ii.!« ""'' 
 
 formeil by Mr. U. J. (Ireen ,",;"»■ 
 
 Great .listivss at St. .lohn's, ,4 Dec. ;' ua'li;,, ?; 
 
 . I... .,!,.. I »i. ....... i. I.,.. .1 „: .; . ^ ' ' "..I.,, II, 'lit, 
 
 iil'i'iieil to consiiler the crisis 
 
 1 5 Hi'C. 
 
 The Commercial bank cliar^ceil with reckless mi., ■ 
 
 niana-i'iiient, .Mc. ; th ites of the Uiiiui, ., ,t 
 
 Kiiaranteeil by Kovernnienl . . ,' 
 
 .^!r. (.'ooke, maiiap'r, ami 4 ilirectors of th,. c,,',!' " 
 mercial bank chart;eil with fruinl, arn'si,,] .,1 
 
 baileil .- Il 
 
 The Government much assisteil bv th.. In'.a.";- " 
 
 Montreiil . . . . . ". |, "' 
 
 flrailual lesnmption of business,' rei„iiti.,l' ,(,','"'' '"'i 
 Hill jKisseil removing the ilisiinalilicatiuii „|' ,' ,' " 
 
 si'aleil mcinbers .... ,, ■ 
 
 Hesi^'ijation of the niinistrv . ' . ' '','\"'' " 
 Cabinet formeil by sir Will." Whiteway . ' ''.' p!!'' " 
 .Much ilistiess relieveil by huly U'Urleii's siihsciV,' " 
 
 , """" I'i'i'i ,!.•,; ' 
 
 Ni'i.'iitiations for union withCanaila; ilel it,:s , ,' " 
 
 to otl.r.va, April; the scheme abanilijia'iTllii„„..'|, 
 ilillereiices resijectin;,' the terms . u, \u. 
 
 Sir lleibi'i't .Murray, imperial cominis^i.ji,,.,-' '„;' " 
 ^.-aiiizes relief works at St. , lohns , \,,f'{ 
 
 A loan of 2.5,w,ooo ilollars from 1 Inn' fli,i't,.l'| jn " 
 
 Montreal at (94) 4 per cent. ; iin|iniv".'l i,.-„ 
 sjieots reporteil, ji .May; the loan aiitliuriz,',! i,v 
 the ch.-imbeis Ill, • 
 
 I-'rencli tiealies bill passc'l (uppei' lion's,.) l.'.j w"'. " 
 
 iloiise iiroro-iieil '' j;,,^. " 
 
 liirest lires ; railway settleiiK.iit at Xnrrs \n,',' " 
 burnt, iepi.ri,.,| ... . ;„;|,','|'|. 
 
 -Mr. .lames Conlou ami Mr. .lolin Gilliir.l «lli,i.i' " 
 liiiniilators of 111,' ilelunct i;iii.,ii h,,i,k .,,„.,^[^ 
 the ilirertors, sir llobt. Iliorbiirn, i.x.|,n.iiii,.r' 
 hon. An^iustiis Harvey, Wm. lii.|iiii.|ly, Mr' 
 Walter Grieve, ami Mr. I'iiiseiit, iiiiiniiji.r Hf 
 the bank, of issiiinga falseslateineiil nf itsa||;,irs 
 an, I payiiii,' ili\iileiiils which the hank hiul ii,',i 
 eaineil, 19. luly; warrants issucl ; bail arcLi.tol 
 
 Arrests in connexiou with the smunj^lim.,' ,si.a'ii'.lal',' " 
 .Mr. .M. Tobinaml one of the Kovernurs ol tli,' 
 saving's bank .j,,,,.; 
 
 Senteiiceil til line anil iniprisoiiineiit . 5 .Xnv. 
 
 HiscoM.ry of coal towai, Is th,. west coast So\. " 
 
 Sir Herbert Murray arrives at St. .Iiihii .sas pivrr'. " 
 nor, 29 .Nov. 1895; succeuileil by sir II. E. 
 ■'*l''Callum ^„,., ,j^3 
 
 Sir liolieit Thorbnrn, bank director, ami tlin.f 
 
 "'bersi imitieil for trial, 15 Nov. ; iiiilictiin'iit 
 
 '-""'■■•'' ■.;■. Ajinl, ,5,/, 
 
 Great ileslitiition at .St. .Inhn's, reporte'l 15,11111. 
 
 Parliameiil o|i,.ne,l ; successful letreiicliiiii'iil. rf- " 
 l"'i'''''l 11. hill- „ 
 
 t)il struck at a i|e]itli of ,,u.m feel on tJie W. c.«<l 
 by a company . . . , . Uet. 
 
I nssmnlily; fiiH«, i,. r. 
 ■eiiiirli',1 . ,i|.,,' 
 
 I'™.,r5lives ,'\:;''''^^3 
 
 LTMiiiuJit of .Sir W. Wlii;,'; " 
 uliiti()ri()f tlMMiviiih,?,: '■ 
 
 "fi'ni»TyM,.i,;i,l;;; 
 
 n idusc's ; tliu „ii„ist,J 
 *Ir.A.T,(i;«l,i!u;,>'''% 
 
 1, 15 Nov. ; imlirt m 
 
 ■ :; Ai.ril, iSji 
 Ill's, miKirtwl 15,11111. „ 
 s.slul ri4iciicliini'iit. rp- 
 
 II Jiiii" I, 
 00 fcot on till! W. cuiwl 
 > • • Dec 
 
 NEW FEANCE. 
 
 Iii-islatttreilissolvpil . , . . 20 Sep, iSg? 
 Ul.rtii.iw: HdVcriiiMiiiit (IcfViili'.l, 2S Oct.; ww 
 
 caliiiii't, !»v •Iiiiii''< WiiitiT ini'iiiiiT, 9 X,iv. ; 
 
 ivoiioiiiii'iil "''li"i"'< '■•l''''ti''l . . , N,,v. ,, 
 Trial 111 tl"' l«iil< (lin'i'tnis, z Nciv. ; iici|iiitti'.l iin.l 
 
 ui.swal«ii'l"ii'"l . . . . 17, J7 lire. 1^ 
 i coiitRut with .Mr. Ki'iil, taking' up railwnvs, 
 
 iK'liS, .tf. ; ^i^"'''l •, • ■ . ,! .Miiivh, 1S9S 
 ftiilway liill piissi'il, 15 IMaivli ; ;i mudii.t viniuli 
 
 ,(HSiil iH't'i li"'isi"i ■ • . =1 .Maivli, ,, 
 
 Sft'ilers cu'. "II' fi'i'in tlii'ir .slii|i, pc-nsli mi tli.- ice, 
 ' ,„ miles l'niiiiCiipi'l!"U:ivi.st:i, 55 i[fiali.j2i .Mari'li „ 
 •ifal lisluTj scasun, vi'iy .siiciM'.ssful . Ai.ril, ,, 
 
 XEW FKAXCE, sot- Gtiimla. 
 
 "XEW" GALLERY, Ui'jffiit Sheet, -VV., 
 frpcttil I'.v si'i'i'ilcis Croiu the sulisoriliers to tli(' 
 Orosvt'linr (Jalli'i'.V {'fhlclt «ir), npeiiedo -Miiv. 1,S,S,S. 
 Ill thU buililm.;;' were lield tile Tml.ir, Stuart, 
 Gii('l|ili. mill Viitorian e.\liilntiiiii.>), mJiir/i ,»w. A 
 pi-liiri' cxliiliitiou was opeiieil 2^ A])ril, 1X92; i 
 Hill, 189.)- 
 
 NEWGATE, LoXDOX. The i-uison derives its 
 naiiii' from the s'.itt', to whieli was iittaelied a small 
 iirifflii.Knuluall.V enlarged. One was ereeted in 1086 
 liv the bisli"]) ol Liiiideil. It was used a.s 11 prison 
 t,ii-|)cr,*iiis(>l' rank us i.Mrly as 121.S ; hut was rehuilt 
 ab.ut iwa centuries afterwards liy the e.v;eeutors of 
 fir Riiharil Wliitliii-loii, whose statue with a eat 
 sl.ioil ill the nielie till the time of its dem.ilitiou 
 iiv till' i-Teat tire of I.oiidoii, in iGdd. It was tlien 
 r.'vDibtriiited; but breoniin^ an iieeuiiivilution of 
 iiiifiTV and ineonveuienee, was pulled down niKl 
 ivbuiit between I "8 and 1780. Diirinn' the riots 
 ill i;8l), the interior was destroyed hv lire, hut 
 >!nrt'ly afterwards restored. In 18^7 the interior 
 n« liiilled down to lie re-ereeted on a plan adapted 
 to tin' ivfiirniatory system. Xewjcate was disused 
 as aiioiiliiiiiry iirison, 51 Dee. i,S«r. Major Arthur 
 tfriltitlis' " Chroniek's of New.i;ate," published Jan. 
 lS'i4. Soo O/il Iliii/ti/. Newgate mviikkt, es- 
 t;ibli.*li«l in 1(181, was ordered to he abolished hv 
 an ait parsed in l8()I, which took eU'eet when the 
 rai',11 iiiul ]ioultrv market in Smithlield was oiiened 
 lUec. 1868. ■ ' 
 
 XEW GRENADA (S. America), discovered 
 liydji'ilu in 141)1), and settled hy the Spaniards in 
 ijjl)', It formed [lart of the lU'W re]iuhlic of Ho- 
 gola, cstalili-lied in 181 1; ami, eomhined with 
 t'anii-'iis, formed the repuhlie of Colombia, 17 Dee. 
 iSig; SCO Culumbiii. 
 
 I'lvsiiliiit .M. Os]iiiia eiitcivil on olfiee i .\pii|, ,857 
 
 AftM-sivi'iMl reunions am I ilissoliitioiis, tlie lepiililie 
 
 of.VwCiviiad.i iiiei-eii into the (iienailiiic Ciiii. 
 
 (eiliTiitiiiii, whieh iiielinles lioUvar, Antioipiiii, 
 
 raiiaiiia, lUul I ither small states . 15 June, 1858 
 Stnyj;lis iK'Uveeii the eonservatives, iiarlisaus oi' 
 
 till' cpl.l;;iiveniiiieiit, and the liherals . .Jan. 1S61 
 Gfiiiaal MiKipieia (liliemi) deposes Ospiiia ; ami 
 
 SciXl'Stlle j^i.verillllellt . . . iSJulV 
 
 A roiigiT.ss lit the states deterniine on union, iimler " 
 
 till' liiiliiti of the United Stales of C'oloinliia, 
 
 20 .Sept! ,, 
 .Uliiileila, chief of tile conservatives, .assassinated 
 
 {siiccreileil by Cassal) . . . . , X,,v. ,862 
 .Niw.iiiistitutiiin established . . . 8 .May i86i 
 .MiKiluira invites Venezuela and Kciiador (o juiii 
 
 tlifciiiifeileratiiiii All" 
 
 ijiiailiir ileeliiies -war ensues . . . 20 Nov " 
 Till' troops iif Kiuailiir defeated, Dec.; jieaee en- " 
 
 sues, anil Kcuailor remains ini|e|ieni|ent 30 Dee. 
 f "jiii'i'dil of .Mosiiuera, who declares himself die'"- " 
 
 „'"''"' ; ,, ■ • ■ II Mui'cli, 1866 
 
 Mi».|ii<'ra ileiinsed byX.into.s Aeosta, wlio hri us 
 
 iniivi.sional president . . . a^ .Miv iSfii 
 
 Mii.«|iiiira, theex-piesiclent, exileil . . , X,iv' 
 Uiiirral Santas (lulienez Vernaia, tlio president " 
 ili'liosocl ana impiisoued, and general Police made 
 
 /Go 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 pruvlsional president. I'mice e„nip..lleil to •ib 
 
 .J--n:!s;:;:il;;;le:?s^'- -•--VV;'8-^ 
 
 The ivpnbiie now naiMcd V i„bia' (,e/;,'c/i h") 
 
 NEW GUINEA or PAinrA, a lar.e island 
 I acilic Oc'iin, discover.'d bv the i^,rtu.'U|.s. aft ,; 
 
 Inurse leineiit of ,lie Moluccas hetweeu SI .a 
 
 liy Ortiz lie Keles, .1 I'ortoo „,..,,. , - „, .,,""''' 
 
 «U-ails, which divide Xe^'ou a' mllfvusrh 
 were discovered by Torres, a Simiuan, ' '.ii^' 
 It was Ireiiuently vi.sitcd by t le iJut Vli in Z 
 17tli century. They established a d n' , , | 
 erected ,1 lortress named J)„l„,.s, on t I'-S W 
 
 coast. 1,1 I82,S, which was iinsu, ssful • mdie' 
 
 •>'oved in ,8,,,. A lofty ra,i,e of nioui t ,i wal 
 mnied atier capt. Owen Staiilev, wlio hr i v tl em 
 from his vessel on sea about iX.'!.,. 
 
 On 9 Oi't. Illc Xewdiiiiie.i Ciil.ii,i/ii,.- \ ■ •■ 
 
 I'osed to lord lar, I ■' ,, 1 , T" .•\^^"''''"'"" I"'"- 
 iendtoXewMlii, 'a '^,,, ',;;';"!- -"'■"'i"'>'; t" 
 
 An,lr.-,lia;tl,isa.tle/l,\a.rii';v I V !lVl ''''■''■•■"' '''^'^ 
 
 <^'»■'•''''Hi..ll.lillt,,l■ „' u' ,,^ 'b^^;;:,';;,"'";'''' 
 
 ^.vuin!;,l;;i,t;;.,';r,;;;i^r;^^;^^ .iciciaiio,. '.r 
 
 ''hib!i;:;!^;;:^l.:r;;;:r;:l'';^'V';'iy?'''^--'-'-i'- 
 
 ^"tion: tuv' ^ssf '■""" "' '^■'""^>- ■■"^— I'd aiinexa. 
 
 Vli. <i.n'7;:i:;"r s'' /':; ^^^-^-^^-^ '-b-dc ; 
 
 pl^i.:^i;;b;.^:,:4^[;.^;i';;!'^:;i>:;^;i;;;--V,:;'--^^^= 
 is9sfxii^;;^;;a!.:;i,,:--:-:..'i;;".>.aeeiit 
 
 "Ma^ch:':?^,'^'"""^ "" '^'<"i-'^'''-inrUai,d, 
 
 u.^.ofsirpAerii:;;;;'il:,;;i.;j;,:;.<;;;;;:;;;-'i;''^.5. 
 
 liill iv.'lllatilli; the iiovclii 
 
 mcnt passed by legislature o; 
 
 yileellslalld,4 Nnc. ,.S37. 
 
 'b-M*;f;;;em:t;':;;;!^;;s3'"'i::'!-';;r,-b,nyby 
 
 Mr .i. K :eHnnte,Aii,/,B9s' ''''' "'""■'■""^' "^^ 
 
 ''l.:^:^,?'^s^;;;;l;^':l;;:r^;!r.^':;,;" -?'■:>■ 
 
 ^'^iu^nilil^Itiml'^,^;;;-^-'!,!;;:,-;:^;:^ 
 
 •^lii.v, June, 
 
 J lllell 
 
 Sir Win. Mac-re-or lands nt Deniiin ,vi i','^'' 
 
 toscarchlori,,,irdeiers;rep, ses: ''iPu."';;^ 
 f.n "''tivcs and burns a vill,,,e, a ,.i i. ,,, " 
 Oct. 1S.S9; liise\p]„i,ati,,,,s„r II,. i- /^^^^^^ '5 
 &c., reporteil, I let. ,894 I Im is au u l.Vl the n ^i 
 
 Mas.saere of 40 villaK,.rs by I'he 'i'li;,.';,'" ,,ii,',.' "'■^- '^So 
 
 '■■'>■" K"r"i«'un n, 's kiih'.i by,ia.i;:;:!:;;tMa;;,i^;;;:; '«9' 
 
 ^'r- Oi 11. piveninient i-.'sLlent aii.l ..i'n'." ''''"'' '"57 
 
 staliK,, „„„,h,,.,.,l by naliv.'sa V ■ t i'"" 
 
 (.'hailer I,, a cm. pane ./, ""''•''. '4 .Ian. ., 
 ;d;,.H..,norbylhivel.nteli,,,e,,,';ti;;^^^^^^ 
 
 .:'"Tii 
 
 ■■ *f|.* 
 
 A' 
 .' Wlj 
 
 I ,IF '!■ 
 
 
 HI w 
 
 11 i a 
 I I 
 
 "I! I ' 
 
 .' i'J 
 
 

 NEW HARMONY. 
 
 7'ii) 
 
 NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 ,uiil(M-Mii*sii,lius,.ttslf4l;"1iarat(Ml, K.ro. Ciipital, j have been nnmml to the present tim,. ; ana i,,;,,,, 
 Ccueonl. l'oi)iiliiti..ii, i^<So, 34<..')r)l ; l.S.)0, 376,^30. cxtrannlinary nues liuve „>en nin; s,.,- AWi 
 A lunnli,- nsvluM, near Dov.,- l.un.t ; ov,..- 50 in- l'nin'l"tl"", lh^>- .V«A^ ; I>^')I, 0,513. 
 
 NEW IMEXICO (X. Anieri,.;,). m„.,l ,0,1,0 
 
 I, lilted Mates 111 lS4H, anil oi-.'amse.| as 11 tmilnr 
 () Sept. 1850; ailiuilted as 11 ,-tate liv ,1,,. I,,,,,,.-.. 
 l-epre.seiltatives, l.So2. Capital, Sania Fi. \\^1\.'' 
 (i(in, iUMo, il'j.S'i.i; '■'^'.Ki, 1:13,51)3. '' ''" 
 
 NEWNirA:\I COLLEG]-:, see (,;,/„„. 
 
 NEW ()1!LEA\S, eajiital "f I..mi-iai,*a X 
 Aiiieiira {irliirh .vr), louiidr I in 1717, iiii I,., li,', ' ' 
 pnry iiflliedukedl'Orlians. In i-NN. s,.v|,||.,.j',, ,■'" 
 
 i.|'llii'i-ity\vei-e(leslr(iyrd!iylire. 'rli(liriii.liai,^,,|.,''j 
 New Orl'eaiis in Dee. I''^l-1, and \venM-.'|)iilM.,m.'i'.|, 
 j;reat less liv the .\liieri(';iiis iiiidcr ^|i,„.|■;|j j „ , ' 
 S ,Ian. 181V. 'Ill' livitish -eiiiTal, >ii- p,"" ' 
 
 lliatrs perish 9 '■'''ll- lESJ 
 
 Suicide 11, Isaac Al>lmtt, I'lty tivasurer ol Duvev, 
 and ea^liiciMir llie Nalional bank, alter di'lalca- 
 lionc.r e....xw dollars. . . . 1., .Ian. 1S95 
 
 NEW IIARilONY, see l[i,yiiioni.sl.s. 
 
 NEW IIERRIDES (S. PaeiHe O.eaiO, dis- 
 covered liv (iuims, whu 1)eheviii,i,' them tn lie a 
 <.oiiti'iiiil named them Tlirrn Aiish((liii ilil hspinlu 
 ,S,ii,lo in lUX). ]i..ii-aiiivillc> in I7(>.S Inuiul Ihem 
 tiilie islands; and in 1774 t'onk uave tlieiii tlieir 
 iiresent name. On appeal, the lintish fieveninieiit 
 premise preleetieii t.> ^ the natives a-amst kid- 
 
 b'.ci ''..t'stc.l a-ainsl Lv the An-lralian eohaiics, \ to tile I'edera.s 111 .\pril, iMo. '1 he sir,,,,,, i,,,;,,,. 
 
 ,01;. ' ■ i ()(' the iiiliiiliitants 111 l;iveur(d' the C.iiilr,||.|;,i|,,.|,|'| 
 
 I'lv'i'ieh vcssi'ls land tn',.iis here to protect tluir | „.^;ii„s, ,lic Kedirals iiuluced u-ineral 11. llii!!,,,',',, 
 
 omitrviiHii, I .Imie, iSSCi. , „ . ' rule tliem witli inilitarv riuuiir i,c, ;i^i.,,,a Iv,:,,, .,, ' 
 
 Land dispute ,,c, wee, French lie a-„l,^ e.„„p,my .i.id ^,^^^. j,,,^, ,,,.,„^,j tv.Mimv, e>peci:dlv- ; !■; 
 
 ^i;'^;;n.:;:;'i",r ii';;H;;:in.:^ni;:in!;;; ;r; :^: .bs; ; : fvanaies, May t„ o. ,01..,., .s.;^ ji,. .as ..,„ ,;: 
 
 died "•^^■o I <;enei-al Blinks, 16 Dee. i.S(,2. ^aii-umarv ij.,,,'. 
 
 r'(,iivinti.Mi si-ncd a, I'.iris ; tie' Fniieh Iim,,|.s tn be , (hio to asitators, heuim 30 .Inly. 1^1.0. ci'ly m,J 
 
 wilh.lrawii. ?4 (let. iS.-:? ; cUcel.-d 15 .Mari-h, i23.-i. i pressed by martial law, aliinit 40 peiHai-,' \vl,i',. 
 
 XFW TIOLL'VND sec y/».v/;-«//'/, 3>»vV-y»/// ■ and cehnrred, were killed ami al...ut Ko womi.l..,]; 
 71- ; I llUiji-i.Vx>i^, . similar nets oeeiirred, 24 Oct. I.SOS, ami (,|'i,ii .i,,,^ 
 
 II alis, in\ I'opiilaticii ill iSSo, 3i(),(>)0; in i,Siki, lyXoiq ' 
 
 NEW IRELAND, m, island in the raeifie x.r o,.;,„„s. .Inhi, McKucrv elect,.,! ;,.,v..n„„..,ii„„^ 
 ueeaii, lat. 2" S' !^- '""l^;- '.S2" '■■•. 2O0 miles liiim', 2;, ,.,,,., ,,y ,|„. s.,iitlicni whiles. ., N,,v. igjj; i„|| \^; p' 
 mills average width. .\ii attempt of tlie French Kill,,;;;.', elect, -d by the i-olourd p,'ei,l.. aii.l ti„.i, 
 iieiriiuis de'Kavs to cdonise this island was re- ; whit,' IViends, was iv,-,i;;nise,| by the I'derai ;„v,.|,|. 
 ;,.,„!d a .lisiislrons i^iilnre in Au.nst, ,NS.. and , ^::^^^J:',:}::^-;^^^!^:^ l^^i^l^^^^iriX* 
 May, iSSl. The island is lu.w named Ne« Meek- , .,,„„ „.,,(,,, „„.y .vriiscl ,„ Mnr, ,M,.n,,, 'i,,,,;,,;,;':; 
 lenfiir^'. i is Se,,,. 1S74. They ,l,pos,,| K.ll.i^.-at X.'w i.|i.'|..', 
 
 XL'W TFRSEY one oftheeai-lv United states : aiba- ,s,aiic resistaiev, aii.l ,^stabli>l„.,l yi,., ., ; 
 
 of N^:^,S-s settled by the Ihiti h Iron, New ; S:; ;';mVK:'lh;'; wl^ nJ;: 'd'.li s^^^"''''''^ - 
 
 York, li'20; and hy Swedes in 11.27. L'T',''". : The -ovcrmuiiit tr..oi,s e.jct niembiis fi„iii ,|„, 
 Trenton Population, iWo, 1,131,116; I^^O, , h-islativ,' as.scinbly as nielnly ide,-li,l ^.laii. ,:.. 
 
 ., 444, ',r>3 
 
 TheS half of S.'abri^ht with line buihlin;.'s burnt, 
 
 ,7,Iune(sce./.H'.^) '^O' | 
 
 NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH, see 
 
 Sir((liiihuriiiiiiis. 
 
 NEW T-ANARK (W. Scotland). A niami- 
 faetnrinu' villa-e f,inn(led by David Dale, 17.83. 
 Here his son-in-law, Rd.ert (tweii, endeavmired to 
 ostahlish .socialism in iSoi; and here the br^t in- 
 fant school was set up, I.S13. 
 
 "NEW LEARNTNO." a term applied to the 
 revival of the studv of the llihle ami the (Ireek and 
 1 atin classics, in their ori-mal toii-ues 111 the 15111 
 and Itttli centuries, which conduced yreatly to the 
 Reformation. See lluiiiiiiiism. 
 
 NEWM VRKET (Camhrid^'esliire), renowned 
 foi- its'le.rse-races. It is lirst mentioned m 1227; 
 :nid prohaldv derived its name from the market 
 
 tbcii reclitlv I'stalili-hed. .lame.^ I.erccteda liiilit- : ,„ i.iiiiisiaiia, ,.xiir,'sMii.; ui,' |h,s m ,s iT^'inai 
 
 • .1, hi'i-e called the kini;'s lioii-e, to which ; Ih.. citiz.'ijs' .lisparau'enuMit ot th,. law; liaum ,li 
 
 I'lmidU T. wus iaken as a I'n-nci; in l/;4r.;vhen | I-'ava, the It^dian ,niui>ter, ''-'I' ;' ''Mlj;^™- 
 
 jiarfli', 
 ■\yn\. 
 
 ,. ^,.T..,.. , . ......tl ^.lali. l-;5 
 
 Ari,'r iiiu,-li ilisi-iissioii, a piai'i'tiili-,.iiii,r,iiiiisti.\],ril 
 
 Xln,-h troiibl,.. 2 ^,,via-iiors at lUie tiiii,.. ,Iaii. ■ .ii,. 
 
 puti's.s, ttlcl in r.iMiurof Deiiioiaats hyi.iesi,:,!,, 
 
 Ilayis ; |,r,isi,i.,', ol'p,ai.e . . ' a., .\|.iil, ,;., 
 
 " Woibl s Iiiiliistrial and C,itt,,iii:i,.nteiiniar' |.:s|„,. 
 
 sill, ,11 .... 16 Dec. iS24— 30 .Mav, i;:. 
 Auothia- exposition openi'd . . . loX.n. ]'' 
 .Mississippi steamer, J. M. U'InIt, burnt, 30 liv,,s 
 
 hist . . ■ ■ ' .ih.iiit I, P,,.. i;;; 
 
 Mr. l>avi,ni,'niiessy.chi,.rottliepi)lii.,.,a»«ssiiiai,(l 
 by a party ot' tie' Sicilian vii.b'tta siiviity 
 iuiM,',l .1/,',/'", which s,.,', 15 ,1c!.; 17 iruii 
 
 arr,'st,',l i(„ i.oUi't. ,^0J 
 
 Tie' ciiiiniille,! of safety, aid.'d by th,. Italian 
 ;.;ov,'riinii'iit, ,b'!.'riain,' to cl.'.ir jji,' cily In.ia 
 
 secrel socii'ties : lllcelillLT lleM . . .I'Tllct. ,| 
 
 Iiiilielnient of 17 Sicilians for th,' niiinler nf .Mr. 
 lli'imi'ssy, 22 Nov. if,},);,; trie,! ; li ac,|niti..,l; i,„ 
 M'i'lii'l on 1, I ; March, i3i;i; the 111, >h, iiiiiinl 
 by Mr. I'arUi'rs,ai, lawyer, ami other eitiMi>, 
 b'nak into the u'.'iol, aici sli,i,il ,)r liaiu' h 
 pris,aiers (2 not Ainerieaii citi/,'iis). . 14 M,,r,i.. t::: 
 Sluing' pmt,"., of lli,. il.iliaii :;ov,'raMH'ii, 15 Mnrdi, ., 
 .'s,','r,!ary llhiiie' wri!,'s !o Mr. Nicle'lls, >.'i)Vini,ir 
 if l.,inisiaiia, ,'\-pr,'Ssiii:_' lli,' iir,'si,i,'ii!'s ri'^'ivlat 
 
 Charles T. wus tauen as a iuimui,-. .., . ,,, ",.,.. ■^.-■.., -- , . ^^-^^ 
 
 the parliament army was ijuartired m tlir iieii;!!'- p,,,.,.,,^,,,,,,,,;.,,,.,. i„.t„.,.cn the fioverainents Sli 
 h,uiriiii;villaf:i'ofKeiiie.'t. CharleslWhowasloul .^,,„|^ 
 
 of r'leinir huilt 11 stand-house tortile sake oi iiip The rnilcl States j,'ov,>rmneiit pavs to tlic llaliaii, 
 .Hvi.'rsinn about I«j7,* unil from that period raees j 25.,>t.i dollars for the lii'iieiit ,.f the hdisef tli,. 
 aversion, liooui, u^,, l..„cl„.,1 I,:ili.-ii,s ; ,l!l,lolii.a!ie relatielis l','Slllii,,l. 
 
 - llnriu"therae,s,ou 22 Mai, li, ,,.;,. .N.wuiaikct wa: 
 ,„.,,!;:',;;::Ti''ye.l by an ,,cei,l,'n,al ..r.^ which o,..as,one,l 
 
 lyneheii ItiUiaus ; ,liploiii.itie rclatii'iis ri'siiiii,,l. 
 
 al„nit 14 Ajiri!. i;-,: 
 
 1.. 1 t,-,.e...l l,v- all ;ic,'l' elilal nr,', w nii'ii oc,aiM"iie.i — 
 
 ",'■■■"1 , ,1 ,,,,,.11' of the c, lauv th.n assenibh',!, I hous,' plot, the obj.'id of whi.-li was sai.l ^.lK'tll,^^<Slls• 
 ' "", i'^ , le kin the qu.'eu, the iluke of V.irk. th,' I sination ,.f th,' kin- aiel his broth.r en tli,"„*l tmii 
 '''' 1 ,", lints and naiivcif tle'ii.'bilitv; an,l to this N.wniaikel lo l,,,n,loii. if th,' p,.iio,| of lli,iii.'Um,yl,aJ 
 p''' la listor ms'have aslribcl the failure of the liye ! not been thus aiiticii'ated; >i,^ Hue Ihim l%t. 
 
ili;ui uovi'VHiiit'iit 15 Marrli, 
 
 NEW PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 707 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 
 If iK'twi't'll thn wllitrs jill'l lH',i;nn's, witl 
 ilsliwl, reported . . 
 
 i,'i„„|j|ieil, reported . . . 12 M;ircli, i8g 
 
 ii.ii.rn'st<in'<l . • •.,-,.; '■' •^'■'I'l'li) i> 
 |.-,,i,Mi,iiiinn«alor)n iip]«:.-i)li' tin' Iti'iicIi niMiki't, 
 ,.tritiiitdl to tlii^ MaliM, ti-hhk ,,r, ,5 |„.rsoMs 
 kilW 5 April, „ 
 
 21 Oct. iSni ■ !-■"■••;■ "■■■■"-I'Mi MP.Miiy defeated tlii' relieU miUur 
 J • ^-^ I JieiUKiliaiiii. I). l!ii-eiml llarvej', 4 June, i;c)S. 
 
 lu 
 
 SY.W riTfLOSOrnY, n term applied i 
 lie |-th oentiiry tn that (d' Jiaeon (^wliich .see). 
 
 XEW PLY:\rOUTn, see Xcw Eunlamt. 
 
 N'EWPOIiT (>[<iiiiiiinithsliire). Chartered by 
 |:,|«iiiillll;iiiil J:""^''*!' ropulatioii, iHS I, 58,469; 
 i'..)i.54.<«i.v 
 
 hKTisT Hii'TS. — About 10.000 elijirtists (irhlrh fif<), 
 
 "ffiii|it|i(MU'i','liliiiariii>; iid'ies, armed witli ^'iias, pilies, 
 
 ,i;i' aniviiliit .\c-\v|i.irt. 4 Nov. iKjy. They ilividcd 
 
 tlirt'ii'si'h-i'.-i iiite two l)odii-s one, nudrr tlir ( Mad 
 
 ,.f .Mr. Jiilai Frost, an i'\ la.i^'istr.ili', prot leil down 
 
 tliiMiriiii'il«l street : wliil.st tin' r.tlier, la;idc-d liv Ins 
 ,1,11 tiKik tlu' direi'lioa of Stow iiiU. Tliev laet ia 
 
 "• .. .. 11' .* ...... l...*..t 1..1 41 :.*..... .. 
 
 ' (NEW)r.UGI5Y, Tennessee, rtiito.l states, N. 
 
 Aiiien.';i, a ecdony of British fanners and othiTs, 
 
 toiindeo on Kimlish la-iiiriphs hv Mr. Thomas 
 
 lii-hes, (i.e., formerlv -M.l'., aiitlior of " Toni 
 
 .niwn sSelioolday.s," i:e.; inaii-nrated 5 Oet. lH.So. 
 
 ^ Iteportial f.ulure (d' erops and prevah'tiix' (d' fever, 
 
 ^ Au.^^ i.SSi ; more favoin-ahle reports, Sept. 1S.S3. 
 
 I XEWllY (X. Ireland). Tn the vela-llion of 
 1041, .Newry was laaliKaal to a ruinous (amdition ■ it 
 was snrpri.sed hy sir Con. Ma-eiiis, hnt was retaken 
 hy lord Conway. .\fte,- the Kestoratioii the town 
 w.-is rebuilt. It was hurnt hv the duke of lierwic k 
 wlu'ii tieeinir I'roin Sclioinlier- and the Kie-lish 
 iirrny, luid only the eastle and a few liousesesea'pcal 
 
 .,tf?i,'\Y.,«v\;.>l?.NTS' AND BOOK- 
 
 fr„iit lit til'' W.st-ate li..tel, wli.re the ncapstrates M'.LLhUS I MUN tiiM annual ineetinir, held at 
 
 mn assoiabled wdli about ju sol(hias of tin' 45111 Stationers'-liall, Loudon, 18 Fell iSo" 
 
 'v'imi'iit. and several speei.'il eoiist.abli's. The riotias -" " 
 
 iimki' till' windows ;ind liii'd on tile iniiiatrs, liv wliiili 'V'R AV,'^ . T l."r'n.^ 1 > u v •. • n 
 
 a .r,Mr.(aftei.vardssirTli.^ ri,illips, and rei^n of' (Ml 11 le [ , I I , ^■'":^'''"',';? '," *'"' 
 
 vi'il'.itia'r persn,.,, were w.aind.d. Tlie soldiers f .-""''.'"'" I'- 1'; "dl<''ted irom the eollee-honses 
 
 ivtuiwa the lire, a .1' hspers.d tli,. 11,0b, whieh lied, "' "'■'"■'tion, wlueli was ].rinted wirklv and .sent 
 
 Viviiigiilioiit 2aiU',i I. lid others woniiil,,|. .\ drla. U- Hlto tile eountry. I he I,iiii(li,)i (iiizi l(c, then the 
 
 iiitiit of the lotli ro>.d hussars arrived from Dristol, , only authorised new.spaper, eontaiued little mon" 
 
 „ 1 .!.„ ...ti-ii 1 .inip. f I;iiwi1lil I fli.i.i Tti...,.1....... .: 1 .1.. .... ' 
 
 llltllt u. ...^ .- . 
 
 ml the town boeame tiaii(|iiil 
 
 11111 llie Lo'i II i-Li.iM' e"" 
 
 F'listwasalijireheiidi.doii tlielbllowiii^'ihiv.tiwtlier 
 ivith hi.: piint.r, -iiid other iidluiuti.d pirsous 
 .„,„.i„. till, ili.irtists. He and others were tried 
 
 vitli hi' I 
 
 ■iiiioiii; till' I'liartist 
 
 iinl .si'iiti'iii'i'il to death (afterwards eonimntid t 
 
 [raiisi'iii't-'diiin) • 
 
 .tn aiiiiii'sty was u'laiited them, 3 .May, and tliry 
 
 and others were tried 
 d to 
 ilaii. 1S40 
 
 than proelamations and advertisements 
 XEW MODEL, soo CuiiHcU of Ojlu'un. 
 NEW SOFTH WALES, the primipal 
 
 colony ot.Vustralia on the eastern eo,,stw,is e.^plored 
 and taken pos.sesMou of and named hv captain 0,k 
 in 1770. At his recommendation a 'convict colony 
 \yas tirst funned here, t'apt.iiii Artliiir Phillip, tho 
 hrst <,-overiior, arrived at liotauv Hav with Sfjo con- 
 victs, 20 Jan. I7,S,S; hut he .sii!,se,|i'iemlv preferred 
 Sydney, ahout seven miles distant from the head of 
 loi-t , ack.son, as 11 more eli-ihle situation for the 
 capital. Gold was discovered in i.Sri. a new 
 coiistitntnm was -ranted in I,S:;:; " (18 i: n, 
 \ict. e. 54).^ The Intei-colnnial l';xhihition was 
 opened at Sydney, by ;iu' iroveruor-oeneral lord 
 
 "iVtmiirdi" Hniiland .... .Sept. 1856 
 Vr.,.,t ili.'il, ai;i'd g6 . . . . 29 .Inly, 1877 
 KiiiliiHi'iii imtlii' 'nninirville iietroleuiu sicanier in 
 tlimli-y ihK'k ; live nieii killed, many injured 
 
 II .May, 1E91 
 
 NEW RIVER. f'T the supply of London with 
 M:*li'r, wasbpjun 1(109, and finished in H113, when 
 tin' ]iioi(H'tor, llii;?h Mydilelton. a Loudon pild- 
 fii;itli, Wiinouijhted by James L — Slri/jn . This 
 irritii'ial river, which rises in irertfordsliire,* and 
 
 wiiiili, with its windiufjs. then forty-ei;;lit iniies -.i.. i.... „u o>oiie,\. ov uie '.roveruor-oeneral Ion 
 l.ii!;, was bi'oa,!;lit to London, and opened 2i) Sept. Iteliiiore, 50 \n:'. \o~Ci'. It eoiisisted of two depart 
 11,13. So little was the bencHt of ii understood, that mci'.'s. nirricullural ami non-a^ricultnnil A con- 
 fir ali'ivc t'lirty years_tli(> si'venty-two sluu-es ieieiice of dele-ales from the Australian colonies 
 ,1'iiiillv iliviili'il into Kiiii/x and Ailrintio-ri-s), met at Sydney in Jan. I.S7 5. to deliberate mi a cus- 
 rilti'ilonlv -^L aiiiece. Charles I. sold his shares t'l toiiis' union, postal and railwav arraiiiiements &c 
 Mvililclt'iiVs renre.sentatives for an annuity of 51x1/. The ministry introilnceda IVee ti-ade linduvt near the 
 l-at'li of these sliares was sold orii;inally for 100/. A end of the year. Tmlustrial exhibitioir opened by 
 jiart'ifasharcsoldat the rate of ()j,050/. the slun-e, tlie governor. II April, 1S74. I'opiilatiou, (l.Ssd) 
 I Nov. 187(1; partof akiu-'sshareat ralimf iKi.ixio/.; 2(i').722; (l.S(,2). ,^17,4115; (if^'i'O. .lll.;8f<'; U^ I) 
 faiiiiilvciitiirer's sliareat rateof ()_5,2()(i/., IS May, 5111.1(1,5; (iS.Si),' 75(vkx-); (iNi)1),' i.i;420 ' 
 l^;,S; ki^^''.■^ share, rate .S,S,2oo/."; adveiitnror's, (1^97), 1.52,5,4(10. Imports 0,^1)7, n^V- i>> lJ<si'r' 
 ||1.<XX3/., Get. 1.S7S; kinu''s share, rate 1)1,010/.; zo.'l'io, 157/. in 1SS2; i.S,,So('i,2'5('/." in l.SS" • 
 iiih-i'iitunT's, ()4.Srty.. N<iv, i.S.So; kinjj's sliaro 22,1154,01^1'. in i,Si)o ; i8,i()-();;/ i.Sin' • 
 
 •"'■■'■''"""'••"' * "•'° «- ^™>' ^■'"- •«'^- 2i,74J,.5,5o/., 1897; ex-poi-ts. 4,7(„s',op;/."in i.'s^o' 
 
 I9,SS(MU,S/. in ,,S8,5 : i.S,4V.,9i7/: in i.S.S- ;' 
 
 H,2(i(l,222/.ni I,S90:22,i|.--l,22 5/., l,Si,5;25,(x.12,9.)lV., 
 IiS:; revenue, i,S,^.).,|,,, 8,:;i,|,,^,V. ; e.xpendi 
 ture, I,S,S9.<)0, .1,811,251/.; n'Veuue, 9,7211,11-/. 
 1^90 - 7- e\]ieiiditure, lo,(ii)S,i(i-/. '1,89!) -' -' 
 Uovernor.sir John Vounf,M8(H); earl of lielmore.i.Sf)'-' 
 sir Hercules Robinson, April. 18-2; lonl Loftn's" 
 XEW RO.VD, X. London (now I'entonville, 1871); lonl C in'iii;;toii. 1,885; >l'i' earl of Jersev' 
 I'.ibtoii, anil .Maryh'boue roads) was cut throu-h 1^90; sir Ilobert Wm, Dull', 1895 ; viset. Hampden' 
 viiilant iiRiadows, 175(1-7, after nuicli opposition. June, 1895, See Aiistvaliii, Si/di,,;/ and It'ilihitn. ' 
 
 The lnslio|n'ic of ..\iistralia wasroniiiilin iS.fi- Xew 
 , • Myi|ili'lt(iiitnriii'iltlietirstsoiIiitCliadwcll,a spriiij; Zealand was delaclnd in ,^,, uml risiMiii'da in 
 risiii:,'atthcfiiiitiira lull near Wan', 10 April, 1600; the 1S42 ; the dioeise of .Viistralia was .T-aiii divided 
 
 w:ilia' issui'il out of a deep hole, and combined with in 1847, the sees of Svdiiey, Newcastle ydeliiiile 
 
 iiiitluT.iiiriiii.', .\niwell: I'linaiii); n river about ?o feet j a(id Jlelbourne licin;,' bin 1- the 'iliucese of 
 
 I wi'lo: hu ilii'il puor, iqDcu. ifiji. I rcrlhwa.sfoniied iS57;Ui.iulburi'i, iJoj;Uathur.st, 
 
 late, Sj.Soo/.' : adventurer's, 85,2(Xl/, Nov. 1887. 
 
 .\'i™tire fii'iholil adventurer's share of llie eoiii- 
 iiiiiy was sold by aiiclion for 122,800/. to tlie 
 i'lali'iilial .\s>iiranie Coiiipany . . 17 .Inly, iSSij 
 
 111'' .iimual iiu'iiiiii' of the company from land and 
 ual.T was elated to he 511,156/. in . . . i33S 
 
 .» iiaiiiv " KiiiL's Sliare" sold for 95.10.1/. 21 May, iSoo 
 
 .\ li'irliiil'l ail\i'iilnrcr's sold for <)4,(>i,i/., 15 Xij\-. iHyj 
 
 lliiiM 
 
 i 
 
 ^^BaL 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 if 
 
 1^1 
 
 k\ 
 
 * ' I 
 
 i-! I' 
 
 twif 
 
 
 II * 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 7iiS 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 ri Hi 
 
 l! .; 
 
 
 1869; OniflciiiniulAriiii. lull', 1369: D'lllarat, 1875; 
 
 Ni.rtli liMi'i'iisliiiicl, 1873 ; liiviriiiH . . . . 1S83 
 Tiiwii uf.Jiiililriii' siM/.cil ami nililx'il liy tlin Vii-tn- 
 
 rinii tliii'VLS " Ki'lly wui^;" . . S-10 Kcb. 1879 
 
 liiternatioiml lOxliiMUciimiioiii'd liyLonlA. l.nltiis, 
 
 liuilcliiij;l"init ilnwii .... 2-' !<<iit. 1SS2 
 
 Till' ]t'iilnrriii- was incsciiU'il ns n nift IVmn tin' 
 liiiiisli •iovi'iiiuiLMit tn t!u' yiivuniiuont of Ni'W 
 Sunt li Wall's . . . . i6.1aii. ,, 
 
 Ili'iiiy raikcs, (iriniiially farm labuiircr, caiiM' tiiMii 
 liinuin.uliaiii t" ^^y'llll■y in 1830; acUvcly i)1>iiiim'i1 
 foiiviet iiMiuit:mlioii, 1S4Q ; ini'inlu'r lor SyiliH'y 
 ill till' li';;islalivi' (■(iiiiifil, 1S56, iiiTiiiii'V 1S-2 5, 
 K.r.M.ii., .S77, iS78-S> ^ . . . „ 
 
 Ni'W i«irliaiiii'iit ; n'si-iiatiuii (if iiiinistvy ; JIi'. 
 Mi'X. .stiiait fcmiis a law cabhii-t . 3 ,laii. 1SS3 
 
 Till' li';;islatnre ivjccls tlic fi'.liTiil sclii'iiic liy 1 viitu ! 
 
 aliciiil I .Nov. 1S84 
 
 Wililarv coiitin.ueiit onliTnl to lie scnl to Hid 
 Soialaii; 30,000/. subsciili'il for tlic ratriolie ! 
 
 Fiu-l, at 'tiviliH'y, 23 Keli. ; aiiimiut raisivl to 1 
 
 4S,o.»/. 3 Jiai-cli' ; coiiliiiKi'iit sUiils, 3 Marcli ; 
 ah-ivi'sat SnaUiiii 29-30 Mairli ; left May, 1S85 
 
 Ui'si>;iiati(iii of ministry; new oih- foiniirl by sir 
 .Icilili liobcrtsoii, 17 n.'C. 18S3 ; foalilioii loniiril , 
 
 bv sir J. Uobfitsuii anil sir I'atrii-U ,!iiiiiiiiii.'S, 1 
 
 •* 25 l-'i'li. 18S6 I 
 
 Exiilosion at Hnlli colliery ; 83 nicii iicrisli, 1 
 
 23 Mari'li, 1887 
 
 rroposal to cliaii;;!' tlii' nami' of tlm roloiiy to 
 Australia -^ ^'"^■' n 
 
 licwanl of 23,000/. olli'ivil by ,i;ovi'rnnii'iit tor the 
 c'Xti'rminat'ioiiof ralibitsiiitroiluci'il from Eiiroiii'. 
 
 M. I'astriir su|^:.'i'sts tlic iiitioiliiclioii of ralibils 
 
 iiioeiilati'il witli niicMiibi's ; iirori'ssor Watson of 
 Aili'laiili' proliosi's a similar mi'tliml, itS7 ; [ri;- 
 jiorti'il iiiisui'i-i'ssfiil, 1889-90.1 
 
 Sir Hciirv I'arki's iiriMiiii'r .... 1687-8 
 
 t'l'iitiMiarv of tliii laniUii;; of cajitain A. riiillip at 
 Svilii.'v 24,lau. ifM, 168S 
 
 Sevcri' Cliincsi' ri'strictioii bill (ai:aiiisl tlif trcalii'S 
 of Ni'iikin anil I'ckiii) passfil by tlif assi'iiibly 
 
 16-17 May, ,, 
 
 Conforcncpof Australian ministi'rsoii tlic (.'liim'so 
 iiiU'stion !2.Iiiiii', ,, 
 
 lloii. G. R. Dilihs forms a ihmv ministry, 15 .Ian. ; 
 ili'li'ati'il 17 .Jan.; lUssolutioii of parliami'iil; 
 cli'i'tioiis, 2 Feb. i88g ; sir IlMiry Tarkos forms a 
 minislrv M -Marcli, 1889 
 
 Clrcat storm nii tin" coast near Hyiincy Willi miicli 
 lo^s of life ami pvoiii'itv . . 25 May ir >.'/. „ 
 
 Hill for tlic payment of legislature linally passeil . 
 
 20 Seiit. ,, 
 
 Tlio town of Bourke temporarily siiln -eil by llin 
 
 rising of tlie Upper lliirliii;,' river, tliron^'li lieavy 
 rain ; inueli property ilamageil, no loss of life . 
 
 iS-2o April, iSg-j 
 
 New parliament npeneil . . . 29 April, ,, 
 
 l-'or tl'i' t;reat strikes, see .si/i/ii(// . . Anj;. ,, 
 
 Tbe Broken Hill (silver mines) pioiirietary com- 
 panv foriiii' 1 about i33i, iirosiieroiis till Sept. „ 
 
 Deatli'of sir .loliii Hobertsoii, eininent statesnian, 
 aL'eil 75, premier 1860-63, 1S6E-70, 1075-77, "SSs-fi „ 
 ■^ '^' ' annomiceil 3 May, 1891 
 
 r.arliatiient ilissolveil .... 7 .liiiic, „ 
 
 Kleetions ; 4S ministerialists, 56 ojipositi 31 
 
 labour ea.iili'lat.'s ami others . . 3o,luiie, „ 
 
 rarliament openeil 13 .Inly; Mr. Dililis' vote of 
 want of conllileiici; ill sir Henry Torkes mvatived 
 (So to 57) 23.1iily, „ 
 
 Tlie earl of Jersey's proelamatii in strictly forliiililin^' 
 all interlerenee with fiee labour . 23''nlVi 1. 
 
 Settlement of the shearers' strike aiincil. 11 An;,'. ,, 
 
 Husigiiation of sir H. I'arkes ami his ministry on 
 account of the iiitroiliielioii nfa bill limiting' llm 
 hoiirsof labour to 8 in coal-mines . igOct. ,, 
 
 Xew ministrv fornieil by Hon. G. U. Iiibbs 23 Get. ,, 
 
 The Ei;,'lit hours bill piisseil . . . i Dec. „ 
 
 The new tariff bill vuteil by the le^tislative assciii- 
 blv by 50 votes awiiiisl 3, 19 Dec- 1891 ; assent 
 „j;.„,i 2 Marcli, 1892 
 
 Givat ilillicnlty with Hie uiieiniilo\e.i. . Apiil, ,, 
 
 Hallway aeciileiit near Hathnrst, 9 ileaths, :i April, ,, 
 
 Seven months' ilrou.L'ht relieveil by rain . 26 May, ,, 
 
 I'l arl of Aiurnm. aiile-ile-eaiiip of tl arl of 
 
 Jerscv, kiUcil by a yiin acciilcnt, about 17 June, „ 
 
 The lion. O. K. DIhbs, preinicr, arrives in 1 ,„, ,„, 
 
 S.Iniie; kuinhteil, 23July; retur 1 ' s','' 
 
 Ciinliileiiee in the ministry allirnieil (fe-6j'l ^,i's '.' 
 The tumle.1 slock bill (for3,o«.,ooo/. at .■';,-■;!,■ ;'; 
 
 Iiasseil; the ilebt. about 5o,ooo,r,oo;. V. , , , 
 
 Mr. i-'raiieis Abi;;ail, ilinelor, seiileiiee.1 to - >•...,,. 
 
 penal servitmle, ami .Mr. Koil-riek MNul'',!? 
 
 iiiaiia>;er, to 7 years', lor framl eoi,;„,ti„i .:.,;; 
 
 tlie Australian Haukin;,' (iiiiipaiiv ' v 
 
 StriUeattheDriiken Hill silver liiines'a .aiii^^'"' 
 
 iluelionof waj;es, .liily; ni^'otiations li,il. ,1',' 
 
 mines openeil to free labniir, 25 Aiii;. ; i,,-,\l 
 
 maintaineil tiv militarv, Sept. : 7 ii,,t.„^ 
 
 tem-eil to terms ot im|.ns,iiiMieiii, wjc, ||.,,.| 
 
 labour, 30 Get. ; strike eiiUs , abuiii f; v" 
 Vote of censure on the ministry rejeeteil zVil,',!' 
 l{esi:,'iiation of tlio earl of i/ersey for inis,,,', j 
 
 feasoiis ■ al»jiit2,.i,M| 
 
 Sir H. I'arkos s jiroposeil vote- nf censiiie iii'i'ni •|!,i 
 
 (37-60): 32 hours' sitting' . . . ""Vi, 
 Tie- rt. hon. Hubert Win. itulf ap|ioiiite.\ .-I'vi.r 
 
 nor, about 23 l-'eb. ; arrives at Sy,|ii,.y -.g )|.,,.' 
 Flooils, tlirou-h rising; of Huiit<-r Hivcr : Xi"w|.'|^'|i' 
 
 ami other jilaces siibnicr(.'eil . g-n .Mm.i'' 
 I'reeautioiiary stoiipagis of the Anstraliml 'i,,,,,',' 
 
 slock bank, 20 April ; ami of the Niiii,,ii(ii ],..,/. 
 
 of Australasia ut Syilney, A-c, i May; I,,.!),",,* 
 
 coustrucle.l '. .11,,.' 
 
 New bankiiiL,' act passed , . . , j ]if.v 
 Stoiijiane of the Commercial baiikiii;; coin'iiiinv' lif 
 
 Syilney (starteil 1834), 15 May; proccwiin':. j,, 
 
 L.imlon, 29 -May; re-opens . . ,„,|„||,. 
 Notes ot various banks proclaimeil hval teinli-r |-| 
 
 t'n'i'olony ,3 .Maj'^ 
 
 See AKstmliii, May, 189;. 
 
 Case of the Cnsln Itiiii packet ; the vessel wiijii-fuHy 
 
 seizeil ami the captain impri.soiieil by tho fiini.j, 
 
 ill the Moluccas, Nov. 1891 ; loiil K.jMfl„.|v 
 
 recommenils the Diileli j.io\eriinii'iit ti. iiji'v 
 
 2,5c»/. as compensation, .luly ; ilcclaipi in'. 
 
 siilltcieut by sir Geor;.'e liibhs " . . lo.Inlv 
 
 rarliament o|ieiieil by sir Uobcrt Dutf 26!<i'iit! 
 
 Ne.v liaiik note hill jiasseil . . . sgXov' 
 
 rarliament ]iroio,L'ueil .... g Ppci 
 
 I'arliaiiient openeil .... 17 Jan! 
 
 iiuilnel iiilrinliiceil, ilellcit about i,2oti,noo/. i Feti 
 
 liniiortant iliscovery of t;olil at Wyaluiii;. .3 ni', 
 
 S.W. of Sydney; a rush of miners to the ,|ir,|' 
 
 ii'liorleil iD.Maicii'. 
 
 A bill authorizin;; the issue of liaiil; notes, oscr-iit 
 
 at Sydney, passed .... 5 ,i],fi|^ 
 
 railiament priirofiucd till 10 .Inly . njun^ 
 
 Letter from sir George Dibljs to tlie lion. ,|. |)| 
 
 ratterson, ineiiiier of Victoria, propijsiii'j a 
 
 scheme of Australian federation . 14,11111, 
 
 I'arliament dissidved .... 25Jiine| 
 
 Hesignation of tlie Dibbs cabinet reported jo.lulyl 
 
 New ministry lorined by Mr. Ueorgo H. lirii'l^ 
 
 2 .\ng. ; pailianieiit ope 1 . . sS.inj! 
 
 Sir -Mfied Stephen, G.C.M.G., statesman, diii'f 
 justice, 1844-73 ; ''''"t -governor, 1375-91 ; ilinl 
 
 39 Oil 
 
 Hallway collision at Hedfern, 11 lives lost, nwny 
 injured ;i(ift', 
 
 Mr. George II. Held proposes linancial ivl.rn.; 
 
 7 XiJV. 
 
 Hevenue for 1894, 9,476, ofKi/. . . . 31 Dec. 
 
 Death of sir Hobt. W. Dull (horn 1835), goveriiur ;il 
 Sydney, 15 March ; state tiiiieial . 17 Marrli, 
 
 Hill reducing the gii\-eruor's salary from 7,01'. to 
 5,1 KK)/. jiassed by the house, 9 .\pril ; .slii'lml liy 
 the legislative council . . . li .\|jni, 
 
 Mr. G. H. Held in his free-trade liiidget |iro|iiws,i 
 land-tax of one p.'iitiy, and an iiicniMe-tus of six- 
 pence ill the poiiiid to meet the ilelieit 5 .May, 
 
 Hill introiliieed to amend the constitnlion .luiie 
 
 I'arliament dissolved 5 .luly; giiveinna-iil iiiajiirity 
 at the elections, 24 .luly ; newparhaiiu'iitii]ii'iinl, 
 spercli by sir 1''. Darh y. lieiit.-gnv. . 14.411;, 
 
 Land and income-tax assessment hill jiassiil iiy 
 the legislative nssemhly, 17 Sept. (laml-ta 
 exemiitimi llx'ed at 3.>-.'., itu'iaiie.-tax (■xiiii|it;on 
 al 150/.) 18 Still. 
 
 Dean, convicted of poisoning liis wife, rciirievtil 
 by the action of liis counsel, Messrs. Miapte 
 and C'riidi, legislators : real rested, 3 (let. ;.Mr. 
 Jlcaglier arrested for perjury, S Oct. (aciiuitttd 
 
 '■■H 
 
 
LJTHJVVALES. "" 
 
 TPinim-, ,irrh-,.s i„ i.,„~ 
 ■,viillinM,..l(fc-64\;„s.,t 
 
 illllPl'isoill'il liy tli(. Olllii, 
 
 iiv. 1891 ; lonl U.iM.|„.,v 
 
 llcll ^"IVlTlllllrlit •,, ],|j. 
 
 -ion, .liilv ; .li'f!iiiv,i ,',; 
 '• lii''l''< " . . ib.Iiilv 
 r llubti't Dull' 26S'i,V 
 "■'1 • ■ . .3xiv: 
 . H)n. 
 ., ; ,• • ,17 ■1.™. I 
 
 r (.'"111 III Wyalim.'. j, m' 
 
 l^^ll I'f llliMCrs to !]i.'^sj,(,t 
 
 ivi«irt.'.l lo.Mimii', 
 ssue of Ijiiiik null's, txfi.|,t 
 
 II TO July . uJiii!- 
 • I'it'lis lu tlii^ lion,, I, ij, 
 of Victnriii, iiruposim; a 
 fcMonilioii . 14,11111,, 
 • 23 June, 
 s rabiiii't ri'porleil jo.liily, 
 by Mr. (ieorgo H. Hriil, 
 I"'"'"l • . iSAui 
 .('.M,(l., slatosiuaii, cliji.f 
 I -Hovunior, 1375-91; .lin| 
 
 29001. 
 (-'ilfeni, II livrs lost. iiiMv 
 
 u (k\. 
 liruiicwes liiiimi'ial ivi,,n,i 
 
 7 N'.v. 
 
 000/. . . .1, 11,.;., 
 
 Hllf(honi 1B35), gnvi'iii.irat 
 tllll' flllllTiU , ,j M:,|i.l|, , 
 
 ■nor's salary from y,oyJ. '..i 
 liou.si', 9 .\iiril ; .slii'ivril liv 
 I ... is .V|.rii, 
 •ee-trailo tiiul^'fl |iro|ii.,spsa 
 , liiiil an iiH'onii'-taxof sis. 
 I nn'i'l llii'iliMioit 9. May, , 
 il till! foiistitntioii ,hiiiV 
 Jiil,\' ; ^i)\ iTiinirnt ina.innty 
 ly ; iJ''Wiiarliiiiiii'iitiiiii'iioi, 
 
 y. lii'Ut.-t;'iv. . n.^iy. 
 asse.ssnnnt liill |i,hmi1 Iiv 
 inlily, 17 Si'iit. (hiiiiUu 
 to/., iiu'!,nu;'ta\ I'Mini-riiiii 
 . . iSS-iiI, 
 Honlnt! Iiis wife, ri']irii'Vi'l 
 
 cnnnspl, Messrs. Miaiilii'r 
 H : iviiMvuli'il, i Uti. ; Jir. 
 
 lierjury, S Oct. (aciiuitttJ 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 769 
 
 NEWSPAPEliS. 
 
 Dean coniniitlHil for trial, 
 
 ,5 .May, ■3961)1 . 
 
 Oct.; smiti'iicuil to imiiri.sontiient lor iiorjnry, 
 
 23 Oct. 
 
 ljill_l)as.seil, Nov. 1S93 ; [anieml- 
 
 " IS. 1397I ; sei> Aiisiriili,.<iii, 
 
 for fi-ileratioii insnltlciL-iit, 
 
 KeJcnil enabling bill 1 
 iiient bill iias-snl, Ni 
 [vol ■ 
 
 S95 
 
 , tt ■<'■! ; 
 
 June, 1898I. , 
 
 Vise'. Hauipilon arrive.s at Svilncy . j, x,.v. 
 Great ln'at : average, 112' !•'., 35 ileatlis, ,Ian. iSgo ; 
 
 ijj', 10 nureileatli.s .... 22 , Ian. 
 Milibiry conlVrence of I'oniiiianilants from Aiis- 
 
 tnilian colonies ivsiiecliiig feib'r.il dcfonce, major- 
 
 fen. Hiition iire.siilent, at Syilnoy, 20 ,Jan.-3 K-li. 
 Set' llifrnri.^, IJ^QS- 
 Sir Henry I'arke.s. born 1815, ilio.l . 27Apiil, 
 ftrliament upciu'il by tlie ,i,'ovi'rnor, with a ebei'i ■ 
 
 rulsiii-i'oh, 12 .May; iirorogiic'il . . ^ \(jv. 
 S'ew .S. Wall's Ili'fL'iii'M OnanI estalilislieil 26 .May, 
 Xevcrtire, ilestroyeil by a cyolone, ifpni teil. 29 I lo'c. 
 long ilronglit : (16 .\liril) appointi'd as a ilav of 
 
 liuniiliation anil I'l-ayur . . . 3 April, 
 
 Piirlianii'iitopi'iiO'l .... 27 April, 
 Tlii> ''Aintialiaii Horse' new volunteer reginient, 
 
 fiiriiit-'il ; about 1,000 men 
 Di'li.itc 11" till' e.stiniate.s (30 brs.) 
 Succi'S.'>ful irrigation by aitesiaii well 
 
 1396 
 
 1^97 
 
 Culliery cxiilosion, at Xewcastle, 
 
 porti'il . . • • 
 Piirli.iiiii'nt opi'iieil, g oil reviMnie 
 
 21 June; ilissoheil 
 
 PROVINX'IAL 
 
 .Sel.l. 
 10, I I NiA". 
 
 i, reporto'l, 
 
 IJ Nov. 
 
 deaths, re- 
 
 21 Mai'i'li, 
 
 n poiti'il ; 
 
 S.Julv, 
 
 293 i 
 
 lisliwl tirstat OxfonI, the Court being there on aeciunit 
 
 of the plague, 7 Nov. 1665, anil atterwanls at l.oniloii 
 
 S teb. ifieS- ,A valnabhi imlex (1830-1883) eompileil 
 
 by Alex. I'niling tor connuil of law reporting, pub- 
 
 Iisheil Nov. 1883. 
 Pi-iriting of newspapers niul pamphlets prohibitiM, .-t 
 
 tlia.s. II. 1680. ■•inhuman rh If II. 
 The regular newspapers eommeneeil on th» abolition of 
 
 the eensorshiii of the press, i 1 1695. 
 Th,il,ii;„i,vi,t saiil to hav... been lirst pnblisheil in 1702. 
 
 i he stamp iluty iniposeil 
 
 .■iiiiiilii!/ .Vi H',.v.,(;i, ,w began with 'fhr Urlt'ish li.iuifr mid 
 
 .^iinitiuj M,„iit,„; 26 .\lareh, 17S0; followeil by the 111,. 
 
 .VMro 1791 ; /;,//■., M,,,,,;i,iei; ,796; IIV,A7,y IKynnrli, 
 
 i?"i, A:e. I.onilo I. ol ,V,.». Yvrl.- Ilirnlrl, 1889. 
 
 A penny ebargeil for every sheet, ami a halfpennv for 
 
 every half sheet. 
 ; The ilnty niaile vl. or 4^ i^. Ei'. the 1.00.3. . 1761 
 
 ilie iliity niisi'il to ij,/. in 1776; to 2.'. in 1789; to 
 : 2I./. m 1794 ; to shI. in 1797 ; to 4./. in . . i3i = 
 UiHliiceil to 11/., ami ill. for a supplement in . ,8,6 
 AiMjIislieil, the compulsory stamp being retaine'l 
 
 onl.v for postal purposes ,g 
 
 1 his also ceaseil 30 Sept. 1870 
 
 Newspapers hrst .sent with a !,i'. stamp ain.w.1 to 
 
 the cover ....... I Oct. ,, 
 
 Nf.MllKIl OF sr.AMP.S ISSfF.I) TO lIUnisH .NFW.SPAI'KR.S. 
 
 NEWSPAPER PROVINX'IAL SO- 
 CIETY, established in 185O, liocanio tho News 
 paper Society in iSSij ; see Fri'sx Association. 
 
 pape 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. Tho Uoinan Avlx Dinnm 
 were i.ssuecl, it is said, ()9I 11. c. Iii modern time.'*, a 
 Gazettii, which derived it.s nniiie I'roni its iirieo, 11 
 small coin, was j)uhlislied in Veiijie (al)oiit 1556). 
 The Ga-.dtt tk ]-iiiiici\ now e.xistiiif;, first appenri'd 
 in.ipril, lb_^l, cdifcil h\ •ienaiuiot. n pliysiciaii. It 
 was patronised by ihc king. I.oiiis XIII., who wrote 
 one article for it, and by Iiiihelieu. The first real 
 newspaper published in England* was e.stalilisheil 
 bysirltoger L'Kstrnnge, in I'ldj .- it was entitled 
 tfie hibtii' liililliiiinn r, and contimied nearly 
 three years, wlien it ceased, on the appeanii.ei' lif 
 the Oazetlf. In the reign of James I., 1(122, 
 appeared the /,(/y(r/o(( Wtiliii Cunnuit ; and in the 
 ,vear 1642 (the periocl of the civil war) were jn iiited 
 a variety of publications, certainly in no respect 
 entitled to the name of ne.w.simpei-s. See lunirlli 
 Mite. Tho following are the titles of some of 
 them:— 
 
 Eiiglaiiil's Memorable Accidents. 
 Tlie Kingiloiii's Intelligencer. 
 TlieUimnal of Certain Passages in rarlianient. 
 Tlie Merciirius Aiilicus. 
 'I'lip .Seotcli Intelligencer. 
 Tllll Parlianii'iit's .'scout. 
 Tl:e Parliament's Scout's Discovery, or certain Informa- 
 
 '.ion. 
 The Mercurius Civicns, or London's Intelligencer. 
 The Country's CoMipiaint, &c. 
 The Weekly Accounts, 
 Jlereuriiis Ih'itamiicus. 
 
 Apapercalliil tlie h.inhiii '"'.-i'«, ,t piiblisheil 22 Aug. 
 1642. The ;,o/ir(im (,v>-,'((i' of the e.xi.sting series, pub- 
 
 • Some cojiies of a publication are in existence called 
 ne£»<|/i.«A .Ui'i'i'iin/, lU'jfessing to come out iiiiib-r the 
 authority of i|Ui'eii Klizabeth, in 1^88, the perii.l ,,rtbe 
 Sp,inisli Aniiaila. The researches' of .Mr. T. \V itts of 
 the British .Mii.seimi proved these to be foi'-eri.-i 
 i'secute.1 about 1766. The full title of No. 50 is"" Thl 
 English .Ufmo'if, iiublisheil l,v aiithoritie for the pre- 
 vention of false reports, iuiprinteil by Christopher IJar- 
 
 ker.her lnghue.sss printer. No. 50." It descr s the 
 
 .Spanish .■Vvma.bi, givmg "A .joiirnali of what pa,.~,.,l ,,ii„-,. 
 
 lesistof tins month, between her maiestie's fleet and 
 
 M^/^'T'"''/"'"""'.','!^:'' l'>-t''"Lord Highe Admiral, 
 totncLonlesof eouneil. 
 
 flS' ";!'"■''' ''^''.- '•'""'"" ^"~""'' Exti-aoi'iliuarv was 
 forged, with a view of alltjctintj the fimils 
 
 '753 • . . 7.411,757 
 
 '700 . , . 9,404,790 
 
 1774 • ■ . 12,3013,000 
 
 1790 . . . 14,033,639 
 
 •8oo . . . 16,084,903 
 
 l^lo • . . 20,172,837 
 
 1820 
 1823 
 1830 
 1835 
 1840 
 1843 
 
 . 24,862,186 
 . 26,950,693 
 
 • 3o>i58,74t 
 
 • 32.874.652 
 
 • 49,033,384 
 56,433,977 
 
 In tho year ending 5 Jan. ,851, there were 159 London 
 
 I iiew.spapers m which appeared 89i,65oadvert1sements- 
 
 I advertlM'u'ent^!''"'''"''"' '"'"'''l"'!"'". ''"^'i-'S 8-5,63^ 
 
 ' In Scotland, same year, there were no newspapers hav- 
 
 mg 249,141, adverti.sements. 
 
 '''advenisl.'nients """ '°'' '"•'"'■'I'"'"'''-'*' ''»^'"'« 236,128 
 In that year the inimber of stamps i.ssupil was— in E 
 
 -tno.',,^^,'/^','^'-' :!'';'",'""' "'684,423 supplement 
 ; stamps at.,, . ; n.N'oUan.l, 7,643,045 stamps at i,/., ami 
 ; 241,264 at ,!y. ; in Ireland, 6,302,728 stamps at i./.,an,| 
 I 43-358 at ^li. 
 
 Hisluction (If newspaper duty from 4J. to i,7. took ell'ecL 
 I on 15 Sept. 1S36. 
 1 The distinctive die came into use i Jan. 1837 
 
 Uuty on advertisi'iiients abolished, 1S53. 
 : liy the act passi'il 13 .June, ,855 (,s .t ,, Viot. c. 27), tlm 
 ; stamp on ni'W,|papi'rs, as sneli. was totally abolished, 
 
 ' and to be iiloyed henceforth only for postal pur' 
 
 poses Many new papers were then started, which 
 were but of short ilnration. 
 In 1857, 71 million newspapers passed through the post- 
 otllce. In ,iaii. 1S60, 1060 newsjiaiiers ; in Jan 1862 
 ii65n,'vysp;ipers; and in Jan. ,368, 1404 newspapers 
 were published 111 the United Ivingdoni. 
 n o'^'v- '^*''' "'!"'" ""' l''''l»'r dut,\ came off, the Tinwi^ 
 DmUi A.'i,',., .md .Uo,„,'„;/ r„,i reduced their price to 
 3,(. each copv, iiiistamped. 
 I " I'enii.v a Week Coiintr,N Daily Newspaper," single copy 
 ! pt. ; No. 1, 25 June, 1873. ' ' 
 
 iW// J,iH,-,„i/, 1,/. daily, established by Marinoni, ,£61 ■ 
 
 circulation about S.;o,ooo. 
 Sells " Dictionary of the World's Press" for 18S7, consists 
 ot i,2oo pages ; increased considerably, 1892 ; published 
 I annually. ' ' 
 
 Newspajier libel and registration ,nnt oassed iSSi 
 «-,'^','^',!i'"'' '■'''■'*'"" t" n.'wspape.s ainended ,883. 
 Md 'lells annual iiews],aper press directory lirst pub- 
 lislied, 1845 ; jubilee number with essays by Mr. Wells- 
 man, 37 years I'ditor, feb. ,8^5. 
 Estiniate.1 newsjiapers in the world, 41,000, Aug. iSgo. 
 I'or copyright in newspaper articles, see rnu/s. June 
 1892. ' 
 
 "Uiitish and Irish Press Guide," issued by Mr. James 
 
 Willing, 24II1 year, ,897. 
 " Anglo-Uussian Trade .Messenger," monthly, first imb- 
 lislicd ia Mo.scow, ij Nov. 1897. 
 
 IRISH NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 The first w.as the I'^nhUn AVics U'ttc; by Josepli Hay, 
 1685; I'lii's iiiTiin-iiiir.i, 1700 or ,70;. Fiiiill:,ii'r,i 
 Joiinuil was established by George faulliiier, " a man 
 
 3 D 
 
 I i 
 
 
 
■-rr- , 1? • 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 h^ Hi»^ 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 770 
 
 NEW STYLE. 
 
 22 
 
 IP 
 
 '7 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 
 1 60 
 
 ■^JB 
 
 
 3>« 
 
 340 
 
 
 — 
 
 320 
 
 37a 
 
 4Pi 
 
 4 SO 
 
 470 
 
 750 
 
 P5b 
 
 .087 
 
 1202 
 
 IJ42 
 
 1403 
 
 I i2 
 
 n8 
 
 i.';4 
 
 ibi 
 
 163 
 
 179 
 
 140 
 
 J52 
 
 j8i 
 
 !«♦ 
 
 217 
 
 2J6 
 
 '■» 
 
 ,'9, 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 ^3 
 
 22 
 
 1896, 
 
 I'cli^lirati'd for tlio go(«lhCns i)f liis heart niiil tlio weak- 
 iii'ss (if his licail," 172S. The oMivst cif tho nxistint,' 
 I'libhn iiewsjiiipors in tlic Fiinnini'f .hiKnn'l, fouinli'il 
 Jis the I'lditic Jinjisti r, hy the patriot Dr. Liieas, about 
 176). Thv Liiiwriik Chruiiali, ihii olilcst uf tlic pro- 
 viju'inl prints, 1766. 
 
 inoVlNCIAI. NEW.Sl'APERS. 
 
 ^'ortrirh Vustiioii, 1702. IVortrslcr ]\istiiu(ii, 1709. NiW' 
 
 laatU'-OH-Ti/m' I'minnii, 1711. 
 
 roRKiiiN .\KHsrAri:Rd. 
 dftzcite dc I'l'iiisr. farly in tlie 17th century. 
 Cinrtlc til' Friniri', started liv Tlieoplirahto Renauilot 
 
 inow ]>ublishin^), 30 Way, 16^1. 
 Juiiituil il( I'tirif, alleged llrst I'reueh daily paper, i Jun. 
 
 '777- 
 <iiili(iii<iin 1 Wuklji Mifsddiir, Paris, benun 1814. 
 <'hinese newspaper publislu'd in Lcnidon, 1876. 
 Arabic newspapei' ,, ,, ,, 
 
 The lirst published in America, the llnstnii .VfU's lillir, 
 
 in 1704: the lirst at I'hiluilelphiu in 1719; and tlio 
 
 lirst in Holland in 1732. 
 '■America whose jiojiulation is 23 niillinns and a half, 
 
 supports 6cw newsjiaiiers 5oof these |iublishiug daily), 
 
 and their annual circulation is staled at 64,000,0x1. 
 
 In Paris thei-e exists 169 .ionrnals, literary, sc.entilic, 
 
 religious and i»olitical." — l^^.■>^/(///^^.'r 7,'iro (c, 1830. 
 
 IllailbTEREI) NKWS- 
 
 I'APEI1.«. 1850. 1865. 1S76. 1S81. 1S83. 1893. 1898. 
 
 London daily . 12 
 London weekly . 58 
 London generally — 
 Khg. |)rov. . . . 222 
 
 Irish 102 
 
 ^<cotch . . . .110 
 liiitisli isles . . 14 . ^ 
 Tola! iiewspajiers in tlio United Kingdom, Feb. 
 .■418. 
 
 KSTABI.ISHMENT OF THE rRINCIPAt. LONDON NEW.SPAPERH, 
 (Mihhill) IIAIJ.V (1892). 
 
 Lloyd's List(H'itli Shippnigand -Mercantile Gazette) 1726 
 
 Public Ledger Oi'iii /HI /rinO 1759 
 
 Morning Chronicle (/i7i( I'll/), 1770; I, lYiHi-^ . . 1802 
 Morniug Herald (imi.ii mitin), 1780, (jiimt 31 Hcc. 1869 
 Morning Post (eVii.'/, latterly c';/(,sc/';v!lir() . . . 1772 
 
 Times (i/i''(7«iirf')iO i Jan. 1788 
 
 iSiin {/i^Ma.'l /,iY(/o7 1792 
 
 Morning Aih'ertiser (Mn'(7'*'i(f/r»0 . . 8 Feb. 1794 
 (:lobe(n7i'|/ ; 1866 «,//.«( /■m^Ci) evening . . . 1S03 
 standard (coiisfrrKd'cr) even. (morn. even. 29 June, 
 
 1857) 'S27 
 
 Shiiiping and Mercantile Gazette . . 4 .Ian. 1S36 
 
 Ilaily News (/f7«r(i/) 21 , Jan. 1846 
 
 Daily Clironicle and Clerkeuwell News (/i/.ini/) . 1855 
 llaily Telegrajih" lliln ml, latterly < ciH.-rii'.), 29 June, ., 
 Sporting Life (an., liell's Life in London) . . . 1859 
 Morning .Star(fiV,(/ii/), 1836; (.if/i/iV . . Oct. 1809 
 I'all Mall Gazette (,iiiiiiiK,iiliiit), even. (morn. Jan.- 
 
 April, 1R70) 1865 
 
 iSiiortsnian Aug. ,, 
 
 Glowworm (;i''(rr>/), (lYi.et ,, 
 
 I'xho jrf. (iio(';>r"''<aO Dec. 1868 
 
 Kiriaucier (10 H^■ll/) 1S70 
 
 Ilour(c(iii.<rr''"fin; 24 March, 1S73 ; ijll,ni n Aug. 1876 
 
 Continental Times (10 Kf/vi?) 878 
 
 .St. James's (;azelte(ii/((i-/(!'/kn/) . . May, 1880 
 
 Argns(iii''.;""i;i/,r) „ 
 
 I'inancial News (iiir/fjn ii</r»() 1884 
 
 Kvening Post (iHi/r;«)H?'»'l 18S7 
 
 Kinancial Times (i/i(/i;'(a'fi/iO 1868 
 
 Star, }'(. (.,11,1 iml) , 
 
 llaily Graphic (i/d/.'^'iili''') 1S90 
 
 Morning ('"IK"!)'!-!///!-!;) 1S92 
 
 .Morning Leader (/i!«/-ii/) ,, 
 
 .Siui (cir/l.'-i rriifiir) 1893 
 
 Westminster Gazette (/l^c'lVl;) . . 
 
 Jiaily Mail (iiii'('pi'"''faO 1896 
 
 I'HISCIPAI. SUNDAY, WEKKI.V, ETI'. (1S92). 
 
 Literary Gazette (f.r. I Armv and Nn r.,J~ . 
 
 Ii,nt) . . ,817-62 I N.'itional II. r,„.';„;.r'' '^'^ 
 
 Lond. Gazette 7 Nov. 
 St. James's Chronicle 
 
 (cnnscr.), uniUUwith 
 
 " Press" . 
 County Clironicle 
 Mail . . . . 
 
 1663 
 
 176.1 
 ■7'7 
 1789 
 
 '* 144, (Kio copies sold on 
 consort diint on the i4tli. 
 
 (Miserver (iv/iii/) . . 1791 
 Hell's Messenger (lib. 
 
 niHM n-iiln;) , , 1796 
 Weekly DispiUch (/i/i.) i8oi 
 Examiiiei (/(f/., ixtiiiil) 
 
 • 'jS-8i 
 
 idtli Dec. 1S61. The prime 
 
 1833 
 ■EJ7 
 
 John JtuU (io)i,«rrc.) 1820-92 
 
 liell's Life in London 
 
 (xjiiirlhiii) now with 
 
 (Sporting Life(daily) 1822 
 
 Sunday Ti III es(?//'.tu/(.) ,, 
 
 Lancet (nutli'itl) . li^;} 
 
 Mechanic's Magazine 
 
 (mi (■i/i(;i)i(u"Iron," 
 
 1S73) . . . „ 
 
 Atlas (/('.iriiOc.r/iiO'f . 1826 
 
 Medical Gazette, 1827; 
 
 Medical 'J'inn s (imi- 
 
 tiil)i8so(.i.Uiii(hSSs) 1828 
 
 Atlienieinn {liter, itiid 
 
 xrii iitifii)i Jan. . . ,, 
 Siiectator (/;/«/■»/) . ,, 
 Hecord {lili.'unsiri'.) , .. 
 Court Journal (nciil.). 
 Mark Lane Exjiress . 
 I'nited Service Gazette 
 Naval and Military 
 Gazette (i/^-,,./) . 
 Mining Joni'iial . 
 Hailwav Times . 
 
 Kra((;»e^ ;.,./) . . ,. 
 
 Publishers' Circular . ,, 
 Kcclesiastical Gazette 183S 
 Meilical Press . . ,, 
 Tablet (Unm. Cntlmlir) 1S40 
 Gardeners' Chronicle. 1841 
 Nonconfttrniist . - ,, 
 Punch . . , ,, 
 
 .Jewish Chronicle . ,, 
 Pharmaceutical Journ. ,, 
 Illustrated London 
 
 News(iid((r((/) . 1S42 
 Lloyd's Weekly Lon- 
 don Newspai)ei^r('(/.) ,, 
 Hnilder . . ,, 
 
 liii|Uirer (fi'i.) . . ,1 
 Lnglish Churchman 
 \ St. James's Chro- 
 nicle (lli'ili I'll i( I'll) 1843 
 News of thu World 
 
 ('i'"'"') 
 
 Lav Times . . , ,, 
 Keou jmist (/I'^c/v') . ,, 
 Farmer (luirii-ulliiinl) ,, 
 Allen's Indian Mail 
 (combined with 
 Honieward Mail) . ,, 
 Musical Times . , 1844 
 Agricultural Gazette. ,, 
 Guardian(//;i;/iC/ii(n7i) 1846 
 Kducational Times . 1847 
 Notes and Queries (fit. 
 
 ifiiil'iiftiijiiiir'nit) . 1849 
 Journal of Gaslighting ,, 
 Jonrnid of Society of 
 
 Arts . . .1832 
 Press (rCKlsi' re), }lin'tlil 
 irilh " St. James's 
 Chronicle" {i:iliiii1) 1S53 
 Field ('■nitutrif fiintli-- 
 
 ■„.■„■,) . ■ '. . „ 
 Civil Service Gazette . ,, 
 lirltish .Medical Jour- 
 nal 
 
 liuilding News . . 1S54 
 
 S.ltlllday Iteview (!i/.) It55 
 
 (iverland JIail . . ,, 
 Engineer . 
 Court ('ircular . 
 City Press (m iilrnl) , 
 Hoineward .Mail . 
 Solicitors' Journal 
 iiookseller . 
 Photographic News . 
 Chemical News . 
 Christian World 
 
 -'I'i 
 
 Catlioli 
 Fun (. ,, 
 l^neeii (/ej;,,') 
 Church Ih" j,.,v(;.;(„„/) 
 
 iSti 
 
 1864 
 .=.65 
 i;66 
 
 • I'M 
 
 ■■.X.) 
 
 Owl l-'o ;.,.;) ;(„;,■_■ 
 Englisli Mnd,;,,|it' 
 KnguiiiMiii',' 
 Law .l.,iini:,i 
 
 LaieUnd \V„t,T(,„„ 
 
 , liullif.llist '. 
 
 i lioel; (;•,„,, ,,,„,; 
 
 1828 1 I'all M;in l),|,i..,.( 
 
 ■ Vanity Fair 
 „ Hazaar . .' 
 ,, 1 Academy (/,(,, „,',A 
 „ I Architect . 
 iS2q Nature (,.1;, „);p-,\ ' " 
 ■ E.i2 Graphic (ilh,,i,„u,n [ " 
 
 li.ij iTeelliasiill . " 
 
 .bMinialofEduration' " 
 Garden . " 
 
 HritishMail ' " 
 
 Metropoliiau , ' "'= 
 
 Iron(/,»oo,;M,f,ov3„,„V " 
 
 '■'■.'"",■'>■ if>73; n*!. 
 
 hnu,l „;lh ••Iliillls. 
 
 tries ' . 
 Money . ; ' ':« 
 llluslrateil SjiHrtiiii '"'' 
 
 .■ind liraiiiari.'Xrtv" !., 
 Pictorial W.ivlii '"'♦ 
 
 World ; • ■• 
 
 -\eeountant ' ' " 
 lirltish Al-i liitrct ■ " 
 
 S.initaiv Hi ni ' " 
 
 Whiti'liall H, vi,.w 
 
 Iliivcliiig X|.«s 
 
 Truth . 
 
 Hefene 
 
 Statist . ] 
 
 Electrician 
 
 Citizen 
 
 Life . . : 
 
 Lady's Pictorial. 
 
 St. Jaiiii'ss liud;;et 
 
 War Cvy . T 
 
 Knowledge. 
 
 Stage . 
 
 Pc.ple 
 
 Industriisaad Iruii 
 
 Stock Ecliaiige . 
 
 National Oti.server 
 
 City Lead.T 
 
 County CMiiiicirriiiies 
 
 Pelican (.<"re7i/) . . 
 
 Law Gazelle ' J' 
 
 Spiaker (/■•/«.■,,() ; '" 
 Woman (/..)■ lailifs) , " 
 l!lackand\Vliito(iB»s. " 
 
 ''■•""') • . ..«5i 
 Anti-Jacobin Iromcr- 
 
 r..lin) . \ , 
 Express (iini/™;) , 
 Trade L'liiniiist . 
 Sketch (;//..<(r„(f,l) , ,;' 
 Eiigineeiiiig Kcview 
 
 (,:-„tl,i:l) 
 
 London . . 
 Westniiiistei'Biiilj:rt. I 
 " Lika Jeku" (tiimk) 
 
 i6 0ct. iJj4 
 Realm (101 iiiN i'.<() 
 
 16 Nov. ,. 
 Unlcorn(ii!iis.),ioSii). ij^j 
 Lileratiire (crid'tiif, 
 
 .!'••) . 23 Oct. i39, 
 Outlook (ojiiwiBiliiir) 
 
 ? Feb. itoS 
 
 ■ iS;6 
 ■I';? 
 
 
 ■ ■«! 
 . 1:!, 
 
 . ■!■! 
 
 ■ i3^ 
 
 1836 
 
 57 
 
 1S38 
 ■859 
 
 Royal XnwsrArnu 
 chartered 1890. 
 
 Pl:Es^i Fi'.NU, estiblished i;; 
 
 NEW STYLE. Pope Gri'gory XIII.. in orte 
 to rectify the errors of tlie surreut toleadar, pub- 
 
 ''■'■•Ak,iuiiiL*-J 
 
STYLE. 
 
 I Army (111.1 X(,v, r;,,, T 
 (•"IlMilic.Ti,,,,,, ' ■ " 
 
 Kllll (.nun, I ■ • • 
 
 (imvh (/.../;,,) ' ■ "ti 
 Chnivl, U..vi..,v(;;,„„,\ " 
 Owl (»..(... ...;i,(„„, ' ■' 
 
 K.i*.'Hsl, M,.cl.i„lc' :;^* 
 
 l.iiw .li.uniicl ' ■ ''^ 
 , hi,n.n,,„| Wat,.,: („,_„; » 
 
 niiiii..iii<t '. ' ■ " 
 
 3 I'iiii Mull 11,1.1 .,,.; ■ ''■'■" 
 
 1 Viiiiity Kail- ' " 
 
 Hiiziuir . .' ■ " 
 
 I Aciltli'inv (.',(,, ,.,',,1 ' ■;, 
 
 AiTliit.ci , ■ ' • -t? 
 
 Natiiiv (,..;, „/;,:,') ■ " 
 
 = .tjiiipliic (.//..,(, „(„»• ■■ 
 
 i iTl't'Ilia?,..!! , . 
 
 .l.."in.:ili.fEiliic,itioi.' " 
 CmiiIiii 
 5 liiitisli Mail 
 
 • i:;i 
 
 7 Mi.trii|,.,ljiaii '. ' ''"■ 
 
 I ■'■"iK"""'";".'ii)-rs„„;( " 
 
 i »'■'("'■.). 1S73; n,,n. 
 
 3 '"""'.'•.(/. •■Iii.lus. 
 tries ' 
 
 Money . [ ' 'jJJ 
 
 1 llluslrati.! S|,.irti|.i '■"" 
 
 anil iMaiiiati.Xrtv' ,. 
 ri<.t..rial \V.,.l,l ' "" 
 Wml.l ' ■ " 
 
 Ai.ciiiiiitaiit ' " 
 
 Hiitisli Ai-. liit,...; ■ " 
 
 2 Saiiitaiv Ki'iMiil ' " 
 Wliit..lrall II, vi..w 
 lii.-yclini; N.hs. 
 Truth . 
 licfiTie 
 
 Statist , ' 
 Kl...'trii'iaii 
 
 3 Ciliztii 
 Lit'! . 
 
 Liiily's Piit..rial. 
 St. Jaiiicss limlgot 
 War fry , 
 Kiiiiwk'ilgc.. 
 Htaj,'.. . . . 
 IV. 11.1,. . . 
 Inilustri,-i ai,.l Irun 
 
 4 iStuik Edian^i. . 
 Natii.iial Ohsi-rviT 
 
 5 City l,,a.l.:r 
 7 County C.iiuu-ilTiiiii.a '' 
 
 Pi'licaii (s.rri'.d;) . ^ " 
 
 9 Law <;az.tt.- ' . ' ,:' 
 
 S|ii'ak,.r("/«viW) ', ""^ 
 
 Woman (/..i-WiVO .' " 
 
 2 Ula(.-kaii.lWliit,(iH..s. " 
 
 : '":""') ■ ■ .lOil 
 
 Aiiti-Jac'oljiii (.'onsfr' 
 
 3 '■""■■') 
 
 Kxi.n'r.s (iiiHdvi!) 
 Tia.l.. L'iii..ni>l . 
 .Sk.'tfli (.7/....(r,i),,l) , ,.';, 
 Eiij;im-,Tiii;,' licview '" 
 
 («M.,iW;;/) 
 
 4 Lonil.iii . . . " 
 
 5 \V,.stniin>t..rI!u.lpi. jj 
 "Lika .l.iku" (f.)i«r.) 
 
 6 i6 0ct. K5( 
 Hi'alni (11 ii imi ifO 
 
 7 16 Nov. |, 
 L'iiicorn(i;'i',s.),io&|j. lijj 
 l^iti'i-atiire ( irjliorf, 
 
 8 ilv.) . 23 0ft. iSj, 
 Outlook {cijnseittitin) 
 
 9 f Ffl). iMJ 
 
 ts.'i Fi'.M), t.-iLiblishcd I..,, 
 
 'ojic Grogory .\III„ in orilfr 
 tlio curreut calenilat, pub- 
 
 • iS;6 
 ■ ij-3 
 
 .l-ii 
 
 • liJi 
 
 NEW TESTAMENT. 
 
 771 
 
 NEW YoilK. 
 
 ji-liiJ 11 new one, in which tun duys were (iiiiittcd— 
 ;llit. I5»2- bi'cnniiiiir 15 Ort. The new HtyU- was 
 ;,J,.ptiHlinKraiii'(',Itiily, Spiiin, Deuinark, llollaiid, 
 
 iiiptf . . . ■ . 
 
 Rindtrii, I'"''t"?'i'. in l.Snz, 111 Ueriininv in 1^X4, 
 ill Switzerliind m l.S.^? and 1584, in H'uiignry in 
 i:»;;iii Scotland in Kkx), niiil in lOnfrl.'ind in i;:;:. 
 lii i;5J eli'Vi'ii dnvs were h'ft out of tlie culi.ndnr— 
 ;.Sf{it. being reckoned as 14 Sept. The ditl'eretice 
 (iftwei'D the old and new style iiji to ifx)*) wa.s 10 
 jjvs; after 1700, II days; iifti.r l«(X), 12 davs. 
 Ill' Ilussia, Greece, and tliroiifthont the Kaat, the 
 .Ustvle is still retained. The e/ar, .\le.\aiider II., 
 MS born on the 17th April, uSiS, old style, 29 
 .hril, now style ; fee Oihiit/dr. 
 
 XEW TESTAMENT, see I),Ve. [ 
 
 NEWTONIAN PHILOSOPHY, the doc- 
 
 (liiii'S resjiccting gravitation, A:c., taught hy sir 
 isiac Npwton in his •• I'rincipia," puhliahed in 
 (1,8;; see Griirildlin/i. lie was horn 2^ Dec, 1642; 
 inraiiie master of the mint, lOgi); presid(.nt of the 
 |;.,val Soi'iety, 1703; and died 20 .March, 1727. A 
 viiui'of liini in marlde hy Kouliiliae was set np at 
 Triiiitv College, Camhridge, 14 July, 17:11;, and one 
 ill bronze hy Thecd, at Grantham, 21 Sept. kS^.s, 
 ivlioii lord Brougham delivered n disconr.se on the 
 life anil works of Xewton. The latter statue cost 
 I'tw/., a sum obtained hy public subsi'riptiou. 
 
 XEWTO\VNBARRY EIOT (S.E. Ireland). ' 
 
 Atasuizure of stock for tithes, a eonllict ensued 
 li.TP between the yeomanry and the peonlo, when 
 tl;irty-tive persons wcf! killed or wounded, i,S June, 
 (>Sji.' The jury at the inquest were unable to agree 
 on a verdict. 
 
 NEWTOWN-BUTLER (X. Ireland). On 
 loJuly, likSi), the Knniskilleners under Giistavus 
 Hamilton thoronghlv defeated the adiierents of 
 Jjuies II. comnianded hy general Maecarty, taking 
 liini prisoner with his artillery, arms, and baggage! 
 
 NEW YEAR'.S DAY, &c. The beginning 
 ..fthi' Jewish year was changed and the pas.sover 
 instituted, 141)1 B.C. A feast is said to have been 
 injtituleil by Xuina, and dedicated to Janus (wlio 
 |.resiileJ over the new year),- I Jan. 71 5 n.c. 
 4intliisilay tlie Romans sacriliccil to .laniis a cake of 
 now sift.'il meal, with salt, iiiccns,'. anil wine ; anil all 
 the iiH'i'li. lilies lic^Mii something; of their art of tia.le • 
 tlie iiii'M ..flitters iliil the same, as to Imoks. |ioenis' 
 jr. ; anil the consiil.i, though chosen liclorc, took tin' 
 I'liair aial entcml upon their ollice this day. Xonins 
 Mai.Tlliis rcfirs the .niuin of \kw-vkaus' ihi-ts 
 riiiiiiii^' tlio li..maiis to Titns Tatiiis, king of the 1 
 saliims. wli.i haviii); lonsiilercil as 11 pmil onicn a 
 l.ivs.'nti.f some hraiiclics cut in a woo.l consi.cr,iti.|'l 
 tiiStrrnia, llk.fjoil.li'ssi.rstreiifjth, wliich he reccivi'.l i 
 .iU till' liist .lay i.f the Mi.\v yi.ar, authorised the cus- i 
 t.ini aftinvai.ls, ami puc thesi. gifts the name of I 
 Mli'lill', 747 li.c. I 
 
 NEAV YORK, the "empire state" of the i 
 
 I niteil Stales of X. America, is said to have been i 
 
 .iKioveivd by Verrazano, a Floretitine in the I'"rencli - 
 
 sirvi.v, about 1524, and rediseovi.red by Hudson i 
 
 an Kiislishman ni the Dutch service, in"i(<xi ami 
 
 ■ittle.1 by the Dutch in 11,14, the city being named ' 
 
 Manhattan and Xew Amsterdam ; hut the Knglish I 
 
 uiiilor colonel Xicluils dispossessed them aiuf the 
 
 iMvcilcs, 2- Aug. i(,(,4, and changed its name, | 
 
 I he kins, Cliarles II., having given the territory to i 
 
 hH brother, Ihednkc ..f York. Population of'ihe j 
 
 'itv. mi»io. iSoi;,()Sl; in 1870, 942,202- in i8,So ' 
 
 I i.:(y.,:()i|; m i,s<ki. i.5i.:;,pi ; of the state in i,S8o ' 
 
 'V,f •'';,'" 'v?'' >'"'""'*."; "f Albany, the ! 
 -late capit.il, m i.VSo, <m7S«; m lS<,0, 04,(12? ; of 
 lirookhn, lu ibKo, 560,003; in iS<X>, «oo;j43 ; 1 
 
 of liullalo, in 18S0, 155,134 : i„ ,s,k,, 2:^:^.^,, 
 Ihooklyn with other towns consolidated with Xi Tv 
 
 biu';m:se;[2vv:d;;^]89^^ 
 'tiii;^i:;:,'''''':''-''''' ''-''•■' ^'■"■''-■•«^-^"':'''' 
 
 The city a principal | t..tlli,. 'stni-le f„r imle- '^^^ 
 
 ,'. I ;.■'"■"■ ' ,\""'"d..|..l t., the liritish forces 
 iimler general How,. ,, ^ , . ^ 
 
 The city was ..va,.natc,l by tl,,.' Ihitish ; •" ^a^'i ! ! '"'^ 
 . ", 'V .'"^"1 ' ■|".i..i,ing,.versin,.,.,' N-, '. ,,3- 
 
 I''iic here ; 074 l.nil.lings '.h-stiov,.,!'. ami l,io'i..i-tv '^°'* 
 i vain,;. atn,.aily2o,o,>,.„.o.l.,liais ' f ' , . )' .g,. 
 
 , Astorhh.ary Ion 1 by .l.jhn.lacoh .\-,t,.r 1 ■ see "" 
 
 nn.lcr I.ihiitri'.t . . * ' 9 
 
 f'iic ; 502 houses l.iirnt . '. ' ' ,'„ i„i',. W'' 
 
 'l":''"'k.t .t,e,l,.stroy,.,lI,y-„,„ ' . " 'Vl.'.'^IS 
 
 .S.iions r,„t (sevi.ral liv.-s lost) at th,. the, ■ .' ■• 
 iingum ingm a .lispnl,. In.twcn Mr. Ma..r.'a iV 
 (l-.ngiish) an.l .Mr, Konvst (American). mt..rs, 
 
 -j,n.i'iai;;::!':'s;:',gane.ni,ill-';v^" 
 
 ff'h '""''ll i;ati..ns,was -ned in the presence 
 
 :;fi!'r,i;g;mawcs'''''''^^''''''''«'''--'''r-y , 
 
 . !iol'b'g^ihe'pa,,ie''''^'''''"'''''"''^'''"'-"''"'M-- , 
 
 The Crystal l'ala,,.,l,.str,.y...|i;y|i,- . ' . -^y';,';' j^" 
 
 A niagnil„-,.|,t c,ith..|ial civ,.t,.,i ^ ' o^" 
 
 Cical liiv ; ahiiiit ,., liv.-s l„st ' ' .;,..„,,■ 'ol^ 
 l>"|mg tl„. civil war of ,«5, X^w York ititm- ■ 
 
 ^ i::l:|;;,.;;;,,i;i;!rpia:.!.;:;i;i;;-^ 
 i:vl";;;e;!>i;:;.lt^"•^'"■ ^- we,Ve,..te,t 
 
 Mcrcc riots against c.mscription; niany pe^;, s 
 
 kiMc.lamlniii,.hi.r.ii.erty,lcstroyeil 1,-17 .Iiilv ,fifi. 
 I)^immnsn,n.senni burnt ;g,eatlo.ss, .3 Jul',' .865 : '^^' 
 
 iciri^it l.iss ami panic' through -Janms FMsk'^;;!;! "''^ 
 
 Hi:^^i;;^l!;h!;;i'o-^';;-i,.upg,,,,k^^ 
 
 t\; 1 ,. '^ July, 1871 
 
 Disclosure of gr,.at c.irriii.ti..n in the niuni,.i,.a 
 Kovernnient (t,.r„i,.,l ••Tamiiiai,v fran.ls,' ' f , 
 
 lectio'.''^, r/''''''- "' ■''^""'"■■"'>- l"'ll);ioiblie 
 nil 1 ting to ol.tain iii.,nii,t iv.liv.ss . . s,.i.t 
 
 .'icit'ii'ln's'"'"' '"'"■' '■'"■''"''''' '■""" '""ee by the " 
 
 Dcnioiistrali'ons 'of ti„. Intcrnatioiml .s'ocietv'"of " 
 "orknicn repress,,! p 
 
 James l.'isk 11... railway ami tliianeial' spci'i,lat!'.'r " 
 iissassinate.l hy l-Mw. .s;t.,kcs, through jealousy , 
 
 cllhipse of ihe K,ie railway ring. ,.„i,.,l ,,;. Ki4mlli '^'' 
 .ia> (loiil.! : m.\v ilir,.it..rs elected rinchi.ti,,,, 
 generals l)i. ami M'tMlau) . "\' ^ M ,', " 
 Much mconv,.,,,, nee l.y th,- horse iliseasB . u,."' " 
 Li.ga proccclings against lioiiM snspcn.b.,1 : ho " 
 agrees to give up to the, ipany.;,ooo,oo,>,loliars, 
 
 Slokis ,.,.nyi,.t,;.l of n,i,nl,.r: ,)an. ; new /riiil " 
 
 sentc,i,.,.,lt.iimpns,,i,nicut, . . . ','.'• g 
 
 lianinm.s mns,.u,o again hmnt ; menagcie ,,: " 
 stroy.'.l ; rcp.iiti'il "^ , 
 
 ''' col!ke''& rii' ai;;;r* ""■"""'' •'"■''*t"i'i'age;.f jil"; " 
 
 '''';i!S'Y'''V '''■'?■'"■;'• ''f t'"^ Tammany hS " 
 loiiMct,.,! ,.f ,nil.,./zlcnient (.s,.ut..nced to ,2 
 
 ,?visit"i',!"'';;""r"" "^ ^'"'- '''""•"' i-ei-mittd „ 
 
 t.i MMt his own hoii.sc, i.si'apcs . , i),,,. " 
 
 Death ofW. li. Astor, very ri.'li i,„.,v!m„t' .^1 \ v' tS- 
 i.nat nrc, with loss „f life, 30 hmhlings destoyed " 
 
 11 .1 ... ,„ 8 •■'«b. 1S76 
 
 Death of Alex, T, SO^waif, wry rich merchant 
 
 Twee.l arrest,.,l at Vigo 'Vs''.';'I' " 
 
 «omcortl„. ro..ksnam,.,l •' Ileli'ciaf,.;" l,!,',wn I'l .'t o " 
 
 improve entrance into the harbour . 24 ^Sept. 
 
 3 u 2 
 
 I 
 
 .rfl 
 
 '•h' 
 ■•T" 
 
 
 
 ,1 ^1 
 
 .'' !' 
 
 •I 
 
 :ix 
 
 ^w :\MVi 
 
 :"i!! 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 
 '. i 
 
 1' 
 
 h 
 
 r -^ ' 
 
 
 •YV 
 
 
 inn '^^'' 
 
 y 
 
 ui W. I'.Ai 
 
 Md 
 
 ■an 
 
 1 
 
 ••Coiiiirioiloiv" VniidiTliIlt, ft "riillwuy klim ""'l 
 
 Hirat caiiit.iliHt .llc.l Jiiii. 1877 
 
 Twi'imI illsiliiscH till' H.vsti'iii iif tliii " 'hiiiiniiiiiy 
 
 fi-iiuils," iiii'i-iiuiiiiielii)!! many iu>rnMiiH Wii'i. ,, 
 
 Al.p, Hivlev iliM , 3 •''■'• .. 
 
 Oiral till' at (iivi'iilU'M's (■nnfectliiliory winkM, lfii\, 
 
 50 tu 60 IHTSIHIH I'l'lixlll'll allllllt 20 I'l'l'- .. 
 
 Kll'vat.'il Htiri't-railwayHiii liri>Kre»s . . ■, ,'^'7-3 
 
 TweiMl ilii'M ill (.'aiil " Ainil, 1H78 
 
 liiti'iiiiitiiiiial I'Nliiliillon lii'ri'(iii 18S1) l'i"l"«'''' • 'CS" 
 Kail of n'Killy, the "lioss" uf Nmv \ uik 1 uiici' 
 
 vriv iiitliU'iitial '•'''■• '• 
 
 AlilicV-paik tlicativ I'lniit . . . ..loOi't. 1332 
 l>i'tiT'l'iiii|ii'r, iiliilaiitlnciiist, ruiuicli'l nl tin' ('.i.i|i,'r 
 
 Iiistitut.', (lii'il"t;i''l 1)2 • • 4 ■M'l'il. <ooj 
 
 Uriiluc fi'uni New Vurk tn llrnnklyn, |;r)8i) Ir.'t Imii^' 
 
 (ciiiistnicti'.l liv till' skill 111 Mr. ami Mis. 
 
 Wasliiiinluii llnliliii-), lu'jiiiirt.laii 1S7'; "l"'i"''l 
 
 24 .Mav ; iJ |.ns(iiis killcil in a iiaiiir jo .May, ., 
 New .Mi'tloiii'litiii o|HTa-liiiiisi' (i)ii'iii'il . 22<iit. ,, 
 Oi'iiti-iiaiv nt " l-'.vaiMiiiti.ui ilay "w'k'liratwl 26 Nnv. ,, 
 Tlu'Stanilanl tlii'iitivliuiiil •...;,'■•'"''/ " 
 
 Sevrvi- ii.anir in tlic stnck-iimrkct, \\all-sln"t, 
 
 cliiMki'il ■2-M >';'>,• 'S34 
 
 Atti'iiii.t tn kill ciiiit. Pliclan, 9 Jan.; tu kill 
 
 O'DoiiMVaii Uossa (stM' fViiiiuis) . . 2 ti'l'. 1885 
 Givat iiiiiiw(.i'kcis' Kti-iki-; (■"niiiromisi' 1-16 Jnin', ,, 
 (i.'iicml Graiifs tniifral fsci' C-hVm/ ,sMf..s-) 8 An::. ,, 
 Aliniit iiiiii- aeivs i.f ivi'k (Kloml luck) in llfll ("mIi' 
 
 oliaMiicl isiiln.li'il l.v ilvnaniitc . . 10 di't. ,, 
 (iiral strikr mi S.W. lailway, I'arly Marcli, iBSrt ; 
 
 liii'ii siibniil .... »l"i"t u Mairli, iB36 
 Mr. Aliraiii Ili'witt clcoti'il niayui- in ii|iiinr*iliiiii t.i 
 
 Mr. lIi'nrvG....i.;i' .... 3 N"^'- " 
 AMiTiiian Migiauli' ("r liiilii-ry, \r., siiiti'iici'.! to 
 
 scvni vi'iirs' iiiipiisHiiini'iil ami lliir . 20 Hi'c. ,. 
 Hcv.Hi-iiiv Wai'l l!..,.cliiT, ii"liiilari.nMclH'i-,*c.,i't 
 
 I'lyiiimiili cliuiili. liicM'klyn, ilu's, a^'nl 73, 
 
 3 .Marrli, 1887 
 Di'stniotiv.. lilizzai'.l. s..|. .sr.'riii . ii-i ; Maii'li, i883 
 .Messrs. Faiilianks lanl ii'liiu'iy wmUs ami nIlnM- 
 
 c'stalilisliniiMits on tlu' river siili'. alimit liall a 
 
 mill' in fxti'iit, lnniil : two iumsmiis killi'il, otlii'is 
 
 niissiii;.' ; lossaliont Si.oon.noo . nj, 20 April, 1889 
 Grami Wasliiu^toii (•.•U'ln-.itioii, sec rnil'tl Hhilfn, 
 
 2Q-10 Ainil, 1 May, ,, 
 oUn .laculi Astor, weallliv licni'liictur tii clmritios, 
 
 ilj,,,| 22 Ki'li. tSao 
 
 WV.Hlern Union 'IVle-raiili liniMin:,' ili-stni.vwl liy 
 
 RXlilusion 11ml lire; Kii'iit liiss . . i3 .Inly, ,, 
 Great lire in eential New York ; estiniate.l loss 
 
 ^oocosclollars io.Illly, ,, 
 
 IStrikoofservantsoniie New York .■cut nil railway, 
 
 iiroinoteil hv the Kni^'lits ot lalionr, S Air,'. ; ile. 
 
 feate,!. II Au^'. ; livsli Mrike. . . .i.i Amk. ,, 
 Teniiioriirv linaneial iianif c-onneeteil witli tlie 
 
 crisis in' l.on. loll . . . . iiboiil 15 Nov. ,, 
 Many coniiiiereial failures, alxint 10 Dec. ; conll- 
 
 ileiice restore. 1 . . . ... 12 Dec. ,, 
 
 ("Hilton state prison nearlvilestroyeil liy lire, (.Jan. 1S91 
 Great siiow-stonii; eli'ctric lii^lit, tele^-rapli, ami 
 
 teleiilioiieconiniunication stoppeil . 24,25.^111. ,, 
 l!v a lire in rark-placi. aliove 6,1 persons [lerisli . 
 
 22 Aii.u'. ,, 
 A man enters tlie ollice of Mr. Hnssel Sajje, ile- 
 
 niaiuls inoiiev, ami causes a nivjit e\p|..sion by 
 
 .Iviianiite bv wliicli lie liiniself ami 4otli..rs are 
 
 ldlle.1 . ■ , . 4 "'■'■■ •• 
 
 I'll.. I|..tel H.ival, Sixtli-avemie, burnt : iiiaiiy 
 
 iieiisii . ' "'■'''!;• ■^'^- 
 
 Mr. William Astor clie.l . . .j5A1.nl, ., 
 
 llswc^u luniber district nearly .lestroye.l by liiv 
 
 about 21 May, ,, 
 Death of Mr. .lav GoiiM, a millionaire . 2 Dee. ,, 
 Great explosion in a t iiniiel near East Uivcr tliroiiwli 
 llie tliawiu^' nf fr.i/eh .Ivnaniite ; 9 piM-.soiis kille.l, 
 
 28 Dec. ,, 
 Tlie American Fine Arts society's biuMiiit.'sopem'.l, 
 
 Dec. ,, 
 Severe shock of eartlninako in the city ami Lon« 
 
 Islaml ,7 ■';i»'"h, iSyj 
 
 liiternalioiial naval review (see ( ..!(<.' Stnl.s), 
 
 ?7 April, „ 
 Death of Ken. Win. (;. Y'oun;;, constructor ofcan.ils 
 
 ami railways, ane.l 94. . . . ^^ ',''',''• " 
 
 Greater New York bill pass.'.l . . . 27 I'.'b. 1894 
 Dr. TalinaKe's tabeniaclu ami many lionses .!.■■ 
 alloyed by lire ij-May, „ 
 
 772 NEW ZEALAND, 
 
 Jones'H woodo niid mniiy bulldiiiKK il...<ti.iji..! ■„\ 
 lire ; 50 horses burnt '. \,y^^ 
 
 Strike of i5,oc«taiIurn 111 sweathiK estalilislnii..i i^ '' 
 lor increased wnuM . . . ' , 4 s. nt 
 
 Great ie,|oiciiit,'ut the arrival iif the Fleii.l, Atlantj.' ' 
 steamer l.n (ln.in«iiir, after 16 .lays' vuvnue inmi 
 Havre; all well (part of the imieliiaery l.ri.kn 
 ilowii, 30 .Inn.) ',^ c,,!, . 
 
 The town of Hamilton (Utica) partly .|..,tii, .^i ]„'. '' 
 lire i^ ,',.i| 
 
 Max Graner, an incendiary, sentenceiUj 10 vi.iitV 
 imprisonineiit ", .\j„r,,|| 
 
 Di'alli of .Mr. Charles Laiiiiian, artist ai..! iiiitli.,r' " 
 burn 1S19 ; re|iorted .... r Mtcii' 
 
 The Astor, I.enox, Tilden libraries e..iis.iii.l;,i„,i " 
 (4oo,.x»-i vols.) and emloweil . . , Miin.], 
 
 The Washins'loii nieiiiorial arch iiianKiir.it..l. ' ' 
 
 4 Miiv 
 The constrnelion of a railway siispensinn l,ri,i .^ ' 
 
 over 111.' Ilu.lson, I'ruiii New i'oik to .I.Tsey cjt", 
 
 aiitliori/eil .Iiiu'f 
 
 Haarlem ship canal iipeneil by a lir.K'..sHiriii nj " 
 
 ves.sels . . . . . 1 7. bill", 
 
 .Much oilicial relorni etiecte.l by tli.' imivoi', Mr " 
 
 iSlionn K..|..-,(ui„.' 
 
 Graii.l niarriiiKo of the duke of .Marllj.iiniijii t.i " 
 
 .Miss (.'iinsuelo Vau.lerbilt , . . bSu\\ 
 169 .leaths from heat (97' F.) . . 6-12 .\n; i' . 
 Mass meeting for th.' Arnieiiiaii> . . aencl! ' 
 National Grant nionuiiiDiit inaii;,'uratfil by pivs^ 
 
 M'Kinley 27 April , - 
 
 IniiniKraiit stjitiun at Ellis i..,laii.l burnt .li,\n„ " 
 
 15.I11111', 
 Mr. Charles A. Dana, eminent journalist, .li.-.i. 
 
 aKc.l 78 ab..iri i'- ii.-i 
 
 Kxpress train falls over inb) the lluds.ai liviT. ;., 
 
 deaths, near Garrisons . . . .24li.-"t. 
 Sml.leii ib'atli ol Mr. Ib'nry Geoi't,"', soeiiili,,t, can. 
 
 ili. late p. r til., mayoralty . . iqiici. 
 
 .Iii.l'.;c van Wyck el.'ete.l Iravor, 235,181 i-..t.<; 
 
 Mr. 1-..W, 149.873 2 Nuv.' 
 
 Sec uuiU'r i'liitol .s'.'ii/i,.', 
 
 NEW ZEALAND (in the Pacific o.«i, . 
 
 1 disc.ivei'oil liy Tasmau in l()42. The nnintiy r.. 
 inaiiK'ii tiiikunwn, and was supposed to he ii:iri .f , 
 
 ' southern continont, till l-(')i)-70, when it wk d-. 
 cumniivixnted by oiiptiiin Clook. In i;-;, ) 
 planted several spots of gfoiiiid on this islanii' wKi, 
 
 i Kuropoan garden seeds; and in 177-, he |;i,i„,i 
 some tine (lotatoes. European population in i^i;\ 
 «4,2<h; I.*™. '*i5i 190/107; ''^74. ?I0,S95, iii.tiv,, 
 (Ma.n-is), 46,016; in i8,Si, .|S(),<);^; iSS7,i,o;,3):. 
 
 I Kuropcans; iSi)i, 626,850; about 42,000 iiativ,.;: 
 iSi)!), Europeans, 754,016, Maori. ,ii),.'<54, Ciiini-, 
 :5,72i). 1850, inijiorts, i, 551,050/. ; e.\]K.r;-, 
 
 I 5:;!, 4.84/. ; "1874. imports, 6,404,687/.; export-. 
 
 ' 5,610. -571/. : I1887, imports, 6,245,515/, ; e.\]rort.. 
 ii,.S65,'l6i)/. ; l8i)0, im|)orts, (),2()O,505/. ; exiwt-. 
 0,811,720/.; I.8i)t), imports, 7,055.571)/.; ex|K.rt<. 
 0,321, roi/. 1887 - 8, revenue, .5,521,41)0?,: exiKii- 
 diture. 4.082,654/,; l8()o-f)i, revenue, 4,20\o;.i' ; 
 c.ipenditure, 4,081,566/.; I,'<o4-i)5, ivvtn,, 
 4,4iy>.5l5/. ; exixuiditure, 4,2(i().7.?2/. , liiiyi.;-. 
 
 ■ revenue.'4,.H86.io<)/. (|.v.8r/.; expeiiilitnre,4.5iij42; . 
 14s. 2(/. I'uhlie debt, 1.8,88, 58,7i8.45:/;;" iv,,;, 
 
 . 58,850,5^o/; 51 Miireh, l8()7. 44.5(.().i)i,V. \U.. 
 ' "wav's, I'uiles w'orkinii', in 1877, 8ik); in . March, is.-, 
 i 2,o'l.S. Number of telegraph stati.ius open in I'y . 
 13; 1111897,780. See vl'(,«/r«/«vi», l8ij8. 
 
 j The right of Great Britain to New Zeulanil reiog- 
 
 ! iiised at the peai-e in 151+ 
 
 I No c.iustitnti..iial .lutbority placed over it until a 
 
 I resilient subordinate to New South Wall's . . lisj 
 
 j New Zealainl comi.any established; Welliiij;t..ii 
 
 j foundeil i:;. 
 
 I t'apt. Hobson. the first goveni.>r. lamh'.l, 29 .Tnii ■ 
 
 i treaty of Waitan.,'i signe.l, by which tin.' clii.fs 
 
 I cede 11 large am. luiit of land . . sFfli iS(3 
 
 New Zealand an iielepeiideiit eolonyanil a liis!ui|i's 
 ' see -\l'ril. iSii 
 
 ■ Capt. (aft. adni.)Fitzroy, governor, Dec. 1 843 to .Nov, i^; 
 
NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 llllil.liliKH il.;strii),.,l li\ 
 
 773 
 
 n tn Ni'W Zcaliinil weng- 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 ,n 
 
 >.irGei>r«i'<'i'''V. KW'"""" • • • N"V. 1845 
 
 \ ihiirtiT. fc'Miiili'il iipiHi an net ininNcd In 1846, 
 " rMtiiin ;ii'W.'rt, niuiiiciiial, li'fc'iNliitivu, iijiil iid- 
 
 iiiiiiiMtnitivi' • .■, • ,• . • 29 ""'I'- 1847 
 Till* dmitrr w«n ii"t nctcd on ; a l('gl«latlvi' cimncil 
 
 „l#lieil l.'V 111.' K"ViMn<M' . . . . so Di'c. 1848 
 fiiiimlatliiiH f Aiu'kliinil, 1840; XrlNcin ami Tani- 
 
 Mki (ill- N'lW I'ljiiidUtli), 1S41 ; OtaKii, 1848 ; L'aii- 
 
 Irrliiii'V • ■,,•., iS'o 
 
 >•,.»• Zniliinil r"iiil'i"iy iTlliiiiiimli I'liaitur . . ,, 
 
 j;,ifciiimtiliiIii'M Kiant"! 18^2 
 
 v!tl(mi'i:t I'f C'antnliiiry, scintli Islaml, fduiiilcil 
 
 (cajiitnl C'lirintdiuifh) 1850-3 
 
 l,,|, Wviiyhiil, K"Vi'ni"i' . . Jan. 1854 tii .Sciit. 1855 
 
 <,.,Vfiii"r liniWMi' Kct. ,, 
 
 .\iiriiitl"|"i'l"'- n"t niuc'li (laniagc (liinc, 23 Jan. ., 
 
 ( •intitiiti' iiiililli'd ,857 
 
 >-,»■ bislicipric'^ t-ntaMislicil : Christ Cliuri'li, 1856; 
 
 ' .Nflsdiiiiiul \V('lliii>;tiiii, 1S58 : WaiMpii , . ,8;,j 
 
 liis'in-ti'liiiii (if the iiativi's (Mauris) imilcr a iliiiT 
 
 iwiiifil William KiUKCWirriniu Kinni), arising- niit 
 
 iif(liii|iutrs ri'S|icrtiiif,' till' salt' (if laml ; the iMslifip 
 
 .Sflwyii anil ntlifrs cunsiilur tlic natives unjustly 
 
 treiitiil Jiarcli, iSCo 
 
 linliTisivractiiais lii'twi-Tn the nillilia and vulnii- 
 
 t, ITS iiiicl till' MaiirlM . . . I4-J8 .Mari'li, ,, 
 Warlimiksiiut at Taranaki ; tliu Dritisli ic|iiilsiil 
 
 with liiss lo.Inni', ,, 
 
 (lifatixiiti'mi'nt in Australia ; triiii|is sent tii Siw 
 
 Znilaiiil, imdiipri. I'ratt, land . ? Auf;. ., 
 
 Iiiiifrisivr ait inns . . 10, 19 (Si'iit., 9, i"; (dt. ,, 
 (ifii. I'nitt ikliats till' Mauris iit .Malidetalii, and 
 ilrstiiivstlirir fiirtilli'd |ilaci'S . . 6 Xnv. 
 Xiu-Zni'liiiiil iiilnnists in Knyland Justify tlif cdu- 
 
 ilurtiirtlii'K'ivi'rniir .... 22 Siv. ,, 
 Till' .Mai'iis ilffi'atcd, 29 Dec. i860; 23 Jan., 24 Fdi 
 
 16-18 .Mari'li, 1861 
 The war ends; surrender of iiativi'S . 19 Mareli, ,, 
 .^ii'Gt'ia'Ki'tJrey re-apiKiinted governor . June, 
 
 (,ulililisi'"vereil at Dtajjii, &!' June, ,, 
 
 A native siivereiKUty iiroelainied ; 5000 Dritisli snl- 
 
 iliereia the island ,lulv, ,, 
 
 Loyalty lit the natives inereasiny . ,M„'v, ,;, ^ 
 Tlie Mauri chiefs si^n a poetieal address nf enndii- 
 k'liiet" tla' ijUeen on the death of the iiriuee eon- 
 sort : ri'eei\'ed Sny, ., 
 
 Natives attaek a militaiy eseort and kill 8 iiersons, 
 
 4 -May, if(-.j 
 Waikatntrihe driven from a fort . . i7,)tdy, 
 \V;iis|iii'ails ; natives eiinstruet ritie jiits . Aui;. '.', 
 riniiiisi'ileiiiiliseatinu of Waikato lands . , Sejit. .', 
 (Jca. L'aiaeron severely defeats the Maoris at lian- 
 
 gariri -.-o Nov. 
 
 C'oiitiiiiieil sneeess of gen. t'anieron ; "a|iitulation of 
 
 the Mniiri kin;; . " . . . q Dee. 
 
 Dntisli atta.'k on (lalepa (the gate j.ali) repulsed 
 
 withlii'is nf ollii'ers and men . . :;y .\|iril, 1864 
 I."an nf i.ociQ.ooo?. to New Zealand : (guaranteed hy 
 
 [';ulianient Jnl>', 
 
 .s vfialtrihes siilmiit \ui;.' ]] 
 
 .Maori iiriaiinei's eseaiie and form thu nurleus ofTi 
 
 lU'Wiii.surri'etion Sejit. 
 
 .'•ir tieiitfie (irey iss'.U'S jn-ojtosals of |teaei', 2=, Oet. ; 
 the AliiiriLciiii'S rriiteetion Sneiety send iel"ij;iiiu«,' 
 iiiiiral, ami politiial adviee to the .Maoris (enn- 
 siilereil illjlliiieioUs) .... Xov. 
 
 (.haii^'eiif ministry .'iiid iioliey ; seat of government 
 tnliereiiniveil fioni .Vuekland to Wellington 011 
 
 Uuik's!<trait 
 
 24 Xov. 
 
 Mauris' attai'k on Cniiieron severelv defeated, 
 Jan. ; a«-iiu ... , .' . _,- fvi," 
 
 Outbreak iif the I'ai .Mariri or Ilau-liau heresy, a 
 I'Dniiiiiiniil nf Judaism and pa;;anisni, amofiist 
 the Mauris; the rev. C. S. Volkner murdered ,'ind 
 ai.inyiialra^[i'si'iiMiiiiitted. 2Mareh ; prnelani.itiou 
 . if (;iiveniiirsirlii'nrj:e()rey against it: it isiheeked 
 l.y theajj'i'iiey of a Iriendly native rhief We-tako, 
 
 ,.■11. 1., 'M'lil. 
 
 William Thiiiiipsiin, an eminent chief, surrenders 
 "11 lielialfnrthe .Mauri king . . 23 ,M'iv 
 
 N'WZi'alaiiil still unsettled , . . JulV" 
 
 T..I llaii-li.iii.-, Iiealeii in several courticts, Aug ' 
 the gdvi'iiinr iirnelaiiiis ]ieaei', 2 Heiit. ; liritisli 
 trnii|isaliniit to leave . i- ISept 
 
 ■M=, 
 
 The Manns treaeherniislv kill the envovs of pea, 
 ri'sisiiiitiiiii (if the Wehl ministry ; on'e formed 
 
 .Mr. stafliiril 
 
 I hv 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Iti«hn|irli' oflliinedin, Otago, fnunded . ,86? 
 
 (■eneralChutesuhduesthe llaii haUH. Jan' 1866 
 
 I ingress of peace measures . Aiirll 
 
 Murderersof Mr. Vidkner executed . ,, M'ly' " 
 
 (loveriioranm 'es cessation ol the war, , .lid'y' " 
 
 lleath of Will, ThiiinpHon, the Maori chief, 28 Uc'e' ' 
 .MrUeorge F. Howen apiiolnteil to succeed sir " 
 
 t.eoiget.rey; gazetted . . ,„ N„v. ,36, 
 
 Alt ii'latiiig to the government of New Zealand 
 
 passed 111 the Dritisli |iarlia nt . ,868 
 
 (o'o. Hamiiel Kvans(aiieiiiiiieiiti'nliinist, i838-,,)iIIi.h 
 
 Te Knoti, a chief, and alioiit 150 Maori ennvi'ct's' " 
 cscai.e from Chatliam ishind to the mainland' 
 4 July; tln'y repulse troops sent against them, 
 7 Sept. ; niassaere the whites at Poverty Hay, 
 
 Te Kooti and the reliejs defeated liv col. Whit^iiiore'- " 
 
 no Maoris killed " c In.' .aA„ 
 
 Massacre of setth'i's at Taranaki' . ' ' ,rv!"; ' 
 thaiige of ministry : lion. .Mr Fox's propnsal to " 
 pay for Uritish troops dei lined l.y the Imnie 
 gnvernmerit ' ft,..,^ 
 
 TcKiinti, thrice ilefealcdliytlieeninnistsandfrieiidlv " 
 natives, a liigitive . ,,,.f 
 
 Despaleh fioiu earl (iranvill,., insisting on tliii " 
 withdrawal III the Uritish troops (iStli regiment) 
 causes uiiicli dissiilisfaction , 7 (let 
 
 Friendly in'mview lietwccn .Mr. McLean .iii.l the " 
 .Miiori kings minister . g Xov 
 
 riicreascd demand for the New Zeahind' niiVoiH " 
 pl.Ull. ;'/o./iiiiiii« ^'Hiij . ,«/;„-„ 
 
 nciiartureiif the last Uritish troops . ' . 22 Jan. ,^870 
 
 le Kooti, icliismg to surrender at discretion, 24 
 Jan., narrowly I'seapes . . s Fell 
 
 Te Koiiti's party attackedauildispersediliissiieedv " 
 cai.ture anticipided . .' ,, ,Iu|v 
 
 Tlie duke of Kdinliurgh, In the (;.,!„l,„, at Welling- " 
 
 Increase of I'losperity reported ; loan of 4,oi!,^,w: " 
 
 I"'"l'osi'd . ... ^ ,^,|„ 
 
 Political uiiiiiu 111 ihe islands clfecteii ' \,,Z' " 
 Murder of Mr. Tiidd, surve.vnr, hv Mam'is, ^s'Dcc " 
 le kooti reported as living liy pliind.er; acting as a " 
 
 faiiaticd potentate . Nov 1871 
 
 University witli three colleges estaldislied in ' ' 
 I'licndly mci'ting of .M,-, McLean with Wirriniu " 
 Mngi and other chiefs, who submit totlie Uritish 
 government .... Moei, ,a,, 
 
 Mr. Statfords minii-try resigns, succeeded i'v n ','. ^ 
 
 under Mr. W,iti'ihoii.s('(the Fox iNirtv) al.out Oct 
 Nr James [■crgussoii .ipiininied gnvrnnr, March, ,87. 
 I he manims III .Nnrmaiil.y, Governor . . .(,11, 87- 
 Ihe Maori king (Tawhiao) sulimits to the British 
 government .... jyi. 
 
 The colony repnrted highly jirosperims bv sir " 
 
 Julius \ogel, ex-preiuier m' Oct ,9-, 
 
 i^n- Hercules (i. li. Hnliiusnn govcrunr ' .-\.\pril ,8?o 
 liispiies with the M.ioiis; thev expel Dritisi; '^ 
 ■.ettlers iic'ir New Plyimmth, Taranaki; and 
 plnugh the laud .... j, JflV 
 
 The setlhis r.'cnver their land hv fnrce 22 .luiie " 
 
 i.ie.it lulluem f Frueti. now 'I'e Whiti. a fanati- " 
 
 c.-il Uirisliaii Maori, a,L'ei| 45 ; he supports Maori 
 I'l.iiius, hut checks lilondshcd . . 
 Sir (ienrge drey, eiieigeiie liberal premie'r, rcsi.'-is- " 
 succeeded l.y llnll. ,|„hu Hall . . o,.V 
 
 u'',"^''I'""i ";""!','"" ,''"'■'' 1 '"'"■' >-'"vernnr '. ,380 
 
 Apprehiudciliiiitlireakat I'irdi.ika under the Mauri 
 
 chie|,Te Willi, :vnliiiiti'erscniiii,igfnrward ;,(iot. ,881 
 Pe Whiti arrested Inr sedition announced 6 Nov 
 lie counsels passiM' resistance . . S.Nov' " 
 
 W4 .'inests . , :iiiuounced 17 Nov] " 
 
 nihculty peaeealily settled . announced 3 IJee 
 e.signatiiiu of the Hall mini.stry . about 10 April', ,882 
 I lllillc debt, 3I,4oo,ooo^ . . . 31 Maicll 
 
 Several Maori chiefs in London ; received 'by the " 
 
 ■ '",'l"n'.' "'' ^y"'''-"' '7 -^""- '• "•"' '■'"• li"'i'e 7 Sept. 
 Mr Williani Jervois, gnveinor . . ,p,„ ,00, 
 
 lielease of Te Whiti, .lohu, and others ' S Marcll' ^ 
 .Maliuki and 20 otliers seiiteiiced to imprisiinmeut " 
 lorouiragos ... alMiit7Ma\, , 
 
 Connnunieation between New Zi'aland and the 
 
 Thames by steal s; time reduced to 40 ihivs 
 
 (.4,000 carcrses of sheep brought) . , iVe. „ 
 Tawhai'i, the Mann king, arrives in London, 2 
 
 Jum- ; visits theatres, .Vc., and ri Ives visitor.s • 
 
 received bv tlieeail nflvrby; appcils for redress,' 
 
 Ih'"' 
 
 S, ' '' 
 
 ii 
 
 ml 
 
 ' 4 
 
 M ^^' 
 
 ilf iii \ 
 
riviiw'iii' 
 
 M<| 
 
 ■'■'IS'' 'hiHT J *■■■ 
 
 NEW ZKALAXD. 
 
 774 
 
 NrAGAKA. 
 
 refciilim t.i till' tniity 111 Wiiitainjl (1840), si.Iiilv ; 
 
 wills I'l'nlll (ilUVi'Nl'llli . . , ^o AlIK' 
 
 Mr. II. .\, Atkirisiiii runiii a iiiliiislry, 3H .Vii^'. ; 
 ri'sl^iK jo .\u,s 
 
 IJi'iil. lli>(T, c.ili.iiliil iialivr iiiiiiislir, r. (i. W. 
 Hiisiliii, I,. I uruHM lilirl ill " llislniy 111' Xrw 
 Zialiiiiil," rliiir;;iii;i liiiii Willi crui'lly i\;r. In tlii' 
 Maiiiii; ilaiiiajji .< awanliil, s. (•«!/. . 12 Miiirli, 
 
 Dcstiiiclivr \i Iniiiir •■rii|itic'ii of Taiawi'ia iiiiaiii- 
 
 tarn; alicail U< luilrHi.r licaiMII'iil li rill iinlry 
 
 iliwilali'il |py sliiiwiTrt I'f liiMi, Iml ('iiiilir». iiinl 
 liiiiil ; iiliiMit 100 la'ImMW klUi'il ; Waiii'a ili'- 
 Htriiyril I), M.liiiii', 
 
 Till' Jlanii kiii« lYCniicilril, mIIs In tlir |i>!hlallM' 
 ciiuiiril May, 
 
 Maoi'l iiii'iiisii'iis nil Kiii'i>|ii'aii laii'H . . July, 
 
 MliiUlry ivrii-ii 30 .s.'lil. ; Mi'. II. .\. Alkins.iii 
 fiirnis a iiiliii.Hti-y i)()i'l, 
 
 Tlir i-ail nl'niisli.w, s;MM.|ii,,r . . . Nov. 
 
 'I'll!' cli'liat till' Iti'ini'^riilalinii liill Id iiii'rrii><M 
 
 till' iiniiihrr iil'ciiiiiitt'v iMi-)iilii>is III' parlialiii'iit at 
 Wi'lliiiu't'iii liinli'il 76 liiiiii's, ailjiiiii'iii'il 27 July; 
 liiiilcaliJi'ananni'iiiiMit lii'twi'rii t/iwn ami I'nniiti'y 
 iiaitii'^* ■.•9 J Illy, 
 
 Iliti'i'iiutliMial I'xiiililtliiii at Diiiii'iliii niii'iii''! 
 
 alinlll jh Nov. 
 
 IIl'V. A. II. .><lltlT, llUll.lli nf Nrlsnii, lliTlalvll 
 
 jaiiiiati' III'!'. 
 
 A .sliii.l'iiit; i-liikM l«vini »l NVi'lliii;;luii s f^'M't.. 
 ■ •imI.'.I ,11 tli'l. 
 
 Hi'>UMatiuii iif iiiiiii^trv ; iii'W rahiiirt iiii'li r limi. 
 ,1. Ilalliuii'i' .'4 ,lall. 
 
 Kiisl \i>it tu til'' I'liwi'ia CMUiitry, Xiirtli Isiaml ; 
 tlH> rail lit' I >ii^lu\v will ri'i'i-ivril liy tli^ Mai'rls, 
 ir|iii|li'il .Vinil ; 111' ri'>i;;ii< . . . Ni'V. 
 
 Wiiiiirii aiithiiiizi'M til si'i'v,' ill |iai'liaiiii'ii( ami tn 
 Mill- at I'lMciiniis, 4 Si'iil. ; tlir liill ri'.ii'1'ti'il liy 
 till' li't:i>latin' I'liiiiii'il . . . loSi'iii. 
 
 Sir Oi'iir.u'i' (iii'y's gnlli Kiitlnlay riitliiiHiasliially 
 cili'lirati'il ". . . . aliiiiit 14 A|Mil, 
 
 Tawiiai", tin' -jml .Miimi kiiv, ai'i'i'lils a jii'ii'-iiin, 
 
 May, 
 
 /Pdi'Wi 1/ V. /v/i"";.'*, ^I'l' iiii'l"'' •'"'''''•■'■ • " ^''iv, 
 
 Twii Aiiii'iiniiis, M.'>-is. William ami Wili^li'i'.'.iilil 
 claim fur iiMiipi'iisilinii Inr ~ii/iiii' nt laml, |nii- 
 illasi'il I'nilii lialivi' I'liii't'i ; tin' siiiati' i>l I'.S.A. 
 ii'ciimim'iMl ailiitiatinii . . . 2(1 May, 
 
 Till" I'ail iif lil»sj;iiw ;;n\i'rm,i- . . . 7 ,l\iiii'. 
 
 Arrival 111' till' I'liil ul'i:la--;;"W . . 7.1111m, 
 
 Ui»a^;i'i'>'mi'iit in'twi'i'ii '.I all (if (ilas;jiiw, tin' 
 
 ^uM'iiiur, ami tlm ministry, wlm ili'.siin tin' ap- 
 piiiiitmi'iit nf i.> .'I'lilitiniial iiniiilu'is nf tlm Icjiis- 
 latiM' I'niini'il ; tlm iiiatlnr ri'lrni'il tn llm Imnm 
 pjMiiiiiniit, aliniit .'J Aii^;., wliirli at;ri't's uitli 
 till' ministry ^fi Snpt. 
 
 Twi'lvi' iii'w iimiiilii'i's iilipiiliiti'il . aliiiut iiiilnt. 
 
 'I'lie .Manii.s' pi'titinii fur a .si'iuiiati' ri'iiii'si'iitalivi' 
 CDUni'il ili'cliin'il ttct. 
 
 Oi-i'at till' al llasliiijis, llawki's Ikin ilistrict ; I'sti- 
 iiiati'<l ilama;;i' sn,""n' 8 I'i'ti. 
 
 Dnatli of Mr. ,1. Ilallami'. tlm pivniii'i- ; siicini'ili'il 
 by Mr. Uii'lianl .1. Wi'iMnn ... 1 .May, 
 
 Act jiassi'il c'uiifi'rriii;; tin' nlnctiM' fiamlii.si' nii 
 woiiii'ii ig ISi'pt. 
 
 (Ii'imial I'li'ctioii; vii'lury nf tlm ;;nvi'i iiiiiciit, in- 
 pnrti'il 2y Nnv. 
 
 Fiiiaiirial stirpliiM 200,000/.. rnpniti'-l . i i April, 
 
 'I'lm .Vi'W Zi'iilainl Inaii ami iiii'ivaiitili' aj;i'in'y cum- 
 paiiy.i'slalilisln'il 1865 ; misiimli'i stamliii^'s almiit 
 ilnlii'lillllt's ; cniilisi'l I'nnsllltf'l ; ailv irr Imt ai'tnl 
 oil, l£7y-So: III'W ili'lii'lltllli'S issni'il, 1S9.-' ; pi'ti- 
 tinii tn I'liailfi'iy fnr li'mnstlllftinli nf tlm i'niii- 
 jiaiiy ;4raiit'il cnmlitinmilly, n A]iril. i^'94: 
 
 I'Mlllliliatiull nf tin' liill" Inrs ami ntlil'i'ls lu'lnli' 
 
 iMr. .Iiistii'i' Vaii},'liaii W illiaiiis, cliaiici-ry iliv isinn, 
 ij-27 April; liis slati'iimiit ri"%|ii'i'tiii;; tlm n\i- 
 ili'iit'i' ; tlm Oii'i'i't'irs ciilli'i-tiM'ly, iiiclmliii;; .Mr. 
 Mumli'IIa. sir .Inlm E. (inist, ami sir .laiims 
 Ki'tjiiissnn, S''\ i'ti'l\ ci'iisuifil fnr ii-tit't'in'i' as tn 
 
 till' iiiisi'i-iiri'il I iliti f tlm narly ili'lii'iiturn- 
 
 Inilili-is ami tlm liiiaiu'ial nimlitmn of tlm cniii- 
 paiiy, fnr misli'inliii;,' lialam'n-sln'fts ami rnports, 
 ami fnr iiaMimiits nf ili\ iilnmls mit jiistilii'il, &c., 
 
 7 May, 
 
 Death nt Tawhian, kin;; nf tlm Maoris . 27 An;;. 
 
 Di'siic of tlm;!nM'riiiimiit tn ailiiiinisti'r tin' Saiimaii 
 
 isIhs, ri'jiiirtnil tict. 
 
 iirliamt'iit npi'iicil ; I'lmi'ifiil prnspnt't.s . 2otlniM', 
 
 18S4 
 
 lliijlli nf Mr. .I.is|l,','('lirist„p|in\v,,„ ;„,.,- 
 Hliiti'Mimiii, a«eil 74 . . . ^ ' 
 
 Hill I'liiliiiihiiiK tlm i'i'('nniim'mlati,.|in,,r t]|,; ,',,"' ''*' 
 mitt I tlm iillalrH nf tlm Nnw/nui;,,,,] | j |^ 
 
 pasHi'il 
 All I'xplimii f liri'ilaiiip at tlm llriiniii. 
 
 i88f 
 
 ifi'lU, 
 \V. c'oaul nf Sniilli Islai'nl, Ob iliiiVii',!"r,..„|'|l,JJ'|'' 
 
 Ml'. Wal« pri'slili'iit nf tln.l,aiiki,rNV«>;V,|,''5 ' 
 
 I ri'l'M»lll« III Blvn nvlilnnnn i p,n, 5 ,,,;., ,7' '; 
 
 I AslntlcNnvrliisinn tiill pii,s,..i . . V"3 1 
 .1 ' A cm Ilti I tlm li'«i»lallM' i-iiiiiii'il|!„i;,V,i,! ; 
 
 ii'piirt niitlmliaiiiiin- l.".;islaii,,„, 1 iu ami "'. 
 
 »>i'l I'Miinriil.'lln'^nv.r iil frmi ii.||,i|,,V 
 
 „ ; nmlil.'i'lai.'tln' Hank .,! . .«■ Zi'ai;,i„| t„ ll ; 
 
 stalili' cniiililinii, Si'pl. ; ii"iiviiiiis,,|j,i, I,,,.,,,,' 
 
 1887 ini'ii.liil . . '" 
 
 1888 . Till' llankiii;; liill ain 
 
 iM. 
 
 , lamlnmil liy pailiam. iii,,,..,,,,., 
 , .lii.scil, ri. pnrti'il . . . , , ,5,;,, ' 
 
 flcniTal I'lci'tinll ; ;;nM'llllin'llt Iiiii|i,ritv , ' ip,..' 
 
 Slr.hinms I'mnili'i'-ast, ailiiiliilstri'itni ' . 3 ^vi ' 
 ; Earl of Jtanfurly appnintnil KDVi'iiinr, Amu' 
 
 1889 I arvlM's ' ,"Y, ,■ 
 
 I Dlaiiminl .liiliili'n ci'li'luatlniis tlirmi"li'iiit' ti*" 
 
 n , , I'oiiiiti'y -,,linii../.. 
 
 rarllaiimiit npnimil, iiii|inrtaiit nmnsiii.'s j.i,,;,,,,,.;, 
 liy tlm -nvi'iniii', 2.1 Sept. ; nislil In.iirH ilaynu.i 
 laliniii liills passi'il ...... >(„( 
 
 i^'i/i Till' New Zi'iilaiiil Otili'liil Vi'iir-llnul;, otii i«u,,' 
 
 i-yi licalli nf iirof. Kirk, oinlni'iit lintniilst,ciiiu,.niii„i' ' 
 nf fiircstn (1R86) . . . alii. 1.. Miiivi, , 
 Surplus rnvi'iiim, 5>»i,n,,o/., I'Liiorti'il . ii.\i,ii; 
 
 NEY'S EXKCUTTOX. Xcv, ilukr nf £:. 
 
 cliiip.;t'ii, |iiiiiii'nl tlm .\Inskwa, aiiii mii' nf th,. i,,,,,, 
 " valiiilit III' till' iiini'sliaU of Ki-aimc, was sli.,t ■,> ] 
 
 ,8y, ti'iiitor, 7 Dir. i.Hi.v (Ml 7 111'.', I'S^j, hu,,;,,,; 
 
 j wiis cri'cti'il nil till' spilt wlmri- lie Inll. 
 
 •• I After tlm aliilii'iitinii nf Xapnlum I., 5 April, i8i, y. 
 
 '• I tiiiik tlm natlinf alli'tfiam I' tn till' kin«, Lirtiis XMIl 
 (111 Napnlenn s iitiirii tn Kraii'i' frnin ('lliii.)a' i,,:,|-,i„,| 
 ' iiKaiiist him ; Inii his tmnp-, ileserliM ii. ii'jpii',l,.,||i, 
 eiiiise nf tlm liniirlinnsas Inst, amliipii,. .,tli.'i'.,M,|.,., 
 way to Paris. Maiili, 1815. Xiy le.l lli,- .itiiiik ,'; t' 
 Frelmli at Watellno, wlmie he fiuiLlht in tin' ini.l,; 1 
 the slain, his elnllms piereiil with l.iiilitl,,,:, . i,' 
 horses liavim.; hei'ii shot iimler him ; iii;li| m„\ ,|..|. ,, 
 olilipil h 111 tn llee. Thnll;;ll ilmlmlnl in tin' il,, 1,, , | 
 24 .Inly, xii5. whirli K'liaialiti'iil tlie .salttv 1,1 
 Fi'i'in'hii en, he was s,,iinht mit, ami un ; .Xiij. tj's. 
 at the eastle of a frieml at L'rillae, ami hniii^lii i„f 
 
 n ' lielnle the I'hamlier of Peers, 4 I , Tiif i.tl, ;ii:' , 
 
 " of tlm lapitnlatinii of Paris, tisiii« a ;;eiii'i:il .Miii,..r 
 
 was ipioleil in his favour in vain. 
 
 " ' NEZIB, Syria. Her,. Iliraliim ami 1':,. 
 '^93 : Egyptians defrntcil tile Turks, 24 .Inne, |Sji|. 
 
 " I NTAGAlfA (X. Anienea). .\t tlm Imailoftii; 
 ; river, 011 the wcsteiii shore, is Kort Kiic, wliiihiu, 
 " ' taken liy the Kii.ijlisli, 24 July, 17511. If »■- 
 ,, I almiuloii'eil in tlio war with the' I'liit'eil Shitis, ;- 
 1894 May, iSi 5, but was ri'tiikeii, |i| Dee. hilluwiii;, ,\ 
 .suspcnsioii brill;.'!' of a siii;;li' span of Xjofert nvi-r 
 the Niagara, eoniieiting the railvays of (,';ii,;i!;i 
 iillil New York, was opeiieil ill Maiilij 1855. It 1* 
 •'li'vated I.S feet on tile Canadian, and 23 fri't mi lit 
 Anicrieaii side; su|)i'rseded by a Ki't'd iii'« .tnl 
 ni'ih biiilgc, last pani'l titti'd,' 2S, 21) Mairli, 1'-',;, 
 11 great engineering font, coiistnirteil liylln. \\ni. 
 f^ylvanian steel eoiiipany fur the C.iiiailian air! Nt'.i 
 Vork ineorpiii'ationa. 
 About eighteen iiiih-s liel.iw Fort Kiie are till' U'iiiaii,il,> 
 
 falls. 'file river is here 740 yards wide ; tllr ll:ill.:ijl, 
 
 iiii lialely alinve the eataraets is a r.i|iiil. in ui.i.h 
 
 the water tails 58 feet : it is then tlirmm. witli k :: 
 ishilig gl.ilnleur, ihiwil a slllpelnimis ]iiiei|iiiT ..: ,; 
 feet pei|iemlii'iilai-. ill three distiiK-t ami ni!!i;.ri. 
 sheels ; ami. ill a lapiil that e.Klemls tu IIh- .Ii^l,ll„.■..i 
 nine miles below, fails nearly as iiimli iimn'. Tin rim 
 then flows in a deep ehaiiiiel till it enters l:il.;c'Oi:!.iii, 
 at Port Nia.^ara. 
 
lOAUA. 
 
 :»i";'n.i;>.i..>m..r„„;^;;:i:'^- 
 
 iiul, 61. il.iiiliM,.|„rt«i; 
 tlMOmi,knrN%.,uV.l'',',,i'''' 
 
 ! i«i>" i'J. II,.., t.,; 
 
 :'"VV'!' I"''! i"'»'Ui!.'I; 
 
 ''■«'»l'" >iM!lll'l I'/i, 
 
 !■■ '"''Ill l'li>ln liliHi,;,; 
 
 i . ■»• ZraLili.ltn ),,.(„,; 
 
 ; lV,.Ulll||,;,ti.,|| |,,|,„||, 
 
 ' , . ' • • ' ll I 
 
 I'M I'V li|irli!,li;ni!,,M.,i,.,, 
 
 . r. I'd 
 niiiit iiiiiji.rilv . , ||,, ; 
 liiiinl-.trHt"i ' . ,.; ph,. , 
 liiiti'il KDM'iui.r, Aiiiil 
 
 • . • • . I - Al L'' 
 
 i;ili"ii'. tlir"iiKli''iit lU 
 
 i'llllllr ,?„ 
 'rliint iiii'ii;.iui's |.ii.j,i.„.,| 
 
 :'l. ; I'isllt lll'UIS 'IllVllli.l 
 
 il Yi'iii.|l"(ili, ijtli'iwi,.' 
 
 Die', 
 I'lit i"i1niilHi,(.,,|i,,.|.vi,(„, 
 
 ■ III''. I.. Miit.l. , 
 ■■ i'T"M...| , liAi.tiL „■ 
 
 riOX. X.'V. iluki' nf El. 
 il"-lvWM, iniiii'iiciii 111,.,,,,,,, 
 • <'l l''l' I'. Win Ah ;i* ;| 
 
 )ii 7 lvi.. is^j, hu,,,,,,' 
 wlii'ii. hi' I'l'll. 
 
 NmI'i'I'uii 1., 5 •\liril. i8i4, X ., 
 III'. I" 111., kiiia, b.tiii, XMii 
 ' l-'l.ll Il"lil t'lliu, )iiii,:ir.|i.,\ 
 
 ncp, ,l,.s..ltil.l, i„ |>|fl,-,l,,| ||,,, 
 
 I..- l">t.:iii'l"|"i,..,tli..l'„v,i,l,.., 
 i'5- Ni'.v l'''lll....itt.i.;k,nii- 
 iiTi' 111' r"iif;lit ill till' iiii,|,t,; 
 I'i'Tiv.l Willi l.iill.tli.ii,, ri, 
 
 t IllI'll'V llilll ; lii;!,! ai,.| .|,.|n, 
 
 iiiilj;li ili.'lihli'.l ill till, lit, 1 1 
 
 WIMllllll 1 till' SilMv n| ,1 
 
 ,;;lit I'Ut, iiimI 111! ; Alia, tnk.":, 
 lit Urilliir. ami linniRlitii.inii 
 IVi'i's, 4 lii'i-, Thf utliani.i, 
 'iiriH, liviiii; u ^I'lii'iiil aiiiii.<iv 
 ir ill \".iiii. 
 
 Ilrri' lliniliim mul i;,, 
 Turks, 24 Jiiiii', iSjii. 
 
 ni'i-irii). At tlic lu'iiil.'fiiH 
 
 lori', is Fort Kiic, whii h w.ij 
 
 I, 24 July, 17511. It »,, 
 
 with thi' Fiiitiil Sliitis y 
 
 IlllvCll, I(» Dl'i'. t'.illiiwiii;;, \ 
 
 siiii;li' spiiii uf HzoSvi-l i.viT 
 lis till' iiiilvays of C'dlaiii 
 I'liril ill Miinli,' 1855. It ij 
 Ciiniiiiiiiii.utiil 2;Ui'i't on llie 
 ii'llnl llV a Kli'it lltw >|,..l 
 
 1 tifii'il"2.S, 2') Miiich, |S.,;, 
 t, I'liiistnidi'il liy till' I'mii- 
 y for till" C.inailian .iin! Nt» 
 
 iw Flirt Krii' ari'lln. MHiUMl,;,. 
 ' 74oyarils wiili' ; thr li:i;:.;i,i|.. 
 i-atarai'ts is a rai'i'l. in niri.li 
 it is llii'ii tliri'vvii, Willi j.Mi. 
 
 a Stll|il'lliinl|S |.|i.ri|iir|. 1,1 ,: 
 
 tliii'i. ilisliiii't ami ri'lU.f'il 
 lli.tl i..\li'ii.|... liilli,..li.<liiii,.'„[ 
 iiraily as iiiiu li iimir. Tin r;v,r 
 aiiiii'l till it I'litiTshkcOi:!.!!!', 
 
 XritKLUxVOE NOT. 
 
 77d 
 
 i" 
 
 NICARAGUA. 
 
 n,e win vlnllt'il liy till' I'Hiiii'iir Will,.,, N,.|,t. ,gf«,. 'the iinltml niroft. „f t> c, '. . ' 
 
 n iiliiii'i" 1 till' falls 11,1 a ti;-li.,ii|ii., „,ii,„i.,.Mi,/. ' H Ihi.siirH w^ n ""■'■","f'''l<'[;'t'''I 'futo* Hii- 
 
 l.;„r,.,»,ir T.Miilall vislinl til.' falls, Nov., iHjj anil Ire- ', ""*>'' ''Vi". Nti'iira«;iiii miil Costii liii'u iii.ii.al,. I t.i 
 
 tiiriiliii' llii'i" "f fl'"' Hiiyal liiHtltiill 4 A|iiH. 187J. 
 
 lo,ii|i.iiiv fiiriiH'il til utllizi' Its wat.'r imwiT i 'Iiaiil- 
 
 ijllv, 1S77. 
 
 Ciiiit.Miitt W.'l.l. ilrowni'.l wlilli' ntti'iiiiitln;,' tu swim 
 
 ji.riwnlli"»liii'l| I I'll'i'ls, .■4''iil.v, iH|. 
 
 Via(,iiraiiitiiiiiiti"iii'l|«iil< piiiclmsi'il l.ytlu. U.,S. khvitii. 
 
 ■ iiipiit.i.iiriii'l I ^. Inly, i3ii. 
 
 Mr. Carllsli' H- liialiaiii, an KiiKllsliiiian, pussi'il tlii'i,ii«!i 
 
 llii'iniiii'ssali'lv ill II liaiivl slmpi.il lik,. a Inmv, si. mi, 
 
 f,.,tl,'iin. 11 .Inly, liftt; lU'iilii, 15 ,lniii., 1H-I7.' 
 Will. ,/, Ki'ii'lall In II ri'ik Vi'st swiiiis tlin.iinli tin' 
 
 n|,i.H, n \nn. Hi'.. 
 Til,' liiw ni'l'i'i' 'ii'il'' ruck fi'll, ilmj ti. ivi'l;<lit i.r 
 
 acniiiiiiliifi'il ii'i'. IJ •Inn. iSii;. 
 Mr. II"IMii«slii»il s Kiiiiiil "I'.voli.raiiift" nf Mni;nfn, 
 
 Liiiiiliiii, "lii'ii''il I.' .March, i333, rlnsi'il 39 \i.v. iBy,,. 
 Mr. Oirlislii I'. (Iraliaiii alter Inn;,' pri'|.iiiatii.ii salil ti> 
 
 1,1111' "slii't .\lii>;i.iH(nipii|s) in 11 Lairi'l" ..^ aii;;. liSo. 
 Mr. Pi.<i)ii I'H'Ss.'S MiiKiira livrr lu'lmv tlm lulls ,111 11 
 
 wiri'Ml'i', A."*"!'!. iSgo. 
 Aiiiiiti'miitiiiiial i-i'iiiinissli'ii (pri'slili'nt, sIrWin. Tlii.m. 
 
 .n'i,iiltirivariis li.nl Ki'hiii) \viis,ipp,iiiili.il tn cunsiiii'i. 
 
 Vl»'st iiH'tliiwI fir iitili/iiu i.'i.'x. Iinrsi'.piiwi.r, of 
 
 ilii'fnri rtlii' Xi.'inara fills, wliiil, is rnmpnti'il ti. I)i. 
 
 ii»iiit 4,5oi>,u,>) liiirsi'-jinv'.'r. i'ri/i's w.'ii' «iv..|i l.y tlir 
 
 L'iianu't cniiipuiiy to tli« untlnmt of viirloiw i.i'iljwtH 
 
 jpfl.. i3i)i. 
 Ill till' J'lmraof 3 .711111', i3i)j, iii'i.fi'ssiir CJi'iir;.'i' Fi.rli.'s, 
 
 wi|o was I'lipip.il in tlii. iiiiili.rtakiii>!, ivp,,it,.,l tli.it 
 
 till' iii«ii ill!,' Winks wiTi. iirarly ruinpli.ti'il, mnl 
 
 tliat till' i.l.."frii'iil arriiii:,',.|iii.iils iiy whiili tin. vast 
 
 f,irL.i' was to 111' traiis'iiitlnl, wi'ii' l.i.;;iiii. 
 Tlii'd.rci' is to 111' iisi'il ill fai'liirii's, in li.i,'litiii« \la','nm 
 
 Falls city, anil in wuikiii^ railways. In i.iqi tlir work 
 
 \va.si'aiTinl on fy tin' .Via;,'aia Falls I'liwi'r I'l.inpaiiy. 
 Tlip «ri'at poHi'r lioiisii I'liiiipli'ti'.l, 5,,,j„ lii,|.si-|.ii,v;.r 
 
 iljiiaiiios imistrm'tfil by tlin WVstiiiKlioiisi. I'luiipany, 
 
 reiKirtisl l>o., 1804. 
 Mr. r. C. .Martin, nt N'l'W York, wivn an lllustratoil df.s. 
 
 ooiirs'""!! til'' "L'tilisaliiin 1,1 Niapira," ut tin' Kojjl 
 
 llnlilUli'ill, I.oMiloll, I9.I11111', i,-'i)6. 
 
 Keit'ljit..! i5,„.jliiirsi..piiwi'r li'inii tin' Nia^'ara wi.rks 
 at BulTalo, 26 inil.'S ilisUiiit, iniiliiiKlit, .Siiiiilav ii 
 Nov. iSoS. ' ' 
 
 NIBELUXGENOToiXuiKLUXGKx-LiED, 
 
 ., •'• •".■>"' """laKilil llllH «^ilslii HI,. I, iipi,.|,|,. I t,i 
 
 th.' Kivat hiiropi'iin p„w,'r. fi,r piotii'tioti. Yinuairini 
 railway, „ transit roiitr Ih'Inv,.,,, thr I'aoiH,' ,,„,l 
 .Ulaiitu' pn.posnl, 1,11,1 n,„ip„„y |;„.|,„,,i x„v. ,«(„, 
 In'si.h'iit . Marliii,.. ..j,, t,.il, ,H-,,, ,„ul ,,%,. 
 trniainli. (niziiiaii, il.iti'il [ .Manh. |H(,7; Vii'diti 
 (Maiha ,'h'i'l..,l , F..1,. ,„;,; IVilr,. ,li,,;,„i„ c 11 . 
 
 .in,'l. l»r, Ailuiii Carili'iias, ,laii. j^Hi- Si'iVir 
 arazii, i(, Dm. i.s.Si,. F,.p„|„ti,n,i„ l.S.,7, 310,100. 
 
 C 
 
 I.iiills Xapoli'iiii, al'liowaiils 
 inaklnyu ship ,.i,ii,i| |,v n,,, ,,,_ 
 .Ulantii'li, (h,. I'll,. in,., |„.nv,.,.„ ,84..-4; thi' K" 
 
 nn.kii.«A_siiip ;.,,,.,,, ,v-i,;i;,;,;:''^]:.;;,,i;-i';- 
 
 Vi'lll. 
 
 In 
 r 
 
 ;•■■;.'. "* * ■ it'iMi'i'ii ia4_'-4 ; tin* L'liXfri 
 
 iiii'iit 1.1 NiraraKiia pinpnsLil it In ,A^l, ; ml | ('|,ii,| 
 
 iiia,l,.a»iirv,.y|„ ,85,; a ,• panv w. s ol .'t'lJ 
 
 ?aiKts':i;.,'ii'i' 'i';'r''"" ^ ";'■'■•' ■*'«'"•''- '••" "'"''■ 
 
 lllllsls ilri'lllii.il III,!,. <,,p|„,,.t. ' 
 
 Ll'r'"' "'" '■'■""■'' '" '•■'■''■ '^7.- »'■>■ ^■■'"oma ; ,„„l 
 
 Tivaty l.y whli'h tin. Uniti..! >statis may nniHtrui't 11 
 ■■"'in. (.\"i,s,.all', plan, f,,,,,, ,s„„ ,,,„„ .;.,'.';'•';,' 
 
 i:i''.^;:;r';!:;;itr^';;,l!:r;uiri',.,.,:;;:';-i;'' 
 ±,;si;ii:^;v:;!.,.;^Vi;,„-^^'-i--'M'r-.uiii^^f 
 
 7''fi'|',!",*33,';."'' "" '"" ""■ ^'''■"'■"""i" ™l'"' I'ill. 
 
 '^ Junls'tsS''"" "' " ''"■'"'"""^'' "' •"■"V ■''■■"■" 1-^'", 
 Di'alhiif .,i^'. farazu; Mr. .Saca/a I'li'rti.il pr,.,i,|,.„t . ,,.. 
 
 porti'il . .\.i«. :839; r...i.|,.i'i,.il ahoiit .j on. i3o 
 11... I'oii.j riu.li,,,, ,if till' Nii'aiaKiia canal W^n^\ „,.,. 
 
 =7 1'.O,! ,'39', ' '• "'«""'""'■'' ''V tl'^' U..S.A. «'n»t ': 
 
 "Zhos'Si^'T; An' ";i;r'"'"' ''''" ''''""'^'"■" <""• 
 
 Insiini'ctiiiii : till. |.|.|,, 
 
 (.,„., ,.,,.,,1,,, ,, -..i-...,. ..,11 .-laii i^arios mill 
 
 t'lhiiJi i " -y'i'V;. ■*'';. iVi'""l I'V ."x-pnisi t 
 
 I, iil.'iia/ ami p.|i. (,iiti,.|.,.,.z ; tlm iiisiii-i.|its,|,.|,.at,.,l 
 l.y pn'.'iiili'nl Sai'a/a, May; tin, noverMini'iit tri,,,,^ 
 
 apomiLir liiTman .'pic of tlw 12th i-i'iitiiry, , .011.- I II,. tin.,, i' ii,,,,i 'n',|" Ki',',,,,','v "vn.''ll',"l ' "■'*•' '"^\ 
 
 poH'il of yarioiis aiini'iit iiiytliinil poniis, tiTiiii'il I K'oyir I bivy Ti.vvn, f, ti^.t ' o,, 1 1 (),.t'''\v'il'l'''''. ■'" 
 
 .<ai;as; wliicli a inliii- to thi' piii't Win. Jlorris, : tiin.'il liri'iiailii liy siir'prisi. wlini ii, A ili.|V.„|.i.Vss''st'.itl. 
 
 should be to oiir rat'o wliiit lIoiiH-r was to tlio ! ,^ -Maymwi, i.m. „( tin' iiiii,isl,',s, ami I'stalilisiii'il 1' 
 
 Greeks. I l,','.''' f, '';'■'■"'■ '.'.\ "itiTyi'iilii.ii of tin' Ann'riran Vnnsii'l 
 
 Tl,eli-stontli'iil.'ilitl,m,l.yK.[,arhiiiai,ii,appi.aii',l,3.6 ' Ua Xnt^lZI' .^'^'"!:- "''!"^^^^^^^ 
 
 sanguinary striiKKl- .•nsm.il, lastiiiK"ti|IM"v''l^' '""',;; 
 
 NIC.EA, 8i'e Xia: , f,' 'ollf-.'^f; ^\;''l"''- '"'■■'".^, '",''"' ^■'''■"■"'^'' '"•i"" 'I"-'''!" 
 
 ' ii. ili'Icml It, ami ri'iimvi'il tho ^I'at uf "iivi.niini.,it t 
 
 NICARAGUA, a state in Central AmiTica ' 'i'™"- ''?,'i^l''"'-'' '"• ^'"■'■'■inl''i'''l to ^-.'„, Mma i.n , Vav 
 (,c/iic/, »«!). The present i-onsfi,.. tin.. w„. ... ,..!,_: :?57. oil til,, inti'i ^- ' 
 
 lished 19 Aug. iiSyS. At tin 
 it WHS greatly ilisturlieil hy 
 that of the pi'esidcnt, Cham" 
 
 VJ'i '^''•'\»'''< '■"'npelle.l til siiiTinih'r tiieiMT 'I'auf lim"' 
 
 L.S., ami was ,.„iiv,.yi',l tn .Vrw York II,. ,.. • 1 ,:;i 
 
 ./;,. ; , . I ,,■ „, . ''I ' ' 
 
 ite in Central America ' "'™''-,''i''i^l'''''-'' '"• :*'"i''inl''i'''l t.. ^-.'„, Mma i.n , Mav 
 
 constiltition was estah- : U^s'' lVimU?f his ''l'';!' "'';''''■ "^'^i-^- "'■«'"•■-'• M"n<\ 
 
 e.™iinu.n,;e„i...tof .«55 ua^^y.'lei'ri'^i'::^;;'^!!;,: ;^,r ;i- 
 
 y two nohtieal parties; , t'leat eiitlmsiasni. On 2-, x„v , ,s,, Im .,.'.,, ,. 
 
 lorro, who liehl Granada, ' Nh'araKUa, lamliii^iat Piiiita Aivnas witliTJo iiui 1,',1'f 
 
 frli.i .],.....,..«..•: .1 ■ 1' .'III S lll*i> Will.; i.. ....<.. ,11... I a 1 "* _ ■ "■ 
 
 the eapital, ami that of tlie lieiiioeralie ehief, 
 Castellon, who helil Leon. Tlie latter invited 
 Walker, the filibuster, to his a.s.sistiinee, who in a 
 short time bcenmo sole dictator of the state.* Bv 
 
 * William WalkiT was l.orii at Ti'iini'ssi'i., in the 
 
 United Stales, where he 1 aim. sneeessively ilm.tor 
 
 lawyer, and journalist, ami afterwanls Kolil-'s.'cker hi 
 Ciilif.imia. wli.Ti... Ir- wa:, iiiviteil tn Niear.i^iia l.y 
 iMtelliiii, with the pn.mise i.f 52,000 aeres of kiml „ii 
 oindition of liriiiK'iiiK with him a liaml of ailv.'iiturers to 
 sustain the rovnhitionaiy cans,'. Walker aeei'pteil the 
 terms, and on 28 June lamleil at Uealejo with 6,3 men 
 
 .uiishnieiit l.y „„/,.;„„.,,,„, ■ ,, ,|„„,,, ,s g). |„„ ,.^; ,, 
 I'auMiiiK was ti'ie.l l„r exieeiliiiK i.,,k.rs,'ainl l.la,,,,. 
 >vt ..veuseil l.y pivsi.leiit nnehanan. ()„ 5 Am; 8.0 
 Walker aiuleil ,i,.ar Truxill,,, H,>i„|„,.as, ami ,.,k Z'^ 
 
 t: ;;;;;""''■ ""<l"'7tl. fein-laii I thaHie malli, 
 
 wai 111 theKovi'rnnieiit, imt 1.11 the p,.,,pl ■ II,,m|„,.,„ 
 
 On liem^' siimniomil t„ .un-U'ler 'hi,' .„„,„. 1" , . ,;• 
 ■Nilimui, li..V,,.f theyeoni... he lefuseil, anil ll,.-,l. l,, 
 was pursui'il, eauslit, Kiveii up In th,' Ilomluias '..ve.,,- 
 ineut, tried ami shut (1.. S,'pt.). His f„ll„weis weru 
 
 8&,"'*'*' "■^' "'" "'"■'' '"'"■'-''"''''■t''' to Meara".!-, ii, 
 
 ■'II 
 
 . „'* 
 
 \u 
 
 f '■ 
 
 ,i*- 
 
 ,>i 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 'm^'iu 
 
 i^l|#l^! 
 
 in 
 
 Siiil 
 
 
 m 
 
 f. ■ 
 
 i'^ 
 
 ! ¥ 
 
NICE. 
 
 778 
 
 NIEMEN. 
 
 jr '. 
 
 
 ¥i:'»«' 
 
 
 ifetp' 
 
 in 
 
 WSi-i*:;;.., 
 
 i^^ 
 
 i|lH||inc^ ^ : 
 
 1^ 
 
 Pfp'^'''' 
 
 
 p^li" M 
 
 McfcBtH nt MiiMya, jo Mny ; iieuoflntliiTiM for iwnic ; 
 
 IMoiiili'ht Hmvizii i-fslKim ; iirw nnvi'iiaui'iit fiiriniil liy 
 
 <niji|iii)jiilMi', )u M«y ; Hiihiulnr Miii'lmilii, iinmhliMit, 
 
 I JiiMc; till' rinnliillniMKljt I'litiM llw city, 6 .liun'; 
 
 Uik« ('(jhnlo itinl L'liliiuiiili'Kii, i<'|»iitwl .Inly ; tii'ii. 
 
 ■Idki' Huiitim Zfliiyii, iiii'Klili'iit, iciKjitcil, i8 .Inly; 
 
 UDViTiiiiiciit ii\crtun'H n>|i'cti'il liy thn IiihiiihimiIh ; 
 
 IlKtitiiiK (•(Miliiiih'il, ji July; MiiiiiiKuu I'liiptiiri'il 
 
 liy till' iiiniHKiMitii, ri'porti'il a6.liily; tlicy niiiiipy 
 
 .Nlftdaya, ii .Inly; tritiity iir |Mmii; thi> Li'im piuiv 
 
 mipreiiii' ;" jji'ii. Zcliiy* ri'tlifH j iiliiiieHty it'lKjrtwl, 
 
 i Ann. i8ui. 
 W;ir' Willi IliiiHlnniK. ii'hith »ir. ,lnii. 1894, 
 Imimti' with ,M(i<i|iiltii tiTilt'iry (iM/ii./i -.,), 1894. 
 liy KM I'xiilimliiii lit. 111!' nillltjiiy lianwks at llraimOii, 
 
 many Iht-n just, f^Oct. 181)4. 
 'J'liii Canal lilll |imssi>i| liy 1I11' I'.H.A. mniatci ; 7o.ooo.««j 
 
 ilollaiM ti) 111' Knaianlffil ; tin' .ii'i'ii'tary iif llm t'.H. 
 
 tlWiMniy t(i liaMi tin' Hn|ii'i\ IhIiiii iif tlni work, ti'n nl 
 
 tlie ilirci'tiirt t<i !«■ aiiiininti'il liv tin' iiri'«|ili'nt, 26 .Ian. 
 
 1895 ; nnfaviinralili' ii'pnit nl tin' ciinnnlnnlnu nl mini. 
 
 ni'ci'H, i't(-'., nn tin' r*rln'tiii'. annntinnt'i'il, line. iBq^. 
 I'ltiinalnin ; (lira! Ilritain ili'mamls ij.s.o'.ax ii'luimliun 
 
 fur Injnrii'H to llritlnli snlili'ctn. .Vc, 19 .MimtIi. i895' 
 Nii'arnnna |iin|iii«i'!i that alli|ni'«tlon» Klmnlil lin ri'lurii'il 
 
 to iinpaitial iirliitratlon. is April, iRgv 
 Airival of ) Itrilish war-nhlps at Corlnlo, ;j April, iSm. 
 I'avnii'ntoiiMili'iniiily ilniniiinli'il within ^llay^. J4 Apiil ; 
 
 rnl'nM'il. M Aim il ; tin) ri'pnlilic iluclari'il nmliT martial 
 
 law, ^8 April. 1895. 
 t'ciriiito iii'cnnii'il liy tlni Hrltlch tnaipponeil, a; April ; 
 
 nipt. Tri'iii'li liiHtJilliiil gnvi'rnor, aB Aprl), 1893. 
 I'll"*. Zi'laya proti'stHagaiiiNl llii) HrilUlioi'C'iiIiialuii,*C., 
 
 j8 April, iS95' I 
 
 Nicarauna anri'c-s to jiay 15, 50V. witliiii 15 ilays after tlm 
 
 HritiMh I'vacnati' Corinto. |o April. 1^95. 
 'J'liH ministi'r of .Malvailor in I„oinlon anlhoilzcil to ]ia> 
 
 till! iinlt' ity ; till' Uritisli ri'tiii'from Corinto. 4 .May, 
 
 1895 ; a I'oiivi'nliiiii iinri'i'il to, anmmiii'i'd, 18 .Mairli, 
 
 1896. 
 Id'Vnlt in till' iinrlli-wi'St ; liri'H. Znlaya ili'daii'n liimsi'll 
 
 illrtatiir, ri'porti'il 25 Ki'li. 1897. 
 hi'Vi'i'i' ili'fi'at of the ri'lii'l« at .Matrarls ami Narjinti', 
 
 t;iim< raplnri'il. rt'imrtril, ■.' .Marrh ; Matapa ami .Mora 
 
 lakfii I'y pri'.s. Zi'laya, ii'porti-il. it .Mari'li. 1697. 
 8i'ri(iiis i'llntnrliain'1's liy tin' II Iiiiiis solilii'is at 
 
 Corinto »npiiri'««ril liy tin' Hiili'.h iiinl Aini'rlfan 
 
 mariiii's, with tlni appmliatiou of tin' ini'siili'iit, a-4 
 
 May, 1897. 
 Niiarannaii ri'lM'ln (300) mnciittti! Hnii .Tiiim ilal Snr, 7 
 
 Ki'ti. ; ri'lit'lH ili'fnati'd at Ulvas, S Kcli. 1898. 
 
 NICE or NiC-KV, " town ill Hithyniii, Asia 
 Jliiior, N. W. .Viitiydiiiirt gnvo it the iminc Aiiti- 
 H'liit'iii, which LyuiniacliUB clinii-rd to Nitiuii, tlii' 
 nnini' of his wifn. It linniim' tht' ri'siilciiin of tin' 
 Kiiitfs of liithyiiin iitioiit 20H 11. c. At thi' hiittlc of 
 N'ii'c, A.I). 19.|, the cniptror Si'vcms licfcatcil lii" 
 rival, ri'sc'i'iiimis Ni^'iT, wlio was aj;aiii <l('f('»tc(l at 
 I-8U8, anil scion nflcr taken iiri^iorier nnil jiiit to 
 death. The tirst ^'eiieral eoiiiieil was hehl here l'» 
 June to 25 An;;. ,^25. wliich mlopted llie Nu knk 
 C'llKEI) and I'ondeii'iiled tlie .\riaiis. It was ntleiideil 
 liv V8 hislmiis fi-oMi dixrrs parts, wlio settled lintli 
 tl'ic'doctriiie uf the Trinity and tlie time tor observiiif! 
 ilaster. An iicUlition was made to the creed, 5iHl ; 
 was rejected, 4,51. See /V/(V/(/((( . When the C'ru- 
 ►ndera took Constantinople, iiiul estalilislied a Latin 
 einnire there in 1 204, the Greek eiiiiieror.s reniuved 
 to Nice and reiitned there till I2(il, when tliey re- 
 turned to Cnnstantiiiople ; see ]',(ixlii-H Kiii]jiic. 
 >'icf WHS taken by the Ottonmn Turks in 1330. 
 
 NICE (S. K. France) was the seat of 11 colony 
 lidin Miissilia, now .Marseilles, and funned part of the 
 Kniniin empire. In the middle aL'es it was snhji'Ot 
 to Genoa, and Buffered from the freiiiient wars. 
 Iiiinf taken and re-taken liy tlie iniperialists iiiid 
 French. It was tiikeii liy "the Austrians under 
 Alelas, 1800; seized and iinne.\ed to Kraiice i;iy2; 
 restored to Sardinia in 1814. Nice was again 
 annexed to France in virtue of tiie treaty of 24 
 March, i8'jO; the jieopk liaviiig voted nearly 
 
 nnnnlmou»ly for thi« chiiiiKe by uiilverm! miiTrme 
 Thi' French troo|ii< entered i April, uinl ,|,.|i„,,; 
 pnnHessioii was taken 14 Jniie fnUimiin. (jurilmlii,' 
 II native, vilaiiipntly iirotested against Ihunniiin,. 
 tion. 
 
 peril In nine, ami panic, «li,jiit ;,, ,ji],,,| 
 
 'i Miinl,,' Hi, 
 Aliiint yo acres of forest dcstniyi'il hy ti|i. ; llim.'i,I.r^j"j 
 
 KIre at lli 
 
 liitrnnitliimil pxlillillliiii 
 
 Hint no 
 
 perisli 
 Stiitni' of ( larlliAldl illivellril 
 The uni'i'ii visits Nice . .Miiri'li, Aiall, 
 
 .7 Fi. 
 4'lfl. ,' 
 
 VS ti'n i:,;. 
 
 NICIAH. 1»K'."E OF. lictwien .Mhen, „„,, 
 Spuria fur 50 years, 421 11. c, iicKntini,.,! u ,|^^, 
 unlnrtiiiiate Athenian ^'cneral, win wit); 1,1, ,,!_ 
 league, lldiiiisthenes, was put t" ilcalli idit, ,|',j 
 disustrniis termiimtiun of thu e.\pediliuii ii..,,i|||| 
 Syracusi', 413 n.i'. 
 
 NICKEL, 11 white, din -ile, inallcalilcmiignpijt 
 metal, eiiiplou'd ill the liianul'ai'ture of Ucrniaii 
 silver. Criilisledt In ly^I discdvercd iiickrl n, ti,^ 
 mineral cojiper-niikel. Nickel nnli red \„ \„, ,,,(,, 
 slilnted for brniize cnimigi' in Frame, iSH:, 
 
 The Iim/.i' IiOII CllKillC fit plofcSSur SI..|||M,,( Vil.|,|,n,,. 
 
 l8Ss, Cf.nsisleil of plates iif nicliil nx.-,i nu I, ,i|„, : 
 
 whlcli ri.tatiil when the im lal »a, Inatril, m n,. 
 prcsemc of a inaniiet. i^iniilar iniirlinu'^ Inn,, i,.,'' 
 i'onstrnclcil hy K. llerliiier, iiiSs. Ki|i»nii. i>Ji a,,! 
 K. J. .smllli, 1S93. '' ' 
 
 NICOHAR ISLES, Indian Ocean, S.of Ilm 
 of Hcn;;al, yiven up hy Deiimaik iiiid oci ii|iii.|| l.y 
 Ureal llritniii tn -uppress piracy ; anmnuni'd Jim,' 
 18(19. Comliined with tlic .Vn'daiiian Ulcs, ii/,„/| 
 
 .Vft'. 
 
 NICOLAITANES, a sect inciiti<,ii,.j in ^„., 
 
 ii. (1, I V said to have spniiii; from Nii nliis, nii,, ,( 
 the first seven deacons {Arts vi.", ami tolim. 
 advocated a coniiiiiiiiily of wives, and tn liavi'iimifj 
 the divinitv of Christ. 
 
 NIC(>MEl)L\.tliellietr.ipnlis„f|(itl,v|,i,,,j^i, 
 Minor. N. W'., foil mil d hy km;;- Nicnnicilc, 1„ ii,, 
 ii.c, on the remains of Astani.^; ili strn'.iil Ijv'm 
 eartlniuake, A.D. 1 15; and restnreil li\ thi' ('iii]ii.|ii, 
 Adrian, 124. The ll'iman ciiiperu'rs fivqiunllv 
 resided here diirin;t their eastern war*, llfr'f 
 Uioelelian roitiiied the purple, ^115; and Cunflan. 
 tine died at his villa in its nci^'lili'iuihi,M(l, j)-, i| 
 surrendered to the Seljukian Turk-. Io;3;'u'ii0 1,, 
 Urclnin and the UttHinaii Turks in 135S. 
 
 MCOroLIS, on the l>anulie, Biilmjj, 
 fouiiilcd liy Trnjaii. llcii' was fnn-lit a liiitlli'lv. 
 twii 11 the nliicd Clirislian powers under >\a,. 
 iiiiiiid, kin:; of lluii;;ary, alterw arils ciiiiicror.aiiii 
 the Turks under Jiajazet ; said tu have Imn ij., 
 last hatlle hetween the 'I'urks and Christians, tlif 
 latter were defeated, lo>iir.' 20.1 kki shiin, anj j, 
 many wounded and iirisoiiers, 2>S S.'pt. ijijli. Xi. 
 ciipoiis was taken hy the liussians .ifter a snue 
 eniitlict (2 jiashas, almut (hjiki imn, 2 iiriiiit„rs, 
 and 40 truiis were captured), 15, Id July, Ifi". 
 
 NIELI-()-W(-)l{K. helievcd to have btcnpro. 
 duced liy ruhhin;; a ini.\tin-e of silver, Icail, coppir, 
 
 ' sulphur, and Imrax into ein;raviie,'s nu silver, to., 
 an art know 11 to the ancients, was practised in Ike 
 mi. Idle ii^es, and said to have ;;ivcr. to Wm 
 Fini^'uerra the idea of eiij;ravin^'ui)unr( .ppor, aVul 
 
 , I4(xj. 
 
 NIEMEN, or Mk.M K.r,, a river tlnwiiig intolW 
 IJailic, .iiiil separ,itiii„' I'russi.i imin Uu.v-i,i. tJii,ir,Jl 
 on this river the emperor Napoleon met Alosaniler 
 of Kussia, 22 June, I.So;, and made ]ioaix' withliiir. 
 and I'russia, lie crossed the Nicincn to invi(> 
 
 f^:%lf*4l 
 
NIQEB. 
 
 777 
 
 'I l«"l<,»l«mt;o*i||,,l, 
 
 Jj Muri'li, ,ij| 
 
 '''■'0'"ll<yli"';thr'Hv'L^tl 
 
 IF, lichv,,.,, Atlicm and 
 I H.f., Mri„tiiit|.,l I,,. ,1^^, 
 rllrral, wll. with )„', ,,|_ 
 i» |iilt til ilnilh iiftt, ,1,^, 
 jt tiiu e.\l.i'(liti„ii i,..„i|„, 
 
 ui'ilp, niMlli'iil)i,.,n,ii|tm.iit 
 • finmuriirlmv of Ocrn,,,,! 
 I lii-riivcri'il iiirlifl ,11,1,. 
 Nuki'l mill icil [., In, ,^j^_ 
 B'f in Imiiiki', iSKj, 
 
 , II Ki'i't iiii'iitiiiiicil in/,'ii, 
 iniii!,' fi-uiii Niiiiliis, iiin. ,|' 
 i (-/./v VI.', ;i,„l tohni- 
 jf wives, mill to liiivcilrniia 
 
 iiu'triiiiiili-ii.fHitlivnia,.\,j,, 
 liy km;; .Niiimiciicj 1., :i,^ 
 Astani,^; di stri.ycil Wan 
 nd rcstiiivil lij thc' myeni 
 iinaii cniiicruM fivquintl; 
 licir eastern wiirK. Hrr'r 
 imriile, V'.S; iiial Cunstiiii. 
 its ni'i;rli))Hiiiliiiii(l, ]]-. ], 
 uluiiii Tmii-. iu;8;'ii'ii(l i-. 
 II 'links ill 133S. 
 
 ill the Hanulic, Diili'uiiii, 
 , re was fmiiiiit a Imtllc K. 
 siiiin |iowers iiiidir t^la,. 
 ■y, alterwanls enilicror, aiij 
 zet ; salil tn liave lurmle 
 'I'lirks uiul Cliiisliiius, tla' 
 isiii'-' 20.1HK1 slain, and ai 
 Millers, 2,S Sept. ]lfp. XI. 
 tlie Kussiaiis alter a suure 
 lilt (MKi linn, 3 inonitur-, 
 red), 15, l(j July, IS;;. 
 
 , believed to have Won pro- 
 tnre of silver, leail, coii|.ir, 
 I ennravin^s 011 siKit, Jic, 
 lieiits, was [irautisnl in tk' 
 1 ti) have ;:iv('i! to lliiw 
 ii^ravin;; uiion ir'p]icr, ab'iit 
 
 Il';i,,a river tlowini'intotlie 
 nissia JViini llusoia. (Ju,<i,i:i 
 iir Napoleon met Alcsiiniier 
 •, and made peine willilijin 
 sed the Nieinen to inra.if 
 
 NIHIL1KT8. 
 
 Kinii. 14 Jii'i'' '"'*' ""J ro'croMcd with the 
 
 Miiiaini »! Ii'« "'■'"). *** "'■''• ^''"r it thu Tolei 
 ^n.uKil tho UusKiiiim 27 May, i8ji. 
 
 VIOEIt AKi«'i't >■"''''■"' '^'.W. Afriia. llritiith 
 ,l'lltliiflll« at the iniiiltll ent.ihlished niiii e 1H4I. 
 Vinrti")''''''''""'"''' -"'"'"' '^■»'> llrili"li piiitev 
 j rein *"'' '"•■ ""''^' "'"'■""■•1 l'> '''I' W'"(t Afrieaii 
 ( ntHtW' lit III rliii, Dee. lH«4 ; euntirnied June, 
 
 VKiKK COAHT I'liOTECTOUATE. 
 
 .vitxEKlA, iSiC. »<■« Oil l{,i,r>. 
 
 T|,( Xatiuiiid Afrli-uii eiMiiiniiiy liieoi pnniteil In iBPj ; 
 .li.irtiTi'il "» ''"' H">'il Mkit fi)iii|«iiiy In ,Mf, ; 
 rluiinii»". lufl Aliiailaie. 'I'lie eiiin|)aiiy « tiarltiirieK 
 ijfif I'liH'ti'"''''' ''.V tliii euiiililPialiiiii of Mirloiis «elHe- 
 iiiciiU, iS;v3}, anil liy treatii'H with petty eliielsiiml 
 r.i*oially liy till' treaty of Mkkl eoneliulml liy eiipl 
 liiL-nnl, l>liH'iii>! Klslii(i.i ()et.)aiid Dinvn (ur Itnsali) 
 ii'n.liT llrillHli laiileetioii, lu Nov. iH(;4 ; AiikIo- 
 Kriiiiolitri'Jityiit Un"ah, ju Jan. 1890. 
 siiiiiifl Ailjiil L'lmvtlier, a native Afriean, tlmt liislinp of 
 
 ",l,(.Sij;rr liMritiiry, reseneil when a el.il.l froni u slmu. 
 ,|ii|i l)y till' lliilisli, anil taken to .'Siena l.euno jBja ; 
 Uiiilini'il mill edai'ati'il ; heeaine a iiilsKiunary ; eon- 
 wcratfiUtOiiitirliiiry eatlieilral, 1864; illeil ji Dec, 
 
 I irtit. L .Mlioii. k'luliir of n Kreneli cxplorliiK expedition 
 
 iiitlw NiK''i'i'"'iii"'y hi 1891, on lilN return In I'aris in 
 
 Jiiim, itiyJ. ai'viisi'il the ullleers of the .N'iner euiii|iaiiy 
 
 ,if o|ipe»ilii"i ami ill.ii»a>;e. 'I'lie eliarnes were In inly 
 
 iririlnl liy till) conipiiny'd eliairniaii, lord Alienlare, 
 
 u. sS'liil.v. 1893. 
 .\.i» iis|it'ilitiiiii, 10 Ann. ; hU annresslve eomluet to. 
 ' uariU tlw Urillsii, (iernmiiH and native.s, leiiin'ltNl Oct, 
 
 ,f<i7. i39»; hi.s reenll ordHied. 
 \|, Hoflk- sunt out; tiirther eoiiiplieatloiis, roporti'il 
 
 S-lit. 1 liini'fi'iliiiKi* iif 'h'l conipaiiy Jiiotllieil by lord 
 
 .iijvnliilB : iini", 19 .Sept. 169,). 
 J.;.' It. .Mizuii sails for France, la Oet. iS9i. 
 i(.>|iies4ive iiiwisiiies of the eoiiniany lead to native 
 
 .'niiiUii lit Urass, a; Jan. 1895. 
 .Umm loutisl, 36 Jan. ; Mr. Wyse and other pri.soners 
 
 sillcil; .sii C'liiiiihi .Maediiiiald holds liiass ; leinfui.e. 
 
 iNuiitsiirrlviiiK, ri'poited 15 Fell. 1895. 
 .Mill. Utillunl takes y.ierillee island, .Miiilii, and Fish- 
 
 ;.iwa, ilofi'ats and piiiiislies the Iliass chiefs; lieiit. 
 
 lieu. J. Taylor mill 2 seamen killed, j^-2-, Feli. 1895. 
 jiisimte Hinli'il ; Hrass re-o|ieiieil to trade, jj April, itiyj. 
 .Nr Hroriie Tailliiaan-tMildie, ile|inty-Kin. nnder lord 
 
 AlKi'ilmi) («hii died 25 Fell. 1S95) aiiiee 1686, eleeled 
 
 (I'jvfraor ef the company ; Jurd Heai'lioroiiKli ilejinty, 
 
 Miiriti, ■8Qi. 
 IlH)iijrt.s of liiat. Dmiil's nml capt. Uucieiir'.s iiiIhhIoii ; 
 
 treatii'S siKneil, .Maieli-.\piil, 1895 
 Tail Hritlsli mul Kreiieli .NiKereominisHlon meet lit Paris, 
 
 ^ Fell.: the llmisHa territory oeeniiied by tlm emn. 
 
 ;iaity, Fi'li. if'go. 
 K:iW kekii iif Itiiiss eiitlaweil, reported, 18 April, 1S96. 
 iHrriiilii I'Xiiliisieii ,it liida, in the .Niipe eoniitry, llie 
 
 ■•iiiir .Mali'ki's palaee ilestniyed, j^o deallis, repi.rtinl 
 
 i6.M«.v, 1896. 
 .siiofM«nil repression of the slave trade, reported 11 
 
 .iiiiir, ii<p. 
 K itflii'llas ntriiiiKlioId on the .Middle lliniie river des- 
 
 Ti'Vi-il alter II desperate li;;lit and liiniself killed, 
 
 iiaiiy slaves ri'seiieti, 14 soldiers killed, Aiii,'. i£9t). 
 
 Sii' i."'j"!i, lli'i'. if96-7. 
 ."iia'ii->Mil e.'ipiilitiiiii of iniijor I.eoiiai'd, -Air. .lames and 
 
 ., r;i: rills, aiiari 1, to iieiidi eity, ic'u miles inland; 
 
 ■.P'atii's with vuriiias kiiif^s and ehiefs made, returns 
 
 tdOp'iliii. Hi Dee. 1E96. 
 .\ii expeilitiiin, nailer iiiajor Arnold ami sir (li'orKO 
 
 I'aiiliiiiaii tliiliiie, anainsl the emir of Xnpe and the 
 
 Kniahsf.ir tyranny and the breaking of treaties, 1585 
 Mill i£9o, leaves Lukiija 6 Jan. 1897 ; reaches Sura, the 
 • noiay retreatiii); on IJida, 11 Jan. 1897. 
 .Ml. Wallace, nKeiit-|.;eii.. with an armed flotilla, drives 
 uuttliH Fiilalu aiel buriLS Shonjia, their Hlroii^iliold ; 
 thi'Nupcv,jiiiii tlie forces apiiiist the Fnlalis, 14 .Ian. : 
 -uveraslul a.iiiuiee i.n K^lmii ; Ladi, the S. 'l-iilah 
 eapital, ilcstniycil, and 1,200 slaves re.seiied, 22 Jan. ; 
 lliila takea liy iiiajnr Arnold after 11 desperate li;;|it' 
 (1 a.m. to 4 p.m.), Fnlalis (20,000) iitterlv roiiteil ; 
 liMit. A. t'. ilimiisoii killed, 26, 27 Jan. ; sir tieorgn 
 
 "ihlle ,.„tei« Hldll, liepiitatliins of Xnpe« reeplved, 
 live farms »iiaiite,| h.w, ,,f ii„. Mk,., and pr.it.'etlon 
 I'loflainied, 39 Jan ; desultory iiKlitliifct, iirinee Uu 
 eapliMv.|, ,, Jiui. ,t„.. 
 Many • irrmiders, leKtivitles, raees, i-tc, i Feb. ; treaty 
 ol pence Willi .Xfiiliiimmed, tlieni'W eiiiir ur.Nnp»,»lKnei| 
 
 at Kosiijl, , Fell,; tri'aelierv of the ll.irins, sevele 
 
 liMlitniK near the ny.,ii ruer, i-, Feli. ; llie town ol 
 lliaiii biiinliaided and taken bs imOor Arnolds 
 ei.liiiiiii, If. Feb. ; tlie emir and 4 ela.'f, submit, treaty 
 111 llorlii si^m.,1, niviiij. pettiT to tli,. I'ompuny and 
 eireetliig u selileiiient of the Liiuim fioutler, i8 Feb. 
 
 It97. 
 
 French exiH'dltloii from Italioiney descends the river Flo 
 iiiid iieeiiples liiisa, 1 , Feb. (lleiil llietonnet iiMsnines 
 
 tlie title of Flelieh 1 esldelll i if t lie Middle Niger, and 
 
 .M. Canon styl,.,| Freiieli iesi,|,.|,i lit lliisii, Mar,), 1B97. 
 A treaty siKiied with tl iiilr ot l,.itlaKi, it Keli. ; the 
 
 troops reliiiii to l.iik.ila, .., Fi b. ; olhei emirs Mend in 
 
 their siibiiii-ioii, Maieh ; pnme Markiim ackiiow- 
 
 leilged eiim of Hi.hi ; oiuniiaigii entirely succBSsfnl 
 
 tliroiigliiiiii the W. Mi.iidaii, \laieli, iii97, 
 MiiliinissiDn of the I'atanlsat Abiitshi, 5 .March, 1897. 
 l.leiit. .Mnsters, Hho eaptnied some ,\upe lioeHenien 
 
 HiiiKleliandeil at Sheslii, .lies at Forcadns, 9 .Miir. 1897. 
 Mr. WallacsopeiatliM.s with the river tribes success- 
 
 till, leb.-Maich, 1007. 
 Flench enciiiaelini.'iits, reported, u Oct. 1897. 
 llie Anglo-Freiieli Xig.'r commission iiieetH at I'arU, 29 
 
 Oct, 1697; eiinvenil.iii, nlgn.'il, 14 June; Timfg, 16, 
 
 18 .Inne, 1K9P. 
 Treaties ni'giiliateil by the Hoyal Xlger company, riaim, 
 
 ij .Nov. 1197. 
 Ma|..r Aniol.l st..niis Kllll, the .strongliohl of prince 
 
 Arkn, son of ih,' king of Igara, rebel slave raider, the 
 
 enemy r,j|ll,.||, 17 .\„v. 1^97. 
 
 Xiki oeciipi..i| by the Freiieli, the DariliaH rontud, 10 
 
 Nov. 1807. ' ■■ 
 
 Hneeessfiil expedition, nnder lieiit. Kesting, against thu 
 
 Ibon/as, between Asaba aii.l lleiiin. Jim.; terms of 
 
 peace: ali..lliii.ii i.f hiiinan si„i in, ,'s, one king, etc., 
 
 settlisl by Mr. Wallace at 1, .Imlui-, ,7 F,,|,. .gys, 
 D.'ath of til.' king .,f .ViUi ; lb,' king .,f lleri, whose ter- 
 
 iitiiry IS 111 llritish oeeiipatinn, bei es king of all 
 
 llorgii, .bill, i(sq8. 
 The siiiiiin of Sukotii accepts the terms of the llritish 
 
 alllaliee, .Ian. itgri. 
 Hard lighting in the FMiba cmiiitrv against hostile 
 
 tnbes, lieiit. Frank Feiiton killed; tribes snrreiider. 
 
 Ing, F.-li, i3n8, 
 lleregnrii and llaslmro, in Horgu, occupied by the 
 
 llritish. Fell, ; see h'ljus, March, 1898. 
 .Severe lighting on th,. i.'ross river ; the Ekiiris decline 
 
 overtures ol peac, their capital detroved, i Feb. ; 
 
 district ipiiet, IS Feb. ii9c. 
 
 XKHITIXUAI^E Fl'ND. On 21 Oct. 18S4, 
 
 Miss I'Lneiiee Nightingale left Kiiglainl witli 11 
 stall' of thirty-seven nurses, and iinived at Seiitiiri, 5 
 Nov. .She reiidereil iuvnluahle services to the iiniiv"; 
 and returned to l.oiuloii, .S Sept. bS^d. In honour 
 or this, a meeting was held at Willis's Rooms on 2() 
 Nov. iM^;, to raise funds to estaldish an institution 
 for the training of nurses and other hosnitul iittcr- 
 daiits. .Madame Jeiiiiv l.ind-Gol.Uelimidt sung at 
 K.\eter Hall oil II .Miireli, l8;;(,, ami gave the pro- 
 ceeds (iH-zl.) to the fund. The .suhseriplnms 
 closed, 24 Aiiril, i.S:;;, iiinouuting to 44,()^()/, The 
 queen gave Miss Niglitingaie a valuable jewel. 
 
 NIGKITIA, sue .St,><,l„„. 
 
 NIIIirjISM, II popular inime fm- the school of 
 philosophy which believes nothing without phy- 
 sical evideiiee, rcuouuees all firms of Divine rcve- 
 hitioii, and gives iiotl.'ng in their place. 
 
 NIHILISTS, ultra-reformers in Itussia, said to 
 jiroiiose the deslriietioii of all govcniment, luid to 
 begin society alresli. They beeaine known and 
 spi-ciHiii. I-'-;;:; theii alleged' leaaer,/:vi-liarcif. Tlio 
 government begun to su]ipress them", Sept. 1875. 
 One of the leaders, Michael Ihikounin, died at 
 huKiino, I July, hS;!,. Tliev evidentlv possess 
 wealth. Tor recent events, see JOi.sxia,' 1877-87. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 m, 
 
 m 
 
 t» 
 
 
 
 ■it* 
 
 ii 
 
 •1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 M ^*| 
 
 1^1 
 
 f 
 
 nt.- 
 
 g 
 
 !!.■ 
 
 .m 
 

 > '* 'iff I 
 
 t,r , 
 
 NIKA COXTESTS. - 
 
 The term yUiiU.-'t w;is inveiitcil liy tlio Kussiiui 
 
 iiovolist TiMKi'iiii't', who dii'd 3 Sopt. lH8,j. 
 
 *' Tho Niliilists ask tMHH'cssiniis. wliirli art: tin." i-oiiiiiiuii- 
 
 JilaiTS of fvuiy I'lvt; coiiiinuiiity."— 'i't'iiics, 16 Apiil, 
 
 1881. 
 " Niliilisni lis it is" by Sti'pniak, eilitL-il by Dr. Spciu'i' 
 
 \Vats(jn, Nuv. iSti4. 
 
 NIKA COXTESTS, see Circus. 
 
 NIKOLSBUKG (Monivia). H.<i-c were si-ncd, 
 26 July, I.S()(), the iiicliiniiiiii-ii's of 11 pciiii' botwoi'U 
 Austria and I'russia. 
 
 NIKSICII, a stiori- TiirUisli tortirss in Monte- 
 negro, many tinu'S besii'iicd ; liavin,^' liucn loft liy 
 the Turks witli insullioicnl iiarrison, it was captured 
 by Xlonteiu'sjrins, 7, S Sept. KS77, lausing great re- 
 'dieinics. 
 
 '8 NISML,S. ~"" 
 
 NINETEENTH CEXTO! Y, ,■, ^,,. 
 
 open to writers of totally <liii,. nut "liiiiidii's' J,' ' 
 
 iniie.s Kiiowltj. '* 
 
 appeared, Marcli, 18;; ; editor, Ja 
 
 NINEVEH, thceapital of the .\*syri,,;, f..,, • 
 
 fsee Assiii-'ui), founded liy .\sliur aljoiit t.,- 
 The empire fell when S'ebinhail- " '^ 
 Nineveh bO(i n.c. Tho di 
 
 NIL DARPAN, 
 
 Iiiillii. June, 18O1. 
 
 NILE (Iviryiit). The lon^'est river in Afriea, 
 fornu'rly considered to have its rise in what were 
 termed ''the Mountains of the .Moon." The travels 
 of Ih'uce were uiidirlaki'U to discovia' the source 
 of the Nili'. lie set out from England in June, 
 1708; on the Ijth of Xoveniber, 1770, discovered 
 the source of tlie Uluo Nile in lake Tana, and 
 returiu'd home in 177.V Thi' Nile overllows rei;u- 
 larly every year, from about the l^tleof Juiu' to the 
 I7tli of September, when, havin'-'' tliveii fertility to 
 the laiul, it bcKins to deirease. The first Niloni'eter 
 (a pillar), is said to have been set up by (Jsirta.seu 
 111., a king of the XII. dynasty. ;,ji,o n.c. One 
 was set nj) by Solyman the Caliph, 715 A.I). 
 In 1829, the inimilations of Ww Nile rose to' 20 in- 
 stead of 22, by which jo.ikx) people wore ilrowned 
 and immense propertx- lost. Mr. I'etlierii k set out 
 early in l.Stji to explore the ■•■Muitry at the source 
 of the Nile. l''or recent diseoMri'es, see Africn 
 l86_5. A bridge over the Nile (above 151)0 feet) 
 at Cairo, was eompleted by a rremh company, 
 Aug. 1872. For the discoveries of Spoke, (jrant, 
 and Haker, .see ric/orin Xi/iii,:ii, iVc. 
 Mr. n. M. .'^t.iiiley. in liis book. " Dark.-.! Africa," 
 publislicil ,Iiuii', 139.J, cxprcsscil liis opinion tlial tin' 
 newly discovered lake All)crt Kdwavl Nyanza. at the 
 lieail of the Sendiki ri\er wliicb is fe,| l.v the snows of 
 the mi.L'lity Hnixenzori ian;;e (pnssiblv tlie Muiuilains 
 of tlie .Mdun inentiMii.il by I'tnlcniy tlie ;.'eo,^ra]ihcr in 
 the and ecntiuy A.ii.), is the real suiiice nl Ihi' Nile. 
 The hamiiie works of tin- Nile, consisting; ol two nivat 
 dams or weirs for inl;;;itien. ami the cnn\eyance of 
 l)oats by means of lucks, conslinctctl nnder the 
 dii'ection otMnii^^ct Iley. a I-'reiiehiiian, 1843-61 ; were 
 unsuccessfnl and eventually neglected. 
 
 Ill 1885 the fiicat powers a;,'rceil to tl xpenditure of 
 
 i,ooo.cxx>/. on irriu'alion wcrks. and tlie rcimvation of 
 tlie ban-i^'e was i'llecle4 ninler the direi-tiun of sir 
 Colin .Scott Miincii.ll, iS SO-yo ; siippleiiicntaiy dams 
 advised liy sir \V. K. ilarstin in 1897. 
 Mouget Ijey died at I'ai is, aged Sj. Dec. 1890. 
 
 NILE, Battt,?: of the (or Abonkir), I Aug. 
 1798, near Kosetta, between the Freneh lleet nnder 
 Brueys, and the liritish under sir llnratio Nelson. 
 Nine of the French line-of-liattle ships were taken, 
 two were burnt, iind two escaped. The French ship, 
 L'Ofietit, witli limeys and 1000 men on board, 
 blew up, and only 70 or 80 esca])ed. Nelson's 
 cxehimation upon commencing the battle was, 
 " Vietory or Westminsli-r Abbey ! " 
 
 NIMEGUEN (Holland), Here was signed 
 the treaty of peace between France and the United 
 Provinces, 1(178. The Freinh were successful against 
 the l)fiti-li ui'ilei- tlie duke of Y"rk, liefore Nime- 
 guen, 28 Oct. 1794; were deh'ated by them 3 Nov! ; 
 but gained thu place 8 Nov. I'opulation, l8<>0, 
 32,018. 
 
 , "■"■ iM|,taiv,i 
 OVerie. of l,.., 
 and others since ,1839, in the nei,.lili„i,rho, ■"',' 
 Mosul, at Koyunjik, the situ of the aiicioiK \ 
 neveh, and other iilaces, have in a niamicnii" " 
 ; terred and re-peopled a city which for nwnv' 
 had ceased to hgure on the pa-eof hi.<t„|.v U . " 
 commeneetl his explorations at Kliors;ih„i 'jr .vi'' 
 ■ and i)ubli,shed his great work "M.ar,,,,,',,./! v" 
 i uive,^' 1849-50, In 1848 Mr, Salter Sir v',.'" 
 Henry Liiyard, k,C,l!,) publi.slicil l,i„ '^\,, ''l' 
 and its Kemaiiis," and in 1S53 his '• iJisrovlii.o 
 in his second visit in 184,)- :;o, Jlc waslmni - lb,,"' 
 1817, and dieil 5 July, 18,4, .sVc ^7,',/,;^„^, "' ■ 
 iimbassador at Constantinople, i.S--.So j'i' ',,'''• 
 iiiusd l{assiim,in 1854, discovered'an aiici,.,',. ■"' 
 lace. -Mr. George Smith described hi, exiun' "" 
 and their results in 1875-4, iu ••AsMii-,„ 1,'"'' 
 vcries." 1875. He died at'.Vleppo, ,;;C':.,- 
 See Aksiii-ui. Mr. Uassani, appoints 1,;/; ■ ■ 
 
 sor, among other valualile discoveries at li,l' 
 
 nine miles N.K. of Niimuud, and at Koviiiiiil''V'' 
 found a bronze monument with iiHc'rinii,',,' ' 
 cording the names, title, genealegv, and ,.'«,' ''.' 
 of kingAssur-nazii-iial (n.c, S,S:;.S(,o', buil',',''" 
 the jialaces and temples of Kalakb, the cams! | 
 the middle .Vssyrian einiiire, ilr, Rassm'i r'r ■ i 
 in London with collections. Dee. 18M2. " " 
 
 The forins. leatnrcs, costu leli^.i,,,,, iiiefl,.,„r„. ,, 
 
 and cerei lial laistoins of its iiiliabil;iiits stiiuii f ' 
 
 us as distinct as those uf a liviiii; innpli. • ai,',! |',,', : 
 of the sciil|itiires and their I'une'ilnini i,,^' ' 
 rcsiarclies nfllic Icanieil have inc 
 iif Assyrian history. Ainnng the seii|i,iun,s ,1,,. 
 rich the liritish ,Mnseiiiii, n\;i\ be na.iiii,,,,, fj" 
 wint;ed bull and lii.n, and nniiien.u.s iimi,, ,', ' ,',' 
 battle idcccs : aiel the bas-relief of the raulf i;,'' 1 
 hiinian ligurc, pnsumcd to be a reprcstntiiti,,,, ./.t! 
 Ass.Miaii g.id Nisr.ich (trniii .v;,,-, „„ f,,,,,,, ^^ j,^ ;" 
 whom Sennacherib was in tlie art of' \v(iRl,i,„p 
 j when he was assassinated by his two siiu.s iiLV;" 
 ' 11. e. J /viii;!.-' xix. 37. '' " ''■' 
 
 X' lOBIITJVI, a rare metal, dispoverej bv Ha' 
 
 { ehett in coluinbite, a black earth, and nru.J 
 
 I eolumbium, 1801. It was ]ironiiuiiccd to be 1,1, •,! 
 
 tical with tantalum (or tantaliiini) by M'rill;i,!',ii' 
 
 but was _ rediscovered by H. Rose in ' '' 
 
 > named niobium. 
 
 liscii|,li„.,,, .;■ 
 I lli'-kll i»|,,j*. 
 
 1X4(1, ar,a 
 
 NIliVANA. see IhMhism. 
 
 X'ISBET or NK.SnET (Xorthuml)(>rliiii(l). Ibr,. 
 a battle was fought between the Kliglislianj.S,„t,.h 
 iirmies. the hitter greatly dispropnrtioiiedinstnii:!- 
 to tlie Ibrnier. Several thousands of the ,Siiit~ iiiij 
 slain upon the tield and in the pursuit, 7 Mav. m,i;, 
 
 NISEKt ), see Jchvnu 
 
 XIST riilUS ("unless before "), wonh ii; 
 writ suminoning a person to be tried at Wosiim: 
 ster, uiitf.is the judges should cniuu to liolil tti 
 assizes in tlie place where he is, .luilges sit 1 
 Middlesex by virtue of 18 KHz. c. 12 (1576). 
 
 NISilES (Nimes), S. France, wns tlie fc;ri^i 
 ing Hoinan colony, Neniiiiisus. Its noble aiiiili 
 theatre was injured by the Knglisli in q|-, n 
 inhahitant.s mihraced Protestantism, ,111.1 !-i.ij,i. 
 inueh iierseeution in conseiiuence, and Xisiue. h, 
 fruqucntly b»en the aceiie of religiou.s and ii^liii 
 contests. The treaty teniied the I'acilicatiaii 1 
 
[SMLS. 
 
 ■ ; editor, Janu-, KnowlJi "' 
 
 ■apitaUftl,uAssy,i,„, , 
 ■J liy Aslimalwiit 11 1- 
 
 ■;. N..i,,„.i„„i„,v,„-":lj;„::;i 
 
 ilio (hscovcn,.. „(■ l.....,\ 
 
 0, 1.1 .thu nci,l,l„„|,.i,„;,j';; 
 
 tin; situ ..f til, ,„„.;,„, ^,' 
 
 OS, llilVl.' HI a ||l;|||,|,,,. ,ij,;,; 
 
 I •' '■ity wiiicii loi' a.,,,,,,::.;" 
 
 ■lltllc|u|'.',-nniUtnrv. li,,, 
 iilioiis iit Kliors,,hu,i ill is',. 
 ■atwork-'M..ir,,ii„,|t,,i„y;; 
 iX^i^ Mr ;alt,.|. Sir Au., ; 
 
 I'l l\S,i Ins '• iJisrovmvl 
 <4')-=,o. Jr,.waM.ni„5M:,i,';', 
 
 I,S.J4. ,sVv r,7,„/,,, 
 
 ""', IVIvS 
 
 .itM ..1,1.., KS ;.,So. Mr. Ilor. 
 i, ais.-ov,.n.,l an a,„,i,,„ ,, 
 ith (icsnalii..! hi, n.J^f: 
 lf<7.;-4. iM •■AsMiiimiiiJ:: 
 (-■<! at Ali-p|.,i, ,,, xug, IS-,, 
 issaiii, a|.|„,ii,t,,| l,is ,„ ,; ■ 
 
 lalilr .li,s,.,.v,.|i,.s at «;,!;,„ ,. 
 ini'.uil, and at Ki.vimjik t ' 
 iiiuMit Willi iiisc'rii.ti.ii,'.',.' 
 itl. , gi'iiral.,^-y, and ny'^. 
 
 .al (ii.;:- SN^-X(«;,b„ii,:,,;:f 
 
 I's ol Ivalakli, tli,. ,,,,,i!|i ; 
 ■mpnv Mr. Kas.sim ',,,„,,; 
 tioiis, Dec 1S.S2. 
 
 am.'. i.'li;;iMii, a„„|..M,f„- .r,, 
 isot il.s iiil,:il,it..„|tssi;ii„i'|.V.'' 
 
 ..falivii,-|„.n|,i,.:a|„i|,^.|,;; 
 
 iii.'ii i-uiMir.iiiii iiis.-ii|.ti,,„'.i'' 
 
 .•.M.avcMi„-iv,i„.,iu„-ki,„;vi:,'f;; 
 
 .\n,..ij- til.' i-.-alpliiiwil,,. ..: 
 •.■uia. may I... nii'iiii,i|i,,|' ,.;; 
 1, an. I iiinii.r.iiis Iuiikj, ; .' 
 '■ '';'s-r.-li..f .,1 the ,.anl,..|:,;i„ 
 '■'.'"'"■•■1 '•'■I'r.wiilati.iii „i!i,. 
 (ti..n. .N.-M-, ,111 ,...;/. 1,1 t.,,,;, 
 .■as 11, tl„. M.I ..f «-„i,l,i|,|,;.,: 
 itwll.yliis t»„ .s..ii.s,aWu,;,j 
 
 ri> metal, discnvered by Ha'. 
 a lila.k eartli, and 'iiain,.j 
 was iirnii.iuiiied to be iJin. 
 .r taiitaliuin) liv ■Wf.llii-t.i', ■ 
 1..V II. Jiu.-e i'u is^o, aci 
 
 'Sld/il/iism, 
 
 lET (Xortluinilii'rlaiiil). 11,^,. 
 tweeii the Mii|,'lisliand's...!.h 
 ;ly(lispi())M.rti.)iiediiistii]i:i;, 
 il th(iusaiiil.sot'thi. Scots ««p 
 d ill tile imrsuit, ; May, i|..;. 
 
 cililess before"), word* in , 
 son to he tried at Woftiui:- 
 s should eimio to liol.l th.ir 
 where he is. .ludjji'S .;t ii 
 f 18 Kliz. e. 12 (I5;6), 
 
 ), S. L'raiioe, was tlip tl.iiiri4.. 
 reniausiis. Its nobl.' m:i|J,;- 
 y the Kiijjlisli in qi-. '[i^ 
 rroii-siaiitisin, an.l Miikni 
 ■oii»e(|ueiice, and XUims Iw 
 one of relijj;ioiis and |ii.;iii. 1! 
 ' termed the I'aciSoatiji, .1 
 
 NITRE. 7 
 
 Xismcj(l4Jn'.v, 1631)) {inve relii;i<nis t.di'iati.in f..r 
 itimctothell'uijnoimts. 
 
 NITEE, sfo SaltpHn; 
 
 NITEIC ACID, a eonip.nmd of nitrogen and 
 )SV"en, formerly called hijiki fhrlis, is said to have 
 tonlirst obtained in a sejiarati' .stale liy Uayin..iHl 
 Liillv, an al.'heniist, about I2iS;; lint we a're iii- 
 Jfbt'cJ to Cavendish, Priestley, ami Lavoisier f..r 
 our present kn.nvledso of iis [iropertie.s. Jl. 
 CivenJisli ilemonstrati'd the nature ..f this aeiil 
 ;., 1-8;. yi'ri"i-t mi'/ was ilis.-.iven'.l by S.heele 
 'il)0u'tl"r4- y'ti'"'"".!"^ ■^^■as ae. id.'iitallyd'iM'.iv.'re.l 
 bv Dl'.'l'l'ilt's. Sifniiis iixiilf ijiis (laii'^hili:; l;iis) 
 ivas disuovered by l)r. I'rie.stley in 177(1. 'i'lie use 
 (I'tbisgas as an ana'.stlietie, reiiiirinende.l by II. 
 Davevinlfioo.was begun in Aineriia (by .Mr. W'l-lls, 
 ■1 dfiilist), l><4-f; in I'aris, iX()<); in London, 
 •1 Man'b, I.StiS, iii','enions ajiparatus having been 
 {uventedf.ir its application. 
 
 XITEOGEX 01' Azote (from the (ireek n, no, 
 aiid :('0 01' -". ' li^'i'). an irrespirable eleiinntary 
 jas, and iUi ini|)..rtant element in loo.l. disc.ivere."l 
 bv Kutbcrford about 1772. Jietore 1777, S.lii.el|. 
 ii'faratwl the ovvfjon of the air from the iiitr..j;'en, 
 and alni.ist siiiinltaneon.sly \vith I.av..isier dis- . 
 covered that the atmosphere is a mixture of these 
 tifo "asfs. NitroL'eii e.inibiiied with hydrogen 
 forms' the v.datile alkali amnioniii, s.i Iri'i'i'y given 
 olf livdeciiniposing animal and ve.g.'table bodies. 
 Seo.iiV. lS.)4. I'nd'. llerinann llidlri.-gel (h..rn 
 iSjl) deiii.instrati-d in 1.S8I) the p.iwer ..f leguiiiin- 
 .lus plants to lix free nitr.jgen thr.juuh tin' a.ncney 
 rf iiiiei'.ibes in their root nodnli'S whi'i-eby the soil 
 isiiHitli eiiriehed. C'bjver gives up to th." s.iil that 
 whiih wheat re.iuire*. He died 24 Sept. iXi)^. 
 
 NON-CONFORMISTS. 
 
 NITRO-GLYCERIXE (also ealbd Xnito- 
 
 LEl'.M). an inten.sely e.xpb.sive amlier-like fluid, 
 discovered by .S.ibrero in I.S47. is proilueeil by add- 
 iuf gly.rrilie (ill sueee.ssive small ciuantilie.s) to ii 
 uii.xtui'e of one part of nitric aciu, mid two part- 
 i.f sulplinrii' aiiil. Allreil Nobel, u Swede, tir~l 
 attempted its appli.ati.m as an e.vplosive a.^ent, in 
 1804. It has caused several most disastrous acci- 
 dents, with great loss of life. In att. inptirig t.> 
 bury some nitro-gly.erine in the town moor at 
 Xcwoastle-oii-Tyne, 17 Dee. 1807, an e.\plosioii 
 took place, ami seven ])ersons lost their lives, iii- 
 liudhig Mr. Mawsoii, the sheritf, and Mr. liryson, 
 town surveyor ; .-ce IhjiKdiiitr. .Mr. .\lfreil Xobel'.s 
 iiitro-giy.erin.' manufactory, near. Stoi-kliidni, blown 
 up; 15 pi'|-s..iis killed, many injured, 10 June, 
 1868. An a.t proliiliiting its importation f..r 11 time, 
 and reitulating its transmission, was pa.ssed in i.Stv), 
 and repealed by the Ivvidosives .Vet of 1X75. (Secret 
 manufacture diseovereil, see Jiiniiiiiff/i)nii,'iiiii^. 
 
 XIZAM, s.r l[y<hn,h<„l. 
 
 NOBILITY. The (l.iths, after tliey had seizeo 
 apart.)! Karoiic, icwanled their heroes with titles 
 of honour, t.i ilistiiii-uish thi'in fr.nn tin' e.nunion 
 people. Till' right of peiu-age aeem.s to have been 
 at Hint territorbil. I'ateiita to person.s having no 
 estate were tirst granted hy I'hilip the Kair ot 
 Frame, ICX),. George Neville, duko of iie.'f.ird ■ 
 (son of John, nian|iiis of Monfe.gue), eiinobleil in 
 l(;o, wasdcgradi'.l fr.mi the peerage hy parliament, 
 on aeconnt of his utt.'r want of pr.iperty, i<) Kdw. 
 IV., 1478. N.)blemeii's privilegi-.s weie" restrained 
 
 I in June, 1773; see Zef;/,v. and the various orders of 
 
 1 the nobility. 
 
 I In 1845 ,1 statistical writer sai.l that tlieiv w.'re 500,000 
 nobles in Ha.ssia, J3i},iji>-i in A-,i.stria ; in Mpaiii'(iii 
 
 178..), 470.01X-,; ill Kraiiee (lieforo 1700) ;i6o,o.«i (of 
 wllolil 4,ij,) wel.. of til.' .'//c.'.aie- ii..W.ssi); in lie- 
 Unit.'.! Kiii^nliMii, i,()ji with tiaiismissil.li' tilK's(.|iiki'-i 
 to bar. .nets). 
 
 NOIULITY OK FltAXcE precedi'd that ot 
 Lnglanil. On l.S .luiie. 171K1, the National Assi-inldy 
 decreed that hereditary nobility eonl.l not e..cist ill, 
 a free state; that the titles of dukes, .■.iiints, 
 marquises, knights, barons, excellencies, abl.ols, 
 and others be ab..|i-.hi(l ; th.-il all citizens take 
 tli.'ir family names; Uv.'ries and armorial heaiing.* 
 also t.i be aliolished. The records of tlie ivil.ilily, 
 (Kill vidunii's, were burnt at the to. it of thi> slati'a- 
 of Louis XIV., 25 June, 17112. A new nobilitv wa» 
 created by the em| eror Na]ioleon I., l<Si),S. " 'J'lu> 
 hereditary peerage was ali..lish.'(l 2" Dec. i,Sy ; re. 
 instituted by Napoh-on III., 1.S52. ' 
 
 , N'OBLE, an Knglish gold coin (value (j.v. y,l.), 
 first atru.k in the reign of J-J.lward III., 154^ oi 
 
 1344, said to have derived its name from the'cM el- 
 leiiceot th.' metal of which it wa.s composed. 
 
 NOCTUIiXE, a name given hy John Field! 
 (who died 1837) to a new ami verv pleasing musical 
 eomp..sition. He was followed" verv sui-eessfully 
 by Chopin, who died, iS.).;. 'I'he teini was ailopleU 
 ' by Mr. Whistler, the artist, for his night pi.'ces, in, 
 which he began with line, form, and colour, 1^77-8. 
 
 '■XOLUMUS LEGES ANGLIC MU- 
 
 TARl, see Jlir.hinh, and .)/-•;■/„/,. 
 
 XUMIXALISTS (..r CoXCEI'TfALISTs), a> 
 .scholastic s.et, opposed to the Ki'alists, maiiilaiii 
 that general ideas have no e.xisten.c ..ut^ide our 
 minds, and only exist hy the mimes we give thenu 
 Thi' loun.jer of tln' se.'t, Jean Kos.'elliii, a canon 
 , ot C'omiuegn.', was e.inilenineil hv a couii.-il at 
 Soissons, 101)2, but thi' e.mtroversv'was reviv.'d in 
 the I2tli eenturv. Among the "Nominalisis ai-» 
 reckoned Abelanl, St. Thomas Anuinas (parliallv), 
 Occam, llobbes, Lo.'ke, lierkelev, and Dugald 
 Stewart. The Itealists assert that :.' 
 real things with i.ositive existeii. e. 
 
 NOX'-CONF( )RMISTS. The rrote.stants iii 
 Lng-land are divide.l into eonformi.-ts aii.l iion- 
 .'oiifonnists ; or, eliiin hmen and dissi'iiters. The- 
 tir.st pla.'.' of meeting of the hitter, in Kr.Lib.nd, 
 was_ established at Wandswortb, near Loii.lon, 
 20 Nov. 1572. The name of iion-conforniists was- 
 taken by the ruritans when the Act of Uniformity 
 eaine into .i|,eration <in 24 Aug. i()<)2 (termed 
 " Itlaek liartho'..iim-w's day"), when 20a) minister* 
 of the establisheil religion "resigned, not ehoosini;- to- 
 conhirir. t.i the statuti' passed '• for the nnihirmity 
 of pulilii' ]irayers ami administration of the sacra- 
 ments;" ^I'l- J'liriti'ii.s, aiM\ IliKSfiififn. The laws- 
 against them wen' rela.xe.l by the Toleration act> 
 24 May, i()8'). — The Xniniiiit'oriiiist new.spapep 
 (edited by Mr. Kdward Miall, aft. M.T.) tirst 
 appeared 14 April, 1841. lie died 29 April, 1881. 
 
 Till' iDii-coiifoi-mists pi-esi'iiti-.l to Mr. Miall io.<».i 
 guiiii'as lor bis exertions on tiehalfot i-.'ligi..us 
 e.inality ... . . 18 July, 1875 
 
 M.'ctiiig of liisliops and di.s.sentin^ ministers at 
 Lamli.'th pala.-.-, to i-oiisi.ler the alleged in'ogress 
 ot irreligi. Ills til. luglit .... 24Jnlv, 1876 
 Maiisliel.l c.>ll.'gc, Dxfor.l, t.ir Noneoiifoniiist's, 
 
 „„"1"'"',''' 1886 
 
 llir.'.' lai-g.' bo.lii's in Eiiitlaii.!, Cougr.'gatioiialists 
 (or Iii.li'peii.l,.iits), liaptists, Wcsl.'vau .M.'th.i.l- 
 ists, 8 others of eoiisi.lcral.li' importanc.', I'r.'s. 
 liyteriaus, t'l-.itarians, s..,.i,-tj .,r Kri.-n.ls 
 (liuak.'i-s), Salvation .\niiv aii.l 4 Wi'slevau 
 lio.lii's; I'riiiiilivi' Metlioilists, M.'th.i.list (X.'w 
 Comi.'.xion), Uiiite.l M.'tlio.list l-'rc t'liurclies, 
 aiel Uihle Christians in 1S97. 
 
 'iieral ideas aro- 
 
 
 ''! !' ft 
 
 'Hi 
 
 ■■'^1 
 
 '•-'U 
 
 ■:ff: 
 
 l" "I 
 
 fill / 
 
 lisRIi' 
 
 l'„^' 
 
 
 J} 
 
 Mti! 
 
 ' t 
 
 :m 
 
!< 1)1 
 
 
 f\^^'>^i^: h<' 
 
 :'j Y ". 
 
 k*. 
 
 i(i' 
 
 mm 
 
 J;:mm: 
 
 i 
 
 ;lfl Jtj,j! ■Ill 
 
 ..US' ; " 
 
 1i# ■ 
 
 
 NONES. 
 
 780 
 
 NORTHAMPTON. 
 
 NONES, ill the Uonmn oulindar, were tho flftli 
 diiy of t'luli mouth, excepting iliirch, May, July, 
 Mild Oetouer, wlieii the iiouea fell on the seventh 
 day. 
 
 NON-JURORS considered James 11. to have 
 f)eeu unjustly deposed, and refused to swear alle- 
 ^'iance to William III. in 1689. Amon^' them were 
 tSancraft, urchhishop of Canterbury; Ken, bishop 
 •of Bath and Wells, and the bishoiJS of Kly, (jlou- 
 <ester, Norwich, and Peterborough, and many of 
 the clergy, who were deprived I Feb. 1691. Non- 
 jurors were subjected to double taxation, and 
 obliged to register their estates. May, 1723. They 
 formed a separate connnunion, which existed till 
 the beginning of the present century. 
 
 NON NOBIS, DOMINE! (" Not unto ns, 
 Lord!" &c., I'sabii cxv. i), a musical canon, 
 «ung as a grace at public feasts, was composed by 
 W. liirde in I(jl8. 
 
 NON-RESISTANCE OATH (containing n 
 
 •declaration that it is unlawful to take arms against 
 the king upon any pretence whatever), enforced by 
 the Corporation act, l()6l, was repealed in 1719. 
 
 NOOTKA SOUND (Vanco^ver•9 Island), 
 •discovered by captain Cook in 1 778, and settled by 
 the British in 1 78(), when a few British merchants 
 in the East Indies formed a settlement to supply 
 the Chinese market with furs ; but the Spaniard's 
 in 1789 captured two Knglish vessels and took pos- 
 session of the settlement. The British ministry 
 demanded reparation, and the affair was amicably 
 terminated by a convention, and a free c<jmmerce 
 Nvas confirmed to England in 1 790. 
 
 " NO-POPERY RIOTS," sec Gordon. The 
 cry was revived against the Catholic eniamipntion 
 l)ill, 1829. The Anti-im))cry association petitioned 
 jigainst the election of Mr. Alderman Iviiill, U. C, 
 as lord mayor of London, Oct. 1892. 
 
 NORDLINGEN (Bavaria). Here the Swedes 
 under count Ilo-n were defeated by the Austrians, ! 
 27 \u<7,. 1634 ; and the Austrians and allies by 
 Turenne in 1045. 
 
 NORE MUTINY, see .V«/i«i(;.?. 
 
 N(^RFOLK ISLAND (I'aciHc Ocean), dis- 
 <'ovcicd in 1774, by cajitain Cook, who found it 
 uuinliabited, except by birds. The settlement was 
 made by a detacliiuent from I'ort Jackson under 
 governor I'hillip, in 1788, in Sydney bay, on the 
 south side of the island. This was at one time the 
 severest |)enal colonv of Great Britain. The island 
 was abandoned in if^cx), but re-occupied as a penal 
 ecttlenient in 1825, iJcnal settlement removed lu 
 1855. The desicndants of the mutineers of tl.e 
 Jhiiiili/ were removed to it in June, 1856, from 
 t'itviiiniK I.\hi>iil (ic/,ii/i .see). Vi-iited liy lonl 
 llampddi, transferred to New South Wales and en- 
 dowed with a v,'\v constitution, col. Spalding 
 installed resident magistrate, 14 Nov. l8()6. 
 
 NORICUM, see Amtria. 
 
 NORMAL SCHOOLS (from ,io,-m„. aruh'). 
 One for the instruction of teachers, estal)lished at 
 I'aris bv a law, 30 Oct. 1794, opened 20 Jan. 1795, 
 under the direction of La I'lace, La Ilarpe, Haiiy, 
 and oilier eluluent lUi II, was .^uoli cio.-'cd. Another, 
 establishcil by Napoleon in 1808, was dosed in 1822. 
 The plan was revived in 1826, and lias been de- 
 veloped in Ki'gland and other countries. See 
 Hciciui mill Alt. 
 
 NORMANDY (N.France), part of W,,.,' • 
 a kingdom founded by Clovis in ^11 Ir r"""' 
 Clotaire, which, after various cluiiiiji.s, n-i^ "V "'' 
 to France bv Charles the I);ilJ inS;-' vJ'''"!''' 
 beginning of the 9th centurv it was' (oiitin'I„n 
 devastated by the Scandinavians, tcrn.cd \ , • 
 men or Normans, to i)urcliiise repose IroiiAv 
 
 "'!'l''»lI'iai,ccc.d..dX 
 
 <m- Hollo, the hr;^ 
 •rown«fFwn(,.,„„j 
 
 irruptions Charles the Simple 
 
 duchy to their leader Kidlo, 1 
 
 duke, held it as a lief of the c_ _ .. 
 
 several of his successors after him, until WillY " 
 
 the seventh duke, acquiied Knj^laiid, in vn - 
 
 iind 
 
 ■omwi.i,. 
 
 the seventh duke, acquiied Knj^laiid, ui irv/, i 
 remained a province of England till the m,'., 
 king John, 1204, when it was cmiiucrod 
 Philip Augustus and reunited to Knmo,- T, 
 was re-conquered by Henry V., 1418, and held 1 
 England partially till 1450. The Eiifrlish still \2 
 sess the islands on the coast, of wh:Vh hx^J- ,, 
 Guernsey are the priiicijial. " ■ 
 
 UCKKS. 
 
 gi2. Hollo (or Riuml), iKiptizcd us RoWt, 
 
 927. William I. ].ciiif;swuril. 
 
 943. Uiclianl I. tlic Kemliss. 
 
 996. Ricliiiid II. tlic Uiind. 
 
 1027. KicliiU'd III. 
 
 1028. Kolicrt I. the Di-vil. 
 1035. William II. (I. c.f Kii;;!anil). 
 1087. Holiert II., CiMirtli'isi- Oiis son), .'\rtci' a 
 
 spoiled by liis lirntlicr. 
 1 106. Henry I. (kiiiK nf Kiml,-oid), 
 1135. Steplicn (kill;.' ui' Kii(;liiiiil|, 
 1144. Matilda anil llciillri'v l'l:iiita(,'ini t. 
 1151. Henry II. (king of Kiii^iiin.l 111 u-,.). 
 11S9. Uidiai-d IV. (I. .if Kii^IiumI). 
 1199-1204. Aitlim ami .Julia of Knyliiml. 
 
 NORTH ADMINISTRATION, f,„nud •„ 
 lord North. Jan. 1770, who resigned .March, i-si 
 (Lord North entered int" a Iciuuc with the 'ivjr,"' 
 which led to the short-livt'd Coalitinnininistp- i-'is- 
 lle succeeded to the earlclom of Uiiildl'ordiii'i-Qo 
 and died in 171)2; see Cuidition.) 
 
 Freilcrick, lonl North, /cs/ ''■nl "flli(:ticmnnj,wi-i«. 
 
 cflUtr 0/ thf. (.rr/o *;)((■(■. 
 Karl tJower. Innl juiyiilcjit. 
 Karl of llalifa.'i, ,„Mi/.M(!/. 
 Kail of Hnilifunl, lord Weymontli (siu^oeeilcd livlMrJ 
 
 t^andwii'li) mill carl of Ilillslnndii-li, ^ccrdurkfh'.'i. 
 .Sir Kdward Ilawkc, ■uliuin'lhi. '' 
 
 Mari|llis of (illinbv, i-nhn'inr. 
 
 Sir tiilhcrt Kllint, loi.l Ilcriloid, duke nf .\i„;,<t,r 1 • 
 Caiteict, iVe. 
 
 NORTHALLERTON (York.shire), x,„ 
 
 here was fought the " liattle of tlic Stimdarii," 
 where the Engli-h tntiiUy dcfiatccl the Sha'ii 
 armies, 22 .Vug. 11,58. Tl'ic^ aivlildfjioj) ef )'«, 
 brought forth a consecrated staiulaid im a earriaa 
 at tlu' moment when they were hotly pressed bvtL 
 invaders, hcadiil by king David. 
 
 NORTH A:MERICA, 
 
 States, Iiitliiiiix, Ciiniilti, kv. 
 
 see Amirita, I'mHi 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW be, 
 
 at Boston. L'.S., in 1815, as a rival ef the iil;i,. 
 burgh and ((uarterly Kcvicws. It \va9|mldi4(lit 
 Hrst every second month; in 181S, qiimtcrly; in 
 1879, monthly, at New Voik. 
 
 NORTHAMI'TON was burnt hy the hj. . 
 in iciio. Here Henry 111. pro]iosed to fiiiiidj 
 university in 12(10. and Inhl a iiarliiimeiit in !.'(<). 
 On 10 July, 14(1(1, a contliit took jilaee httwitii lli( 
 dnke of York and Henry VI. of Engliiiid, in wkitli 
 the king was dciVutcci, and mauc jiri.-..;ur ,;r., 
 second time) after a sanguinary ti'.'hl wliiili hot 
 plaee in the meadows below the town Xcitlunip. 
 ton was ravaged by the plague in idj;. It «m 
 seized and fortified by the parlianiclitaiy ktfsiji 
 
HAMPTON. 
 
 N.FranwO, ,,urtofX~,ri; 
 ■ viiri(,us cliiiiiiri.s, ,v„ ,„,, ' 
 
 tiu.i..uiin^,;; ^; - 
 
 I (rmurv It wus ,o„t,nu„ 
 candniiiviaiis, i.Tmcd \,2 
 i purdjasc. rqios,,. ),■„,„ „.|,;; 
 
 r Kolo, fK),v Hollo, tk.fr; 
 
 iors afUT lu,n, until WiC 
 ■qtmrd Kn^ ,1,1,1, in „x/, ™; 
 
 V' 1-">'1""J till the ,-,,,.„ 
 Alien It was ,,m(|uorod 'I 
 il ri'imitod to Friuioi- ] 
 
 Hrm-yV ,4,8, unO held 1, 
 luy.. 1 he Kn.lUh still ,„• 
 
 .111' <i;ust, ofwli:,-liJ,.rsi.v',„H 
 ,icil)al. 
 
 lilliKS. 
 
 Isipti/inl as Rolwit. 
 
 .vur.l, 
 
 ai-li'ss. 
 
 ■il. 
 Kiit;!a.iil). 
 
 li.'s,-Oiiss(.ii), aftcracoiittsi,;,. 
 
 Kimiainl). 
 Kiiflanil), 
 li'i'V l'laiila;;(liit. 
 f Kii^laiiil ill 1134). 
 r Kii^;laii.l). 
 Jnllll (if l-;ilj,'lalMl. 
 
 NISTKATIOX, fornud W 
 
 ). Willi i-csi-iud March, i-y 
 iiit" al.Miiiu' with thii Wlii;,'' 
 :-Uvi'(l Coalition ministr,!-"}'' 
 carlilom of (juildfordi'n ri 
 ' Cmdition.) 
 fii-d Imd i.fthc (iciiMirj, mil ,,■„,(. 
 
 ,0/. 
 
 1 WiyiiKiulli (siicmodoil liyl.ri 
 
 f lliilsliurull^ll, HTflfurinrJii,,,, 
 i/ll/n'/V. ■■ 
 
 (l,.i/or. 
 lli'itriinl, (liilio of Aiii'iisti'r,l~i! 
 
 RTOX (Y.nkshire), Xa, 
 X' "liattlu of the StanJarj; 
 totally ilofiatod thu Sn,;,!, 
 58. 'I'lic aivliliishop ol Vcti 
 K'lTatcil standard una arrias 
 tlii'V Were liotly [iresst'dkiL- 
 kin^ l)avi(l. 
 
 mCA, see Amtrm, l'mU<\ 
 mill, Arc. 
 
 ;EICAX liEVIEW V-..a„ 
 
 1S15, as a rival id' Hit tini. 
 lieviews. It \vas|)ulilisliHlil 
 iiontli ; in iSiS, qunitirlv; in 
 ew Vork. 
 
 'OX was liiirnt bv the ll,,i,, 
 nry 111. pmiiosfd' to fini,ii ^ 
 mil liiM a parliament iii \i% 
 lonlliit look Jilai'i' bi'twieiillit 
 enry VI. of hn(,'hnul, in whidi 
 iteii, aiid iiiauc pri.-. kt .,;i;v 
 a saiifruinnry tit'lit whieli iwt 
 s lielow the town Ni'iilanif. 
 • the phi^ue in Id;;. It ni 
 hy the piirliamentaiy kofiin 
 
 NOKTH BRITOX. 781 
 
 i(m,, a lire neurly dftstroycil the to>vn, T, Sept. 
 1^'- liiots hero beeiiuso Mr. C. Iir.idlan;,'h wii.s 
 Jolectrd .M.I'.. (1 Oet. iH'^. were siipiire.ssed bv 
 the military. Population, uS.Sl, 51,881; iSiji", 
 
 61,016. 
 
 j,,,,jeof .Wr. Cliarles I)r."(lhiii-li, M.T. for N'orth- 
 
 "auiptoii i33a-9i, "ii^eileil . . 25 Juno, 1894 
 
 XOKTH BKITOX, a newspaper, first pub- 
 [ijtod i() .May, 17I12, supported by John Wilkes, 
 j[,p, for.^ylt'sluny, and a London aldennan, and 
 verybitter'against the' earl of Ijute's adniinistra- 
 tioii, aiciisinj; him of unduly favouring tho Scotch. 
 
 In Ne. 45 (''■''"'''' "^Vilkos'snuiiihi-r"), tliokiiii,'wa.i 
 iiian;i'il "itli ntterins; falsoln.oil in lii.s siioocli ; 
 raililislieil . . ,•;,■„,• 2J April, 1763 
 lifiiiml iraiTiiiit issuerl by lord Halifax at,'aiiist 
 llieaiitliiii^ printers, and pnhlishors :..6 .\piil, ,, 
 
 ffilkesaiidotliers arii'sfcd and eoiiuiiittiil t" tlio 
 Tower. Mid liis liouse soarrliod . . ^ April, ,, 
 
 Cfuiglit b.v writ of liatieas corinis liofoi liiof-jiis- 
 
 ;iee Pratt, and disehaigi.d, liis arrest lu.iiin ro- 
 anlvd as illt'tfd 6 .May, ,, 
 
 :oo'. daiuai-'M graidcd to n printerforfal.se iiii|iri- 
 
 ■ sniiiiieiit 6, July, ,, 
 
 X„. 45 dei'Iared to lie "a .si'andalou.s and seditious 
 
 ' ;il».l"by parlinnii'nt, and oRlered to be burnt by 
 tile liaiii,nii;ni 1; Nov. ,, 
 
 lliiitattlie iiiirnin.,' in Cli..apside . j Dee. „ 
 
 ■■ General warrants " ileclared illojial by fhiof-fiistioo 
 Pmtt; loool. ilaiiia.ni's awarded to Wilkes for 
 seizuit'iif Ills pai-.-rs .... 6 Deo. ,, 
 
 4000/. ^lallia^'''s olitaiiied liy Wilkes in an aitinii 
 aaiiistliinl Halifax .... i.t Nov. 1769 
 
 Wilkes elerted lord mayor, 8 Oct. : elected liftli tiiiic 
 M.R for Middlesex (»,.t. 
 
 .ill.md to talie his scat Ian. 
 
 tlrttnloliamlierlain of London, i779;dio.l, 2-j Nov. 
 
 N.-E. AND -W. PASSAGES. 
 
 (Hi. 
 
 ■ tf?' m 
 
 Sir Thomas liutton's . 
 Hamirs(si.i. ISiiffnsUay) 
 Joxe's expi.dition . 
 I A iiuiiilii.r of I 
 
 eoiintries. 
 Do 
 
 1613 
 1616 
 
 1631 
 
 ry July, 
 
 ford, 
 Pole, 
 
 1774 
 1775 
 ■797 
 
 NOETHBEOOKCLUB. Ori,-inated in 1879 
 tfi pi'omotc comfort and social intenour.^e for youny 
 Indians of good families under edneation in'Kiig- 
 laiid. Xew prcoiiics in AVhitoball Gardens were 
 iiiaiisuniti'il liy the jiriiiee of Wales, 21 .May, 1S83. 
 Lord Xorthbrook vas an aetivo promoter' of the 
 iiiidcrtakin,?. 
 y^iitHimJ: StK-iflii, hrst annual niootiiij; at tho 
 
 huperial Institute .... 23 JIareli, 1893 I 
 
 XORTH CAROLIXA. NORTH GER- 
 MAN, see Crtco/;//*', (h-nnuH. I 
 
 XOETH-EAST .\\d -WEST PASSAGES. I 
 
 I The attempt to discover a north-west passage was I 
 I made bv a I'urtuguese named Corte Ki-nl, about ' 
 i 1500. In 158,. a com]iauy was fornied in London '<■ 
 (failed the "fellowship for the discovery of the 
 Xorth-West I'assafre." From 1743 to 181S parlia- 
 I mcnt oft'crcd 20,ocxi/. for this discovery. In 1S18 
 I the reward was iiioditied by proposing"that ijiKX)/. 
 1 should lie paid when either 110', 120', or 1 50' W. 
 I Ion:,', should lie passoil ; one of which p.iymei'its \yas 
 J nude to sir E. I'.irry. For their labours in the 
 jvo;a8;i.s enumerated in the liit bdoir, I'arrv, 
 I Fr'aiiWin, Ross, liai k, Uieliai-dson, M'Clurc, Nare's, 
 and McClintoek were knighted. 
 iMiistian Caliot's V. iv.incs to tho arotic regions, 149S, 1517 
 |l*ir Hugh WinonKliiiys and Hichard t'Tiani.cliors 
 expedition to tinii a ))o?-M-{'o,s( passaj^c to China, 
 in tlic Eilintyil ll'iiiniriitiini, lliniii I'^xpcriinza, ami 
 i' .110 (.'oiifrffiifio, sailed from the Tliaincs. 20 Mav 1551 
 I!ic.liaidflaii.ell..r, in the l^hmnl, reaoh,.,! .\rcii- 
 ain'el aiel afterwards Mosoow ; the rest perished 
 otrtliPcoastofLaidaiid, about . . , . ,,5. 
 [Sir -Martin Krohisliers attempt to find a M.W. pas'. 
 
 ': «ai'" to China f-v 
 
 Capt Uavis's expeditions to Itnd a N.W. passage, ' "" 
 
 biMiti's Dutch expeditions (by X.E.) .'' ^'.'^ ivu-l 
 Vayiiiouth and Knight's expedition . . . ,(?o^ 
 Hudson's voyuges (see i/uitoa'j iiii/ . . 11507-10 
 
 nterprises, undertaken by various 
 followed.] 
 
 MiddKu,^'^^|i;::iitio„. •. • • ■"«•■'='• 
 
 •M 'e'sand Hmith's . 
 
 lleanio's land exiieditiou 
 
 '-'"I'';|j['.^''hipps, afterwards lord Jlulgruve', his'ix'- 
 
 Capt. Cook, in tiic /.V.Wafioii and DUconer 
 
 .Maekenzios cxpodition 
 
 ('aptain Diiuoau's voyago .'.'.' 
 
 Tlie ;ji.seo,.,T.v, captaiii Vancoiivei-, r'ctiMiicd from a 
 
 vo.vago of survoyaiid discovery on the iiorth-wo.st 
 
 coast of .Vnioriea . . . j^,..,. 
 
 Lieut. Kotzelme's expedition . ' ' ' '(),.(' 
 Captaiii Hoss and lieut. I>ari-y in the h.iMht ami 
 
 Ah'juiiiler . 
 Captain Huebairs and liont.' l.'raiikliii's expedition 
 
 in tlie Duivtimi and 7Ve/i( 
 Franklin's .second expedition. ' ' ' ' , 
 l.ieuts. I'arryand Liddou, in the /fcdi'i and r/n/ie, 
 
 They return to I,,.itli . . * ^i;'-^' 
 
 Capts. I'arryand I.yoii in ^'»rv and'/Zrv'/t g Ma'v 
 1 arry s tliird expedition with the lUrh, 3 May 
 
 Capts. Franklin- and I.yon, ufter Iiaring atteiniiteii 
 a land expedition, again sail from Liverpool, 
 
 Cajit. Parry* again in the llc-ln. .sails from' Dipt'- 
 
 and rcaebes a simt 433 miles from the North 
 
 22 ,Iune : returns . f, ^)^.^ 
 
 Capt. Hoss' arrived at Hull, on his retui'n from his 
 
 Aictieexiieditioii, aflerauabscnreof four years 
 
 auil\yheiiall Iiopo of bis return had been iieailv 
 
 , .'''and.med t ,g,,,.t 
 
 Capt. Haek and bis companions arrived at Liver- 
 pool Irom their perilous .\retic land expedition 
 (1833), alter having visitoil the lii-eat Kish Hivcr 
 and examineil its e.uirse to the Polar Seas 8 Sent ,9,- 
 
 Capt. ilaek saihd fr Chatham in eommaml of hi.s 
 
 imuestysship 7e,ver, 01, an exploring adventuie 
 to \\agerl{iver .... 2, .lune. ,836 
 
 n he Ocographieal >,oi.|ety awarded the king's aniiiml 
 I'l'dinnm tM eapt. Itaek for hi.s polar discoveries 
 and enterprise. Dee. 1835.] 
 Sir, John I'Vauklin. and capts. Crozier and Kitziames, 
 ships l-'.idms ami Terriir, leave Kn'glaml' 
 
 f.p, '"'■■"") 24.Mav,' 
 
 Ulie M.KTit-WEsr i',\ss.MiK was discovei-ed bv sir 
 . olin franklin and his conipanioiis, who sailed 
 down I'eid and Vii^toria Straits, siiiee named 
 t'lanUbii straits. On the nionnineiit in Watei loo- 
 I'laee IS inscribed -•• Vo Fnnil.liiiuml /li.s hnivc 
 
 e.o«;.o,,o„s-, „■/,„. v,„.„7j,.,,; (Iirirl:,;,-, , ,1 rumphtinq 
 thtihsru>;,!,«j thf HuitU-iiwt /io.s.s„,,e, a.d. I847-8.'" 
 Lady Franklin rc.eived a modal finm the Jioyal 
 Cieogni|ihieal Soeietv.J 
 Commanders Collinsoii and M'Cbirc, in the F,itn-- 
 !oi.s'eaml l„n.^li,i„tur, sailed eastwaril in. search of 
 sir,lohiil.raiikliii J .... jo Jan. ,850 
 
 ' .Sir, John I-'ranklin died it .Tinie, ,847 (sec FnniWv) ; 
 Sir |. Parry died a .Inly, ,855, aged 65 ; and .sirj.din 
 Hoss died 30 -Vug. 1856, aged So. 
 
 f III iSjo hcdiseovered Doothia Felix ; on r ,Junc, ,8,1 
 
 bis nephew ni. .lames Clark Hoss, dis ' 
 
 north magnetic jiole, in 70" 5' ,7" N. lat, 
 
 1741 
 1742 
 1 740 
 i70,> 
 
 ■773 
 1776 
 I78c> 
 1790. 
 
 1795 
 1815 
 
 i8i3 
 
 019-22 
 
 , i8i(> 
 
 v. 1820 
 
 1821-23 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 1833. 
 
 in the 
 (see Fr. 
 
 1845 
 
 scovcreil fill! 
 and 96" 46' 45" 
 
 . capt. .M'Clurc sailed in the [nnsliiintnr in eompanv 
 wi I, com. Collinsoii in the Kiitnprix in scareh of .si'r 
 
 I .li.hii franklin, 20 dan. ,850. On 6 .Sept. he di.seovei,.,! 
 
 j high laud whieh he named liariiig's hind; on tlie gth 
 other land, wliieb he named after |.rince .Vll.ert : on the 
 
 ' 3otli the ship was frozen m. Kiifertaining a strong con- 
 vn.fion that the waters in wliieh the /»e,,^//l/„^o■ then l-iv 
 communicated with H.iiiow's straits, li(. set out on '■,, 
 
 Oct., with a few men in his sledge, to test bis views On 
 26 Oct. he reached Point Hussell (73° 3,' N. |a|., ,, ,= ,.,' 
 y>. I.ing.) wlieiT from an ,l,v,,li,a, of 600 fe.-t he saw 
 Parry or Melville Soiiml h,.m.ath tlieiii. The strait con 
 nccting the .\tlantu. and Pacihe Oi.eans he named after 
 the prince of Wales. The Iiimt!,i,il„r was the llrst sliin 
 whieli traversed the Polar .sea fi'oiu iVhring's straits tl. 
 Hehring ishinil. Intelligence of this discovciy was brought 
 
 
 • ' it 
 
 t 
 
 i ;, 
 
 I ; 
 
 If 
 
 M 
 
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 ! 
 
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 ■4 
 
 -.rill 
 
t f 
 
 f'i .*'. 
 
 i^iW'' " 'i 
 
 N.-E. AND -W. PASSAGES. 782 N.-E. AND -W. PASSAiiEs^ 
 
 
 HMBiL 
 
 , 
 
 ^H^^^HBi4t>u.ii* " 
 
 
 ^I^^^HHi'Y--') 
 
 
 H|HHH^i^ .- 
 
 
 ^^mP'*^* 
 
 r 
 
 lil^Mfl'mf' 
 
 l'^ 
 
 HH^Bk^^m 
 
 In 
 
 A Hiirtli-wi'st iiasHiiuc ilisoivfiijil liy niiit. M'L'liiir, 
 
 2(. Oct. iSso 
 
 A (i'Tinau aiTtic i'X]ii'ilitiim (tlic Ccrnuiniu ami the 
 ll'iiisti) sailiil, 15 .luiii': aiiivi'il at I'cncluliii]! 1>a.v, 
 (inMiilaiiil, 18 July. iSi»i ; tlic vissrls i.artrd ; the 
 •dn-iiiiuiiit arrived at ISniiiiii, ii Seiit. 1870: the 
 Jlinisii was finzeii anil sank, Oit. i8t«; ; thi' ciew 
 tseaneil with iirovisicins, and leailied Cniienha);en 
 
 1 Sept. 1870 
 
 Herr Julius von Pnyer after 2 years i-xiiliiratidu in 
 the JVw//ie/f. (li.sedvers Knmz Jiisef land . . 1B71 
 
 A Xiinve^'ian'arctie expeilition sailed in the spiinn 1872 
 
 A .Sweilish ex|ieditii'n under ]inifessipr Xdrdensk- 
 .jnM, saileil friini Tii'misd, 21 July, 1872; iinsue- 
 'eessl'\d ; retnnieil siiniiaer 1873 
 
 Capt. Hall sail-d Iroiii NiW York in the U.S. slii]) 
 I'l^hnis, 29 June. 1S71 ; fnizeii in, Se|it. ; died, 
 8 Nov. Alter niueh sullerin^', the crew reached 
 Ne\vf(MMidlanil 9 ''^'•iV- .. 
 
 3lr. H. I.eijih Smith saili'd to laf. 81° 24', and dis- 
 covered land to the N.K. of Spitzl)cri;e]i, 1S71 ; i]i 
 other voyajies he di.-eovercd umler-i'urrents of 
 warm water tlowiu',' into tie' |«]lar liasiii ; he re- 
 lieved the Swedish expedition . . . 1S72-73 
 
 An Austro-Ilun^arian ixpeditiou in the A'lmifil 
 Ten'll>'f. and the hl.r.ijtnn. nniler Wey-preclit 
 and I'aver, sailed from Trrmiso. in Norw.iy, 14 
 Julv, 1872; the ships parted company, and the 
 "'■■■;. Cii./ sailed northwaid and discovereil Kranz- 
 Jo'seph Land, 31 An;;. iS7(; frozen in, jiliandoned 
 ship, May, iS'74 ; reached Vardoe, Norway, hy 
 sledt;es, 3 Sept. ; arrived at Vienna . 25 Sept. 1S74 
 
 Mj Disraeli consents to a in-w liritish arctic expe- 
 "tioli, 17 Nov. 1874; 38,620;. voted for the ex- 
 l.editiuu 5 Jlarch, 1S75 
 
 Capt. tl. S. Nares. of the ClK'J'etiiin-. aiiiminted to 
 
 11 and the 'Ihrt, and capt. 11. V. Stephenson 
 
 to cono'i.uid the iJist-t'Vcrt/. 
 
 TiieKriun from ihe ipieen to eajit. N'ares before 
 stariim-: " 1 •..rmstlv wish yoii and your gallant 
 (impanions v ve:v success, and I trust that you 
 ).iay so, !y ,e oi'nplish the iniportant duty yuu 
 1. ■;»'(' s.i lu'.ivi >\ undertaken." 
 
 iv the reply, ' llc'r majesty may delieiid on all 
 doing heir 01. tv." 
 
 The .ships sailed from Port.snioiith 21) May, 1875 ; 
 despatches received from l)isco(all well) 15 July „ 
 
 A'tI (on return) .irrived at Valentia, 27 Oct. ; the 
 l>if:-:nrrii at Queenstown, 29 Oet, ; at I'orts- 
 nioiith ' 2 ^'"V. 1876 
 
 ilcoill^. Sledges reached 85° 20' ^6". 12 May, 1876 ; 
 liMss, ;e to the j.olc .Icdafed to he impracticaMc ; 
 no signs of op.'i; polar sea; sliips wintered, 82°87' 
 lat. ; sun alsent 142 days ; no Ksipiimaux lie- 
 i-'ontl Bi° ^2', 
 
 Out of i2opcrsins4ileaths(ifrostliitten, 3 8eurvy); 
 greatest cold, 72° — zero ; extremesf N. point 
 reached hy Markham named Cape Colombia. 
 
 Cost of the expedition, 120,000;. 
 
 The " Voyage" publislied by Cajit. N'ares . . 1878 
 
 Kxpedition of capt. Allen Young in the rntidnm 
 (aided by lady Franklin), .sailed 25. lune ; n (urned 
 igdet. 1^75; sailed again, 2 June; leturmdji Oct. 1876 
 
 rutch expedition sailed from Holland . April, 1878 
 
 Air. James (iordon liennclfs exiicditiou ; lieiit. de 
 Long .sailed in yacht ./ii/»io;;f . . SJuly, 1879 
 
 Jiuteh ex|iliiring expedition in n'illcm Jiiiiriit.i, 
 sailed for .\rctie Ocean, 6 May ; suecesnful ; re- 
 turned to Ilanimerfest, Norway . . 24Sc|it. ,, 
 
 Another expedition in Vi'jn, under inof. .Vordcnsk- 
 jiild, started 4J11IV, 1S78 ; at I'ort Hiclison on Ilie 
 Yeni.sei, 6 Aug. ; at the month of I.en.i, 27 Aug. ; 
 at Yakutsk, 22 Se|it. ; imiuisoiied in ice near 
 Tschuctshc sidtlcniciit, 28 Sejit. 1878—18 July, 
 1879 ; passed Kiist Cape, Hehring's strait ; eidered 
 St. Lawrence l!ay, in I'aeilic Ocean, 20 July ; 
 reached Yokohatmi 2 Sept. ,, 
 
 to Kngl.ind liv foni. Inglelield, add tie- Admiralty ehiirt 
 was published 14 Oct. 1851. Capt. M'Clure returned to 
 Knghind, Sept. 18^4. In 1855, sckxj/. were paid to capt. 
 <iiltcrwarils sir Hobert) .M'Clure, and 5000/. were distri- 
 buted among tlieolhcers ,'inil crew. On 30 Jan, 185;, the 
 Admiralty notilied that tljc Arctic nicdai would be jjiveii 
 touU pcrBuus tliiiagedin the expeditions Iruui 1S18 tu 1855. 
 
 The NoUTH lv\ST rASSAOKfroni tlr.;,.\tli,liti|. ..,,1 
 
 I'acillc is vims accomi.lishcd ; < liidlv iit tl,., If 
 jicnse of Ml', (aft. baron ) o.scir DicksHi,, ,, ,„,; 
 ehant of (iothenburg (died aged ,,, ,,,'[• 
 
 1E07) ."' . ' ",. , 
 
 Mr. li. Leigh Smiths sueecssfnl exi.e.litioii ii, I'.i '••5 
 yacht /■;;,(( from and to Peterhea.i, 2,: ,i,.,|'.i' 
 
 Anollier exT'cdition by him in the Fim ■."i,„','l'' ''''- 
 /■.iiv seen in Straits of Nova /enil.la .' Vj'ilv' ■■ 
 
 [The lurii in,iureil by ice ; at Cape flora s„,i j,; '■■■ 
 deep water, 21 .\ng, ; stores »ave,l, tent 1,, 
 house erected ; the party live lui s.-als, Wiili, 
 &e. during wilder, 1881-2; return vovn'.e i,.,,"'' 
 (Iio.its hauled, \< .), 21 June ; lell i)i witl":, i),,",',.' 
 vessid, inihiii UiU, 1,1s, and soon allir wiih tl,,' 
 //.r/.r, near Matotehkin Sliaits, N.am y.,i,\T 
 3 .Aug. ; s.iil for home, Aug. ; arrive at \.'J' 
 di'cn, 20 Aug.] 
 
 Search for him projiosed ; governnieiil to -irp 
 swx,;. Geograiihical Society 1000;. ; other ™,,u 
 olHaed M,,'r .„ 
 
 The llui„- (Cai.t. Sir Allen Young) sails i„\,. ''; '•- 
 ■■f'""-'^-'-' 2:,liS'; 
 
 Lx|icdition' in the JinuiKllr, whi.-li is ■■iii>i|,.l i,,- 
 
 ice, 23 .luilc ; two boiits Willi crew lecciM.,1 ],, 
 
 Itiissia lis at mouth of the Lena ; oneliniit lai.s^iij'; 
 
 Dec. loSi ; bodies of capt. lie Long and i,tli,.j; 
 
 found ncarthcuioiilliof the Lena, 21 .Mmcli, ,5;,. 
 
 conveyed to l'hilailel|ihia, and buried 2'. ^l^' -.. 
 (icinian .irctie ex)ieditiou, (kniitiu in sailed, simiiiM-' ' "' 
 
 rctunieU 21 nit' ': 
 
 liritish cireumiiol ir cxpediticui starti d , n'M,,,- '''" 
 .\rrivcdat l''ort li.ie. 30 .\ng. ; good hchs , |ii.;' ' 
 Austrian Polar 1 xpi'dilioi., I'l.lnr started 2 Aiiii' 
 
 1SS2 ; returned to Drontlieiin n Aug. ; to Vii'im,', 
 
 The liritish government 'presents the ,|(,-,-rt,', a-'j '"• 
 the exiieilition, under eomniaiider Winij, Ms 
 Schley, in .search bir the party niiiler lii-nV 
 (ireeley, 25 persons 1 which startei! for tlip Polaj 
 seas in the summer of iSSi), I'd.. 1854; tie 
 search expedition starts, 10 Mar, 1S84; 'io^^i 
 reward otfereil by C. S. governiinnt for iliscmviv 
 of lieut, lireeley and jiarty , , , j]j„: •; 
 
 I. lent, tireeley's jiarty reached Cajie Sabine, Siiiiili'., 
 Sound, 83 ileg, 24' N. lat. ; 17 p"rsoiis «tarveilt(i 
 death ; 1 drowned. 6 lairvivors louiid by n.iii 
 Scdiley with the, Thetis, 22 June; arrive' at .sj^ 
 Jolin's, Newdoiiuillaud, 17 July; at I'urtsnunitli 
 New llamjishire . ", . , i .W 
 
 [The Ali'it returned to the British govenniimt " 
 with thanks, Teb, 1E85,] 
 
 Colonel tiildcr's expeditiju starts from Wiiiniii,.. 
 2 Oet, 1886 ; returns , . . 3 Mardi" i."- 
 
 lijorlingand K.alstennins, yoiiiig Swedish inlnral. 
 ists, and a small liarty, leave St. .lohn's in the 
 l:il>jilf for Smith's Sound, 24 -Iiiiie, 1^92; teach 
 Disco island, tiicenbind, insullicii ntly e(|iiiiij,eii, 
 II July; they crossed Hallins May, aiidairiVHildt 
 i'arey island, 16 Aug. ; the \essel is drivi'ii vn 
 shore, 17 Aug. ; in a desperate conditi'iii witli 
 shortnessof provisions, embark for Clareiic-ll,\i,l, 
 Cape Faraday, Kllesmeieianil, in a small Imai, 12 
 Oct,; not since hem .1 of, ie)>orled Dec, 1E93; traces 
 of them found on Carey island, reporte.i, ijtjct, iij, 
 
 l)r, Fridtjof Nanseii starts from Cluistiaiiia inUe 
 l-'riiitt. for .\retie regions, 24 .bine, Uq^', hr. 
 Nanseii with Meiit. .loliansen, left the >ro,fiiii 
 charge of ca|it. Sverdnip and lieiil. Secitl-Hin, 
 sell, 14 March, i«o= ; after having Uiiioliol a 
 (loint 4 degrees fiiilhcr north tliaii any )in'\ii,iis 
 ex|plorer. Ill their journey over tlie iee tiicy 
 reaidied to 14' lat,, 8Al>ril ; and aiiiveilat Kran'2 
 -Idsef Land, 14 -\ug., and there wintereil: |ir, 
 Nansen met .Mr. .lacksmi there, 17 June, liat; 
 and they returned in the ll'('in/r<»o; tu VanI", ; 
 Aug. ; arrival of the Fnim at SUjeivi', after 
 reaehiiig 83' 37' N, hit,, great lejoiciiii:, lo.tiiR,; 
 Dr, Nansen and his companions rereiveii liytlcj 
 king at Clnistianla. 9 Sept. ; arrived in ri'ii 
 (U'/iie/i .«■/■), 3 I'eb, 1897, Kdinburgh, 12 Keli. ; and 
 other towns, Feb. ; made D. Se. at C'aiiiliri(l;;e, 
 li) .sL-ireb ; Inrewell lecture, SI. James' Hall, :< 
 Mareli ; Paris, 23 March; Deilin, reeeivcd liy 
 the emperor, anil granted nicdals, 3 Aliril; !«■ 
 eeived by the king at Copenhagen, 7 April, 
 
 lii.ia.; 
 
-W. PASSAiJEsr" 
 
 ■l:tVniM tli.;A11,n,ti,..,,iir 
 
 (.l.Ml ,,(..,.,1 ,,^ ^ J 
 
 imn .nil,,. .,„■», ,,j,,„,'-" 
 N..Mj/nnl.h, t,i„|v „. 
 
 ; stoivs »iiu.,l, ,,.,„ I 
 rty liVf 1,11 .s.-iils, «v,i|,„ 
 1-2 ; return v<,vi,.^|. i,.,,.' 
 June; 1,11 ill wit], „ I,,,',;.,! 
 i, iinil .si„,n :ili, I wjn, ||.„ 
 n Stiaits, .N„v;, ■/.^.,,^^.^ 
 3, 6 Auj;. ; arrive iit A,»r- 
 
 icd ; govcrnineni to "i»e 
 ;ifiety locc/. ; ntlicr sflm,, 
 
 en \mn-^) siils in hmivI, 
 
 II lie. wlii.-ii is .■ni,l„,| i„. 
 Its with erew r,-,viveil i^v 
 ii'Len;, ; iin,- lurat niisMi,..' 
 ■ji|;t. ,le I.,inj.' :,n,l ..ti,,.,; 
 
 f tlie I.e -'iMarelMS;,- 
 
 Ilia, an,l hiiiii.l ,. |.',;' ,. 
 .(Annii.iiii.Niiieil.MiiM,,,.].] '"'^ 
 
 ■ilition stintiil . ' n'M-n' '■'■ 
 
 \nj;. ; ;,' 1 news i |ii.,'.' ' 
 
 on, I'lilar starteil o ,\iiiii' ' 
 itlieini II Auk. ; to Vi,.|iiia 
 
 . , ^2 Alii ,:■. 
 
 : }iresents tli.. .w, ,■• t,,;,.;,] ' 
 r i'i,iniuiuiili-r Wini:, l.|'s 
 • tlie i,a''ly iiiuler i,,!,,' 
 liiili starfe.l fiir tlio i',,!,,; 
 ,.f .88,), 1-Vl.. ,e£4;,|„. 
 i-ts, lu .Mar, 1884; ;«*;. 
 . i;nveiiii,ie,,t fur lisnivnv 
 ■I'ty . . . .May, ,;:, 
 
 lehi'il Cajif Saliino, Siuiili's 
 lat. ; ,7 ii'Mx.iis-tiirvclt,, 
 
 i;nrviv(irs luuiiil by ,i>iji. 
 
 is, 22 June ; aiTiv,-' ,it st 
 
 , 17 July ; at l'oitsiii,iutli' 
 
 • I All!;! 
 
 tlie J'nti.^li govvniiiieiit " 
 
 iuii .starts from \Vi,iiii|i,.. 
 
 3 Maifli' ,;:. 
 s, yotin-; S\v,.,li,li ii.nnral. 
 ;y, leave St. .loliii's in tlu 
 imil, =4 .Iniie, iStji; ifadi 
 „1, i,isiilli.'ii iitly vi|iii|ii».i|, 
 
 Halliiis liay, aii.lanivi-iiiit 
 . ; the vi's.sel is .Irivi'ii m; 
 
 <l,'siiei'at,' eon,lili,i,i with 
 ;,eiiil,arl;lor<'laii'ii,-n,.ail, 
 leri'lanil, in a small l««it, 1; 
 f, l,'li,„li',i |iee.,Eg3;initfs 
 'V isliiml, iv|,o,t,.|. ],i.ict. ,;5, 
 Ills from ('liri.stiaiiiainllie 
 ioii.s, 24 .liiiie, 1803; Dr. 
 otianseii, left the >'ni,iiiii 
 nil, aii'l lieiil. Seett- Han- 
 ; aft'-r liavm;; tuiu'iiol ,i 
 ',■ titirth than any i,n-\|..its 
 olMliey ovej- Il,e ice tla'V 
 \|iril I amlamveilat Fran'; 
 
 and there wintcreil; Or, 
 ksoii tlieri', 17 June. ,:(>6; 
 
 the ll'(in;ie(,,.;toVa,*i, 5 
 e h'riim at Skjeive, aftrr 
 t., Kreat ii-.joicint:, joAiit; 
 onii'ai,ioiis rei'ei\eil Ity ijid 
 ■) Sept. : airiveii ^n r,ii;fl 
 7, Eiliiiliui'nh, 12 Fell.; ami 
 nudo 1>. ISc. at t'aii,l,riili;f, 
 eetur,', St. .laini-s' Hall, 14 
 ureh; lh',lin, ri'veivi'd |,y 
 uiitt'il l,ieilal.s, i April; re. 
 Ciijii'lihugeii, 7 Al'lil. 
 
 NOETHMEN. 
 
 783 
 
 NOEWAY. 
 
 1S94 
 
 • Kfrthe.st North," by Ur. Nuiiseii and lii^iit. 
 
 .Miaiisen, Iiidili.sliml .... Keh. 1897 
 
 Tjie Xor»fet!ia" l'arliii,nei,t grants sums of money 
 
 •iiilieineiiilHisof the cxiiudition, Mai-eh, ,897. 
 
 lieutenant 1'"'"'.^ »''"''■'• f''"'" •^''■"' Vcirk, with iiii 
 
 ,x,«litioii in two jiarties, 2 July, iSqj ; thi! cvpe- 
 
 ililioii fails tluouKh had weathi'r ami loss uf dojfs. 
 
 p,.iiv relief e.\peilition in the /■'.,/,, 1,1 h.aves (St. 
 
 .iohii's, 7 J"l.y> '^94 > ri'tiirns tln-ri' with the 
 
 ',rf,ibersof the e.viieilition, including,' Mrs. I'l^ary, 
 
 ailirell, !■; Sept. ; lieut. IVary, M,-. Ilii-h Leu, 
 
 ',!;,! HeiLSon, a servant, remain in (iri'iuilaml t,) 
 
 .',,■ tiiiiiB tlieir exjilui-ations ; IVary reliid' ex|n!. 
 
 iiim, in the A',', , 1,'avi-s St. John's for liowvloiu 
 
 i;,v, latilellel'l gulf, .Iiily ; n'turns with lii'ut. 
 
 IViiy, Mr. l.ee, ami llensoii, who wci-e ni'arly 
 
 .•.n'ljl, 21 Sept. 1E95. I.ieut. I'cai'y ii'tun,s to 
 
 I i!„. liretiin with suieiitille collections, 26 Sept. 
 
 .■q6; ii'tiiriisto St. John's with the Cape York 
 
 iiiiteorite (45 toii.s), 20 Sept. 1897. 
 
 J',, fe/diii wiwliv,! oil' .S. Greenland, Oct.; all 
 
 . ';,(rish|rei)nrti'il 27 Nov. 1894I. 
 
 Mr. F. (i. Jack.soii arrives at Hull after spemliu;,' 
 
 ' liiiiie months within the Aretie cirel,' . 4 f'eh. 
 
 T'lr.lacksoii-Hiinnswiirth e.\pc,lition (33 persons) 
 
 :ji the lyiiiiliiviil, .Mr. A. C. llaiinswurth defray. 
 
 )]:; all cxiieirses, about 23,000/., starts fur Krai'iz 
 
 Ji.'pf Land; Lomlon, 12 .luly; left A,'c-han(,'el, 
 
 ; .\iiK. ; reaehwl Franz .lo.sef I.aml, Sejit. 1E94, 
 
 in./in in ; exploi'iilion hy -Mr. Jackson ; he and 
 
 liisliaity remain; the Windinnd leaves 3 July, 
 
 .iijil arrives at (irave.si'iiil , . . 22 (Jet. 189 = 
 
 I IlviT Aiiilree ami -M. Eckholni leave Ti'oiusil in 
 
 III,. Vi.-ijo for a balloon expedition to the X. I'ol,., 
 
 ::Jime, ,396; previ'iiteil. ami ret, in,, 24 Auk. ; 
 
 liHasceiiils ill the l-Jnili with IJrs. Slrindbei;; ami 
 
 I'laenkel from Uane.s islaml (617 ,i,i. from tbi' N. 
 
 l'..li,), 2.30 i'..M. n July, 1897 ; iidii'f expedition 
 
 jii the Victvritt returns to 'i'romso without news, 
 
 21 Nov. 1897 
 L.;|;. Rohert.ion, of the Dundee whaler Uidmna, 
 ;;-i M\ers several islands on the .S. coast of Ki'anz 
 iiisef Liiiii. repiirteil .... 3 Sept. „ 
 i Aiciic relief >spedilioi, to rescue wh.alars; arrived 
 
 at Cape V.mconver 16 Di'c. ,, 
 
 I c,|i;. Svenlrup's polar expedition in the Fmin 
 
 j |.,iifs Christiania .... 24 June, 1898 
 
 I .l|r. Walter Welhiiaii's (A, nerieaii) N. polar expedi- 
 
 ;i.,iiiiithe/''/irt,,/"/I,'av,'s Troinsii . 27 June, ,, 
 
 (I'li.irtsof the lalist iliseoveries are ],ublisheil in 
 
 i'oternianii's ".MittheiiuUKeii der Geographie.") 
 
 , XOETHMEX or Is'ouSEMEX, see Scandi- 
 
 \iMiii, and Xurmiiiidi/. 
 
 . XOETH SEA, or GeUMAN OcEA^, a canal 
 L"niiei.ting the sen with Aiiisferdaiu; opened b}- the 
 jkinirof Hiillaiid. I Nov. 1.S7O. I'm tlie canal oon- 
 liieotiiig the Xorth sea with tlie Ualtic, see liallic, 
 [lSS;-q5, anil KU'. 
 
 , .\0RTHUJrJ5ERLAND AVENUE, W. 
 
 iLo.XDON, oi'vned 18 Mai'oli, 1876. 
 
 XORTHUMBEELAND HOUSE, 
 
 ^TlUXD, LuXIlOX, liuilt on the site of a hospitnl, 
 fieiiii'ateil to the Virgin, by Henry Howard, earl of 
 Koi'tliamiiton, was tiiiisheil l(xJ5; natiied Sult'olk 
 lliiusc b_v his nephew, Thoiua.s. earl ot'Sufl'olk ; anil 
 It'terwards niinied Xorth iitnberland House from his 
 lesceiidant, Klizalieth, tiiarrv ing Al^^ernon, earl of 
 ii'iirlhumborland, by whom it was piirtiiiUy rebuilt. 
 fiie limise w.as |,iireliased by the Meti'opolitan 
 li-ar.l of Works; 497,000/. being jiaid for it, 
 j June. The lion (s,'t u), 1749) taken dowi,, 3 
 I July, to be imt up at Sion-house ; the house 
 1 lulk'iliUnvii during the autuiuu .... ,87. 
 
 J XORTHUMBRIA, a Saxon kingdom, founded 
 
 (y IJa, i4; ; see under liriluin. 
 
 [, XOETII-WE.ST TEREITOEIE,S. See 
 
 :>lfrn tcrntorim. 
 
 [XORTH WEiSTEEX PE0VINCE8 of 
 
 Biiiia, seyarated from Ueugiil in 1835 (Oude was 
 
 annexed 111 1,856), and all were plieed under one 
 ie,it.-g:overiior„i j.S;;. Capital, .■\Mahabad. JVpu- 
 
 lattou ,n .881, 44.107,809; ,,S,j,, .|f,,yOs,o'85. 
 
 Lieut -governor.s rion sir Alfred fomyns lyl, 
 'b.l' "";, •^''f'<l''!"" f'"lvin, aututun 1887 ; si^ 
 
 tlniiet (losthwMite, Xov. jW: si,- At thony 
 
 Maedonncll, .Matvh, i8c,s. Anthoti} 
 
 ""vr'deill'r" ",• ""■■ '''■■•■'"•"'■'hiehistan and Indo. 
 
 ll!ii^ MiSnn,'';:;::!:;;!;:'.,/'^ "■'•""''•-'; -^' „ 
 
 valuable w,i,k, piil,lisli,',l . , 
 See IiiiVmn I'mni iii\ 18,^7. 
 
 ,897 
 
 XOETH- AVE.STERX RAILAVAY 
 
 LOXIHIX AXJ, ,.,,M>tituti.d by the ann.l.Mmntiotiol' 
 e I,,,nlo„ ,i,Hl Jirn,ii,gh;.i„(irat„lJ„„etio„,a,id 
 the .iverpoo u,„l .Ma„eh..st..r railway,s, i„ 84- 
 bn- Kb hard Moot, (dinvto,-, iN^.s, .diatV, mn, 862' 
 on resig,.,,,., 20 I'eb. 1891, nValed the e .pi^tl; 
 
 U «,':'; : " "'r" .""f'-'W'- l..-oi.rletot 
 .4,000, pius, ,s employed, about (kmkw, uUleuKe, 
 1,900. .See Cnin. Sir (leoi^e Kindlay, the able 
 
 il.uidi, i,S,,^, ai;M Uy, s,i,v,rdeil by Mr. F 
 
 '£'f;:k;o!;:""''"'^''''^"-^'5/.;miieai?: 
 
 n Ul'c. 1896 
 
 ><'ORWAY, uiitilthi-thcrtiturv.was-ovei-ned 
 hy petty .'ulei-s. About (,,,, (ilaf Ti ,■ eUr of ?he 
 race of Odin tertue,! Vugli, g-s ,„■ y. t s ^^ "Xd 
 
 tliL nueleus of n motmn l,y, I'oiiudeil by his de-' 
 seendant, Halldan III. the" lilark, a great warr or 
 and egislator, vvhose memoi-y was b.,,.' revered 
 I'opulatuni, 1887, 1,925,000; ',8,^,, l.-jSti^™. 
 Olaf 'rr-ietrlia, fijo : slain by his subj,.,-,s 
 tla I.Ian ., 040; Kvstein I., 70,,; li.ilblan II ' 7 ,n ■ 
 
 „,«"i':;:,'784;<>iafG,.i,.st..i,fe,.i,,,ii,,.ii,-,ia,; i,'^°: 
 
 Half.lan wovrs his iiilouitam r Ir s 1,,-othei 
 
 whom be sub,|ii,s, t.,g,.tb,.rwitl, tb,- ,,.iy „ i rl 
 iiig rbiels, S40 ; a.-,i,lentallv .Irowm.l '*=""""' 
 
 bis'!e^ n^r^M'.V"'i'' '"'"■'■'■ '""■'"« "'« yoatliof 
 
 .m, :, "•"•l^if-'i'i-.orfaii-baii.d.w^liovows 
 
 neither to rut nor eoiiib his hair till he re,„vers 
 
 'lis iloiuinion , , ''' 
 
 Jle ,l,deats his e, ,ies at ilafsliord,'872 ;' dies' 
 
 i'an,!-si;,^;;td'^;'^''>''"^^ .tyrLUipelied: 
 
 llarold II tiiaaf,.|,l, s.,,, of Eiie, sm'.e.v.ls . ' ' 
 
 v,ll..luibaltl,.w,tl, lla,„hlofU,.i,n,aik . " ' 
 
 liako Jail, iiiadegoviuiior of several pia.vinees ■ l,e- 
 
 eoiiies king, 977 ; bis Ibvntioiism.ss l,-a,ls u'l his 
 
 Olaf I 995: establishes flirisiianitv'bv I'nree ami 
 erilelty .... . . ,ti .um 
 
 IJefeat.Vl a„,l slain, .luring aii ,,xp',.,litii,ii aga • 
 
 I'onieraiua, by the kings of ll,.nn,ark ami Sw-eu,: 
 who divi.le Norwav bitwiiii thi.iii 
 
 nla;'||.,theSai„t(l,is.son),la,„ls ill Norway. ' ' !^ 
 Debats bis eueiiims aii.l b,-,-,,mes king ' 
 
 Fuuarl.v z,.alous in tb,; .litbusi,,,, „f t.bii.tianitv ' .ois"^^ 
 Sm.eessfu invasion of Canute, who I„toi„,.s ki„„ ,028 q 
 Idaf exiieih.,1 ; ,vtiiriis ami is kille.l in battle , ' 
 
 .Sw..y„, attbe.leath of Canute, s e.'dr as'ki,^ „^ '"^o 
 
 Norway, but is ..xiielled in f.ivour of Magnus 1 
 bastard .sou of Olaf 11. ' '' 
 
 Magnns l„ro,nes king of IVnmaik, ,036 ; dies " [ Toll 
 llar.il.l Haialrada, king.if Xo,way ^' 
 
 "^^U,'^o;;;'(S?"-^^""^>'^'"«^-^«^'""? 
 
 Olaf HI. f.mn'lsn.ugeii ' ' ' «o6g-io93 
 
 .Magnus 111. Ohri'f.int), son of Olaf ■ ' ' 'I"'" 
 Invades the Orkneys and Scotland . . ' ' ' \^A 
 
 640 
 824 
 
 863 
 
 865 
 934 
 
 963 
 977 
 
 995 
 998 
 
 'it 
 
 M )", 
 
 ,1 
 
 it 
 
 ^i>' 
 
 I, 
 
 . 'iii « 
 
miuIh-I'SI: 
 
 MM'''^' 
 
 
 
 ,' •€ ,J * ,• 
 
 i ''. 
 
 
 
 I: Hi 
 
 iiii 
 
 ii 
 
 11 
 
 NORWAY. 
 
 784 
 
 NORWICH. 
 
 1103 
 
 Kl'lpil In Iii'lniiil 
 
 SiKunl I., Kvstciii II., iin.l 01;ir IV. (sons) 
 
 tSimiid visitH till- llnly Laml ns :i waiTinr iiilgrlni 1107-10 
 
 Ui'cmiu'ii soil' kint,', ii^j; ilii"* "3° 
 
 MuKiuis IV. (hU M>iOniiil iliiiolil IV 
 
 Miiirims (k'thniin'il ■ • "J4 
 
 Hariihl IV. iininli'ivil ; .sn U"l l>,v liis si>iis, MKUnl 
 
 II., &.('.; I'ivil will- iii>;i'.s . . . ■ "3° 
 
 Niiiiliis liiMiiksiPi'Mr (nlt.'rw.ir.U l"'lpi-' Ailnaii I\.), 
 
 till' papal li-«atr, anivi-.s, ivroiirili'.'s the lirntlii'is, 
 
 ftiiilloiiii.l.s tlii'Mivhiilslhipri.' (irnrnntln'ini . . 1152 
 Nuiiii-niiis ( ipi'til.'is r.'i til.- rn.wii ; i-ivil war; 
 
 IiiKc- I., Kvstoiii III., Uaku III.. Matsiius \. . 113562 
 
 Mauims V. nlnm- , • - • "<'» 
 
 Rise of Swi-mi. an alili- ailvi'iitiin'r, who lH'<-oni09 
 
 iiinK: MiiH"»»'l''''i''"'''' : '''""'"''' • • ■ "^6 
 Hwi'iTo niU'S viy.inmsly: ilic-s . . • • "02 
 
 llakd, hU son, kMi^, uuj ; liiitliinni, 1204 ; Inyi- II. 1205 
 
 HaUo IV., liastar.l son i.rSvi-.rro '207 
 
 Unsiicccssfnllv invailis .s,-ntlan'l, wlii-iv lie ilu-s . 1203 
 Ma^nns VI,, liissoii(tlR-l.-Kislat.>r). .lii-s . 1280 
 
 Kri(- II., till- pi-ii'st-liati-v, niarni-s Maiwnvt of bi-ot- 
 lan.l ; tlu-ir .laiiulit.-r, tin- .Mai.l ..I Norway, lii- 
 coMcs lu-iii-.ss to till' i-iown or.Srotlaiiil . . .1286 
 Ilako v., h's linitli.-r, kiiij; .... I299-'319 
 Dei-lini- of N'orw.-xian prospi-rity. 
 Ma^nns VII. (III. ofbwril.Mi), kin.^ . . • i3'9-43 
 
 HiikoVI ,.• • ■ 'H^i" 
 
 Olaf v. of Xonvav(II. of n.-nniaik) . . .1380-87 
 Norway nniti-il witli Iicnniark an.l Sw,-a,ii nn.U-r 
 
 Margari-t . ■,■,•< ' . ' ' '^ '^ 
 
 At an asscnilih- at C'lniar tin; tlirt-i! status aru 
 
 f.n-nially iiiiit..l • ■„■,•„• '^'^^ 
 
 Swc.li-n an.l .Norway si-parat.-.l from Ui-nniarU, 144S ; 
 
 re-nnitiMl . .' . • • • ■ • - '450 
 Denmark an.l Norway separat.'.l tn.m Mve.l.-n . 1523 
 
 l.'liristiania, the m.Ml.rn i-apital, limit l.y Chris- 
 
 tianlV , - ■ , -,.. • '^^.j 
 
 N.n-way K'iven fi Sw.-.l.-n l.v tin- tre.-ity .if Kn-l ; 
 
 I'omenmia an.l Un^.-n anm-xe.l to U.nniarU 14 
 
 Jan. ...... , ■ \, ■ '^'•' 
 
 The Norwegians ch-elare their in.leiieii.leiu-e, 17 Ma.\ , „ 
 The Sw.-.lish ti-.iops ent.T Norway . . i'-'.''"')'. .. 
 Charh-s I-'r...U-ri<-. .Ink.- ..f UoUt.-in, ele.ti.l km- .'I 
 N.irwav ; ali.li>-at.'s . ... JoU.-t. „ 
 
 Charh-s XIII .if Swe.l-n i.r.irlaime.l km;; hv tlie 
 National l)ii-t(Storthuii;)ass,-mli'.e.lat (hristiama; 
 he ae.-epte.l the .-.institution wlii.-h .h-.-lares Nor- 
 way a free, in.iepeii.lent, iii.liyisible, an.l malieii- 
 nlile state, nnite.l to (Swe.l.-n . . 4 >>'uv. ,, 
 
 Nobility aliolishe.l >»^' 
 
 The national onler of fit. tHaf institute.l hy km),' 
 
 Os.-ar I. . . . ■ ,- , ■ -..,■,.• '^-t' 
 Millennial f.-stival of the e.stalilishment ol the king- 
 
 a.mi, k.-pt . . . -,-.„■., ■'^ •'"'>■■ '^^' 
 
 The kiiiK osear II. .-rowne.l at Drontli.-mi, 
 
 ■* 17 July, 1873 
 
 Statne of Charles John XIV. nuyoile.l at Christiaiim 
 
 7 Helit. 1875 
 Christian Kelnier su.-.-i-.-.ls Vk. Staiig as primu 
 
 minist.-r ... '^" 
 
 Disputes lietw.-.-n the St-utliings ami tlie eniwn 
 
 respeetinge.mstitutioiial .-haiiges . . . . ,. 
 Eleetions ; lilieral majority ehiimiiig N.irw.-gian 
 
 eonstituthmal rights ; many vepulili.-aus < ),-t. 1882 
 Lilieral lea.l.-rs, S.iieiis Jaabo-k (yiulont), .Mr. Sv..-i- 
 
 (lrup(m.i.hrat.-) . . • - . • • •'«"- "83 
 Openi'iK of the Sl.irtliing, tirm resistaliee of tlio 
 
 i-i-.iwn ministers . •,■.■.! , '. " 
 
 Who an- thre.itene.l with imp.-a.-hment, 9 .March , 
 
 whieh is a.lopteil . • • .•V;.,'"'' " 
 
 Exhibition of art aad maustry opened at (_hn.s- 
 
 f^jinia June, ,, 
 
 Imneaehment of the minister, ri-ristian .S'lmer, 
 
 ami his i-.. i-olleaKues, for a.lvisuig the kill),' to 
 
 veto the bill for niinisterial lesponsilulity . „ 
 
 Trial of Helmer began .... s^'Ji't- ■■ 
 
 Selnicr found guilty by the supreme ..-onn-il of 
 
 Norway; senteneed to dismiiision troni imbln; 
 
 service, und iiayinent of expenses of prose.-ntion, 
 
 27 ret). 1H84 
 M. Seliner re.signs Lis post, the king aeeeiles, but 
 
 maiiiWins liLip""''''' "'' ^■'•';' „.- ,- ■2.Man-li, „ 
 Trial and e.myietion of M. kjeriiU an.l oth.-r 
 
 miui.ters .... 20 Mar.-h-;i April, „ 
 The erown Iirince of Sweden aplminted vi.-ei..y ol 
 
 Norway 19 -March, „ 
 
 New ministrv formed (eonn.'ill.ir *-h\vei ■nai-.l i„i 
 
 M. Carl [..iveiiskjohl, ami otheisj , ° , J3 , 
 Ueslgns, 6 June ; ,M. Jolmii Mvoi-ilnni |„ni'„ .; '■■< 
 
 liberal ministry . .... jijjii.' 
 Hesignation of the Svpr.lrnp miiii.^trv. 2 .In],. . ,, ',' " 
 
 eee,l...lliyEniil,Stang . . .' . .'.'.i;, .' ., 
 DeathofChi-istian A. W.-lm.T . . ii!,.,m i.s,' ,, •' 
 Visit of the (iennan emperor at Christi; iiii|.i|.|,ij ' 
 
 reception • • ... . 1 Jul; Ti',.., ,: 
 Resignation of the Slang ministry, ii ii„,.|,||,.,,|:'. -' 
 
 of a voti' ill the 11,-iilianii-nl 'l.'iiiaii.liin; -iivti.',. 
 
 iii.le|ieu.h'nee for Norway in political l«ilicy. tni,! 
 
 in>; to .seiiaration IV.iiii Swe.len . . V3 IVl, ,• 
 
 M. .Steen, the liberal h-a.ler. 
 
 i"""-< a .-aiiiii,.! 
 
 < 1 . . . 5 ■Mlll.-'ii. 
 
 Norway .lesli-es autonomy 111 fi.riM.'n .-iflaii.,. " 
 
 .ip]i.ise.l by .Sweih'ii, Feb.; a.lopt.-il l,y ti,,! 
 
 St.irthing . . . . . . „-,,i„„„ , 
 
 Di'strnetivi' lire at C'hristiaiisand ; public liMiMiii,.j '"' 
 .lestroy.-.! ij,,,,: 
 
 The Sl.'i'ii ministry resigns, 3-0 June; i-ivmin,'., " 
 olHco by compromise . . . . 2-.|i,ii. 
 
 A litieral-unioiiist party forineil nliiiut . V- X.jv' " 
 
 Vioh'iit storm over the Lofo.leu ishiii.ls, a lisliii, •'. 
 Hi'.-t .lestroyed, about 123 liv.'s l.ist , .-n.! i,f .|.|'.j : 
 
 Continue.l ileiiii.nil tor aut.in.iniy in Ibn-i^'i, nHnirs "' 
 Feb. ; the .storthing ignon's tiiecoiK-iliapin-.n,,,.' 
 tnres of Swe.len, March, ami chiims .M'i«ir,|,,, 
 foreign consular estaiilisbinetii . 17 Minv!, 
 
 King Oscar visits f'hristiania, 17 April ; .la lii, r!.'. " 
 fiisal to consent to aut.ui.miy in Ibi-eigii aiDii,, 
 the Steeii ministry resigns an.l tlie st.iitliii. 
 a.Ijourns, 23, 24 April ; 11. 'W n;ini,,f v forimii h': 
 M, Emil Stang, 2 May ; censure.l b, ,ute|fi;-j,j 
 
 6 Mm 
 See hniilsl!)!.-', May, 1595, '' " 
 
 The storthing votes the iiartial sub.stitiiii.ai of ti,,. 
 
 N.irwegian flag for that of the Union 21 .huii- 
 Tcleph.iiiic cominuiMcati.m opeiie.1 lietweBii Clui,. " 
 
 tiaiiia aii.l St.iekholm .... 2.*»i-'ir. 
 Eightieth anniver.sary of th.' niiioii of Norw^n a',,,; 
 
 Sweden; king Oscar at a banipiet, spi.iil<.<str.iii/:r 
 
 iii suiipint of the union, s|ii-cially in Imvi.:;. 
 
 a'laiis ' . ^•s'^■' 
 
 A.Miess of the storthing to the kiiig,e.-iisiiriii;;tli.i 
 
 state of th.i army an.l navy . . 7.11111...,:., 
 rarlianientary eh'Ctions : loft, 39; right an.l imj.!,.! " 
 
 rates, 55 26 X.JV. 
 
 Hesignati.in of the ministry, 31 .Tan. 1395; nmia. 
 
 tioiis lietw-een the king ami the stortTiiiig, Ri. ; 
 
 no result, th.' oM ministry n tains otlice. 2; .May! i-; ; 
 M. nonnvil ih-clines t.) I'.inii a iiiini-try . ij'.hit,, ''' 
 llardanger hotel, O.l.le, ami several houses Imnt 
 
 (gret loss to tourists) . , 9.4ii;'. „ 
 
 A coalition ministry fornicl by .M, Ilagenip, |.rC'. " 
 
 mier 14 (M. . 
 
 Stortliiiigop 1 by the k'lig . . ;Ffl,, r-; 
 
 "The I-'ri.lt.i.if Naiisen Fiiml t'.iv s.ieiitilio re- ' 
 
 search," start. -.1 to cmmemoiali- |lr. Naiisi-ns 
 
 Arctii' .'Xii.'.lition Oct. 
 
 See .v.. /■(/(./■;. ami 11^. I'lusnuf 1096 ami ioiila 
 1807. 
 Iliimhl lliinrfiiiire, imnclad, lanmlu-.l at W;\ll<.ir, 
 
 on the Tyiie, 4 Jan.; 7'iir./eiiW,:ir./.(, sisti-rslii]., 
 
 laimche.l there . . . . i3 .^lan-ll, 1;;. 
 Namsos, in iirovlnce of N. Tr.iii.lh,j.-iii .l.-.<tr,iy.-.i 
 
 liy lire -,o.Mjv, .. 
 
 Storthing opene.l by the king . . n iviwhi 
 
 Resignation of th.- Hag.'riip niiiiislry, 12 IV..; 
 
 n.'W ininislry birm.'il by M. St.-.'ii . i;ivii. ,^ 
 Report of the Norwegian e.iiiiniitte.' mi the imi'-ii 
 
 with Swe.bMi, iires.'iite.l to parliament 7 Marek „ 
 Inl.-rnatioual lisli.-ries exhibit!. ni.ip.-nral at IL-im, 
 iii May; and festival (i.-t) of N.iiwi'^iaii luii.ic, 
 
 e.jn.lncte.l by Dr. I-Mvai.l tjii.-g; 2') Jiiiic-j July, ., 
 See Demiuirk and Sv-flrn. 
 
 NORWICH (Norfolk), mentioned in liiitctv in 
 the Saxon Chromclc iit the pcri.Kl when Swtu, 
 king of DL'iiiiiiirl;, Uustrojeil it by tire, IM4. S« 
 ropiilatittn. 
 Artis.-insfi-'.ini th" Low Countri.-s est-iMisli li.-r»i»* 
 
 mannlai'ture of baiz.'s, 4i.-., about , . , ii 
 
 Cathe.lral lirst ere.-t.d in 108S, by bisli.)]. HerWrt 
 
 I.osinga ; .-oiiipl.-te.l by bishop MitUk'tmi,al>ial 
 
 12S0 ; octo-c.uitenary celebrated . July, lijii 
 
 A yreat plague . . ijtJ | 
 
)R\VICIl. 
 
 ami othiT.s) . , I, ' I ,. 
 J(.lmii M\<.r,ln,,, ,,„:,,1™,; '•■i 
 
 InipmiTii^liy, i.luiy; „„; " 
 
 "Ill"'' • • iih'mt i.s,,,;.' • > 
 
 ilicnirnt Christii iii;i.-i„';i " 
 
 ■ . .-, ■. '■''■Iwf,,,; ;.. 
 IK iiiDMstry, \u i'.iii„.,ii,,Mi,I„ " 
 
 lillllic'lll iliMlllllnlili^ ■];'■',.{ 
 »MVil.lMlitic;ili„|j,,v"t.'.||,l 
 I Swt'ili'li . , ,- [.'^,1^ , 
 UwWv, rcinis ;'i rai.j,,,,'; '■ ' 
 
 . , S Mai..;,: 
 
 iinliiv 111 f,,ivi-„ ,,|,;,j,,, •■ 
 
 I, tob. ! iLlopt...! l,y ,i„: 
 
 * , ■ ' Milnilc ,: 
 
 stiiinsiiiiil; imlili,. l,„|Mi|,„; '- 
 
 ■■Miii" 
 resigns, 30 Jiiii,. ; ii.„,|„;,, '■ 
 
 3'.Iiilv 
 ,• foniicd nliiiiit . ,'; Xr,v' " 
 » LDfiiilHii isliiiiils. II si'iii ■ 
 
 t l23liv..sliHt . "li.liif.r,.," .: 
 
 luiti my ill I'mvi;;!! .,||,||./ '■■-• 
 
 ^,'ll^^l'sthl'(■clln•il;ill.,ry|„,.,■ 
 iiri'li, mill I'liiiiiis M'liii, ,1, 
 
 IllisllllllMIl . ,. J|;|,,.;, 
 
 itiuiiiii, 17 Ainil ; nn lii< r,. ' 
 iiutiiHiiiiiy ill l'iiivi;r|| ||||.|,|, 
 ri'si;;iis uii,! t!io sti.it'iiii 
 1 ; iii'W ii;iiii.<;v foriiifti 1," 
 y ; cdiisiiifil !., uti'ifi;-:,! 
 
 iWijK, Mny, 1393. • ' 
 
 > imrtiiil siilistitutiuii of tli- 
 lat of till' I'liiitn 21 Jill... 
 tioii oiii'iii'.l l...tui-..|iCli|i,. " 
 1 • • • . oS.-iit, 
 i)t' till" iiiiiiiii of .\.)nv;u ii'i,; ' 
 :itahiiiu|ii..t,siji'aksmri)ii..!y 
 union, siirciiiUy in linvi- 
 . 4X.rv.' 
 iK to tliokin^ci-iisiinii.'tl,,. 
 1 imyy . , 7.I1111.. ,: . 
 IS : li!ft, sg ; ri.-lii ainl in.,!..! '" 
 
 • a6.Ni,v. 
 listry, 31 Jan. igij^; !it.;!.,tii|. 
 mhuimI Ihi' storfhiiii;, Mi.; 
 nistry n tiiiii^t olHce, !-. Mav.' ■:■■: 
 ) form a ministry . iq.Iui...: ' ''" 
 ', anil wviTil lii)u«es inn- 
 
 ») • . i.^;: 
 
 :onne'l liy M. Tlii^.Tuji,;.;., 
 
 IjlA",. . 
 
 In! l;'iiK . . ilVii. |i-; 
 
 I'll Kiui.l lov siieiiiiiif rf. ' 
 coinnii'inorali' llr. Xaiisms 
 
 Oft. ., 
 
 [C. I'lmuije 1S96 ami ion' ,' 
 
 mclail, lannrlii'il atWaltr. 
 
 II. ; Tonkiisl.j:l'l, sisti'r slii|,, 
 
 i3 .Mari'li. r;; I 
 of N. 'I'loiiJli.j.'iii i|cstroy«l ' 
 
 3o.Mav, .. 
 linking . . iiivii. ,:,;j 
 
 liigi'nii> iiiini.^trv, u FA.' 
 il hy M.St.-..n ." ,;ivi,. .. 
 ian cominittei' 011 tlie iiiii'i! 
 ili'il to |iaiiiaiiii>iit ;Martl! . 
 
 I'Xllillitioll "Ili'liwlatlli'lt.":. 
 
 al (i.^t) of XoiHv:.'iaii iiiibii'. 
 haul fJi'ii';,' ; 2'J.fiiiiL'-.' July. ,. 
 iiia</il'ftnil.S'i'.'('i/iii. 
 
 rirfolk), iiu'iitiiiiifii ill hi^oriii 
 1' lit till- pi.'riiiil wlii'ii .Swt'vii, 
 It'slroyuil It by lire, 1004. Sv 
 
 • r.tnntrifs rstalili.^ii !,..r,'i'. 
 
 I'S, \ll., alinllt ... Ilji 
 
 I in 1083, liy liiHliii|i Hirt'it 
 liy liislioii Midillttoii, aWj; 
 •y cc'lebratwl . July, ii,i 
 '.i;(ij 
 
 NOEWICH, HIHHOPIUO OK. 
 
 7Ho 
 
 NOTTIXdllAM, 
 
 was 
 
 uia 
 
 f,,„,n ,f ,1„. .)la,.kfnais, now «. AmlnnvVliall, „.„i,,,t piiv,.,.. i,i,.,,,.st to 1„. ,„lo,,t,.,l, Calonn,. v 
 
 NSi'"'"riy ;«n,n;..ll.yni„' .■.•.■ [,1, j'!;;'''"*'*';''' ;';':! '<""".f In- ivliioil to Kli.JMinl. Louis 
 
 '|.i,l,|i,.[il.|'ar\ iiintitulcil, 1784; liiinil i An- . ,8ya "''^ J'l!.' lost Ills (■oMinlcnIiiil iiiiiii>liT. l)c \Vrir(.iii,i.,>i 
 
 ji,liiiSlratl"i'li'X'''-.il<''ll'"i'lioisoninx,loliiilliii-,.s.s , "y 'IfnHi, ciilli'ii l)c linm , nn onic^i^ii,. to his 
 
 y,„„.i..h ■„■«• .•MMul ...1,1 liaihoiii. «,.,■,. o,,..n,., , Nov. i:HH. I„ tlio mnl, tlio st„.,.s.^;:ii:.';,l were 
 
 T,"i,i«ii'.llVstiyalwasatt..n,l..,ll,y tlm |„i,f,.,. ,„■ '""^ "' ""'■"";'' assen.l, y {w/,ic/, .v,',). Tli,.' notables 
 
 \Vai,s ii Di't. 1866 ","■'' .il'-<'»is-eil liy the kin^', 12|J(t. i-,S,S.-T1io 
 
 \„iwli 1111.1 Norfolk liiibistnal e.xliiliition oii,.|i,.,l •^jiiiiiish iintiihlcs assiMiililo.l miil met Nnooleoii 
 
 i„M. .Vii.iow-.s-hall Ml- ,8^.7 .('■"li''i'niialily\yi||,,i ,1, .,.,.,,,. j,,,,|,,| I, V 111,,, ,.;' I 
 
 mil *li S>^Y^ 'iM.t h.T, . „,..„ An- ,S6S IMS tli,.ir attmul,,,,,.,.^, at liav ,., , • 4 \ iV- sX 
 
 yuliilk anil .Niii«i.li .Nalnraliits .'ML-n'iy | |,.,i ,jj6,^ ° " ".ivoiiiii, ., .\i,ij, 1508. 
 
 Viililal.'.l iiiii'imi* "' 'I '"""•'" '""'.^'l'^'"^'''"! ii.'.ir NOT Vli'T |."'.S Tl'ltrif ^..,M t, 1 1 
 
 ;$;E;l;/na:';;i:;;;:^^mi,.i^;!l'o:;r':;;;r';^- ^^rEtM^r"^^^^ 
 
 l,„ti„.v>v.r. ilMi.iiiioii.-"niiswii..iiiiii,l,.|i.,ii,y ;, ,1 ' ' '.' "",' ■"•'^ '"• iiionnni-s „f ilieHyea 
 
 l,iMi ; li.' IT.-. ,1, i.iil wastiinlaii.l .■..n.l.'inn.'.i, | J tlio niiulyr.s in llie 1st iviitlirv.- />» Friniioii 
 
 aH .•xiiiit.'.l 111. April, „ ' ""* ""i''' "i"" aflerwarils cliiiii-,.,! to a li-.a! ein-' 
 
 Vnniili Cnovii bank sl..].|..'.l ; mii. Ii .listiv.ss oc- Jiloyineiit, to atlest i||.|..|s ami \yriti s so -^^Um.^u, 
 
 1.1SM.-I : ^i'- .'/ •■■'. ,"■ •(: ,"»»'-.v. til.' .■Iiii.f l.li.^l. tlieir aiitlieiiti, ity i an , n i', , C 
 
 iiarlii.T.. lilts siii.i.lo ; .lii'.l . lo.lnly, ,870 slatiito to n-iilat,. i.o'liU,. . , """""J- A 
 
 i,,ti„iin iissiou; inni'licorriii.ti.m(Iis,-l,.,s,.,| iSn ,„ ',-"."' 1'","'" '"'■i'"'* wa.s pa.ssed in 
 
 " An,,-.s,.,,t. ,S7, ',, "' ■""' ^''"""■•■' "" ""• «"l'J«Tt have larii eniieteil 
 
 Wiitfm-.'livti.in .if .M.P. snsp.'ml.-.l till .li.ss..|iiii.,n •^"" ' • 
 
 .if|«irliaiiifiit. l.ya.'t passe.l . i.i.Vu- 1871; "'V/^'I'T'v />i»n 
 
 Xiiti,.iiiil lisliiMi.'S exhibition (ojH'iieil by III., prini'o . , ^x'H'j^i AM) (^l l',l{IES," a inediiini of 
 
 _..f Wall's)^ ._ _. .^_^ ',^:.^'; -M";'- •''S. '"'!;';;;'"'!.";;"';''|'"",'";; lileiaiyjnen ami -eneral 
 
 first 
 VV. 
 
 111., cast;.', 1.1111.' iis.'.l as a lirison, im.p.is.'.l to I,.. li'in'ers, r,.iin.i,.,| ini.l |.||ii|.,| liy'w J T|„,i„s- i 
 
 liaiisf.iiiiii..l intoa iiiusenni, .S;i. ,338 ]iiililis|iei| on ;X,,v i.Siii . |'„„„riit 'l„. ,:,./. 
 
 Tl„.,.|i..ir,iftli.H.allie.lialre-op,.ne.laft,.reM..|isiv.. Dilkc., al.ont Am- l.s'-.. "* ^ • ^- 
 
 rMor.'itioii !• May, 1894 ' '^' ' '"' 
 
 ,, WriJE DAME, tlie eatlioilral at Paris, ,vas 
 '"""".•1 ... Il«il,,omplete,l 1257. It narrovyly es- 
 lapnl destrmtion by tlie ...iiiiniunists, May 18-1 
 It has been lieautifiiUy ami jii.li.ioiislv resto'red.'at 
 ...■OS ,1 about 25,UKK)/., umk.rlh,..sn,;erintendem.o 
 (d \udlet-le-Dii.., i,S(i(>, crvcy. 
 
 V:>ili.f tit.. .Ink., aii.l .liieliessof York ; tin' iiius..|i'iii 
 ■iini liii.'art .L'alli'iy at tin' easlli' opcne.l, ajOel. ,, 
 
 Mr. H.iU'it Kiti'li, K..S.A., r.ti.S., (.liemisl aii.l 
 .liiiwist, j;ave his eollections to tb.. Norwieh 
 1111K..11111 ; .li.'.l .... 4 April, i8tj5 
 
 Jlihiial l.'.stival, visit of tlie jirinee an. I iiriii(..'ss of 
 WalM, till. .Ink., anil iliielies.s uf York, an.l .itlii'rs 
 
 7 IJi-t. 1S96 
 
 Strike In till' loot tnule, with inlimiilalioii, .Mareli; 
 I'lo.-cil 20 (Jet. 1897 
 
 NOTTINGHAM (Sa.xon, .Sm,tin,.aham), 
 
 iviit.'d a e.ly .liine, i.S.,;. Tlie eistle hero ^yas 
 
 XOllWICII, liisiioriiic; ok, ori^'inally East 'iV't'mlid by tlie Danes a.-ainst kin- Ailred, and 
 
 Aii;lia; lhefir>t bishoi) was Kelix, 11 Jiurguiidian, 'i'-' ".rolher Mhelred, wlio retook it, ,S(„S. It was 
 
 ffiit to convert llie Ka.^t .Vii-liaiis about (1^0. The '''''"1'" by William 1. 10(18; and ulliiuately beeaiue 
 
 si'i' wasiliviile.l iut.i two di'-tincf liishopri.'s— Kim- ■' ■"'ti'onf; '"rtn.tfs. Htv I'(ij,u/(ilii,/i. 
 
 hiiiii, in Xiirliilk, and Dimwiih, in .Smlolk, ali.iut liiinit in llie .-ivil wars 
 
 ■■ • , . ... 1140, 1153, 1173 
 
 397 
 642 
 
 03. Both sees suHered e.xtreimdy Iroiii the Danish I'.irliaineiits lii.|.l , ', ' ,,'„,, 1'. ,7 , s,? ",'^' ' 
 il'ivitsioiis, iiisniiiuch tliat alt(.r the death of St. ,'b'r.' <'liarli.s I. rais.'.l Ms stan.lar.'l ^'' . '^ (i'.M"ji^^' |i 
 Ifuiiibei't, they lay vaeant for a linndri'd y(.ars. At '''''''. ''"'^ ''' N"tliii-liani, in whi.li th,. ri.'.ti.rs hn'ilie 
 
 lastthe.sreol'' Klmbam was n.yiveil, and" Dunwieh \i,,',!il""h' o '!' • ■,'•..■ ' '4 Nov. iBii to .Ian. 1812 
 
 wstiiiitoilto it: bntArfa.stus re veil th(. seat to i. \^\v;.''jr';v;''';'., .; „, ' , ■ , • -Miril, ,8,4 
 
 rbrtW,wl„^.ite.i,i.inued all. HerlK'rt I.osin.a : Noltin.!,am'eaMh:';;!,ri!i:?nu;';S s .Inrin-! ti;;. "" 
 
 ri'iiiiivcJ it to .Norwieh, 101)4. 1 his .see lias given to | Heform ex.-it.-ment . . lod.'t ,8 
 
 the chtiiih of Koine two saints; and to the nation 1 '■'"''■'■'■'■!'''■''""""'•'* with "lambs" amlotli,. is t...ik ^' 
 
 lilt' lord ehaiieellors. It was yalued in the king's ,,.,''''V,''''.", •, lulv, 186? 
 
 I books at ,S9()/.l8.v.7.\rf. per annum. l"i-e.sentineome, s,,m ,.'',,r Vl'''''''ll '";',', ' ■ ^-' AnL'. 1S66 
 
 14^0./.; ..ouMopnc. ^!:'ruZ^::.:z,.:::'z *'"''^:"'": ""■ • „,,• ;^'° 
 
 A -1-iitleiiiaii gives io,.too/. to edueat'c the workinir '' 
 
 elassi'S . . i....^ n 
 
 RECKNT lllSHOl'S OK KOIIWIC'II. 
 
 1700. fii.oi\'i' H.iriii' : .lied 17 Jan. 1792. T%,ii" i,, "n ', .,",. ' . • • • ''an. 1875 
 
 ,7j2. lliiirbs .Manners Sutton; translated to faiiterbnry, v.',,T ■'',',',' 1','^'' '"'''''"'«■■* '"""'l'''' 27 Wept. ,877 
 
 I Fell. 1805. .... S' ',','. ."^ Alt .musenin opeiieil l.y ihe 
 
 jiJoj. Hi'iiiy liatliiiist ; di.'.l 5 Aiiril, 1837. He was a 
 
 stii'iiu.iiis siiiiport.'r of .'atlioli.. i.iiian..iiiatioii, 
 
 ami for a long time tliu only liberal liislio]i in the 
 
 lions.' .if pt't.rs. 
 J1S57. Kilwiinl ;<taiili.y : .lied 6 Sept 1849. 
 Iijjg, Sannii'l lliiiils; resigiieil 1857. i , li, ","""•' ' ',., ', ', • • 3n.)iiii.', i68j 
 
 l,S , Hon. John T. IVIhain, May; resigne.l, Mareb =" .' ,'„V'''""T'i'' ";'"^","' '" "fllieM.^,.lia,ii,.i 
 
 ■ ' ' " ' '"'"'I lixtitiitioiieelebrate.l; .hike of, St. Albans in the 
 
 loim.e of Wales, 3 ,luly, 1878; Mr. Il.'iiry' I.aiii- 
 niiii be.pieaths to it paintings, &c. yaliie ;,,vk,/. 
 
 L-iiiv.'rsity fr..e piililie library and free iiam'i'ai '^'° 
 history iiiiiseiiiii olieiieil l,y luiiiee Leopol.l, .hike 
 "'■^"'•"'>' 3o.J"n.., ,88. 
 
 1893; ilie.l. I May, 1894. 
 I1S95. Johii !<lii'..psliaiiks, .Mareli. 
 
 NOTABLES, Frencli assemblies of nobles, 
 ibi.-hiiii9, knights, ami hiwyers. An assembly of tlie 
 BnlalilM was eon veiled by tlie duke of Guise,"20 AuL'. 
 Bj(x), and by other statesmen . Cahjiine, tliu niinistcr 
 pf bonis XVI., suninioiied one whieh met on 22 
 Fob. i;8;, on ueooinit of the deranged state of the 
 ling's finances, and again in 1788, when he opened 
 lis plan : but as any reform militated too inueh 
 
 ehair 
 
 I Nov. li srij. 
 
 Ihe Hoyal Agrieiiltural Society meet here, yerv 
 
 silei.essflll n.liilv .aoa 
 
 New giiihlhall openeil l,y the mayor . 27 Se it' 
 Settleineiit by eoneiliation Ufa great strike in the " 
 
 Wiilielm'"E! H. Arneiii-iim, .P'otist; senl.'m-i^l''^; '^^® 
 20 years' iieiial s.'rvitn.le f.ir simotin- jmlg,. Hns- 
 towo ut the railway station (19 js,,v. ,889) 
 
 All,-,,. 8 .March, 1890 
 
 Aileoeks factory burnt, estimated loss, 40,000/. 
 
 5 June, 1891 
 3 £ 
 
 "4 
 
 fcij'ti 'iff **ri 
 
 iA 1 
 
 •VM^ ' I 
 
 "• H 
 
 
 i»! 
 
 
1 (',. 
 
 
 11.1 h'! 
 
 ,1 'M' 
 
 hiH,„ 
 
 \m 
 
 NOVARA. 
 
 The DrItlHh nsscic-iutior 't, iiiil tiiim . ;,! Sept. 1893 
 
 Oreiit lire, lai'Hiiiumirni'toriescli'slroyi'il ; cstiriiatt'il 
 ilaiiiiitje nliout 140,000/ 17 Nov. 1894 
 
 NOVAllA (N. \V. Itiily). Niurlliis town the 
 Austrmu iiiai>liiil Uailctzk'v totally ik'li'atrd tlif 
 kill)? Charli'.s AUiiit ami the Sardinian army, 3X 
 Mari'h, i(S4(^ Tin- (■oiitesl l)tf;aii at 10 a.m. and 
 lusted till late in tlie I'vciiiiig; the Aiistrians Icml 
 3q(j killed, and hail ahiiiit 1850 wounded; the Sar- 
 dininiis lost between jux) and 4(xxj men, 27 eaiMicns, 
 and 31XXJ prisoners. The kiii({ soon alter iibdiciited 
 in favour of his son Vietor liniiimiiuel. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA (N. America), was di.seovei-ed 
 by Cabot, 141)7; visited by Venazzanl, 1524, and 
 liained Aeadia ; settled in l(i22, by the heoleli under 
 sir William Alexander, in the reit;n of Jiinies 1. of 
 Enjrlund, from whom it reeeived I he name of Nova 
 Siotia. Sinie its first settlement it has more than 
 onec elian^'ed proprietia's, iiml was not eonlirnied to 
 England till the peaee of Utreiht, in 1713. It was 
 taken ill I74iand 1758; but was again eontirmed 
 to iMigland in 1763.' Nova Seolia was divided 
 into two provinees in 17S4, and was eieeted into a 
 bishoprie in Aug. I7«7. King's College, Windsor, 
 was founded in 178S; see Haromtx. (jold was 
 found in Nova Seotiii in 1861. liy an act passed 
 29 Mareli, 1867, Nova Seotia and New Urunswie>( 
 were united with Canada lor legislative purposes. 
 On the agitation for secession Mr. John Bright pre- 
 sented a petition in the commons 15 May; his 
 motion for a royal commission of inquiry iii'gatived 
 I() June, uSfiS. 'The agitation soon sutisided. Lieut. - 
 governor, sir Charles II. Doyle, 1807; Joseph Howe 
 died soon after his appointment, I June, 1873; 
 Adams (Jeorge Archibald, 187^; Matthew lleiirv 
 Kiehoy, 188^; A. W. Mcl.elan,'l888 (died 2() June, 
 1890)"; M. It. Dalv, l8()o: re-elected, l8()v Capital, 
 Halifax. ropulat"i"n,in 1881, 440,572; 1891,450,523 
 
 The giiol anil oilier liuildiiigs at I'ictoii wen: burnt 
 by tlic act of a |prisipni'i-, who perishcil, about 
 8 .Vov. ; estiiiiatcil loss, lo.ocxi/ iSrjo 
 
 Till' " I'rinccss.'a block of biiililings at Yariiioiitli, 
 burnt, loss alioiit 10. mW. . icportcil 2y Dec. ,, 
 
 Exiilosinii at fipriiigbill coal iiiiiies ; 122 deaths, 
 21 Fell. ; siibscrijitioiis in Kiiglauil for siiHerers ; 
 the (iiiceii gives 30/ March, 1891 
 
 Const nictii 111 of llief-'liigiiccto ship riiilwiiy stopped, 
 after the expi'iiditun; of 3,51x1,000/. ; 1,500,000/. 
 iiiore reqiiirt'il Dee. ,, 
 
 Destructive lire at Halifax, and liiirricaiie, about 20 
 vessels wrecked, with loss of life . 21 Aug. 1S93 
 
 CI rent fruit crop, large exiioilatioii of apples, 
 
 20 Jan. 1895 
 
 i'lani f'rinitl, Aiiierieaii scliooner, fimiiileieif near 
 Liverpool harbour, iliiriiig a snowstDiiii ; crew 
 (16) lost I" Feb. ,, 
 
 Wiiiilsnr, N.W. of Halifax, destroyeil by lire, 
 17, 18 Oct. 1897; I'ligwasli, totally ili'stroyi-il by 
 lire 23, Inly, 1898 
 
 NOVATIAXS, a sect whii'h denied lestoration 
 to tiie church to those wboliad relapsed during ])ei- 
 secution, began willi Novatian, a Konnin presbyter, 
 in 250 ; sec Cat/iari. 
 
 NOVELS (Novella), a jiart of Justinian's Code, 
 published 535. See Itomances. 
 
 NOVEMBEll {novem, nine), anciently the 
 ninth month of the year. When Nuina added 
 Jiinuary and February," in 713 li.c, it became the 
 oleveiitii as now. The Roman senators wished to 
 name tliis month in which Tiberius was born, by 
 his name, in imitation of Julius Caesar, and Augus- 
 tus; but tlie emperor refused, saying, " What will 
 you do, conscript fathers, if you have thirkvn 
 Ca'sars.' " 
 
 NOVEMBER METEORS, see Meteors. 
 
 780 NUMISMATICS. 
 
 NOVGOROD (Central Kussia), ,„;,,ie th,. , 
 of hisgoverniuent liy Riiric, a VaiiuiKmu |.|,iti" 
 
 8t)2, is held to be the found, ition nf t),. 
 
 empire. In mi'inorv of the event tli 
 ' ■ " .Ni,. 
 
 Hiih. 
 
 1:111 
 
 rated a national monument at .Nnvirui,,,! '||ll''!,'" 
 Sept. |8(,2. Novgorod became a li in.Mi,'. 'j "'? 
 1150. Visited by the (hike of Kiliiil]Mr.|, ,,1'.' 
 Aug. 1875. ran-Uussian e.vlui.ui,,,," , '''■■' 
 9 June ; visited by the c/ar, 29 Ji,ly, iXi^,^ p ' 
 hition, 188(1: province, l,2ji,5jij; ei'ty, l;<,^-s- '" 
 
 NOVr (N. Italy). Mere tlie Krcml'/,',,-,,,,. 
 
 manded by Joubert, were defeateil by the u'n.,i , 
 under Siiwarrow, with imiiieiise l.iss,!;; \^^„ p'" 
 Among the l''rencli slain was thi'ir li'Milc'r, foui;,'!' 
 
 under Siiwarrow, with imiiieiise l.iss,!;; .\y„ |.' 
 the l''rencli slain w ■' ■ ■• - ■ 
 and other distinguished otticers, 
 
 NOVI UAZAR, see n,rz,;j„vu,„. 
 
 NOVUM ORGANOX, the grcu work ,iU 
 
 Uncoil, ( laining his system of ii|iilnsi,|,in „. 
 
 published l()20. •' 
 
 NOXIOUS VArOURS, see AlU.u »„,/ 
 
 (Jhiiitivut II or/is. 
 
 NOYADES, see Ilrowmnii. 
 
 NUBIA, llie ancient ,T-;thi"|ii;i vh///v, .V,l'V|i!iiii) 
 said to Inu e been the seat of the kiiigduiii III 111, '^1,.^^-' 
 received its name from a tribe iiaiiicil yul,,,. ^1 
 Nuliates. The Christian kiiigilnm, with \i,,|,„,,|j 
 the capital, lasted till the 14lh iiiiliuy. wluVi-' 
 was briikeu up into Mahnnietan |iriiiri|I;iliii,., ' [.' 
 is now subject to the viceroy of Kgypl, liavinj; I,.,.,, 
 coiKiuered by Ibrahim I'acha in l.S'22. 
 
 NUCLEUS THEORY ix ('iiE.MisriiY,.,, 
 Coinpoiiiiil liiiilivlis. 
 
 NUISANCES REM<)VAL ACT; i<L..„i 
 
 1848; amended 1849; ^L'i- ISftHiliiiij Iaii(\1,h,„„^ 
 
 NUITS. A snniU fortitieil tmvii, ncm- l)ij„„,j, 
 Burgundy, N.K. frame, charlercil in 1212; fr,,. 
 iiueiitly captured and ravageil, spinallv in w/i^^ 
 1576, and I03(). It was taken by the li;i(!,i« 
 under Von Werder, 18 Dec. 1X70, a'ltcr tivr l,„i,f,' 
 contliet, in which above iikxj French :iiv said tj 
 have been killed and wounded, ami ;«) imsi.ntrj 
 taken. Thctierman loss was also liciivy, Ailip;,! 
 of arms and ainmunition was gaiiieil liy'thi' viiiiiv 
 
 NUMANTINE AVAR. The war liitw,™ .1, 
 
 llonnms and the Celtiberians (Celts wlm ]iii...,.,pi 
 the e(nintiy near the Iber, now the KIiim) Iiil'jj, 
 143 11. c, on accmiiit of the latter having; given 
 refuge to their allies the Sigidians, who liaJkn 
 defeated by the Homans. Niiiii:iiitia, an uhito- 
 leeted city, withstood a long sicic, in uhiih le 
 army of Scipio AlVicanns, (x),cxKi men, was"|i;hw,i 
 bv no more than 4(XX) men able tn hciir arms. He 
 I^umantines led upon horse-tlesli, and their uwn 
 dead, and then drew lots to kill mie anolhrr. .it 
 length they set tire to their luniks, ami ili'.trp'\.ii 
 tliemselve-s, so that not one reiiiaiiicd to ajiinlk 
 triumph of the conqueror, 135 11. e. 
 
 NUJIIDIA (N. Africa), the scat of the waro! 
 the Konians with Jiigurtha, wliiili liccaii iiik,, 
 and ended with his siibjugatiiiii and ia|itivi!v. i», 
 The last king, J ubn, joined Calo and was kilini 11 
 the battle of Thapsns, 46 it.u., wlicii .Niiniiiiiabe. 
 came a Ilomaii province; see Maunlam. 
 
 NUMISMATICS, tlie scieaa' of wins mii 
 medals, an important adjunct to the study oI'lMoii, 
 In this country Kvelyii (1(197), Addison ii;20),jnJ 
 riukortou (1789), piiblished works imlak Pel- 
 
IHMATICS, " 
 
 entralKusmu), ,„;„„,, I,,. 
 Run. .iianiUKi;,,, ,,,„,., 
 
 V ',"""'■'""";"""■ lt"»-ia 
 
 ';"',"■'" '" -N^'v,,,,,,,!, „;; 
 
 '' ";'"'"'■ ,'!,'M".l'li.i,l,.,u 
 
 • llllkc (ll hlllllHI]-:;!,, 2,,.;. 
 
 NUNCIO. 
 
 787 
 
 
 .■\!ul, 
 
 .lit ;.'i. • ...... ,, .. '"■ 
 
 • "V'*' ''"' '•''■'■"'■l. mm. 
 .vciv .l,-t..at(..| l,y 111,. lM..i;,|,i 
 
 '.""""•"''■ '"-Mi. \ut,M-J 
 am wi.stl,riri,,„4,,.j„yi;;^' 
 
 'll DttlCl'lS. ' 
 
 see IIi'rzii/ntii((i. 
 
 NOX, tlu'jriv;it,vorl;f,fl„„i 
 •* "vsteii. (,f i.liil,w,|,|,v, ,va, 
 
 POlTllS, si'e .W;„l,t, „,„! 
 
 I)roicniiit/. 
 
 nt.1-;tlu„|,i;i «„,,,„ .K.,v|,i,,„,. 
 
 iltol llielilllj;ilnl|HiH|||'j|,f„j; 
 
 oii\ u trilii' iiiiiiii'il .\,|'|„., jj 
 ti;iii kiM(;.l(iiii, with b.,ii;-<,la 
 il tile 14lh i-.iiiiiiv. wIm jj 
 il;iliiiliirtall pnii, iilaliii,,, [J 
 
 niri-»y„f l':^'y|,l,li;ivi„i;W,ii 
 1 I'liclm 111 1X22, 
 
 KOliY I.\ <'llKMIsri.\ve« 
 
 IEM()Y.VT, ACT; fmi 
 
 ; sec Hdidtdiif l.tiinliii,,,,,, 
 
 1 fortilieil tiiwii, near llijiiii, in 
 iiu'e. chartiTi'il in 1212; !>(. 
 J r!ivii«c(l, sii|.|.ia|ly in ^.,^ 
 
 was tiikcii liy tin'' \hU(i( 
 8 Dec. 1X70. iiltiT live h„ur,' 
 ove KKKJ l''n'mh iiiv said lo 
 I wimiiilcil, iiiul -on \)nmm 
 
 loss was iilso liciwy, \ Jfj;,; 
 ; 1(111 was jtaiiied by'thf vktifi. 
 
 WAK. 'I'lie warlii'twven'h! 
 ilieriaiis ((.'cits who po-vi-.^ 
 c Ilicr, niiw till. Kbni) litM, 
 t of the latter having given 
 . the Sijriiliaiis, who hiiilten 
 nans. Niiiiiaiilia, an mifro. 
 ij a I'lii^ >ic;i', ill whifli :lii 
 iiiiis, (x),CKK) iiu'ii, was.i|i[i..W 
 iiicii alilc to hiMrariiis. Tlie 
 m hiii'si'-llc.sh, ami their uit 
 
 lots ti) kill "nc aiiotluT. .1! 
 
 til tlieir Illinois, and (l,.,tr"V,il 
 icit one rciiiaiiiid to auiiin'lkt 
 leror, 135 11. c. 
 
 AtViea), the seal "f the warol 
 luui-tha, wliii'h k'tan lllM., 
 mlijujratinii ami laptivin , iiO. 
 joiiicil Call) ami was iiilitd it 
 lis, 40 H.u., when .Niimiiiat*- 
 nee ; see MiuiriUinw. 
 
 ;S, tlie seiciiiT uf tuiii! aail 
 adjiiiict to tlic study ol'liiilorv, 
 yn (i(i<)7), •■Vtlilisiiii vi;*;,ind 
 iblishcil works un niu-laU. Pti- 
 
 l,.ri„'3"neiucil clei, Meihiilles," 9 voU. 410 0762). 
 l(i]din|?'« Aiiii(il-'< IS the gvvHi work on lirinsh 
 iM\m ('"■"■ '''l"i""' l«40J.— The Nniiiisnii.iic 
 jj^.iciyiii London was (.piiiiilcd by ih. John ;,,.,. i„ 
 ISJO. It liiiliiishcs the Xuinhmtitic CliruiiicU.— 
 .Mr. Viiiige Akeriiiaii'sXiiiiiisiiialie .Manual (.!«.i(i) 
 
 NYSTAJT, 
 
 le science. Korei" 
 
 j< a useful introductio]! to 
 Morki iiri-' nuiucrous 
 
 XUXCIO, aii^ envoy IVoni the imiie of Kom,. ,„ 
 tiilliulk' states. The (lojie ilc|inteil a iiiiiioio to tlie 
 irWi itIicIs ill l()4.v I'lie arrival in l,.iii(|(.i| „(• „ 
 nuncio, mid his ailinissioii to iiii aiuiit.u,.,, (,y 
 J.iiiM H-, Jal)'' ''''**"i " stated t<i have ImstentU 
 \\\f liavulutiiin. 
 
 XCXNKliY. The tirst fuimdcd is said to have 
 liirn that to which the sister of St. Anthony retired 
 at tlif il«.se of the 3i'd centiiiT. The hrst l<iiiiid|.|J 
 in Kriuu'c, near i'oictiers, hy St. .Marcellina, sister 
 to St. .Martin, ^tio.- J)it I'rcsiwi/. 'i'lie tirst in 
 fiiL'laml was at l''olkestoiie, in Kent, hv Eadlmld, 
 /If Kdhald, kin); of Kent, hxp.—lJ'iijihtk; \n- Ahhei/s 
 and MaMic/imiii. 'I'lie luitis were e.xiiclled fro'ni 
 tliidr lonvciits in Germany, in Julv, 17«5 ; in 
 i'ranre, in Jan. 17CJ0. In Keh. iSoi, inomi.stic 
 ..talilishiiicnta were abolished in Naples, eom- 
 [H■n^alioll being made to the inmates. For uie- 
 ijioniWe instances of the fortitude of nuns, see 
 Am, and Coliliiiijliuiii. 
 
 XUREMBEKGr, a free iiniierial German city 
 inl2l'> In 1522, the diet liere deiimiided ecclesi- 
 .utital reforms and a ;,'eiieral luuncil, and in icjj 
 ffcurcd religious liberty to tlie Protestants. It was 
 aniie.«'d to Bavaria in 18(15. Albert JJiirer wus 
 bora here in 1471. I'opuhilion, l.Sijo, 142,403. 
 
 ! NURSES, their (jualilications have been ■ 
 tTiMtiy raised during this century by the inlluenco 
 of Florence Xightingale and the viscountess ' 
 Straiijfford, who died 24 Jlarcdi, 1887 ; both ladies 
 reudered eminent services ^0 the sick and wounded 
 in the Kusso-TurkisU wars. Institution of ijurs- 1 
 
 i.iK .Sisters founded 184,,, and many others since. 
 
 hee ^l,Jhlul<|ilU l-nmt and J„I,h, tit. 
 
 Mr (afterwards sir) ll,.|,ry C. liimlett in Oct. ,887, 
 
 \ ,';';' P "'■'"'"•','. '■",'■ ,""^ cstablislmicat of tlf. 
 Xiti. 11, I IVnsi.ai 1mii„1 Koyal ,Sn„, tor nurses »i I 
 i;;si» at oacials. 1„ ,)a„. ,388 M,4srs. .ill,"; Mi 1 
 , ■ ..N. .Morgan ,„„1 Hoilisehihl lacsiailcl io,^^ . 
 tmai.l.s Its loiimlaiioi, ; iiicori.oratcd 1-cb. 888; 
 
 JA:,,.,,/. l,n..vlltc,| alpnlll ii Oct. ,3,,,; ,„j„J ,.,,: °|' 
 
 ;;':;;;;;:,V'' "'""^"^ Mu,iboro„Ki. no'use, X\Z^, 
 
 llm taiiiily of tlic late Junius .S. Morwn [avsentod 
 7,731/. .3.-. 5-'. to the l„,„l i,aii„.,l att,-r liin, ,8 Up, 
 18(^0. lotal anion, It ,,r il„. f,ii„|, ,. ,^^,_ „ ' V ""••• 
 
 70.XW. ,„•,,, v.,nic„'s .liibil,.,. (..iViinH s cvot,:,^9tt 
 
 ck i:^;la'r7■''''''r'^'''"'''^i''''»'''«''•!'th^ 
 
 SI(.H ]loo| liv i||,|.|.tloli ol til. ollcelj rSH^. c .^^ ; 
 
 Alonra,a';f ■'''■'■'';''' '," '"''7- «'••-• nndcr ./„(,,/,,,. 
 
 ^'r.;!-ir;l'[:;r;;':,;i^;'^^;; '■'''»-'--'■'' ''y ti.« 
 
 '• X';-. '^«-^' '"'""••r^ <-l'.'istiai,, prcsi.lni r ^' • 
 .897 ■' '"""'' ""''■'■•'•"'■y " '""l imldislie,!, Nov. 
 
 ofTTk^'v'^^'^^^!/''" ''"''•"' ^■"'^'- "'"1 ^'-"^V. 
 01 Uike .\yasa, h. .Vfnea, occuiued by the African 
 
 Lakes co,i,,,any on, b,H;;(,w since its Ibundation in 
 
 '1 i, ";'•'""'■""''< 'nis^ionarv stations ,it Blantvre 
 
 i'lv'T'";:; ActivenieasuresiuetakentdS- 
 i ,f < '", "^ "''"'',■' ' '•"^!''-'''ity rejiorted, MiiV, 
 
 .Serious rising o|' the H.aitlieni AiiKoni in tlio 
 Doinwe ilislricl; |i..ut. n,.oj;,|eiK. i,rc, Z 
 
 Slc'r^iltf VT;'f ^''•'^'". «l'i''^rc(.o. 
 n'atiin-, , hikh killed, Aii-,,nrs bjss .scv...n) • 
 
 icportc'il .... 
 HisiiiKcndcil, Doinwe foa'nd di'scnud 
 
 NYiVEE TAL, see L,n„Mip,, 
 
 .NYSTADT, .S.W. Finland, 
 sjgiied here 30 .\u^'. 1721, JSwede.i ceded ■uVoaiu.' 
 listhunm, and other territories to Kussia. 
 
 20 June, iSqS 
 early July, „ 
 
 18 Sept. 1880. 
 
 liv a treaty. 
 
 3 E 2 
 
 I <| ' '• . 
 
 
 
 • ; > 1 
 

 ^^^^Ht^mHIti^^^Hp^ 
 
 [j «lw 
 
 ^^^^^H^^ ^^JBkwiH^^^^Hm 
 
 Htaj^^. 
 
 ^^^H ^P^'^kS^^^W 
 
 ^^^^^^^k' 
 
 ^■^HHl 
 
 H^kiH 
 
 ^H^^^H 
 
 m^ S* 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^Hh^ v. '^m^^^I^I 
 
 ^^^^^ Cir* 
 
 ^^^^^^y^^^^«ni^iii^^^^B 
 
 1^^9i''^f ^ ^"y 
 
 ^^E^I^^^H 
 
 Hbii ^^'^ 
 
 ^^^H^^MHj^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^^^HK K; Psi 
 
 ^^Hi^^^l 
 
 ^Hiir- 
 
 ^^^^^^H^H^H| 
 
 u^^^^^^^^B " 
 
 ^^^^H^^^H 
 
 ^^^^l^i 
 
 ^^I^I^H^^B 
 
 H^^^^p^ 
 
 ^^^M^^^^^^H 
 
 H^ffiii '*: *' 1 
 
 IHHJHHI 
 
 HKh^-:; - 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^si^^^^^^B 
 
 ^^^^Bh'j t' " t 'x^ r sr J 
 
 ^^^^^^H^S^^^ff' 
 
 m 
 
 OAK. 
 
 7HH 
 
 OBELISK. 
 
 0. 
 
 OAK, xtylcil tlic iiiiiiiini li iif tlic wiiikIm, ;iiu1 nil 
 C'liiWt'Mi of strcii(,'tli, virtui', I'diistniK y, iiiiil Ihm'j: ' 
 lif'i". riiut pniiliinil ill Kimlaml is coii-itli ii'd to Kc ; 
 till' best ciili'iiliilcd lor «lii|)-lniilcliiij;-. In .Iiiiic, J(.,^, 
 till! " .S'//»((i/' at' llii 0(i/,; WM,- lii'lil lit t'lialic'ildli. 
 
 Till! 'i.slilliitinii Kuliiii- ('iinili, tlif iMili .il' ('li;irlps, 
 
 was niiiiii'il liv Hr. lliiili y in I(j7(i, in iiuiiiiny of 
 the oiik ill wliicli Cliiuli-' II. siivfil liiiiisi'lf from 
 his IMirsiicrs, iiftoi' tile tiiitllo (if Woi'it'stor, ,5 Sept. 
 1651 ; Ki'i' Hiinriihi'l, mill Jldiis, 
 
 Till' cvi'ivi'i'i'ii oiik. V""'"" /'ri, I'loii^jlil IVoiii tliu 
 Himlli of Kiinipi' lirfori' 15S1 
 
 Till' sc:iili'l o;ik, t,iiiinii!i ciiiriiirit, liroii};lit from 
 Nortli Anil ricii lii'loic 1691 
 
 Till' olii'stllllt Irlivi'il ollk, (Jdfirin I'rlllil-', froii 
 XT 1. . ;.... 1...1'. 
 
 ln;lihl|||, 
 
 Nollll .Vllirl'ioH licfoR. 1730 I 
 
 The Tiirki'V Oiik, (,iiir/v,i.« Co-nV, fi mi tlii' soiilh of ] 
 
 KiHopr ' 17.15 
 
 Till" apiiric of M ,ik wiim known iis a styptii' in . 1730 
 
 lli'Vlii'S oak, Winihor I'lii-k, lacnlioni^l in Sliuks- 
 pcaic's "Miirv Wivrs of Wimlsor, " lliiiilly ilc- 
 utroyi'il tiy tliv wiiul .... .51 .\nK'. 1863 
 
 KiiMhi'i tiuU, 1879. Cowtlioi'iH', Yorksliiic ; «irlli 
 at tlic ^'roiinil, 55 fi'ct 6 iiicln's. Ni'wImikI, (Hon- 
 i.'i'sti'i'(nii'ntioiii'il in Doinrsday Hook), 40 f«t. 
 
 OAl'ES'.S PLOT. Titin Oati'S at mio tiiiii' 
 rliiijilaiii of a ship of war, was ilisiiiissi'd foi- ini- 
 montl I'oiiilui't, and ln'canie a locliiii'r in London. ^ 
 In (■onjiinction with Dr. Toii.mii', he iiivcntiil a plot 
 against thi' Itoiiian ('atlndiis, who he assortrd liiid ; 
 conspiri'il to assa-sinati' (.'liarlcs II., and oxtiipatc 
 the I'roti'stant ndiKioii. IIi' made it known I2.\ii^'. 
 l6;8, and in consi'iiiu'iici' ahoiil cislitci'ii Uoiiiaii 
 Catholios wtTr ai:iii.-cil, aiul upon I'lilsr tcstiinoiiy 
 I'onyiiitrd anil I'.vi'i'iilfil ; 11111011;; tlicni tlir a^Til 
 visitount .Stallbrd, z<) Ihv. I(i.H(i. Oatcs was aftcr- 
 wai-ds tried for perjury (in the reign of James II.), 
 and being f'imiid miilly, was fined, put in the 
 pillory, publiily whipped from Newgate to 'rylniiii, 
 and seiiti'iieed "to iinprisonnieiit for life, iMiiy, KiX^. 
 Pardoned on tiie accession of Willia'ii anil Mary, 
 and a pension of 3/. a week granted to him, lOHij. 
 
 OATHS were taken hy Ahraliain, 11, c. I.*<i)2 
 (Ocii. xxi. 24), and authorised (11. e. 141)1) E.i,,,/. 
 xxii. II. The administration of an oath in judicial 
 iiroeeedinga was introduced hy the .Saxons into 
 Kiigland, (mo. — Hit pin. That administered to a 
 udge was settled 1,^44. 
 lcehimUi-n,ith. " Name I t" witia'ss lliat I t.ikcoiitli 
 by the rinii, law-oatli, s.i liclp iiic frcvaiid NionMi, 
 aiid alniiglity Tlior, as 1 sliiill this suit follow or 
 defend, or w'itiicss bear, or v.rdict or ilooiii, as I 
 wit riglitcst and sootliu stand iiio.st lawfully," Jtc, 
 
 aliout 925 
 Ok Sui'RF.MArv, tirst adinlnistcred to Kritisli siib- 
 jpcts, ami ralitii'd by parliaini'iit, a6 Ili'ii. VIll. 
 
 (Ulnw's Chron.) 1535 
 
 OiitliH weri! taken lai tlitv Oospels so cai'ly as 528 : 
 and the words "So licln nil; God and all saints," 
 eoneliiilc'd an oath until .... 1550 
 
 The ancient oath of allcgi.'inco, wliic'h contained a 
 l.roiiiise "to he true and faithful to the king ami hi.s 
 heirs, and truth and faith to bear of life and limb 
 and terrene honour; and not to know or hear of any 
 ill or damage intended him witliiait defending 
 hiiiJ Iherefioiii," was inodilKil by JaiacM i., a 
 ileclajation against the iiojics autliority being 
 added 1603 : it w.as again altered . . 1689 
 
 Tlie atlirmation of a Quaker was made enuivaleut to 
 an oath, by statute, in 1696, tt acq. 
 
 Ill' .\ini iMT'oN, biinu-aii olilii;:ili,,ii i,, 
 
 the noVelMliicliI of kill^, li.r.l.i. :iilil ccuui,,,,,, 
 tlic church of KiiKlaml, and loh nit|,,i| „f pi,,,,,' 
 
 taut dissi'iitcrs, and ab.iniint,' all II ,., ii,,i,„h.' 
 
 pivlcndcist.. tor crown, n Will Ml. , 
 
 The Test and ( 'orpiaat loll oaths iao,li|ii.,i '1,,. ,;,, ''''■ 
 oiico, IV. (s,'c 7V>r.) . . . . •' ""■ 
 
 .\r| iil.oli^liiii..; oaths ill the castonis iiinl ,,\,.\'^^. ,||,' '''■ 
 paitincnts, and in certain other casi»,iiih| si|i„ii' 
 tiitiiiK dcilaiations in lien tlicicnf, 1 ,^ . Wjn |y' , 
 
 .\Hiriiialion, iiisl i of oalli, was penuitl,.,! |.. '*'" 
 
 l^nakers and other dissenters by iicl« i,,,„„,| ;" 
 i8.i.), 1837, iS.iS, and 18(13 (see J,'/;n„i, ,/,„„). 
 
 Ill ?8s8 and iSfKi, ,lews elected M, 1', were nli,,,-, 1 
 fioia p.irt of the oath of alli^-iioic.' (s,v .;,,,., 
 
 Ily J I ,y .'--, Vict, I'. (.(1, a solciPiii ilcckuiiti.ia iii,,v l„. 
 snb^titiitiil for an oalli by pel sons cc,iis,i,.iiti,i|,]j 
 obiccting to be sworn ii. cniainal pVi*. Mitic.n, ' -■ 
 
 A bill f.ir niodilyin,- the oat', lak.ii by H,,,,,,,, '" ' 
 Catholics (|.,isse.l by the 1 (.iMiiioiis), «,ii ivjct|„| 
 bv the Iiails a6 hill, e- 
 
 The oath t.. be lakcn by nicmbcis .f parliin,,,.,,; • 
 wr . nioililled by all ,ict passcil . . j,j.\iiiil •<• 
 
 New oath of alle;.'iaucc provided by 'lie jist aini "''' 
 
 ■12ml Vict. e. 7.! (tHM). lo be (akcll hy tla' iiii.,,,. 
 
 bers of the new parliament ; 'I ilo s«,.;ii n, ,1 1 
 
 I will be failliful and bi.ai true ;dl.vi;ili.r t.i j,,.,. 
 
 I nia.icsly ipiccn Victoria, her heirs ami .vii, ..sv,!, 
 
 according to law, .^o help nic liii.l ■■ 
 
 i Ihiulliiiitih Co..., see ;'.o7ooii, «/. |0:-,,. 
 
 .New parliamcnlary oaths bill bi.m^lii j], . ,y^^_ 
 
 i ehaip'd .i'.bilv' ,!c. 
 
 Atllrnuitions ordvici to be acc.piiil Inr eiitln in "" 
 
 : l-'ianie, -^ fell. ; in , |,aia . , ,\,,|,j| ,, 
 
 Mr. Ilradlan^dis iialhs Hill, siihsliliitihs,'iii; ,11111111,' '• 
 
 lion Ibraii o.iih, in all eases when ii'i|iiiro| (liv 
 
 sei'. 5 of this .Id I he Scotch t'oriii ofliikiiix iiiiitnii 
 
 Is permilleil when desired) i royal assent, 3., ii,.,,. ,,,, 
 
 OUKIilSK ((ireek u/ji/ui, a spit, /ii./w„',r(,,,, 
 
 a single stone). ^ The Kgyplian sMiilml ,i| th,. „;! 
 
 ; preme (ioil. The tirst inciilioiicl m lii.jnrv ^jj 
 
 that of Uaineses II., king ol fli^'vpi, nlmut nV),,, 
 
 The .\rabians called tlieiii I'haraoli'.i iienii," ;i,„j 
 
 the Kgyptian priests tlie lingers of tlie .sun. s'ihu 
 
 were erected at Uoiiie; one was eiviinl l,v i|,, 
 
 emperor .Viigustus in the Campus Maiiins, nj .jj, 
 
 pavement of which was a hori/oiilnl i'u] \i^ 
 
 niiirked the hour, about 1411.1. (If the i,l,|.;i,ij 
 
 brought to Ifonie by the el 11 pen. is, se\eriil imf 
 
 been restored anil set iiji by various piipes. Iliif ,,; 
 
 excavated and set up in the piazza of St. Jijlu 
 
 Lateran, Rome, by hixtiis V. ijiSS. 
 
 HiJIII'lii'n ('/i(://,-.7.s.— 42 are known, sniiie lirnkeii: m 
 
 Jionie ; i, from I. uxor, set up in the i'lair ilr la I'i.,,. 
 
 eoiile, Paris, Oct. i8.i6; 5111 KiiKhiinl (j Iiiiti4 mj. 
 
 seiini ; 1 Alnwick; i Songliton hall ; 1 nu 'I'liaiiitstiii. 
 
 bankment). 
 
 The obelisks inipro|ieily iiaiiicd C/ii ;,..(, us .v,,,(;,,,(^ 
 
 erected liyTliotliiiic>. ill. at nii (lleli"i» li.s),,il,„ii,ji^ 
 
 n.c. One was rcnio\cd to AleNainliiii I'V .\im<;ji] 
 
 about 2 i II. e. After b.'iii;,. Ion;; iaibediliil intli,',l|.i..j 
 
 it was aci|iiired for llieat Ihilaiii by ^ir llal|4i.ll,i! 
 
 eroniby, in iSoi ; but not reiaoveil. It was iiilrrnl to 
 
 the liritish ^'ovcninicnt by .Melieiiiet All, ami again fcj 
 
 the Khcilivc, 13 .March, 1S77. 
 
 Mr. James Krasiniis WilMni (kiit. N'ov. u-t) htr 
 
 otlcrei' to pay all c\penses, Mr. .Inlm hisr.a. .:J 
 
 eii^diieer, undertook lo con.cy it tn Kivliiid. ' Tiie 
 
 vessel, Ck(i)'iilni, containing; it sailnl niili tbf ijiii 
 
 21 Si'iit. During a vioh'iit K'de, the vtssels tirt 
 
 nepalatf'l, 14 i.i 0,'f. ; six liv-- w-iv l"3l is j fc. 
 
 less attempt to recover it. The (7m|«i(ra, »liich«i 
 
 abandoned, was found liy the h'ilmmirki (afi. 
 
 (.'arter), and towed to Ferrol, wlieiiec it wastnwuHy 
 
 the Aiiijli", and arrived in h.iailuii, 20 Jan. i:;:.j 
 
OHER-AMMEltOAU. 
 
 7m» 
 
 ODES. 
 
 ifc*«-* 
 
 I'K. }■"'['. :ilia n.liili,,,,,, 
 
 una ii.ii niii.iii i,f c,.,,,,; 
 
 lining- mi llnMii,., i,„li„i|, 
 
 I. 1 1 Will Hi. 
 
 1 UMlllS IiimHiIIivI 'l.y ,;.„; '■'■ 
 
 lie (•'i»lMiiisiinii'|.v,,i„. ,1,' '*■'■ 
 
 lill l'thlTcilHl'»,ii|,.|j,||„||' 
 
 ii"itiMii.,,r, ,\ .wiiiiv'.i,. 
 
 I'^illi, wiw |.i.ii„jit,.|| ,„ ■'• 
 
 iC'Ml.l-i l,y Hcis |„|,«,,| ill 
 
 Km (^''i' AlliiMiiii,,!,) 
 
 ■''■';'"'. M.l'. wc.|vr,.li,.v,,i 
 f iill. -uMici' (Hi'c ,;,„.,) 
 
 tiilililll ilillillMti,,!, in.'ivli.. 
 li.V|iils.,iisr..liiich-lltli'ii.|v 
 I. l-nilllll;il plusnllti,,!,, ■ ,;.■, 
 I<" l«i:'. tilk.l] l,y |j,„„j,; • 
 !!■ 1 i.||lllli.l|,>), w,,s rrji.,t,,| 
 
 ■ •'i'llllll', ,!«, 
 
 y iii.'ii,l,.is rf |,a,ii,„|„,„; "■ 
 
 'o liiMllliili l.y tli^■ ii„.||,. 
 Hint: "I 'l"»»i;ii' 11,1,11 
 
 CMV tlU,. Ml,_'i;,l„,. l„||,,,. 
 1, lirr !i, M-i .111,1 »ll,,.,>v,|» 
 •l|i nM•li,„^■ 
 .■..m. ..'. ,■■■:-■■,. 
 
 Ills l.ill l,V..M^||t in; ,|i,. 
 
 I"' iiiT.-|,i..l i„i- „,,ii„ ;,, ■ 
 
 ;",',' , • ■ ■ -^I'lil. ri- 
 iili.siilwtiliitiiiniiiMiiiiriiia. • 
 
 ill '■■•Isi'S u 1,1. II M,|luinl(|,v 
 nlclll.,niiiin.ikili;.,.|lli,ltjl 
 
 ri'il); icviil iisMi'iit, ^ |i,.f, ,„, 
 
 ■k n/„/„i, a siiit. imml.li.,,, 
 l'.j;y|ili;in .-unlml ,ii tin. ,,|i 
 
 ^t llJI'llli.illr,! Ill lli-t,.rv»i, 
 
 iiijr "I l':-y|,!,;ili(nit i;ii,( 
 tlicm l'liiiiii,,ir.i nmi|„,,„|,i 
 he lingers "I'llir sun. .S'wni 
 IK' ; "lie \Mis |.r(.|-t,.,| i,v ,|,|. 
 I lie CiiiiiiHis Mitiiiiis, i.jiijj, 
 WHS II liiirizi.iiliii dial thi 
 
 lllllt 14 11,1. dl' III,. ,j|,fjj,i;, 
 
 llu' i.iin.cr..rs, SfViml iijtf 
 iiji liy vuii,ius |,„pi.«. (),„,,,( 
 |) in till' piuzzii of St. Mb 
 Ixtiis V. ijxs. 
 
 HI. kimwii, s.iiiii. lirnktn: n) 
 I-, wt li]. ill till- riace ,||. h 0.11. 
 j6; 5 ill Kiinluiiil (illiiiM, ,iu. 
 Siiiiglildii liall; imrriiiuiitsdii. 
 
 V lialiicl l7,',.;,..f,,i'.,.V„,(,v,,„„ 
 lil.:iinii(l|,.li„|,„lM,;,i„|„,^ 
 I'll tn .\!rx,iM,liia liv AuflsBi, 
 .'in;; loiii; iinl«'il.l,'il iutliB>|,„r(, 
 iriit lliiliiiii l.y Mrlial|i|i.to 
 , not iviiMivpil. It wiu „j!,^| t,j 
 lit l.y .Milii'iiM't .Ui,aiu!iipi!i|,t 
 li, 1S77. 
 
 kVilsoii (kht. X.'v. ,;:,] havij 
 
 Api'iisi's, Mv. .Ii.liii liixr.a, li,. 
 
 t.i rnli.'i'y it ti, Kli;;lal;,|. Ij* 
 
 iitiiiiiiii;; it .s,iil,.,l with thuwi 
 
 viiili'iit pill', till! VMsels wm 
 
 , ; six liv-s w.-lv |.,s| in 3 ;■-;;. 
 
 ,-i'i' it. Tlii'(V.',.|,.(ra,Kliitlmi 
 iiiil tiy tlic Ulimuriii (ij|,t 
 I) Ki'rrol, wlii'iireit w.ntinoibj 
 C'll ill Li.iuloii, 20 Jan. iS;i.| 
 
 l'„..,iiiiKi'ii»iiiili''' Wiin a"."'., ti A|.|il, 1878. 
 
 (l;,r IIIM'll lli.HI'U»«il'll. Ill,' I'llllllli.s I'llllillllkllM'Mt (111'- 
 
 i'i(,.rii.'liiirlii((i'rnHmiiicl \Vat,'il,„i l.ii,l;,.,.s) Wiis srlii-i,',! 
 i„riti«it.'; wli.'i'i', liy inu.'li i'ii^iiii',.|iiit,' Mklll, it Wiis 
 ,,|.,ir,l. iJ .■<i'|i'- "S?"' 
 
 I„ „l«ll»k IVliKllM 186 t, HIM, 7 I'Wt., a st.llll's, 11 It,. 
 
 Il"ylil, lii.iii I'lisi' t" (...ml, (,a ti'i't 5j ill, 'Ins. 
 |. >ia-|il.i"il iniili'itlii. ..Ill' "f till' nii'tn.piiliiMii liimi',! 
 ■„; ,„rli.i 1.' ii.'t |.ii»si..l •.is.liily, 187a. 
 <ir J. Knisiiiii!. Wilsiiii ilinl 8 Mm. 1884. 
 j„ Lmnlim 111. tlin'"' KiikIIhIi ulit.liskA: first In Kl,.,!- 
 <liirl. lit till' tii|. "I Uri.lKi'-stii'.'f, IT,., I,.,! I,. ,|,,|ii| 
 
 Wllki'K, ll'l'l IIII.MT lit l.l.n.liHl ill 1775 (M.,. .v.„^/, 
 
 /;,i(„/i); anil liiiiiu'ilial. ly .ipiKisiti' t,i it iit tlii' si.iilli 
 i.ii,l,if Kiui'liiK.li.ii stri'. I. sl;iinlsiiiinlli,.i',iiM||iiii||, |,, 
 tlk' iiinliiiii'y "I' Hiilii'it W.iilliiiiiiii, l,.r.l iiiin,.! ill ,,s..,, 
 c'lrcti'ilJS.'iiiii'. ■'ijj; the tliiril .11 llif s,,iiili , i,,l ,,| 
 llipUlarkl'i'liii'.s-ii«nl 111,11 ks tin' ilistiini'i. ,.r ..n,. mil,. 
 .■..,liifi'iidii.iil'i'"Mi l''li'i't strii't. 
 
 rii,- ir..»4i"'('"« "''.■/i.</.. lit W:isiiiiij,'t,.ii, u. s., 555 cl.i.i 
 
 hii'li, liiiiii(!Uriiti'il, -'1 '''I'l.. loS^ 
 
 (iI)ER-AM.ME]i(JAU I'ASSION PLAY, 
 
 Ht' Jh'lnl", 
 
 OliLlVIOX. Ill ItitK) was imss<.il an mt uf 
 "Inrgt'iiii'iil Iiiiiili'ti. inili'innity, anil ulilivimi (nr 
 i.lltmisons mill state cilU'iiri's " cniiiiiiitti'il lirtwi'i'ii 
 1 Jan. I(j.i7, iinil 24 J iini', il)(<o. Tlii' ri'giciilcs anil 
 .iitajnli'i.-liliii|iislilii'ii'sts wi'i'i' ('.xci'iitcil. Asiniilar 
 jit tt.is ini"."!'!! 20 May, l(ii)l). Sec ^liiiiivsli/. 
 
 UD.'^tlliVAXCE, F.VTilKli.s ok thi.; i^iir 
 
 I OlI^KI'V-^-'*''''*)' '' "'"'"' Kivi'li ti) ri'itiiiii nii'iiiliira 
 ul tilt' Fniiirisiiiii unliT, aJKint Ijt^v wlm viiliin 
 :arily imili'i'tiMil; tlir iilisi'i'vaiu'i. ol' ilifir rule in its 
 )ii'i*liiii' rigimr. Tliis I'dunnation was after 11 tiiiiu 
 
 I'lifiiriTii by tin' \vi\w. 
 
 OliSERVA'rOKIK.S.AsriiOxoMicAi.. The y'"'"'' ^'m 
 ^;^t is sii.l In liavn hri'ii I'li'i'tctl iin tlic tu|) ,11" the 
 liiiijik' i.t ili'lus at llaliyliMi about 224; 11. c. Tin. 
 (jMiii iiutlii'iitii' liistiH'v WHS i.l AU'\iiiili'ia, alnnit 
 jiiu H.c, I'i'i'iti'il liy I'tolciiiy Soti'i'. '• Olisi'i'vatiH'v, 
 .'imiiutlily levii'W of astiiiiiiiiny," Hist ii|i|)i'ai'('(l in 
 |S;;, UljsiM'viitiirii's of I'lii'ly liiite pi'olmlily i.\ist(.(l 
 ill Ks'lit, C liiia, ami liiilia. 
 Hiitriimli'iM iiii'ililiiiiiiil iiistiiiiiniit liy fn|.|.i'iii,.iis 1540 
 
 |i'ir.st,il"i,'ivatiiiy at Cassel 
 
 iTi li'iUialii's. ill Lraiiii'iiliiirK 
 
 I.V>ti.ni..iini'al tmvi'i- lit Copi'iiluyi'ii 
 
 Ili.ijaUKri'iii'lil 
 
 Jn.yal.ilivivatiiiy at t-.'ci'iiwii'li {whiihxn) 
 
 l<.il.!.<'i'\al.iiyat Xui'ciiibt'rg .... 
 
 I.U Utii'i'lit 
 
 llJi'iliii, c'l'i'twl imdi-'i' Lt'iliMltz's .lii'i'i'tiiiii 
 
 l.\t Uoliifi'iia , 
 
 lAt St. I'l'li'i'shiir;; 
 
 |Lu IVkiii, aliiiiit 
 
 OM'.inl, /If. llaMiffc \ 
 
 L.m.ui Hill, K,liiilMii'i;li \ 
 
 il\\\X\\\, Dt. AmimM \ 
 
 uriiiagli, I'rimHe llnhiiaoii ] 
 
 I'aniliriilj.'t', Kii^'laiiil '_ 
 
 piilkiiwa, Uiis.iia [ 
 
 Xaiiilii'i.lni', U..S ' [ 
 
 RV.,^iiiii|<ti)ii, L'.S [ 
 
 TLivi'i'i.iiiil, Kiiylaiiil 
 
 Bill .N'evis, .Si'ntlallil [ 
 
 fcii UhxfmU.nj, on a peak of Mount, Ilaiiiilt'on' 
 ■ lalifumia, L'.t). (4,200 fi'.'t iiliovn sna-U'Vi'l), ,'n. 
 < iliiwi'il liyJiinii's Lick of .Sim Ki" :ii.'isc'o(wlio ,li|.,| 
 J lOrt. .870); ereetfil .... 1888 .•( s<-,/. 
 fill' new olMi'i'viitory In the Vutioan, coiniilctcil ,)»ii. isjo 
 ■iHif observatory at Abiislroniiiaii, 'J'itlis, o]Knieil 
 
 fcimt lilaiu', ii'/ii,;i .s'ff, i8qi-3, ' "' ' '^ 
 
 lif «' uliservaUiry nreoti'il hy prof. T. H. C. Lown on 
 I tto .Sierra .Mii.lru iiioiiiitains, j,6oo ft. aliovti snii 
 
 ll>'vel,rHiw,rt...l ..,,),,, J. 
 
 BteklorU Hill, Eiliiiburj,'!! ... 7 Ap.-ii .g^J 
 ■nkes observatory, 75 111. from Chicago, 1,200 feet 
 ^ above .sea level, opciicl . . . . 21 Oct. .So, 
 111 observatory establisln',1 on llm toj) of .Mount 
 I hoscaisko, New Ze4ilaiicl,at a height of 7,000 tct, 
 ''■■!""■'«' IJec: „ 
 
 15<-|. 
 .57C 
 
 .657 
 1667 
 
 ■675 
 .678 
 .byo 
 .71. 
 .714 
 1725 
 1750 
 .772 
 .776 
 178J 
 '79J 
 lS'>4 
 
 1S40 
 1842 
 
 .844 
 iSSj 
 
 ,^|,<^fTtSKl{VKli, Siinilay Jiajn'r (lilMial), rsta- 
 
 OC (lor /(//(', yen); ,„l, now „iii, "u'm," «,.« 
 tninii I,(iiiiji«i(ji, 
 
 OUANA (I'i'iitral Spain), near wlueli the 
 hpaiiiai'd, were deleateil liy the j-'reiieh, eoinnianileil 
 hy .Moi'tier anil .Soult, nj .\,,v. i.Sixj. 
 
 OCCULT SCIENCES (Inm. «,,'»//».,, eo,.. 
 eealeil) ; »,.,. Astruluijij, Alchmii, Miii/ir, \:e. 
 
 0('E.V\A, 1111 iiiia-iiiiir\ ri'piihlii', ileseiihed jji 
 II hook written hy Jaines lliU'riiij,toti, ijediciiteil to 
 iJliver Iroiinvi'll, and pnhlislied in l()5(.), 
 
 OCEAN' MONARCH, im Anieri, mi. 
 
 K-rant ship, left Livii'] j, Iniimd lor lioslon, 
 
 24 All-. \S^ii, liiiviii- marly 4(kj |,eis,,iis on hoard. 
 >V lien within si.\ miirs of (iieat (lime's Inail Car- 
 inirvon.-liire, N. Wales, she timk hre, and in a |..w 
 
 hours was hnrnt to the wale's eilj;,', and I -,S persons 
 perished, ' 
 
 The llraziliiin Mtcani-frlKalc, Alf,.,i:„. |,„p, ,1 ,„ i„. „„, 
 
 ''"'ili'iiil ripiittln'tiiin., withtln'|,nii,„aii,lpriii,'ess 
 '''•''",'"" I "I tlle .lllke ami ,ln;'ln-.s il'.Mil 'Oil 
 
 I ."""■''• »l,o wil,n..ss,.,l 1 alastroplie.ainl anlcil iu 
 
 ii's.'iiiiiK ami e,,iiil,,nii,^. the siilleiei.s. Tlie i-rew.s aiiO 
 
 I liasselwisotthe .l/;..„'„ 1111,1 the yiielit iJ,unl,,/T, 
 
 I y'^:z^:"n::L''' '"'"""'■ "'"' '" """'^ '■^''^""■'' ^>y 
 
 I OCTAKCHY, aee Jlnt„n>. 
 
 OCTOBER, tho (.i^'h^h month in the year of 
 Komnlns, as its name inijioi'ts, ami il„, tenth' i„ tli„ 
 nma, -I.J ii.c. o,.t,,ln.r still ntained its 
 hrst iiKine, althoiLnh the senate ordered it to he 
 ealeii /'„„.,/,„„,,, ,1, i,„n„|„. „f Faustina, wih. of 
 .VntoniiiMs the emperor; and Coniim.diis ealled it 
 /«('«'(«.*, and JhniitiHiiii.s. tietoher was siiered to 
 -Mars. 
 
 ii'Toni'iKXni. A party of ,„iiiit,y p'litli'ii.eii in tin, 
 lioii.se ol ciniiioiis, al„„it ,7u„ wlii.'l, pro)', ,,,.,1 l,i..l, 
 'la,''oT,i'te'!'''''''''' "' '''"' '■""""■'' li"hii^''i"ke ami tho 
 
 OCTIIOIS (from the h.w I.atin inulunitm, 
 HUthority), a term ajiiilied to eoneessions from 
 
 sovereigns, ami to the ta.\e.s levied at til ites of 
 
 towns in l''rane( on articles of food hefore entering 
 
 , the city. 'I'hese octrois, of aneieni ..I'i.'in, wero 
 
 ; suppressed m 171)1; re-e.stahlished, 1-,,-'. and re- 
 
 , or-anised in i.Sil,, 1H42, and li^-^?.. In' |,S:,,, thu 
 
 ueti'oisot I'ai'is prodnced ahove 54 million Iranes. 
 
 llie llel^'iim ^'overnmeiit lieeiime very popular in 
 
 July, I«|K), hy iiholishiiif;' the (Mrois. 'I'lie Coiil 
 
 and W ine dues of London were of this nature. 
 
 ODDFELLOWS, I'nity of, the name of ,1 
 hu'se Inendly society, orii;inally of a convivial 
 character, which took its present name in i,Si2 It 
 has luimerous hranehes, hut its headquarters iiro 
 111 .Miinchester. In i«.S(), there were (ii7,5,S7 mem- 
 bers; in |8<)2, 7011,405 niemhers, iiicomi., i.'jdi 214/ • 
 capital, 7,(,.50,22.S/.; .,S,,i;, ^j.j,.,^,, u.^nib^vs, 
 «,420,4S2i'., capital. 
 
 ODD VOLUMES, SETTE OF. A literary 
 society cslahlished 111 London; dined at Freemasons' 
 rayerii, London, Jan. 1S.S4. The society prints for 
 liriviite distribution, small out-of-the-way works. 
 
 ODES lire very nncient ; amongst tlie Greeks 
 
 tliey wen- exteniiiore e..-.!iij.'.si(ion.s sung in honour 
 ol the gods, Anacreon's odes were comjiosed about 
 532 i rimlar's, 498 to ^b ; and Horace's from 24 
 to (3, all H.c, Aneientlv odes were divided into 
 strophe, lUitLstropiie, ami epode; see I'oei.i Lau- 
 reate. 
 
 
 ■■'V 
 
 'tef^ 
 
 f 
 
 ^-,^ppl^,i 
 
 i 
 
 ' 
 
 :'''!/■! 
 
 i_, ,t \-A 
 
 I 
 
 I, ' .hi 
 

 
 
 H - 
 
 
 ODEHHA. 
 
 700 
 
 OIL KIVEHH. 
 
 ODEHHA, II P'lrt on tlic llliick Sell, built liy 
 till' ciiipiiKii L'lilliiiriiii' of l(\iH«iii, I7K4-I7i)2, iiltcr 
 llic |irii(o of .liiKKJ . Ill iHi; it wiix iiiiidr illlic 
 port, niiuo wlicii ill* piiwiiirily Inn ra|iiclly iii- 
 I'l't'iiKcii. it wii» |iiirliuU\ l)iiTiiliaiik'il by llif linli«li, 
 21 Apiil, |H^4, ill (iiMsc'iniriKc of the KiiHHiiiii 
 tiuttirii'H liiivliij; Ijri'd on ii liiii; of tnicc, (; April. 
 On 12 May llio KiirUhIi fri^Mlc 't'/i/i r HinnKlfil 
 hi.'ri', anil wan (It'stroyc'cl liy ltiiH><ian arlillrry. 1 lir 
 captain, (iill'aril, anil many of his rnw wirr l<illiil. 
 iinii thu rest niiiilc priwMtr«. rnpuliitiim, 1KH5, 
 240,cx)o ; ij Ft'b. 181)7,404,(151. 
 
 ODOMKTKU (I'loni tlu'(iii(k/iw/M, way, ami 
 mefrtiii, iiU'aMirc), m-v I'lilnmitir. 
 
 ODONTOLOGY (from the Onik i,iIu„i,h, 
 teeth), the Hiietici' of the teeth, iiiay he ^aill to 
 have really lii'j,'iin with the ruseari'he« of |inilr.isor 
 lliehanl ()weii, who in lH)c) niaile tlie tirnl ih linile 
 iinnounienieiil of the orKiinic eoiineetinn hetween 
 the vaHiiUar anil vital Hott jiarlH of the (Vaine anil 
 the hard Hiilintanee of a tooth. Ili^ loiiiprehelisive 
 work, "Odonto^'iaphv" (illu.strated with liiaiilitiil 
 plates), was piihlisheil 1840-45. The Odonlolii;;iial 
 soeiety was established l8i;(). 
 
 ODUYS.E, a iieolde of Thrarf'. I'heir kill),' 
 Teres retained his inilepeiideni e of the I'ersians, 
 508 11. c. Sitalees, his son, enlar>;ed liiH iloiiiinions, 
 and in 421), aided Aiiiyntas a^caiiist I'erdiei as II., of 
 Maiedon, with an army of 150,000 men. Silalees, 
 killed in liallle with "the 'I'lihalli, 424, w.is sue- 
 ci'cded by Seiithes, who reijjiied ]irospiriiiisly ; 
 Cotys, another Wuvf (.02-,555), disputed the pos. 
 BOKsion of the 'I'hrai ian C'hersouesiis with .\tliens. 
 After 9 or 10 years' warfare, Philip II. of Mineilon 
 reduieil the (Mry.sa' to trihntaries, and founded 
 riiilililiopolis andother ((Monies, 54 5. The Unmans, 
 after their eoni|nest of .Macedon, favoured the 
 Odrysa', and in 42 their kint; Sadales he(|m'athed 
 his territories to the Uoiiians. I'he Odrysie, tur- 
 bulent Huhjeits, and often chastised, were hnally 
 ineorporated into the empire by Vespasian, about 
 A. I). 70. 
 
 ODYL, the name ^'iveu in 1S45 by baron von 
 Keiehenbaeh to a so-ealled new '■ impoiiilerable, or 
 influence," said to be developed by niajjnets, crys- 
 tals, the Ir.niian body, heat, electricity, chemical 
 action, and the wlnde material universe. The 
 odylie force is uaid to ftive rise to liiminou.s pheno- 
 mena, visible to certain sensitive ]ierson» only. 
 The baron's " licscarches on .\Iaij;m'lisin, (.fee, inni-i- 
 tion to the Vital Force," translated by IJr. Urcgdiy . 
 were published in 1850. ICiiianuel Swedenbori,' 
 (died 1772) described similar phenomena. 
 
 (ECUMENICAL HISHOP (from theGreek 
 oikoumeue, the habitable, ijluhi- under.stood), " uni- 
 versal bisliop;" a title a.ssumed by John, bishop of 
 Constantinople, 587. 
 
 CENOPHYTA nin'otia, N. Greece). Here 
 Myronides and the Alheniaus severely defeated the 
 BtEotians, 45O 11. c. 
 
 OFEN, see Buda. 
 
 OFFA'S DYKE, the iutrem hment from the 
 Wye to the Dee, made by Ulhi, king of Mercia, to 
 defend his country from the incursions of the 
 Welsh, 771). 
 
 OFFICIAL SECKETS ACT, imased 26 
 
 Auir. 1880. punishes (liKclnsun't* jim ji iniKtii'mfunour. 
 
 OFFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, see St»cks. 
 
 OGULNI AN LAW, earned by the tribunes Q. 
 and Cn. Ogulnius, increased 'he number of the 
 pontiffs and au);nrs, and iniub Icbi '■>'• ■ ilijjible to 
 those ottices, li.c. 300. 
 
 OOYOES, lee IMwjt 
 
 OHIO, ii western state of X,„th Aiiuri, 
 Bellied by the trench in K'7,1, «,i< (c(l,,,| (,, ,''■ 
 llritishwilh I'aliiiila, in 17(1);' 1 xti inivclv „.|||", 
 in 1788, and ailmilled into the l,'niiin, 2i)X;,v ,1^" 
 Capital, t'olumbus; me .S7«r//i.», !*■,(;, |.'j|,|„', " 
 of III tons of gunpowder at Kindt's licudcr niiHr.' 
 niih'S from Cincinnati, 20 pemoiis lulhd i- j,"' 
 l8i)(). l'oi.ulati(pn, 18.80, ,5,ii>S,ot.2; iS(k),3,(;-j^.|;; 
 fire at hiiiiliiT yards Hi Coalnrovd, j dculln; |.,t(. 
 
 iimttMJ lusH 7S(i 
 
 (IdllUlM 
 
 7 A|jnl, 
 
 FliciitToli'dd.ehiiiiilicrorcoiMiiii'iTc, i!i(.M|ei,|ii,y„|' 
 (■sllniatcil loss 1, »»i,uiKi (lollms . , , j.^^' , 
 
 Di'stiiiclive rioUuH at CUnclaiid, siip|iri'swil i'vii,^ '''' 
 iiillitiiry , .,||n. 
 
 I.yiiclilii;,' riot, suppressed by the iiiililary, , |K.r**J " 
 
 killed 
 
 10, 18 Utt. 
 
 OIIM'H LAW, lor determiniuK till- mianiin 
 of the eleclro-liK'tive force iii the vultuic linttin' 
 was published in 1827. It is 111 • Mnlnijnitv «,.j^ 
 the discovery that the earth may lie iinii|.,i,,| „' 
 a conductor, thus saving the reliirn wire iii,||.,|p, 
 tele^traphy. 
 
 OIL was used for biirniiijc in laiiipsMeuriva, 
 the cpoili of .Vliraham, about |i)2l 11. e. iMiiu'ti,, 
 eilstom of the Jews to alediil with (lil ]iir>.j|i, ,.i. 
 pointed to liit;b oltices, as tlie piicsts ami kai'. 
 I'miIiii cx.x.viil. 2; I iS(tiii. \. 1 ; .\vi. ij, lli,. |_|,[ 
 that oil, if passed thnoiKh red-hot iiv.ii |M|i('f, \i|,i 
 be res(dved into a ci.mbi.stiblc gas, win l„in tnim'u 
 to chemists; ami after the |iriicess of li;|||i|,|, ^ 
 eoal-fjas was made aiipaient, .Messrs, Ti\l,r ,,i]li 
 Martineau conlrived apiiaralus fur |a(«hi. 111; .1,. 
 ({as (111 u larne scale, 1815.— Uil. Si'iiLviis" ,„ 
 j'eliiiliiim. Oil Fukslus; see under yvnndM, 
 
 To supply oil to ciillii the waves, jiipcs wire lai^l 
 
 down ill tlic pott ol' Ah'Tili-cii ; cxpi liini'iila Hill, 
 
 .Mr. shield's Mp|iMlallls, j6 .Sept. ; siliTrasfiil n. 
 
 periiiienls rep'M'Led .... 4 Uff. r>j 
 
 Sent.li lishiiiM vessels provided « ilh oil t.ijiks, X,iv! ,n, 
 
 Mr. ."Shield's i.lanssuecessliihu l"lkcsli.Meliml»iiir, ' 
 
 .'nil. liii 
 Capt. (JlietH 'lid reports oil to he iueH.'etiui ill rf. 
 
 pird to liri akeis and surf . . . (irt 
 Mr. (Jordoii s oil-shells shot nat at, .M..iitr.i»i. »ai.i " 
 
 to calm the sea ti .\|iril, i;ij 
 
 OIL PALN'riNO, SCO J'.diiihiij. Tlielniii. 
 tute of raiiitci - ill Oil CoI..ur8 estalilisluj; i^i 
 I I'resideiit Mr. .1. 11. Liiitoi . i^ nieiiilnr. dut j, 
 1 Feb. ; tirst e.\lubilion opei d 17 J)e(j. iNSj. 
 
 OIL lU VERS, now called " Xisi.|- (Viist Pp> 
 ' teitorate " (181)4), a territory on the \\. mat ..{ 
 
 Africa, lietween Cameroons and J.ap.s. luljuiiiiDi; 
 
 tlie territories of the Royal Ni^ir ceiii|i;iny, >« 
 I .\ii/ir. It contains si.\ main rivers, vvlii.li'denve 
 
 theirgener.il uaiiiefrom palmoil, tlierliidi.MiliM, 
 
 with a poiiuiation reported above I2,000,ux). 
 
 j The country was \ isitcd tiist by iiiissioii.irii'.^.irly 
 
 in the u/h century, and ufterttarils bytnulrr*, 
 I wliobypeacelnl ineaiis, havcKradniilly(^.stalilislif.l 
 
 plantiitions and nearly 40 laclories in tlieiiil.Ti.r. 
 
 The re|.;ion was placed uiidei' Untisli iiretci'ti' :.. 
 
 with a consul, in 1884. The traders Idriiiwltlmii- 
 I selves int.. an a.s.sociation, Keh. 1890; major r.ir 
 
 Claude M.ixwell .Macllonald apiuinitcd cummiv 
 ' siiaier, with cinsnlur jurisdiction , , .N.iv. ijji 
 
 Ciood report Jaii- 
 
 CoiiHicts with til.' chief Nana in Benin clieckf.lliy 
 
 U.M.S. Ah'ti, „■..,; ..ttiers, ^5,^15 Aus. 1^4; c.-.p::;;; 
 
 Lalor (lied of his wounds, 3 .Sept. ; injiiiiriil Bt<l> 
 ! font, of the I'lith'mrl, captiiriw Nairn's stronctiNM 
 ' on the Uenin liv.r, 25 8cpt. ; Nana surreml.;- 1'. 
 ' Lattos, reported jo Oct. ; sentenced to In. 
 I pn.souiiient, 6 Uec. 181)4; partially comiiiii',, 
 i Xov. lijd 
 
 'm 
 
i. Ill l(,7,5, «,„ ,,ii.',| to ii,,: 
 i"I7;M; .■xt.n.,v.l;„,„l,„ 
 into till' Immi, 2i;N(n' 1,1,,, 
 
 ■•' ■y''r,""'i '"■-<). h|,i„V; 
 
 I'lMit km;.' '|'"«ilciniill. .. 
 
 1, 20 IMTH.MH kllliil, 1- jI" 
 
 J, ,5,ii>.S,ui2; iSi^i, !,(,., ;.;' 
 
 ( Viiiluriivii, jiliiutli«; ...ti. 
 
 '!"" ■ • .• 7A|,f,l, , 
 iU'.iiiiiii(.iw,4t..,M,„,„| 
 "► il"ll)ir!H . . i.|,,,' . 
 I'M'laml, »ii|ii,iv»i(cil I vilw '" 
 
 ■il liy ll;r iMllllur),,|,.r.(,|',; " 
 16, iiJ ixx, 
 
 'or ili'tj'i'miiiiiijt the nuamjK 
 iDri'c (if the v.iltiiir Intt,,,,' 
 
 liiiriiiii),' ill laihimaiieiirivjj 
 , IlliiJlIt |i)2l H.c. ln,i„',i,. 
 
 iillniiit with nil |iir«,ii, ,,',. 
 '», 118 llui \nw,u aiiil km-, 
 :<iiii. X. 1 ; xvi. 1 j. Tl„. i"; 
 ciukIi rcil-lii/t ii-1,11 iii|,|.,^ j,^ 
 ilii.stilil,. Hits, Win Imi;' kiiii«'ii 
 •!■ till' lilui'i'sa of li»liliii|( |,j 
 liliitiriit, Mi'ssi*. 'layLir ;ii,'j 
 iiliparutiH I'm- |in«hiaii; ..il. 
 ■, 1«15.— (Ill, Sl■lll^(,^; „i 
 
 KSC'os; Bt'U nxvli't I'aiiitmj, 
 
 till' wiivcs, |i|{Ms w.rii hii^i 
 liviili-i'ii ; fX|»)iiii,iii<i,|||| 
 i», j6 hi'iit. ; suiiTssliil i.(. 
 
 4 I'ff. i:'i 
 riiviili'il vvitlinil t.mka, X„v, ,;;, 
 ssliiliu I'lilUi'Mti.Miliiirliimri 
 
 Jmi. liii 
 nil In 111' ini'ltWllu, ill rt. 
 sill'' . • . (lit, „ 
 sliiil nut :it M' iitiiw Mill 
 
 • c Aiiril, liJi 
 
 O. "CI' t'liiiliiKj. Tho Insti. 
 Oil ChI iiira e*tiilili>lii J ; m 
 Liiiii" . 94 lui'inlirrs flntii, 
 
 1 "pi'i i 17 Ikr. 1W3, 
 
 now i-iilk'(l " Niger Coajt Pr.i- 
 trn-itdiy on tlu' W, mnitof 
 icriiniiM ami Lugns, niljuimiij 
 e Koyal Ni;;i r iiiiii|iiiiiy, -i* 
 six iiiiiiii liviTs, ttliirii'dfnve 
 1)111 paliiuiil, tlifiliiiiiiriniiiti, 
 [lorti'il above i2,ooo,u*). 
 
 •il lirst liy iiiissioiiarii'»:r:v 
 ami iiftiTHiirils liy !i:n.r-, 
 is,lia\oi;niiliiiillyi'M,ilili-l,-- 
 ly 4iilurti>rii-sili tln-ili'": 
 >il iiiiilir itntish ]ii"!": 
 4. 'riii'trailiTsliirMii-lln-',. 
 ialiiiii, Ki'li. 1890; iiiajurMr 
 flluiialil appiiiiittiil coiMiiiiv 
 •juiisilicliiiu . . X'liv. lij) 
 
 h\\. li)} 
 
 f Nana in lieniii clieckwl ly 
 iors, 25,i,^Aug. iiyiH-::;::;;;. 
 LiiiilH, 3 H«pt. ; iiUiiiiiiil IW- 
 , capturiw Nairn's stroi^'hi'll 
 15 Wept. ; Naiiasurmi'Imal 
 
 Oct. ; SKlltl'lll'l'll to lllr ill,- 
 
 1894; partially coiiiiiuit"!, 
 
 Xov. i-p I 
 
 OKLAHOMA. 
 
 791 
 
 OLDENHUUO. 
 
 i„ii,iil-t''i' riilllip". inaliir Copliiiiil ('niwfnril, 
 "li,t»,ll.M,.mpHi aiiil .MalliiK, III. Kllioll, Mr«i«. 
 ('iiiu|ilii-lli l.iii'ki'i I'utti.'i anil (iiiiil.iii, with j,,! 
 
 lialhfi'iiirliMn, h'lt Hapi'li', iiiiaiiiiinl, nn u |ii,|| 
 
 (Ill iiimliiii 111 Hi'liiii city, J .Ian. irty;; wi'll iii. 
 o,i>Hil 111 (fn.iliii 4 .Ian. ; pii.('i..iili'i| on t|ii.||> 
 juiiriii'yi iiili"iiliii|< to iiMiiiiiHlmlii with thi. kln«. 
 »iui ».i,' i'Uii.*iiiK on an animal Imti'lirry ui' 
 ■Uvra; "II "liot ili'inl li'oin an aiiilii|..raili' i<\i'i>|it 
 ca'lil- ""I"™*'""' •*''■ ""'I'l' I'liiki', anil alimit 15 
 ciirrliT", Willi I'M'api'il inlii tin' liii.><li (,\lr. Cainii". 
 Irll wiia I'aiitai'i'il anil alti'iuanls put to ili'iilli) 
 
 ^ .Ian. 1897 
 
 rniiitlviii'Xpi'ilitiiai iiiiili'i' lii'iit.-i'iil, llnii'ii llainil- 
 lull, Mr. H. I>, .Miiiir, riiiiinii.iHliiiii'r (K,t'..M.(i. 
 JiiiiH, 181^71. ami otlii'r iiIIIi'ith, with a llnlillii 
 iiinlrr rii|ir'iiiliii. Ita».iiiii, arrivnn at ."^Irl, o Ki'li ; 
 ii.liii. lUwaoii caplnii'M (Iwatii. Sapiilm (lii'iil. 
 I'rltoliiinl.iif II .VJ..S. Mflo, ami uim man killnl, 
 I, Ki'li.). ami dloKl"' . • . • w Knli. „ 
 
 11.11111 city taki'ii liy col. HriiiT lliinilllou'n hni'ii 
 aflHfa ruiitiliiK i Iiuiii'h' tlulit In tin' IiiimIi ; Hr, C. 
 J. Kyriiaiiil 7 iitlii'r.<killiiil, capt. (i. Taylnr Dynm 
 iiiui'Uilly U'uiiiiili'il ; hiiinaii Hacrlllci'S anili'iirii»i<H 
 luiiiiil I'Vi'iywhi'ii' If; (''I'll, „ 
 
 Furteri'i'ti'il at lli'inii city, liciit. A, II. 'I'linn'rap- 
 IKjiiiti'il ii'niili'iil, .March (ilii'il nl' Icvcri .Si'|it.) . „ 
 
 A |iiilrul miller Hi'iili. Carrnl ami Kit/Kciahl ili'lcala 
 llii'fiillilivi' kiiiK "I Hi'iiili, li.liiiii'; ami anaiii in 
 llii' I'rnti'ctiiiati' I' nitiiry, In'iit, l''it/>;i'ialil ami 
 jliii'a killi'ili iliiii : till' kiiiK ami almiit i,i>>, 
 iiii'ii Mirii'inh'i at Iliiiiii city. 7 .\ii;;. ; iiiimvi'il 
 tiiillil t'alaUir : i chii Is cxccntcil tor llic llciiin 
 iiiaiisia'rii Oct. „ 
 
 l.',i|it. Hoajii'll, ii'niili'iil, country pcaci'l'iil . .Siipt. ,, 
 
 OKLAIIO.MA ("lioiiulifiil liiiul"), a part of 
 llii' " Iniliaii li'nitdi-y " sitimtfil lictwii'ii Texas, 
 Kiinw, iinii ArkaiiHii!!, partlv iiilialiiti'il liy IiidiaiiH. 
 Tilt" wcsleni part 111 the territory was ceiicil to the 
 I'uitcil St.itis in l.M,(j. It liii« liceti surveyeil ami 
 iliiiilcil ililohilowiisliiji.'.. .See i'liitiil Stalin, i88(). 
 
 iiinil ilisli'w.i caiisiil tlironK'li tin' ilcHdnctinii nl' 
 Ihe |iiiiiiii»iii„' cidp.s liy a hut wiml (15 .liini'); 
 aliiiiit jo.oooilestiliiti' perHoiirt, ^ovi'iiiinriil relief 
 
 [iiiiiiiisril i>ee. 1890 
 
 pi'stniL'tive turiiaiio, with luHa of nm lives 
 
 ^5 April, :893 
 KiotiiiKniul ilyiiaiiiiti'Oiitraf;c.s, 1, 11111 Idl . 18. Inly, 1894 
 Inwiw: Ciilliiii', Oklalinina, KiiiKli.shcr. ami othcrH, 
 .Vililltiiiiiiil laliila iipi'iicd, !Sept. 1891. I'upnlathiii, 
 iSgo. 61,814. 
 
 OLBEKS, tile asteroid, now ternieJ Pullus, dig- 
 
 .'iverudln .M.Olhers, in lSo2. 
 
 OLD BAILEY SESSIONS COUKT i» 
 
 ,,' IJ lor tlic trial of criminals, and its jiirisdii tion 
 I iiiipri'lu'Uils the county ol' .Middlesex as well as 
 Ihi'iity of i.iiiiiliiii. It is held eii^lit times in liie 
 year by tlic royal coninii>sion of uyir and liriiiiiu r. 
 fill' judges are, the lord mayor, those alilermeii 
 ,«lio lane pas>eil the cliaic, the recorder and the 
 I'liliiiuoii-M'rjeaiit, who are atti'iided hy Imtli the 
 sliiTilfs, and one or more of the liiidonal jmljjes. 
 The I'ourt-hdusc was Imilt in 1773, and eiilari,'i'd 
 in \9ti)i; iif Ciiilriil Vi-imiiHll t'oiirl. 
 
 Puriiit; smiic trials in tin' nld court, the lonl laaynr, 
 iiiii'iililmiiaii, twiijiiilKi's, tliu greater part ii|"tlie 
 jury, aiiiliiuiiiliirs.if sin'ctator-s, caught the gaol 
 ilinlriiilit'i-, aial ilii'il .... May, 
 
 I Tills ilisww was fatal to several 
 
 1 I»iiity-i'i|;lit iii'isuiis killed at the execution of Mr! 
 
 Slnlc'simuili'rersi.t the Ulil liailey . 23 Feb. 1807 
 
 OLD DELIEVEKS, a Kussiun sect, said tn 
 miiiikr iiliout I2,ihx),(XX), originated in a revolt 
 •;:'.i!i:t *':•,• eriiciiic; of the Jiatlialch Meoji, 
 'lioiii they niinitd Aiiti-fhrist, 1(^54. They prolfss 
 I'l adhere tu the old readiiii; of the Sckvoniun 
 ■•aired booka, which have been superseded by the 
 luesent Ku.^miiu church. Ulie ezar Alexander II. 
 I granted hberty of worship to the sect m iH'jq. 
 
 1750 
 177a 
 
 1874 
 
 ■ 875 
 
 , OLD (JATIh)LICS, the name assumed 
 111 (.ermaiiy b, the lueiiiberH of the Koman 
 Lalhcdlu chill ill oppo.^ed to the doKma of papal 
 liilallihllily, headed by profeKHor DiiJluiKcr of 
 .Miiiiieh (see r,,,,,,,,/,,, iH JuU, i.S-,,) After 
 three uay.',' conference at .Miiluch, .Sept.' |S-|, ihev 
 
 decided lo set uji independent woishiji, Hr.^t 1 t- 
 
 lliK in 11 church Kiveii them by the town council of 
 .Munich. Ihe ablie Miihaiid hcKan 11 sjniihir 
 movement in l>„ris in K, b. 1M72. Dr. DolliiiKcr 
 preached m lavmir of iiiiinn with the eliiinh of 
 '.iinlaiid. March, 1.S72. I'ire Hyacintbe (Iharli,.! 
 l.oysoii), presnient ol the party at Hume, issued a 
 piuKramme, resjn'ctiiiw the Vatican denees recn... 
 nisiiiK eecle,„iastii al nulliuritie,.. ileuiiiiidin),' ivh.rin, 
 yi'topposiiinschisni.ubuut S.Mas, I.S72. The bishops 
 "t l.iiiculiH\Vui'ds»urth)aiid I'.'iy (llrowne) aiidtl'i' 
 (lean of Westmiii-ter (l)r. Stuiilev ), bv iiivitatmn 
 '",",''"''■'' ""' '"'il'''-''i at Coluiriie, and deliveivd 
 
 elect.'d their first hishu,,, Kr. J„s,',,h lieinkeiis, 
 I June 1K73, win, sviis i'eco-ni.sed by the emperor 
 and other powers. " ' 
 
 ConKicssui iiid 1 Mtbollcs lichl lit Conslaiice. 18 .Sent 
 
 iii7j; at Knilniij; 5 ISe ,t' 
 
 Hist synod held ill tieniiaiiy at llonii, opemii 
 
 llr. DollliiKiT ri ivi'll ddi'Katcs frnni casteni^alnl 
 
 western cliiiirh.'s at llonn, with a view fur umun 
 
 *"''!'"'"l'l '"I cs; ami alter much ilisi'usshm 
 
 certain pnliniiiiaiii's were agreed mi ; inueli 
 result Was nut cx|,ictcil . u iSent 
 
 hrsl i.lil Catholic clinicli hi llcrliii upcned , . .\uv' 
 
 In I iii.ssia ali.iiit „i,,„j ,ihl fatlmlies (,il,uut 
 «,u.«i..««. Kuiniinists) 
 
 t'uiiKiiss at lluiiii : l.ishup uf Winchester, ('•aiiuu 
 l.iililiiiii ami several urk'iital cleiKy present, li 
 Aii,^'. ; atirceinelit respectiliK the yi/im/ae clause 
 
 Cire.ilarpiitfuithl.v.! M„il|,'s at Hum, ai* 
 
 ,'i; ',",'' ;■'"": ' liip;(thcyil,',.l„re 
 
 '"''"■•',""""' 'Oi'l' ..suris.lnlv. 1H70; 
 
 they do mil „. i,.,in, ,|„. Catliulic chnivb 
 
 mt .b'Siie I nihulii'isiii |,v,. Iiuiii ib'liM.inK duc- 
 trilii's; i. i-udiate iufallilidity and siipivnmcv of 
 the pu|„ , ,im, ti„„ ieai||ii« uf thu Uililc, and 
 dUiii. «i.i;,hi|' ill the vulgar tonj-ue ; and iiiar- 
 
 ,,""-'■ "I priests) I,,,, 
 
 toijKio.s at Hunii : stroiiK oppusitiun to celiliacv ,1 
 clel>.y; i|IU'stluli dctelii'd, carlv ill . . .Iiiia. 
 
 tuiiyicssal .Mint/ iipiiis ' 2S .Sent' iK77 
 
 Meeliiii,. at Heine: l.ishup Cotterill oi' Kiliiilnii'gli '' 
 and .M. llyainilhn l.uysuii there. ,7 Ann, .879; 
 .at (.encva, ill May, 1880; at ilailen-llmlcn 10.3, 
 'Si-i.t, i88u; at Vienna, . . 8 .Sent 
 
 \iMlsulthi' hi^hiipsof Ucblleld (W. 1). .MaelaKun) 
 ami ^5allsbury (.1. Woidswurtb), cuiiK'res.ses at 
 Hunii, iVe., ill JSwitzerkind, and at Vienna, (let 
 1887; at (;ul„)..|,|.. ,2 .Sept. 1890; al l.neerin', la 
 iScpt. 1892; at Hutlerdain, Aug. 1894 ; iiitei na- 
 tional coiiKrcN,- at \ ieiiim . . " 1 .Si'.it 
 I I'he ductrincur the Old (Ja'liulies elusely reseni'- 
 lile those lift 111- ehiirch 111 Kiif;hii„i.] 
 
 The piuKiessuftbe Italian ea' liolie eliureb opnosed 
 tu the iiapacy, ri'purt I'll . . . K,.b ,300 
 
 111. liulliiiKi'rs nini'tiitli birthday eclebrated at 
 Munich, 28 Feb. 1889 ; he died . , ,„ Jm,. 13^^ 
 
 OLDENBURG, a grand dueliy in Nortli Ger- 
 miiny, was annexed to Deiiiuark in 1448: in 177?, 
 ( linstmn Vll. ceded the euuiitrv to Kussiu in exi 
 change lor llolsleiii liutturp, and soon after tho 
 present dignity was established. The duke joined 
 lli(^ North Geriimii eonfeileration, uS Aug. 18OO 
 aiid obtained a slight inciea.se uf territory froiu 
 Uolstem, 27 Sept. following. I'upulation in 18(4, 
 
 ■•I"' ,o' "1 1°7>, 314.591 . iu 'O'-xJi 337,47"; i»'P, 
 3.')4i90"- 
 
 IH'KKS, 
 
 1773- Kredei'ick Angiisius. 
 
 1785. I'cter Kiederick. The iliicby was seized bv Natio- 
 
 leoii, and annexed to Ills uinpiie ill 181 1 ; but 
 
 restored in 1814 
 
 . '87s 
 1876 
 
 i88 
 
 .897 
 
 
 »»•^') 
 
 ti0 
 
 m\ 
 
 infm-m'ii 
 
 

 III;! 
 
 
 IlL'I^.. 
 
 MI ■ 
 
 h'4 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^KJjlJ'i^ • 13 1 1 
 
 i4 .-'*'iitjS* . 
 
 If" 
 
 
 
 ^M 
 
 K 
 
 4 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 Hi 
 
 IHHHI 
 
 HI 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 OLDHAM. 
 
 792 
 
 OMENS. 
 
 IlIiAM.IH KKS. 
 
 1829. May 21. Anjjiistiis. 
 185J. Ki'li. 27. l>,.i,.,', K.Mi : liiini 8 Jnlv, 1827. 
 Jlnr: HYclcrick Aii-ustiis, sun; Ihuji 16 Nuv. 1852; 
 
 iiiaiTii'il|irii,f|.s.sKliZiibiahurj>Mcklriihur"-.Scliwi-nii, 
 
 24 Ort. i6q6. 
 
 . OLDHAM. I.iinciisliirc, a villii^c in i7r,o, wa.s 
 iiicoi'iKii-atccl ill kS^i), iiiid lias sriit Iw.i imiiilici-s tci 
 Ii.irhanifiit siiirf 1X52, wlicii Williaiii Cililiftl was 
 I'li'itrd (Jiie of thu iiicmliirs. It lias cxti'ii.sivc 
 <'ott(iii iiianiilact(irii-s. Tlio haiul-dmo ti.wii-liall 
 WHS Ijiiilt ill l,S4i, and c'lilarucil in i8-<i. I'diiula- 
 tlon, i,S,Si, lll,.^45; i«,,i, 131,4(15. 
 
 OLD MAN OF THE MoUXTAtX, SCO 
 
 A.SSUSSIII.S, 
 
 'J'lio Hiiiniim anil Hnllcy sliow (nl 
 iiiiil wcuiiiMi ciiiiiliiyi'ii) : spnl 
 
 "' '•^''. I len 
 
 ilraina, "Thu Md\M, ■■r i''..r'tiii.'virt''H., 'I"'''"''' 
 iiiitivi' dances, etc ' 
 
 ediicated gorilia, etc; ; aml'inlni^ni inullslni'iii!';' 
 
 OLYMPIADS, til,, ^rlof'^i^i^-^f'-'^ 
 from iJuly 7-On.r., tlic year in ^vllid •,''"' 
 WHS sueiosshil at tlic Ulyni|iiu 
 
 
 OLD STYLE, sec Sm Siyk. 
 
 OLEFLWT GAS, a combination ot'liydroftcn 
 and carbon, which burns witli niiicli liri'llianiv 
 In |,S02, lieitliclot lurmcd it urtillcially by means 
 ofaleoliol. 
 
 OLEKON, sec Xtnit/n.'ioii T.mcx. 
 
 OLIVES arc niinicd in the earliest accounts of 
 i-ffvpt and Cireecc. Tlii'v were first planted in Italy 
 abuiit 5<,2 11. c. 'I'hc (dive lias been ciillivatcil iii 
 inulaiid since l64,S a. I).; the Cape oliy,^ since 1750. 
 
 OLMUTZ, the uncient ca])ital of JlorayJa. 
 Ilcre the emi)eror I-'erdimind abdicated, on behalf 
 of his nephew, Francis Joseph, 2 Dec. kS4,S ; and 
 liere the hitter iironiiil,i;alcd a ni'W constitiitioii, 
 4 March, liS4(). A conference was held here, 29 Nov 
 l8S(i. under the i/ar Nicholas, when the dilliiiilties 
 between Austria and Prussia respecting the iiHairs 
 ot Ilesse-C'asscl were arran^'cd. 
 
 OLTEXITZ A. A Turkish for( e havinjr crossed 
 the Danube, under Omar I'acha, estal)lislied lliem- 
 selves at Ultenitza, in sjiit,' of the vi-orous attaidis 
 of the Itussians, who were repulsed with loss, 2 and 
 3.V'?'' '""i-^J' "" ""■ 4"' " ili'^pcrate attempt to 
 disludgi' the lurks bv general Dannebers with (kkx) 
 men, was defeated with gr.'at loss. 
 
 OLYMPIA, West Kensington, opened 27 Dec 
 I««0. hee \nn\erA;ii-ivi(lti(n; and Irish Ktliihitujii. 
 First great liorsc show of English Horse .Society 
 opened here . • , ;, • • 15 -May, ,88y 
 
 See under lloiye. 
 
 Tlie jiicturcs not accepted Ijv tlie Uoval Aciul y 
 
 for cxliibition in ,889 were exhibited licre 
 
 22 June, il «./. , ,, 
 
 See Ii</nnnil'.^ Slnnr, 
 
 Olyinpia oiieni'd as a skating rink for roller skates 
 
 Olyuipia taken by .Mr. Angiistiis Harris' lu'l'l'a '"*' 
 
 syndicati' (.■i,),^ ,g 
 
 licpri'.sci.talions of ancient and nioilerii Venice 
 
 eiitiiely designed and ( striicted bv Mr. Imre 
 
 Kiniifv, exhibiting the sccnerv, ilie life of 
 tlieirdiabitaiits, iiiaiiiifactnres(iiiebiding Dr. .Sal- 
 
 \iatis glass nianiitaeliire), uio g lolas, with 
 
 goiidcjliers, .1 t;riuid ;uiiiatic <-ariuval, and other 
 entcrtainniems: opened, 26 llee. ,8yi . 7 ,lan. ,801 
 
 Hepreseiitiilioii ot Cuiist.iiituiople constructed bv 
 Mr. liolossy Kirally, .Mr. Wdsun HenniiiKliMi 
 ^ignnr.Iose]ih Coletti, .-ind oilier /iiii, is ; it in. 
 eludes the hridge of boats acro.ss the (iolilen 
 Horn, tlie'l'owerof(ialata, &c., historic pageants, 
 tableaux, Ac. openeil .... 26 Dec. 
 
 Visit of the iirinec and princess of Wales ami 
 family, 8 Kelj. ; closed . . . 2,) Oct 
 
 "The (iri,,,!.- lepivscnting Turkey, Egvpt! 
 India, «e., ojienerl .... 26 I'lec 
 
 A eiiiipiilsory winding-up order granted, the eoml " 
 pany not having raise.l siuiiejent capiUil. i .hilv, 
 iBgs; llrst meeting of eiedilois, 1., An«. 1600. ' 
 
 New enterlainmeiits by sir Augustus Harris aid 
 others, 26 Dee. 18^5 ; gardens and hall mecieil 
 "Vt:">*i May i8q6 
 
 was reckoned by periods of four \\..„.,. „., , 
 heinir called an Olympiad, and In niaVkinlLl''',,"''* 
 
 boll 
 
 I'menti,,,,,,!^ ■]■, 
 
 the year and Olympiad wen 
 computation of Olympiads 
 A.D. 440. 
 
 OLYMPIC GAMES, so fan,„u. •, , 
 
 Greeks, traditionally said to have , „'' ' ; "" 
 111 honour of Jupiter by the Id ei n, , ',':'"'""l 
 H.C, or by i'elops, 1507' n.c, revived '.vm''''! 
 .S.S41..C., were lield at interv.'.ls of fL-'v '''"'"-' 
 the banks of the Alphcus, near ()hi„pi-.,'''''\;" 
 I'eloponnesus, now the .Morea, to e.xer, j j. •; ' '"" 
 lu five kinds of combats; the e.inon,,- ,'""'" 
 highly honoured. The prize contemi;:':::'"^ 
 crown made of 11 kind of wild olive, annn,,,, , '? ' 
 this use. The festival wa.s abolished l! vT 1 '■' '" 
 A..., 394. Ini«5«M.i:appas,awea|-tl, :;:':• 
 ucMiiu, gave funds to re-establish tlu'J ' 
 
 under tlie a,ispiecsofthe,|ueenof(,ree,.e _.,:;';""' 
 lllKATUE, London, opened 180O; see n,„,,,, '" 
 
 Tlie revival of the games every four vca-, '1' 
 some Knroiii'aii capital was ,ieeiil,.,| ;,,,,, 
 iiileniatiomcl eonu'ivss at l',-uis in ,J, . i-: , '"' 
 beat Alliens il, ,8y(,; second at I'an'sMl, i>, '" 
 
 lirhiiniiaiy coniests to .selecl ch;uii|.i„iKi„:i,; , 
 the ancient sla.lio,,, capable ot s'mIJ,;. „ " 
 persons, reiMPV.-it.-d by M. Averoll of AleviLn" 
 the kin;;aii.l family pre.sent (,29 fohii;,, ;,il 1 .f": 
 toc-ompi'ti.) .... 2, ,„, I . 
 
 The statue of M. Averolf unveilfci bv'tLV,',' 
 prince • . . "," 
 
 The 7.stli anniversary of f;reek imlep'eii,l,.i,'.,'. '"'!'', 
 uiaiignralion ol- the Olympie ^„„ies (.■n.ei. 1 j 
 ii'udern) by the King and royal boiiih J "i ! 
 by the crown pi iiiee, etc., f, April; i;,',,,, v,.v 
 .•iiider of Hervia in-e.s, ii(, 8 Ajiril ,t .■>,, n,. ,' 
 Iroiii Marathon won bv I.oiiis, a (link i,..|vi, .' 
 7o,<,» .spectators, 10 April ; en,| „r 11,, ,.Vi',„.'' 
 l.rizes dislributcl; Pindaric o.le hv Mi^r s' 
 Uobertson, recited, .s.^veral addres,e, pi.'si.iii,.i|' 
 
 OLYMPIE UM (near I'elopoi,iies,'s)','IeUt 
 
 temple of Juinter, erected bv Libo f L, ° ,, 
 
 4.S(), at the charge of the Eleans, atler their „' 
 quest of the country. For this teninle M,i,ii " 
 made the colossal statue of the "od m ,. 11 1 
 ivory, 437-433 n.c. " "^ ''' •""' 
 
 The (ierinan exidoratioiis bv Messrs. Iliis, la.M ., 1 
 HottiehiT, i.lanncd by |a-,.f Krnsi ( iinj,,, ,;';""' 
 toriaii, began in (let. 1875. 'IVusos ,ii„| „ii„,, 'f 
 
 were lound. Al...ve9o4 ol,je,-ts ail.le, nnniv,.,,/'; 
 
 bronzes, insenptions, ie., foiin,!, ,8,=-8 tv,,! ,' 
 tions closed, Nov. 18S0. '•■M'i"rj- 
 
 OLYXTIirS, a city, N. (ireeee. Tire-i.t tl„> 
 prcdoiuinai.cc of S|,arta, it b-rmcil a lecMUMmli 
 other cities, wliii h was subdued in war, jX.j'^r.iiic 
 It ri'sistcd I'hilip of .Maecdon, 550 n.,',, JaVhom 
 it was destroyed, 347. Dcnioatliciiesdeliveredllir„ 
 orations 011 its liehalf, 349. 
 
 ■elUi 
 
 1894 
 
 OMAN, a .Maliominetim 
 capital .Muscat, ir/iic/i air. 
 
 i^tate, S. E. .Iniliia, 
 
 OMENS, see Aufiunj. Alexander the Grcit 
 ami .Milhridalcs tlie Great are said to hnve «t..(ii-"t 
 omens. At the birth o| tlu' latter, 131 ii.c.,"thi're' 
 were seen for .si'vcnly days together, two .iiM 
 comets; and this omen, we arc told, dirirteil all IW 
 iietions of Mithridateg throughout his \\U\-Jmta 
 
3MENS. ~~ 
 
 "'■■•■'"■ <iirvi,.t';'i,'l"j;;»'y 
 
 . ""■"•i;;''n'', •lolaiii,,,, "ti;,, 
 
 ;ill"lllllllll:ilMl ,||.,KHi 
 
 till' i-ninf the (;i(,i.-s ,i', 
 
 <1»"1 to,a- VL.;,rs,,J, ;"! 
 iina.l. ami i„ ,„ '4 ' ;; 
 
 ^lES, 61. fiiiii,,,,, ,,„„ 
 
 Sjiul to l„.v,. 1,,„„ ,„„ ~ ' 
 
 l.y tl,o i,i..i i,:,„,vh'" ?; 
 
 """'•V'.l. of fauM- ■''"• 
 mens, - • ■ - ■ 
 
 bats; th,. ,.nn,,,„,J^ 
 <-■ pri/u >';mt,.,i.l«i t,„. „, "; 
 (if wild ivc, iinnr,,,,,.;,, I ' 
 
 /iijipas, a „euit|,v l',lon ,' 
 
 re.c.stalili.,1, tl.;.. ' " 
 
 lies overy Huir v,.ars .,. 
 
 ■ii was ,i,Ti,i,.,i ,■„, ,t ,; 
 
 a' I'ans ,„ ,Sy4. Kpm,, 
 Mcnii.l al I'ans in ,,.,, 
 ■■"■'''';', '•''■"ii|'i'iii>-l.W,i:„ 
 
 .M. Avn„ll„rAN.x,f„i,.i,' 
 
 Ksi'm(,29(„,,.jg„,.„i,|,,,,; 
 
 iti' luiwilea by'tlu.',"'vl;'-»^ 
 
 Ciirck iiKli'pi'ii.liiuv.'mi '' 
 nMiiic, Kami's (aii,i,.iii ai,.| 
 ami rnyal lamih, a,|.|i,.>, 
 I't''., f> Api-il: |<ii,,. \|„' 
 
 .sAi,ni,7x,,,.,. ,r,,;,',: 
 
 y I.Miiis, a (livik iwiMiit 
 \pril; rial nliii. .■■,u„-> 
 mlaia- ml.' hy M,. ,; ^' 
 cral ai|ilri-s.-.c, |iivsi.iii,.,|' 
 
 '5 M'lii ., 
 u'arlVlnp,,mu.M,s),ih,gr,,„ 
 ted l.yLilHm,„ft,„,»,„„( 
 he lUraiis, afirr thi.ir con. 
 lor this t.nijik. l.l,iji„ 
 ue of the gHd, ,'„ ...ij „„j 
 
 s liy M.'ssrs IlirsrirHi .„„| 
 I'l'i't. Kriist CiiitiHs. til,' 1,1, 
 1875. Thmos ami „ii„.i ,,,i,,, 
 loh.HM'lsiiUMaii,lc,mi,iiv,„j„ 
 *■'''■' '■'"""'. 1875-8. l-:si,|„ra; 
 
 ty, N. Chmto. T.. re-ist Hi,, 
 a, It tnnncl a lei-ur with 
 <uliduialii, «ar, ^.Si-j-inf 
 aeedoii. 550 i,,,',, li;',,!,,;^' 
 
 l)l'11108tllull(.sdL'lillll.Jtli|„ 
 
 A<h 
 
 iii'tau state, S. K. Aralia 
 
 f'C. 
 
 'iri/. Alexandci-tlic Grciit 
 'at are said to hiivf stidiH 
 
 1 tlie latter, iji B.C., there 
 ays toKi'llier, 'two splcmliil 
 we are told, diivi'leil nil ||,f 
 iroiigliout his M\-JmUi,. 
 
 OMEE, ST, 
 
 793 
 
 OPERA. 
 
 OMER, ST., N. J':. I'lance. At this town in 
 1592, the eminent Jesiiit, father I'ursoiis, foiindeil 
 u seiiiiiii'i'V f'"' tl'e education of Kiiiilisli tind Irish 
 koiiiaii t'iitlioliis, in whieh there w ere 50 impils in 
 IW). The Seminary was siii)|ir('sse(l ill i;(]2, anil 
 till' iimstera and pupils nil;,'rated siieeessively to 
 Bruges, I.ii'ge, ami in 1791 to England, hv invita- 
 tion. The .seminary of St. Oiner was nunli 1 eferred 
 toduriiisrllie trials coniieeted with Oates's jilot in 
 I()j8. St'i! .Stuiii/Jiiirxt. 
 
 OMLADIXA, nn Austrian politieal soeicty 
 oniii|Kiseil (it Slav students, journalists, and workins; 
 iiicu; ii'iout Xoo nienihers, divideil into jjroujis, 
 «]lh ottiii'i's, was formed at \ieniiii in l«()0, to 
 jinmi'ilc tlie I'eileiation of the eniinre, with ecjual 
 lightsfor all cla.sses. Svc Aifiti-ia, kS()4. 
 
 OMMIADE.S, a dynasty of .Mahometan 
 .■:iliphs, lit'giiinin;,' with .Mmnviyiili, of whom four- 
 
 '-,0 ; and eiulileen at 
 i'heir favourite colour 
 
 ti'fii rcijrned in Araliia, Odi 
 Corilova, in .Spain, r.S.S-loji. 
 wiHsrei'ii. 
 
 OMXIUrS (from nniiiihiis, Latin "for all"). 
 Tlu'idfiiof such conveyances is aserihed to l'a.s<-:il, 
 about Hi)2, when siinihir earriafrcs were started, 
 but soon diacDiiliuued. They were re\ ived in I'aris 
 about II .\liril, I'^^-f^; iinil introduced into London 
 jiv 11 (oach prnprictnr named Sliilliheer. T'lic first 
 ci'anibus started from i'addiii^^ton to the lianU of 
 Jiiijiland (111 Saturday, 4 July, i82(). U.'nulations 
 were made respectiii'.' omnihuses Ijy Id iV' 17 Vict, 
 c j3 (1853). See Cdbnulitii and Htiflnivij CimicIich. 
 Till' L"iiil(in Omuihus Company was estalilislied in 
 Jan. IiS^d. The saloon omiiihu.ses ran in i<S^7-()0. 
 Ill Sept. 1XI15, it was slated that there were' then 
 niiHiiiiir about (j20 omniliuses belonsjiiif; to the 
 (jfiieral Onuiibus Company, and 450 i.elungiuf;- to 
 jirivutc proiirietors ; in 18(17, about lu^o onmi- 
 biiji's, with 13,001 drivers and condiiciors. — Hir 
 R. iliiijiie. Ill 1873 ahout I41X) oinniliuses ; I,S()[, 
 .'.415;' 189:1, 2,3(1(1; l,S()(i, 3,001. Dividend, Au^'. 
 lS;S, 125 per cent. .\n omnibus hill, one whieh 
 dials with many tojiics. 
 
 TlirLomli'ii lioad Car Cnmpauy ri',;,'islercd i .Ian. 188?. 
 Ilir miiiilii'r ot oiimihiiscs jii-catly inercasid, daily 
 
 ailditiiiiis with cheap tares, sima' o(. and Ai/, 1SS9-92. 
 .Miikc of till' iiicii ciMployi-il hy llie (ieijcral Oianihns 
 
 and lieail Car Coiii|iaiiies. claiiiiioH a twelve hours' 
 
 day, 7.1 inns closed hy CdiicessinMs, i ; .luiii', 1891. 
 Tbi' Wcirkcrs' co-operative omnibus ('(impaiiy rm-med ; 
 
 new unmilpiiscs oniered, 30 Dee. 1891. 
 
 OMXIMETER, n new surveying apparatus 
 (I'liiiibiiiin^' the theodolite and level, and eoni- 
 pri>inK a telescope and microscope), invented hv 
 Kikliolil, a German en^rineer, to supcr.scde ehaiii 
 measiirini,' ; announced Sept. i8(i(j. 
 
 OXE POUND NOTES issn.'d l.y the Dank 
 
 ofKiiglaiiil, 4.\Iarch, l-()7, withdrawn for Kiifjland, 
 
 1S23; re-issuid (or a short time, 1(1 Dee. 182-;. 
 
 .Mr. (iiiselii'ii's pi-eposal in iSy, to issue one poiiml 
 
 notes til iiii'irase the, reserviMif-iihl at the Hank ot 
 
 Kn«laiiil, was niiicli disciis.sed ; ami at a mcetiii',' nf 
 
 tilt' Lnnchm clmiiiher 01 1 meree, the coii.siderat'lon 
 
 111' the iini'stion was (leli'iTed (51 tu 14), 21 ,laii. 1892. 
 
 ONEIDA, collision 
 I'kiiid atiiiiH, 1870. 
 
 with the liomboij ; see 
 
 ()NT.\1{I(), fornierly Canada 'West, or Upper 
 Canada; cajiital, Toronli'i. Bishopric founded |8()I. 
 '-'omber, jomilesfinm .Inihci-tbiirg, desli'uvcd by 
 lire, 27 April, i8()i. I'opuhition, l«(il, l.jiid.ooi'- 
 iSSi, 1,923.228; l8()I, 2,ii2.()8(,. Lieut.-).i,vernor 
 lion, sir .Ue.xamler Caniphell, 1887; hon. (i. \ 
 Kirkpntrick, 18(^2; sir Uliver .Mowat, 181)7. Jlu'rinj;- 
 
 a nieetini;- the lloorin;; in the city hall. London, 
 save way. 22 jier-soiis were killed and over 100 in- 
 jured, 3 ,)aii. i,Si,8. 
 
 O. P. (old prices) RIOT he^an on the opening 
 (it the new Covent (iarden T'heatre, London, liy 
 J. 1'. Kemhle, witli increased prices of -idmission, 
 18 Sept., and hi.stcd till id iJee. i8o(), when the old 
 clmrses were restored. Of the plav, Miubitli, not 
 one word was heard, and great inj'urv was done to 
 the theatre. 
 
 OPEN AIR MISSION, founded 1853. Kaces, 
 lairs, 4:c.,aie visited by lU'cachers. 
 
 OPEN SPACES ACT (METi!oroMTAN),40 
 i,"*' ,■';.'■■ ^'^ (''"'")• iintliorisesthe.Metrop(ditan 
 lioard ol W (u-ks and the corjioratinn of London to 
 ac(iuii-e open s|iaces for the bcnelit of the i.nblie 
 Acts con.sohdiitcd in 1887. Another act, 2.) June. 
 l8i)3, see Coiiiiiioiin. ' 
 
 OPERA, originated with the (irceks; the 
 
 earliest lihieltos were hy Sophocles and yKscdivlus, 
 
 such as the ./vrt«/e//(;«,// iiiiil Aiiliiioiii; a haiid of 
 
 ivns and lluies iiuistituted the ' orchestra ; the 
 
 (ii .ln<cues were niu>i,all\ deelaimed, and the 
 
 choru.ses suu';- to Uic best niu.sie of the time. This 
 
 was (h,. germ of all later develnpnients. Ornn: 
 
 Adam lie la Hale, a Trouvere, " le li„ssu d'Arras," born 
 
 T2.(o. coiiipiised the Mrst comic oiieia, /./ (;;,■»< (I,. 
 
 .leu) .(,. /;„/,;„ ,/,(,. M„n.,„. /.,. /;„//,., eo,,,,'.,,,,. .1. !„ 
 
 /,..,<//i.' composed hy lieaulieu luid .Salmon, was iier- 
 
 ((M'lnedii.'toic Henri MI. in 1581. 
 
 ITAI.IAN (.I'Kin be-an Willi Cavaliere's II S„li m ( ,-.qo) ; 
 
 •Irazio \eeciis /.■.l,„yi/,„e„„,„„, ,,,i„„.,i ,,; Veldce 
 
 ',?'".',.' "ii «""./"''(i507A Hhiettii hvHinuceiiii ; tlieir 
 
 'V".;'''" ",•;? l»:';l"iiiicd at riorem the marriage 
 
 (.; lleiov \. ,,t |. ranee with .Maria de' ^ ici in 1600. 
 
 .l.olitevei.lcs . I, ,")/»„ was liro.luce.l in ift,,; ; llrf,;, 
 1608; tullsc.aepuhlishedat Wliiceiu 16..0. I'eriiirs 
 l-i'w,„; will, masie by Camb.Tt, was performed in 
 I ai IS III iftfig ; l.iilb s A/iis, ,(,76, etc 
 .lohaui, Theih's.l,/,,,,, „,„/■/.,,.„ wasiierConiiod in Oernian 
 at llaiiihui;; in ,(,78, and liciiihard Keiser, tbunder of 
 10 ^-re.it (.eniiaii schoiil, prmluced over 116 operas 
 
 iiieie; /'■"-^ '".«. 1OQ5; r;;,,r, ,7,4. .Scarlatti I ip.isf'd 
 
 109 operas, tnlhnved hy stiadella. C.iMaia, and others, 
 i63oi/.si./. N. Lo;;rosiiiii. and riiiiiiii develoiicd tlio 
 opera bulla, i7<,c,-7o. Handel wiote4.. operas : 'ihi.ha 
 1703,: Itminn,,., ,7„fi; U!„„hl„, hruu-lit out al the 
 HaMiiaikel, 1711; U.nhnni^tn, 172,., etc. ,]. A. Has.so 
 produced many operas at Hrcsden. (llnck, a meat 
 relormer, cinuposeil (Irdn al h.li riilirr 176- • l/Vra/e 
 ■ 7fi7: lvhi.,r„i,ni A,di,h, ,774; l,:l,i,j,ui, uiYimrUh', 
 1779- Mozart s Ihe luitjnhnim, „„,. ,/, ,a ,sV/»,7 an 
 pcared, 1781.; I.,' Xn::,- ,li fi.inra , ml liir /,i,il,r,fliili: 
 178(3; // Hon ild.ivinii, 17S7; /,„ clniini:a ili Tit,,, 
 1791. Cimarosa's ;; .l/cdi'aie/ii., , «,,/,■,■/„ ,792 Clieru' 
 
 1791; I.1S III ii.v Jiiuriirrs, 1880; All 
 
 liins LM,s,,, „,„ ,,, ,„^. ^„, 
 
 y(o'« , i8,,!, etc. 1 ,'etlioven s ;■■,■,/,/,„. ,805 ; .Sp„„tini's 
 l.n I, St.,!,; and Mehuls J..-.,,,li, ,s„y. H„ssini's 11 
 Ji'it,;;,li, ,S,,; Ihrhi, ,r ,li Siri„U„ and (//,//,., ,816; 
 /■"/I r'" '■'"'''','' ,'817; Srmiinmidc, 1823; ihiillniimr. 
 /W(, 1829. .Spohrs J.,«nii,/,., ,823, etc. Welier's /Icr 
 ti.ixrhul:, 1821; Ijinmiilli,; ,823; (»„,„„., ,326. 
 .Varsdmers /irr Cia;,;/,-, ,828; Tnnphr ini,IJ,„li,K 
 1829, 4!tc. Anbers il,is,nii,ll„, 1828, etc. Jlelliiii'.s 
 /." S'liiiinuihiihi, 1831 ; Normn, ,3,2, etc. Diaiizetti's 
 ;.«ci(( ,/, hniimnm,,,,,; 1835 ; I.i,cii':iti Jhmin, 1840, 
 
 'r",' . ,}"'^7 '■" ''"'''' 'SJ5, etc. .Meyerbeer's 
 l.':hr,it, l)i,d,l,; ,831; /.,.,. II,„iHuivts, i8j6; 1a ];v- 
 Pllllc, 1843. etc. lierliciz's IWnrrnntn Cllini, 1838 
 Ha^'iiiM-, musieianaml poet, iirodiiceil lliiiizl, i84'.- iJn- 
 flieuMlilr Ihilhn,,!,;; 1841; l„,lnlin,i..n; 1845 ; /.'.Ach- 
 i;ri)i, 1850; 7'(i,s((iii mill l.inlilr, 1865 ; Ilir Mihlirsiiiiin- 
 1868: Ikr Uuiij ilis SiMiniin,,, ,871-76; Viir/ijiil, 
 1882, see M,i.'<i,; 1873-83. (lol Is hi Xrnii,,' siiilu. 
 
 '''"'•; 'S54 :>"".-•(, le.S'^; riiit,„i.,ii,i /;„,„;.s, ,86i; 
 
 hiimi;, vt Jiihitli; 1867; Vvhiimtc, ,878, etc. Bizet's 
 ' ininin, 187^. 
 Verili's (;/,e^,," ,839; JUmJini., 185,; II Tinmtrire mii\ 
 ,'•■", /':"■''""• "^^i' '■"'• ; •''■''"■ '871 ; OMIii, ,887 ; 
 
 i'lUsliiff, 1891. ' 
 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 ;. ', 
 
 M'^'^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 N 
 
 
 '/n 
 
 '•' . 
 
 
 ' /' 1 
 
 11 i f 
 
 "•Mii 
 
 Ik] 
 

 ) 
 
 
 
 :.iA.aL . ^^^^^^^, 
 
 OPERA. 
 
 794 
 
 OPOllTO. 
 
 Amhroise Tlionias's Iji Doiihlr Kchrlle, 1837 ; Mi(jnon, 
 1866; Ildmlil, 1868; Fr(in';iii.ie (le JUmhii, 1882, etc. 
 
 Ma.scapdi'H i'tirnlliriti Ku^tiftunt, 1892; Leoncavjillo's 
 /yVij/Ziircci, 1892. 
 
 HuinijerJiiick'M fairy opera llniisil uml Hirti'l, 1893. 
 
 OPERA IN EnoL.\NI) t'lewoutof tli(!/;i««(/MC. 
 llenrv I'urteU was the first to chiin^o the inus(i\ie 
 into tlif opcrii. Ho wrote J)ii/o mid ^1uitii>i (i()8o), 
 King Attliur (Kj'JI), Jidiii/iica (KxjS), and iimiiy 
 other coinplcte operas, besides numerous dramatic 
 coinpositioris. ]iy the exertions of Mr. Carl llosa 
 (Uose) and tlie company fonned by him since 187s 
 (termed Hoyal, 1H92),' perlorniaiiecs of English 
 opera have been fjreatlv promoted in Kngland. The 
 eonipanywasjoined bvilr. (alt. sir) Augustus Harris 
 in April, i8.S(), and obtained thecommaud of IJrury 
 Lane in addition to Covent Garden and the Prince 
 of Wales's.— Carl Kosa died, ajjcd 46, 30 April, 
 1889, much lamented. See Tlieiitrcn, 
 The Opi'ra Conipiiiiy lii|Oidatin;,'.)aii. 1B90; arraiiKc- 
 
 incuts with Mr. A. [larris tcniiiniitcd . Niiv. 189.1 
 iSir Aii(;ustus Harris lioni 185;. dicil . ja ,)inie 1896 
 Tli« Carl Ho.sa Company liciil Daly's theatre, 1,0a- 
 ilon, Jan. -15 Felj. 1896, and the (iarrick, 
 
 .lan.-b l''eli. 1897 
 Tlie Royal Ennlisli Opera Ilonse, Candiriil(.'e-cireas, 
 Whafti'sbury-avennc. erected by .Mr. ilOyJy Carte, 
 openwl, 31 Jan., 1891. (See niiiler I'linil iK'.i. 
 Gay's Vifj(!/«r',s O/icni, the music ailaiJteil by Dr. 
 Pepusch, was llrst performed at the Lincoln's 
 Imi theatre, 29 .Ian. 1727. Dr. Anie's Turn 
 7'A»??i^ was prod need in 1733; Ai-tujti:ir.-i, 1762. 
 Storace wrote 15 (i788-96>, llninilnl 'J\'i(rr, Inm 
 Cht'st, etc. Dibdin, 'lln' H'liWrmnn, 1774; V'/je 
 Quaker, 1775, etc. .Sbielil, Itii^iiin, /.m'A- me/ Kii/, 
 etc. 17S2-1807. .Michaid Kelly, TIk Ciislli'S]i,clir, 
 1797; lllidhKiril, 1798, etc. Sir Henry liislio]>, 
 Ciiii Minni: riiiti. 1816, etc. Michai'l Wm. Dalfe, 
 Sii'fi 0/ l,'i'i;' III, 1S35 ; l)'>finiii'in flirl, 1843, etc. 
 Sir Jnliiis lieneilict, I.il;/ "/ Killiinicii, 1862. 
 Sir A. C. .Macken/ii', ('i)liiinliii, 1883. 
 A. (lorinn Thomas (died 1892), lismemhln, 1883; 
 
 ymlnhila, 1885. 
 C. Villiers Staolord, The Veiled I'mi'liit, 1881 ; Cnn- 
 terhtivn J'il'irivts, 1884, etc. ; ^huint's 0' lirinif 
 openi cinniiine . , . . .2 March, 1896 
 Fred. H. Cowen, /'iiunaf, 1S76 ; .M;/"!!, 30 June, 
 
 1894; llninhl, 1895, 
 
 Hamisli .Mai-t.'inin, IHitrviiil^ book by the niar(pits 
 of Lome 23 Oct. 1897 
 
 Sir A. .Sidlivr.n's chief operas (librettos by W. S. 
 (iilhert) perforini'd at the .'Savoy, 1881, i( W7. 
 i/.A/.."-'. ritiafiin, 1S78; I'inih'Siif I'eiuKiire, 1879; 
 I'litiniir, 1881 ; hiliiiilhr, 1882 ; Vrineeff Ida, 1884 ; 
 The Mil.Kdit, 1885 ; lluddinimr, 1887 ; IVchkih 11/ 
 thelliianl, 1888. Tli: anudi.lins, ■; Dee. 1889, per- 
 formed before the (pieen at Windsor, 4 March, 
 1891 ; Iraiihae, see Jini/itl Kindi.^li Ojitra, riualien, 
 1891 ; lladdiiii //.i;;(lilirettnby Sy.lney (inmdy) 
 24 Sept. 1892; ItiijiiailJiiiilid), liblettoby \V.,S. 
 Gilbert, 7 Oct. 1893; TlieChiiJIniiiOinok by K. C. 
 Burnaiid), 12 Dec. 1894; 77» lirand liiil.r, book 
 by \V. S. (idbert, 7 Mareh-io July, 1896; The 
 Jleiiiihi .•^tiiiir (hook by A. W. Tiin'ro and J. 
 C'(jmyns Carr) 2S .May, 1898 
 
 OPERA COMIQUE, a new theatre, 2f^), 
 Strand, opened 29 Oct. 1870, by Xldlle llcjazct and 
 11 French eotn|)any. Tlie French api'i-ii <i/iiii//i(e 
 began 1715; distroyed hy lire, about I31 persons 
 perish, 25,26 Miiy, "1887, see J'liri.i. 
 
 OPERA-HOUSE, The Italian, or 
 
 QuEEN'.S, or (since l8,J7) Hkh MaJKSTY'S 
 TlIEATliE. The original liuildint! is generally sup- 
 posed to ha* e been constru('ted by sir Jolin Vanbrugh, 
 
 though Mr. Pennant attributes it to sir Christopher 
 Wreu. It was built as " the queen's (afterwards 
 chaiiged to king's), t!it-ati'o " opened 7 April, 1705; 
 und burnt down 17 June, 1789. The foundation of 
 the new theatre was laid 3 April, 171^^; and the 
 house was ojiened 22 Sept. 1791, on an improved 
 jilan ; a new I'.xterior was erected in 1H20, 
 
 from designs by Mr. Nash, rilieui In M,. n, i," 
 l82l_. This thcatrewas totally de.'^tn.yej ' )" , ' 
 
 on the night of 6-7 Dec. 181)7. 'llie 
 
 loss of ,|,^, 
 
 lessee, Mr. Mapleson, was nbuut i2,()(ioi;., imj ,| , 
 of ildlle. Titiens was valued at 2(kki/.- rdiui'lt 
 but internal arrangements not eoinplcti-.l! Mi! 
 and Sankey's revival meetings were iu-ld ; ,..""'' 
 April, 31 May, 1875. Tlie luw luMi>e w„, ' ,,' 7 
 lor Italian opera by Mr. Jlaplcsna, zn \, .:,' 
 1877; see Thnitres. The house was pulleihi ,,.,: 
 in l892-5.-Tlie E.sonsii Oi'Kka ('r 1 v, , ' 
 was opened l^ June, l8l(). It was entirulv „" 
 stroyed by tire 10 Feb. 1830. The m-w Y,n„\X 
 t)pera-house, or Lyceum, was erected inun (ii4»i 
 by .Mr. S. lieazlJv, and oiiened in J,,!,. ^J '* 
 see TlieatreK((ii(l ^i<(lional Opcnt-luiiise. ' ^ 
 
 lelulilil'iii, in 
 
 or 
 
 OPHICLEIDE, the keyed bassoon, sui.l 
 have been invented by Frichut, a F 
 London, between 1791 and i8(x). 
 
 OPHTHALMIA, general tenn for diso,,,, 
 
 the eye. 
 
 Ophlhalmie hospitals were fonnde.l in |,on,li,| ^ 
 1843, ami since. The Opl]lhalionln-ii.|i s.„i',.t'v' *,' 
 (ireat Hritain was tonndi'it in 1880 nminly ],v ,' \\ 
 liciwman, the llrst president, lie died ..5 Jia,,,],^ !: ' 
 li.-u in,t; greatly advanee.l ophllialmic surxiTv. ' "'"' 
 
 Ileenr Shah and 3 Indian ocnlisls aei|niii,'.j gf .,, 
 spiracy to delraud, 30 Oct. 1893. 
 
 8lh international ciijlithalmolonieal coM'toss iv\ 
 bnrgh), 7 Aug. ,894. *'•'''■■ 
 
 ■in iilTanitus U 
 I'jc, invented bv 
 
 OPHTHALMOSCOPE, 
 
 inspecting the interior of tin 
 professor H. Helmholtz, in l8!;i. 
 
 OPIUM, the juice of the white popnv «;„ 
 known to the ancients, its cultivation bein;; 'iiioj. 
 tioned by Homer, and its medicinal use bv llini,,,. 
 crates. It is largely cultivate<l in Dritisli lijij 
 and was iiitrodue<'d "into China by our iiieivliain,' 
 which led eventually to the war id iSyj, iIr. in,.' 
 portation being forbublen by the Chinese govern. 
 ment. The revenue derived from o]iiuin'bv tlie 
 Indian government in I8()2 was abuui 7.iJ5o,(X)0/- 
 in 1874, 8,ooo,0(X)/. ; in 1880, about io,;oo,aio/,[ 
 but it has since declined. Laudanum, a in-'epaiatiiiD 
 of o|iiuni : was employed early intliel7lli lentiirv. 
 A nuinber of alkaloids have been disioveud ';n 
 opium: narcotine by Derosiie, and iiinnliia k 
 Sertiirner, in 1803. A society for su|i|iressin!; the 
 opium trade held meeting in London, 1 7 Jmi, Ijisi 
 and since. 
 
 The Chinese government derives a lar^-e levenw trim 
 the duly on impurted "pium vvhieli was lis.il by i||,. 
 treaty id' 1858. The plant is now larpdy |;imii, u, 
 Cliiini. 
 
 SirJoseidi Pease's rescdntion condenininj; tlie eul'.iva- 
 tion of opium in India, the trallie 'n ihe dnij;, aid 
 the revenue, was adopted by the house nf coiniiiiiijs 
 (160-13(1), 10 April, 1891 ; tills caused imidi esciit. 
 ment ill India. 
 
 .Mr. Webbs resolution for appointing a royal coiiiiiiis. 
 sioii anainsl the o])ium reveniio negatived by ilie 
 commons (184-105), 3o.lmie, 1893. 
 
 Hoyal commission appointed, July; president, j.ir'l 
 Hrassoy ; llrst meeting, 7 S.eiit. ; at f'lilriittii. uSit 
 1893 ; two sections sal at Incline, Doiiiliiiy, and 'fXtr 
 idaces, Feb. 1894 ; in their report the euiiiiiibsj,,!;..:^ 
 do not recommend the iiriihihition of tln' iiiijitlh ml 
 maiiulactiire of upiiini, but suggest iim itasnl -ute 
 sii]iervisioii. Ajiril, 1895, The ie|«al ien|iin| liyH,. 
 lm]ierial goveniinent. 
 
 OPORTO (W. I'ortugiil), the anoient «r, 
 one iif tlie mo-t inil>regniilde litie-; 111 \'y,VY. 
 After being held at various limes hy the GoilKaiid 
 Moors, Oporto was finally loquired liv theehridians 
 1092. Oporto is the mart id I'ortiigiiese wine kuean 
 as "I'ort." A chartered company for the repla- 
 
IITO. 
 
 totally aestn.v,.J i,, ,,.'; 
 ■i!. ISO;. Tlii> loss ;,f l, 
 
 iisab.mt i2,(Kw;.,„„jtl, 
 
 nilueJ l.t 2(«H,/.; r,„„ji, 
 
 ita not coiiiijUtia. Ji,„„; : 
 ifi'tlilfis wen- iu-ld ;.iT(' p 
 lie lU'W liouM. Wiis i,,,,;,,,- 
 Hr. Maples,,,,, 2« .i,,,,:,' 
 
 l«p. 111.' new K,i„i|,L 
 I, was LTL'i-tcd iniii, (l,.;j„, 
 
 (1 0|l(.„,.,l i,| July, ij;; 
 
 «/ ()jin-(i-/ii/i(.st.. ' 
 
 le k,.v<M ()i,ss,„in, said t» 
 I'niliut, a !■ iiiichu 
 11(1 liSuo. 
 
 mm, i,i 
 vucral tonii f.„- dis^..^,,. ^j- 
 
 I' foli,iili.,l ill |,,„„| , 
 Dplilliahnul,,,,,,.;,! SH-i,.,'",; 
 imI III i88o liiaiiilv l,v yi w 
 '■111. Ui'.li,,! irgMimli',;,; 
 uiilitlialiiiie siiiiiiTv. ' "'"' 
 1 (iiMilists aci|iiln,'.j of c,,], 
 :t. 189J. 
 Uiiiul(.;;iral coiii,-re,ss (E,li:,. 
 
 OPE, an aiiiiiinitiis f,,. 
 ol lliu eye, iiivuntcd U 
 in l8:;i. 
 
 of the wliite [mpiiv, u;,^ 
 
 its CultiMltioll Ill-ill;;" ||ii„. 
 
 s nicilieiiial use In lli|i|„. 
 iltiviited 11, JiritiA, Inui;,, 
 I China liy our iiu'rilmni.' 
 the will- (il IS;.), il„. ill,'.* 
 .'11 by the L'liiiHsi' iriiviTii. 
 rived tVom ii])iuiii'|,v tl,(. 
 I«(i2 was alio,,, 7,8io.(Xjo;.; 
 I iKSo, about Ui.s'oo.owy'," 
 . Lau(la„i,iii,aiir'i'|iarati„])' 
 I early intliei;ili [intim, 
 have been ilisioviaid 'm 
 Derosne, and nmrihia liv 
 locietv for sup|.i-iwiiii; tlic 
 ig ill London, 1; Jan. \i,>.\^ 
 
 iliTivi's r\ hi,),'i' invi'iiiK fniii, 
 i|iiiiiii wliich wiislixril lyil;,. 
 aiil is now lii,t;i-ly i;,u»ii in 
 
 Lion eonili'iiiiiiiii; tlii' cultivi. 
 
 Ilie tnillle 'ii 111.' ilnij:.ai.il 
 
 :eil l.y llie Ii.him' nf i'oiiiii;.,i,s 
 
 I ; this eaust'it iiiiu-h r\t:]\>t. 
 
 ■ aiipointiiii- a royal coiniuis. 
 
 II revi'mui liugaliveil by ilie 
 line, 1893. 
 
 iiitecl, .July; imsi.leiit, W 
 7 .Sept. ; at Calrutta. ifX.j. 
 It IimIoiv, li..iiiliay, ami i.il.iT 
 t'ir ri'poit tilt' ci.iiiiiii^sii.i..^ 
 ili.liilillioii lit til.' iiruvrth al..| 
 tint suj:;;i'sl III. itai.'.i >tate 
 Till' repori ,.iT.'|,i,'ii tyih- 
 
 tiiKal), the lUH'U'nt Gift, 
 ■e^:nalile lities in K'-ir-p, 
 ous times by the U.ilhsaiiJ 
 y I'eqnired liy thr rhn>tiaii> 
 't ol I'ortiinueM' wintkiimn 
 ed eonipany fur the regu'i- 
 
 OPPORTUNISTS. 
 
 ^MI^l'fM 
 
 ORANGE. 
 
 iionof the port-wine trade was estal'lishcd in 1756. 
 The French, under inarsliul Sonlt, were aiirprised 
 i,,,fe by Inri^ Wellinston, and defeated in an action 
 fouifht 12 May, 18CXJ. The Alignelites besieged 
 Oporto. Ill"' were repulsed by the Pedroites, with 
 , JiuijJrable loss, 19 Sept. 1832. The Oporto wine 
 iuiiipanv was abolished in l8u, but re-established 
 bviirov'iil decree, 7 April, l8j». An internatioiml 
 pjhibitiiin was opened here by the kins, 18 Sejit. 
 jijt,r Population, 181JO, i38,8(x) ; sfB J'ottu//iiL 
 
 The Daqiii't theatre burnt ; panic ; about 100 lives hist ; 
 ,o.MaiTli, 18S8. 
 
 Unsiiu'sa paialvzi'il by the strike of ui.asters anil iiii'ii 
 euiiii.'''t"l with the wine tniile, thnaiKh the Koveni- 
 
 I It favimriuK speeulators fur a uiouo,)oli/iiiK eoiii- 
 
 iiaiiy; ri.ils (luelle.l by the iiiilitary about 30 May, 
 
 11,'vijll or I'll'ioiit 600 of the Kiin-ison, led by eaplaiii 
 l,,itaii,jiiliieil byeill/.'iis ; suppresseil by loyal lr...i]i.s ; 
 til,, vi'liels Ibrtll'y Ihuiiiselves in the Hotel ile Vllle ; 
 llii'V suiTPiiilor aftor lioiiilianluient ; aliout 50 killi'.l 
 ■Hill' many wounihiil, 31 .Jan. ; many iieisoiis, civil ami 
 '„iilltary,am'sted, I 4Keb. iSyi. 
 
 Trial liy ciiarts iii.irtliu of about 300 sohliers ami 21 eivi- 
 liaii.1,27 l''iib. elseq. Hontenees : eaplaiii l.eitao, 6yeais' 
 ci''llii'iil'ri'*<'iiiii''iit.f"""WBil by loyears'lraiisi.oitatioii; 
 (itlier t.ltii'ers ami civilians various kiiiiisaiid terms of 
 |iii|irl*oiiiiii'iit or tiaiisiioi-tation, thii majority of the 
 siil.ii.'is iS iiioiilhs' iiiiprisoiinieul. 
 
 Tlu'Ahbi'uf St. Meholas, aciiuilleil 23 Mareli, 1891. 
 
 Tlie rebels all iiarilomid liy the king on his biril"i'.v, 
 23 Sept. 1 80 1. 
 
 Visit of the kiiiK ami iiueeii, 18 Nov. 1891. 
 
 KslilbitUMi of National .Mauulaetures ojieii' , ' :: 
 kini!, 22 Nov. ; revl.'W of tiimps, 25 Nov. iBi ■ 
 
 Si'v.'nil hanks sl'.ii payiiieiit abuiit 18 .March, 1^5.:. 
 
 Esblbltliiii ot national products opeiieil, 18 Sejil. 1E97. 
 
 OPPORTUNISTS, a nnmc f{iven to French 
 politicians (cfiiecially the ullrii-libi'rals,) who sus- 
 pcnil agitati'.n for their peculiar opinions till 11 
 suitiiblc opportunity comes; anion!; them (Juinbettii 
 wasproinincnt, l87'6-82. See Fnnii-r. Opjicrtiiiiiani 
 in liiigluiul is drtined as the moditication of political 
 policy as the necessities of the time dictate, Oct. 
 Itiqi. See Trimmer. 
 
 OPTICS, 11 science studied by the Greeks; and 
 by the Arabians about the I2tlieentury. See Liy lit. 
 
 Burning li'iHcs known at .Vtheiis . . . . n.c. 424 
 A treatise on optics doubtfully attributed to Kiielld, 
 
 about 300 
 Til.' iiiiWiifyinK power of convex ^hi-sses and 1- 
 
 lavi'iulrriirs, and the prismatic nil. nils |irii.|iieeil 
 
 l.y aii|!nlar glass, ini'iiti.nie.l by Meiieea, about A.n. 50 
 Tivallsi- iin "lilies by rtolemy . . about 120 
 
 Two of tlio leailiiiH i.i'iiieiples known to the I'la- 
 
 I'lnists 300 
 
 Gnady linproveil by Alhazen, who ille.l . . . 1038 
 Hints fur spectacli's 1111.1 teleseoiu's, given by linger 
 
 l),ii'.in about 1280 
 
 Si.i'claili'S sail! to have been iuveuteil l.y Walvliius 
 
 Aniiatiis, iif I'isa Iiefore 1300 
 
 Caiii.ia .ilisiiira said to have been inveiitcil by Uap- 
 
 IhlaTeila 1560 
 
 T.lisi'..p.s inventeil by Leonard Digges about 1571 
 
 Krpli'r pulthshes his " Ihoptriee " . . . . 1611 
 Tib'si'i'i'i' iiia.le by .Jaiiseu (said also to have in- 
 
 v.'iili'il the niicioseope), about 1609, and imle- 
 
 p.'ii.li'nlly, by Oalileo .... about 1630 
 
 .Mliriisnipe, aiei.rillng to Hnyghens, invented by 
 
 lireliln'l about 1621 
 
 I.awiirri'frnctioii ilisi'overeil by Hnelliiis about 1624 
 
 Inlli'i'tiiin of linlit iliseovere.l, ami the undulatory 
 
 Ibi'.iiy sii).'p'sli'il l.y Uiliiial.li . . about 1665 
 
 IMIi'.liiij;l.-lisii.|.i', ,1ms. (iregory, 1663; Newton . 1666 
 Moliimand reluclty of light discovered by Hoeiuer, 
 
 and attor him by L'a.fsiiii 1667 
 
 [Its vi'liiclty deinmistrated to bo 190 luillions of 
 
 mill's in sixteen miuute.s. J 
 ll.iiibli' refraction explained by Dartholinus . , 1^69 
 I'asM'iiralnian n'tlcetor .... . . 1672 
 
 Ni'ivliin's discoveries iu colours, &c. , J674 
 
 Telescopes with a single lens by Tschinihauseu, 
 
 ,, , , aliout 1690 
 
 I'olarisation of light and undulatory tlieorv dls- 
 
 coveri'.l by Uiiygheiis 'about 1692 
 
 Wtrueture of the eye explained by Petit . about 1700. 
 Newton's " (Jptics " ami other t'reatises published . 1704 
 Abi'rralion of light iliseovered by Hra.lley . 1727 
 
 Achromatie telescope eonstructed by .Mr. Hall (but 
 
 not made jiublie) iu 1733. 
 
 Coustiueti'il by Dolloml, iiio.st likely without any 
 
 knowledge of Hall's tcleseoiie . . . '. 1757 
 Ilersehel's great retleeting telcseope erected at 
 
 f'lough ,78^ 
 
 lb'. T. Voiiiig'sdisciivi'rles(uiiiliihitory theory, &c.) iO<xi-3 
 Camera luei. la (Dr. Wollastoii) . . . ,8o~ 
 
 Mains (p.dari.satiou of light by relleetlou) about 1S08. 
 Kresuels researi'hes on .luuble relleetlou, &c. . 1817 
 Optical dlseo\ erics of Whi'Mlsloiie . 1838 c/ .■ii'./ 
 
 Large telescope i'..iistriiel.'.l by loril Itosse . . 1845. 
 Arago(ei.hiiirs of polari.si'd light, iVc). . . 1811-33, 
 Sir I). Hi'i'wster, oi.tieal researches (see A'ii/i-;i?i.,«'o;„., 
 
 l'lt"l":li"Vl'll) 1814-57 
 
 Ilie speelro.sciipe eoiistruetcd and use.l by Kircli- 
 
 lioffaml liiiii.sen j86i 
 
 Ur. Tyudairs Lectures on Light llrst ilbistraled by 
 
 Duboscii's electric, laniji, at the Uuyal Institution, 
 „ I'OiidiMi ... . . . ,856. 
 
 Itesearches of M.'. Win. Kpottiswooile on polarised 
 
 bnhl ,87,-8 
 
 Mr. .Shellord Biilweirsexperlmeiits in physiological 
 
 optics, at the lioyal society . .' 13 June, 1894 
 Si'e 'I'rhsriqw, ,1//<r..s,-.,y„', .Slfrensi'ifir, I'xnwlnsnipe, 
 
 ■s'/i"(c«m, I'hi,t',ijiiii,hy, .Vinjir, IJiMknlmimqii:, 
 
 OPTIC NEIIYES are said to Imve been dis- 
 covered by N. Varoli, 11 surgeon and physician of 
 Bologna, about 1538.— j\'(;H!'. JJict. 
 
 OPTIMISM (from oplinuw, the best), the 
 doctrine that everything which happens is for tho 
 best, iu opposition to ressiniism (from pisnimus, 
 the worst). The germ of optimism is to bo found 
 :n Plato, and in St. Augustin, and other fathers;, 
 and has been especially propounded by Miilebriiuehic 
 and Leibnitz, and adopti ,• by Pojie, Jiolingbroke, 
 Koussoau, and others. Optimism as expressed in 
 the term, " the best of all [lossible worlds," is ridi- 
 culed by Voltaire (1(194-1778) in his " Caiidide." 
 The term nirlinrism (from mi/ior, better) lias beeil 
 hitely introduced. See I'emmiam. 
 
 " OPTION," a term given at the time to tlio 
 permission given to the inhabitants of Alsace and 
 Lorraine by the (ieinian government to choose^ 
 before 30 Sept. 1872, whether tliev would quit 
 their country or beconie tiernian sniijects. Great 
 numbers emigrated into the Kri'inli territories. The 
 " option " of iirclibisliops respecting their claims on 
 11 benetice beeoming void on the creation or transLi- 
 tion of a bishop, was abolished in 1845. 
 
 ORACLES, a term applied to rev elations made 
 by God to man. Tiny were given to the Jews at 
 the Mercj-seat in the tabernacle ; see i'xo'f. x.w. 
 18-22. 'Ihe Holy Scriptures are tlie Christian 
 "onu'les," Jtom.iu. 2; I I'cl.W. 11. King Alia- 
 ziah sent to consult the oiacle of liaal/ebub at 
 Kkron about 8i)(i 11. e. The Greeks consulted espe- 
 eiuUy the oracles of Jupiter and AnoUo (see Ihduna 
 and Jklphi); and the Italians tlinse of l-'aunua, 
 Fortune, and Mars. 
 
 ORAN, Algeria (N. Africa), 11 ifoorish city 
 several times captured by the Spaniards; defini- 
 tively occupied by the F'lench in 1831, who have 
 since added docks, i:e. 
 
 ORANGE, a principality in S.E. France,, 
 fornieriy 11 lordship m the 9th" or loth century. 
 It has been ruled by four houses successively : that 
 of Uiraud AdhemaV (to 1174); "f Hiiux (1182 to 
 
 m 
 
 p 
 
 it ' Nil, 
 
 jtfli 
 
 ■ i' 
 
 'i 
 
 f ?m 
 
 ■ s. 
 
 .M 
 
 ■ r ■■"•f^Tij^ 
 
 ^ W 
 
 I 11 ii!lMf:,|!^:|il 
 
 " t 
 
 h\ i 
 
 h , ^' II! '■ 
 
 i ' -ft' i I 
 
IkHrni' ^,¥ 
 
 %)6 
 
 OEANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 796 
 
 ORDEAL. 
 
 '393) ; of C'lmlmis (tu 1530) ; iincl nf Xassau (1530 
 t(i 1713); 9i'o .V«,v,v«». Vliililu'i't tile (ircat, ])iiiice I 
 ot'Oiaiifft', tliu last (if tlii' li;iiisi' (if Chiddiis, li;ivinj{ 
 lii'i'll \vi(inj;f(l liy Francis 1. iif Knitlcc, ciitcicd llio 
 si'rvi(o of tlic enipcrdi' t'liarlcs ' , to wluim he 
 .ri'iuli'ivil ftrcat sci'viccs liy liis '- tlitarv talents. 
 He was killed at tile siejfe of t'lon liee, 3 .Vug. I530. 
 He was succeeded by liis iie|ilie\v-iii-l.iw, Keilo of 
 Nassau ; see pn'iinx of (Jiniii/r under lliilldii'L 
 The eldest sou of tlie ki'uf: of Holland is styled tlie 
 prince of Ocansie, althouj;li the lu-ijudpality was 
 ceded to iirance in 1713. See .Iriiitsiu. 
 
 ORANGE FREE STATE, a reiuil.lio in 
 
 South .Vfrica. founded liy Jloers fmni Cape Colony 
 in li<36. 'i'he liiitish iloveiiimeut proclaimed its 
 aulliority over this terrilory, on 3 Keb. 1848, but 
 declared" it independent, 2"^ I'"eh."iS54. A consti- 
 tution ]iriiclainicd, 10 .\prll, 1H54; r ised, i,S(i(i, 
 • and lH-q. The able president, sir jolin llenrv 
 ]iri-;,d, tii-st elected, kS()3, (lied, 14 July, l8H>^ 
 resident Jieitz ( lected, il Jan. l8.S(j : re-elected, 
 27 Xov. l8()3 ; resigns 17 Nov. liS()5 ; Jud^c Steyn 
 <-lected, 21 I'cb. l.Sijd. I lefensive" treaty with the 
 'i'ransvaal, about 13 March, ratified 2-; Stay, i,SS(). 
 Concession granteil to tlu' Cape (joyernna'iit to 
 ■eiinstruct a railway to liloenifoiitcin, tlie capital, 
 .Mav, i,SS(); raihvilv ojiened at Jibieiofoutein, 17 
 !)(■('. I,S,)0 I'opubition, l>SS5, 133. S18; 1S1J4, 
 207,303. 
 Tlie stale eanicsily supports the Traiisvaal jiovcrii- 
 
 uieut lice. iSf)s (' ^'i''/- 
 
 Visit of pre:.. Kiiiuir to Itlnciiiroiit'iii . g M.'irc'li, i8y7 
 idiaiaitlee appoiiitcii to revise till! coiistitiitioa, 
 
 .Jiiiie: their repiiit issued . . . ig Dec. ,, 
 The worst droa;;iit since if02. si^insot breakiiij; up, 
 
 great suHerin^ ia iiiauy districts . . Pee. ,, 
 
 ORANGEMEN." Tlie "Battle of the Dia- 
 mond," 21 .Sejit. t795 (see Itltniioiid), and the 
 treachery e.xpcrieiieeii liy the I'nilestants on that 
 oi;ca.-ioiii convinced them tliey would beeoine an 
 easy ]M-ey to the Hoinati Catholics, from their small 
 iiui'ii bers, nil less they associated fur tlieir defence, and 
 eoii.se(iuently the Orange Society was formed in 1 71)5. 
 The first Oraiif:e liiii;;e was formed in Armairli; 
 but the name of Orangenieti already existed. An 
 tJi in<;e hidne was formed in Hiiblin; the members 
 published a dedaratioli of their principles (the 
 iiiainteiiance of church and state undc! the liouse 
 (if lirunswick) in Jan. I7().S. .ifter KS13 Oraii^'c- 
 isni de(dnie(l ; but revived ajraiii in liS27, when 
 the duke of Cuinberland became grand-master; 
 and it is stated that in 1S311 there were I45,(X)0 
 Orangemen in Kn-laiid. and l2vCXKi in Ireland. 
 After a parliamentary iiuiuiry Oraiifie clubs were 
 tirokeii up in eoiifuniiity with resolutions of 
 the house of commons ; but were revived in 1845 
 — |88(J. Ill t)ct. 1857, the lord eliancellor of Ire- 
 'land ordered that justii es of the jipace should not 
 lielonjf to < )ranf;e clubs. Tlie < )ranj,'einen in Canada 
 were jfreally e.vcited durinj; tlie visit of the juinee 
 of Wiiles in Sept. l8li(i. Mr. Win. Johnston, a 
 ^'rand master, convicted of vi(datinfr the Party 
 i'roeessions Act, was (dected -M.l'. for Helfasf, Nov. 
 |8(X). See llelfift. 'J'he Oraiifjemen vigorously 
 (ijipose tlie home rule niuveineiit, see l'li<ti)\ l8()2-3. 
 
 ORANGES. 1 he sweet, or China orange, was 
 first brought into Europe from China by the I'ortu- 
 guese, in 1347 ; and it is as.serted that "tlie identical 
 tree, whence all tile Kuroiuan oninge-irees of this 
 sort were jirodueed. is A'.U jireservt'd at Li"lKiii, in 
 the gardens of one of its nobility. Orange-trees 
 were first brought to Kngland, and planted, with 
 little success, in 15(15; they are said to liave been 
 jilanted lit lie(ldin'gton park, near ( roydon, Surrey. 
 The duty on imjiorted oranges was repealed in l8()t). 
 
 ORATOR HENLEY. An ,-ccci,trie k,,,,,;: 
 
 gentleman of some talents, in 1721,, cpeinv 1 
 '"oratorv," a kind of (diapel, in Ncwport-nni'i;','.',' 
 where Jie gave lectures on tlicolojri, ;,i t,,,,!',,^"^ ' 
 Sundays, and on other sulijeds on ^U'diasda' ' 
 everv 'week. Novelty procured r.iin laaiiv licjiifs' 
 but tie was too imprudent to gain any iieniiiii|,,|'j 
 advant.ige. He removed his oratory tol'laii-iiKiikii 
 and sank into obseuriiy previous'ly to hiMlcith ii' 
 175^- ' ' ' 
 
 ORATORIANS (from the Latin ,„■„,, ^ ,,^ 
 pray), a regular order of priests est;ili!i,«liLHl iiy'^:/ 
 riii'lip Neri, about 15(14, and so ciUcil liuiii'i',! 
 oratorv of St. Jerome, at Uoiue, where tiiey Hn^j^',, 
 They liad a foundatiiiii in l' ranee, ceiiiinei'iiii'l \,i 
 Uuillaume Liibieiif and I'iia're de lii rulii ^altcimira 
 e.irdin.il), l(jI2, api):'oved by pope Taul V, loi^ J 
 The rev. Frederick Kaber aiid others, as " K,,ti',i.j^ 
 of the Oratory," (.-lablished theni>elvcs tirsi jn 
 Iving \Villiam"-atrcet, Strand, ii. 1848, and iiiti-r. 
 wards at liroinptun. 
 
 ORATORIO, 
 
 11^ sulijeet of it 1 
 
 .,criptures. TluM..^-.. _ -. 
 
 from having been first performed in lui 1 
 
 , a sacred mimical lonipiisiti,.,, 
 
 the sulijeet of it being generally taken li.,],, ,1,^! 
 Scriptures. The origin of our oratorios (.<u nannj 
 
 • ■■ .- I ;-- ' oriitiirv\ i< 
 
 ascribed to St. I'liilip Neri, about 1550. Tlioiiist 
 true oratorio, hanilio del Cavaliere's •■ li:ip]in>,»^.||(,|. 
 zione," was pcrfnrmed at Kome in Kxk,). IIimhu 
 fiiUowed by (iiovanni Carissimi, .Vlissandio Siar- 
 '.aiti, ite. " li.ich's '• I'assion -Music." the "St. 
 Matthew," was produced at l,eip/.igoiit;o,Hll.'ri,i,n.' 
 I72(), see /'(M.Mo/r- //'<(7i\ Handel ioiii]«isi'il j- 
 .Knglisli oratorios; his hrst, " l-'slln r, ' was ii,!-'. 
 formed at the Ha inarket theatre, 2 Mav, r-:. 
 " Isracd in Kgypt" was produced in 17,;.S, aiiil'ilij 
 "Messiah" in 1741; Haydn's •'Crealii.n" in |-||i,. 
 lieelhoven's '■Mount vi Olives," 1S03 ; Siw'liVs 
 "Last Judgment" (properly "Last "Tl,iiij;s"\ 
 1825; Meiidelssidin's "St. i'aul" in iS^d.'^iiii'iI 
 " K'lijiili " in 184(1; Costa's " Kli," iNjj ;' "Xna. 
 man," 18(14; S. lieiinett's " Wdniiin of Saiiiyia;' 
 18117 ; .Machirren's ".Inhn the llaptisi." is-j^ 
 Sullivan's '' I'rodigal Son," l8(,(); " Light nt il,(. 
 World," 1873; "Martyr of Antiech,'' iSfio, io. 
 Latterly the name has been nioditicd, c.i:.. Ih\i 
 iiikI'u- Onitoiiii, such as .Mackenzie's "I'uM.f 
 Sharon;" Hubert I'arrv's '•Jniliih," •■,I„i, • 
 "King Saul" (l8()4)._ "\-c. Smml y,„;„,'„, 
 (iounod's '' Hcdcmplion," lierUoz's " Cliililliudu „f 
 Cliri-t ; " or again as a form of linniiiiiir I'.mini.i, 
 as Schumann's " I'aradise and the I'eri," Siillivaii'< 
 '• (ioldcii Legend," Ma(kenzie's" Dreamof Ji.lial." 
 
 ORCHIDS, anal lira 
 peculiar oiganizatinii, receii 
 
 order of jihiiit- el a ven- 
 
 tlv lliuell i;ulli\alfil. 
 
 , .. ,..i._. 111,.. 11 . uiuiaifu. 
 
 In I88;i, a great establislinieiit for their iiiltivalicn 
 
 St. Albans by Mr. .Naiidcr. "tlit 
 
 ' Koth.Mhilds, «li., 
 
 .Maimr, 
 
 ■Id lur 
 
 WHS set up at St. Albans by Mr. .Naiidcr. 
 orchid king," patronised by the Kutli.schilds 
 introduced lii.ii to the i|Ueen at Waddcsiloii .M 
 1 1 May, l8(|0. The orchids at lUeiiliciiii sol 
 about 5,2501'., l'i-23 Dee. l8(>2. 
 
 ORCHOMENUS, a small Greek stat,' in 
 Ii(eotia, wa.s destroyed by the Thebans, 3(1711.1 ;rt. 
 stored by Philip 11. of Maeedon, 354; and given up 
 by him to Thebes, 34(j. 
 
 ORDEAL was known among the Greeks and 
 Jews (\i<in. V. 2). It was introduced into Kiiglanii 
 by the Saxons. A prisoner who pleaded not guilty 
 niight (dioose whetlier he would put liiiiisflf iJr 
 trial uiion (Jod and his country, by twelve nun, as 
 at this day, or upon (jod only. The trial hy.irJral 
 was abolished in 1218. 
 
EAL. 
 
 if. An wiriuric Kn-.l,,!, 
 pel, m Ni'w|,on.,i,,,,„., 
 
 (in tllC(ll(.^'ir;|l !„|,i,., '■ 
 
 sulijfcts on M ediusd,,".' 
 
 >urcil i.ini ni;uiv h,. „■,.;■'' 
 
 to guin .nv {,,n„;,|,,„; 
 
 iivviously to hi: iliMil,, „; 
 
 ini tlif Latin t„-n,; |„ 
 
 priots i'M;ili!i>la.,linV.' 
 
 iunl so calicd jrui,; ,;'; 
 
 lloMIC, wllclc 'lll'\ ;Tl:\i,i 
 
 II I'lMncc, (■Dmiii'i.iKw'j I]' 
 ■i'rtMli'll|.rullr(a|tnn;,|.j', 
 liv P"lie I'liul V, iijp_ 
 
 i""} "''"■i«. ■'.- "K,,ti,ir. 
 >lii'il tUi'ni>ulvcs tir-t j,, 
 •and, ii, 1S48, und mt,,,.. 
 
 •cil inu>iiiil loiiipi.siti,,,, 
 ccnoi-ally tal<eii li.,i,i li,,! 
 if onr oratorio, (s,, ,,a,u„| 
 I'I'oi mill in an oratni-v\ j, 
 ■ri.aliimt 1550. Tlii'ii'^t 
 Javalii'iv's'-Ka|i]a-i'>nit;i. 
 
 Ui'ino in KxHj. H,- ji,, 
 l•is^inli, All ssaMiiro Siari 
 stii<in Miisii." \\w ■•S' 
 it l.i'i|wi,i;on(i,j(,dl'nii,iv' 
 \ llunili'l iiiini«wil j- 
 ii'st, " Ksiliir,' Was iih'- 
 ;ot tlicatio, 2 Mav, 1-1 
 pi-oilui-ed in I7,;.s.';iii,l'i|",'. 
 . (Ill's "Cicalii.n" ill i-i|S- 
 
 tilivos," 1S05; S]l4'|\ 
 iliirly "Last Tilings". 
 St. I'aul" in iS^d, a^'j 
 :ii's "Kli," l»i5;'"Naa. 
 's " \\ oinan of !>,iiii;aja;' 
 111 tlic liaptM," IN-' 
 11," l«(,i); " Light ul 'til,' 
 1- of Antioili,'' iS}(0| i,. 
 lit'cn inodilii'd, c.;;.. ;),«. 
 s Miicki'iizic's "Hiisc if 
 •ry's ".ludilli," "Jci,,' 
 
 "\-c. .Sinn,/ JV,,',„,.,,. 
 ' liorlioz's "Cliililhi«,(i;.f 
 inn of Jlriniiiilir ('■iiihiiu, 
 V iiiid the IVri," Sullivan', 
 iii/ie's" Drcainof Jiibiii." 
 
 il oriU'v of plantsofavorv 
 ccfiitly niui'h lulliviittii, 
 inii'iit for tlR'ir lultivatirn 
 lis by Mr. ^alllll'r. "tin- 
 ! by tlic Hollisiliilils, wl, 
 iceii lit Waililcsiloii .MaiMr, 
 lids at JUcnlioiiii silj |(,r 
 . l.S(>-'. 
 
 11 small (Jri'i'k stato in 
 tlu' Tliclians, ^d" ii.c ; ri. 
 iicedon, 354 ; and given up 
 
 ,T\ nninng the Greeks m 
 as illtrodnccd into Enflami 
 icr wild jileadi'd nut giiiiu 
 ho would put liiiibeK l.'r 
 ■oiiiilry, liy twidve mm, as 
 1 only. TIr- trial bvuiiifal 
 
 OKDER OF RETTXION. 
 
 707 
 
 OEIEL COLLEGE. 
 
 ORDER OF THE CORPORATE RE- 
 
 ^'yjOX, virtiiiilly n now cpiscopnl clnirch, snid 
 tc'arisc out of tho Chi-isliiiii Unity .Vssocirrinii 
 lirliirli .«"'). It proposed to form four stations, 
 (Caiiterliiin'.york.Caorlcon, and .St. Andrews,) witli 
 ivitorsiiiid'pi'o^'ini'iaU; annouiited u Sept. 18". 
 
 ORDERS, see Kniylitliood. 
 
 ORDERS IX COIJXCIL wore issued by tile 
 Biitiali giivernmoiit 7 Jat>. and II Nov. l,So;', pro- 
 hihitiin; trule with the ports iicriipied by the 
 Kniieli, lii'iiif? reprisals for Napoleon's Jkiii'ii iiiid 
 }liliiii ilcvrecK (si'o Omliiiviitdl Sijslvni). They 
 .Ti'iitlv olieclced the progress of niuiuifactiires iii 
 t'his country, and caused niiioh distress and siiiiif,'- 
 ;liii^'. Tli''.V wei'i! repealed ill r.'niiril to Amerii'a, 
 Jsjiiiie. I1S12. The aetiiMi under tlieso orders leil 
 to the disastrous war with tlio United States in 
 iSi:-l.v 
 
 ORDIXAXCES, 8OC OnloiiiHiiices, Htlf-Dnnj- 
 
 iii'f ()rt/ii'(tii''t\. 
 
 ORDIXATIOX of ministers in tlie Christian 
 (liiireh bi'san with Christ and his apostles; see 
 .][iid-m. 14, and Arfu vi. and .xiv. 23. In flnj,'- 
 laiid hi 1541) a new form of ordination 'of niinistors 
 was oriliTcd to be prepared by a eoinmittee of six 
 jireliites and six divines. 
 
 ORDXAXCE OFFICE. lieforo tlio inven- 
 tion ol giiiis, this ofhee was supplied by olHeers 
 under the folliiwiii!; names: the bowyor, the eross- 
 Iwwyer, the saleater, or purveyor of helmets, the 
 arni'iuier, and the keeper of tlic tents. Henry Vlll. 
 ]ilnii'dituiiderthemaiiag;emeiit of 11 inaster-g-oneral, 
 a lii'iiti'iiant, surveyor, ice. Tlio niaster-jieneral 
 was chosen from among the first gonerals in the 
 service of the sovereign. Tlio apjioiiitinont was 
 formerly for life ; but since the restoration, was 
 hMdnraiilc hciic p/itn'ta, iind not uiifrei[ueiitlv hv 
 11 eahinct iniiiister. — lieiit.soii. The letters pateiu 
 tor this ultice were revoked 25 May, !8jj, and its 
 duties vested ill the minister of war,' lord ranmure. 
 Ihe lust iiiaster-seneral was lord Kitzroy-Somerset, 
 afterwards lord itaglaii. The revival o'f the ollire 
 ivroniiiiended by the Ordnance CiJiiiniissU)n (seo 
 under yl'-Hi//, r886). 
 
 ORDXAXCE SURVEY. The trigonome- 
 trical -urvev of England was oommeiiia-d bv gen. 
 lioy, in 1784, eoiitinued by c(d. (Jolbv, iiml eom- 
 pleted by col. (aft. sir lieniy) Jiime.i in 1856. 'I'he 
 publication of the maps (seiile 7 imdies to' a mile), 
 ciinniienced in 1819, under tli,' direetion of ool. 
 Muilge, and was eompleted in 1802 ; a large part 
 111' these maps have been cidoured geologirally. 
 The survey of Ireland (6 inches to a mile) hiis 
 been completed and pnlilished ; that of Scotland 
 completed Nov. 1882. liy the survey act, passe,! 12 
 May, 1870, the ordiianeo survey was" traiisferi ed to 
 the Board of Works, and by iiii act pas.sed in 1881) 
 tothe Hoard of Agrieultnro.bogiiiniiig i April, i8()0.' 
 ])ir.Ttors, lieut.-gen. John Ciimoron, snveeeded sir 
 Henry Jiinies in 187^, died 30 Juno, 1878- eol A 
 C. Cooke; eol. K. H. .Stotherd, 188^. In i*)-" 
 sevend sets of maps were in eoiirs ■ of public itioii or i 
 preparatMn. The Ordnanee Surv,'y maps haviiv ■ 
 been cuiisulcred delieient, a dopartmentitl com- 
 iiuttee was appointed in April, 1892, and met 
 during the year ; sir John Dorington, Af.P., chair- 
 iiian Ueport, with reeommondutioiis, jiresonted to 
 
 OEDOXNANCES, the laws enacted by the 
 ( apetian kings of France previous to 1780. Thev 
 began with " in the name of the king," and endca 
 
 with '' such is our good pleasure." The first in 
 Freiieh 1, dated 1287 (I'liilip IV.) The publieatioa 
 ot tlieao ' ordonniuK cs," ordered by Louis XIV 
 1706, IS still 111 progress. The " ord'onuanees" .if 
 Chaides \., proninlgated 26 July, iNm, led to the 
 revolution. 
 
 ORECxON TERRITORY (\. Ameriea), is 
 said to have been visited by Drake in IS7'). Lieut 
 J rouglitoii took possession „f part of it for Great 
 1 rita:n 111 1792. I„ ,,Sio a settlement named 
 Astoria, was ioun.led by a Xew York CMiiiianv 
 Oregon w-a.s oe,-upn.(l bv the Knglish in i8| biit 
 was.d.iimedby the Tnited Slates i^overnnient, to 
 whom the greater part was ceded, aft.a- niurli ne-o- 
 tmtion, by til, treaty of 12 Jiii,,., jSn,. (),.,„.,a 
 was iniKl,. a territory in 1848, and admitted a's „ 
 state. Leb. 18,^9. Cajiital, Salem. J'opuiatioii 
 
 1880, 174,76s;' 1890,313,707 
 
 1890- 
 
 , li.v tlielallol a tram tbroii-li a lirnken bridge in 
 
 ; »MM'.,weniiii1v, lomiai wiackiUcl . , K,d, 
 
 , D.sastniiislnoils on Ihe \Vill,.,„alte livc-, 6 Veb • 
 
 iiiiieh ilislivss at ,Sai,.m ami Poitlaml . . 
 
 : Tlie ovialaiiil Paeilie train wre.dceil o,'"'ih,.' V^':, " 
 
 resile, bnil^re over lake Labish, 4 liv,.s ,s. ,i 
 I llialiv iii|iiii..| . . ' ^ '"'•' 
 
 ''di^Ith!'' '" ^''^'"""''; '''"'I'^i ^'^■i ileslivKeiirj " 
 a; sllmlakc, liy explosi,;,, of;, laiap, ,; .l^^thsl'^' '^'+ 
 I -'4 »ec. „ 
 
 ORGAX, a developm,.iitof the jiandoan pipes- 
 the "„r,/«« m (/,». iv. 3, shouhl bo trans-' 
 
 .tod iup, 1 ho invention is attributial to Ctesi- 
 bius, a barber of Alexandria, about 2^1 n.c; and to 
 Are himialcs, about 220 n.c. "i'lioorgan was brought 
 
 Kiirope froiii the (iixvk ,.,„pire, ami was applied 
 *o religious d.^votioiis in ehuiehes, about A.u.o!;- 
 -JMhnm.u: (Organs were used in the west,:',',; 
 
 It IS alhrmod hat the organ was know 11 in France 
 
 11. the •,me of Louis I., 8,^, when ,me was ,1' 
 
 strueteil by an Italia,, priest. The or.an at II,.a . 
 
 leiii is one id the largest in Euiope ; i, has (,o stop 
 
 an, 8,)oo pipes. At Seville is oi„. with no s ons 
 
 and 33^?o pipes. Th,,. organ at Amsterda,!, 1 , s'u 
 
 »J t o p,p,.s that imitate a eluaais „f |,„mi-u voices. 
 
 Of the organs in L.viii.AM, that at St. (ieorge's Hall 
 
 Livcrptjol, by Mr. WilHs, was the larg,.st T next 
 
 ori^jT that at "^ork minst,n-, and tliatni the ninsic- 
 
 lial, li.rminghani. 1,, London, the largest was. 
 
 perhaps that of Spilalholds ,diurcli ; and that i 
 
 Uirist Church vyas ii..arly as extensive. The erection 
 
 "t the famous liMnple o,-gan wa,- eompoted lor by 
 
 Sehniidt and Harris; after long di.sputes, tlio- 
 
 .|uostion was r,.ter,-ed to vote, and M,'. Jetl'r^es. 
 
 alterwards (diu^f lustieo. gave th,. ,'asti„.'- vote in 
 
 lavour of Sehmidt (called Father Smith), abou" 
 
 082. A nionster oi;gan \yas erected in the Crystal 
 
 1 ahiee, hydenham, 111 June, 18;-, Tlio or.-in bv 
 
 Willis, at the Koval .Vlbert'lIalY, is in^w said" I. ' 
 
 the largos in the world; 187,. A larger p,-„posed 
 
 for a eathe. h-al ,n Long Island, \„rth .America, 
 
 1880. A noblo organ (\y lirye.ison), with many 
 
 appliances^ opened in the hall, l>riinrose-hill.r.W, 
 
 Ijiindon, N. Jan. 187O; soo //',««, ,',.v^.r Abh-,/, 
 
 Ilarnl or,,,,,,., are said to have heel, (irst n,ad,- earlv in 
 
 (!'/,u-f tr "''^'' '""" ""' *''" ^P"""'""'"- 
 
 William Tlios. I),.st, horn ,8^6, virtuoso player, died at 
 lav.'rp.iij!, 10 May, 1897. 
 
 ORGANIC SYNTHESIS, see Chemiatry. 
 
 ORIEL COLLEGE (Oxford), founded in 
 1326, by Adam do lirome, archdeacon of Stow, anii 
 almoner to king Edward II. This colle?, derives 
 
 hi 
 
 w 
 
 U I 
 
 I ,-.' 
 
 jll I 
 
 ,11 
 
 i 'J 
 
 '^ ' Ml 
 
 1 I 111* 
 
■m'h 
 
 s 
 
 
 ^^^fi 
 
 
 
 i!ii:m|: 
 
 !*<•«* ,,jrf| 
 
 L: r' 
 
 
 fS- 
 
 f-- . 
 
 
 ORIENTAL INSTITUTE. 
 
 798 
 
 ORLEANS. 
 
 its nami' from u tonoiiu'iit cMfil I' Oriole, on the 
 whii'li tlie building stiinds. 
 
 ORIENTAL INSTITUTE. Woking, Sun-py, 
 -established by liijch inate llindoi's, Miihonietiiiis, 
 and Sikhs, for relictions iiml educ^itii'nal imrjioses, 
 about 1884. A mo-que was erected liere, Aug. l.SHij. 
 
 ORIENTALISTS. Tlie rirst InfernatioMul 
 Congress of tliese selioliirswiislield lit I'aris, I Se])t. 
 IcS75; M. Leon du llosny, tlie founder, piesideiit. 
 The seeond Congress met at tlii' Koval Ilistitiiticin, 
 in London, 14- K) Sept. 1^74; l)r S. liinli, 
 nresident. The third Congress met at St. Peters- 
 burg, I Sept. 1S76; the fourth at Florence, Sept. 
 1878. The fifth met at lierlin, 12-17 Sept. 1881, 
 M. Dittman, president. The sixth at Leyden, 10 
 Sc'pt. 188^. The seventh, Vienna, 27 Sejit. 1886. 
 Kiglith, .s'toekholm (president king O.sear II.), 2-7 
 Sept. !SS(). Independent, Lnncinii, 1-10 Sept. 
 l8gi. Ninth in London, S-12 Sept, 1802. Tenth, 
 •Geneva, 4 Sept. 181)4 < eleventh, I'aris, 6 Sept. 
 1897. See Anidtic Snchficx. 
 Orientai, Sti'dik.s; I'nilVssor Max Mailer, in tlio 
 presenee iit the ]aiaee of Wall's, at the Hoyal In- 
 stitvUiiiii. gavi' a diseoarse to iiiaugaratit the 
 
 estalilishaiiMit of a sc'lmul l'i>r leni; oriental 
 
 stailies hy thi' Iiaperial Institute, in anion with 
 University College and King's College, Lomlon 
 
 II Jan. 1890 
 
 ORIFLAMME, see Aitvijhuiimn. 
 
 OllIGENISTSpretendedtodrawthiir opinions 
 from the writiims of Origeii, who lived 185-25,5. 
 They nianitained that Clirist was the son of God 
 in lio other way than by ado])lion and grace; that 
 souls were ca'eated bef(n-e the bodies ; that tlie sun, 
 moon, SI. I and the waters that are under the 
 firmament, Imvo souls ; that the torments of the 
 damned shall have an end, and that the fallen 
 angels shall, after a time, he restored to their lirst 
 condition. They were cmidemned by eimneils, and 
 the reading of Origen';-. work was forbidden. — liiirke. 
 These doctrines were condemned by the council of 
 Constantinople in 553. 
 
 " ORIGIN OF SPECIES, HY meaxs of 
 
 NATint.VL Selection" by Charles Itobc.t Dar- 
 win, F.R.S., tirst published, 24 Nov. 1859. lie was 
 bom 12 Feb. l8o<j, died V) A|iril, 1882. See 
 Species. 
 
 ORION SXEVM-Sirtf. On 18 ,lune, lSi;n, 
 this splendid vessel, bound from Liverpool to Glas- 
 gow, struck on a sunken rock, norllnvard of I'ori- 
 patrick, within a stone's throw of land, and in- 
 stantly tilled. Of two hundred passengers more 
 tlian tifty were drowned. 
 
 ORISSA, an ancient kingdom cf India, now a 
 province of N. W. Heiigal, coiKiuend by Clive 
 in 1755. ami nearly all aci|uired by tlie company in 
 I7()5." It sulfered' iimch by famine in 1770, and 
 I7<)2-'5, and more especially from the end of 18(15 
 to Nov. l8f/), when it is said about 7S0,lxm jier- 
 fioiis perished. Tlie government and ollii'ials were 
 censured fcu' neglect and want of forethought. It 
 is also said that during a hurriiane in Oct. 185(1, 
 22,500 persons were drowned. 
 
 ORKNEY AXD SHETLAND ISLES 
 
 (Nortii of Scotland), werecominercd by .Magnus III. 
 of Norway, U199, and Wi're ceded to James III. as 
 the dowry of his wife Margaret, in 14(^9. The 
 Orkneyi> "were the ancient Grcadcs; milled with 
 Shetland, they now form one of the Scoteh coun- 
 ties. The bishoiiric of Oikiiey, foumh'd by St. 
 
 St. Colm, ended with the abolition of episi'oiniey in i hly after .lisciission 
 
 Scotland, about 1689; see llixhnpn ,„ ,.,;.^j^^ 7 
 Orkney and Zetland small piers and hiiibiiun,'""', 
 passed, 14 Aug. i89(j. '"' 
 
 ORLEANS (a city in central Franre), formnri,. 
 A lire/ id 11)1 III ; gave titli! to a kin^'dein, 1.), '■. 
 afterwards to a duchy, usually hel,| liv'.iii(> |\','i 
 royal family. .\ttila"the Iluii, liesiegin.r j,' J" 
 defeated bv Aetins and his allies, 451.' Uv^Hf 1 |' 
 sieged by tlie English under earls of S;di«biirv.'',] 
 Siitlblk,"l2 Oct. 1^28, hravely defciiihil hj U-.m" 
 (as its fall would nave ruined the imusc of (^lu'i'' 
 VI. king of France), and ridievi'd liv il,,. l,,,,.!,,,!" 
 of Joan of .Arc, afterwards suriiaiiud' tl.c .\| ," | 
 Orleans, 29 April, 1429. and tlii. sieue «,'< ^l", 
 8 .May; see Joiiii of Arc. (The 459th iiniii.rr'.,!!. 
 was celebrated 10 May, 18(18; the eiii|iit,j|. '.i,;, 
 empress being present.) During the .sic'io of i),.. 
 leans, Feb. 15(^3, the duke of Guise win a,,,,,] 
 sinated. 
 
 At'tir nine hoars' severe lighting, Orleinis eii|itiai'il 
 by the (ieriiiiiiis, under gciieiiil Villi ,l,.|. iv|,||| 
 M(av tllilll 4000 prise' ms were tiikeii. ill, 'i„,, 
 on liiith sides was li' i'vy. .Vlmiil 35,000 cm rai|i 
 side were engaged. The city w.is iiiiulr. to ]iayii 
 war coutributiiiii of 60,000/. . iioV* ,;. 
 
 Von der 'Liiia ami the Jiavariuiis ilnfcutMl i,y ''' 
 generals D'.Viirellc de I'aladiues lunl Piijliif,., 
 and Orleans re-taken. The (.lerman-; ,iekii(nv! 
 ledgeil the l(l^,^ of ahout 700 iiii'ii aiiil i,xx. pri- 
 soliers, ehielly wnlllided. 'flic I'lelirh :ls>rit|.,l 
 the imiiilicrs iif liotli to he higher, ami w. r.- !iiii,.|i 
 eheered with their vietorv. 'fl;e l-'iviicli lii.<s ii.is 
 lieavy. The chief enntliet toiik jilaci! i-ttwiTii 
 l,'ouliiiii'rs and IS.ieoii or liaccun . g, 10 .\.,v 
 
 Severe ciiiillic-ts at Uazoche and t'lu-villy, near Or. " 
 leans, helweeii a part nf the army of the Luiri.. 
 and jirincc Frederick Charles and the yiainl-iini;,. 
 of .Mecklenburg 2-^ p,.,. 
 
 A battle, during wliich the suburlis were ,sti)rinH " 
 and aliiiut io,ixio unwnunded prisniicrs, y^^rjm/ 
 and four gunlmats taken. The Ei-eiii'li rrtii-rd'; 
 Orleans rc-taken by the Ccriiiaiis . 5 p^.^.' 
 
 IICKKS. 
 
 Louis ciuitenilcd for the regency with Jiiliii tlie Fi',ii!fi.< 
 
 duke of liiirgnndy, by wliose iu.stigatioii liu \usii„^! 
 
 sinated in 1407. 
 Charles taken prisoner at Agiiicnurt, 1413; r-lciM-ii 
 
 1440; died, i4(>5. 
 Louis liecaiiie I, Olds XII. of I-'raiice in i4(,S, wlieii tl,e 
 
 diieliy merged in the crown. 
 Il'iiiihnit Jli'fitrft. -IMiilip, youngest sun of I.nuin.Mlj 
 
 burn, 1640: died, 1701. 
 I'hilip II.. sou, lioru, i<>7j; ukokst, 1715; llifil, I;.;. 
 Louis, sou horn. 1703; died, 1752. 
 Louis IMltlippe, sou, born, 17:.'5: dieil, 17S5. 
 Louis Philippe Joseph, .sou, lioiu, 1747; iip]i(«t,l ||,, 
 
 court in the Kreiieh revolution ; tank tin- imu 
 
 Kijillit:'; II .Selit. 1792: voted fur lla- dratll ufl.iniis 
 
 .\VI.: was guillotined, 6 Nov. 1793. 
 Louis l'liili)ipe, sou, I'orn, 6 .Nov. 1773; ilinsiu kiiHi>l 
 
 the Kl'eucli, y .\llg. iSjo: alniiealeil, 24 hli. ].,,; 
 
 died, 2(1 Aug. 1850. Mis nueeii, .Millie Aiuflie, fcl,' 
 
 24 March, 1866 (see /''mier). 
 Ferdinand Philijipe, sou, duke of Orleaii.s, burn, jSt'il. 
 
 1810; died, through a fall, 13. Inly, 1S42. 
 Louis Philippe, sou, count of i*ai-is, huiii, 24 Aui:. 1S3J. 
 
 married .Xlaria Isaliella, daughter of tlie 'liikt nf 
 
 Moiitpeusier, 30 May, 1S64 ; died iit Stmve, liiirk ; 
 
 .Se|it. ; fiiueral at Weyliridge, Siiney, the liukc nf 
 
 York present, 12 Si'pt, ; in his will In- iiekiiowW;i'. 
 
 his failiiie, hut niaiutaiiis his rights, and (biil'iri-i 
 
 French irr"ligi»ii, -21 July, 1-04. Their ilaivLl'i. 
 
 Ileleiie, married to the duke d Aosta, 25 .Inne, li,:. 
 
 .Son, Louis Philippe, duke of 1 irbaiis. Iieni 7 Mv 
 
 i36u, see /•'iMier, l''e!i. 1^90: iiiarned the aroli- 
 
 duchess .Maria ;»orolliea of.Vustria, . 5 Nnv. i.-c: 
 Death, from shock, of Henri Eugene, due d'Auiiiali' 
 
 (liorn 16 Jan. 1822, 4tli son of Louis Philippe) 
 
 CiMay, ;..; 
 See I'aris, 4 May, 1897, 
 The ilenmnd of the Orleans princes to return t" 
 
 France, rj .Line, refused liy the legislative iwiieiii- 
 
 a July, lira 
 
! Iter, i 
 
 ORLEANS, NEW. 
 
 799 
 
 Their n'qiii'st til MTvi' in tlii' ainiy (iftcr tliu full nf 
 
 ll,i.fmpir.!.liTlincil . . . „ j^ ,g 
 
 (Tlifilu' ill' Clmrtrcs HiTvcil lHl•(»//l|^,.) ' 
 
 .IftwiliHi'iiKxiiiii, 111'' '1 1'Aiiiiiiilii mill tlm prini'u 
 
 .leJiiiuvilk'iii'rriiiUi'4ti. I.iki' tliuir Sfiits iis nii-iii- 
 
 lieMiif till' niitiiiiml assi'iiiliiy . . 19 Dec. 
 AltiT mill li 'lisi'iissiiiii, till' I'limif iln I'miU ,it 11 iii-i-l " 
 
 sniiiil inti'i-vii'W ri'i'iiKiii/i'il lliii cnrntc ili' i.'lii,i,|. 
 
 I»ml lis till' k','itiiimti' liiMil of tlii' Uiiinlimi funiily 
 
 „„,1 kiiih'.f KniiiiT . . 5 xni. 187, 
 
 F.,r™ii.-it'iiiiiiil liriin'i'iliii;,'s si'i- ^V,Il,■(•<■ . ,rf,, ,.(,„'; 
 Til.. hiHlii'siirkiii^' l.iiiiis riilli|.|u. am! iiUiiTs III' his 
 
 fiimily iviimvi'il fnnii EiikIhu I iiinl liiiii|.il i„ n,,. 
 
 m.iusiili'iim "t DriMix . . . d.Iumu, 1876 
 
 MarriiiK'e uf priiici'ss Miirii', ilniij;liti.r nf lii,,. ,|,. 
 
 Chnrtri's, tuiirincii Wiilili'iimrur IJcnniiirk ■>ii)rX. iSSs 
 Jbrriiitje iJfliriiiri'.is Anii'lii', i|iiii;;IitiT or tlii' ciimti! 
 
 ili. I'liris, til the iliiki' lit liriiHUMz.-i . 22 \\.^^y_ ,336 
 EspiilsliiM of till' Orli'iins iiriiii'i's tViini Kranc,. (,..;.|. 
 
 fmm-e) .Miiy-.Jiim., „ 
 
 Fnnii'f'^ uf till' ciiiiiti' ill' I'arls si-i! fntm-t', 187. f^/ sru. 
 Till' iliic ill' .Mi)iiti)t'ii.sii.i-, Ijoni 1824 (si'i! .s',,„,n 
 
 13^6 f/ .11-1/.). ilii'il . . . . . ,, l.',.|,.' ,800 
 Till' iiniiiii) ill) JoiMVillii imlilisliiis " Vii.|iv 
 ^MUvi.niiH" . . . . Aiiril, 1894 
 
 Kii.'s 111 huiiour of .101111 III Are . . 6-8 Miiv 
 riiiK'i' Hi'iiry, son of tlii' due ilc Cliai-tri's, lioiioiiri'.ii " 
 
 fur his I'Xplonitiuiis in tlio Kiii-Eiist . ii.Mun-li, iSfi6 
 Tlii'iliicile.Ni'iiiuurs, 2111I son of kill).' Louis l'liili|i|i..] 
 horn 1814, ilii'il. . . . . 25 .Jiiiii'l ,, 
 
 ORLEANS, NEW, see Xew (Meam. 
 
 ORMULUM ii'triciil version of tlie Go.spels 
 
 .111(1 Aol.s in eiirly Eiigli>li, iimdc by Orni, 1111 eocli'si- 
 :htir, in the 12th centmy, iinnted iit O.^ford in 
 1S52. IVoni a MS. in the Dodleian. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY, see Birds. 
 ORMTHOKHYNCHUS, the duek- billed 
 
 jiliityims, or vviitiT-mole, a .sin;;iilar ciinipoiind of 
 till' raaTiiinul and the bii'd, a native of Australia, 
 was lirst ik'scrilied by Dr. Shaw, in i.Siq. ' 
 
 OROQUIETA, Xavarre, N. Spain. Here don 
 Carlos, oiilhnj; himself king Carlos VII., grandson 
 uf dim Carlos, brother of l''erdini.iul VII,, com- 
 maiiilins iilmut 4OOO men, wa.s suddenly attaeked 
 liy vi'iii'ml .Miirione.s with about 2000, and defeated 
 :ilti>rasliort eoiitiiot, 4 .May, 1872. He tied, leav- 
 ing' ;5; jnisoners and 38 dead. 
 
 ORPHAN-HOUSES. The emperor Trajan 
 first tiiniieii establishiuents for this purpose. I'l'iny 
 
 'ilatosiiihisPaiiegyrii tliathehadeausedjocxjfrce- 
 .'irii ilulilreii til be sou^lit out and educaied, about 
 A.i). lo.v Orphan houses properly so called are 
 iiii'utioned tortile tirst time in the" laws of the em- 
 lirror Justimau. At the court of liyzantiuni the 
 (ilticeut insnector of orphans, orph<iii„troii/,ii,i vas 
 60 lionouriihle that it was held by the brother of the 
 mpiTor .Mi.hael IV. in the iith century; see 
 
 TliiOri.liaiiiitrn|il,i.,m at Hiille, establislicil by Au- 
 Kiist Fraiirki. . . •' , „ 
 
 '''n ",'■''',"".' )V"^"'S ■■^■''J"'""' f'"' =° '"'vs was'esta '^ 
 iisWiitilnxtoniii ,758, It is now sitiialeil at 
 lla\crsl.i, k-liill. and nmt.ains 3,0 liovs and "iris 
 Asylmi, f,„- l.',.„uk. (iriilians, Lambeth; renrnved 
 
 i.li,.,l,h,i"ti.n nivii-Crnydiin; instituted . 
 Lonioioriilmn Asyl.nu fimnded, ,8,3; removed to 
 tto *,u, ,8a, ; ,,..«■ lUililinK at WatfnnI, found,' 
 b.v the i,rin,:f of Wales, .jjuly, ,869: opened, 
 
 British Orphan .isylm,,, Cla|.ham.rise, estahli'sSci 
 ■827 ;ri.'riiovi.il to .Slough, Uueks ; re-openi'd, 
 
 "luf""'* -'I'''''''!' 'l?>""" '" Wiinsteairtis""): 
 
 :;.rii^;ibi:;n,^-^:-ii;i:;!x,r ,■=«; 
 ^s^s-*'^r;is';^i:!i:''-r-^^ 
 
 OSTEND. 
 
 1895 
 
 :067 
 
 1758 
 
 1871 
 
 .M.iiel, ,898), Hupimrted entiivly l,y volunlarv 
 "iitn intiiM.s, si.|. s,ri,„„r.l<,wu,M,/. (1 e 1 ' , , 
 1 1" a house lu Uristol, ,, April, ,8,6) 20 ! 
 ■'■T'liaus wei-e maintained, ,8 j ; re iiuU'd iin.s 
 
 Uoval Albert Oriiban Asylum, at Dn-shnt esfl'*^"*'' 
 
 ibi'iu'en ^J^;,r ';:;:;'''■'''''''■'- ^'-''^^'iy 
 
 Stoi-kwe 1 Oriihami;,., t.'la|.ham-M,ail. Tmrideil bv 
 Hev. C.Si,urKeon.,,iil.d'l,yli.Ki,|.y;,'S';,i^^ 
 
 On.hans' Homes :--Maiila'.hill,' ,873 ; West-snuare' 
 .Soutliwii -k ; and (iravesend o. i sipur. , 
 
 ORPHEONISTS, see Cri/.M J'a/.re, ,860!' 
 ,8<;^KPHEUS, StEAMKU, see JI-nH-s, ; Feb. 
 
 OIlREltY, a planetary marliine to illustrate 
 .md e.xplain the motiims of the heavenly bodies 
 appears to have been coeval with tb, •?, ,?». ' 
 I'tolemy devised the circles n.l J ic es h ?d'i'''- 
 tin^^nst lus_ systetn about I30 T . , itef ^^ 
 clock of 1-inee was bcnin ic-i Tl,,. , 1 ' . • ^ 
 
 of l-eUheita was torn,;:ui:::;^',6i^" litis 
 anum, now termed the Orrery, 'it is sH ■■ . 
 
 oonstrucleil by Kowl,.y. after a > >t e-,\ de • s'ed I'v 
 the cloek-uiaker, Ueortfe Grahin ■ t tl , , "^'" '"> 
 : Ch.trles Uiiylce^rl of Orr^^y ab;;,;^ ' -^I^'l- 1^ 
 plauetarium '■ ^yas constructed by he rev \Vm 
 
 11),?. An e.ycelleiit planetarium, constructed in 
 I.ui,lo„ by sisnor X. IVrini, was exhibited in it"! 
 
 ' leor m^^'^'''^/^-'^T nsain.t the emperor Xapo- 
 leoi, Ul.; see fru/ici', }nn. 1858. 
 
 ORTHES or OllTIIK/ (S. France), once eaoit'il 
 
 ot the pnuiipahtv of llearii \%. m- it H , iV P.- 
 
 and Spanish armies, eo .Vit'ttd 1 1'" vv'i ■"'■'''*''' 
 
 efi'ated the French u,;;!;.';.' 'so , '-^-^l^'-'f^""' 
 
 , 1 li<"l.attle of Toulouse soon followed ' *^'-*- 
 
 ORTHOP.l-]DIC HOSPTTAT« r ., 
 
 cure of club-biot, spinal cur varun^^.'^' v'^^tion.^,'-' 
 Oreat I'oitland street, founded, 18' , I o,-, u. , ' 
 ovor-s,|ua,e, 1838; Citv, 1851. " ' ^''^' """■ 
 
 jay's, ™s^<s-Lak'? 
 
 OSMRTM.one of the heaviest known mpt'.k 
 discovered in platinutu ore by Tennunlm "303 " 
 
 OSNABURG(N. Germany), made 'he seat of 
 .(H«,thelnshopwasaUo,:m;;*^a;o^.: 'it,'" 
 
 I^^r^^'-^vti'^^ij^^ 
 
 It w,is umt,.a to i-a-ns and Leij,'hlin >n 1835. 
 
 in Ho.'^Mh''^ (lU'luiun.) An importatit sea-port 
 n tb. nth century, was destroyed by the sea 13? 1 
 ■ebniU and alterwards wallctl l,y Philip the Gooct 
 
 the duke ot liursunily, ,445 ; sustainedi siege by the 
 
 % 
 
 '. i| 
 
 .iK»';i 
 
 K 
 
OSTIA. 
 
 Spiiiuiirds, fniiii .lulv, KjoI, to Sept. 1(104, wlii'ii it 
 )ioii(mral)lv cMpitiiliiliMl. On tlii' ilnitti "t Cliiirli's 
 II. of Spain, tlic Ficncdi ^^^^\■/.r^ O.ttcnd; Init m 
 irof), after tlir liattli' nf Ituinilii's. it wasirtakrn by 
 tlic allies. It was a','ain taken 1>V the Fivnili in 
 1745, l)nt i-estiireil in i:4.'<. In l\-,(>, tlie Frencli 
 ^'arrisoned tliis town fur llie enipress-i|ni'en Maria 
 Thei-esa. In 17<)2, "'•' ''''eneli once more look 
 Ostend, wliicli tliev evai'iiatcd in I7<).?, but rexam.'d 
 in 1-94. 'I'lie Knilisli destroyed the works ot the 
 llruies canal; but the wind' sliifliiii,' before they 
 could ri'-enibark, thev surrenili'red to the French, 
 iq Mav, I7i)f<. Ih(! (•slend K.ast India company, 
 established 1723, was ilis^elved 17,?!. Itiotoos at- 
 tacks on liritish tisherincn landiuf; tish qucllcii 
 with Idoedshcd ; intirventior. nf thi' kiiiR; peace 
 restored 2.5- jo .Vuf,'. 1XS7. I'opnlation, l.S()(i, 24,712. 
 
 OSTIA. n I'onian port, at the mouth of the 
 Tiller, siid to have been founded by .\ncus Marliu-^ 
 about (127 n.c. 
 
 OSTK.VCISM (fiwi "k' '""•''•'k OS' ni /,■',!> . a 
 potsherd lir .shell), a mode of proscription al Athens, 
 1- said to have been Hrst introciuci'd by the tyrant 
 Ilippiiis; others ascribe it to Cleistheius, about 51(1 
 lie Tlie pi'ojile wrote the names M' those wh^ou 
 thev most suspecteil upon small shells; these they 
 put' in an urn or bo.v and piiseuted to the senate, 
 i'pon a scrufinv, hi' whose name was ottene.-t 
 written was sentenced bv the cnuncil to be banished 
 from his altar and hearth, (kkx) votes were re- 
 quired. .\ristides, noted for his justice, and .Mil- 
 tiades fen- his vii'tcnies, were thus ostracized. I be 
 custom was nbolisluMl by ironically proscribing 
 llyperholus, a mean perso'n, about .5.58 n.c. 
 
 O'iTKTOTT (the .stni'/iioD of the ancients), a 
 „„tin of .\fnni (see M> .x.xi.x .4). Ostriches 
 wore hatched and reared at San l)onato, near Flo- 
 rence. l8:;o-(K); and at Tresco abbev, the seat of 
 Aufrustus'Smith, in the SciUy isles, lS(i(). 
 
 OSTROGOTHS, or E.vsrKUN" GoTirs, were 
 aistiiiiruished from tlie Visi-oths (\\ estern Gotli.s) 
 about S?o. AfterravaaiuiJ eastern Furope, 1 brace, 
 Arc their !.n-eat h'ader, Tlieodon.', established a 
 kingdom in Italy, which lasted from 49,5 to 55.^ ; 
 see Itali/. 
 
 OSTROLENKA (Poland). NV|r here the 
 French d..fcat.Ml the Prus.s.ans, K. Feb. 1S07.. In 
 another battle here between the Poles and Russians 
 tlie shiushter was immense, hut the Poles remained 
 masters of the lield, 26 May, 18.51. 
 
 OTAGO, see New Zealand, 1848, 1861, 1866. 
 
 OTAHEITE or Tahiti, im island in the S. 
 PaVitie Ocean, seen by Ityron in I7(>> and visited 
 in 1767 bv .aptaiu Wallis, who called it Oeor^e the 
 Third Island. Captain Cook oame hither in 17 .8 
 to observe the transit of Venus; sailed round he 
 whole island in a boat, and stayed three months; 
 he visited it twice afterwards. See Cuok. O-nai a 
 native of this island, was brought to tngla hy 
 Cook, and carried back in his hwt voyage. In 
 j-QO kMi- Pomare ced.'d the district of Matavai to 
 Boino Knglish missionaries. (Jueeii Pomare was 
 compelled to put herself under the P-'oUm! Uon of 
 France, Q Sept. 184V She retracted, and Otaheite 
 and the neighbouriiig islands wore taken possession 
 ,,f bv idmiral !)upetit-Thoiinra in the name of the 
 French king, Nov. 1843. The Fre.udiimnr.soned 
 Mr. Prichard, the English consul, S March, 1844, 
 but the act was censured in France. 
 Queon Pomare 1V„ liorn, 23 Feb. '«\]- .^"""''"^"^J'" 
 
 brother, Pomurc III., in Jan. 1827 ; dn^'l i7Sept. 1877, 
 
 800 OUDE. ~ 
 
 biivhiK reigned 50 years. Ity cnujciit .,f l„.i ,u.ti.„,„ 
 tlic ishiiel WHS foriiiaily iuiiicxi.l i,, Knu,,.,. ,, ,™' 
 1880. Tlic i|uecii lurivcil ,it I'.iiis, -ij l-v,^ ,jf, ' ' ""' 
 Long rebellion in Riiialcii ami Uniiliin,. 'i,],,',;, 
 down; tliii (|iuieu exiled by tin; Kiciii-|i ii'ti, m 
 .0 April, 1897. ' ' '""' 
 
 OTHEOSCOPE (from ,v/„n. i p,,,,,,,,^ 
 
 paratus iuvcnti'd bv Mr. W. C'rcr(,k,.<. f,,,. sti'dvii'.! 
 mnliMidar iiietion, the ell'ecfs of radial iuir ilcMi'ii '1 
 by him, April, 1877. "" 
 
 OTOTXKJY. the Biienc 
 gress of Otipl 
 
 of till 
 
 car. A ('.ill. 
 isis met at lh'us,4(ls, Sept. |8SX 
 
 OTTAWA (formerly ByTowx), ui tl„, ri,-,.,. 
 Ottawa, was appoiuti'd to be tile ( iipi;i,| „;f.|^,^, 
 by the ([ueen in August, 1858. Tlic ..'\,',„ti,',. 
 council met here 22 -Nov. i8(.i;. and tlic l.'iiiiaili;,,', 
 parliami'Ut was, fe> the tirst time, npcni'il linn l,,- 
 the governor-geneial, lonl Moiick, 011 8 Jm,,' 
 18(1(1. Mr. Darcy Mciiee, .\l.l'. l,ir .Manlri':il(„„;;. 
 an Irish agitator, but aflerwanln eNi'c('(liiis:lv l,,,;,! 
 was iissa.ssin.ited on his return IVmih p:a'li;iii'i|.|||' 
 7 April, 18(18. Fenians were suspi'i't..f|, ;i|||| ,i||' 
 town was put in a state of siege. \Vlii'liiii,,(i||. 
 vieted of the murder, 1-; Sept. 18(18, wns cxwutni 
 Feb. l8(i1. .V domininii e.vhibitiiia wii.< ,|,||,,|„j 
 here 24 Sept. 1871). The duke anil ilii,|i,.s( if 
 Conuaiight warmly received 4 Jiine. iSiio. Xi- 
 tioniil momiiueut to sir .lohu Ma-iluiml 1 iiiiviii,,] 
 I Julv, 181):;. Destructive tire in piilili,. i.itir,..' 
 records burnt. II Feb. 181)7. l'ii|iuliiUim in im.|' 
 14,(1(10; in 1871, 2I,,S4,S; in 1881, ;;,4i2; i^,,' 
 estimated 3>(iO() 
 
 OTTERBURN' (Northumberlainl). I,, ,.v^ 
 the Seiitcb liesieued Newcastle anil wore ilrivi'n',4 
 by Henry Percy (Hotspur), son of the carlotNnrili. 
 u'ruberla'nd. 'I'l'i'cy pursued thcni In (nti'ilmni, 
 where a liattle was fought on lo An-,, in wliii'h tlif 
 earl of Douulas was killed and Penv taki'ii frii 
 aoner. On this battle the ballad of r/ifn/ C'/iiwLi 
 founded. 
 
 OTTOMAN EMPIRE, see Tnd-iy, ijy,, 
 
 OUDE or OuDir (North India), formerlv 1 
 vi' e-royalty held by the vi/icr of the '.'rent iiimJuI. 
 About i7(X), it was seized by the vizier Siij;ili-uJ- 
 Dowlah, ancestor of the late king, 
 liattli^ of Hnxar, wliere ISnjali and liis allv, M.rr 
 
 Cossini. lue t. .tally di'fi'Uti'il, aii'l II." liiithli I,. 
 
 ciiMie virtually masters ..t I m.l. -zili.ti;!) 
 
 Ui'.ign of .Xscipli'nil D.'Wiah, whni'i'il,'> Di'iiavM, to'., 
 
 to the Kast In.lia Cmnpany, wini pliin' ti'.mi.s in 
 
 Ouilc (sec Cliiniiir) i;;j.5i 
 
 [The annnid subsidy to the company in 1787 was 
 
 500,000^ ; in 1794, 760,000/. ; in 1801, 11353,34;;) 
 More t.'rritiiries ceded to the ('ompaiiy . . lisi 
 
 Ghazee ii.l-ilceu becomes king, with tlic caiisi'iit i.f 
 
 the liritish 131) 
 
 Drciiilliil niisj^dvernmeiit iif N'nsser-u.l-.k'.'ii iSj;.3[ 
 [.Vt his ih'iith, the Hritish resident. (.'..Imitl Lmvt, 
 
 promplly snppri'sses an uisiini'ctii.ii.l 
 
 Mahomed All governs well la;;-,; 
 
 Hut h'S son Unijeed Ali Sliah .... 111427 
 Aral griuidsiiii, W.uid Ali Hhah, exceed nil tlii'ir|.rf- 
 
 ilecessors in protligacy .... i!4;i5 
 In conseiinenee (by virtue of the treaty ef iSoi) 
 
 Oude is annexed to the Uritish ttmtiirii's, liv 
 
 decree, ]troelaimcd . . ■ ■ 7 Ft'b, iB;6 
 
 Tlie (lueeii ami prince of Oude, (fee., arrive iuloii- 
 
 lion to niipeal soAiig. „ 
 
 Oii.h' jiiiiis the Indian iiuitiny; ex-kiug of Oii.le 
 
 imprisoned(iiii suspicion) . . . i4Juiie, li;; 
 Tlic (lui'cri dies al I'aiis, •..•4 Jan. ; ami tlio i-nu- it 
 
 London 26 Feb. iSjt 
 
 (For the war, sec /ii((i«, 1857-8.1 
 Triuinphiil entry of the governor-general iiitoLnd 
 
 now ; the Talookdars (hiiulowner.s) receive a tree 
 
 grant ot their estates 
 
 !2 Oct. lip 
 
 
 
DE. 
 
 ii.v"iiy.Mt„ii„,„„,, ; 
 
 I .It l.llU ^7 1,.,. ,jj; 
 
 I an,| l„„l,ii,.. ui,„;,, 
 wl by tliu Kiviid, ,,.|„„,., 
 
 Voin .://„,■), I piiMicb, .,„ 
 octsol mdmliDn; ili-i'n:„,| 
 
 ■ionci' of till. ,.;i,.. _\ ^.,,^ 
 it Jinisai'ls, Sept. 1888, 
 
 y Bytown), ni tlic riivr 
 to lie 'lli'r;ipili,li,:f:m;|j, 
 
 ust, ix^.s. Ti„. ,.x,.,,,,l';;'. 
 
 >v. iXl.v aii.l Ih,. (:;|„,„ii.,„ 
 tirst tiiiir, (i|i,.ni.,l l,,,,.,, ^. 
 
 '"'■;', m"'"''';."" !* J"ii''. 
 ■I', .M.I . lur .\l»iitrt.al(„n.,. 
 (>rwai-cl.~ I'Xi'ci'iliiiclvl.ivil 
 H i-cHini IV.iiii piiili;,!,;,'.,,;' 
 H WCl-c suspirt..,!, iMiJ ,(,,', 
 tc lit sii;.r,.. Whi'liin, v.m. 
 i Scjit, i8ij,S, WHS (^s.•,■^l,,| 
 MM cxliiliitmii WHS ,i|,|.|,|.|| 
 Till' ilukr Mini (lii,.hr,< „,■ 
 •I'ivnl 4 Jniir. iSiiO. X;|. 
 
 .(dim Mii-iluiuil 1 uinviii',1 
 I'tivc liri' in pulili,. ,,^„.,' 
 \H')-. I'oiiuliitiou in ]Hi,i 
 5; ii> iXi^l, ;:,412; iS,K 
 
 oi-tIiiinil)irl;iiiil). In psj 
 wciistlc 1111(1 were ilrivtn ..j 
 iir),s<'ii "ftlu'i'iirlofXnrih. 
 irsui'il tlii'iu til Oili'iiiiini. 
 lit (111 10 All-., in wliiditli,' 
 illcil niul I'l'ivy takioi fri- 
 \w biilhid «U:lier !/ t'hmii 
 
 'IRE, 91'c Tnrkeij. i2i», 
 
 (Xiirth Imliii), furnwlv 1 
 I! viziiT of the iriviit iin.ja]. 
 I'll by till' viziiT SiijiilMii. 
 ,' Into kin^. 
 
 injiili mill liis iillv, Mii-r 
 ati'il, iiii'l llii' liritbli In- 
 Ill I iii'l. . 2jll.t. 
 
 h, wllnrnlis lii'llllll'S. tc, 
 
 luny, Willi pliii'i' tiiiops ill 
 
 . . . . l;7j-ji 
 ;lic oiiniiniiiy 111 1787 was 
 xxj/. : ill 1801, 1,35^,347/1 
 tliL' I'oiniiniiy . . . iSoi 
 till!/, Willi till' I'oiistiit iif 
 
 ICI) 
 
 Iif Niissi'i'-iiil-ili'i'n iSi;.3; 
 I ri'siili'iit, C'lliiiiul Lii»T, 
 I iiisiin'in'tiiui.l 
 
 .1 l5,!:-4! 
 
 hah .... 1:427 
 Hhiili.fXi'i'i'il nil tlieiriirt- 
 
 i:47-55 
 11! of tliii tri'iity iif ifci) 
 :io Uritisli teriitorii'S, liv 
 
 ■ 7 Fell. i!;( 
 Omle, Ac, urrivi' in l.fiii- 
 
 20.*"}!. „ 
 
 iiutiiiy ; ex-king "f Omle 
 111) . • • 14 '''"»• i5;r 
 14 Jnii. : itii'l tlio prinii' »t 
 
 j6 Feb. iSjJ 
 id, 1857-8.1 
 
 iveriior-gi'iioriil into Luck 
 lUiiliiwimr.s) VL'iitive a free 
 
 . 2J Od li;> 
 
 OUDEXARDE. 
 
 801 
 
 OXF(.>KD ADMIXISTKATION. 
 
 2311,1. ,;f. 
 
 Oriiiii]iliii'''''i' '"■'■' "' I.iiikii'iw iiy till- viii.ii.y, nil 
 
 jolmUviviiiii . • •.,,.■„ '. isXiiy. 1867 
 yule ivf.s iiiiiir.'Ci'il to till' N.H. rroviiiri's (ir/i»./i 
 
 t<t)\\\ 1856 
 
 OUDENARDE (liclijiiimV Hitc the Eiiiflii.li 
 
 juJullieaiinili'i'tlii' iliiki'iiCMaillioroii-li uiiil [ii-iin'i. 
 tuzene tlionMiglily defratcU tlio Krciii'li l)('sit'fr,.|...i^ 
 1 1 July, I70«' 
 OULAliT (S.K. Irolaiiil). Hci-i' 5000 Irish 
 
 iiniiWi'l-'' attai'ked tho kinx'.'* ti jis. in siiiiill 
 
 numbers, 2; .May, I7').S. Tlio North (.'ork militia, 
 after great ti'ats of hriivory, woro out to pioroa, five 
 'iiioa only esiiiiiing.— .I/h.v/''"'< ■ 
 
 OU^'C'E (fi'»"i '""■'■'')' '•'>' ni.vtoi'iith [lait of tho 
 |,iiiinil uviiirilupoln, anil twelfth of the poiiiul trov. 
 It.sprei'iso weighty win li.voii liy lloiiry 111., wf,,, 
 ileereed that an Kn;;lisli ouiii'e sliinilij lio 640 dry 
 Brdui of wheat; that twelve of llieso ounces shmilil 
 \t a pound; and that eight imunds should be a 
 gallon of wine, 123,). 
 
 OURIQrE (Portugal), where Alfonso, eoiiiit 
 orJuke of I'lirtiigal, is said to have enoountored 
 five Sarneen kings and a groat tinny of Moors, 25 
 July, llj'd ii'"' *''S'"''"y doloatod thoiu ; uiul then 
 to liiive lieeii hailed the tir^t king, Lislmn, tlio 
 ciipilul, WHS taken, and lie soon after waserowned. 
 
 OUTLAW, one deprived of the benolit of the 
 laiv, unil out of the siivero-;..;irs profeotion ; a 
 puiiisliinont fur such us being oalled in law do con- 
 temptuously refuse to ap|ie,ir. In the reign of 
 Eilwaiil 111. all the judges iigroi'd that none hut the 
 jheritf only ha' ing lawful wan ant tliorefnr, should 
 p'at to death auv niiin oullaweil. — r„,o,/. Outlawix 
 in civil pi'ii'ciiiinss was aholishcd hy 42 A: 43 Nict. 
 c, 59, 15 .Vuir. 1879. 
 
 OUZEL GALLEY SOCIETY. In 17^, 
 thei'ibeof the ^./'(-'-^ 0'«//(7/. a ship in the port ol 
 Dublin, e.xeileil great legal pei|ilexity. and was 
 lefevieil to an arliitralion of uienhants, whose 
 prompt ileiisiiiu wiis highly approved. This led to 
 tiie present society, foiiiu'ed in 1705. 
 
 OVATION, iin infojior triumph which the 
 liomansnlluwed those generals of their iirmy whose 
 vietories were not eonsidoriible. rublius I'osthnniius 
 Tubertus was the first who was doereed 1111 ovation, 
 TOjB.c. A sheep (oiis) was ottered by the general 
 instead of a hull. 
 
 OVERLAXD :MAIL, see Ill,;//„.ni. The 
 overlimd mail travolleil tirst througii the Cenis 
 tunnel to lirindisi, saving 24 hours, 5 Jan. 1872. 
 
 Coinimiiiicatiiiii lictwci'ii the KasI aid West lias been 
 sroatly lacilitalcil liy the opciiiii;; ,,f the Suez 
 Canal. ifi6(,. atnl tie- railwa>s iM'tweeii the 
 Allaiilie ainl I'ai'illc neeaiis ; iiy uioaiis of Ihe 
 Caiiailian iVilie niilway ihe I'idua and .laiiaii 
 mails were euiiveycl frnia Yokohama to London 
 in 25 days, arriving ill l.oiiilon . . ij May, iBqt 
 
 OVERSEERS of the poor for parishes were 
 appointed in i(«i ; see J'ui/r Liur.f. 
 
 OWEXS COLLEGE, Manehester, founded 
 bymeiiti80lahei|ue,st of 100,000.'. tiv John Owens, 
 merchant, who died ill 184O. A new eonstitutum ' 
 , wasobtained in 1870, and the duke of Devonshire 
 ■ president, laid the tirst stone of the new building' 
 2} Sept. 1870; and opened it, 8 Oct. 1873. Mr 
 L R. !.:mi.".vnifhy lieijueathod ItVXiO/. to develop 
 the chair of experimental iihvsics, uS-4 The ' 
 college proiiosed as a uiiivorsity,"July i87() 8. Jlr. 
 R. C. Christie, formerly professor, gives co 000/ 
 |5Uct'l89r- See VictorUi I'liiirrtif)/. 
 
 nwrss.Hrnooi., Isli'i^toii. tnuiided nil., hy DiMiie Mice 
 "liven, ill Hi'itiliide lor liereseape liom ilea h hy un 
 
 arrow ; fnc education to 3,, clilldreii and inteinineo 
 
 to 14 iieiisioni.'is ; the liomillts of the elmritv since Its 
 
 '".'""'"t have heeii greatly inorenseil ; liiKh-dass 
 
 educatiiin ii.ov Kiven to 7.K, eliihlr.n at a iioiiiiiial fee ; 
 new buildings eieetcl l.y the Drew,,,- eunipnnv under 
 he trust opened, ,, April, ,s./,. (Her si .tue un- 
 
 V.lh'.l, ..I Del. iSgj.) 
 
 ..0}yi:iyilEE or HA\V.\ir, un ishmd in the 
 .>. i acltle Oei'iin, discovered Dee. [77H, by eapt 
 lowi. t)M 14 I'Vb. 1770, be bore fell a victim to u 
 suililen lesentnient of the natives. A boat havinif 
 
 '" "'"•'■" 'ly ""•-' iif the islanders, the captain 
 
 went on «liore to .seize tho king, and keep him as a 
 hostage till the boat was rosloro.l. ihe people 
 would not submit to this insult, and their resistaiico 
 hniiiglit mi hostilities, and eaptiiiu Cook and .somo 
 ot his eompaiiions were killed. Ureat progress hna 
 lio.T. lecoiitlv made in oivilisution hero; and an 
 "I'di rot nobihiv and a ropiesentativeasseinblv wore 
 instituted in iAm. The iiopulatimi then was' about 
 I20..W,; iibi.ut(x),iyx) in 187S; a railway opened 
 in 18, «. hoe S,n,(licicli Uh'i niiil f.epro.si/. 
 Krii|illon of the volcano Mauiia I.oa cea.sed", about po 
 Nih's of lava 8 HVl,. ; there |,„v,. 1 n frei|neiit out" 
 
 si ',',1:-' ",' y,",';'""'r "" ''"■ '■•''"'"l »''h Ofoaslonal 
 .s h..< ks nl eanh,|u:ike ; can li.|Uake shocks , May 18S7 
 
 I' xr'i. ; ifi; ]«.rs.i|is killed. " ' ' 
 
 OWNERS (JF LAND, .'fee J>»me,,u,i,. 
 
 OXALIC ACID, which exists in several 
 P ints, ,.s]ir. iiilly in sorrel, is now ahumlantly 
 olitaiui'd, lor Use 111 the art.s, from sawdust acted 
 '_i|ion^ by caustic potash or .sodii, according to Dr 
 Dale s process, |iateuted in l8(i2. 
 
 OXFOliD, ail aiii'h'iil city, restored bv kinir 
 .Ulred who resided here and ■established a" mint, 
 ?,'„• "'"."" '^"''- Ri'tiinis one .M.l'. by Act of 
 1885. ,S|.|. I'lijjiiliitiiiii. 
 
 l':oiuteh,.l.l M iiatiniKil council here „„s 
 
 ■sti.inie.l i,y Willi.ini I. . . ■ ■ ■ "'° 
 
 ^''e'.v'shv'l.'illn'' "■' ""■'■''•'■ y'""'^''' t" 'he bui-l ' 
 
 Jlenn lll'-i;oMsthe''n,ad''p;irlianii.nthere' . ' \'3 
 Hlsh.ips Hi.lh.y ,„„1 I„.,ti„„.,. l„|,.nt here, ,6 Oct 
 
 I55s : and .irchlii.^hoi, eianiiier . -ii March ,--r, 
 
 Fatal (or Hl.nk) (l.l„r,l Assizes.-when Jhe hi'ih " 
 Shell I .ind 3,«j other persons died suddenly of an 
 
 iiileit'.iii liMin thei.risouers . .... 
 
 *- l;',!';." '■ *""'' ' "'''"'''• "''■♦-'' "'"' '"'■'' " ['"rlhnn'eiit " 
 
 ;':iS''>,'^,'r'"T'''"\-, ' ■ ' ■ ' '4Jinie; \l\l 
 
 1 haile.., II. hel.l |,arlian,eiits here . , ibf,^ A ui.. 
 Visit nf the allicl .sovereigns . 'fUs A. 08 
 
 lintish .\ssn,.i,.,tion met here . 1812,1847 i860 Pnl 
 HMi.rd .Military Coll,.,,.. Cwh'y, openiii JJ'si.i^' \%l 
 
 ^l■whl^llscl lopeneil . , i-Se.t Iqa 
 
 I .\.'W theatre opened .J l.-cb. .836;m-entiyi^,.|n,!eli '^^' 
 
 Staiiie of Thomas .Syilenbaiii ii'nveiied' I'l tl'ie'iiiar- 
 iliiisof.Salisburv . . . . " (.All" i", 
 
 Xew munieip.il biiildin-s and the .Sarah Aeland' 
 Home npem-il by the prince of Wales 12 May i-'u^ 
 
 OXFORD ADMINISTRATION, fonnod 
 2<) .May, 171 1. ' 
 
 liolieii. earl of Oxford (|.reyliiiisly right hnn. Ii„b,.,i 
 
 ilarley), ((■>■'/ trrit.siurr. 
 Sir Simon (afterwards lord) Hareourt, I. ml Awwr 
 
 ,'!■"'/''' "'' ''^'"""""''J' "'"^ Uiiekingliam, lord itrest- 
 
 .John, bishop of nrisb.l (aft. r.oiKh.ii), imvii stal 
 
 u-'-'ii'-''^'- ■',"'",' ,*■'''''■'■"■'"■''■' ^i^'™i"t lioliliKhrokc), and 
 William, lord llartmouth, ,w, ,.(,„■,>»■ o/»/,i(f 
 
 Robert Denson (afterwards lord UiiiKley), cAaiicc;.',.,- „/• 
 I'": r.r'-lnqnrr. 
 
 The duke of Shrewsbury sueeppiled lord Oxford reepiv 
 ,iiigtlie lord treasurer's stalf on 30 July, 17,4, three 
 dii.y.s belore the death of ,|uecii Anne. Froiu tile reign 
 ol(.eor>;e I. the oltlee ot lord treasurer has been exe- 
 outed liy eoinniissioiiers. 
 
 3 f 
 
 fl ' (M 
 
 S"!)! 
 
 i 
 
 1 i' 
 
iU'M 
 
 i 
 
 ^^ ■ ml ' 
 
 K II 
 
 
 OXFORD BISHOPKIC. 
 
 802 
 
 OXFORD UNIVEUNlTy, 
 
 OXFORD mSHOl'RK", i-ImMUImmI by 
 Hi'iiiv \III , Iniiiiiil (lilt (it l.itiiiilii. tiist iilactMl 
 at Dxiiry ill 1^(2; icinovfil tfi OxI'drd (iillictlriil 
 ffnriiicrly St. I'l iilcHwidc, now Cliri^t Clmicli), 1545. 
 I'resi'iit iiiciiiiic, ^ixxi/. 
 
 lli:( KM lllslldl's. 
 1807. Cllilllis Mi.ss ; (licit. I*, lice, 1811. 
 181J. Willilllll .l:i(k«(i|l : (lied, .• Pec. 1815. 
 1815. IvIWMliI I _•«(■ . .licit. .•; .lull. i8i7. 
 1827. llialli s 1. 1. .ill ; ilicil. (I Miiv, iSji). 
 i8jg. IliiliiiKl ll;i;;(il ; triiiisliitiil In lliilli, Xnv. 1845, 
 1845. f>aiiiiicl Willififiii-ii. ; tniiisliiti'il to WiiiclicstiT. 
 
 Nov. i8f.(). 
 1869. Jiilili KidiliT Miicl<iinii'«s ; icsigiicil al...iit 21 .luiic, 
 
 18PS ; (lied 16 Sept. iPSo. 
 1888. Williiiiii .xtiililis ; tiiinslnicd fniiii Chester, July. 
 
 OXFORD DECLARATION, son Chinh of 
 EniiUiiiih li''''i4. 
 
 OXFORD :\IAR1!LI>. ^v An(mi,lwi,. 
 
 OXFORD rXIOX SOCIETY. -stMldWi.d 
 iiH II (liliiitiii^- eluli. ill iN2,?; iim(iMj.'-t its early 
 iiii'iiilM-rs aic iirwei'i' Ml'. 'iladstmie, lili.Willieit'iii'ec, 
 lord Staiili.im', iilip. Maiiiiiiu', .Sidnev Ileiliert, ali]i. 
 Tait. ..V:e. It In Id a jiiliilee tVstival. 22 (let. lH-^\, 
 till.. Innl eliiiin I'lli.r SeilMirnc in the chair. 
 
 OXF( )R D UNIVERSITY. The statement 
 
 tlmt killt; .All'icd tmiiided "the sel Is" is U(iw 
 
 diserediteii as leireiidary. 
 
 t'liarter v'laiite.l hy Henry III 1248 
 
 ('liaitcr i.r i;.l»Hril III. 1^5, ; iif Hciiiy Vll[. . . 1510 
 
 The iiiiivi rsilN 1111 i.r|iiirateil liy Kli/alietli . 1570 
 
 Ucecives the elective rranehise (tn s. iid two laeia- 
 
 licls tn parlialliellt) 1604 
 
 lliiillci;iii l.iliiiiiy niieiie.l, 8 Xnv. 1602: ImildiMK 
 
 ciilll|.let.il 1613 
 
 The l.i.taiiic ^ai.h 11, \e., cstalilislie.l liy the earl iif 
 Haiiliv 1622 
 
 Itailclitle I.ilirarv (ipeiicd, u .\l'ril, 174.;; the 
 lladehtleiiliservatiiry eciiii|.lctid . . . 1786 
 
 A eiininiissii.il a|.|.iiiiiteil (ii .Kiifc'. 1650) tn iiii|Uire 
 
 illtn its " state, St lid ies.ilisciplille, and leVellUes ;" 
 
 rei.nrtci'. -'7 April, 1852 
 
 .\ets ni.iUiiiK altciiitiniis passeil . 1S34, 1856 
 
 University .Miiseiiiu npcned .... .Inly, i860 
 
 Exaniiiiatii.n statiiles passed . iSoi, 181.7. 18511, 1862 
 Exteiisinii of the university pinpusiil at a meeting 
 
 liclil Ill Niiv. 1865 
 
 Ulliversitv tests (d.i.lished liy act passed i(. .Illlle, 1871 
 liny; 1 ci.lillllissii.il tn ill.plire lesj.ei tillj,' univ.isity 
 
 lirnpeitY, &e., appninled . .(..Ian. 1872 
 
 Iiieonie in 1S71, reported tn lie ; university, 
 47,i;8(^/.w. |i/.,enlle^esalid halls, 366,253/. itw vl., 
 tntal, 411,84../. ii,,<. (W Oct. 1874 
 
 IIeli(i(.iiiai|:il l.nard rcp..rted that al.nut io.....«x./. 
 was needed fnr eduealii.ii in sci(.iiee June, 1875 
 
 Lord ll.hcsler's li.'iiuesl tn prniunte the study nf 
 Slavniiian literature, especially Polish ; tirst lec- 
 tures i;iveii .May. ,, 
 
 Xew eoiiiinissinn :iii|.niiitcd (lords Si'llinriic ,iiid 
 lieiles.lale. Mniitatsue llcniai.l, sir .M. W. liidlev, 
 (lean Uurcon, and .Mr. .Iiistire ilrnvc); annniincid 
 
 37 Manli, 1S76 
 
 Oxford L'niveraity Hill withdrawn July, 1876; the 
 Universities Act passed 10 .Vug. 1877 
 
 Till' eninniission pnlilish ,1 new siheine for profes- 
 sors, ie., very restrictive . . .2 Nov. 18S0 
 
 Statute piisaed adinillini; woniou to examination 
 
 jo.Viirll, 1S84 
 
 Pllsey memnrial house, contniniiiK Pusey's hbiary, 
 (kc.. npelied li\ liishop nf Oxfiird , . 9 Oct. ,, 
 
 t sets of rooms at Uuuens (.■ollej,'(. destroyed liy tire 
 
 n Dec. 1 866 
 
 .Muspuni for fren. Pitt-Kivers' eoUeetiou of uneiont 
 weapons, &i.'., presented to the university, ojieiied 
 
 Feb. 1887 
 Combination of the municipal and academical civic 
 powers in confonuity with the local govrrnla'-iit 
 act of 1888, eonsiiiiinialed . . . 9 Nov. 1889 
 Catherine T ftiordon's atlemiit on the life nf Dr. J. 
 T. Hri.iilit, master of University College, 6 >'ov. ; 
 sentenced to 6 years' jieiial servitude . 15 Nov. 1B90 
 
 The tlist lloiiiaiies lecture, niven hv Mr W v 
 (Hailstone (in " Uiiiversilv l.Mc," ^4 ( i,.i "p ' 
 l.yT. II.Kuxlev, iH May, ,«(,,; l.vp,„|' \'2''' 
 Welsiiiai,,,, .. May, ,8,,.; Mr. Il„li|,„„ ip,'","" 
 May. i;-,,.;; Iln' blshopof PetciliurnUKh, ' |.',,,.i'|,'," 
 national eliiiiieter," 17 .liiiie, i8g(i', Mr II, 
 Morlev, "MaehinvelH" , ', ,}»' 
 
 Oreat iiieetliiK to support the UadelllfH iniin'irn '. '""' 
 tlio maninis ofHalislniry, ehaiicellor, iii..»Mit ' 
 
 ' r"""";, "f l'i"f- Ilelijaiiiln Jowett, llllhlKi,t|„'h''X': 'f' 
 
 "t llalliol ,,1.7 
 
 I'rnf. Ilniiianes died suildeiilv a' ii\|,,|-,| jiM,,,.' ' 
 "Sehnnl of Knulisli l.ai.;.'iiaj;e an. I Lileiatim.-.' ' ' 
 1'ej.MllaIinIis isslleil ... p ' 
 
 , Wee ll'i.mcH, ,, 10 Mai'idi, k,,.,. ' ' ■•'''' •■ 
 
 I C01.I.E11KH. 
 
 Ulliversitv. fniiiided by William, iircliilcii,.,,,, ,,f 
 
 I'liihiMii. iiliniit 
 . Dallinl ; founded bv John liidlnl 1.1 Hiilli,,! ki.i' '■'" 
 
 (father tn llalini, king nf the Seiits,, mii,| Im;,,,.,! 
 
 his wife 
 
 ! Mertoll ColleKe, liN Walter lie Meit 'hiilim,,;!'" 
 
 ! Hoehester , 
 
 i Ili.rtrnl.l Colleili. i,,j (dlssnlved in ,r',,,, ,|||,) '^ ' ' 
 
 Ilertrord sclinlarship apimiiiteiU \<i,,^- rv\-'\\n\ 
 \ and MaKiliileii Hall inc.irpnnit..,! willi It 
 Kxcter. liv Walter .stai.lelon, bishop , if Kxi.t,.,. ' ' "' 
 niielc.llc^-e. bykinuKdward II.; Adam do llroi„e' '■'" 
 I .irelnleacon of Stow,. ... ' 
 
 ! Queen's ('nllcKe, bv Holiert de |.;nl,.»|l,.|,|. ,.i;,,|. ■'■" 
 : eniifcssor to (pieen Pliilippa, c..ii..,(iit of Kdwar,] 
 
 I N(.wCnll(.t'e, bv Wiiliani'or Wvkeiiaiii.' 1.i,|i„n „f '''" 
 ; Winchester; lli'st < illcl St M.nv nf Wimli,.,!,,,.. 
 
 rnunded 1 i7q : neellpie.l i jg6 ; (stxilli illmivi.mnv 
 
 eelebriited 14 Det. 187.1). 
 All Sniils' College, by Henry Clilcliely. arcliliisli,,,, 
 
 ofCaiilerliurv . . . . ' 
 
 M.ii:ilal..|i. bv William of Wavnilcte, liisli,,p ,,r Wj,,' ' 
 
 '•I'est. r ' .. 
 
 I.ineolli Collc^'e. bv liicbard Vlellliln;, 1427 ;tllllHli„l 
 
 by lt..thi.|liaiii. bishnpnf l.ii In . , , 
 
 Hrazeiinse, bv William Smyth, bislin|i of |,iii(.i,l||' *' 
 
 and sir Itiehard Suttnn ' , 
 
 C(ir|.us Christi, bv Kidiard Fnx, bislmp ,if W'i,,^ ' 
 
 ehester ,,.: 
 
 Cliiist Chureli, bv eardiiiil Wnlscv, 15^5; i»„[ ' 
 
 afterwards bv Henrv VIII. ,' ' ,., 
 
 Triuilv. by sir Thniiias Pnpc. ..n th.. I.mms nf n |ir,.'. "' 
 
 villus instill 'iM. callc.l Huiliiiin ( nlli'm. . ,. 
 St. John's, by ...r Tlinmas Wliyte, |.,i,| nmv.iv .if ' 
 
 l.ondnn I,.. 
 
 Ji.sus CoUene, by Dr. Hunli Price .iiid .pi.i.ii VX-m. "' 
 
 betli ,„, 
 
 Wadhani, bv Xieholas Wadliam, and H.in.tliy, liij " 
 
 wife . ' ' . . ,;„ 
 
 Pembroke, by Thomas Teesdale and Uiilmnl Wi^lit. 
 
 wick, clerk ,,;,, 
 
 Worcester, by sirThomas Cokes, oriieiitlev, in WV 
 
 eestershire ; it was oriKiually eiilleil i;i.iu(.|.ai,.r 
 
 t'ollcKc ,.,, 
 
 Kclile College (see KrhU CnUnji) : tlrst st..ni. Iiii.l liv ' 
 
 nreliliishii|i of Canterbury 25 .\pril, 1868: ii.nsi'. 
 
 I'raled 23.1uiif, iS;« 
 
 Indian Institute, founded 1878 or 1S711. 
 Soinerville Hall, ojiem.d, 1879: Manslield Cullepi', 
 
 for Nnneonformists igj^ 
 
 Manchester Xew ColIeiiP 1869-5; 
 
 Prnposedestablisliment of lli.iMairScli.iol.jfindilern 
 
 European lanj,'ua),'es 3 Mny, i!f; 
 
 HALI.S (not ineorporatcd). 
 
 St. Edmund's . . . . . ... 1:69 
 
 St. Mary's luj 
 
 Xew liiii Hall ijij 
 
 St. Mary Mawdaleu (incorimrated with Ilertfori 
 
 oollep. 1874) n!; 
 
 .St. Albiin's (united with Merton Colle);!', 1882) . 114; 
 
 \(h-/iird /*ail■pr,^■l7^ Cul/niltir] 
 IIiiiiniii;;l!.-:i Hall, a iie-'iiorial ..f ttie l.ish.'.p'™ 
 
 t'f7(in(/a, 1889 and 1892), opened . 26 Jan. 1% 
 First rrofriixnrfhipx - Divinity (Margaret). 1501: 
 
 Divinity, Law, Medicine, Hebrew, Greek, 1540, 
 
Ill liulinl ■„ K.'illi,,] lii,,' ' 
 
 'IIi.-S,.,,|,,.;iim1 llrlinial,; 
 
 I'V ill' MlMlnll, l,isli(,|i „f 
 
 nil. Iiisliii|, ipf Kv,.t,.|. 
 iinl II. ; .\il;iiii ili-DroiiK^ 
 
 nrv riilclii 1y. aivliliUl,,,,, 
 (■^i.viili.'t.'. i.i^li.,|, ..nviii' ' 
 
 111 Kli'lllill^. M.'7;ll|li,i|,,,l 
 
 illiniii, iiii.l li.iiuihy, liii 
 •.•iiialciiinlliii-lMiiilWisIrt'.' 
 
 t iiH'iiriinriitiil). 
 
 i«: 
 
 iirati'il with IlertfonI 
 
 OXFOBD, ritOVlHIONS OF. 
 
 HEiKNT rHANCKLLOM. 
 
 ■Vio. Wlilliii". ''"'■"11 dniiivilli'. 
 
 rt Artliiir, iliik.'i.fWHIIiiKtiiii. 
 
 s J Kilwiini, ''Hi "f "'''''V ■ ''■ "3 N'ov. i8«9. 
 
 ,g?4 liiilirrt, I'lit iifHiiliMliiir.v, I'liictcil 13 NdV. 
 
 OXFOUD. PliDVlsioxs OF, forHcviTiil pnli- 
 (iciil'i-fl'iiniin ; iimiti'illiy " till' imiil imrliaiiu'iit," 
 Juni' U','^: "I'Vinil times immillnl iiriil cniitlniu'd 
 Jurintrlhf "Immns' wur." 
 
 OXFOlft)'^ ACT, BI8IIOP OK, »ce Diatricl 
 OXFORD'S ASSAULT ov the Quekn. 
 
 £ilV„nl (Ixli'i'il. 11 .vii'i'li who liiid 1 11 a wi'viiiit 
 
 inn pul)lii-lii"i*''' '''"' '""'Jf'''' '"'" pistiils ut (|ui'i'ii 
 Viitm-iii :Miil [iiini'i' .Vllifi't. in till y were procci'dini,' 
 lip Ciiiisliluti"!! liill in :iii "piii pliiicloii fiDm 
 Hiiikin;.'li:iMi piiliiii'. Ill Jiiiii', 1K40. Ill' 8t(md 
 within II I'l'w ^'i''i'^ "• •'"' ii"'i'iii«i'. Imt iicitlii'r licr 
 „,i,i,,<ly nm- till' priiiii' wih iiiiiifid. O.xCord whb 
 trii'iliittlii'l'lil Hiiili'V (10. Inly), Mini wmm adj lulled 
 (dlifin-Mi"'. :i"i' *'"' fii'»' til Hrtlilclii'ni lionpital, 
 iiPXtto llp'iiiliii""!' : III"' "''t lit liliMly ill l8(A, mi 
 ('onililiiiiii'l'!.'''!"- ii'"'"'"'- 
 
 OXFOKD HOUSE, sue VnmrHily 
 Tiiirliiiii/. 
 
 ■OXFORD MOVEMENT, i«VMv I'y 
 
 K. W. I'hurrli." lute deiiii iil St. riml'M, imbli.slied 
 (oMurili, lSi)i ; -n t'limi/ism iiiiil Tradiiriiuiisiii, 
 
 OXrS (tlie I'liNiaii and Turkisli Djihimn, 
 luraf iKiini', Ainnii lliirya\ a river nl' Ceiilnil .V^ia; 
 iiiinposril 111 liave I'luni'-ed its cimr.se liefiire kxw 
 .VI)., iiiul til lime ri'Siiiiii'd it« aiii'ient lied in 1X78. 
 The 0x119 nnviuMteil a« fur as Faizaliad Kali 
 {.\fchiin fiiiiitii'i-) by the Kii-siana under adni. 
 liiitiiiin; rep'irted, I'l Dec. 181)4. 
 
 OXYGEN'. ;i -n^ Oiamed fruiii tlie Greek nxiis, 
 Amy. iw beiiifr Lieiierally found in aeids), is the . 
 most aluinilaiit "fall ■iiili.^aiii'es, eiiiislitutiiii; nhcut ' 
 onc'-lhinl of the snlid earth, and fnrniiii',' ahout \ 
 nine-ti'iitlH "f water and one-tilth of the atino- 
 
 803 
 
 OYSTEU. 
 
 m ,|i,ii,. ,S9j. ,^..v,.rll| |,i„m „f ||,|,||,| ,„vk„i, „„.! 
 
 ! Iii|"lil air wern theii pioijiu'cl in ih,. pi,.„.|„ f ,|,„ 
 
 aiiilii'iM'i'. 
 
 ; .M tin; l''MilnVi'Vi.llllll.MMl'i'till;.'i,rtlll. HuVmI i.lM it lltlilll 
 Jii .lull. tHui, pi'iif. Ileiviir I'vhilillf'il wiliii. nf tlie le. 
 , iimrkalili' pniperties ,,r Iii|iilil hvvumm mihI ,111, ami lie 
 Nliow.'il 1,1, w III,. li,|„|il slate eiiiilil l„. i,iiiiiilMlii,.,l 
 I lo'iP'i- li.v suni.iii.iliiin II Willi a veiv lii«li vii, 1111111, 
 lla'si'i'i,stlvi'vpi.iiiHi.n|.< liail twen niiliil hv a t.'il1 of 
 I. !>>.'. liiiiM till. li.iliNiiiiilis' (.,,nipiiiiv. rill, li.etiim 
 mill i'\peniiii'iits ,11.11. ii.|„.;ili.i| lieli.,,. il„. iiiiiieii of 
 Wales tlie.liil,i..irV.Mk.Hii.lailisliiiniH,|i,.,|,„i„|,„„v, 
 22 hell. If,, ;. Pi.ir, |l,.w„|- ii.piiiti.il In 111,. |(,,vi,l 
 soelety lluit hi. liadi.MMliii.il s,,lii| ,m In ll„. Innn' of 
 lee, n iiiysteriuiis l,...lv, y Maieli. ,?m. |.-iutli..r n'- 
 
 searelies ri'iiiali'd, j; ,Ii ^g,.' 
 
 Piiif. Iiewar was awanli'il the H fniil inediil of the 
 
 KoyHl soeii'tv in iSri4. 
 
 A Htallle of Pil,.s||,.v, l,v K. ,1. Williiiins at Uinirilj.'- 
 
 Iiani was nnviili ,1 I,, pMfessnr T, II. lliivliv, i .Mie. 
 1874, the rrlili'liiiiv i.r till, illsiineiv ot nxvi'ill Tills 
 wiis also ,...|.l,i,.it,.,l ,it \..illi,iiiil„.H,iii,|, IViiiMvlvaiiia 
 where h,. w,is liiiii,.,!, I-Vli ,S,,.. Tlir follnwiiii; tele- 
 Kiaiii was sent ;,.lnlv: " Tl,,. inetl,,,,, „| |l„.Vav,. 
 to the ).,..tlin.ii.,| tlielii.ii,,. ,.f I'lirstlev semi Kl'eet- 
 111;.' on lliis ri.i,t,.|ini|i| aiiiiiversarv of the lilrtli of 
 ehriiuslry "' 
 
 .\ iiii'tlio.l nf nlifaliiliiix oxyueii Cr air, ,|,.visi.i| and 
 
 |iali;nl.-.| hy M. Maids, nf p^n,. |'||,. |„.i,„.i|,|,. j, ,i|„t 
 111 illalysis. or i||(riisi..ii nn.l.T pivssiir,., Seiit. 1882. 
 See '/»<(lli|ll|.f:ii.||nii). 
 Pv the explnslnn of a eviimlor of ennipri'sseil oxvk'en, 
 Iheearrier was kilh'il, 15 March, i,,,;. 
 
 OYER .\\I)TkiiMI\E1I, a i-nniniissi.n directed 
 
 to thejinlm's if the r -ts. hv virtue whereof tliev 
 
 have pnwerto Imif (im/ i/i tr,-iiiiiirU-r:iH()w felniiii.s 
 *e„ 1285. 
 
 O YES '. A iorrn|i|iiin of ilie Kreiieh »//cc, hear 
 ye! I he amieiit term still used hy a piihlie crier 
 
 and hy the usher of 
 silence and attention. 
 
 'iiirta .if justice to 
 
 enjoin 
 
 0\ STER fthe T.atin (h/rm ,•(//</,*). British 
 oysters are cflchrated hv the Itoinan satirist .fnveniil 
 (Sat. iv. I4n^ ahout 100. The rohhi.rv of ovster- 
 hedsis jirohihited hv 7 &8 Geo. IV. c'. 20 (jH-^-) 
 .Ahont I^.oofihr-'.- '■ <• •• ' - - .... 
 
 iime-miiH 01 "a.e. am. ..1 - ,.t,. ,,. ..i- ,,,„,.- ; _^|„„„ I :;.o(T) hiishels of oysf,.,-, were said to he nrn 
 spkre. It wa.. hrst separated fmni red o.Mile I ,l,„.,.,l f,./,,,, .1,.. i.v.,,,. t f """'J' "'"''w ,f 
 
 r=SS'j,;b:;;;fc,";;,i;' -;±: i ,^:i~ ^iS'^^f "= 
 
 Itisasii|)|.iiitcrof aiiiinal life (in respiration), and \ 'Jtf,,! '""*•'">• ""' '"" 1''"" ''^'^ '"'••" f"'""' «'"- 
 
 of coiiiliiHtiiin. .An oxygen gas company was 
 nnnoiinci'd in I'cc. 18(14 ; its object beiii^' thech(>ap 
 miinufailiire of owjjen for its application to the 
 pniilui'tion nf perfect eoinhust ion in lamps, stovi>s, 
 funiaic.*, i;c. It is now largely )uiiduced with 
 iiliiiMt 1; per cent, of inert nitrogen hy tlie Ilrin 
 nu'thml fi-oiu aliieisphcric air (iSo^). Oxygen was 
 lii|iiotir(i bv Kaoiil Pictet at Geneva ; (liressurc, 
 pn atiiiiwpbcrcs. temp. 140 below zero Cent.) 22 
 bfo. 1877. Sec Ihinie. 
 
 Priifessnr Ilcwar olitaiucil > , utile eotitinietres (.'.; of a 
 lliiiiliiz.)iifliipiiil oxygen liy means of liipiid ethylene 
 (the illainiiiatin!; jiart "f coal gas), temp. 140' li|.!ow 
 zi'rii O'lit. (liy Wriililcwki and (ilzewski's iiietliiul) 
 at tlir lii.yal liisliliilinn. l.iiiiilnii, in the incsciice of 
 till" priiici' aiiit princess of Wales, 26 June, 1884. lie 
 fsliiliili'il fur the lirst time some solid oxyt'eii in the 
 fonn (if snow (temperature -_.oo cent.— 400 fahr.) pro- 
 (lik'eil by placing liipiiil oxvgen in a partial \acuuia at 
 tlieRi).v'al Institution 27 May, 1886. 
 Professor Dcwar exhibited between 300 to 400 eenti- 
 timctrM liqiiiil oxygen at the Farnday Centenary, 
 2*^ Jinie. i8ai. The feeble magnetism of ox.vgen, 
 lidniinstral'.ij by Fara'Iay, was shown by Professor 
 Dewar to U- Lo'eatly increft-neil wlien rniliiccii to the 
 
 .\ii act for iirour.tiiiL' the iiiltivatinii of oysters In 
 the Unlteil Kin;;ili.m. passcl \„,, ,jgg 
 
 One for tin. i.reseivatlini of i.vstcr llsln.rlcs 5 M,.|v 1867 
 
 l'cii;iin i.sliietlnpis of (lie UvsliT Fisheries act' 
 iSi^j. rcinnvi'il liy the Fishi'iies ait 1868 
 
 Till' tlshcrii's (nystcr. . r.ili, aii.l Inlistcr) ail Inil.i.ls 
 the saleof ■l..c|i-si.,invst..is L.twiii 1 =;.Iuiii.,in,l , 
 .Kii^'ust : ami the sale nf ntlmrs, li,.|wceii 14 Miv 
 and 4 .\n_'iist ; pass,.,! . u, Aw' 1877 
 
 Prolessor Huxley at the linv.il Iiistitiitinn assorts 
 the uselessncss of rcstrictimisaml 11 elnsc time for 
 oysters, .md the |. resent unccitainty of culture 
 
 ,,.„.,,,. , II M iv, 1881 
 
 .\rtincial li-cpilini; jrreatlv proninteil by ]iri. lessor 
 lirooks of Daltiiiiore. (who iliscnvered non lii.r- 
 niaphinilite) lieutenant Wiiislnw. I'.S.. ami M. 
 Hnm.lcu-nranil.lv. anm.iinccl . ' .lime,' 1884 
 
 A'.f for the eultivatinii nf nvstcrs in Irel.iml |,-|ss..,i 
 Oysters, about iSto the cnnminiii.st nf fn.i.l „'ii ..nw ii'e- 
 eomingaeareeran.l scarcer, althniiKhthi.ii rcpin.lnction 
 is about a millinii-fnlil. .\ ininmiitce ivcniinaend 
 a r'.osetimo for dredt'ini.'. viz. i Miv In i H,.i,t ib.pp. 
 sea flshinj; to lie restricti'il. as at pivsiut. fmni i -, .Iiiiie 
 to 15 Aug, ; no oyster to I.,. soM uuiler 2^ inches in ilia- 
 meter. The Whitstable beds in 1875 are said to have 
 prndneed ahout 7.:„5f.,.,.>-, ,^,ysters : value about 
 55,i.(of. 
 
 Iiqaiil stale liy a temperalure of 180 tielow zero centi 
 
 ?ra<le ; aniiounced 10 Pee 1891. Some Hi|uiil oxygen Ameri'can and PortugUMe oysters are lunv lar.'clv im 
 
 pUcdliii the ma;,'netic held, sprang to the poles and I ported o . ■.n^nj' mi 
 
 adhere.1 to them till evap.irated ; this was publicly | Oysters ' suecess^llly cultivated at ArcRehon lu-ii 
 
 exhibited by the professor at the Koyal Institution, . Donleaux, 1889. .iii-Ki-uon, mai 
 
 n 1 2 
 
 1 
 
 a^rll 
 
 :ir ■; 
 
 
 
 'U 
 
 ■r!? 
 
 ^j 
 
 
 I|j4p'^' , 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■1' 
 
 ■ ! 
 
 > ; j:gin 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
S» ' 
 
 r 
 
 Li It k 
 
 OZoKEKIT. 
 
 804 
 
 OZONK. 
 
 OZOKKHIT. ii iimiiiiil liydid-iuilK.n luuiid in i 
 Sli)Ulii\iii .iiiil \\'all(i(ln]i. Fiuiii it ia iJi»til|cd n 
 •ubstiinir fiiilalilr lur iiiukini; tamllc«, iiitrnducod 
 ill tbii iiiitiiiiin of I1S71. 
 
 OZONK (tVoni till' (Jicck ozrin, to vicld im ' 
 odour), wmh ilib.iiv.r.-il h\ Si hulilK'in, of Itiim'l, in 
 IK40, when oxpi T .Miliiii; with tile then nuwly- 
 invi'ntiil hiillrrv -ir Win. Grove, iind wiin ruiotf- 
 niMud by hiiM 8iiiio8«in'ly h u niiimtc constitui'Mt • 
 of the o.xyifiii gnx rcHiiltlng from the rioi trolynis of ] 
 Water t'Ik'uled liy a uirrent of liigh trii.tioli ;" of air ' 
 or oxytfi'ii thiiiiiKli vliich chitrii- discliarffi's have 
 tiikvn phiiu, ami 01 air in whiiii luoint phoHpliorui { 
 haM bi'CM mulcijjoing slow oxidation. ^ 
 
 MarJHiiae ili'tiiinlnrd tlie iiiliun of „/.ui„- oji varliaw 
 HUliMtaiK I'M to lie dui' to their oxidatioi. . . 1843 
 
 OionoiiictiTs eoii»trii(li(l iSjS 
 
 M. .**(liiiiil.riii ariiioani'cd lili dlseoverv of imotlier 
 ino<hll<'Mn :, ofoxyKeii, wliirh \ii-ti-vtw4i(iiln:,inr, 
 hltlierto toiiiid only in llii' cunipoatid stale (in 
 JiToxiiles oI'Mo.liiiiM, |i. tii.ssoiiii. ie.) . . i8jg 
 
 Tlie Kreiich ,\eadeniy of Meliiicc, iim.oIiiI..,i 
 
 '"lit f e.alaeni i,|,llo»„| r» t,,' , n. '■""" 
 
 tli,.naliire„ndn'hilioM«orl,z ""I'l'i" ^w., 
 
 Andrews aMdTaltdeijionHtiutfdnz,,,,,, ,„ u, .' "' ' 
 ilenH,droM,i„f„xyK,.n . , '"'""'■» -11. 
 
 This further estalillshed liv Moret nn<l llr, ■ 1 
 ilMunlltative reiietions. (Oillinir miL,!..-!' ',' ' ''' 
 
 ltro,lie |,rove,l 0/ to l,e J ,.a ^ „f"* ," ', ' ■""1 
 
 pressed Inl.. the spaeeuf 3) ' , ' "''»'"' ^'''l"- 
 
 Ozone, Ken.'i-ated liy a enrreut iToMiieml |„ n.',, , , ' 
 
 inaKncto-eleetrie n.iiehlne, ,. |,,,.,,t ;,.'''',■ 
 
 siiHar, liy Kdwurd lleiine's pateiil , . "7"'i 
 
 Liiinelled liy Hautefeliille mid t'hii|n,iii, _ ' ""' 
 
 Dther li|-o|iertieH siliee dlscovelnl 
 
 Tlie inlmlutlon of ozone reeonininnded „, .. !,,„ ', ' 
 for iilithiKiH ; the lustitutlon at X hZI ''"'■■ 
 lledllermnean open, ,1 f„r thu p',,;:;,,';.'';'"!;:',,;!';; 
 
 M. Kmile Andreoli's syste,,, f,,,. (,„. „,„„„ "' 
 
 Iirodiietloh of ozonii iiimi ieiillv eioii,, 1 ' 
 
 Messrs. Allen A II mi, in ij'Xn ', ' 7,,i:' 
 
 
ii 
 
 •ciiniii..|i,|,,ii,siir..|i„.|. 
 "11 »t St. Hi.pl,,,,! „|, „■;, 
 • tli"|'»i|"».-; rti«,n«| 
 
 PACIFICATION. 
 
 HOfl 
 
 II 
 
 PAINTINO. 
 
 P. 
 
 PACIFICATTOX, EniCTS of, tlio immc 
 iiiunlly ({''■''" '" ''"' I'll'i^^tH of toU'rati<in (traiiUMl by 
 the Frcn.li king? to the proti •ttaiitii; nee Ghciil. 
 
 Kir'l ftllit. I'.V I'liiiili'H IX., iicniiittliiu tlic rxiTiilno 
 „f till' ivfuniuil ri'ligiiiii Ill-Ill' 111! tiiu ritieii unci 
 towiiH 111 Ihf iviiliii .... Jim. ijoj 
 
 rill- ri'fiiri 1 wi>i»lii|i pcniiltti'il In tlin Iiciiimch of 
 
 liiriUJiHlii'liirii'!*, iiiHli'i'itiiiii(ptlii-i|iiTH(iiin, MimOi, 15^,3 
 
 IliMf I'llii'l" ri'vuki'il, Mini III! I'mtiHtaiit iiiliiintui'S 
 iirdeml til unit Kniiii'iMn lll'ti'cii <layn . . . 1508 
 
 EJicI, iill(iwiiigl"ril,i mill "thi'iH to liavc ncrvire In 
 tbi'irliiiimrH, iiiiil yriiiitiiig piililic mivli'i' lu cur- 
 lalii tipiviiM 1570 
 
 (III Auj,'. 157J, the HiiiiM' niniiiiri'li uiitlidrliicil the 
 iiianmirii' "f Nt. Hai-tliololiifW (ni'f llnrHiiiliimew). | 
 
 Eilii'l "f I'lii'illi'iitlon liy llciny III., April; rc- 
 viiki-il, llci'. 1,^76: ri'licwcil fur hIx yi'iim Ort. 1 = 7, 
 
 (Si'VL'ral i'illit.1 wi'ri' pulillMlii'cl iiKuiiist the prutcH- 
 taiiln iiftrr tlif .fix yi'HiH fX|iiiv(i.J 
 
 DiUcliifHi'iiry IV., ii'iiinvliiK that of Oct 1577 . 1501 
 
 f:,lii'tnfNiiiili's|ic/u.'ii,,), by Hi'iii-y IV., 13 April, 1598 
 
 Fai'illi'atlcPinirNiiiiii'.s(«'/m7t.i(r). 14 'Inly, 1629 
 
 PACIFIC ISLANDERS. See Kid„apm,w 
 
 Ad». 
 
 PACIFIC OCEAN, the UxrgvH „f the live 
 iia'insof the trliilii'. It win first dimovered in r^i^ 
 by Viiaro Nftmz ilc lialhoii, and reieivcd ita iiiirne 
 fi'.mi MiiL'elliiii in ISZI. Sir Franris Drake was the 
 lir»t Eiigli»liiimii wfio sailed up'jn it in 1577. See 
 Uagdlan; Steam, 1X51; Wrecks, 18156; Kidnap- 
 piii'i/ AclH ; I'liiHimii. 
 
 PACIFIC RAILWAY, Nortli Anieriea, from 
 Oiiiiilia lily, Missouri, to Saeniniento, C'ltlil'ornia 
 i;i.)omilc9,'oi)eiied 12 May, Mm), lly a i-olli«ion 
 mar San Friuiiisro, about l^ persons were killed, 
 14 Niiv. |8()(». I'or new I'aeitie railway nee Cniini/a, 
 iS!m, it neq. lly means of this railway, the China 
 iiuil Jiipiin iniiils were iioiive\ ed from Vokohania to 
 Loiidim in 25 days ; reeeivcd 15 May, 1891. 
 
 PADLOCKS are said to have been invented 
 by lli'iiher ut Xiiremberg, 1540, but are mentioned 
 Mill, li earlier. 
 
 PADFA. the Uoman Patavium, in Veuetia, N. 
 
 Italy, .Slid to have lieen founded by Antenor, soon 
 allfr the full cd' Tmy. It ttourislied under tin,' 
 
 Hi ins. r.itaviun Latin waa oonsidered very 
 
 <iirni|it, and is traced in Livy, a native of raduii. 
 Alter liiiiifT all independent repuhlio, and a member 
 of the Lomliiird lca(;iie, Padua was ruled by the 
 Carr.ira family from 1318 with a short interriljition 
 till 14OV when it was seized by tile Venetians. 
 The inuver.'-ily Has founded about 1220. It was 
 oldscil throufrli disturbances, i848-!;o. 
 
 PAGANS, the lieiithen, worshijipers of idols, 
 notasdccinj; in any set form or points of belief. Sec 
 HuU. Constiiiitine's neiihew„Iiiliun,iitteiiipte(l their 
 rest'Tiition, .^/l ; but PiiKanisni was renouiieed by 
 the liomim senate in 588, and finally overthrown 
 in the reii;n of Theodosius the younger, about 591. 
 
 PAHANG, see Strait>i Settlements. 
 
 .^•"^^.^^ARIRE, a name grivcn to the UoKmus i 
 ot the Him-lian sect ; see Xew /eolaiid, i86s. '\ 
 
 PAINS AXi) I'ENALTIES, eeriain bills ' 
 fiis^cl l,y the legislature to punish state otfenders • 
 «ce UitiiH Vuroliiif. 
 
 I'AI\TIX<}. This art wiw prnctiied in Kifvpt 
 Miul Ureece m very curly time*; see imder Aiti. 
 
 painter, lived alioiit „ ,. 
 
 Apelles"^ '•"'■"-■''■""Ud P,irrlwisl„s„fKp|ies„.s, about 4« 
 
 l^.,islas,,fsic,y,,M»,islliehiveiit„r,;fthe;nca!'X "' 
 , i\.,'',!^"""' "f l">i"iliC 'bi „iis into w 1 „; 
 
 ^' ln^eni;:r' 'fi I '■'*^' ;'■""• "• "■ ';' f "-'■ '-'n'lli^'''" 
 
 Oil itus hil.lii.s ityl,.,| /■/, f,„, 1;,.,. ■ 
 
 u/ei t7,',I'l'''V,"''' ['"""'f'-"'""-' byMiiiiiinlus '^6 
 
 ,:',}}" '"' '" -^IW'- tns. not 11 ... iinle painter of 
 
 last '">"■''■'"'"'"'■ ' • '"l'l"'«' ■ 10 have liceii tli^ 
 
 '""R',',',ii!M,"li;"'";?'r'-, *"•'"*'■ '""'."kno'wnat '■' 
 
 Home In ««. Hcdo, the Saxoii historian, k.i.<v 
 soniethiiiK'ofthcait. .lid 
 (Jiovannl (;i,iial,iie, .,f Kb. icnce, revived liie art ; he "' 
 
 •lohn Van llvc'k, of'ltniKcs.aiid hi'sl,iother. HiiI.ert" '^°° 
 
 of',:dSin;.'ln :,!,'"■ ^""■""-"f"""^' ^"-'-i 
 
 Tccello m-st stll.|ie.| persi tiveiilicl ' ' ]*'l 
 
 "to'hls e"irt""'""''*"' """"■'"• "•"' '"Vit.'d Titian 
 In Aii'k" 'is'^'o, the sal,. ,.f Im-.l .V.irthwick'- vu'llZ, "'^ 
 yccupieil einliteeii .lays. || pr.i.lii.cil .,-.7,5/. A 
 
 dnc,,l.r'«K.'/ ■'■"""' '"''' '" ■^'"■''' '^^'i' '"'"■ 
 .Mr. Will N.iy Wilkins Invented a process of using 
 
 oil with luinenileoI.iMrs for fies..,',es In ,85, ; pub- 
 
 llslic.lhis"lliiral.ilitvih .\it" 5J • 1 "" 
 
 (lainshoroiiKlrs pictiiie „f (l,..,i.i;,„,,, a„ei,es8 of 
 
 I .'..nshiiv, lu.MKht l.y Messrs. .Vf-new f„r ,o,,oo/., 
 
 st..len lr..i,i their house In I).,i„l.st. .4-,, Miiv, .876 
 liaroii Allieit Uranfs clle.tion said to h,ne sold 
 
 lor 100,362/. .0 ., ,.., „ 
 
 Mr Mnnro's X„va i tin,,, soM foi'^r,4 i ' '*" 
 
 .•lose ol sale . -, i,„, , o o 
 
 '■''"■''!,«""'' '"'I'"""" (-^i'' I'- W.' Miles) sf.i'il |'!r' '"'* 
 
 Tln.n;ileeti.,,isofj;,bnOmI,ain.,fAvrsi,ire'n,;e|eni''''^ 
 
 masters s.,hl f„r f..j,,6S/. ,2 April. 1886; lern 
 
 iiiast.rs, 62,297/. . . ,„ Amii ,00. 
 
 Mr. Holckow;s"o.,lleotl..„ .,f „l,„m 70 n.o.'l,' n "^' 
 pictiiivH.s,.l,l f„r7,,,7E'. . .^1 „„„ 
 
 Mr. Wells' (.,r Hclleid^ c..llHeti.,i, of 104 plet',;.; '^^^ 
 
 solil t.ir 77,..T.n/. . , ,„ M,.,. o 
 
 .•oiistabh^H.. White ii..ise",;„i,i ,;,, e:.^'°^!:i;, '^90 
 
 to Mr. Awn.'w . . .S .,,-,, ~ 
 
 • ialiishuroiiKl, - ■■ Market (an s/.l.l f,,; 4,^.^,^ ^^* 
 
 Turner's " Anei-Mit Italy" l,.,nnl,t r.,r th,. Lnm'rV " 
 prie.. 800C,/ . |||||„' 
 
 Portniitof la.ly Uetty Delinean.l liercliiMren by " 
 .sir .l.,.sbim Heyn.jlds, S...M t.. Mr. C. Wertbelnier 
 'orii,.«x./ 7 . July 
 
 (.'oUeetion of the late Mr. ,rniiies Price, of Har- " 
 con, he, S. l)..voii, s.,1,1 tor 37.M.;'. ■■!■-., .=; June, 1895 
 >Sce un.l.M- /;/. iih.hii ;ii»| //..,/(;//„„ I\ihtir. 
 
 rictiire by l!.iniii..y .'f tw.i hi.ii.'s as .Music and 
 I'auitiii).', bini-ht by .Mr. C. Weitli.Miner lor 
 io.5<x>piin..iis ,, .|„|„. ,g . 
 
 IhH sale ot sir .liilian (J.il.lsmi.l's pictures bv Rey. ^ 
 nobis. Tiiriier..-u-,.l..tlcisieaiise,! 67,-;42/. i'-,.Iinie 
 
 Sale of sir J. Millais' pictures, one bv Holbein' " 
 renliseil .,,rw-j. Koiiieas . . . '. , May] ,897 
 
 Nile of sir .I..I111 l'..|i,lei's pictures bv Turner, 
 Wilkie, Millais aicl ,itlie,s, rfali.s,',r75,9i7/. 
 
 A .■ 1, .■ 50 May, ,, 
 
 A line coll. 'ill. II III paintings by MilUiis, lonl 
 
 » ''|U 
 
 1 
 
 
 H 
 
 >i 
 
 
 
 
 ■1i4 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 I 'I 
 
 -k:.m^> 
 
 'M 
 
 -■,/ 
 
 s.i 
 
 fii • ' b| 
 
 

 PAINTIXU. 
 
 8:)() 
 
 PAINTEKS. 
 
 
 l.iM^liti \lliia-T.uii'lii;i, 
 
 I{l\i(lt' all' 
 
 1 otiiers 
 
 
 ili'stniyiii :it till' liii' at 
 
 lx\ii>haiii lial 
 
 .oxford 
 
 
 sliiri' . , . . 
 
 
 10 Jan 
 
 1898 
 
 Tlu' Hii»l-'ii cnlli'dion >..1.1 
 
 or 44.995/. 
 
 23 May 
 
 ,, 
 
 Two portiaiti li\ ILojiiiey 
 
 realised 5.200 gs. am 
 
 
 3,000 gs. 
 
 
 25 .nine 
 
 »» 
 
 KM 1 SENT 
 
 P.\IMEUs. ] 
 
 j'o/'l( Ut' 
 
 
 
 fifllDul. Fl 
 
 lUri^ltf'L 
 
 Died. 
 
 tiuiilo ilii Siiiia . 
 
 
 1220 
 
 
 Murgliitciiii' il'.Vri'ZZii 
 
 . Florentine 
 
 1212 
 
 12S9 
 
 CimaliUf .... 
 
 . Ditto 
 
 1240 
 
 1300 
 
 eiotto .... 
 
 . liitto . 
 
 1276 
 
 i33f' 
 
 Sinionc Marlliin (Mciiiiiii) 
 
 . Italian . 
 
 ■ '2i:, 
 
 '344 
 
 Aiiiliva (HTM^iiia 
 
 . Uiltu . 
 
 'i-'9 
 
 13S9 
 
 HiilM'it \:m !• y<l; . 
 
 . Klelliisli 
 
 ij66 
 
 142b 
 
 J. Van K.vrk 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 . 1266 
 
 1441 
 
 Ki'H An^t'lirdda FiesitU'. 
 
 . Italian . 
 
 ■ "jS? 
 
 '455 
 
 I'Vlil'l"' ••M'l'i • 
 
 . IJitt.i . 
 
 . 1412 
 
 146; 
 
 Udiiicuiid (Ihirlaiiila.iii , 
 
 . Ditto 
 
 1449 
 
 1498 
 
 AiKli'ea .Mant<'j,'ija 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 I4JI 
 
 .506 
 
 Giorgimii' 
 
 . Venetian 
 
 '477 
 
 '5" 
 
 Saiiilni lii.ttiri'lli 
 
 . Italian . 
 
 1437 
 
 i;'5 
 
 liiiivaniii Briiini 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 1426 
 
 1510 
 
 Li'iiiianlii da Vimi 
 
 . Fl.'reiitine 
 
 1452 
 
 1520 
 
 Uaiiliat'l <I'L rhiiiM . 
 
 . lioiii.in 
 
 148J 
 
 1520 
 
 I'it'tio I'anln rrHl;;ilH,i 
 
 . Italian . 
 
 1440 
 
 1524 
 
 Allicrt Uiir. !■ . 
 
 . tiernian 
 
 1470 
 
 I =-8 
 
 yiU'iitiii Mat.^ys 
 
 . Kletlli.^ll 
 
 1460 
 
 1529 
 
 Ari'lic \iiiiiiu(lii (del f^art" 
 
 . l-'l.iiviiiine. 
 
 14S3 
 
 1530 
 
 lJ(im'Kf,'i" .... 
 
 . l.oniliartliaf 
 
 1494 
 
 '534 
 
 Parnii'Kiaiin 
 
 . Ditto 
 
 l5o.i 
 
 1540 
 
 Hansllidlii'iii . 
 
 . (leinian 
 
 ■493 
 
 ■543 
 
 Gjulio Itoiiiano 
 
 . lionian 
 
 1492 
 
 '546 
 
 Si'ba.stiaii di'l I'ioinlio 
 
 . \'eneti;in 
 
 1485 
 
 1547 
 
 I/Cica.s (.'laiiacli 
 
 . Geniian 
 
 1472 
 
 1553 
 
 (jiovaiiiii U.i//i . 
 
 . >iiiMinese 
 
 '47.< 
 
 '554 
 
 Mii-liarl .\iit;flu Uuuiiarutti 
 
 . l-'loivntine 
 
 1474 
 
 1564 
 
 Titian .... 
 
 . Venetian 
 
 '477 
 
 1576 
 
 Paul Vcroticso 
 
 . Ditto 
 
 1532 
 
 1588 
 
 Tintorc'ttci .... 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 1512 
 
 1594 
 
 Aimili.'il farai'oi 
 
 . l.oni)),'iidiai 
 
 1508 
 
 1609 
 
 BlvUKlud .... 
 
 . Klelilish 
 
 '565 
 
 1625 
 
 P. V. Hiil.i'iis . 
 
 , Ditto . 
 
 1577 
 
 1640 
 
 T)iiiiicni(liiiiu . 
 
 . HoL.piese 
 
 1581 
 
 1641 
 
 Vaiid.vck 
 
 . Flellll-.ll . 
 
 1599 
 
 164. 
 
 Guidii .... 
 
 . I.on, Cardial 
 
 '575 
 
 1642 
 
 Will. Dnlison . 
 
 . Eii-lish 
 
 1610 
 
 1646 
 
 Biitli 
 
 . Dlltell . 
 
 1600 
 
 1650 
 
 P. Potter 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 1625 
 
 1654 
 
 Le fifur .... 
 
 . Frelieli . 
 
 1617 
 
 1655 
 
 him^jiiolettci . 
 
 . ^paliisli 
 
 1589 
 
 1656 
 
 Sn\dcr.s .... 
 
 . Flemish 
 
 •579 
 
 1657 
 
 \Vlasi|ii(/, 
 
 . S|i.'inisli 
 
 1599 
 
 1660 
 
 Zurl>ai'aii .... 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 1598 
 
 1662 
 
 r.'. I'dii.ssiii 
 
 . Flencll 
 
 '594 
 
 1665 
 
 Oui-nino .... 
 
 . liolojjnese 
 
 159" 
 
 1666 
 
 Uuldiiiiia 
 
 . Flellllsll 
 
 1611 
 
 1670 
 
 A. t'liyp .... 
 
 . Dlltell . 
 
 1606 
 
 1672 
 
 Sairimd (.'iini.i-r 
 
 . English 
 
 l6og 
 
 1672 
 
 A. \aiid(r Vi'ldc 
 
 . Dnteli . 
 
 1638 
 
 1672 
 
 Sulvato:- Hiis.i 
 
 . Neai.olit.m 
 
 1615 
 
 1673 
 
 Rfiiiliiaiidt 
 
 . Dlltell . 
 
 ifxjf) 
 
 ■f'74 
 
 Ocrard liuuw . 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 i6m 
 
 1O80 
 
 Sir I'rtiM- Lcly . 
 
 . German 
 
 ifti7 
 
 1680 
 
 Mii'ri.s .... 
 
 . Dlltell. 
 
 163s 
 
 ifiSi 
 
 HuyNda<l .... 
 
 . Ditto 
 
 16 jb 
 
 ifi8i 
 
 C'laudo l.iiiraiin' 
 
 . Fiemli 
 
 1600 
 
 1682 
 
 OHtJidi- .... 
 
 . Dlltell . 
 
 1610 
 
 1685 
 
 Miirill.. .... 
 
 . Si'anisli 
 
 1618 
 
 1685 
 
 BergliriN .... 
 
 . Dlltell 
 
 1O24 
 
 1685 
 
 Ciirlii llidii 
 
 . Flolelltille 
 
 i6ifi 
 
 lf.86 
 
 Wi.uviTniaii.s 
 
 Dlltell . 
 
 1620 
 
 1688 
 
 Le Uniii . 
 
 . Frellell . 
 
 lfi.9 
 
 1690 
 
 Teiiicis, jiinr. 
 
 . Flellllsll 
 
 1610 
 
 1694 
 
 W. Vui.d.r V, Idc . 
 
 . Dlltell . 
 
 '(•a 
 
 1707 
 
 Wattcaii .... 
 
 . Freii. 1, 
 
 1684 
 
 1721 
 
 Sir Godfriv Kiulkr 
 
 Gel man 
 
 1648 
 
 1723 
 
 SirJ. TiMirnliill 
 
 EiiKlisli . 
 
 1676 
 
 '73^ 
 
 lliiysiiiii 
 
 Dlltell . 
 
 1682 
 
 '749 
 
 Hiigartli .... 
 
 . English 
 
 1697 
 
 1764 
 
 (Jaiinli'tti 
 
 . Vl'Iletiall 
 
 1697 
 
 1708 
 
 J. MdrtiiiiiT 
 
 . Enj!lisli 
 
 '739 
 
 1779 
 
 it. Wilsc.H 
 
 . Ditto 
 
 1714 
 
 , -02 
 
 OainslHii'nii^li 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 1727 
 
 788 
 
 C. J. Vtriict . 
 
 . Fi.nel; . 
 
 '7H 
 
 1789 
 
 Sir J. Kcynidds . 
 
 . K .lish 
 
 '723 
 
 1792 
 
 Hnimify .... 
 
 . D'tto 
 
 '7H 
 
 1802 
 
 Hiiirgu Murlaml 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 i-f'3 
 
 1804 
 
 Iliim ■ 
 
 Barrv 
 
 (ieorge Stnlilw . 
 
 Dpie 
 
 PanlSandliy . 
 
 Honrgeois . 
 
 Col'lev . 
 
 West . 
 
 11. Haelinrn . 
 
 Fllseli 
 
 David 
 
 I.awi'enee . 
 
 Xortheote 
 
 Tlios. Stotliard . 
 
 A. C. U. Vernet 
 , lieeeliev 
 
 Will, ll'ilton . 
 
 Wilkie 
 
 Uavdon . 
 
 I'ollins 
 i Ktty 
 I Turner 
 1 .Martin . 
 i C. H. Leslie 
 ; Aug, Kgg . . 
 I Win. .Mnlieadv . 
 ' J. F. H. Vernet . 
 
 F. V. !■:. De la Cr 'ix 
 ! Wm. Hunt . 
 
 I). Uoliert.s 
 ; W. F. Witlierington 
 
 Clarkson Stanlleld 
 
 P. Vuii Coriieliua . 
 
 J. D. A. Ingren . 
 
 Tlios. Creswiek 
 
 F. Overlieek 
 
 D. Maelise . 
 Sir George llayter 
 Sir K. l.aiulsei-r 
 W. Kaulliaeli . 
 Jean H. C. Corot . 
 P. F. Poole 
 
 E. Jl. Ward . 
 E W. Cuoke 
 Gii.stave Dorp . 
 Jolmniies Makart 
 Thos. Wehster 
 liielid. liedgrave 
 Frank Holl . 
 Artlinr Stoeks . 
 Joliii K. Uerlierl . 
 J. C. Horsley . 
 C. W. fope . 
 J. I.. E. .Meissoiiier 
 Edwin Long . 
 W. P. Fiilli 
 Fredk. Good.iU 
 Sir Will. F. Douglas 
 John Faed 
 Thomas Faed 
 Will. Holmaii limit 
 Ford Ml ■ IX Uiown 
 Sir Edw. itnriie-Juncs 
 John llayter 
 .loliii Evans Hodg.son 
 Hi V Moore 
 II. s"Marks . 
 Sir J. E. Jlilhiis. 
 Sir F. I.eightoii (lord 1896) 
 (i. Vieat Cole . 
 
 G. D. Leslie . 
 L. Alnia-Tadeiiia 
 Peti'r Grnliam 
 Thos. S. Cooper. 
 Edw. ArmitJige 
 Sir J. Gilbert . 
 J. C. Hook . 
 r . Sant 
 
 George Fred. Watts 
 ('arl Haag . 
 Phil. Calderon 
 J. A. M. Whistler 
 W. (). Oreliardson . 
 K. J. Poyntor . 
 \!'ir('ns .Stone . 
 
 ILiloii Hiviere . 
 Jas. D. Linton 
 
 SM. FlofrUM. /i;,,/ 
 I I" ■ ■ '74' 18c* 
 
 Ditto 
 Ditto . 
 Ditto 
 Ditto . 
 Ditto 
 Ditto . 
 Ditto 
 Ditto , 
 Fieiii h 
 English 
 Ditl'i 
 Ditto . 
 Freiieli 
 English 
 Ditto 
 Ditto . 
 Ditto 
 Ditto . 
 Ditto 
 Ditto . 
 Ditto 
 Ditto . 
 Ditto . 
 Ditto 
 
 Frellell 
 
 Ditto 
 English 
 Ditto 
 Ditto . 
 Ditto 
 Geniiiin 
 Freiieh 
 English 
 Geriiiaii 
 Engli.sh 
 Dilt.i 
 Ditto . 
 Geniian 
 Fieiii'h 
 English 
 Ditto . 
 , Ditto 
 
 , Flelleh 
 . Gellllllll 
 
 . English 
 
 . Ditto. 
 
 . Ditto. 
 
 , Ditto 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 Ditto 
 
 . Fieneli 
 
 . English 
 
 , Ditto . 
 
 , Ditto . 
 
 . Seoltish 
 
 , Ditto 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 . English 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 . Ditto 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 . Ditto 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 Ditto . 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 . Ditto , 
 
 . Ditto . 
 
 . Dlltell 
 
 . .Seottish 
 , English 
 
 Ditto . 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto . 
 
 Ditto , 
 
 Gen.iaii . 
 
 Spanish 
 
 Kngiish . 
 
 Ditto . 
 
 Ditto . 
 
 Ditto . 
 
 Ditto . 
 
 Ditto . 
 
 1724 
 1761 
 1725 
 i;=6 
 ■738 
 '738 
 1786 
 
 ':4i 
 1748 
 1769 
 1746 
 
 '755 
 n-S 
 '75j 
 1786 
 .785 
 1786 
 17S8 
 '78; 
 '775 
 1789 
 '-94 
 1816 
 1786 
 
 '798 
 1790 
 1796 
 1786 
 1798 
 17S7 
 1781 
 1811 
 1789 
 1811 
 1792 
 
 l802 
 
 1805 
 
 1796 
 i3o6 
 i8i6 
 iSio 
 1832 
 1840 
 1800 
 1804 
 1IJ46 
 1846 
 i3io 
 1817 
 l8n 
 1815 
 
 ■839 
 1819 
 1822 
 1829 
 1820 
 1826 
 1827 
 1821 
 
 ■833 
 1800 
 1831 
 1831 
 1829 
 18:9 
 1830 
 1833 
 1835 
 1836 
 1836 
 1803 
 1817 
 1817 
 1819 
 
 l320 
 
 i3i7 
 182-1 
 .833 
 C^; 
 i^K 
 1836 
 1840 
 
 .34.. 
 184a 
 
 i3o6 
 1807 
 1809 
 iSii 
 181; 
 lS» 
 i8,j 
 
 '"5 
 i«25 
 l?3j 
 1831 
 1834 
 1136 
 1S39 
 183J 
 i8<i 
 i8«6 
 18,7 
 
 i3ji 
 .8:4 
 i8,j 
 1863 
 iMj 
 1863 
 1863 
 1864 
 1864 
 186; 
 115- 
 iS«7 
 l:t7 
 :k-) 
 
 ■M; 
 
 tS;o 
 
 lS:i 
 
 ■'';} 
 
 ':;« 
 '8;; 
 
 1-4 
 
 ilh 
 ll:5 
 IJJ3 
 18:9 
 tS}) 
 ,V 
 
 Klfi 
 
 l:-ii 
 1391 
 
 iij> 
 
 1595 
 
 lS9j 
 
 •l.i*.Ai:.; 
 
PAISLEY. 
 
 807 
 
 PALER.AIU. 
 
 Ihro or 
 
 
 I. F{< 
 
 I'rUmI 
 
 IHvl. 
 
 
 ■ '741 
 
 i8i6 
 
 
 ■ '724 
 
 ii,6 
 
 
 '76l 
 
 IJO, 
 
 
 1725 
 
 180J 
 
 
 ■ 17-ti 
 
 1811 
 
 
 ■ '738 
 
 181: 
 
 
 ■ '73S 
 
 ih'a 
 
 
 ■ 1786 
 
 'S.J 
 
 h 
 
 1741 
 
 U25 
 
 1, 
 
 • '74S 
 
 1(25 
 
 'II 
 
 ■ '7'J<) 
 
 183^ 
 
 
 ■ '746 
 
 1B31 
 
 ]j 
 
 ■ '755 
 
 1S34 
 
 s)i 
 
 ■ i:''.s 
 
 iJi6 
 
 
 ■ 175 J 
 
 1S39 
 
 
 ■ 1786 
 
 4 
 
 ■'41 
 
 
 ■ '785 
 
 
 1 781/ 
 
 1S46 
 
 
 • 17S8 
 
 1S47 
 
 
 1787 
 
 ■ 84, 
 
 
 1775 
 
 iSji 
 
 
 ■ 1789 
 
 i8;4 
 
 
 '-94 
 
 4 
 
 
 1S16 
 
 issj 
 
 1, 
 
 l-£6 
 
 iMs 
 
 11 
 
 l7Sg 
 
 1863 
 
 >ii ' 
 
 '7-)8 
 
 1863 
 18S4 
 
 
 I7'j6 
 
 1564 
 
 
 1760 
 
 liSj 
 
 
 i?g8 
 
 160' 
 
 lit 
 
 1787 
 
 lEt7 
 
 1 . 
 
 17S1 
 
 I'f? 
 
 ii 
 
 1811 
 
 lifo 
 
 III . 
 
 1789 
 
 ai, 
 
 ii 
 
 iSu 
 
 i;;3 
 
 
 I7y2 
 
 li'i 
 
 
 l802 
 
 'w3 
 
 111 
 
 . 1805 
 
 ''74 
 
 h 
 
 1796 
 
 ':•; 
 
 h ' 
 
 i3o6 
 i8i6 
 iSio 
 1832 
 
 '-;') 
 
 nil 
 
 nil 
 
 . 1840 
 1800 
 1304 
 
 . 1846 
 1846 
 
 i;:j 
 
 i-;a 
 
 
 i3io 
 
 l:vJ 
 
 
 1817 
 
 ''/' 
 
 
 1811 
 
 UyJ 
 
 ll '. 
 
 .815 
 
 1:,; 
 
 >ll 
 
 .3,5J 
 
 i8i'^ 
 1822 
 
 i;^i 
 
 l»li 
 sll 
 
 .329 
 1820 
 1826 
 1827 
 
 i;;i 
 
 
 1821 
 
 I59J 
 
 
 i83j 
 
 ijji 
 
 
 . I6lA) 
 
 1:9; 
 
 
 .3ji 
 
 1:1^5 
 
 
 1831 
 
 ''« 
 
 
 1829 
 
 l:,l 
 
 
 18:9 
 
 T!9(. 
 
 
 i8p 
 
 1I96 
 
 . 
 
 .833 
 
 ■8,; 
 
 
 '835 
 
 
 1 
 
 1836 
 
 
 >ll 
 
 1836 
 
 
 sh . 
 
 1803 
 
 
 
 18.7 
 
 lSs6 
 
 
 1817 
 
 iBv; 
 
 
 1819 
 
 
 
 132,, 
 
 
 
 1817 
 
 
 Ill . 
 
 1820 
 
 
 h . 
 
 1833 
 i3j5 
 1835 
 1836 
 1840 
 .840 
 184a 
 
 
 Eliz. Tlionipson, since laily 
 
 liutliT 
 
 SirJoliii Tcttii' 
 
 Joliii.MaiWIiirtiT . . . 
 Waiter W. I iiili'ss . 
 HuDcit llirkiijiii'i- . . . 
 George Hii-liinuinl 
 FrnliTii'k Uiiniiinl . . . 
 ChurlM I'liiviiis KiiiKlit . . 
 Fraiii;ois l.nuis Kiuiiruis . . 
 J, U. Uiii'f;c>s . . 
 Km. C. 'r. Uulisoii 
 
 ll'ini iir 
 Schoul. FluKiishoi, Dieil. 
 
 Scolti.sli 
 
 Ditt.i . 
 
 Kiif^lish 
 
 (icnimii 
 
 Kii^lisli 
 
 Diuo . 
 
 DiU.i . 
 
 Kiviicli 
 
 Kiiglisli 
 
 Ditto 
 
 , 1839 
 iiij9 
 1848 
 1841; 
 1809 
 1846 
 1829 
 1814 
 1830C.') 
 1817 
 '8jJ 
 
 1893 
 
 1896 
 1896 
 1897 
 
 ■897 
 1897 
 1898 
 1898 
 
 I'liilip lii'iiiiDS'i'iit's C'liMcroii Hpanisli 
 
 PAISLEY, a lioroiigh, W. Scotluiul, the Roman 
 Vmulu:"'", ami gix'«' out of tlie pnory of i'assiilet, 
 loumk'il 1100-4 iiy Walter Stewart, made an abbey 
 uuout i22o; Uiiiiit by the iiiisrhsh ijo;, rebuilt 15th 
 tdituiy. -Made a luirg:ii of barony 1488 ami a I'arlia- 
 uifUtuiT boroush I«JJ. Siiiee ifjos I'liisley silli and 
 cotton sliawls have been celebrated. Vinited by the 
 Queen, 2j .iiig. 1«88. Statue of liurns unveiled 
 b_v the carl ui Kosclicry, 20 Sept. l8yO. See I'opii- 
 li'ilion. 
 
 COUET, see Marshalsen, and 
 
 PALACE 
 
 (ireeii Vtotli. 
 
 PALACE OF JUSTICE, 011 Eoyal 
 
 Courts of JtsTICE. 1 he nmnes given to tlie new 
 Law Courts, Loudon. See Law Vuiirlx under Law. 
 
 PALACES, sec liufkiw/lunii, 6V. Jame.s'x, J\,)- 
 liamenl, l!<34-S2, iS^S, J^^sciifiul, Tuilcriea, Ht. 
 Gtomi, I'l'i.idii/fs, A:e. I'alacu Tlicatie, under 
 timitri's (Uoyal English Opera-house). 
 
 PAL^EOUKiVPHY, ancient writing ; see 
 
 dijiluiHiiliix, ilntiiiij- I'alieogr.iiihiciil societv 
 luuudod Itijj, dissolved, 1 July, iM^j. il. l.^^uli 
 Ouutier, ciiiiiieiit palieugrapher, born i8j2. died 
 Aug, 189:. 
 
 PALJilOLOGI, a himily which reigned as 
 emperors ot tlie east from 12O0 to I455. (jreor,'e 
 i';iiu)ologus raised Alexius Coninenus tb'tlie throne 
 iu loSi, and thereby founded his own family. An- 
 drevv, tlie last I'alieologus, son of Tlioinas, luler of 
 ttie Miirca, after the overthrow of his father be- 
 came u Malmnu'tan at Constantinople about i;j^ 
 Apei'son wlio called himself John Anthony I'aiieo- 
 logus Liisiuris died at Turin, Sejit. 1874. His 
 Cluims were doubted. 
 
 PALAEONTOLOGY (from the Greek /;«A/,o», 
 aiitlcnt, aim unlu, liciugsj, treats of the eviueiU'es ol 
 organic bcmss iu the earth's .strata. It combines 
 biology anil geology {which .sec). Wm. IJucKlaud, 
 t'uvier, Maiitell, .Vgas-iz, Uwen, Jiuward i'orbes, 
 ami lilaiuville, all of the present century, mitv be 
 riT.wiicil as tutlicrsof this science. The l'a|t^,,in- 
 tograpliiual society, "li,chpii()lishes elaborate mono- 
 giupusof liiitish organic remains, was founded in 
 I»4;, The journal •• Talieontognipliica " (.(iernmii) 
 began 1851. I'n.fessor Owen's •• i'alu!oiitolov;y " 
 wiu published 111 l,S(x). " Nearly 40,(XK1 species of 
 immula and plants have been added to tlie Svstemii 
 Nitune by pula'outologiciil researeh." Hhjliii. See 
 Urn. "^ 
 
 PAL^OPOLIS, 3ce y„i,les. 
 
 PALAIS KOYAL, I'aris, originally Palais 
 Cardinal, built for cardinal Uielielieu by J.einer- 
 cier, lb20-3(), received its present mime when oecu- 
 pic! -'A Louis Xiii., to wu.,111 the cardinal gave it 
 slioiil} before hia death in 1(142. Louis XlV in 
 1692, gave it to his nephew I'liilippe, duke of' Or- 
 leans, and It became the residence of his successors 
 It was conhscated by the vei)ublic in 1793, ufter the 
 
 execution ot Philippe Egalite. Louis IMiiliop,. re- 
 s'led m It. 1814-31. It siitrercd niinh iiijurv at 
 
 It became the residence of prince Jerome and his 
 son Napoleon. The buildings were much illju ed 
 by hre by the coiiiiiiuiii>ls, 24 .May, 18- 1. 
 
 ' ,e.^;^^•^'^\^>'^^ "*' '^"■^ li'"^'i:- '^■"•' of the 
 soM.n ancu.Mt electmates of Ucri.iam . It was Ion" 
 
 iin.ted to Havana, but was sc.para'ted iu ,2.14.- 
 Frederic v., the ,,|cctor palatine iu i(,i„ ma Tied 
 in I613 Kli.abeth, the daughter of James I. of En- 
 land and thus w.as an ancestor of qu,,.., Victoria; 
 see ll„,m-n- In 1619 he was elected king of lio- 
 heuiia, but lost all by his defeat bv the .Viistrians 
 a Irague 1,1 ,(,20. The l-alatina-f was horribly 
 m, aged by 1 llv in l(,22. and by the Krciich i?i 
 
 688. .Several thousands „f the roiiicd ,,easantry 
 
 a,nl ne7n '" -iV""''','" ''>' ""' '"''i''' ^-vn-nnienl 
 
 doie, inherited Havana iu 177.S; sin, a, when the 
 
 two electorates have heeti unit'Jd ; see Ihlarhi 
 
 PALATINE William the comiueror made 
 
 u nephew u.|, ],, Alirincis, cunt palatine of 
 
 III. created the palatine of Lancaster. is?0; see 
 Lmwa.le,- d„ch,, ,,,: Tlu, l.isliopri,. of Uurlian, also 
 made coutitypalatiue. There is also iiienti,.,, niade 
 of the county palatine of Hexham, in jj Jlenry 
 
 bi bin '■•.■"%- ";''",'' "';■" ''^■'""^'"' t" til" arch- 
 bishop ol \ork but by the ,4.1, of Elizabeth 
 U was d sso ved, and made nan of the countv of 
 No humberland. The palatinate |uri.sdictio,i of 
 
 Uui iiim was separated fr the diocese, ,.nd vested 
 
 in the crown. Will. IV. ,.. ,9, ., Junl., .830 
 
 PALE, the name given to the iiart of Ireland 
 colonised l,v the Euglish-vi.., par'ts of the coun- 
 ties ot Louth, Dublin, .Meatli. and Ivildare. Anglo- 
 Irish rulers were termed lords of the pale. Their 
 lirbltrary exactions led to a royal c'mmission of 
 inouiry m 15,57. The defe.ti.m of the l„rds „( the 
 pafc in P,4, was f.db.wed by a general insurrection! 
 .UK the royal ,ause was ruined in 1647. In l6;2 
 Ireland was committed to the rule of four com. 
 missioners. 
 
 PALEKM() (\. W. Si,.ily), the ancient Pan- 
 ormus It has been held by tlu- Carthaginians, 415 
 H.c. ; taken liy the Romans, 2^4 n.c. : bv the Sara- 
 cens, MK ,S52 ; and by the N'oniians, 1072. Here 
 Koger II. was crowned king of Sicilv, I no. 
 acrmo w-as the seem- of the Sicilian" Vespers 
 {Hhir/, s,r). 3„ Mandi, 12S2. It sutfered from 
 ear luiuake 1,1 ,72(,and 1740. The king Ferdinand 
 -esideda Palermo fnmi l.Scrf, to kSi^. while Naples 
 was ruled by Jos,.ph I'onapaiteand Joachim Murat. 
 t rev.dtcd against the txrauny ,d' Kerdinand II. 
 12 Jan. 1848. It was attacked l.v gineral Filan- 
 gieri, 29 March, 1840, and surrcmli-rcd on 14 Mav 
 It was taken by (iaribabli, d June, i.S«,o All in- 
 surrection against the abolition of the monastic 
 establi.shments broke out in Palermo ,m I j Sept 
 I8<i<). end was s.ippresse.i by the roval troops witli 
 muidi bloiulsbcd; order was restored bv 2' Sent 
 lopulatioii, i,Si;,j. 2(17,41(1. ' ' 
 
 The Italian .Valioiial Kxliil>ili.,i, at Paliu'iiio ,)i„.|u>,l 
 
 !" "!'■ l"'-'>'' iltbc kiii-aii,l tlic i,,val lainilv 
 
 by si.i(ii,)r rliiiiiirii, iiiiiiister ot,ii,'rii'uiliirc ' ' 
 
 Tlie exliibition inelinlcl nianiifai'tiires, tlniMirtV '^'' 
 (ireek relies, .an .\hyssiiiinn ,1,-parliMctit in 
 
 ^•'»' iiionuM t to (iaribabli uneovereil : .s'nceeli In- 
 
 sij<. (,'rispi ... J, j|.,.: Q 
 
 Ki.itih;: suppress,.,! by the iiiilitiirv fs pers.a'i.i ' '"^ 
 killi.,| ; til,' town clerk mid his wile'kille,! by the 
 
 '" ' • • ■ «;. ,. ■., • • '°"''C- 1893 
 See .Sic'i/;/. '■' 
 
 . 4 ,1 I df 
 
 m 
 
 ml 
 
 i I 
 
 111 
 
 111 
 
 I '!. 
 
 ■J, "!i 
 
 ' ;rfep 
 
 
 ' "I 
 
 f|i,r, 
 
 I ' 
 
 
PALESTINE. 
 
 PALESTINE, tlie iinnif yivfii by Moses 
 (hxoilxs XV., 14) iiiul oihci- aiieiiMit writers, to a 
 broad strip of land on tlie eastcoast of the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea, which originally included I'hilistia, but 
 w-iis afterwards limited to the part termed the land 
 ot Canaan or Israel, Judea, and the Holy Land; 
 see Jcu-s. After being several times eonquercd bv 
 the Saracens, and retaken from the 7th to the lotli 
 century, and after being the scene of the wars of 
 the Crusades {uliich »«•), and other ctmtliets, Pales- 
 tine was united to the Ottoiiam empire bv Selim I. 
 Ill 1510. See liible (note), Jloli/ I'luca, aud Syria. 
 Palestine visited by tlie i.niice of Wales, 
 
 ..T,, r, 1 1. , iManli unci Aiuil, iS6j 
 
 llie riilestine e.\ploiatiiai finid " was foinicU'd in 
 
 Loiidcin by niaiiy cniiiicnt jutscj ,s as a society 
 
 •■tor the investigation of the ir.iliR'cilogv, topo- 
 
 ^'nijiliy, geology, and njaniicrs a id instcni's of tlie 
 
 iloly Ijind;" the archliislio.' of V„ik (Dr. W. 
 
 ilionisoii) Wits in the eliai' {aiinnal iiM'iiiiijjs), 
 
 „ .^ 2:: .Iniu', 1S65 
 
 liy it.s means eajitain (after .ir Cliarles) Wilsi.n iind 
 
 a party left England for Palestine in Nov. 1865: 
 
 tlicy arrived at iJaniasens IJec 20: and in the 
 
 tollowing spring explored Jezreel, Nazareth, and 
 
 many other jiarts of the Uolv Lajid, 
 
 hxcavalions in Jernsalein carried on bv eiipt (aft 
 
 sir Urn Ics) Warren . . . .■,.' ,867.,87o ^ 
 llie .Moaliite stone discovered ...'.. jB6l 
 The systematic trigonometrical snrvcv of Palestine i 
 
 earned on liy <'apt. Stewart, K.E., lients. Cundcr I 
 
 and Kitclicmr, li.K. . ^^.^.. I 
 
 A similar fund cstablislicl at New York . ' 1S71 
 
 Tlie ordnance survey of Sinai by capt.s. Wilson and I 
 
 Palmer, imblislnd . . , . . ,3^^ 
 
 The snrvcying ].arty attacked liv natives, reseiied I 
 
 by soldiers, after niucli suflering . . 10 Julv 187s ' 
 burvey of Western Palestine completed ; announced ' 
 
 Publication of map (i inch to the mile) in 26 slicc'ts' ' ^' ■ 
 
 Map and Meiiinirs nf the .Survey of Western Pales' ' 
 tine imblisli : ...".... 1880-1 
 
 A raiscil map of P destine completed' bv .Mr. George ' 
 
 Armstrong, assistant secretary to the fnnd.Seiit. 
 
 hurvey of Eastern Palestine begun bv licuts. Coiider 
 and Kitchener . ■ . '. 
 
 The tweiity-lirst anniver.sary of 'the fniind'ation 
 celebrated at tlie Ituyal lii.stitnti-11 ; the ahp. of 
 lork in the chair 22 June 
 
 " Tw-eiity.one years' work in the ll<dy Lji'ml," laib! 
 liblied June 
 
 For captain Conder's diseoyerv of a key to the " 
 Hittite inscriptions see nmler lllllltiv, 26 Eeb. iSS- 
 
 I'lrm.-ui authorising ex.avatioiis granted with con. 
 ililioiis; the eommiltee a|i].oiiit .Mr. Klinders 
 
 _ Pctrie, siiperiiileiidant. aiinuuncecl . }■;.[,, 
 
 The anhbishoii ot Canteibiuy (|ir. Pensnii) suc- 
 ceeds the arclibi..li.,p „f v,,rk, ,i,s laesideiit of the 
 fund, April, 1851 ; die.l . . . . ,, (,,.) 
 
 An association tea- the (.■(rlimi/atinn of Pah'stiae by 
 the Jews lie 111 an iniii.irtant meeting in east 
 London, 7 Eeb. ; sevi.ral colonies lepcited inos. 
 perons j|., , 
 
 ^- .^-^LMERSTON^ ADMIXISTluf]^ 
 
 first 
 
 the see of Rome. The pall v 
 Irish archbifiliop in 11^2, wlnn 
 nised as primate of all Ireland. 
 
 PALLADIUM, the.stat ue of Pa 
 
 •If first win, Wan 
 ^'•'•'suis was reins- 
 
 fallen from heaven near the tent of llu's 1 I"'''''' 
 building Ilium, which the oracle '4^17 ?' 
 elared should n'ever be taken so I'm- ,±"p° ^ 
 dium was found within its walls. Tlio GifM ' 
 said to hiive obtained it by craft (lurin.-t! eTf?,'! 
 war, Il84 1),f.; but some writers asve,t ,1 t'" 
 statue was taken, and that the real I'lilhin,,., °'^'' 
 conveyed from Troy to Italy bv ,T.:nV!l,r " 
 and preserved by the Komans" with 'the 2«7'; 
 secrecy in the temple of Vesta.-l'AriA,„fv"" 
 rare metal, discovered in platinum oreby Dr'tivi" 
 I laston, in l8o.^ ' '■ ""I" 
 
 PALLAS, the ]danet, wasdiseoverd l,vf^U ,. 
 at Bremen, 28 March, 1802. • ^^^''''' 
 
 PALLISER'S 
 
 Qui noil. 
 
 PALL MALL, 
 
 CHILLED SHOT, 
 
 ■S93 i 
 1881 
 
 isse 
 
 Syo 
 
 £96 
 
 ?96 
 
 Sardinians 
 
 th 
 
 '859 
 ' Greek, pnh'ii, again 
 
 PALESTKO (N. Italy). Hen 
 defeated the Austriaiis, 30, 31 J[ay, 
 
 PALIMPSEST (from tl 
 niid jisiio, I elface), iiiuehnients writieij mi after 
 the jirevious writing had been partially ctlaKd. 
 Cardinal Mai. by removing the sci ond w'riting in 
 some MSS., recove.-ed the original. This was' the 
 case with Cicero's "lie Hepublica." published bv 
 Mni in 182;. It had been < ivered bv a treatise of 
 Lactantius. 
 
 PALL, PALLIT^M, in the H. 
 
 ensign of di'.Miity 
 bis 
 
 ollf( 
 
 rred by tile p..pe UJi 
 
 'man Church an 
 
 - — __ ^.^..-.^.M^, a street near Si hni»-' 
 a ace, London is named from a Fremh ^an l 
 hM (puic.iimil, being a wooden nialk „' 
 ! scmbhng the modern cro,|uet. having bee, L'i 
 •here about Idoo, and introducd into £,'.„„ 
 .about l(;6o. Among emiueiit inlialiitnnts' w r 
 Nell Gwyn and Dr. Thomas Sulenhan" 'f 
 A .1. Mall Gazette, a daily imlepen.lent ,„.lit "a 
 and literary journal, first appeared - Kcb iSf,' „ 
 «;.-. edited by Mr. Frederick G.-cen^o':! till '^m^ 
 1880, when It became a libe.al pajicr, edited l,v j' 
 Join Morley, who retired 2^ -Vuir. iSS,. Pii;, ' ' 
 ■■•'.luced to u/. 2 Jan. ,882. Tlie pllp,,,. b ,« 
 again conservative. Dec. i8<,2. .Mr. II. J. C Cu« 
 M.l'., editor, sjiring, i8v3. 
 
 Xos. 6 7, 8, 9 July, iSSj, contained M,-. si,,i,|-, >,.,f 
 men s respecting „!le„ees against young „•„„„'.; 
 
 r"it"iet::^:;;!^s^^''"''^-'''' ''■' '''"■"'^^"* ■"" 
 
 PALMERSTOX ADMINISTl; \TIO\- • 
 
 Ihe resignation of the Aberdeen admiiiistialiraw;, 
 announced i Feb. 1855. l"it nearly all its morabes 
 returned to offl.a. soon after uiiderl..,,! I'lilmeMon 
 b.rd Derby and lord John lius.ell leivinc'cachii; 
 vaiii endeavoured to form an adininistiatinn, On 
 
 32 teb. Mr. Glaostonc, sir JamesGnihain, andVr 
 
 Sidney Herbert resigned on account of the Sebaj. 
 
 lojiol nii|uiry. Lord J,,l,n Russell resigned 11 Julv 
 
 l.ord Canning was apnointid goye,„„r-t>eiiml fi 
 
 India, 4 July, 185V This cabinet resigned 20 Feb 
 
 , 1858, in eonsci|iieiice of a vole of eeiisui-c ,ip„„ jj 
 
 ; lor introducing the Foreign Conspiniey bill, and™ 
 
 j sueeceded by the Derby admiiiistraiiuii (irA/,7i»«\ 
 
 I rir.-ll,.,;lnni,,tm.s„r,,. Ileniv visc.iiiit I'aliiii-mon. 
 : i.'> f I rliii 11,1 II, ,1; liird Criinwnitli. 
 ■ / i;'.-<i,l,i,l iifth,' ,;,i,,„-il, ,-m\ (iiiinville. 
 hinl jtrii'ii ..,■,./, ilnke nf Argyll ; next, earl 
 _ atterwards the manpiis nf Claiirieiirde. 
 
 S,,,-,!,,,,,:--!,,,,,,,-^ sir (ie.age Civv; /„ „, „, 
 
 Clareiiildii ; ,,.!,:„ i,,l, si,l,i,.y lierLertdesijaii'ilFebni 
 atterwards l..r,l .1. linssell (resigned July ,,); li^ 
 
 * Henry .l.ihn Temple wis burn 20 (let. i,?, »iu 
 ediieated at Ibirruw, Edinhiiigli. ami Caiiihiiilii. i,K'. 
 eeeder! his tatliei, vis.-diint Palmerstnii, i8n; : l««ji( 
 •"■I .. and ajnni.ir lord of tlieii.lmiiiiltv, 1S07 ■ «ii«««rf. 
 tary-at-Har, i,';,„,-..a. and a se.ielarv for f.,reii.'ii nftln 
 >"V. l8;o n, Aplil, 1815 to Sept. 1841. and .liilv, iW 
 10 Dec. iSsi. and home seiTetarv, llee. iSj-t^Minli 
 1855, wlnn he beeanie llrst Imd of Ihe lieasiiiv ilmi 
 created lord warden of the (iiic|ue ports, 11 Man li, 1861; 
 
 "f IlaiTowby , 
 wl ol 
 
 and 
 
 nia.ster of tl 
 
 >rp.-.niti..n ..f tin- Trinity ira 
 
 Hops, Lya decretal of pope Gregory \I. (about > "^•'"ne, 1862. He sat for Tiverton, i8iv6,.' 'He .li 
 
 1^70), no iirchbish 
 cfi 
 
 ;ild call 
 
 chrism, conseeroU^ eiiiiielies. ordain a eie 
 
 1, bless the , '^ "''*' ".'"' "'■''*' buried in AVestminster'aW 
 
 1 86 
 
 II 
 
 is statue at Homsev, l.v M. Xehle 
 
 bey, 2" 01 
 
 setrate a bislioj), till he ha 
 
 eived his pall from 
 
 ovcrcd by e.irl linssell. 
 
 <t.ai di. .1 
 
 e|t. i860, aued 82. 
 
 .Iiilv, i868. bailv PaliM 
 
 'i J-ii*J_:, „.ij 
 
ADMlNlKTIUTIOxr 
 
 f P'lll «Ms first woni bT,' 
 
 : tiikcn so loi^ ;„ i . nj 
 ""»: ^y'"''''« assent, arotC 
 
 of y'-.ta.— l'Ar.i,Amniisi, 
 lu platimini die by Ur, Wol. 
 
 Pt.wasdisrav.rodbvOfcr,, 
 
 o02 . ' ' 
 
 HILLED SHOT, ,, 
 
 » sti-oct „(.,„■ S.. Jamas', 
 led (n.ma !• ivmh tame ,( 
 .' ii Wdoddi inalltt) re- 
 ■otlii.'t. liiiviii^n I,,,,,,, ,,^^.^, 
 
 1 iiitrodui'id int., EiiiianJ 
 Pniiiicnt iiilial)it,im«'w(.r(. 
 llicimas S>d,nli;ini, Tlit 
 I daily iiidi'iii'iidcm political 
 't apiicaivd : l\'h. iW„-,a„j 
 M-ick (ji'cenwo.id till ij|jv 
 lilxial lia]icr, edited hv Mr' 
 
 '"^-' ""' I'apcr b«an(. 
 • lh';2. .Mr, H.J.C.Cust, 
 )i- 
 
 cniitaiiuM Mr. •^tiwls statf. 
 i-s iiiiiiinst y.iuiix woiiiph jtd 
 l-i.ved (m inve>li-atii,ii. See 
 
 ,\DMI\LST1(ATI0X,' 
 
 lienleeii adiiiiiiisliatinnwa! 
 
 iHit ii.-ailv all its niombeti 
 Iter uiiilei- Imd I'aliiierston, 
 dm l{us,-ell liaviu-eathin 
 fill an adiDiiiistration. On 
 sir James (M-.-iliani, and Mr. 
 1 (111 aeeouiit ef the Sfbaj. 
 in Kiissell i(sit;nedl',Julv. 
 iiinfcd .H'ovenier-itciHTal ii' 
 lis caliinef resimied 20 Feb. 
 
 11 vnti' (if i-eiisure upon ii 
 sn C'iiiis|draiy bill, and Wis 
 adiiiinistraii.iii {ir/ii,hm' 
 
 eiiry viseciaat I'alnii.iiiicii, 
 
 ..nil. 
 
 1 liraliville. 
 
 i;.vll: ^•xt,..aiI.,nianowbv 
 
 f Clcilirieiilile. 
 
 r^e (Iri'v ; i'„,!itH, pjrl ol 
 
 ey lliil.i'rt(resi;an.dFeb.B|; 
 
 sell (rt'siniied July 15); lit 
 
 iV IS 1, 1 11-11 30 Di't. i;g4, wu 
 
 l>iir;;li. an.l Caiiiliriilp-, m- 
 
 t raliiMist 180;: lieam 
 
 liea.liMii-ally, i.s,,;: n.^sem- 
 seiTi'laiy r.ii r..iviiii ,,fi|n 
 I' ■'^•■|.t. i,S4i, aliii .iiilv, iSj(, 
 .■ii'lary, lie... iS;.. t.iMinli, 
 li.nl i.l'llie tivasiav Hew 
 ■iii.|Ue |...il,s, II Maivb, i!6i: 
 r.ti..ll ..r II,,. Triiiitv bomr, 
 Tiverl,.ii, lS^z..f,-. 'He.li.: 
 Westliiiiislei- ,ihli,y, 2-0 t. 
 sev, l.y II, NmM,.,' »iij 1... 
 
 I .liilv, i8(i8, l,a.|v I*-'. 
 
 I I 3a. 
 
 PALMERST0y-EU.S8ELL ADMIN. 
 
 S09 
 
 PANAMA. 
 
 Willliiii MoU'.swi.itli (.lied 22 Oet, 1855); ii.ixt Heiii^ 
 
 Lal«m>'li''if , I''."', bird raiiiiiuit. 
 Ctaii.*"'"' <'/ ''"' "'•'"''/""'. W. K. CJla.lstoiie (rfsigiioa 
 
 22 Feb.): I'f^''. sir ti. t'ornewall J.ewis. 
 First l:inlit/ till- iiilmiriiltii. sir Jiiiiies Uraliaai (resigiie.; 
 
 22 Feb) : next, sir Charles W.ind. 
 [loanl cf coiitrul, sir t'liiirlcs Wood; next, |{. Vernun 
 
 f,ilH'W'd-i. sir Will. Medoswortli ; next, sir R Hall 
 
 (ap|iiiiiite.l 22 Jaly, 1855). 
 (>o>(»ws(i'r-i;.'«''"'.^ise"iiiitt'aiiiiiiij,'(ii|i|i(iiijteilniiyeriior- 
 
 BCiicral of Inilia, 4 July) ; next, .lake iil' .Vi{;vll. 
 PmukHlo/l'n' h",n,l ujinul,; li.r.l .Stanley ul Ablerley. 
 M minis of Laa.s.l.iwue, without olliee. 
 ii„iMlm- ../ the ./K./i././ iMiinistvr, earl of Uarrowby ; 
 ' next, .M. T. Dailies (ajiiioiiited 24 Xoy. 1855). 
 
 PALMERSTOX-RUSSELL ADMINIS- i 
 
 TRATIOX. 'i'l"-' "'I'o'iil I'crliy adiiiiiiistration ' 
 
 Mieli m) resiyiu'd 1 1 June, l«5<). Karl Graiuille i 
 
 ms requested by the (lueun to lonii an adniiiiistiii- ! 
 
 lion, and obtained the support of lord I'alnierston, ! 
 
 but not of lord J'lhn lius.scll : tlic two hist tlien 
 
 am'cd to form a eabinet, \vliieh eanie into ottiee 
 
 l§Juiie, iS.i'l. On the decease of lord rulnierslon, 
 
 l80ct.l86ve.irllUis9ellheeaiiicpreir.ifr; f.eej{iissell. ; 
 
 fir.it liiril"ft!ii IriK.^nnj. Ueiuy vi.seount r,iliiierston. ■ 
 
 LmNii./'i.*'"""'"'. ■'<'li» I'ir.l Caiiipliell (die.l 23 June, i 
 1861); .suecir.li'.l l.y sir Kii-lianl Jielliell, iiiaile Lonl i 
 Westl.iiiy, will. reslKiiuil 4 July, 1865 ; sueeeeilcd hy | 
 U.nl Craawortb. 
 
 Lonl imfUeiit "/tin' coiiiifil, earl Granville. 
 
 iorrfprii'i/.-T"', 'lake of Argyll. 
 
 .s'e.T(tanV.> -/""'."" i'J/<'i'>', bird Jolin (afterwards carl) ' 
 Russell; ..•'""'■'■-■. 'hike of Newcastle; sueeceded hv ', 
 EMwaiil Cai'lwell, 3 .Ipril, 1S64 ; Ifuiic, sir (j. Coinewail 1 
 Lewis; sui'ceeile.l hv sir George Orey ; i.vir, .Sbliicy ' 
 (afterwards lonl) H.Thert ; siiciee-deil hy sir O. V. ] 
 Lewis (die.l ij April, 186.1). and hy earl de Grey 
 ti Slay); huliii, .~ir Cbailes Wood. | 
 
 CuiiKclhrd/the m-hairri; \Vi;i. Kwart Gbolstone. 
 
 hmlhinliifthciui.Hinillii, dnke ..r.Siniierset. 
 
 PrmilKit of the liu inhi/ tiKile, Thus. Miliier Oihson. I 
 
 [Tliisofliee wasotlere.lto Mr. 1{. Cihihii, and dcelinc.l i 
 livliiai.l 
 
 >,,-p(;.ri/../s(.((i'/..i //v/.iia/, Edwanl Canlwell; sueeceded , 
 l.vsir U. I'eel (not in the eal.iiiet), 
 
 Ch.f.itnWir ■'/ III'' '■ii''h!i i>f I.itiim^trr. sir George Grey, 
 tart. ; siK'iTe.b'.l by Kdwanl Canlwell; ami by e.iil 
 Clarendon, 8 April, 1804. 
 
 Pesliimsler-ijeiieriil, earl of Klgiii (pnieeeded to (.■liiiia in 
 .tpril, i860): 8iieeeeiled_ hy lonl Stanley of Ableidey, 
 aplioiiiteil Sept. i860. 
 
 p,.,r-l'ia-h,«i,:l, T. .Milner Gibson ; sueeceded hv Charles 
 1'. Villieis(4 July, i860). 
 
 r.M..«i:ii>T..s's Act forahatcmeiit of smoke iniisanee (16 
 i 17 Viet, e, 128), 20 Aug. 185J. 
 
 the history of Palmyra was under Odeiiatus and his 
 queen Zenohia. At the death of Udeiiatus, Zenobia 
 Msuincd the title of i|uoe,i „f Hie Ka.st, it, 267. 
 Am-elimi defeated her at Kmcsa, in 272, and made 
 her eaptive, 273, and killed Loiifiinus, the philo- 
 
 I'alinyra is now iujiabited by a 
 riie ruins wera visited in 1751, 
 puhiishi'd nil aecoiint of tliern 
 rev. llr. \V. AVrigiit published 
 
 in 1<S()S. 
 iiilain rid" 
 
 ■ in Turkestan, 
 
 iopher, her frie'iid 
 few .Vrab families, 
 by .Mr. Wood. wh. 
 in 1 75 V The 
 " I'a'.iiiyra and Zoiiohi 
 
 PAMIR.S, a loltv 11 
 Central Asia. 
 
 ^''si',.,*ii,'''i""i'v'"ifV'' "'T';'" '■M'loriiig expclitlon 
 ^lo|pe<l h> Afghan and li.iiisli outiiosts in i38o. 
 Cap. \,.ii.,M, with 11 niilit force, exeluil..s eapt. 
 .1 rt 'i i':""' "'"' 'I"'"' "■'>'-'J». travellers, frmii 
 tie h tie I'ai„iiv,oii ihe IVoatiers of Afgliamstiui &c. 
 
 „.',"lvr,""'' ,"/'"'"'"■''■■' "'^''''-' "" "'"• a.lvance of a 
 ;,; ,"f,'"""'^''as .^u«. 1891. The Huss.an govern. 
 I ih.elares the action of eapt. Yonolf to he illegal, 
 .111.1 a].ologis..s, li.h. iSqj. 
 
 thepalt whieb b.. .iimt.'.I in ,Sqi. ' 
 
 Ae„ll,si„i,ei,sii..i| with th.. Algb.ins, attiibiitcl by or'.. 
 
 •dil.'i'i', v."i""' V";;"r'' '"'"'"'■• : ' HiissianKi:a 
 ill,," •^'-','i'"'',l<ill';'l. ali,ait _.4 .July ; e,d. Yonoffs 
 b'ttertransmittcl t.ith.. vieeniv, 2 , Aug. 1802. 
 Ru-s,s,,-iiis evacmit,. the V:,nnrs ami return to Kussiail 
 
 teilltory 14 .Seiit.-? ( let. ,^92. 
 China iesi,„s the claims ,,r Kussiii, about 8 March, i8q^ 
 A Kussiau exiieilition iiiebT col Voiuitr ' ' ' 
 1893. 
 Ibe Pamirs," hy tb,. ,.,,,1 ,,f Dun, 
 
 The Russians (exi.loring) li..,,p,s im, 
 
 .hawii. lepoitc.l I, \.jv, 1894. 
 Agie,.m,.„t t„.tweeii Civat iii itaiii and Has 
 
 then- sphiaes ofinllii.Mie... March, 1895. 
 Aiiglo.Hussiaii enmmi,v,«i.,ii arrive's to 'mark 
 
 troiitier, .lime; w.iik .•.imple-., ,1. ,s Sept. 
 Hoa,ls iai,i,lly mail., hv Has ' 
 
 imon 
 
 i.ler 
 
 starts, : June, 
 
 published, Dec. 
 
 ■ol. Yonofr with. 
 
 ssia respecting 
 
 out the 
 
 1895. 
 
 Popu- 
 
 PALMLSTRY, 
 
 studying tlie lines 
 (h.iiiii'lcr and tortuiies 
 
 or CinitO.MANCY, the art of 
 in the palm, to discover the 
 of a person, practised in 
 ancient India ami Urcece. The suh|ect w us no-.iced 
 by .Iristolle, Pliny, Paracelsus, .Ui.ertus .M;i.;niis, 
 aiid Ciirdan, .V work by Johann llaitlieh was 
 iiublislicd ill .\u,ir-hur^-, "147^ -M. Ic eapitaine 
 d'Arpi'iiti-iiy and .\1, Adricii l)csl. arn, lies are i-hicf 
 modern uutliorities. .V. K. Craig's •• Hook i,f the 
 Hand" (lS(>7), P. Colton's " I'alinistrv " (i.Sc)(0. 
 Pr. F. (jalloii published his study ,i( " l-'iiiger 
 Prints," :8iy. See Fortiiin Tciliini. Sophia 
 Kobson, rt/oM "ililiena," professor of palniistiv, 
 fined 25/. lor prctcndin;; to tell fortunes, |i^ Fel," 
 18155. 
 
 PALM-SUNDAY. When Christ made his 
 <ntry into Jcrusal. 'ill, miiltiludes of the pi'oplc who 
 were Clinic to tile t'ea~tof the Passover, toi.k liraiK lies 
 of the palm-tree, ;iiid went forth to nicid hiiii, JJ. 
 !t i.". usual, in soiiii' co.iiilrics, to lan-y i-.a'sos on ihe 
 Sunday before Easter, heiiee called P'alni-Sunduv. 
 
 PALMYRA (Syria) was sujiposed to 
 the Tiidnmr in the wilderness built hv 
 but WIS nianih'stlv (ireidan. The brill 
 
 iiive been 
 
 Solomon, 
 
 lilt part of 
 
 1J97.7.SC.,. 
 
 ; PAMPELUNA rX. E. Spain, taken by the 
 
 I breiich on their invasion of Spiiiii). w;is invested bv 
 
 I the Jiritish, between wlmni and the Freiieli obstinate 
 
 '■nnmet.s took place, 27 and 2<, .hilv, 181 :. It Mir- 
 
 rendcrcd to the Hritish, 51 Oct. in that vear. 
 
 hition, i,S,S7, 2:i,(i<i5. 
 
 PAMPHLETS. Thiir first anpenrance 
 amongst i,s is geiieralh tboti.;ht to have been in 
 opposition to the ( hurch of |{,.me. Those who were 
 hr.stconvimcdof the rea.sonahlencss of the "new 
 hariiing." as if was tlici. called, )iroi.,i, ated their 
 i^pinmiis HI small iii.rcs, ,licaplvpriiile,|. and (what 
 «as tluMi ot great importance) oiisilv eoncciiled, 
 loliti.al pamphlets began in Kdward VP's time, 
 anil were very nnmerous in the I7tli and i8th cen- 
 tunes (by j)e I'oe, Swift, Steele, and others). 
 Paul Louis Cmiier wrote '■Simple riis.',.iiis" ami other 
 I.anipblets against the pibs's ami iml.b.s after tie 
 rcstoni.ion of tlie lt„i„li .lis, 1815. His ■'■ millet 
 
 i,S24), piobabh le.l 1.. bis luur.ler, 10 Aprji ,5,c 
 Large .■,,llecti,,iis an' in the libraries ..f tl'ie Hritisli 
 .Mus,.iim ami fla. lioyal ,ii„l L„n,ha, Inslitntions 
 "ac t'\'las'se,'l' I'lTl'v 'I'si^''''''*'''" l"""''''"'-''*' i<'ai"ved 'by an 
 
 PANAMA, tlie isthmus which joins the two 
 Americas; see Ihinii,. A. r„,.s this ii ship canal 
 was proposed by the lln/,nr-C/,i,/tuii tnatii 
 !<) Ann!, ,.^50. A tivat^ for the con,;tru. tioi. ,„- a 
 sliip cauiil thronsh the isthmus by the United 
 Slates was signcl by rcpresi.ntativea of that "oveni- 
 ment and that of Col<.mhia 2I1 Jan. 1870. A raihvav 
 was opened in 185;. In that vear n new state Xew 
 Oraipohi, wasdivi.led into ci.Jit fedcr:il stales 0:10 
 
 m 
 
 %^m-. 
 
 lit Ili. I'l 
 
 > 1 V.^.ff 
 
 II T ' 
 
 t^ 
 
 m \\ V 
 
 ■f 
 
 B^fefi^^ 
 
 ^■Pi^^' . ^. ». 
 
 t I 
 
 Ipii^.f'a? 
 
 I!?nk 
 
PANAMA. 
 
 810 
 
 PAN-AMERICAX COXa.l{ESS^' 
 
 of whit'li is imiiii'd Panama. A ivvoliitinn look 
 pl.ir'o in I'aniuiui, on c) Marcli, i,S()5; tlio govciii- 
 niciit wiis i]('i)o.-i'(l, nnd don Jil Coluiije bciiuni' pre- 
 sident ; sneceeded bv Vineent Oliirte, I Oct. i,S6(). 
 i'liiinma is now sulijcet to Colniiiliiii {icldih ice). 
 A»\m\\\iA\, a town at tlie oxtreiiiitv of tlie I'anama 
 railway, namcil after its orijiinatorl.Mr. Aspinwall.a 
 iNew \ork niereliant, was otlicially nanied Colon in 
 1870. Tlie fjovernineut overthrown by Colombian 
 troops with. lilt bloodsheil, about 12 Oct.' 1875. Civil 
 war be' veen J)r. UaniasoCervera and sen. I'i. Uiiiz , 
 sharp ..jrhts; tiie Morro beat.s the Alajmio, 14 
 Oct. 1884. (jeneral Santo DoniinRo Vila iiistalleii 
 as president, 8 ,lan. 1884, Itebellioii ; gnvernnient 
 stciimer J-Jeiini/nHan cajitures the reliel ship UkiicIio; 
 much slauiihter announced, 24 Doc. 1884. Tnaur- 
 rection in l'^,iiania; coiitlict witli Colombian troops ; 
 about 20 people killed. Insurjjents destroy .\sinn- 
 wall railway terniinu.", i:c. : the Unitecl States 
 government intervenes with troojis, \-c. t'l inoteet 
 colonists and rest re IniildiiiKs ; rebels said to he 
 totally defeated, U, Maivh April. Railway re- 
 opened with protc.'led trains, 13 April, 1885. " 
 Oeii. Tunaiid a coiMiiiittee iirojio.sc a canal Uct. 1876 
 Licat. l..A.I).\V.vsc'ssnivc.v(i875)iiiililishcilniituiMii 1877 
 Congress ics|M'ctiiin m new canal meet at Paris; 
 
 Fcrdinaii.i lie I.cssi'ps prcsi. lent . '. 1 May, 
 Scvi'ii sc HMiics iir.ijp.iscil; canal from fiiiir of i.inion 
 
 to Hay oil'aiianni locoininendcd (Ijy 74-8)29 .May, 
 .Sclicnic sns|icndcd lor want of funds" . . '. 
 t'aiial tlll■ou^'ll .Nicaragua propose' by Americans : 
 
 favcaircd In gcii. (Irani .... Sept. 
 Le.'-seps' sclunic oipjioscd l>y the United (Slates 
 
 goyernnicnt .March, 
 
 Lessc]is at l.ivcTpool describes his plan; canal to 
 
 1m' 46 miles loi 
 Engineers lea\e 
 
 Jan. ; at wml^ 
 
 ■ 879 
 
 18S0 
 
 I'.iris tfi jii( 
 
 1S81 
 
 . 31 .May, 
 
 ccd to the work, -\ 
 
 24 Kcl,. 
 
 Mr. HIainc, the .Vrncricnn sei-retary, issued a <arcu. 
 
 lar to the Kuropcan jiowcis jii'otesting against 
 
 joint internali..naiguaiant.'es of tlie neutrality i >' 
 
 the canal, a^^ertinf; thai tlie gnaranti t the 
 
 United .st.iteM.t 24 .luly. 1846, is'sullicioiit 25 Oct. ,, 
 Railwayand works part l,\ destrojed by eartluinakcs 
 
 7, y, 10 Sept. 18S2 
 Colon and Aspinwall, wilh consulates, liurnt by the 
 
 rebels under gen. Aizpuni, aunonnced i April, 1885 
 United Slates marines cielcit the rebels; destroy 
 barricades and necupy I'ananiit, to protect pn'i- 
 perty and railway transit . about 24 April, ,, 
 The Colombian goyernmeiit resume pos.se.ssion of 
 i'anamii ; amnesty granted, with e.veeptions 
 
 ■)" April, ,, 
 Gen. Ai/purn arrested 4 May, 18S5; martial law, 
 
 about 12 .Iniie ; quiet rotored . . >luly, ,, 
 
 M. dc l.es,... ,.s sails up about i miles . 20 Kcli. i836 
 Ten men killed by guniiowdi'rexplosion, announci'd 
 
 31 .March, ,, 
 M. de r.esseps' proposal of a lottery loan opposi'd 
 
 by the Freiicb premier, .M. Tirard . . ,)an. i838 
 The lottery loan bill passed by the deputies 28 
 April; by the senate 5 ,)une; progress of the 
 scheme retarded .... July c/ .m;. „ 
 M. de Lessepsasseits that I he canal will bc'opi'ncd 
 
 ill July, i8(jo 21 Oct. ,, 
 
 The necessary amount of subscript ions to the loan 
 not reeei »ed ; the eomiuiny suspend p;iynient 14 
 Dec. ; till government bill permittiug tlie com- 
 Iiaiiy to Mi~|ieiid payuii-nt> lor three months 
 
 rejected by the chambers (jj^iSl) . 15 Dec. ,, 
 
 [about sixty million pounds alrciidy exjiended] 
 M. del.essepsii^igns and pnipciM'sliii nidation 15 Dec. ,, 
 A great iiieeliiiL: nf >-li.aielioldiis agree to the sus. 
 pension ot payments nl coupons and annuilies 
 until the opening nf the canal, and the rai>ing of 
 mor. capit.il, :ind oroless eontinued eonlidence in 
 
 M. de l,eSM'p> 27 Hec. ,. 
 
 Report receiveil that perfect orler remains at tht^ 
 
 works, which .are stiii carried on . . a Jan. 1889 
 The United States senate jmss resolutions against 
 any interference of foreign powers in regard to 
 
 the cauHl 9 Jan. „ 
 
 New eoniiMiiy for the eonipletlon of the ciiial 
 started (the old eomp,iny dissolved) Jan. ; siil'. 
 
 I; '.'lit shares not Uikeii up ; tlev eoai,i,a,y . '^ 
 1 Iniuidation .... ■ T * 
 
 (iiadual suspension of the works . ' ' 'p '■ li:^ 
 The I'anama Canal Hill to promote theVnnt'i, „. ,' " 
 
 of llie work : 'issed by the ehamber ot 'l'.|,,alj!; 
 
 Canal bill passed by the Krench senate ^^1"I"'' ' 
 
 Hepoit 01 liii|Uiry euniiniss sl.ui's n'' ' 
 
 yixi,a>j,.x)) fraiies will be re.iuire.l to ei.iiii 1 f 
 the canal ^'M'i"Ii! 
 
 (ireat lire at Colon (formerly AspinwoiV ,Y' '^J- 
 I'anama railway buildings .aiei a lar -e mri )i 1 1 
 town destroyed, 23, 24 Sept. .Sy..,; aii'liLt,'.' ,!'' 
 Ine, 14 ,liine, 1894. " '" 
 
 Arrangement Ijetwuen the company ,iii,l the 
 public ot Columbia ; the tine- |,m the c.,aiiii-i. 
 of the canal extended by ten ve■o^■ ,., , 
 dated . . . . ■ . _• ' "';"■' 
 
 Alter visitation of the works, tobal col'laiise"'i i'l"' 
 schenu' reported; legal investigation |,|.„|,,""| 
 
 lieport or M. Monchicourt, the ollicial li.iiii,hi''I' '■•■' 
 
 issued at I'ail.^ '^ ' 
 
 A eoiiiniittee of in.iniry into the alliiiis ol'tia'n!,)' ' 
 pan,.- (.M. lirisson and members ot the chainWr ■ 
 p.liUlul di.^closuier, ; met . . .J .\,iv « , 
 I'loseculion of .M, FerdiiiaiKl de I. ex.,.,",, ,.;.,',"'; '■'' 
 ill), Charles de l.esseps, and other 'ii'ieel;;. ,1 ; 
 Iraud, biiliery, tc> i>\.: ■■•• .5 .\o, .,,.„.,. J ' 
 begun 1" ,lan. 1893 , . ■ ^ Oelence hv \\ W| 
 boux ; sentences; .M.,-. leidiiiaiid and tiiari'» 
 de Les.sejis. syears' imiin^oniueid ; MM. Koiiimi." 
 Cottu and Eitlel, 2 years and lines „ k,,", 
 appeals presented, 11 Feb.; ri'i"cied .' J, ivi' ■ 
 Heport otthe coniinittec liv .M. lins.vnj ,- 1.,,)' '-'•' 
 Tr.al of .M. Charles de l.csM.ps and M. Fontam' w " 
 ,'ivmg bribes; MM. Haiham. llloiidi , S;'l" 
 Leroy, Heral, Diigue de la Fanconnerie, tiijl.'n,,. 
 Antonin I'roust, Alton, lor iecei\nig |,nl,r ' 
 B .March it sc/. ; defensive staleinem., l,v .M\| 
 Flocpiet, Clenienceau, and i)e Freycinet. loMaeV 
 startling depositions of .Mailanii" Cottn |,.j,|. ,,| 
 the teniporaiy resignatinn ..r .M. Iluui.,.,< 
 minister ot justice, :i .March; senteiav.v h',,' 
 prisonmeiit, .M. Charles ile Lesvps, i' y,.^'- 
 )i. IJIondin, 2 years; M. iiadiaiit. 5 years' wa" 
 line of 750,000 francs ; M. Cunieliiis lle'iz esraw* 
 to England ; the others a-unitled, 21 J|,i],;.i|- 
 appeal , bidgnient set aside by the court; ihiI,],,! 
 surpi'', - June, lEyj ; Iresh tii.il, iS Dec ,.„.■ 
 ail ac.,.i I 'd, 3o Dec. ; M. Na.iuet, j Miieli.iv.' 
 Dilneulties res.,' mg tne concession or the CdIuim 
 bian governniei.t tor renewal ot lli,' woiliiil,, 
 contract of 1890 ignored, ie]ioited , 4 Aiinl 
 
 The committee ot iii.piiiy I I> again . ;3',|iii„.' " 
 
 M. Charles de l.esseps lioeiiite.l . , j ,^|,||,' " 
 
 I'mposed formation ot a new coniiiaiiv to niiiiiili.',. ' 
 
 the canal by M. Eillel, M. liarti'^soi, and otlmv 
 
 arrungenieiits to be made with the ohl ouiii;i.iNv,' 
 
 At a meeting of the shareholders, a rwnUitiJl '"'* 
 appointing a .syndicate ot 5 persnnstolbrni an™ 
 company adopted; capital to be 2o,ix».j,jo 
 
 francs 4A|iiii 
 
 Dr. Cornell' .i Herz arrested at Hoinneiiiuuili,' '' 
 19 Jan. 1893; ill ; extradition not elleclej ; in 
 default, .sentenced to 5 years' iinprisnniin'iit with 
 a line of 3,000 tiancs, 3 Aug. 1894 ; hi» apiii'al i,j 
 the court at Paris, 15 .May, ilisallowed, 2 Aug.; 
 1895; seiiteiicu id iiiiprisonincnt coiilirMt'ii. 4 
 Nov. ; legal proceedings began agaiii.t liini at 
 liourneinoutb, 27 April, 189'); the cliai-|;i' ,11.,. 
 mi.'-sed at liow-street, 2 .May ; aiiotliereiiiiiniitti'e 
 of imiuiry at pointed in 1097 ; he did July, i»;, 
 Death of .M. Ferdinand de l.es.seps ; hoiu 19 .Vw 
 
 .'8"5;dii'il 'lW„ 
 
 .Meeting id the new I'anama ea;ial enri" n 
 Paris, .M. de la Tounierie apiiuiiiteil elu;. • 
 the lechnii-al eiimmission, 21 Dee .3(,^ 
 nnnnal iiieeting, 15 De '. 1890; leheru tn, 
 1897; sleailj work lepuiled ontlMjc;',. ';„ 
 labourers emplioeil, reported ■•_f 
 
 PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS, 3^tt- 
 gates from the stiites of Xorib, Soiitli, and Oiital 
 America, met at Wasliingtoii _^ii Sept. KSjt). Mr, 
 Secretary liiaine was appniiili il piesiik'iit 2 Uil. 
 
 ->. i.. ,-ii.,. 
 
 ^i'i-li'A:.^? 
 
ll' 
 
 CAN CONG.HESS. 
 
 PAN-ANGLICAN SYNOD. 
 
 811 
 
 PANTHEON. 
 
 iii-t, till' oiiici^u ii,|i,i,iail!l; '■'' 
 
 into til,.. iuiMirsr,fti„,(,„„. '■ 
 ini'Mili,.|s,,rtliiMl,,-,iiil„.r); 
 
 >s, iii,,| vil„.r.|,„.i.t,j|..,,,;; 
 
 "■^' ■"' -5 .^"■- ;^-9-;tmi 
 
 ■ • , ■- ■l('(i;ii(.-f l,y M. liar. 
 .-. lei.liiiui,.! iiii.l tliail", 
 imMiriiiMiit ; M.M.Koiitiiiii. 
 vwiis iiiM iiri,.s, g Kel,.; 
 
 Il> .M. Illls.v,!, . ,.JV,|, W 
 
 .(■sM.p.siiii.l .\|. Koiiianclor " 
 
 liiiihaut. Ill.iiHlii, Sails 
 (' la l''i(Uc(iiiii,-rjf, Uubroii 
 
 '111, l,,l- r,.|-,.|\H|;r |,|.||,|,,' 
 
 nsiv,. sl:i;,.ii„.„i, l,v .MM 
 
 IIl,lll,'Klvy|.in,.l, ,„jl„i,.||: 
 
 ,f .MM,liiini. fiittii |,,.„|. ,,; 
 iali"M ,,t .M. |j,„ii..,.,„ 
 
 I .Miiivh ; siiit,.|.,v, ; ,ii|. 
 rl>'s 'i'- l.,'SM.|,», , v,,u; 
 ; -M. liiiil.^mi. 5 ynvi :ii;.i 
 M. (;,,rii,.|nis llriz Mtaw, 
 
 '■'■«» iill,v|, 2, Jlardi; 
 
 usi,|,.' Iiy ili,.f,jiin; puliln. 
 1 ; liv.sl, iiMl, i;; U,v. rn-' 
 
 Jl..\:i,iu,.t, i.Miidi, iv. 
 e i'iJMn,.ssi.,iiurtli,'L„lm,i. 
 r,'iicHiii 1,1 th,' wuik; ll„, 
 'I, ii'P'iil,',! . 4Aiinl, 
 V ll,,','tMi.;:iili . 23.I11I11.. 
 I"'l'»l'"l . . I.,.V1,I. 
 '1,'W l',,lli]Kiiiy l,,nilri|,i,':,. 
 
 Jl. liiirtiss,,!, ;,li.|uti|,.|j. 
 .lie with till' 1,1, 1 o,jiii;ai,y,' 
 
 liaii'li„l,|,Ts, 11 resiiiiiiiuii • 
 ut 5 lii'lsiiiistiiluriuaiipw 
 
 ■llimjil to 1,1, 2o,IMl,>M 
 
 • 4 Alilii, „ 
 ■rfsteii :il lionnitiuuutli, 
 lailitinii n,,t "tlcote,! ; in 
 
 yiiurs' iiiiiiriMiiiiii,..|i| «i,|| 
 ) Auii. iSy4 ; hin apiiral ;., 
 
 May, ili.sullowe,!, lAuf.- 
 iprisiiiiiiii'ut ,„iiiim,:,l. 4 
 i'^!< b,'j;im agaiiiM Imn m 
 ■ll, iS<j'i ; the i:liar;;ij iii,v 
 ! May ; aii,nlRTi',,iiiiiiitt« 
 
 1S97 ; h,.Mli,.,lb.)uly, lij:, 
 lie Li'-sst'iis ; boni 19 .Vnv. 
 
 • •,.■' \w 
 iiaiiia rar.al cuim,. »' 
 li,- aii|„,iiit,',| chi:. - 
 -,i"ii, 21 l),.c .3,,^ 
 ■. i8i)() ; u-htT ,. I'li,. 
 |),irleil on tin' iv „ ;„ 1 
 
 'Iiortcil jf I 
 
 I'elj. l>i^)l.). Tioaty 
 oil, i;,'. liaiunu't to 
 di'part 
 
 tlif lie 
 
 atcs 
 
 1111(1 
 
 i8;S 
 
 i333 
 
 1S97 
 I'k 
 
 Thev visit ('liiciitfo uiiil otluT citii's, Oit., iiicet nt 
 Wiulii'iS'"" ''^ ^"^ ■ '■' ■'"'''■ Consti-uc'tiiiii of I'Oii- 
 nertiiig railways iiropoMMi 
 sdoiitiii? iirbitnitioii a.::iv.M 
 „Miilcnt lliirn.-^"ii id Ajiril 
 fcrhoiiii' I'j.iiinl, l.N)0. 
 
 PAN-ANGLICAN SYNOD, the popular 
 
 nameo.t'aciiiilerciict'of 76 bishops, itritish, colonial, 
 
 aiidAnicrii'iiii, wli<""i't "' Laiiibctli-piihui', 24-27 
 
 Sept. '807. They issued an nildress, publislied 
 
 tlieir resolutions, o'f ii very general eh.inuter, 
 
 formally clused tlieir conference on 10 Dee. 
 
 Auotln'isviM"! ,jralii>at 100 l>i,.ilioi,s iiiot . 2 .Inly, 
 
 OraiiJcli^i";;'*''"''''^^'"^'- ^'""'■'^ • =7Jiil.v, 
 
 Anfin'J''!'"'""''"'"'''''*"^''' I"'"li"-'iii.^' "11 opisi.oj.al 
 
 l,Di,r(((ifrerereiicefori'cil,..siastical,iii,sti,iiis, &!■., 
 
 ,3;j ; aiiiithiT ia.sui.,1 with pinetical moral recoiu- 
 
 iiii'ii, iati,, IIS, ranii'stlyiiilvoeatiiiH unity an, I union 
 
 witli iiiiiicoiifoniiists 
 
 Thetliir,! coiilercni.e of 145 bisliops was liehl nt 
 
 Uiiiboth 7-28 July ; th,. abp. of York pivaeh I 
 
 atSt. I'lUils i7July. 
 
 Tlielourtli I'Diinuviu-i' ol igg bislioi,s at LanilK.th, 
 ,o.Juia. ; visit C.intprbiiry, i .Inly, i8i;7 ; conlial 
 JreetiiiK from the j,'eai'ral assembly .'1 the eluireli 
 SfSretl ;ii,l rei'i'lve,!, 6 July ; al,|,s. an, I bishops 
 Mfivi'il liy till! iiueen at \Viii,ls,ir, rj, July; 
 closcl, 2 Au;;. ; eneyclieal publislicl, Timt.i, 5 
 Aiijr. ; 63 r,'s,)lutions imlilislicd, Time.-* 11 Au},'. 
 fivemiitT'l'rivliiilerians. 
 
 PANDEAN PIPES (said to be tlie Grc 
 
 svrin.x,niid tlie >ir/a/' or organ of the Bible, Gvii. iv 
 21,111(1 rxi/iii el.), usually seven tubes, popular in 
 Britain (^luly in the Kjth eentury. A " Pre- 
 ceptor" for i)avie3' "new invented syrryn.\ " was 
 published in 1807. 
 
 PANDECTS, a digest of the civil law, made by 
 order of Justinian, ;3;i. It is stated that a copy o"f 
 tliese Paiulei'tswastliscovered in the ruins , if Aiii.'ilti, 
 113;; removed from I'isu in I<^I5, and preserved in 
 tlie library of the Medici at Horence, as the Fan- 
 dedct Floreiitiiue. 
 
 PAND08IA (Bruttium, S. Italy). Here 
 AlctaiiJer, king of Kpirus, was defeated" and slain 
 bv the liruttiiins, 326 B.C. Liuvinus, the Koman 
 ciinsul, was defeated between ll-'nieb.a and I'lindo- 
 siii, in Liiciiiiin, by I'yrrhus, king of Epinis, 280 B.C. 
 
 PANEASor PaNIUS (Syria). Here Antiochus 
 the Great defeated .Seoua.s, the Egyptian general, 
 and his Greek allies, li)8 B.C. 
 
 PANICS, COMMEUCIAL, gcncr lily the result 
 ofovcr-sptculiition; see Bubbles, South Nea, Laiv's. 
 Iliriiiij.'li Kieiu'h war : govcnmieut issue,! 5,000,000'. 
 
 ex('li,'(Hii'r liills 
 
 Tll^oll^'ll Irish r,.lii'lliiin, &,•. (3 per cents, at 44S) . 
 Throui;!! buhble c,iiii|«inios, 770 banks stojipeil 
 
 winter, 1 
 
 Thniugli railway iimiiia Oct. 
 
 TliMUKb Aiiierii'au fuilures . . . Nov. 
 
 Tlirougli fear of Kuropcaii war . . . April, 
 TliroiiBli over-siiecuhitioii in limited liability eoiii- 
 
 paiiics May, 
 
 Throiigli Kiamu.I'russian war . . 10 July, 
 Throiigli Hussiaii attack 011 Afghans at I',.n,j,lidi 
 
 (tempiiraiy) q April, 1S35 
 
 W«r panics at Paris au,l 1,011,1(111 . 3-4 Keb. 1337 
 
 See I.undoit, 24 Nov. 1890. 
 
 PANNONIA, part of lUyria, now Hungary. 
 Wuliiially sulidueii by Tiberius, A. I). 7-9. 
 
 PANOPTICON OF Science and Akt, iu 
 
 Leicestcr-squnri.. erected in 1852-3 for a chartered 
 company, liy Jlr. T. H, Lewis, the architect; was 
 opened 111 1JS54 for lectures, musical perfonuances, 
 ic. It hud li very large electrical nuieliine, battery, 
 i-c. The speculation did not succeed; the building 
 wasiold ill 1857, and in March, 185,8, was opened 'or 
 
 1793 
 '797 
 
 535-6 
 1847 
 ■ 357 
 1859 
 
 1866 
 1870 
 
 concerts and horsemausliip,iiiid called tin- .iliaiiilirii 
 (if/iic/i ikt). 
 
 Jeii'iiiy l!,.nthaiirs book " l'aiiopli,.,iii, or tli,. lii.^|.,.,.ti,)U 
 Ibiii.s,'," an ,.stablisliiii|.|it in wlii,.|i p,■l>„lll^ in.iy ho 
 
 k,.|,t iin,l,-r inspi'ili,!!!. publisli,.,! i-r.ji ; s,.,. ,Ui7'.„,(A. 
 
 PANOKAMAS, invented by Itobert Barker, 
 are bird's-eve views painted roiind tlie wall of a 
 circular building. In i7t<H hi. exhibited at Edin- 
 burgh a view ot tliat city, tlie first [licture of the 
 kind. He then commenced similar exhibitions in 
 London in 1781J, having adopted the iiaiiie " I'lOiw 
 riimti," and was ultimately enabled to build com- 
 modious priMuises 111 l-i'iccster-siniari. for that 
 purpose. I'anoramas were e.Nliibif.d 011 tlie conti- 
 nent by liiin.si.lf ami his assoii ite, Kobt. Fulton. 
 M. Thuyer, having b,ni-ht the inventum from 
 Fulton, e.xliibited panoramas in Paris about 171)0. 
 See Colosffiiiii. (Barker died in April, l,So().) J. P. 
 Loutherbouig, a painter, teriued tlii. piinoraiuist, 
 invented tlie " KiOo|ihusik,in," natural i)li(.noiiiena 
 n.presented by moving jiictures, exhibited at Lisle- 
 street, Leiee»ter-s(iuare, 3 April, 1781. ''This was 
 certainly not a panorama." Jir. UimlKitiU. 
 
 PANORMUS, sec l\ilermo. 
 
 PANTAGRAPH (from tlie Gie(.k iHiutu. all 
 things, and (jriiplwiii, to write, and incorrectly 
 termed I'lntaijrnpl,), an instruuK.iit for copying, 
 reducing, or enlarging plans, \-c., invented by 
 Christo^ilier Sclieiuer, about iia)3; improved by pro- 
 fessorW allnce, and called '• Ki,|,,gr:ipli," about"l82l. 
 
 PANTALEON, a musiual instrument (a drum 
 with tuned strings), iii'ented by Pantuleon llcb,n- 
 streit, about 1 735. 
 
 PANTECHNICON, a raugv of buildings.Mot- 
 
 , combe-street, Knightsbridge, l,,ind,jii, \\ ., erected 
 
 by Seth Smitli, as a receptacle for paintings, 
 
 j(.wellery, furniture, eai-viuges, i:c.. 1H30; was 
 
 destroyed by tire 13--14 Fcli. 1874. ^^■'"'■" 'uuch 
 
 I property was lost : re-built, 1874. 
 
 PANTHAYS, .Mahoiiu.tans in the Chinese 
 provhiee, Yunan, became independent under a, 
 sultan, during the Tae-ping revolt, 1851-114. After 
 its suppression, the Panthays, iift(.r a severe 
 struggle, were also subdued. Tli(.ir cajiital, Tiilifoo, 
 was captured, and its inhabitants cruelly massacred 
 in Feb. 1873. Tlie Panthays sent an' embassy to 
 England in 1872, without ettcet. !?ultaii Suleiinau 
 committed suicide. 
 
 PANTHEISM, tlie formula of which is 
 "everything is Ijoil, and tjod is one," was e.spe- 
 eially taught by Xenopliaiies, wlio (li(.d 5(X) B,c. 
 The doctrine is attributed to Spinoza, Kant, Fichte, 
 anilothcrmoderniihilosopliers. .\malric of Chartres, 
 censured for liolding tlie .Joctrine, recanti.d 13th 
 century. He is said to have asserted t'iat"al' 
 God, aiid Uod is all." 
 
 PANTHEON, at Kome, a circular temple 
 built by Agrippa, tbe son-in-law of .\ugustus, 
 27 B.C. It had nielies in the wall, where the image 
 or representation of a particular god was set up; the 
 gates brass, the beams covered with gilt brass, and 
 the I oof covered with silver. P,ipe lioniface HI, 
 dedicated it to the Virgin .\laiy and all the saints, 
 bv the name of S. Maria della Itotunda, or "a(i 
 >iartyres," A.l). 608.* — I'lie I'antiiko.v in London 
 was erected by subscriptiiui, and opened 27 Jan. 
 1772; formed into mi ipcia hou.sc ; burned down 
 14 Jan. I7()2 ; rebuilt lor masquerades in 17(^5; 
 opened as theatre, 1812; made a bazaar in 1834. 
 
 • Victor Kminanuel, first King of united Italy, was 
 buried here, 17 Jan. 1878. 
 
 *1 
 
 'M 
 
 I ill ' -Will -^ 
 
 ■IP 
 
 1, 
 
 .Hi -ll 
 
 I I 
 
 
MkMM:: 
 
 PANTOGEN. 
 
 «12 
 
 PAPIEU MACHE, 
 
 \}'^^ "^ y^^^ii T ■d. 
 
 tie. 
 to 
 
 k- m\.'^ ^ , '' TO 
 
 
 The bnzaar was closi'd in 1867, aiiJ tlic |nrinisi'S 
 taken by Gilliey and Co., wine iiiercliaiits, wlio lent 
 the south part ior a teTM|i(>rary ehiuvh. 
 
 I'anthkon, V:\vis, a iiiiiKiiil:"ciit Imililin;; fdiiinlici liy 
 I.ouis X\'. ill piirsiiaiM't' of a \u\v, dciiieatfi) ti> Str. 
 (iencvieve ; lii'ilt ny Siiiillli)t, 1757-40; Tiaiiir i I'lni- 
 tlunui, anil flt'iTi'cd (11 lir a iiiausDh'Uni for I'liiiiiriit 
 iiifii, 1791; made a eliureli, 1806; iiaiiicd Ste. Gimh'- 
 vi6v(', 1821 ; iv-iiaiMi'd I'aiitlii'oii, 1831 ; anniiia I'liiirch, 
 Ndv. 1852; awiiii w'culavisi'd, 27 May, 1885; ri'ct'ivi'il 
 the ivaiaiiis of Victor 1Iul;ii, i .Iiine, 1885. Tlie ir- 
 inaiiis of N'ltUaire and Itimssi-ati found Ihi're liy a 
 eoitnninsion, iS hi'c. 1897. 
 
 PANTGdEN, see Atomic T/uori/. 
 
 PANTOMIMES were representations by pes- 
 tures and artitMdcs anionfj the Greeks, and wore 
 introduced on fU" Koinan stage h\ J'Wades .rod 
 Bathylliis, 22 !,..■. Comic nuHnue? were introd.oed 
 here from .tM^iy about itcx;. '.the tirst rejinlar 
 Englisli iiantomiine in said t'> !-m"e been "Harle- 
 quin e.xecuted," jiroduued by j'i^:i iUclmf the I.iii- 
 eoln's-inn-tields theatre, 26 In-. !Ti7. .Tosepli 
 Grinialdi (1779-18^7) was a niotl emiutnt litwn, 
 
 " PAPAL AGGRESSION.': 1" 1 iirnsihton- 
 hohieii in Rome, 30 Sept. \H^y\ tlit pope .,t ai.~ l.K.) 
 named fourteen new <iinliiial.-'- of wl, m. four only 
 were ItaiiiiHs. Among tlieiii uh,«I)r. Ki holas W'i.se- 
 nmn, vicar-apostolic of (he L.uidon di.^trict, wlio 
 was at the same time nominated lord .n'ohbishop of 
 AVestminster. 
 
 Pr. Ullatlionic cntlirmu'das Hoinan Catloiic liislioji 
 of l)iiiiiin},'luiiM in St. Clnnl's catlicdial 27011. 1850 
 
 A pastoi;il letter from III SVismian read in all the 
 Jtuniaii eiitlioiie eliMpels rf liis .see (all Knwiioiil 
 laivelleil nut into Holnisli ilineeses). . 27 Hit. ,, 
 
 'ii:- :ins\\er of the liislmli of London (Dr. Hlolnlielil) 
 I • I, nienioritd fvoni the judtestiint cler^ry of West- 
 niMi-ter. against a Homisli liieraiehy in this 
 coiiotrv. was followi'd liv the "liurham" letter 
 from ! lid .lolm linssell.t'lien iliief minister of the 
 crown, to tlie liislniji of Durham, in whieli lie 
 severely ■■■■] snred, not only the iiapal afiKi'ession, 
 Ijut also the 'iiiieeedin};s of the tractaiiau clergy 
 of the (.■hureii of KnKland . 4 Nov. ,, 
 
 Iniinediately fro... every iiuaiter of Knjiland ad- 
 dresses poured in toiler majesty theiiueen, ealliii;; 
 uj'oii lier .■ind thej:nvernnient to resist the usur|ia- 
 tion ; 6700 addresses, it is said, had lieen voted 
 fri'Ui nearlv as many iidtuential nieetint;s up to 
 
 II Dee. ,, 
 
 f)v. I!n;.'t.'s, created Konian catholic liishop of Hever 
 lev, was eiithroni'd in St. Cieoree's chapel at York. 
 
 ■ i l-'eli. 1851 
 
 I)r. lirowne, created liishoii of Clifton, and Dr 
 Uurj^ess, bishop of Shrc\vslnir>" : both consecrated 
 in St. (ieori.'e's .atheiliid, Southw.o.k 27 .Inly, ,, 
 
 The Keclesiastiral 'I'itles act. 14 ^''5 Vict. c. 60. 
 
 piohiliited till ustitntion of liisIio]is of jin- 
 
 teiided provinces under a penalty of lail. .\uk. ,. 
 
 It was not acted ui'on, .ind w i: repealed 24 .Inly, 1S71 
 
 PAPAL INFALLIBILITY. This dogma, 
 maintained Ijy one jiarty in tlio Ifotnan c'lurcli, 
 tolerated by anotiier, and \itterly rejected by a 
 third, was adopted and promulgated at the general 
 eouncil at Kome iX Jiilv, 1S70, a gi'eat nniny liishojis 
 having withdrawn. 'I he dogma was inculcated by 
 the false decretals of Isidoi'e and others, but not 
 adopted liy the council of Trent ; see t'lniiiiih X \1. 
 Professor DuUingi'r, the historian, was exeoi,.,' .rii- 
 cated at Munich for rejecting this doginii, I'' i -/il, 
 1871 : lie was made a D.C.I,, at O.xford '' it 
 l(> .June fnliowiiig; see Old CniluiUrs. I'lie u.ic- 
 trine was streniiouslv attacked by Mr. W. K. Ghid- 
 stone, in his ])amphlet, " The Vatican Ueciees," 
 Nov. 1874. 
 
 PAPAL STATES, see Jinmc, and /'-/;(.?. 
 
 h- 
 
 PAPEK, see P,i,)i/nis. ^^,p,.,. ^^.,„ ~ 
 •nude in Egypt, and centuries lieiori liieti- !■ 
 "!'a. It "as made of cotton ahnut (00 a j" " , ' 
 r..gs about i^oo.* White coarse paper wiJ'":!' 
 hv sir John J>|ieiluian, a ticrtinui, ;a lj,|.(f , ■ 
 England, 7,1 £liz, i^So; and heie |wp,.r ' 
 weie erected, ^tow. .i'aper tei viiiin;-„||^. 
 in;r manufactured in Knglaiid. nul u' 'at ,''''' 
 to encourage it, 2 Wiil. III. .,„^,. !,> ':''!' ' 
 tune we paid lor these article, m l.',.;,,,,,. ,' ' 
 Hoil.iiid UK),ooo/. aun.eiUv. riie Vivn,' X ' 
 taugh! .ur people i'.' li.id nnule io,i'.c 1,1™ 
 paper .i!u:ost exelu-l^, !, , until tl.iy laiue »,„. 
 lis; we m;ide w liite i.„p. i [list m l(.|0. ,lWowf 
 .raper-makiiig by a ma-luue w.„ m'^m,,.^ l 
 Louis Robert, who sohl ids lu.-ici to fiido* ii' 
 great luii-tc', who broug.,1 u to r.nniumi, ,„a" „ 
 jointly wnli l-'ourdrinier, piafc, 1. 1. the 1 v.ui.Lrv 
 fhe latter obtained a patent f"r i .iper-vi,;-ii,Bm; 
 ehinerv in 1801 ; and f 'r maiiu'ii.tuii;. • 'ijL. ,] 
 an indelinitc length in KS07. Ti.,. nm, iii.','f\ ,..'' 
 improved bj Hryan Doiikin. .\ .hn-\ ,} {yj' 
 i;.<'.o feet long, and 4 I'eet wide, was made a| 
 
 and out 
 
 "ide, «;is 
 ''■S«"1o, a 
 lias bo/n 
 : art sinte 
 '''"■til into 
 ■;-.iiibitioii, 
 'f'.'.n; sts 
 \:»Hm\ in 
 
 \Vhi. I hall-mills, Derbyshire, in 1X^0 
 3I,(XXJ feet long, and"(i feet ^ iiiil'ieg 
 made at Colyton in Devon in' iSi«;. 
 .Spanish grass, first imiiortcd in iX^-, 
 largely employed in tlie paper iii.imili, 
 |8()4. In lcS(it')wood was largely niiuuil! 
 paper at rhiladeljihia ; and at the Tai-i, 
 1807, tine specimens of wood-paper were 
 I'lifc/iiiniif (note). Tlie papci diitv, 
 I(i')4 (producing, latterly, about l,4i'io,ooo,'. 
 ally), after having lu'en the subjct of iij;itii'i n fo, 
 several years, was repealed in iStii, l[,m.,-,i|;; 
 said to be used for paper-making in rraiuciS-' 
 raper-mills in Oreat Uritain, 1877.^1.1111385(6,^,1,1 
 
 300 : Scotland, 65 ; Ireland, 20) ; aiimia! pi.-lmVaiiii 
 
 36xc<x) tons ; value, 16,090,000). (iiviit imiva^rsiiM 
 /'. .. ...rlnh!li:n at Derlin, .Mig 1S7M i-ei,iiiii,„i ,|,j 
 
 o -leat varieties of paper, but 11 p;iiii'rlii,ii.<c,t,i;,j 
 
 chairs, carpets, barrels, boats, ,yr. 
 Paper pianoliivtc exhibited, soft tmie. .Inly, 1305, 
 Bottles lar;jel,\' made of paper in ,\i,,(ijc;i,' igs^' ' 
 5th international |iaper ami priiitin.; '-xliiliitioii 1™. 
 
 cnUiiial hall, London, open,.,!, j; .liui,., i-.;;. "* 
 Causes .if the deieiinration of pii| .a-, iiivestisatnlbvi 
 
 ' ','"!":■'• "• t'"' '^"<-;- "'■ •^'■'^' ^''l''- ' ' "'•/■ 'ir,"W'. 
 
 ill iheir.iournal. 20 May, uijc. 
 
 PAPER-HANGINGS, \-. . Stamped ,«, 
 tor this piir|iose was tirst made in Spain and ||oj. 
 land about lyy^. Made of velvet miil tl»s, (i,f 
 hanging a)iartuiiiits, about l(i20. ilie iMaiaitacliin 
 uf this kind of pa)ier rapidly iinprevcil in tin, 
 country during the ]iresciit' icniurv. - P.tptii 
 lluUKs have been made in .\nuiica; .,nd paptr 
 tubing for watia- and gas, made by M. J;il„urijii ij 
 I'aris, was shown in t8(iO. 
 
 P APER-IMONE Y, see ]l,n,/,-> and tt-.m/«A 
 
 PAPIER .MACHE. This luauufucture (ol 
 papcr-pulii couiliiiicd with gum aiul Miiattiiiics «ith 
 china cla,\ ) lias cxistial for .ibovc a rcnturv. Sin: ;.. 
 a (.ierinan snull'-bo.x maker, is said to I'lm hsa' 
 the art from otic Lefevre aluiut 1740, !. 
 
 * Mr. .lose|ih Hunter (in the Anhmihy. ., 
 
 states that the earliest paper win-h lie lia .. , 
 
 .MS. .■lecoiint-buiik, dated 1302 , 1' ;mi 
 
 maniifacture. He gives eiigra\iiii. .i^rs 
 
 marks, French and Knglish, the - Jiff 
 
 fl'oni 1 ;-;,'> til T.(JI, Hcaiso;.nVis . . L rV'.liiail'rj 
 
 by liartliolus, a writer of the laiilclit ... •iHutntm, 
 
 ill whi.'h meiitii.n is made of a papei '■ . ■, : niDtk 
 
 .Marches of .\ncona .\t the eii.l of \V> Vi.. WeM 
 e.lilioii of liartholonneus De rriip.i la':'. ,- 1, .1- 
 1494, its tliin iia|ier, muilc by Jvlin li Ic in ' 
 (■..nin.i'ii.l.'.l. 
 
•11 MACIIt;, 
 
 ■ntnrus 1m.|„it lliM I^;,,,- 
 
 »l^'n:ibnui(<«A.D.,;X 
 lute oiiirsc p,i[,,r «■„, , , 
 
 a tHT-ll;,!!. ;.| D,,rlfov,:, 
 
 ,S0; ;,|1,1 \„-,,. i,;|p,, , 
 
 Ensrlm,,!, ui,l an „ct ,„,^.,, 
 Ill' in. .iKiO; Wfore t' 
 
 '■illv. 111,. K,.,.,,,!, relto,. 
 
 1;. until ili.y umeaimn? 
 p.rnmii, i(.,K,. j„rf„„/ 
 
 ma. hill,. «.. „„p,,^ ^;. 
 ill I'H m.-.,i ;,., !ii,|,; ,|- 
 
 '«■"' '■,!" '-■irlun.i.und.io,;. 
 L'l-, luTlct. ., il„. 1 :;uh:,.i,r, 
 lmtfntiuri.,|,,,-.,.,,i;i„„„;. 
 
 (■r manu'.turi;,. .,m„ ,, 
 i; If;07. h..-iua.|„;;,rv.,, 
 )onl<in. A ..l,«.t ,4- pW 
 
 4 l.fi't «iii,., was iiiadtal 
 •vsliiro, in iS,o; and ow 
 
 I <i It'ft ,^ imliLs widen.,, 
 .)i-v<.ii 11, iS,«,, Ksparto,a 
 iiilHirt,.d II, i«,-. |,|,j ^,„ 
 he liaii,.,- ni.ciiiil;,. lare ,i„i.f 
 ;ishii-rly i,iani,li.!.|i.tji^n 
 
 |""1 ■" ""■ I'^iri- ;.liibition, 
 
 W0(.;l-),,I]H1-Wl.|.,..|,„,,„.^j 
 
 i U' pi,|i,., ,h,ty, ,;,.!|..!,..d i„ 
 riy, all.. lit i,4(aooo;. ;;iinii. 
 
 II tln.si,l,j,.,|„i a-iti|ti,|„j 
 iriilcil ill i.Sdi. Il.,|i.,. i!t, 
 LT-iiiakiiis' ill l-'raiicc.iS;;. 
 itaiii, 1877. al.. ut j8;(Ein;'.,,],i 
 aii.l, 20): aiiimai l.i.'.liii.f alMiJ 
 i,o(5o,Mw(. (i,.,at iii.!...nsr »]„■(, 
 lin. .\>if:. ,S7- : .■..iiiaiuf.i n.,t 
 I'Ml'iM-. l.ma|.;,i.,.,.l,.,;i.,c,(,,l;.j, 
 1, ii.'ats. it'., 
 
 r.l, soft ti.li.'. .Inly. 135;. 
 japi.,' ill Aiii.iii'a, 18:7. 
 
 ami ii,'i,iin;^ ..xliihition, Wij. 
 
 i>|,..ii...l, ji.laii... ,;,;. 
 tiim i.r pa|.T. iawstiaWhi 
 III' Arts, X..|.!. ,(,„,, ,:,,,M^,, 
 y, K-cj;'. 
 
 INGS, \-... .Staiii|i(.d f.iptr 
 rst Miatli' ill Spain iinj jioi. 
 aili' lit' vi-lvci and tl..is, (»r 
 liiiut l(i2(i. 111.. niaiiiil;ii.:iin 
 r rapidly iiiq.n.vid in tfe 
 liri'scnt iiutiiiy, - Papek 
 aili' ill Aiiiiiii.a ; :aid piptr 
 a.*, iiiaiU' liv M. Jali.UMu li 
 i(lO. 
 
 [E. This niaiiuUture (ol 
 i-itli i;uiii aial .~.iiiii.'liiiii.,wi!|, 
 I'lir.iliiivi. a . (.iitiiry. .Mir.:., 
 lilki.r, is sai.l t.i I'lav V.jr, . 
 .'Viv ahunt 1 740. I . 
 
 ■ (ill the .li'.;»i.riV.: ,, ,i.| 
 
 paper wlii-ti he lia ..» 
 
 ■il 1302 I ,.l'!- • laas 
 
 I'liHiuviiij: .. ., ma 
 
 di.sli, till' ..1 . .. jijijt 
 
 Nil j^ivt'S - . ■ I fr..J,,i *■.;!; 
 
 r till' iiii.lilii ,1. ..'Iicentiiit, 
 I' nf a papi'i • . ■. ... : nklit 
 : the en. I ..f ■iV.\ ;iV i, . W r.t! 
 lis IX' rri.p... ti.t;'.i- Il ;' 
 dc I'll Ji-hii Ti:tc ill .' ' 
 
 PAPIN'> DIGESTEi;. .sly 
 
 tuk. 1' 'ip '"' f!.'»l^''''*'illi't t'i<' iniiitei- lit Itir- 
 ■'linghu.il,' .111(1 "-"I' mv-Ml ovei- tlial (listl-iet. 
 I'amcr imiclie i- m « Inrgelv i.inployoil 111 di-na- 
 mentin ih'' iii''""' ''f biiilding.s A.-.'. A lari;i' 
 'omeiit Brussc - ..:d. vej to bo nmde of it, Ih'i. 
 
 l(>".i. 
 
 I'VflX''^ Dil;HSTER (spiMSV(Y/M(),iiiv..iitrd 
 ,i,out l(*l. i'-''->' '■'!''"• " I'l'i'iii'li plnl"s..pli.T, 
 lijistod liovle in iu~ e.vperiiiioiits iilmut I(>7J<. 
 
 PAKCH.MENT. 
 
 ,»»! 
 
 PAPISTS. «'i' l!')»i"ii Ciiiliiilics. 
 PAPUA. I"?!-' -^'"'' (••itiiKi. 
 
 p^^pYIU .'^. 'I'l' "■''''' ''"I" \*'lii<'li "lis iiKide 
 tlie '.mii'i' '■ -'•jrvpl i.iii' India, used Im- writiiius 
 uiilii liie <i'.'"-i'i'y "' imi'diiiU'iit, nli..iit |.x> n.c. 
 
 mill '•">•■• V ' •■ * ,. ' . ':. 
 
 TI'i rarlii'st kii,.«ii -pcipnein ul papyri \v..i.|. ("111. .1 
 .„'.i,.. •lonun). n;- itti'iliiited tn tlio tliii'.l dyirist\ , 
 ■fiac. Many !> pvi'i wefc disiiivi'i-ed at Hi'i-.i'i- 
 iiiniMim in 1754. "■''"' iii."i> woiv cidli'iteil li\ tlie 
 Fmifli in I'-ii.vpt, 17'iS. A miiiiusiiipt .;' tlie 
 .iiiiiiimlim III J"i-ip!ii"' "11 pniiyni^ aiiioim tli.' 
 I'lvasiires seized by li.iiiaparti' in Italy, ,ainl si.ni t.i 
 liii'Xiitionul Liliniryat I'aiis, w.is i-cstiiii..d in 1815. 
 Kii'.siiiiil.'s "I'tlie lui-jt.'st known papynis.li.uii.l In 135;. 
 
 Iriiiiul .M.'.liiiit Hal.u on the Nile, ami n..\v in tli.' 
 
 llrltlsliM'is.iiiii. ".'le pul.lishe.l with traiislati..iis l.y 
 
 llic tnisti.'.» ill Id;'.. 
 
 Uii|i,vi'ii.s>l^. ..1 til.' p..eiiis ..t Haci'liylides iie.pii|.|..l l.y 
 
 the lidtisli .M11S..11IM. anil. .line...!, Di'e. iSgh; a la... 
 
 simile, eilit.'.l l.y KivhThk C. Ki'iiyon. |iiiMi.,li..il, 
 
 1193. 
 liivfk iiapyii, it.', fi.iiii'l lit H.'liiii'si during .'X...Hiiti.iii> 
 
 l.y Jlr. 1'. B. Or.'lit'ell an. I .Mr. A. S. Hniit, rep..rte.l, 
 
 29 May, lit,?' llii.'ks piiMislied ; se." AV,i//.(i,iii l-:.i- 
 
 PARABLE. >>e Fiihh. 
 
 PARACHUTE, hi.- ISnUuonf., 178s, 1802, 1.837. 
 
 1874, 18S7. 
 
 PARACLETE (Greek for eoiiiforter), a iiaiiio 
 .ivi'ii by Abel.ird t.. the eoiive.it wliicli lie t'liiiiid.'d 
 III C'lliimp.iiiiie in 1122. ol wliiili Heloise hoeiilue 
 
 lik'lirstiibljess. 
 
 PARADLSE LU.'«;T. tlie jfi-eat Knglisli ejii, 
 b\ John -Milt. .11, a[>pi.,iivd tirst in ten li.n.ks in 
 1007, in twelve li.i.iks in p. 74 : the author roeeiveil 
 lor the first three i.ilitii.us 1,1,500 e.ipies) 5/. eaeli. 
 •■ Paradise Kegiiiiied " w.is I'.iihlislieu in I<i7[. 
 
 PARADOX (Greek, jiurii, hevoiid , and dujii, 
 ..pillion), sonietliiiii; e'lntrary to eoiunion opiiiinii, 
 I'rofcssorDe M.irgaii's " Budget of I'a'-ad.i.xes" ;cif 
 all kinds) was puhlished in 1872. John ranct's 
 '■Paradoxes an.l I'nzzles, Historieiil. Judieial, and 
 Literary," publislii'd 1874. 
 
 PARAFFIN' (tioiii/j<»'»Hirt/fr'«(«,fi'omits having 
 littk' affinity witli anythini:), iiUo ealled pliotngeii, 
 a solid siibstaiiee. s.nnewhat like speniia.i.ti, pm- 
 liiiii'd bv distillatiiin of eoal. and first olitaiiieil by 
 lleiclicnliaeh in 1S30, and by Dr. Christis.m ab.nit 
 the same time. It was procured fi'.. 111 luiin'ial oil hy 
 Mr.Jamcs Yountrab.int 184,8 at Alfretoii in Llerliy- 
 ^liirc. Soonafterit was largely obtaiiieil tr.ni I!..!;- 
 headcoal. It is also obtained" from Irish peat. It 
 makes e.wellent laiuUes. ilueli litigati.iu ensued 
 tlirough interfurenee with Mr. Young'i" patent- ■ 
 light. In |«S2, 120,508 cwts. wer,' iiiip.irt.'il into 
 . the United Kuigdum ; in l8,)0, 725.31)8 ewts. 
 
 PARAGRAPH BIBLES, see under liiblts. 
 
 , PARAGUAY, a repnblie in S. Anii'riea, (lis- 
 
 I covered h\ Juan Dia;. de Soli.s in 1515, and by 
 
 Sebastian Cabot in 152O; eoiiquered by Alvarez 
 
 Nufiez ill 1535, and eivilize,! Iiv the Jesuits, who 
 ill l(«8 eoninieiieed their niissii'ms there and held 
 it till their e.xpiiUioii iii I7(,8. I'aragiiav rose 
 against the Spaiiisli yoke in 181 r. In 1814, IJr. 
 Jose G. R. Fruneiii was eleeted dietator; ho ruled 
 vigorously but tyraiiiiioally ; he was sn,',eeded on 
 his death in 1,840 liy Vibiil. From 1814 to 1844 the 
 .'.Hiiitry was rigidly closed against foreigners. The 
 lir.'si.leiit, C. A. hojiez, eleeted in 1,844, was sue- 
 .■ceded by his son, Francis S. I.opi.z, Scjit. 18O2 
 
 srf/ir/oir). I'araginiy WIS rc'coijiiised as uii inde- 
 pendent state hy tlie Argentine ConlVderation 
 14 July, 1,852, anil hv Great llrit.iin in iN;^. 
 Capital, Asuncion. Population in 1857, i.;r4ir 
 111 187,^,221,071;; in i,S,;7 (e.stinnited)' (KM,6('w. ' 
 ll,i.stiliti.sl.,.tw,.|.|i Paraguay .111.1 IJrazil h,.j-,.|ii „.|h.|i 
 
 M Hrazihaii steamer was eapciiicl as an iiitni.||.|. 
 
 .)ii the I'ara^tiiay .... ,, v,,.. ,0,. 
 
 Hiazil iiiva.le.l ill ll,.,.,.niher . . * 
 
 l.,.l...z iiiva.1,.,1 the t(.rriti.i ies i.t the Argentim.' i,.! " 
 
 l.iil.iic, which iniim'iliately iiia.le alliaii,.,. with 
 
 Hrazi . . , . \ , . il o^ 
 
 The army ,.n.,.,.ez,lcf,.at;..|, ' . ' . ' '' 't'l' * 
 I'll,. alli,.s ,.aptiir,.,l Urii.nnyaiia ami an aimv ..f Para'. " 
 
 t;ilavalis ■ ,g ^|, , 
 
 ; l''..r.|,'tails of the war, si.c /(...,..'/■/, iSf.s'-n 1 ' " 
 A i.r,.\ isi. . Hill Ki.veiiini,. lit install,.,!; l.„pez totallv 
 
 ,li.|,..it...|, i>r.i,laiim.,l iiii iiiiiIjuv 17 ViC' ,^i:„ 
 
 I..M-zkille'l,„.aitlieA.pii.lai,i,n . . , V|,',,,!h' s^ 
 l',.ii,|.sigm.l with Hrii/.iliimlthcArtt,.|itiii,.|.,.piil,li,.[ ' 
 
 !> 1 . .. , , ... ^" illlll,., 
 
 1 r,si'l,.|it h.ilva,l,.r ,l,iv,ll:im.s eli'i't...! f,.|. time 
 
 l'i,.'si,leiit .liiaii liaiitista (;ill ' . ' ' '^■^'"/ '^l' 
 Tlie pr,.si,h.iit ami his l,i,.ther a.ssa.ssinat,.,|'.' an! '* 
 ii,.iiii..ed April; lligiiii,, L'riartc, presi,l,.|it ' 
 
 '"I'.^i'b'ot C li,lo t!.ir,.ir., (h.r 4 ,v,.ars) . '^/i',',''' Ull 
 
 l'l..si.l..|il -.11. H. Cahaller., . . 2, V,,v' »J, 
 
 l'i..si,le,n .J. ,;,,i,zal..z .... ' Si'iit So 
 li,.viv,.,l l.r..si.i.rityorth,.eoiiiitrvr,.porte,l Oct' 
 
 'li'^'ihit iii'.v att,.iiipl hy maiiir ViTa ami others " 
 
 siip|,r,.ss,..l with lil,j,j,lsh,.,l, r,.|„,it,..l . 2, (),,(' ,q,,, 
 
 '■^^I'd'h-^li t ot a .'Socialist s,.Uh.|m.|it hv ,.|i,i'. "^ 
 
 .i;i..iiits Ir.iia .\iistialia, t.i ],<■ iiam,.,! '•'. %•,.«. 
 
 (■.eip\r,.tat;'.s..|1,M- .Mii'riiii.-;, hc'coim.'s presiil.'m' '^" 
 
 s -"'"'[•"■■' ■' r. ,■ ■. ■ • ■'•'•II"'. 1394 
 ■^e K,-us-iiiza,.l,.ct..il ]ai.si.i..|it . .-6 .s,.i,t 
 
 PARALLEL MOTIOX, see Moiio,,. 
 
 PAIJASOLS were used hy the anci,.nt F"vi). 
 Hans. \ ii,.w f„riii (.said to h.ive been devised liv "tlic 
 diii'hess.it Kuihiiid)canieiiil,i general useahout '1820 
 
 PAKC AUX CEHF.S, a deer-park at Wr- 
 sailles, near I'aris, made hv Louis \II. and kent 
 ,|s such till I(H)4, when Louis XIV. took the land 
 tor luiililing. 'i'lio name was given to a house 
 erected on it hy niadame I'ompadoui-, poimlarlv siid 
 t,. toi'in a s.'i'aglio for Louis XV. in 1755. ft was 
 closed by iiiadanio Du Dariy in 1771, 
 
 PARCEL POST (advised bv Kowland Hill ii, 
 1.S42). I'loiioseil 111 Parliament bv .Mr. 11 Fawiett 
 27 Mareli; a,t pas.sed, 18 Aug. 'i8,S2 ; came into 
 oiH-ration i Aug. 1,883. Kates, from ilh. 2,/. to 
 7lb. IS. ~> 
 
 .Maxiiiiiiiii w,'i-ht raiscl to n lbs. fnnn , M:xy ,836 
 I'am'l Post ,'xt,.|„h',l to liMlia, Hritish Hiirmiih, Aden, 
 
 l.ihialtar, aiel Lgypl , July, ,885, ami other connti'ie.i 
 
 sine,'. 
 
 CiMhalh ll,'l,lspri.s,iii was C'.iiiverti'il into ollleea for the 
 
 lill'ecl r.ist, 1887. 
 C'.iachi's starte.1 t,) convey parcels to vari,)iis pai-ts fr,)„i 
 
 I'arcels e,,i,W'.\,..l ilJ3j-4, 21,000,000; 1891-2, qi.oooooo 
 .Mctrop.,lis, A,ig. .833, 3,6^«,ooo ; .39,-2, 9,0^^,0^'^- 
 
 _ PARCHMENT. Invented for writing books 
 by bumeues (some say by Attains), of Pergaiiius, the 
 ioundor ot the celebrated library at Pergamus 
 
 w 
 
 tl, 
 
 , |! |t I 1i>( * f "' 
 
 ,V.^ 
 
 LII i-u ■»! 
 
 C;i' 
 
 
m^^^^\ 
 
 
 PARDONS. 
 
 814 
 
 PARIS. 
 
 »•*' 
 
 
 ym 
 
 i' *^f 
 
 
 forme.l on the nio.lol of tlic Alexiindnan, nbout 
 irTirc rMMnnont-hnnks fn,m this t.nu- Lcranio 
 two niost U.C.I. i.n<l tin' .nost vBluubU; as well us 
 tiiHsr Til. ». «r tten on tlie pkin- of 
 
 i n sLul io "loutiono.! tl,i,t tlK. Persians : 
 ^n'oO^v. a";;"!;!,! ; ..av.. wntton a,l .hoi,- re..,-,.. 
 on skins Ions lafoiv K.nncn.-s tunc.. ^ 
 
 t«- , , in-ts of ,-M,.T.,ti-at,..l snlplinnc a,M,l a i.l " 1 ' { 
 
 tiy Fij-'uii'vaiiil I'.MiiiinrciU' in 1846. 
 P \ RDOXS Oenernl pardons were proclaimed 
 nt ~it ions first bv Kdward III. in 1327, lie 
 k , "• over of pardoning is said to be <lonved c 
 ,Z^J,- ,/i„niJls ; and no otbor person has pmuT 
 remit treason or felonies, stat. 27 Hon. MIT. 
 %y" V<Uslo,,e. A pardon cannot follow an , 
 ImPoacbmont of the bonso of cymmons : stat. j 
 Will. III. 1700. j 
 
 PVTJKXT.'-i'XATioN-.vi.KnrcATioxAL V'siov, 
 ost^ibli'lied'to enliirbton and a.ssist parents in the , 
 dis.bavn-f. of their imiiortant dntios n. the traiinn}; 
 oi"r .hildren. founded bv Miss M"-" ^J' '<■ 
 vrars a-o: annual mortmsrs, the earl of Mo.itli, 
 president, held in London, 27 Juno, 1895 ct "I'l. ^ 
 
 V VTJG \ a citv in European Turkey : retained 
 its ;^vi, iii'depi'"'!''"'''" und.T the prote.'tion of 
 V.Miico till I-O-. when that state was conqiu red by 
 the French.' It resisted various attempts to cap- 
 re it; and in lSrt>was irarrisoncd by Rnssun.s. 
 Itwas srivcn u,. .0 the French in .80"; taken by 
 the Fn.'lish. 22 starch, 1814; surrendered to th.' 
 Turks 181 - : and abandoned by Mbov,-,00O of its in- 
 habitants, whoreti-ed to the Ionian Isles, SIay,I»I9- 
 PARIAN MARBLES, see AniwMian 
 
 P\RTS (forinerlv liiteliit rfirMonim), \hv 
 cnT^tal of Franco, situated on the river Seine, which 
 cuts it into two une(iual parts, the stron-est bcniK 
 tow, r Is the north, and in which are three isles 
 In rUlr (th- r!f,A, the !/>■ S/. lonm. and the ,lf 
 Lou irn. In th,. time of Julius C-.esar.. Lutet.a 
 comprised the ritu only. It was <rroat y improved 
 bv be emperor Julian,- who made it bis residence 
 ,4il. he lovcrned Gaul. ;:;; to ^,1. It bH-ame 
 uccessivolv the capital of the ^n^dorns of Parjs 
 Soissons, and Noustria. and eventual v of all the 
 kin.'doin. Manv ecclesiastical councils were held 
 at Paris, ^r,o- 1 ^28. The representative of the house 
 of Orleans i. stvled .ount of Paris. Popu ation of 
 Paris in t8-A i,.78,262; in , 872, estimated popula- 
 
 2,260.02.?; i" '891, 2424.70s: i-V'- 2,5,?6,ooo, 
 
 sec FftDief. 
 
 Olovis makes Paris Ins rcsi.lcnce . . about 508 
 
 St. Denis foundecl , ', ', " 
 
 Hotel Dieu hospital founded by lasl.op Lrm.Io'^ ^^^ 
 
 Paris ravnirca bv the \onnans (or Danes), 845, 855, 
 861 • suffered from famine ■ , \, ' ^45-94° 
 
 cXntlv ,I..f™-le,l against tl.e Danes by the count 
 Eu.W.-indU.eV,ish.;pnos!m 885 
 
 University founded, about J»°^ 
 
 Rchnilt ■ ■ • ; .,.■ ■ ',, r^., ■,■,,• 
 
 rimrcl, of Notre Dam- Ividt . . • ' "'" ;J,^ 
 The p.arllament estnWlshed . . • • , ^„ J '^'^ 
 S.irters l.v the factions of the Armapincs and Hur- ^ ^^ 
 gmi'lians '''"' ' 
 
 Taken I'V llie Kn^lish . . .... 
 
 lictak.'U liv tlie Krencli . . , . ' 
 l'.>nt Xntrc Danic linilt 
 
 Tlic I.iiuvri' ciaunicm-ed (sec /.iiKi'n) , ' ' 
 
 Hi'.t.'l .le Villi' founded . . . , ' 
 
 Tlic H.inlcvaiils iinnnicnccil . . , 
 
 Fountain of llic Innoci'iits lacctcd . ' 
 
 Till' Tnileries licKun (see V'lii^nfn) . . . ' 
 
 .Miissaci'c ofSt. Ilaitlnilnaicw's . . ,., W 
 
 Tlic Pont Xeuflii'Knn . , . ' 
 
 V.iinlv licsii'tfcil by Henry I\. . , , ,' 
 
 Kntci'cil liv liini MiircV 
 
 Hospital of Inviilids 
 
 Pl.'i,'!' liovale lii-trnn ' 
 
 Tlie Hoti'l-Diin foiuiilci 
 
 .I.inliii lies I'liiiiti'S foniii'il . . . , ' 
 Tlic I.iixi'nilioiii'K'. 'i\ ^'ary de Mcdnis 
 
 Tlic P.'ilais-Hoval liuilt 
 
 The Val-.lc-(irace 
 
 CniiHii'tsoftlie Flolidc . . 
 Koviil i.Mlace at Versailles limit ; tli 
 
 there . . . ' . ' , ; 
 The .\caileliiv of Sciences lolllchil 
 The olisei'Vatoi'V estalilislicd .... 
 Chiiinlis F.lvsees iMaiiteil ..... 
 .\ivh of St. Denis el'eeteil ..... 
 l':ilaisil'Klvsee noni'lion liiiilt . 
 The Pahlee'of the neiaitics ..... 
 The Militarv Sehnol 
 
 The Plintlieon(,e/ll.7l )St. Oellevie,!' f.iiniil,.,! 
 
 The French I'evi >lut ion 1 acaks out ; t he Dnstile tiili..|i, ' ' 
 
 14 .bily, !•>!) 
 ■ i:jo 
 
 1420 
 
 Ulf. 
 
 'm 
 
 'in 
 
 '5)1 
 ■!16 
 '"1 
 '5«4 
 '■>n 
 ';;8 
 
 '■A 
 
 ■ ' 'V,\ 
 ■ ■ ■ 1'04 
 
 • • I'rf. 
 ■ I'll 
 ' I'U 
 
 ' if'si 
 
 ■ ■ ■''» 
 
 mrt ie,;,„v,.',r--" 
 
 ■ • 1M1-, 
 
 ■ . l'V« 
 
 Pont de T.oiiisXlV. Ilnisheil 
 e'enieteiy of I'ei'e la ('liaise consei'nited 
 Pont lies liivulides, &c., eri'cted 
 
 ifi; 
 i5a 
 iSii 
 
 Paris snirenders to the allies . . pMarcli. 
 
 P.iris lit with li-M ■ , ' 
 
 Uivolntion (see Fraiu-e) j,,],- 
 
 Colnnin of.liily foiuiiled .... jS .lulv. 
 Fortitlcations of P.iris (for wliieh uo.ooo.oocfraiii's 
 
 were voted, iSii) coinnienced 15 Dee, i8,|o: r'niii. 
 
 pleted March, i?,^ 
 
 Uevoliition (see /•V(iHi'i') .... .■; Krli. ,5,; 
 Paris nuicli improved liy Louis Xa\iolciih (jirolmlJe 
 
 cost I2,80O,OC>or> igjj.^! 
 
 Iiidiir'triiil Erhihilinn n|>eneil liy tlie I'liiiiernr anil 
 empress. 15 Mav : visited liv i|iieeii Viitnria an.i 
 prince Alliert (the tii'st visit of an K.ie.;lishsovi>ieici, 
 to Paris since 1422), 24 Aug. ; exhihitimi .Insi's, 
 
 riNeV. (I 
 
 Conference at Paris rcapectiiiK the Dii'iiiliiaii Prin- 
 cipalities (ii'/iicft .<cc) ; elos<M . . All.', i!:! 
 
 Uois de Uindo),'ne oiienedasftgardeiinf aeilir;itis,i. 
 tiou 6 Oft. ,1(0 
 
 Remains of Napoleon I. depositcil in tlie Iiivnli.lfs. 
 
 11 Marili, I'ft 
 
 .\ liiiildiiiH was erected for a pernianeiit iiidiMrial 
 exhi'iition by a comiiany . . , Oft i«i 
 
 The scheme failed Feb, iS?, 
 
 Boulevard-ia'ince-Eiiyenc opened hy tlic ciniwrnr, 
 
 7 npf, i!«i 
 
 Decree for an international exliiliitimi i>f tlw ]«■ 
 duets of aurieultiire, industry, and tlie lliif art< 
 at Paris, in 1867 ; eomiaissioiiers a|i|iniiilf.l, 
 
 21 Fd'. iS't 
 
 Call strike, 4 days i«i 
 
 Fine arts exhihition o|ieiied . . . i Mav, M 
 The eatlicdrai of Notre Dame and otlicr liuiMinfS 
 restored 
 
 Tntkbnationai. FxiiiBiTIos on the ('li,iiii)i .!.• Msrs 
 (with a new park, coinprisim; more tliaii 100 
 acres) : the olilonj.' linildiiiH desiKnt'd h,v lr\iK 
 (endoainj,' 15 acres), 1245 feet wide, 1 500 fwt Ion;, 
 eonsistiuK of ein'lcs within circles ; tlie pxt.'mil 
 corridor was a belt of iron. 85 feet liigli .iii'l ii; 
 feet wide ; opened liy the emiieror and ein]irfsi, 
 
 I April, tHj 
 
 It was visited liv the prince of Wales, tlie kings ot 
 Greece, BelRiiiin, Prussia, and Sweilen, tlie ozar 
 of Russia, the viceroy of Ejjypt, the sultan of 
 Turkey, the emiieror of Austria, and other inferior 
 potentates May-N'.-.r ,, 
 
 Attempted assassination of the czar by Berejowski, 
 a Pole ^iliin'. .■ 
 
 Tlie e/.ar and the king of Prussia entertained bv 
 M. Ilaussniann, prefect of Paris (cost 36,0001,), 
 ..,...., SJiinf, ,1 
 
IRIS. 
 
 tt't: /.'(luTc) 
 fd' . ■ . 
 
 i I'lCltlll 
 
 "i(ilnii>) . 
 news . 
 
 IV. , 
 
 ■ '4!0 
 
 ■ Ul« 
 
 ■ ■ '4M 
 
 ■ >■» 
 
 ■il6 
 
 '■M 
 
 • ■ n,\ 
 
 ■ K04 
 
 ■ ■ I'V/, 
 
 ■ r-^ 
 
 ■ • I'lf 
 
 ■ rj; 
 
 ■ I'ij 
 
 iliuilt:tlu.,n„rt,vii,..v,.a*^"-' 
 f..i.n.l.Mi . ' . ' ■ "'":•' 
 
 '-' • ■ ■'■:;;;^ 
 
 ■ . i-i3 
 
 1 
 
 y ilf Mi'iliiis 
 
 liuilt 
 
 St. 0.'iicvi;-,Y fniindiM ' I-'! 
 ■nksimt;tln.'Hastili-t,iki.u, ' 
 M J"ly! iji, 
 
 ^C (Mt!ISflTa1l-ll 
 
 •ivrtnl 
 
 ■ M 
 
 Ifl; 
 
 Inlv. it;o 
 
 • ,,• ■ • •-•S .lulv, ,,;:, 
 ir wliH'ii 140.000,000 rnuirs 
 
 Ul'lUTil 15 DiT. 1840: r'Olll. 
 
 . March, 1!,! 
 . 22 ?A\ ,s,; 
 Louis Xiiiiiilc'Oh (jirolulile 
 
 1853,^1 
 
 K-neil i>,v till' i'ini«'rnr ,inil 
 toil liv r|\ifcii Victoriii 111,1 
 .'isit ofiiii Kii,i;li-l;s'iv.ivii.n, 
 
 !4 All^:. ; t'Xlliltitinli (i.„s 
 
 I'ctiiin tli(; I\i'L\ilii,iii Prin- 
 
 I'lllS'M . . . All.'. ii:< 
 
 .1 as a garileii ( if iirrlir;it;s.i- 
 
 . 6 Oil. ,!to 
 ck'lKi.sited in the Iiiv.iliilM. 
 
 11 Mari-li. I'fi 
 for a iioi'iiianiMit imliMtial 
 ny . . . . n,'t. i"! 
 
 . . F.-tl ,:••, 
 e openeil by tlie omiicror, 
 
 7 n«>. ,J;) 
 nal oxliiliitiun of tin' im- 
 iihlustry. mill tin' lliii' am 
 ''oiiiinissi"m'ts api'iiiiiti'il, 
 
 ii Fi'l'. i!'-, 
 
 \'h 
 
 lU'd ... I May, M 
 Dame and ntlior buiMinrs 
 
 noN nil till' Cliampili' Viri 
 
 'niniirisiiii; more tliaii i-i 
 
 lildiiij; clcsiKiii'd liy Li'i'liv 
 
 !45 feet wide, 151x1 fi'i't I'la 
 
 ntliin circles ; the est'Tnil 
 
 iroti. 85 feet hiizh .iii'i n; 
 
 the enipcror ami einim'ss, 
 
 I .Ai'ril, I 
 
 rince of Wales, the kinpot 
 
 isaia, and Sweden, tin' I'zar 
 
 ly of Egypt, the sultan of 
 
 f Austria, and other inferior 
 
 , Msy-Xw 
 
 1 of the czar by Berezoaski, 
 
 . SJiinf. 
 
 of Pnis.sia ent«rt«im'd by 
 
 ;ct of Paris (cust 36,000!.), 
 
 8 Jiinf, 
 
 PARIS. 
 
 Pfiiprtiirf of the c/flr i\ .June' of tlie kiiiK of 
 
 Pn ill ■ • ■ ■ . 14 .June, 
 
 Dislril.ntion of prizes m exiiiliitors by the eiMi'iiur 
 
 in the presence of the |irince of Wales, the sultan. 
 
 4f I .lulv, 
 
 Btrezowski coniU'inned to transiiortatinn for life, 
 
 It, lulv, 
 Vnit nf the emperor of .\ustria . ix 0A.2 .Vov. 
 (Iranil l«ii"P"'t t nnniissioncrs of iiiternaliiiniil 
 
 pvhiliitiiin --'i Oct. 
 
 Exhiliilicn liiially closeil (instead of on ,i Oet.), 
 
 Siimlav, J Nov., t-'ioss rcci'lpts, 9,850, 56.) li'unes. 
 M HilllsslliallM. tlie prefect of the .Seine. lc|iorte(l 
 ' till' liinlKet of the city to exceed c),joo.o..«j/. lie 
 
 ri'siiiied ...■■■ 
 Fertile sie).'es ,iiid other recent event 
 
 ainlfViim"-'"i'ui"ii ll'u/' , 
 
 V|.f,;ii||eK 111 iiie.^ the seat of ^'overniiicnt, March, 
 
 OrainMlpinidiiiKsc liiirnt . . -j^i-j'i (let. 
 
 Cri'iitexiiiiisiiiii with loss of life at I'oiriers dienii 
 
 8ia 
 
 PARIS. 
 
 I 
 
 1867 
 
 .Ian. 
 see Fn/tii;c 
 
 Oraiiil 111 
 iri'iitexpiiisiiiii \ 
 ralwirks, iie.U' l''in 
 
 19 Nov. 
 
 i8;o 
 
 870- r 
 1871 
 ■87.? 
 
 .874 
 
 <375 
 
 1877 
 
 i';il wi rKS, lii-.ii ........ . . ii>.^'i\, 
 
 Crainl ni iv .ipinchoiise ; .lecreed iS'io ; 'lesi;'iii'd 
 liviiariiier; I'lieiicd in slate . . 5 ,laii, 
 
 Miiiiiiipal iillieers visit London, to inspeei inil- 
 wavii, Ac 3" 'Vpril, 
 
 Xw Hotel Ideu lii.Mied \ng. ,, 
 
 |.\'Ti;ris.4Tios.n. K.NiiiHirni.s : site, tHo iiiieiiuul 
 |iart.<(liviiled by t lie Seine. The main liiiililin'.' in 
 the L'liiiaip lie .Mars .nvers 3ti,j,5Q3 s'liwre yunls ; 
 (-0; hy 360 yards;) the TrcM',iili|'ii ("'/le'r ,-11) 
 ]ialaee is a .'dmie structure, witli a mtuii'la siip- 
 iwrleil hv c'lliuiiii.'i. ( lowned by ,1 dome, 11, inked 
 by two lel'ty towers, the c.Uerior gallery orna- 
 iiicnted Willi statues. 
 
 ThcMiiihitii'ii was opi'iied by the president, 111,11- 
 
 shal Mai'Mahoii (" in the 11.111 f Ih,' vpublie") 
 
 in plcselice of the prince of W.iles, the due 
 il'.tnst.i, and oilier disliii'tiiishcd persons, i May, 1S78 
 
 111,955 persons visited exliibillon a fete day) 
 
 li Ah'k. ,, 
 
 (Inml ilistiiliiiliiiii "f med.ils by ni.ir^hai .Mac- 
 Mali'M, with s| ill .... I I let. ,, 
 
 Ilii> il .sainlay i .Vov. ,, 
 
 Total aipiiissiniis, 16.^32,725: daily a\'era^'i'. : j.ooo; 
 griws 'v'-'cipts. 12.653,746 francs. 
 
 IntcniatiiKi,ile.\hibition of apjdied seieii.''.' opened, 
 
 24 .Inly, 1879 
 
 Thpsi'ii.iteaiiilassenililyineet.igainat Paris. 27 Xov. ,, 
 
 Kli'Otrie.il exhiliitioii and coiigrcss (see under /'.Vie- 
 (ri'iVi/) Vu:.'..o,'t. iS3i 
 
 Statiii' iif .Vlex.iinlie Plumas, .sen. by Ci. liore 'in- 
 I'liVrriil 4 X,iv. 1883 
 
 Inleraalii'iial e.vliibitiini of iiianufactnri's and pro- 
 oM's 23 Jnly-23 N'ov. 1885 
 
 firanil funeral of Victor Hiifto . . I'.Iune, ,, 
 
 Intmialiim.il Workiiien's E.vliibition and Coiu-ress 
 'ipi'iii'd 2 June, 1886 
 
 <.il«'ral'iiiei'|iH'ilestroved liv lire ; |iaiiic ; about 131 
 livwl'isti^-'e May; Jl.'Carvalho, the direi-tor, 
 si'iiti'iiiTil t" three iii'iiiths' impris..iiiin'iir and a 
 lini' iif aluvi' j.o,:.; iind the llreman Andre to 
 niii'iii'iilirs iiiiiirisoiiiiii'iit . . 15 Di.e. 1887 
 
 D.ath fit Ma'l. liniieieaiill. a ^-I'l'at b.ii.'factress of 
 
 thi'eity. si'i- /.'"/I M iir'ir .... It-c. 
 
 Striki'iifiiavvies, aliout 22 July . ends 16 An;,'' iS83 
 Sacinlistic strikes of waiters and liairdressers Aili;. ,, 
 
 Us-ivr,R.<,(i. E.'iHiBiTiov of Arts, M.inntactnr.'s, ,^e. 
 (|irii|i.«ed in 1S34), 'ip.'in'd by president C.irnot 
 (ali'iiit 20).ooj p'rsiins a'linittcil), 6 .May ; 
 'itlic'ially closed, 6 Nov. 1S89. The L.'re,'iti'st 'of 
 all the i'.>:hibitiiiiis hitlierto held. The buildiiifts 1 
 
 wi'ri'iifiiilins;dprcipnrtioiis,and with the ch irm- 
 ini: Ranleii^, nceiipie.l nearly the whole of the 
 ChaniiK iP' Mars. The chief i;alh'e!,.< were sur- 
 imiuiiP'il by domes with a central one. Archi- 
 tect, M. Diitert: eui;ineer, M. Contamiii, decora- 
 tions in oxcellent Uiste. ThegiK'antic Kifl Tviv.u- 
 985 feet hi!!h. was coustructecl chicHy of iron tiy 
 M. Eilfel and a comiKinv. it is said after the 
 Jcsi«n of a young engineer Xongnier ; probable 
 removal. Aug. 1804. The h'.;jlding was inau'-ii- 
 rateil by M. Tirard, the premier, 31 March. The ■ 
 
 electric lighting by Messrs. Uav«y,Paxnian and I 
 
 , Co., the .Societe Gramme of Paris, very good i83q ' 
 
 1 .Kmwi nocturnal fete arranged by M". Alnlnnd' i 
 
 ' '"^""S" .June ,. ' 
 
 Total paying visitors about 32,277..k., 2 72inc„ 
 
 graliiitoiis;4„2,o65mlniilled ". . ,,.)e",s3g 
 Heceipts, 4,,,„,,„« ,',„ncs (,8,., „,.„ , IVaiics |i'„„i ' 
 iiie state; 7,tx»,ooo francs from the eitv)- ex- 
 I pcnses, 41, c»j„,,xxj francs; surplus, 4,, ._,,,,., .rrmi,.^ 
 
 I Among the ,V.II„,,„hh;l rMI,,,:. were Ihe't.Hn™ " 
 
 and princess of Wales („-„ .1 ). the sl'iah of 
 
 I ' sia the kill', ol (iiece, 11 ukc ut lii'Mganza 
 
 . II ce kiiij; „f .,„.,i„,„|), ,1 ues otCanibrblgo 
 
 and Ldinbni';.',, pnnce Kenlinand of Hnlgaria, 
 
 iifMei'vIa''"'''^ ' '"'"'"' •^'''""''■x-kiug 
 
 Awards of niedals by inieinati,,,,,,! jiu.hs ; to 
 
 llri ishexbibilors. 9,,,, „iii„r,„„7. 
 "11: '■"•'"•li li'iuoiirs Kranled lo lliiii.sl, subieets 
 weie dislribnted by M. Waddington, the Kreiicli 
 ambassador, at llin .Maiisiondiouse, London 
 25 .1:111. 1800, ' 
 
 ■Many international coiiu-resses on social, moral 
 scieiit, ir, liieiary, and arli.stic siibjeets met at 
 
 I'arisdiiiiiig II xbibilion. 
 
 Ihe new commercial excliaiige was opene.l by 
 
 .M. Iirard. the pr ier . ,, «,,.,,.■ 
 
 Death of sir Uiehanl Wall.ice. b-nelaci.n' lo^'a 'is " 
 
 „*""";' uiinisorileiirord . . .„.l„ly' ,3oo 
 
 Uai'on llanssman,,, who, snpporl.'d hv Napoleon 1 1 ^ 
 ami aided by M. Alphand, rebuill Paris (,3,, ■( 
 lO'l.), dies, ,1 .Ian. ,891. Ilealli nf M. Alphand 
 
 I The telephone sy.stem betw ■ 1 1„„ aiii/l'In; "'" 
 
 , iianguialed (see VWcp/,,,,,,.) . . .g j,,,,.,,' , 
 
 I '"'' I'liialiouol certain artists and their niodeN 
 
 : '" I","l"'i' ilicssiiig at a ball leads lo.i riot 
 
 among the students,, nil,' Liiii, ,|iiarlei', .luring 
 
 "'"'^'' ■'."'•'" "■' 1 N'U'4eris,„','i,|,',itallvkille,l 
 
 li.vapolieeman, 1-2 , Inly ; st,i,i,.„is j,,i 1 i,vti„, 
 
 ; .artisans: niany persons iii,iiii',',| ami property 
 ■le-jl uye,| ; ,pii,a restorcl by the polic and 
 milit'-iiy : .'ilioiil 2(x> arrests, r,,ll,,w,',i |,y 1,,, 
 prisoniio'iiis . . ', ,\, " , 
 
 : /^e«/ asaci,'il(l! hisD.lrama'bv MM Svh'es ,: "^ 
 
 and Moral,,!, pr,„liK'e,l by M,|i,i,'. .Sarah Hern. 
 I hardtatlhe - Theatre, le la Uenaissauc,' 24 l.'li, ,89, 
 A niuiiieipal hiaii of 200 million iVancs at A per 
 
 cent. Illlly t.'ikeu up , . o, Xm.ii 
 
 .M. .\iiibmis,' Thomas, musical co m ,,„;', ■, In ye's„i " 
 with h,' j^raiel -onion of tli,' h'.-iou of iCii'nirby 
 
 ]'''" '" <■."■"',"• 'It a musical hi,, at tli,' Opera 
 
 ( oiui,|iie; \,'i',|i present . . ,. <,.... 
 
 Military „,i,iiui„(, establishment aid ih,; Ct,; " 
 
 I,:tyille,l,.sli'oy,',lbylire: , „|, . , .^ .' ,0^. 
 
 to is„.n on 111,' ('.'ini,,,,, i-a.lw.iv ni'.ir thi' P, t,: ^' 
 
 Mailh.l station tbroii-ha ,o'' , ib-iihs \ i„ ot 
 T.an:,,,', in ,'_.,iji.a, , .,i^,,'!j,,-;f ;';;;;:;- ^4_,ii.r-B«^ 
 
 killed, much, Puiiige . , . loSent 
 
 \ isit ol till' czar and czarina (see /.■„,■.,;„) g ,> .,' " 
 Inaiigiiratioii of th,i revived university of iCris at " 
 
 the 11,'W SorblllUM' . . . ' ,n .Nov 
 
 fete in honour of Sar.ih ri.'rnhanlt, actn'ss, gD.'c' " 
 The (loucourt coU,','tio„„f,i,awiiigs.sohl lor695,720 
 
 traiics, annoiiiici'il . i3 Kib g 
 
 A grand charity Uiz.'iar, "obi \\uu." in' the rue ' ''^ 
 .lean (.ou.p.ii, on a sit,' lent by M.lnie. Henri 
 Hem,', supporteil by th,' le.elin.,. la,li,'s ot the 
 cunscrvativ,' and catholic p.uli.'s, ib'strovd hy 
 lire thrimgh the ignition ,,t ,.ii|,.,. j,, tp,' l.,nii,,,t 
 a kineniatograpli, which wis p| „',■ 1 at the eii,l 
 oYa hall built of obi ,,i,„.w,' ,,1 • , . ' tl'I-Vn's 
 mostly ladies, p,.rislie 1, im-lielin^, the .lui'hi'vsi' 
 d .Mencoii, sistiT of Ihe I'mpn'ss of Austria (who 
 refused to escape), geu. Miinier (,li,',l 6 May),aii,l 
 many otloT eminent p.'isons, 4 .May, 1897 (many 
 diC'l since). ->»/'. j 
 
 General mourning ; thi'atres, ,t:c. clo.scrl 5 May, 
 
 ?uit,j requiem mass at Xotr,' Daiiie . . 8 May', 
 
 i 'lien and wonii'n i'ewar,l,',| Im- saving Iif,', by M ' 
 
 • irthoii Engi'ii,' Georges, coai'hmaii, made 'che'- 
 
 ^-lller of the legiiui of honour, 21 May (very 
 
 liberal suli.scriptions) . j '■ '} 
 
 B,.nib explosion in the Place'de la Cmic.or,re, tlia " 
 
 rttr.i.s;;t)urg staliiB ,iainage,l . . .,6 June 
 Destnictivo cyebino at Asnieres, .about 20 person.^ " 
 
 killed I'g jnuj, 
 
 English diamond jubilee fund (30, 121/), devoted t<i " 
 
 charities ^ ,J^^{^ 
 
 M. Armand Dreyfus (not rePiteil t,) capt. Dreiirua) " 
 
 It 
 
 '^M' 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 itui 
 
 M % 
 
 M\f'M\ 
 
 
 leli 1.1 
 
 !' 
 
PAIU.SHES 
 
 Hiti 
 
 I'AULIAMKM 
 
 irid 4 (illicTH r.>yiii.| clc.iil liiii ruuni Ihnii tlii'fiiiinw "I c \i i.n iltlticMi.ri' iikw pulilf-li, (| I,v ,||,, i. , 
 
 i.frliiinui.l . . . . .ENoy. 1J97 UrJflHtt i' b^.' . ty, l8<)7. ■ "" 
 
 iNTKHNAirciNM. KXITIIIIIION (for IQ'ji)) pllipn- 
 
 liiiililili;!'* iTHcliii>!, Mnicli, 180S; Hii.val ■ 
 
 llllsiiiOII fill- (it. lililMill. Hi'' lHlhl'l' III' Wall < 
 
 ilnkc III' ('iiiiiiiiUKlit, mill ntli'i'. iiiipiiiiiti'l. 
 
 Fell.. MiiH'li, i8? 
 Piiris lui'ti'iipiilltnii mlhvii.v Hiuirtlniii'il l'\ lh« 
 iti'imt ' Miiri'li, „ 
 
 IMI'iiirl'ANr TllKATIK.I HI I'M 
 
 Dttw'ci'ii KiikIiiihI, Kniiii'i', Hi'iiin. iiinl I'mtuKiil 
 I'uHHiiiii III' < iiimilii til (jri'iit lliitaiii liy Ki'iiiirii 
 ami Kliiriiiii liy W|iiiui 
 
 U.itwi'i'ii Ki.'iiiii' mill Siiiiliiii 
 
 Siiviiy, d' 
 Di'tw'i'eii Kniiiii' mill Swi'ili'i 
 
 1> cniiiia mi'l tin' islmnl iil' Uii:;'-ii wrh- i;ivi'ti 11 
 
 til till' Swi'ili--, Willi MHi'i'i'il til ii'liipt till' Kri iii'ii 
 
 1 AI.ISIENNE. LA, P"p'il.ii Mi„g iivCi,,!,,,;, 
 
 ilcluviKlic, I'di'liriitiint till' (lili'at r.f ii,, t|,,^,,^', 
 C'liurU'H X, liv till' I'arisiuiifi, 1 Aiii;, l8vj'''lli' 
 i imiMii' (an olil iiir) was ai-nuiijcil lij AiiIiit ' 
 
 PARKES Ml'SKUM, «'o s„„ii„i,„„. 
 PAUKESIXE. \ "'■«• HuliMtaiKi, ,,„„,„„„, 
 
 (if |;im-i'iittiiii. iilitailU'd tVoiii variiMis v.'ptin'' 
 
 liiiilii'ii, ami nil. It I'liii l"' *'oniiiil « itli tl„. | ■". 
 
 10 Ki'li. 1763 piTtiea nl' iviu ' >. • , .vijnd, iiiilia-rul,: .' 
 
 till' latlii ri'illiiH (.Mitta-lH'iTlni, occ. It is tlic iini'iuim, , 1 .\|r. .\l, 
 
 1} .May, 1796 , ,„„i,,,. I'aikcK, of liii'iiiiiiK'liam, anil w,i< "iho«i, h, 
 
 liini at tilt' K.\liiliitii:i in 1M12. In Dit, iSi,- ^^ 
 till' Hiii'ictv of Arts, parki'siiio was iirovnl tn i;..'«i, 
 
 III lill" n" I'll "'.»»"" "pi" " " I" ■•■'.■(■> t ". • , , ■ , 1 , . I ' ' "t HI'. 
 
 iiriiliiliitiirvhvvtciii iij;aiin1 <lr<. It Britain 6 Jan 1810 1 xi'cUcnt clci'tric iiHiilat'ir, anil tliiTi |„i(. liki-ht,, 
 
 Caiiitiilaliiiii I'i' I'aris: Nai.'ili'nn r.-iinuni I's tin- be suitalili' for tcli'inapliii' |iiirpii>is. 
 
 8iiv('ri'iKiit\ 111 F'raiii't' . . ti Ajirll, 1814 t>4t)1/" t \ vi.^ "VTT''1^1»i.^i> . t , 
 
 Ciaivi'iitioii III' I'ariH, li.-t«('i'i I 'ami' ami tlii' allii-il PAKK LA>K Jll KDhK, .'<ri' I,vih,iH-i. 
 
 jiuwi'i-s ; till' liiMimlarii's nl' 1 riini'i' t.' In' tlm saiim PARKS. Till' Ifiiiiiaiis atlailicil parki to tlmr 
 
 uaoutl,iM»t,ifJan«iry .;,.' ,. ,?> ■)XPl " villas. I'lilviiis l,iipimis. I'mnpi'v. airl II.,m'",,, 
 
 Pe«™ of fans ratilU'.l l'^ I- .' ami all tli.^anii'H, ^^^^ ^^^_^^,^,, ^,|_,,,,^ ,,^,,, '1,,,.^,, |,,,,,^| • ,^_ ^. ,,,|^,;,| ';;;■ 
 
 Coiivi'iitiiai i.f St. L'liiU'i, lii'twi'i'n niarslial Davnnst. iirst (inat park ot wliii li piirt.ciliinnintiim is,ii;i,;. 
 
 ami \Vi'lliii}.'ti.n, mill Uliii-lii'r, fur till' i)iirriiiili'ri'l was that of W uoilstock, I'.rimil l.v ll.nrvl, 11;: 
 
 Paris .('Inly, 1815 Quci-i. Ciiroliiir, rmisiirt uf (n-nriir il., uiiii.n,ii" • 
 
 ITli.'allii'si'nii'nil it on tli.'itli.! (^ s,,;,]^ |,|' tlic tirst Mr. I'itt (ult"r«in-il9 ™l' ■, 
 
 Treaty of I'aris, lii'lvvnii (iiv.it Hril.iin. Anstrla CliatliaiiO, lii'«' imu'll it ""lllil ni^t t.i shut im il, 
 
 Hnssla.aml l'riissia,st\linK.Na|'iili'"ii tii'l'iis'im'r . " . . , ., ,, 'mnilMiie 
 
 iif tliiisi' piiwris, ami riinliiliiin Ills sali-Kiianl t 
 Knulaml 2 AiiK- „ 
 
 Estalilisliini; tin- Imiinilarii's iif Kr.im-i'. ami stipii- 
 latinn fill till' I" rii|'ati"ii of I'l'itain fi'i'tri'ssi'S_ l>y 
 fiiri'ij;!! truiipn I'lir tliii r yi'iirs jo Xnv. „ 
 
 Treaty iit I'aii.s, r..nliniiinnllii' treaties nfClianmi'nt 
 ami ViiMiiia. same ilay . jo N"V. ,. 
 
 Treaty nf I'aris, tn fuHil the artielesnf the (.'nlii-'ri-ss 
 of Vienna lo.lnnr. 181; 
 
 Treaty nf I'aris liettti-en Hn.ssia ami Turkey. Kiil:- 
 hinil, Fraiiee. ami !»arilinia (reviseil 13 Miireh. 
 ,871 ; see /.'"'«/") ... .!oM,ll' li, 1836 
 
 Vteliinilinn "/ I'l'ih. si^'neil liv F.ur.'pean imwers. 
 mit liv Uiiiti'l States. .Mareh. iSvj; i. Privateer- 
 ing ,,'li.ilislie.l. .'. Neutral ll.i^s tu exi-nipt mi 
 eni'iinsiji'iiils fi'i'iii laiiliiie. i-M ept i'"iitral'.iii'l 
 
 of war i. Neutral- Is lui.h'i an .'niiin's lli.' 
 
 not til !«' si'i/e.l. 4. lll.irk.lile t" 1" l.ill'lillL; mu-l 
 he etfeetive. This ili'i'laratinii w.is ri'ii^uieil in 
 iiarlimiii'iil in 1S71. 
 
 Treaty of Paris Intwi'eii Knglaml .iii'l I'l'i-sia. 
 
 4 Mai' 
 
 Treaty of Pari.-i hetweeti the F.iirni'i-.iii pnwe. . 
 Priissia ami Swit/i'rlaml, respeetinj; Neufeliatel 
 
 ■-'I' .May. ,, 
 
 Important eniiiiiienial tri'iily lietwi m Fraini' .-iml 
 
 Englaml , ', , ' ,. '■'•'■.'I'' '^'^" 
 
 Convention lietweeii Krmiee ami Italy tor witli- 
 diawal of Fremli till' I's froiii K"nie . 15 Sept. 1 jb4 
 
 parks Us ]iri\ati' jtroiiiuls.^^ He repli,.|l, '.']'|,|.,,,, 
 crowns, ymir 111,1 jcsty." ^ Tin- ile-i'.;u «ii.* nnff 
 ftftorwiinfs eiiteri .ilictl. See Fiii^liiu-fi, .VuKf/,)!,,,/-. 
 (Irein, 'h/i/i\ Jiiiiicii'x, ;S7., Itei/i'ni's, IVi/'uw' 
 .1/1 .null/ III, Jliittiir^iii, ll'i.it Jlmii, anil l'i<tplt'l 
 /'(/(■/■.>■, C,'i.^Mi/i/, 11 'iitcr/oiv, ami icll'iii,,li,„f I'ml. 
 r..V., iiliil I.Diii/oii I'm 1 1 -lit. 
 
 PARIHIIES. 'llii'ii' liiiimiluries in Etmlimii 
 nri' said to have been fixed l)\ llonnrius, urelibislin]! 
 of Ciiiiterburv, dV, or by Alfred abmit ^'Y\ They 
 wiM-e I'lilar^e'il, and the iiiiiiilier of panshcs was 
 eonscqui'litlv redined in the 15th leiituvy, wlieii 
 three were' 'lo,(XX). Parish resistors were eom- 
 ineiii'od in 15^8. Acts were piissed in 1844 ami 
 
 The Parks Pii'serMitinii Sm lety, estiilili'ihi',; l,v \|, 
 
 K, U. Heath aiel "tin-is . . , ' ' ,;., 
 
 Till Parks' He;.'iihiti'ii net, passed . 27,11111,.. ,..'. 
 l)\ new reKiilafiiins, Hjile. Ilatter.sea. Hip'iit's, ;iii,j "'* 
 Vietiiria parks me the only iiietnipiihtiiii |'iiik> in 
 ' wliieh piililii- ii'ldresses may he Kiveii, amiii 
 eertain ri'striitinns .... i),i 
 
 I These ri"-'ilatiiiiis (iiiiieh nli|ei'teil to; hinki'ii, aii.l " 
 I olfemlers lined) were modifleil liy the Inmn' si-n,.. 
 
 taiy fi/ii, ij,; 
 
 ' Acts for the e.stnlilishnieiit of pu'.ilie park.n in Kiis. 
 himl and Irelaii were passed, ijJiilv, 1869; fur 
 , Sii'tlaiid , .... i3 .\liiri'li, ,:.; 
 
 1857 P;ii', i railway' I (Hyde Park, >vc.) reji','|,',l i,y 
 
 . "innions unltee .... jo.Mav, u:, 
 
 l)y the l.iiinhin Parks ami Works Ai't. tin' diarj,. 
 
 „ iif Itatliisi'a park, lli'lhiial (Jreeii iiiiiscinn aii'l 
 
 triuilrii, Chelsia emti.uikiiiint ami Vii'invia |iork 
 
 were tiaiisferred tn the .Metropi'litaii Diiinil f 
 
 Works ,;:, 
 
 Clissnhl park. PtoVi' NewliiKton, purc:i;-i'.l f.jrtln' 
 inililie (prii ' ,'.4;,'.), 10 Jan. 1889. 
 
 PARK'S TRAYELS. Munjin Turk sn ,: 
 on his tirst voyujsi' In \l,; ■!, niiilerthe palroiiasi i 
 the .VIrioan soeiot;. '■ Iraee the Miiiree nf thi-m.r 
 Nijcer, 22 May, 17'*^; and rctiininl 22 Div. ri;, 
 after liu' Vruitli--ly eneiuiiitereil great JaiiM. 
 
 Ho agM led ''in I'ortsiiinutli (111 hi- '.i 
 
 voyage, 11. I . appointed to anew e.\iHi..iiiiii 
 
 lit. instated tliat his par'vBrfii 
 
 .s will I; I sisted.aiul thiithewaf iiM 
 
 l8s6 by w'hii Ti new parislies may be foniieil out of , ,• j^^^. 
 
 to6 i'Xt('n.sive ones ; acts a.nemleil 111 l8()i). I he „|, ,^^,, , 
 
 appointment of parish .■onstable.s was inade un- .^^ ]i,ous»,' on the >i;:er, Nov. iSoy llis'T 
 
 necessary h- , aet passed .Vug. lS-2. bvv hiflis- .^^ ^vfriea" were published in 17<rt. 
 frr\ and /' jii/ii'is ^^^lnlller of ceeU'snistiial 
 
 n'tii'shcs 01- districts in lUi)!, 1,401). Ilv the l.oial PARLIAMENT (from the ireneh parlmml 
 
 feovernmeiil act, passed s March, iS.14, 7V;-,.v/, ,/,„/ discourse) derives Us ongm frniii the !>u.\oii gdral 
 
 District fo"/'ci7.v were a'ppointed Inr rural parishes assemblies, called llilteiiiii/imut. llie num.- «_i> 
 
 -- .... ^uiti,],!,, .,||]iii|.dtollieassembhesotthe»tateuii(k'rLouis\ll, 
 
 of 300 inhabitaniB or niiwards, will 
 ui'rii'iiuement.s. tn cnnsisi of lV"lij S t'' •: 
 
 arriiiigem 
 
 (women uliirible) aiinti 
 
 m(nil"'f'' 
 
 ;llO'.l 
 
 t tlie m'.ddle of the 12th tem's. 
 
 ly clccteil, on 15 Apr 
 
 l«Ulll»l» 1.1.^..'../ .- . ~' ',, . . • il 
 
 1st election in 7,142 parishes, 4 Dee. ,v 1.1,,. 181)4. mention 111 th 
 tablished in Scotland by 1272 : and ye 
 
 nf Fri 
 
 but it is said not to lla^ ,' ajipeared hi mir lawiilil* 
 
 I'.nii.sli councils were 
 the Local Goveninie 
 
 nt act of l8<)4. 1 risli registers spoke to the 
 
 statute of Westminster I., t 
 same 
 
 ■ declared in liis Iiislilutis. acJ 
 efi'oct, when siicaker (1592), tlit 
 
 ' ^-i^i «. 
 
■lAMEM 
 
 I'.w puliir.linl l,y ,]|,. 1',, ,. 
 
 .A, i'''imluiM,nKl,vC,,,i„,i, 
 the il.tiMt ft Uk tiw,„ ,. 
 
 '"■'•""11". I All);, m^: ,1 
 lUTmifca'il lij AiiliiT. 
 
 TM, nco •S'lniliilioii. 
 \ Ill'W Hulistlllu,.. ,.o„n,„„,| 
 
 i.-a Iron, van,,,,, v,.;,,,,,,,,,, 
 
 Ill '>•■ fol-|l„.,l with ,|||, .^_ 
 
 ■ '■ . >v,i,,(l, iii,lni.nil,; 
 >< till' i,ui'i,ti.,ii , , .Mr, ,\\, . 
 liiiKliain, ami «,,, ,\^,[^^^^ ij^' 
 1 111 IS(,2. Ill Dim. IK,,. ,•, 
 ,'l<,'s„UMyas l.i„v,i|t,ili,,p. 
 at;,,', and til,',-, l„r,. lik,!,. ,,^ 
 III,' l,,ir|„,>, s. 
 
 UKDEK, s,',' Tn,,h, |«;2, 
 iiansiitta,li|.,l parks to tl,,.,, 
 u.-. l',iiiii,i'y, ami Il„i'i(...,i,|, 
 ic imi'k , Ii, K,id;,i„l, til',' 
 li l,artii.,,lai'iiu'iiti,iii ijim,!^ 
 , l,,niii',l h_v 11,11,'vl. ii;' 
 rt ,if (;i',,i'i:c il., iii,|i,ii,(l" , 
 Wv. I'itt (iilt.','»,iril8 cirlij 
 it wiiulil ,„^t t„ Am im til,. 
 lunls. lie i'|.|,li,,il ..j'l,. 
 
 . _ I lit.. lIl'M^,, was III.,,.,. 
 . S|.,. i'ill.\lj((r;f. iSonlliir.irk, 
 '«, fit., Hci/i-iil'i, Vieiwi,i] 
 , ll'tut Uinii, anil lv,pl,\ 
 ■rhtiv, anil iiUn„4(,M h,i 
 1 1 1 Alt. 
 S,„'icly, (..stalilUli,',: l,y M,. 
 
 't, piisui''! • 27 .Inn,'. ,;.', 
 1,', H.itti'i'si.a. K,'j.'fMfs,iiii.| 
 
 "iil.v ti',,|„ilitiai parkMii 
 
 »(■» liuiy l,f ;;ivi.|r, ini.l.i 
 
 III! . 
 
 I nl,l,.,'tH,l til ; l,ii,ki.|i, aii'l 
 M,„lilli'il L.vtli,' li„nn.s,ri,.. 
 
 ^',•l^ iS)5 
 lit ,,f l„il.li,' j.aik.H il, Kiii;- 
 : liilast',!, Ii July, igfiq; t.ir 
 
 iS Slaii'li, |:.5 
 lie Park, .vc.) i','),','t,',l l.v 
 
 • :oM;i;. ,:;, 
 
 111,1 \V..lk> A,'l, til,' C'llill';,. 
 
 ,'llilial (ii',',.ij iiius,'iiiii ail. I 
 iuUiii,'iit ami Vii-i,.,'ia |e,r: 
 11,' M,'ti',,ii,,litaii ll„ar'| : 
 
 i;:j 
 
 'wlii^'tiui, iii,rc:i; v',1 f.ath,' 
 ), lo .Jan. 1689. 
 
 ELS. >luii|ro Park set .1 
 \l. : a, ,intli'r thi' iiatroiiatti.f 
 irai',' till" Miiii'Cf ,,f tlii'ni.r 
 ; anil retniinil 22 Ikt. [•')■. 
 ly cni'imntii'i'il great Jiiiiier. 
 
 II l'm't.sn„i„tli ,in hi- ■ i.J 
 
 iippointeil t,i iinL'\v,.xi»..,:ira 
 is stati'il tliat his [liir-viiiM 
 ' -isti'iKanil thathewa? «iil"il 
 
 a'r, N'ov. i,S05. lli«"Tr '> 
 ishi'il in I 'If). 
 
 ' (from till" Fn'i,L'li partiaiii.1, 
 origin fnnii tlir Saxon jiiicrii 
 'itIi'iiiKjcmut. The iiiiiii.' wis 
 ii'S of the statu iniik'rLoui' VII. 
 ni'iililk' of tl,,' I2th c,'!i». 
 a\ .. appi.aroil in „iir lawtillits 
 ;' of Westminster I., 3 KiIj !. 
 It'cliiri.d in his IiistiluKi.ai 
 ;ct, when spuukor (1592), thil 
 
 PARLFAMENT. 
 
 Hi; 
 
 lhl»niime wn« nsrd oven in the tiini. nf Kihvanl tin. 
 Ciaifewiir, 1041. Till.' lii'Mt rl.iir a,',o,,nt wo li.ivoof 
 tlieri'pri'siiilativi'sol' till' i)|.,ipli. f,,i'nmi); a Imiisi. of 
 mmmw. «'i-' '" ""' 43''' "'"' HI. UvS, whin it 
 wa.s «i'ttlt.'d hy th' ' itiilos nf 0.\f,ir,l, Unit twclv,. 
 |,(.rwn.»Khoiil(l 1,,' ' ii.^M'M to i'i'pri.si.nt tlio ,,,iniiion» 
 ,ntl,,.thMi'parliaiiii'iits, wlii.li, liy tlio sixtli statute, 
 nn> tl he hi'lil yearly, liiii-fhii'a ^IiiiihIh. The 
 geaenil rep,-("*,'ntatio!i liv kniu'hts, citizens, and 
 burci'imeii, look I'liii'e 4'! lien. III. lid-;. Jhii/iliilr'n 
 Siimuhii lo I'lii-liiiiiieiit, iilit. H),S^;'see Vommiiiin 
 and [.itrih. Tin' jiower and .jiiri.silietion of parlia- 
 in.ntareso traiisi'i'iideiit iiiul iilwolnte, that ,t raii- 
 l,.)t lie eontined, either for eaii.ses or pi.r.si,i,s, within 
 anv l>iiuniU. It hath sovei'eii?n and nni'oiitr,,lliihle 
 aiithnrity in inakiii); mil repealing laws. It lai, 
 nnuliite'fir new-iniidel the smeession to the erown 
 (a. WHS diiiii! in the i'ei«iis of Ileiirv \III, and 
 William III.). It can niter and estal'ilish the re- 
 IL'ion i>f the eoiiiitry. as w.is done in the reigns of 
 llenrv VIII., I'Mward VI., .Mary, and Kli/aheth. 
 Hir Mraril tMr." The iiiiitiredifi,,ii of May's 
 '•Pr.ctipiil Treatise on I'lirlianient " was piihl,..lied 
 In lS8?; tenth edition, wi'h many ehantfes, hv 
 5ir li„'nard I'ak'i'iive, iiiilili 'led llee. iXij^. Mr. 
 G. Diiriiett Smith's elahorate |' History of fliu 
 i'.UfWi. I'lirlianient" Has p„hlisl,e,l .V.'iv. i,S<^2; 
 see Tiieiiiiiul n"A Scjiti'iiiiiiil. Ketnrn nf the 
 niimi'S of inemhirs of parliament from the earliest 
 ]„i'iml to the jireseiit lime, onlereil hy tli,' house 
 of eomnions, 4 May, iS^d, and ') Miinh, 187;. 
 I'lirt I. (1213-1-02), pn! ,Oicd 1879. Sou Jiefonit 
 and Local I'oiiiaiin^itn. 
 
 First mimiiiiiiis of b.irons liy ■ ■ ' ,lii-eet,"l t,i the 
 
 Ipisliopef Sidislmrv, liy Joh , .... 1205 
 
 Parli.ili,ent„f .Mci'tiiu . . .... 1236 
 
 .liiiiisi'iiil'U "III' III",' imrliaiiiem) . ir.Inne, 1^58 
 ."iiiii la '1,' .Mm, It',, nl, earl ,if Lelcest, siiniiiions a 
 
 |«irliiiiiieiit, iiieliiiliii^' kiii^'hts of tl ■ iiire , . 1364 
 FirstiKM'iiiblyof tliei'oniiiioiisas:' iineed repi, - 
 
 W'litatiiiii. Dmjiliilt . . . 20 .1'!, 1265 
 
 First regular iiarliaiiiiiit (a, ',',,11 ;>; to ninny 
 
 iaiis), 'ia Kilw. I ,294 
 
 First tt ilrlilK'rative assenilily ; It tiei'oines a 1, 
 
 tive pi, tt'i'i", wlutsf assent is essential toeoiislii 
 
 il law 
 
 PAULIAMENT. 
 
 1308 
 
 •177 
 
 Til,- eiiliiliioiis elc't their lirst -speaker, Peter De lii 
 
 .V|,in! 
 
 Parliament of only one day (Hiiliir,! II. il,|",seil) 
 
 2g .Sept. 1399 
 "P.irfi,, .;(«« liiilnrliim" at Coventry (lawyers ex- 
 
 rluil,',!) 
 
 . 6 Oct 1404 
 
 '■"■">/ ... . . . .0 \n-i 
 
 )li'ii,l» m olilige,! t,i i'esi,l|. at the plneos tliev I'epre- 
 ".iit,-.! 
 
 1413 
 
 H30 
 
 >459 
 
 1509 
 
 Kojlv -liillilif; fi'eeIii,l,l,TS i,lily to elect klli(;lits . .' 
 '■;„: «, i,("M,?i,i//„;„«ai" at Coventry ; attainted 
 
 Ilif Virkists 
 
 ,I,iiirii;,:- I till' liiiils I'.iiiiiiieiiceil . . . ' 
 Ad<i'l'i''-!inineiit print, d in 1501, and eoiiseeutivelv 
 
 from 
 
 llniil»'r8].i'otecteilfriiia arrest (see fcrmi's) ' . . ,542 
 JuiimiiU ,,f the I'oiinii, ,11s lieKiin . ' 15.7 
 
 Fr,iiieis llussell, s„ii ,.rtli,. earl of Ii,.,lfo,.,l, was tlie 
 
 first |*it's elile.st ..,,>„ who sat in llie hons" ,if 
 
 ™lllli."llS ,5.,, 
 
 Ili,'.t././'.,/;',ii';;,oii,„/.' i-,'nioiistrati',l with, lames I 
 itsl'iiliiiglK-'nevijleiiees; dis.solvedliy llinlinallJ,'l•r 
 Illl'llarlianlent in viliieli Wfre first forineiUhe'coo'l ' '' i 
 
 anil Cuiintnj parties, 1614. disiaites with Ja s I. 1 
 
 June, 1620 I 
 
 MMii'ii t lie royal ,'is.seiit i.s given ti> ,1 [aililie liill tlie 
 -I.Tli says " ;.« roi[i,r hi r.-hir\ le r,;, ■ If the bill li|. 
 aiinvatebill, he9ays"&i( ,( eomw...' il eet desire..- If 
 he bill have auiaiilies f,ir i: - ^Ivj^-t, l,e ,avs, Lc ni [or 
 n rrm] nnu-rnc sen toyaux siijels, accepte leiir U'nh'nhmr, 
 r '""■" 'f r"'(." If the kinu' do not think projier t . assent 
 u III.- hill, the I'lerk says. ' l.t roi [,,r ?„ nine] .sV -isem " 
 ii.iisannli wnyof jtiuiiy n I'llLsal. It is s,„gulnr 
 Hint the Freiieh laiigaage should still be uaoel. 
 
 Chiii'h's t. ,llss,,lves parliament, whieliihwHnot meet 
 l,,r i'l,.v,.n years . . , 
 
 riie /,„„,, /■.„/;.,„„ „/(whieli vn,,,.,l th'e house of'lor,!.; * 
 : iisii.s,.l,.«s)||i,,tas»,'iiible,l . ^■, . 
 
 I lla'l,|shol.»eXelll.le,|fl,,l„ Voting ,.n teliip„r,,| mat'. "* 
 
 I The /(aai;i I'urll.uiinit'; It vote.l the trial of Chni'h's \. " 
 
 V ""fl rsaliollshe,! .... 6 •;.';','; "'" 
 
 •' I r silt as a iiieiiil„'r , if the eoiniia.iis ' " 
 
 Ci'oinwell ronshly dissolves the l.„„'j i'orlhniini't " 
 
 llarelxine's parliament (e./r;r/j.w) . ^"^.'j'l'ilv' '^''^ 
 
 ■\ l',,nv,-lltl,a, I II li:iii„.|,l (s, . C.uirnil ..,l) . " ' ,;}^ 
 
 , lloiiiaM,atli,.br..,.x,.|,„l,.,||, ,,„,|i„ „t "'J 
 
 i l',';:'"miiioiisi iiiiitte,la.,e,'i'etai'yof.statetothe ' 
 
 iiiW't'i' • • • . . V( »' 
 
 Til,' speaker of tlitH.omnmns'refus,,ili,'v the klrii;' ' if!i,i 
 
 .V,.,iiveiili,mparliaMi,.iit (see (•..„,','„(,•;,») , ' ,(Zi 
 .iMi.h's I. ,.„„v,.nes tl.,. Irlsl, parliament at Dublin 
 
 «lii,'ll iittaints „»».], l.,t,'slali,s . ' ,«,, 
 
 •V t lor trii.|iiii,il|.a,-li,,„i,.„n«.,, '/',,',.„,„•„/) . ' ; °^ 
 
 lirsti,aili:iiii,.|i, „t,;,„,t liritMlniait . 23 0,'t not 
 
 I •^'■■"''"■"■'■' 'lie hoas,. I ,„„„ „,,. ,|„3 \; '7°? 
 
 I ;;"[';;;;;' |:';",'" '"■'''■'■'■' i-e re-eieeied bystknau 
 
 j Th,' 'I'l'ieiinial a,i i,.p,.al,.u; aiidSepteiinla'l aet'voteii " 
 
 ! Tlie.ioar;ails ,r,le,'e,l to be pl'hib.il ' ' ' -^'"'^ ' ''''! 
 
 I I riMli'Ki. as 10 fi'e,.,|,aii from arrest of tie' servants 
 
 " tiiH'mb,.rsr,.lni,p,i,,l„.,l byti ,„||ii„,|,h 
 
 111.' Ion i.iayorol l.,„„l,,n(,Mivei')aml al,h',-ii,an " 
 
 I i,,>b> , ,.„„„itt,.,l to the Tower by the eonnnons 
 PI Wilk,'^ s allair . 
 nep,,rliuK the debates iiermitte,! (.see uiu'ler /,w/. " 
 
 AsM.Mibly, ,f till, nr.stpai'liament of the United KiUL'. " 
 d,„ii „| ,ir,.at llritaln ami IrelaP,! . 2 Feb ,801 
 
 < li'r«yiii,'ii |,i',,liibii,.,l r, , b,.,,,niinL' M " s 
 
 !Jir V Hiinl,.tt , ,„iuiiitte,l to tl„. ■I'o.,e,.r ' . c \,,nl' ,';' 
 Mi„',h.r,.l_ S,„.,„.,.r l-,.r,.,.val, by liellint;lia,a, nt'll,,'. " 
 
 House i,t , •,,111,11, HIS \t .. o 
 
 lii'lnri, for ,1,11',. ..oimtv Ireli„„l, of Mr O'Canu'ir, 
 
 'I,' lirst H.iiii.'.iii'atliolieeoiniii r eleeteil .sinee 
 
 Ilie |{,vi,li„i,,h , , , , 
 
 rile ,1,1k,. of .N.a'f.lk took his seat „i tholo,'?ls, thi' 
 lirst Ib.miin eail„,li,. ,,„er under the Uelief bill («,.„ 
 
 The Hel„niie,| Parliament mi'it ' . ' '^ Xl' [l^ 
 Joseph l',..i.s,., tlieMi,tgiiakera.iiiiitt,.,lM.l' m'l bis 
 
 allii Illation . ,-K,.b 9 
 
 Houses of Parliament il,.s„ u-d I,y ti,-,,'. ,?, Oct! \tf. 
 
 .New b„n.s,.s „l parliMiiu.nt ,• ,,iaeii,,.,l • . . ,o.*J 
 
 The nM'mber.s ,,f tl„. ,.,,i,„u„i,^' a„,| |,„-,ls' l„ii,.s,.t, ,.e. '* 
 
 fnn".tl ) '"■'*■'''■«" "'' f''""king letters (see 
 
 Coiiimit'tai of Siaiti, O'lJrien'by the comin,ms''r,'i " 
 
 e,,nti.,iipt (see /,T/„/eO . TOVnril sr 
 
 ''■|».' I '■« took poss,'.ssi,,n of their house, that iiorl 
 
 lion of the pah bi'iiif; r.'M.lv . mMh'II iSiT 
 
 ll,'|„,rt,'i's ex,lii,le,l bymotiuliof Jol.n O'Connell for 
 
 Tl' '" "* ■ ■,,•.,' ' • '8 Mnv, rS.ia 
 
 li. • ' mill,, lis irssemble in their new bouse 4 X„v ,8,2 
 The , hiii'Mian ,.t ,'omi,iitl,.,.s of lb,, wbole h.mse a,,- 
 l,oiiite,l t,. act as a ,h'i,uty.speaker of the liou.se of 
 
 , eomnioi,s ^^i,,, ^g 
 
 The two hi,;;„s beain to eommmiiente hv letter " isll 
 Haron I,. I{,,tli.s,hild, the tlrst Jewa,lmitle,l sfi.lnlv' 18,8 
 eourt ,,1 r,tereestoe.\amhiepi'ivat,' bills establishe.i 186- 
 
 * T,'riiie,l the " Palnee of We.stminstir." The (Irst eon- 
 rn,^t t,,r tlie en, ,,iikiii,',it of the river w.is taken in ,8,7, 
 ;,■!'..?'.■'*• ,'-'■'' ■ """ einbaiikiiii'ut, fa,,.,! witli granite, is 
 bSob'i'tin leuKtb. and pro.ie,'te,l int., tli,' riv.r in a lino 
 witb the inner si.b' of th,' tliinl pier of „|,l \v, .taiinster- 
 bullae. .S,rL barbs liairy(b,,n, ,795, ,lie,l ,S6o) was tliu 
 iii,'b,te,'t „l tbe sniii|,tii,>iis j.ile of lmil,liiij;s mis,.,l sim-o 
 1840. Ihe wliole Stan. is on a be,l <,reone,'ete tw,-lv,. feet 
 tiiiek ; to the east it has a front .if .ibont 1000 feet a„,l 
 covers nn ac'a ,,f 1, .,e statnte ai'i'es. It eontnins t,oo 
 apartments, i .staiivases. ami fw,. miles of iiius.saces or 
 ei)ni,,,,i.,. ri" j.!!',-,,; Vietoria t,,wer at tbe 'south-west 
 extremity ,s :i,,6 teet in heijjht, and towers of bss iimLMii. 
 tilde erown n her po,'ti,,!isof thebnihling. Intbereeess 
 of 1894-5 e\i,.|isive alterations wero minle in tie, 
 house aii,l iirivat,' rooms to promote the comfort of the 
 members ami public. 
 
 3 o 
 
 ■ 1 ■ 
 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 I- •.';■' 
 
 
 .!' ■' 
 
 1 • 
 
 ,.i" i' 
 
 •'! 1 
 1; 
 
 ,\«fin 
 
 I 
 
 ' 
 
 w 
 
 i ' 
 
 
■i 
 
 PAUIilAMKNT. 
 
 818 
 
 FABUAMBNT. 
 
 r;^,sri!:?'::;lU!:i::i^^.l!:;.u.ua....K;2 
 
 Il.T Miil.Htv nntlii.rlKc.l t.i i.''"''"''" \'inr"K»tl"» "' 
 
 i,|lii«-wl tn iilllrTH, i8 .Jiint", minli i||»cii»)iiu on. 
 Hill'. ri'Miiliilliiii nf Mr, LiilidUi'tiiTis M.I'. f,,r 
 NnriiiiihililHii, Hint Mr. DriHlliiuuti U p, iiiilu..,l 
 ti) iilliiiii, luriilivi'il (J75-J1") . ij.liiii,, ,£.. 
 
 Mr. Hrii'llMiinli'i I'liiii" '" •"'*'' '"'' ""'li. "nillinn, 
 di'iili''! liV llM'liMimc ; lir n I'hm « |.itti|i|,iniw, m,,! 
 Ih |iiU.'iiiiil<iriiiit"ily."»'l liiiiiriwini'il II. 1,1. (I,,, .^ 
 tdwi'r (votu 316-38), 33 Jiiiiu; ri'liMMil hv \.' 
 
 N,.w It.fonn l.ill r,r..ivr,l rnVMl n-.nit ■ 'ij^^'f 
 V,r",Vl.'-nn tl.J 1."" n..r,U,.,«;i-....U,V 
 
 H;^::";;t'.-'t''H..'"-;,a,,,iir,.i i;a..,i.'.rii.- 
 
 iniMitary HHiin.liiri.'SM.I liiis»,M . ■'■'•,■ 
 rnrliiiim'hiary F,hMtlMimu.ti>.i»-f.l . • ' 'l.l';,'.' " 
 I'lirlliiiiMMit ilinsiilvnl . . . • • 'j^ ■,,,,,,' " 
 
 Tli. im"ii« sat fnnn a ivM. 15 J»ly, to 5 IJ' ^^^-j'-^ 
 
 M.'-ti..«..f lw.rli«nH...t, in hIx ,l,.yK aft.r I'mrluina- 
 
 ,,,'lrh',^S'™rl"fu,,ll..v,n..h,.rnft..ohnns,..f 
 
 Mr't«"rU,;V.m. in'.l,,.lol,l,y(35;;-...mK.;mt.,f " 
 "'3u,'^'k,(. to ,.nn,.,.s. ..o„U. ,.u luT m,.rn,,«,.), ^^^_ 
 
 l),mkr.>,.t|u-rH,llsnu;.un..a from «ittin« ..rvutiMK 
 
 i„ purlianirnt l.y act ,msrt.Ml . ■ , 'i' ; '>; " 
 Mr I)..iiliaiii Carter Hiirri'i'ils Mi.;'. I. Iiiii.'<"»a» 
 ":i,.;:iUy»l.™k,r a,.a .•l.airniaii "f '■"'"■""^'■-•, .„^ ,g^, 
 Mr HiL'L-ar aii.t "Hum-h caii.^nl iv|.nitn-s and utlierrt 
 
 ul.dlMiisHi,.,, .•i.snr.i; Mr. l)i«rm-li« r.^nli i- 
 ?:;,,l,:.ts.niii....rsar,. n.itlnwitliirawwi.M^^^^^ 
 
 u vote lit till' ii'iii'^'' '"■ '"■'''■' "' ""- ' iri' 
 
 ,„ianiiii.mslya.l..|.t,.a . • ■.(['/"{,;. " 
 
 -;^^^r^^:;.ll:;:;;J:-'l^::::^-;';;;lu^.!;^nt .. 
 
 ll;::;Ml,,;ltJ;-i^•-■i.■A•..la.;snnl.aryl. " 
 
 i, n n.r ni'r iimn.l » itlidrawi; • .^Q .•'"•. '875 
 
 Ti "11 istiirnuKi, inHiv'''''''\v'-';/i;;.;,"'r'?- 
 
 Messrs. I'arii.ll. lii^'u-.'ir, o'linnuell, l'"»>' ■ ">; 
 Kirk and N.. Ian) sat fnaii ,.4.^ i'.«. -^ ■"■' ' 
 7.',5 A.M. 3 .luly/frmn alsa.t 4 .■•«. 3. J.'l.v^.^; ^^^^ 
 
 Tem'l° 'ri.n- n.s.ilnlinn to chVek id.stnietiveueHS {liy 
 ^ , ;,ns, llf tlie l-we.' "f -"vin« til., adjourn 1 of 
 
 v'^vr;^ro?i!;rM'r'f:?wat..rrord,--,n-M^^r'i^y " 
 ^'rH;:^:';'n'rvisi',;«io»,,i.n.ittouiHa..t^..^ity._ 
 
 „:;,^';ii;;,n!;:Si:y.- -•■■ .«hv, ^r' ;i"!i;; 
 
 Mr. Pani.dl's viitiml vote .1 "» " 'I , ", 
 H,K.aker (for direetin,. notes to i,e taKen, ^. .) l-t _^^^ 
 
 Hivlei'nJf priVilW- : mV. C. K. Ori-Hseli liavin;,' staled 
 " 11 , h?eoi ill inllneiiee tlie, eoniniittee on lie 
 •'■rmver liiKl. lev.-l l.ri.l^e," IS exaiiiined [ > a 
 ,.„ , itte ;lie aii.l Mr. .lol.n S:„idilaiids W ai 
 
 .;;;;vi;:ted,'.6,ii.iy: m^- «"■'-'■ '."^::Vda, 
 
 „r,ler Tor Ids ai'preliension iss. e. .M . \\. 1 «!« 
 neared iH'fore t le lioiisi' ; takcMi int 1 iistooj, 23 
 .',;i .Vreleased, 30 .Inly I M-'- «■'--," '''"";}'^^ 
 Motilm for ,n.in„u>M.niid parliaments _"'r|.tiv;Ml,_^g^ 
 
 Sir'.Staflb??! Nortiieote's residntions nV'iiinst olistrne- 
 tion .6 Fell.; a.lopted ill tlie .tandwiK^ord.rs ^^ 
 (160-20) 
 
 Mr. lirisst 
 
 dl'urrested, and eoniniitte 
 
 Mareii ; diseli. 
 
 W 1 . Charles Uradlan 
 
 'li. M.l'. for N'ortliaini 
 
 Man!,, 
 itoii not 
 
 34.11; 
 Hesolutlon moved liy Mr. Olmlsloiie tlnit iiIIIium ' 
 
 tlnll Ik' ilee|.|,ted illste:|il of lUI oi|l|i In ,.,-t{„„ 
 
 e.i»es; oin.osed hy sir Htallonl Nortlhui,. „» 1... 
 
 NiMlldlllK vote i,r JJ .Inne; resoluli.ili ;„.,.,|,,,l 
 
 (l,iVJ4i; I, J .Inly; Mr. llraitlhiijili !illlriii.i, 1, inl. 
 
 mitled, and votes J Jiilv, „ 
 
 Hee •/■/■(m/», 18S1. 
 
 Til unnions sat eontiiiuously 31 Imimvs (il.^v.,!,.,! 
 
 to Irisliallalrs) J", 27 .\iig, 
 
 Ueliiiti' on Irisli amendments to the addinn; 
 
 Mr. I'aniell's lost (i7-4.l^) • . "•M.Jiin. .Ji 
 Mr. .Instill McCarthy's (37.301) . i7-i.,.l,iii. „ 
 Mr. llawsoii (36-374) .... jci.liiii, „ 
 Mr. (I'Kelly (14178) ■ • ■ aiolm, 
 
 Honse of Coiiiiiioiis on Irish iiroteetiwi l,ill, sjj 
 from 4 11.111. -'s Jiiu. to 3 p.m. . . jf.l.iu. 
 
 Mr. tiliidsloiie'H motion lor niwncy eiirrinl (jji. 
 
 On'nrst reiiillnn of Mr. Korster's eoeivi.,ii l.iil, ,1c. 
 Imte suiiiiuarily elosed hy Mr. II, llrainl, n,,. 
 speaker tenoed eoiiji i/V/a04 I'm. !■ 'l^m, t"o.io 
 p.m. . . • • • • • * - l*''l'. ,, 
 Thirty-six Irish memhers. Mr. I'arnell, Mr. .lihtiii 
 .Mii'.irthv, and others, susin'iided lor tlie siiiin;; 
 fur disoiilerlv eoiidiiet ; .Ml. cil;i,Ui,,||,.'» |.|.„,i„. 
 tions; speaker investiul with :ill tin' iiHurrmit tli„ 
 house to re^,'lllale husiiiess when votnl ur^iiit l,y 
 three-fourths id thu meuiliers (at li 1st a'lolij,,. 
 
 1 50) ? Ml. „ 
 
 New strinp'lit rules tolieeliforeed when liiisiiuiitit 
 ileelared iii>:eiit l,v a minister of the eiawii ; hM 
 
 on taldehy the si ker . . . . 9 FrI,. „ 
 
 Supplemental rules. 17 I-eh. modilled ; .ictol „ii 
 
 31 Keli. ; new rules aniiounecsl u.uMarrli, „ 
 
 Mr. (ll.idstone's resolution for " ur).'ene) ," with Hi,, 
 
 supplies lost (2i2-2y(i) • • , 14 Mmli, „ 
 Mr, llnidlannh re-eleeted for Northaiiiiilon.o .\|,iil, ., 
 His olh'r to take the oath opposed (31 --175); Ilms 
 
 h'leihly removed. 26 .Vl'ril ; anaineJeeie.l.ioMiiy, „ 
 New pariiamentarv oaths liill disehiuwd 5, Inly, „ 
 Mr. l!radlaii>;irs attempt to enter tlie Hells,' -t 
 Commons, toieitdy resisted hy tie' |ielie,-, Mr. 
 Laliouehere's motion to leseindtlie nsiiliitinnMr 
 10 Mav, 1881, negatived (191-7) , , 1 .\iw. , 
 Dill'ereii'eeH between the houses on the lima liill 
 
 settled hv mutual eolieessions . .13-15.111:., 
 Mr Iliadla'uKh not \.eriiiitte.l to sit ; pivmiiiMit 
 
 ni.diou negatived (386-238) . . . 7 FA, 1: 
 \ew rules of |iroeedure iuelndiii;; the eli,tiiii,(ik 
 ' power of elosin;; a deluite) and dele(iiiti..ii nf 
 
 l.iisiiiess proposed I'V Mr. (iladsp. lie .ijFfh. , 
 l'i,.posal for writ for N.irthaiiiptnii mwtiVfJ 
 (!07-i8) ; -Mr. Ilradlau>;h repeats .mtli ami talifs 
 a seat ; withilrnws when direete.l ; ai IVl,.i.!. 
 p.dled (3111-8 i) : 'U'W wit '"'»' "'^"'■'' •33l''''i, 
 Miehael l>avitt, eouviet, elected M.l'. lerni. M.iilli 
 
 (see Fe<iio".<) "lA , 
 
 Mr liraillauKli re-eleeted for Nortliiiinvton 3 Mar. . 
 Hesolution of 7 Keh. re-alliniied (38';.33S) . 6 Mjr. , 
 Mr Marriott's umenclment on Mr. (diiilsteiusiif* 
 
 I r'nlemwitived (3.8-279) , ,. • . 3''-.ii "« 
 Disrussion on the cloture deterred . . 1 .May, , 
 Coinnions; sat j p.iii.-8 p.m. !o heiir.s. ceiimmtH 
 
 on prevention of eriiiie hill; 35 Irish iiMiiVn 
 
 snsoeuded for wilful oli.striletiou jo June awl 
 
 I. Inly, 
 Mr ()'I)oniiellsuspendciUori4dnys(i8i-35)3W'r, . 
 'Ditiereiiee hetween the two houses; eoniimiiiM 
 
 . ( . }^, . j\ _ , . . * ■ -'"i!- 1 
 
 Mr!" lini'llaiiKli" i-iilt'lislies A .let.'vmiiu'.l inaiiifr^to, 
 
 Tiiiii':t ..•■••' ^3'"^!'^ ' 
 Parliament meets 34 Oct. ; discussum ira |.riii'«te 
 
 lielieving in 
 
 God) (dijeets to take 
 
 th of alle 
 
 (.'laue 
 
 his alllrmation n 
 
 to take oath not periiii 
 
 tted 
 
 fused, 3 May ; his othT 
 May, 
 
 A committee apiiou 
 
 ted ; 
 
 Ills that he bu 
 
 limed 
 
 Mr. (iil.lioiis' amemlnieio 
 by two-thirils instead of 
 322-2^8 ... 
 
 The elflture adoided (304-260) 
 
 The new rules mai: 
 
 ,. eloliiie Iel»Cirnui 
 ,,ire ninjority) iiivativtd 
 . 1-1 S'«'. 1 
 . io-nSi«'. I 
 lii sUmiliiig orders 37 Xov.-i Iw. , 
 
PARLIAMENT. 
 
 81 D 
 
 Mil' I iiiiiili ■iinciittiiiii m, 
 
 r. I.iiIpimii'Im'I". M.V. inr 
 , llniillriii>;li 1.1 jn millt.'.l 
 
 I tiikn till, latli, ,,, iiHirii, 
 
 !■ lvfllM«|.M\l|l|l|n,W, 1111,1 
 
 till llil|>l'iiliil|i"l II. Iiui'lmit 
 
 ) Jiiiiu; rtli'uwil iiy \,„u.^ 
 
 Ir. (lliiilKtiitii' Hint iillliii.,'. " 
 'jilt 'if nil until II, irii',1,, 
 
 Htllltnlil Ni.|-tll.i.|i- ,i, ,„. 
 
 mil' ; ri'm.liitiiiii :irii|',,,i 
 '. lll'iKllluU'll illtlnilii, is ml. 
 
 • aJulv, „ 
 
 iiiiiiUHly ji Imiiwh (i|i'Hit,.ii 
 • 'fi, ij Aug, „ 
 
 ll^lltH t(l till! Illllll't'lM : 
 
 7-4.lO . . 6-14 Jan, |:j, 
 .VH(j7-aoi) . i7.i,;,Jttii, ^^ 
 ) • . • . 20ila]|. 
 
 » • . . 2'"!ill, 
 
 IvUli iirii|i"'ti"'i l.ill, Ml ' 
 I a l''iii' • • / 'l.iii, „ 
 I I'lir mni'ticy I'liirinl uji. 
 
 Knrntl'f'H I'lliTi'lnn liill, ,1,'. " 
 r.l liy Mf. H. Ilniml, ti,|. 
 i/'i'/'i()4 l>.tii. 11 .lull. (110, it, 
 
 . . . , 1K..I1. „ 
 ■VK. Ml'. Pniiiill. Mr..lii»tin 
 
 1, Klispi'llill'il fur till' Killlly 
 
 I't ; Ml. illiiiM.'ii.'.', ii,„|i;. 
 
 I'll Witllllll till' li.miT^I.Jlli.' 
 
 jiii'ss wlii'ii Villi i| iii';;i'ii| l.y 
 iiii'tiiU'l'H (at li'iiHt j^juliju. 
 
 . . iKi'li, „ 
 
 111. I'llflifl'I'll Wlll'll lilUlllKilj 
 
 iiiiiualcr iif tl niwli; lii.l 
 
 ;i'l' . . ■ ■ If tVli. „ 
 
 7 Fl'll. llllillilii'il , .irli'l i.li 
 
 1111111111 1 11, ij Miii'li, „ 
 
 liiiii fill' " iii>;i'iii'y," Willi ilii' 
 .) . . . M Mnnli, „ 
 I'll fnl'N'nltllllllllitiill.oAl.ril, „ 
 iitli (iiipiisi'il (ii'=l-i75l;lii'ij 
 AlU'il ; ln.'llilli',|i'i'lri|,loM;iv, „ 
 ills liill ilisi'lilll'p'il ;.llilv, „ 
 ll|it til I'lltlT till' Hulls.' -t 
 
 I'-iisti'il liy til" lii.lin. Mr. 
 
 I 1.1 ll'^i'illil till' rrsiilllti.ill..( 
 
 vi'il(i.>i-7) . . J Alii .. 
 
 til,. Iiuiisi's 1111 111.' Inml liill 
 iliri'SHiiHis , . U-I5A11;, „ 
 'I'liiitti'il til sit ; niiviiiiiiiiiit 
 86-228) . . . 7 Wi' liii 
 111' iiii'liiiliii^' till' I'lr'tnii'lilii- 
 1 ili'l.:ili') iiii'l ili'Mlii'li ii[ 
 l.v Mr. Illii.lstiuii' . nl'i'li. „ 
 111' N..rlli:iiiiiiliiii iii'i.m!iv.'.| 
 liiii>;li ii'i.i'iit.s i.iilli aii'llib'f 
 , wlll'll iliii'Cli'il ; ;i r.l.. rt- 
 V writ til 111' issiii'il . a.' K'li. „ 
 ii't, I'lvcli'il M.r. li.ri'.i..M.alli 
 
 .tcl fill' Xiiitliiimi.tdti iMiir. ., 
 i','.,illlniu'il (•.•8ti-..j3) .Mhr. „ 
 liiiciit nil Mr. (iliiilstiiiii'<ii'» 
 .279) . . . 3>."!i ^lif' .. 
 ilurcili'l'i'i-ri'il . • iM,iy, „ 
 1.-8 iMii. 10 hmirif, cmiiiiiiltci! 
 niiiii' liill ; ^5 li'isli iiii'iiiVpi 
 fill ulistnii'li"" 30 Jiiw aii'l 
 
 I'liily, „ 
 ii(lcilf(iri4iliiy»(iBi-35)!Jiily. ., 
 ill' two liiiusi's 1 i;iiiiii.riiiffl« 
 
 .K«;. „ 
 
 lislii's a ikti-riiiiiii'il maiiilwtd, 
 
 21 Sell „ 
 
 Oct. ; .liseiisaiiiiiimi.r.iri'.lim 
 . ' JjiW. „ 
 
 liiii'iu .' I'l.Miiivli.l. c .'! 
 
 eiul "I I'.irc iiiiijiiiity)iii',:alivol 
 i-iN'.v. ,1 
 
 (l04-2'lu) ' ' l"" ''«>■' M 
 
 Htiiiiiliiit!"'''!'-'''''*^?^''"'''''* '1 
 
 Alflniint'iin I'l" liitriHliu'cil In tlio i'iiiiiiiMinH(i8j-iO 
 
 HI- J.. Ki'f), 1883 
 
 Mr. (I'Ki'llv «ii»i'<'iiili'il r.ir 11 h k furxlvlint .Mr. 
 
 KlnIit III'' li'' J.I Ki'li, ,1 
 
 i;i:iiiil i'iiiiiiiiitti'>''i* lli'Ht iiii'i'tliiu, Mr. (iiiHi'lii'ii 
 I lllllrlllllll . . ■ . . . . y .\|illl, ,, 
 
 .\ltiiiijalli'M I'lll i''l''iti'il liy till' ciiiiimiiim (j„j /A,,) 
 
 1-4 .Mll\, ,, 
 
 Mr.BrailiiiiwIiii"' I'l'iniltli'il tntiiki' tlii'mitlri .Mny, ,, 
 
 Hii«cl"»iiiii viili'il (2.12-65) . . .ij.liilv, 
 
 .ii-n'/iti'il 1.) Mr. <ii.»x''t, tliii Mi'i'i/i'iiiit-iit nriim, li.r 
 
 alt |iliiit' III ''liti'r «lif ll"ii»i', I .\1IH, ; lirliiK's iiii 
 
 artiiiii iitTilliKt Hie MiuMliit, 7 iliT. ; H'l'.lli't fur 
 iMrtlilaiit ) r.'li. 1884 
 
 5|r. llnnlUiiKli iiilmiiil>'li'i'«tlic until tii lihiisi'lf, situ, 
 ami V"t>'«; I'xi'lul.'il liy vuti' (228.12,,) m Frli. 1 
 n'i'leitNlliir .Si.rtliiiiii|itiiii (4,(1.12-3664) uj Ki'li. ; 
 viilc for III" ri'-i'Xi'liiHliiii (226-171) . . 21 l''i'l>. 
 
 New Keruriu Mil liitimUici'il li.v Mr, (lluililiinii 
 
 28 l-'i'li. „ 
 (Vniiiiiniin ; Int'Kiiliir ilolflti' on K^iyiitlnn imlloy; 
 
 .<lll.|.|il'.H ; «llt llnlMIJ. J'-ilMll. I5M1IITI1, lilt;. 4,, I. 111. 
 
 (Sniiilny) 6 .Miii'i'li, 
 
 yiii'i'ii r. Iliiiilliiiwliriir viiliiig wltlimit Inkliii! Ilu' 
 i>ntli. (Jili'i'ii'H Di'iiili i .liiiii', „ 
 
 V..r.llitfiirtlii'i'ri'Wii .to.liini', ,, 
 
 <'i|illi.l lirtivi'rlltlli'li.rilssri.lcnlllllliilin, I'l'Xlii'i'tJIlL' 
 till' Fraiiililw Mil, (^I'i'/.V/.rw) . . . . „ 
 
 Kxi'liml'ii (ilyiiiiiiilli) "11 till' Htiilr nil.. VI' llii.' iTyjit 
 ill tilt llolIKi' iil'i'iililllliill.s : inllrll 'lilliiiik'i. ill. ill'; 
 t«ii jiiilli'c iiiiMtiilili'^, Will. I'lili' mill ThiH. 
 I'm, ami .Mr. (iiwii si'i-lmisly Imrt. ICulii 
 jilrkril iiji II lilnziiiK imrci'l. In riirry it nut iiinl 
 Kiivi'il till' liiiililiiii; ; 111' .iinll'iix I'liiiiiiu'inli'il liy 
 tlii'i|iii'rii,.'iiiilri'«iii'ili'.l I'l.r sti'iiily I'liiiiap'. ('1,1',, 
 tni'lvi'il till' Allici't iiii'iliil. ill Wi'.sliiiiiisli I Hill 
 i6Miin'li.r Wi'.'ttiiiiiisli'r Hull iiiiii'li lii,|iii'i',l liy 
 aiiiitliiT i.'X|il(wiiiii a fi'W laiiiiitr.s jiunI 2 |i.iii. 
 
 24 ./an. 1885 
 
 Mr, llmillaiiKli'H a]i|ii<nl illHulliiweil liy tlic InriM 
 Imlii 28 ilaii. „ 
 
 Till- Mi'W i'illi'< anil tlio clutiiri' tlrst niiplliil ; Mr. 
 iiilriiM i'Si»'lli'il 24 Ki'li. ,, 
 
 .Mr. Iliinlliiiiijli iii't iii'inilttcil tii taki' tlii' until 
 (.161-310) 6 .liilv, ,, 
 
 11, liri'iiii'iit of Mr. Kiilpli A. Oiwsi't ; kiii«liti'i| iifirr 
 a liiui; HiTVici' mill trii years «'rKi'niil-iit-nriii.'< 
 (iliiil 37 Xiiv.) 30 .Scjit. ; siipoci'ili'il liy 11. 1). 
 Erskiiii' I J 
 
 rarlianii'iilillsH.ilvi'il 18 Nnv. „' 
 
 .\,w larliaiiiriil nii'i'ts 12 Jnii. ; npi'iii'il liy tin. 
 fi"' ■ ■ . 2I .Inn. i386 
 
 .Mr. Iliiii|laii;.'li lnki'4 till' until, iiiti'ivi'iitlini .slii|>|ii',l 
 . l.v till' aiaakiT n.lnii. ,, 
 
 Mr. (iliiM.iiii' iiilriiiliici's lii.s liill, " tu mnk,' lii'llrr 
 |!"\isi„ii fi.r tli.'l'iituri' (.'.ivi'i-iiiiii'iit uf li'i'lninl ;" 
 1!., Ili.iisi' I'liiiiinii'il, ..('i'ii|iii'(| l,\ iiiiiiilii'ix fi'iiiii 
 
 I t *•« ' . S.Vpril, „ 
 
 ISirT. Erskini' May (nutlmr of tl I'lni'tl.'i. i,f 
 
 I'arliameiil," 1884 rl •«.■/.) ns.sistaiit clrrk to tin. 
 niniiiiiiiiM 18^6; I'lcrk 1871 ; ri'tiics 15 April 
 (orrati'il liiril f-'iiriilinrini^'li 10 .May ; illeil 17 .Mny) ; 
 siirpvrilt'il hy Kcfiiiialil I'liljiravi'' , . 1 Jlliy^ ^^ 
 ICkiiIi 'if liinl Hi'ili'silalc, I'lialriiinii of poininittws 
 siiiP" iS.ii, 2 May; siipci't'ilnl liv tlif iliiki- of 
 lluckiiiuliain (122 nKaiiist 103 for lonl .Mnrlcy) 
 
 I.- ,, ■" Mav, ,, 
 
 l>i'winrli.iiiii.|itiiiiTts(si'e /i'»i/?((H(0 . 5 Aii". 
 
 |IP;irliaiiiPiit iiniroKUHl . ' . . .35 )^,.|,f_ |J 
 
 PARLtAMKNT. 
 
 *Tlif I'liii'fCKiiiiiiissiiincr nf till' Mctioiinlitaii I'lillep 
 fcirK.V W. Ili'iiil,'i'<,in. issiiiil an onlir stnlinj; that tlin 1 
 pnmi!.M)iiisti'rilii',',t,'i|tJii' p.iviiniit of 5,,/., lanli lol'oli' i 
 hii.lto frmii till! Kiiynl l),,iiiity Kiiml, ami liii'tlii'r, that ' 
 piic lliiiiii' Si'iTi'Luy lia-s appiovi'il of tlm pnviiii'iit of . 
 
 fc2.y. til toll, anil 7„r ti.t'iix, w sir.laiiii', Iii;:liaiii 
 
 inir.ti'i tlii'in Hie sum iit y,l. I'ai'li tinin tin' liow-stri'i't ' 
 Kiwanl tiiiiil. Until wcr,' -lanti'il n pi'iisiini of 78/ ocr 
 Immiii rarli, A|iril, ,836. Col,' ninl L\<x w,;v ini'li pre- ' 
 |riiM«ith a iii.mi'y ti'.stinniiiial from tlm iii,'iiiln'i-s of 
 
 7'ili Himsi's (ioS(. I01. eai'li : Culn r iv.'il :, .-..pi witeli ' 
 
 p;.; .■liaiii). TlieyiiuHi Intt the lios|iitnl at Tlin mnl of I 
 J^'iri-li. .38.,. On 5 Oct. .83,, .lnlm Coh'liiiiok, K'*,,., , 
 ^liro.1 .siiw.,.n i.f till' Inili;,,, army, a ini'inl,,',' of tin' 
 |".i'il liistitiiti.m „f o,'„at Mi'iiaiii. pn'.si.nt.'il to Uotli 
 pii a C"W nl tins book ut the institution. 
 
 •N. A |.i-.«n.,|iir..riileK Willi |i„',.,'„„„i applii'atli.n uf 
 
 ""■'■"■","■••• "<■■• 'I'tf I 2. Ki'li.'; 11 , 1 I 
 
 p. Hii'iiml nil,, nilopti'il (,,,-„„) , ', 'm, .'',33, 
 
 ','"'"•" "' '•"iiiiiion- sal aliove 2 iirs „.,, Ma"l, ' 
 
 aii»M.i,iiiinin,.,.l,„.i,|,. f|„„ aiinit.'h' In t li,. 7 . , r " 
 May 2.111 Mr. |iill„nl.,nol n lirenrl, ,' ,,u|,;,, 
 i.|.|llini,v,|i',.,.,,| Her of a ,.„;..* 
 
 ^'ri' r'rr' ' ■•' "-' ■Mip;.sitioii'',f,'te •• 
 
 'iiii'i,'",". ■■'" '•^"""'' "•> ''■" I'i" '"' 
 
 Mr '• V V '"■'"'*■ '","'■,' 1"^ 28Mnreh,r„,,. „ 
 
 Mr. I. lli'al.v Nii»ii,.n.|i.,l f,,,' , . iiavs , .„, ,)i,| '' " 
 
 •1, :, 'li'"";""' ^''■' ''■■ 'i"iiii«i"ii Hiispi'iiZi " 
 
 lol spnakhiK illsl,'>|.,.,.tfiilly iifthe hollsi' of |,„'i|s 
 
 ^''t'h.'"'!Hii'l"''';'";i""'" ""'■'"i'"'-i : i"i" . (iiliiit'C " 
 
 : -It IKS 1,1 111,. I'oiiinions ii„ in- ,„.y ,, ,« 
 
 lion , i.M. Ill , ^,v,,) p„„,„ Pi'li. : ruh' 3 
 
 ^l^'n^, ''i'\'"''V'!;''''"''"-''''''''"''l"'iV"h^^ 
 
 :;. H'f ,;;:'^i,nif f^r^(:ii:r--,.;ji:;i';!;;.:ri 
 
 M;^irt'^^i'::^i::::;";;:ir-t'„,ni,:,h:r ■=«' 
 irMil^k'M'';;''''^''''''''^-'^''^'^''''!"''''^ 
 
 tliespiaki'r 111 Ihi'.v/n,' ih'h ipapi'r . ., ,|,,iv 
 lll.'«»l«tt,.|npl l,.y,.iiiistal,li',l,'|.,'.iii|ai, ,A,i|ll'v Y/, " 
 in "St Mr. Mii'i'liy, M.I'., In ,|i,' pi.i'.'iin't's'I.'f'n I 
 
 , I,',', '''r''',.''''v'''''"';''''''''''''''''''''''l''''PnvileKH 
 nppoiiit-'il 26 .Nov.; bn'aeli alllninil, 'init 111, 
 
 Dr. Tuiii.er siisp,".iiil|.ii f„r'liisiiilii,«' Mr.' mifoiir " 
 '^'I'lm" 'IT' "^,!'m '' ""■'■"' ' '"' ""■ Amifoin'ia'tio;; •• 
 
 hirHni;;:;;;;;:::!:;^''^''''-'-'"^ •"• i-S:-BB9 
 
 Mr, l.alio„,.|i,.|,. siispi'iiil'iiil fniin sit,i„« fur aVel'k '^ 
 tor a-..s,.,'tiii;; liis ii,sl„.||,.f in lonl .'Sali',1 irv^ 
 
 •leiiuil of ,'o,iin..'tioi, with a isplrnny f ,'1^ 
 
 lealiHK the eiiilM of Jnstlei, in n.latiui, ti, a r,',.,.nt 
 
 '^nm!!'in,|''"'l"','';'.'"';': ""j"-"""l»n' in' pnrrianmii'l " 
 loiiiial,'.! (.Mr. (losnln'ii (I'liairinaii), Mr. A. .1. 
 Inlloi,,' Mi'..I. (.'haiiilii.ihiln, Mr. (iiailstinie, .s r 
 \\. \' llan'oiii't. lonl llarlii,;;toii. ami otlii'rs), 
 
 ,.,.{i,.|. uecept,.,l; sijinu of the iiiniiihnrn 
 
 (The eoiiiiiiitt,;, rHmniii'ii.mliiil varl,nis!,'n"iiH " 
 !.'" -i^iiif-'lhetinieol pai'hai a in jiassin,' liilM 
 
 „:hes,s:i;:;t.r"'""" ••'-"--'-■f^-i'.K 
 
 The <;oiniiioii-. sat fniiii 3 |,.m. to 7 ,\.m. (olistnirliim 
 to Irish li^li, i-ailwn.vs hill) '. .\. ,''a "' 
 
 ,Rs'''"","""i' ,"-'1'"'^' Mr. nrn,llaii,li,';2V,,i,e " 
 '?,;■""''■"■'' ' 'xpiiiiK,',! froin the journals 
 
 ,'"',";'■ ■ eli'Wil.'s. a nrsatthe l,ar „,■ ,i„; 
 
 110 IM 111 l,,nls; hi' inaki'sa slnH'nn lit in ih'fi'iicu 
 ol the eoloiiys claims ... , ., ..o 
 
 -Mr. fiiiiiiiiif-liniin. (in.hniii, M.I'., expi'lfcl | '„„; " 
 Hiaiicelorsi'iliiiiiiiss dies . . „ Ma v 
 
 '"'",•, '■"I';."""' " .Veruey cxpi'lh'il froiV thn " 
 
 lioiisi. lit loiiiiiioiis, haviii},' lii'cii seiiteuceil to a 
 years iiiipiis.iiiinent for a mi.sileiiieuiiuiir on liU 
 
 own l'iillli'~^li,ii ,2 jiuy 
 
 Mr Atkinson, .M.l'., sii.spemleil for liisrcspcct to " 
 till' speaker ' ■ , 
 
 I'niliaiiii'iit |iniro..;ii'i', . . ''. . •',' " 
 
 Mr Kilwanl S. \V. Ue (' ihaiii, M.l'.' fo'r Ilnlfast ; " 
 lleil Iroin .iiisliet ; coniniamleil to ntteml the 
 n,,lseo,,23.1ul.v, .8Q,:,'xp,'ll,',l . ,6 Keb. ,892 
 I'N I I n.r/,,- ,7, ..., Mnn'h el „•.,. ,893.] -' 
 
 Mr (.eorj,-.. W. Has!iii-s, M.l'. for K. Worcester, 
 .shire sentenceil to 5 ycais' pcual servitmle for 
 li-aml lis n trustee (sen /■,■,„/,.), ,, March; ck- 
 pelleil fniiii the house . , o, \iui]> 
 
 .Mr. Keiiwii'ks les.iliilion for the 'iiavim.nt of " 
 iiieiiiliers ol parliament rejected by the'commoi.s 
 
 ^' ':■,■'""";:.'■'■ '"i'-' '•■.^' Mr.'.Iol,,', W. 'Maclm,.; yiA\, " 
 .Mr. William H. Hawkins, ami Mr. .loliii Coiiaclier, 
 ilireclors ol the (■ninlnian inihvav, were ailinoii. 
 isiieil by the spi'aker, by ilii'i'ctioii of the house 
 ol eoliiiiioiis, fin- a lu'each of privile-e in ilisniis.s. 
 Ill},' .ur. .John Huuil, n slalioiiiiia.stur, 011 account 
 
 3 o 2 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 ' I- 1 ' .'■ ' , 
 
 ' ' I 1 . w 
 
 •H 'U 
 
 t. « 
 
 't-f , 
 
 J* 
 
 
 
 . -J' M 
 
 i« 
 
 "•11 
 
 f ilL 
 
,4-,' 
 
 ¥ 
 
 
 i\ '.'" 
 
 * /> 
 
 ■Km 
 
 ;iliJii-..:^J- 
 
 PARLIAMENT. 
 
 820 
 
 PARLIAMENT. 
 
 of liis I'viili'iioii Kiven in tin' cuniiiiiUi'i' on tin- 
 
 hoiii's olriiiUvMV Kcrviints . . 7 A, nil, 
 
 111-. Ciiniiiiif.'li.'iiiM' (iialiiini siisiiciiili'a fuf 11 wi'cK 
 
 Ibi- ilisiiiik'ily ('(iiiiluct I Miiy. 
 
 riirliiiiiic'iit (li,-.siilvc(l, 2S .Iinic; new iiiirliMiiniit 
 
 inc'i'ts 4 -^"o- 
 
 Till' ipiililii'iitiuii ill Mil' Tiiii's (if Visc(|init Wnl- 
 
 iiiiTs wnnls, iissi-itiii;; tluit siniin iif tin' Irish 
 
 :.i I..- ,.., ... >.i....iii it..!. 1.111. il 111 
 
 lIliTS wnnls, llssi-ltlli;; tluil siiliin ill nil' iiisii 
 liii'iiihi'ls w.Ti' iiiiicl by (.'oMTliliu'lit, ili'i'liui'il til 
 1„, •> l,i..;ii-l. ,.(■ i.i-ivili'i'f ! liiril Wiilliii'l' \\itliiln'W 
 
 'iiilii'is wiTi' iiiucl hy (.'oMTiiiiu'm, iii'i'iiiii'ii 111 
 ... a liri'iii'h of iirivilt'i,'!' ; loril Woliiii'i' witlnlri'W 
 his wonls 16 Fi'li- 1S93 
 
 Mr. Williiiiii Alli'ii's ri'soliitiiiii for tlici piiyim'iit of 
 nieiiiliur.s iiiljiiluil by tliu i;oiiiiiioiis (276-229; 
 
 24 .Miiri'li, ,, 
 
 Mr. Micliacl Diivitt, in coiii|iliiim'i' with llii' Art of 
 1883, as II liaiikruiit, ri'tiivM from l«irlii.iiii'iit, 
 nboul 1'.^ ^'''V. II 
 
 The fhiirKi' of liirach of jirivili'i;!' atiaiiist tin' liinhi 
 A'cii's, for burli'S.iiie in iiarliir iilary ri-iiorts- 
 .1 I 
 
 ilroppeil 
 Jlr. Glail.st 
 
 Utll', 
 
 I'- 
 ih 
 
 NUMBER ANl> IlllLVlII 
 27 i:i)W. I 
 
 Kilwanl r. . 
 Eilw.ml II. . 
 K.lwiiiil 111. 
 Hii-Iiaiil II. . 
 lliiirv IV. . 
 lli'iinV. 
 lliiirv VI. . 
 K.lw.iril IV. . 
 Hiiliaril III. 
 llciirv VU. . 
 
 
 ~" -- 
 
 .\-l II IN 
 
 OF i>.Mii.r.\.Mi:NT,, n!,,M 
 
 I2yr), 
 
 •111 59 vii r. ibu5. 
 
 
 • '"'lii"!. il S VI,'. , 
 
 
 • ^5 .. 2u 
 
 
 . -.il :; ^i ■■ 
 
 Ir. Glail.stoiii''s resolution (ti'nni'il naiit-'iHK) for ri' 
 strii'tiiij; till' ilisi'iissiimin coniinitti'i' on tin' Irisl 
 lioiiR'-riili' bill bv nn'.iiis of tin' I'losnrc ( ■"<■ ii(«.iv, 
 march, 1887), ailiiiiti'il (igg-ifi?), 3" •'nni", the 
 coniniitti'c sta^•|' closcil aiiiiil Ki'-at cxcit":,ii-Ml ; 
 orilcr ri'.stnri'il bv callinj.' in 11. c ..I'caki'r, sec 
 /vi/i'jii/, 27 .Iiilv ; .Mr. .Sexton siisiicinli'il fnr the 
 nit;ht for refu'sing to witlnlraw his assertion 
 that Mr. Urinliicics remark that the Irish were 
 "an iiniieciiiii'iiis ami );arriili)ns race" "as 
 "grossly ini]icrtincnt " . . . 'ii -Till}', n 
 U'lu' closure lunch ailoptiil in the ileb.-itis on the 
 Irish {,'ovi'rmiieiit bill, see (ei././i'.iiy ami IrelniKl, 
 ,Iulv, Aiij;.; the bill passeil by the commous 
 (301"— 267), 2 JSi'iit.; reji'cteil hy the liinls 
 (419—41), S, 9 yept. ; parliament sits, 31 .Ian.— 
 22 Sept. ; 2 Nov. — 27 Ili'C. ; iiron^ueil, 5 March, 1894 
 
 Di.s.aKrecment of the lonls ami con nis, see Aw- 
 
 plniici-f' li,iliillt!i hill, Dec. 1893, ami /."cuI Ci'n'ni- 
 mfi'iMii/MlKirish councils) . . . Feh. ,, 
 New session, 12 .March .... 25 Aug. ,, 
 
 New session 5 I'c'i- 1895 
 
 Mr. Wiliiam Allen's resolution for the payment of 
 nieiuher.s ailoptcil bv the coiiimoiis (176—158) 
 
 22 .March, 
 
 22 .March, 
 
 Mr. Dnlzlel's resolntioii for a socoml ballot in cer- 
 tain cases ill purliamentary elections, carrieil 
 (..12-7-') ^ •'■■'■■' 
 
 He 
 
 6 April, 
 
 (1)2—72) O J»l'ill, 
 
 liesiVimtinii of Mr. Arthur Wellesley Peel, the 
 ■■■peaker ; lieartv thanks of the Inuise, g April ; 
 created viscouii't, with 4, «»;. pension, receives 
 'r lom of the city of l.iiinlou . . Ainil, „ 
 
 Mr. William Court CluUv elected speaker (285— 27 j) 
 
 10 April, ,, 
 
 The earl of Selboriie's proposition to retain his seat 
 in the ciiiiiiiious as viscount Wolmer, alter sue- 
 ceeilini.: his father as a peer, set asi.le by the 
 Vacation of t-eats commitlee. . . 20 May, „ 
 
 Dissolntiou 8 July, 1, 
 
 I'arliameiit meets (see Cummo/i.i) 12 Aut;. , priirogneil, 
 
 5 '"^cpt. „ 
 
 r-rlianient meets, i|ueen's speech, i: Keli. ; ail- 
 ilress voteil, 18 Feb. ; newsess.onal iiriler respect- 
 in;; days reserved for siipjily (20 days) adoiiled, 
 27 F'eli'. ; parliament piornjjneil . . 14 .Vu;:. 1896 
 
 rarliament re-assembles, queen's siieech, ig .l.iii. ; 
 address voted, 26 .Ian. ; the sessiiiiial order of 
 1896 !-nevved (cominiuis) . . . 29 .Inn. 1S97 
 
 Mr. T. Reilmoiiil and 3 others siispenik'il for dis- 
 order in the ci'iiiimiiis .... 28 May, ,, 
 
 The house of lords attends worship at the Aliliey 
 and the house of coiiiniona at !it. Maif-arcl's, 
 Westminster 20 .Itine, „ 
 
 Coiinratulatorv luldresses t" tlicqueen by the lords 
 and eiimiinilis (411-41), 2> Jime ; presented at 
 iiiK-tiini'liMiii oalace .... 23 June, ,, 
 
 1*.'^ V-t-- T-/I -- - ' . 
 
 Unckinj'liam I'alace .... 23 June, 
 Mr. John Kirkwood ailmonislieil hy the commons 
 
 lor refusing to answer iinesliiimi asked hy a cnni- 
 
 ...:*. „.....,;...• n ,,.»i,,,r . . iij July. 
 
 • 6 Auk. 
 i'iiriianieiit 'meets, iiueen's si. ■ .'h, adihess voted 
 
 in the lords, 8 Feb. ; tin essional orilers re- 
 
 1 / \ Q I.'.. I. 
 
 I\fl I .11.. -...If, V, ',........ . -i-.- 
 
 inittee I'll iin.iii'y lunliiiK 
 
 I'arliament priinniieil 
 
 "iirliaineiit meets, iiueen's 
 in the lords, 8 Feb. ; tin essional orilers re- 
 newed (ciuniiions), 8 Feb.: aihlrcss voted, 18 
 I'eb. ; liiirliauieul lirurogut'ii . . 12 Aug. i' 98 
 
 ReiL'n. 
 
 DayofMcctiie' 
 
 ^VlKii I)i«<i,lv,.,|. 
 
 llKNUY VIII. . 
 
 21 .bill. . 
 
 1310 
 
 23 Fell. . 
 
 .1:- 
 
 j 
 
 4 Fell. . 
 
 1511 
 
 4Ma'vli. 
 
 :i; 
 
 i 
 
 5 I' ell. . 
 
 1514 
 
 22l.,r, . 
 
 ;i: 
 
 i 
 
 15 April . 
 
 ■523 , 
 
 i3-\''i:-. . 
 
 
 
 3Ni.v. . 
 
 1529 
 
 4 ■\l'ril . 
 
 
 
 8 .lUlle . 
 
 1.536 
 
 IS .llllv 
 
 '"■ 
 
 
 28.\l.lil . 
 
 1539 
 
 2, July 
 
 :i,. 
 
 
 16 .Ian. . 
 
 1541 
 
 23 M.-m-li 
 
 ;41 
 
 
 30 Jan. . 
 
 '545 
 
 lUi'-'-rLiiu 
 
 
 23 Niiv. . 
 
 
 U.I.1I, . 
 
 
 EiiwAnD VI. 
 
 4 Nov. . 
 
 1547 
 
 ■5 -M'"! . 
 
 -,5; 
 
 
 I March . 
 
 "553 
 
 31 Marili. 
 
 5: J 
 
 Mauy 
 
 5 Oct. 
 
 1553 
 
 5 liie. . 
 
 i5' 
 
 
 2 April . 
 
 1554 
 
 5 .Miiv . 
 
 '\-l 
 
 
 12 N-iv. . 
 
 1554 
 
 I'j.biil. , 
 
 5;: 
 
 
 21 Oct. . 
 
 1555 
 
 ylii'^'. . 
 
 
 i 
 
 20 Jan. 
 
 1558 
 
 i7N.,v. . 
 
 
 El-IZABKTH . . 
 
 23 Jan. 
 
 1559 
 
 b.\hiv . 
 
 If?; 
 
 
 II Jan. . 
 
 I5f'3 
 
 2, bin. . 
 
 lyy 
 
 
 2 April . 
 
 1571 
 
 2g Mnv . 
 
 1:71 
 
 
 8 May . 
 
 1572 
 
 19 -Vplil , 
 
 15:3 
 
 
 23 Nov. . 
 
 1584 
 
 :4^"l't. . 
 
 h'-i 
 
 
 20 Oct. . 
 
 15811 
 
 wi.MiUi'ii. 
 
 15:7 
 
 
 12 Nov. . 
 
 1588 
 
 2j.\hnvl,. 
 
 '>'■> 
 
 
 ig Feb. . 
 
 1593 
 
 10 .Viilil , 
 
 
 
 24 1 let. . 
 
 ■597 
 
 gM, . 
 
 I -.^.i 
 
 
 27 Oct. . 
 
 1601 
 
 I.jllee. . 
 
 rot 
 
 Jamks I. 
 
 19 Jliiich. 
 
 1(X3^ 
 
 gKch . 
 
 I'.ii 
 
 
 5 April. . 
 
 I614 
 
 7 June . 
 
 i-U 
 
 
 16, 23, 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jail. 
 
 1621 
 
 3 Fell , 
 
 1^22 
 
 
 12 Fell. 
 
 1624 
 
 27Manli. 
 
 1':;; 
 
 Chvrlfs I. 
 
 17 May 
 
 I 62-, 
 
 12 Ail;:. . 
 
 ' 
 
 
 6 Feb. 
 
 1626 
 
 15J1U10 . 
 
 1^:6 
 
 
 17 March 
 
 1628 
 
 10 Jlaiili . 
 
 ^■2} 
 
 
 13 April 
 
 1640 
 
 5. May . 
 
 I'i'j 
 
 7.0));/ Piii'liumfnt 
 
 3 Nov. 
 
 1640 
 
 20 A]'ril 
 
 '■ :.' 
 
 C'uM.'illlNWKAI-ril 
 
 3 i^ept. 
 
 1654 
 
 . 22 Jan. . 
 
 K^i 
 
 
 i7Hei.t. 
 
 1656 
 
 4 Feb. . 
 
 i';i 
 
 
 27 Jan. 
 
 . 1659 
 
 22 Ajiril . 
 
 ir;-, 
 
 
 7 May 
 
 
 16 Maivli . 
 
 if:o 
 
 Chahi.ks 11. . . 
 
 1 25 Ajiril 
 
 . le'fio 
 
 29 Dee. , 
 
 
 I'eiisiominj I'crl. 
 
 8 Mav 
 
 . 1661 
 
 24 Jan, . 
 
 it;9 
 
 
 6 Miiich 
 
 • HJ79 
 
 12 iluly . 
 
 
 Seven I'mrooa- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^■*J)(.<l. 
 
 17 Oct. 
 
 . if;9 
 
 iSJ;ni, . 
 
 iCi 
 
 Jamks II. . 
 
 21 March 
 
 . l63i 
 
 28 Manli 
 
 16S1 
 
 (I'l'inrnti'itt.) 
 
 ; ly ;May 
 
 . 168; 
 
 2. llllv 
 
 1-7 
 
 William III. . 
 
 22 Jan. 
 
 . i68i, 
 
 1. Fill. . 
 
 I '--,3 
 
 
 20 March 
 
 . 16.,.. 
 
 11 11.1. 
 
 I'ij 
 
 
 22 Nov. 
 
 . lfo5 
 
 7 .bilv 
 
 \:,i 
 
 
 24Ans?. 
 
 . l6yS 
 
 1.) Ilee. 
 
 i:>3 
 
 Anne . 
 
 6 Feb. 
 30 Ih-c. 
 
 . 1 701 
 
 n Xev. 
 
 2 .llllv 
 
 
 
 20 Auk. 
 
 . 1702 
 
 5 Aiiril 
 
 l:e^ 
 
 
 25 Oct. 
 
 . 17 .5 
 
 II Ai'iil 
 
 I7C^ 
 
 
 18 Nov. 
 
 . i7'-.B 
 
 aS Si'l't 
 
 i;n 
 
 
 25 Nov. 
 
 • 1710 
 
 , 8AUI,'. 
 
 1T13 
 
 Of.orok I. . . 
 
 II Nov. 
 
 • 1713 
 
 15 .Ian. 
 
 1715 
 
 
 31 Marcl 
 
 • 1715 
 
 10 Manli 
 
 ''•- 
 
 OUOIKIK II. 
 
 9 Oct. 
 
 . 1722 
 
 7A,ij.' 
 
 i;-'7 
 
 
 28 Jan. 
 
 . 172S 
 
 18 Al'lll 
 
 1:3+ 
 
 
 14 Jan. 
 
 • 1735 
 
 28 A|iril 
 
 i;4i 
 
 
 4 Dec. 
 
 • I7ti 
 
 iS .luiii' 
 
 ■;47 
 
 
 10 Nov. 
 
 • 1747 
 
 1 8 April 
 
 ITM 
 
 Geohuk III. . . 
 
 14 Nov. 
 
 ■ '754 
 
 21 Maivli 
 
 17' 1 
 
 
 ' 3 Nov. 
 
 . I7bl 
 
 I.' .Man'li 
 
 i;i:: 
 
 * Corrected ny tin 
 laiul," priuted 1879. 
 
 blue-buok, " rarliaiiicinis of Bi(- 
 
OF 1■,VI1I.TAM^;^T^, Hunt 
 
 Tu 59 vi( 1, 
 
 l%i. 
 
 . SIMII 
 
 ii i yi»'. 1 
 
 • ■ 15 ., 
 
 'JiJ 
 
 • ■ ^'^ M 
 
 5u 
 
 ■ 1^' ,. 
 
 " 
 
 • • 11 
 
 'I 
 
 s ., 
 
 Mi-c 
 
 ill;;." 
 
 W1|,.M Ui^v 
 
 Iv.-!. 
 
 
 
 
 1. . 
 
 1310 
 
 -■■) I'Vli, . 
 
 
 
 1511 
 
 4 MrTll . 
 
 :i 
 
 
 1514 
 
 22 IllT. 
 
 ;i 
 
 il . 
 
 1.^23 , 
 
 13 All- . 
 
 ;, 
 
 
 1539 
 
 4 Al.fil . 
 
 1; 
 
 »' . 
 
 I S}6 
 
 iS.lMly 
 
 
 il . 
 
 1.^39 
 
 2( Jlllv 
 
 :)- 
 
 
 I.i4I 
 
 23 .Manli 
 
 'in 
 
 
 1345 
 
 KlI'^'Tlllill 
 
 ;ii .liiii. . 
 
 l.'i" 
 
 
 1=47 
 
 15 Apiii , 
 
 1::: 
 
 vli '. 
 
 1533 
 
 31 M:inli, 
 
 l:-> 
 
 
 1553 
 
 5 I''-. . 
 
 U:- 
 
 ■il . 
 
 1554 
 
 S.^i.iv . 
 
 1\-1 
 
 '. 
 
 i.=54 
 
 I'.i .laii. , 
 
 1;;; 
 
 
 ■555 
 
 9 Ufi: . 
 
 
 
 133S 
 
 17 ^'"^■. . 
 
 ]■: 
 
 . 
 
 1559 
 
 S .Mav . 
 
 |::, 
 
 . 
 
 1563 
 
 2Jllli. . 
 
 Ij'' 
 
 ■il . 
 
 l.V 
 
 29 Miiy . 
 
 1:71 
 
 V . 
 
 157-J 
 
 19 April . 
 
 1;-! 
 
 V. . 
 
 I5S4 
 
 ;4^-i't. . 
 
 I,-;, 
 
 
 15811 
 
 2; .M'lini. 
 
 15-7 
 
 V. . 
 
 i;,i8 
 
 2.) .Maivl, . 
 
 iy.j 
 
 1. . 
 
 1393 
 
 10 April . 
 
 ':'^l 
 
 t. . 
 
 1597 
 
 .,V,-\, , 
 
 1:98 
 
 t, , 
 
 1601 
 
 19 lii-i'. . 
 
 ir.ji 
 
 n-li. 
 
 1(XJ4 
 
 9 Full. , 
 
 I'll 
 
 ril. . 
 
 1614 
 
 7 June . 
 
 I'-U 
 
 ■ 30 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 1621 
 
 SFi-b. . 
 
 1';; 
 
 1. . 
 
 1624 
 
 27 Miiiili . 
 
 ir,;-: 
 
 V 
 
 162- 
 
 12.\ilL'. . 
 
 ' 
 
 \<. . 
 
 10-26 
 
 iS-Iuile . 
 
 l(:i 
 
 r.-h 
 
 162S 
 
 10 Maii-li. 
 
 1^2} 
 
 lil 
 
 1640 
 
 5 May . 
 
 I«i40 
 
 V. 
 
 164';) 
 
 20 .Vpril 
 
 K;] 
 
 I't. 
 
 1^54 
 
 22 .Inn. . 
 
 Ifjj 
 
 I'l- 
 
 • 656 
 
 ■ 4K'-I'. 
 
 l6iJ 
 
 n. 
 
 1659 
 
 22 .\pril 
 
 If;-, 
 
 IV 
 
 ,, 
 
 16 Maiili 
 
 I^'-.^ 
 
 .ill 
 
 i6fio 
 
 =9 Dr.. 
 
 
 ly 
 
 1661 
 
 24.1:111 
 
 l'>~. 
 
 ii'i'li 
 
 1679 
 
 12 .luiy 
 
 
 ■t. 
 
 • i'";9 
 
 iS Jan. 
 
 V.A 
 
 iivli 
 
 . 1681 
 
 28 MaiTli 
 
 l6<i 
 
 »y 
 
 . 1685 
 
 2 Jlllv 
 
 l-;7 
 
 II. 
 
 . 1689 
 
 f, K.i;. 
 
 I(^ 
 
 arch 
 
 . 1690 
 
 n llrt. 
 
 ifsi 
 
 IV. 
 
 . ifns 
 
 7 July 
 
 iC'jS 
 
 \'iS. 
 
 . 169S 
 
 10 lit'!'. 
 
 17» 
 
 ■li. 
 
 . 1 701 
 
 li X..V. 
 
 17JI 
 
 
 -i 
 
 2 Jlllv 
 
 170; 
 
 Hi;. 
 
 . i;o2 
 
 5 .M'lil 
 
 170^ 
 
 ■t. 
 
 . 17 .T 
 
 11 .\i'ril 
 
 1703 
 
 n\-. 
 
 . 1708 
 
 2S t-i'|it. 
 
 1715 
 
 11 V. 
 
 • I7IO 
 
 , SAiii;. 
 
 1713 
 
 <i\'. 
 
 • 1713 
 
 15 Jim. 
 
 1715 
 
 itrt'li 
 
 ■ 1715 
 
 10 Mai'ili 
 
 
 
 . 1722 
 
 7 Aii^- 
 
 17'7 
 
 III. 
 
 . 1728 
 
 i3 Aiml 
 
 17)4 
 
 Ill, 
 
 • >735 
 
 I 2S April 
 
 1741 
 
 re. 
 
 • I7t' 
 
 18 •Iiiiii' 
 
 • 1717 
 
 ciV. 
 
 • 1747 
 
 1 8 April 
 
 • 17-1 
 
 nv. 
 
 • '754 
 
 21 Maiili 
 
 . 1* : 
 
 (JV. 
 
 . 1761 
 
 12 .Marrli 
 
 ■ r- 
 
 le-book, " 1 
 
 'ailiaiiKaiis 
 
 lit Eiif 
 
 liei.cn. 
 
 PARLIAMENT. 821 
 
 I Diiyiif Meeting.* ; Wlicii Dissolvud. 
 
 PAENELLITES. 
 
 :,iK..i: IV. 
 
 WlLLHM IV. 
 
 10 Miiv 
 
 1 7(',8 
 
 30 Si'pt. 
 
 1774 
 
 29 .V"V. 
 
 1774 
 
 I Ni'pt. 
 
 1780 
 
 31 "'■•• 
 
 1760 
 
 25 March 
 
 1784 
 
 18 MilV 
 
 1784 
 
 21 Jlllll! 
 
 1790 
 
 26 Xi.v. 
 
 1790 
 
 2n .Mav 
 
 1796 
 
 27 i^fpt. 
 
 1796 
 
 29 Jum; 
 
 1802 
 
 16 Nov. 
 
 1802 
 
 24 ( let. 
 
 1806 
 
 ,5 I),.,'. 
 
 1806 
 
 2.y April 
 
 iau7 
 
 22 Jiiiii' 
 
 1807 
 
 24 Si'pt. 
 
 1812 
 
 24 N'iV. 
 
 1812 
 
 10 .IllIlM 
 
 1818 
 
 14 .Ian. 
 
 1819 
 
 29 Kill. 
 
 1820 
 
 23 April 
 
 182Q 
 
 2 June 
 
 1826 
 
 14 Xnv. 
 
 1S26 
 
 24 July 
 
 1830 
 
 26 ( ii't. 
 
 1830 
 
 22 A|iril 
 
 1831 
 
 14 .JlUlO 
 
 1831 
 
 3 Di'i'. 
 
 .8-,2 
 
 29 .IllllD 
 
 1833 
 
 30 ill'!*. 
 
 1834 
 
 ,9 \-yh. 
 
 1835 
 
 17 July 
 
 1837 
 
 15 N<iv. 
 
 1S37 
 
 23 Jnn« 
 
 1841 
 
 19 Aujr. 
 
 1841 
 
 2- July 
 
 1847 
 
 18 N"v. 
 
 1847 
 
 I July 
 
 1852 
 
 4 N.iv. 
 
 1852 
 
 21 Miircli 
 
 1857 
 
 , April 
 
 1857 
 
 23 April 
 
 1859 
 
 31 -May 
 
 1859 
 
 (5 July 
 
 1865 
 
 1 F<a>. 
 
 1866 
 
 II Xnv. 
 
 1868 
 
 ro Oi'c. 
 
 1868 
 
 26 Jan 
 
 1874 
 
 5 Muirh 
 
 .874 
 
 23 .March 
 
 1880 
 
 29 April 
 
 18S0 
 
 18 Xciv. 
 
 1885 
 
 12 Jan. . 
 
 18S6 
 
 26 Jiini' 
 
 1886 
 
 5AHK. . 
 
 1886 
 
 28 Jiiic- 
 
 1892 
 
 4 AiiK. 
 
 1892 
 
 8 July 
 
 1895 
 
 12 Aii^'. 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 P.VRLIAMEXT OF Iuelaxu, it is said, 
 ;,,>,t;iii willi I iiiitcrciiccs of tiio Kiifjiisli sottlcrs 011 
 ilir hill of Tara, in 1 1 73. Writs fm- knights of tlie 
 >liire wore i.ssiicil in I20v Tlie Irish iiiirliiuucnt 
 iiii't last on 2 2Vug. 1800; the bill for the union 
 liiiving passed. 
 
 P.\ELLV^IENT OF ScoTL.vxn consisted of 
 itivim.*, prelates, ami uUiuts, iiiid oeoasiniuilly of 
 liiir.'csscs. .\ (Treat iiatiniial council was held at 
 S.^Hiu' liv John lialliol, 9 t'eli. I2<i2 ; and liy Robert 
 liriiii' lit t'ambuskennelh, in I,^2(i. A I'lmiso of 
 njinmons was never fiiriiied in Seotland. 'J'lie piu'- 
 liiiini'nt of Scotland .sanetioned the lut of union on 
 16 Jim. i;o;, and met for the last time on 22 April, 
 f:iiiu' year. 
 
 Till' imrliainont li.lU, Eilinliiir.iili castle, eivoted by 
 .l.iiiies 1.. ill 1414. v.is tlinroii^;lily iiml jmlicionsly 
 ri'sloml liv .M. Hi]ipolytiT Blanc, at the cxpi'iisc of 
 tlif late Vr. Xi'Imiii ami l.-'c'v. The hall was rc- 
 ■ •\npi\. Fell. liyi. 'Ihc iimlcr kiii); was ;;icatly pro- 
 irjiiti'J hy tlii^ iiivcsti;;ali 'lis 'if hiids Xapicr unci 
 Etlrick, major Ciure lloutli, tun! .Mr. K. Chaiiibcrs. 
 
 P.ULUMEXT OF PAllISwiisin.stitutedby 
 I'liilip Augustus II., ! 11)0, iind was made the chief 
 ■•ourt of justice in France by Philip IV.; at his 
 Mifgestioii it revoked 11 bull of pope lioiiiface VIII., 
 Ij02. It «as suppressed by Louis XV., 1771; 
 ii'itoreil by l.oiiis XVI., 1774 ; demanded 11 meeting 
 oflhi'slatos-ijencriil in 1787 ; iiiul wiissus)iended by 
 t!u' natiiiii.d assembly, 3 Xov. 1 780; »ve Coninuaic. 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY AND Ml'NICI- 
 
 P.VL HEGISTK.VTIOX ACTS (41 A: 42 Viet, 
 1.2(1), [Hissed 22 July, 1S78. 
 
 PAEIIA (X. Italy), founded by tlie iiueient 
 Ediirians. It took part with tlie Lnmbard league 
 ill the wars witli the (ierinan emperors. It was 
 I'uileuiliRliy (with I'laiiulia), 1545. rojmliitiou 
 ill'ainiiiinid Mnilena, i8i|<.i, 1,034,712. 
 Iiiilr.lt.i7>p3iii by I'liilip V.s marriage with Kliza- 
 
 Iftli Kiirni'se i^^ 
 
 ■':Ulf lirar p.iriiia; tlic confederates, EuKiaiiU, 
 
 Fniiife, ami .Spain, iiKaiiist the emperor ; both 
 
 iiniiips diihneil tlie victory . . 29 June, 1734 
 
 • Cor-»i.'t,.il by the hliie-hook, " I'arliiimciits of Enir- 
 l.iiiil," priiiteil 1879. 
 
 Battle near the Trcbbia;thc French iimlcr Macilon- 
 ald, ilcfciitcil by «iiwarrow, with thchissof 10,000 
 men ami four ;;ciicrals .... ,9 June, 1701) 
 
 llic .liikc ot I'ariiia iiiaile kiiiKof Ktriiria . Feb i8ui 
 
 rariiiii iinitcil to Kraiice : with I'laccntia ami (iiias- 
 talla confcrre.; on .Maria Louisa, ex cmpicss, by 
 treaty otKontaiiiehieau . . . 5 April, 1814 
 
 1 anna occiipieil by the Aii.strians ami 8anliiiiiiii» in 
 
 the war of . 
 
 . 1848 
 
 The ><ariliiiiiiiis retire after the battle of Xo\ar 1, 
 
 m, . , ,. , 2? March, 1849 
 
 The (liikc diaries II. abili.-ates in f.ivonr of lii.s son 
 
 Charles III. (,|ic,l ,7 April, 1SS3) . i.( March, ,, 
 Cliaries III. stabbed by an assassin,* 26 March, dies, 
 n , . , . . 27. March, 1854 
 
 Hobert I., a miiior(born9July, 1848) ; whose mother 
 
 bceonie.s ret'ciit. 
 
 (See ItiiUiariii, 189). J 
 War in Italy ; the I'armcsa'iis establish a provisional 
 j government ;thediiclicss-rcgeiit retires to.Switzer- 
 
 „ ''""I , ■ , I May, 1859 
 
 ■ Farina became dictator ... 18 \ii.r 
 
 Annexation to ^^.■l|■dillia voted . . . 12 .Sept. ',', 
 Col. .\iiviti, a former obnoxious iioliee minister, 
 
 having rashly returned, cruelly murdered by tin 
 
 mob 
 
 ..• 5 Oct. 
 
 Parma is now jiart of the province of .■FhiciliiiTii the 
 kingdom of Italy, to which it was annexed bv de- 
 cree after a plebiscite , . . 18 March, i860 
 
 Uiiehess-regi'iit died i Feb. 1864 
 
 ^ PARXELLITE.S, the followers of Mr. Charles 
 Stewart I'lirnell, the iirincipnl lender of the more 
 energetii' section of the home-rule ]iartv, 1880 I'f 
 si'i/. He was horn 28 June, 184(1, elected M.P. for 
 eo. Meatli, 1875-80; for Cork, 1880-91; beeiime 
 Irish iiarliameiilarv leader, with great induenee, 
 which he lost greatly, Xov, 1890; he died suddenly 
 near lirightmi, 6 Oct. 1891 ; so!'nin funeral n't 
 lluhlin, II Oct. 18(11; his mother, Mrs. Delia 
 I'arnell, died 27 March, l8(j8. Mr. John Ilowiiril 
 I'arnell, M.P., eity mnr.slial of Dublin in 1897 et 
 scq. See lloiiu it/do iiiul Iniuiid, 1879 et sen., 
 uiiil htlow. 
 The Tinu'n publishes a series of artieles headed 
 
 " I'AllNKI.I.lSM AND CllI.MK," 7, 10, 14 Maicll, 
 
 1887 it. sf.i. : the third series published June, 
 1887, related to the Clan-iia.gacl, lias.^d upon 
 stJitenients in /•„;/,.,/ Irrhuut (Dublin), ht.^h 
 ll'iirhl {Si'K Y"rk),aiid other papi'rs. The Timr.i 
 published the ./.(r<im;/,. of „ letter alleged to be 
 signed by .Mr. I'l.iiiell (dated 15 Mav, 1S82), in 
 which he is made to say "though 1 regret the 
 aeeident of lord Cavendish's death, I cannot 
 
 refuse to admit that Hiirke got m ic than bis 
 
 deserts.' 16 April, 1887. This letter .Mr. I'arnell 
 ill parliaiiieiil termed an " anonyiiious fabri- 
 eiitioii ' I a.m., ,q Aiiril, iSP? 
 
 Mr. Frank Hugh ODonnell ,: Mr. John AValter 
 and others (for libel in the Tiiinv, " I'liruellism 
 and (Jriiiie "), damages elaimed 50.000/., (Jm'cn's 
 lieiKdi Division, no ease; \eidiet for the de. 
 b'lidaiits 2-5 Jlllv, i888' 
 
 Hoyal eoiinuission to examine into the anthciitieity 
 of ehaiges against eertaiii Irish members (if 
 p.irlianieiit ,y ,sept. ,, 
 
 The court of session, Fjdinbnrgh, dismisses Mr. 
 .t'lirncH'saetioii against the ■/■im(W230et. iS88an(l 
 
 5 Fidi. 1889 
 
 -Mr. rariicll moves for a trial in the exelieqiier 
 division, Dublin (afti'rwards sloppi (I) u Kel,. ,, 
 
 llr. I'aiiH'irs action against the 'I'hii-f in London 
 dcleried till Miehaelmas sessions . . 18 June, ,, 
 
 PAUNKLI.rrK Cd.MMlSSlON. 
 
 .sir James llaiincu, iiresideiit ; Mr. .lustiee Day 
 and .Mr. Justice 2\. I.. Sinitli, coiiMilutcd by act 
 passed 13 Aug. i838. l'reliiiiiiiar\ meeting: sir 
 ('. Hns.sell, Mr, iVsipiith, and others eonnsel for 
 Mr. I'linndl iiiiil other M.l'.'s (65); iittnrney- 
 
 " Antonio Cnri-ft, In revenge of a private iii.jnry, nnd 
 on behalf oT the (lifinnio Ititliniic. He was aeiinitted 
 through a Haw in the evideiu'c, and died in I'hiladulnlr •. 
 Aug. 1887, 
 
 I 
 
 'If 
 
 1^1 
 
 t.|if 
 
 w$ 
 
 > J 
 
 Iff' ' " " 
 
 
 li^ ' 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ri 
 
 
PARNELLITES. 
 
 822 
 
 PAKSEES. 
 
 
 ^\\\l 
 
 
 -an 
 
 .'I 
 * 
 
 'ti 
 
 n 
 
 L'lMit'ral sir liiclmnl Wi'listcr, Mr. W. Graliam 
 ami (itlii'is, for the Tiiii''.% 17 fSi'Pt. i883: lirci- 
 cw'diiiKS bc^in 22 Oi't. 1B88. I.cin^' cxiiiimiiitiim 
 of witiii'sscs ; (■xiiiniiiatidii iif Mr. I'Mnii'irs 
 illUwil letters, 14 Kcl). i88g ; lifter the e\ i.lelice 
 and rross-i'xaiiiiiiatiiin of Mr. Snaiiies. s(il)eiti>r, 
 anil Mr. Maedon.'ilil, nianaijer nf the Vimes fiml 
 Iif Mr. Hi inst on fninnvhniiit lie alU'^'eil letters were 
 (ibfaineil, Mr. Hiehanl I'i-ell, Irish .junrnalist, 
 who hail siilil them tu .Mr. lliinstun, im cr.ws- 
 exaniiiiatiiiii by sir Cluuies liiissell, uruss y 
 iirev.irieateil . . . .2»-2^ l''',''- '8i 
 
 Jlr. l'i"iitt lleil to Paris, ami liisrinifessinn that he 
 fiir^eil snme of the alleHi'il letters, ami hail (.'lyeii 
 false eviilenoe, was read in the eonrt, 27 1-eb. 
 (57II1 sittiiiu') ; the attiM-iiev-t;eiiei-il on lii'half of 
 the Tim.s aeeejited the eonfession and exiiressiHl 
 ilei'ii nrret for the iiiiblieation of the letters, 27 
 Feb., wliieh was eunlirnied by the 'I'imr.-i 2B Feb. „ 
 Suicide of liiehard l'if,'ott at .Madrid, i March ; 
 
 bnrieil there 6 Mareli, „ 
 
 I.oii}; address of sir C. linssell ends . 12 .^pril, ,, 
 I'atriek .Malloy seiiteneed to 6 months' haul labimr 
 
 fir iierjiirv before the eommissiim . 15 Ajiril, , 
 On examination Mr. I'arnell denies all ooniplieity 
 
 with rrinie .... 30 April-8 May, ,: 
 
 Examination of archbislioi> Walsh and other pnests 
 
 8 .May it .w/. , 
 Qist to looth sitting;, Mr. T. Sexton , ■mil other M. IVs 
 
 examined .... le.lime till 4 .Inly, , 
 loist sitting; : Miehael Davitt examined i 4. Inly, , 
 io6tli sittiii'--; .Mr. Houston, .seeretary of the 
 "Loval and Patriotic Vnion " (established in 
 1885), states that in 1885 he iinrcliased the eopy- 
 rit;ht nf " Parnellism I'nmasked' (by lindianl 
 rifjiitt). The court refuses to accede to the ap- 
 iilication of sir C. liussell to inspect the books of 
 the " I.oval and I'aliintie fiiiiin" . 12 Jidy, , 
 107th sitti'lit;: Mr. P.irnell and his frienils with 
 
 their counsel withdraw I'liim the case . 15 .Tiily, , 
 ii2th sitting: examination of the Land l.eaiiue 
 account books and documents limportant books 
 lost] : adjournment to 24 Oct. . z^.tnly 
 
 inth sitting, 24 Oct. : speech by Mr. iiin^'ar. 
 Mr M. Davitt bi"J!an an address which was 
 
 finished , 3' ••'•'■• 
 
 ii8th to 128th sittiii;;: Sir Henry James address 
 for the 7'iwf.-- . . . . 31 (let. -22 Nov. 
 The report of the conimissioners was laid belure 
 parliament, n Peb. 1890. The followim; is an 
 iibridj-'inent of their ciMiclnsions ; — 1. That the 
 resiiondeiit members of iiarliaiiient ciillectively 
 were not Kid'tv of conspiring- for the absolute 
 independeme of Ireland as a seiiarate nation, but 
 that -line of tlieiii (Messrs. M. Harris, liillon, 
 
 W. O'llrieii. W. Ucdiii 1, O'Connor, . I. fondiiii, 
 
 and .1. ', (VKellv), tiwelher with Mr. Davitt, 
 estalil iied the l',ani| I.ea;;ue mainly for that 
 IiiiriiDse. 11. That the ivspondents I44I did con- 
 spire to in'oinote a:.;rarian agitation, the non-pa\'« 
 ineiit of rents, and the ex|iul.<ion of the landlords 
 (sivled the K.nnlish ■;arrison). III. That they ao- 
 ((iiitted .Mr. Paniell and others of the dian.-e of 
 imineeiilv in their dennneiatioiis of the Phienix 
 
 Park murders, and allir d the fae-simile letter 
 
 to be a foiKerv. IV. Thev loiind that the resiion- 
 dents did disseminate the li-i-li II'..) /i/ and other 
 newsiiapers, intending to incite to seditinn and 
 other crimes. V. That the char^'es of incitement 
 to crime, cxci-iit by inl imi.hition. and of p;iynients 
 for tlia' imrpose', were not |iroved. VI. 'flicy 
 found that the lespon.lents did not denounce the 
 svsteiii of intimidation, thoii;ih they knew its 
 eheets; and VII. That tlcy defended pel-sons 
 char^'eil with agrarian crime, and siippoititl 
 their families, but it was not proved that they 
 snbsciilied for testimonials for, or were intimately 
 associate. 1 with, nolnrioiis crinrnals. or aiileil 
 their esc-ape bv ]iaviiients. VIII. That they 
 
 fiiunii that the' resi'i leiits made |iayments to 
 
 eomiieusate persons injured in the commission of 
 crime, IS. That, the respondents did invite iiml 
 oblain the assurance and co-opi-ration nf tlin 
 Physical Force Part\' in America, including; tlie^ 
 1 la'n-natiael, anil diil not repudiate the action of 
 thai party, 
 
 H'ertaiii alhrations against Mr. Paniell were 
 Ueclurcd nut iiroNcd.) 
 
 The report adnpted with thanks, by the chiiiiiidhs 
 after 7 days' debate, 3-1 r .March; , by the l,,i,u 
 (without a division), 21 .March, i3,jo, 5li-. (;„„[. 
 stone s amen. Iment le.jeete.l by 339 to 2. .;. 
 
 Paniell 1: Walter and another, fur lih.l, giiven', 
 bench division, justices llenman iu.i| Wills', 
 damages claimed,* 100,000/. ; 40s. puiil iin. c .in-j' 
 n .Ian. Verdict for the plaintilt, by ci.ii-vnt' 
 
 5,000/. dama^'cs - |.yi' 5 
 
 [The pnblicati.iii voted not a breacli of ]aivili-.|] 
 by the commons (260— 212), 11 Feb. li.^j.j " 
 
 In conseiiuence of the issue of the ilivoiw suit 
 capt. O'Shea, Mrs. o'Sliea and .Mr. V. S. P.iru,.];' 
 15-17 Nov. 1S90. Mr. I'arnell wa- re,|Mi.,i|.,i |,,! 
 Jir. W. K. (Hailstone and otlnr Kii-lisl; hl„.iais 
 to retire fiointlieehairmaii-.hip.ifthe lndi|.iMtv' 
 He declined, and issued a manilesto 1.1 tlic |„..,,'||'. 
 of Ireland. >;iviii^' an aciiniiit of |.nviiii. cnui',.,. 
 dices with .Mr. (iladstoiie and Mr. .K.lui M.iili.j 
 29 .Nov. The Irish |{.(.'. bishops di'iiiainliM .M'r' 
 Paniell's retinnienl, 3 Pec. After h «-.,.^ ^ 
 aii,i;r.S' discussi ni in the commons' e.iiiitjiiu,.,., 
 roon'i No. 15. the Irish iiarty divided ; .Mr. .lu-iji, 
 M'L'arthy, the viee-chairiiian, was elect. .1 oliaji. 
 man by 44 iiieiubers ; .Mr. Paniell ciitiimin,^ 
 cbaiiniau with 26 followi is, 6 Dee. Maiiil.stiiK 
 
 of the two parties issued . . (i. ID |),.|., 
 
 Collapse of iiepjtiations (ehietly at lii.iilivii,.) „| 
 Mr. Paniell, with .Messrs. Win. (I'liriiM. Iiul.n, 
 .Instill .M'Carthy, Sextmi, and others; .M,-. Wvi 
 nell refuses to resi^'ll the leadel ship. ], p,.i, ; 
 counter manifestoes issued . ij I'eh. ,/ ,„,;, ,:.| 
 
 Iiispute between -Mr. Paniell and .Mi. Ma'i,nliy ' 
 res)iectil.^ the disposal of the league fil'ni.s (lii 
 Paris) Fell., Maieli, „ 
 
 Mr. Paniell in bis caiiiiiai,-ii visits Hiiscijiiiiiinii, 
 22 Feb., Dro^'heda, and other iilaces i Jlmcli, 
 
 The National Federation (n'/iio/isff) estaWinIiwI l,j. ' 
 
 the Anli-Paniellites . . . . 10 .U'lrcli, 
 9 Paniellites (.Mr. .lobn Hediiiond, leader). 7jAiii!. 
 i Paniellites (Mr. .Iiistin M'Cailliv, leader). elei-twl 
 M.P hilv, iSgj 
 
 Mr. Glad.stone and lord Tweedinonth each ^'iveicx)/, 
 to " Irish Parliamentary Fund," in aiisivCTtmn 
 appeal, 22 Aug. ; this leads to disseiisiuii in |||f 
 Irish partv Aiij;., S(.|it 
 
 fJreat meeting of Paniellites at Duhliii, Jlr.,l..l, 
 Hedmolid. M.P.. ]iresiileiit . . . S Oct. „ 
 
 The Paris funds iilaced in the hands of .Air. Justii. 
 M-Carthy (icl, ,, 
 
 iPisiiiites among the anti-Paniellites . , Jim. u,; 
 
 Mr. .Instill M'Carthy resigns the cliairiiianshi|Mif 
 the iiarty ; siiceeedeil by .Mr. lliUiui, .Mr. S'stmi 
 declining iS Keli. nyS 
 
 The anli-Parnelliles vole for the coMsen.itivi- 
 edueatiou bill 2 May, ., 
 
 PAllOCHIAL CHARITIES COMMI,<!- 
 SION, >^t'<-' Lumi'iii, 1878, and iimlei' Charilit.; 
 1883. 
 
 PAlvRICIDE. Thi'i'i' was no law asriiiast it 
 in Athens or Kiinic, sucli 11 crime nnf hein<tiiii|i[i»<,.t 
 possilili'. Alioiit 172 n.c. I>. Dstiiis liavins lii'i I 
 his fiitlicr, tlip Itoniaiis .scourge.l tlic iiiirri.i.:., 
 sewed liiin up in a !i 'horn sad; iiiaile ;iii-';.:-. 
 with 11 live dog, a cock, liper, am! an aiie.;i]i.il;. ,- 
 oust him into the sen. Miss lihimly was exe.ji.,! 
 at Oxfonl for the mtirdcr of iier fatliei', April, i;,;; 
 sec Trinln, Miuch, 181JO. 
 
 PARSEES or GfEIiliKS, tlie fnllowmi t.f 
 Zaradiislit, called hy tlu' (ireeks Znro.nstev. ', ■ 
 doiihtt'ullv said to have lived before »ivtli 
 11. c. (see' J/rt'/i). dwelt in Persia till I.^S, «j; 
 the buttle of Kndseiih, tlieir army was ile.inali 
 the Ai-alis, and the inonandiy amiiliilatiii . 
 battle of Xahavend in (141. Many siilnnr 
 the eonqiieroi-s, liuf otiiers lied to Iiiili;i. umi il . 
 ueendants still reside at limnbay (wlicre th.;. ..• 
 termed I'arsees). Sir .lanisetjee .lijeiMmy. \lv \ \ 
 liuroiiet. was elected jiresident nf llie ("iimiiimlv 
 there, July, 1877. Mr. Dadahhai >'uoriiji, 11 1'ar- 
 
•PAKTANTPOUR LASYEIE." 823 
 
 PASSMORE EDWARDS. 
 
 jrEUKKf, till' fdllowiT! f'f 
 he (iiri'ks ZDro.nsUv, \\h i- 
 (' lived licl'm-c -h\\i uiil'.in 
 •It in Prisiii till(>;S, whiii.a'f 
 , tlii'if iwiny wjisiicrimaledl'y 
 iuoii:iri-liy amiiliiliitid at '},•■ 
 ill ()4I. " M;iny milmiilird :•■ 
 
 lIMslll'll tllllKUil.llliiiituh.j.- 
 at ]!iiiiil>:iy (vdlciv tlicy aro 
 
 • .hiniscljcc Jcji'iMiiiy. till' Jill 
 piTsidfiit iif'tlii' (imiiniiiiiiy 
 
 Ir. Dailubluii l\mo]i, a hi- 
 
 ,.f. nuiTliimt. was for scveriil years professor of 
 ruiTiiti I"- l!iii''<'''i''y eollc^'c, London. He was 
 'oiniMted as M.l'- lortlii' Holboni district, l>ut not 
 "wild i8Wj; elected 6 July, 1.S92, for Central 
 riislrarv ; visits Donibay, Dee. 189;. "History 
 y,j,i, jJiirsi;;," by Dosabhai Franiji Karaka, jiub- 
 Nu'il li^'*4- See yyi'i/ii".'/. A I'arsee tiro temple at 
 Jjombaywuseonsi'crated, Nov. 1891. 
 ,„v,.rliai aii iMiiiiiciit scholar, pinnintcr •<{ native 
 
 f™alP«tii«'ti'''i. tlic a.uMicr of .Mr. M. M. Jtlmw- 
 
 S,.,, .M.l>. lor X.E. Uetliiial ;,'rcco (1895), died, 
 
 365,atliomliay,6Kct,. 1S96. 
 n illi "f '*i'i .^''"-'i'lui Wadia, great lii'iicfaetress to 
 
 istaiilBV, afe'od S7, 15 •Hine, 1807. 
 
 "PAKTAXT POUR LA SYRIE," pnpu- 
 
 lir Fivni'li soni:; words l)y eonite Alexandre de 
 Iibordr; music bv Hortenso lieauliarnois, wife (d' 
 1 ouis Honapartc, liinj,' of HoUiiml, aliout itoj. The 
 p'lu.i,. became very popular after lier son became 
 iniptror, in 1852, as Kapoleoii 111. 
 
 PARTHENON (fromGreek/;(«V//('«o.v, virgin), 
 ; tciniilc at Alliens dedicated to Jlinerv.i, erected 
 ,|i(,iit442 ».(■■ Ill it I'liidias placed his renowned 
 !.t,,tuiH)t' that Koddess, 438 H.c The roof was de- 
 Ptrovtilby the Venetians in I(j8;. Ruinous state of 
 ■iicbuiWiru,- throujih eartluiuake-i, described Timcx, 
 l4 ViiJ. 181)7. "The I'artheiion" publl.died by Mr. 
 jaiuoslHa-iitson in l8.Sj. See i:/;/in MiirhUs. 
 
 PARTHENOPEAN REPUBLIC wase.sta- 
 
 lilj-hnl bv till' i'riMicli at Naples (ancii'iitly called 
 rurthciiiipc), 23 Jan. 1799, and overthrown in June 
 Millie year. 
 
 P.\RTHLA (Asia). The Partliians were origi- 
 liiillv ;i tribe of Scythians who, heinjr exileil, as 
 tliiii- iKiiiic implies, 'from tleu- own country, settled 
 urarilvniinia. .Vrsaces laid the fouiidatinn of an 
 eniliircwhiili ullimafoly extended over a larjie ]iart 
 of .\sia, 250 B.C. ; the Partliians were never wholly 
 Mibdiial liv the Konians. Tlie last kinn', Artiilianus 
 V„ was killed, a.d. 226; and liis territories were 
 aii'ncxcd to the new kingdom of Tersia founded by 
 Ar'.a.\er.tcs, who had revolted against I'arthia. 
 
 PARTICULAKISTS. The name given to 
 tliciH' (jcniKUis wild desire the niainteiiance of tlio 
 imiept'lideiu'e of the (jermaii stati's, and oppose 
 tlu'iriiliiorption into tlie empire. M. Gasser, one 
 of thi'iii, failed in an attempt to form a ministry in 
 Bavaria, Sept. 1872. I'articularisni revived during 
 tlu'ilcctimi in I.S93- 
 
 PARTITION ACT, relative to the division of 
 properly liold by direction of the court of chanoiu'y, 
 piusscJS.; Jane, IO88. 
 
 PARTITION TllEATIES. Tlie first treaty 
 botwicn England and Holland for regulating the 
 Spanish ."iicci'.-sion (declaring the elector of liavaria 
 next liL'ir, and ceding pr.ivimes to France) was 
 fijiu'd II) .Vug. l(>i).H; and the .second vlietweeu 
 FraiU'c, hiiglaiid, and Holland, declaring the arch- 
 iliikc Cliiirlcs pn siimptive heir ot the Sjiaiiish mou- 
 artliy, Joseph Ferdinand liaving died in I(ii)f)), 13 
 March, I7(M. Treaty for the partition of Poland ; 
 till' lirst Wiisnsecret convention between lUissia and 
 I'nis.iia, 17 Feb. 1772; the second between tlie 
 saiiu' powers and Austria, 5 Aug, same year ; tin; 
 third was between Russia, Austria, and Prussia, 24 
 Od. i;ci5. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP. Tin laws rospootinf? it 
 woiT aiuoiidcd in i8()3 iind l8i)0; see LimUtd 
 Lialiihlij. 
 
 PARTY) see rrocasioiis. 
 
 PASIGRAPHY (from (ireek, pnxi, for all) : 
 a system which pnd'e.sses to teach people to eoni- 
 muiiicate with each other by means of numbers 
 which convey the simiu ideas 'in all languages. A 
 snciety for this purpose was establishi'd at Munich; 
 and the president, Anton Itachiuaier, published a 
 dictioiiiiry and graininar for tiennan, French, and 
 F;nglish, i«(i,S-7i ; 4334 mental conceptions uiay 
 he thus cominiinicated. 
 
 PASQUINADl'^S. Small satirical poems ob- 
 tained this name about 1533. 
 
 At the stall iif a collider named Pasipiin, at Home, idle 
 persons used to assenilile lo listen to bis sail;, s. to re- 
 late amcdntcs, and rail at the passersliy. After tlie 
 eolilili'is (l.'.illi, liis iiaiiie was given to a statue to wbicli 
 himpii.iiis wni- alllxi'd, 
 
 PASSAROWITZ TliEATY, concluded 21 
 
 July, 1718, between (ierniany and Venice, and the 
 Turks, by which the house of .\ustria ceded certain 
 eommercial rights, and obtained from Turkey tho 
 Temeswar, lielgrade, and part of ISosnia, Servia, 
 and Wallachia. 'The Turks gained the Morea. 
 
 PASSAU (Germany), Tke.VTY OF, -ftTiercby 
 
 religious freedom was established, was ratified be- 
 tween the emperor Charles V. and tin' prote^stant 
 princes of (jiermany, 31 July, 15^2. In UA>2 tiio 
 cathedral and great part of l'assa,i were consumed 
 liy fire. 
 
 PASSENGERS-hv jmblio veh.ides, are pro- 
 tected bv I ,t 2 Will. IV. e, 22 (1831), I i: 2 \ Ct. 
 c. 70 (iSvS), and lO A: 17 V^ct. c. 3:5 (185,); 
 another act was jiassed in 1889. .Mr. Ch'gho'rn, 
 under whom the front seat on tlie near side of 0110 
 of the genera! oinnilius company's carriages had 
 given way, rei overeil 41XJ/. damages against tho 
 company, in a verdict by consent, in the Queen's, 
 Hi hch, 10 Dec. I.S^d. 'The Ships' I'as^enger act, 
 18 i: 19 Vict. c. IK), passed in 1835, was amended 
 in 1863 ; see Oiiiip/ii ll's Act, and under Itdiliroij.s. 
 
 PASSIONISTS, a con^n'egation of clerks of 
 tlio holy cross, founded by St. I'aul of the Cross, 
 who died 1775, and was caiioni/ed by the pope 
 1867. A home was set up in Kii'_'bind in 1841, and 
 others since. The ni"iuisteiy, Highgate, London, 
 N., solemnly blessed liy cardinal Manning, and 
 ojiened, id July, 187!). 
 
 PASSION PLAY, see Drama. 
 
 PASSION-WEEK, the name given since tho 
 Reformation tu the wek preceding Easter, was 
 formerly applied to the h,rtnight. Archbishop 
 Laud says the two weeks were so called "for ii 
 thousaiui yi'ars together," and refers to an epistle, 
 tiy Ignatius, in the 1st century, in whieli the prac- 
 tice is said to have been "observed by all." 'J'he 
 week prc'eding Faster is now by some termed 
 ''Holy Week," tho previous week " Pasaioi. 
 Week." 
 
 l',\KsioN-Mi'sre: riregory Naziiiiizcn (A.n. 330-390) is said 
 ti liave lirst set forth the bislory of the Passion in a 
 dramatic form, 
 fiaiilctii, in 15S6, imlilisbid music for this sulijcct, 
 
 wliicb lias lii'i'ti tvcatcil since liy mimy comjinsers. 
 J. S. Hadi's grc.it " Passion Musik," 'irst perfoniied 101 
 (1 1 l''iiilay, 1729, has liccii revived witli grcit suc- 
 cess ill tills ciiuiilrv, lic'^imiiug Willi tliat "according 
 ', to St. Matllicw," 6 .\pril, 18^4; performi'd aiiiiuallv 
 [ at .St. Paul's on Tuesday in Holy Week. 
 
 ■ PA8SMORE EDWAliDS' SETTLE- 
 MENT. T'avis^ick siiuare, S. St. I'aileras, founded 
 by Mr. I'e mre F.dwards with a gift of I5,(K10/., 
 the duke ■ liedford 1,51X1/., to preinote education, 
 
 , ice., parti.iUy used since 9 Oct. 1897 opoued by 
 
 
n ■' 
 
 PASSOVEE. 
 
 V, lord Pool intho chair, I2 I'fb. 
 
 821 
 
 PATEIAECHS. 
 
 '^h: John Merle 
 
 PASSOVER, the most solemn festival of the 
 Jew;^ instituted 1401 "-f. (7-:,W«.s xii.) in eomn.e- 
 n.onition of th.'ir .oiuing out ut J'-KMit ; iMrausL 
 the liisht before their .lepartuir, the ' -■•^" ','>'- 
 ■.uv'A. who nut to deatli the h.sthorn ot the l.fTN )- 
 tian</"'.-vr// on;- the houses of the Hebrews wltli- 
 ou, enteriufT then,; the door posts '»■"'- "'^''j;;^. 
 nith the blood of the I'asehal l.anih killed the 
 cveninj; before. The nassover was ee bbrated in 
 tiie new teiniile, 18 April, .S15 "-t-'. ' ■•<''<"■■ 
 
 P V SSPOKT SYSTEM forbids subjects tn quit 
 one eountrv or enter anotlu^r withnut the eonsent of 
 ,1,0 sove.vi:.n thereof, In l85« ""' ^Vf ""' , ''^ 
 .onn^what ehan-ed in this rountrv, and be s ta . 
 .lutv on passports was re.lu.rd Iroin 5»; " ^ ; 
 I'assports'were ab.dished in Norway '". '.'^9' " 
 Sweclen in l8(«; and (with rejranl to »"tif ^ " 
 i,.ts) in Fraiur, 16 Dee. iWk,; m Italy, 20 June, 
 ,862; in Portugal, 2.^ Jan. l8(;5; and an- tailing 
 into disuse in other countries. Ihe passport system 
 was cKlnhliKhal in the United biates on 19 Auj;. 
 j.SOI. The passi-ort system, revived 111 Irauccon 
 ;..,,„unt .d' ti.e war, I .Vuj.. 187c, was ^''"1"* "jf ^^ 
 M. Thiers, 10 .Xpril, 1872. m tomplianee with tlie 
 wish of the British (ii.venunent. 
 
 PASTEUK INSTITUTE, I'arU, «■'' ""''^>'; 
 
 Ihl,h-^lLhia. The remains of M, Pasteur (died 
 o.S Sept. 18H.O transferred fnun >otre Uanie to a 
 •■rypt in the institute, 20 Dee. l8()('. 
 
 PASTEL. 11 roll of paste made of diflerent 
 colours -round with Kum water, use.l as a cravon. 
 l>astel painting' has b,rn n.,ent y much j.rae Used 
 on the continent. The Society of lintish I'a.O-l lists, 
 m-esideiit sirContts Lindsay, tirst cxhibiteil at the 
 {irosvenor tiallery, 18 O.t, l8c,o. Its men hers 
 in.dud.d Mr. Watts, Mr. OlvlianU.ai and othei 
 fniinent artists. 
 
 P\ST()X LETTERS, the correspondence of a 
 Nm-lolk fa'mily, 1-1228,5, giving u 1"'"'"' "f 
 social life m Kutiland, %vere cdifd by sir John 
 Venn, and published in tive v.dumes, (piarto, 1,87- 
 1S2? Their authenticity was .[ucstioned hept. 
 ml hut was satisfiictnnly vin.licat.;d bv a com- 
 mittee of the S.Hi,.tyof ,-\ntn|Uiiriesin May 18OO. 
 I'art of the MS. was soon alter purchase, by tlu 
 trustees of the liritish Museum. 1 h<- publication 
 „f a new edition, bv James (Jairdner, with mldi- 
 "L;,,! lottcrs, .872:-5. Tie; MS. ot the second 
 scries with other letters was t"uml in.l8j.,v by Ml. 
 Frere, of Ifovdon lldl, near Diss, Norfolk. 1 lie 
 MS of the first series, long lost .■om tlie Royal 
 'Library, found in the library of col. (,eo. lomline 
 at Orw-eU I'ark, who died 25 Aug. m<); unnouneed 
 Aliril, i8i)0. 
 
 .,,, MS. I'aston l.H.Ts put up for sal.; l.y M.'ssrs. 
 ' Christi. , I l.m, bought in at a IukU r..scrvc, _^^^ 
 
 P VT'VY (Vrance). where Joan of Arc, the maid 
 of (/rleans, was pres.nt, wlu'ii the earl .d' Kiche- 
 monte si^Miallv .l.'feated the Liu; h.h, 18 Jnn.;, 1429. 
 Talbot was taken prisoner, and th.- valiant l'rts|..lle 
 was forced to It.r. In eonsciu.'Uc,., t harles MI. 
 of Fran.'o entered Kheinis m triuinidi, and was 
 crowned 17 July, f.dlowms rear, Joan "• •\'-'; »■*■ 
 Kisting in th.' ceiem.my m lull arm"Ur, and holding 
 jlio sword of state, Bce Jvan iij At-' 
 
 sive priviU'ge of printing b.ioks, 
 
 perty and riiilit of inv.aitors in , „„ 
 
 tureswere secured by letters pati'iit I'vui 
 in 1O2.V The later laws rcKuliiliii).'- pat.i 
 
 . . - . '" ',S')1. Tim pro. 
 
 perty and riiilit of inv.aitors in arti uiij niiinufn . 
 
 ' ' ■■' " ' '■■ '""iuwi.'tpiissil 
 
 •ms urc vi'i'v 
 Will. IV.,. • 
 
 .V 
 
 (l«5S). ""'I l.S '•^ '•' ^'"''' ' ■ ''^■' '■'^■i-''' ''.^ the liiit,,; 
 
 C.lMMISsniNKUS OF I'.UKNT.. Wi're ap|i(.nil. il, viz., 
 the ior.l cliani elbn-, the master of tlii' r.l's tliiMt|,,r. 
 nev-g.'iieral for Kngland and Irclau.l, tl..; U,\ 
 a.lvocat.s and th.^ solicit.a's-^'eneial IVa- Kiijdiiim, 
 S.'otlaii.l, and Ireland. In 18.^.5, a jnuniul \va< |,iil,. 
 lishi'd under tlii'ir authority, and iuil. '.MS of [Kitt n;s, 
 from Miircli, 1O17, to the pres.-nt tiic. SiwilU'i,. 
 tions of pati'iits may lie cnnsulli-d by I lie public ^t 
 the Fr.'c l.ilirary and Ki'ailini,'-Hoem, in 8outliaiii|,. 
 ton buildings, .ipi'iied 5 Maridi, l8vp A iia.scmii 
 containing models, portraits, i:c., was e^-tublisliwl 
 in l85._)alSouth Ivensiiifrl.m, mainly bytliccxtrtiuns 
 of Mi-, li.'iinit Woodcroft. 
 
 PATENTS (from ;)«''■'), T lie open), licences an.l 
 untl.oriti.'s giant.Ml \,y the king. Patents are sai.i t ) 
 have been granted for titb'S of nolnlitv in 1.5.14- by 
 Edwurdlll. They were Hrst grant.-d tor the .xelu- 
 
 Tlif " Ilhislraled Ollieiul Joanial " ciaiibiiiiii,.; .^i\.itl|,.r, 
 
 imlili^hed.laii. 1S89. 
 \u iiiteniatbiaal cnii-ivss for til.' ia"ti'fti..ii ,if |iit,.,:.^ 
 
 aict at Vienna, Aug. 187;; at l':iiw. ■ M .' i,, : 
 New patent bills iiitrii.lnei'il intu iiiuh;i!iir v u.il^.M iv,:,, 
 
 1873, 1876, 1871): annllier ivM'l, i.^.li.n., i:,li. 
 Patent llesi^iii and Tiaile M:uks .\ri. ,. \ 47 Vict. c. -.7, 
 
 passed J5 Aug. 18S3, lie;iun i .l;il. lis^; ailifli,f,,| 
 
 24 I)".'. i883. It greatly relieved I'ali'iities by Icssm. 
 
 ill" IVi's, &.•. 
 In 1864, tlic all.'gcd ilel'd.'atiens .,f Mr. Ivlimui.ls, a cletk 
 
 in tl'.' put.ait lillil-e lind an ntlielal nl'lbe llnaMM,fl„j,|s. 
 ll'il to bis ivlirenienl. Mi' nbtaine.l ;. iHllsielliifti.,!,, 
 
 wliieb was taken Ireiii bini by a vnie ui: il„. Imusi. „t 
 loiils on Mav, 186^, Mueli lilit!Mliiii iiisMe.b li,;,ii 
 action auaiusl' Mr. (Ua.l^O'ne, tlie prime iiiii,i<t.T, anl 
 iitb.as, lor c lib.-l. -^li'- Ivlnniii'l" w.is ie.u-<ail"l, ;,;; 
 Jan.'. 1872 ; and lie faib''! in aeiieas a-aiiiM s.vi.l 
 ii.'wspapcrs fur laiiitiii;; a ti.-.isniy niiiaite. Ui.s aiijuiil 
 ic. till' beiis.' .if bads faileil if, .lane, i,?7.i. 
 ,.. no apiilicatiinis bir pat.aits 111 1884; i6,k.i in \n-^; 
 ' 17,162 in 18S6; i3,<.!;i in i327'. I'y'^'J "' iS33; 2i,om 
 ill 1889: 22,888 ill 1S91 ; 24,169, 1892; 25,123, 1S53; 
 
 2C,;86, l8c)4; 10.IQ4, 189ft; 30.958. lS'17' 
 H.i.Md c.aniiiissioii to laiquir.' int" H"' linv vf::i,t:;i- ;■, 
 lettiTS pati'lit app.iilil.'.l iru: Mr. lli;i''r,is v-;, , •.. 
 p.irt issia-d 1S64. la |.ur>iiaue. -1 1 •■.■..■,.■..:.■;, ,• , 
 inrtii.. baiiiati.in ota mil .it pat. •nl a.-ein>. li,. 1 .- 
 tat., of I'at.'iit A^'.'iit>wMs r.'.^osl.Ti-.l liSj, il. ■ 
 1691. It bas given iiiacb iilt.'ini.jii bi I.-.L'isi:,-, 
 sii.'ctin;.' jiat. ■uts. 
 N..W I'at.'iit 1 illic facing Stiipb'-lan, emupb (,-,| i,, ,■ ... 
 
 P VTENT MEDICINES: received fm-stamp-, 
 year 18,8.5-4, iy).2,',>^l. 
 
 PATHOLOGY, the seien.e el disea,M., imirll 
 stu.li.'il with exp.'riiueiits m th.' ineMiit .ciitiiiy, 
 and said to in- advaiuail by vivi-e. timi. W.!' 
 Moxon, Wagu.r. f..niil and llaM! ', 
 
 Uaniilton. Vin'how, Koch and 1 asteui, .ai , „. 
 
 iiathologists. The Pathological society in Lomlm, 
 
 was fouu.h'd, 184O. 
 
 l'r.if. 1). J. Uaiiiilt.ai's rirt-bO"l- nf I'^tlhutoijuimUiM, 
 
 1894. 
 
 PATNA (N- India). Near here th.' Kii£;li<l!, 
 • mder major Cariiac, deleate.l Uie .•aiiierer .^l,.ii 
 Mum on I's •'«'• '7'"- '^'he town was iicquiM ' 
 the Itritisli hr their defeat of the sangminiy .Mor 
 Cassim. 25 Oct. 1704. 
 
 PATRIARCHS (ft nii""> gi,!;'-" «« f''™'""'-; 
 Iviie Jac.d). and his sons), llic e, .'Iwiasti. J 
 hist.n'ian Smrat.'s givi's this title to the rim* ot 
 Christian dio.a.ses about 44(1. It was fiM ...m- 
 (■err.Ml on the tiv,. grand sees ..I Koine. Coiinlanli- 
 n.iple, Alexandria, Antb.ch, and J.rasalcm, li,- 
 1 •Ail! ihuivh ha.d no patriarelis till llicbthveulim. 
 I'iie tirst loumbas or hiaids cf rchijiuus aum Sr 
 <■ i.led patriarchs. . ,., , 
 
 Ve.'i-iiins bislioii of (:.m..tnntinoplc, a.s rj--nili' i;M'lii.l "l 
 
 I lie Kut.'rii l.isliops, was uoiniiiutcl palriardi uf u.n- 
 
iinial " ciniibiniii.; six :i\]„f 
 
 rt-bO'k nf I'tllllvh'}!! lilllilisllfl, 
 
 PATRICIANS. 
 
 825 
 
 PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, ST. 
 
 f Conatantl- 
 
 Huhism 
 
 ...ntiiiniilc ut tlie seecmd ycncriil onuncll of Con 
 "'"';, n.luly. 381. Tliis Icil thf way to the 
 uUvu the Kusttrn and Western elmi'elie.s. : 
 
 PATRICIANS, the liiffUest eitizi'iis or iii-isfo- ] 
 ern'\- of Koirn.' I tlifir authoi-itj" begiiu with tlie eity , 
 
 PATRICK'S C^^THEDRAL, ST. (DubliiO, 
 .; idiiiid'.'il in ll'>o hy iinlil)isli(i[) Coniyii, 011 tliu 
 ^*r if an old cluireli. Tlu' uatlieilnil wast dosc- 
 'nteJiii Ii4(>, and uncd as a law <'Ourt ; restored 
 '[--' After renovation liy tlic muTiilieeiuM^ of the 
 lite'^ir'lienjiiniin Leo Guinness, it was re-opened 24 
 Kcli 1805. Several persons Idlleil by the falling of 
 ., living buttress, 14 Sept. I«82. See JJi(/iU,i. 
 
 PATRICK, ST., KMGILTS ok, »n order in- 
 liiutca liv kinjr Ueor);e III., 5 Fell., the stat'.ites 
 ,',.re <i""f '1 2t< I''''ti- K^.y 'I'''^' nnmber, onginally 
 •.|ieeii,°w!is inereused in 1821, 1X51, and l.S^^, and 
 ;;' „i,w twentv-two. The prince of Wales was 
 iiKtalled 119 kiiight, 18 April, i8t.8.— St. Patrick's 
 liriu'volent Siiciety, London, instituted 1784. It 
 ' ,i„„lVoni llie Irish Chaiitable Soeiety, founded 
 
 '"patriotic association, formed to 
 niil in upluibling the liouoiu- and interest ot the 
 Kiili^li Knipire. \ nu'eting was liehl at St. .lauies's 
 I'lall, Lniulun, 27 Jlanli, 1880. "Kngland," a 
 Moi'klv paper, was ])ublislied same day. The duke 
 ,,1' AbcM'oein, earl Stanho|io, and others, were sup- 
 
 patriotic brotherhood, see Jn- 
 
 Uiil is-sj. 
 
 patriotic funds, established to en- 
 coiimge tlie army and navy in times of war. 
 
 FMinuli'it livtlie .salisn-ilpers to Lloyil's, " t.> aniniati^ 
 the Htei'ts of our ileleiaUrs liy sea and land" liy 
 iiiiiviili)!.' :i fi.nd for tlie relief ot tleaasi Ives wliep. 
 'vouii'inC iiad of their willows and orphans, ami tor 
 'naitiii.: p. iuiiiary rewards and liad^es of distiiu tion 
 fur Viiloiu and merit, 20 .iiily, iSo.i : 24 .Vug. 1809, 
 4.J4.S32/. li.i'l lieen reeeived. and jji.fiii/. expemled. 
 
 I'liiiii 1803 to 1826 tlie total sum reeeived was 
 629,823/. 14''. 1'/. 
 ^ A eomiiiissiou (headed liy lainee .Vlliert) was aiipointeil 
 tfi raise nriil distriliiil*' a fund bearing this name, for 
 tlie relief of the famili-s of those who niiglit fall in 
 l!ie Hiisso-Tuikisli war, .luiie ; a great meeting held 
 Xiiv. 1854. 
 
 ],:ir;;e MUMS weiv eolleeti'd from this eountry ami the 
 inlnnies, iniioiniling to 1,171,270/. in ,July, 1855; to 
 1,21)6,282/. on 16 Nov. 1855 ; linaliy to 1,460,861/. In 
 .I'liu. 1S74, 1,303,386/. expemled. 
 
 2to.cx<j;. iippiol'iiat.d to fi.iiniliii;,'aii asylum for 300 
 eililiiin r'iils (till- Ui'val Virtcri.i ratriotie .V.syliini) 
 "11 WiiiiiUwortli loinliioli. Ilii' lirst stone of whieli 
 vaslliid liy the iillirli, ll .)ll!v, 1857. 
 
 Tlif iiniil l\iiiiily mid many of the aristoeraey eoii- 
 IribiitVil ilmwiiigs. sohl for lii^li iniees, in .May. 1855, 
 ; .\ laiv'i' fiuiil loiitriliiited for the relief of the siilferers 
 i.vtiie lllililin lautiliy, .\llg. 1857, 434,729/. rolleeted 
 ii|i III Niiv. 185S. An net for its adniinistratiiin was 
 piissril, 12 Aug iSfiy.ani.'iideil i,-"'o; sie /in/io, -.857. 
 Till- tutiil of tlie fluids adminisleiid w.is 7155,102/., 31 
 
 IVP. lSS3; 764,211/., 31 !lee. iSyu; 774,6.)'j/. i)ee. il'ya. 
 
 Tlieillegi'ihiial-adiiilnistration of the I'litriotie l-'und was 
 
 ijiiiuKlit hrfiire tile house of eominons liy liaron de 
 
 WniiiisQ .\iig. 16S0, and in .Ian. 1881. 
 1 piiid aiihsniptiiiiis to the liihd from jXustralia, 
 
 ,'ii iiTiiiiiit lit tliti fjnudaii war ; almut 45,«xi/. at 
 
 - :iH-'.- 2 .\laridi, 1SR5 
 
 1 .1, ital ot the fund, 881,167/. ! expeiiditnie, 
 
 41.;,-;'., 31 Ilee. 1895; 892,068/. fo. 7'/. ; esiienditure, 
 
 43,141/. 17.*. 3'/. ; 31 llee. 1397. 
 Kiiyal comiiii.ssiuii on the fund met jn London, 6 Jan. 
 
 itoS; 3Uth n'lHirt, lilne book issued, .'nly, iSyS. 
 i'li.'i-ii.'ir i-^diiiitn-r fiiiitl instituted. !iy hird mayor 
 
 Wliiti'lirtiil, see IViiH/i-t/s . ". . . . 1839 
 
 PATRONAGE of Livings by Laynun in 
 Engliiud is very ancient ; iu Hcut/diid was opposed 
 
 by the books of discipline 1560 and 1^78, abolished 
 1649, restored 1(1(10. Tlie system led to the dis- 
 ruption of the established ehureb, and the foundation 
 of the free chureh, 18 Jlay, 1843. The abolition of 
 lay patronii.u'e was earnestly advoeated by the 
 authorities of the established eliureh in March, 
 1870, and the duke of iVrgyll volunteered to resign 
 his patronage in .May. Of liaj livings ^ I <) belonged 
 to the erown, and about (lOO to private persons. jVn 
 net (37 it 58 Viet. e. 82) hir abolishing ]iatroiiage 
 in Seotlaiiil, lirought in by the duke of Itiebmond, 
 18 May, passed, 7 Aug. If574. In Kiiglainl a ehureh 
 liatronage bill (to eheek sales and ;:ive rights to 
 parishioners, i.V:e.), iutrodueed bv the arelibp, of 
 Canterbury, 13 .May, l8S(i; a bill passed liy the 
 lords, I iVpril, 1HM7 ; another bill read tliird time, 
 2 .May, 181)3; another bill passed eoinmittee in the 
 lords, iiSijj ; dropped. Hui; Jlciujiics. 
 
 PAULIANTSTS or PaI'LIXIAX.S, followers 
 of J'aul bishop of Samosatu, afterwards patriaich of 
 .•Vntioeh, 2(10, wild are said to liave denied Christ's 
 divinity and the trinity, he was e.\eoninuinicated 
 2(}<) by a council at .Vntioeh. 
 
 PjV-ULICLVNS, a sect of Cbristi.m reformers, 
 arose about 1)^2. .\lthough they were severely 
 persecuted, they spread over .Vsia .Minor, in the 9tli 
 century, and ti'ually settled at Montford, in Italy, 
 where they were att.aeked by the bishop of Milan 
 in 1028. Severe decrees again.st them were iniida 
 in 11(1.;, ai.d they gradually dis]iersed; very 
 probably sowin;; the seeds of the great reformation 
 of the llith century. 
 
 PAUL JONES, a Scotchmai\ born 1742 ; died 
 at Paris, 171)2. He eomiuanded an /Vmeriean 
 privateer during the .Vmeriean war, and made 
 daring depreihitions on British eonimeree. He 
 jiillaged the house of lord Selkirk, near Kirkcud- 
 bright, and at Wliitehaven burnt shipping in tlio 
 harbour, April 17"8. The Hutch iierinitted Paul 
 Jones to enter their porta with two liritish ships of 
 war which he had taken, and which the stadtholder 
 peremptorily refused to deliver up, 177'j. 
 
 ,P2AUL'S CATHEDRAL. ST. (London). 
 For det.iijs of its history, see Hugdale's " History 
 of St. Paul's," 16^8 aiid 171(1; Dean Milman's 
 " Annals of St. Paul's," i8(j8 ; and Mr. Wm. l.eng- 
 man's " History of the Three Cathedrals, dedicated 
 to St. Paul," 1873. Many royal pageants liavc 
 taken place in the cathedral". 
 
 The lirst eliiiieli, built on the site of a temple tn 
 lliiiiia, su|iposed to have be ■• destroyed during 
 till' Dioeletiiiii iierseeution (:)o.,. rebuilt in the 
 
 reifjii of Coiistaiitiue 223-337 
 
 Demolished by the pagan Saxons, and restored by 
 Kthelbert and tSebert . . . . about 597-610 
 
 In,)iired by tire 962 
 
 llesti'iyiil by the great eoiillaijration, 10S6, after 
 wlieii ^laiii'itius, then bishop of l.i.ndon, eom- 
 iiie!ii-id a ma^^nilieeiit editiee with the highest 
 sjiiii in the world about 1087 ; eompleteil . . 1240 
 
 Neailv destroyed by lire 1444 
 
 The s]'ire burnt 1561 
 
 A eiiiiiiiiissioii granted to I.iiud, then liishop of 
 
 l.oiidiiii. to restore the cathedral , 2 .Xjiril, 1631 
 
 It was totally destroyed by the lire of . f-ept. 1606 
 Cleariii,-' of till' ;;riiiiiid began . . , May, 1674 
 ■ First stone of till* jireseiit ediliee laid . 21 .lime, 1675 
 i The elioir opi'tiid for di\ iiie woishiii . 2 Dee. 1697 
 
 j The whole idillie lompleted under sir fbrisloplier 
 j WreiHeseeiit .some deeorations, liiiished 1723) . 1710 
 ITlii' totiil losi (ini'bidin^' q'jo tons' weitrbt of iron 
 railing) was 1,511,202/.] 
 
 l.oid Nelson buried 9 Jan. 1806 
 
 Hall and rross resti.reil l.y Mr. (JockereU . . 182a 
 
 j Duki; of Welliiigton lairii'd . . . iS Nov. 1852 
 
 1' 'll 
 
 ■ I 
 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 'I 
 
 ! ■! 
 
PAULS CATIIEDHAL, ST. 
 
 826 
 
 PAVIA. 
 
 M.mcv liiiviii;.' Im'i'Ii siilisiTilinl to inliii.t St. 1 ii'il h 
 foi-'tlu' puri.csc, cvi'iiin;; siMviccs U%iM, uinli'V 
 tlie doiiio, wlicii iibmc 4000 liursiuis \w\>- l'"'"^;"V 
 
 A national cnineii sn1wcvi|.tion for <'onu.lt.'tint; the 
 intiM-iorornaiiicut,ition,l>cKiin . . , /■''"•"^•» 
 
 87tli na.tin^ortlMTl.Mnt.VM-lioolrlMMn.n ...Imus .bb., 
 
 UivatUK'C'tinh'li.0.1altli.'MMnsi..n l..mMMoroni|.ktc 
 thr intiTior ot th.' rathi'ilral acvoiilniK to W M'll s 
 .k.sif^n, u.luly; .u.7oS(. r,.lkvt..,l by . 4 N";- ;87o ! 
 
 Dr. CliiurlL, 111.' ni'W ili'MM, wivi' iooo(. . >' \. 1371. 
 
 National Tliaiik.-i^,'ivin}; lor the rei-overy ol thu 
 l,rin.•(■or\Va^■^^, SI'.' V7i<ia/,>!/;r;//./ . a? l'cl>. 1872 j 
 
 "Tliaiilisuivin^' l'unil"rstalili.-linl . . . . ,. , 
 
 Till- (iiHTn ^'ave i.i.x>;.,tlioi.riniv 500/. •.,'''■''; " I 
 
 AftL'r an intiMval, annual nir.lin.n ol tli(^ .•hil.lu'n 
 rrsnnu'.l-in.it IlM 187SI • • , ,• ,y"'''- '^" ' 
 
 'I'lni iron railin'.;. 1 •• I up in 1710) sol.l, ami .-oon 1 
 
 aft.r rcniov.-,l ^tl,.- ,l«in ami cliaptrr bon^lit llio I 
 
 iMiclo.sc.l spa.'i; I'roni the coriiorutnui) 8 Jan. ; lor- 
 n.allv o|.,.n,.,l ,.• •-""';'»■ '^74 [ 
 
 Disi'ussi.in r.':M ''"K ""' ornaniriitation ; Ml. ; 
 
 llnrTus' iilaii.s cfu.snrcil, Jnnu ; thu I'nj^.iKi'ini'iii 1 
 
 Willi him iv,..,iii,I.vl . . • ,-, ,, ■^''^■' " ! 
 
 Mei'tiai;to i-mhvivonrto oMam a iK'al ol l.i'Us tin, 
 
 hiril mavor, tli, ih'an, i;.-., prfsciit, 2 Nov. 1875 '• „ , ' 
 arraii.i;iKiri,l„ I..M11- niailc . . /^'T'; '^7^ j 
 
 Graml 1 ilu.lim; s,-rvi.v of r.ainl.ctli i'I.im o| ,,1 | 
 
 sv loil ; about im bi.slio|.s inc^^i-iit . ^7 ''.uly. '878 - 
 
 r,.al .f 1-2 bi'Us (bv Taylor, of l,,,ii,-hboron;;h) iiiviMi j 
 
 by the coriioratkm and some of the (■ompani'S, : 
 
 Tl'.i' i'or'poration •■iiitlioriseil to ileal with the chiuvli- | 
 
 yard iis an o|"'» space, 187s; opened as a t;aril.-n 
 intlu' lor.; iii.iy.ir . •,.•,• 2^ i;"'!'^- '''r? ' 
 
 (Ir.at I'anliM'.Miiidi'r 7.V/W dedicated . j.Inac, 1682 
 
 Tlie clock bv l.an-ley Kradley, set up in .708, was 
 ,.,.,,laced bv ,1 new elueli, dcsi-ned b.v lord (.rim- 
 thorpe, made bv .M.'.ssi.s. .SiiiiUi of Derby, de.li- 
 ealcd bv deaiuiivKory . . • '■^' I'cc 1893 
 
 I'rofes.sor Palmer, capt. tiill,and lieut. (liamnnloii 
 buried in the crypt . . . • .f -M'"'; '8S3 
 
 The meiilaled statue of ipn'cn Anne at tlie wc.st 
 front bv Krancis liird, 171-'; replaced by a new 
 one bv'U. Iklt and others; uncovered by the 
 hirdii'unor '5 '"•'•• '886 
 
 Citizens .jubilee serviee , . . • =.vJun;;. 'f? 
 
 LordXai of .Ma;.:dala bnncd . . 21 .Ian. 1690 
 
 .Memorial .,r Mr. William licb' Dalley, Australian 
 statesman (the lirst eoluiiiul memorial) niivede.l 
 bv the .-ail of Hosebery . . . •.,■7 •'"'>' " 
 
 " Uceoiieiliati.m serviee," un account of the .lese. 
 erati.JU .if the cathedral by ttiesuieideot h.lwai.l . 
 
 Eastoi .-SSept. . . . . • • 1.5 ''"'V " 
 
 Sir y. Kdi-'ar H.n-hni, seulptm-, liun.'.l . ■-;o Kn. ,, 
 
 liiist of sir .lohn Mac.l.inal.!. pn.mi.r of (.aiia.la, I 
 
 nnveile.l bv th irl of Hos.b.-ry . '"N'',^- 'Sg^ , 
 
 Cu..tinue.l i.ro-ivss of the . .■.■..raliv «^.rk .d tic 
 
 (hniie, \c., bv Mr. W. 1!. Kiehmou.l. Mr. 'Watls, | 
 
 sir Kiv.l. l,ei:dit.jii, .Mr. royuier, Mr. A. Sl.'v.-ns ; 
 
 ami Mr. i.riltan . . . • • • 1362-95 1 
 ISir Krclerick (lonl) Leighton, .lied 23 .I'lu., bui led 
 
 The tine mosaics in tlieclioir. .!esi};iie.l by Mi. W. II. 
 
 Uichniou.l(K.*Mi..'=97),'""lcxceiile.liiud..rh.s 
 
 diivction bv Kurdish H.irkmen, ih'.lieated,.( Aiiril, „ 
 Sir.b.huEve'ivtt Millais, ilie.l 13 Ann., burie.l m 
 
 th.' .rvpt ,.f"^""- " 
 
 Death of the rev. Win. Sparrow Siiiips.,11, libr.uiaii 
 
 an.lhi.st.iriaiiofSt. I'anl's. iSOi ,(.<.■;. .-d March, 1S97 
 (ieoiKct;. Martin, or;--aiiist, knt. . . •;!",",'-'■ " 
 Jlasonic e..niiiiemorati.iii of tlm opeiiuiii ol llie 
 
 new ejithedral (1697) 2 Uixi. „ 
 
 Hee /iVi'f.'.w, 1891. 
 
 IJIMKNSIONS. 
 
 LciiKtli of *^t- raid's from theKi-aiid )i"rtieo toeiwt >* 
 
 ,.i,.l "^^ 
 
 nna.lth, north to simth portico '82 
 
 r.xtcrior .liaiii.br of the. lome . . -MS 
 
 Hcidit from J-".'""'"" ""!'"'' "■''"■■*'* ' ^- ■ ■ ''04 
 j-^(.,,,..; i.v siirvevr.r t.. be -ifc-. feet from «*»■ piiveniBni..] 
 
 Campaniles, .ir li'ell tower.«, at eaeli corner, Iwiglit . ao8 
 
 Urea.ltii of w.-stern entrance 169 
 
 nrcumrer.'iH'e.if.l.imc ,,■,.■ • ■'^" 
 
 Kntiri' ciivumleiemc of tlic bnildins . : •■V2 
 
 Uianifttr of bail 
 
 PAUL'S CROSS, ST. (I.omhm), which ^to„,i 
 
 till) north silk' d tlu' ciitlicdral, 
 
 united of ■ ooil, inouiitcd uiioii steps 
 ■ovcvcit with lead, t'roni wliieh llie 
 
 ' "t "b HP, ;ii„i 
 
 ■■ -. - -" "'"^1 eiiiiii,.|ii 
 
 divines were iiuiiointed to iireaeh every Biimlin ju 
 the forenoon. I'o tliis jiliu'c the eourt.'llic mii'y„|._ 
 tho aUlciiiien, and jiriiicipi'l eitizeus u<ed til) 
 It WHS ill 
 
 1 1 -Mir;. 
 
 "" ' ' , ' -.iii. 
 
 ,iis ill use as early as I2y), and was apiimiinuiMl 
 nut only to pi-eiicliiiiir, hut to politieal ami e.vle.-i;!- 
 ticiil discourses, ire. The cross was ileni.ili,slu.,| l^ 
 1643, hy orikT of the iiarliamcut. 
 
 PAUL'S SCHOOL, ST., was cn,low,.,l in 
 1512 hy John (,'olet, dean of bt. I'aul's, i'er l^5l,„y< 
 "of cverv niitioii, c(niiitry, and chus," in iiieiii.,rv 
 of the lurmher of lislies taken hy I'cler. (./oA,i s,\i. 
 II). Tlie first schooUiouso was burnt in Unti; tin' 
 seeiuid, hy Wren, was taken down in |S2,|, ai|,| 
 another lu'iililini; ereeledliy Georiie Siuitli. Will. 1:11 
 Lilly WHS the lirst niaster, and his };raiiini;.;- i- Mill 
 nseilby the scliool. Tim/m. The claim of llie MenviV 
 eonipany to he owne-rs instead of trustees (itCikis 
 estate was set aside by tlie vice ehancellur, n 
 Ktd). I.S70. Tho sidiool orileri'd to he rciiiove.l ]„ 
 AVcst Kent-iiifcton : site bouslit, June, 1X78. .\V». 
 buildiiii;- desi;,'ned by Mr. W.iti'ih.ius.' ojien.'ii 'ly 
 bird Selbonii', 2.5 April, 1SS4. llie nninlier ufsclK,'. 
 iars has been inereased. Xew sclii'iiies for th.. 
 manafjement of the .sdionl were issu, I hy ij,,. 
 eliarity eom:iiissioiiers, lH^Ci, 1871) ami l.^iiy; ;iit,.r 
 much 'discussion anil opposition a .sdienie \va< sint 
 to tli.i coinniittce of coiiiicil of C(lii.'ati..n fur iiiip.-.,. 
 val, .May, 1X1)4; finally nio.lilied, .July, iS.,4. 
 .s7. ;'.iii/'» huhi^lrii'l .^■.7l"'.^ Mile Kii.l, or.leiv.lt.i 
 be ihisi'il by th.' home secretary in .■oii.m'i|1i.'ii.v ..( 
 s.'ri.ins charKCS a^iaiiist th.' miuiiii^.'is ; l.ii.ii..'li! 
 
 f.iiw.ii.lbv Mrs. .Suir, mbi'inf lli.' iiietr.ii...:iiiiii 
 
 Seh...il Hoar.l, Nov. ; shi' is wariiil.v .■eiiiiiu'ii.l.'.l 
 in till' li.'iiie .secr.tarv's l.'tlir, 15 N"V. ; wli.ir,- 
 inittid the ease to 111.' iniblie I'lMMciiior . Nnv. ,;:, 
 Mr. 'f. Sr-rutton, maiia.u'er, sn.'.l Miss Ib'l.'ii Tayl.ir, 
 and iilitaiiii'd louoM'or.lamah'cs; the.liar.L;.'<\v.'iv 
 Willi. liawii ao.lmii', i;:: 
 
 PAUPERS, see Poor. 
 PAY AN, l'ii\'iine, or Pavin, was a shiw diunc 
 of the idth and 17th centuries, s.jinetiiiiis itccoiii- 
 jianied by siii;;in^'. 
 
 p^^YJi^MENT. Tlie Cartliasiniansareiiii.i!) 
 hive been the first who (lavi'd tli.'ir ti/wih \\ii:i 
 stones. The Komaus, in the time of AusiMib. liin 
 pavement in many of their streets; the A|i|iiiiii 
 way, a paved romi, was constructeil 312 li.c, hi 
 Kii'niand there were few pav.'.l streets lief.irc llrarv 
 VIl.'s n-i^'ii. London was lirst paved almiit i;;;. 
 It was paved with lla^'st.uies hi'twecn 1,^15 ml 
 l82v Wood and asphalle paving were Irii'il iii 
 I,Sj). an-l liave been disused since l,Si7 ; see 1/ "( 
 ri'imiiriit. Asphalle has been niiuli useJ fiii.c 
 iSlK). Wood reported to be the best for Loinl'iii. 
 May,' 1876. 
 
 (ira'no-mctallic stone, lai.l .lown in a plastic stat.'iu 
 jiart ol 111.' Straml, l..in.loii, ami in .'llicr plac','», \i ■ 
 
 PAVIA (N. Italy), tlie ancient Tkiinm «x 
 
 Papia. Its universil\-, founded by Charleiiiat'iif, 
 
 is said to bo the oldest'in Kurope, I'avm wiialmilt 
 
 bv the Uauls. wlio were driven ou( liy the llmiKins. 
 
 iiiiil these in their turn were expelU'd In the lJ^.tll^ , 
 
 ^ in S'"''* it ""'IS taken by the Lombards, miil 1hm!1i.' 
 
 i the' .apitiil of their kiiivcdom. In the i2tli.-.'iiMn 
 
 i it was erccti'd into a r.'public, Init sonn afliT ivis 
 
 ! gidiircted to Mihl" aiid loUoweil its firtuiii'S. Uii 
 
 i 24' t'eh. iim.a battle was fouirhl m ar here iirtmiii 
 
 the Krem-lli mid the Imperialists, when the f.miT 
 
 were (ipft'iiied. and their kint;. hramis I., iilt.r 
 
 h-htiug with heroic valour, and kiiliu,' nevm uiui 
 
[A. 
 
 PAWNBEOKING. 
 
 827 
 
 PEAllLS. 
 
 (I.niKlnn^, which ,t,„„| 
 alhi'ilral, \v:is u ],i,l,,ji 
 ilMin steps uf "tl UP, ;.,,,, 
 
 liii'li the must cnim,.,,! 
 pi-cadi t'ViM-y ijiiiiiiai in 
 ■(■ thi,' (dui-t, tin iiiii\nv, 
 1 cilizi'iis umJ tii I .■„|.' 
 )'). anil \vasappM],n;ii.,i 
 c) politiial aiuii'irli-i;,,. 
 •rciss was lUMiii.li-hni n, 
 mcnt. 
 
 ST., was I'lulnwril ;i, 
 
 Ct5t. Paul's. f„rii5l,HVi 
 iiud class." in nww.'n 
 <m hy I'clcr. {.lohi w,', 
 was Imriit in !(,(.<;; li,,' 
 >■» d.iWM in i^2.|. ;i,|,i 
 Gcni-ijo Smith. \V;;:,,^,i 
 ami his i;raiiini: 1- j. .ijij 
 rhfLhiiniDttlifMciivi,' 
 L-ail lit' trustees nl'tuli'l'* 
 the viee ehaMcellur, n 
 tiered to he reiii(iM>.i ; , 
 iliht, June, iS:S. Nnv 
 W.ilerhnuse (ipeui'il 'iv 
 ■14. The innalierofsrli.,'. 
 New scdu-'liles I'ov th- 
 ■>1 were issu< 1 hy tji„ 
 (<, lS7()and isqy. uii,,,. 
 itiun a silienie was <,ii; 
 1 nl' eilueati'iu fur a|.|iv„. 
 iililied, .luly. iSiq. 
 
 Mile Kii.hi>rd.av.lt,i 
 taT'yijie.iii»i'i|aeiiir .if 
 le uialia;ieis ; liluiiL'lit 
 lieriifllie liletre|'.iiil;lll 
 
 s waniilv <-"UiMii'iiii.M 
 :ter, 15 N.iv. ; wlm )■■• 
 lie i.r.i^i-eiunr . N.n-. i", 
 ,■.1 Miss ll,'leiiTa.vl..i, 
 ui^es; lliei-liari^'-'swi'i'.; 
 
 . 3o.)iUK', i;;: 
 
 I'nvin, was a slow daniL 
 turies, suinctiinis -item- 
 
 Carthaginians are siii'i' ■ 
 
 paved tlleir teUt^ wil,, 
 
 :lie time uf .\u«iistii-, Inn 
 leir streets; the .\|ii*iii 
 rcinstructed y2 li.e. In 
 uveil streets liel'ere Unin 
 IS lirst ]iaved almiit 1;;;, 
 tnnes between If<l.; in. 
 Ite paving WH're tiicil v.\ 
 ied siiUM' l,Si7 ; see II 
 s been iiineh used siii' 
 1 bf the best for ImM"1. 
 
 )wn in ![ lilastie stat'- in 
 in, and in eilier plal'^■^. u 
 
 tlie anident Ticiumi ■ : 
 founded by L'harleiiiai'iii 
 
 K>iro)ie. I'avift was In., 
 driven ent l>y the llnniai.- 
 ere exp( lied hy tlii'lmtii- 
 :ie Liiinbards, :ind lii-.i:: 
 doin. Iinlie llth'Tii!' 
 public, but soon ullrr « 
 t'lillowed its fertuiu's. li: 
 s bniKht mar here faetni'i, 
 erialists, when ihc Wr. 
 ■ir kin^. Kraicis I., w:. 
 unr, aud kiUiu,' Beveuuk:. 
 
 «ith hi' ""'" hand, was iit last obliged to surron- ! 
 I ),i,i,sel;' a pri.soner. It was liin^c assorted that 
 i'raniis wrote to his niotlier, I.cniisa of Savoy, repent 
 ,if the kiuijdoni duriiif; his absence, savinj?,^ Tiii<t 
 "st vei'diit mnildiitc, Jhi:i I'/ioiiiino' (All is lost, 
 I'liluni, e.iecpt lioiKuir). Tlic words are now said 
 t'liViivc'bei'U, L' honiieiir ct la vie qui est naiilvi!. 
 
 PAWNBUOKIXG. Tlie Roman emperors 
 Vnt mo'iey upon land. The orijjin of borrowing 
 laonev liv UR'ans of i)ledsos di'positcd with leiulers 
 i< rclWrcJ to Perugia, in Italy, aliout 14(12. The 
 institutions were ternmd iiinnti (/i pit' Id {ir/iic/i sa). 
 S.ion iiflerwards, it is said that the bisliop of 
 Wiiii'licstcr established a system _ of lendini; on 
 .,l,,,l,-,.s, hut without interest. The business of 
 'iwiibriiUcrs was refjulated in 175(1, and Ueenees 
 !,jui,il in j-.Sj. The rate of interest on pledt;es was 
 rixfiliii liSoo'. In London tin re were, in 1851, 3,^ 
 iiiwiibrekers; and in Englainl, e.'iclnsively of 
 luiuliin, 1137; the number is ima-easini; luiu-e than 
 ill iiropiatiiin to the poiinlatioii. In ih'do an act 
 ■va* passed enabling' [i.twubrokers to charge a lialf- 
 ■lonnv for everv ticket describing' t]iinj;s pledged 
 f,,r a' sum under 5.V. The acts ndating to pawn- 
 brokei'8 were aineiided in l.S_S(>, lX^<)< iWiO. I'awn- 
 hrokci-s in (ireat Britain: 18,1. I.S73; in 18(1., 
 1--8' in 1.S71, vS40. The law was consolidated in 
 ttie'l)'i«'iibrokers'' act passed 10 Aug. 1872. 
 
 PAX, a small tablet, generally silver, termed, 
 
 l„l„ilii'j)(ifis or oKCidiitoriiiiu, kissed ny the Komait 
 t'alliolic priests and laity; substituted for the 
 iijinieval kiss of peace in' the early iduireh. The 
 I'ax is said to biive been introduced about the 12th 
 naitury. 
 PAYMASTEIl-GENERAL. In iS?r, the 
 
 aimv and navy pay departments were eoiisolidated 
 iiito'tlic payniaslei'-general's-olHce, sometimes held 
 liv a caliiaet minister. 
 
 PAYMENT of M.l'.'s, see rur/iiiiiii-nt. 181)3 
 I89> '' "' ' " " " 
 
 l\M1^..N t 01 Jl.f . s, SOI- I ni tt'iun III , It"/.*), 
 
 They are paid in the United States, N. A'., 
 miiin some of our colonies. 
 
 PEABODY FUND. Mr. George Peabody, 
 aii.Vnurican merchant (born r8 I''eli. 17')^, died 4 
 >'(iv. 1809), wiio had made his fortune in London, 
 (liive on 12 March, l8()2, I50,ckx)/.. on 21 Jan. 
 i8(j6. I00,a»/., on S l'<'''- '■'*''^' Kw.ixx)/., and by 
 his will dirceted his 'trustees to pay ISO.CKX)/.— in all 
 m(X)0/.— to ameliorate the condition of the London 
 poor. 
 An ai*vrapli letter, prounsiug ber portrait in 
 
 iiiiiii.itiuv, was sent liiio l>y the cpiecn. 2.S .\lareli, 1866 
 [liiscijiti :; ■ 'lie iiiiiMiitare scut :- -" V. It. jire- 
 
 ,.111 il ;o tiic 'Jai', ,. 'o (1. I'ealiody, Ksci., the 
 
 tellc'Mterertllc -ot i. oiihiu."] 
 
 Till' lirst iileck e!' I'oildiugs for vorking classes, termed 
 
 "IValMdv il'velliiigs," in Ciaih-'crcial street, Spital- 
 
 (ielils, \>'as '.(leiied 29 Feb. 186.^ : 
 
 au-l othci's since, in 
 S|atallli Ms, 'Islington. Shadwell. Westminster, Chel- 
 sea. Hmii lUilsey, A;e, : tliey have been liaind to lie 
 srl|.sui.i«irtint!,'-878. In 1879, net gain, 24,786/. ; 1885, 
 ;m,6i)i/. ; 1887, 24,902'. : 1888, 29,611/. 
 
 Mr, I'.'aliiidv's statue, .it the east end of the 
 Udval Excliauge, was ruaugurateil by the prince 
 iif Wales 2,i'luly, 1869 
 
 KniuMal service at Westminster abbey . 12 Nov. ,, 
 
 Fuiu'ral at I'ortlaua, U. fci., ininee Arthur present 
 
 8 Fell. 1870 
 
 He alsii gave laige sums, for eiluealiunul jairposes, m 
 the Uaited States. 
 
 39,763(. exp"iiili'il oil land and hnililinKS in 18S5, making 
 iiii- ioi.il f.\i..H,iiSiiie i..iio,s,^.>''. ; i,.-*3w,s»^i'<. in 1897. 
 
 .Vet gains, nnit ami interest HI 1890, 28,656/.; in 1S94, 
 
 2I),995/. 7.<. 71'.; 1896, 28,787^. ; 1897. !2,320l. 
 
 t'enti'nnry ot tlio birth of Iteorge i'ealiody, celebrated 
 iit Pcnlioily, .Mass., and other pUiees, i3 Feb. 1895. 
 
 _PE/VCE. A temple was dedicated to peace by 
 Vespasian, 75; see Fii-c-iroi/ii, Tniilivn, Juxlicm, 
 &e.~-"Pi;ACK (IF Km.KilD.N" (between catholicii 
 and protestants) was signed at Aunshmg, 15 Sept. 
 ".S.S.S- 
 
 A l'K.\rK SocTKTv, founded 1816, fir the promotion 
 I of universal peace; hoMs annual meetings ; pro- 
 I iiosed amalgiimatioii with the liiteinaliuii;il Artii- 
 tratioii anil I'cice Assi.eiatinn (lianided liv .Mr. 
 Lewis Apiiletnii ill 1880). Dec. 1^84 'rii.' a>si.eia- 
 lioii iliviilid ill .May. \f.ir<. when the liiilisli aihi- 
 tialioii assiii-iali..ii was toiimleil l.y .Mr. .\].pleloii. 
 ,y enlii^lessol'tlle riieliiisiit |ie;iec, ir.illl all parts of 
 
 the woiM, cniiiiiiei 1 itssittin;;si;t I'.iris, 22 Aug. 
 
 1841). It met ill I.iMldoll at Kxeter hall. 30 llct. 
 tollnwiiig ; ami at Fraiiklnrt. ill .St. Paul's ehiireli, 
 ■2i .\ug. 1850; at Hiniiiiigham, •.>8 .N'ov. 1850-, and 
 at Kxeter hall, 22 .luly. 1851. \ meeting was held 
 at .M.iiichestcr, 27 ,Iaa. 1853 ; and at Kdiuhiirgh, 
 
 12 Oct. 185J 
 .Mr. liright aud Jlr. Colidcn were among the most 
 conspiciions mciiiliers of the soi-iety. A deputa- 
 
 tinll tl the I'cai e Soeietv, eoiisist'ilr.; of .Mi'ssr.s. 
 
 .1. .Sluice. A. I'ease. and amitliei yiiaUer friend, 
 
 stated tlieir views to 11 peiiir nl Itiissia at !St. 
 
 rcti"slpiirg, at ,an interview granted lliem in Feb. 1854 
 Btor:..y interualioiial arliitrationaiid peace congress 
 
 at tiellcva ; (larilialdi lueselit . y-12 .-^cpt. 1S67 
 
 ; A lie.aee congress met at Iterile . . 24 Si'pt. 1868 
 
 ' At the peace eoii'.'ress belli at I.ausauiie, the violem-e 
 \ of the Communists at Faris in .Mav, was warmly 
 
 vcjoolialed ....;. 2, Sept. 1871 
 
 I Congress held at Lugano, 23 Sept. 1872 ; at the 
 I Ilauiie, 25 (Sept. 187) ; at Paris. 6 Sept. 1875 ; at 
 I lieiieva, llct. 1S77 ; at Paris, 23 .Sejit. 1878; at 
 
 lirussels, 17 Oct. 1882 ; at Iteriic . 4-9 .\iig. 1884 
 Meeting at Crystal Palace near J.oiiilon, 22 Julv, 
 1885 ; anotliir iiicetiu;; i6,Julv, i836 ; at (ienevii, 
 , 9 Scpl. 1887; at P.iris, :>j .Iniie, 1889; ill Lou- 
 don, i,(. I illy. 1890 ; Home 1 1 Nov. 1891 ; Heine. An;;. 
 181V ; Alitwi'ip, Ann. 1S94; Uildapesl, 21 .Sept. 1S96 
 The principle of .■irliilrat ion in place ot war was 
 ado])ted liv the Paii-Ameriean Congress at Wasli- 
 inton ; a treaty was signed for several of the 
 
 slates 28 A]iril. 1890 
 
 Inli-r-l'iiiiiiniiirliirii Cmi/i iviiith, on International 
 Arbilr.it ion (uieiiilH'rs of dilleieiit legislatures) ; 
 
 lirst ling at Paris, M. .Iiiles .siinon presidi'iil 
 
 .lime, 1889; London, lord llerseliell locsideiit, 
 
 22 .luly. iS.-o; fl ' 17 Nov. iSqi ; at Berne, 
 
 20-31 Aug. 1892 ; Miiissels, 10 Oct. i8e3 ; the 
 Hague. 4 Sept. 1894; l!rr..ssels, 13 Aug, 1895; 
 
 lirnss.Is 7 Aug. 1807 
 
 The Inteiiiatiuiial Aiiiitration Society 1 Is at 
 
 Frankroit, 17 Sept. 1890; at Westminster, i 
 .luly, 1S91 ; 30 May, 1892 ; 3oiJune. 1893; 4 .Inly, 
 
 (aiiiiual meetings) 189+ 
 The Jlritish unit foirhi}! tirhitriitlmi /i.«i>ri'ii;nn muc 
 an address to the governnienl respecting the 
 Chinese and .lapanese war . . . 15 Nov. 1S94 
 flivat international peace demonstration in Hyde 
 Park; ihb gates from i9coiintrics; proeeediiii,'s 
 eliecked liy a tliuiiderstnrm . . . 26 .Inly, rS96 
 "Peace day " celeliiated Ihrougbout Kiirope ami 
 America 22 Feh. iSoS 
 
 PEACE PKESEEYATION ACTS (Ikk- 
 
 L.\N1)) : one passed 4 April, 1870, was continued ilk 
 187(1 to 31 .li.iie, 1880. A new act to last till 1 June, 
 188(1, jia'ssed 21 March, 1881, continued till 31 Uec. 
 1887, 4 June, 188(1. i^iv Arm.s Jli/ls. 
 
 .See /I'a.sser, in Aiu>KMi,\, 24 Aug. 1898. 
 
 PEjVCHES are said to have been introduced 
 into this eonntry from Persia about l-,(i2. 
 
 PEARLS, mentioned Job xxviii. 18. M. 
 Reaumur, in 1717, alleged that pearls are formed 
 like other stones in animals. An ancient pearl wa.s- 
 valued by Pliny at 80.000/. sterling. One whieU 
 was brought in 1574, to I'liilip 11. , of the size ot ik 
 pigeon's egg, was valued at 14,400 ducats, k j»exiV 
 named the bieiinijiiiriib!i\ spoken of li\ l.)e lt<»ij}i\ 
 weighed thirty carats, enual to five peiiuy weights. 
 
 
 I i 
 
 ■^fff^ 
 
 . rr 
 
PEASANTS' WAR. 
 
 828 
 
 PEEL ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 
 and wua iiliout the nizo nf ii iiuispiidinc \H:iT. Tlie 
 pi'url iiioiilioiii'd liy Tavi'i-nior, iia l)i'iiin- in iiiisscssinn 
 iiftlii' I'mptToi- of I'l'i'siii, wns |nii'i'lnisc<l i>l' an Anili 
 in l(>^3, and is vaUicd lit a sum (■(jnal t" I m.-tcio/. 
 Valui' (if pcai'ls ini))(it'tccl into (ii-cnt liritain, iS^O, 
 SO.ilo/. Ailitii'iul niDlliir of pearl is said to luivc 
 .^ii'iii made at Uoriic liy Mr. K. (ji'liinia. 
 
 PEASANTS' WAR, sie Jacquerie. \ 
 
 PEAT, st'i' lioqu. A ]icat coal and cliarooal ' 
 'conipany, cstablislifd in US73, wlu'U coal was 
 4l,v. a ton. I 
 
 " PECULIAR PEOPLE." a small sect 
 foiimlod in l.cjuilon by Wni. Jtridirrs and J:is. liaii- 
 yard in hS^.S; iliit'f si':it K.sscx,TwonicinlM rs.'riionias i 
 ..•indMaryanne Wajtstall't', \v<'ri' tried andacciiiiltiil of 
 nianslauV''''''i'i 20 Jan. iWjH. 'J"li«y had lu'iiluL-ted 
 iri'ttint; medical assistance for their sick child, mid 
 depended on the etlicacy of their elders' iiraycrs and 
 anoiiitiii); it with oil {Jiiiiii-i v. 14). Many cases of 
 li(Miliii{;liy these means are asserted. On .S May,liS;2. ' 
 a fatlier was ennvietcd for ne^;lectinfr to fjet medical 
 advice for his child who died of small po.\ ; and tho 1 
 .sect atrreed to modify their practice. Kstahli.shmeiits 
 for hualiny; diseases by prayer e.\ist in tieriniiny. 
 
 At iiiiotlicr trial. Tlioiuiis Ilincs w:is iiciiiiitlcd, in iicconl- 
 inicc witli tlic .■pinion of the court ; IS.iroii I'iuott held 
 tliiit tlic case iliil not aniuant to criiaiiial iicj.;lcit lic- 
 ciiase the |irisoiiiT liiid lint c.ilh'il in a dnetor to Ids 
 sicli cliihl, 19 .\ii>;. i''74 ; similar cases since ; iSyj-fi. 
 
 JnliM Hoheit 1 lowiics (tor neglect ivspeetiiiK sciiilct Icvcr) 
 sentenced to 3 montlis' iiiiiirisoiniieiit 21 Sept. 1876. 
 
 PEDESTRIANISM. Kiuhida.s. a citizen of 
 I'lataia, is said to have jioiie from thence to Delphi ; 
 to briiifr the sacred lire. This ho obtained, and 
 returned with it the same day before sunset, havin;,' | 
 travelled 125 Knglish miles. No sooner had lie j 
 .^'aluted his fellow citizens, and delivered the fire, ' 
 than ho fell dead at their feet. After the battle of ! 
 Jlarathon. a soldier was sent from the tiidd to 
 ■announce the victory at .Vthens. Kxhansted with ' 
 fatif;iie, and blecdin's' from his wounds, he cried nut, 
 *' Rejoice, we are oonqucrors'." and immediately 
 expired. I 
 
 Voslcr Towel, the Fii^'lish pclestriaii, |icrrnriiicd many : 
 iistonisliiiij; .jiiiniicys on tnnt. Ilis expedition tioiii 
 Lniidoij to Yolk iiiel li.ick ;ipiiii, in 1788, is said to 
 have liccn ccimplctcd in 140 lious. 
 
 Captain Harclay. fur a wa^cr (on wliicli tii iiiv tlioiisands 
 of pounds depended), w,ill-i'd 1000 miles in uxki snc- 
 ■ ■cssivc boiirs, each mile in cacli liour, in forty-two 
 ilays .■iiid ni;jlits (less 8 lionr.s). His task was accom- 
 plished on 10 July, 1S09. 
 
 Thoiiia.i Stanileii, a^'ed 60, of Salelinrst, walked ikxj 
 iiiilcs in 1100 huiir.s (i mile in i lioiu), liiiislieil, 
 .lidv, 1811. 
 
 HichaVd .Maiiks, a native of W.irwicksliirc, undertook (in 
 imitation of cMptain ISanlay) to walk uoo miles in 
 1000 houis: the |ihicc chosen was the lianack tavein 
 
 iTicket i.'ninnd, in Hhellidd ; 1 nimenccd on Monilay, 
 
 I7,liine, 1850, and completed tlie kxxj miles, 2y July 
 followint;, winning; a eonsiileralile sum. 
 
 On 7 Oct. iSfi, a 12 miles foot r.ice was held, when 
 Lcvett.thc I'hampion of KiiKhmd, ran 7 miles in 37 
 iniiiMtes 27 seconds ; llccrt'oot, a Seneca Indian, ran 12 
 miles ill C,} minutes 5 si-conds ; and .Mills r.-ui 10 miles 
 in 54 miiiiites 10 seconds ; other raics followed. 
 
 <ni II May, I '1, liceifoot was beaten liy White, who 
 ran m mih^ in 52 minntes 14 seconds. 
 
 Jliss Kicliards walked ioo<j miles in i'»vi lionis 
 
 iS .May-i'u iliine, 1674 
 
 Kdwnrd Tayson Weston (American), at .\i w.iik, 
 U.S., walkcfl 500 miles in 5 days 23 hours n miii. 
 
 2l-2t> Dec. ,, 
 
 Will. I'erkins. at l.illie itriitue, London, s.W., 
 
 ,idked 8 miles in less Ih.in one hour . so Se|it. 1875 
 
 rested 26 111., went on for I15 m., ionl j,ti,|,]n.,| , 
 Weston walked ;o miles in y h. 55 m. 5; s., WfiiJ 
 on for 1(1 h., stopped for i li., went on to a, 1, 
 (walked UH) miles 758 yards) . . £.,, g,^' ._, 
 
 Woloii lii'};iin to walk 500 miles 111 6 diiyH iit .(..rj.'^ 
 iiillnnil Hull, 12.5 a.m. 6 Marcli, bad Wiilkcil jio 
 miles II .March ; lie walked iii ntili'.s ii.i 2, ,.,,|,, 
 scent ivc hours at .ManidicNter , . _\.,,.;| 
 
 Uella St. Clair walked 1000 miles in 930 liiiiir.s ' " 
 
 23 .liilv ./ <,,, 
 
 Weston eiipim'd to walk 505 miles in 6 d.u, ;,[ " 
 AtirieultiuMlliMll, London, \v;ilkcd46o la-j'jli,'.,. 
 
 Mati'li liitwccii Weston and 1 1'l.eaiy, for icoo ^iii-' " 
 neas; won l.y (I'i.ear.v, who walked 520 mji,,, 
 Weston 510 miles .... 2-7 .\i.iiV 1?- 
 
 Wm.O.de, a(,'cd 45, walked 1500 miles in ,,j,,j i.,,,,^ " 
 sci'iitive hours, at l.illie liiidne, l.oiKlnii, >s.\y 
 26 .\nK.-6 I'ct. ; 400C1 l-milc^ in 4i»«) 1 oii.si'iiitivc 
 10 minutes, at Anncnltinal hall, l.ohdnii: ...m,. 
 I'Icled ,7 x„v, 
 
 Jl;itcli of 17 pedestrians at .\f;rieiiltur:il ||;|||. " 
 O'I.eary won. Widked 520 miles i8-2j Miucli' iSjS 
 
 (iiMiid imitcli (of 18 c,.iiipetitors) for eliiiiii|,i,iiislii|', 
 and 5ix)^, A;;iiciiltiiial hall ; fi days iiinl 6 iii;;i,i^. 
 won liy W. t.'orkey, wlio Widked 521 miles 
 
 28 Oct..2 X,,S' 
 
 v.. r. Weston starts to walk over Knclaiiil 2u'» inii,., ' 
 ill icxx) consecutive hours (exeejit on Suiiiliivs). j 
 ,Iaii. ; fails liy 22j lioins . . . . 2; |Vii. jj., 
 
 Weston walked 550 miles at the Ajjricultiiial liail' 
 and Won sir .loiiii .\stle>'s licit . i6ii,)iiii.| 
 
 Dlower lirowii wiilkcd ;5f miles in 6 days(wuiil,,|||l " 
 distance championship of i:ii;;laiiil, Astl.'vs '.it 
 .Vc.) 16-.., ! ■ , , 
 
 licit, A'c. won by Howell . . , 1- N , 
 
 Will, dale attempts to walk 2500 miles in i.-»T(ilin!ii, ; 
 walks 2405} miles. . 20 Nov. i33o. to i Jan, lUi 
 
 Weston walks 5000 miles in icxi days (011 tceii.tal 
 piimaplcs) . . .21 Nov. 1SS3-15 .Mmcli, ,£3, 
 
 I.iltlcwooil wins sir .lolin .Vstley's Pelt iit Wrstmin. 
 stcr .\ipmriuiii ; 403 miles in six dajs , .\,iv. 
 
 (icor;^',' l.ittlcw 1 walks 623 miles, 1.320 yitvN in 
 
 six da.N s at -S'cw York ; declared eliaiiipion uf tin; 
 wialrl ; concluded .... 1 li,;,', ,;:i 
 
 .Many annual matclies siiiee. 
 
 PEDLARS, see Huu-kcrs. The IVdliirs .i,t 
 pas.sed, Xiv^. 1871. 
 
 PEDOMETER .vnt) ODOMETEK, app;.- 
 
 rat IIS for measurinj;' the distance travel■^ell by ,1 
 
 walker or carriage. 
 
 Odometers, or road-measnrcrs. are siiid to nave 
 lieeii known in the 15th century ; and iiii]iiiivi'- 
 nienls in them were imnle in Kii^'hiiid hy llmii r- 
 licld, about 1678 ; and by Meynicr, in Krai].,. 
 
 ali"iit i-in 
 
 Will. Oraysoiis odometer, or road-measiuvi', tn W 
 attachcil to carriajies, w.-is patented . i li,.,-, ,3;, 
 
 Ralpli tiouts' j.iihmiitii- for indicating' tlic stciis 
 taken liy a wiilkia-, was patented . 4 N,.'v, ijo^ 
 
 Will. Tayi'ies ped.uiietcr for the waistcunt purkit, 
 patented 15 IVI.. iSji 
 
 PEETi ACTS. AiiKuiff the most impartant 
 were the liank Act.s of KS19 and lS.f,); tlie ,i* 
 aineniliiif? the criminal law.s, ;,S27; dividing 
 jmrishes into districts, liS^j, and tlie act rciiKiliiij 
 tlie corn laws in 1X4(1. 
 
 PEEL ADMINISTRATIONS.* Tl . hb« 
 
 succeeded the Melbourne admini.stralidii, wliicli 
 
 • Sir Uolicrt Peel was lioiii 5 Feb. 1788: I'litcml |ar- 
 liameiitin 1809: became nndcrsecretiiiy "f tlir .uloiiiti 
 in iSu, cliief secretary for Ireland in iSi-' ; .M.I', fm 
 Oxford in 1S18 (when lie rcsi^^iied his ollice); .MriTt,ir.v 
 for home ilepaitiiieiit in 1822: rcsii:iicd olliir iiinl r,. 
 
 ... . ....t...l i<. . (1 . - • 1-iiv: iirl III! t •iiniiii iti i^i..- li.,..iii. 
 
 Jlatcll l.etMeell 
 
 Weston and I'erkins at .\;;ricii 
 
 tiiral llii. 
 
 London, N., licKan 9.23 y 
 
 Yi'h. 
 
 appointed in 1S27 ; resigned a.uaiu 111 1830: i»r:iii,.' 
 premier in 1834 and 1.S41 (fir nlmrr). lie «;ls tlil..»:i 
 from his horse j.j .liim , and died 2 .Inly, 1830. Hi-.iTatly 
 rel.ised the scvcii'y of oiir criininal 1 ode in 1827, if.*;.; 
 
 estuliiished iii.' m-w poii. 
 
 11 lid ti. 
 
 eiiiancipation bill in 1S29. and tlii' np.-al ofthe .-inili 
 
 in 184(1. Statues 
 
 have liecii ereet'-l to him-at Salfiini, 
 
 1876 ; Pn'KliiSWalkeil 50 miles in 9 li. 37 111. 41 »., 
 
 ill 1852; at Taiiiwoitli, Lci-d», Uiii\, iiid .Maiiiliottr, 1 
 1853 ; and in London and Uirminghaiii lu 1S53. 
 
 >.-i*-rti^ 
 
 ■-'*»*iLiL 
 
[.STRATIONS. 
 
 ^■5 I"., ami stui.|„.,|. 
 
 9 li. 53 111. a; s,, m,-ii( 
 I ll., Wl'llt oil t.i ..,, li. 
 
 } ' ' S-r) Krii iS- ) 
 
 ilc'H III SdiivK iit .\-n. ' 
 arcli, liiiil Wiilkcil'.„ 
 till iiiiii's ii! 24,.,,ii. 
 
 '.','' , • ■ -^I'-L 
 lluH ill (j5oli,.m's " 
 
 23 .Inly if y,,, 
 
 5 iiiili'n ill 6 .|,n^ at " 
 
 iillii-'l .(60 ia-a'(li,.|. 
 
 ii'l.fiuy, fnr iockj^iiI.' " 
 
 m wiilkca 520 iiiji,.,^ 
 
 , •., •. »•? -M'nl,' 1E7, 
 
 00 null's 111 i,j,,j ,•.,11. 
 
 iriilp', hiili.lnll, s.w. 
 ^ ill .((M) inllsi'.uliv,', 
 
 1 liall, I.uikIiiii ■. ,1111,. 
 
 17 .\"V. 
 
 it .^grii'iiltiinil ii;i||. " 
 iili'« I8-2J Mnvl,; ,8,j 
 
 "I's) rnr.'li^ilir|,|,,i|«lii|, 
 ; fi iliiys iiijil 6 Hi;-!!!,; 
 Iki'il 521 miles 
 
 28 (K-t.-2 X.n-. 
 ■er Kiiglniiil 2U..10 iiiil.-, " 
 xci'iit III! Sumliivs), :; 
 
 ■ =3 I'Vi,. ,3.) 
 Ilir A;;riniltiiral liali, 
 
 lll'll . IC'2I Jllll' 
 
 Ic's ill 6 il.iys (Willi l„ira " 
 ::ii(,'liiiiil, A>sllcy'sli..|t, 
 
 16-21 Ki-I,, ,«o 
 :•« X..V. 
 
 oolllilisin ,on(,l|,i|||.^. " 
 
 10 N.iv, i83o. Ill I Jiiii. ,!;, 
 K<. iliiys (nil ticl.ital 
 
 I N"V, IS83-I5 Miiili, ,£;, 
 ili'y'slK'lt lit, MV,iiiiiii. 
 
 11 siv iluys . Niiv. 
 mills, 1,320 yanl-i in 
 
 laivil uluimiiiijiiuf tli,. 
 .... . liiv. ,;;; 
 lati'la'S SHUT, 
 
 •kcrs. Till- IV'tilars a,- 
 
 > ODOMETEK, app.. 
 ilistuiiif tniyuiM'il ijy ,1 
 
 •vs, are sail! to idve 
 riitiii'y ; anil iiii|iii.\v- 
 iii Kii);laiiil liy Miittir- 
 )• Jleynier, in inm 
 
 al-iiit ij;4 
 r viKi'l iiii'nsmvr, tiilii' 
 I'atcntiil . I ll,.,'. i3;i 
 
 ill, Uniting till' sti'i's 
 iiiti',! ; 4 N,'V. i-,^ 
 
 till' waistiiial I'liikit, 
 
 • 15 IVli. l£;i 
 
 m\% till.' most imp'jrlant 
 1819 iinil I.S.},}; till' ai'l* 
 I li.v.-s, 182;; ilividiiig 
 (5, mill tliL- not ri'iiealiiig 
 
 KATIOXS,* Tl;i rasT 
 
 r aiiiiiiiii>tratiiiii, ulikli 
 
 I'll 5 Fi'li. 1788; I'liti'ii'il |ia|. 
 li'i'si'i'i'i'tiiry iif till' ,',,l,iuii'< 
 lii'lan.l in iSi..; .M.!', f ; 
 iigiu'il Ills iillii'i'); .Mirttiiry 
 22 ; iL'signi'il ollii'i' aii,l r,- 
 I'll again in i8.?o: ii,','aih' 
 <ff ,''>„(','), Ui' was tliiitM . 
 lii'il 2 .Inly, 1850. Ui'.ii'iitl 
 I'iniiiial riiiii' in 1327. if .^f,/ 
 
 , llll't , .Ulii-it lilt: <,,Ui"; 
 
 ll till' ri'ii.'iil ..ftlii'i'iiilii*- 
 1 fr,'i't"'l 1,1 hiiii-at Niit'iv, 
 s, Hni.\, 111,1 .Mam liMtsr, 1.1 
 I'liiingliani in 1853. 
 
 PEELITES. 
 
 82i) 
 
 PELEW I.SL.\J^DH. 
 
 was kiiki'ii lip "11 till' retii'i'iiii'iit of Innl Altlinrp, 
 tho clian'iHin' of tlif i'\rlii'i|iii'r, in Nov, I1H54. 
 Sir K' I'll '• ''"'" '" ''"'y- ^*ii^ suiiiniorii'il Inniii', 
 tlii'iiuki'i'l Wi'llingtoii liiililiiig till' scnlsiil'iillii'i' in 
 thi'inti'iini' 'i'lirv Imth iisigiii'il in April, 18^5, 
 In .Mii.Vi l''^4't ■"''' ''• '''■''' ''a'"'''''il 11 voti' lit wiitit' iif 
 I'onliili in I' ill ''"' Mi'll>iini-iU' caliini't, lint iliil nut 
 tako iiill'i' '""' '" lii'l't' 111' that yrar, hi' In'ciune 
 aiwin iiri'iiiiiT. He lost tlir sii|iiioi'i nt the ronsorv 11- 
 livt'liaitv liv iilitiiinini; thi' ri'iii'al ut the I'orn hivys, 
 anilrcsis'iii'il ^^iJii""''' '84<'- 
 
 KiasT ADMI.MSIIl.VTION (i)l'l'. 1834). 
 
 SirRoln'rt VfAjiist lanl ff Ihc diniiHi'// ami ulutncdtor 
 o/thn/'lifian: , , „ | 
 
 Iiinl lAiiiiliiii'-t. h'rilrhiiifiUiir. 
 
 Kii'li.Mi.'S'.lyn, ;«i/'r')"'"i''<'"'' 
 
 l„ril Wlianirlilti', inirii snd. \ 
 
 lli'iiry (l.iiilliiii'ii, iliiki' of Wi'Uingtoii, nml earl of 
 Mn'i'ili'i'ii, /Mine, /iim'i/H, ami nil. mini xm-tnnesaf sluh. 
 
 Kiirl 111' liii'V,.ni'''' '"!•'' "/""' iiilmli-nllji. 
 
 Lunl Kllriiliiiroiigli, ami Ale.'Caiiili.'r Hariiig, hminl of 
 
 ■f„ufr"/anil fi-i"'''. 
 
 ,Sir Kilwanl Kiiatrliliiill, junimnstci- cfthu/um:!. 
 
 ,1. C. lll'ITil'S, .-ir.'CflO'.lf-i'/ll'iir. I 
 
 Sir Ui'iii'iJL' .Murray, miisli'i-ijciin-dt tif the unhiiiiirc, <Cc. I 
 
 SKIOSD ADMINISTnATllIN (Sl'l't. lS4l), ; 
 
 SirRoliPit ri'i'l,,n'™( miiii.itn: 
 
 Uiikc iif Wi'llingtiin in tlic caliini't witliniit nlllre, fi/(. 
 
 I'l'iii ,111111'/, I'-iii-t'iii/ 
 I,,iril l,vii,lliiii-''<t, hiriUhnm-rUii): 
 l.iiril Wliaini'litli', Innl pn:ii,li'iit. 
 Iluki'iif lliii'kingliani, Innl in-irij-ienl (siii'i'i'i'ili'.l l,y ilnkii 
 
 ofliunli'iii'li). 
 SirJaiiii'slii'itliain, earl of Abiirili'iin, ami lonl StniiU'y, 
 
 hi:i»e.J\'rfii,ni, anil nilnnUil sermtnriis. 
 llfiiry OiaiHiiii'ii, ihahnllny nfthr i'.<i'/(,,/ii,'i'. 
 Karli'if lIaililiiij;toii,.ffi-.<( hml nftlif lulmhvltji. 
 Kailiif Hipoii. hnani of tnnle (siU'i'i'i'iU'il liy W, E. Glail- 
 
 st,illi')' 
 Lir,l Kllriilioi'ongli, Iiulin hnnril (sni'i'i'i,ili'il liy lonl Fitz- 
 
 P'lalil ; silnri'ili'il by I'lirl of Hipoli). 
 birlli'iii'V llarilingi.', sir Kil.varil Knati'lilmll, sir Guorgo 
 
 Murray, \i'. 
 
 ITiriiiinati'il 29 June, 1846, by sir Robert's resigiui- 
 tii'ii.l i 
 
 PEELITI*]S, a iiiitiii' given to jjentleinen, wliigs ; 
 and tiirii's, who iiilheri'il to sir Koliert Teel, after 
 hisdi'feat liy the luiiservative party, on iieeount of 
 his freo-traile measures earned in 1846, Tho 
 priniipal were Henry UoiiUnini, \V, K. Glailstone, ; 
 Sidiii'V (aflerwarils lonl) Herbert, sir James Uni- j 
 ham, "Kiiwiiril Carilwell, sir Georfce Cleric, lonl Lin- j 
 coin (afterwanls iliike of Xeweastle), anil lorda I 
 Canning ami Elgin, anil others. Several of them : 
 bcoarac ini'inl'ers of the I'lilnierston iind jVberdeen 1 
 iidministratii'iis (which see). 
 
 PEEL PICTURES. The family eolleetion 
 (70) were ]inreha.'ied for the Xationiil Uiillery for 
 ;j,000/. 18; I. 
 
 PEEP-O'-D AY-BOYS, insurgentsin Irohmd, 
 
 who visited the houses of their antagonists at 
 hreak nfiliiy, in seun'h of iiriiis. They lirst iip])eiired 
 4 July, I7.S4. and were long thu terror of tlie 
 country; fie De/nmlers. 
 
 PEERESSES of the UuiteiJ Kingdom (hi 
 llieir own rii/ht) : 7 in liSHs, Countess of Cromartie 
 (.'hichi'ss of Sutherland), burimesses Berivoley, Ber- 
 ii'is, liurdett-t'outts, Le Despenfer, Willoiighby 
 ii'KiT.dn-, li,)ls(iver. In i,Si)8, 8: viscountess Jlnin- 
 iliili n and baronesses Jierkeley, ]ierners, linrik'tt- 
 Cmtts, lieauniont, Macdimalil of Earnselill'e, Conyers 
 (Ciiuntcss of Yarborimgh). Croniurtio (Countess). 
 
 PEERS. S'jf Lords and Gfnea/<:pi,. 
 
 PEGU, a provinii- of 'he Burmese empire, dis- 
 overeil by the Portuguese in 1520. I'egu, the 
 tapital, was takeu by major Cottou, with 300 men, 
 
 in .Iiiiie, 1852, without loss ; and afterwariU 
 iibaniloiieil. It , sagitin oeeupied bv the lliiniie^e 
 and stniiigly ^ '-"d, with 11 garri.soi'i m^ixx) men, 
 it was i'i'i'a|,tii, ,. by t'l'iieral Godwin with 12110 
 iiieii niid two guns, in two lioiirs, with the loss of 
 six killed and lliirty-two wnuiideil. The iiri.vini'e 
 was aiiiii'\i'd to oiii- liiili;iii pussessious, by proelii- 
 iiiation, 20 llee. i«52, aiid has sime iiiosin'ri'd, lu' 
 Feb. i,S(i2, it was unitnl with Arnieau and Teniis- 
 Bcrim as liritish Hiirnmh, 
 
 PEIIIO, see a/iii,ii, 1859, i860, 
 
 PEISIIWA, tho prime miTiister of the Mah- 
 rntta.s, seized the sovereign jiower and settled at 
 Poomih, 1741J, The title was iibolished in 1818, 
 
 PEIWAR PASS (Kotul), in the Khoorunv 
 valley, .\l^liiiuist:in. Hire geiiei'iil lioberts, with 
 the 72111! higlilaiidersniidflii'dhoiirkas, ileli'iiteilthe 
 .Ugliaiis, 2 Dei'. 18-8. Mnjur Anderson nml I'Mjit. 
 Kelso Wire killed, and iibout Ho men wen' killed unili 
 wouiidi'il. The enemy's loss was very great. 
 
 PEKIX, the eaiiital of China, was built by 
 Kiiehilai-Kliau, giandsun ot (ieiighis-lvhaii, abouc 
 I2l>-. Here was held the emirt of the Mongol or 
 Yuen dynasty, 1280 to I ^08. In i j(,i,, lliing-wn, 
 ot the .Ming dyimstv, n'Uioved to 'Niinkin, whieh 
 was the enpitai till Vung-lo n'liioved his court to 
 Pi'kin in 1410; and by him niid his sui','e.s,sors the 
 city was inlarged, furtilied, and lieautilied. It was 
 visited liv lord .Mneartuey, .Sept. 1795; surn'tiileied 
 to the allied Knglish and Fremli armies, 12 Oct. 
 liSfjO; and evaeuated by them ^ Xov., after peace 
 had been signed 24 Oct." It was described as being in 
 a very desolate state, and the inhabitants scattereil 
 and inili;;ent. English and I-'reiieli reim'seiitatives 
 wen' settled at I'ekin, .Manli, 18OI. Preliminary 
 I'l'iiee with France eoiuluded h 
 
 April, 1,8,85 
 
 'The famous teni|ile or Altar of Heaven burnt i",S 
 Sept. 1889. Population, estimated 1877, 1,650,000. 
 
 PELAGI2VXS, followers of Pelagius, n Driton, 
 apiieared at Home about 41X). Their doctrines were 
 condenined by councils at J erusalein, Carthage, and 
 other places, 415, 550. They maintained : — 
 
 I. Tliiit .^ilani was by .latiiie nil, rial, ami whetlier lie bail 
 sinneil or not woiilil ceitainly have ilieil. 2. That this 
 consi'iiueiii'i's or Ailanrs sin 'were cunlineil to bis ,'wn 
 liei'snii. J. 'Ihat iii'W-biii'ii iiil'ants are in the .saini! 
 coiiilitioii with A.laiii l.eloie the fall. 4. That thu law 
 ilii'ililieil men for the king.lniii of lu'iiveii, nml was 
 loumlcl 19011 eiiiial iM'omises with tlie liospcl. ,. 
 1 hat the gelieliil I'l'Sluieetioll of the ileail dues Hot fol- 
 low in virtue of Liirist's n'siiricetioii, 
 
 PELASGI, the primitive inhabitants of Asia 
 Minor, Grcei'c, aiul Italy, appear to have helonged 
 to the Indo-Germanie race. Tliev were in Greece 
 about Kpo 11. c, and in Italy alion't 1600 n.c. They 
 have been termed Tvrrheiii", Sieanior Sieuli, Apull, 
 &c. Fnim the Pelasgi came the Horiaus, .Eolians, 
 and lonians; all tlnee being Hellenes or Greeks. 
 The Pela-sgi appear not to have had the art of 
 writing, but Iia»-e left numerous anhitectuinl re- 
 mains; they were probably a wealthy, powerful 
 nnd intelligent people. 
 
 PELi:W ISLANDS (X. Paiilic Ocean), dis- 
 coven'd by thcSjianiards in the 17th century. Thu 
 East Iiuliii Company's jiaeket Antelope, captain 
 Wilson, was wn'cked here in 1783. The king, 
 Abba Thnlle, alloweil enptain Wi!s..)n to bri-iL- 'irincn 
 Le iioo, Ins son, to England, where he arrived 
 in 1784, and died of the snialUpox soi . "fter. The 
 East India Coiuiiany erected a Ki'jnun ^ nt over liis 
 griivo in Kotherhithe churchyard. 
 
 'SBai 
 
 I'i! 
 
 /•JIM 
 
 !l 
 
 l:ija. 
 
 ll'ii^* 
 
 1i|| l".>'iV*|" •' 
 
 ¥ '■ 
 
 ii' 
 
 t i " 
 
 ^<^■•- 
 
 It) 1 i> , ! !^ 
 
 Liui. 
 
1 ;. 
 
 fi.'y'S •■„,< -r' 
 
 
 J^^'\"%^ 
 
 
 |H 
 
 1 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 16, 
 
 ^^g|er 
 
 r. 
 
 131: 
 
 I'ELHAM ADMINISTRATION. 830 
 
 PENNSYLVANtA. 
 
 I'KLHAM ADMINISTKATTON. Mr. 11. 
 
 I'fllmm ivplawd tlic cnildf Wiliiniii'l.in iispirmUT, 
 35 All«. 174?; «'■!' "'V/'"".'/'""- 1" ^"^'- ''-t-l' 
 tlif fiillciwiiiK' iiiiiiislrv wiiH 'loniinl (.tcrnuMl •' tlic 
 jmmil li.itt<Mii iiclniinistiiiticm," Iwaiisc it iMmpiv- 
 Im'IuUmI 11 K'nuul o.iilili.iii "f tlif |mrtu'..<). 11 was 
 .linsolvfd by tlii; death of Mr. iVlham, Maidi, ^ 
 
 '7S4- • 
 
 IliMiry l'.'lliiiin,;i,-.'( hinl vf the ti -inry and chaiialhr 0/ ^ 
 
 Ihe'iTiliiiiKi 1: , „ 
 
 Lord lliiTihviikc, lont rliiuinllnr. 
 Duki' nl' Dmsi't. itrryiihitti'J'lliei-iiuni-il. 
 
 Duke "I- Newcastle and tlif earl i,f llan-iiigtiin,scoY(»n(6 
 
 Du'kr 'if MciiitaKU, mi(.^lfi--iii'tirmt nfthe nnlmiia. 
 Duki' iif Itclf.a'd, Hi'sl h.i-.l n/lhr (iihnimlly. 
 Duki' .ifCraltnii, Innl .hirnhn-hiiii. 
 imkf nf Hi.liiMHiid, /«",-/"■ "/""■ I""-"'- , , „ , 
 liuke of .Mw-ll, /."■(»■'■ "/""■ :"<"l ;""' "/>'■"('";;''■ 
 :\Ian|iiis "f Twi'cdilalf. .-..r./.u;/ ../ -'Mrty,,,' ,s,o(/((/i.(. 
 
 All nftliiMaliiiat. 
 •riu'diiki'i.fIVv(Uisliirf and (lake (.n)(dtMn were ii(i( of 
 the lal.init. 
 
 PELT-S (fioin ihUU, skin), rocoipts nn iiareh- 
 iiicnt mils di'po.Mtcd in the f(niit of oxilu'ijiicr. 
 llv act an passed in I.S34, the otHee ot clerk ol the 
 veils was iinohslied. and a ecnnptrnller-fjeiu-ral 
 .ippointed. " IVll Heeords," or " Issues of the 
 Kxchenuer," <ir payments nnnle out ot his revenno 
 l.y James I., were iiublished hy the government 111 
 18/). 
 
 PELOPIUM, sec yiobiitm. 
 
 PELOPONNESUS (the island of I'chr,,), a 
 peiiiMMila, S. (iree.i', ternied Moira m !, ^ t, -h 
 <'entury, .said to have been sefth'd hy P, . 1 ul-'Ut 
 I2H5 11. C. rivI.Ol'clNNI.SI.YN W All ee"-,' "',;.. 'iV 
 twe'ntv-seven years between the Athe."- 1 . <■! -i tlie 
 iKM.ide (d' the'l'eloponnesiis, with U). •,' ...vre'ivc j 
 billies, and is the most famous ,f the war.- .•! i-i'vco. \ 
 It beitan by an attemiit cd' the li.ootiana lo ■ .■■ia-se . 
 riatiea, 451 "-i'-' "" 7 ^'".''■' '""' '''"''"'' 404 'O ""-' j 
 taking of 'Athens by the l.acedieinonians. j 
 
 PELUSIUM(now Tim-h), formerly Sin, the j 
 ■kev (d- Kfrvpt. U.'re, in 52; li.r., I'sammetieus III. 
 WHS defeiit'ed bv Cambvses, tlie Persian, who t lereby 
 obtained possession of the kingdom. 1 e usuim 
 i^urrendered to Alexander, 33.5 ; was taken by ti;o 
 Persians, -sfln: hv Antioehus. 17.5; by Augustus, ^ 
 30 li.c. ; and after a protracted resistance by Am- | 
 lou, the Saraci'ii, A.l>. 038. j 
 
 PEMBROKE (S. Wale.s). A couutv palatine 
 till KV> 'I'lie ''"^''l 'l'"'kvard at Millord was 
 moved to Pemhroke'in 1.H14. I'kmhuokf, Cciu-koe 
 and Ham., see under OxforilMvX Cimhndyc. 1 opu- 
 lation, 1S.S1, 14,15''; ■■'<')'. '4-97«- 
 
 PENAL LAWS, see ('rimin.il I.ftin and 
 Rnmnn Catliolici. l'fii,il saritiiih was sul)stituted 
 <'or transportation bv acts passed 111 1853 and 1857, 
 and amended in !8('i4. A penal servitude eommis- 
 sion appointed, 22 Jan. 1878. 
 Kirst session of tlic latcraatioiial I'ciial Law Viiion 
 
 opened at lirnssels , . 7 An^'. iSSg 
 
 The I'enal Servitude acts, 1853 '■( .sc/. combnied hy 
 
 act ,«ssed 5 Au^'. .89. 
 
 PENANCE, asacrmnentin the Roman (diurch, 
 nrose out of tlie prac.'tice of auricular confession 
 (which sei). The council of Trent, in its 14th ses- 
 sion dssO, ileereed that every one is aecur.sed w'ho 
 shall a'ttirra that this sat-ranient was not instituteU 
 by Christ. 
 
 PENANG, or Pktnce of Wat.es's IsLAJrr), 
 was!;iveii up to the East India C'omiiany in |-8(), 
 by captain F. Light, who received it as u marriiigu 
 
 portion with the dannhter of the kinjt r,f Kedh,!, 
 After several chaii«es itbeiame one id' tlieStiaiti 
 Settlements {ivhiih ai'e). 
 
 I'l'lNDULUMS. The isochrouuu,^ ,,i„|„,r,v 
 of the ' ' ■" ' ' ■ ' ■ ■ 
 
 , . isochrduiiurf j,i 
 
 peiiduluni is said tu ha\e been iiieihl.il j", 
 clocks bv tialileoaiK>ut Idjc), anilljN Kicli jol H irrj, 
 about ((.(I. Christian Huygheiis I : inuii |!ii, ,11,. 
 eovery. 1O58. Sec W(i(7,v. (ieoi^. limium, in- 
 vente'ilthe compeusatint: pcnduhmi, r i^ \i,\wt\. 
 inelits were niiide to ilcterminc the ilirisiiv nt tj,,. 
 earth by pemiulums 'v .Mr. (aft. sir) (J. 'jl, Aiiv 
 (aftds. "astronomer roxah, and others, in u niiiiV. 
 in Corinvall, in l82() and 1828; uml ,,1 11 ,it„i| 
 Colliery 1854. Ill 18.SI, .M. iMiucault deiueiiatr;it(,| 
 the rotation of tliu earth by the motiuii ot n 
 penilultim. 
 
 PENGE MYSTERY, Surrey, seu Tn.,h 
 Sept. 1877. 
 
 PENINSULAR CO.MPANY, see st,,,,,,, 
 1837 40. 
 
 I'ENINSULAR WAR, see under .s>,i,,, 
 1808-14. 
 
 Wellinjjiiai eonipaled (bat lie lost 36,000 iiicii in 
 lliis war -killed, prisniiers, deseriers, Vc. Jl,. 
 took ^rcMl cMic nf Ills men (1836). 
 
 PENITENTIARIES. Tlu" Lon.lon Fi-iml,. 
 i Penitcntiar\, PeutcJiiville-road, was i'slalili<li,.,lii| 
 l8i>7; and the llritish Peiut<'nt t'cniale lMii.;i. i,t 
 Cambriil^'c Heath, Hackney, in 1821). The fhiiivK 
 I'euitentiarv Asso(iatiou, foauded lS;i. l,,,,,,.. 
 national P'l'uitentiary 1 ,n^;resses held, lir,t in 
 Londmi, 1872, at other capitals sin. c ; ut I'm. 
 30 June, 18115. Hn' Milllidnk. 
 
 PENITENTS, see Miii/iMeiis. The Penitents 
 of the name id' Jesus in Spain, were a eoiisrevatiun 
 of persons wdio had led a lii'cutiiais life, luniifil 
 about 1 550. The penitents (d' (Irvieto were furnu-d 
 into an'(irder (d' nuns about lW)2. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA (N. Ameri.a), the liM 
 
 state in thii Union in refrard to mineral wtallh. 
 
 Tlie stdtlemeiic by the Swedes lure in 11,^^^ 
 
 was taken by the "Dutch in 1(135. anil iiii|iiirf4 
 
 bv the Ih-iiish in l()()4. Pennsylviuiiu \va< 
 
 granted by Charles II. to the lUike of Yurk, 
 
 l()(i.|; and it was sold to the I'eiui family. 
 
 l()8l. Pennsylvania was afterwards ]iuit!i;i*i,1 
 
 i from the Iniliaiis by the celeliraled Wiiliani 
 
 i Penn (son of admiral Peiiu), who went nut from 
 
 ' Ku;,'laud with a number id' colunists ; IVnni wliioh 
 
 iierlod the settlement f;radually inireiiseil. Mr. 
 
 i Penn !?ranted a charter in May, 1701. but the inii- 
 
 i j,'rants from the Low Countries refuseil it, and 
 
 I separated themselves from the provin-cidTVun-vl- 
 
 vaiiia. They afterwards had their own asstmlilv, 
 
 in wiiieli the ffoveruor of Penusylvaniii ]irisiJcil. 
 
 This state adopted an independent cnnslitutiiin in 
 
 I-8-, ami established the iiresent in I7i>i. Oipita], 
 
 I il.arrisliurir ; principal city, Philadcl|iliiii, It was 
 
 I stroiuly unionist during the civil war, 1X61-5; ^'' 
 
 h'iiita/'S/ati:s(it\tiiiiriai, and I'lli-nlciini. l-'er>trik('j 
 
 see Viiitril Sliitis, 1877, 1882. Populiitioniu iStX), 
 
 2,(/)6,37o; in 1880,4,282,891; 1890, 5,25!'',oi4. 
 
 flreal destructinu of propiTty and life by a tmiailo, 
 
 especially at I'ittshnrn and lieadiut;, g .Jan. 1839. 
 Several days' violent storais and heavy rain in the 
 Allc'-baoies, swelled the rivers and eauseil tin' hvit. 
 lhov~.t the lakes, .May, 1S8.1. At 5 p.m. 31 May. tlii' 
 S..iit!i l-'nrk ri'serv'ir.a lakealmut 4 miles si|iiari'.lmM 
 the hu>;i' ilani, and a mass of water nislieil 'liraii iIm' 
 South Fork, four uules, hv the deep cireiuleu.i Oiw- 
 man di valley to its Jiiaclioii willi the (Jiini'm.m;li 
 rivei^ ilriviii;,' all helure it. I'nr a di-^tauee nf iiMt 
 I > iiu'los round .lobnstown the Howl swr-iit mit towM 
 
VAN[.\, 
 
 f tlic kiiiff of Kni'|.,!i 
 
 illlll' "TIO 111' tllci)l(,iiU 
 
 isoi'lirnunuH i.i',|i,.rtv 
 
 1 Imvc been .i\<;\ivi {„ 
 
 , nliilliv lUchinl RiiTi, 
 
 h'lii'iisil .iiiud thiMlif. 
 
 . (ii'iii).,. (Jnili;,,,, i,|. 
 
 iiluluiii, 171^. i;.,,„,ri. 
 
 iiiU! tile (ii iisiiv III tic 
 
 r. (lift, sir) U. ■]), Airv 
 
 iniil Htli, i-x, ill a mil,;, 
 
 1X2H; Mi.il lit ll,,!,,,, 
 
 I'liiii iiiilt ilciiii.nstniiiil 
 
 h\ tliu iiuiti.,ii ui ., 
 
 I, Surrey, scu 'Jfinl,, 
 
 MP ANY, soc .SA,„„, 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 831 
 
 rENTATEUCII. 
 
 IR, sri' iiiulir 
 
 •V«i/,, 
 
 llWt 36,000 llll'll III 
 
 1, ili'Mcrtcrs, \C, lie 
 
 i. The I.oiiiliiii [■'iiiiil,. 
 ■niiid, was csliililislii.ilii, 
 iiitciit Fciniilo Utilise lit 
 V, ill l«2(). The (.Inn,!, 
 
 I'mUIIiIi'iI l.S^I. |,,f,.,. 
 
 ii'jnssMs liclil, lir-i ill 
 ■;i|iilal,^ sin 'f ; iil raii-, 
 ((/(/,■. 
 
 i//(l(i!eiis. Thi' Pi'iiitenls 
 aiii, were ii coii^n'L'ati.in 
 
 II lin'iitiiiiiH Hie, inriu,.,! 
 ,s of Orvii-td wore forninl 
 it i6(j2. 
 
 (N. Ameriea), the tiw 
 
 L'aiil to miiieral wealth. 
 
 Swedes lieiT in i(,|j, 
 
 1 in 1(155. '""' iii'l'iirrl 
 4. reiiii^vlvaiiiii w;i< 
 
 to tile iluke nf Yurk, 
 I to tile I'eiiii I'aiiiily, 
 ,a iifterwanls ]iiiii!ia-iil 
 the eelehr.iti'il Williai,, 
 I'lin), wlio went mit Ironi 
 of eoluiiists ; Irniii wliiih 
 raiUially iiii reused. Mr. 
 I May, 1701. liut tlieenii- 
 !i)uiitries refiiseil it, ami 
 I llie lirnvin iMif I'eiiniyj- 
 liail their iiwii u-semlily, 
 f I'eillisylvailia ]ireiiileii. 
 ilependeiit eeiistitiitien iii 
 
 ]jri'seiit in 1 71X). t'apitaj, 
 y, IMiiladeliihia. It n;is 
 the livil war, 1X61-5; see 
 anil I'llrvh'iiiii. I'erstrikis 
 I,S,S2. l'(i]mlati(iniii IS(X), 
 !,X9i ; kSijo, 5,::,t'.o'4' 
 
 ertv ,iiiil life liv a ti.rio'.e, 
 
 III iteiiiliiiK, 9, Ian. i33,. 
 IMS and lieav.v rain in lU' 
 rivers and eansed llie invr- 
 8811. At 5 11.111. 31 May. tV 
 
 ke'ali.illt4!iiiless,ilialv.lilir-' 
 
 ss (if water riislieil'linviiit;.' 
 
 IIV till' deep ('irelliliills Oil;.- 
 
 aeliiin Willi the (jiiMiiaKli 
 it. I''iir a dislaiire uf alwit 
 ,11 tlio tldod swept imt luwm 
 
 ,1,1 vlllnireH, ilestniviii;; all tlie lirldueK, rnllways, ami 
 , .niries Hiiiitli Kuril, ,liiliiisliiwii, Caiuliriii eit.v, 
 Meirelviile, iSlierldaii, and ntlier ItiurisliiiiK tuwiis 
 :,,re eiiiiipletely hint ted uiit. A Kreat mass iil Muatliio' 
 'lekafe, wliieli was stii|i|ied liy a slniie railwa.v 
 I iiilite lit jidiiisl'iwii. Iii'ik lire, ahove live liiiiidreil per- 
 .iiii<?«'li.i were hurled uii the hiuiilin,' mass, perislied. 
 
 T|,",.i||n.t elier«elle measures Were taken liy the niiwrll- 
 
 neiit hv several suites and h.vtlie rail way eiimi'aiiles 
 , ,f|,',. relief nf the siilferers, and fiiravertiiiK Iniiiiliient 
 iMiiine and lieslihnee. li.ililiers of the dead and 
 
 ,',i,i. in'ie Ivnelied liy a viKllanee ( niiltee. Trooiis 
 
 „i,,"<,.|il til niainlaiii nriler. lihi'ml siiliserinllniis wi le 
 I, . .1111 in l.niidnn, I'aris, ami nther iilaees, .liine. 
 
 |. is" stilted tliiit the dam had previously niveii visil.Ie 
 
 i^ais nf its heiiiK III u ver.v ins ire eomlition, ami 
 
 i,r,l iiei ("'en properly eiiiisiniete.l. Several towns 
 .,ii,| villa:;es siiianerjieil, .liiiie ; many bridKes HWept 
 awav; ali^ive 150 deaths reported, 
 
 I iifst statistics stale thu result of the Johnstown 
 ,|i<;„tiir to he iiboiit 6,000 deaths . . 2(. .Inly, 1S89 
 
 l,,liusto»iuWilii Inundated through heavy niins . 
 
 ali'iiil if' Kel). liji;! 
 e,i,ii.iiia tlieatreat Johnstow.i, 10 iiersons killeil, 
 
 ' Ivlniiired "^ '"■'■■ >889 
 
 iwiaetive stiirnis with loss of life at I'lttslnirn 
 
 ■uM iieii;ldioiirhoo.l 3 ('•■ti. i8t>o 
 
 \. llirtliiiil erial-pil, Ashley, Wyoming valley, j3 
 
 ■ „„.|| WITH eiitomhed and ^6 perished by a eave-iii 
 
 ;,ll,le\li|(isioll 15 Mliy, II 
 
 \,.v,|,.iie ill til" Wvomiii}' valley and neitthboiir. 
 
 ■ ]i„,,,|,aliOiit 54 killed . . . aliout nj AiiK. „ 
 liv,„i«|ilosioii ill the I'riek mine, ten miles from 
 
 Mount rica.sant, 151 out of 160 men perished 
 
 27 Jan. 1891 
 
 llntoiis.str ' s in the reiinsylvania eoke distriet, 
 
 iiineli ,1, riietioii of property, reported j,i 
 
 .Miir-li ; a.-sp-nite lluht, g men killed, 2 April; 
 
 ', ...siil.lieis riiaintaininu order, 3 April ; riotiii;,' 
 
 ,,neil Willi ilesperate lights about 22 April, ,, 
 
 \-nmi containing 75 men thrown oiniie line wliil.. 
 
 ' riisliiiMtliriiUtih a liiiriiiiiK forest near Condeis. 
 iinrt I'utter county; 5 "i''" killeil, many 
 I'niuriil "'"'lit- '- -^'I'.^'i II 
 
 \11er lieavv rains, when tlin river.s bad beeouie 
 torrents, early on =, June, a cloud burst mcr the 
 l'ittslniri;iiirriv'ioiis, caiisiuK ureal inuiidations. 
 Atiilusvilletlietanksofoilaiidilislilled lienziiie 
 were unset and were ij-'iiited by linhtniiif,' and the 
 ritywas lired. A llamiiiK stream with lloatiiiK 
 wri'rkugo carrieil all before it, destroyiiif; the 
 Lijiljies. Explosinns followed, caiisiii;,' a panic, 
 iiiiil'tlic peiiple lli'd to the bills. Women and 
 eliililren lieiii^ trainpled on dinin-the rush. The 
 ti.Ty river reaidieil oil city, 18 miles distant, and 
 ,1 iiii'iie iiartof it was reilnced to aslies or sub- 
 iieiieil. It was reporte.l that 1 so persons were 
 .•itlierdniwneil or luirnt at Titiisville, ami about 
 :^T missile,'. The loss of propiuty at the two 
 eilies was estinmteil at 3,(xio,cxio dollars ; larj;e 
 .iiiiis were iinnieiliately siibscriheil for the relief 
 
 .iflliesulferers .... 6 .llllie e( s. 7. 1892 
 
 Iwtructive foie.st llres in various parts, about 
 
 2 Nov. ,, 
 
 .\ oob'rs' strike and riots with bloodshed, chielly 
 Ibiiinariaiis. S.W. reiinsylvania, 4 April e/ w'/. 
 iwarrests April, May, 1894 
 
 .Strike of about 50,000 colliers for an advaiiee of 
 20 per cent, reporleil 20 April ; subsidence of the 
 strike repDrteil o .Iiiiie, ,, 
 
 liviiaiiiile oiitnigo at Salisbury, Mr. A. J. Leiiii and 
 wile killed 4"ct. ,, 
 
 l'i,iv,t lire ill the North oilliidds, .several small 
 ■..iwiisilestniyed, reported . . . 4 .Iiiiie, 1S95 
 
 liaibvay ciillisiini near Atlantic City, on the reiin- 
 sylvania railway, 50 deaths . . . 30 July, 1S96 
 
 Tlie t'aiiitol at llarrislmi-i; burnt down, reported, 
 
 2 Feb. 1897 
 
 .\ IkiiIv (jf foreign ininera on strike, refusiiii,' to 
 .lis|ii'ise, llred on by onler of slu'ritf .Martin, 22 
 killed, near llazleton, 10 Sept. ; strike over, 
 anus terms agreed on, 12 Sept. ; further rinlin;;, 
 
 16, 20 Sept. ,, 
 
 Slieiiir Martin and 82 dcputy-.sheriirs tried for the 
 deaths of 22 millers (10 Sept.), i Fob. iSoS ; all 
 aci|uitteil . , . . . g March, 1S9S 
 
 PENNY. Till' ancient silver penny wiia tlin 
 Hrstsilver I'ojn slrni'k in ImikIiiiiiI, and Ihu only oiin 
 current iiinont.' the .\imlo-.Siixoiis. 'I'lie penny until 
 till' rei^n ol Kilwurd 1. was strink with u crosu, no 
 deeply indinlid tliiit it nii;;lit lie . usily parted into 
 two for liiill'|H III c, and into four tor fiirtliiii(;s, nnil 
 lieiice these naim •• Copper penny iiinl two-penny 
 pieces were coined by lloiilton and \Vii"l, ut Solio, 
 Itirininuliiiin, in I7i(7' 'i'"' **''''' in'iounti'd tlie 
 finest of onr copper currency; see t'liiim, ice. — 
 rKNNY-rosT ; sen /'(/./-0///ee. — TllR 1'K.NNY 
 
 M\(iA/iM', bi ^;an in i«^2; ifje'l>KNNY t;vci,oi'ii.;i)iA 
 ill i.*<v? (siipplciiieiits in I.^4'l mid 1.S5M). The 
 1'kn.ny IIf.ckiI'T stamp was appointed in I.H5j(post- 
 iiire sliiuips aiitliorised 'o be usee', for receipts al'lee i 
 June, iS.Si), and in |,H5S 1 penny stamp was ilirei ' 
 to be plaei'il on banker^' elieijiies. — I'KNNV i' 
 (ill iHM iibniit 200) were estiildislied nbont 
 'I'liey liiivi" lieeonie niinieroiis, .iiid i'l l>^'^ ^ 
 iiiitlioriseii toinvi'sttlieir I'liiuls.— 1'kn\yUi'.ai)1N(..s, 
 for file w. rkiiii; cdiisMS, beeiinie ifeiieriil in 1850. 
 Carpenter' •I'enii) lleiidiii).'S," publislied in 18(15-7. 
 " I'eiiny r , ts," \i ; .Mr. \V. T. Steiid bej;iin tho 
 aeries with .Maeiinlay s '■ Lays of Ancient Home," 
 ici\, price one penny , .May, lKc)5. 
 The value of the lionian iirinni (mentioned ^tllll. xx. 2), 
 
 or 'I' iKiriii.i, was estinialeil at 7V(. of mir money. 
 I'riiini iViiiHir^ lor I r Hoard sebniil children; or^'alil- 
 
 /allon proposeil at Soriety of .\rls, fi iiee. 1884; see 
 
 Ihstiliif'- t liililii'ii, A similar self-siipportiny system 
 
 exisb'il in the provincea. 
 
 PENKUDDOCK'S EEBELLTON on be- 
 half of Charles U. was snpiu'esseil, and colonel John 
 I'cnniddoeU liiinself executed, 1(j May, 1655. 
 
 PENSIONS. Tlie crown's power of (,'rantiiiB 
 fliein, often niilcli abused, was niaterially cheeked 
 by atiitiite I .Viine, e. i (1702), see J'uoi; 1893-5. 
 
 Kn;;lisb pension list lived at oi.ixxi/. . . . 1781 
 Irish pension list said to aniouiit to 489,04x1?. . . 1793 
 I'noision made liy parliament to reduce all the pen- 
 sion lists of the united kingdom fnan 145,000/. to 
 
 a laaxiiiiiiiii of 75,000/ 1830 
 
 A lonimittce appoiiitcil todetliie the proper persons 
 to wlimii peiisiniis shoiihl be ^.-ranted : it ri|iorteil 
 ill favour of servants of the ennvnand public, and 
 
 also of those who " liy their llscflll ilisi.|i\erics in 
 
 science and altaiiiineiits in literature ami the arts, 
 have merited till' .Lrraeioiis rousiileratioii of their 
 sovereign and the ■.■ratitude of their country " . 1834 
 
 The i|Ueeii enipowercd to ^..raiit aiiuiially new pcii- 
 siiiiis to the amount of I j,x)/. .... 1837 
 
 The political ollii-es pension act passed . 9 Aug. 1869 
 
 Tl.u pensions comnintatiou acts passed . 2y June, 
 
 1S71 ami 18S2 
 
 lliath of liev. Thos. Thurl.iw, iii.phew of the lor,l 
 chancellor, whereby pensions bir abolislieil 
 olllees, .said to anioiint to ti,77y/. ceased 26 Sept. 18.74 
 
 Ucp'.irt of committee 011 such iiciisioiis published 
 
 •Sept. 1887 
 
 Pcri'/fiial pensions were granted to the ilukes of 
 i.iafton, Uiidinioiiil. Marlburough, and many 
 othi'rs ill the 17II1 all I iStli ei'iitiiries. 
 
 IJy \irlueiif an act passed in 1S73. \arioiis ]ieriietnal 
 pensions lia\e been terininated by agreement for 
 compeiisalion 1890 
 
 The I lid .\ge Pension scheme of .Mr. Joseph riiaiii- 
 bi'ilain, .M.l'., proposed the establishmciit of a 
 state pension fund to be aided by auiiiial jiarlia- 
 meiitary grants and contributions from local 
 rales anil aiiiiuitants. considereil by a comiiiilteo 
 of theeommons. in Maridi ; adopleil 17 .May, 1893 ; 
 total sum yearly, tn.^(^!. ; d-des, 327,655/. ; re- 
 porled, .May ; report ot comniitlce, issued, 7July, 1S98 
 
 PENTAG]{APir, see Vaiitayraph. 
 
 PENTA^IETEK VEI!SE (five feet), first 
 used about the 71I1 la'utury, B.C. ; see JHfijy. 
 
 PENTATErCII, tlie live books of Moses, pro- 
 bably written about 1452 B.C. See Bible. 
 
 ^1 :** 
 
 »,u„ , . 
 
 fsnKst' ^ jilv 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 k 
 
 A 
 
 O 
 
 >.*^ 
 
 '% 
 
 
 < ^» 
 
 i< 
 
 K, 
 
 
 V 
 
 1.0 ^>^ I2£ 
 
 I.I f "^ l^ 
 
 11:25 iu 
 
 6" 
 
 ^ 
 
 1.6 
 
 % 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 HlOl ^ 
 
 Sdaices 
 Corporation 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 ,v 
 
 \ 
 
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 6^ 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716)072-4903 
 
 '^ 
 

 i 
 
 % 
 
PENTECOST. 
 
 832 
 
 PERFUMERY. 
 
 mrjm . 
 
 '"Sit* ^''llH{^• - 
 
 PENTECOST sitrnifies the fiftieth, nnd is the 
 Bolemu fihvV.loV the Jew. nUk.} «lso " the least o 
 weeks," beeause it w,iseelehrateatiftydi.ys,crse\en 
 weeks after tlie feast of the Passover. 1 4;) I nc. {Lev. 
 xxiii. is; £<orf. xxxiv. 22); see )l' Intswituh. 
 
 PENTLAXD HILLS (lurtr E.linbjirKh). 
 Here th.^ Seiitch presbyterians, since called Uiine- 
 roninns {ivhkh .see), "Iioluid risen against the go- 
 vernnient on account of the est^iblishinent of episco- 
 pacy, were defeated by the royal troops, 28 Nov. lOOO. 
 PENZANCE, Cornwall. Tlu^ town was burnt 
 bv the S,mni!;ids July, l.SOS; It was taken by 
 I'lirfax in 1(40. H.'.e sir Hiunidiry Davy was 
 bonv 17 U'^^'-'- -rrS. '""' 1»P ^vas inaugurated his 
 meinorial statue, 17 Oct. 1872. Population, 18S1, 
 I2,40<)', i8.)i, 12,448. 
 
 PVOPLE The duke of Norfolk and C. J. Fox, 
 at a diimer ill 17')8, g>ive.a toast "the niiijesty ot 
 the people," for wfiich their names were stn ck o,i 
 the ist of priw coun.illors. A " peop e s petition 
 
 4spresei!ted-to parliament by Mr. T.,!^"';™;"^'^: 
 and reie, ted, 2 May, 1842. " Peoi;lu'8 I'auks, 
 Sie¥>l>- throngf.'priJateliberalit^ hay^ W 
 opened si ice 1840, at Manchester, . l"!/' ',''', "'5- 
 mingham, ShetHeld, Dund.'e, Bradfo.tl, Hull, Hath, 
 Bolton, Liverpool, Leeds, &c. {u-laeh see). 
 p,.o„lr\ hanks, biise.l on rcc.penitivc principles, 
 h ve b,.,.n snccssfnllv intro.lnccl int.. llcnnan.y 
 
 «(. [n 1887 tlicve were 2,200 ot th. m' tanks in 
 Sernuauy ami in that year, less than halt .t 
 then, .lealt with more tlian so.ooo.ax.^ sti imi^. 
 Reportc.l sncccssfnl in Gt. livitam ■» >S96- 
 Peonle-s I'lif C.w/i.ni;/ cstal.hsln'd 874, |o ^'UO 
 Tworkin^ class;.s the a.lvanta^os ^'\^1}^"^^_ 
 opcncl their tirst h.aise m Lpper ^^ '"•'' 'y;!^- 
 
 A " P:^i.h:'s Tribnte" io thl. ,.ari of lieaconsllehl a 
 
 ''g„l,l\v.cath,n,a,lc by limit A ''''^kc' , l;.y su h; 
 
 S<.rii.tion of 52,800 pemiies; .■..llci.teil \n the 
 
 ^p.,1, ; of Mr. Tracy ■{■nrncrcUi. Us I'lcsenta ion 
 
 was aeelinclby tlic earl . ■ • i6Jimc, 
 
 See Knteilniumenl. 
 PEOPLE'S PALACE, see Bmumnnt Trust. 
 PKPPER was used by tlie Greeks ; lieeiice.s to 
 Bcll ptwei- abolished, l8(i,. Pepper miported into 
 ?he l^^ited Kingdom in 1863, 16,810,467 .s. I m 
 l88^,3i,17S.S.^9 11«.; in 1887, 29.795^2.?(' } 's. ; !" 
 l8oS; i9,r;ii,858 lbs. ; in 1893, 3>,"2.4i8 lbs. ; m 
 1896, 26,113,001 lbs. 
 
 PEPSIN a peciiliarorganie substance found by 
 ScEimin'tht! gastric juice, and named byh.m 
 from «<■«.««. digestion. It was expiTimented on by 
 M. Bloiidlot in 1843, and has since been prescribed 
 as a medicine. 
 
 PEPYS' DIARY. Samuel Pepys was brirn 
 
 21 Fed) 10;2; became secretary to the admiralty 
 
 alout i(/.4i president of the Uoyal So.ietv, I .84 ; 
 
 Sied26May 1703. His '• Dmn' " as published, 
 
 begins I Jan. 1659-60; ends 31 May, l{>69. 
 
 Th.. MHS at MaK.lalciie College, Caiiibri.liic, was 
 
 eciWa.ivd In- the Kev. ,Iohn .Saiitli. The Inst 
 
 eVl tio.i (With!, selection fnanhis ,.,.nesi.....,\e,ice) 
 
 l,v Uielmr.!, ha-.l lirayl.rooke appeaic. 111 .fe2> 
 
 The pnl.licati.m of a new e.lition, "de. iph, 1 e.l 
 
 withi,hliti.a,al.i.,tcsbytheUev Mynors rjght 
 
 ,87,-9 •. « compl.'te edition of this by H. li. 
 
 Wheatley • •'■> 
 
 PEE A, a suburb of CoTistantinople the residence 
 of Uie British and otlier ambassadors; has Ireciuently 
 been destrojed by tire; see Tuikey, 2 Aug. I831, 
 and 5 June, 1870. 
 PEKAK, sec StraiU Sctlkmtnt. 
 
 -875 
 
 1879 
 
 PERCEVAL ADMINISTR.\TIUX. it 
 
 commenced on the dissolution ot ^ln. ..iiikc ,,|- [i,,,,.. 
 land's, through his death, 30 Oct. iSi»). }\y,\\'... 
 ceval was assas.sinated in the li.bliy ..f ,hi. l,,,,,,,. . 
 commons, by Bellinghaiii, 11 May,' 1S12. Th, j., , 
 of Liverpool'suceeeded as premier. 
 
 Spencer Perceval [horn 1762; ehmnUnr <,f nrhw,, 
 1807J, //-.s/ h>M iif the Inii.inni, rhanntlui „_/ (/no, /„,„,/ 
 an. I rliitiiirllfir ij'tln- dmhn ..//..iiii-iisf.T. 
 
 Li>r.l Kl. 1.111, /../.'. ■/!.., »t/^,i-, 
 
 Karl (.'aiiiih.n, Im-if pri'Mileiit. 
 
 Karl of AVestnii.rlaii.l, /"/■.' j'fifii suit. 
 
 Hichanl Hvih-r, niai-.iiiis iif Wi-llesley, iiii.l .'ail ijf Liv,.,. 
 J, mil, liniiii\l'(in'i',hi. an.l .'../. ./ii"? »ci'/v(.. ,■;.>■. 
 
 I,(.r.l Miil^nivi-, iiiiiiiiiiiltii. 
 
 Mr. Dumas, an. I earl liatlnirst, !«/".r's i./ iv„i(,,j „ 1 
 triiilr. 
 
 Karl ..f Chatliani, nrihinnri;. 
 
 Viscount rahnerstoii, seenlury-at-vvr, ke. 
 
 1 PERCUSSION CAPS, see Fin-mm. 
 
 ■ PERCY FAMILY. William de IVnv ,^. 
 tained lands in Yorkshire from W illiani tht't'i.;;. 
 qiieror, and died at Aiitioch about iixjli. 
 
 The heiivss ..f the last har.in IVrcy iiiani. .l.I.is.rliiip 
 ili. Li.iivaine, sun (if (jo.ll'rey, iluku of IJialiaiil, in 
 the reiHii of Henry II 1154.: 
 
 Henry .le I'lny, their itesi-eiiilaiit, ereati.1 iiirl .jf 
 Siiithiiinlierl'anil in v.-- 
 
 Maiiv ot his .leseenilants were slain iliiiiii.; tli.j w.us 
 (if'tlie Hoses. 
 
 I.aily Klizabeth Percy, the heiress et ,Ii)sii.-liiii. 
 Percy, who died 1670, married Charles, ilukc uf 
 Somerset. 
 
 Lady Klizalieth Percy, heiress ot their s..ii \lt.'ini.,ii 
 Seymour, dnke, of Xoillinniherlaii.l, iii;imi.l Mr 
 lIi'iKh Sinitlisoii, created duke of N.ivtliiiiul«r- 
 hiii.l in i-ii 
 
 Their descemlaiit, .'ike .Mt^eriiini, .li.'.l withi.iit 
 issue, 12 Keti. 1863, an.l was siui.'i'.l.'.l l.y iiis 
 eiaisiii, George Percy, earl of lii'vi-itiy, wli.i ili.,l 
 22 .\ng. 1867 ; succeeded liyGccii'fje Algi'iium, tlic 
 present .liike. 
 
 The I'e.ucv SoeiKTV, for the pnhheation .if iiiiiiriit 
 hallads, &e.. iiiiiiied after Dr. I'l-n-y. hisli.,], „t 
 Droinore (.lid 181 1), who pnl.lishi'il l.alla.ls, was 
 estalilishcl in 1840, puhlishe.l y4 little vi.liinus, 
 
 an. I was dissolved u;: 
 
 I'crrii Atnrilnlcs, elassilieil, comiiilcl liy .1. C. Dohi-nv, 
 aii.l Th.iiiias Uyevl.'V, under the naiiies of Sli.,ltn.,; 1 
 Ucnbeii Pircy, "1820-3. 
 
 PERED (Hungary). Hero the Iliinsiriari 
 under (iorgey were defeated by Wolilgeramh aU 
 the Kussians, 21 June, 1849. 
 
 PEREKOP, in isthmus, five niili's liroil 
 connecting the Crimea with the maiiilaiul. Itw:; 
 eaUed by the Tartars Orkapou, " gate (if llic I-;:.- 
 nius," which the Russians changed to its ini..:: 
 name, which signities a barren ditch. Tlii' liii.. 
 across the isthmus were forced by the Russian imr- 
 shal Munich, May, 1736, and the fortriss «;is taw 
 by Lacv, Julv, 1738. It was again stiMiiL'ly|.i;lii>l 
 b'v the khan, but was again taken by tliu lluiiuii 
 ill 1771. wlio have since retained it. 
 
 PERE-LA-CHAISE, see Cenieleria. 
 
 PERFECTION, see nimniimli 
 
 PERFUMERY. In Exodm xxx. (1490 lu,;, 
 
 directions are given for making the holy iiio* . 
 
 Philip Augustus of France grantea .; clmrtiTtjti..-' 
 
 i master perfiimi'rs in 1 1()0. rerfmnes lieratiic fas..- 
 
 i imiable in Kngland in the reigii of HizaUth. Is 
 
 [H(io there were about forty maiiufadunii.' I-r- 
 
 fumers in London , in Paris aliout nM\. } ' 
 
 Bueli trade as a perfumer was known 111 Scotlaiiil in 
 
 I I7()3. Cmch. A stamp-tax was laiil on vimi- 
 
 articles of perfunici-y in England, iiud tLev*r 
 
DMINISTRATKjX. i, 
 
 solution (it Jtlll.' i.llllu'nf p,,,., 
 
 •;ith, ;o Oct. i8<x). M,.. [.,■' 
 I ill tllf loliliy '•t'ilu'liw.i. ,,{ 
 nam, II May, 1S12. ■Xlanui 
 1 as pri'mior. 
 
 Ui.r. 
 
 'lent. 
 
 Ill iu''n'>i spiil. 
 
 i of Wi'llfsli'V, mill mil (jf Livi. 
 
 Ill OiI'tULHl .St. i>f, I, ■(■.•,,-, 
 
 'III. 
 liiitlmrst, hno nis i,f i.i.,i(„ j „,^ 
 
 icrvtfii'y-at-irtn-. kr. 
 
 LY. William dc ]\;,\- .',. 
 (sliiro from Williiuu llit't',;;. 
 iitioch about I (»)(). 
 
 aroii Percy iiianinl.lMS''clii.,. 
 jocll'icy, iluku of bniliaiit, iu 
 [. . . . . , 1154-;^ 
 ik'scciiilaut, crcatnl carl nt 
 
 Is were slain ilui iug tin; w.it, ' ' 
 
 ', the heiress of Jnscclin,. 
 o, married (,'liarlcs, ilMl<r uf 
 
 heiress of tlieiv son MpTiinn 
 I'urtliaiiiberlaial, iiiairiiil sir 
 eateil iliike of Nortlimiilnr. 
 
 17:6 
 
 ke Alfienioii, dieil witln.ut 
 , anil was suecee.lcil liv Lis 
 I', earl of Heviolev, Him (ii.,1 
 jileil liy <Jeoi'gc Al^eniuii, tliu 
 
 )r the imlilU'iition of aiuifnt 
 I alter Dr. I'erey. liisli..|, „( 
 , wlio imlilislieil liallails, was 
 inihlisheil 94 liule vuluim-s. 
 
 lieil, cianiiiU'il by J. C. linhinsii 
 y, uniler the names uf Sliul!",.:.! 
 -3- 
 
 ;ary). Ilorc tlio Ilirafflrur.i 
 (lefcati'il by Wolilgemutli aU 
 lie, KS49. 
 
 ,n istlinius, flvp miles brcal 
 lea with the maiiilaml, Itwis 
 rs Orkapou, " fiate of the Ivk- 
 Uissiaiis cliaii:.;eil to its iiii-ir. 
 ic's a ban'on iliteli. Tlir iiiM 
 vcri; forei'il by the Uiissian iiur- 
 1726, and the fortress was taki a 
 . It was ajraiii stnnidy l'i:l!""l 
 as again taki-n by the Ituituni 
 ;ini.'f letaint'd it. 
 
 ;AISE, sec Ceiiuierits. 
 
 N', see IlliimiiKiti. 
 
 Y. In Fxodua XXX. {l^(fiU.], 
 n for iimkiii^' t!i« holy iiioens.. 
 
 France gnuiteil .: charter tMai' 
 n \Up. rerfiiiuesheraiiiftot- 
 1 in tlie reisn of Klizabrth. la 
 ibont fort y niaiuifiicturiiK p"' 
 1 j in I'aris alioiit cijlitv. >"' 
 fnnier was known i" Sf otlaiil in 
 
 stamp-tax was liiiil on vjrify 
 ji-y in EnglauJ, aial the vtni«r 
 
 PERIM. 
 
 833 
 
 m obliged to tnkc ont a lieoiioe in 1786. \t the 
 comer of Jieaufort-building.s, in tlie Stiaull, re.sided 
 Lillr, the iiertiiiuer, mentioned in the Spectator. 
 
 PERIM, an island at the sontlierii entrance of 
 the Kcdbea, held by the Diitish, 1709-1800: and 
 agm in 1857 ; made a (.•oaliiia; station in iHHt ■ 
 uiiJcr tlic government of Bumb.iy. rupulation 
 about 400. 
 
 PERGAMOS, see Sci-i'n Churches, y-fl, 
 PERIODICAL LITERATURE, see Sew,. 
 
 »■'■*;■'["•'(«;""■■!' ""; ■'f,""'"- "An Inde.x to 
 reriodical Literature, 1855 vt neij.; by W I' 
 Poole, I'ublislieJ in two vbliimes, 1882-8". 
 
 PERIPATETIC PHILOSOPHY, see L„. 
 
 mm. •' 
 
 PERIPLU.S. The voya-e of H„„no, tlie Car- I 
 t!i,igmiaii iiavi,i,'ator, about the third eentiirv 11 c ' 
 His account of his travels, written in tlic'l'iinic 
 language, was translated into Greek: an Kii"lish 
 tniualation, edited by Kaleoiier, in i.ondon, 17(1-. 
 
 PERJURY. The early Konians threw the 
 oli'eiiiicr hea.ilon-; from tlu' larpeiaii Jirecipiee • ■md 
 the (ireeks set a mark of infaiin' upon liim. \ftcr 
 the empire became Christian, iinv one who .swore 
 falsely upon the Go.spels, was to liaVe his toimue cut 
 out. The canons of the primitive church en joined 
 eleven years penance; and in some states the false 
 sifcarer became liable to the punislinient he ehaiW'd 
 unoii the innocent. In Kni^land perjury was nun- 
 ished with the pillory, tine, aiui ii'-nrisoninent 
 .56. liv the Abolition of' Oaths bill pS 
 nuking n false declaration are deemed "-uiltv of 1 
 raisdenieanor; .Act .s ic 6 Will. IV. ,.,. foand Ol, n 
 Sept. 1835 ;_ a perjury lull was read a second tirne 
 : . pril, \hq-y Perhaps the greatest perjurer ill 
 racdern times was litus Oates ; see 0«i'ry A 
 
 .SfS,-^^T^^^I<^ TRACTORS, see 
 
 PERMAXEXT CO.MMITTEES. One wa, 
 
 appoin ed, 15 Sent. 187 1, by the French nai io n 
 assembly to watch over th« proceeUmifs of the lv) 
 vcmment dining a recess, it consisted of 2; nerl 
 sons of various parties. A similar coniniittee of the 
 Spanish cortcs, apjiomted 22 Mareh, 1873, was ne •- 
 eiuptorily dissolved by the govennne,'.t"22'A^ril j 
 
 PERMISSIVE PROHIBITORY BILL ^ 
 
 »hich would ,^ive power to two-tliii^s of the mc^ 
 paersofaparisli to refuse licences for the sae of I 
 
 PERSIA. 
 
 ad Hrst time iu coiiiiiions, 
 is said not to work 
 
 him as local option bill 
 _^ 8 April, 1893. 
 Utad oiitiim," an Aiiierieanisin, 
 sntLsfiietorily in tlio United (State.. 
 Hhb Liijiior Tivltii-. 
 
 citv^oHi^^,?^*^^' ■■' '"•"^•""" "f "'••^">- «i"' '^ 
 cm ot the same name, eonii.r sin- Itedfe ind 
 
 &!-rve{rirt'" .:^^^ 
 
 PEROXXE (X. France). Louis XI. of France 
 
 l^ulgund^,lKI■e was toiced to si-n a treaty eni. 
 nnninf; those of Arras ond CoiiHan; .ami m'o.Viisii ^ 
 the dukes ii,de,K.nden,.e; ,4 Oct. .468 Tli n ! 
 
 PERPENDICULAR. 
 
 teciiirc. 
 
 see Oot/iic Afchi' 
 
 PERPETUAL EDICTS, see £rf,W,. 
 
 PERPETUAL MOTION. For this purpose 
 machines have been eonstru.ted by the 1 in is of 
 
 PERRANZABULOE, Pernin in the san.ls 
 0" .«'A/^M, .Mul-Cornwall, named from P emin tZ* 
 utron of tinners. Tiie remains of an iicie t 
 Uritish oratory or idiurch, re.semblinu' the a ri» 
 mentot protestant churches, were di^eoyer" i,al ; 
 sand 111 1835, yyith other interesting .vlics 
 
 PERSECUTIONS. Ifistoriansnsu.al'ly reckon 
 ten general persecutions of the Christians ; .sVe ./,,,? 
 Jierctics Ii,oi,i.„t,„„, Jlngmmjls, l'rote>itif„*s ,I/,„I 
 sacns, Jiart/whmnr, .«., Ace. ' 
 
 . threw 
 
 I. LnderNero. who, ImviiiKset lire to Ronn 
 tlie odium upon the Christians ; ii,„lti|,|,i,,, wev,, 
 .mssaci d; wrapt up i„ the skins of wild he ^'ts 
 a-id ton, and devourcl hy dogs ; cniedied, I uinf 
 
 .lomAlliam.partyrwi.yV.-;^;;!' ^^"^«^^•^- 
 «,„on.,,8Julle,^%4; 12Mav, 18.V, (,03-8-) I- 
 
 (321-81); 17 Jnne, ,874 (501-7=) -jio' J, ,•;,' 
 
 ■ '3 Jim, j» 7 (278-84) 2h .Iiine r8-X rt ; 
 l«mi,»y ,,dvocatc,l 'by ^i Wilf d Lawi.ni M p" 
 Iresolufon rejected (252-164) „ Jtarcli ,8 -o. ^'^ ' ' 
 
 I boibfs) was reie '(., ; ,""'' '"•'•'"""« puhlie- 
 
 alive. \ 
 
 II. Under Domitiau 
 
 in. Under Traiaii . 
 
 IV. Under Marcus Aiirelius . ' ' ' ' 
 
 \. Under ."Sciitimiis ,'soveiiis 
 
 Vr Uiidee Maxiiiius ' ' ' ' 
 
 VMi V:'';'','v''j"'' """''■''' 'Vt'""'^'"yP>;,.ed:'o 
 
 * III. L Icier \ aleriaii 
 
 IX. Under Aurelian . ' . ' 
 
 X. Under Uioeletian, who i,r,,liil,ited' divine vvor 
 ship: houses lined with Christiaus w re set 11 
 hre, and uouiyof them were bouml together with 
 
 (54-f'S 
 
 • 95 
 
 106 
 
 166-177 
 
 195-204 
 
 2.15-8 
 
 g 250-2 
 
 258-60- 
 
 275 
 
 303- n 
 
 rojies and cast into tlie 
 
 PERSEPOLIS, the ancient siilendidcaiiital of 
 Persia. Ale.xander.sacciPedof setti'n-.lire to i , wl i?e 
 into.Mcated, 331 n.f. Kui„s of tliisTity still e.xist. 
 
 i ('9«-iS4) 14 Jane 
 .Wtnl 29 April, 189,, 
 
 31 ; (223-141) 27 Aiiril, 1883; 
 
 qi it 
 
 During Mr. Cecil .Siiiitirs expe.Iiii,,,, x,,v 
 se./., supported by lord Savile and ntli,.rs, „a„er 
 mouIdiiiK's were taken of various siailiituivs l,v 
 sig. (.luutiui, iueliidiu;,' th,. historical frieze eui,'. 
 neeteil with the hall of Xerxes, a series of-r,'iii s 
 of auiiiials, etc., and n cast of the iiioiiolithip 
 iiioiiumeut ot Cyrus. The casts prcseuled to the 
 liritisi iiiusenni. to that at New Vork, and other 
 coUcetious, re]iorted .... Kent 
 
 1S9S 
 
 'ST'{:'''i5,(;i?:;»r''i'tT-'°)''»i-'--od..c by 
 
 »:*i™»ii, .8Sept.',8l. '"^-^ • """•■'' "'''""«■'''; 
 
 h.V the lis ™s V ., "'■'''' " ';''"'"'" "'"■'•dueed 
 
 l«KM3:.a:3lt:i;iie;r;;!,d'ril;;^od:;c:,,^[:v 
 
 PERSIA or IliAN, in the Bible called Elam « 
 W, Asui. Ihe ,.ar!v history is mythical; .s;. 
 i Mr,m, A.r..>,, Umpm;,>t and Magi. Popuh.tiou 
 of the present kingdom, about 0,500,000. 
 
 3 u 
 
 ,.i; m .,_ , 
 
 '1 1 
 
 'ri I 
 
 I , I 
 
 '^r 
 

 
 M'm 
 
 
 PERSIA. 
 
 834 
 
 PEESIA. 
 
 Cyrus revolts ngaiiiHt tlin Mi'<lt'S,anil beeoiueH king 
 iifl'crsin, 559; ovi'itlirows tlie Mcdo-Uabyloniuii 
 iiiiinaicliy, aliimt 557 ; itdiiiiiicrs A»ia-Miuiir about 
 548 ; bt'i'diut's master of the east, 536 ; killed in 
 .1 war witli the Jlassagetii; 5^9 
 
 Caniliyses, liis son, king, 529; eonciuers Egypt 
 (ifliiih sic) 525 
 
 Tlie false Snierdis killed ; Uarius Ilystasiics king, 
 521 ; eonquers lialiylon . . . . ' . . 5'7 
 
 Coii(|Uest of Ionia ; Miletus destroyed . . . . 498 
 
 Darius etiuips a fleet of 600 sail, with an army of 
 300,000 soldiers to invade the I'eloiMjunesus, 
 whiuli is defeated at Marathon (i('Ai(7i SIT) . . 490 
 
 Xerxes (king, 485) ; reeovers Kgypt, 484 ; entera 
 Greeee in the sjiring at the head of an immense 
 foree ; battle of Thermo|iyla' 480 
 
 Xerxes enters Athens, after having lost 200,000 of 
 his troo|is, and is defeated in a naval engagement 
 oil' Kalunds .1 
 
 Persians defeated at My<^ale and Plata-a . 22 Sept. 479 
 
 C'imon, sou of Miltiailes, with a ileet of 250 vessels, 
 takes several eities from the Pei'sians, and de- 
 stroys their navy, eonsisting of about 340 sail, 
 near Cyjirns 470 
 
 His victories at the Eurymedou .... 469 
 
 Xei-xesis nuirdered in his bed by Artabaiuis . . 465 
 
 Artiixerxes I. Longimanus, king, 465; marries Esther, 458 
 
 Xerxes I. king, slain by Sogdianus, 425 ; who is de- 
 ]iosed bv Darius II. , Nothus 424 
 
 ArtaxerxesII. .Mnemon, king, 405 ; batth.' of Cunaxa, 
 Cyrus the younger killed 401 
 
 Eetreat of the 10,000 Greeks (.see 7iWraiO , . ,, 
 
 AVar with Greeee, 399 ; invasion of Persia . . . 396 
 
 Peace of Antaleidas (H"/iicA .vtc) .... 387 
 
 Artaxerxes III. (Oehus) kills all his relations at his 
 accession 359 
 
 He is killed by his ndnister Bagoas, and his son, 
 Arses, made king 33^ 
 
 Bagoas kills him and sets up Darius III., Codoma- 
 nus, by whom he himself is killed . . . . 336 
 
 Alexander the Great enters Asia ; defeats the Per- 
 sians at the river Granieus, 334 ; near Issus, 333 ; 
 at Arbela 33' 
 
 Darius III, treacherously killed by Bessus . . . ,, 
 
 Alexanderiliesat Babylon, 323; when his empire was 
 divided, Persia with Syria was allotted to Se. 
 leucus Xicator, whose successors, the Seleuciihe, 
 ruled Persia, till it was comiuered by the I'ar- 
 tiiians, led by Arsaces I., the founder of the 
 dynastyof the Arsacid;e about 250 ; his successoi'S 
 ruled till the Persian revolt .... a.d. 226 
 
 Artaxerxes I. founils the Sas.sanides dynasty ; 1 e- a. u. 
 stores kingdom of Persia 226 
 
 Beligion of Zoroaster restored and Christianity per- 
 secuted 227 
 
 ArtJixerxes murdered ; sueei'eded by Sapor I. ; Ar- 
 menia becomes independent under Chosroes . 240 
 
 Sajror con(picrs Mesojiotaniia, 258 ; rcjiels the Ro- 
 nnins and slays the emjieror Vah'rian . - . 260 
 
 Sapor assassinated ; succeeded by Uormisdas I. ; 
 who favours the Manichees 272 
 
 Varanes I. (Uaharani) persecutes them and the 
 Christians 273 
 
 Varanes II. defeateil by the emperor Probiis ; makes 
 peace 277 
 
 Peisia invaded by the emperor Cams, who <'on(iuers 
 Seleucia and c'tcsiplion 283 
 
 Varanes III. king, 293 ; Narses . . . .294 
 
 The emperor Galerins compicrs Mesopotiinda, &c. . 298 
 
 Peace witli Diocletian 
 
 Homiisdas II. king .'loi or 303 
 
 Oruniz linilt about 303 
 
 Sapor II. king, 309; proscribes Christianity, 326; 
 makes war successfully with Home for tht; lost 
 jirovinces 3:i7-j6o 
 
 The emperiu' Julian invades Persia; slain near the 
 Tigris, 26 June ; his successor .lovian purchases 
 his retreat by surrendering jirovinccs . 
 
 Sapor annexes Armenia, 365 ; and Iljeria, 366 ; 
 makes jieace with Home 
 
 Artaxerxes 11. king, 380 ; Sapor III. 
 
 Armenia and Iberia iucleiieni'.i'Ut . . . . 
 
 Varanes IV., 390; Yuzdejiru I., 404; compiers Ar- 
 menia . . 
 
 Varanes V., 420, persecutes Christians: cominei's 
 Arabia Felix, 421 ; nnikes per.ce witli the Kastern 
 Kniiiire for 100 years 
 
 Armenia again united to Persia .... 
 
 civil 
 Ki.ljaii, 
 
 Wars with Hnns, Turks, &c. 
 
 Yezilejiril 11. king, 440 ; llornii.sdiis III ,.,. '• ^ 'j°'' 
 
 war, 458-86 ; Ferozc king, 458 ; P,ill,i«, .'i "] 
 
 486 ; Jauuisiies, 497 : Kobail again 
 His son, Chosroes I. king ; long wars witli .j,,,;,,.; ^''' 
 
 and his sncccssm-s, with variou.^ fortuu,. 
 Successful canipaigiis of liclisiirius . . ' '''" 
 
 Hormischis IV. i.ontiunes thi' war ; degn.lf j 1 •' ^"'' 
 
 general, liaharam, who deiinses' him' l,,,, '!' 
 
 eventually defeated . ' . ' '"■ •» 
 
 Chosripes II. 591 ; renews thvKm- with sncoess f^-,'- -*^ 
 
 Egvjit and Asia Minor subdii,.,] '•t«3, 
 
 Chosroes totally defeated by the (.inpei'n,. Ii;.i,i,ii,„ '*■'' 
 
 who advances on Persia. . * ' 
 
 Chosroes put to death by hissim, .■<ii.(i|...,' (..g'. . ' "-' 
 taxerxes 111. king, 629 ; Puraii.inl,|, .Ian ,l,t,',.' |f 
 Chosroes, reigns, 630; Slieiicii,li.|i, hirli'\v|. *, 
 Arzemdokt, her sister, 631 ; Kesra, f,n ■ K,.',.,,t.i,' 
 dad, 632 ; Yezile.iird III. . j.'uumi- 
 
 Persia invaded liy the Arabs ; the king tl,'.,.., g'.,'. '' 
 is betrayed t.p them and is put to death, ai'i.llii* 
 army externiiiiateil .... ■ ■'" ""» ^ 
 
 Persia bee cs the scat of the Shiite or Katiinitp '*' 
 
 Mahometans 
 
 The Taherite dynasty established 811 ■ tlie k,t 
 
 feride. 872; tli( Samanide . . ' 
 
 Persia subilued by Togrul l!..g ami Ih..' Seljiiki.,', 
 Turks, ,038 : who are expelled 1,94 ; .m,1„i„,j j,, 
 Gi'iighis khan and the .Mongols 
 Bagdad made the capital . . . . ' ' ' 
 The poet Ilaliz died about . . . ' ' ' 
 Persia invaded by Timour, 1380 ; ravaged hy lii],', ' 
 
 The Jioet .bimi born 
 
 Persia coiKHiered liy the Turcomans, 1468. w)io .nri> 
 expelled by tlie Shiites, who estalilLsh the .'5..|',lii 
 dynastv under Ism.iil I. , , "' 
 
 I.spahan iiiadc the c.a)iital . . ' ' ' '-°' 
 
 The Turks take Bagdad ; great niass.i.ie " ' ' !;":° 
 Georgia revolts to Hussia . . ' , f 
 
 Teheran made the capital . . . ' ' ' ' ? 
 
 War with Hussia ' " J.'!^' 
 
 Kuidure with Enghiud thiougli the Pi rsi.ms taking ' 
 
 Herat {vhich m), 25 (let. ; war ileelareil 1 X,n° i8-6 
 
 Persians defeated ; IJushire taken . , 8-io Ilir' ^ 
 
 General Outran, defeats the Persian.s at Kini^lial,, s " 
 
 Fell. : and at Mohammerah . . . jo M;,).,!),' j?.. 
 
 (it 
 
 90: 
 
 I!!] 
 '3« 
 
 1399 
 1414 
 
 Peai'c ratilicd at Teheran 
 Commercial tri'aty with France, 
 Herat given uji by the Persians 
 
 The shah re-organizes 111 
 Hallways in process ot f 
 Electric telegraph iutro, 
 Great snil'erings tliroir;' 
 companied by fever 
 I'crsons jierislied at Ispai 
 
 14 -M'ril. 
 
 .Iiiiir, ,, 
 
 ■bilv, .. 
 
 T'ernmeiit . 9 s^-ui 11.3 
 
 ". ' . ■ • ■§ 
 
 \ears' ilrou^-lit, ac'- 
 lolera ; about 16,000 
 &e. . Jiilj-Oit, 1S71 
 
 363 
 
 372 
 ,385 
 3S6 
 
 4Ta 
 
 422 
 428 
 
 1^*.' '1 ,.., vv, . . Ulin-ui'l 
 
 Collection in Loudon for relief; aliove i3,ooo(, »iil 
 scribed (lit, i87ilFeli, n-. 
 
 Concession to baron .Julius de Renter to make tail- ' 
 ways, waterworlis, ic. for 70 years, witli great 
 power ■ , . sjJulv, ., 
 
 Prosiieiity restored through a good harvest, .Mairii, iS- 
 
 The sl'iih .startsto visit Europe, rjAinil ; anivwat " 
 St, Petersburg, ^2 .May ; at lierliii, 3, .Mav ; at 
 Bnis.sels, 16 June ; at Loinlnii, iS Jiuie ; ivi'iivci 
 the gai-terat Windsor, 20 June ; at Paris, 5 .Juh ; 
 at Turin, 25 July ; at Vienna, 30 July ; at oiii' 
 stantinople, i9.'.iig- ; returned t" Teheran 23. s,.|it. „ 
 
 Tlie shah visits lOiiroiie in suiiiiiier; retiuiiiil to 
 Teheran 5 .Vn;.. ,5,3 
 
 Relicllions incursions of the Kurdssuppressul iiltiT 
 nineh bloodslied (.see Kvitligltiii) . Oct.— Uw, i38o 
 
 Treaty with Russia signed . .22 Dtc. iSsi 
 
 The Russians attack the Sliolisovau tribes guiu); 
 into winter i|iiartcrs, killed alioiil 80 . ,I.iii. iS=6 
 
 Sir II, D. Wolir, British minister . . i Dec, lit; 
 
 First railway constructed in Persia from Teheran 
 to Shah-Abdnl-AKim opened . . 25 Jiiiii', iS3J 
 
 The river Kariiii decreed open to all natinns by tin' 
 intervention of England . . . gk'iit. ,, 
 
 The shah visits Euroiic ; at St. Petersburg, 23-26 
 May ; Berlin, 9 June ; Anistenlaiii, 16 June ; .Ant- 
 werp, 2:! jUiie; received by the prince of Walis 
 at Gravesend, and sails to Westminster, i July; 
 at Windsor, j .Inly : at (luiiilliall, Lcmlon 
 3 July ; visits iiirmiiigliaiiiand ntlier ij1;ici'< 7-29 
 July "; Paris, 30 July ; .Muiiieh, 19 Aug. ; Vii'iiiia, 
 23 Aug. ; Builapestii, 26 Aug. ; returns to Tplie- 
 ran 20 tJct. i!39 
 
.458,Illll,i», 4i^;K„|,a,l 
 llPlllI !l;;iii]| , ' 
 
 ; '"IIK»,l|>«itl,.Ill,i,|,i„,; ^''' 
 Villi. IIW l„|tlll,„ ' 
 
 iclis:niiis ' '^''1) 
 
 I thp war ; il^KVa.lr. 1,;,'""' 
 
 II ni-l'iisi's liiiii ; |„n .„ 
 
 tli">:;i;wi,l:s,ii.,,.s;,6o3; •*= 
 uliiluiil , r , 
 
 ■yth,. ,.,„,„,,„. ii;,„,,i,„;H-6 
 
 ■ liissnii, Si, ,C, ,-,,5'. ^^j- '''■1 
 
 I'liraii.inkl. .liii.-liti'r of 
 
 •lll'lllll'll'll, Inllrv,!- i,,. 
 
 531 ; Kfsni, 6s, ; r,.|„j;||.' 
 
 ■alls ; til., kiiii; ll.'.,.s f.,'. ^■ 
 'ili.si'iitt.i.l.atli. ,„„(i,i; 
 
 'f the .Sliiit.. ,„'■ l-;,ti,„ite '*' 
 
 itiililislu'.l, s'13; til,. ii.,i. *"*' 
 
 >1 IH-an.i tli..'s,.li„ki,,; ^' 
 'I'l'llii, 11,^4: sul..lm...n,v 
 ^lung.ils . . _ ■ j,^_ 
 
 t' . ' . " . ■ ■ ■ '^'^ 
 , i38o;niVMt;t..ll.ylii„', ] ',','' 
 
 rm-n .mails, 1468, wlio ml: '^'* 
 will. I'stal.lish the .Sui.lii 
 
 neat inassaiTi; 
 
 j;90 
 
 riniyli tlii.'r, I'sians taking''^' 
 t. ; war (leclari-.l 1 X.,v. ,8;t 
 ritaki.ii . . 8-ioll...- 
 hi. Persians at K....«lial. <; " 
 ■lah . . .26 .Mi.v..|i', ,3,, 
 
 , • ■, • M -M'ril, " 
 
 laiice, Ki: . ,lu,„,, 
 i-siaiis . . . j„|j.^ " 
 
 t'o'.enimeiit , q Si-i.t ii-) 
 
 ".'.■.' ■ P 
 years' .Inm^'iit. an- 
 •.i.lem ; al.iillt i6,0OT 
 !i);aii, ie. . Jiilv-dit. ,3., 
 I'elief; ali.ne i^.rmi. >iili. 
 
 . (I.t. iS7i-Fel.. li-, 
 isili. Heiilir t.i make laii- ' 
 fur 70 years, with |.Teat 
 
 • ssJiilv, „ 
 fill agiiiiil liarvi.st, .Miiicii, ,t;. 
 iiii'l.'', i.|A|.ril : aiTivesat "" 
 y ; at l!(.vliii, 3, May; at 
 -I. ml. .11, iS .Inn.. ; re.'eivM 
 2o June ; at I'aris, 5 July; 
 Vienna, 30 July ; at o'm- 
 tiirue.lt.p Teheran 23 .Si.]it. „ 
 ill slimmer; retniii..il t.) 
 • „■ ■ • eAus. i8;3 
 lie KiinlHsuiiiiressf.l after 
 Jirdifluii) . Oet.-Dec. 1S80 
 it - . . 22 Dec. iSSi 
 ;. iShi.liscivan tribes fniuf 
 ille.l ali.iiit So . Jan. i£!6 
 Minister . . i Dec. 1S37 
 .1 in Persia from Tcliiran 
 i.'iie.l . . 25 June, iSJS 
 i.lieii tiiall iiati.ins by tl.e 
 il . . . 9!<ei.t. „ 
 ; at .'.'t. Pl.fersbnrj.', 23-26 
 \iiisler.laiii, i6Jimp; Ant. 
 e.l by the ].riiR'eof Wales 
 s 1(1 W... St minster, i July; 
 : at (iiiililliall, London 
 :haiiian.| ..tiier place.^ 7-29 
 .Miiiiieli, 19 Au^'. ; Vienna, 
 ■6 Aiij!. ; returns to IVIiP- 
 
 . . 20 Oct. i!39 
 
 1893 
 
 PERSIA. 
 
 Imperial Imnk of Persin estnlilislii'd (ooncession to 
 luron Julius .le Renter, 30 Jan.) . 23 Oct 1880 
 
 I'liiice .Male.ilni Khan, loiiy minister in Lumiini' 
 lecalleil til Persia ij,.j.' 
 
 Mirzu .Malioinet Ali Kluin, new minister fur Eii"- " 
 laiiii, receiveil by the Jlanmis of Salisbury . ". 
 
 .sii- Fnnik C. Lnseelles, Hritisli minister V jli'iy' Isq" 
 (IMtiipliiisition of till,, priests ami |...ople to the 
 nionoiK.lyiif the Imperial t(ibai.(..i ni^'i,. (eiii-iiorH.' 
 lion), 14 Dee.; the monopoly abiilislieil in the 
 iiilenor, 19 Dee. ; by a proclaiiiation . 27 D,.c, 
 C..ni|ilete abolition of llie iiiimopiily ileniamle.l 4 
 Jan., j;ranle.l 7 Jan. ; coiiipeiisaliou to the eoi'ii- 
 l«iiiytobe imiil • -.^ • , • . April, ,802 
 
 TI.eHiissian Kovenmient nilfer to lenil 500,000/. to 
 j«iy tlie eoiiipen.satioii to tliii tol.aee.i (..iriii'irii. 
 lion, lepuiteil 23 Ajiiil ; the olli.r ib.eliii(..i ■ a 
 laiiil'n.m the Imperial Hank of I'ersiii, I.on.l.'in 
 .welileil about 16 .May,' 
 
 -IVrsia anil the Persian Question," by the Imn 
 (ipunie X. Curzon, .M.P., ]inlilislii.il . Jlay 
 
 li..v«Itof the ISarharloos, supiire.sseil . . kJ.),' 
 
 (Iieat earthipiake at Kiiehan, 12,000 deaths re- 
 liorteil . ■ ■. ■ ■ ■ .17 Nov. ,, 
 
 Ihliiiiitation treaty with Uu.ssia ratilieil, 30 Jiilv ■ 
 ™I»1W<1 • , 2fi X.lv.' . 
 
 The ooiii,i|,'e anil iniiiortation of silver suspemleil 
 
 .sir jrortimer Diimnil appointeil British minister ' '"* 
 .\lareli, 1854; arrives at Teheran . 17X0V 
 
 K'uliaii rebuilt; again destroyeil by earthfinake • " 
 ii.oco lives lost .... 17-22 Jau' iSo- 
 
 Iielimitation of the Rus.so-Persiaii frontier settled 
 by t'oniitiission p^ij 
 
 Zii.'jatiail an.l several other vill,.ij.'es partially ilesl " 
 troyeil by ail earth(|mike, 300 deaths . ''Jan iSq6 
 
 (i.iiMni]ili!tely .lestro.ved, Sixj .leaths . :; Jan' 
 
 A.<iis>inatiun of tlie shah, i .May (.Mirza Reza the " 
 niunli.rer, exeeiited at Teheran 12 Aug.) ; 'sii|.- 
 lecieil by -Muzaller-eil-Deen, reeogni.se.T bV tlie 
 m'"* 2'.Mav' 
 
 Entlironement of the shah at Teheran . 8 June' " 
 
 Ministerial changes, the .shah head of tlie eabim.t " 
 .if 12 ministers ^u^. 
 
 Earthquake with lo.ss of life in the island of Kis'him' 
 i,40oileaths ,0^ ,, ,|,„|' 
 
 Iiftithofsir Joseiili Tholozan, theshahs physieiani 
 
 .Mr. Graves, of the telegraph department, nnu-l 
 .I'ThI anil his eani]! looted at Karwan ; rn.li.ui 
 troops .sent to Jask, l)i.e.~Jan. ; fSliaki .Mi- 
 lionie.1, th.. mur.ler..r, exi.eiited at Jask, ji Jlav i 
 
 Tlie ft'/ii.-A 1*01, steamship, of London, eouvevin.' 
 anii.s, etc., seized byH.M.S.7.«ii».i/i(7, off.Mu.seat^ 
 
 .\!«lnl Khan, Xasir-ul-.Mulk, aiiiiointed hmiiu.B 
 ■"I'listi'i' ,2|.'..h 
 
 .Vrious laiiatical riotatHania.laii, 27 ileaths 22 Keb ' 
 
 Tlie governor of Kirmaii takes Kaiioeh foi't, h..|il bv ' 
 I'Ws, who lly to the hills . . . .Marc.h" 
 
 ■iiiiin .M iJuHleh, grand vizier, resigns ' 5 June' ' 
 
 died, 
 orii. 
 
 1S97 
 
 (.1). 
 1502. 
 i;;3. 
 
 1576 
 1^77. 
 >5'5. 
 
 lf;8. 
 
 im. 
 
 i«6. 
 1M4. 
 
 I7J2. 
 
 1 :-,.;. 
 
 siuiis. 
 Ismail or I.shnmel : eoiuiuers Geoi'gia, isio 
 Taniasp or Tlianias I. o 1 o y. 
 
 Ismail II. Me.'i'za. 
 ■Mali.iiiiiiie.l .\l....rza. 
 AWias I. the Ur..at ; made a treaty with the En"- 
 
 lisli, 1612 ; die.l m 1C28. 
 .Sliali .S.iphi. 
 Alibas II. 
 Shall IS. .phi n. 
 llii.s.sein ; deposed. 
 Maliiii..u.|, i-hief of the Afghans. 
 Asliniiltli.. L'snrper; slain in battle. 
 ljiinas,.„iTliainiis II. ; reeovere.l the thl'one of 
 
 iisaii..ist..rslr..ni thepreeediiig. 
 |lli.iiiias-lv..uli-Klian, his general, obt-.iined great 
 
 Mi,.,...ss,.s 111 t us ami the snbseiiueiit reigiis.J 
 , r, ":■.!'"■',"'.?"" "'■ Taimisp, un.lei the re- 
 K.iej ..I koiili-Klian, who afterwards eaused 
 lMii.selft.ilieiiro.lainieil kin 
 ■*j'Ul' Shall (tiiivii t.,ii.,i.s Lii, 
 
 ""■ ■^"tbuisTill-'i'''"™ ^"'' "'" "'"""'■ ""'1 assasaina. 
 '"^' ■^1'miml"';i""'"' '^1'"" "''t^'i"^ the power, an.l 
 
 J7rjS. Futt..li Al'i-Sliai, 
 
 .834. ■^I';l';;mn„.l.si,ali, grandson of Futteh 
 .848. N,isr-ul-|i,.,.„. „, yasr.e,|.D,.en. son . i,„,„ ^ 
 Ainl .629; said to be ail able trim' .'iml 
 tn-nilly to liritain. visited Ei, ...pe ' 87, .sis 
 
 .896. Jlnzani'.,.-,..! I.,„.„, son, 1...,.,, 23 .Mareh, ,853 llei,-. 
 '^ ^1' ■^'"■^a Iti.za.|.|.s..s,;'|,ai„.h,'boin is''! " 
 
 I PERSOX, Ol.-FK\(KSAfiAIX,ST. The st.itiile 
 awsrespeentig tlies,. weiv ,...,isoinb,t;^i amU,^ ! ^ 'd 
 
 PEKSPECTIVE in ilf.iwiiig was observrd li-. 
 bvM'l' ^■ytCA'":^") ^'".l treated se e, f^^,.]^^. 
 bj M ehael Angelo, L,,.,„arclo ,ia Vitiei, i„ul .\1 'A 
 1 IT, early m tlie ,(,tl, ,.,.n|,„.y. (; ,i,l„ ui .^1 . 
 Mihsbed u treatise i,, >u,H- Dnbreuirs tr H ! 
 ' the ni. 1 ei'iei,'"'?'';;""-'"^ ''■''"■^"•'■'' "' "H^- ^ ml 
 
 monast,.,.y hore by K„,„.,t ,;„,„„„ „ I '' ,t.. , .f „^f 
 AH. I, lor whi.h ll.iTsiulbrede.,ndign,pu,.i.sl mettt 
 l^.M les eoii.spii.a,.y o.-eiirnd lien.? Am- Ifkw 
 Vi-nh was take,. iVoiu the Fr,.,,,.), garriv r'l.v Vh^^i 
 n;on,,ers,20JuMe,,55,, The-'Atli^hslfl^rt " 
 relati ig to leligions eereinoni,.s, weie a-reod t, Iv 
 .!• Ueneral As.sembly of .Seotland 2= ! ,•' 618 
 1 e.-th was taken by C.-onnvell i„ u,-,:^. d'h the 
 
 lli, statue of the prinee consort wasinau. i, -..te I >'• 
 the n,-ese„ce of the queen. ;,o Ang. 18O4 S J h, ' 
 Cathedral mi.eh danmsed liv tire 3i I)e, Xn, 
 The Xatuial History muse,,,,,- one,; .it', s^ir Wi U^/„ 
 
 . PERU (S. Atneriia), was 
 mens, said to he d( ' ' 
 
 ml 
 Cai 
 
 ^''Imri'bnagr,;""' ">i.iiue.e.l by Franeiseo Pizarro 
 The last im-a. Atahn'alpa.'put to de'itli " L ,, ''=-t"-^3 
 Pizarro assassiuate.l at' i:ii'„a "■"" ;=9 " '^ '533 
 Kuitless iuM,r,e,.ti,.ii olHi,. IV.uvian^umlSr Tapa ' "'' 
 
 imb.p.u.lenee of 'iv,n] '^ ° 
 
 28 July] :82i 
 
 i4.lau. 1824 
 
 Feb. ,. 
 23 Nov. .. 
 
 t 
 
 i-JiKl (h. Aineriia), was long govei-ned hv 
 :eas said to he descended IVo.n Maneo fa, ac wl.o 
 a.h,Uj,e„thee,.,t.,.y.ri,,n.latio.t,8;C,3!(^^,;;;i:: 
 
 739 ; assassinated at Kl 
 
 utoii. Ills king); eonijuers India, i iioliti. 
 
 ...I fit U 1.1...... ... 1... I.; . . . ' .. ' 
 
 Amarn, an inc.. 
 San .Maitin prorhiinis the. 
 
 War against Spain . 
 Bolivar iii.id.. .li.tat.ir . 
 Mariano I'ra.l.i piv^i.li.nt 
 
 '';:flCn';;;:!r;'i;!ir':t;!i;i^^'''''-'''''-'''^^'i"- 
 
 Warw„hC.,lniill,ia;,r;.aty;,f,,eaee " " ^'^^^ J' J^J^ 
 
 Af^ter a sm.eession ,inic,.ee paitv iHicts TJ,l,\ '^"' 
 
 H'lm.in Oistilhi bcemnes j.i.'.si.l ' ■''""•" 
 
 tent ; llriii and 
 
 ■?47. S^liahHokk. 
 ';;■• [hiter,eg,inin. ] 
 'oj. Kiiieem Kha,i. 
 
 1.11 by his nephew. Kxportation of gimno bi' 
 
 President Ell 
 
 p.'esident 
 New eon.stitut 
 
 leuiiiuc, deposed; Castilla 
 
 ion, 1856 ; uiodilied 
 
 3 u 2 
 
 1846 
 
 1855 
 1S60 
 
 v 
 
 
 V- f'H 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 li 
 
 I 
 
 lift !1 
 
 "i» 
 
 u 
 
 *.» 
 
PERU. 
 
 836 
 
 PERU. 
 
 4«r*' 
 
 Piiliuliitioii (without IiicllniH) ftliout sj inllliiiiiM . 1859 
 Jlavsluil Sail Hiiiii.Mi i^ii'siiliMit . . -^4 (let. 1862 
 
 OcihmmU. A. IVzi't liivsidcnt . 3 Ainil, 1863 
 
 Till' spiii.:.fli nilmiijil riiiznii tiii>k iicissfssidii nt tlic 
 
 C'lMiii'lia-isle.s iMiliuiMi' li.r ni ") lii'linipiix to 
 
 PiTU, NtatiiiK tliiit lie wniiM ipiciiiiy tlu'iii till till' 
 c'laiiuM (if liis Kiivniiiiiiiit 1)11 IVni were satisfiiil. 
 
 , 14 April, 1864 
 AiniTicaii i,,i;.Ti'ssiit Lima : I'li'iiipiiti'iitiarii-s IVniii 
 
 C'liili ami nihi.i >tii|,.s upTt I i.iTt iiirasinvh 
 
 fur ili'tViiri' apiihst Kiiioinaii |iinvi-is , Nnv. ,, 
 NVftutiatiuiis folluw.d liy |.i'aii' witli Siiaiii, 28 .Jan. ; 
 
 L'liiiu'lia islands ii'st. Ml il .... 3 Kcli. 1865 
 )ii'Vii|t a;iaiiist Jill-si. lint I'lZot. 28 Ki'Ii. : si'vnul 
 
 Iinivinccs siiiiii l..>t Mnv. 
 
 Till' insiu-yiMits iliTl:iir WMi-ii';ainst S|iaiii . Oi't.' ,',' 
 
 Tliry takf Lima : I'lzit tiii-.. ami Laiiscrn Iut cs 
 
 la-i'siilciit N,,v. ,, 
 
 IVni fuiiis chili, ami ihihiris ivai- aj;,iiiist iS|i,iiii, 
 
 l''i'li. 1S66 
 Tlio 8iiaiiish iiilmiial Xiifiiz. ill his attoiiijit tn liniii- 
 
 haul L'allaii, ii'imls.'.l .iml wmimli'il . 2 Mav, ,, 
 
 Till' (Sjianiai'ils i|iiit I'll iiviaii watii's . 10 May, ,, 
 Hints at Lima af.':iiii^l ivlini.iiis tnli'i-atiiiii 15 A|irj|[ 1867 
 luvasiim iif i'.\-]iii>i,liij| Lastilla, May ; ilicsuf h'vi'r, 
 
 ,, . 30 '^'"V, ,, 
 
 Manaiinljjiiai'e Pr.iln vi'sigiis ilit'tiitorshiii ; iiiinli; 
 lirovisioual jiri'siihut, 15 Foh, ; iirni'lainii'il, 
 
 31 AiiK'. „ 
 Iiisiu'ret'tioii against lYnln ; hi- resigns, 7 .Ian. ; siic- 
 (.'I'eiU'il hy jji'ii. I.a I'ui'rt.i ; E'lZct's tri'atv with 
 
 Sjiain i-uiiliiiiii'il ^8 .Jan. 1868 
 
 Ciil. .1. Ualta I'li'siil.nt i An- 
 
 St'Vi'i'al tiiwns in I'itm siifliivil liygn'ati'artlninakrs 
 
 (see A'(i/y/i<;aii;...v) . . . . 13-15 All),-. ,, 
 Gill. 1 mini's ilisi'iiviiiil at Unarhii . . (>,'t. ,871 
 
 Iinliistrial I'xliiliiti |iiiii'il at Lima . .Iiilv, 1872 
 
 Military iiisiini'i'liiiii at Lima: Tmr is (iiitii'iri'z, 
 liiinistiT lit war, niak.-s himsi'lf ii;itatiir, ami iiii^ 
 Iirisiiiis ini'siili'iit lliill.i . . . 22 .Inly 
 
 Cnsupiinrti'il hy til.' I'll. I'll., ami not I'i'cii'.'iiisi'il hv " 
 ilililumatii' ii'|iri'.-..iii.iiiv.s, h,- niilns Ualta tn he 
 sliijt : is hiiiiselteniiiiiilleil tn llv ; iaii;;lit ; killed 
 by the I'l'iiple, ami liaiini.! tn a lamp |.nst ; enl. 
 Zavallns, vii'e-pi'e'*ii|i'iil,,'i.ssniiiestlief;n\i'rnment ; 
 
 order restnred ; al t aoj live» were Inst diirin • 
 
 t'lf '•"";"'■'•'".' 26.1iiiv, „ 
 
 Manuel I'ardo eleete.l pre-i.h'nt hv the peoide, as- i 
 
 sinned nltiee j All" 
 
 Armed riots in Lini.i.it the e.'v.'iiitiniinf enis. (iamili " ! 
 
 and Zavalln-. as ivl„-li .... Mav, ,373 
 rresideiit Pardii e.s,-;ipes assassinatinii . 22 Aiik 1874 
 Iiisiiriei'tinii uii.lei I'i.inla; lie is defeiited at 
 Snrota, near Tarata .... 3 Dee. 
 Ttilmiunt sailed frniii Carditf fur South Aineriea '; " 
 consij.'lied to J'eniviai, rebels ; seized and eon- 
 ilenined as a prize, and Kn^lish .laihu's impri- 
 soiied, Nov. 1874-Nnv. 1S75 ; report on ill-iisat;e, 
 Eni.di.sli fjnveriiiiieiit prnmiM' iniiuiry Mareli 1876 
 
 President, .Mariana 1. I'liidn . . ' . 2 Au^. 
 ReiHii-ted insiirieelinii of Ni.nl.is de Pierolas, witli " 
 ahiiiit 6000 men, eiideavmiring to eslahlisli a 
 Houthern eniifid.-iar.\- . . . . 6-10 Oet. 
 Hu sails away witli tiii' y/w'-i'.n' ironclad, 29 May ■ " 
 this is attacked liy adiii. Ke Horsey, with H.M.'«! 
 Shtih ami Ainrtti ii-l, iih jiiratical," for attjickinj.' 
 mail shi|.s ; it is 1 om|.i'lle.l to ^n int,, Lima and 
 HUrreiider ; the Peruvian.-, resent British inter. i 
 
 fereiii'e, and tlu-eati-n reprisals . . .hiiie 1877 
 Peniviaii ynveriiiin-nl is-m-s a cireiilar to the '. 
 
 powers, lo.Jiini'; demands rei.aration 25 June, 
 Sir John Ilolker, att.-;jeiii'ral. in house of i-oni- " ' 
 luoiis, said that the Ihm.nn had i-oiiimitted acts ^ 
 
 which inii'le her an i-neniv idMireat Urit.-un, and I 
 
 had no helli^eient ii;;lits; and that IJe Horsey 
 was.justilii'd ill what he did . . 11 Any. 
 Pierohis and his adherents aninestied . An"! " i 
 Ex-president I'ardn, iiresideiit nf the senate, assas- " ' 
 
 Hiiiated at Lima 16 .Nov 1878 
 
 Peru and iioliviu ileelare war against Chili, an- 
 """"'■"'l 2 April, ,879 
 
 SeBor F. G. Calderou provisiimal prpaidem n \i 
 
 ilalena .... '" .'1:1^.. 
 
 Anareliy in Lima . . ' ' • ' ^ ''"]'- 
 Pierolas, near Lima, declares for ei.i,uiiii,;i «.„''• 
 
 .\l'iil, 
 
 111! 
 •Ii. 1 
 11. 
 
 Fortlm events of the war, see CliUi, 1879-81. 
 
 Sangiiiiiiiry revolution at Lima ; I'ierolas jiroelaimcd 
 dictator ; I'rado Hees . , 22 Llec. f ripi/. 
 Lima occupied hy the Chilians . 17 Jan - 
 
 Pasco, n seaport, hiiriit by Penivinn .snldierv ' -ii„„,; 
 1000 inhaliitants massacred, aiiiioiiiice.l ' V v 
 
 Pierolas ipiits Peru, ni unced „" i. 
 
 President Ml iiitei'o oiiposed t'. truce \vltl, A 
 I disallei'tinn . . . "' . 
 
 President Igleslas fornied a 'min ',trv '-ih-nt ' 
 I .Sept ; he signs peace with Chili at An.'.;,, 20 „.',' 
 
 Impiu'tant tei'ritoru's s„,-,-i'ml|.,-cd 
 , Lima evacuated hy the Chili'uis ' ' '. ',' 
 
 Areijuipa su,-,-emle,-eil to the Chilians . ' J,,', 
 
 Oeii. I-lesias' giiveriiment eniiiin,i,-,i hveleetim,,'' 
 
 Treaty with Chili ratilied hv the Xnhil'.i"!," S 'I'',"' 
 I partial evacuation of I'l'iuvian tcrii,,, v ' ' lit'' 
 Gen. Cai-j'i-es makes himself ,.,-i'sident in oi,,,,,,' i ,; 
 , to lKles,as ; ente.s Linai with a rahhl - „„ 
 I Mincklv repnlseil . , ' '" '* 
 
 i Mniitero oscillates hetween tli.' two inirti,.'/ '^!l''i 
 war eniitiuiies; Truxill., eaptmcd fur I..|',.i 
 severe lighting a,, nniu, ceil . i,,,",' 
 
 I Gi-ailiial siilimissinn tn the government ' 1 
 J Insnri-eetioii ; g.iveniment ti'nniis ilii','-it,.,i ,'„ 
 I Ayacuchn, annnuneed , •. V 
 
 j Gen. Caceres defeated by gen. Iglesiasiit Ili'mm'.'jv; 
 
 ; Caceres' army dishauded, aiinoiince.l " "'"'.^^lui' 
 
 Renewed heavy lighting aiiiini ed, n JmIv' .V 
 
 ; linrte.l rebel victoi-y . . . ,- \, 
 
 Gnvei'iinient trnoiis gain a victni'v nver tlieV.i t' 
 
 "f gen. Caceres, ,6 ( let. ; at J, nia ah,,,,, ,, .\,„. ^ 
 
 Caceres attacks Ltnia; sevce ilghti,,.. ' |„]„,j,;: 
 
 surrenders 2 llco. ; 11,'. Arenas elcetid'i'ai.s'.i,.,, 
 
 3 Ui'O.; Iglesias and Caceres retire fi',,,,, I,,,,. 
 
 through to,e,gn intervention . ,1,,^ 
 
 Gen. Caceres iiresident . " ,V ,■• 
 
 Cnl. Hemigio .Morales Hei„,u.Iez.p,-,.si,|,.„'., ,V\,,,' 1 
 
 lierolntinnai-y attemiit nf Pier.,l„ss„pp.„'tcr.s i,,,;,- 
 
 Lunadideate.l; aliont 40 killed ^ \W 
 
 A new ,i,i,iist,'y hi,',,, I'd by se,^,,,- Justi„ia„,ii 1),,-' 
 
 gniin, 24 Aug. 1891 ; siu'teeded by sen. Culns 
 
 Gi'cat lirn at Callao ; huihli'ngs and imich'>l,'i)',i','in '- ' 
 destro.ved 21 An-'" 
 
 New mini.stry under gen. Velanle,' 3 M,'„'cl, • h',,,],^,' 
 sen. Jose Mariano Jimenez . . 12 Jliv 
 
 Crisis through the fall in price of siUi'i'tV'/,;"/,',!,)' ' 
 
 Death of iiresident lieiiiimlez; \ ii'e-pii.si,li'.|i't',".''l' 
 
 boi'gono assumes imwer . . m .Mucii 
 
 Gen. tj.iceres instalh'd as Iiresident . '' loAii- 
 
 Insurrection in tlie soutli, re]ioiti'd, 11 All" ' ii"' 
 
 siirgeiits defeale.l near Mirave, lepnrteil, 20A11L' ■ 
 
 again defeated al Hiiarez, repnrte.1 ,.,,,," 
 
 Bands of rebels defeated, iei„irte.l . 12, -o.\.,\' 
 
 The rebels occupy Arei|Ui|ia, reporte.l . ' {r .1 mi 
 
 Lima besieged by the iusiirgents under gen. Pien,!,,. 
 
 Reported defeat of the governineut tinniis 7' 
 
 (-ihanillas „ jj,||,,,|| 
 
 Gen. Pierola enters Lima, lighting with iinioli 
 
 slaughter; a truce obtained bv the diploiiiatic 
 „™''1«. •, ._. . . . ' . ■7-2o.M,i,'cl,. 
 t.eii. Pierola retires; iiresident Caceres tnk.^ 
 
 refuge on French man-of-war at Callao ; 11 i.'i.,. 
 
 visional .government formed . 21, »2 M.'inli 
 Gen. Mcola Pierola elected presideiil . " lo.liiiv 
 Sel^. Ijarrina.ia tiirnis a cabinet . . , i),.'o' 
 ISliort rebellion of Meniimirio ends . ' . j,iiy| 
 Congress opened by prjis, .Mcola Pierola, iirnspmiv 
 
 ^ "^■I'V,'''"'! • aS Jiilv, 
 
 ^I'fl. I!arriiia,|a resigns, sncceedeil by sen. .Miiiiii;'] 
 
 Olai'chea, announced . . . . 8 .Aiip. 
 Great lire at (inayaipiil. churches and puhl'ic Ij'iiil.l' 
 
 lugs destro.ved ; estimated loss, 6,ooo,oorj/., 
 
 6, 7OCI. 
 Congress opened, 12 Aug. 1897 ; the eahinet resign., 
 
 29 Oct. ; new one formed by seil. Roiiiinia, 
 
 _ . 26 Nov. 
 
 Ilie iiresidnnl in a secret message to congress owns 
 
 to not having mmjilieil with seierai law.s prn- 
 
 inidgateil in 1896 Xov. 
 
 Hill passed providing forrivil niarrliige, aiinouiici'il, 
 
 16 Dto. 
 
 I'-i 
 
 '''■\ 
 
 1:96 
 
 1^57 
 
PERUGIA. 
 
 «37 
 
 Tlie pre»iile:it of tliH caljiiu't iv.sljjijH . j. no,. ,«„, 
 IT^dicoi rH«nnlinK Umi ,V,7,;..r//,.' o« tlic .in,.stiun of ^' 
 iH<i.iriii(j liiJid t(i IV'ni, sj-iicil at WaiiliiV',,, 
 
 22 A|]rll, 1S9S 
 PERrOIA, a city of central Italy ; aa Perousi,,, 
 amicnlly out; ot the htniscau uoiiledcTatiDii It 
 allii.l it-df -.vith the Samiiiti's, Init wa» niineil bv 
 twii dt'fi'iits liy tlic Konians, 309 and jnr „ f. 7, 
 »;i8 taken by Octavius Cii'sar IVoni the 'adherents 
 ,i|' Antony ; many (if wliciin were iminolatcd nn altars 
 l"'|'-;,''";:*-"Wf.' Lm X took IVruglu fVon. the 
 iii,illiuiiilicsOil(hMnd liafjliom, in a. 11. jr^o An ' 
 iii.uriwtiiin here M};ainst the poiie wm i)ut down l)v 
 tli'Swis8Witli}rreatcriieltv,2oJune, i«rn IVnici:, 1 
 w;i. taken liy tlie Sardinian general Fanti, in Sent i 
 IHO, when the cniel papal general Schmidt a id 
 l(kX3 men were made prisoners. l 
 
 PEEUKE or AVIO. The an.ients used faNe 
 li;Mr, Imt the present j.enike was first worn in Franic i 
 ami My ahoiit 1620; ana introdinrd into En'-hinil 
 ahiut lUiO, and prevailed more or less till about ' 
 
 IKIO. I 
 
 It is saM lliat l>islinj, I!l,)iMliel(l (of L„ii,l„„) ,•„ ,s,„ i 
 ubtaiiicl pinnissioa f,„. tlie l,isliops to disco ntiim/. I 
 namuti llieivwins in parliannMit, of wliicl, tliev l' ■ 
 
 .1 1, Wild.-, and of I,.,- .|i,>l(,-,.s and »,.v,.ml can isel 
 .iltKireil la coiiit witliout wigs, 22, 23 July, 1868 
 
 PEEUVIAN BARK, see /t*«i/,' Bark. 
 
 PETER.SBURG. 
 
 1:m 
 
 criM'^tl^^E' h' ^^■''•^'!' "" "ivention as- 
 
 ^H;^^"u;:.!'''';:ti:r;^f;^- ;:/'"' '''"''"'^^^ 
 
 ■V'r.ro, Hamlet ili 4"'"' '"' """ l"-'""" '««/'■- 
 „PETEK THE GREAT'S WILL, see under 
 
 unchaiinhi:L;i;!t^"^"^'"^"-'"-'^^^-'r8s, 
 
 PESCHIERA, a strong Austrian fortress, on 
 ail island in the .Mincio, near the Lago di Uard'i 
 \. talv. It has been freqnenth- taken bv si,.;" :!: 
 b> the i i-eml, , j ;,/, ; by the Austrians and' Russians, 
 1:09; l)v the l-rench again, 1801 ; given ui. bv 
 tlieiii, Iiil4 ; taken by the Sardinians, Mav i8i,S'- 
 retaken l,y Kadetskv, .March, 1849. The SaWliniaiH 
 werepreiMi-ing to besiege it in Julv, i8sq, when 
 V,« remade It was given up to theVtalian 
 9 Oct. 1860; s,t:e Qtmdnldtirtil. 
 
 PESSIMISM (from pcssimuK, the worst) the 
 oppo^lte ikictrine to o/,flmisi,i ^vhich see) Mi- 
 James Sully's •; IVssimisni, n History and a Criti-' 
 
 inner frSS ^^'"'^ "' • '^"' ' '^'^^'"' S''"'!'''"- 
 iauer(i;88-iS(«). an eminent pessimist, says " Ail 
 lileiseHort.all eltort is painful, the pains of life 
 must predominate. ' "i mi 
 
 PEST.\LOZZIAX SYSTEM of education 
 «asden.:e, l,v John Henry I'estaloz.i, born at Zur ,' 
 111 Switzerland, m ir4(,. died i; Feb. 182-. In r-- 
 lie turned his larm into a seho<d for educating nno? 
 -.aldren m reading, writing, and working; but hi 
 .1. not siieeeod. In ,798 he established an or ,1 
 shool whei-e he began with the mutual in. ■ ■ 
 t.ti. or momtoria system, since adopted by La 1- 
 .i-'ter; but his school was soon after turned into 
 a liospital for the Austrian army. In 80- in 
 "i'Tmi ;"','' f->!l"il'crg, ho- establish«r'hU 
 « hoolat Hofwyl. which at first was successfu but 
 eventually declined through mismanagement. 
 
 PESTH (Hungary), built about 880, on the 
 ;■•* ank of the Danube, opposite liuda, w^s ,! 
 '■*dlv taken and besieged in the wars of IIu n '„ ' • 
 
 iMrticularly with the Turks The sri t ;„","• ' 
 
 l-n broke out here, and the n.i ist? '„u Lam" 
 '«■?, was killed, 28 Sept. i8i8 liuCi Vth 
 >'ken by the inipenalists, c j7„ 18 io Tb:^'^r ''' 
 
 .^safterwai-lls defouAl'the AuZuiB who'w"; 
 «ligeu to evacuate it 18 April. Bameve.i .. 
 
 "SlHu,!Sv:^^8f '""^ «-^ 
 
 "^■■'*uia„ national cxiiibition opened 2 .May, ,385. 
 
 PESTILENCE, see i'^w*. 
 
 Julv 188 ■ r.,tl, 1-1 ■*• "'""' '■'-'-opened ii 
 Jiin, if,»), (.athedial ie-oi,eiic,| ., n,., ,0 '. 
 
 i lurther restoration, .\lav Vs j t , 1" • ^^/ 
 
 about M,(X)0/. nee, led , \ov '^•„ ,, "■ t", . f ""L 
 
 =m!;n:itL:[-^)£(,i,:~^^ 
 
 woi. l•opwIa.i,;!!,^^^,;^,;^:^. ',;:^'"^.~" 
 
 ., ,. ni:' i:vr hishoi.s. 
 
 «"■•• '^'''''"•"•'■."'■■in: did. 8 I let. ,8,, 
 1813. .John Parsons; ,licd 12 Mn,l, .s, 
 .8.9. H.aM,citMar,-l,; died ^^I;v'^t5• 
 .33,;. (™Mgcl)avys:,lic,|, s.M.iil ,8n? 
 1804. HaiH-isdciiiic, .M..,v -.lici ., v,,,:^' 0^0 
 
 'Z^;^:^; •^■■'-:ldc!.^,-h;^^tt™ns,afed- 
 
 't-rS;;;fe';;r''"'^^''''-^''-''=*™-'''ted 
 
 "?897."""- ''''"■"'■•' ^■"■'■■f">"- ^-"V': '■'«'te,l 6 Feb. 
 PETERSBURG, ST., the modern eanital of 
 
 f™ns,.i.e,._f.,n M,;ic. 
 
 i^r^c^'mlotfcrH/^coZ-^r^,^-^^^ 
 
 1^1,-^''" r •'*"""•'•' ''.^- ''■s?''tning. Again in 
 June, 1706, a large m„g„z ,„■ of navTil fitof, , nnH 
 100 vessels were destr,n,^d. The wi , ,w.?. 
 burnt to the ground, .} Dee. Ife Th^r'illl^^^^^ 
 
 * 'i 
 
 I " !': 
 
 i« 
 
 1 1' "'■ 
 
 
 ti;! 
 
 
 ' h -" 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 \ 
 
 „l 
 
 
 m 
 
 "^^'Wffl 
 
y^:fm% 
 
 
 PETER S CHURCH, ST. 
 
 838 
 
 PETROLEl'M. 
 
 Moscow was finisheJ in 1851 ; U> Ucrliti, nponcd 
 S Miiy, 1862. On 10 Jiini',' l8(i2, iUDpcrty In thi> 
 amount of npiirly a niillinn stw'liii); was (Icstioycil 
 liy fire, ropiila'tidn, i8H(i: pniviiwi', r,()(x),.S5i); 
 city, 18.S5, 861,^03. () Vvh. iS()7, i,2()7,()J3 (vvitli 
 suburbs). Sec }liii.si'i, |8()2 if .w/.— I'eteushuuo, 
 Virginia, see Uiiittd SUiltn, 1864. 
 
 Peace of bt. I'ctcr.slMirt;. lictwceii Hiissia (Mid 
 Prussia, tlic fiiriiicr ri'sl(aiiiti all Iht i unipu'sts to 
 tlu' latter, siiiiuMl 5 May, 
 
 Treaty of .St. PctersborK fnr tlie iiaititioii uf I'uI.omI 
 (sec article, /'ei7i/i"/i VV(»/ir'.<) . . 5 .\u>;. 
 
 Treaty of St. Petersljurj;, leil to a coalitimi against 
 France 8 .Sept. 
 
 Treaty of Alliance, sipieil at !St. Petersliurn, ln- 
 twecn Jii'inailnttr, prini'C myal of Swcili.n, ami 
 tlic cnipc.ini. AlcN.iMilcr ; tin' fiaiiier a>;ici'inn tn 
 join in tic r'aniimign aniiin-l Krarn-i', in ntiirn for 
 wliicli Swt.clfn was to iciiivi- Nurway a Manli, 
 
 Gmml niw Alcxainli'r II. Iiriilm' nvir tlic Neva 
 opcncil \2 Oct. 
 
 Sliijp canal to Croiistadt coiiiiileti'il, l-'ili. ; np|.ni.i| 
 liy tlic c/ar j; .May, is; 
 
 War iiicniorial or glory nioniiiiient uncoviTeil liy t lie 
 czar 26 (let. i31 
 
 .Seiiii-centeiiiiial aniii\crsary of the fmiiiiljitidn of 
 llic llriti^li ami AiiM'i lean cIim|m'I ; liiissian (li;.:iii- 
 taiies ami loii'i^'n iiinljasMclcii.s prcsi'iil . it lli'c. 
 
 Kxliiliiliim lit wiiiks of Uritisli arti.sls visited by 
 the c/ar and czarina .... 23 ,11111. 
 
 ; Savoy gained ii great victory over tlie'l'm k- ; i , . 
 I 1716. 
 
 PETITIONS. The ri-ht of petiti.,„i„. ,]„ 
 crown ami parliiinient for redress of Krievinu,", ., 
 fiinilamciital principle of llie cnii^tiiuti,,,,. P(.(:' 
 tioiis are e.\tant of the date of 1-alwaiil 1. mii" 
 reign of Henry IV. jietitions hc;;iin to he. " 
 
 commons m ciiii>idiTalili. nun: 
 
 1762 
 1772 
 1803 
 
 1879 
 
 1890 
 
 PETER'S CHURCH, ST. (Rome), originally 
 erected by t'onstantine, yAt. About 1450, pope 
 Nicholas V. cominenced a new chiircli. The present 
 miignitieent pile was designed by liramaiite; the 
 first stone laid by iiojie Julius II. in 1511(1. In 
 1514, Leo X. eniploved Haiihael and two ollicrs to 
 superintend the building. I'aul III. comniitti'd the 
 work to Miclnud .•ingelo, who devised the dome, in 
 the construction of which 30,o<X) lbs, of irmi were 
 used. The church was consecrated 18 Nov. I'i2(). 
 The front is 400 feet bro.id, rising to a lieight of 
 180 feet, and the inajestie ilonie ascends from the 
 centre of the church to a height of 324 feet ; the 
 length of the interior is (kk> feet, forming one of 
 the most s|)acious halls ever constructed. The 
 length of the exterior is Wi') feet; its greatest 
 breadth within is 442 feet ; and the entire lieight 
 from tlie ground 432 feet. Heuewal of the leaden 
 envelope completed, .Inly, 1884. 
 
 PETER'S PENCE, presented by Ina, king 
 of the West .Sa.\ons, to tlie pope at Home, for the 
 endowment of an English collei;e there, about "23; 
 so called because agreed to be paid on Peter >liiss, 
 I Aug. The tax was levied on all families pos- 
 sessed of thirty pence yearly rent in land, out of 
 which tliey ])aid one jicnny. It was coiiliimed by 
 Oftii, 777, and was afterwards claimed by the popes 
 lis a tribute from Enghind, and regularly ■ oUected, 
 till suppressed by Henry VIII. 1534. €i(niihii. A 
 
 tiublic collection (on behalf of tlie [lope) was for- 
 lidden in France in i860. 
 
 A collection for the pope was pro|»iscd to be made in 
 Hungary by the prince primate, reported, i6 Nov. 
 1892. 
 The Peter's |icnce jircsentcd at the pope's jubilee was 
 said to aiiioiint to 263,960/. ; (licat liritaiii, 48,ooo(. ; 
 Ireland, ■jiol. I'Y'b. 1893. Sec i'o;»'. 
 
 PETERSWALDEN (Germany), CoxVEN- 
 TION OF. between Great Britain and Kussia, by 
 wliich n firm and decisive alliance between those 
 powers was made against France, and the course of 
 action against Napoleon lionaparte was iilanned ; 
 figned 8, July, I''*!3. This alliance leil to the over- 
 throw of Bonaparte in the ne.\t year. 
 
 PE'TERWARDEIX (in Austria), was taken 
 bj the Turks, July, 132O. Hero pruice Eugene of 
 
 to the house of , 
 
 In 1837 there wen- pre..ented ti. parliiinunl nis'-i' 
 petitions, signed by 2,i)03,i)<i3 pcrsi,n-; ii, ijj, 
 24.386, signed bv2,2<)O.S7'3; ill 186;, i:,;44,snK.a 
 by 1,143,216. See ^lliliumrn, ami lli/lili,. ° 
 .V petition from lioiih.t;iie for an.ii,iiln;„ |,r,,||_,i|, ,|, 
 but not received by the ^olllMl^ll^ . Ainil-Mitv ,.., 
 
 ■ Evidence bcfiin. a coiiimitlei' of the coiiniiipiis ,liv'l,,„'. 
 
 systems wheieby \iist luinitier.s of ln.titiuus ,n/ 
 
 forced sit;iiatiires were obiaiiieil, reii.l,.rii|.. 'n ' 
 
 j petitions for and iiKainsI the eoiitiiiiiinii.|. ,7f .1, 
 
 London coal and wine dues utterly \iiliie;e»s,.Mav,r.^^ 
 
 PETO'S ACT. 13 & 14 Vict, c, 28 (liw 
 
 renders more simple and etl'ectu;il the titli, ijv 
 which religious bodies hold property . 
 
 PETRA, the ancient Sola, in incnmt Scir, m.,.., 
 mount Hor, in the land of iMloni. In the 41!. i.(.|i. 
 tury n.c. it was held liy the Xa!iatliaMii«, «),, 
 successfully resisted Auti,.,-ou is. Aliout a.ij. -0 p 
 was the residence of the .\iali |)iime,, ujiu,.,. 
 Aretas, It was coui|uered by Cornelius l'alm;i, iin,, 
 annexed to the empire under '1 lajan, 103, to wjat 
 
 ■ period its remarkabl > moiuiineiits are nscnliej, ]. 
 '■ was an important statiou for eoninuieial tniliir wiii' 
 : Rome. It has been described liy liiirekhuiili ^ii, ; 
 i other travellers. 
 
 PETRARCH AND LaTUA; celelu-ate,; 1„ 
 i the refined passion of the former f'.a the hiii. 
 
 began in 1327, and the chief sulijcet of lussoiiin!- 
 
 He was born 1304, crowned witli laurel, as ;i |..,ii 
 I and writer, on Ivister-day, 8 A]iril, 1341; and i,:i..: 
 
 nt Arijua, near I'adua. 18 July, 1374'. l.aui.Mii- 
 '6 April, 1348. A commeiuoratiun nf his iliatli.i- 
 
 Avignon and other places, 18 July, 1874. 
 
 ; PETR0-BRU8IANS, followers nf Pi„R. ,:. 
 Bruys, an early reformer, who was liuvnt at .v 
 ' Gilles, Languedoc, as a heretic, in 1130. 
 
 PETROLEUM, rock oil or ininml .11 
 similar to parattiii, has lieen found iu niaiiv y.nh .1 
 the world, especially at Kangoon. In l8V) iiii(l>iiiH, 
 a number of oil-springs were disi'uvercil lu the bin,- 
 
 , miiious coal regions of N. AV. I'emisylvania, nm 
 termed " I'etrolia," and others have been lii.. 
 covered in Ohio and other states, and also in taiiaiti. 
 Numerous artesian wells were sunk, nianuf'aitorir- 
 
 ' erected, and an almost unlimited supply obtaiiiMJ; 
 between 1830-77, 2,802,500,000 gallons; in 1S1-3, 
 8,907,365 gallons. Inconsequence of the im))Oit;ili.-ij 
 of this oil into this country, and many aciiilni!> 
 having taken place through its intlaininiibility at 
 low temperature, actsfor "thesafekcepin!;of|H.tri- 
 leum" were passed, 20 July, 1802; July, 1S68. .".iii, 
 187 1, and 1879, Petroleum becmnc an awfuhvi.,i|iuii 
 in the hands of the insui'gents in I'a.is, 23-27 .Mai, 
 187 1. About fifty killed by explosion at a petrnli'iiiu 
 manufactory near Klieims, 16 July, 1871. Th'lV- 
 troU'um Association test petroleum, with tlif view 
 of preventing the imiiortation of that whi'h i^ 
 dangerous. Ketined petroleum imported : l'^;:. 
 5.670,674 gallons; 1877, 33,474,055 (.'iillons; is'^i. 
 58,371,381) gallons. Unretined luni ictiiu'ii: I".', 
 5(),6<)5, 982 gallons ; 1883, 70,526. 9<)b gallons; l^^j. 
 52,975,789 gallons; 1885, 73,875,641 gallons: in*. 
 '7i,25iui^ gallons ; 1887, 77.3'JO>435 «''"»"«• '«-> 
 
tOLEUM. 
 
 ictory over tlie'Tiiik.. ; All;-. 
 
 10 ri^'lit (if pctiiiiiii!,,., ,1,,, 
 lor mli-osMil' );ru.v:iiii,"i. h , 
 
 of the cnri^titutinii. f^,fl, 
 
 (lictc of ]-;ilwnr,| I, iiiii^' 
 
 itidiis lii.^riiii to lie ini,|,|.,<,,i 
 
 iii.s Ml I'oh^iilcnil.li' iuiinWr< 
 
 ■^(•lltcd til |iMlli;iliitii| |o8>| 
 1,1)05,1)05 liCI-SOII,; i,, ,j.?| 
 
 :P: '" '«''7-,,'.-v44.Mi!iK.d 
 'liui-nrs, and A'y/i/s, 
 
 !• fur nii.iiMil Mil, III j||, 1,1 
 
 '■ '"<'ii'> . .\|.ril.Miiy i-i' 
 
 illi'i' "I til,' (■ in ,|u.|„„:,| 
 
 it iiuiiiliiTs i.r lii.|iii„m j|„| 
 
 '.'l''' "lltllilll-ii, IV||,i,.fi,|„ ||'„, 
 
 iiisl II iiiitiiiiiaiiiv ,,r ii|,, 
 
 ^a■sutte^lJ■^illlll■:l•^s, Jlav ,:•. 
 
 [3 & 14 Vict. I-, 28 flSw 
 llnd l'ltritll:ll tllr titii,"i;v 
 liolil iiriiin'rt\ . 
 
 lit Hclii, in iiKiuiit Stir, in..^, 
 (1 iif Kiliim. Ill ilii-4tl;|.,.||, 
 1 liy the Xaliiitlui'iim, «|,„ 
 iiti.^iiii IS. Alimit .\,u. -0 It 
 till' Aviili 1)1 inn., i,;;,,,,.,! 
 red liy (.'i.riR'lius I'lilnm.;,,!.; 
 miller ■Inijiiii, 10;, to wIih, 
 
 llollllllU'llls lll-f iisrlilicij. ii 
 
 ■11 fur iiiiiiiiifici;iltnil!ii' will, 
 csiTibi'd liy liunkliMiU ai.i 
 
 iD L.VT'U.V ; icWbratnl U 
 f till' fnriiicr fur tlir hnii;, 
 ' I'liii'f sulijcct of liis soniid- 
 wiu'il witii laiiri'l, us u |i„|.| 
 (lay, 8 Aiirii. 1,541; iiiiil liif.i 
 , 18 July, 1,574. J«'Hi;i iljn! 
 niiH'iiionitiou (if liis (liat!, ;,• 
 oes, 18 July, 1874. 
 
 iVNS, followers uf Picric iw 
 ■nier, who wa.s liurnt ;it >:. 
 
 11 herotie, in 1130. 
 
 [, rock oil or iiimeral oil 
 1 lieen found iu iiiaiiy parts ul 
 tKiiiigoon. In KSiijiindsiiiir, 
 s were disiuvereiiiii thi' bill.- 
 if N. W. I'eiiiisylvania, 11.11 
 
 luid others liave bi-eu in,. 
 her states, and also in Ciiiiaii;i. 
 ills wore sunk, inaiiiilaitorir! 
 ; uiiliiuited supply obtaiiini ; 
 32,500,0a) gallons; in iSij. 
 onsequence of the iniportali'ii 
 ouiitrv, and many accident.* 
 hrougli its int'iiiiiinmbilitv a; 
 for " the safe keeping of |iiitr.- 
 ) July, 1802; July, 1S6S. .'.i:a, 
 eiini beianii' an awful wim|i(iii 
 surgcnts in I'u.is, 2j-2; Ma;. 
 .'d bv explosion at a petrnlniiii 
 inis, 16 July, 1871. Tli-lV- 
 'St petroleum, with tlic vini 
 ii])m'tation of that vlijih i' 
 
 petroleum ini]iort('d: 1^;:. 
 
 ry, 3.-?,474,05-i (-'i"!'""''' I'^i' 
 j'nretined and retiiit'd: |mj. 
 S83, 7O,j26.90'jgalli)ns; i'^^. 
 iSS. 73i07?.<4' !-''ill»"s: i'*- 
 i«7wr>390,435Si'll°"*:>'^»' 
 
 PETKOLEUSES. 
 
 8,39 
 
 
 1,401,2^5 pilloim : 18,S(), I02,88i,25(, gallon 
 i3,o.So,«t)3 gaUon.'* ; 1S1J3, 15.5,1 25,(^,7 Mall, 
 
 Ions; 1850, 
 
 ' 'Dll.f. 
 
 PHARMACY. 
 
 33] 
 
 1836 
 iSS; 
 
 1890 
 1891 
 
 1894 
 
 mriileina oil fmiiiil "1 I.iiiiiliei-^;(.r Hanlce Hun. 
 iivrr; aciilonyfiiniieil iiaiiii'il (Kllieiia ,\|. , 
 
 Pclnili'iiiii lire at lirlstol ; lire lloateil tlinni'-li tlii' 
 ilraiii.i into till' river . . . _ i,1 .Vnv 
 Tlif ureal |iitriili'iiiM Kiminils near I),i|;ii, „ idi.s.sim', " 
 tiiwiiiiii till' CHS|iiaii, loll;; iiiiiiiii|iii|izci|, si't fi-,M' 
 1872; p>«.\\y ili'Vi'liipeil liy l.iiilwi^r (,ij,.,i ^ ,jj 
 i833), uiiil Kiilii'it .Niiliel, .-Sweiles, .siiiit. jg,. . 
 54,000,000 galliuis uf oil iir.iiliii.i.ii ii, ig".'. 
 liiisiiiii su|iiilii'il joo,ooo,ooo ill 1S32; e.\iiorta' 
 timi U'K'ii" anil greatly iueruasing , ,g3 
 
 (Dakii is tlie site uf the aiieieiit lire wor.sliMi 
 by the lullmveis ul' Zuiuaster.l 
 r.lriJi'iiiii lar;;ely iliseiivereil In Austrian (iaiieia 188- 
 Jlr. Edwin -V. Ileiiwiioil's iiiveiitiun fur use 'uf 
 wiriili'uiiifiir the iiruiluetiun of steam aiiniiiiiii.,.,1 
 March, i336 ; .Siiiel'.s iietruluiim engine an- 
 
 iiciiuici'il \iirll 
 
 Pi'triilraiii ili.scovereil ill E«y])t un tin.' euast ut the 
 
 lleilf^ea, .March, i336 ; ri'iiurteil siieeesslul 22 \i|,,' 
 
 Pi'truli'iiia fiiiinil in liiirinah . . . \^.^".' 
 
 Id'slructive lire at the .Markolf pi'truleiini fuiiiitVii'i 
 
 war Uakii ^. j'njy 
 
 UrKei|iuiiitities of natural ^-as now useil ns fuel in ' " 
 iniii\viirksi.V-e. in riltsliiir;,', ,^(1. . , i38jf< sm 
 Jlr. Peaii's system uf li;;litiii,i,' hy petroleum lainiis 
 wasiiitiodiiccil at the C'ii.\tun station, ,s.K. Haill 
 
 na.v ' .' x'ljv' 
 
 Mr. CliPiiliairs ]iroeess for soliilifyin;; |ii'troleiini to 
 
 fonn cheap .steam fuel reiiurteil siieeessfiil ia x,,,- 
 
 Oil is (li.scovereil in the Hnters uf sunn, wi.ffs „|,' 
 
 the Ashwick estates near Shi'iitun -Mallet ."Suiiier. 
 
 litft, ryiHjrteil I'iiiitti ',j .J-m* 
 
 Coiillniu'il, on investi^'ation, by jiruf. ReilH-uuil'.,',,,! 
 Mr.Topley .... . . ,„ Mai'eh „ 
 
 .VK'rcat iiotiolenm fountain at (iiuziii, iiurth uf tin' 
 Caucasus, takes lire; 17 wuikiiieii killeil aii.l 
 iiiuchilestnietion, repurteil . . i3 (j(.i 
 Mr. liovi'itiiii Iteilwumls " I'etrul, .11111,''' an exhaiis' " 
 tivework, liistorieal, Keo-rapliieal, seienlilie ainl 
 l.'i,'al, 900 pages, with maps, etc., pul,li,h',.||,, 
 
 Aiiiiiiiberiif wells iliscovereil in Biizeu, Koiinnni.n' ' 
 rsiwrteil |,,,' ' 
 
 Oil struck at a .i.'ptli of 1,040 feet at iSt Paul's " 
 inlet, Xewfoiiiiillaiiil . . |>,.. ,806-Jaii iSn, 
 
 TliP pctroleuin eoinniittee's report reeoiii mis 
 
 ''*i»''""" 13 July, ,393 
 
 PETROLEUSES, a name given to wonien 
 
 diargcd with throwing petroleum on the Imrninst 
 
 houses in I'.ins during the siege b\' the l'o^•el'U. 
 
 ment, May, 187 1. 
 
 PETROPAULOVSKI, a fortified tuw„ on 
 the east coast of Kanitsehatka, was attacked hv un 
 ingUshand Ireiieh squadron, 30 Xwi. 18:4 ■;],,..■ 
 destroyed the batteries, but failed in taking soine- 
 Russian frigates, except the Hithi, a store-ship 
 taken by the Frmdeiit, and a schooner taken bv 
 the hme Admiral Price was killed, it is sm,. 
 posed by the accidental discharge of his own pi'stol 
 Apartyof 700 sailors and marines landed to assault 
 he place, but fell into im ambuscade; many were 
 killed, including captain Parker and J[. liourasset 
 English and ireucli otficers. The obieets of the- ' 
 attack were not attained, it is thought from . 
 »ant of stores, .\fter this the Kussia.rs greatly 
 ► renghened their defences, but 011 30 May" ,8:;, ' 
 he allied squadron in tlie Pacific arri^■it g here ' 
 o.,nd flic nlacc deserted. The fortificatioirs we e 
 
 Sped ' '""■" "■"' ''""•^■''' "!''"-" I'-'-^^i"" ' 
 
 'S;;;:^fc.'^\.^!rf""^"°fYork,i7,h.. 
 
 within the w 1, ,r;i,V'' ^7, """"■ ""><•• ' 'i>i'''l 
 
 dated .(xir '■' '"'' '" ''"-■ '■'■''"••''••' «"^ 
 
 PHALAXSTEKY, see Fo. 
 
 Htrurium, 
 
 PETTY BAG, clerk of the : nower was given to 
 the treasury with consent of tfio lord ehancellor 
 and master of the rolls, to abolish this olfic ' Iv e 
 OreiUbeulOflices Act, 1874. 
 
 PEVEXSEY.(Su9se.x), said to be the site of 
 WM erected. Here William of Nonnandy landed, 
 
 ' EiiTShi^W^i^'T*''^' "''""•''' 'it''' "f 'l>^- kin.s of 
 : rife'opvstl^''''Arf, '•'''''' •• '^""'"' ""'>■ there and 
 
 Erasmus aViIso,,, i:,j,,j,t of tin: J'^H mil) '1 
 
 pSito-witlr'^i-t^^-i,^^ 
 
 the^Bignihcation, "royal ruler," '• fSr 'f 1, 
 
 , PHARAOH'S .SERPKVT'i! n ,i,,„ 
 
 ohen,icaltoy,eomV^dS,I^^Vinid Tin^r 
 eury, appeared in Paris in the summer of 1865 
 
 lalmud enumerates seven classes of Pharisees. 
 
 PHARMACOPCEIA, a book of directions for 
 the m-eparation of medicine, published bv.o"le"es 
 ?xrn i'"'"' "^/'^''-'i^'^t in England '618 L* 
 
 sede t insB .f M ",',"'"■ P'''"'"'i'«'Pa.>ia, to suiier- 
 se tliose of the colleges of Londin, Edinbur.'h 
 iinu Dublin which was published in June Wu' 
 succeeded by a new one in A[av, 1807- rcMrin mI' 
 i8<X); another ordered, J)ee. 1893. ''1'"'"^''. 
 
 B,i^^^:^^£Y:a.eJ<now,edge,^thec..em^ 
 
 emjUoyedmetLi,lali;^ltter rSt^;^X 
 
 Mr Jaeob Bell, obtained its charter iii 184?. "An- 
 nual eonterences. It nublishes a weekly jou rnal L 
 Ihe pharmacy act, 1S52, regulates the qSeu- 
 
 :M 
 
 '.,.;H 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 
 if hi 
 

 
 M^, 
 
 
 
 u:-. 
 
 ■ >' \i 
 
 . I' 
 
 <| 't'* 
 
 ^#f: 
 
 PHAROS. 
 
 8<)0 
 
 jiotm of plmrnmccuticiil chcmisU. It wii« onii'iuli'd 
 i)V the phanniiiy net iif iSM wliich rcnuircd nil 
 
 PHILIPPINE I8LEH. 
 
 rllcrs dl' |i(iiH(iMH to be renistcieil after <l De( 
 IW;8; net amended in |8()0. 
 
 hale of K(,(«l iiml llriik's Art i.iihhimI . ii Aii;f 
 rhuriiiiiiMMiticiil !SM,i,t.v of InliiiKl wu» lUHtltnteii 
 
 liy the Irish IMmiijiacy Art, piiHHeil . ii Auk- 
 rhiU'Jiiiiey. — An iMtii-riatiuMMl iihiirniaeeutleal cdn- 
 
 yi'e»« (with an e.\liitiitiiiii) waH nja-ncMl iu l.onddii 
 
 lutenintlonal riinrninceiitlenl cungreHs iit Hnwsels] 
 
 31 An>i 
 
 1875 
 
 :88l 
 
 . ^- 1885 
 
 PHAROS, iin inland on the const of Ksypt, en 
 wliuh was erected the eelehiated liffhtlionHe eailed 
 the towel- of rhar(p>, lie«:iin liv Sostratiis of Cnidus, 
 2<(8, anil eonipleteil by kinj; Vliden)V l'hilailel|diii« 
 Jilmut 283 n.c. (tn the top tires were eoMstantlv 
 kept to dire( t sailors in the hay. See lAijhtlwiixtH. 
 
 . PHARSALIA, a PtronR city in Thessalv, 
 Is. Greeee. Near it Jnlius Ca'Mir defeated his riviil 
 Tonipey, Aui;. 48 ii.(\, and became virtually 
 master of the known 'vorld. I'oinpey Heil to Knvpt, 
 where he was treacherously slaiii, bv order" id' 
 J'tolemy the younger, then li minor, nn'd his body 
 left naked on tlie strand, till it was burnt by hi's 
 faithful freedman, I'hilip. Sec Gnto-Tiir/.i.i/i 
 War, 1807. 
 
 PHEXOL, or pheiiii; uoid, names for carbolic 
 .Tdd {iclncli «(■), 
 
 PHENOPHTHALMOSCOPE, an appara- 
 tus lor investi};atiii(; the movements of the eve-ball, 
 invented by Doiiders, of Utrecht, and announced in 
 1870. 
 
 PHER.E (Thessnly, N. Greece), see Thcssnli/. 
 
 PHIGALIAN MARBLES, in the Itriti'sh 
 Museum, were purchased for it by the prince refient 
 lu 1815. They consist of portions of the fneze 
 taken from the ti'iiiple of Apollo Epicurus at 
 J hipleia 111 Arcadia, and are reputed to be works 
 ot the earlier school of Phidias, who died 452 ii.c 
 1 he has-ndiefs renreseiit the conHicts of the Li reeks 
 mid Amazons, and of the Centaurs and Lapitlue. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA (Asia Minor), see .Sneu 
 f.//»n//c.v. _l>nii,.u>El,i'iiiA, rennsvlvania, was 
 Idamied by "\\ illiam I'enn 24 Oct. Itfe, chartered 
 l>y him ns a city, 28 Oct. 1701. The William 
 1 enn idiarter school founded, 1(189, and chartered 
 by liim, 1701-11 (first master, Oeorffc Keith); it 
 IS still a tlourisliing school (i8i)8). 'Ihe first 
 -Vmerican conRiess assembled here in 1774, and 
 luoinulgated the deidaiation of indejiendence on 
 4 July, 1776. It was the capital of the Union tili 
 _l8oo, when Washington was selected in its plaie. 
 J he National Union Convention held its first 
 iueetin« here 14 \»<t. liHAr, see United States. 
 I'opulation 1880,847,170; 1890, 1,046,964. 
 lieginiiing of ccntcmiial year cclchratea with L-ivat 
 
 ileiiionstratioii i Jaii 
 
 International exhibition ojieneil' by the ii'resiilViit 
 the emperor and ciiiiness of liiaz'il present ; very 
 successful ; about 130,000 persons jiresent 
 
 .Said to lie the most extensive of all cvhiliitioiia " 
 litherto ; vista of tliive-ciKliths of a mile ; main 
 
 bnililiiiK 1900 teet long ; 6 other large buildings. 
 
 anil 200 siiniller, 
 IVizcs awarded to exhibitors; out of 11,000. 488 
 
 given to Great Hritain . . . . s^.Scpt 
 Aliout 80,000 iiiTsoMs admitted by iinyiiient dailv " 
 
 .Sept. ; exhibition closed . . 10 Nov' 
 
 [Total admitted, 9,780,302 ; daily average, 61,568: " 
 
 receipts, 3,813,749 dollars.] 
 Internation.'il coiikivss respecting edncatinn .Tnlv 
 A iiernianent exhiOition ojiened by president Hayes " 
 
 10 May, 1877 
 
 '■111 
 
 '7-^4 I 
 
 '* 'lit, 
 
 I-. 
 
 \V.^ 
 
 ','/ 
 
 1876 
 
 (Ireat Htoriii : 384 dwellings, ,, chn,,.!,,.. ,,„, 
 Pul.lic linllifingH ili.,„:v;.,l ; 8 VlipWiS. '"■■'','■ 
 milled loss, a, <x«.,r«K. dollars "'Uik,i'«ti. 
 
 (Hand festival to honour gen. Orant „i,'i,.|,|/*;, "'■ ' 
 Ills long tour ... I'liMii r,,, 
 
 Koiindatioh of city eelehmteil 
 
 flrcat Irish 1 vcntioii 
 
 Fire at lunatic iisvliiiii, 28 perish ' '■^'■M''i'. 
 
 •-'''''"■"V •■ '!"■ eerileimry of th'endoi,t|..,I"".f m' 
 
 Icderal coiistltiilloiKsc,. r,iil.,l s/„/l '"'" 
 
 .Mr. ,Iohn llMidsley, II lindling civ ,,■,!,? ^"'"- 
 
 hry'i;:!.:"-^ --mury^:;;>:;;:;»'-i 
 
 Mr. George W. Childs, cdnent puhli.l,:,-^';,','';' '■ 
 ' laelor; liorn 12 Mav, 1820; h,. „.. , , ' 
 
 mem.aiaisinKngiandtoiite,^;,!^;;::;!;^;:;'; 
 
 30 buildings Imrnt down '. ' ' ' '-••'Hi.i:: 
 
 An e,,ii..strian sl.itiie of (Icoiv,. \v'„l,i,',.,,'!' "■ ' 
 
 veiled l.y p,cs nt . ^ " '»l"Mi.i. III,. 
 
 PHirANTIIROI'K; .SOCIETY f",,' .j 
 refoniialion of ,rimim,l l.ovs, «as ,s,;d',|i | ,,' 
 
 I; 88, and iiicorporaled in i8(i(,. It so -," ' 
 
 school at KedhiK HcigalcSiirr, ■ . ' "? 
 
 ^•w,. M,., (ieor^, Smith -r;.;^ ;::"■;;; 
 
 childhood, w ,0 energetically pronndcd i!,,! .v; ;, " 
 
 trim of bnckmakers the -canal iiMpu Iti , : 
 
 olhiaxbyaidsofparlianient, ,Vc.;'dil.;u^ ,i 
 (14, 21 ,lune, |8()5. 'i.iuiiiit 
 
 PHILHARMOXIC S()C'n.:TY 'Inmi,„< 
 
 was e;taMishc,l in .Nl.Mirs, n'ne,;,, ^ ' 
 New I'hilharmonic iSmudv hegan l.S:;-- '' 
 
 PHILIPH.-VUGH, near Selkirk's. S,i,t|,„i 
 where he n,ai,|uis of Montrose an,! ti„. ,.„X 
 were defeated l,y l)„vi,| h„,|i, ,„„, i,,'".^ ' 
 covenanters, 15 .Sept. 1(145. " 
 
 PHILII'PI (Macedonia), so ,„m„,,l ,„ p|,i, , 
 II. id .Macedon. Hire Octavius Ca.sar „i„| { 
 Antony m Iwo battles, delValcd ,|„. .C ,| 
 lories ot Cassius and IhMitus, win, l,,,th con, , , 
 suicide, Oct, 42 n.c;. INuil preached here r"' 
 and wrote an epistle to the converts, (,4. ■* ' 
 
 PHILIPPICS, the term applid to the«n,ti,„„ 
 of Demosthenes against I'hilip 11. „f Ver'li 
 3.i-:.W> "■<■•, illiil also to the oialiMns of Cin i',l 
 against Mare Antony (one if whi.h, called ilivine 
 by Juvenal, cost Cicero his lilc), 44.4. „ g 
 
 PHILIPPIXE LSI ES (in tl,c'.MaI.-iy.Ar.hi. 
 pelago), discovered by Mauellan, in .Manh, i:>, 
 who hi're lost his life ill a skirmish. Thcv «,'„'• 
 taken possession of 111 \-^u-^ l,v a lid fr.ini Vh-xj,,, 
 which hrst stopped at tiie'island of Zeha, imd'-ulu 
 dued It. In i:;-oa seltlenient was cHcteil at tW 
 mouth of the .Manila river, ami .Manila l,„„ii, 
 he capital of the Spanish ),osscssi„n,< i„ ,i„, 
 ill ipiunes; see Mmiila and Bnlluiml.n Tliu 
 1 hihppine commercial company was unsum'j<fiil 
 1785. A successful riiilippihc cxhiliilii.ii «;„' 
 opened m -Madrid, autumn 1887. I'npiilation ;il,-,ut 
 1885, reported. i;,(.Vi,Ooo. 
 
 Rebels defeated 111 a lieree eiifjagenaMit at Lnims 
 
 A, , , „ re|,oiti'il 10 .Seiit, i;4i 
 
 Mi. .Toliii Foreman s "Philippine Islands" w'as 
 
 imlilishcl m 1001. 
 As^saiilt of the natives on the ,'<|,ai,ish ganisoa at 
 lort Miiniiiiigan ; lepolsc.l with givat iiative |.ws, 
 incliiiling their sultan, ivpmtcl . . 26Jmie, ,;„ 
 Conflicts with the n.'itivcs, reported March, tl «u ■ 
 
 the natives deleated .... 24Jii1v'i»qi 
 Severe lighting in .Mindaii.io ; the Malav Malioiii'e' 
 
 dans defeated ; their snllan killed . " 10 .March I'o: 
 Insurgents ilefeatcl nt Tatan . . . Sept. 
 Insiirr'-ction lu'ar .Manila, .state of siege piodiiiiMnl,' 
 
 rehels repulsed with loss . . , loAiig.iSM 
 Help from Hong Kong r«inestcd . Sept." 
 
KHi.Urant„n,„t„/,\,;;,'' •'!' 
 ■h\l;1 ■ . • ''•■'^ ' ■ ■';, 
 
 '4"'t. 1;,-, 
 
 mi.vnft|„.„,|„|,,|„,-;;|;,'=!s 
 Nilitury c.jiii|i,..|„,ir.„|„i 
 
 t"', ti,« 77,,,;, „,iin,f"l:;i '•« 
 
 • ;, ■'^■■'j ; '' ' M|, i„„„v 
 
 < >K.' w',»i„„.,n;vt ■ " 
 
 ■ ;.Miiv, 
 ■10 SOCIETY, f.;,. ,1,.. 
 
 ' ->S «- ..ral,|isl„.,l i„ 
 
 ' '^"''- "~li|t"lts„i;mi. 
 l.vSunvy;,s,. ./.•,,;,,,„„,„,, 
 
 . ^1',"" ukmiikrr ii' 
 
 ".■•'l'\|.r(irii..t,.at!ic,ivi]i/,. 
 Ilir niMiil im|,ul;,ti.,i, ;„'. 
 
 ""■'"• ^V'-^'li'.l.u,.,!,,!,,.,,, 
 
 :C SOCIETY 'U„lrv 
 
 I'ly [■(•xmi l.S:;i. 
 
 -"'■;"• S.'lkiik,S.Sn,tl„„ I, 
 M"iit|-(jsc aiiil tilt' roMili,!, 
 Ill hoik' mill the Snii.'li 
 '45' 
 
 li'tiiii), so ii;in„,i In p),j|j 
 Oi'tiiMiis (.'ir.sir iii'mI m,,,., 
 s, (Icf.'utid tll'> lV|,l|l,li,,,„ 
 lutiis, wliu 1„,|1| ,,,||,ini|i,.,l 
 ml pn.,i,.lii.,l |,,,v, A.I, ,,s, 
 :lir ciMncrts (4. 
 
 ti'nnii|iplii',lt„tli,.on,ti„i,s 
 t riiilip II. „f i|,„,,.,|„„ 
 to the nnitiuii^ „|- (^'j,.,,,,,, 
 iiii'M' wlii'li, iiillcl (livin, 
 US life). 44-4 j ii.c. 
 
 LES (ili tllC 1|;|I,|V .I,.,.),,. 
 
 Hiiiit'lhiii, ill M.mli, i;,|^ 
 
 II 11 skiniiisli. Thcv wm' 
 ;<>5 liy 11 lUrt IVnin Jle.vicn, 
 K' isliiiid 111' Zi'l.ii, and siiii. 
 I'liifiit wii.-i clli'iti'd at tilt' 
 ivcr. ami .Manila licrane 
 iiiiish ]i(is..i(.,<>ii,n.i ill ti„, 
 r 1111(1 Kinlliiiiiiikts. Tliu 
 I'liipiiiiy win unMicicssfiil, 
 liilippiiii; cxliiliitiun »;i< 
 
 III KS87. I'lipnlati'jnaliiiUt 
 
 Jiignpeiiii'iit at Lniias 
 
 rHi«irti'il io.Sc|it. i-u 
 iilil'liiii.! IsIaiuU" was 
 
 PHILIPPIUM. 
 
 H\\ 
 
 ll.M, iHi'iit.'il In twi, I'lw.K.'Mii'iit.s, many iln^. 
 
 l,.a.lfr«l«lllccl, iiii,l(itliiTHca|,tiiiv,|„ni|,lM't .H,. ,t 
 
 Tli-iiimiWiilH iiiiHtfrs (,r all tlii' t.ivvim in clivlt,..' 
 
 1896 
 
 ill tll« iHlllllll III' I.II/IIII 
 
 • g, ju Si'iit. 
 
 ):,,ar„'i. it» ."iilli'i- h.' ivy Iii...«..h In ,0 .■iiKiini.im'n.: 
 iirtr .Maiiilii; 11 iili.t ilisn,v,.,v,|, ahif luo ■ ,, 
 jplrati'M iiiri'Hd'il . . . ' s,',, 
 
 Ii„iiriii!iit iilta.k on the Hpnnlsll n,,;. ,,,' .I'V 
 iliiiM.liiri'i'UlnHil, thi'ir li'ail.'rand 50 ini'ii kiliiV 
 ri'liurtfil ..... J. '' 
 
 jKiiiiy of native ral.llorH In M|„a,;,mo, utIlccM 
 
 .ViHiiXilii ni|itiiii'.l liy p.n. .Ti'imnii'll,., ■|i'li,'ls''*'i','' 
 iCTtrtl with K'ri'at liiNH . Of' 
 
 |;niii>;™tsHiKiiiillycli'l'.'at«l, .\nval,.t(i taki'n .'hi'iv 
 Airnit"" "'■'■''■'■'''■*■ ''"'■'•'"'•'I «t ■'^aiita Cn'iz anil 
 
 (i«i. I'oliivii'Jii HiiCfwils «,'ii, "]Jlaia'on.i'K.nHnu'n.: 
 
 h**"- t ■ • • , , Mil 
 
 llrv.ilt iif miiiio (,r tliH triinps, H„ni« 'hoIiII,..-, sl„',t 
 
 ,it .Mill' aimo ; a Knri.p..an c niltt.M, ol l-,',,. 
 
 l«tiiai f'Tiiiiil at .Manila . . " 
 
 lir. Hizal Klii.t I'll- I'Miii'iitiiiK tli,. n.r„.Mio'ii -s liZ' 
 |.i.iiW'at»,l.'/i.'iit.'il at iJiiliR-aii, with lun.s ; Spaiii.si; 
 
 1.1 1""""''. '■liai'K'il «ltl M.ipiiacy, .shot ' ., ^Uu 
 
 |i,Mii)!i'iil.i Hiii-piiKi"l iinil r„iiu.,l at Aisiinv \' 
 
 iiiaiisiiii, ami .N"V.'ji'ta . . J't^n- 
 
 .V..11. Kiijiij iiii.l ., otli.'i' iiiHiii'Ki.nt; „l,oi, B8 inst'l: 
 
 satcroif tlic ii'l.i'llinii . I ' 
 
 .N^iml vic'liiry liy tl,,. .Spani,,,-,!.., kilaii";; stmliKi ,",l,'i 
 
 ni'tuml ; iiiiii'li slaiightiT . "n ""i 
 
 ^£*r '".*'"'!"" ''•^■' ^"i'i"'''--i^ym; 
 
 .Mlilran laptiii-c.l by tl'i.' «paiilii'i(ls, L'.'ii Zu'liaii','' 
 3 Mem, 10 men, and 76 insiii;.,.nt.s kilU'.'l,' 
 
 i.di. I'riiiKi (1h Hivwa appi.inti"! c,ipt.-i.'<'nl!n,'i|'' 
 
 liniMiiilCavit.' captiii l,y tlicNpaniai'ls, Mmvlr 
 
 .yii,',5oor,'l„'ls k,M,',i and ..x, i!ri.s„ii,.,,s \ , ■' 
 
 \,.„aiiic .'riiptii.ii mill ,'ai-tli.piak,'; a i ilia.,.',! 'V 
 irai'iliu .MiiV'in, i2cMl,.atli.i, iv,„ ,t,'d , i , v 
 
 l;*l.„',,i,N.i| with li«.s at .San llilai'l, Aug. "„-J 
 .l/"ii'/(i, 1806-7. ' »• I "••" 
 
 liisaslruiw cvitliiiii' at I.i'yti' 
 
 1 .iiil'lcti'.'.iiliiiiis.sioii of ,v|„.|3 in ivti'in, f,;,. paVlo,,; 
 
 .\;iiiii«lilii, ri'lii'l I'lii,.!-, ,.xi|,.a to II,,|i''''.'Lm? '.^Vr'' 
 
 .( |«iNisli 'i'. ladiMii'iit MM-iirisi'il and 4okm,',| i 
 
 !!■ iiw 'ilh.'i.'nK'a),.,'iii,.nt« . ^ \Uv.u 
 
 l!..::l.'"l .Manila, .s,',. .V/„„„W,.,, „„,.,■,,;„ „„;,;'''"''' 
 
 IW^Itown in Panay (,,„,„, ..ap^m>^i"'i;;"S; 
 .V..Hiiili|v ,,( ,5 nii'mhi'i's of iiativi'H aial oilmlrV 
 
 H.jii.iit.n,yth.'K'n..K,.„emi,»e(i.^.;;;;:!.,;:^';;.:;; 
 
 l'^--'"''"' "'t'T , ilays' .sHvAv' I ■ !ti, ^tV.ni''^ 
 '™l|'".sl» .Iri^vii in, j;„.at .slaiiKhu'i Fh; ' v ,1 
 ;r.i,ii».aK., in ivvlt, I'VC'pt V s,™' i.l,.V 
 M'y-.,l,i,ii' ; .Manila ^iimMiliclfiH,'' ;;,;.' ^". 
 <"iKTs.siia,,. „f ,.|,.,l to ,h,. natives by lvii A ,! ,V 
 ;>!■; )i« weals to .Madrid fur hi'lp *: g ,,ni, 
 
 i^i!'- Si'iifiish Amcriotii Kai: ' 
 
 PHILIPPIUM, a in.'fnl of the yttrium ,orie, 
 
 :t.t'r£rMs^Ss^:'iS 
 
 lliesiieclroai'ope; auiiounccd Oct iH-M AlV ■> 
 
 :ii:i;'=^^i,>'v,4"~^^^ 
 
 PHILO.SOPHY. 
 
 ™untry was ., Iij L, , '"',"" »'"' 'Syria Ih.'iV 
 
 "''ine-,;„,i ,1 ,' iii;,~ "„„^r."'""'\; ■'i'""t ,«,o, 
 
 "I'l.ili,stin,.,s",o „„"> ",ri''"''' ""• trim 
 
 siTVativ,' jiarty "l'l""i"iils ul projrr.'SH. or con- 
 
 '''d'"n::;;;^,^:.,;;,-;,,.''::,;;'';:'-M','.i'.',t,,,h,' 
 , I'niLODiuLiox .socFFTv "*''."":'• 
 
 "i"i'"t.'r. and oil,.' V ' ,":, r V''' "'," "'^'Ki"n 
 "MW,.lla„i,..s,",v. ('"''l'-t"s volimieH of 
 
 1897 
 
 ''i;rfi""'-^'""'^''^""i-.sions of •,.ni,,.j. ",,„,. 
 - ■ ' ' "" i-iM'oii (-(Mii],aiativnnr 
 
 3:;ii'l I'o,,^.,,.,,, ,,■,;.;;;•■;■ :|"^"mi'aiaiivii 
 ''adni. I'loiV..,,, ,./,,..'.'. '.'.'''"'.'':-'■•'■■ ""'tat WIm- 
 
 1893 
 1895 
 
 iSgS 
 
 ".^'||' Llarki', |).c 1 ,,, ;, . ,■,, ,■ 3). May, 
 
 >i,;:.\ '. ''"""""""""tl'lHl.do«i..t-,l,orl,; 
 
 I'riiii-i' l.oiiis 1 iipi,.,; tl,'.,,.., '. , ■ 'March, 
 lil"'"ry P.irchat ,1 1 • "" l"";' ' ..l/lVl';l"«icai 
 ii'iiinccil . '' ■"• "• '^- .Niclml.s, an- 
 
 I'Mcc /..,«;/«"'./., /;',■,^■,,, ■,,„;,', ,,„', ,, • -"^'"V. 1S96 
 
 PHILOSOPHER'S .stcvf"::."";;;-^ 
 
 , PHILOSOPHIC vr. ['!';/:: ■'^^-^''•'''■'''^• 
 
 >.v Joliaiii. Woll 'aii.r II,, „.,7i, ^^ ', '•'"»»fu<'tfil 
 
 ™-^»in« till' -niilimi i,:;' ,,'^,;^;:;;^>„H;"'-;u"' "^ 
 
 iliscovcc'd hvliiui in i,s- •*• " "'"' ''.V'irogcn, 
 
 •-?"o/^/,!r^^^^Yt.'::;',,fw.is,iou,),t^ 
 
 I '(i-^toi-v, tii.'k, .w . i',.. „' .r ('"r,'"*-'"'-^''"' '■'•'"'' 
 
 tics, t u' kiiowI,.,l,„ ,":■, ■ '""' ''"'" "li'tliema- 
 
 "^•■m" of l.li.lo..op|„,.' MO "', "'■^•/"'"I'tcl tho 
 I'J'-'ioM^ly 'call,',! iii's) ,,".'!.■:' ,''^'^"'fr .been 
 Iili.Ts were ('Ma'll.'.r r.ii ' ■' '^ '.''V . ^ ''"oso- 
 
 noW';:.'.l,',l into:-r.'M;,|^i";„^|;.,,/"''''"^l'].y 
 ""''■- 3'>aturalor l'l,v.-i.;il 
 
 "• «.?; I'liihisophy is 
 ',"-l-tl'U'al; 2. Intel. 
 
 loii.vl, ,\M, i.NT,:,,, f 
 
 A.VCIKNr .-S, llon,.x-Th 
 
 i.-i ii'iw 
 
 Jillilo 
 
 •■iixth 
 
 "Phy 
 
 •M'li'ir.l 
 
 "Ai. i')iir,i,.s,,r'Hv. 
 
 M.u...ii,-,s.;r^;;;;r^'«';;,(.'7^^:;oii;^"^y^,;^;^ 
 
 I no; y, , 
 
 attempted ti 
 
 oniliin, 
 
 /•/".', 
 
 iihl.i (who 
 
 
 fliiered 
 
 MKmiliM'IS-"^'?^"''' '■''°-' ""'IV Saul 
 
 Aiiimoniii. Sa,',:as;';i;;;;i A'o"'l'r!"m'!'' •^'''^^ti^mtv;: 
 =70 : I'orphyry, ,ii,.,i ,f; l^^^l;. ' '""""^ died al.ont 
 
 Leilmitz, 1710: 0'„i„„,„\',,,' , \' '7'°: A','c((,'i., 
 (:ni inil'il, Kant, Hamilton A-,' ' '75o-7o : J'm»s- 
 
 i'ichtr. i8oo.,4 : .1) ',,/•/, :; '7?"-'8f;o; &(e,i<,7ic. 
 
 tliaiii, .Mill, &,.. ,,go S'^ /• ;• '•'''"'"''"«. licii- 
 /iV»/,-«„ and' A',-„/„/,?,^,':;„'f/^;;, ,,^,y::','."'''. L'.iinte. X830; 
 wm, lleiliert '>i.eii,er's'A, V" "oL,'''r''*'''> "'"' 
 
 «"lliii'H "Kpitii,,'" Ith ■iTh,,?^'^^*,-. ,*'>•• Howanl 
 
 ■897. IProf.' Win. 'WalL'' ', !:";'r''?:'',''>"t>'>"". 
 
 ^.eyoleaccl,lent,a,ed3;:.9K:h:?^^:l'r^S_" 
 
 'iffis* 
 
 fir'' 
 
 ' i I 
 
 '^^%l 
 
 ■tl 
 
 1 1 , 1 
 
 I, ■ ■ I 
 

 '!;■;* 14 
 
 ..fir. 
 
 
 
 PHIPPH" EXriiDITIOX. 
 
 842 
 
 PHONOdUAl'HY. 
 
 NATI'HAI. I'llll.lisill'IIV, 
 
 Otfrk itnil hiliii. Tliiilc'*, alumt 6ih) lie, ; I'vtlmitunm, 
 590; Arlntiitli' mill I'latii, iv>; Kiii'llil, ,i»i ; Ari'lil- 
 iiii'ili'a, JH7 ; lll|i|«iii'lcin, no: l<ni'ri'tlim,'ali(iiit luo; 
 
 .IllllllK CiiHiil. Sm ; I'tdlclliy, All. 15.1, 
 Miihllr Aijii. Allllillllis: lli'll Mllnil, Scx>: AlllllZl'll, A'l'. , 
 llixi. (Ii'l'lit'l't, llri'illiilli, c)5,; llugt'i' lluciui, Cj'iia ] 
 M'lJ"', I'M- 
 Ilt'tiii'tiri' i'liil"!tnjilnf ; \ 
 
 l,'<i|ii'niii'Mn'H nVHti'llI imliliKlli'il .... M.n 
 
 Tyiliii Itnilm i546-if«ii 
 
 (iillii It H ii'W'iii'chcn III I'liM'Irliity iiliil liiiiniirtisiii i6«j 
 Kcl'lir n l.awn . . , ' , , . i6oi;-i8 [ 
 
 IJdiiin'f. .V"i'i(iit (Iriiiiiiiiiii Kiao 
 
 (lallli'ii's liitil"ii\iiii lOjj ' 
 
 Kiival Nciiii'tv lirKiiiH (i/'/i/./i ■.n) . . . . 1645 
 iMlcp (iiicilikr all' |iiiiiili ami ili'itnc inacliilic' • '^'51 
 
 llin^li IH III! |>i'iii|ii|iiiii4 1O5B 
 
 Ni AliMi Kiiixiiiiin, 1665; Alial.Miln nl' I.Ik'iI. '('f"J'' 
 
 'Hi v ■■!' (lravHittl"ii, 1684; I'liii'ij'ii' ynU- 
 
 ll.illi'M. KjS; ; ilcMtli 1737 I 
 
 Hrailli'V ilUi'nviTi aliiTiallciii , 
 
 Kiilc'i-iPii riTtiiilpalliiii iiftlii' riaiu't.s . , . 1748 
 
 lllai'k nil IIi'mI ijhj 
 
 l.aiilai'i' nil 'I'l'lri' 1775 > 
 
 lAnimtiiif, M"iniiifi(c Aiiiihiti'iKr , , , . 1788' 
 
 Galvalii aihl X'nltu ^ I'i'Mrai'i'lii's , , . , I7i>i j 
 
 I.aplai'1', .Vmiih '/"I' tW/,.^' i7';9 
 
 (Kr«ti'il ilisiciviMs rli'i'lrci-iiianiii'tiMiii ... . 1S19 
 
 Kaniilicv, iiiat'iiitn c iiiti'li'ilv i8ji 
 
 I. Tnilliiiiit.T's ■■ lli«ii,iy nf till' Til y (if Elanli. 
 
 rilv' piililislii'il ... . .Iiilv, 1891 
 
 lIiV.H,'li,.ll, VlicwHI, TyiMiall, W. 'riinniiism; (Im-.l 
 
 Kc'h 111), Wi'iiii'i- .**ii'iiii'im, C W. .'Sii'iiii'iis, alal Ili'liiiliulU, 
 
 |.>icc .li;,ii!>li:g, Axlniiifun/, (yj.((i», Vlnmlalnj, ' 
 
 PHTPPS' KXPEDITIOX. Tluhim. captain 
 
 I'hipiw (iifiiTH Mills Idi'il Mulirr.ivi') saili'd IVom ' 
 Ki|i;laii(l ill cnminaiiil ot tlic SV(/-//(/;«' ninl Ciind.te 
 gliip.s, til iiiiikc ilisi'iiyrrit's, as iirar as pci>^ilili' to 
 thu Nni'tli I'lilc. Ill AiiL^ust 1775, lie was I'-ii nine 
 diiyn fiiyiriincd wiili liaiiiirs of lie, in tlie l''r(izcii 
 Ocean, mirth of Spitztier^ii'ii, .So' 4,S' N. lat. \ 
 brisk winil in two nr tliree days ai'i'iiinpjislird tlieii' 
 didiveraiice. Tlirv retnined tii Knjjland witliout 
 liiivini,' made any iliscoveiii's, 2()Se]it. 1773. Nelson , 
 was ciixswiiin to tlic second in command. j 
 
 PHLOGISTOX, a term employed by Stiihl to ' 
 dcsignale flic liyjiotlietical matter or principle of 
 fire; "the intlaimiiahle princiiilc'" of liisliop Wat- 
 son, near the close of the 17th ccniiiry. The 
 chemical theory based upon it was refuted by Iji- 
 voisier, ijc/o, \Vlio substituted tor it the theory of 1 
 o.xyjfenation. 
 
 PHOCIS, a state in Northern Greece. Tlie 
 Phocians seized Delphi 357 11. c, and comiiienced 
 the second SiicreJ War. Tliey were opposed by 
 Thebes and other states, and were utterly subdued 
 hy Philip II. of Macedon in 34(1. liy tlie excava- 
 tions of the liritish school of archoiolo^y iit Alia,' 
 the remains of two ancient temples of Apollo, with 
 relics of bronzes, iiucriptioiis, Arc, and at Hyam- ! 
 polls, a shrine of Artemis (Uianii), ice, were 
 uiseovercd, reported, 30 Aug. 1^94. 
 
 PHCENICIA, on the sea coast of Syria. The 
 natives were the most eminent navigators and 
 traders of antiquity ; their cities or allied stiitcs 
 being Tj-re, Siuon, Uerytus, Tripoli, Hyblos, and 
 Ptolemais, or Acre. From the ifjth to the 13th 
 centuries before Chi-ist, they established colonies 
 on the shores or isles of the Mediterranean — Car- 
 thage, Hippo, Utica, Gades, and I'anormus, and they 
 are said to have visited the Ihitish Isles. Phosnicpi 
 was coiiqueied by Cyrus, 537 l''C' 1 by Ale.\uiider, 
 332 ; by the Uomans, 47 ; and after partaking of 
 the fortunes of Palestine, was added to the Ottoman 
 empire, a.d. isif>- See iSirfow and Ti/re. 
 
 ni^ht to drill. Several iicrsons « 
 tried in .March, iKv), at Ira 
 not aitrce on their scrilict. 
 
 PiKEMX CLUJIS, of i,tr,.,„„i,i,M,.„,,,„. 
 ter, were Inijiied in Ireland in iN^x. Hiiv in,t' •' 
 
 iirrwt,.,! .,||!'i 
 
 ,• '".","" lurv™, 
 
 I I . , . , """"■' ■'^inli'iii « , 
 
 conilciiincd to penal siTvilihlc fur t,.|, ,,„„, . , 
 
 l«5i). Kvcntiially hoiuc o| the ini „;,„,',., '1' '"''■ 
 guilty, and were discharged 011 heiiiK- |,„i„„| „;,''','' 
 keep the peace. 
 
 PIKKNIX PAHK MrUlJKlts, .. 
 lain/, 1HH2.J, i,s,y,. "' • '' ■ • 
 
 PIIONKIDOSCOPE, an ins:,,,,,,,,,. ,„^ , 
 serving llir col.iiir-IJKMies of ai|iii,l tiim, i,,,,], , ,, ' 
 action ol i.iiii(proiis vilnatidiis, luin!; a visibl,- u,' 
 
 n^trulio,, of the vibratory and iii"lirui;i, luuij,',! 
 
 of a tclcphdiic plate ; iiivcirtcd liv Mr. SnllivTii' 
 lor, 1M77; mamifactured by S.' C 'lisliv i I ' 
 London, 187.S. ' ^ '< 
 
 PHONOGUAPir, a machine proponed 1., I,. 
 altached to piaiedortcs and other kcvdj i,,,,,, . 
 incuts, by which anv music that is (il.ivVil m^ ■''. 
 written down on blank papn-, siiMv it rulr. r'!' 
 prints file notes siniiillaiicoiisly. It «;,^ |,|i,|||,|', 
 liy Mr. Kenliy, 13 June, iXdj. "The iii.iiivl 
 is clccfro-niai;netisiii. ,\Im. bines witli 
 
 •I'" 
 
 '■■-7 
 
 object were projected by Mr. Ci 1 ill |-i-' Jir'^ 
 
 ,1. !•'. Ungcr in 1774 ; 'and bv .Mr. Ciinv\i,.' ., 
 1827. 
 
 Anew plioiioKinpli liy 'lliniiiiis Alva IMIm.h, ,.1,.,. 
 triclaii of Ni'W .lersi y. «.is iiiMKiini 1 , ' p^,. •„ 
 
 Linear iinlclitatloiis are niiiile liy ineiiiisnf j, i,!,, |,j '" 
 II sheet of tiiiloil liy spi-akiii;; or siii„'iii); ; ;,,„; 
 fniiii these easts may lie taken. When tli'sV nv 
 
 placi'il iipini the ilhiphiiit;iii of a tili|i|i ■',.,,. 
 
 Iirilnl with levolviiiK iippaiatiis, III!' viiiinl.s 
 
 Ill- npriiiliiiiil with a weinllike illlii, |iii|,|-,,v,.,| 
 l.y Mr. Sh.lhinl Iti.lwrll, 1879, N,.,. /■,;,,,/'„„, 
 
 AKi-eatly liiipruveil iiisliiiiai'iit hy Mr. Ivlis.in.i.l,,],. 
 till fur piislalciiliililllliieatliill.llliliuliiiii.l,.,, \,„ 
 18,57; sacccssfiil experiiiieiils n'i«irli.il, ,j \i,iv ,:: 
 
 Priilessorllrahaiii Hell's ./r.i(./e.y,/i.„„,ii iiiiiiliilriitinii 
 of l^^illsoii's pli(iii(i;;ra,ili. was aiiiioiiiici'il , >i"V. 
 
 •Mr. Kiiille llerliiier (of \Vasliiiintoii)aiiiiiiiiiiivil hi. 
 iliiiiii"i'fiiiiii', a liioillllcutloli of l.voii Scntt, 
 r'"'"" "'"!"■";■'' X.iv. 1-- 
 
 Thc,./iiiH.»oi/(.;i ami (;r»(i;i.i,,;i»(/e were hiillii.xliihih-.| ' 
 til tim liritish As.sociatloii at llalli . Sii.t. r; 
 
 ICyhiliitioiis of Mr. Kdlsons Kieiillv iiii|ii-in,M 
 ]iliiiiiiif;raph, consiilereil iierfecl in 'the ivrmil, 
 lepniiliiction ami ]ireserviitiiiii of sihuuIh nf nil 
 kiln Is (wax is uscil in jilacc of tliit'nil) Xuy. ,303 iij;, 
 
 .Mr. Kilisiiii receives phnmi^'nims rinm llie iliike i.f 
 (.'aiiilirhlp', .Mr. (ilailstniie, ami ntliers . Jnn. ,;., 
 
 Mr. Ellison's talking dolls, which mier nhmit >, 
 wonis, liy ineaiis of n copcealeil plmiiu^'raiili ami 
 chiekwoik, were exhiliileil at the .Suviiy jlntfl. 
 Westiiiiiister, 23 .Inly; Kdisoii's iiliiMio|,'ra|i|iie 
 toy ciiinpaiiy aiimiuiiceil Iiilv. i;,3 
 
 ■Mr. Kilisoii adapts his plioiiOKni]ili to n wati'r 
 imiliir as well as cleetrlclty . rejHirteil .Scjit. .. 
 
 The poiie, liy .Mr. Moriarty, tniasiiiits a iiliunu- 
 gram, coiilainia;,' a message, to the |jie»i.ieiitiif 
 the United .'<l/ites X. A. . . . 20 Maicli, i:.; 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY (from the Greek pUh 
 
 sound), suggested by Franklin, 17(18. The I'li lit 
 
 society, whose object was to render our iiKul.' 4 
 writing and printing more consonant to sound. «;u 
 established, I March, 1843; sir W. C. Trevelynn, 
 president, and Jlr. Isaac Pitman, seerctarv. llie 
 latter being tlio inventor of the system whicli w;ii 
 made known in 1837; knighted, .May, 181)4; '"''''• 
 aged 84, 22 Jan. 1897. Among otiier works pul-- 
 lished by the promoters of the system, iviis ihr 
 "Phollet'ie News," in 1849. nioiio^raphv I'li- 
 been adopted for European and oriciitiil laiijua:". 
 1887, 1/ mil. " I'honographic QuiU'tei'ly Itevitiv," 
 published, Xov. 1894; sec Visible Upach. 
 
I'P 
 
 us, III' utrni«i,iiiili|,, ,,||,|,, 
 
 ' I"'''"""" »'•'•■• ""v-t,,! ,„i,i 
 
 it Inilcc; l>iit In ^. '": 
 
 K UVnUKlM, 
 
 llioiiins Alvii K.lis.iii.il,.,.. 
 
 wiisiiiiiiiiiiii I , iv,, ,: 
 
 liiiiili' liy iiii'iiiiMiir a pliiiii 
 spi'llkilit; or «ili„'ili);; iiij,! 
 Ill' t:ikcn. Wlii'ii IliiWiih. 
 
 iliriiKiii III' .i 111. |i|ii ,,. 
 
 aiiiiiiriitin. till' viiiinUii,,,, 
 vcinlliki' illiit. Iiii|,r.,v..,i 
 ■II, 1S79. Si'i- /V;,|,/iw,.. 
 
 lllllilll hy Mr. Ivlisnli;|,|,||,. 
 ii'ittlliIl.M!llliilllll-f,I,ji X,,\_ 
 
 riiiiciils n'|iiirli'i|, u Mny, iH; 
 ■;m;./iii;./iii/ic,lllMui|illrati"li 
 I1. w;is aniiuiiiici'il . x,,v. ,:;, 
 tt'iisliiiiKl,iii)uiiiiiii,iitvilliU 
 Imliuii (if U'liii Sciitts 
 
 . N.iv. ,-:. 
 
 'lii/i/lilHr\Vl'rctllitllcXhillit"l 
 lion lit lllllll . Si-|it. l;i> 
 
 ilisim's •;i'i'»'ly iiii|irii\i-.l 
 I'll pcTfi'd ill till' I'ci'iir.i. 
 <i'i'vitliuii cif siiiiiiiirt i]f all 
 liliici'iirtiiil'iiil) Xiiv. i823rti .. 
 iiiiiKraiiis triiiii lla' ilukr i,| 
 liiiii', mill iitliiTH , Jail, |!:j 
 ills, wliii'h iilti'i' nhiiiit 30 
 I'liiH'ciili'.l jilioiiiinraiili ai'iil 
 liiti'il lit tlii^ SiVdy lidtrl, 
 r ; KilisDn'n iiliimugraiiliic 
 I'll .... ,liily, up 
 1 iiliijiiogniiili to n iviiiHr 
 ficity . ri'|i»rti'ils.'|jt. ,. 
 ■iiirty, tninsiiiits 11 plmnij. 
 II'SSIIKI', to till' iiri'siilciiini 
 A. . . . io.Miircli. 1^; 
 
 800 Vmble Upci 
 
 PHON'OPOUE. 
 
 IVkitlfk I'liiHTH ill «liiiitli,'iii'l, lli'd (if n m'l'li'H, 
 ijiiWI»li"l 'ijM''' ''"'""" • • • I .May, 1883 
 
 vm/( /'*«""/"'('''/'• " "luiiililii'il "y'lt )!' Klmi't- 
 
 ■ lull,!, hliili.il till' iiiaiiiiiil M' lit III liiiu- 
 
 IuihI with till' I'lllllH'ltiiill lit \.,«i'ls unci mil. 
 
 ,)ii»iit< liitli"li' imturiil Di-iliT, li> Tliij>, .Stiiitl'iii'l 
 
 KiilDiu' a Xi>v. 1B85 
 
 W4. FItiiiiiii llf"' |>i<>>ll"li I'l |>lii>ii<iMm|iliV tliii 
 XrwTMtJiiiii'iit fniiin'iixriivi'il pliitrn . 3 "let. i<\i>6 
 
 Wir.i/'/iiiiii""i)i'i'''.l"i"'""'' l'"''''"'i"'l ■ 1 'lull, i.-i;? 
 
 ,,j.|l,»y«t.'lii III sliiiitliiiiiil II1-.I imlili^lii'il s l''.'li. ., 
 T||i. lnKik III' ('iiiiiniiiii I'rayi'i'; iiii'l 11 Xntimml 
 "Pliiiinwmi'lii'' l.tliii'iy " I'i'Miiii 111 . .\|iiil, ,, 
 PHOXOPOHK, nil iiri-iiiiifi'iiii'iit of tc'li'»i',iiili 
 «ire»tofni ill'"''' 'riin»iiii*»iiiii iil' ^uiiinl, liv iIhtk- 
 iiullipinllwi.'1111'ol' iiiljiiiiiiiiit will's, till' iiiyi'iitiuii 
 ,il Jlr. C'. Liiiii{iliiii l>iivi('s, iiiiiimiiiri'il, Mny, iH.Sd, 
 
 Sh,. Tr/rp/((llli:t. Till' «V>tl'lll WHS Kllltl'll tl) llllVI! 
 
 wiirki'il sui'ii'S'-liilI.v 111! tlir Sniilli I'/isti'i'ii I'liilwiiy 
 brtuwu l.nniliiii ii'inl l-'nlkrstiiiii', l\[i. iMH;, tliV' 
 Miilliinil niihyiiy, nml "tlnTs, iSHij.i,^. 
 
 PH0XOS(;OPE, nil .ipiHii-iitiis t'lif ti'.stinx the 
 miiljtv III' mii-iii'l »''''"'•;'•*. iii^'i'ii'i'il t)v .M. Ku'iiijf, 
 iiiiJ fihibitod lit tlio lutiTimtioiml £.\liil)itioii in 
 
 )|r F/liiiiiinU' pliiiniisciiiii', I'xiilliitiil tn tin' lirltisli .\s- 
 ««'liitiiiii, \»%. 1878. I» nil lii»lniiiiiiit lor iiriiiliiriii;,' 
 ti'iirriiiml li^lii I'miii 'ln' yllniitliHH hI' siriin.l. 
 
 Ilii." iiaiiii' liliiiii'i'i'iilii' !•< iriM'ii til ii|i|.iiiiitiis iisfil 
 
 liy )l. .M. li. l>MIIII'liy ill |>lli>liiL.'l'll|lllillU lllH ll|M 
 1,1 II >|n'llki>i' mill sii rolilliiililii; tlii' iiiia;,'i'S llill.s 
 
 piwliii'i'il 111"' II"'.*' <""y '"■ iiihIi'I'mIiiiiiI l-iy II ilwil'. 
 
 11,1111', .liiih', i3c)-'. Si'i' /'//ii("'ii"/.A./, ii.,i. 
 
 PHOSI'HOH-UKOXZK. .Miallnyof inpprr, 
 
 liii, iiiiil iiliii.i|iliiini-i, iiiyriitril by Mr^si's. Mimtf- 
 ftiin-l.i'vi mill Kiiiizrl, "f I'l'lijiiiiii, in 1MI17. It is 
 virv liaril, iliii'tili', and clii.^tir, with u luloiir 10- 
 
 fciiililin^' \;M. 
 
 PHOSPHOltKSCENCE. Tin' |ii'n|ii'ity ims- ' 
 ii'iicil I))' miiiii' limlii's III' irtiiiiiin:,' liiiiiiiiiir^ity altor 
 (suomire to iii,'lit obsoryoil liy tlir aiu'ii'iits ;' cspi'- ' 
 liallv notii'i'd ii; ViiU'Oiizo (_'iisi'ai'iii|(i(i()(j2), lloylo, 
 Caiitiiu, WiUiiii, antl iitlioi's: iiml .s|ir('ially stiuiioil 
 bvEilinoml ik'i,'i|iii'r»'l, ami Biiliiiaiii. Sol' Liimi- , 
 mmFiiiiil, Air (tuotiioti'). ' 
 
 PHO.SPTIOPrS was (lisioyi'i'i'il i„ if,(,;, by t 
 liranJt, orHaiiiliiii-;,', wliii |iriii'iiii'il it I'niiu iirino. I 
 rtie (lisiwi'i'y wiif iM-osoii'tc'd liy John Kuni'ki'l, 11 ! 
 Sasoii clicnilst, i.bout l();o, iiiiil liy tho hon. U. | 
 li'iyle iibnut tlir siiliii' tiiiio. yiiiir. lUct. I'hos- I 
 nhoricacij i.s first montioncd in 1745, Imt is .said to | 
 nave been known earlier. Ciahii pointod mit it.s 
 esiiteiioe in liono.s in 17O1), and .Sohi'i'lc dcyisod 
 a procMS for o.\trarting it. Caiit'in's plinsplidrns : 
 ij so called I'nim its diseoyerer, 17M. I'liospliu- ' 
 rt'tteil hydriijien was diseuvered liy Oengemlii'ii 
 in 1812. The lonsiiiiiption of phosphorus has 
 iniraenscly inereiised since the nianufaeture of 
 lucil'er miitnlies. In i,S45, .Sehrutter, of Viennii, ' 
 discovered ullotropie or iiiiiorphiiiis iihosphorns, 
 whioti ignites more slowly and is less unwhoieaonie 
 in workinj; than ordinary phosphorus. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHY. The notion of light on 
 
 ohloride of silver wiis known as early as tlie i6th ' 
 
 century. Tho phenonionon was atmlied hy Si;lieole : 
 
 (i:;;), Senolner (1790), Hitter and AVoUaston j 
 
 (1801). From the results of those inyesti^'ations, I 
 
 I'.tpcrinients were luuile hy Thos. Wedgwood and I 
 
 Humphry Diivy, in tlio Uoyal Institution, London, I 
 
 whifhwerepublished in its Journal, 1802. Wodg- ' 
 
 wood may bo recarded iw t!!e first n/jntnirrirn/,,;-. '< 
 
 His paper was ontitlod " iin .locount' of a method i 
 
 of copying paintings upon glass, and of making ' 
 protilcs by tho ii' 
 silver." 
 
 8(3 
 
 pFrcmxaiAPFrv. 
 
 n 
 
 of light upon nitrate of 
 
 Fiirtlier i||siiivi'rj,.« \n.|',. nmil,' \i\ .Mi.iu-,. ii m., amt 
 Kir. I, llirsilii'l ii, ,81,,. ■ *' 
 
 l.ciiils .1. .M..|)iigiii.rri' I'liiiiiiii' I |||4 ,.v| iiiu,.|it, in 
 
 iH-'H ami 111 i»j6 .loliieil .l„„.|,|i Ni,.,|,|„,|,. >ii,, 
 
 ami wmkeil with liiin till ll„. ,|,.„|h nt tin' latter III 
 
 , lSl|. The jiroilllethili of /lo.(,o■|■,,..^n., liliit,-, was 
 
 iiiin.Miii,.,.,| III .1,111. iHy, ■ ami the Kremli elianilier nl 
 
 I lli'|illtii» i,'l;lllt|.il ,1 pi'lLSKill to |l|IKIIe|n'ii||,ltii\ii.|iee '. 
 
 sun Ishllov ' 
 
 III 1<W Mr, lleliiy Kox T.llllilt llrst imlillslieil IiIh lliii.le 
 
 "• I'llil> Mil,' l'lliiti..;l'il|illlr lliil,|'e.,4lHlis liv pi'iicliieili;! 
 
 a iii.iHin; |i|inl.,-ra|,|i (,, ,,, wiil, d,,. |,j^i,t ami «|i,i,||.» 
 
 li'M ISI'il) holll Whirll allV llllnilli'l' of |lli..,itiy|. I'nliii'^ 
 
 I ''.'"V ' Iitaiiieil. Ills luiteiil Inr lllllilll. 'ill- tin- 
 
 ^|/'/||(.V;«■llrt■o^./l/y..■(.lll pa|»'i)l.s.|ate.l (■'.'li. 18,1. 
 I 111 IlijI. t'ii|lnilinll(ii'/i,i7l.Mi) Wasal.jilii,! to lillotn-iMlihv- 
 
 liy^lr, !■'. .\ivliei'. ' 
 
 i Ili'M- l-'iaiiz Veivss i,f KliiliKi.|il,iir„r, Traiisylsaiila, 
 , pliHto-iii|,ln r'liloiii'.H 1,11 ;;||„, anil iniiier; ..iieei. 
 
 iiM'iis aiv I'Vliilili,.,! at the I'liotographle liistltiito at 
 I _ \ ii'iiiia, Mareh, li/i. 
 The rii.pln^iaphie N.ii'iety of l.iiniloii w,is estalillsli.'il In 
 
 185J (royal, irliy^). It ]iiilillHhi'>. a jiiiiniiil. 011^,1 
 
 iSjj. 774 si,|.,'iiii,.ii« ,,| pliiiti«ia|iliy were exhiliitr.t 
 
 lit the rooliiM of the hiii'il'ty of .M't.s, .\.lelphl. 4JI11I 
 I iiliiiiial exiilliltloli, very siieeessliil, 33 .Sept. el an,. 
 I ^ '-97' 
 I Co/7,i/,' Visiif portraits (le/ie/i «,) taken liy M. Ferrler 
 
 "t .Sloe. 18S7. 
 
 I III iSr.i Mr. Thiiiiipsiiii, of Wiyimiiitli, phutograplieil the 
 i liiitt.Hii iiftlie sea. 
 PliiitiiKiapliy wassiieeessriillya|iplleil to the triili.,rer of 
 
 Works or art to wou,l hlo.ks liy .Mr. ,l,,i,ii I.einlitoii. le. 
 , Ills illiistiatiil i'.!ilioii i.r l.yradi'iiiiaiiii'a, 1861, 
 In iSoi pii.lissoro. M. II i siiKp'sti'il the aia.lieatioli 
 
 lit phiitiigrapliy to the mleruseopi.. 
 The tiiiiiiiii pinn's.s iiilioiliic'il In iii;,|,,r Uussell almiit 
 
 iSoi. 
 The inimiiiilit of photogriiiihs Is seeiireil liy an art i„issi.,l 
 
 ill 1802. 
 Dr. lleiiry Wright pliotogr.iphea olijeets of siirgieal iute- 
 
 I'l'^l III .Ian. 1865. 
 The Wothlytype I'anii'ss. Ill wlileh iiltrate of slhvr nmt 
 
 allmiii.ii ai,',lis,';iiil,..l ami a iloiilile salt of iinniiiiiu 
 
 ami i'oll,„li,,ii siil„titiit..,l, , iveiite.l l,y Wotlily, was 
 ^^ aniioiiiireil in the aiitiiiiiii ol ,s.)4. 
 The liHht ot iKiiiti'il iii:uii,r.iinm was eiiiployeil for pliotn- 
 
 grapli.s liy Mr liiolheis, „( .Mmieliestir, III the sprinn 
 
 ■11 i86.(. ^ 
 
 Mr. 11. Nan iler Weyile. an .\iiierieaii artist, sii -i.tiil ji» 
 
 making eleetrii.' light very elleetnal in photo^i-.-iphy^ 
 
 1370-8. 
 
 Pliotograiilis of the first page of tho ri'iiiM, eoiitaliilliit. 
 
 many l'reiieliai|vertiseiiieiits(ij incl, i,,,,^, ]„ , jnefi 
 
 Willi'), .sent to Paris from Uonluaiix liy lialloous, Jan. 
 
 1871 
 Criminals oiilereil to lie plioti«riiiiheil (liy the aet for 
 
 preveiitioii of eriiiie), from 2 Noy. 1871. 
 fi.ni/.o.M'f,' jii, rtnul.i (in wliieli soimtiiiies q einiiiioii. 111.1 
 
 wer- usi'il) fori I liy Mr. Kraneis (j,ilton, Uv iiumik 
 
 iiflilioto-raphy, ,877. 
 
 The. I ll^.^H;,.■ J. loir.M tor transferring and printing reiiorteil 
 sileeessfnl. .Vpril, 1873. 
 
 Mr. K. .1. .Miiyliriilge pliotograiilis, liistantaneoiisly, 
 animals in rapiil tioii, i38i d m/. See ^»;'"iJ''«i-";»'. 
 
 dipt. .Vliiiey photograplis a ili.so in riiplil motion l,y llio' 
 elei'trio si.ark, 17 .Maroli, 1882. 
 
 Cele.iliiil l'h:tnijnii,h,i liegan with professor Iti.n.l. thi> 
 astronomer, of Camliriilge, L'.«., who exhiliit.'.l 11 
 phiiti«rapli of the moon in 1851. Miiieo then, .Mr. 
 Warren lie la line, of l.iinilon, has )iriiiliiei'il exei'lleiit 
 
 photographs of the 1 m, ami other heayeiilv lio.lies, 
 
 ami on 18 July, ,860, iihotographod t'ho solar 
 eellpse. 
 
 By means of the Kolntlne dry plate, the results of tin- 
 ustromimieal work of years is now obtjiiiieil in hours. 
 Uelioate details are olitaiiieil not only of eoiii.'ts, 
 lii'liiihe ami faint st.ars, lint also of stars iiivisihle liyr 
 the most, powerful tileseopes. ,Siiiee 1876, Dr. W. 
 IIugKins and .Mr. Amlrew .\. Coinnion in Eiik'laml, ami 
 Mr. Draper in Ameriea, have lieeii emiiii'iitlv sueeess- 
 fill in eeli'stial iihotojrnii.hy. About 400 stjirs havi; 
 
 ^ been depieteil in the siuiee of two simaie inches. 
 
 The 7'/iofoi-/iniHo,/ro;,/(, an apiiaratiis invented liy father 
 Kargis, (iiorp'tiiwii, U.S.A., fur ni-asnring star 
 transits, reporteil Dot. 1892. 
 
 Ph'Jtography snooessfiilly applied to the honyens by 
 
 m 
 
 
 iH'irii 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 \U' 
 
 '..i 1.1 J 
 

 Mi) 
 Ik 
 
 ft ■* 
 
 ►•iK, 
 
 w 
 
 
 fP^Bi.'.K^ 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 844 
 
 PHY.SIC. 
 
 .MM. I'lml ami rrcispcr Hnii-y, 1835-6. Cl.aifs 
 "I the wluile lii'.-ivriis .•x].,rtc(l in tiMi vcars. 
 ,T""1"I ''>■■)'"<♦/<■■'■ ^""'tl' Hiatn I'li"lcwrHi,li,.i- 1i,-ih 
 i»i ii-ht to sril <,r ...xliiliit pliotn-niplis „ri,iivnt." 
 sitters; " I'ollm.l i„„l ,viiv ,■. Tliu I'liutoKiapliic 
 C-mpany l(„,.I,..st..r" .... ;„ h.o. ,388 
 
 JIT. A. A. r.iMir s fxerlliMit ti'lcscnpc Kp ■ciiillv 
 
 T'iimIV, ' l''"J''-'"'''I'''>'> ■•*''l iipiit Killing, iic'^iV 
 
 -Ml. W. b, WuiullMiry.s " Eiicyclopifdin of I'h.ita. 
 Krapiy, ,,„ , ,.sI„m1 ,890.^.^,;. 
 
 mil- MiHiiiMls My Ins .■l,,nii,,.pl,,,t.«,apl, appli,.,l 
 h} M I, ),.|M,.|i,y t„ til,. niov,.i,i.Mits„f the lips iii 
 spi'culi, tliL- n!siills IjHiiig ic-i.lalile liv (Lvif-niiites ; 
 
 1 liul<«rapliic , t-.s Oiiilciirs jar la M>th,i,l,. iiit,.|-. 
 '',',T'r ,',''''■•'• '-'l'l'""""i.'l'yAl],lio]iseJi,Tt,'H, 
 
 lUIIMlSlK'fl ...... Jiuil' 
 
 JI. CiiliriMl I.i|iiiinaiiii .1111,1, iijici-d liis iiietli'oil cit " 
 pli.ito-i-apliiii- the spi.r..|niin in its natural 
 coluiiis l.y pmiluciiii,' irirk-sfi'iicp on tlin lilm, 
 M„ v I.. I . ^, -March, iSgi-Mav,' 1802 
 
 Jlr. i. f Iv,.s at till. Ho.val iiistitnti,.,,, L.n.lui,, ' 
 10, 17-Ma.v i8q2, .■.^cllilMt,.,l|lisl,at|.nt..rllli..tll.Mlol■ 
 llllot<)).'ralllllM- eoluurs, by wliicli li« iiroiliieecl 
 colcjiii- i)rints. 
 -Air. Van .l,.r W.'v.Ie lectmcs 011 his "plmto.onr- 
 ,„'";■""■ ■it"i"„^'"-i"tv.)rAi-ts . . 26 April, ,893 
 1 liotuf;i-a,,lis ut Huttvis, ,^:c., (.vliiliitiiiK tli» mitiiral 
 (.•ul.iurs, taken l,y .M. Lumi.-r.! (l,y an impmve. 
 iiii.nl nil il„. onKinal idea of M. I.ippinaiin) cii 
 l^elaino.hiMi,,,,!,. jilates, wen. ,.xliil,it,.,l liv tlm 
 1 lintiiclnli, Pans; the iir.icess is sl.nv. lo'.Mav 
 <-,|llKress ot lilitisll pllnluKia),llie sueieties, olielied " 
 
 in .nlidcill : (..ipt. Aliliey president . u, ( let. 
 Mr. Arthur IJnioliett's new proeess, liv the nmihi- ' 
 iiatiyn nC fireeii and yellow screens, exhihited at 
 tlie( anieraeliib . . . . . ,- .p,,,. ,g„. 
 felieciniens „f L)r. Joly's method of pl,otoj;iiiphv in 
 iiatnral colours on glass plates exhibited attlie 
 Uo.val soeielv .... i,,,,,. ,0 
 
 3lr. Vernon Ueatli, landscape photographer, born,' 
 
 '820, dieil '^ ' ,-(,,.(' 
 
 The botton, of the Mediterr.inean pliotograplied by " 
 
 .M. I.oins ISontan, in . 
 Sir. Campbell Swinton exhibited iihotogiaiili's (ra- " 
 diogi-iiphs) of the interi.ir of the lianil, etc. at the 
 taniera c nb ; see A',,,,/,,,.,, 7,.,,,;, . . ,(, .,,,„, ,. , 
 Mr. lnese-(.ieenes iniprov..nieiits in printing pho- 
 tographs (blocks dispensed with), exhibited at 
 the Hoyal Institution ... .^^ f'eb 
 
 ,AI.(i I,ippi,ianii,-it the Hoyal InstitutioiMb.scribeii " 
 and illnstnited bis method of iirodnciii" r., loured 
 photogiaiihy, specimens ineliid,.d the spectnim, 
 flowers, trees, etc. . . . 17 April 
 
 JI. Villedien Chassagne and Dr. Adrien M. Dan^ " 
 sacs inveiitiun of inodncing photographs sliow- 
 iii^r the actual colours uf the obiects pboto- 
 g-raplied, reported 7V„i« . . ; jo.lan. iSo; 
 
 iU. Hennetto exhibits excell,.nt specimens of his 
 colour jihotograpby by the action of iigbt on 
 chemical substances at the Camera club, S 
 -March, 1897, and other places. 
 The National l>liotogi-,i|,luc Kecord association 
 founded by sir Beii.lm. , stone, M.l>. . >; .July 
 Uo.val I'hotographic societvs international exlii- " 
 bition at the Crystal Palace, openeil bv the 
 prince of Wales .... 2, April, ,398 
 
 JI. Pan lioyer exhib.ts i«irtraits talc, .11 bv his n,.w 
 nash-light proc'ss, I,,)nilon . . ." .\|,iv 
 He,. HAnltjcn Itinjx, ' ■ ' - , o 
 
 Pii,yroHEi.io,iKAMi,' an ap],aratiis for registering the 
 position ,if the sun's spots by incaiis of I'hK'kwork 
 ami p Mitograpby ; civi-t,..l at the suggestion of sir 
 John ll,rsch,.l at Iv,.w ,,bservat,iry ab,int 18:7, It was 
 nsH by Mr Warivii ,1c la Itn,. to photogra|,h the ,lis,. 
 of the sun , luring tli,' clipse of ,8 .July. 1S60. 
 Piioro,iAi,vAN,i,mAi.iiv, the art .if in-oilifing i.iigravin-s 
 by the action of light ami .■h...tri,dtv Th,. earli,.st 
 spci'imcns vcrc iiroduccl bv Nicepliore .\iep,.e, aii.l 
 mv.seiitc,| by him ill 1827 to the great botanist, liobert 
 Brown, (.ivat a,lvanitcs have since li,.,.ii nia,le in this 
 art by ,M-M. Niepce ,le fit Victor fwli.i piib|i«h,.,l a 
 tiv.oise on it in ibjp), Vitry, W. li. tirove, H. Fox 
 Talbot &c. In ,852, Paul Pr,.t:i,.li pat,.nte,l a proi'ess 
 whii'h he call,',| " Plmtogalvanographv." 
 Photoolyi-hiij E-NiiiuviNii (a pniccsH lly which the light 
 
 actually etch, s a picture , .11 a i,l,t,. ,1,.,, 
 has be,.n printcl' from) was p ,'„,;", '""\, 
 Talbot in .858, ami is ,l,..s,.ribe,| a,„i ' ''> -^'f 
 
 ■J'-- f.i,; 
 F„ 
 
 pi,ot,,gr;uddr'xj;.^;v;;mi,r^:p;''':^i''i''i''-iiMi: 
 
 being given in the l.iiter iinmber. ' ^"'' " "'"''''iien 
 PhoTozincoohahiiv (a ],rocess bv whiel, ,1 . 
 are transferreil to zinc plates wiiirh 1,,' ,.','' "-■''■'I'ln 
 from) was ilevi.sci by sir lleiirv, James ' i'f ' "'''"■ ' 
 
 iiam^e hurvcy, ami nnule known in ,8( 
 Pii 
 
 .Hint,. 
 
 tli..|i,,l 
 
 "■>• It iiiajK 
 
 charts, and engravings may be'i,ni,'t,.,'r',t ■!'!.', ''i,'""'"- 
 
 Piioro-.Sciu.i-n-Rb: : M. Vill.ime's ,.m II, , , , ' .'''"'"'"'t. 
 
 graphs ,n the Ibnna.ion of s.Milptuil was',:iL:;;,l:|:;;';,; 
 
 1S63 
 Messrs. rhuiiiil's )ir,i|.ess of 
 mezzo-tint, reimrt,.,! highlv 
 rciir.i.li I, Pel,. 1334. 
 
 PHOTOMETER (liKht nna-uivrV ,„ 
 .•oustnictcl by Dr. W. liiicbic i„ i,S. "«,'"■ " 
 pnivcnicnts iiiivc been nnulc rcreniiv '; i '' 
 iiu'try. Sc.. uiiilcr .S7<f/'.« - '" 
 
 •'-'S?;:-:^;- 
 
 iiitii 
 
 -Air. A. Vernon Harcourt's new leilui.ii, , 
 appn.v,.,lJnn,., ,833. ""'"hh,.!,,,,,.!,,- i,y,,j. 
 
 .S(, //.,,• 1'Ii,,Ium:Ii-ii, th,. m.-asiirement of tl,ei;„i, , 
 stars, has been ninch stndi,..l b ,;,,,"'" "^ "'- 
 ally by sir.bihn llerschel. pp,f Vi '■ l' "'"'■ 
 Piitchar,! an,l otle.is. .Mr. V I iin, |i '" T '":'.''- '■ 
 t.-tlieiipsur,.inent.,flight.',',',,b:;,,'', ■■";!■• 
 
 :^:i!ai. ligld.""""^'"""" ■''' '•■'■'■■-'""' I '-HiV-:: 
 
 PHOTOPHOXE. In this an,,;,,..,,,,, , 
 struc.cl bv mvilossor (irnliam liell :.,1, Jl" ^i,, ""■ 
 
 mirror is tlirowii into vib,-ati,„i by ,1 ' . ■'^'■""' 
 beam of lifrMt is rcllctcl l,-on, this ,„!,.,.„,. ^^f''' 
 .eived at a dista,,,-.. by a ,.,.ll of the .iictalsel a ,1 r 
 when by an-an,ome>,t, tliis is ,.o„tiected i, 'i 
 telcplioiie, the soiimls arc r, prociiic.a. 
 
 PHOTO.SPHERE. s, c .y,,,, nole, 
 
 PHpTOTACHOMETEK. m instn.,,,,,,, , 
 mcasni-in- th,' vchicity of liglit. nivci.t.dbv - 
 lessor iMmoii Acwcomb of Washington iS'ti^fo 
 
 PHRENOLOGY, see Vranhhyy. 
 
 . ?HRYGIA (noxv Karanmnia). a nrovin,,, j,, 
 Asia .Minor, bcame part of the l>ers,a,i empir,. i 
 3,5, 1. c. an, partook of its chang,,. After tlu 
 (Ich.atot Antiochus tlie liivat. kinu' „f Svii, , 
 H.c. tlR. Romans a,hU.,l Pln-ygia to the kin joli ," 
 Icriraini.s «^iicli was be,|ucathe.l to them l,,' 
 Attilns III., till hist kinir, 135 11. c. 
 
 PHYLLOXERA, see ;',«,. 
 
 PHY.SIC app,.ar3 to liave been first |ir;„ti<,.,| 
 by the Egyptian j.ricsts Pythagoras en,l,.av„„ui 
 to c.xplam the philosopliv of iIimms,. ami ilici,.|i,„. 
 of mclicuu., ahinit s2() it.c. Ilippe.a'ates, tliefii!!!., 
 ot medlcuu', tloiirislieil about 422 li.c and (i, In, 
 born \.\> 131, was the ormlc „f mclieal 8<.i;.n,,.: 
 About ,)to -Vvi,-,.iii,.i, an Arab, wrote a system of 
 lucliein,.. Dr. J(. (Main's DiHinmin, „f if.jlit,,. 
 
 pullli.shed I,S,S2. •■ Till. ,Sy,t,.,n „( M'rdw .- ,.01,.' 
 
 sistiii.n- of coiitriliutioiis by |.min,.„t physi,i;insnii,i 
 siiiwoiis, clitcl by sir J. i;uss,.|l Ucvnoliis, in : 
 yols., imbhsh...,! iSdfi-;". A •• Syst,.m of indioi,,,.' 
 by many writers, clitcd by Dr. Cliltb:,! \,ll,ut't 
 vol. I., June 181/): vol. in., i,s,,8. Set- Miil.ni' 
 The ilogmati,. age ,,f nie,|i.-ine last,.,l till tl„. IM,,,,,,. 
 
 ti..n wheiiit wasattackcl by l',ira,.eUus(,.„,.„,,| 
 
 ami Vesalms (,514-64). .Sinco ,800 leeilieal i.ra.'tite 
 
 has been completely traiiHtbriiicil bv iiJiv-siiiLoiral 
 
 ami chemical r,. search. 
 The ,li8,.oyery ,if the I'lrciilation of the Woml, livUr 
 
 Harvey, furnish,.,! an entirely new system of i.livsi,,. 
 
 loL-i>.al ami jiatbologi.-al s],e..,i|,di,.n, 1625. s« M- 
 
 ml ami !>'i''ielii'i. 
 Physician to tiik Kjno,— ,Iohn, the kiiig'.s,.lm|,liiiiianil 
 
 Iih,vsi,.iaii (afU-.rwanls bisli,,]i ,,f lutli »ii,l Wells, a- 
 
 ti,nicd 1090. 
 
PHYSIC GARDENS. 
 
 843 
 
 -•'"'■-"■■■tmVw;.;— ;[i:^;;';^- 
 
 ^^, made n.,.emly ,„ ,,|,„„. 
 '■fs iinv l..,I.,i,l,otu„K.tor l,i,.,,|j, 
 
 '" "I l"n->trwl |.i,u'.,„„.i* ,; 
 
 5. In t!ji. apparutiis, ,,-,„. 
 
 UiMliiim li,.|lan,l.\l,..su,nn„ 
 /"".in KS,S„ , „„„ I 
 
 10 ;i 'n,.,,.,, l,v ,1,.. v„K. 
 itt'd Iroin thisiniiTOrandrt.. 
 
 V:in-llnttll,M,ldlllsekli„m; 
 
 It, tlii.s IS comit'utca will, ;i 
 ai-e iviirodui-.'il, 
 
 ,E, M'l' .S'.(/', nntc. 
 
 'METER, an iiKtriimciit in 
 v<>( lirlit, „iv,.,n«l bvPro. 
 boi Ua>linii;tni,, iSygljjo, 
 
 . , SCO L'i'fiiiiijloii)/, 
 
 Karainania), a iiroviiur ii, 
 ait ot Ilie l',a-.^iaii empin. i,, 
 
 >'t it:i ohaiii;. s. After tli.ir 
 lif tiiiait, kiriirafSvri,, i,,-, 
 (1 riirv^'ia t.> th.. kiilirdnli, ,., 
 i« ln'.|U(.allieil to them l,v 
 iiiitr, 153 n.c. 
 
 L, see Vine. 
 
 to liave \,vvn first \,jm\iA 
 ts. I'ytlia-i.ras eiiilravuiiri',! 
 pliy ot iliM-a-si' and the ii,tji,]| 
 ili.c. Hiiipo,/rate.stln.f;iili,r 
 I abuiit 422 n.L\, andUiilin, 
 e ora.-lo y,( inedi.al sfitu,,., 
 
 ail Aral), wrote a systramf 
 
 nil s JUiliiillilrll hf,]fi'ilicii„, 
 
 V Systfiu of .Miiiiciiic," coil.' 
 IS liy cniiiiriit phvviii:iiu;i]|,| 
 r J. Kllsstll Ucynold*. ill ; 
 '.S- A " Sy^triii "f iiR',lifiiii>;'' 
 I'll liy Or. (_'lilt":(l A.lUitt 
 I. III., I.S98. Set' Mol.,;,i 
 
 li.-iHf lasted till tile lirf nuj. 
 
 .'keil hy l'al;leel,siis(i4gj.|;4,|, 
 
 iSiiieo idoo iiiedieal iiiiiiiiit; 
 
 triiiinl'uriiu'a Ijy iiliysielyiial 
 
 ivulatiiiii of the Wood. livDr. 
 entirely new .system o| |,liysii'. 
 i -j'eeulaticn, 162;. ."ii'c ,'./.:.,',■- 
 
 -.Tnlin, thf kind's eliinilaiii.in.l 
 lisliupof Until and \Vell.<i, iiini. 
 
 n, earliest mandate or w.irr.iiit for the ntteiidan 
 |,liy,ieian at ei.iirt is d.ited 1434, and jj llenrv VI 
 
 if a 
 
 Vlivsieiini .,_,, ^^ 
 
 WHiifertde HI the ii.-|tr,,n,lKe whieli was anoroea to 
 in^litieneis. m n.edieinu ; lii,t iioapi.uintinent u.Nisted 
 ,l,ji.|iean.iastly liecalledpliy.sieiaiito the r.ival I'er 
 i„„. liy tins warrant the kin- with the eunsent . f 
 lis privy e.inneil, depute.! to three idivsieiairs ami tw,, 
 jiii^Tiiiis t lie ri-iilatioM i.f his diet, and the a.lininistea. 
 
 li„,H)fsiieli niedieines and re lies as nii-ht he siiili 
 
 lifiit for his i-iiiv, without ,ii,v alliisiiin to the i.reviniis 
 esislenee or periii.iiii'ncy „t the .ittiee wlnVli thev weic 
 j;,tl,ori.se,lforaliiiietu till, „, t„ a reinnneratiou for 
 llieirser\-iee.s.--/j> ;/ li,,,,,-,;:. 
 
 J,,, Oiiimtt faftiTwanls Mrs. Anderson) lieensed at 
 
 .l|,„tlieearie« nail, London, to iiraetise diidiie 23 
 
 S«|it. 1865. ' 
 
 At « iiiirtint! of tho Royal Medieal and CliirnrL-ieil 
 >„.i,.ty. 3 .May, 1869. it was ivsolvd that the ■• H,,v,l 
 S.irlyorMeiliciiie (ineliidii,^ liie vari.iMs secthai's 
 1» I'eiiiiiled : theresiihitiiin was alllrnied ^^ Fel, .Q,,' 
 Imt ill .871 the], I .t,lin,„„.,i -- "-"■ "*7o, 
 
 i,.|,..l of Medi " 
 
 .»i»i 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 founiled, i8«s-6 ; i., full „etivity. Mi- jreihovf r 
 (Gladstone, iireMdent. N„v. iKofi. \^vri,.v l-uv' 
 sic.v r. La imK..vT.,Hv, .io,i,„„tt,v a,', j^,; '\ ^ ".' * 
 
 s,H.n.,,,t^,,st,.hiish,„o,.t,i„,.di^.vf:^h:!;;:iU::i: 
 
 l^^^ ,S^,P-^?^TIP'^- .""'i'^'' Col- 
 was lied 1 e",,?^' \[citr' '"" "^"V' '^""""'l 
 
 
 will 
 
 Mjei 
 
 ■t'l'"l' I. 
 
 ...,...,.,.. lor ^\^lll,.|l in I..oidoi, f,.„iin(il ■ 
 
 iHiird.ai-.Ninder.son and llii\l,.v, Mrs (i in,.i, 
 
 ai, .M.li.. Mrs. Ulaekwell, M.lli.'aiel ■„;i;j,;',': 
 
 i/jwiieil, Uet. 1874. 
 
 Bwistritioii of inedieal women, permitted liv Modioli 
 art, 39*40 Met. e. 41, II An;;. 1876 
 
 rh^|n«iila,vstliefMi,iidati,aioftlieMediean-x-aiiii,,ftti(>n 
 toll on the \ let. ina Knikank nt. -4 Mareh ijog 
 
 nierarririilinii for me.lieal stii.l.Mits ohaiine.rfr.jm'. 1,, 
 ;)eare; beKMisllet. 1893. ' ■♦ '" 
 
 Set? AHfittnin/, 
 
 E.MlNEXr MEDlCiL MKN 
 
 I'Mrnfliiis Celsiis 
 
 PiiiliM .Kf!iiii'tn ll..urislie.l 
 
 .Vfrrli.res 
 
 Tliomas Linai'i'e . 
 
 Pani'flsu.s 
 
 .tiiilir.i.<c I'ar.', I'r.-iich stir, 
 
 William Harv.'y 
 
 Tli.iiiiasSy.leiili.iiii 
 
 Milpielii .... 
 
 Hcriiiann n.)erlia;ive . 
 
 RMftLl .... 
 4;]frt v.iii Halli'i' 
 filliaiii Hunter 
 Jijlin Hunter 
 R T. Lieiini'.' . 
 Uiii.\lwnietliy . 
 .Ull.'vC.i.ii'.'r . 
 sir .Jaines V.tinti; Wiini 
 
 aniitlieti.-s) 
 SrHfiiry Hollan.l 
 H'liryUeiiiv, Lines. 
 Sit limiiiis \Vatsi m . 
 Riolianl (Jitaiii 
 s.r.h-i. liis.loii lietin.-tt 
 s:r«'iii. W. (iiill . 
 wii-'irs.'.'Pau'Ht 
 S.I1-. i'a-et . 
 Mffiii, .Ji'iiiier . 
 vrlliJirU^tiaiii . 
 ':i\ :.:i .Ma.'k.oizie . 
 N Jiijiii Krjo Erieh.s.'ii 
 mJ.i<.'1iIi Favivf . 
 irAi.die«-Ciiirl< 
 
 I'"ni Dictl 
 
 • 4 A.Il. 
 
 ■ a!i.itit6;n 
 12 lie, 
 . I.^6o 
 
 • 1493 
 
 • 1539 
 
 • 1573 
 
 . It,..4 
 
 '11 (introdiuter of 
 
 iri2l 
 . 1608 
 
 1673 
 . 1708 
 ■ 1718 
 . 1728 
 . 1781 
 
 1764 
 
 1768 
 
 i3ii 
 . 1783 
 
 ■ 'S13 
 
 ■ 1792 
 . 1803 
 . 1809 
 . 1816 
 . 1809 
 . 1814 
 • 'its 
 
 . i3i6 
 
 ■ "337 
 iStS 
 
 . 1824 
 . i8j6 
 
 1827 
 
 1818 
 
 1820 
 
 1829 
 
 1823 
 
 1S18 
 
 .,3 
 ■5 -'4 
 1541 
 15U0 
 1657 
 1689 
 1694 
 ■7jS 
 '754 
 '777 
 1 78 3 
 
 '793 
 iSj6 
 1831 I 
 
 7 i 
 
 1S70 ; 
 
 '873 i 
 1873 
 
 : i.iv.sidoi-r.'ii- Hio'','iio.!o"''7r^\r''ir^'' ^''' «'--^' 
 
 Srojit lR.tu.ta..tor t., tlti^insti, .'ti, „ u -'"''Tr T-^' 
 
 i^'ti™w;i!:ir;;'i;,;-^il!-^:::;^'"'^-^ntodt'^^^^ 
 
 [ TllLM■oll,.^.o WIS , ■orvinl n"'"' '".'"'■'""ents. 
 
 ooiitinuod fi^ ;- w oil tliP ,r, • V ;"' "■'"''■^' 't 
 e.liHe.. in Ti ^ 'irUn , , ''' ("^■^'■"t,'' I'lsMnt stone 
 
 i?>; «i.- n. isi.iirk."^T :;^:::;-^'f!' *'■""> «?"^ 
 
 tVllows and iiioii,l,,.-s; . n, , • " I r"'"''^-^^'.'' »f 
 and .■xtra-lie,.„..i'ites TI, , ' ''''''' 'n-onciates 
 
 aot of i8.S(, t„ ..rant dinin,,', i 1- *'"-' miHhoti 
 
 ;;l-.odn lellowof,^n?:oll.; r.Sr^s:!-''';^ 
 College of I'hvsioian.s, DuliU w.V . '^ ''.-"T^'"' 
 'liiirtor ofCliuMos II. i6f- ,„,! V" '"'"."'''''' ^Y 
 '■"tod in iOo2. Till. Uo . 'ril "'V m """■"'■!>"- 
 
 ,rs:,™r:;":'^-:^:« "" ""va,. oim,k.i 
 
 1796. Tli.mi.is (iisii.,rni- 
 1804. .Sir 1,11. 'as I'.'pvs ' 
 iS... .Sir Fran.asMiitnan. 
 1813. .lohn l.ath.iiii. 
 1820. «ir llenrv ll.ili'.ir.l 
 ■ 344. •I.'hn .\,\ri,,i, i>ai-is'. 
 1857. Th.inias .Miy.i 
 1S62. iSirTh.iiiiasW.-itson 
 iSlT. Sir.laini^s Al.l.'rs.in 
 1871. Wir tie.ir^e narrows. 
 
 1S76. 
 
 tSSi, 
 i838. 
 
 1896. 
 
 I".N'110N-. 
 
 1887 
 
 1890 
 1892 
 
 iSgS 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 PHYSICS, SCO iiiidor IVtilowphy, X, 
 
 «ii; .l.iin..s Kisdori, 
 
 13.0111. 'tt. 
 i-iir Win. ,I..in,,.|,. 
 «"■ An.livw Clark: 
 
 die.l6\.,v. ,3o;. 
 J.Kiiss..|lH..vii,,i,u 
 
 •^I'l.V, l8q(S. ^ 
 
 Samuel Wilks, bart 
 Jniie, 1897. '' 
 
 ^iititriil. 
 
 1S96 
 i3ij6 
 1896 
 
 I8y6 
 
 897 
 
 ■|.li histi 
 ■:ri,.' .!■.■.. .lohiis.ai , 
 
 ""' 'f Murray lliini|ilirv 
 
 I G'^tifHarlev . 
 stD.Wanl Rieli:ir.|s.iii . 
 SiTli.jiiias,speiie,.r Wells. 
 
 PHY.SIC GARDENS. The first c.iltiv.itod 
 n hndand was liy John G.^rard, «„r,™n of 
 
 I ,t"'"",''!',',-^"l' *''"/'f "^•''"'■'1 ^vtis ondowod bv 
 e«lot Uanliy. in 1652 ; timt tit Cti.nliriilgo was 
 
 MMimcediibimt the middle of the hist eont,,,-, • 
 Ujt,itatChel.soa,origi„t,tedl,y .>ll4 S 1^^ 
 
 .«iventu the Apotlu.c.ries' ooinpaiiv n -" • 
 I Ik)! 1,1st w,i, very m,a,-ji adniirod H- Liiu.r-u.; ' 
 
 I I^^f^^}' SOCIETY, established ,4 Feb 
 \.\- Ur. ,1. li. (iltulstoue, first nivs1,ie,ir 
 
 ■• tV.,in the foatiuvs Ti the n t ''n^^ '"' '!'-"vcrod 
 
 : lorm is r,.f,.iTed to Arisf. lo-' ■' r"''''"" "^ ""> 
 
 ttiehed to the s,.i|.n,.o T 1' ^""■" "'■''* '«- 
 
 i «tudyfr.,,iithol...l ;i„,,„fu'^;'';'";r " '"■'I'ionalile 
 
 -'^•tl.y lod t., the nioilern lysf-m ^" ""^' ^ ^''- 
 
 ■'. Iv. I.avater, wl h.ov.iiiis„l » ' • 
 
 ^^■::vsiU!;ni;:;r7:r ri - '^:':-^^ 
 
 "•.,rk '•Kxpressi,,ii ..f th.. .1,, /i ''""'"'" ''i^ 
 Aniiual.s." ,87, „,„ ,, ' y .'„ ''"'"ti.ins ,„ m,,,, , , 
 
 noiuytmd vl^t^J^^i^^''"" '" 'n^ " I'liysio!;! 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY is ihit >,.,et f 1 • 
 
 treats of the i,,,,', <ons it,,',; "'^..''''>?"'* "■'''<••'» 
 
 plat.ts, and tile . .,,",;"' "' " nils and 
 
 "11 their or..,ns and t 's, T ' "'"', "''^■'■"'*""^ "f 
 
 Milne-Kd«"nds, I ,y ' r '''"' "' •'^'""'-■'•. 
 
 H^.^nl.se,uarll;II',,:^l;,,,;;|];;■:!•';';• ,^"!-ly'-' 
 
 iiioiii and >^rJ.dni 1! , ' , '•'''n'i«nj:. Du [!..!--!{,.,•• 
 and Todd's " C^ pei h ' \;"-". ''""" ""''■'"•"tnl, 
 is „ library in [t^ . ;"' ,m ;t , ^':':;'^'^>' ^'«?"-5'» 
 ''""• ''"""'I'''' I'V l)r Ill's, '■''■'■■ '" f"'"- 
 
 ' f ' I 
 
 
 rw\ 
 
 #■= , 
 
 ' ' i,i 
 
 ' f- 
 
 f.n 
 
.-J 
 
 
 
 15 . 
 
 IFPI 
 
 PIACENZA. 
 
 816 
 
 PIGEONS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .4 1,11; 
 
 \..' 
 
 
 i 
 
 1ft 
 
 5, ' 
 
 Jioi/al hmtitution. Intprnutional congressog of 
 
 plivsiologv: Basle, l888; Liugo, Aug. 1892; Deme, 
 
 9 Sept. 1895. 
 
 Jly menus iil' tin' UiiiitHcn rays tlifl iictiim of tlie 
 'lii'iiit anil viHciTii in 11 living' human lioily wi'i'e 
 niaili' visilile at, i. meeting in .Munich . 6 An),'. 1E96 
 
 PIACENZA, see I'tacentia. 
 PIANETTE, rt sniall upriglit piano introduced 
 liy Bold of Taris ill 1857. 
 
 PIANOFORTE.* The invention is attrilnited 
 to Cristolalli (or Cristufori), an Italian, J. C. 
 Schroter, a German, and Alaiius, a Frencliinan, 
 <arly in the 18th eeiitiii y. The striIl^'s are struck 
 hv small hammers, ami iiot by quills, as in harpsi- 
 cfiords. Schroter is said to have jiresented a model 
 of his invention to the court of Saxony, in 171 7; 
 and G. Silbennan manufactured pianofortes with 
 <.'onsiderable success in 1772. Pianofortes were 
 made in London hv M. Zumpie, a German, 1700, 
 and have been since greatly improved by dementi, 
 Ifroadwood, Collard, Kirkman, Erard, I'li'Vel, and 
 others. 
 
 Cpril-'ht iilanns, first niailc in tliis cnnntry, were sn^'- 
 • e.stcd liy Isaac Hawkins in iSoo, and 'tljomas l.oml, 
 Tn 1S02. 'Wm. Snntlnvcll patented "cabinet pianos" 
 in 1807 ; superseded, tVom about 1S40, l>y tlic icittage, 
 i.iecMlo, and other pianos. . 
 
 A keyed instrument at JIuilena wa.s niunod "piano e 
 
 \ '•^■!iniie%iinr>fnrlf" formed of a series of flints and 
 other stones of various sizes, collected in KiaiU'C and 
 aiTaiif,'od I'V M. liandre, was idayed on liy him at tliu 
 Kovarinstitution, on i6Mar(di. 1866. 
 
 The new tri'iif/f.^iii'i )iiano, imented by Mr. Henry 
 Schallehn. ■ is exhibited at the Savoy hotel, 
 Westuiinster. .>>.Tnne, 1B90. • 
 
 The .laiiko ]iian. 'forte, with a new arran;,'eineiit of key- 
 lioard exhibited ill the I'ortman rooms, Limilon, W,, 
 ,, Nov .( sill. 1B91. said to possess many advant;i^'es. 
 
 '^ee (iVoves " llicti'iiiarv of Music," article "I'ltninfurlr:' 
 
 :Mi-. a. .1. llipkiiis' "Hi.slory of the rianoforte," pub- 
 
 lisheil iSqfi. , , , , 11 
 
 A "double piano," a new harpsichoi<l ami harp, played 
 
 on at .Mes.srs. I'leyel's rooms, London, 12 April, 
 
 1S97. 
 
 PICARDY (N. France), was conquered bv the 
 English in iu6, and bv the duke of Burgundy in 
 Mr, towhoin it was eJ'ded by the treaty of Arras, 
 21 ^ept. 1435, and anne.xed to France by Louis XI., 
 1463. 
 
 PICCADILLY, a fine street, W. London : the 
 name of uncertain origin, was Pickadilla and I'l- 
 giidello, about 16O0. when a house of entertain- 
 iiunt e.xisted near the Haymarket, termed I'lcka- 
 dilly hall, after which buildings were gradually 
 extended westwards. 
 
 PICCOLO PIANO, it small pianoforte intro- 
 duced by Kobert Woriium in 1829. 
 
 PICENTINES, a Sabine tribe, subdued by the 
 Komans, and their capital, Asculum, taken, 268 n.c. 
 They began the Socuil war in 90, and were con- 
 quered in 89 B.C. ^ 
 
 - The nucleus cd' the instrument was a little box over 
 whii-h was stretched strings : such was the citole, the 
 dnlcitiier and the psaltery. The clavitheriuni had keys ; 
 the clavicdmrd (about 1500) had dampers; successive 
 imorovcinents weiv the virginals (on whadi ipieeu Eliza- 
 lietli plaved), the spinet (about 1700), and the harpsi- 
 chonKw-ith two rows of keys), said to have been used 
 in the istli century, for which liach and Handel ivan- 
 l..>sed 111 the 17th century. A coUecticai of harpsudionls 
 <om' dated i5S5)>s i» the South Keiisin^'bni nmseiim. 
 \ double-pianoforte (with two keyljoaids reveised), 
 Hiving remarkable etfeels (patented by M. M. -Mengeot;, 
 jjlayed ou ut t'ovcut-gardeu theatre, ai Ucl. 1B78. 
 
 PICHEGRU' S CONSPIIJ AC Y, set ft,,,,, , 
 
 PICKETING, see Trials, Aug. 1%; m\ ly,- 
 U. Head and four other cabineliimkeis iiiii.iiMim 1 
 
 '''"•l'i'-l<'^^t"%' .M„v|,;^. 
 
 PICQUET, a game with ranis. ;„v,.,u,„' 
 it is said, by Joquemin, tor tlic ainuseniein ,1 
 Charles VI. of France, then in fcelili healili iv 
 Mtzenii/. ' •'•'■'■ 
 
 PICTS (pos-ibly from ririi, puiuted). the iini, 
 given to tile earliest known inlialiit.iiits of th,.',', 
 of Scotland, by the Komans, who niailu expeiliti™ 
 into the country, 29(1 d wij. ; see Umitau Wi,lt 
 
 PICTURES, see PaiiUiiig. 
 
 PIEDMONT {IWemonfwn; Latin, foot of il,,. 
 inminlams), a rcLrion m N. Italy, fnnnirlv tte sea 
 of government of the kingdom of S;iri!ii;ia.'rii>/, 
 sec, and Haroi/. Population, |,V)0, 5,2U.;o6, 
 
 PIE-POUDRE COURT, the (;„,irt of D,,..,. 
 
 Foot, whose jurisdiition was estalili^heil fur ,.a<i:. 
 arising at fairs and markets, to do jii.tii,. to'th* 
 buyer and seller iiiimediately upon tin. spot Bv 
 sta't. 17 Edw. IV., it had cogiiizaiKc of all (li^'^,^lt^, 
 in the precincts of the market to ^^llicllitll|i„|,^ 1,,' 
 long, 1477, 
 
 PIER .VXD HARBOUR ACT, t., f„.|ii„„,. 
 
 the tormatioli, niauagemenf, and niaiiiteiiiiine ,.| 
 Ijiers and harliours in Great liii'aiii an i hvlanj 
 was jiassed in 1862. 
 
 PIETISTS, a Lutheran set, i„<ii,„t.,l in 
 Leipsic, by Philip James S|ieii( v, a ]a'ole.>,ir of 
 theology, about l()89. with llie view of relunnino 
 the popiilar religion. Jle established "colk-gts '( 
 pietists," with preachers rescmhling tlaw uf the 
 society of friends and the iiiethiiilists in lliitain. 
 about ijbo. A body resembling the PieHsts iinmej' 
 Clmsidim, arose among tlie Jews in the l'i<riiiii(, 
 and spread through I'oiand ami Kuio]ie;m Ti'rkiv,' 
 
 PIETRO BARSANTI Club, sec /%,i8-8. 
 
 PIEZOMETER (Greek piizo, I coniiiress),'i,n 
 apparatus for measuring the coniiiressibility f 
 liquids, invented by iKrstcd (died 1851); impiovcii 
 by Despretz ic Saigey. 
 
 PIGEONS were employed as carriers hv iht 
 ancients. Hirlius and iirutus ciirrespomleil bv 
 means of pigeons at tlie siege of iloilena. The 
 pigeons of Aleppo served as couriers at Ale.viiiidrfttii 
 and Bagdad. Thirty-two jiigeoiis liliiTatid from 
 London at 7 o'clock 111 the morning, 22 Xov. 1819; 
 at noon one of them arrived at .\iitwerp; luiiiartir 
 of an liour afterwards a second arrived; ilif iv- 
 niahider on the loUowiug day. r/iillijis. At a 
 pigeon race, 25 July, 1872, fiMiii Spalding to Lon- 
 don, the speed allowed was 90 sccuuds a mile ; sie 
 2'oKt OjHcc, 1870. 
 
 'II a pificoii race from Dover to Plyiiiinith, soiii.' iiijv.ms 
 attaineil tin' velocity of i,2ji\;oils. j,2iS yards and 
 i,cxj3 yards per icinnte 2_> ,lnly, 1886. Ahw 300 
 pigeon-Hying societiesexist in friiiee; IlieiiivauiiatMii 
 ofcarrier-iii;.'eon stiitions ordereil by the iiiiiiistiT f tr 
 war, .Ian. iSSB. About 150 similar societies v.\ist iii 
 (iermauy, slated Jan. iSoB. 
 Natioiiol i'eristeionic Society (originating from tin' d- 
 liiiiibariaii .^oeiety, foundeil in 1750), has aiiiiiialslinw,';. 
 A bill for plollibitiug shoolilig ]ii;;ecill.s risiiij; IMII a 
 trap attemh'd with cruelties, |la.^^ell liy Ilieciiiiiiiii'iis 
 with large iiio.iorilies, in iclti^^aiid 1834(195— 401, Ms 
 rejected by the lords in 1883 (30— 17), and 011 9 May. 
 iac4(7a 4ti). 
 The Loudon ('oluiiibariaii society opeiiwl its istli 
 aumial exliiliilion of pigeons, at the Weitiniiister 
 Aipiariiun, 2 IX'c. 1S91. 
 
[GEONS. " ^ ' 
 
 CONSPII{ACY,,.eft.,v,„: 
 
 *ce7W«/.,, Au-. i8C;„n(li8n- 
 r caliinctiiN.kiTs ii.iioi,,,,,,,! '' 
 ■ • ■ • May, ,;,; 
 U'Mio xvitli c:i.,-d.<, ;„v,,„^ 
 ■imii, Ini- tlic MimKcnuiu ,i 
 e, then ill ftvliK in,;,),], ,, 
 
 from y'»7/.,,„iutc.,|).,h, „„:,,, 
 known iMli;iliit,iiit> of thcn-t 
 itoniiins, will. iii:i,|o fxiifilitif',,,, 
 J it xrij. ; see liuinah tPill. 
 i Paiiiliiir/. 
 
 "(•(kiiionliiiiii, Latin, foot of 11, 
 1 in X. Italy, fonnorlv 11;,. „',t 
 kin;,'doin of Sariiiiuii id, I, 
 )ulntion, i.S'A .5.2,14,500. 
 
 COURT, the Court of Du.-v 
 tiDH was fstahli-lioil for ,;k's 
 
 markets, to (L. ju.ti,.(. t., th,. 
 liU'diatc'ly upon ih,. spot, liv 
 
 had oo^iii/MiKc of all dbf,,,;,:, 
 le niarkot to «hi,liitniigl,t ij,.. 
 
 iKBOUR ACT, t.. fa.-ilit;,,,. 
 airomcnt, anil iiiaiiitoiiiuiir ..i 
 in Great liri'aiii uiiil IivLmj, 
 
 Lutheran si'-t, ii,<iitiit|.,i in 
 James Speiii r, .a |)rol(.>>.,r of 
 ). with the view uf rcf„niiiiig 
 Jle established "colk-gts o'f 
 elitrs reseiiililiiis: tliojo of "the 
 lid the nieth.iili>lf in l||it.,i„. 
 resemlilin.u' the I'ie'isis, mmi 
 >\vj: tlie Jews in tlio Ukraine! 
 I'olaiul and Kuro|ieaii Turkey. 
 
 SAXTI Club, see //„;,,, is-j, 
 
 .{ (Greek ;)/(;o, [ coniiircss), an 
 unn^' thi> eom]ircssibilitv cf 
 • Krsted (died Kjji); improved 
 
 .■ emjiloyed as carriers bv tfce 
 and iireitiis eorre.<])omleil W 
 It the sief,'e of .Moileiia, The 
 rved as eonriers at Ale.xaDdrettii 
 t\ -two iiinouiis lilicratid from 
 111 tile niorniiif.', 2: Nov. lijii); 
 arrived at Antwerj); a i|ii;irtir 
 rds a sei'iiiid arrived; the re- 
 Uowiiii; day. i'//(7/i/«. .U a 
 ', 1872, fi-oiii Spalding to Lf.n- 
 .•ed was ijo secouds a mile ; see 
 
 Hover to I'lyilli'lltll, some liiiriilis 
 y ..r i,2jjyaiils, i,2iS vaiils ami 
 iiiato 22 .Inly, 1SS6. Alj..M 3M 
 i's exist in Kraiiec: (]ieor»iiiiEiti"ii 
 
 tioiisorilered liyllie minister f.r 
 lout .150 similiu' societies exist in 
 1. 1808. 
 
 Sieii'ly (originating I'roni tlii'Cv 
 oumii'it in i75u), Iiasaiiintalsli.iw:;. 
 : sliimtiiii; |.it'i.iiiis risiiif; ln.m ,1 
 eriielties, passeil tiy tlieeuianiitns 
 es, ill i8b',i an.l 1684(195-40). was 
 is ill 1SS3 (!o— 17). and on sMa.v, 
 
 lariaii soeiely oiioiinl its ijth 
 -if pigeons, .it tin; Westiuiiisler 
 >9i. 
 
 PIGMIES. 
 
 PIGMIES, sec Divarf/i. 
 
 PILCHARD FISHERY, reeuliarto Land's 
 End, I'oriiwall, reverts to W. Ireland, after sus- 
 jiension of two centuries (stated July, 1883). 
 
 PILGRIMAGE of GRACE, a mime as- 
 jiinicd by rehitioua insurgents in the north of En". 
 land, who opposed the dissolution of tlie monasteries. 
 Tlie movement, which eoninieneed in Lineolnshire 
 m f^c'pt. I.^6,, was suppressed in Oct. ; but soon 
 alter revived in Yorkshire ; ami an e.\pedition 
 hearing the foregoing name, having banners oii 
 whieh were depleted the live wounds of 'Jhrist, was 
 headed by Aske, and otlier gentlemen, and joined 
 bv iiricsts and 40,000 ineii of Ycrk, JJurhaiii, Lan- 
 rastiT, and other counties. Tli'jy took Hull and 
 York, with smaller towns. The duke of Xorfolk 
 iiiarehcd against them, and bv making terms dis- 
 persed them. Early in 15,37 they again took 
 
 Memorial e(iTi.rr,../„ti,,r.>i 1 , . " 
 
 .,,t"'naiKh, .,.(,i';,o: ,s7' ""'""»"■'. '""nileilat Oains- 
 
 'fd';:^tl:;^i;;'-:nil^''if;;;a---''r.!!'''f'7^''™'' 
 
 bV^.,,,,^,0 .ovenior Widen,?, Tt. 
 
 lio; ; t;iveii nj. 
 ssaihiisetts, 26 
 
 ri'iirinted ami 
 
 wSSIS^^.^^/GRESS K.OM Tins 
 by John liunVait.'i' '/) 1 „ f , . il^Vvl"-' T'''"™ 
 imprisoned twei;,- Vea s , (L" ' T h''''^ 'T "''"' 
 wasjiulilishedin i(.-S \ tr 1 ' "^ ''' *"'=' P"*" 
 
 "'' ""■■■• — ■■.• ■■• '.1.5/ '."ei again looK 
 j.iiis but were promptly supnressed, and the leaders 
 several alibots, and many others, were e.xeeuted. ' 
 
 PILGRIMAGES began with tlie pilgrimiigo 
 oi the empress Helena to Jerusalem, 326. Tlicy be- 
 .iiiie vi're IVeonent, at the el(wi. i.f fli,\ ,^i-l. \ 
 
 PILLAR SAIXTS, see .Uon 
 
 in chin in. 
 
 ..j..i.„ —v.,...,. ^„ „!,,„,,„„;,, J, ^^,j. nicy ue- 
 .anic very frequent at the close of the loth century. 
 Miert II. of France made .several pilgrinia"e.s- 
 among others one to Rome about the \ear loifi' 
 IPS in 1020, wlien lie refused tlu' imiieriai 
 
 r*..i.. 'I'l •! ■* 
 
 ge 
 
 perbaps 
 
 l-eMKif.-. *" .w-^o when lie n-iuseii me imperia 
 di:iiity nnd the kingdom of Italy. The pilgriiiiagi 
 to Canterlinrv is described by Chaucer in hisC'aiitiT. 
 bury Tales about 1383. Tlie pilgrimage of Maho- 
 metans to Mecca, the birth-place of the prophet, is 
 iiiiBiiianded in the Koran. This pilgrimage was 
 very great from India, where it has been encouraged 
 hvthe prhiees, but discouraged bv the liritislfas 
 iilolatrous. The great mortality due to want and 
 disease compelled the government to intervene 
 with strict sanitary regulations, and it is now- 
 stated that the number of deaths has diminished, 
 and the number of pilgrims increased. The cnii- 
 tractwith Messrs. Cook and sons in 18S6 to convev 
 filgrimsfrom Bombay to Mecca is said to be a failure 
 liiianeially, reported, Jan. 1895. See Clwhra. 
 Pd?nmnges to shrines of the Virgin JIarv in 
 France revived in 1873, and since, in conseniience 
 .11 miracles alleged to have titken place at La Salette ' 
 ml846andntLourdes, II Feb, 1858; those of La I 
 Saletto discredited by Pope Leo X., 1879. See 
 s>imd Heart. > /? 
 
 1874 
 
 18S0 
 ■^93 
 
 M .tmeriVan pilgrims rccoived liv the pope, o June 
 .tl'.ut 100 agricultural labourers (locked out lor 
 
 l*ius unionists) traverseil England as pilgrims 
 
 reeeivmg Imspitality and mnuey ; licgiiiiiiiig 
 r ,- 1 „ .^ ., . 30 June, it ,si(/. 
 
 Eii.'lisii I .C. pilgniii.ige to sliiiiie „f .St. Kdmuii.l 
 
 aiyliliishop of Oiutcriiurv, at I'oiitigiiv tSeot 
 Eiidish pilgrimage t.i l.uurdes iliivcteil by tlio "(Jii'. 
 
 ilHlic Lnion ofGreat IJritain," start "preino.sed • 
 
 J-'iifinip ' ' ^ • 
 
 Maiiv Irisli pilgrims present at the pope''s iubile,". 
 
 ItRoillB .... 14 Ket) (/ SI I 
 
 Tiifdiiiie of \orfolk ami .ibout goo" Hritisli pilgriu'is 
 
 leeeiveil by the pojie (see iV/ii) . 27 lA-b 
 
 tWountof Coiideaiid 1,500 ijelgians received by " 
 
 *''""« 23Apnl, 1898 
 
 [See Honlogne. ] 
 
 PILGRLM FATHERS, the name given in 
 .V«h America to a party of 74 English puritans 
 ' I. ?""'!!• ,'.i«'"i'»-'" of John Kohinson's 
 t V '.u 1" '"'•'''' '" ""^ ^ta„Fh,vc,- from Leyden 
 
 •N rth America, and landed on I'lymouth lioek, 
 •here they fiiunded a colony, 25 Dec. 1620. 
 
 ™A.r,ri/- ^- """"'":-'. I>.1>-, of Hoston, U.S., with 46 
 
 A « can oni,s.r..gatio,i..l miuisNTs n,„l otlieis, f, ,w 
 
 ue track of tie pilgrim fathers, arrive at Plv- 
 
 S ;i'';r';i ""■'""■'>■ "'ere re,.eive,l at Oxford, 
 
 to^!d^*Ei;i:buri!i^i!;;;r^^r"""'T' 
 ■ ">^^o:":..iur^:lu',,^-i'i J'T'^ -- '--^ 
 
 head was I'ut 't 11 ,1 . Iv I V /," '',""i' '■'■■'i-'s the 
 twoiithers,' le ':, ' , ""• ''"' ''^'"'l.^ through 
 
 ">■ more h.uers,a,,;',';±;r'''''^'''^^it'> one 
 
 Ijiu'reisastatuteofthed,: "'H::n'■IIr'^,•f 
 Milny iiersons died 111 the mlliiVv I, ■ • '^^^• 
 with stones bv the m b iiid 'l • I ' ■ "'"'^ ""^'^''^ 
 and putrid ollMl^lt ^:^'l, ^^ ^ ; , ""'"■""'■"'^g^B 
 
 -sivterja^ii^:^;S]ui-;'y!;;,!;^;"^g^^^^- 
 vemu^^/Tni!;rtooi"';;i'!r"', «r""^-\ ^'"^ ™"- 
 
 I.e^>oUl and tile king I fc^^f i:^^; ''"--"Poror 
 27 sUig, tlie treaty of I'll, i f ,• , ' ' '"'J'; ^n 
 the Partition tre^tv w s i^^ ;" ..^"'"f ^'^'''^ "' 
 I'avia hv the courts" in ,■,,„,.,. -rf ^'^ 'T' !'P"" ''' 
 "that tfie emperiii- sh 1 1 , t kP n I h"/t *''? ''^^'^ 
 had .eomiuen^l i„ the At tN^ the I'"'? '^^^i 
 uniting Uu.se provinces to \, .'""!''' "■"'' 
 
 them to his serene In.'hness . b , ,' V'"''","'«. give 
 be added to the p alat n I .„ •'■''"'' P'"'""'' to 
 
 the Austrian pos'se'sionsl-'&c '" ^' '"^'^'^'^ '° 
 
 the .NIerc.hi nV.^ i ,p , ' f!'^:.;';,'-'' ''^ ""'"^odied i/i 
 
 of the United Ki i";.'/.-..'.:!' '"'':' ™"*^''™™ 
 -"•o",.2July,,5;8;'^^''^^,;~tumatCar. 
 
 PILPAY, see F„bh-s. 
 upon it since 1830 ' '""■ '""'^ ^^rgely 
 
 waslast.secii cciscd 1, ' '■'■';■ "'^l' "'""" ''be 
 
 29 Ainil, iss' ' ''"' "'""''■'•• «.'s aeiiuitted, 
 
 I'ualioo,H,is,iiMi,.case. Nee rn,„.s, Ajinl, ,836 
 
 PIXCHBECK, an allov of 2; percent of vine 
 iinil 75 copper, used f„r wa'tch-ris s t '"? 
 
 after either (Miristonher o Vlif, ' >•-' '."/'"'^'^ 
 
 London, nieeliaii!es;'tm l,ii^'t':,i'"r''^'^'^' 
 died in 1732, the latter ii'S" '" ^""' '" '"^^^ 
 
 PINDAREES. hands of freebooters or n,„ 
 
 K.i;^srSt^e-;;-^^.-iKr'f?r 
 
 r felfWJI^. 
 
 "8 11 
 
 ^^ III 
 
 J 
 
 : Hi! |., 
 1 
 
 P 
 
 lit \,'\ 
 
 M '>''' 
 
 ip ' '' 
 
 ' ■■'^^* 
 
:'> > . \ *•». * ''' 
 
 
 «^i 
 
 ^!w>'^ "' 
 
 PINE-TREES. 
 
 818 
 
 PITT ADMINISTRATIONS 
 
 PINE-TREES. The stone pine (.PliiHs Pinea), 
 brought tci these countriea before 1.S48. The eluster 
 
 £ine {Piiiiin I'iiiasttr), hrousjht from the south of 
 iui'ope before iVp- The Weymouth pine {I'liiiit 
 Utioltiin), from North Anierimil 1705. Friinkiiicense 
 pine (Pi)iiis Td'ild), from North America, before 
 I"I,^. Tliere lire other viuietifs. 
 
 PINKIE (near K<linl)ur);li), where tlie English 
 under tlie Kiirl of Hertfonl, pmteetor, totally ile- 
 feated tlie Si-ots iinih'r tlie regent Amu, loSept. 
 1547. There fell not 200 of tlie Knglish, lilit aliove 
 10,000 of the. Scots. Above 1 500 were taken prisoners. 
 
 PINS have been founil in British barrows {Fn.s- 
 broh-v) ;an(l areiiicutionediii a statute of 14.S3. lirass 
 pins were brought from France in I^o, and tirst 
 used in Knifbiiul, it is said, by Catherine Howard, > 
 queen of Henry VIII. I'ins were made in Ent;land ' 
 in l!;43. Sioir. Tliev were tirst manufactured by 
 macliiiierv in Kuslaiul in 1.H24. under a patent of j 
 Lemuel \Velliiian Wright, of the United States. 1 
 
 PIOMBINO1 a principality, Italy, jireviou.sly j 
 ruled by the Appiani family, was acquired liy the i 
 Spaniards, l.y'^',). It was ceded to l''rance, 1801, 
 and given bv N.ipoleon to his sister Klise, wife of 
 prince Hacciodii, who held it from lHo:; to 1X15, 
 when it was re-tored to the liuonc.impa.irni family, 
 subject to 'l'us( anv. It became part of tlie kingiloin 
 of Italy, i8«)0. 
 
 PIPE ROLL SOCIETY, founded in 18K4 
 for printing all extant ])iil>lir records prior to the 
 year a.d. I2Cxj. 
 
 PIRACY, Greek pirati, was severely sup- 
 pressed by the Koiuans. I'onijiey destroyed the 
 Cilician pirates, d; n.c. ; see JlnccaiiiTi-.s. Many 
 nets of iiarli.im(>nt have been passed for tlie sup- 
 pression of piracy ; the latest in 1837. 
 
 PIR^US, the port of Athens, was united t" 
 the city l)v two long walls, one erected by '1 hemisto- 
 cles, and tlie other by Pericles, 4S() n.c.,"wliich were 
 destroyed by Lysander, 404 n.c. It was fortilied by 
 Conon', 393 "h. J. The I'ineus was able to contain 
 400 Greek vessels. It was occupied by tho French 
 during the Uussian war in 1854. 
 
 PIRMASEXS (liavaria). Here Xforeau and 
 the Frenrh were defeated liy the duke of Brunswick 
 and the Prussians, 14 Sept. 1 793. 
 
 PISA, nn ancient city ill Tuscany, was founded 
 about si.x ceuliiries licfori' Christ, and was favoured 
 by the early Koiuan emperors as a llourisliiiig re- 
 public. The citizens took an active part in the 
 Italian wars of the middle ages, but became subject 
 to F'lorence, allcr a long siege, 1405-6. In 149.1 
 Pisa became independent under tlie protecaon of 
 Charles VIII. of France, but was retaken by the 
 Florentines in IJiX)- 'I'be university was founded 
 in 1343, and revived by the Medici in 1472 and 
 1542. The rival popes^ Benedict XIII. and (ire- 
 gory XII., were depo.sed at a council held at Pisa in 
 1409, anil Alexander V. elected in their room. The 
 Campanile or leaning tower was built about 1154,* 
 
 * The Caiaiuiiiile was cnv.ti'd to contain tidls, ami 
 stands in a siinaic dose to tlic i.ntlicdiiil. It is Imilt en- 
 tirely of white niiirlilc, and is a cylinder of ciglit st(.rics, 
 each adorned with a rooiul ot ciilnniiis, rising; oik; al"iv(^ 
 another. It inclines so far on mic side IVoia tlic iier|ieii- 
 dicular, that in diopiiing a iilniiiinct fioia the ;o]i, which 
 is i88t'cct ill hcii;!it. it f.-dls .■ii>;tcri; t-.'el fniia tlic base. 
 Home tliohglit this was ilniiL' pm|io.scly hv tin architect ; 
 others attrilHitcil it to an nccicli.nt.il siilisiili nee ot the 
 I'oandatMiii. Kroni this tower llalileo minle his observa- 
 tion on gravitation (ahont 1635). 
 
 and the Campo Santo about the s'ain,. time r- 
 
 panic in thi thedral, 9 persons cruslicJ fn'.loH''" 
 
 21 injured, 29 Mav, 189;. " "'^""i. 
 
 PISCICULTURE, see Fi.lnrUs. 
 
 PISTOLS, the smallest fire-nniis, .li,', .„|,„ 
 been invented at Pistoia it. Italy ; wercfii.^ u,c i.'' 
 the cavalry of li,ngland about 1 q^. of p,,,, ■' 
 they have been made with a revolvin.r ,.vih„l,.'i''', 
 breech, in which are fortned >evcr,,l nci,',;" f '' 
 rcceiynig cartridges, and briii-ing thcin in .,,',, 
 .sum into a line with the b.iricl n.|„lv f„r «, "' 
 The earliest modid of this kind of arm ij to lie fi 
 in the museum of the riiitcd Servi... In*ti'i, 
 
 ia„l 
 
 IS sujiposed to date from the rci-ii <.f'ni'a'|'.' "1' 
 An eight-chambered matchlock icv.i|vi.|. „f (i, ',,", 
 centuiy is placed in the Uoyal Artillcrv M.,.,,,!," 
 Woolwich. llienianufactiir(.ofpist(il>l,vnia,l,i,,i. '. 
 was tirst introduced into Kngland frmii the I'liit,;! 
 
 iii- 
 11 
 
 States, America, in the year l.S^ :. l,v(.„| c.dt wli.,1 
 vented the Colt revcdviim: pist',.1, i"x-i. TliiUv-i, 
 
 of manufacture inducM'd the BrilisI 
 
 I g"vcriiiiiMit t) 
 
 armoury, in 1X35 ; s,.c fir 
 
 establish the Entiel 
 Anns. 
 
 A luHtnls I,;// restricting the siil.. .nnd oinvii,. rf 
 pistols, read ziid tune (ciaiinioiis) . . '27 F..i ■:-. 
 
 PIT BROW WOMEN, see a»', 2, ;„„,' 
 1887. ' ■' ' 
 
 PITCAIRN'S ISLAND, in thePacificOiec, 
 said to have been discovered bv I'itcairn in !-(>' 
 Been by Cook in 1773, and sinie cid.injsed hv'l,- 
 nmtineers from the >ilni> Jloiii,/>/, ,~.\hUiin UU-h •iJ 
 1789; see JJoKiiti/. ' ° ' 
 
 The loiitiiieers ivinaineil niikncwn to Fii.l;,!!,! imtl 
 discoveivd aci.i.leiit.illy in 1S14. .\ slrip iif.iriir. ,li.. 
 
 i land Wiis hailed l.y a swaithv v.nuh in tlie^Kii'i-'li 
 l.in,:,-u,-igc whi.n it .■ii.i.e.ire.l that th,. laiitiiie.is 'C'..! 
 
 I alt..i; setthnt; there, hel nianie.l s.,nie hliieli «„„i,.iifM, 
 a iieighUomnig islainl. and li.i.l h nie a well-e„i„l,„-,„ 
 
 _ conininiiity under tlic care nt .\il:uii.^ tli.. iiiiii,.| 
 nintiiK.er. He died in 182.;, when (i..,,r;.r,'. H,,,,., x„i!i,, 
 
 ^ an Kiiglishinan, wlio arriv(..l n lew \e,iis h, I'nie i',„.',.. ' 
 chief. In Aug. 1S52 admiral M"resl,v spei.t ;i f,,,v,i « 
 (ai the island, liy his means .Vniphs wm.s sent to Kii ir 1 
 and obtained (a-dination. His .leatli (;e'e.l in ■"; 
 
 I mamecil Jan. 18S5. As their naiahers iiiHi.asr.'l I'l,'.. 
 island |.rovi..l im.,ii,iilile ot th.'ir sii|ii,,it. Tlie Firli-h 
 government removed thi.m, with all tlii.ir i.nji„.,ii" V 
 theshii.:Vo,-„;,,-7.i/v'.on 3 May. iSiC. .-111,1 1,.|i,.le,ii!„.|ii Vc"' 
 a boi.steroiis iiassa^c. on Ncirfoil; Isl;in,l, |,ivi.;ii,.,i , .,. 
 vionsly fortheirrece|itioii,s.luiie, Thej;iivi.rii;ii,.|iiit,„,i^,,| 
 Xort'olk Ishiml with 2000 sheep, 450 lie;i.l .if e.uii.. Ill 
 twenty liorse.s, ami gave them stores In lust tuiiv. 
 iiioiitlis ; their niimbers wi.rc 96 m.iles ami 101 fe'inl.-- 
 
 The island visited by II.M.8. I'etrnl was fniiii'ii t„ 1„. 
 prospenais, Dec. 1873. Population, 15 Aai;. 1370, o;;i; 
 1890, 126. 
 
 PITCH, see under X/,.w. 
 
 PITT ADMINISTRATIONS,* The ti,st 
 administratiou was formed 011 the dismissal of llit 
 Portland ministry 18 Dec. I7,X^, and tcriiii- 
 nated by resignation in 1801. 'l'1ic seeonil wis 
 formed 12 May, 1804; ami lermiiiated (after viinniK 
 changes) by ilr. Pitt's death, 2; ,l,iii. iS*. X 
 \i\iWu: funeral was decreed to hiiii, and 40,000/. to 
 pay his debts. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF 1783. 
 
 William ritl,/iis( lunl vf the trm.-<iii'u and ehaiKtlkr .. 
 
 the rxrht''inri: 
 Earl Gower, tm-il pnviilciit. 
 
 • Williain Pitt, second son of tlip great eiwlijfChathj:::, 
 was bean 28 March, 1750; became .M.P. 23 Jan. 17S;: 
 niMied for a ret'orin in p.-irli.'iiaent, 7 .May, 1782: Iwiiiir 
 chancellor of the cxclicipicr, July, 17S2 ; dieil 23 J.iii. 
 1806. 
 
IINISTRATIOXs. 
 
 to iibniit tlic s'ini,. tim< Fi,- 
 
 imallcst Hi-(-anns,^,ii;.„|,„,,, 
 
 ml about 1:44. 1)11,1,, V.., 
 • Nvitli a r,.v,.lvi„^r „vii„J|.i, ', i 
 
 ■ '",",'":'• -^■'•■'■'■■<\ iiiuml,..r. !■ ■ 
 am oniimn- tli.'in i,, j,,,,, 
 
 li the lianvl nn.lv f,„. (j,,,,, . 
 
 tliiskiiKlof aniiistohiMuiii"! 
 10 I mt..,l Srrvi,.. Inni'ut,.,, 
 tc li'im tiKMVi::,, ..fClui-l,..] 
 
 '111' H„val Aitilln-v Mv,',' 
 
 ''.'■''■'"'•'■ "I' I''';'"l-^l'yMia,hii,;.,v 
 into Imio-ImihI tVuni tin, ;-|,j,,; , 
 
 (•yoanS5;.l,y,ol.r„lt,wli„i,i. 
 vim; pisiul. 1851. Tlii.>v.i,i, 
 ;oJ tl.u Hrilisli ,u'HV,.n,m.'nt t, 
 1 annoury, in i.S^j; srff,,,. 
 
 I}; tlH> s;ili' niicl (-uTviiii: rf 
 
 'OMEX, see fw/', 23 Ju,„^ 
 
 SLAXD, ill tliclVificOre.n 
 ■lovcivil liy I'ifcaini in i-is' 
 ■;■ ami siio-o eol,, nisei lu'i,- 
 sini) JloiDit,/, iiiiitiiin lili;i,, ;,; 
 
 iiKvl imkii..wii to Kiyia,,,! „„(,, 
 la 1814. A slop iicariii" il„, ,,. 
 swiutliy yc.utlj ill tile Fii"ii.|| 
 'I'iiivil thiit tlh' iiiiitiii,.|.,w ';.,„,| 
 liMiini,.,l.s.,im'l.lii,.k «■„„„.,', f,,,,„ 
 
 mill llMil Iwcnlili. ;i \\p1|.,.,„|,|,|,..,.,| 
 
 -■ 1-aiv or A.hiiiis, til" |,|ii,, j, i 
 
 1829, when (■■•.il-;;,. llii,,., \,,;, „ 
 
 •rivc'il ii t'.Hv vi'.irs lirl'mv i,,,.,. .'. 
 ilMiiml Moivsl.v spHitaf,.w,|iv, 
 iifiins Ni.lil.s \va> si'nt to Kii-lihl 
 
 ion. His .liatll (,-|);h.1 fi) ;,;;. 
 
 \s their iiiiiiili.T,s iiii-ivasiil lip. 
 
 ■ or tlieii- Mipi'mt. Tile Kidilli 
 
 Ill'IM, Witll ,lll tln'ir ].|„1„MIV ■: 
 
 jMiiy. iSV'.:iinll,iiel,-,itli,.|ii Vri- 
 '11 Nort'oil; Ishiml, |,iv|,:,r,,i y,. 
 
 '11,8.1 mi.', 'ni('j;nveni!i|e|its.„,:i'„l 
 )0 sllei.p, 450 lle,-|.l nt IMttl... ;,;,! 
 
 ivo tiit'in stores In last tinii- 
 > welVfjb males iiii.l loi tillialiN 
 ,■ 11. M.S. iV^ii/wds f.iuii.lt.il.' 
 I'oimliUion, 15 Aug. 1379,95; in 
 
 :ST]lATTO\S,* Till. Sm 
 
 irmed 011 tlic ilisniis.sal nf ihe 
 18 J)ec. i;,^^, imd tmiii- 
 1 in 180,. 'Hie secon,! m 
 ; aiiillefiiiiiialed (after vaiinK 
 :t's death, 2,^ ,l,in, kSo(j. A 
 ■ereed to liim, and 40,000/, to 
 
 TRMION (IK 1783, 
 
 11/ the timsKi'!/ and chaimllfr •■ 
 
 d son of tile giviit earl iirCiialh.fN, 
 59 : lieeaiiie M.P, 23 ,!aii. tjii) 
 l>arli,ainent. 7 May, 1782; Iwaii.,. 
 I'Uiiei', July, 17S2; didl 23 J.iB. 
 
 PITTSBURG^ 
 
 849 
 
 lliikf "t Kiltliiiid, prii'n sail. 
 
 M«r.|ui9 if Oinii.ii-tlien, ami enrl Toriiide (iiiiiiieainlelv 
 
 sniiwled by lord Syilney), SKnturies. "-"""leiy 
 
 \M Tliurlnw, tonl chiiiiirll'n: 
 Viwiiiiiit Howe, tulmimlli/. 
 Imlif iif nielinioiiil, nriliiii iiec. 
 Williiua W.Miilliain (iieiiville, Ileiirv niindis *e 
 (.Mr. I'itt was joined Ijy the jluiie „r l.,' l-tlan,!, ,-,r\ 
 
 simc r, and other leadiMK whi^.s in 1794 : lie eontiii,,. 
 
 ,„ini»t« until .80., Many idianKesotHm- .,,,,! 
 
 ministry in the long period of seventeen year.s.] 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF ,804, 
 
 William PiU,fii:<t Inril nfthi: tiaieiiry 
 
 LerilEMeii, /en/c/o/acW/o/-. 
 
 Piikf ef I'oilland, sneeeeded by |„rd .Sidnnaitli (late Mr 
 .Ui|iii).'t»n), /"n(;ii(.sii^'///. ■• '^ ""• 
 
 Mof WB,stiiiorland, hml jiririi sent, 
 
 1/wl Hawkesliiiiy, lord llanowiiy (sneeeeiled liv 1 !■ I 
 
 .Miilsrave) and earl Caiiideii (snee, | i,v vis,.„nn't 
 
 CisllrreaKli), /e.iae, /„■,■/,/«, and vul,„ii„l ,sre,r(,„./,V 
 
 VJM.mat Melville{siieeeed«l liy lord Jiarham), wlninillu 
 
 Piikper.M,iiitros.>, Mr. IJundas, &e, '"'miiully. 
 
 PITTSBURG, tlie second city of rennsvl 
 Tama, foniidcd on ihe site of Fort Dmiuesnc wh'iv/i 
 »ff,in 1759. ami i' 'med Fort Pitt, iiftcrwards Pitts 
 tars, in honour ot the then British prime ministHr, 
 flilliamPitt. >iee United Stales, ,Ui\y j«— 'ri' 
 (xlubition building: burnt, 3 Oct. 188?. Poiiii'ition 
 in 18*, 156,389; 1890, 23>l,6i 7. •* ^"l'"'''ti"n 
 rjiiOTils or 100 pei.sons perish by a miniiiL' exiilo. 
 
 Sim near here , . , about u N ,v .rss 
 The \m of coal as fuel gradually snijorseded il, 
 Pittsburg by inflaianiablH gas 'rising fmni the 
 
 ;'roiiiiil " ,88, '/ 
 
 ,Slril;e of about 10,000 railway men and eoal-iniiiers '"'' 
 
 Strike and lock-out of about 3,800 inclrat"Mes*^rs' '^^" 
 Cimiegie'.s ste(d works at Hoinestnad near Pitts' 
 tnirs, 29 June ; rioting and coiiHict.s with tho 
 ])olice, with loss of life on both sides 6-7 Julv • 
 order at la.st restored at Homestead by the st/fA 
 militia iindniartianaw, 26 .July ; work gradualv 
 resiii.-'!(l, Aiig.-.\ov. ; strike <iuite Sver re 
 porteu '\ . 
 
 riot to poi.son the imn-uuio'nists' at Hoineste'id 
 Jisrovered ; nianydeaths, reportedabout 12 i)ee • 
 several arrests ; Patrick Gallagher, the cook r'o' 
 veatal thj plot, ,9 Deo. ,892 ; 'he l'. sen tenced to 
 S.vears,Donip.seyand Beatty to 7 years' and 
 Dayidson to 3 years' iiuprisoilment . . Ma.v. 
 do»«l™"' '' "■'P'"-'""*'' "'» H'Jiiiestea.l riots 
 
 TheC'ariiegiesteelni'ills reopened '. ' i'sent' " 
 Mr. Andrew Carnegie presents 5,000 doilari da J " 
 to the poor, and orders his mills to be kept n n^ 
 ning.liiringJun.andFeb. ,894 . . Is n'c 
 Free ibrary, inuseuni, etc., cost about i 000 <x« " 
 
 deSed"""'""' "^ "'• ^""^"^^ ^'^^< 
 S™,torn, and floods,' ,7 persons di-owiie,r?''re': '^'^ 
 28 July, 2896 
 
 PITTSBURG LANDING Cne-ir rnrin.i, 
 Teimessoe). On Sunday, 6 Vpril ,Sf 2 „ \' 
 telowa, fought betwi.'n'th7ALi,^1; ?edS 
 !r 4^'. "J"', ^ ''""f'^^' ""'1 the confoder, tea 
 Th» »""l" ^^'^T^' Johnston and BeaureKard 
 Tiie latter besan tlie attiick and were viotorfous 
 ut lost teir able generalJohnston. The fcdTra s 
 « reinforced the next day an.l renewed the „ 
 
 ck.the confederates maintained their Krmind 
 te soon after retired in good ord.T to Corinth' 
 This engagement is also natned the battle of ShHoh 
 
 ^i«i^^8nn7Sralirt'''^''^-t,'>-' : 
 
 PIUS IV., Chkkd of, see Confessions. 
 PLACENTIA (now Piaceni-a^ isr t* i 
 
 PLAGUE. 
 
 was umted to Jfilan then r ,l™i k' IV C,'.'"'''"*'* 
 Ontheirextiii^tio in ,,,- 1.'^ ''•'' "'" Viseonti. 
 was taken b S? ■' " & ''"';"'>" '■""■Ited, but 
 very crmdly. I?, r A if u^, " • *'''""' "'"' treated 
 In Iliac P-i, I m ^ '^ •. " '■'',»'^''^'i t" pope Leo X 
 
 Spaniards wore defeitedv?,: i^!"- ^'"'"'^ ""^ 
 
 ^."i.."snearPhS:^;^j!l;;L:V;r;-"-;';^,.8^- 
 
 .li'Sn!.ton^,V7h:!';. "■''''■'' '-:' The site of the 
 Hahnaeeda, 2,8-A,t ,89, =''''''■''' "''' P^'-'-^iJent 
 
 1892 
 
 '893 
 
 , 28"Auj 
 
 pn'vailed, 4:2 ^c 'n, '"''" ^'^"'■itin;? plague 
 Athens, whh'd' smi'id htv^:f"'?r^ l.'lague'at 
 
 "^Me^ raS-i^S « 
 
 ^et^a^-'—^'^i^.^l^.riS;: 
 
 ^"l"ly?:^.u'r' ""'" '""«'•- ^ -.000 persons perished 
 
 Al;o^Cl;;^;;l'/i:,!^;;;'-™;r.'.-«7,.69,.89. 
 
 «;.sd.idadyatH;;,;;:ri;aii;;--i-;:i;^.;er: 
 
 3r;;:rt-«^-S?^,;;.S---™-arriea 
 jii 0( ot anil 40,000 jiersiuis iierished ,sr, 
 In Liunlon, great inoi-f.ilit,- '"'""' 954- 
 
 A«am, 1,1 Ireland, when a 'prodLious m.inU.r perished 
 The •• Black Death " iu Italy, „4o 
 
 by Boi'eacoio ) ■^^° 9' *' "'"■>"' l'>i-eiice described . 
 
 "'«S:s;',s;:,:,'S';s,j'?;Sf '"— ■■■ 
 
 (,'ieat pestilence in Irehin.i „..ii..,i " ..N7°- 
 a great imniber 
 
 A great pestYlMurlii IrelaVid'cai'leil tn.'F"' ,,. , 
 " Kicat number of the a"; , le 1'" " ''""■''"'' destroyed 
 
 ^mi;!i„i!!sS"';466^"Tn';"r;1i"y « '^""-"^ «reat 
 Ph'Kiic,i47o ' ^^' ""•' '^"''''■' ™" wasted by a 
 
 An awful iiestilence af nvf,„i 
 England, a paguff which de^,,' '^V ' ""'' tl'roughout 
 the ««iitin,ml wi^ f, r t e S"-y';'' "'T '""'l"'' than 
 R^'pin : Sabmm ^ "'^'^'•" P™™dingyear8, ,478. 
 
 ''LoS:.l^r''K,r««»« ''-^^--. very fata. n.. 
 
 'idJ':ss;^;;?^:;r!v^;r'^i"''" "™^y vii..nd 
 
 Tlic sweating sickness (mo-i,,! iTr;,^;,"' , ■^'"'''- . 
 don, 1506: and in ,5 ' .,, ,,';"„''"'"■«•, " Lon- 
 
 in England half the i J,,,,, ' ' 's-'nlf, "'" r"!?";'' towns 
 
 ^ deimpulated, 9 lleniy VI i,,,, ,''''' "'"' ^"f"''-! was 
 
 "^.''Silr.':' ''"' "^ " '""'''"'•■ ^'- '"->• «'ou.and. 
 
 3 I 
 
 ' f:i 
 
 i( 1, 
 
 !|f 
 
 : ' jife 
 
 • ^w 
 
 ' >1 
 
 
 1^1 
 
 I 
 
 nit I 
 
 I- '^ Id l' 
 
 
hJ 
 
 I'",, - 
 
 
 
 
 PLAIN-SONG. 
 
 840 PLANETS. 
 
 The sweiitiiig sickiicHS again in EiiKlaml, 1528; ami In 
 Ndrtli OeriMiiny in 1529 ; ami for tlie tlftli time in Kng- 
 land. in 1551. 
 
 30,578 i«MHriiis piMlsliiMl iif till) iili*'<i« '" Lomliin alonn, 
 1603-1' I It wax also fatal in liclaml. 
 
 200,000 inimliuil iif tt iii'.stilpn('e ut COnstantinojile in 
 i6it. , , , 
 
 In Limdim a great mortality jircvailed, and 35,417 per- 
 Hon8 perished, 1625. 
 
 In France a general incirtality ; at Lyons, 60,000 persons 
 died, i6j2. 
 
 The plague liro'ight from Sardinia to Naples(lieingintro- 
 dueed by a transport with soldiers on Ixwrd), raged 
 with sneli violenee as to carry oil' 400,000 of the inhalii- 
 tants in six m(jnths, 1656. . 
 
 The Ghbat I'r.AiirK of London, began Dee. 1664, which 
 carried oil' 68,596 persons; senile say ioo,coo. I'"ires 
 were l<ept up night ami day to purify the air for three 
 days ; and it was thought the infection was not totally 
 destroyed till the great eoiillagration of iSept. 1666. 
 
 (Graphically described by Ue Foe in his piiitiaily imagi- 
 native Histm-y of the. I'lnijur.] 
 
 "Loimographia: an account of the Great Plague in 1665, 
 by William Hoghurst, aiiothecary, editeil by Joseph 
 Frank Payne, M.l)., from the MS. in the Uritisli 
 Museum, 1896. 
 
 60,000 persons perished of the plague at Marseilles and 
 neighbourhood, broiiglitin ship from the Levant, 1720. 
 
 One of the most awful plagues that ever riiged, prevailed 
 in Syria, 1760. AMif Mdrili. 
 
 In Persia, a lat«l pestilence, which carried oil 80,000 of 
 the inhabitjints of lia.ssora, 1773. 
 
 In Kgvpt, about 800,000 pei-sons died of plague, 1792. 
 
 In Bai-barv, 3000 died daily ; and at Fez 247,000 perislicd, 
 1799 ; in the east, 1800; 1840; 1B73 ; many deaths in 
 Bagdad, &c., April-May, 1876. 
 
 In Spain and at Gibraltar ininiense numliera were car- 
 ried offbv a iiestilentdisea.se in 1804 and 1805. 
 
 Again at Gibraltar, an epidemic fever much resembling 
 the plague, caused great mortality, 1828. 
 
 The Asiatic cholera (see Clinlfm) niaile its lirst ajipear- 
 ance in England, at Sunderland, 26 Oct. 1831 ; in Scot- 
 land, at Haddington, 23 Dec. same year; and in 
 Ireland, at lielfast, 14 March, 1832. 
 
 The cholera again viaiU'd Kngland, iSic. 1848 and 1849 ("f'^ 
 Cholera). • .. , , 
 
 The cholera raged at Smyrna and ConstiUitinojile, and 
 appeared in Paris, Mai-seilles, Naples ; July-Dec. 1865. 
 
 A great cattle plague (ic^iicA .stc) in England, resembling 
 typhus, near London, begins June, 1865. 
 
 A new, and hitherto an incurable diseiuse, named hUiek 
 death, on account of puride blotches coming out on 
 the skin, appeared in Dublin ; many persons of all 
 ranks died a few houin after the seizure. March 
 et seq. 1866. 
 
 Plague in Astracan, Jan.— April, 1879. 
 
 Plague in Hong-Kong (irhii-h see), June, July, 1894. 
 
 Plague in Bombay, Karachi (which see) and other parts 
 of India, Oct. et seq. 1896 8. 
 
 Sanitary conference of tfie powers, 65 <lelegates, count 
 Bonin elected president, 16 Feb. 1897; convention 
 signed, 19 March, 1B97. 
 The commission under prof. Koch is.sues a report, 20 
 July, 1897 ; oltlcial report issued, June, 1898. 
 
 PLAIN-SONG, see Chaiitivg. 
 
 PLAN OF CAMPAIGN, sec Ireland Oct. 
 1886. By this plan the tenant of 11 farm wns to pay 
 his rent to the National League instead of to the 
 landlord, and was to be supported if evicted. It 
 was condemned bv the Pope, 20 April, 1888; given 
 up by many tenants throughout the country, and 
 disavowed by Mr. I'arnell and others, 18(50-1. The 
 plan given up by many on the Woodford estate 
 Gal way, Oct. l89L 
 
 Mr. Dillon stated before the Evicted Tenants com- 
 mission that the total amount received from all 
 ources for tlie evicted tenants was 234,431/., 
 
 4 Jan. 1893 
 
 PLANE. A true plane, so important in 
 machinery, has been most successfully obtained by 
 Bir Joseph Whitworth. Fine sjieciinens were ex- 
 hibited at the Royal Institution in 1873. 
 
 PLANETARIUM, see On-er'y. 
 
 PLANETS. Jupiter was known a< a planet lo 
 the Chinese and the Clmldcans, and iiiscrinl m „ 
 chart of tlie heavens, niiiile .iboul (xo ,'.(•., anil m 
 which I4()0 stars are accuralclv dcscrili.-il; Msciniit 
 la said to be in the nationiil library at I'aris. 'n,, 
 four satellites of Jupiter discovered tiy Ijalil,.,, - 
 Jan. I(X)I, see Mars, Saturn. We new know 
 eight priumry iiliincts, ti'rmed m;ij.,r, ,)/,,■, i,,-,, 
 \'ina.i, the karlli. Mam, Jniiiltr, Siitiirn' 
 UraiiiiH, y'eptitiie ; und, secondnry or minor' 
 situated between the orbits of .Mlus ;ui(l .i,,] 
 niter. Tlie numerical order dilfi'is m the li,|!,„'f 
 Kiiulisli, tiennan, and Krendi astrnnonicrs. In the 
 French and (Icrman lists, v////(;/ii to I'liuilora mt 
 numbered 47 to 55 ; Mtttti- is 5(1. 
 
 Umiiii.i, formerly cidled deoriihim Slihin n\v\ 
 lln-.tilifl ; di.seovereil by W. llerschd (sie (;,„f. 
 (ji II III , Sill ii.-^) '.( ■^larili, ijj, 
 
 Ki'iilinir, iliscovcred Iiy Galle(in conseriuriire dl'tln' 
 calculations (d' Le Verricr) (siv .VrHniir) 23 t*,.|,t. 
 1846. It had been t bcon'licdly discovered liy|inj. 
 fcssor J. Couch Adams of CaiMl.lidge ,g 
 
 Viilnin (betwi'cn .Mercury and tin! Sun), sai.l to !«• ' 
 discoveri'd by M. I.cscarh.iiilt, a physi inn (imt 
 seen since), 26 March, 1850, and its ilisccjviMy is 
 now geiienilly doubled ; s:ud to havi' l.t-in si.|.|[ 
 by Watson diiriiig the sohir eclipse (dmililivl l.y 
 Peters) 2u, ioJniv, 1878 
 
 A reil star seen by M. Tronvelot dining tin. suliir 
 eclipse, perhaps Vulcan . . . . 6 .May, 1BS3 
 
 JllNoB Pi.ANivr.s (nrroni i nil to Mr. I!. F. Clinm}«r/, llit 
 
 ililjliil .Islroiinilliiill .Siifirti/, mill i.(/iiT.,). 
 
 3- 
 4- 
 $■ 
 6. 
 7- 
 8. 
 9. 
 10. 
 
 IT. 
 12. 
 
 '3- 
 14. 
 
 15- 
 16. 
 «7- 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 
 23' 
 
 24. 
 
 25- 
 
 26. 
 
 27- 
 
 28. 
 29. 
 30- 
 
 31' 
 32- 
 33- 
 34- 
 35. 
 36. 
 37- 
 38. 
 39- 
 40. 
 
 4' 
 4»- 
 43- 
 44' 
 45- 
 46, 
 
 Cri-iw, discovered by Piuzzi (visible 
 
 eye) 
 
 I'alliii, discovered at Bremen by 
 
 I'lllliin) 
 
 Juno, discovered by Hnidiiig . 
 
 I'e.ita, discovered by Olliels . 
 A.<tiiiii, by K. C. Ueiicke . 
 
 Ihlie, by tlie saiiii- . 
 
 Irix, by J. U. Hind . 
 
 Fhiiii, hy the same . 
 
 Mcli.i. by A. Graham . 
 
 Ililiji.ia, liy A. dc Giusparia 
 
 l>artlu:iwjie, by the same . 
 
 Vicliiria, by J. H. Hind . 
 
 Kgi'.ria, by A. de. Gasjiaris . 
 
 Irene, by J. U. Hind 
 
 Eunumia, by A. de Gasparis 
 
 r. nhe, by the same 
 
 Thilis, by li. Luther . 
 
 Mtlimniiit, by J. U. Hind 
 
 Fortuiiu, by the same 
 
 MiLisiliu, bv A. <lc Gasparis . 
 
 l.utetia, by H. Goldscliniidt . . 
 
 Cnllioiie. by J. It. Hind . 
 
 ThiiUii, by the same . 
 
 Themif, by A. de Gasparis . 
 
 I'hrjcn-a, by M. Chaconiac . 
 
 i'roaerpim, by U. Luther 
 
 Eiitrrix, bv J. H. Hind 
 
 Iklhmn, bv K. Luther . 
 
 Amiihitritn, bv Mr. Martli . 
 
 Urania, by J. H. Hind . 
 
 Euphroxyne, by James Ferguson 
 
 Pomona, by H. Goldsidiinidt. 
 
 I'ohjUymitia, by M. Chaconiac . 
 
 Circe, by the same . 
 
 /,ci«»l/i((i, bv U. Luther 
 Atnlniita, by U. Goldschmidt 
 Fiile.1, bv U. Luther . 
 Leila, by M. Chaconiac . 
 ;,<rn(i(^ by 'lie same ■ 
 llarmuniii, by H. Luther 
 Daphne, by H. Goldschmidt 
 i,ii.<. by Norman Pogsou 
 Ariiulm, by the same 
 Nma, by H. GoMschmidt . 
 Euqeniti, by the same 
 Jleitia, by N. Pogson . 
 
 lotliciiiiki'il 
 
 . 1 .Ian. iSoi 
 Olhns (s,e 
 . 28 .Malrli, 1^12 
 
 ■ 1 N-|it. r~jn 
 ■ 29 Maivli, ,i,. 
 
 . 8 IV,'. li,; 
 I .luly, i:,; 
 
 ■ 13AU1;. „ 
 
 iSOit. „ 
 
 ■ 25 Ai.nl, i:,J 
 . 12 .^inil, 1:4; 
 
 . 11 May, iSjj 
 
 . 2 Xnv. „ 
 
 19 May, iSji 
 ■ 2g'hily, „ 
 
 . 17 .Maith, i3;! 
 17 Aiiril, „ 
 
 . 24 June, „ 
 
 . 22 AU)!. „ 
 
 l9.Sr|.t. „ 
 
 . 15 Nuv. „ 
 
 16 Xiiv. „ 
 
 . ullic. „ 
 
 . 5A|TiI,i;:j 
 
 . 6Ai.iil, „ 
 
 . .5«v, ;, 
 
 . 8 Xnv. „ 
 
 I Marcli, 
 
 . 1 Marrli, 
 
 22J11IV, 
 
 . I Sqit 
 
 . 26 Uct. 
 
 . 2S Oi't. 
 
 6 .\\< 
 
 . 19 .MtiI, ,. 
 
 . igAlinl, „ 
 
 . 5IM. ,. 
 
 12 . nil, l£:S 
 
 . 8FfK „ 
 
 . 31 Marrli, „ 
 
 . 22 .May, „ 
 
 23 May, .. 
 
 27 May, „ 
 jSJniit, .■ 
 16 Aug. „ 
 
 . i:.-! 
 
 . ■!■) 
 
LANETS. 
 
 M, ate Orret'i/. 
 
 |)itiT vyns know., „s a pi,,,,,, ,„ 
 tlii,lili'nns, ami iiuiiiiii m 
 
 Ulllllc .iholll (XA ,■.(■,, |„„| I 
 iccUiillclyilcHi'iili",!; Msil,,,., 
 
 iti, 1 lllii-ary ill l'i„is. 'n,, 
 
 liliT (liscovcrud l)v i;,,!!!,,, . 
 ■.V, Siifiini. \\v m,w I,,,',,; 
 ■ta, tiTiiiod MiMJ,,,-, .1/,,.,,,,,^ 
 !, JA«/-,v, Jii/iiln; H„i„;„' 
 ami, «(.(•(. ii(lii,v ,,r nnm 
 10 iirliits (if .Mi„a ;„„| j„; 
 al ni-ilfi- diHV,-s „i ll,e li^,j „'f 
 
 (1 KlXMlcll ast,-n„(l|„|.r8. 1,1 (),g 
 
 lists, yh//(iiii to I'liinlura mr 
 Mdi'tv is 5(,. '' 
 
 llcil dritniium Slihis ami 
 liy W. Hi^rsclU'l (sib (inr. 
 
 'i Millrli, ijj, 
 
 (iiilli'(lii niiisequciKcol'ih,. 
 
 'I'l'it',-) (S,'(' SfJlt'tUt) -JT^ ,<,.|,t 
 
 ci,vtii';,lly(\isiMivori'il liy p,,,. 
 
 ,,S Dt'Cil,,,!,, iil^IH ig 
 
 ,iy iiail tlic .Mm), s:ii,l tn l»'. 
 si'aili:,,,U, a vl,\ si i;,,, (im, 
 'h, 1850, mi'l its (liHi'ovfiy ,.s 
 eil ; said to liavc l>i'i-„ si>t'„ 
 ,e solar ei-lipso (il.iaMnl l,y 
 
 ■ I'J, ioJalv, i8j3 
 
 . Tl'OUVclllt iU,,i,IH llll'srilar 
 
 "II • . . . 6 May, ,583 
 rilhiq In Mr. H. /•'. VlMmlrrt, Ht 
 
 miivl Snrlihl, tlllil '■ll,n„). 
 
 PLANETS. 
 
 by Pia/zi(visilpli' 
 
 1 at Jliv, ,,<',, liy 
 
 liy Ha,di,,j^ 
 liy Olliia-s . 
 lii'ai'kt; . 
 
 ,d' .'.'.' 
 
 11' . 
 
 all,, . 
 
 (jiwiniias 
 
 L' same 
 
 . Hi,id . 
 
 (iasiia,is . 
 
 inil . 
 
 li.' Oaspiiris 
 
 ,,it; 
 
 her . 
 
 . It. Iliiid 
 
 iaiiit' 
 
 ,' (iasjiai'la . 
 
 l|lls(-lll„i(lt , . 
 
 Hi, id. 
 I, ,11' . 
 
 (jaH|iaris . 
 lacni'iau; , 
 
 laitluT 
 
 Iliad . 
 iitln'i- . 
 Ir. Maith . 
 
 Hind . 
 
 aiai's Fci'niisim 
 Idldschiniiit. . 
 M. Cliui'ovnac; . 
 
 U'- . 
 
 Lather . 
 Goldsehmidt 
 lier . 
 eiiniac . 
 iHiae . 
 . Lather 
 iohlseliaiidt 
 Pogsou 
 Manic 
 dsehniidt 
 HHn,e 
 igRun . 
 
 liitlii'iiiiki'il 
 
 • 1 .Ian. \'m 
 011u',-s I,,,. 
 
 28 .Mairli, ,;„, 
 
 ■ I ."Ml 1. 1^4 
 
 29 Miiiili, ijj- 
 . 8 lln-. ,3,; 
 
 I Jaly, ,J,; 
 
 • >3Aug. „ 
 
 18 Oct. „ 
 
 ■ 25 -M'"'. 'i\3 
 ■ 12 Apiil, 1:4) 
 
 . II Mav, iE5i) 
 
 • isSqit. „ 
 
 . 2 Xiiv. „ 
 
 19 May, 183, 
 ■ 29 'Inly, „ 
 
 . 17 .Mi„fli, iS:i 
 
 17 Aiiril, ,', 
 
 . 24Ji„ie, ,, 
 
 • 2j Aui;. „ 
 
 i9Se|it. „ 
 
 . 15 Nnv. „ 
 
 16 Xuv. „ 
 
 . islli'C. „ 
 
 . 5 A|iril, iS;j 
 
 . 6Ai.ril, ., 
 
 . .5. Mav, „ 
 
 . 8X11V. ., 
 
 I Marili, ,:.'4 
 
 . 1 .Miirrli, „■ 
 
 22 July, „ 
 
 . I i»|it „ 
 
 .26Uct „ 
 
 . 280i't. ., 
 
 6 A|iril, iE;i 
 
 . 19 A|iril, ,. 
 
 . 19 Aiiril, ,, 
 
 . 5 lilt. .. 
 
 12 an. iW 
 
 8 Fell. .. 
 
 . 31 Marrli, .. 
 
 . 22 Slay, „ 
 
 . 23 .May, „ 
 
 . 15 Ajiril, i-r 
 
 27 May, ,. 
 
 28 June, .. 
 16 Aug. „ 
 
 41. 'MeleU, hy U. Oold.si'liniiilt . 
 
 48. Aglaiit, hy II. Lather 
 
 4; P'jriK, liy H. OolilHchiaiclt 
 
 50. J'i'If.'*, I»y the s(i,ai'. 
 
 51. I'iiyiniii, hy ,)a„,es Fei'tjason . 
 
 52. S'rmiH«i, hy .M. Laurent 
 5j. Earuiiii, hy H. (iulilsehiuidt . 
 
 54. Cir/.r/zw", hy H. leather . 
 33. AlejaiU'lm, hy U. Giild.selinihlt 
 
 56. I'lViiliint, hy Mr. Menrlo 
 
 57. Untiiuisi/ite, hy U. Lather 
 
 55. Coiwirtlitt, hy the siinie 
 39. Oiinae, hy H. GiiliLscliiiiidt 
 ■fc Olumpiti, hy .M. Chueoriiai' . 
 
 61. Kmlii, hy M.M. Fiireter and LesHinc 
 
 62. AV/w (iiriK. TitHiiiti), hy J. Fei'^ason 
 6} AiiMiitiii, hy A. de Oiisparls 
 «4, AnijeUitii, hy .M. Teniiiel 
 ■65. Ci/We (iirig. Miuiiiiiliaiia), hy'jf 
 
 PLANETS. 
 
 857 
 
 1838 
 
 1861 
 
 «. Miiia, hy H. I' Tattle . 
 (j. Asiii, hv X. Piijfsdii 
 ■63. /,f(o, hy H. Lather . 
 
 69. IliJjinin, hy .\1. Si'liiiipai'elli 
 
 70. I'ciiiiirini, hy II. Giilil.si'hniidt 
 
 71. t'emiia, hy Petes and Jialfoi-d 
 
 72. A'ii)/»', hy li. Lather . 
 
 73. (Vi/ti>, hy H. P. Tattle . 
 
 74. llaliiUa, hy M. Teaiiiel 
 
 75. Euryilire, hy C. H. P. Peters 
 
 76. Freitt, hy M. d'Ai'i'est 
 
 77. Frigga, hy C. IL F. Peters . 
 
 78. ;)ii(nrt, hy K. Lather 
 
 79. Euryitiime, hy Jils. C. Wut.soii ' 
 So. Sijjij'kn, hy N. Piigson 
 81. Ttrjisirkiire, hy Jl. Teiapei . 
 8:. Alemfne, hy K. Luther . 
 .83. llmlrij:, hy A. de (iiisii.aris . 
 .84. Clh, hv li. Lather . 
 
 85. /», hy C. H. F. Pet'TS . 
 
 86. ,'iemle, hy F. Tietjen 
 
 87. Sjihiu, hy X. Pogsou . 
 38. Tki.ik, hy C. H. F. Peter.s 
 
 89. Julia, by M. Hteplinii . 
 
 90. AiithiK, hy K. Ijiither 
 
 91. .-EijiiM, hy Aliihoasfi Uorelly 
 
 92. I'lulimi, hy V . 11. F. Peters 
 
 93. ifiiumt, hy J. c. Watson . 
 
 94. -tid-om, hy the same 
 9;. .trcttiMd, hy H. Lather 
 
 96. .A'l/'f, hy JL CnKgia . 
 
 97. Chlhi), hy M. Temiiel . 
 
 98. hnlkt, hy c. H. F. Peters 
 
 99. Diki, hy A. Uo,elly . . 
 100. Ilteate, hy J. C. Wntsou . " . ' 
 loi. Iltltiiii, hy the .same 
 
 102. .1/inViiii, hy C. IL K Peters ' 
 
 103. //era, hy.J, c. Watson . 
 
 104. CltjiHciu, hy the saa,e 
 
 105. Artm'is, hy J. Q. Watson 
 
 106. Dicmt, by J. 0. Wutsoii . 
 
 107. Camilla, hy X. Pogson . 
 loS. lUriOitt, hy R. Lather t' 
 109. Filidtm, hy C. H. F. Peters. ' 
 no. /.(/((ill, by Alphoase Borelly 
 III. Atr, hy C. IL P. Peters . ' 
 II!. trhigeiiid, by C. H. p. Peters 
 
 113. Amlllimi, hy K. Luther 
 
 114. Cmmtidra, by C. H, p. Petera . * 
 "5. Itiyni.byJ. C. Watson . ^ ,„ 
 
 117. /.oiiiffl, byA. Ihirellv ■ ■ ■ ^i1''l'^ 
 
 115. I'rilh,y hv If I „.!..... • • • 12 .>5('l)t, 
 
 1862 
 
 . 9 Si^pt. 
 15 Wept. 
 
 . ig Sejit. 
 19 .Sept. 
 4 l>et. 
 . 23 Jan. 
 6 Pell. 
 4 April, „ 
 10 .Sept. ,, 
 10 Hejit. ,, 
 22 .Sept. ,859 
 
 24 .Mareh, i860 
 
 9 Nept. „ 
 1-2 Sept. ,, 
 14 .Sept. ,, 
 ■ 5.Se|it, 
 
 10 tell. 
 4 Maicli, 
 
 M. i'eiapel, 
 
 8 .March, 
 
 9 April, 
 
 i7Aiiril, 
 
 . 29 -Vjiril, 
 
 29 April. 
 
 • 5 May, 
 29 .M.av, 
 
 ■ '3 Aug. 
 7 April, 
 
 • 29 A UK. 
 22 Sept. 
 
 21 Oct. ,, 
 12 Nov. ,, 
 . 15 .Maiuh, 1862 
 MSejit. „ 
 2 -May, 1864 
 
 30 .Sept. ,, 
 . 27 Nov. ,, 
 
 26 April, 1865 
 
 25 Aug. ,, 
 19 Sept 
 
 4 Jan. 
 
 16 .May, 
 15 .June, 
 . 6 Ant?. 
 
 I 0('t. 
 
 . 4 Nov. 
 
 7 July, 
 
 24 Aug. 
 
 6 Kept. 
 
 23 Nov. 
 
 17 Fell. 
 17 Feb. 
 
 18 April, 
 
 28 .May, 
 
 II July, 
 
 •5 Aug. 
 
 22 Aug. 
 • 7 Sejit. 
 
 13 Sept. 
 
 16 Sejit. 
 10 Oct. 
 
 17 Nov 
 2 Ajiril 
 
 ■ 9 Oct. 
 19 Ajiril, 
 
 14 Aug. 
 
 126. ^(.//<■./„, byPaal II,'.,„.y . •^ 
 
 127. Jnim am, hy Prosper II,.„,-y . 
 
 128. .\mu:.v.i, bv J. c. Wa,.,„„ ' 
 .Utijione \,y c. II. F. Peters 
 '■''■'■Im by V. 11. p. i>,,t,.,.„ 
 
 ',""'. I'.y •'• II. F. Peters . 
 ■■'■■Ill'", by J. c, Wat.son . 
 ',.(/'■;■«(■, by J. (;. Watsm, 
 ■y'l'l'i"VI"'; by K. Lathe- . ' 
 '''•'■'/".'. I'.y <-•• 11. F. Pet,.,., . 
 Aiitli-w, by ,1. Pali.sa . 
 - -'/'/i''i''((, by J. Pali.sa . 
 
 138. i(i/(isi,, by .U. PciTi.tin 
 
 139. ./((«,(.„, by J. 0. Wat.siai. " 
 
 140. Sum, by J. Piiiisa 
 
 141. l.iimfii, by Paul ]l,.,„.v . " 
 f'llilnn, hy J. Palisa . 
 ■*'!'-i<i, by J. Palisa . " 
 ^''((7/,(, bye. ILK p,,,,.,^ ■ 
 -■(''(•(.((((, by C. II. F. ivtcrs . 
 
 ■ 46. /."(■(»((, by A. lidi'clly 
 
 148. '.'/l.., byP,i,s,,(TU,.,„.y . 
 
 •;('■''«••"', hy .M. Pcriotii, 
 
 129. 
 130. 
 '3>. 
 '3a. 
 '33. 
 ■34. 
 ■35- 
 136. 
 «37. 
 
 142. 
 '43. 
 ■44. 
 ■45. 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 1870 
 
 • 19 Sept. 
 12 .\Iar " 
 
 ■eh, 1871 
 23 July, , 
 
 iiS. /'citt,,, by H. Lather 
 
 119. Alllmi, hy J. C. Wutaoli ' . ' 
 
 120. hiekesis, bv A. Hoi'elly 
 
 121. Iteminue, hy J. C. Watsoli 
 IJ2. ijmUi, by C. IL P. PeU'i-s ' 
 123' llmiltiMH, hy C. H. p. ivttrs" 
 ■24. Jte(e,hyC.H. F.Peters . 
 
 •j't. ;; 
 
 15 .March, 1872 
 
 sApiJl, „ 
 
 10 2Viir,l, „ 
 
 12 .May, „ 
 
 31 July, „ 
 
 3' July, „ 
 23 Aug, 
 
 ITuveditto he a ,,e,V' Imrf u ^' ? ^^- «>-liuliert 
 •V .M. UoMschniidt'tiV' S<[, t /gerwh^n .['"'"'".■"™'-«l 
 I're»nt„ame, that of tl'.Se oflieT, 't?,i ,'"^^'^''''' "» 
 MA^ttC^:^:t'Xe.!:^r;lr-«-^''^H-^"ther, 
 
 150. Xiiu;,, by J. (J. Wat.so„ . 
 
 151. -<''"«i'('(((ii(, by ,J. Palisa 
 'S-!' -;'/'''«, hy Paul Uenry ' . " 
 '53- //'/''", by J. Palisa " 
 
 ■ 54' ^."•'■W"',hy Prosper Uenry ' 
 '55- ■V'.v;/((, by ,1. Palisa ' 
 
 156. .\unlhii,,^, by J. Palisa 
 
 157. Hfji'ium, by A. liorellv 
 
 158. h'miiiis, by V. Knon-o 
 
 159. .iemilhi, by Paul Hcnrv ' 
 .60. f «'., by C 11. P. Petei's .■ .• 
 161. Atlior, hy,L c. Watson 
 .62. Laiirvatia, by Pmsper Henry 
 
 163. lyiynue, by M. Permti,, •* 
 
 164. hm, by Paul llciy 
 .65. lorelc'i, by C. II. p. PetJrs " . 
 166. IJuHluiie, by t'. H p p,.t,.,.„ 
 .67. l^■'/(^byt•H ".Peters ' 
 
 '6«-'^'';.y"'Vi'y J. c'. Watson • 
 
 169. /dm, by Pidspcr Hi.,„.v 
 
 '70. Munu, uvMi/nlm, by .Vl. Perroti'n 
 
 .7.. ,./«/(•(,, by -Vlphunsc. U(;,-e|| ™"" 
 
 172. Ila,ic,s. by Al|,l,u„.se Uorelly 
 
 173- {"0, hy AI|ihoi,,se liorelly ' 
 
 174. J'hmlrii, by J. (j. Watsoii 
 
 |7S. A'Hlrnmwhn, by J. c'. Watson ' . 
 
 176. I'iKiUM, by C. H. F. Petei's 
 
 I 177. li-iiui, by Paul Henry . 
 
 ' 178. Iklimnn, by ,J. Palisa 
 
 I »79. a!,le,iuif,iro, hy J. f. Watson" 
 
 I iho. i,,m,m,ui, hy M. Perrotiii 
 
 i „'■ '■'"'■'""•'■-■, liy Cdttenot 
 
 I 182. hU(,, by J. Pulisa . 
 
 I 183. IslrUi, by J. Palisa 
 
 I '°4. /^fetojieio, by J. Palisa 
 .85. A""'*:'. '>.V„t;. H. F. Peters " . " 
 
 I 180. ieluty, by Prosper Henry 
 
 '««■ {•:"''!"•'■'''., ijyt'oggia . ■ . ■ 
 
 i I™' Meiitm^ by C. 11. P. Peters 
 
 I .89. 77(M/„, hy c. H. F Piiters " 
 
 190. /»»,«„. hy a 11. P.Peters ' ' 
 
 191. holiiti, by c. H. F. Peters 
 I 192' Simsikiui, by J. Palisa 
 
 193. ^m^)TOS(((, by Coggia 
 
 194. I'riHine, by c. II. p. Petei's 
 • 95. Kunjklein, by J. Palisa 
 
 196. I'ltUnmrUi, by C'. U. P p.'.fp,., 
 
 197. -Irc^e, liyJ. PalLsa 
 
 198. -.ImjwWH, liy.U,„.,,||,, 
 
 199. y;i/W;s, by c. II. F. Peters " 
 2(X). Dynameut, bv C. H. F Petew 
 
 201. I'fiitUijK, by j. Palisa 
 
 202. t'Ari/scis, by C. 11. p. Peters . 
 
 203. i om,«!,(, by c. H. P. Peters 
 
 204. Uillislo, by J. Palisa 
 203. Murtha, by J. Palisa . 
 
 206. ficrmo hy c. II. F. Peters . 
 
 207. Hfih'.a, bvJ. P.ilisa 
 
 208. Ucrimom, by J. Palija . * , 
 
 209. ]),do, by C. H. P. Peters 
 
 210. Isiihella, by J. Palisa 
 
 211. Isnltta, hy J. Palisa . 
 
 212. Meileu, by J. Palisa 
 
 ■873 
 
 187 
 
 1876 
 
 3 I 
 
 II Sept. 1872 
 ■ 5 -Nov. ,, 
 
 • 5 -Vov. „ 
 . 25 .Vii\'. 
 
 • 5 Fi'h. 
 
 • '7 '''eh. „ 
 34 .May, ,, 
 
 • 13 June, ,, 
 16 Aug. ,, 
 
 • 27 Sejit, „ 
 18 Feb. 1874 
 
 i3 .March, ,, 
 
 21 A]iril, ,, 
 
 • '9 -May, „ 
 10 Oct. .. 
 
 . 13 "ct. 
 13 Jan. 
 
 • 28Jai,. 
 23 Feb. 
 
 • 3Juiir, 
 
 3 June, 
 8 June, 
 
 • 10 July, 
 7 Aug. 
 
 . 21 Si'jit. 
 
 18 Oct. 
 . I Nov. 
 
 2 Nov. 
 
 2 Nov. 
 
 4 Nov. 
 
 5 Nov. 
 
 22 Xov, 
 I Dec. 
 4 Jan. 
 
 26 Jan. 
 . 20 Feb. ! 
 18 Aiuil, „ 
 21 April, „ 
 
 26 Aiuil „ 
 
 12 July, „ 
 10 Aug. „ 
 '7 Aug. „ 
 29 Aug. „ 
 
 27 Sept. „ 
 
 28 Sept. „ 
 10 Jan. 1877 
 
 13 Jan. „ 
 
 ■ 5 l-'eh. „ 
 2 Auk- .. 
 
 ■ 3 Sept „ 
 . I Oct. „ 
 
 • >40,'t. „ 
 
 • 5 Xov. „ 
 fi Xov. „ 
 
 12 Nov. ,, 
 
 29 Jan. 1878 
 2 Feb. ,, 
 7 l'"el). „ 
 
 • 8 Pel). ,; 
 28 Feb. „ 
 
 I March, „ 
 
 6 April, „ 
 • ■'April, „ 
 
 18 June, „ 
 9 Sept. „ 
 22 Sept. ,, 
 30 Sept. 
 17 ^'eb. 
 28 Feb. 
 21 March, 
 22 April, 
 . 14 Jlay, 
 
 21 .May, 
 13 June, 
 
 9 July, 
 27 July, 
 
 7 Aug. 
 
 II Sejit. 
 25 Sept. 
 
 8 Oct. 
 13 Oct. 
 II Oct. 
 17 Oct. 
 a I Oct. 
 
 22 Oct. 
 
 12 X'OV. 
 
 10 Dec. 
 6 Feb. 
 2 
 
 1879 
 
 
 I t 
 
 1880 
 
PLANETS. 
 
 852 
 
 PLANETS. 
 
 213. 
 
 ai4. 
 315. 
 ai6. 
 ai7. 
 ai8. 
 319. 
 a 20. 
 
 S3I, 
 
 aia. 
 323. 
 224. 
 225. 
 326. 
 227. 
 328. 
 339. 
 330. 
 331. 
 333. 
 
 233. 
 
 'M' 
 
 a35- 
 
 336. 
 
 337. 
 
 238. 
 
 339. 
 
 240. 
 
 241. 
 
 243. 
 
 343. 
 
 344. 
 
 345- 
 346. 
 247. 
 243. 
 249. 
 250. 
 
 353. 
 'S3' 
 254 
 255 
 256 
 
 258. 
 259' 
 260. 
 a6l. 
 263. 
 363. 
 264. 
 365. 
 366. 
 367. 
 268. 
 
 269. 
 
 270. 
 
 371. 
 
 272. 
 
 273- 
 
 274- 
 
 275- 
 
 276. 
 
 277. 
 
 278. 
 
 279. 
 
 280. 
 
 281. 
 
 a32. 
 
 2B3. 
 
 384. 
 
 285. 
 
 286. 
 
 287, 
 288, 
 
 290. 
 291. 
 292. 
 
 293- 
 294. 
 295- 
 296. 
 397. 
 298. 
 299. 
 300 
 
 IMim, liy C. H. F. I'utcrs 
 Anclirrii, by J. l'ull«n. 
 iKudiir, by V, Kiiiirrn. 
 Clinivilni, by J. I'lilisa . 
 Kiuhirii, by t'lijiKiii 
 Itiaiim, by J. I'liliHa 
 Thiisiiflilii, by .J. I'ttliHa 
 Sleiiliiiiiiii, by .1. I'ttliita . 
 /■.'(IS, bv .1. I'alisii . 
 /,iici(i, by J. I'nlisa . 
 7(11*1, by J. PaUsa 
 Uvcdiiii, bv J. I'alisa 
 lleiiriclld, by. I. I'alisa . 
 IVfi-iiiuiii, by ,1. 1'ali.sii . 
 I'hil'iifi'In'i, by Paul Ilciiry 
 Ayiilhi; by J. Palisa . 
 Aileliiiilii, by J. Pulisii . 
 Atliamiiith, by I-. l>c Hall 
 yiniloliiiuii, by .). I'alisa 
 Itns$iu, by J. I'alisu . 
 Anteri'i^, bv lidicUy 
 lUtrhdiv, by ('. II. K. Peters 
 Dmiiiii", by ,1. Palisa . 
 //iiiiiii-ii(, by J. Palisa 
 <'ri;/M(iii(i, by .1. Palisa . 
 Ilill«{li(i, by V. Kiinrre. . 
 Ailnislcii, by ,1. Palisa . 
 K<(mi'(iii, bv lidiclly 
 (!i-rmiiiiiii bv l{. I.utber . 
 Kriemhitil, by .1. Palisa . 
 Itid, bv J. PaUsa 
 ,Si(i(, b'v J. Palisa . 
 Vera, by J. Palisa 
 A.iporimi, by licuelly 
 Kukriilf, Viy Liitlicr 
 /.iniii'iir, by J. Palisa . 
 ;;,«, byC. U. F. Pfteis. 
 Iktiitiii, bvJ. Palisa . 
 ,s-ii;i/ii((, by J. Palisa 
 Ctemeiitiwi, by PithjUh . 
 MathiUt, by J. Palisa . 
 Avgnsta, by J. Palisa 
 OpiMvia, by J. Palisa . 
 , Wiil]mrm, by .1- Palisa . 
 , .Siicnii, by.l.'Palisa 
 . Tiirhf, bv Lvitlii'i- 
 , Aklliein, bv C. H. F. Peters 
 . Iliiherlu, by .1. Palisa 
 . I'nimno, by C. H. F. Peters 
 Vnlihi, by J. Palisa . 
 Dresdii, by J. Palisa . 
 JAIiHssn, by C. H. F. Peters 
 .(liiiiK, by J. Palisa 
 .,4/iiiP, by J. Palisa . 
 TiriK, bv Cliarlois 
 Adoren,'hy A. Horelly . 
 Justiliii, by J. Palisa . 
 AwihiUi,hyC. H. F.Peters 
 Peiitheiilec, by V. Kiiorre . 
 Antoiiki, by OliarUiis 
 j4(io)»s, by •'• Palisa . 
 Philiiqoriii, by J. Palisa . 
 .SniiiciitiK, by .1. Palisa 
 Adrlhrid by .1. Palisa 
 Klvirn, by Cbarlnis . 
 I'milimi, by J. Palisa 
 Tftiiff, by J. Palisa . 
 Wiin-r, by J. Palisa 
 Lucrctui, bv J. Palisa 
 Clorinde, by J. Palisa . 
 Emma, by Charlois . 
 , Avtelia, by Charlois 
 i(i((i>ia, by Cliarlois . • 
 Jciea, by Cliarlois or .1. Palisa 
 , Sephthys, by C. H. F. Peters 
 , (Uaukc, by R. Luther . 
 . Nenetta, by M. Charlois 
 , iji-uiwi, by J. Palisa 
 . Alice, by J. Palisa 
 . Ltidoviai, by J. Palisa . 
 PrasilUt, by M. Cliarlois 
 . Micia, by M. Cliarlois . 
 Th.-rcm, bv J. Palisa • 
 I'htietusa, by M. Cliarlois 
 Catcili(u by M. Cliarlois 
 B«p(is(in«, by M. Charlois 
 Thova, by J. Palisa . 
 6'eraWiiia, by Charlois . 
 
 1883 
 
 1885 
 
 . 16 Feb. 1880 
 
 I Mareh, ,, 
 
 . 7 April, ,, 
 
 10 A|irll, ,, 
 
 . 30 Aug. ,, 
 
 4Mept. „ 
 
 . 3oHept. „ 
 
 19 Mav, 1881 
 . 18 Jan. 1882 
 
 9 Feb. ,, 
 9 March, ,, 
 
 30 Mareli, ,, 
 
 19 Ainil, ,, 
 
 19 July, ,, 
 
 . 12 AuK. „ 
 
 19 AiiK. ,, 
 
 . 22 AuK'. II 
 
 . jHel.t. .. 
 
 10 Helit. 
 31 Jan. 
 
 11 May, 
 . 12 AiiK. ,1 
 
 28 NllY. ,, 
 
 . 26 Ajiril, 1884 
 
 27 June, ,, 
 
 I July, ,, 
 
 18 AuK. ,, 
 
 . 27 AiiK'. 11 
 
 . 12 Sept. ,, 
 
 . 32 Sept. „ 
 
 . 29 Sept. „ 
 
 14 f)et. 
 . 6 Feb. 
 
 . 6 Mareh, ,, 
 
 14 Mftivh, „ 
 
 . 5 June, ,, 
 
 16 AllR. ,1 
 
 . 3 «''l't' 11 
 
 .4 Oct. „ 
 
 . 27 Oet. „ 
 
 12 Niiv. ,, 
 
 31 Maieli, 1886 
 
 31 March, „ 
 
 . 3 April, II 
 
 5 Aiiril, ,, 
 
 . 4 May, „ 
 
 28 June, ,, 
 
 . . 3 Oct. „ 
 
 31 Oct. ,, 
 
 3X0V. „ 
 
 . 3 Nov. „ 
 
 22 l>ec. ,, 
 
 . 37 Feb. 18S7 
 
 17 May, ,, 
 
 27 May, ,, 
 
 9 June, ,, 
 
 21 Hept. „ 
 
 8 Oct. ,, 
 . 16 Oct. ,, 
 
 ^ Feb. 1888 
 8 March, „ 
 . 3 April, „ 
 
 15 April, ,, 
 . 17 Ajiiil, ,, 
 
 . 3 May, ,, 
 
 16 May, ,, 
 
 . 25 Oct. ,, 
 
 29 Oct. „ 
 . 31 Oct. „ 
 
 39 May „ 
 . 38 Jan. i88( 
 
 8 Feb. „ 
 . 3AUK. „ 
 
 3 AuK. „ 
 . 25 Auk. 
 
 30 Feb. 
 
 10 March, 
 . 20 March, 
 
 25 April, 
 
 . 35 April, 
 
 . 20 May, 
 
 . 15 July. 
 
 . 17 Auk. 
 
 19 Aug. 
 
 . 9 Sept. 
 
 9 iSept. 
 . 6 Oct. 
 
 3 Oct. 
 
 301. ntivrla, J. Palisa 
 
 302. (7((rimi, by ('hailiils . 
 
 I till tl»l, M,» • IH.I.. 
 
 ,/ii,<f;i/iiiir, bv prof. MiUosevieli 
 tiliid, by J. I'alisa 
 diirdiiiiiK, by Cbarlols 
 Uitittts, 1 
 
 Sikc, liy 
 
 /'ii(i/,i", by .M. Itorelly 
 h'mteriiitiis, by .1. Palisa 
 Miiniiiiilit, by (Miailois 
 Cliiiidia, by ('harluis 
 
 liy priif. .Milldsevich 
 liy M. Charlo' 
 
 30)- 
 3°4' 
 3o.'i- 
 306. 
 J07. 
 jo3. 
 
 "309- 
 3 10. 
 
 ■Ill, 1 fKlirOKf I'J » " 
 
 313. J'iinlla, by M. Cliarlois 
 313. i:ii(ddimi, by J. Palisa 
 
 3«4. 
 3'S- 
 316. 
 
 3'7- 
 318. 
 
 119- 
 
 320. 
 
 ■321. 
 
 i 322. 
 
 i ;-!3- 
 
 i 3-'4- 
 325- 
 326. 
 
 ! 327- 
 328. 
 
 329 
 
 Itmudiii, by Charlois . 
 roa,<fiiii/i«, by Palisa . 
 Hohrrtn, by Cliarlois . 
 Vf.i.niim, by Charliiis, 
 M<i(ldid(iiii, by Cliarlois . 
 y.i'ium, by (,'liailois 
 Kdlhiniiiii, by J. Palisa . 
 h'li}rciiliiiit, by J. Pali.sa 
 I'liiro, bv liorelly 
 llniri(i,'hy llr. Wolf 
 llnmlieivii, bv Ur. I'alisa . 
 Ileidelhrnri, by Dr. Wolf 
 'J'liiiKirii, by Dr. Palisa . 
 Cnhimliiii, bv M. Cliarlois 
 Sviv, bv Dr. Wolf . 
 Gudnni, by Dr. Wolf 
 
 120. fjiliiniit, 11% 1^1. ""ii . . . 
 330. Adidberhi, by Dr. Wolf (iileiitical 
 
 331. Elherid(jrii, by Charlois. 
 
 ri2. Siri, by Dr. Wolf 
 
 333. iiiK/niii-, by Dr. Wolf . 
 
 334. Chimii'i, by Dr. Wolf 
 
 335. JMiertii, by Stans . 
 
 336. Uumlitm, by Charlois 
 
 337. Denmi, by Charlois 
 
 338. llotflroM, by Charlois 
 
 339' 
 340. 
 
 34I' 
 342 
 343 
 144 
 345 
 
 Ikirotlmi, by Dr. Wolf . 
 KJvuidd, by Dr. Wolf . 
 Cidiforiiiii, by Dr. Wolf 
 Kndijvnnii, by Dr. Wolf . 
 Ostarii, bv Dr. Wolf 
 Dmdn-iitd, by Charlois . 
 
 345. TcrciUiKi, by Charlois . 
 
 346. HermenUtriii, by Charlois 
 
 347. J'ariiian, by Charlois . 
 
 348. il/iij/, by Charlois . 
 
 349. Demlmu'fkd, by Charlois 
 
 350. OriKimenlit, by Charlois . 
 "351. Ymi, by Dr. Wolt . 
 352. (Jiscia, by Ur. ^^olf- • 
 ^53. , bv Dr. Wolf . 
 1S4- Eteanora, by Charlois 
 ,„. , bv Charlois . 
 qte. , b'v Charlois . 
 ,„ , by Charlois . 
 ,=8. , bv Charlois 
 
 3,0. (Identical with 89), by Charlois 
 
 360. 
 
 361. 
 362. 
 363- 
 364. 
 365- 
 366. 
 367- 
 368 
 
 , by Charlois 
 , by Cliarlois 
 , by Charlois 
 , liy Charlois 
 , by Cliarlois 
 , by Charlois 
 , by Charlois 
 by Cliarlois 
 by Charlois 
 
 369. Aerin, by liorelly 
 
 1890 
 
 , by Charlois 
 , by Charlois . 
 , by Charlois 
 , by Cliarlois . 
 , liy Charlois 
 , by Charlois . 
 , by Charlois 
 , by Charlois . 
 , by Charlois 
 , by Charlois . 
 , by Cliarlois 
 , by Charlois . 
 , by Charlois 
 303. I by Charlois . 
 
 384. ISurdigala, by Courty 
 
 ^ , by Dr. Wilson 
 
 385. Ilmatar, by Dr. Wolf 
 
 386. ,ViyDr. Wolf. 
 
 370 
 
 371 
 
 372. 
 
 373- 
 
 374- 
 
 375- 
 
 376. 
 
 377- 
 
 373. 
 
 379- 
 
 380. 
 
 381. 
 
 382. 
 
 i'ii' 
 
 16 Nov. 1 
 
 14 Nuv. 
 
 .1i Ki'li. , 
 
 14 heb. 
 
 . 16 Kei,. 
 
 I Malcli, 
 
 5 .Mareh, 
 
 31 Maiel , 
 
 6 A|iril, 
 
 , 16 .May, 
 
 n ililliw, 
 
 , 28 Ali«. 
 
 la Ann. 
 
 . 'iSi'lit. 
 
 4 V|.t. 
 
 . 8 .S'lit. 
 
 II Si-iil, 
 
 24 Sept. 
 
 . 8 del. 
 
 12 (let. 
 
 . 15 del, 
 
 , 27 N„v. 
 
 28 Xuv. 
 
 . 25 IVl,. 
 
 4 Maiili, 
 
 ig MarcIi, 
 
 22 .Miiivl,, 
 
 18 Mairl;, 
 21 Mareh, 
 with 2g8) 
 
 19 Mareh, 
 I Aiiiil, 
 
 19 .Muieh, 
 22 Aiii;. 
 
 •>f*"lit. „ 
 
 19 Si'iit. „ 
 
 22 SiJiit. „ 
 
 , 25Sei)t, „ 
 
 25 .Si-iit. „ 
 
 . 25 Sejit. „ 
 
 25!'i'pt. ,, 
 
 17 Del. „ 
 
 15 Nov, ,, 
 
 20 Nov. , 
 
 2^ Nov, , 
 
 . 27 Nov. , 
 
 2Q Nov, , 
 
 29 Nov. , 
 . 9 bi'c. , 
 14-15 Di'C. , 
 . 16 \)h: . 
 12 Jan. i; 
 . 16 .Ian. . 
 17 -Inn. , 
 . 20 -Ian. . 
 . 21 Jan. 
 . II Fell. 
 . 8 Maioh, 
 , 9 Mareh, 
 . II .Maioli, 
 II Mairh, 
 . 12 Mareh, 
 17 Marcli, 
 . 19 March, 
 21 .March, 
 . 21 .March, 
 ig .May, 
 19 .May, 
 . 4 July, 
 14 July, 
 . i6 July, 
 ig Aii^;. 
 . is.Si'iii, 
 . 18 Sept. 
 . i3!<e|it. 
 . 18 SHpt, 
 . 20 Sept. 
 6 Dec. 
 . 8 Jail. 
 8 J»ii. 
 . 10 Jan. 
 29 Jan. 
 . 31, .Ian, 
 II Feb, 
 , 30 Jin. 
 . I March, 
 I March, 
 
w 
 
 ETS. 
 
 
 , 
 
 i6 .Nov. iSo, 
 
 
 '4 Nov. „ 
 
 OrtOVic'il . 
 
 • la ^'|'ll. liiji 
 
 , 
 
 '4 l''"li. „ 
 
 
 • i6 Ki'Ij, „ 
 
 jvldi' . 
 
 • 1 5liircli, „ 
 
 , 
 
 S-M^iidi, „ 
 
 . , 
 
 ji MaiTl , „ 
 
 11 
 
 6 April, „ 
 
 
 • ■'■'•May, „ 
 
 • • 
 
 11.1 mil', 
 
 4 . 
 
 • 28AUX, „ 
 
 . 
 
 lo Au>;. „ 
 
 . 
 
 • ' >^''\>l ,. 
 
 
 4'V|.t. „ 
 
 
 • BScpl. „ 
 
 . 
 
 " ■'<f|'I. ,, 
 
 4 . 
 
 • =4 **''lit. „ 
 
 
 . 8 0ol. „ 
 
 I . 
 
 13 Oft. „ 
 
 \ 
 
 •15 'let. „ 
 
 
 27 Nov. ,, 
 
 
 28 .V')V, „ 
 
 a . 
 
 4 ■'liinli, ., 
 
 jlf . 
 
 
 19 Miiicli, „ 
 
 >iH* . " . 
 
 T2 Miiirli, „ 
 
 
 i3 .Marcli, „ 
 
 . 
 
 ai MiUfli, „ 
 
 jlf tidi'iitici 
 
 1 Willi 2ij8) 
 
 
 ig Miuvii, ,, 
 
 s . 
 
 1 Aiinl, „ 
 
 
 ") Miiii'li, „ 
 
 . 
 
 ••12 Aiii;. „ 
 
 
 • I si'pi! " 
 
 i , 
 
 • igSi'iit, „ 
 
 • • 
 
 22 Sept. ,. 
 
 . 
 
 • isf^qii. „ 
 
 
 25>^i'l't. ., 
 
 ■'.'.' 
 
 • 25 Sept. „ 
 
 If 
 
 iSSfpl. ., 
 
 If . 
 
 lyOi't. ., 
 
 
 15 Nov. ,. 
 
 s . 
 
 30 Nov. ,. 
 
 s . 
 
 21 Nov. ,. 
 
 lois 
 
 • 27 Nov. ., 
 
 ^ 
 
 29 Nov. , 
 
 . 
 
 29 Nov. , 
 
 ji.s . 
 
 • 9 Ill'C. ,. 
 
 lis . 
 
 M-isllw. , 
 
 
 . 16 111*. . 
 
 
 12 Jim. I' 
 
 f. ' . ' • 
 
 . 16, Ian. , 
 
 
 17 .Ian. , 
 
 . 
 
 . 20 .Ian. . 
 
 . 
 
 21 .lull. . 
 
 . 
 
 . iiKi'li. , 
 
 • 
 
 . 8 MiiiTh, , 
 
 y Charlois 
 
 . 9 M.iri.'h. , 
 
 < 
 
 • 11 Maix'li, , 
 
 s . 
 
 11 .Mari'h, 
 
 s 
 
 . i2.MaiTli; 
 
 s . 
 
 17 .Miircti, 
 
 s 
 
 . 19 Marcli, 
 
 s . 
 
 21 Marcli, 
 
 s 
 
 . 21 Maicli, 
 
 s . 
 
 19 May, 
 
 8 
 
 19 .May. 
 
 
 . 4,Iuiy. 
 
 S 
 
 14 .Inly, 
 
 s . 
 
 .16 .Inly, 
 
 s 
 
 19 Au^'. 
 
 H . 
 
 .15 Sept. 
 
 S 
 
 18 Si-pt. 
 
 S . 
 
 . 18 Sf|il. 
 
 S . 
 
 . 18 SHpt, 
 
 s . 
 
 . 20 I<cllt. 
 
 3 . / 
 
 6 lleo. 
 
 H . 
 
 . 8 .Ian. 1 
 
 ;H 
 
 8 .Ian. 
 
 ia . 
 
 . 10 .Ian. 
 
 is 
 
 29 Jan. 
 
 Is . 
 
 . jg.Ian. 
 
 ty . 
 
 II Feb. 
 
 Isoii 
 
 . 30 Jan. 
 
 If 
 
 . I March, 
 
 llf . 
 
 I March, 
 
 PLANIMETER. 
 
 8M 
 
 PLATINUM. 
 
 3?? 
 
 ,90. 
 «■' 
 
 yt)l. 
 393. 
 394' 
 395. 
 196. 
 
 197. 
 J98. 
 
 399' 
 400. 
 401. 
 
 4U3. 
 403. 
 404. 
 4"5^ 
 406^ 
 407. 
 408. 
 409. 
 410. 
 
 ¥'■ 
 412 
 
 4'3 
 4M 
 4>5 
 
 , liy t'imity 
 , by Cliiii'lols . 
 , tiy C'liurliil.H 
 , liy lllKdiii'diiii 
 , by Dr. Wolf 
 
 Intjiburij, by Dr. Wulf . 
 
 ly'illitlmiiKi, by Dr. Wulf 
 , by Dr. Wiiir . 
 , by Horiilly 
 , by C'harlois . 
 , by C'lmrluis 
 , by Clmrloin . 
 , by C'harlois 
 , by Dr. Wulf . 
 , by C'liarlois 
 
 OUilia, by Dr. Wolf . 
 , by Charlois 
 , by (llmrlois . 
 , by Charlois 
 , liy (,'liarlois . 
 , by Charlois 
 , by Dr. Wolf . 
 , by Dr. Woir 
 , by (.'harlois , 
 , by Cliurlois 
 , by Charliii.s , 
 
 Klim'iflha, bv Dr. Wnlf 
 
 miiurga, by Dr. Wolf . 
 , by Cliarlnis 
 by Dr. Wolf . 
 
 416. VcilimiM, by (.'Imrlois 
 I... It.. \i'..i*' 
 
 4>7. 
 418 
 4ig. 
 
 432. 
 423. 
 424. 
 425. 
 
 5 JIarcli, 1894 
 
 7 March, ,, 
 
 8 .March, „ 
 24 .March, ,, 
 
 1 Nov. „ 
 
 . 1 Nov. „ 
 
 7 Nov. „ 
 
 . 7 Nov. ,, 
 
 ig Nov. ,, 
 
 . 30 Nov. ,, 
 
 I Dec. ,, 
 
 . 19 Deo. ,, 
 
 28 Dec. ,, 
 
 . -23 Feb. i8y5 
 
 1.1 Miircli, ,, 
 
 16 .Mnrcli, ,, 
 
 21 .March, ,, 
 
 18 May, ,, 
 
 2uJl))ll., ,, 
 
 23 .(illy, „ 
 
 22 2\llH. ,, 
 
 ijOcl. ,, 
 
 19 Oct. ,, 
 . 9 Dec. 
 
 7 .Ian. 
 . 7 .Ian. 
 
 7 .lull. 
 . 7 Jan. 
 
 16 .Ian. 
 . 7 Kcb. 
 
 4 .Mav, 
 . 6 May, 
 
 3 .Sept. 
 . 7 Sept. 
 
 7 .Sept. 
 
 • 7 Sept. 
 
 8 Oct. 
 
 • 7 I »'■<■• 
 31 Dec. 
 28 Dec^ 
 25 AiiK^ 
 27 AiiK. 
 18 Nov. 
 23 Nov. 
 
 . 18 Dec. 
 
 18 Dec. 
 
 18 Dee. 
 16 .Inly, I 
 
 13 Alii,'. 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 , by Dr. Wolf 
 , by Dr. Wulf 
 , by Dr. Wolf . 
 
 420. Ikrtkniila, by Dr. Wolf . 
 
 421. Ziihrhiijiii, by Dr. Wolf 
 , IkrUim, by Witt 
 
 , by Charlois . 
 , by Charlois 
 , by Charlois . 
 
 426. (same as 188, me- nlntir), by ClmrlolH 
 
 427. 1 by Charlois 
 
 428. .Vomdiut, by Villiger . 
 
 429. I by Charlois 
 4J0. , by Charlois . 
 
 431. , by Charlois 
 
 432. , by Charlois . 
 
 433. , by Charlois 
 
 434- .hyWitt . . . ___. 
 
 l.\'nrat#r.s 391 ami liillowiii|,' nro uiicortaiii, not 
 
 liaviiin been verilieil.l 
 Thi! ra|)i(l discovery of planetoiil.s by photo;,'rapliy, 
 especially by Wolf anil Charlois, in recent years, 
 liascainseil lunch confiisioh in recorils, 1892-8. 
 
 PLANIMETER, a machine for mciisming tlie 
 area of any tiguie by the jiaasage of a tiacer round 
 about its perimeter. Amsler'M plaiiimeter (in use 
 fur several years) waa desorilied at the liritiali 
 Asiiociation meeting at Brigliton, Aug. 1872. 
 
 PLANING -MACHINE. One for wood was 
 constructed by Uramab, about i8o2 ; and one for 
 iron by Josepn Clement in 1825. 
 
 PLANTAGENET,* House of, to which 
 belonged fourteen English kings, from Henry II 
 J 154, to Uichurd III., 1485 ; see Emjland, Kuiy.s. 
 
 PLANTATIONS, see Trade. 
 
 PLASSEY, in Bengal, India, the site of a 
 baltlc fought between the British under Clive, and 
 the Hindoos under Surajah Uowlah, 23 June, 1757; 
 
 ' Fulke .Martel earl of Anjou, bavins eoiitrived the 
 drath of Ins nephew, the earl of Urittaiiy, in order to 
 incceed to the earlilom, his confessor sent him in atoiie- 
 nitiit for the imirdcr, to .Jeriiaalem, atteniled bv only two 
 siiyants, one of whom wius to lead him by a halter to the 
 ll.ily Sepiilolire, the other to strip and whip him there 
 !keacoiiii,innmalpfi„.tor. Bvoom, in French ,;,«rr in 
 Jitiii gj/iis(i(, being the only touKb, pliant slirul') in 
 lalcaiine, the noble criminal was smartly scniirKcd with 
 11 and from this instrument of )iis chaatiseinent he was 
 called P(aii(«.ae,us(«, or Plantageiiet; other accounts are 
 ^iven. Skuiiitr and ithimy. 
 
 f)8,cx)o men were vannuiHlicd liy kxh) British and 
 about 2fX)o sepoys. The victory'luid the foundation 
 of our empire in India. 
 
 PLASTER OF PaHIS. Gyjisum, sulphate of 
 lime, used for moulds, stiituiir\, ice. Hist found ut 
 .Moiitmaitre, near Paris, whence its name. The 
 method of taking likenesses bv its use was first 
 discovered by Andrea del Vcnnehio, about 1466. 
 
 PLATA, LA, sec Argentine ItipiMic. 
 
 PLAT^A Hiieotia, K. Greec), site of the 
 
 battle between Mardoiiius, i imaiider of the ariiiv 
 
 ot Xerxes of Persia, and Pausanius, communder o"f 
 theLacediuinoniansiindAtlieiiiiiiis,22Sept.47fin.c • 
 the same day as the battle of .\[yciile. Of J<X),(X)o 
 1 ersians scarce 3000 escaped witli their lives. The 
 (jieciiin army, about li(),o(X), lost but few men. 
 I he Greeks obtiiined iiiiiiieiise iiliiiider. iiud were 
 henceforth delivered from the fear of Peisiun in- 
 viisioiis. Plafiea, as an ally of Athens, was destroved 
 by the Thidiuns, 372 ; aiid"rebuilt by I'hilip II. iifter 
 Ins victory at Chieroncii, 3:58. 
 
 . PL/VTE. In England, plate, with the excep- 
 tion ol spoons, was prnliiliited in public-houses bv 
 statute 8 Will. III. (it,/j). The cekdirated Plato 
 net passed in .May, 1756. This act was repealed in 
 1780. The act laying a stanin-dutv upon plato 
 passed m 1784; see Gohhmilhii' (jom/Mni/. Itv 
 17 *£ 18 Vict. c. 96 (1854), gold wares were lillowcil 
 to be manufactured at a lower standard ; but a later 
 a(!t excepted marriage rings.— The art of covering 
 baser metals with a thin plate of silver, either for 
 use or for ornament (fLAri.NO), said to have been 
 invented by a Birminglmm spur-miiker, who began 
 with making the bianeli(.s of a pair of spurs hollow, 
 and tilling the hollow with a slender rod of steel. 
 He continued to make the hollow larger and the iron 
 thicker, till at last he merely coated the iron spur 
 with silver ; see Electi-oti/jjc. 
 
 •Mr Wilfred .lo.seph Cripps' "old Kiiglish I'hite, "a valu- 
 able work, Cdntaining the researches of Mr O Mor- 
 gun, pnldLshed, 1878. His "Old Fivin-h IMiite," 1880. 
 
 Diityonsilver plate to be redncedgradu.div till abnlished, 
 Iroin I .Inne, i83i ; abolished 17 April, 'i^oo 
 
 " riiii Coriioration Plate of Kngland ami Wales " (illus- 
 trated), by Mr. Jewitt and W. 11. .St. John Hone 
 published, 1895. ' 
 
 PLATE-WAYS, on ordinary roads for waggons 
 carrying goods, proposed at Liverpool about 1880, 
 to supersede railways for cheapness ; not adopted. 
 
 PLATFORM, see Public Mtetings. 
 
 PLATINUM, the heaviest of all the metals, 
 except indium. The name originated with the 
 bpaniards on account of its silvery colour ; Plata 
 signifying silver. It was found in the aurifeioug 
 sand of the river Pinto, in South Ainericii, and was 
 unknown in Europe until 1741, when don Antonio 
 L Uoa announced its existence in the namitive of his 
 voyage to Peru. Greig. In its ore have been found 
 the metals palladium, rhodium, osmium, iridium, 
 and ruthenium {which see). Platinum was rendered 
 malleable and ductile by Dr. Win. Hvde AVoUiiston, 
 whose processes are described in the Koval Society's 
 Bakeriaii lecture for 1829. He died in l"828, having, 
 it 13 said, gained 30,000/. by his inventions. In 
 1859, M. H. Ste. -Claire Ueville made known a new 
 method of obtaining platinum from its ore, in great 
 abundance and purity; and at the internationiil 
 exhibition of 1862 was shown u msss worth -5840/.. 
 weighing 260^ lb., of a metal hitherto considered 
 infusible, obtained by his process, employing the 
 oxy-hydrogen flame. See P/iilosophicnl Lamp. 
 
 Dode's 1 -ss for coating iron with idiitimim to prevcii 
 rust, at Jolinsiiii & .Mattbey' . ti Jan. 1879. 
 
 1 
 
 ■*i* 
 
 
 il 
 
 w 
 
 l\ V ' 
 
 J M <i. 
 
 
 -i.f 
 
 iiV 
 
 I.' 
 
■«<1« 
 
 
 ..!!,..LJ. , . 
 
 Wl 
 
 R ,\" 'iW ■•" , 
 
 
 ,'*i/' 
 
 '*' 
 
 i wM 
 
 
 bl. 
 
 6 ^ 1 
 
 Hm^^ 
 
 i'- " I-. 
 
 
 .■■¥M 
 
 fSKmm: • 
 
 ^4 tiHMiaf :<niei>j 
 
 ^■^--i^".. 
 
 PLATONIC PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 8M 
 
 PLURALITIES. 
 
 I'ldliytnliiin-n, iilidloKniplilc rciu 
 B ipfi'uliar |iri)cc'<« by Mr. 
 
 iciiriHliii'lliiiiH i]f |iictiiri'n, liy 
 K. llnllyiT, »iwciiiii'iin 
 'rxlIlliltiMilii lliii DiMlI.'y (lulli'iy, Oct. ibgj. 
 
 PLATCWIC PniLOH()PHY, tin- mo^t 
 poimliii- of all BVHtiMiiB (»«'.. J'/n'imii)/ii/). '"<" " 
 aiiiloKiiofi Imvc liccn tcniicd " I'luliiw.phy buck-'il b) 
 oxiitnplc." Ill- wiiH II ilimiplc <if ScicnilfK, 4(K) "■('•i 
 ami (lied ,^47. The leiiiliiitf fciituii' ,<f liis iiiuid wu» 
 (•niiii)ri'lic'n»iyi'iu«H. 'Ihi' L'liintintlu'f I'liitt.nijts 111- 
 iliidfd Whidicntc, C'lnhvoitli, .lolin Sinitli, lIiMirv 
 More. 
 Profi'HHcir .Iiiwclt's pupulnr triirisliillini of " IMiitiV-. 
 
 DiiiliiguPd" piiblisbi'il In 1871 ; (I'l I'ditimi, 1891. 
 
 PLATONIC YEAR, Hif periud of time %yliir1i 
 
 the ('(luiiuixcs tiikc to tinisli tlicir icvoliilinii, iit Un- 
 end of wliii'h tlic Ktarn and conatcllation^ liavc the 
 sanio place witli regard to tlio iHiuinoxcs tliat Ibcy 
 had at first. Tyolio llralii' xaya tliat this yi ar or 
 
 t 
 
 ppriod ri'iiuirca 2.S.R16 lomnion years to complete 
 It; Kiceiolus eoniputes ii at 2S.')2('; »"i' Cnssim al 
 24,800; at the endofwhieh time sonio imairmei. 
 that there wonld he a total and natural renovation 
 of tile whole creation. 
 
 PLATTSBUKG. A British expedition ajjainst 
 this place, a town of New York, on Lake Chaini)lain, ' 
 was desiffiied under general sir George Trevost, hut 
 was abandoned after the naval force ot l'.ii};land had ; 
 Buffered a defeat in an (.n-aKement with the , 
 Americans, II Sept. I«14, when the lintisli , 
 Bciuadron in Lake Champlain was captiiicd ; see 
 United Stiiti's, 
 
 PLAY-GllOUNDS. In 1858 a society was 
 establisbed by the carl of Shaftesbury ami other 
 benevolent persons to provide )day-j;i'ounds t(U- the 
 recreation of adults and the ctiildren of the humble 
 classes. Ground was liberally ottered by tlie fr"veni- 
 nicnt, and hv the marquis of WestmiiHl( 1 and 
 others ; and iii 1851) an act of parliament was passed 
 to facilitate grants of lands for tliis purpose, tor 
 which part of Smitlilicld was to be reserved. The 
 scheme was not succi'sslul. 
 The Metropolitan I'ublir <;iii(lcii, HohIcviuiI, ami Pliiy- 
 
 Krouiid assoi'iation tonncil liy bail Urabazon (aft. carl 
 
 of Mcatb) and otbcrs in 1882 lias <l(aic gcjod scrvic 
 
 in till! east of Loii(b,ii. 
 The London I'layiiiK-licbls Association fouiidcil ; very 
 
 active hi obtaiilin^' places, Feb. rl .ini. 1890-2. 
 Hnckncy marsh (3-57 acres), pnicbascd by the London 
 
 county council an<' otbcrs as a playgronnd lor cast 
 
 London, opened by sir .lobii lliitton, 21 July, 1894. 
 
 PLAYS, see Diaiiia and Theatres. 
 
 PLEADINGS. In the early courts of judi- 
 cature in Enfilnnd, plendinftB were made in the 
 Saxon language; nnd in Norman-French from the 
 period of the conquest in 1066 until 1362, rieadings 
 were ordered to be in Knglisli by 36 Edward IH. 
 1362, and Cromwell extended the -ule to all legal 
 proceedings 1650. In English law the proceedings 
 are the mutual statements of the phiintiffs cause 
 of action, and tlie defendant's ground of defence. 
 
 PLEBEIANS, Plebcs, or Plebs, the commons 
 of Home, as distinguished from the Patricians; 
 see Borne, 494-366 B.C. 
 
 PLEBISCITUM, a term given to a law pa.ssed 
 
 by the comitia tribnta, an assembly of the Roman 
 
 leople in their tribes, first established in 491 n.c. 
 
 /he term has been recently revived in France and 
 
 Italy ,'and applied to UiiWersal iiuffraye {which see). 
 
 PLETHYSMOGRAPH, an apparatus for 
 detecting the state of the mind by observing the 
 relations of the circulation of tlic blood from the 
 
 heart to the brain, invented by M. Mcusd],, if Turin 
 l8«2. 
 
 PLEVNA. Uulgaria, 27 miles N.X.W. of Si.o. 
 jiolis; near the river Vid ; the »itc of very tieno 
 conllii'ts during the Itiisso-'l'iirkish war, iX;;. 
 
 Occii|iicd liy the linssiuns, 6 .Inly, but reluki'ii 1.' 
 Osniiin I'acba, 18 .Inly, and laid bv lir.n nitrr 
 
 Kcvcli irdiats, witll NcldbhliT-SiloildlnT, i.,, 3,, 
 
 .Inly ; witli Kriicli'iiiT , . . vt; n .jiilv, r-; 
 
 Tilt* rtiissians lost about 2<oo kiUi-ii, ^cxHiWninitlxl 
 1 Tlic Unssian attack was considered rusli, likf tiiiil 
 at llafiidava. and a ilisastions idicck. 
 
 Osniaii I'aidia dctVatcil la a ilispcratc sortif, iilmiit 
 
 i" Al'k' ,, 
 Gen. Hcobclcll'galncil a great advantage b\ i-iipliir- 
 Ing Lovatz (or l.ol'ti'lia) . 3 •'*i'l't. 
 
 Sli(jo began, 7 Hcpt., with an artillery duel l.islji!;,. 
 
 to IO.Se|>t, ,, 
 
 Kriiitlcsa sanguinary conlllcts 11, iaSi|ii. 
 
 Cbef kct I'aidia carried in rclnroicenienU to I'ii'vnu, 
 
 ab,Mlt 22 fV'|il. . 
 
 Todbdieii takes coiuniand of the st.ilV . 38 Se|.t. ,, 
 
 I'levna ( plctely invested ; reported 8 Xuv. ,', 
 
 Itnssian attacks ic|inlsed . i!. uNu.-. ,^ 
 
 Osnian I'ac ba, rcduceil l,y want or m\'\ lies, ',u ^],l.. 
 
 ratcly endeavours to break out ;d ni;;lil, ,, D,,- ; 
 
 HiiiTouiiilcd anil di'featcd witli great slaiiKliier; 
 
 surrciiilers uni-onditiolially (30,000 prinoia'K, uj 
 
 ollleel-s, 100 guns) .... Ill l)ir. „ 
 
 PLOTS, see Couspiracien, and llibelt'om. 
 
 PLOI'GH. "Thou Shalt not plmiKh witli i,n 
 ox and an ass together." hnil. .v.xii. 10 (1451111, , 
 The Uomaii plough is mimitely il.'sciilicil In Vircii, 
 about 31 n.c. Engines to plougli groinuls, «lnili..i 
 ililiimror upland, were patented liy David l(;uii.<;iv 
 and Thomas Wildgoose, in IdiX; and nainy in,- 
 provemeiits in ploughs have biin imtcnieil ►iii'.'. 
 The aiddicalioii of steam jiow. 1 to pUuigliin^' wis 
 patented liy.lohn Upton in l837,aiiilbvotlicrBsiiioi', 
 more especially by lord Willougliby IJ'Eri'sliy, \\\i: 
 marquis of 'I'weeddale, and the earl of Cuitlmess, 
 see Sttani-l'loiiilh. 
 Ii(trnii(li':ii(il liiiil (\f I'liiiiiihf. ie. at Haarlem ; pri,'" 
 
 won by Knglisli makers (Howards, Ibuisowirs, iij, 
 
 17-19 Sept. 1879. 
 
 PLOl'GH MONDAY, in Jaimai y, the fiist 
 Monday after the Epiphany. It reeciveil ilip a|i|iel- 
 lation Irom its having been ti\eil u|ioli by ear lurt- 
 fathers as the day upon which tliey returncil IoiIjp 
 I duties of agiieiilture after enjoying the Icstivilif. 
 ' of Christmas. ,.-i.v/(f. On Plough Mmnlay, tw, 
 the iiloughnieii of the north country u.^cil to dm 
 a plough from door to door and be;;- plmisli moiie; 
 to drink. Jtni/ei/. 
 
 On l'lonj;b .Monday, the lord mayor of I ion luM- 
 
 anuuallv at IHiildliall a grand c(nirt ol' uaniiii'iii, 
 at wbicli Hie election of the coiunioMcouiieilaaiiotliff 
 ofttccrson St. Tliomus' day, 21 Doc, is coMliniicl. 
 
 PLUM. ^Ve have two native pluni.< ; our fiiiir 
 kinds came from Italy and Fhinders nlnait 1,22, 
 The iJioxpi/fus Lotus, "the date pii'iii, wa.< lirouslit 
 from Barb'ary, before iy)b; the i'isba;iiin plum, 
 hiospi/ros riri/iiiiaiia, from America, licferc 1629. 
 Formerly danisons, ajiricots, and peaches went by 
 ] this name, as raisins do to this day. 
 
 I' 
 
 PLUMBAGO, see Graphite. 
 
 PLUMBERS. The company is .lateil ifm. 
 A hill for thiir registration introduced into tlie 
 eommonsin 1894; withdrawn, 15 Aug. 1894. 
 
 PLURALITIES. Clergymen buvc been r». 
 strained from holding more than one benitico bv 
 several statutes; the tiret being 21 Henry Mil. 
 K29. In 1858 an act was passed prohiliiting the 
 holding of more than two benefices except Ihey were 
 
LITIEH. 
 
 itid liy M. Mi'jisol.uiTiirin^ 
 
 I, 27 niilinN.N.W.nfW.. 
 'ill ; till' sitf (if viTV tieru: 
 is()-'l'iirki«li war, iX". 
 
 iH, O.liilv, liiit rftiik.'n !.>■ 
 , mill lii'lil liv Iu;m iiitcr 
 
 ■IlillllllT-Nl'lmlillliT, 1,1, 2r. 
 
 . if) u .llllv, I--- 
 
 niookllliiil, 4UK)Wiiuiiiliil 
 
 l'IITIsllll'lrill11Hl,,liki-tllllt 
 
 iMtiiiiiH fhi'i'k. 
 II ili'S|iciuli' mirtir, ulmiit 
 
 J" 'ViiK ,. 
 mil iiilviiiitiij;e l.\ ni|iiiii'. 
 
 )»i'|,t, ,, 
 
 I nil iirtilliMy .linM liistiiii- 
 
 10 N'|it. ,, 
 
 lil'lK . 11, ,2 Slpt. „ 
 
 rriiil'ol'i'i'luriits til I'li'viiii, 
 32 ^>|■l'l. , 
 
 Icinlll'MllIf . gHS,.],!. 
 
 I'd ; ruiiiirti'il 8 N'lH'. 
 
 13, I. N.,/. ,] 
 y wiiiit iil'sii|i|'lics, ciisp,.. 
 
 Ivilk nut ;ll uinlll, ,) Hit ; 
 U'll wttll Kl-i'ill sl;in;;litfl- ; 
 
 Hilly (30,000 1 riitipiii'H, ua 
 
 10 Oi'f. ,, 
 
 iracies, iiiij RibeWoM. 
 
 Ill sliiilt niit ]ilim;;h witli nn, 
 " 111 lit. xxii. Ill (i^:;! IK , , 
 niiniti'ly ili'siiiln'ii In Viij;il, 
 
 S 111 pllll'lKll (tl'^llllll^ VVllllhiT 
 
 ■ |iiitrllti'il liy Diiviil li:iiiis;iv 
 <!', ill 1618; mill miiny in,', 
 s liiive liriMi |iuli'nioirsinre. 
 'lUil pnwi i til iiliiiighilli; Wi; 
 n in 1857, mill tiv niliiTssiiii.', 
 ] WilUiuKhliy I)'EiTsliy, tlie 
 , and the earl of Cuitl'me-s, 
 
 niiifh.^, kf. lit Huiirli'iii ; ]iri/i-> 
 'is (Hiiwaiils, Kjiimniiies, ii',), 
 
 DAY, ill .Iiiiiiimy, tlii'lii-t 
 liiiiiy. It I'l'i'civi'il ilip ii|i]iii. 
 lici'ii tixi'il ii|iiiii liy I'lii- Inn. 
 
 II wliirli tlii'y rctiinu'il loltf 
 after enjiiyiii^' tlic lestivilitii 
 
 On l'liiuj;li Mniiiliiy, too, 
 ' nortli I'ouiitry ii'ii'il todnv 
 ) door and lio^- iilnush money 
 
 IP liiril iiiFiyor nf Lumloii lulil- 
 I H 1,'riiiiil I'liurt ill' miriliiiritf, 
 lit" tlm I'oiiiiii'm I'liiiiH'll iuul otliT 
 ' iliiy, 2t Doc, la I'millniieil. 
 
 a two native phiiii.-i ; our fimr 
 ly and Flanders iilmut lj22. 
 "the date pli'iii, wim liroiisht 
 ijrjO; tlic i'ishiniin plum, 
 , ffiiin Anierii'ii, liefi-re 1621). 
 prii'ots, and pi'iirlics went by 
 Jo to this day. 
 
 e Graphite. 
 
 The eonipany is iliited ifill. 
 stration intriiduceil into llie 
 thdrawn, 15 An;;. 181)4. 
 
 !. Clergyiii™ liiive bi'cn r?- 
 g inore tlinn one bi'nilicp br 
 ! first being 21 Henry Vlll, 
 I't was passed prohibiting the 
 two benefices e.^cept ihcy were 
 
 PLURAL NUMUEU. 
 
 »M 
 
 POICTIEUS. 
 
 lit « (lintanec lew thiin ten niiliw; and the law on 
 
 till* miliji'il HiiK Dlill fiii'tlieraini'iiileil in 1851), 1855, 
 lifiil iSXii, priivisiiins being made fm llii' mimlgania- 
 [pniiliii'ii-'libiiiiriiig bi'iielli'i's, t>..'e fl/ir/iirn. 
 
 PLl'KAL NUMBEU, »ee »>. 
 
 FLl'H ( t- ) AM) MlNI-.S ( — ). Professor Do 
 MnrKiin iitlribiiles these li^iis to either Christopher 
 Kuiliill. «b»|iiiblislied II blink nil algebra about 1522, 
 or .Mii'hiii'l Stil'i'liiis, abmit |:;44, 
 
 PLYMOrTH, 11 fortili.'il seaport in Devno- 
 >hiiT, iiritriiiiilly Sntlnn, was iniiirpniiited as i'lv- 
 iiii.ulli ill M.i')' 'I was ill i:;88 the reiide/vnus of 
 ihf Kiittli^b tliet of 120 sail miller llnward, llrake, 
 i-i'., whiib piirsiied llie HpaniHli ariiiada. Tlie tine 
 h'ltelunil a-neiiibly-rooiiis were liiiint 6 Jan. l8()^; 
 lo'is iihiiiit :;o,(xx)/. 'I'lie Natiniial Assmiation for 
 Soiiiil Si'ii'iire met here, Sept. 1872. See Ainiada, 
 1HS5, i8i)0, Ihdihuiitery anil i'ii/m/,iliim. 
 Pl)-iiiuiitlii|iickciiiistnicteil,nlmiit i6R(j,iiiiiiii'i| Devniipnrt 
 
 1814, is imw II Kii'iit imviil arsi'ii.'il I'xli'iiilliif; nearly 
 
 4 iiiilH.iiilnnn tlii< Haiiiiiiize. II lias Iwn M.l'.'s. 
 Tlip iii'W KnililliiiU was iipeiu'il liy the priiire of 
 
 Wuli'n 1 ) .Auk. 1874 
 
 Xfw wiiiK til Urilisli fiiiiiali' nrpbiiii asvliiiii (I'sta- 
 
 liliiilii'il aliiiiit 1834), I'liinidi'il by tlio iliikenf kdiii- 
 
 IiuikIi 7 Oet. ,, 
 
 .Uliiiiiliiiiliistrial I'Mlilliiti pi'iieil , 23 May, i88i 
 
 Tiri'Piiti'iiiiry "t the liirlli of sir Krani-is Dmko 
 
 I'l'li'liriitril, slatiii' iii'vi'ilijil . . . 14 Kill). 1884 
 Knyiil .\t'iii'iilliiml -ihiiws, 1865 . 21-27,111110, 1890 
 
 Tlif liiiki' iif KilinliiiiKh appoiiileil eoniiiiaiiiler-iii- 
 
 I'liirtal Di'Viihpiirt, assiiiiies I'liiiiiiiainl . 4 Aujj. ^^ 
 Tivii li.Hliiiij.'hniils, Sniilii'iim anil Aliiii:ii, sunk tiy 
 
 llriiiu IroMi till' (,'1111 1)1 lal I'lmk-i, one iiiaii ilnnviieil, 
 
 30 Oct. L'liiiil martial ; limit. Syilney li. h'rcn. 
 
 niniitleaciiiiitli'iliit iiegllgeiieo, 24 27 Nov. Com- 
 
 |ifn.<Jitliiii iiiiiili-' tn tlie siilleii'is . . Ddc. 1S91 
 Ik'Mlnirtivi' llii' lit Di'Voiiiiort iliii'kyaril i6.Iiiiie, 1894 
 (Iwit Mil' lit Mi'ssis. TiU'kelt k Cij.'s eiiiifei'tiniiei'y 
 
 works, I'.stimateil loss 20,000/. . . 28 Xov. ,, 
 All iillli'ial iliiiiier tjiveii to tliii Aiisti'ian si|uaili'oii 
 
 Ijyailiiiiral sir Algernon Lyons . . aB.Iuiie, 1895 
 Viiit nf till' Spiiiiisli tieiil. Kill' .Syiiiiu . 20 July, ,, 
 
 PLYMOT^TH BRETHREN, n body of 
 Christians lulling themselves "the lirethrcn." tirst 
 iMipnireil at I'lyiiiouth about l8_^o. In 18.; r they 
 hiiil lj2 (ilares 'of worship in Knglimd and' Wales. 
 Thpy ohjii't to national ehurehes as too hititudi- 
 naiiiin, and to other dissenters as too sectarian. 
 They rcreive into I'oii.munion all who confess Clirist, 
 anil iiwn tlie Holy Ghost as his vieur. 'I'lieir doe- 
 tiines agree witli those of niost evangelical pro- 
 tfstant ehuri'lies, but they recognise no order of 
 ministers. ,\lr. iJarby, regarded as tlieir founder, 
 afterwards separated from tliem with some ad- 
 herents. 
 
 PNEUMATIC DESPATCH COMPANY, 
 
 to convey letters and parcels through tubes bv means 
 of atniosplierie jiressure and a vacuum. Tlie com- 
 pany's ait was passed 13 Aug. 1859, and tubes werj 
 hiddowni in Threadneedle-atrcet'on 12 Sept. i860; 
 and on 20 Aug. 1861, successful experiments were 
 performed at Hattersea. In 1862 tubes were laid 
 down from the Kuston railway station to the N. W. 
 post-otticc in Caniden-town, and on 21 Feb. 186^, 
 the conveyance of the mail-bags began. In Oct. 
 1865, tubes hi d been laid down between Kuston 
 railway and Holborn; and on 7 Nov. several pei-sons 
 travelled in them. Kngineer, Mr. Kammell. The 
 ciini|iiiny stopped through insufficient support, 1876. 
 A pneurautie tube by Siemens, eniploved to trans- 
 aiil telegrupliic messages, began aboutjan. 1871. 
 
 PNEUMATIC LOOM, in which compr. id 
 nir is the motive power, invented by Mr. Harrison, 
 was exhibited in London in Dee. 1864, A company 
 
 was formed to bring it into general use. I'luu- 
 niiitic tyre coinpuny, sen rrlonjiidc, iH'fli. 
 
 PNEUMATICS, the science wliiil, treats of 
 the mecli'.'.nical |iiopeities of air and gases; uvuAir, 
 and Atiiw>i>hi)tc UuHuhjih. 
 
 PODESTA (from jinfrsfiiM, |iiiwer), an Italian 
 govcniiir. uflerwards a judge; one with supremo 
 authority was appointed at .Milan by the emperor 
 trederii'k I,, wlnii lie tnok the city in 1158. 
 
 PODOLL (lliibemia), the site of a severe con- 
 tint between the Austiians and a part of the army 
 of prince Krc'lenik Cliarles nf I'russia, 20 June, 
 i860. The I'russians had the advantage. 
 
 PODOSCAPIIE, see C„„v,: 
 
 , POET- LAUREATE. Selden could nottrmo 
 the precise origin of this olBce. 
 
 Wiirtnii, 111 his llishufinf h:iiiili.'<h roftni, Htatmthul in 
 till- li'lK'lliirlli'liry III. thill' w.is a Vir.-.limlnr lln/,-, 
 to whiiiri an llliliiliil stlpi'inl was lli'st punl nf i..i,t. ' ' 
 
 C'liaiii'cr, nil his return finiii iilirnail, assiirni'il thn titin 
 of poet-laureate; anil ill the I wi'Iflh year 111 Itichanl II 
 n89,liKiilitHiiii'ilaKraiitiiraiiaiiiiiiaiullnwaiiceofwliiii 
 
 III the leiKU nf Kilwanl IV., ,lnhii Kay was laureati' ; 
 Aiulit'W lli'riianl was liiiiii'iiti', /,'»ii,. llciiry VII ' uml 
 John .Skeltnll, limp, llciny VIII. 
 
 Jaiiics I. ill ,615 (.'laiili'il tn bis laureate a yearlv peiisinii 
 of icK, marks ; ami in i6|n, this stipeiiil Wiisaiiniiieiiteil 
 by li'tti'i's patent of i.'harli's I. tn 100/. per aiiiiiiiii. with 
 an aililitiniial Kmiit nf niu' tierie of Caiiarv Mpaulsli 
 wine tn be taken not of the kind's slnre nf wine yearly 
 Webeheyelhai ,,i: ."Iniitlievs a|i|,iiintiiient the tielce ii'f 
 ( aiiary wine was rniiiiMiitiil for 27/. 
 
 I.aiiiiiiie Kiisileu cniiinii'iiei'il a series nf Dirtli-Day anil 
 New Years Oiles, which ciiiitii|iieil till the di.itli nf 
 lye, ill iSi J. 
 
 On the ili'iilh of Wartoii Its abolition was recoimiieiiili'il 
 by Oililmn, wlioseeh'K'iiiit cniniiliiiii'iit on the oeeasioii 
 still iiini'i'biri'iblyapplieil nii Wnrilswnrlh's ih'atli In 
 1850— "This is the best time fnr lint niliii^; up the nlllce, 
 when the pniiee is a man nf virtue, ami the poet just 
 Ueparteii was a man of Renins." 
 
 I'OKIH-I.AUKKATK. 
 
 Filiiiuiiil H' ser, ilieil 1599. 
 
 Namiiel Daoiel, ilicil i6i,j. 
 
 Hen Jnnsnii (burn 1574), ilieil 1637. 
 
 fiir William Davenant, 16)7; ilieil i6fi8. 
 
 Joliii Oryilcn, 1670; ileposeil at the revolution, 1688. 
 
 IhniiiasShailwell, 1688; ilieil ibga. 
 
 Niihiini Tate, 1692 ; ilieil 1715. 
 
 Nil'llnlas Unwe, ilii'il 1718. 
 
 Hev. Laiireiiee EiLsilen, 1718 ; illeil 1730. 
 
 Colley Ciliber, 1730; ilieil i-'57. 
 
 William Whiteheail (011 the iefiisiU of Oray), 1757 • dlcil 
 
 n '''^^■ 
 
 Hey. Dr. Tlioiiias Warton (on the refusal of Mason) 178;- 
 
 ilieil 1790. ' / :>> 
 
 Henry James Pvp, 1790; died 1813. 
 III'. Unbi'it JSniithey (nil the refu.sal of Si'ott), 18:3 • died 
 
 2. .Mareli, 1843. 
 William Worilswnrtli. 1843 ; died 23 April 1850. 
 Alfred (aft lord) Teiiiiy.soa (born iSoo), installed i8?o: 
 
 died, 6 Oct. 1892., 
 Alfriil Austin, iSgK "A Voice from the West" (for 
 
 closer union between Knglanil and Aiiieriea), Times 
 
 29 .March, 1698. 
 
 POETRY. The song of Moses on the deliver- 
 ance of the IsraeUtes, and their passage through the 
 Ked Sea, 1491 ii.c. (fjj-oi/iis xv.). Ancient Egyptian 
 poetry still e.xtant. Oriihcusof Thrace was deemed 
 tJie inventor of poetry amongst the Greeks; see 
 Api,\s, Odes, Satire, Cutnvdii, Traqedi/, Sonnets, 
 Ha/lads, Hymns, and Verse. Mr. Courthope's 
 "History of English Poetry," vol. I., published, 
 May, tStj;;, Vol. II„ Ju„e, 1897. 
 
 POICTIERS (W. France), near which was 
 fought the battle between Edward the Black Prince 
 and John, king of France, in which the English 
 arms triumphed, 19 Sept. 1356. The standard of 
 
 H«| 
 
 ' 'f1 
 
 i 
 
 
 I t.,. f fitol 
 
 p'iim 
 
 w/m 
 
 1 
 
 i 1 ■ . . ' 
 
 
 1 1 ^ :.i^^^- ^ 
 
 
 ^i \' in .,. 
 
 
 '. 1 ■ •' 1. 
 
 ill I 
 
 'I .,( 
 
I'OISONINO. 
 
 trtnev will ovwllirnwii, i my of liiT tiidiility »liiin, 
 unJ b>'r kinK wan takin iiii-oiht, unil biuuglit to 
 London, «'>' Toum, iiiiil t'ouyli'. 
 
 ^TSONTNO. A mmilior "f K»nmn Miei 
 ( •■ oiinsiviriii y anil iHiimmril llioir livisi. wl«. 
 
 A luiiiii.K "lavii (linouiicct! 170 of tliiin to Kuliiux 
 MaximuHi, who ordcnd tlirin to In' iiiililidy «'m- 
 cutcd, ^^l li.c. ll wiiM Maid ll.at IIiih waH Ihi' 
 tir»t imlilic kiiowli'(l((i' 'lii'y liail of poiscjiiiiiK Hi 
 llonu'. I'oimiiiitiK waH iini'lc pi'ttv trcawiii ill Kiiif- 
 laiul, and was |MiiiiBlicil liv lioiliiiK to d"atli (of 
 wliicli tlicii' air miii:i' rciiiiirknlilc iiiHtanrcn), 2,5 
 Henry VIII. IS.Jl ; «'« Jlni'i"!/ '" '/»■■''/'■ l''"' 
 frequency of caHeri ol poinoniiiK liv nieanB(d' amenie, 
 in Ennland, eawwed tlie Hritii'li leKinlalnre to pa»« 
 n law renderin>; the »alc' of arscnie dilliciilt (I4 
 Viet, e, I }, June, I«s0- Tlienale of poi»on in now 
 re({uliited' by the I'luirniaey aet of !«()«. Additional 
 reulrietions by act pnmij in iHHS- ""' /'""<"""' 
 Grain I'toliihiliini Act paused 28 July, itid}. 
 
 A denilly iioimin freely adiuliilntered liy ItiiliiiiiH In tlip 
 Buveiiteeiitli eeiitiiry, whh lalled m/Hii lufiiim, fioiii the 
 iiuiite er the woniiiu Tot'aidu, who made iiinl Hold d in 
 mnall Hat vialn. Mie eairleil ini tlilH tridlli' I'or liall' a 
 ceii'.iiiy, uiid eliideil the (Hiliie ; lint, on lieiiiK taken, 
 eiiid'esHed tliiit Hlie hud iieee a party in pdixiniiiiK ''o" 
 people. Niiiiieriiiis peixiiiiM wi'ie iiiiplii'iiteil tiy her, 
 and many of tlicin «eie puliliel\ exeenteil. All Italy 
 wuH tlu'dwn into a lernient, and many tied, and N>>mr 
 icrsiiiiH of distinetinn, on eonvietinn, were Hti'iiii^led 
 n priHon. It appeared to have tieeii ehietly iiseii Ity 
 inin'rird women iho were tired of their InHlmieM. 
 Four or «ix drops were a fatal doxe ; linl the ellei't was 
 
 not Huilden, and therelore not f,nM| led. It was as 
 
 elfara.iwater, laittheehciidstshavenotaKreedalioiii its 
 realcomjioHltlon. Aproelamation nf the pope desei iKfd 
 it HS ucpiafortin distilled Into Krsenir, anil others eon- 
 ulilrred It anasolntion of crystallls'-d arsenie. 
 Between 1666 and 1676, thi' miindiioness de lliinvllliers 
 poisiaied her father and two lirothers anil many otheri. 
 Hhe WUH exei'Uted, i6,lnly, 1676. 
 W. I'almiT WHS exeiiiteil ill 1856, "lid MisK M. Hniitli trifd 
 111 i8s7, for poisoniiii,' ; sei^ 'I'liuh. Catherine Wilson, 
 a noted poisoner, was exeenteil on 20 Oet. 1862. 
 Kdward William I'ritehiird, .M.l>., svas executed at 
 (Jhis(,(iw, 28 iliily. 1865, for the slow inni'der of his wifu 
 and Iicr iiiotlier, liy antimony. 
 Nov. 1858, 17 persons died at Diiidfoid thronuli paling 
 Hwi'etiiieats ill wliieli arsenic had lieeii inixeil liy mis- 
 take. Ml'. Hodgson, a (diemisl, was tried for homi- 
 ciile, and e.i'ipiitted. 
 Weltinann, a liookliinder at I'oseii, jioisonrd 4 wives and 
 
 a children, alioiit 1859. 
 Clirintiami Kdmuiids, of Hiij;htoii, was convicted of 
 murdering a chihl liy poisoned sweitmiats ; other per- 
 S0118 barely escaped (sentence remitted on the groniid 
 of insanity), 16 Jan. 1872. 
 Mary Ann Cotton, imprisoned Oct. 1872, misiieiled of 
 poisoning 16 persons, |irincipally (diildren ; convicted 
 ofiioisoning her child, 7 March ; executed lit Dlirliain, 
 24 March, 1873. 
 Aliout 25 wives convicted of poisoniiiK their liuslianils 
 nt (iross Hedskeridi ill Hungary ; Theckhi I'opav was 
 said to be the head of the conspiracy, Aug. 18B2. 
 f.'atharlne Fianagan and Margaret Higgiiis (sisters) con- 
 victcd of poisoning 'I'liomas Higgins, to obtain iiisiir- 
 ■i e money, 9 Feb. ; other charges not tried : they 
 il-'sscil, and were executed, 3 .March, 1884. 
 Vh i M II. r Ijind-n convicted of many piiisonings at 
 
 Ui ■■■ {->■''■ 18B;- 
 A'')er ' ■.'- ■ led w'.l! "r, wife, mistress niid idhers, 
 iR;v,.ii ■ , onvii iv'.'. at I'uiis jj June; penal servi- 
 t !■:'.«' n k ■:. jA-^ . 
 Dr. y\!>':i\: ', ■<■'.. floiiidcted at Cor> n< poisoning liis wife 
 Vidii ■.<■•■■'' r.ii \ stiyclinine i> ' •.,■. 1887; exeouted 
 
 •, .;..i'. i88i 
 
 lIiB. ^lajbrlc^ ■ harged wiili tlic inurilrr of hir hii.sb,inii 
 James Maybrick by imisiiiiiiig with arsenie, 6 .June, 
 i88g ; she was tried before .Mr. .liiMtlce Stcplien at 
 Liverpool, and cunvietcd 31 ,liily-7 Aug.; .seiiteiice 
 of d>atli coniinuteU to penal .servitude for life, as 
 Auk. 1889. 
 
 tm POLAND, 
 
 Ten wiiiiien tried at Mllinwll/ in lliilii.iir\ r, . 
 iHilsoning their husbiimls niUi urai.nlc. |i,,{|,,„ 
 four seiilenced In death, fmir to pi.|iii| <i rii|,|,|„' 
 uiid twoacip'.ltli'd c.bilv' ,9 
 
 Poisoning at a wed.ling liieiikl,i»l at I.mi,|,iiI|..' 
 U.M.A. ; 1 persons died ... ,8 \.,„i ,,,, 
 
 Thiiiiias Ncill, <-/.»< Civiiiii. see 7i;.i/. ,,,,' ,;" 
 
 Mailha N lie, execiiti'd „| ,M,.|1 ii.' (or |»,|„„''. ^' 
 
 iiig her husband, children und lodt,er 1, (|,.|' ,1 
 
 .Mdme. ,Ioiiittnx hcnl I to ihatli for iinlnuinii * 
 
 ) relatives, se« lwl\i\iim . . , . y,* , 
 
 Herniann Sprlngsteln und his sister, MiIiuh. |,„.|,' '' 
 seiitenciMl to death at Preii/liiu lur |ioi,iiiiiiii( 
 several relallves whose lltcs hud I i, |ii,i|||.,| 
 
 ^ .Viiv.' 
 Four women n'litenccd to deal h fur lioiniihin^r i,,,,. " 
 luiiids iinil 111 itivcs, lluilupest . . "iiii, 1 
 Walter Horsfoid executed (Cuiiibildni. ^fuciij'f,,,. ,|„; " 
 lliuriler of Anlile Holmes by »try|.|iii|iii._ „( m 
 Neofs ... . .' . a8 .bin ' 
 
 Hee llrti vn nine. 
 
 '-',1 
 
 l'(JIT()U, an ancient province, \S . Knuin. 1,11,1 
 of tlie dowry of Kh'iinor, (luecn of llemv II. of 
 Kn({liind, 1131. It partook ol tlie forUincHi'f Amii. 
 taint'. 
 
 POLA (Illyria), a very iiiicient city, wlur,. 
 AuKUstiiH founded tlie colony I'icliis Julm, whiili 
 Hoiirislu'd during the empire. " Oil Tola, iheCim ,,. 
 Heet, Milder Doria, defeated tlu' VciietiuiiK mijir 
 I'isiini, 5 or (> .May, 1,57'j, with \.na\, lo»«. 
 
 POLAND (N. !•:. Kiirope), part of uiiriciil Sar- 
 matin. It is said to have beci me a iliuhy uiiilir 
 Kechiis or I.esko I. c«i); anil 11 kiiiKili.n'i iinOn 
 Holi'.diliis, about 1^)2. 'i'lieniitiveslicloii|{tiiib(.Kri.|i 
 Hclttvonii^ family. The word I'olc, from I'lliaui, 
 is not older tliun the lotli century. I'niiuliitini of 
 tho kingdom of I'olatid (Uussiiin) in iS^^ vu 
 
 ,01;; 
 
 4i"S').37<); in 1867, 5,7os,fK)7 ; in 1X73, b,^:,'),! 
 in l8Ks, 7,4l(),9i;8 ;" m' i8ijo, f<,25<),562. 11 iVi,'. 
 
 U' 
 
 w 
 
 ■ f<97. 9.44z-.S')<J. 
 
 I'iastus, a peusant, is elected to the iluiiil ilipiity, 
 
 about 
 
 I I'iastus Is said to liuve lived to the ,igi. nf 120. aihl 
 
 his reign to ba\'e 1 n .so pi<i^|ii.|>iii^ \\y^\ si 
 
 ceeding uiitive sovcicigiis wnc ciillid l'iii..,th.| 
 
 luniHluction of Christiuiiity, about 
 
 llideslas II. muidi'is M. Miiiiishius. the liis|iii|i ut 
 
 C'racow, with his own hiinds. 1079; his kiii).'il<'m 
 
 laid under an iiitcidirt li\ the pupi', iiiiil lii.4 mili- 
 
 Jeets absolved of their alicgialice , . . . loco 
 
 He Hies to lliingiiry for sliclti 1 ; but is refiispil it 
 
 by order of (iregory VII.. und iit [.•until kills 
 
 Iilmself or dies ill a mumisteiy 10(1 
 
 Tartar invasion i^i 
 
 I'lemislus asHiissiliated 1:^ 
 
 lyoiiis of Ilungury clectid l.iiiK . . . ,1;;,, 
 
 Ijidisliis VI. defeuted iiiid .shun by tlij Turku at 
 
 Varna 1444 
 
 War against the Tent' nil kni»: '. .1410:1,4; 
 
 Tile W'alhicliian inv hlev; C'liy .itt <.j,ooo I'hIm, 
 and sell them to t:.' Tuii: aMflaVi.i . . • 14J 
 
 The Walliu liiaiis defeated ijj, 
 
 Hpleiidid reit;n of Migismund H 1548 
 
 Lithuania liicoriMUuted with Poland . . .15(9 
 Mtephen forius a militia compo.sed of Coswickj, on 
 
 whom he bestows the Ukraine ijjj 
 
 Poland coiHiueied by the Swedes and Russians, 
 
 i654t(»ij. 
 
 Ueeovered its indeiieiideiice i«o 
 
 Abdication of .lohn Casimir i«8 
 
 Victories of John Hobieskiover the Turks iit Vifiuia ifjj 
 .Many jirotestunts killed after an atliiiy ut Tliuni . i;!4 
 
 Mtanislaiia abolishes torture ijjo 
 
 All awful iiestileiice destroys 250,000 iiersmis . . „ 
 Civil war so weakened the kingdom that it fell an 
 
 easy prey to Uusala, Austria, and Prus.sia . . ijji 
 The first partition trerily ... 17 F'K ., 
 
 The luiblic partition treaty, 5 Aug. ; acted »n, 18 Sf|it. „ 
 A new constitution granted by the king 3 .May. i;9i 
 The Russians, &e., on variout pretexts fiitfr 
 
 Poland m^ 
 
 Secoiul partition treaty signed 170; 
 
POLAND. 
 
 m 
 
 POLAND. 
 
 'I"«ll/ ih lbilii.:i ■ , 
 
 « Willi IIIHI'IIIC. I ,,li ii, 
 
 rmir til jH'iml Hii'M|||,|„ 
 
 lilo nMIit, Miliii... h,H\ " 
 
 I'llMI/lull Inr |i.,|«,li|l,ii 
 
 llvi'» IiihI h Iii,iir,.,[ 
 
 ili'iilli Uir |i<il»iiMiiia'liin. " 
 
 '"("■"' • ■ • 'IlllMEoi 
 ((uniliililuv Kiiii|)|ii,(|„. " 
 HH liy ulryrliMliii., „( m, 
 
 • aS.liiM', ■',? 
 rtii'ti rif.ic. '' 
 
 It prciviiicf. W. Friiiii !■, ],i„i 
 or, (|\ii.i'ii III' lli.nrv 11. of 
 link III till' fiiiluiic»('f Aipii. 
 
 very iiiiiii'iil city, K\„f 
 (■iilony I'li'li;-! Juli'ii, \tlii,l| 
 ijiire. (Ill'l'olii, ilii'dciii .,. 
 Viitnl thi' Vciictiiun iiiijir 
 9, witli piriit \im. 
 
 Iiiropc), luirt ofuiuiinl S;ir. 
 live l)i'c( till' II iliiiliy iniiji-r 
 ji); anil ii kiiiiiilcm min 
 lid iiativcn lii'lonx I" iln' tmi 
 1! word I'lilf, IVoni I'l.'.uiii, 
 3tli I'cntiiry. l'(.|iiilulu.n i,f 
 ml (UiisaiHii) ill iX:- wa* 
 
 ■toil til till- lineal i|l(,nillv, 
 
 '. f.(, 
 
 ivi'il til llli',i>;i'..l',:',i, 1 
 
 mi l.|ll^]l.■|.l||, lllill Ml.'. 
 ns Wrll- ralllil I'iil^tii. I 
 
 iiy, iiiiiiiit ■ ■ «i 
 
 Miiiiisliiiis. till' liisliijji uf 
 li.iliiln, 1171/; liiH kiliiJiii.lii 
 li> Ihi' |»i|ii'. mill lii» null. 
 illi'Kmiii'i' • . . . loM 
 slti'lti I ; lint is rrfUHfil it 
 VII., mill lit i.'ii^tli liilln 
 
 uusti'iy icfi 
 
 "ii 
 
 uifi 
 
 1 l>illg .... ij;o 
 
 111 .sIhiH by tiu Turku at 
 
 • '*« 
 
 ■ Knij: • ■ . 1410; '»! 
 '■■ I'.'ury .>t1 -"o.ooo I'lilM, 
 \ll: ,\f, »\a\t.i . ■ ■ n4 
 
 1 ijji 
 
 mill M 1548 
 
 Vitll I'lllllllll . .15(9 
 
 I'liiniHiscil (if CiiMsju'ks. (jii 
 
 Ukiiiiiii' 15;S 
 
 ! Swcili'H mill Kiissittin, 
 
 1654 f{ SIIJ. 
 
 lll'C if<o 
 
 iiir Mi 
 
 ii liver the Turks ut Vienna iMj 
 alter uii nlliiiy ut Thoni , 17;) 
 
 lire 1J70 
 
 roys 250.000 I'crsoiis . . „ 
 lie' kiiigiliiiii tliiit it fell an 
 iistriii, uiiil ri'ussiu . . i;;i 
 17 ^h „ 
 ,y, 5 Auk. ; aeteil iin, 18 .Sp)it. „ 
 t'eil liy the king 3 .May, 1751 
 1 variiiui [iretexts fntft 
 
 1791 
 
 igtieil 1793 
 
 lOit. 
 
 V Niiv. 
 
 Iliinl 
 
 iMiinTiliii" "'"'•''■ KiiKi'liinkii . , , MHit'li, i;94 
 \fl,rni»iiv miiieum"" he Imlefi-ati'il by the llliMHlaiiK 
 
 ■ al MmliJ'ivlii' mill lalo'ii liriKiiiii'r . 
 W«r«uwiiiiil I'liitta iwi'ki'il liy Miiwarniw 
 
 CllUllalllll""!!"'''"''' til UllUBlH 
 
 .HUniilaii" ii'xiKii" '1'* eriiwii at OriHlnii 
 
 ' 111! f liUklajnliim 
 
 H,„,i,„k.i «i-t 111 lilwrty . , . , 
 
 llearrivvH In l.iiinliiii ..... ,,• •■■••> 
 
 f|„ Piilin enUrthe Krei. li army ami j;ri'iilly lii'l[ 
 
 1,1 ^lii their vlelnrleit .... iji,jrti~Ki. 
 
 M»iiiiilaii«illi'«nt »*• ''<'t''ii''i'l''K' 1-4 Ki'li. 1 " 
 
 ViiKiieoii I lit' rn Vi'iimuw ; liii* aiiiiy wlntereil tii 
 
 nl liar- 
 
 '1 Niiv. 
 j^ lii'i'. 
 411 .May, 
 
 at' m Vi'iirnnw ; 
 
 ,il""l 
 I ,M i.iKh'teil I'V t" 
 
 '795 
 
 17'4» 
 
 The irnvcmim-iit iiniiiiUe. refiirdid »ml the reeiljili- 
 liiilimeiit iif i'lihiml HHa aeimrate kiCrfilnm: v.-t 
 alinllalieH the .\itrlei||tiiral Mm ii tv . , ^iipl 
 
 (Ireiltmeetlllwli, ,,.lis,.||lleme ; Wlilrh l» illmivrsi.t 
 liy the military (1 .«r 3j,,»o HtrmiH) ; .il"'ve 100 are 
 
 i8«i 
 
 8 .\|irll, 
 
 llllHIllllll 
 
 Iiiari'hi'i4 
 
 Ill w.ir- 
 Mav, 
 
 Ii,il"i'l .... i8o«.7 
 
 Til, I .li'« i.'Kh' teil l.v t"" treaty iif TIlHit (le/i/i'A 
 
 or, . 7 ''Illy, 1807 
 
 (iMlfril illpt it Warsaw lime, 181 j 
 
 Thii I iilrnl |ii im'es (the iliii'hy at WarHaw, lie- 
 
 ' twrfli i8«7u:.il i8r i)liiiiilii the kliiKiliim lit I'lilaiiil 
 uiiilfrAleximiler iif UUHsIa 
 
 M,..., , , • vi A|iiil. 1815 
 
 Vpw I'liiiHlitiitliiii Kiaiiti'il ami (.raiiiw ili'ilareil tu 
 
 ln-afo'i' reimlilli' .... 47 Nnv. 
 
 I',ili»liilii'tii|ii'iieil Mept. 1840 
 
 \ ri'viilitliiiii lit Wiiisaw: the army ileilare In 
 
 ' hvnlinif the pelilile .... ay Nnv. l8 |o 
 
 Tlinlli'tili'iliiii" the thriiiie vai'iiiit . . 45 .Inn. i8ji 
 Uuttlr iif (Iriii'liiiW, near I'iiikii ; the IIiihsIiimh Inse 
 
 7ooollll'll: till' I'liles, wh" keep the llilil, -jcxi, 
 
 n>, 10 Ki'li 
 ll,tlli.nrWiiwz(i''/iiiA sw) 
 liivirm'tliiii In Wiliiii ami Vnlhyiila 
 Kiwuiaiii ileri'iileii at Zellehii, 6 April 
 
 .i|,ril; atOst.iiii'iika, 
 
 Tlir lllis«iall Ki'lienil Dlellitsi'll ilil'M . 
 
 Illttli'iif Wiilia; I'l'les ilefeateil . 
 
 ilraiii|.iliike riiii-HiJii'tiiii! illi'N . 
 
 llillli'iif .Minsk 
 
 Wawaw tiikiii hv HussiaiiH 
 
 Tlii'iii«iirri'i1iiili siippiesseil 
 
 I'kaHe issiii'il li\ the eiiipernr Niehulas, il 
 tint the kiiii/iliiiii iif I'lllllllll Hhall liiiii'efiiitfi 
 fiiriiiaii inti'Krai pint uf the Hussiaii empiie, 
 
 j<) I'Vli. i8j3 
 iiliitiini in .\iistrian I'lilamI " 
 
 JI .Mari'li, 
 
 , April, 
 
 Miiillei'i', 10 
 
 jf. .May, 
 
 lu.lniie, 
 
 III .lime 
 
 . 47.liiiie, 
 
 14 ilillv, 
 
 . 8 Wept. 
 
 Sdi't. 
 
 'I'lliK 
 
 Attfllipti'il 11' 
 
 22-27 J**''^*. 
 
 The I'lmits nf Anstila, ItiisHln, ami I'nissin revnko 
 Ik' truity iif 1815, wliii'h I'liiistitiiteil Craenw a 
 Iwf ri'imlilii', anil it i.< ileilareil .VuNtriaii terrl- 
 tiir)' 16 Nov. 
 
 (TliiHaiiiiexatliin wiin protested aKailist by KiiKliiml, 
 Krancc, Sweileii. iiiiil Turkey. J 
 
 Till' kiiiijilnni nf I'nlanil ileelareil a llnssian pni- 
 
 Mav, 
 
 rirratimpiiliirih'iiiniisti'atinn In eniiiiiieiiioratinn 
 thulatlleiifCrai'iiw .... i.5 Keli. 
 
 Six ii'Piiilii'i's nf the Itiiyal AKririiltiinil Snriety 
 kilM liy the military .... -47 Feb. 
 
 Cn'at I'Xi'iti'iiii'iit at their funeral, many eitizeim 
 |iiil nn iiinnrniiii.' ; an lulilresa to the eiii)ieror 
 .^Ji'SaiHliTsiKni'il by 60,000 persiuis ; ; lihl eoinlui't 
 iif iirinie Giiitsihiikiiir, the Kovenioi 1-7 Mareli, 
 
 Sliikkniitr, riii'iitnr nf I'lilanil, wlm bail written a 
 liri'iilar iveitiiin the peasantry i;;ainst their 
 liinls, ijiiiU Wiii'saw. whii'li is illiimiiiateil in emi- 
 »tt|iittii'B 17 March, 
 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 1861 
 
 ' On « Fell. 1846, an Aiiatrlan force iiniler nemriil 
 Ci'llin, which hail entered Cracow on the apiunach of 
 iniieil bamla of peasantry, was attacked and driven nut 
 of the town. A piovisional novernment was then pro- 
 clainieil by the insurgents, and two days Hfterwauls they 
 frwseJ the Vistula, exiiectin^ to be .joined by the jieii- 
 Miitrj' of Gallicin, wlin -ivere solicitedbv the nobles and 
 clerflf to Rtrike a blow in the eausi of libirty. The 
 .tiHlhan govemnieiit, in oiiler tn iirc\ cut this lunctiiiii, 
 Kritfd in the imisaiitry a KUsplcioii of the motives of 
 the nobles, niul nllereil a reward fiT everv noble de- 
 liverwl up, alive nr dead : 11 xenei;„l niassai re of the 
 tiohility anil elei'Ky in the circle of Taniow followed : the 
 iiisunjents from Cracow were defeateil at Oilow, whence 
 tliPT retreated to l'oilj;nrze, a siiliurb of Crac'iw; hero 
 tliey were attacked by neneml Collin, and driven into 
 Cij'tjw ..ii tilt! jjtii of Kctiniary. The torn „ nf tin- llnee 
 I'owerstheii hepin to concentrate on Cracow ; the iieople 
 in Ihe town oiraednet'iitial inns with till! Anstriaiis about 
 1 aiin-eniler, anil while these v.'ere Koiii({ on a Uiissian 
 coriu enteml the town without resistjinep, anil soon 
 iin«TOaril« the revolution was at an end. 
 
 killed ami wnniiiPd . 
 tlreat awltatlmi In the rural districts ; th, 
 
 oltliials ipiit r.iibllh : Kelieral cliniliir 
 
 hither 
 
 8ii,,««) siildiers In I'liliiml ; nlKii of l.rror 
 
 saw , . , , 
 i Death of prince (Initschakoll, liint..Hi'ni'ral ofTo- 
 
 liiml yf^^y 
 
 New administrative council appiilnted ' ' .June' 
 Kealh of prince Adam Cuartorjskl at I'aris, iiKed ui[ 
 
 • Ippressive regulations Issued reHiH'ctlnK dress 
 flesh illslnrbaiices : Warsaw put In a state of sle((e, 
 
 i Oct 
 
 Mllltiir.v arrests In iliiirches In Warsaw : Ihev are 
 closed by the priests 17 Oct 
 
 I The Kovernor, count J.iimbeit, leaves Warsaw, 
 
 (ieiieral (lersleii/Hi'iK, the mllllary «iiverniiri'iissas. 
 filiated .... 2, (let 
 
 llialiib/eskl, cathiilic .ircliblshop of Warsaw ar- 
 lested in Nov. : tried and cnmlemned to d'calli 
 as a rellelllln•lllsi||^||||. |.|iniclics|lieiliei| shnitlv 
 "tterl ,(j I,,.,. 
 
 Thenewai'chliislinp Fellnskl exliorti4 the I'nles to 
 siibmissinn ,jj |,',.i, 
 
 ItiKiiiir lift he p,veri"iient relaxed ; amnesty Kiaiib d 
 to 81) convicted ) . ,,tlcal prisoners 2q April, 
 
 Attempted assassiiiatii.il of Wlelopolski, a liberal 
 
 I'lile, prcsidenl nf II ,,|,||,.i| ^ _^,||j 
 
 Tlie(;ranil.iliiki'l'nnstantinea|i|iointeil Koveninr j8 
 .May ; lie;;|ns with lenient |io|li.y, 1,1, t hlH life is 
 atti'm|iti'dliy.laroszynsky, j.liil.v.wholsexecnted. 
 
 Count Zamoyski, an eminent Inval I'ole, exdi'i'l for 
 lU'i'sentiiiK tn Ihe government the report of ,1 
 iiieetiiiK'iif nobles at Warsaw, for which he bad 
 ' 11 asked fj,,.,( 
 
 Telkiier, tlie chief of the Hieret police', foiiiid niiir'- 
 
 'll'll'd „ J<„y 
 
 Mcvere military conscription without notice, 14 J.iii. 
 Iiisiirreciinii ill the nlKlit : at Warsaw . ^ Jan. 
 .Many lliissians ninrdereil ; I'olaml put In a state of 
 
 Tir.l''o 'i,' , • . .■ , 24 Jan. 
 
 Jiieinijsh provisional piveriiment issues Its llrst 
 proclamntioii ^ i.-,,), 
 
 I.oiils Mieroslawski announces himself as head of 
 the Poles, 19 Feb. ; hia band defuuted and ills- 
 persed 2 p,.,, 
 
 Marian l.annlewicz ileelareil dictator of Poland 
 10 March ; after several ileleals he enters the 
 4Vnstiian territory, is iletected and imprisoned, 
 
 fPi 1 .. , "> .March, 
 
 ilia llisnrrectioii becomes ceiieral, and Is supported 
 liy till' landed proprietors, Feb. ; siiccessfiil 
 Kuerilla warfari! . . . March and April, 
 
 llie secret central eoimiilttco aHHliincs the supreme 
 , commaiiil March 
 
 The czar nth'is an amne.stv to all who lav down 
 arms iHlnrc 1 ( .May ; rejected . . I'j April 
 
 Kiiropean iiitervcntiiiii on behalf of Poland 17 
 April, &e. ; llrnily replied to by the Czar, 
 
 Ti . ... 2'i April, Ac. 
 
 Ilie secret committee (as a iirovisional noveriimetit) 
 levies taxes, 3 May, and forbids iiayment of taxes 
 ti> Hussia q m,iy 
 
 8o,ooo(. taken from the Itnssiaii tieasnrv at Warsaw 
 for the provisional government, 12' June ; the 
 Poles claim the Poland of 1774 . 26 June 
 
 Fruitless intervention of Kiiropean ] lowers • san- 
 KUinary riih'of Moniavietlat Wilna . June 
 
 General Hei'K replaces the niaiiiiiis de Wiepolski as 
 lient.-«eii., and governs with (.-reat liKoiir, 7 Julv 
 
 Uiisnecessfnl inviiHioii of Volhvnia bv the Pole's' 
 nmler VS'ysocki and llorodvcki, i .In'lv ; Felinskl' 
 the H. C. arclibishnp nf War.'-; ' mished, .In.lv ': 
 ri..|iieiit ciinliicls with van suits ; niaiiv 
 
 i.iplnred priests and nobles exi 1. . Aiik 
 
 I.elewel, H brave Pole, after several . i.torics, killed 
 i" battle 6 Sept. 
 
 Earl Hiissell deciiles a>;aiii.st armed intervention, 
 Aug. : negotiation eea.ses . ."ept. 
 
 Hi 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1' ' 
 
 ¥ 
 
 
 ' il 
 
 
 Ji^il^H 
 
 ^ II 
 
 
POLAND. 
 
 8;)8 
 
 POLAND. 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 Gfii. lli'i'K (iic<l lit froni tlic Zaniovski liotiil, Wiir- 
 
 miw, 119 .Sept. ; tilt) liDti'l ilfStid.V'.'d . . Hi'pt. 1863 
 Many oiniiii'iit l'cile.< cxiMMitnl, Oct. ; Win. AlKef, 
 nil KiiKlinliniaii, slmt at Wai'saw fur innkiiife' 
 grc'iiaile:! ; tlie Initt'l de villi; llreil . 9 Oct. „ 
 
 Jlouniilij; fdi-liiddeu to Im wmii fur the Pules at 
 Warsaw, 27 Oct. ; 4: ladies arrested at iiiKlit, 
 
 3N"V. „ 
 Tlie 'J'hiHs cdrresiiondeiit expelled from Warsaw, 
 
 27 N"V. ,, 
 The alilie Maeliiewiez, a warlike iiriest, venerated 
 
 as a martyr, handed .... 28 Dec. ,, 
 Wcinravietf rules Mlhuaiiia with ureat rifjunr, Dec. ,, 
 Niinieriiiis skirniislies, and many execiitimis of 
 ]iris(iiiers captured liy the Russians ; the insiirree- 
 ticin gradually dying'iiiit . Jan. to April, 1864 
 
 The pojie promulgates an arroj,'aiit encyclical letter 
 
 to the Polish church .... 30 July, ,, 
 liomnalil Trauyolt, once a Hiissian colonel, heail 
 of the Tolish provisional government, since Oct. 
 1863, and live others, lian},'ed 5 '^"K- •> 
 
 Decree for reoi),'Miiisinf; education at Warsaw, 
 
 foundiiij,' a university, &c. . . . 11 Wept. ,, 
 The secret provisional government, after stating 
 that 50,000 men had lii'eii slain, and 100,000 ex- 
 iled to Siheria, still calls on the I'oles to liegiii a 
 
 "national war" 21 Sept. ,, 
 
 Many Homan Catholic convents closed for nartici- 
 
 jiating in the insiirreitiou . . . Nov. ,, 
 
 Further measures for deiiutionalising Poland 
 
 adopted I'l'c. ,, 
 
 The ex-dictator liangiewicz releaseil liy the Ans- 
 trians and .sent to Switzerland [he dierl May, 1887I 
 
 Feb, 
 
 The alilie Stanislas liizoski and his lieutenant, cap- 
 
 tiireil and exeenteil .... 23 .May, 
 
 Kstates of snspeited aynipathisers with rehels 
 
 ordered to lie scdd 22 Dec. 
 
 C'hiirch property ap|>ropriated liy tlie government ; 
 
 the clergy to be paid by the .state . . 9 Jan. 
 
 Jlilitary governinent ceases, and state of siege par- 
 
 tiallv raised 17 I''''''- .1 
 
 Count lioliiihowski, a Pole, made governor of 
 
 Gallicia Oct. „ 
 
 Insurrection of Poli.sh exiles in Siberia, soon sup- 
 
 jiressed, Jnlv ; many txccnted . Nov. ,, 
 IJeeree abolishing all jiolitical distiiii'tions of Po- 
 land as a kingdom 19 Dec. ,, 
 
 Promnlgated 5 J""- 1867 
 
 Amnesty to political otfenders proclaimed, 31 May, ,, 
 Poland designated the "Vistula province" in a 
 
 ukase Jan. i863 
 
 Its separate internal government abolished, and 
 
 complete union with the empire eth'cted, 29 Keb. ,, 
 The distinct linancial departments of Poland 
 
 abolished April, ,, 
 
 The Polish language interdicti'd in ]iulilic jdaces, 
 
 July, ,, 
 Conciliatory policy towards the Poles in Russia and 
 
 Austria proposed March, 1872 
 
 Count lierg, tlie hist lientenantgeniral for Polaml, 
 
 dies 18 Jan. 1873 
 
 Polish language iirohibited in courts of law and 
 
 public otllces in Hussian Pidancl . . June, 1876 
 The Czar and Czarina visit Warsaw (great precau- 
 tions) 8-27 Scjit. 1884 
 
 About 34,700 Poles expelled from Prussia Oct. -Nov. 1S85 
 Movement for dc-nationalisiug Poland (see I'liis.tiii) 
 
 Feb. 1886 
 Count Ijidislaw Phctn, active in the revolutions of 
 
 iSjoanil 1 86 i, dies in Switzerlaml (aged 83)23 April, 1889 
 Comdliatory mc'asurcs towanls Polish landowners 
 
 proposed •^bi>'. )) 
 
 Theboilyof Adam Mickiewicz, the great Pidish ipoet 
 (1798 1855), broiiglil from France, re-inlerreil at 
 
 Cracow' 4>I"'y. 1890 
 
 .Si'cond congress of Polish liistorians and archieolo- 
 
 gists oppiipil at I.eopol . . . 17 July, ,, 
 Centenary of the Polish constitution of 1791, cele- 
 
 brated in Austrian I'oland . . .3 May, 1891 
 The emperor William II. apjioints a Polish aieli- 
 ■ ■ ■ of Pnsen, liioi. anil otherwise favnirs the 
 
 I in 
 
 91J. 
 
 9O4. 
 992. 
 
 1034. 
 
 Polish deiiutation warmly received by tliM rm 
 Nicholas II. ; [lardon granted to political uri 
 .soners of 1863, by nianitesto . 26 Nov' 
 
 Increased toleration of the lie ui catliolirs ;Vi.i,' 
 
 (ioiirko, the governor-geneiiil ut Warsaw, ri'si'-m 
 
 succeeded by count Hhuvalotf . . ,^ |"„,^' 
 
 Prince Imeritinskv appointed gov..geiieral, % .i,,,, " 
 
 Adam Asnyk, eiiiineiil poet, born 1858, diiiiz Aiii; '"' 
 
 The czar and czarina warmly ri'ceived at Warsaw ' 
 
 31 Aug. ; grand review at liielostok . 7 Seiil' 
 
 See IVociwc, H'wi.-ru/', ami Unxui. ' " 
 
 Dl'KKS AND KIXOS OK eol.,\M), 
 
 842. Piastus, diil.i'. 
 
 8f)i. Ziemovitns, his son. 
 
 892. I.esko or Lesciis IV, 
 
 Ziemoiiiislas, son of I.escn. 
 Miccislas 1. becomes Christiiin. 
 
 lioleslas I., siirnai 1 the Linii-lienrtcl ; (.l.tii,,,.,. 
 
 the title of KiNci from the eiiineiw Otim n'l 
 Miccislas II. 
 
 Uichense nr Uiclisa, his consort, reijuit : dnvM. 
 from the governinent. 
 1037. r.^iiarcliy.) 
 
 1041. Casiniir I., her son, siirn.-uned the I'aoilie ; lie||..,i 
 retireil to a monastery, but was invittj to tu 
 throne. 
 1058. lioleslas II., styh'd the liitrepi.l. 
 1081. I.adi-^his I., caileil the Careless, liiikr. 
 1102. lioleslas III., siiriianieil Wry.iiioi;tll. 
 Ladisl;is, son of the precetllng. 
 lioleslas IV., the Curled. 
 Miccislas III,, the Old ; deposed. 
 Casimir II., siirnanied the Ju.st. 
 Lesko v., the White : abdicated, 
 Miccislas III. : restored. 
 I.adislas III. : retired. 
 Lesko V. : restored; assassinated; sui'i'tedwl liv I 
 
 bis son, an intaiit. 
 I!i>lcslas v., surnamed the Chaste. 
 I.esko VI.; surnamed the lilack. 
 [HcM'rid anarchy. 
 
 Premisl.-is, styled king of Pi>laud, gevenis wi»il 
 assassinated. 
 1296. Ladislas I. (IV.), the Slant : deposed, 
 1 joo. Weiiceslas, king of lloheniia, ahandeas Puliiml 
 Ladisl.is IV., tlie Short. 
 Casimir III,, the (Ireat ; eiieiairages tlie iirts,aii'l| 
 
 amends the l,iw : killed liy a tall lieiii liiskirsr, 
 Louis, king of lliing;iry. eleeled khiit. 
 Maria; and 1384 lledwige (daiigliters of LoiiwlJ 
 and her consort, ./.w./fi., duke nf l.itliiuiniii 
 flic style of l.adislas V, 
 Ladislas II. (V,), alone; annexed I.itliiiimia, 
 l.adislas 111. (VI.), son ; sncieeded us kiii,i; i.flli,ii.| 
 
 gary, 1440, 
 [Interrcgnnm.l 
 Casimir IV. 
 John (Albert) I., son. 
 Alexander, prince of Livonia, his hrntlii-r, 
 506. Sigismnnd I., brother; obtained the .siimaiiu' oil 
 
 the Ureat. 
 
 1548. Sigismnnil II., Angnstin, sini (last uf tlip ,la-pil„ii 
 dyna.sty) ; a splendid reign: addnl l.inmu ;iij 
 his kingdom ; ilied 1572. liileiiei^iiiiiii. 
 
 1 146. 
 
 It73- 
 1 1 77. 
 1 194. 
 1200. 
 1202. 
 1206. 
 
 1227. 
 1279. 
 1289. 
 1295. 
 
 1304. 
 i33,i- 
 
 1370. 
 1382. 
 
 1399. 
 I4.14' 
 
 1445- 
 
 1492. 
 1501, 
 
 bishop 
 
 Poles . . . . 
 lirzeziiicn destroyed by fire. 
 
 Political demonstration in Warsaw, many arrests 
 
 Ki.KirrF.ii MOS.. 
 1573. Henry de Valois, diike of Aiyon, hrotlicr to tliJ 
 
 kiiig of l-'ranee ; he afterwards .succeeded to tli( 
 
 French throne. 
 1575. steidien liathori, prince of Transylviuiia; estalv 
 
 lisbed the Cossacks as a militia. 
 
 1586. Ilnterri'gnnni.l 
 
 1587. Sigismnnd 111., son of the king of Swfd™. tulli^ 
 
 exclusion of Maximilian of .Vustrl;i, fleeted I 
 
 the nobles. 
 1632. Lailislas IV. (VII.), Vasa, son of Sigi.iii.und III 
 
 succeeded by his brother. 
 1648. John II., or Casimir V. : nbilicated 161" 
 
 tired to France, where lie died u liiouk, iu i6;!,| 
 i663. rintcrregnum. 1 
 1669. Michael-Koribnth-Wiesnowiski ; in this reipi lh| 
 
 Cossacks join the Turks, and ravage I'"! 
 
 se\cral lives 
 
 1 lost 
 
 8q2 ^ 1674. John III., .Sobieski ; llie last iiideiwideiiHing 
 illnstrioiiH for victories over the CiissHrks,Tiirlii| 
 25 .Sept. 1893 and Tartars. 
 
 arrests 1697. [Interregnum] , , , „ , j 
 
 16 April, 1894 „ Freilerick-AngnstusI,, soiiof Jnlin-Gfor!!e,eleel(i( 
 
■;i 
 
 POLAE CLOCK. 
 
 859 
 
 uily ivi'.MVfil t,y tl.K ,v;,i 
 II t;nint(!i| to iwlitival uri. 
 
 '"''"*l" • . 26\ru- J 
 
 tlic Kiiiiiiiii cntholirs- ,.►„ '* 
 -Ki'iiiM-nl (it Wiirsaiv, icsi.;,!,' 
 Imviilolf . . ,„|;^^' 
 
 ''■'• K"v.-i,"'"i'ral, iiJii,, ,:.'., 
 
 [in.-t, l.oni i8;3,,li,.!jAui;' 
 ivniily riM'i.jvHil at Wai-aiw " 
 >v at l!i,.l„st„k . ^sq.t: „ 
 11 "isiiir, lUld /;«,■•«■((. 
 
 J Kl.MiS IIF I'ULAXD, 
 
 V. 
 
 HI'S C'liri.stiiiii. 
 
 Mini till- l.iiinlicnrtcl; (il.t,,,,,,,!. 
 
 CI IVciiu tlie cini.ciw Otlio 111. 
 
 isa, his cmisdrt, iV|;fiit: dnvM. 
 iiineiit. ' 
 
 11, suniaiiu'.l til.' Paeiii,.; \ch,\ 
 luastery, hut was invitnl to ti'ie 
 
 i\ the Iiitivpiil. 
 
 1 till' ( 'ai'i'ii'ss. fjii}:r. 
 
 iiaiiinl Wry-iiiiHitli. 
 
 he iiivi'L'iliU};. 
 
 Ciirh'il. 
 
 L'dhl ; cU'iinscil. 
 
 iiiii'cl till' Just. 
 
 liti' : ahdirati'il. 
 
 'Stnliil. 
 
 liri'.l. 
 
 ■I'll ; iissassiiiati'il ; aui'iteji',; i,v 
 
 fiiit 
 
 till' Shiii't ; ili'ii.iM'il. 
 lit HcilMMiiiii. aliaiiilniis Piilaiiil 
 Shi. It. I 
 
 (Iri'at ; I'lirniira^i's tlii' arts, an'll 
 w : killi'il liy a tail I'n.iu liis liorsn, I 
 iiii^'ai'V. I'li'i'tfil lAii'i. I 
 
 1.1 lli'iiwiHi' (ilaiiiiliti'is i)f Lriiiiill 
 lit. .hiih-lhi, iluki' lit l.itliiiaiiia, livl 
 iilislas V. ' I 
 
 aliiiii' : iuiiicxial Mtliiumia. I 
 ,), siiii ; siU'i'i'i'iii'ii a.siiiiigiitlliiii.l 
 
 Sdll. 
 
 ■e (if Liviiiiiii, his hiiitlier. 
 rotiier ; obtaiiied tiiu Jiiiniaiiii' o|| 
 
 ,iit;iistin, .Sim (last nf tlio .Ia;:fii.ii 
 i|ili'lliliil ri'ij{li : ailili'il l.ivniiia Ii^ 
 ilii'il 1572. liitriii'i;iimii. 
 
 ,'TKl) .Ml)S.-"'MIS, 
 
 s, iliikc of Aii.juii, hrntliiT to Ihej 
 '(. : lie afterwards suia'nedeil to tlia 
 
 i, jiviiiee (if Transylvania : eslaij 
 isaeks as a iiiilitia. 
 
 son of till' kinn nf Swpil™, tiii|i(| 
 Maxiniiliaii of Aiistriii, ciii'tn 
 
 II.). Vasa, son of Si(;isii.iind I 
 his lirotiit'r. 
 
 asiniirV. ; ahiliniteil 1668. aii' 
 'e, where he died a iiiniik, in 16;!. I 
 
 th-Wii'snowiski : in tliis n'il.ni th| 
 the Turks, and lavap' I'lilainl. 
 eski ; the last iiiile|ii'iiiii'tii kiligl 
 • vietories over the Cos.'iarks, Tiirlia 
 
 (tus I., son of .Inlin-Geor'."', electa 
 
 POLICE. 
 
 Sip*''' 
 
 of Saxony; aiul elector in 1694 ; deiirived of liis 
 
 rrown. 
 ,™. Stanislas I, (fieczinski) : forced to retire from liix 
 
 liiii(rilinii in 1709. 
 iTM. Fredcriek-Anjjnstiis [. again. 
 ,J,3. Frederick-AiitMistus 11., sou of the iirecediii" 
 
 sovereign. " 
 
 ,;6j. (Intfrregnnni.j 
 ,,64. Stanislas II. Aiigii.stus Pmiiatowski, resiL'ned his 
 
 sovereignty, 25 Nov. 1795: died at iSt. I'eters- 
 
 imrf, a state jirisoiier, 12 Feb. 1738. 
 
 POLAR CLOCK. An optical iippariitus in- 
 tfnted by nrofessor Wlioatstono (about 1849), 
 ilifreby the liuiir of the day is found by moaria of 
 
 tli, polarisation of li<tht. 
 
 POLAli CONFEEENCES, INTEEN-A- 
 
 TIONALi to oi'sranizu setting up stations round 
 ihf polar area for ('ontinuons .scientific invcs- 
 tiaitiou, met ut llaniburj?, 1879; "t Uerne in 1880 • 
 ,t St, Petersburg, 1-6 Aug. 1881, and at othi-r 
 flifis sinee. 
 
 POLARISATION OF LIGHT, see Opiic!,. 
 
 POLAR REGIONS, see A^orth-EnH and 
 .Wat I'lissage, and 6'oit//icni Coiiliiiitit. 
 
 The c „nm,.ss,oi,er of the City of London iioliee sir 
 Jniies !■ razor, appointed in ,86j, resi'-n ,| .bnu^ 
 .6Jiine ; succeeded by col, lleiii'y',^„.itll! =8 July' 
 
 atl,'te.''M«""" r' '■'■''"''' "f ♦'"- '■" i^'i"'"-!- issued 
 
 ?,,!,;, ^?.^ '"''"■ '■"i"«"l'l''« for a radius, If ,, ,, i„i 
 f o n ChannK Cross (exclusive of the city of ,. 
 dm) ineludinK .^,56.3,4.0 inhabitants , 1 ." 
 be , -l ''■" '"'"'''i '.'"'■^' '5 ""■" i" .'»"'. .860, a. 
 
 jK,^;!;;:^;r^,,i::t^^^"'--'''«-.-^^5p 
 
 state : 9655 of all ranks. Dee. ,87, • ngca' ' i),,p 
 I->;K;'jncetiii,-s of piiliee to a«itJte' (?i^'':„ ii.i'rea.^e 
 
 17-^4 Oct. 
 
 'lUlstables 
 
 16 Nov. 
 
 109 dis- 
 
 20 Nov. 
 
 for iniseiindiiet and 
 
 of some 
 18 Nov. 
 
 POLE STAR or Polar Star, a star of the 
 •f.-iid riiasnitnile, tlie last in the tail of the con- 
 I .!fll,ition called \.\w Little lliar. As its neunie.ss to 
 tiii'.Viirtli Pole causes it never to set to those in the 
 nurthi'i-n hemisphere, it is called the soaman'a 
 piJf. Two stars in the coiistelhition Ursa Ma/or 
 wlireat Hear, are called /io/»/tc.v to the I'olar stur' 
 IhedisTOveryof the Pole star is ascribed by' the 
 Chinese to tlieir emperor, Hong-ti, the grandson 
 (ihfv say) of Xoah, who reigned and nourished 
 i9;oB.c, Uiuf, Hist. 
 
 POLICE. The London poliee grew out of the 
 I L-nJon wateh, instituted about 1255. Its jurisdie- 
 I lion Ml extended 27 Eliz. ii;85,' and 16 Chiis. I 
 
 11140; ami the system iniprovecrbv various acts' in' 
 I (iibsquent reigns. See Sfiigintriite.s. 
 I KriiJUM.'-The.jurisdietion of twentv-oiie majiis- 
 
 irates, tliree to preside in each of' the seven 
 
 'livisional nllii'i's, conimenced . ^ . , .^im 
 I IlieTlianies piiliee was established in' ' ' 
 He Nirt Ihizttk (re-modelled by Mr! H(iwnrii 
 
 Viiirrnt ill 1884) establi.shed. 
 lie l.iiiidiiii Iioliee, reniodelled by Mr. (iifferwnrds 
 ' .ir liiilirrt) IVel, hy 10 Ueo. IV. 19 .june. coin'- 
 
 M^f'l'lii'y 29 .Sent 
 
 r.f Li.nJ.in iHiliee improvement acts jiassed 3 Viet' 
 
 ii]9,4Mct 1840, which were amended by iq & r.' 
 
 Vift, C. 2 J '9 IV. 20 
 
 I liiSjjtlic total ex|ienditiire was 445,212/ fi'ir the 
 ' Mropolitaa iMiliee, consisting of 17 superiiiten 
 'lents. 140 inspectors, 630 sergeants, and sjnfi 
 ifflistalile.-i. - ' 
 
 I Hj total I'ffleient Iioliee force in Kngland and 
 Wile,5,i'xeliisive of the metropolis in .Seiit iSto 
 TO 11,309, and ill Sept. 1863, 14,661 (see t\o»l 
 
 iDiiisioiiXwiis estahlLshea to attend the Interna- 
 I IimmI Exliiliitiiin in . . 
 |fe.liolt|.oli,eand constabulary in Knglnnd and 
 ».to aniountfd to 23,032 men ; inelro,iolitan 
 l"OT,659o; city of London police, 743 ,' dock- 
 ymliKilice, \i'., 743 . ' '' j' Se, f 
 
 ll(!:roi«litaa|ioliee, 7493, , .Tan. 1866: 7548 I'jan 
 I lOTiBTeatnieica.se proposed in Dee' .ra, 
 
 IWRowiiiand Ijidiard Mayne, commissio'ners of *' 
 1 Ktropolitaii lichee, appointed, 1829; Maynedied 
 
 [RtaeKafti'i'sir Edninnd) Henderson nppointed 
 I tommissioner in r,„im of sir R Mayne K,.| 
 
 lllsins m consi'iiiipnee „f the riot,!: ,'if g v,.\, ,0=; 
 
 I wf '■ ?? ''■'I''- '^'* ■ ■■""^'^"■'l'"! I'V sir Chaide.S 
 
 »imnij March, ,886, who i-esig 18 Nov iSsV- 
 
 i.f«e(WbyMr. James M.mro, 26 N,!v ' ,888 ■' 
 
 «TTLU™lmfr' ■',"'•'-''"-' ' ''>'••*"• K''^"»"l 
 
 I "Miej u uradfurd, 20 June, 1890. 
 
 1792 
 1798 
 
 1828 
 
 1856 
 
 1863 
 
 1863 
 
 1868 
 1869 
 
 ofjiay 
 Request, Rraiitcd ; meetiii 
 
 through miH»pprolicnRion' 
 Some I'onstables inosei'iiteil 
 
 missed ; 65 r»iluced in rank 
 ."icveral |iolic«raeii censured 
 
 over-zeal, autumn . 
 IPolice Detectives iiroseeution, 'see 7'vi"/v' 
 
 Appointment of c< ission to investlL.ate lietec' 
 
 ye svst.in „, metropolitan p(.liee(sirl Se wvn 
 
 Ibbetson, 1,011. col. Wm. Fi'elding: and otlie?.,"; 
 
 J 3>*. 6./. , fl.st class si'igeant, 36s. ; second class, 
 
 Varion.s changes (with increiwe U pav in solaa 
 eases) were ordered by the home sei'rHaiy 
 
 =o oco peculiarly made whi.stlcs, receiveil'llir dist'li-' 
 
 Intioi among the police . . ,.,'', 
 
 Me nipobtan police ,3,3,9 ; eost ,,059,628^ 'i, ' 
 1 olicc arrangements north of Tliain?; ?en„i!lelle,i 
 
 Hcport of committee 0,, the police, with' v'!™,: 
 lecommendatiniis, issued . ' ' „ b , , n t 
 
 Pidicel^sabiliti-'slb' alArteiiabli^" ,1,!;'^; 
 
 vote at parlianieMtaryel.'ctiiins pi.s.sed 2, M'lv 
 En,h:;:;drin"Hr' ;? 'r'f ■ "y I-lic'-cm^sta^e 
 
 ^,K f ;!t;'^;:p!iti:v;;;'';::;--v''"-^^ V-- 
 
 Wedals presented to the iiietid,iolitan poliC tir 
 
 j'z,";n:ie;;r''''''''^^'''^i''''''--''''-.ti--i^' 
 
 ^•iw'''i"""'i!' '" ♦'"■ '•"''■"■ f'"' ""■i'- eo'nd^iirt'at 
 
 ^,viie:::i;;';;:!;i,:;:;VtS;;!;';^:'!'-''"' *"""■"■ ;;;;;>• 
 cis-;;^^ren:V;r"'"" -"^ .'■'-' V^^ 
 
 Agitation respect inj; pay, pens'ion, .S:c. Mav ,1 11 le 
 How.strect station. Insubordinatmi ; , !^me ,.' 
 ;'" '";.'"■ >rt>'-c,l to .„„„ ,1,,,,., ,o,.m • so m 
 trans, .rre. In aiiothe,' district 40 isiniss 
 5 .Inly; niitiiiK of disniiss,.,l men aiil im J 
 .(Uiekly stoiiped by the foot-giiards, 7 j, Iv' d. 
 
 rnl?;^:.r;;i',:;v'l;;;;;;7'"""""^"' -^^y, 
 '(u:^^i^'in;;;:!;^:;;r"'"™''^'''''-''' ''^ 
 
 Police Disabilities Hemov.al nets pa.s.scd ' " " 
 loliceamendmenl act pas.sed • . . 
 
 ^".89;"-'"k' JJ'j'j"'-^'^'"'"' ""miii'ssion'er for the'city," 
 
 MctiopolUa,; poliee,' ,4,„-4,, 3, n.'.c. ,887 ; 'VZ', 
 
 L-'n Id '111 '■'';"'" '"■•■»''"»'-'' t" tlm iKilice and a 
 grant ot 4 days pay for their eondi.et in tho 
 l)iaiooiid Jubilee week . . 20-26,111" 
 
 Police of Kngland and Wales, yeaT ,87,-2' 
 27,000 men, cost ,,.,., boo; /o^; ;.. „ ,. ' \ ' 
 .872:3, 28,550 ii,en,;''ost-27567,48:; .^Vs T^ 
 nien, cost 2,742,526/. ; ,875^ 29,7!, mcii 'co^ 
 2,049,07V., 1876-7, 30,0, 6nieii, eost 2,902,61.;/ (iier 
 
 (pel ma, , 97/. j". 5''.) ; .878-9, ,,,407 men, cost 
 3.058,67,/. (per man, 98/. ,os. 4,/.); ,88,-2, 33, ,7^ 
 
 1870, 
 
 1869, 
 
 1870 
 1874. 
 
 1872- 
 
 '873. 
 ,877. 
 
 iS?^ 
 
 ,884. 
 18S5 
 
 ,836. 
 
 1887- 
 
 i83S 
 
 1890. 
 
 I89;t 
 ,897 
 
 
 .1! 
 

 
 w ,irf 
 
 III' ! .■.'!^« ■■■**' 
 
 '^'"'■'H*'' i ',?'■£;♦'■ 
 
 POLICIES OF ASSURANCE ACT. 
 
 860 
 
 POLYOLBIOX. 
 
 men, cust 3,364,337(. ; 1882-3, 34.488 men, ('nut 
 3,367,678/.; 1886-7, 36,912 men, cust 3,711,933/.; 
 1887-8, 37,296 men, cost 3,727,942/. ; 1888-9,37,957 
 jiien, cii.st 3,734,916/. ; 1889-90, 39,221 men, cost 
 (,846,508; 1890-1, 39,673 njen, eusl 3,971,282/. ; 
 1891-2, 40,596 men, cost 4,091,303/, ; 1892-3, 
 41,164 men ; 1896-7, 41,560. 
 •rolice of the L'liiteil Kiiij;ilom, 1890 : — Knglnnilnnd 
 Wales, 39,221; (1893), 41,164; ScotliUni, 4,103; 
 (1893), 4,488; lieliind, 13,921 ; (1893), 13,463. 
 
 POLICIES OF ASSUKANCE ACT, 
 .passed 20 Aug. 18O7; sop Iniiuro, ci. 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY, the science 
 which hu8 for its object tlie iinprovcnieiit of the 
 ooiulitioii of nimikind, and tlic promotion of civili- 
 oalion, wealth, and Inippiness; was considered by 
 I'lato, Xenojjhon, and Aristotle. Its history in 
 this country may be dated from tlie publication of 
 sir AVm. I'etly's "Treatise on Taxes," 1662, and 
 " Political Arithmetic," 1691 ; Dr Adam Smith's 
 •"Wealth of Nations," 1776. The works of J. S. 
 .Mill, jrC'uUocli, Malthua, llicardo, Carey, Jcvons, 
 .Sidgwick, Marshall, and Fawcett are celebrated. A 
 prolesscrsliip of Political Economy was established 
 jit Oxford by Mr. Henrv Drummoiidj M.P., 1825; 
 and at Cambridge, tirst by Mr. G. Pryme, in 1828; 
 but regularly establislied'by the university in 1863, 
 Henry Fawcett (blind) bciiig the tirst pro"fes»or. 
 
 .Ardibishi)]) Whately end()we(l a professorsbiit nt 
 Trinity College, llulilin ; Isaac Hutt first iiro- 
 fessor 1832 
 
 The Tdlitii'iil Economy (Jluli, London, fonndeil in 
 1821, by 'J'hos. Tudke and others, to iiiopagate 
 free trade ]iriiiei|iles, kejit the luniilrcdth anni- 
 versary of the imblication of Smitii's " Wealth of 
 Nations " 31 May. 1876 
 
 ■Mr._ K. H. Inglis I'ulgrave's " Dictionary of Political 
 Economy," itnhlished 1891, ''/ sr//. 
 
 imuiiiiiarii si/nlnns: I'lato s " liepnblic ; " he died 347 
 B.I,'. !Sir 'i'. .Mures "Utopia" 1548; sir I'. Sidney's 
 "Arcadia," 1590; .James Haninglon's "Oceana," 
 1656; Will. Morris's " N'ews from Nowhere," 1891; 
 and E. Uellamy's "l,ooking liackwards," 188B. 
 
 POLITICAL OFFICES PENSIONS 
 
 ACT passed 9 Aug. i8(x). 
 
 POLITICAL UNIONS were formed in Eng- 
 land in 1831 to cairy the Keform Hill; the most 
 important was that of liirmingham. 
 
 POLITICIANS. A politician is described as 
 
 -a man well versed in policy, or the well regulating 
 «nd governing of a state or kingdom ; a wise and 
 cunning man. A man of artifice; one of deep 
 
 ■<:ontrivance. South, The term was first used in 
 France about 1569. A new faction appeared, 
 known by the name of Politicians, headed by the 
 due d'.Uen(;ou and the Montiimri iicies, and 
 
 ■strengthened by tlie accession of the Huguenots in 
 1574. The (lute was arrested and the Montmoren- 
 
 •cies sent to the liastile. 
 
 POLKA, a dance said to have been invented 
 between 1830 and 1834 in liohemia, and to have 
 •obtained its" name in Prague in 1835;. It became 
 very jiopular, and was introducecl into England 
 •about 1844. 
 
 POLL ACT passed in Ireland by the Junto of 
 the I'ale, putting a price upon the heads of certain 
 Irish ; the earl of Desmond beinir then deputy, 5 
 J'idward IV. 1465. This act long endured, see 
 Ireland, I465. 
 
 POLLENTIA (l*i(!dmont, N. Italy), the site 
 <if a great victory of Sfilicho, the Imperial general, 
 <iver Alaricthe Uoth, 29 March, 403. 
 
 POLL-TAX or Cai'ITatiox Tax, existed 
 siimmg the ancient lloniiins. It was first levied in 
 
 England in 1380; and occasiom'il tlie iel,pn,„„ , 
 AVat Tyler (see hjln-), 1381. It was al 'V 
 in 1513. l!y the l8th Charles H. ,^ ^^'^, 
 was assessed by the head, viz., a iiii'<('' kx,;' 
 marquis 80/., a baronet ^0/., a knit;lii 1,1 ^ 
 estiuirc 10/., and every single private lu'rioupf 
 
 POLLUTION OF RIVERS, Keo7(„„,, 
 
 ball tci'nicd hookev pl,iv,,l 
 pular in Knijlaiul l,, ,,y-. 
 
 POLO, the game of ball tc 
 on horseback, became popular i,, iiiigi;„iu m is 
 having been introduced IVom Indian Uiiiivswm 
 played by lancers and life-guards at WMdlwiti, „ 
 19 July, 1872. A polo elul) was forniei', and iu'te.'' 
 national contests held ; al liright.m „ue n,,,.„'j 
 3 Aug. 1878. Polo is said to have U-,,, al' 
 Kussian game, mentioned 1402 under the iiaiiit J 
 Chftg.an, as brought from Persia. 
 
 POLOTSK (Russia). The Frencli ,„Hl..rn,',r 
 shal Uudinot were here defeated hy tin. Kih<,',„, 
 under general Wittgenstein, 30 and 51 .lulv, isJ,. 
 the next dav, the Kussians were dc'liiutj.' ^,,Ij 
 several smaller actions with various resiilts,'r,j„(^i; 
 was stormed by the Kussians, and retaken (Jet. ifj'-i 
 
 POLTOVVA, see Palwwa. 
 
 POLYGAMY, &.C., was permitted among the 
 early nations, and now by MaboMictaiis. In Media 
 it was a reproach to a man to have le>s tliun seven' 
 wives. Among the Komans, JUire Antonv is 
 menli(med as the first who took two wives, 'Xjie 
 practice was forbidden b>' Arcadius, 39^, ji,,, 
 (Mnjicror Chailus V. punished polvganivwiih death 
 In England, by stat. i James I. 160^, It was mit 
 felony, with benefit of clergy. It was Idinnrlv 
 punished with transportation, but now bv im'. 
 prisonment or penal servitude ; see Manium, 
 Polygamy exists among the Moriiioiis (ic/df/uK), 
 Abolished in the United States, 23 .Mareli.iW'.- 
 Poi.YANiiKY (where one woman lias several iiii<. 
 bands) is permitted in some eastern coun tries, the 
 children having ('i|ual rights. 
 
 POLYGIiOT, from two (Ircck words di'noting 
 " many languages," is chiefly applied to editionsof 
 the Hible in several languages, 
 (iiiistiniani imlilished a imly^dnt psalter, 1576. 
 
 1. The C<nu|diitensian l'i>ly(;l(it, in si.\ veils, f.ilin, wai 
 printed at .\leala (Coniplntensis), in S]iain, 150;,!,: 
 the tii','it edition published in 1522, at tlie ixiiriise.i 
 the (!eleln'ated cardinal Xiinem'S, (ustiii,: 2;o.cwi 
 dneats, Six lunidreil copies of it were I'rinli'd : tlirte 
 on vellum. Count MacCarthy, of Touluiise, 1*1 4S-.t 
 for one of these copies at the Pinelli sale. 
 
 2. The I'olyglot, printed at Antwerp, by Miiiilaiiui, I 
 vols, fidio, in 1559-69, at the expense of I'liiliji II. of I 
 Kpain. 
 
 3. I'rinted at Paris, liy I,e ,Iay, in to vols, folio, itj8-(j. 
 
 4. Edited l>y iiryan Walton, in 6 vols, folio. 1654-;. 
 Copies of all four are in the lihi-ai'y of tlie Uritisli and 
 
 Foreign Dilile Society. 
 
 5. Edited liy Dr. Samuel Lee, iMililislied hvS. Dagster, 1 
 vol. folio, 1831. 
 
 6. llexaglot hililc : begun by Henry Colin; eoDi- 
 lileted by the Hev. Eilwd. K. Do Levante and othrs, I 
 6 vols. 4to, 1874. 
 
 POLYNESIA, a name recently Riven to the | 
 isles in the great Pacific Ocean, see Oirhjim, 
 Otiilirilc, Saiidicivli Jxliimlx, Fiji hit,:, ie. l'he.ic j 
 islands have been (dassified as Mici'oiiesiii, Melaiie.'ia, j 
 and Kast Polynesia. The Polunai.ili .soilet), \U1- j 
 lington, New Zealand, was founded in 1892. 
 
 POLYOLBION, a poetical dcsciption of the I 
 tracts, rivers, mountains, forests, ele. of Great | 
 Itritain, with historical details, by Michael Urav- 
 
■'. =■ .'If 
 
 3LY0LBI0N. 
 
 imd ocoasionoU the ,ebelli„'n of 
 
 I8tli Chark.s 11. „v,.rv ,ul.j.., 
 lie lieiul, VIZ., a du'it [»/ , 
 -iironet^ 30/., a kniKh, „,/„"„' 
 vory single pnviito ,„.r.„n j,/ 
 .■1U8 imiiost WHS iiliolisiieu"!,,'. 
 
 r OP RIVERS, .eo A,,,, 
 lie of ball ti'i-nioJ hockty plaved 
 me iiopulai- in Kn^'laml In ,}<'-" 
 
 ihiced iroiii ii„iiu. u„ii,.sw;;; 
 
 iiid hfe-siuinl.s at \V.„lwk.|, „, 
 nolo club was l„rnii>(i, and i,;t„; 
 leia ; at lirijtht.in uue opened 
 lo IS Saul to have been an old 
 
 ntioiied 1492 under the name of 
 t from Tursia. 
 
 Uissia). The Freneh under -liar. 
 ' '"■''•'-' 'Icleattd hy the Uusqacs 
 :geiisteiii, 30 nud 51 Juh, fg,,. 
 
 Kussuiii.s were defeated. Alter 
 ions with various results, Polotsk 
 
 lliissiaiis, aiul retaken Uct. !8l2, 
 ee I'uhowa. 
 
 , &c., was perniittwl among the 
 now by Malioiuelans, In Media 
 a man to have h>s than seven 
 the Koniaiis, Mare Antony is 
 first wild took two wives. "The 
 iddt'U by Areudius, 394 71^ 
 . luinisliod |iolygainv with ileaih 
 It. I James I. 1603, 'it was niadf 
 tit ot elergy. It was foraierlv 
 iinsiJortation, but now bv m. 
 nal servitude; see Miir'rk,/,,. 
 iniong the Mormons (tiv',iVAt«). 
 United States, 23 March, 1882.- 
 're one woman has several hiis. 
 din some eastern eoun tries, tlie 
 |ual rigbt.s. 
 
 , from two Greek words drnolin* 
 ," is chiefly applied to editions o°t 
 il langiiatres. 
 d a li"l.v;,'lut iisalter, 1576. 
 
 III! l'nl.\;,'liit, in six Vi.U folio, ^ 
 
 (Ciiiiiiiluti'iLsis), in Spain, i5M.r4; 
 ililisheil in 1522. at the e\|«isei! 
 ardiual Xiiiienes, costing' jjo.oco 
 red copies (if it were printf,l ;'tlitH 
 t MacOirtliv, "t 'riiMloii.se, |.,iicl4SiL 
 pies at the riiielli sale. 
 inted at Autwirp, l)y Jloiitauiis, J 
 -69, at tlie exijeii.se of I'liilip II. of 
 
 by I.e .Jay, in 10 yds. folio, i6!8-4i. 
 
 Walton, in 6 vols, folio. 1654-7. 
 
 e ill the liliiary uf tlic l)iiti.sli jdJ 
 
 cty. 
 
 iiiiel Li'o, ]>nblislieil by S. Bagster, 1 
 
 tictnin liy Henry Colin; com. 
 . Kilwcl. li. lie l.evante and othen, 
 
 {., u name recc'iifly given to lti( 
 it Piicitic Ocean, see (hrhikc, \ 
 'Il Jxlainh, I'lji hit.:, ic. Ihesf 
 dassitiedasMii-ionesia, Melanfsti, 
 a. Tlie l',d.\ nisiali so, iely, ffti- 
 .and, was founded in iSgi. 
 
 DN, 11 fioetii'al dese.'iption of the 
 nintains, forcstn, etr. of tirtat 
 orical details, hy Mithael Dray- 
 
 POLYPES. 
 
 861 
 
 m, published i()o6-22 ; a new edition, 3 vols., bv 
 Krev. Kichard Hooper, was published 1876. 
 
 PONDOLAm 
 
 mark 1210; made an independent ducjiv la-o- 
 
 and divided between Sweden and It , V V'^' 
 
 POLYPES, also named Hydrie {many-footed |64«. The Swedisli part, awarded to l) ! .nm k '>;: 
 
 iiiiiials), on account oi tlieir property of rcpro- 1014, was siveii iin to l'rus,sia for Lauenbur." Xi - 
 
 ■■-- I. «.. ...1..." "..» ... -' . see Deiiiiiiifk ; // Vtc/.v, 18-H. "'^""'uroi I0I3 , 
 
 Jmuig themselves when cut in pieces, every part 
 I m« becoiiiiiii n perfeia animal ; first discovered by 
 Leeuwenlaick, and described bv liini in the I'/iilo- 
 mkinl Tram. 1 703. The polypes are of the order 
 Zwph.vtes, and are partly aniinal and veg:etablc. 
 
 POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION, 
 
 Royal, Itcgent-street, London, was erected bv 
 
 Ihompsoa in 1838, opened 6 Aug. 1839, anil 
 
 nilaigeJ in 1848. It contained a hall of maiiiifac- 
 
 lurts with inachines worked by steam-power, 
 
 ifcturo theatres, A:c., diving-bell, electric inaehiiie, 
 
 jcc. iiiiibs. The institution did not prosper eoni- 
 
 iiiercially, and its decline was hastened by the fall 
 
 J a slaiiwise on 3 Jan. 1839, when cme person was 
 
 killed and iiian.v injured. The institution was 
 
 dosed ill JlaVi '^^SJ^. "Ut was re-opened by a new 
 
 toinpany on" '2 Jiov. i860; see Erole I'objtech- 
 
 iiijKc. Professor I'epper, the director for 'many 
 
 rears, resigned in 1872; returned, 1878. Tiie 
 
 ■'as-ses were formed into a college, which was iii- 
 
 j sasarated by the earl of Shaftesbury, 7 Oct. 1872. 
 
 I'olvtechnic' institution announced to be closed on 
 
 ;; All?. 1881 ; affairs wound up. Plant sold for 
 
 I itKjat 2000/. 23 JIarch, 1882. In 1882 it was 
 
 I occapied by the Polytechnic young men's chris- 
 
 I ti.111 institute, principally by the instrumentnlitv 
 
 I of Mr. Quintin Hogg, for educational purposes, with 
 
 I stoat 2000 members. 
 
 I Prof. John Pepiier lectured hereon Aiistrulia (Croiii 
 which he had jiLst returned) . . . 9 Nov. i83y 
 PoLVTECU.sic Institutions establislioil in south 
 ' Uidoii pruniuted by tlie charity coiniiiissioiicrs 
 iiiJ lihtniUy subscribed for .... 1888-9 
 Polytschiiic Institute or People's palacn for S.W. 
 London, ffe.stiuiiister, Chelsea, Kiilhaiii, &c., 
 proiwseil ami liberally supjiorted by tlio duke of 
 Westminster, president, BarlCudogan, Mr. it, C. 
 Antrohus, and others . .... 1889-90 
 
 I Willi relerence to the City of London P.-irochial 
 Cliariliesact of 1883, the coniniittee of Council 
 on Ediieation, report.s iii>proval of .schenies for 
 
 tlie inanageiiient of tho following institutions : 
 
 1, the City I'olvtechnic, ooiuprising tho North- 
 
 miiptira and Dirkbeck Institutes, and the City of 
 
 Liriilira colle^'P ; j, the Kegciit-street Polytech- 1 
 
 iiif Institute ; 3, the Buttersea Polytechnic Insti- ' 
 
 tale ; 4, the , South-western Polytechnic Insti. 
 
 tiite;5, the buioiigb-roail Polytechnic Institute, 
 
 .^pril, 1891 ; 6, N'ortberii Polytechnic Institute, 
 
 Holloway, upeiieil iiutumn, 1896; 7. Tottenham 
 
 , Polytechnic Instiluto . . . opencil 10 Dec 
 
 I Memorialstoneoftbeliatterspjil'olvtcchiiic, thcfirsi 
 
 of llie series lai.l by the princo of Wales 20 Julv, 
 
 lioi ; o|»iied by him . . . .24 Fci) 
 
 I Tli'tloMsiiiiths' {Jomiiauy's Technical and Kccrea- 
 
 tiveliistituteat.Vew.cross, .Surrey, waso|icned bv 
 
 llie prince and princess of Wales, 22 July, ,891'; 
 
 mHulihinilhs' O'lnjmni/. 
 
 I Puhtecliiiic at Cbel.sea ;' foundation stone laid bv 
 
 I tlie prince and priiiee.ss of Wales . 23 July, 
 
 \ittB6mitoiitrn(MiiUdanysmilh.i Comjtiinii. 
 
 I Pvlyteehiiic institutions : lioroiigh-road opened 
 
 IMjiiiorialstoiieoftheSt. Bride foiimlation institute '^'" 
 1 MbvtheprineeofWalcs, 20X0V. 1891; oiiened 
 I bythelordnnayor . . . ." '20 Nov. 1894 
 i^')rthalllpton iiiatitutc, .St. .lohn's-strcet-road 
 foniidnl, 9 July, 1894 ; ojiencd by the lord mayor, 
 
 18 March, 1898 
 
 POMEGRANATE TREE (Funica Omna- 
 
 |.ia, »a8 brought lo England from Spain before 
 
 1897 
 1894 
 
 POMERANIA, a Pru.ssian province, N. Ger- 
 iMuy.was held hy the I'olea, gSo, and by Deu- 
 
 .. POMFRET or PoNTKFU.VrT (S. York) At 
 the castle (bu.lt loSo), Uichaid II was confine, 
 and murdered, 10 Feb. i ino So,,,, ,.,.?, "-"""""l 
 tliiU Richard e;,,.aped aii& ^Zn^Ti^T^, 
 castle also, the earl Hivers, lord Grev si .' TI, . 
 Vaughan, and sir Kiihar 1 Hint , .^H ,se w * 
 put 10 death by order of b > I „!.•,? „f;'i' "'"''^ 
 
 POMPEII (S. Italy), an ancient ,itv nf p 
 paiua, was parti ■ denioliiiicd b m ea h, ^,£?'|:: 
 A.I). 63. It was afterwards rebuilt b . " 
 
 Nvhelmed bv an eruption of Vciuvii, , ' °^'"-, 
 by an eiirtlupiake, "n the ni^ a 24',C!^''lf 
 principalcitizenswerethenassenbletli,,!;.'^' \^^' 
 theatre where. public spee'tX ' yl " '^^^A 
 
 ^«Ulyaidedi;i1;;^l!;r!,;^'i.,,„!^>^g\^j^* 
 Italian government resumed the work in ,8^i ' 
 
 sophersnictat P,.m .I'l '25 ^..iT r"'"" "'"' '"'''"" 
 » iirther di.scovcries ma.lc, antu, in ,382';^ se„ 
 
 nn™;3 "'." """"^""'" '"-t"-!,! i/oS were 
 
 July, 1890. 
 
 QU^-^.^^o?^"*^/fLL^R ^'-'"^ "'>out three- 
 quaiters ot a mile from Ale.\andii', I,„t ,.„ ., 
 
 use, and age, nothing is certain ^ ' °"""'' 
 
 less, set 11], souicwhciv alioiit this „■,,■/ i,' '"^^"""•- 
 the edifice was .leili.oit,., t„ v. . ■ "»»'<''PP"s,.s 
 Severus ; and .Mr. C k, r, 1 »,•''},",• T^^'''' ^'> 
 tion on the has,., coi .^i Ic r d t e 1^^^^^ "•"''■'■'''- 
 
 .u.rs,m lio„oii,.,l; While nil^ilr'isi;!;!^ friml' "1^.^11:; 
 
 pel's 
 
 taken by them, Jan. I76r; re.^orcd ,-r, ' i'-' 
 taken, Oct.. 17-8; restoied ini^sl taken^;,"?;!"' 
 1793. and m 1803; restored, iSu"^ ViSi 'L f 
 Viceroy of India (Earl Dud'er n) Dee 8*^" 
 
 FoS::^r:8^:ife^S----^^-S: 
 
 proclaimed and notified, 6 Jan. 1885. 
 
 .. !^|;.§iii?iM 
 
 ltMi.:~P' 
 
 mk\i*-' '' 
 
 lit^ii 
 
 fi,tiii>iii' 
 
 «[ 
 

 
 i.ifj. 
 
 fo ill 
 
 •u^i -^ 
 
 
 PONT-A-CHIN. 
 
 862 
 
 POOR. 
 
 iScvere flirlitliiKamniiK the imtives reportecl, Foh.- 
 
 MiUTli Ai.ril ; Llm cliiHf UiiililiinHiim HunmulHrs 
 
 to till- Ciiix! imtlioritii's . . • • April, 
 
 Renewed liKlitiiiK ; Hii,'fii» defeated with «ivnt Inss 
 
 liv the Unizizis, reported . ,• . , • '5 •'""■ 
 
 .Muior Elliot's mission to the chiefs successtiil , 
 
 they Mibiiiit, and eonseiit to iiniiexatioii to Capo 
 
 Colony, reported . . • • ■ March ., 
 
 Deed siKiie.1 by Si>;caii and Nm"i1iso . >9 /'ar , „ 
 
 Sir Henry Loch proclaims the annexation to Cape 
 
 Clonv '■'° •"""■h. >. 
 
 TerritorV ahoiit 4,000 scpiare miles; population 
 
 abont"i7o,ooo Apiil, ,, 
 
 PONT-A-CHIN, sec Kspierrcs. 
 PONT-A-NOYELLES. At tliis i>lacp, ium.i 
 Amiens, took place 11 tierce indecisive conUiot, 
 liwtinit from 1 1 a.m. to 6 p.m., between the Oermiiiis 
 under MiinfeuHel and ihc French army of the north 
 under Faidtierhe, 2? Dec. 1870. lioth sidesclaimed 
 a victory; the I'lencli general asserted that he 
 iremiiined master of the field. 
 
 PONTEFRACT, ^ee I'omJreL 
 
 Alexis Comneiius founded a new eiiiiiin- ,il tli,. 
 Greeks at Treliizond, in this i-oiniti-y, u 
 continued till the Turks desfm 
 
 . . .204, whic'ii 
 
 ".Veil it 111 n;t|. 
 
 wiiihaii i[)(j-. 
 
 PONTIFFS (I-"tin ro»ti/ices), the highest ""S?" °f /.''^'''.f ''",U'"'ht 
 ,,.„.V..s.e..nlofal order, established by Numa. The 43'-d.of h mtbeth, lOoi, bj 
 
 'Bonmn sacerdotal order, established by Numa. Ihe ;'^;;7 •„-,-■--,.„- oarishe- 
 <.ollege first .onsisted of 4 patricians, wit', a chief appointed lor p.iusiit. 
 
 POOR. Tlie poor of England, till tlie tinir uf 
 Henry VIII., subsisted as tlic pii.,r oi Irehiiiiliiiiiil 
 1838, entirely upon private lieiievolciui. li\ stutntt.. 
 23 Edw. III. 1349, it was eiiaetcil that iioiiV should 
 give alms to a beggar aide to wnrk. iiy ilic omu. 
 ninn law, the poor were to be sust.uneJl b\ '■ f.,,. 
 sons, rectors of the cluiri^h, and parishi«iwis,siitli;it 
 none should die for default of siKteiiame ; " anil liv 
 15 Rich. II. impropriators were oliligeil to distiiliu'^ 
 : a yearly sum to the poor; Init no cHmpulMirv |;nf 
 I was enacted till the 27th lien. VIU, i^-^, ||,j 
 origin of the present I'ooii law is lelcrfeil to tlie 
 
 which (ivcrsci'is wfie 
 
 383 
 363 
 
 336 
 301 
 266 
 
 252 
 219 
 
 183 
 '57 
 123 
 
 <'OUPge ni»i eo:i>initr" u» 4 patr.... , ■■ --- - 
 
 (Pontifex Maximus) ; to tliese 4 plebeians were 
 sidded, by the Ogulnian law, 300 n.c. bylla 111- 
 <TCa8cd the number to 15 {» mojoren, 7 muion-s), 
 (81), and Julius Ciesar to 16. 'I. Coruncanius, a 
 plebeian, obtained this otiice, 254 n.c. 
 
 PONTUS in Asia Minor, seems to have been a 
 portion of Cap'padocia, and received its name fiom 
 Its vicinity to the roiiliis Jiiuiiim. Artabazus was 
 made king of Pontus by Darius llystaspes m 
 the 4lh century B.C. His successors were mere 
 satraps of the kings of Persia. 
 
 Heign of Mitliiiilates I B.C. 
 
 Ariobarzanes invades I'mitus 
 
 Mithridatcs II. recovers it 
 
 Mithridates III. reigns 
 
 Ariobarzanes II. reigns ■,.•,.• .;,,".,'. 
 Mithridiites IV. is besieged in his capital bJ tlie 
 
 Gauls, &c ..■,;. I'i '. ■ 
 
 Mithridates attai'ks Siiiope, and is obliged to raise 
 
 the siege by the Hhodians . . • 
 
 Beign of Pliarnaces, 190 ; he takes Sinope, and makes 
 
 it the caiiital of his kingdom 
 
 Reign of Mithridates V. . ;, . ■ / 
 
 He is mnidered in the midst of his court .^ . . 
 
 Mithridates VI. siirnamed the Great, or Lupator, 
 
 receives the diadem at 12 years of age 
 
 Marries Laodice, his own sister . . . . . 115 
 .She attempts to poi.soii him ; he puts her and ac- 
 complices to death . . • ■ ,,• ■• "- 
 Mithriilates comiuers Hcythia, Uosphorus. t dcliis, 
 
 and other eoniitiies '" 
 
 Ho enters Cappadoeia 97 
 
 His war with Home °9 
 
 Tigranes ravages Cappadoeia •,•,•,,• ,> "" 
 Mithridates enters Ditliynia, and makes himself 
 
 master of many Uoman provinces, and i.uts 80,000 
 
 Konians to ileath . . ■ ■ ■ • • 
 Arclielaiis defeated by Sylla, at Cli.eronea ; 100,000 
 
 Capiiadoeiaiis slain . . ■ ■ .•.,,' 
 Vict('ries and compicsts of Mithridates up to this 
 
 •Th'e'tieet'of Mithridates ilefeats that under Lucuihis 
 in two battles . 
 
 Mithridatcs ilefeateil by I.ucullns . . . 
 
 Mithridates defeats Fabiua 
 
 But is defeaU^l by I'oiiipey 
 
 Mithr'dtttes stabs hiiiLself, and dies .... 
 
 ReiKU of Pharnac'S . • •,,■,,■,' 
 
 liattle of Zela (see Zela) : Pliarnaces defeated by 
 Caisar 
 
 Darius reigns 
 
 rolenion, son of Zeiio, reigns ..... 
 
 Polemmi II. succeeits his lather . . . *D. 
 
 Mithridates VII. reigns . . 
 
 I'outUb afterwarils became a Roman province. 
 
 47 
 39 
 3^ 
 3t 
 40 
 
 See 'Sil>/( 111,11), Act lit 
 
 First Poor Law comniissior., E. Climlwick as»i.staiu cum. 
 
 inissionei, 1832-3. 
 New Poor Law lioaid appointed (E. CliaJwick, .sec), 
 
 1834 ; dis.solveii, 1846. 
 Ailditiomd workhouses onlered to be ciwtM!, 1819, i3j4. 
 
 Poor Law A ndnieiit liill pii.ssed 18.(4:' loniniM 
 
 " UitUiit^," &c., amended in 1B36, 1838, 1840:111111:47. 
 Poor Law (Irekind) act piissed 1848 : iiiiieinliil iSj), 
 A Poor Law system estal>lisbe.l in Sietliiii.l. iS4; 
 Poor Law (Ireland) Hale in aid act passecl in 184^. 
 In Si'othind, in the ye:ir ending .Mny, 1851, tlif iniiiiWr 
 relievc't was 141,870, iit an avei:i;;e cost uf s!, 2... jl, 
 and the expi'iiditure was 533,943/. 
 In Ireland, the poor's rate for the year emliiigSciit i!;i. 
 
 was 1,101.878/. 
 Mr. Henry .Mayliew ]mblislies his " Loudim Labour aal 
 
 the Liaidon Poor, " 1851-2. 
 An agitation for the niiiiili-intioii n/jwor's rif^o-tliroiiglinat 
 
 the kingdom, began in 1S57. 
 The Timm drew attention to the eiiniiitiim of tlif l.*>(. 
 ;t'« poor in London, wliieli led tii iiie:isiires for tlinr 
 relief, Dec. 1858. 
 Sorielijfui- velivfiijtlislresa, St. James's, e»tiililislif(l ii!o, 
 Laws resiieeting removal of the poor aiii.'u.leil 111 i»i. 
 b'lilfiii /•(■/(('/("■/passed to eiialtle i-eitaiii iiiiieiis toolit;iin 
 temporarv aid (on aecmiiit of tlie di»irM.s in Ijm. 
 shiie tliiiiugh suspension ol ■ottoii iii:i:mfiicturi-s),::t 
 Mi'trnpnl Hull liiuisrlrs.^ jiiKiriiH (authon-^iii;; L'iiai-il!'iii> ;>i 
 receive destitute persons into \V"rkli"iisM, :ui'l tin 
 metropolitan board to reimburse tlieiii) passol, j; 
 ' .Inlv, 1864. 
 
 j Aiinuiil report of Poor Law lioanl ler 1864, slums ml 
 I decrease of pauperism issued Sept. 1S65. 
 40 (■(■/((</(«/"(■ /("('.■<''/f.« /((wcestalilislieil in l.iinilon,iit4-.i 
 " Casual wards " ill London workliiiii.<es ivccive nxKi-r 
 
 night, Jan. 1865. 
 Union chiii-geability act passed, 1865. 
 Field lane Reliige : new building fiu'iinilly oiwicl liV 
 
 earl of tSluiltesliurv, 6 June, 186(1. 
 Miir<pnHli'ii """r '"■' passed for est:iblisliiii™t of asy. 
 
 Iniiis for tlie siek, ins;ine, ie., 29 Mau'li, 1S67. 
 Poor Law .Vmendiiieiit act makes I'lier Law Icaul i«. 
 
 maneiit ; passed, 20 Aug. 1867. ,,.,,, 
 
 Much exciteiin lit respecting the biulediiditiounfL.mk 
 wiu-khouse inliriiiaiii's. June, 1860: "t K;iniliam »'"rk. 
 house, Oct. 1867. Classification iirgenily iiwlnl. 
 
 * "Tli(! princiiile of the poor law of 1834 (ii"» :'■ 
 
 force):- (i) No. shall be allowed t.. |»;nsii lhi>¥i 
 
 want of what is necessary forsiistaiiiiii;; lilt and iraim, | 
 (2) every destitute parent is biannl toileniaiiilainbiWm 
 Irom the guardians whitt is ii.^eessjivy fe.;- MistaiaiE tN.^ 
 health and life of his children ; neglect "f tins (likVi* 
 criminal; (3) it is oliligatory on tlie guanlms .;f tie 
 p.Kir to alf(U-d snilieieiit relii^f to all persons uuanK^ t» 
 maintain themselves ; rcfii.sal an iinlictable olMrt- | 
 (K I'ak.) 
 
 ^.4~iur 
 
^:''i 
 
 POOR. 
 
 iiilc.l II new eiiiiiin- ()( tliB 
 ill tills i'(miitry, 1V04, wliicli 
 iiks dcstripyfil it 111 ^jg, 
 
 ovince, S.W. Imlia. forniitlv 
 lowfi- nf the \vUw ., ,|f (i;^ 
 t was raiituifil liv \Vcll,..l|.v 
 ril, l«()3, l\ii- Diiji'e U,i„, wl;;, 
 lirnti'cticii. liiiji'e ri'si'Ufd his 
 lor a iioiisioii. Visited ijy t!iM 
 N'ov. I875, see lliiiilmij isl-, ' 
 
 or of Engliiiid, till tlie liim. .f 
 ted as the |iii.ir .11' Iivhin,! u„t;| 
 private lieuevolemr. K\ statiilf 
 t was eiiiietc'il tlmi iionV simuij 
 :ir able to work, iiy ili,- o.im- 
 i-ere to be aust.iineil liv "pir. 
 iluiieli, and parishioniTvoilwt 
 Jelaiilt of siisteimiii e ; " and In- 
 riators were oliliged to ilistiilni'j. 
 pour; tmt iir. niiiipul,,iirv |;nv 
 ,■ 27tli lien. VUl. 1^5;. Ihe 
 It I'ooii LAW H relVnvd to the 
 l(X3I, by whiili ovcrscors wcie 
 les. See Stliliiii.nt^ Aftuf. 
 lissioi'., K. C'liadwick assistant cum- 
 
 rd uiipoiuteil (E. Cliadwick, svr.) 
 45. 
 
 ■s iirili'i-cd to III' civc'trd, 1819, i8]4. 
 iMit bill imssnl 18)4 :• Idniiinj 
 ■nileil ill i8j6, 1838, 1846 and 154;. 
 :t piisseil i8i8 ; aiiu'iidi'd i8jg. 
 stiiblislied ill Snitlaiid, 184;, 
 ate ill aid act [lassi'd in 1849. 
 ■ur eiidiii;,' Miiy, 1851, tlic iiiiiiiWr 
 
 0, lit an avfVJi;;!' ciist ut 3'. v. yl, 
 e was 535,943'. 
 
 I rale for tlie year iMidiiigSeiit. 1851, 
 
 [iiiblislies his "I.iiiidim LabnuraiiJ 
 1851-2. 
 {intli/iittioii n/j)oor'.sr('K<tlivmi;;linut 
 
 II ill 1857. 
 
 Illiiill to the enliiiitiiill of till' ;».i:!f- 
 
 1, wliiili led to iiieasiues fur thtir 
 
 strex.i, St. James's, e.stalilislied 'Sfe 
 oval of t\w jioor aiiiouded 111 lioi. 
 'd to eiiufile eertiiiii iiiiimis toiilto 
 1 aeeouiit of till' distress ill Liiiii. 
 elision of .nltnii iiiaiinfaetuns).;;^;, 
 
 .1 yiii'ir iii-t (.•uitliiinsiiit; jjiwril! ;■> 
 
 persons into wniklimisfs, aii'i tiic 
 rd to reiialiiirse tlieiii) I'assfd, jj 
 
 lor Ijiw lionrd for 1864, slimvs srra! 
 ■isiu- issued Si'i't. 1S65. 
 s,s ;«i»-estalilislii'd in l.midiai, iS(4-:. 
 Lomloii wurkliiiuses ivceive 1000 i*r 
 
 aet passed, 1865. 
 
 new liuildiii!,' fiiriiially ui'fiirl Iv 
 y, 6 June, iH6b. 
 
 'ft passed for estalrlisliiin'iit '•! «■ 
 insane, &e., 29 Mairli, 1667. 
 'lit net makes I'liiir haw Istuil \<r:- 
 20 AiiK. 1867. 
 
 speelillK the bad cimditiulinf l.'fll'l'l 
 uries, .Iiiiie, 1866; of Fandiaiii »"ik. j 
 
 t'lassilieation \iii{enily neeli'il. 
 
 1 cif the pnor law of 1834 (ii"« 
 ■ shall be nlloHi'd to I'ei'isii Ita""-* I 
 'c'ssiiry t'lirsustaiiiiiij; life and liniltli; 
 lureiit is boniidtudi'niandaiab'bttii ] 
 «di:il is ii,'pe-s;iry r-.'.- Mislai!!!!!; <.¥ 
 lis ehildreii ; n.'tileet iif tliis dii!!" 
 (i|jlit;atoi-v on tlai guardians f tin 
 eieiit ri'lief to all pcriieiis r.iuw I;; 
 es; refusal an indictable ull>!i'<' 
 
 POOR. 
 
 863 
 
 POOR. 
 
 3< July, 1868 
 1876 
 
 Piwr Law Aiiienilnieiit act passed 
 
 lliriJed Parishes and Poor Law Amendment aet 
 
 iiassfd . ■ • , ■ , ■ • '5 '^"H' 
 I'litidnUoftlui P"'"' '-""' '"'"'■'I ■ tTathorne Unrdv, 
 
 gjuly, 1866: earl of Devon, May, 1867; ij. j. 
 
 (ioscficn, 9 Dee. i868 to Mareh, 1871 ; see Local 
 
 tSfirermuiit Iii*(if''i 
 Minatc of the luior law board delliiiiij,' limits of 
 
 relief, iind reeoiiiiiiendiiin oij,'aiiisiitioii of metro- 
 
 Mlilani'liaritalile institutions, 20 Nov., wliieli is 
 
 aJoiiti"! liv several parishes . . . Dec. ,869 
 Otiieral order for bnardiiiK-out ,auper children, 
 
 issiuil ••••,• • • 25 N'ov. 1870 
 (l,irit0rgaiHiiitiiia Snciiin (see Ihiirilnlih lleliff), 
 
 (Staiilislnxl, 1869; re|iorted very sueeesst'iil Jan. 1878 
 Tlieactfor more eipial distrilmtiim of charge for 
 
 nliefofin-iloor]ioor (passed 20 June) came into 
 
 nwration 29 Sept. „ 
 
 (ireiilarofliiior law board respecting farniiiii,' out 
 
 |iaiiliercliildreii 25 Nov. ,, , 
 
 .W* regulations for casual pour published in Times ■ 
 
 27 Nov. ,, 
 r.mrrateasses.sinent acts amended . . . ,88? \ 
 
 Pxirlaw conference act Jiassed . . 18 June, 1883 i 
 Omiiiissi'in to inquire into the state of the jiuur 
 
 appiiiitol ; ahp. of Canterbury, earls .Spencer, 
 
 ilii.sl)W and others .... .March, 1888 
 X(« poor law act piLssed .... 30 Aug. 1889 
 Sir Eilwiii CliaJwick, eminent poor law reformer, 
 
 aged 90, died 5 'J"ly, 1890 
 
 .t-etlpoor coniinission, lonl Aberdare. chairman; 
 
 the prince of Wales, lords IJngen, Hrassey, I'lay- 
 
 fair, Mr. Jossph Chamberlaiii, Mr. C. T. Ritchie, 
 
 Dr. ff. A. Hunter, Mr. J. Arch, Mr. Henry 
 
 liroadliurat, .Mr. C. S. Loch, and others; Mr. E. 
 
 .instin Browns, secretary, Jan. ; first meeting, 
 
 I Feb. 1893 ; many ineetiuKS ; report issued ; much 
 
 lilference of oiiinion, and various schemes pro- 
 
 iwiinded 30 .March, 1895 
 
 Housiiij; or the poor, see Arlimtis. 
 
 I Cin'Ularof the local goveruiiient board, respecting 
 
 classiliration in workhouses, issued . Aug. 1896 
 
 fnChihlrt)!, 1896 and Ilitnii'imlJuhilte, 24 Juiie, 1S97 
 Heeeiveil, for relief of the poor, in 1S69, in England 
 
 and Waljis, 11,776,153/. ; in Scotland, 892,712?. ; in 
 
 Ireland, 927,046/. : total, 13,595,911/. 
 hiipers rfceiving relief i Jan. 1878 ; England and 
 
 Wales, 742,703 ; Ireland, 85,530; 14 .May, 1877, 
 
 .Seiitlanil, 96,404 ; total, 924,437 ; Feli. 1889, 
 
 Eaglaiul anil Wales, 762,853. 
 I Paiiiierain the inctroiiolis receiving relief ; -Dee. , 
 
 1S69, iSJ,55j ; Dec, 1870, about 147,000; Dee., 
 
 i3;:, about 124,000 ; July, 1872, 104,280; April, 
 
 114,644; .Vug., 104,578: Oct., 1873, 97.287 ; Sept., 
 
 1874,104,983; June, 1875,84,598 (indoor 32,661, 
 
 "i'5'i937); t)eti., 1875, 84,782 (indoor 35,673, 
 
 onl 49,109); July, 1876, 77,498 (indoor, 33,735, 
 
 011143.763); Jan. 1877, 82,950; June, 78,203 (hi- 
 
 diior, 35,903) ; 8 Dec. 81,986 (indoor, 42,242); 27 
 
 Mareli, 1878, 84,753 (indoor, 41,403) : 27 July, 
 
 ■6,709 (indoor, 38,043) ; 31 Urn:. 83,674 ; 8 Keb. 
 
 1S79, 94,765 (indoor, 45,095) ; 19 April, 83,075 ; 28 
 
 June, 78,680 ; 27 Sept. 79,674 ; 717 va;;rants ; 27 
 
 Dec. 02,495. 1880, last week, March, 88,893 : 
 
 (indoor, 46,736) ; June, 84,137 (vagi-ants, 931); 
 
 .Sept 82,188; Dee. 92,654 (vagrants, 697); 18C1, 
 
 last week March, 95,767; indoor, 52,'j12 ; vag- 
 rants, 780; June, 86,404 (indoor. 48,;'93); 1881, Kriiciiilcil. 
 
 Ott, 89,740 (indoor, 50,792, vagrants, ,32); Dec. In 1580 
 
 lit, 93,170; v.igrants, S83 ; 1882, i April, 92,233 1680 . 
 
 (indiior, 51,480, vagrants, 788) ; June, 86,417 (in- i6g8 
 
 door, 48,363, vagrants, 643) ; Sept. 88,581 (indoor, 1760 . 
 
 50.174, vagrants, 915); ix-'. 96,687 (iii.loor, 1785 
 
 54,3;3. vagrants, 696); 1883, .March, 97,743(1"- 1802. 
 
 door, 54,836, vagiants, 497) ; June, 85,555 (in- 1S15 , 
 
 door, 49,713, vagrants, 386); Sept. 85,849 (indoor, 
 5°,9;7i vagrants, 46.) ; 1884, Jan. 94,540 (indoor, 
 55,965. vagrants, 471); April, 89,540 (in,l,)or, 
 54.122, vagrants, 528); Aug. 85,069 (imloor, 
 51.849, vagrants, 482) ; Dec. 94,041 (Indoor, 57,002, 
 vagrants, 374); ,885, Mareh, 94,047 (indimr 56,49, 
 vagrants, 54a); June, 85,555 (indnm, 49.713, vag- 
 rants, 592) ; Sept. 86,: 19 (indoor, 51,968, vagrants, 
 562); 26 Dec. 94,902 (iiidour, 56,002, vagrants, 
 
 322); 1886, 27 .March, 101,982 (iiid ■, 56,507. 
 
 vagrants, 463); 26 Jiiii,', 87,171 (iiid ■, 51,570 
 
 vagrants, 454); ...5 .Sept. 87,604 (ind ■, 52,628, 
 
 Viigraiits, 650); .!5 Dee. 98,611 (•nil ■, 57,520, 
 
 vagrants, 475); ,887, 26 .Nlarcli, 103,726 (indoor 
 58,221, .-agrants, 627); 27 Aug. 88,274 (ind.ior, 
 53.164. vagrants, 619) ; 26 Nov. 101,852 (indoor 
 59.006, vagrants, 1,054); 1888, 28 Jan. 108,784 
 (indoor, 60,883, vagrants, 1.165); 28 April, 102,617 
 (indoor, 58,273, vagrants, ,,,5,); 28 Jiilv, 90,510 
 (niioor, 52,875, vagrants, 976); 27 Oct. 96.0,0 
 (indoor, 58,070, vagrants, 1,182); 1889, 26 .Ian. 
 104.734 (indoor, 61,521, vagrants, 1,119) J 27 April 
 95.6C0 (indoor, 53,509, vagrants, 1,114); 29 June, 
 88,699 (indoor, 54,460; vagrants, 605); 28 .Seiit. 
 92,012 (indoor, 56,805; vagrants, 1,169); 28 Dee. 
 97.661 (indoor, 60,111; vagrants, 775); ,8,0, 
 5 April, 93,31,6 (imloor, 58,216; vagrants, 707): 
 28.hiiie, 87,600 (indoor, 54.267; vagrants, 765); 
 27 .Sept. 38, 147 (imloor, 55,273; vagrants, 1,014); 
 ^l 'o ,9,7''23 (indoor, 59,588; vagrants, 525); 
 1891, 28 .March, 92,395 (indoor, 58,364 ; vagrants, 
 748); 27 June, 86.109 (indoor, 53,981 ; vagrants, 
 772) ; 26 .Sept. 86,072 (indoor, 54,478 ; vagrants, 
 814); 31 Dec. 94.639 (indoor, 6o,i6q; vagrants, 
 743)1 1892, 26 .March, 92,936 (indoor, 59,612' 
 vagrants, 771); 26 .luiie, 83,731 (imloor, 54,838; 
 vagrants, 740) ; 24 Sept. 88,898 (indoor, 57,207 • 
 vagrants, ,,218); 24 Dee. 98,i2.( (ind-jor 62,577! 
 
 vagrants, 901): ,893, 25 Marcdi, 93,067' (indoor 
 60,334 ; vagrants, 654) ; 30 June, 90,34, (indoor, 
 57,708 ; vagrants, 800) ; 30 Scjit. 97,424 (indoor, 
 61,96,); 31 Dec., total 104,823 (indoor, 65,937); 3r 
 March ,894, 99,885 (indoor, 63,854); 30 Juui, 
 93.697 (lodoor, 59,679); 29 .Seiit. 96,055 iindoor, 
 61,015); 29 Dee. ,04,242 (66,770), vagrants (men, 
 women and cliildreu), 1,243; 31 Jan. ,895 
 125.435; 30 March, ,22,611 (indoor, 67,070' 
 vagrants, ,070); 29 June, 96,905 (indoor, 60,982; 
 vagrants, ,,059); 28 Sept. 99,477 (indoor, 63,154 : 
 vagrants, 1,3.^9); 28 Dec. 106,186 (imloor, 67,193- 
 vagrants, ,,079); ,896, 25 April, ,o,,o59 (indoor, 
 63.84s ; vagrants, 1,024) J 27 .luiio, 96,989 (indoor, 
 60,807 ; vagrants, 936) ; 30 Sept. 98,619 (imloor, 
 62,3.6 ; vagrants, ,,,78); 30 Dec. ,04,327 (indoor, 
 6.6,633; vagrants, 883); ,897, 31 March, ,03,, 18 
 (iiK oor, 65,000; vagrants, 959); 3 ,Ji,lv, 96,14, 
 (iiKoor, 60,563; vagrants, 7,6); 30 Sept. 99,468 
 (1111 oor, 63,509 ; vagrants, 1,122); 3, Dee. ,04,487 
 (indoor, 67,337); 1898. 31 March, ,04,6,5 (indoor 
 67,278 ; vagrants, 1,260) ; 2 July (indoor, 62,696 : 
 vagrants, 959). ^ 
 
 The iKiwers ami duties of the poor Law board 
 merged into the I.nral Curmmtiit luMnl hy act 
 passed 14 Aug. 1871 ; president, James Stansfeld ■ 
 O. Seiater-Uooth .... Feb i87j 
 
 A Poor-law act pa.ssed . . .' 15' Aug.' 1876 
 
 EXOLAXD AND WALES. 
 
 Poor fiitc.-i. 
 . £i88,8n 
 665.562 
 819,000 
 . 1,556,804 
 . 2,184,950 
 ■ 4,952.421 
 - J.418.845 
 
 &7»'a(/t'i/. 
 In 1820 
 18 )o . 
 
 1835 
 1840 . 
 
 ■845 
 '853 • 
 
 Poor rates. 
 
 £7.329,594 
 
 8,111,422 
 
 ■ 6.356.345 
 . 5.468,699 
 
 • 5.543.650 
 6,522,412 
 
 t'ADPEHS RECEIVISO RELIEF (NOT VAQBANTS). 
 
 I Eacland * Wales, , Jan, 
 j.- "tiiui . aijout ,4 .May 
 |l:«l>ud . , Jan. 
 
 ToUl. 
 
 1849, 
 934,410 
 S2.357 
 620,747 
 
 'i1.637.5s3 
 
 1875- I 
 815.587! 
 105,895, 
 
 8o,993' 
 
 1883. I 
 
 790.296! 
 
 92,6i8 
 
 115,684! 
 
 91.993 
 113,9471 
 
 1889. ' 1890. I 1891. 
 810,133787,545774 C.D5 
 90,9,8 88,6o6| 
 109.957, io7.774;'o6.972 
 
 llfvilt 
 
 ft 
 
 f 
 
 I -h 
 
 I I 
 
 ^»it 
 
 r ,■ '*:<"' 
 
 :i. I 
 
 '.,t\, 
 
 1,087,985 
 
 1861. 
 
 1,002,475 1,007,598 1,031,449 ,,oii,oo7'983,92S 
 
POPE. 
 
 W^ 
 
 ENdl.AND AND WALKS. 
 
 Yi'iirs ciuli'd Avi'iayc iiniiilHMMir iiuiiiicin. Kxpinili- 
 l^ady-diiy. Iiidonr. (>iitdi")r. turi>. 
 
 1858 . ... 122,613 786,^63 £5,878,542 
 
 1859 . . . 121,232 744,214 5. 558. ''89 
 i860 . ... II3..S"7 7-1' '^6 . 5t454,964 
 
 1861 .... 125,866 758,055 5.77S.i)4.i 
 
 1862 .... 132,236 784,906 6,077.922 
 
 1863 .... 136,907 94''.47S 6,527.u:!6 
 
 1864 .... 133, 7fi' 881,217 6,423,381 
 
 1865 .... 131, 3'3 820,586 6,264,966 
 
 1866 .... 132,776 783. .i76 6,439,517 
 
 1867 .... 137.3IO 794.236 6,95((,84o 
 
 1868 (i .Jan.) . . . 158,723 876,iL» 7,498,059 
 
 1869 ,, . . 163,071 876,478 7,673.100 
 
 1870 165,324 914.067 71644.307 
 
 1871 ,, . . 165,289 916,637 7,886,724 
 
 1872 ,, . . . 154.23., 823,431 8,007,403 
 
 1873 ,, . . 154. '7' 736,201 7,692,169 
 
 1874 149.538 679.723 7.664.957 
 
 1875 ,, . 153.7" 661,876 7,488,481 
 
 1876 148,931 600,662 71335.858 
 
 1877 ,, . 157. '91 571.159 7.400,034 
 
 1878 106,875 575.828 7,688,650 
 
 1879 ,, . . 175.345 625,081 7,829,819 
 
 1880 189,394 648,636 8,015,010 
 
 1881 ,, . . 189,438 613,688 8,102,136 
 
 1882 ,, . . . 188,433 609.181 8,232,472 
 
 1883 „ . . 190,380 608,910 8,353,292 
 
 1884 ,, . . • 187,593 586,717 ; 8,402,550 
 
 1885 ,, . • 190,184 593,971 8,491,600 
 
 1886 194.440 613,193 8,296,230 
 
 1887 ,, . ■ 196,853 620,436 8,176,760 
 
 1888 200,666 624,843 8,440,821 
 
 1889 ,, . • 198,191 611,941 8,366,477 
 iSqo ,, • ■ • 195.048 592,497 8,434,345 
 J891 ,, . . 192,942 581,963 8,643,318 
 
 1892 ,1 • • • 192,460 562,025 8,847,678 
 
 1893 ,, . • 199.934 576.524 9.217.514 
 
 1894 „ • • ■ 212,629 599,812 9.67!. 503 
 
 1895 ,, . 215,548 601,883 9,866,605 
 
 1896 „ . • ■ 216,872 610,345 10,215,974 
 
 1897 ,, . ■ 216,029 608,333 
 
 POOR CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY, 
 
 for providing I'ood, clothing, &c,, esti'Dlislu'd 1887. 
 
 POOR KNIGHTS of Windsor, or Alms 
 Knights. Soon altor his institution of the order 
 of the Garter, Edwiud III. founded this charity, for 
 the provision of 24 (iifterwards 26) poor nersons 
 eminent for military services. Kdward IV. dis- 
 charged tlie college from the support of the alms- 
 knights, but Elizabeth re-established the charity 
 for 13 knights, 1559. King William IV. changed 
 the name to the " Military Knights of Windsor," 
 in consequence of their all having held commissions 
 in the army, Sept. 1833.— Tlie "Naval Knights of 
 AVindsor" are maintained on a distinct foundation, 
 under the bequest of Samuel Travers, 1724. The 
 corporation was established in 1 798. An act making 
 lieutenants and widowers eligible was passed in 
 1867. Alterations made by act passed in 1885. An 
 act to dissolve the corporation was passed in 1892. 
 
 POPE (from tl'e Oieek I'appas and Papa, a 
 father or grandfather), considered by Romanists to 
 be the visible chief of the church, the vicar of Jesus 
 Christ, and the successor of St, Peter. He styles 
 himself " servant of the servants of God," The 
 title pope was formerly given to all bishops. It 
 was first adopted by Hyginus, 139; and pope lioni- 
 facc III. induced Phocas, emperor of the east, to 
 confine it to the prelates of Rome, 606. By the 
 connivance of Phocas also, the pope's supremacy 
 over the Christian church was established ; see 
 Italy, Reformation, and Home. Modem. 
 ill'rid, aijp. of York, e->)ellcd from liis diocsse, 
 apiJeuN to the pope . . . ■ • -679 
 Custom of kissint' the p.ipe's lou lutroducccl . . 708 
 Adrian I. caused money to be coined with his name 780 
 Scrgius II. the llrst pope wlio clmnged his name on 
 his election, 844 ; some contend that it was 
 Seigius I. 687, and others John XII. . . -956 
 
 864 POPE. 
 
 Iiiihilgciici's for the pardon of sin aruiitj.il by ik.w 
 
 I.t'o III. aliont ' ' 
 
 .loliii XVIII. a liiynian, niiiilt' pope . . ' ' \ 
 Tlie llrsl popi^ wlio kept an ainiy, I.e(] IX, 
 Uivgory VII, (ilililelininO) olilij^es Ilemy IV.. ,..„ 
 liuror of Uermany, to staml tliiie iliiys, jl, n,, 
 de|itli of winti'i', liarefooted iit the n:n,'. „r |||, 
 castle i)rc'ani>s.sa, to im|>l(ire liis panlmi 
 Tlie pope's antliinity fixed in KhKlionl 
 Appeals from Knglisli tiiliunids to the \m\v ii,ir„ 
 diieed {I'incr). 19 Wteplien ... 
 
 Heni'v II, of lOnnland liolds ti.e .stimni fi i- 1 
 
 Ah'Xiindei- III. to iMonnt Ids liois,. . " . ' 
 Celesiine III. liieiied tlie enipernr lleii!\ Vj ". 
 crown (ilf his head wliile lineeliiij,., In sllnv iiia' 
 pi'eroj;ative of making ami iiiiinaliinu l<iiij;s . 
 Johii liiiiK of Kiigland did hnm.ip' to tlie puiu's 
 legate tor his dominions, ami iMnnnl iMtiiselt' aiiil 
 his siieecs.sors to an annual pjiyna nl to tie' ii'ihr 
 
 I ^ .Mav', 
 The pope collected the tentlis of tlie wlnplckiiV.iiijin 
 
 of Knghiiid 
 
 The papal seat was removed for seventy yiain fi 
 
 Avignon in Kranci' . 
 The pope's demands on Kngland i-efu.seil liv i«irliii- 
 
 nient '. . 
 
 After the discovery of .Vnierica, impi' .Mi^x.-uiderVI 
 
 granted to thi' I'oilngiiese nil tlie eoiiiitriM totlic 
 
 east, and to tlu' ISpanisli all tin' eouMtiie.s to tlw 
 
 west, of Capi' Noii, Afiiea, tliey might eeiKiiipj- 
 Pope I.eo X. pnlilished the sale of general imlul. 
 
 genees througliout Kiuoiie . . . . _ 
 Appeals to lionie from Kngland abolished [V'nuf) . 
 The words "Loril Tope " struck out of all Kiigli.sh 
 
 hooks 
 
 Kissing the jtope's toi^ and other eerenioniiis alio- 
 
 lislied liy Clement XIV. 
 
 The iiope's political intlneiiee greatly diuihiislieil liv 
 
 the French revolution .... iju'j. 
 His temporal power lost, see Itome . . . pee. 
 See I'los IX. under I'upes. 
 
 10,., 
 
 11^1 
 
 12IJ 
 
 '495 
 
 ■517 
 ■533 
 
 '541 
 
 ';-j 
 
 42. 
 
 66. 
 78. 
 91. 
 
 119. 
 127. 
 »39- 
 
 142. 
 157- 
 168. 
 >77- 
 193. 
 
 lllSllnl'S AND I'OPKS OK liOMK 
 
 Uhe. nnmfs in itidics were iinlijuiHs): 
 Ht. I'KTKit : (said to have been the lii.si l.isliri|,„t 
 Home, and to have been enieilied, lipad Juwii- 
 wards, in 66.) 
 St. Clement (Clemens Uommun.); according tc 
 
 Tertidlian. 
 St. Ijiniis :' martyred ? 
 St. Cletns, or Anaeletns'? martyred? 
 St. Clement II. : alidieated.' 
 100. St. Evaristus ; nuulyred; multiidied chiiitlics. 
 109. St. Alexander; martyred. 
 St. Sixtus I. : martyred'/ 
 St. T(despliorus : martyred. 
 St. Hyginus: condt.'inas iinostics ; called himself 
 
 piijie. 
 St. I'ius : martyred. 
 St. Anieetns. 
 
 St. Soterns : martyred under Mareu.s Antoninus, 
 St. Kliaitherius : opjiosed the Valentiuiaiis, 
 St. Victor 1. ; martyred umler Sevenis. 
 202. St. Zephyrinus ; claimed to Ije Peter's auccesstr. 
 219. St. Calixtus ; martyred. 
 
 222. [The chair vacant, J 
 
 223. St. Urban I. : beheaded. 
 
 230. St. Pontiamis : hanisheil by the emperor Masiiiiin, 
 
 235. St. Antenis : martyred. 
 
 236. St. Faldan : martyred under Ueeius, 25a 
 
 250. [The chair vacant.l 
 
 251. St. Cornelius ; dii'd. 
 
 252. St. Lucius; martyred 252. jVomfi'iiiiu; (ikiiii"! 
 
 restoration to the repentant liip.sed). 
 
 253. St. Stephen I. : martyred in the persecution of 
 
 Valerian. 
 357. St. Sixtus II. (his coadjutor) : martyred llirfi'tos 
 before his disci]de St. Laurence, in tlie inrsfru- 
 ticm of Valerian, 258. 
 
 258, [The idiair vacant j 
 
 259. St. Uhinysius: opposed the heresy of SaMliui. 
 
 * St. Linus is frequently set down as the immediate 
 successor of Ht. Peter ; but Tertulli.iii iiiaintAir.s llis; 
 it was St. Clement. In the lii-st eeutury neitlicrthf 
 dates nor order of suc^cession of bishops arc recomilaUt 
 by even the best authorities. Some assert that tlirrc 
 w-ere two or three bishops of Hointj at the same tiiiif. 
 
iimilcii(i|K' . . ■ . ' 
 - 1111 iilliiy, 1,1-11 IX. . ' !"'* 
 
 ml) iplilip's lli'iuv iv,. Hii^ ""'* 
 u staiul tliiv,' ,li,vs, III 111,. 
 
 ■I'fdl.tCll 111 th,. ^;,l,. ,J ,||, 
 
 lllllilniv liis liiuiloli ,„., 
 
 ;i'(l ill Kll;;liiiiil ■ J ;' 
 
 rilpiiiiiils 1(1 till' ]«iiii- iiiii,'. '' 
 I'lii'ii 
 
 li'il'ls 11m. stimii, f, I'lw.i,. •• 
 
 lilt liis lidisi' . ■ . . ,,,; 
 
 the i'iii]icrcir Ilniiv VI 's ' 
 
 H-llilf klll'i'lillji, In slinw liis 
 
 ,'iiiiil iiiiiiiiikiiiK kuiKs, ,, , 
 
 llill iH.lllllK.' t.l 111.. |i,,|„,', 
 UH, mill linlllKl lilliis.ll ;,i„l 
 
 llllllllll pliyilllUl tu till. |,r,|„. 
 
 I'l M.iv, i!i- 
 
 tclllllS,,ftll.'Wll,.l,.kill-,l„||, ' 
 
 iiuivoil for si'vcnty yriiis to 
 
 I Kiigliiiid ri'l'iisid liy ].iiiiia. ' 
 
 Viiirriivi, iKi]ii' .\li-xiiiiili.rV|' ' ^ 
 ,'m'Si'iill thi' iiimitii.'sti-tliii 
 
 lixli all til iiiiliii's til tliB 
 
 ilVii'ii, thi'j- iiiit!liln,iii|i,(.|- . ,,„, 
 1 the «iilu iif (iiMicnil iiulul- 
 
 "i"l"' i5„ 
 
 KiiKluii'l nlxilislii'il (Vinrr) . ,:,, 
 -■ " stniuk out of all Knjilish 
 
 anil (itlicr roreiiionins alio- 
 
 IV ,;;, 
 
 liii-iic-c- gri-atly (liiiiiiiislk-(l liv 
 
 AND I'OPES OF RriME 
 
 I iliilivs iwrp aiifi'jMpfs): 
 il til liavt- lii-i-u till- lirstliislii-|M,( 
 Imvu lii-cii i-riiiilii-il, lii-aj iluivii- 
 
 'U-iiirns U(iiiia:iii») ; aocorilin;; to. 
 
 lyii-(l ? 
 
 iiK-U'tiis? iiiai'tvri'il? 
 aliilii-ati-d? 
 iiurtyii-il ; iiiiiltiiilii-il ilmiilies. 
 iiartyri'd. 
 artyri-il? 
 : mai'tyi-i'il. 
 iiiili'iijiis (jiiostics ; callwl liimstll 
 
 i-tyred imdor Mai(-us Antoiiimi!. 
 ; uiijiosed llie Viiluiitiuiaii-i. 
 lai-tyied uiuli'r Suvi-nis. 
 
 claiiiiiHl to bu Peter's successor, 
 iirtyred. 
 It.) 
 
 flii-adt'd. 
 
 liaiiialicd by tlio e iiiiiciw .Maximin. 
 iirtyii'il. 
 
 rtviL-d under Doiius, 250. 
 It.] 
 li(-d. 
 
 irtyred 252. Nni-nliiniiu ; (ik-iiie-l 
 I the re|ientaiit laiiseil). 
 ; iiiartyreil in the persecution ot 
 
 is eo!ul.iutoi-) ; nuii-tyioil tlireedays 
 
 ciiile St. Lniireiiee, in tlie ptrseiii- 
 
 an, 258. 
 
 lit J 
 
 oiiii.'sed the heresy of Salwllius. 
 
 lently set down as the iraniediatc 
 er ; but Tfrtullimi maintains iht 
 III the fii-st eeutury neither the 
 [icessinn of liishupsarereconeiliihie 
 itliorities. Some xssert that tlidv 
 1I10118 of Roiac at tlic same time. 
 
 Vi 
 
 j,!. St Miltiades or .\leli-liia.l.-,s : i-.,:,diiitor t.i Kiisi-bins 
 StHilvi-st..r.-c-nniiMi-mi.iii,.nt „,• teiiipimir power 
 liygifts iif ConstaMtini-. ' 
 
 died the next vear 
 
 iiinin- 
 
 St. Jeronu', 
 
 POPE. 
 
 169, St Pelix I. died in prison 
 
 1)5. St Kntyehlann.s. 
 
 iSj. St Cuius : a relative of the emperor Dioi-letian 
 
 ^, St Mnri-ellinus: .-.„;,/ to have lapsed iinUer a sci-ero 
 
 iwraeeution r ; i-iiiionised, 
 J04. (Die I'liair vacant 1 
 308. St Mareellns : Imnishi-d rrom Rome by theeniiK-ror 
 
 Miixeiitius. ' 
 
 310. St Eusehir.s : died the same \ 
 
 3H 
 
 316. St .Man-US ,„ ,,„,. 
 
 ji;, St Julius I. : of great pii-i'y and learning 
 tiiiii'd the oaiise of .St, ,\tli,-iii,isin.s, 
 
 3;j. Lilieriiis : lianished. 
 
 ,ii. Wij;/A,antipoi,e: plaeed in the ehair liv Con 
 ,stans, ilnniig tlie exile of Liberiiis, on'whosu 
 return he was driven iv.im it witli i.-nominv ' 
 [The emperor would hnvr tli,- two' s'iei.-n 
 
 tl.p-tller: blltthe I ph. elie.lollt, "Wc ,'« 
 
 3;!. Lllierius again : nhdii-ateil, 
 '„ fe/ij lieeaiue jiope. 
 359. Liherius again : niartyi-i-d ^Sr;, 
 366. St Daiimaus: opposed the' .\riiiiis: 
 his .secretary, eonei-ted I,.itiii liible, 
 367 tVsiiiiw; expelled liy Vah-ntinian, 
 3S4. Sirieius: eonibab-.l iien-ties. 
 393. St Ana.stasiiis : proserilied works of Origcn 
 
 401 St Inn.went i. : condi-miieil IVIicdans ' 
 
 417. St Zozinius : ditto. " 
 
 418. St Boniface I : inalntaiiK-d by the oniperor Hono- 
 
 nils, against Eiihilins. 
 42J, St Cclestine I. : .sent missions to Iri-land 
 431 Sixt'is HI. : oppo.sefl -N'estoriiis and Kuty'ehos 
 44a 5t Leo I. the Great: zealous; restruiiied Alaric • 
 
 an alile writer. ' 
 
 461. St Hilary : rich, liberal. 
 46S. St Simphcius : wise, iiriident 
 
 ^"ti'ti'";-;^'''""" '■"""'"■■ ^™" ■•^''""•«»« 
 
 49!. St. Geiasiiis : ojiposed heresy ; lixed the canon nf 
 
 Scriptures ; eoin].iled the mass, 
 4)6. St Aiiajitasiiis II. : congiatulated Clovis 
 493, S.nmuacliii,s : zealous against the Ueiioti'con 
 „ Utimntlus: nntipope, 
 514. Homiisilas: opjiosed Entvi-hians 
 
 *''■ ^''"le™lt'"" '" '''""»'""''""1''« ''y Tlieodoric ; 
 
 S"^- f*|Jj\'- •■ introduced extreme unction as a sacra- 
 
 Sjo. Boniface II.— Dinsninm. 
 
 533- John II. : culled .Merciirius.' 
 
 535. Agapctns: converted Justinian 
 
 536. St. Sllverius : son of pope llormisdas, who had 
 
 been inarrieil ; the empress Theodon , .,°urc 
 lis bamsliment into l.ycia (where he died of 
 hmgn), and made Vigilins pope 
 
 537- \iplius: lianished, but restored 
 
 'il' ?''^l''=i'i? '■ • •••"'■'■'■l<'siastieal refiirmcr. 
 
 5'!a John III. : great ornanieiiter of ehurehea. 
 
 573- 1 ilie see vacmt 1 
 
 574- Boneilict I., snrnanied Bonnsus 
 
 5-3. Pelajjlus II. ; died of the plague 
 
 5)a St (3r.gory the Great; revi.sed the litiirgv • sent 
 AuP'sti" to convert tlie Anglo-Saxons *^ ' 
 
 fr4 0r6i5. St Dou.siledit. 
 6i7or6iS. Boniface V. 
 
 «;^:£'^i;™ei.ntr'"'"' '■""■'""'' ^""^'^"- 
 
 640. Severinus ; -v 
 ., John IV. : ( 
 
 i*!. Theoaoriu I. ; ( ''■"iilemned .Monothelites. 
 I ')9- Martin I. ; ) 
 554- Eugeiiivs I. ; liberal 
 
 :iit:' 
 
 687, 
 701. 
 70.'!- 
 708, 
 
 tSi. St. Leo 11 - init it,',. 1 1 ""l-eror ccisecl, 
 
 68, (The sec "■ac,;"f' - '" '""'■'' ' f"^'°""d "»>«i''- 
 (84. Benedict II 
 
 MO. tonon.-rAco<;o/-e and Vascal. 
 
 71S 
 
 73'- 
 
 74«- 
 752- 
 
 757- 
 767. 
 768. 
 772. 
 7-JS- 
 816. 
 8.7. 
 824. 
 827, 
 
 844, 
 847- 
 855- 
 
 858, 
 867, 
 872, 
 882, 
 884. 
 885. 
 89:, 
 896, 
 897, 
 
 900, 
 903. 
 
 - Zoiiniti. 
 
 904 
 911, 
 913, 
 914, 
 928, 
 929. 
 93'- 
 
 936- 
 939- 
 942, 
 946, 
 956. 
 
 963, 
 964, 
 
 965, 
 
 972, 
 974- 
 975- 
 984, 
 
 98s- 
 996. 
 
 999, 
 
 1003, 
 1003, 
 1009. 
 
 1012. 
 
 1024, 
 1033, 
 
 1044, 
 
 Hei-gliis: "governed wi.s(.|y " 
 
 Jo' I'l'I vi'i •.''','''"';""".' '■•'I'"'*''''* ■■ "•■"' n'"! wise. 
 
 "Olill \ Jl. ; moderate. 
 
 Hislnnins; died 20 days alYer election, 
 
 iiople ■ '"■"-' '""' «"'"": *'i»''«'l Constantl- 
 '^'nians.''""'*' "' ' "''"' """'''"''" '" c""vert.Ger. 
 
 ■ "'nm?o,'I,!\, .'"'''■'''■'''''''''ti II'-"' ""'t nuncios to 
 loi t igii [Htweis, 
 
 . .St. Z;ii-liarias, a Greek 
 
 - Stephen II ,.1,.,-ted ; die.l before consecration 
 
 '%:;iii^":n!i!:;-n,::;r''"''"'''--"'""^-->' 
 
 Piiul I. : modei-atean.i pious 
 
 sb"p!;;:;/v;;^!;:r^''ii{;:;;,-^'''^^'''>-'^'™-"- 
 
 Adnan f. ; s.-meti, 1 i,ii,-if;-,.s. 
 
 ii:;,iuu/iv:'';;r'v""""'''""^'«'"'«°°- 
 
 '>'•''.'■■, f •'■tie, ami built churches, 
 
 Kugenmsll. ; "father of the alllieted," 
 
 >aleiitiiiiis, 
 
 Ciregory I V. ; ,,ioiis and learned. 
 
 Sergius II. 
 
 U'o ly. ; defeated the Saracens, 
 
 ne!;;^i!ci"m::i:i;::':,^;l::';""«("'"-^-')- 
 AS7i'v^!:;^*;^;ri;;:;sr'"'""'«''^'''"'- 
 
 John VIII. ; crowned 3 emperors 
 
 .Stephen V. or VI. : very chai-itable. 
 Forniosus: politlcal.-.Se,-;/ia.,, 
 iioiiitace VI. ; di.po.sed 
 
 ''^'o\■'ZI'■^wy''■•''''■'?''■''■''''*''"""''™lt'•""rl«o 
 
 H,;m,/;;ri;;;:r;;r^^"""«'^'"'^-"-i-i"« 
 
 Tlieo,l,u-„s 11. ; governed 22 day.s. 
 
 .lolin I.X. •' 
 
 l!enedi,-t IV. ; " a great pope. " 
 
 l.eo\ ; expelled; died in prtson. 
 
 Christopher. 
 [Several popes made by tlie infamous Marozia 1 
 
 Sergnis III. : dl.sgraced by his vices, •" 
 
 Anastasius III. 
 
 Landoiiitis, or l.andn 
 
 .John .\. : stillcl by Guy, iluke of Tuscany. 
 
 ^Uen-Vnl'^Vnl'""""™'"'-- 
 
 ;"or^i^''Xngd:;',Jl;ri;i/,iiT'''"'"'''"'''«'=-"° 
 
 I.eo yil. : great for zeal and iiletv 
 .Stephen VIII. or IX. ; " of ferocious character " 
 -Uarinus I or .Martin III. ; charitable 
 AgapetusH ; of holy life; nioder.-.te, 
 
 cniH^yiami';;;;;;;!;:;^;''*^''""'''^^''''""^'^-''! 
 
 7.P0 VllI ■ an honour to the chair, 
 
 benedict V. : cl.oseii on the death of John XII 
 
 ait opposed by I.eo VIII., who w,is sni ported 
 Jol,?; ''';;""i:'"";>-i>;i'"; 'He'lnt Hamburg '^""^"^ 
 
 ■'t.^"'tii:';:;!;;;lil^-^';^"''"'-''^»f'>-'»pe- 
 
 Jieiiedict VI. ; murdere.l in prison. 
 
 Doninus W.-Ikmiface VII 
 
 Benedict VII. 
 
 Joliii XIV. : imprisoned by lionifacn VII 
 
 joh;;$^i.st;'e!r;^;!r-"^^^™^''"- 
 
 Sih-ester II, (Gerbert); learned and scientific • said 
 
 jt;xvni.\J;;e^'°''^''"'^''-™year. 
 
 '""silout'/' ^"'''*'''""' """"^ " Docca di Porco." Pig'a 
 "''!L'';J;.';,'jj"- '■ ^-'Woned by the emperor against 
 John XiX.; elevated by bribery. 
 Uenedict IX. ; bei-aiiu; pope, by rurcha.se at 
 .2 years of .age; expelled f'or vices. ^- *' 
 kylvcster III. : 3 moiitlis. 
 
 Gregory VI. : depose.l.-.Sj/h.c-iter,- and John XX 
 [ I he emperor very influential. ] 
 
 3 K 
 
 |: :i*! 
 
 '^^1. 
 
■'f4 
 
 [fill 
 I ' 
 
 '♦r^ 
 
 f, ( J 
 ill "^>i''' 
 
 
 
 POPE. 
 
 1061. 
 1073. 
 
 ,046 CU.n.,ut II. cli.'a tlu, next your (C(c.u.n. Itomanui, 
 
 the rti's' t'liMiic'iit). 
 ,047 n,n,;lhl IX. iiKUlii : anaiii .lepoHiMl. 
 
 '"''■ ^Z^is\ a 'Jn;',::;';;" -my «>a iu™,.tlnenc.. 
 
 I054. ITlic lliniiie viuiiiit ciiu ycur.J 
 
 ,055. Viitcirll. : a irfniiiiur. 
 
 1057. Stt'lilii'ii 'X. '"'X- , , 
 
 ■ \u'x„.;tl.'.' II.: >■'"«'■■'> tl'" 1"!'"' l'""-"-- -""""■ 
 
 St'u'/Jui'v VII. (IIiM,.hr.n.l): viKonm.H iTfnrinor ; 
 
 om,,^ I til . ViiMK'rnr lI.Mi-y IV. ivaiurtMiK in- 
 
 »t..iT(l iLiiu lit CuiiiLSsii, 1077: 'l"-'J. "' '■'""-' 
 
 1080. Clement UI. ((iiiilicrt). 
 
 ,08s. ITliB thniiu' viic'iiia "111.' yi»M 
 
 ,086. Vi.'tnrlll. (Di'liii): li'i'i"'"!; 
 
 Calix'os II. : sailcil ii.v.stituR. .iiifstimi. 
 i;;r;:;a U.: ....niU.,,,,,.! UwysleH: held and 
 
 niiition. 
 1145. Kuwiiiiis III. : asi'i't"'- 
 ""■ Arwriv'^;r Ni.'lHiIas l!mk..s,.™y.. the only 
 
 "■■'• "I'r"; f n ; ki-sed U H fuut held his 
 S^a;id'iec'the^hltl.\«lfreyunwhi^^ 
 
 '■'"'''• III.: learned; eau-miHed Th.mms i\ 
 ivsisted Kirdcriek I. ; 1159. Victor V., 
 l.dlll • 1,68, falistus III.; n78,/ii"<'- 
 
 1119. 
 1 124. 
 J 1 30. 
 
 II54- 
 
 H59- 
 
 1181, 
 1 185 
 1187 
 
 Alexander 
 
 Beeket ; 
 
 1164, /" 
 
 (■«■«( ///. 
 
 Lncins III 
 
 Urban III 
 
 The eai-dinals aeiinire power, 
 cipposed Frederick I. 
 
 c: -Kci-v VIII. Vriiled only 2 months 
 
 Cement III. : i.roelaime.l 3i>l ernsiulc. 
 
 LV.U.stine III. ..ndeavonred to free 
 
 ""illln 'n m^ ii^" i""-"™ ■■ exeom.im.d-ited 
 
 Joi, 1, <.f KiiKlainl; l.reaehed .:ra«idu iig.m.st the 
 
 Alliinennes, 1204. 
 
 ;^-5'S;::;:nri^'V,!;«"£rf,fr;;^nsade; collected 
 
 , iJn '"ent iv : o,>po.sed Viederiek II. : gave the red 
 
 Ai!^li^wy^::estah.i^ie.ii7;;^;ti..ni,,j.;.^ 
 
 }^f''"\^-lV "T el l^id ned VrhmarU- 
 •^'Xll^v'^Kairto'tngland; discouraged the 
 
 the clmrel.es of the east and west. 
 !^Sv.^i;.;!de't:J'SS-nn.254;aiea36days 
 after election. 
 
 J:^^;'^^o?x}^^";lh'H:>B^-hs. 
 
 ^!;r^'.!W!::;;"sn?"..ed Charts or A,,ou. 
 ;;S^:Kr\^.^"eir±d\niru.,anew 
 
 ,„». tTln"thro«e vacant 2 years and 3 monUis.] 
 .. E"'".'f"" •.:.',..•,;.'.; , kiOL-doms : •■ imi..isuu.d his 
 
 H91 
 1198 
 
 1241. 
 
 1243. 
 
 "54 
 1261 
 126J 
 
 1271 
 1276. 
 
 1277. 
 1281. 
 1885. 
 
 have been yiolscmed. 
 1304. [The throne vacant 11 luontnn.l 
 
 1303' 
 
 S POPE. 
 
 1305. Ch'inent V. (Ilertrand de (if.t); unvvriiwl 1,t 
 I'hilip of I'lance ; ivmovcil the |.ii|.,.l wat fnNu 
 Home to Avijiiion, liug. 
 [The throne vacant 2 years and 4 laiiiitlis.) 
 
 .lollll .\.\II. 
 
 lii'iicdict XII. (.V/i'/ic;ii,< 1 . at U U.J 
 
 Clciio'iit VI. : learned. 
 
 Innocent VI. ; favourid Uiciizi. 
 
 Urban V. ; cliiiritablc ; a iialinii "f li-imiin;;. 
 
 Ciregoi'V XI. : inolctor of li.aniiii;; . ii.,t..riM l!w 
 
 ]ia|ial chair to lioiiie ; laoscriWd Wiildillc s 
 
 iloctriiics. 
 
 SriiisM — 1378-1447. 
 
 1378 Urban VI. ; so severe and eriicl tiau tliu carilin,il< 
 eliosc Robert of Ueneva, as 
 annint VII. 
 lioniface IX. 
 
 llrnnlut (called XIII.) at .\vignnn. 
 Innocent Vll. ; dii^l in 1406. 
 Gir'i'>iil XII. AnwloCoraiio. 
 Alexander V. ; diid. sniiposcd hy l"ii»»n. 
 Joliii XXIII. : deiioscd. 
 Martin V otho ('"lonna. 
 CIcmnit VIII. : rcsij^ncd ij2q. 
 Kiigcnius IV. (lalpriclCondohacni: i\iii.«'.l t.yil,.. 
 ciamcil (if liasil, and .Vinadeus of Siivny cIhimh 
 as Fdix v., ill 1419. "ho 11 :iiKiiecl 1449. 
 Nicholas V. : learned ; iiroiiosed ciu:,ii.li' ag;iiii,t 
 Turks. 
 1455. Calixtns III. Alfonso liorgia : eouranemis. 
 iIsS I'iiis II. /Kneas Silvius I'iecnloiiinii ; Iwiriicd. 
 I'aiil II. Pietro Harbo : lacaclied a crusinle. 
 Sixtns IV. : tried to rouse Einuiie against tin- 
 Turks. 
 Innocent VIII. , . „ . , . , 
 
 Alexander VI. Ilodcric Ihirgia : liuis.iafil iitafra<l 
 by drinking of a bowl lie liiiil iin|«irtJ l-r 
 another. ... 
 
 Pius III. Francisco Piccolnnimi; 21 iliiy.s imiie. 
 Julius II. Julian della Uovere ; martial ; ln-ijinsi 
 
 I,co X. Giovanni de' Medici : liis };raiit 0! mM- 
 ' "cnccs for crime led to the Uefuriiiatiun ; iiiiln-n 
 
 of li'arning and art. 
 Adrian VI. . just, learned fmwil. 
 Clement VII. tiiiilio de Mclicn irfasol to ilivnr.- 
 Citherincof .\ragon,aMddiii"iiiici'(ttliuniamj>'t 
 ofllcnrv VIII. with .\une lioleyii. 
 Paul III. Alcxaniler Fanu'sc: aiiiiinvt.ltlifJis.:;!,*, 
 Julius III. Giovanni M. (iio.clii. 
 Mircellus II. : died soon after Ins elirtKiii. 
 Paul IV. J(din Peter Ciiralla. lie weul.l imt if. 
 knowledge Klizabeth (|ueen ot KiiKlaiiil , Mi- 
 tuted " the Index " (irhich Mt), and UM|;uni»;tb 
 France again.st Wl'aiu. ,. . , ,,,..■ 
 Pins IV. Cardinal de' Mcdici: fimiiili'il \Hm 
 
 St'piiH V. Michael Ghisleri : vions; eiifrpti'. 
 Gregory XIII. liuoiicaiiipiigno : great milian »l 
 
 canonist: rcfoniied the ealeialar. 
 Sixtus V. Felix Perctti : an iiMe -ovenior; tscom. 
 
 HenrvIII. and lleiivy IV. of Kiaiiee. 
 Urban VII. : died ,3 days ullir elirtimi. 
 (irc'orv XIV. Nicliolas Slniiidralc 
 Tnuriceiit IX. : died ill two iii'.utlis. . 
 
 clenuVit VIII. lli,,,."lito .Vj-hi^hm: l.mM 
 
 ami just; vubhshed the \ulgste. 
 
 ■■ Gregory XV. Alexander Uidovisio ; foimlrt tl» | 
 
 Pronaganda. 
 
 Urban VIII. Mallei liarbeniu: 
 
 i.inne'ent X Joliii Babtist I'aiilili : 'littfi. 
 "lev, iler V I. F.ibio'chigi : favimri..i Ut™t.,n^ 
 Cleml'nt IX. Ginlio His,.ogliosi ; sovcnielw,* 
 
 ii;;rnt^c/'ode:.^Uc;;i:-c...Me.imeaGal.io«j 
 
 ^^:^:X^m: ottob«ni,coct.;i.irriMi 
 
 Inn!^:!';^^j''AntomoPignateUi:i.Wy;eo4 
 
 Clt™rirti;rVrancisAll,a„i:.3Nov.; 
 
 the bull l-nigend..^ C.mti:tk«fU 
 
 "';jri;u\iiIily;8Ma;'iensi„neaJasKa.au..| 
 
 1314. 
 
 1316. 
 
 1 334' 
 134^. 
 I352. 
 1362. 
 
 •370' 
 
 1389. 
 
 1394. 
 J404. 
 1406. 
 1409. 
 I410. 
 I4>7- 
 1424. 
 1431. 
 
 X447. 
 
 1464. 
 1471. 
 
 1484. 
 1492. 
 
 • 503. 
 
 I3>3. 
 
 1522. 
 «523- 
 
 5 534- 
 1550. 
 • 555- 
 
 •559- 
 1572- 
 
 1590. 
 
 1591- 
 
 I59=- 
 
 1621. 
 
 cjiiinlfmutJ Jit- 
 
 1689. 
 logi. 
 1700. 
 
 1721 
 
 ; iiSBl I 
 
POPE. 
 
 807 
 
 e ; ri'liiiivi-il tliu lan.l smt |i„iu 
 
 Itl, liOi}. 
 
 t a yi'UiKunil 4Huiiitlii.) 
 
 chiiUu r. at Itoiiif.J 
 ■iicil. 
 
 ■cillT'iil llirll/i. 
 
 il.li' ; u iiiitii'ii (if liiinilii;!. 
 
 >ti'itnl' rif lliirllilli; . li-,tMriM Uic 
 
 ) Itcime ; innsriilinl WiikliK-u 
 
 SM— 1378-1447. 
 
 vcri' ami cnii'l tiwi lliu canliMlj 
 rUiui-va, as 
 
 cm.) lit AviK'iiiiii. 
 
 litMl ill 1406. 
 Jl'lll Cllllllill. 
 
 I'll, sUplniMMl liv imisiin. 
 
 ■JIllStMl. 
 
 ■iiliniiiii. 
 vsi^;nl•ll 1429. 
 
 Iplicl CnlLaolllllTil ; .I'lMWnlliylli,. 
 
 »il, aii'\ AmaiU'iisiif Sivuyclicisiii 
 
 1439. will' 1*1 ^^il^llfll 1449. 
 
 iinicil ; iirui'used tni-iuili! ajaiiisi 
 
 iinso niir(,'ia : coiiraseoiis. 
 Silviiis I'iiioliiiiihii; li'iirncd. 
 liarbii ; jiri-ai'lii-il a irusmk 
 iuil tu riiuau Kuioin: iigainst tli- 
 
 loilpric Hiii'nia t )i"i<'iiii'ilatafra-t 
 of a bowl he bad iiriiiarul l>r 
 
 isco Piopoloniiui ; 21 ilays pniie. 
 II della Uuvi'iu ; martial ; Ipfganbt 
 
 iii ill'' Medii'i ; bis jiraiit of imlu!- 
 iiiii' li'il to tbo lU'fijniiatiuii ; intnn 
 ml alt. 
 
 St, li'anii'il, frugal, 
 liiiliii ill'' Mi"lii'i: p'fiisi'iltiiiliV'iP' 
 AvaK»"i. fi'"* dt'iii'iuirt'iltliuuiamajt 
 il. witli Aiiiii' liiilryu. 
 imli'i- l''ariii'si' ; aiiiiruvoiUlicJcsiiiU. 
 vaiiiii M. (liiii'i-bi. 
 (li.'il sunn aftur bis I'k'rtinii. 
 IVti'i- (.'alalia, lb' wmM ii"t s'- 
 Kli/.abi'tb i|Ui.'i'ii 111' Kll^lall■l:ir,^ll■ 
 IiiiU'X " (ii?iii/i sit), and Iwigilcilitilb 
 
 iiHt Spain. 
 
 linal do' Medii'i: fimiuk'il \at™ 
 
 icbai'l GbisU'ri : vinus; eiicrpti'. 
 
 liiiniii-aiuiBii;iiii : t:r«it livilian »l 
 ofiiniii'd tin' raliiiilar. 
 X I'l'ii'tti ; an aMi-^'iviTiior; esc*. 
 and lli'iivv IV. of Kniiirv. 
 
 ;|il'il I-J ibivsaltl'll'lllti'lll. 
 
 Nii'Iinlas Sfniiidrati'. 
 
 ; dii'd ill tWi'llli'lllllS. 
 
 1. lli|iiiuliti> Al'liibniiiibin; Mm 
 I'liblisbi'il till- Vuls^ntf. 
 
 I saiiii' iiiontli. . 
 lie lii.rcbese ; qimni'llciUitli "nrt. 
 
 Alexander l.uduvisiii ; Iniia'lci l" 
 
 "Mallei liarberiiii : eimileninfil to' j 
 
 JobnBaiitistl'.iiiim: ditto 
 
 II Fabii. Cbi^i : lavniiml btmtait 
 Ginlio l!i.'4iuij;liiisi ; tjovinii'l "Mlf' 
 
 .'o'lesealelii ; eiiinU'iiinfil GallioMia I 
 
 Til'.' Ottoboni, Oct. ; helped ItopiU | 
 
 I'i. Ant'.nin l'ii;iiatilli: » Jiily;ta-| 
 .Tnhn Kninds Albinii:23>o\.:i^^-i 
 
 f;Ki;:':f;,An,i.„o,n,i:*..jj 
 
 lily; 8 May; leiisieaedJ." M'-''"^- 
 
 l!jO' 
 IN"- 
 
 1875 
 1880, 
 
 1882 
 >88j 
 
 1884 
 
 ,,,4 Bcncillet XIFI. Orsliil : 29 May; fiivoureil J. E. 
 .Stiiart. 
 ,, cli'i.iint XII. OrsinI : 13 July ; rHHtorcd Sim Mnrl'ui 
 
 (I1|illlille). 
 
 ,. Utiiii'diit XIV, Uinbertlril : 17 Aug. ; leurni'd, 
 aniiable. 
 i,;8, Cli'iiii'iit XIII. elms. liezzonlco; AvIkhoii Inst. 
 ,.6j. Clciiiiiit XIV. tiaiiKaiielll: 19, May; iiiiii|ii-L'.s»eil the 
 
 ' .b'.HIlitS. 
 
 ,,,5. Pins VI. AriKeln lirnsebl, Feb, 15 : ili.tliriim.il |,y 
 Hiilllll'aite ; expelled fliilii Kipine, iinil ili'posudlh 
 Fell. 1798; died III Valeliee, 29 Allj,'. 1799. 
 
 lioo. Pius VII. Uaniabii ('liiaraiiiunle : cli'i'ti'il ,, Mareh ; 
 ajjiees tn a eniieiirilat with rraiiee, 15 duly. 1801 ; 
 iTirtVlls Xapiilenll, 2 Dee. 1804; exeiillllilllliii.ate.'i 
 liiiii. 10 .Iiine, 1809; iiiipi-isiiiied, fjJiily, 11:09; 
 ri'»ii.ii'd ill 1814 ; died, 20 Aug. 1823. (lie ic- 
 
 Slerid llie .lesllils, 1S14.) 
 
 iJjj. LcnXII. Annibale della (ieiiKn, 28 Hfpt. 
 
 i3j9. I'iiisVlll. Kiaiieis Xavier Ca.stiKliiini, 31 Mareli. 
 
 ,t'.i. GrepirvXi 1. MauriiL'apellaii, 2 Keb. ;dii'i|, i June, 
 
 18.16. 
 i5<6. Plii»IX. Oinviuinl Jlaria Miistni-Fcrretti (Imrii 13 
 JIll.V, 1792): elected, i6dniie. Hi'ii ItniiiP, 1846-71. 
 iJ^S. His ili|il»Miatie I'elatinim witli tireat Hritaiii an- 
 tliiiri<i'd by I'ailiiiini'iit. 
 lAel repealed, 1375. | 
 1860-65. His pi'Wers in Kraiiee yi-eutly elieelii-d. 
 1J69. The "I.atii Sententiu'," ri^'anliii;,' exeoiiiiniinica- 
 tiiin and limiting ab.sohitiiin, signed, 12 Out. ; 
 Usiii'il, Dee. 
 ;8;o. Tlie pi'l'e n|irn8 a {.ener.il niuneil (J l)po. 1869), 
 wliiili propimnds llie dni'trine of papal iiifalli- 
 liility iiiid listiil'anatbeinas (.see Ckhih-i/.s), Feb. ; 
 Ji'inivi'd of tlie remains of bis toiiiiioral power 
 (see I!''iiii'), Dee. 
 i!;i. Visited by tile priiiee and prinecss of Wales, 27 
 Maiili ; celebrates a .inbilee (25111 uiiiiivi'i-.sa-v 
 offleetiiin), 16 Jniiu; noininates 14 Itiilian pii- 
 lates, 24 Nov. 
 iS;j. PtTfuniis no Faster soleinnities 31 March ; in his 
 alleculiiin eoiiiplains of the perflceutiim of tliu 
 eliuri'li in Italy, Gerniaiiy, and Spain. Dec. 23. 
 1373, Letter I'ri'ii! the iiiiiie to tlie eiiiiierur of (b-rniaiiy 
 
 I'diiililaiiiiii^' of bis iierseeutinx tlic bishops, imd 1SS5. 
 asserting bis aiitlioiity over all bajdizi'd per- 
 miii.s, 7 Aiifi. ; the emperor re|ilies in ,|ustiliea- 
 tiim, and asserts that there is no mediator be- 
 twi'i'iifind and man but .lesns t'brist, 3 Sept. ; eii- 
 ryilii'allettcriiftliupiipcoii\vidii),'siirtliei'liiireli, 
 21 Xnv. ; be appoints 12 new eanliiials, 22 Dee, 1887, 
 i.'74. Till' papal iiiiiicioex]ii'llci| froiii .Switzerland; lu-o- 
 tii-sts by letter, 17,11111. ; a bull (said to be forged), 
 'liter ngiiiiide of electing a pope, A;c., dated 28 
 May. 1871; appears, Jan.; 3. Cm/, (froiii ].iinr 
 Sirlsiii tli'e.'it Ibitain' presented tii the pope by 
 laJy Herbert nf l.ea. 9 April ; the ijope receives 
 100 Aiaeriean pilgrims, 9 dune; the Knglisb uu- 
 ulliiial sii'i-i-biiy of legation at the jiapal court 
 ivitli'lraivii ; leaves, u Nov.: in his allocution, 
 till' iiiipe cxlmi-ts tlie faithful to patience, and 
 fniliiiis]irii'sts meddling with politics, 21 Dec. 
 1*75. Tlie I'.ipi- re-appears at St. Feter's, after four vcars' 
 scciii.-iiJii, 9 Feb, ; be ileilicates the iiniversiU 
 olmreli to "the .sai'ied heart," 16 June; his 
 imiieiii issues a circular against religious tolera- 
 tion ill Spain, Sept, ; alloentioii : new eardiiiiiU 
 amiiilineid. 17 Sept. 
 i);5. Amiiiiiiiii's an exhibition of sacred objects at the 
 Vatican (in celebration of bis Jubilee) oil 21 May, 
 1877, Aug, ; perfiirnis a rei|uii'iii for the souls of 
 liis enemies. 2 Nov. ; deatli of his eanlin.nl-.secni- 
 tary, Antonelli, 6 Nov. ; succeeded by SInieoiii, 
 aiinat 15 Nov. 
 1J77. Creah-s n lew cardinals, and issues a warm allo- 
 lUtiHiiag.iinstllii' Italian gnvernment, 12 March; 
 aiiii.'iriiilarloforeigu powers, onaeeount of the 
 bill t" re]ii('ss clerical abuses, 21 March ;cr(.'atcs 
 
 3 eanliiials, 22 June ; 2 cardinaLs, ifce., 28 Dec. 
 bieil 7 Feb. 1876. 
 
 i£;3. Leo XIII. Uiiiacebino Peeci (born 2 March iSio)' 
 ' electod, 20 Feb. 1878. 
 
 RmniTs liis guards : holds a cmisistorv, with an 
 alliK'utiiiii ; revives R. C. hicrarcliy in' .Scotland, 
 
 4 March, ' 
 Pulilislu's encyclical endorsing policy of iirede- 
 
 eessur, hi< moderate, 25 April. ,8^^, 
 
 POPE. 
 
 
 iSSg. 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 1802. 
 
 "fe'h^SnKlm,"'^!;;""'^"""" •'™"""'' ' 
 
 '"Nrti'hh-;"""' l'"';'V I"""'l"« eoimn.m. 
 
 sill, .sue alism, and niliilism, as results of thu 
 lieli.rinatloi, ; dalcd 28 Dec 
 Appoints ,0 cardinals (iiieluding J. a. y,..v„mx,), 
 
 ''3ui'm',''''\'''i''' ■n''^''''''''' ' ''''" ''"Ix'' philosophy ; 
 
 Issues I'vcl" '"'""" •^'■''"""■•' •'> "' '■'"I 
 
 issues eiieyclieal on iiiarr age, as ,1 sacnoneiil nml 
 
 „'',l-'^'i'"'tilivu, ; publisbid ,-'i.',.|,""'""' 
 
 onieb-ii'iMi",""; ■",'"" ;•'"»',"■'"« the govemmont 
 ol lielgium („■/,„./, ,,,,,), ,„„| ,,,,,|,i„jj „,^ ,,|^,_,_|^^_ 
 
 ''".''i'Mcl ,^'',"'|' "'''■■•^'•'"■V'/riK'Us for bad heallh, 
 n 'ct., i.iilinal dacobini successor, 17 \ov • 
 he lesigned Dec, ,886 ( d 28 Feb, ,887); 
 
 ch;;;;:it ;^b;;!'•" J'""'™ '^■■' '•- '^''^'-i 
 '"pi'virnme;;;"?"";"!- ''■•"■■'• •"^•^'■'■''"« •'"" "" 
 
 gineinmi'iit is ol divine or g n, and that w-irs 
 are cunseipiencs orthe Ui'l„n„: 1 1 „ .'/ ^ 
 
 Fnev'i'r'",'';','.''"^' '''''•''''■ tl'"''« s'Dee 
 
 ,"'"' "I 1 lull ( Inircbes, 5 Nov 
 
 dislXdlonMl'^'''''''''''^^^ 
 
 1,0... t' heguvcriimelil, ,, M,iv. 
 
 pn .110,111 "arbireagaiiistrcl gion, 23 Jiinti 
 Courleuns, Mm, answer delHen-il, 8 A, '' 
 Lo te|. ,,„m the Pope defeniling tl,e «,,acv, mid 
 
 niciuiiincnding 111,, study of ceelesiasticill history; 
 
 ''anil reei„o!;'''''iri''"'°''".'''''-'''""'' '" «'• r"'''''". 
 aim II ugiii.M's Italian unitv, 7 Oct 
 
 F M- ve i '/M ','";;■'■'?" ,'."■'"'■'■ "'■•h'rniany, ,8 Dee. 
 ii- V 1' ;''■',■ '"..'■'■'■"'•I' I'i^hiips, ciimnieuding 
 e, 1. I'icui'l, ilevutiui, tuieligiun, and exhortinr, 
 
 ,t!;i:r:i^'!;^,;i,:i;:l;:;;l^:';^'ir.;:i^'"-eibreg„r3 
 
 lu a b'tler to cardinar Jacubini' be ufTcrs 40 ooof 
 
 he ^;:;;;;;^i^;;:';^;i,';r """-'"" ^^'^ 
 
 ^Sd^o^u^;""'"'"^ -" "-y '->-!- 
 
 ^'ceivcin'rv h"""'"^""' ■■"""■'• ""■i"lii'"''Hi, well ,c. 
 eucdbytlieeniperurofChiiia, April. 
 
 F'l ■ e","i,"" '"'•'"' '" ""• ''"'Perorof China, , 
 rmrtect^ !'-'"''■""'■' ''"''■'"■ " 1«I«I agent to 
 protect I{.C. missionaries, .Iiilv 
 Encyclical letter c eniiiingliberalisni, &e.6 Nov 
 
 ofScl'Marcl;'.'"" ^"'"""'' ' '"''^''' ^"'^'"'^'V 
 
 Allocution 23 .May 
 
 '^"i'^lds?'™ j:l:r ""'"^ -^"'■^■"" '- territorial 
 '^'Dec."','837) ■'"'■'"'' ^"" '"''"" '"'''""""' ''"'^»* 3' 
 
 '"uJfi^'f ^''"'''""'•. '■"^•"■^" "^Ira'.vdiimrv from 
 lueeii \ etoria,a],pu.nlid, Dec; received'by the 
 pope 17 Dec. ; a massive basin and ewer of L'old 
 presented to the pope, ,5 Dec. *="''' 
 
 tlie popes grand .iubiloe ; mas.ses at St. Pet^T's ■ 
 presc,it43carilii,al..-,238arclibishopsanill,ish.M,s; 
 and about jo.w.a persons, , and , da,,. ; tin' 
 popes ..pecch demanding the indepeiidcicc f 
 
 ^'n I'y"'' ' ^""- = V" ""'"■ ^"'"l-'""s the 
 plan ,1 campaign and boycotting on moral 
 gronnils.annoniici'il 07 April 
 ■The e,„,,eror William II. visils'the iiope ,2 Oct 
 
 wT,?''?^"^'''f ,"■•,'•■ '■i-^''"l-"'tl''= pope pro. 
 
 testing agmnst Italian rei„essivc hgisla ion 
 
 rcsiK-cting bis temporal power, ,0 Nov. """-"'"" 
 
 lie pope receives French ].ilgrims, 2o()ct._\ov 
 
 Iho pope, s encyclical letter on the moral duties of 
 
 t a holies now much neglected, iss-ied 6 Jan. ■ 
 
 puliliiihed, 16 Jan. ' 
 
 Negotiations rcsiieoting tlie Hoinau Catholics in 
 
 Malta, between the British government and the 
 
 'o',',ci,H"','"'' "? ''^ "■'," •'"'"' '•'■'"'"■" «i">i""n.s, 
 concluded ; he leaves lioiiie. 7 Aiiril 
 
 Lncyclieal concerning socialism and the Labour 
 
 i;uestion Lssiicd about i-' Ma- 
 Kncyclical to the French bishop's enjoining on all 
 
 good Uitholics entire submission to the govern. 
 
 bH^l^erX^^l'^'^i^J.^'^"''"'^'^'^'— "^--' 
 The iw])c celebrates his episcopal jubilee, Feb • 
 3 K 2 
 
 i»# 
 
 ..iff 
 
 
 '"t 
 
 ^iil 
 
t%'!.'^ 
 
 f'^ i I 
 
 IHl^^^^^lH^^^H^HHBi 
 
 ^^m 
 
 HHP 
 
 
 ^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^Bll 
 
 ■I 
 
 POPE, A. 
 
 86H 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 nlj.jilt 5o,c«o pil^riMM ut vurloun iintlnim l;>'7"'t 
 III mill iil.uiit «t. I'l'tiT's; iiiiwi* ci'l.^liml.M hy 
 
 1894. 
 
 POPE JOAN. It in fuUfly ii»8erteii t.i,,', ,., 
 
 ,1, nn.i anuui ,■,,, ..■>.■,, ™ ^ , tliu '/U ..entury, 11 IVnmlt, niuiu-.l J.mii, Imviiu.n,,. 
 
 tii«|Miimuiiii'lKn'"'''iilliii«liMin; iiiimy iHvsrntv, I emved 11 puaHioii lor K'lila, u yuuiii} monk, m unl,.r 
 St. Wun'H miiiniiiiU.Hl, 19 HVIi. i IVtor'rt I'l'Moi ; ^^ jjy mf„ultfd into las liKiniiatery awumi.,1 n.^ 
 
 ' ■■' -'■ "'■■' ■ "■■""' '"""'" „„ile hiibit, iiml thiit oil tlio do.illi of Irt Icvit ►h« 
 
 cnturod upon the duties of professor, mm, l»iii,. 
 very learned, was elected pope, when U'.i IV. ,i;,,r, 
 ill .'. ;. Other scandalous parliculiirB follow ; "j,,j^ 
 until Iho reformation, the tale wan rupeulcj V.ni 
 believed without oll'euee." UMun, 
 
 POPIHH PLOTS, BOO Qmpotvdtr lu ur.j 
 Ontea'a I'lot. 
 
 I POPLAK TKEES. The Tacamuhiir j,,,;,!;,, 
 (I'opulHi lUilnumiJim) was brought hitlur iron, 
 I North Amenea belorc' 1O92. The Loiiib:irdj \.„^\u 
 j from Italy ahout 175«. 
 
 POPLIN (of Tabinet), an el % ut ritli fabric 
 
 composed of silk and worsted, iii.roduii'J li; tin 
 
 1 Huguenot reluj;ees from Friiitf... ,1' .,, it Kyji.'tiM 
 
 I manufuetured m Dublin. Indi i.-oplins uri- .iiil 
 
 j deservedly esteemed. 
 
 POPULAll CONCERTS, see u-der ,1/ ,,„■, 
 
 POPULATION. The population of tla 
 world WHS estimated in lU*) at, 1,228,000,1x0; 
 (ut Washington, 1874), l,3')i,i)32,ooo; iNS:, 
 l,433,8«7.5'»; '*^''*'' '•4<J^>a?'V.'"^' iH'iVLiistiii,;; 
 181,1, i,48o,ooo,ua) (Uehm and WasiuT), lc»\ ii,h 
 Population of Countries, see the tiible (alti't tW 
 I'rcfnce) facing page I. 
 
 at. ri'iei' s iiiiiiiiuiiui^ii, 19 ■.'.•., •'■'•.,,-., 
 recelveil, lolal, H'IiimIoiI, 263,960;. ; Ureal lllitaiii 
 48,0.x./., livlaiiil 7-'"'-. ^'"b■ ; "™ l'h'<i"«J',>'Vlh 
 a,> .Mairh; lie reci'ivo.H tlie prliicess ol Wales. 
 tho diiko uf Yiiik, mill her dannliteis, uml 
 Hives tlieiii his |iiiilniits 23 .March; receives 
 111.) Ueniiaii eiiipeinr ami eiimiess 23 Al.nl ; 
 lettoiH ITiiiii the liiipe ti. the Fieiie . catliuUcs 
 aDDrovliiK tlmse wlm siiiiport lilin, lait sevciely 
 CMisiirliiK nialCKiileiils, 3 Aon.; to tlio coiinress. 
 neiieral of (Jeniiau catholics at W urzhurj!, ro- 
 
 Encvc'llcnTto ail lirlneos Biiil nations from tho 1 
 ,„, „■ iiravliiK lliat all (,'lirlstlnii nations iiiiiy Im 
 limiHl't into llie unity or tlio Uoiiian cliiudi, 
 2o,lniie- the linlie |iresiilesnt conferences Willi 
 some Kastern iiatriiiiTlis to consiilnr the reiinion , 
 of tliii dissiil.'iit Kastern clnnxhes with tlio 
 clmrcli ol lli.nie, 24 < let. .(«..;.; partial aKrec- 
 iiioiit at a linal iiieetinn, 3 Nov. 
 1895. Allocation anaiiisl the Unnwirian civil iiiiiniaKe 1 
 law, reporfil, 21 March ; "Apostolic letter to 
 the EiiKli^h people," earnestly aiipenliii« tor | 
 runnlon with tlie eatlinlic cliiireli, 14 April, 
 Tines, 20 April ; pastnral letter from the abp. 
 of Canterliiiry, 30 Aiij!. ,, , . , 
 
 Papal consist. .ry : creation of 9 new cardinals, ami 
 24 Italian liisiiops, 29 Nov. 
 
 ,396. Enevclical aih atiiiK Christian unity, 30 .Inne. 
 
 Api.sti.lie letter eiiiillniiinn the decision of 
 I'aul IV. ill 1555, ami other popes anaiiist the 
 vali'llly of the Anglican orders, 13 Si'iit. 
 1807. Teinpeiate rei.ly of the lirelibishops of Caiiterlniry 
 anil YnrUsiistainiiiK the validity of the Ansll- 
 can orilers, sinm'.! 19 Keli., 7'imi',s, 9 March. 
 1898. "Aviiiilicalion of the liiiU" hy the H- <. car- 
 diiial, arihtiishops and l.ishops ol Westniuister, 
 pe.hlisheil. fell. ; the Eii>;lish archbishops llriii 
 reply, 12 .March. Encyclieal to Italy, An;;. 
 
 POPE.A., poet (1O88— 1744). His bi-centennry 
 was celebrated by an exhibition of books, pictures, 
 and other relies, and « lecture by pro essor H. 
 Morley at Twickenham Town Hall, 31 July, l88». 
 
 869. 
 
 S/j,bo6,T4l . 
 735,ooo,o.x> . 
 
 200,000,000 . 
 
 67,896,041 . 
 
 1.445.000 I 
 1,500,000 ) 
 
 1878.' 
 
 312,391^,480 
 
 831,000,000 
 
 205,219,500 
 
 86,110,000 
 
 4,411,300 
 
 1851 • 
 357.3?/.«) 
 
 7.«'j.iwi 
 
 • lielim and Wagner. 
 
 «377 
 •483 
 1696 
 1700 
 
 PopuhiH'in. 
 
 . 2,092.978 
 
 . 4,689,000 
 
 5,250,000 
 
 5,475,000 
 
 E.STIMATED rOI'l'I.ATloN 
 
 i'ii;)i(/ii(i"a. 
 
 I7IO . . . 5,240,000 
 
 1720 . • • 5.5f'5.ooo 
 1730 . . ■ 5.796.000 
 1740 . . . 6,064,000 
 
 (IF ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 J'i.;iii/e(i"it. 
 1750 • • • 6,467,000 
 ,760 . • • 6,736,000 
 ,770 . • • 7.428.000 
 ,780 . ■ ■ 7.953.000 
 
 PoplllnlJijll. 
 
 1790 . . . 8,6;',30o 
 Estiiiiale.'. noimlntiiiii «( 
 
 Si' lI.AND in i;;i, 
 
 1,255.66 3. 
 
 itlniated ,0,^^^^ /.T^lakd in .65. V^ ^n\%, 2;o99.;94 : h. .5;. .37.634 . h. .805, 5,3,M 
 
 POPULATION OF GREAT .»«7*''', ^^J.^^ 'f IJ,':*^ ^„"^eded'i'>'rsnbseipi..nt U.-lKirU.) 
 (The earlier returns ijiven below are approximate, and have bun con'^-^' L 
 
 Division. 
 
 England . . . . 
 Wales . . . • ■ 
 Scotland • • • ! 
 Army,Navy,<!ic. | 
 
 Total . • ■ I 
 Ireland . • • 
 Islands in Bri-) 
 
 tish seas . ) 
 
 I80I. 
 
 1811. 
 
 182 1. 
 
 11,261,437 
 
 7>7.438 
 
 »,093,456 
 
 319,300 
 
 8,331,434 
 
 54", 546 
 
 1,599,068 
 
 470,598 
 
 9,551,888 
 611,788 
 
 1,805,688 
 640,500 
 
 10,942,646 
 
 12,609,864 
 5.937.856 
 
 14,391,631 
 8,175,124 
 
 I83I. 
 
 I84I. 
 
 I85I. 
 
 • 3,089,338 14.995,138 i '6.854.'42 
 
 805,236 9'6.6.9 1.060,626 
 
 2,365,807 i 2,620,184 2,870.784 
 
 377,017 ' 31.493 '4.916 
 
 16,537.398 
 7,784.934 
 
 1861. 
 
 i8;i. ! 
 
 Division. 
 
 England and Wales 
 
 ,} " " 
 
 1. , " 
 Scotland . 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Year. 
 
 1861 
 1871 
 1881 
 1891 
 1861 
 1871 
 1861 
 1871 
 
 18,949,130 2i,48;.^Ej 
 
 1,111,795 I,S1«.4» 
 
 3,061,251 1 3,358.613 
 
 162,021 ; 207,158 
 
 23,284,197 26,269,515 
 
 5,764,543 . 5.402.7591 
 
 143.779 I 144.430 1 
 
 29,192,419 31,817,1081 
 
 Inhabited Houses. 
 
 9,776,259 
 
 11,058,934 
 
 12,639,902 
 
 T4,05o,6-'0 
 
 1,446,982 
 
 1,601,633 
 
 2,804,961 
 
 2,634,123 
 
 10,289,965 
 
 11,653,332 
 
 13,334,53/ 
 
 i4.9'.o,-',98 
 
 1,614,269 
 
 1,756,980 
 
 2,959,582 
 
 2,768,636 
 
 3.739.505 
 
 4.259. ■'? 
 
 4,831. 5"9 
 
 5,460,976 
 
 393,209 
 
 419.635 
 
 995.156 
 
 960,352 
 
JLATION. 
 
 t iii fuUoly ii»airti'il t.i,,', ui 
 ilu imiiicil Jimii, liiiviii;,„ii. 
 Idii, 11 yumig monk, in „nl,.r 
 lia luiinustui-y aMuuuii tl.u 
 II tliii (lentil 01 her Itv.r fitt, 
 wn of protVasur, una, li.iu. 
 t'd \>o\><:, wliLMi Li;ii IV. ili.,' 
 uuti purtiiuluml'iilluw; "ut' 
 , tlio tiilu wu» reiifiiicil Vnil 
 L'c)." UibbuH. 
 
 S, seo Ouiipoudtr Fiul and 
 
 38. The Tiiciiniuhnc |io|ilar 
 1) wiu brought hitlur from 
 ltxj2. The LonitjirJy jiuplar 
 
 linet), ftu I'l % lit rich fabric 
 1 woi-Bti'J, in.-i'oiluicj In til, 
 10111 t'rimci ,i' ., d iw,;' or-i 
 .bliu. lri(h ;;oiilinii urr ,1111 
 
 NCEllTS, 8fo u-diT Mmt. 
 
 The poimliition of the 
 i in l8(x) lit l,J2.S,(Xji),m); 
 1874), I, .V)i, 032,000; iv:, 
 
 , 1,4(>S,0(XI,0IW (liiivuis;.;!! ; 
 
 Ui'hiii iiiiil Wiigii.'r). I'ur 111,. 
 tries, see the tiible (ulliv llio 
 I. 
 
 187B." 
 ■41 . 3i3,3y>*.48o 
 xo . 831,000,000 
 205,219,500 
 86,110,000 
 
 HI 
 XX) (, 
 xx> ) 
 
 4.411.300 
 
 1891, • 
 
 357.37».a» 
 
 l63.955,TO0 
 
 121./ll,J^l 
 
 3-;; J M 
 
 7.4J-'.»3 
 
 hill nml W»Biier. 
 
 id'i.ii. 
 57,000 
 36,000 
 28,000 
 53,000 
 
 1790 . . . 8,67;,ooo 
 
 tstiinali"'. !iniralati"ii ot 
 
 .Se'ii.ASD in i7ji, 
 
 .255.663. 
 
 54, 2,372.634 ; ill "805.5.395.45^. 
 
 Ksai'S. 
 
 eil ill sulis(«iu.>iit Hisiwrta.) 
 
 1851. 
 
 1861. 1 
 
 i8;i. 1 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — — 
 
 ,6,854.'42 
 
 1,060,626 
 
 2,870,784 
 
 142,916 
 
 18,949,130 "Ah^-i 
 
 1,111,795 ' i.2i6.»M 
 
 3,061,251 j 3.3S5.''J 
 
 162,021 1 2i)7,i»i 
 
 20,936,468 
 6, 5 > 5. 794 
 
 23,284,197 26,269,91; 
 5.7''4.543 5.40i.7J) 
 
 143,126 
 
 143.779 ■ 
 
 144.430 
 
 27,595.388 
 
 29,192,419 \ 31,817,108 
 
 3S. 1 Ililit 
 
 ibiteil Houses, 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 965 1 
 
 332 ' 
 
 537 1 
 -.98 1 
 
 269 i 
 980 1 
 582 1 
 636 i 
 
 3.739.505 
 
 4.259."7 
 
 4,831. 5'9 
 
 5,460,970 
 
 393>"9 
 
 419.635 
 
 995. 'SO 
 
 960,352 
 
 
 AlHtnctnf the Cennimof 4 April, 1S81, nml of < Anrll 
 Ni'iitlnuil ■°''' '- -• " - - 
 
 1891, 
 tli8 U; 
 
 Ac onling 
 
 Towns, 
 
 I'ol'ltl.ATI.iN .IK TUB PRtNCir'AI. TOWNH 
 
 ■ 801. 
 
 1811. 
 
 iSlI. 
 
 I,. union 
 
 uii.l auliurliii . 
 Jlaiii'liP«tpr,&c, 
 (ilanifiiw, *i.'. . 
 I.ivtrpool . . 
 K.liiiliiirgli, be. 
 Iliniiiiiulinm . 
 
 I, I«, *c. . . 
 
 Ilii^t.il, &c. . 
 M,..|liclil 
 l'i\:iimith . . 
 I'.iitflniouth . 
 N.^iwieh . 
 AlKiilctn . . 
 Xiwnistlo - 
 
 "ii-TjTie 
 PaUlpy . . 
 N.iltiugham . 
 Hull. . . 
 
 llllll.ll'C . . 
 
 Uiii'litun . . 
 
 Ritli 
 
 Y..rk . . . 
 
 Piv.<t..n . 
 
 Oiiiil'ridge , . 
 
 Osfciril . 
 
 884,845 
 94.876 
 ".385 
 79.722 
 82,560 
 73.670 
 
 ^3.6^3 
 
 43. '94 
 43.461 
 36.833 
 27,608 
 
 36,963 
 3'. '79 
 a8,86i 
 
 34,964 
 96,084 
 7,3.19 
 30, "3 
 23,692 
 11,887 
 13.360 
 '5,124 
 
 1,009,546 1,225,694 
 ■5.874 161,635 
 
 ir.1,,749 
 100,240 
 102,987 
 85.753 
 
 • • 
 
 ,76,433 
 
 56,060 
 52,769 
 37.256 
 35.37° 
 
 36.369 
 36,722 
 34.253 
 32,467 
 29,615 
 12,013 
 32,214 
 26,422 
 
 17,065 
 11, 8c J 
 
 '5.337 
 
 '47.043 
 '3'. 801 
 '.38,235 
 106,721 
 83.796 
 87.779 
 69.479 
 61, 313 
 56,620 
 50,2 
 44.796 
 
 46,948 
 47,003 
 40.415 
 41,874 
 30575 
 34,429 
 36,811 
 29.527 
 24.575 
 14.142 
 16,364 
 
 1831. 
 
 1,474,069 
 237.832 
 303,426 
 189,344 
 163,403 
 143,351 
 
 '23.393 
 103,886 
 91,693 
 
 63,036 
 61,116 
 
 58,019 
 
 57.937 
 57.466 
 50,680 
 49.461 
 
 45.355 
 40,634 
 38,063 
 34,461 
 33,113 
 20,917 
 20,433 
 
 If IIHEAT BlllTAIN. 
 
 1841. 
 
 1851. 
 
 iSfii.t 
 
 1,873,676 3,363,336' 
 242,583 404,465 
 274.533 
 286,487 
 "18,183 
 
 183,932 
 
 '52,054! 
 
 '23,396 
 III, 0911 
 
 80,059 
 
 1871. t 
 
 63.033 
 
 72.344 
 63,288 
 
 70,860 
 60,487 
 
 57.407 
 
 71.629 
 
 63,794 
 
 46,661 
 
 38,304 
 38,321 
 
 50,131 
 24.453 
 23.834 
 
 340,653 
 375.955 
 '93.929 
 332,841 
 173,270 
 
 '37.328 
 135.310 
 
 103,380 
 73,096 
 
 68,195 
 
 7'. 945 
 
 87.784 
 69.951 
 71.344 
 84.690 
 77,829 
 65.573 
 54.240 
 40,359 
 6i>,543 
 27,815 
 27.843 
 
 ' In 1851, 1,106,558 nmle.H, luiil 1,255,678 fcMiiilt-s. t iSeTil^iTTsTrr 
 
 [The ivtiinis fur i8qi niv liikcii ficiiii tin. I'relimi„„,„'i 
 
 EstMiiatcofthi. „o,ml,.tion „r,l,. i.-,,;,,.,, KiiiphMn /.i,;;iv,:,, i!"'Z l',' 
 
 l.oM.loii iv(,'istmti.jii ili.strict, 4,411,271 ; 29 M 
 
 Il»:i.AND, 
 
 DuUin, 1881, 249,603 ; 1801, 254,709. Hi'lfast, 1S81 
 foril, " 
 
 2,803,034 3 
 357.97yi 
 394.857! 
 443.938} 
 168,098! 
 296,076! 
 '7.165] 
 4.093! 
 ' 5. 1721 
 62,599 
 94.799 
 74.8yi 
 73.794' 
 
 109,108 
 47.419 
 74.6'*3 
 97,661 
 'J0.425' 
 87.3'7 
 52,528 
 45.385- 
 82.985 
 26,361 
 27.560' 
 
 3^1, 804 
 
 383.843 
 
 477.'44 
 493.346 
 Hj6,5c« 
 343.696 
 359,301 
 '83,534 
 219.947 
 f«J.4'4' 
 112,954! 
 80,390: 
 83,135 
 
 128,160' 
 48,2571 
 e6,6o8| 
 
 I21,lltl 
 
 1:3,974' 
 103,760 
 
 53.7'4 
 .50,761, 
 85.428 
 34.029 
 34.514 
 
 3. "14, 194 
 4''2,303 
 
 552,508 
 
 400,774 
 309,119 
 206,674 
 284,508 
 
 73,794 
 127,989 
 
 87.842 
 
 '45.359 
 
 '86,575 
 86,503, 
 
 107,546, 
 51,8141 
 61,7891 
 96,537 
 
 35.363 
 40.872 
 
 4.23'. 43' 
 
 505,303 
 792.728 
 5'7,9SI 
 261,361 
 
 439.171 
 367.506 
 231,663 
 324.243 
 84,179 
 
 '59.255 
 
 K 0,964 
 121,905 
 
 '86,343 
 
 66,437 
 
 311,984 
 
 95,433 
 
 155,640 
 115,409 
 5'.843 
 66,984 
 '07.573 
 36.983 
 45,74' 
 
 piirliiiiiifiitary liiiiit.H of the boroughii, 
 .'/."/'< of the ei'iisiH. ] 
 I'lial reiLjitsof the Uegiatinm-general. 
 iireh, 18 16. 
 
 Wiitcrfonf, 1891, 21,693. 
 
 , — 3,122; 1891, 255,1 
 
 Loiuloiiih.iTy, i8gi, 33,893. 1 
 
 HIPII.ATION OK THi: llMKr 
 
 396. C.rk, 1881, 80,134; 
 .iiiieilek, 1891, 37,072. 
 
 1891, 75,070. 
 
 Cititi. 
 
 .\'Ulaiile, iSgi . 
 
 .Uexandria, ErjiiI 
 
 .Amsterdam, 1890 
 
 Aiitweip, 1890 . 
 
 .ttliens, 1869 
 
 Mtimnre, U.S., li 
 
 Ibrcelona, 1887 
 
 Ifele, 1888 
 
 Delmde, 1890 . 
 
 liirlin, 1890 
 
 Itnie, 1888 
 
 Ii"l"t.ma, 1890 . 
 
 B"iiiliay, 1891 . 
 
 n"r,le.iiix, 1891 
 
 Il">l<in, U.S., 1690 
 
 llr.iiii'n, 1890 . 
 
 llr.slaii, 1890 . 
 
 Ilrr'i.klyn, 1890 . 
 
 UriiS5els,i89o . 
 
 Bmla-Pesth, 1890 
 
 Buffalo, 1890 . 
 
 Cvliz, 1887 
 
 Cuiro, 1883 
 
 Calnitta, 1891 . 
 
 Cinton, 1890 
 
 Cliirago, 1890 . 
 
 Clinitiania, 1891 
 
 Cincinnati, 1890, 
 
 Ci*''''*!"!, 1890 . 
 : '-'"I'lpio, liy . 
 ■ C,.nstantinii|ile, 188 
 I Coiienliagcn, 1890 
 . Dresden, 1890 . 
 
 FI'Tcnce, 1890 , 
 
 Fnuikfort-on-Maiu. 
 
 Inhdhilmits. 
 
 133.220 
 
 1883 . 227,064 
 
 • 4'7.539 
 22;., 225 
 107,846 
 
 )o • 434.439 
 
 272,481 
 
 69,809 
 
 54,458 
 
 • ',579,244 
 
 46,009 
 
 • '43,607 
 
 804,470 
 
 • 338,899 
 
 • 448,477 
 . 125,684 
 
 • 335.174 
 
 • 806,343 
 
 • '82,305 
 
 506,384 
 
 • 255.664 
 
 62,531 
 . 368,108 
 
 840, 1 30 
 
 about 1,600,000 
 
 . 1,099,850 
 
 150.444 
 
 . 296,908 
 
 • . 261.353 
 
 281,273 , 
 ' ■ • 873,565 : 
 
 • 375.251 
 276,085 
 
 '9'. 453 
 179,850 
 
 1890 
 
 .Sec sejnii-dfe 
 Cities. 
 
 Ociu'v.i, 18S8 
 
 Oeiioa, 1890 
 
 (ihi'iit. 1890 
 
 lIllKlle, 1890 
 
 IliiiJit.iirj,', 1890 . 
 
 Ilaiiovi'i', 1890 . 
 
 Ki.Mi(..slu.rK, 1890 
 
 I.i'ip.sie, 1890 
 
 I'ii'Ki', 1S90. 
 
 l.ille, 1891 . 
 
 I.inia, 1876 
 i Idslinii, ,885 
 
 l.iilii'i'k, 1890 
 i Ij.voiis, 1891 
 I Madras, 1891 
 
 .Madrid, 1887 
 
 Malaga, 1B87 
 I Mar.suillfS, 1891 . 
 
 Melbourne, 1891 
 
 Messina, 1890 . 
 
 Mexii'i), 1888 
 
 Milan, 1890 
 Montreal, 1881 . 
 .Moscow, 1885 . 
 Miinieh, 1890 
 Nankin, estimated 
 Niiiites, 1891 
 Naples, 1890 
 N.'iv (irloans. 1S90 
 New Vork, 1890 . 
 Odes.sa, 1S85 
 Ojiorto, 1878 
 Palerino, 1890 . 
 Paris, ic, 1 891 . 
 I'ekin, 1874 • 
 
 cit:k.s or the 
 
 ■■\i'ticha, 
 
 InluiliiUnih. 
 
 71,807 
 
 206,485 
 
 • 153,740 
 160,531 
 
 • 323,923 
 
 • 165,499 
 . 161,528 
 
 ■ 353,272 
 
 • 149,789 
 20o,9'i5 
 
 101,488 
 243,010 
 
 63,590 
 
 • 403.322 
 
 • 449.950 
 . 470,283 
 
 134,106 
 
 ■ 375.378 
 
 • 491,378 
 
 • • 142,000 
 . . 350,000 
 
 • 414,551 
 
 • 140.747 
 
 • 753,469 
 
 • 348.377 
 
 . 1,000,000 
 
 121,054 
 
 • 530,872 
 
 ■ 24 ■'.'■'JV 
 
 • ">5'5.30i 
 
 240,000 
 
 • 105,838 
 267,416 
 
 • 2.423.946 
 . 1,648,814 
 
 Would. 
 
 ('itiea. 
 IMiilieh Iphia. 1890 . 
 Piltsliurn, 13,^0 . 
 Prague, i8yo 
 yileliee, 1891 
 Kill Janeiro, 1890 
 Home, 1890 
 Ihdterdani, 1890 
 Houi'ii, 1891 
 .San Praiieispo, i8go . 
 Santiago, 1885 . 
 .Seville, i3,S7 
 Smyrna. 1885 
 Stoekholm, 1890 
 St. Ktienne, 1891 
 St. I.nuis, 1S90 . 
 St. Petersburg. 1885 . 
 Stuttgart, 1890 . 
 .Sydney, 1891 
 Teheran, estimated . 
 Tien-tsin, 16S7 . 
 Tokio, ,887. 
 Toii.nt.i, 1891 . 
 Tonhmse. 1891 . 
 Ttinis. estimated 
 Turin, 1890 
 rp.sal, 1890 
 Utreeht, 1S90 . 
 Vali'iieia, 1887 . 
 Valj'antiso, 1885 . 
 
 Venice, i8qo 
 Vienna, 1890 
 Warsaw, 1890 
 Washington, U.S., i8go 
 
 Inhdlitanti, 
 
 . 1,046,964 
 
 . 238,617 
 
 184,109 
 
 63,090 
 
 500,000 
 
 • 423,217 
 
 • 209,136 
 
 • 109,541 
 
 • 298,997 
 
 ■ 189.332 
 i43.'82 
 186,510 
 
 ■ 246,154 
 '33,443 
 
 • 451.770 
 861,303 
 
 • 139.659 
 386,400 
 210,000 
 950,000 
 
 • '.552,457 
 
 181, 230 
 148,320 
 150,000 
 . 320,808 
 21,511 
 
 86,ii6 
 
 ■ 170,763 
 
 lo4,9S2 
 
 158,019 
 
 • 1,364,548 
 
 ■ 443.426 
 
 • 230,392 
 
 ,11 
 
 'hi*: 
 
 1 1 
 
 n-ll 
 
 IHi.' 
 
 'I' ' 
 
 ■ f, 
 
 
 \w^ ' '"\"V'Km 
 
 liiwrf^i 
 
 i*i 
 
 i ', I 
 
I^MflR^^^ 
 
 !^^ 
 
 ^^^H 'miil w itf 
 
 .V 
 
 ^^^^^IH. tsmM 
 
 *(L 
 
 wP^^^^H^Bf*' 
 
 /k 
 
 
 w' •' 
 
 'ill 
 
 h i';^« iri^ •\il 
 '''-"' s.' ■.,,,. ., ■^' 
 
 »'• 
 
 I 
 
 #P1-" 
 
 
 I'OUCKLAIN. 
 
 «70 
 
 1H)UTLAX1) iHhK. 
 
 POUCEI-AIX, "'■•■ '''•"<■>■!/• 
 pnWI'llYlUKlHNrri'S, "iMirn in tlir pur- 
 
 whilf their liiiniin wtif iiiuiimi,'. 
 POUT AUTIirU' Cl.iim. Seo Coroa, Nov. 
 
 PORT UUKTUX, 11" itl' luurNewCuleUonia, 
 
 nniKraiit>< " >'"■[ »"l' "/f.^f'^i,,, i.u.llm'n laiulnl 
 
 "'P ;/,i;;,T, : ." s'lH-Hat.* to .l.ntc..- in>. 
 
 ;';il,:m:ut;'./:r.;n. .b4; >H-'1, «onte,a.c .■on. 
 
 Ilriia'cl, M Maveli, iSS^. 
 
 l>n«TE m- Sl-llMMK PoiaE, offl.ml namo 
 ,. 1 ,,,-t', ■ tlH. siiitaii nf ■Imlv.'V. -Mostasi'in, , 
 
 tlmHlsuccsaurs uf the cuUpU*, as.u.a.a thf titk. 
 — liniMUt. 
 
 TirM>TW< »T' W M( )B. C'il>t. Pcivteous, at \A\n- 
 , ^ h^nn r April 1- ?' .onimund.d thf KUar. at 
 C' ie u ,^ ' Wuln, a HnuigKU'r. «ho had 
 Jv,.d tl • i ■ "f " >''""^y ■■.•iiMinal, hy spnnsu.K 
 upon >•"•- , , ...|,ii,. 1, a uiimiiiiniHii llcil. IhlH 
 
 ^^Urd tlH Ki.ard with stcnrs. K.an"« a n'^eue, 
 
 &f the'riotcr. were ever detected. 
 
 ■pmjTFlt Dr. Aslu- BUYS that this iiialt liquor 
 
 1*0111 rjxv. account ot its having 
 
 obtained ''» »1 ' '.'^^'Vi the eity of London, ahout 
 
 •"Fti^lVnd was 22S7; '» Scotland, .54; "'"l '." 
 in tnglanu, was ^o _. ^ atMiux's 
 
 },"''To;iluolv'ev;a8 tP'-rterbu?;^ 
 ^'' ? 'r,ho , n hous..*. S..veral lives were lost ; 
 ITn'dX' lo-Ts^l'e?ween 8cx« and 9000 barrels. 
 In 17C0. 
 
 fliii'f lire i». la "i+U' 
 
 Ili'nrv M'lix ti Co. 
 
 p. I'lilM rl * l". ■ • 
 
 (■ lie, l)rl;il|.'ld, * Co, 
 
 |t,iirlMV, I'lrliiMK, mill Co. 
 ■rniniaa, lliialiary, * Co. 
 
 Whltliri'iid <: C 
 
 H,.i,l aa.l C.I. ■,,.,• 
 l.'oiiilic. Di'liilli'lil. >i Co. . 
 
 Ki.l'x Cidvi'il k C 
 
 Hlr lliiiiy Mi'MX it <'' 
 
 to, 
 », 1 
 
 illl,,i^>. 
 
 mui 
 
 r 11.11... "'">' 
 
 POU'l'HUAdi'; A(T,reitiilatini{lli.Hharne|„r 
 porterage "f small [laiTeU, passvil i;yt. 
 
 Thi' Kl'llnHsllilllll' Kll'l' I'lllnrrtl'MlulilHllcl III l,IM.|..li 11, 
 
 f.ii. 1 ith ivulniy, witli rvrliMlM' iirlvil"-..,, Mm.iU, 
 
 uraiii, iVi'.. aiacli rcMiiiv.l liy ""■ "'■' "' I""!™' ' 1 
 
 ,37.;, anil tin' .■.ai'Htna-tinii uf .1.i.'k>. II,.. iii.liii,.,,., 
 wus uni.lu.iUv il.vlnw mit Attn- hi^ii'MI .|..|iiiiii.|,:,M 
 liinc'li ili'lav. 'lai illslrllnniuii ol lln' iin'uiiiiilui..,; 
 fun.N liii.l |iiuli.Mtyaiii...iKsl th.i i,i..|iiI.hs «a«i,r,i,.,.,| 
 liv till' niliTN, 12 tict. i8yj. Mil) liiUii»«lil|MlUliaii.|,-| 
 liy lliii fiiuil of eoinaiuii eouiu'll, .lain', i3q4. 
 Final iiavniiail of n.««i't«. m. jyij/. .i-. ?•'.. 'H'trlta,.!' 
 
 fiiuil iif einnniun eoniu'll, .lain', 
 1 
 ■4^5 niriiihiTs, iB Di'i'. i-iM- 
 
 Chief Ureii-rff. 
 Calvprt & Co. hrewiil 
 Wliitlircad. 
 Trunmn . 
 
 Kir WiUini" Calvert . 
 UilTord & Co. . 
 
 lji<ly Parsons . 
 Thrale , 
 Huik & Co. 
 Harnian . 
 Meux & Co. 
 
 Barclav* Perkins. 
 Meux, Reiil, & C'o 
 Tnnnan, Uanlairy 
 
 In 1760. 
 
 Barrels, 
 
 74,734 
 63.408 
 60,140 
 52,785 
 41,410 
 
 In 1815. 
 
 34,098 
 30,740 
 
 28.017 
 10,012 
 
 337.621 
 282.104 
 272.1^^2 
 
 Tnnnan, Ilanl.ury, & Co ''^^ 
 
 Whltbread & Co 
 
 POUT HAMII/roX. see r.„M, 
 
 POUT JACKSON' (NewSoUtli Wulei), tUr- 
 teen miles north of Hot my Day, «:is so nani,.,l.,i 
 oapt. Cook in 1770; see S;l'l>ieit. Here th. ,1„„, 
 of IvlinlmrKh was shot by U tarrell, a hnui, 
 12 Mareli, iiSdK, but soon renoveivil, 'lliP :i«Jai-iii 
 was hanjfed, 21 April. 
 
 POUTLAND ADMIN ISTUATIONS 
 
 The lir,.t was the "Coalition mini-ln. ol vjla.li 
 William Henry Cavendi-h, ilid.e ,,1 I'unUnO,*,. 
 first loril of thi' treasury, was the heiul. ItoWaiiuJ 
 the name of tlie "Coalilioii" ni»u>try, anj in- 
 eluiled lord North with Mr. l-ex, inn^iTl; „:. 
 Vfterale opiionents, I'oinn'd 5 .Vpril. iM. a- 
 solved by Mr. I'itt's coming into power, Un. an.,. 
 ■"■ear, ,, .. 
 
 KITIST AI>MlNI..'TH.\rioS. 
 
 ,,„keofPortla,al,;ir-M,.y./'/i..(i";«o* 
 Viseoant Sloniiont. )oT»o'i"' '■; "" i"""M(. 
 
 Fiv!i;.riek? lia'd-N^nCaial Cliinl.s ,.1011.. FoX.ta .1 
 
 l,,{r,V.?I,'liiTV\'iu'-n'ilisli,f;io".,7/,,,- ,./(;» fe;,,/«fr, 
 Viseolint Keppel, (liliilin'ltij. 
 
 cl'oli s f.lwnslll'i'l. K|-lninn,l llavke, Kktari F* 
 imtriek, Uieliaril H. Sberiilaa. <:e. 
 
 SK.niNll AIIMINISIH.ATIO.S, 25 MiUvli, i8o;. 
 
 Earl Caniilen, /"/'' i>re.'hln,t. 
 I.nnl Kl.liin, InMilvninlh.r. 
 
 ji:;,l'i!:e;:;vl"'a:i::r^T.a!.;;.li.avv,afterwaH.di 
 
 ,f 11 o) Mr. canning', ,ii„l vi.eoaut a*r..^. 
 
 o'rti r«-a..ls nmninisof l,i,n>l.,n,liTry).;e,»us/OTij.,o»< I 
 
 Ka;l'i^;tlmmt''an:rMr. Ona,las ' •.'.'; Ir.,(, -J | 
 
 .■l,H^■„(. , „ 
 
 I.oril .Malnrave, mhmraWJ. 
 Karl of Cbatliani, urdnance. 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT, fiist menti,wa i. | 
 a paU.ntKnmted to Joseph Asp, en, abru^byeN 
 iHs l82.i His son made the true o-iiietiti 
 Stteet Its value as a baiUlinK matmaWr 
 ! Mi^;ecM>y Mr. Join, Ora,,j;s test. ^^^^^ 
 1 Portlaml cement concrete was u>ed bj 51r.t..l.| 
 Beriiav in 1867. , - w 
 
 ' -prVTrrTAND IRLE (oft' Dorset), tieEn?ii4 
 ! Gib^altPM"! beton. IU2. PortU.^« 
 ' wasbnilt by Hcno^_\^lL^'|;o«^.^ 
 
 1 S :^2^;w^^iyr:^icnc.rPeroivalbeo.u.e^». 
 
 ■i ; 
 
rf^ . J 
 
 ,AND IShK, 
 
 PORTLAND VASE. 
 
 H71 
 
 rORTSMdUTH. 
 
 Af'.T,ri'uuUiliii^llMMliarn.|.t 
 
 iTi'ls, |mwii'<l i;7). 
 
 , I'citiil'm'ntulillHlicI ill I.ii.iiliiin 
 
 ll MVcllHiM' llliVll";"'. I"llltll.!. 
 
 Iiici'il Uy till' iicl iif |»iilimiirii' I 
 ui'lliiu ul' a.i.'k^. Tli.'ii..tM4>!M 
 ; I lilt. All IT urji'Hl ili'iiuiml-rj 
 ilHliiliiUiiiii iif 111!' mTiiiinilai.i, 
 iiiiiiiiK^l til'' liii'iiil»'i'<«a»iir'iii'>l 
 ;. iii)\. Til" f"llinv.)ii|ii|Uliui„l.-l 
 iniiii cniitii'll, .liiiii', 1894. 
 ii'ts, i",j7iy. 4«' 7''.,ill!ilr|ljii'i'l', 
 1'. i-iiM- 
 
 LTON*. «i'«-' ''"'■'■"■ 
 
 i()\ (.N'l'W Siiutli Wiilctj, il.ii. 
 f lliil my lliiy, wm mu naniiil \,\ 
 ; see S'liilueii. Wvn thr iliur 
 
 sliol bv O'Fiinill, a Finiiii, 
 t noiiii ri'oovi'vi'il. The 'l*s;l^•i;l 
 •il. 
 
 ADMIN ISTKATIONS. 
 
 'Ciiiililiuii iniiii'lr;," ol ulu h 
 ivi'ii(li»li, iIuIm' "I I'lMtl.iiiJ,* ,. 
 isury, WHS till' lii'iiil. It uljtiiiiii i 
 «Cii":iUtiiiii" iiiiinstry, imj m. 
 ll with Mr. Viix, iiirmiTly iij. 
 1, Fiirnic'il 5 .^pril, i;X;, ill- 
 's coming into piiwer, iJi'i'. ««« 
 
 <Y ADMINIHTR.MliiN. 
 
 p,efi,lrn)v] thr'fni,n\. 
 
 •II aid. ,. . 
 
 \i, mill ciiiiili'»'liii"i'*f">i. *'«' ' 
 
 ,1,, rhininlh.r'.fthfcvhC'iiiiT. 
 hi'iin'tli). 
 
 ll i.riliiiii 
 
 I ',./i;,7-,'„),Miii.«;iiiii'ri/ffi™(«l, 
 1, Ki'liiinml Hiiiki', lllfliapl F;li- 
 1). Hlii'riiliiii. *:' ■ 
 isisrii.iTiiiN, 25 Miiiili, iSo;- 
 
 (I Ini-il miril!""'- 
 
 viil liinl llii»ki'slmry(iiftiTTOl."i< 
 
 r ('iiiiiiint.', .mil viviiuiil Cmtltrtv" I 
 
 llisiif I,llllll'llllll'lT,V)./i™il',/W(i9«.«l'J I 
 
 I'Mr. Diiii'livs limwh c/ Irrt ' 
 
 iiii'm";/. 
 
 n/iiiiiii'''' 
 
 D CEMENT, fiist mentionwl in I 
 
 to Jdseiih Asiiili'n.abrickliiytrcfl 
 lis son nmili' tln' true ti-nientall 
 
 viibir as a t)iiiUlin!; miittml'i.' 
 Mr. Jolin (iriiiit's tfp/.»-'''. 
 t concrete was used by3lr.l..\.| 
 
 T) ISLE (oft' Dorset), the Eniiiv 
 l^ied Vi"fiin' 1142. Portland «■;.( I 
 [cnry VUl. iihout 1530. Mit^l 
 
 ^i^canii. l.u-'l I'lmMilierUiii, .;«;::;"l| 
 liiinl, 1782; I'lviiiiiT. 1783; "'".■■J 
 
 Mr. Silencer I'erecval beeamt tR».«. I 
 
 i;i'i mill ill 
 with iii'urly luilf 11 mill' km"" 
 into ihi' w'li in Ki'li. I 
 HM nlonr iif tl 
 , ami till 
 
 Watw 
 
 Mniiuulnii niivitl cnifiistcnii'Mt comiiu.nccd hFtwppn 
 ihu Enijli-li uiiii Hiilcli, iH Fil). iiiyj, which con- 
 tiniii'il f.ir three ilay*. Tlie KiiKlinli ileslrnveil 
 ,|p»en Ihit'li iiieii-.il'-wiir iiiiil thirty menhiiiitmen. 
 VitiTriimi' wu.H iiilmiriil nf the hutch, iiiul llliikeof 
 tlif Ellglisl'- "■"''■'' in fiiilllil III!' niiteil I'reestnne 
 unfil for hiiililiiirf "iir lineit eililiicH. 'Ih,. I'lirtliind 
 lijhtK were ereitcii i;H) iiml in I7,S.,. 'I'he pier, 
 
 -■'■ "I' I"'!'" "lil" miiiiiie .if liiiiil, win wii«hetl 
 
 . l2- I'ri .Vlliert liiiil the 
 
 I'lirtliiii.l lireakwiiler, 2:; July, 
 ii«l slime win liiiil hv the [liince of 
 
 Wiilw, ID.Ailtf. iNri. -Mr. Jii H Ifeiiilel, the tlriit 
 
 thief engineer, WHS mircieiled nil his ilmth in iM^O 
 bvMr. (alt. »\r) Jnhll (Jimile. 'I'he liieiikH liter iiiiil 
 other iliirliuur worlis enst I,(i j^,(xx)/. exclusive of 
 convict laliiiiir. I he I'm tliinil prison was estiihlisheil 
 
 in 1S4H. A iiiiitiiiy anmiik' tin nvicts here in 
 
 Sept. 1858, was iirmiiptly suppressed. 
 
 POUTLAM) (or U.uiiiKUlNi) VASE. This 
 
 bi'iiulil'iil .■.pecinicn of (iieek art (cuiiipuM'd of 11 
 giiiM-like siilwtaiiie, w illi H«iires ami devices niiseil 
 onit ill white eiiiimel; height loimlies; diameter 
 in the brmuloHt part, 7 ; with a handle on eiuli 
 liile) win discovered iihout the miildle of the Kdli 
 century, in a iiiarlile sureiiphii(,'iis in a sepulchre at 
 a place calleil Monte del Graiio, ulioiit 2} miles 
 from Kunic. The sepulchre was sniiposed to have 
 bt'Cll that (if tile Uoiiian emperor, Alexander !Se- 
 viTUs (222-2,j5), and his mother .Mamiinea, and the 
 vase is suppiiM'ii to liave lieeii the cinerary urn of 
 one of these roval persouaffes. It was placi'd in the 
 palace of the It.irlierini family, at Kome, where it 
 rcnmiiied till 1 770, when it was purcliased hy sir 
 Williiiiii Hainiltiiii, trom whose possessiuii it passed 
 to that of the duchess of I'nrtland, 17.S7; at the 
 (ale of her cll'ccts, it is said to have lieeii liou^ht 
 by the then duke of Portland, who, iu 1810, de- 
 positeil it (iiii loan) in the llrilish .Museum. On 
 2; Feb. 1845, this vase was smashed to pieces witli 
 I (tone by a man named William I.luyd ; it has 
 been skilfully repaired, and is now slimvn to the 
 public ill a special room. Josiah WeilKWood niad» 
 J mould of it, and took a numher of casts. 
 PORT 5IAH0N, see Jlwomi. j 
 
 POllTO BELLO (S. Americn), discovered hy ' 
 Columbus, 2 Nov. 1502, was taken liy Morgan the 
 Buccaneer in lW)8 ; by the llritisli tiiuler adniinil 
 Vernon, from the Spaniards, 21 Nov. I7!<), and the 
 forlitications destroyed. Jiefore the alioluion of the 
 trade by the ^'alleniis, in 1748, it was the ^'reat mart ' 
 fcrthe rich commerce of I'ern and Chili. j 
 
 PORTO FEKRAJO, capital of KIha O'-'iic/i : 
 Iff); built and furtitied hy Cosmo 1. duke of 
 Florence, in Ii;48. The foVtiticatimis were not 
 liniihcd till 1628, when Cosmo 11. completed them 
 with great magiiitieenee; see Fraiiec. 
 
 PORTO NOVO (S. India). Hero sir Kvre 
 
 Coote. with about <)5(X) men and 55 lii,'ht field- 
 pieces, skilfully defeated Hyder All," ruler of the 
 Camatic, with'8o,aio men and some heavy cannon, 
 I Jidv, 1781. Hyder lost about lo.cM), the liritish 
 58: killed and wounded. Porto Novo. W. 
 .\fri«i, a freucli settlement on the coast of Daho- 
 nipy, i(7ii>/i ,«/'(• (1890 et wij.). 
 
 , PORTO RICO, a West India island, belong- 
 ins to Sjiaiii ; discovered by Columbus in 1493. 
 Attacks nn it by Drake and Ilawkin.s rcpul-ted, 
 l59i. Kevolt suppressed, 1823. .Slavery abolished. 
 23 March, 1S73. 
 
 PORT PHILLIP (New S. Wales), original 
 Mme of the colony of Victoria {which see). 
 
 ^I'OKTUAIT (JALLKHY &o„ ,..e .V,i/,«„fl/ 
 
 PorliuU (iiillrni, iind <'nni/w.iiff I'^ylniila. 
 
 Thr S,.n,l,i„l l%„lr„:i finului li.'M its ||i>t exhl- 
 tillluii lit till' liKtItiit.' of I'uiiitias 111 \Vuti>r 
 
 <'"! s ill I'Icciiillllv, .liilv iK,,i. Till' siicli.ty 
 
 liiclii.l.'s the iiiusl I'liiliii lit artists, S iml I'Xiil- 
 
 bitloll ....... .hlllfi 180a 
 
 Tbiir..riiiatloii of 11 "llrltUb Miiseimi of Port 1 alts "' 
 (|iliiiliit:ni|ili«), was |ii'i,i„mi'i| liy Mr. .Iiiiu,., 
 • ilalslirr 111 i,''ii(, iiii.l I'liiilv lii'KUii. Till' iimliT. 
 
 takiiiK ri'siii I iiiiiliilv In tin' ..xiTlimis of Mr. 
 
 lilaiilii'iiiliil till' .Viiiat.iii I'liiitiiuniiilii,' .\~,.,r|n. 
 tiuii, mill II I'lill.'i'iluii iif |.nilmlts i|,'|iu.,iti'.| ill 
 tlii'iirt ili'|iailiiii 111 lit ,><iiiiili Ki'iisiiiHtoii iiiiiM mil, 
 
 ! .PPUTUEEVE (derived from Saxon wordl 
 "Htnityiiii,' thi' ifovernor of a port or haibniir). 'Ihe 
 chief inii),'islrate of l.imloii wasoriniiiiillv so styled ; 
 but Richard I. appointed two bailids amf iifterwiirdi 
 
 ' Lomlnii had mayors, I'.niiiltii ; see Mni/nrt. 
 
 \ POUT KOYAE (N. America), (iipit.ilof the 
 treiicli eoloiiv, .\indie, foiiiided in IN14; nfter 
 havinif been taken and resloied sevi i-iil lime-, it was 
 timilly aii|uired by the Ihiti.-h in 1710, and named 
 Annapolis, 
 
 PORT ROY.VL (.fanmica), once a eonnider- 
 aide town, was ilestrovud bv earthi|iiiikes in Idol 
 ami i(«)2; laid in asbes by lire in I7<i2; reduced to 
 ruins liy an inundation of the sea in 1722; and 
 destroyed liv a liurriciine in 177^. After these 
 calamities, the ciistom-hoiisi' imd public othces were 
 removed to KinKston. Port Itoval was acain Kreatly 
 ^ dumu);e.l by tire in 17^0; bv iiiiolbcr awful storiu 
 in 1-.S4; ,111,1 by a deVii-stati'iiB tile in July, i«|i; 
 in l«50 it suffered hy cholera. 
 
 PORT ROYAL DES CitAMI','* (near Pari-. 
 was 11 French Cislenian convent, founded by Odo, 
 bishop of Paris, at the wish of kin;; Philip Aurus- 
 lus, 1204. IIiiviiiK' fallen into decav, •' was revived 
 and ri'foiTiied in KklS by Aii«:eliia Arnaiild. In 
 If)2i the increased community removed to Paris, 
 The Port Koyal des Chamiis.'iu i(,^(,, became the 
 retreat of the Ariiaulils. 'rilleiuonl, I'ascal, Lance- 
 lot, anil other eminent Jaii~eiiists, who devoted 
 themselves to education, and produced Ihe Port 
 Hoyal Krammars, lo^ie, and other works. This 
 institution was coiidenincd by the pope in 1709, 
 and the buililiniis were iiiiired down, and Lmihg 
 desecrated, by the order of I.ouis XIV., in 1710. 
 The Port Hoyal at Paris was suppressed, with other 
 monasteries, in \'i)(). 
 
 . PORTSMOrTII (Hampshire), the most con- 
 siderable haven for men-of-war, iiiiil most stronplv 
 forlitied iilace in Knu'land. 'I'be dock, arsenal, anil 
 storehouses were established in the reign of Henry 
 VIII. See I'li/in/ii/iiiii, 
 Till' Freiiih iituhT D'Aiiiii'liimt attciiipted todestroy 
 
 I'ortsiiiniitli, Imt wi'ie ih'li'iiti'il hy visi iit l.isle, 
 
 in the then lliiest War ship in the' world, the'.'i-irat 
 
 "'"■'■// 1543 
 
 Here (ii'oij;,' Villii'i-s, duke of UiiekiiiKliani, was 
 
 nssassiiiati'd liy Fcltoii . 23 All)?. 1628 
 
 Ailiiiind llyiin (see liiiiifi) mi a very iliihhiiis .scii- 
 
 teiiec was shot lit PoilsiiiiMith . 14 March, 1757 
 
 The dnckyiird was llivd, the hiss estiiiinted at 
 
 400.OCX)/ 3 July, 17&, 
 
 .xiiotlier 111- ■iisioned loss of hxj.ocki/. 27 Jul.v, 1770 
 
 (The Krciieli were siisiu'cted both tilues, liut there 
 
 was no actual priinl'. | 
 Fire causi'd l,v .Iiiiiies .\itkeii (John tlie Painter) 
 
 7 Dec, 1776; I'Xeeiiti'il . . . 10 March, 1777 
 
 Ii"iliil llr.irije (wliiili Mr) snn); . . 29 Aug. 17S2 
 
 Uraiid naval iimck I'li^MKi'iiMiit and parade of tha 
 
 tt<(t, Ihi' king lu'iiig pn/siiil, ji 111 25 June, 1773, 
 
 and 30 Jmie, 1744 
 
 Another Rreat fire occuncd . . . . 7 Deo, 1776 
 The kill),' of the French with a Hoet arrives at 
 
 Portsmouth, see /•Vuiiee , . . 6 Oct, 1844 
 A great naval review was held . . 25 April, 1856 
 
 h^n^^' 
 
 MH' 
 
 
M, 
 
 t 
 
 
 m\ 
 
 
 l^h 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 872 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 1865 
 1868 
 
 T873 
 1S83 
 
 Visited by a Freneli fleet niiiid gi'eiit re,i<)i<'inK«, 
 
 29 Aug.-i beiit. 
 Easter Monday volunteer review, &c. , very successfnl 
 
 ■ 13 April, 
 Naval review at Siiithead liefore the sliali of Persia. 
 
 23 June, 
 Explosion at Priddv's Hani ; 5 liilled . 5 May, 
 
 ,See Kavn 0/ Eiinlinitl, 1B87, 1889, 1890, 1891- 
 The emperor William 11. visited I'ortsiiioutli, 5 
 
 Aug. 1889, and 6 ^V'fi '^ 
 
 The prince of Wales opens the new town-hall 
 
 9 Aug. ,, 
 The Amphitheatre mnsic-liall burnt (cost, io,ooo(.) 
 
 25 Dec. ,, 
 The Untial Arthiirim\ the Ilojiul Sovereign huiiiejied 
 
 by the queen, see »(!■.!/ . . • 26 teb. 1891 
 Visit of the Krench fleet, see Km are . 19-26 Au};. ,, 
 Visit ofthe Italian fleet, see ;(<i/!; . ■ ,", ■> a'? 
 
 Visit of the czar and czarina . . 4, sUct. 1890 
 
 PORTUGAL, the ancient Lusitiinia. The pre- 
 sent name is derived from Porto CuUo, the original 
 appellation of Oporto. After a nine years' etrujigle, 
 under Viriathcs, a brave able leader, the l.usi- 
 tani.ws submitted to the Homan arms about 137 n.c. 
 Portugal underwent the same changes as Sjiain on 
 the fall of the Roman empire. There are in 
 Portugal two universities, that of Coimbra, founded 
 in 1308, and the smaller one of Evora, founded in 
 11:33. Lisbon has also its royal academy, and the 
 Btnall town of Thomar has an academy of sciences; 
 but, in general, literature is at a low ebb in 
 Portugal. The poet Camoens, called the \irgil 
 of his country, and author of the Liiswil (ISW)), 
 translated into English by Jlickle, was a native of 
 Lisbon. Population of the kingdom and colonics, 
 
 The klngilom seized by IMiilip II. ..f ><|,ain . . , j 
 The Dutch seize ilie rcjitngne.se .setlleiiient.« in Imlia, 
 
 160J-1Q 
 The Portuguese throw nfl' the yoke, and place Jclin 
 dukeof lirayaiiz.i, nil thetlivne . . iJcc, ,5^^ 
 
 The Portuguese del'eat the ISpaniiudsat Villa Vidosa, 
 1665 ; war eiiili'd liy the treaty of Lisbun . , |,<j 
 
 Methuen treaty ("■;,,■. /i s,v) ,.;, 
 
 The great eartlupiake ilestrnys Lisbon . , Xov. 
 
 deatii by a-sas.siiis 
 
 n> 
 
 1J53 
 
 Josejih I. namiwly eseajies 
 
 [Sonic of the liist families were tortuivd toilpiith; 
 their very names being fmliicldeii tnlieiiu'ntiuiit.l; 
 the inno'eeiiee of many was s.mn aftenvinil.*iiiinle 
 manifest ; the ,)esiiits were alsn e.\pell«l.] 
 Joseph, having no snii, ol^tains a disjieiisatieii from 
 the i«ipe to enable his daughter and iiretlar to 
 intermarry, wliiili tn.ik plaee . . ejune, ijfo 
 The Spaniards and Kii;iieh invade Pca-tiigal, wliich 
 
 is saved by the f^nglish . . 1762 -iik; ijc, 
 
 John, prince of brazil, marries his .wiit, .Mma 
 
 Kraiieesea n-. 
 
 Regency of John (alterwLir.ls king), mm^ to the 
 
 luiiaiy of ipieeii Maria ij^, 
 
 War witli Spain, 3 March; peaee . . 6June, iSoi 
 Treatv between Kranee .-iiid S]«iin for the jiiirtitinn 
 (if Portugal, (let.; Freiiehinvasiiin i .lunut.arives 
 at Lisbon, 27 Nov. ; the eonrt sail for lirazil, 
 
 29 ^'f|V. i£oj 
 Rise of the Pnrtuguese; several times (A-feated, 
 June and July; arrival of Wellington at Oiniito, 
 July; he defeats Junot at Vimiera, 21 Aug.; eon- 
 vention of L'intra ennliniied . . 3o.\ii|;. lEoj 
 
 Ojiorto taki'ii by Snnlt . . . 29 Marili, 1809 
 
 Almeida taken liy Massena . . . 27 Aug. iSio 
 Masseiia defeated at Ihisar.i . . 27 Sitt „ 
 
 Wellington secures the lines of Tom-s Vedms (xi ,, 
 Massena defeated at Kueiites de Onoro ; retreats, 
 
 5 May, i8n 
 The liritish i«irliameiit grants the sufferers liy war 
 
 3lDec.l863, 8,037,19:1; in i872,kingdorn onthecon- 
 tinent,withMadeiraandAzol•e8,4,3C)0,58g; colonies, 
 
 3.2i;8,l40 ; in 1878, kingdom and colonies, 8,031,831 ; i m Portng.al 100. 000/ . 
 
 •'00 ' , • 1 ..^0,-8. rnin— jn reiiorted Portugal eedi's (■luana t" Hii 
 
 1881, kingdom, 4,708,1,8, S-O49./20. epomi, j^.„i„„t„f i,„,„,„,,, ,„„, i,,az,i 
 
 1897. Estimated rcventie, Ibcp-I, »'»l_/'040'' ; i{,.v„lutioii lu-ins in (iportn 
 
 i89?-4,9,l46,674/.;expenditure,i'890-i,9,57'»,iS0'' 
 1893-4! 10:27 1, f'^7/- ; l«')7-8- revenue, 52,865,478 
 reis. expenditure, 55,563,304 reis. 1 he constitution 
 granted in 1826 was revised in 1852. 
 Settleimnt f the Alains and Visigoths here . 
 Conqnered by the Moia-s . . . •,.•-■ 
 The kings of Astnrias subdue some Saracen cliiets, 
 ami Alfonso III. establishes bishoj.s . ■ • 
 The Moors, eonqnereil bv Alfonso \ I. the \ aliaiit, 01 
 Castile, assisted bv many otlu'r princes and volun- 
 teers ■ Henry of Iiesaiii;on (a relative of the duke 
 of nn'rgniidv and king of Kranee), very eminent ; 
 Alfonso bestowed upon him Tliere.sa, his natural 
 daughter, and Portugal as her marriage portion 
 which he w.-is toholdof him asccaint . 
 Alfonso IIenri(Hi.'Z defeats five Moorish kings and 
 
 proelaiined king; see '/Hii'/Wf . . 25 July, 1139 
 Assisted bv a fleet of (.'nisaders on their way to the 
 Holy Lniid, he t;ikes Lisbon from the Moors, 
 
 25 "ct. 
 Part of Alparve taken from the Moors by Sanelio I, 
 Reign of Dionvsins I. or Denis, father of his conn 
 
 try, who builds 44 cities lO- towns in Portugal 
 University of Coimlirafiamded . .•,.•,, 
 Military ordcre (]f Chri.st and St. James instituted 
 
 472 
 713 
 
 900 
 
 1095 
 
 1147 
 
 1 189 
 
 1279 
 1308 
 
 . i8i( 
 
 . . 1S15 
 
 . . 20 Aug. iSlo 
 
 Constitutional Junta otalilished . . i Urt. „ 
 
 Return of the eouit 4.1iily, iSi, 
 
 Independenee of lirazil ; the prince regent iiiailt 
 
 emperor; see lUi'Zi! 12 Urt. 18:2 
 
 The king mollifies tl 
 
 Di.sturbanies at l.isl 
 Treatv witli lirazil 
 Death of John VI. 
 Doml'idro grants a 
 
 firms tile legeiiey . 
 He relinqnishesthetfiion 
 
 Donna .Mana da Cloriii 
 
 • loustitutioii . . 5 June, ihj 
 
 111; Miguel departs 1-9 Jlay, ii!« 
 
 . ' . . .29 Aug. iSjs 
 
 10 Marcli, iSj6 
 
 I institutional charter, anil I nn- 
 
 . 26.\liril, „ 
 i 11 favour of his ilaaglitiT, 
 
 2 May, „ 
 
 1279 and 1325 
 
 lilcs de Castro murdered . . . . .• ■ '355 
 John I., surnanie.1 the tireat, carries Ins anus into 
 
 Africa '-t'S 
 
 M.intime discoveries M'svio 
 
 Madeira and tlie Canaries seized . . . ■ M^o 
 
 Code of laws digested ,' „; '''^^ 
 
 Li.sbon made the capital .... "I'ont 1433 
 Prince Henry, the navigator, dies . . . .1460 
 FoRsage to the Kast ludi.'s by the Cape of Good 
 
 Hope discovered by Vasco de Gallia . 
 Bisniverv of the lira;-!!!; . 
 lirazil discovered by Cabral . . 
 Camoens, author of the r.iiniiul, born 
 The Inquisition established 
 Universitv of Evora founded 
 Afric'an expedition; king Sebastian 
 
 Miguel takes oath of fealty at Vienna . 4 (Jit „ 
 Maic|Uis of Chaves' insurrection at Lishiai in favimr 
 
 of Doin Miguel 6 Urt „ 
 
 Doin Miguel and Donna Maria betrothed !9Uit „ 
 Portugal solieits the assistaiiee of Gre.'it l!rif,iin, 
 
 3 Dec. ; deiiartiiie of tfie first British anxiliarj' 
 
 troops for Portugal 17 1^"'. .• 
 
 Rank of Lisbon stops payment . . 7 UeciSij 
 Dom Miguel m.ide ivgeiit ; lie arrives 111 Lemlnn. 30 
 
 Dec. 1827 ; takes tlie oatli at Lislion 22 Feli, iSii 
 
 The liritish armaiiieiit quits Portugal, 28 Aiiril; 
 
 foreign mini.steis withdraw . . 3 May, „ 
 
 Sir John Dovle, a partisan of Donna .Maria, arnstHl, 
 
 13 June, „ 
 
 Dom Miguel assumes the title of king . 
 
 He dissolves the three estates . 
 
 His troops take Madeira 
 
 Release of sir John Dovle . . . . 
 
 The queen Donna Maria arrives 111 Loiiiliui 
 
 Miguel's expeilitioii against T 
 
 20 N 
 
 ov. 
 
 1497 
 
 
 
 
 1499 
 
 
 Al 
 
 ril. 
 
 I5CX3 
 
 
 al 
 
 lilt 
 
 1520 
 1526 
 
 
 '45 
 
 I or 
 
 '533 
 
 fcatc 
 
 d 
 
 ind 
 
 
 8la n in tin battle of Alcazar 
 
 4 Aug. 1578 
 
 4 July, „ 
 12 July, „ 
 24 .Vug, ., 
 7,S.tt „ 
 6 Oct „ 
 rceira defeated, 
 
 1 1 Aug. iSj) 
 
 Duke of Palniella apiminted regent . March, lEs 
 Dom Pedro arrives in Knglaiid . . . i6Jiine, 1S31 
 InsniTeetioii in Portugal in favour of the queen; 
 
 more than 3c« lives hi.st .21 Aug. „ 
 
 Uom Pedro's expedition .-.lil iroin iiclk-islc, 5 FrV ; 
 at Tereeira proclaims himself regent, 2 .Mini; 
 takes oporto' . ■ ■ ■ ; ,V"V-J' 
 
 The Mignelites attack (iporto ami nrc Uofented 
 
 with 1 onsideralile lo.-s on both sides i9Scl|. ,1 
 Mount Cavello taken , . . . 9 Al™i ■•;) 
 
\ ' .11 
 
 KTUGAL. 
 
 riiili). II. i.f Si.ain , . , ,.j, 
 Ill^'Ui'WSi'tlli-lia-lit^iuIiulia'^ ' ' 
 l6oi-io 
 ill'tlic yok(.', (iinl liliifc Ji,lin 
 til.' tlir.ii.y . In,.' jj^ij 
 
 h.'Spiiiiiiirilsnt Villa Viciosa, 
 llii' tn-iity of Lisbuii . , ,(<) 
 
 *■''■) '. I--' 
 
 (•stroysl.islicii . iXov. ,;=; 
 il«'S lU'iitii by ii^sassiiis , jjjj 
 M-f, \ww tiirtuivil tuilcath; 
 
 j;fnrllili(lcll tnlllMllcntii.lwl; 
 
 ly wiis .SI 11(11 al'tcrwaiil.^ijUHie 
 
 s WiiV lllsn I'Xpi'Hi'd.] 
 
 iilitaiin II clisiieusatiiiii fniii, 
 lii.s ilaii;;liU'i' mill limtliir to 
 "k I'lai'u . . t June, ,,(^ 
 iicli invade Portiit'al, wliidi 
 i«li • ■ • 1762:1110 1 jf, 
 !il, iiiairies hi.s aunt, .MarLi 
 
 •iwaiil.s kill};), owiii,; to tlie ' 
 
 '■', I7M 
 
 ■ill; ln'ace . . 6, June, iSoi 
 ■ .■iiiii ><iiaiii fur till' iMrtition 
 ■I'lirli invasion ; .luinitaiTives 
 till' luuit sail for liiazil, 
 
 29 ^"''V. 1807 
 ■SI' ; si'veral tinios I'.i'ffatwl, 
 val iif Wellington at Oimrto, 
 lilt at Viiiiiura, 21 Aug.; oon- 
 iiliinii'd . . 30 Aug. 1J08 
 
 29 Maruli, 1609 
 seiin ... 27 Aug. iSio 
 nsai'o . . 27Si'|it „ 
 ' lilli'S of TolTcs Veilliis (xt. „ 
 ia'iite.s ik' Onnro ; vi'trtats, 
 
 5 -May, iSii 
 it yraiit.s tlie sufTiivrs liy war 
 
 1 to Fiiiiu-e 
 1 l!ra/il 
 ,1110110 , 
 I'stalilislit'd 
 
 . . 1814 
 . . 1815 
 . 20 Aug. iSio 
 • i<.»i't „ 
 4 July, iSii 
 zil; the lu'incc regciit iiiaje 
 
 ( 12 Oct. 182! 
 
 constitution . . 5 June, 1823 
 
 iii; Miguel (U'liarts 1-9 Jlay, iSu 
 
 29 Aug. i8ji 
 
 10 Maiili, i!!6 
 
 onstitiitional eliartei-,anilii}n- 
 
 . 26 Ai'ril, „ 
 irone in favour of liis (laughter, 
 iriu .... 2 May, „ 
 feiilty at Vienna . 4 Ue't „ 
 siirreetion at Lisbon in favmu' 
 
 6 Oct „ 
 iia Marin lietrntlieil igOi't „ 
 ' assistiiuee of tireat Biitiiin, 
 of tlie first British auxiliary 
 
 I 17 Die. .. 
 
 i liayiiii'iit . . 7Uw- '"! 
 gent : he arrives in Lomldii, m 
 
 ath at Lisbon 22 Feb. iSiJ 
 
 •lit i|iiits Tortugal, 28 April; 
 . ithiliaw ... 3 May, „ 
 tisaii of Dounn Maria, arresteil, 
 
 13 June, „ 
 i the title of king . 4 July, „ 
 ■e estates . . . 12 July, „ 
 eira . . . 24 Aug. „ 
 )oyle .... T^i'l't „ 
 Ilia arrives ill Loiuliin 60ct „ 
 ig,iin>t Teieeini defeateil, 
 
 11 Aug. 1S19 
 
 Iiointed regent . Mareh, i!?) 
 h Kiiglanil . . . i6Jiiiie, iSji 
 lugal in favour of the <|ueen; 
 s lo.st ... 21 .\ug. „ 
 lii.u nail tr.ini lidlcislc, 9 FA; 
 aims himself regent, 2 AiTil; 
 
 8 July, iSji 
 
 iii'k Oiiorto ami nrc defeated 
 loss on both sides 19 Sept „ 
 I . . . . gAlTil, iSy 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 873 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 ,15 
 
 1836 
 
 1837 
 
 1846 
 
 iJiniral Napier takes Doin Miguel's squadron off 
 
 ■ Oil* .St Vincent 5 July, 1833 
 
 Ijslnin evacuated by the duke of Cadaval ; the 
 'mirtii pniclaimed, 24 July ; enters Lisbon, 
 
 22 Sept. „ 
 Uter various conflicts Dom Miguel ca|iitiilatcs to 
 
 ■ III,. iViirnites, and .Santarcni surremlers, 26 .May : 
 
 lioni Miguel embarks at Evora for Genoa, 31 Mn.v, 1834 
 
 M;n.<ai'rea take place at Lisbon . . . 9 ,liinc, ,, 
 
 Till' t'lirtes ili'clarc the iiueen of age . 15 Si'iit. ,, 
 
 lininl'eilroilies 24 Sept. ,, 
 
 (I'Kirtii wine company abolished 
 
 I'liiue .Viign.stiis (duke of Leiiehteuberg) prince eoii- 
 «irt; niaiTied. i I'ec. 1834: dies . 28 March, 
 
 The uiieeii marries Feriliimnd of Saxe C'obiirg, 
 
 9 ^^P>'il. 
 
 lii'Kiliition at Lisbon .... 9 Aug. 
 
 Miiitlieroiitbn'iik there .... 8 Xov. 
 
 Till' liuke of Terceira attempts to restore Dom 
 PeJru's olmrter 18 An 
 
 lit ami Saldimlia fail, and embark for Kngland. 
 
 18 Sept. 
 
 0|uirtii wine comimny reestAldisIied . 7 .\pril, i 
 
 Tlif nortliern province iu a state of insurrection 
 aliiiut tliis time 20 .\pril, 
 
 The ilnke of Palmella resigns . . . 31 (let 
 
 .\itii«i at Evora, the iiueeu's troojis defeat the in- 
 surgent forces 31 Oct. 
 
 Biitisli Sfiuadron niider admiral Parker arrives in 
 tlie Tagus, at the ipieen's reipiest . 31 Met. 
 
 Piliiiella lianislied , . . . 26 Xov. 
 
 Jlmpiis of Salilanha defeats count liomliiiu at 
 Tones Vcilrns 22 Dee. 
 
 Till' insurgents enter 0|)oi-tn . . . 7,11111, 
 
 Lmiilon I'linference : Kngland, Frnuce, mid Spain 
 ili'leriiiine to assist the (lueen of I'ortngul to ter- 
 minate tlic civil war .... 21 May, 
 
 SiiliiiiisKion of ^;i da liandeira . . nJune. 
 
 .\ Spanish force enters Oporto, and the Junto cii]ii- 
 tiiliites 26 ,7ii!ie, 
 
 Jii Aineriran squadron in the Tagus to cnfon'c 
 fhiiins against tlie Portuguese . 2:" .June, 
 
 Military insurrection, headed by the duke of Sal- 
 iljnlia, wlio, being (Uitstripped in his niaicli on 
 Santareni by tliekingof Portugal, flees noillnvanl 
 
 10 .\pril, 
 
 0|inrtiHleelftres for the duke, who had left the city 
 fur Vigo to embark for England ; but is I'liilcil 
 knek by the insurgents . . . 24 .\pril, 
 
 Sahlanliii's entry into Oporto . . 29 ;\piil. 
 
 The I'liiule ile Tliomar, jirinie minister, resigns ; 
 arrives ill England .... 16 May, 
 
 Sahliiilia, prime minister .... 23 Alay, 
 
 U'liii Miguel marries the princess Adelaide of 
 I.iraeiisteiii-Riisciiberg . . . 24 Sept. 
 
 liivi.ii.aiof tlie eliarter liy the Cortes sanctioncil by 
 tlir ipU'en ; tlic prince ro.val takes the oath to 
 
 1847 
 
 1850 
 
 185. 
 
 1852 
 1853 
 «854 
 
 i8,Iulv, 
 
 18 Dei'. 
 
 15 Nov. 
 
 19 Dec. 
 June, 
 
 30 Dee. 
 May, 1855 
 
 16 Sept. ,, 
 5 June, 1856 
 
 1857 
 
 tlieionstitiition 
 O'liversion of the public debt 
 nfathiiftheiiueeii Maria II. 
 KiiiL'-ciinsort recognised as regent 
 The yeuiig king visits F.ngland . 
 Tlie slaves 1111 royal domains freed 
 The king visits France 
 lii-iiigiiration nf ilie king 
 
 llisignatiim of , Salilanha ministry . . ,„.. 
 Vir<t Portuguese railway (from Lisbon to Santarem) 
 
 'i'™"' 26 Oct. 
 
 Kver rages in Lisbon ; the king very active in 
 
 rilinvingtliesiiHcrers . . Oct. and Nov. 
 Tlie French emigrant ship for negroes, ChmU»-H- 
 
 i/'wiir,-', seized 2„ Xov. 
 
 Aiwr iif the French goveiiiment; its nltiimituni 
 
 MNt. 13 Oct. ;and sliijis of war to the Tagus: the 
 
 Vessel restored (sec Clmrles-rt-Ocoritcx) . 25 Oct. 
 htiith iif the ilukc of Terceira, I'lrime nirnister 
 
 .\Vn] j6: succeeded by the senhor Aguiar, Mav / 
 
 wlio resigns j .j,,],.' 
 
 Death of the king, Pe.lro V. ; succeeded bv Ids 
 
 iiriiflier the (hike of Oporto . , iiNov 
 
 Healh nf Jnlni, the king's brother . . 29 Dec' 
 fhe law ofsucces.sion altered in favour of the kiiii,''!: 
 
 si"Iel"S . I. 
 
 The line lie Louie becomes nrnister " . ' 21 Fidi' 
 
 llie king married to Princess .Maria Phi of Savoy by 
 
 priis.v, at Lisbon . . f, ()(.{ 
 
 Ufftions ; mnjnrity for the government ' . Nov! 
 
 1858 
 
 i860 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 Birth of Dom Carlos, heir to the throne . 28 Sept 
 
 Ministerial changes .... j,[„ 
 
 Death of the eelelirated statesman' the 'duke' of 
 
 Palmella .... ^ \,^[{ 
 
 j Free-trade measures introduced . '. ' I'jmie' 
 
 Frontier treaty with Spain cone' .ilcii . ,„ sept' 
 
 U.S. vessels Voo,,„-„ and S.:r,„mn,lo iu the Tagus 
 
 fired on through susiiicion of tlii'ir .sailing after 
 
 j tlie eoiitedcrate vessel Sl^'ii.-inill, „ .March ' the 
 
 I difllcidty with the V.S. government arranged, 
 
 ■ ,m 7 '^I'ril, 
 
 The proinier, De Loiil(?. resigns ; maniuis Sii da 
 
 17 April, 
 
 1863 
 864 
 
 865 
 
 Uandcira forms a luinistiv 
 Constitutional privileges granted to the 
 
 ar premier 
 
 colouie 
 
 May; 
 31 'Inly, 
 4 Sejit. 
 
 Another prince born 
 
 New ministry formed ; Au'iii 
 
 Tim international exhibition at Oiiorto opened 'by 
 
 the king .... 18 Sent 
 
 The king visits England 1111.1 France . ' 'dcc' " 
 
 de'i'''t''''"" "'*'"'" ^'"'''"«"'' 20 Jan. ; ordered t(j " 
 
 D^XfDomMigii,d,'tl,e(:x.king. ' . ' ^-^y! '!f* 
 the king and (pieeu of Spain visit Lisbon 11 Dec 
 King and ipieeu at the Paris exhibition, July- \iiir' " 
 New ministry under count d'Avila ' " 
 
 under Sii da liandeira 
 
 under tile duke dc Saldaulia 
 
 under the diike lie Louhi 
 
 5 Jan. 
 
 21 July, 
 
 7 Jan. 
 
 loiiier iiie iiiiKe lie I.oule . 11 Aug 
 
 Violent opposition of .Saldanlia ; ordereil back to 
 
 laris as amba.ssador there ; he resigns Dec 
 
 Cortes dissidved .... t„,i 
 
 1867 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 Jan. 
 seizes the 
 
 1870 
 
 Siddanha heads a military insurrection • 
 
 royal palace; forms a new iiiiuistrv .' ig .May 
 Ne-.itrality 111 the French war proclaiiiK^d . July" ' 
 M.'inifestation against Saldanlia in Lisbon aiiil 
 
 Oporto . . . 
 
 Tlie French republic reco'giiia'd . ' ' Sent " 
 
 New ministry under the bishop of Vizen. ' 30 Oct. ','■ 
 
 30 Jan. : 
 13 Sept. 1871 
 
 Conspiracy against the governinent'i offl'ccr/ in'the ' '" 
 
 army arivstcd . . . about 26 Aug. „ 
 
 De.dh^ot Joai|iiiin A. Aguiar, statesman (.see 1860, 
 
 .. . . , • , 1 ofVizen, 
 
 New ministry under the manpiis d'Avila 
 
 under Fontcs Percira dc .Mello 
 Great lire at Lisbon 
 
 Till 
 
 '^''5\ ;.,,.•, 26 May, 1874 
 
 duke of Coimbra visits England . . Augi87j 
 The prince of Wales at Lisbon " . . ' , m"V ,8?6 
 Financial crisis: banks of Oporto and Portugiil 
 su.spcml payment ; conlidcnce .soon returns, about 
 
 19-24 .Vug. ,, 
 De.ath of the duke de Saldanlia (buried iu state at 
 
 , I'i«'""i) 21 Nov 
 
 .Maripiis D'Avila forms a new niiuistry 5 March 1877 
 Kesigns after vote ofcensiiic ; new ministry formed 
 
 nnderl'ontesPereiradeMcUo . . 29 Jan, ,878 
 .Minis rv resigns, 30 May, new one formed bv sen, 
 
 A. J. Hraamcaiiip . . . ,-,,„iy ,g 
 
 Gii'at demonstration 111 hnm.nr of Camoens and 
 
 \ a.seo da (iaiiia at Lisbon . . . ,Ume, 1880 
 Discussion 111 file ehMiiibers respecting treaty with 
 Great Uritain, respecting Loiireni;o Maripies (lefticA 
 see), E. Coast of Africa; ministry resigns; suc- 
 ceeded by sen, Sampayo . . ji-^g .March, 1881 
 Elections ; minority in favour of ministry 21 Aug 
 The kings of Portngal and Spain open a new rail- 
 way between Lisliou and .Madrid . . 8 Oct. 
 Visit of the king and (|ih'eii of Spain ,0 Jan. rl sn. 
 National art exhibilion at Lisbon opened 
 
 about 15 April, 
 
 Reform bill introduced aludisliing hereditary 
 
 peerage . . . . end of Feb. 
 
 The king and (|ueen visit JIadriil . . 22 May 
 
 Ministry reconstructed by Fontes Pereira de .Mellij 
 
 20 Oct. 
 Circular alHrniing Portuguese rights over the Congo 
 
 is.sncd Oct. 
 The crown prince returned froiii a visit to England 
 
 21 Dec. 
 Government bill fur reroiiii of eoiistitulion adopted 
 
 by the deputies g }.\.i,_ . 
 
 Mr, John Dixon's diiims on the GiiimarSes railway 
 company for eompcnsatioii lor their taking the 
 Miiilio railway, coiistnieted by him ; eomiilaint 
 iif.indicial delays; Uritishiiitcrvention; ilLscussed 
 
 Jlay, 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 S84 
 
 
 I, 
 
 1', 
 

 I ■ 
 
 ' ♦ 
 
 tff 
 
 \\\ 
 
 
 POKTUQAL. 
 
 874 
 
 POliTLGAL, 
 
 Death of the king consort Feriliimiul B^eil 69, 
 
 15 Doe. 1885 
 
 The ch' Mcllo ministry resigns, sncceodcil by tlmt of 
 senlioi- Just' (h' C:istr<t . . . ig Kel). 1886 
 
 The kinf; visits (iri'iit Britain, Deinimrli, ami tlie 
 continent (iviirnily reeeiveii) Auj^.-Sept. 18S6 ; 
 retnrns to I,isbun 26 .Sept. ,, 
 
 Strike and riots at ()iiiirtii(ii'/iic/i, sec), about 30 May, 1889 
 
 Dispute respecting tlie Deiagoa railway (^ii-hifh arr) 
 
 Jnnn, rl .sr./. ,, 
 
 The wine trade niucli disturbed by bounties to 
 wine-growers ; granted by the ebandier, 12 .Inne, „ 
 
 Deatli ot'king Luis I., 19 Oct. ; Inneral . 26()et. ,, 
 
 British riMiionstranei's on Portuguese encroaeli- 
 nieuts in Kasl AlViea (s«e /ffo/i'^fii) . Nov., Uee. ,, 
 
 Tlie king Carlos inaugurated ... 28 Dee. ,, 
 
 The king ojieiis the eortes with a linn temperate 
 speech resiiecting E. Al'riea . . . 2 .Inn. 1890 
 
 Telegrams ; lord .Silisbury ilemands the innnediate 
 recall ot the I'ortnguese fcn'ees from places iji 
 Africa under liritish laolection or inlluenee 
 
 5 Jan. „ 
 
 Sen. Barros Cionies aeeeiles, umler comlitions; 
 delays, 6— S.Ian. Ultimatum from lord .Sali.-.bury 
 reipiirntg immediate submission, threaterdng sus- 
 pensi(ni of diplomatic relations; the council of 
 state accede to all the Hritish deniands, under 
 protest M,; 12 .Ian. ,, 
 
 Excitement in r.islmn iinil the ]n-ovinei's against 
 the Jii'itisli, promptI\- suititrcsscd ; about 63 
 arrests, 13 — 16 .Ian. ; the lie Castro nunistry 
 resigns; sen. Sei-pa INmctital forms a cabinet; 
 sen. Hintzc (iiticiro. f<neign minister . 14 .Ian. 
 
 Son. Herpa I'imental irdbrms the cliandier that he 
 Hubnuts to Kngland, who has might while 
 Portugal has right .... 15 .Ian. 
 
 The Blue-b(.)ok containing cori'esp<mdence between 
 lord .Salisbury and sen. Barros (lonies, 22 .June, 
 1887 to 2o.)an., 1890, jiublished . . 12 Keb. 
 
 Capt. Neves Ferreira resigns, about , 18 .Jan. 
 
 Manifesto of the republican party, about . 19 .Ian. 
 
 The cortes diss(jl\-ed .... 20 .Jan. 
 
 Natioinil defence fund started, 23 Jan. ; 55,o.x>/. 
 received ui»t0 4 .Mar-ch (nearly 33,000/. subscribed 
 by the king and royal lanuly). aliont . 11 .March, 
 
 Decrees respei ting ijublic meetings, liberty of the 
 l)ress, judicial i-etbrms, kc, isstu'd . 7 ,\pril, 
 
 The new cortes opened liy the king; friemlly 
 relations willi (ireat Britain, repurti'd . 19 April, 
 
 Major Serpa I'iuto arrives at l.isbon, 20 A|iril ; 
 made one of the king's adjutants . 27 .April, 
 
 Anglo- I'ortiignese agreement res])eirting Africa, 
 settled in l.onilou 20 Aug. 
 
 Resigimtiimofseu.Serpal'imi'ntal ministry, i7!Si'pt. 
 
 Gen. Chry.sostoneid'Alircnc-housa tormsa ministry, 
 13 l>ct., opposed to tlie proposed convention ; 
 cortes closeil 15 Oct. 
 
 A Vitujim rirt'iiili iigreed on for six months ; the 
 agreement (jf 20 Aug. withdrawn ; the sti'tu.^ 'jiio 
 ante luainlaim'il, 10 .Nov. ; signed . 14 .Nov. 
 
 East Africa : Capt. I'aiva ami the Uihe expedition 
 resisteil on the river Caiinicma ; lighting with 
 the natives, with great loss . . . i Nov. 
 
 CelebratioiL of the 250th anniversary of the re- 
 establishment of the monarchy . . I Dec. 
 
 For the disputes with the S. Africa company 
 respecting the Manica comiiany, see under 
 Ziiviliftii Sept. — Dee. 
 
 Military exiiedition for the defence of Slaiuca, sails 
 from liisbon . . . 15 .Ian. ami 12 Feb. 
 
 Arrival of cid. I'aiva d'Andriide, complaiiuiig of the 
 comluct of Ihi! British in .Mauica (see /unilieni, 
 Nov. 1890) 19 .Ian. 
 
 Military revolt at Diiorto (ic/ii'c/i srr) . 31 Jan. 
 
 The Miilitit'fv steauu'r, with 700 men, arrives at 
 Zanzibar 9 l'\d}. 
 
 The cortes opened .... 4 March, 
 
 Tlie Vninile.1.1 of i'uiuirron, steamer, seized by tlm 
 Portuguese, see under /aiiilifi'i . . March, 
 
 Loan of 10,000,000/. on the tobacco monopoly voteil 
 
 19 March, 
 
 The r.".r1*^K rloKPd .... a--. M;irch, 
 
 Ministerial crisis ends, no change . . 17 April, 
 
 Financial crisis; lieavy fall in the fumls, tlimuRli 
 increase of the nati(jnal debt .-md great depressirin 
 of trade ; run upon the banks met by large eoinago 
 of silver, about . . . . B May, e( sery. 
 
 Decree authorising the suspension of p.iyim.ii-,s hv 
 the banks ; the Bank of Portugal suspemu ..asi, 
 payments for 60 diiys . , . . n .May ,;. 
 
 Treaty extending the mm/iis /■iveinU for one rn'ohv! '' 
 signed ,^ May' 
 
 Financial improvement ri'port.'d . . ,^ jjj^. '' 
 
 New ministry formed by senhor Joao Chiysust.imi>' " 
 president and war general . . . ' n Sh\' 
 
 New Anglo-Portuguese comention signed (aftt'r'. 
 wards ratilied) 11 Jmi,., 
 
 Monetary crisis ; sovereigns sold at ii high priiv ■ " 
 tralllc in silver coin . . 20 July— m .\ii;;' 
 
 Meeting of the cortes ; the king states that Ih.'; ' 
 treaty of June with England is btinj; ,|ii|y 
 executed a-Iaii. ,;,- 
 
 Expiration of the treaty of Goa (ic/n'.-Zi »,) . ,^ .jj,,' '''' 
 
 New cabinet formed by sen. Jose Dijis Ferrt'ii-a "' 
 
 15 .Ian. , 
 
 The minister of linance reports great di'lii.'it.,|.v in 
 the revenue iind great increase of detit, ainl j.r.j. 
 post's large reductions in the expcn-iiiur'; ai:'! 
 increase of taxation ; accepted by the kin;;, wl,,, 
 lu-0]ioses to largely reduci: his civil list, ai.il liy 
 the cortes .... 20 Jan. —23 rA 
 
 Violent cyclone at I.,isbon, much daiiiiige ; .'sti- 
 
 mated loss, 45,000/., 19 iMdi. (beat hjss of iifp 
 
 (103) and property on the coast by a \ inlcnt p.l,. 
 
 27 Fell, and 6 March, 
 
 Revolts against the expedition to lake Nyas.« in 
 E. Africa, reported . . 3 .Marcii, i) s^.j. 
 
 The cortes closeil by the king . . 2 .April, '. 
 
 Ministry reconstituted by sen, Ferreira . 27 .May, " 
 
 Decree reducing the temporary payments to fnrfigi'i 
 bondholders then due to one. third tlie iuinraut; 
 Iirotest of the bondholders . . i4jn!|p, 
 
 fieneral election ; government majority . 2!0ft,' .'. 
 
 The king and ipieen visit Madrid . 10-17 Nov, 
 
 Uetiremeut of sir Cieorge Petre, the alile l)iiti,,h 
 uiinister ; succeeded by sir H. MacDoiedl, ll.-c. 
 
 The cortes oiteued by tJie king . . zJaii. i:^^- 
 
 The Dias [■"erreira ministry resigns tlirou^jh ili,<. 
 agreement with the king . . . 20 Feb. ., 
 
 Sen. iiintze Itibeiro forms a liberal niinistry 
 
 s2Feb. „ 
 
 The eortes closed ijJul!', ,. 
 
 Dissolution of the chamber of deputies . 7 pt\'l 
 
 Disi)nte between France and Portugal resiii'clin^' 
 railway arrangements ; M. Bilhuunl, Frnach 
 minister, leax'es for Paris . . .17 Ft'ti, i-^ 
 
 Agicement arrived at . . . .27 Marth ,. 
 
 t'eleliiiitiini of the 500th anniversary of the birth 
 of ]>riiici» UiMiry the Xa\'igator ; foundation ,st()iH' 
 of a monument laid by the king ; and an eshilii. 
 tioii of colonial products opened at (liierte 
 
 1-4 March, ,, 
 
 Delimitation of Manicaland (ic/ii./i ,!n) tn he .<iili. 
 niitteil to arbitration ; reported . 15 Mairh, ,, 
 
 Large concession of territory ou the West 0)a<t "I 
 Africa to a new company ; reported, 16.M1111I1. ,, 
 
 Parliaiueutary elections ; government majerity 
 
 15 March, ,, 
 
 Great meeting of tlie progressist party at Uporti) 
 
 S Juiii', „ 
 
 Death of sen. Oliveira-Martins, historian, h..ni 
 1845 ; minister of linance in 1892 . . aiAiij:. ,. 
 
 Reeonstruction of the ministry ; premier, sen. 
 Lobod'Avila 3 Sept, „ 
 
 Tlie new cortes opened by the king . . i Oct, „ 
 
 Sen. Jlintze Kibeiro's builget ; rediicthiii of tin' 
 dellcit 29 '''•'■ •■ 
 
 The ])oet Joilo de Dens decorated by the king, ,it 
 Lisbon, with niueli honour . . 8 .March, i:c; 
 
 The chamber dissolved by decree; electoral n- 
 form; numberof deputies reduced from 170-120 
 
 30 Marcli ,. 
 
 Sen. Curios Lobo d'Avila, able minister far foreign 
 attiiirs, aged 34, died .... 9*i"' •■ 
 
 Reform of the house of Jieers : 90 life menili'T^ 
 nominated by decree .... 26N'|it, „ 
 
 The king starts to visit Spain and other coiiiitn.'s 
 
 2 Oct, „ 
 
 Met by the duke of Saxe-Coburg and fiotha at 
 Cli:iriu'„--crosa ; receivi'd bv the iirineeof W-il^s 
 at Hanilriugham, 6 Nov. ;'by the i|ueeii at Dai- 
 moral ; made K.G., 9 Nov. : entertained liytli' 
 lord niavor iit the Mansion house, 12 Nov. ; Iravfs 
 Englami, 14 Nov. ; returns to Ijishoii 16 Nov. ,. 
 
 Elections : government niiijority . . 18 Nov. ,. 
 
sylpsii 
 
 OKTLGAl. 
 
 e suspHiision of imymiT.u bv 
 ik of rortiiKal 8us])cM.la .asii 
 
 '■■'*•, •. •,. , • 'I -May, u 
 mu((i(s cimii/i for one iiioiit'i 
 
 I, Mav' 
 It ri'iKirt.'.l . n M,:/ ■ 
 
 by SL'iilKjr Joao ChrvsustMino' 
 XMioral . . . " ,, jin.' 
 sf coiivoiitiun sign,..l (aft,:,.. " 
 
 ■i-fi;,'iis solil nt i: high ^,r\,.p . 
 20 July— io Alii;.' 
 ,s ; till' kiiij; stattli that Hi,'. " 
 til EiiKhiMil is hiinj; duly 
 
 ,ty of Goa (fhii'li su) , ^^ .jj,, '' 
 
 by sen. Josh Uius VntAm " 
 15 Jan. . 
 i?n ri'iiorts nrrat iliMii'ifiov in 
 «it iiKMi'Msi. iifili-ht, ami j,r,j. 
 (jiis ill till' I'XpiMnlituri; aiM 
 1; iicri.pti'il by fhikiiit;, \il,o 
 
 reiluuu bis civil list, ami by 
 20 Jail, -23 Feb. 
 ..isboii, iinicli ihuiiaKe; »ti- 
 ., 19 Fi'b. (iivat loss of life 
 on tliij coast by a violiMit pie 
 27 Feb. ami 6 .Maroli, 
 'xpedition to laUf Nj-assa in 
 3 Maicii, ,i v>i, 
 :be kinj,' . . 2 .^jini, ,. 
 il by sen. FfiTcira . 2; M:iv, 
 I'liipnrary payiiii-iilstufnrriia'i 
 luo to oni'-tliiril tint aiiiuimt; 
 lioliliTs . . i4Junp, „ 
 ■I'lhiiiHiit niiijority . 21 Oct. 
 isit -Mailriil , 10-17 Nov. 
 ,jrg|. IVtiv, till' abb' liiiti,,li 
 il by sir H. Miifl)oi,"ll, Iw. 
 
 tbe kiiiK . , 2 Jan. f.', 
 linistry resigns tliiough dis- 
 
 king . . . 20 tV!). .. 
 onus il liberal luinistry 
 
 22 Feb. ,. 
 • 15 July, .. 
 amber of ilepnlies . 7 pit. ,. 
 nee aiel roitiii.'al resiii''.'tiiij: 
 iits ; -M. liillioiinl, Kivirt 
 
 Pill-is . . . 17 Fl'li. I;,( 
 
 . 27 MuR'll ,' 
 Dtb anniversary of the birth 
 Xavigiitor ; foiinilatioii ston.' 
 I by tlie king ; ami an eshibi- 
 iiliu'ts openeil ut Oporto 
 
 1-4 Marcli, ,. 
 I'alaml ("'/"'e/i .<") to be sub- 
 in ; reporteil . 15 March. .. 
 erritory on tlie We.st Coast of 
 ipaiiy ; re]iorteil, 16 March. .. 
 lis ; governineiit majority 
 
 15 March, ., 
 progressist party at Uporto 
 
 8 JiiiiP, „ 
 ira-Martins, historian, hern 
 iiiince in 1892 . . 24 An;:. ,, 
 ,lie ininistrv ; premier, sen. 
 
 . '. . 3 Sept. .. 
 il by tbe king . . lUct. ., 
 's bmlgel ; reiluction of the 
 
 29Uct. ,, 
 IS ilecorateil by the kiiii.'. at 
 honiinr . . 8 March, no; 
 ,-eil by ilecree; electoral P'- 
 'pnties leilneeil from 170—12;. 
 
 30 March ,. 
 iMla, able minister for forcijiii 
 I . . . . 9*111. .. 
 \ of peers : 90 life meiiibcr* 
 'e . . . . J6!>flit. „ 
 
 it Spain anil otlier countries 
 
 2 Oct. „ 
 Saxe-Cobiirg ami Gotlia at 
 ■iveil bv the [iriiice of WhIhs, 
 Nov. ; by tlie queen at Hal- 
 , 9 Nov. :' eiiteitaineii liyth- 
 lansion bouse, 12 .Nov, ; leaves 
 rotiirns to Lisbon 16 Nov, „ 
 lit iiiiijority . . 18 Nov. „ 
 
 POETUGAL. 
 
 .'4 
 
 875 
 
 POSTAL UNION. 
 
 Xhp cortes opened by tliu kiiij,', with a clicierfiil 
 
 .siwech 2 .Ian. 1896 
 
 Joaode ileus, popular poet, born i8jo;(iieil u ,laii. ,, 
 .11 » club carnival ball, in .Santareni, 42 women 
 ' ami I man perish by a lirij occasioneil by paper 
 
 lanterns "18 Feb. ,, 
 
 The ki"i! confers honours on col. (ialliarilo and 
 his olticers, .see Lourcncu AhmiKea, 1S95, at 
 
 Ushon 25 iVpril, ,, 
 
 .Vewgoverunieut loan for war vessels . 19 Nov. ,, 
 The king opens the cortes . . . , 2 .Ian. 1897 
 Besipiatiou of the ministry, 4 Feb. ; iiiini.stry 
 fomieil by sell. Jose Luciano do Castro, 6 Feb. ; 
 iiniiiesty to prbsoners for [iress oll'ences ; tins 
 chamberofilepnties dissolved . , 8 Fob. ,, 
 (K'naiiogniphie exhibition, showing the results of 
 tho king's own scientilic researches, oiiened by 
 
 the king 12 April', ,, 
 
 Pariiaiiieiit ojiened by the king . . 10 June, ,, 
 
 400th anniversary of the doparti'vo of Vasco da 
 Gaiiiato di.scover tho .sea route to the Indies ; 
 eelcbniteil at I.isboii .... 8 Jiilv, ,, 
 I'oTlU'jmsr IC. A/ririi, see J/ricn . . , IJi^e. ,, 
 Parliament openeil by tbe king, 2 .Ian. . . . iSgg 
 Bill for the conversion of the external debt iias.sml, 
 
 29 April; cortes closed . . . 4 Jiini., ,, 
 IkmCados I. cruiser launched at Elswick 5 May, ,, 
 
 1095. 
 1112. 
 ml 
 1139. 
 
 1185. 
 
 1312. 
 1223. 
 1248. 
 1279. 
 1325- 
 
 ■357. 
 1367. 
 ■385. 
 
 ■433. 
 1438. 
 1481. 
 
 MM. 
 1521. 
 
 1578. 
 ■580. 
 
 1580. 
 IS98. 
 1621. 
 164a 
 
 1656. 
 
 1683. 
 ipd. 
 I75tt 
 
 1792. 
 1816. 
 
 1826. 
 
 SOVKRKIONS OF PORTt'OAL. 
 
 Henry, eouiit or earl of I'ortiigal. 
 
 Alfonso, his sou, and Theresa. 
 
 Alfon.so. I'oniit of Portugal, alone. 
 
 Alfonso 1. ileilared Kixo, having obtained a signal 
 
 victory over a prodigious army of .Moors on the 
 
 jilaius of Ourii|iie. 
 Sauclio I., sou of Alfonso. 
 Alfonso II., surnaiued Crassus, or the Fat. 
 Sauclio II., or the Idle : dejioscd. 
 Alfonso III. 
 
 Denis or Dionysiiis, the father of his country. 
 Alfonso IV., tlie Urave. 
 Peter, the Severe. 
 Fenlinanil I., son. 
 Jiilin I., the Dastard and tbe Great; natural 
 
 lirotlier: uiarried Philippa, daufhter of John of 
 
 Gaunt, duke ot Lancaster. 
 Eilwanl or lluarte. 
 Alfonso \'., the -Vfrican. 
 John II., the Great and the Perfect. 
 Enimanuel, the Fortunate ; cousin. 
 John III., son ; adniitt.;d the Iiuiuisition, 1536, 
 
 anil the Jesuits, 1540. 
 Seliastiaii : ilrowncd after the great battle of Alca- 
 
 zanpiivir, in Africa, 4 Aug. 1578. 
 Henry, the cardinal, son of Emnianuel ; great uncle. 
 Anthony, luior of Crato, son of Kininanuel : de- 
 
 jioseil by Philip II. of Spain, who united Portu- 
 gal to his other dominions. 
 Philip II. ) 
 
 Philip III. ^ kings of Spain. 
 I'lnliiilV. ) 
 John IV., duke of Bhaoanza ; dispo.s.scaseil the 
 
 Spaniaiils in a bloodless revolution, and was 
 
 proi'laimed king, Dec. i. 
 Alfonso VI. ; deposed in 1667, and his brother 
 
 Peter iiiaile regent. 
 Peter II., brother. 
 Jiilni v., son. 
 Joseph Kmniiinuel ; son. The daughter and auc. 
 
 cesser of this jirincc married his brother, by 
 
 disprusatiiin from the pope, and they .ascended 
 
 tile throne, as 
 Maria I. and Peter lU. .jiiintly. 
 Maria I. alone : this princess afterwards falls into a 
 
 state of melancholy and derangement; dies, i8i6 
 Rcgeney-Jolm, son (afterwards king) ; declared 
 
 n'gent, 1791. 
 John VI., iMvviously regent. He had withdrawn 
 
 in 1807, owing to thf French invasion of Portu- 
 
 g«\, to his lirazilian dominions : but the dis.'on- 
 
 teiit of hhssiibiecls obliged hull to return in 1821 ■ 
 ihecl in 1826. 
 
 Peter IV. (Doni Pedro), anil ; making his election 
 of the empire of lirnzil, abdicated the throne of 
 Portugal in favour of 
 
 Mnriall.(ilaUhiria); daughter ; seven years of age. 
 
 1828. Demi Miguel, brother to Peter IV., usurped the 
 crown, whiidi be retaiiieil, amid civil conten- 
 tions, until 1833. 
 
 1833. I'uria II. restored ; declared in .Sept. 1834 to be of 
 .age ; married Augustus, duke of Lenehtenberg, 
 1835 ; and, Ferdinand of .Saxe Cobiirg, 9 April 
 i836(whodied, 15 Dec. 1885) ; died, 15 Nov. ,853. 
 
 1853. Peter V. (l)oiii Pedro), son; born 16 Sept. 1837- 
 died, II Nov. i86i. ' 
 
 1861. Luis I., brother ; born 31 Oct. 1S38 ; married Maria 
 Pia, daughter of Victor Knimaiiuel, king of 
 Italy (born 16 (Jet. 1847), 6 Get. 1862 ; a judicious 
 reformer; died, 19 Oct. 1889. 
 
 1889. Dom Carlos (son), Porii 28 Sept. 1863; married 
 .Marie Ainelie, daughter of the conite de Paris, 
 22 May, 1886. ' 
 
 Heir: Louis Philippe, born 21 March, 1S87. 
 
 POET VICTORIA, on the Medway, Kent, 11 
 now port for Loiuloii, cstiiblislied by the South 
 Knstern Kuihviiy Compuiiy; conmiunicatioiia opened, 
 Sept. 1884. 
 
 POET, SOC in,!<'. 
 
 POSEN, a I'olisli province, annexed to Prussia 
 1772 and 1793; iiKulc part of the ducliv of Wiiroaw, 
 1807; restored to rriissiu, 1815. An insurrection 
 here quelled, May, 1848. 
 
 About 2,000 Austrian Poles expelle.l Oct. -Nov. 1885. 
 Prince liismarck's plan for Germaniziug I'osen, .see 
 
 J'niMiii, Feb. iSi6. 
 
 POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY set forth by 
 Auguste C'omte, an einineiit iiuitlieiiniticiaii, born 
 19 Jan. 1798 ; died at Paris, j Sept. 1857, succeeded 
 by JI. I'lene l.affltte as director of Positivism. .\L 
 P. Eniile Littre, the great French philologist, 
 ardently embraced the system, and ]mblished " iJe 
 la Pliilosophie Positive." in 1845. -See Valtiidar. 
 Comte's "Cours de Pliil.isophie Positive," published 
 1830-42; "Systbme de Politiiiue Positive, 011 Traite 
 do Sociologie, instituant la Iteligion de I'llnniaiiito 
 (I amour pour principe, Fonlre pour base, et le pro- 
 gres pour but)," 1851-4. 
 It professes to iiase itself wholly on iiositive facts or 
 observed phenomena, and rejects all metaphysical 
 eonceptiiuis, wdiicli it considers negatives, liaviii" 
 nothing real or true in them ; and disi.enscs with the 
 science of mind. It sets aside theology and meta- 
 physics as two merely preliminary stages in life ; ami 
 abandons all search after causes and essences of 
 things, and restricts it.s.'lf to the observation ami 
 elassilication of phenomena and the discovery of their 
 laws. Conite asserted that Flurope hail now arrived 
 at the third stage of its progress. 
 Positivism does not recognise the supernatural or the 
 
 future state. 
 The Society of Positivists in London meet in Newton- 
 ball, in Fleur-de-Lys-conrt, near Goughsiiu.are, on 
 Sunday evenings, when discourses on ]iliilosophv 
 
 morality, scie ., iiolitics, A;c., are delivered. Their 
 
 professed object is to priiiiiote the perfeition of man 
 byineansof clucatiou in its widest sense, aiming at 
 the attaining of universal brotlierhood iiidepondeutlv 
 of all luofessed religious sects; concerts are occa- 
 sionally given; Frederick Harrison, iiresident U\ai 
 ilii.i: Cii-.ette, 29 Nov. 1883). 
 " Fhe Church of Ilumanity" is a modifieil form of 
 positivism, described bv .Mr. Uiehard Con"reve il'aU 
 Mnil Cnsette. 17 Jan. 1884). 
 Commemorative meeting at Paris, address by .Mr. Fred 
 Harrison, 5 Sept. 1896. 
 
 POSSIBILISTS. 
 
 party in Spain : aimin;i 
 
 a chief, Oct. 188.?. 
 
 The name is also given to the workmen's party in Paris 
 
 who aim at ellecting soiual reforms by legarmethiHls ; 
 
 they are said to have prevented a reVolutioiiury out! 
 
 break of the viob.ut Hlaiepiists. ..r Autonomists, at 
 
 the presidential election, 3 lh<c. 1887. 
 
 POSTAL UNION. General, was esta- 
 blished by tlie Treaty of lierne, signed 9 Oct. 1874, 
 and took etiect from I July, 187;. Prom time to 
 time eonfereiiccs liave been held ut Uerne, Jan. 
 
 .V section of the liberal 
 at reforms; .Sen. Castelar, 
 
 ^> 
 
 * 
 
 
 'P\l 
 
j#|yg|' 
 
 III ^f^'^A^ 'f' ' 
 
 
 
 h\,ill^ 
 
 miimr' 
 
 POSTING. 
 
 876 
 
 POST-OFFICE. 
 
 1876; Paris, 1878 nnd 1880; Lisbon, 1885. At 
 tin oongrese iit \ ienna, 20 SIny— 4 July, i8qt, tlie 
 Uritish Australusiaii colonii'S were added to the 
 union ; Cape Colonv added, I Jan. 1805; congress at 
 AVafliin;:ton, 5 Mi,y, 1897. 
 
 , POSTING. Post-chaiacs were invented hy the 
 Fienth, and, iiccording to Grainger, wore intro- 
 duced into this country by Mr. William 'i'ell, son of 
 the writer on liusbiiridry. Posting was fixed by 
 statute of Edward VI. at one penny per mile, 1548. 
 Ify a statute, re-establishing the post-office, lione 
 but the postmaster or his dei)utic8 could furnish 
 post-horses for travellers, 16O0. The post-horse 
 duty was imposed in i -^q. Post-horse duty yielded, 
 in l8S2, in England, 128,501/., and in Scotland, 
 
 POSTS, said to have originated in the regular 
 couriers established by Cyrus, who erected jioot- 
 liouses throughout the kingdom of Persia, about 
 5sO II. c. Augustus wiH the first who introduced 
 this institution amongthe Romans, 31 n.c. This was 
 imitated_ by Cliarlemagnc ab'iut a.d. Hoo.—jls/ie. 
 Louis XI. first established post-houses in France 
 owing to his eagoniess for news, and they were the 
 first institution of this nature in Europe, 1470. — 
 lli-iiimlt. An iutenuitional counnissiim respecting 
 postal arrangements met at Paris, 11 May, and broke 
 up June, 1863. 
 
 POST-OFFICE OF E\GL.VXD. In England, 
 in the reign of Edward IV. 1481, riders on post- 
 )iorses went stages of the distance of twenty miles 
 fi'om each other, in order to procure tiie king the 
 eailiest intelligence of the events that passed in the 
 course of the war that had arisen with tlie Scots.— 
 Gale. Richard III. improved the system of couriers 
 in 1483. In 1543 similar arrangements existed in 
 England. — fim/liT's Litters. Post enuununicutions 
 between London and most towns of England, Scot- ' 
 land, and Ireland, existed in 1635. —Striipe. '< 
 
 Tlic llrst cliicf I'ostina.stcr of Kn^'liiud, sir Tlionias 
 
 Knndolpl], iiiiimintcil liy r|uccn Klizabctli . 
 James 1. aiiimiiitccl Mattljcw de IKqUL'stcr as 
 foreign pnstiii.'istcr, 1619; and (,'Iais. I. uiiiioiuted 
 William Frizdl luiil TlKPiiiiis Witlicrings . . . 
 A imiclamatiou ijf Clia.s. I., "whereas to tills time 
 tliere liatli been no certain intci'cnursc lietw^'cu 
 the kini;il(ims nf Knglaml ami Scotland, the king 
 now commands his iKi.stmastcr of England for 
 foreign jiarts to .settle a rnnnin)r po.st or two to 
 ran night and day between Kdinbnrgh nnd Lon- 
 don, to go thither and come back again in six 
 
 days" 
 
 The king commandeil Ins "jinstmaster of England 
 for foreign parts," to oi.ci, a rcunlar connmniica- 
 tion by running posts between the mctroiiolis 
 nnd Edinburgh, Westchester, llolylicail, Ireland, 
 PlvnKuith, Exeter, ic. (lOites of pimtngc—i letter 
 cjirried under 80 miles ?<(. ; uniler 140 miles, 411. ; 
 above that distance in England, (((. ; ti; anv part 
 of Scotland, 8<?.). 
 An cnlargeil olllcc erected by the parliament in 
 1643 ; and one more <'imsidcnible in 1657, with a 
 view "to benelit comnaTcc, convey the imbllc 
 dispatches, and as tlic best means todisi'ovcraml 
 prevent many dangennis wicked designs against 
 the commonwealth by the inspection of the cor 
 
 resiKindence " 
 
 The Post-ofBce as at present constituted was 
 
 founded 12 t'has. 11 27 Dec 
 
 Fanned to .John Maidey, 1653 ; to Daniel O'Xeil 
 Penny Past first set nji in London ,and its suburbs 
 by a Mr. Robert MiUTay, upholsterer . . . 
 lie assigned his interest in the undertaking to Mr. 
 Dociwra, a merchant, 10C3 ; but on a Irialat the 
 King's Bench bar it was adjud^red to beloii;; to 
 the duke of Yoik, as abiamli of the HciuTal po.st, 
 and was thereupon afterwards annexed to the 
 
 revenue of tlie crown 
 
 TIds institution considerably improved and made a 
 twoiienny i>ost, July, 1794, et scg. 
 
 " rj,-|i 
 
 158: 
 
 1632 
 
 1631 
 
 '^57 
 
 1660 
 1663 
 
 i68t 
 
 1690 
 
 Cross iHists establislied by Ralph Allen 
 
 Uetwccn 1730 and 1740, tlie p,,st wns .mh- ,„ ' '"= 
 mitted tfiiee days a week belwoe,, l' i L 'f j 
 
 L" Ka.id the nietinpnlis, on ,','e ,' v "' 
 
 seiil II .<iii,iU:lrttfi-, Which wu.s for ;,., v-,e„i "'"' 
 banker, naiiied linmsiiy, '""" 
 
 A penny post was lirst set up in DuMj,, 
 
 The mads conveyed by coiiehes : the lir^t T„„ii 1 ,; '"■' 
 L.mdon for Uristol (see Muil ,\"rlT """' """ 
 
 The mails first conveyed by vailwuv ,8,0 ■ U- If " 
 overland route to India . ■' 3°' ''> "'« 
 
 Post-office nets I'oilsoliihiteil ' ' ,',-''3; 
 
 Early in 1837, Mr Howle.n.l Hill bioaelied I u , 1.:/ ''3' 
 otpiuiiiiiiiustiiifv, whieh WHS a.l,.,,te,l after if,' i 
 investigation by a committee of the l.oi,se f 
 eoiunions . . . ""use or 
 
 The new postage law, by «hi, 1, ti„. n.'.if,,,.,;, „♦,; „f '°35 
 4.' per letter was tried as a„ e.|..ri,„ , ' "^ 
 into operation ... ". ' ime 
 
 The uniform rate of nl per htterof half „, ',.Z, " 
 weight, &(•., commenced 'O' '"iiie 
 
 Stamped posbige I overs eaiiie into use ' 6 \' .'.v' ''^^ 
 
 Aillipsire .s^,m/« invented by Mr, .James Ch-,h„,L " 
 of Dundee, ,834 : they came i,„o „se ^i, J t S 
 .Mulrcady s allcKorieal eii\eloi,e i„( ,'m ' ,-'"'' , 
 
 Rnlnctinn ,« ,„«,<,„.-to be „(' iiislead „^'.' 1 '"4' 
 every ounce aliove the llrst . ",, ', 
 
 IJ„,,l.:l-i,>l. ^A treasury warrant issue.l,' pr,,;i 1 1 "'' 
 for the carnage by post ot books, jymnhkU &c 
 nnd.T certain restrictioiis-4 oz. for 11/. ; 8 o'z. fcif 
 
 Altered to under 20Z., U. ■ every ndditioiiaf t'uz' "-'- 
 or part of 2 oz., K: I'cgun . . ,% ,' , 
 
 A Mnue,H>r'ln- Offlre, set up in ,792. was little ,wd " 
 on a,.eou,it of the expense, till ,840. i.'Z 
 188,291 money orders were issued for 31, ,2.; -(5 
 :86i, 7.580,455 lo-ders for ■-4,616.348/.; ■in ,86, 
 •Jiders were issued for 1 7,829,290!.; in ,i-o f.r 
 19,993.987'- 
 
 The 7'..../«/r;„i,/dirst appeared in IBS'-,; in-.vliielnvir 
 Loii.lon an. 1 the vicinity weie.livide,liiit,i,|istn,.'is 
 for postal iMirposcs; viz., K.ist, W.'st, ie The 
 
 postiiiaster.Keneralliasi.ssued.\iiiiiiaiae|,„rtssim.e,s.. 
 
 Postm.-ister eiupowereil to puirhase the ele. trk' ' 
 telegraphs by act passeil 31 Ju,lv, ites- werk 
 begun ' 'cl'i.l R 
 
 Post-oflice money oriler system' njiiiiie.l to Fraiii" '^ 
 by virtue of a convention signed - \\w ,t 
 
 Ilalfiu'iiny stamped cards issued totlie i.uhlie I'oft 
 
 By the post-ofliee act (passed 9 Aug iS?;,) tlie " 
 newspaper stamp for jiostin.; was almh^heil- re- 
 gistered newsjiapers and iiamphlefs or patterns 
 under 2 oz. to be sent for f?. on au.l after i Oct 
 
 1 ostnije hiinnil : Lett.'rs si-iit at the rate of ni f„r " 
 I o/., ij(/. for 2 oz.. (fce., from . , .(j^.t t 
 
 Short strike of telegraph clerks at Jhuiehester 
 Liveri^ool, anil Dublin .... pec! 
 
 Piijeini pnst between Lonilon and Tours duri'it; the " 
 siege of Paris (48 day mails and 1186 liiglit mails 
 sent . . . ,8 Nov, 1870-28 Jan. ,, 
 
 Pust-nJIinsramluI, money spent from other funds on 
 telegia|i|i service withoutauthority of jiarlianient' 
 censured by commons .... -.9 July' iS?; 
 
 Payinent for reiiistcnd Idlers reduced froin 4i(. to 
 3(1. ; chai-ge for money orders raised ; new iiostal 
 wrappers issued , j,,a ,5.( 
 
 Telegraph acts consolidated and anien.leii by 4, & '' 
 42 \ict c. 76 ,6 Aug. „ 
 
 Messrs. Warren de la Hue & Co.'s tender for supply 
 of posiane-stanips acce|ited . , , 17 June, i3-,, 
 
 New iiost.'ige stamps issued . f,Jan. itSo 
 
 Itelnriiril Irlhi-s, ,tv. .• 1867, 3,618,838; year 1878-9, 
 4,286,648; 1883-4, 5i732.3'o; 1890-1, '5.750.527. 
 
 New system of receiving sinnll sums for savings- 
 banks by stamps ti'ie.l in some counties ; gene- 
 rally adopted . „ 
 
 New nites for money orders from i.< . . 1 Jan. 1681 
 
 Interiiatioiial postal igresse.i met at Paris, ; 
 
 Aiiril, 1878; and y 'lit. 1S80; at Lislmn, 16 
 March, 1885 ; (agreenu ,t signed 21 Maieh). 
 
 Po.sTAoK Si AMI'S for 111. aufhoriseil to he usei' for 
 receipts after i June; and for telegrams after 
 
 I X'lv, ,. 
 
 Reduction of 6ri. for 480 ji/. newspaper ttrappera 
 
 1 Jan. lEE: 
 
 Reply post-cards issued .... 2 Oi't „ 
 
 Late letters ri ived in the sorting carriage cf mail 
 
 trains at stations on and after . .1 Xnv. „ 
 
ST-OFFICE. 
 
 I I'.v Halpli Allen 
 
 Siiy, '"" 
 
 ai't 111' ill Diilili,, 
 
 ;;J^/'.Y'»i«Av, 1830; i.y,,; " 
 
 illltcil' . ' ' ■,,■,■ '=3; 
 fl"n,lIlilM„;,a,.l,;.,li;H,S''^' 
 •-Miiimilt™ of til. l„„isi."f 
 
 liy will, ll tiic uiiif.,,,;, riif/. of '°^' 
 u-<\ as «i, cx-i.Tini,,,,, ,,„„^ 
 
 ■■I'Y'l'tt.ioflialfa,,^,^;;;!- " 
 
 sl^llllLilltoUS,. • •^^'^*- 
 
 '■'' '■>■ ^'1- ■'•'""■s nialiii,.ra " 
 
 'y '■■■' mi" US'-, SIlhlT-iiliii,. 
 
 .'I l>f i'(. iiistoii.l 1,.'.,/ f'r *' 
 
 ifiiist . . \;' ., 
 
 ■ vamiiit issu.,], ,,r„;,!|i„' '"- 
 list ol lovks.rmnhUU ir 
 timis-4„z. f,„. „;,. g„2 f,;; 
 
 l"'^'"" ■ ■ ■ 7 0.t,8,, 
 till' 111 179=. was little used ' 
 
 Xpl'llsi', till 1S40. Ill ,0,5 
 W.-nMS,u,..ll,M-,,,.,j,,.f^ 
 
 ■s f"i- 4,616,348/, fill ,865, 
 
 lor 17,829,290;.; ill ,8;o^ f,,,. 
 
 IicarciliiuSsf,: iii-.vlii(iiv,.,r 
 tywi'iv. livid. -.Ill, t,„|istri,.i3 
 VIZ., Kast, West, &.: The 
 
 IS i.ssii,MAiiiiiialll,-|„irts since 185, 
 1 tn i.iiirlia.sc the ek-etric 
 iiissed 31 JiiJy, ,£68; work 
 
 • . • • ,5 Kth. iSco 
 r systt,iii niiiilifl to Franco 
 
 •'".» "'■«',"•;' ■ -3 Aug. ,8;„ 
 Is issued tothei.iiMicigpt. 
 d'assed 9 All};, ,870) tlie " 
 
 • iKistiiif; was a)inlislie,l; rc- 
 aiid paiii|,lilets ,,r |iatl.nis 
 
 ; fin- id. (Ill ami alter i Uct. , 
 i-s sent at the rate of ii(. for ' 
 
 ■''■.' '''''i'"', ■. . ■ 5 Oct 16;, 
 ipli elerks at Jlanehe.ster, 
 
 " , • ,• • ■ iJf'i „ 
 iiilmi and Tours ilnrlMj; the 
 
 • mails and 11S6 iiiylit nulls 
 
 . 18 Nov. ,870-28 Jan. ., 
 y spent from other funds on 
 Kiiit authority of i,arlianient; 
 '^ ■ • . 29 July, ,871 
 
 IcIlcrH redneeil from 4i(, to ' 
 y orders raised ; new iiestal 
 
 . I Jiin. iSjt 
 lateil and amen.lod hy 41& 
 
 16 Aug. ,, 
 lie Ic Cii.'s tender for suiiplj- 
 't'l'ti'<l • . . ,7 Jane, i3-,, 
 iOfil . . Jan. u& 
 
 867, 3,6i8,S;j8 ; year ,678-9, 
 32,310 ; 1890-,, 5,750.527. 
 :iK small .sums for savings- 
 :d in some counties ; gtiie- 
 
 ilers from ,,< . . , Jan. ,63i 
 oiiKi't'sse.s met r.t Paris, 7 
 'let. 18S0; at I.ishfin, ,6 
 I .t signed 2, .Maieli). 
 '. authorised to he u.<eii for 
 ,' ; anil for telegrams after 
 t Xov. 
 80 i'/. iiowspaiter uniiijiers 
 
 I Jan. ,£S: 
 , 2 Oct 
 the sorting carriage nf mail 
 .nd iiftor . . 1 Xov. 
 
 POST-OFFICE. 
 
 S77 
 
 Parcel iwst cnmrs into operation, which s,r i Aul- ,883 
 p,«t-olti™i)rotvti"ii act passed . . ,4 Aii^. 1884 
 ftjl.il ml'rs (liku bankers chdiues) largely used 
 
 |jiiicei38o) - . jgg, 
 
 <Mmll)o.ital trains establishi'd ; letters received 
 
 lit«amlil«livcn;d earlier; liej,'iiiiiiii;,' i .July 
 Priv,iti'I««tiiig lioxes ill London saiietioneil Aiiri'l' ,836 
 Iter iii'aotiatioii conveyaiiie cif Aiiieriraii mails 
 'traiuferml from the (.'imanl ami White .Star 
 
 (jiiiiaiiici to liimaii, North CJermaii I.hiyd and 
 
 .illier- till 28 Feb. 1387, Dec. 1886 ; uniienblu 
 
 .ettlfuieiit . . . . . . i.',.|j. ,38 
 
 »»■ si'ts uf postnfie stumps issued ; the penny 
 
 ' iUinii uiicliau.s'eil , j,,,, 
 
 .■L.mlonrostiiieii's Rest," Dover, established by " 
 
 ;or,lWolvertiui, late pi,.st master . _ i.,,,|, 
 jfiitol nixlit letter-boxes aiitli(U-ise,l after i Aug.' ,888 
 riie B,jvcriiiiieiit aiithoriseil to purchase the siib- 
 
 iiiariiii' electric tele,L;raidi with France 21 May, ,83q 
 Pistciiiii,! to hf sold 10 for 61I. or 5.J(/. , jniv 
 
 POST-OFFICE. 
 
 favmeiit of money, ,0/., at post-olth'es by tel'e. " 
 ;n|ili authorised after 2 Sept., Aug. i88q ; aiitlio- 
 rij«l for ll, to 10/. from i March ; aniioiiiiewl 
 
 about 18 Feb. iBo, 
 .fetinS of IMstmen 3 union in Hyde parktodis- 
 cuss grievances . . . . . 20 Oct. ,88. 
 Jubilee of the establishment of the penny jiu.st 
 celebratal . . . . . 10-15 , Jan. iSgc 
 I'niforiii colonial an, i ln,liapostago(2j//.), loiigailvo- 
 rateil by Mr. J. Heiiniker Heatoii,"M.i'., adoiited 
 iiv the government .... 17 April 
 (iniiii conversazione given by the lonl mayor at " 
 tli,> Guildhall ; i>re.seiit, tlm prince of Wales 
 Mr. Raikes, the p,istnia.ster-geiieral, ami other 
 ,ilticers, 16 .May. There was an interesting exlil- 
 liitiou of objects coiiiieeted with the po.stal service 
 16 — ,n .May 
 Exhibition of the riiilatelic .society's collection ijf " 
 ]«t.i?e stamps of all nations, at the Portimm 
 P»ms, liaker-street, W., o|ieiied by the lUike of 
 Kliiilmrgh, a zealous collector . . ig May 
 Jjlalee fete for the Uolaml Hill benevolent fiiml at " 
 S,)iith Keiisiiigton museum ; the cjueeii patron 
 thediikeofEdiiiburgli presiilent. E.xhibition of 
 (iH and now postal operations ami telegraphic 
 coiiimuiiicatioiis in tin? ITuiteil Kingilcmi the 
 colmies, and the United States, &c. .Messrs. l)e 
 I3 Rue's artistic Jubilee cMivelojie, of which only 
 aliiiiitcl nimiberwere priiite,l, was .sold for ,/ 
 
 eacli 2j,ily' 
 
 i.it,ition among the Lomlon postmen respei-tim' " 
 
 |,a,v, poiision, and liours . ." jj.iy July" 
 
 llKsmeetliigof the postmen's union 7, 8 July " 
 iloul ,00 postmen at the jiarcel post di'i dl ,"it " 
 Cierkenwdldisnii.sse,! forattackingaml exiielliier 
 sb,)ut 70 iioii-uiiiouists, 10 July ; about ,30 men 
 ilisniissed for iiisubonliuatiou in other districts 
 
 . ,, ... ab,ml 10 July, ,800 
 
 (435, out of 6,000, ilisnii.s.sed uj) to ,2 July, 1890.J 
 
 i:j,(mcludiiig 6,563,024 franks) . . 82,470596 
 
 Z .'.'.'. . ■ ■ ■ ■ '^^•"58;344 
 
 Scotland, 36,512,649.' iVclanJ, 35,982^,782^""''^'' 
 
 -New general po.st-omee, north, near SI. Martin's-le. 
 Oiaml; memorial stone laid by .Mr. H c u,.iu.,'., 
 postmaster-general . ., . ' 'Jo v^ '• 
 
 Liiiloriii colonial au.l India postj.ge re,liie,.,| to 2 V 
 tor J oz., begins , Jan. ,891 ; to foreign counines; 
 
 Abmit 240 clerks in the Savings-bank departnn.nt' 
 suspended f,;r refusing to woX .nerli 1, • 2 , a '• 
 reinstated alter ajiidogy , . . 8 j'lu' 
 
 " The 13oy Messengers " ami '• IJi.strict M*esseii,-ers ■' 
 companies, for tin.; nuickeT conveyance ol ll , d.. 
 
 o;^e:s'me^r:"^'":"=^^»"":i-';'>-'";,>;i^- 
 
 The post-oKlce express delivery service t'„r"f''i,','. 
 ipueker ilelivery of letters ami p"c, Is by W 
 messengers begins, 25 March ; at E, In m,g 1 
 Dublin an, other idacM, 26 M.ircli, e/ ' tx^ 
 tended to the whole Unite,! Kiiig.lon, . ' 'm,^ 
 Uhe actions against the eompanies in the 
 lueeii's bench division stoppe,! by armm'. le 
 
 ff™S'=ie^:;::^:;i^-:-i.,r,g'"!^i 
 ^"Si^ii;:l^;'ii:,;;;--'''---^''-^';^"''v'f 
 
 liiternational postal union con'gres.s', me'uii.V'l; 
 \ieiiiia; sir A. Ulackwood present "noiH 
 improveiueuts made . . ' .,„ .\p,v_, '.'* 
 
 \arions improvements in the postal .-,„rvi,.e beg,;,', 
 
 Iost.olf,ceactspt..sse,l,5Aiig.,S9,; ,892; ,8,5; an.i 
 Uiarge lor embos.sed envelopes re,liice,l . , J„lv 
 
 i'ised fvim"^ '"'".''°'' :'"" :^-''" i''' ^"'"'1' '"''"''"■ 
 
 Free postal redirection of all letters, books 'm'wt 
 
 papers, &c. (except parcel.s) from ', j!'," 
 
 '^'omce''"'.'''" '"'"'' ^•^'•'■I''"'"" ^^i'-"-* to the Post 
 
 H.tb.nlf """'^■"' '■''■'I"'t^"'>a Peiisioiisjlslle!^'', ulc' 
 
 Re.li etioiis ot payments ami penal ies, ,S:e lUte r 
 
 .Feb. ,897. li<v. Tdeplimie . . ' fi .> ,' 
 
 PosUil changes (4,02 reduccl t,; .,/„ &c.) on aiei 
 
 '':"pziyi:^:d,:^'t^i±!::^ ^'tB 
 
 Postman s Federation iiiaug,i,-ale,l at Nottingl,, m 
 22.CW0 members . ,.',,bmwii, 
 
 Parcel pasial coiivention'with' France Ibr Imliiami 
 
 Australia, sigiicl at Paris . . d'. 
 
 feteaiii-niotor(oil), mail service (parcels van) be! 
 
 tween London and Hedhill, first started 6 IW 
 Penny post established bi-tweeii Great 1 rit'iin" 
 
 Cana.la, Cape Colony, and such colonls .is a ! 
 
 willing to accept It, aniiouiice,!, , 13 July,' 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1898 
 ■S93 
 .894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 1S97 
 
 Letters. 
 
 i;;i . . 
 1:72. . 
 >t,3. . 
 ''■U- . 
 li-5. . 
 1576. . 
 >i77-8 . 
 1173-9 , 
 1:79-80 . 
 lij)-, , 
 iiSj-4 . 
 i:;7-3 , 
 1JS9-50 . 
 1590-91 . 
 'W ■ 
 iJ94-5 . 
 '¥■7 . 
 
 867,000,000 
 
 885,000,000 
 
 907,000,000 
 
 • 964,253,300 
 
 . 1,008,392,100 
 
 . 1,018,955,200 
 
 ',057,732,300 
 
 ■1097,372,800 
 
 ',■27,997,500 
 
 1,165,166,900 
 
 1,322,086,900 
 
 1,512,200,000 
 
 1,650, ,00,000 
 
 1,705,800,000 
 
 ',8,1,800,000 
 
 1,770,900,000 
 
 1,893,000,000 
 
 Post Cirds. 
 
 76,000,000 
 
 72,000,000 
 
 79,000,000 
 
 87,116,300 
 
 92,935,700 
 
 ■02,237,300 
 
 '">445,7oo 
 
 114,458,400 
 
 122,884,000 
 
 153, =86, 100 
 
 l83,8tkj,ooo 
 
 217,100,000 
 
 229,700,000 
 
 248,000,000 
 
 3i2,3<x).ooo 
 
 336,000,000 
 
 Books, 
 
 Cireuhu's, 
 
 .Sic. 
 
 114,000,000 
 129,000,000 
 141,967,100 
 158,666,600 
 ■73,724,900 
 189,300,600 
 197,076,500 
 213,963,000 
 240,356,200 
 294.59,1,5.-., 
 389,500,000 
 441,900,000 
 481,200,000 
 574,300,000 
 614,600,000 
 
 189a 
 
 ;VERED I.N THE INITEU KIXODOJJ. 
 
 1851-5 (average) 
 
 1861-5 ,, . 410,000,000 
 
 1866-70 „ . • ■ . . 648,000,0-0 
 
 ^icotland, 76,,«o,oo o. ' Ireland,' 60,000!^,"°'"^ 
 
 News- 
 papers. 
 
 109,000,000 
 113,016,500 
 117,032,900 
 121,049,400 
 125,065,900 
 128,553,000 
 ■30,895,300 
 130,5,8,400 
 ■33,796,100 
 
 t4-*,7o::,3oo 
 152,300,000 
 ■ 59,300,000 
 161,000,000 
 164,900,000 
 151,800,000 
 
 Money 
 Orders. 
 
 £22,573,547 
 25,019,683 
 26,802,264 
 27.507,672 
 27,688,255 
 2^,749,512 
 29, '53,45= 
 27,303.003 
 26,371,020 
 26,003,582 
 27.629,279 
 26,334,126 
 
 27, '65.905 
 27,867,887 
 28,720,829 
 25,000,654 
 25.856,810 
 
 Telegrams, 
 
 ■2,473,796 
 ■5,535,7^0 
 17,821,530 
 19,253,120 
 
 20,973,535 
 21,726,143 
 22,171,867 
 ■24,459,775 
 26.547.137 
 29,411,982 
 
 32,043, 1.!0 
 53,403,425 
 62,403,399 
 66,409,211 
 70,899,49s 
 71,589,064 
 79,423,556 
 
 Net Keveiiue. 
 
 Po..(tage & I -, 
 Money Tele- 
 Orders. Brums. 
 
 ii, 289,754 
 ■,523,976 
 ■,555,361 
 ',^36,387 
 1,894, ,41 
 1,947,066 
 2,056,692 
 
 2,434,374 
 2,497,687 
 2,597,76!^ 
 2,010,026 
 
 2,77^. 5^7 
 
 3,2'i3,5,i 
 
 3,")J,989 
 2.734.273 
 
 " Uooks, iiackets, circulars and newspapers, 848,000^ 
 
 ^303, 457 
 ■59.835 
 "4,975 
 ■■5,676 
 245,116 
 '89,3'7 
 169,438 
 257,500 
 341, .X.6 
 368,81,; 
 5^,255 
 3^.247 
 ■45,794 
 ■50,335 
 ■07,254 
 
 ,!fr^'" 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■.n •''^ 
 
 Ikufp^iv • ' 
 
 J I 
 
 i >J 
 

 l,-:» 
 
 '*f ^' 'W '''-■'' 
 
 
 1' \v,i({ »j)» 
 
 *f 
 
 "1 '^>" 
 
 Pit 
 
 
 i# ,- ^ 
 
 tt 
 
 III 
 
 (' ' 
 
 tf 
 
 POST-OFFICE. 
 
 878 
 
 POTATOES. 
 
 REVENUF. OF THE POST-OFFICE. 
 
 It yicldca . £5,000 1 1835. U. King<lom£2,353,340 
 
 164 3. - .. 
 
 1653. KariiK^d 
 
 1663. Fariiit'il 
 
 1674. FaniuMl for 
 
 1685. It yifUluil . 
 
 1707. Ditto . . 
 
 1714. Ditto 
 
 1723. Ditto . . 
 
 1744. Ditto . . 235,492 
 
 J7S4. Ditto . . 432,048 
 
 1790. Ditto . . 480,074 
 
 1800. Ditto . . 745.313 
 
 1805. lit. Di'itiiin 1,424,994 
 
 j8io. Ditto . . 1,709.065 
 
 1815. Ditto . . 1,755.898 
 
 1820. U. Kiiigil.im 2,402,697 
 
 1825. Ditto . . 2,255,239 
 
 1830. Ditto . . 2,301,432 
 
 10,000 j 1839. Ditto 
 
 21,500 , 1840. .New rate . 
 
 43.000 1845. .N'l'tiTveiUK! 
 
 65,cx)o 1850. Ditto . . 
 111.461 1855. 
 145,227 I 1859. 
 201,805 i860. 
 
 1862. 
 1863. 
 18L4. 
 1865 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto" 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 1866. Ditto 
 
 1867. Ditto 
 
 1868. Ditto 
 .869. Ditto 
 1870. Ditto 
 
 2,522,495 
 471,000 
 761,982 
 803,898 
 1,137,220 
 1,150,960 
 1.102,479 
 1,161,985 
 1,236,941 
 1,037,404 
 1,153,261 
 1,482,522 
 1,397,986 
 1,421,364 
 T, 416, 922 
 1,305,348 
 1,493,610 
 
 After iPiiyniei'it fc'ii- forfigii and culoiiial mails 
 
 POST-OFFICES. 
 
 The Oeserai. Post-ofkice of London was originally 
 estalilislied in Cloak-lane, near Dowt,'atu-liill, whence 
 it was ri-niov,'d to the lilai'k Swim, in liisliopsj,'ate- 
 stroi't. Afti-r the meat lire i>r 1666 it was rcnioved to 
 tlie Two lilack j'illars, in UrydKfs-stroit, Covi'nt- 
 f-'arden, and afterwards (aliont 1690) to sir Holicrt 
 Vini-r's mansion in Loin liard -street. It was transfenvd 
 to the bIlil■liIl^' in St. Martin's-le-Grand, ereeted on the 
 site of an ancient eollep', fnnn designs liy U. Sinli-kc, 
 2! Sept. 1829. Koundation ofa new general post-ottlce 
 laid 16 Dec. 1870; occupieil 1873 ; additional buildings 
 completed, 1894. 
 
 The new iiost-olliec of Diihlin opened, 6 .Tan. 1818. 
 
 The foundation of a new post-office at Kdinbnrgh was 
 liiid l;v the prince consort in Oct. 1861. 
 
 PiihUc ni-cjiti'des for lilters before 1840, 4,028 ; in 1865, 
 16.246; in 1876, 24,171; in 1877, 25,082; Jan. 1879, 
 25,767 ; in 1884, 31,700 ; 18S8, 36.7.S0 ; 1891, 40,643. 
 
 In i860, there were in the United Kingdom, 11,412 jiost- 
 olllces; 1862, 11,316 ; 1875. 13,226; 1877, 13 447 : Jim. 
 1879, 11, 881 ; 1B84, 15,951 ; 1S88, 17,587 ; 1891, 18,806 ; 
 1S96, 20,398. 
 
 llmd offlcef : 1870, 844 ; 1875, 886 ; Jan. 1879, 905 ; 18S4, 
 921. 
 
 The street Mlrr-hn.res were ereeted in March, 1855. The 
 first one was idaced at the corner of Fleet-street and 
 Farringdim-stivet. There were in i860, 1,958 ; in 1875, 
 10,186 ; Jan. 1879, 11,880 ; 1891, 21,837 ; 1896, 27,622. 
 
 SO'ff emi^htiiiil : 1862, 25,285; m 1872, 28,959; 1874, 
 43,982; 1875,44.644; 1879.45.947; 1888,56,46-; 1891. 
 63.868. ^ ,„ , , 
 
 Kstimated revenue, 1898-9; post olllce, 12,600,0001., 
 telegraphs, 3,140,000/. .,,.,,, ,. » 
 
 Post-office Savings-banks established by parlininent 
 i86i (began Sept. 16); interest 2^ per cent.; govcni- 
 iiieiit responsible to depositors. The number of these 
 banks ; nd the a unt of ileposits received on 31 March, 
 
 1862, were— 
 
 Jlunks. Deposits. 
 
 England . . -1795 • £668,879 10 2 
 
 Wales . . . . 129 . . 28,392 2 10 
 
 Scotland . . . 299 . 10,237 g 8 
 
 Iielanil . . . 300 . . 26,064 '8 8 
 
 The Islands . 9 • 1,679 15 o 
 
 1866 
 Dec 
 
 London district 
 
 2532 
 
 £735.253 16 4 
 iOlluon tu.^iLiu I. .... ^^67.329 13 8 
 Computed total amount of capital held by these 
 
 banks in the United Kingdom, 8.121,175!. 
 1870. 1,183.153 depositors in United Kingdom ; total 
 sum held, 15,099,104!. ; in 1883, 6,297,378 de- 
 positors; total sum held, 43,294,949!.; 31 Dee. 
 1887, 6.916,327; total sum held, 53,974,065!.; 
 31 Dec. 1890, 7,634,807!.; 8,776,566 deposittjrs; 
 1893, 80,597,641!.: 9,838,198 depositors; 1896, 
 108,093,641!. ; 6,862,035 depositors. 
 postmasters. 
 The number of jiostmasteis (2) reduced to i, 1822. 
 The offices of postmaster-genoral of England and of Ire- 
 land united in ime person, 1831. ., . , 
 Act pjisRcd [leruiitting postni»»t«r to sit m houie ot 
 
 eomm.ins, July, 1866. 
 1823. Thom.-s, Ciirl of Chicliestcr. 
 
 1826. Lord Frede-iek Montague. 
 
 1827. Willinni dnko of Manchester. 
 183a Cliarles dnke of Uiehinontl. 
 
 .1193. 
 
 1834. Francis martinis of Conyiigliaiu 
 
 1835. William lord Maryborough. 
 
 1835. Francis maifinis of Conynghuni. 
 ,, Thomas earl of Lndilleltl. 
 
 1E41. Svilliani viscount Lowther. 
 1846. Edward earl of St. Uermany. 
 ,, Uliek manpiis of Clanrieaide. 
 
 1852. Charles Philip earl of IlanUvicko. 
 
 1853. Charles John earl Caniiing. 
 1855. Oeorge duke of .Vigyll. 
 
 1858. Charles lord Colchester. 
 
 1859. James earl of Elgin. 
 
 i860. Edward lord Stanley of .Mdeiliy. 
 
 1866. James duke of .Montrose (.Itily)." 
 
 1S68. Spencer mariiuis of llartington (Due.). 
 
 1871. Win. .Mousell(Jan.). 
 
 1873. Dr. I.you Pla\fair(i8 N'ov.) ; died 29 .May, ,5„j_ 
 
 1B74. Lonl John .Manners (21 Feb.). 
 
 i88o. Henry Faweett (3 -May) ; died 6 .N'ov. iSJj 
 
 1884. Geo. Shaw-Lefeviv (18 .N'liV.). 
 
 1885. Lord John Manners (24 .lune). 
 
 1886. (ieorge Grenfell Glyii, lord Wolv.Tton (about 
 
 6 F(d).). 
 ,, Henry Cecil Itjiikes, 26 July ; died, 24 Auj.'. .Jg, 
 1891. Sir James Fergusson, about 21 .Seia. 
 1S92. Arncdil Morley, 18 Aug. 
 1893. Henry Howard, duke of Xorfc, Ik, July. 
 
 chief SECUETAUI us. 
 
 1797. Francis Freeling. 
 
 1836. Win. L. .Mallei v. 
 
 1854. liowland Hill (--cc. to iiostMiastei-geiiei-al, toNov. 
 
 1S46); receiveil national lesliiiiDiiial, 17 .lune 
 1846; resigned 29 Feb. 1S64; made K.Cli. 1S60! 
 with a grant of 2o.o<x>!. and 2r<.W. iieiisiuu ; iliej 
 27 Aug. ; buried in Westminster Abbey, .1 Si'Ot 
 1879 (.see ;,'«»•!«»,/ //,7! .);,„„., i.i!). '"^ 
 
 1864. John Tilley (.March), K.C.li. lESo; died i3 .March 
 1898. ' 
 
 1880. Sir Stevenson Arthur lilaekwood : died20ct. 
 
 1893. .S.iencer Walpole (.Nov.), K.C.li., i Jan. 159S. 
 
 PO.ST-OFFICE ACT, passed 14 June, iSv, 
 consolidates previous nets (1840. (■; .*«/.), a'lij 
 oiuicts some new regulations. The i'ost-office 
 (Parcels) act was passed 18 Aug. 18^2; other acts 
 passed, i.S^r and 1895. 
 
 POST-OFFICE DIIIECTOKY for London, 
 published by Kelly i: Co., since pSoo. County 
 directories and trade now pulilislied. 
 
 POST-OFFICE M0XEY-OUDKK8 Acts, 
 II & 12 Vict. 0.88(1848), 43 i: 44 Vi.t.c.3.)(i88o). 
 
 POSTMAN AND TUn^FAX, ancient offices 
 in the court of e.\ehc(iuer held by barristers with 
 certain privileges. 
 
 POTASSIUM, a remarkable metiil, discovered 
 by Humphry Davy, who first succeeiled in sepa- 
 rating it from its o.xidc, potasli, by means of 1 
 Powerful voltaic battery, in the lahoiatory of theRoval 
 nstitution, London, aliout I'j Oct. iXo;; iiiui also 
 the metals fiotliidn from soda, Culi-i'aii from lime, 
 &c. The alkalies and earths luul been previously 
 regarded as simple substances. I'otaasiuin ignites 
 on contact with moisture. 
 
 POTATOES, natives of Cliili ami Peru, gene- 
 rally considered to have been br uijlit to Enghuid 
 from Sitnta Fe, in America, by sir Jolin Hawkins, 
 1565. Others ascribe tlii'ir introduction to sir Francis 
 Drake, in 1586; their general introduction, I i^a. 
 Their first culture in Ireland is refined to fir Walter 
 Kaleigh, who had largo estates in that country. 
 about Yoiighal, in the county of Cork. It is said 
 that potatoes were not known in Flanders until 
 1620. A fine kind of potato was first brought from 
 America by Mr. Howard, who cultivated it at Car- 
 dington, near Bedford, 1765 ; and its culture be- 
 came general soon after. 'i\\c. failure of the potatu 
 crop in Ireland, several years, especially in 1846, 
 caused famine, to which succeeded pestilent disease 
 of which multitudes died ; among tliem many [iriests 
 
POTID^A. 
 
 87U 
 
 POUND. 
 
 SECIIKTAIIIKS. 
 
 , tol«lstiMilst.T-Hflli.|-al, ,oNov, 
 llUtinllal ll'stilJIciliiHl, 17 Oiiin.^ 
 ) I'Vll. 1864; lllll.li; K.C.li. i860! 
 
 o.cHxj?. anil 2(-uo^ ]itiisii)U; iliej 
 
 ), K.L'.U. 1880; iliiKl t3 March, 
 
 iir liliickwood : died 20ct. 1S93. 
 mjv.), K-.C.l)., I Jiiii. 1598. 
 
 DIRECTORY for LmJon, 
 
 fe Co., siiiic 1800. County 
 ow i)ul)li>licil. 
 
 Moxky-Okdehs Acts, 
 
 .8),4ii:44 Vi,t.,:.33(l88o). 
 
 ) TURMAX, imi'ipnt offices 
 xiucT ladil by iLirristers with 
 
 r('miirkiil)l(' iiiital, discovered 
 ,vho tii'st .s\uoc('(li'd in scpa- 
 lido, potMsli, l)y moans of 1 
 ^'lintlicliiboriitnryoftheRoval 
 iliiiut II) Oit. 1X67; ami also 
 om sdda, (jilcinm from lime, 
 1 oiirths li;u! boon previously 
 ibstuuocs. I'otassium ignites 
 lire. 
 
 ives of Chili and Pom, gene- 
 ivc been br iu;;lit to England 
 iierica, by sir Jrdin Hawkins, 
 ii'irintro'diiotion to sir Francis 
 r ^eneriil introduction, l-f)!, 
 reland la rcfcrrod to fir WaitCT 
 rge estates in that countrv, 
 le county of dirk. It is said 
 ,ot known in Flanders until 
 potato was tirat brought from 
 ird, who I'ultivatod it at Car- 
 j, i/ds; :i"il its culture be- 
 ;or. 'the fdil lire of the potato 
 ?ral yeav.s, espeiially in 184O, 
 cli succeeded pestilent disease 
 .ed ; iiiiioiig tliuiu niimy priests 
 
 j^jpliygicinr.'. rnrlinment voted ten niillioug 
 .lerlin"; and several countries of Europe, niid the 
 i'nited'"statc8 of Aneriea, forwarded provisions und 
 other succours; sue Irelfiiid. In l8f)8 it was roported 
 'hat in England and Wales joccxx) acres, and in 
 iriland I,ooo,(XX) acres, were under cultivation for 
 
 ,,jtoe8, Potato disease prevailed greatly in En^'- 
 'aml. autumn of 1872. In eonsocnieiice the value of 
 wlit'o-i imported in 1872 was 1,654,240/.; in 1871, 
 f.nlr 22;,7^2'. ; '" 1877. 7.9<)4.^40 *;«■*•. value, 
 'u8,-4q/:'>» i883,5,i49.S09ewt., value 1,585,260/.; 
 inlSsf. 2.7''^.3S7 '■«'t. ; i" 1SS8, 2.,^8.3,8o7 cwt. ; 
 ip KSSq, i,8i')4.426 ewt.; in iHrjo, 1,940,100 cwt. 
 leniporarvnlann respeetinj; the American Colorado 
 kftle or Ijui:. autumn, 1876. .Vcros cultivated for 
 potatoes in Great Britain in l.%7, 492,217; 1871, 
 
 6i-,(oi; 1877. S'2471; i««3. 54.5.455; i" i««7, 
 :;9,652; in 1890,529,661. 
 
 Mr. W. Ciirnillicrs considci'.s that tlie disea.sc did not 
 alVe.ir ia Uritaiii before 1844; Mr. Thiselton-Dyer 
 lliiiikstliatitdid.] 
 
 liiKiiiitional jiotato exbibition, Crystal Talace, 17-18 
 Si'iit. iJ-'i) ; aiiotlicr 7-8 Oct. 1B85. 
 
 Rain ami want , if sunsliine greatly injured tlio crop.s ia 
 
 litport of n select committee on the failure of the potato 
 
 rnip, Aug. 1880. 
 ■ih iwtato show (the ist, 1874) at the Crystal Palace, 
 ' vtry good, 23 Sept. 1880; 8th exhibition, 20 ficpt. 1882. 
 S.iljimui mat'lia successfully cultivateil in wet land by , 
 
 Mr. .V Sutton of Reading, 1884. ' 
 
 l/rffiiteiiary of the i trodiietinu of the potato into | 
 
 Enjand celebrated at Wcstipinstcr ; exhibition and 
 
 cim'frrencc, about 500 varieties exhibited, 1-4 Dec. 1886. 
 Failure of tlie potato crop in Cork, i;c., see Irtlmul, 
 
 The!«imllieI!ordclaiso treatment of the disease by dress- 
 ings 0." salts of copper reeoinniended by Dr. Girard 
 {\l:a). was tried by Messrs. .Sutton, of Reading, with 
 (Iniilitfu! results, ,Iune, i:t sia/. 1891. Favourable results 
 r"|«irte(i by some jiersons. 
 iiiillirpak of disease in various parts of Ireland, 
 
 mid. .July, 1893 
 llliglit appears in co. Limerick and Clare, reported, 
 
 16 Aug. 1S97 
 
 P0TID.31A, ft town in Macedonia, a tributary 
 of .Athens, against which it revolted 432 11. c, but 
 iiitaiitted in 429. It was taken from the Athe- 
 nians after three years' siege, by Philip II. of Mace- 
 ion in 356 B.C. 
 
 POTOMAC, see United States, Aug. 1861. 
 
 POTOSI (Peru). Silver mines here were dis- 
 oovcred by the Spaniards in 1545; they are in a 
 niMintain in the form of a sugar-loaf. 
 
 POTSDAM (near Berlin), the Versailles of 
 Prussia. It was made an arsenal in 1721. Here is 
 situated the palace of Sanx Som ■ (built, 1(360-73), 
 embellished by Frederick TI., and occu;)ied by Ka- 
 poleonl. ill Ort. 1S06; and the now palace, erected 
 bv Frederick the Great, 17^13-9, was the residence 
 of the erapernr Frederick III., when prince 
 Frederick William of Prussiii and his wife the 
 princess royal of England, married 25 Jan. 1858. 
 Population, 1890, 54,161. 
 
 POTTERY AND PORCELAIN. Themanu. 
 
 facture of earthenware (the ceramic art) existed 
 among the Jews as an honourable occupation (see 
 \Chro». iv. 23), and the power of the potter over 
 the day as a symbol of the power of God is de- 
 siribfd by Jeremiah, 605 B.C. (ch. xviii.) Earth- 
 enware was made by the ancient Egyptians, Assy- 
 riuii, Greeks, Etruscima, and lioiiiaiis. 
 The Majolica, KaCTaellc, or Umbrian ware of the 15th 
 century was prolwbly introduced Into Italy from 
 the Moors frnm Ma,iorc<)i. Ramielle and otlier 
 artists made designs for this ware. 
 
 i8s8 
 i860 
 
 Pottery manufactured at Beanvais, in Krnnee, in 
 the ijtli eentiii-y. 
 
 Knamelled piilliTV madent St. el I . .about 1688 
 
 i.uea della Uiibhia (born about 1410) n-.plii.d tin 
 
 cnaimd to terra-eotta. Kayei waie was made 
 
 in Kranee by Hcrnard I'alissv (died, 158^) and his 
 fioruly. 
 roiuKi.AiN, formed of earth lnutiii. was made in 
 China ill the 2nd eeiitiiry al't<'r Christ. Chinese 
 porcelain is mentioned in iiistories nit be i6th cen- 
 tury, when it was iiitiodueed into KiiKland, and 
 eiiKerlv siiiifilit after. 
 I'oreclain niiide at How, nciir Loniliiii, early in the 
 
 l8tb eelitlliy, and , -it Chelsea, liel'ure . . ifog 
 
 IJii.'h's "History nCAneieiit rolterv" (iS;8): Mar'- 
 niit's " Uistiiiy of I'nlteiv and I'i.rcelain, Medi- 
 leval and Moderir' (1857): ;iiiil linniHiiiart's 
 "Arts Ceiamiiiues," are \,iliiable works. 
 The lifst Kiiropean ]ioreelain was made at Dresden 
 
 ,Jl'y liottelier about 1700 
 
 (The manufacture was fostered by the kilii,' Augus- 
 tus 1 1.] 
 The Cii|io di Monte factory at Xaplos established 11^6 
 Thoiaas Kiyc i.ainted jioivelain, 1749; and Dr. Wall 
 
 estalilished the maiiulactiire at Worcester . . 1750 
 The St. Cloud China nianufaetory removed to 
 
 Sevres j__g 
 
 Josiali Wedgwood's patent ware was llrst made', 
 1762 ; his great works at Etrnria in .Slalloidsliiro 
 were established in 1771 ; his line art works and 
 ordinary crockery have bi.'en largely exiiorted to 
 , all parts otthe winld. 
 The Hoyal I'mcelain manufactory, at Copenhngeji, 
 started in 1775, was soon after taken up bv the 
 State and carried on till 1867, when it reverted 
 into iirivate haiuls. In 1882 it was iiurcbaseil by 
 the Aliiiiiinia company of Copenhagen. 
 The lirilish manufacture gi-eatlv improved liy Her- 
 bert Minton, who died . ' . . , ' . . 
 The duty on earthenware taken otf . ... 
 Lord Dudley's collection of china .sold for 4o,856(! 
 
 r. , ■ , . =' -^'ny. 1886 
 
 Croat ini|iroveiiieiits in form and colour in deco- 
 rative stoneware, gla/ed |>ipes, &e., were made in 
 .Messrs. Doultons Ijimhelh potterv works, 1S71, 
 el .i,"i.,\n connection with the l.aiiilii.|h .School of 
 Art. Lambeth faience was introdueed in 1873. 
 Sir Henry Doulton, born, 1820 ; was knighted in 
 1887; died 17 Nov. 1807 
 
 The jiottei's wheel has greatly suiicrsededmoiihling 
 as producing more original wiirk . ... 1888 
 
 The sale of the collection of oriental porcelain, Ac' 
 of the late Mr. Wells, of Hedleaf, realized 
 12,3;./. i2..-. 6'/. ,?. 14 May, 1890 
 
 Great lock-out 111 the pottery ilisi rict. Statfordshire, 
 respecting wages, 5 .May ; settled by eoniproniise 
 
 abiint iQ May, 1892 
 
 POT WALLOPERS (or boilers) . liefore the 
 jiassing of the reform act of i8:;2, persons who had 
 boiled a pot for six niniithsclaiined the right to vote 
 lor the election of nicmbers of Parliament. 
 
 POULTEY. An exhibition of jmuhry washehi 
 ill London, Jan. 1853, when nearly i(X)0 locks were 
 exhibited ; and similar exhibitions have been held 
 at the Crystal palace since. 
 
 POULTRY COMPTER (London) was one 
 of the most noted of the old city prisons. The 
 compter of Wood-street belonged to the sherifF of 
 London, and was made a luison-house in 1555. 
 'I'his latter and liroad-street compter were re-biiilt 
 in 1667. The Giltspur-street prison, built to supply 
 the place of the old city compters, was pulled dowii 
 in 1855. The Poultry chajiel was erected on the site 
 of the Poultry compter, in iHig.-Leif/h. 
 
 POUND, from the Latin J'onrliis. The yalue 
 of the Konian pomlo is not precisely known, though 
 eoiile suppose it Wila equivalent to an Attic iiiiini,ot 
 3/. 4s. Jil. The pound sterling was in Saxon times, 
 about 671, a pound troy of silver, and a shilling was 
 its twentieth part; consequently the latter was three 
 times us large as it is at presp'nt.— iVwe/mw. Our 
 
 ' 
 
 " ■■'.■^lll 
 
 ¥•■ 
 
 \, ,.^?'i 
 
 V^l 
 
 '' ,: .■'.''■*l 
 
 m 
 
 
 JM,. 
 
 
 :l..i .HI 
 
 
 "fWI-'."»J 
 
 '..li:..ui. 
 
POVVDEKING TflE HAIR. 
 
 KHO 
 
 PRA8L1N MUKDEU, 
 
 nvoirdupois poiiiul wcijjUt ciiinu from the l-'ronoli, 
 and contaiiin sixteeu (iiiiiix's; it is in pi'opdrtion 
 to our troy weight as suvinlfcn to fourteen ; see 
 under SlanUdrU, 
 
 POWDERING THE HAIR, seo /lair. 
 
 POWER-LOOMS, see Loom.i, and Cutfon. \ 
 
 P0YNING8' LAW, mimed lifter sir Edward 
 Poynings, lord deputy id Ireliind at tlie time of its I 
 passing, at Dioglieda," 15 Sent. 1404. By this law all [ 
 tegialation in the Irish piirliuinent was eoutined to 
 matters first iipiiroved of liy the kiiifr and th(' Knglish 
 council. Tlie act was repealed, together with the 
 English Ueelaratory act of the 6tli of Geo. I. and 
 other obno.xious Irish statutes, April, 1 782. , 
 
 PR^MONSTRATENSIAN ORDER, or 
 
 White CaNOXS, founded in 1120 hy Norhert, a 
 monk, at I're Montre, near Laon. Its tirsl house 
 in England was founded hy I'eter de (Jousla or , 
 Gousel, at Newshani, in Lincolnshire, 1143 — i 
 Tawwr ; according to others in ii4(). The order 
 spread widely through Kngland soon after. Tiio 
 house at Newsham was dedicated to St, Mary and 
 St. Martial. — Lewis. 
 
 PRAEMUNIRE, Law of. This law (which 
 obtained its mime from tlie tirst two words " iV(B- 
 moneri," or '* I'luciniiiiiri pifian," "Cause to ho 
 forewarned," which is applied to any oH'ence in the 
 way of contempt of the sovereign or his govern- 
 ment) derived its origin from the aggressive power 
 of the pope in Kngland. Tiie otfenee introduced a 
 foreign power into the land, and created an 
 imperium in imperii). The tirst statute of I'riemu- 
 niro was enacted 35 PIdward I. 1506.— 6'oAc. Tlie 
 
 Eope bestowed most of the bisliopiics, abbeys, &c., 
 eforc they were void, upon favourites, on pretence 
 of providing the church with lietter qualitied suc- 
 cessors before the viicaucies occurred. To put a 
 stop to these encroachments, Edward III. enacted 
 u statute in 1353. The statute commonly referred 
 to as the statute of I'liemuuire is the l6tli of 
 Richard II, 1392. Several similar enactments 
 followed. The as.sertioii that parliament is indeiien- 
 dent of the sovereign was declared aprtemuiiirCflObl. 
 
 PRJETORIAN GUARDS, instituted by the 
 emperor Augustus (13 11. c.) ; their numbers en- 
 larged by Tiberius, Vitcllius, and their successors. 
 At tirst supporters of the imperial tyrants, they 
 eventually became their masters, actually putting 
 up the diadem for sale (as in March, 193 A.D., 
 wnen it was bought by Didius Julianas). They 
 committed many atrocities, and were linally dis- 
 banded by Constantino in 312. 
 
 PR.^TORS, Homan magistrates, afterwards 
 termed consuls (which ,*«), were elected at the 
 establishment of the republic, jm 11. c. In 3(16 
 the prator urbanus was appointed lor the city, and 
 the prator pereyrinus for foreigners, 246 11. c. Two 
 praetors were appointed for the pro\inces, 227, and 
 two more, 197. Sylla, the dictator, added two, and 
 Julius CiBsar increased the number to lo, which 
 afterwards became 16. After this, their number 
 fluctuated, being sometimes 18, lO, orl2; till, in 
 the decline of the empire, their dignity decreased, 
 and their numbers were reduced to three. 
 
 PRAGA, a suburb of Warsaw, where a bloody 
 battle was fought, 4 Nov. 1794 ; 30,000 Poles were 
 killed by the Russian general Suwarrow. Near 
 here, on 25 Feb. 1831, the INdes, commanded by 
 Skrznecki, defeated the Russians, under general 
 Oierasar, who lost 4000 killed and woundeil, 6000 
 prisoners, and 12 pieces of cannon. 
 
 i;42 
 '744 
 
 ■757 
 
 184S 
 
 PRAGMATIC SANCTION, an „,cU„„„~ 
 relating to churoh and slate alliiirs. TlU' ordin ,,i 
 of the kings of !•' ranee are thus called; in „„!. ,'1.''' 
 rights of tlie Galilean cliurcli w^iv asscn,,! , ,. 
 the usurpation of the pope in the chojic i,t 1 '*■;""'' 
 by Charles VII. in 1438. The I'ragniaii,. h'l;;?,''!; 
 tor settling the empire of tieniiany in th,. li„u , 
 Austria, 1439. The emperor Cliaiiea VI. iniliiri,"! 
 the I'ragmaiic, Sanction, whereliv, in u''„,im 1 
 male issue, his daughteis slanild ^^uccecj iii .11,1,.' 
 ence to the daughters of his biulliur Juji,! r'' 
 •9 April, 1713; and he settled liis dunmmns ',', 
 his daughter ,\Iaria Theresa, in cunlorniiiv tin -,1 
 1723. She succeeded in Uct. 1740; Inu it'iMv, ,'"' 
 to a war, 111 which most of the [lowcrs of £u,,,?' 
 were engaged, and which lasti'd till 1748. ' 
 
 PRAGUE, the capital ui U„l,e,niii (whid »,A 
 Iho old city was luunUed about 75c); the new, > .' 
 rebuilt in 1348 by the emperor" Ci,arlc» IV i,',' 
 made it his capital and erected a iiniveisity i'r ,./'" 
 has sutlered much by war. I'upulatioii isy' 
 162,323; 1890, l84,lo<j. ' --' 
 
 Victia-y of tlLc Ilnssitcs miller Ziskii . ijJulv 
 Kreilerlck, tlic king, totally ilclfiiti'.l l,y tliVuis' ' "" 
 
 triiins nc.ir I'niHUe . , • . 3 Xnv 
 
 Prague tiikcii liy tlie Swcilcs in i6.,S, iiiiil 'ly tlic 
 
 Ficacli ia 1741 ; tliey li'lt it . . . 
 Taken by tlic kingiif Prnssia ; i<\,\\ff'i\ toalKiinlimit' 
 Cii-cat battk oj J'lnipie (tlic Aiistniiiia difratnl l.y 
 liiincu Henry iit' i'nissia, iiixl tluMr Hlmle ,.,i,„j, 
 taken ; tlicir coiiinmnilci', gcm-ml llniuii ii;„r. 
 tally wiHinilcil, and the I'nissiun iii'arsliul 
 
 Scliwcrin killed) 6 .Mav 
 
 Insiincctiim in I'liigae ; soon snpincsM'il . Jun,. 
 
 Atreaty of peace lielwecn Austria iiinl I'liissiasimeii 
 
 at riiii,'ne (by its articles .Vnstriii eniisiMitHl |„ 
 
 the breaking up of the ticrmanic i'iiiiti-''ii')';(tint. 
 
 anil to I'rassiasanncxiny lliiniivcr, Hesse Liissfi 
 
 Nassau, anil Krankfia-t ; ami ^iive ii]i Ihilstijn' 
 
 anil her pulitical iiillncnic in .Ninth (Jeniiauvi' 
 
 iMid North Schleswig to iiciiiuink if the pi-.ijil,. 
 
 vote tor it ; (the last nut carrieil imtl2j.\ug, iijs^- 
 
 abrogated ,•,,,• • . . ' V,]'. ,'.. 
 
 Riots ot Czech ami Oerinan stmleiits; Maislial 
 
 Kranse apliointeilgovernnr abniit . lojuiv 
 
 45 socialists sentiaiccil to iinprisMiiii, el, t . jj^,;, 
 
 IJestraetive llooils ; the ancient briilge over the 
 
 Miilihui greatly injured, 1—5 ^Sl■pt., by tlie cul- 
 
 laiwe of a wall of the briilgc ; 40 liiboiirers wciv 
 
 cast into the river and 2j ilrowiieil . 1301't. r-^ 
 
 Uoheiiiian Industrial exhitjition mu'iieil, 15 .\|av; ' 
 
 closed . . • ... 18 Oct! i!ii 
 
 Visit of the emperor, warmly rt'cciveil . 26Si'iit. 
 
 Serious Czech rioting suiiiiressiMl by tliii pDlitH] 
 
 alter lighting 28 .Mareh; i3o. 
 
 Demonstration of the Czechs against the Geniiaiis 
 
 10 Nov. iScT 
 Serious rioting against Germans and Jews, liuiisps 
 plnnileri'il ami Imnit ; semi .staler of siege jiro- >' 
 cliiiiiicil by government, 4 persons killeil, 150 
 wonniled, troops cuncBiitnitcd . . 1-3 IVe, „ 
 All aggressive manit'Dsto issued by the yoiiii;; i'zitIi 
 [larty, iiewspaiiers conliscaleil . . 20 Deo. ,, 
 
 PRAGUERIE, War of (so mimed from 
 Prague, then celebrated for its civil ilisordors) ; 
 the revolt of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XI., 
 against his father Charles VII., aided liv Alexander, 
 the bastard of Bourbon, and otlier nobles. It was 
 soon quelled ; Louis was exiled, and Alc.ximdcr put 
 to death by drowning, July, 1440. 
 
 PRAIRIAL INSURRECTION ut Paris, 
 On I, 2, 3 Prairial, year 3 (20, 21, 22 May, 1:95), 
 the faubourgs rose against the directory, and were 
 quelled by the military. 
 
 PRAISE - GOB - BAK^BOXES' TAI;- 
 LIAMENT, see Jiareboim. 
 
 PRASLIN MURDER. The duchcsse de 
 Choiseul-Prasliu was murdered by her husband, 
 
 iji 
 
 l::2 
 
ilN MURDER. 
 SANCTION, ,.n „uli„„„; 
 
 ULMU-ftluis called; in ,„„ ,1,. 
 lU cimrcli wuro a»«ii,,i ,,,,:,,,, 
 
 43«. ill,. I'msinuiir s,„i,t m 
 iroot 0.;nimn.vin,l„.h,n,,, 
 emperor Clmrl... VI. pul.lwu, 
 
 litois should succLTd 111 111,1,/ 
 ters or his br,,thur J,,,,!,,,, i 
 1 he selth'd liis d„n,„„„'„ ,;,' 
 
 Iherwa, iMcoiiinnnitvtlurt,, 
 dmUrt. 1740; l.ut it'piv,. 1, ' 
 
 i-liicli hisli.'d till 1748, '^ 
 
 '•"I'itj'l "f Bohemia Mi,/, ,,«, 
 mUedalioutj^.,; the now,,/,' 
 the emperor Cimrles IV., uli',, 
 lid ereeted a miivursity. JYiiKf.. 
 by war. i'oijuliuioii, I'ss^'' 
 109. ' ^' 
 
 ■s iniiU'r Zisliii . u.Iniv . 
 totahy ,U.lfatu,l l,y ui'^; '<» 
 
 L. * 1 '. ' '8 NiiY. tf,,^ 
 Sw,'.l.,s 111 1648, 1111,1 ',y tliQ 
 y 1,'lt it . . . ■" 
 'ra.s.sia;oblij!,',lt,)iil,,'ii,ao,',it' !'f 
 : (the AustnaiH .Ufcat,;,! l)v ' ^ 
 i.sain, ami tli.'ir wlmle ci,,,,, 
 luiider, gi'iiiTal liiaaii, uiuy. 
 iid the I'nissiau iiiar.sitii 
 
 ft-MiiV, r;, 
 
 e ; so,.ii siii.i,„.SM.,l . Jii,,;. , •( 
 ui-ii Austria aii,l l'iii.s.siasi);iie,i 
 u-tii-les Austria ,i,iisfiiti',l t., 
 tliu lieriiiaiiiit coiiriiafniti,,!. 
 lexiiiKllaiioviT, ilrsscUssef 
 fort; aii,l Kav<. up ll„l,ti.i,i' 
 iitluuiice ill NiiitiiUiTiimiiv)' 
 ig to Deiiiiiark if the iii-,ij,|,'. 
 , not carriuil out)2jAiiij. i>;s,;- 
 
 • • . . Ki'ii' --• 
 
 Gerniau stmleiits; Marsliai ''" 
 overnor alioiit . ,oj„|v ,:; 
 I to iniiuisoiuiiiMit , .Utr ,; 
 tlie aneieiit liri,lj;L' over 11,,. 
 uri'il, 1—5 .S,!i,l., by tlie c,j1- 
 :u' lM-i,lt,'e ; 40 labourers weiv 
 lllii 2j tlrowiiufl . 13 Oet. r-- 
 
 exliibilion oiieiinl, 15 .May; ' 
 iSdct.'iJ,, 
 warmly reneiveil . 26 Sein, 
 g suiipresseil by the ii„liiv. 
 
 28 Maloli: !■;, 
 
 1 Czechs against the Gerraans 
 
 30 Xijv. ili-j 
 it Germans ami ,Ie\vs, liuiisps 
 rut; si'iiii state ot siege jiro- »' 
 uiieiit, 4 persons kill,',|, 150 
 luei'iitratfl . . 1-3 pee. ,, 
 sto issneil liy the youim L'zecli 
 conliscated . . 30 Dec. „ 
 
 1, War of (so named from 
 hriited for its civil disorJers) ; 
 dauphin, ai'terwiirds Louis XI., 
 Iharles VII., aided hv .■llexander, 
 rhoii, nnd other nobles. It iv.is 
 3 wius e.xiled, and Alexander put 
 ng, July, 1440. 
 
 :NSU11RECTI0X m Paris, 
 year 3 (20, 21, 22 May, i;9j), 
 against the directory, and were 
 itary. 
 
 ID - BAR-'^BOXES' PAE- 
 Jiarebu>ies. 
 
 lURDER. Til's duchesse ilc 
 tvas murdered by her huslanil, 
 
 I'KAYER.IK);)K. 
 
 ,ssi 
 
 ti-ial, til,, iluli,. ^^,„l 
 
 Society, Loiiiloii, 
 
 iheducde I'liKliii, at hi- ihh 1i,,ii„., j,, |i,,|.j., ,. 
 lug. iX^r ^h,- was the „iih ,Imiu1iI,., ,,| ',1,; 
 tdebratcd marshal hehaMwiii, the iii,,ther ot iiin. 
 cMIJmi, and in her lortv-llist vi.ir. ('in inn. 
 itiiioes wei'c so niaiianeil hv liinras to -iv,' it th, 
 ii|i|)e«rance of hein;; the act of ainither. Ihiiiii 
 tiie arraiiifenieiits lor the ' ' " 
 j.ii*)ii. 
 
 ' PR.\YER-]?0OK, sei 
 
 l';.,vei-i)o,ik and iloiiiilv 
 fjiiiidfd ill 1H12. 
 
 PrjifMiiiok li.'Vismn S,M>lcty, cstalillshed i3:;a t.U' i.r. 
 i„„liiii; n rcvisum ol the h„„k „r cniim.n pmv,.r ■,„. 
 ..:ioli litar^'h'iil rctonus In the .•luiivli „f ki,.;|.||,',i ., 
 «ilUtr,'iii,'lhcii itsl'ro|cslaiitaii,Ucripluiali'l7aia,'t.-i 
 
 PRAYEliS. "Then lie-an men to call upoi 
 ill,- name ul t)ie Lord {Hi-ii. iv. 26), ^.vj-- i, ,. 'i'),, 
 tijje of priiyiiif; with the I'ai'e to "the" east we 
 li-tltlited by po|ie liiuiilacc II. .^.i,. - .,. Ji,..,, 
 |,,i tile dead, tirst iiilroiluci'il into Vhc Chri-i 
 tiiurcliiibiail Hjo, are mivoiMi,.,! |,v s,inn' niinist, 
 ;■: the EngJHh cluiieh. I'linoi-.. a,ldiess,,l 
 llio Viririn .Mary and to the saints are sai,l to ha 
 Vi: iati'odmed hy pope t;r,.jr,i|-v :,,' y 
 lilntpes. 
 
 I'JiE-iltVrKUiA.VS. 
 
 .iv,'?/!^b^^;M:!^;^ff'7':';";".,OL, ananie 
 
 i.>.".....^i::^:w:;i!d,!;ii^!.a!^;i:i,:\:;;, !;:;:;- 
 
 3^;H:';;':;:i,;i!t:;r::';;--;;;;K^^ 
 
 !;vH;e:;^:at!i!^:;:''i:i:':,:!;;;iv:::,:-'' 
 
 ' has lii'cn 
 iidvoiiiti'il 
 
 PREBEXDARY, a clei-vman atla.hed to a 
 flllieilral or coUeg-iate chiircii, wh,, receives an 
 iiioiue termed iirvhaidn f,,i- otliiiatiiijf at stated 
 null',. 'I'lie office slightly dill'ers from that of a 
 
 ClllJli, 
 
 PRECEDEXCE was estahlislie.l in verv cirlv 
 a;,'-, ami »a~ amongst the hiws of Justinian, lii 
 hii.'laiul the order of lirei'edeiii'y was re-ul if.'d 
 (Si.il\ hylwo statutes, 31 Hen. Vlll. iJiiTan.! i 
 iv.l i;i4. ■" 
 
 PEECEPTOR.S, COLLEGE OF, liloom.- 
 b'ary, Loiithiii, (•stahlished in i.S.)<,, ami iiii,.rpoi- it,d 
 k r,"al chillier 2,S .Miir.h, iM^,,. i„i. ,,|„,„„',i|,,. 
 SMna learning. espc'ially ani,uig the middle clasv."" 
 SitluMiislruitioii of tcaehiu-s, and liv the e.vaiiii-' 
 n.i:ioii ot pupils at stated times, 
 
 .\V,,tail,liii-ii, l)l.,oiiisliiiry^i,|iiaiv,,|„ Ihvtli,' i,i-ii,c,. 
 
 ol "iili'S, 30 M;ir('li, iSS;. ' 
 
 PEEDE.STIXATIOX {F.plu.. i.). tj,,, d,,,- 
 liiik'Cinieeini.is this isdehned in the seventeenth 
 •rliile of the fhnivh of Knglaml (A>/(('s. i. and 
 Mma u.). It was maiii:aiiie,l hv .St. Vienistiii 
 indopposedby I'elagiius, in the earlv part ',f th,' 
 ji century. In later times it has hia'ii maintained 
 y the Augustiniaiis, Jansenists, the church of 
 Svotlimd, and many dissenters (termed Calvinisti,.') 
 1 isd opposed by the l)omini,'aiis, Jesuits ami dis-" 
 
 p!cH(teniie,lArniiniaii}, esneciallv hv the Wes- 
 
 I le.raa iiK'tlio(li>ts. • ' 
 
 PREHISTORIC ARCH.EOLOGY hegan 
 ins;ve,lcii, am nrst sysleniatised hv Mr. SiW^m 
 Uanicn^ilsons " Areliie,4ogv ami I're-historin 
 tells of Scotland," puhlishta 185!. An in e- 
 tsttOMlcongn'ss for treating prehi.storieal suhie.-ts 
 inetatiNcuehat,.! 1,1 180O, and at Paris in 180" \i 
 
 b tlT'o'r"f " ''''"''"■",'''' ^'''^- ■«<^' it assumed 
 tS ^'"^''"'V.'"""! Congress for Prehistoric 
 teWogy,"and published its transactions in i86q 
 i«tmg was held at Stockholm 7-14 Aug 8-?' 
 
 I l«5r'*' ' ^""'■"' '^^"""'""''^ ""J Lut 
 
 ''bt'™l""""-''f ''i^-iJ?,s prehistoric areluvology into 
 
 ^f!:!"itkj„,Ki!'i.o/ij;::^rs{^'^';' 
 
 !;i'-''^''M^'';ii:f;;;;;:'V''i;S;:jr;-u^^^ 
 
 iHvvl,,,! 1, 1 ', I'"""' •>!' peiils trom this lourt. 
 
 -^^M:;l^ie"i,^i,!i:i;;;i,.,;r,-':':'"'i''''lv''''''^ 
 ;;;;;'-iii...N^2 This'i.l^^t'w^ra :;,itd"':::;x 
 
 l'ods,.n, the la.t ju.lg,., ,li,.,| ii, ,,s-,s ''' ^" ''"'"' 
 I'REROO.VTIVE, JiOYAL In F„.Mand 
 
 V ev,; ;l'''''''''^''''~'?""-^''-^''^"'''fl^''^''''<'.led 
 
 >) SHI 1,11 ,li.,p,)tic .s,ivereigiis, sii,-!, a~ .'•'li/,iierb 
 
 •■'\V;r f,mr',' '';-;'- I' '^H->H'^lM.ed;i;"|;h 
 " I , ol oil, ),„, „ pivrogative, whbdi we w II not 
 
 I n.'rt"l ;"' '"'r'^'" "• nuotion" ( J 
 Jnii,., I. tohl his parluuiuuit "that as it wiVl.l.i 
 
 i;,";j''y to ,„„.s,i,,ii .i,,, „,„ .„,;,i^,„'^ ; '■»; 
 
 ,':,""' ''" \y ^■"•Ule of his arncMiive" 
 llie-je e.xtrem,. ,l,„.||.i,n.s wvre Ilullili,.,r v l',,. 
 '■p-"l>'""" 'd' I<„S,S, ami the e.verci.,. ,'„•,, „l'." 
 Uvcws now vi,1inillysul^e.a to pa I'liimij;;; !'':;:: 
 
 w)w',^^ H^^^i^7^^' "T '""'''''It e.ipilal of Iliiivarv 
 
 K.am.e^;;,;-Ai^;^;,;;:i:i^,,^,-,-';:;;li;--;;. 
 
 tia sf.ured to the ele.for of Havaria, and the duke 
 \ urteniherg, xvli,,, as well as the ,luke of lia len 
 vNere then created kings hv Xapolcon. The 11, u' 
 H;";I;'n<'.;ofthe llelveti.. repuhii,. wa a so s , : 
 ated. \ new iron and stone railwav and pass. 1 ir 
 I'ndge over the Danube was inauiu ,0^1 • fi 
 '■■»|.eror, 30 Dec. iSr^. l.opuh,ti,„r. ixlp, S2V4 
 
 PRE.SBYTERLVXS are so called from their 
 
 '^"'■tuining tliat the governim-iit of the ehu eh 
 
 , 'ppointed in the New Testament was hv in, ')'■:! 
 
 I tones, or association of ministers and rulimr eldei^s 
 
 : e.iual in power, offl.'e, and in order. " The elde,^' 
 
 (brook, prMro.) I e.vhort, who am also , 
 
 elder (s,/mprea!,hTos).'- i Peter v. ,. f- e.h " 
 
 ter.iuusm was aeeepted by parliament in place of 
 
 episcopacy ,n England in 1648, hut set aside at the 
 
 mT^h,:,".'"^' ^' ''''^."""^ ^'"^ estahiuhed 
 oil, of church government in Scotland iii i(x)6. 
 Its tenets were emb odied in the formulary of faith 
 
 court ol arches. Then ahp. StaHiml tmnsfered it to a 
 
 court of the archbishop of York preiofcative 
 
 3 L 
 
 "~^ 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 i! 
 
 i'f III 
 
'^W 
 
 ^^■^ 
 
 n- „ L.*'' 
 
 ,'«'■!??' %^/ 
 
 
 
 r 'I 'i 
 
 '>% i!^ 
 
 '^£Z 
 
 
 r) 
 
 it 
 
 
 L \T *' fr ''^*' r~ 
 
 PKESCOTT. 
 
 882 
 
 PREKTONl'ANS. 
 
 1875 
 1876 
 
 li:2o 
 
 iS33 
 
 Hiiid t(i Imvc lii'i'ii coiiiiiciNCil li\ J'llin Kiiiix. in IS^iO, 
 whi( h w,i« iipindvcil liv till' iiarliiiiiuMt, mill riitihci , 
 l^()7, anil liimlly wttlnl I'V lUi ail ul tlic Siiittlsli 
 ^I'liutr, l(ii)<i, alinwanls 1. luri'il l-y tlir trnilN "i 
 uniun \>illi Kiiftlanil in 1707. Thi' lirnt I'l'^'y- 
 UTiiiii iiicilin;;-ii"iisf in l-jiulaiiil waH fatublislicd 
 at Wandswiirlli, Sunvy, 20 Nov. \^-2. 
 A|i«ii-l'ii'slivliii.ininiiKn'««lii ill in Luii'lini. Hi'im-- 
 HiNitativi',-' "f all.. lit llllv iH.ilii's, llrili^li. Anu- 
 riran, anil luiiiKii. aurc'il t" Imiii an " Alliami' ol 
 I'll'MliJ-tiTiail 1 lllllrlll-s" . . ij^J.'iily, 
 
 The larslivti riaii cliiinli nl' Kntilaml iv-iniisiitiitiil 
 
 at l.ivir'i Mill iiiii.ui Willi tlio I'niU'il I'lf^l'Vli- 
 
 ri.iii (.•liunli ill' Srntlaiiil) . . riJnin', 
 
 A i.uiipii'^l'Vlmaii niiiKH'ss, lirlil at KiUiiliuiKli. 
 ,,lulv, 1877; at I'liila.lHi.liia, L'.iS.A., j 1 S^pt 
 ThV ili'liKiiti'S III till' |iaii-liri'sbylcriaii iinini'il 
 assniililiMil KxiliT Hall . • • 4il"ly. 
 
 l'aii-|.ri'>livli riaii alliaiici' iiii'l at Turiiiitii, im-l. 
 I)lai'kii'inv»ii|ii|.l .... '-'1 «''.lit. '89^ 
 See I 7i 11 II /l I./' >V"f/il/li/, (WiiliiiiHiilil-. Uurijlnii, 
 ni'li.f, Hhnilix, Fni Clniirh. \>-. 
 
 PRESCOTT (rpi'iT CunaiUi). <»ii i- N. v. 
 18 J«, tliii Caniiilian rrlirU wne attarUid liv t ii- 
 lintiah under iiiajiir Youii^r, and (ini tlif lf<tli) K 
 lii'Ut.-eidiiMel Diiiidiis, win. ilisper.-ed the niMirgents, 
 several of wlmm were killeil. and many taken pn- 
 Boners. and llie reinaiiiiler surrendered, llie troopn 
 also suH'ered enn^ideralily. 
 
 PKESEKVED MEAT, i^ec rroiinioiis. 
 
 I'KESIDEXT, »i'i' Oiiii-t of Sfsxioii. Frivii 
 
 Council; I'liitii/ Sfiiirs, 17K1); Fninn, 1K4X, If<7l; 
 ifncks, 1841. PnK.sll)l-;\T OF TlIK CofXCIL, 
 Loud the fnurlli yreat ultiier of state, is ap|ininted 
 under the ^'I'eat seal, i/iirmite /iniiptiiiilo, and, liy Ins 
 ottiee, is to utlend the soveiviiiii's royal person, and 
 to inana};e thedehatesin eouniil, to propose niatters 
 from the soveivi-n at the eouneil-talde, and to 
 report to his niaje.sty the resolutions taken there- 
 upon. 
 
 PRESS ASSOCIATION (n company "limi- 
 ted") was eslalilished hy the newspaper proprie- 
 tors of London and the jirovinces, lit a iiuctinj; at 
 Manehestei, 21) June. lS(),S, to make anaii-eiiient.s 
 to enahle them to avail themselves of the imreased 
 faiilities for the spirdv traiiMiiissioii ol news 
 allorded bv the po-t oltiee. in eoiii-eiiueiuf ot the 
 purchase of the ri-hts of all tl.o telefrraidi com- 
 panies, uutliorised hv the Tehtrraiih Act ol iXO.s. 
 The organisation of the assoeialioii was cumpleU'il 
 at a. meeting in I.oniloii, ? .March. |S(y), 1 he I ro- 
 vincial Newspaper Soidelv, out ol whiih it siirauf;-, 
 was founded in l.H^d, and hecame the New-paper 
 Society in iMSi). i^ime uShS the nuniher ol ^rood 
 daily I'lrovincial new^pa]lel•s, eoiitainilif? tin late.-t 
 news of till,' world, has very ureatly increased. 
 For('i^'n jiress assoeiation registered as a soi-iety, 
 March, lSi).S. 
 
 PRESS, LiDKliTY OF THE. The imprimatur 
 "let it he printed" was much used on the title- 
 iia^'es of hooks printed in the sixteenth and seven- 
 teenth centuries. Jlie liberty of the iiress was 
 severelv restrained, and the nu'iilier ot master- 
 printers in l.i.iiili.ii and Westminster limited hv the 
 Star Chamber, 15 I'harles I., July I, 10,^7. John 
 .Milton published his noble work. •• Areoiiimntiea ; 
 or, a Speech for the I.ilierty of I iiliceused 
 rrintinj.'," 1O44. See Fuiirtli Fsfatc. 
 •• Disoriluis ill |.riiitiiiK " were ivincssed by the 
 |.,>rliaiiieiil 111 i64jaiHl i04y. and bv Llmibs II. . 
 The ecnsorshiiiof the press (by a licence ustablisheil 
 in 1655 and 1693) abandoned. ■ ■ ■ 
 The tiiast, "Tlie iilierlv of the press ; it is like the 
 air we breathe -it we liav.' it iml we .lie. was 
 lirst (,'iven at the Crown ami Aiiclmr tavern, at a 
 Whiy dinner 
 
 I i?'» 
 
 I'lesseM jleeiimiil, iilid tile printer's iiaiiin iii|i,iivii i„ 
 be placed on liotli the llrst and last pa^i :< .if a 
 book .I;ilv, 
 
 The severitv of the restrictions on the Kreii.li | i|.|n 
 reliixed by M. rersiKiiy, minister ot the intin.ii 
 but soon leslored lln iHto 
 
 The llberlV iifthe press In the United ,Htllte>ni™tlv 
 
 eheeked iliiriiiK the civil war lif^t-iit: 
 
 Ceilain leslrietiiiiis on priiiteis 111 the L'liitid Kiiin- 
 
 iloiii removed by net passe.l , . .luh, ttf^ 
 
 Hill Kicatly lieeliiK the press in l-'raiiee iiili..iliii.,.,l 
 
 into the'ehamber .... 34 .liui \Vi 
 
 I'l-rsx Oicwspaper), a levolntioiiiuy ,|iiiiiiiiil, |,i,li. 
 
 1 1.. li..!.!! 1.. ...... ...I ill II..* .- . 
 
 !f.63 
 1695 
 
 1705 
 
 M.^.l VII' "■^i'l'l" . " ,.'.-' I" "• 
 
 lished in llllblin: eonimelleeil 111 Ort. I7ijj; 
 Arllinr O'Connor, .Mr. Kiiinielt, the bam.Mit 
 (whose bn.llier was exeeiiti il in iBujl, ami utliiT 
 
 enlispii'llolls men, eollUilllllol^ to it : II illllilllii'il 
 
 the piiblie niiiiil in Ireland on the eve m| tlie 
 lebelliiiii ill I7v8. The paper was siipiniisseil hy 
 a mililaiy lone .... Miiivll, i-.^g 
 
 PRESS-OANG for the royal iiacv wiiM-rfii. 
 luted by statute, I,?78, and hy 5 A: Will. IV. \iy^; 
 the coiiipiiUory service is limited to live years, >,'i. 
 Imjiri iiiioil. 
 
 PRESSING TO Death, »ee .Uuie. 
 
 P11EST( )N (I.ancashire). Near lieie CrouiMc'il 
 totally dideated the royalists under sir .Maniiiiiliilii- 
 Lnngiliile, 17 Auff. 1(148. I'reston wns tiikeii in 
 1715 by tlie Scotch insiir«:ents, iimler Kuisler. who 
 proclai'med kinn; James VII. They were ilifriited 
 in a liattli' on 12, I.^ Nov. by jieiieials Wille- ami 
 Carpenter, who with the royal iniiv iiivi'-ttii 
 r.eston on all sides. The Scots laid ilnuu llipir 
 arms, .iiid tlieir nobles and leaders wcie M.uivd; 
 soiiie were shot as deserters, and others .-mt tn 
 London pinioned and boiiiid together, to iiitiiniilaii; 
 their iiii'ty. — Tlie stojipatfe of the cntttiii maim. 
 facture in 'l8()I iind l8(.)2, throuiib the civil »:ir in 
 .Vmerica, occasioned i;reat sulferiuij in riestuii. Sec 
 J'djiii/iilidii. 
 
 " The firslnii ,i,iilil Mn-ihii lit f,:~tt rill." t^iM In liav,. 
 been institiileil ill Saxon times, reemili'il iis !«•■ 
 HiniiiiiK 1328, and to have been kept liiiee ill M 
 years regularly since 1562, was iliilv cclihral.M in 
 
 Sept. 18'ij. .■Illil Si-jit e;; 
 
 A line art and indiistrial exhibition here iiiuiinl 
 
 21 S|.|it. iSp; 
 The new town liall opened by Ihediikenf Caiiihriil|;e 
 
 3 (let. iSt; 
 Statue ol' the late earl of Derby imliliclj iiiiiiij,niriiliHl 
 
 j.liiiii'. lijj 
 I'rr.^lnii slrikr.^. In 1853, a ^-reat iiiiiiiber of stril<w 
 took place aiiiiiiij; the workiie n in llie iicilli nf 
 KiiKlaml. Those at I'reston sliu. k I'm- :iii iiiriKW 
 of 10 per cent, on their wa);es. (in 15 del. tlic 
 masters, in coiisei|iieiiee, closeil fnrty nine iiii!l«. 
 and 20,000 persons were thrown mil :if eiiijilny- 
 iiieiit, who were mostly maiiitaiiied fur a l"ii|; 
 time iiv subscriptions from their fellows, hi tlie 
 week elldiliK 17 Dee. 14. 972 were iclievcil. at tlif 
 
 lost of 2S20/. 8-'. The eiimiiiitt r wmkiiifa 
 
 adilressed lord I'aliiierston, 15 Nov., «lei fiw 
 
 them his advice =4 1 1*53 
 
 After niaiiv atlempts at reconeiliatinii, tlie sirilie 
 
 eloseil fi'ir want of funds . i May. iSft 
 
 Another strike was closeil in . ■ May. iSb) 
 
 The exceiitors of Mr. K. C. Harris, a snlnunr, 
 iiwariled 70,000/. for a free library, iiiiiseaiii. ki\. 
 Si lit 1870 ; of which the fouiiilatinii «a.< laiil In- 
 the earl of l-alhom . . • .■ , S^'ll'- '3" 
 
 The foiinilation of the Lancashire cniuily liall laul 
 
 bv the earl of Derby . . . M ^''I't .1 
 
 Mr.' Hich. Newshnni bequeaths his pctin-esaiuUrt 
 treasures, worth about 70,000'. to I'lostuii 
 
 aiiiiuiiiiceil Dec, ie:j 
 Fire libiarv and iiuisenni, tlie ^-il'l of Mr E. R. 
 Harris, 3.k),<xx>'., and oth.-rs, opeiieil by tlie carl 
 of Derby; bamiiiet .... 260ct.i893 
 
 PRESTONPANS, near Kdiiiburgli. At 
 Gladsnuiir, near this place, was t.uglil a bJUH 
 
TON PANS- 
 
 |iriiiti'r'«iiaiiM'i-ic|i,iri"Mij 
 tli'Ht iiikI liiHt \mnii> >if a 
 
 ■ .. J'lly, I'oi) 
 •tl(lll« nil till' Klvli,li| I'M, ' 
 , mililHtiT (if tin iiitiri.ii 
 
 llec iP(o 
 
 II till' l.'liitiilfltutc'M.hntlv 
 il war iJ6|.i8n 
 
 iiiti'iH 111 till' L'liitiil K;ii|;. 
 msi'il ■ .liilv, ifN, 
 
 ri'SH 111 Fniiii'i' iiitH'iliin'ii 
 
 24 'lull if: 
 viiliitiiiuiiry jiiiini.il, I'l.li. 
 
 illllllllR'I'll ill lilt, ij^^, ■ 
 
 . Kiiiiiu'tt, till- liiiiiiMi'i 
 
 I'c'lltul ill 18..JI, illlil 'itlliT 
 
 riliutms til it ; it mttiunnl 
 ri'liiiiii nil till' I'M' lit 111,. 
 • |iii|ii'r wiis siiinin'»«i'(| by 
 
 'J Mlll'rll, i-,8 
 
 for tilt' rn\;ll llir \ «iH ivpii. 
 and liy 5\- I) Will.lV. 1S35; 
 e is liiiiitt'il til five ycur», sie 
 
 DKATH, ni'i' Mule. 
 
 iiisliiiv). Nciii- lu'i'i' Cromwell 
 )yali»ts uiidrr sir Maiiiuiiliike 
 liqK. l'ii':4toii WHS taki'ii in 
 latirm'iits, iinilei' Koi'strr. who 
 ll'tl VII. Tllry Wii'f il.|i;it«l 
 Niiv. by ;;i'iii'riils Willi- ami 
 h tlif inyiil iriiiv iiivi'-ttil 
 Till' Sints liiiil iliiwii their 
 138 mill U'liilirs wi'R' Mrmod; 
 k'sci'ti'l's, mill nlliiis siiit tn 
 biiiiiul lofti'tlii'i-.tii intiiii'liliitf 
 t.ii|iim};u nf tlic ((1111111 iimmi. 
 802, tliriiui!h till' civil «:ir in 
 jri'iit aiillVriiig 111 I'li'sluii. SfO 
 
 r-i7i»yi/./V.-f;r»/."s:ii(l til have 
 
 axiiii times. 11 rdcd ;is lie- 
 
 illl\i' liri'Il ki']il I'lii-i' 111 ;o 
 1362, was iliilv (cli'liial.'il ill 
 
 Si'|it. iS'.j 1 Si-|.|. ,::: 
 
 rial I'Xliiliitinii licri' (i|'iihi1 
 
 ;'i Sept, iSt; 
 U'll by tlii'(liiki'(irOiiiiliriil;;i' 
 
 :i(lct. iS:'; 
 if llcrby imhlicly iii,iU|.'Ui'at(il 
 
 (•liiiii', ivj 
 ij, a '^v*A\ niiiiilicf (if strikes 
 (• wnrkiii-ii ill Ilic iiorlli lit 
 'rcstnii stiii. k fill all imicasii 
 it'ir wap's, 1 111 IS *'('l. tlie 
 ■iii'i', clnsi'il fi'i'ly iiiiii' mills. 
 vi'ic tlii'invii (lilt if i'iii|iliiy- 
 
 instlv lll.lillUlillcd fdl' 11 liilli; 
 
 is fiimi tlicii li'llinvs. liitlie 
 , 14.972 wi'i-r iclicvcd. at the 
 The iiiiiiiiiittii' lif «iiikiiicn 
 iiierstnii, 15 N"(iv.. «li.i ^jave 
 
 24 II'"' i3S3 
 
 at recniiciliatini). tin' .strike 
 mils ... 1 May. iSt* 
 isuil in . . . Ma.v, itej 
 ■. K. (,'. Harris, a sdlicitor, 
 ■ a fi'ei' liliiai'v, iiiusi'Miii. ki'., 
 li the fduiidatiiiii was laid liy 
 
 . 5 ^I'l't- iSi! 
 > Laiicasliiiv ('(Hiiity liall laid 
 ,• . . . M^-'l't' .1 
 
 ii'iHii'iitlisbis iij'liircs.imlart 
 limit 70,000'. til I'lostdii 
 
 aiiiKiiiiic'cil Dec. 1853 
 (.mil, llif tlilt .if Mr. R. R, 
 111 otl:.'r«, oiieiH'd by tin- farl 
 . . . . 26 Oct. 1893 
 
 XS, near Eaiiiburgh. At 
 lis iilace, was I'lUglit a lat"' 
 
 PRETENDERS. 
 
 H8;i 
 
 1716 
 1765 
 
 1720 
 
 Witceii till' \niiii^' rri'ti'iiilcr, prinre Cbarlcn 
 EJwiiril Sliiarl, anil lii.s Seidell uiIIii'i-ciiIh, iinil tlii' 
 roval uriiiy uiiilcr sir Jnliii l'.i]ii', 21 Sent. I -4; 
 rti'liitter wa.silefi'iiti'd Willi tlie Inss nf coo mcii 
 juJM- 
 
 PKETEXDEKS. ,\ nanm ^mvoh to the son 
 iiiid|{™id*'iiii "I Jmiii'8 II. of Eiijflaiid. 
 
 Ilif O1.11 riiKrvxriKH, .laiiie-i Fiaiieis K.lward 
 IStiiiirt, L'liivalier ill' St. lieiirni', li.ii'ii ,u ,j,„n, 
 m. wnsackiKiH'leilpiil liy LiuiIh XIV. iik Junius 
 III. iifKlikdalel. in 1701 
 
 Priiclaiiiicd. (lid Ills st"ii(|al'il set ii]i, at Uraeiiiar 
 ji|(|l'iistl('tiiwii, in Siiitluiid . . 3 Seiit 
 
 laiiiliil at l'('t( rliead. in .Mienleeiislilie, rrniii 
 Finiu'i', til i'iii'(iiil-a«e the i-ebelliim that the earl 
 lif Miir and his ntluT inlliereiits hud |iriiiii{i|i'i|, 
 
 riiij rcliellldii having; lieeii sunn sii|i|iie.ssed, the 
 I'n'tciidercsi'aiied tn Mnntinsc (fiiini whence he 
 |iri)i'e('(|c(l t(i (li.ivi lilies) 4 Fell 
 
 Ifedat limiii' io Dec! 
 
 ■flip ViiiNii l'iii:ri:Niii:n, ch.ii-lcs IMward, was 
 l<ini In 
 
 UiidediiiSciitliiii'l, aiul idnclaiiiicd his rathcrklng 
 
 ,„iiiiii.l the liallle nf l'i'cst(iii|iaiis, 21 Sell? 1745' '"' 
 iiiiiliif Falkirk ,•■■■. 17 Jan.' J746 
 lleftiitediitLiilliidcn, ami .s(iiif,'ht safetv bv tliKht 
 
 . . , , "6 -M'lil.' „ 
 
 llfiiiiitiniii'd iviiiiilerinn aninnn ihe wilds nf Sent- 
 liiiilfiir 'icarlv six iiKinths ; ai..' as jo.(xx)/. were 
 i.|frr((| fill taking' him, he wascnnsta'iitlv |iiiisiieii 
 
 liVlhe llrilisli tl(i..|is. iiftell heliiliied 'idlllld liy 
 
 Ills ciiciiiiis. tint siill rescued ti\- sdiiie liickv 
 aiiidiiit. and ;(t leii;;th ■■si'a|ici| from the isle ilf 
 Uistte.Mdilaiv iii.S'i.t, lie. I . „,j„„, ,-88 
 
 Hi<iiiiliiial(hiiit'liler assunieil the title nf diiehesH 
 iif.AIK'Miy ; died in ... , ,.g 
 
 II;* ln'itlicr. till- cardinal Ynrk. .'allinj; himself 
 lli'iiry l.\. iif Ki,j:laiid, iKii-n .Maicli, 1725 ; died 
 ■il II"""' ill ' AiiK. 1807 
 
 llisalleiii'd (.'niiidsiiii, l^harles Kdwanl St iiai't emnte 
 (f.Jlliaiiie, died , . I,,,.. ,88^ 
 
 frthvarr, l.iiiiis.WIl. ; and ///i;"i<rri,'.s, 1606. 
 
 PRETORIA, caiiit.il of tlie Ti-misvaal or S. 
 .lfriianre|inhlii' (ir/nc/i .vcc). 
 
 PREVEXTIOX OF CRIME ACTS, 21 
 
 •kir. iXp, 15 .Alii;. lfi;i), mnl 12 July, 1882. See 
 
 Inlima, May, IiS82, 18K; it .vcy, 
 
 iriiiiinal law nnd proeediire (Ireland) act (1887) 
 re|ieal kill (ivpealiii),' the eriiiics act), read 
 .((H'Oiiil time coiiiiiioiis (222-208) , . 3 May, 1S95 
 
 PREVEXTIVE MEDICINE. The dh. 
 
 iivcrii's of I'asteiir. Kocli, mid otlicrs, relative to 
 ilie ])i'(i|iaL'ali(in^ id' disease by iniiiute -rnns (see 
 'I'.ri/i y/ir//'//). led to the irriulii.'il firniatinii of a 
 llri'ish inslilutc n( Preventive .Medicine by a eoiii- 
 «lpe of eminent idiysiolojfists and niedii'-al men 
 The institute w.is incnr|).irated, sir Joseiili Idster 
 iliefirstchainiian. .Inly, i,S()i. 25,000'.. part of a 
 ^/Bcyfrom.Mr. l!icliiir,l [terridge, awunleil to tlic 
 ;iiditute fur the end'iwnieiit of 11 laburatorv at 
 tlielsra. .Ipril, 181)4. See J)ip/,f/i,,;„. Sir Geo 
 lluthan,,.!. .\[.l)., a -nvei-nnient medical otHeer 
 ''"'• "" •"'t'^''' promoter of iirevontive tnedieine ' 
 (IM j May, l8i)i, ' ' 
 
 ii^l^^.^*!*- *?'' '^"''"' -"''''"'A and IVofisions. \ 
 Ir. 1. looke, m iSj8, published a " Historv of 
 rifesfrora 1-93 to ,f<-/j " He was latterlv aided i 
 .i.v.\Ir. W V'lvmareli. "History of A<;ri"eulture ' 
 .ntlPrico^' (l2V)-i:02). livMr. ,1. E. T. Uoc'rs- ( 
 I >is volumes imlilished 1.8(16-8;; he died I ^ Oct. 78oo! | 
 FRIDE'.S PIJHUE. On the 6th Dec. 1648, ' 
 «1 rule With two reffimeiits, surrounded the I 
 rf l''"''''""i'n'. '"I'l «'izini; in the passage 
 ■one members of the 1-resbytorian partv, sent , 
 ' "'™' '" » '»«• «' then called /„'//. ':\b,;ve 160 
 
 PHIXCE OP THE PEACE. 
 
 other meinb, 
 
 but 111!' I 
 
 rs Were e.xeliided. and 
 
 dinst furious nf the 111 
 
 nolle adni 
 
 pi'ivile^cl menibera 
 ""///, which wiis (li 
 
 were iimiii 
 
 epejidi w 
 
 "I'.S.i. 
 
 smissed bv (nil 
 
 Ihe li, 
 
 PRIKXE.oneoftl 
 league in .\siii .Mj 
 
 !le twi'h 
 
 Ittod 
 The 
 
 "'/' /Id ilia- 
 'iiwell. 20 April, 
 
 ities of the Ionian 
 
 The temple .d .Minerva 
 
 dms, fnuudi',1 here by .VIi'k.mkIc,- th,. i 
 
 'le Work nf l'\tl 
 
 it. and 
 
 Ihin, fill' the'DilettiiMti .Siniet 
 
 was I'M-iiViited by .M,-, 1{, J 
 
 PRIEST (d 
 
 the K 
 
 difclisli church tl 
 
 ■d fr 
 
 y. in 1868-1), 
 
 •nm jifintiiitii-ni, elder), in 
 
 le minister whn prc-ides ov 
 
 cr 
 
 171S I tb.i ,„,iVi V . '"""^"'r wnn prc-ides over 
 
 priest nf tlie iimst liiirn 
 
 kill)? of Sul 
 
 (iial." ( 
 
 em is termed 
 
 l')l,5 II. C; Bee II, h 
 
 eharacter, whicl 
 
 like' the ,)ewisl 
 
 •('«•* vii.) 'I'he (ireek 
 
 li iilea (if th. 
 
 I priest, h.id 
 
 ritieiul 
 
 inaintaiiied by the Hom 
 
 liriesthu.id is still 
 
 their view 
 
 s. Am.mu'the.l 
 
 mists and thoM' whn favour 
 
 their office iit the ajfe nf 
 
 of hiL'l 
 
 h or chic 
 
 thirti 
 
 th 
 
 priests assumed 
 
 1401 H.f. .Uler tl 
 k'overnment and t 
 
 iriest was lixi ,1 in .\ 
 
 The ili 
 
 ;nity 
 
 ai'.'ii's faniilv, 
 
 lis thi 
 
 iiUl 1 
 
 {,' .. 
 
 hitfli priesthood ; it w 
 tlie hi-h pi'iest, Iha; lu 
 court but that of the 
 heathens had tlieir ;irch-lliim( 
 resemblinjr the Christian anhbisl 
 
 111 Absolutinll," see //,,/v C,;,.ss 
 
 PRIMER, Abi 
 
 K' captivity III li.ibylnii, the civil 
 
 11' ci'nwii wei-e suiiciadded to the 
 
 liculiar privilege of 
 
 prdsecuted 
 
 iii'eat Saiiliedriiii 
 
 The 
 
 n or hiirh priest, 
 
 ip. V 
 
 ' l'rie8t 
 
 .ik of 
 
 devoliniis. and fii 
 
 lishi'd h\ autlmril 
 slionld iiiibliciv I 
 
 imiied from the Uomish 
 t forth or pub. 
 
 as the first bnnk child 
 
 prayers 1111,1 piiVti.iMs (f the scriiit 
 nrinted 1535, 15- 
 
 rii (ir read in sclnnds, cnntii 
 
 book 
 
 'd 
 
 .>'»■ 
 
 Hi 
 
 nrv VIII. 
 
 I iniiei's were 
 
 issued ,1 pniyi 
 
 published bv llr. liiu't 
 
 primer" in 1545. The tl 
 
 111 ill 18 
 
 iree were 
 
 .54' 
 
 PRIMITIVK CULTURE, see Cn-Ui 
 PROIOGEXITURE. RuiiiTOF, A 
 
 mtioii. 
 
 broiijiht down li'mi tl 
 
 irn in the put 
 
 ■arliest t 
 
 The H 
 
 usage 
 
 riarchul u;,'es had a sii|ieiiiirit 
 n, mill in the absence of his i: 
 
 hi.s hiethri 
 
 lU'iest to the fumilv. "i 
 
 I'St- 
 
 y over 
 atlier was 
 
 oy the ancient 
 
 Hn^'lish. 
 
 iistoma of itavel-kind 
 
 some parts of Kii.'lund, 
 
 in witl: 
 
 primii;;eniture was 
 
 mid boi-ou'th- 
 
 ri;;lits of pri 
 
 I' the fciulul hiv 
 
 P 
 
 iioffcnitiire abolished in F 
 
 ■iinojrenitme," bv .Mr. Evel 
 
 •uperseded. It „..„„ 
 Will, r 1068. The 
 ranee, 1700. 
 
 Feb. l8f)S 
 
 elyn Cecil, puldished 
 
 PRIMROSE LEAGUE, fn 
 
 menu.iy of the late lord 1! 
 
 ined in 1884 in 
 
 the pr 
 
 s.iid to have 1 
 
 and in support of eonserv 
 
 constield (with whom 
 er) 
 
 iieen a favourite 
 
 10 April, 1.881, and the aniiiv 
 
 iitive priiici|,les. He died 
 
 termed " Primrnse Da 
 
 I'uUv 
 
 worn bv his 
 
 ly." when the' 
 
 admirers 
 
 Sulishiiry hecume ijrmid master. 
 The lea),'uc, which liei;uii with imd, 
 nieinliers, was deelared t 
 
 The 
 
 (d' that day is 
 How-cr is scue- 
 luiiiuis of 
 
 ■r a tl, 
 
 iluiii 
 
 kiiiglit , 
 " habitatinus," 
 the leiiKue issues 
 and I 
 
 Ulld 
 
 c.ilisist .if 
 
 li.iiisaiul 
 
 assneiutes, with 
 
 i.qi)2 
 
 iIubitutioiis"huv 
 
 in Scotland and Ireland 
 
 llci 
 
 2" Miu, 18 
 
 [I'cat iiiinibcrnf piditicariiutjet. 
 
 'stablished 
 
 N'miiberof nieiiib 
 
 1.131,821 
 Aiinuul meetint. 
 
 icrs reported, 1,002,097, April, 
 
 luaniuis of .Salisbnrv in tl 
 19 April, 1; 
 29 April, iS 
 
 in Coveiit (iardeii tlieatre. the 
 
 April, 1893 
 
 !ie chair. 6 Aluv, 
 
 19 April, 1194; 20 April, .„„, , 
 
 6 May, 1697 i "t the Albert liall, 
 
 Muv. 
 
 PRTNCE OF THE PeACK, a 
 on jranuel Golov bv Churlcs IV 
 com ludin.i; the Tr'eutv of liasle. 
 
 title conferred 
 ■ of Spain, for 
 
 3 L 2 
 
 1/ 
 
 WWk 
 
 
 m 
 
 t^ 
 
 "Wf 
 
 
 
 
 Jl^RtT ' 
 
 1 1 
 
 I I 
 
 '.■»l? 
 
 u 
 
 
 J. *• iM. 
 
 
 1, 
 
 1 
 
 ■' ,!' '.' t 
 
 .J' !■ 
 
 \iy' 
 
 mil 
 
 
 li 
 
 P 
 
 j ]\\ 
 
 t ' ■- 
 
 

 
 
 .1, 
 
 
 •ml 
 
 I 
 
 U&>. 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 
 LM <i .« < 
 
 PIMNCK i;i>\VAIU> ISLAND. 
 
 NHI 
 
 PHINTFXO. 
 
 ritlNCK KnWAltU ISLAND (North AMvImii .IhhIih nw.ihls lli.' Ii n "f IIm. iin.iii,,,,, 
 
 » 
 
 fiimi!) iiikiM iiMiii the iMvu. I, iiv tiir iii'iiHM. in i ;,:;;;;;,,;;;//;,„,;,,,;;. ^j,,,^,,,,,:/,;,,:, ,.,;;; 
 
 IJi^K; iiiilli'il Nvllh C.il"' liiil'ili ii« .1 I'.'lnliy ill |-(>.?; I '„{, juk v vw.cih mii.1 tc imin tlhiii 
 
 but Kfimiiilril til i;(i.H. rujMiliitiiiii iXNl. lo.S,H()4; | ini^^ „.|||,,|, i,i,,it,.,i, ,,1 1 14JH," 
 
 l8i)l, Kv.n'""^' t'.iinliil, ('liiirlatti'tiiwii. l.ii'iit- 1 (ti,,, |,.|ivi.« of il.iM l.nnk, lu'in^ |,iii,li'i| i.ii 
 
 ;o\riii"i-; \V. !•'. linliiii^. 11, Aim. lH;() ; >ir Itnlii'lt .miv . hiti' iifli iwnr^N imxti'il tnni.tlciT j 
 
 lodgwpii, 1K74; lidii. 'I'liiHiiii' llnitli Iliiviliiiiil, |.*<7<); I 111! ,as.;, .Mr. HmmuhI I,i'hjIi H.iihcliy i...iii..l :• 
 
 Kin. A. .\. .»liiiiliiliiilil, |.*<.'<4 ; .1. S, (';iim11, |.S.S(), | i.lalHinili' wmk ruiiipili'il liv lijs I'iitliir iui.l |,i, 
 
 lU'd 14 IMi. IS.)); (i. W. llnwlali. I.S.I4. > "■■[f, '•iiHII.';! .j' ''';;''• '>7,,'''''(7'7';'"'".' '" 
 
 ^ ' tllllllliu' till' «llllili-H, (Vr . "I till' LlMik-l Ui.ll 
 
 f 
 
 ll 
 
 <u 
 
 PRINCF-; OF WALESS ISLAND, "ce 
 
 /V«aw</. 
 PRLNCK Jdl'HH'I'S I,AND, «n A''v-,ir« 
 
 Xd'lrfi I'll'l UiiiImiii'i lUni. 
 
 PKINCICSS ALH'L, I'M ill. 11 Bii'.Mi.ii .tciinior, 
 beloiininu tn tin' l.iiiiili.u i.if;iii:!i...ai (iiuli!i!i\ , vyiiilo 
 currjiiw, ii i* i-uiiim-iil, iilmvc i)(;() piixnis, |iriiici- 
 
 pilllv Wuhirll lllia illililll'M, nil llii'ir Irtlirll troTii 
 
 nrii , I'll I 1 1 1.. I I ( . ... . J.. .. (./..... I ... JIM .. .1^ ('().i 
 
 tiiliiliiK fiii'^iiiiili-H, A'r . "I'tlu' l.lMi'k-l U 1. 1 111,. 
 
 15II1 ri'iitm-y ; iiiiM .Mr. 1 Uiihm'II r^iiiith |iiil,|i,|ir,| 
 
 iiliir niiiilli' (if till- /)ili(.'i /'ii"j»/ii./., II virv iiiru 
 
 lllni'k liookl 
 ilnliii l''iisl i'.4tiilill>liccl n iirliitlhy-' illii' ni M, 1, /, 
 
 iiml Iiriiili''l ihr Tiiiiliiiii., I'fiii iii.ii„„i ' |^^, 
 
 .Iiilili tiiiti'iil»'ij; liivi'iitcil nil iiirtiil tv|i(.«, {ii,,| 
 
 iiMi'il tlii'iii in pi'intin;! the larlii'st nlit'iini „( t|„. 
 
 I.iitin liilili' (trinii'il till- .Mii/iiiin. riiiiii il,i. ,||, 
 
 nivi'iv 111' 11 i"l',v ill till' liinliiiiil'.s lilir.nv I 111 
 
 Mi'iit^ 
 
 ruii;iiif., ■' .- .-..I'l •■■■■, •i-y .Mi'lHi Uim, 
 
 Sully wuinni una 1 lulilii'Ii, nii lln'il' irtiiril troni f.\t n,,. ^iili' nf llii' I'.Tkliir, lilmiry, 6 Jiiiii', i5;,, „ '• 
 
 IUTrii(>>, vvMh iinnii'iliat( Iv Mink li\ 1 uUi-iun with (.,i|,y nl' this Iiilili on vrlliiin s, ,1,1 im-, 41.,; ,,„„., ,1, 
 
 the Jhiin// ra.-lh.a liil'i;.' iioli scrrw' ^t.iinn'f, iih"llt iimihT sul.l fur -jCj,,/,; 11 ini.y l,,.l,,n;;iim lM,|r,l„i,i, 
 
 ' ■' II. I _ - ^. . . .^ :...!. Ti Tlii.li, I . (it Svst(Ml-liaik. Ml I li.r ,,„,.),, li... 
 
 I'lll" • • ■ ,- I , .._...„... 
 
 Tlinn.l.l, (if Sy»t.Mi-i«ik, !."lil |i.i' w.../. i, | 
 
 1884 ; II I'lipy bc'hm^liiK tn ili,. i.|ir| i,f ('|.;nvf,,|,| 
 
 Willi I'nr 2,6511/., 15 Jiiiii'. laS; ; lunl I|.i|,i|,,mi. 
 
 oiijiy Holii for y,r,««/., a5 I'l-h. iSi.^.J 
 ;!..i./,- o//V"/ui.<. liy FiiMt mill Miliii.|li'r . ,4 Am; 145; 
 (Sli- John Tliorolil'.s coiiy mi Vflliiiu »i,|,l fnr ^.^j,,;. 
 I'lHiiu'ily .loM for 136/.) ly Di'c. 1864. 
 
 T.40 p. III. (Ill TiirNiliiv, .} Si'pl. l«;iS, ill till Tliiiiiii'8, 
 111 (JiiilionV iTiirli, liliont II tiiik' liclnw Woohviuh 
 iirHi'lliil. Aliniit 2(K) pclsoiis wvw Kiivcl, Kut of 
 tlinsc iilioiil Id iliril iiftiTw;iiil«. Ahout (140 hoilit'S 
 were ivi'oM'iril unit Iniiicil ; iiiiiiiy at Wuolwii'li, 
 The l'riiiii.,1' Allci \mi» .151 lon,» ^voss : a in ft. 4 in, loiij;; 
 
 ^tlv^ilnn.iVi'nV"""""'"""^ n.,3.i— , ip;:;;,lt' t,,, „„„„,„.;,1 into iK,.,,,, .„„„.„.. '^^' 
 
 Tlic Jiinnll i'olh: U7" torn, i;ioi.» ; •.!54tt. 3I11. '""H ; tiimi. Ofn: llwii.-.l l.y |i|l«lni 1 
 33ft; .III. Inoail ; i.>tt. 0111. .Iwp. Kngini'^, isolioi«u A /.MVM'initcil, hilns,,,.., .,, 
 
 powfi. ()«nH», liiU Urotlici.,, I.oii.loli. Uiptiiiii 'Hn^ Inst l,ii ill l.il.K' jMlli a ilato 1 iplH^.l a( 
 
 Tlimniis llairiioii Mriil/ liy 1-iist ami hclio'lliT ,,,,, 
 
 Jiiliisioii //"».<. llrll'J f"i"' opriiiM, 5 Sept. Till' (iili'nn Mi'iit/ taken ami |.liimli'iv.l, ami tlir ail nf iiriiitiii;, 
 
 sent 10:;' ; Kiiliscriptions caim- from royal luiiiily ; intlicK lal nun, is .si.i..,i,l lo oili.r |i «iis • • 
 
 .8 346/. I'. 6.'. rccdvcil ; linal inrrtin^'. w Ik"'. 1873. Tlai lyp.'s w.iv iinilnniily (o.llnr 1,1 oM (imiim, 
 
 Ikmid of 7.i"'i hi'iii.ni. lii>nlt ; uiliiTiH of /i,i/i'-.(/ (whciiicc our "/./ Ah.i^..-;, or /.7i..;,- /..r/.'.), until 14,,, 
 
 C«slk liml I'liun.-. .|/i.'.' not i-onsiiliui'.l IvsponsiM- for liirfk (•lianii't.r>« Opiol.ili.uis only) lirst iisnl, saiii.' 
 
 tlip aii'i'l'-nt, I'lit sonii' wi-iv n.nsnivil for caivlis-ii- ss, year . . ,-, ,■ ,. • ■, , 
 
 aSUfl Tli.-;Vimi-..|/Mr isi.liuvilto 1 pialti. irr (.'orru (/f OJni/ pnnt.'.l l.y bust lit Mfiitz . . . „ 
 
 loaih'imiiiin iniirlml...l, 31 n.l. lii..i,ioi> ; •■ mat Uoiiian i;lmi-aoti-rs llrM at jtoniu ... , 1,.;; 
 till, ('luisi' ol' till' casiialtv was tin' luvacli of Hiilt ,, A aironulr. tinnl |o liavi' lii'iui loiiii.l in li,.;iivl,. 
 of tlie 'riiaiiii's tons..|vaii(y Ki-^rulations, l.y tli. I.UIinn of (•anli.rlnirv s nalac.. (tli.. fuel .li.iMiiiih 
 
 rrii(i.-« Alii' not poitinu' Ih't liclin wliiui sli.' i-iiuiu 
 end on to the ;.'i/i'i" (.•o^//. , a vi'ssrl I'oniiiit; in tin' 
 opposite iliivrtimi." liepolt ilali'.l 6 Nov. K7S. 
 C'oroiii'i'.< y/o/"'-'. \Ciiliit : " /.'.fi' '■ i'...-((iMliil ii.it tako 
 neci'HHurv pii'i-autions in time, ol . .mii^'. A:e. ; l'niin.-<i 
 idVf rontrilinteil to tlie rollisiun l.y not nloi.|.iii.i,' liiT 
 eiigine.s ami (.'oin^' iisteiii, iVe." ; 14 Nov. 1S73. 
 An action tor daniiiL-i' a;;ainst ow nei.s of ;;,«ie,7; Oiftk in 
 Aclniinilty ilivision lie^an 27 Nov. ; .leeisioii that Ijntli „"•■•":'■■',,,..,, „ , . „ , r,i „ , 
 vessels were to l.laiiie, 11 life. 1^78 ; ilecisioii on 11« pniiteil II W;,v"«i C.M7eH .«;■'(■.•«./.■/ "/(/ic Hj/sdn-jM 
 BPiieai that the /'/;:"T.. .l/iVc was solely tu Maine, 15 , ,./ Tnni, hii ll,i,.i,l !,■ hcnr. VluUitis . , 
 
 liih iRio H'K •■iii'lV liieies were. A Innti^f mi. me 'eoiic f/ 
 
 ■^ ■ ' '^' tViwc anil 7»//i/'a (y/iirs (see lielow), IHMin .1474 
 
 " Tlio Oolilmi l.«nmnl," i'7io7i siv . . . .1433 
 .K.wj)'.< A'i<Wi'.s printeil livlaxton, is siipiiusuil tii lie 
 
 the llr.st hook with its leaves nuiiiiiie.l ,1484 
 
 .Villus east tin. OiveU Alpliiihet. aiel a liruek Iwok 
 
 printed (tp. Alili 147^ 
 
 He introilnees the Italies ' " 
 
 The I'lHtalmrh, in Heliiew 148: 
 
 (ieniian llilile at Niireiuliei); 1483 
 
 PIJTX'PI.'KS' PENSION SOCIETY, (now Homer, in. /•iliii, heaiitifiiUy .hme at Florence, 
 
 thiirtfiv.l, 181,5; iihii-shcnises mstitutcd, lt<41 , .u,ius Maimtins begins printing at VfUi'e . . , i4;4 
 
 orphilli sehools have bucii ai't up. Printing imed in Seotlaml i5"7 
 
 ^.^,~T.v.--, 1,1 , ■ .■ • 1 . !,„..„ I'll'' llrnt edition of the lehnte liilile was, stri.nly 
 
 PllINTING. liloek priufuis is said to ha\c ,,,«;,uiiig, the Coinphiteiisiau Folyglot orcarJmal 
 
 been iiivoiited by the Chiiu.'iie about 593 A.n., Ximeneu (sue iW.i/yiu«) 'Si? 
 
 inovuble tvpes iii.ide in the 10th century. Tbf ; ij.,,,. ;,i<i,ri;i/, tlie llrst book jiriiited in Irelaml, by 
 
 honour ■•• fJv-: --ir.ti".;'-'.tb single type:., iu Europe : is-.jr.-.v.l-.rey Powell ... i<w 
 
 L I. II f I'lO' I' , "i»|. . '■ ...•>. .....i i...,,i.| II, iii.iiiii,. 
 
 hishop of Caiil.'riinry's palae.. (tli.' fii.'l .lis].iiUili, 
 hearing the .late ••OijunI, itiiiin 1468." 
 
 I.'utitntiiif, l.v .swi'Viiheyin and I'uuuai'tz, mar 
 Home, 14! . l.ivy l.y the same . . ^6^ 
 
 i'l'o the w. ^l of the San.'tiiary in Wi^tiiiiiistrr 
 .Miliey, ^lood the Kleeiiiosynary ..1 .Viiii.niry, 
 where till' llrst prinliiiji press in Kii;il,iii.l wm 
 (.reeti'il ahoiit 147.^-70, l.y William C ii.vt..ii, eii. 
 eonraged by the learne.l Thomas Sliliii;;, tlieii 
 al.hot.l 
 
 P H I N G E S S • S THEATRE, see under 
 Theatres. 
 
 PRINCETON, N'« Jersey, X. Aniiiica. 
 Here WuBlnngtoii defeated the IJritiuh, 3 Jan. 1777. 
 
 PRINTED GOODS, see Oitico. 
 
 honouv'ov-: --ir.ti".;'-'.t!i single tvpe:.. iu Europe : is-.jr.-.v.l-.rey Powell iSJ> 
 
 lias been iipproi.riuted to. \leiitz,Stra8l)uix, Uaarlciu, rriiitiiig in Irish clmraetcrs intioduccdby Nlcholw 
 Vcniee, Uonii ri-- "n lta.sle,and AugsLnri? ; but Walsh, clianeellor of St. I'atriek's . . iS7i 
 the names ol ilj. tlu tirst only are ei. itlcd to • xiie llrst newapajier said to be printed in Engtoi 
 
 attention; the early h-tory is very doubtful, and ; (see A'eiospupcrs) 'S" 
 
 thcBubject of much'cjijtroiersy ; Bee PivM. First patent gi'auted for printing . . . .'59' 
 
7':r'U; 
 
 irst Hui'k iiriiili'4 with ,„.i 
 
 PttlNTINO. 
 
 Kir.lpiir[llii„- |.ri'Hp» lin|iri)VcM l,y \Vllll,iiii Uliini, ,,t 
 
 Atiirttcnlaiii ... 
 rim|.iliillMK 111 Aiiiiirlcii, In Nnv i:ii«liiihl win'i'i 
 
 HNo 
 
 I'UINTI.Vci. 
 
 li,i. tntm.ii'M (hilh mill 111! ulniiiimck' were 
 
 " ,^ , ■'""■■• . i7 Apill, 1890 
 
 lay l'«lhu-li.'"k" l.lll.l.;! lit CululMl.lg,,, M«»<. .' ,6:u ^"''•'•" '"' ""■ ,K*Hl.l>>r II..„Kh l>r (.'.VXruN AND 
 
 firet l,il.lc; piliitiil III livlainl wiw iit Di'lfiisl. Wvnkvn |,k Wi.iu.k 
 
 ^M;!'M';;7'iiiKiiKk,„n,ycu,io„, /■).;,;,,„ ■ !'^;^ '"''!/ MrK;'':''::y'v*''?,V''-''^ ''• '"'"''"" 
 
 ,M,.Miv|.,. i.initNiK i.m.n«i.,i i,y wiiii,,ii. «,.,!, Mf ' t>«,/,,/,;,/ r/,f '..-^^^r./'i/, ;./, '',';,;";,,^!'''''''A'''^';'''; 
 
 i,.i,,.,.ii,i..i»ti(,,v,,iiii,titiuin,,, i.,,,,,i,; 1'""'" iAr',..H,n:",r^;; ':;,;;'/ , , „ „, 
 
 riie i.iwut iiiMile .,r »tiMTHty|,r liivHiti'.! l,v Mr, l'i;iUiiiH i,, ,«.,, ' ' *' ^''■' Vlnmit 
 
 [•ikrii'l.M"' I'lliitliiK wim in ii.hi' In IIiiIIiiihI in Mi 
 1,1,1 miliiiv, /'/ii7/i>,w. I 
 
 I,.,,,/Mij/"> iTiiitliiK ill whi.'li wi.nlH ra»t in luiu 
 |,i,.,T ».ir .■iii|ilii>i'.|: |i,itri,tc,| l,v II. ,J,,||||.„,|, 
 ,i[,|.Mr, WiilliT "t till' liiiu-: (sijoiicliHiisi'il) ,,(j, 
 
 JliKliill.-I'lilltiliK ("•/,,■.;, .„,) /|,,it ,iyK,.stc,| l,v 
 Sii'iH'N"" . „no 
 
 Ill(«allll"|'ClPlrsslllVi'Illl)ilnl)i)llt 1800; In KflllTllI 
 ihe jQ^ 
 
 Tlie('lii«"ick iir-ss, Mt wiiidi llni'inintiiiK wii« pro- 
 ,|iici«l liy (-'liiis. Wliilliiinliuiii, w,i< •■.stuliil.'tliHil 
 alioiitiSii. Ill' iliM.| iii Id,,,,. Ili-i iii,|ilii.w and 
 «iiiTM«jr, riiarii's WliittiiiKiiaiii, wlm rrmuvoil 
 tlifwoik til liiiili 1 rniiit, CliaiiriTv-laiii,, in ,s,3 
 ilinl ill 1870. rill' Hink ii iiuwciiiTii'il iiii at thi'i 
 Mini' jiliif" li.v .Mi'H,si,s. Iliill.ut' (.'ijvi'iit, Karilmi, 
 
 Alliiiiu I'li'it" iiiliiiiliii'i'il . . . , ' ,M,5 
 
 Till' nilVr. wlilrli wan a «iij,'Ki,H|inn i,r Ni'i|i,,ls',iii', 
 illtliiilllrfil . . . , . 
 
 1'i,»|«t'» iiiul A|,lili'Kiilir« iiillcrM 
 
 Ciiliiiiiliiiiii I'li'^tN iift'lyiiicr imtniti'il 
 
 Piiiitiii 
 
 iili'int 177,; ilii; Hivii>,.|| ■,,(• ti„, llutiiM.'s 1,1 'iVmi. 
 ... <i... |.|,|, ,,.... 
 
 .... ....,,.,, ,,( I,,,, iii^iii MI'S 1,1 jn\t,' Willi.',, i,, 
 
 f'-;i:'i' '■>■ " 1 i.-i.'M.'; ti.iii.iu.i I'a, I , ,,, 
 
 Aslili.iiiiliaiii V, ,., , I.,,,.. ,;;,„, ,„„| ,,, i.,,,,,,,,,, ^ 
 
 Z::Zr^Z\T^ .47M.rr„„/. ; i,,, ,,,| ,,, „.o,ka 
 
 '"!■'.';.■'. »V' Wi-K s,vim:s „k nn: Pmii.i,s,„''i,khh 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 <»i 
 
 53' 
 
 :km, 
 
 I in 
 
 t HUKk, 
 
 HHr,ii.,i t,. 1,.. 111,. iiMt 1 k i,i;Mi:^i'i',Vr;-;;::,n;; 
 
 KiiKl.'iinl, u;7. (r,„-si„,i|,. |„,|,|',.|„ ,, |.;||,„, ' 
 
 Hiiiml 1.1. P..V11.H '• ll„k.. ,,| .|,.. Mhi.Ii' I,v I „f .Inmn " 
 
 ;,•'';'"•'' "■'! PHi.li-l I..;. .■.,M,„i at Wi'stiii ; St 'r, 
 
 all lit 1477: -"M luf ,., ,,' Ml llH'AHlilMiiiilmiii nali. 
 g Due. i-,u7. ' 
 
 T|.f t ■ 11 » .. .. ... 
 
 y lilt 
 
 1817 
 
 ■'"''';■ '";■"■'"■ Willliiiii Cast ,1,. l.Lil,„h, ,i th 
 
 ;! ''^!t ,l'!,"''f ",' "'.''.',' ""' "■'' ' H''""'"!! '■" '" I'd' "(11 
 
 TlIK I'lll.V, RiiXVuiS rniit,i,iil,„l thr ll,;;i,„l,s n,„l Tk, 
 
 11/ uiiinii Ti/iim ill niiihl' Hub... liiiiir'iiilnl iii'i'v; 
 
 lea 
 
 l,lllllliii;ill MM vi, .,i I i> ilici Mll'IHI'll I'jtvl ,ft I...' I J , r'-"" / iiiii I 
 
 ri„till« fi,, till' i.ll.l.i (l.V lalsnl ,.ii,i,ai.t|.|s, l,;.Klli.; .3 ', I AW .f //,;'' .r^M '" 'n^''' l'"' ?'^'' 
 
 mi-'lnli.- I'liiilniij. Ill wliuli wiittiii 111 imnti'il hit L li 1 '" "''■ It'' «il I m'./",i/h II i,n/.s whUh 
 
 mattiT is tra,i.sr,'iivil ii,,.,„ yMu- ,,|ali.s. was' live 1 a/ ,, X , ,' ;,', ;V',;'7r T 7".) ''"":'""' ^-'"''''^ 
 
 |e,lliylt,iliU.ni.,is„f lU'Hii.al t is„, ami mailu I to,; -/ WJZ/A'; ; A ' i:;;/': 7 VilT '""" 
 
 kiiiiwii ill I Inn; li'i'tui'i'il 1,11 liy Farailav in ri, „,./',.., .7 ■■/ '" ''". " >'l "f I'lf limiina. 
 
 i8„;.i"aiui,.i'„v.,ii,y«ri.'kiaiiiianiiL;;ia;:i„i:; v '-Z' t^H ^-'nir^'r^'^'v!;';"'''"' ^' *"'•' 
 
 Y^UinlhiiMi, I, ,./ II,. . I, „, I H,l I, III, l,.i„l„„,he ■• ,/„,; „/ 
 
 'i:::':i.'ii,cr "^ """""' ' ■■' "'"• '"-•"'""' 
 
 Pi.Lv.'Hii.vvn.v /.;,„,„, ,;„.„„„,,„„, ilai,,,,/ .ij„.ylllk, 
 
 '11/ 'l.V H.Mikyn •rill' wi.nli' .,/ IIV.„„..,^■, * 
 
 TiiK llvi.i.t; ,,r I'KHKKi nciN u.i,; .(i.tnl ,il Ihr hi^t.mnnf 
 the r,i; 1; ,1,1 ,-il,,i,i„„, /,„!,, 'n,„ i',i„i' ../the hnu..<,y 
 
 l.\ similai' in'iii'i'SH wiw Invt'iiti'il l,y .Mi-, t'mks . 
 Fiiliiioutli ill |8.<6.J 
 
 PrilltillKtypesi-ll'rtl'il-lili'i'il with I'liplicr almui ,H,o 
 
 Eiignivi'ili'>,|,|ii'i'-iilatt' I'li'ctni-l'ai-uil witli iinii uml 
 iii*'l ,K,g 
 
 r«j«iiiwpu.ii«;/ iiiiii'Ai/ici.— llyJaim-, VminK'.sm'vi'mi 
 hiiliibci'H iif tin; " Kiiinily lli'ial.l " wi'i-i' set nii 
 ii.'k'liiiilni,'!? |ii'i', 1842; Hatti'i.sl,v's.'i|,!.,,ir,.,l lit 
 till' KsliiditiiHi uf 1862 ; Harts was -^liown at tliu 
 mii'tiiig of the Uritish A.s.sui'iati(i|u,i i.'aniliriilgo 
 
 ,,. „ „., , ,. , . 6 Oct. i86j 
 
 \\. 11. Mitilu'l s i'iiiii|iiisiny niiu'liini' w.is triwl at 
 .Mkii-k. S|.i.itiswiii>ili''s, iSfii : thi'sc niiii'lilnt's 
 wiTcsaiiltii he in use in Aiinrica in . Jan ,86, 
 
 Kastwibi'ia's ii|iiisin),'aiiil i'strllnitin),' nni,.),!,,,.., ■* 
 
 (iniHuiit till' Tiiiifn iitlh'i) .liiiwii at the liitt'r- 
 ii;iti,iiiiili'Xliiliitiiiii • . . . s,,, 
 
 Tlii;"(.'l,m('a" ty|,i'-i iiiiipiising inaciiine '(Ilnnker's ' ' 
 lati'iitl, III wliii'li i'lii'li'.i-nia;,'ni'tn are I'liiployed 
 waa slmwii at the L'ii.\tiin leleliratioii exliihition' 
 
 Suutli Ki'iisinytim j„|y; ^ 
 
 io,<B3 tj'in'S per Inmr iiny li,i set up in paKOfiirni. | 
 Alexmiilcr Mai'kie'n type-i'iinipiwiiij! nnhhine in use 
 
 at his iitlli'O in Warrin-t ami at .Messrs Chivs 
 
 l-"™' " 'S7'- It was .saiil tn he ahle U> .set'iiu 
 
 4eolaiiiiis,irtlie Tims in an hiiiir. 
 liwIwie.-AiiAnierieaiii'iMiipiisiiijraiiililistriliiiliii,- 
 michiiie, ill ivliieh typ,' niatriees are einploveil 
 iiistoail III' type. Tin' inaiiipiilator hrin.'s letters 
 |«)mte, aiiil s,,aces tii-ether in one line of tlie 
 .alley; this i» passed into a castiiiK-liDX, and a 
 .aliil hue III type is prniliieed in stereo iiietal • 
 II1.S1.S repeated till tlie galley is full. The S'no 
 Urk llmli has iisei about 4,, inaehines. In 
 Jiily, iS39, It was treely shown ,1, l.oml,,,, (or 
 thepiiriwseuf liinjiingaeonipanv. 
 Miss Eiaily KaithfiiU estalilisheil the Vietnri'i 
 |'rii.tmi.-i.m,.e in Great fnrain.street, Luinlon i 
 
 "liiili female eonipositorsareeinphiviil, ,860 • tlie 
 ,.|„i„v„,,,:,,,,;. J, ,,„.„.,,■. ,„.ii,,,.,i (!,„(, _^ 
 
 ilf iiiiteil pniiteriiinl pnlili.sher in ordinarv 
 
 I'l.Maie.sty, .liiiie, ,862; died . j,,,,,/ ,g 
 
 Mr. William Hlailes, learned printer, printed lai'' 
 
 ^;...|1« ut several of CaNtoi's work's,', S58, . , 
 
 '•'I'' of t. xton, ' .£6,-3, and ,877; and othiT 
 
 /v, ./),,,./,, ,,1, ,.Mn >/;;,,.. ^v,v ;;, r;^;;;^K:l;!,! 
 
 ;',,",'' ':'.'■ '■/'■"'■'""I VV,..H.« /, I , . r I N.x.xxvii. .1,,,/ in, 
 
 wiiiile. A.MEs. llKnni:in, Ihmm , 
 IMK Dksi KIIVVOS ,,K Km. I,, SI. I r., /,,/,, s,:.ll,m,l „n,l 
 
 f,'i"; '■/("."■--''V' '^"i' i.;i;:.-;/a/../ ,„ FI, Ir .h.l, in lh/>,jm 
 nflhc s.,„.,i i.ii Hu- Wviikyn de Wi.i.l,. r/,,.- i,n-enfour 
 
 ,.o|1:n-s'tvk As^:' '■'■ """'" ■" " """''"" ^'''"l- 
 
 The yi.t,ii;ill ..,■.<, nii„ii..i .,„ .„„,(„,„ ,„„, i„,ii,i„i^ j,,;.^,, 
 ">n'i/lh.u,.l.l.a!,.nu,l,i,,;,:n,;.l,.tli.,.'..„ i„ f/efr..,<,'ete 
 ii( ii'^^ij.ii ,.J .i/«.N'i„i,if hi, Wynkyn 1! wiirile. In the 
 yi'i-e uf our Loid M.cc. 1 imii, .|,„, ,v„/,,,( thi li ilnyt 
 nj Miii/r. .\mi;s. ' 
 
 The LoKii's I'luvKR [As printed hv fastou in 1483.I 
 tiitlitr oiu- thiit art in htimns, ln,ll„u;,l hr tin/ mme: 
 thji .inij.li.iiie .omc tn a.*,' Ihn :nll /„- ,(,„„.. ;„ ,.,;,(A „.i 1.1 
 in. Iin,,;n: ..iir ei'.r.// .Inn h,wl ijirr -1. c, ,/„,/; „a„ 
 /iii'i/ii'e 11.1 oiii-e (.'.•.</« '.<..r.s, iw nrj'.iiiii'itlinn III, it tresnm 
 agmnst h.s • „„,( hml „.. „„t :„ ,,. r, „,,,,„,,„„, ,,„( ,,,t'i„^^ 
 
 ll.-lfniinilll ti'll ..1,1,.,,,,, .1. I.KWN's I. IKK OK C.^.XTOV 
 
 A iLACAKii. [As printe.l l,y Wiliiaiii Caxton.l If it 
 Jitoc e«.i/ la.ia ..imitiul . r I, ,.,i«,,l l„ /„,,. „„,, ,,ifs „f fwu 
 iirtlnei: o.m, iii„riidus ,./ .<„.!i.<I.Hn iis,.' nijiiiinteil nfter 
 the/iinnei.f this pfcsit liltre u-liiih,: lien iM nmt trnlu 
 
 wri-eil. Iiil,- l,i„, o.ine I. f ,„.„„,./,.,. /„ /„ the iiliiinneMile 
 
 attheimlj,.,le |ied pale| .,„,( /„■ .-/,„// h.ive litem ijnmi 
 then: DiHbi.v.-. Tvf. Ani'. 
 
 L'AXToN CKI.KHHATioy of ^ootli aniiiveiaarv of iliseoverv 
 ^it printiiij,': Kirst nieetinj,i,it Westinmsteraliliey; deaii 
 
 * ftoniish Serviee-I, links, nai'd at Salislnirv liy tl « 
 devout ealhil I'ies (/',.,.. |.;,tin). as is siippo.s'eirirom 
 tlie iJlllerenl 1 1, lour of the tl .\t and rnlirir. Out iiriutinK 
 type I'teu is lalled (.10.1, l,y foreign printers. -HVimHcy 
 
 
 ti ■ 
 
 <ii 
 
 mi^^ 
 
 ' SIR " 
 

 PRINTING. 
 
 886 
 
 PRISONS. 
 
 Stanley in I'liair; M.s-i>. S|inttisw..iul,.. liivinKtun, 
 Cliiwi's, iinil otli.Ts pri'^iMit, 17 l-'eli. 1S77. 
 
 Exhiliilinn (at .snntli Ki'nsuif;tini)c.f I'arlv piinti'dlxKiks, 
 billies, nnil tMii,'iiivin>;s ; printinK. i.ai"M-ni(ikni^', sti'- 
 reotvpinn, i'l('ctr"tv|iinK, in o|«'r:itinn ; .iI'i'IumI by Ml'. 
 \V. K. (lliiilstnno, 50 Jnno; oIosimI i Soiit. 1S77. 
 
 iii6^ rrnlit nivfu to tlie Pnnter8' I'cnsiou Coiiuinition, 
 30 Jnly, 187S. . „ 
 
 The ciitalii-ue ciiitaiiis valuable inf.irmatidn. 
 
 PKiSTiNK-MAiiirNK-i— William XirlioKnn, editor of the 
 r'nil'is,'i'hi,nl ./"tinml. liist prnjecte.l (1790-1), bnt Mr. 
 KiiniK first cnntriveil and ci.nstiiieted a wnrkint; 
 iirintin); machine, wliicdi be>;an with i.nidneinH the 
 Ti'mrs (if ;;3 Xnv. 1S14. a niem.irabl,' day '.a the annals , 
 oftyiiot;ra|.hy. ' 
 
 In i8i3, .Mr. E. Cow].,-v patented im].r"vements. 
 
 KbniK's maehin.' printed iSoo an hour nn nne side ; 
 Cmvpers inipr.iveiiii'iits inereased this nnniber tn 
 4200. This was raise.l t" is.ooo, I'V -Mr. Applet;ath s 
 maehinr, wliieli i.rintedthe r;«i«. 
 
 Iloe's .Vnieriian maeliiiie, introdneed intii Luiidon 185S. 
 itrints 2o.(») an leiiir. 
 
 Miirinoni's maehiiw at I'avis said to prmt 36,cxxi an lionr ; 
 Dee. 1 863 .-.,,, , , 
 
 Walter press, invented for the Tiims by ,1. C. MacdonaM 
 and Mr. Ualverley, between 1862-9. prints about 17,000 
 an hour jim/"'"' ; 1S72. 
 
 Ainerioan Cam]. bell press said to print 50,000 sheets per- 
 fected in an h..ur, l-'eb iS7«. 
 
 InKriini well rotary niaelune, invented by MC W. J. In- 
 gram M P., for I'lintin;; illustrated papers: hrst used 
 to print ///i/WreM I.,„fh,i, .V, ev, 4 net. 1877. 
 
 Pbintinu in Coi.orus v.as lirst eommeiieed liy the 
 emphivnient of several bh.,.ks, b. imitate the initial 
 letters in M^SS. (for instanee, tlie .^^■nlz Psalter i.f 
 Fust, uis. whieh has a letter in tliree eolonrs). , 
 Imitations of ehiaros,-nro so,m f,.Mowed (" Repose in 
 EtfVpt." en;.'raviii- on wood after I.ouis Cranaei, in 
 ,5,',), iiUiermany; ..thers by Lgo da Carpi, in Italy, ] 
 
 ,1 B'.Iaekson (1720-54) attemi.ted, without snreess, to 
 imitate water-eoloiir drawings, and to print paper- 
 liangings, . » , 
 
 About 1781, .lolm Sliippe, an amateur, printed some 
 chiaro^ieuros. . , 
 
 Ini8i>)-22, Ml. William Savaiie lu-odueeil his remarkable 
 work •■Hints on Colour Printing," illustrated by 
 imitations of ihi.iro.M'tiro. and of i-oloured drawings, 
 L'iviiiL' details of tin- pioce>ses employed. 
 
 In 1836 Mr. (le,,i-e Baxter i.rodu.e.l beautiful specimens 
 of Pieture-Printiii,u. and P.ok out a patent, which 
 expired in 1S55. lu some of the illustrations to tlui 
 "Pictoii.a Album ' (iSji6), he employed twenty dil- 
 
 It has bleu applied to Lithography (hence Chronio- 
 lithographv), ,..,.. > 
 
 in .34.), Mr. U. C. Leii^liton prodnced imitations of 
 water-colour diawiu-s, by means of m..dillcations and 
 
 improveineuts of Savage's pi ss-s. In 1851 he coin- 
 
 nieneed ,olour-priutiu,^ by machimuy, and has since 
 availed hiinseirof a.pia-tiiit.'.l i.l.ates. and also of elee- 
 trotvped silver and copper Mufaees to obtain pnrit.y of 
 e.olo'nr as well as durability ; Mr. Leighton died, 8 
 
 Thehii'ge eoiouivd priiit> .if the Ilhistrate'l Lntulon Xnca 
 were lirst issui'd in 1- ,1856. . 
 
 Mr K Meyei.-teiu ex].lained his process of printing 
 many colours at uw impression (stenoehroiuy), Ho- 
 cietv of Arts, i^ Iter, iHyO. 
 
 Printiiui <i()f"w.' Vulcanised india-rubber was lirst em- 
 ployed tor this purpoM- by Mr. .John heigliton, KH.A., 
 ibmit 1B62, and p.iteiited in tW name ot Alfivd Leigh- 
 ton, 1864. Tlie ai.i.lieatiou IS iiimh used for Inind- 
 stJimps for liouks, &!■. 
 
 Mr. Fred Wh-ks' typecasting machiiie (cheap), reported 
 Timff, iQ Nov. i8u6. 
 
 PBiNTiN.i KxniuiTioN(of specimens, api.arans, mate- 
 rials Ktationerv, and inaihinery), at Agneiiltural Hall, 
 London, ineln.'le 5-17 .Inly, 1880 ; 14 July ''' ■«'7. "SSt ; 
 and loilulv ''/■'.(''/. iS3;. 
 
 Internationa! ..xhibition of iirintiiig at «tatiom)r.s hall, 
 Loniloii. opened b.\ the lord mayor, 14 Oct. loog.^ 
 
 "In 18 1 7 was published Ulniiienbacirs Physiology 
 bv Ellhitson, tlM> lirst book i.rinted by machiner.v 1 lie 
 niaehine employed was Konigs, one which printed bo h 
 Hides in one operati.mat the rate of 900 sheets an Inmr 
 (1816). 
 
 PRIORIES, lit tirst dependent ,011 tile m-riit 
 abbeys, are inentioiieil in 722 in Eii);hiiii| , sir 
 AbbeijK, una Moiiaxtfn'e.s. A/itx pi-imhs weie seized 
 by the king (Kthviird I.) in 12.S5, ami in mnmU 
 ing reigns on tlie breaking out of war with t'liune; 
 bia were ustially restored 011^ the einiii i<i„n of 
 peiiee. Tlioso priories were dissojveil, ami their 
 
 UI4- 
 
 estiitea vested In tlie crowib ? llenrv V, 
 Itymer's Faih-ru. 
 
 PRISCILLIAXISTS, disciples ..r lris.-,iii»„, 
 
 a Spanish bishop who propagated doetraiis alle.'ej 
 to contain Gnosticism itiul Maiiielieisni. \-i. \Vf„.n 
 coiideinned lie niipealed fVoni_ the iiiipe to the 
 emperor, but was beheaded at Treves, 3,S5. 
 
 PRISONERS OF War, among the aiuient 
 nations, when spared, wore usually enslave.l. About 
 the 13th century, civilized nations began tri ex- 
 change their prisoners. 
 The Siiaiiish, French, and Anieriean inisiiiier, „f 
 
 war in Kiigland were 12,000 ill niiiulier, 3c ^i-\A. 17;, 
 The nnniber Cxclianged by I'lirtel witli Kniiue, livm 
 
 the commencement of the then war, was 44,000 
 
 .llllil', l;oi 
 
 The English prisoners in France estimated at feoo, 
 and the French in England 27.000 . . Si-pl. i;.^s 
 
 The English in Kiaiice aiiioiiiited to 10.300. ami the 
 French, (to,, in England to 47,600, in , , ,;,, 
 
 Great numbers made by tlie Uerinans in the .var i:;j., 
 
 PRISONERS' COUNSEL ACT, 
 Will. IV. c. 114 (1831)), allows counsel to 
 tried for felony ; hitherto prohibited. 
 
 k : 
 
 piTSOM 
 .\llllUai 
 
 PRISONS of Englaxi) and W.u.Es. ..„„„, 
 cost; 1867-8,482,414/.; i8(i<)-70, 501,348/,; is*,.i, 
 42l,(«6/.; 1881-2,375,548/.; 1883-4, j34,(i;4/,; 
 1887-8, 340483^-; 1890-1, j^'-oji'-; \hi-]. 
 348,(180/. 
 Total of prisoners received in 1893, 133,143; in lic,. 
 
 186,225. 
 
 Khtj's 
 
 PRISONS OF LOXIIOX, see FkH. 
 Beiic/i, Sewijate, PoKltri/, (Jtirkciixnll. 
 
 Ilorsemonger-lane gaol was built in 1791 ; cln.wil, 
 
 1878 ; oiieiied as a playground . . 5 May, :-;;, 
 The i.tate of prisons greatly improveil after tli.' 
 
 exertions of Howard.* Cold-liatli Fields priMm 
 
 was built on his suggestion, 1794 ; converti-.l ini. 
 
 oHiees for the parcels jiost . . . .i:i:;i 
 The atrocities of governor Aris in this iiriscm v-i> 
 
 exposed in parliament .... ri.luh, im 
 Slierill's' fund society for a.ssi.stiiig disiliai;;,..! 
 
 prisoners established by aldermen ('. Siuilli ami 
 
 sir R. PhiUipps • ■ ■:;; 
 
 Whiteeross-street prison for delitors ereeteil . 1S13.1: 
 Milltiank prison (see MiUhnnk) received euiivietsa* 
 
 appiiireiid'"-.'/ • ■ ■ ■ . ■, .,,27 J"'"'; '='• 
 Borough compter mean and cniilined till visitnl 
 
 by a parliamentary comniiltee in . , lii; 
 
 Savov prison, for the coiiliiieiiieiit ot deserters freiii 
 
 the tiuards, formerly situated in the Stniml, \va.s 
 
 milled down to make room for Waterlon-liriilge . 1:1; 
 New Hridewell prison was erected as a siilistitutt' 
 
 for the (;itv Hridewell, Itlackl'riars, in , . . 1*;; 
 TothiU Fields Hridewell, built in 1618, lebiiilt . dx 
 The old Marshalsea prison, Sonthwark, built in tlif 
 
 nthoenturv, takemlowii i-'*' 
 
 Pentonville Model prison completed . . . ,. 
 Millbank penitentiary reported a laihire ; eliaiije.l 
 
 to an onlinary prison . . . •„ ■ , ,'■•■• 
 MidiUesex Hou.se of Detention, l-leikeiiwoll, ortctol 
 
 in 1847 (converted now into otlices lor the liaiwls 
 
 post and Hoard School). ^ 
 
 <>^7olin Ilow'ird w.-is born 2 Sept. 1756; niaile shfrif 
 of Bedford, 1773: investigated into the state , if Kiiii;..!. 
 nrisons 1773-5 ; and gave evidence tlierenn W« Ili< 
 ! oil e Vif ooninions, whiidi led to aiiieinhneiits In li.. 
 774 ; he visited luisoiis all over the eontiiieiil, aii4 H 
 at Kherson, 20 Jan. .790. Centenary celel.nUMaota. 
 1890. 
 
PRIVATE BILLS. 
 
 
 rst ili'iiciuli'iit ,1111 tile m-fiit 
 il in -22 in h:ii;:!iiii(l , *,-,• 
 ?.s. Alitk jjriuiii.t wen. fn;„\ 
 {.) ill 12K5, iiiul ill i»iin.w.J. 
 <int' out nl will- wiili t'niiiif; 
 
 itOVcJ on tile collri isii.ii f,f 
 
 s wiM-c ilissiilvi'il, ;mii their 
 cvowii, 3 Henry V. I414.- 
 
 [STS,disri,,lrsnl iTisciUian. 
 pri>piii;;itcil iluMiiius alli'^cj 
 lUitl Maniclii'ism. 3;2. Wl'un 
 
 led from tin.' \M\n' tn the 
 
 .'nileil at Treves, 3S5. 
 
 F AVAR, iimoiig tile ancient 
 
 were usually enslaved. About 
 
 rilizi'd nations bejan to ex- 
 
 I. 
 
 ainl Ameriean ]>visniieis .,j' 
 
 12,000 ill llUlhbcr, 3c>f|it. l;;j 
 
 l)y eartel with Kraiiic. trim 
 f 'the then war, was 44,000 
 
 Jane, ijii 
 11 Fraiiee estiiiiateil at 6oco. 
 L.'laii'l 27,000 . . S'|ii. 1J5S 
 iiiiniiiiti'fl to 10.300, ainl tlie 
 ml to 47.600, ill . . . !■!, 
 the tieniiaiis in the -.Yar liyo-i 
 
 COUNSEL ACT, k ; 
 
 5()), allows counsel to persons 
 lerto iHohibited. 
 
 roLAM) and W.vles. .\iinual 
 
 '.; i8(ic)-70, 501.348/.; iS)«-i, 
 
 375.54«/.; i8,S.h. 334.":4'.; 
 
 i,S90-i. 32(1,551/.; iSi)2^3, 
 
 'ei\ed in 1S9J. 103.143; iu i-gj. 
 
 LOXliOX, see Fled, AVwj'i 
 nltrij, Vlii kvhtvill. 
 
 1 was liuilt ill 1791 ; cleseil, 
 lay^niiiiid . . 5 May, -M^ 
 jjreatlv iiniaiiveil after tl'i.' 
 1.- Cehl-liatli KieMs iniseii 
 ^estiiui, 1794 ; e.imertnl itili 
 spnst . . . . l:;r;i 
 
 aior Aris in tliis )aisnn w-x- 
 it . . ■ ■ 12 July. iM 
 y for assistiii;; ilisiliaii;,..! 
 1 by ahleriiieii ('. Smith aii'l 
 
 on for dclitors ereoteil . iSij-i; 
 lUlhinil:) iveeivecl eoiivietsas 
 
 27 June, iSif 
 >an and eniiliiieil till visiteJ 
 •oiniiiittee ill . . . i3i; 
 
 ■iinliueiiieiit of deserters fn.iii 
 y sitnati'd ill the Straiel, \va.i 
 .■ room for Waterlee-liriilge . i;i) 
 
 was ereeti'd as a sulistitute 
 11, lU.aekfriai-s, in . . . ii!i 
 ■11. built in 1618, lehailt . iSj^ 
 ■isiiii, Southwark, Imiltinthe 
 
 down i3«i 
 
 1011 1'oiiil'leted 
 
 reiiorted a failure ; ehaiigeJ 
 
 n iSt;, 
 
 etention, l.'lerkeiiwoU, ereetnl 
 jw into ollices for the parcels 
 Ml). 
 
 IS born a Sept. 1726; mailf sheriff 
 istigated into the snile .if Eusli™ 
 mve evidence tlieri'eii h'f'Tf ll)( 
 i-liicli led to aiiu'iiilmeiit.i In l;i», 
 lis all over the cmtiiieiit. aiiJJifi 
 rjo. Centenary oelehrateil jo Jan. 
 
 52 
 8 
 1862 
 
 Citvi'riseM, Ilolloway, opened . . 6 Full. 185 
 
 Kwallhseliaij;ed Prisoners' Aid society established 185; 
 iitl'asseil for alHili.shiiii,' Queen's lieiich iirismi 
 
 Prison .Ministers' act passed 
 
 .»i'tstoeeii.sulidate and niiiend the law relatin,!; to 
 ' rrisoiLS. inissed . . . 5 .Inly, 1865 ; Any. 1866 
 Hiiwaiil .Vssoeiation (whieh sec) instituted . . ,, 
 
 i .N'atiniial Trisoii .Vssoeiation was (irgaiiizeil in 
 
 Xew Verk ,86q or 1870 
 
 MilHiaiik made a military prison, 1870; elo.sed, 
 
 6 Nov. 1800 
 Iiiteraalieiial iPirsiiii eonyresa met at the .Middle 
 
 IVllipll. I...]ldilll 3 ,j„iv^ ,g 
 
 Prisiui DiMiplme Society, by the phihiiitliropic 
 laliijuisofsir T. F. Buxton, M. I'., w.as instituted 
 ill 1815, and held its first public iiieetiiijt in 1820. 
 Its iiliji-ets were the anieliiiration of nanls, the 
 da.ssilieatiiiii and (■iii|iIo,viiient of the jirisoners, 
 and tile pieveiitiou nf crime. 
 
 Wliiteere.-is-street piisnu ; ordcreil to he pulled ihnvn 
 ami materials sold .... 11 Oct. 1870 
 
 Ilie I'lvii .his, for Knglaml, Irelnud, and .Scot- 
 laud, passed i2.Jiilyaiiil 14 Aug. 1877. 'I'licy trans- 
 fer nianaKement of prisons, after i April, 1878, 
 from local authorities to the home secretarv ; 
 ]iroviile for re-distriliution ami reduetiou "of 
 iiiimlier ef prisons, ice. 
 
 Oilier j;iii'lsclii.si'il ,3^8 
 
 .\n international i'/'isoii t'oin/ressmet at Stockh(dni, 
 jo-24 Auk. 1878; at Paris • • . .dily, 1895 
 
 Pnseiieis' aid sueieties, prison charities act passecl 
 
 18 All;:. i88.' 
 
 Bi.scharf;ed prisoners' aid societies are now at taeliei I 
 to ail prisons. The " metropolitan" .society was 
 established ', . ,864 
 
 A receiving limise for clischarged ]irisoiiers was 
 opened hy (;eii. Hoot li at 30, Arf;yle-si|uare, W.C. 
 
 3.1 -Ian. iSqi 
 
 The eoniniiltee appointed to impiire respect in.i,' 
 prison rales, reported in favour of their contiiiii- 
 aiu'e in repaid to dress ami liair-ciittiii^'. for 
 sanitary, diseiidinary ami Keneral reasons . ,luiie, 1889 
 
 Ititrnati'Jiial e*)ii^'ress respecting prisons at St. 
 Petcrsliiii};, sS'i delej,'ate» ; j/resideiit. |iiiiice of 
 Oldenliar^' .... 19 .liiiie, i-rsei/. 1B90 I 
 
 Iliedepaitniental eipiiiinittee on prisons a|ipoii]tei|, I 
 
 5 June, 1S94 ; .Mr. H. ,1. Gladstone, ehairnian, ' 
 
 )s.siiPil its n'liort, coiitaiiiiiij; various recoiuuieii- 
 Jalions, 23 April, 1895; tlio prisons hoard intro- 
 duce a variety of fresh industrial occupations, 
 
 Fell. 1896 
 [Acontuuiation of the "Conimissiou Peuitcu- 
 tiaire Internationale," founded in 1872, has met in 
 London, Home, and elsewhece. ] 
 
 .New in'isoiis act, (granting regulating jwnvers to 
 liome secretary and other changes, pa.ssui 12 Aug. 1898 
 
 PEIVATE BILLS, see Acts of P»r/i„mi-!!t. 
 
 PRIVATEER, II ship belonging to private 
 iiidivijuals, sailing with a licence (termed 11 h/ter 
 of ilarijiiij, granti'd by 11 government in time of 
 war, to seize and idnnder the sliiiis of the enemv. 
 The practice, said to have been adopted by Kd- 
 wartl 1. against tlie Portuguese in 1295, was'^-ene- 
 ral during the war between Spain and' the .Nether- 
 lands iu tlie 17111 century, and during the lust 
 heiich war. I'rivateering was abolished by the 
 great sovereigns of Kurope by treaty, 30 Alan li, 
 iSiO. The Inited States governineht refused to 
 •Uiee unless the right of blockade was also given up. 
 The Biitisli government declined this, asserting 
 "that the system of comniereial blockade was i 
 essential to its naval supremacy," On 17 April, 
 1861, Jell'erson Davis, president of the southern 
 confederacy, announced his intention of is.suing ' 
 letters of inurque, and on the 19th president Lin- 1 
 coin proeliiimed that all southerii privateers should 
 3c treated a pirates. This decree was not carried 
 out; see United States. AH the great powers for- 
 bade privateering during the Aniericau civil war 
 [uliicli see). By the treaty of Washington priva- : 
 leering was prohibited; and April, 1898, in rela- 
 
 »«' _ PKOBAHILITY. 
 
 tion to the Siianish-.Vmeiiean war. u Siianish 
 decree maintains libcrlv of ndion. 
 
 ; PRIVILEGED PLACES, see Asyln>m. 
 
 j ^ PRIVY COUXCIL. A cor.neil said to have 
 
 been instituted by Alfred, 81,5, The number of the 
 
 I comn^il was about twelve when it discharged the 
 
 : functions of state, now eonlincd to the nicmlicrs of 
 
 i thecaliinet; but it had bceomcof unwicldvamount 
 
 behire 1079, m wliiidi year it was reiiiodidh-d upmi 
 
 sir William Temjile's plan, and redu.ed to tliirtv 
 
 members; Anthony Ashley, earl of .Shafte-lnirv, 
 
 , being president. The number is now unlimited] 
 
 i lo attempt the life of a privy councillor in the 
 
 execution iif his oltice was made capital, occasioned 
 
 by (iuiscanl's stabbing .Mr. Ilarlcv while the latter 
 
 was e.\aniining him on a charge of high treason o 
 
 Anne, 171 1. 
 
 '"'']."■'''■'; dings and (inliiianees of the I'livv (.'oiincil 
 
 ot Kiigland Iroin i... liiehard II. to u lien, vm 
 edltcil l,y sir II. Nicola.?, 7 vols," were puhlish,.,! hy 
 the reeoiil commissioners, i8;4 7. 
 
 The "Acts of the Privy Couircil,' edited hv Mr. J. H. 
 Ila.sent, heginnin- with ,542, Vols. 1.- I.V. issued in 
 1890 4 ; \ol. .\\ 1. ,3q-. 
 
 JUOK-Hl. CoMMlliKK OF n|K PlUVV CorNni, .[n lieu ot 
 
 the Court of liclegates, lor aiipeals linm tlie lor,l ehaii- 
 eellors of (ireat Britain ami of livland in eases ot 
 
 '""■;',''.^' , I'l I tbc F.'.'lesiastiral ami Adniiraltv Courts 
 
 ot I'.nglaml, ami llie Viee-.\iliiiiialtv i ts abroad - 
 
 ti' the Warden of tlie St.'iiinaries,' tli urts of the 
 
 Isle of Man, ami oi.h.'r islands, and the t'olnuial courts 
 \c.,-liNed by statute 3 .«c 4 Will. |V.. e. 4,, ,833'; 
 aniemled by other acts in 1841, iS;i, 1S5- 
 JIT.0KS. -The loci pivsi.leiit, lord eluiiieidior, master of 
 the rolls, viee-eiiaiicellnr, lords justices in ap|.,.al, lord 
 
 '''"<■' J"^'i' •' theipieeiis bench ami common ideas 
 
 l.ir. chief baron, Jml.,,es of the courts of baukriiptev; 
 probate, ami ailiniraliy, and others ajipoiiit,.,! by tlie 
 iiueell. Iu ciiusei|Uellce of the increase ,,f business 
 ami eonseiiuem ,lelay, the i|Ueell w:is empowered t'i 
 
 apiioiiit four new .judicial members of the 1 imittec 
 
 by 34 .V 35 Vict e. 91 (21 Aug ,87,). The attornesl 
 general, sir li. Odlier, was made a .judge of the Comiuon 
 1 leas, 7 .Nov., ami a member of the jmlicial committee 
 22 Nov, ,871. 
 
 These proceedings wiu- sidiuvd r-oiitnny to the spirit 
 
 ot the act by several .jud.ges and the legal profession 
 .generally. A vote ot censure 011 the (iladstoiie miiiistry 
 was negalivcd iu tlie house of lords (89-87), 15 Feb • 
 iiithi. eoii,mous(2r.3-24i), 19 Feb. 1S72. 
 
 Other eliaii,L'es well, made by all act passed in 1876. 
 
 The addition of .jud,_-es from the ccdonies authori/'pd by 
 an act pas.sed 1, .Inly. 1805. 
 
 I PRIVY SEAL, THE Loud, the Hfth great 
 
 ottiier ol state, lias the custody of the [irivv seal, 
 which he niusi lot put to any grant, withoilt good 
 warrant under the king's signet. This seal is used 
 by the king to all ihurters, grants, and pardons, ' 
 signed by him before they come to the great seal. 
 Uichard Fo.\, bishop of W'incliester, In Id this office 
 in the reign of Henry VIll, previously to 152? 
 when Culhbert Tunstall, bishop of Loiidon, 'was 
 appointed. The [nivy seal has been on some 
 oiaMsions in comniissioii.— y;r(f/.so». See under 
 Liiri /mo/, OiJuniHj, ll',//iii;/fon, and succeeding 
 Adiiii)nstrtitiiiiis. 
 
 ff 
 
 PRIZE-FIGHTING, see Ihxitir,. 
 
 PRIZE MOXEY, arising from captures made 
 from the enemy, was decreed by government to be 
 divided into eight ei|nal parts,' and distributed by 
 order of ranks, 17 April. 1793. The distribution o'f 
 army prize-money is regulated by an act passed in 
 1832. Naval pri/.e-inoiicy is now 'regulated by royal 
 proclamation ; the last, 19 May, i86t). 
 
 PROBABILITY, Theory of (termed by 
 Butler, "the guide of life"; by Luphice, "gooil 
 sense reduced to calculation "), was originated by 
 
 l\\. 
 
 : iiau: 
 
^M^nM: 
 
 6> 'iraTOW ^ 
 
 ,i 
 
 I'M i:^^_ 
 
 i ! 
 
 I 
 
 1 11 t- 
 
 PROBATE COURT. 
 
 8^8 PEOrORTNL. REPREHEXTAriO}s, 
 
 Ti\aca\, and taken up by Fcimut, in their cone- 
 
 spontlence in l'i.S4' 
 
 Its (ilijci't is "till' ■li'ti'iiiiiiiiitiim of tlie imn.licr of wavH 
 
 ill wliii'li Mil event iiiiiy liiipi'eii or fail, in iniler tliat 
 
 we may juilye wlielliev t'lie elii.nces of its liapiienmt; oi- 
 
 failinHai-cgrc^ater."- ■/fi'"»s. , 
 
 It Inis lieeu treati'il nimn liv tlie nn)st eminent matliema- 
 
 tii'ians, viz., tlie liennmillis. He Mciivre, D'-Memlieit, 
 
 F.uliT. Lnuraiif-'e. l/ipliiei', ami Qnetelet. 
 Isaae Tnilliunter's eopions "llistery of Prolialnlily, | 
 
 Iiulilislieil i66^. ': 
 
 PROBATE COURT, esMblislied in An-. 1857 
 by 20 Jt 21 Viet. e. 77, wliieh iiliolislied nil imwcis ! 
 exercised by tlieeeelesiastiealconrts in the i^i-aiitinj,' ' 
 of probates of wills, \-e. ; tee JVcror/dtive Caiirf. 
 The first judge appointed, 5 Jan. 1858, was sir 
 Crcsswell Ciesswcll, who tooli bis seat on 12 Jan. 
 On his death, sir James 1', Wilde (aft. lord Ten- ; 
 zance) was appointed judge, 28 Aug. 18(13; see *'»- . 
 preiiie Cuiirt. The presidentef the jirobaie, divorce, ■. 
 and admiralty division, sir James Itanneii (18-2), 
 sueeeeded bv"sir Charles V. liutt, Jan. l8()l (diid 
 2SMay, l8<)2>; sir Franeis Henry Jeune, 30 May, 
 1892. Ilv the Judieiiture Aet of 1873, the probate, ^ 
 divorce, and admiralty eourts were eoiistitnted the 
 5th division of the Supreme Court. A, probate and 
 matrimonial division of the high eourt of justiee ot 
 Ireland was established bv Judieaturo aet, 1877; 
 present judge, Robert Kiehiird \Varren(l889). IVo- 
 late is the exhibiting and proving a will belore the 
 proper authority. The probate registry is now at 
 Somei'sct House. 
 
 Prohiil( diilies partlv transferred to relieve loc.il tax:i- 
 tionliy Loral (iovVrnmrnt Aet, 1888— amoniit received 
 1887-8,4,596,620/. 'I'he duty was superseded in 1E94 
 by the "estate duty," ii7iii7i fn. 
 
 PROCEDURE RULES, see under r,i>n,i- 
 meiit 1882 and 1888, l8<)0. 
 
 PROCESSIONS ACT, 13 Viet. e. 2, passed 
 12 March, 1850, prohibited 1 arty processions, with 
 banners, Are. ' It was repealed in 1872. i'roees-ious 
 of workmen and others, for demonstrations in Hyde 
 Park, ].rohil)ited in the great thoroughfares ol 
 London, by the police, 31 May, i8<jo. 
 
 PROCLAMATIONS, Royal, " have only 
 a binding force when grounded upon and to enforce 
 the laws of the realm."— 0<^r. Henry VIII., in 
 1539, declared that they were as valid as acts ot 
 parliament. Tliis was annulled, I.S47- 
 The lord liciiteiiant of hvland lias power liy iirocla- 
 
 matioii to lilaee ilistri<'ts under the provisions of the 
 
 Criminal Law I'roecdniv .\cts, 1881 and 1087, which 
 
 districts are then said to be jiiMluimal. 
 
 PROCONSUL, a Homan consul, whose tenure 
 of office was extended beyond his legal term. Q. 
 Puhlilius was the first proconsul aiipidntcd during 
 the war with rarthenope, 327 11. c. The name was 
 afterwards given to governors of provinces. 
 
 PROCTOR (from pyoci/ni/nr), an office in 
 ecclesiastical courts, corres|ioiuling to that of an 
 attorney or solicitor in courts of common law. It 
 was abolished by the Judiiatiire a' t, 1873. The 
 persons chosen to represent the ( lergy in convoca- 
 tion are termed proctors. Tlie university proctors 
 enforce discipline. 
 
 PROFILES. The first profile taken, as recorded, 
 was that 'jf Antigonus, wlin, having but oiie^eye. his 
 likeness was so taken, VS" \iv.—^t''/ii\ " Until the 
 end of the 3rd century, I have not seen a Roman 
 emperor with a full face; they were always painted 
 or appeared in profile, whiih gives iis the view of a 
 head in a very majestic, manner."— -/c/(/(>o«. 
 
 PROGRESISTAS, a politic.il -party in Spai,,' 
 headed by Ksjmrtero, duke of Victory, ind liitWu' 
 bv general Trim. Since 1803 they adnntHhipoii^;. 
 of inaction in public affairs; by nnitiiii; with the 
 unionists and reiniblicans in Se|it. i,S(j,S, ilm govim. 
 ment were overthrown, see f!//niii. 
 A partvin ,'Scrvia and also in rortngiil mv iiTmci !;.■ 
 
 In England, sinci^ 1BS8 f/ .<'•;,, tie- nuliful partvinooimiv 
 conncils, the sc'liool hoard, iBiri^li cnni'icils, ia{,\ 
 similar bodies have been teiiiicd I'aoi.uKssiVKs an,| 
 tlii'ir opiio Its MonKH,vi';s. ' ' 
 
 "PROGRESS AND POVERTY," sc, 
 
 Lain/ ydtloiiiilizrilioii. 
 
 PROGRESSIONIST THEORY surpr,sts 
 
 tliat the existing spc.Mcs of aiiiiinils uml pi;,,,), wore 
 not originally created, but were gradually ckvelnpcd 
 from oiu> simple form ; see S/jt-dex. 
 
 PROMISSORY NOTES were ivguhit,.d ajj 
 allowed to be made assignalile in 170^ First taxed 
 by a stamp in 1782 ; the tax was inc rcascil in 1804, 
 and again in 1808, and subseiiiieiilly ; sue Yii//., oj 
 ExchaiKje. 
 
 "PRO NIHILO," a pamphlet, said to bo bv 
 count He-.iry Arnim, attacking ciaiiil llismai>l<'; 
 ' imblished Nov. 1873. He was iniiscciitcil f.ritiij 
 1870 ; see I'nissla. 
 
 ^ PRONT'NCIAMENTO, a rc.vohiti.m (in 
 
 Spain or Soulli America) effected by a inilitarv 
 leader; in Friince, termed a aiiiji'ifi:inl. Sc'e 
 Frdiiic and Sjniui. 
 
 PROPAGANDA FIDE, C()Ngkeq.\tio 
 
 1)E (congregation for thepropagatiunof thelaithof 
 tlie Romish church), was constitnled at Home by 
 Gregory XV. in l()22 ; the college in 1(127. 
 
 PROPAGATION of the G( ispei. ,Sonm 
 
 received its charter, lO June, I7c)i. Its s|)licrei! 
 generally limited to the British coh.niis, Umeral 
 income "in 18(17, 114,^4(1/.; in l87<», I4v240/.;in 
 1884, 109,572/. ; in l8f)4, I22,:;27^ 
 
 PROPERTY' 
 
 1894, 
 The 
 
 :,j 
 
 .27^; 18117. ,ii7,5l2i, 
 assessments rni real 
 
 liroperty, under the projierfy tax of 1815, utri 
 5I,8cj8,423/. ; of whic-li Middlesex was .vjfjj.jj;/, 
 tanciishire, 3,087, 774^ ; and Ycjrk-liire,4,7cj6,o«)(., 
 Wales, 2,153,801/. Kstiniatedwcaltli of tlic country 
 (1878), 8,500,000.000/, See l.tniil, bicnm hi, 
 CiijjHii!. 
 
 PROPHESYING. About 1570 the iniritaninl 
 part of the clergy, particularly at Northampton, 
 tield meetings(termed prophesyings) for imiycrmii 
 exposition of the scriptures. 'Ilicse «CR' I'orbiddn 
 by c|uc en Elizabeth, 7 May, 1577, and iiiiiiU'ciiatelT 
 ceased. 
 The I'roiihecy Invcstigafioii society, Ibniic'il al«»it 1841), 
 
 hi'ld a special meeting at the .Maiisiuiidiuu.w, LonJiiii, 
 
 (o Aiail, 1891. 
 
 PROPHETS, see under Jews. 
 
 PROPORTIONAL KEPEE- 
 SEN T A T I O N. The scheme pici|ioiincid by 
 Mr. Thomas Hare in 1857, in a pamjchk't on "Re- 
 presentation," and perfected in bis " ri'eati>contbe 
 Klection of Uepresentatives," puMi^la■ll in lS:n, 
 which was well received by >ii. J. btiiart Mill. 
 \ society to introduce this ]irinciplc> was funiiedit 
 Feb. 18.S4. It incduded sir John l.ulihoik (pie-i. 
 dent). Mr. Leomu'd II. C"urtni-y, and aiaiiy sihfr 
 M.l'.'s. 
 
 11 proposed that " in a\\ cases wliere all elector a 
 entitled to one vote onlv, to vm\W the rlnctcir tj 
 
 ' nominate more than one caii.liiliilc te wli , mJ" 
 
 I certain c ircninstances, that vote nii;;lit lo tia:iif(mcl 
 

 KEPKESENTAri()>;, 
 
 VS, iiI"'Hticiil'iim'tvinSpmii 
 , ilukc ot Victdiv, •iiid lattiri, 
 inco l8(ii tli(y;(,|H),ti(l„p„iij;. 
 ■ atViiirs; Ijy iiiiitiiiir wii], th'f 
 raiisinSi.iit.i.Sox, ti„. „m,j^^i.^_ 
 ,'ii, sot' Sjiain, 
 also in IVrlusil mv t.iniwl ;,,. 
 
 fr-T7.,tli.M:hlici.l parly ill couiitv 
 il buanl, i«iii>li i.iiDifils, m\ 
 
 llOiMl tcniicil I'lllll.ltKnslVKS an4 
 IKllAl'lS. ' 
 
 AND POVEllTY," .-e 
 
 11. 
 
 NI8T TIIEOltY supposes 
 
 I'ii's (if iiiiiiiiMls aiiil]il;,iits\v(.rc- 
 
 I, but Wire •(raduiiU) divelnpid 
 
 1 ; st'O Sjii'i ii'x. 
 
 ' NOTES Kvtv iviriilatcil ana 
 
 issij,'iialil<> in 170V First tascil 
 
 tao tax was incrcascil in 1804, 
 
 uul subsc'iUKiilly; iw MU 0} 
 
 ,0," a paniplilct, said to bo bv 
 
 II, atla(l<iiif;' cniiiit Dismarf; 
 5. JIo was iiidsi'iaitidfcritiii 
 
 MENTO, a iTvolati.,n (in 
 ili'rii-a) tdrc>tfii liy a niilitary 
 , tcniU'O a idiijj tCba. Si'e 
 
 >A FIDE, CoXGDEOATIO 
 II- till' iiriipanation 111' till- laiih of 
 ), was I'liiistitiili'd at Home by 
 
 2 ; tlie culU'gt' ill 162;. 
 
 ON OF THE GosrKL iSocim 
 r, l(j ,hnic, 1701. Its s]iliereii 
 I tliP lii'itisli culniiiis. Ucneral 
 4.S4(''-; '" ^^''h Uv240/.; in 
 1894, 122,327/.; i8()7, .ii7,5i2(, 
 
 The assussmeiits 
 
 on real 
 
 lie lu-ojiorty tax of 181;, we 
 liicli .Middlesex was v5')>5j"'; 
 ■74/. ; and ym'l<sliire,4,;oc,(jcc/,, 
 listiniated wealth (if llie lountn 
 X)Ol. See 1,1111)1, Iiicnme hi, 
 
 ING. Abimt 1570 the piiritanieil 
 ,', partienlai'ly at Xortliampton, 
 ned iirmihesyiiij^s) fm- prayer 8«d 
 [•riptnres. 'Ihese were forbidiien 
 1, 7 Ma\', 1577, and iraiiU'(ii»tely 
 
 i,i>;aticni soiiety, f'oniifd al«int iS^o, 
 linj; at tlie Mansiuii-liuiisf, Loniloi!, 
 
 sec under Jvws. 
 
 TIONAL EETEE- 
 
 N. The si'lieiue lunpoiimleiU/y 
 ill 1857, in a iianiiihlct I'n "lie- 
 1 perfected in his " I'lcatiMKiiithe 
 •.-eiitalives," piiMi.-linl in iSq, 
 eeeived hy >M. J. Stuart Mill, 
 luee tliis principle was furmeil in 
 ■hided sir John l.uhbork (pie'i- 
 ■J II. Ciiurtney, and many c:her 
 
 '' in all (•iiS(.'S wla'io an clcitor il 
 dtc oiilv, (11 iiiiililc tlip clfclir !) 
 liaii iini' raialiihilr te «li..iii,ai*( 
 iiees, tliat V"tc aii^bt 1 c iKCiftml 
 
 PROROGATION. 
 
 889 
 
 PROVENCE. 
 
 in tlif manner hjilieatcd li> tlie elector." Negatived liy 
 Ihfconimiias, 134—31. 3 -Marcli, 1885. 
 
 PROROGATION OF Pauliament. liy an 
 
 jil Yiiid 12 .Vii};. l8()7, her niaje.s'y was eiiafiled 
 toiisui'ii priiclaiiiation for tlie proro^iation of jiar- 
 liainent (luriiiiT the recess. 
 
 PROSECUTOR. Dy tlie Pn g'.Mitioii of Of- 
 [(nn's .Vet. 42 '■^' 4.? ^'i'"t' c. 22 f; .July, l87(;), the 
 spnoiiitinent "f a director of piihlic prosecutions 
 iilh as-istants was enacted, soniewliat resembling' 
 (liirtrsiH Scotland and Ireland. It came into ope- 
 plioii I Jan. 1880. Jolin Itlossett .Manle,appoiiiteil 
 Jir.vliir of public ])roseeutions. Dee. l87(); succeeded 
 j, sir .Uigusius .Stepheiisiin, [8S4; succeeded bv 
 ilidi.in. Hamiltun Cnlle, Oct. 18(^4. 
 
 I i (i.miiiittee r('|i"rteil tla^ plan to be a failure, and 
 rf^amiiKMiiloilcliiiiigcs, .liinc ; aet aiiieinh'il, 1884. 551 
 
 Ifjsi'cutioiis ; 451 ( vielions in 1893. 
 
 .l|jililioiii'"si'i'ator, " pnicnrenr lUi mi," in Knuice, is 
 ' iiniiliuiii'd ill tlie i4tli century; rcplaccil by "aceusa- 
 Itiir piililitpie" (elected), 1791; by "ci.iiiinissaire 11a- 
 liimal," 1793; "liiiicnreiir" lestured by Napoleon I. 
 
 PROTECTION OP LIFE AND PRO- 
 
 I PERTY ACT (for part of Ireland), passed 16 
 I Jqiu', 1871 ; another, ,5 March, l88[. See Irelaix/. 
 
 PROTECTIONISTS, thnt.se. :„,n of tlie con- 
 
 itrrative party which oppoi • •, ' ;■• vepeal of the corn 
 
 i,i«\ and tthicli separate! ; ci-; ,\r Uolicrt I'cci in 
 
 i<|ij, The name was d i-i; ;Vf .11 a "Society fur 
 
 t thf /V(i/i;c//(/« of Afrrieu .1..., of which the Iluke 
 
 liiihiiioiKi was eliairinan, and which had been 
 
 I dlablislud to comiteraet the efforts of the Anti-Corn 
 
 I L;i» Leiij<ue, 17 b'eb. 1844. Lord (ieorsc lientinck 
 
 taithe bead of the partv from 1846 till his deatli, 
 
 21 Si'pt. 1848. The Uerfiy adininistration not pro- 
 
 I poiin; the restoration of the eorn-h.'ws, the above 
 
 Uxiely was dissolved, 7 Feb. 1853.— The protection 
 
 I f.f native niannf.ietures lias been iii.iiiitained in the 
 
 I'nitwi States since 1868, and in France, (jermanv, 
 
 llalv, and other C(iuiitrie.s. .See Fiiukc, .Marcli, 
 
 IV-, Ciiileil Slii/is, Oct. l8(}0. President Clcve- 
 
 liml eoiidenincd iiroteclioii, 4 -March, 18(15: Jlr. 
 
 M'Kinlev, a protectionist, elected president of 
 
 U,.S,.\..V!3Nov. |8()(). 
 
 [ T!i'' revival of protection iic^'ati\'C(l by the lionse ol 
 
 CMiiiiiiuiis willnmt a divisiuii, 14 May, i88fi. 'I'lic 
 
 iiatiuiial association for the pr('scr\-ati(in ol'aj;riciilfure 
 
 ,iii4olliiT iiiiluslries licM a meeting in Lonilon, 8 Dee. 
 
 i;:;, (Itlier protectiim meetings, Mr. .Jinnes I.ow- 
 
 tliiT, M.P., ill the chair, in Lonilon, 13 Dec. 1S93, and 
 
 10 lifo. 1896, 
 
 ,see Fiiir 'L'mle and t'rvc Tnnh. 
 
 PROTECTORATES ix England. That 
 
 ottla-eiirl of I'ciiibriike, K) Oct. I21(), ended by his 
 Ideath, 1218, Of Ihimpliry, duke of Gloucester, 
 
 bejan 31 .Vu;j:. 1422; he was seized ri Fell. 1447, 
 I anil foiind dead a lew days after. Of Richard, duke 
 lofGl(iiici'.ster, liciraii .May, 1483, and ended liy liis 
 las-uraini,' the royal digiiitv, 2() June tlie same year. 
 lOfSomersetbeKiiii 28 Jan", 1347, and ended li'v his 
 Ifeiigiiation in I54(), Of Oliver Cromwell lioga'n i(j 
 iDec, 1653, and ended by his death, 5 Sept.' I();8. 
 I[ili lirnilv rel'iiscd to be'stvled kiiiff, as solicited'b\- 
 I the parliament, Feb. MaV, 1(157.] Of Uiehard 
 ICroniivell bepiii j .Sept. '1038,' and (>nded bv his 
 |ris;!mation, 23 .May, 1(131); "ce Emjlaial. 
 
 PROTEIN, from tlio Uieek (prufrioii, ]iriiici- 
 p;i!!; a chemical fcrm introduced tiv Mulder about 
 I1844, for the basis of albumen, fibrin, and casein. 
 
 PROTESTANT REFORMATION SO- 
 
 Utl\. estidilished 1820; it eiuiilovs mission- 
 (lU'i and readers. 
 
 ! PROTESTANTS, The emperor Charles V. 
 
 \ called a diet at Spires in I32<), to reipiest aid from 
 the German nrinces against the Turks, and to devise 
 means for allaying tlie ndigimis disputes which 
 then raged owing to I.iiiher's op]osition to the 
 lloman catholic clergy, ,Agaiii-t a decree of this 
 
 ■ diet, to sn]iport the doctrinesof the . Iinrdi of Rome, 
 
 : si.x Lutheran iirinces, with the depulies of thirteen 
 imperial towns, formally and s.iliaiiiilv///-o('c,s7frf, l() 
 April, I32(), Hence u.'f term p/otcstiiiits was given 
 
 ' t(i the followers of Lullier; it .ifterwards included 
 Calvinists. and other sects separiited from the see of 
 
 ! Koine. The six protesting piimcs were : John, 
 
 I (doctor (if Saxniiv ; George, niargnne of liranden- 
 burg; Ernc.staiul Fr.ancis, tic dukes of Lunenburg; 
 
 I the landgrave of Hesse; ami the prince of Anhalt ; 
 these were joined by the litizeiis of .Strasburg, 
 Nuremberg, Clin, Constance, Ilcilliron, and seven 
 other cities; see l.iitlin-iiiii.s„i, ('(ilrliiimn, Uugae- 
 iint.i, Oi-niKiiii/, Clii(i;h .,/' Enrihiiiil, &c. 
 Protestants ]icrsccnteil in Scntl.inl uiul (iernianv . 1546 
 L'lwaril VI. cstalilislicil I'lotistaiitisiii in Knghiiid . 1548 
 .Mary rc-cslablis,lics Hnmaiiisni. aicl |ii,i>cciitcs llio 
 
 I I'rotcstiuits: above tt«j [.lit to ilcitli 1553-8 
 
 Ridley, bishupof Li.ii.l.ii,. ami Latimer, bishop of 
 \Vnrccst(a-, were biinit at 1 Ixt'uni, 1(3 Oct. 1555; 
 
 j aii.l t'ramner, .abp. ..rcaiitcrliiiry , 21 March, 1556 
 1 i-lnri lit; three years i.f Marvs ii'igii, ;jy persons were 
 
 i br.inght to the sl.ike ; bcsi.lcs th.ise panishcil by 
 ini|irisiiniiieiit. lines, ami r.inliscitiiiiis. .\niong 
 those who sntTeie.l by lire were 5 bishops, 21 
 clergvnien, 8 lay gentlemen. 84 tradcsiiien, 100 
 hnsbaiiibiieii, servants, ami l.ibonreis, 5; women, 
 ami 4clnl.|icii. The iniicipal .igeiits oltheipieeu 
 .verc the lashops Canlimr ami Hmiiicr J 
 lOli/abeth rcstiires I'rotcstaiitisni . . . . 1558 
 
 I'rotestaiit settleiaeiits t'ormeil in I'isbM', X. Ireland 
 
 ■n T, . , i , ifo8-il 
 
 llic rrotcitant nnuiii of |ainri,< In (lermaiiv, 4 May, 
 
 1608 : met last ' . Mav, 1621 
 
 Thirty years' war between Koiiianistsaml I'lntcstan'ts 
 
 i , "I <Jeniiaiiy 1618-48 
 
 ^ I'rotestant-i persecuted at Thiirii, in I'ohin.l . . 1724 
 I'rotestaiit .V.ssociation (see '.'lic/o/i's " .Vo-/'oni'/-i/" 
 
 •""'') 1780 
 
 i .V society fur jilanting coiiiiiiiiiiifies of the iioorer 
 
 I I'rntcstants on tracts of laml, particalarlv in the 
 
 niirthcrn (■ounties of IrclamI, established in Dnli- 
 
 ' .bn in iiee. 1820 
 
 I (London) rrntestant Society, establisheil i.Sjy ; I'ro- 
 testaiit Association, 13,5 ; Pnitcstant Alliance , 1849 
 Protestant Conservative Societv cstalilisheil 9 Dec. 1831 
 I'rotestaiit .Mliaiice foniicil at Armagh , 7 .Nov. 1843 
 ran-protestant conference hehl at Worms (about 
 
 1000 delegates) 31 May, 1869 
 
 Meeting of a general syiiml of the HefonmiU'hnrch 
 of Krance (M. (Inizot present), to p ,iose return 
 to early iloctrine ami iliseiplinc helil at I'aris, 
 7 .Iniie ; the "liberal partv" attack the .loctriiiea 
 (if the authiirity of the Bible, the divinitv and 
 resiiriectiiin .if (.'hrist, .>i;r. ; an oitlindux elnifes- 
 sion is carrieil amid strong opposition (61-45) 
 ' „ 20 .lime. 1872 
 
 I'rotestaiit ehiirehmen's alliance formed, sivi'li 11 irh 
 
 0/ /-.'h./^i,,,; (annual iiiectiiigs) . . 35 I-Vli. 1890 
 Death of .M, KiliiiomI ile I'rcsscnsi', eminent free 
 ehiirch pastor, at Paris, ageil 67 . 8 April, 1891 
 
 National Protestant congress n ts at Hrigliton 
 
 1 ! Oct. 1891 ; 7II1, Loiiiloii, ijOct. 1896, 
 
 ' PROTOPLASM, the material of the minute 
 ' ultimate ]iarticlesof all animal and vegetable tis- 
 : sues, formerly termed sarcode ; bv \'oii Mohl. iiroto- 
 idasm (1884), "the physical ba.sis'of life," by Huxley 
 (l8()8). The prutaiiiii ha. the lowest form of life, ii 
 a structureless mass of protu|ilasin ; the aiiKidiii, a 
 similar mass, contains a nuideiis. I'rot'iiiliism is 
 (Composed of earbonie acid. Water, and aiiinionia. 
 
 PROTYLE, see EhmeiilK. 
 
 , PROVENCE (the Roman Prorwcin), S. E. 
 France, was made a kiiigdom by the einuecor Lo- 
 thaire for his son Charles. It "af I erwurifs became 
 
 .."I'*' 
 
 &\ 
 
 l| I 
 
 ' ' - K'm 
 
 '1 ' 
 
 ¥ 
 
 '.■ilMi 
 
 I.,' 
 
;) i 
 
 PllOVElllJS. 
 
 «i)0 
 
 PllUDHOiLMKS. 
 
 luit of Ihr kin-.loiii ■>< Ari.s ;is ii IViidiil hot, ami 
 was n'-imilr,l h. lUc (iiTiinm rii-.iim' m lo^i in 
 Coiinul 11 '1,1 tlir (M ol- \W ll(. irnsta.itcijs It 
 was acnuir l-v CliaiU'S of Anj.ni, who iiianu;.! the 
 hi'iresaof 1 -• ■(■iniiil in 124S. '"»' I)i:™im' kmK '" 
 NapU's, in 12(>S; aiul was 'hehl hv his sa(;n'>sois 
 till its aniu'xati.m to I'raiue hy UiaiUs \lll. m 
 
 '4«7' 
 
 W( )VF.I{HS 'I'lio '»'"lv of I'rovi'i-lis hy bolo- 
 numisclat.Ml al.uut uxx) i...-. Tlio laltrr imH was 
 coUcH'K'il hv HidiT of llczckiah, ahout 71X) v..c. 
 Kav'9 .'olhilion of KiiKlish iirovcibs i|l'l"'i'';'''' !'' 
 1(^2, aiKl liolii.'s-ciMM-alcolhTlioMiM lhS7. ^"'"*" 
 I-' tIipi.ci-s" I'lov.al.ial I'hilosnphy" hist nppciuv.l 
 
 lifK)? A sori.ly for tho Revision ol I'lovorhs 
 cxistod ill if<Ht 
 
 l.ii'lliKH iliscoVi'Vy of his " Kxtlllrluill'(::iniU,"iM|.|,.. „, I 
 
 aiciil, miaoaiMiM 1847. 
 HJlii'i' the iOlllllMli ol' i*>5. iiii':it. iioll;, H'.i.i Inill.r juth 
 
 iiii'irasi'U ill lull''' owiiiK lo tl iillii' |.l,i-i.,.. n, I 
 
 Till' ■• l''onil Coniiintti'e" of Society nl' ArK iii,i |,|,.t 
 
 Di'r. iSf)n. 
 Mi'iil MTV 'li'av ill Kiij;l:inil, 18(187!. Iian .liw'in!' 
 
 .\ii-.liiiliiOL pirsiTVi'.l Ill hy Mr. .h.laiMii alliiiijf.,. . 
 
 iiniiiirli'il ill iSoo. 'H I'WI. ; in 1871. jj7,i'„i.wi. Ji,,',,' 1 
 
 iiiiiicirli'il lii'iviii i8(>i. ij8;i-wl.: ill 1877, 5,j„,,a,,„, I 
 
 III" 
 Ciirriisi 
 
 'M iirif 111 10" (. ,.'j i> .. I. . Ml 1077, 31^ 
 I'rnz II liv IImi'hsoii's liii'lli'.l; imis 
 
 ill';" si'iii ],, 
 
 PROVIDENf'K' c.ipital of Uhoih' Islanil, U.S. 
 {ic/iif/i .".O- "'i''- I'ol'nlatiou, l«'lii, l.^Z-M''- 
 PROVIDEN r K N'< >WT'KI><il'''^^< '< " I V"l"^' 
 
 .Mtrtblishcl ill I.H73, to loi-wanl th.' post-ollic liiiaii- 
 ,'ial si'liomcs; hy l'^lahlisllillf; poiiiiy haiiUs, ..^I'ndni!; 
 out U'l'turors, and puhUsliiui? pap>a-s t.oi- ill.' piojiio- 
 tion of tlii-ift anion;; the lowiT .'lasses. It ('•"■; 
 tirst aniiiml nieolini:, >) May, l873- ""'™'l "' L"'''^ 
 ill tlici'iiaii'. . 
 
 PROVISIONS OF OXFORD, s.c o.rjonl. 
 PROV IS 1 OXS-Ri';v.Ai(K-Aiii,K . Statk- 
 
 MKNTS CONUKKXIXO TllKM. Iho hi;;. val.K 
 
 of moiu'V at llio ti;iio mubt ho homo m niiiul. 
 
 SuU' of i''..o,l 1111,1 IMiiKS ai't iiassi'il i- All;;. 1S75 ts. 1 
 
 Wll,'!u loi''l'o'.Mf"r ■00 inon for ouo day woi-tl. only 1.11.' 
 shilhim'. ami 11 >li,-,.p lonnu'ia'.', "''"'Vni': -'i'' , VrH 
 
 ■I'll,. |,ri.' Willi' lais.'.l lo sixpi'in'o p,'i naait to 1. 1. 
 
 , ,; '„lil|...n,'. lor wliil,'. that tlii' si'lli'is iin.i; li 1"' 
 ■imlili'M to livi' hv it, 2 .loliii, . J«..- liurUw .< Ami l.~. 
 
 W on vlioiit WMsai o. prr i.aartor. II,.' fartliiii^ loa was 
 tolio.'iiiial i„ w.'i>;l,t to iw.'nty-f..,,,- "">';;-,^'"' ^ 
 tlicwlioli' grain), anil to :i,\l.'.'i, lli.' wlot.'. " " 1 . 
 
 w loat w:is ^. <w. pi'i- .i.,a,i.',. tl,.' f^'-; "";.- 1;";^ ;;: 
 
 was to w.i;;l, siNty four .am.'.'s, aii.l tlu' »"'/•';.'' 
 (the san,,' us slan.lanl now) iiii,.'ty-s,x, li,\ tl,.' Inst 
 
 A n'iiiarl<al.|.' pl,.iil> in all l-.nrop.'. .jh.,. /i- m.-io.j/. 
 
 Wheat I.- i,i. r.iiiiit. ',.,.( f'.lw. I. . i.;bo--'^'""' . , 
 
 iV.ri'u of ,1 i.usioiis liN.'.l by the c'oininon .'oiin.'ll of 
 
 ^"l, , ;,n ,ls'f..il.ov. : tw,. piiU.'ts. tliivo Hal -p,'n,'o : a 
 
 iiartriilKi' oi' t»„ wo...|.-..,'Us, tlir.'.' hall-p.' ,.'. . a l.it 
 
 laliiVi, MM.i..-,' tV.an .•|,rist,inas to f^hrov.'talo, tl,.' rest 
 
 (iftho v.'arlonri'.'i,.'.'. -'o K.lw. 1.. 1.14 ).- .^''o'-- 
 
 n'.'^ f provisi..ns lix,.,l hy parliainont: at tl,,' nuc ..f 
 
 (. 8,s. .11 oarn, y to, a tal ox. iffi'.l witli .'on,, j/. .^-^ 
 
 ,v sli.an sliioo. s . . t»'i .h.zi'ii ot .'k;:s, j<'. . "tlnr 
 artloh's i,;',.rly'.h. saiii.. as lix,',l hy tl,.'.;.aai,i,ai .'.imn'il 
 
 ,ih.ivo lo.il.'d, 7 I'Mw, 11., '.<■-' ~i/,"i, II ,,S, 
 Wine th.' host sol.l t.'i v.a p.'i Inn. 10 H,ili. II., i:i87' 
 W .at heiim at ..-. .0-. IliehaslM'liii ,.„o. this was lU'eni.'d 
 
 so hiHl, ." pri.'i' th.t it is ,'alle.l a .leartl, of o.irii hy the 
 
 Bj:^ri";::rk'i'n!. a' at a .ia.fp.'i.ny tho pound and jav.1 
 three r'„tl,iii;;s, hy a.t of ,iarliaiiieiit, 24 Hen. MU., 
 
 In tiieir euslo.i' : 
 
 , (lit. 15^4. OlNNKIl 
 
 Bread and .Me 
 
 Oysters 
 
 llutter 
 
 Kkws ...-•• 
 Lyn;; 
 
 UTIISI'S 111'/. M ".' .." ., "'ilVM'Ill li 
 
 |':„..l;„,.l 1,111,, Mi'llioiinie. Aiistnili.i, .3 .Inlv; ai.|n,,| 
 
 18 .111. ; provi'il a liiihni'. 2 Nov. iS-j. 
 (Iniiil pii'sirvi'.l A rii'1,1, ,,,1'at snlil in l.ii„,liii,, jj i,.,,, 
 
 ,875. (Iivat inllnx of meat ini'servi'il lij- |.„i,i^ ,jj. ' 
 Hell \ Col",,, all's latent ,-.'trii:i'riit"r- " .'iirli'iUiii'i'cssd.l I 
 
 i„ iMi'servm^' ,,,.'1,1, .y-i'.. An;; Sepi. if.;.-;. I 
 
 .Meal to II,.' a„,o„llt of llllolU :^,5ni,oo.i(. ilillHir|i,l 
 
 annaally, 1885. I 
 
 l-'resl, iii.'at linrnttht l,-'i,,i Austrahi., I'eh iy„, 
 5,0x1 frozi'ii sheep lo-riv.'.l Ir.nii N.'W Zi-iiliiii,!. .:;M,, 
 
 H.o... 
 
 £0 O 
 o o 
 
 Mr. Col.'ii in .'Xplain.'.l his pr.ieess iil llir l{i,vji| in,.,.,. 
 
 till,, l..i,i.|oii, ami sli.iw.'.l llial la ili.'-c innrii;:,. 
 
 lltlie'isplieri.' air .'oilld he l.-'i 'I'.ttli 1,.;., I..,,, I 
 
 zerii l''iilirilili.'il. wh.'i'.'hy 'I"' vilahlv nt iiii(i„|;in.„j I 
 
 WHS I'laiiplelely il.'striiyed, y.) May, il^s. ' I 
 
 Riliipral.ir railway .-ar .'.mv.'ye.l iivsli livn-iu;. (r.'i 
 
 WiTk to l.onilo,,, 15 A,,;;. iSS-,. 
 10,.. K,/. w.irlliof I'r.'shiiieat iinporl.'l Imiii fili:iii.Uib,ii, 
 
 I'liniir-'.lnly. i38). 
 Tlie ;•.'(.(. /.>/o will, .-'5,o<iolroZi'ns\,iepl,',ii„NinvZalaii. 
 
 ,ir,'iv.'S in l.omloii, I).'.'. io.-:4. 
 lli'f,'i),'.'ratiii;; har,:;.'s for the .listriliiitioii ef iiui.irtri 
 
 fnizen piiivisiii,,s, and .'.mstrnetiil liy llii' l'iil>ij„i(i't 
 l.;ii;;i,ie.',inu' oo,,,pai,y, ai,,io,ni.'.'.l .lan, !39'i. 
 A new systeiii of ,.'lrit;.'rati"n hy enl.l iiir. imUisM ly 1 
 
 th.' lirilish and fori'i^'ii l(.'lri'.;eKiti„s; .'uiii|any, | 
 l.iiinlon. 'f lie sysl.'ia is niei'liiiiiie'il in. 1 simiilf, \kr. 
 
 Fur flii' pri.'.' ..r l>ri''"l siii.'C 1735, si'e Ihrnil . 
 
 Kron, N.'W /..'aland ami Anstralia. .^.514. 541 .'arrawj 
 
 (if f,-ii/.'n sh.'.'p, ami 171,640 i|iiart,'r,Mif I f. m»iu.l I 
 
 in i8<M. lir.'at inerease in i8.-)5-S. I 
 
 So ships' en^ca^.'.l in iiiiportiiiL; I'l.iz.'ii iiii'al ; n'pr!»i| 
 I ] .Mareh. i39v 
 fi.'.' Mill:. C"tllr. 
 
 PROVISORS, STATt-rES UK, li,";iiiiiiii? 2jl 
 
 Kdwar.l 111., nsi-2. I"'"'"'"'"''' "'"' l"'!"' 1™"' sf- [ 
 
 p.iiiitiiiK alioiis and otiiors to lieiii'lii'es Iji'lca- t'lty | 
 
 ^ wore va.'atit. 
 
 ' PROVOST, tlio .'lii.'f iiiiiiii.ipal iiiagislralentj 
 
 I 11 oitv 01- hiirgh in Seotlaiul, eone^iiouiling tottie j 
 
 ! Kii.rfisli iii"i/iir. Tiio provosts .if KJiuiiurjIi, I 
 
 ' Glasgow, Ah'or.loon, rortli.and in l.Si): Diiiiare.ari^l 
 
 stvled '■ lonl prov.ists." 
 
 "PROVVEDIMEXTO SOCIETIES ml 
 
 Ilalv f.inno.l t.i aid in a.'.iniriii;; K.niie iiiiil irtiimi 
 oloeii'd (iarilialdi as tli.'ir .'lii.l, 10 Miirdi, l*!.| 
 They woro t.il.'i-ati'd hy Ri.'asoli, ami waiiif.] to Ifl 
 modoratc hy Katta/zi. 
 
 PROXIES. Voting hv proxy, anaiuitiitproi-' 
 lose of the house ..f peers, was very I're.iueMy 
 almsed. In the r.'i^'ii .d' Charl.'s 11., wh.'iitii.'aK 
 of liucUinghain soinetiines hni,i;.;ht :o [mtok's in to I 
 noi'ket it was ordered that no p.'.T slmulJ bmsl 
 more than tw.) pro.xies. Vmn 18.50 to l»o:,l>«l 
 inclusive, proxies were only oulh'.l 7,j tiiiir!. inl 
 ooiiforniitv with tliere.'omin.'ii.latioiiotacoimiultK,! 
 a new "staii.ling order" was ailopl.'., 3' ',™;| 
 18(„S, hv whi.'h it Wiis oi'der.'.l "Ihat t ie|,r,i. wof 
 calling' foi- ni'oxies on 11 division shall b,' dis«»-| 
 tinned." 
 
 A pie.'. 
 Wme 
 
 cif fresh salmon 
 
 Ch.'ese and pears . ... ^_°_f 
 The three dinners . 026 
 Milk sohl. 11,10.' pints ale-in.'iisuro for one halfpenny, 2 
 KHz. 1560' ^l"if'.-< Cliiuiiide. 
 
 PRIID'HOMMES, Conseils de M 
 ritLiy nv-/ji^'ii . tra.l.'tvil)iiml!iiil 
 
 liruclciis /idni", " piii'ii!,,. 111.0., . II- ' 1 
 
 Vrance, ,'omp.iseA of masters mid woikmeii, w 
 oortiti'dod ti arhitrate on t.'-lo.d.si.uU. ,,. M 
 Similar hodie.s with this name eNisH'dai.larb,i,lu 
 1452 lit Marseilles, and at Lyons ni 1404. 
 
D'HOMMKS. 
 
 PEUSSIA. 
 
 H!)l 
 
 I'lurssiA. 
 
 F''n'i|('rii-I< 111,- (iri'iil .ins 
 
 pnt'SSTA. This .■oiMitrv wiis unciciitlv pns- ,, , 
 
 , i" , h • V, M.Mii. TI...V w.'iv .■.,n(i..,M-...ri,Mh,t VT, .'i'; I'l'"" " ""fr '■''■■' 
 
 iP^yiiinii' . I 1 , 1 ,i* I,- I ' •• 'I'luis till' ri.iilit mil ii'Min^it Ir.-iiMc 
 
 B.,n*i. »li" i"li;'l"lf'l "I'' Kipliii'im inumitiims ; .n,,, i.,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,|„, ri,,,„„^,., 
 
 ■nj from till'*"' "'<■ "iillll'T ^vas calliMl Uorussiii. l>nissiii,i,,iiis tlir alHrs .,r i:ii..Imii. 
 
 Thf I'orib^i MlliM'.varils iiitcnnixi'il witli llir fol- 
 
 loiiers of the IVlltHllir l;ili«:llts, miiiI lllt(lM-l> willl l-'.ltal l.attl.'l i.lM.iia Mini Ami Tsta.ll . 
 
 tier' 
 l8}0, 
 
 iSj2; 
 
 17 Au,^'. i78r/ 
 
 . . 1793 
 
 ■ 'T).\ 
 
 iSi.r iiml iSoC 
 
 ;aill''l h'l-Mliir., 
 
 ''"'■I ., 
 i| II 1. 
 
 A. I',ili'< The I'.iiistitutio slalilislicil u Jan. iNi'ariv all tli.- 1 anhv .s„l.,lu.'.| ) 
 
 IS 2; ; r' -A ^'"- '.'^^•n,"' , "'■' ^'"^n-^? ^'"•'' i-'"'-'.-tin„ „!■ ,LT,w.„.ii,a„.i ,,;-a;./,;.) a ,.^ !' ;. ' 
 
 18;:; nmll.i Miy, l.Sr. ropiiliititiii, wall Limcii- .sn,-i,.tv ;ia-..irH.i,',l l.v V..i, st.an) 
 
 I bm (iiiiiK''^'''' 4 ■\"-- '*'5). "J..V'4.^43; "'"'i (■"luvuti.ai ..| ll.'.lin 5 Xmv. , 
 
 et Hi'ssi'-Cassi'l, Nassnii, iiiiil Fninkt'cirt, ■"iiliaMiilinisi si.'niiy ivsl.uvs llir ,in,,\ tiy tlir .-.vs- 
 
 «;9,m! iN,o., 2.,,<)5').3^«; '«'>> 3>-349.r'»> t^^'^^ ^ :ara,,'^,n,: 1,; 'Tm.! ih':-';^^ 
 
 (ipemlitmc, 70,.Sbo/)5o/. ; revenue estiiimtcd, Tivaty .if I'ails ....'' i,' Xpnl' .Sri 
 
 Ijni.:, 9(),50;,(44''. ; l.Si)7-8, I02,,50i,5()(j/. rrexi- Tli.' kiiiK' visits Kii-liiii.l , . , . r, .hiii,.| „ 
 
 Zif lli'e miiii-ifi'i/, kr., initifi; liisiimrek, Sept. Ministry iil'.'ilii.'ali..ii i.stalilisln'.l .... i8r7 
 
 S,2.'.Vc«i/«"MH<M I«')2. ;;';.'.'«'™;.'f''''l:.'«i'l. .... .A.,;;. ,8..: 
 
 ™*" nilK'llCl- fill's lii MlcSlII, ll'.:t li 
 
 lit .VbllM'it iinivi's ill I'l-iissi.a t.i in-cnili Chris- 
 
 "lij'nilv, aiiilis.'<laiii iilimit 91,7 
 
 JiWiisiil' rulan.l iTVi'ngcs liis ilciilli liy ^Irca.lfiil 
 
 nv;u.'.- . . loiS 
 
 |H( lifiMiins ii'sist tin' Poles, nii.l rcKiiiiir.' 
 
 Clirhtiaiiil.v . • • •,:.,■, "'"'"' '"'>' 
 iBtiliiil'iiiltl'^ii .■i.l..iiy Iniiii till' N.'lhirlaii.ls, in 
 
 thfr.'iKii.il Allieii I'll- licur iiC; 
 
 llbfTriit.iiii.' knights ivlMniinn fmiii the li.ily wars, 
 
 uiilmalci-lli.M'.iii.iiii'.slan.l fiiiivrrsinii dl' I'lus- 
 
 , lia '=^5 
 
 |lhomrimii.li'.lliy tlM'iu . ... . . 1231 
 
 lli:Ti!ii,isiiliiii>;iit.'il I'.V tlie leiitdiiic kniKlils . . laS) 
 Ibaigsliri'li. "'ti'l.v liailt. laa.le tlie eapit.al . . 1286 
 llugelv R'l.l'..l'leil 1'.^ Oenil.lll culiiliists I2-I3tll 
 
 Kiitnrv. 
 Ii'ifjeiiiii IV. .if N'ari'iiilii r;; (llie liiuii.ler iif the 
 
 reipiiii; family). ihtains l.y purehase friiiii ,Si,.,'is- 
 
 miiiM, I'min'i'.'r 'if lieriimiiy, the iiiargniiiatu of 
 
 _ Bran.lfiiliiii'H M'S 
 
 ICJiiinir iV. i.r P.iliinil lissist.s the natives ag.iiiist 
 
 thfii|ilin's>ii.u .'fthe TeuLniic kiiij;hls . 1446 
 
 llbfrt.)tl)raiiilriiliiir;.',k'iaii.lina.itei-..f till' Ti'iit.iiii.. 
 I orJer. sfizisits li'ii-it.irii's, ri'iiniinri's the llninaii 
 
 atWi.' iT'igi.ia. eijiliiaees Lutheraiiisiii. aii.l is 
 I ifkniiwli'ii|,T.I .liiki' .if Kast I'nissia, tci he hi'M as 
 
 illtfufl'.ilaii.l 1525 
 
 Bnccessfiil rfln'Ui.iM against the knights coiisiiiii- 
 TiiiJtf.lln til.' treaty .il Tliiini .... 1466 
 iiiiiversitv'ufKniiig.shiMK f.iiiiiileil hy iliike Alhert, 1544 
 ■olinSii!i.>iiiii'n.l .'leate.! I'lei'tnr iif Hniinleiibiirg iiii.l 
 
 Tdaknif I'nissia i6<i8 
 
 ihepriiK'iiiality .if Ilalherstailt ami the hishnpri.' 
 [of.Miii.l™tiiinsri'ne.l t.i the himse of lji'aii.li;ii- 
 
 1 burg i6.)8 
 
 (otol.ililis"! l"ailiM..Hli'.lKe I'nissia as an iiiil.'- 
 Tpemimt state, "leli'i- l''re.leriek William, siir- 
 
 I miiipiltiicUn^ai Kic-tur 1657 
 
 Irdtriif LViiii.ipl iiislitiiti'.l hy Chi'isliaii Kmest, 
 
 elnlut .if Bniii.l.iiliinf,' ami ".hike nf I'nissia, tn 
 |coiniiifiu.irati'tli.' part lie hail taken in restdi'ing 
 Ipeawt.i Kumin' 1660 
 
 (deriik HI. in an iisseiiilily nf chr .states, puts .1 
 Imwiiuiiiiii his iiwii hiMil ;iml nil. Ill the liea.l of 
 |bisc.iiisiirt: is iiriiilaiiii"il kin;; "f Prussia hy the 
 liiaiiii-iif FiBltriik I., ami institutes the Oniei' .if 
 
 Ithe Bliii Eagle 18 .Jan. 1701 
 
 lueUrfs tiiKoii friini the Dutch .... 1702 
 
 Wrriik 1. si'izi's N'l'iifehiitel or Neiiiihurg, ami 
 
 Ipunliasts 1. .kli'iihurg 1707 
 
 pfriiiripility .if .Meiiisailileil to Prussia . 1712 
 
 isltriikll. tin tiieat, kiu^', wli.i imuh^ the Pnis- 
 |<iaii iiii.iiaivliy rank auKiiig the lirst piwers of 
 |E»roi.t' 
 
 (blauic.le.1 to Prussi.a 
 
 ,,. ., . . , ■ 77 ■ • 12 Sept. ,, 
 
 ll'r.iiii this mm- I'niss;M iiuiMn-.l a ]i.'ar.'fiil aii.l 1111- 
 
 .listiirlii'il p.iliiy until 1S48. | 
 Oi.vcniini'nt ilispiites witli |{, V. iIit:;v Iniiii, 
 
 thr.iu;;li iiltni iitanisni ..f th.' liailziwill fainilv 
 
 . sji '^f" '. 1840 
 
 Serious atti'nipt ina.le on the i;;V orihi' kiii^-. Pv an 
 
 assassin nanie.l Tes.li, who lin-l two shots at him 
 
 2h.llllv, 1844 
 
 Iiisiirre.'tion in ISiiiin s Maivli, 1848 
 
 Hirliii .h'.'lai.'.l ill a slat.' ofsi.-;;.' . 12 .V.iy. 
 
 The eonstitiuMit assi'mlilv ni.'.'ts in Hr.imliiiliniv; 
 
 eastle 21J .Nov. ,, 
 
 niis assiMiilily .liss.ilvi'il ; th.' kiiiu issues ii 1,1 w 
 
 eonstitntion . . . . .3 i),.,.. 
 
 The (Jcriiian National Assemlily dc't' the king of 
 
 Prussia "liiiv.litary cmpi.ror of the ((.■riiians ■ 
 
 28 Maivh, 1849 
 Ih.' kin^'. p.. lines the iiiipcrial crown . j, .\|.ril, ,, 
 The kin^'.loni ]iut nil. Pt martial law . . lo.May, ,, 
 The Piiissi.ans .■liter Carlsnili.. j).'""''. '„ 
 
 Annistic.' l.clwccn Prussia ami Denmark. lo.liih,' " 
 Bavaria . I. •.•l.o-.'il f.. ran imperial .■.nistiliiti..n wiih 
 
 *lie kin;.' ..f Prussi.i.-il its hea.l . , 8 Se]it. ,, 
 
 Treaty lii'twei'ii I'riissia .■in. 1 .\iistria id Si.pt. ,, 
 
 Austria pr.it.ists a^.-iiiist the ailian.'cof Prussia witli 
 
 the minor stall's ..fli.rmany . 12 .N.iv. 
 
 Prince Charles Anthony ll.ilieiizollerii.S;„-iiiaiiii.i;en, 
 
 minister, r.'siu'iis ^, jjce. 
 
 New e.instiluti j, ,lan. ; thi- king tak.'s the o.-itli 
 
 reipiiiv.l l.y it l-vp. 1850 
 
 U.inov.M witlulraws from the Pnissian allian..' 
 
 -'- l-'eli- ,. 
 rr.'.ity signeil at Miinieh lietv.een .\ustria. Uav:iria. 
 .■Saxony, ami Wiirtemherg to maintain the (:en..aii 
 
 union J7 |.-,.|,. I 
 
 Wiirti'mlii.rK ih'iioiiiiees the insidious aniliitiim of 
 
 till' king .if Prussia, anil aiiiionn.'es a lea^'iie li.'- 
 
 tweeii Wiirteiniier',, Havana, ami Saxmiy. 11ml. r 
 
 the sanetion of Austria . . . ii.Mai'.'h, ,, 
 
 i.\tteniiit to assassimile the king . '^jXl.iy, 
 
 jHesse-Danustialt with.lraws rriiiii the Pnissiiin 
 
 I league 30,1 line, ,, 
 
 jTreaty of peai e lie'.ween Prm;..i'i aiel Denmark, 
 
 I 2,IlllV, ,, 
 
 A eoiigress of ilepiitiis fnuii tlicsta,.s imlmle.l in 
 the Pnissiiin Zollveiein .ip.'U.'.l at Cass.'l 
 
 1.7.(lllv, ,, 
 
 Pnissia refuses lojnin the restrict. '.1 ili't of Praiik- 
 
 f"rt 25 Aug. „ 
 
 The Priiss^ian governiiieiit inMrcsses a ilespati'h 
 to the caliinet of Vienna, tleci'iring its resohe 
 to nphohl the eonstitntion in ilessc-Cassel, 
 I 21 .Sept. „ 
 
 1740 Count Braiiilenhiirg, iir'.nic minisier. .lies, 6 Nov. ,, 
 
 1741 [Decree, calpii/ out the whole Prussian army. 
 
 Mi, (jliitz, i.>., I'e.leil 1742 , 223,000 infantry. 38, ;x)o cavalry, an. I 2'^,tKio artil- 
 
 Bevm years' war" (see ftr(f/fs) . . 1756-63 ; lery, with 1080 tiel.l-|iiei'es . 7 Nov. 
 
 Itriik 11. victor at Prague, 6 May : ilefeateil at The Prussian troops in Hesse o.'eii]iy the military 
 
 pi'jliii. rSJuiie; victor at Uoshaeli . 5 Nov. 1757 road in that eli'etnnite .... 9 Nov. 
 
 y '■villi an Aiistririii and niissian snny, :The Prussian fones withdraw from the grand 
 
 kiU' 111 stn Berlin ; the city is laid under eontri- 1 diieliv of JJailcn 14 Nov. 
 
 Iiit'ion, i.'. ; iimgaziiieadcstioyed . . Oet. 1760 |Oeiieral Ha.lowitz. late foreign minister, visits 
 
 fcte of HiilMTtshurg (ends "seven years' war"); ! queen Vi.'toria at Win. Isor . . . 26 Nov. 
 
 lilesia piiitil hy Prussia . 15 Feb. 1763 j Convention of Uliniitz for the 'laclBeatlon of Ger- 
 
 Biia slmres In the tirst partition of Polan.l . . 177a many . . . . . . 29 Nov. 
 
 jj||iPS|! 
 
 mm 
 
 ifi 
 
 "•^ 
 
PRUSSIA. 
 
 8<.)2 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 ??» 
 
 The I'russiiiii timiiis <MPiiiiiiii]ce tluMr ntmit I'niiii 
 
 Hes8e-(.'a«si'l 5 "i'"- 1850 
 
 Pviiice Si'liWHitzciiliiT),' visits till' kiiiK • .'S lii'C. „ 
 Tlie kiiiK (•' '.I'lmitcs tlif ifotli miniviTsiiiy "f H": 
 
 I'nissiiiiuiiiiiiiiicliv ..... 18 .Ian. 1S51 
 Tlio kiiit; visits till' i/iir (if liussia . . iS May, ,, 
 HUituf (if I'lviliMi.k tlii^ Great, )iy Haiicli, inaUKU- 
 
 lati'.l at lliiliri 27 •'^'■ly. i' 
 
 Till' kins; ainl izar li'avo Warsaw fill- Olniutz ti. iiiuct 
 
 the uiiiiicii.ruf Austria . . . 31 ^'"y. .. 
 
 Till; kiiiK ivvivrs till' riMini;il nf statf as it cxisti'd 
 
 lieforf till' ri'VDliitioii of 1848 . . 12, Ian. 1852 
 
 A rriissian iniliistrial L'xliiliitimi niuiit'il at IVrlin, 
 
 =3 May, „ 
 I'russiii ri'iUKliati'S a riistonis' uiiimi witli .Mistria, 
 
 7 .Iiiiii-', ,, 
 
 But nj,'ri't's III a 1 luii-ri'ial *r('aty . . ly I'Vli. 1853 
 
 Uenioi'ralii' pint at licrliiiili'ti'itiil . . .\I'ril, ,, 
 
 Dentil of liailnwitz 25 Di'i'. ,, 
 
 Vai-illatiiiu of tlie giiveriiiinut upuii tlic I'.asti'iu 
 
 (lUi'stinn Maivli ami -Viail, 1854 
 
 .groi's til a iiriitiM'uI fur i.ri'si'rvatioiioftlifiuli'Krity 
 
 of Turki-v, whiili is si-iii'cl at Vii'una . 7 .\I>ril, ,, 
 Pi'i-lari'S iii'Utralitv in tlii' war 6 Sept. and Oi't. ,, 
 
 Exi'luili'il I'rniu till' I'liiifi-ri'iii'i'S at Vii'ima . Fi-li. 18-, 
 Uiaiiutes with Switzi'rlainl (see .Yrii/./nid () 
 
 Nov. 1856, to May, 1857 | 
 Alaniiiiifc'illni'.ssof till' kiiit', tin; lirincc' of I'lussia 
 
 apiHiiiiti'il ivjji'iit ....'. 23 Oct. ., 
 Clu'Valirr liuiisi'ii I'unolili'il . . .Ian. 1B58 
 
 I'l'iui'c Fri'ili'riik William of Prussia niairii'd to tin' 
 
 liriuii'ss royal of Kii;;laiiil . . 25 .Ian. „ 
 
 QiU'i'U Vii'toria visits tliviii at rotsdani . 10 .\ng. ,, 
 
 I'riiii'i' of Prussia in'riiiani'iit rrfii'iit . . 7 Oit. ,, 
 
 lli'sinnation of MantfuH't'l ministry ; suiii'i-di'd liy 
 
 that of priiii-i' lIolii'nzolli'rn-Si|.'uiiiiiiif;i'ii (lilu'ral); 
 
 till' L'k'i'tiniis I'Uil ill favour of the now yovcr I'lit 
 
 Nov. „ 
 Prini'i' Fri'derii-k William, son of the luineess royal 
 
 of KiiHlaiiil, horn 27.11111. 1859 
 
 Italian war Prussia de. 'lares its neutrality, luit 
 
 arms to pioteet (iiriiian.s . May ami .Iiine, ,, 
 
 Tlie reKi'Ut annoiinees that " the Prussian army 
 will lie in future the Prussian nation in arms," 
 
 12 .Ian. iSfo 
 The regent and several German sovei'eit;iis meet 
 the emiieror of the Kreiieh at Uaden (see ISmhii), 
 
 15-17 June, •> 
 Baron nunsen dies (lined 70) . . . 27 Nov. ,, 
 DiseloMures lespeetiiij,' the oiPiu-essive system ol 
 Prussian ]iolii'e ; Stieber, tlie direetor, I'ldseeiited 
 and eensured, Imt not inini.shed . Nov, „ 
 Death of Frederick William IV. Accession of Wil- 
 liam 1 2 J""' '^^' 
 
 Meetiiif; of the chamliers ; on the motion for the 
 address, M. von Vineke carries an amendment in 
 favour of Italian Unity and "a lirni alii iiice with 
 Eimdand" . . "... 6 Feb „ 
 On 12 Sept. 1660, capt. Macdonald was committed 
 to prison at Houn, forresistiii;,'tlie railway autho- 
 rities there : the Kn-lish residents appealed and 
 were ceiisiireil ; a cories|iiindi'ni'e ensued between 
 the Prussian piveriimeiit and the liritish forei^'ii 
 secrelarv : and stroiiK language was uttered 111 
 the house of commons, 26 April, and in the Prus- 
 sian chambiis 6 ^V-'^' " 
 
 The .Maciloiiald atl'air settled by a linn yet coiicilia- 
 ton- despatch from the liaron von Schleinitz, 
 
 .May, ,, 
 Attempted assa.ssimition of the kiiij,' by Becker, a 
 lA'ipsic student, 14 .Inly ; who is senteiiceil to 20 
 years' imiirisonincnt .... 23 Sejit. „ 
 The kin« meets the emperor Napoleon at Conipiegne 
 
 6-8 Oct. ,, 
 The king .ind ([ueen crowned at Kiinigslierg ; he 
 declares that he will reign by tlie "Grace ot 
 
 God" , iSO't „ 
 
 Bill lor making the ministry responsible, jiassed 
 
 6 M. rcli, iE6a 
 The clmmbcr of represent^itivcs oppose the govern- 
 ment in regard to the length of military service, 6 
 March: and ri'solve on discussing the items of 
 the budgil ; the ministry resigiiH ; tlie king will 
 not accept the resignation, but dissolves tliu 
 
 chambers "i -Marel., ,, 
 
 The niinistrv (liberal') resigns, and a ivactiomiry 
 cabinet formed under Van der lleydl, 1 3 .March- 
 is April, ,, 
 
 Elections go against the govermiieiii , "niy n,,. 
 
 minister electeil Mav iwJ 
 
 Parliament opens; ministers appeal to 111,' ii|itri„ti,;,'i ■" 
 
 of the members 19 Mav 
 
 Severe discussion on military expi'iiilituii;'; tlii- 
 
 eliamber reduces ihe vote bir the iiiiiiiin'ijiiiict uf 
 
 the army from 200,000 to 135,000 iiii'ii u-k,. '51.1,1 
 
 Van der lleydt resigns ; succeeile.l n> \.n.wx\ 
 
 by the count Hisniarck Si'h,.idiaiiM'ii. .. . Si'|.t 
 
 who iiiforiiis tl hanibir that tlie h'l.in.'t 1, 
 
 deferred till lEi'i; the chamber pn.ti.sts ;igaiii,t 
 this as unconstitntioiial . loVi.; 
 
 The chaiuber of I'cers )iasses the huilg..i withoci 
 the ameiidments of the chamber cf !i'|.i,,fiitu. 
 tives ; which (by 2 , against ;) ns.nv,., iliiitilit 
 act is contrary to t .e letter ami spirit ..f il...,i,i). 
 
 stitutiou nu,t. 
 
 The king closes the session {65thl .siyin^-, "Xlie 
 budi-'et for the year 1862, as decreed In- tlii. rlajc. 
 tier of reiaescnlatives, having ln-iii leju'li'il liy 
 the chamber of peers ou tlie j,i,iiiail „f jn'. 
 snlliciemv, the goveriniient is lueler Hie luo-ssitv 
 of controlling the public alliiiis oiitsil, tlicnin'. 
 
 stitutiou" 13 Oct. ,. I 
 
 Agitation in favour of the constitiitiiiii i'n«'('i.,liiig 
 |iassive resistance adopted ; several lihi'ial niptrs 
 
 I suppressed Xov, 
 
 The chambers reassemble : nncoiieiliatcin aiUri'ss 
 from the king, 14 .Ian. ; boM reply iirtlii'ik'|,u. 
 
 ties ; adopied ..j.lan. ,i(| 
 
 riiev recommend neutrality in tlie I'.l,,',, ,v,,t 
 
 :'i FtU 
 Vioh'iit dissension between the deputies aii.l thf 
 
 ministry 
 
 Mav 
 
 IIOIOSli,> . ■ .... .11(1 
 
 The chamber of deputies address the kiii^- en tlicir 
 relation with the iiiinistry, and tin- ^tiite et il,( 
 country, 22 May ; the king replies, that li!» minis. 
 ters piissess his conlidcm'e, and ailj'iiinis tlit 
 
 session ^7 May, 
 
 The king resolves to govi'in without a parliaiiuiit . 
 
 The )iress severely restricted, 1 .i.iiie; tlif iiown 
 
 jirince in a s|icei'li disavows partieiiMticii intfe 
 
 recent acts of the ministry, 5 .luiie; ::iii|.'i'iis'a« 
 
 them in a letter to the king, 6 July ; rei'ninilclt.j 
 
 the king S Wjii 
 
 The liberal menibers ftted in the pi.iviiiits 
 
 ;S. ij.lnly, 
 The chamber of deputies diss"lvia, _• N|.t. ; a 
 liberal majority re-elected .... Ud 
 Amotion in favour of maiiitaiiiiiig the liijhts ul 
 the duchies of Schleswig and Ib'isteiii. .anieil] 
 Dec. ; but the chamber obstinately lefiisol il! 
 assent to it or to defray the expenses of war, Drt 
 
 Chambers ilissolved Jan. 1 
 
 jKor the events of the war. see hi m«it] 
 
 Preliminaries for peace with U' . 'ik . i .iug 
 
 Peace with Denmark signed . joOd. 
 
 The opening of the chambers, 14 Jan.; revival ot 
 
 the constitutional agitation for eniitiel uvcillit 
 
 arniv budget lo.Ian. i!(| 
 
 International exhibition at Cologne opi'iioll'vilit 
 crown prince . . . . . .■ -V.^w. „■ 
 
 The deputies having rejected the hiidg.l, III. lulls 
 for reorganizing the army ami iiicieiisjii.ilii'llttl, 
 and meeting t he exiicnse of the war Hiliili.'iimtk. 
 the chamber is |iroiogued ; the (joveniiimit «il! 
 
 rule without it i->I»iif, 
 
 The king at Carlsbad issues a desl'die ilinwap 
 
 propriating and disposing of the leveaiU', :.!»ly, 
 
 A political ilinner of the liberal .h'l'Uties I'l'.iiil'.tftl 
 
 at Cologne, and forcibly prevented at oliiilalin. 
 
 stein. 111 Nassau .... J4''"'r. .1 
 
 Convention of Gastein (.see (c(,-rii;i), si;;iU'J i4.\iig. 
 
 " " ■'-■"lin I'liiii'liiilnl, 
 
 16 .\ag 
 
 Navigation treaty with Great Uritaiii 
 
 The king takes possessii'ii of I.a .-iihiug, iiiinliasul 
 
 from .\ustria with his own money isSrit „ 
 
 Bismarck visits the imperor Nain.lena at liiamt:, I 
 
 Ni-.v, „| 
 
 The chambers oiu'iied with a supereilieiis .-i«ch 
 from M. Bismarck .... i5J»ni» 
 
 The opposing ehaiubcr prorogued r. '"■■■ 
 
 I ieeree asserting Prussian jurisilietion over lie .-tdt. 
 
 II Man'hi 
 
 Prussian circul.ir calling on Gcriiinn rtiites to iltciJi 
 whether thev will support Austria m liKi 
 (thev profess neutrality) -'4 'l«™. 
 
PRUSSIA. 
 
 ,st tlic giivi nnu.i.t , .,|,|y ,,||., 
 
 iiiiilstcM:ii.i.CMlt..t!ici.i,tri„ii„„ 
 
 ■ .-,..■ , ■vMav 
 
 nil military cxiniLlitiin,. ; (1,^ 
 lliu vote t.ir the ln;iiUit'i;:t!iVt' uf 
 o.ocxj to i35,cHjc) uitii ii-u,:^,.!,^ 
 vMnna ; siii'ciiili~l i^ i.ivmj,., " 
 siniiick Si'tiiinliiin-,fii, ^. . seiit 
 !• .■llilllll.iT tl:;it till' l,;|,|j;i,t ij 
 i; till' iliaiuluT lliilrsts :,gmtn 
 Utinllill . vjS|.|,.^ 
 
 (•IMS I'USSCS till' liinlj;,.! willio,,'', " 
 
 i of tliu i'liaiiil'i-1' I'f ii'iiiiM-iitii. 
 
 • 2- , nyailist ;) ics.i.v,. Hint tilt 
 ) t .e li'tti'i- mill Nimit ..f tUini;. 
 
 11 Oil 
 tlif si'ssion (fistIO Miyiii.:, ■■Tiif " 
 !'ai' iS62, lis ili'cri-i-cl liv tin- ilum. 
 tativcs, liavilij.' Im-ui ivjiri,,! Ijy 
 r pci'is ..11 till' >,i..iiii,l „• in'. 
 ;(iviriiiuiiitis uiiilrr tlif lu.nsitv 
 lie imMic iillaiis oiitsi.lt the n.n'. 
 
 13 Oct. „ 
 
 r of tin; I'oiistitutiiiii |.ri«|.|..liiig 
 I'e iiiloiiti'il ; scvfiiil lilii'iiil |,a|«n 
 
 • ■ • ■ . Xov. „ 
 isst'iiiliU' : iiiii*i»iiriliiit'ii-y uii.ittsj 
 14 .Jan. ; liolil ii-l'l.v d'tlir.lei.u. 
 
 ■ ■ . isJaaitfl 
 iHiitiality ill tlR. rnli.,li war 
 
 j8 m. 
 
 n Viftwccn the ilcimliis aii.l the 
 
 Mav „| 
 
 leimtii's a.lilvi'ss tin' kin;; mi ihrir 
 le iiiiiiistiy, ami tli.. ^tiitr ..f tW 
 .■ ; tin- kill;.' n-i.lii s. t)i:it iiin ii.inis. 
 is coiiliili ii.-i., anil .l.lj..ll^l^ the 
 
 ;; Mav, 
 
 i to govern witli.iiit 11 unliaiiirtit'. 
 ly ii-strii'ti'.l, I .i.ini- ; tin- .torn 
 •I'll ilisavi.w.s liarliii|i,ilii.ii iiitlK 
 he ministry. 5,luin'; .Mnl .■.■imns 
 
 • to till' kiii^.', 6 July ; ivi'.niiili.lt.i 
 t >.t\,i 
 
 libers Itteii in Ik.' |'l'..vi!ifes 
 
 :S, 19 July, „| 
 
 (h-piitii-s iliss.'lviil, J Si-|it. ; a 
 
 re-elei-tcil .... Ucl. „| 
 our of maintaining; lliK lights of 
 
 Sililiswi;; ami ll"lsti'in,c'iiine.l! 
 
 ehainber nhstitiati'ly ivIusimI its - 
 o ihliay the exi'iiisis uf war, Dtt „| 
 
 eil Jan. if 
 
 vents of the war, see /(riiiiiintl 
 
 ]ieaee with U' n 'irk . 1 .lug 
 niik si;:in'il . . 3oOd 
 
 the ehainl.iMs, 14 .Ian. ; ii-vivalof 
 iiial agitation for loiitii.liiviTtle 
 
 io.laii, ii(| 
 
 liihitioii at C..l"i.;nei.i.iii..|l.vt'i)t 
 
 ivill;; le,ieetetl the ltUilf,'.t, l!ii-l.lils 
 
 H the army ami im•ll■asill^thl•llett, 
 le expense I if the war wit li 1 inniiaik. 
 s in'orogueil ; the ;.;. iveniiiii-iit itill 
 ; ■ i;Jniif, „| 
 
 Isliail is.sues a ilei-i...tii' .li.ltf a|" 
 il disiiiisiii^' of the ivwmi... 5 July, 
 ■1- of the lilieral .h'limies I'l'-iillW 
 il foreililv iiR'veliteil at (llMlalm. 
 in . " . • • 24 .li*. ., 
 
 asteiii (.see lifftihi), sIkiicI i4.\iig. , I 
 ty with Great liritain ii.iulii.ini, 
 i6.\iig 
 lossessimi of I.a .•iilnii>;, I'lir.liastd 
 ivitli his own money if^'l't. 
 
 the tiniieror Xaiiok-oii ,it liiamti, 
 .V...V. 
 
 ilitMieil with a sniieri'ilioiis ^l»ttll 
 luek .... ijJao. iK 
 
 laiiiher iMoio;;Ur.l „';'^'" 
 
 'rrussiiiii jurisdietioiiovtrili.Mtu, 
 ' iiManb, „, 
 
 ir eiilUnR on German ftatrs to .Inib I 
 ■ will siijiiiovt Au.stiia ir I'liis.a I 
 neiltralitv) -'4 "an!., ,1 1 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 803 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 |lttat)l.;t« 
 
 C ;. iiivnairs f..r war 27 M.iirli. i366 
 
 27 .Mareli, 
 
 I'rem'liB""''"""'"' l""!'"'*'*'"* nputrality. A|iril, 
 , ,,,il„,iiiiii.lstheaeiiiol,ilisalioiiof the I'nissiiiii 
 ™v 7 -^l'"' ■ l^'"'"'"''^'^ in-oposi's II German 
 
 If^MnKtiiigiit Berlin in favour of iieaee, 15 A|inl! 
 'S" atMMl't to ns.s.-i.ssiiiate liismarek tails, 
 
 fe.riniinat..iy e„m spomleiiee hetweeii Meiisiloitr 
 Austria")""" liisiiiiivk, ealliii,s,'for clisarinameiit, 
 
 iiiiiii.'e Willi '•'■'ly • , •. • ■ . • ''.•'■^■• 
 
 ri'iUisiuM' filter Uolsteiii ; Aiistriaiis retire, 
 I" 7.IU111', 
 
 Itelimi of till' I'V.leral iliet at I'-iankfort ; the 
 Lwliilisiitii'ii of the I'liissian .iriiiy iiroposi'il hy 
 Uitriirvi'teilliirliy Uavari.i, Sax. my, Hanover, 
 Lse-Ciissi'l. Nassau, ami others ; friis.sia 
 .Ularra tlie Uermaiiit' eoiile.leratioii tii lie .Us- 
 
 "v„l i4.liiin', 
 
 lf^„ Vlesaa.l.'r of Ile.sse aiiiioiiit.'.l t.i . ..niniaml 
 
 ■'(l„Ff.lei-.ilanii.v, . • ■.,,,• ■'""•■; 
 If, Primiaiis ileelare war a;j;aiiist Ilamiver ami 
 
 ■'Ijiiiv 13 .film', 
 
 llMtiliraWv liianilVstoes issiie.l by Austria ami 
 
 ' Pnissia ' 1 7. lime, 
 
 lPni»iaili'Clai'es war, royal iiiaiiifest.i to the i.e.ii.l.' 
 
 I' iS.liin.'. 
 
 Iih!. PriHsiuiis iieeiijiy Hanover ami Hess.'-Oissel, 
 
 ; sawiiv au'l Nassau . . . i6-2u .lime, 
 
 iTir .liis'tiiiiii ii.iitlierii army eiit.'is Silesia. iS .1 line ; 
 
 I Milif.|liVllii'Sax.insal..iut . . . i.j.lune, 
 
 IvJitlv all' till' iiertliei'ii states .(.en Trussia aii.iiit 
 
 '■ 2j.llllle, 
 
 iPriii.'i' Fiwleriek Charles ami the first nriiiy, ami 
 
 'Ik aiiiiv i)f tlie Ellie enter Holieiiiia, 23 .Iiiiie: 
 
 vnt.iri.nis ill s.'Veie .•iiL.'ai.'eiiii'iits at l.iebenaii, 
 
 hniaii aii.l I'mloll, 2(> .liiiie : Iliihm"\ .sser, 27 
 
 Juno Muii.luii^'ratz, 28 .lull.' ; Gifs.'hin. 29.111111', 
 
 Infviowiii.iiii.v ami these. I army (..f .silesia) 
 
 iiitd' liiili'-iina. 22 .lime; ii'inilseil at '1 raiitemiii. 
 2- Jiiiu'i viiMii.iiis at Soor ami Traiiten.iii, 28 
 
 .jllll,.; K..lligillll.if .... 2.) .lull.', 
 
 IllifliftciiliimiMif the ei'owii iinnee s army .l.'teat 
 
 ilif .\iistriaiis at Naehoil, 27 Jniie; Skaliez, 28 
 
 June; SiliMi'ins.'liaclel . . . 29 .June 
 
 |lratli'>svi.I..rv..rtln' llaiiov.'rians at I.aii;.'ensalza, 
 
 i;Jum': tlii'V .aiiitiilate to tin' l'nissi.uis,29 .June, 
 
 ICimumiiii'.iti.'iis opeiu'il between the tw.i armies, 
 
 3.j.)uiie, 
 
 llliecommaiul assiiineil by the kiiij; . i .Inly. 
 
 iBiUk'uf K"iiiK,'nitz. or .'Saclowa ; total ib't'eaf of 
 
 I !',. .Uistiiaiis nii'ler lieiieilek . . .3. Inly, 
 
 iBt'i.'ltk siii.i'r.wli'.l bv the arelnluke Allireeht, 
 
 ■ 8 July, 
 
 Cami«ipi of tin' army umler Vc)j,'el von Kalki'ii- 
 
 stt'iu against the army of the eonfe.leration, 
 
 un.leri.riiiiTs Charles of liavaria ami Alexamler 
 
 of Hesse; I'liissian victories at Wieseiithal ami 
 
 Drriubach, 4 July; llaniniellmi'!,' ami Kissiii;.'e]i, 
 
 10 July, 
 Alvance of tlic iiniteJ nrinies unjer the kin;,'; 
 avalrj' skirmish at liiuir ; Au9ti'iiUi.s retire. 
 
 10 July, 
 Priiii'e Frederick Clinvlcs eutera Brtlnn, capital of 
 
 Moravia 12 July, 
 
 fampniDii on 111' M'liiie: Prussian vietories at 
 
 kutaoh, 13 July, ami A.si'lialteiiburg 14 .Inly, 
 
 liie meinber.s of tiic German iliet retire from Kraiik- 
 
 tcrt to Augsburg 13 .Inly, 
 
 AustriaiisiMeate.i at Tobitseliaii . . 15 July, 
 Ftanktortoci'iiiiieil by Falkeiistein . . 16 July, 
 Seveni light at liluiiiuiiau stoppud by the newsot an 
 
 arniistice 22 .July, 
 
 rrehmiiiaries of peaee signed at Nikolsburg, 
 
 26Jnly, 
 
 ilhe Prussians oooupy Wiesljaden, 18 July ; vie- 
 
 toriousatTuiitxThisehofslieim, Uoehhau.seii, Wer- 
 
 bath. sjjiily ; Neubruiin, Uelmstailt. Oerseheim, 
 
 25 July; Wiirzhurg, 28 July; arniistice Kiaiited, 
 
 30 July, 
 
 [The army rcvieweil by the king fifteen miles troin 
 
 Vieiin.i, 31 luly; liegin their return lioine, i Aug. 
 
 Fraucoiiia oceuiiieil by the Prus.siiin army of reserve, 
 
 under the gram 1 Juke of Mecklenbui'g-Schwerin, 
 
 23 July-i Aug. ; arinistices granted 1-3 Aug. 
 
 The diet at .\iigsbiir;,' reeo;,'iiisi'.l the dissolution of 
 
 the Oermanii' e.iiileiler.'itioii . . 4 Aug. 1866 
 
 Hohemia ami V..i,ivia eli'ar.'.l by . . iS .Uig. ,, 
 
 The treaty of pea. .■ sigiii'd at l'ra,L'iie . 23 .\iig. ,, 
 Meeting of sj ial eominittee of the eliamler of ile- 
 
 puties ; eo.st ol the war stated, 88,ou.j,ooo .lollars, 
 
 29 Aug. ,, 
 Peace with Wiirteniburg coiielmle.l, 13 .\iik. ; wltli 
 
 Haileii, 17 Aug. ; with liavaria, 22 Aug, ; witli 
 
 Ilesse-Darmsta.lt (ceding Hesse-Cassel, iicsse- 
 
 lloiubui'g, itc.) 3 Sept. ,, 
 
 I'^u•lll.'ltioll of the North German coiifeileratioh (see 
 
 Ci'riifiiiii) \ug. „ 
 
 Indeiuiiity bill for the ministry p.isse.l . S Sept. ,, 
 Kiitryofthearmy into Uerliii ; I'lilliK^instir mriili'iii, 
 
 20 Sept. ,, 
 D.'crie for tlie auuexatioii of llam.ver, Kb' tor.il 
 
 Hesse, Nassau, ami Kiaiiklort . 2. j Sept. ,, 
 
 Possession taken of ll.iii. ivcr, 6 Oct. : of llc>si', 
 
 Nassau, ami Piaiikbul . . . . SOit. ,, 
 Treaty of p. '.lie with s.ix. my . . 21 Uct. ,, 
 ■,:l.'it.iral l.iw l.ir new German parliament pi lib 
 
 g:iteil at lierlin .n Oct. ,, 
 
 Prussian cliambers re.isscmbh' . . ,12 .\uv. ,, 
 S'hh'swig ami H..istein incuporaleil with Prussia 
 
 by del rei' ; pr.iiiuilgated 24 .laii. 1867 
 
 ('liambeis dosed 9 Keb. „ 
 
 North IbTiuaii parliament meet at Iliilin. 24 l-'cb. ; 
 
 a.loiit a feilcral eiiiistitiilion ; clo>e.l . 17 April, ,, 
 Prussian chanibi'is i.peiie.l by the kinc; 2y April, ,, 
 Tliey a'ccpt the N..rlli (b'rnian c. institution (sacri- 
 
 liciiig Prii-^-.',aii civil rights to German iiiiitv), 
 
 8 May, „ 
 I.uxenibouig (pie,.,tiiiii sctth'.l by a cuifereuci' at 
 
 Ijondon (see /,'irc/a/(..in;/) . . 7-11 M.IV, ,, 
 
 The king visits Puis; leaves it . 14.111111', ,, 
 
 The Prii.ssiau ehaiiibcrs approve North (ierin.iu 
 
 coii.stitutiou ; closed by the king. . 24 June, ,, 
 The new Prussian parliament opened bv the kiii^-, 
 
 15 Nov. „ 
 Treaty with the United States respecting naturalisa- 
 tion of aliens sigueil at IJcrlin. . 22 Kcb. i36S 
 Th" parliamciit closi'.l .... 29 Feb. ,, 
 .\lucli of the king of Hanover's property seipics- 
 trati'.l, on account of his maiiitiiining a Haiio- 
 
 veiiaii legion, ^c .March, ,, 
 
 Prince Napoleon Jerome visits lierlin ; hit, March, ,, 
 Noi'tli German iiarliaineiit opened bv the king, 
 
 23 March, „ 
 Count Hism.iiik .bh'ate.l in the N.irtli German 
 
 parliaiucnt ; his bill with.lrawn . . 22 .Vpril, ,, 
 Kniihf il'ifli'liii, a n.ibl.' ii'oii.'la.l, origiiiallv coii- 
 sti'iictc.l birth.'siillan by .Mr. K. Heed, the chief 
 constructor of the liiitish admiralty, bought by 
 Prussia, launched al lila.kwall . . t$ -Vprii, ,, 
 Customs' |iarl:aiiieiit at lierlin . 27 A]ii'il-23 .May, ,, 
 21 Hanoverians c'luvicte.l of incipient treason 
 
 against Prussia ..... 20 .May, ,, 
 Count villi liismarck'steiniioi'arv retirement througli 
 
 ilMie.illh lime, 
 
 North Geriuan parliaiiieiit elosed by the king, 
 
 20 June, , 
 Workmen's congress at Berlin, to promote ceiilrali- 
 
 satioii 26-29 f^i'Pt. ,, 
 
 Prussian ehamber openel with a imciflc speech 
 
 from the king 4 Nov. ,, 
 
 Oiiposition ill tile eliambers ; violent speech of the 
 
 minister, la'oiiliar.lt 1 l>ei'. ,, 
 
 Hisimirck, recovered, returns to lierlin . 8 Dec. ,, 
 The property of the king of Hanover seiiiiestrated 
 
 for his op|iositioii 15 Pen. 1869 
 
 The parliament closed .... 6 .Marcli, ,, 
 The Prussian army exercised in mameuvring at 
 Stettin, Konigsberg. &c. in presence of the king, 
 I *l't' „ 
 
 ' The parliament meet, 6 Oct. ; rejects the propo.sal 
 
 l,.rdisarinament 21 Oct. ,, 
 
 I The crown prince visits Vienna . . .7 Oct. „ 
 
 Prince LeopoM, of Hohenzollern-Sigmariiigeii, coii- 
 I Bents to become candidate for the throne of Spain, 
 
 about s July 1S70 
 In couseiiueuce of the virulent oppo.sition of the 
 French governinent he, with the king's consent, 
 relimiuishes the candidature . . 12 July, ,, 
 The French government reijuiring gu'irantees from 
 the king against the future, the .liiug repulses 
 and declines to receive the French minister, 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 J 
 
 I I 
 
 
 •1 
 f I 
 
 <i ? ," lij 
 
 M r 
 
 ! .'im; 
 
 ii a 
 

 
 PRUSBIA. 
 
 894 
 
 PBU8SIA. 
 
 tienedvtti, 13 July ; and UxmH a clrculiir to Ilia 
 repri'Hi'iitiitivfs at fmviK" ii'iiitH . 15, Inly, 1870 
 
 Tlie fiiiin'mr nf tlif Fivncli ilijulaiTa fur wiir, 
 
 15 ''Illy, „ 
 Till' Xiiitli (iiMiiian ]>ai'llaiiu'nt nifct, ,anil vutt' to 
 
 Mii|i|niit I'lussiii 19. Inly, ,, 
 
 rioclaMiiitinn ul' tlic kiiin, Kiantinu "anincsty for 
 IKilitical iilti'iiics," mill "acii'iitint; tin' liiittli' I'or 
 till' ili'fi'mi'iif till' l'iitli('i'Ianil,".u. Inly ; anillotlie 
 army, iinili'itnking tliu loiiinianil of the whole 
 
 army 3 Auk. „ 
 
 For the I'Vi'iits of the war sci' Fniiiin-l'i'in^Kiiiii iVai: 
 
 Onli'Vofthi' " hon fross " (ilistrilmtcil in Ilii' war 
 
 of iSij) ii'vivi'il ; Kivi'" III till' iioWM iiriiii'i' for 
 
 his vii'tory at Wissi'mliiim>; on . . . 4 Ann, 
 
 I'rnssian bi.'<lioi« iirutcsl against infalliliility of thu 
 
 liojic cnil of Ang. 
 
 Clri'at rcjoiiinK lit lii'rliii, ifci'., at tliu .inm'iiili'r of 
 
 tl iii|ii'ror N'aiioliiiii . ,1 >^t'lit. 
 
 Miiiiiih, Stiitlpinlt, ami othiT siiiithi'm I'itii'S, ile- 
 
 maiiil union with Xortli lii'i'iiiaiiy . 6 Si'|it, 
 
 >I. Jai'oliy aiTi'nti'il at Kiiiii};slii'ig liy Von Fah'ki'ii- 
 
 st('iiifors|i('akinj,'.'ij,'ainst thu annexation of Alsaee 
 
 anil Lorraine .... early in .Si']it. 
 
 Hestrii-tion on ilenioriatii' meetings veseimleil liy 
 
 gen. Von Fahkenstein .... 7 Oet. 
 
 llerr Twesieii, the lilii ral oiijionent of govenmient 
 
 in the ehantlier, ilies . . . .1.1 Oct. 
 
 •laioliv anil ntlier lilienils released liv rojal ileerce 
 
 (.lai'oliy died 7 Maivh, 1877) . aluuit afillet. 
 
 Klei'tion of new iiarliament, Nov. ; oiieiieil with 
 
 siH'eeh |troiiiisini< internal reforms, 14 Ih-e. : aris- 
 
 toeratie address fioni the (leers eonKi'atiihitinj^ 
 
 the kill}; us nominated eiiijieror (ste Hciiimhji), 
 
 21 Dee. ,, 
 The king iirnclainied einiicror of Geniiaiiy at Ver- 
 sailles iSJaii. 1871 
 
 The Prussian |iarliaiiii'iit elosed . . .17 Fell. ,, 
 The enil'i'ior arri\es at Berlin. . . 17 Mareli, ,, 
 The new iniiierial diet o|ieiied at Berlin 21 Man-li, ,, 
 liismarek ereated a ininee ... 22 Manh, „ 
 The czar arrives at Herliii . . 8 .luiie, „ 
 
 Triiiiii|ihal entry of the (iernian army into Derlin ; 
 iiiaiit,'iiration of the statue of Frederiek William 
 
 III 1 6. 1 line, „ 
 
 The liisliii|i of F.rmeland exronimuniialis Dr. Woll- 
 ner for denying the jmiie's iiifiiUiliility, 5 .Inly ; 
 .simihir aets disa|iiiroveil by the governnient, 
 
 •Inly, „ 
 The imjierial jirinee and iiriiieess arrive in London, 
 
 6. Inly, ,, 
 Convoeation of the uvangelieal eliunli at Uerliii, 
 
 2 Aug. „ 
 Mei till); of the Iiarliament . . . 27 Nov. ,, 
 Von .Muhler, iiiinisler of luililie iiistruetion, nltra- 
 
 imiservative, fori'i'd to resign . . 17.11111. 1872 
 
 L'leriial interfereiiee with sehools o]i|ioseil in the 
 
 |iarliaiiieiit 8-10 Fell. ,, 
 
 ■Meeting of (leniian Jirinees at Berlin on the eiii- 
 
 I'l'ior's liirthday .... 22 Manh, ,, 
 The new "national eiiiiservative [larty " formed, 
 
 ulioiit May, „ 
 T.awforex|iulsion of the .Iesiiit<, |iiililislieil s.Iiily, ,, 
 Memorial to Von Mtein, the siatesnnm (see 1807), 
 
 at .Nassau, inaugurated . . . 9 July, „ , 
 
 Government dis|iiiti's with the H. C. elergy sup- 
 ]iortiiig iia|ial infalliliility ; the liishop of Eriue- 
 laiid's salary iirdeied to lie siis|iended, froui 1 Ort. ,, 
 
 The governnienl dileated in the house of ] rs on 
 
 thedistriet administrations hill (145 -iS)(tlii' lull 
 would deprive the peers nl' imweriii the provinees 
 liy granting represeiitativ to thepea.sants in the 
 loeal assi'lnlilies) . ... 31 Oet. ,, 
 
 The iiarliainentary session elosed, i Nov. ; re- 
 opened, government tirin ... 12 Nov. ,, | 
 
 24 IH-w peels ereated 2 Dec. ,, 
 
 The jirineiple of the reform bill passed bv the jieers i 
 
 (114-87) 7U«'. „ i 
 
 Bisinare.k resigns the jiresideney ; continues the 
 
 foreign department ; announced j8 Dec. ,, 
 
 Count Boon to be chairman of the ministry Dec, ,, 
 Great tinaneial jirosperity ; surjilus revenue said to 
 
 be 107,000,000 thrtlerb (j». eai h) . . . ,, 
 
 Declaration of the R. 0. ni'cliliisho|is of Cologne 
 and I'osen against proposed legislation oncliurch 
 
 artairs Feb. 1873 
 
 Bubjeetion of thechurili to the stale allirnii"l by 
 the legi.slatiiie .... 12 March, ,, 
 
 Laws Introduced by M. Fiilk, niinistir nt iiuiii. 
 
 worshi|i, establishing a royal triliiiii.dnf !,.,,! ' 
 
 tical alfairs, in opposition to the aiitlmiiiv (,r I'l' 
 Iiope, (J Jan. ; passed. . 11 M 
 
 The emperor 11 guides the "oUiCatlii'li,'." i„,i;';V ' 
 
 Ueinkeiis, abiint . . "' '""'"^'il 
 
 Letter from the pope totlie emperiiriiiiMi.luni.',, ,','''# 
 the eeelesiastieal iiroseentions, ami ainntin'.V 
 authority over all baptized iiersmis. 7 Vn,. ".'i'' 
 emperor r-tilies .instifying them, ,iiiirn,„.j.i '"! 
 that there is no mediator between iii.il in.i „ 
 but Jesus Christ . . . . , >' 
 
 Parliament dissolved, 11 Oct.; mv.- i.inlim,.,'!; 
 eleeteil ^"; 
 
 The eiii]ieror visits Vienna . . |,"(|".,' 
 
 Arehbishiip Ledoehowski of Poseii liiieil'f„ril„.,l,' 
 eiiing to exeiimmunieate a priilVssiir ; a:,.; ;„.,.|' 
 bisliii]i Melehi'is lined forlnstitutiii^j l'ril'^ls^^ill, 
 out giiverniiii'iit permission . 111 
 
 The pope (by letter) eneouragea arelihui,,',), | „j, 
 I hiiwski to resist . . . , i;,^^. 
 
 Parliament (i|ienei| 1 (votes for giiveriii'ii'iit".,' ', 
 o|ipiisitiiiii, 121) ..... ,;jJm' 
 
 Governiiient defeated in attempt to restrirt the 
 press; the ultramontaiies join the I'lijiimiti.n, 
 
 A new oath of iniplieil oliedienee to tin; sim,. ,,'||,. 
 posed for the elergy ; the civil marriage lull |.,ii„.,i 
 
 Several bishops fined for dLsobeilieiiee to tlir law 
 
 Archbishoii Ledoehowski iiiiiirisoned, 
 
 prived 
 
 Serious illness of Bismarck, Manh 
 
 IVl., 
 
 ■5 .M'ul, 1 
 I'l-i'iivirinn 
 
 ■hlUr, 
 
 ■■mtliiiHly f.f 
 I'.lirll 
 
 '. lil'.- 
 .M,iy, 
 14 'liiiif, 
 
 Xew eecIeHiastical laws, restraining 
 bishojis, with punishment for di.sol 
 mulgiited 
 
 Van der Ileyilt, statesman (see iSe..) die; 
 
 Martin, bishop of Paderborn, lesists the en Iisjm, 
 tii'idlaws lo.iiijy 
 
 BisMinrck wounded by Kullmaiin, afanaticalniniii'r' 
 near Kissingcn n.luiv 
 
 Catholic associations in Berlin cinscd j, .Juiv' 
 
 Bishop of Pnderborn, sniiimoneil to rfsi;:ii, ivfusi'V 
 7 Sept. ; sentenced to imprisonment for .si'.liii.ii 
 
 ':l Si'liI 
 
 Launch of the iron-dad Frietlrich der Grosse at Kifl, 
 in the jiresence of the i'ni|ieror . joSojit 
 
 Arrest of count Harry Arnim and ciiiiiiiii'iiiPnt iii 
 Beiiin for n'fnsiiig to give iiji dneiiiin'iits sent in 
 him as ambassador, 4 Oct. ; for illin^s iv1.;i,m'J 
 on bail, 28 Oct. ; again arn'sted . 12 Xnv. 
 
 Kullmann sentenced to 14 years' iniprisnmiu'iit uiiit, 
 
 Ciiivernment defeated in parlianieiit mi 11 Iniik imte 
 I'ill lONov. 
 
 Ultnimontaiies attack Bisnian'k in paihaiiii'iit ■ he 
 '■' plies ^i)„. 
 
 Bisii.in'k's i.ndfered resignation not aeei'iileil 
 
 17, i81)ff. 
 
 Arnim's trial, g Pec. ; convicted of iii;ikiiij,' iiway 
 with ecclesio-iiolitical documents; ;iei|iiitliil n'f 
 other charges ; sentence, 3 months' iiiipii.siiiiiin'iit 
 
 19 lli'f. 
 
 Catholic bishoiis and jiriests imprisoui'il fur infiai- 
 tioii of eeelesiastieal laws , .lai,, 
 
 Di'inivatlon of the bislmii of Paderlmrii 5,laii 
 
 Parliament opened 6 Jan. 
 
 Civil marriage adopted by the )iarliaiiiiiit 25.1311. 
 
 Kncyclical of the Jiope to the bishiips i'iii'Oiim;.'iiij.' 
 tirmiicss, protested against by the K. C. ili'imliis 
 of )iai'liameiit . . . ". . . 5 Fil.. 
 
 Kxportatiiin of horses imihibited . . 4 Mairh, 
 
 Ch'rieal coiitnil over parish funds taken away; hill 
 for depriving the H. C. clergy of state aiil liniujlit 
 in i6Mirii, 
 
 ■Mann of war with France arises . . .\|iril, 
 
 Prussian bishops at Fulda appeal to ilie ciiipfnir 
 against ecclesiastical legislation, 2 April ; lobuki'd 
 for not submitting to tlie law . . . q .April, 
 
 Visit of the czar to Berlin ; war jiaiiie in Eumpe, 
 10—13 M.'iy ; diplomatic interveiitinii of iln'at 
 Uritain leads to assurances of peace almut 24 M.iy, 
 
 Bismarck abolishes the aemi-ofllcial jiress 
 
 aliiiiit 26May 
 
 King and queen of Sweden arrivcat Heiliii 28 .May, 
 
 Ceiirge von Vincke, an eminent coiistitutluiialsUtes- 
 iii;iii, dies June, 
 
 i!j5 
 
u.e"„i,iaiiM.i,;-"uil!:;j:'''j| 
 
 
 PBUS8IA. 
 
 ' M- l^i'lk. iniuislcT .,f |,|,),iiT 
 liiKiiniyiiltviliini.iluf.v,!,.,, ' 
 
 liwitilill Id the illltliolity „r iii^ 
 
 ''"""' '■I'lpi'i''"' i|iUiiiiw " 
 
 ilTJSl'i'llllnjiS, iiihI .issi itili"":,,' 
 iKiptiZcd lll-rs.MH, 7 AllL' "ti,,. 
 
 istilyin- tlirni, .,ii.| i..«,.rtii„ 
 (■iliiit.ii- lii'twetiuj.uliiu,!,,,,,'; 
 
 il, II Oct.; iicv.- piur'aimiiJi " 
 , .\..v. 
 
 W8kli)f I'lmcii ll)ii'.lf„rtlir,!,i' " 
 nlcate ii imifi.ssnr ; a:,.l ar,,i' 
 iiwl f(irin»titutin-|iri,.,t,„iii, 
 niiissinrL , ,, 
 
 ciii'iiuniKi'n iiri'liliisliM], |,p,i„. " 
 
 ' J 1 ,.' ■ i N"V, 
 
 (votes Inl' KiiVi-lMlin.iit, J.J. 
 
 (I ill iittc'iiiiit t.j ii.s'trirt' t'hi " 
 loiitaiies join tlce iti"«ilinii 
 
 ■it ()l)C(lii;ll(Mi tip tin: .stiitr 1,10. " 
 
 V ; tlit'c'ivilniiiiTiiincli:ll],a„,.j 
 1 fur (lisuliolii'iii'i. In (]„. iijj. " 
 
 nvalii iiii|irisoiR'il, j hVI.. ; ,1,.. " 
 
 :,. ■,•,,•,• >5 Aliril, i!-, I 
 liiHiimruk, Miiirli ; iviovirinn 
 
 i , . •'I'"''. 
 
 laws, rcstrainni;.' .■nitlidiiiy lif 
 isliment for (lisiilu'.lifiin', im.. 
 
 ■ ,• ■ ■ ■ Mav, 
 '.small (sec i86.>)ilics 14 .lim', 
 uluiljoni, lesisls Iln- mli .s|aj'. 
 
 •,.•„■ • • lo.lulv, 
 y hiilliiiami, a fanatical fii.i|,er_ 
 
 n.liilv, 
 1 in Hfilin diiscd 2', ,ii,]y^ 
 , siiiiinioned tci iT.sif;a, rcfiisfV 
 I to iiiiiirisoiiiiit'iit fur seditiiai 
 ^1 Sitt. 
 lad Frialrich de.r limse at Kirl, 
 llic ciiijicrnr . 2oSp|it,' 
 Ty Arniiii and cnniiiiciiicni h, 
 
 til f,'ivc uji dni'iuilcnts mittn 
 <r. 4 Oct. ; fur illness relca.soJ 
 train arrested . 12X11V. 
 
 t"i4years'iiii|irisuniiienli,iilii, 
 1 ill parliament mi a bank iiiiie 
 
 lO Nov. 
 
 k liisniarck in pinliaint'iit: lie 
 
 4 lite. 
 
 I resiipiatiou nut ai'ce)ilfil 
 
 17, 18 \kc 
 : ; cniivictcd of niakiiiK awac 
 ical dcicnincnts; ac.|Mi||,.J e'[ 
 leiicu, 3 iiiDutlis' iiiiiirisiiiiiiifnt 
 
 19 Deo. „ 
 
 liriests iniiirisoiied fdriiifrae- 
 al laws . Jan. iSj; 
 
 islmii of Padeilimn 5 Jan. „ 
 
 16 Jan. „ 
 
 ■d hy the jiarlianieiit 25 Jan. „ 
 ;ie to the liishojis eiieourapiii; 
 
 against liv tlic K. IJ. deiratirs 
 
 5 Full. „ 
 
 s prnhiliited . . 4 Marfli, „ 
 jparish funds taken away; liili 
 .. C. clergy of state aid Imiiijilit 
 
 10 Man li, „ 
 i'aiie(^ arises . Aiiril, „ 
 
 Fulda ajipeal to Hie ciii|ipror 
 al leKislation, 2 April ; ri-'lmkeil 
 to the law . . . g Aiiril, „ 
 Berlin; war panic in Euri)|ie, 
 iniatic, intervention iif litfat 
 urances of peace .ibout ^4 May, „ 
 lie seiiii-ollleial jiress 
 
 ahoiit 26 May „ 
 ,'eden arrive at licilin 28.May, „ 
 1 eminent eonstitntioiial states- 
 Juiic, „ 
 
 1875 
 
 PRUSSIA. 896 
 
 iMtAnilra'n new trial, 15 Jniie ; verdict, eonlirin. 
 
 p|ff"Si'«"'''" "' *''* '>'"''"''» • ai"ioii'»i'i''' ^ 
 
 I, ,„,,], .,f the ll'i/ftWai, iron-clad . . 17 Nepl. ,, 
 [f;;;;. ||,-i,;'r-liishop of Ureslau, sentenced ^,de■ 
 
 f""'t!",r warnily receivcnl l,y the KiiiK'of'ltaly 
 * S' ,(|inii<''' Hisniarck too 111 togo) ,8-2., ( let. „ 
 
 ' : ',f Veil .Stein (see 1807 «(«.«•) iiiaii..inialed 
 |*,,,|,,, ei'ciwn iirincc .... ■-■fi Oct ,, 
 L;;,,a, railiaiiii'i't opened liy the emper.pr ; llriii 
 P''7',;.ille speech reail . . . . 27 Oct. „ 
 L.'jJI.rlium count Ariiini rebutting accusations ^lii 
 
 , ''''{'"'l""i,rosecii'led for treason in a pamphlet 
 ' n ,1 H.1 " I'M Nihilo," puldished at Zurich Nov. „ 
 
 li^S'liHoiieneil .6 Jan. .876 
 
 'uiteil deficiency ill revenue of aliiiiit =,500,000?. 
 -"*" aliout 2? .Ian. ,, 
 
 . Ii,,i,|,„ji I.edocliowski released from prison (pro. 
 
 ^„,l,t«R"iiiiO ■ , ■ , ■ ■ ■„ *,'■''■''■ " 
 T„ eaW's" visits Kngland . 3 .May-, mie, „ 
 
 p,;,l»meiit dissolved, 14 Oct. ; lil.eral nnyority m 
 
 'i„w iiarliaiiieiil 
 
 PKUSSIA. 
 
 27 Oct. 
 
 1878 
 
 |Ti,„ini.erorndehnitesliiS7otliinilitaryaiiiiivi.rsary, 
 ,1,111 ; riu'ldieth anniversary hirtliday 22 .Ian. 1877 
 
 b:X;Slo,iE.iste™,,uestio,,(,.n,J^^^^^^ " 
 'k «ia,liniiccOortschakoir,and count Andiassy . 
 ", .1 |,;;i| . . 11,12 M.iy, ,, 
 
 Prin'e'Bisuiari'k's resignation not ae.vpted ; lie 
 ™,iwtciiiporarily for his health . . April, „ 
 
 |c™iitEiileiil'ni/M'"li<'V '"*";'»'"*>■■■''.'' "'•'■.'■'"';!"'■ 
 
 ■'■,, Lspriiiir Hisniirck ; the couni s iv^unation 
 
 Ii„t'acceiit.d; lie is granted six ncuths' al.^cnce, 
 
 Pirli.iiiientopene.1 ; loan for military puri.o.scs pro- 
 
 I R».liiti'iii9 nsl^iiii*' government di-fcated in parlia- 
 iiifiit tliriiiigli promised adiiiinistralive <-'_iHjK';J. 
 
 I p-inw liisniarck resumes his active duties as chief 
 „r miuistrv, 15 Fell. : in the Cierm.iu parliament, 
 yserts strict neutrality and non-iuterlerence 
 »itli Russia In the Kastern ipicstioii . v) Kel). 
 I Jlniiiterial ciisis : resignation of Camiihausen, 
 tome iiiiiiister .... 6 March, ,, 
 
 I Ministry iiusettled ''I'l). .. 
 
 I |l",M (1 ailed l.eliinaiO. a socialist, fires at the eni- 
 
 Irrnrandiiiisses, at lierlin ... . 1 1 M.iy, ,, 
 I Tliffini'erer wounded liy shots by Ur. Noinliug, 2 
 June; griuhially recovered . . Junc-Seiit. ,, 
 
 H<lcle\ iteil at Berlin . - 16 Ann. ,, 
 
 (smu- ef Fivdeiick-William III. unveiled liv the 
 r™wr"rat('"lo.;iie .... 2ft Sept. ., 
 
 Icount Ariiiiiiliiililislies "Quid faciainiis 110s V .Jan. 1879 
 I Jlarriafe "f princess [, niise Marg.iivt of I'ru-sia to 
 
 thHiliikeefL'oiinaiiglit . . i3Mar.-h, ,, 
 
 |Tli>-rtni«'Mr'si;iildeiMVeilding kept 11 dune, ,, 
 
 hviv I'arliaiueiit opened by the emperor (nrjority 
 
 I f„r l)i.*ina!vk) 23 O -t. ,, 
 
 |L-lterfi"nitluMiop' to Melcliers, aliii. of Cidou'in-, 
 Meiiinieiilin-'S ilciiissi.m of names ol' iPi-icsts to 
 111.' ,'.iv.TOiiieiit. dated .... 24 Fell. i38o 
 JEalesiistieal law-i (Falk) aniendmeut liill, pro- 
 ranted liy iirinei' liisniarck ; iiiu -h disi-nsse I, 
 M.iv ; ]iassod (iiiiimed ; 206-202) . 23 dune, ,, 
 
 |P,ir',;:im''nt iip'Mcd 28 Oct. ,, 
 
 1 1:.,' i.«iiii on the social mnvenicnt ag:iinst the .Tews 
 
 tliriiiyli.iealDiisy; no vot^ . . 20-22 Nov. ,, 
 I AttiSi'milic le.igii" very active ; much opjiosed by 
 I the prinee iniiierial and others . Jan. 18S1 
 
 |Ihe minister of the interior, count Kiilonlnirg, re- 
 signs through oll'euce of prince Bisni irck, 
 
 about 19 Feb. ,, 
 |Prinee Willi.im, grandson of the emp-ror and of j 
 
 ipieen Victoria, mirried to princess Augusta Vie- 
 UiriaiirSrhleswiKHfilst.dn . . 27 Feb. 
 
 iDsatli lit .mint Aruim at Nice . 19 May, 
 
 lllr. Kilis Knriiin noniinated bi.sliop of Treves, at 
 I Riiiiie: apprnvctl by Bismarck . 14 Aug. i7 sv";. 
 iRtramesiiriiliis iinnonnced . . . 18 Jan. 
 iBismirrk'a Uibaceo bill rejected by his economic 
 
 I miineil 21 March, 
 
 lli'ieralsratherweakened by elections atiout 29 O -t. 
 iPrusjiectorreconciliation with the Vatican ; aruen J- 
 
 iiientH of the ecclesiastical laws of .Mav, 1873, 
 introdu 1 "s.luiie, 
 
 Bill iiassed : diet dosed 2 July, 
 
 llevival of the Prussian Coiiii, 11 of State, 'Jiecniwil 
 prince i.resident, royal laiiilly members i8 .liiiie, 
 
 I'arliiimcnt opined i:;Jan. 
 
 Iteath of prince Frederick (,'liarles, the •■ Hed 
 I'riiiee'agcd =,j m Jan. 
 
 Prince Charles Anthony llohenzollern-Signiaringen, 
 dies aged 7, 2 June, 
 
 (■eijcral Manleiidel dies aged 76 . . i7.Iiiiie, 
 
 Prof. (IniM acquitted of per.lury, 9 days' trial, 8 Oct. 
 
 Tweiity-lifth anniversiiry of the king's aeeession 
 eehdirated 3 ,Ian. 
 
 Prince Bismarck put s fori h his plan for tiernianizing 
 Poseii liy purchasing' I'olish estates to be settled 
 by (lernians ; i;.<xxi,o<»i(. to be raised for the 
 purpose. Feb. ; llually iiassed . . 7 April, 
 
 Bill for uTcally nmciniing the ei'cleslaslical laws 
 (see May, i^yO passed by the apjier /iok.w, 
 
 1 1 April, 
 
 Political meetings withmil permission prohibited 
 by decree ,4 Mav, 
 
 Convention signed between Prussia and tin- Vatican 
 
 about I [ Aug. 
 
 The emperor's 90th birthday (adebrated at Berlin, 
 
 22 M.irch, 
 
 Prliipe Bismarck iiilrodiices Church and stale Hill, 
 softi'iiiiig Falck hiws .... Maridi, 
 
 Heath of enipi'ror William I.; succceiled bv his 
 sou Frederick III 9 March, 
 
 Amnesty for certain political oll'cnces proidaimeil, 
 
 !i M.irch, 
 
 Frineo Bismarck o|i))o.scs the ]iriiicct of a marriage 
 betweei. prince Alexander of Ball'iiberg and 
 princess Victoria of Prussia ; lavoured by the 
 emperor and empress; he wllhdraws his reslgna. 
 tion and the project deferred . early April, 
 
 Marriage of prince Ileiirv of Pro -sla and iirlucess 
 Irene of lle.ssc, grandchildren of ipicen Victoria 
 of Kngland ;i., May, 
 
 Parliamentary (piiniiueniilal bill iiromuigaled, 
 
 7 .luiie, 
 
 Peatli of emperor Frederick III ; succeedeil bv his 
 son William II i,; ,hine. 
 
 Publication ill the n,'iil.vhc lliiiiil.^i'lctii (Oct.) of 
 allcL'cd extracts from the diary of the empei'Dr 
 Frederick III., when crown prince asserting that 
 it was he wliosu-gestedthc niilly of (lemiaiiy and 
 till' em pi re. wilhothcrst.-itenicnts; said hy prince 
 Bismarck at first to be apocrvplial and after, 
 wards to be notes falsllled and coloured ; the 
 Work ordcreil to be prosecuted for iinbllsbing 
 
 state secrets Sept. 
 
 ffhc books were found locked up In the house at 
 .San Henio where the crown prince resided : the 
 diary co'itains details of the war with France, 
 iS7.>-i : it was stated that the books were 
 uiveii or .shown by llie inincc to baron von 
 Hoggcnbacdi, the Baden slatc.sman.j 
 
 Dr. (lelleken arrested at Ilaiiibiirg 29 Sept. 
 
 A part of the prince's diary published in the /viWcr 
 /"■'"«;/ Sept. 
 
 The K/ihihrhr /fifnii'i 16 Dec. accuses the British 
 aiiibass,ailiir at St. i 1 :-sbiirg (sir Holierl IS. 1). 
 Morler) when rlunvr ./'c/oi/i.s at Dannstadt, of 
 giving informal loll to marshal B.iailne of the 
 movements of the Prussian army in 1870. .Sir 
 Itobert writes to count Herbert Bismarck re- 
 lielling the charge (and sends a letter from the 
 niarshil tohim.self tothesamccirecl) 19 Dec. The 
 count refuses 25 Dec. i3S3. Sir Ilobert publishes 
 the eorrcspoiideiice in the 'I'imix, 4 Jan.; ninch 
 discussion iMisiies Jan. 
 
 Dr. Ocllckeu aeipilttcd of criminal intents, 7 Jan. 
 
 Prince Bismarck iiublislies the indlctnnnt an I 
 evidence 16 Jan. 
 
 The king of Italy, his .son, and signor Crispi at 
 Berlin 21-26 May, 
 
 Death of the empress AugusUa, 7 Jan.; gr.-.nd 
 fiineml II Jan. 
 
 The eniperor-kin<_' convokes the cmincil of st.ate 
 respecting the working-classes, see (Icnnanu and 
 llfrlin, 4 Feb. ; delivers an address ; propositions 
 considered 14-28 Feb. 
 
 Prince Bismarck resigns the ntllces of premier and 
 firei,'ii minister. i3 March; su"ceeiled by gen. 
 (i.-orge von Caprivi . . about 20 March, 
 
 1883 
 
 18S4 
 1885 
 
 1 83 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 '"3r!f, 
 
 I i 
 
 i^.;t 
 
 . Mm, 
 
 IL 
 
 i' ' 
 i' 1 
 
 (el 
 
 I I ) 
 
 I I I 
 
 'fJil 
 
 1890 
 
m'Q^ 
 
 i^' 
 
 11 ' r 
 
 I '.'. 
 
 fiiiii J) J4 
 
 n 
 
 
 \>^'i 
 
 
 ) ••; 
 
 r ' 
 
 
 ? I' 
 
 i in 
 
 as 
 
 III 
 1 
 
 PKUSWIA. 
 
 Ui'iitli nrc'ijiiiil Miillki', Mil' '/ui'iKii.v ^4 Ami. iS^i 
 
 •SliielL iUh' iixKiiiii rill III!' |>iiiiiary nliii'iitliin lilll. 
 wlilvli I'iKii'tH, lliMl in III! HchiniN hi>ih>' liiriu iil' 
 L'lii'lstliiiiity hIiiiiiIiI III' liiu;,'lit, tu I'uniUii.'ii'l 
 HuciuliMin ; i'i'ikI llrst limi' , . , jo.laii. 1899 
 
 MililHttii'iiil I rixln III K'l.itlHii to the citili'ntliiti lilll ; 
 count Ciiiunl ri'»l(;ii» lli>' in-ciiili'iKlilp, l'i;t ii'- 
 limliiH t'iii'i'it.'ii liiliilntrr uiiil I'liaiK'tlliir 'if tlii< 
 eiillilru 2:; Miircli, ,, 
 
 Count IJiitliii villi Knli'iiliiiiv birnini'i lui'iniiT 
 
 J4 Miiicli, ,, 
 
 'J'lii' ({iivi'niini'iil H il liil 111 w till' I'll iii'ntii III liill.iiUnil 
 
 j3 .Maic'li, „ 
 
 Certain lirivili';.'r« nl' tin' imliilit.v nlinlislu'il wltli 
 L'uni|it'nHatiiin M'ty, ,, 
 
 Uluc'kiiux t'lilili'iiiic ill Enul I'l'iis^iu; iiinn.v Hi/i'Ik. 
 
 7 Miiii'li, 1S9J 
 
 liniiiirtiiiit I iiiiiiiiiiiiiil taMitinii bill, liitrinliicfil hy 
 Dr. .Miiini'l, lui.-.'.cil .... 3. Inly, ,, 
 
 KiiTliniis liir ilii' ilii't (luwi'i- limisi'). lillli' I'liaiiKi-ii 
 lioiii Unit of lESS . . . ji Oi't -7 Xciv. „ 
 
 Olit'liihK 111' lliH illi't, 16 .Inn. 1^9). sfi' KiiiiiijahiKi 
 1894. 
 
 KcslKnatiiiii of coiint KiiIi'IiIiuik, ini'-iili'm iif tin' 
 
 coiiiu'il. 26 Ort. ; Hiici- li'il Ia iniiici' Cluvis 
 
 vuii Iliilii'iiliilii' ; llcrr villi K"lliT iiiiiii>li'nir tin' 
 iiiti'iiiii 29(lft. i3o4 
 
 Ol)eniiiK"l Ilii'iliiM ; liuil;,'ii 3li'i\v> a ili'lli'iiMicy, 
 
 ; 15 .Ian. iSq5 
 
 law of iwwiciation (ann'inli'il) (a >;nvri'iniM'iit) liill 
 pasMi'il liy tin* dii't, JO .Iniit' ; ri'jiM'ti'il iiy tli'' 
 lowiM" liiiiiHi'. 24 .Inly, 1897; ilict closfl, i3 May, 139S 
 
 (*■!! (/. I iiliinll 1871 il "'I/.) 
 
 .M.\nKii,u i>, Ki.Krmn.s, I>iKi-i. Axn KiNiis, 
 
 .\l,\i:i.l( W l.s lilt M.KCIIilts iiK HKAM>»;NlR'il(i. 
 
 11J4. AIIhiI I., the ItiMi, IH>I rk'otoi' of bninUenlmii;. 
 
 1170. Olli" I, 
 
 1184. Otlin II. 
 
 ISOO. .MlilTl II. 
 
 I23I. Jnliii I. anil OIImi III. 
 
 1266. Jolin 11. 
 
 12S2. Oth.i IV. 
 
 1309. Walili-niiir. 
 
 1319. lli'iiry I. till' Yonn^'. 
 
 J320. llntiTri'unnni. I 
 
 132 (. i.onis I. Ill' Itavaiia. 
 
 1352. l.oiii.s II. till' Uoiiiaii. 
 
 JJ65. (Mini \'. the !Slll},'}:anl. 
 
 1373. Wcni'i'.sla.s. (if l.iixriiilinry. 
 
 1378. ISini«iiiiinil, of l.iiNi'iulinr.i; 
 
 1388. .Jo.i.siis. till' Hcarili'il. 
 
 I411. !Sij{isliilinil. a;:aill rlll|irl'iir. 
 
 1415. Knilirii'k I. of .Nni(iiilnTg(of tin.' IioUm' of HoIIEX- 
 
 Zol.l.KllS). 
 
 1440. Fii'ili'iic'k II.. snnianii'il Iroii.'iiili'. 
 
 1470. Allni't III. siii'ii.'iiiH-'l tilt' <it'niian Ai'liiUt'rt. 
 
 1476. Jiiliii HI. Ills sun : as luariiravi.' ; styU'il tlit; Cicerc 
 
 ortJt'iinany. 
 i486. .John III. as oli'itnr. 
 1499. Jiricliiin I. son of tlolin. 
 1535. Joacliini II. jtoisonL'it liy a Jew. 
 J571. Jolintii'orHi'. 
 J598. Joacliini-Fivili'rick. 
 1608. Johu-tjigisninnil. 
 
 DUKES UK PHt'SSIA. 
 
 1618. John Sigisninml. 
 
 1619. Geoi'Hi' VVilliiiin. 
 
 1640. I-'ri'ili rii'k-Williani. Ills son, tlii,> "Croat Elert or." 
 1688. Frcilrrii'k III., son of the iirei't'iliiii; ; erowneJ king, 
 18 .Ian. I7U1. 
 
 KINdS OF PRl'-SSIA. 
 
 1701. Froilcrii'k I. ; king; ilii'il. 
 
 1713. Freilerirk-Williani I., son of FroiU'rick I. 
 
 1740. Fri'.li'rick II. (or Fri'ilirick III. ; styloii the Great), 
 son ; nnule Prussia a military jiower. 
 
 1786. Frulinii'k-Williani il., ni'pln'W of the prei'dling. 
 
 1797. Freilerick-WiUiani III. (he hail to eontcinl against 
 the might of Napuleon. ami after extraorJinury 
 vieksaitnili's, he aided England in his overthrow), 
 died 7 .Iniie, 1840. 
 
 1840. Frederick William iV., son; born 15 Oct. 1795; 
 died. 2 J«n. 1861 
 
 1861. William I., lirotlier (born, 22 JInreh, 1797); pro- 
 clainied eniperor of Germany at Ver.suilles, 18 Jan. 
 1871); married iirincess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar, 
 II June, 1829; golden wedding kept, 11 June, 
 1879 ; died 9 March, 1888 ; she died 7 Jan. 1890. 
 
 m\ I'lSVCllUUMKTKll. 
 
 Fii'ilenck lII.(\Villiiini)i>on'. "ii,, , .,,,. 
 18 Oil. i8ii . (niairleil Vli'lmia i.i,,,,. 
 of Knglaiiil. J5 Jan. i8s«); dn'l '15 ,1,.,,, ' 
 
 Willlain Ii., sun ; born .7 Jan '1,1,, 11 1 
 
 lirlneess Augusta Vli'lork, ol,'Si'lil,,ttii,.ii, ,.',"' > 
 a; Feb. i8,ii); lirotlier, l|,.|,n, l,„„, ' ' ,?• 
 1862 (niarrieil princess Irein'oi n,.,,,, * iV'' 
 1 88a). ' "•■"•J' 
 
 Heir: William ; born 6 .May, 1S82. 
 
 PRT'SSIC 2VCir) (liydinivai.i, 
 
 - 1 . '''■ 'I'ili'. ,1'ri. 
 
 ili'ilt.illy discovered bv l)i.'«bii"h, 11 (iirmiiiiiluni'd 
 in 17CK), and first obtiiiiii'd iii u si'|,;ii';i||. ,|;„, ?' 
 Scbi'i'li' about l'>'il. It is colourli'.Hs j||,|.|[, ■ 
 pcai'b tbiwcrs, Ircczi's m 5" Fnhn nln it 
 vol.'itile, mill turns vr^rliible liliics iiil 
 water llistillril IVolil llle I 
 first iisn'iliiiiii'd tn III 
 .Miiddeii of l)uliliii; sec Jl/iic. 
 
 PllUTH. II river in Ad Maviii, the Imiiiiil;^ o[ I 
 Iiirkcy. I'eter llie s^rciit 1 ni>seil tin.' I'mil,, Va< 
 suirouiiiled by tlic 'I'lirks, and |ii>t niui'li liva, 
 vi'iitioii, J mil', i;il. 'I'bi' UiisMuih iri..wil 
 July, l8i;.5, and war ensued. 
 
 1. i.ri 
 
 ., , I''"'' !!lli'|.;i' 
 
 ves lit Ilie /r/i(,'„.,',.,„;„ 
 
 u most deiully ]ioia..ii (n jj, 
 
 I! 2 
 
 i iV 1 i.j\.i.y iri, 11 iiiMnisiniieoi i.iirniiii.iiiitiii;i;iv 
 eleiti'il I'loni 7.45 IM'- Ii" the ullice was iilidji,!!,,,; ,,;. 
 C'ypseluM, II (lespol, (15^ n.c. 
 
 P.S^VLMS OF DAVID were eolli.H,,! bv 
 ■Siilonion, icxxi H.t'. ; ollnrs mlileil, 5,^11 and ^i;iic, I 
 The Cliiireli of Kiinlanil 01 I Ver-i.'ii in im.ii, I'j 
 Stcrnliold ami Hopkins was piiblislied in i^y, tie 1 
 New Vcrsiim by 'late mid lirady in I'lijS. 
 The versiiin of Fiiiiieis Itoiis, in'ivost of Ktmi, Iim i.iii,. 
 lished in 1O41, Mas 01 deled to be ll^iil, h.v Ili('|iiiriijii„i,i I 
 ill 1646. It is the basis of the .•^loli ll VrMmi. hi,,,.)! 
 
 alipeaii'il ill 1650. The lllalllUl.^ nl l.nnu' |'iil'li,l,ri, 
 veisioii ill i«77. .Many other vei'siiiiis I'lililislini 
 Mr. W. K. (llail.sliines eilil inn of " The I'siUfr,' »,i!i 
 euneorilanee, >Vi'., piibli^heil. Maieh, i-;'^,. 
 
 PSEUDONYM LIUKAUY. a n.uno -!« 1 
 
 tn a series of lumks by euiilienl writersiii Mlii'lit!., | 
 iiiinii' of till' iiulilislicr was subslilnteil fur ihi: 
 tlie iiiitbor. Till' publicatiun began in iNyi, 
 
 P.SEUDOSCOPE (from ji.so,„h.i, fal<,.;, 11 
 name given by professor \\ lieatslinie (in Iij2' i.) | 
 till' stercoseopc, w lieu empliiv cil to priulmi' "ii'ii' 
 versions of relief," i.e., the rever.<e of tia' stiii" 
 senile : u terrustriill globe appears lil<e a k.\'..:i 
 lieiuisplierc. 
 
 PSYCHIC F( )liCE, sec Si.inUmlmi. 
 
 PSY'CllOLOUY, the ?eieueeiif tlii'H>ul;ii;d| 
 
 its phciiouieiia, studied by Aristotle. I'liiln. \\" \ 
 
 cartes, l.eibnitz, l.neke, llunie. Jaiiiir Mill, J.S. 
 
 Mill, Herbert Bpenecr, sir Win. Uaiiiilti'ii, .\us, | 
 
 Uain, and others. See Tilij) 'llni. 
 
 I'syeholngieal Society finindeil by serjl. Oix, 1875-;}. 
 
 I'riile.ssor Halfniir Stewart, Imd liaylei(;li, aii'i tlit I 
 bishoiis of Carlisle and Kipoii were iiii'iiiljirs, i.-IS. I 
 
 Society for l'.syeliolii;.'ieal Ke.si-ai-eli Ininiili'il, i-h. Ali | 
 meeting ofthe society, 29 Jan. 1897. |irul. Wiu, Cnjokts 
 (knt. 1S97), president, gave an ailihesMiii tlir piiiTji 
 ignorance of psychology, and lelerri'il lu fiuiiii' tf I 
 niarkable instances of scientilie iinatjiiiatioii lawka | 
 reasoning. 
 
 International congress of Kxiieriiiiental P.syclinii'i.'y, | 
 Paris, 1889; London, i Aug. 1892; Jluiiifli, 4 -H 
 1896. 
 
 Prof. Wm. James' " rrinciplos of Psychology," 1591, 
 
 PSYCHROMETER (froinps//f/(ro«, cold), an I 
 .ippiiriUii.'? for measuring the amount of ekrtlf ] 
 vapour in tlie atraosphere ; invented by Gay Liissic | 
 (1778-1850), and moditied by Kennault (about lA|S;. 
 An electric psyclironietcr was desciibedbyEdmonii 
 Becquerel, 4leb. 1867. 
 
 '•■*--..- .....iiwiii 
 
rcilUO.MKTKlt, 
 
 . (Wlllllllll) HCIIi, " t|„ , , 
 
 I , (iiimilcl Vlrln,:;,, |,||,„,,.„:,:;: 
 sun ; Imin .••? .Jjiii i-., ,", "' 
 
 6,): i;inti„.,ii,,„-,,i„„* ';;•.,;• 
 
 ir.l prilici'SH il'iMli' nl ll.'i,.., ' Ji '■ 
 
 II ; li'iiii 6 Mny, iSSj. 
 
 .CIl) (llvUiiHjiii.i, ,„,|j-^ ^^ 
 '",'> •"'"'"."■''."'"■rmuni'lH.iiiw 
 
 (llllllllll'd II; II «l'|jiir;|le «t:,|| , ,' 
 
 S2. ll U cildiirli'ss ,|iii,li, i, 
 
 (■f/fS 111 ;;" I'llllh iiliiii. i, i,',j 
 1 vr;,n'tnl)lu lihics ii,|,,i,i,; j,, ';, 
 
 III I lie IciivcH 111 llic /r/«(Vrf„il,„ 
 1 lie II iiKwt (li'iully ])oi».in bi l)r 
 1 ; Dvv Jl/itf. 
 
 vvr in MnUliivin, tin.. boniKlarv o' 
 he Ki-i'iit .nisscd tlin I'nilh.Va; 
 ^ TiirliH, mill l"-l uuiih l.yn, ,,. 
 'II. 'i'lif Uiis>i;in, iri,s,M,l i;'; 
 ur I'liHiii'd. 
 
 II iiiiiKi«triiti'ol'Ciiriiilli,umm,liv 
 I.e. till Ihr otHff WHS uliolisluii l/v 
 :, (i.S.S "■'■■ 
 
 V DAVID wi'iv follMi,,! tn 
 ■. ; (itlici's iidili'd, ^NuaiiJ^i^iic, 
 iinlaiid 01 I \ii--i"ii 111 iiMii, Q 
 ipkiii.s was pul.li.-lii.il i,, i-ij,, ^p 
 I'litr and Dnidy in [injii, 
 icis Huns, pi. HUM 111 Klmi, iiM,,i,i,. 
 suidi.ivdlulii'U>nl,liyilic|.iir|ijiirti 
 
 ,■ I.Msis ul tlicS.-.il.l, \vrM,i||,„l,rt[ 
 
 Till' inaninis nl |.,,rm. |.ii)i|i,|„,ij 
 .Many iilluT vi.|si.iiis i.iilpli»li„i 
 ni.s I'lliliuii 111 "Till. I'MiliiT' \i,ii, 
 
 , IMll.li^hl.il, Maivll, ■?(,;. 
 
 I'M LlliKAKY, a iiiiiiiosMi 
 ,s liy (■iiiiiii'iil wriU'i-siu \ilii,hi|.f 
 dislici' WHS siilisliluUil lor ilui of | 
 [iiililiuiitioii began in iHiji. 
 
 OPE (from /iseivlo.s, hU'], a 
 i-oli'ssi)i- Wlu'iitskini' (in lis;:; to I 
 wlicli cinidiiycd tn iinnluiu .-ron. 
 '," I.e., till., rcvi'iso of the sloirt- . 
 riul globe appeiirs like a IwlU 
 
 FOltCE, see SjiifitiwliM. 
 
 )GY, tlie ..^lii'iicc iif tlu'niuliiri I 
 stmliial liy Ai-istutlu, I'liito, lir- 
 I.iiiki', Jliiiin.. Jaiiiiri Mill, J. S. I 
 iciicci-, sir Win. llaiiiiltpii, AliS, | 
 
 Sl'C Tllip ithll. 
 
 I'ty lunndcil by scrjt. Oix, iS;)-;;. 
 
 •SU'Wait, lurd l<aylii(;li, aipi she | 
 isli! and lliiiiin ttcrc iiu'iiiUts, u-S, 
 liiniciil lU'seurcli luiimliil, \ih. AtJ I 
 H'ii'ty, 29 Jan. iSc;;, piul. Win. Ciwkfj I 
 idi'iit, gavu an address on tlie i^eiieml I 
 yrlioloi;)', and ii.fern'd to some iv* | 
 L^es of scieiitilli.' iniai^iiiiitioii teflon I 
 
 gre.ss uf K.xiit'rinioiitid Psjchoin^y, 
 nilon, 1 Aug. 189.1 ; Munich, 4 A(g. 
 
 " Princiiilt's of rsychology," 1591. 
 
 dETEE (.horn psyclim, colil).aii I 
 a'asuriii^ the umuunt of ela-*tif ! 
 iiospliere ; invented by Gay Liissat j 
 nioditjed by Kej^niiult (alioiil iK" 
 ironioter was do-icribedbv Hdiuoiiii 
 . 1867. 
 
 PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM. 
 
 PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM. Claudius I'tnlemy 
 of IVIiniuiii, III l''||,'.viit (iiliiiiit A.l). 140), supposed 
 tliiitthi'i'urtli was il.xed ill tlii' reiilre of the uiii- 
 Vfme, anil 'li^'f 'I"' '*""• 'inaiii, mnl stars iimved 
 ri.imdiini^" i" twenty- I'uiir liniiis. 'l'|i(. system (ImiK- 
 lli(Oltlpiiil'lo<''riiii. of tlieeluin h nC Kun'ie) wasiiiii- 
 virsally taught till tliat id' I'ythatfuras (:;(xi 11. c.) 
 ».u revived by Coperiiirus, .\.i,. i^^o, nud deiiioii- 
 ilrited by Kepler [UiK)) iiikI Newtuii (lO.S;), 
 PUBLICANS, fainiri-H (if till, state revenues 
 fitoiiie. Soon alter the battle ufCantiiu they weie 
 so wiiltliy IIS to '»' n''''^ to advaiire lart;i. sinus to 
 tli,.piveriiiiieiit. payable iit the end uf the war. No 
 iiujliilmte was permitted to he a puliliran. 
 
 PUDLIC BATHS, A:e.,see ll„f/,s, Bliicition. 
 
 PUHLIC DEPARTMENTS, Uoynl Com- 
 iiii..<iiiii in iiiqniro };eiiei-ally iiitu their state was 
 ,,i,|i(iilited aliiint I.; .S(.pt. iKSd. It eunsisted (if sir 
 Jl, W. Kidley (elniirmaii), luids liruwiibiw, I,iii;,'(.ii, 
 ilHtlbiliild. Sli.'ssrs. Silater Itiuith, II. Kuwdci-, K\. 
 !:iml(i, sir K. (jiiiniiess, inid dtht.rs; .Mr. Walp.de 
 .•im.tnrv); first report issiu'd, Oct. 1KH7; second, 
 Sv|it. iStltf. Important ehanges reeoinnieiijed. 
 
 Pl'BLIC ENTEKTAINMKNTS ACT, 
 
 ;vVid. c. 21, pa.ss(.d 14 June 1S75, .iiienils tli(. Act 
 iU't'O. li.e. 3''i '7,i2- 
 PUBLIC GOOD, .see Lui;im:«. 
 
 PUBLIC HEALTH ACTS. New m t. eon- 
 > iiihitinif all the previous sanitary anil nuisaiici. 
 a- tj, passed, II Aiijf. I.S75; nniithei- net jiassi.d in 
 isSj. Aiiieiidment aels piisseil in iKrx), and |Si,j. 
 T!i(.riiblii' Health (London) act, passed S Aiin |8(,1, 
 mule very iiiiportunt ehaiitres. It came into upeiM- 
 ti.iii I Jan. iSi)3 ; amended, I.Si^^; it repi.aled id 
 , vintirely, and parliallv U) iiion., and cmisolidated 
 :ii.irbest provisions, Tlie I'nhlii' Hi.aUli acts, le- 
 liiliiig to Scotland anil Ireland, were iimeinled in 
 INil. An net rclalini.' to supply of water jnisaed 
 4 July, l8;8. Xew ruhlie llealth act jiassed, ; 
 Alii,'. \H>- I'uhlic llealth act (>oothin(l) jmsaed, 
 lSi;. ^w lltitlth, Snxltiitiiiii. ' 
 Britisli (niailn " Ho.val " iSijS) i'nstitiiUi of piihlie lioaltli 
 loiiiiilcil, 1R86; annual euiiHress met at K.liiilnii';,di, 
 :;, Inly, 1893; Luiidiin, .July, 1S94; Hull, u Ani;' 
 IK. 16 .Inn 
 
 it'ci7 ; Diibli.i, 
 
 liji ; London, jubili'c nici.ting, 
 iJAug., i8q8. 
 
 Ill Dr. I.i'v.'i;es "I'lililic Health in Eurdpiian Capitals," 
 ii0, L'JiiiIoii is stilted to lie in tlie bust eoinlil imi. 
 
 IIATK (IF DF..»TII.S PKH I.OOO. 
 
 Eiu'hiiil in 1660-79, 80 ; 1840-74, 22}. 
 
 Ai.Tai;.'.li.atb-nite per 1,000 tor 4 weeks, in Loiidiin and 
 ;j liivat Eii;;lisli luwiis (piitili.slied in tlie H.'^istiar- 
 li'iii.nils weekly report)- - i8go, 15 .Jan. M'l; 13 
 I'.li. js'.i; 15 .Mnrcli, 2j-6 ; 12 April, 20-6; 10 Mav, 
 u'.\ 14 .June, 17-2; 12 ,Iiily, 17-7; 16 Aiii;. 2i'o; 
 ijSept. i8.6; 11 Oct, 19-6; 15 Nov. 2i'i ; ij Dec. 
 (iMst), srj; 20 Dec, 26-0; 27 Dec. 25-3. 1891, 
 Jan. ii-y. 17 .Tail. 27-3; 24 ,Jnn. 25-1; 31 .Ian. 
 eianiier), 22-1 ; 7 Feb. in'S ; 14 Feb. 19-9; 14 .Miir..li. 
 -J'l; II A|iril, 32.9; 2 .>Iay (iiiHuenza), 26-8; 16 .Mav 
 Wi; 13 June, 23.8 ; ri July, i6-8 ; 15 Aiij,'. iS'S; I9 
 .""111. 177: '7 Uet. 18-2; 14 .Vov. 20.6; 12 Dec. 19-8. 
 1:91, 16 Jim. 33-0 (inflm.nza) ; 23 Jan. 35-4 ; 13 Feb. 
 :ri; "2 -March, 22-1; 16 April, 20-9; 14 .May, 20-4 ; 
 ii'iime, 17-9; 16 .Inly, 17-9; 20 Aiik. iS'o; 17 Sept. 
 i-;iS: i5 0(!t. 17-3; 19N0V. i8-6; 17 Dec. 20-7. 1893 
 i4J.iii.28;3; II Feb. ,9.9; ,8 March, 19-9; 1, Aprd, 
 :c.-b;i3Ma,v, i8.6; 10 June, 18-2; 15 .riify, 24-8; !■ 
 •MK.20.9; isyept. 19-1; 14 Oct. 18-2; ii'Nov. 21.5 ; 
 :■' lire. 26.6. 1894, 13 Jan. 23-6; 17 Feb. i8'7 ; 17 
 'larili. ,9-2 ; ,4 April, m-j ; ,2 Ma.v, 18-2: 14 July, 
 w'". . ^'iV'*' '^ ^"^l'^- '3-5; 13 Oct. 16-7; I7 
 vl 'I ' ; '\P'^; '9'7- '^95. 1^ Jan. 20-1 (fro.st) ; 16 
 "h. 267 (9 March. Loiitlon, 41-2); 16 .March, 322 ; 
 •■tAliril,20.5; ,, .May, 17-7 ; 15 Jmie, 1V4; li .Iiilv, 
 199 (Loudon, ,7 AuK. ,7-3; ,5 Sept. 15-4); ,3 Oct. 
 -10, ,6 Nov. 19-1; ,., Dec. 17-8. 1896, 11 Jan. 18-5; 
 
 «''7 I'UULIC WORKS ACT. 
 
 Si|.t. 158, ,7 (let. i6'.: 14 .Nov. 20.3; ,., D(.(.. iB'i. 
 
 Apii , ,if,: 15 May, ,(,.5; ,2 Ji,i„., ,j.^. .^ j,,, 
 .76; M Aiix. 29.5: IS .Sept. lE-sjibOct. ,ft.9; 
 Nl 1. ,.,0; ,, lee, ...,a. ,d,,8, ,5. Ian. 200; ,9 Feb 
 
 18 June, 147 ; .f, ,/,|ly, i^.j ; ,. ,\,|^ ^J. 
 
 lie 111 I. .3-d: llil;;l.l.iii ,24; lliistul, K,.,; Dei'iv 
 3-tl llalllav ,7.2; lIu.l.leiMii.ld, ,,..;., |/„|| .^ 
 
 mH, Man.li,,t,.r, 1/,; .\,.H..aslle .Tviie, 22-2! 
 
 iwl,',',,' ;,,i'-*'''' •^'"V"";)'',","' '^''' i'i.viiioiitii, ,7-4; 
 
 I iMlsiniiiitli, 11-2 ; >li..|||,|.l, , V2. I / ■» > 
 
 pruLic norsKs, -ee r,ww/,r,, ami 
 
 PUIjLIC LinHAKIKS ACTS, pa.ss.d ,8^, 
 mil 1S71; amen. I. I m i,S77, i\s-. i.s.s,) • (.(„i„,fi. 
 '•itoil, l.S.|..; am.inhd. |,S,,j. A I'lail,',. Worku 
 I. nans act was jiassed iS.^o, 
 
 Pl'ULIC LOAN COM.MrSSIONEHS 
 
 were coii^titutei by the ,„■- p, « d lj.\uK^hS7: 
 Otlieraclspassi.d 1S7IJ.S5. ' ^ '^ 
 
 PUBLIC MEETIXOS, f.rpiditical purposes, 
 were occisiuii illy h, Id in Kim.lau.i i„ the laltei- part 
 
 ot the 17th eciiiury, but became verv i .utaiit ill 
 
 t le n.iu^n ,d (j(.(i,.;re III. n,,, „„,,.,1,„., ',„ ,„,,„„. 
 sliiie 111 17(15 to piole,.,! .i;.'ainstllii.CiderTa.v, weru 
 veiT elleetiV(., and set an exaiiiplr -pecdilv fulloweij, 
 with the warm appr .lMti.,11 .d IJurke,' Fu.v, ami 
 "tiler slalesiiieii. 1 lie>e meetin-s wi.re piMhibit..d 
 by he (,ai;Kinsacts, r/,,,/, .»,,, pussedin 171;; ; -ce 
 'Snhlwu. In the reisn of IJem-e IV., the rijlit uf 
 public im-eliiiifs was luliv assun.d, and the\?W(.re 
 very etleetual in iviati.ii, to I he passiiij; Hi,, fteform 
 acts, tlio Kepeal ot iheC.iru Laws, andother imiiur- 
 taiit iiie.i.urcs. ,S,r Il,,,lr I'.,r/.: Tin. jilaee on 
 wliicli tlie speakers -taiid is termed a •' jdiltfoi.ni." 
 corres|jondi:i;? to the H.iinau /■u.',f,;,,„, and the 
 •reiich t,;bii,<r. " riie I'litform." hv Mr, II 
 Jephsoii, was piiblisbed in 17.,! Tho tei„i •• uUu 
 form IS also applied to a set .if p.ilitieal ,„. religious 
 opinions held by 1 party ; Midi as the " idatform of 
 
 PUI)LTC OFFICES SITE ACT (for the 
 Admiralty and W ar) pas.scd 24 July, 1SH2 
 
 ''"'lui';;;:,!^;;::^ :;'':':r:'.'' •"""'• "^'"■''' ^"^'■• 
 
 PUI5LIC PltOSECUTOR, see Pro.uc»ior. 
 PUBLIC KECORDS, see linunh. 
 
 PUIILIC SAFETY. Co.m.mittke of, was 
 e.stiihlished at Fans iliiiiiiif the French devolution 
 on () .\pril |-<,3, with abs.ilute power, in couse- 
 quence ot the eoalitiuii a-.iiu-t France. The severe 
 ''':.' y.V'"""^'"^ of this 1. iiiiiuiltee is termed the lleiirn 
 ot lerror, which ended with the execution of Robes- 
 pierre iind his associates. zH July, I7()4, A similnv 
 committee was otalilisln.,! at I'aris by the eom- 
 nmnists, .Miireh-May, 1.S71. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS .ICT, 1868, amemlc.l 
 by nets passed 1S70 and i.si72 ; see Eduiation. 
 
 PUBLIC STORES. The laws relating to 
 their protection were consolidated and iimeniled by 
 un net passed 29 June, |,S7^. 
 
 PUBLIC. WORKS ACT, p,i.sscd 21 Julv, 
 
 1803, to provide work I'm- the luieniploved iiersnns 
 in tTie nmnuhietiiring districts at tlie time ot' the 
 cotton taimne. It enabled corporate bodies to raise 
 loans, and proved very sticcessful. It was eoutinued 
 in 18O4-75, 1S86 and 1892-3. See under LoccU 
 Loans. 
 
 3 M 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ■Ih' ' 
 
 t(i 
 
 'li Mi 
 
 k !- 
 
 ,1 ■■ 
 
 /t . 
 
 nil.. ! 
 
 _.J» 
 
 ♦ "' 
 

 
 M 
 
 ^•6 
 
 
 M, .J.-J >^ 
 
 i><4f 
 
 .J - ' 
 
 rti H. 4 S ^ ^i 
 
 H98 
 
 PUHLIC WOUSHir. 
 "pUnUC WOUHHIP HK(irr-ATION 
 
 ACT, ?7 Ac ^« Vict. I'. H;. nriiiciimllv l.ii- tl"' I'- 
 mvs'i;,,, "fritmilis... i.. t|.. , V mylM.r h.Klm;!, wan . 
 int....l.io..(l ililothr lI.MHiM.fl ,ni-.t.v(liri.lThlu.l.;>l) ; 
 cfC.n.trrburv, 21 Aptil, iin.l ulM' vrry iin.'li dw- i 
 <ii«'^, ,11, roeeivrd tllf lOViil us«'llt, 7 AllJC. I«':4' i 
 
 l„ni I'ciizMUi,.; tl,.. art niiii.' lilt... ■|'i'mll"ii''"l>, 1875 
 Flint rniis... th.. |..irl«li..f r..lki.st..nH ,■ ivy 1 . .1. 
 Ui,U,lal.,tlM.vi':„.,, .iMi... .«7;.;tn,..lMt lj,,m- 
 
 LHiiimiii.'.-; vH-.ii(tt..ii.hiiiiiins . „„;^' ; """ 
 
 Ucv. Aitliiii Tuc.lli "I llat..liMiii,iiii.l r.'V. T, I U,. 111 
 IMI.. i.r >*t. Vi..l.mf«, I I"ir, """"^""',„';'|,''|\ 
 
 R,'v^V''TlV,l?Mll!.'r'r«nPl« imMiltiuu ; '.InHlllkK Mm- 
 «,.|f Mii.l (l..iii.'» ..iith.iiily "t ("iirl, SI l>.''^ 1*7;;. 
 ,.inrli.« nil liliiMliMi.. siTVic's ii|i ti. 14 .lull. , V 
 
 iioii ,ln,iitiii,m,.lu,i,l.vl..r.in>ii/^.".''' M...1 t 
 
 ,,|- Arrlirs, 11. Inn. : liii|.nH..ii.''l 1" ll.'r»i'iii"iiK' r- 
 i.^^,„l V.,ii.J..ii.t'..7HVI., m.i.imvl. WMH 
 
 ,„„„i,„ni, tli.'r,.n..inv.ll..riii . . '■t,^''V'^" 
 
 ll,.,„'l,'' .1 an....il, lir.Miis.' till, trial .11.1 ni.t takf 
 t.l'ii-,. Ill till, .li.ii.'x.' "f ll"''li'''*t..r I.) ^|l^. ,, 
 
 S..rit:;.,;..! l';.o.^^•v. T. .■ I.al.. .■tasi.l-.'tlnyn^^^^^ 
 [,'u.,] ilillliiiltv ; 111! ivKiiiiii.H >«'i;vii;i' • 2J '"'l^ •• 
 \iralii ,.„iivi.l...l anil ,,.lin.itiW.i..l, 8 ti'lMS;.;-! 
 
 Tw y Vn.'s itiMii'i. <iiviM..ii aiHi.it tin' i'"!;";';^";; i 
 
 HliM' r..niilati..n nmrt is a ii,.« cant, anil iw.t a . 
 
 liio'illliali.ilM.I' till' .'"lilt .'I -Vn-lii's • iq>"*- .. 
 Uev .)"lin K.lwiii'.ls "f 1'ivi.tl.iiiv ,sii»|.i.ii.ii"l Ii'I-hi" 
 "numtliH. ami ...v. A. H. ^^-><■-"■'■';-;■:;.;:l'■ „^, 
 
 llev A. II. Markiiniii'liii' si'ntcnca.il I'.v nairt "I 
 Airhi's t.i tliroi. yrars' Hn«iinisi..ii li-..in '"'i"' '7; 
 ami i.lllic, fur ,lis..l»Mli,.n.a t.. ni.a.iti.ni o t 1 e 
 
 .* , , . . I •' llllr, ti 
 
 Ei'iio'ivi'imMit lit' till. -HitHii.. ■iil"lill.iti.il liy tW 
 
 Ouwii'k lic'iii'li ■ ■ , ■ , ■ . ■ 1 V ,7; " 
 
 K,^- ,1 K..lwar.U' Hiisiicli^l.in als„ hH asi.lM . AiiK. „ 
 Sei t..m'i...fnimti.fMvlic»iiWiinM Jli-.Mi";!-"!!'"'''"' 
 
 M??S;;:i:nll;;i:;^;'M:,^.m.;ia..■,v,.ti,.:^5:'^" 
 
 M«ck.im...liii' (illiciati.s as iismil . ■ J^-' -^ '\- •> 
 Miirtiii 1: Ma..ki.m..liii'. ni'w trial; Inr.l lui/.aiiM 
 *'r li.-s 11. il.'i-iil.', as the fonii,.,. sHitn,,-.. Has m, ^^^^ 
 
 iM't'ii I'aiTii'.l lint . ,. , • . ■ . .■ ,i.,i, ,.,,..,,. 
 Hcv T. I'l'lliaiii l>al.. is iiiii.ris,.iM'.l in Hiill..w.i> 
 
 u'l.il I'cir i-..nli.iiipl ..f 1.1111 1 . • . •. '".V " 
 
 Ri^v ii m.y K. (inVn, ivi.t.in.tMil.s 1-lattiiiK Man- 
 h;,:m.t, ami U..V. U.l. \V„i. 1 n.»«l.l ot l^ir- 
 ,l,.sl..v, liiniiiiigli..:ii, ,-..nvi.ti..l 20 >'"\;- ■;'■ 
 Knnmlit iiiiliris.in.'.l m Warwi.'k }.'a..l 27 ^"\; " 
 Ml all' ai.l'li.'s to ilWi'n'> \W:nU \''>- irli'as.. on 
 
 ^ «,■, ml 'it' illegal I"-- '"'«- : '"^ •••"•";:;:' 
 
 Mr Oall'iin ■iilMH'al to limis.'. of loiMs ri.lfas,.irtill .. 
 Jail. .881 ; Mr. Kiirafe'lit invlcrs to iriiiaiii 
 
 ID I" ' ■ II 
 
 Mr Dale (ami pnimpquHntly Mr. Eiira-lit) .li.s- 
 cluiW'il tliroUKli ti.cliiii.'al IriTK'ularity nn"'.- niK 
 tl," writ l.y ir.M-isio.i of Apiu.al .■ourt. .5 Jan. 
 
 1881 ; lii'ilii'il in ■ • • ,• ,i' 1 ' 'f 
 Rhv a. II. Mafkunoi'liir's ai.|.|.al to tin' liorsf 01 
 I'lrilH ilisiiiiss,.,! ; snitcm'- of ,878 to tak.. ,■! .•.■ 
 
 7 .\|'i 11, tt 
 
 Tl„. iii.lii'inl 1 iiiittiv ..f privy ''onnHl tJi-aiit liiiii 
 
 am-w trial. , l-Vli. ; rniiit to L.inl l'i'nzaii.| o 
 
 „i?'i::r^^;ffi^.;*::i:^>..-'-)-i...rMa,;,.i^,;;:f; - 
 
 for retusiii^' t.', iiisUlnlf K.v. Mr. fow^ill, in.raty 
 
 of H.'V. 8. F. (iruiMi, as liis sm ssor. 1... i'.^,"" • 
 
 ,883: Un.-".i O. Polloc-k .l...-iac.s t.ir tin- Inslnjli ^^^^ 
 
 Mr MT'k.iiioi'liif, wntiMii'i'il to iloi.rivatinn liy nmrt 
 of Ar,.li.is, 2, ,).ily, .a°> H.' >•■'■>«"- ^ ; '''"'„"'7 
 „f HI IVli'i'^. Koiiilon |ii"'ks 31 lici'. iSBj. 
 ni,.,l ■'ii'i..U>2 livviiosiiivt..col.l,liaviiij,' lost Ins 
 "vn'.ai Ki.'lo'lini..iv,S,..,tlan.l ab.mt ,5!).^. i-^Bt 
 
 practice afli'i- nmdi liliKatiou; cuiuiiuUimI to 
 
 PUNCH. 
 
 Walton liHol, l.y iTror for coiit.iliipt of r..iri, , 
 
 MttV ; ri'lMisi. or.li.ri'.l liy vi"' >» «'"«■"" ;.ii.., 
 
 in 'May, tills s.'t asl.li' ..n apiii'ill, 2i Nov.; Imi 
 alllrno"! liy til" lioiisi'of loi.U . . ^.*.lt. 1, , 
 A trial of tli« 1i1h1iu|> of Lluciilii, hmi iimlpr ..K.,. 
 
 'l'li„"ni'.ii|ili''s rliiirrliwarili'ii of St. Mark*, Muni. 
 lio'i.. V till' ii.\. Morris Fnlli'r. tli.. M,;u. l„. 
 i.,.rlaliialti.ialloiisamlliiiiovatloiisnilli,.ilii,r.l,; 
 
 vi.r.lirt forplaintitls willirosts ; i,.ilir.. .,1 ;i|.| 1 
 
 coiislstorv I'oiii' 7' 
 
 prnuHiiKUS' ciucrLAU, flr,t i.. ,, 
 
 twice u nior.tli, weekly silU'e Dee. I.Si)ii; nnjiini,,,, 
 ehielly liy Ml'- WiUiain LoilKiiian (ilieil |,y;- . 
 urcatlv ii'ssisteil liy Mr. Siimiisoii Low, »■,■„ rij., 
 imblislieil it, 2 Oct. !«,!:■ 
 
 In iSyotlii. l,.,ml.iii IMilillsliiliK Ill-Ill of M..ssr-.|,i,n;.:„,!., 
 w-lil.-li I'vlstcil as iNiiian ami l,..ic.'iiiiiii In pj6. i.m, 
 cliascil Ilia linslhi'^sof Messrs. Itn iimloii, wliWnia, 
 estalilislicil liv Mr. ('Iiarl,.s UivliiKl.ni In 171.), "'ri,. 
 I'lllillsllillK ll.i'isc. I UlvlllKloll,' cliteil I)) Sej.tii,,.,. 
 
 RlviiiKt pulilHl. .Inii''. 'S'H- ,, „ 
 
 I'lililislier's assiH-liili liiannm-al liie.-lliiL', Mr 1 ' 
 I.oiiKiiiaii pri'sl.|..|it. ii April, i8yi. 
 PUDDIiINO, iiiiiki'iK tl"' «all,< .f niiial, 
 Wiiter-tiKlit liy means of elav, was lar;,'i.ly uil..|il..| 
 by llriinlley ill i-on»trnctiii;c Inc llriilk'i-vMili-rriii.il., 
 l-f)l et svq. ; Kce also uililcr I mil Miiniil'act'vt. 
 
 PUEBLA, «'P ^f<•xico, iH(>i. 
 PUERTO. Nce Porto. 
 PUGILISM, see lioxhi;/. 
 PULTjEY, vii-e, iiiul other mcclimuial inMr,- 
 nieiits, are Hiiiil to luive been iiiveiitcl by .\rc|i;l,i- 
 of Tavelitiini, iiboiit 4(X) li.<-., or l.y Artliiin..:... 
 2«--212. 1" a "i"!;'"' mi»"t'i''' I'llllcy the ]....i, 
 iriiineil is iloulileil ; in n ciiitimn-iU-iiiiiliiiiiiliDntt 
 powiT in iMiiial to tbu lumiber of iiull.y^ Imwii, 
 doubled. 
 
 PULLMAN CARS, sf' mulcr ni'ilirdi,^. l,^•| 
 
 PT^LTt)VVA (Hussiii), wliere riiarlcs XII. .'I 
 
 Sweden was entirely defeiited liy I'cl.r llii- tiriit 
 
 of KussiH, « July, I7(X). H*' ""' t" "''"J"''-' 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 PULTUSK (Riissiii), wlit'i-e alialtlc\v;i<fii;l'. 
 between till' Saxons, under their kiln; AutriMUMiiw 
 the Swedes, under nnirles XII., in wlm-li li* 
 foi-iuer were Hinnally deleate.l, I May, roi Il-r.. 
 also the iM-ench under Naii.deoii loiulit tlu-llMiii 
 and I'russiiiii armies; both sides clainii-d tic vi.i.n. 
 but it ineliiiL'd in favour of the trench, :i. |i. . 
 180^.. 
 
 PUMPS Ctesibius of Alexandria is siiJ !-> 
 liave invented pumps (with other hvilrauli.- iii-'i'.- 
 inents), about 224 H.c, allhoii^'li tlic iim-litMi » 
 ascribed to Damuis, at l.indns, 14S:; ii.c l\» 
 
 were in Ki'm"'"' "^'' •" ''•"*-''"'"'' ''■"■ ,'-*^J' ,;'''' 
 Hcriptiou on the pump in fmiit ot the hiti- 1, -J 
 ExehanL'e, London, stated lh.it the well \v.i> -J. 
 in 1282. The air-pump ^yll^ '"v;'"t<;J .^v r;< 
 (iuei-icke in l6j4. and improved by liovk- 111 l'-.-,. 
 see ^IJciind l^ells. 
 
 PUNCH, the iiuiipet show, l.orruwcil from tl.- 
 Italian I'.di.-hin.-Uo, is descenileii from a cltir.i.vi 
 well known in the theatres of am-icnt Koiiif. "■ \ 
 hrnh: The satirical weekly I'"'' •'•:'''""'/'"i;'';,;^ 
 III,' i.owlo,! aanvori. was I'^t-'l'l'jhcd .y IM7 
 
 Mayhew, JLu-k Lemon, l>''"^t'.^ J'™!;^^ 
 a- Beckett, and others-. ;'nio"K^\.>'^ »«''.'' „ 
 toi-s ;ycn' \Vm. M. Thackeray :',-.t.'.,t.^ J' I 
 other eminent writers; hrst I'"'".*li,">\ '■■'.': 
 Mark Lemon, the lirst ^l'""-;,"'""' ;■:,'' j':,-;; 
 2nd. Shirley lU-ooks, died 2;! el,. l:\4.3^:^° 
 
 Taylor, dial July, l8S'o; 41!'. l'"""" '"<'"''• " 
 
PUNCH. 
 
 ror fi)r nontinniit of en m. 
 I'll liy wi'lt "f IiiiIh'ii, fi,fj,ii,, 
 4|ilr <in iippi'Ul, n Nov.; hut 
 M' of Ini.l't . , < Alii,. ,; , 
 
 111' Uiieiiln, ««■ miilur ■I'ltn. 
 
 •iinliMi III' HI. .MiiikK, Miuvl.'. 
 Miinia KiilliT, till' Nii'iir. Iir 
 nil liiiiiiMitiiiiinlii Ihi'i'hui'i'li: 
 . wlthcii^li ; ii.iUi'-i,l;i|,|,.a|, 
 7 I'-, 
 
 S' CIKCT'IiAU, fliM i-,,,., 
 
 rUly xiii'''' I*''''' 1'*^')"; 'irwiii.i., 
 illmm Lniiu'iniin (ilinl ih-- 
 • Mr. Siiiiiii»"ii l.nw, Ml',, i;!,' 
 
 iH.r- 
 
 ulilisbliiK hnii I'l' Mi'^sr*. Iv'liffl,,,; , 
 )iliiun ami l.i,ii-iiuiii in ijj*. |ni. 
 
 ,H lit Mi'x»rH. llniiiL'l'ih, wliiol, m, 
 Cliiirli'H UivliiKtini III 171,,. ■•■(1.. 
 
 I'l lllvliiHtcin," I'llili'.l li.v.'jc|il;.„,, 
 
 i. I. .Iiine, 1894. 
 
 I, III limUKuriil '"''I'thm. Mi 1 
 
 I, 21 Apnl, iSgi^ 
 
 iniikiiip; tlio wiills , f imwl. 
 linn "f c'liiv, wax liir);i'ly ;iili.[ii,.,i 
 stniitin;,' t)ii' l)riilp'u;il, rrm,,! , 
 laii liiiilcr IiDii Mnmiidi-I't'i 
 
 Mixico, 18(13. 
 
 I'oilo. 
 
 we Buxinff. 
 
 ■(', iiiul (itlirr iiii'i'liiiiiiiiil in-lt.. 
 lutvo licrii ihvunli'il by .Urlnlj. 
 Hit 4(X) It.c, or liy .Vreliiiiiii;,., 
 iitrli' miiviililc imlliy llie ii',«,: 
 : ill II OKiitiiiiM'il I'liiiiliiniitionlli' 
 the iiuinbcr nf imlli ys, le^sonl, 
 
 [3 AKS. »•■'' iiiiili'r Rdiliraiii, ih;; 
 
 (Uua«iiO, wlic'ic Chiirlcs XII, "f 
 I'ly (Irfi'iiU'd liy I'l'tir Ihc (In 1! 
 \-,' I'ix). Ho ill il to Ik'iidor. 1:1 
 
 Russiii), wlicrc a liattU' wii* f luli 
 MS, under tlii'irkiiii,' .\ii|;ii>tuMiii,i 
 Icr CliiirlcM XH., in wlii'li il:t 
 illv ilcluat.'il, i May, 170J. lI'Tf 
 iiiilcr Nii]iiil('oii Immlit tliclliiHiii 
 lies; hotli sides claiiiicil till' vi,t,,ry. 
 in I'liviiur of the Frciirh, :i, |i,.. 
 
 tesibins of Alexandria i» saiJ l-i 
 iiinjis (with otlier livdrauliiiii-;r.- 
 >4 n.c, alllion^'li llie invoiiti, 11 l' 
 »ns, at Lindns i^^'-, v.i:. l'i»> 
 nsein Knj;land, A.u. 142;. hi'r 
 iinnip in rnml "I tlie lulf I! jii 
 i.n, staled that tlie well «iism.m 
 iiir-linin|) was invented by I'M 
 1, nnd improved liv liuvle in I'f ■• 
 ■Ih. 
 
 10 impiiL't show, burrowed from ll- 
 ello, is deseendeil I'rom a cliar,i-'r 
 lie theatres of aneient Koine. J" 
 i,-i<'al weekly indiliiati.m, /""'V 
 iirirtin. was established by lljs^ 
 Lemon, DoiiKlas JerroU' bilM | 
 others: amongst its early nmml": 
 M ThaeUerav ; I'l.'f. K. biaWM* I 
 .vriters: tirst iiublished i:i)ul),i> 
 ;lie first editor, died 2}, 5.ay. i;,,>- 
 
 •links, died 2^, ivb. iH:4-..f ; 
 
 liy, 18.S0; 4lh, l'iaueisCo«le)W- 
 
 Pl'XCTUATroX. 
 
 8:)() 
 
 naiiJ. Iliehard Doyle, who desi^neij the wnipper 
 iind w«Hii freijiieiit niiifiil,„tii,., i|j,.,| n |(,.,.. ,«,«<.' 
 
 Jiillil I lidleil I'Sd), and Win siieeeeded by Mr 
 
 (Ipiirue llii Mimrier. burn In I'ani, (, .Man h 'i.Sii 
 ilioJ. Hdet. !«.)<.. Mr I'eicival l.-i^li, an earlv iiii'i 
 Imu-iiinriniied eontributnr to /'»/„•/,, ,lii',| ^y (),'( 
 DWO, lilted ". Charles S. Keeiie, artist, a eonlri^ 
 biiliir since I.M50. died 4 .Inn. |,s,,|. .i„|,„ •|VtMiii.| 
 ilirtanniit, niriee I.S^r (Ivllt. |,H.,jK Mr, \\\ || 1^,,,.^.' 
 (Tiiby, .M.I'.). Mr. SVni. .\K'iie\v, pr.iprietnr (hart 
 JuiiB, 181);). An intereslin^' jubilee number ni' 
 /•iine/t was published 1; ,(iilv, |H()i, .M,.. \Vin 
 lliirdwiek llradlmry. born. ( llee. i«jj' ],„|„ 
 rriiilpror /'«)/(■/(, and of this \,iliimi', ijieil'i 1 (let 
 l8.»i. "Tlir hi.t.iryiif l',,,,,/,.- Uy m. If. .Siiiell \ 
 niiiniii puhlislieil aiKiiiiin, i.Si)^. Mr. Kdwi,, .i;,,,,,., 
 
 Milliken, eiiiitribiilni' III' ill .^|.,.^. ii,,,,,,,.^, " ,.f^. 
 
 iIhhI, aiteil i7, 3(1 Anjf. I.Si;;. Si;''C„nmt>,',;:s mi 
 ('/iiiririin. 
 
 PrXCTUATIOX. The Ifibrew aee.'iits fi. 
 puiiitiiutiiin are very aneii'nl. The period (.) Is tin- 
 MiDSt iineieiit ; the enlnn (;) was inlriiiliieed i,biin> ' 
 
 M**,;; '111 una (.') was first seen about 1^21 ami 
 
 thr .»i'iiiii'ol,in (;) about i:;;!). In sir I'hilip'.Siil- 
 iiey'.H " Areailia " (l.sH;), tfiey all appear, as well as 
 llic iiiite ot interroifiitioii (^.J), asterisk (*), and 
 pari'iitheses ( ). 
 
 PrXIC WAR'S, see Oi,'tha,je, 264-241 • 218- i 
 201; I4i)-I4(j n.i'. t t . I 
 
 PUKVEYANCE. 
 
 ill} 
 
 ' , Pl^tCKr.L SOOrETY, founiieii ^1 I'Vb 
 
 , '-.'in ^::uZz\;:L;:-t:. SS!' """' 
 
 I I'f'Kf^IIASE or Land, see under La,,,/ 
 ' PUKCIIASE SYSTEM- in ti„. 
 
 1 " i 1, .I \'"r '.■■,"■«;; "^-'''-'''Wulalion pav- 
 
 '■ati.ii, bel'oiv it ,'ii itT the L'i'II, i' ' '!■']' "{ I""''"- 
 'loi'trim' was know ,„i ,-,'"'"'". "' '^'"'' '^'''6 
 tl'o llonian elm ,. hi ^1]'':;:,:'.'''^"' '''■''' ""» 
 n'liu'ious ,lo,.ma by ( relo • I -L '/""' ","'"" " 
 { -t set torth by a- ...nm^n'^itVhi^r '■*,.,;.:;;• 
 
 PUXJAUB (X. W. Ilindostnn) was trnverseil bv 
 .Uo.uniier the (ii-eal, w; 11. e. , bv Tamerlane. 
 .»,». 131))*; liy .Mahiiiiiiiil of (ihizni, nhout 1000. It 
 was mi indeiieiident state mnli.r l(,,.,j(.^,t ,v.-. ,.1. 
 
 neffan 
 
 under liimieet 'Sii,};li, 
 the Sikhs heRan here. 
 
 was mi independent stuti 
 i;q[-l83f). (.)iir wars will 
 
 li Due. IiSa:, and were closed on 20 .Mareli, i.Siii 
 rton the I'linjaub was annexed ; see /iii/in Tlie 
 Punjiiiib has siiiee -reatly lloiirished, and on 1 ,Ian 
 1851, was made a distinif preaideiiev (to inelinh' the 
 Sutli^ states and the I), Hit territorf) ; see /)i,r/„„: 
 fhiNSirlimd canal (503 mih's) opened by the vice- 
 roy, niarquis of kijion, 24 Nov. i8«2. Local M'lf 
 gorcmmciit bill passed 10 Oct. i88.^ Population in 
 
 Sore ■*■''' '" "^'''' ^^'^i'°°°- t.'"pilal 
 
 IDliiileep Sllis;li (son of Rim.ieet .SinKh), burn 
 1333, recpiveil II pension .if 4o,o.W. ; he iv<ii||.,| 
 111 fcn«laiiil till 1886 wh., 11 hi, s.'iiii.ii fill- imiia- 
 iiir<msi.||ii,,iic,.oraii imliscreet piuelaiimtio,, to 
 
 « i'r.'"' ?■■' "*"! ' "* '^''"" "'"'"t 3 -^'av, 
 
 m. After his relea.se he wamleivil alioi'it 
 tiiri,|i,,; n, Ma.viSSQ he niairieil a Eiiroiiean in 
 
 hlnV "i"i"i"'''''"f",!" ""■ «"''■'•*• "'''ItbiK 
 lliem to ivliellioM, iiHliKiiantlv I'eiecte.l with 
 •stroiiK ci'ii.siiiv. .Vov. 1S89. Aftersevere illness 
 m expresses i||,|.|, re-ivt f,,r his eomluet .7 
 
 ■Jiil.v.aii.l ispanlo | liyipi,,,.,, Victoria, ■ ,\ii - 
 
 1890; rcceiveil hy hei at (irasse, ,, Jiar,.]'; 
 
 , ,, 1891 Idles at Paris, 22 Oct. ,805.1 ' 
 
 Lleut..((OVCTimrs-sir.Iiiiii,'s Lvall, iSS; ; sir Dennis 
 
 fjtymc'k, .March, ,89..; Mr. Wm.' MacK"™,';',: 
 
 IheiiewJliHa.a irrigation ■eniia'l (relief w,irt!)"s'ei' '^'' 
 mini, ig9t,-7 ; jg ,,,„ |,,i,i„|r,.rs eiiiiiloyeil 'Viii 
 
 CM,,,,, ^o,H;wJormst., and l',-eJi,tm,,2m. 
 
 PURLEY, see Li 
 
 S ' vn '' "t ''•"'■"• '"■'"■^' '^■'■•' "■•'■•0 nioyed by 
 
 Uvendtmu'., c,hibi,ed in uL\U^%tZ ie 
 
 I aide gal cry, i^.). A ,,erforni,inee wit ,- 
 
 pets as large as life, begun at St. Jatne 's- , . 
 
 h,'frsion.i, 
 
 diS^;!;?^K'?;"'iris^rtinti7*V"'ii.'"j'^' 
 
 Imvinif ob,served his .Iok's 1 ! 'be T''''''' .^'";»'^ 
 
 inents. It was restricted , , ^''" ''^'l''- 
 
 Justinian I. 533. and I^^.X'. L ' Z'h^d \' 
 Uie^natiies of -,„e en.pe/ors .ig^tiHc'r-'lo?;'',',':',,:: 
 
 PURVEYANCE, an anoier.t me-o-i-iv r 
 the sovoreij^ns of Kti^hind of purehasi ig ', .t, -isi:;, "/ 
 .Ve., wi hoiit the consent of tile owne rs^l ., to J 'h 
 oppression. It was regulated by Ma,>nT ri 1,, 
 2 > 5 atid .^her statutes, and was o^ y;?;.^, ^^^ 
 b) Charles II. in 1660, for a compcns,ai.,„. '^'''^ 
 
 !• 
 
 ■ ^ «■• 
 
 
 m 
 
 'I;.{k. 1 
 
 II 
 
 
 " '■>< nr ' 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 ,.0^"^ 
 
^i 
 
 PUSEYISM. 
 
 900 
 
 PYX. 
 
 PUSEYISM, ft niime uttiU'licd to the views of 
 ci'i luiii clLTgyiiu'ii iiiul liiy inenibers of the church 
 of Kngliiiul, wlio proposed to restore the practice of 
 the church of Enghind to whiit tliey tielicved to 
 be required bv the lansiiiifte of lier Liturgy and 
 Kuhrica, but w'hieh were considered bv their oppo- 
 nents to be of aKomish tendency. The term was 
 derived from the name of the mofessor of Helirew 
 at Oxford, Ur. Edwd. I'usey. llie heads of houses of 
 the university of Oxford pas!-ed lesolutions censuring 
 I)r. Pusey's attempts to renew practices wliich are 
 now obsolete, is Ntarch, 1841 ; and his celebrated 
 sermon was condemned bv the same body, 30 May, 
 1843; he died 16 Sept. 1^82 ; see Tractarians, and 
 JiituaUsm. 
 
 PUTNEY, anciently I'utilei and Piitenheath, 
 N.E. Surrey, on the Thames, opposite Fulham. A 
 new granite brid^'e, founded by t lie prince of Wales 
 (to replace the wooden one coinpleted in 172Q), 12 
 July, 1884. Opened by the prince, 29 May, 1886. 
 
 PYDNA (Macedon), where Perseus, the last j 
 king of Macedon, was defeated and made prisoner j 
 by the llomans, commanded by ..Emilius Paulus, 22 
 June, 168 B.C. ' 
 
 PYEAMIDSoF Egypt, about 75 in number, I 
 of various sizes, constructed for the preservation of j 
 mummies of the kings and their families. : 
 
 Tl)e Sti'iiiioil Pyriiuiid of Hakkarft is coiyecturally I 
 nssigiiccl to Oucne|ihes of the tirst dynasty, see &;;/;i'. ' 
 Three frrcat i)yr,\iai(ls are situated near Gizeh on the ] 
 \V. bunk of the ^■ill^ Tlio llrst or greatest, is said to | 
 liave been crecicil as the tomb of Choofoo, fonrtli dy- j 
 nasty, tlie Clieui^s of Horoi' tiis, dated by UniL-scli, ; 
 ,733-3666 B.C. Its lieiglil is said to l;ave lieen ori;.Mn- 
 iiliy 481 feet, and its Ijase 774 si|iiare feet. Tlie , 
 .se"ond pymmid is asorilied to Cliafra, or Cliephren, 
 3666-3633" B.C. The third pyramid is said to liave 
 been Imiftliy Menkaur.uir MyceriTins, 3633 B.C. 
 Tlie pyramids have lienn visited and describi'd tiy Bel- 
 zoni, 1815; VysB, 1836; C. I'iazzi Snulli, and otliers, 
 SOB Egiipt E.cplnmlii'ii. h'unit. 
 Some of tin. eleven pyramids at Sakkara have been ex- 
 plored by M. Maspero, 1880 et seq. 
 At tlio bullies 'if tlw riirinnuh. Napoleon Bonaparte ile- 
 feated the Mamelnkes, and thereby comiuereil Lower 
 Egypt, 13 and 21 July, 1798. 
 
 PYRENEES. After the battle of Vittoria 
 (fought 2 1 June, 1813), XapoleonsentSoulttosuncr- 
 aede Joui-dan, with instructions to drive the allies 
 ac^ross the Ebro;Soultrctreated into France witha loss 
 of more than 20,000 men, having been defeated by 
 "Wellington in a scries of engagements from 2S July 
 to 2 Aug. One at the Pyrenees on 28 July. A 
 railway through the Pyrenees (from P'lliao to 
 Jilirania) was opened 21 Aug. 1S62.— Tiik Pface 
 oi' THE Pyheneks was concluded between France 
 and Spain, by cardinal Mazarin, fo'' the French 
 king, and don Louis de ILiro, on the o.irt of Spain, 
 in the island of Pheasants, on the Jiidiissoa. By 
 this treaty Spain yielded Koussillcm, Arioi8,and her 
 right to Alsace ; and France ceded her conquests in 
 Catalonia, Italy, &c., and engaged not to assist 
 Portugal, Nov. 16"". 
 
 PYROLETEK, a mechanical and chemical 
 apparatus for extiuguishiiig tires, especially in ships, 
 
 invented hy Dr. Paton ; tried at Greeiiliithe, anj 
 reported successful, i June, 1875. 
 
 PYROMETER (fire-measuivr), an iippiiratus 
 employed to ascertain the tempcriiture fii' im-iiaces 
 Jio., where thermometers cannot be 1 niploitj' 
 Muschenbrock's pyrometer (a mctaliii' bar) "was 
 described by- him in 1731. Imiirovcnicnts' were 
 
 made by EUicott and others. AVcdgw 1 ciiipluvej 
 
 clay cylinders, 1782-6. In 1830 iiiMlcs.<„r I);,„j,,|; 
 rec'eiv'ed the Kumford medal for an e\i (Ucnt pyr„. 
 meter made in 1821. Mr. KrirssonV ■.lyroiiiVter 
 appeared in the Great Exhibition of iS^i" (i-„y 
 C.yi;.) Mr. (aft. sir) C. \V. Siemen- empluycdi-Ktric 
 oiistance in his pyrometers, exhibited in 1871. 
 
 PYROPHONE (Greek, pm: fire:;,/,,,,,., voice), 
 a musical instrument, invented by .\I, Kri'di^ri,. 
 Kastner, of I'aris. It consists of' glass tul.cs of 
 various lengths ; the tones being pri.ilucid Ijv 
 what are termed " singing Hames." It is bastj 
 upon the "chemi'-al harmoniron." Km nre 
 attached for playing, as in the piano. Tbc'liivcn. 
 tion was reported to the French .Aeailemy of 
 Sciences, 17 March, 1873: exhiliifcd at Vienna, 
 same year: and at the Society of Arts, 17 Feb. 
 1875. "M. Kastner died aged 31, 6 April, i,S82. 
 
 PYROXYLIN, the chemical name of 0,i<i 
 Cotton {which see). 
 
 PYRRHONISM, see Sceptics. 
 
 PYTHAGOREAN PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 Pythagoras, of Samos, head of the Itabo sect, 
 flourished in the 6th century 11. c. He is said to 
 have taught the doctrine ot mctempsyeliosis, or 
 transmigration of the soul from one body tu another, 
 forbidden his disciples to eat tiesh and beans, in- 
 vented the multiplication table, improved L'coinetrj, 
 and taught the present system of astronomy. 
 
 PYTHIAN GAMES, in honour of ApoUo, 
 near the temple of Delphi; asserted to have been 
 instituted by himself, in comnieiuoratien uf his 
 victory over "the serpent. Python. Also said to have 
 been established by Agam"cmni>n, or Diomcdes, or 
 Amphictvon, or lastly, by the council of the 
 Amphictyons, 1263 B.u. They lasted till 394. 
 
 PYX, the ea-sket in which Catholic priests keep 
 the consecrated wafer. In the ancient (diapel of the 
 pyx, at Westminster alibey, are deposited the 
 standard pieces of gold and silver, under the joint 
 custody of the lords of the treasury and the comp- 
 troller-general. The " trial of the py.t" signifies 
 the verification by a jury of goldsaiilhs of the 
 coins deposited in the pyx or chest by tlie master of 
 the mint ; this took pliicc on 17 July, 1861, at the 
 ' excdieouer ofliee, Old Palace-yard, in the presence 
 of twelve privy councillors, twelve goldsmiths, and 
 others, and on 15 Feb. 1870. This trial is said to h,ive 
 been ordered in the reign of Hciiry II., Il54-8(); 
 ' King James was present at one in 161 1. Tlie tirst 
 ; niiiiiiixl trial of the pyx, app,)inted by the Coinage 
 i act of 1870, took place 18 July, 1871. 
 
 ft! I 
 
 il 
 
PYX. 
 
 , ; triod at Grecnhithe, and 
 une, 1875. 
 
 QUACKEEY. 
 
 UOl 
 
 QUAKEllN. 
 
 Hrc-iiU'Usuri'i'), a 
 he teiuiici'.'ituii 
 .'tors ciiiinot liu 
 lifter (a inetalli 
 1731. Iiii]ir(iv 
 thers. Wecl,i;\v 
 
 In 1S30 ]iroli' 
 medal tor an cm 
 
 Mr. Erii!-sou': 
 , Exliibitinn of i 
 W. Siemeu- ciiiii 
 iietcrs, exlulihi'il 
 
 "iipfifiitus 
 1 iiiniiicfs, 
 
 iMiplo.td; 
 
 ■ l«ir) was 
 
 llll'lltS WWb 
 
 '"1 I'lnpluvcd 
 --"i' I);ini,-!i 
 
 lli'iitpyro. 
 
 ■lyruiiietcr 
 
 ■"^.i'- (i'/ij. 
 
 ivi'ilcKtric 
 
 ill i8;i. 
 
 Greek, ;j)fr. tire ;y/A<,//c, voice) 
 :, invented l)y M, Kri'JOiii; 
 't coniiist.s ot i.'l:is> tulj.'s of 
 e tones bein^,' iiri.iluiid l,v 
 ini-'iii!; tlames." It is bastj 
 il liannonicon." Keys are 
 19 in tile piano. Tiii'lnvtn. 
 
 the Fieni'U .\tademv of 
 1873; exhiliited ;it Yit'ima, 
 
 the Society of Arts, 17 f^b. 
 ed aged 31", 6 April, 1882. 
 
 the uheinieal name of Qnn 
 
 ;, see Sceplics. 
 
 SAX PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 IS, head of the Itidm futt, 
 century n.c. He is said to 
 trine ot nietempsycliosis, ot 
 soul from one body to iinnther, 
 .>8 to eat flesh and beans, in. 
 :ion talile, improved u'coinetiy, 
 it system of astronomy. 
 
 MES, in honour of Apollo, 
 elphi ; asserted to have betn 
 f, in coiniuenioratidii d his 
 nt, Python. Also siiid to have 
 AgamciinKm, or Diniucdes, or 
 :ly, by the council of the 
 iS. Tl'iey lasted till 394. 
 
 ill which Catholic priests keep 
 . In the ancient idia])el of the 
 r abbey, are deposited the 
 Id and silver, under the juiiit 
 if the treasury and ttie comp- 
 " Irittl nf the pijx" signifies 
 
 1 jury of goldsmiths of the 
 py.K or chest by the master of 
 
 pliiee on 17 July, 1861, at the 
 I'alace-yard, in the prcseucc 
 
 •illors, twelve gold.sniiths. ami 
 1870. This trial is said to have 
 
 reign of Henry 11., n54-S<); 
 
 lent at one in ifill. TEe lirst 
 
 iv.x, appointed bj the Coinage 
 
 e 18 July, 1871. 
 
 Q. 
 
 QUACKERY, or medical iinjiostuiv, is verv 
 ancient. Quack medicines were taxed in is'i 
 tt scq. An inquest was held on the bodv (/f a 
 young lady. Miss Cashiii, whose phvsiiian, St. 
 John Long, was afterwards tried for manslan"-hter 
 21 Aug. 1830; he was found guilt\-, and sentenced 
 to piiy a tine of 2501!., 30 Oct. foU'owing. He -.as 
 tried for manslaughter in the case of Mr.s. Catherine 
 Lloyd, and acquitted, iq Fell. 1S31. ])|-. \-i-i,-.s 
 "tlie black doctor," a professed <ancer-i'urer, at 
 Paris, was condeinned to lifteeii niomhs' impri.s'on- 
 racnt as an impostor in Jan. 18O0. Alabone v. 
 Morton, see Trials, 8 July, 1895, 
 
 QUADRAGESIMA SUNDAY, first Sun- 
 day in Lent and 40tii day before Good Friday; see 
 Lent, and Quinqnaijesiimi. 
 
 QUADRANT, a matliematical instrument in 
 the form of a quarter of a circle. The solar (luad- 
 rant was introchiied about 2')0 n.c. The .\rabian 
 astronomers under tlie caliphs, in (/)3, hiid a I'lund- 
 rant of 21 feet 8 indies radius, and a sextant ;ij foot 
 9iuches radius. Davis's (|uadrant for meaMiriii" 
 angles was produced about i(,oo; Hadlev'siiuadrant 
 about 1731; %vc Sctriijdlivn. 
 
 QUADRILATERAL or Quadkaxgie 
 
 terras applied to lour strong lorlre.s.ses in N. Italvl 
 longhehl by tlie .Austiitins, Ijut surrendered to'ti'ie 
 Italians, Oct. l8(*;— I'escliiei'a. on an island in the 
 Mineio; .dantna on the Mimio; Verona and Lc"-- 
 nago, both on the Adige; see Hal;/, Pv.'.cliifni, A:"c. 
 Tlie Turkish i,iiiii,lrll:iteriil was t<hiiiiihi, Vania, liusteliul; 
 ami Silistii.i, lost to the suUaii by the tiratv of Berlin' 
 ivlikli cstalilislifil the autonomy of Jtulgaria, ' 
 
 QUADRILLE, a dance (originally qiiadiille 
 <le niitre i/mise, introduced into l-'reiicli ballets 
 about 1745), in its luvsent form became p ijuiha- in 
 France uiiout 1804. It was introduced 
 country ahout 1808 (i)/A.v ISen-i/), and 
 by the duke of Uevonsliire and others, 
 Raikes. 
 
 QUADRIVIUM, see Arts. 
 
 QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE. That be- 
 tween Oreat Untaiii, France, and the empeiMr 
 (signedut London 22 July, 1718), on the acession 
 ot thestHtes ot Holland, 8 leb. 1719, obtaineil its 
 name. It guaranteed the succession of the ivi-ii- 
 mg families of (jieat liritaiii and France, setiled 
 the partition of the Spanish monarchy, and led to 
 war, 
 
 QUADRUPLE TREATY, eomluded in 
 London 22 April, 1834, by the representatives of 
 Orcat iintani, France, Spain, and Portugal, gua- 
 ranteed the possession of her throne to Isabella H 
 the young queen of Spain. '' 
 
 „ QUADRUPLEX TELEGRAPHY, see 
 
 under Llectrwitij. 
 
 QU.ESTOR.S (s<>ekers). 'Vwoqidcstorcs imn-i- 
 eiiii, pubhc prosecutors, in eases of murder and 
 ••■Her vapilal crimes, acted in Korne under the 
 kings; two iimes/orcs ,/ut,sici, who had the man- 
 agement ot t^ie public treasure, appointed ab,u.t 
 484 «.(. Ihe numlnrof qmestors was rais,.d from 
 linic to tune, as eireumstaiiees demanded. I'le- 
 
 bei.ans were fir.st ebuted in 409 n.c. There were 
 tig t qiuestors in 2O3. Sella raised the number to 
 twenty; Julius Ca'sar to forty. 
 
 ■,ll9F,iy^^^'';^'"''^f^'"'ETY0FFKIE\DS, origin- 
 
 ah called Seekers, Irom their ..eking the truth, 
 
 d atterwards Friends (3 Jo/,k, .4). Justice l!..,,! 
 
 t r,, Deriiy, sMve ,i„, ,„,i,f_,, j,,^, „,,„,„ of (iuakers 
 
 n I'bO, bc.ause Oeorge Fox (the foumler) admon- 
 
 ,f't '""/""' 'losi-' l'i-o«'nt to quake at the word 
 
 b, t ,lu I ," =*'-'-t ^vas commenced in Fndaud 
 
 about i(,4 ,. by Oenrge Fox (then aged 22), wHo 
 
 Kobert liarclay of Lry, and others. Fox rejeeled 
 .ehgious ordinances, e ,|ained away the .•om- 
 1 1; Ids relative to baptism, >.V:e, ; discardeil the 
 I' d nary names of days and months, and used t/,ee 
 u',,,,1 !•'.">' .''!'"•, •'%'»<»•'-■ consonant with truth. 
 He published a book of instructions fortea.liersand 
 professors and , lied ,3 Jan. „„„. Sir H. Nicolas 
 CM) ai.is the (iuaker caleml.'ir in his Chronology of 
 i, u'l"; Ti "'' '"'■'" ''"•''tiii'--lioiise in London was 
 111 W hue Hart-court, Ciracechi-.rch-street. 
 
 I'lu 
 
 ir i.riiieii.hs are eontai 1 in " Kxtracts 
 
 into this 
 |u-iui;oted 
 in 1813. 
 
 (tv,,'.,, ,1 .' ,:■;■■■■""■■'"' i-.-Miiiias of iiiinuti.s" 
 
 /s6;;'a,!d'3s;:""""^^ '""'"^''"' '^«=^= •■«"^-i 'S-'. 
 
 '^'l!o'^';','";'V''''';" """;■""' ""'"'"^'^ pcrsc^utiona. At 
 f , • ■. • '"■'■'-■ "'"■' '''■•'' '•''■'"'"'■•' ^^-l'" ■ii-i-ivcd were 
 
 '""•''"■^. they w,.i indlv scouiff,.! and had the r 
 
 ears cut otf; s..,,,,. |„,t to .h.ith 
 
 endureIrsnM''','i';'' '" '""."■"'"■"' »''"t =«» Friends had 
 tiidu eel s i(t,.iiiif;s and iiMi.i isoiim,.,it in \,.WL'ate : and 
 .64 Friends oiieivd th,.,„s,.|v,.s at this time, M ,a 
 m,^'l ,;'"'",'■'"• '",.''" ""I'ii»"ii-"1 in lieu cV an ecpiai 
 Fiftt ,;'";"'■"'"'" '•■'"""'■""•lit) of death. ,6v , 
 
 "a lie./' .,;■' 'f '^':."'''"'-"'0 "•'^i« traiisimrted t,> 
 Aniiaica, ijy an oi'der ot .•onni.ii, ,f,f,. 
 
 The n,ast,.rs ,.f vessels ivfusiiif^ to eanv them for .sumo 
 
 iimths, an laiibai-o was laid on W..st India sin s 
 
 «,,, iti ^'"■.'■'■if"'l-:<»""M not w.dk .01 hoani, nop 
 "ouWthesailor.s li.,ist them into the ..■ssehoud .sol- 
 diers from the Towr were enipl„v,.,i. 1„ 6. the 
 yess,. .,aih.,l; lait it was ininiediatllv ca, ,r ed i,V e 
 
 'lied of the phig 
 
 Holland, the rest havinj. 
 
 reaeheil Anieriea. 
 William ivnn with a eoiepaiiy of Friends, eohai- 
 
 iseil I'hlhldelphiii 
 First iiH.eting of yaaUers in Iivhiml in Diihliu in 
 
 1O58: and tlear lirst meetiii;; h.oi.se there was 
 
 opened ill Kiistaei'-street 
 The solemn afflrmati.iu of Qtiakeis enacted to l,e 
 
 tak.ii in all cases in th,. eoiirts l„.low, wlierein 
 
 oaths are required fnan otiier siilj|,.ets (see A/Hr^ 
 
 mutiitn) .... " ^ - I 
 
 John Aielelale.aQiiaher, el,.et,.,l M.I'.' forChippue- 
 
 >\,veoml,e: r,.tus,.,l j., take tl aths, and his 
 
 eh'e.ion Was de.-lared voi.l 
 
 Qiialiers ..nianeipatrd tlieir ne.yro slaves . ' , .Jan' 
 
 The Quakers li.ad in Filmland 41J iiie,.ting-honscs in 
 laoo, ,aiid 172 111 , , 
 
 A schisin in the society was Imx'iui in America 
 about ,S..7, l,v Kli^s lliekspiihlisid,e.-liis,q,il;i„'i ' 
 denying the .hviinlyof Christ and his at.memeni, 
 and the antleaity ,,f tlm Ilolv .SeriiMiin's Hi- 
 nnmerons|nilowersar,.styi..d Uiek.Mre Friei.,ls 
 
 •ios,.,,|, lease.ayiiaker, was.i.lmittwi topailiamint 
 0:1 his alllrmation ... ' ,, Peh iS,, 
 
 At an annual assemhly it was agrcd t,', reeohfii.end '' 
 ha mixed marri.av'es shouM 1,,. permitte.l, and 
 that many of the |,,.,iiliarities of tlie .se.a in spee -li 
 and costume shonl.l he 110 longer insisted 011. 
 
 3 Nov. 1858 
 
 Few 
 
 082 
 
 1692 
 
 i6g5 
 
 1699 
 
 1872 
 
 ;- 'i. !, 
 
 
 .fl 
 
 ' 'HI 
 
 ^lif V^iLI 
 
 '. I 
 
 1 ,1 
 
^v~ J- 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 ffa 
 
 * \ >•' 
 
 
 li 
 
 ■; ^^'P 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i I 
 
 •'f 
 
 M 
 
 J&'ir"' 
 
 f 
 
 1 n 
 
 QUALIFICATION. 
 
 902 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 An act passed iviiilcrin)! valid Quaker iimniagos 
 wlieii (inly one iif tlie persons is a Quaker. May, i860 
 
 Tin! Qnake'rs ]inlilish an address deprecating tlie 
 ecintinnance (il'the war .... Jan. 1871 
 
 Kiiid to lie 14,441 Qnakers in Great Britain, May, 
 1877 ; aliiiiit 14,700, May, 1880 ; 15,381, .May, 1885 ; 
 16,854, "'"' 34S nieeting-lionses in 1898; in the 
 wurid, 112,413 nieijibors, of whom 92,398 are in 
 .Vnierica, reported 10 .Ian. 189S 
 
 Quaker sinainer school of theology opened at Hcar- 
 liorongh 4-18 Ang. 1897 
 
 Tlieir " appeal to the Tiation " against increase of 
 army anil navy and forward policy issued . Dec. ,, 
 
 QUALIFICATION fok Office Aboli- 
 tion Act, pa'scd May, 18OO, reuilercd it uuncces- 
 Biiry to make iiail subscribe certain declarations. 
 
 QUAE.*.NTINE, the onstom observed at 
 Venice as early as 1127, wliereby all merchants and 
 others co.ning ironi the Levant were obliged to 
 remain in the liouse of St. Lazar.is, or the Lazar- 
 etto, forty days before tlioy \vere admitted into the 
 city. Various southern cities have now lazarettos; 
 that of Venice is built in the water. In tlie times 
 of plague, England and all other nations oblige 
 those that come from the infected ))laces tp perform 
 quarantine with their ships, &c., ,1 1' ;iger or shorter 
 time, as may be judged most safe. Quarantine acts 
 
 182 
 
 The SNslem was 
 
 were passed in 175? and in 
 nbolisned in England h\ 
 and the old quarantine men-of-war in the Solent 
 were broken up. Uuarantine established through- 
 out Europe, in consequence of the bubonic jilaguc 
 at Bombay {which ftcv), lO Jan. l8cj7. liy order of 
 council, 10 Nov. 18OO, foreign cattle were nnide 
 subject to quarantine. 
 
 QUAERIES. An act was passed for their 
 regulation in 1894. 
 
 QUARTER SESSIONS were established, 
 2^ Edw. IIL l,550-I. The days of sittiiig were 
 Hppointed, 2 Hen. V. 1413. In 1830 it was en- 
 acted that qup.rter sessions of the peace should be 
 held in the tirst week after II Oct., 28 Dee., 31 
 March, and 24 June. Eurther regulated, 1842, 1848, 
 and 1858. 
 
 QUARTERLY REVIEW, the organ of the 
 Tory party. The publii.'atie.n was proposed to Mr. 
 George Canning, and his supj)ort solicited by Mr. 
 John Murray, the jiublisher, in a letter dated 25 
 Sept. 1807, "in opposition to the opinidiis of the 
 Ldiiihtiryli Jirriav. Mr. Jlurray was ably assisted 
 by Walter Scott, Robert Smithey, John Uibsnn 
 
 Lockhart (editor i82s-5,^). •'• \^'- '■''■"kei 
 eminent persons. rin- ' \ iew tirst 1 
 
 iiid other 
 ipjieared in 
 
 Feb. 1809, under the edit.' iiiji of William (litUird, 
 the eelehrated translator of ".luveiial." lie died 
 31 Dec. |82(). Dr. (aft. sir) "\\ illiani Smith, editor, 
 from 186- till liis death, J Oct. 1893; succeeded by 
 ftlr. Kowland I'lothero, >ov. 1893. 
 
 QUASI MODO, a name given to Loir Sitnduij 
 (the first Sunday after Easter) from the commence- 
 iiient of a hymn sung on that day. 
 
 QUATERNIONS, an important niathemati- 
 cal method or lalculus, invented by Sir Wm. 
 Kowan Hamilton, alx'Ut 1843. 
 
 Jtishased upon tlie .sep.iralion of nniltiplii'atiiin from 
 addition, and its fniidainental idea is nii nial traiis- 
 iereiice or motion hy what he termed veelnrs. He 
 ;ittrit>i<t''d to .'iddjtiuM iiiotinti friim ,1 point: to mill. 
 ti|ilieiiti(in aljout ;i miint. l-'iinr nnnihers are geiier.illy 
 invohed, hence tlie iiatiie ipiateiiiion. liamilton's 
 " Ijcetnies on Quaternions," was imlilislied 1K53: his 
 " Klements," 1866. Other works by professors Kelland 
 and Tait, imblislied since. 
 
 QUATRE-BRAS (Belgium) Here on i(, 
 June, 1815, two days before the battle of Wuterlwi 
 a battle was fought between the British iind allifd' 
 army under tlie duke of Brunswick, the nriiice i^f 
 Orange, and sir Thomns I'ietoii, and the French 
 aiider marshal Xey. The British fuiglit with xv- 
 niarkable intrepidity, notwithstanding tlieir ii.fcri. 
 ority in number, and tlieir fatigue through niarcti. 
 ing"all the nreceding night. The 42nd re:,'iniiiii 
 (Koyal Highlander.s) snrtered severely in puisiiitut 
 a French division by eiiiras>iers ]iiisted in aiiilnhli 
 behind growing corn. The duke of Brun^ttil■l; u;,^ 
 killed. 
 
 QUEBEC a province of the dnminioii f,| 
 Canada, foriuerly called Lower Canii.ln, ivm 
 settled by the French in tlie l6th and i;tli im. 
 turies. Quebee the capital, was fouiidi'il byth.™ 
 
 : in 1608. I'opulatinn of the province," if(S|, 
 1.359,027; 1891, 1,489,062. Town, 1881, (,2,4|i,' 
 
 i 1891, 63,ap. 
 
 Qneliee reduced liy the English, with all I'uiKida, iii 
 1629, but restored ,,v. 
 
 Besieged by the Kiiglish. but without sueee.ss . ,.;'j 
 I Ciini|uered by them after a Initll' nieuinrabie f irtlic ' 
 i death of general Wolfe in tlie iiKimeiit of viitnvy, 
 I audoftlie Kreiieli general .Montealm i3Sc|it. i-,,, 
 
 Besieged ill vain by the .Viueriean |viiivineials, umlir 
 \ general .Montgomery, who was slain . 31 p^., ,y.. 
 ' liislinjiric ,'stablislieil j^l, 
 
 I'ublii' and jirivate stores and several wharfs ilf. 
 stroyed liy lire; the loss estimated at iipwanlsof 
 
 2r<,,0vX)/ Sl'llt. iSi; 
 
 Awful lire, 1650 houses, the dwellings of 12.000 |»t- 
 
 sons, burnt to tlie grnuiid . . 28 >hiy, ij^- 
 
 .\n<itlier great lire, 1363 lionses burnt . aS.linic, 
 l-'ire at the theatre, 50 lives lost . . i2,)iai. isi^ 
 Quebec miide the seat of government . 17 Ainil. it-,.; 
 Vi.^ited by the luinee of Wales . . iS-23 .\ll);. life 
 
 i (ireat lire in I'reiieli (piarter ; 2500 houses ami 17 
 ehurelies destroyed, and nearly 20.000 liersoiis 
 
 I made homeless 14 Oct. if/ 
 
 (Ileal lire; 5110 houses burnt . . . 24 May, iS-, 
 (ileal tires at St. .iolin's i-oinmereial distiict; ,j 
 ehurelies and 7 hotels said to be destroyed. 
 
 iS.lmiC, I5;f| 
 
 , llissensions between the lient.-goveiiKa' l.uc Lclel- 
 lier lie St. .Inst and his ministers 
 
 e.x) si!iall Wood, 11 houses destroyed by lire . .Iiinc, ifSi 
 
 Parliament buildings burnt (ineeieliarv) 19 Apiil, lEt; 
 
 llyiiaiiiite exidosions destroying new parliiuiiciit 
 buildings 11 Oct. \U^ 
 
 Destnietive lire in the citadel ; the powder magii- 
 zine siiveil : about 3o,(x>j^ daiiiai:!' . 6-7 July, iS;; 
 
 .\. Ural .\Iil;i'Is ■■ijipointed lient.-,jo\eniol' .". ^, 
 
 Thiiiidi : -l"ini Willi great loss nf lile and iiroperty, 
 
 16 Auj;. iJSS 
 Fire in till' .Miburli St. Sau\eur; above 700 liniiscs 
 
 di-stioyed ; gre.'it distress . . 15-16 May, iS!; 
 Jesuit:-' Kstate act passed, see '(file, ;» , Aug. .. 
 l.:uidsli|i below the citadel, 7 dwellings fell, I'g 
 
 Sept. ; 30 bodies recoveri'd, 36 missing 21 Si'iit. ,. 
 The duke and dncliessofComianglit received warmly 
 
 10 June, lU; 
 
 Visit of the Comte de Paris, liaiii|uet . 28 (let. „ 
 .\t St. .lo.s(.]i|i de Levis, a iiiilway train, ciussiii)! 
 j the bridge, is thrown into the river, about 10 livci 
 
 ' lost 18 IVc. „ 
 
 : Destnietive boiler explosion at Hare Point, nbiiul 
 
 io persons killed i2l'Vb. ic.i 
 
 The Hmi. Iloiioie Mercier, |ireiiiierof Qneliee, ami 
 
 .Mr. Joseph Adolphe Chapleau. .secretary of state, 
 
 ! chaiged with iiii>a I i|aopiiatiiig public iiioiioy ill re- 
 
 i lation to the Cbaleiirs Hay railway, &e. ; tlm 
 
 charge accepted by the Senate . . i4Sc|it. ,, 
 
 in ct]iise(|ueiK f the interim report of the Ituval 
 
 ('oiiimissiou of iiiipiiry (threejudges) appciiiit.tl 
 b>' lieut.-goxernor Ileal .Viigers (issued Nm.), lie 
 dismisses the iiiiliistr\' . . , . 16 |)cc. ,, 
 Mr. ('. Ii.de liouehervlilefoMus a ministry 21 lite. , 
 Ho\al eolunli^sioll to iniiuiie into the eoiclucl "f 
 the niiui.-liy. 11 Jan. iSu-'; the re|iMit ecii-iii.s 
 several iiersons and blames .Mr. .Mereier for uc(.'li. 
 genee, 17 Feb.; investigations proceeding, A]inl, lic: 
 
IS (Belgium). Horr en „, 
 i ijofore till' baltlo of Wau.,!;,,, 
 iL'twi't'u the lirilish uml |,iii|,|i 
 ^'. (if liniiisHick, till' 'irince i.f 
 nniiis I'ic'tdii, iiiul tin? French 
 Tho liritish fou<;lit with n. 
 ■, iiotwillisliiiulini; tlicir ii.f,.fi. 
 
 I tlu'ii- f'uli^'iio thnmgh march. 
 ig night. The 42iui rfxinum 
 
 surti'i'uil severely in piuMiiti,! 
 ■ ciiii-iis^iers ]mstc(l in aiiihibh 
 . The duke of Brun>\vii-l; «;,, 
 
 •ovinee of the dnininion ,■ 
 ealleil Lower • 'ana. la, « ,, 
 h in the l6th iind i;tii ,;■„. 
 eapital, was feundeil bv ih..;n 
 ioii of the iiniviiMi.," |,ijy| 
 j89,o62. Town, 1S81, (ji.^i.. 
 
 Eiiijlisli, witli all I'aiia.la, in 
 
 ll. Imt Witllnut Silcrcss ,.,'! 
 
 er a I'lilth niiMiiciraliii' f Ji'thf ' 
 
 tc ill t!ll* llli'lllrllt nl' \ i. tury. 
 lifi-al Mnntrallil r ^ f>c,it' i-;, 
 
 ' Anu'iiiMii inuviiirials' iin,!,-!- ' 
 Willi was slaiii . 31 !)«.. ,... 
 
 iircs anil si'Vi'i-.il wharfs ilc. ' 
 OSS estiiiiatetl at npwarils of 
 
 . till' ilwi'llings iif 12,000 |ii.r- 
 "iinil . . , 2S Mav, 184; 
 ; Imnsi's lannt . zS.luiir, 
 lives lust . , 12, Jail! lb, 
 if HHvi-niim'nt . 17 April, if;- 
 t Wall's . . iS-23 Auj;. i8(,. 
 
 inartiT; 2500 hnii.si'S ami 17 
 anil nearly 20.000 lici-smis 
 
 Mdi't. if/ 
 linrnt ... 24 May. iS- 
 ii's - riiinmeri-ial ili^triit; .; 
 Is saiil to lie ilestrnyi'il. 
 
 18 .llUll', iS;- 
 
 le lient..;'iivernor I.ne Ldi'l- 
 
 lis ministers 
 
 a'S ilistriiyeil by lire . June, ifSi 
 mrnt (ineeii.liar>) 10 April, i6;'; 
 ilestruyiiiH mw iiarfiaiiifiii 
 u (let. I-:, 
 
 citailel ; llie piiwiler iiia};a. 
 i.ootV. ilaillM;,'e . 6-7 July, il>- 
 ted lii'nt.-;iii\i'riiiir , ', ,. ' 
 
 eat loss iif life and pniperty, 
 
 i6Auj.', iSiJ 
 
 SaiiM'iir; above 700 Imusi's 
 lisliiss . . 15-16 May, iSi; 
 isi'il. see Cuiiinlii . Aug, ,, 
 itailid, 7 dwellin^rs fell, 19 
 overed, 36 missing; 21 Jii'iil. ,. 
 if('iinnan;,'lilreeeivi'il\vaiiiily 
 
 ln.JllIU', 1-^ 
 
 Paris, liaiii|\n't . 28 Oct. ., 
 is, a iiiilway train, crossiiij! 
 
 II into the ri\er, almut lolive.s 
 
 iSlli-c. .. 
 
 ilosioii at llare I'ciint, abiiHl 
 
 . 12 Feb. i;;i 
 ■eier, premier of Qm'hi'c. ami 
 
 ("lia|ileau, si-eretaryofstati', 
 riipiiatinu'lintilieniuiii'yiitri'- 
 'ins Hay railway, ie. : tlw 
 till' Senate . . 14 Si'pt. „ 
 intiTini I'eporl of tin' Uuyal 
 liry (tlireeJnilKi's) ap]»iiiit'<l 
 !ral An;iers (issned Nii\.), be 
 .r\' . . , . 16 Hit. .. 
 ■iliefornis a ministry 21 iii'c. , 
 
 iiiiinire into tie' eiiiuhict "f 
 11. 1392 ; till' ri'pnrt l■l■ll^nn■s 
 lilames .Mr. Mereier fur iit^'li- 
 >stigiition« proceeding, April, 105! 
 
 QUEEN". 
 
 .Wiv jiorlianient opened (eonservatives 55, ojiposi. 
 
 lion 17,^ ,•,,•,',.• • • ?7 April, 1S52 
 Tiial of -Mr. Charles Laiixelier anil Mr. Krnest l>a. 
 ciuil fur c'onsiiiraey and fraud ; ,iinlf,'nieiit re- 
 
 -ervi'il 21 Mav, 
 
 .Mr. Meri'lerand Mr. Pacanil eoniniitleil for trial for 
 .laispiracy 'o defraud the provinee of miniey, 9 
 
 •hnip; aninitted ^ Xoy. _ 
 
 (Irrat lire at Hedley ; 120 families lionieles,s,g,Sept. 
 Sir J. A. Chapleaii appointed lieiit.-governor, Dee. ,' 
 \lr. C. lie Doiieliervillu resit;ns, sneeeeded by Mr. 
 TailliDi as premier ■ ... 14 Dec. 
 M;. .Mi-ieier, in a manifesto, advocates Canadian 
 
 inilBlii'inii'nee ; repm-ted . . , ^ April, i8gj 
 
 Ii-ath of sir Narci.sse Fortnnal Jtellean, I'lninent 
 
 Mttlfial 14 8ept. 1804 
 
 patbi'f -Mr. Honin-e Mereier, ex.preinier joOct. ,, 
 i^.iwt liri's. many farmers ruineil . about 23 .Sept. ,,' 
 Cabinet rwon.strueted, .Mr. E. J. Flynn premier, 
 
 II Mav, i8q6 
 Irsuliiw convent at noberval, IjikoSt. .John, bnrnl 
 .loivn. 7 nnns jierish . . . . f, .Jan. 
 |..'.;islatureilissolved .... 6 Mari'li, 
 .V.wiinnistry, Mr«>'. .J. Marehaml, pri'inicr, 26 .May, 
 Vktoriii park ojieni'd by sir J. A. C'lia|ib'aiW(lii'il, 
 13,111111;, 189S), .Inbili'i' day . . . 22 .June, 
 Pi-iistrons Hoods ; towns in the east under water' 
 
 903 
 
 QUEENTSLAND. 
 
 1897 
 
 15 .Inly, 
 
 3 .Ian. 
 
 born 17 
 
 12 Ajiril, 
 
 i8qS 
 
 vpolted .... 
 .1 :.ii;(:Ji'tteali]ioiiit(!d lieut. -governor 
 I .ciil. Tascberi'an, archblalnjp of Qin'bee, 
 
 hVb. .i;2o, died 
 
 (See Cumuia.) 
 
 QUEEX (Sa.\on, cweii. ; Oermaii, kimigin). 
 Ill I554an act was passed " deelariiig that the rega'U 
 jiinvcr of this re.iliin' i.s in the quenes majestie 
 [Mary] as fully and absolutely as ever it was in 
 :,i;y ot her inoste noble progenitours kinges of this 
 .vlliiie." The Huiigarrins (nilled a queen-regnant 
 kiiilj; see Huiiiiin-i/. John Kno.x's "Monstrous 
 Kigiment of Women," pul)lished 1555, against 
 Marv qiu'cn of Scots, greatly otiendcd Elizabeth of 
 Kngland. See under EikjUiikI, kings and (jucens. 
 
 QUEEX AXXE'S BOUNTY, established 
 '.y her ill Nov. 170.5, being the tirst-fruits with the 
 truths, to iacrease the incomes of the poorer elergw 
 Tlim' were 5507 clerical livings under 50/. jil^r 
 .innum found by the commissioners under the act of 
 Aime capable of augmentation. Clwlmeis. Act to 
 iinisolidatc the othees of tii'st-fruits, tenths, and 
 (|iiccn Anne's Hiiuuty, iiassed I Vict. 1858. .\iuount 
 111 the fund, 1892,388,9401'. Itenefiictions in rSo; 
 
 QUEEX AXXE'S FARTIIIXGS. The 
 
 rn.piikr stories ot the great value of this coin are 
 lahiilous, although some few of iiartieuhir dates 
 l;:ive been purcha.sed by persons at liigh iirices. 
 The current fiirtbing, w'itli the broad brim, when 
 m line nrescrvation, is worth il. The common 
 juttpmsof 1713 and 1714 are worth lA The two 
 ptterns with liritanuia under a euiiopy, and reaee 
 on a car. K h 11, are worth 2I. 2s'. each. The 
 Itittcrn with Peace in a ear is more valuable and 
 riip, and worth z^t. I'inkertou (died 1826). 
 
 QUEEX CAROLINE'S TRIAL, &e. 
 
 (..irnliiic Aiiiilia l';ii/alii'tli, si'inml ilan^;liter of 
 
 iliiirlo.s Wilhani Kcnlinand, dnke of lirnnswirk 
 
 l«im 17 May, 1768 ; married to ticorge, ]irinee of 
 
 uecZ:a,;-^;=t!:n^i;!r;;;;S's 
 H:';^'i;;i'c!;^r;l,':T"^""'^'-«"'^"™'"'"«)'4^ - 
 
 lie lepiirtwa;. , uvcd by .oS against 09; the 
 
 iMiniericalnnuintyuf.iine t,|.ingp,7,iln,.i.d ri;-t c 
 vnvesof the ministers th.'m.sehJs. 1',,., S„ .' 
 
 ''nwSnt,;;:!;^''™^''""^ " 
 
 The (ineen goes to St. Panl's'in .st'ate '°,' "' '„ Nov' " 
 I hhe iirotests against her e.\i Insinn from the eoron.a- " 
 
 Ink: ." V"-V ,';''"■" '" •" '""'■>•-''""■ theatre o 
 .July; ilos at Hammersmith. rVnl'iR-, 
 
 Her rem. leniuved „n th-ir ronte to linmJwiek ■ 
 an alari.;iii^ not neenrs; two persons were killed 
 iiianalliay w.tlith,'i..uar,ls . . ,4 Aug 
 
 QUEEN CHARLOTTE Ship of War 
 
 a hrst-rate ship of the line, of > K .■ uns th, the 
 s up of lord Keith, the,, eo,,„uandi,Trin dLf" n 
 t he Med terranean was burnt by an accidental tire, 
 
 t the Inirbour oi Leghorn, and n,ore that. 705 
 
 1 .1 ish seamen out of a crew . ; 850 perished by hre 
 or drowning, 1 7. March, 1800. ^ 
 
 f„,8^^!i^"''^ ADVOCATE, piusecutes or de- 
 lends on the part of the crown in all eases in the 
 eourt of admiralty. Sir U. J. I'lilU ore an! 
 pointed in ,802, was succeeded by sir T^ritve?; 
 
 .!:s^ci"!;:i^:^^;::!;;'^''''«"'''^-^i-^''''«r- 
 
 ^ol^^^^'-''* ?^^^^9^ COURT ..v>-D PRI- 
 
 OrEf"^^'^ COLLEGES, see CamMgc and 
 
 sectarian character termed the " Godless Colle-es " 
 were instttuted it, ,845, ,0 alfurd education of the 
 hlgbe. ore ,'r to a 1 re.igtous denominations. Thev 
 «erc placed at Belfast, fo.'k, ami (ialway : the h.st 
 
 « , J 'I' ^'V'^""'- '■""ilireheuding the.se colleges, 
 
 as fomided bypate.it, 15 Aug. 18^0; the ear! of 
 
 Clarendon, lord hctenant, the ti'st chancellor 
 
 Ihesy were "condemned " by the Propaganda and 
 
 he pope, and by a m.ip.ritv (a small one) of the 
 
 n>di bishop-,,,, a synod held at Iburle.s, „, Sc^t' 
 
 .i',0. A supplenieutal charter, granted in June, 
 
 i»(A eieated much dissension when acted upon in 
 
 Oeober following :,;ol was sutlered to e.xpl.e, 3, 
 
 JiUl. 1808; .ee Cii//ii/t:s. ■^ 
 
 A government ninimissinn .if inonirv into the eol- 
 
 legi!s was a|ipiiinted abnnt ' u.,,. 
 
 Dissiilntiim of the Qneen's Univei'sity enai'ted.'ano- 
 
 Is'I.^,™ '■^^'^ "'"■'• "'5' '""^''^" 
 
 Qiii'i'ii s colli';,.,., llarley-slrei't. London, fonnde.l 
 
 ;.i;iunly by the rev. I-', li. .Maurice in' 1S48, ts 
 
 .inbilee comniemiirati'rl .... 2 .May 
 
 8 April, 
 
 7 Jan. 
 
 22 May, 
 
 ' Aug'. 
 
 Wi's 
 TliiirilauKlittr, princess t'liiirlotte, liorn 
 'IV "Dchcate Investigation" (irhiiK .,ee) 
 Oiargos ngainst her again disproved 
 Till' princess embarks for the continent 
 b. Mines iimen, 20 Jan.; arrives in Kiigland, 
 
 .V - ir.t I'lminiittee in the house of lords, aiii^iointt'd 
 l'it.\aiuine jiapcrs i/u charges of Ineoiitinence, 
 
 lull of pains iind iiemdties intro.luced bv lurd 
 '-'^•'■'T»"l S'lulv, 
 
 170.-. 
 1790 
 1806 
 1813 
 1814 
 
 1820 
 
 1876 
 
 QUEEX SLAND, Moreton-bav, a Btitish 
 colony, eompi',sing the wi.ole of the norfh-eastei-n 
 pm- ton ol Austr.aha ; was separated frotu New South 
 \Vale8 mid nmde a disttmt colmiv, i,, 18^0, when 
 Jh-,sbane, the ea|iitMl, founded bv U.vlev, 182V was 
 made a btshoprie. Chinese imn,igi'ants are virtually 
 e.xeluded. vuanj 
 
 SirUeorgc I'Vi-gussnn lii.weii,tliellisti;iivernor i8m 
 sueceedi'd by Mr. iilaekall, ,808; tlie ma inis'of 
 -Normanby, 1S7, : Mr. Wm. Wellington Cairns 
 
 .874 ; sir Artliur K. Ken l.y, Jan. 1S77; s^r 1 
 
 tinny Mn.sgrave, March. 1.S81 : died o(M ,»uo • si,, 
 iciiiy Ardioy Ulai,,- .Nov." (oli.p'cle,rto l,7t|n; 
 eohin.v); ,es,:;ns abo„, ,7 .N-„v.; ,i, il 
 W.Mo' Niirman aiipointed Nov. ,888; well 
 received , May. ; opens the parliament with 
 speech noticing the prosperity of the colony 
 
 21 May, 1889 
 
 W«'i , " 
 
 tft I,' 
 
 Uii* 
 
 il 
 
 1 , 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 : .;;!! 
 
 
 \l'^^ '■"mm 
 
 if' 
 
 >.uMdJi. 
 
|'«"f*ii 
 
 QUEENSLAND. 
 
 904 
 
 QUIBEEON BAY. 
 
 1S85 
 
 1869 
 
 Report of nival cniuiiiissiini, j5 April, 1885; im 
 rccniitinii in Smitli I'acilir Isli's fur luliuiuvrs t(ir 
 HUk'iir iilaiitatiniis in Xi.rtli yiii'.Misliiiiil, ilisclciscs 
 iinicli lU-r.'it mill fnu'ltv, i's|irciiill.v in tlic sliip 
 IIn,u:/ii!, rapt. .Sliaw, Jlay ; Ni'il .McXi'il, a^i-nt, 
 anil Williams, liuatswain, wi'Vi' cnnvicti'il nl 
 niurilor (imt fXi'diti-.l) 1884; 404 islamli-rs sint 
 honif, nnmmnci'il . . 6 .Innr ;i'tl"'i>"n •'".ly. 
 
 North gni'i'uslanil niailra liisliiiiiri(MS78 ; anitatmn 
 of North yui'i'UsliUiil tor si'iiara iun .Inly, el xnj. 
 
 Loan or 1,554.000/. aiilhiirisi'.l . . . 15 N"y- 
 
 Monnt Morfian, a Krazin^' ilistrii't ot 640 acri's in 
 central yui'i-nshiml, tioii;.'lit 'ly Dimald (.oiilon 
 lor 5-'. anacri', was si '.lliy liini to Mi'ssrs. Morgan 
 fori/, an anv ; in i£b.> tln^y iliscovi'rni a^M, ami 
 fornii'ila pa rlniMshiiiwitliM.'ssrs.lhillanil others 
 The proilnct ol lioM emirnionsly iniiease.l. am 
 in i836, aneweonipauv wastornieil witli a eainlal 
 of i,(xxi,ooo/., wliiuli is .saiil to have paiil very 
 
 larjse iliviilemls . . • , • , ; *^'"': " 
 
 Di.sastrons Hooils, ahont Soo miles of laml snlnneipd 
 
 thronj-'h heavv rains . . iinmnineeil 5 .Jiiii. 1850 
 The call .et re-arran^-eil ; hoii. 11. !>. More.M'ail still 
 
 ,„-eiiih.r . . . . , . ai,iii.niue.l6.laii. ,, 
 bestriictiv;' evelone: fan I well, a small diwii- 
 
 ship. nearlv ile.^trovi.l . • alioiit ;i Mairli, ., 
 Resi"iialiiiii ot Mr. Murelieail's Miinislry,, 7 .\iiK. : 
 
 siiec-ee.le.l livsirS, W. Crillith's . i 8 Au.l'. ., 
 Lalioiirilisiintesaiul riots in eentral yneen.-,laii.l, 
 
 aho.it 21 .Maivh ; siipinesseil . 26 Maivh, iSyi 
 
 The Shearers' Union, \eiyartive . . . 1S90-1 
 Str;keor the shearers eollapsis repo'teil I4'';"li'. iS'J' 
 Vervlaru'i ., op of wheat ami wool iv.orle.l 8 Dee. ,, 
 Mi.snnaerstaii.liii^: helwieii .-ir 1 iioni.is .M'lhvraitli 
 anil the Hank of Kn^laml resiurlin^' a loan, t^'i''-- 
 Uee., iSji ; explanations given, March ; ainiciilile 
 sottlemeiit . . . • . : ,• 3 •*'">■' 
 North ami t'entral Qneenslanil petition for separa- 
 tion from the colony; tin' liriti. h governinent 
 recoiiiiiieiiilsilela.\ . . • • , ,• , '' 
 
 Revival of the emplnyni'iil of Kanaka labonrers. 
 tiniler lestriclions ; l.il' pa.-M'l reimrteil 6 May 
 
 The separation i|iii-sti li'lenvil hy i;overiiiiient. 
 
 An^'. ; the hill passe.1, 13 Oct. ; re.ieetcil liy the 
 legislative eoniicil . . . . • , =7J'';J- 
 Destrnctive tlomls thron-h heavy rams on tlieh. h. 
 coast, a national calamity; lirisliiine, Ip' 'vicli, 
 anil other towns };ieally il,iiiia^'e.l ; ahoi ves 
 
 lost; relief fniiils opeiieil in all the Aii.s; ' lan 
 colonies. Lomloii, .Ve,. ^ I'el'. 'I .■»'/. ; estiinat 
 
 iSgc 
 
 1894 
 
 lies. Lomloii, ,\'e,, 5 reo. n ■■"'/. , '7'"'^;' ' 
 lossalioiil f.ooo.oix)/. ; relii-lfninls. 69,000/.. 4 May, .E93 
 Rosinnation of sir .Samuel (IrilHlh; sir Tlioiiias 
 
 M'Uwraith forms a ministry, aliiiut . 26 .March, ,, 
 StopiiaKe of yiieviislaml N.-itional I'anU ami the 
 bank of North yueenslanil, 15 May ; ot the lio>al 
 Rank of yneeiislaml . . . ■ 17 May, ,, 
 Meeting of parliament .... 25 May, ,, 
 The Roval liank re-eoiist-ii'-ti"l . . iS'lnne, ,, 
 National hank ileclare.l solvent, 6 Jn'.y ; rcopeneil 
 
 BnilKCtreporteil ; delleit. 1,500,000/. ; dtifito llooils, 
 &e 25.I11IV; the issue of 620,000/, of treasury 
 liilisanthoii/e.l, i7()et. ; issiiesuspemleil. 2; .ict. „ 
 ResiKiiation of sir Thomas Mlhviaith, premier; 
 sticceeileil liv Mr. Hii;;h Mnir Nelson . 27 l)ct. 
 Peace preservation liill tor the sniipression ot ont- 
 ra^'PS in the jiasloral ilistricts ; piisseil . 19 Sep. 
 A loan foi 2.000,0x1/. aiitliori/ei! ; passed 6pm. ., 
 Lord Laminnton appointed >.'overnor . • Wjit. 1895 
 Fierce toriiiido and Hoods over N. tjiieeiisliiiiil, 20 
 <leath»and,(le.structioiiofshi|ipiii^i,etc. at [owns- 
 
 viu,, 25, 26 .Fan. 1896 
 
 Parliament dissolved . . . ■ ■ " '!"'^' " 
 
 Lordand lady Lamin^ton arrive at lirisliaiie, 9 Apr. „ 
 
 Federal enahliiiK hill rejected l.y the lefiislative 
 
 council, Oct. ; Mr. H. Nelson, the preiniHr, ih 
 
 retiuesteil hv the premiers of the other colonies 
 
 to reconsider the loiestion, so that (ji iisland 
 
 may he representefl at tli" Federal convention ; 
 liill withdrawn . . • ■ '9 N'''V- ,, 
 
 The national hank, loss ot i,iSi,r«:ioI., with a delicil 
 of 1 -SJ, •"-"••'■ declarei! ; (lovevnnient hill L-naran- 
 tpeii'i"' current deposit.s for 12 months, jiassed, 
 
 •^ 12 \o\'. ,, 
 
 Bill authorisiiif; a (.'oveninient loan pa,sseil, n Dec ,, 
 
 Report of a CO littee of iiii|iiiry into the attairs 
 
 of the National hank received ; estimated losses 
 upto3o.lini iTiA 3.5«.co^'. . • 16 Nov. 1F.97 
 
 Destructive evdone at .Maekay . . . Krli. p^: 
 .Sir. liyrnes, attor.-Hen., hecomi's premier, 12 Apri.. 
 Prosecutions hettun anaiiist .Mr. Hart (ex-eliiihii,;,,,) 
 
 Mr. .Morehead, Mr. Webster (ex-ilin-iturs), luni ^ 
 
 others at Hydiiey . • • . ■ • ' Mnv, 
 Polinliiliiin in 1850, about 23,450 ; in 187', i2;.i<); 
 
 ill 1875, about 163,182; in 1884, 301,577; ii, li,,^ 
 
 393,718, 
 Chief exports, wool, jjolil, coiiper, tallow, live i,tiii'l<, 
 
 eiittun, and sii^ar ; v. le in 1871, 2,560,3831.; 
 
 1883, 5,276,608/. 
 Revenue 1887, !,o32,46!/. ; expendifmi'. 3.350,04;;. 
 
 l888-9,lcvenlie. 3,636,000/. ;expeiii|ituiv 3. 5„i,t>xy'. 
 
 1889-90, revenue, 3,2613,308/,; expeii.liuii,., 
 
 3,745,217/. ; iiiipiu'ts, 5,066,700/, ; e\i,„|is, 
 
 8,554.512/.; revenue, 1894,3,413,0011/.; iwini;,.. 
 
 1895, 3,D42,0'xV. 
 
 QUEENS OF ENGLAND, -see muliri; ,. 
 land. 
 
 QUEEN'S THEATEE, see Opo.' It 
 
 QUEEN' y TITLE, soc lloi/ni ,\/y/,, 
 QUEENSTOWN(riipi'i'<''i"-"l'i). Tlii.tiwn, 
 
 on tlie river .\'ii,^ara, was tal;eii 111 tlie 'v;i, wjil; 
 1. by t'." troops of till' I'liited .States ■jnit. 
 ..-1^; hut Wiii retaken by tlio British luin-. \vh,, 
 dco-iitcd tlio Auioiicniis with emisiilerahle ; -Ma 
 l<illed, woiiitdeil, ami prisoners, mi the Siiim- Juv. 
 (jiieeiistown sulli red severely in this wiiv.— 'riie 
 Cove of Cork was ;niiijed(iiKi:Nsn)WN, j.Vuj:. iSi.|. 
 hv the queen oh Iter visit, 'llie V. S. >ti;i!ii..i- 
 ^liiicncii was burnt here. 2v Xuv. l.Sijj. 
 
 QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY (sec r^,f,yuv. 
 
 : leilik), was directed to be dissolved by 42 &43Y; ;. 
 i c.'Cs (1K79). mill w lis dissolved l)\ pr.ielnmati'nii, ^i 
 I Jaui lf<S2; .see I'ninit'iti/ nf In Imi'l. 
 
 QUEEN'S YEAE, sec .h<l„l,., iSSjar.il \%c, 
 
 QTEEN VICTORIA Stk.ui Ship. 
 
 Wrecked 15 l''cli. l8.S3; ^''i' "''c/..^. 
 i QUENTIN, ST. (X. France). Tlie ihik,. .f 
 I Savov, with the iinny of I'liiliii U. of Spain, n- 
 I sistcd by the Knglisli, defeated the l-'ieiiih um 
 the coiistabli' Do Montinoreney. at St. Ijiieiuiii. la 
 Aug. 1557. I" fultihiient of a vow iiimir Inf.ro 
 the engaiicnient, the kins' huilt the moii:i*;in. 
 pahiee. lice., tlie Kseurial, considcreil by tiie Spi.;- 
 iirds tile cightli wonder of tlu' wmiil; see i'n levii/. 
 lluriiig the Franeo-Ucrniaii war the array of tlie 
 north, under I'aidlicr'oe, was (iefeated hi'iebvlW 
 GcrtuaiR! after seven liours' tiglitiiig, on hi Ja, 
 1871; total loss about 15,000; the German in-s 
 about 3100. 
 
 QUEEETARO (Mexico), was besiegixl i.nd 
 taken (through the treachei-y ol Lnpez) by tb 
 liberal general Eseobedo, 15th May, [86;. II* 
 emperor Maximilian and his generals Miratiinii :ini 
 Mejia, were taken prisoners, and, ;dter trial wj? 
 shot l<) June foUowing. 
 
 QUEEN or HaNDMILL. is priihublytlieiNi- 
 nleiiient spoken of in Isaiah xlvii. 2, aliuut :i2 lu. 
 1 So-called Uoinan (luenis Inivc been found in Viri- 
 ! shire. 
 
 V, France), was taken by Ike 
 ,-95, but was reeiivored liytte 
 
 QUESNG 
 
 Anstrians, , ,,„ 
 
 French, ih 'u;. It surreinlered to imw 
 
 Frederick of , . ncrlands, 29 June, l8l,v«ltff 
 tllc battle ol V 1:1 J.— It was lleie that laiilMJ 
 w(;re tirst used, and called bombards. Iliimh. 
 
 I QUETTAH, see lirhoc/iishiii. 
 
 QUIBEEON BAY (W. Fnmee). AM 
 force landed here, Sept. 174(1, but was repiil«il. H 
 the bav admiral Hawkc gamed a complete vietm 
 
Irtri 
 
 EEON BAY. 
 
 .Mui'k;iy . . . Kfli. p. 
 ., hi'cijiiii's iireinii'i-. 12 A]-ii., ,* 
 liiisl Mr. Hurt (i'X-chiiini„iii)' 
 iVt)li»lcr(«x-(liivi-tors), :iu,i , 
 
 !M«, 
 
 (lilt 23,450; In 1S71, n;.^;; 
 2; ill 1884, 301,577; ii.'ij.i] 
 
 111, cniiiicr, tiiUnw, liw st^.k, 
 V. ; le ill 1871, a, 560,3631. '; 
 
 \t,1. ; cxiiciMlitmi', 3.350,04^/. 
 i,ooo/.;('Xi»'liilitnri'3.5in,ox),'. 
 3,260,308/. ; t-xpi'iiiliiiirp, 
 rtrt, 5,060,700/. ; I'viiurs, 
 , 1894, 3,413, fxxi/. ; ivvfiim-, 
 
 ENGLAND. .<«■ mulvr;: 
 
 EATRE, sctO/,,,,,;; ,, 
 
 rLE, SIM' I'ntinl .Sli/h. 
 
 r'S{ywr(':mMh). Tlii.iMvii, 
 rii, WHS liikcii Ml tlio '.v;i,iiiij, 
 p-; of tlic I'liitcil Stiitis, 'jii.t 
 ilu'ii tiy tliu ilritisii toin.', \\l,, 
 iciins with loiisiili-riililt 1 ., jii 
 hi pris.iiicrs, I'll till' siiiiH- Jm, 
 'il scN'i'rily in this wai'.— 'rfio 
 llir'l <i'Kr.'N>KHV.\, 3 .Vu^'. l!iii|, 
 it-r visit. 'I'lii' v. S. stnni r 
 llOlV, 21) Xuv. i.S,,3, 
 
 riA'EitsiTY(s«' rMysc.;. 
 
 ti) ln' ilissoiviil hy 42 i."4',V;;. 
 i.s dissolved 1)\ |iiMrlniiiatiMU. ][ 
 ii'i.^ili/ III' In III mi. 
 
 ]AR,s(.L',/»/"A., |SS7ar,.l|(4,;. 
 
 [CTORIA SiiiAM Suip. 
 S53 ; si'o ll'iii/,.^. 
 
 T. (N- Fviinci'). Til,' (hiki- .1 
 niiy of l'hili|i II. of Spain. ,1-- 
 lish, dofeiiti'd the l-'roiuh tiiiiii 
 loiitmoicncy. ;it St. liiniitiii. ij 
 illilinciit of a vow ia:i(ii l,i!u' 
 till' kins '"lilt" till' iiion;i>:iii. 
 I'lii'iul, considi'it'il hv tht ^iji.;- 
 Jiidi'i'of the wniiil; seoi'v.«,/ri/, 
 ci-GiTiiiim war tin' array of II.- 
 liiToi', WHS di'tVati'il hull' by till' 
 ri'ii lioui's' tigliting, 011 |i) j;i:i. 
 bout I5,0(X); till' Oerniiiii iuri 
 
 (Mi'xico), was k'sii'giii niiil 
 111' troachci-)- of Lopez) k tte 
 st'obi'do, 13th Xlay, 186;.' Tie 
 nil and liis'gi'iii'rals Miramoiiaiij 
 
 1 prisoners, and, after trial »\ri> 
 wins- 
 
 IaNDMIIX. i' prohably the ia> 
 ' in Isaiah .\lvii. 2, about ;i;i,'. 
 jnenis have been found in Viri- 
 
 M. Franre), was taken liy the I 
 ,;05, but was i-eciivcret! iytle 
 ' ' It surri'iiilereil to irii'.ie 
 ,. 'Ki'linuls, 29 June, i8k. »1M 
 .vIcj.— Tt was heie that ciui-J j 
 111 nailed bombards. Jltiuiul'. 
 
 see Hr/iioc/iiishin. 
 
 BAY (\V. France). A T.M ' 
 , Sept. 174O, but wasrepulfiJ. b 
 Hiiwkc gained a complete victor; ' 
 
 QUICKSILVER. 
 
 90q 
 
 QUO WARRANTO ACT. 
 
 ovcrthe French adiiiinil Condans, and thus defeated 
 lilt rrojee'i-'i' invasion of (jii'at llritnin, 2U Sov. 
 |-:i). Uuiberon was taken hy some Freneli reyi- 
 nieulsiu llie pay of Kiii^laud, 5 .July, 171)5 ; but on 
 ;i July, through treaehery , the Fruiich republic, ins, 
 uniirrHoche, retook it by surprise, and iiiiiny enu- 
 TJnts were e.xeeuted. About ()()0 of the troops, 
 5nil nearly 1^00 royalist inhabitants wlio hail joiu'd 
 tne regiments in the pay of (iieat liritain, ellcrted 
 their embarkation on 'loanl the .ship.s. 
 
 QriCKSlLVER, in itsliciuid state, mercury, 
 lis use in retiiiing; bilvor was diseovered, 1540. 
 There are ninies of it in various parts, the chici of 
 ihii'b lire at .ilniaden, in Spain, anil at Idria, in 
 lllyiia; the bitter, discovered by accident in 141)7, 
 I lor several years yielded 1200 tons. A mine was 
 te'overed at Ceylon in 1797; and at >'ew .\lniailru 
 mil other places in California. (Quicksilver was 
 comtealeil in winter at St. erei.sbuig-, in 1751J. It 
 WM eoiijrealeil in England bv a chemical pmeess, 
 wilhfiut snow or iee, by Mr. Walker, iii 1787. Cor- 
 psive sublimate, a de.idly poison, is a eombiii.itiou 
 of mei'i'iry mid chlorine ; see Cnluuul. 
 
 VULT, see AfJiinidt^iiiu 
 
 Ml 
 
 QUICUNUUE 
 
 I (Vie/. 
 
 I QCIETLSM, the doctiineof Mi-iie. .„,„„,„, 
 
 abiKUiiiiiil (l«i27-9()), whose w.ji-k, the "Spiritual 
 
 Ijiiiiie,'' publislieil in I'i75, whs the foiiiidalioii of 11 
 
 ift't in France. He held that reliuion eonsisteil in 
 
 I ill) internal silent meditation on tlie nieril.s oi 
 
 Christ ami the iiiercii'S of (iod. Mailanie de la 
 
 ] M'the-Guyon, a (juietist. was imprisoned in tlie 
 
 taillefor her visions and jiropheeies, but released 
 
 I throu'-'h the interest of I'eiielon, arclibishop of 
 
 I Canibray, between whom and liossuet, bisliop of 
 
 1 Mtau.v, anise a controversy. 101)7. (iuietism was 
 
 I hnally roiiiteiiini'd by pope Innoient XU. in 1699. 
 
 I Sre J'i«»i7»'.«/.v, (iiiiikirimii and I'uli.siii. 
 
 QUILLS are said to liaye been (irst used for 
 I [ifnsuijSJi some say not before O35. 
 
 QUINCE, tlie Piji-iiH Ci/(k,iiia, brou^'ht to this 
 iountry from Austria, before i;;75. Tlie Japan 
 I'I'jince, or Fp-w Jipoiiicii, briiug'lit hither from 
 I Japan, 179b. 
 
 QUIXDECEMVIRI, tifteen men, eho.sen to 
 IkfeptlieSybilline books. The number, originally 
 I two {duumviri), about 520 11. c., wa.s iiierea.sed to 
 |tenin3')5 n.c, and afterwards (probably by Sylla) 
 I to fifteen, about Hz 11. c. Julius Ciesar added "one ; 
 but the precedent was not followed. 
 
 QUININE or QUIXIA, an alkaloid (much 
 jusi'ii in medicine), discovered in 1820 by I'elletiev 
 lanil Caventou. It ia a probable eonstitnent of all 
 Igenuine eineliona barks, especially of the vellinv 
 I hark; see Jf»uit.i' linii;. Artiticiiil i|uiiiiiie was 
 Ipri'pareil (syntlietieally) bv Mr. W . L. Seott, in 
 |U;I. iSiij.-tifiNoiDi.NE, see Fliion-sfcni-t. John 
 I Eliot Hmvard. promoter of the (niltivation of cin- 
 li'honain India, and author of "Quinoloiriii " (18021 
 [dieiljjXov. i88j. 
 
 QUINQUAGESIMA SUNDAY. The ob- 
 
 liervatiiin is said to have lieen apjiointed by (irejrory 
 ■the (ireat (pope, 590-1)04). The rirst S'unilav in 
 ■ Lent having been termed Qnii(/rii//e.simfi, and' the 
 llhrep weeks preceding hiiviiiK been iippropriated to 
 Siailiial introduction of llie Lent tiist, the three 
 
 ! Sundays of these weeks were called bv mimes si- 
 niheant ot their position 111 tlie euiendiir: and 
 .•eekoiiuiij hy deeiiaes (tenths), the Sundi.y pro- 
 ceding Uuadra-esima received its presort "naiiie, 
 Uuii,'jiM,/c:»„„,, the second ISejuiwuhi,,, and tli& 
 third iSfplniujtmmii. 
 
 QUINTILIANS, heretics in the 2nd c-nturv,. 
 he iliseiples ol .Montanus, who took their naiut' 
 r/'in (iuiuti la, u lady wliom he had deceived by 
 
 Ins pretended sanctity, and whom tliev reifarileil 113. 
 
 a lirophetess. Ihey made the euchaVist of bread. 
 
 anil clieese, and allowed women to be priests and. 
 
 bishoiis. I'lin'iii. ' 
 
 QUIllINUS, a Sabine god, whose name was- 
 given to Uomulus after his death. I,. I'lipiriu* 
 Cursor, general m the Uoman arniv. lir.st eni'led a, 
 sun-ilial ill the tem|.leof(iuiiinii.s,frnm which tiuiO' 
 the days began to be divided into hours, 29? n.u. 
 ' 'i'^pix- Ihe sun-dial was soinetinies called the- 
 (Mirinus, rom the original place in which it was 
 setup. As/,,:. Ihe SabiiieswI.o became Uoman, 
 citizens were termed Uuiuitks. 
 
 QUITO (capital of the n'publie of Equator), 
 foundei in 15,54. was the .scene of the measure.- 
 nieiit ot a degree of the meridian, by the French 
 and Spanish mathematicians, 17^,-42. Fortv Ihou- 
 ■sanil persons perished by airearthiiuake" whieh 
 almost over lieiined the eitv of (^uito, 4 Feb. I-.)7. 
 Since tlu'ii violent shocks," but not .so disa.strouL 
 iK'ciimil ; till one. on 22 March, 1H5.), when about 
 ,,000 persons were killed ; see ]'jirt/w„„/,-i's and 
 M,ijii(i/<ir. 
 
 QUIXOTE, see Uon Qui.vi>l<: 
 
 n QfJ^^-jTS, n ,i?anie said to have originated with 
 
 the Urei'ks, and to have been Hrst piaved i,t tha 
 Ulynipic games, by the IiUei Dactvli, tiftv Near* 
 a ter the deluge of Ueucalion, ,45 ^n.,., f ,,,v,,us, 
 the grandson of Aerisius, bv Uanae, haviii"- inad- 
 verleiilly slam his grandfather, when thiowiii" a 
 quoit, e.xi'hangeil the kingdom of Argos, to whb'b 
 le was heir tor that of Tiryntlius, and foundiil the 
 kingdom ot Mycenie, about i;,!;^ h.c. 
 
 QUOTATIONS. Athemeus's "Th'ipno.../,;, istcs- 
 or liini(,,ut of the l.mnmt " (compiled about ^-S) 
 and Burtons " Anatomv of Mebincholv" (kTm)' 
 contain masses of e.xtracts. Henry .VinsworUiV 
 ■Communioii of Saints" (died 1022), is a mosaic of 
 Scripture quotations. 
 
 MaciloniK'rs " Uictionary of Quotations," ,706- 
 .Monies ... > /y^. 
 
 Hilc.y's " llictioiinry of'r.'tin Quo* •ons" with -i ' ^* 
 .'^cli'ctioiiot(;iv..k, p„l,iislii.ill,j .,. Bolm . . 1S56. 
 
 Lollections ol i.ii)..|.sli Quotations are now numoroiis • 
 {•riswi'Us raniili.ir Words," 2111! e.l. ,g/:s 
 
 Biirtletfs" Familiar Quotations" . , .gfiJ-Q, 
 
 Ailanis' ••Cyclopa-iliaor Poeticid Quoi 1, .;.," .V, 
 Holm s " pietioiinry of Poetical Quotations " . ,881-i 
 
 .Several iiselul liooks since iiublislii',1. * 
 
 . QUO WARRANTO ACT, passed 1280. By 
 It a writ may be directed to any person to imiuirff 
 by wiat authority he holds any office or franchise. 
 Uiarlos II. directed a writ against the eorponition of 
 Lordon in 1O83, and the court of king's bench de- 
 elaied their charter forfeited. The decision wa» 
 reversed m \(y.)o. The pr.-.. .-^edings have Ikx-u rcgu- 
 lilted by various acts, 1710, 1792, 1837, 1843. 
 
 '^!!..i„„■„f }\ 
 
 
 •y 
 
 '- i.|l^'' ! 
 
 
 
 i^ , 
 
 , li i 
 
 
 •'M*)*"', 
 
 Mil 
 
 1 '; 
 
 w 
 .\ 
 
 .!' 
 
 ' ■ \ 
 
 ■ ! 
 
 ' ■; i 
 1 
 
 .i*f! 
 
■I! 
 
 
 RABBITS. 
 
 906 
 
 RACK. 
 
 K. 
 
 ■RAT1HTTC put. Wi;. •<,.„th ll'iilei '^Sr ricci>i'.liii';H tiikf-.' ii;:!iiii>l tiic chili hv tlip Aiili 
 
 Tlirriibljit pi'st has siiiiMil iii'Vi\st;itiiJii uviT '111' Aiistrii- i,,. ■ ..i.' phici's u i-Vli. i 
 
 Mail culuiiii's. lialiliit-iiriKif wiri'-iu'ttiiif; is li pivsciit ;.;,,. ,,, ,, .i,.s,lisiiii>si'il Iroiii want c)fi,iiii»T.'vii|»iici, 
 
 ihi! only nicaiis ot'chiTkiM}; its iiriiitii'ss. Tin' iavajji's i6 F"ti. 
 
 iif l\\i\\nck-rnhhit^ ill Calihiiiiia ami ail.joiiiiiit,' stales Hosiilvc.l that a shmthaiMl-wrili'i in ini'siii' it f, 
 
 rlii'ckc'il liy hunters, 1895-6. ineeti.'ijis \<. Aini , 
 
 RABELAIS ULm, to promote the stuev of „;.;• , 
 
 Itiilieliiis ami the illiistniti -ii of his works; lord luitiini. ne'v..on >.'5P and \i<i, .j.ik,.', a,»i 
 Hoiishton, sir W. Frederick Pollock mid his sons, .15,000/. lia-- h- 1 ■. wi.ii upmi a sin;;!,, i .,., 
 W.i)t.TJimirt,i-rM others ;tir-t.neetinf;, Dec. 1879. ^ V'"'''r'' '':''r"'!l:'rTi'n'' 1 : ■ 'V;''; ni^^^^ 
 liah.-luis r.:;i' ., r.ill JIall E.i:.t, oiicncd to the 
 
 press, ij Oli .1' 111'. .iistiiiH'e of the Xational 
 
 ViKilanee As"i'.uni(<Ii, juiir liietnres 'Vi r' si'ize.l 
 
 as indecent liy the ]>(liep. 3 K'.v. ; Mi. •!. !•'. 
 
 Sutton nnil .^!l. Ii. MnirUjiiai^li, the ejcliil.itors, 
 
 were proseeiiteil 11; I'v.,' St."<et, ', N'tn-. ; com- 
 
 niittcii for trial; a: -iei'.ires onl" ed to tie de- 
 stroyed, li Xo\. : -'. ;v i>. .Siitt Ml ■■. !Scarlioiiiiit:li 
 
 convicted, iS Dr. .<=9o ; tIneiUv' 'i'eli; the pie- 
 
 tiirc< oideied \f l>e reinrned to I'raiice 18 .\piil, 1891 
 Sir. W. K Sihitli's tianslation of the works of 
 
 llaheluis was i.ssued by the eUib to siiliscriliers, 
 
 Feb. 1893 
 
 RABIES, see Hydrophobia. 
 
 and others; M ■truii.ilitim !i M'e., ,inr.<e Act'42t 
 43 Viet. e. iB), t" check Iheiii, pas.<ci| , :,Jii|v, i:;)l 
 Tom Chaloiicr, celebratcil jocki'V, dies ).\mV. i:J5 
 
 Kieil. Archi'r, very suceesst'ul .iiicl<cy. \viiiii,i.„f 
 2,746 races, a^'cd 29, coiiimitted stiieidt- witli ,i 
 revolver when in a state of liij.di lc\cr (left liy will 
 70,000/.) . . . . ... 8 Ndv. ,, 
 
 diaries \Vciii.|,,iiicki>. r. C'l.x. fm- lilul in / 1 
 
 VMmUira' Cn^illt. .■■liar;;im,' Wm.d with imlliii- 
 the head nf fSucci -^ in two race:,; iimv il.u>' 
 trial in i|Ueen's luncli divisimi ; verilirt fur 
 ]ilaiiitiir dania^'cs .■! .■ farthing and iin costi 
 
 ullowecl agJuilf, i;;jl 
 
 Sir (iciuw Chctwymi llic carl nf l)ui'liaiii,see I 
 
 , _ Trials zsJiiiir, i33)| 
 
 EACES, one of tlie ancient games of_ Greece, ^inspected iioisnnini.' of I'ne duke of \Vi'i,tMiiii>tiis ' 
 Hoi'sc -races were known in Kngland in very i/,,,,., to prevent his rucnin- . . 28 A|.ri]. .;,; 
 «iirlv times. fitz-Steplien, in tlie davs of Henry The York race c.immitlee ..inl the (iimcnick dnl,, I 
 II., meiKions tlie deli}?lit taken by "tlie citi-'ns ,3,st annual diiim-r, tli-olol Itos ry prus^M, ^ I 
 
 of London in the diversion. In .lanies I-'s i ^,,,, , y,,,,,,ii .,,,,,,.,, 1,^ j,,,.k,.y, ,ii,.,i;aH '■'I 
 
 reign Croydon m tlie south, illid (r .-terly in tlie ■ - ■ 
 
 north, were celebrated eourses. Nt ' Vork there 
 \verc races, and the prize was a littk jjolden bell, 
 Itoy. Camden. In the end of Charles I.'s reign, 
 
 races were peiforiiied at Hyde Park. Charles II. | piifinq chlhln-s, bird in 1715 by tlie iluki' nf fiivi.i 
 patronised tliem, and instead of bells, gave a sliver | shire, was allowed by spnrtsiin n tn have liiiiitliilliitt)l| 
 Cowl, or cup, value 1(X) guineas. William III. 1 horse that evi'r ran at Ncwmarki't, lalliiit wasivtrlimll 
 added to the plates (as did nueeu Anne), and founded i in the world ; he ran loiu- miles in six luimitw aiiilf«m.| 
 .„..ol.o,.v foi- ,-ifli„.r : ci(,dit seconds, or at the rate ot ,5! mil. sauliniir,iam.| 
 
 academv foi uding ._,,,, , i bit' nine stone two ponnds. lie .lid in 1741, iisril 
 
 Ascot, lief;iin by th.. duke of Cmnberland, unele ' 26 years. I 
 
 to (ieoit;e 111. ; ineiitioned . . . . . 1727 j /;,.;,•, .^j.^vas the flctcst horse that ran in F.nt.'l,iii.lsi]wr 
 The lirst la.Miig .■alcmlar is said to have been put)- - yi^. d,, ,■ chilih,:<: he was n.v.r l.iat.ii. .aii.l .Willi 
 
 lislied by .Iiiliii (.,'lieiicy . . . . . ■ ,, l.'obniaiy, 1789, a;:i-.l j5 veais. His h.ait vnitlml mH..,' 
 Act for suppressing races by jDiiies ami weak which aVcoiuitedbir his wnmhTful spirit ami ..iiini.^ 
 
 liorses, iqdeo. II. . . . . . • "739 p;,,.;,,/, || /ij^.',, //i.,(. n/Mc 7i(i/. 
 
 Tlie most eminent races in Kiif:laml are tho.se at 
 
 ^4 -'3 ft'l'. lij 
 
 Mr. Ediiuind Tatter.sall, cnnent hm-e aiiotiDiii'iT, 
 
 ;Mardi. „ 
 
 ilied, aeed £2 
 
 R.VCK-lloHSKS, 
 
 an 
 At 
 
 Newmarket (ic/io/i .mi), established by Charles II. 
 1667: ami at Kpsoni, beKUii about 1711 ; by Mr. 
 rarklmrst (annual since 1750, .l//</i'.>' Siin-eii). 
 (The earl of Derby bet,an the Oaks, 177c); the 
 Derby, 1780 (llrst won by Dioiiied)]. See Ihihy 
 
 At Doiicaster, bv col. St. I,egcr(the ,s7. A,.'f/n- stakes 
 were foiuidc.l in 1776, an.l s.i naiiied in 1777) . 1776 
 
 At li Iwiicid, beiiUii bv the duke of UicliiMiind, in 
 
 his park ;•,..■.■ '^"^ 
 
 I.ord Stanifofd, said to have engaged .leiinny Oriin- 
 shaw, a light-weight Jockey, at a salary of iooo(. 
 ii year .Maridi, 1805 
 
 ■"Tiittersnll's," the " higli-change of liorse-llesli," 
 was establisheil bv Itidiard 'f.itler.sall. near Hy.le 
 I'ark i'.iiiii'r(lieiiecteri.' I the Corner") 111 1766, 
 for the sab' of horses. '■:■•■ ■ 'ase of the gronn.l 
 liiiving expired, the ucv. ,ir.aiises at ISiiiniptoii 
 were erected and o\k iie.; for business on 
 
 10 Ajiril, ,, 
 
 Tilt Ji,,l,e,j Cl'ili, whiidi now chicllv rciiulates races 
 
 On the ac.-i'ssion of iinecMi Viitoria, tlic v.iy,il stml 
 
 wiis SI. 1.1 bir 16,476/. on . , . . 250.1,1';; 
 The c..iiilc.lelaliiant;.-'sstu.l(iii ci.iis(i|Ueiii'ii.ftlie 
 
 war)wass.ihHor J ;.? \ol. '.'/./.( /»(. ii.ieti-lu'.ljScn'. it;o] 
 Midillepark stud (jn.iperty of Mr Hl.iikiii.ii. ilr- 
 
 ci'ase.l) sohl for if.2,003 (.'uim'as ; );;..i)' .t('i...'.f.ir 
 
 12,000/. (to the l-',ii(;lisli Stud Ceiapaiiy) ; 4 .lay.,' 
 
 j,..lt. 2f)Jiily. li;:! 
 
 I.ieiit. Lubowitz. Ilnnfiarian, r.i.le finiii ViriiiM t" 
 
 I'aris, on bis lior.sc Caridoc, in 15 days, wiiiiiiiij; 
 
 a wager. arri\i!i^ ^'N"^. '-rtl 
 
 Death of ri.iiitc I-'rcb > 1 •igraiige,.iiiiiiciit Fniiil. 
 
 studinaster . ... 22X..V. u:j| 
 
 Lord Falmouth's stu . •■ -,6,420 };iiiiira>;(llai- 
 
 ve.ster 8,600 giiin ylmdy 3,3oo jiiiiiira.<) 
 
 28 Ajiril : and f.e ..on.une.is . ioJiiiif, i:!»| 
 
 reisimim ' nvner . pnnee of Wales), «..ii tlif 
 
 Derby, 31. ' and the Ascot ^oW .ill.. 
 
 17 JlUli'. uv/l 
 
 RACK'. •■ jiiguie of torture, for t'xtnitting I 
 confession .>...'. "riminals, incntiemxl by lliiii:5-| 
 
 Ulid the betting coi 
 
 lllected with tlielll, wasbinnde.l 
 
 1 175,1. Its gradually accii 
 lodilied ill 1828 ami revise.l in 
 
 muhitiug rules were 
 
 theiies, de 
 
 iiiemled by a committee apiioiiited 
 
 Alveriitions reconi 
 
 ill A|iril ; adopted by the 
 Rules revised, Nov. 1876; reforms ma. 
 
 club i6.luly following 
 
 1857 
 1S70 
 
 mstruine 
 
 nt 
 
 i.c, 330, 
 
 and in htiriiii; 
 
 from tradition ih.it 
 of HenrvVI., ereei. 
 
 38o the duke of K.\. 
 
 lo-.'uisitiiin. Lonl IV.ki' >l,it(ij 
 ; (.id. ike of E.xctcnin the rfigii| 
 i . ■;iekoftiirlni-e(tlii-iiif;illi' 
 ' ' tiiiughter, i:ow m.'iii in tl 
 
RACK. 
 
 friuii>l tjio i-luli hv tlio Ami 
 lit Ni'Wiiiai'ki't Inr kwiiin,. 
 
 12 ivli, , 
 
 I llillll will'! cit lilnpcii'Viihice 
 
 i6 Fell. 
 
 [iKUl'I-Wlilt'l i'l IMI'HlMlt !tt t! (• 
 
 ■ij Ami!, .;.„ i 
 i.iiiii'.t tiuiiu'i', (lii'il, Ilj.'i"lj7, 
 
 On! in 
 u'^S illll\ (3r!!, ■■,.n./.\ ami 
 11. Willi ii|.i>ii a *iii^\i. r .,. 
 ■11 :'i'|ir"liiit'' ; SIT iiKf.'iin. 
 ■ hi'lil in liiv'' • l>v imlilhai;, 
 ip. ill lull H "i-i ii'ii.-ie Aft '42 « 
 
 lllM'li llli'lll, imssi'il , iJlllv, li;i| 
 
 iiitiiljockiy, ilics Jlarcii, ,;l;| 
 
 slU'C»-s>;fiil jui'kry. wiliui^r ,,r 
 
 39, I'liiiiiiiitti'il suici'li- witli a 
 
 statf ijf liisjli I'lni r (Ivft liy will 
 
 s'Xiiv, 
 
 V. r. Oix, fc.r lilnl ill ;.„,,„„f 
 
 , rlial';.'ill,i.' \V I with ]ililliii;; 
 
 s.-i ill twii raci'fl ; iiiiU' liay^' 
 IkmicIi (livisiun ; viTilici f.ir 
 Miie fiirtliiiiK ami iin costj 
 
 -'ijJuin', i;;jj 
 
 id . till' iiirl nf lliiiliiiiii,>fe 
 
 20 Juilf, i-?j| 
 
 ; nt'tlii'ihiki.' of W.'^tiiiiibt.is 
 lis niriiiii'.' . . 2S Ainil. r.<j 
 litti'i' .liil til'' (liiiii-rark i-li|l.s ' 
 ■r, tli''':iil of Kosi'bt'ry pri'seiit, 
 
 ; sui'i'rssful jiH'ki'V, ilii'il, a(!«l 
 
 i5f"*.i;j:| 
 
 sail, ''.lUiioiil Imi-i' uiictiijiiw, 
 . jMiiicli. .. 
 
 KACK-lIiiKSKS. 
 llTil ill 1715 liy tllC illlkp fif PrVl 
 
 y s]riirtsiiiiii til li:ivi' 1 11 llirll,Ttt.!| 
 
 !it Ncwiiuirki't, nrtliiit wiiAivirl.MI 
 
 I fiiur mill's ill six iiiiiiiiti'iaii'lfi'n!'! 
 till' rati' iif ,?5i iiiilrsiiuliiiiir, carn-'l 
 
 II liniimls. lit' liii'il ill i;4i. ,i;ri|| 
 
 I'ti'st liiirsi' tliat vail in F.n^'laii'lsiii'^ 
 -■ ; 111' was ni'\'i'r l-riiti-ii. and ilii'il;!! 
 1 js yi'.'irs. His lii'art wciglinl uti.J 
 II- liis wiiiiiU'il'iil sliirit ami i"iin;t| 
 t. n/thrl,,,/. 
 iiui'i'ii Victoria, tin/ myal stml 
 a.iiw. ■ 25IM. ii;i| 
 
 life's sUlil (ill '•ii|isi'i(iU'lli'riiftlie 
 i:;,7io/. 'r7<i»/(V/( (o'irli'lii'iljSool. ii;ol 
 lini|ii'Vty of Mr. Uli'iikiimi, ilr- 
 [02,005 iiuiiii'iis ; I:!<'ir Mh'l fur 
 lijilisli (sluil Ciiiiiiiaiiy); 4ii;iv>' 
 
 26 July. 1 
 Iiiiijiarinii, roili' frnm Yu'iiiia 10 
 rsf Carailoi', ill 15 liays, Hiiiiiiiig 
 
 ' qNi'V. li'M 
 I'll' >. i iij;raiigi',i'iiiiiii.'lit Frau'li 
 
 . 22Niiv. i;;j| 
 ;ml -i If 36,420 iiiiiiiKis; (llai- 
 [ii"" ". .'• lytioily 8,3oo ^tiiin'as) 
 
 :o;;,iilii'as . joJlllii', i:!(| 
 I I'.iiii'i' of Wales), wm tlif 
 ' ami till' Ascot i;olil i'!i|i. 
 
 17 .IiHii'. l;-;/ 
 
 iigiiie of tortiiro. fnr cxtraitings 
 •'■•iminals, nu'iitiom-il by liinrs-l 
 .. , II. c, \p, .mil in btiTiiisif 35J 
 
 III Iii-.'iilsitiim. horil Cnki' >t.itfJ 
 iit ty.; o keiit'E.xt'tir, intlirififijl 
 ichil: . .('k(ift"rniri'(tlu'iii('.;ill ' 
 •Ust'' .; luglilur, i:ow m'i" in H 
 
 EADCLIFFE LIBRARY. 
 
 007 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 sit), 1447 • ^^ "'" ''"*'' "f Ft'Iton, wiio murdered 
 
 [if hie of liiii;kini;liiiiii, tlie juiljfes of EiikIiuhI 
 
 I -! .("ted agiiiuat the propoBiil of tlie iirivy eoiiiiril 
 
 ! p',.' the ussiissiii to tlie nuk, us eoiitrary to the 
 
 Ki,M, the use of the rack was abolished if)40. 
 
 , . p'villiic and Turlme. 
 
 K.IJ)CLIFFE LlliKAllY, OxrOKD, fnmided 
 ir, the will of Jtr. John Uadclifre, an eminent 
 ...(iiaaii. lie died I Nov. 1714, leaving 40,000/. 
 |j,,'lhe university of Oxford for the fbimdin},' a 
 hfraiy, tlie tii'st 8tone of which was laid 17 May, 
 |i-:-,'inil the eililiee was opened 1^5 Ajiril, 1749 — 
 ;>K..i)CUFFK OiisKUVA-roKv, (Ixiord, founded by 
 JitatTliousol Dr. Honioby, Siiviliun professor lif 
 (jvwnomy, ubmit 1771, was ooiripleted in 1794. Tlie 
 Iiilfcilii'i" iif the observations was eomineneed in 
 [jv|i,bv. Mr. Manuel J. .Johnson, the director, ap- 
 [1,11116(1' in 1839. Kiidelitl'e Inliniiarv opened in 
 \rfi.it:<:Oifiini, 1893. 
 
 K.iDIATIOX, see Hmt. 
 
 RilDICALS or "Radical Rkformkus," 
 
 IwMii «lio professed to aim at procuring a thorouj,'h 
 
 Iniunnatiou in the government and policy of b'lig- 
 
 ItiJ, k'fiiiiie prominent in 1816, wlieii 'llampden 
 
 |(iiibi«ffe foi'iiieil, of which sir Franeis Durdett, 
 
 ■ini Cochrane, major C'artwriKlit, and William 
 
 ■(.ttflt we prominent members. Sanuiel Ham- 
 
 li;rJ'i •' Life of a Kailical," jniblislied in l842,jtives 
 
 liiitli infonimtion ; he died 13 April, 1872. .Many 
 
 ■nJii'als ffere severely inini.'^lied, 1817-20. Win. 
 
 |Sjrra's''Ili.ftoiTof the Kadical riirty," published 
 
 aly in 18,^5.— The "Kadieals" in the United 
 
 kutr! were the party headed by Thiiddeus Stevens, 
 
 iaerly opposed to the policy of president .Johnson, 
 
 ij M laviiunible to the subdued Southern States. 
 
 \ri(f^iiiiaill'taiiimiime, advocafcil liytlic rt. lion. 
 J.«lili Cliaiiibi'ilaiii, wiili'ly circiilati'il, liist 
 
 I alipwiml July, 1885, in the h'lirliiiiililli/ llrriiir ; 
 iliiii'liiilalri'foriiiof thi'laiiil hiws, fi'ccc.liication, 
 isciasi'il local novcniiiii'iit, ri'fonii in ta\iiti.iii 
 ami liiiaiK'i', iiiiliro\ciiii'iit of coniiitioii ut au'ii- 
 laituralliihiiinrrs ami of the iioor, ami ri'li;;ioiis 
 'jiality ami .lis-eslaljlisliimnt of iialional 
 ilimrlii'S. Which temlcil to ili"Sorj,'anisc the 
 literal |»irty. 
 
 J(i.C.C,(!ri'iill.'('^iH/'ii'i/, 25 Auj;. 1837) iIcsi'iUm'S 
 "Tory liailiials." ISoiae iioliticians ,,-eie so 
 
 I Miiml ill 1885 
 
 i(.\'ati(iiial AVi/m"i/ Union at its I'oiirtli annivcr- 
 
 [ .aiy at liiriiiiii;,'haiii, .Mr. Chainlicrlain in the 
 
 I tliait, fliaiiKi'il its name to Xational l.ihmd 
 
 Iri'i"" -'4 April, 1SS9 
 
 this kind; and one was set up by Andrew Walker, 
 
 in " Devil's Acie," Westiiiiiister,"in 18^ Knii/lil. 
 
 lliey did not receive their nam,' lill iH..,4, when' the 
 
 ' Kiijffted scliool union" was formed, leincipallv by 
 
 Mr. S. Slarey and .Mr. Win. l.ocke (.alterwiirds hoii. 
 
 secretary). I'lie earl of Slmftesbiirv was I'liairinan. 
 
 In l8s() tliere were 150 l!ii--ed sclmol institutions. 
 
 Sunday uvf^vd sehools re|iorti'd in London in 
 
 i 18(17, 220; in 1,898, 231; day sch.iols, in 1867, 
 
 ! 204; in 1878,58; weeli evening' seliools, in 18O7, 
 
 507, ill 1878, 147; 44 indnstriiil schools in 1898. 
 
 I'd school buildings were e.vempled from rates. 
 
 1 he day scbooU are beiiii; gradually super- 
 
 ■sliiblisbi'd by the 1 don seliool 
 
 unilav and night schools, mother's 
 lire still maintiiineil in 
 
 R.iDICLE, see Compoiiiii/. 
 
 [ E.\DIOGIt.^PHS, 11 name given to the plio- 
 Kniplis iibtaiiied by l!5ntgen rays, see J'/ioto- 
 
 IE.IDIOMETER, &e. (termed a lh,l,t-,ii,ll), a 
 lltiiMiistiuiiient const riicted by .Mr. Wm. Crookcs, 
 B;<., l8;3-6. 'I wo Utile disk' arms, niounted 01; a 
 fc'laiiilphii'eil in an e.xliansted glii.ss-luilb, revolve 
 Ikn iiliiieil in bright light. Tlie motion was 
 pribiiti'd to heat-absorption, 1877; see /,/r////. 
 
 icjifiDiK. l)y this aiiparatiis iirofessor Hell, at I'hilii- 
 Idelfliia, slimml Imw a ray of sIroiiK light, acting mi a 
 l*iiuiiii'i'll,i'uiiveyeil sound 500 feet, Sejit. 1884. 
 
 |r.\DSTADT, Austria. Here Moreau and the 
 ItQcli defeated the Austriaus, 5 July, 1796. 
 
 IKAFFAELLE WARE, see Pidlc-y. 
 
 IrAWED .KCHOOLf^, free schools for out- 
 fit fetitute ragged cliliilren, set up in large towns. 
 i;iii<truf'tionis based on the scripture.s, and most 
 Itlie tftichei-s are unpaid. John Pounds, a cobbler, 
 IPortiinouth, who died in 1839, opened a school of 
 
 Itiigg 
 l8(Jl^ 
 
 scded by tlio.se 1 
 board ; Init the 1 
 meetings, A:e., 
 
 etKcieiicy (t,8()8). 
 schools "(1.895). 
 schools in Kdinliiii-gh 
 
 very great 
 
 I'he union reported 212 federated 
 >r. (jiiilirie. a foiimler of ragged 
 , , ^„ , , . A^e., ,|i.'d24 l''eh. 187^ The 
 earl ol Slmltesbniy presided at the 40th anniver- 
 siiry of the lia-gcd School I'liioii, 12 May, 1884. 
 .lubib.e eelebiafeil, 20 Ajml, I,S94. Annna: meet'- 
 ings; the union was styled SImttcsbnrv soeietv in 
 -May, i.S(,8. See Sli<.,hh„l,: ' 
 
 RAGMAX ROLL (said to derive its name 
 from KagMiumdi', a papal legate in Scotland) con- 
 tains the ri'coiils of tlie lioina-e and fealty to 
 Kdwai-d I., sworn to by the nobility and clergy of 
 Seotlaiid at licrwii'k 111 129(1. 1 he original 'was 
 given up to Uobert Hriiri, kin'.r of Scotland, in 1328, 
 
 when his son D.ivid was 1 tractid in marriag'e to 
 
 the iiniii:ess Joanna of England. 
 
 RAGT^S.'V, !i city on the Adriatic on the south 
 conlmes ot Haliiialia, was taken by the Veuethins, 
 1171, but bcranie nil iii.lcpciiil.'iit' ri'iiiiblie, 1358. 
 It sullered iiiuili liy an earlhonake, Mr- was 
 taken by the French in 1806, and 
 .Austria in 1814. 
 
 given up to 
 RAID OK RUTIIVE.V, see UHtlivcn, 
 
 RAILWAY COMMISSIONERS; see ;?«»/. 
 
 »■"//,%•, i,S73 and 18,80. 
 
 R AILAVAYS. Short roads, in and alimit New- 
 eastle, laid d.iwii by .Mr. licannioiit, so early as 
 l(xi2, are thus ineiitioiicd in 1(17(1 ; — "Tlie maimer 
 of thecarriiigr is by laving rails of timber from the 
 eol lery to the river, exactly stnii-ht and parallel; 
 and biilk\ carts are made with lour rollers fitting 
 those rails, whereby llie cnrriage is so easy that one 
 horse will drawdown fmir or five chiildro'n ofeoals, 
 and is an iiiimense licnclit to the coal nierclianis.'' 
 AV/cr Siirlli. They wcr,' made ot iron ,it White- 
 haven, in 1738. Sc (/,iiii/r.s, Ti-(iiiiriHttl.i. 
 electric railways see Pllictrk'itii. 
 
 For 
 
 All iron railwiiy laiil ihiwii near Sli,'iri,.l.| liv,)iilin 
 ^ Ciirrtih'Str.iycil liy the .'ollicis) . ' . . 
 
 The tirst coiisiilcralilc iron railway was lai.l ihiwii 
 at Colcbriiok Hale 
 
 The lir.st iron railway sancfioiied by |iarliaiiiciit (cx- 
 cept a few niiilcrtakcii liy canal ci panics as 
 small lir.im'hcs to mines) was the irrev iron 
 railway (by horses), tVinii the Thames at Wamls- 
 woitli to Croyiloii 
 
 Trevcthii'k ami' Vivian otitaiiicil a iiateiit for a hi>;l'i 
 pri'ssurc /iii'iiiHi,^',', .■iiMJii,. 
 
 William lli'.ll.'y ,if Wylaiii .'..llicry ma.le the I'irst 
 tiiiMllini; ,'iij;im. {I.ici,ii,nti\c), or snlistitiitc for 
 aniimil power in a colliciy .... 
 
 The lirst Inri.iiinlifr constrii'ctcil liv (Jcoryc Stejihen'- 
 s.iii. tiiv.'ll.'.l ai the rale of ti iiii!,,- per hour 
 
 The Hoi'ket travelled at tlie rate of 25 and 35 miles 
 licr hour 
 
 (It obtaineil the prize of 500/. oflereiUi.v the directors 
 of the Liverpool ami .Manchester railway coiii- 
 jiaiiy for the best locoiuotive, Oet. 1829.) 
 
 1776 
 1786 
 
 iSoi 
 1802 
 
 1813 
 1S14 
 1829 
 
 
 i'p-'i>- 
 
 ■■;r 
 
 1 
 
 
 i'. ,, 
 
 ,: ^Ir^. 
 
 li 
 
 i 1 
 
 1 . ' 
 
 1 1 
 
 M 
 
 ill 
 
 h' 
 
 ' 1 '' 
 
 f 1 
 
 m 
 
RAILWAYS. 
 
 COS 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 The Firi'tlv iittaiiic.l a x\m'i\ "f 20 mill's \n-v lumr . 1834 
 I'he Sdrtli Stm- iMcivwl witli 11 vi'locity i>l 37 mil';* 
 
 |icr liiiiii- ■■,■■,■" 
 
 At tlic invsent tilrii! locDimitives Imvo attiiinea a 
 
 8|iL'i;il "f 70 iPiili'^ I'l'i' li"iii'. . . , 
 
 Stockton ami MarliiiKti.ii laiUvav, i'..nstrui'fc'l iiy 
 Kihv. Tease ami tici>rni! tsiciilieiisnn, lir«t "peiieil 
 for i.assenKers (see 187V1881, '"'""') . 27 ^''I't; "^s 
 The lavei-i.onl aii.l Maieliester railway eomiiieiieeil 
 ill del. i8-'6, ami ..polled (Win. Uuski..s.Mi, Ml.. 
 
 killeil) ., • •5''--1't- '830 
 
 Act fur transmission of mails liy raiUviiys . . . 18JO 
 Dniil "II nulhi'iim-.—M. n mile f"i' 4 I'assenpn's 
 (s K 3 Will. IV. r. t2o), 1832 ; 5 l"'!'. eent. on gioss 
 
 re(eiiils(5 iV 6 Viet. e. 50) "'''^ 
 
 .Rll(;i('r/i/.;,.,//-i»./ ;ifrH..^,estalilislieu . . • .• i> 
 
 Tl xaminatioii nt' lailsvav seliemes, liofove t leir 
 
 introdiutimi into |.aili,iiiieht, l.y the Uoanl of 
 
 Tniile, was nr.leie.l , • '''W 
 
 7 & 8 Viet. e. S3, n<|uiivil eompanies to ri\n e/iriip 
 li-iiiiK even- I'liiv, ami to |ieriiiit ereetioli of elee. 
 trie telr-rai.lis.'aiel aulliorise.l government, alter 
 1 ,lan. i8(*. to laiy existing railways with the 
 iiermlssion of parliament . ... ■ »» 
 
 Gi'ori,'e llmlsun. a .Irai.er, mayor of York in 1S3). 
 
 liv'liis sii ssfnl maii.iu'eniinl as ehairman o 
 
 the I.ee.Uaml Y"rk railway aiel other.-*, was styh'il 
 the "railway kiii^'" . ; ,,' ' / " 
 
 Great Sonthern ami Western H.w (Ii.'laml) oiiemvl. „ 
 
 Micllan.l (Ire,, t Western liv. (Ii-Iimiloi..- 1 . . i"45 
 
 Waterhjril, l,iiiie]-iek .ami Westi-ni Uy. o|iene.l . ,, 
 
 An aet iiasse.l 10 Viet, for iniistitiitin.;; 1 mns- 
 
 sioners of r.iilw.iys, who lene sime l»en iiie.n 
 
 Confereneo of railway sliarehoMers iit M.uieii.'.ivi. 
 
 14. 15 .\iinl ijl 
 
 Smitliern Railways Aniiilgamatioii hill; ,,|.|„..„.,i,|, 
 
 the lonls ; witlnlrawn . . . .i,,,,,. 
 
 Mont Ceiiis railway opeiieil for traffle . ,-, i,,,,,' 
 
 New aet to ameml the laws relatiie.; In niilw,y,' 
 
 30 & 31 Viet. e. 119; (it or.lers siiinl(iM.'i...i|,|;„i; 
 
 iiieiil^, ami eommunieation hitwei.u ibm,.i,^,.|, 
 
 ami lailway servants in eertain tiiiiu.<; au.l |,ri,. 
 
 hihits trains for prize. Il,i;hts, ,S;e.^;iassi.i|, xih\\. 
 
 Miillanil railway station, St. I'aner.iy (Wil',V<r,\ 
 
 openeil . lUi-i . 
 
 N,.w route to Uvi>riiool (by 11 viailuet nvei tli,. M,.;. I 
 
 sev at Uniieorn), opuneil . . 1 Sy.: 
 
 Paei'lie railway; from the AtUintie to tin- l';;r,i|, 
 
 oi.eneil i.M. 
 
 " .Miamlonmeiit of Hallways aet " pa^snl ,, .\,._ 
 Itaihvay l.'oiiiiKinies I'owers aet (1S..41 :nv\ (■„,". "I 
 strnetion Kaeilities aet (1864) aiiieii>li-il l.v 11.1 
 ]iasseil . . . . . . . ao.h.ii.., ,j| 
 
 " /.'"//l/vi.?/ Axaiiciiltii'll" estalilislleil ; (it i-MliajslH .,|' 
 ilireeto'rs ami represeiitativi's nf sliarilii.l.irfs, 1 , 
 wateh legislation, i\:e.,)iiiaii^iiral ilinii.r. -.1 .liiii, 
 Umh.'r the l.onilon, (Jhathaiii, an 1 linv.r r,i;l«;,. 
 aet. the iirUitrators, the neiri|Uis nf Sali»l.iiiv,iiri 
 h)ril I'airns. ileeiile for the iniiiil;.';iiii:iii.ni ..f i|,, 
 ^feneral nmlertakini;; eMensions I'nr ;im,w.1 im;. 
 
 I lisheil ,Vl; ii| 
 
 1 Itini .Mountain railway (up to 40.x) f'et uliovi- .. , 
 
 1 ievi-n, ol.ene.l .... 23 .M.iy. 
 
 1 Mansion-house station of the Metropohi.iu iJUti; 1 
 
 1 railway inaii};nrate.l \ .lnh, 
 
 \ Kiiropea'n aiel Nmlh Ameriean railwny ..[..i,, 
 
 porate.l with the lioariloCfr.el.' . . =» -yw- '846 } p/,!;',||!;7,V an'iXiiiiation of the Mi.ilaiia iin.lV;;',.. 
 The Hailway Mania anil paiiie year, when '.i?.! lail- ,„,«■ ;,iel S..utli-W.slern 
 
 way aets jiasseil .... •. ■ ■ o i,7|.,i.r,|iiiation of the I.omlon iiiel Xertli-\V..>!,.u 1 
 
 Aetfoi inprnsatinK families of per.sons killed l.> J ".."'fthe l.,uieashiiv ami Yorkshire iaihv;,v,,v..M ' 
 
 aeeiaents|s,.eCe,„,.Wr, .1.0 . ■.•'„' g ! l,v eompa.iies . ... . . 2u(M. ,, 
 
 CJeoiw hleplMus..!! ilieil . . . I- ."i^;, '°4° „ | t,.||.j.iam annoiniem.- propnseil ain.ilpini. 1 
 
 lintfer s|iriii.us invente.l by .Mr. .loliii IjImwii ut > ^^^^^^ „r the MiiUaml inel Maiielii.ster. Slittli-il. ' 
 
 Hhemelil in . • .-. ; ; ■ ■ ■ ,'p., I ami Lineolnshire railways (le.l m piinl,;,,,. ,.f 
 
 Thoahsolnte hlock system inlro.lnee.l . . • '°33 ^i,.„.,.s ami alleete.l the market), uhmit • -.X..! 
 Aet for the better re-nl.-ition of railways . . iBM , ; h,„i.,„„, the ■■ railway kin-,' ilinl, ;v-l -1, 
 
 Itailwav Heiievoleiit Institution, iiislituteil May, 1838 i»oi„t " ^^ ^^. 
 
 Aettoemibh'iMilwayeompaiiiestosettleilith-reiiees | ,.|.^_ ^^j oorters of I.omh.n ami NuitV\V,-,i.;;, 
 
 with other eompaiiies by .■irbitralion . ■ ; '"j^' i ,.,,niiianv ■ settle.l . . . s6, 27 .IbIv, ii| 
 Belfa.sl ami Northern eonnties |{y.(lreh.iiil) opeiieii iton , p^..^,!,',,,. '.j.;,,,^ liiassev, who ina.le 66.J.5 inilr.< ;.t 
 Railwav (.iaiises Consoliihition aet passed . , . 1603 |.'„ii,vavs wliii'heost 78,ooo.<w,y. (ahle.lieiiist.kiuii , 
 
 Joint enmmitt f both hou.ses ot parliament ap- |ii„liaiiientarv eommittee ivi ..it in lav.mr„fi ,1. 
 
 Vointeil to report on railway seliemes . 5 feb 1864 i .„„,,,, ,;„|,,ti,m. pnbli 1 en . . , .v.. , 
 Miiriler of .Mr. Brig^s in a railway earriawe (s.c Kivst' railway in .lapan opeiieil . . ii.lui:., , 
 iVm/.s 1864) 9''»0. o ^,|„..,.,,i; ,.„jiwav hiiil ilowii at I'aris by M. l,at !,■ 
 
 (See Atiiiiiftilnni: anil SlivH liaili'-i'iJK-) i„t, reiiorti'l sneeessful hir short .iist.iii.'.> .\i ; , 
 
 ! ^l,„„/„„,„„f;„„.< already aeeomph.!i...l: l.Hii.i„ii ..:,.; 
 Pcrioilofeontraetors' lines" . . . . 1859-60 j j;„;.tli-\Vesterii, 61 bramli lims ; liiv.it Ncniliui,. 
 
 Lumhm, Chatham, ami Dover eompany snspeuil , . ^,.^1 Eastern, 27 ■• J-'""'"" ■"""*''-'"""• -- 
 
 liaynieiit; ilireetorseeiisnieil for their poliey . 1866 i |;,|,„i()ii ami Soiith-Westerii. :j ; .\li4l:iii4. 1; . 
 
 Builwav Comi.anies Seenrities aet passed . \i\\i. „ l{|,ilwav |iroposeil by M. de l.esseps I'mm l)iiiil.;;rj 
 
 A Welsh railway train (alioiit to start) seized tor | j,, ivsluiwiir (2500 miles), to eoiiiieet by iiiiaii*"f 
 
 debt 27 ^"^■- '•, i Hnssiaii ami Kast Indian railways Calais .iii^l 
 
 250 riiilwav bilks luLssed, 1865; only 98 . . .1867; ,.,,,,.„,,., .... •,„■,■.*''•''■ 
 Strike of 350 men on Limdoii ami Hriyliton line, j,.,, t„ramalffimation of London fniilNortli-WKt.ni 
 
 25-27 Mareh, „ i .i,,,) |,;,„,.;isiiire and Yorkshire eoiniiaiiiesivjnVl 
 bv the eommons eommittee . . .21 May. 
 
 Strike of 500 oiiNoith Eastern line, n Ainil ; over- 
 come by the eoiiijiaiiy ... 23 April, „ 
 
 Railw.iyeomniission report a;;ain.st the government 
 buying the railways, ite. . . • *'».^'' o 
 
 Ridlway aets amended by aet passed . 20 Aug. „ 
 
 AelinibinL' loeoinotive, bv means of central rails, 
 ascended Mmit (.'enis in 1865. ITlie experiments 
 were tlrst tried on the High Teak railway, Sept. 
 1863 and Feb. 1864. 1 The lailway completed ami 
 traversed bv a hieomotive and two earriages, eoii- 
 Uining Mr! Eell, the inventor of the phin, ami 
 others ; nn nnexampled.ioiirney in regard to steep- 
 ness of gradients and the elevation ot the snminit 
 level, 6700 feet, 21 Aug. 1807. .\fter siieeesstiil 
 tri&U in May, the lailway was opened 15 Jnne, 1868 
 
 Lord Cairns (on appeal) deeides that udders (if de- 
 bentures are responsible as ([iialilied proprietors, 
 
 2o JUTl. ,, 
 
 Capt. Yolland, government inspector, reports that 
 
 in his opinion eleetrie e mnnication between 
 
 the passengers and the railway servants on trams 
 stopping only at long intervals is necessary and 
 praetieable . . • • ■""^^'l''' '„• , 
 
 Bailway Uegiilation aets passed . . 1868, 187' 
 
 New lie'iilatioii of Hallways .\et pas.si'il (leiuiiii 
 sioniMS to be aiipoinled to earry out tiie .U'tit 
 1854), 21 July; comiiiissiniiers; sir Iwldi'.; 
 IVel Mr. Price, and Mr. Maeiiamara ; iiietlusl 
 tin,,.' " ^'"*- ■ 
 
 First railway in Persia begnii .at Reslit-^ ii!-.-ii 
 
 lliiilwiiil iiKiikids investigated by Capt. Tyler. i;:i, 
 171 -in 1872, 246; in the Ciiited km^Mi.iii 111 
 1872, 541 railway servants killed, 409 iii.iiiic 1. 
 
 Cireiilai lYoni the Board of Trade, by Mr. ll,i, 1» -W 
 Fortesene, to tlie railway eniiipaiii.'S re*|-i't!« 
 the inerea.se of preyentalile m-ideiits anajiii- 
 
 piinetiiality . . ■ . ■ ,;,.',?.■!'',",''' 
 
 The in.stilieatory replies of si. ....wanlWak l^r 
 the London and Brighton Co., ,aiia of U. M'-n 
 for the I., and X. W. Co. ; from utliereuliiMiiiti 
 
 Ten milwi.y servants coi.vieled of r.M-l.ingtfcrlr,:. 
 
 gage, severely sentenced , . . ''V". - 
 ,20 i.er.sons killed ; 48 without then own fault; m^ 
 
 TireM"'ir'l''of Tra'de's 'reply (by >'■•■' J'"'"!"-''"', 
 the railway companies, (mbllshea about 24 <'' '«■ 
 
ATLWAYS. 
 
 sliiiri'liuMci-s at .M.iiii'in,!,., 
 
 iniil);!iiniiti(Pii lull, n|iii,,M,i ^ " 
 
 "I ■ ■ . JlMl.. 
 
 ln-nnil fur tnillli'. i-, |,||„, 
 
 lii^ laws ivliitiir^ tn i„iiwiy,' '1 
 ; (it ivnli-rs sin"kiii.'.vii|,|,in! 
 iiiiiMtifii lirlwi-i'ii imiiiii^m 
 tH ill cfitaiii tniiin; ,Miil in,,, 
 /..•■linlits, \,..-):.„s.,.,l, „.|„i. 
 on, at. l';lllrr;iMi.7i/,l| .,,1. 
 
 . I lli't. 
 )(il (liyii viiulutt nvii tli,'M,.|. 
 "-'"'■'' ■ . I Apii!, ,:| 
 
 1 tln! Atlantic til till' I'iu'.ii, 
 
 iihv,iys act " iiit«sf.l ,, .\iv. 
 
 I'l.wcrs act (I^^,,l Mv\ 0(7. 
 s ai t (1864) aiiii-ii'liil li\ i|,t 
 
 Jf.'i.i!-, iS| 
 
 ii" cHtalilislii'd: (it i'"ii»inti ,,( 
 ■si'iilativcs of »li;ml.,il,iir.., 1 , 
 X'l'. ,") ilia linn ral iliiiij-i. ii .Iii',,. 
 
 (Jhaliiaiii, alt 1 linvn r,i:hv;i, 
 <, till' iii!iri|uis M|'Siilisl.iiiv,niii 
 1- flit tilt' .iliialL'aliiatiMii ,.f tl,,. 
 11*;; I'Xti'Msidiis fiiv aw:iiil jiul,. 
 
 A'l; 
 
 vav (nil til 41x10 fi'i't ali'iv^ M I 
 
 21.M.1.. .J 
 nil iif tliij .Metmiicilit.iii iJi^ii ! 
 
 'U I .liilv. , 
 
 li Ainci'ii'aii vaihvay iiiniiiil .,\ 
 
 i3ti,t. 
 
 iti f tliu Mi'llaml iiiiil Oli- 
 
 I'st.-ni . ... 
 Ill' l."iiiliin ami Xurtli-W. ,1, n, 
 ri' ami Yiirkslnri- niihvay^.v,,!,! 
 
 JolM. , 
 
 inimni'iiii^ in'iiiiiiM'il iiiiialsaii.i. 
 ami mill Mani'lu'.strr. Mi.'*ii. 
 • railways (Icil tn I'linlia-,. ,,f 
 I'll till' Ilia) kit), aliiiiit ■,X„v. .J 
 ' " railway kin^'," iliril, iv,,i-i, 
 ^ li", 
 if I.nmliin ami Nnil'i-Wniiin 
 I . . . 2'J. 27.l;ilv. ij| 
 isscy, will) iiiaili* 6(yxi \n\\r^ i,f 
 i.st 73.1-xio.iifxJ. (alili'. hiiiirst.kiijii „ 
 unit 1 11' rii ■ rt in lavmn' uf 1 ;.!■ 
 in, jinlili i ill . . . X:.: , 
 jiaii iipcni'il . ■ i:.!iii;''. , 
 
 ,il iliiwn at I'aris liy M. I,imi,";,. 
 I'cssful fiirslinrtilistaiii'i'^ .\;-, , 
 .unly ai'i'iiiniili.-iiii'il: I-nii'luii a;i,l 
 ii lirainli lim-s: lii'i.it N'mtlicni, 
 11, 27; l.iimliin aii'l Hii'-'litmi, ::; 
 tli-Wi'stiTii. -.'j; .Miillaiul, .7 . , 
 by M. ill' l.i'ssi'ps IVniiiDiviiliur: 
 30 iniK's), t" I'liniii'i't ljyiiiKiiis,,( 
 ist Iinliuii railways Calais aial 
 
 May, ilj 
 
 idii of I.nmliin ami Xurtli-Wi'stiiii 
 mil Yorkshire ciiiiii«mie.sn'j«ti'l 
 1 cinniiiitti'i' . . . zjMav. , 
 r liaiiways Act iiasscil (iiiiuniiv 
 [iliiiiiiti'il III carry irat tlic Ai'l't 
 ; cninniissioiu'rs ; sir Freilcii' ^ 
 
 ami Mr. Macnainara ; iiirt litst 
 
 II X«. .J 
 
 'crsia licfinn at Rcslit . iiSii't . 
 invi'stigatcilliy l-'ai't.Tylw;i.:;i, 
 46; in till' liiiti'il Kiii,;'lipiii in 
 y servants kiUi'il, 409 iiijinv i. 
 Boimlnf'l'iailc. liySlr.l'liiilii?m 
 lie railway ('"in\iaiii','9 resi'irlii,; 
 r iireventiilile aciilmts aiM en- 
 
 . . iS N'm, .J 
 ri'i'lics iif sii ...iivaril WatkinlT 
 il liriglitiin 0>., ami of li, .M"ii 
 S' W. Cii. ; friiiii utliin'oiiiirtiiiri 
 
 li.'. , 
 lilts rnnviclclrif r.il'l>ir.j;!hi!i;; 
 senteiiccl . . • -.jN"" i 
 
 il ' 43 witliont tlieitownfaullJi. 
 
 ■ ■ ■ "-'31 
 lade's rei.lv (liy Mr. Maloolnil ti- 
 njHinies, imblished abniit 24 f to I'l 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 000 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 ■>ff 
 
 \: 
 
 Mliiian iialace Hiilimn cars (Aintirleun, 1863) 
 
 ".rJntcil II" till' Miilliiiiil railway, 21 Marcli ; 
 
 ';BrftntlH'i.ulilic . • • ■ 'J'"":. 
 
 , .,11111 t'l inqi'"'"' intii Cannes iif railway acci- 
 
 ■ ', a 'ri'iil tiiliy (.'iivcrnnicnt. .'7 April ; nniiii- 
 
 ■.'uifiike iif linckiri^'liani ami iitlicrs) 1 1 .liinc, 
 
 ,*;irfnm sit L'. Aililcrlcy, rci'iiinincmiinn imiic- 
 
 .Jiiv ami I'll"', tiwivonl ai'cnlcnl.s . .Inly, 
 
 'jvTnivtllt'iN' I'mtci'tiim tSnciuty urKaniscil ; 
 
 ;■■'„[ Mam licstcr, iiri'siilcnt . . 2j.liily, 
 
 1. ^„lTr.iili! Arliitratiiin Act i-asKcil . 30 .Inly, 
 
 I i ^umliiifc' "'''''■''" respcctiiiK lalmiircrs' Ininscs 
 
 P',,„vfil foriMiikin),' railways, pas.scil 30 .Inly, 
 
 fcriditotniiUvay servants : tliat 6p w.re killcil 
 
 *'i;ii ami 773 killeil in 1873 ; many iii.jnr 
 
 .irteatok'k'ssthan tln't'ntlij . . Sept 
 lianJ railway eninpany aniiininces cliaiiKe uf 
 
 Ti.M' first-class tu iji/. a niilc ; see .1 class 
 
 liiihi'il ; 110 return tickets nt lower fares ; 
 
 L j„ I 'lull' 187.1 
 
 l.oiiinaiues anniinm'e rciliictions m fares .r.in. ,, 
 ,T,.njemlilovc'il nn railways : Knyland, 228, 95R ; 
 ;, 11,11111,31,023; Irelanil, 14,554; total, 274,5)5 ; 
 iX W. eoiiilian,v,aliuiit 40,000); annonneeil 
 ■■ ■ ■ ' ' Jan. ,, 
 
 MutlorilsniiiMiri'il ili'i-iili' <lint lailway coni- 
 ii,(jart'res|iiiiisililc rorne^'lijicnci' in ciinvcyin;^ 
 vrsaMaml gimtls, altlionBli tliey disclaim it on 
 
 j:,k,l8 1 'III"!', ., 
 
 ,,litialoreo"tintio"-'< milvnii In-id-t'Kdn MiiUaml 
 nilwav near l.mvilliani ; \Vcslin,;;liiin.se auto- 
 sXicairpiT"'""'!' brake ecnisiilercil ilic bl■^t Jnnu „ 
 «iiou of Mi'trojiolitan railway to (ireat Kastern 
 
 opcneil, 10 .Inl,\', ,, 
 iJiviuWlce at Parlinntmi ; 5otli anniversary of 
 ,,,,,,jii,.„ftlit' Stockton ami Darlington railway : 
 I'.'H'iifJosi'lili IVasc nnveileil . . 27 Sept. ,, 
 ,l,,iiisliers.', " Oernian railway kinj;," tried fur 
 
 VfA *'., at Miwcow 1S76 
 
 ;.;'X„rtliCTii Hv. (Irclamn ripened . • . ,, 
 
 ','1 l.ilitauKXtoiisiiin to ALk-ate opened . ij Nov. „ 
 .vital strtct railways erected in New York, 
 
 l>.i 1877-8 
 
 trailwavin China, Irmii Sliangliae to tlnssoon 
 i„ iiiili-s), C'liii.striicieil by Knropeans ; at lirst 
 ,|,|.«il; trial triis i6 .March ; publicly opened, 
 pJuiic, 1876; iiiucli uiiposed; stojiped ; plant 
 
 blidi to Formosa 1877-8 
 
 fjiiintoiie ami Dover tunnel injured by rams ; 
 Uliugsin .... . -V- 'S'l'iii' 1877 
 Nsiut Soutli-eastern and LoiuloH, Cliiithain, it 
 lijvtnouiiiaiiies, I'otcil by formur. . 18 .Ian. ,, 
 ;;«j' acciili'iit ciiiiiinission ri'iioi't : reconiniciid 
 Tat the Cdiiiiiaiiies' responsibilitieH be not 
 
 liMiiiished, kc. Feb. ,, 
 
 iiswi fusion of the Cireat Northern and Great 
 Fjstfra, fails June; of the Manchester and Hhef- 
 ^tillanll Lineohishire with the Great Northern 
 
 iii'l Midland, fails Nov. „ 
 
 jiy tmbarras.sed subsidiary line.s iiureliased by 
 
 &!■ Kreiicli ijovcrnnieiit ilor about 11,000,000?.) . 187S 
 
 ■at increase of 3ril-class passerKi'rs, reeeiiits, 
 
 il>iiit 7,000,000/. 1869; about 14,000,000'. . . 1879 
 
 ■Hfji strike of Kooilsguards on .Midland railway 
 
 lliMiigli altoratliiu of mode of payment, 3 Jan., 
 
 Ms about 20 Jan. ,, 
 
 'Jill-Eastern railway eoniimny v. Railway Conimis- 
 a'»'rs(\vlioliailt;iveii orders for enlai'gin;; station 
 iiH.titini!S,*c.),tJneen'slieTi('h ; verdict restrict- 
 ;^,.' [itiwiTu of tlie eiitimiissioners {sec above, 1873), 
 liiijuJgesagahistoini . . . 13 Jan. 1880 
 ir.rj dividends on the princiiial lines for lialf- 
 
 u,ir I Jan. to 30 June, ,, 
 
 ,i«!rMonrailwa}»iiitheUnitedKins!doni about 
 'M,ooo,ooo!. (since 1829); gross aniuiBi .1 '|its 
 i!«t6!,ooo,ooo!.,iieteiu'niiiKs about 30, . Doi. 
 
 itjif.rted , Vng. „ 
 
 'ielofdparaitepl.ieednn rails betwe .1 liiishey 
 aa Watford (L. i N. W. Hallway), n.yht, 12-13 
 
 Hept. „ 
 ;4ril 1)1 Trade circular respecting precautions 
 .Viinst accidents, tc. (acuiileuts of 10, it Aug. 
 
 ,"r,t,'ult;d to niJglcCl) .... 2U IScpt. ,, 
 
 i»'ay rates select cummittec meet , :o March, 1881 
 
 lu'iis' h Halske's electrical rallw,- ■ at Berlin, 
 
 lit Bides an hour, tried 13 May j oj lod to the 
 falilit .... . 16 May, „ 
 
 tenteiiary of neoi;;e .Stiiphcnsoirs birth celebrated 
 at Xewcustlc, llieslerli.'ld, the Crvstal I'alace, 
 l.oiiiliiii, ,'iml lliroii«hiiiit ihe connlics of Ibirham 
 and .Norllininlierlaiiil . . . o.lniie iSSi 
 
 Murder of -Mr. Kk. Isaac (iohl In a cairiiu-e mi 
 l.omlon and liri;.Oiton railway . . 27 .lime 
 
 ireny Lelriiy "/in,. Maplet ilrested on suspicion! " 
 
 6 July; coinmitteil lor trial, 21 July ; eonvicted 
 8 Nov.; e\c,iitcil . . , ." loXov'l 
 
 Passen^'crilnly received, 507,076/. for v ' 1872-3 • 
 
 73ti.J'"i'' l"i- year 1875-0; 728,718/. 'bir 1876-7; 
 74i.ijiy'. lor 1877-Si 74,3,506/. for i3So-i ; 708,364/. 
 
 lor . iS8i-2 
 
 International congress for the unilicatinii of the 
 1 rollm,- stock on the railways at iterne .pened 
 ,,,, ... , , 16 Oct. 1882 
 
 , ill' niinitlc 1 railway and canal rates lor the 
 
 I I'onveyiim'e lit ]iersiins, iiiercliamli.se, kv.. defer 
 
 their rep.irt, rec mend ic-appiiiiitnieiit of the 
 
 I cinnmiltcc, iiml also the esbililishmeiit of u trl. 
 
 i biiiial tiiiiccide ipictiuns and enloree deeisions • 
 
 revision ol rab's, A'c, early Aug. i83i ; issue 
 
 I repnrt with lew icciiiiiiii,,ni|,itions . 27 July 
 
 A I'nlliiian car linrii.'d ne.ir lliinslot, lir. Arthur " 
 
 , l.r'i^'"-' ■ • , 2,ji)ct. „ 
 
 Hallway i.assi'ii>;ers inoteetion assoeiatioii estab- 
 lished 
 
 Caledniiian railway strike, tratlle Imr'tlv suspended '• " 
 
 (llas-.iw, ,Vc. . . . ,'-, ,1: .,,,„^ ,883 
 
 A coiiipi'.iiiiisc ; strike cmls . . , n Jan 
 I'l'oposedreilnctioii 111. luty on third class pas.sengers " 
 
 Metropolitan railway carried 36,753,32, passenuera " 
 
 111 six monlhs wiihout accident . . 
 .\ssoi'iatiiiii of lailway shareholders established '• " 
 _ meeting held in London .... G .Vug.' 
 Kxistiii',' : railw.iy and can,!!, railway coiiiiianies' " 
 
 lailway sllal■clll,llb■^^, asMi,'i,i|i(ins , ' 
 
 Allotlnl cheap trains ,i,'t p,issc.| . ' . 20' .\i|.." " 
 
 Xortlicrn I'acilic railway (.-.^.k, miles) open, d iScpT " 
 
 4,000/. aHaided to rev. .losciili l.lii,\,l lijcreton, iiii.i " 
 
 6,500/. to gen. Urei'ctnn lor injuries caused by 
 
 deraiiyenieiit uf machinery, Arc, 28 July, 1S82'; 
 
 „ , ., 25, 26 Feb, 1884 
 
 Parks railway lull re.iecteil liv committee 20 .Mav 
 I Railway regulation bill making it a permaneiit " 
 I court of record, eiilargiic:- powers, iVc, read lirst 
 
 I time, 22 -May; dropiied o July 
 
 ! M. l.artigiic's balance railway, (single rail) n'. " 
 
 I ported sill ssliil ill Noriiiaiidv . . .June 
 
 Renewed agitalimi respecting brakes ; the board of " 
 trade's recoiuinendations neglected 
 1 Metropolitan Inner Circle cni!i|,lcleil ; opened i Oct' " 
 I 312,047 ,'ailway servants ill Kngland . . Oct' " 
 Cimimimication of the Caiiadian I'acilio railway " 
 (H.'ililax. Nova Scotia, to I'mt Moody, liritish 
 C'iiluinliia)i8 .May; wm k coiniiletcil ." 7 Nov. 1881 
 I Death of llr. If. II. (lilbeit, inventor of the ele- 
 vated rail system used in New York, very jioor 
 I ' Aui' 
 
 I Receipts of twelve leading companies, about " 
 
 25,084,000/. Jan-Jniif, „ 
 
 Win. H. Vanderbilt. '• Railway King," dii's suddenly 
 at New York, aged 64 . . . . g i>,,c. 
 Lawrie I'. I,. ,S: ^. \v. Railway ; companies may " 
 increase their fares on days ol extra trallic such 
 
 as Ascot races ,, u,,^^ 
 
 454 railway .servants killed in ....', ,886 
 International railway coicress, Mrnssels, ojieiis 8 
 
 Aug. 1885 ; at lieriie, .Inly, liSn ; and ' .luiie ,887 
 Mr. .Mundella introiluces bill lor conslitiiting a 
 new court of record for railway alliiirs with gr"eat 
 liowi'rs ; read lirst time 11, 12 March; second 
 time 6 .May, iSSfi; intiuduced (inodilieil) into the 
 lords by hud .Stanley . . . . , March 
 The .South-Kasterii railway company's present of " 
 1,000/. to the Imperial Institute March ; declared 
 
 to be illegal 6 j(ay 
 
 Midland Railway ; strike of 2,713 drivers, liremeii' " 
 &c. ; trattic continued 5 Aug. ; strike gradually 
 
 fails All" -.Sent- 
 
 International railway congress at Rome oiiens 
 
 17 Setit. ,, 
 Tlilrty.four principal railway lines of the United 
 Kingdom ; net divisible jiront for ordinary share- 
 holders tlrst six inonths, 18864,390,517/.'; 1887, 
 5.357.891/. 
 istli annual congress of Ainalgamated society ot 
 
 1 i» 
 
 it <i 
 
 If' w 
 . i 1 
 
 f 
 
 ! 1 1 
 
 4 »[ 
 
 
 i" 
 
 
 *r% 
 
f Pll 
 
 
 lit 
 
 
 1. !^h*- 
 
 .^^ii 
 
 RAILW. 
 
 010 
 
 RATTiWAYH. 
 
 A rnllwnv iM'tW'-n LiBtowel nii.l Dallylmnmn, 
 
 Kir:r::;^,^;y';^^.-^"^':---'-.---?^ 
 
 m:''ju:^U Wills ,n,l-l"t'^'l presUlenl of tl..^ .■aiUv..y 
 piXlJur^aiWayinCm^^^^ 
 
 i;•;;;-^^;:^^K.;l;f^;ia;':^«^u;.wa,;:.a;.... 
 
 [„ mv.s a ''r^, , ' ,if ;, V i,„„ \Val..s, uiul ^Noto 
 '^''^r; N A .Mn a M MMla.Hl systHus., 
 
 ^-rr'lHb.:.;e;;^a;?:r^r':-'-e^^i";;:^' 
 
 l)ofttlii)t«li- DaimM.'JDi-ii, agi. I 7j. .^Oct. 
 
 ,,^^:i::^':i;yi;^:inurnuKMn.;.-ov..;...ainua.^ 
 
 City aiHl Moiitli 1-oi.uuu r ^ , o ]„ 
 
 1887 
 
 |388 
 
 18S9 
 
 1B90 
 
 'J ■- . 4 Nuv. an. I 18 II"'- 
 
 7 Kiiiif/-') ■ . ■ 1 J o,,,\on Elect lie Hailway lull 
 
 latter cniiiiiuny . , „• , , „f ii,-,,-i,.itiL 
 
 churnesfoi-tlieuiniaKi oife Jiii,.-2, May 
 
 Tal.l..s of '"f ;'n;'„::!;;r:,'r "' V ' 0,a„.l .ln,;'ri' m 
 
 ProiK,soa '■«»"'■ ;'r'l,' A ,Md,e.,„r. f<l.el!iel.l an,. 
 
 coinl«;ny to \ ;,"\,.m, ,.... MctropMlitau aial 
 
 other railways, s" as i" .""" , 
 north, Oct. >3;'°' ';i'\;,''',':;i „.„y-..n,i.inye;of all 
 First annnal '' " f;'':r,;'u „To\vn l.all, Hethnal- 
 
 .1 ten hours ''">•';, •,„,-Mr.Thon,p«.n, n 
 l?ythRs;reatesei nn M, Ml. • i ■ \v,,ik,.,-, 
 
 "f >'"■ '^^''';'^;;'vn.u';Vish railway, the ,as. 
 manager ''',''-,., ,i„„..l with nmch ilillienlty, 
 sender I™'"' "' : , a ust sns,,en.le.l. Ahciut 
 but the no,,.ls tiatlK >' " ■ ' ,{, .ti,,,,,,, M„thi-r. 
 9,ooonn.nwenM.u atnn t^^ . I ^^^^^,^.^^.,^^ 
 
 ?^^.?:^l^;t^f:^!|;^;;;:;;---l--,,..n« 
 
 «ti!rr;;f™llw;;t^^a,.s,sirM.H.H«..;oha.r. 
 
 man, "U'ets . • ,^.,;i,.i, u ,„oveil liv livlmnlie. 
 
 The (ili.lin.^ ra, wa , «" ; •;;.,^(,„. ,,;„ „,,i,,i,..,i 
 
 {;;'^:r Barrel at Ale crystal I'alace .6 March 
 
 1891 
 
 tor 
 Ian. 
 
 The nine Hailway Kates anil Ch«rKe« hlll»ijii„«| , 
 
 Drienzer Hotlihornlialin railway 011 tlie Al|«. |li« ''' 
 hJKhesi in Kuriipe, npeiie.! nlv Ni,v. 
 
 Receipls of ij ;<realei>ni|i«nleK, 3|,oj3,558' . , ' 
 
 .lulv.|ii.c 
 
 Mr. ChriHtoliher Anilemon'H (of LvfU) |in..iit|„|| 
 for carrying oil sniukeanil foiilalrln inii:iT;;n,iMi,| 
 railways hy tuhes. IrieM ami l-eiiiirt«l miiTf».|'iil 
 at Xea".sileu, near \Villes''en . jS Sliiril , , : 
 
 Death 't sir .lanii's .Ji)se,ih AIIimuI, tlie I'liuii,: . 
 .1 1 nauuner, esjieeiUly nf the MiilliiiM. ;i:,.,i 
 
 81 .■•■;• • -5 .M':!', .. 
 Great ileinonstratioii of railway SHrv.int.i ni lly.l,.. 
 
 nark, for shorter liours ami liieren<e,| wa^^.i 
 
 ■ sMa, , 
 Tin' hro.id Kftn^e totally sn|ierseil,.,\, (in lli,.(ln.|,| 
 
 Western -"' -'i Mav. „ 
 
 ,Hir .hmies Driinlees, iMnineiit railway ■'iijliii.|.|^ 
 
 illes, aw'il 76 ■ ■ ■ „ ' „ • • '•'! ■ ., 
 
 Laneashire, lierliyshire, ami Kiisl foast (Kiist ii'i.l 
 
 West) railway lie;<nn (ineiiriierateij i8(,i) ^.liin,,^ 
 
 Hailway anil canal Ira the aiiienilnieiit ai-t, |iii i, 
 
 J? ■hill". ,, 
 Cenlral t.onclcin railway aet passeil . 23,liii;^ „ 
 JIanehester, Shelllelil iV l.ini iilnsliire raihvi,y(»iili 
 
 extension to London) aet ; ll-ini ri ,iiliii« ii. tlw 
 
 hirils susiienileil liy ilssolnlinn . ,3b.hiiii. „ 
 
 |Aet jiasseil, i;-' Mareh ; anotliei aet, jg Jm.", 
 iSqt ; anuMiili'il, 1894. 1 
 Internutional railway tonH'-es.s at Ht. IVtemhurK. 
 
 ?oii .\ll.!. . 
 Mr. W. K. filailstono cuts the first so, uf ttn'tViml 
 
 liiilway coiineetiiiK Wales ami l.i\"vpi»il, iiiin, , 
 Railway'Travellers' association in.stitiil...i iiX.n. . 
 The electric oveiheail system, con ■tiiiji Wii1mi',|. 
 
 WVilnesliury, Darlastim, and II i- ...ch ii|ii'i r.|, 
 
 ,!1 llir. 
 
 Ni w railway rates liejjin, i .hm. ; lead tn mutri.. 
 versy ; sir .lames Whitehead, inesiileiil of tin' 
 Maiision-hoiise railway trallle ass.ieiatini;; ~|. 
 ileiiry Oakley, hon, see. of tlie liiiji'i n ( 
 panie's' association ; coininoiiiises |iroi«n..i|, ,lii!i, ; 
 
 Great meeting at the Maiisiondiiinse opiKjaiHi th' 
 
 new rales . . ,■,.,•,•,'„ '"'"'■ • 
 Hecohd-class rarria(.'es aholished on the East Oias; 
 
 "e\i>ress" rMiite iietween KnKlaiid ^iinl hentliiii.l 
 
 worked liy the (ireat Xorthern, Xnr'li Kii.<li'n]. 
 
 null Nortii Uritish companies, and also >«i tli.< 
 
 London & North- Western, and (.'aledoiiiaii liii.-., 
 
 1 Mai , 
 The new "corridor train," H. W. R,, sops I'riiiii 
 
 London to IViizaiice .... 1 .Iiiiip, 
 Ridhvay iiiiou conference at Heme 5, Iniic, ■'«,■. 
 liaihvav Servants (Hours of l.ahoin) aet pns« ' 
 
 27,tuly, 
 First iutcrnationnl conBrcsa of railway wiviint* , it 
 
 Zurich. . . •,•;,• H,'^"'' 
 Great loss ' v the Midland and other rail\v,iy< 
 
 through tl.'oal strike . . AiiL-.-Sqit, 
 ielcct eommittie on rail»:i, mi.s 
 
 11' 'I h«. 
 
 in' the i.vidends tliroU(;li 'li'-mil 
 ^,,„„ . ,luh--Xov. i3ot: .'.■ K.'k Kjil 
 
 Lanci-hire, Derbyshire, and Ka~i i'.ia>t niil« ^ »• 
 
 passed .-••„.,• ', ■'] ',."' 
 
 Inteniatioual congress of railway „rvaiitsat l.:::< 
 
 ,iiet. 
 
 The countess of WI .inielitfe cuts the llnt».dor 
 
 the Manchester, Miellield.and r.iiicnhi>hiff {«• 
 
 tension) railway at Alpha-road, St. Join. - »''»l 
 
 13 NiJV. 
 
 ,st conference on "lij-h* railways," siniiiiioiwl by 
 
 the board of trade, M . . Urice, M.P., eliairiMj^^ 
 
 Mr .Instiee Mathew decid.-! 'hat the L"i; im. 
 Chatham, and Dover rail«a> romimiiy In. 1 :"ii 
 
 niakiiii,' illegal chaiKcs for passane Iroiii I iloii 
 
 to Calais (Mr. C. N. Nicholson v. "'C ™>'n;i'g, .^. 
 
 Charles Henry Tarkes, born 1816 alile ami < 
 
 l!;^siui chidiiiian^of ti'^' <■';"'« E'"*"™ ';;;;- , 
 
 company, N"V. i"/, .}i;!-ied . .",''' 
 
 International railway conference at Aiiistfn am, 
 ,^0 Tgates,6,luii^ .at the Imiie.ial iiistUiik 
 ijlmdon, .r. ,l'„ne : the delegates (..Ko)r,.oeivri 
 by theHiieeiiatWind.sor . . • oJui), „ 
 
 Report of the 
 
 issued 
 f;ri at decrease 
 
 ..irike 
 
lATT^WAYH. 
 
 ,ti'S mill Chil|-i!i'« I/IIU )«un| , 
 
 iliii niilwiiy (111 the Al|«. tli« ""'1 
 
 "|| I irh Xiiv, 
 
 i:i>iiiliiiiili'H, 3),oj3,«;^B' . 
 
 .Illlv-|lc.p" 
 llTHDIl'H (of I,PHi|«l IllVlHUlirll 
 
 iki'iiiiil fnuliilrliiMiiclcr;'ri,iiiiil 
 ti'li'il ihmI iTiioiti'il mim-j.fiil 
 
 i'illi'r/i'ii . . afiMiirrl ,:, 
 JiMi'iili Alllmil, llii- i.iiiiiii.'i 
 
 ■siii'uiillyiif Ihc Miilliui.l.aj,,! 
 
 2^ -Mm!. „ 
 
 I iif i-ii!»ay unrviiiili in Hy.i,.. 
 
 imir« mill iiicii'iiii'.l wuni., 
 
 'sMh'. .. 
 tally !iiiiwiK"ili'il, iiii tlifl (JMii 
 
 • -'"2i>lav. 
 !S, I'liiliiPiit milwiiy >'|ij1iiit'i, 
 
 I.IUIIi'. ., 
 
 ilrii, ami Kii«t roust (Kiist n\ 
 nil (iiiriiriii'iali'il iRm) ;,Ii,i|,,^ 
 riittli' iiiiii'iMliiii'Ut ml, |iaM,.il, 
 
 s? .Iiiii^ „ 
 w;iv iint imssivl . jj.liiKf 
 
 il .V l.liiciiliisliirf iiiilwuy (Willi 
 lull) net ; tliril iiMiliiiK in tlw 
 ly ir<m'tiitinii . , ji.liiiiH 
 Miirfli ; aiiiillit'i iii't, 29 Jiih"' 
 
 , 1894-1 
 
 ly coli^'i'ss at St. ri't.'i-iliiir;;, 
 
 .^'>-ii All:. ,, 
 ^ cuts tlii> first SI. , of till. Wiriiil 
 y Wains aii'l Lh-Tpniil, 21(111. 
 assin'iiitiuii iiistilulcd 17 X.n. .' 
 ad sysliMii, ('(III 'titii; Wjilsjill, 
 
 lastiiii, mi<[ It L'li ii]n'i I'll, 
 
 11 Ihr. 
 bi'Uiii. I iliiii. ; Icail t'l (.'iiiitn.. 
 ^ Wliili'lli'ilil, liri'siili'iit of lli» 
 nilway tralllc asMirintinii; sir 
 
 1(111. s f 111!' Uail«;it (' 
 
 11 ; riiiMiiiiiiiiisi's |iiiHHiM.il,.i,i:i 
 
 111' MaiiHloii-hoiian o|iiioHi' 
 
 p's aliiillshi-il (111 tlin Ensi tms', 
 I .ft Wfi'ii KiiKlaiiil nM ,V(itliiii.i 
 :ir('Ut Ndithi'iii, Siir'h Kastoni, 
 si. 'Miinpaiiics. ami also mi tli» 
 -Western, anil (^'aleiliiiiinii liii.--. 
 
 iM;n, , 
 ir train," 1:. W. It.. , «■■. I" . 
 illCB ... I 'Ini'". 
 
 fnrenee at liei'iie -, .lime. '' ■■ ;. 
 Hours of l.iilrt)iii')iU-'l jms* ' 
 
 2?, I Illy. 
 , c'oMHi'ess of railway »evMiiit.s .It 
 
 4A11,;. ., ] 
 
 p Miillanil and otlicr railw.iyi 
 
 I strike . . Aii^'.-.S'|il. 
 
 t'l'l ('iiiiiiiiitl' e (jii railK.iv niti^ 
 
 Hill life. 
 
 tlio I .viilenils tlirouuli till' coal 
 
 . ,liilv-X(iv. ,3gi; .\..:- R., I'j) 
 sliire,aii(l Ka'^' I'.iasl riiiiu ;.• 
 
 . .;i-i ■''•■■ ., 
 '(■ess of raihva\ Mivautsal I'.uh 
 
 }*m. .1 
 Wl.anirlifft! cnt« tlm lir«» smlof 
 ', Sliellield, and Liiirnlushirc (es- 
 ,' ut Aliilia-road, St. Join. > Wiol 
 
 13X0V. ., 
 "lijih' railways," sininuniii"! by 
 ide, M,. Urice,'M.P.,cliairiiiaii 
 
 6 rw. ,1 1 
 
 Iiew dei'id liat tlip Luii'iii, 
 
 Dover railwa,\ ■ |iaiiy li,- : ;.-.;i 
 
 I'liai'Kes for passage lium \j'i'\m 
 'j X. N'iohulson I', tliecoiniaiiy) 
 
 14 May, :^^ 
 'arkes, born 1816. aUe ai"' *'»'■ 
 1111 or the <iii'at Ea.slcni rii»,w 
 iP, . ... ,ii,.ii . oMiy. , 
 
 ilwi'iv confi'i-eiioe at Aiiisteiilam, 
 5.1iiiii", at the liiil»'iial iintitiitc, 
 lie; the (h'lei;atcs (.,ico) receivijd 
 t Windsor . • • "Wi 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 I giff til Atierd"' n won liy the West Coast route 
 ,„ii,sl the KasI {540 miles in 51 j niln.) aj Aiitf. 
 
 flmlnllwuy (seeUi't' 189.1) opened liy Mr. tilad- 
 ..,,„, iS March, 
 
 , ,1V u|iSiiowdon; on tlie descent of the lli»i 
 
 "^,,'iijfr tniin, at la u.ni,, the i'in.'iiie left the 
 Catanliarp ('iir\e and plunged iner the f'yin- 
 Liirwiiiiec.'iApril, 181/1; Mr. K.v,. Uolieii,, of 
 LlmUii', (lied of Iniiiries, 7 Ajiril. t8on ; " s;itely 
 «pl," the iiiM'iition of sir |loii;;liis l''(i\, laid 
 3o«n'niil»av re-opened to (-'louwyii . iri April, 
 I Hi, ftwl "' "I''"'''' i''li"i'l '" 'II'' companies tic 
 ]i.(f«ity (if l'i"'''i'"i'K women tra\elliim alone, 
 fiwi,' -i AiiK. 
 
 fcl'Mtrn'taiid Waterloo railwayact passed, 7 Anv. 
 
 Unlit railMV* -\<'t 1«"""''' • - • 14 Ann. , 
 
 |S,(V«"l"f Tiinle report tile capital of th" I'. K. 
 ullim i-uiiipanies to have iiecii more than i..xio 
 .iiilllolisstel'lill).' ill iHo^ .... S Oct. , 
 iiMilinitloiis toconslnict liuht railwa.v ^ in 'ireat 
 
 "Briulii lip '"""'''''=''■" "I''""'"'*'' '■'*','=* • . 
 I KinCmip iii'irderiMl In a train near Waterloo, L. 
 
 jH.W. R ' ■■'I'l'. 1: 
 
 Ujinl of Trade ciiiiiniittee appointed to lni|nli'e 
 iv-inH'tiiinthe iiieaiiH of ciinimiinicatlon l»'twcen 
 „„,iiH«s and railway .servants in clnirnc of 
 
 l„i,i, 4 *'a.\', , 
 
 I Siiiiid Ulair, I I'eclialrmuiiof the L.and DrlKhlon 
 
 nllny, ill«l - , . • ; ■„ • " \i* • 
 Hiilnav across Salisbury |>laiii Iroin I'ewsey autlio- 
 
 ti.!!' ^'"v. 1 
 
 < Wales ilirect railway, tirst sod cut by tlio 
 
 .liiohw.* of Beaufort .... to Nov. , 
 I iii'^nwlioiial coiilereuceat Fraiikl'ort-oii-tV.e-.Main, 
 
 »C('(^l('nitiHl Hi'r( it'll lietwecn I.undon and Haslc 
 
 innii'.il "ee. , 
 
 I PMllou I ' <ervants on tlie Oreat Kastern and 
 
 London III I N'oitli Western improved . Feb. iS 
 |SrC«nie IM -ell, M.l'.. born 182J, clialrmaii of 
 
 the S. Ba e railway. Iii'd (sncceeiled by Mr. 
 
 iwiiioBoii. I !'•) .... 7 March, , 
 I VjcwIp (if ri.i.Kay bye.law^ submitteil to the 
 
 ItanlufTraile h'. the X. K, conipmiy . .Iiiiie, 
 I l[i)rkii« union lietw 1 tlieS. E. ami the L. < tS: 1). 
 
 iiiil»av.sa;<ri'(''l ■ . ■ - A\t)t. , 
 
 I Eifi'tric'(umli'iV •"'.) "lilw'iV l»twecn Waterloo 
 
 stitiun ami 'i • Mausiondio'' . openeil by the 
 
 iliiki'ofCaiiiiiiid;.'" . ■ . 11. Inly, , 
 
 tSi-e .s.'ri'tr.t, Pel - 1S97. 
 
 RAILWAYS iiV OREAT HHI i INI) IRELAND. 
 
 CitiiiM Mn Net 
 
 ojk'in'^!. [.'"ri^tts, 
 6,890 
 
 8,054 .€11,009,519 
 
 lo,4.t3 i,(.5;9,254 
 
 13,289 18,602,582 
 
 I5..i37 23,362,618 
 
 16,058 2.^,016,272 
 
 I7,')96 .•1.731,430 
 
 I7..y33 ^1. 8)0,501 
 
 18,175 ;^.. .'t5.000 
 
 i3..1i7 :;!.-■ .' .6ii8 
 
 i3,63i i3.t'i/j.7o8 
 
 1S.364 33.305,44* 
 
 lu.iri 32,767,817 
 
 '9,578 33,880,110 
 
 19,812 3.>.35i,32o 
 
 20,073 ,36,760,146 
 
 2.1.191 36,731,624 
 
 - '. l-:5 36,374-073 
 
 20.^46 34.936,77.3 
 
 2o,.jo3 37,102,513 
 
 21,174 30,046,065 
 
 ^■.-!77 39.i^-'6.698 
 
 |ir. . ;ii;«r/K'ii<K; 1854,9.206.205/. ; 1861. 13,843.3 ^7/. ; 
 i!;o. a". 715.525'. ■ •874, 32,612,712/. ; 1,377, 
 ;i.85;,9;ai. ; 1880, 53,601,124/.; 1803, 37, 368,502/. ; 
 I'll, 37,063,266' ; i33S, 37,063,266/. ; 1889, 
 4j,j-,i,ii6/.; i5.. . !,i33.556/. ; 1891, 45,144,772/. ; 
 t%2. .;.7i7,g6; ,, 1893, 45,693,119/.; 13^4, 
 4;.io-.,,i3i. ; 1895,47,876,037?. ; 1896, 50,192,424/. 
 Kmltr of pmscnijer! (not season-ticket holders): 
 l345,3j!,7i)l.253;i8.S4. lIl,2o6.''o7: i860. 163.483.572: 
 ..25i.959,o!v': 1870,331.701 3qi; 1677, 549,541, 325; 
 ;:. .»j,8S5,o-:i333,6S3,7iS,.37;iSg7, 733,678,531: 
 1^90,317,744,04',, 1393,873, 17 r 52; iSo4,9i 1,41 2,926; 
 i-95i 929.770>909 ; '896, 980, 339-433- 
 
 011 
 
 UAILWAYH. 
 
 895 
 1896 
 
 I'rar. 
 
 IX'l'l-up. 
 
 iSsi. 
 
 .€240,897 
 
 1854. 
 
 jSr 68,794 
 
 i860. 
 
 343,130.127 
 
 1J65. 
 
 455,478.143 
 
 lija 
 
 520,908,673 
 
 i!)S- 
 
 6^,-1,223,494 
 
 lijj. 
 
 717,003,469 
 
 liSo. 
 
 723.316,848 
 
 lilii. 
 
 743,328,162 
 
 i33i. 
 
 767,899,570 
 
 i33i. 
 
 734,921,312 
 
 ■834- 
 
 801,464,367 
 
 1335- 
 
 8i5.858,"55 
 
 iSS?. 
 
 845.97".'i54 
 
 1838. 
 
 864,695,963 
 
 1890. 
 
 897.472,026 
 
 iSgl. 
 
 919.425,121 
 
 1J91. 
 
 944,357,320 
 
 1893. 
 
 97"-333..i33 
 
 i8„. 
 
 9S5.;3-.355 
 
 189; 
 
 1,001,110,221 
 
 I"/) 
 
 1.029.475,335 
 
 184), 
 
 Kn^land & 
 
 Wales 1775 
 Scotland 22; 
 ll'uliuid . 31 
 
 1897 
 896 
 
 Mili'.i lllltlill'tt. 
 
 1861. 1879,1 i83j. 
 
 7820 
 1626 
 1423 
 
 "i547 '3i"5 
 3,864 3,964 
 a,a8j. 2,502 
 
 1890, 1893., 1894, 
 
 14,114 14,44" MiSJ* 
 3.163 3,jij' 3,324 
 a,79a a.ijgr 3,044 
 
 tor 1847-9, It was calculated that out of 4,782,188 
 travellers by riiilwav, on, pei-son was killed, fi-imi 
 causes lieyiiiid his own control; for i856-<j, mio 
 In 8,708,411; 1866-8,01111 ill ij,,;.i,i7o. Ill 1878, 
 me in 7,v,;,oix-i. I'lisseiiKcrs killed from causim 
 
 beyond tl 
 1872, 24 ; 
 
 i'diilnd : ill 1:371 12 • 
 ,811. 
 
 1862-72, 271 
 
 V nihil Khuiihmi, 
 1874, 1424 killed jii passennei-s (not their fault 
 86); 788 servants, 425 trcsiiassers ; 5041 inlurcd ' 
 
 1876, 1286 killed -13S (by own fault, 101) passen- 
 KCi-H : 6112 iii.inrcd, 1883 passciiKcrH. 
 
 1877, 1175 killed -126 passcnjjurs ; 3705 liijurua. 
 1283 passeiiKcrs. 
 
 1878, iii^ killed ; 6507 lii,|iire(l by varlotm cnuseH. 
 
 >879i 
 
 10 illiiil ; i6o inisseiitjcrs ; 35,3 Injiii'i'il, i ior 
 
 passciiyeis. ■^ ' 
 
 1882, 1,121 killed 
 1,739 piisscii;;-,'i-«; 
 
 1885, IJ57 killei 
 3,539 in.jured 
 
 1887, 91V killi 
 3,826 iniured 
 
 1889. 1.1,76 kill 
 
 1890. 1,076 kil 
 
 127 passenKcrs ; 4,601 iiifiin.d. 
 
 884, 1135 kill 
 3,467 iii,iuicil ; 
 
 Ul'ed ; 
 
 3.590 
 
 1; 4u«j iii.lnied ; 
 1386, 9j3 killed, 
 
 i883, 905 killed. 
 
 •d. 
 
 'd ; 4,836 iniure 
 d ; 4,721 injured. 
 1891. 1,168 killed, 5.060 injlll-ed. 
 Hallway servants killed : aniiinil averaiiu fiSra-sV 
 l88o, l'i-dll(-edto483; ,896, 447. '^' 
 
 92, 1,130; i8y;. 1,011; 1894, 1,183; i3y3, 
 
 740; 1881 
 Killed: 18 
 i,o(jo ; 1896, 1093, 
 
 Co)ni}tinmiiu)i ]niiil /.,- 
 
 ■873. 
 rasseUHcl's . . £364,509 
 Oonds . , . 231,707 
 
 iiijuiir-^ I,,/ eomiiduies. 
 , 1883. ,887. 
 
 £247,033 I 4176 406- 
 I 197.941 I 169.633 
 
 PBlNCll-AI. n III.W.WS OF THE I'NITED KINOflOM 
 
 Thf milinni-< ,.,,■ ijnifnillii ii'iineil oftvi- their tnnii 
 
 3 .Ian. 
 
 .Vrbroath ami I n'far . . . , 
 2\tiiiosplierii- li.iilway (le/iii/i ,-(w) 
 llangor aiei Cai n.irvnn ... 
 Helfast alio '.iiinty nf Down 
 Helfast aii.l Ndrthei II count i.-, opened 
 Hirniiii;,'liaiii and Derby . . , ." 
 Hiriiiin|,'liaiii and (iloiicester 
 Hirmingham, Wolvcrliuiiiploii, and Stour V 
 
 ■Inlv, 
 April 
 
 .7 Dec, 
 illev. 
 
 July, 
 8, 1 line. 
 
 27-Iillie, 
 
 I5ri),ditou niid Cliiehcster . 
 
 l!ri>;lit'.u and ll,istin;,'s 
 
 lirist.il :iiid Kxeter . 
 
 ISristol and Uloiice.-.tcr 
 
 C'alcdoiiiaii .... 
 
 Canterbury and Whitstable 
 
 OhiiriiiK el-OSS Kailway, London, 
 
 C'heltenhani and (Jioiiee.ster . 
 
 Chester and liirk.-nln-ad . 
 
 Chester .-iiiil I rewe . . , _ 
 
 I'ity ami South I.omloii, opened 4 Xov. and i3 Dec! 
 
 opened 
 
 • .loiy, 
 
 . Fell. 
 
 Ma,\ , 
 
 II .fail 
 
 . Oct. 
 
 . 22 .Sept. 
 
 Corkenmailli ami Workinston 
 Ciili-hester ami li-swieh . 
 Cork ami li.iiidou 
 I oi-nwall .... 
 iiiventry and I.eainiiii^ton . 
 Cioydiiu and Kpsoni 
 Devon and Somerset . 
 1 lover and Deal, beyuii 
 Diililiu and Belfast Junction 
 Dniiiiii and Callow . 
 Dublin ami Dro-lcda 
 Dir lill ;illd Kill;,'M"WIi . 
 Dh:. ill- and Xcwtylc . 
 Diiiidi-e and I'ertb . 
 Durham imd .■^iindirlaud 
 Eastern Counties (aft. (it. K.i 
 Ka.steru Union (l.oiidoii and I 
 East Lombm . 
 Editiburyh and Berw i<k 
 Edinburgh .iiid Ulas^jow . 
 
 in) 
 
 28 A|iril. 
 
 15 -I line, 
 
 . f Dee. 
 
 1 'lav, 
 
 . 2 Di-c. 
 
 ■7 -'*lay, 
 . 7 X'ov. 
 
 29,Iune, 
 •June, 
 
 10 Aiij?. 
 
 26 May, 
 
 17 Dec. 
 . Dec. 
 
 22 May, 
 
 28 ,luue, 
 .Il 
 
 il'hcstcr), 29 March, 
 
 . 10 April, 
 
 18 June, 
 
 8 Feb. 
 
 ni, 
 
 niiiq. 
 1S39, 
 1840 
 1852 
 1850 
 
 I Silo 
 
 1839 
 
 1840 
 
 185a 
 1846 
 
 '814 
 1841! 
 
 .84S 
 
 ,3t, 
 
 ii.;-4 
 1847 
 
 iSio 
 
 1S48 
 1 ioo 
 1847 
 1846 
 
 Ib5l 
 1859 
 ■ 844 
 1847 
 1873 
 1S78 
 1852 
 1846 
 1844 
 
 183+ 
 1831 
 1847 
 1839. 
 
 I ■43 
 1S76 
 1846 
 1842 
 
 ^m^^m 
 
 ' :ii 
 
 ,• '■! 
 
 I I- 
 
 
 ^■Hs :i 
 
 te^»«i; 
 
Ill 
 
 nil 
 
 f 
 
 IP 
 
 m 
 
 ll! 
 
 It" 
 
 i>i 
 
 >!! 
 
 J. 
 
 
 1, 
 
 RAILWAY8. 
 
 012 
 
 RAILWAYH. 
 
 liiiihntii'. 
 Klv«ilil IVtirluMi.uKli 
 EmIiI' mill l'lvin.piitli(l«il() . 
 
 tllii.s;,'"* "'"' ■^^'' 
 
 <lliii«;;"W iiiiil iliiM'iiiM'k . . 
 
 411im«i)W, liariikiik, iiiiil Cciiitlin.lBC 
 
 (JIllllCl'HtC'l ((MllflM'|iHt0W 
 
 tiniinl .huHtinii (IliriniUKlmiii In Newtim) 
 (Iniv.Hi'ii'l uihI ll"'lii»ti'i 
 
 DiiUo/Oftnlini. 
 
 .Iiili. 1847 
 
 30 May 
 
 . I.) M.|.t, 
 
 I 34 Miin ll 
 
 , .hilv, 
 
 . *'pt. _ 
 
 Miiy, 184J 
 
 Jillv, i»J7 
 
 ,0 KrI. 
 
 1846 
 
 lM4'i 
 1S4I 
 1H45 
 1851 
 
 <lr.'al (ViitniKimi"" wi*"" '" ^'"' Miim'hMt.T, Mlirf- 
 hi'lil ami LiMi'nliirthirt') ill ■ •. ' 'j, V 
 <),'■' a Kaslnn (iiaiii. nlvn to tli.' -aKl-ni .•o,,„ll..») 
 
 <inMt Suiitlii'r.i ami W.'hIitii (Ireland) uia'lH'il 
 OiiMt Nmtl (Iicliili<l)ii|ii'ni'il . . . . 
 
 i!;;:! w'sl"™ to Maia...ili™il, 4 J".i^: -SiB; t^ 
 
 1845 
 1897 
 
 If' 4 4 
 
 1870 
 1853 
 
 lliTlConl l.niia'li of Kimliiii L"Unli<>« 
 IllKlllftllil , • • 
 
 ll rt'iiil.', I.oiiiloii . . 
 
 lp<wi.liaiiil lliiry SI. Wninmlii . 
 
 UW "f Man 
 
 K.ii.lal aii.l Wiialrniii'VO . 
 LaiK aster aii'l Caili^li' . 
 Ijiinciiateran.l l're»t"ii 
 l,...'.ls alal Ura'llonl 
 Lii''U ami lli'iliy • ■ 
 I.iv.iipoiil aiul llirniiiiwliani . 
 ],i\,ip"Hl aii'l Maii.lieati'r 
 ti\.r|.(iul anil I'lvHtoii . 
 l.nii.luii ami lliiniinKliam . 
 l.diMlnii ami lllaekwall . 
 Limiliin ami llriulitoii 
 I.im'loii and lliint'il 
 l,,.ndon ami Cainlnidp' . 
 l.i.ndnii, riiatliain. and Dover 
 J.ondnn ami I'oUdiester . 
 J.omloii and Cniydoii . 
 London and Hover . • 
 Ivondoii and (iiceiiwleli 
 I,ondon and Uii liinond 
 J,,imloii iiiid ;Sontliaiii|itou . 
 London and Sontliend 
 London and \Varriii«t 
 Ncnil 
 
 juJillie, 1841 
 
 . 11 (let. i84-i 
 . . 1865 
 
 31 July, i8aj-4 
 
 34 l>e<'. 1846 
 
 I July, 1873 
 
 . 31 Ajiril, 1847 
 
 16 l)e. . 1840 
 
 . loJiini", 1840 
 
 'i July, 1846 
 
 July, 1840 
 
 . 4 July, i8j7 
 
 . isMel.t. iS.to 
 )I (let. 1 8 (8 
 . .7We|.t. ,, 
 
 . 3 \nn. 1 84 1 
 
 , 31 ISept. ,, 
 
 3uJii>ie, ,, 
 
 . 30 July, 184S 
 
 3oSelit. l8f'" 
 
 ag Mairli, 1841 
 
 I June, 1839 
 7 Fell. 1844 
 
 ' , . 36 l>ee. l8:)8 
 
 . ' . .27 .(uly, 1S46 
 
 II May, 1840 
 , ' , . .Iniie, 1856 
 
 liriilieli ot the Ureut 
 Aug. 
 
 l,oweMoltlpraneh; NonvieliamlVaiiimuth . . 
 
 J|„nel,eHteran.l HirnmiKl.an. • • 'oA;* 
 
 JlMmd.eHter and l.eed>. . 
 
 MMneliesteraud ^lleml■ld . • ,5.: ',„. 
 
 i ropolitan, I.omloi. : aet olitaiued, '3^J . • " 
 stni'tion bewail, .860; opened . . 10 Jan. 
 
 1850 
 1847 
 
 1843 
 1841 
 • 845 
 
 1863 
 
 Jlidlalldaiarol^tWeilern-dreluud) opened. 
 
 Newi'astle and Beiwiek . ■ ■ " ' 
 
 Neweastle and Carlisle . • 
 
 Newrastle and Noiili Hl'a'l'l" • ' 
 
 Newmarket and C'ainlindp' ■ • 
 
 Norllianilitoii ami reterlioriai«n 
 
 Nv'tll ami Sonth-Westem Junction . 
 
 Noitli liritisli 
 
 Nortli lOastern . . • • ■ 
 K,.rwieli ami Yannontli . ■ • • 
 Xottin;;liain to Oiautliain . 
 
 5;;ll!ni}l;am'a'amd;'ril^.byandl)erl,y- 
 
 m 01 I rancd, id' I.omlm. and Bristol . 
 Oxi;,,',;, Woreesler, and Wolverlianipton 
 
 reiizaiieu to Cauiliorne . ■ • • 
 
 )iu-hy and Derliy . 
 
 lluKby and I.eaniinyton . . ■ • 
 
 .St. Aiidrew's . • • • 
 
 «t. UHen's; firstaeti.au/nl_ 
 
 30 June, 1840 
 ^ , . 'Rv, 
 July, 1847 
 8 June, 1839 
 8 June, 
 . (let 
 3 June 
 . Dee, 
 
 1851 
 1845 
 1853 
 1B63 
 1854 
 1844 
 
 July 
 1 May 
 
 July, 1850 
 3 Auk. 1S46 
 30 May 
 12 June 
 May 
 . Jan 
 Julv, 
 . Fell. 1851 
 July, 1852 
 1830 
 
 1839 
 1844 
 
 1853 
 
 1840 
 
 gL.i!^:;l^^^alS"n,i:T^naonana«outUa,n,iton..847 
 
 Settle aiid I'Hrlisle . 
 Soutlianipton and Dorclif Iter . 
 
 Sl;Sn,{«n.nd«ov^^ •. 
 Soutli Eastern ; North Kent line . • 
 Stofktou and DarliuKtun . • • ' 
 Trent Valley • • • ' , ' . ' 
 VvateKord,' IJ.n'eri. k ami" WeHtern opened 
 
 I May, 1876 
 
 I June, ., 
 
 . 1850 
 
 7 Fell. 1844 
 
 • -849 
 
 37 Sept. 1835 
 
 •.•0 Juiif., 1S47 
 
 . Aug. 1839 
 
 1845 
 
 Ititilini'lt. tlillt"/(l),„;.„ 
 
 Wi'Ht Hluhlaiid n \\ij. ,;„ 
 
 Woi -.ter and Hioitwiidi ,.,1. n,j 
 
 Vork ami Harlinnloiu.N. F.asleni) . , .l,i!i, „„ 
 
 York and Neweaslle .. !7.liui". ,.;. 
 
 York an 1 Norinanloii ., . ."Jma-, i-, 
 
 York and Hearlioroiiwli ., . -.luli ,. 
 
 Yannontli ami Norwleli . M, , 
 
 AUl'l-'ed KXTKNI o» llMl.WAVS (111 linl.'.l, I-,-. 
 
 1 ' Austrian dominions, iC:,7ij ; llelKluiii, .1.S30; lli-i.nm; , 
 I ■47; Frame, 1H47 kiloimtii's ; lieiiiiiuiy, j;,.., 
 (iniit llnlHiii and Ireland, ^",073; (iiwci, ,,.4; |i . 
 land i.7.'!i; India, ih,yc/i (181,4) i£,(.«i; llulj, ,;,/ 
 kilomilies; .Norway, .^71; I'orluual, i,;,,; Hi,'„ ,, 
 2i<,97i (1897); I'nissla, i8,o,s8 ; Spain, (luer,) fi,„,. 
 fiwedeti, 1.980 ; Turkey, 1,512 ; I'lilteil Slain ,| 
 Alie ilea, 171.00" (''^9-i- 
 
 Mr..«<lKAllLE KA1I.WAY AlllliKSlrt. ■ 
 
 fcni i.Mi"!/ (tclirir nnlii 3 yvrmiin l-ilhtl) nn iir,( »,(, 1, 
 
 ' I a loilW// "/( '■IIKfi'll /"I'l/I! ll"!"'"''' Il'l'l'l' illjn't.1. 
 
 \V Iluskisson. Ml'., killed at the (.peiilnu .if tlr 
 l.iveri land Maneliester railway . n j*,.],!, ,.. 
 
 Onat foiliv (Ni'Wiastle and C'avlif li') ; tia.ii nun 
 olfline; 1 killed ■ • ■ J Uw. 
 
 llreiitwoodlKasterii I'miiities) ; eanlatjiH uvir- 
 tinned; 1 kdled ,,■,.• ; -i' Ans. i-p 
 
 L-iiiklield(l loll and Knuliton); eiit;liie niii» .,IT 
 
 line ; 1 Ullleil a 'III. Itii 
 
 Soniiiii;;liill 1 utlinn. near Heading ; ei«iiM' fern..! 
 
 otl line ; 8 killed , ■. , ■ , =4 I'"'. 
 
 Versailles ; earriaKi'stake tin , piiHst'njjeisleiki.lm; 
 
 52 or Si lives lost, liiiliiilini,! iidiiiiial DTivillp, 
 
 SMiiy, i;,. 
 Miisl.oioinili (Midland roniities); eMllisinii. ,\lr. 
 " l!.,t.lirand others killed, many lli,iillvd, s.jll.t. li,; 
 Strat^lrd(l■:asterll(■ollntie^)■. eollisiiiiitlivi.iinlii;t.at 
 ' riirelessness ; Mr. Mind killed, liuiiiy liMiliiiil..l, 
 
 ib.lnlv. )'),i 
 Peveiisey (Urightoii and HastliiKH) ; lollisimi; 40 
 
 iniiired ■^4'^"t'' .. 
 
 Clilloii (M.imliester ami Iloltoii); express runs nit 
 
 line • J killed, many injured 15 Hit. „ 
 
 rliesler (I'liesler and Hlirewshnry) : triiili nms 
 iilf liridne ; 4 killed ; };reater niualier iujnrol, 
 
 ij Mm, IC4' 
 Wolvertim (North Western); eollision ; 7 kilM, 
 
 many in.iureil . ■ • • . ■ 5 •!;"«;. .. 
 villi ivenhain (tireat Western) ; eollisiiui ; 7 killol, 
 
 laanv in.inivd . . • , • . ■ ;" >l«y. ':*• 
 
 (■arlisle((Jaledoniaii); axl.dree ol earruige hn-iiks: 
 
 ' 5 killed •,„•'. '",'''"''■ ''*' 
 
 Fiodsliain Tunnel (i:liester and Wamiigtim .liilic. 
 
 ti.ini' lollisioii ; 6 killed . . . 30 .M'lil. i!;! 
 
 N, Willi rket Hill (Lewes and Biiglitdii); tramniiii 
 
 ■ ..irlille' 4 killed 6.1llllr, „ 
 
 Bieester (Oxloidsliire) : eollision; 6 killwl, 6Sf|it. „ 
 Uiunley tUreat Northern); eollisiun ; 4 kilW. _ 
 
 IliNoufold(t'iieat Northern); engine wheels liioli.': ' 
 
 , killed ■• ■^''",'''' '^" I 
 
 Ni'ir Straffaii ((ii'iit Southern ami \\estvni, Iff- 
 
 liind); lollisioii ; 13 killed . . slM. 
 
 I N,.„r llarliiiK. Norlolk (Kastern fuiintles) ; lelli- 
 
 i " sion; 6 killed "■''"' '■;» 
 
 ' Crovdou (Brinhtou and Dover): eollision; 3liilW. 
 
 i Durliiu-doii, lietwein New York ami I'lnla.lclliliia: 
 ' 3t killed • „. : • , .„ , ^';*''f .;:. i 
 
 UeadillK («t. Western); eolll.sloll ; 5 killed, .2 5i|.t. .;.., I 
 
 N-,.„r I'aris ; eollision; qkWW'X ■ ■ 9"" „ 
 Between Tlioret and Moret ; eollision; i6_^k|lH 
 
 Ciiniiliell (N. I'eniiBylvanin) ; eollision; alwi' icc 
 
 killed ■■•■■■ 'i''' >■ '•>' I 
 
 Dunkeit (Waterfoid and Kilkenny); eellisum:^; 
 
 Kiri'iv ll iverpool and lUaekpoiii) : eullisioii ; m . 
 i,,]ureil ; none killed . ■ ■ ^/J"''^" 
 
 ^sxsKSss^sa"^ 
 
 |8S0 
 
 ' • On Dee 37, 1B64, the iiueeii wrote to tlie ilimtoisol 
 
 i thera wayeolnpaidesof London, reipiestiiig tl« "•. 
 
 o as earelul ol other passeiiisers as of hcr^ill. I 
 
^ ^ 
 
 . *,!.'! 
 
 tr 
 
 \ITAVAYH. 
 
 
 
 l'"l"ill>timm 
 
 
 ■ 11 Allii. li,,4 
 
 I'll 
 
 <l:ili. 1^1] 
 
 X. KiiHli 111) 
 
 • 4-lilll. 18)1 
 
 .. 
 
 17. lull", IS,. 
 
 
 ."June, If,. 
 
 
 
 'Jlllv, i>4, 
 
 h 
 
 1 Miiy ]■„ 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 013 
 
 1HM.WA\^< (III mil. .1, , 
 , i',7ij ; lic'luluiii..' ' ,1.; |i 
 ;,)7 klliillirHi'* ; (ii'lliiiin 
 Iii'IiiIhI, 20,1,73; (llWM, ,;, , ||,,,. 
 
 it.,yi)6 (1H1/4) l!:,<.«ii Itiilv, i„,< 
 ly, .J71 1 I'.iiiilxul, i,i,4;' 111."..,, 
 ihIii. i8,nj8 . Himlii, uSir,) f,.,, 
 nki'y, i,5w ; I'lilti-il statu m 
 
 UE KA1I.WAY Ml IhtSIH. 
 
 i/« » ))i'r«ii)i.< ;-//lfi/) lire not iir,(.i; 
 (f»il /fii'(/f nomhrr mrt liijiirpl. 
 
 , killiil lit till' lipiMllllK'if II. 
 
 iilii'sti r iiillwiiy . H.Viii, ,:., 
 ^itlr iiml (.'iirlifl") ; tia.ii iimii 
 
 . jllir, „ 
 I fiiimtii'K) : iiinlimn nvif. 
 
 ■ Ji Aii«. li,; 
 ml lii'l^litoii) ; ciiKllit. ii;ii» ..ff 
 
 alht. ii,i 
 
 iii'iir HfiuliiiK : fii«iiii. ri.i. Mi| 
 
 . . . . , !,ll.T. „ 
 
 tllki' tin , IiimHflim.Mli'rkir.lui: 
 1. jiii liiilini,' luliiilriil U'livllli., 
 
 8 May, 1;,, 
 ml Ci.iiiitii.s) : inllisidii; .Mr. 
 < killril, lllilliy lli.llliv.t, 30 lilt, 1:,: 
 iiililiiN): i'iilli»i"lltlirifil(lli];tiat 
 liiml kllU'il, iii.iiiy iiiiitiliit.'.l, 
 
 iS.lillv, l:,C 
 1 uml lIiustliigH): I'lillliiiiiii: 40 
 
 M.Aiif. „ 
 ■ mill niiltmi) ; fXliiimi vuiiii iilf 
 iiv iii.lmvil 15 Hit, ,, 
 
 mil iSlircwslmiy): triiiu niiis 
 lli'il ; fiifiitcr uiiiiilii'i' iii|iir.il, 
 
 i3 Mav, iti; 
 Wi'sliTii); ri.lliHiiiii; 7 killi.l, 
 
 5, 1 mil', „ 
 
 , WmtiTii) ; I'lilliaiiiii ; 7 killnl, 
 
 10 May, ilti 
 
 0; iixli'trci' 111' nm-iiiiic liiiaks: 
 
 , ... 10 Ffli. 1S4, I 
 (Dlicstcr mill Wiirrliigtiiu June- 
 6 kllli'il ■ . i^ Ainil, iSji 
 
 .(■wrHiiiiil llrit;litim) : iriiiii inm 
 
 6.I1IIU', „ 
 
 liri'): nillisimi ; 6 killwl, 6!<i'|it. „ 
 Jiirllii'rii); cnllisiuii ; 4 kilW, 
 
 U.l'ilv, lEi! I 
 
 iiii'tlii'i-ii) ; eiigiiii' wlii'il.i lii.ik.'. 
 
 4 .Miu.li, iJji I 
 
 •lit Himtlii'vn ami \Vi',sti..in, In- 
 ; ,, killnl . ■ 5'M- ■ 
 
 iifiilk (Kiisti'iii t'liiintiM) : inlli- 
 
 . 12 .Ian i:|( | 
 
 1 mill lliiviT); ciillisidii; 3kiiW, 
 
 J4A11;: „ 
 I'll New Yiiik mill Pliilnildiiliia: 
 
 sg.ViW. .. 
 ti.rii);ciillisiiiii; 5 !<'"'■''• '2 '^'t'' '■=! I 
 linn; 9 killcil ■ 9"''- .' 
 
 mil Muri't ; L'oMislim; 16 kilW 
 
 23 Oct. „ 
 iisvlvmiift) ; collisliiii ; atayc icc . 
 
 . . 17 July, '-i^ I 
 ml .mill kilkfiiiiy); ccllisiim; ; 
 
 i9Niiv, 
 1 iiml liliu'kiKiiil); collisiKii ; k<j 
 killril . ■ • 27 Jiiiif, is;; I 
 
 864. the (lUfcn wrote to tlie ilirMtoi?c( 
 miifsof Lmuliui, i-i'iiiiMtiiigtlitm -"I 
 tliiT iiiisartiiieis an of licrscll. 
 
 RAILWAY8. 
 
 I Ii»ni(>'i'rtli Ki'iit);i'.illUliiii . ,,|,lll,.il,.,;-;,|| ,a,, er«i„ , 1 „ 1., , . , ' " ' ~" 
 
 li„,..,« I'yii. .11.1 i-.,rt T,. I : s ! 4 k 1 " imri.t't ! !i, i;',!. ili'."'!)!:'''.'";" '"""'"' • 'J '"■'•-""" 
 
 .«.i,l».ri..i«h. W,rwli.k«lilr.. (Nintl. WvitVn,) • '• ^'Z!ul:!!:'t2"'T'''i>''K^^^ ' 
 
 Will thrown «irtlii.liiii.tlih,ii«li iinnv rn,,,!,;,, l.i'r.lms kill 1 ' '""5''"' «M lim.klm lit ; i 
 
 N;i:C,:^'l;!:mi: .'ill.,. ..„,: „ ,„:'Va';^; •"'' ''u:i,!';::i;„S!;ij"'-,<"'-'-t w..,„„,,^;i:;ifi •• 
 
 ;i killnl Inn,. „ ;. ?,,'^,, ','"'' ''»'l''''™l'ii ' l'''>-«"ii anil 11 Ii 
 
 Cliillimii(.«oMtli K..Ht..rii):..|tliirtiiiiKn.„l «|„.,.i|i,r ^^•a|•(•l,l,,l ,.,;,,, t,,', . i' ■■ i', ■ ^' ^"'•■- .. 
 
 linikuniiiWii'i', ikllliil . .. J,.Iiim. . .,,1 ,.*•.'' ''''''^1\ 
 
 Clii 
 
 inikfin iiili-tii'i' , iklMiil . .ri.liilu', 
 
 N.irKoiiinl Oiik .>*liitliiii (ilxfiiiil ami "Wiilvur- 
 
 i.jiiil.toii) -ixi.|ir>.ii.|i ti'iilii : I'lillisloii ; 14 kllloil, 
 
 3J Aii«. 
 
 iiij.. I'oil li-.'ilii rmi iiirtlii. liii,. ; J kill,.,| ,s,lmi ia«n 
 
 Vi'2 '•;:;:", ".'i ":'"'".v(f"v„t iii',ii,iii .i:,,;;,;,:;;; '• ■«'' 
 
 thin; J iiii'ii killi'il . . , . 
 c'lai't"" To""' I (I'l'ii'li'ii oml llrlxlili.ii) 
 
 , J.liilv. 
 
 (Oi't. 
 
 \i'.ir\Vi.lH'vii((lri.„tN,,itli,.n,); i.'nlli„i„„ . 3 hiu,:\ 
 Kni-ekii, ,-(t, r.oiil,,, .MIsHoiiH ; ,.i,|||h|„„ ; ,.)"iu\"\\ 
 .Vuar 
 
 ij .May, 1870 
 
 i-'ar Nowm'k (dri'at Nurtlmni); 1.1,111,;, „,"V, 
 "..Will, 111 a Ki ■. tMiiii, ||,i,,„Kl, th,. l,i,.„kim. „r 
 
 .Ni'iii-CMi'islo: I'lillisii.i, ; jlliii,.,, 7,;; '■ 
 
 Imiiiv.ii'th {l,„i„|„i, ,„„i .v,„,|,, w,.„,,n, risi; 
 .""I (lilt,.), »i.|it iiii,, ,1 si,|,n«: liliik. l,^• 
 mt,',.,.m,llral,iM.,,,ll,.riv.,•A;lk'.r(|.„l 1, ; 
 liiiiitsMiMii); pliiiihs . , , 7 ( M ,. ,v ,t 
 
 ,,killi'.l, iroiiiluri'il . . , 31! .\iiK, „ 
 
 K.iiii4li Tiiwii (lluiii|.Hti'iiil JiiiiiitliPii)! 16 killi'il, 
 
 jjoinjiireil 3 .s,.i,t' 
 
 Jl,irki'l llai'liorniiKli : rnlllsliili ; i killoit iiml 50 " 
 
 inliiri'il .i .\\w, ,8f,j 
 
 X.ar Wiiii'liliiil'Kli (l'Mliiliiii';{li an, I Ula.sjjnw) ; ,.,,||]. 
 
 lii.n; 15 kllliil. i.., wiiiiiiili-il . ,' . n,.t 
 
 N«irStri'ittluilii (Loiiiliin 1111,1 llrinlitim) : i.X|.li..,i,,n " 
 
 ,ifl»iili|'tliriiiiHli atti'ioi.ling tmi giv.it .si„.i.,| ■ . 
 
 kilH ; aboVH j„ iului-fil . ,0 May, ,8«j 
 
 Ni-ar I.viiM(l,yiiii uml Kiiiistmitoii): i-iU'riiii-i-s upset 
 
 tlirirtitjli liiill.ii'k iintlie liiie; j kllli.i| , .\i,., 
 K|,.h,iiii(*iiitli ttVatiTIi); uolUnioiii 5 killt.il aliiivi) " 
 
 C^S'taln ran otT a'liriilKe at Ht. HIlL'':'";;; '"'" ' ''^HZ'^T''" '''"' ^';r''-W-.i^.O :'• i^^M^oi 
 
 ir„«»iiHj; aliniit 8j killeil, -ioo wi.iiinli.il, , iii ,„ , ii '*-'^'v^ i,' .'V""' ' • • ■-■'• N"V. 
 
 ^.'I'dinn „ I ''ii\.,,^^'yr i^'''''' '•■''»''■'■'') ■'•'•"i^i'mtlM'iHiHh 
 
 Blaokliivitli TiiniK'I ; fa.^t train ran Int.. a ialla,st i n, .,1 ) ,V "'"''• " I''""''""'" : 5 ki 1 f, lii.,.. 
 
 tralii;6killi'.| ,6 l.i'o I "' .! i^!' ..'.^''"IV^^^^^^^^ 
 
 NVarHcliwU.iii a Immcliofdreat WiiKtorn): train ! '''"■>'• '■"lll'<i"n ; .ui.hiIh trtnk.n hioki' l.nis,. ; 
 
 raii(.iriiiH.'iiir.rail«;.3kill.Ml,al«mt4oin,liiri'il, t ait Im m.^'n .'.'li'Vi ,,; .'x. ■, • """''• 
 
 7''oni' .86, > I,!; 'i,, L.I ''';■''' <"'™t.Ni>rtliorn): tiro i,f 
 
 X(ar.St«iiloliiirHt(*iiilli Kastorn) : train ran ..II in' | |;,ii , '" ' ' "'"'' "'"' ™rriafe'i's ovoitiir 1; 8 
 
 "X;:i.^!!'S,''''''^''''-''''''''-««)-'4r'" = 
 
 mate railn, Ac; lo killi'il ami aliuut 50 in.jui.il 
 
 Q ilinio 
 Ni-arCnlni'V Iliiti'li ((!!. Xi.rtlii'rn) : I'.illUii.n witli 
 
 ii-altnirk'); almvc 50 iM'rs.m.s in.jiii'c.l . j,, .\iiir 
 Fnlli.fal.ii.i,:,'.' :it .Siitt.,11 (H. I'liiwt lino): 6 nimi killoiT, " 
 
 XrsrCaterliaiii liin.'tlon (r.nniliin mul IJriKli'li'.n) ■ .J ' 
 killeil, IJ iiOiiri'.l . . . . m \i,rll 
 
 In Welwyii Tiiinn'l f(ii'i'at Nortliorn) ; a Htraiii iiil.c " 
 
 li»nit;i'iilli.<ii.ii of llirei! g l.itraln.s ; ami aKioat 
 
 tire : 2 liyi's lo.st . . • .), lo.ltiiii' 
 
 i'lir lioyston (Orvat X.irtlii'i'ii) ; train ran nil liiii' ' " 
 3li>'«l'wt ...Iiilv' 
 
 Bnukir station (Carniirvuii.sliiri'): imiiitM .sanl t.'i " 
 liavt lii'i'ii taiiiin'rcil with: train ran utl' li 6 
 
 I'lTMIIH killcil ,; |^|,.'|j 
 
 joinilcs from L'arlisli' (Lamaster ami Ciirlisli.) ; an " 
 ailc of carriagii of gomls train lirnko ; nillishin 
 with aniithcrKOo.li train ; Ihv, ami i'.\i,l.i.si.,n of 
 5t"ii8iirj;iiiip.nv.li.r; 2 killnl . j= Koli jSf,, 
 
 BfUvei'n Mliuaiiwiil ami Klnmihvali (Gri'at Imliiin 
 IVniii,iul,ar) : train iir,'ii|,ilat('.l into a .'ha.sni 
 iiiailc ill an I'liihaiikiiH'iit liy a river torrent ' loan y 
 
 871 
 
 ^';:!!.,.'^'"'"'I'^HI'>'. (Lynns company) ; ■„1,;Hi;ii 
 
 lirnki'; II killJil 
 'erry 
 
 Antll 
 
 Kerry.l,iil'(Wti; liriu,],) Z collision; ,'lni'!l' 
 
 les railway between Nieo ami Cannes''''tr''ii'ii " 
 thrown into tl.u river Hrawnu ; „ sal.l t.i he killLII 
 
 Belleville ((iran.1 Trunk i,f Canaila): en^injl'X '^'' 
 "II he 1,,,,.; in.uiy imrni, .snilileil, .Ve. ; al..,iit 
 
 y: killi.,1 
 
 22 -liiiie, 
 
 lives lost 
 
 Conn, ll.sville (lialtiiooi-e mnl l'itt»i.iirK) : eollisi.o, '• 
 ni;iiiyliiiil,.,kill,.,i . . , ", h ,• 
 
 Jinisy (,.,.l,.ai,s railway) ; expresH ran int.;n,K«a^ 
 liain; holler exph,.le.l: 5 hnrnt to .leath (im^iiiU 
 in« lllot her of the iln.'lies.s of .MiilakotI, Vr , I 
 
 'sion ■ •k'i'lleli"" '■^""■'"^"^' '""' '-■'"■'"•l'^^) ■■ '■""li' 
 Hi"! liill jnni'tion (I'lreat'w.'stern 'ami L. & .V w')' 
 
 2O .Illlle, 
 
 ii'Mi ll.rtCiiril : a killeil 
 
 Vfalliin,Iiiii,tion, Warrins'ton (l,on.lon'an.l Xurtli " 
 Be.stmi). I'ollisioii with coal train; prior of 
 li.,ratsiiian ; 8 lives lost . „, j|,„p 
 
 Aillnylii'a.l, near Knnis.'orthv (Diililin, \vi,klow' " 
 an. «i'Sf,iril); went oil' the lino into a Kiirue ■ j 
 killi'.l, many iii.iiireil . . . ,, Vi'iu 
 
 B,:tw,'Wi \ew .Mills and Peak Forest : 2 c.'illisii.ii.s ■ " 
 
 ;"™»i"st • . . . Q.s.'i'it' 
 
 Fmii'li Givat .Vorthem, about 14 miles from I'.ii is • " 
 s.v,.ral killi'il, iiiaiiv woiimli.il , 27 iU't 
 
 Uki'Slmro railway, New York : emliankinent fell'- " 
 41 lersims burnt to death . . 18 He.'' 
 
 urr's Rni'k, on river Delawar.. ; Kr'ie raihvav '• " 
 
 ',^!TI toT'?''^'"'' ''"**" "' '•"'"••ibkniem ; 
 jeinTsonskiUeil, 52veryser; usly injure.l, 
 
 Abergele, X.Wales a„„i,„„ ,.m,l Xorth-w£ie';;i)'. "'^ 
 oillision between Irish mail train and lii|,wigu 
 
 ). 
 .hilv, 
 
 Mjft. iijoiictioii (Lancashire ami Yorkshire)': e.il- ■ 
 
 lisiol ; 4 killed . . ' 
 
 liirtl.'i.ridjie, Dnnifries (Caledonian): 'eollisiun'. " 
 uxpi'esn Irum latu ; error of iiointsnian ; i.. kill.'.l,' 
 
 Kelv.Mon, near Ohi'linsfonl (Gr-at Eastern) :M,eol " 
 .M,.>t,ye ilnven oil' the line l.y a rais,-. ' a , 
 kille.l, many hurt . . 17(1 t 
 
 X.'ar \y..„ill,.mse .innel:...! (Maneli, sl.'r Shelliel.l' " 
 
 ,.;','!;",•; Ib.shir.;): .'..liisii.n: iw.. kilb.l, ,,s dct.' , 
 
 Ci il\. IViuisvlvania, 1 .,s : tniin hmke thn.ii.di a 
 bridnu; al„,iit 2ukii!,,l . ,, T),„. 
 
 Xear I'osth : train ran oil' line ; 2, killed, ■* " 
 
 Xivir Slirewsl.nry (lii'.'at West.'rn ,iiid"'l!imil.o;'& "*" 
 N. W. .riin.'ti..n)::,Nle of .iiKine broke; ,'i,- 
 i'iat;e.s,lriv,.|ioll tlii'lihi.; 4k:lle,l. . g Vav 
 
 Near Ilif-bani. Derlivsliire (Midlaml); en.-ine-i ro ' 
 broke; tram ran otrtlie line; 2 killed J, .June. 
 
 1 
 
 l^*-*^ 
 
 
 '"'ii 
 
 
 1 
 
 i I 
 
 Hi 
 
 ^{y 
 

 •!> 
 
 If 
 
 i ",i 
 
 h^I 
 
 Udi'-'i I ™ U Its ■ 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 914 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 WiL-iiM ([.oiiilim and North Westeni) : cnmages 
 tlmiwn dl till- line ; m- Jnhn Anson nn.l others 
 
 Ui'tUml Jnnction(Urcnt X.uth.Tn, M.inchestoi' and 
 
 Sli.nk'hl): .■nllisuni; 3 killed . , . ^3 ^''t!' 
 
 Nearlliirth-i.oipl (North Kiisteni) : tram thrown oH 
 
 I'ul'niarsh oros^sing.'ncar Ouildlord (South Western) ; 
 cnllision with a bullock ; tram thrown olt the 
 lino; skilled . . • ■ ,^/ 9j^'!J'> 
 
 Darkstoii J un<-tion, near Grantham (Oreat North- 
 
 Nra" Manuel and' Bo'ness junetion, between Edin- 
 burgh and (ilasguw (North 1 nt.sh); <;;'ll ;• ' "' 
 London exiiress with nnneral train ; 16 kdleil 
 
 27 Jan. 
 
 Buxton Junction, between Preston and Wigan ; col- 
 lision through fog and too great siieed ; 2 killed 
 
 Merthyr-Tydvi' ">reat Western) ; coupling broke, 
 causing eoK:-ui; ab,mt 40 seriously injured; 
 , death "^'^y^ 
 
 Bargoed (liliyniney railway) : collision ; train rail 
 away through brakes not acting ; skilled ; iiu h 
 damage '='- '^"8- 
 
 Thoriie, near Norwich (!;a»l 
 
 •vfrilk) ; collision ; 
 
 two trains met (-....stake of Cooper a...l Uobson 
 telegraph clerks, committed for trial for man- 
 slaughter) ; 26 deaths ; aliout soiiijured ; S.aojMii. 
 ^ ' 10 oept. 
 
 [Cost the company above 13,000/., Cooper s>;n- 
 tcnced to 8 months' imprisoiiinent, 7 April, 1875.J 
 Shipton, near Uxford (Great Western) ; tire of car- 
 riage.wheel broke ; train driven over an embank- 
 ment ; 34 deaths ensued, about 70 injured ^^^ 
 
 [Verdict of inquiry, accidental deaths ; 16 March, 
 
 Bothbury, near Morpeth (North Eastern): train 
 ran off embankment ; 4 killed . . 3^7' 
 
 Kildwick near Skipton, Yorkshire (Midland). 
 bcotr'h express ran into an excursion train ; 
 7 deaths, 11.30 p.m. . . . r . ^° •'^"^i 
 
 Between Mutford and Somerleyton ; tr.ain ran^off 
 
 NearOdessa^ train ran iver 'embankment ; about 
 
 i^Qlr'lIf) . • • ■IflU. 1 
 
 Abbof's ''1111.1™; (Great Nortlicm), near Hunting- 
 don ■ 2 collisions; llrst, Scotch express with coal 
 train ; and second, with Leeds express fro"' '';;"- 
 don, whereby M d^ths; "'''''">"'*! *'^;,J'X 
 J'ure, Scotcli advocate, a son of Mr. >.oble, the 
 sculptor- asonof Mr. bionUoucicault, dramatist; 
 brother lind a iiie.es of Dr. Uurdoii Sanderson ; 
 durini; a snow storm . • ■ V,"-"; 
 
 "oroier's inquest : verdict, virtually accidental 
 deaths ; direct/irs censured for not having a sepa- 
 rate line for mineral tr.illic, 3 feb 1876.J 
 
 Near Long Ashtoii (on Great Western), Flyinfe 
 Dutchman" express : about 57 ""I'-'S •■"?.,'"'"■; 
 driver iWl stoker killed ; defective condition of 
 
 BJt^en'uadsIock'and Wellow ; about 4 mil^sfn.m 
 HI Somerset and Dorset), single ne; collision 
 Wween cxcrsion trains ; .4 k>""l : ^"1^™* 
 
 "I'l'imuest ;' verdict, inanslaugriter against James 
 Slcen station-master, 12 Sept. 1876.] 
 Wa m rechie. near Lille (French great northern): 
 collision with a convejance on level ^•'■o»»'^K,^6 
 
 ArHev'lidinJ. near Ilitchin (Great Northernj ; col- 
 lision of Manchester express with goods train. 5 
 
 ifill,,,! ^3 *^"^' 
 
 Verdict of inquest: neglect of Tlios. Pepper, 
 the driver (killed), in not observing the signal, 
 
 ^ear"AshtJbu\a, U.S., PaciHc express from New 
 York abridge over a creek broke down during 
 a siiow storm, above 100 perished by Jrowmng. 
 
 Ncw"Mon.eth fNorth ':^.astern) : Scotch express 
 wenroff the line ; 5 k.lle.l . early .i March 
 
 Near BiUir- Northamptonshire, ondonand North 
 \i-,.,tcii . coUiBion, 2 deaths . -'^ "'^V 
 
 Buckston. ...inrtion, nearGruntnHm((- -^"'tl''™): 
 express lan «t': tin- rads ; 2 kilh-i . 7 l^ec. 
 
 I Ilolcombe, near Leeds(Midland): collision of traim; 
 2 killed . . ••„.■, ■ , -, M "ce. 1677 
 
 1873 Chester : 2 carnages went oil rails ; i death .^iljiive 
 I 30 hurt ...... 8,liilv, igjii 
 
 Newcross : collision between carnages of llri^litnu 
 ami S. Kastern Cos. ; several injured, 7.45 ii.in, 
 (Dank Holiday) ,-„-,.-, -5 Aiii;. 
 
 bittingbouriie (L.mdon, Cliatham, i l)<.y(r): eliean 
 fast train, l)riiigiiig Inmie holyday-niakei-s ; nm 
 into lii;;gage trucks ; mistake of poiiitaiaiii. ; 
 
 midday ■ • • , ,,-, , ' r..' v ' ^' ■^''«- ■> 
 
 1874 [Jacob Modeii and Charles Clailii', couiiiiutt.i 
 for trial for manslaughter, 3 Sc|it. 1878. 1 
 
 Curragheen, near Cork ; engine micoiq.led ; rnn off 
 
 line ; 3 killed and many injiuvd . iHvyt, ,, 
 Near Pontypridd junction ;Uhniulda bvanili iif Talf 
 Vale liii'e) ; collision thnnigh cimr of signal.s; 
 13 killed ; about 40 hurt . . . 19 on. ,, 
 Talybont (lirecon and .Merthyr); engines uih.jij- 
 trolled ; ran down stceii descent ; 4 killed ; great 
 destruction of proi'crty .... 2 U.r. „ 
 liloomlield, near Tipton, StafTordshirc (I-oiiiliaaml 
 North Western); collisi(nis; about 30 si-Mitiy 
 
 injured ■ 31 May, i?;,^ 
 
 Nea'r Manningtree (Great l-.asteni) ; tram ran otf 
 
 lino ; I killed ; several injured . . 8 Dtf;. „ 
 Tay bridge, Dundee; bridge and train i>liiwii into 
 
 the river ; about 74 lives lust . . 28 IM'. ,, 
 brieklleld siding, liurscongh jiinclion (Ijuira.sliire 
 and Yorkshire); collision; through error of 
 signalman ; 8 deaths .... i5J,in. itto 
 Argeiiteuil, near Paris ; collision; 7 killed 4 Ki-i,. „ 
 Lofthouse, near Wakclield (Great Xortliein); train 
 
 runsotriine; 2deatlis . . . 20 .March, „ 
 A bridge fell near Hereford (Midland) ; i dcatli 
 
 18 June, ,, 
 
 Marshall Jleadows, 2 or 3 miles N. of liuniicli 
 
 (North British) ;" Flying Seotehuian" engine 
 
 ran ott the lino ; carriages [ireeiintatid down cm- 
 
 bankment ; guard, driver, and tlreiiian killed; 
 
 ,87, much damage to carriages ; few passenjjers; (al- 
 
 leged cause, loose rails), about 11 a.m. 10 Aug. 
 
 Near Wenningtou Junction, 12 miles N. of Lm- 
 
 caster (Midland) ; train went off the rails ; 8 
 
 deaths ■■•\'if. , 
 
 1876 Near Manchester (Midland); tram went olf rails; 
 
 17 injured . . • ',-,'„. ^ ''^'l'*- " 
 Near Nine Elms station, Vauxhall (South Wester']); 
 collision of train with a left engine; 5 killed; 20 
 injured . • ■ • ■ * " he]tt. „ 
 KibW(Ulh : Leicestershire (Midland); S.-otcli ex- 
 press ; driver by iiiistaki^ reversed the engine; 
 cidlision with advancing train ; se\eral severely 
 
 injured , ' , ' ' "c' " 
 
 Leeds (Midland); collision; 2 deaths; many in. 
 
 jiired " ^'^'^ 'I 
 
 Dalston Jo- etion (North London) ; collision; 
 through error in signalling; 2 deaths ensued; 
 about 30 hurt - . . • ■ /6Feh. ,S!, 
 Mexico ; Morelos railway ; through fall of bridge 
 near Cuartla ; train precipitated into river San 
 Antonio ; aliout 200 lives lost ; night of 24 June „ 
 Blackburti (Lancashire and Yorkshire); collision; 
 
 c deaths ; about 40 injured . . 3 Aug „ 
 
 Bow Station (Great Eastern) ; i-olhsioii ; 2 killed 
 
 3^i-l't- ,. 
 Charcnton (Lyons Railway) ; cidlision ; ahout 20 
 
 liiUed .';*"Tt .1 
 
 Desford, near Leicester (Midland); collision; 5 
 killed 22 Oct. ; (Butler, pointsman, arrested for 
 niansl'augliter) . ... • • .;/^'"y- " 
 Tavport Fife (North British); coUisioii with g.«ls 
 
 train ; 4 deaths . • ■ • ■''i'^"\- " 
 
 Highbury Tun el, uearCanonbnry (North Loiidnn), 
 
 c(dlisi«'mof strains; 5 deaths . ■ ■<> Uer. „ 
 
 Slough (Great Western) ; expi Jss runs into a goods 
 
 train ; 12 killed 34 Pec. „ 
 
 Between Middlesbrough and Stockton ; exidosnm 
 
 of locomotive ; 4 deaths . . • • =° "f- " 
 Hudson river railway, ne.-.r New Y ork ; eolhsioii 
 and lire; 8 or killed, inclinlmg senator Wagner 
 burned to death . . ■ ■ . ij.lim- lESj 
 Hornsey (Great Northern) ; collision ; f"l-' ; ^jl™** 
 
 ^"^^ Near Old Ford Station : collision of tram with Im.kei, 
 
 up coal trucks ; 6 deaths . .., . ■ 28J«||- » 
 Near Cork ; collision ; about 40 injured . Jul), ■. 
 Between Teliemy and Bastigeur (Moscow Kurslv 
 
LWAYS. 
 
 illniHl):ci)llisioiioftfaiiis; 
 
 ■ M "tc. 1877 
 t oil rails ; I UiMth -.vilmve 
 
 • .• • 8J«ly, i8m 
 /ceil cnrnnKi's i>f liiiglitdu 
 seVL'iul iiijurnl, 7.45 iiui, 
 
 ■liitlmii'i, &i>ot,0; dital; " 
 11110 liiilycliiy-nuikcvs; run 
 uiistiike ul' iiointsmar, ; 
 31 •\ii(;. 
 :harles Cliiiki', cnuiiiiittt.i 
 tiT, jHopt. 1S78.I 
 iMiiiiiii' iiiK'dUiili'il ; ran off 
 y iiijiiivd . BSi'iit. „ 
 11 (.Kliniulila l>nm(li uf Ta(f 
 tlir(mt;li I'lmr of sifiials; 
 il . . . igUfU ,, 
 Mi'i-tliyr); I'lutinci uiuun- 
 ■p (U'.soi'iit ; 4 kilk'J ; great 
 y . . . .2 L)w. 
 .Staffcirdsliire (Lonilun ami 
 isioiis ; !il"iut 30 sc\ia'iy 
 
 at Knstcni) ; tniii ran off 
 1 iiijiiri'il . . 8 lleo. 
 icli;i' and train i>linvn into 
 ^■(■s lost . . 2S Dee. „ 
 init'li juuctiiiii (Lincasliire 
 lisiciu ; tlirciugli tnur of 
 
 15 Jan. iKc 
 collisiiin ; 7 killoil 4 Veh. 
 L'kl (Ureal NortUeni); train 
 s . . • 20 March, 
 brd (SliUlana) ; i death 
 
 i8 June, ,, 
 or 3 iiiile.s X. (if IJerwirk 
 'lying Seottdiiiiau" engine 
 iages [irecijiitatKl down em- 
 rivor, and tiri'nian killed; 
 ria yes ; few iiasseiigers ; (al. 
 ils), aliout II a.m. 10 Aug. 
 ution, 12 miles N. of Lan- 
 aiii went otr the rails ; 8 
 
 1 1 Aug. ,, 
 land); train went oil rails; 
 
 . 2Seiit. „ 
 1, Vauxliall (Smith Western); 
 h a left engine ; 5 killed ; jo 
 
 iSeiit. „ 
 
 lire (Midland); Seotch ex- 
 stake rtversed the engine; 
 leiiig train ; several severely 
 
 . . ■ • 9('ct „ 
 isinn ; 2 deaths ; many in- 
 
 21 Dee. ,, 
 (irtli I.nniUiii) ; oolhsinn ; 
 giialliiig ; 2 deaths ensued; 
 
 26 Fell. iJS 
 rvay ; thnint-'h fall of hridge 
 jireei)iitated into river San 
 lives Itist ; nit^lit of 24 June ,, 
 .■ and Yiirkshire); collision; 
 njnreil . . 3 Aug. „ 
 eastern); eollisiim; 2 killed 
 
 3Sei.l. „ 
 .ilway) ; cnllishiii ; about 20 
 
 .'^Sel't. „ 
 
 ter (Midland); collision; 5 
 itler, iKiiiitsinaii, arrested for 
 
 6 Nov. „ 
 
 Uriti.sh); eoUisioinvith g'«ls 
 
 25 Nov. „ 
 
 r Canonlmry (North Loiidnn); 
 ; 5 deaths . . 10 Dee. „ 
 
 n) ; exiiijss runs into a goods 
 
 J4 Dec, „ 
 
 nil and Stockton ; exiJosion 
 :iths . . . ■ 26 Dee. „ 
 ,-, near New York ; eolhsiou 
 lied, ineUidinK .senator Wagner 
 
 13 Jan. i6£j 
 
 ai'rn) ; eoUision ; fog ; 2 deaths 
 
 25 Jan. „ 
 1 ; eoUision of tram with iMvkeu 
 Uaths . . . ■ 28 Jm, „ 
 ; al'out 40 injured . oJulJ'i 1 
 id lia.sliKeur (Moscow Kursk 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 915 
 
 KAILWAYS. 
 
 line); 8 carriages ran olf the lails; almut 178 
 
 kil.eil 13 ,lnlv, 
 
 Streatliani I-'eii (Cireat Kaslern); destruelinii c>| the 
 
 express train, ite., Iiy lieing thrown oil the line 
 
 :;S July, 
 lliigsletten, lietween Freiliurg and Colniar, Haden ; 
 
 exeai-sion train ran olf tiie line; aliout 
 
 killed 
 
 Civive (London and North Western); (v 
 
 many injured 
 
 limnilrv (London, (^'.athani and Dover); 
 
 bridge; 7 killed 
 
 Near Aueliterless (.Maeduir and Turitf se 
 
 1882 
 
 70 
 3. Sept. 
 
 illisioi) ; 
 
 3oSe|it. 
 
 fall of a 
 
 24 Nov. 
 lion of 
 
 Great North of S.othind) ; train wrei-ked liy fall 
 I, fa bridge ; aliout 5 kilh'd . . . a^Nuv. ,, 
 
 Vriog, near iJannouth (C'aialiiian, ; clill gave way, 
 jart of train falls over ; skilled . 1 Jan. 1883 
 
 Sear the Kglintou Street .Station, Glasgow ; col- 
 lision ; 4 killed .... 19 Mandi, ,, 
 
 Xear Lockerhie ((Jaledouian); collisions ; 8 deatli.s, 
 11.30 11.111 14 .May, „ 
 
 ft'atford (Loudon and North Western ; c.\iiress runs 
 into empty carriages ; I death . . 31 Oct. „ 
 
 Xear Toronto, Canada (Grand Trunk); c^oUision ; 
 shout 31 killed 2 Jan. 1884 
 
 Steimey ; collision; about 30 jiersons injured 
 
 22 March, ,, 
 
 Between Breaniore and Uownton (South Western) ; 
 coupling liroke, train falls over enibanknient ; 
 5killedand 41 inj.ired . . . .3,111110, „ 
 
 Sear Sevcnoaks Station (South Eastern); e(dli.>,ioii ; 
 of goods trains ; 2 killed . . . . 7 June, ,, 
 
 liidlhouse Uridge, near I'ei.istone (Manchester, 
 Slielliehl, and Lineolnshire) ; e.'ii/re.ss, 55 miles an 
 hour; crank-axle of locomotive engine broke, 
 tram wrecked over an embankment; sharp 
 ciuvt; 24 deaths, afternoon . . . 16 July, ,, 
 
 Xear Penistone ; coal waggon, by breaking of an 
 axle, tliiowii into the way of an excursion train ; 
 4 deaths, many injure.l .... i Jan. 1885 
 
 Earl's Court, Kensington (District), cidlisioii ; one 
 killed 23 Aug. ,, 
 
 Whitland and Cardigan Uailway, train went olf the 
 line through fast driving, 3 lives lost . 25 Aug. „ 
 
 Fiu.s'iiiy I'ark sl;itioii, collision of Great Northern 
 and Noll h London trains through fog; many 
 injured ; I death (Marcli) . . . ,1 Feb. 1886 
 
 Koecabruuiia, between .Monte Carlo and Mentone 
 (Kiviera) collision; about 8 killed ; many injured 
 
 10 March, „ 
 
 Portadowii (Great Northern of Ireland), 4 killed 
 
 30 June, ,, 
 
 Collision near Niagara Falls ; 18 killed 14 . Sept. „ 
 
 Niar WoulsMck, Vermont, U.S. (Veriuont Central) 
 .'.iston and Montreal express ; carriages fall over 
 abriiigecver the White Kiver (frozen) and cjitch 
 lire; ai.i/b. (5 lives lost . . . 4 Feb. 1887 
 
 .\'ear Hostoi. lloston and Providence) U.S. ; train 
 broke throii,'h bridge ; 32 killed . 14 March, „ 
 
 Ibrox station ((ilasgow and Paisley j.iint line), 4 
 surfacemen killed by an accident . 22 March, ,, 
 
 Collision at .St. Thomas's, Ontario ; ignition ami 
 eX|ilosion of petroleum, 14 killed and about 100 
 injured 16 July, „ 
 
 EastofChatsworth, Illinois; excursion to Niagara ; 
 train overthrown by a burning bridge; 83 killed 
 and many died afterwards , . . 1 1 Aug. 
 
 Hesthorpc, near Donca.stcr; a Manchester and ' 
 Miellield tiain runs into a Midland excursii m t rain 
 iluring collection of ticket.s ; 25 deaths 16 Sept. ; 
 Samuel Taylor(driver)and Hobert Davis (fireman) 
 coinuiitled fiirnianslaughter 23 Sept. ; aciiuitted ; 
 tliedireci.irsnii.lotlieromcials censured 15 Nov. 
 
 Hyde (.Maiieliesler, Shetlield and Lincoln.shirc) ; 
 collision with a goods train ; 4 women killed, 
 
 „™<inislit 14-15 July, 1888 
 
 Hsmpton Wick (London and South Western), 
 eollisiuii with a light engine, 4 persons killed, near 
 midnight, olliceru censured for recklessness 
 
 ,. , , 6 Aug. „ 
 
 Veiai-s, between lilaisy and Lyons, train went otl 
 llieraiis, 9 per.sons killed, early . 5 .Sept. 
 
 Lehiyh Valley Itailway, collision betwoen excursion 
 iiaiiisabovei'ennliaven; about 61 persons killed 
 10 Oct.; another culbsion on the same railway, 
 miersons killed ,6 Of^f,. 
 
 l-oidslip between Salandrn and Grassani Italy; " 
 
 1890 
 
 k med"^""" "'' "" '^''°'"'''''"" •™''b nl"»'f' " persons 
 
 V 111'-..'.' * ' • • ■^'^ ' '''t^' 
 
 Ne.ir liriiki Station Ml S. Russia, the engine of the 
 
 iniperi.al tram (with the e/ar) ran oil the line with 
 
 lour I'arriages (weak rails); 21 persons killed; 
 
 the (vjir slightly iniured . . 20 Oct 
 
 IJy the falling in of Aliergwynll tunnel of tlie 
 
 Hhondda and Swansea Uay railway, , persons 
 
 _weiv killed ' 22 Jan 1 
 
 Near Gninendiil, Urussids ; I rain crush. 'd bv col'- 
 
 lision with a bridge, about 12 lives lo>t 3 Feb 
 Near St. (ieorgo, Ontario, Canada, by collapse of a 
 
 liiolge, I, iHTsoiis killed . . . 27 Feb 
 
 Penisloii,. elation (.MaiKdiesler, Slielliidd and Liiil 
 
 eoliisliiie), exi'ursion train ran olf the line, i life 
 
 V „ •.,. 30 .March, 
 
 Near Hamilton, Ontario (Grand Trunk), excursion 
 
 tram from Chicago to New York ; carriages run 
 
 ol tho line and burnt; 17 killed . .S April 
 Killooiioy near Arniagb ((it. Noithornof livland), 
 
 collision between Sunday Selioolexi'ursion trains; 
 
 about 80 deaths ;4o<j injured (idlicialscharged with 
 
 culpable negligenee) .... ^2 June, 
 Acar liueliarest ; collision of pa.ssenger and luggage 
 
 trani.s al,ont,5,i,.ail,s . . ". . gOlilv, 
 NearW ildpark SUilion, between Stuttgart and lio'b- 
 
 lingen, tram went down embankment ; 7 killwl . 
 
 Loiigsight, near Manchester (London & North- 
 \\ esterii), collision of passenger ami goods train 6 
 
 ., deaths ,jj,'j 
 
 Stirling, California, collision between liiiriingtoii 
 ami Liiion Paeilic trains, about 30 ileaths 
 
 At ,larus Knii, ^\ est Virginia, train upset by spread- 
 ing rails; 10 killed ... 28 Dec 
 
 Near Cineinnati, U.S.A., collision of express train' 
 to New York; 6 persons killed . . ,, j,,,, 
 
 Near Salem, U.S.A., train runs offline ; 6 killed '. 
 
 At IJurnmouth, nearlierwick (North liritisir/eolli^ 
 sion ; 3 deaths .... o- ,;,.,„ 
 
 Cariisle station (London & Noitli Wesiern) 'scotch 
 express ran into engine approaching (attributed 
 to tiiUure of vacuum or imeiimatic brake throu-h 
 cold) 4 persons killed, 3 a.m. . . 4 March, 
 
 Near Hamburg, U.S.A., Lake Shore lailwav colli- 
 sion; 6 killed .... - March 
 
 Quineey, near Huston, U.S.A., engine and' ears left 
 the rails; aliout 20 deaths . . . 20 Am- 
 
 At .sehuylkill valh'y, nearUuading U..S.A. collisiu'ii 
 of coal aii.l goods trains; 13 deaths . 20 Sept 
 
 At Norton Fitzwairen, ne.ir Taunton (Great 
 
 om 
 
 gers (from the Cape) killed ; George "liiee si'iial- 
 maii, through lorgetfulne.ss had declared tlie'line 
 clear, about i.i^o a.m. 11 Nov.; acouitted of 
 manslaughter .^^ Nov 
 
 Edinburgh, Georgia station (Sulmiban railwav) " 
 collision of passenger and goods trains, through 
 neglect ul signalnian; many ptisons injured . 
 
 Ti ■ 1 ... II Nov. , 
 
 Primiose-hiU tunnel (London & North-Westeni) 
 collision of passenger and goods trains ; guard 
 killed ,, j^-,„. 
 
 At Topsin, near Sahmica, train runs olf the line ■' " 
 about 40 retinul soldiers killed . i , Nov 
 
 Wreay, 5 miles S. of Carlisle (London and North- " 
 .Vestern), express goods train ; axle of a wagon 
 broke, 20 wagons thrown over the embankment 
 25 feet high, 2 a.iii 3 \pril 1891 
 
 Norwood Junclion (London & lirighton). "expres.s 
 tram wreckeii by the coUapseof I'ortlanil bridge, 
 till (High delect in the ironwork; about loa.iii ' 
 6 persons injured , )|„y' 
 
 Mi^enchenstein, near lii'ile, Swilzeriand, excursion " 
 train ; by the collapse of a bridge several carri.-iges 
 thrown into the river ISiise ; about 70 persons 
 
 „1"'''^'' •,, 14 June „ 
 
 Haveniia, Ohio, collision between h(«vy freight 
 train and the Krie express for New York, above 
 25 persons |i,.risli , j|,iy 
 
 Charlest-on, W Virginia, po!Iap^- ,.f a trestle brid 'v, 
 ixirt Ufa train falls over, 13 persejiis killed . 
 
 St. Mand(', near Paris, collision of a goods and ail " 
 excursion train; about 44 killed 27 July , 
 
 3 N 2 ' 
 
 .V .,.,.i..n ru/.niirioii, ne.ir raunton (Great 
 Western), collision „| .special e\press train from 
 1 lyniouth and a shunted goods train ; 10 [lassen- 
 
 .1 
 
 Ul 
 
 «il,i 
 
 m 
 
 H 1; 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 ' i I 
 
 , 1 
 
 it ■ .! 
 
 •Mi 
 
P/i 
 
 
 
 I' 
 
 
 yi jt; 
 
 rs 
 
 !!! i 'X- 
 
 f 
 
 
 i, 
 
 ' J 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 916 
 
 RAILWAYS. 
 
 Near l'..rl Uyron, New Y„.k ; .•.m.si.m ; ,. p— _^^^ 
 Pcmln'-i.l.l '(Tatr Vaf,.) coUisiun ; .3 1"'™'!"^,!;;; __ 
 
 korwi, "reu- Uon.u; coUisiun; iilM,«t '4 'l™'!^- ■ 
 
 ' 17 '*"n* It 
 
 Trestle. bri.l«e over the Oit.awl.a river, N. P"''"'J""- 
 tmm l.l.mKe,! into the river ; ainn-e -.o .le^ths^^^. ^^ 
 
 Nearn;u;.o.,..Mr:>sUleH;llisi;;;iorexp^^^^^^ 
 
 Komm'rl\..etwee-n Hreslau' an.l-He.lin) ; eolUsi.m : 
 5 cU«MlS, "li<l"li-''lt . ; •■ .'. ,,if 11m. line 
 
 ^Xo:!:;i;';v:;.e!';;;:::s^lT;'i>riu:^^^.^;^5,, 
 
 .; others Uilleil . . . . .■ , V ■> :■ 
 Near Dnii.nino station on the K"slor, *•■'.. "^' 
 ;av. (Vnlral Hussia ; tram ran oil the Imeon^a 
 bri;i:,'e, ,1 liei-sons liilh..! . . • .]J ' f ' 
 Ahout -.1 miles from Lahore, tlie N. W 1 iii»av 
 ' inm,-,^ oolli.ion;aiKmt 30 persons K,1M.^^^_^. _^ 
 
 At Harnhy ((ireal Eastern) collision or LowesUilt 
 "• Uultlaol'::! Niagara Kalis, an,lHt.l,on,.eMp 
 
 Near"^;..Hn'"'Mi":.u'i '"Irain hiUs-in .ho^!ive^ 
 ''Xonil! .;n-;u<in^ aown of the l,n,l,e;^^,...;- ^^^^ 
 
 (,rUe'r!;uonU.i,, AVkansas, {l.S.A., eollisiiHw ^_ 
 persons kilh'.l . . . • ' , ,, .■ .w 
 
 '4"r;:^sn:;inl!mi''a MMi-:n'''i"-'^ 
 
 s^l^i:;;ri,Vr«une,i,nean.l partly on,,h,..u,m 
 tin... .. (le.itlis manv miure.l, 27 .M,ij,l I . «■. ' l", 
 ir • Mi!;i:^;:r .imer, ehar.e,l -th^.nan. _^ 
 
 NSu;:^arroliton,ken,m.Uy,eoUision,4...a.l;s ^^ 
 
 Esholt .inneti.m near Lee.ls (Mi.llatel), ^^''isin.. ;^4 ^^ 
 
 n■''^V'.^M,.'s1•ltion (fireat' i;ast..|n) ; collision of 
 
 "';^:;;n;^;:;V4i^n;mwMn,a,,,s.^^ 
 
 ,„„„n,>,,s„ ,.,1 b> th ;" ,^„,„^ _ ,7 j„,„. „ 
 
 ^c;',;;lrn7;;lr,"vl,^......\^■;.iJ.»:...;™> 
 
 NearCl^u ■nm';on'(s!n,h.Wesl..rn),collisi,n, 
 "^'eaulin'' .real lire ; ■ 'lealh. many n»n,-eA^^ ^^^^^_ ^ 
 Leman.steet, east (Great K.astanO, collision ;^m^a.jy 
 
 Ne;;j'"'"camh,i,l.e- staiion,' Kitd,hur« tjiih^y, 
 
 I ^^ (...llisiMu; .about It 'Icaths . iiNpt- . 
 Cl^;rii;^:i an'; Ca,;ibria_ railway. r..ni,sylva..ia ; 
 
 collision ; S persons killea 
 
 lept. 
 
 coll son ; ^ persons Kiiii-.i . ■, ,„..,,, 
 
 At Shreve (Chicago railway) ; colhsion ; ,. pei^-n ^ 
 
 N«;"Manavnnk tunnel'd'hiiadelphia an,l It^ijluis 
 
 ?SF^'r?'Si.:kn;''^::^or^'i^^ 
 
 tS%alle^'«-^-'peU^Uine,l;^j™^ 
 
 pdn(i];;;:i>'.u:^-yi;ie, ..;- riiaf"i'-'>-f^-;;'^ 
 
 Wvre railway ; engine went oil th. Um .Uj^ 
 curve; 3 deaths • , •• 
 
 Near Treforest station {'I'air Vale railwav ) ; mitot 
 the train went over the embankment ; 12 'iisiUis 
 
 12 All;;, r- . 
 \t llnshwiek .piiietioii, Long I.<laiiil, V.w.- ' 
 eolhsioir, i6ilealhs . . . • j'i An..'. „ 
 Ni.ar Chester, Massachusetts; collisiun; i5fl,.iu!is 
 
 11 Ali^. ,^ 
 Sear Kankakee, on the Illinois C'eiilial railwnv; 
 
 collision ; 12 deaths . ... i? Scpi. „ 
 \t.Iaeksoii (.Michigan ('eiitral railuay); c<.lli.<iira; 
 
 i8<leaths . .. . . ■ ■ 'iiM. „ 
 liattle Uicek (Michigan); coUisinu ,iii.l lire; 26 
 
 .leaths . . • ., • •„. . • • K'On „ 
 At I.iniito, near Milan; collisinii ; cxincss mi.l 
 
 g(,o.ls train ; 13 'leaths . . . .ii Xnv „ 
 X,.ar Dunkirk, New \ork Mate; cllisi.,,,; 1, 
 
 deaths . . _,. , • ■ • • ,'5"'"-. „ 
 Nc-ir Leicester (Midland) an express gn.»U Iran, 
 wrecked by a roll of web iiewsuapi.rliilliiiguii,l,.r 
 the wheels ; much damage to Markei. IPirl,..!-.,' 
 station. . . • • ■ . ■ '4. Ian. 1-5, 
 Near .ler.sey City, New.Iersey; collisicin; ijiIkiUh 
 I ' ' ■ ' li.Iiin. ,. 
 
 Near lliUiao; heavy train fell over an eiiilnuik. 
 
 ■ " I'lient ; I i deaths 7 .'"ly, „ 
 
 i Near Winslbrd (Loud. 111 and NiirUi-Wi.steni i.-iil. 
 
 \vav); eidlisi.in ; 1 d.-atli. . . . e.Iiily „ 
 I Newtonmore (Highland railH.-iy); c..llisiiin; piuf. 
 Pobie (if Kdinbiirgh i:iiivc.rsilv, Uill...l 2 An.'. ,, 
 St l'ancras(Mi'lland); through tlie lailiire of tli,. 
 iirakes the S(.iil|.h express was wrec.ke.1 in tlie 
 
 station; ji persons iniuri.d ( niiii,:!. ij Aug. „ 
 
 At Aliilly, between Novon and Cliamiv ; cnlli,ji,i, 
 
 between Cidogi xpress and a go.,ds train; .-, 
 
 deaths; 15 in.inred . . . . . q>'"[:t. „ 
 Sear Northallerton (North. Ka.strrn rinlwav); (..,|. 
 lisioii betwei'ii Sciitcli express aii.i coal train, 
 4'oct. ; driver did . . . . ijiOct. „ 
 Nearl'anterlinrv(Soiilh-l.,asteriirailHaN);.-nl!wi,.ii 
 lii'tween a goods train and a wag.m carr>iii.;li.i;,. 
 iiickers during a log on a Ic^vel crossing ; 7d,atln 
 
 .jO'l. „ 
 Chelford near Crewe(Loiidor and North-Wi'stoni); 
 ' collisidn of the nii-expre.ss with part of g..i,.|i 
 
 train which had 1 11 lilown on Pi theliiiel.ytlm 
 
 violent gale then raging; 14 'b'aths . 22 IVc. „ 
 I Verdict id' impiest : no criiiiiinil iiegligeiiri., 
 
 I(iw'M'oor,"iiear Uradfoi-.l (l.ancasliiri. Veik.sl:in! 
 rnilwav) ; collision betweeu two i.\cur.iioii!rain.«; 
 16 persons injured . . . . 26 \)w. „ 
 Near Mexico citv; a train east down a precipito; 
 
 I ' lio lives lost 23 '•'I'll. i~-r- 
 
 ' N,.|,rTlioriiliill station (Lond.jii ,x Norlli-Wi.sti.ni 
 
 1 ,■ailwav^; collision; 2 de,.dhs . 2S Manli. „ 
 
 ' Near I.eaminglon (l.ond.e, & Noril,.N\.-;.™); 
 
 collision; I death Mid ■;? in.iured . i,;M:iv, 
 
 1 Crai'^head station (Craud Iriiiik raihv.ij). L. 
 
 Ouebec- CoUisloll lirlwri'll two sections nf a 
 
 1 pilgrim train; 14 deaths . . . ,9 July, 
 
 At Sill I'aldo, Argentine repnblic ; cllisioii ; 15 
 
 i di.aths; reported . • .- : "•'"';•. .' 
 
 N,.ir .St liricuc, l-'raiiee, a pilgrim tram ran ell 111.' 
 ; ' line, ,2 deaths . . . . . ....^^'•'*'; .. 
 
 ] Near Kreiiniig, collision brtwcn a military aii.l 
 ' ' .'oods train; vfdi.alhs . . 2e!<i.|.t, „ 
 
 Collision at Wellingliorough (Midlaml), . d.^all,, 
 
 i - ■ 27S..|.t. „ 
 
 I Colli.- -n, near Ottignics, lielginm ; '7 u™l^ 
 
 I ^"'sl' Neots'(Gt. N: n.),'train Icli the rail» jin.i " 
 '■ ' rcillided with some coal wagons: Miss I,. (I Ikira 
 ' killed, i^Nov. ; Mr. W. II. Corn.' died of iiijiiii.'s 
 1 i; .>ftv. „ 
 
 Near reterborongh (fit. N. U.), 2 carriages of th» 
 Leeds express left the rails : 2 deaths 7 Maici, ,:c^ 
 I Nc'ir Preston (L. & N. W.l. express tram l"lt tli.i 
 i rails • . death ; much ilania..e ; aller nii.lni.-'lit, 
 
 Preston .Tnncti.in (K. Lancashire), "'"i^i^^^^; 
 
 3 i Mareh''.lation ((It. K.' U.);eolli;im. i r d^tth.^^; " 
 
 ' ' Lollisl^'sa^hviile railway, 30' tni. 'iVee; I!iU?' 
 '■„,.„,, u S. N. A. trail, w -nt '"-;• a b i-JM'^. 
 
 i„,;n:;^ln;!ta?fiolw„od'stdioi,i;Ui^oninaii ' 
 1 r.l passenger trains; 5 dinths, 24 injnied ,to. 
 
EAINBOW. 
 
 017 KANSOME'S Altl'IFIClAL STONI]. 
 
 .WiJ™t,aiii«'''l liyii'iii)l;i-n nul ar |>i)ii.lii.st.'i-, 
 
 Xf\vl)''iinswick I siliMllis . . . oiiJiiii. 1897 
 llv till" full "f II pli'tl"'"'"' "11 till! Coliln'hirkviiKluct, 
 
 'm». liis-'li, "ciir iri-nlii'Tiicit (Cornwall H.). 12 
 
 wii killi'il I'l'li. ,, 
 
 EvciirsioN tniiii li'I'l tlm liin' at Hotlibiir v . Ncirlli. 
 
 iimliiTliiinl ; :i il'^allis ... ,, K,.!,, ^, 
 
 KMiir«inii train li'lr tin' rail.'j, iji^ar Osw.sliv (Canj- 
 '!,r;iii R.l: i[ cliMtlis . . . . ,, Jnnc, ,, 
 I ,;:i.iiiii lii'twi'iMi a last and cxcnrsinn train, ni-ar 
 
 (:il»'iilia).'cii(s"i' /Vniii.ir/,) . . n.Inlv, „ 
 
 \ ;r«»ls train riui ovi'r tln^ jjointsat Huxtcni (I.. ,t 
 
 N. W. H.): I 'N'atli .... 2 ..\ii-. „ 
 Esiiti'ss from I'.'iris ti) RoiiiMi li'l't the rail.s at I'l'tit 
 
 Coiiniinii^ 1 death .... ^i An^;. ,, 
 
 y.ir.Maylli'ld (I'liTidon, Hri;;lLl(in .t S. ('(i,isl), pn.s. 
 
 s'liKiT train Ii'I't till! niil.s ; drivi'r killed, inaiiv 
 
 hart I SH|.t. ,, 
 
 Colli-iion nt Tourmiy bctwciMi 2 ihi.ssihiki'I- trains, 
 
 ijiteitlis ^4 Nciv. ,, 
 
 Swf'mnrc, 24 Dnc 1807. 
 CoUi.'iiiai iii'.-ir Uniibiir (Sei>tcli px|iri'Hs and coal 
 
 Av.u'Mii), 1 death (.Ian. 189S 
 
 Oilisiini at Haras.sie liMtwcfii nniil cxpri'ss and 
 
 :,«<ls tniin (Olas^'nw ^ .s. W. ]{.), 7 diaitlw, 
 
 4 r.'li. ,, 
 Ci)lliiiionatSt..Inlin's-rii;ui station, I.cHishani-rciacl 
 
 (S. K. R.). ; deaths . . . ..,, .Marcdi. „ 
 t'ullisionat Uislev(l.. \ S. W. I!.), l,.-tw n^-ini' 
 
 ami utaiuliiii.' train; iiiauy vniunlccrs injured, 
 
 II April, ,, 
 Cillision hetween 2 excursion trains at I.evliind, 
 
 iiKir Preston (I,, ami X. W. K.) ; j deaths,'iiianv 
 
 iaiarnil, g.30 e.M 2 ,hine, ,, 
 
 IV.Hiii.'li'ir'iiwlU.Midland). fideaths ; .. buys ]ilaeei| 
 
 i.S'ri'iW ill tV'Hit ijfaii express . .' 2 Went. 
 
 RALVBOW. Its theory was developp,! I„ 
 K''|ili'riii lOll, iind by Keiu' Deseiirte.s in 162'); 
 h<: Simtniiii. 
 
 u^^^W'i^^^i^.'^ rOXiSPIKACY. terinc-d the 
 Mum I'/ot {which .sec), 
 
 ' RA-LLIED " to n publieanisMi, a name as- 
 fiinieil bv 11 party at tlio -eiiual t-Ieetinu 111 France. 
 Aug. iHc,5. 
 
 I IIAMAD.VX, otlierwise l( iinadlirim, Uiniazan, 
 I the ninth month id' the Malionndan vear, in which 
 j ["kept a striet fast iti ineniorv of tbe'tiist lev.lation 
 
 to Mahomet; the r.i-t is followed by t'le abort 
 I featival llairam (.rhi,-!, ,,;■). Tlw ■Mahometin 
 i year !s lunar, consist ii,M.„r Y^^ d,vs2l lioi.rs. and 
 
 iuabout.5,?y,wi-stbe K.anadnn pa's^es tliron-h all 
 
 the sea.sons. In i.S,,^ Kaniadrm b,':;ini ..n 2fi Feb. 
 
 Ill onr calendar. 
 
 I KAMnOriLLET, a royal ehutea,.. about 2? 
 I miles froin I'aris. Ileic I'raneis I. died 3i .Marih, 
 
 i '.y'v'.'""""''''^'''"'''-'-^- i''"''''i'l'''l. 2 An-. iSjo 
 
 After bein- owned by tin, .onnt of Thoulouseand the 
 
 I ducdel entbiKM-isil wasbonirht by l.onisXVI 1778. 
 
 ! .RAMILLIES (I!eI-inm),fhesiteof,-i brilliant 
 I vietory -aineil l,y tlie Kn^.Hsh under tlie duke of 
 > .Marlborouuh and the alli,.s over the Fren, h eom- 
 
 mandi d by the elector of Davaria and th ar.shul 
 
 I ; ,*; ^ ''■'■'■".V- "II » bitsunday, 25 .M.iy ((i..s, 12), 1-06 
 
 I he 1-ren.di were soon seized with 11 p.anie, and a 
 
 :;eneral rout ensued : about 4000 of the allid army 
 . were slain m the en-a-enient. This accderatea 
 
 the fallof Louvam, liiu-sels, iV. . 
 
 RAMSGATI'], Kent, a fishiii- yillane in the 
 1 th centnrv lu'caine important throuji commerce 
 litter U,^,). Ihcnci ftbepi,.rbe.^anin f-co; 
 
 RAIX-PAIiL. Mr. (J. J. Syinnn.s printed a tlic l!,irbour was f ninid i,\ (; ■•vSme'ito" I'-to 
 
 AofniiM-tallin Itritain for I40 years, i;26-l.S(,v 'l> "i"' the li^btle use , ivcted soon after. l''opula' 
 
 intlii' l!e|i»rtsflf the Ihitisli .Vss'.ciation in iSYid; 
 
 ;i!!(l aiii.tlier tiible in l-SS^ loi' the years i,S66-l8So! 
 
 o!|i -t \ciir was 1S52, beiiie-^S jiercent. ab(}Ve 
 
 liut 1872 was ^8 per' cent. He hi"'an 
 . o * 1 li. .;..!■. 11 .■ .1 ,. ■:. , 
 
 f|s. and the ii-btli. use erected soon lifter 
 lion, 1S81, 22,(..\^; is,,|, 24,1176. 
 
 KAXELAGir (near ClicLsea), a public e-arden 
 V."' ii'iii'i'its 1 danciii-, occnpyin-r the uiounds of 
 
 :,'r; oui 10, z "as -,.-. per cent, lie Derran '"■ coueeris 1 uaiicinjr, ocriipviii',' the uiounds of 
 
 ■h lii- "Annual liainfall in tlie llritish "imela^'h II. us,^ (lnjlt by .lones earl of lianela"-h 
 iSdd-n;. To iS(j- hi' loddiihed " /.'„;., . about KioiV was ,,i...i.,./l ■,.;(i, .. 1 c. .' .' /".i' 
 
 111 i.S(i6-rj;;. In |S(,7 he publislu'd, " /,'«/.. 
 /,' .. !//",i, //7(ir,, H'hff. itix .]f,„.„,ril." Iteon 
 I :iii attempt at a rainfall tibleofthe world. 
 
 Mil. ilHcrvcis in lirilaiii r.ii- till' tables, 16S 11 i8fio 
 
 iu».nt2,uooiii i,S83. 
 PftWi'Ut rainfall in 18.S7 ; aecra.^'c yearly full at Itollon 
 
 bwasliirc, for 56 years 47-07 in.; iii 1SS7, 27-92 in 
 
 .ipi' llrfiiiiht, 
 .taflist iSgi.tiiP wettest in liritaiii for many years. 
 
 rvi.n.'itiiuiita r.l I' tliu .1 t-f i lii> i.i I , .1.. .. t .1 i.t .-. .. . . . I' «..:.. 
 
 ...... I jyi, Lit. ...v...^, 1,1 ifi 1,11111 I,. I nniii\ _>|.ii|-K, 
 
 ExiiiTiiiients for the artilieial prodiietioii ill' rain 
 lyiiraiis (if explosives at El rasohiTexas. 
 
 X.-W. Kansas in .lime .\n>.-. 1892 . . (let. 
 
 Raiii-iiiakiiij; exiierimeiiis made in Ma. Iras jiresi- 
 
 li'-iiry Nov. 
 
 I , ■ ^ \ .- "'.I'.-, ...ii.ji iiaoeiaifll, 
 
 abimt I'Kil), was opened with a breakfast, s April 
 1742. Ihe music bir Ilie onhestra was Irequentlv 
 eimipo.sed liy llr. .\rne. The jrai-d.-ns wen dosed, 
 ; and the bialdinns tikcii down, in 1804. 
 
 I RANGES ACT, 1891. See under r',,,««/ow. 
 
 RAXGOOX, iiiaiitime capital of tlic liurineae 
 
 empire, limit by Alompra, 17:;,, was taken by sir 
 
 A. (amp ell on II .May, if^jj. [n Dec. 1826, it 
 
 .8 .9 Sept ,8qi ""^ '■'■7'"" ""■.lii"!'"-''!' "11 condition of ihei.av- 
 
 mumm, "the raiii.iaaki'i-," eontraets'lii water ""'",' "' " ■'""" "' '"'"H'.v. the reception of a lirltish 
 
 • ■ - i-:'sidi''it at Ava. and trcid.im of commerce Uppi-C'8- 
 
 j sum of tlie lhiti.~h niechants led to tlie second 
 l!uime,-e war, |.S^:;2. l{an;;oon was taken by storm 
 
 RAJPUTAXA. at. adminisfralive terrif.ry, ! (■^il^:!^ ■'dmninrm ' 'i!/^'!)'" " ')'' ''"^V" ^1-^ 
 V.W.hiilia. cmbraci,,,' 2,) naiiy,. states and the si 'ric Its'- ^*i;" , ;■ 'V' ■'" "'^ 
 
 British ,li>trict of .Vjmcre-Mer.ara (27,11 si|. mi. ; 1 , '' Xu S or I S'ss 1^ ''"' *"'°, 
 
 W.|;ni inva,.i,uis in the nth cclnry, the !!aip„,s ' i^.M^f ' t ' ■ ,^'" '.'""^■'""^ ^""' "'"^oos 
 
 mini mt-r lialf.a.d.izcn slroni;' states l-Vom the , , ' i '^ 'I'l''' ^-^'''^ ''V K"v-rnim'.it ; many 
 
 ™l..f the ,6th t.. the niiddh "if the 8=1 ee iiur y ' I M'^-'\i''''''' ''^''3-^, >I""iorial ,. tbeotlieers 
 
 tW states aeki,„.Oed,.ed the Runr en, ev 1 Z- ' "i i ,- v ,1 ,, ''' '^'% f^^ [>"• ""vhI-I h,- the 
 
 !1.„1 ei,i,,c,-or of llellii ; th.'N- were' next snbj, e!!',! .S C 7 .i-' , '"'* "^ ^■'"'^''"-"^■' '" ^'^^ ^»0i. 
 
 Klho Miilirattiis, but became independent when -""""""- 
 
 j;:,«io,n they . vei.tually heeame allies. T^^ i-ivemU^lTid'"- Kn^^l;ll!:n '^^ xj^ i^,^;?,,^ 
 
 )'•"■ '"'""";"; ■'; ''■'' "' .'"""-"vernnient. . ■ dissolvinfr .-om,„..u thut .silica) in ilea ted cat sti-n 
 
 »-lq,nvea oi full powers ,n .887; reinvest d, alkali, addin. hue satid. The\nlxturf is ;r;^d 
 ■ ^' . i»ti) moulds and heated to redness. 
 
 I I 
 
 1 1' 1. . ! . ' 
 
 ! « 1 I- . I 
 
 ' i 
 
 d^' 
 
 1 ' 
 

 ^^e 
 
 EANTERS. 
 
 918 KEAL ACTIONS LIMI TATION ACT. 
 
 BANTERS, a m-i wliieh aroBC in l6«, in 'r , f^^J^f^^^^ the emperor of Gernumy, by «luch ... 
 ,the Seek.r,s'now lenned U;''lk«- .Alll";;;,:,! tern'inated the waV for the M;.utuun s,„.,.c..si.,„, 
 
 Out. 1030. In later limes, it \v:is :it 
 
 to the Seeiters, now u-um" vxi."nw.... 
 
 isnow applied t^o the Primitive MethodjBt., separated 
 from the main body in 1810; see \i edeyans. 
 
 RAPE wa^ punished with death hy the Jews, 
 Romany and 6oths; by mutilation and oss ot 
 eyes in William I.'s reig;n. 'Ihis v,as mitigate.M.x 
 
 tte statute of Westnnnster I, 3 l'^-^;!',.!.-...'-!'!!' 
 Madefehmy by stat. ^\™t"'i"^t''' 2. '2 J^';^' I!!' 
 1338 ; and without heneht of clergy, « I'-li^- b, :^; 
 idne made punishable by transportation in 184' ■ 
 by penal servitude for life, or a less period, l8t.l. 
 
 RAPHIA, a port of Palestine. Here Antioehus 
 IILot-S^Ha was' defeated by Ptolemy riulopater, 
 kingofifgypt, 2l7ii-<--- 
 
 PAPHOE a hishoprie in N. Ireland. St. 
 Cohimb-kille, a man of great virtue >^y^-^ 
 and of royal blood, foun, led a •"""■'f ^J "; , ^\ \' 
 place, and it was afterwards enlarged bx other 
 men but it is the received opinion hat St- 1;' 1 ■ 
 Erected the church into a cathedral, and was he 
 first bishop of the see m the «th c.-ntury. Kaphoe 
 was united to the bishopric of Uervy by act, 3 c\. 4 
 Will. IV. 1833; see BinliopH. 
 
 RAPPAHANNOCK, see Cham-dlonviUe, and 
 Trinh, lcS6.S. 
 
 ■R ASPTIF.HRY not luimed aiuoiig the fruits ' 
 earlAnmKlinto this country frou, the eonti- 
 nw . The Virginian raspberry {Itnhn. occ^h^ 
 talis) before lOc)(., and the tlowenng >"»pl"' . 
 [suL odoratus), about 1700, canu' Ironi >oith ^ 
 America. 
 
 ■RAST \DT, Baden. Here the preliminaries ot 
 a pem.ewe.v signed, (, March, 1714. I'.V marshal 
 Villars on the part of the French king, and 
 prince Kugene on the part of the emperor 
 Sennan Irontier wa, restor..! to tlu' teru>s ot he 
 peace of livswi.k.-'rhe CoXflUESS ^K}^f- 
 TADT to -treat of a gcn.'ial I.ea.'e with_thc 
 Germanic powers, was coMUuenccd Q Dec 1,9, , 
 an™, gotiatious weiT rarricd on throughout 17<,8. 
 ThV t'ocious u.assacre of the Fn;nch pletupoten- 
 tiaries at Uastadt by the Auslrmn regiment of 
 Szeltzler took place 28 April, 1799. 
 
 RATCLIFFK HIGHWAY (now St. George's 
 street) Kiui^i London. Mr. Man. a shopkeeper here, 
 wk his «.fe, child, a,,d boy, w.ivbrutaj^^^^^^^^^^ 
 dered. 7 Dec iSii ; and on 11 Dec, Ml. and Ms. 
 Williamson, their chil.l. a.el servant, were also 
 murden'd. A man, named Williams, arrested on 
 suspicion, committed suicide, IS i'ec. 
 
 Uati.hon, in a diet held there, that tlic ihrn-, 
 liriuces seceded from the Germanic eiupuv, .iid 
 ilaced themselves under the protccliou 0! !h. 
 I-mperor Napoleon of France, I Aug. I So*,. Kmis. 
 boil was mule an archbishopric in ihtyj; sccala kai 
 111 1810 ■ was ceded to Bavaria in iSin; bciiuiu' 
 again an archbi.-^hopric in 1817. Population i.S.,u, 
 
 ,57'.i''7- 
 
 RATTENING (from mtten, proviuciul lot r.i<\ 
 the nauoving and hiding workiacn's lu„|.< ;,> ,, 
 Muui-hment for nonpayment to trailcs uninns, ur 
 opiio>ition to them. .Much " rattening ' w^.s Jh- 
 olo-icd at the commission of imiuiry at hlicltniil m 
 .luiM', 1867; ami at Manchester Sept. tcUowui;! , «.,. 
 Sliijt'ul'i. 
 
 RAUCOrX (Belgium) Here ina.>hal Sa«. 
 ■lud the Frendi army totally detcatcil the iillifs 
 under prince Charles of Lorraine, II Oct. 1741,. 
 
 R AVAILLAC S MI'RDER of lieu y IV. „t 
 
 Fiance, 14 Mav, I(>1(). The a.-^sa^sin ^va.^ imvti.liy 
 tortured, and executed, 27 May. 
 
 R WENNA (o" ">'' Adriatic), a city of the 
 p.ipal states, foiimli'd bv Greek c(d"ui^ts, fell laidi r 
 tin' Roman power ab(.iil 234 li.c. It was liivnu-.Ml 
 ami embeUi>hed by the .■mperors. and llcii..n..- 
 made it the capital of the iMiipire ol the \\ est ul.-W 
 \ 11 404 In 3(18 it became tli' ca)at,d i.l 111. 
 cvii-ciiate It was subdued by the l.i.inhiii.U 111 
 -V' and their king, Astcdphus, in 754 suiTciuuiot 
 it to I'epin, king of France, who gav it totlicp^w 
 Steidien, and thus laio the foundation <.l tla tciii- 
 uoral power of the holy .^'C un tin- lllli el Ai.ni, 
 1-12 a battle was fought betsvcrn llic hiiirli. 
 undeV Gaston de Foix (duke of .N, aioius liiM 
 „,,,hew of I.ouis XII.), and the Spanish ami l.iw 
 ■iiinies lie Foix pen-hed 111 the mum. lit il li:> 
 'victorv. ami bis death .dosed the good fortune ul tw 
 
 Frem.'li in Italv. Uaveiiiia b.'came pait ol the kiiii:- 
 doin of Italy in i.StiO. 
 ' \1„!iv of til.' Jii-../.'< /'"?.■"'. a se.'rct socii'ty ..f as- 
 1 s HIS ai, l..l.av.. 1 „ lonncily l..ll.,w.i-s ..I 
 
 Sd.ii), wi,., i..n. i<.p. 'lie '(ty », ^":;;; 
 arirst.'.!, s.-pt. Oct.: ' '■""»'i '" '',':,;;.';",■.., 
 
 RE,ISLK()F(\V™astofl' 
 Oyster beds planted lierc ■" 
 See llocliM: 
 
 iaii.'.'.near"ocliiHi' . 
 in i8(,2 have tl.purislml. 
 
 RATES. See Loeiil II" tr 
 
 ■RATHMINES(near Iluldin). - 
 go'c^^nor .dlHU.lit. castle, made a sally out, r.nitcd 
 
 tbetiarquisof (.r ml a. liathnnnes ktUcd 4>«) 
 
 n en, and t..ok 2S17 prisoners, with their cannon, 
 baggagi'. anil ammuniti..n, 2 Aug. IO49. 
 
 RATING ACT. See /.oc./7?.M. . ,,,i,„. ,a. 
 
 RAT10NALIS:M, th.. doctrine of those who ; [^^^^..^^.^ ^ 4., 
 reiicta divine r..vela.i.nan.l admit no othermeans . . • , .. 
 
 of acquiring kimwUdg,. but experie.i.r and reason 
 The leading writers ar.. Ifeimarus.d llambiirg (<ii< d , 
 ,_7,V i>.,.''.i- ••*' Mei.blb.aL'. Kiebhoni, liemhard. ; 
 H^d Sn-aus's.' W. l..vky's" History of Kationali.sni ; 
 in Eun.ic'" aiipeaied, July, l!-.!..S ; "w' ^^'- •>■ ' 
 Hurst's, 'April, 18(17. 
 
 RATISRON (in liaviiria), was made a free i 
 imperial . ity about 1200. Several diets have been 
 
 
 READING (Berkshire) . H.'iv Alfied il.'fcaud 
 the 1) m^ S7K 'Ihe al,b,.y was loimucd ni 1.2. 
 b^Hemvl.'ThelastablMt.a. a,n^^im>.i 
 
 for denying the king^s ^-"I'^r"'"^;^-^. ''' 1 t- 
 
 creeled i8so. New t.i\ n IM , 11 ' 
 
 opened 31 May, ,882. li"y"l ';'■"'> 
 
 ,l„.atrebu,nl,2- Ail .89.I. ^n Gc,,r,.- ,ln,. 
 
 ;,v.rofPal,oer-park,etc.,L.n, IS.S .h|ll ; -• 
 
 iSr.:. Universiiv Fvtens,.,n (,t Nfo>'d) .".l--. 
 
 °9^y ,,,,..,.„t,.a bv Mr. Walter Palnicr.. ; 
 
 l?vX prince of Wales, U .1 line, ISA - " 
 
 lion, i88i,48,7f.9-. i8')i,fe."54- 
 
 REAL ACTIONS.LIMITATION ACT,p:i*.*J 
 1874, comes inl.i .ipcratmn l Jan. !»,'> 
 
[MITATION ACT 
 
 •onoliuli'd luTi' lii'twecn 
 Gcriimny, by which wus 
 K! Miintuan siiiTi-sinn, 
 Inter times, it wns iii 
 llu'ix', tlint till' Ginii;i 1 
 Gcnii;iiiic eiiiiiin', i.i:il 
 tho iinitfcliiiii I,! ;li. 
 ce, I Avis. if^iJ*! lliii.- 
 ipric in iSuO; scciila itej 
 ivariii in 1H15; lici;iiuc 
 iSii;. I'oiiuhiMim i!n',j, 
 
 ■((//OMiroviniialti'i iiif, 
 ; Wdrkiurii's timls iis . 
 cut t(i tvaili's unions, nr 
 ;i " intti'iiin^" \v:i- ili" 
 f imiiiiry at Shctlii i 1 m 
 _'stc'r8ciit. lull()v\iiii; , mt 
 
 1). Here iiKU>hal S;ivi. 
 itaily ili'fcatid tli.' iiilns 
 irralne, II Oft. 1740. 
 
 Adi'iatic). a city iif Ihc 
 (jrock ci)l'iiii>ts, fell iiiuiir 
 154 li.c. It was HiviiunJ 
 
 (■iiipcrnrs, and Ucniiii,,- 
 Knipin' cit'thc West iiImUI 
 L'caiiii' 111- ia|)ilii! <il ail 
 ucil liy the I.i.inlwnl- 111 
 
 illihu>,'ill 754 SUlTClliUlHi 
 
 ic, who ;;avi' it tothciK.jie 
 11' I'uundaticn iif the tciii- 
 see. nil the I Itli ot'A]irii, 
 gill hetweeii Ihi' Kicmli, 
 (iliike lit' Ni moms -.m 
 iiiil the S]ialii>h iiliill'aiMi 
 led ill the iiuinniil il his 
 ised the suml I'mtunc ut tliu 
 la hecnnie jiart ill the kills- 
 
 , a secret seeicly "I us- 
 I'll foniieilv fuUuwu-.s nt 
 ;c|.t the city ir. tciiw, 
 eelidciiiiicd to life il"- 
 
 ■ I a l^i'c. i^;4 
 
 istof l''rane.'.!iear''ochcllc. 
 re ill lH()2 have lluuiishiJ, 
 
 ' order of niin'siniiitsintle 
 eceived the assent of tin' 
 sill July, lS'.'i. 'Ihcywcre 
 Idresiied'as 11 vciciiil. 
 
 hire). nere.MfieddcfcalrJ 
 ihhev \\a> louiidcd ill II2I 
 ; ahh'd wa... liaii^'cd in :,;.(■! 
 ;'s fiilireniacy. 'llic I'ulitr 
 i:.!) Xe>v town liidl, Inc 
 ■Jlav, 1S82. Hoyal ''"liiitv 
 l,S<iV Mr. rieor'.;e I'ldiii'i. 
 ete.,hoiii iSi!<. dicdl.|Ai;:. 
 ivielisioii ^Oxfol■d) "idcic 
 Mr. Walter I'alnii rl, o|icr,ol 
 rs, II .lull'', I ■"•'/■ i'"!"''- 
 1)1, fio,o54. 
 
 sr-nnTATiii.vAa,iii«J 
 itioii 1 Jan. 187'j. 
 
 EEALIlSTS- 
 
 919 EECIPROCITY ASSOCIATION. 
 
 EEALISTS, see Komuialists. 
 
 REAL PRESENCE, «■<■ Traimibstaiitia- 
 
 <m. 
 
 EEAPING-MACHLVES. One wa- invented 
 in this country early in the prt'seiit eenlury, hut 
 failed from its iiitrieaeies. At the nieelinj,' of tho 
 Brilisb .Association at Dundee, Sept. 1867, tho rev. 
 Patrick Hell .-tated that he invented a reapiiij,'- 
 niachine in 1826, which was used in 1827 ; the 
 principle lieiiig that on which the host Aniorican 
 nrtcWne.i are no*- eoiistni.ted. On i, Jan. 1868, 
 lie win prese)ite<l with a valuable testimonial, and 
 (ooo/. in "i""i'y. MeCoriuiek'.s American machine 
 (t»s invented alKiiit 1851. and perfected in 1846; he 
 r..«'ivciU i;old iiieilal from tlie jurors of the Kxhihi- 
 tionoflXii; and also at the Itoyal Atrrieultural 
 Society's coin|ietition at Bristol, 6 Aug, 1878. Tho 
 fliPim'S lire hcmml hy these rea]nnir niarhines. 
 ilout 2a) liatented ; fov gimd. Uiisscy s iiiarliine, 
 alii Anicncmi, exiiihiled in 1851, "was highly 
 coiiinicndcil. 
 John lii'llcy. Ilie iiiveiilor- of the leajihig laiieliine 
 
 lariiclj- US' il in Australia, died 23 N'ov. 1387. 
 
 EEA.SOX «-as decreed to ho worshipped as 
 1 jiidor-s liv tlie Krencli ropiihlicaiis, 10 Nov. 
 (;i)j, anl «»s pcr.soiiitied by an actress. — Thomas 
 Faille's" Ajre of If easoii " was puhlished in 1794-5; 
 Inimaniicl Kant's "Critiiiiic of ruro Itea.soii," 
 ("Kritik der reiiion Vernunft "), 1781. 
 
 liEBECCA RIOTS, see ll'„!,:s, 1843, 1878. 
 
 REBELLIONS or TxsntitEt-Tiox.s in 
 
 BrdTISU fllsTolfY. Ditaiis of m.any are given 
 
 ijsppanile arlicles. 8ee C'(//(sy>i/«ci(«. 
 
 .\(m^t KilliJin the ci.ii,|iii.ii.r, in favour of Edgar 
 
 .lllu'iin;;, ai'l''d l>y the Sets and I lanes, lofii). 
 By (Ml. "f liiiy. iix anil olhi'is, a-,iiiist Wilhani II, in 
 
 toiirofliis iii-otlier liolMTt, 1088 ; sii|iiircssi'd, loyo 
 fiitmiiircftlic empress Mamie, tijg. Einlcd, 115J. 
 ThirfWIinn olpriiev liich.ird agaiii.st liis father Jleiirv 
 
 II. iiS,. 
 Of ill'' iiaiMiis, April, i?i5. Coniproniiseil liy the grant 
 
 ni',lf,).//(<r f7( ' <", 15 .him' foilowiij^, 
 
 OflllcliU'iiRS, ij(.\-hy. 
 
 of i:„lnpls spiritual .ind teniiMiral against IMward II. 
 . a ,iifoiiiit o' liis ;aviiiiriles, tlie (iavestoiis, jfj-j. 
 
 .\_':iill,oI{iiccnlujttsl tin'. Spelirers, 1321, 
 
 (,i| Walter tlic Tyii'i-, of |je|.t|.,r(|, viilgarly eailed Il'»( 
 I,/.r, occasiim.'d hv the hniliil rudeness of a poll tax 
 i..l|.rniilo his djiighlcr. II,. Wilh'd the c.illeclor in 
 lii,s Ri^-e, tiid raised » pirly t.i opjiose the tax itself, 
 1381 ; see T'tli'r. 
 
 (aklaiiil, when liogcr, earl of Man-h, the viceroy and 
 li.ii|.resiiiMpiivc lo the crown, was slain, i iy3. 
 
 Otli.iitv, clnkvolKjiiraster, who I'liuHed Kichard II, to 
 
 Inlfimseil, 13,;,(,, 
 
 ipiiist kiiif; Henry l\'. hy a nnnilx'r of eoiif,.,li.|ated 
 
 i'lnls, 1402-3. 
 ifiiiisl Hemy V, hy eajj of (..'sniliriilge and other hnd.s 
 '(1) 
 ! OtJaik Cade, a;;aiBst Henry VI, 1.(50; see Cie'c'.v /h,sh|.- 
 ^■('fi"(i, 
 lifamu.-nf the linnse of Vivrk, 140:2, wliieli einlol in tho 
 iiii|j'iiicuiiueiit .^f lleury VI. and .seating Eihvard IV i.l 
 Turk nil 111"' tliioio , i40[, 
 ; Oiki W.iroii K and ehnence, 1470, wliieli ended with 
 111" esinil.sion .,<■ iy.K:itd IV. ami the restonitimi of 
 Hfury VI. the s.iiin. year, 
 I WtTlJlmiillV, i.,7i, wlii<-heiideil with the death of 
 
 lloirv VI, 
 I Ollli- Nil iifliicliniMiiil, against Uieiiard lit. iaSs, wliieli 
 
 fBdnUiliilljcih.alh of HichariL 
 |CnJiT l.aiiiiicit ,-Siiiincl, 14S6, who pretended to lie 
 j.;;,,aril Ill's ■,..,,.)„,«, Kdirant Plantagcnet, oarl of 
 «miek: iiiv,inivw,isi|eleatc,l, leaders sla 11. and lie 
 lasilisi-viii',] 1,1 hr ,i hiikers son ; In' was pardoned, 
 U'liiimluvedhytlifi king .IS a menial. ' 
 
 U..iP,.ikiii\VaiU.,.k, .4^^ : .iefented ; executed ,400, 
 LokrTliiimas flaianiork aud .Miehae! Josei'h, in Con, 
 
 wall. 
 
 against taxes levied to 
 
 expenses. They inarehcd towards I.omloi 
 
 pay the Scottish war 
 
 Aiidlcy took tl 
 
 feated at IJIaekhcatl 
 Were executed, j8 .lime, 
 
 e eoniiminil at W.' 
 
 .Inn 
 
 Thcv 
 
 1, and lord 
 
 Were ile- 
 
 e, and the three haile 
 
 Tin 
 
 •I'ilK 
 
 of (I race' 
 
 Of the English in the West, to ivst 
 
 against Henry VIII. 1536-7, 
 
 &e. 
 
 1^40 ; suppressed same ye 
 
 retheaneicnt litnrgv 
 
 In .N'orhilk, headed I 
 
 jircssc 
 
 il. All 
 
 ly Ket, the tanner, liut 
 
 1549- 
 
 In favour of lady ,1am- ( 
 
 -lane w 
 
 as pn 
 
 rey, against ipieeii Mary, 
 
 ■g,v. 
 
 sup- 
 
 idy 
 
 Edward VI, 
 
 nied queen of EiiKlaml oil the death of 
 
 .Inlv 
 
 to .Mary a few days afterwards: si 
 high treason, in the Ti 
 
 1 : lint she ri'si^^ned the en. 
 
 (ifsirl'l 
 
 loinas Wyatt. son ,,f tin 
 
 12 I'eh, 
 
 le was lieheaded for 
 
 155,1. a^'ei 
 
 '?■ 
 
 iineeii .Marv's n'l 
 he is lieheaded 
 
 I'oet, and others, against 
 
 ! Of the K. 
 
 ' Westinoiehind 
 
 April, 
 man e.iihnlic. 
 
 iith I'hiliii of Spain, i\;c,. fail. 
 1554. 
 Ills of Xortliinnli..i.hind 
 
 567, The lo 
 
 liv tin 
 
 against iineeii Mliz.ilieth, Nov 
 nier Hed to .Seotl.ind, In 
 
 re:,'i.iit .Miirtnn and 
 
 Of the Irish ler tl 
 
 le earl of '1' 
 
 and 
 
 and l.iee. 
 
 I given up 
 
 J rone, 159,;. supiiressed 
 
 execnied. 
 
 Under the 
 
 rl of I-: 
 
 it ended in his death, 161 
 Of the Irish iindei- U,ig,.r M, 
 
 ssex, apiinst ipieeii Elizalieth, 
 
 ag.iinst the Eiijrlisl 
 
 ire, sir I'lieliin O'Neil, &o 
 
 Tin 
 liehcll 
 
 1 in Ireiaiid, 164 
 
 Oreat liehellioli," 1641-O 
 
 1-5. 
 
 ion of tl 
 
 down, 
 ruder the dull 
 (nthe ISeots ill!' 
 
 ill 1716. 
 
 e IScots Oiveli'intcrs, 1666: 
 
 oil put 
 
 ke of Mommaith, ifiSs : 
 
 ivourof theold I'reteiidcr, 
 
 executed 15 ,Iulv. 
 
 1715 ; 
 
 inelled 
 
 Ofth 
 
 e Hcots under the Vining Pretende 
 
 in 1746; lords Lovat, li.d 
 
 1745 ; sniijircssed 
 
 headed. 
 
 nierino, ami Kilniariioi-k be- 
 
 Of th 
 
 e Aiiieii,.aiis on ai eniint of t.ixalii 
 
 ridielliou led til Ihe I 
 
 f our liiief Nnitli ,\ 
 
 1774. This 
 
 ili'iiies, and the im.epeiidenee of the United .sitates 
 .7.V. 
 111 llil.nnl, c.-iUeil the ';,r,,M,v;„-»/„„, when 
 
 |.re.s 
 
 ■d 1 
 
 Ilk up 
 
 i:olnlll|.lli ed _, Miiy, ,7^8 ; 
 
 neat iium- 
 sup- 
 
 Agaiii in lieliuiil, under lioliert Eninietl, 
 
 si.isl, 
 
 .luh- 
 
 iSoi, when Inid Kil 
 
 a gifted ciithn 
 
 with sevel.ll cithels llV the illslirgellt.s 
 
 I'aliadiali llisiirieetiun ( e// o// .„, ), |jee 
 orChartists at .\e\v]iiirt {,rh;,l, .„„•), 
 
 warden was killed 
 
 Smith nliriei 
 
 s silly lli.sh rehellinn ; tl 
 
 5.!,to .\0V, 1838. 
 IV, ,S,g. 
 
 iiiiinated in tho 
 
 leleat and ilis],er,Mnii ,,f ,, ninltit'ude .if his lelnded 
 ■ ■" ■■' -isiieetorTraiitand alimit sixty|iolie 
 
 followii 
 
 aide 
 
 iili-ii 
 
 lieraiy. 
 
 lionliiy;li niiin, IJallingary 
 
 1,-rhuiil. 
 
 eo. Tip- 
 
 Isepoy miiiiin in ii:.:,;, |,^,.,. /„,;;„)^ ,sj 
 
 01 Kelli:ll 
 
 Seef/liV;. 
 
 Ilvlaiid 
 
 cHiaii.sand lidmvl, iSnr.. 
 
 :-7. 
 
 RECEIPTS Kou Mo.NEY 
 
 ii|i duty 
 
 in 1 78 J 
 
 icro first taxed by 
 
 le act was amended in 
 
 \7'^^- 179> il ."'/., aiid receipts were taxed 1. 
 
 duty vary 
 
 ing ar ding to the amount of tl 
 
 received, in all traii.saetio 
 hillsof exidiaimc, note 
 Stat. 
 
 y a 
 
 le money 
 
 Tl 
 
 III 
 
 htamps rei|uired on 
 ipts in Irehinii, by 
 
 id I 
 see Jli//.s nf /■yp/, 
 
 uniform stamp of one penny on reeeipi- f 
 
 (4 Aug. 185,^); 
 
 /., was enacted hy'iO A: i; Vi 
 
 S'niiijis 
 
 used for reieiptsafl-i- 1 Ju.ic, 188 
 
 renny pisti 
 
 ail 
 
 '■■ .S9 
 :amijs 
 
 RECIDIVISTS, the Fiinel; 
 
 eriminals 
 
 iiicnt to transmit man 
 
 rile proiiosd 111 Ihe l-iemh 
 
 1 term fur habitual 
 
 vith 
 
 larli 
 
 of Ihese III \i 
 
 ihingerous to lihertv 
 
 il freedom, was opposed in l-"i 
 
 Caledi 
 
 against h 
 
 mil very warmly protested 
 
 (iuociishuid and X 
 
 y our Australian eoloni 
 
 ew Sou 
 
 h Wah's. fe 
 
 specially 
 thi ■ 
 
 intrusion as dangerous to publie .security, 1883-4. 
 
 Kreneii legisliition i,.snriied ; bill 
 Mine into operation 
 
 passer 
 
 1 1= M,iy; 
 Dee,. 
 
 1885 
 
 RECIPROCITY ASSOCIATION, founded 
 
 at Maiiehest 
 
 er Sept. i.SIk), in .;onse(| 
 
 ueiieo of the 
 
 restrietions on the importition of IJritish nuiuu 
 
 
 4*\ 
 
 4- 
 Hi 
 
It,.!, » ^ISfi^'- 
 
 •\ i. 
 
 
 ■*;f 
 
 Ni 
 
 EECirii'.X.'iTY TREATY. '•''•i" 
 
 fiioturcs into tlu'ir uuiU.iii'S impoBcd by fori'rj;!! 
 
 govcnimi'iil". 
 
 Uwii.i.icitv, a form i.f [.rotcc'lon, wu.s iMlvoniU-illiy ImhI 
 
 11,'nativcii I'V tlif l"i'ls, -tg -^l"''!. '^7'^' 
 
 liECII'liOCITY TREATY l..uv,...n G.oiit 
 
 Britain and the VmWd Sti.trs, n-ulatin- tlif ivUi- 
 tion belwuc^n tlic lattci- iiml Cmiula, in ivtrani to 
 trmUs lishorios. \-.'., n.'notiatfd l.\ lor.l Kl^in, an.l 
 ratiH.Hl2 Ans. 1.S54. lt> alin.uation, iiropo-;;'! 'v Hh' 
 United Stall's jrovmuncni m iMq, was cIUtI. d 1, ■ 
 Miircli, iS'j'i. If^ ivi,.'\\al was d<'sucd m tli.' slates j 
 in 1807. See ('««"'/((«/"' f'«iVc./'S''/(^.v, iNjl. i 
 RECITATIVE, a six'oics of sinjiin!.' dillcrin^ ; 
 but linlo fiMin ordmarv siicakini;, and nsfd lui' nar- 
 rat,v,.siM operas, is .aid to have been Ui'-t employed , 
 iit Home l.v iMnilio del Cavahere. \vla> dispnted tlic i 
 elainiof llhuiceinito lliu introduelion ol toe opera, ^ 
 KxKj: see Opera. \ 
 
 RECORD, Kvan-elieal,,.; Low CIuutIi, weekly 
 liewspa]ier, estalilished lS2,S. 
 
 RECORDER, tlie pnne,pal jedi.aal otli, er o 
 er.Mt eorporatioiis. 'i'lie lirsi reeoruer ol London 
 t-as JellVev de Norton, alderman, I2.,S ; n,i.ht. hon. 
 lUissell tinrney, Q.V., reeorder »''''- ''V'.- ''i'; 
 tS-S Sir Tlioinas Clianibers, I'eb, i87,S. died 24 
 ly'e 'iSi)i,sureeededliv>irCliarles lliill.S I'eli. ih()2. 
 The -alirv. orijiinallv lol. per an'mni.is now;,(Xio/. 
 RECORDS, Pl'liUC, IN En<ii,ani., l"'^;ni 
 to l.e re-ularly lavservcci 1., 1 la., by ,a-d.rol He. > 
 I The repositories which possesseii nia;c rials tne 
 mo.t an. ient and iiiterestiiif: to tlie hisfaian w.'ie, 
 tlie Chapter-lioiise of Westminster Abliey,tlie lower 
 of L.mdoii. the lioUs Chapel and the Uueen s Ke- 
 niembrancer-s ollbrs of the exelieipier. Ihe eaily 
 records of Se.,tlan.l, n-.'ing from London, were h;st 
 bv sliipwreek in 12.)S. In Ireland, the eonneil- 
 oil ,mber and most of the reeords were h-jrned, 1,11. 
 
 I'.lldi,' reeonls Art, 2 Viet. e. 04 ('" '\''-- '^^'^/■,7 
 A new Kk((iuii Oi-I'KK has been erected "11 the K(dls 
 
 estate, betweinCliaiicery and I'etter lanes, to which 
 
 tlie reeonls have been -ra.Uiallv removed. >ew 
 
 ndditioimlhuadintrsoeMiinedOct. iS^S '/ «-/ llie 
 
 KeCMiil Commissioners commeiieed tlieir pn.lica- 
 
 tion« in I.H02. Mr. V. Thomas's valuable "llaiul- 
 
 liookstothe l'iibli<' liecords."waspnblished in l.S;,; 
 
 • I'n' lie lie 
 
 in 1S73. Acts 
 
 Jlr. Kwald's "Unr I'n ...,., 
 
 rolalin" to the I'ubli.- Itecoids ol Ireland, lias^ed 
 \H(r and 1.H7S. The liritish Ik-cords society, which 
 hud' iiubli>lied many doinnients. iWy <t .sw/., wa> 
 incorporated |Xo2. Annual nieetii,ns. 
 
 RECREATION, see PUimirdtniil. 
 Th.-l{.'crc,itivcKvcinii^'S,'bc"ilsAssuciiitionforlio,vswli" 
 
 Imvc Icif scbunl, |nmi.lr,l, iiii.b'r royal piitroiiu^'c, 1886. 
 
 RECREATIVE. RELKilONIHTS, » mnne 
 
 Riven to an asso.dation ol -<nth'meii tor dillnsin;: .1 
 kiiowledKe of natural relipon by the aid o| science, 
 form.-d in I-ec I.S(,(,. In Jan. lS«,-leclnres were 
 uiven on Suiidav evemnps at ^t. Martin s Hall. 
 London, bv ppdVssor lln.xlev. l)r W . H. Carpenter, 
 nnd other.s sacred music beiiif: pertorme.l at inlervals 
 dm inn the eveiiim;. This was deid.led not to he an 
 inlraction of the Snn.lay act, 2! J.eo, 111. c. 4<|, U) 
 the trial, lia.vter r. lia.xter LauMjley, I<) ,>ov. IBOB. 
 ^w Siiiidini f.ccliir. .Son, til. 
 
 EECrirTTCCtJ. sec Army, T,\ Oct 
 Hucruits: 1878. ^r^2^: ^^19' 2.S'''''^- 
 2^„"-. ,HK,.'2(>.2i;S; .«K2. 2.^.802; is;8j,3>«''' 
 
 (new reaulati-iis) : 1884, 3.S-''V.; '•^"■^' :^'^^ ' 
 
 \m, 3')..px); 18K7. ,v,22s- 1S88. 2;.ixs; rrt'KJ. 
 
 /for 'tlie regular army), ;2.<*2;; l^'U, .'55.1'b • 
 l8q4. 33,(^; >*'> 2.,.;-,. iv/., 28,5.52; T«9,, 
 35.015- 
 
 I'm,!, 
 l.SSu, 
 
 REFORM CLUR. 
 
 RI-ICUSANTS, persons who refuse to utlciiii 
 eluireh, I Kliz. e. 2, \-,y)\ dissenters relitViHl Ivm, 
 tills act, 1681); it was repealed, 1844. 
 
 REDAN, a field f..rtiticalion,con>i>tiiit!i,riBi. 
 faces nieetliifi: in a salient an.iiU' lUicctcd timaws 
 theeneaiy; see Vi«.v.s(/- iVo/, isA U'nr, ifiij. 
 
 RED CRAG, deposits of fossil n mains on the 
 coast of Kssex and SiiMblk,sodesisiialed hy K(lwir<> 
 I'harlcswortli alioiit 1.H35. Thej are uiuc'l, ustdiu 
 the manure mannfacture. 
 
 RED CR(-)SS on 11 white firouml. llie ll«j; ol 
 the tieiieva t'onv, ntioii {iili'icli .«//■ . Tiiinl ihut- 
 national c<inveiilion at Ueiieva, 1 Si^pt. 1SS4. IV 
 lliissiaii lud ( :'oss Society, with olluis, was very 
 active duiin^' the Servian war, July- Mi-. iS;o. 
 The order ol the Uoyal K.-d Cross lor liuUcs who 
 luive acted as nurses in war, ^^i-.. ami o'hcrs, in- 
 
 1 siiuited bv i| leeii Victoria, 2; April. iS.Hj. The 
 lirinccss of Wales and other laoies n'i'uii»leil,25 
 ,\la\. 1885; eniiferri'd on Mrs. (iviiiiwiniil fur hir 
 sirvici'S ill the retr. at ef ihe troups Ir rii Miiiiipur 
 {a-hicli an), Julie, I.SqI. Tlie liritisii lied ('n.sj 
 
 ■ society active lUiriii!; the li lecu-'lm kisli war, itSr^;. 
 
 liEDIC LECTl'R.Pi. Caiiibrid-e; sir lloUil 
 
 lied,', chief justice of cianniiai pleas, in 1^18 |.ii. 
 
 (lowed some lectnrcs!iips. In .8^) tiuM' u,re 
 
 ' reiilaced bv an annual lecliiri' : wliiili li s li,,n 
 
 l^iveli by prolessorsdwiu. I'hillips, .\iisteil,T\ii(i;ill, 
 
 'ami other eminent persons. 
 
 Ri:DEMrTORI«TS, see Li.jmrmm. 
 REDIIILL, see Rfformatory Hihrnis. 
 
 REDISTRIBUTION OF SEATS ACT 
 
 see li'tarui, 18S5. 
 
 RI'^.DOWA, a liohemian dance in 3-4111111.111- 
 ; trodnced in 184(1 or 1847,111 I'aris, and >..oii uIutId 
 London. 
 
 RED RIVER SETTI.I-L^IJ:NTS, a mnie 
 
 •.liven to part of the llnd.soli bay s,aileinciils. 
 
 RED SEA, the Mare Krylhrieiiin "f the 
 ancients, between .\rabia and .\lricii, cmssciI liytlie 
 riioaiieians and others in connmrce, ami by Ihe 
 1-raelites in their escape Ironi Knvpt. 14(11 li.i . In 
 182I) Khrenlier<; discovered tbal ilic coluiu «;h due- 
 to iiinrine plants, the Ti-ivli(rli.^ni'uuii KniUnviiw ; 
 see Suez, Suinldii, and ■Siniiiiiihuiil.— iiiil Sm Id- 
 fi,nii\ .SHiikiii, k .. L'overiior-;;i'iieriil, col. llcllcJ 
 Sniitli, apiiointe.l iS.vS. resi'^'iicd Jine, lSy2; suc- 
 ceeile.l h\ col. Archibald llui.ter, Uct. l8y2; lol 
 (_;eor-e Lloyd, .^ept iS')4. 
 
 REFERENDl'M, H.e niime uivni to <in 
 
 arti'le in the Swiss .unslitiilion "I 2i) M y, kH;4, 
 
 bv which certain laws pass d )iy the fiiiitcUid aiiJ 
 
 I'.vleral le^'islationN mijchi be referred to the i*Vii' 
 
 at lar^e by iilr!,i»-ilf. 'Die pcoiilc hiive uIm' the 
 
 risilit^of iakin.i' the iinhnlii; 111 |m>po-iii;; tlie 
 
 ' enactment ol new laws and the repeal ul ohi Hifs, 
 
 The irt',irii>/"ii' was iineh eniidoyed 111 lifisium 
 
 in relation to the uvi.-ioii el the l■^,ll^lUuU(.^ 
 
 : Feb.. M iich, l8<)3. 
 
 ' REFLECTORS, see r,ii,in,i!i-;iinH>. 
 
 REFORM ASSOCIATION, iiistitiiteil i.l 
 
 Westminsler to prol. ct electors, 2ii :tlny. tSjy 
 \„tv,m<l liff^rm L-a...".- at the avaiiial iwetai;; at Man- 
 .-hester It was said to liav 411 altiiiiitcil .s..iicUts. 
 
 :: May, 
 
 REFORM RANUUETS, sec 1-rmm. 1847 
 REFORM CLUB, establishea in 1886 Wthe 
 ri.'ht hon. Edw. KlUee, M.r., ^ind others,!. 
 

 VI CLUB. 
 
 10119 will) refuse t(i atlcnii 
 I ; (lissciitcrs rclitsxHl Ivm/ 
 >pali'(l, 1844. 
 
 itiriltioil, COIlsistilH! lit tBi' 
 
 'lit iin.slc (iin'iltd tiiwai'iij 
 'iirk'isli il'iir, iSjj, 
 
 ts (if fossil ri-iimins on ll;i: 
 k, so ilcsijriiiiti-il Vpv Kihvinl 
 5. TlicN iin iiiiicl. Usui in 
 
 wliHi' frniuiiil. \\v Ha" ol 
 {icli'uli mr . Tiiu-il inter. 
 Ji-ui'vii, I Si'pt. 1SS4. 'n,e 
 I'ty, with otlina, was vi-iy 
 •iiin vviir, J^lly-\vl^^ \^-{,. 
 1 Ki'il Cross lor Imlics who. 
 1 wiir, 1.V1., mill o'lii IS, in- 
 (.n;i, 2^ Ai'iil. INS^. Tin 
 otliir lll.lil■^ ii"riiiiiiidl,2j 
 Oh Mrs. (iviiiiwimil f(ir lur 
 f ilic tido|is Ir 111 Miiiiiiiur 
 )I. Till' l!i'iti>ii lii'ii t'rnss 
 \e Ijit'cu-'l'urUisli wiiv, i8(j;. 
 
 E. C'lmiliiid^'i' ; sir HcUit 
 [■iiiiiiuoii [ili'iis, ill 1^18 I'll- 
 ips. Ill .S^) llicM' wre 
 I Iri'liii'c : wliii li li'S tit-ni 
 ■11. riiilliiis, AnstC'il.'i'vmhill, 
 oils. 
 
 iTS) sre Liijiiorimii. 
 
 ■formutorij SchrKiln. 
 
 :OX OF SEATS ACT 
 
 'iiiimi ilaivi' ill 3-4 tinu , iii- 
 ^7, al I'aiis, and m.i>ii altci-in 
 
 ETTI.E.MEXTS. u num. 
 
 iidsuii hay sitlK'iiU'llts. 
 
 Mari' Kryllira-iiiii nf ik- 
 bia ami Atiiiii, crossul Mtlit 
 r> in I'oiiiiiu rcc, aiul by the 
 jir Iroiii K-y|it, 1401 H.r. In 
 I'l'i'il tliiit iiii' 10I11U1 ttiis (iue 
 Triilni'lviii iiiiii hriillnviiM ; 
 
 SiiiikiIiIdiii!.— iiiil 'V(/ l.'t- 
 .'ovfiiior-pt'iicral, i'"l. llnlltJ 
 S. irsi'^'iii'il Jiii't', l!<y2; sue- 
 aia lliii.tfi-, Oi't, 1892; tol. 
 ,S94. 
 
 kl, tl.'i' mum' iiivi'ii In in 
 Kiiisiiliilioii "I 2') M y. "': 
 s pass il liy the (':iiiMi - 
 li^-lit III' ii'fi'i-n'cl til li.i'iif'iin 
 . The iii'ujiii' linvi- ai.-n Ik' 
 iiiitKilir, ill |iriiiw-lii:; tht 
 «s iiiul the ii-)iciil ut iilii iJics. 
 iiiii'li I'liiiil'ivnl ill lii'lsium 
 
 U-vi.sioll .'I till' ™ll^litUii(llv 
 
 , see hm-inii;t-iilnt». 
 lOCIATION. iiistimtfil m 
 
 I't eli'i'tois, in'MMy. T835. 
 ; at tlieauiiiuil ii>i'i'>iiM at Jliin- 
 
 111 llMVt' 411 illliiillll'll S'H'il'titS, 
 
 JUUETS, sre/VrtHfi. 184:. 
 
 'B, I'stalilislied in 18S6 tjv the 
 nice, M.r., J-nd uthens, to 
 
 REFORM IN PARLIAMENT. 
 
 921 
 
 REFORM IX I'ARLIA.MEXT. 
 
 ^'^', 
 
 jufcfed the Wi'sliuiiister Cliili, 1H34-6. The 
 biiiUiif? ill l''i" ^'""' ll<-■^'islll■ll by sir Cliarles 
 jjfrv, was foiupli'lcil in 1841. 
 ,|jl'„l)all; till' |iriii('i' III' Wall's .■mil sun, (iml above 
 
 .ooixTsiiiis ol'all imrtii's prrsi'iil, i5,Jiiiii', 1887. 
 i"'ii,l pilitioii of till- cataloniii' of till' exi'i'lli'iit binary 
 • ■ , lilHl liy Mr. C. W. Viiiei'iit, tin' bliniriaii, iniil.'r llie 
 .J|.visiorioltlii'lilimr,vi'oiiiiiiilti'i', witliaiibislorinil 
 intraliictkin hv .Mr. W. Krasn- Hmp, was piiblislinl in 
 ',„,,;; ,854. .Mr. bonis Kazan's " Tin- lieloriii Tbib ; 
 jti Fciunilers anil Arcliitect," 1886. 
 
 REFOKM IX PAliT.I.VMKNT. >fr. I'itt's ino- 
 I iiluni ri'forin in parli.iini'iil was lost by a inajoiity 
 ci20,;Miiy, 1782; of 144. 7 May, 178^; anil of 74, 
 Hiliri! I"'8i; si'i' 7i'('</i(V(/v. I be nieasuri' :il reloini 
 bveiirl Oi'ev''' ailministration was proposeil in llie 
 hbeofcoinmonsbylordjolin Uiissell, i .Manli, 1831. 
 
 lill.L UK 1^31. 
 
 fjf,t ilivisiiiii ; Kccoiid reiiiling : for it, 302 ; against it, 
 -^1 ■ 22 Miiri'h. 
 
 .mni,'.tiimfiirai'iiiiiiiiitti'e, general Giuseoyiie nmveil an 
 iimiiJiiirat. "Iliat tlie iiiiiiiIhi' ol' ri']iri'si'iitativi'S for 
 I'li'laiiiliei'l Willis oiij^lil not toln'ibiiiinislii'il." Aii.eml- 
 n'nntrairii'l "n a .livisii'ii, ■.>oo to 2)1 ; 10 April. 
 
 i]eliillillBinil"li'il, anil pailialili'llt ili^sulviil, ;< April. 
 
 j„,,n |,arlia lit asseiulik-il, 14.111111.'. Mill again intro- 
 
 ,li„.,.,l, 24 .liini'. r ■, , ■ , .» 
 
 I)irisiniioiiso'"i"'reailiiig ; fia it, 367; aga;iist it, 231 — 
 
 iiuiii'ritv, 136 ; 7 July. 
 
 Pinsidii on f/ioi' ri'iuliiig of tlie bill ; for it, 345 ; against 
 it, jiC-iiiiyiiiity, 109: 22 i^ept. , .. , , 
 
 Intlif LORrs:-lirst ilivismn, on .<ir..)»/ ivaniiig; lor.l 
 IVIurnclitlL' iiiiivi'il, " tliat tin- liiU be ivail that day aw 
 niiiullis." Kiir tlie aiiii'iiilnient, ejcj ; against it, 158 
 ,ii,,ji,i'ity, FoiiTY ONE ; 8 Oet. | I'arliaiiieut prorogiieil, 
 2o'Oi't.'i83i.] 
 
 ACT OK 1S32.* 
 
 Rt.iJ in tlie Commons njUsl time witlioiit a ilivision, 12 
 llrf. 1831. .'<'o'ii"' reaiiiiig ; ilivision, vi/. : for tlie liill, 
 ;2i',ii;»iiis'i'. if'^—nia.iority, 162 ; it Dee. 1831. 771111; 
 KiiiiiiK; ilivision, viz. : for tlie l.ill, 355; against il, 
 n.o-iii,i,iiii'ity for it. ufi; =3 Mareli, 1832. 
 
 Ir, till' l."HHs : n'"! a 'i/-7 time mi motion of earl (Jrey, 
 '; March. .sV.mih/ reailing : for the bill, 134 ; a.u'ainst 
 i;' 175-iiiaji'ritv, MNi: : 14 April. In tlie lommittee 
 l.inil.viiillansl iiioveil, " tliat tlie ipiesliuii uf eiilian- 
 .liisi'iiii'iit sliiiiihl iiiei'i'ile th.it of ilisbanebisemeiit." 
 Tiu'ilivisinii was 151 ami 116 ma,iority against iiiinis- 
 1.1s, Tini'.ivuvi:. 7 May. 
 
 Ilouiiatii'ii "fiiiiiiisl' is. u -May: great pnlilie exeiteliieiit 
 .ii-iu'il, aii'l tlirv wrii' iieliiiril to resiiiiie oltlee on tin 
 liaiKSi'iuiting tliiiii bill pnver to seenre nia.iorities liy 
 
 tlfi'lVatiilll ollii'W pri'l':' 
 
 liillii-LiiKHs, the hill waseaiiii'il tbrougli the eiiiMiiiiltee, 
 wMa.v: ii'ail a (/I'/i/ time : mo against 22 iiia.ioril,\, 
 ri'.HTV.Kiii 11 1 4 .liiiie. iteeeiveil the royal assent, 7 
 Jiilif. 18 iz. 
 
 Tkiniysl lissi'iit ;;ivi'ii to the Scot ili lebaiii liill, 1 7 July ; 
 aini til the Irish one, 7 .\iig. 1832. 
 
 AnonrivK hkkoum nii.t.s. 
 lol.l'ihii lills^. M iiitr "liii'i'il a ai'ie irfu-m hill, 13 I'Vli. 
 i>;i,wliirli was , itlniiawii, 11 April, 1S54, 111 eonse- 
 
 tthe w.ir wi'lj liiissia. 
 
 !Vli. 1S59, Mr. Disi.ieli liroiiglit in a reform bill. 
 il \WLs rejeeteil liy the eoniinons on 31 >bireli, liy a 
 >i:-m\ iif 31]. Tliis li'il to a ilissobition of pariia- 
 nient ariil I'veiitiiallv to a eliange "f iiiiiiis|r\. 
 nifiifivgi'Vi'iimiiiit (loiils I'lilmerston ami .1. liiissell) 
 I'miiiilit f'liAvaril a new Pill, i Mareli, iSoo : Init with 
 liri'wit, 11 .bine Xu ritorin hill was liroiighl. foruaiil 
 I'.itiiegiivi'rniia'iit, iSoi-.s : see O./i/noois. 
 Tl;rili.M'Ui«imi ii'spi'iting iKirliameiitary reforii. was re- 
 li'il in till' autimins of 1864 ami 1H65. 
 [Mi llaiiirs' ri'fiiria hill was re.ieeteil t.y tlir eonimons, 8 
 ( Hhiv, 1805- 
 j Hr, Litailstmie iiitKubieeila/raai'/ii.sr hill, 12 Mareli, i8e.6 : 
 
 'livthis ".\et to niiieml the liepreseiitatiiiii ol the 
 
 : Hit ill ICriplaml ami Willi',," (2 ,\ 3 will. IV. I'. 45). ,1, 
 
 liipiatilis in Knglaiiii were ilisfranehiseil (sebeiliile .\ 1, 10 
 
 [ »enr niiui'i'il to niir iiieiiiher onl.\' (It.) : 22 laxv iMiroiiglis 
 
 «fi( ereattiil tn semi two nieniliers (C), aihl 20 to .seliil 
 
 owiiiemher l).)aril other iiii|iiiitant elmiiges iniule. 
 
 I after niiieli ibsinssion. it was reail a seeoinl time, 2EJ 
 April. A re-i|istiiliiitiiin of .seats hill was introibieeil, 
 
 I anil il rpoiiileil with the riambisi' hill, 7 Mav ; iiii 
 
 1 aminibiienl (nil a ilaiiM', siil..,liliiliii- " miialilu " for 
 "elear yeaily value ") was ].a.ssi,l, in oppi.sition lo »lii- 
 
 I goveiniiiiiit, 10 June; wliieli li'il to the ii signatioa ot 
 tbegoveriiniint, 26 .June; ami the witliilniwiil of tlif 
 bill (see 2|i/«/,'.iw). i) .Inly, i.^oo. 
 Nnmeroiis great iihiini nnilin-s ; I.onilon, Ihile-piik 
 (iiolinis), 73, -24 .Inly ; Agrieiiliiual Hull, 3o,liilv ; anil 
 t-iiiililhiill, 8 Aug. ; Mam hrr-ter, 24 .Sej't. ; I.i'iils, 8 
 • let, ; (.llasgow, i6 (let. ; Kilinhurgli, 17 Nov, ; (.011. 
 feieneeal .Maiiehester, ly Nov. iSofi. 
 Uebirni ilemonslralion of trailes-iinions in I.onilon ; jiro- 
 
 I eession of about 25.000 ; gr'at onler oiiserveil, 3 Dee,. 
 
 ! iS6r). 
 I'roiissii.n of ahoiit iS.(x»i nii'ii to ,\grieiillnral HhU, 
 
 '■-hiigton : g I oilier kept; n beh. 1867. 
 
 ' Mr. Disiaili aniiouneeil his plan ol' pioiiiiling witli re- 
 form by 13 re.solntiiiiis, 11 Tib.; theM- witlelrawii, 26 
 Feb. 1867. 
 I "Tell .Minnlis' bill " intioibm-il ami witlnlrawn, 2i Feb. 
 I 1867. 
 (It I'onipriseil a 01. Iiaiirbisi' lor lioronghs, ami 20/. for 
 eoiiiilii's. S.oil by sir .biliii I'Mliiii-1,,11 to liiive been 
 agreeil to ill the la^l ten milnitis nt ,1 ealiinet enlUieil.) 
 New bill twilli li.iiiMle.l.l Millra-i) iiiti oiliiei il iB .Mareli ; 
 
 i-eail si.|',.iii| time, -7 Ml. li'il, iar,7. 
 The "Tia-r 1 meeling ' "t libiials(Mi ssrs. Owen .Stan- 
 ley, llillwvn, (Irani Dull, ami ntln is), who agree to 
 support till' bill in ..pp.isition to .Mr. (ihnlstones reso- 
 
 i biti wl.ieli is witlnlrawn, ami the bill goes into 
 
 j eoinmittee, 8 .\|iiil ; Mr. tila.Utones amenilmeiit re- 
 .ieete.l tiy 22 (hir 288. .'iL'ainst ,j,,]. 12 .Vpril, t&C-j. 
 reaee.ible nlorm meetiii.;;s at lii I miimliaiii. 22 April; 
 Hyde I'ark, 6 May; National liehirm Union (lirsV 
 meeting), 15 Jlay, 18O7. 
 
 .M"IS llK 1867-8. 
 The new Hero.iii liill I'lissed by the eonimons, 15.16.Iulv ; 
 j liy till' loiils (witli ami'iidiiunis, when lord Di-rby said, 
 that it was "a great e.xperiiiielit, " and "a leap in the 
 dark ') 6 Aug, ; reeeived the royal assent, 15 Aug. 
 [ 18117,* 
 iSeoti'li reform bill intioduied liv Imd ailvmate, 17 Feb, 
 
 passed i; .Inly, 1808. 
 Irish bill iiitrodueed by the earl of .Mayo, 19 Mareh 
 
 pa.ssi'd 13 .Inly, i8i)S. 
 The lief'urni league was dissolved 13 .Mareh, 1869; re- 
 , ViV'd, I let. 1876, 
 
 . liill for eMiiiiling lioiisehold siillra;;i'toeonntieslironglil 
 in aniiiially by .Mr. C. ( 1. Tnvilyaii, see //i.ii.-i/iod/ 
 .Sii/Vai/e. 
 
 ACrs OK lf?4 5, 
 
 Niw bill for liepresintation of the Peojile of the Fiiited 
 
 Kingd I'.xleniling hoiiMhold and lodger sail rage to 
 
 eouiitiesunilorm with boroiit;hs, lehling a bout 2,000,000 
 viib'is iiitioduiid by .Mr. (daiistiiiie, the pr.niiir, 28 
 Fib,, ivad lirst time 3 Mareh ; lord .lohn Manuel's' 
 aiiii'iulihint, deeiii.iiig to pass the liill without know- 
 
 ' This ai't is ibxi.h'd into tliree i^rts :— 
 
 I. Fn.\Mnisi.s, A'lMi.ii.,'/,.. ; All liiiiiseholdei'smi.Hl for 
 relief ollhi' I'liiir; lodg. I's, ;isiih'iii I'lir twilve iiH.intli.s, 
 and ]iayiii;: e^', ,■[ vi'iir. ('...i,. (;,...• I'li -..n^ f pni.^«rt\ of 
 tllr rli'ar aliliua! value iil 5/. : and i.it'i|. -s ..f lands of 
 ti'llelili llts paving ..'. a .\ear. At a enlilist. 1 eleetloii tut 
 any eoiinty or boinugh ivpiesenti d b,\ three mi'mlii'rs,n(> 
 pi'isoii til villi- bir mole than :• eainlidates : in biindon, 
 111 vote lor 1 only. 
 
 liisfr.it,,},:^,,! : Ti.tiiis; Ui'Late ; (in at Yarninutll ; 
 l.aliraslir 
 
 II. DiMiiiiuiioN 111 .>K,\is: boll iighs with less than 
 10,00.1 iiopiilal.'ii, I" I'liirii "111 inriiibi'r milv cis in 
 Selieibili' .\.l Mauri. I'^tir, l,;\ . 1 m'oI, IJirniinghani, ami 
 
 , Leeds, to liaM' 3 ini'ini'ri ^ ii .-It ad of 2. 
 
 1 t'lielsealwitli I'lllhalil. I lami; 1 1 -iidtll, and Kensington) 
 made a bniiiiigli ■ Mirili.\ 1 IMlMi, .iinl .'S.'iirord. to retnrii 
 two nii'iiiiii.is , 'I'liui'T lia'ii!. i...|!\iii,.il iiiiiitwolioriingli.s 
 llaekniv, and Tiomi Ibiiihl.,, d II hn lii'W boronglis 
 in Siheilnle 11,1 Lniveisity ol l.ondon to raurn ime 
 nieiiilier 
 
 in. ."'^rii i.i,:.ii..si.Mi\ I'liiii i^i.i.s- Be>;l..liatioii. kv. 
 lionndary I'oiiiiiiissii.ni'is (,>■;.;,;, ,„,). PneK-itnent ijntto 
 tie diss.'hed I'U any iiuuiv ili niise ot tlir erown. ^vm^- 
 bers holding ulliei's lit prolil liom Hie erown not to vacat» 
 
 1 their seats on aeeeptaiiee of aiu*taiv'V olflee. 
 
 ■I'i 
 
 ':''-l 
 tuel 
 
 SMm 
 
 s^ 
 
REFOKMATION. 
 
 922 
 
 REGENCY BILLS. 
 
 fpip^s^U'^ 
 
 lodue of ivilistrilmtiiiii iifHUiits, 24 Miircli ; niwitivi'il, 
 
 (34o-?io), Mil ivml s 111. I tiiiu', 7-8 April ; IliinI liini' i 
 
 27 June. I.orils, llrst tiiiii', i-j Juiii' : rcji.'teil liy t'iirl j 
 t/iiiriis'H aiiKMiiliiMcit (cims. ivativi'H led hy M.ininis cif 
 Salisliiiry), (205-146), 8-9 July; lail "f \Vciii,\:»;'s iinii- j 
 tiroinisi' rt'lci-tiMl (182- 131!) ; curl Unliwnn't iituiiMliiii'iit, 
 <a(ljminiml-nt, insti'.nl of piMniyatioii nf luuliaiih'Mt till I 
 tlic. aiitiiiiiii), ailoptiil 17 July. Cniiiiiicins, hill irail | 
 
 lll-st ti , 24 Oi't. ; si'i'oliil lilili', (372-232) 7-3 N;pv. ; 
 
 third tiiiU', I [ Nov, I,i.nl» bill ivad llrst tiiiir, .4 .Nnv.; 
 Bi'i'iiiid tiiiii', 18 .Vmv. ; (ii)iiiiiriiiiiisi' with thu t;iivurii- 
 iiii'iit) ; third tinif, s I'l'''- ; I'l's^i'd 6 '•'■'•- 1884. 
 
 Rtidislriliiiliiiii id' fSi'als Aid ; niiMiiiinis, icail liist tiiiii', 
 I Dei- ; .si'ciiiid time, 4 Dec. 1834; third time (116-33), 
 11-12 May, 1883. l.iirds, read lii'st time, ,.. ,M,iy ; secmid 
 time, 15. May: third time, laJuiie; Hiiyul iis.seiit, 25 
 June, 1885. , 
 
 REmsTiiiiiiriox ok Skats Ait.— /.'nrnii;//!* in (rimedssiien 
 (hiiviii" les> than is.'xm inliiiliitaiits) ; KiiKland, So ; 
 Bcotlnnd, 2; Indalid, 22. Tu he inrhi,h-,l in llinr 
 cuitaliit: IterwieU, l.ii hlield,('arriek(er(.'iis. and Dro;;- 
 lieda. Iihfriiiifhhi'ii Im- • "fniiiVfU : Maeeleslhdd, Wand- , 
 wieli. 7V. /nsi' e«i' Ml «('«/■ (liaviiin less than 50,000111- 
 hahitants): Kn^dand, 14; Ireland, 3. 7" /e'lv <i(/./i- , 
 tiniiiil Hiriii'"'i.« (ivilh more than 50,000 inhahitants) ; 
 Kni'land, 12; >Seollaiiil, 3; Ireland, 2. Sm- h„n„i,ih.i: ; 
 EiiKhind, 43. 160 -eats olitained liy disl'ranelnsement 
 to lie divided amoiiK einnilies ami boroiitihs now imder- 
 celireseiited. Certain tioi.nitjhs and eounlies Udurii- 
 
 int; Miiive than mie me r. lor 1 inlo new siih- 
 
 (livisions, returning' one memlier. l.ninlou oidy lohave 
 two ineniliers. Total iiumtier of iiieinlieis to he raised 
 from 652 to 670 ■, lOngland to liave 6 more, .-Seotlaiid 12 
 more. ,, . ■ ■ » 
 
 Mr. Wtnnsfelil's resolution advoratin^' the innieiiile ot 
 "one man, one vote," negatived in the eomiiioiis 
 (291 — iSg), 3 Mareh. 1891. 
 
 REFOliM^VTIO.V, The. Fa\uvu for the 
 reforiiiutioii ot tlio iliureli may be ti-aoed to the 
 reign of Cliiirleiiin-iu', wlieii I'atilimis, liisliop of 
 Aqiiileia, iiniplovoil liia voice iiiid pen to iieeoniplish 
 lit. Tlie priiieipal reloniurs were Wieklille, lliiss, 
 Jerome of I'ni^'iie, Savoimroln, Kriismus. I.utlu'r, 
 7uiiiglius, Tviiilal, Calvin, Melaiii htlioii, Craiinier, 
 Liltiinor, Kiii>x. and ilrowiie. Luther thus eharae- 
 terised liiniself iiiul his IVllow reformers ; " Kos 11011 
 Verba— /."^/"■'■•" " Vnlm non livx—i:riismiis." 
 "Reset \(r\Y.\- Miliniihtlioii." " Xee Verliu nee 
 Re9_Ctf/■('^/(f^/^•" see Jnc/:/i/>iti:s, 7>,-<,/rxl,ji,/.s, Cttl- 
 I'ini.sts, Lullui-diis, I'lrx'ii/U-n'riniiiii, II illiiilitni, 
 &c. The ems of the reliiriuatioii are as follows ;— 
 In France (.<"'i;'<'".<e-'), said to have tiecn a surviving 
 
 Kiiostic sect, not Christian rel'ormers . ahmit 1177 
 
 In England (ll'irklige) 'j6o j 
 
 In liohemia (Jlns,) 1405 
 
 In Italv(./c)"i"'-*eeHiirH?i') 1498 
 
 In Kraiice(/«./ /•'.(it/) lielore 1512 
 
 In Geriiianv(/,K6//./) "S'? 
 
 In (Switzerland (/uiiw'i'"--) '5")' 
 
 111 Denmark (.til. ^T(W /l"''i.'a.«'i.'' 11) . . • ■ 1521 
 
 111 Prussia '5-'7 
 
 In France (Ce/riii); see //«;;«i'iiii(.s .... 1529 
 
 I'rideslaiits tirst so called 
 
 In Sweden (/V/n) "530 
 
 In Eii),danil(//. ."-v 17//.) '5,14 
 
 In Ireland (.livW"'-/»vi ''Vi'if/i- /.'/"leaO • • • 'SJ.S 
 In En 'land, enniiilcted (tVei/mfC, /.'Kin-, Fit'jiti.t. 
 
 &e )7 1547 ; aniinllcd by Mary, 1553; re.slored by 
 
 Elizaheth '558 
 
 In Scotland (/v-«.r),eslalilished i,sf>o 
 
 In the Xelhcrlan.ls, estalilishcd . . . 1562 
 
 REFOltALVTOKY SCHOOLS, for juvenile 
 deliiiqui'iits.* The Uefonuatory School at .Mettrav, 
 near Tours in France, was founded in l8,^') by 
 M. de Met/, formerly a 'ouiiidllor of I'liri.s, warmly 
 ■seooiided h\ the vic'omte de Courcidlcs, wlm gave 
 thf, estate 'on wliieh the estiiblishmeiit is placed. 
 
 *U was ciih-iilalcd {.iiiint 1856) that there were in 
 tondoii ?o,oc«, and in Kanlaiid i.xi.ix. yniitlis under 
 jTleadiiiL'a vagahoiid life, and that out ..1 i5..«.oiil tle.^e 
 who were eoMiiiitted lor trial nearly lalf were in eustody 
 Sor the lir.st tiiuc. 
 
 The one lit Kedhill, Surrey, is situated on luml 
 purchased in 1.S41) by tlie I'liilaiillinipic Swiity, 
 and under the direction of the rev. Sydney Tunier! 
 The tirst utoue of the building was 'laid'^d .\|,|.ii| 
 1H41), by the prince coiiHiirt. The iiiinateadf th, ^,1 
 estiibli.slinients are instructed in larm lalmiir, i,ml 
 divided iutoso-ealleil families. In iSqthe .luvciiilo 
 Otfenders act was passed. In i.Hj;i and 185^ '.Tfat 
 meetings wi're held on this siilijeet ; ami iii Aii^. 
 185(1, the tirst grand coiiferenee of the Xiiti.mai 
 lleforniatory Union was held. 8;c liidrntmi 
 Schools. 
 
 North-West I.ondon I'reventive and iiefeniiiitn'v 
 Institntiiiiiiu the New-roail,estahlislied : all Idiiils 
 
 of trades taught ,),, 
 
 Heloriiiatiirv and Hcl'iige Union louiided . ,..,,- 
 
 Acts for establishing rel'oniiatoiy schiinl.s pa.ss,..!, ' 
 1857, 1858, 1866, 1868 ; aniendcd . . iS/j.t ,;-.. 
 Fift.v-one reformatory sehniils in England (iiml iiim. 
 ill Ireland , 1863; 53 rerormatory selicls (witli 
 4,674 hoys; 1 165 girls!. 1872; Kel'uniiiitory 
 schools ill England and Wales, 1809-90, 46; iu- 
 diistrial schools, 1889, 134; 1890, 141; in Great 
 Hritain, 227 in 1893. 
 All iiileiiiiitional c^liihition i.f the works 1 if tliow 
 si-lmols at the Agricultural Hall. Ishiigiim, iiwir 
 I.oiidiin, opened liy the prince of Wales . . . ,3fr 
 Jlr. T. Harwiek I.ioyd liaker, an eminent jmi. 
 nioter of the ri-foiniatory sy.stem, died . Di-c. iJS6 
 
 I "Kp:f()kmkd oiiUiiCH" (Caivii,ii.ti.), 
 
 eatablishcd in lloUaiid and in siniii' parts iil (icr. 
 many. For tlie lleformcd I'resliyteriaii Clmivh in 
 I Scotland, see ('(iiiHritiiiiins, niiU\ 
 
 ' REFtmMEB EPISCOl'-VL CHUHCH, 
 
 foundeil ill the I'liitcd States ol .Norlli Aiiieiici in 
 ' 1875; iu this country .1 secession irom the l-'rre 
 I Church of Kntjland iu 1877. 
 Dr. Cnmniiiis, assistant liishop of Kentucky, ,ill.i rf. 
 
 vising tlie juaycr-l k, cinisccrated C. K. Clirin'y ;is 
 
 hisliop, 14 Dec. 1873 ; others since coiiscoratt'il iimi 
 churches formed. 
 
 REFR2VCTION, 
 
 • /,/'//'/. 
 
 REFRESHMENT HOUSES for th. salt 
 
 of wine, A:e., are licensed in pursu.mce of an ait 
 pii.'i.sed in l8()0, amended in l8(il : a new act imssed 
 in 18(14, 18(15. ^'^^'^ i-'i'iiii't'"- 
 
 REFRIGER.VTORS, 
 
 see I'rni-ixioiis, 
 
 REFI'GE FOR THE DESTITUTE >ri. 
 
 minal young females), Dalslon, l.iimliiii, K. ; 
 instituted l8i)v incorporated iSj.S. 
 
 REFUGEES' BEXEA'OLEXT FUND, 
 
 instituted in consei|Ucnce ol the Franie-Genirai 
 war, at 11 great ineiding held at the Maiisiuii-linu.,-. 
 London, 21 Oct. 1870. It albnded temimrary ivlul 
 to many sntlerers. 
 
 REFUGES, si'c /Vy)-, 18(14. Kefugcsforlli'sti- 
 tute boys and girls, estiihlisheil in Great (iuctn- 
 street ill 1852. See C/iic/ie.sler. 
 
 REG2VLI2V, see Crouti. 
 
 REG.VTTA. .V public boat race, introiliu'ed 
 into this country from Venice in 1775 ; nnd in lliat 
 year one took place on the Thaiue.s. 
 
 : REGEL2VTTOX. See/<T. 
 
 i REGENCY BILLS. <»ne wa* passed 17,1. 
 One was proposed to |iarliaiuent in coiisequeaiT of 
 the mental iilncsK of (Jenrge IIL. ami tH«f-S" '"■ 
 Dec. 1788. It was relini|uislied on liis maj'-t\« 
 recoverv, 2(1 Fidj. 1781). The return of the nii.iJv 
 led to the iirinee of Wales (afterwards (jcor-e IV.) 
 being sworn in before the privy coancil as regent of 
 
vm 1 jft I 
 
 i 
 
 njo 
 
 DY BILLS. 
 
 ifi-cy, is (iifiintcil nil ij,[,ii 
 ho I'liiliiiilliriipio Soiii.fy 
 of tlic rev. Sydni'V TuniiTl 
 uildiiitr WHS "liiid '30 A|ihl, 
 lorl. Till' imiiiitMadf th, j,! 
 i-ucIcmI ill rmiii liiinnir, aiiil 
 llilic's. ]ii lS:;4lli(.Jiiv,.|,|i,. 
 
 • , .'" '^=il "'111 l«53 ^'reat 
 tins siiliji'ct ; iind in ,\mj 
 •(jiil'iTciiee of tile N';itii,iiai 
 us llidd. .S;o Imlmliiiil 
 
 •elltivi' Mild I!l'fnniriitn.-v 
 
 mdpUstiildisliL'd: idl kiii.ls 
 
 Jiiliiii (miiiili'il 
 
 iniMtniy scliiKils piissul, ' 
 
 llllllldcd . . l3;ji;,:,, 
 
 iiciU in l-'.MKl.-iiiil (mill Hill,, 
 urdrinatory sidini.ls (witli 
 Is), 1872 ; UKriiniuitury 
 il Wtelns, i83t,-9<->. 46; ill. 
 134.; 1890, 141 ; 111 Oruat 
 
 1111 i.r llic w.rli, „r thiv, 
 Lnral Hall. hliii;,'tnn, iifar 
 
 lirinci' nf Witlcs . . . i3^. 
 
 liiiki'f, all cniiiieiit inn. 
 ry systi'iii, dii'd . Uoc. i:-6 
 
 JUUKCH" (Calviiii-ti,), 
 I and ill sniiic parlj nt (iir- 
 iR'd I'rcsliyti'riaii Cliuivh ia 
 
 tlHX, IKltl'. 
 
 I'ISCOPAL CHURCH, 
 
 Stiiti-'s III Niirili .\iii(iii-i in 
 ,1 MTcssiim Iriiiii tin- I're 
 18;;. 
 
 liisliii|i iif Ki'iilui'ky, aftir iv. 
 ;, ciiiisri-rati'd C. K. Clmny as 
 ; otlliTs since cniiseci'iiU'il ;iii^ 
 
 sec I.ii/lil. 
 
 T HOUSES for tk sale 
 ii>cd ill piirsii.iiicti of ;ui ad 
 I'd ill liSdl : II new act |iass«l 
 iniiccn. 
 
 )1{S, see Vvnrixhmn. 
 
 THP] DESTUrUTE [m- 
 
 cs), Dalsiiin, Limdiiii, E. ; 
 lorati'd iSj.S. 
 
 ;E\EV()LEXT FUXD, 
 
 ,ciici' (if the Frani'ii-Genmii 
 
 ig: lii'ld !it till' Maiisiiin-li"iHi>. 
 
 It airiirdcd tciiiiioniry iilirf 
 
 ''u(ii\ liSlq. Urfua;i's forllesti- 
 I'stiililislii'd in Git'iit Quti'ii. 
 
 ^IlicllVHll'l-. 
 
 ])uhlic bout nice, introiliu'ed 
 ,1 Venice in 1 775 : imd in that 
 1 tlie Thiinies. 
 
 . See /«.. 
 
 LLS. One was passi'd 1751. 
 Iiarlianient in cons(4)ue!iie ot 
 ' iU-m-^r in., iwti .HP-"! '" 
 r('linc|uislied on his raaji>tj'l 
 li). rile return of the maiaiiy 
 Vales (afterwards (Jcor;;c IV.) 
 .' the privy council as regiiit ot 
 
 BEQENTS. 
 
 023 
 
 BEGItTM DONXTM. 
 
 ,1, kingdom, 5 Feb. 181 1. Th(^ Ue-ency liill pro- 
 riiiin" fof ''''■' i"li"'"''*"'i''i"" "' '1'" Kovcrnnieut, 
 b lulj the crown descend to the princess Vi(^toriu 
 ',biie uiiJcr einhteeii years of a^e, jiassed I Will. 
 
 i IV 23 Dec. I1S30. A llej;eney Hill appnintiii;! 
 nrate Albert recent in tlni event of the denii.se of 
 li'iiuft'n, slioubl her next lineal successor he under 
 
 |,j^;|,asgt'a4Aug. 1840. 
 
 REGENTS, see Proteetui-dlen. 
 
 REGENT'S CANAL, beciin ut I'liddinKton, 
 
 I wliiTfit joins a cut to tiie (jrand iJiinctimi, passes 
 i^jilfr Miiida-bill, continues its cmirse by the Ue- 
 j.ji'j.iii.rk to Isliu'Aton, where another subterranean 
 .jrivalinn, ahiiui tliree-(|Uarti'rs nf a mile in length, 
 ns liinacd for its passafje. It then firoceeds by 
 g'jjtnn, Hackney, .\lile-eiiii. to I.iniehouse, where 
 it iiiiiiJ the Tlia'iiu's. 'I'lu' whole ienu'tb of it is 
 lemili's; it comprises twelve locks and thirt\'- 
 I (tttll liriilK*"' I!''!-'"". '**'2; opened I .\uj,'. iSio. 
 1 Gii'St exj'l"'''ion of f/iii/jioici/i'i- {u-hii-li .sic), 2 Oct. 
 I<"4. X^e^^' brill,;;!', near Oloucester (jate, itei^ent's 
 Birtoiieiied by theduke of Canibridi,'e, 3 Auk. i^'^- 
 briit 9 Canal unil City Uailway Co. act passed, 
 I I*. 
 
 REGENT'S PARK, "rijtinally part of the 
 I sromiili lielonginj; to a palace of micen Kli/abeth, 
 I Bit to tllc north end of 'I'ottenhaiii court-roail, 
 1 [ulM down in 171)1. Since I'KXl, the pro|ierty was 
 J til to various iiersoiis, but the leases having expired 
 litrfvcrted to the crown; ami in I1S14 jfrcat ini- 
 I nrotenients were coniineiiccd under the direction of 
 I Mr. N'lisli. I'l'' I""''* consists of about 450 acres ; 
 I iritliiii it arc tlie irardens of the /o.douical Society 
 I mil till' Hoval llotHnical Society. Diirin;; a frost 
 I on 1:; Jan. "1867, the rotten ice of 0110 of the lakes 
 I nvi'Vay. ami about 2(X) |iersons were iinnier.sed, of 
 I whom liliovc 40 perished. Addition of 20 acres 
 
 idS'Ip t'i the |iiiblic paik. I.S.H^. 
 I J «;.li liuiiiliiilil was iniiiilci I'll lu'ar York Gate, 24 May. 
 liijit vmitlis, (ii'iirj:c liallcsly, 17, William Elvis, 16, 
 rrlni'iH Coll', iS, IVIcr Lcc, 17, WiUi.im.Josi pli (Jiiii'tc, 
 r, William llciisliaw, 16, ('liarlcs Henry (iovicr, 16, 
 aii'lMicliacI Iliilin;:, 15, all ilesccibcil as kitmiu'ers, 
 Kfirclwrwil with tlic will'ul murder; 1 An;;. ; (iallcsly 
 ra-sCTiivii'ti'il ; till' icst aei|uittcil of ninrili'r, -j An;;.'; 
 tkev iili'iiilcil ^'iiilty to niiuiir cliai';;i's, and were sni- 
 Hfiil til varioiis terms ot penal servitmle, 4 An.;. 
 TliFi'viilciioc iliseloscd till' exislciice ill' liical bands of 
 v.i'jii; iiai^ihs miryiiiK on intcrnceinc warfare. .Joseph 
 iiiimlKiH was not Hie intciiiled vietiin ; Gallcsly 
 rr].iii'vi'il, An^. i883. 
 
 REGENT STREET, London, \V.: dcsifined 
 I Hiiesi'cuti'd by John Xash ; authorised hyact, !;5 
 Iti.'orjf HI. 1813. The colonnades of the quadrant 
 I tftf ri'innvt'd ill 1848. 
 
 REGOIO, see Rh-yiim. 
 
 RliGICIDES, in Kii-lisli history, are the com- 
 j okiiincrs aiipoiiited to try king Charles I,, Ko in 
 Iniinioer; of wliimi 71) ucted. and 5') si^ined the 
 1 iilli-waiTant. .Iiin. Kijcj. Of these last. 21) were 
 llri«l, ami 10 executed : Hai'rison, 13 Oct. ; Cook 
 |.Ml'eters, llj (Jet. ; !>eutt, ^■eroop, ('lenient, and 
 iJmfs, 17 Oct, ; A.vtell and Hacker, 19 Oct. lUtO. 
 I Tlfv asserted themselves to be martyrs. Others 
 |«ereim|iri«nncd. See Asmixsiit '(iuiis. 
 
 Foii'iijii lliiiilcidcii. 
 
 IJuksI. of ScotiMid, liy nobles 
 liiutslll. ,, ' „ . . 
 
 T lU. '.irK-arec, !iy flcmcnt, i Aug. 
 iH-nrylV, „ by Itavaillac 
 
 liiKUvusIII.otSwedeii, bv Ankarati-am, 
 
 I . ''' 
 
 IWjXVI. ,, by convention 
 
 I Fial ot Russia, by nobles 
 
 ■4.17 
 
 . 20 Vch, 
 II June, 
 ; li. J .\iig !5.°..j 
 . 14 May, 1610 
 16 .March ; 
 2y Murcb, 1792 
 21 Jan. 1793 
 24 March, 1801 
 
 1^ .^ATEXTAL EXCHANGE ACT, 
 
 pas.-. :• . May, 1875. 
 
 Rl'l' ilAIEX'I'S OK InFANTUY were formed in 
 France ahoul 15H8 ; see Inliiilni. The toUowing 
 are the approximate dates of the establishment of 
 several lirilisli rei,'iiiients: — 
 
 V.WWAiW 
 
 Oxford nines are ennneonsly said to liave been 
 formed in the rei;;ii of lieiiiy VIH. ; llicy derive 
 their naniu from tlieir colonel, the earl or'().iiroril, 
 in i(,6i 
 
 Three Indian regiments (igtli, .juUi, ami zistjailded 
 
 .Vll;;. i26l 
 
 riiii Driwion (inards, the Mcots Greys, and tlic 
 Kiiyalji'isli were I'lirmeil about . ". i'i8j-6 
 
 .Several regiments of I.iKlit l)ra;;ooiiH were anind 
 with lances and termed /.ii/i,.| IS , . .'Si.pi, ,3,6 
 .See iUi'inninu .Iniie, 1894. 
 INK.VNTIlV (see (hl(inl.t). 
 
 ist Hoyaliir Uoyal Scots rudiment, 1633 ; the obi title 
 '■'■so 1 Dee. 1871 
 
 Colilsti'eam C'lards, establislicd by Monk, in , 1060 
 
 jnl lliills, represent l.oiidiiii train' bands and have 
 
 S| ial |irivil,.;;es „ 
 
 2111I yiieens Hoyal 1661 
 
 4tli KiiiK^s Own ,683 
 
 5tli .N'lirtliuinberlanil fusiliers , 
 
 26tli ('ameriinian 1^189 
 
 loulli e'anailian 1^5^ 
 
 loist to loylll (Imliiui) ailileil , . An;.. 1S61 
 
 Tliii lli;;lilaiiil ri'Kinients .ire the 421111, 71st, 72111I, 
 78tli, 7iylli, y.'iiil, and yjni. .See ;irmii (injunizntiDU, 
 
 REGISTERS. 'Ibe reyisterins of deeds and 
 couve\ances disposing of real estates was ap- 
 pointed to be elicited ill Vorkshire and in .Middlesex, 
 2 .\iine, 1703, tl xiij. Greater security was thus 
 ^'ivcii to purchasers and mort^aijees; and the value 
 of estates increased in those eouiitics. Wills have 
 been for a series of years kejit and resistered, in 
 London, at Doeluis' "(■oiuiiions; see //'///,«. 'i'he 
 rcKistcrint; of shipjiiii;;- in the Tliames was com- 
 menced, 178(1; anil thriiu-bout Kii;;laiid, 1787; and 
 several acts and amcndmeiits of acts have since 
 followed for keepiiie; and improving; registers. 
 Tlie duties and payments ot llic Lord Clerk lie;;ister 
 
 ot Seutland mid bis deputy were regulated by 42 
 
 sV 4J Vict. e. ,,, ' . ,875 
 
 REGISTERS, PaUOCIIIAI,, were estiihlished 
 by (jnimwcll. lord I'Issex, by which the dates of 
 births, iiiiirria;,'es, and burials, beeanie ascertain- 
 able. Sept. I.S,?8. Ibis measure was opposed 
 by the people, who feareil some new ta.xatioii. A 
 staiii|)-tax was laid on re;;isters in 1784. Laws for 
 tlii'ir better re,i;tilation were enacted in 1813 et -se/j. 
 The great lte;;istration act (introduced by bud John 
 l{u.ssell),(nt 7 Will. lV.c.8(), pa.ssed I7"Aug. 1836, 
 see lli/l.s nf Miintilitji, iS:c. 
 A new re;;islratiiiii act t'lir births and deaths, passed 
 
 7 Aug. 1874, came into i.piiatioii . .iJaii. 1875 
 Births and Deaths Itegistratioii act for Ireland 
 
 liasscd 2 Aug. 18S0 
 
 .Major George Graham, the lirst registrar-general 
 (1838), was succeeded by sir IJrydges I'owell 
 ilennikcr, appointed . ,Ian. ,, 
 
 To tile registrar-general's aniinal iijiorts, supple- 
 ments and decennial volutnes an issued occa- 
 sionally. 
 
 REGISTRATTOV ot.- Voteus «as enacted 
 by the iieform a.t, passed 7 June, 1832, and by 
 acts passed in loCio and 1885; see JUcUing 
 Jkirriatiis. 
 New I'arliamentary and .Mnnieipal liegistration act 
 
 pa.ssed 22 .Inly, 1878 
 
 Xew'liil!. seconilreadim;. 26 Arir. : witbilrav.ii. Hep'r,. t.''..j3 
 Hegistnilion Accelerati.'ii ac -v-seil . 31 July, 189.1 
 
 REGIUM IJONU^ir (: yal gift), an allowance 
 from the sovereiifii for l! .: aintenance of the I'res- 
 byterian ministers in ' ehind, coininenced by 
 
 Hd' 
 
 i«"' 
 
 3 \WA 
 
 I ! 
 
 . 1. 1' '^ ' ■ 
 
 ■ £il 
 
 1 1 
 
 a'. J 
 
 :'.(■: 
 
 '- ' \ 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
 %j ^i.vm 
 
I- a 
 
 m 
 
 
 *♦**' 
 
 
 'I 
 
 
 
 KEOULATION OF WOUSIIII'. I'-'l 
 
 i{?:\r)siu'i' ;. 
 
 t'lmrlo* 11. ill l(i7J, mill rcvivnl liy Williani 111. in 
 iCvp, \v:u riimimiti'il liv llu' Irinli rii'sliyli'iir.n 
 Cliimh lilt |.ii-ril Jiiiii',' l.S;r. Ihi' iillnwiiini' tn 
 ciirliiiii protc^tiint dissi'iiliiu iiiinisirrs in lii'liiml 
 WHS t;iMii up liy llii'iu in 1H57, in tli-tuiciit'i' to the 
 wislifs (if Kn^'lisli ilisscntcr.^. 
 
 i{Eour;.vTr()\ OF runLic won- 
 
 SlUl', see J'i(/i/ic H'urahip. 
 
 liEU I'liATION OF THE FoucEs Act imsse'l 
 
 17 Aun'. i-<7i. Sc'i' Ann;/. 
 
 EEinilKN'HACH (I'lin^in). H'l'' "mo, 
 wiis killuil (luiinv; tlir innilirts lirtwi'in tlio I'lnirli 
 anil till' iillii'n, 22 .\Iii\. I1S1.5; src lliiiil-.tii. Ilrre 
 \v;i.<si;:ilc(l 11 .Hulniily ticMty lirlw, ,11 Uu-Mil, I'l'naMii. 
 mill Knaliiii'l. whri'i'liy ilii' In- .npiKi'il tn pniviilr 
 iiu'iiiH tor i':i:rviii- "li tlu' wur :i;;iiin-t Niipnlron I. 
 on ri'itiiin iMhi'lilinns, 14, is ,)iinr, l.Slj. Ansliiii 
 joinril Hii' iilUiinri' .<ooii iil'u'i'. 
 
 HEICIISK.VTII, till' ivpiisiiititivi'inniiiil ' t 
 tlie fin|)iiL' "I .\iwtriii, luiMnistitiiti'il liy ilcrii'i' 5 
 March; iiu't m 51 .Miiy, i.Hik). In Miiy, i.Sdi, tliu 
 upper luiiHi' i'(iii>)stril u\ 17 Hpiriliial, Si hcriijitiiry, 
 anil \') perl'. The lower house eiiiisistiil of l.^i 
 eiucleil (h'liuties. No represelitalives came from 
 lluinarv, TiiiiHvlvania, Veiietiii, the liiinat, Sla- 
 voiiia, C'loiitiii, 'mill Istiiii The Ueichsnilli was 
 aboli.she.i liv a rescript, 21 Sept. I.Sl>5, with the 
 view of restoring aiitonomy to llnnKiiry anil other 
 ])rovinees. It af;aiii met 20 Mav, 1W17. Tlie 
 Keichsta- of (ierinaiiy, t'-: Jilinerial iiarliiuiient or 
 diet, first met at lierl'ii', .'! ''■fir. 1871. 
 
 KEIGA'PE (Siiirv".;, tmx, two memliers to 
 parliament in the iviiit ■ t {-klwaril I. ; lust one liy 
 the Iteforin .\ct of fjlj;-, nn! was wholly ilisfraii- 
 ehi^etl for e. irruption 'n i'lut of 18(17. rop.ilation, 
 IS«I, iS.()(i2; iS9i,22,'ii4'v 
 
 REIGX OF TEUUOll. Maximilien Itolies- 
 iiierre heaileil tli populace in the t'lcimp lie Mars, 
 
 111 I'aris, ileiiiamlni^- the ilclliroiie nt of the kiii^, 
 
 17 July, I7')l- He was tiiiimphaiit in 171)^, anil 
 numliersof eminent men ami citi/eiis were sacriliceil 
 durini; his s,iii;;ninary ailmiiiistration. Hillauii 
 Vureiine.s ileiiounccil tlie tvranny of Kiil)es|iieiTe in 
 the tribune, 27 .Inly, 171)4. The next ilay he 
 KUtlereil ileatli, with many of his conijiaiuons; 
 see FitDiir. Tliis has heeii ternieil the Jliil Terror. 
 The reaction after the restoration of the lionrholis, 
 l8li, ilisj.'raccil hy many atrocious acts of wanton 
 crneltv, has liccii" termeil tlie // 7, (Vc Terror. The 
 .lesuit's wire then eoiisiiicuons in the destruetion 
 of their adversaries. 
 
 EEIGNS ( )F SOVEKEIGNS. The iiveraKe 
 
 duration, accoiilinj; to Newton, is 19 years each; 
 accoiilin^' to Male- 22?, years; that of the sovereifins 
 of Kn^'laiiil hcin^r 21,h years, and that of the popes, 
 -t years. I'iiis l.\."wHs the lirst (lope who reigned 
 
 The lielief and Secession churches wcit )] 
 
 above 25 years, 184(1-78. 
 
 RELIC'S, the trade in these became general in 
 the 7tli cinliiiv, fragments of hones. iVc. being 
 hrouglit from .ienisalem. The sale of relics was 
 prohibited by pope Innocent III. I H)8, without 
 efteet. 
 
 RELIEF CIiriir'Tr, a secession from tlie 
 ehureh of Scotland. f..nndcil by Thomas Gillesiiie, 
 who was depo.-cii lioiu hi- loiui'stry for onposing the 
 iloctriiio of passive obedience to the law of the 
 ehureh of Scotland respecting the settlement of 
 ministers. 25 Mav, 17,2. The churcli was eonsti- 
 tuted us the '■ p'resbytery of ii lief," 22 Oct. 1761. 
 
 Ulllli'il .|g 
 
 the I'liited rreabyteriiiii Church, 13 M,iy, ix,- 
 RELIEF OF DISTRESS (luFuxni 
 
 A('T, .15 ^' 44 ^ "t. c. 14, jmased 2 S ;;. iSKo.", ,.f 
 htliinil, lii'C. iK. I. 
 
 RELIGION (from (•('/(V/". I bind a'j.iiii, ill 111,, 
 sense .i| a vow or o itli) comprehcinl. n li|.li|.| i„ \]^^ 
 bciii;; and perfeelioiis of (lod, and oliiilii.],,.,, |,, [j^ 
 con 'iiaiuliiicntH. The Jewish religion is set tm 1^,11) 
 the 1 dil, and the ('hri-tianreligi.ni in the Ncw.'iv,!!,. 
 iiielit. Departure from these sci iptiin » I,;,, |f,,|| 
 the origin of all corrupt lornisof rclisi.m, as lurttnlii 
 ill them. lUiildhisin ilillers from this. Sci .IWj. 
 ineliiDimiu and other religions and sect- niiilir llmr 
 names. T'ho population of the ulolie wjih i-|.|,n.Tne 
 tin, liifioiis Worship, is given by llaibi (wliiiii<.uiii|.|) 
 the total population to be I .iiio.inxi.um,. iinj 
 llielerici (who assiiincd it to lie l,2SS,ui(i.uixi\;ij 
 follows: .\ gillcry of religions iit the liiuUl, 
 mnseufii, lilomusliury, opened li) I'eb. l,Si>4. 
 
 /.Vi/'yitiSjM, ;'■.■!. ni'idHj,) 
 
 ■ lews 4,5i«>,oi:«j 5.ii.<.,ooc 
 
 L'lirisliiiiis . . . . j;!S.ooo,i,« 3.1!.a<)Mo 
 
 ItolliilM e'atliolics . . , o ...Lioo.oix 17.i,a)0.uoo 
 
 .MalioMielans .... 155,000,0.10 \(>o,iajs,m> 
 Id.ilators, .Vc. not profi.ssin;! tlie 
 
 .Icwisli. rliristiiiii.or .Miilioiiic- 
 
 1,111 woisliii 6fi5,5Jo,cx«j 5ini.;iu.,o«) 
 
 J-Ist imalc ill 1869: i,375,cKJo,(,xju. 
 lioiiiiiii fatliolics i'i5.4')o,»o 
 
 Trolcslallts l.x,,|is,i»3 
 
 Isastcrii cliarcli ki,473,oi» 
 
 lla.hlliisls 36c).cuo,oi» 
 
 otiirr .Vsiatic religions .... 21. ,„.oco 
 
 I'.i^aiis I.. ..,.0.000 
 
 M.'lliouiitalis itj.omj.Ou; 
 
 • lews 7. ■«.<«) 
 
 In Kiiri'j'i- (cslilliatcd) 1S69 (Miniuinih 'It Irilii'i). 
 
 Itoiiiaii fatliolics i44.>io,ooo 
 
 I'r.ileslanis , . . ... dS, 500,0(0 
 
 (licik Cliiircli ... . , 68.ux.,oM) 
 
 .lews . , ...... 4.40)„to 
 
 .Malioiaetiuis ^','m:,c..o 
 
 RELIGION OF HITMAXITV. <■>■<■ /.i. 
 
 /in J'/ii/ii.iii/i/i;/ n\u\ f<fcii/(ir)niii. 
 
 EELIOTOI'S TKACT SOCIETY, i.tiudij 
 
 17')'); receipts (|8,S7), iiieludiiigsalcs,\c . 2l>\.^(J. 
 • }tili(/i(iiii i:(stnictiiii4 ill b lard schools, sec hhmi- 
 titiii. 1871) 1)4. 
 
 REMISSION OF I'ENALTIKS ACT, 
 
 see ^uiii/iii/. 
 
 REMONSTKANCE. Thk Gu.vmi. .Iniwn 
 
 up by the house of commons, and pic-eiueil Inking 
 ( hai'les I., I Dec. 1(141. It consislcil .if :oii arliiW, 
 : dwelt bitterly on all the kind's illegal ana ii|i]iris. 
 sive acts, and was printed by order of the iRaw. 
 
 liEMONSTRANTS, see Aniil„iu„s. 
 
 RENAISSAN(;E, atenn applied t.. tlie revival 
 of the study of classic litcralnrcaial art in tlie IJtli 
 and I()th centuries, under the patr"na::c of ilip 
 
 Meiliei and others; see )'iiiiilcrx. I Sruiplori. 
 
 Air. .John A, Symonds' '• History of the lii-iiiii'sinrp 
 in Italv," with supplemeii's, 7 vols.. imWijliftl 
 18715-86. He was bom i,S40 and died 19 .Ipril, 
 1893. 
 
 RENDSBFRG (Holstein), was taken l.ytli<> 
 imperialists in 1(127 ; bv the Swedes in P43; uiiilby 
 the rru:;siaiis ane i-.iifedcrate trnop-ia i.S,;". Tie 
 first diet of Sehleswig an.l H ilstcin met litre j 
 April, 1848. It was re-occu|iieii by the Daiios in 
 1852, and taken by the Prussians alter 11 siiioiis 
 cohtlict, 21 July, 18(14. 
 
III! I'llUlvlir* VMi,. ,1111, ,,|| _^^ 
 
 II Cliurcli, i_5 Miiy, iK^- 
 HSTUESS (luKUNn) 
 
 U, pllSSfll 2 \ ;. ihKo. ;,,, 
 
 I relii/o, I liiii.l „.j,iin, inn,,, 
 
 l'nlll|]l(.h.'ll.Uu lirlic) 111 .1,1. 
 if (iiill, iiiul (illiiliili..,. 1 1„ 
 
 cwisli ivlini'iii is ,it |,,|if,i',) 
 inii'liffiiiMiii lhi> New, iVsi:,. 
 Ill tlicKc siTi|,in.i,. |,;i, „,i,,| 
 
 InrillSul'rill-inli.ll, |„|.(.j„|j 
 
 lll'C'I'.H rillMl tlllH, Sll ,M,ii,„. 
 
 \'v/\i'UH mill >cTi. iiiuliiil,iir 
 n 111 till' ulolii' Willi ril.iviie 
 (,'ivc'ii l.y liiiilii (Willi, i.,iiiin,,) 
 til lie l,iiio.i»«),uHi„ iiiij 
 1 it til 111' r,3.SS,ni(i,u,')(|i,.n 
 if rcUitlDiis lit tlic Iliiti,|, 
 0(iciuiil |i) I'fl). i,Si||. 
 
 Ilutlli (iSjI.I. y'''llllO(||l;r,| 
 
 . 4,3uo,i«:^, 5.v.<,,o<», 
 
 j;-S,ot)o,,«x> 3H,,j,v,i«, 
 
 . 1I».,U(X1,U1.J I7u,u,.-.uoo 
 
 . i35,uoo,i»x. l6o,iAA),™ 
 
 jlllK tilt) 
 
 llilltilllf- 
 
 • 665,500,000 8<xi.cu..,ix«i 
 375,c>jo,cxx). 
 
 , • • . I'l^.^i'Ki.-ino 
 
 • j'Kl.fti.iJIU 
 
 '■' I'.OOO 
 
 ■ - • '. ' -j-uoo 
 
 7. -O.KO 
 
 I) i869(.i;i.iiiiiiii;i.(f ';,*n, 
 
 i44.>'«,c«) 
 
 ^'>', 5^10,000 
 
 4.4ivj,u<i 
 
 ' HITMAXITY. Ml. ;•<,„. 
 
 ICIlldflxill. 
 
 IJAf'T SOCIETY. l..miJ..l 
 
 iiicliiiliii^'siili s, \i- , :in.44'i?. 
 in li mill mIiihiU, si '• hhitif- 
 
 ItKX.VES. 
 
 1)2.1 
 
 HEllKDO.S. 
 
 'm(r 
 
 )F I'EXALTIES ACT, 
 
 rCJ'i, TlIF, (JKAXli, ilrawn 
 iiini'ius, iiiul pii'Sfiiiril 111 king 
 I, It nmsi'.tcd iiritHiiirtlclrs, 
 
 llir kiim's illi'u:iil iiii'i ii|i]iii'i- 
 iilcil liy orik'i' nf tlic Iihum'. 
 
 iiTiS, si'c /innliiiiiiis. 
 
 |>], iitcnii iiinilii'il III the revival 
 ■ litriiiiiiri' mill iii't ill till' lith 
 iiiiiliT tlif iKitr"iiiis;i' of the 
 sec I'tiiiitii'H, mill Si'ii!i)lori. 
 <' "llisliin nf the Ui'iiiii-sanfP 
 iplfiiieiiis,"; vols., imlilisliftl 
 10111 1S40 iinj ilit'd 19 April, 
 
 (lliilstciii), was tiikon kllip 
 1)V tlie Swi'ilcs ill i(45;iinJl)T 
 iifVili i-ntc ti'iiii|is in 1H4S, Tie 
 lii; iiii.l II jlstciii im't litre j 
 I ni-miciipiiMl by tlu' Danes In 
 
 till' I'nissians ultvr 11 siiious 
 14. 
 
 BKXNKS ("iipiliil lit Itiiltiiiiy, N. W. FniimO. 
 ||,,|-|, w;i* I'st.itilisliril by lliiiiy 11., ill 1^55, llii' 
 purliiiuii'iit Ml n'li bnilril fill' its iiiili'| I'li'iii'iui', 
 Lviaiiv ill it« «triin);li' with llic rmii-t, i;,><X-«ij. 
 0, j(i Muv, ly.'^H, it ili'i'liM-i'il iiiliiiiiiiuii I'ViTj' iiiii; 
 ,|,,)iliiiiilil liikr [iMil ill till' II, III- jiUiiiife then )il'o- 
 |i,„.J, but iifli'i'vv.u'ils sllll|l|■^•^st'll. 
 
 KEN rS "aid to Imyc bct'ii Hint miulu niiyablo in 
 
 iii,iiii'V, iu'ii'ii't "'' ill kiiiil, iiliiuil 1135. Nuiiicroui j 
 iljiuleii luivi' bii'ii I'liiii'liil ill vnrioii.s rci|,'iw to , 
 i'lim' 111'' ii'bilioiiN mill n'Kiiliili' tlic dciiliiiirn 1 
 lifii.i'ii hindliinl and ti'iiiint. H \- i) Vict. c. I0(j ' 
 (iS^^l I'i'Klllilli'S Irilsi'H. lly the art S .Allllf, I'CXJ, 
 jjg„„iU are H'lmniililii IVolii li'iii'iiii'iits under im 
 tiputi'iii until till' ri'iil -liiilj liavi' bi'i'ii paid In llii' 
 [i,„li. 111 hv llii' sbrrill, l^mi. 'I'lii' rriitil "f Kii;,laiiil, 
 imliiilmslaiid, Inmsi's, mid miiii'M, was (j.uk.mxioi'. 
 about tilt' yi'Mi ll/K), mill twrlvo yi'iir.'' luiri'liasi' tin/ 
 iiliieiif lii'iiil. .\biiut Hk/), till' i-i'iilal aniniiiiti'il t" 
 11,1X10,000/., .mil tliu Imiil wa.s woi'tli linliti'ni 
 ifiirs' puriliii-i'. Jliiri'iiniif mi I lie liimiiiis, 'I'lu' 
 rental of till' I'liili'd Kiii^'duiii lias bi'i'ii I'stiniuti'd 
 iniliiipri'-i'iil ii'iitiiry at i27,oi/ij,(xx)/, ; (ji-t'Ht iiiiti- 
 Mil au'itiiliiin ill In'biiid, 1879, et my.; si't' Liinil 
 uJ lirhiiil. \i'. 
 
 liKPEATi III'' Tilt: I'.Mov, Ihkl.vnd, An 
 
 Iriiii iissiii'iiitiiiii was fornii'd with tliis objin't iindi'i- 
 iheiuspii'i's iif .Ml', O't'iiiiiii'll, 111 iSjo. Sou Jliime 
 
 i|inHlamiiliiiii ofllii' lord lii'iili'iiant iirnljilMtcd tlic 
 !iiiHtiin.siira soi'ii'lv "li'iifjiii'd liir tin- lioi'posii of 
 froiiriiiija npi'al of llu' union, uiidn llio naiiic 
 lit lliii Irisli .■<oi'ii't.V for l-r^iii mid l-i'^rislative 
 IMiff, iir till' .Viili-L'iiiiiii Woi'ii'ty " . 18 Oct. 1830 
 
 T; umiis, liv a iiia.toi'ity of .p4, n-jcct Mr. 
 
 ,, nil, lis III. aiiiii for repeal 27 A|iril, i8j4 
 
 A V .1 i^-iii'ialiiiu ill iS.ji. 1S43, and 1843 I'l'i-alllt! 
 iiiiirc viiili'iit. .Vssi'iulilii'.s ,1 tlic lower classed 
 lit llie |i™pli. were lield ill tlie last iimiie'l year, 
 in v.iriiiiis p.ivis of Irelaii'l, some ol' tlieiii 
 iiiiiiiiiitiiixto 150,1x10 periionii, and called "monster 
 mi'etiii|.is. " 
 
 ijn'aliiia'tiiii.' at Triiii, 16 March ; other iiiectiiiHH 
 «.,.ri' lu'lil at Miilliii;.'ar, Cork, and l,on;,'fiirii, 
 mi4,2i,aiiil 2i .May, respi'clivcly ; at lirojjlieda, 
 Kilk.iiiiv, )lallow, ,111. 1 lliiiiiliilk, on 5, 8, 11, and 
 :j,liiiii': al jiuiiiiybriiok and lialtinKla.ss, 3 and 
 ».Iiily; at I'aia, 15 .\iil:. ; at l,iiuj;hna, t'lil'ton, 
 111.1 Usiiuiri', 1.1, 17, and 24 Sept. ; and at 
 Jliillanliiiiast t Oct. 1843 
 
 Aniiftiii^ til lie liel.l at Clmilarf, on 8 Oct. was 
 |.M-iiiti'i'. liv (loveniiiieiit ; and .Mr. O'L'onncU and 
 his cliii't ii.ssiieiiites were liroiijjht to trial for 
 l<ililii',il I'liiispirary. ii;,l,iii. 1844; and convicted 
 I! Fill. : liiit the M'lili'iicu was reversed liy the 
 V.iis.' i.flnr.ls, 4 Sept. ; see TrinU. 
 I T!ir:b>.i.'ial'..iii fill' 111!' repeal of the niiioii con- 
 liiia.'lfiir siiiiie lime uiidir tlie direction of .Mr. 
 WiiiiiVuuiR'H, but was litth' reyardi'd. 
 j Tlif tiitiil " repeal reiifiUHaid to have iinioiiuted 
 to i3i,!79l. 
 
 .Ifriiiili'.si atti'inpt wan made in Dulilln to rcvivD 
 r.'palaKilali.ui 4 Dec. 1S60 
 
 REPLEMiSriER, sco FM-h-U-itii ( Vrictiomd) . 
 
 ItEPORTlXO. Tho publication of Ilic debates 
 
 t iniiirliaiiii'iit is fiuliiddeu as 11 breach of privilcjfc, 
 
 iiitwas virlually eoncedeil, alter 11 severe strui(^le, 
 
 ini;;i.* liepnrtor.s' j^allcries were erected iii'the 
 
 taiejnfparlianient after the fire of 1834. To the 
 
 ' Wry inai curate rcport.s of parlianicntary deliales 
 
 M' iiwTli'il ill the Unitloniin's Miiihi:hii and other 
 
 lwiilii'.ils ill the iiii.lillc ot' till' last crniiiry. Miller, 
 
 I irnt-nir tlie I.nmhm Kvcninc] Mail, was arrested in tliu 
 
 I fitjiif kiBiilou, liv oilier of tlie house of eomnions, for 
 
 ■ihiiiK^ the I'.cliatc;;, but wan di.sch.irg:'d liy tho lurii 
 
 J!..r, Willi f.ir lining this was sent to tlie Tow'er, where 
 
 I Itniuiiii'il until the end of the session. No opposition 
 
 iKi'lf t'l the pulilication of the debates in the next 
 
 I ^i<ion, 177?, 
 
 niilcttcri'd liberty of rc|iortini{ we doubtless owo 
 
 niiieli III our heidoin and « 1 Koveinnicnt ; m'd 
 
 iiiidcr /,./»'. lly III. verdict for the ilelcudanl in 
 llieciis,. Ill Wasoiir. '/'/„■ Tnnr.i (for libel) repoiln 
 lit iMrliiiiiiciitary debates were decided to la' privi- 
 lc;;ed, .Nov. t.S'iS. Fortlio att.'iuplcil exi liision of 
 l'e|iiilters, see fil iiiii„„lit, iH;;,. A colnnious coin- 
 liiitlce on ri'p.iitiim iceoninieiid continii.uice of 
 IIiuiaurd'sdcKates willi inipiincineiit, iliiy, 1879, 
 Tlicpiilillcatloi, 'if Hansard, iKirllfliiieiitmydi'iiaten 
 
 S;-!. Latterly a siih- 
 lilieali.iii of the de. 
 
 I;i. 
 
 1) 
 
 r;i.. 
 
 t;illtlce 
 
 llai.sard 
 
 1 iiloii 
 
 /■«i/.i, 
 
 Ti 
 
 re 
 
 I,._. 
 
 lort 
 
 otor of 
 ■ 2 .Nov. 
 
 am com. 
 s of pur. 
 
 , . I«l 
 
 \»"Mii 180) mid I |iiKei| In 
 sidy •,»,'is uraiii.',!. The 1 
 liati's will taken up hy .M,.ssn. .M 
 it Co., K'b. iciti,^; ami ciihliiiiii..| I 
 I'niilislilm Iiiion, llmltHd, iH :. 
 ordered 1,, he wound 111,, ,3 ^t - 
 
 ia.>j-y|, 
 
 Mr. Thomas Ciirsoi. Ilansai'il, fori, 
 
 the "di'liatCH," IlK'cd 78, does 
 tloveriimelit eolitlllet siilh Kelltcr's Ti 
 
 paiiy for priiitiiit; -in : puidisliii 
 
 lliimeiilary dehiit,.,, ,ve., 21 Dee, iB.jI ; iml,lis'li..d 
 „„ , 26 fell. iSna 
 
 llie coiiiraet aeeeptt'd for iSyj by Messrs. Kvni ,t 
 
 tSpottHwoijile, 
 A select ci.nimittee of the commons on iiarlimiieiit- 
 
 ary repiMtlMi;, sir J, 'J'. Ilihhert eluiiniian, met 
 
 , , 1 ' .\nril, iBgi 
 
 li'iiiler,< invit.'d lor thii'i's.'licmesi.f repoiliuj,', 
 
 ,„ , , ahont 20 Dec. ,, 
 
 lender aeei.]iti'il for iBys, by W.iterlow, «ons &Co, 
 
 Jan, 1895 
 
 HEPUESENTATION ov the I'kopi.k 
 
 A( T Full K\iil..\M), ]i.isscil 1^ Aii^r. ,X(,7. ,u,. 
 
 Ireland iiiid ,S...ilmii|. 15 July, i,S(,«j 11 new act 
 
 imssed, 6 Deo, iH,S4. .See /{il'o'nii. 
 
 The lli'pnsrntiiliiv, a .lally l',,iv paper, was started 
 by .Mr. .lohn Murray, the hookscller, in opp. .sition 
 
 111 the I liiii.i, ill i3..6. .Mil ;,di he was .issisted 
 
 by -Mr. Deiijaiiiiii Disraeli and other eminent per- 
 sons, thi) projeel was niisiieeessful ; the lust 
 nninberaiipi.'ared 25 Jan., the last . 29 July, 182G 
 
 "KEl'Tir.E UrilEAUCKACY," t, mi ap- 
 
 lilieil 111 (icniiany to certain piuinilists writing for 
 jjovcrnnieiit ]i:iy , 1.S71, ,1 m//. 
 
 liElTliLICAXS, see llfiiiwrnls. The name 
 ndopti'il by the Northern party in tli,' l.'iiiteil States, 
 X. A., opposed to the di'iiionats in the S.iulli. It 
 is stated that the first di'lcuate-iiiniiiniilin',' eon- 
 vi'iitioiiin theruited States that adoiitcil the name 
 Kepublican party, was held in Mroiii;. Kraiikliu 
 ciuinty, Maine, 7 An-. i,S54. Sir Charles Dilkc, 
 .M.l'. professed liiniself a ri'piiblieau at iniblic. 
 nieetiii;;s and was iiiucli applaudid, Nov. 1871; 
 but at some iilincs his appearance led to liolons p'ro- 
 ceedinj;s. llis motion lor retiiiiis respectinjf tho 
 e.\penilitiire of the civil list by the queen wasneeii- 
 tiveil in the house of cominoii's (2— 27'j), Pi .March, 
 1872. A national riiniblican coiilereiice of drlcijales 
 was held .it SlnlKeld, I Dec. 1872, when a national 
 ilai; was ad'.pteil. 
 
 KEPITBLTCS, see Alhenii, liniiw, Genoa, 
 I'i'iiiir. Fi-iiiiee (1702, 1.S48, 1870), l^pain (1873), 
 liriizil ,l88g), and Anicriai. 
 
 BEQUESTS, CouuTS of; see Con.tdaice. 
 
 REQUIEM, a solemn mass, sung for the 
 dead, so called front tlio introit " Uuqniem 
 .1'Uernam," Arc. ralestrina's Heiiuiein wasiirinteil 
 at Koine, i.S'll : Vittoria's at Madrid, Kw; Mo- 
 zart's last work was a reiiuiem, 1791. 
 
 REREDOS, the sereoii or decorated jiorlioii n{ 
 
 tho wuU behind tho altar in a church. 
 
 A highly sculptured reredos, designed by sir G. 0. 
 Se.ott, was eroded in Kxetcr cathedral, by sub- 
 scription ,873 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 : ; I; 
 
V] 
 
 <^ 
 
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 ^% 
 
 
 
 
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 .v^^^ 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
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 <^^^ 
 
o 
 
 f/j 
 
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 m 
 
 
 K'' * 
 
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 S>| 
 
 
 ilifc ii 
 
 B^^Hl 
 
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 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hr ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 p 
 
 RESERVE FORCES. 
 
 926 
 
 REVENUE. 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1891 
 
 PirlK'mlary I'liilpotts tlip clmiicollur, iiml ntlicrs 
 \vlii> (ilijfi'tfcl, brniiKlit tiicMi"li.iectiHiisbfl.ire till. 
 l>i.slici|i'svisilati(iii(Mmi-t,"ii7.liiii. ; it wasilcclili'il 
 tli:il till' liisliiili liiiil .jiirisilictiiiii in tlii' iiuittci-, 
 anil he orilcreil tlic riTiMns to lie miiuvril. 15 
 Apiil, 1874. Dean liiiyl aiMieali'il to tlie I'lnirt "I 
 aiclies, and sir 1{. I'liillininie itvitsimI tlie piv- 
 
 VillllS lll'I'isinil ■ fi '^^'n- 
 
 Prelieiiilaiv niiliiiittsapi.ealeil tii tliiMinlu'ial inni- 
 niittiH'iif tin- piivyi'i.iiiii'il, wlKnlwiili'il that the 
 rereiliis sliiiuM remain . • ■ ^J, '''!;'' 
 
 The iiiaj,'iiill(;ent. rereil.is set up in St. lunls 
 Catlieilral, Liinilun, was prntesteil awiinst as 
 idulatriins by smiie iif the I.diiildii cleivy, April, 
 1888. An auliiiii a-ainst tlie ilean liavinj,' beeii 
 stiippeil by the bishop, the (pieen's beiieli ilivi- 
 siun iirilereil the bislmp to withdraw his veUi 
 upon the prosecution, i June, 1889. Afterfurther 
 litiwitiiiii, this house of lords sustained the 
 bishops veto 20 ^"'^1 
 
 RESERVE FORCES. IntheBummorof 1859, '; 
 acts wore imssed to jirovide for tlie L'stabhslinient i 
 of a military reserve lone of men who hiive been in [ 
 her majesty's service (not to exceed 20,000), and a ! 
 volunteer reserve force of seamen not to exceed j 
 ^0,000. These acts were consolidated and amended ; 
 in l8f)7, l882and 189(3. Thereserveforcescalledout by 
 proclamation, on account of possible war with Russia, , 
 2 Ajiril, 1878. About 35,000 good soldiers appeared, ! 
 and were coninnnded. They were dislianilcd 31 . 
 Aug. 1878. Again called out on accouilt of war m j 
 Egvpt, 25 July, 1882, and prospect of war with j 
 Russia, 27 March, 1885. Average of army reserve : 
 1888, S5,o(.8; 1890, 56,082; 1893, :(>,»:^; i89(), 
 78,057. Important elianges to be made to meet 1 
 exigencies during war time, act passed, I July, 
 1898. , 
 
 RESOLUTE, ship, see FrankUn Search, 1854. 
 
 RESONATOR, a small apparatus, placed in 
 the mouth to strengthen aud increase the volume of 
 the voice in singing, invented by signer AUierto 
 Bach, who exhibited its effects at the Royal 
 Academy of Music, 29 June, 1880. 
 
 RESPIRATORS, see Charcoal and Fireman. 
 
 RESTITUTION BILL, of Mr. Jesse Col- 
 lings, proposes the surrender of lands illegally 
 taken from commons, to be given to small culti- 
 Tators, to become peasant proprietors, Jan. 1885. 
 
 RESTORATION, The, of king Charles IT. 
 to the crown of England, after an interregnum of 
 eleven years and four months, between 30 Jan. 1619, 
 when Charles I. was beheaded, and 29 May, 1660, 
 when Charles II. entered London amidst tlie accla- 
 mations of the people. The annual form of prayer, 
 with thanksgiving, then appointed, was ordered 
 to be disused by 22 Vict. c. 2, 25 March, 1849. 
 See France, l^\^, 1815. 
 
 RETREAT of the Ten TitousAND 
 GliEEKS, who had joined the army of the younger 
 Cvrus in his revolt against his brother, Artaxerxes 
 Mnemon. The Greeks were victors, but Cyrus was 
 defeated and slain at the battle of Cuuaxa, 401 B.C. 
 Artaxerxes liaving enticed the Greek leaders into 
 his power and killed them, Xenophon was called to 
 the command of his countrymen. Under continual 
 alarms from sudden attacks, he led them across 
 rapid rivers, through vast deserts, over the tops of 
 mountains, till he reached the sea. The Greeks re- 
 turned home after a march of 1155 parasangs or 
 leBgiu's {^465 miles), which was performed in 2 15 
 days, alter the absence of fifteen months. This 
 retreat has been immortalised by the account given 
 by its conductor, in his "Anabasis Cyri" (Expedi- 
 tion of Cyrus). 
 
 REUNION, see Frini;/c/icii/ (j,-,:,, , 
 UiU'.MON, isle of, see ISunrlmti. 
 
 REUSS-GREIZ amj RErsS-SCIIL':!/ I 
 two principalities in central Uernianv, wuii ,, i,y,,'J 
 
 jiopulalion of \(£,y>2 in 18H5; "■" '^^ ' I 
 
 The reigning family sprang rrmii 
 
 lll.-llltv 
 
 ■ Uk.ix 
 
 m livji), 
 _ --- .J . ,. 11 Kkliert.i, ..„„„[ I 
 OstcroJe, in the lOth century. 1 lie princelvd 
 was conferred by the emperor Sigisinim,! iu 1 1 
 i8sg- Hciirv XXII., prince of Ueur,s Clieiz.3N„v ,.„. ■ 
 28 March, 1846. ■"*• 
 
 REVELATION, sec Apocnh/ps. 
 
 REVENUE AND Expenditure of Exr,. I 
 LAND. The revenue collected for theiivilliit miic, 
 all the other charges of governiiicnt, as wdl oiuirlifv 
 as ex'ieordinarv, was 1,200,000/. per annmn, jj, I 
 1660, the first after the restoration of Charlc? 11, i„ I 
 1O90 it was raised to 6,000,000/., cNery branch of ihe I 
 revenue being anticipated; this was the urigin of 
 the funds and the national debt, 2 Williara and I 
 Mary. Salmon. The revenue laws were aiiiiniiw) I 
 in l"86l. Previously to 1854 there linJ Ib^, jj I 
 average .s'K>'/)/ms of 2,500,000/. since 1840. I3 („r. 
 sequenct: of the Russian war the (lejicienei/ in |S^ . 
 was 3,209,059/.; in 1855, 2r,i4r,i83/.; m ffiifj 
 10,104,412/. In 1857 there was a ««/•;;/(« of 3tj,i)(-;' 
 in 1858, of 1,127,057/.; in 1859, n dejicinti'i i,l\ 
 2,019,584/., see Statistical Abstract. 
 
 PUBLIC KEVENUE, 
 
 William I. estimated 
 William Kiifus 
 
 Henry I scom, 
 
 Stephen 
 Henry II. . 
 liiehard I. 
 John 
 
 Henry HI. 
 Kdward I. 
 Ed'vard II. 
 Edward III 
 
 Kieliard II ijom 
 
 Henry IV loam 
 
 Henry V ;(.!,) 
 
 Henry VI ^^.■,■|, 
 
 Edward IV 
 
 Edward V iMcto 
 
 Ilichard III p.™ 
 
 Henry VII 4o.,ii» 
 
 Henry VIII Eoora 
 
 Edward VI tatcoi 
 
 Mary 4;o.oco 
 
 Elizabeth 5x,a» 
 
 James 1 («.a» 
 
 Charles I. f;i,ii9 
 
 Coinmonwealth i.5i;j(; 
 
 Charles II \,^<x.m 
 
 James II !.ooi..'ji 
 
 William HI 3%»i5 
 
 Anne (at the Union) s.fci.ioj 
 
 Oeorgc I «.;fi.'4) 
 
 George II 8.S"* 
 
 Ueurge HI., 1788 is.;!'.9ii 
 
 ,, 1800, about 3S.0M,ta> 
 
 United Kingdom, 1820 .... 65,i«,;» 
 
 Ocolge IV, , 1825 62.i;i.j(» 
 
 William IV., 1830 SiOMiJ 
 
 1835 SOW'IJI 
 
 Victoria, 1845, net 53.<*JS» 
 
 „ 1850 S>.!'»* 
 
 1B53 S4.tK'H 
 
 ■;«,« 
 laj.ml 
 So.xol 
 
 1;C.m| 
 
 ijo.ca>| 
 iS4.ca>| 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 1855. net 
 1856 . 
 >857- 
 
 1858 . 
 
 £63,364,605 
 68,008,623 
 66,056,055 
 61,812,525 
 
 Expenditf-. 
 
 £6!.6()J,96) 
 »8,4i».34i 
 75,s88,«; 
 68,ii8,!» 
 
ill.-J I 
 1 /.f I 
 
 Ml; 
 
 REVENUE. 
 
 SCO Enitiijcliviil Oi-i!ri. 
 
 i of, 8CP li(Jllfll(ili. 
 
 EIZ AND REUSM-SCIli,],- 
 8 in (.'cntral Licriimiiy, wiih ,i iii 
 )6,S02 in liSSj ; in" iScjo, jS;, 
 inily sprung frnm Kkliert, u.^i 
 loth century- Tlic iiiincclvili.- 
 : the emperor Si^'isiimu.l in [m., ■ 
 I.,liriueeof lii-uss tlitiz^a w , ■ 
 ,1846. ■■■""' 
 
 ION, see Aj>ociili/pne. 
 
 1 AND EXPFA'DITfliE OF EXG- 
 snue collected for thi-( ivillist indfo, I 
 rges of government, us WuU oiiiinarv 
 y, was i,200,a»;. \wt aDimm, ii 
 ;ter the restoration of Ch.irlcsll. In 1 
 'd to 6,000,000/., e\ ery branch i.fthe I 
 micipiited ; this wna the ■jrii'in of I 
 the national debt, 2 William and I 
 . The revenue lawn were aiinniiti I 
 iously to 1854 there hiid ii.en an I 
 of 2,300,000^ since i84f), In ,r,r.. 
 Russian war the de/iiieiici) in i^-. 
 ; in 1855, 2i,i4i',i83(.; in :8;0 
 1857 "^'^"^ was a sKcyj/iH of 36,iy|-''. ; I 
 27,057/.; in 1850, A dtjidcifi'i iit\ 
 Statistical Abitract. 
 
 PUBLIC KEVENUE. 
 
 ted ^co.M 
 
 ■ ■5^.00) I 
 
 3^«ol 
 
 2:0.000 1 
 
 ■ ■ 2C«,0O)| 
 
 !io,coo| 
 
 ia).co>| 
 
 So.M»| 
 
 150,0(0 1 
 
 ix.ca)| 
 
 I54.a»| 
 
 . 130.0a) I 
 
 . . icc.oo>l 
 
 t'A 
 
 h-M 
 
 ■ ■ iw.ocdI 
 • *.-.. i3o.M>| 
 
 4O0.xb| 
 
 S00.0C0I 
 
 40C.C00I 
 
 4-0 
 
 5x,xo| 
 
 . 6»,coo| 
 
 i-il,it^i 
 
 i.si-.wl 
 
 1,4W.0( 
 2.001.!)i| 
 
 3.S9i.«i5| 
 
 ion) ^6;i.ii);l 
 
 6.;6i.i4il 
 
 6.S21*! 
 
 I i5.;;i.9ii| 
 
 ), about 3S,oco.ca 
 
 urn, 1820 .... 65,j»j»| 
 
 6j,8;i,}Xi| 
 
 .0 55'43i'ii)I 
 
 ,5 5o.4S<';]>l 
 
 '.et !3.<<o-3i*l 
 
 5i,Sio,64o| 
 
 54.«30'3H 
 
 Revenue. Expeiiditr:. ! I 
 
 68,008,623 
 66,056,055 
 61,812,525 
 
 £65.692,96) 
 l(«i42».34S 
 
 68,i28.8iS 
 
 REVEREND. 
 
 927 
 
 REVOLUTIONS. 
 
 59, 31 March, grosa 
 
 iSw. 
 .363 • 
 i8«4 • 
 i«65 . 
 1866. 
 1S67 . 
 i368. 
 iSt9 . 
 iS;o. 
 1671 . 
 iS;j. 
 i«;3 • 
 lSi4- 
 18-5 • 
 .S;6. 
 
 i!;7 • 
 . liji . 
 ii6;9 . 
 
 i!». 
 
 iSSi . 
 
 I1S84. . 
 
 1885 . . . . 
 
 Vdte of Credit, 27 
 
 .ipril, 1885 . . 
 k£6' . 
 
 1887 . . . . 
 
 Gross 
 
 Uevenue 
 
 (Estiiniited). 
 
 1889 . . 
 
 1890 . 
 
 1891 . 
 
 1802 . 
 
 ,893 . . . 
 
 1J94 . 
 
 1895 . . . 
 
 1696. . 
 
 1S97 . . 
 
 1898 . 
 
 1899 (estimateii) 
 
 £65.477,284 
 
 72,089,669 
 70,603,561 
 70,208,964 
 
 70,313.437 
 67,812,292 
 69,43.1,568 
 69,600,219 
 72,591,991 
 
 75.454.252 
 6<9,945,22o 
 74,708,314 
 76,608,770 
 77.333.657 
 75.434.252 
 77. 1.1'. 693 
 78,565,036 
 79,763,298 
 83. "'5.972 
 81,265,055 
 84,041,288 
 85,822,282 
 89,004,456 
 87,205,184 
 88,043,660 
 
 89,581,301 
 90,772,758 
 89,802,254 
 88,472,812 
 89i3o4i3'6 
 89,489,112 
 90,994,786 
 
 90.395.377 
 91,133,410 
 94,683,762 
 101,973,829 
 103,949,885 
 116,016,000 
 108,615,000 
 
 Gross 
 Expenditure, 
 exclusive ol 
 Fiirtitlciitious 
 (Estiiiiiited). 
 
 £64,663,883 
 69,502,289 
 69,302,008 
 67,056,286 
 66,462,207 
 
 65.914.357 
 66,780,396 
 71,236,242 
 72,069,961 
 68,864,752 
 69,548,539 
 71,490,020 
 70.714,448 
 76,466,510 
 74,328,040 
 76,621,773 
 78,125,227 
 
 82,403.495 
 85.407,789 
 
 84.105.754 
 83,107,924 
 
 85.472,556 
 88,906,278 
 86,999,564 
 89,092,883 
 
 11,000 
 
 92,223, 
 89,996, 
 87,4231 
 87,683. 
 86,083, 
 
 87,732. 
 89,927, 
 
 90.375 
 91,302 
 93,918 
 97.764 
 101,476, 
 
 ,000 
 .844 
 .752 
 .645 
 ,830 
 
 .314 
 .855 
 773 
 .365 
 .846 
 ,421 
 
 ,357 
 ,669 
 
 106,829,000 
 
 • Revised in relation to army, navy, and India. 
 
 Hie ffieldy instead of the nunrterly publication of the 
 
 ' T'lMicrevenueand expenditure was begun ti" Mr. liobei't 
 
 Lnwe, the chancellor of the exchequer, 16 Feb. 1870. 
 
 ByM.ict passed 31 July, 1868, revenue officers are pcr- 
 
 milttd to vote fortheelectiou of ineinbers of parliament. 
 
 Alme 100 statutes relating to inland revenue fell into 
 
 I (liiiise 1 Jan, 1871. 
 
 I The revenue friendly societies, and national debt act, 
 451:46 Vict., c. 72, jjassed 18 Aug. 1882. New revenue 
 ail iiassed, 1884. 
 
 I REVEREND, an honorary appeUation given 
 
 I tothe clergy, since the middle of the 17th century. 
 
 I It Tamworth parish register the minister is first 
 
 ' styled "reverend," in 1657, occasionally after- 
 wanls; but regularly so after 1727. It first ap- 
 [.ears in the registry of All Hallows, Barking . 1732 
 
 I Be preUx <n a family tombstone was refused 
 I.) Mr, Keet, a Wesleyau preacher, by the bishop 
 cl Lincoln, but given by the arclibis'hop of Can- 
 
 , lertiury ,g.. 
 
 I to trial, Mr. Walter G, F. Phillimore, the chancellor 
 otUncoln, decided against Mr. Keet. who gave 
 notice of appeal, 3 June. Sir K. Phillimore gave 
 J simdar decision in the court of arches, 31 July, 1875 
 
 lOnafpealtotheiirivy I'nuncil these decisions were 
 reversed. It was decided that there is no law or 
 Mage restricting the epithet to ministers of the 
 t,hiirch of England ; it is merely laudatory. 
 
 21 Jan. 1876 
 
 REVIEWS. The Jourml des Scnvam, pub- 
 
 lifhtil on 5 Jan. i6fii;, by Denis de Sale, under the 
 
 Iiiame ot HMouville, was the parent of critical 
 
 Y^als, It was soon imitated throughout Europe, 
 - n" ''??'/ 'ranslated into various languages. It 
 astdl pubhshed, George III. epoke of this publi- 
 
 wl!!!'l! X "■■■ J"''"™"- in ""'private int^rviewwitl^ 
 which he was lionoured by his maiesty in th» 
 
 K '*' .{^ *f""A''/«<' AnglaiKe came out in 1716-27. 
 tor Military Kevikwh, see Alderslwt, Arm,/ ' 
 o/iMteers. I or Naval Kevie ws, see Ivary 
 
 J 
 
 Monthly Review 
 
 Critical 
 
 Anti-Jacobin . 
 
 Kdinlmrgh . 
 
 liuurlerly 
 
 Kcl.'ctic, 
 
 North American 
 
 Itctidspective . 
 
 Wi'stniiuster . 
 
 Athcnieum . . 
 
 Dublin 
 
 North liritish 
 
 Uritish Quarterly 
 
 Natioiml 
 
 .•Satiiidav . 
 
 1749 [ Fortnightly . 
 1756 j Contemporary 
 1798 I Academy . ' . . 
 i8o2 I Church (Quarterly 
 1809 ; Nineteenth Century '. 
 1813 i National Heview 
 1S15 i Ijiw Quarterly . . 
 1820 I English Historical Itc- 
 1824 j view. 
 
 1828 j Univcrsiil Hoview 181 
 1836 I "New licvicw " 
 1844 I Paternustei' lieview ." 
 ., I AlbemarlR Eteview . 
 Progressive Ueview . 
 
 1855 
 1855 
 
 and 
 
 J865 
 1866 
 1869, 
 1875 
 1877 
 1883 
 
 1886. 
 I8-90, 
 i88<> 
 1890- 
 '891 
 1896. 
 
 REVISERS, see under £ib/c. 
 
 REVISING BARRISTERS' COURTS, to 
 
 examine the lists of voters lor menik'rs of p,^ ia! 
 nient, were instituted by the Keform Act of 1832. 
 
 REVISION, see under BM,: Advocates ot 
 the revision ol the l-'rcnch constitution, chieflw 
 lioimpartists or Jeromists, tenued Ucvmonisti,. 
 
 REVIVALS on the subject of religion arose in, 
 he United btates 111 1857. In the autumn of iSQq. 
 lev began in Scotland, the north of Ireland (paj- 
 t.cularl.v lellast), and England. Many meeting* 
 .veie held for prayers and preaching throughout the 
 week, as well as on Sundays. The " Hvelve dau»' 
 umHmt a scries of revival services, took pltice in 
 many London churches during advent, 1869. 
 Mr. .Mooily, preacher, and Mr. Sankev, singer Ame- 
 Kin^lom'V^f '"' Vr"^" ...anytownJ in'Sl^fu^^ 
 Kin 'dom, 1874.5, I heir meetings in London bcgaa 
 at the Agncnltinal Hull, 9 March, about .5,000 pre- 
 set ; at the Queen's theatre, Hayniarket, ,^,',^1 
 31 .May ; larewell meeting, ,2 July, ,873, Moody and 
 .>5ankey agam in London, 6 Oct. .881 ; 3 Nov ^.ssi- 
 23 June, 1884. See.Mwdoii^fn/i;/. ^ 
 
 REVOLUTIONARY CALENDAR see 
 
 French Revolution, and Calendar ' * 
 
 I ..l^EVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL, eeta- 
 bliahed at I'ans, Aug. 1792. ^^ 
 
 Up to 27 July 1794, when Hol,espierrc w.is deposed, it 
 I'l; h ,," 'f'" ^"•^ '"T'!'.'''«. >"cluding queen Marie 
 Antomet e, the princess Eliziilioth, ami a I, ,-ge number 
 <il mbility and g,.ntry, male and female. The oldest 
 victim was counsellor iJupin, aged 97 ; the vouneest 
 Charles Dubost, aged ,4,' Fi-o„, 27 .July to ,5 Dec 
 1794. only Kobcspicrrc and his accomplices (about 
 100) sullercd bv it. i»"um. 
 
 REVOLUTIONS :- 
 
 The Assyrian empire destroyeil, and that of the 
 Jlc'les and Persians foundc.l Ijy Cyrus the Great 
 
 The Mncedoninn empire founded on the destruction 
 
 ot t.ie Persian, by the dclVat ot Darius Codomn- 
 
 iius, by Alexander the Great . 
 The lioman cmjiire established on the ruiiu of the 
 
 rciiutdic by Julius ('a!sar 
 The emiiire of the Western Franks begun under 
 
 Charlemagno ^ j, 
 
 In Portugal . . • ■ . . . 
 
 i" ji"«''.'"'' • • • • ■ . . ■ ,649 and 
 
 "'"'^™' • 1730 and 
 
 In North America " 
 
 In Venice 
 
 ':. .Sweden . .',".■ ,772 and 
 
 In Holland, 1795 ; counter-revolution 
 
 !"«"'"«''.>'■ , ■, • ■ ■ '704. : 795. and 
 In the Netherlands . . . . " 
 
 In Brunswick " ' " 
 
 In Brazil ....'"' 
 
 536' 
 
 331 
 47- 
 
 800. 
 1640 
 1688. 
 1762 
 '77S. 
 '797 
 1809 
 1813 
 1830 
 
 !!fil! 
 
 "■ ^;li4BfS' 
 
 
 i 
 
 '''III 
 
 ]■ ■ i \ >' 
 
 ' f '.< Vm 
 
 
 
 
 ii ' 
 
 1 ' 
 
 1 
 
 '.,».J^ 
 
 s^...-' 
 
 . ' 'im.i\..j 
 
 
 %Y 
 
 1831 
 
REVOLVERS. 
 
 928 
 
 RHODESIA. 
 
 i 'm^ 
 
 m 
 
 1789, 1830, 1848, 185 
 
 . 1848 
 
 1798 anil 1848 
 
 1870, llll'l lii?' 
 
 1859 mill i^ou 
 1 860-5 
 
 . . isf.e 
 
 . Oct. iSti7 
 
 Sept! i8()8iifiil I'fC. 1874 
 
 15 Ndv. ■6!J9 
 
 ,Iim.— Wopt. 1891 
 
 till! Suiitli 
 
 In Iluiiyaiy 
 
 In liiiiiiK. 
 
 Ill Fimii:!' . 
 
 In Italy . 
 
 In Unili'il Status 
 
 In IlMnuliiiin ininrinilitii'S 
 
 in l'ii|ial States, biipiM-i'ssi'il 
 
 In Spain .... 
 
 ill Mrazil 
 
 In (Jliili 
 
 lliivoliitiDiis Iiavn t>i'i'ii Iri'.pii'iit 
 Aiiii'i'iciin rcpnlilics. 
 
 (Sci' the nmiitiii s ri-spiclivi'ly. | 
 
 AmniiK tlic ivs.ilts of tlie I :.;■:. h, I!.., of ,688 in Oivat 
 liritain, mviv the toliTatimi aet, tlie .■stal.lislimnit ot 
 the pivshvleiial. Kirk of Seollall.l, tlie power ol aiallt- 
 inu' siijipiies liiiiite.l to the lionse ot eoniiii"iis, tlie 
 jiurillealiiMi ot the a.lniinistfation of jnstiee, and nn- 
 lieeiiseil iirintin^'. 
 
 REVOLVERS, soe riM.s. 
 
 REVUE DES DEUX MONDES, iht; 
 
 t'reiioh litei-arv and liisloiiial penodieiil piihlialicil 
 on the rst aml'lilli of caeli iiioiitli, lifst iiiipeaiTil 111 
 18^. It iiiehi.les lunoiii; its eoiitrilmlor.s llie most 
 oniinent writeis in l-'ninee. 
 
 REYNARD THE FOX. '•Reineke 
 
 FUCHS," a salirieal (.'iiic in low (Jiriniiii, m wliieli 
 beastn are iietiii-saiid speakfis, was lifst jiriiitoil as 
 Beinelcf Vos, at l,ul.eek in I4<).S, aiM professes In lie 
 written 1)V lliineek van .Mkmer. It lias been Ire- 
 queutly t'ranshiteil. Gcietho's ver.sioii in llif;li ("r 
 ritei-iirv) (leriiian hexameters appeared in 1 794' 
 Jacoli "Grimm Las sliowii that the siilijeet-malter ol 
 this " Thier-sn-e" or "beast-fahle" i.s very ancient, 
 inanv incidents beiii- found m l'il|iay and other 
 oriental writers. The early French liad 11 " Koiiian 
 <ie Hcnart," and " Kenart le X.nivol." A P'leiii, 
 entitled " der Keinaert," in I'lemisli, was known in 
 the ilthecnturv; ('a.^iton's translalum m Kn-lisli 
 prose was printed 14.S1; a imetie Knu'lish translation 
 <if Goethe's version, by T. J. Ariudd, appeared m 1 
 
 REZONVILLE, Battle of, i8 Aug. 1870, 
 «eo Mtf:. 
 
 RH^TIA v"!' R.TiTIA), a" iiiicieiit .Upine 
 country, mmprisin}; the modern Grisons, lyrol, 
 and part ot Loiiibardv, inhahitid by a wild rapa- 
 cious people, alter ii Ion- striifjgle was comiuered 
 by Drusus and 'l'il)erius, 11. c. 15. 
 
 RHlS, Isle or, see ie.- and lioiluUc. 
 
 RHEA, see China Grasx. 
 
 RHEGIUM (now He-si"). «■ It''')'. " l'''''^''* 
 cnlonv, nourished in the Sth century, n.f. It was 
 held bv the Campaiiian legion. 281-271, afterwards 
 severely punished lor its rebellion. Keggio was 
 taken b'y Garibaldi, Aug. i860. 
 
 RHEIMS (N. France). The principal church 
 here, built before 40(1, rebuilt in the 12th century, 
 is now very beautiful. 'I'he corpse^ of St. Keiiiy, the 
 arehbishoii, is preserved boliind the high altar, in a 
 niairnificenl shrine. The kin^s of France were 
 crowned at Rheinis ; ]iroliably because Cl.nis, the 
 founder of the French monarchy, wlien converted 
 from iia'.'anisiu, was iKipli/ed in the i;alliedral in 
 406 Several ecclesiastical councils liavo been held 
 here. The city was taken and retaki'ii several 
 <,imes in the last months of the Frejioh war, 1814. 
 "Univcrsitv founded bv onniinal I,orniine, 1547, 
 iuppresscil about 1 790." Strike of the workmen ot 
 Mr.Jonatlmu Uolden, mill owner,agre,tt benefactor 
 to the town, Miiv, 1890. Population, l8qi, 104.186. 
 
 RHEOMETER, S'^e under EUxU 
 
 CI I/, 
 
 M 
 
 RHETORIC. Uhetorieal point.s ;in,l ;„,,„„, 
 were invented by Aristophanes ot liv/aiitiu,,, .™ 
 11. c. Rhetoric was first taught in Latin at il.uu' ,- 
 i'liotius Gallus, aliout 87 li.c He taii;,'ht (.in,,,;' 
 who said " We are first to consider what i, t„ '|,j 
 said ; secondly, how ; tliirdly, in what v.oi-il^ ; 
 lastly, how it is to be ornaiiiented." A le^iiij,',, 
 fessor of rhetoric was ap|iointei! in tiii],l„||,.| 
 20 April, 1762, when Dr. lihiir hecumi' tr,t |,",, 
 fessor. 
 
 RHINE (f^iitiii, Itl'eiiun; Ocrinun, ;,■;„,„. I 
 French, Rhiii), a river, about 7(10 iiiile.s Idii^-, rj,;,,, | 
 in Swit/erland, receiving tlie .Moselle, M;uii,.\;,.||^,,' 
 Xeckar, and other rivers, tcriiiiiiulni},' in nu,!,,! 
 arms in Holland, and falling into the lliTi:.:,a 1 
 ocean. On its banks are Coiistam e, lia-i.j, Miiis. 
 hoiirg. Spires, Mannheim, Cologne, 1 his<il(| .ff I 
 L'treeht, and Leydeii. Tlie jiosscssion ef the Itm];, 1 
 of the Kliine has been the cause of maiiy »;,r.. j;ij 
 It lias been crossed by the Freiirb :ihiivi> ludilv I 
 times 111 a century. In the beginning of thf nv,','. j 
 lutioiiary war, Cnstine invaded Gi'rinaiiy hv iin.sin. [ 
 it ill 171)2; and at the close of the '«ai' in iJu' 1 
 France retained the left bank, but lost it attlncl «| 
 cd' the Friineo-l'nissiiin war, lS;n-l ("7,if/i s,,!. I 
 A navigation treaty with other powers was si;'ii(.(ll)'v ! 
 France, ly Oct. 18(18. A central i-oiininttpe i,irilip| 
 navigation i>xists, formed hj nieinheis hiv .Vl,* t, [ 
 Lorraine, li.iden, liavaria, Hesse, Hnilainl, amll 
 I'rnssia. Very great damage (.diout .(.'Xo.co')/.) I 
 and loss of life, caused by the rising i.f iht nv(r| 
 through excessive rain, end of Noveiiil er i^id he. 
 comber, 1882; relieved by goveriiiiient grants, 
 liecker's Ceini.in song "They shiill not \v.\w it. tin- ft,, 
 (iernian lihiiie;" ami AllVivi de .MusmI's ivi,lv, ja 
 l''reiieli, " We liave had it, your iMnii.in l|iiii,,.,"'5|^ 
 ]M'iii'ecl in iS|i. Max Sclineckeiilmrger. :iiilii'ii III •file 
 Watcli on tlie Hliiiie," ilie.! 1851. .Ml ».ti \vy.i3s% 
 (inriiig the war, 1870-71. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND (N. Amelia). BcttWbj 
 Koger \Villiams about idjd., wi- taken in tlio wari 
 of independence by the lir' Hcc. i"b; htl 
 
 was evacuated by them, 2;., 77<). Capilali,! 
 
 Providence and Newport. dation in iSS),| 
 
 276,531; l8'P, 345,506; see i i.v.ed atatts. 
 
 RHODES, iiii island on the coast nf .<sijh 
 Mini'r, is said to have been peopled from Cicie.jil 
 early as ijid n.c. The lihodiaiis were great r.ivi.r 
 gators, and institutors of a iiiaritinie coilo ai;fr-| 
 wards adei'ted by the Uomiins. The city »a* M 
 about 408 and flourished ?i.)0-200 11. c. ; see '.Ww»i 
 Kliodes, long an ally of tlie I'loinans, wa.s latin lyl 
 the emiieror Vespasian, A.I). 71. It «asliclJ lylk'el 
 Knights Hospitallers from 1309 to i;22, «liiiiia 
 was coniiuered by the Turks, who still ivtiiii it,| 
 The knights retired to Jlalta (h7(('(7i «(«). HWff 
 suffered severely by an eartlKiiiiike oil 22 .l|ril,| 
 1863. 
 
 RHODESIA, the name given {l^<)y to \\A 
 territories snbjeet to the S. Africa company, alviufl 
 2,(XX) mi. long', and 1,0(0 mi. broiul; chief tmnj 
 liulawayo and Salisbury. See Zuiiilesi iimi Mmlf 
 011(1 III 11(1 y 1894. 
 
 Mr. Cecil Uhodcs after the troubles in the Trans- 
 viial, visits l.onilon, 4 Keh. 1S156; returns to 
 ISalislinrv, anil devotes liiinself to the .levi'Iup- 
 iiienl of Kliude a ; appointeil iiihiiinistrator in 
 eon jnnct ion Wi til Earl Urey . . . FrK i:;^ 
 RfVoit ..I til" Mat;ibe!e, joined hv niiiny otllw 
 native police in the Insega and Kilibiisi ilistrirts 
 and MatoiM'O hills; iimssaere ot E whiles, in- 
 cluding iiiHpectorH Heiitley and .hickson; sevml 
 families murdered at outlying stiitiuiis Jlartbi 
 
RHODESIA. 
 
 ;R, 8(!u undiM- EiixliiC'itj, 
 
 Illiotiiiiciil pdiiils mill ;„.,„ 
 Aristiiplmiii'^ ol' liv/iuitui.,; 
 lirst liuifrlil 111 l.utiii at \h.m- 
 llllUt 87 11. c llu t;ni;.'lit lin 
 
 n tirst t(i I'linsiili'i- \v||;,t ,, ,,^ 
 w ; tliinlly, in whut v.cir.:s- , 
 I 1)0 iiniaiiiriitcd." \ \i"r\\\\ ,' 
 was upixiiiitci; in tdliibi,,. 
 lion Dr. lilidi' Iioimmio t;r,t ,, 
 
 itin, ll/iijiiim ; Gcrmiiii, 7,V„„| ■ 
 rivL'r,iili..iit 7(x) milus 1(,|,;., ij,,,^ 1 
 cuivinirtlicMdsrll,., M,iin,',V,.||',j? 
 '!■ rivers, tcniiiiiiilni;; hi uhmiv 
 , iind t'lillini? into tin. [U-r.i.a \ 
 inks lire CDiistam u, Ija.d^ S(,.y_ 
 liinnliciiii, C'i)l"iriic, lli^^'<l•ll|^rf 
 Ic'ii. 'I'lic iiixsi'ssKiu nf till. |,;,i||is I 
 l)iH'n llic iMU^c .il' iiiaiiv war-, mj 
 ii'cl by the Fii'ii'li aliiivc Iwvntv 
 ,-. Ill the lic^inniii;; ,4' thci ' 
 itiiiu invadinl UcrMianv l.v . iii.^in. 1 
 It tlie cliiso (il till' will' ill [tj-' 
 lU'loft Imiik, but lust itatthcclijl 
 ussian war, 1.S70-1 {ii-lui-l, g,^]^ 
 ty with (ithi'r jidwurs wib signed bv I 
 .S(i.H. A ci'iitriil idimiiitiin. !,,,ilie| 
 I fiirniod b\ iiiiMulK'i'i lur Alsaic, f 
 liiivaria, " Ilcssc, llnUainl, amij 
 ;rcat daniaL'-c (.iImhu 4,fi<.i.cAo/.)[ 
 •aust'd by tlir risiii? 1,1 iln. j„„ 
 ' rain, I'lni df Niivomler a.iil iif. 
 licvid by ^•ivcnnnoiit LTaiils. 
 ilij; "Tlicy sliall li": liaw it.;,,,- ft,, 
 " mill Alfri-'l dc .Musm-i's iv|i|y, 
 vu. liail it, yniir (Miaiiaii liiji),,-."'af.i 
 ilax ^>i'liiiia-ki-iiliiir';ii', aiilii.ii i,| •Tte| 
 ;liinii," (liuil 1851. All \,.ii joi;,, 
 ;87o-7i. 
 
 LAXD (N. Aninia). setlltJl 
 ibiuit lU^St. VI- takon in tlic war| 
 
 by till' lir- lice. 1771,; 1 
 
 y "tluMii, 2;, --i). Capiial!,! 
 
 Ncwjiort. aution in i^\i,| 
 
 ,45,500; see i ).;■■«/ 67c)((s, 
 
 an island on the roast of .^!i»| 
 ) have been peupled fruin Cifie.ail 
 The Uliddians were greal inifi-r 
 itiitiirs of a maritime code alter-) 
 y the Konians. The city wns biiiltJ 
 lurislied JOO-20011.U,; sec (.'»/om»i.1 
 allj- uf tlic Kiiiiians, was taki-n livl 
 pasiaii, A.I). 71. ItwiisliclJliviher 
 iiUers from 1309 lo 1:22, when ill 
 by the 'I'urks, who still rctiiii it.| 
 red to Malta {ir/dch su), lilnJe< 
 y by an earthiitiake on 2: A]'rilJ 
 
 A, the iiamo aiven (1,^95'' to tliJ 
 'ct to tlie S. Africa conipiiiiy. aluua 
 and I.oco mi. broad; chief tnwii!,! 
 inlisbury. See Zambesi and JtoJ. 
 
 s after the tronliles in the Trans. 
 )ndon, 4 Feb. iSg6; returns to 
 (Icvoli's tiiniself to tli.i ilcvclcp- 
 '• .11 ; apiiointed iiiliiiiiiistmtor in 
 th Hurl Uroy . . . Ffb. i:4 
 ,lat;ilii'!e, jaiiieil !iy many of thi 
 I the liise^a and fililmsi ilistritH 
 liills ; inassaere ol 8 wliiHs. in. 
 oi'H Heiitloy and .lackson; sevml 
 red .it outlyiiiK statiuns March, 
 
 EHODESIA. 
 
 Skinni.sh hi-tween Mr. HcIdu.h with 5 tninperH and 
 the .Mstnlii'Ift ,j^ .March 
 
 n, lion. .Maurice Oldbnl'H fiiren repiiltics larm'i 
 My of natives . , ,7 March, 
 
 CoramissiDMcr.s (imiiaiii, Itandloy, and 6, ntlierH 
 atttcked and killdil, after a desperate IIkIiI with 
 Bc natives at Iiiyati . . . -j, Miireh 
 
 Salisbury, litdawayo, ami nthcr places iWllMeil' 
 reliefliartics sent out, jq Maceli ; Mr. M. (liironl' 
 Mturn.? to llulnwayo alter relievinKHhaniiaiil anil 
 il,'fftitinK the natlvo.s ; .Mr. Cuell llhrnles iiinl col 
 Plinnor arrive at Siilishiiry . . |.i March' 
 
 Q|it. Macfiirlaao ropiilsim the natives at (it n's 
 
 Rwf ill tho hills, and returns to llulawayn, 
 
 Enrolment of volunteers at Iliilawayo \, Mm.eii' 
 
 Olimo, instigator of the relielllDii, styhiH hlniself 
 kinijof the .Matahele . . , , ,\.,|,|| 
 
 Thf 'ion. .Maurice (Jill'onl repulses a lar^e Im.ly ,,(• 
 rebels in the Shiloh district, 5 HiiniiKenieiits In j 
 ,Uvs, .Vr. (liironl severely woiindiiil ; Hritlsli 
 loss, 3, .VatalwlH loss, about aixj ; (iiU'oril's iiiirl y 
 relieved by capt. Miierarliini) . 4-B.Viirll 
 
 F»vi™t murders ; Josultory attacks repiilseil| 
 
 ,, 1 , .1 , ■ . .Vpril, 
 
 Ciptliraiids patrol attacked by i,i;,v, relielsun |li„ 
 
 Tali roivJ; 5 Uritish ami 15.J Matalielo Idllml, 
 
 51t. Diinran, actiii«-admiiilstrator at, llii'l'a'wa'yo' 
 «t.il)li.ihes 7 forts in the .Muiinwe Pass with 4.1c! 
 mm ... . . .14 Aprll-j .May, 
 
 hinrrectioii attribiitod to losses hy the rimlerpesl 
 iirl locusts ,. \i,r\\ 
 
 .N'lliiTs severely ilefoate I hy Mr. Diiueaii ami eaiit' 
 Xtpif r on the Um^'iisi rivi'r, 23 April ; repiilseii 
 Clin, after a desperate ii;;lii, |,y |.„|,t, .Maei'arlaue 
 .iml .Mr. I'lmcan, 500 killeil . . ji Aiiril 
 
 Eitl Grey (adniinistrator) arrives at Kulawiiy.i,' 
 
 St.&icn Rliodes and theSilishiiry culumii riiii'i'lsii ' 
 an .attack, near (Iwelo .... i Slay 
 
 feiifRil iiaradH at Uiilawayo, narl Oniy eDinpill ' 
 luents Mr. Duncan and ollleers . . , jjny 
 
 Ilieeiiiiiiiy repulsed in sevei-.il sklnnlshes, ■ ' '' ' 
 
 o-i^ .May 
 
 li'iisli outed at Thahas Iiiduna, by col. Maple'r,' ' 
 
 Cii. sir Richard Martin, deputy-ei)iiiinissli'nii)r' ' 
 attivei with reinforceinents, at Uiilawayo, ' 
 
 I Soi^immlers in different parts . , ji^y' ' 
 
 fehels (lofeated near Hulaw.iyo ami near the lliiil " 
 ' sasa river, with t;reat loss . ■J4, 35, jfi May 
 I Mt. Rhodes warmly rueoiveil at Uiilawayo 1 .June' " 
 
 SirFrclk. CaiTinjjton arrives at Uiilawayo, j .lune' " 
 ' RHMsdefeatrtil, with heavy loss, hy enl, .Spreekley " 
 aad.lieut.-col. lieal's coluinii 011 the Oweln road 
 Uiine; the .Makalaka driven from the hills liy 
 I upLfiibbs i.ii'iiie. 
 
 Mr. Cliainberlam report.s to iiirliameiil, that Mr " 
 ' Cecil Rhodes was nianaKlnj! director of ,S. AlVlcii 
 
 'Vnnpany, without power over adiiilnistrators, 
 
 I IH»ls in'strniiK force on the Matoppos, niDn') " 
 1 minlers; Jlazoeilistrict ill revolt 11 -18, lime 
 Hattiallaw proclaimod at .Salisbury, rlsinu nf i|i,', " 
 
 'hihonas ,j, j,,,,,, 
 
 lEwrtfroni the .Mazoo rlistriet attaekeil ; .Messrs' " 
 BLikiston and Routledj^u and 7 men kllleil ailer 
 J long light, re|iortod .... jj'lnn,, 
 
 I St. Graham, native coinniissioiier, ami i niherH " 
 tad mniilereil at Iiiyati ; iiiissiiiii station at 
 InjTOiswcsi river ilestroyeil ; severe IlL-litiim 
 nihtlie Maslioiias, 011 the Umfiill jj .jim,, 
 
 llmt. Brenmer, the .Meyers, ami others miinlei.eil • " 
 ■ lli'.wliolo Avrsbiru party killed on tlii'lr way to' 
 Silishury; M'Liino, tho prophet, killed In'Hm 
 Mmm; Fort Charter siirroimdeil, 14 herd. 
 . ws killed, reported ... .4, lime 
 
 IBsignation of tho lion. Cecil ,1. Uhiidesand Mr' " 
 1 Was directors (3 .May), accepted hy the ei'im'. 
 J puiymUndon ..... .jfi,!,,,.,, 
 
 ■TlK enemy .surpri.sod anil d»fei\t."! at TInhi ■ [' " 
 1 Su"'*'' "'','"" ',50 killed, 5,„ 'winiieii .md' 
 hiMren, and much cattle, iMptiired ; lirltlsh 
 J "■«,!, and 2 mortally wounded . . ,i„iv 
 
 IMtory llKhting : kraals capturotl by innjor ir,,,.: " 
 
 i 
 
 ii'ti ' • 
 
 1896 
 
 "Ulcers killed '.'"• "• ^- """-"y' «"" 5 "thcr 
 ""■'Airrcd 'f""Ti ,™I'""-'"^ Makoni's kraal ;' capt. 
 
 l-ernis of surremler i.roclaimed . I t\f 
 
 imii (2, June) ; ,0, murders in Mashonaland up 
 
 "diKi^tr^"' '"■'* ""'- ■ 
 
 i Mr. (Jeeil Rhodes, m-.' .Saimr, ami Mr ,1 'loZ' ' 
 WHO eveiittully surremler niicomlitionally, 
 
 "i^ch;;t'4Si,;;"i"^r;y""™ ' r- 1^'"'^'" '"'^"t: • 
 t£V &; jr-'an!i'^|j;r^-s-, 
 
 ^,«;.it:;™"e;aL^';i;-i;i r\^is^^r'"™""''^ 
 
 ■Major Uldley captures .'clii,;is^\*l\„,tives, 
 Aweenya, rehel «hicf, convicted of atroeities,'^i'e'; " 
 "tm.diter-'';ebi'J?''"''"! «""'«"«'^". aaei^mil^; " 
 
 •'';;ln:;,^=^i!;;Si;)"'"""''^"^'"'«-1-r " 
 
 Marions lljihtiiiK on th« .Mazoo river ' 26-28 S' " 
 .Mazoe, and other di.striets, cleared of rebels ' " 
 
 ;;'rji:^,:!r^:'^:^ufS:kffi-\>--S- " 
 
 iMrl (Irey, .Mr. |iii„des, and others h ,ld' a in.ai " 
 
 '^'iliMl't^''!,"™''*.'"'""' ^'"""''<' kml, after'i";ot " 
 l«ht ; 180 natives surrender in the Somnabubi 
 lorest to capt. Robinson and Mr. Driver 
 
 OaUe's kraal taken, major V. .S. Ev.uh eant 'Vdw-' " 
 Miiiicaiie, ami trooper Eani.shaw killed, 
 
 Ideiit..col Uaden-Powe.l captures 8 kraal's,"i6^'^3 " 
 
 Oct. ; l)a„;ro's burnt, after a n-ht . '„oet 
 
 Mei tMiK' of the ilritish S. AfVica comp.any in " 
 
 (Fel';'"",l"" „?,"''"l T'- ■■* ">i"i"». iil hand 
 (CD. iSqO, exhausted; ssiio of sooot-,.,? 
 shares authorized . 5oo,om 2(. 
 
 Col Fafret disperses rebels oii the ThakHmshtlha " 
 
 hills and retiiriH to (}wel„ . . '"m"'' 
 
 Mmdi herinsm shown diiriiiK' the war, hy the set^ " 
 
 etl, il d r"'"''T ™''""y '■"'■"'^■'"' •■"- Port Eliza: " 
 ./an is, '"' "'"' '•♦' ^" """• = '" l^°"J"n, 23 
 Channe of' government announced to 83 JIatabele 
 
 tirc,.v,,U l„il.iwa,vo; ,2 districts to be under ro- 
 sponsible paid chiefs and native commissioner, 
 
 MiVlor Oosliinr eaptm-es .Seka's kraal on his refu'Ji'nl; '^'' 
 
 to surrender his Kiins . . mi,) tJ ^ 
 
 IThoseloctcoiniuitteeofin.iuiryoftliecominuiisoti' " 
 
 3 
 
 i3g6 
 
 ' r- ,-' 
 
 
 1 1 1 . ^ 
 
 . 
 
 
 |L 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 '' 
 
 .1! 
 
 I I 
 
 i 
 
;>-i1 ,!:'iki» 
 
 RHODIUM. 
 
 930 
 
 KIOHMOND. 
 
 1897 
 
 tho Transvaal Uaiil (14 Aii^. 1896), n-a liolnti'd, 
 
 30 Jan. iP,i7; cvidciu f Jlv. f'<'i'il Kin ili'H, if, 
 
 Im'1i.-5 .Maii'li, also of s,r (iiali nn llciw t ;umI Mr. 
 
 Win. r. (Srln-cinor, 12, ^'fi March ; Dr. .1 i\u>-h 
 
 :.fS Mari'li ; col. Franl; Ulnnlcs, ..g Mari'li ; sir .hilm 
 WilluiiHliliv, 3 Api.: !"■ ilci'linccl ti. aiisHiT 
 certain iiucstloni, 6 A| lil ; Dr. .I.uncsnn n'callcil, 
 cxiilanation.s ^iv^Ml liv liini and sir .Icilm Wil- 
 l(iut;liliv, 9 April ; Dr. Harris, 10 April ; tlicdnlic 
 of Abcfcorn and tlic dnlic of Kili' expressed tlicir 
 total iKTioranci! of anv raid, 12 May, Mr. (lias. 
 l.coiiaiM, 14 Mav, Miss FIcra Sli iw, concspiin- 
 dent iif till" 7'imi's 25 .May (a-aiii -■ Jnl.v); .Mr. 
 Cliainlierlain, i .lune; lord Si'lli piiie, ., ,liine. 
 Itepiirl presented to parliamonl i,..nl.v. Con- 
 clusions: Diseuntent in .loliaiui 'shmK previous 
 to raid owing to ^-riev.-uices o!' Hie ritlanders, 
 Mr. Cecil Itlioiles invohed in 4 .i\e l.ieaelies of 
 dnty, 111 Ids course of action. 'I'.ie inipevial and 
 colonial j,'overiinients, the diivelois of the H. 
 Africa coinpaiiv, with tin' exception of Mr. licit 
 and Mr. Mauni're, exonerated from complicity in 
 the raid. .Mr. 1'. Staidio|ie's vote of censiiriMiii 
 
 the report of the coiiiinlUc 11 Mr. lilicxles, and 
 
 on the Chartere.l conipaiiy, rejected in the com- 
 
 nioiis, 104-77, 2b July, 1897.1 , , , ., , 
 
 JIaiiv kraals oaptnied, alter iiinch tl(;htiiiK, and 
 
 native I0S.S Fid'- 
 
 The I'lospcelors' association reimdiate the reports 
 of the i>aeilicalion of tlie country, and aiflieal 
 
 for inilierial aid 2.! April, ,, 
 
 Slarandella's krails captured, after a linrd liKht, 
 
 2J-26 May, „ 
 Mr. (V'cil Uliodes reliirns to liulawayo, 18 .luue ; 
 holds an iialaba of Mataliele cliiels, 2? Jiimi; 
 
 lord Grev arrives 28 June, ,, 
 
 Jleilals };raiiled to olllcers and men cnjiatsod in the 
 
 war, Iroiii H March - ii Dec. 1896 . . 6 July, „ 
 Seveii' lit;htiii(< on the fiiyami, 7, 10 July ; 600 
 rehels and 4'i};uiis captured, in rehels surrender, 
 n July ; desnltorv li;.ditin-' ne.'ir iMirt Charter, 
 district cleared, i liritisli killed 15 July ; sir 
 liichard .Martin assumes coinmand, 20 July; a 
 
 kraal tak 4 liritisli killed ; 6cxj prisoners liber- 
 
 liled and locate.l in Cliciimlu . . 24 July, ,, 
 Dr. Jameson we.leumol at liulawayo, and I'ort 
 
 Salisliury 22, 24 July, ,, 
 
 Surremlor of all the ilashnua chnsls, rei>orted, 
 
 29 Oct. ,, 
 Railway from Kiiuherley to liulawayo pro,iectml by 
 Mr. ('ceil Rliodes, oiiened by sir A. Miliier at 
 
 liulawayo 4 Nov. ,, 
 
 Col. Hivett (■arnacapiKiinteldepnty-commissioner 
 
 during the absenci. of sir H. Martin . 4 Jan. 1898 
 
 Mr. (dianilrerlain's sehenie lor the leconsttntmn 
 of the .S. Alrica company, increa-siu;.' govcruuient 
 control, kr. issmvl ; Timrs . . . 25 I'Oli. ,, 
 Escape of 51 native iirisoncrs from tlio gaol at 
 
 ailisbury \ , i^, , " 
 
 liritish ». Africaco.'S2yrs. reiiort, ended u March, 
 1807, 36<i,<x»!. compensation to settlers lor losses 
 during the native rising; ; suridiis over expendi- 
 ture, 59,650/. for 1895-6 ; expenditure during the 
 rebeiriini, 2,266,976!., Villus, 14 April, 1898; in- 
 crease of capital, i,5oo,ocW. ; Mr. UhodesCarnvwl 
 in Loudon, 2 April), re-electcil direct.ir. Ins 
 scduMiiB of administration npprove.l, report 
 adopted at a meeting, Lonilon . .21 April, „ 
 Meeting iu London of the security holders of the 
 Beduianaland railway co,, Mr. Cecil Rhodes in 
 the chair; the railway from Vryburg to liula- 
 wayo, 600 miles, cost 2,ooo,uo<>;. ; snjMi emeutal 
 trust deed aii|irovwl, 6 May ; debate in the coiii- 
 inoiis, defence of the Chartered company liy Mr. 
 
 Chamburlain * "'"J'' " 
 
 RHODIUM, a rare metal, diaoovcred in pla- 
 tinum ore, by Ur. Wollaston in 1804. It has been 
 used for the points of metallic pens. 
 
 RHODOPE MOUNTAINS (Tmkish, Ues- 
 poto Dagh), a plateau in Roumdia. 
 In these about i5o,«x> Mahometans took refuge 
 during the Russo-Turkiali war, on t>"y'W"oa'j'i "t 
 tlie Kuasians in Dec. 1877. and .lau. 1878 ; and le- 
 Bisted the invaders. 1 m- Knssians were accused 
 of killing and outr.iging thousands of men.women, 
 and children. A European coinnnsaion of inquiry ; 
 
 met 31 July ; closed, 26 Aug. ; coiilirnjvrf tlie 
 .stulenionts, but issued no united re|H.it ; ^mi: 
 members seceded ■ , . • ^ , ■ - . 187^ 
 
 The insurgents asserted that they were net n.!«»itiim ^ 
 the snltan himself, but inaladminisli.itiMi fhtv 
 are governed by an Kuglisli (duel, ml, St i:lu,t. 
 who ii«-eives the taxes, ie., and is st\lnl "eniu 
 mander-in-chicf of the national army of Un. 
 Hhoilope" . . ■ .■ , ■ • •"'■I't- ., 
 About 40,000 destitute ; rciiorted . . igJaii. iS,- 
 The insurrection gradually subsided. ' 
 
 Territory ceded to liiilgaria, reported . 16 July, |,^; 
 
 RHURARH. 'I'his plant was lirst cultiviitcd 
 for its stalks to bo used as lood liy Mr. Mvnlj,,,) 
 Dejitford, about l82t), and soon after eaiiio ir.to 
 general use. 
 
 RHUDDLAN, statute of, see »>/,«, n^^^, 
 
 lllALTO, RllIDOK OF TIIK. at Veiiirf (i„p„. 
 tioneJ byShakspeaiTinhis".l/()v//i/H/(./rii,,>f'). 
 built about 151K', consists of a ininlile arch mm 
 the Grand Ciiiia'., </> fi«t wide and 24 feft hipi, 
 
 RIBBONTSM, a term given to the i)ni.,T.l,.j 
 of a secret society iu Ireland, organiscil almut 1S20, 
 to retaliate on landlords any injuries dniie to thoir 
 tenants. To the riliboiiincn arc atlriliuied mm 
 of the agrarian murders, 18^^-71-71). .\ii ait wii* 
 passed to repress them, iG June, 1.S71. 
 
 RICE> the ()r>/:(i mitira of hol.'iniats, in the 
 husk ternieil paddy ; largely growr in iniertro- 
 pieal regions, occupying the Fame place us wlipat 
 in the warmer parts of lairope. It was cuiivivfil 
 to Soiith Carolina near the ciui of tlie I7thcn,turv, 
 and its cultiyation greatly increased. 
 The duty on fiacign rice. 15s., on cn|,,i:inl liiP, ,,. |.., 
 ewt., was reduced liy sir Hobcrl I'ci'I in 1842 to6j. ri. 
 and 6,',,i'. respectively. I'uilher iciliictimis wciciiiaile 
 ill 1846I and in i860 the dnty w.is tolally ahnltslwl. 
 Imiiorted inloliritain : 1846, 770,604 ewt.; \^Ks,v>f<i-, 
 ewt. ; 1866, 2,309,494 ewt. ; iSj6, 3,700.124 ewt. ; iW. ] 
 3, 276,792 cwt: 1877, 6,61 7, 7.i9cwt. ; iS79,6,357,3;oi»l; 
 1881, 8,';oo,o62 cwt.; 1883, 7,747.7-'.' '(Tt. ; liit, I 
 5,588,650" cwt. ; 1887, 5,019,512 cwt.; 1889, f.sf;.;;-^] 
 ewt. ; 1890, 5,957.555 ewt. ; 1893, 5,449,6020*1.; k!^. 
 4,5 11,518 cwt. 
 
 liiCHMOND (Surrey), ancicnllycullfilShfUi.l 
 
 which in the (Saxon tongue siguillcs raifUiulta. 
 
 Here stood a palace in which halward I. imii 11, 
 
 resided, and Edward 111. died, 1377. llfrp aisol 
 
 died Anne, iiueen of Hichard II., I,V)4- The |iiil,Kel 
 
 was reiiaired by Henry V., wlio founded three re-j 
 
 ligious houses liear it." In 1497 it was destimedhl 
 
 tire; but Henry VII. rebuilt it, and coniimnilfil I 
 
 that the village should be called Hielinioiid, hfl 
 
 having borne the title of earl of Ricbnioml (York- 1 
 
 shire) before lie obtained the crown; ami here liel 
 
 died in 1^09- Uueeii Elizabeth was a prisoner inl 
 
 this palace for a short time during the rci^'n ofli(r| 
 
 sister. When she became (|uci'ii it was one of herl 
 
 favourite places of residence ; anil licre she Ml 
 
 24 March, 1603. It was afterwards the residenrco 
 
 lieiiry, prince of Wales. The beautiful park 8gi)| 
 
 gardens were enclosed bv Charles I. The okr-l 
 
 vatory was built by sir W. Chambers in 1761). Inl 
 
 Richmond, Tliomsou "sung the Seasons and thflT 
 
 change;" and died 27 Aug. 1748. 
 
 TheHtaraiid Carter tavern burnt ; W. Lever, the 
 
 manager, perished . . . . 12 Ja|i. i-i 
 Mrs Julia Martha Thomas was iminlereil at Hull- 
 mond, her body cut u)', put in bags and enst into 
 river Thames,' bv Katlierine Webster, aged 30, 
 about 2 Miu-ch ; John Clinreh, a publican, nmslnl 
 on susiiicion, discliarged 17 Aiiril; Wchstcr eciii- 
 niitted for trial, 16 May ; convicted, 8 July ;ecn- 
 fpjsed ; fx"cntcil at Wandsworth , jQ.liily, 1 
 Ridiniond iiicorporated . . . ,•.,,■„,,,' 
 Municipal buildings : foundation-stoiii' laid lij M 
 mayor, sir J. Whittaker Kllis, M.l'., 3' /•"• ., 
 1891 ; opened by the duke of York . 10 Jnne, 1:^ 
 
r", 
 
 OHMOND. 
 
 il, a6 Aun. : niiiliimK tlje 
 iii'd 111) uuiti'd ii'iiuii; !ii,||,e 
 
 il tlmt. Uicy w«H' iinl ri'skitiin; 
 Itut ii))ilit<ln)iiiistvati"i\ Tlicv 
 
 Kn^lisli cliii;!', i'"l. St, i:|„ri, 
 Xf(i, Ac., fiiiil IH shit. I "cdlu' 
 
 tilt! natiiiniil army iif tlio 
 
 ."fpt. 
 
 B ; rcportiicl . . ,8 Jjn. 
 
 imllv Kulisiili'it. 
 
 \l(.'iiriii, ri'iiortfil . if July 
 
 This Jilniit Wiis first riilti\ 
 
 used lis I'lMxl liy Mr. Mvn 
 
 i20, 1111(1 Bcxm after (•idih. 
 
 .8,, 
 
 iiipi) 
 
 lEtO 
 
 , stntiite iif, Koe fO/cs, [jfij 
 
 ])0K OK TEIK, lit Voiirp (iiip,,. 
 roiiiliiti" MrrrhiDil 1,1 Yi, i[ff"\ 
 ■oiisists of 11 iiiiirWc inch sorcss 
 o fcot wide and 24 fict liipi. 
 
 , a term ^ivfti to tlip |iii,ici;,li.8- 
 ti Ircliind, ori,'iiiiiM'il ;ili„iii liij, 
 liirds any iiijiirii'ti duni' t.i their 
 rilibdiiiiii'ii lire atlributnl imiiiv 
 irdurs, i,HyS-7i--(). .\ n ji, t wii» 
 lOiii, 16 Juiu', 1S71. 
 >iz(i sntLia of lioliiiiists^ in tlic 
 ly ; largely f-'niwr in inifrtro- 
 ipyin;,' thr Faiiip ]iIiut ;is '.vlifat 
 rts of Kiirii)it'. It WHS ciiivcvfil 
 near thi? <>iui of tlic l7thifi-turT, 
 greatly iiicri'iisul. 
 11 rill'. i5»., on iiilniiiiil ii..>, ].■. ],B| 
 liy sir UnliiTt I'eel in l8^! Infi ~i. 
 vely. l''iirtliiir riiliiitiniis wni'iiiaili 
 
 tin; duty was totally iilmlislifil. 
 
 II : 1841^, 770,604 1'Wt.; 1856,3,734.(^5 I 
 494 I'Wt. ; iSj6. 3.700.124 cwt. : ig^^. 
 7,6,6i7,7^gi'Wt. ; 1879,6,857. jjoi-wt; 
 •wt.; 1863, 7,747.7'.' "Tt.'; i5£t, 
 887, 5,oi9,i;i= ewt.; 18S5, 6.3!;.7;9.| 
 555 ewt. ; 1893, 5.449.^0! f»t. ; U9«. 
 
 ) (Surrey), niieieiitlyciillfdShffn, 
 xoii toiijjue si<;iiilies lesphmkiil.l 
 liiee in which Ivdward 1. jirnl n.l 
 viird HI. died, 137;. llprc !i]»| 
 of liicliard 11., 131)4. Tlic lialace I 
 ilenry V., wlm founded three rt- j 
 irit." In 1497 it wusclestrou'dbij 
 YII. reliuill it, and loiiiinamlfill 
 should he eiilled liiclimond, lip| 
 title of carl of Kiihiiiond (York- 
 ohtained the erown; nnd here lie j 
 jeen Elizaheth was a prisoner iDl 
 short time diirini,' the reijtn cthiTl 
 e beeanie queen it was one of herl 
 of resideme ; iiiid here she diodj 
 It WHS afterwards the residenfe fifT 
 Wales. The heaiitiful pnrk sti(i| 
 elosed hv Charles I. The ob-er-T 
 hy sir ^\'. Chiiiiibers in 176(1. Inl 
 iisi'in "saiij; the Seasons and thfirf 
 ed 27 Aug. 1 748. 
 IT tavern liiirnt ; W. Lever, the 
 eil .... iiJ.iii. lEfi 
 
 1 Tliiiiiius was iiiiinlereil at Hirli- 
 eiit aji, |iiit in l>ai-'s ami east into 
 by Kiillieriiii' Wrlisler, aReil 30, 
 j'olinCliari-li, a laililieiin.iim'StiM 
 selinrneil 17 .Vfril; Welister ei'iii- 
 , 16 Mnv; eoiivieteil, 8 Jiily;ivn. 
 d at W'aii.lswortli , 2o-I"l)M 
 
 orated ' 
 
 i^s: foundation-stone laidhytk 
 
 Wliiltnker Kills, H.l'., 31 Oct. 
 y the duke of York . loJune, i:9| 
 
 RICHMOND. 
 
 031 
 
 F,wt-briilKu opennd by the duke of York 10 Mav r',., 
 I'uimlation, 1881, 19,066 ; iSyi, 2^,684. '' 
 
 KICIIMONI) (Vir(;ini,i, U.S.) became the 
 capital ot the southern coiirodorale stutea. 'J'iio 
 ci)n;Te8S adjourned from Montpmicry, Aluliaiiia. to 
 Kiilimo'id, where it met 20 July, i.Sdi. ,\ti,,r „ 
 (lege of I4,S2 days and many de-perate Imtlle,-, Kicli- 
 itond was evacuated by the eonrederales, 2, ; \pril 
 1865; sec United Stdtm. Hy the fall of tlie'llooriiii,' 
 in tlic state capital bnildiii);, about («i persons were 
 kilW, 2: April, 1870. A hIiiIuc of " Stonewall " 
 Jjckson (subscribed for by Kni^lishuieii), was 1111- 
 reileJ here in ])resenee of his wife and idiild, 2(1 
 Ool. 1875. A statue of gen. Kobt. I,ee at Kiidmioiul 
 nf unveiled 21) .May, kSijo. ropuhition i«So 
 63.1.00; I Si/), 8i,3S«. 
 
 HIDING, see Itiicen. 
 \,i,M, a Mexican, rode 100 miles, eoiiseciitivelv I 
 
 iii4hiiiirs57ininiitcs, usiiiK6 " .Muslaii;- horses''' j 
 
 ijjiily, 1876; 505 miles in 49 li. 51J min. ' j 
 
 s-io Fell. 1S77 i 
 ilililiirjiriih'. A iiuiiilii.r of fiermaii ollicers roil,, 
 [iiiiii iierlia to Vicuna, .mil a ininiherot Aiistriau I 
 
 iillicers from Vienna to IliTlin (aliiive jix> olllci.rs I 
 
 ill»ll), 57.S kilollli'trcs ; ist Iiri/c, a,.,«x, iinirl;s 
 iml a silver statuette niven hy liie llrrniaii ' 
 
 niipemr to eouiit Stiilireiiilii.r},' (Austrian), who : 
 
 rwle the distance in 71 li. 2.1111.; 2111I ja-izc ! 
 
 10.000 iiiarlis and a silver statuette, }.'ivcii hy tlio I 
 
 einjieror of Austria to liariiu voii Ucitzon'stciu i 
 
 (deriiian), who rode 73 h. 6 m. (Hlicr prizes | 
 
 Civen 1-7 Oct. 1S02 
 
 Tiiee.irlofl)nnniore rode from the I'liiijaubli-ontier ' 
 
 riii the raniirs, to Constantinople ' ' I 
 
 l''eli. 1892-15 Feb. 1S93 i 
 RIFLE C0RP8, see r,i/,oi/e,r.9, and Fiir- ' 
 tms. JliJIc Jlrif/i'i/c (m-im d, iHoo. International 
 rUe meetiiij:, Washinfiton, bewail 26 Sept. l,S-6. 
 Another at Creedninor, near New York, beKiiii '14 
 S(;t. ; the liritish victors, 1882. For Jtijle Miuii/e^ 
 lee Ominous. ' ' 
 
 ItlOTS. 
 
 1...11.I1. 
 
 lilXK (from the Gaelic ,/„» 
 '',"ili';e),atcrii, i,.s,.d i„ the Scot, l', 
 I be Hcl;,'iavia sK;,li„^ H,,); 
 
 i'l"'iii'd to Ih,. pnlilic 
 Olhi.|ssiii,.(. Ill [jii-li|,„| ,,|„i 
 with luli.is (sahl to li.iv,. 
 scene of .Mi'verheers " I'r 
 'M'l'il, iSiy), are lis,.,!. M, 
 ncaii, patinti-.l r,.l|..|.skat 
 wasalllllne,i onaliini l..r i 
 
 RIO DK JAXKi'ifo (S 
 
 Sousa, I ,li,„. ,-j, . , 
 was niiiilc 
 
 by ]), 
 l^a: il 
 
 ir S.ivon /(/■(■/((', II 
 ;anie, "curliii.r." 
 1, .'S.W., was 
 
 ""■'■ I'liiees, .^iklltes "^ 
 heeii intro.lnce.l in n 
 ■I'jjcl"." at I'aris, uj 
 
 ' imiptoii, all AiiK- 
 7 .111 'Se.i : his ri-ht 
 liiUKi'iuent 23 Jan. 1876 
 '■'■nil. ' 
 
 Ameriea), discovered 
 ee lU;rJI, iKSg. In 
 
 iviiati; y';i;:';,;i:>'%."';'!»;;-i"n.ofri..azii: 
 
 See Itni-JI. • ' ^- ■''■■'"■532 ; l>V, joo.oio. 
 
 . statute 
 he present Riot 
 
 ileinolished tlie 
 liusli.r ahhry : the 
 luc rest had their 
 
 .ipauics ti,n-ht in 'thi'. 
 
 .M,) 
 
 EIGHTS, Bill of. To the I'ktithiv of i 
 Riouts pnderred 17 March, 1627-8, Cha'cs I. | 
 an-itered, "I will that right be done aeeordiiii,' to 
 flic laws and eustoins of the realm." Jtuth hiuTses 
 jiliiresscd the kill}; for a fuller answer to tlicir 
 ^\\\m\ of rif;hts, whereupon he gave tlieni an 
 iiiswerless ciasive, "6'o(/ (init fail aimmc il i-.it 
 iiiiri" 7 June, 1628. The petition tlins became n 
 ilatute 13 Car. I. c. I. An iniportanl deelaratioii 
 ms made hy the lords and coniinons of Kngland to 
 lie prince and princess of Orange on 13 Fob 
 
 m^^S,s,''a:(i1;:::;:^;;;r;,"':':'''^"f'-'-- 
 
 Iclaimi,;.ui,w,;s,irstnm:h. 1,'^;::;;^,;'!;<^'P-- 
 I fnaeted 2 .t 3 |.:d(v. VI I q.s-,. ■•,"'■ 
 
 .;/'.'^ was passed i (Jen. I. i-,, 
 Kiotsiigninst .lews in l.on,!,.:, 
 I iconic ri.itons citizens of I |,, 
 
 I ennvnil h,.|„„^,i„j; ,„ ^v,.stli,i 
 
 '•niK ■•.i.l.r was hansel. i,„.l 
 
 l-i'Msumi::''^';:;!'^;:,;;:''^""" 
 
 i J';H.::,f'ri';i-tr,-;,j:;i''''-'''-^''''Ht. 
 
 1 Hioti.r Fvil .Mayday („./i,v/,', 
 I Or. I.anih kill,..! hvthcnioh 
 
 I famc'''X!;;';;;',;''i'''|''''^''"«-'' bouses 
 
 i.o"' . siM'l.ll ..f till' lin.'eai els hiiii..,., 
 
 several cimsiilerahle |„.isoi] 
 in.-iyor. were euneen,e.| 
 
 t:';;','.;:"""-'' "'"' """"■'■>'"<. <"> account ..r th^ 
 '''.'v:::ti;;^';;o::;.:::^;::i,^'-:^■^-■'■''v-e,.■n.r 
 
 i;^b';:;,!s'":;:;:;;i:r'" f •'' '" --®-'-:! 
 ,''n'ivno,;er:a;,;i':h!inr.;r'"'^''''''«-''''--;-;e 
 
 "nlAit'i^ile^,,?:;^ -^-^ - '-- "■■.,:, 
 
 Orthe.-Sj.itidneldsweav.'.rs on .accnnnf '.r ^V'"''^'' 
 workmen come ovevf;,,,,', V,..';.,!. I""* "f.<,''".l'.li' 
 
 •il 
 
 .tune, 
 iif ill- 
 
 clceii..:, of „i„ 
 Wllo .seized 11, 
 
 rills 
 ■ h.rd 
 
 1262 
 
 1271 
 '517 
 1628 
 
 :668 
 
 , itary,hnrm,;;;r,?:;::',^^f""'^'^''^''"''^'^'- 
 
 ''T(»n \ Tbe"uaiU'"i;;'wo;"!"""'' *"'" '''"■'«""> y^^'V^- 
 iLwact "declaring the rights and libmies of tli,; ,, I''''". »"ii u.ake ti'nnf wull'iVo,'''!';;!,' !;;.,,"'''7/^ 
 
 "":™5KS;;:,;i;:vr,;,;;'i;?"-"S 
 
 J6S2 
 
 1707 
 
 171C 
 
 1716 
 
 fiibjecl, and settling the siieeessioii of the crown." 
 
 I Hie Dill of Rights, virtually the .same as the (li'- 
 
 tlaratidii, was passed by parliiiinent. It totally 
 
 it>ilished the dispensing'power of the crown Oct 
 
 \\^h St:f Claim of .lii!//it. 
 
 RIG-VEDA. See rerfff.». j 
 
 EIIIXIK (near Marlinosli, AV»llacliia). Here ! 
 
 I lie .kstrians and Hussians under prince Cohurg ' 
 
 I nii sen. Suwnn-ow, gained a groat victory over the 
 
 I lurks, 22 Sept. 1781). 
 
 .RINDERPEST, German for cattle plaouc 
 
 limiMsff). ' •' 
 
 RIXGDES NIBELUNGEN, see Nile- 
 llmjsAe/. 
 
 RINGS anciently had a seal or signet engraved 
 I m them, to seal writings, and they are so used to 
 liiiiiday. In (imesis ^li. 42, it is said that I'hnraoh 
 Ipvf Joseph his riiijr. Kings are now put r,i>..ii ' 
 liomeDslourth finger at marriage; but the Jews 
 IM tlieiii at the espousal or contract before niar- 
 IIT; Y™"'g-ri»g:8 are to be of standard gold by 
 ini.uto, 1855. •' 
 
 1736 
 
 •7)7 
 
 '76s 
 
 of tie 
 'iilarlyyi 
 
 peace, ainl 
 
 eieetl.vcalle.l for hy till, j'n.stie, 
 
 M;!:;;;f;gi::;,rz^'r.:;;;!rofc,.nu,^'-;,.=£r 
 
 In various oarts of isnotr.,n,i '. „ ' ' ■■• ''"'.^' 
 ..^itiaac,!wliei;L;." !;. ,^7'"""'f''" 
 
 »vrgiisoi?:„,^^''^{,,;?;?^,,, ;™,^j;i-e., ^fl■' 
 
 '*^ir^Fdr!;;:rri1^.!;.,:!;;r'''"^-'''' 
 
 riot („■/,„./,.,„,,) iitco^-ei,,:,;;;,',?,, ' '' 
 
 iii_eiiiise((Ueiiceofthe house i.f 
 
 ■•■'''""cia Burdett to~tiie 
 
 Machinery A<^>^x.rly^A by rudersat NottiiiK-H.^ni'Vioni 
 
 "'iSi^fr^;f"'""-"'°f^«:f:;'u;e 
 
 " • • ■ 1811 and 
 
 3 o 2 
 
 o. i'. 
 
 in riecadiily 
 
 mnns coiionittinj; sir ' 
 
 TowHr 
 
 liiiic. 
 .S'l.t. 
 
 1768 
 1780 
 
 1791 
 '797 
 
 '7% 
 
 1810 
 
 'M!-! I 
 
 ■'ir 
 
 I I 
 
 ■ 1 ^ ^'4 
 
 
 !! 
 
1-0' 
 
 V^a'v' 
 
 
 
 I'i^hi 
 
 i |*i 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 RTOTS. 
 
 1812 
 
 i3i6 
 
 8:9 
 
 A.« H!.t-t ^:ni""t..- - -count of C..u _^_^ 
 
 was llrc'cl iit liini • ■ ' i:,,,', ' , Miiirli, 
 
 u'rHt'^^usley .n.l 0i«.«c»v ; nmny l>ous.v. vlun- ^ 
 Ai'Edln..uvgl..onU;eac,\uiUal of' .,«een C«t.^.;;;. _^ 
 
 litMiiciiaut • • '. 1 ' n Ol't 1 
 
 FatalaffniysatCabtlei.ollanl,23Ma> ■»'"^ '^^g j„„^^ , 
 
 Atrmy at ^^fy^-'^^Ji^X S po' mlice, were, 
 with thoir eoi.iuiamler, Mr Uibiiw, "'"•-"•, ^ „g„ 
 
 a iiroolamatioii . • " i^.i.'iBf July, 
 
 Chartist ric.t ''t ^7 ; "''i;;''' t st .fflcld with ,no8t 
 ":;!^rir^r';.^f ^IJliaUy •ai.ovej.U, 
 
 cnK.rtist,len.,.n»t™jnn(«^C/. .»^)^^^ 
 
 Sol^Um^-ot, at Varmoi^ thn,u«h a dis.mt,. ;«■ 
 K-;l^-'st;^«:ci::!^^l- eathonc .^.U ^^^^ 
 ■ i. „*. uiv tnllti-liriilire. in thw cniuity 
 
 ^^!?'^:;;!:in7;^^^;'=«"oL'..ota^jo; __ 
 
 Ki!!i:;atw5u,a„>™.J^e.,aA— ^ 
 t,v the military withcut loss of iiic ^^ ^ |_ 
 
 „rrS:fp^tUeope„.aiA-chin.or 
 
 H:i;«i:^J^i^';>J-->.e'^-«--^f^^^ 
 
 on Siimlays 111 .■••»' 
 
 1861 
 iS6a 
 
 lhval<-o»t i>f the .■(invictH at fhall.ani, "'•l'l'r''j;s'M 
 
 ViuLa H'''ti"«t'n«lfaHt b;Ki«;tl>''"»Kl. "" "™U 
 
 Fi:!r'"ilSn«'"caus..,rbyt.u,iris., a.:,.:;.'! 
 frvourers..f(la.-il.al.li)atlvd,..,,u,k l.,.,,.|u,,,,< 
 
 HcpL and 5 O'-'t- : '""' "^ '"""'"''"'B'an'l "-''m; 
 KiotiuK at HtateyhriilKe (<m acmniit nf -lir .„n,l,. ,,t 
 
 ™ ly ri»h ; put .h.wu by th.' n,,V..«rv ., Ma„.|,, ,86, 
 Fit ' •.vmllii'ls l.,.tw...M. li.Mi.aniKtN an.l I'ml,., .mu 
 at UeCt ; « persons kille.l, ami about .s-n,,,,,,,,! 
 
 Ill 27 Aiij;, i6t4 
 
 Keform riots in lly.le-park, London ; "'"^'"i^M'JI^.. 
 
 A;:a':;";^H::.^at.hrn.in.han,,ti,ro.^u,,.i!i:'^« 
 
 '^•tllrln^.^Murphy.nn.ehdan..ed„n,.U,W,.j,^^^^ 
 
 CoL Kelly and Deasy eomniitted !<,r tnal 11s V .■n.aiis ; 
 reseied fron. the prisoners' van ■, lirttt. a ,«^„.e 
 serueant, shot dead . ■ ■ 'i'i"'l!V ■• , 
 
 ^"^«^!;,st^;:<t"a^^:U?eryn,:,na:;'r';^^fi: '^^^ 
 ^'l^;i:;tih;l^."^atwnbythenul.u,,;...uK^^^^ 
 
 Violent riotins at a colliery at TlunmlillV i„;,i 
 sSeM ; .pielled by intervention nf l,„d Wlhin,. 
 cliire and others . • ■ ;, ,. •, '^i •!»"■ i3;c. 
 
 Ui m; at Arn.athwnite. near (.arhsl., b,- .,,„ 
 KnLlish an.! Irish navvies . ■ .5..6Ua 
 
 S:;!tN;:^:a,u;l!:i^ecauseMr,C.nra:i!;.n2ln;S"" 
 " »M.^^^ mIM ' • suppressed by military MVt. ,S;, 
 *."l\l!Snrn Hur dcy Aeerin.ton. ITestuM, a.M 
 ^'o en ""^. through eotton strike aad 1.- k..,;;. ; 
 Heveml nulls and houses destroyed ; n.ls,,nr 1.1 
 
 ArS;iirCornwali;a.;inst-.l,..^'ln;.::;::= 
 
 Romanist church destroye,! . . ■7-^'\ ■■"' 
 
 At Wrexham, o coal miners . . . .Airl, „ 
 
 Kye'^it^r "Sustrent abi.ut „ A,;li:A,n: li 
 At Tredegar? Mmunouthshire, iSalvaUomsU Hi- 
 tjicke by Irish rounhs, reUihate wu 1 ;;Mt 
 ^nh I CO -Irish .iimrter sacked. 8. 9 Ji'lj'; > 
 I shman' die, 1 ; 600 destitute Irish kurlrf at 
 Qm'enstmvn, u J>'ly •• / ™ters senteno.,, 10 
 7 mouths' imprisonment • , ■,. • "^\ ' 
 InV)ublin, tl.ro!i«h resi«natiou of pobee,s,iitr.*l 
 by the military . ■ • • • , ^.g ^j,},,; ,;i 
 
 I fi. V ,1 til.' led by 1 yudmaii, Itmiis ai.'l 
 
 fe "hbourhood, smash win.lows, raiisa.k ,l,n 1., 
 
 ' nttack ml rob private carnages: lu,;illy .is- 
 
 ^.?.^ -lire organisation Inelllcient O'XiTiit by 
 
 In ' n't 'ndent Cuthbi-rt) ; estimated ,la,„a,. 
 
 aupi-ri itui mnv^ other meetings; not ui« elifcliBl 
 
 Uiotat I.il 11 " "il-« ' , „.,! („b„ut 5,M0 
 
 :,d'ti.eir "'^l^y '"^t^turm^ . •^^■-,;>|, 
 Biotons assemblaKC of « e '>'u W' > j,^,,,. 
 
 8 and 18 Nov. , P'"'.""' , Trafalaar-square 
 
 1838 
 
 1839 
 
 1849 
 1851 
 
 1853 
 1855 
 
 1857 
 1859 
 
[UOTS. 
 
 •i(.'t» lit Clmthnin, Hiiit''''™"! 
 
 . . u Fell. 1861 
 
 it lie((iiii thiiiuKii i>" OraiiKB 
 
 '7*'I't i86> 
 I by thu Irixli (i';:iin>i ihu 
 li)i'it llyili'-l'iuk, l,.iiii|iiii, -A 
 ml ut Uiiki'iiliiM'l, I'liraliiii., 
 
 S mill IS Oct. ,, 
 ;p (mi liei'nuilt ilf '111' lii.nliMif 
 ojfcl riu''iii-W"|-kll»), I'lllii'i- 
 ni liy tilt' ini'.'.'niy, 21 Mauli, i86j 
 •11 Umiiiiiiislx I""' I'li'liiUuu 
 mkillwl, anil ulioiit is'iiMJiinil 
 
 lu 27 Auk. iS':4 
 liiiik. !-niiilon ; liiiich iliunaci;, 
 
 . 7 1, ?4 July, 1P66 
 lliiiiiint;liniii. tlirnii;;!! tliv lit. 
 iiuii'li iliuiiiij;i: iliMu' to liim.its, 
 
 17. iBJlHli', iJt; 
 
 ciinmiittcMlfiii-tri!ilii!ifViii!ms; 
 liri«cjm.'rs' viui ; liiett, a.\»).m. 
 
 I . , ■ ■ i8Sc|it, „ 
 
 II strike . ■ (ii'li'f Ainil, iy,i 
 a (!iilliury iiiMiiiipr ill M.iM, 
 
 wu liy the inilitiiiy ; 4 ikiillu, 
 
 3 Jiiut. 18(9 
 \ cdUit'i-V lit Tliiiniilillr, iirar 
 by iiiturveiitiim of lunl \Vli,ini. 
 
 u J^n. i3;o 
 waite, near Carlisl'', LctMitii 
 iiiivviiis . • 15. 16 OL „ 
 'ast . . • '7' -'oAiin. i8;i 
 
 )ii, biscuuais M I-. C. l!r:iilliiii);li ivaa 
 ; «H|iiiress.'ilbyiiiililiuy 6lM. iS;4 
 iiloy, AciTinnt'iii, I'icmIom, an.l 
 mull I'ottimstriki- mill Inikn'it ; 
 liuused ilfstroyeil ; ri.its.iUfllrf 
 
 14, li May, i£;i 
 iviiwall, iiKiiii'st till' lii>lr, ;i 
 1 (lustroywl . • ly-'S Ai.ril, kU 
 lal niinera . . • ■) -^l'"'! „ 
 ry . . • •1') -Miri!, „ 
 'liinat rent about 19 April-Stiit, „ 
 imioutlwhire, «iilviilioiiisU at- 
 li roiiglis, retaliate Willi uMt 
 (iimrter sucked. 8, 9 July; 1 
 6qo ilestituto Irisli liimlfil at 
 July; 6 rioter* .sciittiiocu to 
 aonnient . • ■ ^ Au«. „ 
 1 resignation of i"iliee,siiitr''«nl 
 
 ... I t-f|'t. „ 
 .4-8 Aiml, i:i 
 ineetinK of the niieiii|;l..v.l in 
 e ioim'il 1>V the sneml ili'iiincrats 
 I'eil by liyii'lniaii, liiinis ai,'! 
 ,, unelieeke.1 for :il»ml tw.i liinirs 
 oml'all Mall toOxfunl.stivitaud 
 , smash windows, riuisick ^ll.ts 
 b iirivat*! carriatjesi liiially (lis- 
 orainisiition inclluMent irxcciit ty 
 ; Cuthbert); estiiiuitf.l 1 aiiia;e 
 • other meetings; riotiiii; tlwK"! 
 ioters sentenced tu varnms twiiis 
 „t .... Marrf', '"' I 
 
 ter' occasioned by a ."trikr, ilf- 
 ictories, &c. ; partially clirckf.1 by 
 11, n Feb.; riotuii! ciiitiiiM 
 ' 13-16 K'i). „ 
 
 \ct passed • • ■ ■ • '■ 
 t of coal-miuers at Plas-Poivct 
 
 iVrexhani . . • ■ i"''}'^- ' 
 Lanarkshire miners at llaniilt.ii, 
 74 men arrested . 8-.0 W'b. 11 
 HdLre, West lironipViin ; stnictims 
 I burnt by a crowd (about 5,.^^ 
 
 at the non-pt'''<"''"''""'" "' '' ™' 
 ley not returneil . .. '■;'"!;■ • 
 ilnKC of the uuemi.loye.l 111 Ti lab r- 
 sed.TOct.; meetn.KatUyilel'ail 
 
 the lioliee aft'''' ^'■"■'^' 'f''\' 
 lin dispersed 19 Oct. ; iiurtin-' m 
 
 re«bout,,oooweiilt.,\V,.l.,iiiist« 
 
 -drrlv -■? Oct. ; quiet uiretiiii;i. i^-n 
 e ; arrests for seditious liiii|;ii,.ii. .so., 
 otiiVrs luTrafalKar-sqiiarc priilulnt"!, 
 v^p sessions of' disonkrlyin.* 
 md' meetings in Trafalgar-M|«re 
 y Lite and foot police a.,Wb; 
 
 -ItlPON. 
 
 933 
 
 KOBBEllH. 
 
 the :st life (fiiards ; sevenil severe PoiiHInts with 
 men nsiiiK' Iron b.irs and knives ; inaiiv seriously 
 injured, cliielly police ; Mr, (;iinlM^;liiiiMe (Imhiiiii, 
 M.P., a iiiacislrate, and .Mr. .loliii lliirns and 
 
 many others arrested ; inodenitc udiiel of 1 he 
 
 |K)lice; siri;. Warren's amiii;,'enieiitB tlioriiii;,'lily 
 nui'Ci'ssriil, Niinday, 13 Nov.; iiiiiny sentenced tli 
 lifiial servitude 14 .Nov. 1887 
 
 Fuiii'nil procession of Alfred l.iiinell, a law writer, 
 icciileiitilly killed Inacrowil in Nortliiiniheriaiul- 
 
 jveniu Sunday, 20 .Nov., IV Soho to |!.,w 
 
 ffini'tery ; Messrs. (.'iinin;.'li.iiiic (Iraliain, .M.l'., 
 Wni. .Morris the poet, and oihcis |iresent ; ordi^r 
 was only iiiaintained liy a liir-e boily of ixillei^ 
 
 18 Dee. ,, 
 
 Much rioting' connected with strikes . . . 1890-03 
 
 .\tt.icks of the coal mine strikers In Ehbw vale, 
 Wiilo.s, di'leati'il hy the workers ; military present 
 
 ..... '7 '^nc i39j 
 
 Riutoiis prnceiiliiiKS of the strikers in the coal dis. 
 tricts cheeked by the military ; 2 deaths; imicli 
 iip)lierty destroyed .... 7-8 .Sept. „ 
 .SeelVxiMind Hull, 1893. 
 
 li.iportof a coimnittee on riots aiipointeil, .May, 
 1894; issuiil .March, 1895 
 
 See .v/rifa.«, 1881 ; bclmiil \ Cmftrr^, 1887-8; MfnsI, 
 .toulKamiilim, Ciwliff, dial, Hull, Sic. 
 
 RIPON (Vorkshire), an ancient town. About 
 Uil an ahliey cell wns liuilt hi'fc hy Katii. Ripon 
 m made a bishopric by iirchbisliop Wilfred, in 
 tip, but did not einluiv so. It aiideied niueli by 
 the ravages of the Dunes, the Nonimns (i()(j<)), iind 
 the Scots (i;^t<) and I32_5). 'I'lio present .sec was 
 eri'fteil 3 Oct. iKjd, out ol tlio iirclideaconry of York 
 intliH\\est Hiding'. Iiicoiiif 4,200/. Tliecatheilrul 
 w,is restored by sir (j. (i. Hcott ; the choir wiis re- 
 (i|,cncd 27 Jan. 180). The tliousumltli unniversiiry 
 of its incorporation was celcdinitcii 25-27 Aug. l&Sd. 
 I'opuliition, 18S1, 7,31^; l8()l, 7,512. 
 
 1836. Charles Thos. r.onKley. trans, to nnrham, 1856. 
 ijj6. Kohert liiekerstcth, died 15 Ajiril, 1884. 
 1JJ4. Wni. Uoyd Carpenter, .May. 
 
 KITCHIE'S ACT, see undei- loci Govern. 
 
 itifiil. 
 
 RITUALISTS, a naino given in 1866 to n 
 iiarty in the church of Knsland, foriiierly tenncd 
 I'uscyites, for .•iidcavouring to sive a iiiore itn- 
 piisini; character to public worship, by tin,' use of 
 wloured vestineiits, li<;hted candles, incense, ice, 
 professing to go back to the practices of the chiircli 
 in the time of Edward VI. An u.vhibition of these 
 thinirs was held during the ehureli congress at York 
 in Oct. iSlX), but was not otticially coniii'ctcii with 
 it. The jjraclii^es of the ritualists (,sai(l by .Mr. 
 Disraeli to be symbolical of doctrines they" were 
 boirail to renounce), were consunid in .several 
 eprapal eharfres in Dec. i86f); in two rejiorts 
 01 the ritualistic coiniuission, ii> Aug. 1867, und 
 .Ipril, 1868, and by the indicial committee of 
 the privy council on appeal, 23 Dm. 1868. >Si>e 
 Church of J-jiglii lid >u\il Ti-tiils, 1867-9. At a gene- ! 
 ral fonvocatioii of the American cjuscopul ehiindi at ■ 
 I'hihdelphia, 27, 28 Oct. 1868, after a warm dis- ' 
 tujsioii on ritualism, the discussion was adioiinied. 
 Itivns renewed at the convocation 10 O^t. l8"4 
 and the ritualists were decidedly beaten I'lv t'liJ 
 eran^clical niirty, a stringent canon on eeroinonies 
 bems; passed 27 Oct. The " I>ublie Worship Kegn- 
 latiou Act" was passed 7 Aug. 1874, for the re- 
 pression of ritualism in England. See I'lihlic 
 \Unltip. 
 
 KIVEKS COMMISSIONS, first appointed, 
 1805, llessrs. U, Itawlinson, J. T. Harrison, and 
 Profeswr Way ; second, 1868 ; sir Wm. Dcnison, 
 Mr, J, thalmers Morton, and l'rofes,sor Franklimd. 
 
 I'llbllshe,! six blue books 
 
 '^ri'ni'e!i"" '"' '"'""'"■'"« ""■ '■ii'cisof'.Scoil.iiMl 
 
 The l-oiliitlon of Kivers Act passed ,5' Aug' I'si'" 
 aiiienileil . ■ 's ■•"h. 1070 
 
 ■ S74 
 
 ■875 
 
 1893 
 
 Xeer here 
 
 KIVOLI (near Verona, \. Italy). ,-,eir here 
 the Ai.striaim defeated the Iren, h,' - Nov fX 
 and were defeated by Uoniiparte 14, ('..Ja,,' ,'-0-' 
 
 tbe'ictionT"' """''■* ''"'"'' "'' ""■"'' '"'■ '"' ■■*'""•'■ '" 
 
 liOAD CLUn, established in the niilmui, of 
 
 •I vit- ,",";"• '^' t^'^'""'-'"'^'" interested in the 
 ii'MMil ol eoaeliing. 
 
 I,m ^^^P H^l'I^KR- On the night of 29.30 
 June, I80,, traneis Savile Kent, f.oir years olTl. 
 was murdered, and his body hid i„ , „arde 
 watei-idoset at lioad. His sister Coii.taiic." Kent 
 
 aged sixteen), and the nurse Kli/abeth Uough 
 (the hrst suspected), were discharged for want 
 of evidence. The coroner was sen-rely blamed 
 io charging the jury improperly, but the court of 
 queen s bench, in Jan. 18O1, ivfused t„ issue a writ 
 
 ora.iewi,u,u,r.v Constance Kent, o„ 25 April, 
 
 I? u.'r '■•1.7;,''^ 1' '1""""' "'•■'"■>. '" "-^-street, and 
 at liei t lal at bulisbury, on 21 July following, con- 
 essei hersell to be ^uilty of the murder Her 
 Minishnient was commuted to penal servitude for 
 to. Let out on tleket-of-leave, 18 Julv, 1885. 
 Itoad 18 near Fronie, .Somerset. " 
 
 KOADS, xwJioiiiaii Itomls. The first general 
 reiiair ol the highways of this countrv was directed 
 .Ujoiit I2«,. Acts were passed for the purpose in 
 I324 and 1555, followed by others in Eli/abeth's 
 . id suweeding reign.s. Koa.ls through the High- 
 I 'L''J>' "I h«' Ini'd were begun by gemual Wade in 
 
 . I, !; ,i',"i;"''",V-^'','^'''""''' ■■'""''' ^'■^■'•'•' introduced 
 .lo.iit lais. \yooden iiavements were tried with 
 pur lal success ui the streets of London ; at White- 
 Hull in 1839, and lu idher streets in i,S4o ; asphalte 
 pavement s^oon alter. An act •' for the better uian- 
 agenient of the highways" was passed in 1862 
 a ter miirh opposition; another, Hi Au". 1878- 
 also regulated the use of locomotives on roads! 
 -Steam road-rollers were tried in 1867; used in 
 London 18 Manh, i8(>8: see MmmlmnLiiu/, Tolls, 
 and Jloodai Puremeiits. 
 
 IIOAD STEAMERS. Mr. R. W. Thomson, 
 ol Ldmburgh, ,ni8(,8, by adding india-rubber to 
 
 he tires ot the wheels of loeoniotives is considered 
 to have solved the question of steam traction on 
 eoiniuon roads _ Road steamers have been success- 
 
 ully employed 111 Kdinbur-h and Leith fordrawing 
 heavy waggons up inclined planes, and are adapt- 
 able to any draught work. They were tried at 
 Woolwich, I Oct. 1870, and reported successful bv 
 (■minentauthorities; and theirapplicationto plough- 
 mg by lord Dunmore was exhibited 1 Feb. 1871. 
 
 IIOAXOAKE, an island off N.Carolina, U.S., 
 discovered by sir Walter Raleigh, 1584, and settled 
 by him, 1585, without success. Other settlers also 
 failed. 
 
 ROASTING ALIVE. An early instance is 
 that ot IJocchoris, king of Egypt, by order of Saba- 
 con of Ethiopia 737 „.c. Ltnyht. Sir John Old- 
 castle, lord Cobhaiii, was thus put to death in 1418, 
 and Jlichacl bervetus foi heresy at (ieiieva, 2" (Jet. 
 •5.S3 ; "t'e Jii'rniiiij Aliir, and 'Martyrn. ' 
 
 ROBBERS Were punished with death by 
 Edmund I.'s laws, which directed that the eldest 
 robbershould be hanged. Remarkable robbers in 
 England were Robin Hood, 1189 (see Rohin Hood), 
 and Claud Du Val, "executed at Tyburn." says an 
 
 ,^ir ' 
 
 jMi.f:^,.i 
 
 
 mf 
 
 1 i. !,■■ 
 
 ji ' 
 
 
C-Sli 
 
 MU' 'I 
 
 HOniN HOOD. 
 
 934 ItODNEY'S VICTOniES. 
 
 hUtnri.m (iiiiiintlv. "to tin. irrcnt grief of the 
 woniiii," Jan. l(>7(i. In Irclund, Itu' lainoiH Miic- 
 C'lilii' wii^ haiini'il at Naas, I') Aim'. I(k)1. (jallop- 
 iiiL' irngan. tlic rapiiaiv,., llnunsluul lit ihiH pciiml. 
 Fruiu'V, tlic cclcliialcd lMj{livvavniaM, «iimiuliTi'U 
 himself, ID May, I74'i. The aecmniilisheil IliiniiiK- 
 tun wastnillwpollial, 22 Sept. lycjll. Wee Jilill.1. 
 
 ROBIN HUOl>, eaptain of a liand "f robhors, 
 ill .Slierwiiiiil turest, .\(iltiiif;lmiiishii'e ; tniilitiimally 
 reported to have hi'eii the lari «( llmitiiindoii, dli;- 
 irruced and hmirilied the cenrt hy Itiehanl 1. at his 
 accession (I iHi)). \M<in lloml ;,nd Little John and 
 their band are Slid I" have contiiiwed their .h'pre- 
 diltioMstill 1247, when KJiiii died. Sloir. 1-ord 
 TennVM.n's dniina. "The Koiesteis ; lloliin Hood 
 and ilaiil Marian." Hri.t lepresenied at New \ork 
 on Hceount of the .Vnieriean copyright law, end ol 
 March, l.Hi(2. 
 
 "ROniXSON CRUSOE," hy Uaniel De 
 Foe; tlie hr.^t part aiipeareil in 1719. See ./""r 
 Fvi-hiiihIc:. Three ohl lioiies, Mary Ann, Jam 
 Amelia, and Sar;ih Immiui'S De I'oe, lineally do 
 sieiuled In.in De Foe, pensioned hy tbe dueen, 
 May, 1877. 
 
 ROBURTTE.a new (lenniin explosive invented 
 by Dr. Carl liotli, reported INSS. 
 
 ROCHDALE, l.ania-hire. \ charter «as 
 obtained lor a market liy Kdmunil de I.aey, 1241, 
 and the grammar nelmnl was f, unded 15(4. ll'ieh- 
 dale canal was opened 1804. 'I'he new town was 
 commem ed in I.^dS. lioelidiile first sent a menilier 
 to parliam.nt in 1S52. The woollen m mulactme 
 was earrh'd nii in the Kith centmv. I he tiist 
 cotton mill was erected in 1 795 Theatre royal ■ 
 and opera honse, Imilt in 18(17, destroyed by tiri', 
 27 Jan. 1H94. r.ipiilation, 1S81, (j8,,SWi; I.S9I, 
 
 ROCHEFORT (W. France), a seap.rt on the 
 Charente. The port w„s made liy Umis AI\. in 
 1666. In Aix-roads or liasiiue-roads. near Uoclie- 
 fort cant, lord Cochrane attacked the I'rench tieel 
 and destroved four ships, 11-12 April, iStxj. Near 
 Kochi't'ort,"the emjieror Napoleon surrendered him- 
 gelf to eapt. Maitlaiid of the Jk/lcnp/iun, 15 July, 
 1815. 
 
 ROCHELLE (\V. France), a seaport on the 
 Atlantic, beh.iiging to the English tor some time, 
 but tinallv surrendered to the l-rench leader, liu 
 Guesclin,'in 1372. As a stronuhold of the Calviiiisl 
 partv, it was vainly licsicged by the duke ot Anjou 
 m li;7^; and was"takeii after a siege of thirteen 
 months bv eaidiiial lUdielieu in 1(128. The duke 
 of Buckingham was sent with a ileet and army to 
 relieve it; but the citizi'iis ileelined to admit him. 
 He attacked tin- isle of Uhe, near lioehelle, and 
 failed, 22 July. 1627. lie was repulsed 8 Nov. fol- 
 lowing. A cniispiracy here in 1822 caused loss of 
 life to sergeant ISories and others. 
 
 The new liarlioar opened liy president Carnot 
 
 19 Aii^'. 1890 
 
 ROCHESTER, in Kent, the Roman Dun- 
 brine. The bishopric, founded by Augustili, 604, 
 is the ne.tt in aire to Canterbury. The tirst cathe- 
 dral was erected by Kthilbert.'kiiig of Kent. St. 
 Justus was bishop in (X)^. Alterations were made 
 in the diocese in 1845. Kocheeter is valued in the 
 
 king's books at 3i?'-'3'- -.V'^P';'' •"""""• \"Z"^ 
 mcoiiie i,oool. The cathedral re-opened after 
 repairs of the choir. It June, 187^; west front and 
 towers restored, 25 July. 181)4. The old castle 
 and grounds were iiu.chased for the imblic by the 
 Corporation, l88j. The " tuu churches fund, 
 
 begun by the bishop, 18S4. I'lipuliitioli, |SS|, 
 : 1,307 ; i8<)i, 2(j,3i)ii. 
 
 lll-:i KNT HlSlloCS. 
 
 ,-,11. Saiiiael llorseley, tnnis. to St. .\Kiipli's, i3o). 
 
 li.jj. Tlioiiiiis jiauiplcr, tiiiiisliiteil to Kly, 1808. 
 
 180.1. Wulter Kinw, died .'.i t'eli. 18^7. 
 
 iaj7. lliiKli i'.iey, tniiisl^ited liirailisli'. .7(ict. 
 
 ! ,8..7. IJ BC .MlimiV. died id I'di- l8l«i- 
 
 1 i3ou. .loscpli lotion WiKiinii, died f. Mail, .S'7. 
 
 1817. Tlios, l.cnli ClaiiKlilon, iniiisliitcl Im St .Mtiinu. 
 
 iS't'. .\lltllollv Wilson Thi.rold, collsecriili.l, Jj.lllly 
 
 ' tianslnted to WliielMnter, iSc/.. 
 
 ' 1S90. Uaudall Tiioiiias l)M\idson, U.K., Nov. ; tiiiiislm.,! 
 j t.i Wiiicliesler, 1H115. 
 
 ,895. Edward Mtiiart'rall.ol, II. I>. 
 
 ROCKETS, destructivi' war iinpleiiiciits, «err 
 ievcnti-d b\ sir William Coiigreve alioui i,S(i3, Tin 
 carease-roc'kets were lirsl lined at Hoiilogm., S Oil. 
 I8i)<i, when tlie\ set the town lai liie, iln ir |,„iu'i, 
 bring previously demonstrated in the pic«i'ii.r nf 
 .\lr. I'ilt and -everal of the cabinet iiiiiiistiri., iy<i, 
 
 ' Improved rockets were made liy Hales in |S^(,, 
 itoxer's lifi-saving rope-carrviiu' rocket, fur cniii. 
 
 ! municatingwitli stranded \esseU,(lescrilicil in |,«;^. 
 
 \ See ;/■/■(. X-.v, March, l8c,2. 
 
 ■ ROCKINGHAM ADMINTSTRATIOXS, 
 
 The tirst succeeded tile adminislialioii nt .Mr. iJe.i. 
 (jrenvilie; 1 1. e second succeeded lliat of hail .\orlh. 
 
 j KIIIST An.Ml.NlSTK.\TloN, nJllly, 1765 to Jo .llllv, ijy;. 
 
 Cliarles, iiiaii|. of UeckiiiKliaia.'./ir.i* ("ii/ n/Hf (riu.<iiri 
 
 William liowOeswell, i/cMor//../ It] the it>Ur'ivrr. 
 
 Karl of Wiiicliilsea iiid NottiiiKliaia. luM jnwii/iiil. 
 
 lluke nl' Newcastle, ;ii ic;/ .s.e/. 
 ' Ivirl orNoitliiiigton, h<nUUi<nnlhn: 
 
 liulic of Portland, U<iil chnnihcili'iii. 
 
 iHike of Uiillaiid, ,,1,'slu-i.jtkeUnrM: 
 ' l.n],l ■fallint, h'l- 1 slnrnril. 
 
 llciiiv Scyiiioin- Conway and the diikc ol Griiltuii, .*l.■ 
 I.md KkuioiiI, if'hnimllil. 
 
 Miiniiiis oriiianliv, iinliiinire. 
 
 Vis lit li.uriiij^ton, .<irn(.o.i/-»(-imr. 
 
 \-;,e,.iilit Howe, tmisiiirriifllii ii"iv(. 
 
 Charles Towiishelld, (»^l/Me.<^^ "./ tUf pm-e>. 
 
 Ijul ,,ll'intiiioiitli,;ii'-""i'' "/''■'"'•• 
 
 l.ni'ds l!esslMirouj;h, (Iraiilhaia, iiml CavciMlisii. (it: 
 See Cli'itliKia iitliiii iiiflinli'iil. 
 
 .sK. nsii .vii.MiNisTii.ynus, March to i .July, 1782, wlitiitl.t 
 
 iiianpns died. 
 M,ir,iuis of l{,,ekiiit;haiii,iii>-( h;ih,flh- tmwwj. 
 I ,,i(l.lohii Cavendish, .■/».»..»"i";"ie"<;'iC'iiii;i-. 
 l,„rd Cllledell, i,irsi,l,„l •■Jllien,tll,ril. 
 ImUe ol (llaltoll, luh-il sriil. 
 |..,ld I'lilllhiw, /»n(i/io"iT(/"i\ , , , ,, 
 
 William, earl of Sliellainie and Charles .James J"S, .."i,- 
 
 ; Aii'-'iist'ii^^vi'scoiiiil Kepjiel.;'!-'' '"i-' "/''"' ■"'"'"'ills. 
 ' Dr.Ue of liivhmcmd, mii.-trr-r'iinil «) llu ,,i-dm,m. 
 
 Thomas 'I'owiisheiid, .■.■vn(eiv/|i(-ic"r. 
 
 Isaac lianv, Ivlmiind liinke, John Dnnmiig, k<: 
 
 ROCROY (N. l''raiice). Here, 19 M;iv, 1(14], 
 the Spaniards were totally defeated by the heccli, 
 
 \ commanded by the great Coiide. 
 
 RODNEY'S VICTORIES. Admiral lioilnev 
 
 ■ f„U"ht, nearCaiie St. Vincent, the Spiinlsliiidmir;il, 
 Don I.angara.whom hedeh-nted ami inai e iiriioniT, 
 eiiiturin"six of his ships, one of which liltwup, 
 l'(, 17 Jan. 17S0. On 12 April, 1:82, he cncinratwd 
 
 i the Freueh fleet in the West Indies, coiiimaiiilcd bv 
 the count de GiMsse, took five ships ol the hue, aiiil 
 
 : sent the French admiral iirisoiier to I'.iiglana; 
 
 I Rodney was raised to the i>eeiiige, June, !7f<2, 
 
 • Charles Watson Weiitwortli, iiinriiaisofRockinglMin, 
 ' wasliorn ,3 May. ,730; succeeded his ratlaMM.sinan,n«, 
 ,7So lie died without issue, i July, 1782 : auJ iiu 
 I estates iiasscd to his iiciiUew, curl Fit2\villiaui. 
 
H VICTOKIES. 
 
 |), 18H4. l''iiuil:(tiim, iH"*!, 
 
 K.NT lllHlliirs. 
 
 truiH. tn SI. AKuiili'ri, iSuj. 
 
 llllMilulril til Klv, 1808. 
 
 I .-J iM'l.. I8J7. 
 
 slillnl 1(1 Cllllinlc', i7(li't. 
 il'il If) I'l'li. iSlHl. 
 
 i(;nliii, ilii'il '1 Ai'iil, iS'7. 
 lliluii, IniiiHhiti'.l I., St Allraiis, 
 
 Thiirnlil, ciiiihi'iniicil, jj Juij . 
 Yliii'lin-iti'r. iBiy.). 
 liiuiilsijii, l'.li.,Xuv. ; traii«liitr<l 
 
 ■ill I lilt, D.I I. 
 
 Inuitivc WAV imiilriiiciits, weri' 
 iaiii Coiifii'cvu iitiiiul iSoj, Till 
 
 ■ lil'st llnl'll lit lilMllo^Jlll., SCKt, 
 till' liiwn nil lilr, llliir liiiwti, 
 niiiiisti'iili'il in till' |iii'«fiiii' if 
 
 ol (lie I'iilpiiwt iiiihifliri., iS«i, 
 irr iiuiili' liv Hull's ill |S^(,, 
 miii'-i'iin yiii;; rui'krt, U<r com. 
 iiiili'il \ (>sscl.-<, iliwiiln-il in :,'<•>, 
 
 I.Sl)2. 
 
 M ABMlNlsrHATlOXS. 
 
 I 111' iiiJiiiMiistiiitiiiii lit' Mr. ijeii. 
 ill micri'i'iluil lliiit 111' lull! Norll,. 
 
 IN. 13 .Inly, 1765 til .10 .Inly, ijii;, 
 kiiiKliHiii,'*.rti'»( l^nl 11/ (/if (iw..iir., 
 
 ■hiinrilhir ('/the Ijuhnillrr. 
 
 I NiittiiiKlmiii, lii/i/ JHMiidiil. 
 ini.-wl. 
 
 I fh'intln'il'iiti. 
 
 <inl. 
 
 iiy mill tlie iliiki' nf Gntfluii.ti'i.. 
 
 III), 
 ■ihtcnec. 
 
 irn-nflU, ,<'<\% 
 
 VllllWiftil- "/ (/lI'/ll'i'M. 
 ,'.,f (,„■./ ../(/-..i/.. 
 
 iniiilliiiiii. mill t'livi'inlisli. 4:i', 
 ilinui iiiliiii iiiMri'li"tt. 
 
 iiN, Mm-i'li til I .Inly, 1782, wlimlLt 
 iii.iiiliii', ilU'il. 
 nil, fii-M h>iih'flhetmisurii. 
 , iliiiihill'ii- '>J llie i'XchC'iuer. 
 ■Ill iij llie i-uiiiifil 
 
 ",1/ Hi-Ill. 
 
 hnitirUm'. 
 
 lurne mi'l Climli'S .Jiiiiim 1''"S, .•■ni- 
 i'liln'l.yii'sf '"i.( "/(/'iiui/wii'i/lj. 
 
 nii^ln--ijriliiill "ftlli w'l/lllliU'f. 
 .iirridiVl/ ii(-ll'iii'. 
 
 I liiirki', .Jiilni Dnniiiiit;. A'l'. 
 
 Frmii'L'). Ilcri', 19 M 11 v, 1(143, 
 ; tiitiilly ili'fVatuil liy the iTencli, 
 pv.d Ciiiult'. 
 
 tTCTOllIES. .\ilmiral Ifodnev 
 St. Vini'i'iil. tliL' Simnisli iidminl, 
 111 lie ilcliMti'il mill iiiiiilt' jiiiioinr, 
 ia sllijis, oiiu of wliicli lik'wup. 
 Jn 12 April, 17.S2, lu' enimmti'mi 
 
 tho West IiuliL'-s iinnmiiiiiied by 
 :e, took five sliips uf tlic line, and 
 iiilininil ])tisoiic'r to Kiigland: 
 
 to tho jicriiigi', Juue, 1782. 
 
 Wi'ntwiii'tli,iiiiiiiliiisiifR™'ii"Sl»'"' 
 30 ; sui'Oi'i'ili'il liis fatliiii' us maniiiii, 
 liont iasiif, i July, 1782 ;»ud hiJ 
 lU'iiliew, curl Fit2H-illiam. 
 
 ROGATION WEKK. 
 
 9.3.5 
 
 BOOATION WKEK. Uiw„i„„.s„ni|„v, tli,. 
 
 l,uri.liiylM'fiin;AHi',.,,si,,i,.ilav. ii'irivnl j,. tilli.^ IVmn 
 the Mouiliiy, liiMtliiy, nml Wnlni'.mlnv r..||.,wiii.r i. 
 alleilUiW.liimdiiyH, iln'ivnl (V,,,,, ,i„; I,,,,!,, ^v,,/?,,',' 
 
 to b.'.t'ei'l.. K.X 1- 'iliMMry iiniyiM-i i.nil siMiplj,,,. 
 
 (ion» li.r tlitw lliicr .lays ,,,'c. niiiil t,i liav.i l,,.,.u 
 ,p|,u,ntiiil in the tliml ,.,.„t„ry, „,h u |ii',.|m,'atii,i, t„r 
 ,|,ed.-i'..utiil.s,.rraiii'('„l,„„-S:ivi.iiii-'HiiHr,.„«i,„| „„ 
 
 -y, %'^ •"• ""T'"'"'- '", "'"IN. ilniiiininatnl 
 Jl„k IhuMiUy or A»irii.siun-,i„v. Tlir wlml,. wrrk 
 ;,1 whiiili llli'>« (lays iMpjii'ii 'is Klvli'il Kiinuii,,,, 
 iri'i'k; mill 111 «onu. p.u't.s it is still 'kimwii hv the 
 .illuT niuiii',s ul Crop week, livMn wri'k, iiiid'l'ro. 
 vewui wei'k. r 111' piMMinlinlalimm „f pari,h,.M have 
 usually nc'cii imuli' in thin week. 
 
 ROHAN, an illnatrii.us familv, (icn'oinkiil from 
 tl,P iim'ii.nt «ovi.r,'i«,M „f llriitany. H.'iiri ,le 
 Man, .^on-in-law ot tho ^roat .Snllv, altor the 
 tath of iroiiry IV. (14 .Mav, Idlii), !„.,.:„„,, l„.a,| „f 
 tie Pi-ot^tmit jiarty, ami snslainoil throo wars 
 u-imst Loin., XIII, II,. rvontiiallv onloroil the 
 itmen of the iluke ot ha.vi-WoiiiiaV, ami ilii',| „f 
 .ouiida I'i'i-eived 111 haltle in KnH. (Ifthis finiilv 
 (iMithecmiliiiiililo liiihau; »,.,. fiiamoii,/ .y.Hliicf] 
 
 KOHrLCUND, iitrai'tofiountrv, N.K I,„li., 
 .11 romium-il l.y the Knhillas, an Afffhan trihe' 
 .ho seltli-i llioie ahout 174;. After aiiliii;; tlie 
 .weri'iKU lit Uu.lo to overoorii,' (he Mahratta.s, thov 
 we treali'il with iiiiiili li-,.ai.liui'v hv hiiii ai,;! 
 (learlve.iclerniiiialeil. Uuliik'iiml was n.ded to Ihc 
 British ill l>(oi. After the ifieat mutiny , Kohileuiid 
 wastnmi|uilli.seil 111 July, 1858. 
 
 ROLLEK SKATES, see ]ii,d: 
 
 KOLLIXG-MILLS, in the metal inanulM,'- 
 Mrii'.. wi'i-i' 111 iiM' heri' in the i;ih eentui'v, ami in 
 !;'*4 .Mr. tort patented I11.S iiniinivemeiits. 
 
 EOLLS, see .Vimter of the ItulU, and Itecorda 
 
 ROLLS' OHAPEL (Lnmlon), fimniled hv 
 Henry I I., .i^ioiit 1253, for |-i'i'eivin>r Jewisli ralihis 
 wnvirteil to Christianity. On the liaiiishment of 
 the Jews in I2<K)tlie liiiildin<;s now ealleil the Holl.s 
 and the chapi'l, were amiexed liy patent to tin' 
 oitiir«ft!ie keeper or master of the rolls of dian- 
 «)-, hum wjiii'li eiri'umstam'e tliev took their 
 ";""!', •\>'';"'l»;r'>t'puhlie records from the time 
 <.lllRliaril 111., kept in pre.s.ses in Ihi.s ehapel, have 
 k'Hi reniovi'il to the Iteeonl Ollice {wliu-l, ■»,■) The 
 Rills ehapel was pulled down in July, i8i}2 
 
 i^i^H"^'?. ^9,'^"' -.=! * 2'' Viet.'e. 42 "(.862), 
 nte to the Chancery Court. 
 
 ROMAGNA, n provinee of the paiial states 
 «pei in the legations of I5oloj,Mia, Kerrara 
 fori and Ravenna. It was I'oiiiniered hv the Lom.! 
 bdrd.<; but taken from them l.y I'eiiin, and .'iven to 
 
 ¥'if»| "St It m 1:03. In ,859 the Uoma-,na 
 Erewo I the temporal authority of the p,,,,,., and 
 ..larei Itself Ml, jeet to the Uin.r of Sariliiiia; who 
 ocepteil It 111 March, ,8(.o. It now tonus pm't of 
 tbepriivinee o Knuha. in the new kinndom ot' Italy 
 I Million, [S90, 1,2 i8,j.)2. See AW,'. ■ 
 
 I n5^^^^^^7"^^^^ y^'" Bkm.eVILM:. heights 
 ar Cars, where Joseph lionaimrte, .Mmtier, ami 
 Slirni.ilt lyere defeated l.y the allies aft ■ 
 
 ISl^Sr-^''""^^''-'^'-^- •'■'—' day 
 
 ItOAIAN <%Vnin\A(;H. 
 
 ?i:£?;.::;7;;*'fcir''.-"'"'^ 
 
 disahilifii.s, jj,,,' 
 
 !imii Cathiili, 
 
 '' were e 
 
 Anion;; other 
 niled from 
 
 11S8UU 
 
 ""■Ji'mite 1,111,.,., ,(,,,- "'•■" e-iinili'il fro 
 
 '"'•''''''''■•'tonmn-; riH,. Zs'";^;;''':'' '"" 
 
 iiiiiM, l()i)i;, \-i;, ' ii»i.iniH, l,ot^; to posse 
 
 liani. IMvii,, I, S'.'r^' l''''"l.'l"M..Nntti,,;,. 
 
 liani. I'lyi 
 "•Ilk); ,.,; 
 (iiii'triip.ilii 
 iiiii-'li, 185,) 
 -' I liishops. 
 '"iiimi Call, 
 
 nil, .Sidlnni; .■si,,-,.,v,,-ha,.vV M.iati;. 
 
 ,"^l:n"], '"■' '..aiviiliishlips 
 
 I. .11 1 Liilkn, aivhl.isl f x,.. 
 
 ^ifl lll.lia, ,«52); ..4lilHl„,,s; ,8nl 
 ''"'•"'laii.l, IS,,.,, f, l,isli„,,s '*' 
 
 64.,89.:mKn,.,;;;..,";;;:':,^^,';-;-">.-.'i-"i, 
 
 ,osii,oikj: Aiai'ili' 
 
 illi' 
 
 ■■'lid I'-lyiies la fiU • 5'i"J3'79oi AiislnUla 
 
 Irif iul. ...... .'"'_' • • 
 
 llritisl 
 "reat llritahi 
 
 1891 
 
 S97- 
 ITS. I'xe- 
 
 -i»H;'y^r-^,'v^fi'j:-'"'...l:.^'^h 
 
 ,,'■',"'','.' '■"'■'Ii'iivii,;,'!!,,' kin 
 
 I Mi'V ri'l„'| II, -^ _,,_ 
 
 l'l,ii(Jiiii|..,«-,|,.,.pi;,t(„.;,,',.A;.,, . ' ' "549 ond 1569 
 
 I- uiilf..,. I .. , ' ' • . 1605 
 
 1678 
 
 . . 1689 
 
 •Iinie, 1780 
 
 -MMieasiin'slur their' relii'fjwhi;!;!'"' 
 
 '535 
 T570 
 
 ,, '•.v.siilli'rl,v(lat,..s's(i,.tili,„„ 
 .,"•> "'■';,,'■'>' Ifioiiiil,,. thn 
 
 •nlo ';";-|""'''""l '""^ 
 
 I'opisli iilot 
 me 
 
 1,1 
 
 ^'IVfs up 
 
 llouiaii Ciilli'.ili,. 
 
 with II :,j,., 
 
 iliilitii's' , 
 
 i8oi-4 
 
 ili.s 
 
 ■ 813 to 1838 
 supiiressiiin i,f 
 
 ilis 
 
 'nii'iiiik,. 
 
 1829 
 
 Mr. 
 
 St. (Je 
 
 .\Hsni'iati.,u oV^'miisi'.l iu I,',.la,„i; 
 
 ,."' '■'""^■"i«'hcp„|iti,,,lm„l,.ivi 
 
 n'.i.s''s„l,.s,.,.|,,.„r"' ' '■'""""'■■^> "''•'"l'"'i'= 
 
 ''t:;ii'!.;:;:^'^''''.^'''-'i'-'''v>'''-.Kht-inwi;^;;^r'''- 
 
 ■^'t'hrV'.'ii ''1 '■''".""'"'''"''•'"""'"'• ti" 
 
 ^luht"; ;Ye;:i"''"" <" '""' ''■'-' ''; -" 
 ,1, ;nvHii,,Kt,,umi,isJri,,;i„.,t-,.;!„';!;i;:l.^ 
 
 ',",,,'""' el,ialii'i|„itinu l,i|| (,o(i,'„ IV , i; 
 
 .::,,:'^;:;,r;r;-;,i'"^:;;r'-^"t,Li,,i.s;;:Ai,ri! 
 
 ''-'n^:t'l.:^:;:r^,S;:t',-^^^^^^^ 
 "';r^u:i:^"n::ii,!?.:- '-■•-.■ c^^p 
 
 ■'II. Ale.\miil 
 
 , w. i^'^iu;,-?,!;;;,','.;!'- •''''"''»■"'<• '^■•'•■'■t-">y a. 
 
 iri!',;.( ui'wspaiii'r I'stalilislie,! 
 
 The""! 'n,'^;"";''"''""' ^'lV""i't"e ■■estaWisl,,:,! ' 
 vi , '.•'l«|..At,'f,'i','ssi,ar' („./,;,./,, .,,,,,). ,.,,,.,ii,,,, 
 N.,'h.,lasV\iseu,mia inti-l ari'hliish,,, „f 'wesjl 
 
 '!';«;:;'eM;;;li;si;:!r''^-:''"''''''-™'^"-'"^^''^ 
 
 t'Hii'irw iie\vsp.'ii„.r,.st.'il,lisli,.ii ' ' ' • 
 
 Anitiition in favour 111 till' i.i,i„. 
 
 •Vissiouary ,.|,ll...„ ,„,„„|„i .^^ i,,,,,;,,.,,,,;,,.,,^ j,.^; 
 
 ''iv:"iiol!i;;^;u:!^:^f'''^ ''•■-•'"-' '^■•^-'^'•^y 
 
 ^'■'■"■""' "■'"■ «h lade a .iiisti/'e of ' the Qu, ■''' 
 
 ■Mg) . Auk. 
 iii'st Hoiiiaii I'atliojic 
 
 1834 
 1836 
 1840 
 
 I, , ,, "•'"= « , iiMii'e 01 rue (Jiici'ii Q 
 
 l?nui:ii;;;i!i";:;7irrM--'t<« 
 
 '.iKeil 63 ; 7tli 
 
 i34t 
 1847 
 
 1850 
 
 •' 1854 
 • i85o 
 1860-a 
 
 1862 
 
 i86j 
 
 5I - 
 Kll,:,'lisll 
 
 I J^^'^^,, CATHOLICS, IloMANTsTs and 
 PiPisw.. I-heir religion was the estahlished le 
 
 IrSp^'T )''' '"' *''^' li'^foi'"'^'tion: see 
 I Okw'hofEn'jknd. Sii.ee then iiianv iaws were 
 
 Death nf eanliiial \Vis,'iiiau 
 
 emiliiinl siiir,. tliH l(,'f,,|i,|,,t,,,|, ,. , 
 
 Ilei.iy .Mmiiiu.t; (.■„i„i..rly an an'h.l,.a,-on in the kI," 
 
 liHh^i.huri'h) eoiiseerati'il aichliishiip of West 
 
 Coiifeieu.'e nf liianau' eatliiilic •liislu'.ps at Dullhn' 
 
 111' ewl'l'h'; ''''""" 'i"'''"'"« *"•■"« '"^'1' (i» »'™r 
 li.itice with tlie ,.,i|ial iii,|iiiu'tii,ns, iSoi and 1805 
 
 .!< nyptiW 
 
 ,,., :| 
 
 ■f ;if 
 
 '■''"if 
 
 
> I ^mM% 
 
 
 iSn'l 
 
 I I 
 
 «'^' U 
 
 '^ m 
 
 hJim 
 
 r W"^ - ■' " ill 
 
 .,]■ /til. °' 
 
 ^'" 
 
 
 EOMAN CATHOLICH. 
 
 l)3fl 
 
 UUM£. 
 
 1867 
 
 iSfjS 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 .875 
 
 ■ml (•(itKlfiiiiiliiK iiilxcil iiliiiatii>ii mill mcn'l 
 BOI'll'tllH 17 lilt. 
 
 In ClrcHt lliltiiin i6jq Udiniiii cnthollc iuIikIk ; uHj 
 I'lnii.ilK aihl cliiiiiliiH ; 3-^7 luiivi'iitii fur winin'ii 
 (inliirii.iilly tdiualhiiml); ji imiIIiwh ami IMH" 
 HrliiHilH ''*'•'■ 
 
 A Iini|iii«al i)f till' Diiliv M"viTiiiiiriit t" I'lnlnw a 
 
 catliolir iiiiiM'1-.ilv li'i' Ircl I, nd. 18(7, fiilliil 
 
 tliruiiuli llic lalliiilii' liiHlicii'it rIaiiniiiK lln' iiillri' 
 lira, tual < Ii"l .... n Muirli, 
 
 Mr. ,lu»licf'niiiiiiii«(alt. liMcl) (ClIaKaii, Mi'iininli'il 
 liiril I'liniiri'lliir i>r Inhiiiil, Ix lln' llrxt lloiiiiiii 
 latliiilii' whii lias held tliat dlllci' hImii' till' riviilu- 
 tlnli III' 1688-1; ,,,','''''; " 
 
 Callidlir tnilli wiili'ty li.v Dr. Viiu«liaii, t'Ktnbll»liiil 
 alioiit 1H68; iiMiuprlaiil I'liiilVri'iirc at Haiili-y, 
 mil nt Mi.pt. itVi. .,.„,, 
 
 C(i(A"''V ii'i""i "J "'""' l^i'liii" liriHiilciit till' iIUKo 
 (jf.Ndrfiilk, cuiislilutivl 1B71 
 
 A Hoiiiaii catliollr inii'li- .M.A. at Dxfi.nl, nlli'r tlic 
 alKilitiHiml till' li-'l .... aj.lniii', „ 
 
 Tim ratliiiliiw iilipiiniiik' till- ili'Uiiin I'f l"'!'"' iiifalli- 
 blllty tniii tlu'iiisi'hcH " nlil ialliMllrH"(ii7iir7i «rf) ., 
 
 Till- Kc'i'li'sinsliinrritlfii art (hw I'tijnil Amiirmun) 
 reii.'iiliil ... . . , 84 ■',»'.>■• '1 
 
 PiiHtiinil iHHiiicI by the U. C. IiIhIihiih in hTlaiiil 
 eliiiiiiiliK I'liiliiwiiii'iit fur e.illi'niH. Jtr, miilcr tlii'ir 
 golr ciintritl **V^' ti 
 
 "t'alluilir Kilnialiiiii CriMN Kunil " I'Hlalpllslicil . .. 
 
 Twii li. I'. liisli(i|i.H ((Uisriiiiliil at SuHiivil jH Hit. 
 
 "Calliolii' L'liiiiii," iMililin, !V(irpiiiiHi'il Id ol'liiln 
 •■ilmalimi iimli'ri'n li'Miiii-i;!!!! iniilrnl, abt. 4 Hit. 
 
 A catlnilic iiiiliin 111 Imlilln rmiiii'il . 
 
 Kniiuiii Cutliiilir iiiiivirsitv xciiali' unit . 31 May, 
 
 Ari'liliiHlinp MMiiniiiK' iiiiiili' II riiiillinil 
 
 Cntliiilii' t'liiiKri'n.sal Viiiiii' nut . . la Jnni", ,, 
 
 Tlui iiianiuiii of Hilmn liciuini's a llonian fatlinlli' 
 
 7Sri.t. „ 
 
 Roiii.in Catliolii' iiiiiviMHity ri.llip', Kinsintitnii ; 
 innn.ilnniir L'ulirl. liriiiril'iil ; iipi'iii'il . i5')i't. ,, 
 
 Several KhkIIhIi I'li'Tt-'Miii'ii si'i'iiii' tu Hmiii' . ;ii;t. ,, 
 
 New fatliiilif i1ii1mi|iiiii'iI in l.iinilnii by tlic ilukii 
 (if Niirliilk, liiriU HiiibiKli and I'ltri', anil otlierH 
 
 37 Ni)V. „ 
 
 Mr. CJlail.stoni''» iiani|.lilit. "Tlie Vatican Dccrci's" 
 (icrartiiiiiH (U'l'liiialiiins rcsiiiitinn pajnil inlalli- 
 bilitv, friiin iilip. .Miinninn, nmnniK'. ('"in'l, tlio 
 fMtliiilii'L'niiiiianiliillii-iNtiiritiliiinilnrils.^itiiu, 
 Caninys, ami sir tiiMirp' llnwyfr, aK'ninxl it, Nnv. ,, 
 
 R. C. liiiTariliy rf-fntalili.ilifil in hi-ntlaml, by \iii\>v 
 J,cn XIII ,4 Marili, 1878 
 
 For tlif (lisHtiiHlon bi'twocn Cliurcli ami Stiiti; re- 
 »])i'i'tiTiK the ilmtrliie of impal infaililiility, see 
 Pru.isid and 'iVn'iinii/. 
 
 aiurch in low Btate in Germany, 3 dioeeBen (of 12) 
 occupied: joo liarislies witlMiiit prie.stn ; 1500 
 iirieHtsex|»'lled, re|inrled . . . April, 1S79 
 
 Till' iliiireli ui llie ( II utory opened at Hoiitli Ken- 
 Kintjton 25 April, 1884 
 
 Lord i'etre,aU. C. priest, takes his seat, in tlie In push 
 of lords 3 ^"'■'' >• 
 
 Centenary of the estalilisliiiiint of the first It. ( . 
 dioeese in the United States eelebrated at Haiti- 
 more, 10 Nov. cl m/. ; caiiliniil (libbons dedieatps 
 the new C:iitliolic universii.\ at Wasliinaton 
 
 ij .Nov. 1889 
 
 Rev. J. II. Newman, Anglican, pridisM'd Konianisni, 
 Oet. 1845; made eardinal, 12 May. 1879; died, 
 
 lined 89 . . . ■ ■ • ," 'V'*'' 
 
 New .sjianish ohureli, Manchester-square, Londmi, 
 W., olieiied „ 39«ept. „ 
 
 Mr. (ihidstone's bill to enable a Hom.Tii ( atlinlie to 
 be liiiil chanrellor nt Knnlaiid nrlmd lieutenant 
 
 of Ireland, rejeeted by the nimi is (-..56 - 22O 
 
 4 I'i'h. 1891 
 
 Death of cnrrtlnal Mnnninf!, need 83, i.t .Inn. ; 
 solemn funeral service at the liroinpton onitury ; 
 bulled at the U. C. cemetery at Kensal nreen 
 
 21 .Ian. 1893 
 
 Catholic conKresses: Madrid, presiiUnt, arebhishop 
 of HaraKoasa, 35 Ajiril d sn;. ; at Vienna, I lie hinh 
 clergy and nobility present, 39 April, 1889; Ma- 
 lines, B Hepl. ii=yi '; K'-viH'' ■ • - vc.Oet „ 
 
 Dr. Herbert Vaughan, bishop uf Sallnrd, appiiinted 
 arelibishop of Weslniinster by tlie pope; eon- 
 tinned, 3 April ; enthroned, 8 .May, 1892 ; created 
 cardiiinl, 16 Jan. 1893; enlertiiined with H. C. 
 bishops at the Mansion-house, London, 11 April, 1893 
 
 :B9o 
 
 The fonndntlon alun* of tlin ratlniliil iii lir.1i. 
 minster laid by eardlnulH VaiiKhan »i d l.nmir 
 
 >i( Jllllf, ito, 
 
 nOMANLAW, Kee rB</e.s; Human I.,th,,,. 
 Tl'lir, see l.utiii. 
 
 IKIMAN 1U)AI>S IN EN(JI,ANI) i,,., 
 
 liiHlnnaiis nniintiiin, lint are uiistiilvin. i||,,i ,1,,^,, 
 were but biur of these rmids. I'lninlni "Wm 
 Koniiins," siiys Isiilore, " uiiiile voihU ilini.kt all 
 over the world, to liiive tlieir iinirehe- in a >tnii«)i>, 
 line, Mini tiiempliiy the lunplr ;" anil . niiiinii|.«ir» 
 fiei|UeMtl\ eiindeuiiieil to \Mirk at smli maji., m. k|. 
 learn Iroili Suetonius, iu Ills lileiit Culi^iuiu. 'Uin 
 were eoinnieneed iiinl eninpleti d ul MirimiK inrii i|.', 
 Iietweeli tlie 2111I iiliil 4tli eeutnries, iinil llie llnmai;' 
 soliliery were employed in iniikiii.i; tin m, tlial m.it 
 tivity iiiinlit not isi^e tlieni an oppirliuiily tn rmn 
 (llHturbiinicM. Jlalf. 
 
 , ist, WATLINu-srUKin, »(i tiained rrniii Vit' lli»uii», «lii. it 
 Hllppiised to have dileeled it. the llrilnhs eiillii.^ |ii n 
 In their lannna(ie Ciirlnliii (Irom Kfiil to Cmilian 
 Hay). 
 
 1 lUd, IKNIKI.I1, or IKKNIIIPKTBKKT, bnlll it» l«villli!n|i 
 
 I ainonK the lii iii (lioni Ht. Davids te Tjiii.ui.iiiiln, 
 3ril, 1 o«sF„ or l-'.issn VVav. piobublj linui iu iiuvjn^ 
 
 been ilel'i'llded bv a liisse nil both sides (fniimiiniMiill 
 
 til l.ineoln). 
 4tli, KiiMiN-sriiKi'.T, friiiii Ininiufil, a tleniiiiu wi.ril, 
 
 iiieaniiiK Merenry, wlioiii onr (ieriiiiiti aiiriHtnis unr- 
 
 ahlpped under that inline (I'rnm «t. Uaviil's t" Siiiiii. 
 
 ampton). 
 
 ROMAN WALLS. Oiic was eremd ly 
 AKl-ieolii (791085) to (lelend llritiiin tViiia il,,. in. 
 cursious of the I'lcts mid Scots; the tirst wallij- 
 teiuletl Iriiiii llie'rviie to the Sidway Iritli .Hmnili. ; 
 tlic seeonil from tlic frith of Kurtli, m nr Kiinilmri:!], 
 to tlir I'rith of Clyde, near llnmhartnn (;,ii iiulr>). 
 The I'nnuer was renewed and streiictlieinil liv the 
 ennieror Adrian (121), and hy Seiitiinus Sinni* 
 (2(kS). It coniiiieneeii at Ilowiie.ss, near C'iirli>li', 
 anil ended at Wiillseiid near Newcastle. It li;iii 
 Imttlenients ami towers to contnin snhliers. 'Hit 
 ■ more iiortheni wall was renewed '. y I.iiljiiisl'iliiiii*, 
 in tlie rei(;ii of Antoninus Tins, iil'iuwt 140. Maii> 
 remains of these walls still e.\i»t, inirtiiulurly ul'lhe 
 soutliern one; Itr. J. (.'. llvuee's •' Jtniiiuii ll'dll.'' 
 published 185.5- l«(i!<. 
 
 KOMANCE. oriifinally a eonii«iait!iin in tlie 
 Konmnee or l'iov(iii;al idiom. The term in the 
 middle a);e8 was extended to narratiie jmetry in 
 Renenil. Ileliodorus, a hislmp otTriccii, in I'IiisniIv, 
 alimit 398, was the author of ,/-.'//(i'7'i™ (ri iiiiiift.' 
 the loves of'l liea.i.'-elieB and t'liarieleiu), tlie lii>t wurk 
 ill this sjiecies of writini;. '1 In' lii>t jiart "1 tin- 
 : "Uoinaii de la Ito-e" was written hy (inilbuiin' J" 
 I Lories (1226-70): the second, a sepiiiati' |««'iii. liy 
 
 : Jean dc Meun;; (I285-I.5[4), the lleimnev f iiv- 
 
 caeeio was puhlislieil, 1558; 1»"U (Juixule. k Irr- 
 viintes, 1(105; Gil Uliis, h'v l.eSa(,'e, 1715. Dunloi'i 
 ii 11;. * .«■<• !.';«*:.... " ..,'.i.i;..l....i fWi , ^,. 
 
 " History of Fiction," iiulilished 1814. "See l'w//iM 
 Authors; "RiiiiKtrdthit'dX." 
 
 ROME. The I'ouiidaliiin of the dty, ly 
 
 Honiulus, was laid on the 20th .\iivil,* annriliii!! ti> 
 
 Varro, in the year V)*'> i''' t'"' J"''''" Ix'""*' (153 
 
 i years belore tlie liirth of Christ, anil in the Inuilh 
 
 I • In its original state, Uinue was bill a siiiill .ustli'ii 
 the suniinit of nioiint Palatine ; iind lln' I'lmii'iii, l"i;ivi 
 
 ! his foUiiwei-s the ap\iearaiiie of a natinii er a Lailiamii 
 
 i horde, was obliged to erect a staniliiiil us u ivuiiiinj 
 asvlnni for eriiiiiiials, debtors, or niiinlercra, wlm Bid 
 
 ' (I'i'.ni their imtive cniintry to avoid the nuiiisliiiifiit nliii'li 
 attended tlieiii. Krnm siicli an asseiiiiiliip' 11 iihii.i-H".' 
 body was soon collected, mid bcl'me the ilratli ct Hit 
 founder, the Knmaiis had covered with tlicir lialntatMis 
 the Palatine, L'apitoline, Aventine, aid V'suiiilnie luU* 
 with Muuuts Ccelins and yuitiimli* 
 
UUME. 
 
 (if tliv ritlii'Oiol III %,^<. 
 
 IIIiIh ViIIIkIi*!! Ill >I l,ii);||r 
 
 ^'J Jllllf, I>0. 
 
 Kcc Codei ; IIumvn I.ithh- 
 )S IN EN(Jl,AM) III, 
 
 liiit ai'i' liiii-liilvi II, III,,' ,l;iri' 
 
 llCKf IiiIkIk. (illlllllll. "I 111) 
 
 ilT, " llimll' rmiiU ilniiikt all 
 VI' tlirir iiiiirclii'^ ill n ^tr;lil;l|l, 
 111' iH'iiiilc ;" iiiitl rviiiiiim|.»,rv 
 il til wiii'k lit Kuril riiatli', u» ui 
 1, in liix lilt' 111 Culljiiiiu. 'll;i>. 
 I riiiiiplrti il ut Minmi. |iirini|,'^ 
 4II1 riiiliii'ii's, mill the lliiiiiai:' 
 I'll ill iiiiikiii:; III! Ill, tliiil 111,11 
 ■ tlii'iii III! iililiirlmuij- to raih* 
 
 Nn iiaiiii'il fii'iii \'ll<'llUbiu, Hliii \i 
 I'clril it, till' DrilHiiK i'allii,(! Ill 11 
 liidi'liii (licmi Kflil tn i;uii|i|.'iin 
 
 Nll.lisTKKri', llnlil ils ln'Killliins 
 III hi. l)llVJir» In Tjllrllllillllll. 
 
 \V*v, innliulilj' Itmii 11, liming 
 
 ClIHKt' on iHitll Hllll'M (IVnlll I'dniMllll 
 
 'riiiii /riiiuii.''M/, II Ui'imiiii ni.ril, 
 hiiiii mil' (ji'iiiiiiii aiiii'xtiiin \M<t. 
 iiaini' (IVcmi >St. Haviil's t" Siiilii- 
 
 LLK. fill' \vu« iTi'i'tiil Iv 
 o ili'lrnil lll'iliiiii IViiui till' ill'. 
 mill Si'iits ; till' titsl wall a- 
 I' til till' Sclwiiylrilli .Hiiuiili- ; 
 I'rith 111' Knrlli, iiniv Kiliiiliiiri:ii, 
 ,1', iiriir lliiiiiliiii'tiiii (^ii null.'. 
 I'Wi'il iiiul strcnullii'iiiil K; lla.' 
 21), mill liy Hriiliiiiii- (>i'\ir,u 
 'I'll lit Itiiwiu'ss, mill' Carli>l(', 
 ii'iiil iii'iir Mi'Wi'ii>tU'. It Ijiai 
 wcrs til rolitiiiii Mililii'i's, 'lln- 
 will* ri'lirwnl Iv l.nlliiiiil'lUrii*, 
 tiiiiiiH I'iiix. iitiiiiit 140. lliiiiv 
 lis HtiU i'xi*t, \iiirlii'iilurly "I'lli'f 
 J. C. livmi''" " Uiiiiiuii Hull,'' 
 
 •igiimllv II r(>iii|iii»itiiiii in the 
 n;iil iilioiu. Tlif ti^rni in llic 
 (ti'inlfil til luirviilivc imi'try in 
 , II liisliiip lit 'I'liii-ii, ill riii"^-aly, 
 .iitlwir 111 -/■.V/M'//'ic« (riliitiiigt" 
 I'H iiiul t'liui'ii.'li'ia), till' lii'-t imrk 
 iVritini;. 'Mi'' ln'-t |i!irt "I' tin- 
 " wiis wvitti'ii liy (iiiilliiiiuii' d'- 
 lie si'ciiiul, 11 ni'|iariilf imrni, liy 
 !j- 1 ^14), till' l)i'i';inii'i"iii't ll'io- 
 'il, i'^tS; Hull (Jiiixiilf. liy IVr- 
 iisliy 1,1' Siifji', 1715. Du'nloii'i 
 I," iii'ililislii'il 1814. 'Si'i' h'llhih 
 id l/if i'lix." 
 
 foiiiiiliitiiiii i>f till' t'itv, I'V 
 m till' 2(itli Apvil,* iKioi'Jiiixlo 
 ^(/il 111' till' Jiiliiiu [n'l-iiHl (;5! 
 til 111' Clirint, anil ill tlio limim 
 
 W, Hiiiui' WIIS liiit iisanlh Mill' I'll i 
 I'alatiiiv ; mnl lln' fniiiniri, i"i;ivi 
 iimiici' iif a iiiitiiiii nr a hailianaii 
 11 iTi'iit a Htundaril iw u ri'iiiiti'tn 
 , (Iplitiirs, 111' iiiimli'm-s, whu llcJ 
 iti'V to iivoiil till' iiuiiisliiiii'iitnliii'li I 
 I siu'li nil Hssi'iniilaiit' h iiii1I'i-H'U» j 
 'ti'il, mill lu'l'iiii- till' (loatli "ftlie 
 liiiil covi'ii'il with thi'lr lialiitiitkni! ] 
 111', Avi'iitiiii', ttii'l ^'|lUll>lil'll liiU* 
 jid liuitinalis 
 
 1)37 
 
 UOMK. 
 
 „.aruf the nixth Oljinpiiiil. ()t||,.r ,|„t,., ^iy,.,, . 
 
 [*, ;5i; i'iiiyiiiii«, r.so; KniiiiM i'j,.t„|., -,.: 
 
 fuifiu*, ;2« li.i'.). 'I III' lloiiiiiiM roiii|ii,.i',.|| iicai'lv 
 lj„.»liuli'iit tlii'tlii'ii kiiiiwii woild. Ill thr timi' 
 „f Juliim Ciiwir, till' i'iii{,|i'(. wiiK liomiili'il l,v n,,. 
 luiilinili'S TiiiiniH, iiMil ,Mni,.|iia ,,1, ,|„. i,,,,,-. | . 
 i:il,iM|iia 'in till' Houth; l,y H,,. |i,iii„|„. ,,„' ,|,;, 
 „„rtli,.iM.liytlii'Atliinti, until,' wi'si, .\i„„,',i,uh 
 „Nu.liinU''miinN Iijim; 1, liolil „t limu,', (nun ' i;nM.ii».'il r.'nioval ocil,.. ,',„i,. •,„ v.'n /, . •, • 
 
 „• t„i«.j-;a i'o|ii,i'..,i,i,, ,,s;2, „,„„., , ; I iiiii ,ni,i„aiiy iviiiiii, ,,i ';,.\';i:; ':';';', | 
 
 l>;;, miHKi; iKMl, jii<i,4li7 ; iX,^,, ,iii-i|- "ai.., «iii. „..i,,i.i ,.. . .'".' Ki'»i iii»iri'Hii nnil 
 
 llui'ilv tliriuiKli till' I'M'i-iioiiN ,,' .Ml'. ,)n|iM i'i',r„,;." 
 „ 1 i„t'/i.,i I *i... i> 1 . iiiiii\ 
 
 
 '''uM'iiun';:: ""■'■'"'"'" f ' tin. iM.'ii..i„,i, f^ ,,, 
 
 n:';r:^>,;;::;':;;::t;r-'>r:.Aiii.,;r,.„,y 
 
 40* 
 
 ji;i. 
 
 ■Iliil, lull III,. I, 
 
 ri'liii' . V ''"■ " '"'"'.* ''"I" iin.l 
 
 .,";"■ ""li|i"l>.'lil"i:iHiiKMlat,'.| 
 
 "aSr;' :"'": •''i"'""-ii-...cnti',i,„ 
 
 300. 
 
 3S9> 
 
 n.flli'iiiiiiiniinil I'll' .VMiaii.'* nuili'sljii);' f„|. 'hiiiic- 
 n'Tily. auri'i.i to iIihhm' iluv,, iliaii|,ii,,iis im 
 rdi|«irttiiil,'('ii|i' it. Till' tlni'i' lluniin, \(,i,unu 
 kiiiRlitJi, iivi'ii'iiiiM' lilt' tliii'i' Ciirinlii, .Vlli'iiis 1111,1 
 i.iiili'il .Ulm tn Kiuai' . 
 
 "'ai' with KlniVia, 'm ;' vlclm-i,.; „r Ji i.'" 1 1 ' 
 
 , Jiiixiiiiiis at ,i„: v,,!i,i I ,i,'„|^ ♦i;/,"''!"' 
 
 Kti'iiiia.isaiiil I'lulinaiiJsiil,, , """■ *'•' "'" 
 
 Ai.|.iiiHCimi,iiMHC:i.,.,i.,r,.|„„,, ,„;„„,;„„, ]„„,,. 
 
 ^::;;!t^u,ri:':i"'^'"',™-''''''^ ' -'-- ^^,,-l"■''r;l:,:;;■i^;;;;;::l;;;:^: -m. «■„;:■! 
 
 Il„.|a^tiTii»ii».il'thi. Hiuimn Htali'tak.'ii ' ' !!! Tr!','V"w"'' "'■""' ■''■'1"'""^' ■^li'i'^iaiiM, .ti- ' ' l!,V 
 NiInaliiiatiliitiniisnrSi'i'viiisTiilliii.s ' ' ' ^'' ','"'. .■'""""" "'H' ... ' ' ^*'- 
 
 30« 
 309 
 
 S07 f;oia|iii'.storili,.'sMliii'ii.Hl,v M.Vn 
 — ■ 'iivat ilislrrss (iltli 
 h'lii'i' iiimI liiiiiiiii' 
 
 494 'Vm.siis; 26,,|.,2H,„„,,|,,.i|i,;;,|,/"" • ■ • »86 
 
 ^';;;^;'-"t,',i,pi,.s,'„.,',.„i,„.i,i, „•„,„; ,,^.^,„,^' =« 
 
 302-392- 
 
 artists 
 
 'n;::'ln'at!;;::tf;;;';;t;^l,!l;;:,y;;;iin =«^ 
 
 111 iiiliiit.s thn liiiMiaii.s at I'mi, ,isi,-i, .«„ ■ ,,11,1 ,it 
 
 ,^^*;'!!^^^7:^;•l''''•^■''■■lllyth,.,llmj.,.,,,:v;:n;l™ ,„, 
 
 PlilBiiliimtiliitiniis iil'Si'i'viiis 'riilliu.s 
 
 Iir.|Uiiiiim II. mill his liniiily i'\|ii'll|.,i f,,'r ivranny 
 
 ami liOTiitloiwiii'ss, loyalt.v aim' .shoil : tlic' I'al i. 
 
 imisp»l«iili»li an iiristiu'ratinil I'lUiiiiioiiwi'alth 
 taiiw liiiitii.'! ami Tar,|iiiiiiiin Collatiiiii.s tirst 
 
 [.mturs or ii.nsiil.s ; lli'st alliaiu'i' „f the lioiimi'i.s 
 
 »ilii Cartlint!!' 
 
 rjtiai'iliililfiliiali'il tii./n;ii/r/' (,'ii;,i^,//,i„.i . ' ' 
 
 rnt'liilatiii'Tilai. l.artiuM , . ' I ' c, V r'. ■■""■"""""'"">•"• '"I'm" I'l'iitatnn 
 
 B.. Will* ami 111.. ;rai',|iiiiis ,l..,.|ai',. war' apiinsi ' i h',,,.!,', In' ,''■''"■''''■'"■'''''''• '''''""kI' "'"r, l"'"!! 
 
 fcifliiilili.'. 501 ; ili'lfati'il at lako l!,'K'illii, 
 
 St'W,<iiiii 111' till' I'li'lii'iaiis til till' .lai'ii'il iiioiiiit ■ 
 
 iNlnl.liiliiiii'iit nrtriluiiii'rt ol'thi' I'h'lii'iiiiis 
 riN aiirariiin law |.ass,',l l,y .•Spiiiiim ('ii.ssiii..i ■ I,,'. 
 
 ■•I'liltiiili'alh hv I'aliii'iaii.s . ' „, 
 
 «'ir* Willi till .KiiniaiLs ami VulMfiaiiH ; 'i'X|ili'iit.s 
 
 ai.lrak'of Cnniilaniw; hi' Iii'kIc'ki's Koiiii' Im't 
 
 Min'satlhi'iiiti'm'usioii iif his im,llicraiiil wili. 
 
 rifinn-iif Ciiiri tiiK oviM- till. /Kiiiiiniis bv .st mta! '*''" 
 
 (Hulilwratinntlic lioinan iiiiuy . ' _„ kj,,!,,,,,;;,';;'" '''.:'; '""'""'" n.v iiii'iii at D.iii'vciitiini 
 
 fc,« «.,»'»,il,.n,','., . „,, ^6^_ -g „ ,;,, 4. ^' :;' ; 'J'n^U'V.lnni, Saiiini,,,.,, I.nitiin,:;.", 
 
 |Iinnilli \ni and till' Kti'iHi'iiiis, iii,|,.,.isiv,. i„ *' ... . ..^.- ■ ..-. 
 
 (':; dlaiwhliT of tlia patriotic Kabii (whkii 
 
 lli.' .U'ontine iiiuinit allotU'il noIi'I'v to' tin" 
 
 I I'.^UIaiis .... 
 
 Ir.fii.|«iiiitiii,'ntaiiil fall of tlic Di'i'i'invirs (irAo-A 
 
 1 •'U5I-448. Till' lll'CClMVir.SWCl-,. t|-i,.|| \,,|,ins 
 
 ilM'liii.'i aiiil S|iurius Oiipiii.s ,li,.,| i'.,^,,,; 
 
 ' "llimwpre IkuiisIiciI ... ' 
 
 IHtUimli'ian law pa I, pfiiiiittiim iimiTia'-rs licl 
 
 I t«i«i I'atriiian.^ ami I'li'lifiaihs 
 l)l,:;;.iivlnlili)ii-s lirst I'li'ati'il . . ' ' ' ' 
 |i?; ■ 'f'Ulsnr iiistitiitnl ' ■ ■ ■ 
 
 II^^\.Mit,'s ,l,'f,,,t,',l, ami tlii'ir kin^ TJliiiMiliiis 
 
 ItMI'Icffatdftlic.Sahiiii'.s 
 
 iii«rius Mtt'iiiK „ ii,.,„.i;u.t,„- ,|,„.i„, ,■:„,„.„; . : 
 
 I 'ixiaiiy iniinli'iTd hy tliu iiatrii'iaii.s 
 
 ■ •IT Willi the Ktriiscuns 
 
 ■1)111.1111 Viilsi'i ,l,'f,.al,.,| |,v Tiilii'i'tus', dlctatoi'' ' 
 
 ■^•iiiW(|iiii'stMi'snppoiiit(..| , 
 
 ■li'tkrilrfadlul faiiiiiio ul Iloiui! 
 
 ■30S; 
 .3°^ 
 300 
 
 56b riiinl .Saiiiiiii. „„, 
 
 550 <';"mioii oflh,' Saiiiiiiii.,, Kti'iiscaii,, ;uM| ,;„,,, 
 
 I "";V';::;:r-?,i;i!--:,r;;i;',,;:;i':-^ 
 
 509 «i'.'at Hniiuii, vii.,,,1, ,',1 ,si.„ ,',,,;;;';■'-; , 
 
 ^'" '"" Vi" '"'""'"'"I "'■'•■'' 'l''«|ii'riti. HhTiIih's' '^ 
 
 2go 
 
 477 
 456 
 
 448 
 
 trii'iialli's .,,/•' •"""""■"''• I'liiltinniaml 
 
 First Kmiiaii Hint luiilt ' ' ' " '*4-S4t 
 
 T<'iii|ili'or,J,'inu«,.i,,.„.,i 260. 
 
 t'oi'sina ami .><ai,lii,ia ,'iiiiii.x,.,'| ' ' ' ' .' . ^35 
 Invasion of t|i,.,ia„|,s; |„.„,„ |,v thi- ninsnls ' "^^'''''1- 
 h.'1'oml I'liuii' „ai', .,8..,,, ; |i',.i„„ s, ',',,„ „,„ "J' 
 
 '" '-',''''' '■''^'1 ami 111, V ,v thi' .si'iaitf nml 
 
 445 Svrai'iis,. takiii l.y .Mai.-.dlus 
 
 444 Ih,. .Mai'i'diuiian wais will, Philip '|i,,,,ii, ,,: „,,,: 
 
 443 2<xj : his di'tVat at r.vuosi.'phala' *" ' ^ "'"' 
 
 ' Pnath of,-s,'ii.i„ Ari'ir.'iiiusih,' ,.|,u,,. ' ' ' 
 
 447 ' aTl'^^,inT'-''Mr'i"'"'' '"'Ki-'V?- ■'»■'>"'«»'' b'^toii 
 447 ; 111 I .Miii.i ; Maci'ilon auni'xnil 
 
 1 First piriiLliluan i'i,'i't,.,l at Koine ' ' ' 
 4'i L'l'ltilH'iianaml .Nunimitim'ttar inSpaiu' 
 
 207- 
 
 212 
 
 '97 
 185. 
 
 !'■'? 
 167 
 
 149, 
 
 146 
 
 ■53->33 
 
 !( ' 
 
 Vi 
 
 iCu* 
 
 'wmi 
 
 ixcsadtfl 
 
ROME. 
 
 938 
 
 ROME. 
 
 r%f'^\ 
 
 
 
 '■' if I 
 
 u 
 
 
 AttiiluM II[. of IVrKiiiiiiw liL'iiiioiitlis his kintsiluiii 
 aiiil riclii^s ti) till) UaiiiHiis . . . . • 133 
 
 The Servile war ill Miuily -^-^ 
 
 Two I'li'lii'inn eiiusiils ilidseii 
 
 AKvariaii ■listiirliaiices : (jnieelius sliiiu . . . 121 
 
 Tlie.liiKUrtliiue war 112-106 
 
 The .Mitliriilatic war(w;iicA*v) .... 108-03 
 The .MiiUrimcs defeated by Marias 
 Tliu Scicial war „ , 
 
 Bdiiii' lie.-iie^ed hv fcmr armies (viz. : tlinse ot 
 
 Maruis, Ciiiiia, Carli.i, and .Snitiiriiis) and talieii 
 S.vlla lUdeats .Marius : lie.oiiies.lietator ; saii^'iiinary 
 
 "liriiseriptimis, 8j : alidieates . . . ■ ^, • 79 
 Bithyiiia liein.eatlied to tlie Uomaiis by kinj,' Nico- 
 
 luedi's 7^ 
 
 Revolt of hpartaens and tlie slaves . . .73-7 
 
 B.C. j Constantine convokes the (Irst general (•■.iiiicil uf , ,, 
 
 87 
 
 5lvria eoiKiueied liy Poiiijiey 
 The Catiline c-on.-:]Mraev siippresseil by Cicero . 
 The llrst triiiinvirale : Ca'sar. I'onipey, and Crassus 
 Cicsar's eanipai^'iis in Caul, 58 : in liritain . . . 
 Crissns killeil liy the I'.utliians . . . ■ 
 Gaul eonc|uered and made a province . ... 
 War between Ca'sar and l'om]iev .... 
 Ponipev defeated at riiarsalia (le/ii./i sff) . . • 
 Ciesiir defeats Phariiaces at Zela ; an.l writes home 
 " Veiii, vidi, viei " . . . ',•;,• 
 
 Cato kills himself at Utica; Ciesar dictator foV ten 
 
 yi'ars ,, ' 1 ' 
 
 Civsar killed in the senate-house . 15 Mareli, 
 
 Second triumvirate : Oetaviiis, .\ntony, and l.epidus 
 Cicero killed, prosiTibed by .\iitony . . . . 
 Battle of I'liilippi ; Ibutiis and Cassins defeated . 
 Lepidus ejected frniii the triumvirate, 36; war be- 
 tween Oitavins and .\iitoiiy, 32 ; Antony ilefeated 
 
 totally at .\etiiim 2 '^t'l't- 
 
 Oitavius emperor, as .4H(;i«(i«Ci('.<(iT . . . 
 
 The I'lnpire now at peace with all the world ; the 
 
 temple of Janus shut ; jKsi;.s Christ born. (See 
 
 ./firs) 4 April, 
 
 V.arus defeated by nermann and the Germans \.v. 
 
 Ovid lianislied to Ti>mi 
 
 Death of Ovid and IJvy • . • 
 
 Tiberius retires to Caprea ; tyranny of Sejaniis 
 
 V census being taken by Claudius, the empcKU- ami 
 
 censor, the inhaliitants of Home are stated to 
 
 amount to 6,944, o<.». -I It is now eonsideied that 
 
 the ]poiailation of Uome within the walls was 
 
 under a iiiiUioii.l 
 
 Caractacuis luoui^ht in (diaiiis to Homo 
 
 .St. I'aul arrives in bonds at Itoiiie . . . . 
 
 Nero burns Home t.i tin' ground. and charges the 
 
 crime upon the Cliristiaiis 
 
 Seneca, I.ueaii, L^e., put to di'ath .... 
 Peter and Paul saiil to be put to death . . . 
 
 Jerusalem levelled to the ground by Titus 3 Sept. 
 Coliseum founded liy Ves]iasian . . _■ 
 The Daeian war begins (c'oiitiuiies 15 years) . . 
 Pliny, junior, pro.iuisul in Hitliynia, sends Trajan 
 his eilebrated account of the Christians . . . 
 Trajan's i-xpedit ion into till' Kast ag.uust the Par- 
 
 tliians, &c. ; subdues Daria 
 
 Trajan's column erected at Home. ... 
 
 Adrian resides in Ibitain, and builds the wall. 
 The i;ipitol destroyed by lightning 
 nyzantium takiai ; its walls ra/ed .... 
 
 ■Tiie (jotlis are paid tribute 
 
 {The (Joths, Vandals, Alani, Suevi, and other 
 Northern nati(Uis attai'k the empire.) 
 
 Pompev's amphitheatre burnt 
 
 Tnvasiou of the (ioths 
 
 Pestileiiee throughout the empire . . . . 
 Great viete-y over the Cotlis obtained by Clau- 
 
 ditis II. ; 300.000 slain 
 
 Daeia reliniinislied to the Goths . • 
 
 Valmvra concpiered, and l.onginiH put to death 
 The eVa of .Martvi. , or of Diocletian . . . . 
 The Kraiiks setth' in Caul. Fnnt . . ■ ■ 
 
 (LjonsUiitius dies at York 
 
 Four eiiipenMS reitiii at one time ■ ■ • ; 
 
 Con.lai.lo,. tlie Cleat, H is .saitl, in c..,i,«iuenrp of 
 
 a vision, pUees the cross on his banners, and 
 
 liegins to fnvour the Christians . . . 
 
 Coiist.niitine .Meats Licinius, at clirysojiolis, and 
 
 reigns alone i3Se|)t. 
 
 He Inunilrs the Christian faith . . . . 
 
 Puts his son CHsiins to death 
 
 48 
 50 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 (>7 
 70 
 
 7.i 
 
 86 
 
 196 
 222 
 
 243 ! 
 
 250 : 
 •.52 I 
 
 269 
 270 
 
 -7 i 
 2S4 
 287 
 306 
 308 
 
 no 
 
 in 
 
 A 
 fi 
 
 4'-t 
 41) 
 
 4;; 
 
 34? 
 
 /!) 
 
 &) 
 iv5 
 
 Christians at Ni 
 The seat of eni|iirc removed from Home to 1).,2:,,,. 
 
 tiniii, 321 ; dedicated by (_'oiistaiitine . 
 Constantine orders the heathen teiiipl,.s |„ ],'„ 
 
 destroyed 
 
 Kevolt of 300,000 Saniiatian slaves sniijress.'.l 
 Death of Constantine, soon after being li;ipti/i.,i '. 
 
 The army under .luliau iiroclaims hi iii|.i r,,i' 
 
 90-38 1 .Julian, who bad been edm-ited for tlie |iiiestli,K„i, 
 and had finpiently otiiciated. abjuri's Cljiirtiauitv' 
 anil re-o|ieiis the heathen temples, In iMiuiiij, tiif 
 
 liagau iiontid 
 
 .Inliau killed in battle in Persia ; Clnistiiiiiity 
 
 restored by .loviaii . . . , . ' 
 
 The cmiiire divided into Kastern and Westen. 1 y 
 
 Valentiuian and Valeiis, brothers ; the feniHTliu 
 
 the Western i.ortion, or Home , . . 
 
 (See lI'Md'i-.i (!«<' E'istn-u /wa/iinw ; and /(a/j.) 
 Home plaeeil under the exarchate of Ravenna 
 
 Taken by Alarie 2^ .Vuj;. 
 
 Taken and |iillaged by (ieiiseric . m.liilv, 
 
 Odoaeer takes Home, and becomes king of liiilv '.' 
 Home recovered for .lustiiiian by lieiisariiis 
 Hetaken liy Totila the Goth, 546; ivroveiv.l l,v 
 lielisarius, 547 : .seized by Totile . . . ', 
 Iteeovered by Nurses, and annexed to tlie eust.ni 
 
 empire ; and the senate abolished . . . 
 Home at lier lowest state . . . . ;ii„iiu 
 Koine indepeudent under the poi'cs . . „i,„„; 
 Pi'pin of France compels Astolphus, king uf t|,c 
 Lombards, to cede Havenna and other \:\\n> t'l 
 the Holy Clnmdi 
 t.'onlirmed and added to by Charlemagne 
 Cliarlemagne crowned einiieror of the West by t!..- 
 
 pope at Home 25 |li.i>. 
 
 Home taken by Ariiulf and the Germans . 
 Otlio 1. crowneil at Home .... 2 Feb. 0, 
 The em|ieror llen.y IV. takes Home . .Manli, ,(,;, 
 Arnold of lirescia, cuileavouring to refnini cIiiiitIi 
 and state and to estalilish a .senate, is put tu 
 
 death as a heretic n;; 
 
 The |pope removes to Avignon .j^j 
 
 Nicola di Hicnzi, tribune of the ]ieopIc, estiililislii'< 
 a republic, 20 May ; is eomiielled to aiiilioju,', 
 
 15 IK'.', ij,, 
 Hetuvns ; made .senator, i Aug.; assassuiiiteii,8(Jit. ijj. 
 
 Papal court returns to Home „j; 
 
 Hise of the families, Colomia, Orsiui, iS;e. aliniit "„ 
 .lulius II. ciimiuers the Homagiia, liolngna, and 
 
 Perugia 15031] 
 
 The city greatly embellished by pope Leo X. i;i;ji 
 It is captured by the constable ile liolirhoii, wlio is 
 
 slain 6 May, i::j 
 
 Ferrara annexed i::j 
 
 St. Peter's dedicated .... iS Nov. I'jj 
 Kxpiilsion of the .lesuits .... 16 .Vu;:. i;;j 
 Harassed by the French, German, ami Spanish 
 factions '. from the i6tli to till' i8tliceimiry 
 The French invasiiui ; the Legations ineoriK rattj 
 
 with tlie Cisalpine re]iiiblic \^^ 
 
 Tlie French proclaim the Hoinau re]iiiblie, aoJIaiTli, i;)i 
 Heeovercd bir the pope by the Neapolitans, X.iv. ij^j 
 Hetaken by the French, 1800; restored to I'iiisVll. 
 
 ■Inly. iSoi 
 Annexed by Napoleon to the kingdom of Italy, aii>l 
 
 decl.ared second city of tl m]iirc . .Mav, iS;) 
 
 Uestoivd to the pope, who returns ij.laii. ijij 
 
 He re-establishes the Iniinisition and tlie Jisiiils. 
 
 l\K. „ 
 
 The papal governiiieiit endeavour to annul all iiiim- 
 vations, and thus provoke mucli oiipusitiiiii: Wv 
 Carbonari increase in nuiubcrs . iSiii) 
 
 Political assassinations in the Hoiiiagna . . lii; 
 
 The " ■^'oiiiig Italy " party established by .hwi* 
 .Mazzini . tempiirary insnrri'ctions at ltel»i:iia 
 suppressed bv .\ustriiin aid . . . ■ liji 
 
 Fleetion of Pius W i6.hiifc li^J 
 
 lie pi laimsaii amnesty ; iiinl aiitliori.ses a national 
 
 "uard and munieiiial iiislitiitions . . . .184; 
 Tl7e Hoinaiis ilesin- to join the king of Siinliiiu 
 a-aiiisl tlie Aiistriiins ; the. pope hesitates ; th" 
 .Viitiuielli ministry retires; and the Maniiimi 
 ! ministry is forioeii . . • ■ • 'M 
 
 Count Rossi, minister of .justice of the pentilirtil 
 I government, assa.ssinated on the staircase "f tlw 
 ' i;lianiberof T)eliuliesat Rome . . isV'V. „ 
 Insurrcetion at Home, the populace ileinimJ a 
 
 313 
 
 323 
 
ROME. 
 
 i>.8 tlio lli'st b'cucnil tnnncil of a.i,. 
 
 ini"V(Ml fniiii lic'iiic t'l U\i:u\- ' ' 
 ed by Cfmrttaiitini' . 
 
 the hciitln'U ti'iiipli's |„ i,^ "" 
 
 'iiuitiiiu .slaves siipirfssfil ] 
 i; siKPIl .■it'tcr licui^' li;l|iti/.(.,l [ 
 nil priirl;liliis llilll ■'lll|.ir,,|- ' 
 11 edlU'iiti'il fur tlic lH'icstlioti.i 
 
 ■(illlciali'il.iOiimvMi'lirisiiaiiiiy] 
 luiitlit'ii tciuiili's, l» eMiiiiiij, tiij 
 
 iiittli! ill I'l-i-siii ; L'liristiaiiity 
 1 ....,* 
 iiiti) Kastcrn iiinl Wrsttri. ly 
 iiliMis, liriitlii'i's ; tlicfciniiiTlias 
 nil, nr UuMie . 
 
 1,1 Karitn-ii ICmiiinv: aiul /(.i/j/.) 
 tlie oxarcliate of Kaveiiiia ' , ,, , 
 
 ■5;liily, ,;; 
 
 hv Cii'itscri'' 
 
 iii 
 
 , anil lieciiiiies kiii^: <if |iji|y 
 .liistiiiiaii by lii'lisaiiiis 
 
 tli(^ ()"tli, 546; rcnivfiwl Ijv 
 uiztil liy Tiitili- . . , '. ; 
 ■s, ami aiiiiexc.l tn the easti-m 
 
 srliate alinlislU'il . . . . :;i 
 
 state .... aluait oco 
 iiii.lerllie |io]'es , . nlpniu •21 
 (iiii]iels Ast(il|iliiis, kiii^ u! till' 
 e lia.vemia iiml other |ilaie> t'l 
 
 ■il to liy Cliarleiiia^iie , ,'J 
 eil eiiiiiernr of the Wist by tin- '' 
 . . . . .25 Dlr. So, 
 iiilf aiel the tieriiiaiis . . . k5 
 Home . ... J Fell, r*, 
 ■ IV. takes Uoiiie .\|;inli, ,';, 
 ■mleavouriiin to ivrenii rliaivli 
 o e.slalili.sh :i senate, is |iiit ly 
 • n;5 
 
 ;ci AVIRMOII Ijij 
 
 •iliinie or the lieople, fstalilislios 
 ilay: is eoiniielleil to aliilicate. 
 
 15 IXv. 134, 
 ator, I .\iiK'. ; ii-ssa.ssiiuitcii,8Utt. ij;. 
 
 s to Home ,jj, 
 
 s, ('oloiina, Orsiiii, .^e. ulieiit 
 s the Kunia;.;tia, Itelogtia, aa<l 
 
 • '5^j'i3 ! 
 lliellisheil Uy liope I.eo X. I;l5-;i 
 111; eonstiible ile llourhuii, who is 
 
 6 May, v.:j j 
 
 t;;) 
 
 3(1 . . . . 18 X"V. lUi 
 
 esnits . . . . 16 An^'. i;;j 
 Kreiieh, (ierinaii, ami S]iaiii.sli 
 0111 the i6th to till' iStliei'jitaiy 
 Ml ; the l.e!,'atioiis iiieorpi latcl 
 
 lie ie|inlilie ijoi I 
 
 111 the iioiiiaii lepuhlie, zoMiii'i'li, i;;J I 
 lio|ie hy the Ne,i|iolitaii.s, Xev. i;,jj 
 eueli, iSoo ; restoieil tii Tins VII. 
 
 ■hilv. iSoi I 
 leoii to the kiii-iloiiiiif Italy, ami 
 
 eityoftl iiiliiiv .Mav, iM I 
 
 i|ie, who returns 2; .Ian. 1J14 j 
 
 the Ilicttlisition ami the Jesuits. 
 
 iieiit eiiileavoiir to aiiiml all iiui"- 
 IS provoke iiiiieh nppiisitinii ; til'' 
 ase in iiumliers . isij-ij I 
 
 ilimis in the Honia^Mia . . lii; | 
 
 y " party estulilislieil hy .hwi'li 
 iirary insiirreetioiis at I)iil";4iiii 
 \iistrian iiiil . . ■ ■ i!ji| 
 
 X. .... 16.111111-', iS)! I 
 
 iniiiesty ; ami aiithoiisesa iuitii)iial 
 ieipal iiistitiitioiis . ... iit;| 
 sire to join the king "f Sanliuia 
 istriaiiB; the pope hesitates: the 
 siry retires ; and the .Maiuiani 
 
 ui'ii iM| 
 
 Ulster of .justice of the ]ii>utitii'iil 
 isassiiiatei'l on the stairease ef tlw 
 piitii's at ISoiiie . . 15 ^''"''- » I 
 
 Home, the popiilaee (loiiiaiiil i 
 
 ROME. 
 
 939 
 
 ilfiiHicratie ministry ami the iiroehimation of 
 Italian nationality; the pope (l>iiis IX.) hesi- 
 tate 
 
 ROME. 
 
 II. 
 
 '3, the Honiaiis siirroniiil the pal 
 
 ■niiHiet ensues 
 
 The popt 
 
 anil a 
 eepts II popiihir 
 
 isiirreetion in the .Marelr 
 iliilneil hy the papal tr 
 
 to the Sariliiii,,, 
 
 ops ; 
 
 I Se|.t. ; r 
 
 isseiiilir.. 
 
 ministry (t'anlinal I'aliiia, the pope's Ni'erelary 
 
 liinlert'iiilil 
 
 ini ami Faiit 
 
 overnnient. Hi 
 
 I I'le appei.l 
 
 1, I'nterthe I'apul 
 
 sliiitin this eonlliet) 
 
 ■Elates, 
 
 .tfr'ti'iMi: 
 
 ilitutioll pllblisheil 
 
 16 Nov. 1848 ' Kant 
 
 fli(]«i|ic escapes in ilisHUise from Uoiiie to Gni'tii 
 
 '4 
 
 Nov. 
 
 jl lie Con'elles leaves Paris for IJoiiie, a l''reiii'li 
 jniieil expedition to Civita Vceehia haviiij; 
 ],m-tileil him, to allbril protection to the popi', 
 
 27 No\'. 
 
 Pruli'.staf the pope a^rainst the nets of the provi- 
 
 clinlii 
 
 Aiironal 
 
 1 takes P. 
 
 saro, ,2 Xcjit. : and P, 
 
 II 'S'pt. 1S60 
 
 Severe alli 
 
 Keneral Wchmiilt and 
 lesicfjed by sea and land 
 
 louo pri.soiicrs. 
 
 ardii. 
 
 entioli of llie 
 
 14 ^^el.t. 
 l7S,pt. 
 
 lia : Ik 
 
 Ci.ildiiii dclenis I 
 
 ppealst 
 
 i.iiii'l ciiveriiment 
 I'liiistitnelit as; 
 
 iibly meets at Ho 
 
 •23 Nov. 
 
 5 Keli. 1849 
 10 ]inpe 
 
 A. Mil 
 
 ■I't. ; and laki 
 
 pop.' a^'.'iinst Kraiir,. and 
 I Kiirope lor help, j.s Sept. 
 ciele at (.■astel-Kidaido, 
 
 The .Marcl 
 
 ioiial Friiii'l, troops sent to I'io 
 
 jfe liiiiimii Xaliiinal Assembly divests tli 
 
 „(iillleiii|ieral power, and adojits the repnbl'ica; 
 
 furiiiiifpivernmeiit .... 8 Feb. 
 
 Muziiii, Aniielliiii, and Sadl appointed triumvirs 
 
 Keb. 
 Ilf |«ipe appeals In the Catholic jiowers. 
 
 .8 . . 
 
 I (ivitaVeeohia oeciiiiied by llie l-'rciich forec under 
 
 Jljrslial Oiulinot .... 21;, Aiiril, 
 
 AFnin'liferi'e repulsed with loss . . 30 April, 
 
 '■inbsi 
 
 iscriptioiis la 
 
 ■ Vole lor am 
 
 trie? 
 
 the r 
 
 ■d to 
 
 lexation to 
 
 2i) S.'lil. 
 
 IJet. 
 
 po|.e in \,iiioiis 
 
 ornial collii'ii,,,, |,,rl,i,|il 
 
 "Id Ii,'|^.i,ll„; |„.|.|,li,,,.,| ill |.;,|_,|,„„i 
 
 .Monastic establisl 
 
 ell ill l-'rallcu 
 Nov. 
 
 'i"ii'* :. tlie ' iks iiensioned: ed 
 
 inients suppressed in the U"^:^ 
 
 tions foniided 
 
 .8 Keb. 
 
 The I'-| 
 
 revolted 
 
 ■lleh el 
 
 iieiitionaliiistitu- 
 liec. 
 
 nperor advises the pope to.^ive 11], 1; 
 
 I'lil 
 
 pnviii 
 
 ibliealion ot /,'. 
 
 /..' F, 
 
 <•/ /r.s /•;, 
 
 /.'"me ,/ rilnlir 
 
 Eiijti'iiii'iit iH'tvveeii the Hoiiiaiis and Ncapolitai 
 till' fiiniier capture 60 pri.soners and 4oomiiskcts, 
 
 5 Mav, 
 I He iwsc'nihly refuses to receive tliu Kreiicli as allies, 
 
 19 May, 
 I Tl;. Frfiieli niider marshal Oudinot comineiice an 
 
 altai'knii Hume j ,Iiine, 
 
 .Iftcrahrave resistance, the liomans capitulate to 
 
 I tlifKrenrhaniiy 30 June, 
 
 iTlifllninau assembly dissolved . . . 4,|ii|v, 
 
 liiiiilliiirfriiiii Oiiiliiiot's camp arrives at (laiita, to 
 
 liffselil the pope with the keys of the two fjates 
 
 iiflliiiiieliv whieli the Kreiieh army had entered 
 
 .Inly, 
 
 . . .■ plo- 
 
 ilaiiiii'ii at Hume .... 15 .July, 
 
 ineiit. and stioii;,' advi 
 .i-'overniiient (alt.ickcd I 
 
 Kreiieh chaml 
 Cavoiir cl.'iims Km 
 
 ■Jl IJee. 
 Jan. : .-11111 of 
 l-'ivat excite- 
 i.l the pope's t.iiiporal 
 ici: Napoleon) ill the 
 
 13 Keb. 
 
 Petit 
 
 ion to till 
 
 lie as cai'.ial of Itiile, 
 pelor N,l|iol|.,ii, to 
 
 .Marih, 1861 
 27 .March, .. 
 
 Kieiieh troops liom |i,,i„e 
 The emperor oi Kiaine de.Iii,. .. „ ,.„, 
 Aii.slria and .•Spain b.r the nuint. imn, 
 
 popes temporal power 
 
 (Iranil ceremony al tl 
 
 withdraw 
 10 .Mav, 
 
 TI 
 
 martyrs (see di 
 
 of the 
 
 June, 
 
 "' I'i ni/atioii ol-j; Japanese 
 
 le po|ii' ilcelar 
 Italians 
 
 ltiilll:nli,,u) 
 
 .lime 
 
 ■es a seven; allocution iiyaiiist tin 
 
 lilt city 
 iTIirre-fsl.nhlishment of the jiope's authority 
 
 |Oiiiliiiiit issues a .neiieral order statinj; that tl. _ 
 jHijK.' (nr his represeii(ative) now re possesses 
 lilt a'liuiiii.sti'ation of all'airs, but that public 
 irrurity ill the poiitilical domiiiions still remains 
 Biiilfrtlie special guarantee of the Kieiicli army, 
 
 3 .Viijr. 
 Thf ]»i|* arrivus at Porliei on a visit to the kiie-of 
 
 , N'll'l'-' t .'<iTt. 
 
 |11( arrives ill Home; I'ardiiial .Viitonelli beeoincs 
 f.ini;:ii minister 
 
 Uaribaldi calls tor volunle 
 
 word. 
 
 ' Hon 
 
 Hallway betwi 
 
 le or death I 
 
 , taki 
 
 qJiiiii 
 n.^' as his watcli- 
 
 11 H. 
 
 19 July, 1862 
 
 me .mil Naplc-seomiiletcil ; its 
 
 pelllllj- opposeil by the p.,p.,l ,;overill„ent. .\ 
 
 Karl HiisseHs otter to tl 
 
 .Malt 
 
 Antonell 
 
 a, 25 Oct. ; ilcil 
 
 lle.l 
 
 ic pope of a residence at 
 
 IS resignation of his olliee not 
 
 Coiiventiiin bet 
 
 No 
 
 ept.d, 
 
 5 .March, 1863 
 
 ween Kraiiee .iiid li.ily; Krcneli 
 
 troops toipiit Home within ,,„ 
 
 h.ncyclieal letter of the pope, publishi 
 
 llleijsiiis the hull est.ihlishiii^ 
 li.mrcliy in Kiiyland (see I'aiml Aijiji 
 
 Ajiril. 
 
 a lionian catholic 
 
 'e.s.s/oiil, 
 
 ccnsiirini; 80 errors 
 
 and politics ;(c.iiiseil Inileh di 
 
 15 Sept. 1864 
 ".sylhi- 
 
 Liioll. pliiloso|ihy, 
 
 llnipirlaiit eniienidat with .\iistriii 
 |Hi-|Kiiio visits his iloininions 
 |lisi:irntiiiiiintlieHonia''iia,atl!oh 
 
 24 'Sept 
 
 was forbidden to In 
 
 and other intrie.s) 
 
 i liersecllted at Hi, 111 
 
 satisfaction. 
 
 and 
 
 :« 
 
 Auk. IBS'; '''I'liit less nc-oiiat ions bit 
 
 av-Sept. 1857 
 
 1,1,'na, and Kerrara 
 
 tb 
 
 |o]ie appeals to Kiirope for hclji against Nardil 
 
 18^ 
 
 llhe Leaitioiis fo 
 
 ■Ml a defensive alliaiic 
 
 ■Tic 
 
 'iiscaii)', I'ariiia, ami .Modena 
 
 Jiilv, 
 with 
 
 kii 
 proposi 
 
 Pope's se 
 
 (Kre 
 
 f Italy (by V 
 
 read 111 ehniihe.i in Kraneu 
 
 S Dec. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 pope and the 
 
 oiiccssions 
 
 ween till 
 
 c^c/zi) ; iiiiitiial 
 
 llocution 
 
 1 April to 2j, June, 1865 
 
 'masons, Keni.ins 
 
 i.^.iinst secret 
 
 .Ve.) 
 
 Merode, the papal minister of 
 
 cieties 
 ■•pt. 
 
 25 
 
 war, dismissed, 20 Oi^t 
 
 i|iieen of Spam eiieaKcs to 
 
 20 All'- 
 
 A jiart of the Kreiieh troops leave the p:ipaid 
 
 H'llW, if the Kreiieh retire 
 
 KiKseiiililv at liohi^'iia vote 
 
 ■Thi 
 
 lend troops to 
 
 20 .\i|e;. 
 
 annexation to l>ieil- 
 
 Huplure with Hussia 
 
 .V !• 
 
 raneo-|ioiitiiieaI legion ( 
 
 Dei 
 
 Nov. 
 
 iSrj5^,),in. 1866 
 
 it. 7 Sept. ; the kiiigeii^'ancs to support tl 
 
 -Vntibes 
 
 bh' 
 
 i.>.»i men) hirmeil at 
 
 1 by the |io| 
 
 ■aiist'Iiffiire the ereat juiwer 
 
 ■24 Sept. 
 
 annuls the ads of tl 
 
 15 Sept. ; the pope 
 
 loiiessevereanociition against Italy and Hir 
 
 isseiiibly at liologna ; and 
 
 Jti;.iillli.es tlie pliiiishmelit il'iie to tl 
 
 illji k tile hilly 1 
 
 e, 2h Sept 
 
 and d 
 
 se who 
 
 The 
 Hoi' 
 
 I sipiiiiiau ehar-e .ralhiires at Hoi. 
 
 TlitR.iiiiasna, Mii.leiia, and Parma fiinii'ed ini 
 
 ismis.ses tin 
 I (.)ct. 
 
 pope invites all catlioHc bishops I0 meet at 
 
 ■111' to celebrate the ,8tli centenary of the 
 
 rami Paul , ' 3 i,,.,. 
 
 marlynlom of Peti 
 
 ' pop. 
 
 I ble 
 
 I pniviiici', to he called .Kniilia 
 
 * Sariliiiij 
 
 lui K"veiiinieiit aiiiinl the Tns 
 
 [ Liiiiiianl eoui'ordat 
 
 S* at III 
 irjritv . 
 
 7 Jan., 
 
 24 Dei 
 an and 
 
 H 
 
 line suppressed by the police with 
 
 20 .Marih, i36o 
 
 nv I'Xioiiiiiiuiiii'ates all v 
 IrfWliiiiiinhisstates 
 pti»nil I.aiiiiiriciere take 
 I iniiy, Maioh ; which is 
 
 (tisol hy voliiiiteers troni Ireland 
 
 1 Kreiit 
 
 . 19 March, 
 
 onoenied in the 
 
 26 .March, 
 
 eonimainl (if the papal 
 
 le-orgaiiisod, and in 
 
 who all quit Hoin, 
 line traliipiil 
 Law prohibiting pi,,i..st,int 
 issies in lioiiie enforced 
 
 given to Kreiiih troops, 6 Di 
 
 N 
 
 ellll 
 
 w.irshi 
 
 egotiation with Italv Iriiitle 
 cillor, Tonello, quits li. 
 iibisl ■ ■ 
 
 . n Dec. 
 I' except at 
 Dei 
 
 the Italian conn 
 
 popi 
 
 ps ami thoiisaiids oi priests present at 
 
 •\l'iil, 1867 
 
 liaaii vnliintei' 
 I rffiilseil 
 
 &e. 
 
 Tl 
 
 2s marlvrs 
 
 alhi 'ution, '26 Jiii 
 
 and 
 
 aiioiii/aiioii ,,f 
 
 Ma 
 
 II' pope rei'i'ives an albiitn and ad.lr 
 
 Bli vnliiuti 
 
 I's enter the papal slates and 
 I Ma 
 
 ililialii 
 
 m aiv severely treated for insiibc 
 
 cities of Italy 
 Cholera In Home ; deiili 
 assistMi'.' the alllii'leil 
 
 fill 
 
 ai; many disiiiisseil 
 
 ei'»l<ilaniiyustiiiiated at ; 
 
 •Iiilv 
 Aug 
 
 Tl 
 
 le pop, 
 
 allocution 
 
 iliidncity of the Siib-alpine kiiig.loi 
 ting ei'idesiastical properl.v 
 
 .Iiim 
 111 100 
 . 8 Julv, 
 •ai'lin.il Altieri, while 
 II Aug 
 sacrilcj-ioiis 
 11. in coiillsea- 
 
 thi 
 
 20 Sept 
 
 I i 
 
EOME. 
 
 940 
 
 EOME. 
 
 W 1 'ill 
 
 it/" r ^' ' 
 
 iiii 
 
 ll 
 
 •!»1 
 
 ^fi 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 jl|v 
 
 Giiriliiilcli aiTostcil at Siniilmi;,'", "i'"!' •'»' H"'""" 
 f,,,i„ii.,- 23Hi1it. 1S67 
 
 Irriii.tinii ,if (iurilialdiaiiH in VitcrlH)-c"iilli<'l«w|.t» 
 vaiidMs irsnlts ; iv|iurli'<l apiK-ul of AntDiiclli for 
 lifll.lniin tlii'Kiial I'liwcrs . . . ••''t >• 
 
 Zouave liami.ks at Kuine bl.nvn 1111, many ki lo.l, 
 
 Atteiiiiit at iiisunvi'ticni in linnie snvi'r''««'')',?2 
 Oct. ; state «t si,.(ie pi-oclainieil ; (iiii il'al. 1 wMlnn 
 20 iuil"S of Home, 24 ^M- ■ '"'*t'« •^'""'•' I*"'"'"'" 
 
 Frcncli liripulcs enter liciim' . . 30 Oet. ,, 
 
 Italian triiiilw eross tlje frunlier, 30 <Jet. ; cieeiiiiy 
 
 several iiosts . . • ■,•,,'. 1' " 
 
 Garil>al(lians defeated by the impul and hreneli 
 
 tniuiis at Mentanii (le/uV/i .we) . . . 3 ^"v. „ 
 Italian trocM'x retire fn.in tlie papal states .Nii\. ,, 
 The Human I'diiiiniltee of insurnctmn issnea narra- 
 tive and state that their \vatehwnr.l is ll-y 
 aKai'nan.l do better" ... • ]>>''■■ •< 
 The papal arniv iiureased In a'liint !5,ix)o . i«(. „ 
 The pope's short alloeution (tliankinj; and blossni),' 
 the Krencdi (.'overnnieiiD . ■ ■ 19 l-*''''- •• 
 
 Nine cardinals made ; Lncien li iparle one 
 
 13 .March, lOfiD 
 Sudden death of cardinal Andrea . ■'5^''.'>'; " 
 The pope in his allocution, censures thi> A\istnau 
 
 Uv ciWl nnmwe la«- . . • -'» •l"!»;. - 
 ArranL'cmenticspc'tinKthc pap(d debt made with 
 
 Italv ■ 3o.luly, „ 
 
 Encvclical letter or the pope, sun unnn an orn- 
 
 menieal conned al Umue on 8 l>ec. i8oy. ami in- 
 viting ministers of the Ureekand other il'"''™''" 
 
 The patriarch of IheGreekehurehdeidinedtoattend 
 
 * about 3 Oct. ,, 
 
 Monti andTo-netti (loreomplicity in th.' explosion 
 of the Zouave barracks. 22 Oet. 1807), executed 
 
 24 rs<iv. ,, 
 
 Thevoiieeeleliratesn.iui.ilee . 11 April, 1869 
 
 In his allocution he deplores the opiiosition to the 
 church in Austria and t<pain . . p^nm; ,. 
 
 He dedurcs, in a Idter to archbishop Maiiiiiut.', 
 that no discussions oil disputed points can take 
 place at the council . . .,-.^.,- ■ \^!'}, " 
 
 The i-oiiiicil op« 1, see t'ciMici' AA;. . 8 m ' . .. 
 
 An exhibition of (dyects of Christian art opeiiciniy ^^ ^ 
 
 Brit'i'sh'ai'id American i.ishops protest awiin.st dis- 
 ellssiliK the doKlMU of papal ildalbblbly 111 the 
 council, II April; the discussion begins 14 May, „ 
 
 Count Arnim, on behalf of the North (ieniian con- 
 federation, protests a;;aiiist the dot;nia . .May, „ 
 
 Papal infallibility adoppd by the council and pro 
 niiilf;ated (533 fo'' : 2 ••if-'iiimst ; mnuy retire) ; he 
 ediiijciladioiiriis lo II Nov. . . i8.lul), „ 
 
 Home coniidetelv evacuated by Iremh troops 111 
 c.iisciucm'c ui- the Nvar ; 8 mortars and 15,000 
 shells said to be cedcl to tlic pope, 8 An^^ ; the 
 troops sent from Civita Vccchi.'i . . 21 Aii^. ,, 
 
 CoiiciliatoryletterfromVictorKmiiianncltotliepope 
 
 Aijitation in the papal (.roviiices ; the 1 aliaii 
 
 "troops invited (o,.„ler . nbont u,.-cpl.. „ 
 
 The nope reluscs >■ nis ollereil liini by the kniH ol 
 Italv (sovcreijiiuv ot the l-eonine city ami reten- 
 tion' of his income) ... ;.,,",*"'I''- " 
 Skirmisli witli papal Zouaves ; several killed 
 
 The Italians occupy Civita Veci'hia without resisl- 
 
 .,,1,.,. iilioul isM'i.t. „ 
 
 Gen Cadorim criwses the Tiber at CasaV ; sends 
 tla"softrucetopii. Kanzlcr, commander ol the 
 Zouaves who refuses lo surrender ; iiaroii .\riiim 
 in vain nenotiales between Iheiii ,''^7"; " 
 
 Letter from the 1 ■ lo P'U. kan/. erdircetuiH tliat 
 
 a nicrclv formal deb'iicc be made at lioiiic, and 
 that bloodshed !«■ avoided .^ . ly M'pt „ 
 
 Allir a brii'f resistance from the lorciKii i«ipal 
 tr.K.ps slo,,pcd bv order oniie pope, the Italian 
 troops under Ciidorna make a bivadi an.l eiiler 
 Itoh'c .iinid elilhiisiastie aeclanialious of the 
 
 ,„,„|,le 2o>epl. ,, 
 
 [Rcporled Italion loss, nlioiij 22 kiUe.l, 117 
 
 ^ wl.unded; ,.apal troops, 55 kiled and wounded, | 
 
 Cardinal Aiilonelli issues a diplomatic profsl 
 
 ni;aiiist the Italian oeeupalionid Home ai «ept. 
 
 forelnners iiiandi out with honours of war ; tl.cy 
 iiisull the Italians ; the native troo|is relaiiioi, 
 
 About 10,000 jiersons asscmlile in the (.'ulisiiiii:. 
 choose 44 names lor a provisional niiveiiiiiMn 
 (l/iaiidi) '.^.'Si.t, 
 
 I'rolest of the pope soSci.t. 
 
 Castle id' St. Aiinelo occupied by Ipdiau tnii,i,s at 
 the pope's reiplest .... 28 S..|it. 
 
 Circular letter from the pojie to tlie i';ii-.;iiiil,, 
 eoiiiplainint; of the invasion and ot liis lus.s nf 
 libi'rty,aiid interlcreiiee with his private post Imi; 
 
 A Kinnta of i4(the diikefiaetani cliicl')scli.eteiiiniii, 
 the 44 names eliosen ; approved by ('a.liiriiii 
 
 SoSi'l't. 
 
 General Mnsi in eoimnand of Home ami Ihr j,!,,. 
 
 vinees; S.l'.Q.U. appears on the pioelaiimliiii,* 
 
 30 Sitt. 
 
 Plebiscite ; out nf 167,548 voles, 133.681 for iiinnii 
 
 with the kinplom of Italy; 15..7 against; lU 
 
 remainder did not vole . .2(1,1. 
 
 Cardinal Antoiielli issues a protest; jaililislie,! 
 
 4IM. 
 
 The pope said to have accepted 5o,tx» ciinviis (lii« 
 
 monthly civil list) from the Italian ;;"viniiii.iii 
 
 I " 4"''t 
 
 ! The result of the jilebiscite sent to the kin;;, ill,'; 
 
 i Ijoiiii' anil its provinces incorporated wiili Uie 
 
 kinndom liy royal decree . 9 (hi, 
 
 (ieiieral I.a .Marmora enters Ibmie as vi.tii,\ ; 
 
 he proclaims that the pope shall bi' niiai-iiiinil 
 
 in his sovereign jiowers as lead of ihe eliiii' ii 
 
 uo.i 
 The Hoiiian iirovinees niiited iiilo one liy ilia-,. 
 
 19 Iht. 
 
 The jpope i.ssues an eneyclical letter ad.jiuiriiiii|:ili.; 
 
 meelini,' of the council . , 20(111, 
 
 AiitoncUi protests against the occupaliim nf Hit 
 
 ynirinal by the king .... 10 Xnv, 
 
 Hill iiilroduced into the Italian inirliaiiieiit ivs|»-ii. 
 
 iiig the traiish'r of the scat •>! novi riiiiiinM,, 
 
 Home in about six nioiiths, and llic piVMiv.iiji.!, 
 
 of the spiritual and temporal sovercii;ii|y i,f i|i,. 
 
 I'ope 
 
 alulllt 12 ll.r 
 
 Inniidation of the Tiber; great siilleriii); ef tlir 
 people, 27, 28 Dee. ; the king gives 200,000 lii-f; 
 visits Itoiiie suddenly, the city illiiiiiiiiatoi 
 
 4 .\.\i. u Hit, 
 
 I,aw guaranteeing to the i.oi.e full |.eiscaal lilKiiy 
 
 and honours, a rexenuc of 3,225.000 livivs, tiv , 
 
 13 May; rejected by the pope In his alliieulinii 
 
 15 May. i;;i| 
 2624th anniversary of the city kept ; the pii|.f leli-. 
 brates 11 jubilee on the 25II1 amuversary nf Ins 
 
 idcctioii ' i^Jmr. 
 
 The Italian government remove to lioiiie, 2, 3.1iily, ., 
 Allocution of the imi.e, appoiiiliiig soiiif Italian 
 
 liishops ; still rejecting giiaranters . 2JO1I .. 
 Grand vcceptiou of the king . . 21 N'uv, ,. 
 He opens the parliament, saying, " Tlie wmk tn 
 whiidi we have consecrated our life is rciniiilrtol' 
 
 27 X"v. „ 
 The pope receives an addressfioin nobles anil. iiliprs 
 
 27X.1v, „ 
 Commission aiipointed to .Ire.lge llie linl nf tin- 
 Tiber to recover aiitiiiiiilies . Ui-i'. .. 
 Kastcr solciiiiiities not |ierl'oniie.l liy tlie I"'!* , 
 
 31 .Manli, i3;J 
 
 The pope delivers an alloeiiti.m eoinpIaiiiiii;;nfiiir- 
 seciition of the eliurch in Italy, Oeriiiaiiy. ai;4 
 
 i^paiii 
 
 23lio-, 
 
 Tlie" papal troops surrender arms ; about- IJ500 
 
 Am'ricali Protestant clinivh deili.'ate.l ti.«, I'anl; 
 
 founded . - ■ , ' „' '^'''" 
 
 First Anglican clinreh witliiii tlic walls .teiiol 
 
 25011, i:;( 
 
 Assassination of Ralliiele Sonzogii.., a nTuI*-™ 
 
 printer ami manager of " /^ C'.ij»/.i(i, 6 h-.,. 
 
 trill of Till Krezza, the miirilerer eaii^lit 111 Hit 
 
 act with l.iieiani, Aiiiiali, and olli. is, asiiiritnrs 
 
 to the crime: i viclcd " witli exleiiiiatins la- 
 
 ciimstaiices ; " penal .,. 1 vitudc for 111.- i,; N-*. 1 
 Ue-iiiterin..nt on the .lanieuluin hill ol rHiiiiiiiiS n 
 Angelo Hriiiietti (term...! (■ieeriiaeelii»)iiiiilelliiT 
 unarmed ItaUan patriots (shut by the '^>'*|™' ,, 
 
 Interni'ti'onal exhibition'of liiie art, opened 21 Jm. ^ 
 
ROME. 
 
 mt witli lioiiours fif war; ti.iv 
 H ; tlio native lrnM|is ri'taimii, 
 
 lis iis8f)ii1>U' in till' I'tilisciiii:, 
 
 fcir H iiriivisidniil miviMiiiiMii 
 
 . • ■ . 2,>^^.i 
 
 SOSllit. 
 
 I fit'cnipii'it Ipv Iiiiliiin lrrai\isat 
 
 28S..|,i. 
 
 ni tlic iMii'e to till' rafiiuaU 
 
 lit' iuvilhinll liml III Ills loss I'f 
 
 Vri'iii'u wit li lii» iniviilc |i(isi Ki- 
 
 '"J •'^'I'l. 
 Inki'Ciai'tani cliii'Osi'li'cU'iiiniiii 
 sen ; apiinivi-il In i':iiiiinia 
 
 30 >'v\,t. 
 
 inimand of Honii' ami tin' |iiii. 
 iililii'iirs on till- imii'laiiiati.ius 
 30 Si'l't. 
 167,548 voli'S, 133,681 for uiiiini 
 III of Italy ; 1517 at;ain»t : tl;t 
 t i',.t» ~ I, . 
 
 ROME. 
 
 941 
 
 ROME. 
 
 t;.i*i'-i ■ 
 
 I vote . . . . 2 (III. 
 'S a lU'oti'st ; imblihlinl 
 
 issiU'S 
 
 ^ '" '■ ., 
 ivc ai'ci'i>ti'il 50,000 rritwr.s ^lijn 
 t) from fill' Italian unvmiiiii'iit 
 
 4'i''l ., 
 Icliisi'ite sent to tin- kin};. 8(li",. 
 roviiM'i's incorjiorati'il with tli,; 
 ,1 ili'i'i'i'e . . . 9 (lit, ,_ 
 lora I'litt'i's liniiii' as virim',-; 
 at the liopi' sJMill III' piarautiMl 
 liowcrH as licail of tlic vlnu'ii 
 
 11 (111 „ 
 iiii'S nniti'il into mii' liv ilm,',- 
 
 I'jiiit. „ 
 
 I I'licyi'lical li'tti'r ailjimruiii|;tl,e 
 oniii'il . 2o(ift, „ 
 s aptinst tlic oi'i'iiimtion iif tlii; 
 kin^' . . . . 10 Nuv. „ 
 to till' Italian iiarliaiiii'iit i-i'Simi. 
 
 r of till' si'.'it ol ^"Viniiiiiiit ii, 
 lix niontlis, au'l tin' jirf^i-rvai;,:, 
 anil ti'iiiiioral sovi'i''i'-'iily vf i!i. 
 
 . aliiiiit 12 lii-t ,, 
 ic TiliiT ; jiii'at snlU'riiis; "f tin- 
 ifi'. : till'. killK ^ivrs 2oo,ouu llli'; 
 IJciily, tliD city illiiiiiiiiatiil 
 
 4 A.M. 31 llii'. ,, 
 ; to till' iioiu' full in'iM'iial lilniiy 
 rrvriiui' of 3,225.000 livri'.^, \i-., ■ 
 I'll liy till-' polH' in his alliii'Uliiiii I 
 15 May. ij'il 
 y of tlip city ki'iit ; the iio]ii' n'x- T 
 L' (ill tlic 25II1 aniiivrrsary of Ills I 
 16,1 mil', ,. I 
 niiii'iit I'l'iiiovi' to lioiiii', 2. 3. Ink, „ I 
 IC ]>o|ii', aiitioiiitiii^' smiii' Itali.^iii I 
 ■I'.ii'i'tin^' unaianli'i's . ;;iii'! .. I 
 ii'f the kiiif; 21 Nuv, „ I 
 
 iirliiinii'iit, saying', " The wmk tn 
 
 I sccratcil our life is emiiiili'iiil " 
 
 27 X"v. „ I 
 s an aililri'.ss from iioliles auiletlii'rs I 
 27X"V. „| 
 loiliteil to ilri'il^e the licil ef tk 
 '1' aiitii|iiitii's . . I'o'. .. 
 
 es nut pcrforincil liy the 1101* 
 
 ^i .NIarih, I3;3 
 s an allocution coiiiiilaiiiiiniifl'ir- 
 ic ehureli In Italy, lieniiaiiy, iii.l 
 
 23 111''. „ I 
 
 liantclinn'liilcilii'ati'iltiilSI.'l'aiil: I 
 
 '.'5 .Ian. i!:J 
 
 linreliwitliln tlic walls ni'i'in'.! | 
 
 251111. i:;(| 
 f liiilliiclo KonzoKiio, a vi'iiulilirm 
 iiammcr of " /' Ciijiidi'i," 6 Fili. : 
 ri'zza', till' miirilcivr caUL'li' in tlit 
 aiii, .\iiiiiiti, ami ollnis. asiiieilire 
 coiiviitcil " with exleiiiiatini: I'lr- 
 • iiciial .servituile fur life . 13 N-'' <^ 
 
 II the .lanicnlnm liill of mniiiiis "f 
 ■ltt(tcrnii'il CiccniiicehiiOiiniliitlifr I 
 inn iiatrlots (slnit by the Aastnans J 
 
 ... 12 tii't. i.» 
 thlbition'of fine art, oiieneil si Jan i!i| 
 
 11„flt'rin.in crown inince arrives .itUonic, 17 Dei'. ; 
 risita the iiopii 18 Dec. 1883 
 
 jjjjlh anniversary of tli« founilatlou of Uonie 
 
 21 .\|iril, 1884 
 
 fjBt Italian" Derby ilay" . . . 24 April, „ 
 
 jiilenfl'iirt of the Ciistellaal culluction, 21 ilavs, 
 itaut 48,000;. reallzoil .... April, ,, 
 
 Cmuto; a earilliial stiippeil from visiting a cholcru 
 hisiiital witl'outi|uaraiitino . . . ()i;t. „ 
 
 Bliiaveried about tliii Tcinplo of Vesta In the 
 Firuiii hy I'l'"!'. "' ''orilan, annonnccil April, 1885 
 
 DMlh of princo Torlonla, a yrcat benefactor, 
 
 aKecl 36, 7 Fob. 1886 
 
 Statue of Giurilano Hruno, philosopher (burnt iis a 
 
 'lieretioat Venice, 17 Kob. 1600); nnveilcil, g Jiiiie, 1889 
 
 5^, .\un>li"'Salll,one of the trliinivirs of Feb. 1849, 
 
 'ifaatForli,>'if,'cil 71 . . 10 April, 1890 
 
 drat esplosion of the jiowiler magazine at Fort 
 Miiiilfvecl'^' 4 jiersons klllcil ami about 150 
 uiioiiiled ; the Vatican ami nevoral clmrchcs 
 iniiireil, anil mncli property ilcstroyeil ; the 
 plsce visited by the king to rollevo the .iHlferers 
 
 23 April, 1891 
 
 "Ubourilav," rioting' siippresscil with blooilsheil ; 
 4personskilli'il, many woiinileil. . t M.ay, ,, 
 
 Popalar demonstration as,'ainst forelKn jiilgrlms for 
 supposed in.sults to the meiiiory of king Victor 
 Emanuel; 3 pilf-Tims arrested . . 2-4001. ,, 
 
 TbeN'egroul Calhirelll palace burnt ; groat I033 ; 
 
 26 Aug. 1893 
 
 The nth international medical congress opoiied ; 
 ' thaingandiiueoii prasont . . 29 March, 1894 
 
 Hional line art e.thibition openml by the king, 
 
 17 ^iiiiit. 1895 
 
 Silional fetes, coniinomoration of the entry of the 
 Itiliaii troo|is Into Home, 1870; moiiiimciit to 
 Garibaldi on the Jaiiiculum, iiiivoilml by the 
 kinj, 20>Se|it, ; tin) Iliimbcrt briilgo opened, ami 
 tlieCavoiir nioniiinent unvulled, 22 Mopt, ; other 
 memorials uiiveihi'l .... -^4 Sept. ,, 
 See I'oiKH, Plus IX. et sm/., and Italy, 
 
 KISGS OF ROME. 
 
 [C. (Dates coiijoctiiral.) 
 
 )!j. Romnhis ; iniirdered by the senators. I 
 
 [Titus Tatiiis, king of the 8aliiiies, had removed to 
 Rome in 747, and ruled jointly with Komulu.'i 
 six years. J 
 I ;i6, |Inti'rr(',i:iium. ] 
 
 . Xuiiia I'linipilins, sondn law of Tatius the Sabine, 
 elwti'il ; died at the age of 82. 
 I <;i. Tulliis Hu.stilliis ; murdered by' his successor, by 
 whom his palace was set on lire ; his family 
 perished In the tl.'imcs. 
 1 6(0. .tai'iis Martins, grandson of \uni,T. 
 1 616. larquinins I'risi'tia ; sou of Demaratus, a Corinthian 
 I emijrraat, chosen king. 
 
 I r,i Serviu.s Tiiliius, a manumitted slave ; married the 
 kiii.ii's daughter ; and siieceeded by the united 
 suffrages of the army and the jieople. 
 ;.;). Taniuinhis Saporbiis, grandson of Taniuiiiiiis I'ris- 
 CU.S ; assa.sslnates his fatlierdn-law, and usurps 
 tlio tliror.e. 
 I 111 (The rape of Liicretla, by Scxtus, son of Taniiiln, 
 and conseiiuent Insurrection, leads to the aboli- 
 tion iif royalty and the esUiblishmeiit of the 
 coiLsulate.] 
 
 I jin-:!. Finl perio'l. From the expulsion of Tarqulii to 
 theilictatorship of Sylla. 
 J-!/. S/Miiil I'rriijil. From Sylla to Augustus. 
 ^i. Caius.Iiilins Ciesar; pei-petuardiotator ; assas,sl- 
 
 iiated, 15 March, 44 i),c. 
 31. OcUiviaims Ciesar. 
 
 flMl'ERORS. 
 IJ. Al'QCSTl'S iMl'KU.VTOIl, dleil 19 Aug. A.D. 14. 
 
 Tilierius (Claudius Nero). 
 
 Caius Caligula : inurdered by a tribune. 
 
 Ci'iidius 1. (Tiberius Drusiis) : poisoned by his wife 
 
 .\gripp:na, to make way for 
 Claudius .N'ero ; ilepose.1; kills himself, 68. 
 Servius Hulpicitis Oulba ; slain by the praetorians 
 M. Salrius Olho ; stabbed him.self. 
 Aulus Vitellius ; deposed by Vespasian, and nut to 
 
 death. ' 
 
 69. 
 
 79- 
 81. 
 
 96. 
 
 98. 
 117. 
 1.38. 
 161. 
 
 180. 
 
 '93 
 
 217. 
 
 2l3. 
 222. 
 235. 
 237. 
 
 233. 
 
 II 
 
 244. 
 
 249. 
 231. 
 
 253- 
 I. 
 
 260. 
 
 268. 
 270. 
 
 275. 
 276. 
 
 M 
 
 282. 
 283. 
 284. 
 286. 
 305- 
 
 306. 
 
 Titus Flavins Vespasian. 
 
 Tltns (Vesp.-ishm), his sou. 
 
 litiis Flavins Domiiian, brother of Titus; last of 
 
 the iii'rh-i' (,a'.sars ; as.sassiiiatcd. 
 Cocccliis Nei v.i. 
 Tiiijan M. lJl|.iiis (drinitus). 
 . Adrian or Hadrian (I'libliiis .Klius). 
 . Aiiloiiiiis-I'iiiis, surnaiiieil I'iiis, 
 , Marcus Aiirclius (a pliilosopher) and faicius Verus, 
 his .soii-iii-l iw ; the latter died in ,(-,q. 
 Gominodiis (I.. Aurclins Antoninus), .son of Marcus 
 Aiiri'lius ; poisoned by his favourite mistress, 
 Martia. ' 
 
 Publins Ilidvlus-Pertiiiax ; put todeath by the prae- 
 
 tonaii hand. 
 [Four eiiiperors now start up: Didianiis .Julianus, 
 
 at lloiMc; I'csceiinius Mger, in ,'Syrla; Lucius 
 
 hi'plUMiiis .'Mvi'ius, ill Pannonla;aud Clodius 
 
 Alblliiis, III lirilaili.j 
 Lucius .Septimiiis S vcriis ; died at Vork In Urltaln. 
 
 ill 211 ; sii(!ci'i'di'il liv his .s„ms, 
 M. Aureliiis (J.irai'alla and Sepliiuiiis Oeta. Geta 
 
 si' ccp"™ ' *-^''''""'""> ^'2 ; who is slain by hia 
 
 M. Opilius Macriniis, prefect of the guards: bo- 
 
 headed 111 a mutiny, ' 
 
 Ileliogabalus (.M Aurelius Antoninus), a youth : put 
 
 todeath tor his enormities, 
 Ale.xander Heverus ; assassinated by .some sohliers 
 
 corrupted by .Maximinii.s. 
 Cams .Jnlius Vi'riis .M.iximinus ; asassiiiated In his 
 
 tent before the w.ills of Aipiileia 
 •M. Antonius (ioidianiis, and his son ; the latter 
 
 having been liii|,.,i i„ „ i,,,ttie with the par- 
 
 tisaiisol Maxiniiims, the father strangled him. 
 
 selUn a lit of despair, at Carthago, In his 80th 
 
 Halbimisaiid Piipieiuis; imt to death 
 
 Gordian III., grandson of the elder Gordi.in, In his 
 
 i6tiyear; a.'s.sassinated by the guards, at the 
 
 instigation lit Ins successor. 
 
 Phililithe .Vrabiaii ; assassinated hvhisown soldiers ; 
 
 iissoii I'hi ipwasiiiiirdere.latthe.saiiiotimo.lu 
 his moth'ir s anus, 
 
 Mctiiis Decius ; he iierished with his two sons, 
 
 ami tli.'ir army, in an engagement with the Goths 
 
 Galliis Hostiliiis, ami his .son Volu.siamis ; bothslain 
 t)y the soldiery. 
 
 .Ecilianiis ; put to death aRor a reign of only four 
 
 months, ■' 
 
 Valeriaiius, and his son Galllenua ; the llrst was 
 
 taken prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, and 
 
 ilayed alive, 
 Gallienus reigned alone, 
 [About tliis tiiiiethirtypretenders to liiiporial power 
 
 arise 111 dillereut parts of the empire; of these 
 
 Cyriades is the llrst, but ho is slain. | 
 Chiudiiis It. (Gallicuus having beoua.ssassinated by 
 
 t he olllcers of the guard) succeeds ; dies of the 
 
 plague. 
 
 Quiiitillus, his brother, electedat Rome by thesenate 
 and tro'ips; Aiirellan by the army In Illvrlcum. 
 (inintiliis, despairing of success against hia 
 rival, who was iiiarchiiigagainst him, opened hia 
 veins and bled himself to death, 
 
 Aurellaiiiis ; assassinated by lila soldiers on hi.s 
 march against Persia, in .Ian, 275. 
 
 [Interrognuni of about nine months,] 
 
 Tacitiis,cleeteil25()ct.; died at Tarsus in Cilicla, 
 1 3 April, 276, ' 
 
 Florianus, his brother; his title not recognised by 
 the .senate. " ' 
 
 M. Aurelius Probus ; assassinated by his troops at 
 8iriiiium. ' 
 
 M. Aurelius Carus ; killed at Cleslpliou by light- 
 ning ; succeeded bv his .sons 
 
 Cariniis and Niimeriaiius ; both assassinated after 
 transient reigns. 
 
 Diocletian ; who aaaoclated as his colleaguo In the 
 govornmoiit, " 
 
 Maximiamis irernulcs; the two emperors rosi-i, in 
 favour of 1 •> ' ■'i™" m 
 
 Constantins I. Cliloriis and Galerlus Maxlmianus • 
 the llr.st died at York, in I!rlt.iiin, lii 306, and the 
 troop'i ..iMti'iI as emperor his son, 
 
 Constaii' 11". afterwards styled the Great; whilst 
 at U.i 1' ! lie priEtorian band proclaimed 
 
 ( 
 ''t 
 
 I! f 
 
 'li 
 
 ■*! ill! 
 
 1h, 
 
 1 
 
 ' , ^ ' 
 
 ' ■ f 
 
 '' ' ■ 
 
 i 
 
 1 ^ ♦ '■■ , 
 
 1 t ) 
 
 , ri 
 
i 
 
 I. 'ii '■• 
 
 I'll' M 
 
 I* 1 
 
 m 
 
 
 1 a^i^^f p 
 
 
 ROMILLY'S ACT. 
 
 942 EOSEREEY ADMINISTJIATIOX. 
 
 307' 
 
 M„xiSmrU..n.„lcs, .l.u n,.l.vo„ro.l to rocov...- 
 
 " ,,„!'i:;^''^i;;;!;^;:i's:;:n.. ■a,.„.,w,y u,. ..t. 
 
 " ,.,,rnli;:nl;i:-i:iZu.s,U>cl,n,Uu.v.i,,.,awor 
 
 3,3. CoSru;;.cl^^""wr..i«„ean,one ;..... on 
 
 lliri'iuliin'tic'tweeii tlii!in ; Uu: 
 liisl «iis sliiin in 340,0111! tlii! 
 «,.c»im1 iiuinlind in 350. wli''" 
 the tliiril lieciimo sole I'lii- 
 
 . SI. fiiUfd fur iilijiirini,' Cliris- 
 .iMii-Munitea fill- the pvii'stliiwul ; 
 ,1 HI ;i tiiitllf Willi tl't-' IVTSiiiiis, 
 
 ; foiiiiil iliMil '" '''" 
 
 375 
 379 
 31J2. 
 
 395- 
 
 tory 
 
 Hchiiid oxtomporUed treiirlics n liiiiiilliil .if British 
 soUUltm, iiiiili'i- Uc>iit>t. ("Iwii-d iiml i'.r ■iiihi.:i,l, luTe 
 8ili'oo88fiilly iTsistfd 11 liirui' Zulu iiniiy, i,m |-rii. 
 biibly siued tho colony, 22, (an. 1S79. h,v, :',,;„■„„,; 
 
 llOSAMOND'S BOWEll. K.w:,moud y,J 
 
 diniKlitor of lord Cliil'oid, ;iiid inisln'ss of Hmry II, 
 ab<mt 1 1 54' '^ consmracy ii^'uiiist licr was foriimUiy 
 the queen, prince lleiiry, and llie kiii-'s .it'u-r scins. 
 Henry kept her in a labyrinth at Woii.lstocli.ivhiTe 
 his ([ucen, Kleanor, it is said, disoivereil licriKirt- 
 nients by the due of a sill; tliread, ;iii(l |ifii«Hiii.,iin.f 
 Slie was" buried lit Godstow elnu-cli, from ul ,n[» 
 Ilu^h, Msiiop of Lincoln, had her ashes remwiij, 
 II91. 
 
 ROSAKY, see J!c„ih. 
 In ii liriel'ul' liope I'ias IX., soKeiit, 1S52. it was ass(.>,l 1 
 
 tlmt 40 rcpi'titioas in a rosary nt 4 > Ivailn nf -Mvi-tl 
 
 Henri of Mary, lie my Milvatioii : • will i.ltoiiKi i;;:. 
 
 lunalier rif days (if in.lul^enee r.ir souls in inir^aiin 
 
 (2l.3cx)ilays ealeulateil). 
 
 IIOSAS (N- 1'^' SpainV Hay or, where iiliiiliiiinj 
 navnl action was foujtht by the b.iats nf tlii' tiiri,] 
 Citmherldnd, J'uloiitaiir, Jpulh, TnjMzr, I'luhiitl' 
 Heiiut, and Tkhi-iiii, h'd by licut. Joliii Tiiil.iir (ofl 
 tho Til/re), which ended in the enpinre or ilv^tni?- 1 
 tinn of tdoven armed vess-U in the tm, I .N.aJ 
 \Hoq; for wliich pin-pose lord C'-.lliiis«Muil lii.ll 
 orKanisedtheoxpeditioncoiiimaiiiledliviMiit, Hullo., 
 well, llosas was gallantly defendeil liy l.ir(ll>,h-| 
 nine, 27 Nov.; but surrendered, 4 Uce. iSo). 
 
 IIOSBACH (llnscbec(iiie), Flaiiilcrs, Ilerej 
 Chnries VI. of Frani'C beat the Kleinin,'*. ■.ilwliadl 
 revolted against their count, 2" .Nov. Ijsr-.ul 
 llosnACii, in Prussia, a jjrcat liatlle wa> i'i'i:litl 
 between the Prussians, coiiiiiiaiided liy l-'ii.l.iiiij 
 the Great, and the eoiubiiied army of Fri'iirliandj 
 .\ustrians, in which the latter were defciiUiliilihl 
 severe loss, 5 Nov. 1 757. 
 
 "EOSCIUS, INFANT." Win. Hniiv Wesll 
 
 I)ettv,born 13 Sejit. 171)1. Alter a.-tiiiu'iit II-lM,! 
 
 16 Aug. 1803, and at other idaees, withniu.'liap-I 
 
 plause,''he appeared lit Coveiit-gardeii, i Dir. |V'j,l 
 
 I as Selim, in " Harbarossa," and is .siiiil to to| 
 
 gained in his first season, 17,210/. 
 
 After several vetirs' retirement, lie re-:i].piMr.M. Imt 
 
 soon after left tlie static, ii.it lieiii- sii.r,*lu! 
 
 I He retired on the fortune lie liail aiiiiis-swl, aii.l 
 
 (lied ■^"'■■' '■;'! 
 
 His portrait may be seen at the (iinriek eluli. 
 
 ' Mr Thos. Ueiirv lietty, his son, cleM, ai.'i.'l ;-, 
 
 i becineathing laiv'e sums to I'onii eventaally tin- 
 
 ' "liettv's Kuiid for poor actors aail iictii>*», 
 
 I Kiiilto'lhe lloyal Theatiical fmel, &e. 7M.. 1:97 J 
 
 j ROSE see under /■Vwiccrv. The rose, a >yral)ol| 
 
 1 of sih'iKie.'gave rise to the phrase .vm// «*i, "uii-ltrl 
 
 tlierose;" said, bv Italian writers, to liaiv rbflil 
 
 from the eircuinstanee id' the pepe's pr*imii;| 
 
 consecrated roses, whieli were placed over tliH«-i 
 
 fessionals at Koine, to denote secrecy I52(). Ibel 
 
 pope sent a ffohkii rose to the iiucen ot ip™'»!;.JI 
 
 t was Riven to her with iiiueli solemui y,8hl).l«i.l 
 
 ' A "national rose society" opcn.'d its first annualj 
 
 show, St. James's hall, 4 July, iS*77- 
 
 Conitessed,. faris, for i to pminut,. tlie^.-ni. ml 
 
 (if llic niouarchy in Knuiee, iiutuum iSiSs. 
 
 ceedHl Uie f.m,1h of Mr. W. K..(lh,d.«„e. .bl 
 i resigned ^ March, K^Q+i.*'"' miiUstry Vf^?..-. .»l 
 I co.iBequei.ce of a """"••'t.\ "" i""'",,, l' ' ■H;! 
 
 (,„_:, 2O, virtually a vote of "'"*'' %™ 'fP 
 
 C C'onstnntiiic 11. 
 3.3. 3 (Jonslans. 
 
 (.Co.istaiitius U. 
 
 ,60. Julinn, the Apost.'it 
 
 " tianily,liaviui.'h 
 
 mortally wouieh 
 
 3^3'H!;i;Jmp-r'G:iura!«rn^;m-ihefain,^^ 
 
 3^^-);::lSii""aS-;-lValentinianII. 
 
 ■n'r-VPL'^VALLES (in the I'yi'enee.s), wliere, 
 
 it IS ,«'"'', ^'•.i\"f,reaed and slain by the 
 Orlando, was su used, -t^ _^^^^_,^,^^,j y„^,^ 
 
 S:Sa,;.;ri.e.''hv^.'l»ntishc^itering France. 
 
 ^^^l^^;bi'.l:"i:;:d:re;l=.!:;S^.^n; 
 
 C^'oTedVv i^Hth'ven, fhopin, and others. 
 
 i^^3€^9ccl^dr'^=^^tpl'^a 
 
 K.c?e two vards, « Oct. 1805. See / „nnn„. 
 (Usianct u. - ,,,„ve,l that many substances , 
 
 The continued ".",•'"",,,,,,,„.,,, trunspaieiit to these 
 opa„ue t;"J>-'''| ^f\ .'shadows'of sucholiieets 
 rays, »«"'-■''''•"'• .',,,. photographed ; the interior 
 ^™^r',n:;d:;;«av'lfo.r^i.id with great dis. I 
 
 n.,^""''r:u;™;s';^' U.e'h m's t living animals were ex- \ 
 
 The 1"°^ , "i,..„ . ,■ vs bv means of a cinematogniiili, ^ 
 
 !f%^nrTi^^o\yshavethepowerofdis-! 
 
 ^';;^,:^ass >.-p^;;;^-;i; ;,;:;r" ;:; ;'inv^^;us ... Thomp- 
 
 TjnnV The largest in the world was said to be 
 
 about idvOOO square feet. 
 
 K;i£^^79y^M;;n;i.nprov:'mentshavebeen 
 made since. 
 
lY ADMINISTJIATIOX, 
 
 sed tiTiichcs n Immlful nt Brilisbl 
 iiiit:i. (Miiird iiiMl liriiiilii'iij, livrcl 
 ti'd a liiriic Zulu iiniiv, and |,rii. 
 )loiiy, 22.1iin. IS;'). hiv,'>i!,i',„„n 
 
 )'S BOWEll. Hiwiiiiiouil wjJ 
 ;littoi(l, iiiul iin>ti-i'ssot llenrvll.l 
 ismriic'ya«iiin!.t Ii'Twhs formal iiy I 
 Henry, ami tlii' kin-'s ot'uT mil 
 1 a labyrinth at Wiimlstfiek, whrrej 
 ir, it is said, <lisc HViifi licr aiKirt-f 
 I of a silU tlifcail. ami pnisMMi-liitrL 
 lit Godstinv clniiili, friiimvl.iH»| 
 Lincoln, had her aslicsreraiii.jj 
 
 ■e Beads. 
 
 'ins IX., y> Sept. i3.;2, it \vasa,s»-;,.,l| 
 ns in a rnsnry itt 40 Ivi^ls r.r ■>vv..'tl 
 111' my sulvatioii!" will ,il,uiin .1 h; 
 dl' indnl;;,MU'i' lor scuiU in iiiir^i!i,ry| 
 tdatid). 
 
 C. Spain), 1!.\Y or, wln'ri'iiliriilMuil 
 I'ous'ht t)y the Ijuat-i uf tlic T,i,t,\ 
 
 III, li'd liy limit. Jiilm Tiiil ur (ofl 
 h ended in thei-iptnre or di',irj?.I 
 irined vess.'ls in tlie kiy, 1 X„v.| 
 h pnrpose lord C'llingwo'.,! \a)\ 
 ledition eoinmandcdliviMpt. Ih... 
 s ^'allnitly defended k I.tiI I .<!i.| 
 intsurrcndi'i'ed, 4 Dec. lSi». 
 
 (Ros(d)iHMnn'), Kliniilers. Hwl 
 ^'ranco heat tin- Klemin'.'*, aluludl 
 t their cotint, 2" Xev. i;N:,-.ul 
 'russia, ii jiivat liatlle \va^ vrA\\ 
 ■iissianri, connnanded liy l'itiV);ili| 
 the eoniliined army of Frcmhiflidl 
 hieh till' latter vere difc;iti'il«iib| 
 3v. I757' 
 ^, INFANT," \Vm. llfmvfffiil 
 Si'pt. 171)1. .\lter aetini-'iit ftij;«t,r 
 md at other place.-, witli iiiuiiiap-l 
 iired at Covent-Kin-deii, llkr. |V'j,r 
 
 • liarliariissa," and is said to bvf| 
 •St season, 17,210/. 
 
 rs' retirement, lie n'.;ipppiiri"l, Imt 
 , tlie stiij^e, ii"t t>eia^' smrcssfiil. 
 the fortnne lie liiul aiiiasscJ, iiii'l 
 
 All.:. u;4| 
 
 • l)C seen at the (iuirick cliili. 
 rv HcUy, his son, died, ;i;.;."l -. 
 :iVt:esunis to T'lnii cvcnuiiilly Uw 
 il "ior po'ir Mctiivs anil activs.ses,' 
 •111 Tlicat lieal I'liiid, .Sic. 7 Fcti. u??! 
 
 under Vlmnrs. The rose, ;i <yinl)ol| 
 1 rise to the phrase \iili iw'i. '■iiiiJtrl 
 d, hy Italian writei'.s, to liiivc ri>«il| 
 ninstaiiee of the licpe's pr*iilin5| 
 ies, which were placed over thf.;j>ii-| 
 {onu>, to denote secrecy, 1526. Thel 
 titii yo.11' to the ipieen cd Spain, w«| 
 or with much solciniutv,SFil).lS«.| 
 rose society " "pencd its fiM .imiual| 
 e8'shall,4July, i!<77, 
 
 i;,,. i;„sr, under llic patnm.V'e of lte| 
 hiris, f.Miiie.l to pi„iii.ptctlien'.<t.int mj 
 'liv in l-'niiiee, antmiin iS33. 
 
 RY ADMINlSTEATIONiUfl 
 
 lurth of Mr. W. K. (jlndstoiie, A)l 
 uicli, l.'-94i ""' mims!ryr««;"''.J5| 
 of II luinoritv on a vote of suppljl 
 nrtunlly n vote of censure ™ Hel 
 itate for war (Mr. Cnnipbcll-ttinnfr-l 
 iniediatelv resigned, 21 June. iM. 
 
 ROSE'S ACT. 
 
 943 
 
 EOTA CLUB. 
 
 ]Mlmlnflhrtreii»iiriiiu\iUiml)<mUlrnliiflhrcimm:U— 
 irchibnld Philip I'rinirone (earl of UoBcfjery).* 
 lg,.Hv]hrhiiunlhir—l.u\t\ llersidudl. 
 Ijrdpric!/ ««/— Kdwiinl iMar,|oriliaiikH (liiimn Twceil. 
 liiolltll). 
 
 (!,jiuiUor iif thi' fjihiijiiiT mill liinlir~H\r Win. (i. (I. 
 Venion-tlarcoiirt. 
 smtarita-hniit; Herl.ert Henry AHi|ultli. 
 forrigii, earl of Kiinlierli'y, 
 ctilmi'il. (icoine ]••. iS, Ho'IjIiimuii (iminnilH of 
 
 Uijion). 
 vvr, Henry f-aniplielMliinneriiiMii. 
 hiiliii, Henry II. Kowlcr. 
 amcillor 0/ llir iliiilii/i./ /.„,ee.,/, ,-, ,]n,i'-:' Dry,'; sue- 
 crfdeil by lord Tweedninnth. jt, .\lii' . 
 rinlhrdii/lfifi'ihiiinillii- .liiliii l',,\;iin (iiul .Spencer). 
 (ikf irmliiril /'"' Inhiml— .lolin .Mi, 1 ley. 
 Ktri'iiry fur Sf<'tlinitl—><\v denize Tnnelyan. 
 f„i,ik,ilnfllahi'iiril lift mil, .\iitliniiy .iiiliii Miimlella ; 
 resifufd aliont 12 May, iKo.|; ,liinie.s llryee, iiliont 
 16 May, 1804. 
 tnsiJrnliiflh luciil yinvrinin iit Inmnl—Vmirnu .1. ,Slijuv- 
 Ufi'vre. 
 |e,.frc<ii/iTl/"/Wc rniinililire e/ce«)ici7 (01 l(llHltlifiii — 
 .WliiirH. Dyke .i\cland. 
 f(.,|«iiM(fr-i/i'«rm/— Aniulil Moi U . . 
 
 Tlienlano fornieil II aliincd. 
 
 !m«ltntofllir Imiril nfiniriiiilliiir- Herhert (iMidner. 
 fir.'(fomnHMiio"r e/icii/'/,.<— Herlierl ,1. (iliidslom', 
 finmi-ii!/ ffcrrdov; I'l thr tniixiirii—ulf ,lolin 'I', lllldiert. 
 fmiim(n(wrri7i'r,i/ li> llii liiii.^iirii- Mi- !•'. .Mnwiilt. 
 Jl(m(!/-jfiifm'— sir I'liniles Hiisscll ; sir ,lolin HIkIiv, 
 May, 1894 ; sir Uoliirl 'i'liiv^liie H,.|,|, uel, is:i)4, 
 .v'ifl7nr-jjfnini( — sir .liilin UiKhy ; llnlierl 'I'lire.slili! 
 
 lirid, May, 1S94 ; sir l''raiik l.uekw I, (let. 11^04. 
 
 Sm(arifs-(i(/iiiire/^i/, sir IJylitreil Kav .Sliiiltlrwintli. 
 local ijifriniiiiiiil hiHiiil, hIc (lliillliMziir) W, 
 Foster. 
 M(r-Kert(<inVs-/im)ic, sir (Imlfrey I,iiNlilii','toii ; 
 Knneliii K. Iiij;hy, Nny. is,;4. 
 fimiim, sir Kdwiiid (liev, 
 rchiiiiiil, .Sydney (_'. Iluxloii. 
 Jiidiii, Dcnmlil ,liuiMis Maekiiv (lord 
 
 Heay). 
 wa. lord .Sandlinrst ; Iniil Moiik.s- 
 well, ,Ian. iSos. 
 Hir\il.-Ur<l-lleuliiiiiiit.— Ui)\)Mt it. A. Millies, tinroii 
 
 Hoiikditon (.ift. earl of Crewe. 1895), 
 IiW*iniT/("r— Siimnnl Walker. 
 il/.ir/i.i/.j/i'Hrro/— 'I'lii! .Macderniot . 
 JWifidir-jfripm/— Cliiulcs Hare Hcinpliill. 
 Leini!ii(i'oc(i(i'/or.sVii(/in»/-,l. It. Dalronr. 
 
 ROSE'S ACT, 3.^ 'ieo. III. e. ^ (171,^) hroiiKht 
 kiietit societies under tlie control ot (foveniiiietit. 
 
 ROSES, W.\HS OF THK, hetwern the I.uii- 
 I (ailrians (ttlio chose the red rose as their eiiilileiii) 
 I mill tlic Yorkists (who elmse tlie white rose), 1455- 
 1485. It is stated that in tlie Wars of the Hoses 
 tkre perished 12 princes of the liloml, 2(x) noldes, 
 snJ 100.000 gentry and eoniiiioii peoph.. The union 
 iflhe rose- was eltected in the inarriiii?e of Henry VII. 
 with the] looss Elizabeth, daiiglitor of Kilward IV. 
 
 R'Ainl II , »lii) succcedeil his Kramiratlier Kdwiiid 
 III. in 1377, was ilepiiseil and SMcceeili'il In , \,,,) 
 liyhisTOUsiii Henry IV. (son of .lulm nf (laiint, 
 ilulii'ofljiiiivister, the fonrlhsniiof I'Mward III ) 
 in pryudice to tlie li-lil of Hoj.,.,. M„i-liMier 
 (p-anilsoii nf Lionel, .lake of Chiienee, lOilward's 
 l*ni/soii), Willi was ileelared presnnipliye jieir to 
 tltftliniiieiii 
 
 Kyfi ).'ranilsiin, Hiehiinl dnke of York,' llrst 
 
 -'J.-'cpt. 1459 
 
 1460 
 146:1 
 
 1470 
 1471 
 
 I illfniiitsatcoiiipruiiii.se failed, and the warliemm 
 
 in . . . '^ 
 
 1.185 
 1449 
 
 M55 
 
 'I!OTi7May, 1647; lioeiunn 5th earl, ifi6H ; president 
 I Mtlie social science eoii^;ii!s.H, 1B74 ; lord leetnr of the 
 ItKversityiifAhcrileon, 1878; uflSdlnliurKli, iBfk,: hist 
 luJ'''"""'".°' '•^'"'^'*' '^^*< "'"^ elmiinmi, „) the 
 Itailon county council, Koli. i88o-.,liiiie, nloo; ,!nne, 
 1*!: foreign secretary, Kcli.-.lnry, mf,; Anu. ,8,,-jJ 
 IJl 1 ',%*i.'f' «","* •-'"' biHilerslilp uf tlio Ijlioml i«|-(v, 
 'IMli at Eaiiiburt!li, 6, 9 Oct. 1 896. 
 
 ' '''l'r!Cir*s!'?''""r ■'"''""'"1 '" >*t. AllionsMhe 
 
 : ^^d'u^dia^^irr:^^;;;;;':;;;:;,:'-;;;^;;;;-^- 
 'i:.m':s^i!!a,:r'r;;r,v:!i;;^:i:^''''>''^'-''''"'''^'i'^^ 
 
 He del-.otcil his oi,,,onents ,it Xni|l„„M|,|„„ ^mk 
 Henry i.risoner, „nd wiis ileel.-iicil h .„■ i„ ,,* 
 eri.wii: l.iit fell intn ,11, anil,i,sei,ile .l.w/K'.'- 
 llclii.iiml wosi.nt tOiliMth . .,1/. 
 
 "miZ/I^'i;-:;;:!*- "■■' ""-..n.„e:^:';,: 
 
 Ih'n'atedtl.el_.,ineastiiMns„iTnwl,.n' 4 Malv I' 
 )\us deposed by Warwiik, w vM.oeil Hen," Vt 
 
 ':;^p!^'r■t;W';^.l:^;l::tlr^'''''-■T^ 
 
 KOSETTA (i.> Ki^ypt), taken hv thri-'ritiel'/in'' 
 l,')H and l.y the Untisli and Turks „,A„nl ,80, 
 I he lurks repulsed the Kntisli )„,,■,• 2,'* , ' S"!' 
 >.ear Uosetta wn,s ^oii^ht the hattle of the NHe' 
 Am:. 17'»H; seeAVe. .MehemetAli render d mat 
 seiTiee to his country hy constructing a eana) 
 between Rosetta and Alexandria. 
 
 The /,'i,.M//» Slui,,; llisenverci l.v tlie fiv..,.!, i„ 
 
 ii-;^^'i:'^t'a^:;ri';;:;isi.^^^^ 
 
 whiise works were |,lll.li^he.l ,s, . ,s, , ri ,, ', 1 • 
 metli,.il w,,s ,iili,„/,.,| ,,, IioM.;ft„r. nd es . "hv 
 Le .sins, Ihiiisen. liiivli, lin,:;s,.i, , ,„i ,.1 ,,'■., if 
 polliim discovi leil that ll.e' hien,; ,1'' . ;,,^, ; " ; 
 sounds hy an initial lelter, ,11111 ,die, st , H„„ .1 
 
 ;;..i...alof,holle,n.,■M.,l,lis,,::,',;■l!;■,,r^;^;;,ll- 
 
 ROSICRUCIANS, a sect of mvstieal philo- 
 sophers who appeared in (ienininy-in the lith 
 een i,ry. It is asserted that their •fonndew, fa 
 noble Oernian monk named Christian Rosenere it/ 
 l"'rn ,;,;«, who travelled iu Arabia, K,Mpt, Afr ea' 
 and Spam; returned to (iernianv and founded th^ 
 fraternity the Rosy Cross, iiihI died a.4 d ,02 
 Ihe J;„i,a IratmnMi.. and the Cvifessio liosei 
 Cnic,^, 1615, the latter attributed to .Johann \Z,Z 
 tin Andreas am others, are important works. 
 I hey swore idelity, promised seereev, and wrot,^ 
 hieroKlynhically, and aflirmed that' he an e ™? 
 nhilosopliers of Egypt, the Chaldeans Cl of 
 Persia, and (.ymnosophists of the Indies, tifuirht 
 the same doetriiie. niufeiii 
 
 Mr. Arthur E. Waite'selahorate w„rk "ThnPoni ii- » 
 of the Hosicrncians" publislieil in ,887 ""*"'■»' 
 
 ROSS, Cork (S. Ireland), a bishopric founded. 
 IS supposed, by St raehiiaii, in the i,egi„nin!r "f 
 the 6 h century. It was u„i,„,i to Cork in {40 
 and Cloy,,,, to both, by the Irish Climvh Teiuno aH^ 
 ties act (18,33) ; see Jli.s/m,,, ; ,v,,„. j{,„,_ 'I"""" 
 
 .ROSTRUM (plural m^eff), a beak, the name 
 Rivei, to the prows of ships, which w,.,,.' arti.x"] o. 
 the front of the pl.tfonu (heuee termed >uv/ vA 
 erected hetweeu the eomitiun, and the forum in,' 
 Rome, whence the tribunes address.,1 ,)„, p^^ j," 
 The custom is said to have I.ejrun .v.th ih- ^U „f' 
 Ati hum, taken during the Latin war, which endel 
 
 Colleo-house in A'ew I'alace-yard, Westminster, 
 
 !■ 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 1 1 ■ i 
 
 . istii' 
 
 i::i 
 
 ',41 
 
 %J' 
 
M 
 
 EOTIIAMSTED"EXPiRIMENTS. 04* 
 
 ROUMANIA. 
 
 i-%'. 
 
 i^A 
 
 
 u.. 
 
 duriuK tho i.aininistn.tio., of Ohvrr Cioimvcl, 
 their plan wa» tlmt all the gic-at offlcor. of Htate 
 ghoull be chosou ^^ ballot: .i... that a ..iMta.n 
 Sorof nRMnb.M«of imvlianu.nt.bould beeban^.^ 
 annually bv rotutimi. fr.nn wbm.ce tbrv took tbnr 
 titb" Sir Vv'iUiam IVtty was one of tfu" nu-nibers 
 in 1659. Jii"!l- J>>''' 
 
 ROTHAMSTED EXPEIUMENTS, ^.e ^ 
 AgrietdttDf, 1843. | 
 
 1H~>THES AY, oipital of tb(» Iak> of Huto. 1 bo . 
 Tuined otStuCf .u,;U..{ about H.jS, ^f^^^^^^ , 
 th,' maniuis of Ituto, 1871-". After U.J«, tu 
 clceS of tb." S,v,ttisb soverei^'n was styTed .luke 
 of Uotbe av. 'Hie (ilenbur.i by.lroi.alhie, estabhsb- 
 
 July, i8i)l. Population, 18H1, 8,329; i«')i. 9.t>34- 
 ROTHJi;SAY CASTLE, see m-ecks, 1831. 
 ROTHSCHILD FAMILY. Nl»yer Am- 
 
 seliel or Ans^.lni, was bora at No 148, Juaengasse 
 ^Jew-lane), l-'ranUfort, i.i 1743- I", '7/2 'j'', '"^^"^^ 
 b,>,inc 89 as a luouov-lenaer au.l ib^aler 111 old coins, 
 tn 1 same louse,- over wbieb bo idaee. tbe sign 
 
 iuir bad dealings with tbe biudgrave lltss.', that 
 p fn e entru,t«l bin. wltb bis treasure («»;J to have 
 ioen 2;o,000/.) in 1806, when the iToncl held m 
 .coulltr?- ' WA this «uni as "^^^2';^^'^ 
 •md made a large fortune, and restored the 2,o,O0O(. 
 r ho bmdgrave in .8,5. At b.s death h.s sons 
 Xiontinued the b.isiness as partn.Ms H^, «» - N' ; 
 ♦ hin began at Manchester in 1,1 8, removeU 10 
 I o Son S 180; ; and died iauuensely neh, 28 July, 
 1836 The l"..-o... Jau.es, bead of the family, died 
 at Paris, IS Nov. 18O8. 
 
 •3ir X'UUaui.'l de Kotl.sehiM, son of Liou.'l, created a 
 peer; tf "^ '''Vl'lfi' i?,;u"ss'o'tniie late l«ron Aiiisel,.d 
 a givat benetuitress, .lies, age.l ,„, .9 Nov. ,890. 
 ROTTERDAM, the second city in Holland. 1 
 Its imDortai". dates from tbe Utb eentury. Ibe 
 iimmer^ (. of Vntwerp was transferred to it m I5<)<> 
 17^72 Botte lam was taken by the Spaniards by , 
 Iratagem and cruelly treated. It sul|-ered mucL | 
 from tlie French revolutionary wai^s and from in- 
 
 Tfi^L in i-; and 182S. Desiderius Erasmus ! 
 ""•^W here in 1467 The museum and picture- 
 :,\u«v of Rouidi were destroyed at the Hre <,f ' 
 f^ «.l,°«land inlacc, 16 Feb. 1864. Strike of dock ; 
 Krerf abK Sept.-.4 0ct. f 9. V^l^tion | 
 i88-, 193,658; 1890. 209,136- ^'-'^ ^^«'"'*'' '^^ 
 
 ' POTTEN (N. France), an arcdibiabopric, 2to, be- 
 .rrVho canital of Nor uandv in the lotli century, 
 ir >« heldC the KugUsh kings till .204 ; and wa. 
 tTbo,, 1.V llenrv V., l') Jan. 1419- Joi"> "^ ^'«' 
 Jhe Vdd of Or ems, was' burnt Sere, 30 May, I43i- 
 T. h t,,k>n bv Charles VII. of France in 1449; 
 ^' 1 hv tit. duk ■ of Ouise from the Huguenots, Oct. 
 K62 an 159I Houen, after slight ...nllicts 4. S 
 Dec Xo, surrendered to general Von Goben 
 ^ npp It was ordered to pay a oontnhutiou of 
 ^7,^:ooo francs. Population, 1886, 107,163; 1891, 
 
 JS'^catr^ destroyed by lire; many pon^r. in- 
 jurecl, and i ) kiUc'l • ■ -=5 1./ 
 
 " T?OTTQH TERROR," a term given in 1874 
 to the P evalence of brutal assaults on women 
 Children and nnprotccted persons among the lower 
 chiiaren, 1 t „y,,8ijiro and other nianu- 
 
 tS^^iBt£&V^-epressionofwlu^^^ 
 law appeared {o bo inadequate. 
 
 ROUMANIA, a kingdom, the nuin.' ussutiied 
 
 by tbe Oannbian principalities {which m) uu 3, 
 
 1861, when their union was jmicliiii.ieii ,[ 
 
 liu'eiia'rest 'and Jasay. Population in iS, 5,576,030; 
 l«97, about 5,500,500. 
 
 M. Oitargi, the presiilent of the comiril nf niiuis. 
 ters, iissiissinatcil iis be was leiiviiim thi' I'haiiilKr 
 
 iif clcpnlies 2oJmii, laj, 
 
 Tbe niiiteil chniubers of llie two iiniu'iialilii's iniTt 
 
 Mt Hnch:nvsl ; Fili, ,, 
 
 Ciiiii .I'elalofipriiiee Conza awiiiisl tl»Mn!.t i>T,,t.,- 
 a pb'biseit(^foraiiew eoiistUiitiim, 2 M;iy; wlii.li 
 is ii.h)l>lcil . ■ •,•,,,•, =3.M;i.v, i3;, 
 
 I.iiu- passeil eiiabliiiw peas.iiils to hnl.l laaa Aii^'. „ 
 Urvolt at Ihi.'hiovsl supiiresseil, 15 \\vf. ; .iian.'slv, 
 
 11 S'^l't., l3«; 
 Hevobition at llncbarest ; roree.l abMiiMtlmi uf 
 iiiiiice INiuza ; and pvovisiiuial (,'iivcnniicat i'8t;i. 
 lilislie.l . . . • • 22 Krl.., ,J4e 
 
 Tbe oll'ercd crown declined by tlie cmnit of Flan. 
 cbTS, Feb. ;/)!•; IMC Vhavhs nf li<hni:<,Uen-i\'\- 
 minnqni eb'ctcl hosiKidar by |il.l.is.'il,., ;o 
 
 Aliril ; entloisiastically 1 civc'.l at HiU'li;uvst 
 
 22 May ; sworn tt> o\)serve tlie cntistilutinii 
 
 i2'lu!v, ,, 
 llecognised liereditary bosporlar liy the siilt.ei. 1;, I 
 
 received at Constantinol'le • ■ ''I'l't. „ 
 
 Uouniania luisottled ; " iiatiniiidity " in-oj.rls.Xiiv. ijsj | 
 
 Tlie b'Kislature proposes to reimdiate tlie iust I'liiiiis 
 
 of tlie Ueriiem sb.iridioldci's in tlic Uoiimaiijiu 
 
 railways; the prince assniis ii'luct iiitly ; lih. 
 
 I iiiarek ajipeals to the I'ortc, which ihi'liin s 1.1 
 
 interfere Ji'li'-Vii;. i3;i | 
 
 I Peace bi^tweeii the prince ami eliaiiibcrs . X.,v. 
 ' .Austria, Ucrnriny, and lliissia iiil'ona Tarkcy iliit 
 I ' they claim the'rijiht to conclude s^'pivati! trcatiw 
 I with Itoiiniaiiia ; the sultan oli'ccts . Oi't. 1!;, | 
 Oonvciitioii with llussia.giviiij; iieriiiissiciii to .mss 
 Huuiiiania, sij^ned 16 .Vpril ; Kiissi.ms enter .Mnl. 
 
 cbivia ,• ;2+.M'nl. i!;)| 
 
 The Senate vi>te a deidaratioii ot inde]ii!iidoiicrMii.| 
 war with Turkey .... 21 Miy, 
 
 Tlie Uoninaiiians actively cnnu^'ed before I'levua. 
 
 See, Itii-iSK-Tiu-khh \V,ir. 1877. 
 
 Rouniania ilecdarcid indciiendept by treaties of S;ii 
 
 Stefano (t, March) and of lli'iiiu (losiut; tlie net 
 
 of Bessarabia acipiircd iu 1856, in cxchauae fur 
 
 the Dobniilseha) .... i3.Iiily, i3;j| 
 
 Independence recognised by Eii;;lanil, Fraaee, ainl 
 
 (iermanv 20 Fi'li. lijjl 
 
 The priiiee and princess crowned king ami iiue.ii, 
 
 23 May, i3!i| 
 Temporary rupture with Austria resiieetinn tlie 
 
 Danube, about "-27 1'"». 
 
 ' Uoununian troops MiterSilistriaaiul seize territ"ry, 
 
 3 Si'lit. n:i| 
 Kiotous meeting at lincbarcst suppnssiwl «ithln~s 
 of life, 25-27 March; M. Hratiaiio r.'sit:ns(Hvi'by 
 i years minister) . . . about 27 Marcli, i3!3| 
 
 M llosetti fiirnis a ministry . . 3 April, 
 
 i insurreotinii in the country towns and .asriciiltiiral 
 
 I districts; increase reported ; military eallcil out ; 
 
 Biieharest threatened ; revolt said l<i he en- 
 
 conra"ed by Russian emissaries 16 April; 'If 
 
 ereasi", 24 April ; the elections suiiport tlio 
 
 "nverionciit, Oct. ; assembly meets . 13 N"ov. 
 
 M CatJirgi, minister, 12 April, resigns ; siiccMiM 
 
 bygen. .Mano . . . . ■ if> Nov. nJ^I 
 
 Proposed impiiachment of M. .Tciiii IJiatiaiio, p;- I 
 
 iected by the chamber (S6- 67) . ■ '^ P* '^J"! 
 
 Uesignation of gen. Mano's ministry . 27 HI). i3ji| 
 
 Gen. Kloreseo forms a cabinet . . 5 Marc 1 
 
 Prince KiM-dinaii'l, heir piesuinptive, saul to Ik 
 
 engaged to Mile. Vacareseo, inaid-of-lioiiour ; 
 
 public ilisajiproval . . . Jmio,i'*y. 
 
 .Sir \l. I). Woltr, Uritish minister. . • Jiily, 
 
 Mile. IIel6iie Vacareseo leaves the iiuocu at \eiiicc 
 
 The king visits the German emperor at .l''^'^*''™ 
 
 X.nv niiiiistrv formed I'y M. Clatargi . ■ 9 ^'^i 
 Vote of want ot conlldeiice in the ministry airm-l 
 
 ^ Q V .... 21 Pec. 
 
 The senat(!aii(i chamber dissolved . 2)I)eC- 
 
 Coalition ot partU:s ; M. Catargis m'mstryre. • 
 
 stnicted . . . ■ • atoutjgUcc. 
 
OUMANIA. 
 
 II kingdom, the niiiiiu muiuH 
 irincipulitiDs [wliirh sn 
 
 illlMlt (if tl\l^ CllllU.il i)f liiiiiis. 
 
 IS lii^ WHS IciiviiiK till' I'liiiiiiUr 
 
 20 J Hill, iHi 
 
 I 111' till' Iwii iiriiiciimlilirs iiiirt 
 
 ,Kili. „ 
 
 I Ciiuzii iiniiiiisl tlu' aiiM i,T,,i, ■ 
 !W I'Oiistiliitiiiii, i Miiy; wli|,i, 
 
 33 .M.1V, ^i■^ 
 ; |ii',\siiiits *.i) liiiM laml Aiij. 
 sii|iiiiTss('il, 15 Aii^. ; iimii.'siv, 
 
 n^^lit., i3'; 
 luiri'st ; riu'i'i'il iiliilii'iitimi „f 
 1 inMVisiniiiil j,'uvi'iiiiiunt nsta- 
 
 22 Ki'li., iJ50 
 IwHuimI liy tlin ciiiiiitiif Finn. 
 c ('hdrlr.i nf ll"hia::Urrn.S','i- 
 i liiispiiiliir liy |il.'lils,'it,., ;,) 
 ically 11 ivc'il at liiU'liarcst 
 
 I cl\jSL'rVll llli> CMMlslitUtinll 
 
 laJiilv, ,1 
 ,ry hnsiinrlai- by tlio aultiiii. ami 
 iiitiiiiililii . . 24 (let. „ 
 
 , ; " lialiuliiilitv" pniKits, Viiv. ijo; | 
 iisi'S til ri'iiiuliati' till'. iiistrlaiiiis 
 liunilmliliTs in tlu' Kuiiiuaiiiin 
 ilU'i) iissi'lils ri'lllrtllilly ; Hh- 
 ) the I'orli.', wliii'li iliriiii, s ti 
 
 JiilyAui;. i3;i j 
 liriiiai ami clmnilKTs . N.iv. 
 iiml Uussia infiiriii Tiirk.'y llii! 
 ;lit tn I'ciiiclu.li' .s.'iiirak'troati"< 
 tin' siiltiiu oliji'i'ts . uit. i3;4| 
 
 llSsia.HivillJ,' lIl'I'MliSsiilll tllrluss 
 
 I 16 Aiiril ; Kiissiaiis eiitiT Mil. 
 
 24 .M'ril, i3;; I 
 
 loi'liii'atioii of iiiilo|niiiilfiii'i'aii'l 
 . 21 May, 
 idivi'lv i'ii;,'a^'i''l liiifiiri' IMoviia. 
 'i(«i-/'i(W,;.</i ir.ir, 1877. 
 1 iii'li'iH'uilci't liy Iriiatiosof Sill 
 1) mill of liiM'liii (losiiii; tlie [urt 
 :iiuii'«l ill 1856, in exeliaiii,'!! tut 
 I . . . . 13'July, i3;ij 
 i^uiseil liy Eiinlaml, Fraiu'i', aii'l 
 
 20 Fi'li. i3hI 
 I'iiu'css I'niwiii'il kill),' ami iiiiri'ii, 
 
 sj May, i3ii| 
 ■c with Austria n!.s|it'ctiiij; tlic 
 1-27 Di'C. „ 
 
 I 'iitiirSilistrir.ainl seize territury, 
 
 3Seiit. liijl 
 .t Hucliari'st siii>pi'''<S''il with ln^s 
 ircli; M. liratiaiiiii-i'si,L'ii,s(tvviUy 
 
 abiiiit 27 Marcli, i-'j| 
 a ministry . . 3 April, „ 
 lO country towns ami iinricultiiral 
 iiscri'iiiir'ti'il ; military calleil out ; 
 'att'iii'il ; rt'Volt saiil tii be en- 
 iissiaii I'inissarii'S 16 April; ile- 
 
 II ; till' I'li'i'tioiis support till' 
 't. ; assi'iiihly H'Ci'ts . 13 N'ov. „ 
 tiir, 12 April, ri!si^;iis ; siieci'i"K"l 
 
 16 Nov. oijI 
 limont of M. •Ii'^m liiatiaiio, re- 
 lunnlwr (H6- 67) • 12 Feb. iS^ol 
 
 11, Mano's ministiy . 27 Kab, i3)i| 
 •nis a caliiiiKt . 5 Miircli 
 
 il, bi'ir pi-i'snmiitivK, saiil to lie 
 llll^ Vauiiiiseo, maiil-of.lioiiour; 
 ival . . • June, f' -■"(■ 
 Hritisli miiiist<M-. . . .Inly, 
 ari.'seo luavcs tlio iiuceii at Venice 
 
 i Sept. 
 tiic German emperor at Potsilaiu 
 
 2S Oct 
 I'liii'il liy M ratarui . . Deo- 
 wnllilo.nci; in the niiiiiatry Giri e.J 
 
 21 Ui'O. 
 iliainlicr ilissolvi'il . 2) Dec- 
 tins ; M. Catar^i's ministry recoii- 
 aboutl3o Dec. 
 
 EOUMELIA. 
 
 Ut5 
 
 Sir,l. Wiilsliaiii, Ilrltisli minisior . nlioin ,j,i,i ,8n 
 ll„. (loveniiiiciit »ii|iport('il by a inajorily in tlio 
 
 ,-lel'tillllS |.'i-ll 
 
 piiiieeKeiiliniiiiil liclriitlic'il In tin- ininci-ss Miiiio " 
 
 ,if Eilinbiii-Kli, -.2 Jiiiii'; !■ iv,-il in |,,iii,|,,ii ., 
 
 ,l,iiie;tlii' kiiiK invited by <|iii.|-ii Mi-imi,.,, ,,1 ri'vc-s 
 iiitlibis brotliiT, j/.liini.; .n Wimisiir, ^..y.lnn,,- 
 ,i,(,le K.ti-, 30.111110 : li'avis KiiKl.i,,,! . 4,),ilv' 
 
 Ii;.|ii|ie with lireucit) ri'spin't iii^! lliu /ii|ip,-i lii.i|ii,.si, 
 
 •rt'i'lWO llllilUt IS dot.' 
 
 j],,kiiiK visits Vioiiiia . . . it,.,a\,,v 
 Iieiiyofooiiiiiicreo Willi (iri';ii Dritnin ailopti'ij. " 
 „ ,. IVc ,, 
 
 llirriaKO of |ir,iico I'l'niiiiainl anil piiiu'i'ss Mario 
 
 „( Eiliiibiir^'h at .SiKiii.iriiini'ii, iioiir tlio Dniiiilio ; 
 
 w.'.^eiil, till- kiii^' of Kiiiiiiiiiiii.-i, |li(i piiiK-,, ;i||,i 
 
 |,niiei'.<soflliilii'iizol!i'rii,tlii.ili,lii.s,ii„i,|ii,.||,,<^,..< 
 I Kiliiiliiii;,'li anil <:oPiiiaiij;lil, llio I'liipi'ini- Wil. 
 
 ;,;,iii,thi't;niiiil-ilnko Alovisof Hiissia. ami many 
 
 j|i,.r ri'lalivi's, 10 ,laii. ; tlio priiu'o mihI prii ss 
 
 ,,.,-,'iveil at liiicliari'sl .... 4 i.',,|,. ,5;,,. 
 
 ii;,.iiiii|;of tho parlia lit by kin^' Clim-los 27 \i,v 
 
 |j,,i.-iiatiiiii III many caviilry oIlioiTs (iis.salislii'.i " 
 
 .lilli reeeiit chati^'i's in lln- sor\ li-t. 
 
 . , ii'porli-.| ,1; [■•(■],. ,3. , 
 
 I!:.-.i.'ilalioii siilisub's .... ffl, l-'i'li. 
 («, Liiliovari, iiiiiiistor ofwar, ii'sii.'iis 6 .Miin-li,' " 
 .IMll 50 pcisiiiis ilriiwiii'.l at (lalal/, im tlio " 
 
 lijiinlie, Ihron^'li tlio liroakiiiK-iluwii uf llio lain!. 
 
 iiii'st.i^e . . . . . . 30 April, „ 
 
 ! v«Siihiiacniml,opoiii>i| liy kiiiK Charles 17 .May, 
 Uiaiiieiit oiienoil by tlio kiiij; ; ri'Voiiiio snriiliis' ' " 
 loporti'il j; ,\uv. ,, 
 fiiiliral crisis; M. Dciiictcr Sliii-ilza Idiiiis a 
 
 iilienil ministry ,- ui:i. i3q= 
 
 E!ivliuii»: biivi'Kovi'riiiiii'iit luajiirity . 1 , |i,.i.. , " 
 Viiitof tliu emiioror Kr.iiii'is .Jusopli tu Hiibllari'st,' " 
 
 ■■!?. Si'jit, i:t sill. i3(j6 I 
 I'.iBiiilation stoiio of tlio now liarlimir laiil by tlio 
 
 kii«. lit t'oiistaiiza .... ns'oot. 
 
 Miaineiit opi'lii'il by tlio kiiif;, with a clicortiil " 
 
 ■l-wli --v N'ov. „ 
 
 Rm ill liiikhari'st a^-ainst tlio ili-position uf tin, 
 
 iii.'iropiilitan (ii'iiiiailiiis . . ^S, 10 N'ov. 
 I III.- iiiiiiislry ri'sigiis, now oabiiiot foniu'ir by ,m' " 
 
 .(■ireliaii. 2 lli'o. ; i|iii'stioii i,{ tlio (lopnsitiiin of 
 
 !Lt, lieiiiiailiiis si'ltli'il by cunipi'uiniso, 14 Di'c. 
 
 ;li.'iiietropiilitaii ri'sifrns . . , ,7 j),,,.^ 
 B-imilioiMif till' ratiiiii't . . . 7 April] 1897 
 .v. li-aieter.Sliirilza foriiis a caliiiii't . u April' 
 fefeloii Gliika, oiiiiiii'iit stati'siiian, iKirii, 1817 '• " 
 
 Ji"l ' • 4 Mav,' ,, 
 
 S-K miiviTiiily at .Ji..s.sy opoiioi] by tho kiiij; and 
 
 '["■■'Il 2 Nov. ,, 
 
 I .tai.Seiiiitlc riots in Hukliari'sl ami Galatz ; simps 
 
 jiluiiileml, lie - |j,,(.. 
 
 PRIXOKS AND KlNIl OF niirMANIA. 
 
 li;}. .Mexaiider t'onza ; abilicatod 1866. 
 
 ' i«. diaries 1, (of IIoliciizolb'rii-HiKmariiigcii) ; born 
 
 20 April, iSig; elci'tcd 20 April, 1866 ; iiiar- 
 
 rieil Klizabctli, (laiiglitor of |iriiii'o Ilcniiann 
 
 villi Wieil, 15 Nov. 1869; [soholar, iiootoss 
 
 popularly nanii'd t'ariiii'ii Svlva, ami ".Mntlior 
 
 "flier pi'0]ili'," visited Wales." at tho Kistcddfod 
 
 Sept,, reci'ivi'd by (inci'ii Victiiriii, -24 Oct ■ 
 
 left England, 7 Oct. i89<3), iiominatcd kinii 26 
 
 March, 1881, and (.'rowiiea with tho (iiieeii, 2-1 
 
 May, 1 88 1. » 1 -5 
 
 Ijw.Priiice Feriliiiaiiil(of Ilohpiizollorn), nophcw; born 
 
 ;4Ang. 1865: ili'olarcd hoir, iS Maroli, 1889; iiinrrii'd 
 
 wpriiicess Mario of KdiiibiirKli, 10 , Jan. 1893. Issue 
 
 Cawl, i60ct, 1893 ; Klizalioth, 12 Oct. 1894. ' 
 
 J ROl'MELIA or Romania (Turkey), part of 
 Waw'f {which see). Tho Kouinolian railway opened 
 Ir June, 1873. I'opiilntion, 1880,815,946; 1888, 
 I tO.()0! ^ T y , 
 
 iBtllie treaty nf lierliii, tin, province of Kastern 
 1 Uminelia (teriiu'ii .Sontli Hiil^aria in i386) was 
 
 fi'iBtiliiled. to be partly antonoiiioiis, with a. 
 
 ihristiaii (joveriior, nomiiiatud by the siiltnn 
 
 ■- -I r u- , 13 Jiilv, 1878 
 
 l;:ti. D. -Rolir ,ii,|ii,iiiU-.i II.M.-8 Euroiieaii coml 
 ^ iiiissioiier fur organisation of the iirovinoe, 
 
 |Suiiian prince Dondoukoff Khorsiikoff rnh's henf' " 
 
 ulyNov. „ 
 
 KOWTON HOUSKH. 
 
 886 
 
 Seheiiie fur mivenimi.,if nf ti,.. ... 
 
 .^l^.!::l^;!.';:;:,-H;;^'•■--'^ 
 
 Mnoh,iiiIiti,.aldisi„.i;,„isatii„, ,.,,„,,,,„, ■*",^';'y. ., 
 Ti.iii'iuiililv ivsliir,.,! , I''- " 
 
 'iri.ii pi-ii^iL-iiiv r.-iiiu'ii-d ' ' ' ' ^'''''■ •■ 
 
 '^':i";r;','o'Vi:;-'l;;;;.:;'.l^:::;;'>"H: m. ,.;;!;•: -^ 
 
 I'l Hiss n-v,.|„ti,„, il M |i,-„„„,',i..- "■•^'".^■. '834 
 
 "■'^ '!Ni..nia ,1,.1,'iai ',1' I " '"^;,; ."■;;;:,',';,::: 
 
 Ab"nt7,„„, li„ir,i„;iia„ • a,-,,;, „| ' '"■^''-^^'l' '^^ 
 ,., !""'" '"'''•'■.''and /i«/,,„,-ii, for til,'- ivii.\ " 
 
 .Stat.' . if 'si,..,,, at ' I'liiiiiii-,,',, li-' ■ 5 -Miril, 18S 
 „.ln;i.aii,|a„.1„i,|'V„',i: ;l ! ? "" "'"■"'"■' -"' 
 
 "'I'';','"'"','' '■"''""■■■ «'iii. (ill .ci.',,.,,,;„.,i„''/\'r- " 
 
 "'"'•'"'"''>• '"M-rsiiiiw lii.;',a' ilmd^i-i!^!'; 
 
 li"nr,as i-Lpi'ilsi'-d „.;,', „'J"'^"'""'- '"™|"^' ' 
 Amnesty ,,,„„.,, „, ,„.. i,;„„^;,„^ • ,,.^_^4 ;>an. ,888 
 
 First li,il«ariaii exbibilbin oinned at Pl^Jini'l:' '^^^ 
 
 i'"ii^ ii.v prinoi' i-'i'idiii:i„ii ', ;" ; 27 Ji',,,^; ,g _, 
 
 .-..;u.^-.,, ;, ;;;;!;;:::,>;;-;-;--,;■ 
 tf'm^^Vd'riiii^l^-,:!:;;;,^-.;;::- 
 
 I'H-sons w„. Imd a roi.,,,1 l.owl ,r is , " ^ 
 
 shS^'Kl^^' DOWX,(„car Devices. \Vi„. 
 snii. ). H, ,(■ tlie rnyalist.s ilefoaled tho pari iinoi 
 tar.aiis with gre;il slau^-hter, ,3 July, ,643 "" 
 
 KOVEKEDO (Austrian TyroH was hold tiv 
 t).e irendi, 4 Sept. 1796, after a brilliant Vktory 
 
 "on''t^rTi^^-'J:^;::f'^;;''^-;-["j'^'-H'".Morow 
 
 ROWLAND HILL MEMORIAL FUND 
 
 See Jltiiiswn House. Mr. ^W I) Ivoi^i-n.-ti, 
 eho-sen to make a bust of ; low a^rinilT 
 J\est.mnster abbey, Mareh, t88,. A beneyolen 
 
 eat.i mislita 18H2. A statue ot lam at the Uoval 
 
 June:'"^°2."°'°''"" ^ "'° P"'"^^" "'■ ^'''"- '7 
 
 ROWTON HOUSES, buildings erected to 
 "'"'}', ;f,^|-f'''l.^'"'>n'''';'i"l workin^r-tuHfeheap 
 oornfortabic lodpngs wiHi .some of the advantages 
 of the west-end clubs. The first in Bond street 
 
 30,000/., to noconiniodate 470 persons; opened bv 
 Lis mece, JIiss Uerta Corry, 15 Deo. 1892 ^ 
 
 3 p 
 
 m 
 'the 
 
 \^m 
 
 
 ■ 1 1 
 
 ^rJ ''^^P 
 
 1 , 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 i r i? c 
 
 ■i ^ 
 
 I? 
 
 
 
 - i 
 
 
 ' L 
 
 
 I 
 
 ''^ .J 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 t ifci® 
 
 
 .1 
 
 iiiii 
 
 Mil 
 
 
i«^fr 
 
 !■««■ 
 
 j,J™M 
 
 ROXBURGHE CLUB 
 
 ROYAL GEORGE. 
 
 boiks -o unpul.UslK.cl MSS., in -m.n.ory ct John 
 ROYAL A(aiuri;rri!Ai.. Astudnomical, 
 
 ciiltiiri', 3 (,'/<'■> '•*^'''' 
 
 i)(->VAT \r\DEMY. A sociotv of avtiets 
 
 '-,) vlfi 'h I..tr;u-th c.stul,lislu;,l .s ,the snou.ty o 
 
 fXv8 0. 10 1).M'. 170S, tlu' institution Of If 
 ,, sent' Ko il Ar;i,l..n,v was ,.on.pl..tc.d umU'r the 
 
 i:ri n^ th:^..^-. was .pnoin,.^^ 
 
 • ,.,t 7,(V/) 'rh<' fii-^t exhihitioli of tl'i^* 
 
 !;;:a£i.n.^:fkn.>...i).as,,n^A,.ij,,r^;^^ 
 
 w'u J^imson, Gibbon, CioWsnuth MacuuUiy. .jnd 
 "''^Jr for'r'awr;a''or : m^lal^ti'^luLll^t 
 
 U »ll:i"-s of tho iUM.kMuv-, ai;pomtc.d "' f f', ^^^ 
 
 ~::;::i^,in;-::x:rTT:r,.:.au.:^Vp^^ 
 
 V ,1 V ■„ , 1 .tioii of tlio iiciiiloniy was celebrated 
 *; ' c!'X8:''l^o^^«y;aAead..inyheld^it.m■«t 
 
 exhibition in t}ie n.'W Inuldui- 3 Ma>, 18O9. i it 
 .nnuarexhibition of pieliin. l^tho ^^^^ 
 
 Sfereriil^U^ilSalnan^'^S^^^. 
 
 }l!?ri.aSse':r'w;^riirot'aiiro.. the nation, and 
 ,,;;!!;;;;.?; o}'amta,npboJ,;s Mr justice N^^^ 
 
 ;s.^^i.rT!::rb;^::.^"C;.-!'«i,d .n. ...odeu, 
 
 ;U.eat.?.i..y;nn;.;va-;;;-i--^^^ 
 
 ^'::irto:m.8i;=;;^:i..cu.dingscuipt>ires. 
 
 I'RESIUKNTS. 
 
 Sir Josliiia III ynolds. 
 
 lliiiianun West. ,. 
 
 .lai.ifs Wyatt (.-leclion not connmieil). 
 
 Uniianiin WiSt. 
 
 v;ii. Tlidiiia^ Lawrence. 
 
 sir Martin A. Sie'e , , „ o^. 
 
 ^!f';=ri':^^;;;^v^^'N'^.-'cr:^&.ord, 
 
 Juu. iSy6; died 1:5 Jan. iSgb. 
 
 i8q6 HIr John Kverett MillaiH j died 11 Ami.'. 1896. 
 Mir I'Mward .loliii rii.viiter, ,t Nov. I'uo. 
 
 "royal academy of MTSICwa. ,,. 
 talilished in 1.H22, nriinly by the e\.TiiHii, „f l,,.-,! 
 Uurnliersh (aOi'rward.s earl ot W eslnmrliinii, wl,,, 
 died 1() Oct. l.H.S')). and was incnrpurMl..(l liy cliivt,- 
 -■i June, lH?o'. The first, eoneerl Imik ])l;i.|. ^ 
 l)ee. 1K2H. Us reconslrnction was Mrn]i.iM.il ni i^i,.,, 
 and' since etfecled. Sir (ieoru'e Mai-I:irriii jiri,,. 
 eipal, lK:6; died, ?I Oct. l.S«7; siirc,.uli.il l,v lir 
 \ (J. Mai'ken/ie, Veli. iSSS; l<ni;;lit, .liiii. iSi,;, 
 i'resident, the dnlic of Ivliiibiir.'h, July, iK.,3. 
 Tlie nondcinv nailcs willi tlic lioyid ('olli';'i. „f 
 i Music in regnril to local esainiiiations.aiiiiiiiniiv.l 
 ' ' ' nXi.v. 1;;.. 
 
 Kirst meeting for tlic purpose at Miirll»iM\i..l|. 
 liiiuse . . • ... 29 July, 1;,,. 
 
 ROYAL ADELATDE, see llnrh, 18^0. 
 
 ROYAL ARMY MEDICAT- CORPS. 
 
 ni me given bv tlie mieeii to a ei.rps lumieil ent ,.| 
 
 the .\rniy Meilieal Stall' ami tlie Meilicid >!aiT 
 
 Corps, tlie niticers of whiidi will bear tlie «;iiii,. 
 
 niillta'rv titles as other ollieers of the iivmy ii|i t" 
 
 the rank of colonel, annoiineed by lunl Laii.-ileivin. 
 
 I at a banqnet given bv the lord mayor to mcniliers 
 
 I (if the medical pnd'esslun, 4 Ma;, |.S()S. 
 
 i ROYATj ASSENT. If the Uinjii^cnt in a 
 
 1 public bill, the clerk of the i>ailiaiiii iil ilei.l;ucMii 
 I Mnrmali Kreiieb, "Ac roit /<■ irilt," the kiiii; 'vjlls 
 i it so to be. If the king refuses his assent, it Imii the 
 I gentle language of " f.c ruji a'dihirn:' tlie km;; 
 ' will consider it. llidf. lly the st;itiite y lien. 
 
 VIII., 1541, the king may give his asN'iit by letters. 
 
 patent. ' Jildi'Muiii'x Com. 
 
 ROYATj bounty, a fund from whicli qiin* 
 
 are granted to f, male relatives of ollieei>kiiliiUir 
 
 mortallv wouiiili'il iluring service. 
 
 1768. 
 1702. 
 181,5. 
 1806. 
 7?.?."). 
 ,8io. 
 1850. 
 1866. 
 
 ,878, 
 
 ROYAL CHART'ER, «'e ;/Vc./,s, 1859. 
 ROYAL COLLEGE, see MfSIC, iS:S.;iii.l 
 SciKice ciid Art, iScyi. RdYAI, EMiUSII 
 OrKKA IIOUSK, see under T/iclns. 
 
 ROYATi EXCHANGE (Canibium liogi.). 
 London. The foundation cd' tlic original eilificewas 
 laid bv sir Thomas (ire^hani, ; June, ii(/), 1.11 tlif 
 site o'f the ancient Tun iirison. (iueen Elizalirtli 
 oiiened it on 2? Jan. IS71, and her licraid uaimMi! 
 the ltoi/(il Kxchange. Jlmiw. It was totaUy ile- 
 stroyed' hv the great tire, Sept. iMi. Cliiules 11. 
 laid" the foimdatiiui-stone (d the next cihtiee.ljOd. 
 U)b- which was completed bv Mr. Hawkesm.w.ii 
 puini of sir Christopher W rcii, in abinit tlmr 
 years; it was repaired and bcautilic.l in i:(.9. Ilus 
 also ^va8 Imrnt, 10 Jan. iK.vS. The new lioyal b- 
 eliiin"e. erected under the direction of .Mr. lite, was 
 1 opened bv the queen, 28 (),d. .S44.-liasenie,>t of | 
 I'lnvd'-s oifiees damaged by hre. 27 1 ee. 1V14. Ira- 
 lirovcment and enlargement .4' thccliimesin.ui.'Ur- 
 ated, I July, lH')S. UeciMtions: painliiigs by sir | 
 V (alt. lord) Leightou and others, l.S ),„ -( "f inc 
 lloYAL ExijiiANOE, Dublin, coniiiicnced I'M), 
 opcTied 1779. . 
 
 ROYAL GEORGE, a nlan-nf-^var of 108 
 gunsT lostoU' Spithead. W bib; heeled on. t. ropr 
 a pipe, a sudden aust (d' wind wa-.bca thoseaint 
 h,!- ports, and she went down. 'Ihe reaivultn.ri 
 Kenipenfeldt, the crew, many marines, woniMYi^ 
 Jews in all about f«o p,M-soiis. were drowned, 29 
 Aug ' .782' B.v the use o'f the diving-bel t he . ip, 
 ..nibedded in the deep, was ^uvvcycl in Ma\. IM,. 
 f W. '"rti"'" of the vessel and its eaqower. 
 broi"ht up i" l8w-.12.""'l'''-">'-'"l>">"t™; 
 of sir Charles rasley,\ylien gunpovvder TO li'ml^dj 
 by the agency of electricity. 
 
II' 
 
 L GEOROK. • 
 
 «lll:il«; illml 1,1 Ant'. \%,fi. 
 I'liviili'i', 4 Ncn. ifuii. 
 
 KMY OK lIl'SICw:,,,,. 
 
 linly l)y tlii'i'snijun, i,f |,,r,| 
 U I'lii-l cif Wcstinniliiii,;^ „.|i-_ 
 111 \\;i!< iiiciii'l)iii-:i|.(l liy (liin,.. 
 (■ (irst ('(iiicfrt. tiicil;' jil;,,.,. s 
 itrnctiiiiiwiiK ;n'"|i"^i''l m ifiji,, 
 Sir (ii'orsri' MhiIiiitiii jn-in] 
 Oct. iS.H;; succinlcj U lir 
 li. l.SSS; kiii-lit. .laii.'iV; 
 .f Kdinlmr^'li, ,lu!y, i,S.,3. " 
 Willi till' Uny;il (■i.lli.-,. ,',f 
 cnl I'sftiiiiimtioiis.iiiiiiipunoi'.l 
 
 1' iiuriiiiHi' at M;irll»ir.i\i,'!i. 
 
 ■^5 'Inly, u^ 
 .ATDE, see Um-h, iS^o. 
 [Y MEDIC.XT. Colil'S. 
 
 iHiiM'ii til a nirps I'Mvimd i.iit ■: 
 Stiilf imil till' Mciliiiil Siiitr 
 111' wliirli will li('i\r 111,, siiiii.. 
 llir ulliciTi* ul' till' illMiy U|it" 
 
 iiiiiiciuiiii'il liy Imil I,;inMlii\nH' 
 liv till' liiril iii:ivi>v to mcml'i';-* 
 ss'iuu, ,4. Miiv, lSi)S, 
 
 ■;XT. If till' kiiii; iHscnt ti. :i 
 k 111 tlu' imrlianii lit ilirliivMii 
 l.r foil If n- ill" till' kin; 'viils 
 111; I'cfiisL'.s hi-i a-isi'iit, it WvA the 
 ' •• I.c rill/ s'lirisirii." till' kills; 
 Uali. l!y till' ftutiiti' 33 lliii. 
 K limy Kivc liisusMMitliyk'tti'i's. 
 I'.v I'lini. 
 
 NTY, 11 fiii'il fin'ii «lu'li 'imiii 
 mil' R'lativi's ul ulliiiiskiiliilor 
 iluviii;; BiTvii'e. 
 LllTEll, I'l'"' "'fri'h, 1859. 
 
 JiEClE, si'i' lIl-SIC, \^:\n/. 
 ', lSi)(). ItdY.M, Exi;usii 
 9Ci' Ullilor Tlimtiii. 
 :OHAXrrE (Ciiiiiliiuin Do?!-), 
 iiiliiliiin of Uii'iii'iL',iiml I'llifici' was 
 s (ircshum, 7 JiiiH', I i(/j, wi tlii' 
 ; Tim iirisiiii. (iiiii'ii Eli/aln-lh I 
 11. 1^7 1.11'"' lli'l' llt'l'illil ll:i'lli'ii i! 
 iijt'. Jliiiiic. It WHS tiituUy lie- 
 eat tiro, Sept. Idl/i. Chiivlt's U. 
 ll-.'itnlll'iifllll' llixt I'llilioc, ijOcl. I 
 'iimiiicti'il liv Ml'' Hiwkosniorp, 11 
 ristolilii'i- W'li'ii, ill ;ibiiiit tlinr 
 lii'i'il anil lii'autilii'il in 17(19. Tliii j 
 ) Jan. iK^S. Tin' iii'W Hoyiil E.\- 
 nli'V tho I'liri'ctioniif Mr. Tito,™ i 
 ui'i-n, 2K Oi-t. 1S4.1.— liii-ciiuiitnf j 
 nngi'il 1)V tiro, 27 Hci'. lSr)4. Iiii- 
 iliirj;i'nii'nt ul' tlii'iliiniC'sin.iu.'ar- 1 
 ;. bci'nr.itioiis: puintings by fir 
 
 htoii ami "lln'i'S>''^).i' ''*"/• ''^'"'' " 
 OE, Dublin, I'liiiimi'nct'il i;Oi), 
 
 EOllGE, ii nian-nf-wnr of loSi 
 lu'iul. Wliili'lii'i'li'iliivi'rtfirepiiirj 
 
 "ust of winil wa^hi'il tlie si'U into I 
 he went ilnwn. Tin' rwir-mlmini 
 ! I'l'cvv, nianv niariiU'S, iviimcn. and I 
 'ut fiOO lirrsoiis, wi'i'i' drownid,:') 
 luMHO of tluMliyiiiii-lioll, the fhip, 
 
 (ii'oji. wai siii'vi'vi'il in Miiy, IM;. 
 1 nf the v."=.i'l anil its miono] 
 
 18J9-I2. '""''''' ""' s"!'"i"'^'"''™'i 
 isl'ey, when gimiiowdi-'r was igmleJ j 
 
 ' electricity. 
 
 ROYAL GRANTS. 
 
 ROYAL GRANTS fo ineiulicrs of tho loyiil 
 
 f.iniily ■'— 
 
 Ii„. iliiii.Mi oil .Inly 2 aiiplh'.l III |i,u'li, lit for (I 
 
 p-aiil til iiriiii'n .Mhi'ii Vii'liir i,r Wales r,,i' hu 
 iipiiiitiiiiiiiiei'. ami I'linnii' In ihe |iriii,.,.ss I, iiiise 
 
 i.fWuliss (111 lii'i' iiroiiiKi.il III iiiiii,'.. Willi 11 „il 
 
 (,r Fife, a si'lii't eoiiiiiiiiie.' wis ii|>p(iiMli'i| eon- 
 ,i4lii„' 'if .M iiiemlii'is (iMi'lii.lin,' Mr. (;.,s,'Im.|i 
 Jli', W. II. Miiiilli. Inril ll:irliii;;liiii, .Mr, ,|. Climii! 
 
 l.TUiii, .Mr. (ila.lsl .Mr. ,|,,|||| ,M ,r|i.y Mr. 
 
 l.iliiiii'liiMii, .Mr. Iliu'l, 1)1'. Oiiiirun, .Mr. l''ii'ni'|.||[ 
 ami Mr. Wiixlmi), 8 .Inly, I lie ei iiiUee lirsl ni'l, 
 
 . 1, .... lo.llll.N, l339 
 
 jittiT «iiveml lili'i'tlii','s nt wlileli there was iniieli 
 ili.cimiuii on varimis iirii|ii.sitiiiiis, 11 ri'|i.prl wa.s 
 s'll.iiiilti"! Ill t,lie Imiise iil' eiiinliiiiiis, Wuneven. 
 Iiillj r.'sehi'il, aller several aiiieinliiieiits hail 
 l,.i'ii ri'jie'lttl, llial i''i,.i k>^, mil, nf i:ie i'i)ii.iiill. 
 
 .llti'.l llllll slloulrl lie |Klii| ;iii|ill.|llv (Mll'llll;;!! 
 
 t;inli'i's)lci the iirinee 111' Wales liir tjie siipiiirrt 
 ;,!il lilii iti'llalieeiiriiis liiiiiilv, the siiiii 
 
 ROYAL IXSTITITTIOX. 
 
 t mil' till si\ iiioiitlis ultr the i|iii'eii's ih'eease, 
 ,Ialy, i38i). An net nf pailiaiiient tn tlih 
 
 1) 
 
 clli'i't "iH liassi'il .... li Aiu. 
 
 ROYAL HUMANE SOCIETY (Lomloii), 
 
 ttf IIk.iiiiiic Hiicieti/. 
 
 ROYAL INSTITTTTION of Giikvt 
 
 BlUr.VlN', the earliest ot the kiiiil in l.ni.lnn, was 
 Inimleil ') Mareh, I7i>7, liy eoiuit Itiiiiifuril, sir 
 Jwi'lili Haii!(s, earls S|ioiieer ami .Mnrtnn, ami several 
 othor U'llilenieii ami Kentleiiieii. It reeeiveil tho 
 iiiiiiu'Jiate p;itrona;re of lioor^re III., and was in- 
 (or|hirnti'il 1 j Jan. 1800, hy royal eliarter, as "'rhu 
 Royal Institution of (ire!it"l)ritaiii, for the iliU'iisin" 
 Iiiiiwli'ils;e, anil faeilitatiiit,' the ireiienil intniiliie- 
 (i'.iiiof u.wfiil ineclmnieal inventions aiiil iinprove- 
 nifiits, nnil for teaehinj,', liy courses of pliilosophieal 
 
 iKtm'siiiiil ex]ieriinelit.s, the apnlieati jf seieiieo 
 
 tolhecmiiiiioii purposes of life.'' It wa.s onlarged 
 anlt'.xtendeil by iin iii't of parliiinu'iit in i.Sio; the 
 ori.'inal plan, as drawn up hy eoiiiit Uiiinforil, in 
 I7j), linyili;,' lieen considerahly'inodilied. The niein- 
 bffi ,m' eloi'teil liy ballot, and pay ten giiine.i.s on 
 aiinission, and live f^uinoii'i annually, or a eoni- 
 pBitiim of sixty giiiiieiis. "Tlio Uoviil Institution, 
 it> Founder, and its lirst Professors,'' by i)r. Ijonce 
 Joni'i, lion, sec, piililished 1871. 
 
 Til" lloi.-sE (in Albeniarle-street, Piei'ii lilly) was jnir- 
 f!iisi'il ill Jniii', 1791;, and the iireseiil fnirit was added 
 b, sulisiTlptien In 1838. The lAietnre theatre was 
 miitwl hi i3oo-i, under the supeiintoiidencu of Mr 
 T Wi'luter. 
 Tilt bl'iiiatiiry ostiililished in iSoo; w.is reliiiiU, witli 
 
 tin' iimloi'ii iiiipi'oveiiii'iits, 1872. 
 Hir LiBlnRV was I'liinineneed in 1803, liv the iniinilleeiit 
 1 silisiiiptiiiiis nf the proprietors of 'the iiislitiilinn, 
 Iiiiniv iiiiii|prisi's aliiiiit fio.ixKj volnines, I'lassilieil 
 cil.il'irfucs (hy \\. Harris) were imhlisheil i„ ,80,, 
 liili62i;iiewoiies(hy I). Vini'i'iiDln 1857,111,1,3^12. '• 
 
 TlicMrsEUM contains original philosuphleal apparatus 
 of YomW, Cavendish, Davy, l-'aradav, and lie la Hiiu 
 I Il!ffir,itLEerrRK was delivereil 4 .Mareli, iS,>,, by Dr. 
 &«.'((, lie beitii; the llrst profe.ssor of natural iiliilo- 
 Si'i'liyaiid elii'iiiistry. 
 I h!ii\l hi' was siieei'i'ileil liy Di: Thomas Yoinui, so colo- 
 Inli'il fur his researehes in ojities, resnlth'i;,' in tlie 
 ds'MVii-y of the interferenee of li;,'lit, and theestali- 
 li.liiiii'iit of tlii'tlii'iiry of melulatioii. His " l.eetnres 
 oil Natural Philosiiphy and the Meeliaiiieal Arts " llrst 
 fuUislied In 1S07, arc still eimsiilered a text-liook of 
 Itaical si'ieni'o. His works on antiipi.-irian literature 
 I (liifMo'lyiiliii'inseriptiiins, i-e.) are liij^'hlvesteenieil 
 
 In Feb. 1801, Mr. (.afterwards sir lliimphrii) //,,,.,, was 
 I eii,-a;!»l as assistant leeturer and ilireetnr of the' I'lho 
 |al«ry, and on 31 May, 1802. he was ap|,ointed pro- 
 tei'or of rlii'iiiistry. His li'etures were eniineiitly 
 m'cssfiil, aii.l hiS diseoveries in elieniisfry aiel elee. 
 tl.rily liiive iniiniirtalised his name, and' eonferred 
 lonouroii the Instltntiim. By liliii the alkaline metals 
 Hissiieii and sodiiiin, were diseovereil in ,807- the 
 nuiiro of cliloriiio was determiucd in 1810, imd the 
 si/ct)--lamriavctttcaiui3ij. 
 
 ! "'"""I", 'r/ermiu /J,.,nW,. s I I ■ ,. ' 
 
 beilelivi 
 eelelirali 
 
 ns 
 
 <i'.''>v:;;:':i:;;;,;i;;;~';?f'''"S:.;iK 
 F?rr£Si S'ss-'-sv:^^ 
 
 hi 1S27 he 1 ,111,, ,,,,,,;.•■ '; '' '" '''^5 as lis il rriiur; 
 
 [|'"i"-^tit„i hiiH , 1,^ i;;.,'!;7;',''' ^"■■■'■'-"t 
 
 'I "l"Wrii'ily ami ni;,,ni' is , 1 . '"'"' ''■"'"■'■I'M 
 
 histiiry „f sriiiire Tii ^ ''i """ "" ''''•' m tll.1 
 
 •''•"-'"iitvor:.hi;„.i!:;^A'-^,|;;:,'"» 
 
 oi.taine,vvii::;n^;MvVn;,;;';ii;'?''''' «''-'<'''i>' 'X/''he 
 
 biliili'd the Iw ,M l''.ia'Uie'l: in , 145 he ex- 
 
 l"■'''lul^.^■lllklll; ,1 1'^i^^^^^^ '" >li'r, I'onipre. 
 
 Ilaiiii', !•,. . ill ,a- I, ,'■'''' '"''-■''''■'''<"i'''Kase.s, 
 
 a.i,.o,,,^.ri;.;;^.J^,^ J ;;; '^-t,';'^r''"'^^ 
 
 J'lliii Inn lull, |.',ns i,r, fi.sl ;. V -■ ''*''7- 
 •'ul.V, 1853. ho, ri;r..l' ""'T,''' '•"<">■<> I'liilosiiphy, 
 
 ■893 leififneni-ist'e-ith';'-"', '■'"''■ '" ' 4 i'"c. 
 Kl.ielers, ,te. ; lii'Ti le ,t ,. '',' '" ' " ' '|',"J-'"Hisin, heat, 
 tutioii, ii'i'.'iveLJa,, ,i 8 '""• '" "'■■ '*".Vi" Ihsli- 
 
 ';lMa;:';8^7V;s';^;i,K'n:';;:^-•'■->p'■i^■-:'^v. 
 
 lidil, .te. 'omLiuiui Ills re.si'arclies on so net, 
 
 fi:;ani^;:;'^;;:r^!;i!!:,:^;,>;;::^--:ri;i,i'.,iis.ry.s.3.8. 
 ''Vi^^^:m'^^;.^';,i\;l--'{; f.:'-"iMma;';::;Lea 
 
 >■';'^,"^hl.n,llwa;;|,^'^,.,:l■',;";!;t';li■'..; lint tho 
 wilh.lrawii f,,r Willi i',r |.| ' , H "■ immliers, wm 
 
 '•"■"f an 1 liy laini,,'. lu'i,,:;.!;.',:,';.:,'''-''"^"^ ''J t-'^' K 'Veru- 
 
 fi.;nar;t:,;i;i;;r^^;---;;£;f",,t>"' Fridays, from 
 
 ''■■■^I'lnrsi's I'lf w lieh a , ;. T ' , ' "'■'■" ^'1 'S^S' 
 
 '■('-7.)aleKiyeliattl,.s , .,.,;^',' .T^'1''■'"''■'^■^ 
 ,. the in.titiition, ami other n'.- ',';■'," '"-"''^ "f 
 
 l-.XiiiiW.MK\rs III ,K,, , I .,,',,"" "''Ililllell. 
 
 I'li'iioveii wo, ,r,'s iVsi ': ;;.'";■'■■ '•■^i ' "-"'''". 
 
 lo,'y; the for'ier 1,' 1 '', ' ::"'l-^ ry ami physio! 
 
 V.f Pli.vsiolo-v have he.' I- Ml,, "7,"',". V.'"'"^" :!? 
 I!. -loMi's, W. I). ('.H'oi. liter W «•"','■ ,'.'■'.',''""' ^■ 
 T. H. Hiixlev(/„.;,..)'i{ ;,■",; r' V,""','' ^^' ''"'"■''i 
 "•'lister. \V,i..'l„ti,.ri'„.i \f' in ;V"'-^'';''I. ^'ii'lLU-i 
 Selialer(,873.s,) J \ .''Ki . i ^r'''°''' "'"' "•'' A- 
 
 Ch.'irles Ntew.i ri "'. '\1"' \"''"'; "orsley, ,s„ 
 
 Kdwin a ly llanki'st ^^Ja^"^;;^"^,, \^^^'ll"''. 4? I 
 gave ,oool. 1 1 be invest,' ■rp^^vi-'j^,'^' ■^'"- ■^''t"" 
 I'M KUiiieas r.ir the l„.st .'.,".,''■' ^'■^■''" ■^■•■■'" 
 of the AlniW.l'-.' , ;;^ . ;;" tl'!' Ii.'nelii'eneo 
 
 •seieiiee; wliieli' have b .,«,.' ," .'N'artin 'lit of 
 ti- •••■Hviies: in 18 to V T wi',' .,'" '^*^ <" ">•■ 
 .838 no award was na.l ' in "'"""", J"ae<: in 
 Wariii^^tiii, ; in ,8 2 t ' .y ,'i n^? ." ^ '■ "","•«" 
 ThimipsMn Lowiie- il, ,0" ^•/'"'"-'i;, Honslow and li. 
 
 .336, to Pr„r. ( 's u^li •sf'.'- "il'"*' ".'""«"; '■> 
 A^'ues .M. Clerk,' ,39. ^"^'"'' ' '™- «'«• ! '^I'l^t 
 
 Holland, I'rof's I .',.',. ,,^, '' .''l,' «\ ''>-,«i'' ""^.7 
 , Di'Mee .Jones, ami i.thers^' "' '' •^'""''"■■'o". Dr. 
 Many ilonaiiiiiis i',.ei.iv,'il .as, ,, ., . . 
 donations have bee, ive, 1,^:1 , '' • """''' 'Sg^liberal 
 researehes coii, leeti'i witVihw '?''''''■' "'•"*■• l'""'''^''' 
 Thomas C. IIoil. kins 1 f r " "l'"ratiinM: Mr. 
 
 .'.>o,»» dollas, lis litis' 'i^eif'"''' '''■""• ^'"'^i 
 
 ported 7 Nov ,8n, TI ,<"' 1','".^'. ^,oo^^ ; re. 
 
 iw., 2, April,'?8g,,' ! :T'. " ir"7"\ •""l''™tlis 
 
 , '387-93, 1,54.',,.; ■,„||,^,i.;,V|iee'-,3,f' ^'"'"■'« '^'"'"1. 
 
 ' V^^k^^ in'tt';i;:;;ni^!iit,;;.,,-!r;:i "^ r^^^™' 
 
 Lh,; l„;„s.I i;'i''*;.'.':'..\'''" !';''«<Mited to tlm Instb 
 
 tution tho house ad ;i:i;,r';;.|;n';^;:;| ';^"'V"'^- 
 
 t a.'isform.atioii ii,(„ a lalioritorv f,,' ' . '^'f ''-^ 
 Uavv-Kabid,u- lU-st-i "'''"^Ji t" bo termed tho 
 the fumls mfeossary f ^nrM^lT' "" *"'"I''''"' 
 
 work, and also cave n '' "U'atnl expenses of '.!::■ 
 
 tain a statl^o? .I^^l^s .mSZ^ZI\'- '""T 
 evorythm, necessary for the m^:^tC:^'^:;^ 
 
 3 F 2 
 
 t' ' 
 
jlh; j;i ;'lt|il';^il 
 
 ' KOYAL MAHRTAOE ACT. 
 
 114 « 
 
 KVUUICH. 
 
 1 
 
 *"> ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 "'■ vi,, ,M|,,riMii.v i" i."n. rin.,Mi-.try ';;';i i;;'>*|;'';l 
 
 llHl,..l 8 ,lnn,., .Bqh. /n..; I"'""'"'", ,J:,,7 , , s , 
 t l" . II Ac litvelors I.WMK hm\ ltM> Inul, m„.1 m . 
 
 t .ll.h'lll, .H„N Till' lalHmllnry »i|> n|,™r.l ■> ' j 
 r in' Il Wu"^ Hlti'iiih liiMuricil iuIiUvhh !> D . ' 
 i^M.ii.l, lullmv,.,|by..xi.|.ri,iii..it».nUM"i'l»''. 
 
 {.fWiii.'hils.'u; Mr, (aa,TW„ril,s ,ir III m^-) H | | • , 
 <r«nHm' rev. Dr. !<iiMiiuU.liisM'. ■^■'■" '"i«. Ai^Hmn 
 U k I Ni tl ninliiMhiiiil. K.(1,..I.'H-1 ,.m,.,./, iK, i«4j; I 
 
 VhHc ;;(„'((/ai;is: Will, ll.irri«. i8oi-,J 1 ; . ^, .^^ !!" 
 
 iiiciiiliiTs, 4 Miiy, iSyi, 111 ivliill"" t" t'"' l'"»'l''> 
 ci'iiliiiiiry, i''i"'i ■■"■f- „„, „ ,, 
 
 ROYAL MAKUTAOK ACT, >V.;. s..iyV«r- 
 
 i\'«r-/, iiml I'lctiKjiitiit'. 
 
 ROYAL NAVAL COLLEGE, ^o A, n«/. 
 
 KOYAL SOCIETY (l.-n'l"'!).. Ii' i';4.S 
 .evo.Ml k.inK.a nu... ni.t in I.h.uIoi, to .l'->'»« W" '■■ 
 Boi.hin.l .iia'«ti..iirt una ivimmI ..xiHTiiiiriits; tlu' 
 
 i ,.- ' von K>-n.t imimlsr to su.li piirsmt.. h.m,,. .it 
 
 rr , v..dt.i0.xfora, lindwithlir. O'l";'""''^,^ '"^'"'1;) ; 
 S. Wird, tl.f li.in. KolLTt lii.yl.'. D.'. ultiTwiinls 
 B^^,^ W IVttv, and scvi'ial dn,.t»rs ot divinity and 
 p,«i',fre.iuV.ntlya.».-niMc.d in tlio ni-j,"t>;>">', ,;"f | 
 1 • Wilkiis, in Wadliiun .nllcfre, O.xfn.d. Jlicy 
 f lin.d 'hat has h;..;n .aned ''''! ,.^h; "/"I'''.!™ I 
 Si.ei.'tv of Oxford, which only hist.d till I Kp. 1 lu 
 
 "•tie kingdom, on aooo.mt of thou- ivsii.t tivo pro- 
 ^!s ons and the majority ooniin^ to -"f"'';, '■;:"- 
 Rt mtlv ttttendod tho lootiiros at bi'^'^ha"' <■' l''t-'''. 
 ' 1 not ocaHionally till tho doatl. ot Dl.vor Cronv 
 "" 11, 3 Sopt. 1058; see 6«<'u«.'.S and .Sn,«^.A< 
 
 .. '• .,.,,.„„ nrt'inisod ill i6C», and ('(iiHtitiitcd liy 
 
 ^'clS^ .V""vHui:.al!.l...u-,oni.o,.;Vtho^ 
 
 Vin t " Tl I'losidoi.t, t'o.in.il, mid Kollowsliii. ol t a. 
 
 llliyal Socil't.vof London, for inipioviiig Natural Know- 
 
 ,.''"''*''''n?i..n!!m'L'"'tTi« tii-Ht socrotary, nn eioinont 
 Henry <" '"''''",^',i^. ,f ii,,.|,„.n, n Irioiul of Milton, 
 
 1 : irt 1 ins WaViis ai'.a I'ett,', di.l Sopt. ,«„. 
 F "lyn r"ord8 tlio llrst anniversary nieeling, bt. An- 
 
 . ..*,..i *ri till- Kociclv tlie flih. 01 ins i mum^mh, 
 i;"; f e on 1 oirorde-red to l,e ,iriiited. Tliis was 
 1, e UIH ler the KUiierintei.dence anil at the ''Xliense of 
 llalley tla "«t>ono„ier, at that tune clerk to the 
 
 Thoaoe^'tv met for some years at Greslmm Collep, and 
 '^''V""f'^^. ," \rumlel House (.666), where it oame 
 U 'to uos^e^s on of a valual.le iil.n.ry ,.re..-nt...t l.y .tr. 
 lino poHsisni"" " ..niieetor the ear of Ariindel. 
 
 X:^^^^^^^^ ^lll^wl^returned to Oresham 
 AftTMirio s<in Is „,n,aine<l till their removal to 
 c;"i'Sonrl',"(n *a7iore purchased by tl.euis.lvcs, 
 8 Nov. 1710- 
 
 i'lie Cri Ionian lectiiio wan I'oiindoil In 1701 ; The IliilsiTiiiii 
 le.llire l.\ llflliy llnUer, 1774. , , . , , 
 
 The llrst (■iiiili\ iiM'iliil WiiH awMicliil In Mi |.li,ii Cn.y ,11 
 
 ,711 ■ thennal nieilul In.lohh Haiti ,-, ; ||„, ||.,„ 
 
 liiril medal (iiiHtiHited ill i7y7) •" '"'nil Itiiiiihiiil li,, , 
 »iir In iSi"!, . . . , ., 
 
 Tlie lorieiv leinove to aparliiielitM Kraliird Itiwii ill Si.infr 
 Bel lioiiH', i7i'i; to apartnieiitH 111 llurliimliui Inm,,.. 
 
 IMr.ildlllV, iK.S;, , . ., 1, , . , 
 
 I'arliaiiiiiii votes iiiiiinnily 400..? to Ilie llo; ill !>iii||,|i, 
 
 fur siiiiililie |iiir|iosi» ; nii^od In <^.'i*J. in 1 .1,5. 
 Ue"Ulalion-i iiiaile I'V wlinh mily lillieii lel|i.«<,iri. |,,1„, 
 
 imnihillveli'iiicl,«li"l'a,vleni'"iiii.lsi.ii,i.|iiiis.i ;,.,,| 
 
 liiiii |i,ii'iniisiiniinally, onieoiiii'OMln Im>.u | n.i., 
 
 Mareii l^47■ In iseiineine. the iiiiiiil»,r el' |',.||,.», 
 
 1 wiiH reiliiied from 8i.)in 1847. to (..'f. In |Hi,(, ; tesi-iii 
 ,87:; • to us., in 1877; to s.vt ill i;«8! Ml III if(i; 
 'I'l,,, enlraiiee fee alMilislieil, and tlieaiiniiid piijiiitii; rr. 
 
 ilni'i'd to i' . IllinoOllied. Nov. l;'??. 
 Till- ■• llnval Soiiel.\ Sriiiitilie I'liiid" wan fiiiiiiili.,l ;•, 
 i iniiliitinn ot the '• l.llerary Kiiiid" in \iy,: mv .s.ifu 
 ' firt.' h'liiiil. 
 
 i Tlie I'lvy Medal ("■/u'c'/i .«ir1 tirst awiii'deil, Nov. 1B77. 
 i Tlio liiirwin medal (see /(, iv/h/m/o'"') liist awiiriliil, i';,. 
 Tlie Ciiiiiiiian leiMiiie Kiven by prot. Viroliow, nj' Ddlji,, 
 I 16 Mairh, iKiji. ... , , 
 
 ! Hir Will. Maekiiinoii bi'iineaths ovi r i(),oij<,l. lu Hi- 
 soi'iely, annoiiiieed Hei'. 18117. 
 
 I'HKSIIlKN'lx, 
 
 ,f,r,o. Sir Unliirt Moray. 
 1661. I.or.l llroniirlier. 
 ,67-, sir.liiMl'liWilliaiiisoii 
 i(.8u, Sir(liii--loiii,ir\Vien, 
 1(182. Sir .loliii lloskyns. 
 ,1,81. Sir ('\ril Wyehe. 
 11,84. Samuel repys.aiitlior 
 
 ot lliarv. 
 ,686. .lohii,earl ofCarbery. 
 i68ci. Thomas, earl of I'elii- 
 
 liroke. 
 if„,o. Sir lloiiert Southwell 
 
 1S20. Ur. W 11. W •: .• :, 
 
 ,, Sir IliiiiiiiliiA |i,,\\. 
 
 18.7. IlllM. slillliill. 
 |8,t... HllUr 1.1 Mb-i V. 
 
 i8j8, .Mimiui'i ef .\tiili 
 
 lllllploll. 
 
 1848. Karl l.r H.issi.. 
 
 1854. l.or.l \Vliillr,l|,v. 
 
 1855. Sir lliii.l, ('. II' li.'. 
 1S61. .Ma,i. >'iii, »ii l..i\Mi.| 
 
 Siihiiie, 
 1871. Sir 11. U .\ii 
 
 11!',!'- I'ha--. Ml. iila-ne (lilts. ' i»7j. |ir.. nlti'iwiii.l< >ir. 
 "' ■ ■■ ■■ ■'•■■- I ,1 ..sepli Dull 1, 
 
 II. 
 
 1878, Will. Spi.ttisw , 
 
 ill.-il j;.lllli., :■ 1. 
 
 iSSj, T, II, lIllVl.'V. -.,lill}. 
 
 1885. rtirtleorue ti. Sl.'li.-. 
 30 .\..v. (M.l'„ 
 1887), Mart,. 1::,. 
 
 1B90. SirWiliiiiiniliiiiii'.ii;. 
 I lire, (rrral.l 
 Huron Ki'U ill, Full. 
 
 iP.U'J.) 
 
 1895. Sir .liiseph l.i.<t.r, ;o 
 .Niiv.,iiiiriiiiLK..r. 
 Jan. \i^T. 
 
 arl ,,rllalila\) 
 ifi.jS. .lohn. h.rii Soniers. 
 17,, i Sir Isiiae .Newton 
 (M.f. for Cam- 
 bridge I'liiveisity, 
 16S8 ijos), 
 1727, Sir Hans Sloaiie. 
 •741. .Martin Tolkes. 
 i7;2. tie"it;e, oiirl of Mae- 
 ' clestli'ld. 
 
 1764. .lames, oarlofMorton. 
 17(18. .laiiHS liiirrow. 
 
 ,, .laiii.s West. 
 1772. .lames Hiiirow. 1 
 
 1772. Sir. lohn I'liii^-le. 
 1778. Sir .losepli liiiiiks. I 
 
 KOYAL SOCIETY or Ei)iNiiri!(iii.ii>. r- 
 
 poratod 2') -Mareh, i;^,?, arose out ot the I'hil..— 
 phiiiil Soeioty of Kdinlmryih, I'ouiideil in i;j.). It 
 reeoivod a soe'ond eliartor in iKl I. 
 
 KOYAL S()C;iETY oi' Id iKiiATniK w 
 
 foniiiled under tho auspieos (d king Oeurge 1\. in 
 1823. and (diiirterod 13 Sept. l82t). 
 
 KOYAL STYLE, A:c., soc .S7,v/c, ;?«./"'. •""' 
 Titlis. 
 
 KOYAL UNIVERSITY of Iueland.soi' 
 Umccr.siti/. 
 
 RUBICON, a small rivor tlowin.j; into thf 
 Adriatic sea, soparatod Cisalpine (Jaul Irom Italy 
 proper. U'linan (.eiu'nils were forliuliliii to ra-s 
 this rivor at tho head ot an army. Julms fear 
 did so, Jan. 4.) n.c, ana thereby began a rtvoltand j 
 deadly eivil war. 
 
 RUBIDIUM, an alkaline metal, disoovercdbv : 
 liunsoii by nioans of the spectruni wialjsi*, auJ | 
 made known in 18O1. 
 
 ■RUBRICS, aireetions in church offices, often 
 printecl I'l tvd New ones for the K.iglisluem.e 
 agreed to by convocation, 4 July, 10,9. 1 
 
IKICH. 
 
 I'liiiiMli'il III 17UI ! Till' lliiki'i-imi 
 
 s iiWMi'ili'il III Sli'|ilii-ii(;niy .11 
 i.liiliii |tii;iiiii, i!..'.; tliHl.iii. 
 II I7'j7) tiiciMiiiI UiMiihinl liii, 
 
 rliiii'iilM Kriiiili'il »iHiiiii,<i.iiifr 
 iMVlnii'iitH III lliirliii)iliiii |ii>ii«., 
 
 ly 4iH«.r tn till' lli.'ill Siriclx 
 nii-"! Ill ^,■•■■1. ill r(,5, 
 I'll Hilly lirtii'ii rilli:«»,iri' li'.n' 
 liy (I'll |nillllil-iili:|i|llii>«liiii.ii;,| 
 
 .nil l|in--itllillol-l);U |.Mlili,l,, 
 
 i'l{lll'llli'. till' lllllillnMllf fi'llinn 
 
 II 18.(7. Ill <■■■■<' ill ili'i; til 51 7 111 
 ;ii s-M III i3K8 ; ui in ij,,, 
 'il, 11111I till' aiiniial ]iji)iuri;: ry^ 
 il, Niiv. I'iyf. 
 
 ii'lltllli' Klllul" W:n riillli.li-.l i|v 
 
 ■nirj Kiiliil" ill lb;,';; ««' .'>m»ii- 
 
 iri'1 lii-st iiwiirili'il, Xiiv, 1877. 
 iiirluiniiftil) 111*1 iiWiiriliil, i-;,. 
 iMi liy lii'iil. Vircliiiw, Ml' Diiii!!. 
 
 I'lllll'lltllN OVI I I(i,j.j<,l. to til" 
 
 ■c. 18117. 
 
 IKrtlllKNT^. 
 
 1820. Hr. W, II. «•;.■■:, 
 „ Mr IImiiiii1m\ Ii.iw 
 
 18.7. llllMi^llllli.ll. 
 18 V'. iMlU.i.lMl,.. V, 
 
 1838. .MimiiiK iif .NuDi 
 aiiii>ii<ii. 
 Iiiir 18.(8. KinlorHii^iv 
 1814. l.'ii'l \Viiilli'>l.'V. 
 183S. Sir llrn.i, I', II" -lii'. 
 i86i. Ma.i- /III. '''I 1 'UMi') 
 .""iiliiiir. 
 871. SirtJ. li .\iiT. 
 
 fry. 
 'elli- 
 
 vi'H. 
 
 1S7J. III'., nltiTWiiiiN -ir. 
 
 .liisi'i'li llalt"ii 
 
 lliinkir. 
 1S73. Will, Sp.itii'iw i". 
 
 ilii-'l .'7 .Imii'. 1- :, 
 sily, i l83i. 'I', II. Illixliv. :.l;iiv. 
 
 18B5. Mil 11 Hl'li. M'k.v 
 
 y, X.iV. (M.l'., 
 
 1887V Hart.. 1::,. 
 
 Mac- 1890. SirWilliamlliiiiii*"!!. 
 
 I linv (rmiinl 
 
 rton. lianiii Ki'Uiii.lVii. 
 
 j I :■'„-•.) 
 
 1895. Sir.liisfpli l.i-i'T. ,, 
 I Niiv., liaiiiiil-i-lT. 
 
 Jan. 1^97. 
 :h. I 
 
 ETY OF ElilN'lint(llI.i"|"r- 
 78^, ariisi' lint nf llic I'liiliw- 
 iliiiliiiVKli. I'miiiilial in i;j'). It 
 lartiM-iii I.Sll. 
 
 [ETY OK LirKll.\'ll-l!K »:ii 
 luinpii'i's i>l kins lii'orgi' 1\. in 
 13 Si-iit. 1820. 
 LE, i!«:i-., soo Sli/h; J?(///iH, ami 
 
 VEESITY 01' IUEL.WD,s(e | 
 
 smnll rivor fliiwin; into t!if 
 iitcil Cisiilpini' tjiiiil Irom Italy 
 enrrnls wore fnrliiildi'n tc pa-* 
 luiul lit HI) iirinv. Julius Ciisar 
 ,, iinil thereby l.'cgiiii 11 rtvoltanJ 
 
 ftii nlknline metiil, disooverKihy 
 of ihi! spectrum unalysis, aiiJ | 
 &1. 
 
 rections in cliuvrli offires, often | 
 [ewones for the Knglisli scrviia; 
 luution, 4 July, iSjo^ 
 
 RUBY MINES. 
 
 Dt!) 
 
 lU'liY MINES .,|.' U,-uMAI-. Tiivernlir 
 
 (iiiulilli' iiltlie 17II1 eeiiliiiy) iliKn-liji.s it 11.1 11 iiliin' 
 »h(Mv niliii'n mill iitliiT prniiiiH Ktiiiie* lire liuV'eiv 
 cbtiiineil. Ml II iiiiiiiliv ilitlinilt nf iiiit<». SiiniliiV 
 a,>cnunli were 1,'ivell liy I'lllller (iillM'ppe ir.Vniiitii, 
 ulli'llt lX\o. 'I'lle llir^esl sliilie.swere liiyill piiillellv. 
 )|f. Up'ilewieyer liuil 1 Inirire uf tliesi' iiinl .ill,;.)'- 
 mini'* iu lUd'S. Jtevi'iiiii'iiliiiiit l.S^:;, Inun i.;,^ti(i/. 
 to t.vmioA per iiiiiiiiiii. 'riieseiiiiiji's iiie'iinw 
 Britii'li prnpeity (m'i' under Iliiniiuh, i.H.S^), nnd 
 fiiitlie u«' iirilieiii a leveiiiii' i* paiil liy iji,. .siiaii 
 Irilu'S, l.'^.H;. .Vli a;;ieeliieiit le^peiiiri;.' tllelii 
 liiadi' I'l-hieell Hie linliiin (iiui'niineiil iiinl .\Ii'»..(|'«. 
 
 Siri'i'ter \- Cn. ol' l.nnilnn, ai iiineil .>la\, iiSK;; 
 
 jus|K'iiileil July, lUiS;. Wnrkiii;; liieiiies is-mil ti'i 
 pi'Poll.i iill the ripiit, liSH;. Lease fur seveii veiirn 
 Mthi'.Streeler S_viiiliiateMi);iieil at the Iinlja I'llHrc, i 
 ;;Ki'h. iSMi,; fi,|-inatii)M of a eiiiiipiiin lieaileil liv ' 
 Miiw-s. li'illiKiliilil. .\lareli ,1 SI,/., i.S.Si). Visit nf 
 <ir l,i'pi'l lirillin to llie inim's, saii.'<f leinry m the 
 ,Mii|iany, repnrted Alaieli, i,Si/). .Vllairs iiiisettled 
 jO.Vlinl, lf<.),J. 
 
 RUFFIiKS heenrne fiishiuiiable iihmit 
 aiiJ iu'lit nut iiliiiut l''lO. 
 
 ItrNKIX MlSKCM. 
 
 niiii tlii'.n wtthnut helnrfdi.i'i.vi'ii'il, T|„. |,|„ ||,,,. 
 
 ...Niiliertdevisedaruliii.Miiaihiiie „ Ml ,r 
 
 , """" "l|,ru.sn,|,„„l li'4 plate,-, ,11,. M- 
 
 """ -I'l 1 ll,'^ and 1 1 „.t,.|s, spiT, i,|,,H , f « i 11 
 
 iii.i.i '11 .J,,,,, 1,1 III 11 runs hue. 
 
 |v.^i^:ilU^::::!idt;;;L'::l;:;:,ia'i^;!::::l^^^ 
 «::' ;;;;lii:^:ur '';;;:' '•'•■■ ''''■''''•'''-"-'^-'' 
 
 lated J 
 
 1520; 
 
 us lllellnlatl 
 
 llHIinflr.i 
 
 18.(8 
 
 ■ 851 . 
 18,7 
 1 ,S6 ) 
 i87i 
 
 1379 
 
 l«Bo . 
 i83i 
 
 |iirit» Mas r 
 
 finlliniH. 
 
 6,8.i8,98l 
 ' 4. 745. -.Ill 
 
 t'.3 15,68) 
 • 7.''J4,7JS 
 
 7.52'>,89i) 
 . 7.iy2",I5'J .-.-, 
 
 fi,i)4S,fiS7 i 18911 
 . '1,11)7,661 I 18m 
 
 4,816,887 I iS.j6 
 
 ufyiiii rum tiilju i.|iiph,y(,a 
 
 diiei'd in 1H03. 
 Iiiiiiiiiliil. 
 1883 . 
 188) 
 1R84 , 
 ■ 38.5 
 1386 . 
 1887 
 
 7i,i"5,67y 
 5.979.491 
 7. ,176,47* 
 6,877,581 
 5,11.0,010 
 6, (6,»,o7o 
 6.':)7,773 
 5'94».i.tii 
 5'.l7J.9o4 
 
 lU'GnY SCHOOL (\Var«iikshii('), wa> 
 fiuiuli'il In lj;(.; by l.awieiiee Sbei-ilV, a I.iiiulnn 
 tniJi'sliMiii ; its uiraii^'i'liieiits were all'eeled h\ the 
 I'ulilii' .Siliii.ils ait iWiK. Dr. 'I'liiunas .\rii,,lir, ilu- 
 lii>liiiiitn, eiileie I iin the duties nf In'ail-niaslei' hin. 
 iii.\ii,sust, lSj,S, and under him tlie si'lmol jr,.,.,,)!, 
 ps|H'reil. lie dii"! 12 June. |,S42. His sin ee-sm'- 
 ivi'iv llr.'i. Tail, Uoullnmni, Temple, and Ilavinau. 
 
 St'l' .Ww llilijhll. 
 
 Dr. II. liavMi.iii was npimsi'il liy the iiiasli'is of tin' 
 silioiil, ami allir niiii'li dissi'iision and ilisenssioii was 
 <li*iui«»i'.| liy ihi' tnisti'i'S, 11,.,.. .h^j, anil |)i''.),.x 
 
 Illaki- I'li'ito'l in his niniii, Ki'li. ,874. Sie eili'il l.v 
 
 B..V .1 IViHviil Nov i886(ei-eateil 1.].. of |I,'n.|„,.|i, 
 1:05); till- ii-\. II. A. James elei'teil, 31 Mareli i3q = 
 MiTCliaiiiillnr .Miilins ilueiili'il ajjainst Kr llaviniiii 
 in hn atldii|it tii set aslile. Ills ilismissal, lint ex- 
 ITiwi'il lii.s mni iipiuiiin mi "the Kiieviuis hardsliii, 
 nfpr Ilayiiiaiis I'.ise," 21 .Mareli, 1S74. 
 
 Mr Pwai'li, th.; pri'iaier, pi-i'.senti'd lir. Unvmaii to 
 till' liviii- 111 .(,iliiif;liaiii. I.aneasliii'i., .Vpril i»j, 
 
 r.i|.nlalioii 1)1- Hii;;l.y in 1881. 9,891 ; 1B91, 11, -.fi. 
 
 lliuiiiM IliiK-his. author of " Tom llrown's Heluiuldavs " 
 (at lliijiliy uiiili'i- IJr. ^Unold), bom 20 Oct. i8ni died 
 2.'Marrli, 1896. 
 
 Rl'GEX. anishmd in the l^nltio, has frequently i 
 .luiit'i'il masters, hiiviii,!,' been ludd liv ilj,. Danes 
 S«pdi's mill Freneh. It was transferred to Prussia I 
 
 ill iSi;. 
 
 RrHMKORFF'S IXDUCTIOX COIL \ 
 
 k'! liillUcflDN. 
 
 "Ei;LE,IHiITAXNIA." Thr word.s are bv 
 Jjiiii'* llii.msiiii (altered by Miillrt) ; the niiisii: 
 j.-;nMtn llr .\rne, Is said by Seh.eleher (in his 
 lie ol Handel Mil have been taken fniui an air in 
 lamlt'ls "Oira^iunal (h-aforin" eiunpnsed i-w, ' 
 M the soiijr .iiiil nmsie were really printed in Ih' 
 .Inic'snia.MiueofAlfri'd," i-^q. " Gi-cri'. 
 
 RCLE-OF-TTiE-KOAD, see Seas. 
 
 RULING MACHINES, used for rulin- 
 
 m with flint Hues, for luerehants' aeeount- 
 '*, i:o. Ihey were invented by an i.meniiuis 
 Iiul'liiiian, ri',.idi'nt in London, in 17X2, and were 
 msequmtly t-reatly iiupi-ovi'd bv W„nd.„a=on 
 M.uii,', lirown, anil others. They Vere improved' 
 IN Scotland in iKo!. An invention lia.s lately ren- 
 teJ amaint-liimlis |)erfe,'t by the niimherin.- of 
 oepap's with types, in.stead of the numbers bein- 
 "nli.n by a jien, so that a i.age eannot be torn oul 
 
 RUMFOKI) :\IEI)AL, see J{o;/al Sodeti/. 
 
 m-MV PARLIAMENT, nee I'ruU's r>„ye. 
 
 KrXES. Alphabetic ehanieters, iirobably of 
 
 , '"■""■'^'""".in, but piipularlv as,,il',|,| „, 1 '• ,.„d 
 
 "'I'".''"' iir siratihed on sloue unmnments mv". 
 
 ! •'• 'inmnieul,, iiuplemeut.s, \i,, wlil ■ 11",;, ,' .' 
 
 ''.vpiitheiieally ileti'ii fnan livi., li.r 1 ,,;, '' ,"! 
 '"■""■'I'"ll.^ '"""'l i" .Siauiliuavn. I Ku.Han 1 a id 
 
 Mepbei, , 1,1 Coiieiilia;;,'!!, i„ his •.()|,1 >,',i,.,l„.rn 
 
 .iiiiie Monuments ,„ .Sianditiavia and Kn. 1 1 " 
 
 (.N.,.,-S4), has give,, the re.sults of forty yoaiV 
 
 Snn.ev^^'l.'^??^^^^;'''''"'''-'"'''''')'"-''':^''''"". 
 I.S June, 1215'. " """"■'^ -^'"^'"" ^''""f"' 
 
 KUPEE. .See I,i,/i,i, i8i)2 ft sri,. The vaUio 
 Id he nun varied durin, ,,S,,5; e.vi'hange oV 
 »Mi\. lSi)(), stood about I,v. 55,/. 
 
 /. / Sclllrn,n,t, lormerly the terriforie.s of fho 
 I '• ;'<im s liav eom[,any, was made a bishoprie iu 
 
 I lU'PTritE SOCIETY, London, established 
 1004 ; see / /'^.v.*. 
 
 r M r^^-^^ CONFEKENCES. \ meetinfr in 
 Lundiiu ol delegates fr„i„ rural disfriets, organised 
 '■; -iHii'iUon with the Xatiunal l,il„',„l Keil^ o, 
 iluiuuuir relnriii, 10 Dee. i.Siji. M,-. -w V (iuZ 
 "tone aildre.s.sed the eonfce,,,',., n 1}(„.. ,,s,,i 
 A eon-ress of liilioiuers, &e., oi-jianizeil liy th,. 
 !'", ,'■''". ''".V""™ '■""^'■'•™t've assoeiatioiis, was 
 present ^''^■- ^'" '"• """• "'■"■■•^- ^'''■'••'i" 
 Rural eonfereu'ee at' Leicester . ' ' .,"V,'',','l' '^'' 
 liural Lahiinrers' Li'a-ue ; M,-. .Jesse' criHiii'-s " 
 liresiili'nt : ii-ii annu.al meeting-, at WestniinstiT,' : 
 llie ilukeot IJevonshireanil Mr. .Joseph Cliamlier. 
 
 lain pre.seut, 17 Feb. 1892; again 6 Ji , ,SqT 
 
 =6 Jul 1894 , ^^\: 
 
 1 39s 
 
 HUSKIN MUSEUxM. see ShflUU, 1,^81-90. 
 
 UiiHl;!,, Snn,hinfl.m„l„„, lorme.l lor the proiuntion 
 ol .Mr. liusUins npininns in ri'lation to art in- 
 .a;i-iirateil at the l.niMon Institution . ji Mareh 
 Ihe l.ili' ami Work of .Inhii Huskiii," l,v W <i' 
 tollmgwood, pulilisheil . . ' April' 
 
 1890 
 '89J 
 
 if 
 
 1 t 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ;ii 
 
 
 i i 
 
 : 1 iji.<.£iens«aiSI 
 
 iii 
 
li!: 
 
 
 }Br»8ELL ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 
 ViO 
 
 IIUHHIA. 
 
 
 « 
 
 \P' 
 
 ,1 »1)M1.N1STUAT10N8,« «^« 
 
 lU , 1,1- 
 
 J'litiiinati.i, .iu„.i. >('(//("", >vi'. 
 riMl AI.M1N1MTHA1.U !. iliiriiiiHl uh tlic rt'Hlgimtluli "iHir 
 Hiitivrt I'wl). July. !«■»''■ 
 
 ii.ni i/i.ni.ii/iir, liinl lotliuliiiiii (Huri I'l'ili'd by lord 
 
 Triuu). 
 ItO'd in-f.^itlriil "fill .■.iiiiic//, iiuiriiiiiH ol l.ndHaiiwno. 
 iVdu «iii(. I'lirl "I Much. , , , „. , 
 
 CKnnriniirii/lUi'i:r,h.;ii,r, Mr. (iifl, «lr t-'linili") Wch"I. 
 t'urtiiin, /i"iili', (ni.( rulnninl .im-ilnrir^, VllnilUll I Hi- 
 
 iiu-'mtciii, "iril.iiiw liny, ami iMuKiiry. 
 £oiii./.s ../ iniiliiil mill (null'. Hir .Inlm llolilinniio (nft. li'nl 
 
 lliciiin'hluii), imil i^mliil' CliiriMHiMii (mici^ii'ili"! liy Mr. 
 
 Labrjiuliin). , , ^ ■. 
 
 AiliiiiriiUii, till' I'lirl (if Aiiikliiml (KUiwicilc-a by »lr 
 
 Friiiii'iK Tliiiniliill lliirliiK)- . . i i 
 
 Diichii 11/ /..iiMiisd r, l.inl Caiiiiibrll (Hiicift'ilcil liy tlio mil 
 
 01 CiirllNli', luu< \l»fc.iiiit .MiHpi'tli). 
 Sii-reliinj III inir, .Mr. Kcix Miiuli', 
 J'o.'tiwi.i)ii-, iiiariiu.H(]f CliiiiricMhli!. 
 i'(ii/,wi.i(f. ■/ciiii.i/, i. It. Miiciiiiliiy. , », , 
 
 Lorl Jcilin UusM.ll mhI lim i ,,||i'iik"c» rMJunw tlii'lr 
 
 unWi-1. ai I'l'li. iBsi; li"l w"^' iii'l'"'''' (litter tho 
 
 fuillMr lit \l'V'\ SIllllU'yH IWIlty t(. Inllll Mil IllllllilllB- 
 
 trutiuii) t" ri'liirii In i"iwcr, j Miiri'li lullowliiK. 
 itcosD AiLMiNimiiAiicN (iir oniitlmmtlnii ut lil.< llrst), 
 
 Miiicli, i«5i. 
 t'irsl lorilvflhf liiiiniirj, luril Juliii HiiHCrll. 
 fnaiiUiil ij thi rviiiii il, iiiMii|iii.< ijI I.uiihiIiiwiio. 
 Uird 1.1 iiy Hill, Hill "I Miiito. ,,,,., 
 OMnallnr i/llm ihIikiiui, »lr (- ImrlfH Wmiil. 
 //oiiif,/<"iii;",""i(c..(ii«i»/ miiiliin'!; Hir (.I'nrRi' Urcy, 
 viscount I'liiinorKti.n (lUeiTi'ilca l>y I'Hi'l (JlulivlUf, aa 
 
 l)oc. ), mill I'lin (Irry. 
 iorJiA'iiin/;"'-, Innriniro. 
 i'irjf (»n/ iifllii iiilmniiliii, -ir KiaiiciH T. Uiirlng, 
 liotii-il iifniiilnl, liinl ltniiit;liliiii. 
 KuiimV ii/7/i"'i', Mi: l.ali'iunliiTi'. 
 aecretiinj al nm; Mr. Fox Maulu (aft. loril I'aiiiiiiiro, mid 
 
 carl of lialli'iMHii'). 
 I'oslmiialir-ijeiii ml, iiiari(iiis of Cliiliricurdo. 
 i'iij/?iiii.i((/'-i/i'/M/ii;, I'lirl Uraiivillr. 
 Lord f'i'yiiioiir, I'liil 111 t'lirli^li', *;•'• _ , ,, . , 
 
 Tills mliiisliy nisitsoiid ai I'Vb. 185a ; sco Derby ylifmiiils- 
 
 (ratiuii. 
 IHlBD ADMisisTiiATioN. (On tlif doconse of lord Piil- 
 
 liieistoii, id I'll. iB6s, call Uii«.iell rwi'iviil llci 
 
 Miijc-tjs coiiiiiiaiids to ifioiiiitniet llio iidliiiiiiS' 
 
 trillion.) 
 Fiut to- , ■>flhe trmsiiry, Joliii, Piirl Hussidl. 
 iorifiAdiin^'"!-, HobiTt, iiiidCninwi.rlli. 
 foslmiis/i r-tii III ml, Joliii, lord .Maiilcy ol Aldiirli'V. 
 i'ruiihiit ij till r""-li"'' '""o-./, Clias. I'clliaiu \illiers. 
 lardl'n.iidiiit I'] till iiiiiiiril, dioiK", i-arl liraiivilk'. 
 }joui in-iiy .1111I, llcoiKc, duke ul AiHyll. 
 Ohinmlliii- iij the ui lininer. Win. K. liliidslone. 
 SecrdiirUs-Jiiiiiijn njhiiis, (imivi-, carl ol Clnrciidon 
 
 coliiiiirs, Kdward <jird".-ll ; /i. i,n\ Hir Ucorgo (ircv ; 
 
 U'ur, CJcorsi', carl dc limy and Kipon, sumedcd by 
 
 Swiicer, i:iaiiiiiis of UartiiiKton, Fob. 1866; hiiliii,hT 
 
 Cimrics Wooil, ii'slKiifd (cicalod viscuiinl llalilax); 
 
 succui'di.'d by carl du tiny, Ftdi. 1866. 
 Firalloiil iflliiiiilmiiillii, bdward, dukf of Hnnii'rsct. 
 Preaiiknti.J '•" ln;uih>J'trnilf, Tlios. Miliii'V Oil son. 
 CKuncellor nj ' ihuhil ufhniniflfi; George J. Gobohon. 
 Utiretaru fi<r 1 ■d.'i.'ldclii'^icr loi tci-ciii'. 
 Tills ininlRl-y i: 'I'.i. ■:£ .I'lin, 1S66, in conspqiicnce of 
 
 aininoritj'on !■ «. i.- .13 luiU'T tUJoim, ttliU Vahy 
 
 4UministriiiV'i'- 1. 
 
 TLord Job.' imi'*. t'->- .uii of Jolin, duke of 
 Bedfoid, was bo.'o ;.-, \-.,: lu-i; M.l". for Ta 'stock, 
 1813; lor LoiKloii, , ■..•,..- ; a is piiyinasbro' i ■!','«, 
 1810-14; seer-.. ... -u- li' ■ ■• •..■iiarlniciil.iBs, ■/ lor tbe 
 colonies, 1839-,!, first li;i. lister, July 184I' '" -"".";» 
 185a; secretary lor foreign allairs, Dec. 1852 to tcb. 
 1851 ; president oi tlie eouneil, June 1854 10 Fob. 1855 ; 
 (eeretjiiy for the .■•oloiiics, Maicli to Nov. 1855 ; secretary 
 for lorvi"KU attairs, June itsy to Oct. 1005, wbeii he suc- 
 ceeded lord I'ulnierston as iireiiiier; created a jieer, as 
 earl Hu.isell, 30 July, 18,61. His niotinii for rebnni in 
 tmrlianicut was negatived in 1822 ; adopted i Manli, 
 1831: Im introdueeil the registration bill and a new 
 marriage liill in 1E36 ; intioduced and withdiewa lefoini 
 bill, f£6o; died aS May, 1678. 
 
 i^^s.SV.LL INSTI'ITTION 0'"ui Cii,,. 
 
 Bt,,, l,i,iid,.iij, wiiM loiiiidid 111 UiiSlj fir Sill, i|,l 
 It.iiiiiih, Ki'iiMis lloriiir, Hr. Mmoii lo.od, lln,,, 
 llaUiini, sir JaiiicH Scarlctl (alt, lord Ahiiiiiu), ,1,1 
 otliciH. 'Ill" biiildiliK coiniiriscs 11 libiai), i,,v,. 
 room, billiard room, \e, 
 UVHHKIAj trial. Willimn, luni i;u..,;r. 
 
 trial b r i.'in|dlcily 111 iho lUi-linU'c [iImI « ,. 
 niiiikcd bv 11 iii"«t luioliintt scene. W l„ n I,. ,,. 
 iiiit sled to' luive solili' our near llim to lake i|i,l|., :, 
 lidp lii^i lucniory, lie Wi.s iiiiswcreil, tliut iiiiy "i' 
 Ills alteiidiiiiN iiiiglit ii*si«l liim ; ol"'" wliuli In; 
 said ".My Wll-K IS here, mid will ib. il t'T n,,' 
 I lie was bclieiidi d ill Idiii olirs-lnii-Ficia^ 21 ,li,li, 
 ]l,Sx. Lady itiissell ►urviveil liiiii forty \i;ii-. 
 dMl'iic 2') ti'cpt. 172.}, ill licr einlit\-<c\elill.')iir. 
 ][iH iitliiiiidcr WHS reversed, I W ill. 111. UiKi). 
 
 RUSSIA, till' eiisteni part of luiiiciit Surnialia. 
 The name is geiierallj derived from the Ityvol.Uii, 
 II Salvoiiic tube, 'liiiiie, u \atiiimum dn,;; 
 ■inpeiirs to liiive been the lirst to eUahli.h a gmini- 
 liieiit, 8(i2. His deeeiniaiils ruled aiiml u,,iiiy 
 vieir-s'itililes till I !,').'<. The pmirr'ss of ila r.i.-i;iii 
 power under I'eler the Ureal iil.d Lutliiriiir II. n 
 uiieouulled for tapidily in the history h| tlnMulil. 
 The (sli;blislied religion of Kus.sia H llie Ijretii 
 church, with lolenitionol iilliei>ecls,c\en lliituiiu'. 
 tuns, liy iin imperial ukuM', in ifn:, rix uiiiv(r>i. 
 lies 'were cstiihlislied, viz., at Si. retei>lj\iiv, 
 J!.,s. i.w, Wilmi, lloiiMil (ill l,ivonia),t'han,'iv, ,11,1 
 kiisail ; but literiiture made little piujiremi till the 
 present centurv. tlic> native oubliiatien* liciii; 
 
 very tew, and the best 1 ks heing tr;iuslii'iiiii.. 
 
 The Kussian language, though U"t ilevunl 4 
 
 Jl'egiince, is, to a bm^iglier, (d very ditlitult tt"- 
 nuneiati' n ; the number of letters ami di|lhllaill^;^i^ 
 forty-t«o. The Aiighi-Uussiaii Literary Sialy, 
 with library, iSce., set up al the Innieriul In.-lituiis 
 Ifcij 'ihe iiopiihilion of the eiiipue in Ih;, 
 rf2.l=;i),()U); 111 i«72i »'"'"' «.i.'"'<>'M.v i" !>*;: 
 (esumiili'd), H(.,ij52.347 ; >" '•"«;■, i">V43.i"-'. 
 ut L'lneraUeii.-us ol the empire, total, l2').Jll.ll,i, 
 (I teb. lH()7. Jiy the tii-»l idissiau Imdgel ^liM.J;, 
 ihc estimaleil revenue was 34,:;w),0(K)(. ; exi'duli- 
 lure, 37,HS".«'0''' '*^''-' 'i'^'^'""''. iiK,i'25.«</.l 
 eNpemlilure,ll2,S4'Miii"o lH'l7;'-^'>'''"""'(."'JI"»V' 
 IJ-" S2< (ir/. ; expcmllture the same. Hold.* 
 uijoiil 5U0 ciitliediiils, about i5,a,n > hun 11 •, (Olnll 
 ehiiicli, i(7i«7i .«•(■)• 
 
 Uii lainva.ledbythennns . . . ' f- 
 
 Uiiric the Norniaii or Varangian, a' nvcs 1 N » ■ 
 
 (c.r New L'ilv), and becomes -nuid d.ike lUjm- 
 
 versar\ kei.t'20 Sept. iHt'-^l ■, . ■ ' ' 
 
 ' Olegsuci-cs^tully invades the (.reck empire . . 
 
 llaptisni ot ulga, widow ol duke Igur, nt Ion- 
 
 stantinopic, abonl • . • • •• , ' , '.i,', 
 
 Vladimir the Great niarncs Anne, sister nf .lit 
 
 emperor Basil 11, and is baptized . ... 
 The (ioldcii llonle of Tartars eoiuiaer a lar|{0 r«rt 
 
 (if Kiissiii abiMit "'^ 
 
 ThegraiiddnkeJurie killed in buttle . . . ":•) 
 Alexander Ncwski defeats the invading pnues . 1:41 
 The' Tartars .■stablish the empire of llie klijiu of 
 
 Ka ptschak, and cxen'isc girat inlhieiiee ■„ liiissu n, 
 II,. is made grand lukc of Kussia by the Urlars . iJ;> 
 Moscow l.iailu tbe capital . .... ■ ■.« 
 Tartar war, ijBo; MoMow burnt. . . •■-•■3 
 Tamerlane invades Kussia, but retires . . Uv. 
 
 Accession of Ivan 111. theGn'al-ahleunadtspoUv, 
 
 (■..miiln the IiR'St'Ill llidllllll'liy . . . ; • M" 
 
 iva tn iices bre-nrnis and cannot, into R.issi. . M-S 
 Orl'il invasion of the Tartars; eoasteruation of 
 
 Ui's'generarsven'igorod anniliilutes Uieir'rown 
 
 War with I'oliind . . • ,; , •,,:,,,', 
 The Knglish " Uiissian company estiibl .shed 
 Kicbanl Chancellor sent tu open the trade 
 Discovery of Siberia 
 
 ;?f 
 
 «i 
 
 . U'l [ 
 
 . l:5i| 
 
 . i.o«| 
 
I'SSIA. 
 
 TlTl'TION^'McutC.!,!,!. 
 
 Miiiiili il 111 iNiM I J i.ir >Mi mil 
 111 1, lir. Mii*iiii (mioiI, llii.u 
 iirlc'lt (ult. luid Aliiini, II, 11,:! 
 |{ ciuiiiilim » II llliiui), \ii.v.' 
 cc, 
 
 AL. NViUbni, Uri\ liuvdi'. 
 
 Ml llll« U\l'-ll"UM' [ilut tt ,. 
 Ill llillK Kl Till'. \\ III II III ,1 . 
 
 Dili- iii'iir liiiii ti) talii' iioii!,! 
 wnii iiimwiTcil, lliut any -t' 
 
 iiKswl liiin ; iHiuii Miliivli lie 
 hi'i-c, mill will il" il f"r in'.' 
 l,i!niilir«-Iiiii-l''ii'M% :i Juli, 
 ► iiivivi'il liiiii liiit) jiiii-. 
 , ill lirr rinlilv-^miitl, M,r. 
 fratil, I Will, 111, Kj.Si). ■ 
 
 liM-n imrt "f lunii lit Siirinalij, 
 i_\ (IfiivtJ I'ldiii llw Umnl.iiii, 
 "Km If, u Niiiuiiniiiu iIim;', 
 till' lirst t" I'Kliililiili a piMri;- 
 IM't HiUllltB I'lllnl ,i|iii(l lihiiiy 
 
 . Till' iii'i'irr !•» "I till l'.i-i;iii 
 ;ie (iii'iit iiliil liilliiian- U. li 
 ity ill till' liisturi "I tln' «',ili|, 
 
 ij;illll lif lUlBsill H lllr (.ircilt 
 
 .not iitlii'i'M't'lii, iM'ii llili' mi'- 
 111 ukiiM', ill ifiiJ, -h uiiivii>i. 
 Ill, viz., Ill Si. l'i'tn>liinL', 
 [lilt (ill Liv(iiiiii),C'liiii'i-i V, ,11.1 
 11' iiiiiUi' iittli' iiiii);v('8»till tU' 
 ic imlivr liulilinitiiinii Ijiin:; 
 lu'st liiMiku ni'iiiL' Iraiiihi'ii'i... 
 iiiKi', thmigli ii"t ili'V.iul i.( 
 ii'i'ifjni'r, ut vt'vy ililHriiU irn- 
 iliiriil li'lti'is mill ilii.lillii'i.gM* 
 i;;l(i-lUl.Hi»iun lilcriny Smity, 
 t up ill till' liniiirml lii.-tiluti', 
 lion ot till' I'Uiliin; ill IH;, 
 2, uliout «5,(i<SviJ4.V. ill l'**" 
 ,347; ill i^^i' io.V4J.i'i-% 
 
 [ ihf I'llllllIT, lotlll, 12i),Jll.ll,i, 
 
 le tii-ol ilussiiiu liiicl(;i't vlN'2', 
 luu wiia _?4,.SU),w.o/. ; exiniici- 
 lHi)2, ri'Vi'iiUi', llb,(2j,t«W. ; 
 ),(K(i^; iHi)7,ii'Vi'ii\ii'(i»Uiiiati;, 
 icliillliur till' MUui'. l!i>iil<* 
 a, uboul35,W'i !iunl:'i(Onilt 
 
 r. 
 
 
 :■ Iliins ... 
 
 i'iiriiiii,'ian, n "Vi-« it N a • 
 I lii'i'oiuuH -I'laul li.iki' iu.ini 
 
 t. i86j| 
 
 iili's till' (Iri'i'k I'liipire . 
 iilow of liukc l^or, »t Con 
 
 y.-S 
 
 iiiiirrii'S Aiiiic, HiHttr of 'ihc 
 mil i« iKiptiziil ■ ■'/■'- 
 
 r Tui'turs I'liiMiuiT a laruo part 
 
 v-i 
 
 ' kilU'il in tiuttle . . • n;7 
 fi'iil.s till' iiiviuliiinUaiu's . i;ii 
 h till' ('mi'ire of lliu klmn of 
 
 L'Vl'isc ^'l-clll illllllrlil'r ill lilissia m2 
 
 ke of KusKiii by tliu I'lirUiM . nil 
 
 l.itiil ':-^ 
 
 isiow Imriit '-■■) 
 
 ,iiH«iii, liut rttirfs . . . • 'hi 
 I, iliellii'iit-uUuanaaesiJOlii', 
 moiiiircliy . . . ; • '4" 
 inns ami iiuinnii into Russia . i4;5 
 he Tiirtur" ; lonali'mution of 
 
 "" UM 
 
 ■oil uu'iiiliilates tliciv I'owci 
 
 ancoiiiiiuiiy"cstiililialit;a 
 icut to oiit'U the traJc 
 
 , u''\ 
 
 . i:!3 I 
 . 13;* 1 
 
 IIUHHIA. 
 
 Ml 
 
 Till! royal i«"ly w«i;l (tli., tiUvUu) .'.tiiiiiuiii.ii , ,,ftg 
 
 Z lanil '" "' ''"'■'■" •■•''"''"■"' "f 
 
 Miinl-rof K.'oil,;,' 1 , i,.„ „f , |.,. ;„,, „, „„,, ^^, ,; '"» 
 
 lmiUiiU'iii.'ill(ii»,mr,,i'7,,>, ,,.„,., , ,.„il 
 
 Tliii iiiii'iiHilion ol l.unriiin, ,„„. /„,.,;„,„„)_: '>'" 
 
 KlllllMol .MOB.'OW ,.,, .,' ., , . 
 
 Miiliaii K..loi„vil/, of tl,.. lii„M„ of •ni.Sr: '*"' 
 .MirlliU till' llU'iimi , ' ^ 
 
 CiiiUinl iTili'il tohwi'il.'n . ■ . ' ■ ■'.',■' 
 
 Uaniimimc loriiK II. I'liliiinl , • . . loi; 
 
 Kiil.Jii«ali.iiiortl|. 1 ..,.,Hi.kH . . ' • • ''"'J 
 
 llrilinnfliiiiiiiinl luU'r I. or th.'Ori'Bt . ' „I, 
 
 ritrrnoli-KoViTi'lfli ... ItiBj 
 
 lli'vUlK irilliiinl iinil Kii i,iii,|, m„l w,i,kH In tliu 
 iliK'kVir'' I'l lli'|itroi''l , 
 
 Kfiall"' ''> lo<|.il'iii'.v of Oil' Hiri'lilz, wlilrli' |i« 
 
 irii r. Ml' I'Ki'H: J>-'..loriiir,.,i„i„|Hl,i|„; i,„ |^. 
 lu.i'l* I I.* with hUowii liiiiiii g g 
 
 Ihr ItllKKUlim llt'K'ill Hull' IH'H } raf holll ,■ J,,n' flnit 
 
 rrl.'lill till' o|.| Hiylc) ... 
 »,r*llli.><»i.li'n, ri'ti'i'lotiilly(li.f,.a(i.in,vci|,,i.i,,: '"" 
 
 .Ml 111 -^ana lo Nov 
 
 Ourlw .\ll lolully ilcfrali'il liy IVtiT at I'lillowa' ''"'* 
 aiiilltn'n to Tni'ki'y .... a .July' 
 
 ii.uooNivnliHli |.i-inoiii'i's xi'iil to .Silii'ilii . ' ' ^' ■''"' ■ 
 
 Winiitli Tiirki'y : I'l'lor mul Id., lu'iny ,.ros'n the " 
 I'nitli. ami nil' Hiirroiiii,|,.i| l,j ^\„. 'j',,,.!,^ . j||,,y ! 
 
 ,iii»|.i' liv till' vi\nny of till' i'iii|i|cnH I'lithci'iiu, 
 .liiM.Uain.'.atrM,-,. ,',... ,lini,',' ,,,, ! 
 
 Eilli a, l.ivoniu, ami a lar^i' jiart of Fliiluni 
 
 ;iil.li'cl 111 till' cniliiri' .... 
 
 IVii-rviMitsdi'iiimiiy, llollaiiil, ami Ki-aiico ' ' 
 
 rtejMilitai'Xiii'lli'il ■ ' '"g I 
 
 uiHliiniry mill inyitU'rloiis iloatli of luiiiru Ali-xia I 
 
 7 ''"'y. •> i 
 Pflir II. Oa«t of till' Hoinaiiolfs) i1i'|iimi,i1, ami tlio 
 
 I'niwiinivi'ii to .\i ifc .lami 1710 
 
 EliailH'lli, iiaiinliti'i- of I'l'tiT I.. ri'iKiin, In iirci'iiilloo 
 
 .if Ivan \1., nil iiilaiit, who is liii|ii'isom',| r,u- lif,, ,,., 
 IViir III. ili'thioiH'il ami iiiiii'.|iii.,|, »m'i',,i.,li.|i hv 
 
 i.allii'rini' I1I.1 witV .... ,,53 
 
 li.iaVI.,tlR' rightful ht'ir, till now limi'iumi lait 
 
 I'l'lriitli ' ,,g 
 
 Tmiv of Kntni'lioiii' Kiiimiril.ll ; lnili'|ii'mi,.ni'(.' of 
 
 llieCriinwianil Iri'i'iloMi of lllai'k si'.i . j,.!,. ,,,, 
 R,l.'lliiinnftll,'Co.s«,»ks, ,77., ; Mipi.n..s«.,l ■' \ll* 
 SiiCi'i's,4iilliiva>ioiisol till. Crliiii'a ". , 1760-8^ 
 
 Dwiii'Milifiiiii lit ol rolnii.l : ci.iiiiiii.ni'i'd hy t'athij. 
 
 r.i»(.si'i.' y'i'/.i/i./), 177J : i'oiii|ili'ii.,| . . , 
 
 lillu'riiii' Kivi'B hiT Huliji'i'ts a i.i'w null, of hiwH '• 
 
 al>iliiiln'» torturu 111 piinUliing criiiiiiiulH ; «m|' 
 
 l'lijui'fe«»ful war with Persia . . . ' . ' 
 Kusiiaiitri'at,v with Austria anil Kiiylaini . ' , ' ijng 
 Siniarrnw, with iiii army Joins tho Aiistrlans, an.i 
 difik till' Fii iii'li ill ll'ih- . , 
 
 Mtalal !i'niii';i'nii'iit of I'aiil, 18.50; iiiii'riliTi'.l, | 
 
 „ , , 24 Mai'cli, 1801 
 
 .li.x.iiiciir I. Miaki's jicni'i' with KiiKlaml . .May 
 llfi.iiiistlii'i'oalitiini iinaiiist Kruni'e . u Anril' iS.',t 
 .llfa.lrf.ati..lat.Viisl,'ilitz . . ; J II,',. • I 
 
 Trt.ily.if'ril»it with Kiniii'i' . . . 7 .July 1807 
 K,Miiias .li'lcalcl l.y thu Tii.k.^, iii'iir Sili-tiiM, I 
 
 ».r»ith Fran,',. .... '"jt,';^' \l°l \ 
 
 111' Russians ilifiati'il at .Smolcnsko, 17A111/ ■ ami 
 
 itIlH'ltnr..,|ino .... : ,,s..,,t 
 il-siim' liiiriil hy tlio Iliissians, 14 Si'iit. ; rolivat of 
 
 ll..'Kr,'.iilili,'p,is , , . . . ,j,,,.t 
 
 Kl'NNlA, 
 
 l'|'.ii'..ofAilriaho|,|,. . , '" ~ ; 
 
 f:!;;^;/.!;;mi.r':''"r:!^r'"''^'''*''''''?- 
 "...I I'-iui. refii,,'.., )i::^X^X"'^!!^i^7 
 
 TlM.y„r,.,..nttoKoni,'h,|nA.la.Mimir . ' 'j;;: 
 
 \u::inZTry''r ""■'''"■'"•'■ «•"' 
 
 ''^ SBB^ ;.Mi ^:,:;, 
 
 nJ::-:!;:^^::\:;!r'-'^ "^^ '"■«"" '^T' 
 
 ,•-; ;-""•"'- I'll sonfrontii.rsofTMrkoy Ivh' 
 
 /";;»,:!':;"" ^^''■'■'•''«'^''«'''' (.Ml,:! ,.',,,:,,i 
 
 AiLstiia ,1, ui,";;;:' "'" '■■'"'"■••"■•^ "' ""--ih i 
 
 AmlkiiiKollinissia at Warsaw ' '^'^;''I- 
 
 ni^™';o^!:.;;n ;!:.:- "^-Mnnki'r: ';,;. 
 
 Tim noi'tlii'rn proyimi's put In a Hiat,: of sii.;,'.''' 
 
 '^;'S:;~";:r;£''i,i;;r;S'H:!S' 
 
 •839 
 
 iHv> 
 i8.|o 
 
 1846 
 
 iHvi 
 
 1811 
 I'SV 
 i''<31 
 
 .354 
 
 i8jj 
 i8j6 
 
 i''™|Yj;['''''''''''''i>'''"»l<-'<'fLelp'slo, 6,'t^8i5 
 
 Miiri'fi. 1814 
 
 Jiiiii', 
 
 tiitcri'il i'aris 
 Ur visits Kiidaiiil 
 
 fi'mistlie Hilly Alliiiiii'O ... „ 
 
 Ilii'gniiiililuki'fonstaiitinei'unounci'.s tlit'riulitof 
 
 MllTMsillll ... 0,7 I,.„ Q 
 
 falli Of AK'xaiiih'r, i D.'o, /Pi'st^irH .'onspirry 
 .winsl Nu'liiil.'is I. ; insurrection of troops at 
 M.si'.*;,,„,|,ri.sseil . . . 2b-,g U,;:. ,82^ 
 
 Wiiiiiisirdwni'.l at Moscow . . . 3 Sent 1° t^ 
 r.:,v,i;ni.t IVi^iii 38 Sent 
 
 tts'trtT"' '''"'''•'"'' • '"^•est'^'l with the onler of " 
 
 Pra;^M,Z'nliussia„n,nVrsia' . ' . ?^^p!^: [tl 
 ».ir:»i»'.',.|i lilissia ami tlieUttoniaii Porte ileclaici 
 («tJ«,iti,aii,li'„«/f,,) . . . a6 April, „ 
 
 III- Msits liisaniiya'tHi'lMistni...l ' ' ' v"*'' 
 
 ^?:;^y:^\:r,!ri::,';r^'-'-'--'-l"f 
 
 Ah^^imier ciortsi'hakoif roi',.i„|-,„„.i„„, ,^;;;*^!;;];;;; 
 
 Amui'sty Kiiilitc.rto tl',,. ivh.,,, ' ^|- . . ,?JI,.-),1'!;'' 
 
 t.c,.l,,m'n,l,'i's,^e.;Ali'Xiiml,;^ll:^'eVow;;,^:'!:t 
 
 Maiiih'.st,, I'.ii ac'ciiii't iif'the Krc.li'-h aliil ll^.'?'\' 
 i..t,',n',','n,'i' 1,1 the alLiirs ,',f .Na :,',!. '' »"' ;'"■ ' 
 
 V,.., ' .""'^' ■■""' ^^■"'•''""' '''ii»"v iii'K 111 l.y i : 
 
 :, :yfp,^^^it7;:';;i:::ii;ir';L!r::ii:i;ilr 
 
 I liniml iluke folislaiitiiie yisit, I'l'aiiceaml'KiiKi;?,,,!; 
 
 i ^'!,V^'ot"'''ao I'l'l" "'"'"■''"'■ ^'"l""'"'" '" «tiit;','i''|'t'; 
 I =5 .Vpt. ; ami the emperor of Austria at Weimai'; 
 
 l™.i:r''''''""''""'*''"»^'''^"'''l'"''''l''^^^^ 
 *^mr?h"'\i''i?'''''''''''''"''^'''''"''''''''tViilaA'an'a' 
 
 ciii'iimnt .■'■'■■''';■'•''• '■'■""•"■^ ' '■ •'"''"'•"! '■^- 
 
 New commeri'ial lieaty Wi.h tircat'liritalli ,'2 Juu 
 
 Kiissia n'|.,„v,.,, the warlike moy.'mciits of t lie (er 
 
 mill conteih'i'alioi, ilniin,.,,,,. i,,,,;,, J,,' S ;" 
 
 't^;sKK7;:'i:i!i;^^-' "•--■'■«■•''-" "V>« 
 
 FriiitlesN meetiiiKsof the .'ini.ei.'.rs of liiiss'ia ,ni,'i 
 Austria ami the recent of Prussia at wllrsaw 
 
 Treaty with China for onlargement of ."mfulrce " 
 
 "?;;™ f'"- V;; """,' •• ""M-ti"" "f the' .':",'« '^'' 
 
 Ueiuonstratioiis ami rei'iression in Pulaii.l (i?/,'/.''" , " 
 
 Uistnrlmnces <n -s,,,,,,, ,j„,,i,, ,.,„,s,',lN'iy'aii 1 
 l.,.,storas,ert>i„ himself t„ he a .leseemlaiit o| 
 ii-Ul III.; many peasants slii.t or llofBod 
 
 Innndation. at Kiev. Moscow; 6./'l^i^::::;;!S " 
 
 '^'I'olan'il '""""" '"''''"'■' "'"•'■^'•'"''"'"■. govenmr'of " 
 Stmleiit riot.s at th,. university oV St.' retiTtlmrK, " 
 which is closed, b-j Oct. ; leoiieliea . 24 Oct. 
 
 .S57 
 
 it 
 
 1858 
 1859 
 i860 
 
 .1»' 
 
 '''H' 
 
 ffw 
 
 M 
 
 'V 
 
 !■•! 
 
 
 il 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 
 :^;i ^ - 
 
 
 j,i',i I 
 

 v'5 r 1 
 »'''■•■ 
 
 Ji\ _ 
 
 44 4u^te V I** 
 
 ... ■! •' 
 H4 * s 
 
 
 t^wm 
 
 1 • *.' 
 
 I' 
 
 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 \m 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 The n(il)lesHiuii;i ]» titioiiforiii>oliticalcc>iistitutiiii\ 
 
 .Niiv. ibol 
 Inrrcnsoil iirivilfps yriiiitc'.l t" tlic .lows . 26,1,111. 186^ 
 Di'Utli 111' NesSL'hdik', tlio cliuiirc'llor (if tlic i'iii|.iri', 
 
 20 Matcli. ,t 
 Alaiiiiiiih' iiHTcasi' (if fliTs nt St. IVtorslnuK himI 
 
 .M<Hiii\v ; t hi' Kiivirniiii'lit suppresses various ccln- 
 
 iMtiiiiial iiistitiiliiiiis . • , ,,, • 7","'' •' 
 niis.sia ivcn-iiisi-s till' kinf;ihiiii iif Italy 10 ,liil\ , „ 
 lojotli aiiiiiviTsary ..I the f.iiiinlMt jmi "f the Idis- 
 
 niaii niiiiiauliv at Niiv-iirml, eeliOirale'l 20 Seiil. „ 
 E-OL-aiiisatioii nf till' aipariiueiits iit .lustiee ih- 
 
 oiveil; juries tnl mph.veil in trials. \i;. i., ()(•!. „ 
 
 Tnile tax hill iiilinihieeil, ailiiiiltiiii,- ImeigiieiJ to 
 
 iiieivhaiits' i;iiilils. .S;i-. ... 26 NiiV. 
 
 Iiisiirrertiiiii in I'lilaiul 
 
 I Knr events, see ri'lciiil] 
 TermiiMtidiKifserlihini . • • ,, 3 J*'7''' '; " 
 
 I'rovmeial ilislitutiiiiis cstahhshcil thinii^'h.int 
 
 Hn.ssia ■ , ■ 'J •'■"'■ '^f'' 
 
 •Great vh-torv nver the Ouliykhs in the Laiieasiis, 31 
 Manh ; eiiiiKratinii "f the Caneasian tribes inti) 
 Tiirl<ev, April ; snliiiiissinn iit the .\il«as ; the 
 warileelareilti.l'eat aiieiiil. . ■ 2, lime, „ 
 The eesareviteh lietnitheil to the prineess llajjiiiar 
 
 Ciiiieili,'itnrv ilespateh from prince Gortselmki.ll t,i 
 earl liran'ville, .inreeiii}; tn a eonlerenee fur r.vi- 
 Kion lit the treaty of t(>56 . 20 Niiv. ■■■ 
 
 Prussian KoveriiiiientexpreP9essur]irisent(i.,rtselia. ' 
 koil's elreiihir, anil projioses u eiiiili'Hiii 1 
 
 ahnllt .11) X,,v. 
 
 Firm eoiirtemis despatch friiiii earl liraiiViU.,, ,,,1,. 
 
 s.'iitim; to a conference which shall " ■is,;i.iiil.|,. 
 
 witlioul aiiv fore^'oiic ciiiii'hisioii" . 2S Xmv, „ 
 The other iiiiwcrsat-Tcc to a cunlereiieu 7 li,,,, 
 He-orniini.sation of the army orilcr.'il . , .laii. ,. 
 Thl■ ciiiitercnce meets in l.oiiilun . n.lau. 
 The lilack ,Sea clauses atiroKatcl (.see Ill,id- >,,.). l.y 
 
 treaty, sinneil ij.Miinli. ,, 
 
 Sehamyl, the Circassian chief, iliesaliout .\| ni, ,^ 
 22-24 Jan. i86:i ' .j..|,, j,,.,,,„i ,i„i;,, wiailimir visits Kii;;laii,l . .Inu,, ,, 
 
 of Deiimark 
 
 28 3ept- 
 
 •Srrfilonialioli.sheilintheTraiis-Caneasianprovin.'es: 
 
 new inilicial system promnlKateil , , I'ec, „ 
 The Knssian noliles inpiest the emperor to estii- 
 blisli two houses of representatives l.leelmeil | 
 
 24 ,lan. 1005 
 New province, "Turkestan," in central Asia, eieateil 
 
 ^ 14 rcti. ,, 
 
 The eesarevitch Nicholas ilies , at Nice , 24 April, ,, 
 Iniliistrial exhiliitiiin at .Moscow chises . i6,Iuly, „ 
 Censoi-ship of the press rclaxeil : law lupins, u^ept „ 
 Uupture with the pop,., on acconnt of Hissia . 
 
 severity to Polish cler-y ■ ■ J'"'- ■""! ' '''■ ^^^^ 
 Assenilily of the miliility ; short, stormy «''*;;j^^'[,',|| 
 
 IimiiKurationoftriaMiy.jury in Hnssia . 8 Ans;. „ 
 
 Karakozow attempts to assa.ssmate the czar, 16 
 April ; after Imi'-' investigatiiiii into the origin ot 
 thephit. hcisexecutcil . . • 15 >e|'t- 
 ir with Uokhaia : conflicts with vaiTiiiK results ; 
 Hiissians ail -ame in May, rt sni. ; emleil . Nov . 
 irria-e of priie c Alcxamler, heir to the erown, to 
 priiKvss Daniiiarof Dcnniark ■„ ■ , Q N."V- 
 iianeiiiatiiin of many state serfs m Polanil, 11 Nov. 
 
 ,Iaii. 1867 
 
 Far w'ith Uokhaia : conflicts with vaiTiiiK results ; 
 
 Hussians ail ■ame in May, rt sni. ; enileil . Nov 
 JIar 
 
 1 
 
 ■Si'iee'i'lccree'''i''i"'^^ ""' '■•■'""'"•■' "f ''""'''' 
 
 nationality . ■ ■..•.„■ . m ... 
 
 Con.'icssof SlavnniaiKlepntiesat Moscow 5 M, v, 
 
 Bu sian America .soM to the Unite. States lor 
 
 7,000,000 ilollars, liy treaty, ij March; ratjliyj^. 
 
 Amnesty in favour of the Poles . . 29 M.ay, 
 The eziir visits Paris (i/-/,o7, .vi'-) . . . Jum , 
 Escapes assassination by licrczovvski, a '"^''•j^^^^^, 
 
 De.reefor the use of the Uussian lan.L'naf;e iii the 
 Haltic iiiovinccs 
 
 . 7, 1 Illy, 
 
 \ Uniii.auist collide to replaei) the nutliority of the 
 
 ■ , ..stablishcil at St. Peterslmi-K . 2 Aug. 
 
 The separate interior t,overnnieiit in Polnnil sup- 
 
 29 Keli. 
 26 May, 
 r, ,Illlle, 
 
 Samarcaml taken liy Kaufmann . 
 
 \„ stv for political olleiices t;ranteil . 
 
 Polish 'laiiMinaKe inteiiUcteil in public places in 
 
 Polanil . , • . , : ■ , •,,'",'■; " 
 
 The';",vi»mr)iMfr.«c«!;.'i-,ollieial.iournal,iiublishca 
 
 at St. Peterslairn . . • • -i? •'■'»• 1869 
 Socialist secret emispiracy anioiii,' the stinlents, 
 
 lieaileil liv Sii>;iu, Nelschajew, ilctecleil ; the 111- 
 
 luriuer assassniati il . ... ■ • •'■i"- >87" 
 
 IhivliiiKa , Chinese envoy, arrives . 2 ^e . ,, 
 
 Dies at St. Petersburg . , ■ • 22 hit'. ,, 
 
 liussia neutral ill tlie KraiiiM.-Pnissian war ,)ul,v. ,, 
 s,,i,l to lie arming, -'o Sept. ; contrailicteil 27 Sept. ,, 
 Fruitless visit of M. Thiers at St. Petersburg on 
 
 behalf ofthe Preiieli government . ....^7 '^•■pt 
 
 Military I'xereises, sham battles rniiiel St. IVt.Ts- 
 burg,' io.oooeiigageil : emperor present, 
 
 15-7^, .\ii^. ., 
 Trial of iiersons iniplieated i.' socialist c"iis|iii,u y 
 (at St. Petersburg); many coiulemueil In niipii. 
 
 souiiicnt ''ipt. „ 
 
 Klectrie telegraiih between St. Petersburg and Xa^a- 
 
 .saki, ,Ia|,aii, completed .... X,iv. „ 
 20otli aiiniyer.sary of the birth of Peter the Uivai. 
 30 .May, ifi72(ii..s.), solemnly observed by lliee.iiin 
 and niitiou . ■ •,•,■" J'""', '■':' 
 
 Vftir llir i/rrnl ironclad (incomplete) la\iiic,|i,ii n 
 
 St. Peteisliurg ^Un. .. 
 
 Great Kussian F-ncyclopiedia undertaken by pii.!. 
 
 lieicsina aiitiumi .. 
 
 liec iioiiring expedition to Khiva; ihrwit of mi,, 
 
 Maikosiilf aiinouneed .... lio, „ 
 Uiidoiuatic visit of count Si lionvalolf to l,nii,i,,n 
 respeetiug this ; presented to the cpieen ; Ullnsiali 
 concessions reported satisfactory . 13.1:111. li;; 
 F'xpcilitious against Khiva start , Manlj, ,,' 
 
 Tlie emperor of Uermany warmly received at St, 
 
 Petersburg V -M'"!, „ 
 
 The Shall of Persia visits St. Petersburg 22-31 May, „ 
 Khiva surrenders, 10 June ; a rebellion sui^inisseil, 
 I .Ir.i.v, ., 
 
 Juiuiiden Turcomans defeated at Tsclfaielyr 
 
 25, 27 ,!iily, „ 
 New treatv with liokhara, pubpslied . ,lv., , 
 Marriage of the grand duchess Marie with tliiMhiKr, if 
 
 ! ' 'Fdinburgh ■^i'hni. t-'s 
 
 i Visit of the emperor of Austria at St. IMerslnir;. 
 1 ,3 Feb, ; the czar in proinising his lieallli. say<, 
 ' '' In the frieiidshiii which binds us and alsii tlir 
 emperor William .iiid the ipiceii Victmia, I s,t a 
 i most sure gu;iriintee of peace " . . 15 l-Vli. ,. 
 I The czar visits Kngland . , . 1 3-1.1 May. ., 
 Count Schouvalotr succeeds Ih'uniiow as aiiilws- 
 
 sa'.or in London .... ami „ 
 
 New law ha- organization of the army . ..s,|,t. ., 
 ' Son born to the duke of Kdiuliiiigli ami anwl 
 i ■ ,luchess Marie . . . . • ■'5"'t- .. 
 
 I Visit ofthe emprcssandthe cesarcviteii tn Kii;:laii,l 
 
 i Mitropliania, mother abbess, of Sc^rj linw, Mus- 
 
 ! cow, prosecuted for fabricatingeoiiiiiieivialliills; 
 convicted, and sentenced to 14 years' exi, , Xm. „ 
 luteruational telegraphic eonlerenee ut St, lVtei-,«- 
 
 i billg i-io,liilv. 1:; 
 
 I F;xpeditiiin Cwith seientilic men) to K^aall^v,lli^k, 
 
 Ceiitr.il Asia, s|,iikeii of . . • • -^'V- „ 
 i Warwith Khokaud Iic/mV;, ,.r,) . 4 Sept. 11,1. „ 
 
 e mcrciiil panic tlirough failiiivof Ih: Sll,,a^l,■^.■, 
 
 a tiermau railway speculator, at Miiscav, I'l- "•■ 
 
 and Ih'ilin 
 
 X,n. 
 
 Uiplomatic circular of priii.'e li">t«''."'l<"ni f"',';'f '. 
 
 minister, ivpudiating tl lauscH ot the treat v of 
 
 30 Miireh, 1856, respecting the lllaek Sea, 31 ( let. ; 
 Kceived bveail (liauvillc, o Nov., who replies, 
 ,„aiutaiiiiiig tlie force of the treaty . 10 Nov. 
 
 Vieorous protest of Ihitish and Austrian gova-ru- 
 " ^^ i() Nov. 
 
 UecTee for forming military reserves, about 16 Nov. 
 
 At a dinner ol^ " Knights of St. Ch'orge," the I'Kir 
 declares that the three emperors are uinteil t,i 
 iii.aintain peace , . ■.■.,,■,' ,'•''''■ 
 
 Itiltic provinces (formi'ilv a provincial feilmlMii 
 with a governor), imorporated with the eiiipiiv 
 imdcr the ministry of tlie interior, mi tlieilraili 
 ' thegovermir liagratioii . . ■ 29 ■'i'" ' 
 
 Khokand, formally annexed (as I'crg liaiia) 2,j K'li. 
 
 Prosecution of a sect '■White Hoves ("keplzi)^^.^^ 
 
 Warlike enthusinsni ; liussian volunteers in liir 
 
 Servian army July.vi't, 
 
 lli.prcssion through Servian deh'ats . . I'lt, 
 Paeilic detduratiou of the czar to lord Aut;, l.efi".s 
 
 S:6I 
 
 t < 
 
ell fi'diii ])riiici! Odrtsi'liukiilt t.i 
 rfi'int! to a conU'iviiw: Icir v,.vi. 
 of 1856 . au Niiv. ■;-, 
 
 It I'XiiiTPSes siirjirlsi' nt Onvtsrlia. ' 
 .ml lU'oiioseH a ootitri.'iii . 
 
 |iiitcli from riii'l (IriiiiVilli', 1.11,- 
 IVti'IH-c wliiili sliiill '■ i-^iiiiM,. 
 ;olli' ciilli'lusiou " . 23 N,,v, 
 ill'.' to a coiitiTi'iiei; 7 |iir. 
 Ill' army onliTi'il . . .laij, isji 
 Is in l.nmlcpii n.l:iii. 
 
 SI'S ulirclSiltC'l (Sl'l' IHlIrl >r,l). l,v 
 
 ij.\hi;v!;. „ 
 
 ssiall cliii'f, ilicsiilioiit .\|m;, 
 luliMiir visits Kiicliiml , .Inn, , 
 
 slllllll llUtlli'S i-.iuii.l St I'.l.l,. 
 
 ;(m1 ; I'lniK'i'ori'ii'SLMt, 
 
 i5-'! A'l:. „ 
 |ilii'ati'il i: sni'iiilist rciiisiiii\i. y 
 ii) ; liiaiiy , oiiili'mm.'il t.. iiii]iri. 
 
 Si-l.t, „ 
 
 ictwicii St. Petcrslimgaiiil Xa-a- 
 pli'trd .... Xov. „ 
 if tli(! birth of IVtcr the (iivai, 
 ), solemnly olisei-vcilliy till, r.iiin 
 
 u Jniii', 1:- 
 
 iiiula'l (im'"iii)ili'tiO liiiiiii-iini ai 
 
 \»-r- ,. 
 
 cycloiiii'ilia timliitiiki'ii tiy piHi, 
 
 aiitiiimi ,. 
 .'(litioii tcj Kliiva; ilrfwil, nf pi,. 
 llCl'll .... l»ii. ,. 
 
 if iiitlllt SrllollVlllciir til I I..11 
 
 liri'si'iiti'il to tluMiiii'iMi ; Uiinsiaii 
 rti'il sutisfurtoi'y H.lan. r.- 
 
 it Kliivii stall . . MiHvl,. ' 
 Jcnnaiiy waiiiily utimvitI at si. 
 . ' . • • 27 Ai.nl, „ 
 
 I visits St. Pi'tiM-sliiUK 22-31 May, „ 
 10 June ; a luliellioii siiKiirvssi',1, 
 
 Ills ili'fi'atccl at Tsi'lfaii.lyr 
 
 .!5.-'7.i»iy. ,. 
 
 idkliara, lailirsliid . H.t. , 
 
 iml iluclicss Maiii' witli tln'iliiSiM.f 
 
 .H.lal,. ,:- 
 
 nil' of Austria at St. rilirsl.iii- 
 ir in ]iroiiosin;i Ills lirultli. says, 
 hip wiiii'li liimls us atiil also tin' 
 
 II aii'l tilt' iiiu'vu Vii'turia, 1 si't' a 
 tiitri' lit pi-ai (.' " . . 13 I'VIi. .. 
 ij;laml . . . i.i--i M''y. .. 
 tV siicci't'ils Hniiiiinw as aniliii'-- 
 
 II . . . . aiiliiiiui. ., 
 
 iiizatiiiu of tlic army . . Sipl. ., 
 
 iluki' of K<liiiliin;;li ami ;;raii.l- 
 
 i;iM. ,. 
 
 I'ssaml tliL' I'i'sari'vitili tn KiJiii.iii'l 
 
 i5 0,'t.-..4N..v. ,. 
 
 llior ainii's.i, of Si'ii liiiw. M.is- 
 
 il fiii'ralirinitiiiKi'niaiiii'ivialliills: 
 .si'iiti'iii'i'il to 14 years' I'M, . N'.v. „ 
 i't;iaiiliic coiift'ri'm'i' at SI. IVti'i's- 
 
 i-io.liilv. i-- 
 1 scii'iitilio iiii'ii)!" KiasiiiiV'iiUk, 
 imki'ii of . ... .\»'i- „ 
 ml lii'/iM'/i ,-'1') . 4Si'iit.--iii'i. „ 
 r llirHii'.'li failiiri'ofHr. SIrHiislvi:. 
 .■avspi'iuliilor, at .Miwuv, rra.mii-, 
 
 Xi'\. .. 
 
 ' Kiiijjlits of St. Goori-'i'," tl zar 
 
 llic lliri'e I'liiiicrors ai'f uiiiti'4 t,' 
 
 (fiiruii'ilv a i.vnviiii'ial fi'ilrniti'm 
 ir), imnriiorati'il with tlie I'liil'iiv 
 istry of till' interior, on tlie ilriitli 
 r l)a^!iatioii , . ■ iQ']!"' '''' 
 lly aiiuexi'cl (as I'Vi'tiliaiia) 29 Ich ., 
 seet" White Doves" (Sk.iiitzi) 
 
 .Vl'nl, ., 
 
 iasm ; liussiau volimtiers in (lir 
 
 Jnly-*l't. „ 
 ii};h Servian ilelVats . . Hit. „ 
 
 iou of tliu ozar to lonl Auf. I."!'t"s 
 2 Nov. „ 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 903 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 Iliei'tw, in ail n(lilre.,s.s at Mn.seow, savs that if siif- 
 ni'ifiit ^'iianiMtees are not gjveii liy 'I'lirkev, lie 
 Kill let in.leiiemleiitly . . . ,0 Xnv. 1876 
 
 Or stmii-slieinaml others trieil forlVaud, &i'., Xov. ; 
 t, is sentenced to liaiiisliiiiuiit from Kiissia 
 
 14 Xov. ,, 
 
 Ei'lai-iiasiii fur HulKariaiis ; jiartial imiliilis.ition of 
 IIP ariiiy "idered . . aliout 14 Xov. 
 
 |.[,iiialliwii of 10 millioii roiilili's ly Nov. 
 
 Jriit eiitlinsia.sni forUulHariaiis ; wardeelared, ami 
 
 biim 24 April, 1877 
 
 ieeTvrkfn; and li'u^xn-Tiirl.ish ll'iii', 1S77. 
 
 IJi' rsir wainily reeeivud at .Moseinv, 4 .May ; ami 
 sr. iVti'i-shiiif; 7 .Miiv_ _^ 
 
 (,-:,( trial of .N'iliilist.s for revolutionary prop'a- 
 .iii'li*!", l"';;uii ahoiit . . . . .,, (),,(, ^_ 
 
 f.'.jiaiiliaiKif 15,000,000^ nts percent, ann'ouneeil 
 
 12 Xov, „ 
 
 i;.efzarat St. Petersliui'}; ; eelelirates eentenarv 
 jiiiiversary ofliirth of Ale.vaiider 1, 23 Dee. ,, 
 
 j r.:Wiiii!"o''''"'*' ""''-"'■'''"'■■' • ■ • I lee. „' 
 
 Siliilist trial ended; alioiit 160 senteiieed to hard 
 
 'iitair; aliHiit goaeiiuitted, . almiit ,, l.'|.|i. ,378 
 
 TMlvel'i'eaiewith Turkey si^'iieil at San Stefaiio; 
 [:iifii|ic dissatislied .... 3 .M'lri'h, ,, 
 
 IVr.i Z.iMilit''li (nr Sassiilili'h), a yoiiii,',- wmmin, who 
 , klimlr'l.iie'l lirillHat nen. 'I'lepnli; prefi'i't ofSt. 
 Iviri-slair^ 5 I'eli.), for severity to prisoners, ae- 
 .iiiitrcliiy .jury 12 April, ,, 
 
 |;,;.,irli'(l.s|>reail of Xiliilisni in Kielf, Moseow, <te. 
 
 April, „ 
 
 fBlilicilflii'essiiiiK feelinj; against DnlKariaiis ; de- 
 sire to get unit of the l':a,steni ijiiestimi 
 
 .May-,Iiine, ,, 
 I (vnfiTfiioe at Berlin (irhirh sec) meets 13 .liini'; 
 uaty siKiifl '3 ■July, ,, ' 
 
 Cdi. Kaiifiiiann's ailvanee on the Oxua to oeetipy I 
 
 lUlh; ri'iHirted Aiij;. ,, 
 
 .Vilitots tried ami eomlemiieil at Odessa ; riots 
 
 railll'J S All'.'. ,, 
 
 I Ctirralilisalfeetion to the piveniment : geiier.il Do | 
 
 Jli'Si'iitziilf, I'iiii'f of ]ioliee, assassinateil in the 1 
 
 .iMtiiiSl. I'l'ti'isliiirf,' . 10 Ann. ,, 
 
 yriv5iii'r et'tit. loan 3oo,c>jo,oooroiilili's) issued on 
 
 li'iiiils L'o, 30, ^1 .Vii^'. ,, I 
 
 [k,i» ilccrreing state oH'eiiees to lie iiunisheil by i 
 
 1 military law .... emlofAii^-. ,, 
 I fa. Umiti'len made chief of poliee . . 6 Oct. ,, 
 1 SiU'lriits at a eiille^'e in St. I'etersliiiTj,' iiresent ail 
 a-Mress tn the eesaieviteh eoiiiplaiiiiiif; lit ;4ricv- 
 jiirni, II Pee. ; tiny ale att,ieked and piinishi'il 
 I'Vllii'inilii-eaiid cossaeks, 12 Dec; they issue an 
 S'l'lrtissoiin after . . . . ' . D,.,' ^^ 
 I P,-)!!"' Iii'iiii'trins Krajiotkine, j;oveni.ir, as.sassi- 
 inU'il ivliile letnrniiiy from a ball at Kharkolf, 
 
 21 or 2:; l''eb. 1875 
 
 I .(tMiiiitoilasnassinationol Drenteleii, 25 .March ;aml 
 lliei'zarhy Alexander Soloviell', a schoolmaster, 
 
 tliai-fviilver 14 April, ,, 
 
 ITi' !"ill tax almlished by ukase . . . .vjiril, 
 I KiHatUiistelfiiii the Don suppressed by military, 
 
 14 Apiii,' „ 
 I ti "• I'staWisliinH martial law in the ]ii'iivii s .if 
 
 .V lVii'i.sliin>:, .Moscow, Kielf, Odessa, and War- 
 
 •'«''l'il"l 17 April, „ 
 
 '•Lui'l ami l.ilii'i'ty," a Xihilist newspaper, freely 
 I ylsiim'iititiimsly eirculateil . . . .\piii 
 JM'iifll'oiiiili'nined, 7 .lime; cxeciifed . g.liiiie [' 
 |li:s"nteutat till' small ii'siill.s of tile w.ir . .Inly, 
 I Iiials. I'liiivii't iciiis, and executions of .Nihilists iit 
 
 Kiflf ami Dili'ssa .... .May-.\ii^'. 
 |(lrD.L.izan'lt,riiniiiianiler of expedition afiaiiist tl7c 
 I T-kkeTiirkiiiiians, dies at Tchat abmii i , .Vnj;. 
 \(ri l.'iiiiakiiit' suei'i'i'ds ill ciimmaiid ; severe battle 
 
 ..;(lwli b'|»' or Deiieli Tepc ; Uiissiaiis said to 
 
 it victurioiis, yet relreat with liea\ v loss 
 
 ,, , „ 23 All- (OS.), 9 Sept. „ 
 
 IIirjika.«lrsuoi't'eils Lomakiiie in command, 25 Sept. 
 |lf"ii.Miii>ky eiinileinned to death for attempteil " 
 iiMssiiiationiif^'en. Drenteleii, chief of police 
 
 ItelH'Wvalefr, ambiissailor at I.omloii[ rcsih'ii.,' " 
 
 I ijSiiv. (sumii-diMl hy prinei! I.olianof). ." '. 
 
 |ltt(iiilitoiln.s»iissiiiatio!i of the czar, by uiidcrmin- " 
 in.' railway train near .Moscow ; none hurt ■ bic- 
 CJA'i'arriaucsili'stroyed . . . r Dec 
 
 I IlitiM»s|iiiin'i' ',■„(«,< siisiiended for 6 inoiitlis, 4 Dec' " 
 
 Proclamation of the executive revolntiomiry coin- 
 imttee.instily,n« the attempted a.ssa.ssinaiiun m, 
 
 ''d'ue,''v!''''ed "'' ""' ^^''"''''' ■'■ll'"'''. i^l- I'eicrsbur/; 
 
 Explosinn in a -uard-r n ilileil with dviiamite .m.i 
 
 1 . .U'c S . IVtersl.nr- ; the czar ami l.unilv escape 
 II iM,Khbcin',.a little late fiir dinner: n'siddieis 
 Killed ; 47 yvoiinded; between 6 
 
 s/q 
 
 ml 7.0 i'..\i. 
 
 17 l-'eb. i33o 
 ear tl xplosion, 
 
 :lb,,ut 2,1 Keli. .. 
 
 nartiiianii, owner of a house 11 
 arrested at I'.iris . 
 
 I'anic at St. JVtersburK ; „kase issued ; appni'iiii,,:, 
 supre,,,eexcc,,tivee,ln,lllissi,,l,.«e,|.•|;|'is^le;i: 
 diclatllr ■ ' " ^■'^•'■"■^ive p,,»e,s; viilnal 
 
 '^ileclim!!i" "'' ''"'■'''"""' ''e'l'm'Sti'd by liussia'; " 
 
 Tweiity-nfth annivei'saryof the ezai'-sai^'essi.ni'l'ei!': " 
 biatedatst. I Vtersbiiri.' . .. '^ . ' , 
 
 "^;r'|>'^^'" '""(Mlndetsky, orWIaimskv .'' " 
 
 •Ml", cekl), a e.invelte.l ,lew, hlvs at .-en I, lis 
 
 M.'lik.,lf,4Mare|i; ha„j;,.il . . % m'"i 
 
 llartm,inii expelled fn.m nance ; k.'.s t„ [''led 11, " 
 1 riiice Urluff, amba.s.sador, ipiits l'-i';ii„e, " ' 
 
 Xiiiilist trials at St. Petersburg ; sent ' m'l's'i.Ml.'a!!; " 
 ■jiiM iiiil.ri.sonin,'i,t(Dr. Wcinmraml uiheis); cm. 
 
 Death ortlieeinpri';isafterahinK''illm's.s, ■..Dine' " 
 
 2. extreme .Nihilists convicted at Kielf (capital sen^ " 
 
 teliees remitted) , , 'ili,iiit 7 \i|.' 
 
 L-ka.sc „f 24 Feb. snperscde.l ; .Vlelik.'.ll, wlni'liiei " 
 
 wi' l',''"i' " '.''i '',"'■'' '"i'li'-^ter.iftlic inieii.ir, 
 
 "iril cli.'ii;;.. lit the p,,l|e,. , , . ' 
 
 Count lairis Mclikoirs scheme tbr a.lministmtiv;. " 
 ictoiiii saiicti.iucl liy the czar ; anmiiiiiced , Oet ■ 
 
 ,l:""."l" •"•'""' • • . . 23 Oct.-,/. J'/' 
 i,iis.i,,f low n.itional ilailv paii.'r i.iil.lished ( i.-t " 
 
 0.™t Nihilist trial at St. IVil'i-il,,,;!;;,,'™^^^^^ - 
 
 mns, explosi.,11 at Wint.'r Piil.iec, .v,, • si'iiten-es 
 
 Ivviaiolski ami 4 ntliers comlemn.'.l to d.'atli ' 
 
 s men ami 3 wumeii to iiiipris..iini. m ,,j x.iv' 
 
 Kviatolskiand I'rie.ssnakolf haiif;.'.! 10 Xov' " 
 
 Oeii. Skobeletfs exjieilition into Central Asia, ' ' " 
 
 o:rv;:;:;!i;;::h':'r;?;:,:'i:^'^'^ ■■•'"''< ..s,^!;;;;;. ,33. 
 
 AssassiM.itioii uf the ezar Alexander H. bv'cxpl.iVi'"; " 
 111 a liomb; a.s.sassiii himself killed'; Kisakolf 
 
 1 I n^ir' .' ' r ■ • ,. • ■ = '■-^'' n Mar.h, „ 
 I A line lorexphismndiseovered in the middle, ,f St 
 ! I'l'tersliiii'i; .... aboiil i.; Miri'h 
 Circular of the new czar Alexamler III, |,' i.i'n'.ri', " 
 
 |i,iw,'i's : h,' will aim at nil ami material ife- 
 
 velopiiiciit 111 liussia, and a pacilic forei;;!! pulley 
 
 Manifest.i from the Xihilist executiv nimit'te'e't'!; " 
 
 llie.'zar,,lleriii;.'pei,.'. .it.iiiamiiestvwitl, a Ic-is- 
 ativ.' assembly tu be elected by umversal siillnc'c 
 tie.' press, A.'c., be p'anted . . 2>Maivli' 
 
 Soiihie I'erullskaja, ami other Xil.ilists, arrest. ',1 ' " 
 
 The czar's manniticeiit funeral at St. Pelcrsbni"''' " 
 
 . tln'prii and princess of Wall's pr.'sent -.yMarHi' 
 
 A representative council forSt. I'eteisl.urt; elected ' " 
 
 Trial of liisakolf, Sophie Perotlskaja',' .ie'labliV^jllssie " 
 ..r llcssie llel.imaiiii, Kibaichiek, and Mii'liaihilf 
 (tour men ami two w, -ti), all clemm.,! tu 
 
 Tl '''i' 1 ,■■,'. • • • ■ 8, g April, „ 
 llic li'kki's submit ; maniudinns ecise ; objector 
 Skobclelf's cxpe.litiun aicomiiiished ; anii.iuiieed 
 
 liisakolf ami others haiifie.l ; Ileljmann (n/.rlViA " 
 
 ''•piii'vcd ....'. I- \,,|.j| 
 
 Treaty of jicacc with China aniionm'c.l ' ' \ pril' " 
 Xihilist manifesto styling the assa.ssins " marty'rs." " 
 ,.:^''- . .-.•,• ■ ■ ■ 1^' -Vpri'l, ,, 
 (. iiaiiges III mini.sterial oltices ; tcn.l.ncy tu reiUicu 
 autocracy of the czar anmiiiiiccl , ,'ili,iiit , ^,\,^y 
 Ukase siipplciiiciit.uy tu that uf ,,, |,'ei,. ,^6i' for' " 
 eiiiam'ip.itiiig s.'ils, r.'initting pavinents to iiiiuiv 
 li.'as.int proprietors ; anmiiinee.l . early May 
 Hcactiomiry proclamations in favour of aiitoeracy " 
 
 I 
 
 I 'M 
 
 
 1^1 
 
 
 M 
 
 '<iii 
 
 Vn* 
 

 ill?' 
 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 9ot 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 WW 
 
 (j9 April), II Mny ; resiyimtion of toiiiit Loria 
 .Melikullaiul otla'i- lilicriil iniiiiBti'r.s scmu iiftci', 
 
 iiliimt ij May, i 
 
 Gi'iMTil Inniiticff, I'liiff minister, issma inaiiil'i'stc), 
 .liM-l.iriiif4 rMi'siipiiffssinn tirit'lu'lliuii, mill pnimi.s- 
 iii,i; ri'loiiMs ; niiiiiircstn Inim Nihilists iilfcriiii; 
 I'cai-L' if ii'tniiMs lie ^'lantt'il . . 2j .May, 
 
 Till' I'/av, clii-^i-ly Knanii'il, liviiij,' in cUiBC scflusiun ; 
 i-iMitiiinuil pivliry iitri'pivs.siiin . . . .hinc, 
 
 Till' c/ar wi'U iri'iMVcil at Mnscmv, &.C., 30 .lulyj 
 tliiM-zarnii'i'ts tlii'i-'nipcriirotGt'rmany iit Hantzie 
 3 Si'pt. ; strinyunt dixTfc rt'siu'uting imlilit iH'U'i' 
 
 21 Si'pl. 
 
 Treaty with Persia signi'd . . . 22 liec. 
 
 Nihilist trials at St. I'l'li'rsluM};; :o senteneed to 
 ilealli, 28 I'Vli. ; I'lmiiiaiteil to penal .servituile 
 (exeept Snelianiiir, tn he slmt) . . Mairli, i 
 
 Gen. iStrehiikulf, p\ihlict [iroseentor, assassinated at 
 Odessa hy two stndents, 30 March; uxeented 
 
 3 -M'ril, 
 
 Retirement of the ehanpelliir and foreign minister, 
 (Inrtsi-liakiiir (his poliey war-like); sneeeeded hy 
 his assistant l)e (iiers ' . . nliiuit 9 .\pril, 
 
 Mineiliscovered under Moseow cathedral ; 80 work- 
 men arrested .... about 15 April, 
 
 General Kanfn:ann died, .lu'ed 64 . . t6 May, 
 
 Dei-ree for the t,'railnal aholition of the poll tax 
 (imposed by Peter the lireat) . be;,'innin'.' ,Inne, 
 
 Ife'riatieir res"igns ; sueeeeded hy eount Tolstoy 
 
 about 12 .luiu'. 
 
 Death of gener.a! Seobeleff, tlie hero of Pleviia, a>;eil 
 
 39 • 7J"ly. 
 
 General Teliernaielf aiiiiointed to command in Cen- 
 tral Asia 
 
 Sueeessful exliihitiiin of Kussian arts and nmnu- 
 faetures slimmer, 
 
 Revival of the Russian navy determined ou . . 
 
 Trani|uillity restored ; great festivities throuah the 
 visit of tlie duko and duclieBS of Kdinbnrgh 
 
 Jan. - Fell, i 
 
 Death o( piince Gortschakoff, aged 85 n .M.ireh, 
 
 Arrest of 200 persona at St. Petersburg 
 
 about 20 Mareh, 
 
 Trial of Kiliilistsat St. Peterslmrg: some aenteneed 
 to death (remitted), others to imprisonment 
 
 19 Ajiril, 
 
 The emperor and eni]ire»s crowned with great eere- 
 moiiy at >rosrow 27 May, 
 
 Patriotic and )iacitle manifesto, and unmesiy, 27 
 Xlav; and iiopiilar festival 2 June, 
 
 Poll tax aboiishcd for the poorest, rodnced for 
 others (i Jan. 1S84) on . . 8 June, 
 
 The c/ar and the kings of Denmark ami Uieece 
 lireaklasl with .Mr. Gladstone on lioard the I'du- 
 /ini/if ('i'.<?/i' Copenhagen . . . .18 Sept. 
 
 Reported discovery ot a great ecmspiracy at St. 
 Petersburg; many arrests . . about 27 Sejit. 
 
 Govcriiiiient Jirojects lor re-modelling tlie I'oin- 
 niunes luililislied I let. 
 
 Grand rnncral ofTiirgenietr at St. Petersburg, y (» t. 
 
 Foundation of memorial church at the place where 
 Alexai.ih'r II. was assassinated at St. Petersburg 
 laid bv the ezar 16 O'-t. 
 
 63 Nihilists seiitenred to Siberia . . lyOct. 
 
 l.ii'Ut. Sudeikin, cdiicf of secret police, and his 
 nephew. M, Sadmsky, .■issassinated at St. I'eters- 
 biiig; fit tril lilted In .N ihi lists aided by Jablnnsky, 
 a siiboidinate, whose life he had saved 
 
 night of 28-29 '''■''• 
 
 37 students at Moscow arrested announced 9 Jan. 1 
 
 Loyal address of the nobles to the czar, advocating 
 I'.nion of iii'lilcs and I'casaulry . . . 25 Jan. 
 
 Surrender ..f .Merv to Itussia, ellectcd by general 
 KomarolT .... announecd 14 I'cdi. 
 
 Proiiosals for stale loan not taken up, Nov. 1883; 
 another loan at 6 per cent, olfered m oiien market 
 Hbont 3 Dee. 1883 ; taken uii . . Aiiril, 
 
 Convention with Persia for cession of Sarakhs 
 (tlireateiiing to Afghiinislan) r<'iiorted 5 May, 
 
 The n.a;ority of the cesarevitch (aged j6) di Glared 
 
 18 May, 
 
 Death nfgeiicrai Todlcbeii, born iEi3 . i July, 
 
 Alleged dynamite conapiracy against the czar at 
 Warsaw 8 Sept. 
 
 Maria Wassilieona Kalioindinaia, at Odessa, sen- 
 tenced to 20 years' hard labour lor attempt to 
 shoot colonel Kateiisky . . fbout ij Se^it. 
 
 83.. 
 
 The ezar meets the emperois of (ieriiuiij ,ii„| 
 .\ustiiaat Skicruicvice, near War.saw 15 rs,!|,t 
 
 The letters of "Steimiak" and nlliers i.:v|„,.„', .|'' ' 
 cruel, dishonest, and nnscrupidons I'liii.iu,.) ,',( 
 giivernmeiit ollicials in pruliibiting the 1I11I114,,, 
 of knowledge and litcraliirc; pnipi.M'.i iiiiiii.,| .,.]. 
 l.ositiiin ol thciiobility and peasaidiv s..|,i..|il.. 
 
 The circnlatiou id' many rcligmus bonlis ].rii|iil,i|,.,i 
 
 14 Niiiilists (including 6 olllcers and ) \vii|ii,.ri, i,,,,. 
 .Mary F. Figncr)convicteil by secret cimitma'tii,,!: 
 8 sentenced to death at St. Pctcrsbiiig, h ii,.'t I 
 two men executed . . , , ] ijini' 
 
 The Nihilist journal, Xiuvibuiia I'iflln, naiiin-nrJ 
 
 aliiiiit 27 th't 
 
 Sir Robert Morier, British ambassador at .st. IVui^! 
 burg . . ' 
 
 Greatdi.seontentanioiigworkiurnaiid|.eaMiiliyJan 1 
 
 .^lissioiiof M. l.es.sar.cnginccr ili|.|niii;i|i.sHi,|^',||,|„|| 
 
 I'cspcrting central .\sian Imuiidarics jvt. 
 
 Ship canal from St. I'clcrsbuig lo Cniiista.lt i-,,],,! 
 
 jiieted, Feb. ; opened .... .- Jin- 
 
 Kussians advance to about 90 miles I'miu 'u,.i;it' 
 
 and hold Zullikar pass .... l>ii' 
 
 Three courses before them: to retire; tn ri'iiaia 
 
 and negotiate ; to make war . . . i Marcli 
 
 (It was mainly through the urgent reinunstraucfs 
 
 of general Lumsdeii that a euilisiuii was 
 
 avoided.) 
 
 iVrrangement that 110 fiirlli 'r advance ,,ii n,., 
 
 "debated lu' deliat.ible ground " lie iiiailii In- 
 
 Russians or Afghans (since terniel a •' snliniii 
 
 covenant ■) .... lOur 17 .M,ir, |, 
 
 British government announce agreenicnl tn ailiiir,i! 
 
 tion (by Denmark) . . . . 4.\hiv,/,', 
 
 The Russian general Komarolf, near the Ku,likai|!i 
 
 Murghab livers, commands the AtVliaiis to 
 
 retire; on their refusal, attacks them at .\l;. 
 
 tapa (or Akteiic or Pul-i-khus'it, near I'lUjilrV 
 
 I defeats them with much slaughter, ami caiilUM 
 
 ' this important stngical position wiih ,iiii!;.rv 
 
 and stores ; many AllLlians perish in the mw't 
 
 through exiiosure 30 .March, 53 liic-iaiiii kilVl 
 
 j and wouniled ; (sir Peter I.uiiisdi n lepniis »)u. 
 
 j aftju'k on the Afghans to ha\e been inipiuvokfl 
 
 i 14 April) 
 
 ! The British government prepares for war with 
 great energy ; stn lugly supjiorted hy -.In. enliinii., 
 
 and Indian princes 
 
 British giivernmeiit stjitement : new agrei'inent 
 
 with Idissia ; arbitratinn lespeetiiig li..;lit .la 
 
 j March 30 accepted 4 May; Heiuiiaik aen'iiu 
 
 I work of arbitration .... .May, 
 
 Agreement on delimilalion sellled hy eail tlis'i.'. 
 
 j viUe and earl of Kimlieiley, with >iM. ile .stul 
 
 I and l.essar ; ajiproval report eil . ;.iMav. 
 
 Cordial meeting of the czjir and the eiiipiiir iif 
 
 Austria at Kreinsier in .Moravia . 25, .'i.iii.'. 
 
 The .\fglian boundary iincsliiin settled uNft. . 
 
 Discovery of plot ae.aiiist the cau' ; .invst nt 
 
 military iillicers and others . . . Ainil, lal 
 
 I Tchisini' ironelad lauuehed hy the c?.w at 
 
 Seliastopol (other vessels coiistrneling) i3 May, 
 
 I Russia violates treaty of Iterliii liy linlani!.' 
 
 i Batouni not to be a free port . . .Iii.y, 
 
 : Honours and income of the younger iiieinliiT.. uf 
 
 the imperial faniilv much dimiiusle'il, aiiUiiiiiiml 
 
 July. 
 ' Busainu interference in Bulgaria (irluh ■") 
 
 ' Plot against the czar; slinleiil.. uiDi iljiiainiie 
 , and other explosives, deteeti d ij .Maii'li: :oo 
 
 I arrested Maul, ii£;| 
 
 Three plotters executed 31 Match: M'\en |eii!;ral 
 oHei.ders sentenced lo'dealh, the re-i tn van us 
 terms of iiiii>risonnient, i May ; iiiuie airisis 
 about iS May ; fi^c exeentcd . . loMay, 
 Prince Nicholas, the cesarevitch, iii.iilr diief 
 Ataman (lletman) of all the Cossacks at Nuvo- 
 
 Tcherkask i May, 
 
 N. Kalkolf, .jourualisl and pulifician, eilifur nf tk 
 Musaiw 0'(i;i»t, Russophile, died, ageil almiit ^9, 
 
 Stntement in the Cohiine Guxdlcu! theexi.sldiiTuI 
 forged letters imrpoiting to come from |iriiice 
 Bismarck (see O'l 11/10 ii,i() . . . . N'">'. 
 
 Baion llirsch's iiiesent of 2,000,000/. tor llie 
 cslablishment of primary Jewish hcluwls iu 
 
tllO t'llllU'l'lllS of UlTlii.iiiJ ,'ii,,l 
 
 iiii'Vioi', iic:ir\Var»inv 15, ir'si'i.t 
 ili'lPiiiiik" anil hUhm-s i'x|ifiM- 'i,,'. ' 
 
 t, llllil lllisrni|illl..||s I'oll.llli't ,"[ 
 
 [•ials in piohililiiii- tl,i' ,hiliKi,,.; 
 idlil.Taiuiv; i.i(.|.MM.,| luiiu-il-h- 
 luljilltyanil luvi^anlry fic'LL-utt 
 ■ many n-li;;ious l.ui.lis |ir,,|,,l.ii,,i 
 ilhiB 6 nlliiiTs ami j wi.uii'u, ,.1,,. 
 (■.)nvicti'(l liysouivtOMurtiantiial' 
 Ifatli at SI. I'ctiisliuv;;, n iii.( ! 
 f'l ..... iSij^.j' 
 iial, Naruilmiia Viilin, riMii|i,iirj 
 alpipiit 27 iii't 
 iBrilisliaiiitiassiiilniiit.M. IVIi-m! 
 
 luonKWdiknii-nan.livasiiiivyJnn. ,!':.! 
 
 ar,iMi,_'ini'ir-aii.l.,iiiati.>tl()l..,u.i(,i, 
 ■al .\slan iMiiUKiarii's i\.), 
 
 St. I'cliT.-shnrn t.iCiunstii.lt imiii 
 
 l"''"''', :^ M,iv, 
 
 ' ti> al>init 90 mill's I'Mia ll.-iili 
 111- 1 'ass .... i.>i,' 
 I'lirc tlnnn : to ivtin; ; t,, M:/r\ 
 to maki' war . . . , y\^y^{^ 
 ro\i;;li till,' iirKi'iit mnunstiancps 
 iimsik'U that 11 cuilisiui; «aj 
 
 it no furlli T acUaiii'i- ,111 i],,. 
 ili'liatabl.' grouml ' W iiiiuli; \.\- 
 rghiins (since tirnii'l a " salcinii 
 • lOoi- 17 M.dili 
 nt nnnomice ngrociacnt t.i ailiiita. 
 ii-k). . . . 4.M;n'/-. 
 nil Koinaroir, ni'arlhi' Kii^liliji,'.! 
 ■s, c'liMiiiiinuls 111,' AlVliaiis i, 
 'ii- ri'l'usal. attacks llii'ia at .Vk. 
 I' or rul-i-khus'ii, iii'ar lViij,!,.ii' 
 itii iiinch slau-liti'i , ami cai.tui'j 
 ; stri.nical liosiliini wiili arlillirv 
 ny At'-:liaiis larisli in ili,- h'ImV 
 ire 30 .\lari-li, 5:1 liiis-iaiis kil>'i 
 (sir r.'ter l.iuiisilia ivpuits the 
 Afghans to have In i'm ini|imv.ji;i'l 
 
 erniueiit iireijarcs fur war witl'i 
 itrnn!,'ly suiiiiurtiil by •.lii'.juluiuM 
 
 lees 
 
 I'nt stiitpinent : now aurri'meiit 
 arhitriUion n'spcclinx lii-'kt "n 
 'pli'il 4 May; lleMiaiirk ain'i'ts 
 lion . . . . Mav, . 
 
 ■limitation settliil liy i>arl (iiv,!:. 
 if Kinihi-rley, with M.M. ili' Staal 
 ijiroval ri'iiorti'il . 30 May, „ 
 of the (.'Kir anil the cni|«'rir ij 
 Msier in .Moravia . 25, i6.\iiL'. 
 ilary qiu'stion setlU'il uSci't. ., 
 ot against the cmr ; an.'*! "f 
 s aii'l otliers . , . .Vinii, i;;5| 
 il lauiK'heil liy the car at 
 ler vessels (onstructiiit;) i3 M,iy, ., 
 treaty of Iterliii liy ilii'laiii'i,' 
 lie a free iiort . . .hi:y, ,, 
 
 ■oiiie of till' yiiuiiL^i-r lai'iiiliiTs ijf 
 iiiily niiioli iliiniiiixlii'il,ai)ii>iuiiit'l 
 Jul;-, 
 renoe in Hul:-'.'uia (ir/i;v;i re) 
 
 Si'iit-Dfo. „ 
 ' c/ar ; stinleiits with ilyiiaiiiite 
 ilusives, ileteetiil 13 .Manli ; 200 
 
 Manli. i;;; I 
 
 ;i'iMiteil 31 Maieh; scmii |iilitii'iil 
 neiil to'ileath. the ii'>t tn vali'ils 
 isiininent, i May ; iinuu airisla 
 live I'Xeenteil . . 16 .May. 
 1, the cesareviteh, la.iili' I'liitf 
 inn) of all the Cussai'ks at Nuvo- 
 
 .SMsy, „ j 
 
 lalisl anil iiolitieiaii, iililiir iif tk 
 , liussiiiiliile, ilieil, afiil almiit (), 
 
 Oi/m/iic O'azdtc (if tlie I'Xlslf lice ul 
 
 imriiortinK to conic froiii lirince 
 
 liiiminiij) .... N'"V' 
 
 piesent of 2,(vxi,ooo/. for the 
 
 of iirinmry Jewish .sclwels ill 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 O'Jo 
 
 |l;iMa, aeei'pteil hy the czar; the inoiiev to he 
 
 Mill into the hank of Kinilainl, Irnstei's, "liarons 
 
 H'lilischilil aiiil lleni-y ilu Worms, aniimineeil 
 
 y,,,. ; saiil to be preniatnie . , . d^.,,. 
 
 jljivmcnt of tiiiolis on the (ialician bonier ranse.s 
 
 ' isciti'iiifiit ill Herlin ami Viennii . Nov.-Dec. 
 
 Ilif hnt/ii/i' Khssp, a Koverninent oi-ean, .leelare.s 
 
 that Kussin ileslres jjeaee but is prejiaieil for war, 
 
 15 liec. 
 Ih( striiiRent restrictions on the stmliea of the 
 iiaiversitits h'lnl to mneh insiibonlination amiiii(,' 
 ;ht' stiiih'iits, ami severe iiniiishmi'iit ; tho 
 Iiii;rer8ities of .Moscow, St. I'etersbiir^', o.lessa, 
 ju'l iiraiiy other aeailemieal instiliitions eloseil ; 
 Karlyall the umlergraihiate chiss in a state of 
 
 n-Wlieii Xov.-Dec. 
 
 liipl liiiiiilolph Chnrchill visits Hiissia ; reeeived 
 
 I'V the czar 26 Dec. 
 
 8r|',.rtp<l conspiracy ; many arrests about 9 Jan. • 
 
 Rt'iK'rtcil surplus in the budget, yet a loan askeil 
 
 lur; uiisuceessfiil nt Paris ami Uerliii , Jan. 
 
 jl'iicciiv and ether universities re-opeiied . l-Vb. 
 
 f,,r lirince IVrdiiiands iiosition (see Hitlijarki) 
 
 Feb.- March, 
 
 nfhi/hc^i "lurtsof law decide nKaiiist the claim 
 
 iitinii.oc 1: lieiiluhc to inherit the vast Wittxen- 
 
 ,tfin estates in Lithuania, as a forei^'iier (in 
 
 if'.'onlanci; with the Ukase, 14 March, 1S87), 
 
 March, 
 (Ceiiiiitfi! assns.shiatioii of tlie czar by lieiit. 
 
 ' Tiiu.if.'ii'lf (land /) Jlay, 
 
 Visit iif the eiiiiieror of Ciermany to the czar at 
 
 PrtiThof. 19 2j July, 
 
 Math centenary of the introduction of Christianity 
 
 cilelirateil at Kietl' .... 27 Jul v, 
 
 Ctiiti-al Asian (or Transcasiiiaii) railway opeiiei'l ; 
 
 |,riiiiiiiti'il liy geiii'inl Anheiikoir . . .M,,y^ 
 
 StarBiirki statieii in S. Kii.ssia, the eii;,'iiie of the 
 
 iiiiliriial train (with the czar) ran olf the line with 
 
 fiiur carriaKi'^ (weak rails); 21 jiersons killed, 
 
 tlie czar slightly injured . . . 29 Oct. 
 
 Aji'i'itieiitfor2o,aoo.oufj/. loan si^'iied at .St. I'eters- 
 
 to;, 18 Xuv. ; chielly taken up by the French 
 
 Iter. , 
 of the .administrative 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 [887 
 
 I 
 
 I Ihemiiii council ilisapprnv, „ >.. u,„ ,>.... ,1,1 l^M ran ve 
 thaii|;e.s pruposeil by count Tolstoi substitutin); 
 fpiitraiizntiiiii for local self-t!overnniint wliich, 
 however, are approved by tlie cz/ir (1SS8); the 
 il'iii-fm, established about 1864, beiiin virtually 
 ab'jiislieil, K»di. 
 
 lUiii uf ^ai.ooo.ooo francs concluded with the 
 Riitliscliilclsaiul other bankers for the conversion 
 
 , iiftive per cent loans into four |ier cent . Feb. 
 
 ICai'tain.ttchiniiir, with a company of S. Cossacks 
 (145 men with niiiskets and ;,'iins, also jiriests 
 ivi'iiien ami chihlren), evndini,' French ami 
 Italian cruisers, laiidnl at Tailjoiirab, in the bay 
 ufuliiick, near the French settlement, on the 
 RtJ .Sea, nil 18 .Ian., professinj; to ■•ombinc 
 mi«>iiiimry ami cnuimercial eiiter]irise in Abys. 
 siiiia. Heliiiik piissessioii ofa fort at .Sawdhi, and 
 kuisteil tlieliussiaii Haj;. After useless ni'Hotia- 
 tJin.tlieFrciiclKiilniindi'lryon 18 Feb. boinliaided 
 the flirt, killing 6 Uussians ; the partv then sur- 
 renilcreilniiilwereeveiitiiallyconveyeil to Hussia. 
 The French K'lVeiiiiiii'iit \ iriiu.lly i'ipolo:;iseil for 
 
 J llieiirefipitab'ciimliict ol the admiral ' Feb. 
 
 lillepil ili.soiiveiy of a dynamite consiiiracy, 
 I tsiiccially in the south, originntiiig in Zurich 
 
 J Wiscreilited) March, 
 
 ■Death (It cuunt Tolstoy, minister of the interior, 
 
 lEeoiiiiil four per cent loan announced, coniiiletini' 
 
 ■ the Hiiaiicial solieuie .... 13 .May 
 ■Hiefzarewiteli, agcl 21, aiipointed to niilitarv ami 
 
 I iK'htiealolilce iS'Mav, 
 
 Wkmate of file nrelnluke I'aul and the princess 
 
 ■ Aitsanilniiif Greece .... 16 June 
 1)1. lioiinuivo, niiiiisfer of the interior, confiiiue.s 
 1 «'UiitTol«tiiy'sre.icfioiiarv policy . JuU, \^^^, 
 ■llimage ol the grai d duke I'eta with priiices.s 
 ^ )l:lit2a. (if Mdiiteni'Kry . . . - \ni' 
 
 Jiiteiair visits lierlm' . . ', " ,i-,Y()pt 
 pMt eiiiileniic of iiilhieuza aniouK all classes iii 
 I M.Prtersliurj.', spread . . , \,iv |i,,p 
 Kilt. Solofoucliine, chief of tlic Moscow '.secret 
 I p»ilice, a.swssiiiated by a fenuile Xiliilist, who 
 I ciiiiiiiiif,s suicide , n '• n 
 
 1P90 
 
 ^ tak','.M''nV' '^'^""'.'■sion loan of 9-,,cx>o,oo'. roubles, 
 
 taken up, especially In Franci' . |.vb ,0n^ 
 
 Ceaiiit Tolstoys .ndministralive change's carrel ^^ 
 
 >i.t.;eti','t,t.iKetl,erwitbiii,'r,'asi.il|fr,ssillcau'in 
 ot thederinan iirovinei'.- and Finland . bvb 
 
 1 he czar threatened (by letti'i, si,.-ni.il Maria " 
 Ishebrikova, a popular wntcron eiiucation, cVc ) 
 foreontinuinK to suppress libertv, 5 March ■ siie 
 IJ arrested, about 10 .March; transported to the 
 t^ancasus ..... Aoril 
 
 btroiij- demonstrations of the sfudi iits I'lf Moscow' " 
 St IVterslmi-K, Kiclf, Cliarkolf, and other uui'- 
 vc.sitiesaml schools, dc"iaiMlin;4 changes; niauv 
 arrests and police supervision, ai,oiit Fe!i., 
 
 Tlie czar releases about 6., impiisnned sii^ldiw-s' " 
 llie man chosen to as.sassinatc the czar by lot 
 commits suicide, Icaviii;.' a letter incriminatiiw 
 1 . as.sociatcs; many arrests, repurted , ,, .March 
 Inquir.v by special commission' ; some stmlents ex; " 
 I pelied and others .set at libertv, at St. I'eters- 
 < linr^', (tc. ; order restored ... 7 \i„il 
 Oreat tires in the Ural ilisfriet, iron worki at " 
 Ualcisk and .\ett.jaiisk, aliout i,u(« houses 
 ilesfroyed ; about 40 per.-oiis perish, about 
 
 H.,i..„i .... 10 June, ,^ 
 
 e\ nal ot severe edict against the .lews (e'/i,Wi s,;) 
 
 Tlie czar and the German cmiieror iileiVark^iva'-' " 
 mibUiry inaiiii-uvres . ,- \„„ ,■( s,,i 
 
 A nionster liteniry iinitest a^;,',inst th,.' pcr.^;cut'ion " 
 ol the Jews in pre|,araf mn, headed by count 
 i.eoii lolstoy ; publication forbiddeu by the 
 Koveniineiit .... Xov 
 
 Decree for the revision of all foreij,-!! 'titles of " 
 noiiilily .... about i- Lice 
 
 (ire.-ory IVtrovitch iJanilcskv, historian'' and' " 
 novelist, dies . . . ■ ^. ii„„ 
 
 1'..:..i .■ »• ■ 1 ■.. . ' • .^4 l^( C. .. 
 
 ;.'"',"' 47 Nihili.sts . . . about I ; Jan. ,69, 
 kiiu'l'l'"'' '•■'^'''"'""" """' ■'"^"V.'.ia, about 4u men 
 
 Arres't' of i)cda.jetf, chnrjied v'vith 'the mi'.rder"of " 
 CO. sudeikiu in 1683 (.«..■ ubun), and other 
 .Nihilists, at Uostroma. . . end of Feb 
 
 New law for the legitiinatisinj,' of bastards iironiub " 
 Kilted ^^ .ji 
 
 Hcscript from the czar, placin- the great Siberian " 
 railway under the direction uf the cesareviteh 
 
 Cloudburst at Kkateriiioslav, great desfrucUon'o'f " 
 lite and lu-oiierty ... . ^Julv, „ 
 
 Count lolstin s .■nlministrative eliaii:,-es relative \o 
 the pea.santry elleeted at St. i'etersburg and 
 other proMiices .... Julv 
 
 A French iia\al siuadion, uinlcr ad'iiiira'l GcrvaiV " 
 warmly received at Cronstadt, - .Inly; the cz-ii- 
 visits the fleet, 25, Inly ; which liavi's . 4 Aug. ,. 
 
 tailure of Clops ; exportation ot gram (espeeiallv 
 rye) loibiilden (frnm 27 Aug.); n-bef works 
 oideied and grants of money . about 11 Aug. „ 
 
 The cesareviteh returns to .Moscow after a tnur 
 
 llle visited Vienna, 6 Nov.; at AtheusVfi '* 
 -Nov. ; at Cairo, 23 .Nov.; at Hombav, 23 llec. 
 1890; received by the viceroy af Cal'.'ntta, ae.-'S 
 Jan. 1S91 ; at .M.ulras. 6 Feb. ; Cevlon, i. Feb" ■ 
 Jiankok, Slam, 26 March; tiavi'ils in China' 
 Japan, April, .May; at (itsu, in Japan, he i.s 
 Wounded by a fanatical ollicer in a theatre 11 
 ■May, 1S91 ; traverses Siberia, ,luiie, July, 189'i.J 
 
 Great distress thn.iigh famine in certain'districta 
 ol the \ olga and ot her places, about 2 Sept. ('( siq. ,> 
 
 New J per cent, loan for soo.ooo.ocx; francs (lor 
 railways) negotiateil in Faris, about 17 .Sept.: 
 ojiposed ill lierliu, about 28 Sept. ; taken up well 
 
 Ivan Alexandrovitch Gontchaioli; impiilar novelist' " 
 aged 80, dies j^ .s^ptl „, 
 
 III order to relieve famine, the czar lorbids all state 
 balls and festivities; great ecoiKimy adopted by 
 all classes ij^( 
 
 Disputes with Great liritain respecting t'he I'auiir '* 
 ridge („•/,„■/, ,„',.) _ Aug. „ 
 
 l'"'""ii very severe in the central and eastern 
 
 I"'"'hcc.s Oct. ,» 
 
 Discovery ofa political consiiiracy al Mo.scow , 60 
 persons arrested, reportiHl . , , 12 Nov 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 1 1 
 
 ■■'1'. 
 
 ■iM 
 
 m 
 
 ri'i,: 
 
 •I 
 
 I- I 
 
 ir'ttrl*:'!' 
 
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 m" 
 
 i-ic, 
 
 ! 1! ''fffl^^. ; 
 
 ! I! 
 
 „ ■ . lip. 
 
 iilii ' 
 
 ! ■- ! 
 
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 IP' 
 
 ''^^1 
 
 ':,2 
 
 ^9^B 
 
 ' ill 
 
 1] 
 
 ■ 
 
 
k/ 
 
 
 III)' 
 
 
 ill 
 
 
 li(i''^ 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 950 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 li.a-. J 1 
 
 Decroo issiind pniliiliitinj,' tlifi pxportatioii of wlu'at 
 
 and nil its luuiliic'ts .... 22 Nov. 1891 
 Tour of M. ilii liii'is in Italy, Krauue, iind (ieniiaiiy 
 
 Scjil. — Nuv. „ 
 
 TJjnepsarcvitcli niipniiitcil pvi'sidciit of aciiiMiiiitti'i! 
 
 to di'id Willi till' I'llri'ts 111' tliii fiiiiiiiu' by iiii'iius 
 
 of private cliariiy, tlic ministry, tlii' lioly .synod, 
 
 and otluTs, 5 IJcc. ; jmljlic iidief worlds I'sttili. 
 
 lisliod Kce. ,, 
 
 Tiift Krand dnkc f'oiis':in(ini' (linitlirr of tlM> cziir, 
 Alexandri- II,). Iciinrd, alilr ami liberal, scinii'- 
 tinm vifei-ny (if IViland, rt'iiiovcd on suspicion 
 of favonrint; tim Toles, 1886; (lies, ap'd 5.) 
 
 24 Ian. 1892 
 Count Tolstoy (tlie novelist), active reliever of the 
 
 distressed penpli^ . . . early .Mareli ,, 
 Stoppa^'e of Ibe (baron) (Jiinzburj; bank of St. 
 I'etersbnr'; and I'lu is, 15 .Mareb c/ .-1.;, ; biinida- 
 tion arran^-ed, repo)lei| . 21 JIareb ./ ». 7. ,, 
 
 Russian .leu isb eiui,- rants probibited frcj ntei in;; 
 
 Germany 25 Mareb, ,, 
 
 Lar^e sujiplies of .\merieaii wbeat, Hour and pro- 
 visions traiismilti'il for tlie relief of tbe faieine 
 by the citizens .if riiila.leliibi.'i, in tbe liflimin ; 
 from Minnesota, in Ihe .Mlxsniiri, aiiiveat Lilian, 
 C'oiirland. .March. April ; transmitti'd to the 
 distressed di.slri( Is .... '4 April, ,, 
 Society of Krierids famine fund : 35,989/. received 
 
 up to ; . 1 .May, ,, 
 
 McetinK of the czai and (Icrnian emperor at Kiel 
 
 7.)nne, ,, 
 About 125,370.51-10 roubles e.\|iendecl in relief of the 
 sufferers by famine, Dec. 1891 — .May, 1892; re- 
 
 Jiorteil i3,lniie, ,, 
 
 lienioval of the restrictions on the exportation of 
 yrain, except lye, 21 June ; of rye , 23 Aug. ,, 
 .Sei' article Clvilem, 
 See I'lnnirii, 1892. 
 Tluril', prfiat ironclad cruiser, launched on ttie Neva, 
 
 the czar prescnl > Nov. ,, 
 
 Touroftbecesarevileh in (Ireece.&c. ; heisreceived 
 by tbe emperor ai Vienna, 12 Nov.; arrives at 
 ihe Caucasus, aboul .... 77 Nov. ,, 
 *' Darkest Uitssiii,'" a periodical res))ectiii;;]iersecu- 
 
 Aion, pullisbeil Ihrnu^'bont the world . autumn, ,, 
 Tbe firand duke Ser^'ius iuid the .i_'raiid duchess 
 
 visit the qneeii at Windsor . 25 No\".--8 Dec. ,, 
 Trial of 154 rioler.-. ;t,LraiMst cholera re;;nlatioiis (at 
 Saratoff, Sir.. i<i .Inly); 23 sentenced to death, 
 56 to imprisoiimenl ; others nc<juitted 
 
 4 Nov. — 3 nee. ,, 
 <'holera rioters (il Tashkend, ill July ; 20 at Astra- 
 Jkhan sentenced lo death ; others to imprison- 
 luent, 30 Dec. 1892; severe sentences miti^'ated 
 
 Jan., Keb. 1S93 
 \cry severe winter . . . Dec. 1892, .Tan. ,, 
 A train on the Slal'iust-Samara railway takes tire ; 
 
 about 49 persons perish . . . tt-Ijui. ,, 
 The cesarevitcb warmly received at Berlin ; leaves 
 
 2?, .Ian. „ 
 Kescri]it of tbe cz;u- furexpedilin^'the coustnictiou 
 of tile Siberian railway (arc iilunr, May, 1891), 
 
 about I I'eb. ,, 
 
 Xew internal loan, i,>, millions of roubles, at 4J 
 
 jier cent, for Pr veins . . . 10 .March" ,, 
 Cattle pla^'ue aiiioiii.' Ihe Diinf'oss;u'ks ; (ijiiiosition 
 
 to compulsory slau^'hlir ; reporled . 12 April, ,, 
 I'aiiic tbrouKb al.irm of lire in a cburidi at Ibmian- 
 oir liorisivdiebsk, .laroslav ; about 136 deaths 
 
 17 iliine, „ 
 Tnrill' war; duties on (lermnn imiiorts raise.l ; 
 
 •tiernian leprisals ; niiilnal injury . . .\iy. ,, 
 Loss of the U'«,.iill.n. irnmdad, see ll'm*'!, 19 Sept. ,, 
 A Russian si|uadion (5 vessels) under admiral 
 Avellan arrive al Toulon, warmly received, ij 
 Oct. ; oftlcial bani|uet ; };rand ball at tliearsenal, 
 14 Oct. ; tbe ailmiral and olHcers received by 
 jires. Cariiot ; b.-uiquet at tbe Kl,\'see ; Paris 
 decorated, 17 'let.; fetes. ki\, iS-24 Oct. : at 
 Lyons, 25 Oct.; Marseilles. 26 Oct.; farewell 
 Jiani|uet at Toulon, M. Carnot present, 27 Oct.; 
 letter r.f tbaiiks from the czar; tbe sipiadron 
 
 leaves Toulon 29 Oct. ,, 
 
 The .iilmifiil iiKKliiihif ironclad lauuclied on the 
 
 Jsfiva, tbe czar present .... 8 Nov. ,, 
 Death of ,M. Tscdiaikowsky, inusical composer; 
 .•itate funeral at St. I'ctersburg . . 9 Nov. ,, 
 
 Death of sir Hobert Morier, Ilritisli Aiiili,is»;i,|i 
 apiil 66, at .Montreux on tlie lake of (ieiipvi, "' 
 
 Ilidife'ious persecution in Litbuanin ; re|H.rtHl " "' ' 
 
 Commercial treaty with nermaiiy for „ v.'i'I."' 
 sinned, 10 Feb. ; comes into foriv . 20 .\j.,ivr 
 
 Sir i'rank Cavendish l^ascelles iipp.ii:ii,.ii jir,.',!' 
 ambassador, about ... o.tl'iri 
 
 Conspiracy of nihilists and anarehisis ^iki,,.,',,'.,''. 
 many political arrests at St. I'eti'isliup'n'.i, •'] 
 P'''"'''-'* .\|ir;i_\i.,',.' 
 
 Con version of the 5 percent. loiiiiseoiitiiiii,.,| \\.\' 
 
 Decree of tlieczarile|irivinnliisiiiiiiisii.rsaiii|(,il!;' 
 ollleialsof the power of aiipuinliim nr i|i>iii^,j,.', 
 their subordinates; and re-eslalili,liii|^ ^i, i,|" 
 perial committee of control, snliject lo1ijiiis,.i|'. 
 to eommence on ... , x- " 
 
 .^h».; Ill, Cm't. battleshili, lalinelreihii St. iVi'r' 
 liur^' in presence of the cziir . , ' , f,"' 
 
 Serious illness of tbe czar; he |,.,-iv,.s i,,,' ,'; 
 Crimea, with the czarina and family , ,.,,s,,, 
 
 Kwiiitkowski, ,111 ollici'r, sentenced m Kii'ttn, j,,.,. ; 
 servitude for life for stealing ollici,-d li.ieiiii'i'.M"' 
 and 26 others to varying; terms of peiml siTviiii' "'• 
 '■'■ported ^,^^,;,'' 
 
 The yVmr .Sdi/i/.s ironclad launched m Xi(i,iiij,.||' ' 
 
 The ]u-incess Alix of Ilesse is betrotl t", ,'|',; 
 
 ci'sarevitch : receivi'd by the czar . 12111'' 
 
 Death of tbe czar, Alexander 111., nl l.ivmha iiW 
 49; essentially a Hussiau conser'aiive DrtlViiu- 
 a priunoter of peace .... ,y ' 
 
 Accession of Niclinlas II. . . . j y ^Z 
 
 I'reliminarv funeral of the czar at .M.'iseow ■ 11,,'. 
 imiierial family, the priiici' and pviMcissulWui,., 
 and other eminent jiersons iireseiii. ,, Xi,v ■ 
 solemn service and intermi'iil at .si. IVtirsinn •■ 
 many royal persoiiap's present, iiiclii.!iiij;t|,|.k;',; 
 of Denmark, tbe prince of WnWs, the liuliHiJ 
 Saxe Cobnrp;, the duke of York, and otliiT .li^. 
 tiii^nished persons .... in X.n 
 
 Laniicb of Ibe /v./Zem at St. Pelersli'ir^'. aii,|'t]i.i ' 
 /Vfivi/«n7ii/.y\ twin ironclads . , ^6, v, Ni,v 
 
 Tbe czar assures foreign powers, in a ciii'iil;,r .,i 
 his adherence to his father's |iacilie ]»ilic'v,^N„i 
 
 Death of Anton Hubinsteiii, a^ed 65. pia'iii.>i aii.i 
 
 c poser, at reterbof, 20 Nov. ; state hiiinalit 
 
 St. Petersburg j5 >;,,,. 
 
 Marriage of the czar to ]iriiicess Aliv (Alexiiii.lriii 
 of Hesse, at St. I'eti.rsburg , . ,f, Xni 
 
 Imperial inanih'sto of (demeiicy reIa|iii;,'toi).i|iiifai 
 iilfences, debts to the crown. \-c\ . .* Xnv, 
 
 Xew loan of 100, 000, (XXI roubles ;it 3^ jiir o'lit" 
 (issueil at 94J percent., redeemable at ;jr in --i' 
 years), 6 Dec. ; thonmghly taken n|i , ,-\i„. 
 
 Death of M. de Ciers. apsi 74. niiiiistir nf hma 
 atlairs ; jieaceful policy ; at St. I'et.rshiiv;; 
 
 The czar to the representatives of i2o.(x»C.l, Hi 
 his sulijects of all classes, whocaliiebicilli'i lli.ir 
 congratulations and lioniap', declares his iM,-i.. 
 tiou to maintain the principle of aiiluriac.v a< 
 
 lirnily as did his father 
 
 2<,,.i,.Il,ll 
 
 Delimitation of the Husso-l'eisiaii fruhtiir, si'Jnl 
 
 b.\' commission jv|i, 
 
 I'rii Lobaiiof, ambassador at Vieiiiia, jmiicii.ns 
 
 and iiacilic, a]ipointed Ibreixn niiiiistiT, 
 
 ig ^laa'li, 
 Coloiiid CrcKorieir sentenced to8 years'iii'iialMivi. 
 
 tude, in Siberia, hir selling' plaiis to tlie AiMiian 
 
 government ; 4 others exiled to Siberia, i.., Manli, 
 A^'reement with (ireat llrilaiii respectiii;; 111.' 
 
 Pamirs .Mirdi, 
 
 Helaxatio.i of the press laws refused hv the mr: 
 
 reported ' ,„ A|,ril. 
 
 The town of Hrest-I.itofsk destroyrd by lire. ;i 
 
 deaths, 16 May ; other tii'es, reported ' . .Iiiiii'. 
 Sihiisli>iiiil, battlf'sbip, hiuncheilon tlie Neva livili.' 
 
 czar I .jiiiHi. 
 
 Hn.ssia guarantees a hian of i6,o(xi.iX)o/, for I'liiiia. 
 
 ii7oi7i .sM, June 
 
 A lie.ssian mission to Al yssitiia returns uirti v\ 
 
 embassy and presents to the czar freiii the Nf;;ih. 
 
 2(1 June ; dinloinatic ridatioiispro|i«si'il . Jiii.v. , 
 The embassy lea\'es .... 7 .^iiji. . 
 
 Sir Niidiolas Hoderick O'Coiior Jippniiiteil liiitisli 
 
 aniba.s.sador ; announcid . . . ijSi'iit , 
 
RUSSIA. 
 
 KUSSIA. 
 
 0(57 
 
 Iwrt Morior, Dritisli AimIkiw,,!,,,, 
 
 IlltR'llX on till' llilil' (if (;iMII v„ 
 
 iitioii ill Litliuaiiia ; ri'|Mirti.,| ' "*' ' 
 
 nty with OiTinaiiy f,,r „. v,'.','!-"' ''" 
 I. ; ('(iirii's into tun'.' . ,„ ^j.||.,.|"' 
 iMlish l,ii,sci.llfs ,i|,|„,i:it,.;i iir,;i.l; 
 
 '.'.'"l^ • , • ,-. 9. Man 
 iliilists aiMl iiiiiinhisis Misiifc|,,,|l 
 I iinvsls ut.St. ri'tcishiiiyi,i'.|,i(|„|' 
 
 • ■ . A|,l;i_M,„. 
 
 IP sliiTci'iit. loiiiis ,tii,,ii,i \|,.;.' 
 
 ilnlc'Pl•ivinf;)li^,llliMist,.ls:lllli,■,|i|..' 
 ■ power of .■qiiii.iiiiiii;,-,,,.,!,,,,,,^^.', 
 
 iiiitffi ; iiiiil iv.|.siiil.li>liii|.. ,,ii |," 
 tec of control, siil.j.rt lo liiiiK..i|! 
 
 Ill J , >^- ■ 
 
 liiilllc'sliiii, latiiiiiiid i,t St, iV'.r,' 
 icf ol" liif czar . , , ji^.^y 
 of till' czar ; li.' |,.iiv,,s |„i' tD 
 llic cvariiia ami laiiiilv . jn.s, ,,1 
 
 illii'cr, sciitciicil III Kictr- 
 if 
 
 "llii'cr, sciitciicil III Kii.tri,,|„.|'.,i 
 
 :c for stcaliiiK nllicial il'iniin'i.t'. 
 
 .ovaryiii;,'lcriii.sofi,i.|.aUfr\iii|..i '; 
 
 ( iroiiclail laiiiiclicil m N'iiiiiai,.||' ' 
 
 lis- of Ilcsac is l».tr,,ti t", I'l,; 
 
 ivccivi^l liytlipczar . ,2,,,., 
 ir, AlcNaii.li-r III., al l.ivinlw,,,;;,,!' 
 i-a liiis^ian coiisi'r'ativi',ortlii,,ir,y 
 
 ■ "■■"■'' • ■ . . I \„t' 
 I'liolas It. • . , I .\mv 
 cnil of tliP czar at .Mosnuv' ili.' 
 y, till' prince aii^i liriiii'.'.s.sur Wid.', 
 liiicnt persons present, „ \„, . 
 
 ■ ami interiiieiit at M, I'etiisl.iii-' 
 
 |-solia}.'esiircsellt.iliclii,|iin;tliekV 
 lie prince of \Viii,.s, n,,. ,i;,t,. „f 
 tho ilnke of York, an.l dth,..' ,]j, 
 ■'*"i'^ . . . , ,,x„v, 
 ■nliiirii at St, I'eterslmr- iiii,| u,,. 
 twin iroiiclails , . 6, ,j ;^,,i 
 : loreiKii powers, in II ciroiilai- .f 
 to liis fatlier's]iiicilicpolirv, uX(,\ 
 
 Huliiii.steiii, ap',1 6j, ],iii'iibi r„„i 
 I'eterliof, 20 Nov, ; state liiiiiTalai 
 ' ■ . ■ ■ ■ ■ 2? Xuv, 
 ezar to princess Alix (Ale.\iin.irii) 
 t. I'eterslilir^ , , 26N1H, 
 sto of eli.|ueiicyrelntiiigto|ii)liticai 
 < to tlie crown, i^'e. , 26 Xuv. 
 cx),ooo,fxK) rollhles at -^il )ivr t'flit. 
 lieroeiit,, reileeiiialileat ;.ir in -i 
 ; tlioroiifilily taken u|i , ,. p,.,.. 
 (iiers, atreil 74. minisier of faviai 
 fill policy ; at St. PePrslni.- 
 
 .-jJali. ,; 
 
 representatives of i3o,o(i,i,.>im!| 
 r all classes, wliniiiiiietoulleitluir 
 
 iJi ami I iat;e, di'i'lares liis inio.. 
 
 liii tlie ]iriiiciiile uf aiit.iriiiov as 
 lis lather , , . 29, i)',laii. . 
 the Hiisso-rer»iiiii IVontiir. si'itW 
 
 'I F.'l.. , 
 
 , aiiihassailor at Vienna, .jiuiifiiiiis 
 iplioiiiteil foreign iiiiiii.sti'r, 
 
 iQ Mari'li, , 
 ■If senleiiceil to S .vein's' p,.iial Mi|vi. 
 ill, for selliii),' plans In tlie Aihtiiaii 
 4 olliersexileil tiiSilieria.iM.Marrli. „ 
 li tircat llritain ri'spirtiiii' Wv 
 
 llareli. „ 
 
 ic pres.s laws refuseil by the cziir; 
 
 2oAiiril. ., 
 
 ■est-Litofsk (le.siriivi.l liy lire. 30 
 y ; other lires, re]iiprti'il ' , .liiiif, .. 
 'ship, laniicheil on the Neva livilif 
 
 I ,illl:f, „ 
 
 es a loan of 16,000.000/. for (.'liiua, 
 
 ion to ,M-.yssinia ri-tiinis with .r; 
 iresents to the czar frniii tin- Nt'yii>. 
 iiiiatic relations inopiiseil , ,Iiily, .. 
 ves , , , , 7 .W:. .. 
 ileriek O'C'onor appniiitnl lliitiA 
 amiounci'l . , . i3Sfi)l. „ 
 
 j;,..|i siiffiiriiii,' anil huH of llfn by HtorniH In llin 
 
 • mill .S'liv, iSur; 
 
 1i,w.«h1 ilevelopiiient of llm \ iilimiccr lie 'I tor 
 wiiiiimT, tiMiisporl of troops ami eml^'raiils to 
 :ii-farKast ,Vov, 
 
 f.K.llelu'iiilsky ret urns Iroiii a siii ssfiil seien. 
 
 ;;:> ..upeilition into Chinese Ccnlr.il Asia wlih 
 irlii'illi'i't'oii-' I 
 
 5,r;.' .M. K, Sl.'pniiik (Kraichinskv), niilhornf " 
 ■ I'liilfrsn.iiii'l Hiissia," \c,, killi'il on ihe rail. 
 ivivatCliisttick ^1 I ^ 
 
 \,,,;iiii'k'"ts lor seven yens Ilrineil , .Imi' isi.o 
 
 Sir .SiVli.iliis (I'Coiior ((i,C.II,) arriws at ,si, 
 ivtwsliiir;; A|iiil, 
 
 Gin; iiiiToa.se of trinlii tliroiiKh iiillir; of loieimi 
 r.i|ii'.al April, 
 
 TJHft.«iii nail Hie Gni. Adiii. .Iiu-miii, warships, 
 
 ' U.iiclii'il hy the czar at .St, I'dersliiirn , 1 .. .May, 
 
 I H' fair enters .Moscow with a (.-rami pr sslon, 
 
 ' jiMay; cuionation of the emperor ami enipnvss 
 iitlw Citlieilial of the Assiiiiipl ion, I he royal 
 fiiiiily, lbrei:.'ii iirinces, inclmliiiL; llie ,|iik,. n,„| 
 ,l:]fhf«s of Coiiniiiielit, I.I Iuiiik ('liaii;r, Kiiinil 
 „T'!iry, iiii.l oilier forei^^n ivpreseni.iiives ami 
 
 ,;.:;liIalii'S, tlie hishop of l'eti'rliorollj;ll, Inlllls. 
 
 H- "(state, anil olliers present . .'ri .Mm- 
 lcriwi fi'sti^i'i'''* ami ilistiilinlion of cliarilles 
 ■ :liMi){lioilt the empire, imperial niaiilfeslo ami 
 .vjBralaiiiiiesly issued , . . jO .May (7 ,«i7. 
 
 ln.lVitti'aiilwiiiteil s etary of Htatii . ^7 .May 
 
 Ij: isiHYiiil lele tor the lower classes lieM on the 
 ' Klanliiuky plain, .Mo.scow, an imperial ilole of 
 (iH>l, &c, was to he ilistrilinleil aimni),' Ihem ' 
 f;i:''r rroivds lie^'an to assemlile Ihe pre\ ions 
 i;':lil. anil early nest nioreiiin liecanie niicon- 
 ::.illalile, a Kreat panic eiisiieil Ihioii^ili Ihn 
 :.rkMi );riiiiiid and laiilly ariMiineiiicnls, 1,4.,,, 
 >-isoiis wi'H' eriislied to deiith and 0(4 jii]iired, 
 ■jjlay; iiiiniediate relief (4o,i«.o/,) for lliesiil' 
 (•wrs \ra» ordered hy tlin czar; InrKii piilil|i< siili. 
 
 sTiiitions • .iiiii,,^ 
 
 iGcwl reviow of troops on tho KhodinHky plain, 
 I 7 dune, ,, 
 
 Ifiii-RiKsiin exhihition iipcnod at Ni|ni-Novuorod 
 
 I iiv.M. Witte i.liim', ,, 
 
 lll'cziiraiiil czarina enter 8t, retcrslMirn In slale 
 
 I •( 'l^.v! „ 
 
 I rii" czar mill czarina .start on a foreii^n lonr, ..,; 
 
 .luj;. ; at Vienna, 27 Ann; Klelf, _> Sept. ; lire's. 
 
 llll (irJlVA »fc), 5 Sept. ; Kiel, « Si'pl. ; ('open. 
 
 liwii, 9-20 Sept.; received hy Ihe prince of 
 
 I Wawat I.i'ith, and liy the (Jneen at ilalinoral 
 
 (iiWr«i'Siif weico presenled on the wav), 2.! 
 
 S'lit.: at I'lirtsiiiimlli, 4 Oct. ; eoiiMiyed hy li 
 ' |{n'iislisi|iiailnin. iiiet iniil-ehaniiel hy llie Kremdi 
 llrt, rmiivi'd hy pres. loinre at Cherlionrj;, ■; 
 (let.; Paris, niiieii reioicint;, liam|iiel al Ihe iciy. 
 sre. te, 6 Oct. ; visiteil Notre Dame, Paul hr.iiii, 
 taliita, &c., lays the corner Kloiie of Ihn 
 .llfBiKlerlll. liriilHc, and thcrehyof the exhilil. 
 tioii of 1900, 7 (let. ; al the l.oiivre, VeiHiillcH, 
 slate taiiipiet, : Del. ; Chillons, review of 7,,,i.wi 
 !:wps, 9(Jrt. ; at llarnisladl, n, Del. ; cscliaiitte 
 visits of the czar and tho (icrimin enipcroi' at, 
 Wifskiiieii, leaves 29 Oct, ; al Ht. relerslmrK, 
 
 ISuWrti ili-ath of iiriiiee l.ohanoll', aide ami llrii'i " 
 '. I'lrrai minister, while travelliiiK with the czar 
 
 ^ It ScliPiitowka ,,, ^\||,, 
 
 |M4ii', battlcshiii, lainiched at NIkolaielf, "' " 
 
 Ifcml ilracoon oIIIcit.s degraded for coe'ieliiK " 
 siUiiTS to violence a(;aiiisl the .li>w.s in r.„|,i|ia 
 wlmliy 5 Jnv.s were killed, and liniUllni<M liiotod 
 
 . anil liiinit ;, j^,,.,, 
 
 IPriiicp Khilkoir, minister of rallwiiyH, A'c, reliu'iiH " 
 I froinhistourin the Uiiiteil Hlati'H, itc, (oOci. 
 ICTOinonies and fttes In inciiiory of (-'iitlinrine II., 
 
 Iliiiimil wlict insiind HiiictlonInK the I'ornmMoii of " 
 
 n till' Ea,stfra Chinese lailway companv, sliarn- 
 
 I Wilm to be exchisively Russians amrchlnese • 
 
 ' jsi'to be completed, i,-28o miles, in n yrN,, -.i 
 
 "*;; "UMcription lor sliaros largely ovei'-suh. 
 
 H'nwvl , . , , 20 |)ec 
 
 |r«iiit.Miinivielliii,p„inteil foreign niln'lHler, u ,lain iBo? 
 
 ■tiirrency reform ; resuMiiiliun of simclo luiyiiioiits, 
 
 KUSSIA. 
 
 Kohl^coins of ,3 and 7J ronldes snhslitnted for 
 Kxplosionontlm (•/.:,; nV/Ai warsiiip la 1;,.,.,;!'';'; '^^ 
 Al^^loi. Niid.dai;.vite,i Maiko.1, ..n Iji^'l-^; " 
 
 ■'''Sii:;rt;l'J";:na;::i;ii:;;y^r'':;'' ''^''^"•t " 
 
 ,.,11,1(11., hiiii'ii, ;ii,i , ,,j J ni,|un;(i, 
 
 ' iv,;;'i!n;''"'"™' '"'I-'-"' "" •'- 1^1^: " 
 
 .M. Nossiiolfanmiiinces the diseove,\„r ! 'liV'^ " 
 
 sei,''2;Al;::''t',;V'"-'''^'''^'''''^''"''''^~ 
 
 I lii.ilway'fro.n'MosI.ow to Archan.ei coii'plKeli; " 
 
 I l'"i;|;;i'j;;;i>' i" a chnnhat Khnielovo (Koziidoi'^ " 
 
 ' ^'''wcnrrencyi.stalili'she.roii .,',,,, m'i,., i/ -4",><'t.- ,, 
 
 A^paieriU fnml opened u;'{!^:r1:l,l:T,j:^Z " 
 
 •I'l;;;^^;;;- nf spirituous' li,,nors made' a slat; 'nai: " 
 
 ;;:fl:;n^s,:iiz;^-'':'-'^--'.-;£:"'' 
 lliS.ii:s^-rrhi;;^--r,e:,,-,,.,: S :: 
 
 Ar linr and Ta-lien-wan, ^Marcli ; 2, vrs 1 S 
 
 ^!a!.;iTJ;;;;'(;:^;:-M-«;:y.'i;:n:i;s.^ 
 
 ,„"P!"'i"te,leoniMiamlant . """"""• « ; rK 
 ..;'■";''•"'" '•l"^"'l"l"'ntocun„nerce: 'aH' " 
 
 ''warsh;;;s':;;.d::;:^d''''^"'^''-»'--'''''^('^-''r " 
 
 "lIvVI;:.'!^';"""- ^'""^- -nhassador,";.'le[vi!;i " 
 
 "';;',';;"■■' ;.i;Pop"li; aKed77, inve;,j,a'';;f"^ " 
 
 CI,. ,''"'• ironclads („-/,,V/i s,r) , .„, \p, .,,,■' 
 
 "ni^:uo::'atS;ia^!X-}:V-:;;;>-;;i^^^ 
 
 li|.'Mer sentences lor liidi treason, at St. IVters" 
 A^ncidtiiral ilistia'ss ami ft.n.ino in' tlie'hitiS " 
 
 ^'suhir '*'"""''' «-'''t "I'l'nii.ted'liril'ish'kmhas: " 
 
 J''iie, „ 
 
 SovKiu;n;x.s of lif'isiA. 
 
 9 „ . "LKEiS OF KlOW Or KIEF. 
 
 »sn? .'fiiric. 
 879. Olet;. 
 913- 't-'ol- I. 
 
 045. Olga, widow ; rpijcnt. 
 
 955. Swialoslaw J —victorious 
 
 97.). .laiopaPi I. 
 
 ySo- Vladimir. Wladiinir, the Great 
 1015. .Swiatopalk. 
 101". .laraslaw. or Jaioslaf I. 
 1054. Isiiislaw I. 
 107.) Swiatoslaw II. 
 1078. Wsewnbid I. 
 iin)). Swiatoinilk II. 
 iii,i. Vladimir II. 
 1125. .Mitislaw. 
 11.12. .laropalk II. 
 ii,|3. I Wiat.s.dielaw. 
 u.aj. 1 Wsewolod II. 
 114(1. ( Isiaslaw II. and I-.ir II 
 1151. ( liostislaw. 
 
 C.RAND-IH'KF.S fT WLADIMlH. 
 
 n'^'M^'aHr"""'""'"'^' «"■''"''->'''''«' 
 
 1177. W.si'woloil III, 
 
 lai.t. j.lnrieorOeorgell. 
 
 1217-18. ) t'onstantine. 
 
 i2.ja. .laraslaw II. ; .suceeede.l hv his son 
 
 J245- Alcxamler-.N-uvski or Newski, the Saiat. 
 
 ii:i 
 
 . I' 
 
 I i < 
 1 i 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 «i' 
 
 \i' '1=: J! 
 
 iia&i^-* 
 

 
 tjl f 
 
 rl( 
 
 Itt 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ " lilUH 
 
 m' 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 '^S RUSSO-TUllKISH WAI{. 
 
 1263. JlWilsllHV III. 
 
 1270. 
 
 1275. 
 12SI. 
 1294. 
 
 J3'->5 
 
 ■stillTcl. 
 
 Vinali nr H:i^il I. 
 
 lli.iilri nr lliiiiclriiis. 
 
 Aii.livw 11. 
 
 Diiiiiil .\l.'Xiin.\n>vi1z. 
 
 ,Ini-ic"i-il,.cirt.'i' 111. ; lU'lHisod 
 
 Mic'lllK'l 111 
 
 132^. Viisiili nr Ha.^il II. 
 
 1125. Jiiric ni' (ii "i;;!' Ill 
 
 ,,327. Al™.ml|.r II. ^^ ,,,„,.„,(,. 
 
 ^ tiiat "' curs at .v.iy .stqi in enrly Hu-ssiun 
 aiiiuild.j 
 
 fimNIi-n-KKS OK MObCOW. 
 
 1328. Ivan nr Joliii 1. 
 
 J340. Sinil'nll, till' iM-ninl. 
 13 = 3. Ivilll nr Jnlill II. 
 
 UiMMctriin li vniii'i^nrSiisaal. 
 Duinilriiis III. Iinnskni 
 Vasiili nr lia.sil III. IVniiioi. 
 Vasali ur Basil IV. 
 
 auj Kronch jtovfriinii'Mts liaviu;; r.iMi t;ikiii ;im, 
 
 in till.' (lisimto bftwci'ii tlu' lirct-k • 
 
 Imrclics i,s tn thu e.\i-hisivt 
 
 j/o/'/ 1 ....... V -. / 
 
 iiilvist'il tlu' tbniiiitinii of 
 
 135> 
 I3f>- 
 J3S> 
 I4'i 
 
 1462 
 
 rz.Mis nF Mi'scnvv. 
 Ivan (Basilnvilz) or Jnlii. III. : t..ok the title 0^ 
 
 ,505. VasSi m^'laMl V. nMaiiie,! the title of enu.ernr 
 from Muxiiinliini I. 
 
 j?i^l^:::inr'U''r;::;:inri-''"">ii«-^i^^^^^ 
 
 liiiiphnil I'V his sii.ci'ssnr 
 ,59s. Boris-finannnf. whn usuriu..! the thnme. 
 
 ±|- K;'ril!v't!l''lnnlnstor, a ynu„K Vnlish ,n,mk ; 
 
 imt tn death. „ . , . 
 , Vasali-Chnuiski.nv/nmnski. 
 
 '^'^- " .^r,l; ,1 ., tVn,n lie. ezar Ivan-Hasilnvitz. 
 ,645. Alexis, sn„ ; style.l the father ul lus eoui.try. 
 ,676. Fen,lMrnrTl..".l..rlI 
 
 1682. 
 
 RUSSIA COMPANY, seo lUmn, 1553. 
 See Aiinricii. 
 
 RUSs()-TUKKls^^^yAl{.• ;rie i!„<,i,„| 
 
 '"■■ ■ ':tk*li;t> 
 
 ^i....^..... . "'<>i"ll I f 1|,,,| 
 
 ]luhl riiia.s {irliivli an) in rale-tine, the l'.,r;e| 
 ailviseil the formiitinii of 11 iiii.Mil eeniiiii5Si.,|j,| 
 wliieli (h'eiih'il ill liivour of tlie (ireeks, inm j] 
 tiniuill Wii.s |il()iinilnate(l lieennliie.-ly. M,,r,i|j 
 1853 : to this deeisiuu tlie French ue. etieil, iiiili.,K!jj 
 dissiitistied. 
 
 The Hiissiaiis make further elaiins, aiwl laiuce Mm- 
 sehiknir (who arriveil at Cniislaiitiiinpl.. .jS Kili. 
 
 1S53), I'V various notes (helWei'M -j^ -MiUili aii.l 
 
 18 Mav),' deiiiaiels that a eniiveiition .sliniiM i„. 
 siuiii'il'liy the sultan firautiHK !'■ tiie i-m muIi ,, 
 liroteetorate over the (Jreek Christians iiiTiuk..;, 
 as the snllaii eousiilereil iiiiniieal to his nwn 
 authnritv .... 22 Marili-i3 Mm, 
 
 Mi'Usehiknirs ultiniatuni rnjeeted; he (juits o.ii. 
 stantiimiile :r Mav, 
 
 Tin' sull.in issues a liatti-seln'rif eonlin'iiii,; sjl 
 the rights ami ju-ivihres of the Greek Llnistuiw, 
 and apiieals to his allies , . . . 6,luiir, 
 
 Tlie KiiHlish ami Fr'Mieli Heels aiiehor in Bwika liiy 
 
 llJllUr, 
 
 The Hussians, under gen. I.uders, cross the I'nitii 
 anil enter .Moldavia 2 July, 
 
 Circular of enunt Nesselrodem justiliealieii, zJnly ; 
 hml C'laiemlon's reply .... if.luiv, 
 
 The cnnleivm'e of ri'iueseiitatives of Kiiilaii.l, 
 France, Austria, ami I'russia niei.t at Viriau, 
 agree to a note, 31 ,hily ; aei'i.pted liy tin.' czar, 
 10 Aug.; the sultan rci|Uires nRidilieali"ii.i, 
 Ul Aug. ; which the czar re.jcets. . .7.si.|,i. 
 
 Two Knglish and two l-'reiieh ships enter the Da-.la- 
 
 i~i]| 
 
 f Ivan V. and 
 
 \ I'eter I. brothers of the preceding. 
 
 nelle^ 
 
 14 S'1'I. 
 
 EMI'F.HOIIS AND EMrBF.SSE!*. 
 
 Peter I the Great, alon,. ; took the title of emperor, 
 2" Oct i7-'i ; founded ^t. IVterslmrg. i 
 
 ratherine 1 hs widow; at tiisl the wife of a 1 
 Swe,hsh 'ir.W"in, said to liaveheen killed 0.1 the | 
 
 Pcb'n -n''!TAleKis-retrovit.,nnd grandson of \ 
 
 Ivlrvi an infiint, grand-nephew t.i Peter the | 
 Great ; immun-d ill a dungeon fnriByears mur- 
 
 Ell!^n«^li" Ihui^hter nf Peter the Great, reigned 
 Pctr'lH's;':'^:f^:ii,n:'a;id of Charles.Frcdcri.;k 
 
 ^;fJ''^n;;;;s;.;i';!;i!:ve^:^:;;mii;d:::e,i'''^'' 
 ---STti^i^iiai;t::iitorS'oi,:us!d^';di^i 
 
 r.u,\ ^'lersmfinui-dered, 24 March, i8o,. 
 
 .; , ,. I snTi (wlio after iiiaiiv adverse hattles, 
 
 ^'S a Vi- *'l-''- -i'" '■■™""'l,"' "^"f" 
 ""led in the nverlhrnw nf Xapnlenn linnaparte), 
 
 Ml'hnlasV'hronS; died 2 -March, ,S5S. . , ^ 
 
 !S . lini.isi. 1 i,nrn2oApr 181S ; inarncil 28 
 
 ^'',:;':h1''', . Ma V VV^H.ess of Hesse (she died 
 
 t Vme Y'^'-- ■)• said tn liavc married (morganatic), 
 
 ?,;' cess liolgnrnuki, 19 (3O J'.'b' : ■"■'™;«'^ 
 
 iinnouii 1, Oct. ■82-;,,,.if;>-;""t'^'^ "' "'• 
 
 J^'VfTni Mnni'io^M h ;84 niarried Mary 
 ^'iniuuul IH''.iart^ 
 
 v'l K 1 termed Kdu.-alor), son. bnrn iSMay, 
 
 ^'ilo" marie; Alexandra (formerly Alix), pri.;. 
 
 » r,r ll.'sse (horn, 6 June, 1B72), 26 Isov. 
 
 \Z Gri d 'luehesH Olga Nikolaevnu, born 
 
 ,= Nov 1 305. Tatiuna, liorn.oJmie, iE97- 
 
 Heir ^a««;;«i'e ; Ocorge, brother, 9 May, .87.. I 
 
 168 > 
 : /25. 
 
 I7S7- 
 I73°- 
 1740, 
 
 1741 
 1762 
 
 170'' 
 1801. 
 
 1825 
 j8s5 
 
 ili..iit.:> . . • • . . . ,^ 
 
 The sultan (with consent nf a great national k-m 
 
 deelares war against Hiissia . .501.1. „ 
 
 The Turkish fort less at IssaktoehaliresouaHiissiaii 
 
 llntilla (the liist act of war) . . . zjOci. „ 
 The Turks cross the Danube at Whldiii and i,i'..|ii,v 
 
 Kalafat 28 Oet..^ N.,v. „ 
 
 Hnssia ileclares war against Turkey . i X.iv „ 
 
 Knglish ami Frem-li lleets enter liosiilionia j X,.v. „ 
 linssiaiisilefi'aled at oltenitz.i . . . 4 X'.v. „ 
 Turks (ill .Vsia) I'.cfeated at liayandnr, Atskiiv. aid 
 
 Aehaltzik .... 14, 18, 26.V.'V „ 
 
 Turkish Meet destroyed at iSinoitt'. soX'V, „ 
 
 Collective note fnun the four powers reiiiiiiiii- tn 
 
 know on what terms the Purle will iicijeiiati. tur 
 
 jieaci! 5 ifcf. .. 
 
 Ciuitests at Kaliifat . . 31 Dec. 1S53.9 J.111. l^.^| 
 At the request nf tlie Porte (5 Dee,), theallii-.lH.ris 
 
 enter the Illaik ;-iea 4. Ian, „ 
 
 Russians defeateil at t'ltate . . . t..Iai!. „ 
 Reply nf the I'lUte tn the note of Die. 5, rnmaiiiiii; 
 
 tciiir points as bases (d' negotiation: viz., i, n.; 
 
 prniMptesl possibh^ cvacuatinn nf the iiniiri,.ali. 
 
 lies. 2. Revision of the treaties. 3. .MaiiiltDaim 
 
 of religions privileges to the cuninmiiities etall 
 
 1894- 
 
 • In i84.t, when the czar was in Kiiglairl, lioo.invfrs 
 with the duke of W,.dbngton and lonl Almilwn (rtaj 
 he had known iiiaiiv veais) resiieclin,;: the liissi.iiniiiKr 
 the Turkish cminre ; and on his icliirii lie iiul-' 
 Tiews in a memorandum dr.iwii up by eeaiit .\i.,"iln<l(,l 
 whiidi was transmitted tn London, but k-jit snnl tJll 
 March, 1B54. In .laimary and Fiinuary i.l' iltaluirildl 
 cz.'ir had several conversatinus on tlie siil..i"'t ivitii liil 
 Rritish envoy at ht. Pet.'rsbnig, sir (i. II. Siyiimsr. ill 
 oneof wliich (.Ian. 14) he emnp 11 d liirkiyt.ia-iJjkl 
 man" in a state of decreiiitude, :. the ]«iiiit .if Jiilli,! 
 Mid iii.ade proposals to tiie UritiMi goven.iiidita.sl»l^I 
 disposal of bis properly. He slate, fiai.kly tat l«l 
 woiil.l not permit the liritish to establish thiiiwlvfi il| 
 Conslanlinople; but said in aii..ther e..menMit>.t.l 
 would not object to their i.o.ssessing Kgypt. II.. ;. 
 piul of Ihesu colivers.ations was '-..ineV", ni .,.; 
 to lord John Russell, who reidie.l that the !nt;,-:.. 
 ni.'ut declined to make any provisi.in for tilt euiiU:..,. 
 of the fall of Turk.'y. The .zar made similar i.r„ivai| 
 tUc I'tenth sovcnuuem with tUc same resiut. 
 

 ;0-TUllKISH WAli. 
 
 :;OMPANY, see Itumn. ijjj.J 
 
 :n{KISH WMi* Th-U,i<,i,,L 
 I'orniiK'Mts liaviiii; i'ii"li takui iim,,,] 
 (' Iji'twui'ii till' (ircck !inj l.,i>ji,| 
 
 I till' fXl'lusivc ]lrl.,^,s^i^■^ (1 li.J 
 
 (cA /(■/(*(■(■) in raIr>liiH', till. li,,;.'jr 
 
 lll-llllltinll (if 11 lui.iul (•lilnilli,.;,],^ 
 
 ill I'aviiur of till' (jici k>, ;iii,i j 
 
 iKIllllllpitcd lU'l'finlilv.-ly, II Miir;, . 
 Jlisiull the i'l'C'llcll 111 I Clilil, ;lilll ,|- J 
 
 ilii' fiirtlii'i- ihiiiiis, iiii.l )iriiir,. M,,„. 
 
 MITiVi'il lit CllllHllllllil|.,|.l,. .■stvii. 
 
 iiiiis iiiitcs (liilwirii jj M.iiili all'! 
 1111. Is tluil a i-niiviiitiiiii ^lii.iiH |„. 
 sultiiii uniiiliiiK I" '111' 'int mh h j 
 ver tliii Oi-i'L'k Clii'Uliiiiis inTuifc'V, 
 1 culisidui'i'd iliiiiiii'iil til I, is iiu'ii 
 
 • 22 Miiii'li-i3 Mav. i;:,| 
 Itiiimtuiu ri',j«'ti.il ; lii.' miiis Cuii. 
 
 :i Mav, „ I 
 
 U'S n liiitti-si'lii'i'if iiinliii'iiiy all 
 I'l'ivili'^i'S of till,' Cjivi'k Cluisiiiiiis, 
 I his allii's .... 6Jiiiir. „ I 
 I l''i",'iii'li lIuL'ts aiu'litii- ill lii'sika Ifay 
 13 Jim-, 
 iiuliir gi'ii. Liiilcrs, cross tliu I'tmii 
 
 iliiviii 2 July, 
 
 1 Ni'ssi'lriiili; 111 ,juslillratiiiii, 2 July ; 
 US ri'ply .... 16 July, 
 
 I of ri'iii('si'iit,'itivi-s uf Kiinlaii'l, 
 I'i.'i, ftiiif I'lMissiii iiiiTt nt Viiiiiu, 
 lie, 3l.)lll,v; llrri'litL'il lij till; izir, 
 iij sultan ri'i|iiiri.'.s lii(iililiraliiin,i, 
 •ll tla- I'Z.ir lo.ji'rts. . . 7,V|,t. „ I 
 il two Ki'uiicli sliiiiseiitLTtlii'Da-ila- 
 
 MSi-l't. 
 
 II consent of a gl'ciit liiitioiiiil ivniiu il) 
 i^aiiist lliissia . . 5111-1, „ I 
 liiss at Issaktodui lires iiii a Kussiaii 
 rst act iif will') . . . 2j Ui-t. „ I 
 s tliu Damila' at Wiililiii nml i,r.ii]iv 
 
 . 28 (jL't.-3 N"V. „ I 
 war attainst Turkey , , i N.,v 
 dull lli'i'ts I'litir liiKiili'inis 2 X.iv. 
 I'll at l>lU'iiit/a .4X'iiv, 
 
 ) id'teatcil at Hayamliir, .Uskiir, aii-l 
 
 14, 18, 20 X'lV, 
 
 'Striiynl lit Siimiii'. . joNuv, 
 fViiiii till' four imwi'i's ii'i|iiinii- t'i 
 It terms tliu I'orie will iicj^ijliat.' t-r 
 
 5 i'«- .' . 
 
 lafat . . 31 1)«'. 1553-9 Jul 1: J 
 nf Ihe Portu (5 Dec), tliu iillii'il tli-ils 
 
 I'k Well 4 ''ini- '. 
 
 teil at Citato . . . 6J,ii!. „ 
 irte til the imte of Itec. 5, cimtaiiiiii; 
 as liases of iie^'iilialii'ii: viz., 1. Ik 
 ussilile evaeiiatiiiiuir the |.r;ii'i|.ali- 
 isioa of the treaties, 3. .MaiiiU'iiaint 
 irivileKcs to the eoliiiiuiliities ot all 
 
 lien the czar was in Kiejiiml, lie MVinrfl 
 111' \V..'lliii(,'liiii aii'l Inv.l .Mii'niiYii (vtlfflj 
 iiiaiiv yeais) resiu'etiii;.; tlic ilis-iiJal;ii 
 iijiire; iiinl on hisreliini lie iml'"4in; mI 
 iioriuiiliini ilrawii up hy iniiiit .\i>-i;.i>l(,| 
 
 islllittl'll to l.nll'liill, lint k''|'t snri'.llil 
 
 III .laniiary ami I'Vlniiiiry nf licit ii.ititel 
 nil eiillVersaliiills oil Uie slll',iii't Wilii iLiI 
 
 at Ht. IV'tersliiir;;. siril. II. Siviiu'ir, inl 
 (,liin. 14) lie eiiiai'ihil Tiukn t"i"s;(lil 
 
 e of ileeri'iiitiiile. ' ' the jinijit nf Jutli,! 
 losals to the IJritisi i;iivi,'niiiii-iil.isull(| 
 s iiniperty. He stateil fiaiikly tlul hi 
 mil the lii-itish to eslalilish tlii'iiiitlni it| 
 e ; lint said in iiiii'ller ijuiiversaliiiii, btl 
 lei'tto their im.s.sessiiig Kt,-)'!'!. Jfc. fjr-f 
 jouvcrs.-itidiis was r..ii\.-y.-.| iii ■i-;-.'. 
 tnssell.wlio reiilieiltluittliellntisl.. ■ 
 
 to make any iiriivisiuii fortlii'roiiiii-i 
 Iiiikey. The czar iiiaile .liiiiilar i*iiiai| 
 jjovtriuueul Willi Uio swue result. 
 
 i 
 
 Hr.SSO-TUKKI.SIi WAE. 
 
 y.j'j 
 
 EUSSO-TUIJKISII WAl;. 
 
 miifi'ssloiis 4' -^ ileliiiltlve settlpinent of tlio 
 
 i„nvi'iiliiiii i'i'S|iei'liii;; the Holy I'laees (ilateil 
 
 ;ili,'i'), aj.|.riive.l liy Ihi- four powers 13 , Ian, 1S54 
 
 HVii«''"iif''ii'iiii;-'elo.s.' . , ,f,.lan. ,, 
 
 I |i;ihf.iliiivi'«ten I'y "le Uiissiaiis . 2831,11111. 
 
 I |>|„|,Kiliii 11 lelter fi' the iiii|ieriir of the 'Kn'ni-h " 
 
 Hllli'«ar(j').lllll.)ileilllleil . . . r, Kili 
 
 I Tiirkitli lliililiii "t Hiisl.hiik ileslruyeil hv the " 
 
 Kuifiaua miller ISelnlili'is , ' , ,3 I.-,.],, 
 
 I niiimtinii of KiiHlaiiil iiii.l France sent to .st! " 
 
 PrliTsliiiri.' 27 I-vi,. 
 
 I n-'mr ''iliil not jmlKe it snitiilile to nive an 
 I :i»««it" • ,, • , ■ , ■ ■ 19 .March, ,, 
 
 I KiiliiUfet sails, miller sir C. Niipicr . uMnirh 
 iTtfitv bi'tweeii Kii^;laiiil, France, nnil Turkey' " 
 
 12 Marelii „ 
 ||l'i.Mianaunili'rlliirlsehakiiir jiass tlic Dannl,,. ,|,|,1 
 „rU|iy tlie iJiilirililseha ; severe eollllicts; the 
 larks retire . . , , ,,,2^ .Min'eh, 
 Ifain'ciuiil EiiKlaml ileclare war nfjainst Hiis.ia, 
 I 27, 28 .March; „ 
 
 I pifture between Tiirki^v ami Oreecc 2H .March 
 
 lOtiitiiiiriiliert mill French triiops arrive at Callil " 
 ' |,ili, souii alter fullnwril Iiy the KiiLrlish 
 I 31 Mardil „ 
 
 I Brians (Icri'iiteil hy the Turks at Karakai 30 May 
 I tii:li*li vessel f III I'liw, Willi a lla,i,'or truce, iircil (iii " 
 
 it'Mi'Jsa 8 .Vpril, „ 
 
 I fjir liiwers si;;n 11 prolocnl at Vienna jiiiaraiitceinf; 
 llip intetirily of Turkey iiinl civil ami re|i';iiius 
 rdil.siitlier L'hrisliiin siiliiects . . n, \pril 
 lliiiisiaiuilefeateilat Kostclli liy Mnstaiiha I'ach,',' " 
 
 I I" iM'iil! „ 
 
 Icinsivcaiiil ilefeiisive alliance Iietween Kn-laml 
 
 I .iii'l Kniiiee io.\pril, , 
 
 llMty lii'tween .Vnsli'ia ami I'nissia . . 20 .\ pril 
 |iflil'i,inliiii'nt iiroilessa hy allieil licet 23 .Xpril' " 
 lE'iisiaiis, miller p'li. Schihlers, assault Kalalat ■ " 
 I rrinilseil: the hiiicknilc riiseil . jq.o, .\pri|' 
 
 |Tli'fi>rsti'aiiier run ayroiiinl near Oiles.sa, c,ip' " 
 I tirfti by the linssians .... 12 . Mav 
 |R'jisiaii«ilel'eateil at Tiii'tiikai . , ij Mac' " 
 Ifei'DfSilistria liefiun .... 17 Mav' " 
 I.UHiirmii'siliseiiiliark .Tt Varna :■■) Mav' " 
 
 Ijktlis of the llaiiiihe bliickailci.1 Iiy alliei'l llcct's' " 
 
 1 June. 
 Buiiiiiii ri'imlsi'il at Silistria; Paskiewitseh ami 
 _ ii„iiiyiillii'i'i's wnmiileil .... t;.Tuiic 
 iTsrksJifratiil at (Iziir^'heli (in .\sia) . i(i,Iiiiic' " 
 l&vtre ciiiitliet before Silistria ; the- siev'e niseil " 
 . iS-26 .liiiie, 
 
 iBaltfriesat tlie Sniiiia months ilestrovcil liyiapt 
 
 I f'lfker '^6, 27.1iiii,'' 
 
 ■CJlitiiia Parker killi'il .... s.liilv, 
 
 |llm.iiaiisil,fi'ateil at Giiii'L;i'Vo . . 7,11,1/ 
 
 K.o!>5Frt'noli troops emliark at lionlou'iic fur tin' 
 
 .Billie ' 15.I11IV, 
 
 Burks ileii'atoil at Bayaziil in Arnieiiia, 25, 30 ,Iiilv ■ 
 
 j iifliii'ar Kars ,; .\ii'ir' 
 
 I ar'-ii'liTof Honiarstiiiil . . . 16 Au" 
 
 I iitiily ami .Vu^-iist the allieil armies ami llccts "n 
 1 Ilifpa.stsulli'reil severely fmni clnilcra. 1 
 Bt Russians Jefeated liv .'Seliaiiiyl in Georjiia 
 L . , . ' "'"'lit 23 a'iii;.' 
 
 lIlOTfvaciiatetlie prmeipalities . Aiie..2o .Sep't 
 
 [Br virtiio of a treaty with Turkc.'.- (.h ,,) the 
 
 1 .tuitriaiis, miller eouiiK.'iironini, enter JJucIiiivcst^ 
 
 kfes,iilfMm Varna, 3 Sept., and land at Ohi 'l-'o'rt 
 J icar Euiiatuiia .... 14 Sept' 
 
 lliriiiisli at th' ISiil^-anac . . . ' ,„ J^,.' . ' 
 liUk'Cifttiii.\liiia(see.Hra.-i) . , 00, So it' 
 Blas^iallJ sink part uf their fleet at Sebastoi'or. 
 
 kllifS occupy Ikilaklava . . . ^6 sl'i't' 
 
 |tithofiiiiir.',lialf!t. Arnaii'l . . ' ;„s.,|' 
 f'lim; Caiiroliert, bis successor . . ViX,,,' 
 ■(.■"Of St'bastopol eomineiieca— craml '.'it'tack- 
 ■ liviiliout sue oess) ... 17 Oct 
 
 Ml., of Riliikkiva-cliarije of the li-lit 'cavalrv; 
 I «ith severe loss .... 2- Oc't 
 
 forts' from SrUistopol repulsed bvgpnerals Ev.ins 
 ['■■■fi')*|ua ....-, ,6 Oct. 
 
 Uiisslan attack at Inkerimin ; 
 .Mis.s M«htiii-ah] and nur.sc) 
 
 45.000111™, a lai-cmimlier of horses, and a nowerfnl 
 ftiUerj-, were lauUea m uue aiiv. I'owtriiu 
 
 defeali ll . - .v,,^. 
 •"■live at Sciii i,-j_ 
 
 Oreal tempest In the Ulack Se.i, lossi.f th./i''"^'"'' 
 and store vessels ' ' '""'• 
 
 Treatyi.fallianee between Ki',^;l,,,,;|,|..r,;,,,',.' (',' ^,'.;.V 
 amlJJriissia---aeomniissii,nf., ;,,,::;'':,;• ;^;;:;|;,!i': 
 
 Itussiaii sortie , - "''!'• 
 
 Omar Facha iirrive's in fhe ('Vimea (r..l'l.,wc.l'hv".7'; 
 
 iurkisl, army fiiin, V.iriia) . ^ ' '',"'" 
 
 Hiiiilinia,iiiins Kiinlaml and Franco ' ' 5 ,'"'■ 
 
 Oreat siilleraiys in the cuiiii, Iruiii cold and si.TkuL'ss; 
 
 Kin..sians defeated by tlie Turk.s at'^'Ki'i'i^te'ri!;'; 
 
 Death of emperor Nicholas; accession „i''»''i''''' 
 aiider H. (no ch m.'e of ,,i,li 'v " ',,-^'",'- 
 
 Sort,,, from, he .M,,|„k,,„„>,„„.„'_ • ■_:,^'^^^. 
 I apliiieiit Uiissiiii nil,.. pits "" '':'"''• 
 
 Arrival of. Saiilii,ia,ic„„ti„^,i,„t . " " '^ -V,"'". 
 
 "reSy': '•'•:'■''• ^''■''■'■'-■'.-'--'o'n.y^e^: 
 
 Oesperate niKbt c hats". ' ' ' "' \\»y. 
 
 h..xiieiiitioii iiit,, i)ii, .si.,i of Azoirriiiiii, ,■. ii'i;-"*, '"■'' 
 
 "."i --• (;. iiriiwn); ii;.^;;;^: 'on ,^v ;>;;■- 
 
 lar^e amount of stores . . o'u.V V 
 la/anroK liomliaidi'.l -t -".ij -3 ,liiiie, 
 
 "arz;;^ "■: '"':"^" i'^^^'^ ""^- '^tii .la,,;^ f;^;;:;; 
 
 HiLssians evaeiiato Anap'i ' ' ' -S'lnne, 
 The White Works and ' JIanielon Ve'rt Vilkcn' 
 Unsi,cees,,fnl attack on the .MalakHoif t'l/er ami 
 DealliolIordU««Ian;suecoe.lein,y..,,',i;M-al,s'imt'.'n' 
 
 «';^^ii^;;;;,i:':-''--- Armenia, iiccnded^h;':;:;^ 
 
 lioiiiliiinlim'iit of SwealiorL' " ' ' '5 ''"'y. 
 
 Iiefeat of the Hnssians at the Tcliern.iVa ' ,1 '^""• 
 
 Anibuscadu on the glacis of the MiM 'I «■.;*"-■ 
 linssian sortie reimlsed '^''''i'i^lion taken ; 
 
 TIieFreiielitaketheMalakhoflv'e-/;,;, m' -'^Aii;,'. 
 the Ki,;,.lisl. assault t lii '"/m,', '^'--^''''''l : 
 theHussiansre,irofrom"'l,si ' ' ,;';,'™'''r: 
 torts, and the allies enter the ei,' ' , ■^'""' 
 
 destroy or sink the ren,a;n,;;:j^Jf^';;;,'f;--:;^ 
 
 T.-inan ami Fan.a-orio captured . ^ .Sept icl „ 
 
 l.n.ltuss,aiisa.aii,tin, Kar,„rede,eat^;\^;:|;^; ■■ 
 
 Kii.ssiiiii cavalry defeateil '( ,„ kiii,,,i' , •, '.'> *'''l''- 1. 
 
 «t KoiiKliil, ncarE,ipkrl:i;''bl:'^^J''ir;:-) 
 
 Kinbiirn fakeii . 29 .Sept. ,, 
 
 liu.ssi,iiisl,lowu|iOczakolf ■ ' ' ' '? Oct. „ 
 
 I,ar^'^sto.s^„fe„,.„i„.,„yednea;a,i.isk,t'^^:; - 
 
 Defeid of the Hiissians,"and 'pa.ssaL-e of th,* f. ^'"' " " 
 
 liy the Turks i,n,ler Omar Facha "?""' 
 
 Ihe czar visits his army near Se Ht'o„„r ,'' i"*'" " 
 
 "l^im'sii^piir^:"^'^^'^"- -Mn ;o,^;:f ■• 
 
 E.\plosi.in of lOT.ooolh. of iiiiwilVr in' ,1,, ',''■ ^"\- " 
 sicKe-train at Inkerman, liUh ^k,!;; l!)^ J;;-;;:!; 
 
 Sweden .ioins the allies by a treaty '= v"*'' " 
 
 Capitulation of Kars to ,„.,. v. ' .' 21 Nov. ,. 
 
 Kallaiit defence byKi'i W 1 [i, '.""■'"■"='^' '''"■' ■' 
 
 Death of a.lmiral liimit "''"" • • '^^''"■- .. 
 
 Hnsshu, attack on the FrJneli posts at ilanLi"^^; " 
 
 'i:;'ihoam;f:^^[T^,^i-i™:;»-iti;tiie-c^,!^:;^ ■ 
 Centre dock at «ebii^i;,^^Ai::^n';;;:-!;y,hcE;^i;:;; •■ 
 
 2 'Ian. iSsp 
 
 • II .Ian. 
 
 Council of war at Parks. 
 
 FrotocolsiLnied acci'otiii.r 11." *.",■■ *' 
 
 aHabasiiofn;;;;tKi' rt:^''''l'™l«-V"r 
 Destruction of ,S.'l«stoni,|,i|,eks " ''''''■ 
 
 U'port of Sir John 1 "x. in? 1 ; „, ' ' ' "''• 
 
 state of the any belbreS hi i™'', ^ ""'"''' ™ 
 ^ i"-lure Seb.isloi,ol, pulilished 
 
 Pe.aco conferences open at PiriQ n„ • .5 '''''l'. 
 
 31 March agreed 0,1 ' "" '"•""^'ii''' fill 
 
 Susiiensioii of hostiii,!,,^ " " ' • =5 l-'eb. 
 
 Treaty of iieuce coueluUed at Paris . * 3^ ^^^ 
 
 I I 
 
 
 I i ! 
 ' I I , I- 
 

 
 i ] 
 
 m 
 
 
 :V 
 
 w 
 
 
 r 
 
 'f. 
 
 •iff r 
 
 ■*. f 
 
 1-3^' 
 
 
 fi-m 
 
 RUSSO-TUliKISH WAB. 
 
 960 
 
 RUSSO-TUliKlSH WAR 
 
 Froi'liiiMiiii 
 
 Tim Ciiint'.i I'vaiuiil 
 
 if |ii'ici'c ill lliii Criiiu'ft, 
 
 ■.1 
 
 '.' A|ii'll ; ill 
 
 ■ji) Aiuil, 1856 
 i,S77, For the 
 
 RUSSO-Tl'KKISTI WAU. 
 
 insiinriliiMi.^, ^i'Ivhim war, mul tl 
 
 Hl'C T>ll-/,(l/. 
 
 Till) rzMf.'i.liln'Mscs 111.' .limy ii.MrKiwliciiclpii.viliK 
 wiVr, M,Ml,.:iti.m-,.is,.slmi.»i.M;" '!"> "'I 
 
 BliailSSVt|llllsCnllsllllltllin|,lr . . J 1 Al'll 'i:?? 
 
 Wh, .1 .■liin'.l ; til.' iviir s niiHifVsl,, siiys llmt \u: 
 " .■..iiiiM'll.M, l.y tl,.' ImiiKlity ..l.suii.i.'y ..I I "' 
 1.,,.,,' ,', i.inc,'.'.! t„iii..n'.li'i'i^iv.'ii.'ts; ll.lllstlli- 
 J, I on' .'i, •nUn.. I.M-.ij.-n i,..«i'i-ss..i,l ...It, l.y piin.',. 
 C ,t..'l,,,k..n; il„'liu.siaiis,'iit.'>tl,„TiirkislMl..- 
 ,ii,i„.iisiii ll..iiinMiuiiaii.l Aiiii.'iiia . 24Al.nl, ,. 
 
 Tl snlta.,'. Hrn.lar i-n.t.'sN "J^^'"'-' ' '; y;!!'; ,;' " 
 refiirs t.) lii-s rolorias aii.l tlii' tiratj ..I ^^l ai,is 
 
 [iiassiaa p'iH'ia:s^i..-.'i.i.'f i" ""'-'^ii'i, «'"S,;,';;!;': " 
 
 Ni.-lH.las, II AniM'iiia, jjiai .1 .Ink > .mh iia. 1 . 
 Ti'ikisli'pii.'ials. AI..I.1I K.inii >n huv^v^ , 
 Muklil .r I'a. lia, in Asia yini..r.| 
 Kulsialls li.'lVat'.l at T.'liunik 80,1, >■"«.■ ^Hi.t.m,,, ^^ 
 
 Til.' Hiissiaiis nii.l.a' tin' tJiaml .Ink." Mi.'liaVl ami 
 i.,."" M.'l>k..ll, a.lvaii.'.- int.. Ani."niii, .l.'l.'al 
 T vks '1.1 o.'.'n|.V llavazi.l Kl.'siTt.'.l) 29. ;i<i Apnl, „ 
 
 Tin- Talks it,.,, t'ln' ,.assa,'0 of tUo Daiail,,. a|Hl 
 
 T,!;);:lji':!nl:a'^^n!;,u;:..:t.a.-H,,ssian;i,^.u.a,.; " 
 1.. -.'iVi's t(. Ill" tivatv ..f i8=,has l.n.k.Mi : .l.'.'s la.t 
 eoiisi .'r tliat tl,.' «ar»ill l"M,..Mt tli.' Clirislmns, 
 au.l ms.'i-ts tlial Uassin lias s,.|.aiat.'.l li.Ts,' I In in 
 En .!.«.» con.'.Tl ; tlio HiiHsli «"^:''';'''",'l „*^ . ". 
 Ufitl't'i- cncunvnc .a.f appnival U. tl,,.^«,u 
 
 Knl'if.t ncdil.icl liv Itoiiinania.'s. . . 3 May, ,, 
 UnVs, IS M ■al.-.l in atta.'kiiif; lialonni . 4 «">-. „ 
 Tl, /»"/■'-■'. ■''"'■ki^'' >»"iHl'>i-. with ;i.»; ""■»- 
 
 iii;-'^i:xr^pin:nV^r-iUuec.a.;;nj^^ 
 
 AS:ar;.-K-.An.--.«t--''^™ „ 
 lns„n«.ti..n in tlio fan.'asn, «"!>Portj.l^^ by tlu. ^^ 
 
 N^lanriuy ;.f tlie Sn« Canal assured : -^j-i;;-^; __ 
 
 ''i;,l;:.:":^;;r^i- n--- «-»!-- ^■^i^';;;^;;;!^ „ 
 
 Turks sn,.e,srul in M.mtcnegro; cot.ntry ru,.,>H..a _^ 
 
 R;;;^lans''r.«s I,ower l.annl;.' l.V '■■i'lK™,;)' *;"1^'^ 
 m lli'iila- 6 li..nvs' ,:millict ensiU'S ; rinks le- 
 ^;;;l^!;;iunefuussian«o.=c.M.yMa..lnn,.,,Jnn,;. _ 
 
 Tln!''Lr.i'i'nnke Nid."!"" ci-osscs tlm Dannbe at 
 siam 1™ .V 208 piaitiaiiis, an.l .'Ut.'rs linlyaria ; 
 r^^l'ks'jeUrenev severe .ontiii'ts; 2 ^Uns. _ 
 
 ^'iJon'/iWciuisiiun. and warns Mal>o,n..ta,,. ^ 
 
 abonl as^"-. -» f i^'^;"^!^,iV'4',«x> (i.u'lu.lin« 270 
 nearly .6,cxx,,ttal*s' ■,,,,■'> ^.^^ a.l.l.'.l t.. the 
 olticiMsV, -^S" ^ ■'_ ^'^t T Kreii.ili l,«t alKint 63,300 
 ""*'''''fl,o Itas i- .''"".mt, half a inilli.in. The army 
 
 'i'.'"y7'^S™'iM, ' ai ,s^"f tin' British' sohli.-rs ami 
 A,^?,(nH/.ii<. I ':'''"' jjei^ost., theScntari Cnnicnn 
 S''''"rri ci'in m' V t ' ' litjuy hoiionrs, f.,r which the 
 .fu^urctuVus ^7.1.. to the st.ltan, Feb. .89.. 
 
 1 The Sliniiitza hridge destrojeil by a st..ni, i,r l,v 
 
 I Turks "''""t i».Iaiii, ,>. 
 
 Tl,.' llritish Meet arrives at Hi'sika Lay ^.\ul^ ' 
 
 Hiilii, linluaria. taken by Hnssians al.iait 5.J,ilv, „ 
 
 \ iM.'vi.a, Unl^iiria, ..e.'iipie.l by Hnssians u.luh, 
 
 Tirm.va, aniaeiit capital ..f llulgaria, eii|.'!ir.',l l.y 
 
 j liiissians umli'r neii. Ibinrk.i . . .',7,1,111, ^, 
 
 I Iliiviizi.l re-..i'eiM.ie.l by Turks , ..:.l,i,\, ^ 
 
 Uussians e..nipellii.l t.) retire from Kars liv Miiki,. 
 
 I 1,M' I'aslia ...■'. i^'biiy, „ 
 
 Til" invasion of .\rm,'nia ii.iisi.li'r.'.l a lailia,' ,liiiv, 
 
 ti...irkoi'r..sses 111.' H.ilUaiis an.l .•iili-rs li.',.,,,,-!,,, 
 
 1 1 .Inly ; (this movement I'ensmv.l), s.'MihI ^kl|. 
 
 mislies >4, IS. ^u,l,iiv, ,^ 
 
 Nie.. polls (Nikopol) surrenders (after si'v.'ie .■.,i|. 
 Iliits, 12-14 .Inly); capture of 2 l.iislius. '.oojin.'u, 
 2 niiinitoi's, ami .)u Kiins . 15, I'.bih, ,, 
 
 The Turkish .'omiiiamler Ab.lnl-K.'rim r.'i.l,ii'.'.l liv 
 .Mi'lii'in.'t .\li (.lilies Iietr..it, of Kreii. Ii exii;,,'. 
 tion); Hussiiins retreating . , , ,l,ilv, ,^ 
 Siih'iinan I'aslia bronght from JIoii1eii,';;r., 1,. 1|„: 
 
 Siliipka Passes , . . , al I j, ,lii|., ,^ 
 
 Aziz I'asha (abl.' ami p.ipulai') )<'.ll,'.l in ;, n.\, 
 
 .'onlli.'t at Ksir,ie, near Has^rad , 2I) .,r 2J ,lii|i, „ 
 Itiissiaiis severely ilefeate.l ; Plevna ivl,ik.'ii ;,v 
 Osimin I'aslia, 19, 20 .Inly ; Uussians iip.ii, ,1,. 
 
 IVate.l i", u 'liiU, , 
 
 Hostilities revive in M.mten.';;r,i ; tlie iiiilii,!, 
 
 Iiirlress Niksi.li l.esii'K.'.l luly, ,, 
 
 Tl..' K.inmaniaii iirmy .i'liiis tl,.' lliissians „ .\ii; „ 
 .Sevi'le c.ililli.'ts het.v.'eli li,,ssi;iiis ami Suli-in,,,,, 
 I'aslia; tin' Turks ev.'iiliially viilms; K-iki 
 Siijihra ami Yeiii Sagia, .Inly ; Kezinilik iiuil 
 
 Kiloier, lo.lnly, .■( .<.'./ 
 
 Uussians under liourko exjiellcl from Keuiii.-li:, ; 
 
 retreat to Sehipka passes . , al„>iit 11 .\ii-. „ 
 Uussians in the S.'liipka Passes relieve.l l.j liailrl/kv 
 
 .'1 Alii. ,. 
 Uussians defeateil at Kara Silar, near ( Ismiii, Ua,:,!, 
 14 Any. ; in the valli'y of the l...m, l.y ,\l,.li..iiiit 
 
 All 'lb""! -'-• .'4.\u-'. „ 
 
 Uussians defeate.l by Mnklitav I'aslii, ;il Kiiiiik.l,,,.,, 
 j or Kizil Tepe, between Kars an.l .\l,'M,ii.l..ii«,l 
 
 24, 25 All;. , 
 ! Desperate fruitless attempts of Siileiniin, I'asliiit.i 
 piiii the Hehipka I'ass hel.l by Uoiiik.. ;,i,il 
 Ka.letzkv ; Rieat slal'.^;hter . 21-27 Auj, , 
 
 Severe tw.'lve hours' battle in vall.'y ..f ll,,- I..,,,,, 
 near Szedina ; Karaliassiinkoi tak.'ii iiii.i rt'-tiikfii 
 six times; Uussians (umler the ('/.ii'.'Hit.liir. li,,: 
 
 in n. 1.1.1 .ir.ler :,oAiy. , 
 
 Priiii-e Clmrles with Uonmnnians .tilssi-s ilic 
 
 Danube "hinit ii An;. , 
 
 Further successes of Mehemet All on tli.' l..'i„ :H 
 
 Katzelevo, Ablava, &.'. . . . 4-<''i'l't. . 
 L..vatz or I.uftclia (important) .'aptur.'.l l.y l'rii,.i' 
 Inieritiiiskv and Uussians after a sliaip .'.nifct 
 
 i'^<'H- . 
 Niksicli (left liy Turks) captured by M,,iil('iu'j;rii,t'i 
 
 7S.'I.l. , 
 Sanguinary conHicts at I'levim, nr.'atl.v strt'ii^tliei.ftl 
 
 by Osinan I'asha ; artillery .Inel . 7-ioSi'i4 , 
 Fierce assault by Uussians and li.,UMiaiii,i,»; tl,ry 
 Kaiii the ,stronn Uravilza le.lonbt (with etl,.'^, 
 which are ro-tukeii) ; the c/ar presciil ; Mils',!!,!, 
 
 I.ISS about 20,M« .... 11, I2,S,'|1, , 
 
 Fort St, Niclioias in S.'liipka Pass taken l.y .siiiri. 
 niiin Pasha ami iiuickly lost ; niiuli U.i'>.lsl,nl 
 
 17S.'l.t. . 
 
 Mehcinet Ali repulseil in his atta.'k .m inwilimisat 
 
 ' * T.'hcr.'ovmi, lifteeu mil.'s Ir.mi lli.l.i . 21 Si'i'l. 
 
 Sii'Kc of Plevna; ('hefk.'t I'asha enlei-s will, re- 
 
 inforeem.'nts art.-r several skiriiiisli.'S 22.SriiI. 
 
 Monteiienrine sii.'cks.'s c.intinn. .1 . , .SH. 
 
 liattles of the YiiKiii ; sev.'ie .'..iillii'ts ; Uussians 
 
 repulseil near Ar.lalian, Asia ali.mt 2;, inSi'i't, 
 
 Uussiau losses, killed, wounded, ami laissiuj:, 
 
 47,400 rcportcl . . i,i.t.i2o,S.'iit. 
 
 Mehemet Ali retires to Kara l.om nbeiit ■ij>.e\'l 
 
 (ien Toilleben made chief of stalf liel.ir.! I'ltina 
 
 23»l'Pt. 
 
 Mehemet Ali replaced by Siilcim.an I'a.slia ; llanuf 
 I'asha sent to Schipka . . . . 2,3iw. 
 
 liattles iu':ir Kars ; army "f unie.l.lnke Miirlue! 
 attacks Turks under Miikhtar Paslia; sevmh 
 
 defeated . . ■ ■,, \ ■ , V*,"'i v 
 Turkish monitor in the Danube explode.! 1,) 
 
 turpedoes »''"'• 
 
 ■I"' '■ 
 
 

 J-TUIIKISFI WAlt 
 
 je Uciitiojod by ii nturm or liy 
 
 alllMlt ;oJui«'. I?., 
 
 rivi'n «t Itcsikii Iki.v . j.I;,|,, '' 
 cell liy Hiis«iaiis iilmiit 5 .l,il\, ^] 
 cclljiinl liV UllssiBll.i tiJuh' 
 ii|iitiil (if llulsaiiii, caii'iiivil Iv 
 
 ;oll. (iiilllkd . . (., 7.lllh', 
 
 it liy Turks . . u.lnix, 
 
 I to retire from Kam U\ \inV„. 
 
 'ij.luiv, „ 
 
 nuMiia cunsiclcrrd a failKiv ,lii|v, 
 ' HalUaiis ami I'lili is ll..iii:i. Ii 1, 
 ovuiueiit ceiismvil), ^•\,'nil »kii. 
 
 4, 15. 2u Jul', „ 
 
 1) Hurreiidi'rs (al'tfr swiml' chu. 
 ) ; i'a|itiiri! of 'J paslias. fooo mm, 
 .(O 1,'lllln . . 15. 1' .lilh, „ 
 
 uiialur Alidiil-Kcriiii i'i'|iliiiril in 
 
 UlcH ll.'trnit, (if KlflUll cMlllr. 
 
 retreat iii;^ . . .Iiilv. ,, 
 
 ruiifc'lit from Mnnlenejjin in ii,c 
 
 . al.ciit 21 Jiiiv, ^^ 
 
 mill ii'M'"''"') K'll'''l ill a ni*;i 
 1, near Kasi^ratl . 26 ni' 23,)it|\, 
 
 ilefeateil ; I'leviia ivlaki-ii ;,v 
 19, 20 July ; llussiiiiis ii);iiiii ,U-. 
 
 . i", u .lull, , 
 
 1 In MonteiiMt;ni; Ua' TiukUli 
 be»ieneil .... Julv, „ 
 liny .joins (lie llil-i.iaiis 1, ,\ii; „ 
 leliveeii Uiissiaiis aiiil Siiliinini 
 inks evcntUMlly vii-lm-^: K.^ki 
 eni ^agra, <liily : Kenaulik iiiul 
 
 ■, !■( sfi;. „ 
 
 iiiurko exi'elleil fioiii Kniimi.li, ; 
 k,-i |iasses . . alioul 11 .\ii., ,, 
 liipka Passes lelieve.l \i\ Umli-t/kv 
 
 21 .\u^'. „ 
 , at Kara Silar, near (lsiii;ui l!,i/;ir, 
 
 ■ valU'y of tlie I.iiiii. I1V .Mi'li.iint 
 
 iiliMiit .... ..^ ,\iij. ,, 
 
 I liyMiiklitar I'asliaal Kiimk.l.ii.i, 
 between Kar^! ami Ali'Xiiiiilm|nl 
 
 24. 2.;; .\1L', ,. 
 *«atteiniits of Sulciiiiaii I'aslwt.i 
 pka I'as.s lielil l.y (.Idiiikn ami 
 at slai'.jiliter . . 2-1-27 \u:. „ 
 iirs' baltle in valley of tl,e J,.iNi, 
 Karaliassankoi taken ami ii'-taki'!! 
 siaiis (miller llie t!/,iic«ltililnliii.' 
 
 ;,o All^', „ 
 
 with liouinauiaiis eni.wi's He 
 
 . about !i Aiv. „ 
 s of Jlebemet Ali 011 tlie l.cm ,il 
 ava, &e. . . . 4-6Si'ia. ., 
 in (iiiiporlant) enpluivil by I'riiire 
 1(1 Uiissiaiis after a sluirji coiiHitl 
 
 3S.-1.I, ., 
 i'ui'ks) eaptiiied bv Mniitcia'sriiii'S 
 
 7*H. „ 
 lets at l'le\na, greatly sticiiytln'i.til 
 bn ; artillery iluel . 7-inS(i.t „ 
 
 ■ Hiihsians and limiuiaiii lus; tin;- 
 1},' Ciravil/a reiloubt (Willi iitlaT>, 
 akeii) ; tlie e/ar lue-sein ; liasMan 
 XM . ■ .11, i2f^r|it. „ 
 K ill Sebipka Pass taken by Siilei- 
 ml iiHiekly lost ; iiiiuli Un'iilslinl 
 
 17 Self ., 
 
 mlsed in liis attack on iiasitinihat 
 ,rt|.en mill's fnim lii.la . ji !<fl'l. ,. 
 1 ; I'befket Pasha enters with rr- 
 lifter several .■'kiniiislies 22.S'i't. „ 
 leei'Kses eontiiiui il . . .Sri't. „ 
 Ya^iii : sex'ere eniitlii'ts ; Hu.ssiaiis 
 Arilaban, Asia nlioiit 2;, ^nSii'l. „ 
 killed, wounded, ami lllls^illJ.', 
 
 'il . . . li|iti)20!<ili|. „ 
 
 liies to Kara I.oiii abuut 23 Si'|t. ,. 
 made cbief of stalf belurc I'ltvm 
 
 rjiliieed by Suleiman Pasha ; llanuf 
 I IScllilikll .... 2. 3"i''; " 
 [ars ; aniiv "f '_Tiiiililiike MkIim 
 s under Muklitar Pasha; smm'h 
 
 2-4 Oil. r 
 
 or in the Danube exiiMeil \« 
 
 . . 8 0a. „ 
 
 1877 
 
 EUSHO-TURKISH WAU. noi 
 
 Sellef onl s'lpjilles reeuhed by Turks at Plevna 
 
 abiiiit I) Oi't. 
 jittlenf Ma.l.ja l)a«h before Knrs; Hinshiiis, iimler 
 fniiiil d ike .Mieliael, and «i'nerals l.mis .Meliknil, 
 I.izaiclf. ,i;el lleiiiiaiiii, ii.i.iHv dereal Alinied 
 Miiklitai. taking' lo.m.i |irisiiii..|s . 1,, ijiiet , 
 OnvilZii b.itlery. near Plevna, e.iptiired bv' linn. ' 
 raiiiiiniH, il 'luickly retaken . ncjn Oit. ,, 
 
 ;iiilflniaii iiml liis army said to be retreatiii;,' I'riini 
 
 K.lillkei til ila.s;ilad .... jjOet. ,, 
 
 Bittle lit (iiiriii.j liiibiiik, near Plevna; lliisslans 
 iiiiilerdiMirko said to be vletorlmw ; losses abmit 
 
 r.|llll(2.Vl") 2.| Oct. ,, 
 
 |jii..siaiis siiiil to be defeated near Kara (.liir«iiii, 
 
 .iriiienia 34 1 )cl 
 
 HiIIIh (if Sulla Hoad. near Plevn.a ; Tnikisli |i<isitiiiii 
 
 ;,lMli'lleeil|ilnred .... 2,S()et. ,, 
 
 Muklitiir I'anlia det'ealed by '■■lini.inn and Tei-,'ii- 
 ■ k.K.iirat Devi'dliiyuu, Arnieiila, nitur nine Inuirs' 
 
 iMiitlict 4 Niiv. ,, 
 
 IJiiMiiiiia sevi'ielv defeiiteil at AzIzI, before Krze- 
 
 nmiii, by Miikhtar PasI o -N'ov. „ 
 
 Cliiii'.'i'lii Turkish ^-eiierals : Wnleininn ordered to 
 
 ,.,'1111 1 till' army of lioiiim'IlM, ri'iilaee,! by 
 
 .Wli I'a-iha ; .Mi'lieiiii'l Ali oi'f^aiiises army to re- 
 iii'vc I'leviia .... early in \ov. , 
 
 liK<i;ui attack on Plevna re|.iilsi'il . 12 .Vov. „ 
 
 Tiikillnire ii'imlseil near Plevna . ii;.\,iv. „ 
 Kir* taken liv storm ; tlie liiisshins elimbeil steep 
 
 r..'kii; lien mlliet froin 8|i.iii. to 8 a.m. ; 300 
 
 ;'iin ami lo.'ou |iris is taken ; about 5000 
 
 T'lrk,.! killiil and woiimled ; lliissian loss ubniit 
 
 :.;»;tlie^'raiiil-iluke .Mieliael pre.seiit i7-iS.\ov. 
 
 i!:is.<iaiis said to be severely repiil.sed at Orelimiid. 
 
 Id Nov. ,, 
 r»vna aiiid to be thoroughly invested (jo miles 
 riaiiil. with 130,000 men) . . .\o\-. 
 
 Oiiiiaii Pasha, invited to siirreiiiler at I'levmi, re- 
 
 |!1mm alioul 16 \iiv. ,, 
 
 Ililiova on tlie Danube taken by lioiiiii.'iiii.iiis 
 
 21 Nov. ,, 
 Eiitrepiil (fiatilieil) near Plevna taken by liiissi.m.s, 
 
 24 Nov. ,, 
 lii'lOTsivetli;htiii^' in the valley of the I,oiii between 
 tlipczai-ewiti'li and .Mehemet Ali ; Itnssians said 
 
 t'llM'ilcfi'iiteil jo Nov. ,, 
 
 Inks i'a|iluie P.leiia with gnus and prisonei's, utter 
 
 •liW|M'iiiillii't 4 Dec. ,, 
 
 Skiniiisliiiwoii llie l.om . .. . 4.6 Dee. ,, 
 
 Uiiiiaii I'aslia einh avoiirs to break out of Ple\ mi, 
 
 aliullt 7 p. 111. 1) llee. : six hours' tieiee eoiillii-I '; 
 
 i biirriiiiiiili'il ; imeoinlitioiial surrender; said to be 
 
 s.ooo |ili.<iiliels, 12S ollh'ers, 100 i,'lllis ; j;re.'lt 
 
 skiiylitf run both sides . . , 10 Dec. ,, 
 
 Tli' Siirviaas iledare war atrainst Turkey, 12 Dee. ; 
 
 (Tii-s till' Iniiilii'i' ami capture villa^'esis Dee, 1 (.<(,/. 
 
 TiirkijlH'ii'calar note to the nicat powers. rei|iicst- 
 
 ' ill,' uu'iliatiiiii, 12 Dee. ; merely ackiiowleilneil, 
 
 ai'tiiiiuleeliiieil . . . ." about 12 jiec. ,, 
 
 I M 'iitiiiesriiii's siiceessl'iil . . . . jiee. 
 
 Siiltiiiiaa iiiaile t;i'iienil of the army of Itonmeliii ; 
 
 J aiiJTiiillelieii ofthiil of Hustehuk, about nj Dee. 
 
 I SiWiiifin n-tiics on the iiiiailiilateral ; visits I'un- 
 
 staiitiiioiile ; aiiiiies concentrating' near .\dria- 
 
 I ""I'll-' abiiiit 2,-1 Doc. ,, 
 
 I .Servians .saiil to have taken Ak Palaiika alter 3 
 
 1 lumrs' llj,'lit -24 Dec. ,, 
 
 Eni'iimia, Aiiiieiiia, nearly invested; brave resist- 
 j aiicchy Muklitar Pasha . about 24 [)ei . 
 
 I Miiiy Turkish wiiunded prisoner.ii perish from culit 
 
 I Jiirillg reluiival d,,,. 
 
 I Turkish steaiiiir willi S75 men, said to be ea]itiired " 
 ill liliii'k Sea .... about 25 Dec. 
 .Uli'-.'il Hii.isian losses, 80,415 men ; Turkish iihk h 
 . iiii'ii', ami 80.000 prisoners . , , ji^,,. 
 
 I Ihkhtar Paalia recalled to Constantinople, about " 
 
 I The sultan reriuests mediation of Kn^'hind ; iV,e " 
 
 British trnvoniiiioiit only convey to liiissi.'i the 
 
 siiltan'.s ik'.sire to make iieaue ; Ulissia declines 
 
 , nii'ilialiiui . . . . . 26-j, D,..e. „ 
 
 Ibirviaasailvaii.'ingsufeessfiillv . end ol (Jec 
 
 jCourko i'ro.sscs the Balkans mil advances on " 
 
 Solla; Turks defeated in an engaa'.'ineiit, about 
 
 I C'il. Baker Ballantly iiroteets the retreating T^iirkis'li " 
 ' army, (leltathii; tlie liiissians. . . . i Jun. ,373 
 
 >n 
 
 KYE-HOU.SK I'LOT. 
 
 «ol|„ taken by llus.Hlans after an eiigi^eini'iit, ,,l,i„ ,,,3 
 Itussians .siilil t„ be acfealed ncir Krifuonin, about 
 
 '''TnrklT '''■''■'"'"' • '^'"■'"■' '" '■-""■"Pi-l'^'y 
 
 Ocn. Itailet/ky nos.:. .he l,,|k,„:. ty^l'^i^^Q,, 
 pass ak.'ii alMiit ,, ,l„ii. ; ,i„. T„ ,|,', , " 
 
 1..",'"/ i'-'^'")'"''' ">'" taken bv M I II,' cf fl 
 
 "''■■"IvV.alle, tlicts.8,i;,io,lal,.(seeM',;„;',') 
 
 <.ouik.,:,ih,iiii,e,|„,v,iii|s Ailiialii.pl,. i, ,l,ii 
 
 '^;;l;',:;t::''^''''''^''"'-^^-^'''^-K''^r'">?'- " 
 
 '";";;:';:, ^''V'"™/" ^^''"iy: T"H>isi, Imvovs " 
 
 ,, l"""d to treat lor p.-ace . ,il„,i|| ,,-,.,,s .laii 
 (-.ourko adyunci'S tow.,ri| Philippi,,,,,;^ " p, ! ^ " 
 Icle.its .Suleiman P.isba, who ii.tr,';i(s |,, the .sei 
 losing many inisoners and niueli cannon, ' ' 
 
 Adrianoiilo abandoned ; occupied by luls'slans ' " 
 
 Si.lelnia,.,vi,hre,nalnsofhiHa,'myat l^aSa'ol; " 
 -<,.,■?•,,'" transporting Ins troiips, about 21 .Ian. 
 
 .scivu,i,si„.ei,,ij. ,„.,„.|y„ii,,i,i,.^,.,V,, ^ -'j;;;;- - 
 
 ltussianalt.ii'k,.nH;a,Miin,li'fe,iteil . . 30 .Ian " 
 •Vriermiich 'lelay, an armlstieo. signed at Ailriaiiople, 
 liiissian losses nnnonnced 89,87, men ^' Peb' " 
 
 O.ntliiueil ailvance of Hussians towards (Mnstantb " 
 I'l '. , grc.it p,iiiie ; lli-ht of many Turks ; iii,inv 
 ile.ifhsaii.l -i',.,,i siitb'iings . ,Pii, i.-,.i; 
 
 Part ullinti,, II, t „,,,„,,,, ,„^,,„„^^„,,l,,;.;;^; " 
 
 ";.';, '"'-I' 'I'' and pi'o|.erly, 3 P.'b. ; e'„iers 
 I'aiilaiielles without permission of the Porte, 
 
 Krzeroni evacnateil by Turks . ,,.!;' tvi',' " 
 
 Itusti'liiik oceiipi,.,! by Uiissians ' "„, [.vb' " 
 
 iri'iilv 01 peiiee sl-iiel at San St.'laiio (s,',; si.f.,,,..) " 
 !.M.r,'h; r,,tiMcl.U8L P,.|,.|sImii',' . ,, \|'„"li 
 
 licwarla.st,.,l,32da.v.s, ,2 April, 1^77,1,1, '^.Miil'i.h' ■' 
 Long ncgoti.itiiii, ri'specting II l';,ir„,„.,iii ,„„;;,■,.««. 
 
 Gran.l dnkn Nicholas in Koiinielia rephie,'.'i'l"bv'^l!lV " 
 
 lollelien, who assumes coinin.inil . in April' 
 
 Confcreni.e nt Ih'rlin, 1,1,.,'ts 13 ,I„„e ; tri'at» ..'i^iii-i " 
 
 (see /u'WiH), M'luly; ratilieil . ' , \|,„ 
 
 (..rand revii'w of about 80,000 Hussians near 'c m- " 
 
 stantinopiu . . _ 17 Vii • 
 
 40,000 Unssians Iinve sailed fop bmiie 12 Sent' " 
 
 licllnitive treaty of peace with Turkey si-ii,',l ,it " 
 
 tonstaiitiii.,|.le, ' % i.',.i, 
 
 ^ Kstimatcl cost of the war to Itnksia, ■120,000,000/. " 
 
 I RU.STCIIUK, Turlii.sh t'.wu 01, tlio Daniiho 
 oil... (, the "(|uii,lriliiton.rT„i'ir,.ssi.slost to Turkey 
 I wall Uulganu by treaty ofliurliii, 1,5 July, i«7,S. 
 
 RITTIIEXIUM, II i-iiro 111, 'till, iliM'uvered in 
 an ore ot platiiiuni by M. Clans, in i,-!4:;. 
 
 KUTIIERFUltD'S 2VCT, L.iki. (n A- ,4 
 Vic c. 5(1), t,„. sm.pHfyin^r u,y ,,,„eeeUings iu 
 .Scotliiiid, imasod 1850. 
 
 RLTTHVEX, Raid op, a icmi applied to the 
 
 .si.izim.ot the person of .Innics VI. of .Scotland 1,. 
 W illiuni Uuthvi-ii, ciirlol'Gowric, iiini ni;,,.,- t,Mfs 
 in I5<S2, ti; compel tlif kill',' to ilisniis, his tuv„urilcs' 
 .Vrnm imd Leimo.'i. Osteusiblv for tin., Uowrii-' 
 was judieiiilly put to death l)^ ills two opponents in 
 1504. 
 
 RUTLAND, Statute of, loor 12 Kdw. i. 
 
 1282 or 1284. 
 
 RYE-HOUSE PLOT, a plot (so.ne think 
 pretended) to secure the su'cessioii of tlie duke et' 
 Moiimonth to the throne in lu'cCcrrnw to the duke 
 of iork(iilterwai'.ls James II.), 11 Uonian catholie. 
 home ol the conspirators are said to have projected 
 the iissttssination of the Idns, Charles II., and his 
 brother. Ihis design is said to liaye been I'rus- 
 trated by the king's house at Newmarket accideu- 
 
 3 Q 
 
 m 
 7 
 
 
 1 '■* ■' 
 ■ I i :rf : 
 
 W 
 
 r 
 
 I I ' 1 i' . 
 
 f- 1 ' Wf. iti 
 
 ', 'i ■'•''* 
 
 1 i! ' ^ 
 
m 
 
 
 
 " H- 
 
 
 RYE-IIOUSE PLOT. 
 
 062 
 
 KYHWICK. 
 
 tnllv faking fire, which hn»t.-mMl tho rovnl part) 
 .wav eiKht .InvH boforo tho plot w,i8 to talic rllrct, 
 
 di.coven. ,2^ June following. Lord AV illmm 
 
 Knmell on 21 Julv, and Algernon Sidney on 
 
 Dec. 
 
 melting, the Rj-e-hooie at Broxboumr, HfrtM- 
 shire. 
 
 RYSWICK (HoUnnd), whore tlip ffUn!»^) 
 peace was concluded between Knt'lund, Frunf,, 
 Rpiiin and "olhind, signed, by their riprntnli. 
 
 name ^vas derived from the conspirators' place of Oct. 1697. 
 
I* i 
 
 KYHWICK. 
 
 hoa»e at Broxbounii-, HfrtfirA. 
 
 ;iIollnTi(l), whoro tlip (^Umv,) 
 iilcd Iwtwc'cn Kintliiiiil, FriiiK., 
 n(i, siKii<'<l. ''.V tlifir rcprnmla." 
 d by the emperor of Oemany, ^o 
 
 HAALPIELD. 
 
 u(i;i 
 
 SACUAMENT. 
 
 s. 
 
 SAALFIELD (Snxnny. X. Ocrmii.iv). H.to 
 llje I'riiwiiiiirt, iiriilcr iii-iiiff I,iiiiis (.f I'nissin, wcru 
 iWtiili'il .111(1 tlicir Ifiidir Mlaiu by the French under 
 
 Lamii's, 10 Oct. 1H06. 
 
 SAARDIlttCK, tlifi Ildniiin Aiif/iisti Miiri or 
 S:u(t pima, AW i>\wn town Dti tin; Ict't bunk of tbu 
 Saar, in Klii'iiinli rriixsiii, Ibiiiiilcd in tho tciitli 
 rnitiin-, l(j|i,tr «iibi(.'ct to till' hi8lioi)s of Motz, al'tiT- 
 »ariUriili-(l liy couiiM (iilioiit 12,5;), iiiid by tho 
 h^mseof Nnnmiii ubout ijXo. It wan onptinvd by 
 Iho French luid rctiikiii by tlio (ioriiiiiiia i6;(), 
 minitcd to Franco l7()4-iHi4, and coded to I'niHNia, 
 1S15. On 2 Aug, l«7o, it was bonibanb'd by tho 
 t'ri'iioh under FroHsanI (between 1 1 and i in tlio 
 ihvtiinc), and tho i'rus.siana in small I'orco were 
 •liJImlftcd, and tho town occupied by tho French 
 fincnil Uatailie. The niitrailleusea were said to bo 
 v,iy ftl'cctive. Tlio emperor Napoleon, who was 
 [riscnt with hia sun, said in u t:de^ram to tho 
 Hiiprcjii, " Lonia has gone through his baptism of 
 tia'. He has not '>een in the least startled. Wo 
 Mood in the foroniost rank, uml the rifle bi.lls were 
 .inippiug at our feet, and Louis picl cii up one that 
 li!l nciir him. His bearing was such as to draw 
 liars from the soldiers' eyes." On the 6 Aug. the 
 IVussinn generals (jtadicii and Von Steinmetz, with 
 t!ii> tirst army, recaptured Sanrbruck, after a 
 sanguinary contlict at tho village of Spichcren. 
 The heights taken by the French on the ziul are in 
 Ucmiany, those taken by the Germans on the 0th 
 ire in France, and both 'battles were fought between 
 Saarbnick and the town of Forbncb, which wag 
 diptured and has given a name to the second con- 
 fii.'t. The loss was great on both sides. The 
 yrench general FraiKjois was killed, and the 2nd 
 corps under Frossard nearly destroyed. The French 
 mreated to Metz. They were gri'atly superior in 
 numbers at the beginning of the fight, but were 
 lailly commanded. 
 
 S.IBBATARIANS. Traces exist of Sabbn- 
 
 tani, or Sabbathaires, among the sects of the l6tli 
 otnlury on the continent. Upon the publication of 
 the " Uook of Sports " in 1618, a vuilent contro- 
 virsy arose among Knglish divines on two points : 
 £rsl, whether the Sabbath of the foin-th commund- 
 muit was in force among Cliristians ; and 
 snoudly, whether, and on what ground, tho first day 
 ol'the week was entitled to bo distinguished and 
 observed as "the Sabbath." In 1O2.S, 'Iheophilus 
 Braboume, a clergyman, published the first work 
 in lavour of the Seventh-day or Saturday, as the 
 true Cliristian Sabbath, lie and several others 
 iuilered great ]iersccutiou for this opini„n ; but 
 alter the restoration there were three or four con- 
 gresatioiis observing the last day of the week for 
 I public worship in L<in(lnn, and seven or eight in 
 j Ife country parts of England. In 1851 there were 
 I tlree habbatarmn or Seventh-day Haptist eongre- 
 i gationsin England ; but in America (espociallv 
 in the >w England states) they are more nume- 
 rouj.-Jostph Uavis sullered iniprisonment in 1670. 
 Hea!idhisw,n bequealhed property to luuinlain 
 tie sect; and htigation respecting its disposal was 
 .sttled by vite-chaiiccllor Stuart in i-onformity with 
 ..eir mtentions in June, 1870. Very few b'abba- 
 I tariaus then remained, The rev. Wm. Jlead Jones, 
 
 nn eniinpnt acventh-dny Dnptist in London, 11 nr.- 
 found schcdar ; died 22 Feb i.S.,5. ' ^ 
 
 AW^x'^'^J."; "'';'",'"*•' ''.^ "'"'• ""*■ "•: 
 sev ntb dax „ '^' '""• ■••5' J"«'^ "li^erve the 
 seventh day in comiu.innnitmn of tho creation of 
 
 o leKgyptians; ChuHti;.,, .|,s,.rve the Hrst <Ja> 
 ; \''.;::^r ^f •" ""'""'emorat „ of the resurr e « J 
 
 SABUATII SCHOOLS, see Sunday SchooU. 
 
 r ,n,^l??^T^*^A^^ ^^""^^^ ■■ " J^'*'*''' institution, 
 1491 II. f. Axoi/ii.^ xxiii. Duiin^, ..vi.ry seventh 
 year the very ground had rest, an,l was not tilled 
 and every forty-ninth year all debts were fnrg.W 
 
 fammes! L"."" '"""«''^''^' '''''''"''^ '" """'r originiU 
 
 SA.BELLTANISM, from SabelHus (of rtole- 
 mms in Kgypt), wb-) Hourisbed i,, the Jrd century 
 and who luught that tlure was but o«« person U 
 tne (jodheaa. tho other m.raAiw „f iV,., 'i-..;..^... l..; 
 
 the Godhead, tho other persons of the Tr'iniTy bein^ 
 of the same ]ierson, Thig 
 
 but different names „ „ ,.,„„„, ^„^ 
 
 doctrine was condemned at a council at Home, 260. 
 
 Tt,'l'^¥^^'\ "".""''f't people of centra 
 Uah, from whom the Uomans, under Romulus, 
 took away their daughters by force, havinr 
 invited them to some publio sports or shows 
 on i)urpose. When the Sabines determined tfl 
 revenge this aff-ront, the women became mediatore 
 to their fathers in behalf of their husbands, the 
 Komans, and a asting peace was made between 
 tneni, ,50 ii.c. Ibe Sabines, who bad sunpoi-ted the 
 Samnites in their war with Home, were thor.,ughlv 
 deteated by M. Curius Deiitatus and their lands 
 nnne.xcd 2yo n.c, and eventuallv the Sal)ines were 
 combined with the Koiiiaii i.eople. One of the 
 ecelesmstical pnjvincca is still culled Terra Sabina; 
 chief town, Magliano. ' 
 
 SACCHARINE, see Senzole. 
 
 SACCHAROMETER, an instrument for do- 
 tcrminiiig the amount of su-ar in solutions 
 holeil, ail optician, of I'aris, in 1H47 made use of 
 rotary polarised light for this purpose in a suueharo- 
 nieter, since improved by Duboscq. 
 
 SACHEVEREL RIOTS, see Riots, 17,0. 
 
 ,,,«ACKyiLLE INCIDENT, see C>ui»i 
 
 fildtii, Oct. 1888. 
 
 SACRAMENT (from sno-amnifiim, an oatk, 
 obligation, also mystery). Tho Christian sacra- 
 ments are baptism and the Lord's Supper. The 
 couiieil of Trent, in 1547, atlirmed the doctrine of 
 tlio schoolmen that there are .vccf/j sacraments ; 
 bantism, the Lord's Supper, cuntirmation, penance! 
 h(dy orders, matrimony, and extreme unction. Tlw 
 name was given to the Lord's Supper bv tho Latin 
 lathers. The wine was restricted to the cleriry -ibout 
 liie beginning of tho 12th century. Comniuiiiou in 
 one kind only was authoritatively sanctioned by tlie 
 council of Constance, i,s June, '1415. Henry'VIL 
 of Germany was poisoned bv a priest by the conse- 
 crated wafer, 24 Aug. 1313." The sacramental wine 
 
 3 Q 2 
 
 4I» 
 
 ] [ 
 
 I 
 
 it I 
 
 I. > 
 
HACUAMKNTO, 
 
 !Mit 
 
 HAOAS. 
 
 
 i3» 
 
 ^A 
 
 ^^M 
 
 
 
 wiiH imUhiiccI liv till' Kl'iivnliKpr nt til.' . Iiun li ;it 
 Ziiriili, liv wlii'li Hiiciili'Kimit il.i' I ii iiumliic .it 
 pri-H.,!!.. l.'.st tli.'ir liv.'x, 4 "'■}'*■ '"''■ '" ,"'M 
 lli.'inl.cis ..I li..tli li..ii-.''« ..I' piirliiMii.nl tt.iv ..vil.i.M 
 t.i tiik.' tlw ■.M.iani.iit, 11^ II ituiii-.l ii;;uiii-t tlii' llili'.i- 
 ilii.'ti(.ll ..f IL.tiiMii t alli..li.". Ill l(.7,<t''i; '•"' '."■' 
 wart im»«'.l; iv|..'al.'.l in l.Hi« ■, «i'i' Tiaiiniibxlinilin- 
 Hull. 
 
 ••rt.ii'i.'lv ..r 111.' Ill.'n.'.l Hii.'iuiiii'nt "(KllKll»^l^llnl•.'ll• 
 „„.,l) 1 imi, r.'iiiMl..l, If'..; "(■..nliMt. 'Hilly ..I Hi" 
 
 lll,.s»i'.|.SM(iiiiiii'iil."r.'iin.l."liSf'-';ll"'l«""'ii''"''''''^'7 
 
 Mmiiamkmai.ians. |,.|l..».r» ..f Zwiiiull (M-i; ■^H.'. 
 
 wli.i .lllli'i.'.l Iri'Mi 111.' ILiiiiiuiImU iin.l I.Mllu'riUn ni 
 
 r.';,'uril to 111.' sa. 'I am. '1.1. 
 
 KACHAMKNTO, St., a rnitiiiiin's.' K.'itl.'- 
 iiinit ill S. Am. li.a, , laiiii.il liy Spam iii \hH), .ut 
 rc'liii.iiiiHli.'.l in i:M'. ^.'v.'nil tiiii.'«'<.'U.'.l :..'>''i.'.l i" 
 {•-- ; ai'ipiii'.'.! l.v iliiizil ill I.SJv M'C ( uhluniKi. 
 
 SA(n{KI) liANI), x.'i' '/'//A*. 
 
 SACHKl) ItooKS OF TiiK East. Tj"' 
 
 ■iiihliiuli rtian^lati..ii-.<it tlir ..a.'n'il iDmkH.it tliu 
 
 rcljuiuii .if th.' Ilraliiiiaiis Uii.lilliiHls, iiii.l M.iliaiii- 
 ni.'.raiis uii.l ..r 111.' r..ll..vv.is .if KlniiiK-rii-l/>' "".1 
 l,a..-tz.', .'.lil.'.i l.v l.n.r.'.^»..i- Max .Mil In-. I";«"ii in 
 LS;.). iliiilv v..liiiii.'rt liavc lii'i'li piililHlU'il, L'S.^'i). 
 
 SACKED IIAHMOXIC SOCIETY, hco 
 SACHHD TIEAirr oi' .TKsfs; » fnim of 
 
 di'V(iti..n -ai.l l.> liav,' l..'.'li iiir<titiiti'.l in I'.iitflaii.l iii 
 til.' Hi.vciil.'.'iitli .■.iitiiiv, iin.l niii.li pi-..ni..t.'.l liv 
 Marani'iilf Marie Ala.'...|iii',iin cnlliU'^iasti.' I'r.'ii.'li 
 111111 wh.ia^s. Ileal tliat Clirist In. I iip|"'ur.'il t.> tier, 
 uii.l taken ...it li.'i' li.ail. |ila.'i'.l it in liis.iwn, j;l..w- 
 ingin lUini.', an.ltli.n r.tiini.'d it. Slu'.lii'.l in \i*p. 
 
 Hali...ik •■ 1 ^-^. .11.111 an (■..'iii'.l.;.I.'sa^'M.»l;li'*''«J 
 in ■6,y3,iiiii.lia.lv...al.'.l l.ylulli.'i'.)..«.'I'li t.alll ''t 
 ulM.ut 1726; un.l lnti-.i.lm'i'.l int.' I'laii.e, l.y 
 
 A'l''i'l'i'iiia:.)!(.' fn'.m Kncla'n.l, Kp.'.'lMlly I.!.'*".'.! I'X 
 tl... i...]..', aii.l li.a.l.'.l l.y tiM' .iiike ..t N'.il.'lK, 
 
 w.iiit t.. 111.' sl.iii r .Mai'KiH'iit.', at laniyl..- 
 
 Munial, aiiilivliin..'.! . „ • ,• „^\^'"^'^, '^'^ 
 
 Til.' I! f .li..,,s.'.>rsalf.ir.l.li'.ll.'»ti'.ll..tll.'Sa.'l-.'.l 
 Il.'ail, 4 S'pt. 1S7', : "11.1 a I'linr.'li at M..i.t- 
 liiai'tri', near rails, l..iiiiil.'.l f..i- tl.i' «iini.' |..ir|.-«', 
 
 If) .Illlic, 1075 
 
 The 1..il>.' il.'.ll.atoil tlii' iiiiivei-sul cliuii'li t.i '' lliu 
 V..'lll.aif "5 ■'•""■• ■■ 
 
 SACHET) WAHS.-T. D.'.lar.'.l l.y tlio .\nl- 
 ,.lll,'t^..ns auainst Cii'ilia, near lli'lplil, t..r i'..lilii'i\ 
 and .'mlra-i' t.. tlie visit.irs t.. tli.' .ira.dr, 5.)^ li.<'- 
 Cin-lia was ra/.'.l t.. tli.' i;r...iii.l, sH''- H- H.'tw.a'ii 
 th.. l'li...iaiis an. I H.lpliians f..i' llie p..ss.'-<si..|i ot 
 til,, t.'mpli' at l)..lplii..(4'^.417'-"'' ""■ l''7''";'<. 
 „ii iH'in- tiii.'d r..i' . iiltivatiii;; tlic sa.'i'i'.l laii. s, 
 BiMZ.'.l the tempi.'. ,1S7- '' '"'V «.''"' '•';'>ili»''';'d ''V 
 I'liilip ..f Ma.'.'.L.n, iiii.l then- I'lln's (li.p..piilati'il, 
 34O. S.e I'nixiiiirs, 
 
 SACKIFICE was ..lleied to (I...1 liy Ala'l. 3875 
 H c !«a. rili.i's t.. Ilw '„'.»!« wi'"' intnalii.'.'d into 
 Ure'eee l.v l'li..r..ni'ns, "kiiiK"!' >':^"''> ir7.,| "-f' 
 Huiiian srieriti.'i's se.'ni to have (in^'iiiateil witii the 
 Clial.l.'ans. ri'i.iii wIl.iii tlie.'iistom i.ass.'il int.. other 
 Kastein nations. All sa.rili.a'S to 111.' true (k.iI were 
 t„ eease with tin' sa.riti.e of Chri.st, 15 A.l-. //'*• 
 .X. 12-14. I'at^aii si.rirtees were torbuUlen liy tlie 
 eniper..r Coiistantiiis U. 34'- 
 SACIULEGE. In i«,s.S. H"" l!""'';!'"'!-"* (•".'[- 
 
 „,^.,.iv J.ath) wa:^maih'traiis!...l'!atio!it..rlih'. Jl> 
 25i:"24 Viit. <•. <>(), s. 50 (iW'l), l.i'.'akiii^' int.. a 
 pLu'e..f w..rslii|ianil stealing tlierefn.in was iiiaUe 
 punishable with p.nal servitude f..r lite. 
 
 KACRIPOKTl'S (I.atiuin, Italy^. Here 
 Sylia defeated the younger Jlarius uud 1 apinus 
 
 CurlH. with K>'''at Blaiuhter, 11. r. >^i, an. I I. ,■ , 
 dii'tat..!-, Xl. 
 
 S.VDDI.MS. In III'' farliiM- aii.'* l!i.' l',.,:,,,,!,, 
 iH.'.i ii.itli.r sa.l.ll.'H 11. .r stirrups. Sa.l.lj.v «ivi ;t| 
 use ill 111.' <i-.l .'I'liturv, an. I ai'i' nieiiti..ia.l ii< iiii'l.- 
 iif h'.itli.'r ill V'l' anil vier.' known in Kmrl..ial.il..i't 
 («). Siile-sa.l.ll.s for la.li.'s were iiiti^ .iliin.l li 
 Anne, (lueeii iif lli.liar.l II. in 13X8. Sl,m. 
 
 S.VT)I)I''CEES, a .[.'Wisll Me.'t, s;iiil |,, liiv,. 
 l....'ii |.. mill.'. I l.y Sail...', a s.lM.hir ..I Aiitii.ii;,., 
 ah.iut JiKi 11. 1 ,'wli.i, luisiiilirpi'.'tinu' lii» 111,1.'. r'> 
 il... trill.', taiinht that then' was ii.'illi.r lan.'ii iin. 
 hi'U, aiinel nor spirit ; that Ihi' S..11I wasui.ir||il,;i||,i 
 that then' was n.i resiirn'.'tioli of th.' I....ly fruit.,,, 
 ilia.l. Till' .Sa.l.lui'ees reje.teil th.' ..nil l.iw, in;i!;!. 
 tain.il l.y th.' I'hiiiisees. Wee Mntl. \.\ii. iy. .{,1, 
 .xsiii. 8. 
 
 S.VDr.KlfS AVErJ.S (N. I...ii.l'.ii), »n.,i;M 
 
 aft.r Mr. Sa.ll.'r, who l.uilt an ..r.h.slra t.. .•lit, rl,iiii 
 till' invali.ls wh.i use.l the wat.'rs in.'.li. iiiiillj. I'.^j, 
 
 III time tl r.hestra Wiis .'II.I.im.I. an. I the li.ul,. 
 
 iiii; hi'.'aiii.' a pla.i' for .hailiati.' p.^aii'iiiiiiiiTv 
 The theatre was ..peiied in 1 7*15. Kinlil.in 
 persons wi're traiiipl.'.l to ili'ath at this tjiinlr,., 
 .,11 a false iilarin of tin', l.*< O.'t. i.Sd; ; h.'.. iiiiii,r 
 T/ieiiliYH. The tlieatn' put up to am tii.ii iiiid U 
 s.,ld, ^1 Auf,'. 187s; an.l 30 July, 1.S78. 
 
 SADOWA, Hi'i' Ki'iiii/i/riil:. 
 
 SAFES. A National Safe ('..iiipany, l..iiiJ(.i!, 
 opened vaults for sL.niKe of vulimhhs, 187(1. 
 
 SAFETY LAilP. < »»'' «■"" invenic.l in iM; 
 
 bv sir Ihiiiiplirv Uavy, to [.n'V.'iit ai. ul.'iil. «lii.li 
 
 I lianpen in e. ml and other niiiii'S. 'Ih.' s.ility-ltiiii, 
 
 is f..iili.h'.l on the i.riiiii|.l.' that llano', in |tt"U,.' 
 
 throuitli iron-win' niesh.'s, h.s.'s s u.li nf it«lifal 
 
 as to ho in.'apahle of i','iiiliiiK iiillaiiiiiml.il' sas', 
 The father ..fall safetv-lamps was llr, lt.'i.l(liiiiii\, 
 of Sunilerland, whose 'invi'nli..n an.l iiappaviii.!!!) 
 are autheiiti.'iited in the Ti-ini!-iiiti»iix nj Ih .V«i./j 
 I f,/M)-/.v for 1H17. The "(le..nly," (■..iistnii'ioll;); 
 Oeoi'Ke Steph.'iisoii, the eiifriii.'.r. in iXlj. i< -aid 
 t.) he the saf.'st. A iiiiimr's I'li'.'ln.' h;'l,t, l.y JUL 
 Dumas and lienoit, was exhihit.'.l 111 I'liih-iiS 
 Si'i.t. I.H()2. <»n 14 All;:. l.S(.7, safi'ty-kiiiii.- «'n 
 ri"i.llv tested hv sevcnil iniiiiii',' .'in-'iiif.'i*. i'.n 
 
 serioii'sd.iubtsthn.wn iip..ii tli.'ii iiph'tfi'lli. i.y 
 
 (•„1 Shak.sp.ar's saf.'tv lamp (li'.;lit i'xIiii™-Ih'J 
 l.v opeiiiiif;) .xhihit.'il 'at Uoyal^ In^titiitMi, ,V ., 
 >lav, 1X71). Messrs, I'leiiss and Kastir « luw -..lily 
 ininiii;; lamp approved, Jan. 1KM4. 
 ■Mr .1. Wllsoii.Swnirs.'l.'otrk' saf.-ty laia|., m.i«lmii'il>. 
 ■ exliil.ite.l at Aljn'.leeii iii.'.'liii>; .if lliili'<li .Us.miH'W. 
 
 MnTlli'iirl.'s'll. Aria's saf.'ty l.iiiii. r.'l...rti'.l ""''o''*; 
 th.'supply of niiiieraloil is isulaU'.l li"ia llifl'i"i«. 
 
 Th,?'*'?li<.nihury luiiiers' Iniiiji trle.l at .U.lwurk,' Jhin 
 'n.ll.'rlos l.y Mr. C. K. Wi'''^^'. ''";' S'^l 
 
 exi.i'riiiients l.v prof. H' ""r a'"' «"' Hwli'n.li AW. 
 ;il;,a"ela,■.Ul>a^l,islal.l,, minis tla.ni.to^^^^^^ 
 
 iinin-il l.v til.' roval (•.,ioiiiissi..ii 111 Mn. liiniinnjw 
 
 li;,,,.,. ininerlll .,11s may lie us.'.l in H.is laml., rel^rt^l 
 
 Nov. i33y. 
 
 SAFFRON (»'#''"'.|'-':'"'''! ^'f/J'^'fJ^'Ii'Si ! 
 th,. ll.iwer of emeus, washrst br..U!;l t to Ki?UMin j 
 
 ler,'i«nofEdw-ardIII.hyai.tof'f^,^i 
 ,.,,„,,!j. f,..,n Arabia, as the w.-nl ' ' f^ , 
 
 Arahie Lplwr. Miller. It was cultiv ated in U. 1 
 
 land ill 1582. 
 SAGAS. Early Icelandic tales, dated from tit j 
 
 lOtU ceutury, Bee iltldas. 
 
RAOAR. 
 
 In till" piu-liiT iigi's ilii' IlhiLuin 
 s Mill' »lirrii|w. Siiililli- \iir, jii 
 
 IIIV, mill lll'f IIICIltinlMli 'I- |||,.{r 
 
 ml' WI'I'I' known ill I'IiikI IliljVlnrt 
 
 fill' lllllil-l Wl'lf illlr 'lllllr.l ii 
 
 ■liiiril 11. ill l,\Xii. .V"". 
 
 •(, M .(I'wil'll ill'I't, «llill |.| ||,V, 
 Silllnr. a ■•lllnlill- i.t Atllii .li ,., 
 
 Iiii, iiii>iiitrr|irrliii'.{ liiii iii.i.i.n 
 
 llilt llli'li' WM« lli'illlrr InMli'lllii.: 
 I'it ; timl 111!' siiiil wiiHiiinHabiiiii 
 rfsiiri'i'i'linii III' llh' lioily IriHit',.' 
 
 I'CCH ri'll'i tl'll till' nllll I.IW, ll.:|!i!. 
 
 lirti'i'H. Men Mall, wii :;; J', 
 
 iVKIJ-S CS. I.niiilMu), »o,,i;;,,i 
 ,|in Kiiilt iiiinriln »tr;i in I'lititiaiii 
 i,nl llic wali'iN mrilii iiiiill), |i.>;. 
 *tlM «aH rmliPMil, lllhl the liiii,. 
 laii' for illiinialii' |ii'l'r"l'liiiii;ii'., 
 H opfiii'il in 17'iv KliilitiTii 
 in|ili'il to ili'iith lit' till* Ihiiiiri', 
 of tliv, iS (tit. I Si 17; SIT miJiT 
 iciitri' put up to iiurtimi iiu4 W 
 5 ; mill ,V' July, lH;8. 
 
 M' Kiiiiiiiiiriil:. 
 
 National i^afi' Cninpany, I,iiiul.n, 
 Btoi'iiKi' of valiialilis, lS;(i. 
 
 \MP. flit' was invi'iitod in 1815 
 Daw, to pITVi'llt aniili'iils «lii.li 
 111 otlirr niiiiri. 'Ilu' s.ilrl.v-liiii|i 
 ! priiiiiplo tliat ll.iiiii', ill ji.iviii; 
 (. nii'«lii-i. losiw no iiiiii'li nf ll«liijt 
 )1(' of iniiitillft ilillaiMliliililri;;i-i<, 
 sal'i'tv-lamiw wa^ I'l'. Iti'iil(l:iiiin. 
 lioHcuivriitiiiU ami ini|iri.vriii(ii!i 
 1 ill thti 'I'l-inisiiiliiiiiH ul llii .Vr.iii/'/ 
 'I'hi' "(iooiily," i'on>tnii lol iy 
 
 on, till' t'ii),niii''ir- i" I'^^iv i--''''' 
 A iiiinfr'si'lcTlii.' linl.t, li\ Sill, 
 loit, was (■xliiliili'il in I'iin- ""S 
 I 14 .Viifr. iHd;, «ati'ty-l;nii|i- «rtr 
 V Kt'vinil niinini; iMuriim'i-. ;iiM 
 irown iiiiou tiii'ii' roiMiili'ti'i'lli' 111. 
 •>i sal'otv lamp (li^lit rxtiii;m-lii'ii 
 luliitnl'at lioyal In^titutiuii, Av., 
 BSl■.^ Flniss anil Fiwtfr'a licwsalrfy 
 proved, Jan. 1HX4. 
 iii'-ii'li'i'trif sufitv lamp, wi'ialiiliiM''' 
 ,ri-,li'di 11 tiiij,'or llnliHh Aswwul.iii, 
 
 irln'n snfet.v Uiiiip ivl'ortf'l «iioi«*l; 
 liiioraluil i.s isolaf.l lioui tliebtiiw, 
 
 miners' lamp I"'''' "' Al.Uvark.' Bin 
 Mr V. v.. Hlioili'H. aii.l »iil,iw'li» IJ 
 '. la.if |i.«»r ami sir KiiMiwli .\M. 
 ,a Iliis lanipfnlliN till' iviiiiliti* r*; 
 roval ■■Kminis.sioii m ai"- Vm«tum\ 
 ,il,; may lie used in tliis lamii, reiwrtcl 
 
 ■(««#;•««, French ; »'(/'''■""",• I'f'* 
 ,eus,wnstirsthr"ie.:littoMin'i"> 
 waril III. liy a pili;ri;n,.iil»<" I3|M 
 .\ral.ia, iw the "'.iiil w ""\,"' ' 
 Mitlei: It WU3 cultiviitud 111 uj- 
 
 ^arlyleelundic tales, dated from tie j 
 ee ilddas. 
 
 HA(iK, 
 
 \m 
 
 SAOK ('Siiiiiif, Fri'iieli ; Siihiit, I,ntiii), n «hi.l 
 
 HAUHHrUY 
 
 ■ hirli Moiliiiiir. 'I'lir .Mcxl 
 miiiniiKi, wiiK liioiiulit Irniii .Ml 
 .Urii III »a)(e, Siili III ii/'i 
 S,i' 
 
 irj). ri 
 
 mil llh' goliirn 
 
 '•• ' HALE OF K()(JI) AM) DItrtJM A<"r 
 
 ,'" l"i«-'l r. An;. ,M-c; ,i. iu all „ ' ,..,,T..V...V 
 
 leilll xatte, .S,l/ii„ pa.xnl || \,^.j |,y 
 
 Ullil 
 
 mill 
 
 «'■» inw ai raiiaeineiil 
 
 ai'lH, 
 
 .Urinin Hiitte, .SV(.'/ iV; iiiiini, \\,ir Ih'oiikIiI to Kl 
 d Irani the Cape of (i I Mop|. in (-1 
 
 Mill 
 
 NAIJ; OK UOODS Acr 
 
 I pil'-e 
 
 d Ji, K 
 
 ,SA(Jl'.\TI'M, or /.\(\. Mill's, now .Mi 
 .ill'M, III \aleiitia, K. Span 
 
 l'>Vt. 
 
 nillfyin;,' the 
 
 Jiv.idfill Kii'Ki it .-u»liiiiiei|, ill) ii.c, 'I'll,, ,,i| 
 
 llowii, d for the vii'loi) 
 
 SAI.KVCKKMKX, o„ n,,. 1 
 
 a^ uaiiiiil ll^ ||| 
 
 laiinlii 
 
 l/eim 
 
 011I.1 of llailen. 
 
 iiftrr iierforiiuii;,' iiieredilile aelH of vuloiir for ei^lit Ki'mid vi/ier .\l 
 
 <e lllipi'li, 
 iM'r the Turl, 
 
 ili-l. 
 
 iilidi 
 
 III 
 
 'O.m.O'deij li\ tl 
 
 llllllltll*. 
 
 ■ III Im' Iniriid in the ruins of their eit 
 
 [.llur than nnrniidi r to llaiiiiilial, Thi'\ liiiii 
 
 lllriii-rlv 
 
 vith tl 
 
 ar le 
 
 liciiiiiie 
 
 and the 
 
 master of a (die of ashes, 218 11. c 
 
 lit 
 eolli|lleror 
 
 It 
 
 SA[,i;i{\() (Sail 
 
 nstiiplia Kiiipiiiill, i<) .Vim. k 
 
 "III .. 
 ilioiii of itiedi 
 
 .SAHAH.V, " Jfleat Handy desert, Norlli Al 
 i„!illMif lliirliaiy .stales, .\ "pio|i'i't for iiial.iii^ 
 inLiiiil (I'll here was eiiteilaineil in I.S.Sj, aiiilthi 
 niii'liiii'tiiiii uf a railway was proposed in AlKeriii 
 (111. lSi)ci. A larife iial'iiral reM'rvoir of water at 
 
 Klin 
 
 •I'liiiiii, S. Italy), an 
 
 ainient 
 
 s university, Willi a nlil.rateil 
 l;e|niteil lo l„. H,,. „|,|,.,, ,„ 
 
 rli'ii, iiian, who sei/i.d .S 
 
 was founded hv Itoh. rl ( 
 
 lu an mill h 
 
 ill tl 
 
 leiiio III li)-- 
 
 le warsot the iiiidill 
 
 SAr.FoUI), 
 
 I.S>I, I -I, 
 
 near .Miinrlir^i, 
 
 ,Vi ; lSi)I, liyS.i jd, 
 
 aril thi 
 'aliriio .sullen 
 
 I'oiMilati 
 
 ill' llh ; I'. 
 
 -I led 
 
 Kl (iiilia ill the desert, was diseoven'd early iMijl . -^n i inli.ir.v i\plosi,,M at tin. Iiur.iek 
 
 .*<AIU('N', Fieneh eoloiiy in Coijiin China, N 
 riiiiiiiliil ill I.SlK), alter a deleat ol the Chinese, |- 
 IVIi. IHVI- 
 
 SAILOHS' llO.MI';, in W, ll-street. Lmidi 
 
 ks I'aiiseil I 
 
 4 '11111. 1E81, 
 
 "11 op.'lieil l,> Ihe.iuk,. ,,| V„|.|; 
 
 .^ALUa'K 
 
 are e.\i I 
 
 "■ S.yi.le |,\\v, l,v wl 
 
 uded li'oin iiiluriilii- || 
 
 . M anil, 1 80 
 ii'h females 
 
 llTk% eftaiillsliiil l.y .Mr. (ieor-|. (in'eii, iXjo; i" Slid to have lii'eii i 
 
 li|lrllri 
 
 is<; 
 
 iilar'ueil 
 li larders. 
 
 , i.Sd; 
 who, 
 
 111 
 
 .iiiiiiitii'il i;p44 
 
 ivriiiii'.' iiKtriii'lion, the iisr of 
 
 he.-ides In 
 a savings' 
 
 one vear it 
 
 IMtilleil ill a 
 
 iixliluled hv ri 
 
 le iloHli n| !■ 
 
 liai'.imoiid. 
 
 4.'4. 
 
 hank 
 
 hail iiiil lounder of tl 
 
 eoiin.il „r stat'e hv r|,,vis |' H 
 
 .Ve, 
 
 '>lalilishinent in Kelf-sn|ipoi|iM,i.', aided li\ 
 
 n)iti"iis. .Similar in^titiitiniis have finie in 
 
 i.lalili>lle 
 
 .S,ii/„ 
 
 It 
 
 lloiirli. 
 ).\l 
 
 This I 
 nil ITim, w 
 
 Kreiitli 
 
 'a«, iiili'odi 
 
 nioiiandiy, in ,11, 
 .Spain hv the 
 
 •d 
 
 I- foniiallv alio|i,h,.,| In- ,1 
 
 I, 2i).\lareh i,S,,,; ami 011 tladiMil, ,.| iTnlinmid 
 
 iiijiliiiii jiiilx' nrhiiiil mill hisdaii^ihlersiieieeileil as I 
 
 Ml. 
 
 Ilaiiipstead, estaldislied I'Xjij, bailors' and "ee.V"!'//. Hy this law al.so II 
 
 'i'l"nall..;,,S,.p,. iH^; 
 
 i I niiiii,see Shi^tf/itnj 
 SAI.ST, Fill' names with this pnfiv, see tl 
 
 from Iji^jlaiid, win 
 
 f.i 
 
 sh th 
 
 < iheiiiselvi'S tliroiiirhoul the bout 
 
 I.Hj; 
 
 imner was 
 !i nueeii Niitoria a.ie 
 
 arated 
 einlea the 
 
 fiimiurmii. 
 
 All,. 
 
 SAKYA lirXr, see Iln,l,IIii 
 
 .SALI.SItruV (Wilt*.), founde 
 niiin III the ijili iciiiiirv, on tl 
 
 ■alhi drill iiither Innii (lldS 
 
 in the 1ie|;in- 
 he removal o| the 
 
 \VLAIJ(I 
 
 .S. Spain ; see Tmi/n 
 
 Niriim. .\alioiiali,.„ 
 "I pill ameiits wcae n'peatedly held at Salisl 
 
 SALAUS, are stated to have been i 
 
 piltiiiilarlv i 
 
 Ilu iiiiildli' azes, lettnees lire' sa 
 
 lid tl 
 
 11 usf In iMhu-iI [i"|, 
 
 11 I2.)<), hv Kd 
 
 iiilriidiii'Cil into tliigland Inuii the l.ow Ci 
 
 ijw-4: 
 
 ii 
 
 ml 111 13.S4. II 
 
 »nid I,; III 1J2«, l",v 
 
 iiintries 
 
 ■I'll l)uekin>;ham, was exeeuled lieie li'v mil 
 
 111 
 
 111 l.psj.-()n Sai.i.s 
 
 SALAM.VXr'A (W. Spain), taken froin the .imMnxi aeres. On it wei 
 
 heiure {uiiiei, ),,■). ^ This plain w 
 
 iin .Slal!i.nl,"dukenf 
 
 •lof Khhard 
 
 is .Stoiie- 
 
 slimated at 
 
 liiiiv I'l.u.v 
 
 1 M.I. Tl 
 
 :.ildtlii'('Ullii>dnil Imilt i;i 
 
 he iiniver.^itv was loiilided 124(1 
 
 .•>'.i 
 
 I few hull 
 
 >es lo take direct 
 
 ■e so inaiiv eniss niails 
 
 ir heie the lirili.sli I'^n'l of remlnoke, planted a (1 
 
 ions from, that Thomas 
 
 il adics, coiiunaniled liy lord Welliu-ton, totallv '''"i" 'Sali>hur\ to Shariei-I 
 
 liifiatcd the l''rciicli arniv under iiiaisljal .\li 
 
 :; Jidv, 1812. The 
 
 of tl 
 
 III, ^.".lide. The aiitiinin milila 
 
 at each milestone 
 for the tniveller'u 
 
 Mitrc, aniauntiniiin killed, wounded, ami 111 
 
 :ie victors was must "u Salislmrv I'laiii. .\i 
 
 ly nian.eiivivsiouk placi 
 
 •arlv iKMJli 
 
 liSi)S;.s(.c ni'ider ./. 
 
 epi. 1 
 
 en. .Marinoiit left in the victor's me wasat .Slierhorne,' St. Ahll 
 
 ■"'//.— 'J'iieliist MMtolilii'li 
 
 iii.^l All);. 
 
 141 prisiiiiers, 1 1 jueces of cannon, (1 stands Herman n'Unned the seat to Hid 
 
 iry was lolloweil 
 
 111 tl 
 
 Iffli 
 
 "fiiiliiurs, a'nil 2 eagles. "'J'liis vict ,,, .. . 
 
 I'Vtlii' capture iif .Madrid. I'liiiulatioii, l.S.S;,22, njo. ''"'I' ' 
 
 SALVJILS (near Athens). Ii... ^ ' 
 
 luif, :uOct,4,S(iii.e., TheniistiM les, tliclir 
 
 numid', with uiily ,.;io sail, deieated the Hcet 
 
 a lieini; prelate, "o; 
 
 !ie .si'i. was n'luoved to Salisl 
 
 -anini,aliout lurj; 
 
 rent .sea-Hi;lit 
 
 111 i: 
 
 luv liv 
 
 one saint and tw 
 
 It has yielded to t|i(. ch,],-,.]] of 
 
 I'dinals 
 
 he huildii 
 
 •IJ 
 
 iipal 
 
 ijr I 
 
 eek I'oiii- 
 
 llie 
 
 IVmiaii licet. 
 
 of 
 
 consisted of 2(XK) 
 
 iiiiiis, ill Cyprus, the Un'eks dilValed 
 
 Xiir.\cs, khi;; of 'I'lasia, which 
 *iU -Near Sal 
 
 cathedral lomiuemed 2S .\piil, I22(i, and wa 
 pleteil ' 
 
 Ill I2vS, 
 
 'ditii 
 
 ■e is ri'i'ki 
 
 if the 
 coin- 
 
 linest ecidesiaslical ia-ecti..ns. Its 
 in the kin 'duni. 
 
 led one of our 
 the loftiest 
 
 line, 
 
 Wt< defeated the lleet of I'tidei 
 i^' ll.C. 
 
 .SALASSI, a turhiilent A 
 
 441) H.L.; and llemetiius I'olior- 
 
 l!i"iiiuj(hly sulidued by Tenaitiiis , 
 
 »»il 11 liiiniimciikiny established in their t 
 
 (now Aiista). 
 
 S.VLDAXHA LAY, S. Atlantic 0, 
 
 I'lrdi.'f tIa'C; 
 i;')'i, a Uiitili 
 ciiitiiri'd liv vi 
 
 and 
 
 Ipine tribe, were 
 
 •onsidi.n'd in daimcr in April 
 iiid subscriptions were be>;iin for its im 
 e repair. 
 
 K%4. 
 Iiiediat 
 resliirali.iii liv 
 
 :ioir w.is re-opened, after 
 
 sir (i. (i. Siolt, I .\ 
 
 iiid tiirnts restored under sir .\rlli 
 
 IV. iS-(i 
 
 pile 
 
 .March, l,Xi)S. The liisi 
 
 iir lllointii Id 
 
 erritories li,,,,,,} 
 
 books at 13(17/. U.S. Xrf. 1 
 
 liopric is valued in thek 
 
 d, 
 liig's 
 
 III 
 
 ii 
 
 si|iiaih-iiii, under admiral l.i 
 
 'eaii; north 
 ere nu 17 Aujj 
 
 ipiilation, l8,Si, 14,7112; 1891, i 
 
 lirXKNT lllSlIi.FS. 
 
 .li.liii risUi-r, .li.-.| -.. .l,ilv 
 
 lit income ^oool 
 
 u8o 
 
 idiiiir 
 
 sl'iii'. witliout resista 
 li'fd Wi'ith. 
 
 sir lieoru;,. Kiiih Klpliin- 
 sir George was ereated 
 
 1825. Tlioiuas liiu-css, i|ii.il u, ]■;■],. ig 
 i8j7. Kdnmiiil Dcnisoii, ,11. .|| f, Mnn-h, ,« 
 1S54, Waller Kerr llaiiiiUoii. ,li".i 
 
 J 7. 
 ia54. 
 
 .Mol. 
 
 SS5. Joliii Wonlswurtli. \\ 
 
 ily. i.l,.,-i(.,l y Scpl.,i|ii..,l 6 July, 
 
 f iii,f IM 
 
 . •»' 
 
I 
 
 lm\ 
 
 III 
 
 Hi 
 
 ii >f 
 
 IVs^L^' 
 
 
 "" ^ 1 
 
 \\\: 
 
 Hi I 
 
 ! 'i !*«% 
 
 HI 
 
 
 -^balTsbueyadministra™ 
 
 "SALISBUIIY ADMIXISTRATIONS.- 
 
 in the house of <'«inin..nH on tlif line g«t liiU (2(4- 
 
 ef Slilishury, whose iniiiistry received the seals, 24 
 
 June, 1885. 
 
 I'rimc Mnu^t^r ami Fo,r:on S.rnta ryMort^ Arlhm 
 
 a^tr,lo}lhc um,uni-i<iv Stallbrd No.lhcote (carl of 
 
 lor.i)i!wi(/c'/it iin/io ,miii«i~tiatliurac baUioiiR-ll»ray, 
 
 jJT^^^^y'^'-A Franci, Stuart Ryder, earl of 
 
 &cX'i'i« '^'/lomf-Sir Uiel.md Asslicton Cross. 
 Aci.U«He?. omr l-'ivlerick Arthur Stnnli-y. 
 
 J,X-l.onl Hau.loliih lleury Hpencer- 
 
 v<^'!"wm!au> Henry Smith; G. Gathorne 
 Hardy, viseouiit t'raubruok, about 33 Jan. 
 
 Sco/dnirf-Clmrlos Henry, duke of Richmond, 
 about Ii Auc. 1885. „ 
 
 mr.1 Jord 0/ the mbnbvUy-hori Georges Francs 
 
 Qk^loZfthee.cl.e,Hr.--Hiv Michael Edward Uicks- 
 
 lJTw!ulrnant of Inl '-Henry H. M. Herbert, earl of 
 
 Carnarvon; leHigned Jan. 1S86. ,, , .^. 
 
 lord Chaueello, oj y,W,i,../-bdward Gib»on (lord Asn 
 
 i.rS'''nf hoanl of (,v„fe-Charles Henry Gordon- 
 u'uik'n-, duke of Ki.dunond ; Edw. Stanboi.e, about 17 
 
 ria'-i"mi,(e.,( ->/</:« »,.«n7-E.hvard Stanhope. 
 The above form the cabinet. 
 
 CT.a«ce/(or o/./i-r/,,/ nf '•"'"■";t''-}'''r,T,2"l"ri'ilfour 
 resident ofhml ir.vn.«ie"( !«"m/-A Vart jUvke 
 
 tViKf soe.Wnrj/ /or /.rM,„ -Mr \N la u Hait-Uyke, 
 
 rTsicned ; W. 11. Smitli, about 23 Jan. 1S86. 
 nl^commh^iouer nf „-,„;.-..-l.avid Robert IMunket. 
 Attarney-generid—t^h- It. E. Welister. 
 
 "nendn'Lt o« t;.e addre..s being carried (3«9-^5") 
 
 26-27 Jan. 16S6. 
 81-ooMD AuMiNiaTRATioN (i6 July, 1S86)— 
 I'rmr vuni^l^r ""•' f'>"'J>, ,w,•.^n•,„ (Jan. ,837)-R"hort 
 
 Artl Talbot Ga'ooiKne.Creil, n,an,UH ol salubur . 
 
 Hem'y smith, 3 Jan. .B87 ; died 6 Oct. .89.. Arthur 
 Zii;i!^!Sr^'llanm:^:st«nleyGifIhrd,lordHalsbury. 
 l^JrJluhnt of, he .•o.-ioiJ-Gathorne GathorncUardy, 
 
 ,;Z::r T't't;,.,He,-.,ord Randolph Hem^ 
 Sprueei- Churrhdl ; re.^l^■ned 32 Dec. 1886, t utoifee 
 Joachim Gonchen, 3 Jan. iPS?. 
 
 ^-^"■^"^;;^";,:'l:;';d^,nrvfc;^";'^;cote,o„riof 
 
 •^ IddesloiKh (died .2 Jan. 1887) ; maniuis ol 
 
 Halisburv, Jan. 1887. . ,, 
 
 «;,rel„;,.;' Kdward Stanh.3,e ; s.r Henry 
 
 Tlmrslan Holland, ; l«ron Knutslord, leb. 
 
 1888 (.Ian. 1887). , . . „ , 
 
 7m(ni- Sir Ricliard Tross (viscount Cross). 
 ,m'-\Viliiam Henry Sndtb ; E.lward Stan- 
 
 liDoe, e.lau. 18B7 ; died 21 llec. i8gj. 
 Kntlord ofthe<ulmir.dly-U,n\ ije.jrKe Frai^'is Hamiltou. 
 
 > nTwai born 3 Feb. 18,0; lord Cranbonie, on the 
 J .1 .f>,i«br,.ther iE6=;- succeeded bis father as mar- 
 tuts" :V 8 M r. n'r Staniford, .853 ^^'rr'T To 
 bwlia Juiv 1866, t.i Maicli, 1867; "lel I-cb. 1874 to 
 A^' ,1'; or fore,;.,, alfnirs, April, .878 to May 
 JjT- » -.|.i«l «mbas»ftd..r tu Coiist«ntino|.le, Nov. 1E76 , 
 .tfncH!";o^T:\"mversi,yon.xfonl, ,S6o Manib^^^^^^ 
 «.«iifrtii f the electM>ii issued, /iim.«. ^o June, I092 , 
 P'i^ious^p'■",.l, on the e.steri. .,uestioii, at llie (aiild. 
 
 ^";"The''mar.;uifor H-.-nKtou and the "h^al unioni.ts 
 toUiicdbjform.iatolacualitiuu ministry, 30IJCC. i£86. 
 
 Lord chancellor of /refaiid-Edward Gibson, lorJ Asli- 
 
 ChiTiecrelo'-U for /rri.nirf-Sir Michael Edwanl m.-k,. 
 i™ch ■ resiniis, but remains in tlie cabinet (f'tiiesJa,,. 
 
 ,888); 'succwled by Arthur J. lialfour, 5 Maicli, ,:-. 
 
 Will. L. Jackson, 9 Nov. 1891. , , , ,, 
 
 C/,fiiire;;or oflhe dudiy of ;.fiiuv.i*fr-Lord John .Maimers. 
 
 dukeof Rutlanil,4 March, 18S8. 
 rcMent of the bo„rd of tnak Hn- Frederiek ^;a,;,v 
 
 (lor'l Stanley of I'reston); succeeded by sir M. K. 
 
 Hicl<s-I!eacb, 15 Fell. i883. 
 rrfsident of the board of wjiicidture, Henry Clmpliii, ; 
 
 Sept. 1889. ^^^^^ ^^^^^ |.^^_,_^^ ^1^^ Cabinet. 
 
 ;.r>,-.! privy s^.I-Geoige Henry Cadogau (™l C.i.lojmri). 
 
 lord lieutemvU of /iW.n.rf -- Cliarlfs htewait \(iii<. 
 Tempest Stewart, maniuisot Londonderry : siicoet,!,,) 
 bv l^urence UuiidHs, earl of Zetland, 30 .May, ,33,. 
 
 Secretarufor .Sco(;aiicJ-Art.liiir J. lial our ; sueeecle,! hy 
 SclioiiiberR Henry Kerr, manpiis ol Lothian, 6 Jlart,,, 
 
 rmuient of local gorernw,ntboard-~V T Uitehic. 
 J'o.,(mcw(e,-!;ciie,(>/- Henry Cecil Haikes, died 2, Aug. 
 
 ,89, ; sir James Fergusson about 2, Sep ij,,. 
 Fir«tcommh>io,<er of ,ro,As- (avid Robert IMuuket 
 Attorneii-qenerol Sir Richard hverarc Webster, y.t. 
 SoHcUor-gmienU- Sir Edward Clarke, Q.C 
 i.V.u,/)ifrf 12 Aug., in couseiiueiice of wiuit iif cniil*no. 
 
 voted bv the commons, Mr. Asiiuitlis aiiieiMiiiH;;i 
 
 (350-3,0), „ Aug. ,892. Forchioriiioa.suies,seeM.K.. 
 
 (foil |rcluud,l.oadUol.•ernmflll,^ary,nlK\SalOJMlLl.l!. 
 
 TmuD AoMisisTHATioN (25 Juue ct seq. ,895)- 
 I'rime winiHler und foreign seen (ii /(/-the iiiairiui, d 
 
 Salisbury. , , , , ,1 
 
 yirst lord of the trensimj and leader of the eomw.:- 
 
 Arthur James Dalfour. 
 7.oi-(/ /im;/i e;i.ii»v//.o— Lord Halsbiiry ; earl, , Jan. i!js. 
 Lonl pirsideiil of the couitei/— Spencer C.Caveiuli»li (.lust 
 
 of Devonshire). , . , , , . . ,. 
 
 rn.7( i.nri; .,rir?-Richard Asshetou (viseouiit tms>), 
 ■'.uil'JluJeJ the e.rhe,nrr-.ir Jlicbael llK.ks.li..acl,. 
 Seeretcuks : /i"me-sir Mattliew W lute U.lley. 
 /(iiTiy«--iiiaii|iiis ol SalisbiU). 
 00)01111''— Josepli Clianilii'ilaiii. 
 ■iivir— iiuiriiuis of Laiisdowiie. 
 ;„,(,„— lord (ieorge Hamilton. 
 C-;iinirf»or of the dnehy of UineoJ,r-M Henry Janus, 
 
 lord James of Hereford. , r, 1 
 
 Kirs' lord of the ,.,(,Hir(i",i/-George J. Gosclieii. 
 ■^ieXryfo- .sV„((,.,u(-Aiexaiider U. l!riiee(lorilBalt.sr 
 
 rl^j!'^l'onl boord o/'n.i'c-CharlesT. liiteliie. 
 
 . ' ' of the lorol ,,or,r,nnent '„„„.'-llenry C ia„l,:. 
 /,„■,' lie,d/,on,t of ;,•,/,.,„'- George Heiiry,earKaa...;.i;. 
 lord ehinoellnr of Iriliiiid-\wd Aslibouriie. 
 ]\lsidentof,la-boordofoyrirnltnr.:-A\^Meem^^^^^ 
 first commimoner of «■»,;„.- Aretas Akers Doiyla.. 
 
 The above loriii the Ciibnii't. 
 ros(»m.s'or-3f iirrn'-Henry F. Howard (diikeof Nf,vtu'.k!. 
 
 nee-premteidof the cimMittee of euuncd on ci(ui'ii|ii.i,- 
 
 Fi^,nei^^:^n, o^'^e(,-.™«r!^Robt Wii^ Ihiiito, 
 ' i/,-,o»r,/i' >erritor'i to the ,.,'i,iiiii"i/-sir W. II. WalnjiJ. 
 Hfrn-zKi/i/'Hiiv'-'sir Richard E.Webster. 
 l'!rli"u:!eitl,ru secretary to the boord of tmlc-m\ ,1 
 
 s«/!"'('i-i/eiKOo'-sir Robert IJ. Finlay, Aug. . 
 r ■'<■.( 0/ '/„• o,'miV<.".i;-J. Austen Chaiiihertain. 
 k'c'-'dlira. .■<"'«/>•'"." "W. E Macartuey. 
 
 fodrr iccrctaries : /lowe-Jesse Codings. 
 L ndi, seaem, ,,,.^,,,^„._.(.,,„,.^„ f„i7oii, res.,Aii;.,i;)-- 
 (•„/,j,;m(' -earlof Selliuriie. 
 i,i,'/n— earlof Onslow. 
 ,r,ir-Wni. St. Jolm Ihodiiok. 
 (7iiV/ ,eeretor<i for hiloml-iirr.M Win. Hidfour. 
 1 ,V,,«.,f,»m'J'0-^e'.iiM/-Joliii Atkiiisoi.. 
 sTdlr^iZndfor /n',.,„'-Williain Kenny, Q.C ; to 
 
 ;,:,:!i-.^::;:lJ;'t::^^;:;';:!;;^i^sl^'c.iv.ir.on;A*. 
 
 Gniliain Murray, .May, iS9n- . 
 i',..„mos(rr-!''"e'"'-''"''' "'■ ""l"'^"""- 
 
 SALISBUllY'S ACT, «ec .hUs<n>. 
 
JURY'S ACT. 
 
 iiirf— Edward Gibaon, lorU Asl,- 
 
 i,i(i-Sir Michael Kilwanl Ili.^ks- 
 rpiiiaiiisin llu!rabiii?t(r"tires,)a,i, 
 Arthur J. lialfour, 5 Marcli, u:-, 
 s'ov. l8ql. 
 
 0/ Lanaister—lMrd John Manners 
 iliiieh, 18S8. 
 of tradt ' Sir Frodcviok StacLv 
 fstou) ; succeeded by niv M. K, 
 ). 1888. 
 ; of wjriculture, Uoiiry Uiai^lir,, ; 
 
 i-c form the Cabinet, 
 (e Ili'ury CiidnKun (rail Caaoimn). 
 Ireliiiii — Charhs Htewait Van,' 
 aniuisof l.diidnndeny ; suci'tecW 
 i, earl of Zetland, 30 May, i3»). 
 -Artlmr J. lialfnur; succeciliM U- 
 ietv, nianiuis of Lutliian, 6 Matiii, 
 
 ■iimfiit hoard— C. T. Hiteliic. 
 enry Cecil liaikes, died 24 Aug. 
 ri;nsson, about 21 Sejit. iS.yi. 
 irarAs— Davi^l HubeM l'luiil(i>t. 
 Iticharil Kveiard Webster, t^.C. 
 Udward Clarke, Q.C. 
 conse(iuenee uf want of cnnliiloniT 
 iniuns, Mr. Asiiuilh's anieinliiwii 
 892. For chief iiioasnres, see him. 
 :overnninit,SuviJ,iiM\Sati'jMlWA. 
 
 ON (25 June ft scq. iSgs)— 
 foniijn st'cTi'(ii/'i/— tlie niairiiiis if 
 
 uiiry and leader nf Ihe cnnui;, ._ 
 rour.' , , 
 
 -l.iiril Halsbury, earl, i Jan. i!^S. 
 L-oii/iti/— Silencer C.t'avendisli('liikc 
 
 hard Assheton (\ iseonid Cr(js>). 
 n'ljtirr — sir Miidiae! Hiek.s-Bracli. 
 ir Matthew White ICdley. 
 -inarquis uf Salistinry. 
 — Joseidi Chanilierlain. 
 mnjuis uf Lansduwne. 
 hud (ieorge Hamilton, 
 c/ii/ 11/ l.uHi:a^lir—sn- Henry Jai:i'-. 
 reford. 
 
 iinc/d/— Gcorpe J. Oosclieii. 
 il— Alexander H. Hrnee (luril B,il[usr 
 
 rd o/frm/e— Charles T. liiteliie. 
 ( (lorirnmint (»«rM(- Henry Cliaito. 
 17 /ip III'- George Henry, earlL'aJugaii. 
 n/inid— lord Ashliourne. 
 ■((ii/ii(/i-ii«/(ii I'.— Walter Hume I.011;. 
 [i/ icoils— Aretas Akers Uuuglas. 
 ibovc I'urni the Cal)inet. 
 -Henry K. Howard (dnkeofXorfoIli). 
 
 C C0lllilli((Ct of CUUHCil oil Cl(«'.Vlil/Ii- 
 
 0/ Ihf (m(s«ri/— Uobt. Wni. llaiiljiiry. 
 
 (,, the a,hiiirallii->ik W. H. ffalrui.J. 
 iir Hiehard K. Webster. 
 xtarj to the. hiird n/ (raiic-KUi uf 
 
 ;ir Robert IJ. Finlay, An;-. 
 Hiire/n;-J. Anst.'ii Cliaiaberlain. 
 ,dlii--\\. E. Macartney. 
 „nTiime,i( boar,l-T. W. Russel: 
 /leiin— Jesse Collings. 
 ,,ri';ii - (ieorge Cnr/on, res.,Aiis.,i});. 
 ,/„i;i.i/ -earl uf ISelbnrne. 
 ii,/lii~earl uf (hislow. 
 .■,(i-_Wni. Ht. John Dnidnck. 
 ;,,/,ii,<(~-tieral.l Wni. B^dfuur. 
 „-;ii/iiiii(-John Atkuisun. 
 ,, ;,.,7„„,;_Williain Kenny, Q.C; Ito- 
 
 ;!'N;,'w/"l^;drewGral.a„>M»ny; 
 
 ksun, May, iSw'i. 
 
 ,. srollaiid-nn- 0. IVar-ion; AnOOT 
 
 Mav, i8qn. 
 -eari of Holielonn. 
 
 ,Y'S ACT,scc.i/<<S.I«». 
 
 SALLEE. 
 
 967 
 
 SALVADOR, SAX. 
 
 SALLEE, ft port of Morocco, long a haunt for 
 jiiratcs, destroyed by tho British in 1632, and about 
 jOO captives released. 
 
 SALLENTINI, allies of the Samnites, the 
 oiili- Italian tribe not subject to Itoiiie, were over- 
 toiiieia war ill 267 and 200 h.c, and lirundiaium, 
 (heir pwt, taken. 
 
 SALMON FISHERIES. Tho laws relatin? 
 to tiiem wc" consolidated and nmendod in 1861, 
 and the report of a coiuniission of iniiiiiry (in- 
 (iiiJiiig sir VVm. Jardiue) w.aa published, in Feb. 
 lj()2. All act restricting tlie capture of salmon at 
 oertain times, passed in 1863, was amended in 1869- 
 18-0. anil 1873. During the "salmon fence," 
 ll'Scpt. to I Feb., it is unlawful to catch fish of 
 thesaliiion kind. A saliuon-tiahery congress opened 
 at South Kensington, 7 June, 1867. Salmon eggs 
 6(iitt« New Zealand, Jan. 1878. 
 Salmos Ov.\, packed in boxes witli moss, charcoal, 
 aii'l ice. to retard ilevehiiinient—a plan sugj?ested 
 ami profed practicable by -Mr. K. U. Muserop iu 
 1363-adopted successfully by Jlr. J. A. Youl, 
 whoseut ova to Australia in the " Norfolk," . 1864 
 &.'»w«((i>«w, in rivers, announced, 1879; coninds- 
 ' liiiiu lif iuquiry appointed, Mr. F. Huekhiinl ami 
 
 otliers Jan. :33o 
 
 Jlr. Henry Ffennell strongly reeomnnnids measures 
 
 foritspruiuotion. Times, 30 Dec. 1892. 
 Vtrviireatincreajiein the numberofsalniou caught, 1883 
 
 S.iLONICA, see Thessalonica. 
 
 SALT (chloride of sodium, a compound of the 
 
 giiclilorineaadtlie metal sodium) is procured fio 11 
 
 the rocks in the earth, from salt-sijriiigs, and from 
 
 sea-water. The famous salt-mines of Wielitzka, 
 
 I near Cracow in Poland, have been worked 600 
 
 vears. Tlie salt-works in Cheshire, called the 
 
 I \ncnES (Nantwich, Northwirh, and Middlewich), 
 
 j «ere of great importance in the time of the Sa.\on 
 
 keptaroliy. Tlie salt-mines of Statl'ordshire were 
 
 <liieovered about 1670. Salt duties were first e.\- 
 
 aetcJ in 1:02; thoy were renewed in 1732; re- 
 
 I dmed in 1823 ; and in that vear were ordered to 
 
 cease ia 1825. During the iVench war the duty 
 
 I reached to 30/. per ton. For the salt-tax in France 
 
 uGaklle. The government salt monopoly in India 
 
 I was abolislicd in May, 1863, by sir C. Trevelyaii. 
 
 j Since i;()7 salt has lleen hirgelv employed in" tlie 
 
 I niamifacture of chloride of fiiue or bleaching 
 
 lfowder(l)y obtaining its chlorine), and soap (by 
 
 1 obtaining Its smla). On this are based tlie chemical 
 
 I Morks of (Ihcsliire, Lancashire, and other places. 
 
 1 6te under Alkalies. 
 
 1 31'jch distress in the salt districts of Cheshire through 
 til'' siilwiileiiee of land, 1887-8. The proprietors of 
 the Cbeshire salt mines combined to forma "trust" or 
 sysilicate in the antuinn of i883 ; central ottlce, 
 X'Tthirich; the trade being nearly ruined by great 
 c™ii|*titioii, first meeting 27 Sept. i833. 
 ICreat advance in the price of .salt (Jet. i388. 
 ■ A "saltiuuseuia" presented to the town of Xinthwich 
 I by Mr. Urunner, M.l'., March, 1839. 
 I&lt eiporteil from the L'ldted Kingdom: 1876, 865,804 
 tons; 1880, 1,051,240 tons; 1885, 921,869 tons; iSgo, 
 ■j6,o2i tons; 1896, 660,935 tons. 
 
 S.\LTAIRE, see Alpaca. 
 
 SALT LAKE, see Mormonites. 
 
 S.iLT-PETKE (from sal petfa, salt of the 
 
 |f((k), or Nitre, is a conii)outul of nitric acid and 
 
 -tasb (nitri)scn, oxygen, and Jiotassium), and 
 
 •"I'vUciUfJ nitrate of pota.sh. it is the explo- 
 
 Jtive ingredient in gunpowder, many detoiuiting 
 
 If'ivders, and lucifer matches, liovle in the I7tli 
 
 etaturj demonstrated that salt-petre was co:uposed 
 
 of aqim fortis (nitric acid) and potash ; the dis- 
 covenes of Lavoisier (,777) and Da'vy ,1807) showed 
 ts real composition. Its minufacture in En-land 
 .egan about 1623. Uuritig tlie French revolu- 
 
 bv Ho.^U''"'' "' '"■;"l"''";t",';^' ^^^^ S'-^'^tlv increased 
 by the researches of Berthollet. 
 
 sc'P^fb^yP 'S^ ^^-'^- ^'," '^ re^<^ny<^A maxim at 
 se,i, tliat he who returns the salute always fires 
 fewer guns than he receives, whicli is done even 
 betNveen the sliips of princes of eipial dignity; but 
 the Swedes and Danes returt. the compliment with- 
 out legardiug how nianyguns are Hred to them. 
 
 in nlf,? '^""" "'^'•'^'ht "f '"'i'lg saluted first 
 n all places, as sovereigns of the seas; the Vene- 
 tmns claim(.d this honour within tlieir gulf. &o. 
 
 Dec. 18,6. bee Hag, and Xaval Salute. 
 
 thn^HlH'^^^c^' '14?^' ""«"'' the Bahamas, and 
 the hist point of latid discovered in the West Indies 
 or America by Columbus. It was previously called 
 
 kZd"'';""' ":«';''«, I-^l*-'- '""1 Cdunibnstin ao- 
 know ledgment to God for his deliverance) named It 
 ban balvadorwhen he first saw it, 11 Oct. iaq2. 
 lilt capital. Sail Salvador, was destroyed by- au 
 earthiiuake, 16 April 1854, and is now aliandoned. 
 
 SALVADOR, SAN, one of the republics of 
 tentral .America, with a constitution estabUshed 
 24 Jan. 1859. Capital, Libertade. General liarrios 
 elected president i Feb. i8()0. was compelled to flee 
 in Uct. 1863; when 1' rancis Duenas became provi- 
 sional president ; liis formal election took place April, 
 I8O3. I he ex-president, Gerard Uarrios, was sur- 
 rendered by Nicaragua, tried and shot, Au". i86s A 
 reattempted revolution failed ; Zaldivar fled ; geiie'ral 
 Gonzales president, i Feb. 1872; R. Zaldivar. Mav. 
 »/0; Gen. Menendcz. June, 1885; re-elected 
 
 ««f r ''''^"n.f"'' *'""'' J*"'"'^' Populaticn, 
 188O 031,130. The capital, San Salvador, was 
 nearly destroyed by an earthiiuake, 19 March, 187?, 
 about 50 persons perished. The convulsion began 
 5 March and tlius gave timely warning. Arebellioa 
 suppressed, 6—10 Sept. 1887. 
 
 Genoral Rivas and an insurgent army defeated bv 
 
 g'lvornnienttr.iops, announced. . 31 Dec 1 33a 
 Insurrectiun ended ... ^ jaii i3m 
 
 Uen. Menendez dies suddenly, 22 June; revolntionj 
 sen. Carlos Ezula becomes provisional president, 
 
 Guatemala and Hondunis dnelare war against pre- " 
 sident Kzeta, several sangninarv battles ; In- 
 vading troops defeated, July; "Guatemala in- 
 vaileil, July ; gen. Uivas revolts against president 
 lizeta, and is, aflera severe enganement, defeatod 
 by gen. A. Ezeta, captured, and publicly shot, 
 
 Oen. Ezeta re-elected president . about 13' Sei*' " 
 1 eace with Guatemala signed, annonnce.l 1, Xov. 
 Gen. Ezeta coiilirmed as president for four years, ". 
 n 1 ,1 ■• , . ' -March, iSot 
 
 Rebellion 111 the island of Amapala suppresseil 
 
 and the leader, gen. llardales, kille.l . 6 May, 
 \ioleiit eartlniuake, great destruction of life and 
 
 property „ <^,.,,t 
 
 About 40 persons kilhul in the capital ; Coniasagua " 
 
 nearly destroyed ; shoi;ks still continue 13 Mept. .. 
 Conspiracy suppresscl ; gen. Xarcisso Avilez and 
 
 otliers executed ; reporte.l . . 22 July, i3oJ 
 Insurrection, with bluuilshed, Santa Ana held by 
 
 the rebels ; repurted . . . . 13 May, iSoi 
 Great railway acci'lent thr.ingh llie removal of tho 
 
 railsoiiasteepgra.lienl by the insurgents ; about 
 
 200 deaths; reported. . . . 16 May, „ 
 fteh. Antonio Ezeta, with govi'rniii'iiil li.juiis, 
 
 defeated and kille.l ; resignation and flight of 
 
 liresident Ezeta; rep'irted . . . 4 June, „ 
 Gen. Ralael A. Guilieirez proclaimed president ; 
 
 reported . .... 7 June, 
 
 i'C'Mc 
 
 / '^ll«i 
 
 
 
 ■■111 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 juh )'!'i:ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 f/i 1 
 
 
 
 
 .J H' j 
 
 
 ^/i 
 
Sk'-'Wi-^ 
 
 I 
 
 li 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 
 IN 
 
 SALVATION AKMY. 
 
 i)GH 
 
 SAMXITES. 
 
 "SALVATION AKMY," u ni.im' nssumcd 
 
 by a liiiily of ]ii'rsiiiis tcrniiniJ: tliinisclvcs tlie 
 " C'lin>tiiiii" Missidu " (tnrimd liy tlic coiiiliinatimi 
 of scvi'iiil ivviviil soc;ctii. s in \Hi^, I'm' tlii' cv.iii- 
 f;i'liz:ili(iii ip| tlii'vi'iy lowest cliissisL Mr. W illiiiiu 
 licioth wiis iiiiiiiiiinti'il " ftt'iiiTiil" of llic iinuy, 
 Deeds (oiistiUitiii^' Mr. llootli jreiier;il Mi|ieiiii- 
 teiuleiit (i| the ulliiiis nf tlie " L'lii'istiiin Mi^siell " 
 witli iileiiiirv jinvv ei s, niul tnislee ol its |ini|iei-tv iiml 
 ine('iiie, iuhI :iU(> with iiiiwir to iiiiine liis Mieeesfoi', 
 were ( urolled in Cliiiiicery, .\u\i. 1H71S. 
 
 A KU'.il •■Ilns;inim" iMoi'tiii;; to ceUOir/ite tlio foniiiition 
 of till' 104th enrps lit .Northmiiptuii, wiiH liehl iit the 
 lieiuh|iuiiteis (Witli iiniyei's, mlilroses, mid singing), 
 272, \\ hileeliillit'l-Itijiil. ^o.iulU', it;7y. 
 
 Gen. J'..."lh set ImiiIi his i".iiii(i|jles in the Cnutim- 
 jii'Kiiii Hcfiuii- loi .\n};nsl, jiX^ ; h,^ n|iliohls llic 
 j:(isii( 1, I'll) ost s si<-tiiri;inisni, Mini i-rqnires trnui 
 Ills M'litieis ini/lieit ohnlipiire, aiiiiin;; at tin- re- 
 (iiiijiiiliciM ol ilriiiik.inls mill oilier re|irol«ilis.* 
 
 Tlie l-.Hnle Tuvein jinl (iivcinn Theatre, t'ity Hoail, 
 l.oiichiii, |iiMehaseil; oeini'ieil, eaily 12 All;;.; ile- 
 Mileil, 14 Se|it. 1882 ; cutniitions ot sale not kept, 
 ol.hleil to c|Uit 6.l\llv, 1ES3 
 
 Iiiilian eoiiliii^ent (major Tiiekei ami others), Iiml 
 at lioiiiliav ; lined; iininisoneil on non-iiaymeiil, 
 
 -'tif'elit. ,, 
 
 Ih'ir "invasion" opiiosed liy the anthorities in 
 ."-witnrland, ilan. cl .•.((/.; severely ci|iiiosfd, .June; ', 
 
 ilis^ liootli imprisoned at Neufehiitel, Sej't.; ae- i 
 
 ((Hilled, 1 t)el. ; expelled . . . u *>et. ,, I 
 
 Great tinhting liel\vei-n Salvation and jskideton 
 armies at (ii-aveseiid land other plaees) 15 Uet. ,, 
 
 "5^; armv Inigaih s in the United Kingdoni ; 182 
 ilhload. "-(,>». ;.'.'//i .... .\pril, 1884 
 
 Westeiid centre hiillding fonnded . . 14 .I'lne, ,, 
 
 ijeveie lioling at Worthing; the nrmy altaeked hy 
 till' >keleton army, iE-2o Aug,; a iiiaii wounded 
 liy a revolver tired liy Mr. G. Head, 7 Srpl.; 
 rioting at Itrighton .... 7 ^e|it. ,, 
 
 Tnteriii.tioual eongiess in London 28 >Iay-4 .lune, ib86 
 
 General liooili appeals to the army for a suhseri; - 
 tioii of 5,000/. ..... 20 Au,u'. ,, 
 
 Anolher lippeal Hee. 1887 
 
 He ii'i orts "advanee oftlie army " throughout the 
 worlil with varying sueeess, opposition and in- 
 dillereiiee ; ahout i«.i,ooo/. received in . . . ,, 
 
 Celehralioii of the 2ird anniversary of the organiza- 
 tion of the enny at the Alexandra Talaee 9 .luly, 18S8 
 
 Se\eie decree against the army in lierue, 2 Sept. ; 
 um oiistitutional iieiseeulioii, Aug.-Sept. i3u4, 
 eoiilinued 1838-9 
 
 Tlie ollices in ynccii Victoria Street, London, 
 partly Imrnt 3 Dec. 1889 
 
 I7(h .iniiiversary kept at the .Mexandra ralaee, 
 3 ,luly, 1882 ; '25111 at Crystal I'alaee . . .1890 
 
 Death ot .Mrs. Catherine lioutli, aged 61 . 4 Oct. ,, 
 
 Great funeral demonstration at Dlympia, 13 Oct. ; 
 Al'iiey I'ark 14 "et. ,, 
 
 Gen. ISooth imhlislies lii.s hook "In Darkest 
 Eiij-land, and the Way (Jut," to renovate the 
 \ei\- lowest rlasses (" the suliinerged tenth"); 
 he proiioses the hirniation otcity, tarin,aml over 
 the sea colonies (cost about 1. 000, («)o/.) . Oct. ,, 
 
 Great nieeting.s oftlie army at Exeter ilall, 4 (.171'. 
 eoiitriliiUed 17, iS Nov. ,, 
 
 Ahove 106..- '. suhHorihed or promised . I'ec. ,, 
 
 Great progress of the army in Delia and the colo- 
 nies reporteil 13 Nov. ,, 
 
 Force of the army : 0,41!) olllcers, 1,375 ecn'iis at 
 In me, and 1,499 in the colonies, capital, 75o,ck'o/., 
 reported Dee. ,, 
 
 Gem ral liootli visits CopenhagiMi, Ilamhurg. Her- 
 lin. aiei other places to inspect his army, l-'eti. ; 
 («. Africa, the Kast, and Au.^tralia, .\ug. iKhi/. 
 1891 ; hiH welcome home, 12 days' festivities, 
 
 12 Teh. etfni. 1892 
 
 Mrs. David Bell, of Glasgow, heipieaths iihoni 
 
 . I:,6 
 
 ' The arniy has nftlcerw rif vaj-imis I'mdes; head, 
 (piarters, 101, yiieen Victoria Street, l.iiiidon ; piihli-h- 
 ing oillces, iVe., raterinster S(uare ; olfeial ga/elle. Ilie 
 il'ei- Urn, I'riee Id., ill various languages, id' which 
 inilliuus are sold. ' The jiropagandism is very vigorous. 
 
 58.1Q3/. and a hall in Dollar to gen. Booth in 
 
 sniiport of his work, announced . . 6 May, 
 Gen. liooth urgently apjieals h.r liiiids . .May, 
 A coniMiitt )l iiM|Uiry roped ing tlicxi ditn, . 
 
 (it the luiids(carl ot Onslow, sir Henry .hunv., 
 
 Jlr. .■Sydney KiiNton and others), 25 Oct. ii .^,.,, ; 
 
 a g 1 repiirt issued . . . . m Um-. 
 
 A ladv leaves gen. Uo(jtli 20,000/. uneoiiditioiuill; ; 
 
 rcpi'irted -1 Miiicli. 
 
 •Juhilee meeting at the Crystal r.'ilae.', f,.,,„ 
 
 liritish and hireign didegates prrsiMit . j.ln'iy, 
 
 Dl Aug. 1894, there were 10,740 ollici'ls a'nl .V-.;,, 
 melilhi'l'S ; 41 countries oecllpieil, 54 Hall,.!,;; 
 institutions and 27 languages ii.sed. 
 
 Gen. Booth endeavours to establish i»-i.siiit 
 . colonies, and village banks. 1895 (/.<../. 
 
 Dissension in theainiy. Mr. Uallinglon lloolli. n.i, 
 oftlie " general, ' starts a separate iiriny 111 tli.> 
 United Slates, N.A Muirli. 
 
 i;real exhibition (loreigu and domestic) at Ui<' 
 Hoval .\gricultuial hall, Islington . i-uAii;;. „ 
 
 32nd annual lestival at the Crystal I'alace (bo.ooj 
 present), cianmeudatory letter Iroiii the i|ucfii, 
 read bv gen. Booth .... 2...ki!y. lic, 
 
 Meeiing'at llie .Mansion liou.se on behalf ut the 
 social work of till' army . . . 1 Ainil, u.S 
 
 .Meeting at the Alexaiidia palace (50,32; nlliceiN, 
 14, 5r»i bandsmen in the army,) . . iS.ialv, ,, 
 
 SALZBACH (Ihiden). Here tlie I'l'eiiclisrinr- 
 ral Tui'cune was kilU d, at tlte comnieiiceineiit el a 
 battle, 27 July, 1(175. 
 
 SALZBl^llG, ail ancient city of Germany. \i;is 
 ainu'xed to .\ustria, ll^OS; to Havaria. iSikk ii, 
 Austria again 1M15. ll was the hirtliiilan- >( 
 Mozart, I7s(). 'Jlii' meetings of the emiieniii ..f 
 Austria ain"l France here, iH .\ug. i.Sb;. ami il.e 
 emperors of Austria and Geriuany, .'Mpt. I.'*;!, 
 whn ll caused some anxiety, were reported to he in 
 favour of peace. I'opu.atioii, l.Syu; iircviiur, 
 173,510; ciiy, 27,741. 
 
 SAMAJ, or SOMAJ, see Jhism. 
 
 SAMANIDE DYNASTY, began with Isn,;u! 
 Sauiani, who overcame the army ol the SalleiiJis, 
 and established himself in the goverimum li 
 Persia, >p2 ; his descendants ruled till i^ii). 
 
 SAMAECAND (in Tartary) was ei,n.|uemiU' 
 the Malioinetaiis, 707 ; hy Ueiighis I'iliaii, 12:0, aaj 
 bv Tinnir, or Tamerhine, wlio ruled le.'ie 111 srrat 
 splendour. Samareand was occupied hy Uie liu-- 
 sians under Kaufinann 2fi .May, iSinS. alti v a om- 
 tlh't on the previous day. 'J'he garrison li It, nsiMni 
 a tierce siege till relievi"d by Kaulmauu, lj-20 Juiur. 
 l8()8. 
 
 SAMARITANS. Samaria was liiiilt hy dmri. 
 (J25 11. 1'. ; and hecame the capital ol the kili^ii.iii 
 of'lsrael. On the breaking up of thai kiii:ilmi 
 (721 It.c), the riiniiuei'or Slialmane.-eriilaenlii;ilivr3 1 
 of otlier countries at f^amaria. 'I'lie dcHeiiJuiit.^if 1 
 these mixed races were abominable to the JcttMiiid 
 much more so in consO(iuenee ol the rival tini]'ie | 
 built on Moinit tjerizim by .Saiiballat the --aiimrilaii, j 
 
 ; 352 H.c, which was destro\ed hy .loliii llyi'ciiiiii-. 
 
 ' r^i) H.c. ; see ,/('/()( iv. A: viii. 4M, ami l.tih \. y^ 
 The Samaritan rentateuch (of um eilaiii mim] 
 was publislied in his I'olyglot hy -Morinus, ihj:. 
 The SamaritJin l-'rce liospilal, Maryiel.iaie ; lueinoiiall 
 stone laid by the piince of Wales, 24 July, 1669. 
 
 i , 
 
 ' SAMNITES, u warlike people nl' S. (Ciilral 
 Italy, who strenuously l'e^iste(l the Koiiian iw«'tr, 
 and" were not subjugated till after three siiiigui-l 
 narv wars, from 343 to 2i)ii li.c. They iiftenvaixlsl 
 jnin'ed I'vrrbus. llaiinibal. and ether eiieiiiics .-H 
 Kome, wi'lhout lienetit to theui.selves. 'I lair liKivo 
 leader, Uaius I'ontius who spared the lloiiiaib atl 
 Caudium, 320, having been taken prisomr, »a4| 
 
.VMXITES. 
 
 1 in DciU.'ir t<i ncii. Booth in 
 <, aniKiiiiiccil . . B May. ^c, 
 iippi'iils fur tiiii'ls . ,M;iv. J- ., 
 
 iry lv^lll'(•till:_' tl \|.i'ihIiIiij'. "*" 
 
 jl' Uiisluw, sir lli'iii> .liiiinv 
 
 1 lllld UlllCls), 25 Dl'i. tl St., ■ 
 
 il . . . . uiil.',.. ,. 
 jolh 20,000/. uiiouiiiliiinit.tilv : 
 
 ■^\ MjlTll. ! , 
 
 tlic Ci-ystal VaV.w. £,,,,„ 
 ili'li'^Mlcs iiri-i.'iit . 3 .liiiy, ., 
 
 rri' 10,740 ntliccrs ai|<I .■,-.:"^i 
 litrifs ijiH'llliii'cj, 54 tlaiii.ii- 
 liuit;ii;it;i's iisi'il. 
 
 ixours to I'stalilisli iuM^ani ,, 
 :»• liaiiks, j8qt tl si<i. 
 iiy, Mr. l!alliii;;tM!i liunlli. v.i. 
 stints a si'iiarati' aiuiv 111 tli.. 
 
 I MniH,. ,;,6 
 
 irri^'ii and ilniiivstir) at III,' 
 1 liall, Islington . , 1.. Aii;;. „ 
 I at tlii^ (.'iyst;il I'alacr ^6t..'J0.J 
 latoiy lettiT lioui till' iiiiiTii, 
 1 . . . . -'".lulv, uo, 
 
 sioii lioiise on liiliall ut tin' 
 army ... 1 A|iril, i;-5 
 ai.ilia iialac'c (50,32^ iillln'is, 
 I till' aiiiiy,; . . tS.luly, ,, 
 
 lliulcii). llcrotlic French jiHiir- 
 111 il, lit tlie coiniiieiii.'1'iiiHit ui a 
 
 iiii nncicnt city of Gi'rniiiny, \i;i» 
 11, iKo.S; to fiavaria, iSo^); to 
 15. It was tlu' Ivittliplact' <A 
 li' inci'tiii^s of till' I'luiJi'iw- i.f 
 •0 here, iH .\ii-. iKd;. miil il,e 
 ill and Gfi'inaiiy, (j ftciit, iK-i, 
 mixii'ty, were ri'iiortfil to hf in 
 I'oini.iition, i.Syo; iiroviikf, 
 41. 
 
 IMAJ, see Iki.sm. 
 
 DYNASTY, lie^nn with Isiii;ii! 
 
 lime tlu' iiriuy ol tlio SalliiiJi^, 
 :iiiiis<'lf ill tlie ^ovt'i'imuut vf 
 SI iiiiluiits ruled till i|i|<). 
 
 D (ill Tiirlary) was iiiiii|urm'il'y 
 07 ; liy (ifiigliis I'ihiiii, 1:20, ;ini 
 iierlaue, w lio ruled liei'i' ill sroat 
 [■(■and was oi'ciijiii'd by tlu' ItU" 
 luiiiii 2() May, l.S(j<H. alli r a rmi- 
 is day. 'J'lie ^'arrisiMi li It, u<\>\i\ \ 
 lieved by Kauliiiaiin, lj-20 June. 
 
 s'S. Samaria was liuill hyOiiiri, I 
 ■ame llie lapilal nf llic kili;iijiii [ 
 J breaking' uj) of that kiii;;iloiii 
 ,|Ueroi'SliiiliiiaiK'.-erplai'«l natives I 
 at ^iimariii. The ilesi'i'iKlaiits I'f I 
 were aboiuiuable l" the Jcun ;iii(i I 
 eoiiseiiuiiiie of the rival tiiii|iio | 
 rizini by Saiiballat the >aiimril.™, 
 as destroyed liy .luliii llyri.iiiii-. | 
 7 iv. A: viii. 4X, ami l.iikt x. jj. 
 'eiilateueli (of uiireitaui orisiii; j 
 lis I'olyglot by Morimis, 10j2. 
 'e lios|iilal, .Marylel.oiie; iiieinoriall 
 piiuce of Wales, 24 .lidy, iS8^ 
 
 II xvarlilve people of S. u'litrall 
 oiislv resisted the Uoinali [iciwir, ^ 
 lijupiti'd till after three Mij,'iii- 
 !43 to 2i)<) ii.c. They aflernanl*! 
 IhiMuibul. and i>tlier eiienms 
 llelit to tllelliselves. 'Iheir lilJit'l 
 itius, win, scared the liuiiiaii^ ..tl 
 iviiig been taken prisouti', ».iil 
 
 J^AMOAN ISLES. 
 
 1SS7 
 
 iSSq 
 
 telyput to death, 202. Tliev did ..„t 
 
 th.' riiTht of eitizensliii, till 88 1, c S, , i "^V 
 
 ;■«/.> and Hum,: ' ^ "■^' '''■'•' ^ """'"'« 
 
 S.OrOAX ISLES (orX,.,vi,.a,o,-.s), („i,„ i„. 
 Lmli.li, near the i'i|i shinds • ,'l,ri-t ., , 1 , 
 r(,, Jiihn Willia.iis, ..S,,, K^,!^^;"'''^ ^y 
 
 „.d,sxov.,88o. Tit-'siesh;;;;,'; t iZ: 
 
 ,f"'"" ''"-'I'^I'm-hanient vot inex' , , "„ , 
 
 I Wetland, ilarch, ,885. V^>,^,,>;^'2J;1 
 
 Kill; Malieton deposed for ,ill,.;;p,i robherv nn,l 
 :!sult by (.eniians, ami replaeed bv T , ,-,i 
 ,;,,U,itishand French con^i/l^iUeital;;;";;;;;:;:;! 
 J liiumction against Tainatese, Iieailed by ^vlxlfii 
 
 Vrtwy nf .Mataafa, after a (ieree hati le „ v'''*' 
 A|«rtyof lii'iiiiaiis lami, aHacked bv Al , ...iv' 
 
 (.,rc,'s; ,6 killed ami, lienstr,'.;. 'led' '' l", , .'^ 
 M'lmii'.i iv;;;iri|iii- .Samoa have ,.,,isen b.u. ,' 
 
 tkdernian, lirillsb, ami fnile.l , Slates "J,. ." 
 
 \m' «™m.-ek yield. t-T Unit«l"«u'tU '^;, 
 
 I i.-.v-,liniu.f hostilities reiiorted -m ' '?'■ 
 
 Dj..,™t sti.rta three (ierm.'in and t'hree A,,' .'ri';'.: l,' 
 
 .liNmOTH an, 96 (iennans drowned ■ 1 \i i 
 ..i,,«,« e.sea]K'd by steainin- out , = ,6 Vl'.; ',;], 
 iCln. Kane of tlie r.i//,„,,e was tli,- nke.l 1 'v 1 ' 
 
 , .'l,,unil,yforhisskilla,',lsean,a,ishM;| *'^ 
 
 llcntaimoii San|oai,nllairs at lierlin; p lei ip„tcn 
 
 I mum: tii.uland, s r Edward \i- i,.t • c , 
 «,tH Jiisniarek; tni",'^;:;};,^; i"-:j>;; 
 iv.i.«ii; list met 2.) A,n'il ; elosinj;..,,,,! .,■',, ' 
 Vemeiitsit'iiedsnbjeuttoleKisIativeratilie.'ili',"; 
 
 lllffuii .-•ion declares the .Samieio I>;1.''* ^"T' 
 :.ll«.ii.iiti,i.,„ral territory; h^M lowers 
 t.' h»ve ciial rights; Ar-.liefoa r ' o^- ,';;rus 
 
 fS° '"'"'"''" '"'"'' '^'™""'' "''"' '^her p,"! 
 ItolasiipjiorlsMalietoa, who is wannlv reeeiveil 
 
 I'Sml''''^'''''' '""*''''""' Maiietoa viee kini;, ani ' 
 
 l)l.ii.l'« r,-.iii.;tateil as 'kins', with th'e assenV'of ' 
 I (or«i;ii jioivei-s . assuii ot 
 
 iMiufTamasese, reiiorted ' .' ' J\\'Z' 
 
 lnfi..«TO|,riuMise tlie kiiiy needed l,',.!,, ! , ' 
 
 lrM..|i.',l vvarav.'ited bv iiitrivenlini, ■ 11 *■■ 
 
 |l^«mvvhi„'l,,„,k, eiiutaininn the dip'lom k' 
 
 >|«inil.'iic.' Iinii, spriii;;, ,8„, t,, f, 1 ,.,. 'c 
 
 KK.«i„« ,1,1' state,' leiiN i/'m, 1 iLln'^'r 
 
 M.|..*na„i describiii^r tlie troubles at ■ 1, ,',1 
 
 !';!' Mcoiiibict of baioM ,s,.„||i ,„ 1. u ,1 
 
 . tltwr to the kill- ami Ilerr v ,, f ,',''"■» ''■ 
 
 j<HMi.'i'),issnirhitiU;;,:' ''''^••'''■"•V;7,^^ 
 
 P'f'f '«■'»■'■;■» II"' kiuK and Malliafa '■ repia'il;; " 
 
 .:i.n;:'r;:V'''''''''"''^>'"''''''''t.' i^f^^ob; " 
 I *"'Si,^"'' "" ^^"''■'■'™" "'"-"; '.M:.n;.';d ■■ 
 
 IW^i against kiUK Jtalieioa suppn'ssei^ iv! " 
 ■Civil wr,'c,ii,s',,l by tho'repn'.ssiv;. measures ol'l'l','' '^'•* 
 
 |f-«.«or«a^thro,li,hforei,.l•i,„|",:„ee^^■..'p„,„.,, 
 ^^'ll^^'^i-'A'""; reported. , .Ti,„/^/H';;": " 
 
 ■ • ■ 6J5ei)t. „ 
 
 ^ANDETNGIIAMHorSET 
 
 IJeatli of M,. ii,ii,, 1 
 "^-1 4.,. 4 IN'." " oieh M„r^!rT'-;?'- "^ Apia, 
 
 ,i..l.»'le..t above „.a.|,.v,' ' ' ^"'•■'i""milaii,, 
 
 epressi,,,, ,,f trade. n.p,,,,,;,| ' ■ • ,i liee. 
 
 "'.'ilLilkii,. .Malielia. ■ ' ' April, 
 
 22 Anii. 
 
 1S04 
 
 Mi:!^.''i!f!;,;::Vb^'t,;::;^/,,)[/"-tofAsia 
 
 '"'V'-'t^ ami /n, i: ;;;;:;'■ ,i; 'I- m-tnble, 
 ii'i'l possessed a iiovv-i 1, I ,1 ' m''''''^ tyranLs, 
 I'.vtha^oras (bor 1 ", , t'' "'• I'atronised 
 '■'ken bv tie \ 1, , , ' •^'""■''''':»' ■'^""'os was 
 
 I VeMetia,is,i.,, . ,', ;^';.\ .'^ T''^ V''^'" ''>' ""^ 
 
 "-i^.n';!d;;,r,;:r;r"'.^; '■'''''■'■ ^•''■■'-''--- 
 
 ;'|'|"""""| 4 >''"-b. IS,:"';',,..;,"' =' '••^b '822; 
 
 born 20 .liilv, ,t>,, aiM,,ii,i',. lv;u-atheo.lorv, 
 
 ''■'■■'^iteb '■.pii. ntei 'T'li "'''• '■""'■f^''" l''"'!' 
 
 ^"■'^''^^■^''■''■-'A-iil'^ii,n:~''''y«te. 
 
 ^evo,,siureeathoi^:r:i,:t';t:':;;;:,;;„-?^'-^:;i 
 
 -^e,n^;i;-ru;i;,!!;ti!-,:-^- 
 
 see the 
 
 iS()i 
 lBg2 
 
 •93 
 
 SAXCTIOX, see J'r<„„„fi,. 
 
 !"■'•" .UHMUt'd bv ki ,1 , .1 , ' '"^""' r^'"' '» have 
 '"•'■'■'"'■t'^' St Jo r-s I. ','""■' I'l'-^ 'TiJ their 
 
 '" 'S4O. In I OtKin •,,'•"'''' '''"''■'' ''t'''"''-^ 
 
 an-esHneeminbo -.^ 'h:"^ '"■■"' f'"™ ^^'om 
 ■■Salisburv - e.nn't V i, .V ' l'''}' ""' ^^"""-i^-^r 
 •M itre-co'urt, laldw, • i"'"' \ "'" '""''^ " ''''nts 
 
 Tl.is seenrit • vvis 'ib il ' *-; "'V' "',"' ""' ^"^l"'* 
 
 : 'i^'s^.'- till tiie ,:de;l":;/t:!r:e't/.t;^tr;;"' >" «°"'- 
 
 SAXD2VLS, see S/we.1. 
 
 i'>i^fS;i!SSe„':7;,^',,c,T''^''-"- "f 
 
 or hard meta bv ■ iet o 1 'i''"'""-*'"'"^ 
 
 i--lMessedairo^su™."A ;;;v;v';';''ir''-'by 
 
 ::'"..^L:r';,;:;;:inr,!:;;7'.' r'-',^^^^^ 
 ;;--^^':i:':!.^;S':;r;.!tofH^-'" "" 
 
 SANDEMAXIAXS, see a/a.Z. 
 SAXDGATE, Kent, see /.„.,Ay,^,, 
 
 iSiitir:;";;-^,^ ^ri,^ V-f ^ ^ -> - 
 
 ami cadets' eoll ' 1', \^ "'^'«'« "1 1 he staff college 
 01 the eollee, ,,., ,,„,,,;, i:!\l,'^Yn mP 
 
 .SAXDKIXGIIAM IIOUsi X E Norfl 
 was purehnsed by the ,,rim:^'„^\^•^s^I£f^■ 
 
 for thi's- 
 
 finf: /;[i^ 
 
 '""' "'1 
 
 
 i I 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 i 
 
 
 1 i,9^r 
 
 f( 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i I 
 
 t ' 
 
 .,;i' 
 
 ^^ =;| 
 
 ■1 iMJ'H 
 
 A 
 a- 
 
^X,. '"^ 
 
 ! 
 
 h 
 
 . ti 
 
 III 
 
 '*'» \J' 
 
 
 Kil^iiiij' ;' 
 
 
 
 " ■? 
 
 
 
 SANDWICH. 
 
 970 
 
 SANITAEY INSTITUTE. 
 
 built; occupied, 187 1 ; iinich injured by file, I Nov 
 tScji. Here tliu duke of (Jhiieiico aiid AvoiulRlr 
 died, 14 Jan. I1S92. Vark co/l'ii/i, oeou'iiiud by the 
 <]uke and ducbcss of Yoi'k, 6 July, 1893. 
 
 SANDWICH {J'urtKS Jiicliipciisis, Kent). It 
 sutlered bv Dauisli invaders in 851, f/)3, and lOI:}, 
 but was reWiilt by Canute, and became prosjjerous ; 
 it became eliiet' of the cin(iue ports about ia06. It 
 contributed 22 sliiiis and 504 nuiriners to Kdward 
 III.'s French evpedition. It was taken and plun- 
 dered by the I'rencb under lirezu in Aug;. I457. 
 i'lemish" silk and -voollen manufactories were set- 
 tled here by ICli/abeth in 1561. Disfranchised 
 l88S- I'opu'laiion, 1S81, 2,846 ; 1891,2,796. 
 
 SANDWICH ISLANDS or Hawaii Ar- 
 chipelago, a yrou)) in tlie I'acitic Ocean, discovered 
 by captain Cook in 1778. In Owlnjiictor Hawaii, one 
 of these islands, he lell a victim to the sudden re- 
 «entment of tlie natives, i^ Feb. 1779. The king 
 and queen visited L<indon in 1824, and died there 
 in July. These people lia\e made great ])rogress in 
 civilisation, and tfuibraced Christianity rjefore any 
 tiiissionaiies were settled among them. Population 
 in 1884, 80,578; 1890, 89,()9q; 1896, 109,020. 
 IS'umbers of native population said to be stationary. 
 
 Kiiif! Kaiiieliaincliii I., a eliicftaiii of tlie island Hawaii, 
 siil-xUipd till' <itliiT isles, ami rnlt'il from 1780 to 1819. 
 
 I'.Ioli.ti-y gnuliially snpcrseiled by Christianity, 1819, it 
 srq. 
 
 Kai 1. 'laniilia 11., witli liis <|Uceii, visited England ; both 
 (ii' 1 I'f nii'asli's in l-unilou in 1824. 
 
 Kan lianielia 111. pnannlgntion of constitution, 1B40 ; 
 iu...i'eialenc(' ut the state recognized by the great 
 pov ers, 1843. 
 
 Ka, -liamelia IV., married Miss Emma Rooker, 1856; 
 she came to England and was received by the queen, 
 9 Sept. 1865. 
 
 Bishopric of Ilnnciluln constitutcil, 1861 ; Dr. Thomas 
 Staley, constiti.tiil, 18 Ang. 1862. 
 
 'i'lie king died ; KanulianiOha V. king . Xov. 1863 
 
 Tlic duke of Edinlfurgli warmly received at Ilono 
 lulu 21 July, 1869 
 
 I3i.sl .iji Staley rtsi>;ns, Ang. 1870; bishop Alt'rird 
 Willis eons'ceiated 2 Keb. 1872 
 
 KaniClianeha V. (lied, unmarried . iillec. ,, 
 
 Win. C. l.unalilu ciowncd, 8 .Ian. 1873 ; died, 3 Feb. 187.^ 
 
 Itctiproeity trcatv coiiclndcd between Hawaii and 
 the United States 1875 
 
 David Kalakaua (luiin 16 Nov. 1S36), elected king, 
 in oiipo.sition tiMpnin Kmnia 12 Keb. ; visits the 
 jiresideiit at \V;isliinf;ton 12 Dee. 1876; visits 
 Euii)p"; at linnie, i July ; received by the queen 
 at Windsor, 12 July, 1681 ; eiMwned . 12 Feb. 1883 
 
 <Jneen Kajpiolani arrives at l.ivcri'ool to be present 
 at llie roval jubilee service 2 June ; arrives in 
 London ' 8 June, 1887 
 
 Eevolntion njjainst a corriqit ministry 25 June; 
 the ministry de|ioseil ^oJune ; the kinj; powerless 
 aplH'als to the liiici;;!! reprcsentjitives, who 
 recommend the funnatiun of a new constitution ; 
 tlie king sit;ns a new eonstitntion 7 July; new 
 ministry fornicd .... 10 July, ,, 
 
 Mr. Wilcox, a government military pupil, with too 
 men, attempts the sei/nre of the jialace at Hono- 
 Inln, 30 July ; lighting ensues, 6 rebels killed ; 
 \Vileo.'i sunendeis .... 31 July, 1889 
 
 Death of the king Ilavid Kalakana at Sail Fran- 
 tiseii, 20 Jan. ; siieci'cileil by his sister, Lydia 
 Lilinokalani (wliu \isiled England in 1887), pro- 
 claiine<l 29 Jan. 1891 
 
 I'olilical troubles ; liie late king's ministeis relnse 
 to lesiKii, Feb. ; opl"l^ilion to the cpiecn ; Ameri- 
 can inleiviiilic.il anainst civil war aboul4 March, „ 
 
 The ministry ri'>i:_'iis : new one formeil, 26 Feb. ; 
 priiiceKsKaiiilaiiideclaredheirappaient,9 March, „ 
 
 ■The cpieen nominates her privy council of 40 niem- 
 liers, iiieluding ler InisUmd, Mr. Julin Owen 
 Ilomiiiis, March ; .Mr. Uominis died , 27 Aug. ,, 
 
 Wr. Robert Wilcox heads a native party against 
 the govermiic'iit, clcsiring a republic . Dec. ,, 
 
 Conspiracy of Wilcox and utherssuppressed, 20 May, 1892 
 
 ■ '=9: 
 
 The ipieen, proiiosing to change the constitutiiiii.H 
 iletlironecl, luicl a jirovisional gin'ernnieiil ,si-t nj, 
 (.justice S. Ij. Dole and othcM's), 17 .Ian. ; .11,1,.^ 
 maintained by troops Irom tliic L'..S. wanlni, 
 lln.tl'iii ; the provisional government recc);,'iii2Mi 
 by the liritish minister . . . iijJaii. , 
 
 A niissicjii sent to Washington ilesiriiiK annexation 
 i.^-i6 Jan. 1893 ; the conimissioners rccc'ivccl at 
 WasIiiiiKton 4 Feb. r( <.,, 
 
 Temporary ]iroteetorate established by Mr. .Icjlm L, 
 Stineiis, the U. S. minister . . , fib, 
 
 Treaty for the annexation of the Islancls tii tlie 
 U.S.N. A. ; jiroposed 16 Fell. ; the treaty win,, 
 drawn from the senate by president Cli'v-bn,! 
 
 9 Maicli, I, 
 
 Commissioners from the (|Ui>en ojipose the tivatv 
 Feb. ; appeal of the ]irineess Kainlani, piiLli,l„'.,i 
 21 Feb. ; she arrives at .\ew York . i .Mani, 
 
 Commissioner Hlonnt sent to Hciiioliilu iriim 
 America, 20 March ; he withdraws the pioicf. 
 torate and troops, i April ; made U.S. iiiiiii,>tc.r 
 
 JIaj, „ 
 
 8ympathizing letter from i|ueen Victoria ti, tli.' 
 ex-queen l.ilinokalani ; reported . . Ai.nl, 
 
 The United States decline the annexation ; the 
 restoration of the qne*'n o])posed by tlie puj. 
 visional government ; reported . " . jj,, jj 
 S. admiral Walker anthorized to establish an 
 
 U. 
 
 American naval station at Honolnhi . ..4 Marcli, 
 The senate of U.S.N.A. atlirin the sole ii;,>lit uj " 
 
 Hawaii to llx its own formofgovernnieiit, ii .May, 
 Establishment of a reimblic picpcised, 3' June'; " 
 
 proclaimed ; Mr. Sanford 13. Dole elected j.rc! 
 
 sideiit 4 .liiiv. 
 
 Rising of the Ilawaiians against the reinihlicaL 
 
 government ; desultory lighting, Mr. t, |.. 
 
 Carter, late U.S. commissioner, killed; martial 
 
 law proelai.'iied, 6, 7, Jan. 1895; rebellion uvit; 
 
 many arrests, rejiorted . . . u Jan. 
 The ex-cpieen arrested for complicity, 19 Jan.; 
 
 eloquent defence by the ex-c[neeii bet. re tin' 
 
 military commission ; sentenced alter trial to ; 
 
 years' imprisonment ancl line of 5,(503 -li. liars; 3 
 
 of her adherents sinitiuiced to death (lemittili; 
 
 many to long imprisonment . 24 Feb. -Marti., Ai 
 Walker and Riekard, Hritish subjects, am'stcl ; 
 
 intervention of lord Kimberley, May, 1895 ; all 
 
 political prisoners reh*ased . . .1 Jan. il-A 
 The ex-c|neeu and most of her supjiorters parclonicl, 
 
 reported, 13 Si'iit. 1895 ; the queen re>t()n.'ii t.j 
 
 civil rights, reported .... 2oi)rt. ,, 
 Treaty for the annexation of Hawaii to the Uiiilcil 
 
 States signed at Washington, 16 Jane, 1S97 ; rati. 
 
 lied by the Hawaii senate . . 10 .Si'|it. ilzj 
 The ex-ciueen protests, aniKjunced . . 18 June, „' 
 The island annexed by the United States; 7 July, uji 
 
 SANGIR ISLANDS, a group lying betwofn 
 the riiilippines and Celebes, subject to tlie Uutili. 
 Great fciangir lias sull'ered much by vohanii (Tup. 
 tiuiiB. liy one in 1856 ubo.it 2,000 iiersoiisiicri.-liiJ, 
 and by others, 7 June et acij. l8<)2, it was said tht 
 nearly all tlic population, about 1 2,000, was lUstrovd. 
 
 SANHEDEIM. An ancient Jewish council 
 of the liighest jurisdiction, of seventy, or, as some 
 say, seventy-three inenibers, usually cuiisidwid to 
 be that established by Moses, yum. xi. i(j.— 141)0 
 H.o. It was yet in being at the time of Jtsus 
 Christ, Julm .\viii. 31. A Jewish Sanliedriiiiwai 
 suininoned by the emperor Napoleon I., 2j July, 
 1806. A meeting of .Jewish deputies was liclJ i8 
 Sept., and tlie Sanliedrini assembled, 9 March, iSo;. 
 
 SANITARY INSTI UTE oi-GnE.iT 
 Britain', founded 13 July, 187O; picsiiltut, the 
 duke of Xorthuinherhmd ; ineori orated .Ua;. iS^''!'. 
 Congress at l.eaniingtciii, 3 Oct. 187; ; at StiiifiJ, 
 2 Oct. 1878; at Croydon, 21 Oct. 1879; at E.veUT, 
 iS.Su; opened u Sctn.olof Ihgielie in Ldldcli Xr. 
 1879. Congress at Newcastle, 1882; at OliisfO«', 
 27 iSept. 1883; at Dublin, 30 Sept. 1884; ntl.cii«- 
 ter, 22 Sept. 1885 ; York, 21 Sept. iMO; Mou, 
 
ir'i 
 
 'AEY INSTITUTE. 
 
 IK to rliiiii);« tho coiistitiili.iii, i^ 
 l)i'oviHi()iiai j^int'Miiiifiit s.m nr, 
 uli! uikI (jllii'r»), 17 Jiiii. ; iin|,.r 
 :n)oi)s Iruiii tliii L'.S. \\iii.ilii|i 
 i'isidiiul yovenniiL'nt rui-M^iiizcl 
 iiistcr . . . igJaii. ,3„ 
 i'usliiiiKtoii ili'siriiiganiii'Mition, 
 tliu uuiiiiiiissiuiiKra n'c'iMvwl at 
 4 I'Vl,. ,f <..,, 
 iratoestaHisheilby Mr. .Juliii L. 
 . iiiinisU'r . . I Ki.i,' 
 li'XaliiMi of till" iHlaTi'ls t(j tlje 
 isi'il i6 Fi'li. ; till" trcMtv wiUi. 
 eiialu by prosi.li'iit C'li'v-'l;iii,l 
 
 y Manli, I, 
 II tlic quciiii oiiposo tliH tivaiy, 
 )i(i jiriiiccss Kaiulaiii, ]iiili|i,li,',j 
 I'cs at .\i!W Yoi-k . I .Manli, 
 nut si'iit to Honolniii Irum 
 ell ; 111' witliilmw.s llip ]irui(-o. 
 , I Alii'il ; iiiailc U.S. iiiiiil»t.T 
 
 Jlaj, „ 
 T fi-oiii iiiKM'ii Victoria to tli,. 
 »lnni ; ri'ijortol . . .\im\. 
 I (lecIiiiB tlHi auiii'xatioii ; the 
 111! qiu'i'll opiioswl by tlio pio. 
 "lit; ri'porli'.l . ■ . ,Ja„. ,j 
 licr autliorizi'il to estaUiOi an 
 tatioii at Hiiiiuliilii . ..4 .Marcli, 
 S.N.A. alliriii tlii' soli' n;;lil of " 
 iHii ronnofHovcriiiiMiit. ;i .May, 
 a ri'ipulilie |iio|iosi.,i, 3 Jimj; " 
 . SaulbrJ 13. Dulu electi'd [irn. 
 
 4 Jiilv, 
 
 ivaiiatis aijftiiist t),i! n^piililirai, 
 i.'siiltory liKliliii);, Mr. C. I., 
 I'oiiiinissionrr, liilli'il ; martial 
 3, 7, Jan. 189s; reliullion uvi-r; 
 lorteil . . . uJaii. , 
 steil for eoiiiplii'ity, 19 Jan.; 
 (■ by tlie I's-ipu'i'ii Iji'liiio llie 
 .ion ; seiiteiifeil alter trial to 5 
 cnt ami liiiu of 5,(x>o ■lullais; 3 
 si'iiti'iiceil to ileatli (ii'iiiittili; 
 lirisi>iinii'iit . 24 Ki.'lj. -Marni, uo; 
 r.l, llritisli sulijccts, arri'stdl ; 
 lord KiinborlHy, .May, 1895 ; all 
 -.1 relnascil . . .1 Jan. ,;jj 
 iiost of licr .snp]iorti'rs ])nrili)iiii|, 
 it. 1895; till' ipiceii rf'>toii;'i tu 
 rti'd . . . . 2(j I lot, ,, 
 •xatioii of Hawaii to tin' Uiiitnl 
 iVasliiiigtoii, 16 Jniii', 1^97 ; nili. 
 lii .senati,' . . lo.N'iit. ;S;; 
 isl.s, uniiounrail . . iSJuiif, „ 
 I by tim L'liiti'il States; 7 July, u^j 
 
 LAXDiS, a group lying betwten 
 lid C'ck'bi'S, suliject to the Uutdi. 
 I sullered iiuiuli by volianii criip- 
 185O ubout2,n(X)]ii'r,siiiispcri>luJ, 
 June et /ici/. 1S92, it was said that 
 tUitioii, aliout 1 2,000, wasilL'^tiouii. 
 
 [M., An ancient Jewish council 
 risdietion, of soveiify, or, as some 
 .'C nioiiibei's, usually'consiileii'il to 
 ed by Mose.s, Skih. xi. lO.— 141)0 
 : in being at the time of Jtsus 
 ii. 31. A Jewisli Saiiliedriiu wu 
 le einiicror Xuiioleon I., 23 July, 
 a; of Jewish iu']mties was lielJ 18 
 nhedrini assenilJleO, 9Mai(h,lSo;. 
 
 INSTI . UTE OF GiiLiT 
 led 13 July, iy;0; jiresiik'iit, llie 
 iberliiiid; iiieor|oraleil Aug. ik^!". 
 lington, 3 Oct. 187; ; at StatlViJ, 
 Jroydon, 21 Oi't. 1871); at t.xeltr, 
 iehoolof lh;;ielie in L.llu.,11 N-v. 
 It Neweiist'le, 1882; at Olasfow, 
 ; Dublin, 30 Sept. 1884; atl.iiws- 
 , ; York, 21 Sept. 18*; llolloii, 
 
 SANITATION. 
 
 971 
 
 joSept. 1887; Worcester, 24 Sept. 1H8.); lirighton, ' 
 24.iug. l8i)o; rorlsniouth, 12 Sept. |8(,2; r.ivur. | 
 I jKwl, 24 Sept. 1894; NewiiiKtle.on-'l'yiK., 2 Sejit. 
 iiip: Leed.s, 14 Sejit. 181)7. See umleV HunUation. 
 
 H.iNITATION, llin nreservntioii of lieiiltli. 
 
 I StrictcleanliiH'.sKi.seiijoiiiediiillie|awiif .Mimtm, mi^o 
 B.t. (Jieat II"''"''"" '"I" '"'I'" I'i'iil <i> ' lie ptiblie liealth 
 in France sinee l8(i2. Tiinlieii pnbli»lied his " Dic- 
 tiiiiiiiaire tie HyKieiie," If<S2-;4. Sniiitarv eoni- 
 I niiisioiis were apjioiiited in i838iinil 1844. 'Xo Ur, 
 Sjutiiwood Smith is iiieinly attribiitiible the honour 
 
 of public 
 
 phy of 
 
 Since 
 
 SANTA FE DE I5OG0TA. 
 
 C'JUmnv"" " - ,T ..v., ../I., ..I, I,,: tin; (lUHUUl 
 
 oftoimiieiH'iiiK the as:itHtinn on the siibjeel of publii 
 
 hLilthin Ktiitland about 1832; hi* " I'liiloHophy 
 
 lie.ilth" haviiiij exeifed much iittontloii. Since 
 
 1^38 he has published niinierouH oanitury rcportd, 
 
 I bjVMig been iiuuli employed hy tli(. LMverninent. 
 
 I'rofMSors of hy;;iene are now appointed. See 
 
 liiMfl'iMic Uiiitth,i\w\ lltjciii'ii,' (C'oiijfiossos). 
 
 initstigationsof tlic Tnor Law (.'ipininlHHlonnrHand non- 
 
 seiliipiitilisclosini's and tin' reports of the reiilstrar. 
 
 general teiil to legislation, 1834 «( m}. 
 
 .\'idsanct'« Kdiioval net passed (repealed) . 1S43-1860 
 
 Calluaud Washlioiisesait . . . . i84fi-i847 
 
 fnlilic Ui'allli act (siibsecpient !4u|iplmii(!iit(il jctH) 
 
 iieHiollli. lio.irdof ,g g 
 
 C«mra()iiU"lt,'iiiK IbMises act . , , 1851-185) 
 labouring Classes I.iidKiiiH lloiises net , , . ,85, 
 Smoke Nuisance .Vljatciueiit act . • , , 1853 
 Uijtaios Prevention net ..... iScc 
 
 Public Henltli act passed ^'' 
 
 Mdr'UKjlitaii liitenneuls arts . . . 1850-1855 
 lateraatioiial siinitnry confercncoH at I'urls, 1851 ; 
 
 atCoasUintinniilo 3^,^ 
 
 Lilwuriiij<l'l.i.isi's llwclliiifi-bouHenet pnsHed, Mareli, 1866 
 V»- Saiiitnry act (strinycnt) paHHeil Au),'. 1866;' 
 
 iiiieudcl ... . . , ,808,' 1870 
 
 Pablii'llealtli act )iasHeil . . , 10 Aug. 1873 
 
 Monal liealth soeiely founded .... ,87, 
 l.itcniational sanitary eunyress at Vluiuia, cloNcd 
 
 > Aug. 1874 
 rsUic Health act fur Irel.iud jiassed . 7 Aug. 
 MiitaiyLaws .\iaeiidini'iit act iiassed . 7 Auv'. 
 Nt\( Consi)liili;led I'liblii' lleallli net passed . ', 
 .in international exiiihitlon of objei'ls relallriK to 
 imWiclienltli and safely was opiiniid by the kiiix 
 ot Belgium at Urussels, 26 Juiis ; u coinfr»HH met 
 
 J7 Mei:-: 
 See lUjfjifnf, 
 Pjtkes "muscnni of hygiene," instituted 1S76, at 
 Iniversity eollene, London ; Ineorpomled and 
 removed to .Margaret-street, t'aveiidlNl|.Ni|inirB, 
 i;:2; opened by tliednkoof Alliany jfi .Mav, 188); 
 iiicoriwrated with the t'anitary Institute of (Jreiit 
 
 Briuiu Auk. 
 
 j.vii/arj/ .4,«snm«rf J-wncin^'ioi, forined by nlr .lo- 
 
 seiJi Fayrer, Urs. Andrew Clark, t'oiHeld, Tyii- 
 
 Jill, and others ; Ronstiliiled . . . 14 | lee. 
 
 i' rhjti Stnutii.i-if I'lvtectinii Annnfititinii^ founded by 
 
 sit Win. W. Unll, professor Huxley, and 01 hers . 
 
 lawiiational sanitary oxhibltloii, royal Albeit hall, 
 
 lb .liilV I 1 All),:. 
 
 .\itioiial health soeii.ty'a exiilbltloii .ipini'd .y.liuu. 
 
 Iiildiiatiunal health exhiliilion, iSlij ; proposals 
 
 iJu;teil, Nov. i83j; opened by the duke of Cain 
 
 IriJge, SMay;clHscil, (oOel. ; ei.lU'elelli'eM held 
 
 ab.juti2 Jane; llio .imies lnaii},'nrated bv tho 
 
 pniiee of Wales, 17 Jiinej ndinllled, ^.isi^.io- 
 
 nicjaisawiirdeil (242 pdd. 5096 silver, and olliers), 
 
 ilUt\. 1884; estimated surplus, i9,,.«,/. . pvb 
 
 Intel natieiinl sanitary eonferenees at Washlnxton 
 
 l-:i; at iinljie 
 
 iw«i result of hfty years' Hnidlatloii savinn' of 
 ab'iiJt 501,000 lives; death rale reduced from 
 ibuve 2: lo 19 per thousand , , ;^„y 
 
 !i* Cullege of State Medicine for tho tniliilno „i 
 IWiijiis ullieially emiiloyed in matters relatliii,' i,o 
 fuWic health iiiaii;.Mirated ; addrusK bv Mr. 
 
 Ilrinieiiell Carter •.. v|,,v ,n„„ 
 
 'agessofllygienena't at Paris. . . 4 Am;. SSo 
 :'Mw!.,Cl,ad«iek, a great promot'.r of .saniUitio,, " 
 
 'K aged go s.lulv i3uo 
 
 !!-niatieiial sanitary eonferenee at Venice , ,iali' 
 'I «?. ; ronventinii lespeeiiiiK iiuariidlue, .Ve.! 
 si.iicJliysomeofthcdeleaiaeb . 30 Juil. 1893 
 
 ■875 
 
 1876 
 
 1881 
 
 1885 
 
 1836 
 
 Hauitary conference at Paris . . about 2j Mav .q„. 
 Church Waiiitary Assoeialioii, esfril i e l' X' ' 
 
 (.iniiiial meetings) . . "^-I „ 
 
 Interii.ational sanitary conference lit u'resdei. re.' 
 npeetint! cholera, .Ice., i.Maieh, ,3Q,;eosol 
 ■3 April ,893 ; at Paris, 7 Feb. H e..iL -con 
 vention lor the powers, 3 April, .894', s™V/o'," 
 
 'l^'-^ '^ .4*'pt. .897 
 
 i„f .^F'^'^ (hoalth), a new antiseptic and dis- 
 infcctant, iinented by Mr. C. T. Kiiigzott, about 
 
 HaviiiK discovered that the saliibritv of the air snrrnnnd 
 in« cerbiin trees, such as the Ai,o,,/,/, 7.^, j ,; , "a 1 
 lunes H due to their volatile oils pr.l.lnei,' eini le 
 "I hydrogen and camphoric acid, he devised „\„XVl 
 for io-o,.,irinj! these re-agents by "he deconi, si ,1 o 
 
 [ul-a'aln/S'll^-'^rlul!''^"'"^^""'--'"^- 
 
 SAN JUAN ISLAND, sec Juan. 
 SAN SALVADOR, see Salrmlor. 
 
 to H^.^'^9^'^f^P,^''^''V"'" "f "T'-ach applied 
 to the leaders of the ImciicIi republi, ans about i-qo 
 on account of their negligence in dress, and a/ter- 
 wards assumed by thoin witli pride. The coninlc- 
 metitary days of their new cah.udar were named by 
 the Mountain party Huii.scKioltide.i. ' 
 
 SANSKRIT, the language of the Brahmans of 
 India, spoken at the time of Solomon, has been 
 mi eh studied of late years. Sir \Vm. Jones, who 
 published a trauBlation of the poem Sakuntali, in 
 1,83, di,scoyered that a complete litoratui,- had been 
 preserved in India comprising sacred books (^he 
 Vedas), history and pliilosophy, Ivrl,' and dramatic 
 xietry. 1 exts and translations ol'manv works liave 
 heen published by the aid of the lOast India Com- 
 pany, the Oriental Iranslation Fund, and private 
 liberality. Ihe nrofessor.ship of Sanskrit at Ox- 
 ford was founded !,y colonel Jioden, The tirst pro- 
 m,T%Vi" J;.^\''=*;J"- a!'I".'i"ted in 1X32, translated 
 artot the Uig-veda Sanliita, the .sacral hymns of 
 the Brahmins, and several poems, &c. I'rofessor 
 Monier -« illianis (elected i860) published an Eng- 
 lish and banskrit dictionary, i8si. I'rofessor Max 
 Muller published Ins history of Sanskrit Literature 
 in I«.S9. am ,lws edited the original text of the 
 \edas. Ihilologists have discovered an intimate 
 connection between tin- Sanskrit, I'ersian, Greek. 
 Latin, Icutonic, Slavonian, Celtic, and Scandi- 
 naviini languages. I'rof. Jiuehler, eminent Oriental 
 scholar professor of Sanskrit at Vienna, drowned 
 in the lake of Constance, 8 April, i8(j8. 
 
 SAN STEFANO, see f>/,fa„o. 
 
 SANTA CRUZ (Tenerille, Canary Isles). Here 
 admiral liUike, by daring braverv, entiVelv destroyed 
 sixteen Spanish Bhijis, secured V-i'. ■n;.\a nautici' 
 skill, and protected by the castie . .,u forts on the' 
 shore 20 April, 16.S7. C/„rau/oi^. In an unsuc- 
 cesslul attack made upon Santa Cruz by Nelson, 
 several othcers and 141 men were killei'l, and the 
 admiral lost his right arm, 24 July, 171)7.* See 
 
 iri/iii I.-Zes. Isles annexed h\ Great Britain, 
 August, I8ij8. 
 
 muh^'^^ FE DE BOGOTA, see Kew Gra- 
 
 • Captain Fremantle, tlie friend of Xelsmi, and liis com- 
 paiiion in u.ost of liis brilli.in- achievcneiits, was «1 , 
 
 wounded 111 the arm 11 cdi.ileiy i,,for« Nelson had re- 
 
 eeiyed /,,.s wound in the s.iin.' limb. Tin. loUowim; note 
 addressed to the holy of Captain Fremanlle (who vvas on 
 board with her linsbaiid at the time 1„. wi-ni,.i has been 
 
 Iiu.iaw . I, .i^beii.H the brnl ieiter written l.v the hero with 
 us lelt hand: -"Mv dkau Mks. Fukmanti.!:. Till ic. 
 low lorn IS, I hop,, he h.-is saved his arm. Min,' is o/J • 
 
 but, thaiiU Ood I I am as well as I ],.,pe be is. Kver yoiiiV, 
 "lluh.VTio Nkljjun." 
 
 i 
 
 i-f 
 
 
 .1^:! 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 : ../ 
 
 
 ■t..p 
 
 iM'if 
 
 m^- 
 

 m^'.;:^ 
 
 I 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 
 
 , s- 
 
 
 i'^: 
 
 U » 
 
 SANTA HERMANDAD. 
 
 972 
 
 SARDINIA. ' 
 
 SANTA HERMANDAD, see Hermandad. 
 SANTANDER, A tlu'ivin- Spmiish \wxl in 
 
 till' liav 111' Hisiiis- ; it liiis sullci-cil liy war. and was 
 
 siiiKc.l' 1).v Sciult, iSo.S. rcinihitiuii, 1S87, city, 
 
 41,821); liroviiicc. 242.f<43. 
 
 A vessel Iviiii,' in Uie liailnMU- .■.niKlit lire, cansin;; .111 
 exiiUisidh or .Iviiaiiiite, iielmli 11111, \c., wliereliy mUht 
 vessels were. lestrnveilaii.l part ..f tlie luvui Imriit ; 
 tlie ileatll 111' ,«. liels.ilis, llbilUt 2.iW lllllUiM, re- 
 ii.prteil ; liiel iiiiicli iirnperty ilestniye.!, ,) Nov.; tlii^ 
 
 iilaee visited iiiii lialely liy 11"' minister nl liiiauce, 
 
 sen. {laniiizn; lii.eriil siiliseriiiJuns lieaiinl t'V Ini) 
 (|ne'en recent, sen. (ianiMZii ami ulliers, 7 Nuv. 1B93, 
 si'u .U.oi.sii.H //e".-T ;mi«i^, 189.). 
 
 A seeiin.l expliisiiin in the vessel, 18 wiirkmen, &c. 
 killed ; iianie in the eity, 21 March, i8p|. 
 
 Tlie ship lilmvii np by (irder, 30 March, i!;g4. 
 
 SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTEI,LA(N \V. 
 
 Spaiii). was saclu-a 1)V tlie Mudrs in()i)S, luul lielil by 
 tlicm till it wn» taken liv KcnUiiiiiul III. in 12,^5. j 
 The (irdcr nf Santia^'o, .,r St. Jaiiios, was t.unuleil ^ 
 about Il70tci iiniteet piljrrima to the ^lirine ol bt. 
 James tlie (ireatcr (.\ets, .\ii. 2),sai(lt.i lie luineil in I 
 the cathedral. The town was taken liy the I'renchiii 
 180.). and held till I,Sl4.— S.vsriAdo, ine eajiita ot 
 Chili, S. Ainerica, founded liv VaUUvia !" 1541. has 
 etiirered mu.di bv ciirtli(nmki>s. csiiecially i" I922 
 iind 1829. I'oimlation, 18S5, l89,.3,52. Scu fspunisli- 
 Aiiuriviiii ictir. 
 
 At a festival in honnur of the Vinin Mary, 8 Dec i86.,, 
 when the church of the Camiuiiia, hrillianlly illumi- 
 nati-il, wascrowde.l, the ennilmstihle nrnanienls tuok 
 tire, and almve 2,000 peisuns, principall.v women, 
 iierisliod. t<ii 20 Dec. the gnveninient o''."'''"''' *'"^ 
 ehnrcli to he razed to the ground. (See Chili, 1891. 
 
 SAPPERS AND Miners, a "amp ?iven in 
 1812 to the noii-coniinissioiicd otHcers and iirivatcs 
 of the corps of Uoyal Knginofi-s. Dniitde. 
 
 SAPPHIC VERSE, invptited hy Sa])i.ho, the 
 Ivric iioutoss of .Mit\iene. She was emially cele- 
 b"lMted for her poetry," beauty, and a hopeless passion 
 for I'liaon. a voutli other native country, on wh,ch 
 last iiceount it is said she threw herself into the sea 
 from .Mount Leucas. and was drowned, about S')0 
 ji c The Lesbians, alter li<'r death, paid tier divine 
 honours, and called her tho tenth muse. Some 
 consider the story fabulous. 
 
 <^\PPHIRE, a precious stone of an azure 
 colour, and transparent ; in hardness it exceeds the 
 rubv. and is next to the diamond. One was placed 
 in 'the Jewish hiuli priest's breast-plate, 141)!. 
 Thamas K(nili Khan is said to have possessed 11 
 gappliire valued at jOO.ooo/., 1733- .Artificial sap- 
 phires were made in [857 by M. (iaudin. Lqua parts 
 of alum and sulphate of potash were heated in a 
 crucible. 
 
 SARABAND. A stately dance invented by 
 Sarahaiida, a dancer of Seville, in the iCth century. 
 
 SARACENS, a name of doubtful orig:in,popu- 
 lailv applied in the middle ajrcs and since to the 
 Arabs, Mooi-s, and other .Malioiuetunswlioconiiuered 
 the Kiist, Spain, Sicilv, and Pints of Africa, and re- 
 sisted the Crusaders. ' See Maliomutuinsin. 
 
 SARAGOSSA (N.E. Spain), anciently Ciesarea 
 AuL'iista, founded 27 n.c, was taken by the Ooths, 
 4-0; bvthe Arabs, 712; by Alfons.i ol ^paln, II 18. 
 Here i'hilip V. was defeated hy the archduke 
 Charh-3, 2uAuf;. 1710. On 17 iJf''- '77''^' 4^ ")' '''"-' 
 inhabitants perishe.l in a tire at the theatre. Sara- 
 Eossa, after successfully resisting the 1-rencli 111 
 1808, was taken by them after a most heroic delence 
 bv general i'alafo.x, 20 Feb. l8o<;. The uihubitant=,, 
 
 j of both sexes, resisted until worn out hy fi-lnijj 
 famine, and pestilence. Population, 1887, (jj^r,- ' 
 
 SARAH SANDS, »ei- Wreckx, 1.S5;. 
 
 ! SARAKIIS, see ItiiKHiii, 1884. 
 
 SAH.VTOGA (New York State. N. Aimri,,-. 
 
 n.Aiv.v iv 'vj.'v \»,> " • ■■••.-•■ ..,.1,11 1. 
 
 Here general llur-oyne. eoiniiniuder.d ,1 h..(lv„iii,. 
 liritisli arnn, after a severe eiiua-i nieiit wii'n ■.,. 
 Americans lit (iernie.nstown, in which IkMva, vu. 
 torioiis, 5, 4 Oct.. lieiii^ surrounded, surreiiiliTi-,1 ;,;i 
 bisanny {:;70l men) to the Anierii'au jiemnil ijat.,,. 
 I- Oct. 1777. This was the greiitest tlitvli the 
 liritish aull'eicd in the war. 
 
 SARAWAK, see Bor>ieo. 
 
 SARDINIA, an island in the Meilitcmnun, 
 sui'eessiveU po.ssessed by the I'hu'iiii iaiK, biiti,, 
 Carfhaniniiiiu (about 5») n-c), R'.iiiiiiis (ijv, 
 Vandals (.v.D. 4Sfi), Saracens (720-401, llM,„,,,f 
 (1022), risans (iKi.i), Arau'ene-e (1^5:;, j,,,! 
 Spaniards. From settlers belniu.n;: to tU. 
 Viirious nations the jiresent inhabitants dcrivMl.nr 
 origin. Victor Annoli us, diike ot ."^iivoy, Miuirtj 
 Sardinia in 1720, will, 'le title id' kiii^'; secVif,./, 
 
 Copulation of the Sai.uuian d ini.iiis in iy;>, 
 
 S,HI4,8o7; of Sardinia alone, 18.H7, 723.K-, 11,. 
 kins of Sanlinin was reco'-'nisi^d as kiii^'olTiakbv 
 bis piirliameniin Feb. 18O1 ; see lliihj. 
 Coiiquircd l.v the Knglish nav.il torri's, iiihUt »ir 
 .Inhii l.eake and geii. htanhope . . , ,.5 
 
 Ceiled tn the emperor I'hiirli's VI ,■:, 
 
 Heeovered bv the Spiiniiirds . 2j .\iv. i;i, 
 
 Ceded to til ■ diike ofWavoy with the title of liiw, 
 
 as all eiuiviilent for Sicily i;a 
 
 Victor Aiiiiidens iibdieiitcs ill favour of his son . . \-^ 
 Attcinptinj.' to recover his throne, '.le is takm, jiiJ 
 
 dies in I'l'ison \;\i 
 
 The court kept at Turin, till I'iediiioiil is ovirnin 
 
 bv the Freni h i;;j I 
 
 Charles Kmnniniiel resiyiis to his hrollii'r, diikt lif j 
 
 .Vo.tu 4Jiuif, lb! 
 
 I'iediiiont annexeil to Italy . . 26 May. li:; I 
 
 The kint; resides in Sardinia .... r.-itu 
 I'ieilniout restored to its sovereign, witli llfini 
 
 added b>i. ■. 
 
 KiiiK Charles-Albert promuljiates a new iculc . . ih, 
 favour establishes the newspaper "II Uisurgi- 
 
 niento" ("the lievival") lit; 
 
 The kindgrantsa lonstitution, ami openly <-si.iiii,o» 
 the cause of Italian regeneration iiguiiist Aii-lra. 
 
 2 ; Miitdi, lip 
 Defeats the Aiistriiins at (joito; and lakes IVsiliiiiii 
 
 30 .May, „ 
 Incorporation of I.ombardy with Surdiiii.i sS.lnw, 
 
 ,111(1 Venii'C 4J'il!"' 1. 
 
 8ardinian army defeated by Hailetzky . 26 July, „ 
 Sarilinians at Milan caiiitulate to IMotzky 5 .\i;s. „ 
 
 Armistice signed 9 An;. ,. 
 
 Hostilities resumed 12 Maivli. iS,) 
 
 Hailetzky defeats a division of the Sardiiiiiiiis. iiii'l 
 
 occupies .Mortara . ... 31 .Marrli, „ 
 Complete defeat of the Kanlinians by the Aiislnaiis 
 
 ,at Novara 23.MaiTli, „ 
 
 Charles-All lert abdicates in favour of Ins son. 
 
 Vietor-Kumianuel .... 23 .Mardi, „ 
 The Austrians occupy Novnru, &c. . . 25 S uitt, „ 
 Another arinislice .... 20 Mimli. „ 
 Death of Charles-Albert, ntdpoito . .-S.luly. „ 
 Treaty of .Milan between Aasiria ami SiuiliiiM 
 
 6 >.% 
 alHili.slii'S 
 g .V|<ril. 1:9 I 
 4. May. .: 
 
 2 Jlllit, ., 
 
 lijll 
 
 signed ■ 
 
 Adoption of the Siccnrdi law. whiiii 
 
 eeelesiaslieal.iurisdiclions . 
 Arrest of the bishop of Turin . 
 lie is released from the citadel 
 Cavoiir niinisler of foreign allairs . . . ■ 
 Bill for suppression of convents ami siiriwt 01 
 
 clergy bv the state passed . . . 2 .Mairh, iSij 
 Convention with Knglaml and Iia:iee aieiml, .. 
 
 , tingeiitol 15,000 troops to he siipiilicilat'aiiisl 
 
 liussia '°1^1'"'' » 
 
 ,0 i«. troops under general La .Miu'iuora arriw 111 
 
 the Crimea « .May. „ 
 
SAKDINIA^' 
 
 e4->ff(l until worn out Ijy fijlitij, 
 tilciii'f. I'opulution, l UK;, 1^2.40;.' 
 
 INDS, »e(3 U'nvh, 185;. 
 I, sec JIii:jsui, 1S84. 
 
 A (Now York Sliitt'. N. Aiiiui.i. 
 ir^'oyiic, I'oniiiiiiiHli'i-cif ,1 li„,|j „. |j,,. 
 liter 11 severe ensii;;i nieiit wuii 'i.t 
 ieriiiiinstowM. in wliiih lit wasvii. 
 ., Ileitis stirroiiiiiled, siirnMuinnl ill 
 men') to tlie Aiiiericiiii f;eiieral ijai./,, 
 Tliis was tlio greiiti'st ckvk Iri 
 in tlie war. 
 
 5, see Borneo. 
 
 \, nil islnivl in tlie Mciliti'mnun, 
 
 ssesseil l)y t!ie IMio'iiii i;in<, In,.,;,] 
 
 (iiliuut sa) n. (-■•), ll'Miiiiiij (ijx' 
 
 4;;(i), Silnieetis (72o-4(l^, lini„,,f 
 
 4 '(II(1,S),_ Aril-elll'M' (1^5:, ;,„J 
 rum settlers lielnii:;.!];; to tU.; 
 i the iireseiit iiiliiiljiliiiits derivi-thiir 
 AiiKiil' 'IS, <liike ot ^llV(ly, iioquirtj 
 10, wi' I ' 11' t itle of kiii^f ; sco Umi, 
 till' Siu.iiiiiim iliiiiiiiiinns in is;*, 
 Siiriliiiia alone, 1K.S7, ;.'.5.*<;,v lU j 
 in was recoj-'iiised as Uiii^of itakkv 
 in Fell. 18OI ; see Ituhj. 
 n> Knglisli naval fori'cs, injiItT sir 
 111 (;oii. !Staiilio|ii' . , , •■■}, I 
 
 IK-ror lliark's VI ,■:, 
 
 e Spallianls . . 21 All;, ip; 
 
 kiM.r Savoy with the title of Ai«.,i, 
 
 lit for Sii-iiy i;!0 
 
 aliilieates in favour of his Sim . . i;jo 
 ueover hi.s throne, lie is talitn, jiij 
 
 i;;: 
 
 it Turin, till I'iediiioiit is (iviriuii 
 
 I :;;! 
 
 ind resigns to his lii-ullier, dulit ••{ 
 
 4.l»iif, 1!;! I 
 
 :ed to Italy ... 26 May, ii:5 
 4 ill Sardinia .... i-,:ii.4 | 
 iri'd to its sovereign, «itli i,iiii.« 
 
 Da. 
 
 Ibert I'roinnlnates a new iiide . . is;) 1 
 dies the iiewspaiier "11 Kisurp- 
 
 e Uevival ") lii; | 
 
 a eoiistitntion, ami o|niilyesii(i«s 
 taliaii regeneration against .\iMm. 
 
 2 ; Manli, i:)i | 
 itrians atGoito; and takes I'lsiiiirra 
 
 30 May, „ 
 if I.oliiliardv W'illi Sardinia jS.liine, 
 
 . ". . . . 4.hily, „ 
 defeated by Radelzky . 26 July, „ 
 lilan tapitiilate to Itadetzky sAi^. „ 
 
 ■d 9.\";. . , 
 
 nieil 12 Maiiii. ii,9 1 
 
 ts 11 division of the Sardiniaiis. ami 
 ■tara . ... 21 Maroli, „ 
 t of the Sardinians liv the .\iistnaiK 
 
 ■ ' . 2j.Maivli, „ 
 
 alidicates in favour of liis »uii, 
 uiiiel .... 23Mai\li, „ 
 oecupy Novara, &e. . . 25 Martt, , 
 tiee . ... 20 .Marih, „ 
 es-Alhert, at (Iporto . 28.liily. „ 
 an between Austria anil Siinlinia, 
 
 6. Ins. „ 
 
 the Siceardi law, wliiili alxJislns 
 I jnrisdietions . . 9 .Vpril, ii» | 
 
 li'shop ofl'iirin . . . 4-^l»}. 
 from tliB eitadel . . zJiu*. 
 I'r of foreiKii atlairs • ■ 1: 
 
 iression of eonveiits and supimrt cl 
 |. state passed . 2 .Manh. lijj | 
 
 ith Kn^danil and Kia:iee siBiicl.J 
 I 1 5,000 troops to he snpplicilasainsl 
 
 ... lO.^ITll, „ 
 
 .iiider cei'ieral La Jlai'iiiora arrive 111 
 ... 8 May, „ 
 
 SAKDI.S. 
 
 1)73 
 
 SATUUN. 
 
 Wlio ilistiiiKiiiiih tlieiiiselves in the battle of the 
 IViieriiaya ifi Auk. 18,5 
 
 TlKliiii).' ^i*''" ''""•'""• '■^''' • . 30 .Nov. iVe. ,, 
 
 liii|<>rtaiit note on Italy from eoinit (.'avmir to 
 Kiik'lund 10 .\pril, 135(1 
 
 Ejliliire with Aiisiria;siiliseipieiit war(soe .l«s(i id, 
 
 Cavourdeelaies ill favour of free trade . .Inne, 1857 
 rriiicc .Napoleon Jerome iiiarrie.s jirineess L'lotildu 
 
 [rftllnhi) 30 Jan. 1859 
 
 Prriiiiiiiani''" of i«:,iee si(,nied at Vill.i Franca. 11 
 jiilv: I'oniit Cavoiir resigns, 13 July; Hatta.:zi 
 a.limiiistiatiiiii rorined . . . .19 .July, ,, 
 Tl.i'i'iiipeii'r .Napoleon's letter to Vietor-Kniiiiiiiiuel 
 ailvm-itini; tile firniation of an Italian eoiil'edera- 
 ti(i:i: tile latter deelaivs it to be iiiiprai liealde, 
 jiul maintains hi.s engagunients with lliu Italians, 
 
 20 (Jet. ,, 
 Tw.itv of peace signed at Ziirieh . . .N,iv. ,, 
 toiliiiKli retires into private life . . 17 .Nov. ,, 
 lomit t'liviiur returns to olliee . . . 16 Jan. i860 
 I Ilie Saiiliniuii governiiieiit relur.s the question of 
 annexation of Tuscany, lie., to the vote ot the 
 
 jitople 29 I*'td). ,, 
 
 iiinesation of Savoy and Nice pro]iosed liy the 
 
 fmiih governinent ; the Sardinian t'ovcrniiient 
 
 itfciit to the vote of the peojile . . 25 Keli. ,, 
 
 I AiiiKSation to Sardinia voted almost nnanimoiislv 
 
 ' 1)V .Kaiilia, 14 .Marcdi ; by Tuscany, i6 .Mareli'; 
 
 aoei'ted liy Victor- Kinniaimel , i8-i'o Maridi, ,, 
 
 I Tifiity ei'diiii; .Savoy and Nice to France, signed 
 
 <^4 .Mareh, ,, 
 r.'USiia protests against the Italian anne.xatimis 
 
 27 .March, „ 
 X(W .Sardinian parliament opens . . 2 April, ,, 
 .yiifsatioii to France almost unanimously votecl 
 
 lorby Xici-, 15 .^pril : Ijy .Savoy , -ja .\|irii, ,, 
 Tbsoveinnienl professes di.saiiproVRl of Garilialdi's 
 
 esi'Mlitiiiii to Sicily (ic/ii'c/i sen) . . i8 .May, „ 
 Ilir diaiiilierii ratify treaty of eesaioii of Savoy and 
 
 I Nice 29 May, ,, 
 
 Ik Sanlinian troops enter the papal territories 
 (see liahj, and A'imif) . . . .11 Sept „ 
 I Victor-Eiiiniannel enters the kiiigdoni of Naples 
 
 13 Oi t. „ 
 Xai'te and Sicily vole for annexation to Sardinia 
 
 21 Oct. ,, 
 j Railway from .'<ass«ri to the sea opened 9 .\pril, 1872 
 Itiivat storm; at (Quarto, 200 hoii.ses, and at yiiar- 
 liiccif, 3 lioiises fell, about 15 ^leople killed ; at 
 ri<!fl, 10 houses destroyed . . . 7 Oct. 1SS9 
 I .\ Jeslriietive linrricane, four bridg;es and iiiaiiy 
 bdiliiigsdestroyeil, 12 persons killed, reported, 
 
 7 Uee. iSgo 
 tDf.itructive storm and floods, with loss of life, in 
 
 tlie jilaiii of Canipedano, N. of Cagliari, 20 Oct. 1892 
 I Tfirtoli ravaged liy lirigaiids . . . 12 Xov. 1894 
 |l!e|icrtofaeoiiiniissioii on tho state of the island ; 
 recoiiniiendatioiis 1 defences to be streiig'thened, 
 fiiirisoiis and railways to be increased ; work 
 
 lieRun Sept. 1896 
 
 |(l'iir the disputes, and war witli -Viistria, and the 
 events of 1359-61, see AuitrUi, Fiance, Home, 
 ikihj, ainl X'ljiics.] 
 |(Fiir later history sec IMy.] 
 
 Ki.Nos OF sAKDi.viA. See SttVOIJ. 
 Iijio. Victor-Amadciis I. king (as duke II.) : resigned, in 
 I 1730, in favour of his son ; died in 1732. 
 
 Iijw. Cliarles-Kiiiiiianuel I. (HI. of Savoy), son. 
 |i;73. Vietor-Aniaileiis II., son. 
 |i;j6. Cliarltsllniniannel II., .'!Oii ; resigned his crown 
 
 ill favour of his brother. 
 Ii8«. Virtor-Kmniannel I., brother; 4 , Tune. 
 |i»i, (Sanlinia merged in the kingdom of Italy, of which 
 ilie emperor Napoleon was crowned king, a6 
 May, 1805.] 
 |i!i4 Victoi-Kiiiniamiel restored ; resigned in March, 
 
 1821 ; and died in 1824. 
 jiSn. Charle.s-Felix. 
 
 jiSji. Uiarles-Alhert ; abdicated in favour of his son, 23 
 March, 1849. Died at Oporto, 28 July, 1849. 
 . NKlnr-Frnmaiiiiel 11., son; born 14 March, 1820; 
 ilicil, 9 Jan. 1878. 
 Uirailiort, king of Italy ; born, 14 March 844, 
 See Ilahj, end. 
 
 SAEDIS, see under Seven Churches. 
 
 ' xA^yf^l^Thy the micient , ,e f„r llieeonntrv 
 
 I 1 .isl.l .ilul iMirope be Ween lie ('1,111111 s 'i 
 
 Hie Vistnia, incll.din;; l;.-iu"u,!,i'T' ,^ ' T e 
 
 , barnintiL. or bunromatu. Ironbha tj,,. early ii,„i, 1 
 
 I etiipire by incursions. .\fter>nl,d„iiig- the .Scv h ■ ' , 
 tliey were siibjugiited bv llie(i„th, in the !i , 1 
 
 |4tY'on,iiries. 'Jl,eyj,',i„„a ,|,e" iViln.s" ,„f t„ I'e 
 i::^!;^;;;;''^ '■' "'™''''S ^Vestern Kurope in ,1,1. ''^h 
 
 ' of m;'^ r^'P ^"' ^''l'-^'^- ^■''"'- ""'^ "'■'■'■' ■l'''i"N U.i" 
 
 '"mr,'vr'e"'M'''''r''^''''''''^'''''' »'>' Ju^'imati': 
 fcinei.u .Nur.ses, Jlnrcli, ^^j, 
 
 SASSA\I1)ES, descendant, of Artaxer.xes or 
 Ardislur, wlmse I'.itlier, llabek. was the son of 
 ■Sassati He revolted a.i^uinsf Artahanns, tl,, ki,n 
 
 220, niul re-estal,lt~lieil tlie I'eisiaii nionaieliy. This 
 .l.vnasty vvas e.Mielled by the Jlaliometans oV- 
 see J'cr.iiu. ' ■> > 
 
 SATAX, see JJitil ll'or.'i/iip. 
 
 SATELLITES, see l-/(,„eh, JiifiiU 
 on turn. ' 
 
 Mur.s, 
 
 SATIRE. About a century ufter tlie introduc- 
 tion ot eoinedy, satire niude its appearance at Konie 
 ... the writi,,..s of 1 ueilius, callell tlicinyetitorofu! 
 I<i li.c. /,.(■//. llie Satires of Horace (j: n.c ) 
 Jnveiml about A,u icx)), and I'ersius o.bout .v,i^ 
 U), are tlie most celebrated in ancient times, and 
 tho.se of ChurcluU (17O1) and I'ope (1-29) „, 
 b.'Hlen. tunes, liutler'. " Hudibras,'' slitHKitig 
 tlio iiresbyterians, fir.st appeared in itidj. ^„tm 
 Meiiipine, a celebrated satirical painplilet, partly 
 11. verso im.l ,,artly in prose, attacking- tlie iiolicv of 
 he court of f,,,am and tlie league, written in'the 
 ^tMeot the bum;, satires of the cvnic philosopher 
 Meiiippus. Ihe first part, " Catholicon d' !• spa-tie " 
 by U'l-oy, appeai-edin 1503; the second, " Abrege 
 de.s htats de la Ltgiie," by GiUot, I'itJiou, Itupin, 
 and 1 asserat, appeared in 1594. Bouillvt. 
 
 SATRAPIES, divisions of the rersian empire, 
 lormed by Uarius lly.stuspes about 516 ii.c. 
 
 SATTARA (W, India) was long- a tlouri.shing 
 state, iouiuled by Sevajeo about iC'JO; sulmi.'ated 
 by tlio ilalirattas about 1749; eon,,uei-ed by the 
 lii'itisli, i8lS; ruled by a i-ajabunder thenrotectiou 
 ot tlie coiniiany. The last rajah died without issue 
 1.1 104s ; when the country was annexed. 
 
 SATURDAY (the last, or .soventli day of the 
 week; the Jewish Sabbath; fve SaM<il/i). "it w-as 
 so called from an idol worshipped on this day by 
 the Saxons, and according to Verstegan, wasiiamed 
 by ihein Saterne's day. I'dr/hii. It is more 
 probably from Saturn, tla-s f>„li(riii. Saturday 
 Jurinc, an independent literary weekly journal, 
 was tirst published, 3 Nov. 1855. See Honpital aud 
 Lijiboat. 
 
 SAT CRN, the planet, a.scertained to be about 
 990 iniilions of miles di.stant from the sun, and its 
 diameter to be about 77,230 miles. One of the 
 eight satellites w-as discovered bv ITiiyKhons (25 
 Jlat-cii, 1IJS5); four by Cassiiii (1672-84); two by 
 sir W lUiani llerschel (1789), and one by JJond aud 
 Lassell (1848). The ring was observed by Galileo, 
 about 1610 ; its annular form determined by Huy- 
 gheus, about 1O55, The iiotiou that the discovery 
 
 
 V >1 
 
 I! I 
 
 ;!«' 
 
 
 ' ..! 
 
 m\^i' 
 
 
 (»ii- 
 
 i\ 
 
 
 i\'M 
 
 «! I 
 
SATURNALIA. 
 
 974 
 
 'savoy. 
 
 
 't ■ 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 of the two^foia'clmruoter »V'ri""^'r:!'inr -U^ 
 Mmnrn Hull lli!>=;, •» I'XpUiileil. ( axsiiu iii» 
 ,.nv..n..l tliiit Ihc r III; (Mm><i»tc(l 111 fiut ol two Kin 
 n:;: S/tho inllor bn,ht.r tlmu th. ow^r,^ 
 
 ««■;.« in I'luxl (20 Nov.). ""J I'y .»"".'' "' 
 i, now consid.M-.d to bo composed of a niultituue 
 of bmihU siitcllitos. 
 
 '.;AT1TRNALIA, festivulsin honour of Satuvn, 
 fiUher oftht t;ml7, wJro instituted lonR. before he 
 
 fou m utiou ot Kome, in ^''"''TTnXJ^ 
 freedom iind e.iuality which prevailed on the eft 
 nhiscoldenreiisn. Some, iiowcver, suppose that 
 Se Safurnalia «^re fir.t «>^-!ved at Homo m h 
 rcixn of TuUus llostihus (073-640 nx.), Mina 
 vSrV obtained over the Snbiuea; whilst o 1 er. 
 sipposc that Janus first instituted them in gratitude 
 to bCrn, from whom he had leanied agrieul uie 
 Others ™ert that they were tir«t ee ebiated a ft .^ « 
 Yictorv obtained over the Latins by, the dictator 
 Posthumh 1, when he dedicated a temi.lo to Saturn, 
 lo- B c During these festivals no \)usuiess was 
 ^?lowed, anuisements were encouraged, and dio- 
 tinctions ceased. LevffM. 
 
 SAVAGE CLUB, instituted by various 
 
 SAVANDROOG or Severndkooo (My- 
 BoreS India), a strong fortress, was captured by 
 ?he British, a'Xpril, I75S, ""d 2' l^^"- '■9'- 
 
 SAVANNAH, a lity i'n<l PO'*^ "^. Georgia on 
 
 the7ivt:?"S,mmmil., vix., founded in \pi,^f 
 
 ncoiprated, iTSOi/it was taken by th^ Brmsh n 
 
 the /mericnnwar m 1778, an«l %f%^'''™mo 
 
 the northern general, 21 Dec. 1864. lop. i»80, 
 
 30,709; i890!43.'89- 
 
 SAVINGS' BANKS The first of these wa, 
 instituted at Heine, in owitzcrland, in 1,8/, bvtno 
 mm" of ««>». cle llomcsiuiues, Ix^ipg./nt^V'fn ,-02 
 servants only ; another was set up in Uasel, in /92,, 
 open to all depositors. The rev Joseph bmitli, ot 
 Tendover, began a Uenevolent Institution iu799. 
 and in l8oV4i a" charitable bank" was instituted 
 «t Tottonhaiu by >li*B I'riscilla Wakefield. The rev 
 Hc^fyDunca\. .Established aparislibankatli^th^ 
 
 b. 1810. One was opened in J^J"'^"''^ n^., nm" 
 The benefit club., among artisans, having accumu- 
 lated stacks of money for their progressive purposs 
 a plan was adopted to identily these funds «itb the 
 SZ debt of' the country, and an ex ra rate of 
 Fntercst was held out as an inducement ; hence wore 
 formed aatings- banks to recei^^ small sums, re- 
 turnable with interest on demand. 
 Rt hon Geo. Rose devcloiiea tlie system, and brought it 
 
 iX';^:;^;^ ^^i;^^^ •^^3;4deiiositors : amount. 
 
 AS°?«mio!iclatc and amend previous laws relatii.B to 
 »nvinL"(' iMiiks wfie passed in 1828 and 1847 ; exteiidu 
 to Hcotla.iTin 1835 ; «KHin consolidated and amended 
 in '863, .8foan.Ut87. j.^^_^^^ j„ ^^^,4 
 
 ^■l3?uil;r .I^riri^ml was 574. besides ^ovc .0^ 
 friendly societies »■»! «l'""t;'l; « 'l^^^^^'t^ •"^^•.i, ire 
 1^^\:Z^ ats^ ^..t-uli^ilown -nuniber ot 
 persons : tlic amount of deposits was S^'.Sga.S"'. 
 
 All onnt of computed capital of ^^'^'^^.^ '\^ 
 
 Un ed Kingdom 1-.853. 33.3,6'.^ o'- ■ -86°' ^y^\& 
 1S70, 37,958.549'— 87'. J^"K'""^' 3-.4.3.<»^i. . ^^''"^''> 
 
 I 066,543;. ; Scotland, 4,in,735'.,: I eliin.l, 3,2:0,,:.,: , 
 .tal 38,8.y,663'. 1» .877, Kiislim'!. i4.;jC,„;:i 
 
 ,2'883'.; ti.tMl, 44.=>3«.68r' . In ,., ., Kn^!,,:,. 
 
 .4,;4i,7'87/. ; Wales, ■..■."'•^"''■.•o?';"."'""','.':'J.''ii'' J 
 
 1A jii.787/. ; wales, i,ioi,-.iuii. , 13......,.,.., 7,(7,, t-i,; 
 
 ;. . lid', 1082,5494; ,t"t'''. 44.967.-.. , '1. iS^.En, 
 
 laiid,35 595.8ey'.; Wales, yi5.'7''-;S''"l"ij.l.8,ri.,:,:; 
 
 lel. ml 2,062,808;. ; t,.tal, 47.=fe."^'- , h- i*« Ei,;. 
 
 land, 31,232.451'. j Wales B52.4..5;. ; fonth,.,! 
 
 o.Mw'i'.; Iielaml, 2,0.1,675;.; tutid, 43,f5,.,,,s,i.| 
 
 Tutlii ill 1891, 42.858.434'- ; '894. 44.404,936'. \ 
 
 J 877., 
 Knulalld 
 Wales 
 Scolland 
 lielaud 
 
 1887. 
 KiiKland . 
 Wales 
 Scotland 
 Ireland 
 
 tBqo. 
 England . 
 Wales 
 Scotland 
 Ireland 
 
 i8p.T , 
 England . 
 Wales 
 Scotland 
 Ireland 
 
 KeceimI by Tnixtrft. 
 /I6.590.428 . 
 . . 178,260 
 , 2,0^0,480 . 
 
 . . 504,463 
 
 9,363,631 
 
 licceiml hij Tnislces. 
 . Jt;6,87i,8o7 , 
 , . 122,81/, 
 2,472,590 . 
 . 409.35a 
 
 
 (■,l..l 
 
 • ',!4t 
 
 9,876,561 
 
 Eeceireil 6,1/ Tnisties. 
 . Jt6,234,996 . 
 , . 124,055 
 
 . 3,824,391 . 
 . . 380,965 
 
 ]iemnd h\j Tvuskts. 
 
 . . 91,639 . 
 
 . 2,973,494 
 . . 355.457 • 
 
 hii 
 
 • !-:7-tcff 
 
 • 4ii.i?)| 
 
 f"iJ. 
 . i£6,ti5,KJ 
 
 . 2i,:,lllf 
 . J.:*;.:'o| 
 
 For rost-Office Savings' Hanks, establislicJ in i£ei,it(| 
 
 under Post Offlee. 1 ., i ,„ I 
 
 Savings' lianks Investment acts, passed March, ii«,| 
 
 «49'old s'avV.igs'uanks in the United Kingflom, i,;c<,;i, 
 accounts, deposits, 43,797.805'.. ,i8So. 
 
 New Savings' Hank Act, 43 fi 44 Va't. ''. 36,p.iS5t(l,i:y 
 came into etfect, interest to depositors rduiHl t- 
 ai I tj. per cent. I Nov. 1880. 1 
 
 409 savings banks in the United Kmgdoir., i8S(. 310 a 
 
 QOQ 
 
 The defalcations of the Cardiff savings' l,iiiik (rflimU 
 April, 1886, and irregnlariti.'S in otli.T l.aiiks, WisJ 
 demand for k'gislatinn ; a new Hiiviiigs lUiiksaclni 
 brought in ami withdrawn in 1690; i«8:.H, jKw 
 ,8qi- an inspection conimittee iipi».iiitwl, sir Aiiflt 
 UoUit Mr, Lynlpli Stanley, and otliers, M<"\m 
 flisl report issued, generally satislactury, soineluitirt 
 inVegard to rules obsiTved, April, 1893; AiiietJiB.' 
 Act passed, 21 Dec. 1893. 
 
 CLASSIKICATION OF THE KIRST 20,000 DEPOSIIOIS, 
 
 Domestic servaius • . ■ , ' 
 
 I'frsons in trade, mechanics, &c , 
 
 liBbonrers and porters 
 
 Miners . •.,,■, ' . "' 
 
 Friendly and charitable societies . . . 
 Persons not classed, viz., widows, teacliers, siilon 
 
 &c • 
 
 SAVONA (a manufacturing town, >'. Mj, 
 Ion" held by the Genoese) was captured by thel"«< 
 of Sardinia in 1746; by the ricmh in i^o^ 
 annexed; restored to Sardinia at t lie woe, 1.1 
 I'iusVII. was kept here by Nap.;lcoiiI.,lWI 
 Soap is said to have been invented here, and lieiw 
 its French name savon. 
 
 SAVdY the ancient Sapaudia or SsUiil 
 foniily a P'-ovince in N. Italy, east of .1-1 
 It became a Koman province about 18 b., 
 Alemanni seized it in a.d. 31^5, ■''•'lJ''r/"% 
 40^ It shared the revolutions of SwitzeWffii 
 
 about 1048, when Conrad t^n'^wr « "''gl 
 gave it to Humbert, with the '"^f ™f ' "1 
 ^I'hon as acquired Piedmont in the .3 «j 
 AmadeuB, count of Savoy, having entered !< 
 
;',ll 
 
 SAVOY. 
 
 tliiml, 4,iif).735'. : •'■'•liiii'l.s.sjo.)!);,., 
 ,,(, 111 lfi77, Kll«lilli.l, i4,75t„;,;;;| 
 ;4(. ; Sl'otlUllll, 6,o2G,ar)3/. ; IffUl I 
 
 111, 44,3i«,63fi'. Ill i33;„ Knutol,! 
 
 aluH, l,IOt,2Ul/. ; SlSltlilllll, 7,,r9,,J(|,| 
 
 ;4a(.; t.ilul, 44,987.12.1/. llll3i7,'Eii;.r 
 ' ;\ValcH, 1,15, 171/. ;*'"ll"i"l.8,6M.)i,:,;l 
 lu8/. ; tiital, 47,262,222/. Ii. i8(^ tiij.l 
 51/. ; Walfs, 852.435/. ; UnMni, 
 liliiiiil, 2,011, 675'. ', '">i'l. 43.''5'JiS!i.l 
 ,2,8.s8,434'. ; 1894: 44.4CH,y3«. 4<. iiA 
 JicceiiYi/ hi/ 'i'rii.id'f.J. 
 /;6,59".428 . 
 
 , , l78,2fKJ 
 
 2,090,480 . 
 
 . . 504.463 
 
 9,363.631 
 
 Jlcceiiril bii TiKstecs. 
 .X6,87i,8o7 . 
 , . 122, 8i< 
 
 2,472, 5'?o . 
 . . 409,350 
 
 g, 876, 561 
 
 "oij, 
 
 •;(i7i';M-!| 
 ' 'ifl'.tl 
 
 ■ ''WA 
 
 '/.f'!.i;5| 
 
 /■il..!. 
 
 ■ '-All 
 
 Eeccivcil bij TiuMees. VcA. 
 
 . Jt6,234,996 . , . jt;6,(o;,M| 
 
 . . 1=4.055 • ■ ''.'/pi 
 
 ■ 2,824,391 . . . !,;;:,(:jl 
 , . . 380,965 . . 4iu^| 
 
 Uenireil 'm/ Tnialees. h\i 
 
 ■ .£5,677.539 • .!£6.;i9.kJ 
 . . 91,639 • • . :-iii| 
 
 . 2,973,494 • • J.:':.: 
 . . 355,457 • • . :K.;:!l 
 
 Savings' Bunks, csUlilislieJ in lEfi, m! 
 
 a Investment acts, passwl ihiA, [iH 
 
 1' Banks in the United King.lnm, i,;£;n 
 
 iiosits, 43, 797, 805'-, '880. 
 
 Bank Act, 43 * 44 Vu-t. c. 36,p.iss(ii,i:J), 
 
 •tVect, interest to ilepusitors rtdmsl rt 
 
 'ent. I Nov. iBSo. 
 
 uks in the United Kiiigdmi-., 18S4. ;^3 
 
 ns of tlio Cardiir savings' lianl; {A'4» 
 and irreKiila''ili'''< '" "Unr li.iiilis, Mi 
 legislation ; a now Savings liaiiksatti 
 and withdrawn in i8go: iiii,s.,i"l. ; K 
 spection eoniiiiittee aiii».iiiti.(l, wr.l.i, 
 Lyiillili Stanley, and otli.rs, Aiiril,!;; 
 issued, generally satisfactciiy. soit'ia; 
 ) rules observed, Aiiril, 1893; Aiueiiiiii 
 , 21 Dec. 1893- 
 
 iTION OF THE FIRST 20, coo OEPOSIIOE 
 
 i-aius ■' 
 
 ide, ineeliaiiie.s, &c :' 
 
 d porters ' 
 
 cliarituble societioa . . 
 ilassed, viz., widows, teachers, stilors, 
 
 'A (!> manufacturing town, S. 
 y the Genoese) was captured bvtheki 
 in 1746; by the Fiemh in lif^mf 
 •fstored to Sardinia at the ii.;ioe,^ . 
 ivas kept here liy Napi.lion I.,lt«)-l!.| 
 1 to have been invented hero, and W 
 name savon. 
 Z the ancient Sapaudia or UdA 
 province in N. Italy, cast ,.tM'M*l 
 a Komnn province about nSBt. '™ 
 
 seized it in A.I). 395. ■"'''JH S 
 hared the revolutions of SwitzerWtfill 
 i, when Conrad, eiiilioror oi ut:::--:;! 
 Humbert, with tlie title of count C«l 
 
 <Quired Piedmont in the 131I1 m\ 
 count of Savoy, having cntetti M 
 
 SAVOY PALACE. 
 
 075 
 
 tJAXE-COBURo AND GOTIIA. 
 
 domiiuon'., sol cited SiKismund to eroct them into Uo„„1 „,„l ,!,;ti falrv <,i„.ra le 11 ,■ "i 
 
 .auchy, whieli he did at Canil.ray, i,, Feb. 1411,. O^arl l(o,a Com lanv^ ' '" ' V '.'"";'' ''''i'"'''' 
 
 Victor-Amadeus duke of Savoy, obtained the '^''■'."""■" "use and eompanV • l/,,,',;,', ,„',',',',""■ "^93- 
 
 kingdom (d Sicily IroTii Spam, hy a 're;itv, in i-ii nieees. . j ■ • /_ ..n.i other 
 but afterwards e.Kcliantrcd it witli the emperor 
 for the i..;Iand of Sanlinia, witli tlie titUi of kinf,'. 
 
 i;20. Till! Fi-eiieh siihdiied Savoy in 171)2, anu 
 nijiie it a departnient of i'rance, undiT the name of 
 M.iiit Blanc, in iSoo. It was resfc-ed to the king 
 iif SiirJiiiia in 1814; but with Nice annexed to 
 Franco in iWxi, in aecordaiicc ivitli a vote bv uni- 
 versal sudrane, 23 Aiiril, iHIk). Savoy was visited 
 bv the enineror and umpresii of the French in 
 .Vu;ust, 1800. The anne.\ation was censured in 
 Enjland. 
 
 Dl'KKS OK n^VOY, 
 
 ]j)i. Count Amadous VIII. is inadedukcin 1416 ; he was 
 named pojie, as Kelix V. He alxlicjateil as duke 
 of .Savoy, 1439; reuomiced the tiura, 1449; died 
 
 in 1451. 
 Louis, 
 Am.ideus IX. 
 
 mi' 
 
 1165, -- 
 
 1 ,]-2. Fhililiert I. 
 
 1,32. Charles I. 
 
 145). Charles II. 
 
 I i,}6. rhilij) II. 
 
 uj? 
 
 Phililiert If. 
 Charles III. 
 
 IJO4. \yiiaiic3 .... 
 
 ijjj. Einnianuid-l'liilibert. 
 ijjo. Cliarles-Einiiianuel I, 
 ijjo. Viot(ir-.\madeiis I. 
 1637. Francis-llyacinthe. 
 1618. Charles-Kiiimanuel II. 
 
 16)5, Victor- Amai lens II. lipcaiue king of Sicily, 1713 • 
 exchanged for .Sanliiiid (uhuh set) in 1720. ' 
 
 I SAVOY PALACE (London), was built by 
 
 Pfter of Savoy, uncle of Eleanor, queen of Henry 
 
 III , in 1245, on land granted to him. He gave it 
 
 to the fraternity of -Mouiitjoy (Monte Jovis), from 
 
 ihom it was purcliased by queen Kleanor for her 
 
 I !on Edmund. Here resided John, king of France, 
 
 I Then a prisoner, 13157 et seq. The Savoy was burnt 
 
 I by Wat Tyler and his followers, 1381. It wa« 
 
 I restored as "an hospital of St. ,Iohn the Baptist by 
 
 I Henrv VII. about 1505. The fruitless Conference 
 
 I ofbisfiops and eminent puritans for the revision of 
 
 I tl.e liturgy wps held at the Savoy, April-July, 1661 . 
 
 I Tlie hospital was dissolved in 1 702. The buildings 
 
 1 (used as a military i.rison) were removed to make 
 
 I way for Waterloo-bridge and its. approaches, 1817- 
 
 1 19. The privilege of sanctuary which the ancient 
 
 I Vhqxl formerly possessed and which was much 
 
 I abused, was abolished by parliament in 1697. The 
 
 tChifd after several restorations, was destroyed 
 
 ■ by lire, 7 Julv, 1864, and was rebuilt at the queen's 
 
 ■ Hptiise, and re-opened 26 Nov. 1865. The rev. 
 iHcnry ^Vhito, 30 years chaplain, died 7 Oct. 1890.' 
 I ?m\j Theatre, erected for Mr. D'Ovly Carte bv Mr C 
 ■J. Phipps, opened 10 Oct. 1881 ; lit by Swan's iiiJaii- 
 ■dfswinlcctrio light successfully (,,94 l„nips) ; loooth 
 ■mfiriaaiicc of "Patience,'' by Sir A. Sullivan, libretto 
 ■by\\.3. Gilhort, 28I)ec. 1881. Sec Ojimw. 
 
 ilMoftlie operas produceil by sir A. Sullivan and Mr 
 »..•>. Gilbert is given in the article 0;icms. Tfie (Son- 
 .'"(1.YS, 7 Dec. 1889-20 June, 1891 ; The. Nnutf.h Girl 
 33 June, 1B91-16 Jan. 1891 ; riie rioar 0/ ijrav (re- 
 l^viviM), 28 Jaii.-i8 June, 1S92. 
 
 Tl'U IhUl, by sir A. Sullivan and Sidney Grundy 
 ■r . . 24 Sept. -15 Aiiril. i3q2 
 
 |a« A,mie, or The Gmd ComtuH I'rixe, by ^Mr ' 
 1 Ernest Font, and Mr. J. .\I. Barrio and Dr. 
 lUimi Doyle .... 13 M,ay-i lulv iSoi 
 pH'i;i(iimi/c(i): or. The Flowrrs a/ rrogrvss, by w! 
 I »■ Gilbert and sir Arthur Sullivan 
 
 kit,, by Adrian Ross, music J>yt'!^ •"'""' '''' 
 kii,»- ,, , S-Jidy-ii Aug, ; 6 0ct.-6Doc. „ 
 (tr\«f '".; \?°^ ^y ^^- ^- «»™«"d, music by " 
 
 I sir Arthur Sulhvau . .j Dec. .894-16 March, .895 
 
 Ilt'UHcf nnif 
 
 ( 
 
 El 
 ^,Oilb,.,^an,,.v,.thiirSuUivan^,M.,.e,.l.Lp; .. 
 
 iiu M.,i,..,,,, i,j. K. c. linnet, k;i\:,';'j;,;^,^;;;- '^^f 
 
 music by sir A. C. Macke„/i„ , J V, 4, Aiir ' 
 Sullivan ; reiiMlnced , . , .,.',' '„ </ ""^ 
 
 biei,''"'"' ^""'"'" "/"'•■'"W"", music ■li/om",: " 
 /^r;;.,,*»o.;,.,;p,.„,,;,,,,,, *'''-5f^^--M,.rct., ,898 
 
 ')} lalus. ApoUodoniH. Talus, t is said haviHu 
 ound -.he jaw-bone of a snake, employ .j it to cut 
 through a piece of wood, and then fornu.d an imtru- 
 ment of.iron liko it. Saw-miUs were oS "n 
 Madeira in 1420 ; at Breslan i.i 142-. Nomav haS 
 the hrst saw-mill in , r.^. xiTe bislon of Fit 
 ambasaado,. from M.ry '^ Knglaml tZ foA 
 Home, describes a saw-mill tber.., icrc Th' 
 attemp 8 to introduce saw-miUs in i. .'taud were 
 
 in IM)3 was forced to bo abandom^l. Saw-mill» 
 were erected near London about 1770 The 
 excellent saw-maohinery in Woolwich dockyard 9 
 
 ?8^ r^'P^'Vl*" ■'"'';"''''" °f ""■ ^•J'^'- Brunei! 
 v^\ h K . ""'"'"'• saw was introduced inti 
 tngland about 1700. The saw.,iin for separatine 
 cotton wool from the pod, invented bv Eli \Uitne%? 
 ''°/^'"P"™n. in >r93, led to the itntiicnse growth Jf 
 cotton in the southern states of tlie Union Powi» 
 ana James s band-saw was patented in 1858. 
 
 SAXE-ALTENBUEG (formerly Hildhurg. 
 hausen), a duchy iu central Ucuniany. ^ The duke* 
 are descended from Eniest the I> ous, diikc of 
 Saxony Ernest, the first duke, died in i'k The 
 Ws flith^.T^'r • ^""^ l^ ^'f '«2*^: «""'<^«d'^d 
 
 alliance with Prussia, 18 Aug. 18OC. Heir, brother 
 Maurice, bom 24 Oct. i82(). "'omer, 
 
 SAXE-COBURG and GOTHA (central 
 Germany) capitals (Jotlia and Coburg. ThoreigninK 
 family is descended from John Ernes? (son of I?rnel 
 the I'lous, duke of Saxony), who died in 1729. 
 
 Dl'KES. 
 
 1826. Ernest I. duke of .Saxe-Saalfehl-Coburg ; bom » 
 Jan. 1784 ; married Louisa, heiress of Augustus, 
 ike 01 haxe-Uotha, and became by coiivcntioa 
 duke of Saxc-Coburg-Uotha, 12 Nov. 1826 ; died 
 29 Jan. 1844. ' 
 
 [His brother, Leopold, married the princess Char- 
 ottc hngland 2 May, ,816 ; became king of 
 the lielgians, ,2 July, ,83, ; ami Fenlinand, the- 
 son 01 his brother Ferdinand, married Maria da 
 Oloria queen of Portugal, 9 April, ,836.] 
 
 1844. Ernest II son (brother of Albert, prince consort of 
 Orcat lintJiin) : born 21 June, 1818 1 married 
 Alexandnna, duchess of Baden, 3 .Mav, 1842 ■ no- 
 issue ; diixl 22 Aug. 1893; f'lucral at Coburg; 
 present duko Alfred, the prince of Wales, tha 
 Oerinan emperor, and other priiie,.s, jR Aug 
 lie cnteie.l into alliance with I'ru.ssia, 18 Aug 
 1S66. Published Memoirs, 3 vols. 18870 
 
 1893. Prince Alfred of Knglaii.l, duke of E.linburgh • 
 born, 6 Aug. 1844 (in whose favour the prince o« 
 
 ifcc" 
 
 I I 
 
 
 
 m % ' 
 
 Ail 
 
 i. f.ii 
 
 £l&ii^ 
 
">.--^_.-^>i- 
 
 '^'^^■4 
 
 I 
 
 1" 
 
 \w 
 
 
 
 HJIffl!lliJH| 
 
 
 I- 
 
 M 
 
 ii<l 
 
 SAXK-MKININUEN. 
 
 076 
 
 n'thiHlly •■.•.■.■ivv.l l.y llui l"''-'"- »l l'"l»'l"»i. 
 
 aSdrl. iSii.i. , ,, , o,. 
 
 i/rir; AllVt'il, »(iii, liiirii ijlH't. 1874. 
 
 Oran.l mM-pllon (.r U,''." 'i'uk" "ii'l ''"•■I"-- "' """'"• ' 
 
 a ,lun. iK(i.|. . ., ,. 
 
 Vi^ilulMiM.i. VictcMiii. 17Al.nl, it..w 
 
 Fn, s . , . I'i"»s, auk,, ut Sax.mv. TIm. Inst .luk. 
 1 ■■ r.r(l (1<.S.'1. died in Ki^'- lUTuanl (.l;.l<f, 24 
 
 nr ofZe I hiHM.ll,,wi..M ... tl„. I'lMissi,.,. |.oU..v; ... Wi, 
 
 I \ p'ril, .«:;i. liva tin. ..t M..ininK..n, ul..,.at ii^ 1 
 l.erson9l.(.<'iiiii..li.>iis(.li.s8, (i S..].!. 1H74. 
 
 SAXE - WKIMAU - EISENACH (N'ntn.l 
 who wi.8 .l..l.riv...i l.y tliu iini...ro.' in '.i4«. ; ' 
 
 ?,?, S t urn him. TlK.y ur,. all t,.nn...l tl.. «.;m..r 
 o iV»'.»^»'' l"-an..li "I til.. ..1(1 laiml .-Saxe- 
 ^Voim 1 ..•am.' a ,ia,i.l .l.i.Uy in .81 S ;" ' "k-; 
 hiivoKniitlv favoiii...! liU'iaUiiv, and i..ir 'ai.iUil 
 Wi.im^ r lias be.... n.lK.d tl... Athene oi Ut.n......y. 
 
 MS'-, 
 1533 
 
 ■ 5(3, 
 IS1I 
 liS... 
 I.S')1. 
 
 1.111. 
 
 tl ■-■,(>. 
 
 1..S0, 
 
 l.")l. 
 
 1 .l.y-t. 
 
 «7J..- 
 I ■7»'J- 
 
 i3o6 
 
 ■ 327. 
 1836. 
 
 1854. 
 .373. 
 
 ,,Ai 
 J.iflli, 
 
 B3o);.H 
 
 , i3 ha, 
 
 lie 
 Aug. 
 
 1844; 
 
 I Mm, 
 
 llllANIl-IIIKEH. 
 
 1815. Cliarlcs Aiipisl.is. 
 
 •^"- ^",',';,i',';.,a lUU. alliai... with' l>rusi..a. .8 
 
 i/,'jf .^' Clun.l..s AuKUsl.w. horn, 3' J"'}-, 
 ilicil, 20 N.JV. 181)4. 
 SAXONY a ian.^d...ii in N. Oi'Vinany. Th." 
 S..Kmi. w .n. a ti.'nr wai'lik.. la.v, tin; temn- ..I Uu; 
 ■ 1 ',^1 ,, Ih,. I'ltiT w..sti.ii. <..i.p..-i', tio.liu.ntly 
 
 ^';l'k IK u.n^'-.i"<'-i "'■'•" 
 
 u;;., . . ... ' «-.iVs "f sans^iii.mi.y .....Hl.-t^ tll.-v ^^■.•n 
 conipi. u n i,iJ,„ in,..s in thru- cnintry. « iti- 
 
 r''"r ,b .' . . 1.^. • xvh.. Wai...''d d,.si.t.nt fn.m 
 lj^a;.n P.-.^- d c};,U,ia,,i.y abont 7H5. /.ojn 
 ^in 1 see d..d the til St and til,. ,,.ese..tn. ii.K fa.n.l.N 
 Welti. eli.,..>es.,f Supplinhu.-i;, tn.elt. a.ul 
 
 !;v"'",":,r ,";';'' a «.; i, . se!;t of ;..,-, .8,3; ^.e 
 
 UhiSV' o 1 the sic e ofNap..leo,,. 1.. the e,mt hot 
 nf ,SL,6th'ck ..'took the si.l,> ,.f AuBtna, and the 
 ^^ff S' in the l>atUe of KOmg^njl., 3 Ju y; 1 
 The Prussians enteird Saxo.iy 18 June It. t 
 
 Eri,J^;i:^;:"o..^ar tri^r^sJo^^d^V 
 
 Cauhjetti.i^ ,„ li,-,.<,l,.n V Nov. Cnistitution of 
 
 ^Sl^lp di'hl.d. 84^.^5., '^^^ 
 
 In, 18-1 Popuh.t on, 1861. 2,22;.240; 18,1, 
 
 2"55b,244t i880,'2,<,72,805; .885,3,182.003; ^^'P' 
 
 ^^t.ry of the b--,;;^ .^ Il^^ri^r^^T'th' 
 se..ting '''''■"';" ."\''^,V'.;s™t. The festivities 
 
 F;t?s SiSis'3 "?—""! 
 
 aljout 150,0001. W t.ie Ki.ib, i"i 
 
 f"'""- ELECTORS. „,. . 
 
 ,423. Frederic I., first elector of the house of Miamn. 
 1428. Frederic 11. 
 
 HCAUr.ET FEVEU. 
 
 'Ills s.iiiM Krii.'st aa.l All.eil .livid.. Hi.- •!;.l.. 
 
 ' |.-,rne«t. I 't"t- •\h"" 
 
 |.-|-,..;..ri..k III. ■''"■ V,"""-' 
 
 ,l..lih. '^'''- "'"•^' 
 
 I 1511. Mil. nun 
 
 ,),ilm I.'r,.,l. rii' : .l,'p.'iv,..l Ijy the eiiii,.T,.i Ui.i'. 
 V. ; sii.'.'....l.'.l l.y 
 
 Mii.irl... (of the Alliertiliu line). 
 
 Aiinastiis 
 
 Christian I. 
 
 t'lirisliim II. 
 
 .I.il.ii 11. ...r^,! I. 
 
 .liil.iiO.'.ii'Ke "■ 
 
 .loliii (1..II';;.. MI. 
 
 .I.iliii (M.,r^.. IV. 
 
 Kr.'.li'ii.. A.i^.i^las I., kiiij; of I'.if.u.l, I'.j. 
 l.'1-...l.Ti,- AuK.isl.is 11., kii.Kor I'.iii.ii.i, 
 l.'re.k.ric Ao?.isliis III. li..'oi.ns king, 1S06, 
 
 KINOH. 
 
 Fn..i..ri.' AiiKiHti.s 1. ; iii..|.oiis,..l Lis t.mlnl.'i '.y l 
 iilliaii.'.' with Kiiiuee, 1801,-9; »ii11..ri..l b> \ni.t\ 
 o[ 1814. 
 
 Aiith..i,y CI,. III,.,, t. ,, , , . 
 
 Fre.l.'ii.. AiiK'ii.^las I' > ""I'hew (v..:;P.it, 
 
 iiii'i lH.ilii..r(l..)rn la De.'. tSoi) ; ...'li.liral,-.! 
 H.,l'.l..ii w.'.liliiiK (50 years), 10 Nov. 1872; .1 
 
 All"ierl ; i'oi'i'i^ 23 Ap.'lh '828; .imniij, 
 
 ,8r I'Ciiii.lii... ..rWiisii. 
 y/ii/'. C.'.'iV''. l.v.'1'o..r '. '"ifii 8 Aiit!. 18);; I 
 
 ii,..l M;.ria Anna, ii.laiita .if l'..i'tii;;!ii, 11 > 
 
 iB5i)(sli..,li,..l, 5 ^'''''• '''"4). 
 
 SCANDATATM MAONATUM, ft m>.«1| 
 
 statute ....latin^! to any wr.ai;,', hy w.,nls .,r 1 
 writing, <lo..'' I" l'.f!h pers.,na^M.s ot the liuil, si,, 
 as peers, iu.lf;es, ..iinist..rs of the .Tow.i, „lli.,Mn 
 the state, and oth..r sreat mil.lie lun.miiiiirH-.livl 
 the eir,.ulatio.i.'f the Be.in.lal.ais slidements. I:iu , 
 ni.w-. .ir li..rihle niessa-i.s, hy whah ;in\ a.l.,.!r 
 ,irili.I...,i-dh,.|\V(.en tli,..n a.ul the ei.miii.ii,.--, wiml 
 s,.an,lal to tli.'.r p..i.s.,ns inulit an,e a«,„,„ 
 This law svas tirst enacted 2 Ri.:li. U. ii,>>. 
 
 SCANDINAVIA, thean.i,.iitii:uii.;..fS«.,l..i., 
 N.a-wio' "•"' t-''™' l>a.-t/d- Denmark (.../..o*... 
 wh<.n,.e proeci.ded the >'.,rth.ii.... or .\"niwii.-.«lli. 
 ..on.iuered Nonnandy (alioat </x,), mi.l .■^•.•..lU.ally 
 En-'land (loGt.). They w.'iv als.i .'ailed Soa-I,!.?*, 
 o Vik i.i"s. They settle.l I.-.^land lUi.l tim.iliinJ 
 and,itirthout?ht, visite.1 the noitli.m Womo 
 Ameri..a, about the Qth .e.iturv. A •'>«.l 
 S,.andinavia.. So.iety has larn ton.,.,! t H. ■ 
 holMf, t...e Sirrdai, Uee. 18(4. b,..' .S/'.,'/.W«,l 
 "s,,". S..andinavian L.iion, sec Aonc-y anJi 
 Sir'cih-ii, l8.jS. I 
 
 SCAKBOllOUGII, Y.n-kshiiv (iiwntv 
 ' Skanl.4^ur-'e), was ravai;..d by the Uan'* Wa| 
 I l„.on. te.l hy Henry II., ..81. The t.iw,> ™ 
 !Se'abon.li.igpo.;tin l.«4l. A ■--^'■';:. 
 
 ^ V;X7' op...;ed^ IV he .hike of Cku...- »i.ke 
 
 firi'-hlnsil.T of Yoi-k, 27 June, .890. l'opu'^'»",| 
 \ 1881,30,504; i8iji,33.77(^- 
 
 SOAHIjET, or kcnnes dye, wns know., in tl! I 
 
 SCARLET FEVER, ;^'- "'5' P«.;f'; 
 the metropolis Iroin Aupist, l88„ '^ f? ^Ij 
 
 ^'"T^';^l;f'6:;''AS:s^.^t> 
 
 tr;.^afhV.'e^Ie4Vita.:Asy.un.sJ- 
 
{I-KT FKVHK. 
 
 uiiil Alliirt iliviili' III. •, 
 : 141-.,,, Alli.ii 
 15.«,. (;."r., 
 
 I >5|i. M^ • 
 
 ili'lirivi'.l \>y llic iMii|ii.i 
 
 ! Allicrtiuu Mill'). 
 
 11. 
 
 st'iH I., kinc nf riplaii.l, 1', ,7 
 
 HliiH II., kiiiK "f I'"' I 
 
 iMiiis III. I uwwa king, iSod. 
 
 imIiis I. ; iiirri-nKi'itliin trrrlUriH '.v 
 li Kiaiu'c, i8oi)-9 ; niilli-inl l/\ inu 
 
 lent. I 
 
 Wilis II. , la'l'ki'W (n-'Piit, iSjo);.!;.,! I 
 
 r(lK)ni 11 Uci'. iSui); I'l'lfkniiiil !iiJ 
 lilint! (50 yra"). I" N.>v. iSji; 4itl, | 
 1. 
 
 I 23 April, 1833 ; muniiil, 18 ,Iam, 
 lini' "f WiiBii. 
 
 ,., lin>tliiT; liiii'ii S Auk. i8p;ii„ir. 
 Ahiui, iiifiiiitii III' Piirtiipu, II .\|iv, 
 li,..l, 5 l-VI'. 1334). 
 
 TM MAONATl'M, n siHiiall 
 
 to liny wniii',', liv wmiiIs i.r ii;[ 
 hiflli ii'crsiiiiujrcs of tlic liuil, si,ili| 
 
 millistlTH (it till' I'l-dWIl, Utticibill 
 
 lici- ;;rciit iiulilii' luni'tuniarii-, iiv 
 t' tlie WMliiUilou-i Hliitriiienis, I:iIk 
 i(. iiii'ssii;;i's, liy vvliiili My Jrliale 
 L'li llii'iii iiiul till' riMiiiiioii*, ur ;my I 
 pcrsiiiis, Tiii;;lit iwi>L', <:ii(ii,iki\\ 
 St eimctfil 2 Itii'li. 11. 13:**. 
 
 y^YIjV,tlifiuiiii'nt iiMiiii'iifSvuik, 
 ri'iit paVt "f l)cmuark (ii7"i'/i -I', 
 cil tlie N'lirtlinicii 111- N"nii;iii.-.«ll)l 
 iiiiiidy (iiliiiiit i/Ki), nnil cviiitullf I 
 Tlicy wcri' ulsn ('alleilS«i-kiu^'i,j 
 iu'V settU'il Ii'i'laiiil iiniHimiiliiiiJ,! 
 lit, visited tlu' iiortliirn ri":ioiiio(l 
 , tlie ()th I'i'iitury. .\ "Niili*!! 
 oiiety" liiin l"'!'" f«i'iii<>l »' fiVA- 
 ,'(l,:ll, Ut'i'- •^'*(4' !*•''' ■''''''f'''«''»''l 
 .nivviiiu Union, sec Xormij anil| 
 
 ROUGH, Yorksliiro (aihiently 
 was niva^'i'il l>y lli^' I'"'"* l*'^' 
 V Henry H., ll«". Tliu tuwn ra 
 ilLMiortm 1S41. A new Jiw aJ 
 -rent enj;incurin^' work, («m 
 ,riivtlie (luko of CliiaiKe imil tlie 
 
 HCEI'TK'H. 
 
 ii77 
 
 s(;ii:Nrii.'i(j aitaiiatus. 
 
 rnw* 111 189J, 14,09.)); (wiirlrl Icmm-, 14,^48 In i8i)i). iSCEK.X JLS. Clmritv wIioiiIk witi' iiitrixluci'd 
 r„iulnr fi'Vir iHitlc'htx, i<),i,i7 (cl..|illi«, i,,mi,), wiirlrl, into l.oiiilon (o in-cMMit the Mnlintion . f Mio inliint 
 
 tfViT nisi'H, ii,ii(|8, iliiriiiK if.oi. liiTii'iisiin,' ill iSi;^, 
 j,in Ni'iirlfl tf\'t'i' iMsi's \vi't'k i'ImIIml; J4 Oi'l. iHt/j ; 
 
 i;,ll,i UllM'llIn illll'lhx lljy; ; j.lH;, i .llllli', l8.;:^. 
 
 SCHl'TIf 'S, till' si'i't of |iliiloso|itii'i'.4 foimili'il 
 In hull", alioiit l,\\ II. c. Ill' ;;iivi' ti'ii irusoiis for 
 r'.nli'iiuul niH|irnHi' III |iiil;fiiicnt ; ho ilunliicil of 
 tvcriliiiii^', iii'M I' oniilo any loni'liiKion-, iiinl wliin 
 lif li'iiil i'liroliilly i'\aiiiiiicil the siiliint, anil invos- 
 tijiliil nil itr< p'artK, 111' I'lmlmli'il lij siill iloiiliiin^ 
 1,1 ju I'viili'lli'i'. Ill' ailvoi'iitcil apalliy ami iili- 
 ,!l;lll.'l'lllill' ri'|ioi|.. Tlll'si' (loi'triliis wcir ln'M liy 
 
 Bj)li'(ilit'il trot)). 
 
 SCEl'T UK, an iinlili'iii of louilty nii'iitionril in 
 i!!0 llllili' ('/•/'. \lix. 10, I'siihii s\\. (1, Esthn- 
 ;.. II, I'ti'.), ami m lloimi'. 'I'lic >r|.|itri', mini- 
 lally a •lull', was ;;niihmlly oriiiiini'iiti'd till it 
 joii'iiii'il its prcsi'iit lorni. 
 
 SCH.VFFirArSKX (X. .Switzorliind), a tish- 
 iii.'vllhmi' ill till' Sill I'l'iitiiry, liroaini' an iin|M'riiil 
 • itv in till' ijtii ; was snlijccti'd to Aiislri.i, 1 5^0 ; 
 inJi'prnili'iit, l.ll.S; lii'i'iinic a Swiss I'liiilon, I501. 
 I'l.piiliitiun, iNHK; I'linton, .^7,7.S5 ; city, 1^,515.' 
 
 SClLVrMTUim LIPI'K (Oinm .'y-), was 
 f.riiii'il into iiioiinly iiy .\iloliiliiis, of S'imli rslrlim, 
 lo;;. Ill 1(140, on till' ilralli of nnnit Hiln) IV., 
 i in iiiiitliiT, Kliz'ilii'tli, translVrrril tlio donmms t 1 
 ipiil l.ipiir, from wliom ili'sicm'i d tin" ri'l^iiiin;? 
 |inii'r (till' tilli' iKsunii'd in l.So;). Ailnliihiis, liorn 
 I .liii. iHi;, ■<ui'i'i'i'di'd liis fatlior, 21 Nov. l.Sdo; 
 ilieilUMiiv, I.'^'),}. Sai'i'i'i'ili'd by his son, (ii'oru'o, 
 l».ni 10 lilt. 1.S4'). I'opiilatioM .if till' priiii'ipality, 
 |i^^-'.35'75.i; i-'^'^S. 37,^04; i«'J". 39.i<',3' 
 SCHELDT TOLLS woi-o imposid l.v tho 
 
 I Iffiit) nf Manstrr (or Wi'stphalia), |()4,S. Tlir tolls 
 wrri'iiliolislii'il fora I'onipi'iisalion, i,S(i-. 'Mir house 
 ol'raiiiiiions voti'il lys.djo/. fur the Kritish portion, 
 oniiMiinli. 18(14. 'file Sidii'lilt was dcclari'd frci' 
 
 10113 -^'v- **''t'' much i'('joii.iiif5 rt Antwrrp and 
 
 I bnis.«('ls. 
 
 SCHIEILVLLION, a mountain in IVrth.shiri', 
 IwliiTi' l(r. Xi'villf Ma^ki'lync, tho intrononicr- 
 Iml, luuili.' his ohsi-rvations with a plumli-lini', 
 hjO't. i;-4, from whiili Iliitton calrulatcd that 
 llhi'Ji'ii-ity (if tlio earth is live tiines }{reater than 
 I watiT. 
 
 I r into Itoiiiiin ealholii' seniinarii's, ^ .luiiie.s ||. 
 
 Mix,-;. Ilii/iiK. Charter Kihni'ls were i'n.litiiteil iu 
 Ireliiml, 17 jj. Snilhi. Ill Kimlaiiil thir. «eii', ill 
 l^47i I3'''l- -'hoiils (exeln-ivelj ofSlim|;iv schools) 
 for the eiliication of the iinor; and the iriimher of 
 
 ehildi'i'ii wiisi)i)M,.)^|, 'I'lie pai hial and endowed 
 
 '•eliools of .Scolliiiiil were ^e icln-ivcl V o| .Siiiiilay 
 schools) 4.Sj(i; and iheiiiitnlierof chilirreii, 1X1,4(17, 
 'I'lie sehooU ill W'ulcH were ,S 1 1 , iiml the niiiiilier of 
 children, 3.S,|(.|, in Irehiml, 1,5,^:7 schools, anil 
 77.(,iMii iliililreii. In |.S;;i there were jiid schouU 
 
 ' nneclion with the I'Miication C'oniiiiitlee 
 
 aetiially insp 'cleil in I'hiKlaiid and .Scotland, 'I'liey 
 im liideil . 1715 .hiirch o| Kn-laiiil schools in 
 Kii;;laiid and Wiles; ?i*.2 proteshiMt ilissentini; 
 schools ill Knuliiiid .iii'l Wales; i),S Itoniiin catholic 
 sihools in (ir.al llritain ; and 217 prolivterian 
 sch'iids in Siolland, wlieicol i;i w, re ut 'lie Ireu 
 cliiirch , the whole allordin.ir acefimmoilution for 
 2')iJ,42^seholiirs;see/v//(cr/^'r;/(, />rsii)ii,.li,r/iiim,icc. 
 I'or ,S,lii,i,lh„ii Mn/.'.s. see .S/('/7.<.v,'()cl. i,S,Sij. 
 
 SCHOOL Smi'.'<, see C/nf/„.s/n\ Com- 
 ini//,ii{\' I'lirtleet, esiuhli.slied i.S^i), accommodate* 
 lielwi'en 2,1) and ^ki vagrants (187.S). 
 
 SCFIWAKZlil'lUi (the .seat of two priiiei- 
 na lilies, N. lierin.iny ), (j nut her, count of .Sdiwurz- 
 hiir;,', whose fauiils dates Irom the ijlli century, was 
 elected emperor ot liermany in l^p). Kroin till) 
 two sons of count (Junllier, who died 1552, sprang 
 the present rulers. 
 
 SCIUVAIl/.llllloullHIl.ST.VIir 
 
 (a nniicipiilily, i6in). 
 18.7. .Vllicrt (a8 Jiiiie), liorii 30 Aiail, 171,8 ; died 26 Nov 
 
 l.St'iy. 
 '8f"J. (I 'jc (liorii 23 Nov. 18 jR), a6 N..\. ; died 15 ,Iaii, 
 
 1890, 
 1890. (loiiUiier, laollier (l)orii, .:i An;;. 1852), 
 
 .senw.Miziuito.soNiiKHsii.vrsKS 
 (a |iriiicipii|itv, 1710). 
 1835. liinitlier(o) Aa-.), hoin 04 Scpl. i,S.., ; iilidicated. 
 i88u. Cliinli's, soil (111, III 7 All-. iS(u), 17 ,liily. 
 
 ,1 hvthe duke ol ChiaiKe ;iM '"e^BiS-ij. 
 Yol-k, 27 Jnne, iS'JO. I'opulitioD, ^« 
 
 r, ' ' "'_.A ^M SCHISM, see 7/crM»/, and /"(>»« 
 
 I09'' 33>i ' ^^M 
 
 r or kcnnc8 dye, was known ill tie 
 
 •irliest ii"es; cocliini'iil uyo, ij"' 
 uinir," esti^lished the first .lye-h« 
 iugland, al How, >^3' '""^^f 
 la rmproved by Hrewer, 166;. M- 
 
 T FEYER, WHS very pre"ta'j'| 
 
 i fi'om Ansust, >««v V'l ,^ 
 ftrd into the hospitals, A|.nl,l»;^_l 
 7614. Arrangements lor iiie i"-l 
 ■the^Ietropolitim Asylums board, I 
 
 ,ver in tlie metropolis; smW t'>M 
 g; decreasing Dec, .6(^1 (»c.n«t 1<'«I 
 
 SCIIWFJDXITZ, I'riissiii, olti'ii hesii'sedana 
 taken in the ihirly years' and seven vears' wars. 
 Near it Krederick I'l, delealed the .Vusiriaiis under 
 marshal Kami, Kj.May, 17(12, 
 
 SCHWlinZ, a Swiss canton, which with Uri 
 and L'litcrwalden renounced subjection to Austria, 
 7 Nov. 1507, Tile name Switzerland, for all the 
 SCHIPKA PASSES, on the BiilUans, Tur- country, dales from about 1440, 
 
 l!;' f'^'^'^'''''^»'' ^f'"''''''l *-'T'',' ^°'''''''' SCIENCE, see KlHcatioii, Chfmi.tnj, and 
 
 (ntiwd Uimiuelia. After his retreat, they were other hranehes. 
 
 brtiScil, anil desperatelv, bat on the whole'unsuc- , ..„•.„., .',,,,;, , ,1 •■ v , t, , , 
 
 c«,fdly,.ijssailifd by tl.e Turk, under Suleiman 1 ''Ti^X:!'! ^XX! ^S:V:^:i ^^^^l^:"^ 
 
 t-ii'.m, with ;.'reat slaughter on both sides, 20-27 . nmlcr Drsi.iii. 'flie j^raiit iu 1885-6 was ,n, 573I • 
 
 M- He toiik and lost fort St, Nicholas, 17 Sept. i i888-y, 445,303/, ; 1891-2, 330,000^ 
 
 IS", The Uubsiaiia re-entered Ituumelia, Jan. 1 100,000/, volcil lur the pureluiso of a site for new build- 
 
 •"■'' ' iiiK, 25 I'Vli. 1890. 
 
 The Normal Sclmol of Kcipiice and Hoyal Heliool of 
 Jliiica, were direeled to be called the Uoyal College of 
 Seiniice, l.iiiidou, Oct. 1890; the liist dean, jirof, Th. 
 Uiixley, died 29 June ; was sneeeeded by prof. Judd, 
 •Iiily, 1895. 
 Miss ■Mnrslmll, of Warwick burdens, KensiiiKton, be- 
 ciueatlis to tlie departniciil i.txw/. for a seliolaraUip 
 and seieiitilie books and instriuacut.^, 5 May, 1891, 
 SCHLESWTO Rpp ITnhtein T),.„mn,l- _„,); Tl"-'36tb report 8t;ite» that in i883 the doiiartment sup. 
 ii/.m ' -''"'•««i») .Uenmaik, and pyr,,.,, .^y^^ seliools, and 6,579 classes were examined 
 
 ill elementary science, with 1 12,808 |)upils ; the S, Ken- 
 sington museum is in the charge of the de])Hrtineiit. 
 Estimates for 1894-5, .692, 122/. *'e Arts, Sept, 1896, 
 
 SCHISM ACT, 13 Anne, e. 7, introduced by 
 "1 11 'linRhnikc, 1715; repealed by 5 tieo, I, c. 4, 
 i;!9. liy it teachers were required to declare 
 .eir tiinformity to the established eluireh. 
 
 IfiM/fi;). 
 
 SCHOOL BOARD, see Education. 
 
 SCHOOLMRX nr Scholastic Philoso- SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS. Tlie Interna- 
 HY, begKii in the schools founded by Charlemagne, j tioiial Loan E.xbibition, at .South Kensington, con- 
 w-14, aiid prevailed in Europe from the 9th to ■ sisting of abcat 17,000 objects, nianv of great 
 i« lith centuries ; see Doclon. \ historical interest, from all countries e.'icept Ame- 
 
 3 K 
 
.ms% 
 
 m^' 
 
 it\ * (I 
 
 
 ft*-}-. ; <!ifi 
 
 
 "hCIENTII'IC AfSHOCIATIOX 
 
 U7H 
 
 HCDTLANI). 
 
 I „, II... iH-(, ('(illliivnr.'< « ('If lull'. 1< .>lii> 
 ':'Tiu^:'u:i'n;.>;Vin...l,....UH..«,v,.„.,y..n..nn.. 
 
 nuinoliM. Kiupfiuil V ■'"'"•• "^"'' 
 
 s(nKXTii.M(; ASSorLvnoN..;;;,,,)- 
 
 --•-•'■''r':''':;i-':';;rT:i: ::iH,i::;s:^ 
 
 
 SCONK ('"■'"• ''•■■■"')• "'" «'"''*' '""■""'"'11 
 ,.l,,irw.;«l..'...iRlitlV S,..,n.>to\U.tHjin-i,.n,ll.v 
 
 1,, K.lw.inl I. in 12'»<'. H''''" ^ I'"''"' ' «" 
 j cfowiHcl, I .liiii. I'l.i'- 
 I S('Ol'T/I> »i''' "'/"'<■ /'"'■'''•• 
 
 KCOUK M<-Mli'AI., wiiH «rilt(.ii liylWiOTikl 
 "'"."' .. ....■ tt..ii HI II- rnicri.tiui-l 
 
 Nov. iHjH. 
 
 SCOTTISH -lUlSir ('(.NVKNTliN, 
 
 l)V. lo,u. I "'-^ ■ ' 
 
 HriKNTll'MC IXDUSTUY.HoClKrY KOII l j^^oTISTS. Tims., who M,ln|,tr,l t^, .Ulrin.. 
 •' ,^1 H,t I . il""rv MiHl ..niH..,.ni. tli. ' ,.,' ,„,„,, ,,,„.«.iU, tl,.. urm,,, „Mln. ,„.„,,1 
 
 *.;rrP\TIFin I'Al'KKS, imMir.hr.1 iiy.im- 
 
 :;;::,sr:;,:i;fJ::f;;..:;.fc*;t'rf:' 
 
 ti ; till' 1st vol. iipprairtl m l»l), . " > 
 
 igaiii'il, l»i/i. . 
 
 linwtna l.oos,., l.omloii, 40 .l.'l-P't'^ ' ,7,lnly, .896 
 priia.il in aulii.tf '''■'■';''''''\^, ' I ', ,,, ■, rv ImmhI." 
 
 kt?.:^'5S:;'i^i-n?s)'tc.i^::::::ui.i..u 
 
 Jan. Wis, S520/.; "• 1«<'7. (^^-.2'- '" '**'" 
 6428/!; ami nmny .as., lia.l boon n'lievr.l 
 
 Ihonias A.iuiiias, who .U.il , Manh. IJ,4. 
 
 wr'iVlM AND «'i' ('iil'ili'iii'i- -^l 111" 'li.ithifj 
 'o,,*:, Kl.;al.Hl,;:4 Maivl, ..-.,.,.1:111,1. U,,.f| 
 i^.ollali.l, asthrinnst .ni.ii.Mhat.. Iiiir. «iimm.H!J 
 ;,;,,,,,',, Ml..n,laiia,an.lpn..l:il;-'Ul"«'H,nJ 
 i inlaiM.2l().t.ll^i4' Ka.'lM.ouiitiv!Mil:i«pnil.| 
 
 ;;;;•„> ,;„ ,70-, wh,,. .i... kn,„i ,..J 
 
 I unit.'.l; «.■.■/>///.""/ "luW"/'"'"'"'"' I 
 
 C.na.lun ,.„,,itMloin,.. IMrtH.tali.i.liv Iy"";"' ' ■'" 
 
 V viiurir..illlH'' I'll' <"""■•■'"'"■'"'■''''"" '■'"'■ "1^ 
 •n;:NM'w,"^n-"-,'y.ain..a'SS,.liivia'U, 
 
 S.uUali.i "iviW'in.y Atli.lslMll. . , . . 
 
 Til,. IWl.lals> stria .•stal'll"la'lli\ M.il.'.lai II. . 
 
 liivailiil I'J- I all""' 
 
 l,m„ ml isiiiai-.limn'vluskaisni„aMii'l..-lii.l.j 
 
 !.ia5^H:':i's™u!;'',;;r=:i. 
 
 Niii'iiiiii"' . ■.,,■, Ill i'ai,„i 
 
 SCIENTIFIC .SOCIETIES- HOUSE '^±^,i;::;:;:i:,i.^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 COMPANY pn,pos..d Ma,...h. .«,. ^^^ . '|; .a ...... i;-;U.,,.. .1- 
 
 ,,™U>o;'Ma'"V i.'rN..™ny,li.'i.'.sstotli.tla.,,, 
 
 SCIENTIFIC SUKVEYINO EXPEDI 
 
 TION. «i''' J'"'l' '*"'"• 
 
 uf^TT T V mT V,S (the Cassitaria.'S or Tin- 
 
 Er£S5'y^Sar,f'H£ 
 
 u ■■,:,' ,, s„S.', .... ....■ i-"P,";""','",*i'r,s', " 
 
 S'a=i';:;5:3';::™.::".^--:J"'"'' 
 
 i8ao Population, 1891. 2,044' 
 whert; a iia.niiiii. ! "a- " 'i "' '"» 
 
 SCINUE, «i'^- •■>'"""■ 
 
 SCIO MASSACRE. >l April, 1822, see Clnos 
 
 SCLAVONIA, "ft- .s 
 
 ■onia. 
 
 I 1,. n.illlol li I liol.i'it llnii'i' ii.nti.iiil Th ,r 
 Join Balllol ''■ ' , , iif Kanlaa.!, lu "'I'l'i'. 
 
 ,'f'''''i;::;i'!Vt;r'at!: ana,n,'l..■a.■s....;»m■ 
 •''t'a,' .' n.l ala'l.na. Lis own cans., ia Wes.imn.Ur 
 ludl :,';;ainsltli>;'';.il "'■'"'.'■ <„„,V„„l'l» I'll. 1,11.1 
 
 K,,w.,,,. wisiiiiy.";^;;;;^^ ■'::,;;':;;:!„.,; 
 
 iw!;i;;;nrt;.tr;i;a;'ai:;u;;.''."i!«M-;;,,:^j-^ 
 s;:^:'i'^Kr'i^^;-^ 
 
 ' ..xi.'nt.'.lutSn.illila'a . • ;. '((...k,,;. 
 liolu.it liini'.', cn.wiii'a i.i'.'. . 1, ' ' ,i,.|,..,i,ili,. 
 
 ^,su, ,307;,. iiatal<,.siny..,'m.s.,, J.J. '1-^.11;;^;;; ^,,j 
 
 ,,S':r'i,;a.'a';;a;ns;i:''i>i--'^^^ 
 
 '■ ;."i,i. vi''t"i'y "' ':"r';"i;i,i" ^'^ ":;.i .nii 
 
 ,,:■-- -,^:--,!n:^''fn:.;-"--^ 
 
 \,;--';;;'n!;^^:rH;:ii:r\a.i..,.rH...'''.n.. 
 
 lK.„.i ..n hi.s l''.'^^''r: ''•,;• ,,;, i,v i,„hoi.Wiu...::. 
 Ht. Ai..lr<'wsuiiivti-»ity I'.iiii'"" '• ' , 
 
 Univi'1'sityotAbeiaeenfoana..l . . 
 
COTLANI). 
 
 I'frth). 'I'lii' >*;"'' li '■"full I'll II I 
 iMMi Scdiii' til Wi'lMiiu'iir iill«vl 
 
 |2i)(). lll'l''' (.'ll'illi'' .1 «i(| 
 
 ll'liile ])i,riM. 
 iK'M.i «ii« «i'i"'''i liy il'i'iiiiiiiitl 
 
 ,11' " (•'.lirhirMliiill Mli'-inii' " 
 cii" wi-illi'ii ill 'li' l.i'li I'liliiiyl 
 li Miisi'iiiii. 
 
 iiiisir n»N\i:NTii'\,| 
 
 Muy, i^'^'i' 
 
 'I'liiwi' wli" iiil"lil''il 111'' il"itniiH 
 IMltllrt (wliii iliiil •*< N"v, IjO 
 liiM'will, llif iiiii;iii lit till' in"iil| 
 itinii 111 till' Virgin M;n'., J.. 
 !i\ till' 'rii"iiii^l«, iliM'ipli'f III M,| 
 wliii ilicil 7 Miiii li. 12:4. 
 
 I rtl'l' (.'illi(l(iliiii. At 111" iliillll 
 ,'24 Miirrtl, I'Ki.V 'I:!!'"'" \1. 
 111111*1 iiunit'iliiit'' liiii'i «ii»ii'ii"iltD| 
 .liillil, 1111(1 liriiil:liiiii'ilKillS"lliMt| 
 UU. Kui'li fiiiiiilry li.nl a «irn;ile| 
 l-o", when llif kiiiLsilHju. inta^ 
 Aim/ mill I'niiid'd'i'ii. 
 itlii'l'ii-ts.liiKinl'yKi'iiiiitlill.iii.l 
 
 nil.' imt tiitlir»«i.|i|iili|i'Ml iliil, ■iJ 
 
 1 iii|iy ( iiitliiii'nH ijtli iTiilniy, 
 liv Ailiilxliili ■ • ■ ,, ■ 
 
 I tstiililiHlii'ii liy M:il'"li» "■ . 
 (' ■ • . ■ ■ ■ 
 
 uil'H . • ■ • • 
 
 nut 111' Scut lllllil ... im| 
 liTfil I'V 111* kiiisiiiiiii Mm I'l'lli.l'y 
 
 II irt Mi'i/ctl . • ■ 
 1.4 \iy K.iUviiril tlii' iMlifi'MiT,*- 
 „.i lit l)iiii»iiiiiiii', 1054: Miii'U'tli 
 
 ,,11 ..... lur-^'N'Msj 
 
 .11 liiiiw.mn.' :..tyiiili"-'l int." -'"l 
 ,.slVi.iii Kimi.iii'l'''"iil'i"l! '""""" 
 
 .'Miilruliii III. killi^'l • . i-Sj 
 'hIi^i^IiiI"! . . . n;4-i| 
 ll,vlliii-li".kiiii;"fN"™'lV;.«|ll'.'"^ 
 :K,;,iien;tliriiiViiilnHai...lH«ili-ily 
 
 « llll UllW ri'l-llVl'ln till' W I'sti'fii I- -* 1*1 
 vt uf Niinviiy, lifliwn til tlir llii " 
 
 I UiiliiTt Hi-iiii' i-iuitciiil U ■'■■' 
 Kilwiinl 1. "f r.iiKl-iii'l. 11^ '"'<]:'■■ 
 ,,u,. i.r.li.liii . . ■ ^"' "! 
 Iim ,i|- N..,tl:iiiil, ii|'l"'"i»..'" ■' "• 
 tviiil^ Ills "Wii iiiii«^ ill Wi'^tuiiiwW 
 h,. curl 111' KitV ■ ,• ;. ,■ ; ' 
 '. to luincx Wciitlllll.l tn l.llltol, 
 ini, iiivic^cM tlic c.miitiy, .1,.1i.t< 
 tHi.lS'uttisliliisli'iy, mill «'!'■« '!« 
 
 ;:;r:;:r;.at:'7i;;'i^l«iisiii.,a*;' 
 
 S«f. IP 
 
 ,1,1 tiikcs liivcnu^-. 1,;'.; 
 
 jijillir. I]l| 
 
 ir'^iiis' tile tliniiie liir 11 little >"«' I 
 
 ,„.f.i, i,u,.,.ii.i, " Aug. n;^:;;;;! I 
 
 :^^;r.ri;::y:\.,.i,i.fH.i.:..in..., 
 
 ■itcii at liiiiiiil'l"iilii'l 
 
 iril 
 
 ['■■'-■ 
 
 IllVI 
 
 Abeiileen fuiiii'li"'' 
 
 i^MV" 
 
 ;:ji:;\:\irK;;i.ii.i-H-o.g,,j 
 
 .'•'verrityrmm.lcillivl'-^l'"!'^;" J 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 il79 
 
 HCOTLAXD. 
 
 JlUlMlV. IllVlullW KlIKlllMil, Hllllllllt rilMJilcIl Klilil, l,cuUllltUv 111,,,.,, tH .1.1 ., .. 
 
 ai„|lil,uiiiiyciittii|,li.c,.N . . , ,,.Sci,t i„, i«.n till/ I, IH ■ .M.tv, 1707 
 
 H."l.iMi.lic,^llic. t,ir«,.,Hi.m . . . sH ' Tir . . U .^^^^^^^^^^ ■ .. • ■ -1711 
 
 JlirV, III,' .|11..C|| III S.,,t,. I„,||| 7 1)1.,.. ; „i„.,.„„,|, " I^M.t. I ', I. , L I ' •, . ■.,. ■ nSuV. „ 
 
 liitfiillMT. .Imiiics v., whiiilicH. 14 Del" ' '-"],";'';" j' "<kill.il h.viiiu.il, liiK.lii,l,iii..<|,,„.,. 
 
 n;';::;:v,v,i.;.,„.M.,„... •. ■, • -^!:;^:;::« !<; ;r- H ?'■"' '?'-^ 
 
 i',r,:ii:;;,:,!l"',;i:iitv;;:"",:;;i,„.,i ;j-;,i^-^ -;;-;- ^-':'a^.;^^?;;i.^!^•-,::;I'';;i 
 
 I.. ^....lljlUll ».... - ^ .. ,. .'^ • .' ,! |),.|. ,^^j 
 
 I Ill 
 
 ,',;,'.« 11 .iKsjcvin^ sM,.y „ wi,!,,. T' ]z. "^ I " iSyiiir:!'!!'';:';;?; r , '''"^"■^' " ••'"'■ 
 
 hlMi.innll.iii In .s,„ll„„,|. l,y .|„|i„ Kmis, ami Tli,.| li 1,1 , u^^^^^^^ „ ' i" M'lil. i74fi 
 
 *Ti.,.liiliiiJ.'tlicii iHv..f.M,„y,l.clwccii,,5o& „ I. r.UK 'I nii.L ,1 1,''' ■ '^ 
 
 Slin, iirtiT ,11, .ilHcii, c iif thirlccii yen-, arrive" at I,,'"sm,, !i ' ', L I '"" """'■"""I '"'■ lii«li 
 
 lilli fniMi l-'niiici' .... ai .Villi i,«i siiii.in U'r,,.,..,. 1 .. 1 1 . '. „ ' iH Aiijj. ,, 
 
 V,.„ 1,1, iiiMinsitinn, which wan .illlclally take il 15^ "'*' M M -^ J : 1 ::!! ! lil^j'' Vif'^t''' '^•''"^' ''" 
 
 •;r.l.n.i;nii.;ci, KliZMliclh, y 58 HcntHinci, were Th.,iii,.,il;i!i,. j'i,,,",ii',;' ' ''' ' I""'""""'"' • ., 
 
 '"' • ' ^7, ^.*iiK' '74" 
 
 (ciiiiiil III l.iiiicliiii. .>>V.iie ,j5, 
 
 )|,ir\iiiiinle« licr iiiiislii, Henry Wtiuirt, Innl Darii- 
 
 i.'V ... ■ ■ ■ . m .liilv is6j 
 
 ftvi.l lilzjiii. her ciiiilhlciitlal secretary, iiiiinlercil 
 
 l.yllaiiil.'V in her prcHcncc . .' <) .Miiivh, 1566 
 liflHiirii V liliiwii ii|, liy t.'iiiiiiiiw,l,.r, in his ImiiNe 
 
 (Miiry II,-. Mvil "fcnlilluiliK 111 hlsileiithl, ,,, |.',.li. ,,(•,. 
 ,1,11111* II, '|, 1,111 ml III' Uothwell, carries nlf the 
 
 .|iii'ra, wlm marries him . . . j,; .May, 
 lliry iiiiule pri.^mier at (,'arlicrry lilll liy her mililes,' " 
 
 It; .Inn,., , 
 Uriitm her crown to her liil'ant siin .lanies VI. ; 
 
 III,' Kirl Iif .Murray aii|iiiliiteil recent . -jj .Inly, 
 Miry raeapcs fnim [iris ainl cull, els a laiite 
 
 ariiiv. which isilefealeil liy the recent Murray, at, 
 
 tlif liiiltle of l.aiiKsiile, 13 .May; enters Kiii;liiiiil, 
 
 I . . , ii M'ly. 1568 
 
 Tlifrfi.i'iit Murray iniirilereil . . . jj .Ian. 15-0 
 
 Ti'iiirliif I.eiiniix a|,|i(iliiti'il n'Kciit . la .Inly, ,,' 
 Tliir.iiliif l.enniix niiirilereil, 4 Sept. ; the earl iif 
 
 yi.a iliiKcii iipait >Sep|. 15-, 
 
 I Nllmrtlie 1,1'iiiiiier .liiliii Kiiux . i.'4 .Nnv. 1573 
 
 I llli.fiiiii'nil ill Ivlinliniv'h is iiltcnilcil liy ni,M| uf 
 ' till' iieliility, anil liy tlic re.i.','iit .Mmlnn, whn ex- 
 lilililK, "There lies h,' whu never I'earcil the fan. 
 . i,[in:iii!"| 
 
 1 Tli'iiiiiviTsilviir KilinhiirKli f'Uiinleil . . ,-j 
 
 ITlfRliilllf lilllhven(see /.'/(//nv,,) . 
 I MityliiiviiiK taken rcl'n«c in KiijiIiiikI, 16 .Mnv, i5fi8. 
 i.(iifli'ra 1,111,' captivity, liehcaileil at I'litheriiiKay 
 
 rull'lsi'.. /•■..(/l.yia,,,,,/) .... 8 I'','li. 1387 
 
 l«"«n''i Kpiracy fails . . . . , .Vn^r ,6ao 
 
 li ftliiMinwn ,if .Sciitlanil with that uf Kii^-. 
 
 J laii.lliythi'a'cessiiin ,ir.laiMes VI. . 24 March, 1603 
 IJ,iiiM |ini,'laiiiie,| " kin^ uf Ureal llrituin. Krance, 
 
 I iiNlhvlaii.l" .4 Oct. 1604 
 
 lOailisI .itieiiipts In vain to iiitriiiluec th,- Kn"- 
 ..)*... 1...11..1 1. . .'^ 
 
 TI,c.^^,MV,.,,,,,,,,,:..e,,,.valier;ieS,.,,,.-,„^^.:K 
 
 Pnncerharl,; hMivanl' I is Casimir, the V,!';;;: '"'' 
 
 rreteniler. ilicsat II ■ . . , ,, I, ," ,,aa 
 
 "'■'llhnfUuhcrt lliiriis . . ' ' ,' ; I' 7*J 
 
 Scud's "La^ uflhe 1,11,1 Minslrer'pnli'lishe, '■ i'^J 
 
 , L'",l;;,';"l l'"'".v 'I'lk ' Viirk Hast ',;!•, heslnarts) """ 
 
 i w'vV;''7 'f'^r i'^ ''"■"""' '"'■' twii.iivi^hnls'* '!:' 
 
 llu.M 1 ( aleiluiilan asylnni, Lumlun. frnnilc.l . . ,8, 
 
 I Sc'ills"\\averh.y"pnlili,hc,| . S ^ 
 
 I he eslal.li^hinent uf a ,|nry irt nmler' a luni ■* 
 
 ciii,.t I iiiiiinissiuni.r „ 
 
 i'^i'"!'" ■""■'^' ""^''"tlii'iil . ■ . ■ . '\nL'' \h]1 
 
 Sir Waller s,„tf, lies. . . . ' ■,,;,;.''':' »'' 
 
 Seven niinislirs „l'tl,e pie,l,vtery uf StralhhuKi,., ,v ^ 
 
 .lcpusc,|l,ytli,.(;en..ral.\,„.|i,l,|^„, climvh uf 
 
 .Sc, tlaml t„r ,1 ,.M,i.^ tlic ,ivil in pr,.f,Tcme |„ ihi! 
 
 ccclesM, ,. ,1 : illieinlc iiiun was furmallv 
 
 I',","" '' ", '^' "ii'iii ilyiif ininistersaiel 
 
 »iic .1.. i.il .Vsseiiilily ciimleinn piitruiia^'c as a 
 k'li.Aan.e to th,. ,.aiise uf true ivliKiun that un>;hl 
 '" le- alLillshcl .... J, ypn. g 
 
 ,' "'■ '111', 'I' ii.prim'c Allicrt, ami Ihe cunrt '■ 
 
 •.lie I Ui,li..| al ilranlun pier . . . r-u .Sept 
 
 >c..,.-,,..n uf 111,, nun inlnisiun niinisteis ,.r tha " 
 clinch III Siuil,i,i,|(,ili„n| 4,x,) al the (icncial .\s- 
 s, ,iil,|y(.s,. ,./,,,., c/,,,,.,;,) iH Miv i8j, 
 
 llealhuf.lell'rey. ... %.Un' hJ 
 
 Naliiimil .\s.s(iciiiUun f,.i vimlieatiun of Scut't'ish 
 rights Pirmeil . , j^-^j^, „ 
 
 Fiirl.cs .■yiacken/.h.'s ael (,6 A: ,7 Viet.'c. 67), '• I'ur " 
 he better rcKiilatiun of piililie-liuii.iBii in Scul- 
 hinil ; It perniits uriicerslu sell spirits, etc., hut 
 alhiws (Irinkinn '»i Hie iirenilses unlv in iliilv 
 
 ,.lS."t,liariiiye is lOnKlaml . ' ifiio i u 1 ,..■ , . '^"«- '^58 
 
 |aitl.-.s.|iiiiistl,e Scutch army, i64(-,; Is.lravilintn '' ^/ili""" ^lsll(■rll's act pas.scl . . . .Inly, ,864 
 
 .lHiaii.ls„rtheKn«li.shi,ailiainenl . ■.u.lan.f,., ^'"' " s visit .,. ,1,.. 1 ,..,...■.-.,...„,... .-• ="4 
 
 I )lari|ius iif Muiilriise ilefealeil al l'liiliiihaiit{h, 13 
 
 ivpl. 1645 ; ilel'eateil ami takmi |ii'isiiiier, cxe. 
 
 nilMiitKiUi.hiirKh. ,, May, ,650 
 
 IHiarifs II, cTowiieil at Soone, i Jan. ; ilefeiiUsI at 
 
 I "nriMtlT 22 ,Vll" 1651 
 
 |S.'Hm.liiiiiteiltn the EiikIIhIi euminimweiillh hv 
 
 I "lafrUroinwell ^,.,,i 
 
 ■a>rli-sll. revives epis,, .[liny 111 s,',,ihin,l' .' ,e6, 
 
 If-'V" '"■'«« I ,7,Mav, „ 
 
 |.V.Hi<iiliinpiiaI. I.uiiilun, in,'iirpural,.il , .' ,665 
 IIjM.iv. iiaiiters ,l,.|.Mt,.i| „n the fentlaml hills , ,6C6 
 IJiji Muri* iiiurileivil near St. Amirews, liv .luhn 
 ■ Mtiiiriif Hurley anil others . . '3 Mav 1670 
 
 TS'i.'iv.iiaiiters ilefeat L'hivcrhunse at Driinicl,,'.'' 
 
 iJiiii-:arpr.iMte.| at Huthwell lirhU'ii 2.! .luim 
 ■Miwl Umeroa's a«elaratiuii for religions liliert.v " 
 Id . 1,,,. , 22 .Inne, 1680 
 
 |K»iinti,iii ofaeciivention in favonrnf William 111 • 
 IC"'.*! '''''"'■'■' ','^l.'.™'*t.My . . ,4 .Marcli; ,680 
 r,lj^:™"'f'''l!lit iioceptml by William ami ^ 
 
 li;.;uriwt!«i«fClavcrhnnso: klilu.l at KiUicVaiili'ie,' " 
 
 >-*."r."of tl„. Mai-aunalils at Glencoe 'if^ ,(1. 
 pi,,luchool« fstahiished by the lairliaiueut . .6^7 
 
 The ipicn's visit to the liorilers, Kels,,, Mel'rus,'.,*;..' 
 
 21 J( .ViiK- '867 
 Mcol,.h ref,,rin liill intruiliiccil into the cmmons 
 
 i7l''cli.,passeil . . . 1 . .hilv,' ,868 
 
 ' c'lnre 111 court of session ami insti,iai\ ai'iil 
 
 ulliiM' cumis anienileil . , . ' .iniy 
 
 Scutch lii'lurm act |,asse,l . . . ' .i3.|n|v' " 
 Laml UeKistcis ami Titles tu l.iiml act imsscl .Inlv' " 
 t-' ii^si ippuiiit,.,l t,, in.piire im,, tlm ailmini'sl " 
 
 lrali,iii uf .justice (j|.( 
 
 Municipal elections amemlment act passeil, n .\n,r' ,870 
 Act to unite counties for slierills' ilnlics passd' 
 
 9 Aiitt. ,, 
 Robert Chamliers, author ami publisher,, lid a.^eil 69 
 
 17 .March, ,871 
 Scott centenary celebrate. I in Kilinbnrnh, &e (Scott 
 
 born ij.^iig. ,77,) jj^^„^, __ 
 
 .Scotch KiluiMtion .\ct pas.seil . . 10 Aug. 1872 
 Heliirn of owners of himl ami heritiges, 1872-3 la 
 
 kiml of Uomesilay book), piiblisliea by L'overi,. 
 
 ''''■'"■ April. 1874 
 
 ralronage in the establisheil cliureli (sue 1812) 
 
 abolisheil by act piisseil 7 .^ilg. 
 
 Scottish (Jhiirch llisestablishmeiit Association • lirst 
 annual meeting a March, 1875 
 
 3 K 2 
 
 "i 
 
 1; il 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i! 
 1 
 
 1 ^ ^ 
 1 ''1 
 
 ■ .S'EililH 
 
 li' iiniliil 
 
 1 
 
SCOTLAND. 
 
 980 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 
 Ui 
 
 lit'' 
 
 K1SG8 OF SCOTLAN'l*. 
 
 DK.KOllE ciiniaT. 
 
 „„v,.il,.,l l,y l.iT . . ■ ■ ; '„,,!,. I ^^f, , , , ,. Tl.. s,.ri,.s .,1' kin«s ,s ,.Mvnnl .s l,„ l„„i ,. 
 
 ylu sails ..itl,.'irkiiif.roil,is,llH.U,u,,l,,,,,,,l,:. 
 ". , V as .■iitail-1 11,1011 His l.us„.|i.v l„r ,.v,., 1|., 
 ' «, t ti, livlali.l, aiul, having s...ttl.-.\ In. ill.ni. l!„,- 
 ..si;'wn';i""l'i^v,;Uini.laiiM.;l....«|P^ 
 lu'-ir the liai-lmiii-. niUe.l fmv„;,./.c,:,„, tu tins ,;, 
 
 3699 A.M. Alt,li)^"ll.\ 
 
 AKIKR CimiST. 
 
 i.-i,,r,.iruis I soil 111' I'MiiforiiiarliMs; M.iiii ii, l,,,i!l,| 
 
 ■■ Willi tli'is liattle I'li.l,'.! till- kni-luMi .,1 tin- 
 
 ' iftci- liaviii;; I'Xisl.a li'ilii tlr i'"!'!.!!:!:!.!, ,.(1 
 
 I'vr.'iw 1 a iH'iiiiil "f 706 yi'i"'< ; ""' "'N''!! fai;Jlv| 
 
 ,l,.,ri„ nAiiiiark. /;■'"■(■ ; lUo-li;,,..,!. 1 
 
 lliili'i'ii'^'iiiiiii "f 27 vi'ars.l . I 
 
 I.'. ,'. lis 11 (1 ) nival-^raiiilsiiii "f KnijHmis, aull 
 
 ■*°'*' IClli kin.' ; slaTii in Imltlr with the lin„i;,„<. I 
 
 1;"; Omi^^'ii'u.s "1' Duiiiaiiganl, livoUiir: a.*:.t,,l :ri| 
 
 5°"- 1,11; iM '.r .Uliul was ..niisp.iiiiK t„ lakrliis l,t,.l 
 535. Eiiwiii"-^ ,'"• "''1'''™': ""'""■ ™'*'l li"" «J| 
 i jiistii'i'." 
 
 =s8. Oiiinalliis II. lirotlii'i'- 
 
 ^if;. Kiiinat,.ni.s.l.ioth..i-;.vsi:.ui;; " 
 
 ! 11 AiilallUSIirAhhlll Sn,inU...IMMs. 
 
 ; 605. KiMiiM'th, soi,..rr,.iit;allusll. 
 
 I ^"- '^'i,,;l,Ts In iiis |.ala..., vvli.'iv li.' Uiil vialrllt toil 
 upon liiiiisi'ir. '^'""■ 
 
 uiivi'Ui'il iiy Ilia .■ ■ ,.,,, ,,.,„e- an-li- 
 
 ti.lliallist llii'iairliy ivvi v,.,l ,'>..'' X,, 4, &,.. 
 bishoi.rir of (ilas«o«-, '''»''■■•, V aX IS , nti.st 
 4 Maivh ; tlie «ci,t(li imitcstaut l.isliolis 1 1^^^^.^^ ^^ 
 
 a^'aiiist tins . • • ■ • ,8\\iairh, ,, , 
 nil.lic I'ai'ks Act inissial . • g _^„^, __ 
 
 MairiaKc N^.tii'c Ai't l.as.s,al . • ■ ^^ ^^„^, ,, 
 
 ^^;i:';:?:^';^,.;^;;i:;!s;r to'i^i ^luii .----^ ,3„ 
 
 A!fs;;r^s[^;.s:;^^s'ii;i^^;.:):^rg..,.;,. 
 
 Fannors' allhiii.'.' foun.loil at Al.erile... Hy ''^''^W^ti'S ^^ ; 
 
 -iiiS';^iih:s:t\i;i:;i;;^h: t'";^:^ ■>--,- ,,3 1 
 
 Caiiilinii>;i.' . • ■,. „,,' .i,.,,' i, a"i'il 78 ; ""i" ' 
 
 ^•:::,,dss;:;rTai';n,:;'=;'' ui^hh;;;,;;' ...a , , ,,,.,, ,.„.>^..,„.,;;.;,; , , , „„, 
 
 islaii.ls, iiu'otiii K'lnil'OiKl , ■ ' i,,.,. ,8,10- *3'; ,^ . .'wVii ^nii nt iM^rliara 1. ; ■Miiusirt^^^^^^^^ 
 Gr^at railway stiik,., see lt.ul«;ni., =2 "'■••^■^8;j°,, ,3^, I 646. I'^.y)'."" "•-"..,'„' ,,, ,v ■ ,,,:,„.1,.,1 l.vlii.w: 
 
 I,.,„thoflo.-.lJnstie..one,.Ui^n.,J«.ise^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 
 rri^ln^-Wsl-ailoheHsiaia^^^^^^^^^ " 
 
 [...h^'cllllllittee on the snl,,i-^ ''^ ^ .^ ' ' ^^^ 
 
 KEt^rCTo^^'-^-^^in"-'^-};^-,, „ 
 Rosnintions in (iivmir of ^^^"\r^ii^" <;;;!; ':l'''^Z „ i 
 
 '' ;^emonslratiuns at KUinlmiKh, (ihis.ow, ^c.^^^_^^ ^^ | 
 
 Resolution for the a,i,.ointiiieiit '^f," ^^;">.;^;r^'^!^ " \ 
 inittee i'l the eoiiunoiis for Seoti 1 anaiis t,,o 
 
 ■21 Aiiril(withilrawii). „. Am' 
 
 »™th of lon.lMonern.ff(h,r,l,iiisl,co clerk J^e,,,,. ^_ 
 
 ,,;;!;i'J,K-ifl^^;t^.-et«ryf.rHcc.,an.,^ __ 
 
 rmitPinrv of the death of Koliert Unrns eelehrateil 
 ^TtX?ifries, ami throughout the .-."try, ___^_ _^^^ 
 
 1 1 1 V Trirli-ilueMt for the. relie!' of tlm 
 '°iX^dstu?.lh>ml"ofHe.otlan;l . 4 .Tu"", .897 
 VilriH"Healti«et (Scotland) liasseil . • 6 AuR. „ 
 silluMversiti^s coininission discontmued^^^_ __ 
 
 gee EilinburgK 
 
 664- ^'' .".'iTsn.i.osed inlid.lity, I,.,- uliuli ,nn.. ,!,J 
 was iniiiiediatelv allerwanls l.iuiil. 
 
 ^^^■KS;;n:vi.'s::n'orVerehar,iil, 
 
 698 AndXletns, ne,,liew:lVMi.y.i,an-,.wfn.. 
 
 nnkn.nvi,lu.i.l_ nilllai.» fci;„i.J 
 
 ''^■^'\rkUe'Vii.iX entered liis,lia>,,l.i-,»,A 
 
 beii,« "ilisent, stal.lied his iinevn, .>.it«».l^ 
 
 7,5. Mm'dll'hnsrson of Aiiil..i^.|lHs 
 
 \ K:^.™'iir;i;:' ■'K;n!ln'^lul:l;v.iis^, 
 
 '^'•*;^;;:n!wl,narierwaldss,al,l«.,l.i,.,..ir. M 
 
 adeathoftnltulv. 
 ,67. Solvathi.is. s.M.o lMi;;e„ms\lll 
 
 787. Ac-hains; .i"--'- '""'"'"■'■.,,, „„„ 
 
 U;;,Se,,tsniideroii..see,,l,e,a,,,n«.»t»i«. 
 
 iiliiVmaeaili 
 inff or Dill 
 
 JuUen or Cvaenus, so'Vl J";^ " .,1,' 
 
 1 I 
 
GOTLAND. 
 
 SCOTT CENTENARY. 
 
 981 
 
 » OK scorr-Axi). 
 
 KKOIIK llinlST. 
 
 ' till' kiii^s ail' in 11 jsreat in'iisiiiv 
 ■s (if kings is I'ari'ii'il as l,ir i.,iiV ,, 
 
 I 25 yi'ars ; lust iu tli.' Iiisli s,-3, , 
 .,., ciinii' frnin Iii'laml witli lui iiimv 
 hosi'ii kin^'. ll;iviii„ ilrrcatttl iliV] 
 i.'jr kinj-'Ciiilns, tin' kiii;;iliiiii „fi|,, I 
 
 niion liis luisli'iily l.ii ivm- i|.. 
 a. liavins; srttli'l liis :ill.iii> i!,,,,, 
 < ri'lnrn. liiiHU-liin^ fiuiii lli.' .Ikiv, 
 
 calleil Cni-ilik-Fd'jks tu tins lav, 
 i».l 
 
 ArlKH I'llllIST. 
 
 ,11 lit' Kiiiciiniiarliiis ; slain in Inulil 
 
 tin' Uiiniilli lirlMlill, aii.l Ulr I'i,!,.! 
 
 ,' fiiili'il till' kiu:,;iluiii .if till' )i 
 r csistfii fri'iii tli • i'iii"iiati"ii .,(1 
 liiTiuil of 706 yi'iivs ; llii'ii.yalfiui.ilyl 
 lull-k. IS'iric ; lim-h'iil<nl. 
 
 27 villi's.! , 
 
 ) }i'n'iit-t;ninils(iii of Kii^jniiiis, anil 
 sliiin ill liiiltli' "itli till' iii'iaaih. 
 ii' Kvcnns ; I'l'iKni'il 31 yt'in>. , 
 
 l)iiiniiii;j;iiiil, Imitlii'i". ilefralnl arfl 
 
 hvotliiT ; nssassinali'il. 
 i.'iilu'w; ills! mill priiili'iit. 
 111,.,.', iniivil.'r.'il. /;■"■.'.'. Ilii'.i 'iliile^ 
 Atlioi was I'onsinrint; tu taki' liis lifr, 
 1 ni'lilu'W; 'Miiini' I'Xrt'Ili'ii liiiii 
 
 iM'iillii'r. 
 
 liiullii'r; ri'si:_-ni'.i Im' 
 .Man, sun uf (luraiiiis, 
 1 nfCuii^alins U. 
 ,, sun "f Ai.liinns. 
 
 I'-c'i'iinliiinl 1.. s'lii; i'ouliiii"lfi.vniis- 
 is iialai'i'. wlii'iv III' iiliii viiili'lit iilil:ils| 
 si'll'. ■•^■'"II. 
 ii'iitlirr; ilriiwncil iu l.oi'liTay. 
 
 sun uf WiTi'liaril I. : " iiiiisU'Wi-iMi'. 
 ,i„i,,n)i.niiMlV.;slrali-li'illivl|i<«;(«| 
 
 i,i,iisi'.\ ililiili'lily. f'"' «'i"'l' i"iii''>ts 
 'lUatciv aftiTwai'.is liiniit. 
 . lirutlii'i', 
 
 1 Silll lif KlTl'lllllil II 
 
 us lll'lilll'NV ; fl'll '■> II" lllT'rtV fl'"lll 
 
 I illUiik 
 
 ,'11 liriitlii'v; siiiiii' nitnaih ai'*i;ii 
 's niiiriU'i', I'nti'ri'il liis iliainliw, ainLi 
 is.'iil, sliililii'il liis iini"". >*l»iiiUM.ll| 
 
 Srntt. 
 
 siin.if Anilii'Vki'li'tus. 
 li of Kn:,;i'inns Ml- , 
 
 VIU sun iif Miirilmliiii: *u«l "I 
 in'iiut tii.ii'alliliy ins iiiilili's 
 
 si'n i.f Klliniis; kiii,"l by iii«rii»i 
 vliniifti'nviinlsslalilii'iilii'r.'ii'lftor" 
 nftiirliu'i'. 
 
 ,, sun lit Kiini'iinis \ III 
 {list mill wisi'. 
 
 Ill ; a ll.'llii'flll ivit-'ii- , , 
 
 l,,u'';il s,,nllrSlllvatlnlls,<lr™'l■ 
 , ' V'iiaiiis; l,.'li.'iiili'ill'y till' I'M* 
 
 II sun- snnianii'il Mar .\ll.iiii;:;l'Ml«^ 
 
 Vsl'wtli.'ivkii.^:. ini'l»|'it>''l*;»'« 
 
 tsun.liTi'ni'S'''T>'".iinilli««""«'^ 
 
 ui'iri'll iifilll f^i"''i""'' ''■I'- , i.l 
 
 "b, ,1' :ili'tliiim'''l^-'"''"l''"'T;i 
 „;:'l, siiiiofK.'iin.iliill.itakiiiuiWtll 
 
 ir':i;n;an:';"u:;i!tn..i.:..ioi>'.f^<'f 
 
 ,''„;tiiii'iiriirs,.|isiiaiilyaii.ii'nmt', I 
 
 ;h,.(iii'iit;liriivi'iiii'l,li>;'t' 
 
 ■I sun uf I'linstiiiitini' 11. , '^""""'...j 
 
 i,;,.lU sunurKllnHi'""'^"""^"-^'"! 
 
 ■;'sun'uf'lMnalilVl.;i.i..nl«oil' .. 
 
 !;rT;on:i,,u:ii;i<iii''iiiyii.«na.«.»« 
 
 "ulllriis, si.n nf yUMn^■. ui"i«- 
 ,^*uU.viM'nurufl^>ms™tl. 
 
 ir Ciilouus, sun "f liiilni'"*,' '';''' 
 ;rofmspi'caec'essi.r;a.s»a».i.mt«l 
 
 SCULPTURE. 
 
 „-o Ki'iiiii'tli III. linillicr uf Diillus ; nnu'iU-i-eil by 
 Ki'iii'llii, the laily uf Ki'tlciinini. 
 
 jij^ C'laislantini' IV. sun ufc'iilli'ii ; slain. 
 
 /ij. Ki'iiiii'tli IV. iirUrinins, Ilic (ir sun uf DnII'iia; 
 
 riiiiti'il anil slain in Inittlc liy .M.'iliulin, tlie 
 riijlitrnl lu'ii'tu till' I'loH-n, wliii sni'i'i'i'ili'il. 
 
 .013. Mali'iilni II. SUM (if Kciini'tli III. ; ii.ssassiniiti'il uii 
 Ilia way tu Ulaniis : tin- ii.ssassin.s in tlmir tliylit 
 criissing 11 fiiizi'ti laki' Wfi'i' ilrowni'il. 
 
 lo-i Dinii'iin I. (ji'iinilsiin ; assassinati'il liv liis cousin. 
 
 i.-{). Mai'liftli, nsin'iii'i': slain liyM.ii'i I nil, till' lliiini'ufl''iri'. i 
 
 •' llistiiiiiiMs su ililli'i' lip til tills i'i'i;,'n, in tlii' nninln'r ' 
 iif till' kiii^s, till' iliiti's of sni'i'i'ssiiin, anil tliu 
 lUi'iiinstiini'i's ii.iriati'il, thai nii ai'i'uiint niii lie 
 tiiki'ii as in'i'i'i.si'lv iii'i'iii'iili'. 
 
 ,,;;. Maliulin 111. (Oininiiii'), sun uf Duni'iin ; killi'il 
 wliili' liisii'i.'iiin Alnwii'k I'listli'. 
 
 ,jii noiialil VII. (I'lmiilil Hiinc), lii'utlici' ; nsiiriu'i'; lli'il 
 
 ^' til till' ll.'liriili's. 
 
 .«• Duiiiiiii 11. natural sun uf Miili-ulin ; inni'ili'i'i'il. 
 llmialil VII. ii^;ain;ili'|iiisi'il. 
 
 r .Mali'iilni (Ili'iii-y I, uf KiiKlaml 
 
 I oA Kili-'iir. sun , . 
 
 iiiari'ii'il Ins sisti'i' .Miinii). 
 n:j. Alexaiiili'i' I. tlii' FiiTn', lirutlii'r. 
 n;). Uiiviil I. lii'iitlii'i'; niiu'iii'il Malilila, iliingliti'i' of 
 
 Waltlu'iif, I'lul uf N'ui'lliuinlii'i'liinil. 
 ii;3. Miili'iiliii IV. Kranilsun. 
 j,5;. William till' l.iiiii : lirullKT. 
 "14 Ali'xaiiilir II. sun; niari'ii'iljiian, ilangliti'i'uf John, 
 
 kiiwiifKnjil 1. 
 
 1219. Alexaiiili'i' 111. niiinit'il Mai'ijai'i't, (laiif,'litfr of 
 
 lli'iny 111. uf Kiif^liinil ; ilisloi'titcil his ni'i'k, when 
 
 liiiiitiiiK iii'iir Kiiif;liurii. 
 ,;;5. MarKiiii'. tin' " Miiiili'ii uf Xunvay," Hrain! iliin^'htor 
 
 iif Ali'xaiiili'i', ■■I'i'i'iwiiscil liy till' stall's uf «i'ot- 
 
 Iiiiiii,tliim^'lia frniali', an infant, anil afuri'lgiu'i';" 
 
 (li;'il nil liiT iias.saj;i' tu Scnilanil. 
 .\ iiiiiiln'tiliuii fur till' vai'iint tliioni' ; Kilwaiil I. 
 
 of i:iii;laiiil ili'i'iili's in favunr of 
 ■:,;. Ji'liii llalliiii, whu aftiTwanl.s siini'inli'ii'il his 
 
 rniwii, anil ilii'il in t'.i^ili'. 
 [liili'i'iv^'iiiiin.l 
 ij«. Hiilirit (liniii') I. II Ki'i'at in-ince. 
 lag. Uiiviil (liniri') II. sun; Kilwanl lialliol ilisimti'il 
 
 tlie flnuiii' with him. 
 lyi Daviil II. a^-aiii ; a iirisoni'i' in Kni^lanil, 1346-57 
 
 (Kilwai'il lialliol kin-, i.),i2-4.) 
 i!;i. UiilH'rt (Stiiarl) II. ni'iilii'W ; ilii'il 19 April. 
 I i-jo. HiibL'rt(.liiliii Sluarl) III. son : liiiil 4 April. 
 1406. Jaiai'S I. .sii'uiiil son; iinprisoiii'il 18 yiiars in Eiik- 
 
 laiiil ; srt at lilierty in 1424; i'on.spin.'d agaiiii-!, 
 
 auil iiiiirih'i'i'il at I'l'rth, 21 Fi'li. 
 14;;. Jiiiiii'S 11. sun; killi'il at. tin' sii'He of Ruxbiirgh 
 
 I'a^tli' liv a I'liiiiiuii liiii'stiiiy, 3 Aii^'. 
 UM. Jaiiii'S III. son ; killi'il in a rrvolt of his siili.ji;cts at 
 
 IJaiiiiiii-kliiirn-ticlil, 11 Jiiiir. 
 14& Juiiii-'H I V. sun ; niarrii'il Margaret Tnilor, ilaiiHhti'r 
 
 iif lli'iii'v VII. of l';n|,'liiliil ; killi'il at the buttle of 
 
 Flmlili'ii, 9 Sejit. 
 I 111). Jaiai's V. sou; siii'i'.eeiloil when little more tliiiu a 
 
 yi'ar nlil ; a sovereign iiussessing niiiiiy virtue.s ; 
 
 ilii'il 14 IJi'i'. 
 141 Miiiy, ilaiighter; born, 7 Dee. 1542 ; snci'eeiled 
 . 14 Dri'. ; si't' Ami'fls, above. 
 
 1 10;. Jiiiiii'S VI. sun ; siii-ci'eileil tu the throne ol Kiii,'lanil 
 
 ami till' kiii(;iliinis were iiniteil, 1603. 
 See Knyhi ml. 
 
 , SCOTT CENTENARY, celcl.rated hi r.omlon 
 |aiiJtlirou)!hout Scotland, 9 Aug, 1H71. Sir Walter 
 Isiult was bom 15 Aug. l"l ; died, 1S32. 
 
 SCOTTISH CORPORATION, cstablisliod 
 llto), It is maiiituiiied bv voluiitiii'y cuiitributioiis, 
 liinj siiii|niits the Scottisli liosiiitiil wliieli grcntlj- 
 Ihi'Ips necessitous nativea of Scotland in Loiiduii. 
 lAiuiiial iiiroiiie iibont (i.ooo/. The old hall, Cnine- 
 
 pnrt, I'leet-street, built by AVren, burnt 14 Nov. 
 
 18"; new hall inaugurated 21 July, 1880. 
 
 .SrOTTWII HISTORY soeiety foiiMdt-a in 
 ll.'imlmrgli in iK.Sd. The earl of Kosebery, pre- 
 
 ^iili'iit, 2j Nov, 189;. 
 
 SCOURERS, see Muhocks. 
 
 SCOURING OF Till': AVuite House, seo 
 
 As /I (loir, I, 
 
 SCREW, was known to the Greeks. Tliu 
 puiniiiiii;-sciew of Ai'iliinicdes, or serew-evlinder 
 tor raising water, invented iibont 2;() n.('.,'ia still 
 in use. It is stated that with the a'ssistance of tlie 
 acrew, one iniin eiiii press down or raise up as much 
 iU 150 men can do without it.— The Sciii;\v-l>m>- 
 PKLLKii consists of two or mure twisted blailes, 
 like the vanes of n windmill, set on an a.\is run- 
 ning iiarallel with the keel of a vessel, and ri'Volvini- 
 heneatli the water at the stern. It is driven by 
 a steam-engine. The primiiile was slmwii by 
 llouke in lOHl, and since by Dii ({ui't, lirriiouilli, 
 and others. I'atents for iirupellcrs were taken out 
 by Joseph liramah in 1784; bv Win. I.yttelton in 
 1794; and by Kdwan! Shorter in 171)9. " lint these 
 led to no useful result. In i.Sjf, pnicnts were ob- 
 tained by I'Vancis I>,'tfit Sniitli (kiiiglitcil ,)uly, 
 I«71 ; died, 12 Feb. 1874) and captain .luliii Krics- 
 son (died, aged 8(1, Jlarch, 1889); and to them the 
 successlul application of the screw-iiropcllcr must 
 be attributed. T'be lirst vessels with the screw were 
 till' Arcliuiinlis, built on llic Tliaines in l8^8 by 
 11. W iiiishurst, and the liiilih;; built in tlie Cnitell 
 States (1844), and tried in England in 1845. 
 Double screw-propellers arc now rnipluM,!. A new 
 lunn of screw-propeller invented by 'col. W. I£. 
 Mallory, of U. S. A. army, was tried "on theTliamea 
 and reported successful, Aug. 1878. 
 
 , SCRIBLERUS CLU]?, a literary club, 
 touiided bv Swift in 1714, includid amongst its 
 members, Ikilingliroke, Tope, Gay, and Arbuthnot. 
 
 .SCRIPTURE KNOWLEDGE INSTI- 
 TUTION, Hri.stol, was founded liv (ieorge .MiiUer, 
 a I'russian (born 1805, died 10 Miircli, 189S). Hi; 
 came to Ihistol as a mini.ster of the "lirethrcn" in 
 1832, and on 5 .March, 18^,4, founded tliis iustitu- 
 
 tiiiii, the objects of which are: I. .\ssist v of 
 
 schools giving instruction on scriptural iiriiiciples; 
 2. Circulation of the scrljitures; 5. Assistance to 
 inissions; 4. Circulation of tr.iel.s"; :;. rruvisioii 
 for ilestituto orphans, sec Orjihiiii-hd'iiws. With- 
 out application, .Mr. Miillcr. since he began, up to 
 2(1 May, i89v had received by voluntary euiitribu- 
 ti"ii. l.J7.?..U«'' '«■• 2.1'/. 
 
 SCROFULA, see Kir/K-enl. 
 
 . SCRUTIN (French for ballot). In x.'viiliii ih 
 lis/i' the voter writes on his paper as inaiiv names 
 as there are persons to be elected, for iust'auce for 
 the whole department. In xfnitiii i/'iirrdin/i.yxiiiii-iit, 
 
 the niembeis are elected separately. Tl loption 
 
 of one of these modes was much di'sciisseil in I'laiieu 
 in l87v The conservatives prefer tlie liitter, the 
 radicals the furnier. Sec Fniiiir, Xuv. 1875. The 
 sn-iilin lie imlf was adopted in the elections of 
 1848,1849, 1871, and 1875. 
 Jl. liariliinx's bill fur inlopting the. iccK/iii i/i'?i.<(i' (warmly 
 
 ailvucatcd by .M. llainlii'tta), was passed bv the eliaiii- 
 
 iicr of ilcpiitii's (243-235), 18 Jlay, 1881 ; Vejccteil by 
 
 the si'iiatu (148-114), 9 .Inne, 1881 ; again reiccteil, Jan. 
 
 1882. 
 M. NVellicek Ronssean's bill for the srnitiii ilr lisle juissed 
 
 liy till' deputies (412-99), 24 March, linally passed, 3 
 
 June, 1885. 
 The bill fur the restoration of the. icnifiiKriu'mHJi.wiwciif 
 
 passed by the ehaniber 11 Feb. iind senate 13 Keb. 
 
 i88i). 
 The Sfnitiii ile lixlr was .idopted bv the Italian ehaniber, 
 
 14 Feb. 1BS2. 
 
 SCULLABOGUE, see Mimacres, 1798. 
 
 SCULPTURE is said to have begun with tlie 
 Kgyptians. I)e/aleel and Aholiab built the taher- 
 
 
 1 ^^^^H 
 
 1 ^^^1 
 
 iHi%iiH 
 
 
 pWi 
 
iil 
 
 iMdiiafctTitj'. i|i|i||it I 'BHUBMliFTVi I 
 
 
 t, 
 
 lji ' 
 
 ^! 
 
 1 liffi 
 
 1 
 
 
 SCUTAGE. 
 
 982 
 
 SEAMEN. 
 
 ^ , , 11 ,.», „i=„„,i 1 apTTT ART, Asiatic Turkuy, ojiiinsitc Const iii'i. 
 
 ,„ulc in tl.e ^viUlernes9, and ™'«1<';'! t^''^•™«^ ,""^ , „„^iV'-oMvl!u.h it is a sul.u?!.. It was ,,n.i.,„lv 
 on.a,ne„ts ,40. B.C., ami their ^^ill ------ -^ ,' ^1,;,,„,,„/;,,, .oUl... city, in nn,s.,u..n.., ft 
 
 the Kilt of God. Krod. ''''^Vi ^r i ', J 1,1, It U said of the Persians haviii!; estahlislud Htvonsinv 
 
 SevUis, statuaries at Crete established a «|""1 t 'i-rwhen hev attempted the e..iuiue.t uf t!,- :. 
 
 Sievon'. I'linv speaks of f'uMn as hen.g he h ^^^;^^^^^^,,^,J^^^My d.^^'Mya I.i, i„u,s, 5:,. 
 ,vho s,'ulptured marl, le and I><'1'« "'' '^ - ' ' ^'^ »: rjl . ,^ ;,,,! ,vas occupied by the sick an.l w,,„„„„i 
 '^lllr .'Iv^'l ''SlU' tl^- '::.i: ti..'^ -)<i-;!^ M^ -^ t'^. A.lo.French ,.,,., .n .851-3. "I-.' ^"^1 
 
 8t es'^\26 I'i.C. He left no less than (m puM.es 
 
 fome . f wl ell «'ere so highly valued m the age ot 
 
 A 'ustus, that they sohl for their we.t;l.t .1. },'o 
 
 Sculpture di.l not Hourish am(,ii^' the Ron.ans, and 
 
 h tlie niddle a-es with some tine excel.tious. was 
 
 ! MU r\n le n^.ded. With the irvival of ptuutins, 
 
 ft revive 1 Use; and Donato di liardi, Imin at Ho- 
 .;.,,.. A.I.. 1383. «as the earliest professor ammis 
 
 t , ,<Hlerns An institute of sculptors was estab- 
 u d i 8(,l . See Jio,,.! Aculen,,/ and SU,t,us. 
 
 .■ieVLl'TOHS. 
 
 AD 
 
 iif sir I. Ni'Wton) 
 
 ott 
 
 KMINKNI 
 
 I'liciilou llourislicil . 
 Mvvon . • ■ 
 
 riiidiiis (the Kroatost) 
 rnixitelcs 
 
 Lysipiais . . ■ • 
 ciian'S . • ■ 
 
 Michael Aii^iclo liaoiiarotti 
 Hcuvcmit" Cellini ■ 
 (liovMniii I., licrnuu . 
 Ciiius (ialiricl Cilibcr . 
 Fniiicis liinl . • 
 .Ic.lMi Hcmv nnniic\<cr 
 |.,,iiis Hcul.iliac (statue 
 I'c'tcr Sclui'iiiaUcrs 
 Jdliu M. liysbrack . 
 .'•iliii liaciiu 
 lliuiiias lliUiUs 
 Jdsepb Niillcliciis . 
 Antonio L'anova . 
 Jolin Klaxniaii . 
 J. C. I'. Hossi 
 IVter 'rmiii rclli 
 William I'ilti 
 Francis (.'liaiiticy 
 Allu'it TliovwaUlscn 
 Sir Itii'lianl Wcstnni 
 
 C'lu'istian Kancli 
 
 Tlios CaniiilicU 
 
 M. Cortes Wyatt 
 
 Joliii E. Jones 
 
 Jcilm Tlionias 
 
 Win. lielines 
 
 {.'.. Kiss 
 
 jiiliii (iilison 
 
 K.lw. lluiljics liaily . . . • 
 Uicli.l. Wistinacotl . . • • 
 
 Hiiain I'owers 
 
 Jiplin ilenry l-'oley . . • • 
 Alfred (li'O. Stevens . . • • 
 
 Matfliew Niilile . . • • 
 
 Tbos. Woolncr . . 
 Sir Josepb Kdfjar l!"(;lim . . 
 MarvTliornyei(ift()Mr hraneis) . 
 Haiiio Tbornycvolt (lior sun) . 
 
 Alfred Ciilbcrt 
 
 Ji>lin Mossnian 
 
 William Tlieed 
 
 Prince'viVtor of Ilo'bcnlobe (iornierly 
 
 Gleiclieii) 
 
 Cluub'S IScU liircb . . • • 
 Giovanni (Iniseppc Komana 
 William Calder MarsbaU . 
 
 Jolm liell 
 
 M. Clialicaissc . 
 
 SCUTAGE or ESCUAGE. 'llie service of the 
 Bhh'Ul (scutum) is either uncertain or certain. 
 Escu K.Sn,<Trta^^ is wliere the tenant by Ins tenure 
 is bound to follow his lord ; ami is cal le.l Cantlewa d, 
 where tlie tenant is bound to defend u <-.i-ne. 
 E cua-e certain is where the tenant is set at u 
 Sn sum of money to be paid in. heu of such un- 
 eer nin s.-rviees. The Krst la.v le^•l.Ml in England to 
 I,avanarmy,5llen. II. US'), toirf/. 
 
 cciimt 
 
 11. e. 869 i 
 
 . . 480 \ 
 
 ■ 442 \ 
 
 ■ ■ 3<'>.i 
 
 , . 3^Si 
 
 ' . . 288 
 
 1474-1564 
 
 iSi»-"570 
 i5g8-l6So 
 1630-1700 
 1667-1731 
 1 758- 1 74 1 
 (/(■((/ 1762 ' 
 161)1-1769 
 1693-1770 
 . 1740-1799 
 . 1735-1805 
 
 . i7J7-'S-^.i 
 • 1757-1822 . 
 . 1754-1826 \ 
 . 1762-18 <<) ■ 
 . i774-iS:!9 ' 
 . 1790-1840 I 
 . 1781-1841 I 
 . 1770-1844 1 
 . 1775-1S56 
 . 1777-1857 
 . 1790-1858 
 . 1777-1B62 
 . 1806-1802 
 . 1813-1862 
 . 1790-1804 
 . 1802-1865 
 . 1791-1866 
 . 1788-1867 
 . 1799-1872 
 . 1805-1873 
 . 1818-1H74 
 . 1817-1875 
 . 1820-1876 
 . 1826-1892 
 . 1834-1890 
 . 1814-1895 
 . 1852 
 . 1852 
 , 1816-1890 
 . 1804-1891 
 1807-1891 
 
 iiP's were much alleviated by tlie kind 1 \ei-ti.in> ,f 
 mTss l-'lnrence Nightineah' and a Imiid of iuim. 
 under her, aided bv a large fund of nu.ncy (li.QooM 
 subscribed bv the"pe.blic and placed in the rave ,.; 
 the proprietors of the 7Vwc.-,ne«_spi.iicr ■, y Tu„... 
 Explosion -f powder magazine by Iigliliung, ;im„i; 
 I50killed, S June, 1883. 
 
 SCYTHIA, situate in the most nortlicni \mu 
 of 'Kurope and Asia. The boundaries were iinkii-nii; 
 to the ancients. 'I he Scythians made sevenil irni|.- 
 tions up<m the more scmthcni ]iiovin, es <,| .\m;i, 
 espeeiallv (124 n-c, when tlii'V rcmaimd 111 |n,..,.. 
 sionof Asia Minor for twcnty-cigbt ye..rs, i,ii,l ,,; 
 different periods extended tlieireoin|iiestsni huiM|.v, 
 peiictratins as far as Kgypt; see Tarlun/. 
 
 SEA Lieut. Maury first published liis "I'Lv^i- 
 cal (/c.graphy of the Sea" 1111851 and ctluT im- 
 portant works since; ho died I'cli. 187,5; «'i' ''"p 
 
 SEA BIRDS' PRESERVATIOX ACT, 
 
 passed 24 June, l8(X). 
 SEA FIGHTS ^ce Xovul Jiail/cs. 
 
 SEA FISHERIES, 
 
 SCO I'inhiriis, 
 
 SEAL FISHERY ACT, passed 14 Jm. 
 
 1875; another act, 2') .lune, l8()3, see ll.hmi 
 
 1833-1891 
 1832-1893 
 1821-1893 
 18U-1894 
 1811-1895 
 1829-1896 
 
 eit 14 Jut 
 see ]'iiluii 
 .S/y(iit.s. Seal fisheries (N. l'acitic)"aet, relatiii:t;) 
 llussin, p.tssed, 27 June, 1895. 
 
 SE \TiS or SiGXKTS. Engraved gems woivum,! 
 
 „s such bv the Kgyptiiins, Jews \ssyni,ii. ad 
 
 Greeks; sl-e Kro,/. xxviu 14,, Abalis «1 « 
 
 used bv Je/ebel, 8./) H.c. (I luwrsssiK) lie 
 
 Uoman's in the time of the 1 an|Uins (alKiutUioiii-,) 
 
 liad gemmed rings. They sealc.l mmiis, j:niii;irH, 
 
 ba>'s of money, .Vc. TheUerniaiiemi.eiMV InikM 
 
 I Ia I) I uj'niad .seals of g<dd, silver, and till. Ini- 
 
 nViUons .if the seals of Siixoii kin.s are eM; 
 
 indthe Knglish great seal is attribnle.l f. W 
 
 the Confess,a. (U.4I-«>). "A seal will, am«l j 
 
 bearings beloiv file I Itli century, is eertimily aW 
 
 Foshr.h: The most ancient Kng^lsl, sea uitl, ar« 
 
 oil it is said (olv that of Uidiard I. orJehii. 1 l.to 
 
 and coloured waxes were used. Our lire.seiitMliK- 
 
 wax, eontaiiiing sli.dlac, did ii.|t eoiiie ,nt.> i:.n.ril 
 
 ' use in Gennaiiv and Knglaiid unld :il-i)t l,A 
 
 I Red watVrs for seals came into use al,o>it 1I.2,; k\ 
 
 vere n t used for pnldi,' seals till tie iStli ,.nW. 
 
 \ seal acciniivd by tli.' Hritish .Museum mul.c | 
 
 1 L^kheinatite, thought to be llittite oura 
 
 Yu/.gat in Asia Minor, announced Na. » 
 
 S,al Norirtu, for publication of lae-similes ol sn- 
 
 kmt s 1 > as eslnblislied in l883.-l'.i.; f^ 
 
 Lei-tkuh, see (J, rat S.ol and Lcttresde Ufht. 
 
 SEAMEN. In conseipicnce of tlio grcatteof I 
 life bv wiv cks/d' iiKM-chant vess.ds, attnhuloJtoU 
 ,,^-a,idoveidoadiiig,aeo,nmission. mq«.^»| 
 , re<'d to bv parliaioent on Uie motion ol Jia 
 qS (vCli! published ;; Our |.un.-^^^^ 
 
 i;™s on tlu o mi-f""-. *'-■ 'l""^^ "f^-it 
 Zirmau.. Mr. PlinisoUhas been ocnsunJ ta I 
 
 fixng:;eiutioii. 
 
SEAMEN. 
 
 iatic Turkey, opimsiti'C'mstin'i. 
 is II sulnirb. It vviis iiiKiemlv 
 i^oldni city, in loiis.'qucn'i', it 
 
 uiiis haviiit; cstiilAislicil !i traum y 
 
 CMUptOll tlic ClllUpll'^t of Ut ', 
 
 iuftiimlly lU'lVatcd l/niuius, 5:;. 
 (■cui)it'il by till' sicl< iiml wimi.iMl 
 I'll iirniy, m l!<54-S, wlnw suil.r- 
 U'viiitocl by tlic lii'iiil ( M'rti.iii- ,f 
 ohtiiiKiib' ill"' i' ''•'"'' "f liuiM- 
 y II liU'SO fiiiul of iiHini'v (ij.oociM 
 "pi'.blic iiiul ])liii'cil 111 till' ra-p ^: 
 tlio JVh»'.v Iiowsiiiiiiir; '■H' y'li,,.,, 
 liM- iiuiKiizii"-' 'iv li^binin^', ii;k,ij 
 
 iitiiati' ill till' iiHist iMi-lliini jmr. 
 a. 'riu'biiuililai'ii's wi'ivunkiinai. 
 'I lie Si'ytliiaiis iiiailr scvi'i'iil mn|>. 
 iiiiri' smitlirrii jiniviini's (if .\m;i, 
 •., wbrli tbry I'laiiaiiinl in ]ii,-sr.. 
 ir for t\vi'iit'y-i'is;lit y("'.rs nml ,1; 
 ■ xti'iiili'il tlu'ircoii(iiii'>tsiii Kwiy,; 
 1- as Kgyiit; SCO Tnrtiiiii. 
 
 Maury first iniblisln'il liis "I'l,\4- 
 
 tlii' Sou" ill ll^Sf., ami otlicr mi- 
 
 iico; he (lioil l''eb. 1M75; siv hff 
 
 S' PRESEllYATIOX ACT, 
 i8(X). 
 
 TS see Xaval Daltkx. 
 HEllIES, see FinhiritK aiil 
 
 illEKY ACT, I'MssHl ij Jiiii.. 
 
 ait, 2') .luiie, l8i),v sit> /m/.km 
 islieries (N. I'acitio} ait, ivlalin.'ti) 
 27 June, 181J5. 
 
 ilOXF.TS. Eiigravi'il ;;fiiisttii'ii>nl 
 
 ■ KjIVlitians, Jews, Assyriiiii-, and 
 i'.™(/.".\xviii. 14. Alialis sral lus 
 •1, 81/) II. u. (1 Kiiiil>' xxi. *>■) llii^ I 
 time of the 'rari|iiiiis (alioiit («»'.) 
 nj?8. They sealeil rooms, j;i-,ir.;ir.:i, 
 \^'. The (Jerinaii eiiiin r.iv, KivJiritk 
 lail seals of ;;olil, silvir, anil tin. k- 
 ii. seals of tlaxon l<iii!;s iiiv istant; 
 .li 'i\-t\\\ seal is attribatcil t'l Kihard 
 
 (in4I-(i6). "A soal willi aranml 
 
 ■ the nth eeiitiirv, is ii'itiniily laU." 
 riiiost aiieieiit Knglisli srahvitli aniB 
 I,., that of Uiiharil I. or John, flliitf 
 .axes were iisoil. Ourpnwiitswlin:- 
 i.r shellue, iliil ii"t loiiie iiil.i sinml | 
 inv anil Kiittland until iili"iit i;* 
 
 1- ^'rals eailie into use ali.ait Ih.'^lta 
 f„r Iiublie seals till the iStli irimin. 
 I'll bv the Uritish .Mu.'i'Uiii mails of 
 to, thouicht to be llittili', fiiin.J.it 
 Vsiii Minor, anuouiiiiil N"V. 1™ 
 for iniblieiitiou of fai-simili* nf an- 
 as establislie.l in i8S3.-l'i.rSF,.uti> 
 (jmit Sriil and Letlres ilc Ofkt. 
 
 J In eonseiiuenoe of tlii' siiat li'»'f 
 ^afnieiTliaiit vessels, iittiilmliat''*' 
 Tloailinjt, aeomniissi»iiotm(|iiirvw 
 
 „arliaioelit on Hie motion ol MO. 
 ,0 jiublisheil "Our Seiiini'li: all % j 
 
 iireli, 18TJ 
 
 I'he ihike of KiiiiAs?! 1 
 
 ,o„iniission; the ilukc of Soii.rrsl 
 Mr. riiiiisoU has been Cfiisurol f(f | 
 
 SEAS, SOVEREIGNTY OF. 
 
 983 
 
 SEBASTOPOL. 
 
 Tl„. ri'pon i.ssiii'il in Hepteinber temleil to jiLstily the 
 imliiii; aw I'lieusioiis, liiit siinf^esteil no ren'ieily. The 
 niiii.rt inisriiteil to iMiliaiiieiit, 2 .li.ly, 1874, cim- 
 ilfiniii'il the presinl iiisiir.inei. svsli'iu.' ami I'n.uni- 
 iii,.iiilril iiirri'iiseii ivspoiisiiiiliiy oi' iiwiicrs anil otliors, 
 aiiil slivii;-'! heniii- the powi'is of tile Hoiinl of Trade lor 
 
 ilHrtli.'.'li'ill 
 
 'llVrSll.:.'li"ii. 
 
 Ti,r .Miirliaiit .Sliippin},' Survey liiU was re.jei-ted 
 
 (,73-1701 . • • , ■ • • 24'IlUle, 
 
 After iiiiii'li".'>'i'itenii'nt, an .\ct was piissed 10 give 
 
 ' iiitlii'i iiiovi'is to the Hoard of Trade to sloo un- 
 
 j iitliii ]io\vi'is to the Hoard of Trade to stop iiii- 
 
 .,;,«■ .rtiiy sliips ,, .\,|j,, 
 
 iiMilitr .MiMiliaiit Hliippint; .\et (which sci) passed 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 15 ^^K- 1876 
 jlriin(,'ciivnlar issued liy the linard of 'I'mde (.Mr. 
 Llifiiitiitrlaiii); deaths ot th,. luiipliiyi'il in ships 
 iti'il to he 1 ill 6u; in coal iiiinos 1 in 315 ; 
 
 .Ian. 
 
 ot till , 
 
 in eoal mini 
 I he inellerln.'ll 
 
 a'l.M'i 
 1 
 Fii 
 1 
 
 See Shipiiinti. 
 Seaiiii'irs hospital society, see hreitilnninjht. 
 
 avT....... ■ — — ' .. . ,11 ji^ , 
 
 l-iwuiit systiiii stated to he inellerln.il . .tan. 
 
 Fii.<taiiinial eonniess of the .Natimial Scanien's and 
 
 Firi'iiiriis iiiiiiin held at Oirdill'. .Mr. I'liinsull 
 
 liri'sriil (lie iliid.a^'cd 74, 3 .Iiine, ioy8) . 8 Oct. 
 
 S(.|» Sll i nui III! 
 
 1S84 
 
 SEAS, SoVEItEIONTY OF TIIIO. The 
 
 f liiislunil to rule the liritisli .seas is uf very a 
 
 of liiis 
 
 The claim 
 ueieiit 
 
 i^iiiiiu n'liiiL...,. .^...1.^1. .-. ...^ ,,-, .11 x-i^ luieieill 
 dale. Arthur is said to have assuiiieil it, aiul Alfred 
 al'tiTivards suii|iorteil tliisidaiiii. It was iiiaintaiueil 
 bvSclil™, luul measures were taken by ^'overniiient 
 I ill toiiseiiueiiee, 8 Cliiia. I, 1633. The duteh. iltei 
 the ilratli of Charles I., made soiiii. Mt-mpis to 
 iiiil.iin it, hut wvrv niuglily treated \ I, vie and 
 I ulliiT liiliiiirals. Uu.ssiii inul other . ■■. . of tlie 
 , .iiirtli urmi'il to avoid .seareli, i;,'' , :• rSoo; 
 ffiAi-niid Xti(fni/i/i/;uu\ F/ii//. 'i.n, mieniatioiml 
 1 riili' of the road at sea was .settled in 1802 ; (new 
 niicswiTe issued in 1879 and 19 Aiijr. I.S84), yet near 
 (Jreit Britain alone there have been l3.n(X)eollision.s 
 ill si.\ yi'.irs. .Mr. Win. .Stirliiiif Lacoii proposed to 
 I mliire the rules from 749 words in 144, (br sim- 
 I pliiity mill seeiirity. His t'oriii had been nine times 
 Willi' |i:irlianient. 1873. Hevised rules issued by 
 till' mill ralty in a " I''li'et Circular," Nov. 1885. 
 I Tlif Uiitisli liiianl of Trade ap]ioiiiteil a einiiinittee, 
 I rmisistiii;; of adiiiirals N. llnwden Smith, sir 
 ' Biilii'it .Miilyiiiiix, sir ()ciiri;c .s. .Naios, and 
 ntliim, to ronsiilcr measiiics for the eslalilish- 
 iiieiit i.f 11 "new rule of the road at sea" ; lii.st 
 
 iiiotiiiL, ■ . I Aiij,'. i8go 
 
 I Till- I'liiiimitti'e ad tpted the rej^iilutinns reeoni. 
 iiMnli'il iiy the Washiii^'lon eonlereiiee in i83g 
 |si.i'.Viir;ifi(oi» /.ioin), in spite of iiiiieh opposition 
 Innii till' I'liaiiihiT of .Sliippin;; uf I ho United 
 Kiiiu'ili'iii, the lii'iieral Shipowners' Society of 
 
 1. Idii, the cniiiinittee ot Lloyd's, and (itlier 
 
 I kiiiilri'-l IhhMi's ; ii']iorted Ilec. 1894. 
 Il'iiiimiiui'i' aijpiiiiiti'd hy Ihe liiiani of trade: sir 
 ' Fraiicia H. .Ii'inie (cliairiiiaii), and otlieis, Maiidi, 
 1:03 : ri*!" Ill Issiii'ii. the new riili-s siippurled hut 
 -iiii|ililiratiiiii n'oiinimended, .\pril, i8go ; another 
 riiiiuiiiltii' a|i|iiiinti'd ivspi'i'tiiifieiillisiiins at .sea, 
 May.iSg?; liiial leport eiiiielndid i] .Mav ; rules 
 liiln'iiifoiiTil . . . . . ■ I .Inlv, [8g8 
 Itliii'luoli i.«iii'il .... 2y.lmi'e, ,, 
 
 SEA SERPEXT, Grk.vf, the nuine given 
 
 Itiaiiaiiiiiml poiinlarly bidieved to exist, esjieeiallv 
 
 III ili'P|i tropieat seas, but mu. Ii controverted by 
 
 lMilci|:ists, sii Hiehiird Owen and others. 
 
 |('a|it. .M'yiiliiio (li'.ciihed the a|)pearaiice of such an 
 
 I miiiiial ill the Soiilli Atlantic iieean in 1848. Oilier 
 
 •li-iri|itioiis have heeii since published, and iiianv 
 
 «|ilaiiatiims have heen siif,'(;csted. ■"I'hi' (ireat .Sea 
 
 j .STiMit. ■ hv .Mr. A. ('. Ondein.ins, piililisheil in iSg; 
 
 I oiiiilains reports uf 187 appearances, with 82 ilhistrii- 
 
 tliillS. 
 
 SEASONS. The four natunil division.s of the 
 
 tear. 
 
 ! hi the north tpiiii.orati; roKioli.s in 15S4 the spring 
 |iarti'r l>i'«aii 20 Maivli, 5 a.m., the suinmor, 21 .fune 
 itlicaiituiiiii, 22 Sept 3 p.m., the winter, 21 Dee! 
 1. See Lapland seasons under l'«ir. 
 
 .James Thomson's "Seasons'^ piihlisheil : "Winter" 
 
 ■'ff.; 1^'"'?,'';'^ ■7^7,;'.''^l'""K."'7.8;'^V,tnni ,'■ o. 
 Il.ivilns Sea.siins ■ hrst peihirm,.,!, ,s,„. ^^ 
 
 SEATS BILL, see under Hifunii. 
 
 SEPASTLVN, ST. (X. .Spain), was taken bv 
 he I'l-eiicli, mider the duke of lie,-„ iek, in I" 
 It wasbesici^ed by the Uritish and allied arny „,',d.',: 
 
 licl. the w^h.de town was laid nearly in n,|„;, ,'t, 
 was s ornie.l bv general Uraliani , afterwards lla-d 
 ^^^edoeh) ami taken 31 Aii.^. i8l3.-((„ s .\lav, 
 I8VJ. the (ortilied works, thrmmh the eeiuiv of 
 which ran the h,.l, ,.„a,l ,0 llcniaiii, were cariie 
 
 •Vi" It""''''' r'","^">- '•"'"" '■'"''■'■ "^•■-^1 
 
 l.N.iiis, alter very laird h-litiiii;-. |1„. liritishuav I 
 siiuadroii. oil 8t. .SelMstian, under lord John Hav 
 eiit very opporl urn' aid to the victors in this eo,,: 
 
 ^'eneial I)e ,aey Kvaiis, at .St. Seba.stiaii, by the 
 
 h'mov' 'tV''';.''!-^"- """' '""•"'■^ fought \vi,h 
 ■•M'l.v. llie ( arhsts wiav repulsed, afler .sutler- 
 
 1- se^l.,•ely. i |„. loss of the Aii:ilo.S ,ish force 
 
 wa»3, J menanil 57 uHieers, lulled and woiiudcd. 
 beneral l)e Lacy • vans w.is sli,:;htly wounded. See 
 uiidei h:<i,i„rs 11,0 ,,,u.,.„ re.^•e,lt of Spain meets 
 queen ictoiia here, 27 .March, m>). Popiil.„i„„, 
 
 iSEIiASTOPOL or Sl'.VAsropoL. a town and 
 
 "h'e a naval arsenal at S.W. puim „f ,h,. Crimea, 
 l"nnerlytl,ehtth.villa..eof.\ktiar. The buildin-s 
 
 "■'■'■'■ '■' "''',"■'''1 '" '7^^, hy ( atlieriiie II. after the 
 
 eomiiiest ot the country. Tbc town is built in the 
 sliape o ail aiiipliitheatre 0,1 tl„. rise ofa lar-e hill 
 1 atleiied „„ ,(s suininit, accordhi- to a pl.1,1 laid 
 ilowii belore 171,4, which has been since adhered to. 
 llie lor Uications and harbour were constructed bv 
 an l-.ii-lisli en^qiieer, colonel L'litoii, and his sons, 
 since 1830. I he popiiiation in 1854 was i;,gcx3. 
 1 Ins place umlerweiit eleven moiitlis^ sii-e, by the 
 hnshs I am l-'rench in 1854 and 1855. Immediately 
 alter the battle ot the Alma, 20 Sept. |8S4, the alliefl 
 iirmv marched to Seba.stnpol, and took up its position 
 on the plateau between it a.nd lialaklava, and tho 
 itrand atlack and bombardment eomiiieueed 17 Oct. 
 18,4, without success.* Alter many saipniimiry 
 enioimlers by day and iiiuht, and repeated bombarii- 
 menls, a unnid as.sault was made on 8 Sept. (8;;. 
 upon the Malakholf tower and the Kedans.the most 
 imporlant lortilicalions to the south of the vu. 
 Ihe trench succeeded in capturiu- and retainin'^ 
 tlie Malakholf. The attacks of the Kii-lish oil tile 
 .i;reat Kedan and of the trench upon the little Kedaii 
 were successlul, but the a.ssailaiit.s were eompelled 
 to retire alter a desperate stru--le with -n at tiwsi f 
 Ute. Ihe freiich lost 1646 lulled, of whom 5 weie 
 Senerals, 24 superior and llO inferior olheers, 4:00 
 Wounded, and 14110 missiun'. The Kiif;lisli lost 385 
 hilled (29 beiii^r commissioned and 42 nou-conimia- 
 sioiied olUcersj, i,H8o wounded, and 170 missing. 
 
 • In eonseipieiice of the siiHerinKS and disasters of The 
 army in the winter of 1854-1:, the Sdiastopnl uupiiry 
 (.'ommitlee was appointed, ami the Ahcniicn ailniinistra- 
 tion resifiiii'd, Kch. 1855 ■Ihe cnniaittoe sat from 
 I March to 15 May, lord Ahrdceii hoiiif; the last |ierson 
 examineil. Its rcpml was prrsenii'il ,8 June. .Mr. lioc- 
 hiick, Ihe chairman, moved na 17, Inlv that the liouso 
 shiiiild iKissa vote of severe icprchension on everv neoii- 
 hcr of the .Vheideen ailminislration. On ig July his 
 motiiin was lust liy a iiiajorily of i,,; against it. hi 1855 
 the government sent sir.lolm M'Neill and enl. Tidloch 
 to inipiire into the state ot the annii's in the Crimea. 
 Their report was presoiited to |iarliaineiit in Feb. :856.' 
 
 A I issioii was appiiiiueil to consider the statement* 
 
 in the report (which waa-e very iiiil'avoiirable to many 
 otiieers), but the substance of the report was misliaken.' 
 
 h 'Ti 
 
 !U! 
 
 II' 1 
 
 I ! 
 
 ^k li 
 
 ' I .t 
 
 I , I 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 !• 
 
 .<,i'j 
 Ml 
 
ii H 
 
 to the northern '">■' ,• .^'",,^, .' ,uio. foun-l a v.r y 
 reniiunch'r <it tho.r tU'ot. 1 " ,,.^,,i f,,, ,,l,ice, 
 
 Ireat iin.ount ot >» ores « » " , .\\> ,i,„t,.oved in A,.r.l, 
 h S.n.t 'I'he works were utti 1 1> -' ■ ^ ^siana n\ 
 ^§^'i"cUhe. own w,.s rested to th.__^ ^,.^^, 
 
 Julv ;:«'"• I"'"'-''"-",' • , h, V- I'''' monument 
 
 naviil port, hei.t. 1895- '"-" 
 
 'tECEDEES; SEC1.3SI0N CHUBCH, 
 
 ^^'SSSdAEY EDUCATION, .ee^/.n- 
 
 /io», l8')i-4- ^^ T^x-nnv iin ancient 
 
 SECOND AIIY OF Lo>.doNj^^,._^ ^^^^^,,,. ,, 
 
 office, resembling tl"^f " ,; ,„.lv in th<. invs,.n 
 The phiee was V'''''''''';'",;'^, " , ' by tlie fcovporation. 
 century, when xt ^^•"^!^"";':y'^ ,,„,,,■„,, Fan.nn, 
 ^PCKET SOCIET ES i;S^, '-'^ 
 
 BECBETARIES OF J ArL.^^^^^^ .^ . 
 
 authentic '.^"■""' ' '/ tvhen John Muunsell is de- 
 reiu-n of Honry 11/'.^^ v,,,,,,,. " 12^3. }(!/»"■'>■ 
 
 Scribed as " *Y'^''7 W'r <'I"'« ■•^^'"' '>Z 
 Towards the ''l"^^,, "[i^^ed ; and upon the uiuo 
 secretaries were ='l'l""Vr ' . tuird is secretary for 
 with Scothind, Anne ■■»l!''=,'^''";""i, afterwards laid 
 Scotch affairs; this a}ij.omt,mm^^-'-'j ^,_^, ,^^,,,,,„,, 
 
 aside; but in tlH;;'''g\,";X'o .--e for the Aineruan 
 wasaiiain '"'•:«'>' V°J^^^ '"^^ 
 
 department. In ''f.,^ '"' retaries were appointed 
 of' I'arliameiit; aiut '' " .'y „.„i„. When there ! 
 for home, fov^i^"- ""; .r^"; ^^ ff the porUjefle 
 wore but two *«'''|"t''>^':"' ""' ,.ouiprisini{ the Low 
 f the Northern '^^'art^'ir Sweden, Poland, 
 Countries, 0';r"'^"'>^'f,'^e Southern dcj.artmeut, 
 Russia, Ace ; tl'««t^";]'Xd, Italy, Spafn, 1 ortu- 
 including France, ^ ^^ ^Vl,;';';^ Ireland belonging 
 gal,and^rurkey; t^ "" ' ^^.^..^f.^-ies then equally 
 ?he elder secretar, both ^<^ There are now 
 
 directed the home iff. rsi^ ^^^^^^^.^^^ (i„ 
 
 !:;k'reniS!ox5^9.HH,.'see^..-.<»^ 
 ;;^;^^Unasepanitearti<- ^,^^,,^ 
 
 r;„. ;«»(;(»"■ ''/•^V;:;'.''' gU t" 'oUect iufonnati.m 
 inLond.Mi, 4 •'"'>':,n°' ,i„ti.s, and rospmisi- 
 vspcrtint-' the l';;» ';"'•„," ,' applied tor then; 
 l.ilitics of s.'cretaiies 10 ' " g ,^. Annual 
 ,,,I,,Vlit. First dinner, 24 •"'"'• '"'J"'- | 
 
 'Sots, EELimous, »-»- — 
 
 ancient Homa. gams ..earmen Sa'culare 
 
 occasions. Horace wio e 'J ^^ ^,^^ ^^ , 
 
 for their 7I' >''^'^r.;' 00k p ac' "S"'" "' '^'^i '''l ^'I 
 Augustus (1 . 1^7,. S„ (88), and for the las 
 of Claudius (4/), 01 Axiimi , ^ ^^ ,,^^ veiirs after 
 
 time 
 
 of i'hi 
 
 dip(i48)-^f« 
 
 the foun 
 
 cip 
 
 idatioi. 
 ULAKIBM 
 
 1 ..fjirt hV 
 
 ,f the city. 
 
 ;l iiimie 
 
 triven 
 
 „leB advocated h> ' ■ •>■ „,.„di,,,,nl, 
 
 to the prin- 
 llolvoiike, 
 
 by 
 nut 
 
 Mr. Itradlaua 
 l;iwlcss tliiiowld, im^ 
 
 d it eon- 
 
 about l84<', and sm 
 
 ":^r:Jc;:;ici:^a^to'uncS:'H"^vi;cat..sii..e,.ty 
 
 Clu-istianity, but nd 1 nO^;'_^j j,,^, j„,,.^,,„ ,;,,, „ ,^,, 
 uliiilanau; 't «/',';,,; ,,;;„,,lit>- in nutun- .u.i I,,,,,,,,. 
 
 „esa ill duty. /'/;.■>',",,,',. Mr, UnidliOi;^!. ai.l ..llim 
 larists repudiated iitln it-m • 
 
 iirot'ess it. 
 
 SECUKli '^,^*\XiT)ning as part of the puiiisli- 
 
 in :863, «W°"^'!„^' Sting, 
 inent for attempts at gaioiuub- 
 
 «T7T1AN an ancient fortified city in tl".- v;,ll,y 
 hl!ilJAJ>. ••' ,. 1,' ,,,,„, c, till- ,seiit "t 11 liimn- 
 
 oftheMeusc.N.L.o 1 ^^ m„mu,. u., o 
 
 pality long b^l ^y lb ^; ^ ^,^ ^a Ma.laM.ur 
 5ulv, I<^41. »"'=^"'> of"s^,issousaiid the tnmp, 0; 
 Seefan. oy the < "" ' °' ^j^ ,,,in,rs, over tl,. U,. 
 Uouilb.u and other Fand > ^^,^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^,.^ 
 
 army ^i'VPO'-'^f,^'' .-I'e duke was ancs,.,! ,„ ;1,, 
 on 23 June, 1O42. ^^^,^^^^ j„ ^.^.j,, j^,.,„„ ,,^ 
 
 .uidst ot 1"« '!™J' • ",tant university was.buliW 
 Ihecrown. i'''^ V'°t'-f ;,,,, .di.t of ^'antc., 22(M, 
 alter the revoca on ot Ui ^^^ ^^|, ^^ ^ ^_ 
 
 ,085. Around tins I't' ^« ,,^,t,,,,,„ „,, ,,,,,,, 
 
 '"^'^ °1' h"; ?,o;th iin?ler nuu-shal .Ma.Mabo,, ;,.,., 
 army ot the 1101 tti, lima .^ ^,,.„„, „^ 
 
 , so,ooo men) ' "^^^/i'j^.^k „g and cr»vvn.,,n,„K,f 
 German '"■""^■f.""^^,^,, 'prince of Saxon ;,>io.; 
 Prussia mid ^'^ ';;^Vl,t to a close on i S,.,)..iS;9, 
 2:0,000 men) « as mou„u , . ,. , 
 
 , .., 1 ,„„ witliattaclcson tbe I'l-fiicOi n^tinl 
 Tl.c battle began Mtiu ^^ ^.^,^.^. ,^, ^ j, ,,^ ^,^ | 
 
 U.rianoiit sa"'.. a V , „ „st,.,s nf tin' li.ll,,, 
 
 ^';;:;;;T'tbcci;;;.;i^irt.,fti,eFrcnci,un,,)>v.r< 
 
 i„tot<Vaan, , ,^,,ia present during the latik, I 
 
 four bonrs U.Uie '^'•'". ''X, ..vi.l.ni. Tl,,- (I,,;, 
 
 off"vti»'vr.;si^t^;;;:;;:,:;:^ti,.n.A_^___^^^^,^^^^^^^^ 
 
 l„id coi'tia't dtla I u ^ |,^.,^ _^ ^^,.,j^ 
 
 1 '"'"'^'' i'";, l,^ir"^.una..dcr-s call, iin.i t.uuilK. 
 respond to t a „,v„„.l, ilw cMK-my wnhliil 
 
 supicmeetloitt ' '' ,1 I 
 
 cnipcrorand csi.P' ' ,,,.,1 ,„ „, ,^i 
 
 M lirst g;'"c™ ' '^, ^, ' V 'una, ,1) in.U.u.mlv .yA 
 wlnm -'lac'; ,; ' V,lie victnv, .u.l tlu ,;,;v.r..u!l 
 
 i !^^s:::>br;'>';vwi., »,.»,. vu.„.«. 
 
 ! 10 ''dliwatc ll'-'"|- ,t„ in „„t„grapl, tdtl.ekiiiJl 
 
 i On.Sept.tlaM puu ^__^ _^^^,,„,„, ^^ „,j| 
 
 Pnissui, "'"'.,' 7,, • oa,, num epec an i^.l .IfVll 
 ; „„,s troupes, .>; 'b V""^ eapitnlatioii ef ^.allo'l 
 ,„„>.ste N ^f" ■.''-X„.,i„V,,s sigia.l by pi,.n:,V.i| 
 , tl.e whole ay;,? J ,\ , ,Va the elv,ite«u el l.:i..,l 
 Moltkc and 1' .^Y, ,0 a.n,., an.\ at . pa,, :u,:»™l 
 SVlace'i;aU.uV king and lie. e,,,,« 
 
 las .i;.wneast but digm ^' :,^,,„, „„ y,, ,„ ,,;:., I 
 
 i„ „i„el. 0;';' ad g t ' ,|,„„,,^,. (6oo,„5^,;«l 
 I lU,. advantage, nt; m .,,„ Tli,Man,if«l 
 
 also ,n we.gl.t, " r',',;'.',„^i ,i,,v w.is a l„:.» J.tol 
 awful, and tl e I el t u n . .^ , _ I 
 
 t,redlK>nesl..rb-m.;,^^^,,,,,,,,k,,, ,,,,,,,«! 
 About Q5.000 '•',',,' ,d , , ,„,^, aay, l.i<.lii-irf| 
 and 83.0.x. '"""""' ,,d.,,ieees. and .;ol"ra*ffll 
 ,0 udl'-ail"-'«'«/.,^:^, '';',;, „aed w,..e l-m.lh^J 
 About M.oo" ;, 'a,„i about i^ >«l->ial 
 
 tbc "-■'>^'"'," \ ' low tbeir anas. Tl..- f«m\ 
 Belguuna d aul o« ^_^.^^ Aiiemptliebjtl 
 
 o,tlu.,nirt>b.i. ;•,,,,,, „ ,„„,„|„„„ta,,J.| 
 
 was beut.-eol. II"' .,.,,.,,1 i,,,, neav t ii"*tl' _ 
 rimrs.wla-laidappnae ,dt a;^^.^,,,,,,J.^| 
 ' on . Sept. the V. IW.^ " '^; -^^ ^,,^,1, „eeaus.. Il,«*| 
 Bavarians and '"''•', ,a,lan,'es ; <mr «"'«4 
 
 rS 
 U 
 
 ■Tfl 
 
SEDAN. . 
 
 „„,,.V t(i "llii'l-^. 1' '" I'"' l-WM 
 
 ■eU im.nility m lu.tun- uii.l liaif,. 
 
 \ii<Uii U"ly'«ik'- »'"' """■' '"■ 
 
 „U,.MSiii; Ml-. l)ni.Uau-hai,.lMli,rs 
 
 J \vhipi)in!? a-'Piii'to' the punisli- 
 3 at gurotting. 
 
 ancient foitifii'd city in llif v;,l'„y 
 ii of iM-aiiii.', tlir sunt "! ii [iiiiM- 
 bv llu' ^'•1<'-^ "'' Houillim. Unij 
 orv WHS tsiiined at l-;i MMilnMuar 
 uut of Soissous imd tlie tmcps o; 
 er French i)viii>i':?, (ivit tl.e rna, 
 
 Hifhelifu ■, lnitthernuMt«ibsl,im 
 , ''he iliiki' was anvstml iii \k 
 'v 'Uid was uiaile to ceUii Sedan ii, 
 rn'otoBtaut uuiversitv was MM 
 tionof tlH- edict of Nantes, 22 Ort. 
 this I'laee a series oli.esi.er;m.(,ii. 
 
 and •?! Au!,'. hetwe.'M the 1 r.n>ii 
 th"«nir marshal MaeMah.,, :.'.„■;, 
 
 and the greater i;ait ol tlir tlirrt 
 
 under the liing and ercwti-inimto! 
 lie erown-in-iiH't' "f *'"^™> v'"*: 
 iis brought to a close on l bopt.iya. 
 
 'witn attacks on tlie FitucIi ri* mj 
 
 0, and was very sever., at =1MN..«, 
 
 , s ivnMincd n.asters ..I t ,M,.lUi,.| 
 
 l,U,f imrt of tla' i'''^'"'''' '""'J """'•''< 
 
 a„„lc.m was javsent jlarh.B Hie l*le, 
 '"to.Hlatlgcs, near«c;laM,..si.-t,, 
 U'le Uerniaii (jrcnadcs. 1 In- .iiii".--.!;.;,! 
 istance was then cval..M. 1„. .nuu 
 '.It .irc.ir.'lcel..s,:n.na.lN..,,iii;tl.«.t. 
 ;' ' ,.l,lallthela•i^.'l.ts.tP...^^l.^lill.J 
 .' „v wholly destroy tl„.t..»„ ;,;,«, 
 , , iiii.n were m a ciii'Mwiitil 
 
 ,rt t'l >a-eak through tlie eaeiiiy «iHll«| 
 
 ;.lvU,c victor, au.l the .„i|«.>,L,il 
 ';;:;;' ';vwitln'oantlhsa.avk...,.,.>;«l 
 
 M.'m'i'leror wrote in antograi.h i"^\"M'i\ 
 lo ' Wre, n'avant v" '""»'■"■ :' "l*l 
 s i" de .ose naa, epec aa 1*. .lee^tl 
 
 *'"' Hu.rein w s signed I'V ge,„n:,V..| 
 
 i .itii ia,ni.,andat.. i..ni.»i!*M| 
 ;'V,etween the. king and the e,„,.en.r,™l 
 
 ■"''"'JhSllv carried on hytkon^l 
 was 1^'.'"' V"';',,- ,, ,, ,,,.,.,c, I tl e tiem«lii| 
 
 ,ta(ie, not "' • , i^^i,,,, Tlie eaniif ml 
 
 l^;^:ffiti;^t!c{d; was a „.».... 
 
 ^I'liniar" ,1... ,,|.v| aav. toUi-i™! 
 
 » -""■"'"''■;;;;,, ;„"^uMi.oi.nr.,-^| 
 
 ^rT'\S"a^:t-:;^:^,^f^ 
 
 li emperor and Is s ' ^ ^1 
 
 '^! , lia>. in tin' evenniK' "t 5j^l' ; j^,. 
 iiH ami laiini, " " .„, . ina:ie wmiM 
 
 SEDAN CIIAIKH. 
 
 985 
 
 SEMI^X'AS 
 
 Ilio place had lieeii ipri'VioiiNly twice lioinhardi'il and 
 itoriued by the laailch.neil {.oniliMlaiilH, 
 111 a letter ilaleil la .May, iH;;!, Ihc. (.rM|i(.|.(>i' Napoh'on 
 l.Kik apoa hiruseir tljo wljoli' I'espoimlljlilty of tlie 
 snrreailer of Sedan. 
 
 SEDAX CIIAIKS (so ,.,,11, .,1 iVom Sedan), 
 ircie first seen 111 lOiiHlaiid in 15.S1, One useil in 
 thercignof Jamesl., hy tliednkoof llnckiiiKliani, 
 eaused 1,'reat indignation, and llii' people e.xeliiiniiMl 
 tiiiil lie -vaH employing liis Cellow-crealiires to do 
 Ihe service of beasts. Wedaii eliairs lanie into 
 L'liiilou in 1O34, When sir l''nineis Diincouil) oli- 
 taiiied the sole privilege to use, lei, anil hire a 
 nuinber of such covered chairs for foiirleen years. 
 Tie) caiae into vt.ry geueiiil iiso in lO.pj. 
 
 SEDAXGS, a trihe dwelling on the hia-ders of 
 .timaui. M. de .\layrena, an ev-olllci. oi' thi! 
 J'reiifh navy, having niaili' liiniself llieir Idiig, came 
 
 , Ui Paris. He was set aside, ami tin' JSedangs were 
 iiroujlit under French proleclion hy tin! French 
 
 1 resilient-general in Imlo-Chiim ; reported Oct. iHHij. 
 
 . SEDGMOOlt (Soin.'i'selsliir,.), where the 'like 
 I ofSloiiiiiiiuth (natural son of (Jharlcs 11. Iiy liUey 
 I Walters), who had ri.seii in rehellioii on the ai-ees- 
 1 -ion of James 11., was eoinph.tely defeateil hy the 
 I royal iirniy, July, Idfi.S. The ilnke was made 11 
 arlsoner 'in the di.sgniM! of a peasanl, at the 
 Mtoui of a ditch, ovei'coine wilh linngcr and 
 Jiatijue. He was tried ami helieadi'il on 15 July 
 ICuUuwiiig. 
 
 SEDITION. Sedition nets wi'ie passed in the 
 Ireigu of Gcurge ill. The prorliitmiiion against 
 Iteditioiis writings was mihliHln!il .May, i^()2. '''lie 
 loelebniteil JSediaoii hill passed Dec. !;i)^. Si'di- 
 lliius siieieties were suppressed hy act, June, I79;. 
 ■Till' Si'ditiiais .Meetings and .Xssenihlies' hill pa.ssed 
 pi Slaich, 1817. Ill Ireland, diirilig the Uomaii 
 Il'atliulic and Repeal agitation, acts or proel.iina'iotis 
 K'Uiist sedition and .seditimis meetings were pub- 
 lished from time to time until iH.jX. 
 
 SEEDS, An act was passi'd to prevent tlie 
 lJult"iatioii of seeds (a eominoJi priii'tice), ] ! Aug. 
 ■809; iiiaended in 1878. 
 
 1 SEEKEKS, see QuaheiH. 
 
 ISEGEDIN, or SZWIKDIN, lliillgary. Here 
 laseoiHladed a treaiy between l.adislaiis' I V. 'ind 
 
 Imuratlill., 12 July, 1444. it was tr 'Iieroiisly 
 
 Inulled iitthi' instigation of ciirdjiial ,Iiilian, who 
 hthLadisl.ius jicrishi^d in the taliil hutlleof Varnii, 
 P.Sov. 1444. See I'lifuii. 
 
 JSEICENTO, see under llalian. 
 
 ISEIDLICE (I'oland), where II haltle WHsfouglit 
 l.\|iril, 1831, between the I'cdes ami UiisNiiins. 
 lel'oles obtained the vii.tory after a bloody eon 
 It, taking 4ax) prisoners ami sevi'ml iiie'ees of 
 fciion; hut this success wass.aiii folhiweil hy fatal 
 ferses. 
 
 gEISMOMETER (from HvUnmx, (Jivek for 
 hli(iiiake), an apparatus for ineiisiiring the vio- 
 jceolthcsh.icks. One is liescribed hy .\|f, Kohert 
 lllel ill his work on earlhij'iakeM, published in 
 IS. .Many described hv l'nif.,1. A. Kwiiig, 1880-8. 
 ither ialvunccs desciihc.il hv lu'of. J, JliJia. nt 
 IH'iyal Institution, 12 Feb, 'iKij;. ' 
 
 |ELA, see I'rtra. 
 
 ELBORNE SOCIETY, for the preservn- 
 
 lolbir.is, plants, aiid jdi.ji.mit phu....-^ originate- 1 1 
 Bic Selborne league (afterwards soeiely) fonned i 
 ilr.aiid Mrs. U. .-V. Miisgnive in Nov, 1H8;. It 
 luieluded the pluimige league sinco Jan. 1886, 
 
 (see unde- llinh), '11,0 society met at Selborne to 
 celebraie the eenfeniiry of the di..ith of the rev. 
 bi bert \Miite, author of th,' - Natuial llistorv id' 
 Selborne,' 24 (lor 2h) June, l.S,,^. Uoimllell 
 i aimer, earl Sellau'iie, born 27 Nov. 1812, died, 
 4 May, i.S^j, see I'liiiidiiu'iit, 20 May, l.Sy^. 
 
 SELDEX SOCIETY, founded 29 Jan, 1887, 
 bu- the sluoy oi' FiigUsh h.gal hi>tia-v, and pub- 
 iiiation of ami, lit MS.S. and l.nnk",, hv h.rds 
 justice i-ry, Coleridge, and Liiidlev, aiul other 
 eminent lawyers. John Sehlen, legal aiUKiuarv, 
 lau'ii 10 Dec. 1584, died 30 Nov. 1O54. 
 
 , fSELECT-MEN, the earliest officers of the 
 : town>hi|s loniH.u by the tir.st colonists of Xew 
 I Fngland about 11135. 
 
 j iSELECTlON, NaTUKAL, see Specks. 
 
 SELEXIl'M, a grayish-white ,.lem(.ntary suh- 
 slaiice (chemirally resembling >ulphur), discovered 
 j 111 the stone riolite by lierzelius, in 1817. 
 i The variali..!! in its rcsistaiie,. to tl,,' chrtric (.luri.iit 
 I u,.'m" ■';",''.i''''l'''l I" liKht was nt,srrM.,l l,v .Mr. 
 ttillonglilpy Siiiitli in ,37,, and uiili.s,.,! in tlie iihoto- 
 . |>l„me (»■/,„■/, ..,r). IJr. C, Win. rsieiaciis lonstructuil a 
 I ' srh'Hitnil ijif." 
 
 iSEL]']UCIA (Syria), niaih' the capita' of the 
 Syrian monarchy liv its builder, Seleucus Xieator 
 312 it.c. (in the fall of the Selemida.', it became a 
 republic, 05 n.c. It was taken bv Trajan, .\.d. 
 lid; sever^il times giv(.|i up ami retakeii; subju- 
 galial by the Saracens, and united with t'lesiiihi.n. 
 030. ' ' 
 
 SELEUCIDES, Era of the, dates from 
 
 till' reiuii ol Seleuci's Xp.iitcu-. It was u.sed in Syria 
 
 ''"' I'.v .vears, ami freiiuently iiv the Jews until 
 
 tlie 15111 century, and liy >ome Ara'bians. Ojiinions 
 ; vary as to its cmnmein.einent. To reduce it to our 
 era (.suppoMiig it to begin i Sept, 312 li.c.l sub- 
 tract 311 years 4 months. 
 
 SELF-DEXYIXG ORDINANCE, which 
 
 ordained that no iiu'iiiber of parliament sliimldhold 
 any civil or military oHi,.,. oreomiiiand conferred hy 
 cMther or bolh of fbe houses, or hy authority derived 
 Iroiii them, after much discussion, was jiasseil 3 
 April, 1(45, by the inlluence of Cromwell, who thus 
 reniovecl the earl of Ks-e.-c and other I'resbyteriana 
 out of his way. A somewhat similar ludinanci' was 
 adopted ijy the parliament at Melbiainie in Aus- 
 tralia, in 1S58, The nani'.' was given toan au-ange- 
 nieiit made respecting Ijiitish naval proi.ii tioiis and 
 reliremeiils in 1870. 
 
 SELL AST A (f-ai.onia). Here the Spartans 
 under Cienmenes were defeated by AntigonusDoson 
 and the .Virhieaiis, 221 n.c. 
 
 SELSEY, see Chichciter. 
 
 SEMAPHORE, see Telegraphs. 
 
 SEMATOLOGY (Greek sema, e sign), the 
 science of signs, a term proposed hy I!. 11. Smart, 
 who died 1872. 
 
 SEMINARA (Naples). Near here Gonsalvo 
 de Cordova, the great captain, was defeated hy 
 the French, in 1495; but defeated them, 21 April, 
 ISO?. 
 
 SEMINARY-PRIESTS. A name given in 
 the lOth and 17th ceiiiuries to Knglish K. C. 
 priests educated at Dooay (irhieli m) or other 
 foreign colleges: when tli'ey liecame Jesuits they 
 were prosecuted as traitors. " 
 
 SEMINCAS, see Simaiieas. 
 

 i 
 
 [,■1 
 
 ' 
 
 HEMPACH. 
 
 !)8() 
 
 HEPTEMBKli. 
 
 '•ILi: 
 
 
 WMPACH (Switzei-la.vi). H.ri' the Swiss 
 
 is Btill niiniiu'iii.iViitiHl. h>l» i iiiUN "" .S • J. 
 «T?\TPEll EADEM ("Always tilt! Slime"), 
 
 by qu.rii Mary ami (liauu Anno, 13 l^tc. 1,02. 
 
 SEMPEIUNGHAM, sec f7,VA<Wmf» 
 
 Bciiatc, saul to "■'''- "y"'''-\,^, i,v Ta •.luiiuiis 
 100 nu'inlKTs was "'f ' , " -^^.i USl H'-; i'"'' 
 ITisrus; to f •'"t,(^^,^ ^>y;'-;^^^" .^;„ .„„r an,l 
 
 b;;lo::;;!..7ar^o:;:i;;;.jtip:r|.;^-f- 
 
 ■?'■■ '• 1''';';'!,' '; Unlaws 'l-^H.nu,nl.,.r of s..„at,.,s 
 
 i:;!t;v'':-iV'i:'a;';;;n;t;n,.i^ur7;(f-m^^ 
 
 iiss.'ii'ilily, 22 I-'<'li- 1^75- 
 TlK.75.a.-t.'a q-2. I'.r., .873. „„, ,,„i „,„,. 
 
 t'-n'W-p'-p'P nicl"ium'). Noar here was fousrM 
 
 Aug. i<)74. 
 
 ofx'-vr VT Fiviiili colonics on the nvcv 
 t,^^.?:;^^cn,S:MnaW.A.V..s.^^^^ 
 
 ^^:;;.:iui;Fi^n..i:;fw.;:^nty'.v.e.^.a,iy 
 
 'Z!^n'.^o»-^'-'vi.4--,aaiysa.a,n^^^ 
 K,.,.,„.,. ^va,■ w>t.> .!.■ SO.HS >^;;,. ,'t,;f [ "t 
 
 col. Arcliiiaira, n'l.orttci . • ■ , ^ 
 
 s.iutla-ni t.-iiit."!".-*. aiiLi Aiail~-.'aii>'. 
 
 (lesiilalioH • • ,•,,,. ,,;,tivi.'cli'ii'ls, Alinic-t- 
 
 -^;;;;;;.:^a;;;;!^-saio:::,Ataa-sa>o..^ 
 
 9, n Jan., ana taki'S t«. »»'" '«!'.' ■ 5; 
 frsli nu.llicts ; (-apt. Mc'nar, k'.lca. 1.1..0I.M 
 
 {■,!l''A'rcli'iiiaia aiipoiiit.'.! cliicf foiaiimiMl.T in Hi.. 
 
 .^„v(.inoi-; U„.l!i:.rssaliiMit . . . Apiil, „ 
 (Miit. lihu-laT.1 .li.lVals A nimann. ai.a .!»■., 31. .May, ,. 
 • , AiTl.ina.a aiviars 111.. l.'Lriic.l. S.u.h,,, .1,.,., 
 j^n.at n.^ionsdla. Mo,„, S,.;;a a.al t„KUin.. ,.(..), 
 
 Kor (lisastiMS will, tla' Hntisli, see .■-.,,,.. /..;.,, 
 1 M'(ln',.let L'ov(.■nlol■onla^ KnaicnHiaiaaii, ivi,..rli,l, 
 i (;,„.,illawavlaiva-aiust>.'aiiioi-y, n.poilnl. i .liiii. ,1.^; 
 
 SENEGAMBIA, sfo Oumho 
 
 iS3,= 
 
 18.JI 
 
 SENESCHAL, « I'l!.'^' otlwcr of he Imi.h 
 ,.oy„l h,Hisel...,a. In tho m^n ui 'liihp 1. 1.,,.,, 
 till, ottiee was estoiMnca tlio liie;lii'st place »f trust. 
 
 SEN'LAC, see n(i.'<tui!/.i. 
 SFNONES ""see Oinih). (lefcatea liy Ciimiliii., 
 ,(,'. ,',\. ' Tliey'aetcatca Mctiaius tlie njiisul ;U 
 AiTftiiui'i, 2.S4, Init were ahii"St e.\trnniliiil(ii !.y 
 i),,l.|li|.lla 28;. 'I'liev invailca (,ii-eece \v 271); »iiv 
 defwited l)y Antigonus Gouatas, 2:8 ; and suul lor 
 peaee. 
 
 SFXOVA near Scauplsa. in the lialkiiw. 
 ^ llere'Suleinian I'aslia and tlir Turks were (IvfoUe,! 
 1,V tlie lUissian j-'ene.al MiolieK'tl, 9 Jt.i.. ;^:" 
 ■I'his victory virtually closed the war. ami up,* 
 the roaa to Aarianople. Ahout 2(,,(X)0 lurks,, ml 
 2,S3 otficers were made |ins(mei's, with 411 Krii].;, 
 -mis. Ahout 8000 Turks and 2000 Uussians «,r.' 
 Uillea or woumlea. 
 
 SENTfXUM (central Italy). The site of :i 
 
 ..reiit'vietoiT cdtlie U ins under I'ahms M;,xi>,«<, 
 
 over the Sainnites and Gauls, whosi'L-enciid lu'li,,, 
 
 K.Mn.tius, was slain, 205 "-C- }: "'••"'* "'"""' 
 
 ' eo"isul, devoted himself to ilealh duniii; the oiillul. 
 
 «VP\"RATTSTS, a term aiipliea t,i tlie IriA 
 N,!lm,!al'^4;y,' heaaed hy Mr. IN.n.elh 1-". 
 ,,SH? In l884it vehenientlvatla,k(;,leiilS| 
 ..uul ihe Irish ex.'cutive. -Tile iiameisals,. ,b<iiii.a. 
 ,v a small Ch.'istian sect ,,, Ihihiii. am >* 
 oiher ida-es; originated by John W alkcr. a ib- 
 1 ,1 scholar, somewhat re^eiiiliiinj; the Oliiatcs 
 l>r!v xviii:.): he died 2S Oct. ,83^7""; 
 Mr. I-ucus ( luinee, a pliilantlir..pic seiiaiatist, ,i»l 
 lit iiirniingUam, 24 Nov. i8()7. 
 
 QVPHAHBT^M, tlie name given to the (Itsitn- 
 d.,nts of the >igl>lv eivilised Jews „f 8,m.n,na 
 
 1,1, ;:!sili;m..492-.50,v, Tlie Jews niterpretb.,*:.. 
 riul, in Obii'lich 20, as .spain. 
 
 tJVPOYS (a corruption of sipiilii. r,r>mn. ;i I 
 :souli:^.^!uu.te^UMn.li-ltoU,e,.aUv..^^^^^^ 
 Uriiish Service in Imlia Ihe ImkiM n.n.ii 
 . c .S/"/n.v, a name also giv.'.i to ,i,itive,»v:,lr 
 : ; ^Iriaintle Firncl. service in ^f,\4;. I"' ;';■»' 
 Jenenls lev greatlv ai.le.l in cLdihslnng toh 
 ?, "in Inala.' For their niutni.es, _.. h/fc.,| 
 ,806 ; M(i'l""<' i«<^n i"»l ^"'^"'' '*'5r 
 
 SEPTEMBER, the sev.mh Rontaii niontlil 
 v.4.om-d from Snivel, (from .scy„««,v, seventh). II 
 bo. an the ninth month when Jam.an - I 
 
 "'-k/i^m,t'i:;;e''wou;r.r;;™;4 
 
 ;:>:i,tl/the'nr of' Tiberius, hut the etiiperor 
 
 \-. '-'m 
 
TEMHEll. 
 
 two strun|;lM>lil«, 25 .liili. ; 
 . Mcimnl killi'il, ri|iiiil.'.l 
 iiliiTt vi<'t(iri(iiiM, 14 .M;ir(li ; 
 iTS(! till' ronntry ; 14 li^'lit*, 
 
 (m\ chief (.■Diniiuiiiilcr in lli.> 
 It tj N"V. i8y2 ; a;iiiiiiiiiiM 
 submit . . . Aiml, .. 
 AlMiiii'lnu. 11'"' 'l'''^, ,!i May, ., 
 
 I ilic I'li-m-li Siiuiliiii iiilii I 
 ini, Si'Hii, mill Mi^uiii" /W, .j, 
 
 ■ ,., riimrti'il . . I'l-i'. .. 
 Ilii'r(si'l' ■niiihinl,,< 
 
 II lilitish, (il'l- Sil . ," hi jr. 
 
 tliii Ki-1'iic'ii HmiiUin, ii|«iit(.l. 
 
 i3 Fob. i;'94 
 st Siiuii)ry> vi'liDiti'il . 8 Jan, iL^; 
 
 .\, i^i'i." Ouiiihid, 
 
 , a lii!?h otiii'iT "f tlic Fiiiiih 
 .11 t)u' ivi^:ii 111' I'liilip 1. lOiij, 
 u'd tlio higln'st iiluii' of trust! 
 
 UdslllllJH, 
 
 (. Gdiih), ilrfrati'il liy Ciimillu-, 
 ricilti'il Mt'trlllis tin; I'liiisiil ;il 
 t wcri' iilui'iHt rxtrniiiiiiiiid i.y 
 liry iiivailcil (iri'i'ii' iv V,i)\ win- 
 iiius Uiiiiatiis, 27H; mid sutd lor 
 
 >ar Si'lu|il<!i. in the llhliiiim. 
 slia anil tlir Tiii'ks wrre difraitii 
 tiMii'ial SUolii'lftr, Ji'ii- :>>:'■ 
 [illy cliisfil till' war, iiiiil updiM! 
 loplt'. About 2(i.«io Tiiiks ,ii!il 
 iiiailc in-isdiiei's, witli 4" Kni]!;. 
 Turks and 2000 UussiunsMiw 
 
 (central Italy). Tin' AU pi j 
 ;' Kiiiiians under Kaliius Maximii, 
 
 and (JauU, \vlinsi"2riicnd.lli'lli!i> 
 ill, 21)5 n.c. P- Uciiiis tlii'OlliiT I 
 iiiisclf to death duriiij; till' loiillift. 
 
 m'S, 11 tfi'ni !ililili<'il t" till' IriA 
 heailed hy Mr. I'linii'll, i'-"* ' 
 vcheini'iitlv atliirkcilc;iilS| 
 •cutive.— Till' iiaiiii'i*uU"a»iiiiiiii 
 stian sect in Hiililin, '.mil •'« I 
 i;;inated liv John Walker, a n. 
 miewhat rt'>eniliiin^' the Gla-ilcs 
 : he died 2Snct. 183.V anvil lU 
 ce, a iihiliinthreiiic seiianitist, tiitil 
 24 Nov. l«<)7. 
 
 YSl the name jiiven to the (lisitn- 
 ..■lilv civilised Jews iif Sliain aiiJ 
 tied" from the iierseriitnMis "f tl.e I 
 2- 1 50,v Tilt' •J>^'« * ii'ti'n"''^^' ''!'"■'• 
 20, as ^[111111. 
 
 a corruption of Hiinihi. l\i>i;iii. ;i| 
 mapidied to the native (vmoiis 111 
 i„ Iiulia The Turkish laval 
 aiiamealsO!;iventiiiiativi'.avary 
 
 e French seiviee in !S,?4.ln.liT*l 
 n-eatlv aided in estalUislmig llrwi 
 ' l''or' tlieir mutinies, see liiK| 
 , i8o<); iind Iidim. i!*5"' 
 JEK, the seventh Roman i«oiitli| 
 March (frotn ••"•,""■"""'• f "'""'■■ '! 
 ninth month wlicn .iiimian »ai 
 ,„Uled to the yenr by Ni'.'"»'al 
 man senate winilil liuve givni thul 
 ir of Tiberius, but the einpmrl 
 
 SKPTEMIIKTZEKS. 
 
 «87 
 
 .SEKVIA. 
 
 (,ppo»ciHt; the emperor Doiiiitiaii (jiive it his own 
 (.line Gcrinanicus ; the senate under Antoninus Tins 
 pvcitlhatof Antiininiis; Ciiniiuodns ^'ave it his 
 ii,raaiiH', llcrculeus; and the emiicriir Tacitus his 
 Mil iiaiiK', Tacitus.— "Septei'ibcr 4 soverniuent," 
 vrFrunce, Sept. 1K70. 
 
 SEPTEMHKIZERS. In the I'lcmh rovolu- 
 tjii, 11 drciiilliil massacre took place in I'aris, 2-5 
 5,.|,t. 171)2. The prisons were up. ken open, and the 
 -riiineis butchered, 111110111; them an ex-bishep, and 
 l,,.,rly IM non-juriiii,' priests. Some accounts 
 jiati'thc number of persons slain at 1200, others at 
 I fff). 'file a^'cnts in this slaughter were named 
 5,'pti'iiilii'izers. 
 
 SEPTEXNALISTS, the party in France win, 
 ;:j|i|ioit tile septeniiate or seven years' };overiniii'iit 
 „l iiiarslrd .MacMiilion, enacted by the assembly, 
 |i|. 2oXi'V. 1873. See Fi-diiff, 1X74, j 
 
 ^ErresxAi'E, ill till' Cicrmaa euiistitiition, is tlic stipula- i 
 mm ilmt every tJcrmaa lit lor tlic duty is liable lo 
 s,rvi' for seven years in the Lmperial iiriiiy, 4 .May, 
 
 ..'71. 
 
 SEPTEXXIAI, TARLIAMENTS. Kd- 
 
 fiiil 1. held liiit one )iarliaiiieiit every two years. 
 In thi' 4tli Kdward III. it was enacted, "that a 
 
 I wriiaiiii'ii' should bo liohlen every year once." 
 to ('"iitiinicd to be the statiite-la'w till Kith 
 CliadcM I. 1I141, when an act was passed for holilin^ 
 firliaiiieiils ..uee in three years at least; repealed 
 in 1064. The Triennial act was re-i iiacled in 1(11)4. 
 Irifiiiiial piirUanients thence continued till t'.e 
 
 hiii'ii. 1. 171(1, when, in I'on.sciiiieiice of the alle,!:a- 
 tion that "11 popish faction were desif;nin;r to renew 
 thtti hellion in this kingdoin, and the report of an 
 
 I iiiv;i.<ioii friiin abriiail." it was ei>;ieted that "the 
 
 i]iirU,iii!ent should continue for seven years," 
 
 Tliis Hfpkniiiiil act, entitled " an act for enlarf;in',' 
 ih,' coiitiiiUimee of parliaments" (1715 in the 
 it;iluti'S, 410, j,'iven a< I Geo. I. slat. 2, c '38), was 
 p«i! 7 .\l.iy, 1716; see I'lii-lioiiiviitii. ' iiu\n\\\ 
 
 1 iiiisurtT.<sl'iil iniitions have been made for its repeal ; 
 in Miiv, l(S^7; aijain 24 Ft'b. 1880, and 8 
 
 [April, 1892 ■(hS>S-i42). 
 
 SEPTIMAXIA, a Koinan province, S. France ; 
 I ke lnntjfmht'. 
 
 ■SEPTUAGESIMA. SUNDAY; see Quml- 
 
 I mi<i»((i .S'h/»/»(/, and il'ick. Siptiuiijisima is the 
 I ifasun hetweeu Kpiphany and Lent. 
 
 .SEPTUAGINT VERSION' ok the Bidle, 
 
 I ai* liij]!' I'c'ljrew into tjreek, about 280-150 n.c. 
 I SrVFiitv-lwo translators were shut up in thirty-si.\ 
 Itilis; cath pair translated the whole; and uiisub- 
 lidjuint comparison the thirty-six copies did not 
 I tary by a word or letter. Just in Miirti/r. St. 
 IJtMk' altinns that they translated oiily the 
 |Piiitali'Uch; others say they translated the whole. 
 "'ilmiy I'hiladelphns gave the Jews about a 
 laiillion sterling,' for a copy of the Oid Testament, 
 jiiiil seventy translators half a million more for the 
 Itniiilation, Ju.sf/i/iiis. Finished in seventy-two 
 liliiyi, Hewlett. The above statements are nierelv 
 \lrMmiiU; see Ili/i/e, and AltXdiidriim t'odvx. 
 
 . SEUUESTRATIOX of lienefiecs Act passed 
 
 lljJuly, 1S71, 
 
 SERAING, lleldum, on the Meuse, near 
 
 |Iiei;c, fonnerly the site of a palace of the prince 
 ' ' lips of Litge ; now eontainin;!: (freat iron works, 
 Isijalishcdin 1S17, by Juhii CocUerill, an l-.nylisli- 
 Imn. His lather, wlio had works at LieKo, died 
 liniSn. Xcarly the whole town has been built 
 Ibv Cotkerill, 
 
 .MERAJE\ O, capital of llosnia and llerzego- 
 mia, w.lh about 50,00(1 inhabitants, was founded 
 in 14(15, by two nobles. It was taken \y Malhias, 
 kin;r 111 llunijary, in 1480, and bv prince iMiKe'ie, of 
 Savoy, ill i(,ij8. In pursuame of the treaty of 
 iierlm, 13 July, 1878, the Anstrians entered Sera- 
 levo after a sharp conlliet with the Hosnian-, iinu 
 bombardment of the city, 19 Au^'. 1S78. Ity a tire 
 8, ') .\iiK. 1879, above 20,000 persons were rendered 
 homeless. 
 
 SERAPIITXE, a free-reed musical in-truinent, 
 a prenir.sor of lleliaiiie's haniciiium, bniusht out 
 by Jidiii (ireen in hoiidon, 1833. 
 
 SERAl'IS, Te.MI'I.E of (near Xaple.s), was- 
 exhumed ill 1 750. I he remains of his temple at 
 Memphis, termed Serapeuni, were cli-eovcred b\ 
 Mariette, •:!50(y .vc/y. 
 
 SERASKIEIR, the lurkish minister of war. 
 SERFS, see 'V«cc;// (note), and JiiiMi'd, iHbl^ 
 
 iSbi 
 
 SERIXGAPATAM (S. India), the capital of 
 Hyiler Ah, soverei-ii „f .My.sore {nhU-l, .sc). The 
 battle of Serin-apatam, c-iUed also the battle of 
 Ariker.'i, in which the liritish defeati d Tippno Sahib, 
 was f.j,iKht 15 May, 1791. The redoubts weru 
 stormed, and I'ippoo was reduced by lord C'orii- 
 wiillis, () Feb. 1792. Afier this capture. ]ireliniin- 
 aru's of peace were signed, and Tippoo agreed to- 
 cede one half of My.sore, and to pay 55,o(x),oa) of 
 rupees (about 3,3(:k),cxx)/. sterlin-) to kii-land, and 
 to jiive u]) t'l lord t'ornwallis his two eldest soils as 
 llostaj,'es.— In a new war the Madras army, uikUt 
 general Harris, arrived bi'lore Serinjjapiitam, C 
 April, 1799; it wa,-jiiinc(! l.y the lioiiibay army 14 
 A]iril; and the place was stormed and 'cirrieil by 
 major-neiiiral liaird, 4 .May, same year, in this 
 eni,'agement Tippoo wa.s killed. See'j///,vo«', 
 
 SEliJEAXTS-AT-LAW are nleaders from, 
 amoii^' whom the jud^ies are ordinarilv chosen, and 
 who are called Serjeants of the coif." Tlii' jiid;^! 
 
 all them brothel 
 
 Coif. Th 
 
 Uisivi yif;hl* 
 
 of addressin;;- court of ciaumou pleas suspended, 
 1834; restored, 1840; abulished, 184(1. l!y the 
 Supreme Court of Judieature Act, judfies on"their 
 appointment need not be made Serjeants, 1873. See 
 liiHx of Ciidti. 
 
 SPjRPEXT, an ancient wind instrument, 
 parent of the I'oriut lainily. A ''contra serpent" 
 was sh"Wii ill the Kxhibition, 1851, made by Jor- 
 dan, of l,i>erpnol. The " serpentcleid " was pro- 
 duced by iii-icham in Jiillien's on hestraabout 1840. 
 For 1I..M. crui-er ■Srr//nit, see Xdii/, 1887 and 1890, 
 MdH.siun Jfoiisf h'diitl, and ScuStriiviit, 
 
 SERPENTINE, see Hij,te Pd,/.: 
 
 SERVANTS. An act levyini; a iluty on male 
 servants was passed in 1777, wiiiili was a'uxinented 
 in 1781, et seq. .\ tax on female servants, imposed 
 in 1785, was repealed in I7i;2. '1 he tax on servants 
 yielded in 1830 about 250,(xxi/. per annum ; in 1840- 
 the revenue frOiU it Inul fallen to 201,4821!. ; in l85f> 
 it I'l-odneed about the same sum. The licence duty 
 for male servants is imw 15s. each. It produced iii 
 the year 1876-7, 107,004/. ; 1877-8, 154,(141/. ; 
 1878-9, i46,orM/. ; 1883-4, 139,(131/. ; 1887-8, 
 13(1,287/. The law respectini; servants was amenJed 
 by the Master and Servants' act passed in 18(17. 
 
 SERVIA, an independci't kingdom, south of 
 Ilniigary . The Servians or Serhi. are of Slavonie 
 origin. They embraced Chiisti.inity about C40- 
 
 I- il 
 1 t 
 
 'I 
 
 ( I 
 
 , t 
 
 
SEttVIA. 
 
 988 
 
 SERVIA. 
 
 
 fl,.,, 
 
 ^^m:^h.4: 
 
 > » 
 
 IH 
 
 
 tMi 
 
 f f« 
 
 1 
 
 Thu ..n.,u.,or Mnnu.l K.il.jn^ut.a t ,or^ > USO. 
 
 iH.^), 2,1(12,759. liildiMilf 1^ till' cuiiiul {which set). 
 ■Olil Servia is" still sul)j>'i-'l t" Tiirkcy. 
 
 ,s,;:l;f"n''l.nslm;, s.>l»lu,. linlK^n.i, &e.; ..,.1 ,mn» 
 
 •rm^ilm'ir'^s^nnnui, '• •.■<'0-v,i!';;:j;""''rii;;;! 
 
 i^ s r ' a was l,m,s,.lf kilW.l by a wmnnM 
 slini;,,, schli,-.- in tl... plain -r Cns«„va, o, ^K.,s. _^^^ 
 
 •^5L:^iy'l■;:;'^i.l^-'r^^i^t;;■^'- 
 
 ■T>a';^;vS'a;;i'K:^;f.. .■o.;>p«"ies • . ^^^^^^ 
 
 .Vfiun ivlpfl, aiL.I caplmv liflKvmW^ • • • • 
 
 ,<:„„ (M....-..-, .■l.'-n l.a,l,.r, .80. ; "-""l ''\^'\\,,.,, 
 Kussiaiis, .■staUlisli.saKnv.nmu'iit ■ • ■<> 7 
 
 Tln.irh'nvini.ir.MiliwliH!l'fl« • • ^^ 
 
 l,v t:„. natm„al party ; AlexaiaUT M''";;'^!',,';-, ^gjS 
 
 tV,.iM lifl-.a.U. and i.tli.T lortivsscs • 5 '" t- 
 
 W el, an- .•va.i.atcM, Mairl, ; pnnce M"''"" ; ' ' 
 
 ■ n^t intini.l.U' tlianks tli.' snltan . 3" •" "' ''• 
 
 <'cSitut!on aftmningtlie In-nMlitary rigMs „f the 
 
 rAnlTKai!^':.!;;;"'!^.'!; a.-nse,! of oon-pliHty with 
 
 ' nuu'.l^> 'im,.nsnnc.,l at Pesth. Jan. ; aniuUte,!, ^^^^ 
 
 The regents snn..Mler the governn. .,t t<, prinee 
 3, Aug.; resign; ann.mneeJ. 4 "(t.. 1'^;;^^ ,g^^ 
 
 .^;i-;:;;^;!n!;;i^^n;h;^^ :x;Uan;uh an,i^ _ 
 
 at Deligra.l ; not approve.l . . . •» 7 ., ^' 
 
 ;--,:i!;ri;r\>;:'^:u::ahont-Booo-ui.,^,.o,oc. 
 
 ^^;;;;;stain..eehne war «n,l enter Tn,-..T (see __ 
 
 =|lis!r3eh:^^^^^^^ 
 
 IOxl"nti.n. of Markoviteh an.l other riotos ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 rnuilninatlon ..t rea.e an,l nati il i".lep™l.« ^ _ 
 
 m^!';nMl'^e-,n,■;lell.■;ll.yilistiiel,ah..„t ,,(.-,. ;;■ 
 
 J^;ig;;a;hmo.l<istitel,(virn.al,ln'tator)anMnunn.,,^^^^ 
 
 M„anproeh.in,e,lkingbytheAsse,nhly^^^J^^^^^'^-^^ 
 
 iMarrie,! Natalie Kesehk„0-.n '8.9). .?;^;;'. '^73 1 
 |.'«,-ii.eil assassination l.y mad. .MaikoMl. U ., IM „ 
 i 's i ml on of the I'iroehanU/ nunistry, .7 ^ ■ ; _ 
 Min.ede.M.V Niu.lasl'hristlteh . . ,i<M. u:j 
 N,"' Military org.ini/alion leads to nisnireetta, a, 
 ^«!K:smia;^on suppress,.! . a,n,.M,j^.,l ^ 
 
 ' "nil" rs of the Hadle.l eo.nni.tteearreMe. Vv. „ 
 leneral trai .nilliiy reporteil . . 13 >"^. „ 
 
 ,8 ivilel h'ad.Ms exeeuled, ahout .9 >>"^';";™>- 
 
 u^hlr^nl?" ihd;i.-ia;.iispute;,^iti;.iud ,.,,,,,,;; ■■ 
 
 .nsue ; pr.,speet ol wa. ■ ■ • ; '' "' '-< 
 
 l"d!tU^al dissensions: l-anslavist agdat.on hy^M. ^^^^ 
 
 M!lih!n'''nn;ven,;.nts'cons'e,p.e;,t upon 'the ..,,. -' 
 
 r,:i:i:;iii;.n 'T ";l:r agamk Hu,ga,ia (,W,;W,^«, 
 
 I Invision- snceess f.illowid by disastrous rrtmt 
 
 ' Hoval deeree ealling out the ariu.v ti 1-Vl,. u:« 
 
 " fee between Servia and 1 ulgarai Hf;we.| at 
 /'itneharest;,Mand,;ratiiiedbythesnl...M^^^^_^^^^ ^ 
 
 I M. Bistiteh tails to torn, a n,-w im"i»^try^^^ ^ ^^^^^,^' '^ 
 
 ' M. Caraehanine resigns ; sue, ,Um1 b.v .M. Iti^titol, " 
 
 (pro.Huss.an) alaait 13 J"""'. -887 , bv "_''™^' _.., 
 
 stnin' '''iielel.end,.nt s) ei, of the king ' . .3 l''r. liii 
 
 N:; ndnistly under M. Nieolas Chr,st,M,^^ _^_ ._ _^^^ 
 
 The king demands a divoree from the .pi.Tii |..r 
 
 disagreennuds; he favours Austria, slie lu^sm; 
 
 she refused the deed of tern.s ol Invd ; »1,.. ;;n-s 
 
 u t eerownprineeaudgoestol-ans . .8 . y ., 
 
 O. en Natalie protests against the divoree2o.\is,.\ 
 
 ^l, ,t ; the divoree d,Mr 1 hy the>aetnMK.Ua„ 
 
 ^rlo-odo^ins, abp. of lielgrade(autlionty4Mest». 
 
 ^ "livid ,.onunissionr,"<'onm,endsnni\-ers,;is,,tlraw.:. " 
 .,11 eleelors eligible to the Skui,tselmm, m\<V'<- 
 
 ;',:,;,l;'or the ehnreh, all religions 1, ai«l ,,.,. 
 
 fceted.libertvoftle- pivss, \-e . . .4 1 !■ - 
 
 The king l.roel,„,ns , g eonstitut al ito,,. 
 
 KlPrtions ..f the ehambeis annulled by the kii^M 
 
 i N^'wVleetio'ns gi'vc! mlii'irity to'the i-a.beals, li™.W 
 I hi M. KistitHi, against the progressists unilvrM. 
 I c'hristiteh, the miiuster . • ■ '-''; - 
 'S^t^'^Sn'^XplluiiiniaesiriiigeliaiW^ 
 I ' 'i ,^ n, o .1 eonstilution that the depiit.,.,i|..t 
 ;:..', t 'it unaltered : otherwise he will m 
 ■iside and rule absolutely . . • ""'•'- 
 : The iiLw ;'onstitution passed (494-73) ^ J"''- * 
 
 !T,n"^;r;;!S.'or'aradie;i,idnis,,.ysto,;.,;byJ. 
 
 '^'''*'r"Tthe'k,rt;r'u,iAi.;i.naeJU- 
 
 Abdicate.,!, "t . \.^":^,;,' ^ H istiteli, «ei.. Hdi- 
 rKo;!it.t-Vgn:'i'-:otit,-h;r,,di..i™.- 
 
 Thr\:in-'};;i:r ,^;!:in,;;i.t;:r; • .ei..^ 
 -s., i^;:ll^:"^,^r=^^"/'*v 
 
 J;XUo a.•ri^;s at-Helgrade, ,9 S^Pt- ^^^^ 
 view with her .son ■ ■ . ■ ■ ,, , '. ,>,. 
 Kleetions: H great radn-al ma.iority, i Oit.^.|«^ 
 parliament meets • . . > 
 
 1862 
 
 1867 
 i858 
 
 1B69 
 
SERVIA. 
 
 089 
 
 mill iiiitiuiiiil iiiili'l'miKwe 
 
 iMlivllistiti'li."'""!' 'S"''' .. 
 (virtiiiililii'tnlui)iiiiii'Miiiir., 
 
 : l,v till' Assfiiibly 
 
 iiliiiut 6 Miinii, r.!j 
 ikiiOiu.ii iB^9), 17 "III. 1S75 I 
 liy iiiiiil. MiUknvili'li iid.t ,, 
 ui^liiiiiilz ministry, ^^ N'|t ; 
 IS i:lilistiU'li . . :itl''t. u;; 
 itii.n li'iv'ln t" iiisiiiiTi'U.iii in 
 iiliinrssfil . iiiniiiiiinnl 
 
 5-ioNii\. ,, 
 i\liiiut 10 Nnv. „ 
 
 lllo:l1c"llllllittl'<'»"Vlsti'il Ni V. „ 
 
 i.i,,,rtcil . ■ i.iNiiV. „ 
 
 • iiti'il, aliiiiit 19 Siiv.; iiiiiiiy 
 
 I ■ iiisimtrs vitli lliiit nmiury 
 
 ■will Iiiiie, i;-4 
 
 1' • • ,•. =3<>'-t. „ 
 
 iiiiil.'i-nii'iit . iiiKim 10 >iiv. „ 
 I- I'liiisliivist iinitiitinii hy M. 
 . . . . • , »''l't. .S=i 
 
 I cllllttlMUlI'llt IllHill llll' '""|l 
 (M. ., 
 
 ■ iJniiiiisl Kulniiriii (iWi;.)i .1.) 
 
 I } Niiv. ,, 
 rullowiil liy 'lisastriiiis ii'tirat 
 
 14-24 Nuv, ., 
 
 ■ imt till' nriiiy '■ l'''i'. 1::^ 
 ■via Mill liiil^'iii'iii J^ii-'Mi'ii ill 
 
 li ; villili.'il liy till' siiltiiii 
 
 13 JliiHi, ,. 
 fiiriii a iii-w iiiiiiistry 
 
 iil:iiut 3 Aiirll, ., 
 iKiis ; uMi'ci'i'iU'il by M. Iti^titcli 
 
 lUt 13 J "111-, 1887; liy '"1 1 
 
 1 .Ian. 1::! 
 
 • siii'i'cli iif tlic l<iiij! . 13 U''C. 1::; 
 ir M. Xiciilas C'liristitHi 
 
 ^(,-l^ Aliril, \":i 
 i a iliviirro fnnii tin' qin'i'ii I": 
 lie fiiviiiirs Austria, sill' liibsiii; 
 liM'il iif ti'iiiis ulliTi'il; >iii'>:n "^ 
 iiii'i. anil ^'iii'S t" I'iiris . iS.iu!y, „ 
 ,.stsaj,'aiiisl tlii'iliviii'i'i' 2nAu;;.,y 
 iiiTi. ili'iri'i'il livtlii'iiii'lriilii'litaii 
 „llii'l^'raili'(a\itliiirityiiii.'»ti.iii. 
 
 ■ (let. ., 
 
 Ill n'ciiiiiint'ii'is iiiiivi'rsal sallra;;", 
 li\c Id till' Skllptsrllilia, ilul.-liin- 
 
 luri'li, all rt'liiiiiiiis I'l mi'l lim- 
 
 iCtli,. iii.'ss, *:i'. . . -y^'^- .. 
 
 IS ri. n;; (■(llistilutlnlial I'liillij;.'* 
 
 .liiiiiilii'rsaiuiiilli'il liy till' kill-' a* 
 
 . J:i Niil'. - 
 
 •(!iii'aiiiritvt()tliiM-a(lii'als,lieiiil..l 
 ii-iiiiist tli('liri«ri'Ssisl«iiiiili'rM. 
 niiiiist.'r . . ■ 16 ;•■<■• " 
 I iipi'iicil . . ■ ■ y "«■ " 
 nili'iiiitatiiin ili'siriiiK cliiiHiJi's in 
 .iiistitntiiiii that till' ili'imtiismiiit 
 ItiTi'ii; iitlii'rwisi' lie will sil it ^ 
 ulisiiluti'ly . . • "I;'"''-) 
 utioii passeil (494-73) ^ '""'•■j,', 
 
 •laimi'il fur Ii"liti™l offeiiwa" Jan. 
 ministry r.'siK'i.s ; but cmtiiiuiis 
 i] . . 8 Jan. '/ «'/. „ 
 
 lai'ailic'aliiiiiiislrysti.iiliiiHiytliP 
 
 .iiiii of ciMispirary ■ nr™- ■■ 
 „ kiiiu; liis sun Ali'Nan.le. vri.. 
 ,' 1 n'SJi'U.'y M- liistiti' 1, .'I'll. Wi; 
 .,„,,ri,. l.i;,,tit,'li;ia.l..'alra,n. 
 Tausliaiiiivitc'li . • « ■^l''«:"' " 
 ,1,'brat.- Nvitli iii.iiiruint! tl.e ii«- 
 the battle (if f'.issuva . 27'"'; " 
 Is a miumnieiit in iiu'iimry nl thi 
 kiuL' was aiiiiiuti'il by in' metni- 
 aenu the cliureh nf Zitolia, « 
 
 iurives ot'lielgraile, 29 s'l'pt. \^ i»t|;j- ^^ 
 
 v,.,Tt'"raili('al luajority, i Oct.; n« ^^ 
 icets . . . 3 
 
 hi<:ttlki) estates act. 
 
 Jliiii^liriiil erinis averti'il by anaiiKeiiii'iit bilwri'ii 
 
 ' rill" als anil lilieralH .Mairli, 
 
 jl ralcliili'h, Uii-<s(i|iliil railii'iil leailer, iiri'siilent 
 ' iif till' Miiiilitsi'liina . . 20 Maii'h, 
 
 liiiiistiy iv-eiinstriiili'il ; >;i"i. (iruitili invniier, 
 
 aS Mari'h, 
 Tlie Hrrviau vice-cinisnl at I'ristiiia, M, .Mariii- 
 kiivite. iissassiiiatMi, i .Inly. The arre-itt'tl assas- 
 sins i-iiiilV.<s anil are Irieif ; the exei'ssive ile- 
 iiiiiiiils I'f the Servian )."iveiiiiiieiit nfiiseil by 
 Turkey; the allair arraii>.eil alnnil ^.B.liily, 
 
 Kin tiiiiis : railieala 113, liberals 18, iirnj^re-sisls i 
 
 27.SeIit. 
 
 rtiiiTa N'ataliu agitates tii annul her isnlaliuii friiui 
 lirr sen; her iiieiiinniniluiu {^2 Nnv.) tn the 
 farliiiiiieiit ilisiulsseil ... 8 Dee. el .ii./. 
 
 (;-ii, Sava (Iriiitch's (.'abiuet resigns, 29 ,laii., but 
 n'liiiiiiis. I IVIi. ; anaiu resi^'iis . _.o Keli. 
 
 M. liinliteli writes til the iiueeii, ii|iliiwin;,' her 
 tirertsl" iibtaiii iKilitieal iiinvi'i- ; incieasiri;; a;<i- 
 lali'iii a.i;aiii'<t her ... 9 Feb. vl sni. 
 
 )!. rati'liiti'ii t'lirnis a railleal iiiiuistry . 23 Ki'b. 
 
 Kill); .Milin aj-'rees in live nut nf Si rvia, till his 
 sun's iiiii.jiirity, nil i'oeei|it nf a siiiu of iiintiey niiil 
 iipi'iisiiiii, abiiilt 14 Aliril; he arrives at Vieiiini 
 
 19 April, 
 
 (^iipon Natalie n'liue.steil by the Koveniiiicut to 
 leave tiie eiiuiitry, ret'iises about 10 .May : at- 
 tenipti'il eX|iiilsiiiii .stopjii'il by stinleiits ainl 
 iK'nl'lf : 2 persons killeil anil se\enil winiinleil by 
 
 till' Iriiiilis, 18 .M.'iy. The iiuel'll foii'ilily piili- 
 
 vrypil t" Seiiilia in llnn^jary, early . in May, 
 kin:: starts for \A I'etersburK, -2-2 July ; at 
 
 1890 
 
 Till' 
 
 St. Petersbur;;, 4 An},'. ; at 
 I'l'ceiveil by the cinjii'ror at 
 ri'tnriis to liuljinule . 15 Sept. 
 
 Mi*iiiv. .'9 July 
 Vienna, 10 \\\'^. ; 
 Isclil, II, 12 Au^'. 
 Kin? Milan resi,L;iis ilellnilely all bis military ami 
 
 liniilii'iil rights, reporteil . . . iS Nov. ,, 
 Till' liiiiisirv ri'sifjus, 3 March ; re-coustituteil uiiiler 
 
 .M. rai.'hiteli 2 April, 1892 
 
 Di'atli of }!i'ii. I'lotiteli, 0110 of the re|,'iiiits ; iiiinis- 
 
 teriiil cri.sis 15 Ant;. „ 
 
 JI..Uukiiiiinviteli forms a ministry . 21 An;;. ,, 
 Truce ('iinelinleil between the liberals anil pro- 
 
 jrMsistsheaileil by M. (iarashanine Oet. ,, 
 
 Eli'dion riots at Teliatcliak ami Seineinlria, with 
 
 hloiiil.slii'il ; many arrests, reporteil . 13 Jan. 1891 
 Ki'Ci)i«'iliatioii of kiiiK Milan and ijueeu Natalie at 
 liiarritz ; ji>y of tlio yuiiiiH liiiig, aniiuuneeil, 
 
 19 .Ian, ,, 
 Parliamentary eleetlona ; govorniiipnt iniOority, 
 
 about II .March, ,, 
 S-vereeartlniuakes (»'/((r/i .N'l'c) . . 8~io Api'il, ,, 
 l-ru/i i(Vi"(: kiiij,' Alexaniler, after a bannuet, and 
 apiioaling to the army, 13 April, iiroelaims his 
 iiiiyority ainl ilisiiiisses the ri';^eiits anil their 
 ministry, and a|)poiiits a radical ministry (Dr. 
 Dnkitsoli premier) ; the parliaiiient dis.siilved ; 
 poiiuliir rejoicing! .... 14 April, ,, 
 King Alexaniler meets iiueeii Natalie at Kladova, 
 
 19 May, ,, 
 IV new inrliaiiient npeiieil by the kiiiK ; he lakes 
 till! iiatli of tlip constitution, 16 .linie ; the jiarlia- 
 iiientclosi'il, 21 Auf;. ; re-opened . 15 Nov. „ 
 The ini|ieaeliiiieiit of the ■\vakuiiiovilcli caliinet 
 
 a;;reeil to by the parliament . . ig .luly, ,, 
 Hi'sisnation lif Dr. Dokitseh, the premier . 8 Sept. ,, 
 K.'i'Oiiciliatioii of the kiiifj and tlie liberal party ; 
 
 public ili'iiiinistratiiiii .... 15 Oet. ,, 
 M. (iei)r;;evit('li, the Servian uiiiiister in Paris, 
 stablieil by I.eauthier in a restJiuraiit there ; not 
 much injiireil, 13 Nov. 1893 ; Leantliier sentenced 
 tolifeiniprisniuiieiit .... 23 I''i'b. 1894 
 
 ViiiisleriaUa-isis 25 Nov. 1893 
 
 Xi.*' ministry ; nen. Gruitcli iireuiier . 6 Dec. ,, 
 Di-atli of Dr. Diikitsch, ex-premier . . 13 Dec. ,, 
 Trial of .M. Avakuiiiovitch ami his former col- 
 
 leaRue.s; lie};iiii 21 Dec. ; suspended . 26 Jan. 1894 
 Resignation of the (iriiilch noiiistry on the arrival 
 
 ot king Milan, invited by his son . 21 .Ian. ,, 
 New coalition ministry, under M. Georgsiinitch, 
 
 forineil; parliaiiient pioroKued . . 24 Jan. „ 
 .\iiiiiesty to political offenders sniiited . 26 Jan. „ 
 King Milan's divorcu aiuinlled by the episcopal 
 
 ■iyiioj, repoileil .... iS March, ,, 
 Coalition ministry formed by M. Nicolaiovitch, 
 
 3 April, 1894 
 
 foiiiifl,'i„i: ii„. kmn suspends the constllntion of 
 1838 anil re-estalilisln's that of 29 .lime, i36i, • 
 despotic changes; the pre.,s reslrlcleil, Ae. ; M.' 
 Nicolas Christltch, |iresldent of the I'ouiicil of 
 
 „."'»''' • , -M Mav, „ 
 
 Knii; Alexander warmly received at lierliii, 17 ( let',' 
 
 at _\ ienna _', o,,) 
 
 .M. Nieolaieviteh lesimis ; new niinlstrv formed hv 
 M. Niciila ('hiisiilih . . . ' . 28 (let. 
 M. Ilanko Taisileh and 3 others sentenced to j " 
 .vi'ars'aiid .M. C/ehimitz to 2 years' impri.sonmeirt 
 lortreaMiii, ,;,,l,in. ; pardoiii'd . . .Iiilv, 1891; 
 hieelions; noveinmeiit majoiitv . . 21 April 
 Helnrii of ,,i,i.,.|i Xntiilie to 'llH-ndi. ; warmiv " 
 . leeeived . . . . ,„ May, „ 
 
 Aiii'iision ot ij,,.K_Kj/. ]ier anniiin voled to kliiu 
 
 •"ilan ,., Mav- 
 
 l!esit;mi|iiin of the Christiteh niiiiistrv . 5 Jiil'v " 
 (/aliiiii'l formed by .M. Sto.jan NovakoVitcb, 7 .Inly| ]] 
 (■iivernmeiit conversion .scheme adopted 19 .Inlv 
 .M. Kislitch dei'lared leader of the liberal p.irtv, ' " 
 
 Tim kin- visits Vienna, mid Nov. ; and Home 'rl'. " 
 eelved liy the poi,.' .... 2, Nov. 1S95. 
 
 New caliiiii't lor d by M. Siniitch. forei-n min- 
 ister ; M. Vi'liiiiinivilrh, piime minister, 30 Dec • 
 parliament dissolved ... -11 Dec' 
 
 Many Albanian raids, 204 notes in 3 vrs, addressi'ii " 
 tothi'liorte on thesilbji'i.t . .' . July, 1897 
 
 llie I'X-kni- .Milan aii|«iinteil coinmander-iii-chief 
 ."'''"'army ..... . . . 6 .Ian, ,898 
 
 Oeiii'ial I'lei'lions: ilrcisive ;,'nvi'riimeiit victory 
 
 (Moileriiti's) 4 ,Illli|. ; |,;i|liamelit n| 1 hv the 
 
 •^'"o I July „ 
 
 iiKiiiauTAnv I'liiM i:s. 
 1829. Milosi'h (Olirciiiiviti'h) I., reeiwiised by Tuikey, 
 
 15 An;,'. iSn; alidii'iites 13 June, iSu'i. 
 1S39. Mii'hael II., son; dies 184.1. ■ 
 1840. .Mii'liiH'l III., l,ni|lii.|' ; ,.,lidii':ili's 1842. 
 1842. Alexaiidi'r(K,ir,i CeiirKi'viteli), sou of KaraGcort,'e ; 
 
 e loseli 14 ^k'l,t. ; depiwed 23 Dec. 1858 ; died 3 
 
 Miiy, 1SK5. 
 1853. Milosch (ubri.'iioviteh), re-elected, 23 Dec; dies 
 
 i860. ' 
 
 i860. Michael III., .sou ; sneeei'ds, 26Seiit.; assassinated 
 
 10 June, i863. ' 
 
 1868. Milan (Ubreii.iviti'h) IV., Krand-nephew, horn, 22 
 
 Aug. iSvi : married to Natalie Keseliko, 17 Oct 
 
 1875; again inoi'laimed, 2 July, 1868 ; he abdi- 
 
 cated b .March, 1889. 
 1889. Alexandjr, .sou, Imru 14 Aug. 1876. 
 
 SERVILE "WARS, insurrections nf slaves 
 ft.Siiinst tlieir iimstera. Two were (iiiolleil in Sicily, 
 nftnr imu'h slatiiji-.ti'i-, 135-132 nnd 102-99 ji.c" 
 sen Spnrldoix, 
 
 ' SESSIOX COURTS in En-land were an- 
 pomtod to bo hold (luarturlv in 141 3, nnd the times 
 for holding' tliom regulated in 1851; sec Qwn-trr 
 Se.s.iioii.i, and CoKrf o/Sn-sioii. Tlie kif/c .imiuii in 
 Scotland consists of the inii'i iter and ciders of each 
 piii'ish. Tliey sMperintcnd religions worship and 
 
 ^ discipline, dispense money ciilleeted for the poor, ,V:c. 
 
 SESTITS, on the Thracian Chersnnesus; see 
 
 Hellespont. Near Sestus was tlie western end of 
 
 I Xerxes' bridge, across the Hellespont, 480 n.c. 
 
 , Sestiis was retaken from the Persians by the Athe- 
 
 I nians, 478, and held liy them till 404, giving them 
 
 the command of tlie trade of the Ku.xine. 
 
 SETTLED ESTATES ACT, 40 & 41 Vict. 
 , c. 18, consolidates and amends the law relating to- 
 j their leases, sales, &c. (passed 28 June, 1877) 
 Other acts passed, 1882, 1884 and 1890. 
 Tn conformity with these acts, the earl of Uadnor 
 was authorised to sell pictures which were heir- 
 looms for the National gallery, in 1890, which 
 S('». All appeal was disallowed by the court, 
 7 Aug. 1890. —The lu'irquis of Ailesburv, on 
 appeal, was authorised to sell the mortgaged 
 family iiiansion, Savernake hall and estate, 12 Dec. 
 i8gi ; alHrmod by the house of lords . 9 Aug. 1892 
 
 • II 
 
 l| 
 
 I li i 
 
 %\0 
 
 m^ 
 
 h 
 
 ^4 
 
 T 
 
irl 
 
 W^ 
 
 ^VWrm-. ! 
 
 iini i- ■ I 
 
 r'li 
 
 B^aJ'i 
 
 SKTTLEMKNT, ACT t)F. 
 
 (MM) 
 
 SEWERS. 
 
 Hhrri.KAM'-> I. A( 1 I) , ,.„.iV,Hion l.'KriwI -'■vni N.mtlis ni 251. i',mim,.Mili(l t., «„i.: ,, 
 
 ,,K.rssi,m to tin; KntiHli Hn. 1 , ' ' y^,^,\V a," .iHt.ituc h,.| ,,1, in I'l.hc-i.H Ly H"' niiiur.r I;.,,,,; 
 ,,f Uon.an n.tl..,!,... «"^ ' -" '\ f ; ,,;',, .lu.,..!. ,.,,.1 .l-.l |,. .' ravrn, .n tl,. ,n„unl„iu. wl,,,'. 
 
 att.M- the .l.'Mtl. ..t UiUmi. ' '^ ' I' , ' ; ,, „, I |'„r-,,x, v,..,iH. Otl.rr wnl.TS (nvr >Iimii,, ,,. ; 
 
 .hvuvr im,u'>u,uu. 1702. TiH. ''vivi'^'/sr:'.''!;:." 
 
 .tllfllt, IMSsnl ill IW)2, WHS ivi-ciilcil 111 I0«9, »( t 
 7/rt»<"'(/'. 
 
 SFTTLKMKXT. tlic Hulijcct of imuiy statiitiH 
 
 r''■Cl¥\J;v^:v;:^l■'mViM!;';;;a,^'Hu Tir seven years' war, ..n.ii,., „.i, 
 
 ' ,(2 lui Iv to iTli.'VC til.. .■itU's ..f l,nn,l.,ii iiti.l i llussiu.Mml ..■.umis Iiom I ,('/ ' I M< '"■ l'"'i : 
 Wr'tM.iri.'i-. The law was s„ii.,.wl.at .liaii^'cd l.v H,. gain, d Sll.- . ; «..,. llMrhhi,;,. 
 till' pcKir liiw iii'l <it' l.^Vl- 
 
 SEVEN BISHOPS, we /'"/"Vw. ''''^8. 
 
 SEVEN lUlOTHERS, maifyis nt Home, 
 .timli.r Antoninus; tlicir IViist is kqit 10 July. 
 
 IIIHI \ ill I'MI.-' rn ' -11 ■■• ■ ■■ _ 
 
 paiiicd till' a«iil<i.niiiK- A IVstival in ilup hmi .;ir 
 IS k(.pt liy till. lliMiMiii cliunli cm 27 ,liil\. 
 
 SEVEN Wl'lEKS' WAK, »n- i;;i,.,„, m, 
 
 Sl'A'EN WONDEHS, sro ;;>,/»/,,■». 
 
 SEVENTH-DAY llAl'TISTS, scr ,.rti,i,, 
 
 SahbiiUiiiiiiin, Ai/riiili^l", &<•. 
 
 SEVERN, Sl'l'lllnlcl- TllKHrh. 
 
 SEVEUNDROOO, sru .Saiuniilmiij. 
 
 SEVEN CHURCUIES ok ASIA, to tlm ; f,(i,]VERUS'S WALL, soc /i:«„y,o/ »',,//,. 
 
 ""^';'ni,i:i;'i 't':^.;;!. :h;''iiiu;.:i';:n.'ii.u':nnTi;: ; Seville (s.w. snai,,). n,,. //,«;w. or „. 
 
 «.oiiiinaililc.(l to wiiu iMi «i'i i,-.,i,.,„„a ni ,1, .;..„.. M..1I t 11. ./»//» ol tic ioininn. tt-i<rl„ 
 
 SEVILLE (S.w. Snain), tla. llinpolU of 
 ''?'''''l''^''l\lVI,^,'rsurhisi{rvriation:Vi/:; Kplii'sus, Pha.nirians, aii.l thr ,h,)a, of tl,.. Kmaan.. w:,s ,1. . 
 '''"V: V^IV. : o 'n t^^^^^^^^ IMii a.lVlphia, ..apital i.n.il I'liilip II. tinally ..stal.lisla.lhlM,,,,, 
 
 niynia, l..i!,Minos, llivauia, o,u , at Mailn.l. I5(.j. It olicncil ilsKat..Motl„.Siai„M„| 
 
 in 712, ami was tiik(.ii Iroiii tlioin liy IlirChristiui 
 1247, alt(.i'aii (ilislinat(.sii.;;(.. '1 lir ]m.u. v nf Siijllr I 
 lii.|\V|.(.n Knu'land, I'imihi', and Spain, :aiil iil-n ;, 
 dc.fcnsivi. alliaiiii. I" wliiili ilollaiid ac.ci'di'd, >ipi,ni 
 Q Nov. 172'). Ill tlii. iioiiirisiiliii war, Si'villi- .ii:-. I 
 ivnd(.n.<l lotlii' I.'icikIi. I Vvh. iSm; and wiistimiil 
 iiv assault liv tli(. lii'itish and Spaniards, iil!,r iWl 
 biittlc. ot Salaniaiica, 27 Aiij;. If<l2. It was bi-^ioscd 1 
 hut not talioii hy K-paitcro, July, 1X4!. Vi^itof| 
 I'riiK.r (d Wales, 20 April, 187(1. Tlu. - ' 
 
 2nd 
 
 Siir. - 
 
 iin.f Laodicea. </.. ; j^; lyj'";;;;;! ;^:';,■H^^,k.'■n IVoru tlioni'hy tla.thn^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 „ ;.>;„s«.< ("■;,;,;, «0. Paul fonnded the '■'i'"''!' ' | '-"'- ' .. - ; .ii.'. '^^ 
 
 In la ,, , la. was in K.val dan(;t.,. Iron, a tmaal r • • 
 
 iVv 1) ..nelrias; to tlie ..Idns ot tins (■1,m|...1i MMlflnn...! 
 s « 1 1 K a. dlvss. r,o (.\els Mx. XX.), 1; phesas was 
 
 ill .n'imais Stat,.. .v,.!. in tl,.. tiia.^ .,f ,)u»tn,ian (5^7). 
 
 ,/!i';],;;':!l.''''ranr;:a,tn..,.u,.ity,,..,nn,h,«to.^^^^^ 
 !:;::l;t';::;;"!:!iXm^'^v!iu;^;a:s,;;aiJ;^;x^ 
 
 Its l-st l„sh, p, I'olv.aip, was laa.tyivd l„.iv ..hoa 
 
 A 11 1 .,s .,. ., tni|ii,.|,tlv iMpta,-,.,:. It w,-,s sa,.ki.il 
 (.v\-, , ,•■ in, . i .4 '. and r,,,,-.'ly tak,.,, h.v the ■n.,;ks, 
 
 1 It ,"Wth.el,a.f,it.vor.\sia Minor, and tl„. 
 -^,,fth,^...va,atiade KaHh,,,u 
 
 Klv.'!; 8';iv;?S8^'>h,ssae,.i,v.l,,^K,.nlso. 
 
 ve ?« Arn,...,ian workmen aa.l t.aei^n ,.„K,„ee,s, 
 
 Laildfir^s an.l st.ars lairnt, near Smyrna, 7 .lone, ,890. 
 
 , yvi;;!!;;!''"' ra^f^Ud^^ni;; kin«,lo,n ..f tl... s,une name 
 
 '■foiVmM hvl'llilet,,-n.s, wl,,,m I,ysin,,n.hns m^^^ _ _ 
 
 Ah.x»n,l..r\sK,-n,.rals,l,a,ln,a,le«,,ve,-,.,, 28; . . i,.,van,. ,d' l„n,....sin l.nn,l„n into tl,.' pul.li,. n.^.h.I 
 
 ,vas sn,.,-,v,l..d, hy, I'-"""'";:,':. .•.:;•! •, ,-^ ;.Ma ' .,,.,1 ' The ..oininissioin.rs of >,.w,.,-s in I,,.ndn„ .v,.|T s.,|.„.| 
 
 , ,,,„, , , - ---■ IMIrHitl 
 
 ..atliedi-al was innili r.novat.'.l, i,SXc)-,K). l'o|iula- 
 ti.in, l««7, I4,^,l.'^2. 
 
 Des leliv,. iM.lo,,,., many in.ini'i.d . . -jSUi't. i:rf| 
 
 lii'Htli otthi' ilni.hi.ssi. lie .Moiil]ieiisii.r, diia(..liti.,ijr I 
 
 |V|-ili„a,id VI 1. ol Spaii, ; ln.ai.|a,toi' . i Ki'lj, i:'c)| 
 
 SEVKES, see I'oiUry. 
 
 „,„.. K „, ^ , ,f SEWEKS, see C'lonca Maximn. An i,ol wajl 
 
 .,1 l,v l>hili.ta-nis, wlaai, I,ys,i„aeliiis, one ,1 , ^.^i^ j,, ^^^- |.Mf,neilis the .caiveyam. ul tliJ 
 
 „.,.,.,,,h.r\sK,.n,.rals,l,a,ln,a,le«,,ve,i,.,,. 283,, !„.,vaj;,. ,d' l„n,..,.sin l.on.lon into th.' pul.li,. n'^.h. 
 
 ,, -V-;!-l ;V''r::':' 1", aeae^ 11 wh!w*"llU.,l a ' The ..onimissiom.rs of M.w,.,-s in I,,.ndn„ .v..,. .,|,„.| 
 the t, le ot Kn n). /4j .^^1^^^ II ^ ^.^^, ^„,,,„^ 111,, r,,s, s,.,i,.d hy th.. nn.trop.ditai, ..oinnilsMoii.Ts „l s,.«,i-,l 
 
 u' i,.,,V,l'.',tl,,.ill,is'kh,v:d t.i th,' Itoiaans, 133. H noniiiiaU..l hv the KoviTiiiinnt, 'lla.y alHilisW,l!l,,.| 
 
 r,.v,llt..'l was s,ih,i,,,..l,a,,d Ilia,!,. tl„. lioman pn.vn,,.,' i.,,,^,,^, ,„,;,.,; ,s,,„,.r,., intPMlm in- |,Hie ili:,llis. i.imII 
 Asia IVrjiaiaos is still "'\'''d'7'.'i'l l'';'"''.'. '■'''' 1 tunii'd the ...nit,.i,ts ot .5i),iKKH...s>pi„.ls im.illi, r;..rl 
 lii.rKamo. Paivlim-'nt is ^:'i; ,."' '^"t 'h;!;,," i il ThaiiK.s. Th,. n,.,.,.ssity lor punlyiii!; tl„. .l,t;:„J 
 '"T", ?\ 1!';m';:'''.ae ,1 enlin "878 ;:!;,lit:^l m nv..,- l..a to tl,.. ,„nstru.tion ,.1 a la.v .v.M.ni 
 l!'^' , ■ v.Mv'nt Vl'7k n,arhl,. stataary, wl,i..l, has , .Iraina-e, nnd,.r th,. suiu'rinten,!,'!,,-.. el tlie M.li.J 
 
 the discoMiy.,! .,. „,.,.,,„ ■ politan Hoard of Woriis (hA(W« .«.r), lli,- 1 i 
 
 .Iraiiiatt.. (th.- plan of Mr. ,1, \V. lia'^alp'tl.) on 
 sistsof th.. N.irth.'rn llif;h-l,.vi'l, M,il,ll,'-l.'V,'].;iii' 
 I.ow-lev.'l, ami South. rn llii;h-l,vil ami l...'.v 
 li'vel. On 14 Maivh, iSd^, tli,. works w,. re sii.i Ii 
 he c.)nnd..t..il. ex..|]it th.. low-l.'vel wwir "ii lliel 
 north Rid.', whi.h was wailiuf.' h,r llie ,,mi|iliH"ii 
 
 ":, h, «i dintl,en,ns,.maat,li,rhn 
 , '■/■;„;„';,l,, now a i,,,.,,, t,,wn or ...K« houses, ,.all..,l 
 
 ^^"'^''""K;i,aallrIvtl'eeapitalor I.vdia, ll„. ki„K,lon, 
 '• ,:;■ rn«ns 56 H ) d ual hyCyras. 548; burnt hy tl,,. 
 .,-,.ks 4oq i 11 uris;„.d nnd,.r tl„. H,;n,an ,.n,i.,„. ; 
 : s h^,.?:'hy ;;,.. Turks: au,l d,.st,v,ye, ';y --;:;'- 
 „l„a,t 1462; it i^ •">"■." i.us,.ral,l,. Milage. „.„,„, I . ,1,1, 
 
 V „t..ft.,.'it is now a misi'i-al,!,. village. nai„,.u .-,,., j,,,,.,!, r„|,,_ xyin,n was \\a,,i„f; ,0, i„e...iT. 
 
 « 1;T;!,,M%/" was huilt hy Attains (III.) I'hila.ielphus, ^^^ „„, Than„.s,.n,l,ankin..,.t, .V:e, On 4 Aim) if^J, 
 ldng,,flVr«an,os(,59-n8»;^)-V^;';;;'^;;"l?;,!^^^^^^^ ! the prim.e of Wales start,.,! the ,.np,..swl,l. ,.;:.. 
 A,i. .390. It is """• ;■;'";"' :''r^^,;„s,.s • ^ un.nee.l liftinj; th.' wat..rs ol the s„ullarn.i,itl:,u,:,l 
 
 «"''.;V''''''V'!nln':lfn' vdinassnm.e,linn.l, Cnissness I'oint, m.ar Kritli.* ll.e lainn drmi,:,;:! 
 
 ^■rSrth,^la?:lt;isnow,a.leserte,l,,la,.e,,.a,le.. -— -— -~,:r^^ 
 
 Eske-hissar, ".Ihe ol,l ,.astl,., 
 
 SEVEN DAYS' WAK, see Armij, 187 1. 
 SEVEN SAGES, see Gnm, 590 v.c. 
 SEVEN-SHILLING PIECES in gold were 
 I .thorised to be issued 29 >ov. i,9;. 
 
 - The utiUsiitinn (ifiliHiuffdnl mmje ns mnI,ur,.i^w^ 
 much a,lvo<ate,l, (treat sn.'e.'ss is said ta liavr l"f 
 attained -.t l.Mi„la,,-i;l,. (/ailisl,., Civyilin,, ami ..ll,(( 
 )ila,.es, M,ii'h hot ,i„iti,>v,.|-sy l,as i,li^, ,j i,-s|.<-.tiiutr.a 
 'lisposalotth,. I.,„„lon sewage. Oi, 15 Xav. 18(4, iJj 
 Mctnipolitan hoaiil a,-,,M.t< .1 .', eoati^ai-t lor Us 'li>l"..M 
 from .Messr.s. Hope and Napier. Sewage L tilis:,twi acil 
 
EWERS. 
 
 ,1'EHS. A(T(iniiiii.'ti.;,ii.,„;v 
 
 , in 251, C'lllllllMlllll'll l.r Mu|,| I, 
 
 l>lii'rtiin liy llii' I'liiiniiir |).i|i|,^ 
 
 I <'iivi'ni in till- niiiiihtiiiii. wl„ii'. 
 Mil sli'pl, iircdidinir til liiirnni.u., 
 ■r wnliTs (rive :.liniiii irn,,,;,^ 
 t iif llic iniidi'nih »lii( li iii,„ii,! 
 in. A li'Mliviil in ilii i' iini.ur 
 
 II cIhhtIi i>n 27 ,liil,\ . 
 
 KS" WAK, Hfc yv»v.„., i,v<,, 
 
 DKUS, xi'i' V'uiKhn. 
 
 I{S' WAR, thr .unilid ii,„m. 
 V II. Ill' rriLssiii iiniiiiKi .\ihiin, 
 
 , ll'nm Iplltci 17(13; »n' It'll'! ., 
 \Y IJAI'TISTS, »ir arlint i 
 
 uiiiliT 'I'miiii/.s, 
 
 )()(i, i*i'i-' •Siiriiii(lfuiii). 
 
 WALL, Koc HiiiiKiii ll'iill,, 
 
 W. Siniiii), till' II is/i,ill.\ III \]i,. 
 lie ,//»'" (if till' HiiiiiMiiii. w;isil,c 
 
 I 1 1, liiiiijly csliililisliiil liisn.ii.t I 
 It niirlH'd its (lilted I II till' San.ri'iu I 
 en I nun tliciii liy tlif ( 'liristii ii-jn [ 
 liMtrsicn'i'. 'I'lir [ii'llM' iifSi'iJIl 
 
 FiMiirr, mill Simiii, iinil ;il«. j I 
 
 II wliiili IIiiUuikI Mi'i'i'ili'il, »i}.'i,iii I 
 tlic |iniiiisiiliii wiir, Sciillc .u-. I 
 
 ■mil. I l-'i'li. iKki; ;iiii| Hiistiunil 
 lii-itisli 1111(1 Siiiininnl.f, iil'ir liiel 
 a, 27 All);. IX|2. ll wii.OKi.idiwil 
 K-paitcni, July, I1S45. Vi-itii(l 
 20 April. 187(1. Till' iiini iitf 
 'h rcnnviitod, liSKi)-()o. I'm 
 
 , nmiiy iii.iurcd . jBilct. i:46| 
 
 ISC (1(> .Mdlitpi'lisicr, (liill);llt(Tiif 
 
 ■ Spiiin ; liciiclaclur . i I'CIj. ihjM 
 
 I'ottiry. 
 
 (> Climta Maxiiiiii. An not «;n| 
 'iifdvi'lii^ till' idiivcyidii'i' ot llii'l 
 in 1.(111(1(111 iiitd tlic iiiililii'H'«ii\| 
 
 s (ifsI'lMTS in I.iiImIi'II well' SII|< 
 
 (i|iiilitaii riiiiimis^iiiiii'rs (if sewn-,! 
 Hiivcniniciil. 'I'licy iiliiilislii'illli'f 
 I's, intnuliK iiifr pipe ilniiiis. iiiull 
 ts (if ^o.iKKici'SspiKils iiiiolhir,iir| 
 'I'i'ssity t(ir purilyins: the (l(rlii 
 (■(iiisti'iictidii (if a new 9\>lMii . 
 Ill' siipi'i-inti'iidi'iici' I'f till' Mi'lRiJ 
 ' Woriis {irliich «('). Tlif iiiniia 
 
 III (if Ml-, .1. W. Hn/alci'lli'li"iij 
 icrn lli^li-li'vcl, Mi(ldli'-li'V(l,;iiiir 
 Sdiitlii'i-n lliuh-lcvi'l iiiiJ l."'.v-j 
 iiri'li, 18(15. tlic wiirks were saiil tol 
 xccpt tlic'ldw-lcvd scwiT on tliJ 
 li was wailiiii;' fur llic (■iiiii|ili'liiiilj 
 iiliankiiiciit. A:c. On 4 Aliiil. l>'''5 
 Ics slai-ti'd tlicciiiiiiciwiiiili "ii 
 if waters of tlii'Sdiillicnu'iitfall.: 
 
 near Kritli.* Tlie iiiaiii ilniiiuf^ 
 
 iif,ti>in/nliil seinKje as maiiurf i> n 
 (Ircat success is said to havr lie] 
 iliui-L'li. Ciii-lislc, Crdydiiii, ami I'lliiJ 
 cdUlidversy lias arisen n'.'.iinliistlj^ 
 iiildU sewap'. On 15 NdV. 18(4. t!i| 
 il acei'l'led a coiitraet fur lis <li>l"' 
 I' and Napier. Sewagi' Utilisulu" JClj 
 
 HEWrNO-MACHLVE. 
 
 1K)1 
 
 uiirku 111' till' nntriipdliM (H2 miles), were tinallv 
 ,„iii|ileti'(l Aiij;. 1871;. The neWMKC is earrieil 14 
 ,„ili.s diiwii the river. I'olal est, 4,i(w,oo(j/. See 
 firliiilic .III'/. 
 
 ll'f'de." ssl'in (in tli(. Mcrrdpd||tanlSi'ivi.«i.,liscl„„-p. 
 
 (Iiinl llriiiiiwi II, sir.tdliii (' Ic, pmr \ \V William 
 
 .III, and dthcrs), ap|.dliit...! jj .(m,,., ,ssj ■ |'v|„i,,h ,„; 
 
 tlicK'C'i'' taiiiiiiali r till' Tliaiiics at the i.iilfili, 
 
 aiiil iM'cil (il eliaiiKc; iipprdvc, ,,( I mliiiialidii i,i 
 
 ilu'iiiuai iiici'lpitiitldu with llltnitliiii tlii'iiUKh eailli 
 Juiic and lice. I'^H.). ' 
 
 .Mr. Will. Wclist.i s iiicllidil df i|c,.„i,i|„„|||^ r.dnilim 
 
 ..■vi-iiK'c ii.y clcclneily set ii|, at (JnissMcss ; re -.,;{ 
 
 ^lii'ccssr.il (111 iiisj lidii, .Man II, i83i^. 
 
 Mr, II. WdlMiciiMs iiiducss. Ill,, " .Vmiiics ' („v 
 
 »ii"ii"'ii'' ("iiil lids), rcpiirlcil siicccssrul ■ r\- 
 
 liiliiti'd lit Wiiiililiildii ,Si'«aj.'c rariii \ii" • 
 lu'ldic (he Idi-d iiiayiir 1111(1 dthcrs 'i8',S(Mi|' 1" , 
 
 ,,,„r"iu»ii«/.ii; './ .sV'ic,,,,, Mflci ..,„ years cvisicucc 
 
 alw<"''ed 'i,vth( r|ii.ritidii nf I.<,i„l„„, 1,,- „i't iiasscl 
 
 li97, lllial lllci'llMH, 4 .lull. iSyS. 
 
 SEWrXG-M.VCJirXK. II is said that 
 
 Tlioiiias .Saint paleiiteil due Idi- l„„its anil slmes in 
 i;i)0. Siiiiil.ir iiivi'iitidiis arc ascrilied to lliiiic'ni 
 :|8(14); Adams and Dddse (American, i,S|,s) ■ 
 TliiiiKiiinier (Kreihli, 18^4); and Walter Ijiml" 
 il,'*j4). The tirst really practical .sewinK-in.-n'hiiu. 
 «a< the iiiventnin nf lilias lliiwe, an American I 
 mi'diaiiic, df I'ainliriilfre, in .Ma.ssaclmselts, alimit 
 i'(4l, wild died at Urddklyii, 2 Oct. 18(17, aifcd 4- 
 II is imw kiKiwii iiiiiler an improved (nrm ii,s I 
 Tli'iniiis's sliiiltle maeliine, hy whom it was iiiini. ' 
 (liimlinli) Miiftlaiiil in 1,846. .Mi„iv imin-dvcmeiiis I 
 'lau'liccn since made and new maeliiiies invfiiled. 
 
 SEXAOESLMA SUNDAY, see Q>,>„/ri,. 
 
 ij-»,iiii SiiikIiiii, and // cf-/-. 
 
 SEXTANT, an inslrnment used like a qniiilraiit 
 c'lilaiimi!; si,\ly de^-rei's, m- tlm A\i\i part iif a 
 .ircli', iiivcnied liy lyelio llnihe, at Augshur;.', in 
 i;iO. The Araliiaii astronomers are Haiil to have 
 Uascxtaiitof hfly-nine feet nine inches railins 
 
 ,!'"lll 'f\-y ' 
 
 SEYCHELLES ISLES (Indian Ocean) 
 »'ttlt'd by the French ahoiit 1768; ea|iliired hy the 
 liriluh, 1794; reded to them, 1815. J'oimla'tidii 
 
 \^ti. 17,000. 
 
 SFAXEES, see T/UH.O. 
 
 SirAKSI>EAJ{E'.S PLAYH. 
 
 SlIAFTlvSltruv I'AHK EST VTI.' ■ 
 
 ^VandsW(l,■||,, l.,.ii,|„„, s U a iiii.M ,;n '• 
 
 :ternn.d''a«drluiian-s\alv;'' hi le.T'l ''."'' 
 ;(|-ti/.ans,and lahourers, |,y , ei , Z"' '''■'h 
 
 :i^„;.:"i^:';' '"• «'- o:ni:";8;r:;;;r;;! 
 
 n.'!^^,!^!:'i:^;sri!:'^!:l:;;;^n^,,^;;:!r':;;;;l 
 
 Wditsnamefr their yol,intar,;il„' 
 
 IXlsted |„, „ ,),„,, ,„„ ,1 ,, . M ■ . 
 
 •failles Uardlaw 111 171-. i,,i,i ;,;ii „„ 1 . ', -^ 
 
 (".•«tanilless).expell,Vi,;;;;l: ' , > ^"",-' 
 
 teet emigrated to .Vincrii ,, M,n "-, ;„^ ' „''' 
 
 »'■«•• Alhanv, New York --V Vitv " '''' 
 
 '-"•Ha.e as -sinful, reK,ii',l\a!i;f.i;v,',i^''';:;:;::';; 
 
 l::;;;,■:;,;•^-H;|^sKre,l.;v.r!;;i;•h';'f:-;^;^^ 
 'si;:i;;;s:''::;^,::U;'';l;:\';7;:'-.' -cnytcr , 
 
 lla.iil.sl ii.'.d 1 a II 1 iv ;. Ill , '■ ',';■'"■ '-M^i-'Kl"", 
 
 Wdd.ii..,i;.;';,iV:^;;;;!''lr'i:;i:!:;r,,v,,^^!- 
 «;:m'r,^l'7,„;;;7\.i,;r;;i'^c;\a;r'''T,"''''^''''' ?'' 
 
 Kia Illy ilispciJl ^^*- "'" ' """"">■ ' ' 
 
 "'pcraiit ;!:;;','";■ ''"'"• "'"•i'* '""">• ■• ""i^ned. .. W' ■ 
 Mi:'w::,^;;\r;:;:;;ll;;,,:^:i■;;y:,;^;;l;-;'i:;;|.-■^i»;3^^ 
 
 •n lllcli 
 Will 1 
 
 ami. 
 
 S75 
 
 Hie .Vcw I-'dri.,,t ; 
 
 hHADOUING, a term applied in Ireland to 
 tlifprai'liceol the police, eloselv followin- persons 
 1 a-peili'il (it Imyiottiii-, or iii'timiilatin},' persons 
 (jpposi'illo the Aatioiial Leiigne, 1889-91. 
 
 \i.l c. 80 (l.S.,5), relates to reli|rum„ worship. J 
 
 SHAFTESnmt Y MEMORIALS, relating 
 still' carl of .Shaftesbury, eelehrated for his life" 
 ionsTOrtioas til ameliorate the coiiditiim of the 
 w iiischm's, Ihe poor and destitiitL', women and 
 Aldron. He .iied l Oct. I.S.^:;, „j,e,l 84, A lar-e 
 m«-as8iib-,,'ribe(l for two statues and a national 
 ..onvalesot'iit home. Get. 1885. A statue uncovered 
 a Sestminster Abbey hy the ban.ne.ss liurdeft- 
 
 fif'i^'^-i'i™- -^ •"^■'""'■i''l '■"".itain ami liiist 
 t.r .Wred (jilbw-t set „,, i„ liiecadiHv eircus, 
 MiiSun .'d by the di.ko of Westminster, 29 June 
 1 lb. Uie Shajlv^lmn/ training-ship established 
 
 I M«l)iiry.aveiiiio laurdcr (sco Triali,) . " j„iy; .-g— 
 
 kii,o.i.,,cbu™:^i;!;;ni;;i',:ii^:,i:;i^ 
 
 IZXt ''"''™""'''' "^ 'Ses: good srusn'and corn , 
 
 . ■ , - Il lll-st;|lV('(l II 
 
 ' »-dik Ini liiri', .Ian. ,884. 
 
 .'^^•i^!:^:iiv^;!?b^:i:^^s. wiiiianishak. 
 
 :;|'-,(^.«.Vpnl,>,(,4,an,Mi(';i'2 ,M •,^,?:^""^; 
 "l u liicdrp.rate Ihe Trustees' nil (In- l-'i,,. '• 
 ; liak.spcare's birthplace v.a, passed v, m' | X, 
 
 rtie first c,db'ci('di^ii, 1(111 o,^i;j;t'j;;,^ 
 
 I. fa,..s,m,le of this eililionu, IS published 's^^^^^^^^^ 
 lie second, .(,52;. ,)„, ,|iii,|, ',0(14 ; t I'e 1 mr / 
 (if.'l I ,",' '"'"!• ,^i'i"'"'l "'litions ofthe .,• 
 f les!^ s"pui [i^;::^'i^ ;:!;::'::;is::'iii-;;~ 
 
 ;V;;''.'",T;'' :^ '"';'\f" '^I'^kspeare w s pul 1 h 'd hi 
 
 Jan. 1,898 "key to .Shakspcaic," 8-.i- SI, ,k- 
 speare.Lt..Meon, hy Ale..an,k.,: Schnu.U, ',^: . .''•''^• 
 .Shakspcarc's first iila,\s were proliaMv |ird,|„c,.Val,„„t 
 
 i.ut.,a'a(,,i;.:;,,;,::;!.;;;.;;--:;-i'''')''n'''-'Wv//., 
 
 .SiiAKsi.|.:.u<i:s .li-iiii.Ki:, |,n,j,.,.t,,,i ,,.. ,..,,.,1 n ■, 
 "^is e,.|cl,ra,c,l al SlvAttd,-, fii, , . V^oi Sc";"'''";^' 
 
 A similar festival was kciil ■, mVii r'. 'n' ; ''**9- 
 
 Shaksl,e'f,t!^,'!,;,,;.l;,:[7^ti^^^ 
 
 which' was "V;",',' ',; , : rVmi iL'r;:'''' ''''';;• "" 
 
 supposed to have ln'ci, male si ,1 „', ■'■'?"■""""• 
 
 (list ho thdic'bt little (■ t li.: , 1 ■"'''"■■iti'>". At 
 wasiniluec'.U,7i, 1 ..'v ,'';';'.'■'<■■' ^''I'.t "',,'833 he 
 friM. this viilii ,' Mo.a'.r,; ,'^-''''''''^'''»'!» 'l"rived 
 
 .,uu,c,.ti,.i,y (It licsi e , ., : ,s^"'^:r'i^"'-;^ ^'^r ^I'e 
 ii^;arii;:/^^;i,!-i,.n"r"'i;VV'"'''-^^ 
 
 • 1 . ■'■'''"I'lHII.Mi'l'llnj r-> -Sill I* . oa v 
 
 ^'"•'"""" «li' I'yll. H.m;r,'d l^fiVnlsl-'viil'.'ii!; ^s7. 
 
 flWff' 
 
 u 
 
 f 
 ,.i 
 
 i ,. 
 
 .]: 
 
 1 
 
 
 HiL i-iy? ), ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !ff" "j 
 
 j^^^^^H 
 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
% 
 
 
 B«r 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 'bhamuook. 
 
 092 
 
 HHEFFTELD. 
 
 I u . <• iiiiiiihi'r "f iHM'HnilH nf 
 
 ,,J.^„,.u,m,M:mI;i. IN.; I !;•;;•,, ,.,,n, ,. 
 
 ..kl,u..kr.l.l..wi. , ■ '„, ;,i „ ,, „..,/, ,(, Sfl.t, lrt.,7. 
 
 „;i'wi.V,(.V"n,.H,.Um»KV>n,U,„.M.na,un,i.nr,.,.".- 
 
 m;:Xu;:^:>m"h:,^v-"P'^''' ..i»«— f«>'■'^-• 
 H„,„r„r,i "i'i"i-,\^,'" , '..,"'. r n„„u..i»..|iii..iti.;"i : 
 yi.,,l;:;ii.i'i,.nM-|n.ii;iiii;.-i;;;Cw.^^^_,_„^,,,,,, ,„.,. ' 
 
 April. .Brtn. -^i ''',,„,, „rsU,ikHi«.ai.l..ii Hiiinii.- 
 Hl,;,U«l"..ii|.. ';';'''V"rrt 1 Ml.»|.r,pi''H..nt...n.vliini 
 
 „„v,.ii...i ''^•1''''.^'';"'^ ,*,,,." t.'l i.y >!'■• Willi""' 
 KuiKlil'iii' 'I 
 
 int.. l-ariHi.tlci- till' •..hull "f Ni>|i';l i " 
 
 i„„ l'ariHi.ll..c-tl.iM..|,nn "t >i>|'|il i Miinii|uii,. 
 
 trim. l';>;vpl, iHol ■I'lir mimulu, liirc wa, int,.. 
 ,,"'|l,^.-LTown.i.l\Vi.t-.in.i"17H|.ii Ni'HvMi. 
 It 1».h»'m ut I'l'iHl'V I""' W"''""«'' ■''«'"' I''-. 
 U>e. 
 
 SHFFl' wri-i' i'Xl>iivtnl from KiikIhihI 1" Sir..,,, 
 ,„;,|, tli'c. 'l.rrc.il li..iii>t 11|i'.'vliy iiMpn.y,.,!, |,r«lu....i 
 tl». tiiw Spni.ixh *".il. wliii.l. pmv.il . (tniih.MU i„ 
 „ur w.mllrii luimiif.ii'iMn'. I t'T- .■'""':"■" N 
 ..xpiii.li.liiii. wa. prnliiliiK..! on imin nl lmi. iiinl m. 
 prism.mi'Mt, 1^22, '1 Iw >'<"V'"''; "• «l""Mn ll... 
 Uiiitcil KiuirdiiiM I'l'^ '"■'•" vMnmi-ly stali.,l-- 1a ,„ii,. 
 Ht 1«,.«)<MKH.. liv "tlicr^ III ,li|,(»«>.i«*..mull.vm..|.,. 
 
 ,u (V.,<»KM«*i, iii !«.i". >,'' '^^' "",'■" "."'■'■ '."''T:' 
 
 int,. Kn^'liuul 2(,l,H5'. MK'n' i«'"l ''";!'';;. "J ■ '^ 
 utA Sept. 1«'.2, miMiv sluTp M \\.ll.!i|.|.ilii .f 
 
 ,.„,.,r'i„u'tl,|.:ut (V,r thr pivvrimiin nl ...M.t.s 
 TluM.vil si.im ..Imli.l. In .\pnl. |.H(/.,tl„. ,,.:,., 
 riMipp<.uir(\ inui tlir n'^ulutnmH wrp. ni-iwu'd, 
 Mortality iiinonKHl kIiilp tl,nm«li ""I;;;;.*;;;; ■',1'',"; '-'■■ 
 
 in ■868,'m.,.5S ; in iS?'- ')'*;7'^ f,';'' "•;":.•' 
 i87vy85,(.5.!; 187^1. i,i>4i.V0 »^77.874.".'5.i . . 
 
 802 A r 1S79, 944,888; 1880, 94'.;^'; ■;■!. 
 
 7 0,886 .?87, 97'.4'|-f. ''88, ys'''.-''" ' '). 
 6,7 0,8; 189.:., )S8,458; 189'. U4.V.4; iM; 
 
 lliituiii, si.|.nniliiiT»((/r 
 
 l.arl«,unM.il:..l'4 'I • 83- 
 
 „„, v,i,,., ,■■..., AniiTlran. rrpiivts IiIm 
 
 Tl,.. Imn. 't^'''!.''''",,' "'.'.. r '•'iiiii'l" "^"■•"' '" ""; 1 
 ,lls,ov..ry ..I 'V' ,.''X "ill ll'i' t">i" "'■ "■'-'■ ',""' 
 t..xt. i.f iiiii' 'if ,\i 1, l.f tint llac.Mi was tin' aullim. 
 
 ::i;^i!^;^::'uii. -c»;i;.^'''«^!.usp,.u,-c nays' w». 
 
 ,i,iIp11h1ii.i1 1" 1888. llinnhmliani, wasrmn'iU'il 
 
 SllX^iAHK •■---^ ■-;:,::?'; :; sna.Mnl 0.apal,l,. nf 
 B„akh..kaim; "" ,V,i, , ;, , 1,v Inril l.-inl'. '^J Ap'-'l. 
 l,„l.lln«3,x,); '".'':,'.',. ^ :,, A,,i-il .879. 
 
 "'irilt'hViny, at tl. 'I-Wi'"''' (-'''■■''»- ""'''■' 
 
 UaiHli.s •' d""'- 
 oIliTi'il fur salr, 
 
 S,:I^;;;.va?°n.Avou vlsltoa by the pri.ice of Wale., 
 ,8 May, 189: 
 
 ' SliakBpiari.aii 
 traitH. p...-s"""l ''■ell':''. ^'"^'' ''''■■'' 
 
 Uulliwi'll-l'liill'Vl"' 
 «,.,itu iiiTsiiniu I'e 
 
 18 May, 1093- 
 
 cTTAAfPOPK Tt is said tlint the shamrm.k 
 
 ^^tlh? Irish was "d"i't^"i ^.y.}'''::t, 
 
 rk 
 
 i;rja;.;s-*,is:v.s:=.i!nis.^ 
 
 Trinity, n'mut 432- 
 
 ists, l«55- /,,,,,, i.v,,noh iiUies of the cmpcriii-, I 
 tt,X'r'" Su ji\8.A .bout 38o,ocx. ; seo 
 
 Vi,H .^ tb.. duke .vnd;l^e,,;.ss^of Co„,.au«,.t ; he ^ 
 
 unveils a stotue of mr " ;i4;\|^;,trov;i, 3 April, '894 
 r^l-S^tllrUirt/'rwuKseeCo;.)'^. Oct. ,. 
 
 SHARPSBURG (Maryland), Bee AnUetam. 
 
 SHEEPSHA^-KS- DONATIONS '.) : 
 V-h. iH;-, Mr. ,l„l,MSlM.(;pslianks, .yailmloffm 
 pn-s,.r,tcil to th,. uatiu,, h>s valiuiMc onl rrt^.n ,f 
 paintings and drawings, VMh.|.d at (KVXX,/. k,,.. 
 .„r,lani |. with the ilonn'-'s din..ti..us Iim.uIum 
 wcTi. pla...Ml in th.. Simtli K..usinsti'" Mu^'.'im.lV 
 ,.,ll,.,.ni,nisri,.hinll'|. w.irl^s "t Miilmuy, I.iiw. 
 «..,• and l....sli... Ill' dirdS <>'■•• 1 ^' '.V-l " 2 D" . 
 iKcS the trustees ot' his lirotlier, the liitc r,v, 
 
 {iehlird Sheepshanks, jireseuted lo.ofo/. »t«kl, 
 Trinltv rMvJv. Candiruli;'-. for the pro,,, ion o| 
 the st'udy of astronomy, nieteomlngy, iiml ubj- 
 netisni. 
 
 STIEERNESS (N- Kent), a royal iViikyiiri 
 ,,,,^,, .'1 hv Charh.s II. in Id''*. «a. taken .■ 
 
 he Duteh," under l)e Uuyter, D .rune, M>, h- 
 
 •ovedsinie ,S.S ; "'-v fo'-ft eatmns s,. h n, pr. 
 l,.,.ss I'oputati.m, ISHI, 14,28(1; lN)l, IV^M. 
 The ol,l ,li.|.k elmvi.li l-ina-l ; 3 l"''-^""^ '<''l'^'^.,,,. ,,;, 
 
 cTT1?VPTV.T,n on the river Sliedf. H'cst 
 Um^i^^M^ r'.nowneil for ..utlen-, ,. .j- 
 5'ods,''&e. ShelUeld thwvtles "j- '""g;]^ ^T 
 Chan er, in the time ot Kdwan HI. ^J^* J 
 the time of the Cimiiueror ^aso h iihk. b 1 P^r^ 
 Ttuisli and has sinee heeii lielil Lv the M'elM., 
 Nevils, Talhots, and Howards. See I'opMm. 
 «, l>,.ti.r'H eliureli huilt ti'iap. Il'iiiy 1. , 
 
 HosV-ital "i'll 'd.i'slinuses ereet...! I.y the earl ct ^. , 
 
 Malniesl.ury • • ■ • • ' ,<,, 
 
 Cutlers' hall l.iult •,,,,•,■ ' ' ' 
 I'lat.Missav "llli.e e.stalili»he.l . . • 
 Ma, le a l.o,„uj.h hy the Ueforin a»t . . • 
 
 WpvilpV I'ollfLT*' Ol't'I"-'! • ■ ' 1 ' 
 
 I ,4 miles rouuil ; ahout 25° l'^-!" «'-''■ ""' ■ 
 
 11* \ 
 li;! 
 
 I!t> j 
 
1 ... 
 
 IKFFIKLl). 
 
 iiic'iitiil (iriKJn, wen' iiitrcuiiH.l 
 ictiini 111' Sm|iiiIi'"Ii lli'iiii|iiiii|. 
 'I'lif iiiiiniil'ucturc wii« Intrn. 
 ,4 Wiitwiii. in 17H1, 111. Ni.mirli, 
 i.y iiiid Kiliiilmruli iiliiMil IN.,. 
 
 ■ ximHi'il fi'"iii KukIhiuI to SirMii, 
 iii;r ilirnl'V imiiniv.il, iipmIi,.,,! 
 ,ul, ttliiih iiriiMil ilitriiiii'iit.ili,, 
 iiilm-i', \\(i'- ./"''"■»'■/(. Tlnii 
 iiliiliiti'il III! poiii III' liiii' mill iiii- 
 Till' iniiii'ii'i' III' "tiii'ji in ll,» 
 i,^ l.i'i'ii viiriiiii-lv stati'il- 1}\ *i|in. 
 itlii'i'^ :il iii.'iiio.iiKi. mill I'V ni'.ri' 
 <.((). Ill l",i' llii'Vi' wni' iii.|)iirtiil 
 Hc,i) slii'i'ii iiiiil Imiiliii; ill iMH, 
 
 i)("i,3H- Si'lMllllllI ''.;///r IliAll:, 
 liiiiv rtlirrii ii ^\ ill-liiri' ilinl 'f 
 Srpt. 1 1, iJKVi ' iHi'ii' ili'iliirrl ' r 
 fur till' iirrvnilinii "I iniil.nt 
 itl'il. Ill -M"'"' I ■'<''''• .'111' lli>i:i-'- 
 
 I' I'l'miliitii'ii* ^^''''''' f''*ii''<iii'il. 
 
 ^iM'i'P tlircinuli llMki'.s,><ii'.,.i|.iil, i!' 
 
 Il'ip Mini Illllll'H will' llllpi'lli'l; 
 
 in 1871. i)i6,7iW, 1874. 75'.'.i-; 
 (,, i.iHl.iJq; 1677,874,1)1.5; 
 044,888; i88ti, y4i,ui; 
 ,iii4,.iyi ; 1^83, 1,116,115; 
 971,4114; 
 
 358,458; '8 
 
 2,>1«.'. l''lll' 
 
 VNKS- DONATTOXS. fin: 
 iiliii Slii'Ciisluinlo'. livMilii'il fit fill, 
 
 ll;lti"ll llii* Mllllil'ilc I'liUiiti'.ll 'if 
 iiwiims, viiUiril iit (h),()CX)/. In j ■ 
 11' ilniiiir'H ilii'i'ilii'ii'*, till' I'iiliir'* 
 11' Sinitli Ki'iisiiijiti'ii Musi'uiii. IV 
 
 ill till' wiirUs 111' Miilvi'iiilv. I..iii'i- 
 
 ,SHET,nUUVE ADMIMSTIJATION. >m 
 
 = 88, ysli.-'Ki 
 I, .144 ^"4; 
 llllllllii'l' III 
 
 u.:-i, 
 lE3;, 
 
 iniiJ, 
 (ili-iil 
 
 lie aicil S«>it. l'*<'i. 
 
 -(iiuU. 
 
 I'l's 111' liis liriillirr, tlic liiti rir 
 
 liiinU.H, 1,1'i'^i'iiti'il 10,1x0/. stuck t. 
 
 ('iiiiiliniluc I'm' 111'' rrimintiiin "I 
 
 sti'i.iioiiiy, mi'ti'iirnliigy, iiml iiw;- 
 
 ^f^S (N- Ki'iit), 11 royiil il'iikjari. 
 mrli'^ II. ill Kil'}- «'"* t"'"'"/'! 
 Icr Df Uiivti'i'.ii ,111111', iliii;' l"i- 
 ;ic;; in'w lortiHriiti"!!^ still ill pf»- 
 ii'in, iHHl, 14,2811; l><i)', I.v2>''>- 
 ii-rli liur 1; 3 iii'iwii'* kill';!. ., 
 
 X,D <in till' river Slmtf. ^'tst 
 lure! rcniiwiii'il l'"r '•ntli'iV. I'iityl 
 u'Hu'UI thwyll.'K nil' iiuntniii.' If 
 ■ tiim' of K'lwiiril 111. Sh*lJiii 
 CiiTnluiTiir wa> oIiImiiiciI by It'pr* 
 ,s sini'c iK'cn Ill-Ill I'V till' Lfivetoli, 
 s, fiml Ilowunls. Sre ropMion. 
 ■u iiiiiit ti'iiiii. iiiiiiy I. , , , 
 
 iiliiislioiisi'd trei'ti'il liy tlic '■:'»"'_,_. 
 
 ,v i'ni'iiriiiiriiti'il . ■ • ;. '"• 
 
 t'intl,.!.3tlii'''iiti"'y),«'"'',''V'' '.y 
 itariiiiis ill 1644, iiii'l ili'iiuilistol ■ ' •' 
 
 ilt . ■ , ■ • • ■ 
 
 i'L' l'.Htlllllinlll''l 
 
 1, liy till' Ui'fiiviii nut . • ' 
 fiiieiicil . ■ , ■ 
 
 iini'ln'«ti'rr.iihviiyinii''i'"' ; 
 
 M.'ilmiii.'H' Institiition nFne, 
 „„.k (L-niiiilsiin iifDr- KoelincMt 
 
 1'. inr Blii'lliflil . ■ ,•'•'.;, 
 ,f till' nrmlllt'lil water reservoir ItiA' 
 nUleilSheltielilmiiUlieeoimryi; 
 u,l;aliimt 250 livus wore lost; 111.111! 
 
 1?* 
 
 im 
 
 iSu I 
 iS'^1 
 lit) 
 iSn 
 
 l,iillilliiK« mill iiiiii'li iinipcrty ilfHtmyi'ij ' t'NtJ. 
 
 |,l,lte,l liilH, U7....1/. . ',, MlU'i'h, 1864 
 
 The AtliisiiriMMiir wiiiliM ('iiii«t|-iii'ti'i| l,y Mir .liiliii 
 llniwii 111 rf'M, .'•I'll Iri'ii, 
 
 l,.,7(l/. enjll'l'tl'll fur till' MIlllel'ITS liV . 311 .Vlil'll 
 
 Tlii'.tiirrey iiiUKii' luill liiinit ". 25 .Mareli! isi.t 
 
 ||..ii»eiif Ki'iiriii'liiiiiHli. II iinii-iinlniiNt »ii\v-«'rliiil|.r[ 
 
 niciwii 11(1 (nil ili'iitliM) .... H I >{■>'. isfifi 
 limit eselti'iiii'iil ; I Iiiivrs lii.|,| ; Hiilni'i'l|itl.iiiii 
 
 iiiiiile ; II Hlh'lllijil iiiiiniirjiliini-.*' |ir(,ti'i'ti,p|i 
 
 ».«'ii'ly fi'riiii"! ; iiinl rewin.JH oili.|e,|, uUit /a- 
 tiipiiiiiilK.HJuri (lien.li'il liy Mi-. ( ivi'i'i'lel) tn I'liuiiir,. " 
 
 iiitiitrii'l itiiij;e»iiii't . i,liih.'.8,)iilv, iSfiT 
 
 [Vveml iiiurilers iiiiil mitniKi'i' (Ilii'liiiliiiKtlieiilioi'.') 
 
 i',iiifi'«.'(i'i| 111 liy Ci kes. IImIIiimi, iiinl i.tlicn 
 
 iintl«iitiil .iiiil I'JiM liy Will, llrMii,|||,.|i,|, hi.,.].,.!,,,,'. 
 
 Ill the saw ;;rlliili'rH' 11 11 {mi ; liii||.|iiiiil\ ^'riiiiteil. 1 
 Aiiii'i'tliiniil'wiirkineiii'X|iiesM.Hiili|ii,iii.||,.,., 8, 1 ill v, 
 Mr Hiieliuik liisi'K IiIh I'leetiiui (llirniixli ii|i|iii»iruj " 
 
 nitteiiiiit,') Xi.v. ,.ij^g 
 
 ilii'iitliwHiif llUi iiliil iH'iiiH'ity liv iixiile 16 Hi',' ih7i 
 Mr, Riielieik rii-i'leeli'il .M.I'. , , p,.li', ,«,,' 
 
 Kiveliiuinl si'liimls njieiii'il liy llic iili|i. nf Ymk' 
 
 )lr. Iliieliiiek, .Mr. I'lirsler, am! iitlier..,, 18 .\ii;r.' . 
 
 hiiii'eaiel I'riiii'i'smif WiileM iiiieii rii'tli |iark, the " I 
 
 K-lftiif Murk Klitli, tile liiaycir; ,st enilnrsi/istl- 
 
 "illy ri'ieive.l ,r, ^\„^,. ,8 I 
 
 r.'lilii' lllllKellMI Mini llllll Hl'i'lieil . , 6. Sept. 
 
 ri.'lil.'iiilh Cliiireh Ciiiiyri.ss lii-lil liPii., 1-4 o,.f' ,1',^ 
 I.!. it.li>lie.s< tlimiiKli .st.i|,|i;i;.'|. iirwiirk, winter, '1S7S-U 1 
 I -litiili'iii fur the lilliiil, i'IhIiihi'iI liy .Mr, lliinlel i 
 
 lli.lv: iipelieil . . . . ' . J. .'Sept. ,87.. ' 
 
 / .(4 r..H../.', iMillt liy Mr. .>riirk Klrtli, Cir ao'.xW. ; i 
 
 iiiiliiweil liy till) tmvii ; liiaiiKiiriiteil liy prliieu 
 
 l.<'"l"ilil .'20 (let, .. 
 
 li.iitliiifMr. Roeliiiek, M V. Inr SIi,. Ill, .1,1. 30 .\iiy 
 C'lliii MimriiM '•/ .III, ,|,'. I'linii.ii'.l liy .Mr. .Inln'i " 
 
 Hn«klii, liyt'iltsiinii.itiii'ieMl.senliiiiire, iiMJiitiiiijM, 
 
 Iwiku, ,t;e., i83i ; lent In tlii' eniiiiiriiliiin Uir 20 
 
 vrara; reiuoyiiil friiiii Wulkley lu .Mi'i.rrtliriuik hall ; 
 
 "••"I'l'iii''! • • ■ '. . . -\|iril! i?no 
 N.wc.irii exeliMiiKc, Imllt liy tlir iliike nf Nnil.ilk, 
 
 n.stss.opof., 0|ielle.| .... , j n,.,..' .. 
 
 Il'liklllHoeiety liirille.l . . . . ' j.',.||. ,qj, 
 
 lirKitrMiiservatlyeileiM.iiistrMtinii (iiiMninis nf Salis- 
 
 liiiryniel iilliers) .... 22.lulv lESj 
 RiHiriK li\i' M.l''s. liy (let piisseil . 25 .Jini'e' 18S5 
 Miiiieilseli.inlnpene.l . . . . , |.',.l,. .ggfi 
 E\ii|'wi.iii at Hon steel w.irks, llrlKlit-i.le, whili, 
 
 fiwlink'ncnii ; gkilleil . .. . 6 tSepf. 1887 
 Mi-ri'i|iiili'iiile..f siiiall pnx .Mareli 1837,-April 1888 
 Vwiiimileiiui' lillllilillKS I'niMiileil , q Oct' 1801 
 
 iiiHliliile.l aeity ,' ,3^ 
 
 I'Miiiw iif Messrs. Ilnvey ami ntlier estnlilislil 
 
 i.i'iit-s liunit : I ileatli .... 21 Ih.p. 
 Th" I'arliif li.i.selieiy at the 171st aiiiiiial eiitleiV " 
 
 Vi-it iif til.'. liike Mini iliieiiess nf York 'in-i4^.May! Ibqs 
 ' Tli" Imni triisU'es vnle Ki.oixi?. towanls the en. 
 .liwinciit nf h'iitli e.illi",'!' . . . .Jiiiy 
 [ llr.d, ffoiif.'ii.len hi'.[in'alln 1^0,700/. to eharities' " 
 
 Mi.fl.'l.iselio<ilsvsleMi,t;ri)iipsnf ii]i;iii|i,'rehihlri'ii " 
 iii.lalHl in enttaiii's li'|inrteil Kilee.'ssfiil, .. Dec. i8q6 
 
 li'itli.il sir.Idhn Itniwn, |.inneer nf an ir-|ilate 
 
 iiuiiiiliii'tiire Inr. I.'f.'iieenf ships . . 27 Dee 
 »r< .liMie K. If...|;;i.|s ili.'ii, l.'MviiiK =6,ES6/. ami " 
 'tli.Tcliaiitalil.' lii'i|in'sts t.i .shi'llielil , ,, Dee 
 
 hMliif thei|iiei'M ; r 'ive.l hy ihe iliike nf Xm-l " 
 
 ' Nk, the mayor ; openeil la.' new Ihhii hull ; re- 
 wivi'il 50,000 ehililivn in the Nnrfnlk park ami 
 imti'.ltlieC.vclops w.aks. . . 21 May, 1897 
 
 Him'-mir,T)ixa. 
 
 sheinl (aftor- 
 
 l»iikenf(inifl, in, ;„;,.,,„„,, 
 •llinnm,s.|.,r.Ui,„i|||„„„, ,„„|.|| 
 
 Wal'ilsl.iiilMMlnny), ,.,,,,,„,;,.,. 
 \l-e..lllllK..pp,.|, ,„,„„,,„„„, 
 
 "Ik. '.it Hi. hni.iml, ..,../„„,„•,. 
 I.nr.l Thiiil.iw, /,„.,/ ./„i,i,.,//,„' 
 Henry Diiii.Imm. Is.iae Karre. siit;,., 
 
 r 'i'!"''^'',l''^','^<><'"'-l'V. ('.M.ll.le.l"l,y Dr. F. 
 ;,. luim all, anil .Mis.s.s. ||. .Sw,,!, W, .>r U„hh ',ti 
 
 1 .'...,. . ,"" ',''",".^","' "•"' "'l»'", ti. euielir,,!.. 
 
 'I'He YnllKe, bv 
 
 tlie .•I'llteiiary ii( tile hirth n'rsiHley"'l,y estahli,!,. 
 .i« Ii l.lirary ,.,„| „„„ein„ „t Hni^slia'n S ,, 
 
 S'i:'';t:;.i:sj^-vifr-'"''^"^''^^''''''^ 
 
 SIIEL iS, -eo Jhm/,s. 
 
 .SHERIi;J\ 
 
 <ir eiiillitv. 
 William (.'* II '. 
 tir-t iiniinimli.(| 
 
 .ri/iiir- re, Koveriior of u Hliire 
 ee .. .aiil its slieriffs pnor to 
 , nut smile say that shi'i-ill's wci-,, 
 
 ,.■■1,. '"'■ ''*''i'y eniMitv in I'.iuIhiiiI hv 
 
 J illiaiu „, ,0-,,. .\,.,.nr,lin^. to'oth.r i, turiaim 
 
 ^heiiiN ,t l..milmi. 1 lUrh. I., nH,,, The nomiim- 
 iiiii ot shenlls, aeem-ili,,,, ,„ ,i„, ,,,:„,„t „„"';■ 
 Plaee ,„ |4(„. ,v„„.. .\neien ly Hherilfs w ere 
 U',li,rry,„S,.,,,,a,,,,.a„^^ 
 
 I ' '1 " : .' ""'•■'■""l- Tlli'sllel'illsnf iJulllin (lllsl 
 
 V -X ^^ "■'■'' ';.■' '" V ''I'-'..tiiin of KilwanI 
 
 y. I,,4''<. Iliirt.v-lne shenlls were Hiii'il, and 
 
 '■;''''","-^'l'^"'V" >'■'"■' nitlier than serv.. ill,' 
 
 nmiu till- |n,i,lo„, l-^- ,s,,,, /;„,//,/,■,. .|'i ,j„| 
 
 ei'nt Mil 1"'" '""',"1'"^ "*' I'^-'nliiM-ranil WaL 'x ' 
 copt .Miihll.'seK ami l.aiieaster. arenmninati',1 on tin- 
 
 ' vh'e'T' "/ ''m '^''"■!''"' '''"^' '^- ''''''^ '^"'""^ ■■ 
 lei-r.'K'iil nheu nl Sa.vmi orisin, IniB 
 
 : lost niiieli ill Its iinpiirtaiiee. 
 The sherills'aet piissi..| . 
 
 I'lldually 
 18B7 
 
 iSHEinFPMUlK, see Ihimhlmie. 
 
 iSHEIUFF S Fl'XD, we I'rm,,.^. 
 
 SHETLAND ISLES, wi- (hkmys. 
 
 SHIMOLETH, tlK' word by whieh the M- 
 lowiTH 01 Jephtl, ih tested their opnonents the 
 hphraimites, on passin- the Jordan, ationt 1 143 
 li.c. Jiiil.ns xii. The term is now applied tn aiiv 
 party \vateliwonl or ilo-nia. ' 
 
 SHELRIRXE ADMTXLSTRATTON, 
 
 I.Tiiwliit the .leath of thi' maniuis nf Honkinfrhatn 
 I * 1-82; terminate.l .Vpril, 1783; the"('oali^ 
 I'mn adininistr.'ition fell. .wed. 
 
 h»),lf!::;^^;a::.:!:™"'-'''''''''- "f '■"-■ 
 
 PJliain Pitt, vhumlhr <.J (he ex.-/i«./H«r. 
 
 |1"M (afterwards earl) Uaimlen, jvesuknt of the wum-il. 
 
 ■lin!'S"."^''','*''r"'''"'' •'^'"'I'l'inie, Iiorn ,737 ; .seere- 
 |;n.f».,,,„„,,H„r,| chnthMiii, .liily, ,766 •premier. 
 
 |->l'>r,'i&. """''"'" "'' I""'«''"«'i'i'. 1784 ; died, 
 
 m 
 
 SHIITES, the Malimiietan seet predomin.itine 
 ri'lNiii ; sec Mill iiiiiiliiiiisni, 
 
 .SHILLING, The yahie of the ancient .Saxon 
 com ot this nanio was tiyepenee, hut it was reduce,! 
 t.i loiirpencc ahnut 11 century heforc tlie coninie-t 
 After the cniuiuc.st tlir Krcneli soliilm, of fwehp 
 ''!'•',','.'' "',.„'""' ■'"'""" tl"' Niirniaiis, was called 
 shUliiiil. Ihe true Kn-lish shiUini; was first eniunl 
 aonie say, in Kinall iiunihcrs, l,y ||,.iiry VII iqiu' 
 niidoii/. A peculiar sliilliiifr, v'liliie nine iience.'hut 
 to be rurrcnt at twelve, was struck in Ireland, 
 15(10; and a larRe liut very ha.se coiiiaK. in Kneland 
 for the service of Ireland, 151)8. JHUed shuiin.'s 
 were coined 13 C'hiis. II. iCtii ; see Cnins. 
 
 SHILOH, see rit/shiiiy. 
 
 SHIP- BUILDING. \ve., according' to the 
 Greek lefjeiids, hejran with tlie Egvptiims, nnd 
 ancient dnwvinss of their rinle veswpf; are e.xlaiit. 
 The Greeks, I'hunieians, and Carthuftiniiins were 
 skilful shipbuildeis, and iSnlonion'a " nuvy of ships " 
 fl Kiiii/s ix. 26), wn.s doubtless eonstrueted by 
 Tyiians, 992 B.c, The ships of Tarshish (probably 
 
 3 s 
 
 ■Wi 
 
 ll"? 
 
 < '''.ll. 
 
 1^^^ 
 
 if 
 
 ^^B' 
 
 
 ' " i . 
 
 .liiifei-^- 
 
! 
 
 mm 
 
 II 
 
 1 v:- ' ffsgni 
 
 5 ' 
 
 ■ m 
 
 SHIPPING- 
 
 vrcckod on their coast, .2'« "•«• /^ ^ "" - „„j 
 
 reign of Louis XII., ■'' ""^x'jjr' (w,/ Iron and 
 
 wna treated as a science 1)> Hostt, logu; " 
 
 Tteel are now greatly u«ed in ship-bui ding ; 
 
 lont,', 4 feet 4 *_;' ^ ' Am liiinv wlii'c cxcilvatlll^' 
 
 i?^i«i^'^>i;;'rti;ri^,;Xrt.-^ne..,f 
 
 the land, Mr. Ehves. imilt (Hi the 
 
 ■five inastH, ^6o let'l 1011^,, 4° ^^'-'- . 
 
 See Nary, Steam, Comuk, ice. 
 
 r.51 
 
 SHIPKh^secSchipka. 
 
 ^^ ,"hv ClL les?' n .o5-fJ wa^'niuch opined, 
 Sd'' o'ttevoiuaon. ^^He ----I London in I 
 Ten. hips. of.4000to"s, and .Stolen, ^^^^^^^ j 
 
 ?''"' ":wro?'j]?.*'lot?I.a. " shire'iiT^na' ship, of 
 ^^^i^^^ln^. John H-^^- -^- ! 
 
 complained 01 in i."4'- ,.„„„,,„ .:.,,..(, imprisoned. ' 
 fed^nrered"/ wound'TA r'skirni'ish with I 
 ?rtf l^eTat Chalgrove, l8 June, and died 
 
 24 June, 1643. 
 
 Ts "m'endcd'^fn "867;, see i.nA.^-^ 5/-';'i^.«^ 
 
 ^cf, iVrti'y, and Naviga ■ ■» ^it''*- 
 
 General Shipowners- Soci,..y ; 57tl. a""""! n.eeUng, _^^^ 
 
 B.m^S>ts'Conn.any;.,,t..,ationa^^^^^ 
 opened at Fishnionycr, U.Ul, unm , j^^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 duke of Edinlairgh • • j.,.;, ,,„„, ,vas 
 
 '^established in ■878, .na.nly 1. J. Atk, .^ , 
 »t p the t rst lin'sidciit. .Mi.( iin^» >"' ' ■ 
 mscusslnVnuyeis relative to shi. .. .g and t. d,.- 
 
 ■ r . ,„ti,„i It holds annnalnii'rtiii^s; 
 scniinatc niforniat.on. " ™ , ^gg^ i,,,,,,,,,, . 
 
 ,881, Cavdil, 8"/'„'^'V.uasl; 18S6, 1 dm- 
 
 ,834, l^''''''";,,,flVne; Lndon: liiL ,8;,, 
 '^^'V^'K^r^ 8q '(Vo Feb.), .892(10 Feb.), ,5,..r 
 1890(13 I'eb.), »9'i.^,?, , ,8'' (,3 Feb.); rj V<-<: ■ 
 
 V896-'V;Fe?^'B9\-.6l;'Jb.''B9B^ ■l'l-ha,„U, 
 
 x,^'^;s^niri;:an;i:'i"idts--'^^---'"-,. 
 
 r'?S"r'[t'S^:u[ki^^>J^--- 
 ?;{::^:i^t'!^5a^t,.L^o,,A..;e..^^^ 
 
 I ofshipowners, No\. 1890, anuuj ^ ^ ^.^^ 
 i 1'""' • • r f .'.,. i.il.iinv "in the docks of Lmuluii 
 
 !"'x;:;!;:iH.;ti!e^m^H;;;::;Vcderation.uec..e^ 
 
 icavditr: strike^ the sl,n..;^,t™^^^^^^ 
 I Sr{]n^!:n.^«erd...Ucd.VK;,.^^^ 
 ,,}::'i^iriA&a;;tends;-.orkrcs™..^^^^ 
 
 The «1"I'1"»« I'e ,'-^\!;'\ ^i , ,,unr.s and li.v.n.:. 
 I insurance thlu.^ I ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ,,,„ 
 
 1 agauist 'le''*-'' ','\,,' . ,8qi; carried into ctlrct 
 
 I sehunic adopted, .Ma.\ , logx , ^ j^^^ ^,^^ 
 
 Strike at llnU (,,-hif j.r) . ^„. j,f ^^f;!;^!-^!;;- ; '^^^ 
 Disputes in the trade begun 1>> tn. ^J^^ j|^^_,,,j, ^,,^,,^ ,,.^^ 
 
 f n,.u-ist and Clyde shiiibuildiMsiuvl 
 Conference of Bel ast an I v^^ J .,.^,;, ^ ,j,., 
 
 their operatu e eUK » > ,; lu.i.enled, oxa'lJt by 
 
 The >'»lf,7^'';™f:"''oci (closed at Udfaltly 
 the Belfast men, 25 uci. , v 
 
 ^neessicns to t';"' ';;"';^(,^'^;,^'^?i,v, ;.n.m 
 
 f,,,.,.neeaU.Usn' j.^oposals rcjeoteuby 
 
 10 Dec; '-I'" ,"'•', ,fn„. strike by the decis;u 
 
 »""!"'• 'r;i;e'exec.divo omu.cil of the Ainal,;,- 
 a,t,on ol t « Jf^" ;, „_ agreement signal, , , 
 mated enynieeis, 22 .ja". . s ^^ jj,, ,;y 
 
 „o r.niii.pded on demand to work- 
 ! A.lvm>ce <V™«^^„ X,'; '^ „I Tees . : Al;nl. ., 
 I ,„en on the lync « ca. , ^^ ^,,j „„ 
 
 ! Dispute revival m> the >-^ ^^'j ^„ u,,^ Clyde, 
 the Wear, Aug.— »epv. , en ^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 I TN 1 ^ Xrn nxsneialion dcteniiiiw lo 
 
 ,,--i^-i,^^,r;ed|t;'---*-"«sr, 
 
 i.uunlain.nt! ''■';' '■{.''""'iJo.jU,'" nlU issue Feb. .iij 
 .ShippM.p.);l.sJ;-]i-. ^„a 9 Au«. ,893.1 
 
 -MBKKO.V^S-----r^ 
 
 IITISU 
 
 EMPIRE ON JAN. 
 
 15.830 
 . 3.3>8 
 , 1,889 
 
 633 
 6.075 
 
 1S40. 
 
 Toil nage. 
 
 1,983,52s 
 378.194 
 169,289 
 
 39,630 
 497,798 
 
 
 Cmtntry. 
 England . 
 Huiitland 
 
 Ireland . • •, 
 Guernsey, Jersey, and 
 
 Man . ^, ■ 
 
 British riantations 
 
 Total . 
 
 I Ti» rolling .ro >1» ..;.»*" ;{„t":rS 
 home and foreign trade ;- 
 
 27.745 3.o68.'t33 
 
 4.t/.> 
 
 101, !:! 
 
 ,i. 
 
IPPINO. 
 
 It liolils animal iiiirtin:^s; 
 ivuriiool ; i83o, 1,"1m|c)1i ; 
 .oiiiU.u; i383, Suiul.iiair!; 
 
 Ikltiisl; i8S6, l."ii(l'iii; 
 L-iiu; LuikIo": iSifr '-■:.. 
 oFob.), 1892(10 K.'b.),i=,,,r3 
 
 b.), 1895 (ut;;;)'', '-'';■"• • 
 
 i6l''i.'lJ. 1898. llwcliiuubvi 
 
 "Excliuiit;e (sir 1). <-'"ni'S r, 
 the lord uuiyor . 30.1111., uiy. 
 aiul I'iruuieii's L'niuucstiili- 
 
 >,.suf tli'c Viiiti'il KilUilnll,. 
 - strikes anil iniuiilaiii In 
 i by the Lonilon Assntiiiti. i, 
 ,8Qo;audbytlmscM.lUvo . 
 
 rch. ligi 
 
 i,,mr'iii the ducks (if Limcluu 
 liiiit; I'ederatioii, Uec. iSo.*-- 
 
 r sliil'l'iiia tnidi'S ; cimttiit.. 
 ,iii.' I'liluratidii iind Uii- Nv.- 
 latter dd'witi'.l, I'l'b. ; |i"tm 
 Kts . . ,• H>«'1'. . 
 aieseuds; work rusiiim.l^^^^^ 
 
 tiiiu inviiosi'S a scla'iiiil"Vtli' 
 vcs lit its siiiliirs awl liiviii.-i, 
 iccideiit, about 14 -Mril; tin 
 lav iSoi; carried into I'lltct 
 
 • ' I Jan. tj,; 
 
 I s,r) . • • Aiiril-Moy, 1^93 
 .bw»ubytlii'C:lyd;onimwis, 
 
 29 Maii'li i(»v r.w; 
 si and Clyde sliiiibuildersaii'l 
 ,i„eers, at Carlisle 23 Un. „ 
 
 I„ui,orarilyaeeei,l..l,™-l. 1 
 25 Oct.; (closed at liella^tb 
 ; men, 17 l>ec. 1895.) 
 ,versatClass;ovv, .Nov,;iii,n:; 
 
 Jul on tbe Clyde, 5 Nov- f": 
 ,■ under lord J amesul Ueivloiii. 
 •Jsters i.roiiosals reje.ctea bj 
 ,e of Uie strike by tlio ilecis;v.- 
 ■culivo council ot tlie Aiiial;:!!- 
 22 .Jan. ; asreeuuHitsifc'iieil,^^^^ ^^^, 
 
 conceded on demand to work- 
 Wear, and Tecs . lAlinl. .. 
 n the Clyde, al IMIasl, »ml«ii 
 -Sept. ; ended on the ^^i'^^' 
 
 •s dc association detCTiiiiiwUi 
 i,\msion house ".ree,ueu^(^. 
 
 „!?Um issue a notice urgently 
 
 s'Ye^'llook/nt^ii^™" M- 'k 
 ■,/s, 26 July and 9 Am:. 1893-1 
 
 SSELS nKOlSTEP.KD IS THE BBITWI 
 IPIBE ON JAN. I, 1S40. 
 
 and 
 
 US 
 
 15.830 
 
 3.3'8 
 i,88g 
 
 6.075 
 
 Tuiiiiiije. 
 
 i.98j.52a 
 378.'94 
 169.2E9 
 
 39,630 
 497.798 
 
 3.068,433 "'■• 
 
 ?ITI|J1.J1. 
 
 114.59! 
 25-W 
 u.jSS 
 
 4-i;-' 
 
 - . 27.745 
 
 ,1m Vessels (o.:cluMve of >i 
 ;;u traiU' ■■— 
 
 SHIP-EAILWAY. 
 
 99.5 
 
 SHOT. 
 
 1849. 
 
 1861. 
 
 :87i. 
 
 iiiiliiij,' 
 ' Stwiiutrs, 
 
 i Total . 
 
 VesseKs*} Tonnaye. 
 
 17,807 2,988,021 
 414 I 108,321 
 
 1877. 
 
 Vcssclst Timiiaye. V 
 
 19,288 3,918,511 
 997 441.184 
 
 'sselsj 
 
 19.650 
 2.557 
 
 18,221 I 3,096,342 I 20,285 4.359.695 22,207 5.633,56. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Tonnage- j Vi-sselsS Tonn.ige^i VesselsH Tonnage. 
 
 4.343.558,1 17,101 4,138,149;, 12,694 3,1,4,430 
 ^290,003 I 3,2,8 ,,977,489, 5!o29 ! 4:00^,324 
 
 20,3,9 
 
 1890: Sailing vessels, 14,181 ; 
 
 1891 II i> 13,823 
 
 1892 11 ,1 13.578 
 '893 II I, 131239 
 
 Steamers, 7,4,0. 
 ,1 7,720. 
 II 7,95°. 
 ,, 8,088. 
 
 6,115,638 
 1 
 
 '7,723 1 7,123, 754" 
 
 * Men emiiluyed— .sailmy vesseC 
 
 J ;: ;; ;; :: 
 
 SHIP-RAILWAY, see liui/wni/s, Oct. 1889. 
 
 SHIPWEECKS, see If'reck-s. 
 
 SHIRES, see Counties ami under Horse. 
 
 SHIRTS are siiid to lia\(' been first geiicriiUy 
 worn in the west of Europe early in the 8theenturv. 
 l)u Fres)ioi/. Woollen sliirts were eoimiioulv worn 
 inKnglaml until about 1253, when linen, hut of 11 
 coarse kind (line coming at this jieriod from abroad) 
 mi tirat nmnufuotured in England by i'hinish 
 artisauB. iHtow, 
 
 SHODDY, a kind of soft woollen goods, manti- 
 factured from old woollen rag3, or the refuse, to 
 B-liiih new wool is added, is stated to have been I'irst 
 miinufactured about I013, at Batley, near Dews- 
 bury, Yorkshire. ' j 
 
 SHOEBLACK SOCIETY Brigades (IJlue, ! 
 Beil,anil i'ellow) were established at various times, ' 
 especially in 1850, by Mr. John MacUregor, " Hot) '. 
 %," in connexion with the Jiagged School L'nion | 
 111 1855, 108 boys had cleaned 544,800 pairs of j 
 boots and shoes, and thus earned 2270/. ; of which ' 
 1235/- had been paid to the boys, 511)1'. to their 
 baiili, and 516/. to the society. The bri^^ades earned 
 4548/. iui«5ij; UfiUl.in 1871; 10,956/. (in nine 
 districts) in 1886. Ragged School Un'iou reiiorted 
 319 boys earning 6,770/., 1895. There were eleven 
 shoeblack societies in the metropolis in 1888. 
 
 SHOEBURYNESS (Essex). Some ground 
 here, purchased in 1842 and 1855, ''\' '"i 'M't of par- 
 liaiiieut in 1862 was set apart as "ranges for the use 
 and practice of artillery," and a school for gunnery 
 was established ; see ainiioii, note. Experiments 
 with Mr. Whitwortli's projectiles on 12 Nov. i8()2 
 showed their great improvement in form and niiti"- 
 nal. Shells were sent through 5.^ inch plate and 
 the wood-work behind it. It was objected, that 
 they might not do this with ships in motion. T'ho 
 iational Volunteer Artillery .Association bean 
 their annual meetings here in July, 18O5. " 
 
 DuiiiiB shell ex|ierinieiits witli a new .sensitive fuse col 
 
 traucis Ly..n (the inventor), col. Fox-.Strani-wavs, 
 1 ;.f ■!■■"; ^'' «""''1-Adams, and lour others were 
 
 SHOES, among the Jews \vere made of leather, 
 liiicn, rush, or wood. Moons were worn as orna- 
 mrats in then- shoes by J.-wish women. Is„w/i iii. 
 li< . 1 ythagoraa wniil-j have his disciples wear --hr.r^ 
 ■|'wottke bark of trees; probably tliat they might 
 
 thtj refrained f: ,m the use of everything that 1 ad 
 
 1894; 
 189- 
 1896 
 1897 
 
 .Sailing ves.sel.s, 12,943; Steamers, 8,'.i-.. 
 " 11 12,5,7 ,, 8,, '.J. 
 
 " II 12.274 ,, 8,522. 
 
 " " "-916 „ 8,590. 
 
 steamers. 
 
 . 8,446, total, 152,6,1. 
 
 ,, 27,008; „ 17, ,957. 
 
 ., 58.703; ,, ,99,738. 
 
 72.999 ; .. 196.562. 
 
 ,, 121, ,01 ; ,, 202,543. 
 
 The Honiims wore an ivory cresc. I on their 
 , ami tahgula enriched his with precious 
 M, 1 , ^n>?biiid, about 14G2, the iieoide wore 
 , the beaks or ,^unts of their shoes so long tl at they 
 encumbered themselves in walking, amfwcrefor ed 
 to tie them up to their knees; the fine gentlemen 
 fastened theirs with chains of silver or silver gil 
 
 fo'rfei u,.' nf io ''"^'f • '^''"^ ''■"' prohibited, on'the 
 101 teiture of 20s. and on pain of being cursed bv the 
 cergy 7Edw.IV. ,467; see Jh-css^ Shoes, as at 
 Piesent worn, were introduced about i(,33 The 
 
 Ihe Imi'kle-makers petitioned against the use of 
 te-*/.,.,/,v in ,79,. A strike of London shoe- 
 makeis respecting wages, April, 1884. 
 
 SHOOTING STARS, see under Meteors. 
 
 ,.|^HVP HOURS' REGULATION ACT 
 
 (Sir John Lubbock's), for tlie protection of ^^un- 
 persons, passed, 18,86, amended, 1892. His resoliw 
 tion ag-imst long liours adopted bv the commons, 
 
 fa,, ',',.' A'-,. '^'"';";''"""^ ""* r-'^^'^ ^i um. 
 
 Aug.'iSyG ' ' '""''''•'""' ^^1"-". '895 ; stopped 
 
 SHOP-TAX enacted in 1785; caused so great 
 a eommotion particuh.rly in London, that it was 
 deemed expedient.to repeal it in 1 789. The statute 
 
 benefitof clergy, was passed 10& 11 Will. III. 1699. 
 llus statute has been some time repealed. 
 
 SHORE, JANE, the mistress of Edward IV 
 and afterwards of lord Hastings. She did public 
 penance in 1483, and was afterwards confined in 
 Ludgate; but upon the petition of Thomas Jlymore, 
 wlio agreed to marry her, king Hichard I'll., in 
 1484, restored her to liberty: and sir Thomas Slore 
 mentions having seen her. Ilarleian MSH. 
 
 SHORT-HAND, see Stenography. 
 
 TToWi^Pf^J^?^^'; , ADMINISTRA- 
 
 1 ^rl^~T•'l''^''*^ ,^\j '""" Tulteney, earl of Bath, 
 lord Carlisle, lord AVinehilsca, .and lord Granville 
 existed from 10 Feb. to 12 Feb. 1746. ' 
 
 SHOT. In early times variou missiles were 
 shot from cannon. Bolts are mentioned in Uf • 
 and in 1418 Henry V. ordered his clerk of the orlll 
 nance to get 7000 stone shot made at the quarries at 
 Maidstone. Since then chain, grape, and canister 
 shot have been invented, as well as shells, all of 
 which are described in Scofiern's work on " I'ro- 
 jeetilo Weanons of War, and Explosive Compounds," 
 1858; see BnmhsnmX Cmnion. For Palliser's chilled 
 shot, see Oiniion. 
 
 3 8 2 
 
 ...... r '' ■' ■ 
 
 II „ 
 
 !,|l! 
 
 «' 
 
 ' .tB 
 
n 
 
 .. J< 
 
 SHOWMEN'S SOCIETY. 
 
 996 
 
 SIAM. 
 
 1 '■ 
 
 aTT/-»-iv^TT?-Vsl SOnlETY lii'lil their first 
 
 in 's bill in 1892 ; Boeond nu'ctins, 23 Jun. 1»93- | 
 SHREWSBURY ADMINISTRATION. 1 
 
 "''TTtla fax b^canu. ' '.t lo.-d of the treasury ; see 
 7^,7^ -^.eoffi" of lor.! treasurer has been exe- 
 cuteii by commissioners ever since. 
 
 ;rWn^oV;,eelu.fcitiesofthe^ 
 
 140^, was fought a sar-umarv batth "t "•''}> "V^r'' 
 r.iMvShrew<;lurv, Ivtween the army of Henry IV. 
 neai onn."f'""'jT , , , i>,i,'cv- ^suri'ametl 
 
 ;5i ,89;. r«inllMi<m ™ ■»»!. ='.48' ■ !«■■ 
 
 26,062. . . ., 
 
 aTi-unPMHTRE ; bv battles in this county the 
 
 tip kin- of t!u. Silures, became, through the 
 mLher? of the .,ueen of the lirigantes, a pusoner 
 to the llomaiis, aliout 50. 
 
 ciTT-nnW TT'ESDAY, the day before Ash- 
 
 Cnrniviil. 
 
 «TATVT a kingdom in India, bordering on 
 
 hlAiVl, a "^'"e „. , o-overncd by 
 
 the ISurmese empire. hiani was o"''-' , ^ 
 
 abolished. biam ^^ s established, r 
 
 ^°v!''">f X 1 tch oined about .(«4. A liritJMi 
 which the ''"'"V-l" ' ,,. ,08?, 7i Cepha onian 
 
 '"^^•' ""fVi'Vn ',"im. • kIIcou, beciJ^-e foreign min- 
 
 l:[^^V|:^ri;bln;=v1n'll:s^^ 
 
 '''T?nn ohta ni >g t .tv of tVien.lship ami com- 
 -:;!:;^r:^:r|ng,ana;ands:,.^ 
 
 ^^^T"' '[86''"'/ivt'.KwithV;a^c"the French 
 
 .M.mgkou ._Oet «0« . <;> ,^'^ ■;,I-i,i,„i eonstitutioa 
 
 ,a Calcutta, --'2 J;"-^l^ ' 'i^,, ,,,„ vi,.t„riM, receives 
 wasdecreed 8 MaN, «,4 ,,.^,__^ j,,^ g;,,,,, 
 
 iSlr^a Wr„dsS2 Jul'y. .880. i'oi-ulation of 
 ,. ■ .,.„„-,.MMuaroliticnl reforms were iH^m by the 
 
 TeUrnilibiccomaiuiiiciition withFraiiueopeiic.l, i4Jiih, 
 
 Orailuiil aliii'.itiou of slavery nearly eoiniilctcil, Aiij:, r.tf,, 
 Ow I'f till' kuig'.s sons iboni 1878), ilceliiV'l tin. lirv 
 
 cvwa priiiei', 1887. 
 Ki.l'i.Uion ill N. fSiaui, hea'led by Fli>n riirii|.li ■.<„„■ 
 '. Kuiiiii, Wept. 1889; icvivc'l, May, 1890. 
 1 Uiitisli l"'Uii-lury '■oiimii.isiuii : <."iiii'heiitii'iis, iSV/.' 
 
 fniiitii'i' 'iiii'stiiiu si'ltlc'l, report'''! I'cli. 1893. 
 ' Tlie kiii^' anil rinecu visit tlie Stmit Si'ttlini'.iiti, Mny, 
 
 The kiiij; tarns tlie first si"t for tlic liaii:.'K",l;.l'iiliiiTii 
 riiil\Viiy("tlier railw;iys pi'.iiiiote'l), nmiouii'"! iiiJuly, 
 1 ilai ; openi''l II April, 1S93. 
 
 Prince DiiniroiiK, liiiU'-lnotljer of the knij:, iiiiiiiit.i. m 
 1 i.ilni'ati'in ("U a mission), iiriivi'S at Par s, 27 Aiu ; 
 I ti-iivcls in (li-eut Itritain ; ivci.ivc.l bv Hk (ni.iii at 
 I lialiiii.ral, 24 Sept.; arrives lit lierliii, fj Xi.v. , 
 ' -cccivcil bv tlie czar at l.iva'lia, 15 X"V. ; I'v ;1|.. 
 iulliin at Cmistiuitini'iib', ig Xov. ; at Allniis ly 111 
 '•■■..' 28 Xov. ; lit Hiinic l>y tlic kint;. n lii - ' " 
 
 „, 1 lii'i'. ; lytli.. 
 
 I ; at lioniljiiy, u Jan.; 
 
 kli'Vlive at Cairo, 24 Dei-. 1891 
 
 at HiiiiK""n, 12 Miireli, iSqa 
 Disiinti' witli ITiiiue; cmllu't lictwcii a Frai,'.. 
 
 Annamit'' cluiiin ami I-aotian tribes "ii tli'. M'.k..iij 
 
 riv'.r, siiliject t" Siiiiii : tlie l''n'ncli lose ^ iii'.ii. , Mi.y. 
 
 i3oi; till' Siamese retire fr <'Mnim"ii. r"pr.rt,..i 
 
 ■i .Ini'ie ; tlie, Fieiicli oi'i-njiy Saiuit, an islaii'l, 13,11111. , 
 
 reparation for tlie iimi'ler of M. Ciriisj:nriii 'Iciiiiiuilp. 
 
 Siiiiii ol'ii'ets, al'out 18-20 .lime; ninn' isliiii.ls 0'.|.i;. 
 
 lii'.'l liv tlie Kreneli, ali'iut j ,l\ily; luliiiiral llminiii.. 
 
 Willi Krencli nunboats, n">'s np the M'.ki'iej; skiniiisl.. 
 
 with lilomlslieil on both sides, 13 ,1uly ; Fiviu'li iilt; 
 iiiatnm sent, reiptirin^' piiyinent of 3,ooo.c«of us an 
 iii'li'iiinitv, and an enlaiHemcnt of ti'iTitory im tl.r 
 Meli'inf,';' the ultiniiitiini partly acceiit..'! liy tli.- 
 Siamese, 18-19 .Iiilv ; M. Pavie, the rreiu'li iiiii,i>l,i, 
 recnlleii ; I'apt. Adam 'h' Villers takes l)"ii-llii;i ii,.| 
 cth'.r torts; many Siana'se killi'il, 10 .Inly; .Siii' 
 ai-i-'pts the ultii'iiatuni niieoii'litii.nally, 29 .hilj ; 
 1 lih'cknile iif Siimuse coast, 26 .Uilv; raiswl, 4 \\u : 
 the Kieiicli envoy vei-eivil liy tee kins;, reii'Tlil 
 22 Alls.; 'lilliculiies oveicume; a moilerate 'Inif!. 
 tn-aty siVni'il, .3 Oct.; the French envoy leav... 
 fid.'t. 189). ' , „ . 
 
 ' Mi'ssices from 'ini'en Victoria ami other f'lrei-n P'uv.i- 
 to the kiiif; of Siain on the silver tnbih'ii of Ins iv;:;,, 
 
 i 6 1 i8q). , , .. , f „ 
 
 ' riira Vot si'iitencc'l to 20 years jienal servitii'lc f.n tli.- 
 
 nim-iler iif.M. GrosKiirin in 1893, 13 June, 1894, 
 
 Liimeiitc'l ileath of tln^ crown I'lince, ai;.''! 16; P'lim'.'l 
 
 ami traiiic'l afti-r tlie Kn}:lisli maimer uii'l't .Mr 
 
 Uol'crt L. Morant. 4.11111. 1895. 
 
 Royal 'li'dee, estalilisliinj-'a le;;ish\tiveC"iiniiUiiiiiii';':- 
 
 liml nobles), 17 .Ian. 1805. 
 rrinc- Danii'in^' appoint'"! cliief minister, .1,111. i-r;;. 
 Prince Cliowfa Miiha Vaiiiavmlli, a;;e.l 16 (.stu'iyiii; a 
 l.'.t'in), pi-'iclaime'l crown prince, 17 .Inn. ; im'.sW 
 with thir liimonrs at the Siamese le;,'ati"ii, hiiii'l'ii. 
 & March, 1895. „ . ,, 
 
 Hi^I.nf l"'lw'';i Enjilaml ami France ri'siwtiii;; Hi' 
 
 M'lioiw Mon;;sin li'tritory, Anj;. i89!i. 
 ISonii.larv treatvsiKneil, tlie Mi'kon^' to he tliMioiiii'ian- 
 ',1 thcFivnch pos,s'',s.siiins ; Monu'sin -ivii ovr t" 
 l-'rimi'i' 1= ,laii. ; I'vacnat'''! 11 May, 1896. 
 Railwav ti'ini liainjkuk to Klimal (163 iiiM '"■:; 
 stnictc'l by Mr. M. Caniphell ; opeiicl by tli« liiiii a' 
 Hiiickok, 27 March, 1897. . ,, ,■ 
 
 Kill" C'biilal.iiikorn arrives nt Rome, r''ceiv''.l ly bv; 
 Hnml-'rt, 3 .Iniie ; at Vii'ima, receivcl I'V I.h - 
 ,,.ror, 23 Inm-; at Peterhof. 3 •'"IV : rccPivol 1, tli" 
 ■zar, 7 July; at Copeiilia.en. re.eivM hv ' k^. 
 .,,.liilv; rec'iv'.'l I'V th.' 'inke ol ^oii iit Ws 
 month; ami by the 'li.ke of Ca,i,l'ri'!«e ,a ta ,.ut 
 Uiii'Uinuham palace. ,o •Inly; Willi tlic'iiicpu at il>- 
 , PC ^An^- K'linl'Uirli. i" Ain;. ; I"i'l AnnstM?; 
 , Ne'vvcastle, ,2 A.i«. ; receive.l l;y tl," .•n.Fr; - 
 ...ts'lam. 26 An;.'.; th" lliw.'', 7 H"pt. ; U'"-'* ' 
 S'Mit • Paris, II Sept. ; i-'iaii'l n'view (60,000) a .1. 
 ^ mitin, 14 Sept. ;' Loii'lon '7 H^t. • OxM. •. 
 SVpt, ; Windsor, 29 Sept.; h'av's I.un. l.ii, s ■ ■ 
 Mi'lrid, 16 Oct.; Lisbon. 2. Oct.; (.»a ' 
 ti.-.u Ic- the khediv". IS Xov.; arrives at llan.k'A 
 ami'l festivities, 16 Dec. 1897. ,,,„,„„,„„ Sim-th. 
 
 " Five yars in Siain," 1891-96, hy H. ■« arinBton »i>»™' 
 imlilisb'''l. May, 1898. . .:„,, 
 
 SivMesK Twins. Two iiersoiis liiirii al" ut iS";"' 
 < in!; all Jhc faculties ami powrs iisniilly l'"»se»>«l ''! 
 
SIAM. 
 
 • inn with Fraiiueuiicntjl, 14 JuU. 
 
 very lU'iivly cninincti'd, Aii);, i-.if-, 
 i jljorii 1878), ilueliiivil (lit first 
 
 , licailed liy Phyn I'ljrai.li Smi;: 
 
 t'vivci'., May, 1890. 
 
 iiii<siiiii; <uiii|iliratiiiiis, iS3.y-.y, 
 
 tll'il, ll'JIDltl'il l'"i'li. 189). 
 
 isit the iStriiit Si'ttli rijnit'i. Mm;, 
 
 rst Slid fnr thi' l)nii;:ki.li.Piiki 
 
 ys i»riini()teil), animiniriil i6Jiilv, 
 ■il, 1893. 
 
 '-linitlifr nf the km;;, iii]ii!,t-v di 
 isiiiii), arrives at Par n, 27 Aiu ; 
 ■itaiti ; n'Ct'ivt'il liy tlh' ini'in ;ii 
 . ; arrives at, lierlin, 6 Nnv. . 
 iir at I.ivailia, 15 Nnv. ; liv tli" 
 iiii]ih', 19 Nov. ; at Atlii'iis Iv tli" 
 iiiinc liy till' kiiiK, 3 Hit. ; Va- tli.. 
 4 Hit. iSgi ; at lioiiiliay, 11 Jan.; 
 eh, 1892. 
 
 •e ; eiinflii't lietwi'ea a Frai.i-"- 
 iiiil I„aiitiaii tribes on tlie Mi'k.n.: 
 111! ; tlio French lose ^ men, 3 Mr.y. 
 : retire fnmi <'annieiii ri'pnrt"! 
 
 (leeiijiy Saniit, an islaiiil, 13. linn : 
 imnler of M. (iriist;\nin ili'iiKunlft. 
 It i8-2'i .lime ; mure islmiils nm- 
 , almnt 3 .Inly; ailniir.il Hramnii. 
 ats, giies n]i the .Mekme.;; skiniiisli. 
 
 both sides, 13 .Inly: Frmi'li iilli- 
 irin^ jiaynient of 3.cxYi.ooof. as ;i!t 
 1 enlargement nf territory ini il... 
 iniatmn jiartly aeeeiited liy tli.> 
 y* M. Pavie, tlie Freni-h liiilii.^til. 
 illl'n de ViUers takes lldli-llll;. ill 
 y Siamese killed, 10 .bily; Siiv 
 iiatnm unconditinnally, 29 .In'.;; 
 se eiiast, 26 .Inly, raised, 4 Aiu ; 
 y reeeiveil by tno kill;.', reii"r!i'l 
 lies overronn! ; a moderate ilnilt- 
 
 Oct. ; the French envoy leav.-, 
 
 1 Victoria and other fnrei^'U V'uvm- 
 mi on the silver jubilee, othisivi^n. 
 
 to 20 years' iiciial servitinli'f.ii iV 
 s^uriii in 1S93, 13 .Inm', 181)4. 
 [he crown inince, a^'ed 16; eiliicii.d 
 r the F^n^disli manner umlir Mr 
 ;, 4 .Ian. 1SQ5. 
 lishiiwa legislative ciiiineiKuiiiii-t-:- 
 
 ill. 1805. 
 
 lioillte.l eliiefniiliistev, .1.111. rV,;. 
 ha Vajiiavudh. a;;e.l 16 (stiulyiii.'al 
 •d erowu prince. 17 ''^la- : iii>"'"' 
 s at the Siamese le;;atiiin, hmU. 
 
 En^'land and Frinee respecting' A' 
 
 I tenitoiy, Ao^'. i8q5; ,, , , 
 gned, the Mekon^ to be tliellOUll'iillv 
 lossessioiis ; Moinrsiii :;ivi>n i)v.t l.i 
 
 • evaeiiated ir May, i3o6. 
 iie'kok to Khoral (163 niili'sl lOi- 
 
 y\. Caniiibell ; opeiieil by tlwkiKa' 
 roll, 1S97. . , , ,. 
 
 II arrives at Rome, receiveil liy tii:: 
 lie ; at Vienna, received by th'' "f 
 
 at Peteibof, 3. Inly, recPivolhv Hi.' 
 .1 Cniii'iiha^eii. received bv tin' kn;. 
 ,i.d bv the duke ot Yolk at r.ir'-- 
 the (inke of Caiiibridae in Lmi'l'ii »'- 
 il.'ice. ,o ,Iiilv, witlillu"|iii'i'natii>- 
 Edinbiir^h, in An^'. ; lonlAniistMiJ; 
 12 An«. ; received by tlie ,.nii:.T..r:u 
 11-.; tliellaKne, 7»Mit.; limssA.) 
 I Hi'iit. ; 'jrand review (60,0a)) a ■'; 
 M,t. ; I-oiidoii, 17 Hept.; OxW. :• 
 ' -20 Sept.; leaves London, 2 Oct., 
 ■t.; Lisbon. 21 Oct.; Cam. w| 
 leilive. IS Nn^'- ; arrives at m-fi'*- 
 
 ';in'",89,^byn.WarinBtonS,ny-l.. 
 
 'I'wii 'persons horn about 1811.*; 
 iiltics and powers usually l»«sesseJ M 
 
 SIBEUIA. 
 
 0!)7 
 
 separate and distinct individii.als, altlioiiLdi united t.i 
 gL'tlierbyashortcartilaxiiinus band at t!ie |iit of the 
 st.iiaaeh. riic.v were iiame.l Chan- and Ki,.- iind were 
 llBt discovered on the banks of the rSi,„„ Tivcr bv an 
 Aiaerieau Mr Itnbert llnnter, by wlmni tlicy were 
 t;ikcnto.New\ork, wliereth.'v were e\liibited i-\u 
 tain Cotllii broiiKlit them lo Fii^.i„„a. Allcr'haviim | 
 teeu exhibited lor sever.il y..,irs 111 liritain, the- went 
 to America, where they settle.l on a farm ami mir 
 ricd two sistcr.s. In ,865 they were in .North Candi'i,,.; 
 ill dechiiniK health. Their exhibition in L., 11, Ion 
 liCKaii axaiii 8 Feb. 1869. Thov died in \m,.|i,.., 
 witliMi two hours of each other, 16, 17 Jan. 1874. 
 
 SIBERIA (N. Asia). In 1580 tliccoiniiiost was 
 began by the C'o.ssacks iincler JcniiaU 'rmiolojow In 
 riol'cterthcGri'iit bo,triin to .send iirisoin'istliitiiiT 
 .\n insurrection broke out iinionjflhol'uU's ill Siberia 
 in June, 18W), and was soon suppressed, riiiver- 
 sity founded, 1886. I'opiihition in l88i,'4, 3i 3 f,8o 
 Feb. 1897,6,731,732. ^'^'-^ ■" "°' 
 Since 1863 ellorts have been made to o]h'1i np a .sea route 
 to central .'Siberia, especially bv capt. Wifi'-ins and his 
 friemls 1874, ft nc/. In 1890 two vessels from London 
 rcaolii'd Karaoul on the Yeiiesei, stayed there iqdavs 
 ami retiiriied 111 October. ' ' ' 
 The coastriiction of h railway to Silicria, in ten vi"irs 
 was authorised, Feb, 1890; (see /;/(.«i,(, .M„v ,8u,)' ' 
 A liai-ty of about 3-3 political e.\iles, iiieliidiii'' wnnieii 
 aiul eliildreii, at Yakutsk, K.K. Siberia were sus 
 peeted of mutiny, very severely treated' and somj 
 IJtraoiis were killed, 4 A|iril. The exiles were tried bv 
 roiirt-iaartial in May, .'nid all were convicted, 18 Jim,: 
 'I'lirei' men were hau^'cd, 20 An;,'. 1S89. The story- 
 printed ill the J iiiu-f, 26 llec. 1889, was at lirst itri- 
 
 ilii'U'd ai.d afterwards said to be exaggerated, Marcl'i 
 
 1890. ' 
 
 Aliuiit 300 convicts, on their way to .1 penal settlenieiit 
 
 rise against their Wiirders, and are .snbdued .-ifter a 
 
 eoiiBicl, with luueli bl Islii'd, reiiortcd 28 March' 
 
 1893, 
 Eiisttni section of the Traiis-Silierian railwav oneiied 
 bept. 1893. ■ ' ' • ' 
 
 Capt. Wijigiiis' expedition tliroiii;li the Kara sea .ivel np 
 tlie Yei'.esei to deliver rails for the r.iilwav siiceessful 
 reported 24 Jan. ; he receives a handsome 'present IVoiu 
 the czar at .St. I'etersbiirg, Feb. 1894. 
 Capt. Wij,'gins' .steamshiii stji-nni, \u'cck<!il in Yii^or 
 .itraits; all saved, 22 .Sept.; arrives at Arclmn^.I 
 15 Dec. 1694; arrives at St. Pi'tersbiir^,', 9 .bm. iSo-' 
 lettaies til tint Loudon chain Ian- of eoiMiiieree, iS.Mar.'fi ■ 
 an exiieditioii under him to the Yenisei leaves the ! 
 Tyne, 12 Aug. 1895; reported snecessfiil, 1896; Hritish 
 ex]ieilitiuii ill the (ikiinu.n and .sVo.'/n arrives at i 
 Kni.siioyarsk, antuiiin 1897. 
 Tniis-Siherian railway, from Vladivostok to Nniiravicw ■ 
 
 Amiirski (-35 miles), opened lor tr.illle, 20 Dee. i8g,. 
 Inipoitiiiit judicial reforms iiiti'nduceil, 14 .Inly, iSy. ! 
 Siiceesstiil ex|ieditioii (11 steiiiieis) of .Mr. V.'w. 'Poii- 
 ham ill the Xiiriiiiju (cipt. Tinkler) an.l .-i lintiila i 
 tliioiit-'li till' Ob (or Obi) (iiilf and up the Ob river ■ 
 left London 2j July ; returned i Oct. 1897. ' 
 
 SIBYLi), Sibvllii', woinc'ii believed to lie in- 
 spired, who llounshed in dillerent parts of the 
 world. I'liito speaks of one, otlu'rs of two, I'liiiv 
 ottlirec, J'^lian offour, and ViiiTo of ten. An l-irv"- 
 tlirciin sibyl is said to have oHered to Tuniiiin II. 
 nine books contaiiiins '''i' Hoinan destinies, dr- 
 nmmliiig for them 300 pieces of udld. lie denied '''■'i' 
 her; whcieu|iiin the sibyl tliicw tliree of llieni into 
 the lire, ami asked tlie same price for tlie other 
 SIX, whieli beiiiir still ili'iiied, slie bnriit three more, 
 and again demanded tlm .sime sum fortlio-e that 
 ri'inaiiied, when 'I'aniuin eonfen-iiifi; wiili tlie poip 
 tills was advi.seil to buy lliem. Two imnjistnui.s 
 wei'oci'eatcil to consult them on all oeensi ns, :j;i 
 B.C.; sec Qiiiiifhcfiiiriis. 
 
 SICILY. 
 
 :B;ir':r"F"-*'"-'-''-='':i 
 
 ... ',""- bii aims. A youii;,- sieilian staldicd him 
 
 'vi^v ii^su^dh",;";^;!':;!''' 'ir"'' ^''--". =- ■drench 
 
 t iiv ,.,..,.".'".'''•, ,,"",, l'"l'".are ran through 
 
 ,Lct the Ilea, h, lie!" .'oid, with 
 
 outdistinetinunf i-'oil.- , ■• "-■cll'He I .'Old, With- 
 
 the massacre became geiiend tl.rolijh^u Ihe Isl^nd;'"^ 
 
 rh!^^u^>&^Z!^J;:T:'^^ 
 
 land, 
 ntree 
 the Sicani, orSiculi, a 
 
 !J-WoofS,niin,andK,r.,:;.ans;im,:a;, .,:^r 
 ,. ,/,''5''"3^2); see .S,/,v„.„4.,.. ]., „„„|,, ; 
 
 :,ri:""::::n.}^' '-i-"tiv been _ united wwi 
 
 I and separated from 
 t\vo now form part o 
 liition of Sicily in 18 
 l«/3, 2,0()8,O72; 1,887,3,192,108; 1890, 3,2,S5,47i. 
 
 a.R. .sepanited Irom ,,.,t of.Na dos lw/,ir/, so\- th 
 
 y^^'^l^tv'^'^'^' '^n, 2,565,323; 
 
 j colonies, but 
 llimer 
 
 , , . - found 
 
 te severely dcfcab.d by Ueloii, at 
 
 b^ on .succeeded by his brother Iliero . ' ^^? 
 
 rr.','fwi '''■'""■■'''"'' miuant 111 .-Sicily . ' ' J^ 
 
 t. r ^ •"■''',"" «l''"lili"" nader Xieias. 3,5; do '" 
 
 i.ionysins.iiee,de:,abir,md it";;;^:;;,,,, 4- 
 ™i:^;;;;:j;""''-f'"^> '-■"-• 4"6; siii;.i,;,Vlh: 
 
 .lUstini.uy, b.e.pia^.^ tvraut, and '■r.i.luallv 
 miiireme ■" Sicily, 405 ;' makes sncce^fnlw^ 
 Cartilage "" *:'""'^' ' •^''^''''' "■"■ "«'""«' 
 
 Syraeu.se closely besieged by "the 'fartii.igiinans- 
 their army is crippl..,| |,v a pestihaice "r 
 
 «ai leiiowed, J9j; p,.ae.ji„ade . , 
 I ioiiy.sins plants cdonies in Italv, 387 ; dies ' ' 
 Ills- di.ssolnte .son, Dioiiysius II., sm-eee.l, him" 
 367; rei'cives Plato an,; ,,tlicr 1 liilns,,i,|,ers li,'. 
 
 it;!o^l:;s';!;d!.:'^ ""-■ '- ^■'■''' ■••■^Jtlv::;.!;^ 
 
 397 
 
 393 
 367 
 
 IJion rules severely and becomes unpopular ; is 
 as.sa.ssinate,l bv Calippus . 1 1 . 's 
 
 Uniuysins 11 (tyr.mt at .Socri ,0 years) recov.'r.; 
 s authority at Syracr.se, 34A ; rules till his ex- 
 p Is.iu by liuinleon will, u small Loriuthian 
 aiiiiy, and retires to Corinth 
 
 Timoh'on restores the republic, il.-i.nscs the other 
 Si ei ban yiaiit.s. ami b..,.,,mes su.ireiuc, 34, rr*,, • 
 totally deieats the Carth.iginians at the Crini «: 
 sus, 339; rules ,'si,.i|y till hisileath . 
 
 Agatlio,d.'s,neitluows the npiiiilie with 1)1, lo.lshed' 
 aihl lic'onies "anloer.it," and alh'iwanls king! 
 
 ,;i7;detc.ited bytlicCartliM-iiiiansattl,.' Ilinierri 
 310 ; he invades Africa, k.iiiis viclnries over the 
 Car hagiiiiaiis, but is eoiiipellcl to return 
 
 Sicilv bv revolt." 
 Pnlit 
 
 07: die 
 
 the 
 to 
 
 sinT!.T,\.-(VRKPKi;s, the 
 
 •rm ^nveii to thi 
 
 'olitical dissensions; I'vrrlins, kiiiL' of Ki'.irus' 
 ent.'is Sicily, ami ,h.f,.als the Carthag'uians, 278- 
 
 I'l't K't'S ... 
 
 Iliern II ma.l,. king nf Syniciise, ,.70; nmk.'s war 
 wi th the linmans, is del,.;,i,.,l, aii,| laak.'s i.eace . 
 
 I he tirst I'uiiie war begins, »,•,' imlli.iiii- 
 
 lliero II. dies ...,', 
 
 llieroiiyiiius, liisgiaii,ls,.ii, .sui',.,.,',|s. 2'i6;renoiiiK'es 
 the alliani'c with Itome ; ami is .■iss.issiuatcd 
 
 The Hoiiian cn-iil, .M.ir,,.llus, iuvaihs Si,.ily, and 
 besieges Syra, 'lis,', which is vignmiislv defended 
 Ijy the ai,l ,d ArchimcdcM, 214 ; it is tak,'ii, when 
 Archiiiiedi's is slain 
 
 3S6 
 353 
 
 343 
 
 337 
 
 2S9 
 
 276 
 
 263 
 264 
 216 
 
 214 
 
 Sicily I,,.,-.,,!,,,.., a Hi 
 
 lent the Freilcli (wli,, Inid einnnii'i'i'd Sicily, Tb'' Servile wars; iiiueh slaiigl 
 
 120(1), comineuced at I'alermo, 30 Marcli, 128 
 UuKiLster .M, unlay eniis|iiia|nrs asseiublcl at Pale 
 
 m.-iu proviiico 
 ter 
 
 • 135. 134. 132 
 
 erres (for which he was 
 
 and while tlic French were ..'Ugageil in 
 
 testivities. 
 
 ryrannieel goverunienl of V 
 
 aecuse.l by Cicero) 
 
 icily lii'lil by .Sextus Pouipeiiis,' son 'of tl'ie OTeiit 
 louipey, 42; defeatcl; expelled, 36 ; killoil 
 
 73-7> 
 
 I .. -V 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ '>'■■:: 
 j'^il' 1 ' 
 
 .; i. I, 
 
 P^ 
 
 if" ■ 
 
 1 '-''I 
 
SICILY. 
 
 098 
 
 SICYON. 
 
 1131 
 
 1266 
 1282 
 
 1755 
 
 178,. 
 
 80 5 
 
 it.15 
 1820 
 
 Iiivailea I.y tlie Vnnilnls, a.d. 440; liy the Cmtlis, 
 401 ; taken for thu Greek uniperorrt liy Uelisanus, 
 '^ A.D 536 
 
 Ccmnuereil 1)V tlie Snrneens niiil IieUl . . . 832-78 
 
 Cireatlv recovered by the Greek euiiieror by tlie aiil 
 of Noriiians . . • ,• • , ' ' " '°^ 
 
 Tlie Greeks ami Arabs driven out by a >ornian 
 iiriiice Hoi;er I., t-.'W of Tanered, 1058; who takes 
 the title of count of Sieily . . . .1061-1090 
 
 Roj;er M., son of the above-ninned, unites hieily 
 with Naples, and is crowned kiiiy of the Two 
 
 C:...rl'es"^'of Anjon,' brother 'of St. I.onis, kinK of 
 
 France, eominers Naples and ISieilv, ile|«ises the 
 
 Norman priiiees, and makes himself kiiiK . 
 Tlic Kreiieh niassiiereil (see SMlian Vtxv ■■.<) 
 Sieilv seized by a tleet sent by the kings of Aragon 
 
 Naples remains to tlie hinise of Aiyou . . . .> 
 Alphonso, king of Aragon, takes possession of 
 
 Naiiles '"^^S 
 
 Tlie kingdom of Naples and Sicily united to the 
 
 Spanish monarchy nnder Ferdinand the Catholic 1501 
 Victor, dnke of Savoy, liy the treaty of Utrecht, 
 
 made king of Sicily . • • • • i7"3 
 
 Which he gives up to the .iiperor Charles VI., ami 
 
 liecomes king of Sardinia . . ■ • • '720 
 
 Charles, son id' the king of Spain, becomes king ot 
 
 the Two Sicilies . ,•,■,■ '^35 
 
 The throne of Spain becoming vacant, Charli'S, who 
 
 is heir vacates the throne of the Two Sicilies, in 
 
 ..ivoiir of his third son Ferdinand, agreealily to 
 
 Dreai'iriil eartlninake at Jlessinn, in Sicily, which 
 destroys 40.000 pei.sons ;.,■,•„ ,■. ', 
 
 The French com|iier Naples iii*!c7i scr): Ferdinand 
 IV. retires to Sicily 
 
 Political disturbances . ,•„■..• 
 
 New constitution granted, nnder liritisli auspices . 
 
 The French expelled ; kingdom of Two Sicibes re- 
 established ; Ferdinand returns to Naples; aliol- 
 ishes the constitution 
 
 Revolution at Palermo suppressed . . . 
 
 The great towns in Sicily rise and demand tlie con- 
 stitution ; a provisional govemnient proclaimed 
 
 >2 .Ian. 1848 
 
 The king nominates his brother, the count of Aipiila, 
 viceroy 17 Jan. ; promises a new constitution 
 
 29 Jan. „ 
 
 The Sicilian parliament decrees the exclusion of the 
 li(mrbon family, 13 April; and invites the duke 
 of Genoa to the throne . . . 11 Jnly, ,, 
 
 Messina bombarded and taken by the Neapolitans 
 
 7 Sept. ,, 
 
 Catania taken by assault, 6 April ; Syracuse sur- 
 renders 23 April ; and Palermo . . 15 May, 1849 
 
 Insurrections supiiressed at Palermo, Messina, and 
 Catania, 4 April d m- ! ""- ■''-■1'^'''* ■''^t''''' """ *'"' 
 interior . . • ■ • =1 April <'«'/- 
 
 Gai, .iddi and his followers (2200 men) embark at 
 Genoa 5 .Mav ; and laud at Marsala, 11 May; he 
 abandons his ships ; and assumes the dictatorship 
 ill the name of the king of Sardinia 14 .May, 
 
 He defeats the royal troops at t.'alatalimi i5>li'y: 
 Btonns Palermo, 27 .May; which is bombarded by 
 tlie royal fleet, 28 May ; an armistice agreetl to 
 
 31 May, 
 A provisional government formed at Palermo, 
 ^ June ; which is evacuated by the Neapolitans 
 ' 6 June, 
 
 Garibaldi defeats the Neapiditans at Melazzo, 
 
 20, 21 July, 
 
 Convention signed, by which the Neapolitau.s agree 
 to evacuate Sicily (retaining the citadel <d Mes- 
 sina) , .• , • JO'lii'.v, 
 
 New Sicilian constitution proclaimed . 3 Aug. 
 
 Oaribaldi embarks for Calabria (see A(i;i/is) 
 
 19 Aug. 
 
 Professor Saffl (late of Oxford), a short time clic- 
 
 tator . .■ „ • ■ , ,■ ^"'' 
 
 Tlie Sicilians by universal suHrnge vote for aiiiexa- 
 
 tiini to Sardinia (432,054 against 067) .a J nt. 
 
 Vletor-Enimannel visits Sicily . . .1 I'cc. 
 Citadel of Messina block.aded, 28 Feb.; surrenders 
 
 to general l.'ialdini . ■ 13 March, 1 
 
 KiiiL' Victor- Kmnianuel warinlyreceived at Messina 
 " May, I 
 
 i8fo 
 
 1662 
 
 IS74 
 
 Imprudent s|>eeclies of Oaribaldi at Marsalii. i^ 
 July: lie enters Calaiiia, and establishes a-prc. 
 visional govi'rnmeiit, 19 Aug. ; embarks fur Italy 
 
 24 .-\ii^', 
 Sicily placed under blockade; removed in .■ji'pt., 
 
 tranipiil Hi-t, 
 
 Insurrection in Palermo, attributeil to tlie prii-.sta 
 and brigands, 16 Sept.; sujipressed with hldinl- 
 slied by Italian troops . . 21-26 Sfpt, 
 
 Kevival of brigandage and murder . . M\^. 
 .Martial law establisheil in some places . Sept. . 
 Aliaiio, a brigand, trieil at Potenza, for nmiiiTous 
 
 murders, and other crimes .... .Nov. „ 
 Capraro, great brigand, killed during cajiture 
 
 abuiit 2 0-t. 1873 
 Mr. Forester Rose carried olfby brigands, 3 Xuv. ; 
 
 ransomed for about 4000'. . . . X jv. ,3,.; 
 
 Leone and other lirigands surrounded and slmt 
 
 I June, 1877 
 Five (diief brigands surrender ; abnti'incnt ef 
 
 brigandage aniiiinnced . . about 6 Xov. ,, 
 
 Sncci'ssfnl visit cf the king and ciueen ; arrive at 
 
 P.alermo 4 Jan. i53o 
 
 Explosion in snlpliur mine at Gessi bmgo, neat 
 
 Caltanissetta, about ;,o killed . . t2 Nov. ie;i 
 Viideiit c> 1 1.iiie in Catania, about 27 killed; 200,000!. 
 
 ilaniage 7 Oct. i5t4 
 
 Grand ban(|uet to sig. Crisiil, Italian iirciiiier, at 
 
 Piilermo . ... 14 Oct. i3:9 
 
 OiM'iiiiig of ti, •' National Exliibition at 
 
 P.'ilenno (i''/nV/i , . . . . i;Xnv, 1:91 
 Increase of brigam'";;; by secret societies; many 
 
 arrests 26 Se]it.— qOct. 1892 
 
 Despatch of troo)is to suppress briga.idage ; nearly 
 
 a state of siege, reported . . . 23 Oct. 115; 
 Increase of socialism, 1893 (Pasci del Lavoraturi) . ,, 
 Viid.'iit riotiii!.', with bloodshed (see T'lih'nm), I)po. ; 
 rioting in Trapani against the nrtrni dues; rein- 
 forcements sent, 30 nee. T893;destrni'tivp rioting, 
 with bloodshed, at dilVerent places; „,'ii. Morra 
 ill Lavriano invested with full powers to estaWish 
 
 order 2 Jan. 1:94 
 
 State of siege in Sicily proclaimed at F.nlermo, 
 
 4 .Tan. ,. 
 Frequent conflicts, with bloodshed . . 5 Jan. ,, 
 The rising attribnted to misgovernment and op- 
 
 pressicui by the iiinnieipal authorities . .Tan. „ 
 Sig. de Felice GiutlVida (dejiuty) senteiiceil to 18 
 years, and 7 others to various terms of iiiiprison- 
 \ 't, for connection with rioting (see almr) 
 
 30 May, „ 
 OidiT r. .- fed, report eii .... i^Sepl. ,, 
 ncsTruetiV- earth(piakes, with loss of life, at 
 
 Messina, &c 16 Nov. „ 
 
 Severe shock in Cat.mia ; many persons buricil by 
 
 the fall of a ehnridi . . . . 23 March, i!95 
 Disaster at a in'ue at Casteltemiini, 35 dratlis, 
 
 24 Sept. 1S97 
 Riot at Siculiana, town Imll sacked and burnt ; i 
 
 death 2. Ian. 189B 
 
 Jubilee celebration of the Sicilian rPvoIiitinn(i848); 
 
 beai'ty welcome to the prince and princess of 
 
 Naples, and sig. Crispi, at Palermo . loJai,. „ 
 
 A marble monument commemorative nf tlie revo. 
 
 liii '.111, unveiled by the crown prince, at Palermo, 
 
 12 Jan. ., 
 
 SICK CHILDREN, Hospital for, Great 
 Ornioiul-strect, London ; pstaWished 1851. The 
 princess of Walea laid the foundation of new huilil- 
 ws", ri Jnly, 1872. A branch has been set up at 
 Highgate. 
 
 "SICK MAN " iin epithet applied to Turkey, 
 hy the czar Nicholas, 14 Jar. '854 ; see Srnxi- 
 Tttrkinh War, note. 
 
 SICYON, an ancient b. "ii. lom in the 
 
 Pcloiionncsus. founded, it if ■• '■ u. JoSoB.o. 
 Its people took part in liic wai - '.r.t'cc, uf03:iy 
 supporting Sparta. In 2i;2 it heeame a repuHi' 
 and joined the Aclnean league formed by Aratuf. It 
 was the country of the sculptors Polydctes (436) 
 ami Lysippus (328 n.c). 
 
:"0N. 
 
 riiirilmMi ftt Miirsalii. ic, 
 a, iukI fstlllilislics ii'|irii- 
 Aug. ; einbiirks for Itiily 
 
 24 Aug. iE6j 
 kmle; reniiiveu 111 *-i.t., 
 
 (lit. , 
 (ittrilmti'il t(i the jiriests 
 ; siijiiiri'ssed with Ijlonri. 
 
 2:-26 Sept. i5f^ 
 1 iiiunler . . Aug. ,sjj 
 1 some iilnces . Hpirt. 18;. 
 it riiteiizii, for iii'MiiTous 
 lies .... Nov, ,, 
 illeit (hiring ciiiiturci 
 
 uhimt 2 O't. 1J7: 
 il (ill'hy biij,'nmls, 3 Nnv. ; 
 x)l. ... N')v. iS-.-; 
 
 9 surrounded and slu't 
 
 I .Iinic, i57j 
 urrenilcr ; aliati'ini'iit uf 
 
 . iiliiiiit 6 X'lv. „ 
 ;ing and iiueeii ; arrivit at 
 
 4 •liin. i;3o 
 nine at Gessi 'ungo, >iiar 
 i killed . . 12 Nov. ij-i 
 a, iib(iut27 killed; 200,000). 
 
 ■ 7 Oi't. 1 154 
 Jrisjil, Italian iToiiiicr, at 
 
 14 Oct, nl) 
 National Exhihitinn at 
 
 15 N''iv. 1-91 
 by secret soeieties; iimiiy 
 
 .26 He]it.-g(>t,. 1892 
 iniri'ss brigandage ; nearly 
 ed , . . 21 Oct. 1:93 
 93 (Fnsci (lei LavorntiTi) . „ 
 idiilii-d (see Pnh'nin), Dec. ; 
 aiiist the oi'troi dues; rein- 
 f. t8(J3 ; destructive riiitiiig, 
 IVerent ydaoes ; ,.,'ii. Mnrra 
 •ith full iiowers to establish 
 
 2 Jan. i?94 
 Toelniuied at Palermo, 
 
 4 .Tan. .. 
 bloodshed . . 5 Jan. „ 
 
 uiisgovernnient and np- 
 'ipal authorities . .Tan. ,, 
 
 1 (driiuty) sentenied tn 18 
 various terms of iniprison- 
 
 with rioting (trc nlmrr) 
 
 30 Mav, ., 
 i . . . . 2, Sep). ., 
 es, with loss of life, at 
 
 16X0V. ,, 
 1 ; many persons buried by 
 
 . 23 March, i!95 
 , Castelteniiini, 35 deaths, 
 
 24 Sept. 1897 
 II hnll sacked and burnt ; i 
 
 2 Jan. 185! 
 u" Sicilian revolution (1848); 
 the iirinee and princess of 
 ;)i, nt Palermo . 10 J.^r.. ., 
 'ouimemorative of the revo- 
 IP crown [irince, at Palenno, 
 12 Jan. .. 
 
 IKS, Hospital for, Great 
 
 Ion ; pstnbli,'ihi>d l8.il. The 
 
 1 the louniUtion of newhuiU- 
 
 A branch hii8 been set up at 
 
 an Pfiithct applied to Tiirkpy, 
 la, 14 Jar. '854; see Eum- 
 
 cieut G. "il, lom in the 
 
 led, it if, . , '- u. 2080 n.c. 
 in the win - ',r.t'fc, uraaiiv 
 In 252 it became a republic 
 in U'airue formed by Aratuf. It 
 thn sculptors Polycletes (436) 
 
 SIDEROHTAT. 
 
 899 
 
 SIEGES. 
 
 SIDEROSTAT (from .i(Vk», Latin forantar), 
 an apparatus conalnictcil liy .\|. Icon Koucaull, 
 jhortly before his death, II I'ldi. iKdS, for oliacrvinK 
 the light of the stnrs iti |irceisc!y the kmiiu' way in 
 whii'li the light of the hiiii niuy'bc slnilicd in'tlic 
 tiimeia obscura. It consists of a niirnir moved by 
 clockwork, and a fi.xod olijcetivo ^'lass for concc n-. 
 toting the rays into a focus. 
 
 soijadron, under commodine Charles Napier, 27 Sept. 
 io40; ace 61/nu, nnd TurAii/. f . / r 
 
 .SIEGES. Azoth, which was besieged by Psam- 
 annals of antiquity. The siege of Troy was the 
 
 ~ „.„=f „ 1 1 --- ,1— -■■ *..v oi<jgu ui j,iuy was ine 
 
 SIDON or Zinox (Syria), a city of I'hicnicia, r.t '^'^''' '^.™'™> .«"<! occupied ten years, 1184 B.C. 
 
 to the north of Tyre. It was com|iicivd by Cyrus w'7,,''."s T''^''"'' '^'>'''"' 572,332: Syracuse, 
 
 about 537 B.C. ; and surrendered •» Aie,\a;ii"h.r, xu 'I'L «■ 1,' *."='"'"""!. 219; Jeiusaleiu, 51^; a.d. 70. 
 
 E,c.; see I'haiiiicUi. Tlie town uas tiikeii (rom the ' "•-' ""'o^^'"iK I're tlie most memorable sieges since 
 
 lacha of Egypt by the troops of the sultan and ol ' ^x" '^'•''I'V'T i l<'i' details of many of them see 
 
 :, „ui„. ,..»;»t„^ i„. „..,„.. „i,i,m „f ,1 ],,.iti h "i-'Piii-ate articles. 
 
 im ... iaftj )... ... 
 
 his allies, assisted by some 
 
 .\fri', 1192, i79g, 1832, 1840. 
 .vlircsiras, 1341. 
 
 .\liifr8, 1681 (Ilnmh rrxsrh llrft imcil 
 ininFrenchenyincer iiumtA Umaii); 
 
 m. 
 
 .Ukiiiacr, 1573. 
 
 .Uiiifida, 27 Aug. 1810. 
 
 .Uiiiens, 1597. 
 
 .Ui.iina, 1174, 1799, 1860. 
 
 .Uiiwcr]!, 1576, 1583, 1585, 1746, i8,|a. 
 
 ,\rnis, 1640. 
 
 .\S'ir, 1736, 
 
 Liilajoz, iillarch, 1811 ; 6 A|iril, 18 r 3. 
 
 Biy.liiil, 1258. 
 
 Biiri'diina, 1697, 1714. 
 
 lid(,T,iile, 1439, 1456. 1521. ifiSS, 1717, 
 
 1739, 1789. 
 Belle-Isle, 1761. 
 
 BiTCen-np-Ziiom, 1622, 1747, 1S14. 
 Binvirk, 1333, 1481. 
 Bettiuiic, 1710. 
 BillMohy Carlists, 1874. 
 Biiis-le-DiU!, 1603, 1794. 
 Bnlogiia, 1512, 1796, 1799. 
 B.mimel: the iiivention nf the mveriil 
 
 liniikirk, ir.4r,. 1793, 
 I''aMiagosla, 1571, 
 l''lil»liliig. 15 Aug. 1S09. 
 Krederickshald : Clt,irlcs XII. killed 
 
 171H. 
 Clnt.la, 1435, 1734, 1860-1. 
 
 "(■■IIIM, 1747, l8(Xl. 
 
 lb .01111, 180.;. 
 'Iheiit, 1708. 
 Oibrailar, tyjij, 1782-3. 
 •lliilz, 1742, 1807. 
 Ibilliligen, 1700. 
 Illaves, iri74. 
 Ilrenada. 14.)!, 14,^2. 
 llroniiig(.|i, 1594. 
 Ijaerlem, 1572, 1573. 
 llllll!elU'. 141.;. 
 Ilcidi.lberg, 1688 
 llellll, iSirt. 
 Iliimaitii,'i868, 
 iMinall, i7(jo. 
 Kiirs, 1855. 
 Kliiiiioiiiii, 1884. 
 Kelil. 1733, 1796. 
 I.andaii, 1702 it .w</., 1792, 
 l.iiriilrecv, 1712, 1794. 
 I l.ii.iii, 1)88, i;9i. 
 I l,|.|psic, 1757e(,W7,, 1813, 
 i.eilh, i.s^'o. 
 
 I.crlilii, 1647, 1707, 1810. 
 i I.eydcri, 1S74, 
 Me<e, 1408, 1688, 1702. 
 Mile, 1708, 1797. 
 Miiii.riek, 1631, 1691. 
 I.oiidiiiiderry, 1689. 
 I.oiiisboiny, 1758. 
 I.iieknow, 1857, 
 Luxemburg, 1795. 
 Lyons, 1791, 
 
 -- - ..., .M'leslrlclit, 1579, 1673; Fai(6rt« yirsf 
 
 1346, niid /iprc "i 1347. I'ir.it iiHedi nimr I iitn nulice; i6i6, ijiS. 
 krem 1.388. Hv-mrus F(EIi.), 1558, 1 Miigdiihi, 1868. 
 
 I Miigdebiirg, 1631, 1806. 
 ' Malaga, 1487. 
 .Malta, 1^(15, 1798, 1800. 
 Miiniua, 1797, 1799. 
 Marseilles, 1524. 
 .Meniii, i7(/i. 
 .Mcntz, ifi8o, 1793. 
 Messina, 1282, 1719, 1848, 1861. 
 M(.|z, i,s52-3, 1870. 
 .Moiis, 1^)91, 1709, 1793, 
 Molilai'gis, 1426. 
 Monlanban, 1621. 
 Montevideo, .Ian. 
 
 "■",». 1794. 
 lliiin, 1672, 1689, 1703. 
 B.iiii'hain, 1711. 
 Bi.aliigac, 1544. 
 llrrila, 1625. 
 
 Biwfiii. 1238, 1512, 1849, 
 Br.'Sl.™, 1807. 
 Brisac, 1638, 1704. 
 Brussels, 1695, 1746. 
 Biinarsiind, 1854. 
 Bu.la. 1541, 2 Sept. 1686. 
 Burgos, 1812, 1813. 
 Ca.liz. 1812. 
 I^sim, i-^i (British hiatfirliinK it/!'i'ial 
 
 that connmi lecre nsnl at Crr/iny, \ 
 
 1596. 
 Calvi, 1794. 
 Cmdia; (Ac laritest dinnnn thru I'luni'ii 
 
 in Europe, used herr hij the Turku, 
 
 1667. 
 Carthagcna, 1706-7, 1740, 1873-4. 
 Clialns, 1199, 
 Charleroi, 1693. 
 Charleston, U.S., 1864-5. 
 Chartri's, 1568. 
 lliiTlmnrg, 175S. 
 f'liitral Fort, whieh srr, 1895. 
 t'iiiilad Rodrigo, 1810, 1812. 
 Colchester, 1648. 
 I'.imorn, 1849. 
 
 Conipiegne (Jm n of Are), 1 4 30. 
 C-nde, 1676, 1793, ;794. 
 Cni, i6gi. 1744. 
 Coiistantiniiple, 1453. 
 diienliagcii, 1658, 1801, 1807, 
 C'rfu, 1716. 
 Cmirtray, 1646. 
 C 
 
 'racow. 
 'iiioiia. 
 
 Baiitzic, 
 
 Delhi, 1857 
 h'Hiav 
 
 '734. 17931 1807, 1813, 1814. 
 
 1710, 
 
 Hresden. 1756, 
 Drnclieda, 1649, 
 UiiWin, 1500. 
 
 Motile: Hir. Frciirli, Imtriht hy a Mr. |T 
 
 Paiiipelii., I, ,8,3. 
 
 Pans, 1420, 1594, 1870, 1871. 
 
 I anii.-i, 1248. 
 
 I'avia. 152.,, ,655. 
 
 lerpigiian, 1542, 1642. 
 
 Plialsbomg, 1814, 1815, 1870. 
 
 I hibpsbiiig, ,644, 1676, i683, first ex- 
 
 piruiieul iifjiring artillery it ricwhet, 
 
 '734. 1799. 
 Plevna, 1877. 
 I'ondii-iieny, 1748, 1793. 
 Prague, 1741-1744. 
 
 tilleliei', 1759-60. 
 gilesll.iy, 1793-1794. 
 Hhemis, 1350. 
 Hho,l,.s, 152,. 
 Ue'liniond, U.S., 1864-5. 
 Hig.'i, i7(XJ, 1710. 
 
 Uo,ll,.Il,., ,573, ,628. 
 
 Iloni. ,527, 1798, 1849. 
 Koni..i,oitiii; iirtiUery first used in 
 
 .-";/' -(VoLTAMiE), ,356. 
 
 *"";■". '4>9. 1449. 1591. 
 Ko.vbnrgli, 1460. 
 St. Seb.istian, 1813. 
 Saragossa, 1710, 1808, 1809; the tmo 
 
 hist •Irnulfnl. 
 .Sebasb.pol, 1854-5. 
 Schweiilnitz :,/;'«( crpcrimnit fa reduce 
 
 (I .fiuirrss liy xpriiKjiiiij jjlubes 0/ conj. 
 
 pr(VS,n,l. 1757-1762. 
 
 hclo (see Hrrm:), 1822. 
 
 Seringaiiatam, 1799. 
 
 Seville, 1247-8. 
 
 Silistria, 1854. 
 
 SiiKdensko, 1632, i3i2. 
 
 Soissons, 1870. 
 
 St. Quentiii, 1557. 
 
 .Stralsiunl : the inrthnd of throwing red- 
 
 h'lt hulls first pmclisedwithcertainty, 
 
 1715. 
 Strasbiirg, 1870. 
 j TarragiMia, 1811. 
 Ti'iiieswar, 1716. 
 Tlieronenne, 1513. 
 Thionville, 1792. 
 Thorn, 1703. 
 T.iit.isa, 1811. 
 Toul.in, 1707, 1793. 
 lolllollse, 1217. 
 Timniay, 1340, 151;,, 1583, •, 1709 
 
 (this V'l-: thr.hr.itdcfcneeeiudravm 
 /i-ni/ii .'I <tcr-miiies), 179a. 
 Treves, 1635, 1673, 1765. 
 Tunis, 12 
 
 Miillrr. lirst 
 
 praitised the art of 
 
 throinliiij shells, 1634. 
 Naiiiiir, ifkjs, 1746, 1794. 
 Maples, 1435, 1504, 1557, 179.3, ,790, 
 
 1 8. 1(1. 
 Ninvark, 1644-5. 
 ,Vcw (irleans, 1814. 
 
 VoV. 
 
 ,706 
 
 147S. 
 
 NIcnport, 1600. 
 
 '5.35. 
 fin, 1640, 1706. 
 leiicia, 1705, 1707, 1712. 
 leiH'iennes, 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 .'innes, 1342. 
 
 1677, 1793, •794- 
 
 Velll 
 
 Vcrd 
 
 nice, 1 
 
 S79. 
 
 . 1702. 
 Inn, 179: 
 
 Vi(ksburg, U.S., 1863 
 Vienna, 1529, 1683. 
 \Vakett.l.l. ,460. 
 
 OllVel 
 
 iizu, 1801, iSii, 
 
 1813. 
 
 Olriiuiz, 1758 
 Orleans, 1428, 1563. 
 Ostelnl, 1601, 1798. 
 
 Olid 
 , PadllH, 
 
 Ic, 1706. 
 1509. 
 
 Warsaw, iSfi. 
 
 Xativa, 1246. 
 I Xeres, 1262. 
 
 Yi.ik, 1644. 
 
 Vpres, 1648. 
 
 Zurirh, 1544. 
 , Zutpheli, 1586. 
 
 hi 
 
 !■ r'P' I 
 
 1 ' iF^' , i 
 
 I I 
 
T i' 
 
 hiENA. 
 
 1(1(10 
 
 SIKKIM. 
 
 SIENA (.the iiiu'iciit Si'im Ji'liii), ltiily_,_iii the 
 lidiUe 11; 
 :ia>l I'isii 
 
 fiiidiUe iigi's It jxiwrrl'iil ivmiMic i-iviiUiii); Flori-iK t- 
 ' '" st'o Tiixc'iiii/. It was incorporiited willi 
 
 Bcf A.ikim/ecu 
 
 ii^7 
 
 Fiuiioc, 1808-14. I'opiiliitinii. i88r, 23,445. 
 
 Tlie Hicnesf tlmruuKlily •li'loati'il llir Kloiviitines at 
 .MiJii(ji]«'rti) ill 1260; placi'il tlii'iiiselvi's undiT tlie 
 iliike of Mi'nii, 1 599 ; wiM-f iiilrd liy I'iiinloiri' Pctnicci, 
 1487-1512 ; suliiiiiUod to tlio riiiinM-or Cliaika V. 1524 ; 
 relielliid, calli'il in tin' (•'iviii'li, 1555; wit.' defrated 
 and nivoii uiJ to ('usiiiiu df .Mcdiui, 1557 ; wlio aiiiiexud 
 Siena to Tuscany. 
 SIERRA LEONE (W. Afiicn), discovered by 
 
 the Portugutirti' iinvigiitor, 1". do Cintra, in 1462. 
 
 .\n iitteinpt to t'orm 11 •'I'ttli'iiii'iit lu're made by the 
 
 liritish jovcnniiciit liy scndiiif,' out li'oiu London 
 
 about 400 ?Veed ni'grors and (xj wliitea, Dee. 1786, 
 
 t'lilcd ; a second attempt liy t!ie SieiTii Leone t'oni- 
 
 ]iany in .' 7')r, v ,is not iiuich ni(Me ■'Ui'ces.sl'i.il, and in 
 
 1807 the hc'tlcincnt was given up to the •-.■own. 
 
 Capital, Fi-ii'i'i'-ii. i'o|nilation in iS()I,30,0j ;. The 
 
 settlenui.: Mas attacked by file Fieiich, Sept. 1794; 
 
 liy tlie natives, Feb. 1802' Sii' (.'bavles Ma.nrthy, 
 
 governor of tlie colony, v> . lideated and killed 
 
 by the Ash.iiitee cliief, 21 Jan i,v.i.--I_t: & 17 Viet. 
 
 c. 16, relates to the goveriinii 111, A-.i.toC i.'iK^ colony. 
 
 It was made .* bishojiric in 185:: 
 
 and Ifc.st Af'iiai. i'opulation 
 
 189,^ 136,000. 
 
 Uoliarric, the stron^iliolil or (lii> iiis\ii„Mr. Vni.nic 
 tritH',(,\ptiircil liy sir Ki-.cn';i" l>c Wih"oii,2i Nov. 
 
 Tlic king was captured ami lite rcbcllioii ^.ippicsscil 
 
 Nov. -Dee. „ 
 
 The Gambia territory isolati'd and ii,:tde an iiidc 
 jjcndent colony 22 Dec. i838 
 
 Laiwih, cajiital of tlic cliicf .Mackiali caiitiir".! liy 
 the liritisli niidir ■ ■'vmior iiay ; ?oo prisoMcrs 
 hlierated ; aniioniii, .1 . . . 14 I'VI). 1B89 
 
 In aeconlaiicc with an a;,'reciiieiit with the Freiicli 
 government, 10 Aug. 18,-0. a romniission was ap- " 
 ]iointed for the dclimilaiion of tlic Dritisli and 
 French possessions in West Africa . . Oct. 1890 
 
 A,!,';vemBiit signed 21 .liin. i?95 
 
 Governor; sir. lames Shaw Hay, lEBS; sir t'limcis 
 Kl.Miiing, iSq2 ; sir Freilerick (!ai'dew . Kcli. 
 
 British 1 Kpcilition sent to punish aggrcssiiais in 
 May, 091; lighting at Tainlii ; the Ihitish re- 
 treat ; IViiibi taken and destroyed . 7 April, ,, 
 
 A British exjicditicin, under col. A. It. Ellis, against 
 the .Sofas, a /iiarandin;,' trilic, arc mistaken for tlie 
 Sofas by a Krcncli ffin-e, iiinlcr licnt. Maritz, at 
 Wariiia"(or Wainia), on tlie liritish liordcr, aim 
 attacked ; British loss ; capt. Leiidy ; liciits. 
 Listen, Wroii^'hton ; serg.-ma.ior Carrahcr, and 2 
 jirivates ; Krciicli loss: licnt. Maritz and 10 
 Heiigalesc ; many wor.mlctl . . 23 Dee. 1893 
 
 [The collision attrilintcd to the false state- 
 iiients of Koroiia, a cliief, who was afterwards 
 executed.) 
 
 Sub-inspector Taylor, at Tnngea, with a detach- 
 ment iff frontier policoand some natives, defeat 
 a body of alioiit 4000 Sofas ; 50 killed, 150 taken 
 jirisoners 29 Dee. ,, 
 
 The Sofas, after a (h'striictivfi raid, seveiely de- 
 feated by col. A. B. Ellis at BiiKweina . 2 ,Jaii. 1894 
 
 C'apttu'e of Kerra-Yemiiia and rescue of 673 slaves, 
 
 29 Jan. ,, 
 
 Another conflict lietween the British and I'rciich 
 (iiativi' iiolice)oii the liorders of Sierra Leone; 
 several killcil 3 Feb. ,, 
 
 rm.A. B. Ellis, author of "The History of the 
 Gold Coast," A:c., dies , it Tcncrill'c . 5 March, ,, 
 Hiiniaii LeopanI " society (men clothed in leojiard 
 ski lis) vow to kill peojile to he eaten : etlortsmade 
 for its suppression ; 3 iiieii hanged, .July. tPqs ; 
 5 men handed ■ nt. 1896 
 
 Great lire at Freetown . . . .9 i. . ,, 
 
 Delimitation of British and French territoi -■ . 
 tied, May ; liritish prolcctoratc proclaim^ : . ,, 
 
 Serious rising due to the suppression of slavery, iVc, 
 and the hilt tax in the Hinterland . . Feh. 1898 
 
 Conflicts hetween the iiati\'es and frontier jiolice 
 under major larhet at Kareiie, lii'ut. F. E. Yeld 
 mortally woninlei' , i^iiiah burnt by capt. .Moore, 
 
 Jlureh, ,, 
 
 1S94 
 
 rteiiiMis llnhtiiiK: Ekiita and Taliira oecii|i|. ii ! -, 
 
 tlie liritish 26 'i.i ,„" 
 
 Death ofeol. liosworth wliile on the niaiTb, As.rj, ; 
 capt. Maedonald dies of wounds, 6 AiHil, vn,\ 
 
 major l-)onovan 17 -\jiri;, 
 
 Desultory lighting round Port Lokko, the "v. \v. 
 .1. llniiiphrev killeil ; Sorie linnkey, the kin;;, 
 kiUeil by liai'lilireh, rebel chi. r . -Aiui; 
 Uisiiig spreadiiiK in tl e S.E., I' wda in nil- ■ Mr. 
 Hughes, native commissioii'-i . and over 2c> jn. 
 luibitaiits, massacre.! by the Mendis ; I'aclMr,.., 
 plundereil in th.- .slierbro' di'triet, Apri, ; 
 American mi--si;iii;iries mas.iacre.i at Uotituiik; 
 2 others at Taiai'ii .... Mav, ., 
 
 Bri'isli warships an 1 ,' Mforcemeuts sent to !■ nv- 
 tiovii, rebels rep, I-,;'i. ,.t Kwellii by capt, l-'i:-. 
 l0'i;;|i, 3 chiefs i:r"-led, .May; col. \Vnii,|j„i.. 
 returns to Freetown, alter successful operiii ,iis 
 against the rebels in Kareur, ,3 Mav; 'i.M.s. 
 ^'".r re'Mrns to Freeio.vii, aflei' bun, inn •evral 
 
 vilhif..- 14 Mai. 
 
 Botifnnk occupied by eid. \V,..idgatc'< puiiitivi 
 expeilitiijii (about i(»)iiieii) iifte' dcMi.Tate li;;lit. 
 with hordes of Memo's, who n.re I 'i.i.ly driven 
 otfwith^'icat loss, i .liiiie ; lionii eh, (heir siri'vj. 
 hold, taken by liiMil.-eol. t'linninghaia loal liias, 
 Russell ; enemy's lo.ss heavy . . ij.biijc, ,, 
 C'>I. Marshall's punitive oiierations in the K.iivin 
 and Kwidln ilistriets snece^sfid ; H..M,S. Alr:i., 
 returns to FreiMown witli 41 natives resiaie.l U'lin 
 
 Hherbro' district iS.liinf, .. 
 
 Sir David Patrick (.'lialiners appoinle.i rny.al eeiii- 
 missioner to iiii[niie into tlie rising' (ciiiiipiit"ii 
 loss of life about I, iMi) ; arrives . iS.luly, ,, 
 SIGNALS are alluded to by I'olyliius. Hiz;,. 
 beth had instructions drawn up liv tlie ailniinil 
 and general of the expedition to Ca.i,/, to be in,- 
 nouiieed to the tleet in a ecrlain lainude; this i- 
 said to have been the tirst set of signals given t, 
 the eoniinandei's of the Fnglish fleet. A sun-u 
 for tlie navy was invented by the dul,. of'Vnrt, 
 afterwards Jaiiies II. lO()3. Gitthriv; see fuj- 
 sif/iKih and ynriiinliiiii Jjnrx. 
 /.7i«7,- ,<.i/.<fiiii of si^;iiallin,L,' on railways, iiitroihieeii li;, 
 '...■■ tl lephotos, an eleclrical systi'lii of sifiiiallin;;, 
 nveiiled by Mr.Claudins Victor lion^htoii.eVXi.w 
 I'ork state, was exhiliited \iy him at .1 itieittnj; in 
 Ijoniliin ; lord George Hamilton in the eliair; 
 iiieandesci'iit lamps are employcil . . 15 Dec. u;- 
 A 1 cw naval sifinalliiiH appaiatiis iiiveiitnl liy 
 prince Louisot Batteiibcig and capt. Percy Scott, 
 
 announced 14 Sept. kcj 
 
 Messrs. Thompson >V: Mar.sdeii's r, cordiii;; slii|:'s 
 inilieator, an appar.atns recording orders frnui 
 the bridge to the ein;ine-rooiii, announced . ,lan. d^: 
 Intcniiitional (axieof si.mials(a>mHiittee,liii;d repon 
 issueii ; by the new lajileof 26fla^s 37.^,1.76 sit,'iia;> 
 can be made, April, 1697. See '/'tfc.'/m/'/i.-, iliiii.', i!.- 
 
 SIGNBOARDS were used by the CmvU'M 
 Uoiiians. .\ "History of Signlioarils," liy ,I,K'1j 
 Lurwood and John Ilotten, was publi,,-liiil in ifiiX. 
 
 SIGNETS, sei- *'«/«. 
 
 SIGN MANUAL, ROYAL, a stamp, iraital- 
 ing the royal signature, eniplovial when llieww- 
 reign was so ill as to be unable to write: in tlit 
 case of Henry VIII. I.i47; James I. 1(125; anJ 
 George IV., 29 May, 1830. l{o.ise. 
 
 SIKHS, originally a Hindu relijiinisH'et(iiboul 
 5(X)) a people of Jf. India, invaded i;;e Mogul 
 " ■ ' ' ' %(). 
 
 empire, 1703-8; aw I'luija/j, und In ■ 
 
 SIKKIM, a small Himabiyan 
 Tibet, allied to the Indian goverinr' , 
 By a treaty in 18O1 free tr-b. and 
 tlie eonntrv were secured. 
 The erection of a fort by tV . , 
 iiillnence of Tibetans ill e, . ■ :i\i u- 
 treaty, led to a military d. in ■ 
 troojis sent ostensibly to lepi 
 Tibet, .bill. ; the nijali jiro,':; 
 the viceroy interveiieil ine I 
 about 2,000 iiieu concentrated :■ 
 
 )lMn; 
 ,.,. 1814, 
 ^e tlirou;li 
 
 ler tliP 
 
 ; ef till' 
 
 Lingtu fort (piickly captured ; tl. 
 
 stratum ; 1,000 
 
 , "le niml to 
 
 r., 'I'limniiiiis, 
 
 ,1 . Marrli; 
 
 1-. ' •: -"li; 
 
 ilie 
 
II Wllill' on till! limiTii, Ai.i-i. ; 
 
 ios of woiiiiils, 6 A, Ml], I'ljii 
 
 . . . . 17 ■■■!'•■:', 
 
 iiiiiil Toi't Lokko, the '• v. \v, 
 1 ; Hoiif lliiiikfy, tin- khi^;, 
 , ri'lii'l I'liii t' . . A]iii,! 
 B S.E., 1' ,.ila ill nii' - ■ Mi. 
 iimissioii ■!. mill ovn jc, in. 
 'll liy tliu Mi'iiilis; tiict .;■,»> 
 rtlii'i'liii)' ili''*riot, A|iii, ; 
 ■)iw iiiiis.fiitMc.i at. Rijliri.iik' 
 . .M;iy, 
 /^ i.ilort'Htin'iilH si'iit ll) I'ti'r- 
 
 :'l, ut Kwi'llll liy IMpl. I'l.,'. 
 
 i*-1im!, May ; t'ul. Wnu^l^.a- 
 ,, al'tri' jdicci'ssliil 0|l''rlti,)ll^ 
 ill Kari'iii, ij Mav ; 'i.M.S. 
 
 Bti)\vil, lift,;- Tmil.iliu -I'VMl 
 
 . M .M;iv. 
 y I'ol. W.,.i(Ij;iitc'-i I'l'iiifivi 
 
 «llll'll) lin<"' lll'Mi.'iatl- ll;;lit, 
 (?'s, will) \\-ri' I M,i,ly ilr;\i.i 
 
 .liiiii' ; Ui)iii| I'll, Unirsin ■■;;• 
 
 .-I'lll. t-'lllllllli^lllllll ill!ll liiiii. 
 
 .-..s lii'nvy . . n.liiiic, ,, 
 !Vi' Dpt'i'atioM^i ill tlif K;iiviit 
 ts siii'Ci'ssliil : II. M.S. .1', i,, 
 
 witli 41 iiativi's iv.si'ih'.l 111,111 
 
 . i3 .liiuu, .. 
 iiliiii't's n]iiiniiiit'.i royal cinii- 
 I' into till' i-i.siiiL' (i'iiiiiiint"il 
 00); 'inivi's . iS.luly, ,, 
 ilhiilcd to by Tiilyliiua. Klizii. 
 ms ili-awu up I'v tlio iijniinii 
 L'Viii'ditiim to ('a '■..', to be m,. 
 \ ill II ccrtMiii lui'l'idc; tliis i- 
 :lii- tii'.st set of sij;!!:!!^ gi\eiit.i 
 
 till' Eii){lisli tlci't. X svstiti 
 iivontcil liy tlie ilul,. ot'lUrk, 
 II. !()()> Giil/iric; sei' /'(/(/. 
 *tiin Linrs. 
 
 iii.i.' on railwiiy.s, iiitroiliiccil n;, 
 c'i'Irii'al systi'lli of si^'lialliiii;, 
 
 III ills Virtiir Hiiii;;litoii,i'!N>w 
 iliiti'il Ity him at .1 iiicrtiiif^ in 
 lii' Haiiiilloii ill till' I'liiiir; 
 avi' t'liiployi'il . . 15 Deo. i-:; 
 in;,' U])iiaratii.s iiivciiti'il liy 
 ciibei';,' anil caiit. IVrcy .Scott, 
 
 . M'Sei't. uc, 
 Mar.sili'ii's n conliii;; s]ii|.s 
 ratiis rtn'urilin^' onli'is frniii 
 i;iiii'-riioiii, aniiijiinci'ii . ,Iaii. i;^; 
 sijiiialsconiniittci', liiiiil repurt 
 (roili'of 26tla^s 375,076 si^'iitii^ 
 , 1S97. See TvU''l IV i'h-<, jllllr, 18c- 
 
 S were used by tlio (jrecksanil 
 tni-y of Si^'llbiiarils," by Jin,!) 
 Ilottcu, was imlili.'lii ll in iSiVj. 
 .Si'tt/s. 
 
 VL, EOYAL,ii stamp, iiiiitiil- 
 iturc, I'liiiiliivcil wlii-ii ibi'bwi- 
 
 to bo uimblo to write: in llif 
 I. I,i47; Jiiiiu'.s I. i62j; anJ 
 •, 1830. Jiotise. 
 Uy 11 Hindu iTli^iotis M'et (nbout 
 
 X. India, invadi-il U:o Mogul 
 J'uiijiil), iind Iji • i'\ ;S4q. 
 
 nail Hiinalayan 
 liidiiin ^;iivi'riiii:i 
 fi-oo ti 'I" iiud 
 'ouri'd. 
 
 lit by t' ■ , Ii'r till- 
 
 :i!i« ill n . .1" ',,' ••• iif 'III' 
 lilitary i|. ii, > iiHatiuii ; 1,000 
 sibly to 1 I'lll... "le mail in 
 
 raia'li iiro.::i 'JMimoiinis, 
 
 vi'iii'il im.' i-i . .1 ' , Maroh; 
 iic'i'iiti'ati'il :■' A'' ' '' '"li; 
 ;ly ciiiituri'il ; tb ' • ' lUe 
 
 NILCHENTEU. 
 
 1001 
 
 Tibetan.1. m .Mairli : cli'stnictiun of tlic fort 
 ..iiUtciI . I March; sli^hl .sliirnilshes with the 
 nii(;tiii..-i. r4 killiil. .Ma.v : I'lil. (ii-aluiMi liehats 
 tim allai king ribi'lans, who are saiil to have 
 
 limt 2o:> nil!" ^,., -^Ij,^. 
 
 |niii|wi'"ii-''' '" n-liirii to D.iijccliiif;' iV,)u'i,e' 
 Iti'turii l> .SikKlni on apiieaiaiMi' of 'I'ibel.in 
 
 uW't''*" •' Iiilv 
 
 lilt t:1» '1 ■ .lili'iiteil al .li'la|.I,i ),ass; .•ib.iiii .,'„ 
 killeil :,;. iv.aimh'il, ■.,-, .s,'|,|. ; ,.,,!. (iialiams 
 ililnllue siispi'iiileil ami Ihi- exiieiiitiMii lec'iiii'il 
 
 .\ Cbiiicse ftinlian. or nsi.hnl. at l.lias.sa, arrives 
 with a larKi' rillo«iiiL; lit ('aleiill.i, i, ,'»larc|| A 
 treaty si.mied ai Calciill.-i, ,7 .March, 1890 ; '.Sik- 
 kiiii is t'. ill' oialeil as a Hi ilisli h'lnlatorv state 
 
 T! • ; j.di /."ics secretly til Tiliet; aiTc'sti-.l ii'i 
 N, II, I 1, Ajiri' ; liics in rctiieniciit 
 
 SILK. 
 
 ^iU'HESTKK, Hunts. Here lu'o tlio roiiniins 
 i,ftbi' It.iiiiiii'i town t'allcvii (built on tbo .site of tin. 
 INis'i <\ni- Si'^iiiiit or .SofTont) ; includinjf walls of 
 .Milleiit ii.asoiiry, 11 basilica anil foniin, priviitu 
 Ji'.illing.s, ivc. .Many diseovories liavt' bccM niiidi' 
 ilurii'.^' e.vcavati.iiis made by tlio rov. Jlr. Joyce 
 uiiilei- the ]iatrona,-L' of tllf duke of ^Vl'lliM^non,' 
 since l»i.5. C'oin.s of Claudius I. and later oniiii'i-ors 
 have been found, 
 .tsynteiiiiitic iiivestijjaliun of these leiiiains was 
 
 bcKiiii, 23 •'iniiS iSi/i. nnilcrtlii' sii],iTiiii,.Mi|;,,iei. 
 
 of .Mr. (j. K. Fo.v ami oilier fellows of the Socictv 
 
 of Aiitii|iiarics, i.i.iiihiii. 
 Mr. Uuieiice Oiiniiiir. .Mr. Hilton rriee, );en. I'itt- 
 
 Kivers, ami .Mr. Si. John lliiiie eo-ojierate in the 
 
 work Sent 1800 
 
 .Many vases, tools ami iniiilcnicnts discovered- 
 
 tlii'se reiiiaiiis constitute a veritable Jjritish and' 
 
 H'Hiiaii l'oiii|icii 
 
 Miiliitioii of relics, iiioih'ls, &e. . .' .Jan' i^q. 
 Till' work was recoiiiniciiceil . . . April' ign, 
 Tlierciiiniiisofapresunieil Homaiio-lJritisIi cli'nrch' 
 
 lirolmhleilalc 4ih ceiitiiry, iliscovereil in . June' 
 EsliiliitioM of relies at Hiirliiigton Iioiise, carlv " 
 
 March, 1893, eKi'/. ; the work was iirueecilin;; iJi 
 
 1^95, iSofi, anil iSgS 
 
 SILESL-V, formerly a jirovince of Poland was 
 invaded by ,l"bn of liolieniia. 1525, and ceded to 
 him. 1355. It was taken bv tlie kin<; of IInn"arv 
 i;-8, and added to the .\iisti-ian dominion, ii^^'t "' 
 
 was coiuiuered and lost .several times d'uri'n"- tin 
 Seven years' war by Firderiek of Prussia, but" was 
 retained by liini al tlie peace in 1703. Tile einiiei-or 
 William was must eiitliusiastieallv received d -i"- 
 liis visit, Sept. 1X75. ' '" "'' 
 
 Strike of about 3.000 niinc-s in the SIrae, iliiiriit ■ 
 
 onlcr kept by flic military . '4 seot' iSoo 
 
 Another strike with riot Jii,u' anil blooilsheil*. .Mav' iBq? 
 liy explosions of lire ilamp in the coal mines of 
 
 Karivin, about 2 vi per.M.iis pi 1 islicii . , . jimp 
 Aiiiitlier at Zaboize, 14 ileal hs, 15 Feb ,89-' " 
 
 aiiotlieriitTiolMiaii, .,9,li'albs . ,6 Marcii,' ,895 
 tire Ml the Aiitoiiicii colliery, jo ilcath.i . 10 June 
 EsiiliMiini III till' Wrannel colliery, WaMcnlnirL'' " 
 
 Mi'Kitiis ' . ji I),.;;' 
 
 Ex|ilo»ioii in the lli'.hvif,'-Wiiiiscli coilierv "\rnohi 
 
 Domift the owM'i-. .inil , uihers killeil ',' .\p,il 
 
 Fire ilia eolliery at Zabrze, about 32 death's, 16 Jan! 
 
 SILICON or SlLICU'.^t (from sik.r, Hint) a 
 non-im'tallie element, ne.Nt to o.xvgeii the most 
 iibumlant sidistauee in tlie earth, as it enters into 
 the constitution of niiinv earths, metallic o\ides 
 and a great number of minerals, 'i'he mode of pro- 
 funni; pure silicon was discovered I.,' lieiveliiie h- 
 1823. (im-lui. See ir,itrr-gl,„«, and Jt:iHsom/s 
 ame. 
 
 SILISTRT.A, a siroiio; militiivv town in Bul- 
 
 pina, iairepeiii Turkey. It was" taken by the 
 
 iKiiaiis, 30 June, lS^i,, and held some v.'ars by 
 
 » asa p ed^'c lor the payment of a lai-i"' sun, by 
 
 tiel'orte; but was eventually returned. In isd 
 
 ilwasagaui be,sicgcd by tli.. Uussians, ^0,000 strong 
 
 ride"" J'!,!":'", '"'"'.''"■"i"'''. »"bl 1 ,; a-.ii.lts we^o 
 
 bide. Ihe Kussian (teueial «as c,„i pi lid to re- 
 turn eonseipienee of a dangerous co.ilu.sio, On 
 
 libiu ei ot the -arrison, wa,- killed, (m 11 June 
 the liiissiaus stormed twofort.s, „hi,.l, ,,,.„. , 'ta ™' 
 
 U,^ ^'i; r rt'"'' ','''''^''''''7''' '■'•'•''''■• •""'^'■'^^^ 
 OmIsehakoH and general Sebi hiers, ubiel was 
 
 nnorously repelh'd. On the istli, tli ■ .a • on as' 
 
 umed theollensive, crossed the riM',-. ih'lea Jd e 
 
 Knssmn.s, and des.'royed the siege « orbs. T e sicLe 
 
 raie.it as Omar Pacha was drawing near. Thegar- 
 ri.smi was ablv assisled by t«o liritisl, .It '. 
 
 .ittd being wounded, died of e.vbaustion. Thev 
 
 la-e high y praised by Omar Pacha and lord ml 
 
 'jn-^^', and lieutenant Nasmyth was made u maio • 
 
 i'"I"iliitbin, 1X88, 11,414. iiniajoi. 
 
 tn^^i^"^' ,'^^'''""S''t .''ilk was brought from Pepsin 
 
 Oieece, 32,: „.c. Know,, at Kome in Tibenus's 
 
 me, when a law ,.assed in the senale prohibil le 
 
 :UM,seo, date of n.assive gold. a,,dalsoSb,M^ 
 
 , men to ilebase theniselves In wearing silk, ht only 
 
 I for women. Silk was at ti,'.-t of the sa,it v i.e 
 
 wuh^o weight lor weight, and was tlnlugh'; 
 
 5 o« m the same manner as cotton on t,ees. Silk, 
 worms were brought tV,,,,, India to J';u,ope i,, 1 e 
 
 6 eentuiT. Uiaiemagne .sent 0(la, king ,,? 
 Ale eia, a present ol two silken vests, 780 The 
 niannfaetui-e was encouraged bv liicer kirn; of 
 
 oniv-bVedMi'"'''',"/"' "■•''' ,"■'"■" '"■'' Si'ili'uis not 
 
 l> li,H he s, k-wo,-ms, but spun a,;d wove the 
 SI k. Ihemanufaetuiespread into Italy and .Spain, 
 and also into the south of France, a 'linle betorj 
 
 he icgn id l-ra„c,sI.aboui isio; am, Hemv 1\ . 
 
 1 "liagatecl uudbeiTy-trcsaml silk-worms tli,-ongh- 
 i"it the kingdom, about i(,oo. In Knghiml, silk 
 juantUs werj' wo,-n by .sou.e noblemen's ladle , a 
 
 bnwl i " '''*^'-i '," '-^^-t- '^'•'■""•"■tbred in Tug"- 
 
 and in ,004; and l„-oa,l silk wove l,on, raw silk 
 in 1020. _ Brouiiht to peifeelion bv the Fieneh 
 reliigees m London at Siiitalfield.. '1688. .\ silk- 
 
 .,t''''n".'r "'',"■■■'■' "!;','''^ '" K"^. Md, and fi.xedu,> 
 at Derby, by ..irilinmas I.oiulie, merchant of 
 1.0 iilon, nmdellcd from ,|,e oiiginnl mill then in 
 tuekmgot ha,-dmia s dominions, about 1714. Ilo 
 obta,ncd a jiatcnt in 1718, and did , J,m i-,n 
 hix „ew,siieeies of silk-worm were rciriiig i„ F,ance; 
 
 I ''''','is^)!'I: "f ":i"t",'" "f <'ri'at liiitain ami Irdaiiil begun. 
 i8hh-7; hist cxl turn .St. James s .sipiarc, l.oiiMoii 
 
 1 s„.Kwoi,M I>is,.:as|.:. In ,853 the .mimal ,,ri'il„ce of 
 scncultnie ,,, Sonth France was estinaitcll at boui 
 4,680,000; Scon after a iliseasc broke out in the 
 worins, which rdnccil tlic v.iliie of ihe silk e,, „ ,, 
 
 I «::'', oTin"?^ """"""!""■ 1'" -fi?^ " -'maJ-ion 
 
 ' t ; en 1 V ""'""■'■ ","" ""■ "''lureol,hc,li.se„.sc, 
 
 then teiiiie, prl,,,,,.',- a,i.| M. (,!iiatri.|;if.es, in ,860 
 I 1' -"V;! .'I''" ',' i« liiivilitary, contagions, ami inlcctloii?' 
 
 ; M. I'llippi iliscovercd in toe lii 1 of the isciseil 
 
 ! worms ,1 ,„iil,iini|e „f cyliiulrieal eo,,', s, . s„ ee 
 
 named ,,„,.l„.t..,,l,,,,.,n. which I'asfeiir, who took ,. 
 
 the stuily 111 ,865. has ilcninnsirati ll to be parasitic 
 
 ,111.1 the eallsc ot the ili.sease. ile has since ilevisc I a 
 
 nund,:r''.;;'i',r'r'' '•/' ■«;'"i^'^''""« yiH- 
 
 got ,11, of, .iliil Ihi' iliscisc extir|i.lleil 
 Ihcmamifactiiri' of a fabric from wood |iulp, invented 
 bv count Ililaucdc Chardoiiuet about ,893, ami car- 
 
 * tu 1858, M. Giiei'in-Mei.cvillcintroiliii..; 'ntiTF^.c 
 a Lhiiicse woini lermeil the dinthh, /;..„,(„,.,•, which f,.eil,s 
 on Ibc. ,/,,„(/,"., ;,(„„,/w,Mi, a harily tree of the oak kinil 
 lic,'yiitli,a.yicMsasilk-likesiibslaiici'ter„ieil..|,;i,„/,-„,. 
 It was Ill-ought to Tiuiu by Faiitoui in ,856 
 
 it 
 
 1S97 
 
 i 
 
\*%-\[ 
 
 III' ' ' 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 SILOTVOR. 
 
 10o2 
 
 SINGING. 
 
 rii'il on at Hrsiiiii;oii, ii'iiurlt'd very HuecesHfiil ; dreHS 
 
 and other fiilirics ut' this iiiHtci'iul sold in Liindoii, 
 sntiiniiT (jf 1896. 
 
 n now explosive invented by JI. 
 iisked 50,CXX)/. tor the initent, 
 
 1749. 
 
 to Sli 
 
 SILOTVOK 
 
 lioiiekteshell, wl: 
 l«87. 
 
 SILUEES, a liritish tribe, oeeupying the 
 enunties of Moiinioiitli ami Ilerefuid, was kuIkIui'iI 
 hy the Koniun Keni'ial Ostoriiis Scapula, 50; see 
 •Shrops/iire. Fruin this tribe is derived tlie (;i'"lo- 
 gieal term "Sihuian strata," amonfc tlie lowest of 
 the ])ahrozoie or primary series, from their occur- 
 rence in the abovi'-mentioned counties. MnrchiKon's 
 " miuyiit " was ]nilili»hed 1841). 
 
 SILVER exists in most jiarts of the world, and 
 is found mixed with other ores in various mines in 
 Great Itritnin. Tlie silver mines of South America 
 are far the richesr. A mine was discovered in the 
 district of I,a I'az in I0(;o, which was so rich that 
 the silver of it was (d'ten cut out with a chisel. In 
 
 <^9, one mass of sihcr weifrhiu}; 370 lbs. was sent 
 ])ain. From a mine in Norway, a piece of silver 
 was dug, and sent to the Koyal Museum at Copen- 
 liafreti, weisbinu' 560 llis., aiul wortli 1680/. In 
 I'lnjrland silver-]date and vessels were first used by 
 Wilfrid, a Northumbrian bishop, a lofty and am- 
 bitious man, 7CK). Tiirrill. Silver knives, spoons, 
 and cups, were fjreat luxuries in 1300; see Mirrorn. 
 The act of 1816 restricted the use of silver as le<,'al 
 tender to 40.V. In 1855, s6l,fxyj oz., in 1857, 
 532,866 oz.. in 1865, 724,856 oz., in 1870, 784,^62 
 oz. ; in 1876, 48^,422 oz. ; in 1882, 372,544 oz. ; 
 in 1887, 320.345 oz. ; in 1888, 321,425 oz. : in 
 1880, 306^149 oz, ; in l8()0, 2111.724 oz. ; 1893, 
 274.100 oz.: 1896, 283.826 oz. were obtained from 
 mines in Ib'itain. Kstinuitcd annual production 
 of silver throuulmut the world. 1,477 tons; viilue, 
 ^7. 3(10, OCX)/. (1892). I'attinson's process forobtain- 
 in<; silver from lead ore was introduced in 1829. 
 See liiiiittnllisiti, JliiHinii, dniiis. Goldsmiths, 
 Mirrors. Pinir, hiiliii, 1876. Vii'ttid States, 1878, 
 1890-5; Trials, Xov. Dec. 1895. 
 Fall in ]iricc of silver tliroUf,'li iutroiluctinn of Kold 
 
 cniiingc in (icnn;iny, and increased produce I'lom 
 
 SSoutli .\niericnn mines .... spring. 
 The report of a commission on tliu subject was 
 
 issued in 'uly, 
 
 Another commission appointed, see under C'li iiv'iici/, 
 
 7 Sept. 
 Pure silver : United .States, N. A., 1,000 ; Kngland 
 
 925, alloy ■;=, : Kurojie, 900, too alloy ; reported 
 Value of the rupee (2.^.)in India, 1S92 ; .Ian., is. 51?. ; 
 
 Dec, i.«. 2?./. 
 Genend fall in silver caused by the Indian Currency 
 
 act (see IikHk) Imie 
 
 For silver coinage, ike, see I'liiletl Slatis, JIareh, 
 
 1894, and May, 
 
 Avrn«jf I'l-U'c in London, 1845-9, 59''. and a fraction 
 
 ]ier oz. ; 1850-72, 611/. ; 1871, 6o,'„(/. ; 1875, 56^1/. ; 
 
 1880, 52.'''. ; 1883, so,".il. ; Jiriee49ji/. 7 Jlay, 1885 ; 
 
 i8tfi. 46i';,(/. ; :887. 4451/.; 1888, 43,'i('.; 1889, Jan- 
 
 Xlari'U, 42,';,(/. ; 7 -May, 42;c(. ; 22 .luly, 42/|,i(.; 
 
 13 Sept., 42|'iii'. ■, 1E90: 9 Jan., 44J;./. ; 3 April, 
 
 4^3(/.; 3.1nly. 4731'.: 4 Sejit.. 5451'.; 1891 ; i .Ian., 
 
 48Jr/. ; 2 April, 44';(/. ; 11 .Inly, 4551/. ; 3 Hci)t., 
 
 45yVi('.; 1892: 7Jan., 43?,!/.: i April, ^al'l.; i July, 
 
 40,\rf.i 2 Sejit., 38J(/.; 6"Oet. 388''-; 3 >'"V. 38t5«'.; 
 
 3 Dec., 3g(/. ; 189 j : 5 .Jan., 38|'5((. ; 2 Feh., 3BJ(?.; 
 
 9 Marcli, sSr',,'/. ;" 4 April, 373((. ; 3 May, 37J(/. ; 
 
 2 .lune, 37l<?. ; i .Inly, 33*1/.; i Ang. 32^1'.; 
 
 I .-^ept., 34(/.; 2 Oct. 38J(?. ; 2 Nov., 321?. ; 2 Dec., 
 
 4i-i6(/.; 1894: I ,I«n., 3iSi?. ; I Fell., 30 ii-6(/. ; 
 
 1 March, 27J<'. ; 2 April, 28ltl. \ i May, 291^1'. ; 
 
 1 .Tune, 2S,'V''- : 2 .'idy. 2g?(.'. : i Aug.. 28 J'/. : 
 
 I Seiit. 3o}(/. ; I Oct., 29,'\i(^ ; i Nov., 29fV'. ; 
 
 I Dec. 28J((. ; 1895 : i .Tan., 27i|(?. ; i Feb. 27tV''-; 
 
 I March, 2781?. ; i April, 3031/. ; 2 .May, 30t!,('. ; 
 
 I June, 3o}j(/. ; I July, 3oJ(?. ; i Aug. 30^1/. ; 2 
 Sept. 3of5(/. ; I Oct. 3oij''- ; ' Nov. 3oiJ(;. ; t 
 
 1876 
 
 tt 
 
 1886 
 1890 
 
 1893 
 1895 
 
 Dee. 3081/.; 1896: I Jan. 3oJ(/. ; i Feb. joJW. ; 
 •J March, 31, V'. ; 1 April, \\kil. ; 2 May, n,i,rl. • 
 I Jniii', 3i,''„i/. ; I .Inly, ulii. ; i Aug. ji;.;. ;,' 
 *^''l''- ;)o|,',i'. ; 1 Oct. 30,''„((. ; 2 Nov. 3IK/.'; I Dw. 
 29A1'. 1897: 1 Jan. 29};!''.; I Kcii. 29i,V'. ; 1 Miir. 
 2951'.; 1 April, aSji/. ; i .May, 28,yi. ; i .linn., 
 275'/. ; I .Inly, 2yfyl. ; 3 Aug. 26.W. ; i ,s,'|,t! 
 21:1''/. ; 1 Oct. 261/. ; I Xov. 27i(. ; 1 Dec. 27II 
 1898: ! Jan. 26,»,<I. ; i Keli. 26 ,',,(/. ; 1 Miircli, 
 25|';i(/. ; I April, 25l,i('. ; 3 May, islil. ; , June! 
 26j,V'.;.i July, 27ii(/.; .■ Aug. 27J1/.; i Sejit. j^ijj. 
 
 SILVER BOOK (Codex Argenteus), sec urdc, 
 Hib/c. 
 
 SIMANCAS (Castile, Snain). Near it Riimj. 
 rez II. of Leon, and Fernando of Castile, guinod 1. 
 great victory over Abderahman, the Moorish kino i,| 
 Cordova, 6 Aug. 939. 
 
 SIMLA CASE, sec Imlin, 1866. 
 
 SIMNEL CONSPIRACY, see Mtl/mi^ 
 i486. 
 
 SIMON ASAKI or SlIIMONOSEKI, see J^jsa/,. 
 1864; roi((/, April, 1895. 
 
 SIMONIANS, a sect named after the foundir, 
 Simon Magus, the first heretic, about 41. Ascitui 
 social refornu'rs called St. Simonians, after tlnii 
 foumler. Claude H. comte de St. Simon (Imrn i^ix'), 
 sprang n]) in France in 1819, ami attracted considiT- 
 able attention; the doctrines were advocated in 
 Engliiml, ])articularly by L)r. Prali, who lecturol 
 upon them in London, 24 Jan. 1834, St. Simnn 
 dii'd in 182 i, and his follower, I'ere Fnfiintin, dio! 
 I Sept. 1864. 
 
 SIMONY (tradingin church offices), ilerivcsii. 
 name from Simon desiring to purchase the sift i,f 
 the Holy Spirit {ylrts viii. 18, Kj). It is forhiddiii 
 in England by the canon law, and liv staluii- 
 31 Eliz. c. 6, "for the avoiding of siinony'and dr- 
 nijition in presentations, collations, anddoimliocs 
 of and to benefices," &c., 1588-9; and by statuttfif 
 12 Anne 2, stat. 12 (1713). The rev. James Jiilin 
 Merest was convicted of simony, 26-29 Nov. i8(>i, 
 .ind dejirived. 
 
 Tlie bisho]! of Peterborough (Dr. Magee). nmvedfnr 
 a coniniittee on the h.ws relating to sinieny ; ,i|i- 
 jiointeil 21 Aiir:., d-, 
 
 SIMPLON, a mountain road, Iciidinu fam 
 Switzerland into Italy, constructed by Napoleon ii) 
 1801-7. It winds up ])a8ses, crosses calnracis, and 
 passes by galleries tlirough solid rock, and hd.seifll 
 prineiiml bridges. The number of workmen eiii- 
 ployed at one time varied from 30,000 to 40,000. 
 
 SINAI, MOUNT. Here the ten commanil- 
 meiits were promulgated, 1491 n.r. £jmI. \\. 
 After much investigation and disi ussioii U man; 
 persons. Dr. Heke stated that he had discovered ll,i 
 true Siniii, Feb. 1874. 
 
 SINALUNGA or AsinalvNGA (nearSifiis, 
 Ttaly). Here Garibaldi, when about to enter 'Ir 
 papal territory, was seized and conveyed to Ales- 
 sandria, 23 Sept. 1867 ; see Jto/i/. 
 
 SINDE (N. W. India), was traversed by tit 
 Greeks umler Alexander, about 326 n.c; eonqufi^ 
 by the Persian Mahonu'tans in the 8th century A.».; 
 tributary to the Ghaznevide dynasty in the lltii 
 century '; conquered by Nadir Slnih, 1739; reverted 
 to the empire of Delli'i after his death, 174;; after 
 various changes of rulers, Sinde was conquered by 
 the E,iglish under Sir Charles Napier, .w/;*3r,i! 
 2Iceamr, and annexed, March, 1843. 
 
 SINGAPORE, see Straits Setflementi. 
 
 SINGING, see Music, and JJi/miis. 
 
JINGINI. 
 
 t Jan. 3c.j'/. ; I Fob. 3o3(;. • 
 I April, nil'. ; a .Miiy, n,V(. ; 
 July, ii^ii. ; i Ann. fry/. ; i 
 •t. v'l",,'!. ; •-' Ni)V. vl-; 1 Dw, 
 
 ^g\pl\ . Kfl). 29l,\i'. ; . Miir. 
 Iji/. ; I .Miiv, 28,y'. 1 1 ■liiiif, 
 
 ,';,i(. ; 3 Ann. Mji. ; i .s,,i,i! 
 . ; I Nov. j;!/. ; I lii'c. ijj,7, 
 r(. ; I Ki'ti. 26,',,((. ; i Jlarch, 
 r5H('. ; ,) Jliiy, 2551;. ; 1 June, 
 (I.; .'AiiK. 27J1'.; I Hej.t. J7ij<(. 
 
 )K (C'oili'.x Argcntous), sec urdir 
 
 [Ciistile, Siiiiin). Nciir it Rimii- 
 
 1(1 Fi'ininnln of Ciistilc, piined „ 
 
 LbdtTiilnniin, tlie Moori.'.h kiiiJ:,| 
 
 9- 
 
 3, si'c /»rfm, 1866. 
 
 iNSPIRACY, sec A4<//„)„, 
 
 ;i or SllIMONOSEKI, aeejopu 
 
 , n sci't niinii'd iiftcr tlic founds, 
 first luTi'tii', iilioiit 41. Awct (,| 
 Hull St. SiMONiANs, lifter tliiir 
 coiiite (U> St. Siniiiii (Imrn i;(x!l, 
 'V in 1810, iiiitl iittriiitcdcon.iidir. 
 ic (loctriiu'S were iidvofiitcd in 
 u-ly liy Dr. Pnili, who Ifpturnl 
 idon. 24 Jan. 1X34. St. Simm 
 is tbllowi'r, I'ure JOnfiiiitin, dinl 
 
 ilinsriii cluirch (itlii'('s),(liTivosii. 
 
 (Icsiriiifr to ]nirihiisc the gift i,f 
 rts viii. 18, U)). It is forhidilm 
 hi' canon law, and li_v statuic 
 the avoi(liii}C of simonyaiul iir- 
 itions, collations, and doiialions 
 ," &c., 1588-9; and by statute nf 
 
 (1713). The rev. James Mn 
 ;ed of simony, 2l)-2ij Nov, |R.|, 
 
 iiirnii}.'li (111'. MuKce). iniiveil fnr 
 J l;;\vs it'latin^ tii siiimiiy ; .a|>- 
 
 . siAlir:, it;, 
 
 mountain road, li'adinp; frtiii 
 :rtly, constructed by Napoleon in 
 up [lasscs, crosses cataracts, anil 
 through solid rock, and hiiseiglil 
 
 The number of workmen em- 
 varied from 30,000 to 40,000. 
 
 NT. Here the ten eomniainl- 
 uljrati'd, 1401 D.c. £iv/rf. .u. 
 gation mid ilisi ussion by man; 
 stated that he had discovered tlii 
 74' 
 
 . or AsiXALl'XGA (ncarSiens, 
 baldi, when about to enter ilif 
 IS seized and conveyed to Ate- 
 IC' ; Bee llali/. 
 
 ' . India), was traversed by tbt 
 wider, about 326 H.c; lonquertd 
 lometans in tlie8tli century A.i).; 
 hiiznevide dvnasly in tlielltii 
 ;1 bv Nadir Sliah, 1739; reverted 
 elh'i after his death, 174;; after 
 rulers, Sinde was conquered ky 
 Sir Chiules Napier, vvf /;i,-,';,i sr.ii 
 xcd, March, 1843. 
 , see Sti-ails Settlements. 
 I Music, and Hymns. 
 
 SINKAT. 
 
 1003 
 
 .SINKAT, 8C0 under Sontlan, 1884. 
 
 .SINKING FUND. J'irst projected by sir 
 |;„liiTt Waljiole to redeem the debt to the bank of 
 Knslaiid i ai.'t jiassed in i-|6. Tlie act .•stablisliini; 
 ihfsmkin(f tund of .Mr, I'itt, devised by l)r I'riie 
 waspu.ised in .March, 1780. A then estimated sur-^ 
 ll'isot ()00,o«)/, in the revenue was iiUKmented bv 
 neiv taxes to make up the sum of l,o<x),oooi'. wlii,!, 
 «as to he mvariablv apjilied to the reduction of the 
 iiationa debt. The fallacy of the scheme was 
 •liown by Dr. Jlamilton in 1813. In July 1828 
 tlie sinking fund was limited to one-fourth of the 
 aitual surplus of revenue. 
 
 A liiw siiikniK finiil was est«l)IlHhcil bv \, t iiaHseil 
 1 .'.UK. 1875. The anniial cbarKe of tlii.'natini.iil ,l,.|,t 
 „f the year cnilin!,' 31 Maivb, ,877 i„ l„. ^y,joo.,yo.,l. ■ 
 siiliseiiaent years to lif 28,000,000/. This act was ti-i,, 
 lOTiirily sasiiciiil.'il in 1897, 
 
 SINOPE, iin important Greek colony on the 
 Eixine, after resisting several attacks was ccii- 
 quered by .Mithridates IV., king of I'ontna. and 
 made his capital. It was the liirth-iihice of 
 Diogenes, the cynic philosopher. Oii3o\ov. i8!;j I 
 a Turkish fleet of seven friiwtcs, three corvettes' I 
 amltwosmallervessids, was attacked by a Kussian ' 
 deitof six sail of the line, two sailing ve.s.sels and ' 
 three steamers, under admiral Nachimotf, ' and 1 
 totally destroyed, except one vessel, which con- ' 
 veyett the tidings to Constantinople, Four tlioii- ' 
 ■sind lives were lost by fire or drowning, and Osmaii 
 Pacha, the Turkish admiral, died at Sebastoiiol of 
 his wounds. In coiiseqiience of this act (considered 
 treacherous) the Anglo-French fleet entered the 
 lilack Sen, 3 Jan, 1854. 
 
 SIGN COLLEGE Axn HosriTAL, situated 
 on the site of a nunnery, whiih, having fallen to 
 decay, was purchased by William Klsynge, a citizen 
 
 nj mener, and converted into a college and hos. 
 ,iual, called from his name Klsynge Spital. Jn 
 1340 he changed it to an .\ustiii priory, which was 
 alterwaids granted by Henry Mil, "to sir John 
 Williams, master of the jewel-olHce, who, with sir 
 lloland Hayward, inhabited it till its destruction 
 liv tire. In 1623, Dr, Thomas Wliu;. having be- 
 i|Ueathed 3000/. towards purchasing and builduii' a 
 college and idins-house on the ancient site, his 
 executors erected the present eidlege. It is held bv 
 t«o charters of incorporation, 6 Chas. I. 1650 and ifi 
 Chas.II. I(;04. It contains 11 valuable library (easily 
 iicces-iiWe to the imblic), and an alm.shousi' for teii 
 men and fen women. New buildings erected on 
 the Thames Einliankment ; memorial stone laid 2 1 
 .\pril, 1885; opened by the prince of \Vale3 i; ' 
 l)cc. 1886. ' ^ 
 
 SIEENE, an instrument for deferminin" the 
 velocity of aerial vibrations corresponding to the 
 dilferent intches of musical sounds, was invented 
 hy baron Cagniard de la Tour of Paris in 1810 
 liie prineiple was shown in an apparatus exhibited 
 w Robert Hooke before the Royal Society, 2" July 
 1O81. " ." / j> 
 
 SISTEBHOODS in the English church were 
 ';'!.'un by Lyi la I'riscilla ^>-Ilon about 1846, in 
 Dcvon,shire; she died, Nov. 1876. 
 
 SISTERS OP CHAEITY, an order for :}... 
 service of the sick poor, was founded by Vir ■',■ I,, 
 '""I, in 1634, I'heir establishment in ■Lo,.dou 
 I'Cjanm 1834. ^^>.^^u 
 
 nS"^'^'^^' " f'^'r"\/i^'"i '" '^«''t«'" nets, also 
 iiimed "Gagging Acts." 60 Geo. III. & j Geo IV 
 '0. I, 2,4, 6, 8, 9, passed in 1819-1820 to suppress 
 »«litiou8 meetings and publications, ' 
 
 SLATE. 
 
 SIX ARTICLES, see Arlic/e». 
 
 , ''^^^, CLERKS, oftirersof the court of chan- 
 
 w,,?,'; f" V"' '""'''"".v '■'"•'■'•'■ "r ckn„i. They 
 
 H , ' 'i'"'"^^:™ '" ""• 1'"" "'' "I'li'mcv, a.ul forf..ft 
 
 en places ,f they married; but when the consli- 
 
 tion ol tl„. court began to alter, a law was nn.do 
 
 VTT ,'- , "^.*" '.'""■'7: "'"»"''' 24 & 25 "en, 
 V. ...o' <2^'' J,' ^'^ '■'''■■'^^ continued for many 
 ortice,"in"n "^ ""■; '"""TT '•"">•». and held their 
 r.fl 1 •" . ''■""■eiy-lane, London, where proce<-d- 
 m s hy hill and answer were transacted and filed, 
 I and certain patents iss„ed. Law Diet. The si.x 
 I «lerks were discontinued by i, kd Vict. c. 103. 1841. 
 
 i cl,!lJ?^Tl^^^?^ ^■"•'■"'■^' " ''"•'^'' French political 
 n P,nb I f "'."^'u ""^ "'■'"•V "^- ""'1 IV., sixteen 
 n^ i °l S'"r'' *""'' '■''"'•P'^ "f the sixteen 
 ?. Hn%"^ ^""'•, '''"••^- "' fi^'t supported the 
 cattiohc le.igu,., and attempted to overttrow Il.nry 
 
 cin;,, iff; ' '■' '" ^■'."■''l''t""r in their policy, anil 
 con mittiiitr niany cnnies. their power was ai.nihi- 
 
 I we^eCx^cS""'" '" '^'''' ""' ""•""• "^ """" 
 
 \ \ %^\ 9i^K ■'^ (eonatitutionnl), instituted by 
 ihe ;nH n "it' '"".'\"' to, ^'O members; president, 
 i8q8 Ilanlwicke; inaugural dinner, 13 Jan. 
 
 SKALITZ (Policmia). was stormed by tho 
 Prussian general Steiiunetz.^SJune, ,866; whereby 
 Siliy mcilit^L/d'!'' "'^■'^'""^"^ '"« l"ru.^iiins wa^ 
 
 bn^J^,'^'^!-^'^? ^""' I''""* ''^''^™) is "'"'l to li»ve 
 
 naH;„^r'i:ry"^i:''"''"'"" ""'" ">■ "°^""™ 
 
 M,.,,ti„„i.,l l,vti,„ oanisli historian Saxo Gra.nnia- 
 
 ^^^tid::^"^'"^'^^^ London, al;;;ut "ij 
 
 KlMZbn;^,^*;;;;^:;!;!:- ^'"«""- '-'"O-, printed .„5 
 ''''"i!rmt"''';« '"■"'""''■^' i'"''"'l"'""l >■■'»"' Ilol'land: " 
 
 i;,'.\'''l,''''i'''''»-'';'»V''''°;''''foi'ichib . ^'| 
 
 Ne ilefro.,t, IMIlrll s|.i|lilig . . Tnn B9„ 
 
 lnt..n,ationi.l sl<..,i„,, ,.„„f;„t „t Vicnn. ' . in"- 83° 
 
 1 1890 
 
 ' Sept^f8™^'^^^^^^' ^"1"'"': ^'ee ^'"."■'', IS, 16 
 
 SKINS. The raw skins of cattle were usually 
 
 kettles to boil moat, in the north of England and 
 in Scotland, i Edw. III. 1327. Leland^ 
 
 as.i^mbVy?'^^*^^^^^' ^^^ ^^^^^^^ \^%^^\v^\y^ 
 SKYE, Isle of. N.W. .Scotland. See Crnfters. 
 SKY SIGNS, see Adnrfm-mcnt,. 
 SLADE PROFESSORSHIP nv Pivi? 
 
 wifl^^f'S"^;? established V,^,i^.,<'„!e l^'Z 
 
 SLANDER, of Women, act jmssed 5 Aug. igni. 
 SLANG, see IMmuiries. 
 
 SLATE. Fifteen persons were killed by the fall 
 of a mass of rock and rubble at the Delaboll slate 
 quarries, Cornwall, 21 April, 1869. 
 
 \\tW%r, 
 
 
 'f-^, 
 
 ^^ ''^b/if «^ 'ii 
 
 M 
 
 1 1 
 
 A' 
 
 li'i 
 
 ! i' 
 

 1,1 !•'"'" '■> 
 
 11! 
 
 ','t 
 
 •tfwk • 
 
 
 i i i 
 
 m 
 
 
 SLAUWHTKlt HOUiSKS ACT. 
 
 Ori'ut Hlilki' at Imil I'MiiliyirK ninlii iini- 
 lli'thi'sihi. Wiili'M, ill Sr|.|.(iit. ; I'liil Ncn i 4 
 till' hiiiiiiini'iiii'iit of till' iiniiiTics I'lilni-i'"! ti. 11 
 
 i-iiipiinitl iltlii' iiic'ii N"V. i874ri , if;,, uii'Mi 
 
 Uii'Cdiiiliiilt'M' WMNiilpiiliitlli'il; liru«l«'iuii(iliuili:'.!''- 
 
 111 'III III' Idlil I'l'iilliMi 1881-1895 
 
 Till- llli'll plllillnll llirll .'lii'Vlllll'i-^, l!li''U^ll Itl'lllll- 
 
 iiiilli'i', Aiiw. ; Innl ri'iiiliyii i--M. ,1 wlrinui'iit 
 
 ri'ljly, 2i Mc|il. ; tl iiiiiiiiitti I 71 iimmi iIIh- 
 
 iiiissi'il. sti-iki' ili'rlinnl, 28 Hcpl. ; lriilUf»« liilrr- 
 vontloii III' til'' l");inl 111' tra'lii . . I'i'i'. i8y6 
 
 Tim iiimnii'M rlnwd ; jiniinloiis ^laiiti'il In I'lyiil 
 iiiiMi (oviT 65 yi'iirs) II lli'i'. ,, 
 
 Liinl I'l'mlivii Inviti'S tin- liii'li to ri'liiiii nii liin 
 tiTins II ■lull- '897 
 
 Mdi'tiiiK witlioiit ri'siilt . . i3 Miirili, ,, 
 
 l)iMIiiiti' -^I'llli'il, 21 All,;. ; wiii'li n'siiiiii'il . Si'pl. ,, 
 
 SL-VrOIITEK IIOUSE.S ACT t" tlic 
 metriiiioli>, |insni'(l 7 Auif. I''^74' 
 
 RLAN ERY. Hn' tiutlic in nun citinc from 
 ChulihiM into Kkv|iI, Anilii,i, iinil nil over tlie Kiist. 
 In Grcoic, in tlif liiiu' of Honirr, nil |ii'isiinri's of 
 wnr were treated is sliive-^. Tlie Liui'iliiinnniiin 
 youths, tniiii 'il iqi in tlie inn'tiee of ileeeiv ins; mill 
 nutoherilif;' -' ne . Wi'Ve from time to time let loose 
 upon them t ■ low tlieir prolii iemy ; ami iiue, for 
 umuseir.ent iiiil\, inurilereil, it in saiil, Y*" '" '""' 
 niKllt, see lliliils. Mexiiiuler, when he r.izeikTIiehes, 
 ■old tlie whole ii,i.i|ih' for slaves, 3^5 H.c. There 
 were 40O.(kki slaves in Attiiii, ^17 11. t. In Uonie 
 glaves were often chained In tiie «"•" "f i' srreiit 
 miin's house, to ^;ive iiiliiiitlain e to the quests in- 
 vited til the feast, liv une nf tile laws of the XII. 
 Tallies, ereilitors eoiilil seize nieir insolvent dehtors, 
 and kee]i them in their houses, till liv their services 
 or lahmir they liail disilmr;;e(l tie sum they 
 owed. Ca'ciliiislsidiinis lelt to his hiir4l Id slaves, 
 12 B.C. The first Janissaries were Cliristiaii slaves, 
 I32t). 
 Hlaverv iilinlislieil in tlic I'n-iieli I'nli.iiies liy tlu" 
 
 aKiiiiey 111 M. Siliiili-liiT 1848 
 
 Serfiloiii Wiis aliulislii'il liy Kri'ili'riek I. of Prussia 
 in 1702: liy Cliristiaii VII. uf liiniuiiirk in 1766; 
 by Josi'iili II. ciiiiieror of (liTiiiiiny. in his lieieili- 
 tiiry states in 17S1 ; liy Nii'linl.is I. of liiissia ill 
 till) iiniieriai ilinnains in 1K42 ; iiinl li.\ tiis siie- 
 cessor, Alexainler II. tlii'iiiiglinnt liis 1 niiiire, 
 3 .Mairli, 1861. 
 Sliiverv 1 easeil in tin- Duti'li West Imlies on i .Inly, 
 
 1 36 J. 
 Slavery aliiilislieil in I'ui-tii Hiiii Mareli, 1' ; 
 
 iiiiineiliate siiii|iressiiiii uf sliivi rr in tin .'Imiii'S 
 
 of St. 'fhiini.is, \e. liy l'iirtii;;iil, iiniiiiiini I'll, Fell. 1876 
 Oruilnal enniiiiipiitioii in t'liliii ; liill passeil in 
 ^^|la■lisll senate 24 Dim. 1879 ; liy iliimties, 21 .Inn. 
 jiriininlfc'ateil, 18 Keli. iSSo; total iiliulitinii 'e' 
 
 fiecree ' "' ■ - i836 
 
 Slaverv to lir atml' slieil ill Kt'yiit . einl o! Jnly, 1881 
 AtiDlition 111 slavery in llrazil (.-.,ich m') . . 1867-88 
 Slavery {.'nuliially iliiiiiiiishinj,' in Zanziliiir, (let. 
 1889; aliiilislieil liy ileeiee . . 6 Ainil, 1897 
 
 Anti-lib' ii'i'ii I'liiiji'itiiir lit Hiiissrls: i tin>; of 
 
 forei;,'n iilenipiireiitiaries and ili'le;.'ati's froiii 17 
 states, 111 .Vov. i83i). Conferences ; iq .N'iiv.-Dcc. 
 1889 ; 27 .Ian. -28 .May, 1890. He.L'nIiitions for the 
 suiiprcssion uf the slave tiaile, ami niles relating 
 to tlie iralfie in spirH aKiveil to. After iiiiicli 
 Iiejjotiatiiin. the ;,'eiii ral act was ratitieil liy all 
 the powers !' a- iinni' '.late etfect . 2 -Ninil, 1892 
 
 The act aceepieil hy tie' Kjiyjitian government, 
 
 25 .Iniie, 1893 
 
 S1.-V\'E11Y IX Exr.I,ANT). Laws respecting 
 the sah' of shive,- were niaile liy Alfred. The Knirlish 
 peasantry were eomnionly si. id for slaves in Saxon 
 and Norman times; ehildren were sold in Ih-istnl 
 marliet like eattle for e.sp'MtatiiM' Many W'-ri- siiit 
 to Ireland and to Heoflniid. In lir the Normans 
 the vassals (termed villeins, of and pertaining to 
 the vill) were devisahle as chattels during the 
 feudal times. 
 
 1004 SLAVKIfV, 
 
 ' .-i.vciii Htiitnlcs were passeil in llic ri'iun ni lli'lmril 
 
 I ' M77 mill ii«s: II" I'licllii'ii of W «i IMir, 
 
 I I i3i, iiriwe partly out of liic evils of seriilmi, 
 
 I .V Btntnt' was enactcil iiy Kilwaid VI. thai a faiiu. 
 
 Wttv, iir aiiv one rtlm lived idly f"r llnii' iLuj, 
 
 Hlioiild lie'liiiiiiKhl liefiirc two .Instices uf ii,,. 
 
 peai c, anil niarkeil V Willi it Iml lion uii Vv 
 
 lireast, and inliuilKi'd the slavenf hiiii Willi lii.ii-|,t 
 
 liliii for two ye .|«. He was to lake the slave ana 
 
 ^ivc him lireail. water, or small ilntik, iiiiii lefn.,,. 
 
 meat, anil cause him to work hy liealiiiii. iliain. 
 
 iliK, or otherwise; and, if within thai ,-|.aii. I,,. 
 
 alisi'iiteil liiiiiself fourteen days, was tol "iiiiii|(i.,l 
 
 mither'i 1' i' 'k, liy a hot inn,, Willi HP, 
 
 S, an ' 1 1 ; . -lave hir ever; si nuil,!,.. 
 
 Kcr'iiiiwas made felony. It v\ 1- liiwl'm n, ant 
 
 a rill),' "f iriai nnind his neck, arm, or li;,-. .v 
 
 chilli niight lie put ii]ipieiiliee, anil, on nniiilii;; 
 
 away, liecoiuc a slave to ins master . . , ,; 
 
 yiiceii' Klizalielli unlcreil her liiinilsineii in n,,. 
 
 western cunnlics to lie niiule fire at easy I'lite.s . H-, 
 Mcrlilma was linally extiiij;uisheil in iddo, wlim ' 
 tciiiii'es ill eapite, kniglits' ser\'iec, Are,, wi-iv 
 aliiilishcil. 
 A slave named Hinnerset, liroin:lil In Ijinlii'i.i, 
 was, liecaiise of Ins ill state, tnienl aiirilt l.v 
 liis master. Hy llic charity of Mr. lirannil,, 
 Sharp he was resioreil to health, when Ins lum. 
 ter awiiii claii I him. .\ suit was tin 
 
 seipicncc. which eslalilishcil, Ii\ ilec sien uf tin- 
 
 Court 111 KiiiK's lieiicli, in fav..iir u, NnnnMt, 
 
 that sl.ivury eonld not exist in liieat Dritaiu 
 
 SiJuiie, i-j 
 Act for the aliolitioii of slaverv Iliriiii^liMiit th,. 
 
 iiritish eiiloiiies, and for the pninn.liiiii nf ;i|. 
 
 iliislry ' limy lln* manniiiitteil slaves, iniil for 
 
 1 'iinpeii ition to the persons hilhcrln entitli'il 1 1 
 ic services of siicli slaves li,\' the ^riiiii fi(,i,. 
 
 parliaineiit of 20,000.000/. steilin,^, passeil 
 
 28 Aii>;. is..; 
 Slavery terinlnntid in the Iiritish ]iiissi>s»iiiii« ; 
 
 770. 280 slaves liccaine free . . . 1 .\ti,;, 1 :j 
 
 Shneiy was iiluilislicil in the Kast Imlies i .\in. , , 
 Hritisli and Knrcitfii anti-slavcn society est.ii !i>li,.|,i: , 
 111 i85.i .liiliii .\iiilersiin, a runaway slave, killnl 
 
 iSeiitimiis IliK'ues, a phiiitemf Missnini, wle. nt. 
 
 tempted to arrest liini, and escapeil in Cini.i.l.i. 
 
 The .Vincrican novcniinciit chiinicd him asn iiair. 
 
 ilei-cr. The Canadian ,|nil(,'es ilci ulinj; tlmt tl„ 
 
 i.iw required his surrender, .Mr. Kilwiti .laiius. 
 
 Q.C. (15 .Ian.), ohtaineil a writ of 'i,iii|.,is iia|ii|j 
 
 fill his appcaniiiee liel'.iic the court nf hiiitus 
 
 lieiii'h. \iiilersoii was discharged nn tecliniial 
 
 grnnnil- 16 1"!'. li'i 
 
 Circular 1111 tlin .Vdiniialty cniicenniig tin' ,.(. 
 
 reiiih fugitive slavi-i nil Imaril lh'ili»li .sli:;,. 
 
 tn thill owners, ilaleil ,1 Julv: niiicli ei'iisiii,! 
 
 liy the pnlilic, Sept., Oct. ; willnllawn N.-i ,: 
 
 A ri'V iscil cii'ciil.ii' i^isned near end uf llic, i^;;. 
 
 nicl with miicii aiivi'ise eritieisiii . ,I,iii i- 
 
 Onvcriiinent c.iiiniiissinii appninted (llie ihilii' "i 
 
 Snmeiset. rliief just ice Ci " Hini, sir lll'lll'y.s. 
 
 Maine, a .'i .itlieis), fell. ; 11 p'lit mifaMii'.ralili'i - 
 the ciii'iilals ; plllilislied . . . ijj'.llii', „ 
 New iiiiiniraltv insfni-tiniis : fugitive sku'i- In l» 
 rccciveiland imt '.;'M'Ii ii|i ; aclinii left tncai'tiiiii'i 
 iliscri'tioii : 1', .icii of inlenialional faitii ml 
 cninily to I, .ivoidcil ; issind . . loAiij. ,. 
 Jiil.l e iiicetiie.' toceleliiate I lie aliolitinii ofslnii-rv 
 le liiiti^i, loloiiicsat Cnildhall. I.,iii<liiii, t:,' 
 ■ of ^' 'les in the chair . 1 A ., : , 
 
 .X\ V IN United States. , liif"r,"ki 
 V ! iiiili 1' li-nce all the states enntuinedslavi-. 
 In I7.S3 the sl.iti'inent in the Mass;ietniiiftls Hill t 
 Rights, "All men are born fria' an. |liiil," wis 
 declared in the supreme court at DiMnii ' ' ' 
 slave-holding ill that state. Slaves in the I 
 States in 171(0, (-"I7..'<')7 ; in l.Sio, i,l9i..?'4: -' 
 1820, 2,oo<|.i)3i; in 1.S50, 3.204,313; m iNft 
 4.uo2,'j<)u. Ill 1070, 4,88'),i73, fiii-i'iil'>ui"li-;-'i- 
 
 Congress passes ii'ianiiiiously the eeleliratPiliinlin- 
 aiiee "fur the i:iivcriiiiient of the ti nitnry Intlir 
 N.W. of thcnliiii." wliich conlaini'ilaii "'imi'to'"- 
 ii/i;"artiele,fiirliiililiiigslaverj or ill voluntary strvi- 
 
HhX\ K)iV. 
 
 Hlll'l'dct, lir(illt:llt tn l.liulii'i.l, 
 Ills ill sliltr, till II. il ;iiiiill |i\ 
 
 II Imrily cil' Mr. iiiiiii\i;i. 
 
 itiiriil 111 linillli, wlii'ii liii iiiav 
 
 il llilll. A unit WHS lilt rii|- 
 l'<tl|l.|lHlll-l|, llV lllT'silHl III' III,. 
 
 Itiiii'li, ill fiiviiiir II, .SiiTiinvi^ 
 
 I iiiit cxi.st ill liri'iit Ui'itniii 
 
 32 Jllllf, i;;.. 
 
 ion iif slavi'iv tli|iiiii.'liiiiit till- 
 
 anil till' till' lilillllntlnli ot' ti- 
 ll' iiniMiiiiiitlcil sliivrs, juiil tnr 
 Ihi' iii'i'siiiis hitlii it.M'iititli'.l 1,1 
 lli'll sliivi's hv till' f;iaiit fnu; 
 joo.ooo/. .strlluiL;, passi'il 
 
 28 All);, li;; 
 ill till' llrilisli iHL-^si'iisiiiiis ; 
 anil' fri'i' . . .1 Aiij;. i;:^ 
 
 I'll ill till' Fast Iiiilii'S I All),', i.'.j 
 
 aiiti-«liivi'i> siii'ii'tyi'.'ilalilislii'i|,i;'j 
 
 II r.siiii, II iiiiiawav »lavi', killni 
 , a jilaiitrr nf Mis^niiii, wl. ,ii. 
 
 I llilll, ami i".i-;i|ii'il til (iiu.i!,!. 
 I'lTiiiiii'iit rlaiiiii'il llilll as a iiiiir- 
 iiliaii .iiiilj^i 1 liiri'liii); that tin 
 
 siii'rt'iiiU'i', .Mr. Kilwiii ,laiiii\ 
 itaiiii'il a writ oi' i'iilii'iisiia|,ii, 
 let' hi I'lirf tlui riuirt uf iiiu'i'iis 
 
 II wa.< ilimliargi'il nii ti'i'liiiiiril 
 
 16 K-li. i!'i 
 .\iliiiir.ilty niiii'i'i'iiini,' tlir mu- 
 (' Hlavi - nil liiianl lilltisli -li;! . 
 ilati'il ,1 July ; iiiiii'li ri.'iiii:i! .1 
 I't., Oi't. ; wiihilrawii Nm, i:-; 
 LidiiMl iii'ar i-iiil uf Ui'P., 1875; 
 ilvi'i'si' I'riticisiii . Jan. ii;6 
 
 lissinii apiiiiiiiti'il (till' iluki' of 
 jiislii'ii {.:,■■ , iiirii, sir lli'iiiy>. 
 s), li'li. ; ri I'liit iiiil'a\iiuntli|i't ■ 
 ililislii'il . , , i3J'.iiu', „ 
 it', n'tiims : fii^'itivc alavi- to lie 
 . viii up ; ai'timi li'ft liu'ai'laiu's 
 I'll uf iiitrriialiuiial failli iiii 
 iili'il ; Issiii'il , . loAnj. 
 I'l'li'liiati.' thl'alllllili"llllf^l:!• ■" 
 liiiiiis.'ilCiiililliall, l.'iii'l" 
 11 tlii^ I'liair 
 
 HLAVK TUADK. 
 
 lOOj 
 
 null' III thtl Nlllil stall', 1 , ,|ii|y, ,787; «ft4T iSoo 
 ,.'Vi'ral iif till! siati'S piayi'il, withuul i'ir,.|.t tii 
 1. I'l'lii'H'il rriiiii this lu'iilijliitioii. ' 
 
 I -una piii'liasi'il, ulilch wnn I'liiisiilrri'il Ijv 
 
 f..l..l ♦.. tl .»l....i .. 'V 
 
 SLAVONTA. 
 
 """'iX'^'ii^'M^i^Kiv;;;.;: ""^""■"" > ''v a,„.h« 
 
 .'■nl'H^tah.sli'i.H;''''' *■'"""" '" '''M:l.ylli« 
 
 „,.,„; an taaltnlli/'i'iiMslUMnim, 7""';' "^ ,g | ilj^.^f Ij^l' \i''''"" ■Iv'!'"'"! "Maiiist it, ^•,'h. ,3,,. 
 
 >Ci'l,','',«' ''"■ '""""■'■'' ■'">-. "1-lisli.il till' .la,l,,„ 
 
 Tin- I'liiirii "I iiii'i'i'asi' In tlu' KMnvtli uf ,.„»(,„ In 
 
 till' Sillltll'MI Slatl'H (Sl'C (•,,/(,, II) ||.,| tu II I'liil'u. 
 
 !<!■ ill llii'ili'iiiainl fiirslavi' lithuiir 
 
 jiiiiii'liii); I ' asi' ill till' ili'iiiaml fur slavi' lithuiir 
 ■riu. .l//.i,<."i.i C'.filnnnilix ('Irawil ll|i hy ||,.nry 
 I lay, hy wliiih sfavi'ry w.is |ii'iiiiitti'il in that 
 (tail', hill was prulillnti'il In all that part uf it tu 
 till' mil 111 nf |6' lu' N. Int.), rarrli'il |.',.i, ^u,^ 
 
 iiiti'st lii'lwi'i'ii till' siavi'-liulili'i's ,'inil tlii'lruppu^ 
 iii'iilH at till' aiini'satiun uf 'I'l.vas; a similar 
 ilivisiiiii tu that uf .Missuiiri uhtaini'il j^ |),.,. ,jj._ 
 
 .Muitla'ri'uiiipi'uiiiisi' f'ti'i'ti'il; Caliriiriila ailiiiilti'ii 
 .'ii a fi'i'i' stall': hut tlic Fiijfitlvi' Slavi' int pas.soil 
 (i'''i"'i ■«■'') • ,8=0 
 
 rill Missuui'l luiiiprunilsi' was alii'ii;;ali'il hy thii 
 ailiiiissiuii ill' Ni'hiaska nml Kansas as sliivi'- 
 
 Ni^n'rhuiil: m';;":':;."!''', ^r"'"; i^'r-^ «-uh ti,e 
 ii;ii..iun,,«;,r;n;t;.;!ti;i';!i,','i-:''^'-V'-'<^'>;i.r«- 
 
 Villi's tusk ■ '■• ""■ '^-S''. "h'l n.'gativi'il hy ,8, 
 
 "IS^::;:''"'"" '4..,.«.,-lav,'sw.',',.,anili.i,a,rnhain 
 
 ,.,.„.,...... ....I.-,,,,, „., siavi:- , ijjf, - -1 • "•"" "I'll' i.iinii'ii ,11 (nha n 
 
 hnliliiiK stall's: iivil war ('iiMui'il (Hi'i. A',,,,,,,.,) . ,«,, . r,.,.;.. i . 
 
 lirv,lS.'..r.i'as,'(si'i'ra;M/.S'/„^,s). . , '' . g'^ .,.' i'''V'i''''' '''''"l""'"! 'li'' Uniti'il. states fur 
 
 Jiilm llriiwirs atti'iiipt tu ni'al., a sliiv,' nih.'lllnii ii '' ; . n "u "' ""' ^''■'>" "•"''■. «-as sii-ii'i TuJ 
 
 Virginia faili'.l (SIT r/.iri'i/.s'/»(,.^) . . \uv ,o,„ I .,., "'[^'"' :>" '^'"V, i«"^. -.m ■ 7 April 
 
 .\l,raliiim Uin'iiln, tl." aiiti ■ slavery ramliilali', *^ ^ ■,li"hlv"'v ■ ►'".V"""'"' '''■""""■'•i tli.' slave tra.li. as 
 
 ili'i'li'il pri'siili'iit uf ll„. Uniti'il Stall's . \„v ,««„ < ^A'V }■ 'V'V; '-'- 
 
 ili'i'ti'il pri'siili'iit uf U„. Uniti'il Stiiti'S ' 4 \„v' ,g6o ' si is"?'' ^,"\; 
 . ,...i,ii, ii-.siiiifh Cai'i, Mini u.... ;•„,,...; v,.,...1 lY.V ""° , "ir ."^ainiu'l Id 
 
 inn uf.'Siiiitli ('ai'iiliiia(si'i' r«./.'i/.s7,/^.<;,'l)tu,' 
 ■i, v'l'iy aliiilislu'il ill tlit> ilisU'li't uf t'liluinhia ' " 
 
 .. , , . 'fi -M"'", 1S62 
 
 rr-mli'iit t.ini'uln jii 'laiiiiH tlni ahulitiun uf 
 .In. IV in till' siiiitliii stall's, if they lunr nut 
 ii'liinii.i tu till' iiniuii III! 1 ,laii. 1863 2 , Si'pt 
 Tlii't.italah.ilitiiiii uf sliivi'i'y ill tlic i'liiteil .'^tatcii " 
 
 iillli'ially am ini'il . , . . ,9 I),.,,, 
 
 Mr. Williniii hluyil liiivrisun, a fcrvi'iitcliainiiiun fur " 
 I'liiiuiripaliiiii. I'liti'i'taiiii'il at Mt. ./anns's-hall 
 l.iiinliiii (III' st.'utiil till' I.Htfrntnr ill i-:;!, ami 
 
 llnlsMtfi'l'i'il llllli'll t'urlliszi'Hl) . j,;,Juiit' ,867 
 
 \ infill jiiil);i' |.H'M 11 ill a (luurt at New Orleans, 
 
 irtlSi'pt. „ 
 .Vi'Ci'i I'lnalitj with .lie whites cuinpli'tely reeu^- 
 liis.'.l . •',.,•• . KeC. .870 
 
 fti'e ( , ' ^^llltr.^, ibo..-;, 
 
 SL.WE THADt, rheBluvitni.l.' fromCon- 
 .u,.! Aiiijiila was iK'sun by tin; I'urtuguese ni 
 
 ii'^iileil ail e.xpi'ililiiin tu put iluwn 
 
 ?!M;e'paliif:iiv^;;:.:!''';fr'-''^'v'''''''''-«'--^ 
 
 Iiriti;i, V ss I , 1 '' •* ,'''.""■'"' "" "■'" '•'■'•t"lh 
 
 riiseaiul atli'iiiuii'il 1 . '""'h'l" 'iisuiiers 
 
 ;i.ii .ui.l Airjiiila was hcsun by the l'iirtui,niese n\ " i'""- ,"■"" ''""iiiiitti'il lur'tnal. ,f, Ah- ■ 1',. ,,,;,„. 
 4.S,. The I'limiiiiTi'.' in „, ■ has bruhilised a tnui : H^X^'^il^'l^^lCT^uV'''''^- ""'"'■ "- ' 
 Mli'on (|,';:re,'son eaeh m • ihe equal .,-, uti.l furly i thJIi'lLi uhi.", "..;';;' ■^''"''"'''''"i^^j'''' '"^"ppro, 
 ;.'.-i'i'.'S«iili', urot 4,a)i.,.)t)0 of sqiiai miles; anil '^iiaet uf p, ilianient'l'.ii ',,'h !"'!""*•'.,""'• "^'^ I' 
 nil and wiinien liuve been br... f .ah. .. ' the ai'tsii. ..,,..■''"'.'''■'' '.''""''I' '.'"''■'''Imeir 
 
 iri'HS 
 
 ,.,„.n.rwunie„ .lun. U,:^ l^'^fV ^lel^ 'H;;! ; ''^^"■^:Vl!i^;Z^^^^ 
 
 (.'.n4,i,n h.iti.iiis ,l„ri„s tlie last -ai-s, and i '■"-V^" .s..ppi'i's.si„7, ,„ ,l,e slave tral ' ( 6 A ' m 
 
 I'liristi'in ■ "''"* l"'^""'''' ^ -^1. ' 1^7^ 
 
 mu'ki't, Tlie Alilie Haynu'l euniimted (1;, ;) lli.it, 'at I ''T-'.v'l.f^?'!''.'".''''''^' '1'"' '■!'''■'■<■' "' <'"l"' fuas 
 
 tlio time lit' his writ iiiir, (|,ooo,(XKji)fsliiv'e.s liad hi't'll 
 coii.siinieil liy the Kiirup. 111 
 
 nowapproachiiij; ('.xtiiiiiinii. 
 
 1/63 till! slaves taken fruiii Afriea aiuuuiiteil to 
 iJ4,ioo. In 'tSo the aiiiiiialniiinlier wasaiiuiit ic» ixjo. 
 In 160; it was sliuwn hy iliMiiineiits, pimliieeil hy miverii- 
 iiii'Ut, that siiiie 1712 iii'Wanl.s uf 3,5.. .,.«o"Alrii ms 
 I1.11I been turn liuiii their euiintry, ainf h.ei either 1.. r- 
 i-lii'.l nil the i.,is<a),'e or heen sulil in the West Iinlii-.^ 
 a.u'E TR.4IIF, Uf K.N'iii.ANii; hi'f,'iiii liysir./uliii Hawkins 
 Hw lirst expi'ililiun, with the nhjeet uf pi'iieiiiiiiK 
 ■ii^rnesmi Mie enast uf Afriea, aiiil ei.iiveving them 
 tilt at till' West Indies, tuok jilaee in Uet. 1162 • 
 'I'.iiie.i, ami ylssi'i'iifo. 
 siiil ttiipliiyea 130 ships ami earrieil off 42,000 slaves 
 
 '36. * 
 
 11' . iirrieil im'tuiuako jirisdiiors 1 
 
 ■^,;j;;"ii'ir!i;.'"""'r"''' '-■ "« <>i- •■uast c„sth. 
 
 coiminieil liy the Kiirup. ms. 'J lie slavctraUe is ; The slave-tra. 11 i'Im'^iIi. M 'leil, .,„„ii i„ , , 
 
 nowapproachiiiKcxtinelinii. i inntiuii nf ^.,v,.riiiir Mrilinn ',1; 'J' ''5' I'>-i'i'hi- 
 
 Cuiivenliiin „.i,|, ,.;.,,, |'„,|,i,,,(|„. tlie italtii' 4 All..- 
 
 ee^iniirlC"''''''"'" '"'''■'""''''"*''"'""'■'""■'■''■' -^^ 
 .SIave^^ti'adepri,||,i„teilatWestAfrle,aueuiifere„ce,7J„, 
 Slave^tiaile in ICast AlViea eheckeil hy l.ritisi, e, uiseis, 
 
 n 'I t ifVli 1 iu, L. ; l"i':''""^" '■ the e.iniineiie,. 
 
 mini i[ till' liliiekaile, 3 Dee. ,838. .See ;;..„-,/„„• 
 
 ■<. Clarksnn, iit a snot in Wailesniill. Ilertfui'd, de- ,Vhi! '?' ""f "]'''' ''■'^''li'liuii fur urgent sinmreiisiui, 
 
 .*8lli» Hie to theuiiulitiuii uf tho sl.ue trade, June, ; '^^^ Mareh, ,83 .' ' '""""' '" ""' '"'""-' "'' '''"""""'•*• 
 
 'Sodetyfiir the Siipjirussion of the .Sl.ive Trade," ' ''^'sl.,''ves'ih','.,'''''M'i'r' si''"''^ ''''''"«' '" E«yi.t, and few 
 
 1 uult'il by Clark.s Wilheiforee, and Diliwvii, 17R7 t .,, ' , ! ' ' ''^ •■ '^^''• 
 
 J.ivi..tra,ie,|.„'s1ii,ii .l.-hitid in parliaiiieiit, ,787. '^' i T uik' ev '' 'i'l'''.'""'J" "'' ""' ■•*'■"''■ "■■-"'" I'oblished In 
 T..ilul)ntetiirils.i 'litiuii , hvu days, Aiu'il, ,70, liiiki..\ , ^.j Dee. ,,,,^9. 
 
 Mr Wilberforee's mutiou lost hy a iniyority of 88 to 83, iv I- .''.'Inlli'i' , l'.'"l''''it"d in Zanzihar, , Au,,-. ,890. 
 
 1 .ipnl, 1798. » iji 1 iniiiii i>, see 1 tiiiijo, ^ ' 
 
 T!.!' qiicstimi intrmlueeil under the ausn|pe.s of Lord ST.AVOVT \ ni- u^x . , 
 
 UreiivilleamlMr l'-i«,theni .ulsters, 3, Marel, .806 ' .ViKfi^in ,Wi •» »Cr. VVOXIA, a province ef 
 
 The iraile aliolisheii I. narliaine ... 2, ..lirch .Sn! J^"''' '"' ''," '^ '." '^^ ";">»• I'"'" the Slavp.s. a .Sar„,n. 
 
 l.TO.,,, cun.,„„, ill, , a^".! 05, Sept. 1846. ''■'■■',' K li"-' "U" I'eplaeed tile Avars in Paniionia 
 
 .taoWisk as a iiieiii.ai.'il of Thus. Clarkson, erected by '';."lv in the .jtli eenturv. In 864 Cvril anil Arithn 
 
 Mr Arthur Giles Puller, at Wadesuiill, iuau«urated \ ' -»S f-iek n,issi.,„„ries, prisieheTl hi ,1 ;inda,la ,ted 
 
 Asutue unVellod a, Wi.beach, Cambridge, . Nov. .88.. l^ie;!' ot widch' iLnV sliice'Cl;'" '"S'^L 
 
 u 
 
 
 tW' 
 
 >llllf 
 
 .•iiii rJi 
 
HLKKl'. 
 
 um 
 
 HMITIIFIELP. WEHT. 
 
 ,., n'p.ii'ti'cl .^r Jail. , III' 
 Tlif cusu was iweril)t'il 
 
 The cuulitiy, iil'ttr liiivin;,'l»i'M liilil iit li » hv the 
 
 OreckM, Tiuku, ami lliiir^'iiiMiis, iiiiil thi> riuHo ct 
 iuiiKiiliiiii'y «"""''''". ^^a^^ rili'il tiimllvtii Huniraiy 
 ill i(KX), at the [xMicu of Cuilowitz, Uipiilii:< Iruiii 
 the Slavonian pioviiiri'ii of AuHtiia wuri' ■ iit.itaimil 
 at Moscow ami St. Pitti»liiii|{, May, iH'". Tin- 
 Croat ian-Slavoiiiau ilict, iit AKiain, wan .-wilveil, 
 May, ISO?. It iirotcstiil u;faiii»t iuiorpoiMtion witli 
 llunifiiry- Thi' Slavonian fiiniily of langiiuKix in- 
 olrnldu llusaian, I'olish. S.ivian, Hohcmian, Bul- 
 Kiirian, Wfudic, Slovak, ami I'olahic. For thi' war, 
 Hou Turkey, lS75-(). 
 
 Kutinmti'lnuiiiluMof Sliivrtin Kiiropclii 1B75; yo,365,6n ; 
 
 lliissiiiTW mill Untliuoliiii>, (-(i,iji),5i)0 ; 8«TlHi-Croiit«, 
 
 S«4o,sw; liulKailimx. •^.^'wm; MloVuni.s, i.aiSo.oai ; 
 
 Slovak«,3,33i,8jo ; LVr.lH, .,.H, 5.134 ; l'ol<'-.9.49?,<'^'-'- 
 
 1,0^ llclie»t.T'8 U'i\w«V to piohiolf tlif Htmly or Mlavo. 
 
 Iiiiia lltriiitun' lit Oxforil : In'lilii'H nlvi'li. Mny,i876. 
 A^itjition ii^iiinst tlielliTiaaiiH III Sliivonlf provliiim of 
 
 AiiHtriii, Aii^;. Mi'pl. iJSj- , . ,, 
 
 I'lilitii'iil at;niriiiii I'xi'iti'iuiMit ami iiniMlK riiiioiin tin' 
 pi'iLsiiiil IV, April, 1897. 
 
 (SLEEP, wi: ■'•''''''■" ■'^firpfl-"- M- C'li'iilliit, 
 awoke afti'r a niiictiiiMi ilayx' slrop at tin- Altxiimlni 
 I'aliirc, 28 Nov. 18H8; inaiiv liiiiiliir eiinr.t art' 
 rcporti'd Joliauu Latiw, at ^(ynlo^vitz. in Silesia, 
 iHsaiil to have sl.'pt four and a-half in mths, hcuiK 
 kept iilive liy iiirnliiiiK 
 awoke aliout () t'eb., I«y 
 to entiilepiv, ] 
 
 SLESWIO, «i'i> llohtebu 
 
 BLIDING-SCALE, see C„rn Laws. 
 
 SLING. In Jiii/i/ea .\x. 16, i« mentioncil the 
 skill of the Henjaniite Hliiij;ir« (iihoiit I4(X) B.C.), 
 ami with a xlini; Daviil -lew Goliath iiy.3 B.( . (l 
 6'fl»i. xvii.) The natives of tlie Hale.irie ish^s 
 (Maiona, MimavM, ami Ivi.;a) were irleliniteil 
 Blini'ers, ami servil us ninveiiiiries m the Cartlia- 
 (tinian and Uomau armies. Sliiif-'s ;uv said to have 
 been used l>v the Huf;iiem.ts at the sietfe ot baii- 
 eerre, in l()72, to eeonoiiiise their powder. 
 
 SLOANE'S MUSEUM, see HntishMnxemi. 
 
 SLOYD or SLOJD ASSOCIATIOX of 
 Great Buitai.v and Iuklanh, its ohjeet to 
 
 promote the triiiiiinj; of the eye and hand ; hrst 
 meeting held in London, the earl ot Meath in the 
 
 chuir, S U'^'-'- "^««- '^■'"' "'^,'"-\'' c'"' ",•'''"■' 
 system' is reported sueiv-stul in boandiiiavia , 
 August Ahrahaiiisou, lonnder of the Slojd ^eml- 
 nary at Xaiis. 1872, died, May. 189S. Meetmi; 
 iu Loudon; siueessful report, 10 teh. 1804. 
 
 SLOUGH, near Eton, liueks, Mrs. Ann Keville. 
 u buteher's wife, was harbarously murdered earlv 
 in evening, II April, 1881. Alfred Tuyii'^ a lad, 
 was tried and luiiuitted, same month. 
 
 gLUYS (Holland), near which F.dsvard III. 
 gained a signal naval victory over the Fremli. The 
 S:nL'li3h hud the wind of the enemy, and the sun at 
 their backs, and began tliis sanguinary action. I wo 
 hundred and thirty French ships were taken ; thou- 
 sands of Frenchmen were killed, with t^yo of their 
 iidmirals ; the loss of the English was inconsider- 
 nt)lc; 24 June, 1 340. 
 
 SMALCALD (Hesse) ThEATY OF, entered 
 into between the elector of lirandenburg and the 
 other princes of Uermany in favour of rrotestautism, 
 -I I)°c 1531; see I'rolealaiits. The emperor, ap- 
 preheiQsive that the kings of France and Eiighiud 
 would join this league, signed the treaty of I'assau, 
 31 July, 1532, allowing liberty of conscience. 
 
 SMALL HOLDINGS, See Agrkuimral. 
 
 SMALLPOX, rnrinin (diminutive of rar<„. , 
 pimple), I highly contllltiou^ (liseiiHe,_»iipn„„,| ., 
 have been introduced into Europe from tlie Kii.i ,v 
 the Saracens. Khazes, an Arabian, di'*Tilin| I't 
 accurately, about i)0<i. From Europe it wm nirf^.i 
 to America, soon iifler its discovery, and 1 iifi»l lli. r. 
 with great severity, destroying the Iiidiiins hy ilm. 
 sands. In KifU, 'ipieen Mary of Eiu'lanil ili. ; 
 smallpox, (IS did in 1711 ami 1712 the tmiiit.r 1 
 (ierm.iny, the dauphin ami dauphiiii^MifFriuiiiMi.ii 
 Ihi'irsou, ill 1731) the emperor of Uu-siii, in i;^| 
 the (luceii of Sweden, and in 1771 Lmiin XV. 1 
 France. It is Hiated tliiit in the iiiiddle of the i.i.t 
 century two millions perished by it in liu«si;i, i;, 
 London 111 172? one out of fourtieii ilcuths » i. 
 caused by smallpox, ami io Fniiice in 17^41111 r,', 
 was one in ten. For the ii(leiii|j|> tu ulli .iiiii. tiii, 
 scourge, see Jiioi'iilnHdii, introduied into hviUwl 
 in 1722, and >'«'('»««'""'. aniioiiuceil by l)r, Jtnuir 
 in 171)8. Small l><i.r J[nK/iiliil, estaldishcil pji, 
 Hmallpon raged in parts of Lniiiloii. ,11,1 
 thousamls died, 1870-1 ; a temporary hn^liitiil «„ 
 established at lliimpstcad (tcliii/i mi). TIii> .i.mi. 
 Vaeciniilioii soiiet> has been active, nml in,ii;y 
 iiareiits have been lined for opposing the vacriii;,'. 
 lion of their children. iH7n-(). In Seiit, iinil H', 
 18(12. a great many sheej) died of sncillpox in ih.. 
 West of England, t'ill succesi-fiil preventive mmnu, 
 were resorted to. Many eases in Lomluii, iU;(j-S; 
 deaths principally of uiivaceinated persons. 
 SiiiiiUpox 1 leviilciit 111 Lniiilon, 68 ilciitlis 1-7 May; n, 
 
 ilcatlis ii;->i .May ; iliiaiijisliiiig .laly, iSSi. 
 Di'iiths, ,luiii , i83ii' .liinc, i83i, t$vJ ilciitli.*, 6)7 11.1 
 ▼ii.M-iiiiitril : ill N.K. I.olnloii, Miiv, ilciitlis, alu'Ul ;> J 
 week, .hiiic, 1R84; ilciillis ilccrciislng rqiuncii' .4 
 ■Inly; riiipi.ciirs, lnit sulisi.lcs, lice. 1884, 
 .Severe .■pi.lciiiic of siaallpnx at Slicincliliiiid lifiulili 
 hoiiil, .Miiieli, 1887; still prcvuli'iit, Jail. i38S; ;,.. 
 appearing, April, 1888. 
 S.'vcre at Maiiclicster and Leicester, iiljoiit i6J«m., cr: 
 at (iloiicc ,ter, i3qfi. 
 
 See \'iirriii>it!"n. 
 
 SMALL TENEMENTS ACTS (.i9<ifo.IlI. 
 c. 12, l8l()) ; 1850 (13 & 14 Vict. (•. IK)), liniviW 
 for owners paying rates of houses in^tcail of tlii «■ 
 euniers. Tiiis was annulled by the new Hitmi 
 act, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 102, s. 7 (18(17). 
 
 SMECTYMNUUS, the initials of cL'rtiiinn.iii. 
 coiil\)rmist writers against episco|iiicy in the siviii. 
 teeiith century: Steplnii Marsliall, Ivliiiiu.il I'li,. 
 my, Thomas Vming, Matthew Newiniie 11. WiCiia 
 Spurstow. They were au-iwered by bislmp I1j1;;;i 
 his " Divine Kight of Fpiscopacv,' 1040. 
 
 SMITH'S CHARITY (fou poor kis. 
 
 Alderman Henry Smith, by will dated 26 .l|inl. 
 
 1O47, left UlOoK for relief of captives lii'M w 
 
 Turkish pirates, and looo/. for his jioor kiiisimii. 
 
 The former olitcct liaviiig liecoiiic olisoh'te, an «'( to 
 iiasscil in 177s to divert all tlic property to tlit y-K 
 kiiisiueii. Ill 1868 these were 41.! in iiumlitt. Iln 
 value of the jaopcrty is now i7,.«kj). a yi'ar(i;>j) 
 The master of th.' rolls .lecid.'d in Lkt. n;;, 
 
 tliat the fiiiels si M lie applied to general ciiili- 
 
 tahle purposes. On appeal, tlie .licision wa-slufivmr 
 of the " poor Siuitlis,' 12 I'cli. 1B78. 
 
 SMITHFIELD, WEST, i" the heari of 
 London, was once a favourite walk (il the b« 
 citizens, outside the idty walls. Sir W. ^aliut 
 was executed here, 23 Aug. 1305. On Ij Jbk, 
 m8i Wat Tyler was met by Uieliiird II. at tliii 
 j>I,,,^e, and was st:i!^hed by Walworth the maror. 
 ■ Many toumamenl ere lilso held here. In ijf 
 : reign of Mary (iSSj '^). many pcrsniis pcn.'hcdij 
 fin-; and Bartholi'imew I.e-uatl. an .inan, n^ 
 bunithere, l8 March, i(ji2.-liartliiilonicwfairwi, 
 
HFIELD. \VKNT. 
 
 , rnrinin (iliminiitiv, of f(ir,„^ , 
 iMiritiiKimi* ili«i'iifi',.<ii|ilm»i.,| '^ 
 
 1 into Kunip"' frnm tin. Kii.t v 
 
 liii/('«, im Ai'iiliiiiiii ilisiTilini ;• 
 )(Ki. Fi-iim Kuni|ir it 'Vinci,ni,4 
 fli'i- it* (limivvcry, 1111(1 i:i|[i''llli.rr 
 W (Idntrnyiiiu' thr liiili;iin liy tli.ii,. 
 (|iii'i'n Miiry "f Kiu'luml 'tlii 
 11 1711 1111(1 1712 I he iiniKPr ; 
 [ihiiuind (liiiiiimiicsi'irFruiiu Ml, , 
 1 the cium I'll' "I' Kii-><iii, ill r^i 
 ■dell, 1111(1 ill 1774 L(Mii» XV' I 
 (cil tliiit in the middle of the i,,,. 
 iiH pciisticd liy it ill ltu«»i;i. I:, 
 (inc (lilt (if fdlll'lcl'll ilc;ith< J I, 
 X, iiiiil ill Fi'iiiicc ill ri4t!u rv, 
 l"(ir tlio atlciniiH tn iillnuili' ti,i. 
 il({/iiiii, iutnidiiccd into insliiii; 
 •iH((/(i)*(. miiKiiiiiccd liy l)r, J(iii,ir 
 piix Jlos/iittil, I'rdiililishcd \-« 
 in part* id' I.oikIihi, ,1,1 
 870-1 ; iL tcniiKiniry li(i-iiit;il «„ 
 in|wti'iid (ifliiih Kii). Till' Am,- 
 •t\ 1ms lici'ii iictivc, 1111(1 in.iiiv 
 I iiiii'd foi- (ipiiosiiiK the viucin,'. 
 drcn, l.S70-(i. In Sent, aiul (),•, 
 iiv sIk cp di(>(l (d' siiiiilliiox in it- 
 till sii(c('»>t'iil preventive mciiom, 
 Miuiy eiises ill London, iS;(i-s, 
 ,• (if niivucM.'inated purnoiH. 
 t in I.oii(l(jii, 88 (lci(tl(.s I -7 May; \:\ 
 iiiy; (Iniiinisliiiii! .Inly, i38i. 
 11' .liiiic, i83i, 151a dc:illi.<, 617 I! . 
 ;.K. l.iiiid.iii, Miiv, dciitlis, al«>ul ;' 1 
 
 S4 ; dclllll'. ileel(i(»ini.' Icpdrtcil, ,4 
 , lillt Slll.si.les, !)(•(.. (SH,(. 
 r siiiiilli«.x at Sliclllcliliiiid iicislii. ■;:■ 
 137 ; ttlU pi-eviileiit, Jiui. i333; i.v 
 , i838. 
 
 tiTiliid Kelei'Ster. iil»ml i6Jaii., 1:.: 
 ?()fi. 
 Sec rcfCiil''/'"". 
 
 NPIMENTS ACTS (joGro.IlI, 
 
 ,0 (13 (fe 14 Viet. (■. (K)), lin.viW 
 i;; rates (if Inmses insteiul ol th. <. 
 viis annulled liy the new Ki! riii 
 ;. c. 102, ». 7 (1W17). 
 
 !NUU8i the initials of ccrtiiiiiiiiiii. 
 rs ajiaiiist cpiseiiimey in tliccviii. 
 Stephen Marshall, Kdliiili.il I'l:,. 
 nil}.', Matthew Newcmii'li. Wiliiia 
 y were aii-wered liv Ijislinp lljli::i 
 (lit of Kpiseopaey,'^ 1O40. 
 
 CHARITY (KOii POOR KB". 
 rv Smith, liy will dated 2O A|inl, 
 I?, fur rtdief (if captives hiLi hy 
 , and loooi'. for his poor kiiismui. 
 t iKiviiin liecdiiic (ilisolcto.nii ml «i< 
 t(i divert all tlic priipcrty to Hit I'.ir 
 i863 these were 413 in iiuml»r. Ih( 
 iii|icrtv is now i7,i«).j'. a yi'ar(KJ)l 
 if tic' rolls dccidi'd In L'ec i:;;, 
 < should be iiiiplii^.l t(i KPIieral dun- 
 On apiicid, tlicdccisiim w.is in (ivwir 
 iiiitlis," 12 IVli. 1878. 
 
 ELD, WP:ST, in the heart .>f 
 i(n> a favourite walk of thcLmin 
 e the city walls. Sir \V. ffjliif 
 lere, 23 Auj;. 130^ I In Ij Jfc 
 er was met hv Kichard II. «t m 
 I fltiibhed bv NV-ilw.irth tlip niiyj. 
 ent- . ere also held here In ifc 
 (15s i-.'^), inuiiy pi^rsons perisW :■; 
 thol(;mew I.i^'sntl. un .Inan. »■ 
 March, iCiI 2.— Bartholomew fair si' 
 
 SMITHHOXrAN INKTFTUTIO.V^ I^ 
 
 bcM here till iHy,— This |dace U mentiomd as the 
 ,it,. nfii (attli. market a» far hack as n^o, '|'|„. 
 KiKice devoted to this piirpos,. wu« eiiJarK'id fr,,,,, 
 iilKiiit three acns to tour and a half, iind in iHii to 
 Ki.t iind 11 qiiarti r. 'Ihe am ieiit rcKulations w.-re 
 nilM the "statutes ,.f Smlihllehl." In om. ihiv 
 there were Hoinetimes assemlded .|(XK) heastn a '■ 
 jUixxi sheep. The aiiiiiiiil amount of the sah'ii wiu 
 idHiut 7,000,000/. 
 
 Ml.l here 336,133 beasts, 1. j.yj. .170 sheep andlaiiiliK, 
 AJ56 ealvw, 33,33, i,it,s, (Alniiit i(,o siiles- 
 
 111(311) . 
 
 Tliec.iiilnnde.l si..nce of tile iiiaik(.t, the Mlaiichti.rl 
 iiiKplm'cs adJoiiiiiiK. and inaliv other niiisaiiecs 
 Kave ({niuml to nimdi dissatisfaction, mioI iifi,.i' 
 uiMisliciti.oi, an net was pii>.c.l a|.p.ilh|in« 
 iiicti"l".lilriM niaiket i'oi(iiiilssioiii.|'s wiHi |io\vci-m 
 jiiiroviil.-.i new luaiket, slaiiKliii.riiijj.,!,,,,,.^ ^,,, . 
 mill to close the niarkcl at .Sinithllcid . \ Xna 
 
 SiiiillillcM was used as a cattle market for the last 
 lime 'in 11 .lime ; ami the new market In IJooeii- 
 luWlillclds WHS opened 011 ,j Jmiu («.,. i/i^„ 
 ;i.r/i(.ia iliirht) ..... 
 
 A iiiiel iiicat and poultry market orih'red to I., 
 em'leil in Minithliehl, and Newpito market t. 
 
 NOAXE MUMKL'iri^ 
 
 HoMd .\|l„.|t It;, II, „,„,„„,, 
 
 f'cl 
 
 1840 
 
 I85I 
 
 •8sj 
 
 NnM.k(-..l.al,.,,l,.,,t final o,,,. ,,,8,, 
 
 „ folly on'li;c\^ann:s,';;j;^;';''';^.':;;''"''''''i'''iHiiec..ss. 
 
 "^:^:;a^:!ir:;'^.,r;;;,i':7i;;;'i- ,. 
 
 "iitiiiiin, iSi;. ' '•"'^•"' '""laodeonsiiim.sHmoke, 
 ^i'lfeh?Xi.''''''''''"''''™"''"''^l'''^''''''^''-''-l% 
 
 ''h!h&I.t!'';',:r';;i:;>!';';,'<'"'i nsex. 
 
 Messrs, llicwis' ivm ,"'Km.s"'" "",'' '",'"■'■'• "' 
 "mail proportioi's '"'"'■''"' ■"''"■t'llc'es in 
 
 ...herse„.„iu,;L,!;^i;!; t,; -^ ^;;;' ^id^n, «,.a 
 
 Otiier eollim tiees foillled at 111,,-', , "'^''' 
 
 --vr,.,„,etswu;.''i'j!(:in:^i;:r[^;;;;::'ti!;:7fc; 
 
 1 86 1 
 
 i8r.6 
 1863 
 ■ 875 
 
 lS7a 
 
 .1 tender fur its erection, from designs by' Horace 
 
 ■I'liies, I" pted from ,Messrs. Ilrowiifainl Uobin- 
 
 Hiiii fur 114,460/ ;^-,,^, 
 
 Tlie market iniiiinnratcd by the lord liniyor Law- 
 rence, »4 Nov. : opened b. the pdlille . I |i|.|. 
 
 NVw poultry market, ImiiiK-iiraled bv lord mavor 
 Oitt'iii .30 N'(H 
 
 NVweentrid frilit iiml vet'eliible iinirket deteriniiied 
 "II 14.I11IV 
 
 \ new p'.nltry and |irovishpii market wiis .ipem.(l in 
 KaiTiiiKiloii roiid by lord mayor Isaacs, n Dec 
 iSSii ; the new fruit and vcfxetalde iimrki.t o|ieni.(i 
 iiy lunl Muiyor Kvans , . . 13 June, ,802 
 
 Tlie Smillifirld Chili, to primiofi. improvements in tlie 
 liwil (if cattle, wasestablisii.-d 17 1),.,.. i,,,^. Ih-st lire- 
 nident, Francis, duke of Hedfonl ; ||,„t .seeretarv 
 .Wliiir YonnK. The members established an annual 
 cattle hhow. lid.l first in li..lphin.yard, Smithlield Dee 
 i7()9; next III liarlaeiiii. i.s,,; ; in (ioswell-.street 1806' 
 mniiveil t.. liakerslrei I, iS|,, ; and to th(. new Au'ri- 
 .iiltiinil li ill, biwrpoiilrnad, Islington, ,862 
 
 Tlir sliciw, suspended ill Dee. iSCo, on aeeoiint of the 
 rattle plasue, was pHrtially resiiined Dec, 1867 • wliollv 
 Dee. 1868. • ' 
 
 Time lit the highest prizes were nwanh-d to the (iiieeii • 
 110,000 visitors, 10-14 Dee. ,33,. I,ar;;i. show oiieiied' 
 j]o eattlc, 221 sheeii, m. pi^-s Ihr.ni-li swine fever' 
 10 iiee, 1894, ' 
 
 SMITHSONIAN TXSTITUTION, "for the 
 
 iiliTCisi' and (Ulliisioii id kiiowled;;e ainoiif; men," 
 a hiimlsome huildin^' at Washinffton, U.S., was 
 foumicd in 1846, bv iiiean.s of a le-uey of al,ovo 
 lOO.iXX)/, beiiueathed for the |)iirpose to the United 
 .States goveniinent by James Sniithsoii, illef,'itiniate 
 M of sir Hii^'h Smithsoii, who heeaiiie duke of 
 .Vorthumhorliuid in 17(10. It includes the I'S 
 national museum, the Koolofrjeal park, and tin'' 
 astrophysienl observatory, iitid publishes and freelv 
 distributes ncientitic iiieiiniirs and reports The 
 libran- was burnt on 25 Jan, i8(iv Professor 
 J.Kcpli Henry, the first seeretarv, died, 1^ Jlav ' 
 l8;8; sueeeeded liy .Mr. Speneer'F, li.aird, died, 10 i 
 .iu». i)i»7; succeeded l.y I'rofe.ssor S. 1'. Langley. j 
 
 SMOKE NUISAXCE. An „et was passed in ! 
 
 I853 to abate this nuisanee, proeeediiiK' from ehiiii- 
 
 Doy shafts and steamers above J,,i„don bridm.. In 
 
 1836 another act, obtained for its further application 
 
 I to steamers below London brid-e, and to potterie.s 
 
 I and slass-houses ],reviuusly e.Tein]ited, eanie into 
 
 KfSkiSonf^""^''''^''''^"^^^^-"-'^ 
 
 "Si!,;;! 7']"u:";8b';:"'" ""■ *'" "'">'''""■"' "f ^"'"^0 i.. 
 
 [ An exhibition of apjiliauces for this j.!,- .e in the 
 
 J Aug, 
 
 NMOLENSKO (Kussia) 'ri,,. i... . i ■ 
 kulusoll sueeeeded to the ednVniand '"'' "'"^ 
 
 ^e.f^S^Kn,?^:;':ii!:r;';f"^^-rHtu. 
 ^"cainst pira,„s, attei;!;^" ■"■";;; ;;,.i™^ 
 
 puhln. revenue and ,.ave rise t„ Cl s j ' ! „.f 
 Ihe SinujtKlers' „et was missed ,•','"''*'"»• 
 -verity was niiti,.,,.,,, in' 7., a d ','^^a A e"" 
 
 vision of these ,tal((t,.. f,.„l.. ',.1 .'",'' '^->' . '^ "'" 
 
 nndSnu.,,lin.Vv';yvXhed'^:^''"= 
 SMYEXA, see S'eiw CI,„ycJ,i:s. 
 
 Days 
 
 ^ SNEEZIXH. 
 
 Mess you " to thi 
 Strada, anioiif; tin 
 
 ,^ in ( 
 
 made 
 
 Th 
 
 u.stimi of saving "God 
 sneezer originated, .rceordin.r to 
 
 opinion orVh;r,h:,;;,;:;;;;;;;;|[;v-|''-;,;;.;-.h%,. 
 
 mmleashort prayer to the .'o'l: ' ' 
 ine, ; The eustoni is nieirtioii,'.,! 
 Jewish rahhis, and <dhers an.l i c 1 
 "uva^es, I'olydoreVcJ'r^a" it';,:"';' '•'"""': 
 he(i,neofthepla,^,u.,",s«.ih(i .^•"'"^""' 
 down dead sneezing, tlloV.!, 
 health. 
 
 sneezing 
 "•< "Jilliiter, help 
 hv Homer, the 
 
 • infected fell 
 seemingly in good 
 
 SNIDER GUX, see under Firamns 
 SXOWDON, see lMu;,ys, 1896 
 
 by sir George Ro,,ke-a expeditl.int'''ri'',"'o"'' 
 and the practice soon became -eneral I I'xfa 
 there were iinporied 1,622 jo? lbs „ I IV e ■■^' 
 I()6.3n; lbs u„,.„ .,';..:.r?l', •"'■'""'''• f'f which 
 
 1883, ^,I2l.i-j lbs-' li:- ;• ,'A- ■•/'2,83l lbs,; 
 
 1883,3,121,174 lbs 
 ported 
 
 ■***^r. 3.595-07 1 lbs. were iiii'.' 
 
 SOANEMU.SErM,.te.No,n I^ienln'R ,r, 
 
 Se:^;veSL'7S^^^:;^^^';S-"'^^^ 
 
 ments for its being q,e,f' to th, n ,' 1 'bf''™"^''': 
 passed in 1833. I^ eintaiiis Egy?^ ' . >/° i!,'; 
 antiquities, valuable painti.igs,"r'a,!^"C^ °'^." 
 
 ?'iiin 
 
 II 
 
 '«# 
 
 : k 
 
 '^m 
 
 1 , " 
 
 i 
 ( 
 
 ( 
 
 PI 
 
 IM 
 
 wLUn 
 !■■■ 1 
 
 Pi 
 
ISUWi 
 
 'lii(*^M 
 
 
 
 i! 
 
 ^r^i-F 
 
 
 SOAP. 
 
 1008 
 
 SOCIAL SCIENCE. 
 
 x^l^o aistriLut.a annually t„ dwtroa.cd nrehi- | 
 
 (liaciivi'iTil. 
 SOAP is a salt, a oompoun.l of a falty lun.l. wiH, 
 
 though he I'-;-'?;' "'.,;. ,^"' „.>^ toils .,1, 
 
 won! t"[^-M^ ;; -■. \ ; ; "'Tl,o.nanui^...tur,. 
 d^ncit J^u;i.H..a by Bristol at ouo Penny _,;>;r 
 
 pound. 
 
 'tIr' duty upon soap, imiioso 
 
 from >■.'■ per pound, was 
 
 ^'?^;!'^:;t^"^^c^lti-ts^'■^'>^'^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^;:;f::',Ho^;>^os]'oits.:,89r.,7-9,7oo-ts. 
 
 srmK \ON (N.W. India). The lintish army, 
 SOHKA'^J.N V (iifterwavds viscount) 
 
 3^,00(, ^t^" ;■ ' , ''^^ ,;,, t^a-cv on the Sutlej, 10 
 kT Is^" Tl ■ .■m'nv wa. dishnl^ed after a 
 ^ If , ;,t, t and all their batteries taken ; and 
 <hoadrul <';!'if''f,;, , ,ss' -e of the river bv a tioatin- 
 l,ri,l.'e,nthe, rea, tu^(U> ^^^^^^_^^ ^^_^^^ 
 
 !i;;;S TkeUntish loss was a^sS-"'^"- 
 ti„\;?,r'so i!.tv t^.r the h,o,eHt of the eon.uunnty at 
 
 „ ,, ,,f th.' iudivulual, was warmly ad- 
 the expeuM- "> " "I i8m, bv b'ob-a-t thven. 
 voeatedin •''!'"'?"• -f,-''^' ,;,,') .i;i,-lv in Seotland. 
 
 uhout ISOI, '■^\'""V "'o, , ir,, died 17 Nov. l8S*^i 
 ^"'"?:;r ^C7> " - dlsl'ltenned p»M»..<f , , 
 ^:;;::::^a v,^apoUtiealb,.lvinthat..oun.ry^: 
 
 • \; .,i,.,l in tlie iw.dution ot I».«. ana : 
 
 ^•!;i,^":u::!^:'en..Mvo;;l^«d t set up c.,...,..^^_^ 
 
 S,„, ■„/(,-"'., '',";;;' u.-nristian Soelilists," ineln<iinK 
 ^' "• ''':';*\:;„ S... V ;■ '-"bur^'.^ual prince taech- 
 '"'"';; ,11, rinianiit persons, ftt Vienna, 
 t''''--*''''"''''y,, , ' ., 't a i.oiuuaent to baron 
 it, WHS resolyeil '^i ' '^ ,3 March, 1393 
 
 ..^''T^;'l^; "''-h "k :,«.loin of'Oo,. ij within 
 
 ftscribeil tlies,i)ia„ i" 1 1 20 Jan. ISC'; 
 
 Oa,inn,i,ist.i,.nin.stoiss,icdbyCarl Marx. .848; 
 
 6.!':^;";bUt?lu:"p'S''ov.anis.,d by Ferdinand 
 t^S:(;^n;:ui:r.ri.e (.creating hi Ocnaany . • 
 
 Htringciitbill toreia-css it passed 11. tbopailiiiinciit; 
 
 socTabsts expelle.l Ircaii (lenii.oiv .y dceive. N,,v, 
 
 nianv papers siippirsse.l, Nov,, Dee., 1873. Kx- 
 
 pulsions renewed .... mitniun ,;to 
 
 See (li'nmuiii, i8qo. 
 
 m,-"al llieetillK of socialists I.ennitted in l).,.t. 
 
 street, laiaelioiise, l,oii,l<ai . . =7 Vl't. i!t; 
 Social d.aiiocratic fc.lc ration holds ini'.'tiii;^^ « lie'.i 
 
 trnd to riets, see //M.',s . . 8aii.l=,h,h. ,;,.: 
 Meetii.;;sliel.linTraf,iV'ar-sn.,59An^MiiidriN"V „ 
 \li..ut ilieeiido|-i886 Ibeybe-aii "cliurcli v:iiam-s 
 ilistnihiia.' Ilie si,rvice at sevi'iel cimrcliis; 
 iiicll.'ctiiallv at St. Paul's e.'itli.Mnil . .q ivt,. ,3;. 
 The "cuerai ciineil ol' tlie social (leiancratic 
 f,,.lia'itinii issues a inaeilVsto exliortiiin (■■ cnii. 
 stai.t <av'aniz.-d aKitali.ai I'nr .ideipiatc iviicf 
 works .^c, t,i be provid.-d l.y the K"V. iMiiwiit 
 ,uid local authorities; s... IU,<I'' Vtnk aii.l /;;*, 
 
 I"! N'lV. ,. 
 
 .Mr. William MiuTis. poet.natlior of the " Ki.rtl.lv 
 [•■uadis," Mr. 11. M. llviidiiiaii, Mr. II. II. 
 ' Cliampi"!!, and Mr. .loliii liiirns lieciiine l.!i.l,.,|s 
 ■ ,,111 socialist leauue" f.,riiied 111 i386. 
 
 \ kind of state socialism instituted in 'niiany; 
 
 " s,,e under ll'"W,ne; -lAcii, 1330. 
 
 The attempts of the fedeiataai to hold ..p.iiair 
 mc'lin^s at f'lielsea on Sniidav evemiiL;,s pn- 
 vented bv (lie p.iliee, Oct., Dee. 1891, an.l .liui. ,;,;, 
 
 Socialist c.'aifiress at Marseilles . . .•=, Vpt ., 
 
 (Jreat social .leiaocratie euiij:ress at .ieilin mrt, 
 ,4 Nov. vt .-■"/•, iBQ- : -'l <"lo:-'li.', end ,.MM, 
 ,891; atViiaina . • • .■ • March, i;^ 
 
 The Socialist union formed a.'iinist the ^-nvmi. 
 Mient at Paris liv the eoiahiiiatnai ol sucihIi* 
 Mod aoareliisls at a meeting upeiieil liy "j.-ni. 
 (,Tnseret(acnm'nuoist) . • , ,• , '4 J.i'i. li;; 
 
 International socialist coiij,'ivss at Glieiit, = Apnl; 
 
 lit Zurich . • .•,,•.,.',, ."■•'■ " 
 
 Social deiiiocriitic. comire.ss held at hmnklort. ji 
 
 Oct. 1894; atBredaii, Oct. .SoV. Cotlia. n (W. & 
 Dissensions in Germany and I- raiice, kelwwii tlie 
 -.noderati'S and ultras . . ■„ • ,• ,,"V''' 
 ' Social .leinoeiatie federation coiilnviice lieV at 
 liirminKliain (s.^e r,v,me»,./, i3qs;ft) . 4 A",'- ite 
 Death (d- fiederiek Kii|.;i'ls, socialist leii,l.,r .Vi;. „ 
 l,it.,iiiatimial cmiiiress at L die broken iip li.v n.it. 
 
 in;;; several arrests . . • . :^3 J" ,S ra 
 Iiiii.riiationa; congress 111 London (.<ee //,Wf P-rl), 
 
 j6 .1 lily , ' v^7. ,. 
 : Xntional socialist congress, isl incitiii^' at Erliirt 
 
 SOCIAL SCIEXCE. The 
 
 ciation for tlie I'roniotioii ol hoeia 
 ated in a nieetiiii;- 't lord Itiouulia 
 Its .ibjeid was to promcde imp 
 adininislration of law, in edue 
 lu'iilth, and in so.dal eeononiy. 
 nieetiujjs, and pnhlislied its jirocei 
 Mr. \Vm. r.llis and Mv, .lohii Stuart 
 
 promote the study 
 Hirmiiis,diaii', meetingopciii'd . 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 Hradfoid 
 
 Glas^'ow 
 
 Dublin 
 
 Ijoiidon 
 
 KdinbiirKli 
 
 York 
 
 Shcttleld 
 
 Manchester 
 
 llelfast 
 
 l)irinia!;liam 
 
 liristol 
 
 Ncweastlc-oii-Tyne 
 
 Leeds 
 
 I'lymoutli 
 
 Nm'wicli 
 
 01as;.'o«' 
 
 liri^diton 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 Aberdc'-lt 
 
 Cheltenliam 
 
 Maneliester 
 
 Kdiiilairtjh 
 
 Dublin 
 
 -.■■,.N'nv. .. 
 
 Xatioiiul .\s,i. 
 il Seieili'i' oridc- 
 Ill's in May, I.*";;, 
 l■ove\m■^t^ in it' 
 atioii, ill |jiil)!i' 
 It lit'lil ,iniiii,\l 
 ■diiiKs. 
 
 MiHl»-aiit,i 
 
 . i:iM. I-,' 
 
 . . 11 O1I. l-:. 
 
 . loOit. [t:y 
 
 . . 24 Vpl iSii 
 
 , 14 .tip;, lifi 
 
 . . fi.lllllf, !'■: 
 
 . 7 0(ti:!.; 
 
 . . 32S,'jit. iy.\ 
 
 . 18 N|. . -.Xl 
 
 . 31) ;<i'|it iiO 
 
 . S9 SffL \%) 
 
 , 21 ^'■\'i. ii;o 
 
 . 4 0.'t. ;:;l 
 
 . ! I S'-pi. iSri 
 
 I lid ill) 
 
 , 3oS(lllln 
 
 , lOitllji 
 
 . iiHtiSii 
 
 , 19 Sriil iSn 
 
 . 2j oil iiji 
 
 . 1 On. ii;i 
 
 , t Oct. 1* 
 
 . 3 Ud i!ii 
 
kh SCIENCE. 
 
 ss it jKissi'd ill tlii'lHirliaiiii'iit; 
 nmUii'miMiiy liy ilciMvc. Nnv. 
 rssi',1, Nov., IH'c, 1873. Kx- 
 
 :'!ltllillll !;'» 
 
 o. 
 
 <iiiiiilists iii'Viiiittcci ill !V.(1. 
 
 I.uiiiliiii . • ^7 >i''i't. illi 
 
 I nitil'U llcll'lM llll'l'till;;s wlliiM 
 ;,,'.< . . S.'lli'l =1 l-i'll. 1:7, 
 
 ',ilj.'iir-sii.,^9 -'^'if-'- ""'' =1 ^'"V. „ 
 llii'yliiriiii "cliiu'i'li Idiiiiii's" 
 ■ rvii'i' lit si'Vt'itil cliurrlit's; 
 I'lUil's i-Mtlu'iliiil . -7 ''''t i3!; 
 
 I of tlic si'f'iiil lii'iii'ioratic 
 i iiuiiul'i'std cxlicivtiii^' t" mil- 
 i;,'itiili"ii l"V nili'iliiali' nliit 
 
 iiniviili''l Ia' till' K'lVc v'liiii'iit 
 i,.rt; sir /'!/''■• ''"I* fiii'i /.■-■*, 
 
 1 1 Niiv. ,. 
 
 piii't, autii'ir 'if till' " Kaithlv 
 M. llviiiliiiiiii, Ml'. II. 11. 
 ■'. .iiiliii liiini'' lii'raiiii' l.-i'liirs 
 :'a«iii'" f'.niii'il in i386. 
 iiilisiii iiistitiitiil ill U 'Viiiany; 
 : Men, i?,V,. 
 
 ,. ti'iii'iMti"!! t;> linM ..ii'ij-air 
 si'a 01, Suiiilny i'vi'iiiii'„-,<, iiri'. 
 ire, Oi't , lli-'C. 1891, ami .Ian. i";i 
 , Mill M'i Hoi • ■ :iiSi'iit. .. 
 
 ratio t'l.iinri'ss nt lli'ilin, t, 
 
 802; at f'uli'^'ii"'. eiiil "' "rt. 
 Mari'li. r,i 
 
 II rnl'llll'il ll-'llill^t till' ^.-'IVITII- 
 
 • till! I'liiiiliiiiiiti'iii of si.i'ialisl« 
 t 11 iiii'i'tiiif,' i-Hiciii'il liy ".L'l'ii." 
 unist) . . . i-l.l.™. i;,i 
 list c'oii^'i'i'SS lit Glii'iit, J .Xi'.il; 
 
 ■) .\ii,'. . 
 
 r'mmi'tw.n ln'lil iit Kmnkr.irt. j2 
 -ilau, Ort. 1805; Gotlia. ti Hot. : , 
 many ainl l-'riiin'i', l.i'l'.v'i'n Hie 
 
 ti'iis' ^'"1'. t'n 
 
 fi'ili'i'iitiun c'liiil'i'ii'iioi' lii'l'l lit 
 Cirw'inii, i3o:;-'i) . 4 An,', rv. 
 : Kii|.;i'ls, siii'iiilist l''aili'i' A'l.;. . 
 Tcss at lilli' brold'ii ill' liyridt- 
 stM . . • • -.; ''ii'V, ■• ' 
 i'l'ss ill l.oiii'.oii (si'O »').'.' P'lr;.). 
 
 rf.liily.i'f'/. „ 
 ■iiii'.;ri'ss, ist iiii'i'liiij-'al Kiinri, 
 
 .'i.Nn\. „ 
 
 yIEXCE. '1-'1»> 'N'litioiial .V-. 
 I'imiutiiiii of Siii'ial Si'ii'iii'i' wi.'ir.- 
 i' it liii'il l!riuiuli:iiii'<iii May. !>;■ 
 to iiroiiiotii illllllnvl'lm'l'.t^ ill ::- 
 )f law, ill odui-atinn, in jpiiliii' 
 so.'iiil oi'iiiioiny. It ht'lil aniail 
 ihlishci) its in'o'i'i'i'iliiiirs. 
 
 ,1 M'' ,liilm Hluait Mill liiv'iiii t.' 
 
 . . all.";'-:- 
 
 . iilHi" 
 
 . . iilW. :"i 
 
 . 10 IM. i';( 
 
 . . 24 .S-pt iji 
 
 . 14 All';. i;ii 
 
 . . fi .Iiiiif, 1".: 
 
 . 7 Oi'l iKi 
 
 . . 32S.|,r. '": 
 
 18 N|. .' 
 
 3o*|'li.> 
 
 29 Sl'l'l. Illy 
 
 21 ^yi li^ 
 4 Oi'L :j;l 
 
 !i Sfi'L liri 
 
 I ili'l i!)i 
 
 3oSi'|iLlilt 
 
 61M. ilji 
 
 iiiHiS;4 
 
 19 Si.|it. iSil 
 
 23 Oi't, itji 
 
 , I Oft, iS;) 
 
 tIM. iMo 
 
 , i Oil iSii 
 
 SOCIAL WAR8. 
 
 1009 
 
 Illy ' ; 
 ting oiiC'lli'il 
 
 Xiiltia;;liain .... 
 liiMili'l^Mi'lil .... 
 Hiniiiiib'liaiii (till' last ciifii-fss) 
 
 SOCIETIES. 
 
 . . QoHl'Jlt. 1882 
 
 1 Dit. i38j 
 . i7^L'l't. 1SS4 
 
 SOCIAL WARS, sec A(/um, mid :,[,im. 
 
 Ki'i'l(',siol,i„ri,.,.|l H,„.i,.tv . 
 hpaliliiiK (;„:,. Ai.i.i',i,.,.n . 
 
 I':ik;!,''i:::;;:i7'*"''''^- ""'"""- 
 
 I'l'li'V .Siirii.tv 
 
 SOCIETIES AND IX,STITUTIOX.S, LiTF- !''i:', ^''i''" ''''■'■-!'•'' '^''-i-'tV, Dal. 
 
 IIVUY AM) NrrKXTinr, in Ui-cat Jirtain .si .'1 ,'''''' . ■ 
 
 Kiirtlir-r di'tail.s of many of these Nyill lie found' ili'i'iMi'nd'.Sni.h'.lv'''*' " " • 
 
 lauk'i'tlH'irn'Sj.i'i'tnelieai!-. All in tile li.sf Ih-Iow ; I'liannu iti,.al s,,.:,..,. " • 
 
 lire 111 London, e.M-ept otlienvise stated. An art )\''"1'"»- '-i-i.'tv, Kdinii,,.,.],' " 
 
 waspiifsi'd IF Anff. i«54, " to all'ord faeilities f,,,- ' )"l"i"f;ieal M„riHy ^ ' 
 
 thi't'itaniishnient of in-'titutions fill- till' i,ri,ini.ti„n r!'"'"' ''"o,i,.ty . . " _• 
 
 ofliti'i'atui'iMind.seicni'e," liv n-rants of land A-,. . s ,',', '''II' ^'"-'"y- Maiii'h,..^ti.i' . 
 
 ,™,lfoi' tl.eir .'.'-Illation. The Uoyal „nd London' HU'sh u,'-' n.ol:';,';'- 1 !'-'""'!^'"t-'li 
 
 Mitiitioiis wi'i'o r.Neniiited from the oj.eration of I'^v.,) .\V,.|,i,.;,|n'.f;. a -Iniate'''''' 
 
 iiifai-t. t>iv Snrii/i/)c J'i/jy,r\. '•^y.||.i,||,iiii .Sn,•i,.|v 
 
 ril.■"Vl■,lr.Iiook ol'.-ii'ii'ntllic ami Li'.'ii'Mcil .Societies" 
 
 i.rsi apiH'iu't'il 111 
 E.iiallSiii'icty 
 
 Ktlllllilip;;li;,| .Soeirty 
 
 tSSj i li""' .•\"".'i"li"''iit «oeiety ' . ' 
 '5=4 I lliiliili.i .Sii|.i..tv 
 
 ii,iai»iii'i('iy .... ('ii.ii.t.M' .s.; . :. " ' '^'"''''tv . 
 
 iiir,sti,.iiK.i.nvl,'d:;i.S..i'i,.tv , . "^" f*' ^^i" Ki^.viitiMi, .s,„.i,.|v ' " 
 
 l-lnMili^'(;"liMi'liii'irs, Society . ' ' ->" "ay S,„.i,.lv . •• ■ . 
 
 S..iilviilAiiti.ii,arii's . . . fCii.ai.ii.i- ,.^,; ''■' '-'ixl'ili .Soii,.tv . 
 
 ..'ivi.fl :taliU. . . * ™^" ''^''''■17, (>ltie.s„|.„.iv. Il„i,li„ • ■ • 
 
 ■ I'ly III- Alts .... ■c(,'i,;nt,.,-',«..; '!:^:* ' .',''""'i"f-'a'iisn,'i,.iv . ■ • 
 
 ■839 
 
 1840-53 
 1840-52 
 . 1840 
 
 . 1.S41 
 
 1841-7 
 
 . 18.U 
 1843-56 
 • "S43 
 
 1S44 
 
 .y: : : : li- ^ ^^^^:£i:S^^^r)::i,^^ . ■ . ■ . 
 "'''tS-s3):&liS^^^^^^ 
 
 1844-54 
 
 lS.,5-53 
 
 . 1S46 
 
 ■ I'lViifAl'ts .... fClinti'V.S.,! '■'■' ''"'"""-"■'■d'^oi'iitv 
 
 )! ::,'alSui'i,.,yorr.Midon . ^^''•"*" '^"> '753 «"ss,.x .\,.,)m nl,,.'- ,, H;,,i,tV I i^ve. 
 
 l,ilii 311,1 Wist of Kiijrlaii.l Society ' ' "' ( .umI,,.!.,,, v ,...,. , . .. ..■■'"i. 
 
 liii-Iif :iiii'ii'ty of Loiiiinit 
 .Miiiliisti'i- l.iti rai'v .'iiid riiilosoiilii 
 iv'v;il.'<iu'li'tv of I'Minlmryli 
 Il;,;iilaiiil .-iin'ii'ty 
 ■ Il'iii! Irish .\r!iil'.'iin- . 
 
 i.iiiiiM). siH'ii'fv '. . . ■ rcii,-ii'tei''XV\ ''°? I '.^'■"'''''■''^'"'i'-'v . ' ■ ■ ■ 
 
 t:;'';!!!.!::!::':!'^:''':\:^^'^^'!P^'''^^^ ^"""' "">-^"') ^i.t™roioK;i'ni soeietv ■■ 
 
 (Cliai'ter 1866) 1850 
 
 1S47 
 
 llu);ilIiistitiitiiiii(Ai'tof ii.ii'Iiiiiiieut, i8io)Clmi'ter isJv, I t- ■ , . , 
 
 i;i;i.<i.'"w I'hilosopliical Society . . ' '-"""'^'^ 11°° ! f;|iidfniiolo-ie,'il Society 
 
 S02 I Noi'tli 
 
 i!:;;;i Us^;s'^;;i;;;;i^ieai so;!.^""^'-^ '^'=^> '«°^ ' 7-.;;s.!;"«'";'" '■:^"""" -^ «-'"« ^>«i-ers; ■• 
 
 ,,„„„,„,„„„.„„ , _ _ <^^'--^"'^34)i8o3 .!;;,:;;;;i;ii;;r;:,!::;;:^^^^ 
 
 .MrLliliol';; Soeietv . . . • • • • iSoS , U,.|„.|i|,,f;i,'al Seeietv . • • • • 
 
 Jlibiitiitiiiaia Civil Kii},'incei'.s . (Clmrter 1828! is'.s i ^"''i:;'.^' .'or tie. Kiie.iui'.ap.iuoiit' 
 ll..rlsLiierary„.i,l l'l,il„so,.liica! Society ' ^'^ Instit.i urn i,f.V„val Architects 
 
 [if'MiaillSiicri'tv . . _" I <.liiiii'al Society 
 
 51 
 
 852 
 ■853 
 185s 
 1856 
 1857 
 
 I i;,l.n4«e l'!iil„s,i|,liiciu Society' . (Clmrter ,8,2) ' I i)"'l"'-'!"'l'Vi'' '' 
 
 Jli"'i '1 Astrnnfr.iiu-;il SncirtV 
 
 I ^'."■j;;'>;?'"-*l":j-:'ao,n'np.„,oiit of Fine Artg 
 re' ■■ 
 
 il't.V 
 
 ;: ivi;t!;i"^!i^;;;i;r «•"-•>■ ^'"V.nio,.,.b,ish 
 
 1 l.\stniiiii'.iiii.alSiici..iv. . (Cliiirter Tq.,,1 .«,„ I . , ''' '"^'i""'' • 
 
 ;■ "Hi'taiival Society . . ^'-"""'-' '^-''> 8^" \ I.oiiil,,,, .M-.tl„..„i,ti,.n| .Society 
 
 .v.ilSooftisl, :--,ciely ilfArts. ." " " ' '°^' ; ■'•■I'onaiitic 1 .si,„.i,.ty ^ ' 
 
 )ialecticiil .s.i(.ietv . 
 • 1822 ■ CliaucerSucicty . " . * 
 
 ■;as"S'HlsllS;?t-^"'-: 
 
 U'leiaii Sciciety 
 
 l.iti'uiiy aii.i I'liii'siipliicil Societv 
 ■liiri' I'llilov'i.lii il :...ciel,v 
 |:i li.1'1 1.iu-iary aiid I'f : .-soiriiieal Soeietv 
 ■'lu^i'iii'ty of Liti'iatiii-u 
 ":ii .isiatic Society . 
 .iJl.rai'Lliilj, Kiliiiliiirvli . 
 |l .Viiiira' liistitiition, Liiiiilim 
 -I'lii Litiiaiy Institution 
 
 "I'fiiLit.'raiy liistHiitien . . ,„-,,. , ". . 
 
 ''Kical.Siiil.'lv . . . (■Cll,lrter",R,ri c" c "I''"''"! Ali'llieolo;,'v Sn.'ietv 
 
 ,r' ;V"'.''""'' '*l"ii"nieal Society 
 '825 < (christian Kvidcncc Society . 
 
 i|"irati'il Law Society 
 i«>i.v for I)ittasion of Useful knowl'ealge 
 
 • 1858 
 
 . i860 
 
 . l36i 
 
 • l8(^-j 
 
 • 186+ 
 
 24 Jlay, 1S65 
 
 12 Jan. 1860 
 • f 1S66-94 
 
 1069 
 1871 
 
 liliiii"k'.iii.S.itii'ly, Uxfoi'il . 
 jpyilOi'CKraiiiiic'il Socii'ty 
 
 ■I'liJfiiiti'il Service Institution 
 -llllnlllill Si.eii.ty 
 iTLiiiSiieic-ly 
 ■" Assiii'iiitimi 
 
 '''"'.1' l.iti'i'an- Institution ' 
 ' ^1 ii'al Assooiiitiou 
 
 - ■ :il .SiH'ietv . 
 
 ■u..ii.'..,riiiv ; 
 
 f<iiiiiii»tw fiLi'iiry In.stitution 
 Wi« .Siii'icty, Diirliaiii 
 
 (Cliiir 
 
 , „ , IVic«ia,,l, Kie;i„ccrsrV"'-'™''^"'"=^"'=''^*J'"f " 
 ■ \lZ ' i''""i>' !::"'-' o>s-|iislinit;ou ■ . ■ • • • ;• 
 
 • ■ ■• I (;)!'») Sliaksiiearc Society . ' W • 
 • 1832 I l'hy.slcal Soeietv . • • . 
 
 • • ■' i ■^fiisiciil Associatiou ' 
 
 1833 I I'lililie .Viidysts 
 
 1834 
 
 i'syeli.,l,,>..iciil Society 
 IMucalieii .Siiciety 
 lioyiil A,|iiaiiinn Society 
 Mincialiiiiiiid S..cie(v 
 
 iMl!!',l'n,'''''''^''''/'-''''^''''''i'"'t«(«i«'-toi'',837) " 
 
 .»,»* sl'S"" "'"-"i""™' '^"-'J- .''■ 4^ I ^.„i.a,'y Institute ororeat Rrifii,, 
 
 ■ ;;S37!ru;'cH?Sv'''=''^'^<"'™''''*''''''"^- 
 
 ■ '837-8 ! l.ilirare .\ss.-«.i«tieu "..■"■ 
 
 • iSjb-st) I Index Society 
 
 ■ '''■^'* I !,"';'''."'V"''^''"'"'''*t'yi'fGi'eatBi'ltaiu 
 
 • • >. ] /etctical Society. . 
 
 ■ • 1839 Folk-Lore Society . ' ' 
 
 "L'ieiil .Sieietv 
 
 i^.Sui'iety . • . .".".■ 
 
 !l'-i"ri'.'al Hiiciitv . '. 
 
 pcoiiii'al Society (Royai, 1866) '. 
 
 1873-5 
 
 ■ liQi 
 
 • >87j 
 
 • 1874 
 
 ■ '875 
 
 ' It 
 
 . 1876 
 
 • '877 
 .' l8;,3 
 
 ^''h 4 
 
 
 3 T 
 
SOCIETY ISLANDS^ 
 
 sr% I ■■■■■■■HI ^' '1 
 
 1882 
 
 i835 
 
 Asti'oliit;ii'iil Sdcii'ty 
 
 Oirlvlut^'U'Wy 
 
 J^:;'l;:i";^m.tM,Kiiciienu;st.,die.-. _ 
 
 HMlu'liiis Chill 
 
 AVillnimhliy Sm-u'ty 
 
 lii.tiniti! Ill' Itiiiikurs 
 
 jiMllo.iii Sicji'ty 
 
 Arisliitc'liMU S<HMOty . • • • 
 
 'J^.lK.-l•Ml.lli.■al^^.lcil•ty of London . • 
 
 Ascliiini SoiMcty ,.• . 
 
 I'lM'mii'al Iiiaustryi5oc'iet> . • ■ • 
 
 Sn.Mftv lor I'syi-liical Research 
 WvfaiiU'Snui.'ly 
 
 .Si'Ul Soc'il'tV • • . 1. ' 
 
 Miiriiio HioloKiciU Assoi/iatioii . 
 
 f^,„ R-tv I f Autliors 
 
 ?;;r;;u^::!^o:-n-uoc;,>a«onoty .■ ." 
 
 Socii'ty of McdalUsts 
 
 liacon'Sot-ii'ty _ . 
 
 ^;(■Ulo^nc■ ^^o<■i<•ty■ . 
 
 Klic'lli'V S.icii't.y . 
 
 (;.irtlioSo<-ii4y _ . 
 
 !<cldL'n Socioty . 
 
 Ni'iirolo(,'icaa Society _ , 
 
 Anatoinical Society _ _ 
 
 CiiUiortCliib 
 
 BUHkin Society . • .• • ' ' ' , . 
 
 Britisli Astvoiioiiiicnl Society . • • ^ 
 
 Jaiiau Soc'il'tV . ■ , • * * *,i * 
 
 Britisli R.'coi-ds Society iucori.oiafd. . ■ • 
 
 Aiiixlo-Uussiaii Society . ■ • • 
 Navy Keeorils Soi-ii'ty . ■ • 
 An},'io-N'oriiiaii Hceords Society • • • _ 
 
 Elizalietliaii Society 
 
 IMiilosopbical Society _ 
 
 Boiiiilly Society , 
 
 QoriVTY ISLANDS, Pi'iific 0"""' ,''1" 
 
 who visited them, ui 17'^) "■>'! ';'■,;,:: '"soeic; 
 Society I^'-;;^,,-J'n:c;' A 1 ^^^i^'\^ i 
 SrL;^reSa:^J--'«97. See ..«.,-.. j 
 
 cOrrNIANS, I>ci-«'"S %vlio accept tho oiniiiciis , 
 hU^^lj^ii^-^^.'^' 1 .. , r(,->\ niul his iiophew 
 of Fivustus Socinus (died •.^h2h aiui "' , I, ,, 
 
 jmblishoaiiil5;4; see i.u,Ui,iU,i>.. 
 lAistel lie Coulunges .ei eii-iivalent to Hi.to ) . 
 
 ',' ;L 11. is, 3 "el. .805 ; ra; ^' -, ; " ; 
 
 iVup-.c, liy.vanoii-. •vi't'''-'': '•■■'■-' '- . ,;j< 5 
 Traill, vol. !.<(.*'/ 
 
 tliaidiVn oati! bdongiiis to tho im.ui ol -Mu.eat, 
 
 "sOLAi~SYSTEM. ~ 
 
 T20 miles E. of ciipe Guiirdafui, Eastern .'.frim, 
 If, t™ suimuer of '1878, it was said to have „ 
 Lriveu'iiD to the liritisli; tormally aitiuxed. N,v, 
 1H8O ''i'lie island uxplored by Mr. liie.idoiv Brat 
 and Mr E. N. Bennett, Urilish n-ul.iit, ivfoum 
 neede'd, slavery e.Kisting, Tu„c«, 13 March, i%-. 
 
 SODIUM, 1 remarkable metal, first o'ltainri 
 
 in 1807 by sir Hnnipliry Davy, froin so.la ;«i,,!, 
 
 ^"l' l"rmerlv conf.nmded with potash, ,ut i,,..„,l 
 
 t„ be a distinct substance by Uuhiime! m rjl,;, 
 
 This metal, like potassium, was olitaiiied by tlir 
 
 ivmcy of the electric battery. In e..iisequemt. ,f 
 
 lleville's improved processes, sodium iiiiinnfat. 
 
 turedby Hell Itrothers, of Newcastle, at lOs.aiH.unl 
 
 f 18681 It is an important agent m tlie iii.Jini 
 
 nroduetion of aluniininni. Common -alt (. !,:,,r. i. 
 
 of «odinm) is a eompouiid of sodium .iiid lulunm. 
 
 Mr' II Y Castner's (of New York) ncwi)n«cs.st.r 
 
 the" eu'lar^ed production of sodium, ,iiul throujii 
 
 sodium ot aluminium and nnigiiesiuiu. aimoam-ci j 
 
 in June 1887. His works were set up at Ol.iliury, i 
 
 near Binniugbam ; the price of soduiin in i««f,u-;u 
 
 about 4.V. 4'^. ii pound, bee Alhilux and J,* 
 
 iiihiiKDi. 
 
 1S97 
 
 SODOM A^'D GOMOKUAII (Palestine), wh ] 
 their inhaliitants, were destroyed by bK fciii j 
 heaven, i8()8 ii.c, Gen. xix. 
 
 SODOE Si'id to be derived from Sounr-rys, nr 
 south isles (the .Elirides ,.r Hebrides) in disliiic 
 tion from Orkneys, the north isU^s. llic ,<«utm 
 or western isles were ma.ie an .'piscopal (iu«-w k 
 Ma-nus, king of Norway, icx*, and )«iiie,l to tie 
 isle'of Man about 1 1 13- See Max. 
 
 SOFAS, a West African h'ibe, see Sum L-m\ 
 and Si"if(j(tl. 
 
 SOFIA a miinufacturing town in Bulsirij; 
 1 fumided bv Justinian on the ruins „f tho autknt 1 
 I fSirdie.i ; became the eajiital (d the new |.iiikii!i1i!v, 
 
 \ iialace and other buildings weic eioit' .to I 
 1 *lS8l. It contains 30 niosijues and 10 ; Ai. 
 i Destructive thundeivtorm with less ol htf. ,\ )bv, 
 I 1,890; >ii.-t! Jlii':i"ni'. Population, iHno.42,aio, 
 
 I SOFFAEIDES DYNASTY nlgmdiiPer. 
 
 ! sia, 872-c/)2. 
 
 ' SO'RTAS, Mahometan students devotfii : ' 
 
 i Koran onlv. See r«>'/.v;/, May, 187(1. 
 
 i SOHO BAZAAK and THE\Tr:;; 
 li<i:niin< and T/iMticf. 
 
 SOISSONS '.France), c^ipital of the G* 
 Rues'siones, was subdued by Jiihus (a-sr, ;:bc,1 
 It was held by Syagrius, after las f,tl„..i 1*1 
 till his defeat bv Clovis, A.I). 486. bevmil n,M-);i I 
 luivo been lield at Soissons/jn 741. Ks:. lUM 
 ItHacade..^ was establislied m Kp. l'«to 
 Franco-1'i -ian war, Soissons, alter tliiv,- v-iri 
 
 investment and lour days' b «idm.m. -^-H 
 
 ,h.red to th.- G.;vmans under the -'«"■";:; 1 
 
 Mecklenburg, -oOct. 1..70. '';);'«'''■';;. ^^f'" 
 
 ,28 guns, &e., were said to be tabn, h. I -. 
 
 thus olitained a second line ot raihvayliMiul 
 
 to P'.iris. 
 I SOLAR SYSTEM, m-arly a. im ;.nfH| 
 I U said to have been laugb ''V l'y'l">^*^"'^, . 
 
 about 529 !•■- He placed tliesan in li..*,| 
 
 a,„l a^'^^'plamar'nioviug ifVilip.™,*! 
 roimd it -a doctrine superseded b> Ik 1; | 
 ..v.t.^m (•■'■AiV/i iff). The system otlv. 
 revived liv (,'operiiicuf (l.q3)- 1^; '■"'" ";' 
 nicansvsicm. I's trula was acauHM::. • 
 liaae h'ewtoji iii. 1OH7. bee 1 tmUs. 
 
'f ' i 
 
 LAE SYSTEM. 
 
 eiipc Guiirdiifui, Eiisti'vn Lf.nx 
 of 1878, it WHS «iii(l ti>liavclii'.u 
 liritisli ; formiilly umuxeil. Nm-, 
 cl I'xploreil l)y Mr. TiiLMduiv Bint 
 licnuftt, liritisli ruMilciit, ivfoims 
 xisting, TtiHcn, 13 March, iSg;, 
 
 reniiivkiible motul, lirst o'ltidnwl 
 iimiilirv Diivy, from s.,.l,i ;«i.;,!i 
 it'dUiuU'tl with iiiitasli, l,iit fuiH 
 
 substance by Uuliauifl in i;3(,;, 
 J potiissium, wiis olitaiiK-d l.y'tljf 
 ectriu battfvy. In 1 .aisequuint if 
 iveil proi'i'sses, sodium iiiaimiaf- 
 iithcrs, ot'Kewcastle, at !0». uhmhJ 
 111 iiuiiortaiit asent in the m.Jmi 
 luiiiiniuni. Cimiiium sdt hlini,; 
 compouiul of soiUuiu and (iiiunut, 
 ler's (of New York) iiuw )Hi»t>sfiir 
 i-oduetiun of sodiiiiii, and tlirousr. 
 liuiiim ami inagiiesiuni, aniiouwiii 
 
 His works were set uji at Oliilmry, 
 1111 ; the price of sodium in i^^ivn 
 X pouiiil. kiee Alkidus and Alt- 
 
 ND GOMORllAII (Palfstine), with 
 nts, were destroyed by tiiv fiaii 
 .c, Gen. xix. 
 
 lid to be derived from So('..iv-fys, or 
 e ^T^brides or Hi'bridcs), in Ji>!int- 
 leys, the north isles. Tlu' .Mjinlurn 1 
 s "were i-.iade an episcnpid lii.iT-.' W 
 of Norway, I0<j8, and joinnl to tiie 
 3ut 1 1 13." See Man. 
 West African ti'ibe, sco H'arrit Ijm 
 
 i.niunifiicturins town in Rulnm; 
 .stiniiin on the ruin- ni tii.' ut-i-m I 
 no the capital of the new liniM) ilitv, | 
 
 other buildings weic eu'i.i- ' .las. 
 itains 30 iiios(jues and 10 1 j\ri.\ 
 lunder.-torin with lo.ss of litV. ji Miy, | 
 'i/iirii'. Population, iXoO, 42.1XJO. 
 
 IDES DYNASTY rcigiu'dinPir-i 
 
 Mnhonietiin students dcvotwl to tk I 
 See Tm-b;/, May, t.HjIj. 
 [AZAAli AND THF.\TEE,m| 
 
 Tltedtit:!'. 
 i^S '.France), capital 'if tho Gi'iiitj 
 .•;is siibdued bv Julius Ca'ar, vfc 
 ly Svanrius, after iiis fntlur .I- :;■ 
 ' bv"Ciovis, A.I). 4WJ. S-cvr..;.!, .: 
 icli'l at Soissons (in 744, \W. Hi;..! 
 was establivhed in \ir\. Hoiztlel 
 ,iaii war, Soiss<ins, after tlnrtnetlfj 
 nd I'our davs' boinlnidinriit. ^'^mi-L 
 >- ri-riuan.H "under the •.'raiiWitoll 
 . .(lUci. i:-'70. (iiMiHi'^'i'MS""*! 
 r were said to he taken. TliHi.™inii 
 da second line of niilwaylV.miCbaio«ll 
 
 SYSTEM, nearly as lifi> atnpH| 
 yt. bcentau}:!itbyl'ytlia:.mp,«f.l>iii 
 
 r He placed tlie sun ni im-rtWj 
 . planets nioviu!;: in cHil'n<;"«l 
 
 doctrine superseded l)y tho 1 ■'''«! 
 ,,-,./j ,v,.,A 'hie svstcm «t i'yt!:.;*,| 
 
 (;opernicu=;(i?t3).i^'"i''';';'Vi';"i| 
 ,1 Its trul-i wa> dcai"iblrjMtyO| 
 
 ouiu,iOS7. 'i'si: L'knU!:. 
 
 ^SOLDIERS' DAUGHTERS' HOME. 1011 
 
 SOLDIERS' DAUGHTERS' HOME was 
 
 ,>.it!iblislied at Hanipstead, near I.ondon, in Aui;. 
 1857, by the surplus of tlie money eolleitod bv the 
 iTiitrnrassociation in aid of the wives and ftiiiiilies 
 ,if .soldiers in active sc-vice durin;; the Crimean war, 
 iiiiJ opened by the jirinic consurt, 18 June, 1S5S. 
 ]l |i:i,- been much indebted to the exertions of major 
 I'oivys. 
 
 H'.iaiprs' anil HailoiV F.imilies .\ssciciation foumlcd iS3s 
 (II Nov. iou.if' «";. it received siil)scii]itii)ns for flic 
 satlerers Ijy the wreck (jf 11.. M.S. Serjii:nt, .see Xifn/ 
 
 Nov. tSgo 
 
 SOLEBAY or SOTTHWOI.T) R.VY (Sutlblk), 
 where a fierce naval battle was fonndit between tjie 
 lifrts of Eiifilanil and I''i-aiii-e on one side, and tile 
 Iliit?h on the other, the f(U'mer eoiuniandecl by tlie 
 iliikcof York, afterwards .Tames II., 28 May, '[672. 
 The Enijli.sh lost four ships, und the Duteli three; 
 liUt the enemy Hed. and were iiursueil to their 
 cnasts. Tlie earl .if .Sandvviidi M'as blown u]), and 
 tliou.>«inds were killed and wounded. 
 
 SOL-FA SYSTEM, see .VHsic. 
 
 SOLFERINO (in Lombanly), the sito of the 
 
 (liief strui;;rle on the t;'reat battle of 24 .June, 1850, 
 
 Mwcfii tlie allied French and Sardinian army 
 
 lOiiimanded by their respci'tive so\-ereii;ns, and the 
 
 .lustriinw under jceneral Hess, the emperor being; 
 
 ),rrjtnt. The Austrians. after their defeat at 
 
 .\[:i_'ema, u'radually retreated aia-oss the Mincio, 
 
 and took up a jiosition in tlie e(debrated qua<lrila- 
 
 tiTid, and were e.vpeeted there to await the attack. 
 
 Hut the advance of Garibaldi on one side, and of 
 
 priiife Napoleon and the 'ruscans lui the otliiT, in- 
 
 , iliioed them to reeross the Miiicdo and take the 
 
 [ oli'oiisive, on 23 .Tune. Tlie conttict began early on 
 
 ; the 24th, and lasti'd fifteen hours. At first the 
 
 i .lustrians had thi' advantage ; but the successful 
 
 attack of the Frencli on Cavriaiia and Solferino 
 
 I vhangedfhefortune iif the day, and the Austrians, 
 
 alter desperate encounters, were compelled to 
 
 I fi'treat. The Fn iiidi attribute the victory to the 
 
 I rkilland bravery of their emperor a?id the 'ttenerala 
 
 MarMahiiii andNiid ; the .Viistrians, to the destrue- ! 
 
 I tiiiiof their reservi' by the rilled cannon of their 
 
 I ailvcrsiirics. The Sardinians uiaintained a fearful 
 
 I (iiitfstof fifteen hours .it San Mavtino, if is said 
 
 1 aaiiist double their number. Lossof the .Vustrians, 
 
 iiio officers, and i').3ll .soldiers; of the allies, 8 
 
 { ; ii'Tals, ()3j otrieers. and 17,303 soldiers killed. 
 
 rjiiii wounded. This battle closed tlie war; ]ire- 
 
 I Ktaiiiaries of peace beinir sifrned at Villa Fniiica, 
 
 I 12 July. On 24 .June, 1870, on the site of the 
 
 j tfittle, three ossuaries, containini? the lioiies of 
 
 tiifiusandi of the slain, were eonsei'ivited in the 
 
 Ki'si'iice (if representatives of Austria, France, and 
 
 Italy. The Ossuary tower iiiaunurateil, ami a 
 
 c'tedstatuo of king Victitr- Emmanuel, unveiled 
 
 |bvl<in;.' Humbert, 15 Oct. 1893. 
 
 SOMALI-LAND. 
 
 j^jr- 
 
 .'"lOLICrrOR. see ■Ulor^eii. \\\ the Suj.reme 
 iJaJieature Act, attorneys in future ;lre to bi' stylcl 
 Isilifitor-; uuaet for reiiaiiatin;; their ex.imination 
 iMHiwssed, 23 July, 1877; amended in 1894. 
 
 , SOLICITOk-GEN'ERAL, the legal officer 
 |!i«t 111 rank, and deputy to the attorney-general, 
 |»-lioiii he frequently sucoeedh. 
 
 -1 Tl,.iiii,,. Hil,l,.(alliMwaiMs loi.l Truro), 5 Dec. 
 ^ - William ,'',,r„.lt (s,;eon.l tune), o .Sept. 
 |i!.t. SirFi'wlmc>kTiicsii;er(..iiucelm-.l L)j.driisf(U-d), 17 
 
 h?i:. Sir |;i(2iH.. Ki.)!-, ,7 Jiiiv. 
 |im6. .Mr.Iiiloi.Ienis. 4 ,Juiv. ' 
 \ Sir David liiiiidaa, 18 Julv. 
 
 [!"i birjgia. Uuaully, .April ,(', aft. lord ituiiiilly. 
 
 S,,r,. lit. I|,,i,. ,I,,|,„., Stuart Woitley, Xov. ^ 
 
 is.V- ^1'- II. airy K.atiie;, .Miiv 
 
 Is-o sir !!"fl' \ '';'•''■'"■ '^ '■''''■• ■'ft- '^^'^■' Cairns. 
 iSo.j. Sii ll.-iiry K.'atin-, 18 ,Iunc. 
 
 .. Nir William AilMa-toii, I)..... 
 
 :^oU;;:i!::;::^l"|i,':;;'r;':;,i;i.f!^i,f-'i«^"^-- 
 
 1866. Sir\V,llia,„l!„vill. ,5.,„|y 
 .. .Sir.l,.lHi liiu-.ss K.ifslake. jq Nov 
 --1 ^" *,'.b"rl..s .lasp.T S..hvvn, .liilv. 
 
 ": sir Ki:'i,a^^('i;:li!;:,;:;.'T:',;;;f''j"''se. Sept.) 
 .«;.. sir ';:.l;;;!':ie:^i;'^:;i"'^' '^ ^'''=- ''«• '-•• coierid«e. 
 
 ■S;.;. .'Sir ll.oiiT .lalii.'s,' 26 S.'iit 
 
 ., Sir Will. Veiii.ai HaiT.airt, Nov. 
 
 • b74. Sir iii.iiar.l Hait-allav I'i'li 
 
 ., .Sir.Ioliii ll,dk,.r, 22 April. ' 
 
 """nalshlu'r '^^'"''■■'' ^"'""'' =5 ^'"''•' ""■• '"■•'1 
 
 ' ;--■ l''l,o'K''r '•'f;'"''- 3 May, aft. lord Herscholl. 
 iu.j.^. .i.iiui h. (i.a-st, .Jiinc. 
 
 , iS36. Sir Il.irae.. Dav.w, 15 Fid) 
 
 18S0. Sir K.lttai-.l Clarke, 26 .Inly. 
 
 i°H,2. Sir.I.iliii Hinhv, 18 All" 
 
 1C.J4. Sir H..I1.MI Tlii-.'slii,. UH.l, , May 
 
 ., Sir I-Vaiik L.,ek\v.).,.l, ,0 Oct. ; diiti), Dec.'i8o7. 
 
 i.jy5. Sir H.ibcrUiannatyne Kiiilay, 2j Aug. 
 
 SOLICITORS' ACT, passed 24 Deo. 1888. 
 
 SOLICITORS' REMUNERATION ACT, 
 
 44 1^' 4.1 \iet. c. 44; passed in r88l. 
 
 f.,iH^,^^^^^^'^>'''^ ^'■'•°'" ■'"^""^ ""'v, and fides, 
 laith) a mime given to the Antinouiians {which 
 
 i^^pI^O^rON ISL.ODS: the southern isles 
 i .. '1 ■■, 'p'"'^ I'cloug to (Jt. Mritain, agreement 
 suned "-ith Ueriuaiiv, .\pril, i.SSO; hi.^li cmmis- 
 s.oner. Mr. '. A[. \\ ...dford, 1,S.J7. The northern 
 isl.':, ijel.Hig to (jermanv. 
 
 liar.Mi I'uall.in, Auslriai. sciiMitist, I)., licaufort, .1 
 niidsliipniaii, an.l 2 s.iilors naissacre.l l.y the 
 uativs at Guadalcaiiar .... „ Aug. 1896 
 
 SOLOMON'S TEMPLE, see Temple. 
 
 SOLWAY :\IOSS (Cumberland, borderin- on 
 hcotlaiui). Uu 13 \ov. 1771, it swelled, owiii» to 
 leavv rains. i:pwards ..f 400 acres r.ise to such a 
 height above th,. levid of the ground, that at last 
 It r.dle.l t.irward like a torrent above a mil.', sweep- 
 ing al.iiig with it houses, trees, &c. It ' overed 600 
 a.ivs at X.dlierby, and destrovd about 30 small 
 villages .Near Solway M.iss the Scots were defeated 
 by the English, 25 Nov. 1342. 
 
 SOMAJ, see D> 
 
 'etsin. 
 
 SO.MALT-LAND, tiu-med the "Unknown 
 Il.iin id Uni'a." a tract of land opposite Aden 
 wbiidi il.'rives fniiu it its eliief sujiply of cattle and' 
 •shvp. The inhabitants, ab.iut half a million, are 
 Mtihometiiiis. Tn-aties with native chiefs were 
 ni.idu by the Ih-ilish in 1840 and iH:;.i. 'fho 
 i.mntry was pra.'tically tmne.ved bv Esypt between 
 ]^':^-"• Init was given up au.l evi'uilinillv occupied 
 by the liritisli, who .le.darcil :i profectonite in 188!; 
 to the gre,.t satisfacli.in of tlic> pi'ople. The Britisii 
 resident at Aden has tlie ;;i>veriiiiig p.iwer. liritisli 
 e.\i).'ditiou tiuthm-izcd to suppress raids of tiio 
 tribes, July, 1803. 
 
 Su.c.;.-.srul e.v|i. oili'iii of Ilr. ll.mal.lson Sniirli 
 (A- icau), tbr.iugb iimr country, to lakes Ku- 
 i\'' .Hid Stel'aiiio, .May, i3c),( ; arrives at .Vden, 
 
 4 Nov. 
 
 3x2 
 
 ' 1 I 
 
 IS, 
 
 mv 
 
 1 39s 
 
 ;!*( 
 

 SOMBRERO. 
 
 1012 
 
 sorbonneT 
 
 
 nil 
 
 , prisoners found guilty of U..' n.assacn-, si.ot ;a ^^ 
 
 l)nblisln:cl ! 
 
 yrnvrHREKO (W.'^t 1'h1><'^)' "" this desort 
 • 1 li^.Trf JHlorv, :. iintish nmn-.-l-war's man, 
 
 10 i'fb. 1810. 
 
 lector SonuTsrt. ^vboM■ -.<! inc U t ^^^ 
 
 after ln« -;-'^;:!;,^{^'"\,^r-of l).nn..rk, a.ul 
 times (lueen ^"'■■"'':" V ,,.,' u oUl Sunierset- 
 Ciithcrii.e,. queen ;!',, ^' ;'",,,• OotUie. was de- I 
 house u.mx.uro " ^^' ;" ..^^^l.^aUiee, i.-om, a j 
 :S ;t's.h?iula>CbaU....ase,.^ 
 
 also hold h> t J!" ','•,,,,,, „ow at lUulinstoi. ; 
 "«'''f ..^r: tJs' ,r ^o".nnne„t build.nf-'s were • 
 ""Ti ?;; '-- Tli.' ^avv-otli.r, I'ipe-nrtne, ; 
 erected in '; ' - .tb,., ottices were reniovi'd herein; 
 
 were tnnisferred to I'lniUeo. 
 
 r.MKK (,I-HrlS AT S..Minsl-.T IIOVSK. 
 
 Kxcisi! and Tax-Oinc'i/s. 
 Lenai'ii'rt and buei'fssiou 
 
 fiutv Ollill'S. 
 
 lidan.i KeviMiiu'Ollieos. 
 Dank Ib'turiis oIlH'i'. 
 l.al'uratiiiy ll.'liartlucllt. 
 S„Ucit"i>' niliii's. 
 , C"iMlKinies'ltei;isU-rOmces, 
 
 taken hv K'M.eral Nott, 6 Sop. 1842.' lord L!:,„. 
 
 'n,;rl>nnle.T.lthe t-'^tes to be restnn , an,v .„> 
 
 exii,.of S(XJ years, and issned a imMdaniatim. im.Mi 
 
 eensured at "the time 'Hn; tjates ar. ,m,|r ,„ 
 
 i sandal wood, and are described an, l,-'u,r,l,„ti,, 
 
 I Arelneolosiii of the Soc^iety ot Antn,uan,.,. v,,, 
 
 SOMORROSTRO, sec .S>«,», 1874. 
 ' UOXATA (It.iliii'i- sonnd-pii'io), tin lii^h,.. 
 f„n,, .if inst.uniental muM.-, consiMmu' M' thr..,; r 
 Ibnr movements, intending to expicss diver*, kuw 
 ' ol'hmnan fe.'linsis. 
 
 I, WIS d.'velni..-.! from tbo .-"Kr, van. 1 . ;iiinM;n.> 
 
 (T'nbu:.U"-v'?7^^nd''n;:M:n::i;r:vv:v 
 
 ",'n,'"s f l!.'Hl,.v,.u (.770-8^7)- !■'"' -1^:'- 
 sr ,nb,.it Men UMssulm', «.-bUMianii, Win. Stti.,;..,.. 
 
 SONDERBUND, see Switzerhind, 1846, 
 
 SOWET !i P"''"> i" fourt.'cn liiii'*, wia 
 
 rh'vines a.liiisled by rul.'s, was iinTnt.'d, it is s..,l 
 
 i ,v Unido VAre//o, about 1024. /''".""f.f 
 
 ; bl-at.Ml sonnets are thos,.bv IN'tranh (ahmit 132: 
 
 SUalcspi-ar.. (Kw)), -^I'lt"" '."^'""t "'5°J' ™^ 
 
 : \Vordsw.)rth (I.S20). 
 
 ^ SONNITES, the ortliodox Mahoni.^tMis «!» 
 
 ' now possess the Turkish empire ; see J/,./.;. 
 ini'ldhiKiii. 
 
 \ SOXS OF THE CLERGY, see ar-/;;. 
 
 I SON'TAY, see Tuii'/iiin, Dec. 18S3. 
 
 ' SONTHALS, u tribe of N.a-tlirn, Iivlij, 
 bnm'ht to IVn^al aliont iSyi, wlwvr thrv |.r.. 
 n,T...I till, parllv iVom the inslr'atmn ol a ffli*, 
 „ul partlv from the exa.-tions ol n,un..y. «., 
 lev In-oke out int.> r..belllnn m July, iS,,, 
 e.nnmitte.i fearful oulra'^.'s. Ihev weie ..mu. * 
 a„...l earlv in l8V>. and manv w.r.' mn..v,utollie 
 newly-ioii<iu,.re.i proviiu-o ot 1 egu. 
 
 SOOLOO, see SulH. 
 
 rrolmte an.l Divoire Iom 
 sionofbidKomlo JUS- 
 ticeaudK.'pslvyiMlu-ea. 
 
 Krister ..f nil tbs, IJeallis, 
 an.l Marriages. 
 
 Exebe'l'i''' "'"'■ ^^"'^'' 
 
 iiavinielit. 
 I'rnl'.'ity "nd Income lax 
 
 Ollices. 
 
 unices. ' • ,,, 
 
 SOMERSET THE BLACK, boo .si.cenf "« : 
 £ii!//(ind. ,. . • t • «* 
 
 u(->-uwi?S-TOVVN, i' l"n'"l"">* district m ai. 
 
 «-'n>er.,vvl.<;-^^;;;^^,-;i; l,:,''',.^;:!'andn.any 
 y;??u.h n'fuS^ ^W m it. Mu. 1. of the district 
 hi'iB he'..; o'c'upicd hy the railway eompu.ues. 
 
 , . »r I niTj r< A TTi-i the cates of an ancient 
 
 Hindoo teniplc.at l^^''-^'-"' ;'.""-',',.,:,.' ,;, „., U-ishod 
 „aim.ondul^b.zm.m 0-,^ ^^-^1 >'n,Ue it to 
 
 "•' ^"■™,'; .Ifomul it lUlod with diamond ., ice. He 
 ^Sd'tS-^^''— ^Vhe„thatcity,va. 
 
 QOPTTIA ST. (in Constantinople). ThttrSJ 
 ehunh "s d:.dn-',te,l to St. Sophia (holy «■.«) 
 vCostantiusll,,3'«;thishav,n,l,ccn,*™^ 
 
 ir nn'tsrrea.ld..,llySclimn.,*r«^ed 
 
 1 ormuneiited with mosaic work. 
 ! SOPHIA, Bcc .V'iA'rt. 
 
 by riato and las disciples. 
 
Nott, 6 Si'l't- 1842.' I'Til Kllm. 
 lie Elites to 1)0 I'c^tnri'd a!tir.m 
 jiul issuril 11 iivnclaiiiiiliini inu^h 
 'tiiiu'. 'I'll'' f;:ili'^ '■"'• liiailt' (,1 
 I iiri' (li'sci-ilii'il ;in(l tizurciliiit!,,. 
 the Society of Aiitiiiuiirii;,, v,., 
 
 ^TRO, see Spaui, 1874. 
 
 tiiliim, sounil-p'''''')' 'li< 'li-li'-' 
 iU;il iiui>ic, ciiiisi-tiiii- cl tliiv" t 
 iuteiuUiiS to expiu^.s uivi'iw kiii..i 
 
 ,1 from till! swi/r, viivi"! ilaiid' ia'!-> 
 1 ntliiTs). Tlic tonn liM'l l.y i:..i.;:i 
 ilolitc.l iUlll llJInlllil'l li.v .-irmlani,!!, 
 n/.a'-t, llavdii, iiii'l (■iiliiiii^iil»a lutiif 
 IS.M'lliiivi'ii (1770-1827). Kiln s..iiai,n 
 ,,,.,1 l.y llllssfU, -M. Cli'Vih'litl, W.'l.r, 
 l^S(lhn, Sc'llllUlMllll, Will. Sttiiil;;.; 
 
 l.ihZt, iiiiil Uuliiiisti-iu. 
 
 UND, see Swilzerliiiid, 1841;. 
 
 a piii'in in fourtci'ii liivs, with 
 I by rules, wiis inveiitnl, it is s:ii,i, 
 ■zzci, eiliimt 1024. Till' inuit -i .•• 
 nv those liv retviil-eh (iilwnit i]:;: 
 («j<)), Mihou (about lOjo), and 
 
 S20). 
 
 S, the orthoilox Miilwm.'timi who 
 he Turkish eiuiiins Mr iiik- 
 
 THE CLERGY, we Ckrjv. 
 
 see Tuiii/idii, Hco. iHS;. 
 
 [jS, 'I *'■""' "^ Nertlicni Iiiiii.i, 
 nuiil iilmut 18,^0, where llicy pt* 
 tfv IViim the iiisliiatimi e! 11 Ian* 
 1111 the exiiefiiiiis of iiiuiiiy-l'n.frs. 
 It into rcliellinn in July, iS;;. and 
 vl'ul outrages. Tliev were miili' sub- 
 iS:;(), mill Muiny were reiiiovidnilie 
 reil iiroviiiee of I'esi'' 
 , sen Siilit. 
 
 J^T (ill Constaiitinniile). Tli(ti?t| 
 'ilieiiteil to St. Soiihia (Iwlv »>i«i 
 H 11., 3<iO ; this haviiei liocii iliMrMd, 
 the lireseiit eiUliee, was l(iiiiM"itf 
 !1, anil Jeilieated 5;,7. S:"' » 
 .iiliiiiest in 145,?. it lia> li..iii;-.ii 
 niisiiue. ltsleni.'this2(i..)W,:.iiJili 
 
 t<.ct SiN of its r'll"'* '"''■ "'?'*^ 
 the temph' of Diana, at KpW*; sal 
 IVumthetenivle.'lllH'Suii.'tlae. 
 t*wereaiiaeilbvScliiii!l..«i'W»ii 
 10 interior ef the dome is bt;iimiiiuyj 
 with mosiiic work. 
 
 \,, Bcc fiiijia. 
 
 ;TS. teaehers of youth in AilifM.wls 
 
 ,abvSoerates, anil i oiisi'iim lU K .« 
 
 1 in" eausin;,' his jioheinl m^rHm 
 ontreversy affiuist tlieunv.iuamed«j 
 
 il his (Useiples. 
 VVI'"' u so'ietv of coolosiiisM III 
 itvtl b V Uoliert deSiirliomiiMnlKir 
 ';'live.iineo,nnioi,,anii.l.;votiJ>«; 
 tu.lv and iua.niloi.s H'a..!ii.i|. ^J 
 ..,1a Kuroiiea"reimtatieiiiis:l«««l 
 
 Sorbomiewii8dei'liniiiRwnfnl:i"<f| 
 x^Tiui:89. TliobmldrngUK*- 
 
 KORCEHKUH. 
 
 1013 
 
 riitoJ to pdiieiitiiin, Tlie 1 
 
 SOUDAN. 
 
 liiK 
 
 , ere "iieiieil 011 1; Any. iKNij; thin i< | 
 ...iiiistni'tioii of the unieeiHity i,f rarin, ( 
 I'Jiitation introihieed, iKiy2. 
 
 SOECEREKS axd MAnici.w.s. A la 
 
 lew Sotboiiiw liliild- 
 lie virdi.al 
 ■yiiiniistic 
 
 «;|j C'lia 
 
 iqi; ani 
 
 jteil a^'ainst their Ki'iliirl 
 
 il another Hia'iili 
 
 ^ leii, 5 KHz. I5(){. Till' piTi 
 ii.isiiiiule capital, i James I. Idiij; 
 
 iler Siii/iii\ 
 
 II". ,<.{ lien, vm, 
 
 pially severe was 
 ilcerv 
 
 ■ iritc/i 
 
 .SOEGHUM, see uil 
 
 ,'<OUDAX '0- SoiMAIt, the till,, ef till 
 (..iiailt-licaerals of the caliplis, wlii, li |li|.y I 
 tlifiriiroviuces ami arniies. 'I'jie i,||i|.|.| 
 liiaili' themselves snvi-reiiriis. Salailiii 
 
 '■I'J't 
 
 e forces of Xi.ureililin, kiiijj; nf I), 
 
 'iiiri' 111 
 
 's afterwards 
 
 , V'eiii.ral of 
 
 iiiiiiisciiH, wiiH the 
 
 lir 
 
 il that took iiiion him this lille in KKypt, iiO 
 
 alter having' killeil the caliph ( 
 
 ayiii 
 
 b. 
 
 •MUDAX or NlOItlTIA, It reK'iiin of Central 
 All ,1. partly siibjiTteil in the Khedive uf I.:.r,.„t 
 
 Miii:el874,capital Ivhartonni. It was well 
 
 ypt 
 
 lliv I'ol. Gorden, till iS, 
 iFKEXCIt iSori)A\, see ,Vc 
 
 iiverned, 
 
 '//"/ 
 
 See J\'/i/j,l. 1.', 
 
 Il3<iirr.i'tii.ii liea.icil by Sheik .Maliniiicl Ahiiii'.l nf 
 
 lii.iyi.la, i|i'claiiii« liiiiiseH' |.. n, 
 
 II i.niphet 
 
 HUliiliiir Miihili, f.iretelil l;y .Mu»leiii |.|.,p|i..ts), 
 ||. ■.■it..|; i.tii.-: up III,. Dliie Nil,.; en 
 
 null iiicn'ascil iiniiy 
 lli.>,il.-llic liMitiaiis 
 l.^'ilrriillliis itlni liiiis.s.iiTes 60 
 Vassiit Paslia, 14 .hiiie 
 
 ■lillv, 
 isses Whilii 
 winter, 
 
 Kxvpl 
 
 laiiM iimli'i' 
 
 lie ipii.„ .Sh.ilii, .liilv 
 
 awl at Itani, ly ,\ii^'. ; at Inicpii, ;.?, ,vii^;. 
 
 .'.|ials..l at Oliciil, 8, ,4 ,S,.pl. ; ,|,.|,.„|s t"|„, 
 Lv|itiaiis, 15 .Sc|it..24 Del. ; icIicN il.'lciili'il at 
 l)jia,4Xuv. ; L'lil. .Stewart ill Khiii'tuiiiii, 
 
 I . 1'. lie, 
 
 Til" .Maliili captures llara ami Olicld, 5 .lim. ; i,. 
 
 188a 
 
 It'j.lllsi'il 
 
 fJf' f'eb. 1883 
 
 k'il, llirks pasha willi an iirniy htiirtM Inr llie K...- 
 
 1 .l.ilaii; arrives at Dcrher, I .Mareii ; Intallvdi'l'eats 
 
 Ilie Maliili with giviit Iokh ; Ihii enemy purs 1 
 
 iTlieMaliiliild'cati'il at K'liarlieini iibinit 14 .Mav| 
 plii'SciiiiaarcliU'l's siiliiiiii ; iiniieiii i| ..c .lime' 
 
 i'ks iiiarc 
 
 us up Ihc Nile, ,j ,Se)lt, 
 
 ; Hrriv.'s at 
 
 Sept. 
 
 III! 
 
 •I'lisv anil .l.-IVat n( Kuyptlan ileiaehhe'nl 
 
 lakar, iiiMr Su.iki.i ; abniit 1 v. klllcij, liielielinx 
 I till- liravc mill able llrili>li enimiil . r, .Vi,v 
 
 mitlei.rKl-lllK'iil.iir Kasli^al ; . ..|. |||el(<.|,.,.,',vi.ii 
 
 I iiitii a ilt'lik' 1 a I ...I It II. 
 
 ! tialiuiiii: iiiiillitiiili'S, lli.'\ I. .rill 
 
 M'li alia. '!,... I l,v. 
 
 Iri-si>t till iicaih all 
 
 l-ill. il, iiiclii.liii: 
 
 lii!;s ii.l. Kai.piliar, ainl ..I her l:iii..|.i'iin 
 
 .'ItiiTIs, Lilly t«.. saiil 1.1 have es ■ape.l ; l,.|..i|'|e.l 
 |li»'l'i t seme lit lliciis' Ir.i.ipH; ||,e Midnli 
 
 anisraiiiii.il ami iiiiich am Ilii.ii ;.. .s,,v. 
 
 fi:v|.Iiiii flirt.' ii.iici-iilialeil at Khailnniii iiinier 
 
 I'll. liH-||.l|.'..ll y,,,.^ 
 
 :'niliisiii;,'tlir..iiKliiiiil tl iinitry, ||„. Di'itiHli 
 
 iiiiiieiit semis KUiiheals i.i I'letV.iil .Siiakin 
 
 |.iii.i lli'il .Si-a purls, ahiiiil 
 •Sakiii flirts, 26 .Viiv. 
 
 .V.iv. 
 all.. Ill 
 
 iillael; 
 
 Kk>|| 
 
 iliiissuiniiaiilfil ami 08-^ kibe.l (.i»,i.||i.'ii) ./j,, 
 
 [.kiker luiiilm sent to Hiiiiki 
 
 lillrlril 
 
 Willi plemily pinvel 
 lllli.llt iB ll.il 
 
 snrrisun stiviiKljiencil iibimt ^o lli 
 
 _»iiii Hisaa, a niihi'il slave. i||.ii| 
 |f»rlliF.\lali.|i 
 
 IwjI (Cliiiii'sc) fiiinli 
 
 lei, I'l.mmiiniler 
 Dei 
 
 piml) lE .Ian., starts i., .lai 
 
 iin sent 111 (he .M.,ii,|aii (le 
 
 1. : iipi>ii|nl.<<l 
 
 weraor-si-iiirral i.r the Wiiinhin by the Klii 
 
 flkUiliiSi.U ||,.si,i;.|.il . 
 
 '-iiKi'il tiy rchi'ls 
 
 Nov, i?,9,. 
 
 .'sJiin, 1884 
 
 *r jia.sliii with 
 
 sni'ivinliiii. 
 
 fell, 
 
 aliuiit 
 
 35'«iiii' 11 ilereiiii'.l near Tiikar, 
 
 2350 iiicii (il.aii..iiihsei|), Willi till 
 
 |« II. M.S. I. 
 
 Ill tl. 1» 
 
 ■Irpat- t.i 'I 
 
 6 fel,. 
 
 jilVl.,liak.ir ].,ish 
 
 "'■lit bi iiilm. Ill 
 
 111 ruealkil ; n-mal 
 
 ■< '■■■■.. ■ I 
 
 I'llllnii'i lliellls 
 
 '^' II 111 .>ilaklli. 
 
 aalnii ; ,'Siiakiii 
 
 T^lvh "[u!"r" '• ;^'l'»- """'ett in full ciimmanil. 
 
 f.'-Ti 111- ."■'■"'■ '".'■.'",■"' ""• Wirris.in, heailei 
 b' l'« Ik l...y, Inaii .Sink it, all killed • \vi,m,.n 
 .Old eliildivii piisi.iii.r,., ii.vvi lakiii s .•' 
 
 ciiili.rii.|i„.,„ssi.„tti.s,:,kiii ■,, ,: ,. • 
 
 M iu" ;:''r"'';'i'''''''' '■''■''• : '■'■'ii''- 
 
 l.ia'li 11. \ '1 I-'" •■','''■''' '''■'■'•'■'' '<l''-i>-'"Uiii; 
 
 ■ i 1 I '■ n''',''*''''^'''''' '^'''■'''■'■''':'''|"is- 
 
 wiil, ,1. I "^'■"' '""I ii"ii-iiitcrr.ire„i.,, 
 
 willMl,,. .lavi, t,.,,|,., ,,|,.,se,s prisoners, ivinits 
 
 Hcsii.iaiiiuior 11,1, •,„,,;,.,. smtimite 'iif ^^^:;l;; 
 
 "^':„!|^;;;i|;./l' I'^m^-uakiii muliiiyan.l.n^il,;,: 
 
 "d:^:;;!', ''?'r', ""''';,"'"■"• ■"'"^•■'' i'-'-'^'^ 
 
 iiii.liil 4 |.,.|,. A|,,,|. r,.,iitli.,,s altemnt at 
 .1 ■:-'ol,at,i„,, .,.„(;,.,.;„,, „,„,,, ,,i,| ", ,„^'^ 
 
 U i.ri'l 111 I 'I'l""-,*'"" "',' "'"' ^""' "><l' ">i-^^o's, 
 t.onli.ii llejii,,,,,!,,,, , iji I ^yf. . .":'' 
 
 ; 'a;,a::'iii);ai-;;'m:'^^,--;^,r!iS'^^ 
 
 !f::f;ii.'dei;;a!ii;w!;ir;l;'/;:-^;^:;-S 
 
 rMr^ia,,;.; !;:■;;; •;!;',i'''i;:-;r,/rE 
 
 "Mii,a.iil|.'n,,,kUi.vils.aii,l,p,artermasi;a-.Jai^ 
 ".Ikinsaiid .4 men killed,:.,,,! ,4. wiiiiihImi" 
 
 ■1-okar sunvndered, .iml the rebel Karris',', '||,'.,'; 
 
 Osnian Ilit;na at Taiiianieb . . ' re!!''.'!,'' 
 
 :K;£SilfS™;fi=lS:,i;l;hs 
 
 „","'"" about ,0 March 
 
 ii.-.tllcorT:,.iiai,ieb. Tlii.|!riti,.,i,idva,ic..toea,.ture 
 
 'T'" "";'"•:■; ^ilTaiieisi.iiiiarKl.Tel'y'i^ 
 
 ■1.111. ; lli.'Hrili,hw..r,. iiiasHril I.|.,i,i.s,,,i „■.. 
 
 ;;e;s.l,lare ,r,,k,.,,i,,tol,yaviolell,l.,,;lM,;,i,,';'f 
 ' I ,-, ''^•," ■'■ccpuii.P.ran.l eipti,,.. tl,„ 
 
 >..iii ic an. I ..il,..|. Minis, 1 e,s|.,.|;ii,. Iiaa.i.ti, i,,,,,,! 
 
 ■•"iilliir: the liihislidriV '.a.-k .„,''.„ "l'' 
 
 .1 I I M.., tl„-i„ link, the inlantrv rally aii.l, -el 
 .'■■""■■-""■*•' Ihcrsipiareperieeiivsuei .,. 
 
 kli.l ''■;'!'"', '^;V'V-"t:'°I'-"'- I'll" Ihitish loss, 
 l^^ill.il, eapts. Il.li. \. I'onl, \Valke|■,anl.\itk,.„■ 
 l;"ls..^l..l,l,v.l,|■.AIlll,.,ek,allllll..lls^.llSI,.w,rt; 
 '."'"""■''•■■■» I'"l, and ,, iiiissi„K:;"i 
 
 " tie elieiay killed i.„l i.t al.nve ,0,,,,.^ 'n" 
 
 Dlack Watch and .Vavai Hri^'adc siillei mX 
 
 "TfVl, ^-'ulrv^t ''""'' '''"' "'"'■''' '••'l'''''"'"''» " 
 
 «iio.io,,''d,.n';;^ ,.,.,,„u ,„ •, ,„•,,,, :,,r ,^^,.^;;;;''!:t " 
 
 'I'l.ioiiKll cewardiee ;,nil t, ciierv U^iMl.^^^;!:::!:; " 
 
 sii'i'.'-i 'I,"!''"'*-"' ''>' "'""" ^ '■el'cis with Kre!it 
 
 Ib'ivanI i.r -,rxM doilars " olleia.il p,,. ,.'ntmv''''i',f " 
 •'siiianlii.na alive or dead, 15 March; oite,- 
 
 ... " ""'"''l II' home ...,,, March 
 
 Iro".isiiiariliii.||;„el..„i,,v,.llH . ,3 M v ' " 
 •eoi|lysl,..Jkl,sei„„i„^,„ . . • _ ;' .. ■ •• 
 
 tri;:;!'.;:;";'';"""""'' ■''"'■'"'■ '■->-i'"'"'«"""'-^'i': " 
 
 nicii ami .slmt .... ,, m.,,.,.i, 
 
 The Maliili rejeets Gordo,,-,, „||e,.s ; aamiu,;,.,.!'! ' " 
 
 (ieiii.,-al Oi-aliaiii advaina's on TanianicuV s'lL'lit " 
 skirniish: the .Willis lice; Usman l)ij;na's vib 
 
 ,„'''-™ '""'"^ -.Marih, „ 
 
 Ihne reeinieiits ut .suakin embark for home, \-e, 
 
 Maieh to l!,.i-b|.r reiuirted safe . ,,? .Vu'vi,'' " 
 
 Oordiiii eoiit,.|i,liii5. with the rebels, with varyii,.' " 
 
 success ; lva.s.sala ehisely hesieged, iinmimicc'd " 
 
 Klnirlouni .said to be idiisely hivi'sted ; the' iv'beU " 
 tre.pielillvilnlealed ... \,„.|l 
 
 (bmeral (limlim. ei.l. Stewart, ami Mi-. Power, tlui " 
 Iniic.i ii,,iresi|...!i.!.,..it, tlm only liritish there 
 
 The Mali.li said to have been twice dureated bv the " 
 .lajalla ribes; 1-eporte.l . . . 1) April, „ 
 bsyptmu troops uri-ivo at Siiakiu . .loApi-il 
 
 1884 
 

 i''r, 
 
 ''^' U'lM 
 
 
 h. 
 
 
 #. '. 'l! 
 
 TF i^'^l 
 
 SOUDAN. 
 
 lOU 
 
 SOUDAN. 
 
 ;a„,. Hcwctt^s mission w^" vecelv.a hy Has AlnoU ^^^^ 
 
 K,.l,mU'cltv;i<'VKiti(.iM.| 11 una, u i ^ ^^ ,,,, ,, 
 
 writM t" sir '--^ ■'> ' ' ; Yr I i-Mi. supl'vsx tli« 
 
 So.i^:n!'T.?mM;;>r"i;'i'-."i:i-^'" 
 
 C,';'*^^i^rt:in:ra':'towerao..iae tovcnainvviU. ^_ 
 sJl;:"n,ti;-ns,;vn,«;,.a^s,,,;,nvtO,.,i;m >.a^^ „ 
 
 Fruitlesa attacks ou buaku d,M Ud^^ .^^ ^^ j^^__ ,_ __ 
 Gor,lon»aiatn„nv..i..^^."l.l-s.a.,y^n..nm,.,t _^ 
 
 TrS''oMSon,..la-saia-toi;avoaef.aU:,i,tl;. 
 
 i!i, 
 
 : Jlay, 
 . May, 
 
 o .lUIll', 
 
 . J mil', 
 
 A.lvaiiu'''fT'Wl'ti''"t''"7''* • • 
 I'lll 111' lii'''"'''"'"""""-''^ 
 iS::i;;^:i^:i";iatbeW;ei..itl:«rea:-.oss,^^^__^_,^ __ 
 
 Advance onh.Mal,m «ai,U» l.echecWl.ym.nthcv ^^ 
 
 Assouan onuiaci '*> V , Al cs n.lviu froni Maita, 
 Aaditionaltn.ol'S sent to Alcsanai.a ^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 Gonlon .lonnnant an,l snccssfnl at KlaivtunnK^je- _^ 
 iioi-ti'il , • ,. ■ „r i'.',,,,,ti.in troops, anno\inci'(l 
 
 •^'kirr^ora;:r';^;:Uf^;;;;H^w.'--^--;- „ 
 
 M!;;;!i^^ii"."'as^'^>Hoi.avJ.veat,y..,v.i.or- __ 
 GrUionV,,mises severe attack, .oAn^^lJc- __ 
 oii:;i!n'Dl::;;;nea;«>.^:XiMrc.nent,yac^at^,^^ __ 
 
 Waily Halli'. . ; , ;, vHe in about 800 llat- 
 
 ^>;^S::l'wsr;::^lK.^ai,yCana.i,....;- ^ 
 
 P^Si^t'i^^Ma;aU's.Voo.;i>ytl,eM«airoM.,.^ ^ 
 
 gola at Amliil-ol • ;, j,- . ,„)i. Stewart and 
 «ZvS^'aU.o^'i^M "^.;u.rice at As^.;a^ _ 
 
 KuyuIi;ei'^elS';:i^...^i^are.cv,..>^ni, 
 r r-,,,.,!™! iin •>! .Tnlv and lo Aug., anil 
 
 ^'S:^tS-^^"^'^^---""-""^'^";csc„t. 
 }!Svj;u?ily's^:^-i"^-"-''^'^'SS 
 
 1 ,..,.^ ut'ii-t from Woolwicli tor the 
 
 Several camel con* "t-"' '""" „iM.nt 2=, Sc,.t. 
 
 Soudan ,•„,„■, ,,|.;>,„ „,■,„„. ,,f Klmitomn.lroni 
 
 ,iSwoi;^Uyi^ivcsalWadyl«u . 5 0;;t. 
 
 ^;i,f;^i\^,:r.m,;;aiUctjand.n 
 
 Aral«on;;rn^«nM|o,ce,a,monn^ to Klnirton.u : 
 announced . '.,, ii,.,,„„1(l . i J*<«>". 
 
 AtNoks on Snakm ""1 >'';"i^-«^, ' 4 Nov. 
 
 .„,r.iou vei.orts al w.;ll at l"-"'^"™ _ j}„v. 
 
 Jitibela "Iteii reliulsiil . 
 
 ", ^nlers on tlie Nile couvcynintronlv^c, 
 
 Alwvc soo wlialei » ou nil - . J . y;^^^. 
 
 I TWO steamers disabled i.yvel,cls near Klnr.^n,; 
 
 L,"d"w::is;'leys-procianuaion to the soldan.^.,,. 
 
 sailors issued ; , • . i,j n„ sualiin wiUn iit 
 
 1 Suecesstul •"'>7.; , , , \|,e Nile, and ;:en. Ste«»rl 
 ^'';!;;,!::!;:;K;d.^c^vllu troo,,s, towards M,..,,,,. 
 
 NrkbuKi,. wells, ai,onlr^n;i.;.s,^ 
 
 toun,, «'•"• ,';"-^; : Vt ,'e ?.fter a lier, u!l.i 
 
 ,o,rK» -V^'' 7„: . ,,!, V n..- about 8<x, .le:el. 11,.- 
 w,tl.mtle.M|Uai,un . ^^^^ ^^ |,^,_,^_,^ 
 
 ""'''N;'i;;\tonCamiel,aei.;nd(i,m,l,,. .,-.-. 
 
 l<med,inelud,Ui;;-'TS-.ul' -,;;.,,,,, ,,,,, 
 
 i::t:uA:c:;nc:ou!•^vCluu.les^vli.a,.ak,...;... 
 
 '"'"",' L ' ,,. Met'i'mnu'li, lie'rce Arab oiwt .(i 
 ^\,;;"li;lti:irs.r'is're.:.lsedwit,.ver,_..v, 
 
 M!::s:,cf;nn,cn.Gord,mre..civ.^ 
 
 oKl,„rtoumisaU u-^M , ' ,,l,out .jJaii, , 
 
 lierber . ■ •,.,„„, i.'.,vli. . . .Jan. „ 
 S„,.,.essVul '^^'""■:';:X ^^"i,. UMvers nallor J:,«, .. 
 
 Si!:S:s^t:!..saiisn,,t,,cNne .^.^ 
 Ue,vnnaissanccsot..J^,.^,,, „,,.,,,„,,, 
 
 l:r;/pa;"v^i'"'i''"^->-''^'^'^"^"™"^^i! 
 
 Tb:"laUan"»a.lK,iste;i beside K,yytian.t>^..:._ 
 
 ^^■'\\' <";'"' t'iuL a'nd rartv. witliin Soo vol* -i 
 
 Kir fliarle., Wilson n ' ; , ,,i, steiiim. 
 
 Kliartoum, Invd u 01 , ^^u . ^^^^^^^ ,^,^ 
 
 vvreel<ed l.y "■';■' ".,;; ,-::^: 1 L- ,1„. dariuc e.r. 
 
 vi;^;";^f'^"'5;;^^:ri:'r'::^.:^.(.i^^s 
 \v;;i:t':uakaib^.^^^-''i^^----S 
 
 orSc;ret™asho„a)«l.ttoA.m.lvi,«*_ 
 
 ll-;^;;^b;^^c!:*S^r^"M-^---'^; 
 
 eolisiructed . , ' „„™ll«,.,i bv skilful^"' 
 
 ^m;ii^;:;^!^!u:;,^':p:S::tl;:kU.-..«.^5 
 
 skiVmisliiuii . ;^ ••'''.""'";, ,V.,udnl .' .i;!''- 
 tJl^KcubytKe'l"'-"'"""-"-""^^" 
 
 Osmau I)i«"a .nassing Lis for.-s iiwrN: 
 Hcl-els' attack on Kas«da pniisun aoliMV-: 
 
 -::!:;iS:i^:s;:d':;i^;^i:.---„. 
 
 at (*uakin ^..,.,V„m'.,ia aiiiiomioo'l 4^' ■ - 
 8„,.c,.ssful sally from J^"^" ■' ™;„,i ,,, ,1,,; ar,;:U! 
 
 Korti by lord Wolseley . • • ■ 
 
SOUDAN. 
 
 1015 
 
 SOUDAN. 
 
 1 tlio Silci'ouveyiiiKti""!*!'^''. 
 
 'i-, N"v, .!;, 
 ,l,.,l liv vuliels near Kluiit.. urn; 
 
 . i8 Nov. ,, 
 nciiiimitidu to thu noldlns aii.l 
 
 I H'c. , 
 
 ,f tlii'Vcliiiis nil Simkiii willn lit 
 
 |„.U lielViiU'il witli I1.SS E \<<: . „ 
 
 •iMiit Kt'rti • • -^ '"■■ ■■ 
 
 tl„,. pilTisMll nt Wlissilhl, .r .-,. . 
 
 of tlM' iiniiy . ^; • -■- '■■'■■ ■■ 
 ,,„ sir lli'ilR.rtbtewiiit . lirt. .. 
 
 ,1 till' il'S.Tt . • • •!''"• 1;: 
 
 vtwitii tiuui"*. <■"»•»'■''* -^''''j'!;'- 
 
 Us iiliniit izo mill's fi"!" Klur- 
 ;,vt', witli i5.x>iiu'ii,'lL'UuIsiil".iU 
 ,,„,',vtiiv Mvv :i\Wf<- .•..„!!,, 
 re, Iciiviii;-' a'""" 8<xi cl.'.;i;l. lli ■ 
 ,,mr..rs(.-..l.,l-'"'- A. Umnv, 
 ,,OuMiii'lim-l.:.r.l t."i,L:li,.apl-. 
 
 A- liciit^. !''>;""• "'■'"*''■', '1''' 
 liiuii killua, with 85 "'""".'''j^^^^ 
 
 larcliiii!! tnwavas M,.ta,„,„;.li ,. ' 
 l,.,l bv lii.l.l.'ii sl.iiriis !.«.«■ .:.. 
 ,, ...iwsrniMMit.s ol Ih.- .V.....;) 
 I'Tnf/lhoH. St. l..'|.';.-l!..Vit, ,1.1.1 
 .,,11 ■ sii- Cliiu-K'S W ilM'M tiikc» mill- 
 . , . iJ.lan. 
 ■>I(.tii'miiieli. IliMTO Ariili <m>-i "» 
 HUive is vci.ulseawitlivCTV^l.mT 
 
 n. G(ml(mreci'iviyi,;lal''.l29iv-.: 
 ,allvi,U,;-i.ni.ii.^;i™ti.j^ 
 
 sopeneiUvitli Klmrtnum .24,1,11.. „ 
 
 . I 24 Jli!:. „ 
 
 :' ' b.?!^- sir H1-1V.-VS nmior .!a», ,, 
 havtouiu ; Ci'i'l"" ami li>^ 1^"' "■" 
 . , , fiivlv zoJjll. „ 
 
 M.u sails nil' tlioXilo . ^Jto. „ 
 is ,f ..,.11. KiviiiaiitU' ; lioavy Ai* 
 ^,1,111. rilai..l">il..'ai.t;..i"l.".ii;ll'.-.n.t 
 vi'il'l. is iiiUTWitol l.y Anibs al ^ 
 
 ,S l.oisteaViesiiae KOTtiai' i't>^^;:- I 
 
 i'l'soii aii.l ,arty,\vitli'in3(iyaiil>'f 
 in. i.ni ; vaifiils; liissteii«h 
 t .,.l"MV,iVA.alM'il"<s-,lnu.l.i.....» 
 
 ,^,..4rpm. vnin;ytl,...i..n..^«r. 
 
 Cliarli-s l!iM-esfonlmlaiec.n«tt.». 
 
 ^rula.i^H.o'A.M.sn^ii^.l^i^* 
 
 :'. ..,.11. KlUk' s ("lllll.ll (till ll;;.' 
 
 strm.v,Wliii(:ivi:ii»Hitsi.iiianykiiW. 
 Ml ....N Kviviiii.lOiv.iify.a*! 
 :"u, a a;.k«.'llVla"m.J.ml^t 
 ^.uJm; giMi. livmkeulmi-ytak^*^^ 
 
 ,.et.;atsfrou,b„l.nttoXlm-KUivjJj J 
 
 H sti'wnit at Oak.Uil . . 'fr*' 
 "Vu«..aki.ian.lUeil..ror.k.mlV;W 
 
 'i','.„ M.alii,l.'iin..mlis.'.il«V«kilf"i'''"f 
 
 ,!!;:;,;) ;;ttak..sti,.iieim,.. »«•««' 
 
 „.. , Arabs tlci' . ■ • '.■■,, 
 \\ ,. ul aiTivcs iit Gak.liil . ■ ', ' ; 
 
 „„j.tl.e.,u,v.nan.ll.nu,-ol\U-.^,, I 
 ^„a massing liis 1^'K- noar_|;.*. _| 
 tn,.k (111 Kassala tianisim .U'IV.iv 
 
 S ■ lllllllllllll''''l . • • 
 
 ,,.',,.atlH's(;:ikaii • .. • „,„, 
 
 The i/tli Di'iiwl Iiifuiitry 1111(1 tlic Rnyiil KriKiiii'i.rs 
 Lalliioii (-(irps mrivc at Siiiikiii . 7 .Maii-li, 
 
 \nili raids (111 Suakiii caiiiii; si'iitrics kilh'il 
 
 11 .Miii'|.|i, 
 The liulk (if loi'd Wolsrluy's avniy at Kiu'ti, 
 
 12 Mai-cli, 
 Cell. Oraliaiii arrives at Muakiu with jtli l.aiiccrs, 
 
 12, n .Mai'iili, 
 Ttie last of tlie desert ti'cmiis arrive at Knrti, 
 
 16 .Mareli, 
 
 Gfii. Gruliam enlls on Osmnii Digna tosnrreiidcr, to 
 
 avniilliluiidslieil . . . alimit 16 M.ireli, 
 
 Ijilllc 1)1' llaslieeii ; Graliaiii, witli [lart "f liis 
 
 anii.v, starts at daybreak; several nf Osiiiaii 
 
 Diyiia's iiositions on the hills taken after eoii- 
 
 llifts: iihiait 21 Hritish killed . -jo Man-h, 
 
 Gfn. Me.Veil's bri^'aile niiexi.eetedly atl.ieked by 
 
 alMiut 4500 .Arjibs, about 6 miles fi-om Hnakiii ; 
 
 tii'V aic repulsed with lieai'y hiss (about 1500), 
 
 aft.'r a severe li;;lit; liritish loss about 100 killeci, 
 
 iiicliidiiiK lieuts. 8wintoii, Seymour, and Ni'W- 
 
 iiiaii, eai't. Himiilly and others , 22 Mareli, 
 
 Viiiifi'stii of llie .Maiidiidaiminntlie ealiphate piili- 
 
 ' Ihlipil Alareli, 
 
 Kivcrat Korti ; evneiialed by tlie ariin', 
 
 about 28 ifareh, 
 
 Aiali attacks repulsed by the ,1,'uardM 24 March, 
 
 Alliick.s .111 liritish convoy repulsed 24-26 Mari'li, 
 
 ilielast l'Vv|iliaii froojis leave Suakin 26 Jlari'li, 
 
 Zflfc'hr r.i.-iiii arrested at request of lonl \Vids(.|i.y, 
 
 uMaivh ; sent to (iibraltar . . 29 Ma-cli, 
 
 (lieli'iised under conditions. 3 Ann. 18.^7.1 
 
 VeivSeiitli Wales eontiii;iciit arrives at Siiakin 
 
 ■ ' 29, 30 March, 
 
 firaliai" advances ; finds Taniai deserted'; burns it 
 
 anil n.turiis t" Sn.ikin . . . 2, 3 April, 
 
 Tlii- railway to Uerber eoiistructint; under military 
 
 iiii.l.vtiim \prii, 
 
 Iliinlimli (deserted) occupied by the liritish 8.\pril, 
 MRi'fMfiil raid of capt. Uriitgs, capturing prisoners, 
 
 .altli', A'c 15 April, 
 
 XiiiiiiToiis iiiiiht attacks .... April, 
 Ilfhi'llioii a^'.'iiiist the .Malidi ; his troo]is said to be 
 ,lrff»teil near Kordol'aii . . . April, 
 
 I,.iiil\Volseley arrives at Suakin . . 2 May, 
 laliiiiil Iranit and cattle (.apturi'd by gen. Graham ; 
 .irgaiiised force of Arabs dispersed 
 
 midnitjht, 5-6 May, 
 
 Pript'Sed anued defence of line from Assouan 
 
 to Wiidy Haifa announced . . 11 May, 
 
 Geiitral (lialiaiii with liritish troojis, and tlu! 
 
 Iiiiliaa (jKiit) and New South Wales contiiifjents, 
 
 iluitSiialiill .... 17 .May /•/ xe.;. 
 
 ll:iiiir;;iii. sir (i. Greaves assiinics coniiiiand at 
 
 Suakin, iS May ; leaves . . . 15.111111', 
 
 j llawliiab I'vaeuati d by the liritish, 22 May ; occii- 
 
 |iii'i| by the Arabs, many of whom join Osinaii 
 
 Waiia" lime, 
 
 Diiiijiula evaeuab'd .... is.lnne, 
 
 1 SirK. Steplieiisoii, coiiitnander-iii-chicf 6 .Iul\-, 
 
 bml Wulseley arrives in London . 13 .July, 
 
 llpimlse of att.aek on Kassala, alioiit 3,000 of the 
 
 rrtii'ls killed ; the garrison capture much cattle 
 
 iuasortio 15, i6.lune, 
 
 I i!«iti. (if the Malidi by siiiall pox, rejiorted 
 .hill' 10, ^-, or 22; said to 111' succeeded by his 
 
 iiiisiiia.' Klialiia Abdullah iunc, 
 
 I Uin'iT t'aiu sent hv the Irish in Paris to join the 
 Mahi'.i at Kl (llie'id, .Iul> , 1S84; re]iorted death, 
 til' rf uncertain ; Selikovitci., an iiiterjircter (lis- 
 aiisHwi by the liritish, asserts without any 
 Hviiieuce tliat Pain was execiiti-d by order of coi. 
 KiU'liener in April, 1885; no liritish iiives- 
 tife'atiiiii ; iinieh cxeitenieiil in Paris caused bv M. 
 
 Kuliffiirt Aug.-Scpt. 
 
 Sfiiiiaar siirpriswl and taken . . 16 Aug. 
 [ Ri'Hs ili'feateil and stures C'upt.iroil near Suakin, 
 
 19 Aug. 
 
 I Major Clieriiiside sent to re! ievn Kassala . Aug. 
 I KUifii Ahihillidi Eri'aashi reported successor of 
 
 I till' Malidi antiniin. 
 
 [.Siinc'ssful skirmish of the hussars and Egyptians 
 Kidi Arabs near Giniss ; fighting on the Nile; 
 
 aiiiiiniiiepil 3 Dec. 
 
 jAiivaiice r,r rebels uorthwanl ; two battalions sent 
 
 liriUiii .... aliiillt 10 liec. 
 
 [Attack of 3,000 Arabs on Miigrakcli, near Koslieh ; 
 "pulsed 12 iXxc. 
 
 1885 
 
 6,nfio Arabs ih'fi'aled at Giniss, near Knshch 4 
 
 hiinrs' light; m licer (licit. Sollaii) killed '; L 
 
 Egyptians killed and wounded ; aliout fm , Arabs 
 
 ...... 30 iJec i33- 
 
 Attack 1,11 Suakin repulsed . . '. n Feb! ,836 
 Msnian liigna .'ind the rebels active.about 2 March, ,, 
 Hebels defeated by friendly Arabs and the liritish, 
 „. „ ,,, 1 1 .Mareli, ,, 
 
 Sir (.. Warren appointed governor at Suakin. about 
 
 ifi .Ian. ; |niadc coniiuissi .r of police, I,ondonl ; 
 
 gen. Divon Ictt ill r'nihiuaiid . . March 
 Country soulli nf Wa.iy Haifa abandoned bv tlni ' 
 
 I'.gyiitiaiis, aiinoiii 1 .... April, 
 
 Geicial Watson nohiinated governor of the Uwi " 
 Sea t,.|.nt,„i,.s about 14 A|iril : arrives 8 Mav, „ 
 
 linlisli ev.iciiaii rsiiakin c iplct.d 16 May, 
 
 Kightiiig near sheik liarghiit ; victory of fricndiy 
 Arabs who take iiri.soiiers and recover captives, 
 „ • ,.., , . about 28 May, „ 
 
 .Major kifr.hener succeeds geueml Watson, Aic • 
 
 arrives ^ Scpt. 
 
 liy.iudieious advice of gen. Watson and I'ol. 
 Kitchener, the ,\rabs combine to ovrthiow 
 Osman liigna; after serious losses he quils his 
 stronghold at Taniai, whicli, witli all its military 
 stores is capturi'd, with much slaughter of his 
 
 hillowcrs 
 
 7 Oct. 
 
 Eiiiin liey( Austrian idiysieiaii), an associate of gen. 
 Gordon, In, Ms Wadelai as governor of Kcpialoiial 
 
 •\friea sii 1S78, with black troops; news 
 
 brought liy llr. .lunker .... Xov. 
 
 Hetreal of the rebels 111, liritish advance, 3 Dec! !! 
 
 Kxpedition of Mr. Henry Morton Stanley on behalf 
 ot tlie Kiiiin Pasha coniniittee (ie/ii,./i sir), with a 
 
 small anna t with ablii volunteer ollicers, 
 
 starts from London .... jt, Ian. '1887 
 
 Messengers from the new Maluli with arrogant 
 message, received and disiuissed by the khedive, 
 
 ig April, ,, 
 
 Col. Chermside, with the Egyptians, defeats thu 
 Dervishes at Sarras. near Wadv Haifa, after 
 stubborn resistance ; about iqo killcl, 29 April, ,, 
 
 Griiat defeat of the Uervislies announced about 
 
 29 Aug. „ 
 
 Successful skirmish of eol. Wodehouse with the 
 
 Dervishes 
 
 24 Oct. 
 
 A-iib attack on W.idy Haifa repulsed, 25 Oct. ; 
 reinforcements sent .... 27 Oct. 
 Expedition of the lion. Montague Kerr to Eiiiin 
 I'asha's station at Wadelai, starts . . .\ov. „ 
 [He is struck dou-ii by fever ; returns to Europe ; 
 dies in Fr.incc. .] . April, i338.| 
 Osman liigna dclcated with great loss bv tlw 
 
 t'riciidly tribes 29 Dec. ,, 
 
 Uiisiu'ccssIuI attacks on Suakin Dec. 1887.-3 .Ian. i38S 
 I His ("imp at Handiiiib captured and his followers 
 I di-pcrscl ; they return and retake the camp; 
 i the friend lytri lies forced to ret rent, col. Kilehener 
 i and major Me Murdo wounded . . 17 .Ian. ,, 
 Colonel Kitchener leaves for Cairo; succeeded by 
 
 col. Sliaks|iear . . ■ . , . i9.biii. ,, 
 A band of 11,'rvishes i|is]ii.rsed after tierce conllict 
 
 near Suakin, eol. Tapp killed . . 4 March, ,, 
 Heturii of col. Kitchener to Suakin . 15 Jlarcli, ,, 
 
 They einliiirked with a nuinber of natives at Zaii/i- 
 liar for the west coast, 25 Fell., and sail.'d up the river 
 Congo. After uni'.ergoiug griat dangers aiel inucli 
 sutlering tlirough fainine, disiaseand luitiie , pposilion, 
 .Mr. S^.iulcy fell in with Ktiiin l*-islia on lak,' Nyanza, 
 ■21) Aiiril, i388; and cventiia'ly, with him did the re. 
 niaiiis of his party, arrivc'd at the German station Hoga- 
 mo.va, t; Dec. 1889. Mr. St mleyaiid his olHcers arrived 
 at Cairo, 14 Jan. 1890; at Home, 11 Al>i'ii ; at lirussel.s, 
 19 Aiiril ; in London, 26 April; dined with the queen, 
 6 May ; with his ','onipanions, lieut. Stairs, surgeon 
 Thomas IP Parke, capt. Nelson, Mr. .\. Jl. .lephson 
 and Mr. Hminy. received the ,g,,l,l medals of the Itoyal 
 Geii..;iaidiii'al Socieiy. from the jirine,. of Wales, ■; May. 
 Hesides other honours .Mr. Stanley was preseiiteil with 
 the freedom of the city of London, i! May; of Edin- 
 burgh, II dune; and of Glasgow, Dundee, Aberdeen, 
 Xewcastle-ou-Tyne, and Manchester, in .Inuo, His 
 Iwiok, entitli'd ** In darkest .\l'rica ; or. the Quest, 
 Hcscue and Retreat of Emin. go\'ei'nnr of Vii'iatoria. ' 
 was puiilished, 2ri .Iiine. iii iiMirieii M'-i-.* liorotliv 
 Tennant at Westniiiisti.r .\bhey, 12 .July, iSyo ; elccte,! 
 M.P f(,>r Liunheth, July, 1S93. 
 
 m 
 
'^^m- 
 
 
 i' 
 h 
 
 
 |':n|«^yj|i': 
 
 .1 > 
 
 .'tl 
 
 ' ' . -1,1 1\ 
 
 ■^ ■>"iV^'"5,V- ^^' 
 
 -I: 
 
 SOUDAN. 
 
 1010 
 
 SOUDAN. 
 
 
 Alliiirsiiuiet; 0«,nan ni^na's fuUmvors aisperHlnK ^^^^ 
 
 «'„1. Kitclicupr lonvcH f(.r Enxlaii'l • -'' J';l>> " 
 
 ll.lVat c.t tlM' DiTvislH's WHV \\a. yllMlla i-n . il> , ,- 
 'i'l,. l.,.rvi.l.>..s s..v,.|vly ,h*at..a m, an attarK ■ 
 
 l.'„rt KhuriMuussa . , inwlmrlit, =7 A «■ „ 
 
 I,, .'11! llnlU'.! S.nitl, s,„M s,-,l. Kit,'l,ni..MH 
 
 (iuvcrnor-t'iMiuml ami C'ciiinianaaiit !it SuaUiu, 
 
 visliHs) with KHiiH. &c. : Hiivei-B w^M ii t.uKs, 
 
 (i,'n 111 ..x|.i.lili.iii I'lr tli« relief i.f Kiiiii. I'as "i 
 ow'iiiz'-'l; »iilil»'i'..il liy pi-inco ll..liiM,li.lio 
 LaiiKiMiburKaml "tliiM-niilili'S . • ^''Iii- >• 
 
 A sliari. attack on ^Sl,al^ill vit-'orously reimlsei , 
 
 General Greiifell with reiiifmcMiieiits "'■''i'^''«^ "^ 
 
 ]M""l*'of'tlie'linlliillMl Mali.li liv the si.ltau of 
 WmVlis ueolih- PMI. (ilrlifell leeoiinnitivs ; 
 thl elieiiivvVry'stn.iw; the Mahili after^nU 
 eai.tures Wailai, and the sultan llees . >on. i. 
 
 Jlore Hritisl. troops sent to Snaki.i . ■ ^j^ - 
 
 The eneniv's n.doiihls st,.n 1 I'V the 1 hi( k 
 
 IriL-a ■ nii.ler f.-e„. (iienfell : ^'leat slaiiKhter, 
 slild,'t liiitish h.ss; total ni;;ht of the eiieiny 
 with loss of aliont 400; 7.joa.in. . ^" \".'- « 
 
 General Ciienlell and liait of his army leave Snakiii, ^^^^ 
 
 llandonbnhandonedand liunit . . " ['"''|'' " 
 
 ^;rN';;l''t;::s:':i;h;::::'soi;uers>..;s.:iH^'io " 
 Ti;:''i;e;.lish:s''relinised\vi,h lo^s.aft,.; thif •' 
 
 attack on llaliah, ,9 April: ■'p.m repnlsed, 
 29, 30 April; a^ain repulsed, and an ontpost 
 
 Coimlel'wodeiions;., with li.ree ' E^-y'ptian 'hlaek 
 
 a ttalions, vS:e., defeats about ,.-vk. lieiv.shes at 
 
 Aiwiin near Wady Haifa; they lose a jont, 500 
 
 killed, Kgyptiaii loss ab,.ut 70 killed ^^ and 
 
 The'l'h'rvishes n'lmlse,! with till- loss of^lboilf, 
 00 i.'i 4 .lulv ; they break up the r eainp 7 
 
 J^v whiH, isoeeuph^d by the Ibitisl, 8 .Inly „ 
 Reinforcements ln.1,1 Malta; wh.eh ,s proclaiincl 
 
 totlieiialiv.'sbvKeii. (Ireiilell. lo.luly . . „ 
 Hdnl-ovcements sent from Malta to stien,-the,i he 
 
 Harrison at Assouan . ,• • • ,;''■'. " 
 D,Tvish deserters ,■01,1,. in ; prisoners sent *" «^ ' • 
 
 tlieir loss estiinate.1 to be since i July 2 500 killed 
 
 1 .. ,..,,1 .,1 . ab»iiu 14 iJiiiN , 
 
 (irl^'i'l W.l;,;iin.liarriVesat Col. Wodelloiise). 
 
 camp at liellami ; tin' enemy liohl a strons; lioM 
 
 tion at Khor; their liKhtinK force estimate 1 at 
 
 15 tlUi> , M 
 
 The'l? Irish Hitles'anive at Assouan . .6 .Inly, „ 
 <i'n. Grenfell summons Wad-el-Mum. to si .- 
 render, all lives to be spare.l ; tin. nies_sen;jer 
 
 WHa-ei'viumi calls on the Kj-'yi-tians to snrrende'rl 
 and threatens them with the fate ol ^en. J""j[||'b 
 
 A law' nmiiber of 'additiomii tro.nw scut fnnn Oiiro 
 
 Hritish llehl f"ice at Assouan comman.le.l by 
 
 i,aio,-^;en. hou. Ii. H. de Montinoieney 2, .'" > • 
 
 rarty ot' 300 DeiAishes repulsed witl. los^j^u;- 
 
 Fmplci't skirmishes"; many killed •"'{_b';^;;';;;^ 
 Dervishes defeated with loss of 70 meirbV lieui. 
 ,,!^t^?'oi^''^;il.Ua:;U:sev;.n,ionrs--hard^;VMi,.^ 
 
 ^a;;:.i^ii;^nl^ir't;ni;;d;N r'll: i^{U- 
 
 eii«l emirs and ab.mt halt ins annv are kdle.l, 
 rU;:" half are either wounded or fugitivv^^ 
 tlm repeated ,le>|.eiate char^'es ot the l>ei^ sn» 
 ure eh eHv repulse.l by the ,.oth Hussars and the 
 ^':'. ';;i„,,\Mvalrv wm, ,,10--.,. them till they are 
 
 „t7erly routed and their ^'"''V:.'':\r'rn il , l 
 captured. (Thr commanders under « ' ■ "I^. ' 
 w,.V,. col. Kilcli.'iier. mounted troo]... eol. Wo.n- 
 liHiise, infantry: Kimdle, arlillevy Irwin and 
 Bcccli, English and Kyyptiau cavalry , hcttli, 
 
 sen. stnir (ifflccr); the Hritisli losii t? kilM 
 (i KiiL-llsh 16 Kgyiitiaus) ; wounded, iii ; Bt»,v« 
 1 <K«) Dervishes ijrisoiiers anil wounded ; ]iurl( 
 olthe Shropshire ami I,aneasliire renni'ents ami 
 the lloval Irish Killi'S were uiigaRed 3 Aug; ^'^■ll. 
 (ireideil arrives at Cain) • • . 17 A:i;;. .;>■ 
 The Kgvptian troops occupy Matnka ; the lintish 
 i.r.hred to return to ('air 7 An,;. „ 
 
 Emin I'asha, after a long illness, occismned hy 11 
 fall fiom a window at Hogamoya, 5 llee., ik.scly 
 altemleil by Dr. I'aike, arrivi'S at /,ui/il«u', j 
 Marcli ; adepts the oHers of major WissniiMiii, 
 enters the (ierinan service, ami pmceids with u 
 military expcditiim to Victoria Xyanza 
 
 31 Mareli f( s>.(. iSf,, 
 
 ■ I fur his coiincctlun with cnpt. fasati, .s.^o Jfefi/, 
 
 Mi'lttaiVViim vments of the Mahdl, iviiovted, 8 Mnv, „ 
 Vamiiie and great distress in E. SondKU thinii;;li 
 driiUght, partly ndievcd by government i.irl 
 uthers . . . . ■ ■ Jan. Ah;;. „ 
 The Khalifa Alxlnllah reported suiireme ui tlw 
 
 south . . . ■ , • •, •, July, ., 
 
 OsiiMii Digna's forces broken up by deseitiuii, 
 
 n.porti'd "'•'. „ 
 
 Emin I'asha, iu gtiod health nt Taboni, .\iig. ; liis 
 ' h'tter leeeivdl at llrunswick, aboiil . ; N.>v, ; lit 
 estidilislies (leri::an stations on the sli ,o.^ ullali,. 
 Yietoria Nvanza, reported 7 Dec. ; iveailr.l tntli.. 
 coast by major von Wissmaun, the impehal I'lmi. 
 missarv, repoiti'd . . ; ■ 19 \>'-<: ,, 
 A raid oi' tlie Der.ishes on Snakm ; they aie piir. 
 sued and defeateil, 27 Jan. ; after a sharp eiixii.;i.- 
 nieiit, tlie g.ivenior-gemial taki'S possession i>f 
 lland'onli, 28 .lau. ; several Dervisli leaders ea)i- 
 tured. iieaee ri-stored . . . al«iiit 4 Kit) i;,. 
 Col. Moiled Smith. goviM-nor gencralid lie' lleil .Si;i 
 I,it*oial,eondnetsane\pi'dilionof 2.ochj.Soadaii«.i 
 ami Egvptiaii troops, aiiled by friendly Anilis; 
 El Teh ia-cnpied and forlilied . 17 KHi, ,, 
 
 Col 11 Smith, with brigade of K-yi.t.an tMeiu, 
 ' advauei's at daybreak from El lelMcgainst Tukar, 
 Htrongly Indd bv dsnian Digna witli 2.C00 Hit. 
 I vishi'S ;" after a desperate light of one and a lialf 
 lioiirs, Tokar is occnpii.d ; all the priiieipal i-tuiis 
 and about 700 Dervislies killnl ; Osinaii Dijina 
 lied south with 3ohorsi.iiien. Oiirloss-i.ai.t. Hul'Ii 
 Eiisail.i Harrow, of South Eaneashire legiiiu'iit. 
 and 15 Egvptian soMiers kilied ; the Kgviitiiiiis 
 fomdit bia'velv ami steadily ; gnus, aiiniiui.iti.u 
 amrotle-r stoirs captured. Alter tie- aetii.ii, IIib 
 troops ailvauei' 4 miles to ( isiiian Di-^nas dt. 
 serti'd camp .at Afalil, a large villag.', wliiw 
 about no Arabs snrreinler. . 19 IVii. „ 
 
 Tiie Heil Sea Littoral repoiti'il clea; of rebels, IIk, 
 shi'iklis .solnitanil obtain pardon, general lejuic. 
 
 iiig. ivporteil =1 1*''''. .. 
 
 Oeu (irenlV.ll, eol. Uolled Smith, with the tnnts. 
 iVe retuiu to Snakiii, 7 Maivh ; an aiaiirsty 
 proclaimwl ; joyfully rccci\eil by the slieililis 
 
 Caiit Ilaekett rain appointed governor of tin. 
 
 Tokar subdistiiet . . alioiit S Mmcli, „ 
 
 The eounti V ri'poited i|iiiid ami iiros].. ions. 5 May, ,, 
 Defeat of tiie Dervishes by tile Shilluksalieiit tlic 
 
 end of Nov., re].orted .... 17 bre ., 
 Eatlnr ()hrwa;der and two U. C. sisbas, inn- 
 prisoners in the Mahilis ■amp, 1 Imdnriiiaii, hliar- 
 
 toum, escape, 29 Nov., and arrive at Cairn, 21 li.r, ., 
 Unptnie hetweiii Khalifa AlMinllah and twe etn.T 
 
 ,.|liefs, reporti'd .... . =■ '1;'" '■■- 
 Ineiirs on ot about 100 Dervishes iie.arW nly Ita.ia. 
 
 led hvOsni.in Aznik . . ali.iul u May, „ 
 Archibald Unntm- pasha, apiiomtid guvcnior. 
 
 general <d' the Ib'd Sea littora! in place iil n,l. 
 
 Jlolled Smith whori'signe.l, reported . 17 Oct. „ 
 Osniaii Digna eneanipcil near Snakin Willi .il«t 
 
 3i«i followi'is, Oct. 1892 ; retiie>to Amet, jNi'V. ; 
 
 a rai.l on Tokar reiMilsed. ri'ported . 24 Nnv. „ 
 A force of 400 dervishes defeated at tlie liMimiii 
 
 fort 
 
 23- 
 
 Two dervish littacks at Genial ami Sarnis ii«ir 
 Wailv Haifa, repulsed 31 Dee. iSq2 ami i .tm. 1:0) 
 
 Sli.iri) cngagi'incnl at Alio...'-' 1 "' .■- ••■-■> ' ;■ 
 both sides; capt. Pyne (ad.intai.l) killed 2..111. .. 
 
 Gi'ii. Kitchener visits Wady Ilalla ahiiut 16.11 
 
 (Ismail Uigna, with a band moving about biiiilnii. 
 Jan., Ecb., dcfettlea alXcr a raid ., 8 April ,. 
 
m 
 
 he BritlHli loss 17 kill..] 
 iiiiM); Wduiiilcil, 131 ; nlic.M' 
 mciH iiiiil wniiii.l'cil ; |,iirlj 
 
 I.iiiiciisliiii' nvji'.i'iMits iiii'l 
 I were eiiaiiKuil 3 An;;; /iii. 
 ■Iro ... 17 .\ 1.'. I- 
 (■(•iiiiy Mutukii ; tlic liiiMsi, 
 Ciiini . . . ; Au.;. „ 
 iiij; illness, ucrasi.incil liy ii 
 t Uu^riiniiiya, 5 lit-i'., rli.st'ly 
 rkc, aii'ivuH at. Xaiiziti;u'. 2 
 
 iitr('i'« of niajm' Wissminni, 
 lurvici', and lunci'iils witli u 
 u VlctDiiii Nyan/a 
 
 31 .Manli 1' <"/. I., 
 1 witli caiit. Oasali, mv Ib'hj, 
 
 till' Maliili, ri'iinvtccl.a May, ., 
 h'css in K. Sianlau thimiuh 
 icVL'tl Viy (^nVfiiniii'iit mcI 
 
 Jan. -.\iix. „ 
 1 vi'liorted sniirenm in tliH 
 
 July, ,. 
 s briikpii ui' l>y ilesiTtiuii, 
 
 Oct. „ 
 
 licaltli nt Taliimi, Ang. ; his 
 rnnswick, alumt 2; N<iv, ; lie 
 statiiins 111! till' sli"ri-s III' lake 
 miti'il? Ui'C. : rirallfltotlm 
 Wismiiaiiu, the iiui«inal ciiiii. 
 
 19 Hiv. ,, 
 ic's nil Niiakin ; tlwy air |mr- 
 7, Ian. ; altiT a sliar|i i-nxii^'c- 
 ■-^'t'lHial taki's j.KsscNsiiiii iif 
 sc'vi'ial L)i'i'Visli li'aili'is ivqi- 
 il . . . aUnllt 4 Kill II, 
 
 Vl'innl' KI'lll'I'lllul till' Ui'ilSill 
 
 H'siinliti'tiiiif 2,oo,).Si'nilaiu'.-n 
 |is, aiili'il by I'liciully Aiaha; 
 il fiiitillcil . 17 Kvli. ,, 
 
 liri(.'ailc of K'-'y|it!an tii»i|.s. 
 Ilk fioni Kl Tcliaj-'ainstTokar, 
 Ismail lii;iiia with 2. coo lliT. 
 
 li.Tati' h^'ht of iidalialt 
 
 ti)>ii>ii ; all till' pi'iiirii'al eiiiirs 
 rvishi's killiil ; il-iiiaii lli^-iia 
 irsi'iiii-ii. (Inrl'iss- I'ai't. Hii;;li 
 1' South I.alK'ashiri. ii';;iiin'iit, 
 nl.licis killi'il ; till- KKViitiaii.s 
 1 sti'ailily ; i;uiis. aiiiiiuii.itii!! 
 ilitnii'il. -VftiT till' acticii, tlui 
 
 mill's to (Ismail Di-.'iia.s lU- 
 \falil, a laiye \ illa;;i', wlini' 
 iiiTiiiU'i'. . . i9Fi'li. . 
 I i.,.|ioiti'il clia'. nf ri'lii'ls, till, 
 I ulitain iiaiilon, n.-ni'rahi'.jnic- 
 
 21 Kll), . 
 
 [iilh'il Smith, with the tiuniis, 
 lakiii, 7 Maii'h ; an amin'sty 
 lUv received hy tin,' slii'iklis 
 
 8 Miii-c!i, , 
 1 aiilioiiiti'd yiivi'Viioi' of tlif 
 ; . . . aliiiilt 8 Miircli, 
 il i|uii't and in'osj.iinns. 5 May, 
 sins by the hhilliiksalmuttlic 
 iti'd . . . '7l'ri'. 
 
 and two R. C. sisti'is, !.ii|.,' 
 iihdi's ■.imii. iiniibiniiaii, Kliar- 
 viiv., andairivi' ai CaiOM'ilM'. 
 lialifa Abdullah and twn ntiiw 
 
 21 .lali. 1 
 
 ioo Pi'i-vishes iiiarWady Haifa. 
 Ilk . . abnid 12 May, 
 liaslui, ai>iminti'd Knvi'nior- 
 li'd Si'a littoia! in iilaci- af ml. 
 I) ri'si;,'ni'il, ii'poili'd . i?"'''- 
 imiii'd near Siiakin with ai'uut 
 l. 1892: I'l-tin'stii Aiin't,2X"V.; 
 I'liiilsi'd, ri'iioiti'd . 24 N"v. 
 vislii'S defeati'd al the Ti'iii.im 
 23 Nov. 
 •ks at Geniiii and Sarriis 11m 
 iilsed 31 l>i'i'- i802ai.ili Jan. 1 
 ;,l Aiiibi^rnl Wi'lls. hcavvl'!'!'^"!: 
 . Pviic(adiiitant,)killi'd 2 Jan, 
 its'Wailv ilalla about 16 Jar. 
 1 a band moving about Siiakiii, 
 ,tea olXer a raid . . SAiiril 
 
 SOUDAN. 
 
 1017 
 
 iSOUNlJ DUTIES. 
 
 Ciitral Soudan: insiirri'i'tion of Hnhali, ho taken 
 llai.'hiinii ; ll^ht with the truoiis of the snltaii of 
 Wailyat Kiz/an, ii'iiorli'd . . . ,,, Sopt. 1893 
 
 O.Niini Azrak with 310 Dervishes re|iiilseil with 
 
 loss after a severe elin,'i;.eliienl at .Mlllllat Wells ; 
 
 .sali'li Mey the Kf,'yiiliaii leider and 12 other 
 fiieiidly Arabs killed . . . 10-12 Nov. „ 
 
 sure defeat of the dervishes by the Italians, at 
 Fort Anordat. .See M,fxnir,,li . . .^„ d,.,.. ^^ 
 
 lul. Airliibald Hunter a|i|iiiinteil Ko'eriinr of the 
 iroiiiier provinee and e..l. (i ■ .rue l.lnyd ;,'iiveiioir 
 iil'SMakin and lied Sea littoral . . Se]ii. 1894 
 
 Iiiivisli raid near Wady Ilalla . . u, l),r., 1895 
 
 llrilisli iolvaiiee up the .Vile toeheck the Dervishes 
 audio reeoiapier teriilmy up to Dunnola ; 
 .\kasheli iieenpied without resi.stanee, 20 .March, 1896 
 
 -ill. II. Kiteliener, cominaiiiler-in-ehlef, arrives 
 ,1 Wadv Haifa ag Mareli, „ 
 
 ii.maii HiL'iia repulsed with loss at Krkowit. S, 
 ii.Vpiil ; a^jiiin byeol. Kenwick and majur Sidney 
 iirai Tokar i:; .\iirii, „ 
 
 ii.nislii's si'verely repulsed by major lliii'ii-.Miii'. 
 iloili, near Akasheb . . . . , May, ,, 
 
 iliir.it wells ueeupied by the lii'ltish afier a inaicli 
 of 120 miles in (15 hours, n7-'iii tli" shade, 4 .May, „ 
 
 I ;'liaii tiuops (4,341), under eol. C. KKerton, arri.e, 
 
 .lime, ,, 
 
 ,\k;i»lieli fiii'tilli'd, railwayscoii.strupted, Apr. -.lime, ,, 
 
 Till' llervislies sni'iirised and defeated bv >;eii. sir 
 il II, Kiteliener al Ki'ikeh (o'/,;,./, y,,,),' ,.1, _ ^^ 
 
 si:ieia, a strong' |iosition, iieeiipied, Dervish ealiip, 
 4,1 boats, .Vi'.. eaptured by cijl. Hiun-.Murdoi'h, 
 oiuielear to l/uiioola . . . g .lime, „ 
 
 1 liolera at Ki'sheh ; iiiajor M. Penwiek and siir;ieiin. 
 i,i|itaiii S. Traskilied, 25 .luly; 244 deaths amuiiK 
 till- triiiips between Assiian and .Siiarda up to 2 
 ,\ii;:. ; dei'i'i-asinn- .... mid. Aiij.-. „ 
 
 .Vlvaiii'i'of the army ; Absarat oeeupied, 2^ .\u\;. ; 
 ; sieaaii'is sneeessfiilly jiass the eataraets and 
 .iriive at Kosheh, 23, 25 All;,'. ; destruetive 
 -loniis, railway destroyed by a tiood, 25 Aii^. ; 
 I'yp.'lone ill the camp .... 27 All;;. ,, 
 
 kulivay I'ollision near .Miighrat, i death, 22 iii- 
 Jiii-il .4 Sept. „ 
 
 inrri.soiis established aliiii-; the route to AbsaraL, 
 II S"pt. ; FereiL! oeeupied, 14 Sept. ; Kubudeh, 
 iiSi']it. ; Kernian iieenpieil unresisted ; a stnin;,' 
 liiTvisli lurtat Ilalir liumbardeil by 3 K;,'yptiaii 
 jiiilioats under eommaiider Colville. ami heavy 
 
 titvof Ma\ims from tl iiimsite banks ; a IJer- 
 
 visliKiiiilioai Slink alidthe fnrt I'Vaeua'ed, igSept. ,, 
 
 lioii:;i)ia found iindefended ; ;;iain and stores seized 
 la the Ulitisli. 2r,Sept. ; the KUubiiat Ahii Klfti, 
 nii'l'T li"iit. Iteatty, bombards and disiiiantles 
 til'' tint au'l works .... 21 Se|)t. 
 
 liiii;4'ila pieii with little resistance, the Der- 
 vishes ivue.it into the desert ; sewral important 
 I'liiirs surrender: all the joins and stores, cap- 
 tuo'il : about 200 Dervishes killed, (yxt jirisniiers 
 taken 22, 2,3 Sejit. ,, 
 
 li'Tvish force I'oinpletely disorgaiii.sed . 25 Sept. ,, 
 
 IMativesof the .Mahdi come in and are iiariloiied, 
 
 28 Sept. „ 
 
 (.'.J. Hunter left in coiiiiiiaiid of the fninticr; the 
 iniiviiiee of Duiigola settled and clear of Der- 
 vislii-s Oct. ,, 
 
 ; I'll. H.KitidiPiier and .stiltarrives att'airo, i3()ct. ,, 
 
 li"li"l sheikhs tender submi.ssioii to the ^{ijvern- 
 ^ii'-'it Oct, ,, 
 
 hrvish raids near Tokar; friendly Arabs orna- 
 iiiM'il to „'uard the roads, &c. ; reinilsed alter a 
 ^li'irplit'lil Nov. „ 
 
 Sril. H. Kiteliener arrives at Doiijs'olaalit. 18 Dee. ,, 
 
 ii'rv;sli aid on Ueiii Ainer (Italian territory), 30 
 •*-l^''"- l<il'<''l 'dan. 1897 
 
 I -iiaii lli;;iiaap|ioiiited unveriioi of Derlier, "Kiiiir 
 'iKiiiii's," by the Klmlifa, siimiiions ai.tKx) i)er- 
 
 "l"'S b.i rise 15. Ian. „ 
 
 111'- .Vialis ili'leat the Uervislien, and I'eeapture 
 "■.'iiieii and cattle .... .March, 
 
 1' 1 visiles defeated hy E^'yptiiiiis, iiurth of Don- " 
 ;;')lii, I June; advance of sir Herbert Kitchener 
 Mill the army to Meniwi . . . n ,iiiiy 
 
 pTvislies defeat the Jivdln, 2.00Q killed : .Metaiii- " 
 lueh occupied, and miHsacres by the Dervishes, 
 
 .1 tT . I July, ,, 
 
 .^I'lillaiiiwl held l,v ,.000 Dervislies, capliiriMl, 
 yier severe tightiiy, by maj.ji-oeii. Hunters 
 
 I . najo I . M. Sidney, lient. Kit/clarence, 
 ilotheskilled; emir Mahimied Zi'in, Ih-rvisl 
 lommander, and 50 others captured . 7 Au" 1^,7 
 lielier ev,i. .led liv the Dervishes ; iiecnpied by '"'^^ 
 till) Al' ■ - ...jypilaii troops, under Kcii. ilnnter, 
 
 «i|c Wirrismis aloUK the ri^■er, and scfeen-pIi'sU " 
 across he desert, e.stalillshe.1. . },,,,, t 
 
 i','!a,r' """'' "''■'"'* ""' ''"'""' ""'•'"■I- fil'ikbi' " 
 
 .\ll the !•; Somlaii tribes renounce .MahdVs'm 7('i'i't: " 
 
 .;''d.i',""--V"'- "','"""' '" w.idv-iiaiia ,'„„;; " 
 
 Iditi'd, Dervish raids iippusito lierber .eiielleij, 
 
 ll"i-vish Ki'aiu lioats (6) captured at MetaiiimKh," " 
 
 Kashoda occupied hy the French . . ^\Z' " 
 
 K.s.S,,,.veh Mn.-atta eaptured from the Dervishes " 
 
 b.V I d. laisims Kassalalroops . . , . ,|,,,, ,s„c. 
 
 ^■Z:"' "• "■ '^'"- '■ "•""'"« to Wady: la ' 
 
 39hl's" ■•""■'''"•<"" I"'"' "'■ inspection, 53;. mi. 1,1 
 
 "J^idlrluur^"" n.l..ioins.,s,iian1,jJ;J;; " 
 
 stroiiK p,„iii„i, „r Anoi„-i;;.y,,ii,i„ •,,,„;,=/,. ^,1; " 
 
 ;■ ber to the Albaia ; march across tl e'deset 
 loun Abu Dis to lieilicr . 2^ Feb -1,, M'lieli 
 Siu:l!;r ''"rM ^"';;l"-'"'llyaishii;dby,;,a,|ur " 
 
 A:^:::'ei;\^i'inl:d-,fi;;;^,vr';i;!-l,r-i^,;:^ 
 
 Hiendv attacked, and t;.rts destroy;',! bv, I aW^ " 
 '"S" '■'.'"' ' '• K'UPH, .60 l)a;..,-ara killed, 
 
 , l,"cO,"'T '■; ' "'S'-';'' '"'•'■ '■■■'I'tnred ; Mahniui 
 
 elieekm,.i,,.,| |,y „,,„. Kiteliener . ,5 \i,„.,.ii 
 
 .Silecesslii eavali'V reeuiuiai.s.sanees at Uiwel lludi! " 
 
 .lalimids camp; enemy s cavalry driven in, s 
 I ervrshes capliu'e,!, 3 April ; sharp liwht outside 
 kiiied "' ''"'"''' '"'" "'•'■vixl'i'''' and 6 liriti.sli 
 
 l!attle'oflhe:\tbani, brilHant vii'turv': ,-oiil ^d tlia " 
 lei-vi.b a,„,y(,ft,,«,), Malimud captured, lli„l,t 
 o o.s^^nan Dim.a ; Hiitish loss, majo.s rniilmrt 
 I I'i Napie,' (d,ed, 24 .May), eapts. Findlav and 
 
 lailbe(d,ed ,3May).l t. I'. A. (iore.aiid .;, men 
 
 7 ' •, '* '■■.Kvptian oineers, and :;■ men killed ; 
 
 I'erv siies, 3,,,., (many ,.„,i,.s> kilied ; 2,ax. sill- 
 "■ndered, ,0 -iii.s and over i.x, lilies, .y:c. taken : 
 Dervish eamp rushed . s Viiril 
 
 Triumphant eiitiy of e,,.,. sir II. Kit'eheii'er and the " 
 
 army into lieibir, entlmsia.stic r ptioii l,y the 
 
 natives, ij A|)i'il ; further operations suspended 
 
 A band of Derviihi's 'defeated 'with' l".' s'01'1 'thd " 
 .\tbiira, abiiiil iq .Alav. 
 
 Dervisl, fioees r'tieat'from Slmbluka to El DoKa, 
 alioiit 401111,110111 Khartoum; Aii;;lo-K;.'vptiaii 
 advance post for datsheiidy, 3 .lime. See .hhkwlu. 
 
 SOUL.VGKS COLLEOTIOX. -Vl.out 1827, 
 
 .\l. Soula;;<'s ,d loulousc, collccte,! ;-no speciiimns 
 nt Itiiliaii art a„,l worlimaii.slii,,, ire. Tlics,' wcro 
 loii-ht for 1 |,..K,/. hy 7. Kiiolish 5;,',..tU.„„.„, „ith 
 the view ot iirst cvliihitiii- t!i,'ui to tile public, ami 
 attenvarils selli,,- tlicii to tile S'ovcniincnt (who 
 jj'riiiliiiilly |iiii'elmsi',l i!ii,ii, between i8s8 and i860 
 Jney (oruieil iiartofthe ".\rt Tr'asures" cshibittal 
 at Mam licster in i8:;7. 
 
 80ITXD, see Acoustics. 
 
 SOUND DUTIES. Till the year jSc" no 
 mercliaiit ship was iiUowed to luiss 'the SoiinJl (a 
 narrow clianucl septiratin- /calaiid from .Sweden) 
 witli'iut eleurii.^' at Elsinore ami paviin; toll. 
 Jlicsc duties hail their origin in an ii-rcoment 
 between tlio iuns of Dcnniiirk and the Ilaiise towns 
 (1 Vb'^1. l>y which the fornior nmlordiok to maintain 
 lio'lithouses, \-c., aloiii; the Cattetrat. and the latter 
 to pay duty for tile same. The first tivatv with 
 Kii.irliind in relatii'ii to this v,-as in 14:50 ■" other 
 eoiintni's followed. In l.Sss !io United States 
 Uetenuiued to pay the dufs no \t> 1, u ; and in tho 
 
 l^:*^'l 
 
 ; r I 
 
 m1 :i. 
 
 '!^i 
 
 .€i 
 

 Jl> 
 
 
 
 I' 'V ' 
 
 w^ %r ■ ^ I 
 
 1 ( ! 
 
 Nii 
 
 P». 
 
 
 i^^'^ii 
 
 ^,t* 
 
 r'A. I'i'ii" 
 
 
 ^iilP 
 
 .& 
 
 Kiiik»K£« 
 
 fe' 
 
 
 ■A 1 
 
 1 »j'-', , rt' 
 
 1. * " 
 
 w 
 
 ,1 . 
 
 /''..' 
 
 '» ■- 
 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 .■«"\ , 
 
 ,"*<■ 
 ' ■'*'. 
 
 r'R, 
 
 a^'i 
 
 «\ !>fl 
 
 
 ! &«*. 4 
 
 ifci.^,. :./,;, ^fi,,m 
 
 KOUNl'INHfS AT HEA. 
 
 1018 
 
 HOUTil AUSTRALIA. 
 
 gftme yeur tl.c Danish P>v('ni.;H"t l'>-"I"«j.l tlmt 
 Uoll"r«. \u\\n;. iSs:. tl... I'viU. . K;'V.nj;!;- 
 
 Parker im,l lord Ni'ls"", 3' >''"'''• '*" ' "'" 
 Jlallic hjjirdllioii. 
 
 HfUTV'DTXdS VT Sea. Ciiptnin U(is3, nf 
 il^ALs' i'^A'-. in ;S4i>. took' ..x.n.onlinary 
 soundings „t so... In th.. lutiti.d.' U' ^- and longi- 
 tud.. .)' W. about 3>x, ndU.s IVou. tl,. <'^r "':;:', 
 Hope, 22(.(i lathoM.s w.mv sounded , tu «.n._nt 
 om doved au,ouut..d to 450 11« )u 1; '''/b. ^^. - 
 licit Joselil. llaviuun.in the N.itth Atlantu- Ocean, 
 at i^'/N.. I""'-'- 40' 2' W.. in «>undin!:, found 
 
 known (^H;:; laths.) w:,s tak.;n hv the ,, / , 
 
 cant. Xares;24 Mareli, iS;,^, in the Nor 1, A hiutK, 
 mrth of St. Thomas's. S,.e Jhr/> Sn, S„>,ml,mj>. 
 
 SOUTH AFKICAX ASSOCJIATIOX, fs- 
 
 taldish-d Jnlv. I.S,Sl, to i.ro.uot.. tho eoinmereud 
 
 Hoeial interests of th. Soulli .\tV,e„n eolon.rs 
 
 A leafrue fonued to uphold llntish M,,avu.aev , « . 
 
 n.cogniti,m of eolonial sell-, ',',""'''j!,>. "^ ' ' ' 
 
 180<T; first annual eonl'ereuee al I'ort K 1/ (heth, 
 lli-vh I.SoT; 140 n,eeti..;;s hehi in (ire.t lintiun 
 in 1807. ■ The association aeeepts tho_eo.operati<m 
 of the South .Atruan league, ({neeiis .own, b 
 Afrua (reciuestcd I June), 2().)une, l.Scjd. 
 
 SOUTH AFKICA COMPANY. See /,im. 
 bcsi and Rhoilcsui, II Aug. lX<Jf'. 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA 1! i.Vl EDERA- 
 
 TION: to e(mi|inse the thre.; ..>■.t.^ . •"""''". 
 Cupc Town, Natal, and AVc-t '.-V" '""'.' ('*<'/) 
 -and the two Dutch rep.'.i, ■••.ui;-. lUver lee ; 
 state, and the South, AlVie,. r -n'^^^V ,•''" Vrr b f i 
 (l8;2). Tlu" lorniation «(is p..,;-. .. b\ the < ail " , 
 Curnarvou. •■olonial s.Tretary, n, •. ■i.-spateh to s,i 
 irciirv liarklv, goviTiior ol Cape lown. 4 Ma\ . I»;3, I 
 K.;:ated'hythehisr.,ian,,I A ■VouJ^^ 
 visit. It was much opposed at the (ape. hn ^ 
 Capo. A eouferen.e ot delegates in London Avas 
 opened, 5 Aug. io7<i. 
 
 The Srmth Afnea Act "for tl.c union ni.doi; one govern- 
 ^ nu.,t of sael, of tl,e Sontl, Afrini eolomes ,md stut.s 
 as lanv ngree thereto,'' was piissecl 10 Aug. iB??- 
 
 SOUTH AFRICAN , EXHIDITION 
 
 INTEKXATIONAI,, propo.^ to he opened a 
 Kimhcrlev. n Gn()ualand West, Sep • l'^92- P" 
 H. IS. Loch, president, lion. Cecil Khodes, vice- 
 president. 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIC, nniue 
 assumed by th.. Itoers in the Trausv.a {u-hu-h 
 sir) in 18.S0-1, adopted liy treaty I'cli. I8H4- 
 SOUTH AMERICA, bco Amn-icn. 
 SOUTHAMPTON, a seaport (S. England), a 
 coui^v ot i self, near the Kouian (lanseii un. am 
 the Saxon liamfane. It freciueutly sutlered 1. 
 Danish ineursions: Canute, when l'";.^;'?";l^>;;";"; 
 resided here. The cliMrler was granted bj I< ni\ L. 
 Sconhnned by lii-hard I. and John ; .■'-! the tree 
 grammar school «as fonmled by hdward \ I. On 
 I- Inlv 1861, a monument to Dr. Isaac W at-s, 
 /nativV, ^vasnneovere,l: and on 15 Oct .8,2 the 
 •H„,.H„L. institution was opened by lent i al- 
 mei-^'ton. The prince of Wale, laid the louiidation 
 o the parish church of St. Mary, bu. t as a memo- 
 rial oVsamuel Wilberforce,. bishop .d \\ ■J';!"-*', - 
 12 An-. 1878; consccrat.'a 10 J i""', '^'^•,^""^ 
 ifritisirAssoeiution met here 1846 and 1882. I'opu- 
 
 hitioti 1881, (xi,o;i; i»)i, <'S-32.S- ^'"^ ''■' 
 Aug. 1.S95. , , ,, .. 
 
 \,.wd.','p Nv,iter dock laaiiKUratcd lis the t.Mi|..i-s 
 ■ ,locU, (iv llie,|Oceii .... so.lii.y. 1: 
 1 .vil stii'k.- of Oo.k Ittbonrcrs, seiuaiMi ami Invm. 1, 
 
 ,; .un • tneic pm'idvscl ; violent rioting ; cni.ill.t 
 
 wiTl>tla■Mnlltary.8,..Scp^;Kan-;oatss.^l M; 
 
 ,,r.lcr iY.r„iT,l, 10 Sept. IIk; H"d>i', n a o...,,. 
 
 nizcd liv London union, f. Is, 1' Sep . ; «.,: 
 
 piinv import 46 ioivign scani.a Irom II.umI,..,, ,. 
 
 Anh'arof''!he'''^>"' y;.rA- from " New Vori! ' lo'sl 
 steamer of Ih-^ Ameri.wi line (6 days ^'>l^«-^ ^ 
 
 American mat Unllnn warships In Sontlmiui.t.ii', 
 water, ollicers enterUdncil by the iniiyor 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA was visited byraiit, 
 Sturt in l8U), and evplored sliortly alter liy .,,;•, 
 I'lirker and Mr. Kent, the fca-mer ot whom.,,, 
 killed bv the natives. T'lie b,.undaries of the i,i... 
 
 viuce w-ere lixed by 4 & 5 \^>''-/\ '■' ^'^'-'.'^H' • 
 
 •uid it wasoirupied 2(. Dee. 1830, bv ea|.t. llii/- 
 
 marsh, the lirst govi'mor. It was colom-e,l ar.-u- 
 
 iu" to .Mr K. tMblKOi Wakeheld s s.heme, vhi 1, 
 
 was carried out by tlic South Anstralian CuVnii-,. 
 
 tion Assocdation. The .olony for several y,;ii, 
 
 underwent severe trials tlmnigh tin' u'n n m!l;r; 
 
 of enii'M-ants, laml-ioblnug, limldmg sp.ruluti.m-, 
 
 A:c which produced almost universal bniiknii.t,, 
 
 in 'iSv). In live years af*c'-, tic enei-.-y M t| 
 
 I ,.„louists had overcome their dillKnltie- nm! 11:. 
 
 ' l,rosp,.ritv of the colony appcare.l tnllv cMrdih-li.-;, 
 
 In iSa2 tlie highly productive Ihii-a liumi ce]ipr 
 
 mines were dis.ovcred, and large fortune. «,i. 
 
 , suddenly realis,-d; hut in 1H51 the disnnm , ' 
 
 I -(dd in" New South Wales and \ ico.nu iilm-"; 
 
 paralysed this province bv drawing "»{ ;' l"-'; 
 
 rirt of the lalxmnng iiopulatiou. \ cry lilllc:>4.i 
 
 i was found in South Australia; hut a reactiun i,». 
 
 ' place in fav.uir of the cojipcr nuues an(l ;i;;ii,u.- 
 
 i tinv, &c. Before the discovery ol golil, l,t!i>; 
 
 1 tridl' existed between Adelaide (the ciipital.t 
 
 ! South Australia) and Melbourne; lait m |S:; 
 
 i .',dd was transmitted from the latter to the l-rn : 
 
 to the amount of 2,2i;,l67M»"l';'i;.'ll>-,l'"' ";•''■• 
 
 stutls, farm produce, i:e. Ihe lashopno n .U,. 
 
 laide was founded in l84r . IHseovcry M :ilk- 
 
 vial fold at Tafulpa, Waukaringa, t)ct.; fivmi!- 
 
 able report Dec, 18S6 Sir Donmnc 1 ;,j, 
 
 appointed governor in Nov. I8()K died 1m . 
 
 lk08; succeeded by sir James i-evgu.suii, i' . 
 
 ,8(,8; bv Anth.my Musgr.ave, Jan '^;:.i-, 'X » ■'■ 
 
 AV.dlin^'ton Cairns, Jan. 1877 ; >"' ^^ ■)■■";,;;: 
 
 vois, June, 1877; "iv^^- i'j''""^""v?"'i .;; 
 
 the earl of Kintore, Dec. IjSKS; Sir ll':'; 1;' ' 
 Huxton, April, l8.)S. . l'"l'"l"t'""'''f "■.>'■.'; 
 
 JisJ'-; in 1882, 293.509; i" ^*J'' 3'5.04S; >N, 
 
 348,068. 
 
 See iih'hiide. 1887, revenue, 2,014, 102/. ; Pxpm'li- 
 
 I cM«e-,H 5:330,780/. .B9C-, iniiiorls, 8,262,673 . 
 1 exports. £,827,-78'- ; -SoS, revenue, 2,671,49;'.. 
 
 |i^;^s;,^rTt?^^';;f^-.y;,,e. .™^;.;_^ 
 
 tlie lam. .). A. f'ocklmrn . • „?■•'/'''' 
 '„^.'igns;snceeeae,tlo-hon. T.riayfcnl,r..^^ 
 
 Tile carl of Kintore and' pnrtV cK^ss "'o ;;"«;"«"' 
 rron,l^.rt Darwin to A.lelaul., (sec .h|>J|n»^.l_^^^^ 
 
 Resignation of Mr. IMayford, 17 J"'"'; ^':^£!^. ,:^ 
 „,l^i;;;:t^lo:o;M.^Hohlor,;.Oei.;caiii,,otfcr.. 
 liv sir John Downer ..••'' 
 
AUSTRALIA. 
 
 HOUTHCOTT. JOANNA. 
 
 lOl'.t 
 
 HOUTHAVAl^K. 
 
 lft)t, 65,325. Sep Ikd 
 iiiiiiKurati'cl an tlic Kiu|.««.i 
 
 Kiiiri'M, dciimi'ii liiiil liiviii. I, 
 a.il ; vidliMit rii)tlnK"ii'"iilli'i 
 'i Si-pt. ; miJi-lioalM Hi-iit tni ; 
 
 ..,t Till' Btlilil', llllt IVI'M'.. 
 
 iiiiiii, !:■ U, 11 ><i'l>t. ; «u>l 
 
 nil' lln .11 f<ll'llMl>llill IMII 
 
 jiiHi'iiniiii liuiu lliiiuliiir- 1. 
 
 .... -Ji >.hi. , 
 riirV from Ni'w Yurk. lir-l 
 riniii llm'(6ililjii jiJ li"n-^) 
 
 4 Miinli, 1,, 
 1 wiifshipH in Soullmiiii.liiii 
 tiiiiiril liv till! iimyiii' 
 
 S'li '"7- ■ 
 
 'RALIA WiiK virtilfil liyr;i|.l, 
 (.xplovcd »liortly iiltiT liy r.i)!. 
 ■ lit, till' flinilrl' of wliolil ii;i< 
 s Till' liiiiiinliirif!* of till' |iin. 
 ,• 4 &5 Will. IV.r. 95 ilH^i; 
 
 2(1 l>ei'. iH^i), liv i';i|it. Iliii.l- 
 iTlldV. It w'iis niliilli-rilaci'.^ril- 
 mil \Viil;i.'Hflira siliiiiii', wliirli 
 ;li(' Siiuth Austniliim C'iilniil.:i. 
 
 'I'lir riildliy liir sovi'Vul yrai< 
 ti'iiil^ tlirmiifli tl»' -''It iii:l!i'c 
 -jiililiiii;,', liiiililiiiu; s|.'i'uliil;"ii-, 
 
 il aliiiiist uiiivi'i'siil liiiiikni|il.y 
 
 vciivrt iifiT, tVi' I'niT'.'V 111 i!r 
 ■('oiiic tlu'ir ililfi'iillii-. iiiii! till' 
 iliiiiv iiiiin'iircil Cully r-tiilili-lii'i. 
 
 lii-iiilui'tivo liur-ii llurm rM|i|ir 
 tcrcd, iiiul liMjir fiirtuni'S MiTi' 
 ; llllt in 1H51 till' lUsciivfiT i.| 
 itli Wales a'liil ViiM,ri;i aliii-.-t 
 iivini'O !iv ilniwiiii,' "If 11 In.'' 
 inn iiii]iutiiti(m. \('ryliltli';"lil 
 ti AiHtniliii; liut ii iviirtimi In.i« 
 I' tlic oiiii|H'r iiiincs anil iiiiiii'jl- 
 the (liscovci'V "f Si'lil. liHi'' 
 ween Adclaidi' (tlio I'ujiital <i 
 
 and M('ll)inii-ni' ; Imt in :8;: 
 :ted from tln' latter t. tin/ fnniiir 
 
 2,215,167/. miiii'i|ially fuvlnvai;- 
 ire, i:e. The liislnipVic nf .\i!f 
 ■d in 1847. Discovery nf allu- 
 iloa, Wauknriii|;a, Oit.; lavniir- 
 .■. 18S6. Sir D.iaiinio 1):;;;, 
 lor in Nov. 1861, ilied 11) Ft''. 
 liV sir Je.ines Fi ivnsni, I'-. 
 IV 'Musitrave, .Ian iS;;; I'vftni. 
 ns, Jan. '.877; Si'' W.F. ll. Jd- 
 
 • «ir "W. Kiiliiiison, Xuv. iK^:: 
 „V, Di'e. 1888; Sir TU'is. F™:i 
 !();. ronulatioM in 1855,85.^:1; 
 ic; in 1871, 185,626 ; in K.- 
 ,293,509; in 1891, 3I5,04*>; \H< 
 
 I7, rovoimo, 2,014,102/. ; pxi'i'inli- 
 liiipoits, 18J7, 5,ix)6.;9V.; 
 80/. 18.J0, iniiii.rls, 8,262.673.; 
 78/. ; 1303, revi'Miie, 2.671,455.: 
 58^,481/.; iniliorts, 7,9.i4.'««-: 
 36/ ; 1894, levi'iiue, 2,424>355'-; 
 
 ,56i,S2'i'. . I ,„. 
 
 1. ministry ; new one fermf'l In ., 
 ■„elilinrii . • 24,;5;1«"'' '^ ) 
 .,.,.,leil 1.V hon. T. Playforil. n- 
 
 . . iS .\nL'. i:p 
 reninrpurtyeross tlio niiitiueiit 
 .■in to A'lelniile(see.l">'in'i"l 
 
 y.\l.nl-..i.te'. :■■ 
 
 r I'lavfonl, 17 'I"i"='' -^'r- "' ''•''''■ 
 . ^ ' . ?o ■Mill'', v-y- 
 
 r Holder, izOct.Icubiiiotforiia'l 
 wuer . . . • '**'■ ' 
 
 [iii'iiiiie tax mineil fi'oni y, to 5Jl^ Aie. , jjXm. m.^j 
 A lean fur 1,016,(100/. for rnllwiiyH and waliTworku 
 
 aiitli'iri/'ed t) Dee. „ 
 
 Till' ministry reeoiistrneti'il. 11 .May, 1891; ii'si^. 
 
 iiiiliiin (if sir .liihii DiiHiii'i', i4,liinii; .Mi: KiiiK- 
 
 Htiin fiinnsa iiiiiiiKli-y 5 .June, iSq) 
 
 liu'iiiiii'-tax iliiiilileil to make up tlie ilrlleieney of 
 
 57...»'/. Ill the ri'veniiH fur uno yi'iir, 14 liee. ; 
 
 na'.^i'd, .:o l>ec 
 
 A liiaii of 85c>,«x)'. Bt .).) pi'i- eeiil., paHwd 30 Dee. ,„ 
 WiiMi'ii's millhine, ineri'ased tuxiiUoM, and other 
 
 liills imssi'il iB Di'e. 1S94 
 
 pmtraellve storm at Adi'Iaide anil iitlur places, 
 
 1; I lee. 1895 
 Ki'ili-ral enalilinKliill passeil hy tlicassemlily, 17 Di'C. ,, 
 |.;s|il.iri:iii expi'ilitioii, siippuiteil liy.>lr. ( alM'it, 
 
 li'iiM's Aileliiiiie Mm, 1896 
 
 Fiiilare of crops lliiiini.'li iliiiii),'lit in the north ; 
 
 relief fnnd starti'il at Aili'laide , , , Oct. „ 
 
 SOUTTK^OTT, JOANXA. n fanalie, horn 
 ill 1750, 1 .line I'roMi Kxeter to i.iindiill. wliel'e ller 
 f.illowers at one period aiiioimted to many thon- 
 s.imls. Ill 171)2 she aiiiiounied ller^-elf"^s the 
 ivoinau spoken of in Jli n/a/ia/i, chap, xii.; and 
 a ilisease favo'.ircd the delusion tliat she wiiiild ho 
 llie iniitlier of the promised Shiloh. She died 27 
 ii(T. 1814. In 1851 there e.xisted in Kni.!laiid f.uir 
 (nii|.'rej;ations, professin;.' to expect lier I'l'tiirn. 
 Her Buccessor. Mrs, I'eacocl:, dieil March, 1875. 
 
 SOUTII-EASTEKN KAIIAVAY, from 
 Lnudoii to l-'olkestone, opened, 28 June, |.'^43 ; to 
 Dover, 7 Feb. 1 844. 
 
 SOUTHEND, Essex, lit the mmilh of the 
 
 Amines, a waterin;i;-plaee, priiici]ially h'lilt by Sir 
 S. Morten I'eto (l.'ioi)— 89), has a pieV almve u'liiilr 
 lul'iijith willi I ieetric tiamwiiy and coiici rt-niom; 
 theatre liurnt, Jan. 1895. " Population, 1H51, 
 2,41)2; 1S71, 4,561; 1X91, 12,333. See Triiih, 
 Xov. 1894. Curjiiiriil'wn net, jiassed July, 1895. 
 
 Sl.ntue of the iineeii presenlrd 1.,. alderman Tol. 
 lairst. iiiivi'ili'd iiy lady Hayli'if;li. . 24 .May, 1898 
 
 SOrTHEKN CONFEDEUATE STATES, 
 
 sue Vonl'.do'uti's. 
 
 SOUTHERN CONTINENT. The Southern 
 Oceiiii was lirst traversed hy .\laf,'ellan in 1520; 
 aiul e.\pliired by Wallis and Carteret in I7')0;"niul 
 by t'ouk ill 1773 and 1774. Uf the southern eon- 
 tiiiciit little move is known than that it is iee- 
 bouml, and eoiitains active volcanoes. It was dis- 
 covered hi the lirst iiistancL' hy tajit. John liiseoe, 
 on 27 Feb. 1831, in lat. 65^ 57" S., Imi!,'. ^7' 20'K., 
 cstenilins I'ast and west 200 miles, — thishe named 
 Enderby Land, after the {feiitlemnn who had 
 eHuipi'i'd him for the voyiif(-e. Ca])t. Hiseoo also 
 disciivercil (iraham's Land on 15 Veh. 1852, 
 situated in lat. 67' I' S.. lon^. 71' 48' W. 'riic 
 Messrs. Enderby equipped three other cKpeditions 
 111 search of the southern eontineiit, the I -t (in 
 coimectii)ii with some othi'r ffentlenieii) in 1831S, 
 when cant, lialleny had cimimanil, who, on 9 Feb. 
 1839, aisoovered the Balleny Islands, in lat. 67^ 
 S., lon^'. 165^ E., and in March, 1839, Sahrimi 
 Land, in lat. 05^ 10' S., hnis. 118' 30' \\. In 1840, 
 a French expedition, under the eomiiiand of admiral 
 U'Urville, and an American (expedition, under the 
 command of eoiiimodore Wilke.s, greatly added to 
 our knowlcdire in re.spoet to the existenee of a 
 southern continent, and this was ajeain ineeoa.sed 
 by the expedition which suilcd from Eiii;land in 
 sHjn. under the eoinniand nf eapf. sir Jame? 
 Clark Ros.i, who dis-ovi^red Vietoria Land in 1 841, 
 and suhseiiuenlly penetrated as far south as 
 73' 11'. Antarctic expedition piopnsed by the .Vr- 
 gcntine republic nnd the (jenoesc, Sept. "1881; tlie 
 
 ohjeels eolleeted to lie dividel. Italian I'.xpeditioii 
 under lieiit, Ih.oe, |HS|.2. See .1 i,l<,,-r'ic hih: 
 
 New ISoiilli I'olar expeilition |,i'op,,si.il hy the 
 
 Antarelle l:x|,l,inili 1 ill,.,. iU Mi'llinanie, 
 
 lappnii,-,! |,v t|„. ^,i,v, iieaaml i.ihi'is . Anx. 1890 
 
 rii 1,11111 ivipiii-,.,! |,a' II... exp,.iliti..|i is is.cji./. 
 isii' llioniii.s KIder MiliM'i'ih.d i,«x>;., other per. 
 Hons j,,,o/. ; appeal lni' i),,. oi her 5, <,«,;, 
 
 Meiillnaut the Uoyal suelety to ilisenns Anlarctle 
 exploiiition ; iiildiesM.N l.v Ills. ,l(,hii .Miiiiay, 
 
 .NllllM'll, anil Otlli'ls, ..^ |-,.|,. ; 111,. ;;.ivel'lim..nt 
 
 ili'i lines to wiiiiport Initli. 1- evpioiMlioii; liiu 
 lloy. lieoj;. Sue. i("eiileslosei, h.at an exiililUl.in, 
 and toKiLsealim./'irs.,,.,,,/. . . ,, .lime, iSoS 
 
 HOUTK KENSINGTON illSEUM, 
 
 near l)i'oiiipt..n old eliureji (eontaiiiiii.j' the jiie- 
 tiires pi'esi'iiie.l liy .Mr. Vernmi, .Vr. - "^hanks, 
 Mrs. l';ilisi.ii, ami those lieiiueiii' iinier, 
 
 the (jreat painter, as well as speeim .Iptuio 
 
 and art, edieatioiial 1 ollertimiB. pi , ol tlit- 
 
 aiiimal, ve;;etalile, and miiie.al kinuilo.n-. A:e.),wa* 
 "peiied on 22.lniu', lS:;7. A specnil exhibition of 
 H'.iksof art, of immeiiM' value, lent fortlii' oceasioii. 
 Was opeia ,1 here ill the summer of l8(i2, and closed 
 in Novene r. In July, 1875, a tesiimonial to Mi'. 
 (att. sir) ll.ni'y Cdi', C.li.', «as proposed for hi.H 
 exerlions in ..rijaniziii^' ibis museum, and in pro- 
 moling its olijects. Hire, t'lrs, sir I', Cuiilitfe- 
 Owrii, 1873— <)3, died 2;. March, I.S'ij; ma|or-Ki'li. 
 Festin- ami prof. J, ll. Middleton, 1893 (prof. 
 .Middlelon (lied from an overdose of mmphia, 10 
 .liine. i,8i)(i); Mr. (!. I'urdoii Clarke, June, i89(). 
 See Jt(K(iiii and -,-i)'/.v, .Sept. I.Sijd. 
 .Mr. .loliii l.'or.stir, liio-iapliiT of Hiekei'S he- 
 
 iim.itheil liis lilir.uy ol lio.'ks, .MSS.. I'liintlnjjs, 
 
 all'l dl.'lHili^'s t.i llus InllM'iim. lie liie.l i Fell. . 1876 
 Seieiiiiiie Ai'i'aialns Loan Fxliiliilioii (vliiili sec) 
 
 "liciieil I ; M.iy, eloM,! .... 30 llee. „ 
 Mr. .loliii .loiies liei|iieallis a collection of work<i of 
 
 art, itc. ; estiimiled value, 5oo,«;o'. , . .Ian. 1882 
 liepoi't of eonunittee on the museum . .May, 1897 
 
 iSOUTITI'ORT, Lancashire, a watciiiis place, 
 foinnled in l-i)2 on a sandy waste, has rapidly pro- 
 gressed, now pos^essiiii; an es|ilaiiade 3 miles' loiii;-, 
 nnd many tine buildiiifis. It was made a muiiieipai 
 hoi'oii;,rli 111 i,S(i7, ami received the Ihitish Associa- 
 tion 19 Sept. 18S3. Population, 1851, 4,7(15 ; i87r, 
 18,085; 1891, 43,026. 
 
 SOUTII-SEA BUBBLE eommeneed witU 
 the estahlis-hment of the South-sea eonipany in 
 
 17 
 
 ^ 10, which was at first unwisely and afterward* 
 
 ' dishonestly niamitted. Itexplededin 1720, ruininj.^ 
 
 thousands of families; and the directors' estates, 
 
 to the value of 2,oi4,(XK)i'., were .seized in 1721 ami 
 
 sold. Mr, Knight, the cashier, absconded with 
 
 100,000/. ; but he compounded the fraud lor 
 
 ! lO.tXX)/. and returiieil io F.m:laiid in 1743. Almost 
 
 [ all ilie wealthv persons in tjie kiiifjilom had beconu!- 
 
 } speeiilators ; tile artitiees of the directors haviiii!^ 
 
 raised the shares, orii;inally I(X)/., to the price of 
 
 1000/. A ])arliamentary iii'inirv took place iiv 
 
 Nov. 1720, and Aislabie, ehaiicellor of the exclie- 
 
 (luer, and several memliers of parliament were 
 
 e.xpelled the house in 1721 ; see Luw's Bubble. 
 
 SOUTHWAllK (S. London), was-ovemed by 
 its ow n bailill's till 1327. The city, however, found 
 jcreat ineonvenienee from the number of malefac- 
 tors who escaped thither, in order to be out of tlio 
 reach and eoj^nizanee of the city magistrates ; and. 
 a f^rant was made of Southwarlc to the e.it_. of 
 London bv the crown, lor a small nnnuity. In 
 Edward Vl.'s reign it was formed into a cityward, 
 and was named liridge Ward AVithout, 1550. — 
 ISoulliivdvli bridge was designed by John Keunic, 
 
 \S.„^ 
 
 I .ri; 
 
 M 
 
 -f.ll« 
 
 'iM 
 
^%. 
 
 ^> .WVJ 
 
 ^"^ -^^^'nO. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 MA 
 
 
 /. 
 
 
 
 fA 
 
 1.0 
 
 us 
 
 I- 1^ 
 
 KiS 1112.2 
 
 I.I l-^IIM 
 
 6" 
 
 lyi iM 11.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 -S'^'^, > je. 
 
 "% 
 

 V 
 
 <^ 4^, 
 
 .^ 
 
 ^°#/% 
 
 &; 
 ^ 
 
!^i 
 
 \..W 
 
 ;• 
 
 
 SOUTHWELL. 
 
 1020 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 «nd built by a compnuv, iSii-lOi "t im expense 
 ,)f 800,000/. It consists of three ^'|■ellt cast-iron 
 arclu's, restins on iniissive stone niers anil abut- 
 nients ; the distance between the al)ntnients is 708 
 I'eet; the centre arch is 240 I'cet s]ian, tlie two 
 others 210 ieet each ; and the total wci^cht ot iron 
 5308 tons. The bridge was freed from toll on 8 
 Nov. 1864, the coMipanv rei-eivin;; a compensation 
 from the eitv. An act" for tlic payment ot divi- 
 <londs to shareholders was Jiassed in 1872.— *'»//'- 
 inirk prirk was ojicncd. H) June, 18(19. li.V the 
 treats .Vet (1885), Soutliwark si'iids three mem- 
 bers lo parliament. 
 <'itv iiiMl Soiitli I.oa.loM Electric Hallway (see 
 
 f''}, litis) o\«-Wi[ . . 4 .Nov. Mii.l i3 Dec. 1890 
 'J'la> priory cliarcli of St. Maiic oviaic. 
 
 tlic lit'li century, was Icasi'.l li 
 
 tlie uiiitcd ]iarislicsolSl. Mar^-ant ; 
 
 Jla^'ilalctic. and liccann' tic pari- 
 
 .Savionr's in 1540. 
 
 Iiccn made ; Mr. (1 
 
 dulin;,; IVian 
 
 till' crciwn lo 
 
 id St. .Mary 
 
 sli clinr<li as St. 
 
 Sinci' tlicii' niaoyclian^c's liavc 
 
 . (iwilt repaired tlie tower, tlie 
 
 lady diapel, ;nid the clioir, 1S18 il xi'i- The roi.f 
 of llie nave was renioved in 18 !i. and in iSj9 re- 
 placed liv lath .and plaster, 'nii' |iriiice ot \\a es 
 laid the 'nieniorial stone of a new Oiive, 24 .Inly, 
 
 1890; tlKMdinrch re.i,pi.|ied alter ivslnrat at 
 
 a cost of oviT 5o,ric»J.. the iirince ot Wales, the 
 archliisliop ofCanterhiirv and others |iieseiit, 
 16 I'Vli. iSg;; nieniorial windows lo the prince 
 consort and others unveiled, new cloek and hidls 
 stjirtcd liy the dokeoti.onieiiiitlit. 22 .Inni', iSoSi 
 
 The Iirince and )iiiiicess of Wales visit llie Evelina 
 hospital; he lavs the foiindalion slone of the 
 new ImildiiiHs of the It. S. London (iplitlialiiiic 
 Hospital 24'liilv. iSq; 
 
 IVtitioiiof Siaitliwark for incorpor.ition with the 
 
 citv, April, 1896 ; hill rejc.cted by the conn s, 
 
 = j March. ,, 
 
 SOUTHWELL, Nottiim-bam.shire, an ancient 
 Sa.Min town, wlicre a cluirdi was foonded bv Pau- 
 liiius, archbishop of VorU, ()27; made collcfriate 
 before the coiiiiuest. rcfonnded by Henry Mil., 
 and made a bisiioinic bv lleiirv VIII., 1541; di - 
 solved bv Kdward VI. Colle-iate church restored 
 bv Kliza'bcth, 158(1. Near In i" Cliarles I. surreii- 
 «k'red himself to the Siotch aiiiiy in l()4<>. 'ihe 
 Bishoprics act, authorising' the e-talilishment ot 11 
 8,'e at Southwell, was passed, 16 -Vui;. 1878. Con- . 
 fititnted (to consist of the counties of Derby and 
 Mottini^hain), 2 Feb. 1884. The restored minster 
 re-openod as catlicdral, 2 Feb. 1888. 
 
 Kinsr nisiiop. 
 Geort;e Uiddiiif;. consceialed i .May, 1884. 
 
 SOUTHWOLD, ^i^cSoleba;/. 
 
 SOVEREIGN, an ancient and modern liritish 
 ^■•(dd coin. In 148') 22.% ideces. in value 20.v., " to 
 be called the sovereisii," were ordered to be coined 
 out of a pound of -old. ]ln<liii(h In 1542 sove- 
 iid"iis were coined in value 2()v. which afterwards, 
 in ISSO and I5S2 (4 ■it (' l^'l- VI.), pa.s.-ed for 24.V, 
 nnir^'o.v. " Siivendtrns " of the new comasc were 
 <Urected to pass for 20.S-. I July, and half-sovercifrns 
 for IO.V. 10 Oct. 1817: see I'niii, and dnhl. I!y the 
 Coinasre act, 1870, Ihe wei-bt of the soverei-il is 
 <i.\ed at I2V27447 K''"'"'' t''".^' ; si'ecilic jiravitv, 
 '7'.S7; (')I''i'''i7' gold beinK KXX)) : halt-soverci^'us, 
 <)'l 63723 frraiiis. The dragon sovercijjiis were re- 
 issued in 1 87 1. 
 
 SPA-FIELDS (N. London), llen^ about 
 30,(X)0 persons assi-mbled lo vote an address from 
 tlie distressed inanufaeturers to the jiriiice re^'cnt, 
 .V second meetine;, 2 !),.(■. followm!;. 
 
 riot, Cashmnn, a sciimim, was hanged, 12 Marih, 
 1817, Watson, the riiif?leiider, escaped to -Vnioirii. 
 Siui-liilih (7i")»'/, a donie lniildin;;, ca-lKinallya pliien 
 of entertainment naineil the Pantheon, enTied, 
 1770, was after sevenil clianiics inirclia.sed hy tlie 
 
 emmtess of llniitiii^'don and used as a plai ( 
 
 wiirshiii for her " connection," (see II lutejiildi'if). 
 'I'liis eliapid was palled down in . . . i;;; 
 
 SPAHIS, see Sipoi/.i. 
 
 SPAIN (the ancient Iberiii and Hispania), tlie 
 S. W. peninsula of Kuro))e. The Plueniciaii.s ninl 
 Cartha^'illians successively planted colonies mi tho 
 coasts which were till conquered by the Uuiiiiin., 
 20() 11. c, I'opnlation of Spain in 1857, I v4()4,o;S; 
 of the colonh's, (),W,887; 1883, total 25,022.S(8o; 
 in 188-, 17,564,588. Kevenue : 1822, i.Wit 
 (1,000,000/.; '1850, 12,722,2(X)/. ; 1871, iilimit 
 2(j,ooo,ooo/.; i883-4,32,ax5,07.S('.: iHqi, 32.222.055/,; 
 e.\pi.iiditnre, ;;2,4S6, ,30/, ; 181)4, 30w''5.074/.; 
 1897 8, estimated revenue, 43,51)1,638/, ; e.xpt.ii.Ji. 
 tiire, 42,f)()7,40(j/, 
 Tin. Carthaginians, (.nriehi.d liy the niuu's of Siiaiu ei. 
 
 (480 n.r. i(.<ii;. ) form sellleiiienls . y^ 
 
 New ('artha;;e (Cartha^'cna) tonmh.il by Hasdnibiil j^, 
 llaiiiilcar extends their doiainions in Simiii . 238-23, 
 At his death, Hannibal, his son, tak(.s the i.itn- 
 
 inand. 221 ; la-eiiaies for war, 220 ; takes Sanmi- 
 
 taiii, 219 ; crosses the Aljis, and enters Italy . 1,5 
 Till. Honiaiis carrv the war into Spain ; two Siipius 
 
 defeated and slain by llasdrubal . . . . 21.. 
 Pub Cornelius Seipio.M'rieanos takes New Carlli;iei., 
 
 210 or 209 ; drives the Carthaginians out of .Spain 
 Celtiberiaii and Xiiinantine war ... 15 
 
 Viriathns, .ueneral of the Celtiberiaiis and I,n.<i- 
 
 taniaiis, subdued all West Spain, 145 ; iiinkes 
 
 iieaee with the consul Eabius Serviliaims, 142; 
 
 assassinat(.d bv order of tin. Uoiiians . 
 Iiisiirrt.cti.ai of Sertorius, 78 ; subdued by Puiiipey, 
 
 and assassinated 
 
 ,7 alius Casar iinells r.r Misurrcctioii in Spam . 
 Ponipev j;oV(.rns Siiaiii . ... 
 
 Revolt thronnh till, nipaeity of! ■rassiis . 
 Er„ of Spain ; compiest bv AuKHStiis lieKua, i ,biii. 
 The Vandals, Alaai and Suevi, wrest Spain from 
 
 the Uoinans . . . •...•...•. ,.■ *"■<') 
 
 :C7 
 
 
 m 
 w 
 
 V:: 
 
 f-1 
 Ml 
 
 15 Nov. 1816. 
 
 ) of 
 the 
 
 terminated in an alarmm- not : the simo: 
 several ;tunsiniths wi.re attacked tor arms liy 
 vioters ; and in the shri]! id' .Mr. Heikwith. on Snow- 
 lull, Mr. I'latt was wounded, and much injury was 
 Uoiie before the tumult was suppressed. For this 
 
 Adolphus founds the kilifc'dom of tlie Visiyoths . . 
 
 The Vandals luiss over to Africa .... 
 
 Theodorie I. vanipiishes the Su(.vi 
 
 Assassinated by his brutlicr Euric, who be(nm« 
 
 master of all 'S])ain 
 
 lieeaieil I. cxiiels the Franks 
 
 He abiures Arianisni, and rules ably . . till 
 Waniba's wise adaiinistratioii ; he prepared a tli'i-t 
 
 fiii-defeii i-ainst the Saracens . 67!';; 
 
 The Arabs invited into Spain ayainst kin;; Uoderic. ;.v 
 llis liefeat and ileath at Xeres. . . . . Tii 
 Establishment of the Saracens at Cordova . . -ii 
 Vietorions iirojiii'ss of Mnsa and Tarik . . jim; 
 Emirs rale at Cordova ; rdayo, ot Gotllio blooil, 
 
 rules in Asturias ami l.eon . . . . ;ii 
 
 The Saraeeiis defeated at Tours by Charles .Martol. 
 
 1j2 iir ;;; 
 Abderaliniaii the (list kiiin at Cordova . . .;■:, 
 
 Invasion of Chaileiiiat.'ne 7"" 
 
 Saiieho IhiL'o, ciiiint of Navarre, Ac. . . , :;; 
 Sani'lio of Navam. beconies kiliK of Castile . . 1016 
 The kiic'doiii of Aragou eommeiieed under liaiiii- 
 
 rez I. " . . • •.,•,„• • • ■ ":' 
 I.e.in and .\sturias united to Castile . . . loj; 
 
 Porln^.d i.ikeii froiii the Saracens by Henry uf 
 
 liesangon (s(.,. r^itinjitl) ■ ■ ■ . ■ ■ W> 
 
 The Saraeeiis, beset on all sides by the Christians, 
 
 eill ill the aid of the Moors fr Africa, wliosnzc 
 
 the doaiinioiis they came to protect, and »iil«lui. 
 
 the Saia.-eiis . . . , . . 1091.IW 
 I.'xi.li.itsoftheCid liodrij-'iKibes . . aiNiiit iw 
 llviiiislvof the Alinoravides at Cordova . m^-tm 
 TJie Mciors dcp.ati.il in several battles by Alfoiisiu.f 
 
 l.eon • ■ • •"" 
 
 llviiastv of ll.c Aliie.I,;el.s at Cordova iu:i;:; 
 
 Cordova, Toledo, Seville, &e., taken by 1- crdaiaiil 
 
 of Cast ill. and l.eon . •,;,;,■, ',"•'''* 
 The kiic'doin nf (iranada bcKim by the Moiirs, i;nt 
 
 refiis^lioi.i the power of the Christians , . , 
 
 ■!;i 
 
leiiman, wns Imiiged, 12 Manh, 
 ic riiiKU'iuU-r, csfiiiieil to Amuri-ii, 
 
 iiliir lilulilill>.'.ii''iK''li'llvillil:U'.. 
 iiiiiiu'il tlid raiithi'iiii, civj-ti-i, 
 ,iT!il I'liiiiigcs iiurcliusi'd liy Ihn 
 iii^'iliiu iiiid used lis 11 |il;ici' (if 
 cuiiiii'i'tidii," (Sfi! ti'ldleJiddHii). 
 
 lUUiM 'Inwil ill . . . l^:; 
 
 Sij}Oi/s. 
 
 neioiif Ibcrin ami llispiinin), tli.' 
 if Kiirii])o. Tho riicriiiriaiis anj 
 •(•(■ssively pliiiiti'd colniiics mi tho 
 I' all rniuiiicri'il by the UnMiiHb, 
 fion of Spain in 1857, li,4')4.fi;^; 
 1,^33,887: 1883, total 25,022.,S&; 
 [,"s88. Kovoinic ; 1822, ;.liij'it 
 ^0, 12,722, 2CX)/. ; 187 1, aliimt 
 -4, 32,0()S,o75/.; 1801,32.222,0;^/,; 
 4:i(i,i30/. ; i8c)4, 30,7(.3.<>74''-; 
 1 revi'iiue, 43,Si)l,'>3'^'. ; exjifuJi. 
 
 (•iiriilii'il by tbi'. iniiu'sofSiiain p.r. 
 unii si'ttlciiiciits .... /xi 
 tljaj,Tiia) I'liiiinli'il by Hasilnili;il :4; 
 bi'ii-ilniiiiiiidiis ill fSiiiiin . :jt-j3i 
 inilial, ills siiii, takes tin' 1 "in- 
 ari'S fca' war, 220 ; takes Sa^'im- 
 s tlic .Vljis, ami nitiTS Italy . jij 
 till' war into Simiii ; two Siipins 
 n liv llasilriibal . . . . 21; 
 iio.\l'i'ii"iiiiis takes New Cartliaj;!', 
 'S the Oirtlianiiiiaiis out otSiiaiii 107 
 iiiiaiitine war . • . '5j-i3J 
 
 lit tile feltilierians anil I.Msi- 
 i\ all West Wliain, 145 ; makes 
 eiiiisul Kabiiis Sei'viliiiniis, 142; 
 inlerortlie Hmiiaiis . . .1,3 
 ■torius, 78 ; .siibiUieii by Poiiiiiey, 
 
 s ar iiisurrecticin ill Simiii . . f; 
 l«iiii . . , . 6t-;i 
 
 !■ ra]«ieity iifrra.ssiis . . 41.,. 
 nuest by .\ii>;ustiis begun, i .Tan. -,; 
 iii ami ISuevi, wrest Spain fniiii 
 
 AD. (J) 
 
 ibekiiiKilom of tlie Visigoths . . ,u 
 
 liver to .Vfrii'a .... 4;; 
 
 lislies tlle Sllevi . . • . 4j; 
 lis liiotlier Kiiric, wlio beeoiiii'S 
 
 aiii 4H 
 
 tile ?'raiik« ;:; 
 
 sill, ami rules ably . . till tci 
 uiuistiatinii ; be prepareil a lleit 
 list tlie Saracens . . r;:-f-i 
 
 . into Spain against king Uoilerie. ;>; 
 
 atli at Xeres :n 
 
 the Saraeeiis at Conlova , . ;ii 
 ss nt Mnsa ami Tarik . . 71MJ 
 ir.hiva ; I'ehiyo, ot Gothie, bloml, 
 
 s ami I.eoii ' ;ii 
 
 ■ateil at Tours by Charles .M.nib'l, 
 
 7J^ »' :;; 
 llrsi kin;; at t'oribiva . . . :;; 
 eiiiaj^iie ..... 7;;;-: 
 Hit of Xavarrf, <t(!. . . , ;■; 
 e beiiuiies kinK of Castile . . loij 
 Aragon eoiiinieneuil umler liaiiii- 
 
 w.-i 
 
 IS united to Castile . ... 133; 
 fnim the Saracens by Henry (.f 
 
 I'nilii'ml) 'Vi 
 
 set on all sides by the Christians, 
 if the Moiirs from .Vfriea, wliosnz.' 
 tlieyeame to iiroteet, and .siilulu.' 
 
 liil' Rodrij,'o ; dies . , almut iok 
 diaoraviih.s at Cordova . mym 
 ted ill several battles by Alfonso of 
 
 nt< 
 
 Llin..hii'b-s at Cordova . iitfi::; 
 , Si'ViUe, &e. , taken by Fonlinaml 
 l.enll . . ... lili-i! 
 
 (Iniiiada benuii by the Miiors, m 
 e power iif the Cliristiaiis . . , "jJ 
 
 1' 
 
 < >' I 
 
 ,1 , 
 
 
 / 
 
 & 
 
 ^H^^^l 
 
 
 -ii 
 
 ilflll 
 
 
 lit' , 1 
 
 >M 
 
 ij^H 
 
 
 
 ^^M 
 
 ' ' 1 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 mi 
 
 
 t^ L 
 
 
 
 ^^1 
 

 til 
 
 »4 
 
 
 h\'i 
 
 
 
 Jt^l! , 
 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 Pi* 
 
 
 S,J 
 
 m 
 
 3 f o 
 
 ^^^H^^MiHINP^f '.i nli" 
 
 ^^i'tS 
 
 r T 
 
 t! 
 
 ^^^^^Hi^^Hl^Kl}^#'^ im 
 
 ■BbI 
 
 Ml 
 
 ■■ai 'rflf' 
 
 i^^^^^^^^^^^BHlMfiri ^ it ii i i' ^Hji 
 
 ^^^^^H 
 
 HHJ 
 
 ^BBUhHI^ 
 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 
 B| 
 
 ■ 
 
 IF" 
 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 iirl 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 1022 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 Don DlcKo Lcnn attn.k« the pnlm-e "t M. i 1 , 1 « 
 ftmcwt^rs iv,,i.l«c-,l, ami mniilHTs slam 1 ■ 
 
 lueon's guaivls, 7 O.'t. ; ti.= .« al«"t at M... . 
 
 841 
 
 li,„m. roiistitntioiml gi'iicml, I'nt.TsN ittoiia, .n Ui^t. 
 o;;!;S'o'S>u!u taken refuge iu'the Freneh lenv 
 Ks;;Sen.,i,r,v;stl,e «usi,ensim. .If 'imH'n\'lim- 
 
 ,,l„t,|mtto,l,.atl. at Ma.hia . • ')^"^: " 
 EsVi.rlen, enters Ma.Ui.l . • ■ =.! ■;.;■. " 
 
 T,;;r;:m:^tw^^;A;;;;!..,ft..ean,,ynKe,,at^.,o,^^^^^ 
 
 J;,,,", l.Is, VK. ii. kille.l aa.l «„u.ule.l, ami ivtieat 
 ... .1 it...i,.i ...•'•> -^ • 
 
 Tile .listiirlianeea at Malaga . •, ,■ , ,,,'-u;,,.''.^,l ' *^ 
 Tl„. revulutiunavy .iuuta is re-estaliL^laa ■'t^l'';|;;_;^ ^_ 
 
 Idiia ■ ' ' 
 
 3,., Dee. 
 
 25 May, 
 
 at "Uai'ee- 
 
 .;;^v;;;:^:i;;;sx:u';:i::;atMJ.via,wi.ie,....n^ 
 
 Kspartero bonil.ar.ls J^t'Villo . • " ^1 [J.llv* „ 
 ' ,1.. Ili- a.';. ;-Na,v:,ez (Irien.l of tl,e .lUeen-.nnlWO, 
 
 T,:;::;;;;:n"m;:i:;'-U„n.st,,..ain ; .,Ma,v,.;,^ 
 
 KurbUysinsmivetH.!,, .2 .Nm\. 1844.!"^ '^^^-j,^,,; ^3^^ 
 lj,nu:arinsrelim,nislM.shisvi«l,ttn tl.eennv,,^m ^^ 
 fiiviinr lit lii;* «"" .■ • • ■ ■ , 
 
 }^™i:i;;rn-;::v"Mn'-'''nu-oi..vanatio,.".-iausc 
 
 areatv (if Utreelit, 171 ') ,• • ,, ;,, .,',,,,.„ " 
 
 N^n-ae.aml ^%-"r%^'::^;^,r 3M ell 1846 
 
 tDiiciwer. irMnreli ;a:iuu iiM„ii - -=^ , 
 
 E:.a!ieofn,fnul.,slV..m ,;M,-. ; M^^^^^^ .. 
 Mamage of the M ) ■' ■ >! , , ' ^ .' „l, „lso of the 
 
 ii;^-;^';^et;t'he',^;..i'';V:.h..B.)tot,.,..e ^_ 
 
 rTw'sil'luiril'mViagc's .listnvh^he Vrienilly rela- 
 [The. ^I''""^ ,'.,, ,,i,"„„i Kiiglish (ioveniineiits.l 
 
 H,. suffers "ileathliy the (onl . i^^^,^^^' _^ 
 
 i^JT;:;;r;M"::;N^;i--iiritu,.^ 
 
 to,|0itS|.aniiU4bl"''i^ • ■ • \ \ ,S4>) 
 
 N:MTaeZilismls>e.nMl.l I , _^ •^^j^^^.^.^l^^j^^ ^^.^ 
 
 -i:';;;;;;;:;^i;:a;na:^i'-v:i'.r, h.eha,.,«.,H; 
 
 ''^:M«;s.''c:;'.",an.lthera.,,(.^^M. ,^'^5o, .S5. 
 
 [Tl 
 
 ^!i;fi^:hnr;iou7s;;w.>u--u.eatoretur,.jo 
 
 The illf 
 !Si«iiu 
 
 M^irul-Aran^ue^jraUw:.- oiiem^^ .^, .,., „,,^^J^ 
 ^•^X,!;i:^dS;:i;mfr,!,utheKuv.i, ...omy-mar- 
 
 Ii;;;mijllty'glve.UirtUtoalinuces. . 
 
 Attempt made on the life of the (lUeoii ; sliv is 
 
 BliKhtly woiimled liy the (latiger of Merii;n. ., 
 
 Kniiiei'seaii . . • . • ■ ■, r '■''' 'oi 
 
 Gen. Castai~ios, duke of Haylen, renowned in Hit 
 
 Krencdi war, dies, aged ys . . . s/^ept. 
 
 Narvaez exiled to Vienna . . ■ . .laii. i;:, 
 
 .Ministerial ehanges-I.ersnndl forms a ealmut, 
 
 II Ajiril : resigns ; Kartorins'sealimet . >. pt, ,. 
 liirth and di'ath or a princess . . _ .v''"!' '=:» 
 Uemral u'Uonnull, Conelni, and others lianisli,,!, 
 
 17 'hill, ,, 
 nisliirlianees at Saragossa, &e. . . . V,-\,. ,, 
 lion rnineisi'o(rathei'orthe king eonsort), mninis 
 
 ,in "nnfoi-tnnate'' w.iinan . . . M^nvh, ., 
 Militarvilisiirrection, nnderO Donnell.nearM.iiln.l, 
 
 'jf.lmii', ., 
 The movement headed liy Kspartero : Han ,i,,ii:i 
 and Madrid piiinonnee against the goveinni'iit ; 
 liarrieades in Madrid . . 1-17 ■'"Ij, ., 
 
 Triiimph of the iiisniTeetion : resignation .. I' ili,. 
 
 ministrv ; the(|iieeii sends for Kspartero, i().Inh, , 
 IVaee ivstoivd ; the digiaded geliriMls reillstiiti-1, 
 
 ,.>;e. ; IOs|iartero forms an .■idniinistiation, \i .Iniy, „ 
 The (iiieeii mother inipeaclu'd ; she ipiils .'-p.im 
 
 2S .\\K. „ 
 
 Ministerial crisis ; Kspartero resigns, Imt ivsiniirs 
 
 ollha 2i-joXev, .. 
 
 New constitution of the eortes . . iiJiiii, i^^j 
 The cortes vote that iill power proceeds from tlie 
 jicople ; they iiermil lilierty of lielief, lint hot .T 
 
 worship I''';'- .. 
 
 I Don Carlos dii's 10 Maivh, ., 
 
 Insurrection of V.-deiicia . . . . 6 .Viml, ,!:; 
 
 Hcsignation of Kspartero ; new ealiiiiet I'oi I. 
 
 • hcailcd liy mar.slial o'Donnell ; insnnei|j,,ii m 
 
 ' Miiilriil, 14 .Inly ; (•'Donnell and the govcniiiicMt 
 
 in.oiis siilidiie the iiisiirgeiits ; the iiili,iii:il 
 
 ■ 'Hard snppin^sed .... 15-16 .Inly, „ 
 
 Insnrri clion at Itarcchina and Saragossa (piellcl l.v 
 
 O'Donnell, as dictator . . . 13-23 .Inly, „ 
 O'llonnell eomiielled to resign ; Narvaez hecniiics 
 
 minister i-'(KI. ., 
 
 Amnesty granted to political ofleiiders . 19 (li't. ., 
 Kspartero resigns as senator . . . i Ffli. li;; 
 
 IiisniTectioo in .\ndalnsia ; ipiic-kly sniipicssiil ; 
 crnel military exeeutiona ; g8 insurgents slmt (jj 
 at Seville) " ... June and , Inly. ,. 
 
 Minislerial changes ; Armero minister . 2611,1. „ 
 Birth of the ]n nice royal . . . 2SN.1v. ., 
 Islnritz, mini.sici, 14 .Ian, ; O'Donnell, i.imi^tir, 
 
 1 .Inly, .. 
 Cessation of stateio Bareelona, &e. 2o;^c|i|. i:y 
 
 Joint Freneli and ■<! <pedili(>n against Ceilini 
 
 China annoiinceo . ... 1 Hn'. ., 
 
 War with Morocco (;ivi,.,',.w) . . Nhv.-IIm. li: 
 
 \n assiiciation for reforming the tariff, .tc. f,,niioil. „ 
 U' Donnell coiiim iiids thearnivin Africa; iiidccisivf 
 conllicls reported ; liattleat Castillejos ; a Spanish 
 " Halaklavr, " charge . . . . i .Ian. li: 
 The Moors defeated near Tetnnn, which siinvmlm 
 
 4 Ffli. .. 
 ' 11 inelfcctnaltriiee .... iC-23 Frii. . 
 The Moors defeated at Gnad-el-ras . 23 Manli, ,, 
 Treaty of ]icace signed ; 400,000,000 reals tn In' 
 paid liv Moors, and Tetuan to be held till pai.l 
 
 26 Mar. „ 
 General (Irtega, governorof the Halearie Isles, laiiils 
 marToitosa, in Valencia, with jcxxiiiicii, nml jim- 
 claims the conile di' Montcinoliii king, as Cliarl'S 
 VI ■ his troops resist, and he is compelled tc llir, 
 Willi the eonite and others, 3 April ; Ortega sli.'l 
 
 i.)\\'A ., 
 The coiiite de Monteiiiolin and his lirotlicr I'liil; 
 iiand aricstedat Tortosa, 21 April ; rciiinincctlitir 
 claim to the throne .... 23 .M'ril. ■■ 
 All amnesty |iiuclaiiiied . ... ^Mn, . 
 Their hrothcr ,)naii asserts his right, 5 .liine; ami 
 Ihev, when at Cologne, annul their iviiiiiiciali":i, 
 
 38 .Inai', .. 
 The emperor Napoleon's proposal to admit Spain a- 
 a lirst-class power is opposed by Kiigliunl, ai.l 
 
 give.ui ■\"- 
 
 Thc cointe de Moiitemolin and his wife die at rrr.-'.- 
 
 14 .tail, i:' 
 
 The annexation of Ht. nomingo to Spain rati I: 
 
 slavery not to be re-established . .ii.y.Miii-, , 
 Iiisiiriee'tiou at Loja suppressed , . . Ji:'}, » 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 1 tlie life of the (lUi'On : sin- is 
 I liy the ilaHKer of Mi'iiin. ,i 
 
 . . . . ■ -2 1-M,. ,';, 
 
 ke (if Uiivlen, ruimwiieil in tlic 
 , iiKod 95 ". . . ^r^p't. .. 
 
 'ieiiiui I^i'i. i--:i 
 
 's— l.ci-sinuli fm-iiia a I'liliimt, 
 < ; iSiii'tiirius's I'liliiiiet . ^r\.x. .. 
 a ]il'ilirfSS 5 •lilll. iS;4 
 
 , Ciiiu-liu, anil citliers liiiiiisli.il, 
 
 i7'I'iii. ,, 
 iraj^iissa, &<•. . . . Kfli, .. 
 lieinf the kiiig ninsiiit), iiianii-s 
 '" woman . . . M.inli, ,, 
 
 in, miller O'Uonnell, mar Mai lii.l, 
 
 naileil liy Ks|iartero ; liiiiiiiuna 
 iioiniee against the i,'iiveniiiiiiit ; 
 iilriil . . • 1-17. Inly, „ 
 iiisiirrei'tion ; vesi;.'iiatioii nl' \\k 
 leiii si'iiila forKsiiartero, to .luh, ., 
 ic ili'.maili'il generals reinstati'l, 
 roniis all ailiiiini.sliatiiiii, ;i .Iiiiv, ,, 
 ler iiiii'eaclieil ; .she iinils S]i;uii 
 
 28 Au^-. „ 
 ; Ksiiarleri) resi^n-s, Imt resiniivs 
 
 21-50 Nov. ,, 
 of the I'ortes . . n Jan, i-;; 
 liat all iiower ]iro(Tiiln fnnii tlie 
 ■riiiit liberty of belief, but not uf 
 Fell. „ 
 
 10 Marili, , 
 
 ileiieiii . . . .0 .Vjiiil, {•■■•. 
 •'.spaitero ; new cabinet rnrinii'l, 
 rshal O'Doiiiiell ; iiisiiniTiioii in 
 ,■ ; (J'Doiinell ami the Koveinnie it 
 
 the iiisiirh'eiits ; the iiiiiiiii:il 
 eil .... 15-iS.liilv, „ 
 areeliiiia and Saragossa i|iielleil hv 
 lietator . . . 15-23. July, „ 
 ■lied lo resign ; Niirvaez beemiiM 
 
 i2(li:t. „ 
 
 to iiolitieal olfenders . 19 Oet. „ 
 1 as senator . . . i Felt, i;:; 
 
 Andalusia: unh-kly suiiinessiil; 
 sxeciitious ; 98 iiisiirtjents shut hi 
 
 J imp and ■! Illy, „ 
 [es ; Avinero minister . soOit. „ 
 ee royal . . . 28 Xnv. .. 
 r, i.t Jan. ; O'Uoniioll, niiiiister. 
 
 I July, „ 
 eiii liareelona.iSie. so^-eiit. i:;i 
 
 I •«! >;iieclitioii against Ceelilu 
 
 •e.i . ... 1 Itfi'. ,. 
 
 •o (lecMi'i, .s't'p) . . NnV.-llfi'. i;;) 
 
 ir ivforniiiii; the tarilf. >te. foniicil . „ 
 mils thearmy in Afrieii ; iinlei isive 
 ted ; liattleat Castillejips^aSiiaiiisli 
 diarj;e . . . . i Jan. lii) 
 ted near Tetuan, wliieli surremloi-s 
 
 4W1. „ 
 nee .... 16-21 ti'n. ., 
 ledatGiiacl-el-ras . 2) Manli, ., 
 • si;;lied ; 4ix>,(x)o,ooo reals to Ik- 
 s, and Tetiiaii to be held till niiJ 
 
 26 Mar. „ 
 ^'oveniorof the Dalearie Isles. laiiiU 
 ill Valeiieia, with ;ioooiiien,and iirn- 
 lite lie Monteiiioliii kin;.-, as Clmrlrs 
 is resist, anil he iseiiniiielled tn llir, 
 le and others, 3 Aliril ; Orli ^m slint 
 
 ejA|iri!. .1 
 lonteinolin ami his brntlier lirl; 
 all'iM'tosa, 21 Aiiril ; remmnii'tlifir 
 liroiie .... 23A|irii, I. 
 lelailned . ... 2 .Miiy. .. 
 
 nan asserts his right, 3 June: iiiiJ 
 ; (Joliigne, annul their reninieiatinii, 
 
 jSJiuu'. , 
 iliolenn's iirnimsal tn adniit .Sjiaiu iii 
 iiower i.s oiiiiosed by Knglaiid, ainl 
 
 Knf. ., 
 
 [untemoliu ami his wife die at Trirsle 
 
 14 Jan. i.-!i 
 1 of Ht. Domingo to Siiain ratiiitJ: 
 1 be re-estahlisheil , . i.; MaVi » 
 Loja suiiiirc.sseil , . . JiilS « 
 
 
 %n 
 
 .,...^ 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 1024 
 
 SPATX. 
 
 i860 
 
 Tim l.rovisi.niiil K..V('riMm'nt. mMiKmw;tl liy tlir 
 Ihiit.ui fSt.it.'s, 13 (•.■!. ; by Kiinlmi.l. iTni,.-., iin.l 
 rrussiM.=3 0.t.;l'yAuslna,Ww.M.i,.|n.. li.lj.M m 
 
 itnnut II 1 't t. li)DO 
 
 JInniffstn (if till' i^nvcvninciit iliTliiiiii^ loi- iiniyn-siil 
 sullniKi'. mill firi' iMvss iiml ciUaiitiiHi ="••'■'• " 
 
 n-iiii i'tv.iti-1 a iii:irslinl . . iilnmt <, Nov. „ 
 
 The i'.iin . l.itiiml I'oiiiiiiilt It Mii.lnil ili'ila.r 111 
 
 fiivnmnl'a iiiiiiti'il iM''"!ii''iV • „■, 'f.-,'^ " 
 
 BiTiTi' fur tnnniilii.u uf n 'itizi'ii fmi-i' nf tlic \ .Miiii- 
 tcfi-siilKivi'iloiii • ■ • • . .','^1 " 
 
 Liiaii i.f 20.00o.000f. priiiiiisn l.y ■ikhitoh. iiiinis it 
 ofllnmiii'; 4.000,000/. saul to In' iiii.li rlaki' 1 l..\ 
 Itiitlisiliilil.s ; aliiiiit 2,000,000 .siili.si-iiliiil 111 
 ^.,,,i,i aliiiiit 23 N'lV. „ 
 
 In'sinirtiim aKniii»t tlie i.riivlslniml i,'iiviTiiiiii'iit 
 
 lav.iks iiiit at IMiliz. 5 '>'■'•• : mm-ilriiMis illiit.s, 
 
 6 Dir. ; tin' I'ity ilivsti..l ; sllllvliili'V.- ; nitiv nf 
 .'iMic'val CalialKTo ilc K<"li', ^'''ii'ial nl tlii' aniiy of 
 Aii'lalusia . . ■..•.-.■ '-,,'.'■ " 
 
 n-aceful rlcrtiiiiisfoi'i'i'ii^t'liii'ii' '■'"■'>'■"•"'.•.=." "','.■ " 
 
 Jlaiiifi'sto of till' iliu' ill. Mi.iitiH'nsii.r, .lustiyniK Ills 
 
 ,i.,.|.iit,.iitryiiiti.H|.aii. . ilat.il .9 1),m|. „ 
 
 Vii.liMit iiisnnvi-lii.ii al Malaga s»iii.iv»m'.1 witli 
 
 iiiurli slaiiKlitiT . • • • • 3'1''';- 
 Kloi'tinllof iii.'iiii'™fi"'tli''i'"i't''^ . 17 J""' 
 
 Tlio Wiwiiiish iMivi.y at Hmiii' ii"t iiciMvr.l 23 .Ian. 
 GuticiVz a.. Castro. iMvil K-viTiinr ..1 I "'f; -.";"; 
 
 ,l,.iv.l in till' lavsciiiv ol iinrsts xvliil.' t^'l; "- • 
 
 liivi'litiiry oftlioartistH'tir.'isiiirsol tlu'iatli.'.li.il 
 
 24 .Ian. 
 Inatirrectimi in Cul.a iiirivasin;,' . . Ii;-'l'. 
 Mui-tint,' "f tl.e e„i-ti...s, .1 U'U. ; lUsvu> .■lri'l,|il 
 
 Tlli''vi'"vi'«i""'i'l g"Vi'm'niciit irsi-ii ; Ki'rraiio iv- 
 ai.i'mnt.nl liwul of tlm aoveninirnt witli ,saiiii. 
 
 Kii'tsafxi'i-wiMi aooo.intofi-n-.iiTilitloii, '16 Mairli, „ 
 Siuiuish i'rotestiint ii'ligion. suwire at^ Mailij.l 
 
 Insum-otimi in Cul.a foiin'iitoil l.y .\iiieriiaiis Apiil, „ 
 6 "st aiiniviTsary of tlie Mailviil n.vi.lutii.n ami nias- 
 
 «a,T|.,.ftlivl'n-iii-li(.8o8) . . ■ '.^ M, . , .. 
 
 The I'orti'S vi.to foi- a .iioiiairhy (214 tn 71), =■ •"■i> . >■ 
 
 The m'W fiiiistitntii.ii lii-i'iiiiilKatt'il . fi.Imie, „ 
 Mai-.slial S.irani. dectod ivgwit l.y the '''^rt'i^^^^'S 
 
 Ne«"miiii^ti-yu''Aerl'nm' . '. al.m.t Is ;ii....|; I', 
 Cai-list ri»inf!.s in La Manelia ami at ^'"'J;';,'^. ';;;j;; 
 
 L'iiitei'l''st'atis' oVertures '•''^l'"^'"'^ ,';''';•■' .'"'..''jj- 
 
 naiitly ivjirte.l . . . • alio it 18 h .t. „ 
 Caiuliilatiiivoftlicilukd>fOninailisiMis«.ilNM.t.,i)it „ 
 
 S^;!ll.aii .-isin.s at ■'•^'"-^;;"'V, "I'h^a' "^imI; 
 otl.ei- l.lan.s, siii.i.ivssi.il with l.lo, shiM. h 1 1 
 r,'i.ul.l laiis ilvfi'iiti'il iiiMv 111 is, 4()i't. , h,ii,w.ss.i 
 cannonaiU'il, 8 O.t. ; Vali-iii:,a Hiinr...lvr..l. .0 
 
 Ort. -. tranni.illity K^'i";'''''>,r''<';"''; „„ ;, . .f . ' '•. " 
 Wann ilisi-nssiuns irsiintinj,' the i-ln'tioii nf .1 kint, . 
 
 Topetc, minister i.r iiianne, iv.sigus . 2 j\n\. „ 
 
 General Dnlee ilies . ,■,.■,,,„•,.:„ .V/''.' .,,,.; " 
 
 IMwerful rel.uhlieau speeeh nf ^-a^f''':^;'',,^';- 7,|.',,^ ., 
 
 KealKmition of Prim nml the ministry on tlie Italiaii 
 giifcrnme.it i-pposinw the noniniat.ou ot the . lil.e 
 nfliennaaskii.ni.fWl.am • • • 4 ■ ■'"• -870 
 
 Prim resumes nlliee with Topetennil Uive.n ,0 .1111. „ 
 
 Miynrity in the as.senil.ly tor 1-nni ayamst the 1 1 - 
 l.ineiluniiinists ami liberals . . 3-^1.111, „ 
 
 Conseril.tiuu riots at Uareuln.ia ; sn.m ""H;^';^^^'^ 
 
 The lUic de Montiiensier, after great i.rnvneation, 
 kills linn Knriiine de linurl.nn, l.n.ther nf the ex- 
 kjllg. in a dnel! ,2 Mareli ; tried, ei.mlemned. inid 
 
 Tllentlered ernwn deelined I'.y Kspartern . .May! ',', 
 SY, ^!r ^-adnal abnlition nf slavery ,M the enlniiies 
 
 presented to the ei.rtes . . • 28 .M.i\ , „ 
 Twi Fn'-ishmen of Oil.raltar seized l.y LriKands : 
 V,,, ml for =;2oo/ • l.rit;andsafterwiiidsiiltaeked 
 {■;;";t^';; !,;;;;,^ 'ill-inml ; several of them killed, 
 aiid liart of the ransom reeovered . . Jime. >, 
 Kido Vriasearries a resolntion renn'""t-' an alisn- 
 te I inritv in the enrtes fnr any jnolinsed snve- 
 telm (.7g out nf 356) ; this e.xeh.iles all pivse t 
 caudiaatus ..•••• ""'"- " 
 
 Isabella II. ul.dleateH in favmir of hir son .\lf,,iis.i, 
 
 25 .tuilr, 
 
 Priiiee l.ei.i.nld nf Ilnlien/nllern Sif,'niariii;;iii iii.n,;. 
 iialed king, aeeeiileil liv the nrent ami iiiiiii^tn, 
 6 .liilv ; this jnstilied l.y the t;overiiiiient'iii ;i ni- 
 eiihir. 7.liilv'; on the stroii); o|.|'"silinii nf I'lmi. .. 
 he resi^jiis .'.I'lli. 
 
 Neiitnililv in the war anr.niineed . . 27.IUIV. 
 
 Iieiie\ved'iij;il.ilinn fnr a rei'iii'lie l'"'"! ') -V'';;. 
 
 Alillie.'-lvrnrall liiilitienlollelieessim'e2g Sept. ],-,■ .,, 
 liulilislieii Io.\li,'. 
 
 Imintiiin nt Carlists iiitn Navarre. 27 Aii(,'. ; ile|inl..| 
 
 25 .Ml- 
 
 The liasiiiie iirnvimes put into a state nl sii-.i. 
 
 28 .\ll:;. 
 
 The Freiieh rei'ul.lie warmly ri tinised . S, 1 1. 
 
 Miliisli'lild elisis . . . ■ -15 ^' I'l. 
 
 Claret, tlie esiplieirs enulVssnr. dies . . 4II. 1, 
 
 Aiiiadeiis. diiUenf .\ostM(li"rii3o.May, 1S45). m |,ts 
 
 the iMiididatiire fnr the erown . . 2.-(irt. 
 
 Kleited l.v the enltes liy U)l vntes ; (6j fnr a ivpiil,. 
 
 lie ; 27 i'or the ilueile Mniitpeiisier) . 16 N.iv, 
 
 Proelaimeil kiiin . . . -^ • 17 N'"r. 
 
 Tlie e\-ipieeii.oii l.ehalf of lier si.n Alfnnso, prcn.N 
 
 aj,':lill>t theeleelion .... •.■■ .V.iv „ 
 
 The duke aieepls the eri.wii from a deputiuini, .,f 
 the enrtes at Klnreiiee. and says " that hisliMn.siv 
 slionld rise al.nve t he stiiit;v:lenf parties, :ii„lMi,a 
 
 he had 1 tlier nli.ieet than the peine him! pm,. 
 
 peritv of the natinii" . . ■ • 4 Hi-. „ 
 Storniv session in the enrtes respeeluiK iiiiini-,.. 
 meii'ts fnr the iie'V king, 19 Dee. : Uivern, t!ii. piv. 
 sideiit. resigns . ,-.■,. ■ : -j "'' ■• 
 Prim lired at and woniiiled in Ins carriage hv sis 
 
 ,11, .11, wl seaiied ; great indignatinn at .Madii,!. 
 
 27 Dee, ; Tnpete rejoins the ministry ; vnte nrn.n. 
 lideliee in it . ' . . • „ • . • =^ I'''' „ 
 
 Prim dies in the evening (aged 56) ; the kingreiinv.! 
 
 l,v Topete at Cartagena . . . 30 IV.'. .. 
 I.'niieral of I'lim , . •..;,,•,■ 3', "''■■ ■■ 
 The king enters Madrid, visits the l.oily ni I'm,;, 
 
 and takes the oath .... a.liiii. il-, 
 
 New iiiiiiislrv under Serrann . . . 5 .Jan. „ 
 Warm reeeplion nf the ipieeii at Madrid loMiirdj, „ 
 New enrtes opeiieii ; the king's speeeh niiiili ;i|.. 
 
 iilanded 3 Apiil, .. 
 
 Del Castilln and other Alfonsists reeoguise tl,.- 
 
 king M'i'il. . 
 
 f)ln/aL!a eleeted ). resident nf the enrtes 4 Aplil. „ 
 
 The fiiriKi:!,, diltieulty settled (Aug. Nov, iSrtI 
 eniiipeiisatinii to lie paid l.y the >ipanisli ;.',iv.-ni. 
 
 meiit . ■■•,•.,• -^'''J ■■ 
 
 Ministerial erisis throngli linaneial allairs; setil..; 
 l.v the king ■ •Imi''. .. 
 
 Maislial Serraiin fails in forming a ealmiet, 23.I11IJ : 
 a ministry fnrnied l.y Znrrilla . . 24 .Inly, „ 
 
 The king visits the provinees ; warmly nn-ivnl. 
 I Sept. it geq. ; welenmed by Kspartern at L.^giMhu, 
 
 JuS'Tt , 
 
 Cnrtes npened, i Oet. ; Sagasta eleeted presi.lnii m 
 niipnsitinn In Hivero(i23-iJ3). 3<*et. ; llie ZMiTiili 
 ministry resigns, 4 Oet. ; Maleanii.n tiniii, a 
 ministry ■ .i "''■ „ 
 
 Ilepnl.lieaii meeting at Madrid ; strong re.sdIiiliMii, 
 i.assed . . . . ■ • ■ i,>"''t. ,. 
 
 Defeat of the minislry in the enrtes: ilissuliiti.iii, 
 
 24. 23 N"<' ., 
 
 Angnln, the llnanee minister, prnposes In lux tk 
 foreign national eri'ditors 18 per eeiit. 27 X.n. , 
 
 Hnieiile of the eoniit of tiirgeiiti . . 2; X"V. 
 
 Ministry formed under JSagasta . . . ;i !)• , . 
 
 Espartern, dnke nf Vietnry, made prinee of Vii,.mi:i, 
 
 .1,111. ii;i I 
 
 Hesignatinn of Sagasta and the ministry Pir j 
 triTling defeat ; refused l.y the king, ili.ss(.lmi"ii 
 nf the enrtes; inneli exeitement; trnnps uiiilrr 
 arms 25, 26 .Ian. .. 
 
 Ministry reeonstituted l.y Sagasta ami T,i|irti:. 
 
 so Krli, „ 
 
 Uninn of the nppositinn agaiii.st the ministry, »lin 
 
 determine In sllpl.nrt the tlirolle, al.nlll S .MaMi, ., 
 Kleetinns ; majnrity nf al.nnt 100 fnr iiiiiii-tri>; 
 
 Madrid eleeti. for tlie r.pp.isitinll . .f (^ \k± .. 
 
 Insiirreetinii nf Carlists incited by |.ii,*t. 11; 
 Navarre, Lei.n, A:e. ; imniifesto nf ilmi larii'-, 
 duke of Madrid ; Diaz de Hilda, his jjiiumI 
 
 about 20 Aiml, „ 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 iltcH ill favcinr I'f In r *'iu Alfi.iis.i, 
 
 •-■S.li , . - 
 
 r IIiilli'liZ'illiTll Si'.'lnillinniMi lii.in.- 
 •i')il.'cl liy till' nr''"' ■111'' iMiiii~tiy, 
 
 stilil'il liy till- p>VC|-MlllCllt'ill M I 11- 
 
 iiii liu' strung opimsitidii 111' Kiiiii. .• 
 
 / . ■ i.>.l'ii>, „ 
 ' win- iiniiiiiiiici'il . . =7 .Im1\, , 
 .11 lorn ivinil.lic nliiiMl .) A.'-. . 
 
 lulitiLMl iilli'uc'i's siiiff 29 Sv|il. , - . . 
 
 t.jAi,^. „ 
 
 ihts ilitii Xiiviinv, 27 Aii|,'. ; ili'li:ii..l 
 
 20 Ait„% „ 
 ivincc's iiiit into a stiile (if sn-;;.'. 
 28 An; 
 lilic wimiily rei'ogiiisnl . N. 1 1, 
 
 i 15 ^' 1.!, 
 
 U'cli's coiitVssoi-, llil'S . ..(lit, 
 ilA"slM(lioin3o.Miiy, iS^s), iM-r.'i.ii 
 II' lor lllo ITOWII . . 2.' til I. .. 
 
 -ivti'S liv 191 viilos ; (fijforii iv|.iil,. 
 
 iliii' ilii Montlii'iisii.T) . it. N..V. ,. 
 
 '7N"i. .. 
 
 1 Inliiilfiifliersdii Alfonso, iiroi,.,is 
 olioll . . . ■ 21 Nov „ 
 
 Is till' I'l-owii fniiii a ili'initiilioii .,f 
 lori'iii'i', ami says " tliat liis lioii|..<lv 
 Mivi' till- stmtJgii' of imilii'S, ;iii.| tli.it 
 ii'i' ol.ji'i't tliaii till' lii'aii' ami I'l'.N. 
 i;iti"ii" .... 4 Hi", „ 
 
 In till' coi'ti'S ii'siH'i'lin^' air^iii,.;.'. 
 iR'-v kiiit!, 19 Di'i.'. ; Uivuro, lli.' ),i... 
 
 < 2.S ill'. .. 
 
 ml woiimli'il in liin cniTlnKi' by »:.k 
 ipi'ii ; t-'ii'at imiigimtiiin at .Mmliiil, 
 ti' I'l'joins till' ininisti-y ■, yote ofi'mi. 
 
 . ' 2S 1)1',', ,. 
 
 i'vi'iiin!.'(agL'il 56) ; tin' king ri'iTivi'.! 
 
 Jartaai'iia ... 30 Hi,"-. .. 
 (1 llir. „ 
 
 ; MMihiil, visits tin- limly oi I'm :, 
 oatll .... 2.I;mi. ;,:■, 
 
 mid' Si'iTano . ■ . i .liiii. ,, 
 
 I of till' ipii'i'ii at Mailriil iqM.ii-iIi. ., 
 
 I'lii'ii ; tliL' liiiig's SI ell inmli a|.. 
 
 3Al.nl, .. 
 
 ill i.tlu'i' Alliinsists i'1'i'nj.nisi' tl,.' 
 
 Ariil, „ 
 
 ]iri'si.li'iit of till' i-orti's 4 Ai.ril, „ 
 
 lilli.'iilty si'ttli'ii (An;;. Xov. iShi 
 
 I to 111' i.iii.l l.v tim Spanisli ^'..v.ni- 
 
 .M:iv ,. 
 
 is tliiongli liiianrial nllaiis ; si'HI.-i 
 imi.'. „ 
 
 II fails in formiii;; a I'al.iin't, 23.liily; 
 nui'il l.y Zi.ri'iila . . 24.111!;, ,. 
 » till' iiroviiii'i's ; warmly n-ci-ivnl, 
 
 ; \veliioiii('d by Ksiiartuiiiatl...;,'r..ri„. 
 
 >i.S.tt, , 
 I Ort. : Sajjasta (.'Icctcil j.ri'M.li-ijt iii 
 . l{ivii-o(i73-ii3). 3<>''t-;tli'-y-"">'i. 
 ligiis, 4 Oct. ; .Mali'aniiui tonus a 
 
 3iM. ,. 
 
 'cting lit Mailriil ; strong riw.liiti'ni,, 
 
 15 1 lit. ,, 
 iiiiiiistvy in tin' oortt's; i1iss..liili.iii, 
 
 24, 25 N'.v. ,. 
 iiancii niinisti'V, vrniioses to tax the 
 mil I'lvilitors 18 Jier ui'iit. 27 X.iv. ., 
 ■omit ofUii-gfiiti . . 27X111. .. 
 il iimli'V 8iigasta . . .21 ll"'. „ 
 u of Victory, inailoliriiiceof ViTpn-i. 
 
 .Ian. :•:! 
 if Sagfista ami tlie ministry fur a 
 !it; ivfusi'il liy till' king, ilissiiliiti"ii 
 s; nini'li exi-iti'iin'nt ; tniol.s miik 
 
 25, 2t)'la!l. ,. 
 iistitiiti'd liy Sngastii ami T..j..t.'. 
 
 20 F.'li. „ 
 )li]insitinn against tlic ministry, »li.. 
 . siipl.!!!! till' tliri.ni', iilii.iu !) .Mai'ii. , 
 ijority of aliiiiit 100 for niiiii>t'i>: 
 s f.'v'tlii' ..piiosition . 4 fi.M'i:!. .. 
 of Carlists inoiti'il l.y i.iii'st> in 
 ■nil, ii-'. ; niaiiifusti) of ilou (.arl.i-. 
 iidrid ; Lliaz du Uailii, his ginml 
 about 20 Ajiril, „ 
 
 The new cnrti-.s o|.<.np.l ; tlic king says, •• r w m-r 
 
 ■i,il.i.si. mys,-l( on tlip S|.„nisl, ..i.;,,. ,. 1 ,„ , i,,,^ 
 
 «■'"'"!"«■, '".""If -111 „.s,',l„'f,|,'J.',:^,' , 
 
 I'listwlii.lilo.'i'iipy l.y tlii'irwill" .,, r„, 
 
 S,iviii-ii', iti'.in stall' ofsii.go ' 2 \ . ' 
 
 .Mii'sliiil .Sn-raiio ,;nl.rs .V;,van'.. with nn'-'i'iiv' 
 
 .1.111 tiirios, I'iilling liinisiir Cujos Vi| rv.'"l: 
 
 -lii'froiitii'i's hi'iir Vi'ra, am! t.iki's the o',.',„ni-inil 
 
 Uiiila ri'ti.;ing, 2.May; totally UdVat.il 1 V. : 
 
 .|iiii'ta(iWiii7i..wi:) . . . ^ ^. 
 
 I The CiirliHtH Hurri'inli'r by Inimli-i'ils, or ili..7ii'i.i-s,.| 
 
 „ , , "' ')• =0. 2' ■'*lav, 
 
 R"I.iirti'il .small ili'fi'ats at Oiiati', iti'. ,, .,„ yj.,'.. 
 I|.'si)!iiiitii)ii of till' .Sigiista niinisli-y . ' ,,, jjVv' 
 
 l!iiiiliifCMrlistsili'fi'ati'ilm'ar(ii'i'oiia,aboiit"-.2.Mav' 
 Xi\viiiiiii.slry(siiiii.iii'k.il by .•Scrraiiii), ailiii Toi.,.'t,'. 
 
 ' I'fsiili'iit '2?.M'iv' 
 
 Mriiiiii olfi'rs amnesty to Carlists wli.i »nnvi'„|,.V' 
 !SM,ny; it is a.'i'upti'il, 27 .M.-iy ; l„. j.., ,',,,is„,',',i; 
 
 i.iit |.xiiii..rati.ill.y till' ,'i.i|...s,,j .Jim,.; lie ass es 
 
 tli.^l.resiileiieyi.l tlie niinistrv 4 lime 
 
 I iirliHia ini'ri'a.si'S ; the niiiiist'rv |.io|.ose iiiartiii ' 
 
 ' -■: tins king o|.|.,isi.s it; the minislry n-si-i'i, 
 I 12 .liitie, , 
 
 liiiz Zimilla (who hail just retireil rroni iii.lilieil 
 
 J lifi')lii'n.Mii's|,i'i'siili'iitor„iM',v„ii„jsin. ' .I,,,,;, 
 
 |LHiTi.f the line lie .Moii||„.,isi,'i' ,i.lv..e,iiin.. the ' 
 
 nj;litsiif|ilineeAir.illsi., i7.\|,|.il;|,|||,||.,|„.,| 7||||^. 
 
 |iii,i..liltii.ll III the eortes . . , -o'.llllie' " 
 
 IkmOirh.s rails on Catalonia, Arragoii, amVvilen-' " 
 
 ■ ia. 111 ri.se, inomisiiig to restort; their aneient 
 
 I lilfilii's ifi.Jnlv 
 
 l.lt!"iii|iti'il .Lssiussinatioii of the king ami iineeii by " 
 ' at«.iit 13 men : one as.sas.siii killeil, two taken ■ a 
 liltlearieniiiilnightof . . '. .g.,' j.iiv 
 ITIir kiiic's i«i|iiihir visit to the iirovinees, tr,-,v .Hii';.' " 
 I iir.ivly 2000 miles . . . 26 .Jiilv--. , \aj' 
 l&i^Iiniis fur the eortes; Iiighlv favonralile to* the " 
 Z'lrrilla minislry .... 23 Aug (■<.,,, 
 
 Ilif fortes openeil by the king with a line sj elii " 
 
 . is.'^i'iit.' „ 
 
 |i.|iiililican risitis at Ferrol ; veil flag ilisi.lnveil • 
 1 1500 men im r Moiiti.jii miil lii.z,-is, u (),.( • 
 t.m'iicniitureil l.y the eajitain-general of Galieia,' 
 
 i3 0et.' „ 
 iii.surgents ilisjierHe or siirreiuler; about soo 
 
 1 l'ri*'iii'i'f ,,<),.t 
 
 Iran'iii'linii'Utof theSagasta ininislrv for limineiai " 
 I Hirriilitioniiroiio.seil in the eortes ;iiineh agitation, 
 
 Ike I'Oiiutry ilistiirbeil by Carlists 1. .iil repi'ib'lieiins', " 
 
 l™ Hiilalgn aiipointeil to a military o'oinn'ian'il '• " 
 llli.artiliiryiillieersresigneil : punished . ,\„v' 
 
 |iill.ri'akiii Miulriil snp|ires.seil . . ,, i),.c' " 
 
 tliaii2.-s ill tilt ministry annmineed '." 20 Dee " 
 
 |>ll iHialiiilitiiMi of slavery in I'orto Rieo, for eoni- " 
 
 Hiisatiiiii, liionght into eiingre.s.s . ^. j"),.,. 
 
 ihst banils defeated and several generals killed,' " 
 
 111;' .Iniiulens' iiie.s.sage to the eortes, annniinei'n.r '^" 
 ■ l.isaliilii.atiiiii; he .states that he sees Spain in a 
 jfiMiiiiial struggle, the era of peace more ilist"iit • 
 ilip s..iii;lit fur remeiliea within the law, aiid'did 
 ■iwt mill llii'iii ; his elfoi-ts were sterile. Tlie two 
 IfliaiiilH'M (■oiubine a.s the sovereign eortes of 
 Ibl'am. ami vote for a ix.pnblie (,26-32) . „ Feb 
 ||iiiti-il siieiiess of the Carlists ; .agitation for the 
 |ni' lie .Miiiitpeiisier among the Orleanists in 
 
 ■»■ ministry uuiler Fignerius ' * ' \l y'.u 
 Ti.'.Uiiailfusanivi's at Lisbon ' ,, p,.b' 
 
 h'ti'iiiiif Carlists; they hold part of Catalonia- 
 (.n.'iiistnitiiius 111 favour of a fedml repnblie, 
 
 lislrv m'nustituted ; Figneras ,'liief, 24', II Feb 
 fcirtul I'lRiilar to Kuropean powersfroin Caitelar' 
 fingii minister . . , _ yS 
 
 t'linlnifnt of a iiennanent eoininittee o'f the 
 
 |t 'iisspiisinns iH-tween 'the radie.aks and *e',mbl 
 I'ans; lighting with Carlists in the iirovinees 
 
 ro- in Porto Rieo abolished . ''"''2,'K,'' 
 I mnition of the government ealling turZnn- 
 %r,asainsttlicCarnsta . , . 2, Mar-li 
 
 ^lous spirit ill tkciu-my . , \pril 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 =3 Aj.ril, ,87, 
 
 ""'" '""ill'illee" ilissi'l 111 I,.' r ""■ l"ll"a- 
 
 ^■"-^•iVats :;; •;;,^'^,r,:!- ,,,.^;, ;. A,;ri.. 
 
 Kleetions f,.i' the ,.,,i.i.. , , , -"■ 30 A|.ril-4 Jliiv, 
 ■■il'slainfr,.,,, '';,,i'„""'" "" "■": ii.'.narehi.;..; 
 
 Mr, llia.llaii"|i tin. i"„,,i; T ,. ',. ' 10 Mav, 
 
 •It M.elri.l • '■""''■'lii''riil'lieai,,e„teitaii„.d 
 
 Morel '111 list ili.r.'Mt;, .„,„■„.,,,,,•. ,,„,;,..,.,■ , 24 .May, 
 
 ( 'lelle.l In IheCiili.f '.'''"'-"' '■'"'"iis 
 
 ' The Intriins,':,' ,,:":.' .','.'"""".•;", , ■ -^'''.v. -'line, 
 ^ imblieansjver-' ;,;;;' ; r'""""'''"^^^'^"'-'y -■•- 
 The new eortes opi'i,.,,; a speech by ' Figi^^S; 
 The fii|i'|.,.|| |.|..|..| n , , , 1 June, 
 
 '■'■'"■'^'i'l-V's'nii. 'Vsi. ;;:i;r';!r(v°7^'?''' 
 
 ii''«- luiiiisliv.reii'eteil •■i',., ,," ' l"!" 'I'''i' I'f a 
 resume oiliei'. •''"""''" ■"""ii-'*iiiinistiv 
 
 ^ i-esiimi' i.rii. . 
 Carlisis liisirgjii^, rnin 
 
 9 .Illlle, 
 
 7. lime 
 ri y Mar 
 
 lie. lesminisii'V- ■• , ' •"■ "'l ">• ^''"Vall 
 
 [?'i;ii^.s'i.'iva;';-^sl,;,!, : ^.;;;;;^N'-ii,...|u,ie, 
 
 Cadiz. .Seville M.I'.,,.. . , \- . .'' - 26.1liiie, 
 „i.,|.^_,^l^;i"<. M.il.ig.i, ,„„i XaU'„,i,. very insnl,: 
 
 The liitniiisigi'i, (',.,; ,,.i'(i„i,..;,,.f,.' .,- - ayJiine, 
 
 uHVat and dellm ^ ' : ,'^;";' "iv;;:;''-' -juiv, 
 
 "H!,^:i;i;^[r.-'!'-.^.^t:^i^:;^ir;riw-i^^ 
 
 IJesperate lighting ai lyuiuadii, Catalonia '^ "'"'^■' 
 
 Fonrprevailing,>arties--i T]...„„. ''' '8,''»l.v, 
 
 '"'■'"'''•■■'til-: 3. TieVntrMli.^r ''''''''''''^ 
 
 nl'les ; extreiiielv lie : . r' T'tI' "■'.'■'•'""■i>- 
 
 ti'inal, ,„' coinmuni"u , ' 'i'i, , ■'."''■'"'"- 
 
 i Carlists. "iiiiisis, 4. i|,,, l,.^,,ti,|iist.s, 
 
 I "eimon"" '■"'""■'" '"'"''''"■" "-"-Ives federal 
 
 ''^.Srl'opiz;l'^:tl;;;;^p'-^^'''"''-'^- 
 
 .K..a.ailatakeilV;;i!;;^^^;J--;-'---My. 
 I The government deterniine to put down in^.i^i;!^: 
 
 I "on Carlo.s enters lii.seav ^4 July, 
 
 I Carlists hohlchh for x.-sp„i„ ' ' 3' Jill.y, 
 
 Insurgents repid.sed in their atln'l- ,.,; ,1 '^-'K- 
 
 lieaten in lights at Sevi , " -^'nn'ria; 
 
 warmly reeeiv,' i ' ' '"' ' -^'i" '''"-V • &■"■ I'avia 
 
 Cmliz siirremleis to him ' ' ' ' 3i July, , 
 
 Troops attack Valencia, 26 July ;' it surren'ile?sf' * ' 
 
 [..8 Articles; iniliiesMi'ini,, '■',''"'''; '^"K' ■ 
 
 i-wedin 'S^!;;.^°i^-r:';;;;i;i-.,!;u;'' 
 
 Bombardment of Mal.ig,-. stopped by the IJritish 
 and (ierman admirals ' ^'"^ """'''' 
 
 Alleged Cm-list victories at 'F.l'u'eH ,<.,. ' '."*''• " 
 
 Reported total ilefeat of tl e !,'^;.,i' ,, 5;'°^ %'■ .. 
 I'liilla, while niarchingoi Ma IH "''''' l*?"';- 
 
 Cartagena, held by Intnmsi-entes 1 e^ie,,,..'] 'V'^' •' 
 
 ipt. Werner, of Gcrimm ship,' Fn.:,lr!.-h K^rl ™'n " 
 
 't;il:,!!^';;i^d;!:;--tA.ieh.i,eg„,|si^" 
 
 Tliey take Estclla .alter a conflh'.t at ' Dieast llVs"'''' " 
 
 ..'5 Aug. „ 
 
 Ca 
 
 n 
 
 J* 
 
 
 1' ■*■> 
 
 w^' 'Am 
 
 Urn. 
 
 m 
 
»*T'., ".iit 
 
 \' o' 
 
 immvM^m 
 
 V >-'^ 
 
 '■ |im;i 
 
 'II 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 102i 
 
 HPAIN. 
 
 cU'd |iic'8iili'iit iif the t'DitcH . a6 Aim. 
 sli- 
 
 Ciisti'liir cI 
 
 Tlie iiiiniHtiy iirdpusc ulxillliiin iif lai^itiil iniiils 
 muiit in the aniiy, ilufniteil in tlie eortes ; ii'sl^ii 
 
 Castehir lipndn a nihiiNtr>': lirnimsos cnllliiK' "I't 
 l5n,oooliicli. I" <'i"I tile war . . 7, 8 fSept. 
 
 Oirllsis sui-i'is.sl'iil ; jet hi jint mlvaiice . 5-8 Sept. 
 
 bahiicToii eli'it'vl iniMili'Ml "I' the coitcs 9J<i'iit. 
 
 Oistclai- iiiailc virtually ilitlatiir . 13 Sept. 
 
 Fei'iliiiaial Miiiln/, ilnUc cil' Itiaiizari's, liusliand iif 
 ((iieeii Cht'iKtiiia, 'lifH at Havre . u Kept. 
 
 Tlie Decrhuiiiiii ami erew (;iveii pp ; anTinniieeil 
 
 aliiiut iS Sept. 
 
 Hepurteil \'ietorie.s (if T.nnia over Curlists 18 Sept. 
 
 .'Speeeli ol' t'a.stelar, the emtes ti) lie eluseil 2 .Ian. 
 1874 18. Sept. 
 
 'Carli.sl attn<'k duTiilcisa repulsed by Lonia, 19 Sept. 
 
 The enrtea ]inirt>(,'iied . '. . 21 Se|it. 
 
 ' The Carliat .Mereiahui killed andliis hand cllspersed 
 
 nhiuit 2fi Si'pt. 
 ■ The I'illnriii and Almini:ii ),'iven up to the Spanish 
 
 ;?nverni.ieut 26 Sept. 
 
 .. Caiiists in N'avane defeated liy Moiiones, 27 .Seiit. 
 
 The Intransi(,'eutes' InuKdails, Mcnilr: Xiiiic: and 
 Ntivuincia, bunibardiiii; Alieante, repulsed 
 
 28 Sept. 
 . Combination of parties to supi'ort Caatelar, 
 
 aliout 6 0et. 
 
 U....1C at Maneni, near Puenta de hi lieyna, ill 
 Navarre, between repiiblieaiis, under Murionea, 
 and Carlists, under nlln ; lioth ilaini n vietory; 
 advuntane with Carlists . . 6 Oet. 
 
 ■Citrlists said to bo repulsed at La Jiiui|nera. in 
 Catalonia about 8 Oet. 
 
 Buttle of KseiMubrern bay ; the Intrausijieutes' shiiis 
 attenijit tolu'eak liloekade nfCai-ta|.'eiia ; rejiulsed 
 by admiral Loin, 11 Oet. 
 
 Maiiy L'arlists e.ieape into Frniie.' about Oet. 
 
 Loho deelines to J.^lit, ami retires, pursueil by tiie 
 Intransiyentes, 13 Oet. ; justilles hiniseif at 
 Madrid 22 Oct. 
 
 Cidlision of the Intransifjentes' vessels Xumnncla 
 and FvniitH'lii tlcl CdtulUo, the latter sunk and 
 66 drowned 18 Oet. 
 
 Unsueee.ssfnl sortie at Cartafiena . . 21 Oet. 
 
 Tristiuiy, with 2,500 Caiiists, defeated bv Salanianea 
 
 23 OeL 
 
 Death of Rios Rosas, statesman . 3 Nov. 
 
 The Miirilhi (Mu ll'ir,/,.-*, 1670. eaiitured ; eon- 
 demneil to be sold by the lirltish eourt of ad- 
 miralty Nov. 
 
 ,indeeisive eoutliets at Moute , tune and Monjardiu, 
 
 victories elainied by Carlists . . 7, 8, y Nov. 
 
 ^Ciirtanenabonibariled . . . 26 Nov. c'( ■<!';. 
 
 Ilejinrted vietory of Moriones near Tolosa, 7 Di'e. 
 
 ,Loi>ez Uominguez beeomes eommander before 
 Cartiigena 13 Dee. 
 
 Tctiiaii, in.surHent vessel, at C.irtageiia, lilew up 
 (? pur]iosely) 30 Dei'. 
 
 iViiaiiHii'aiiicii/" /— MertiliL; of the c'ortes ; speeeli 
 ofCastelar ; voteof eonliileuee in him lost by 20 ; 
 lie resigns ; .Saluu'ronattemi'ts to form a ministry, 
 2-3 .Jan. : Tavia, eaptain-^eiieral of Madrid, 
 forcibly dissolves the eoi'tes . 3 ,lan. 
 
 Marshal Serrano made prcsiil'iit of 11 new ministry, 
 iricludiiij,' Topete; the national guard of Madrid 
 di.sarming 4 Jan. 
 
 insurrection at Saragossa, sujipressed with blood- 
 shed . . 4 .Ian. 
 
 The new governinent issue a moderate manifesto, 
 
 9, 10 Jan. 
 
 Cartagena captured by Lojiez Doniinguez, 12 Jan. 
 
 Ittsurreetion at liarcciona ipielled . 12, 13 Jan. 
 
 yu)nuiu:ia iroiudad, witli luti.in^igentesh'aders anil 
 Boiivicts, escaiR's ; they hnid ,a .Mers el Kebir, 
 near Oran, on the African coast ; are interned 
 by the Kreneli 12 Jan. 
 
 TJlock.ade of the coast of Siiain .iiinouueed 31 Jan. 
 
 The Caiiists besiege Bilbao. .Moriones Uefeated .at 
 Bomorrostro 25 Feb. 
 
 Marshal Sernmo resigns presideuiy of the ministry, 
 and becomes chief of the executive, succeeded 
 by Zabala; Serrano proceeds to Uilbao, 
 
 28 I'Vl). elseq. 
 
 Berraiin assumes rniiunanil . . about t; March, 
 
 The blockade of the coast (31 Jan.) raised 2 March, 
 
 Asserted victory of tlie Carlists at San Kelice, 
 
 Burgos 15 March, 
 
 ■873 
 
 ■ 374 
 
 Three (bos' cMUiHiet at Homorroslro, near Itill.u,. ; 
 till! Caiiists defeated, but retain thi'ir piwiiiui,, 
 (about 2000 killed and wounded on Imth miI.^i 
 
 25, 26, 27 Manii, ,.. 
 .\riiiistiee for three days . . . 28 M;u'iii, 
 (jeneral Manuel da Concha joins Serrano at' 
 Santaiider .... about H AjirM 
 
 Oreat national ellbrt to relieve llilbao ; iiiii if 
 
 imrties ; hostilities resumed . . ao .\| ill 
 After si'Veral days' coulliet, Carlists retreat ;iiiiirMiil ' 
 Concha enters liilbao, which is luiiidi injnreil !.■ 
 long bombardment .... 2 May. 
 .\ battle at I'rats di' I.lusanes, Indecisive ft .M;n; 
 New ministry formed under /abala . .lOI.iv, '' 
 Caiiists repiilsed in severe attack at Kaiiiiili*', 
 
 about ..n M:i\, 
 Carlists defeated at fioiidesa . about r, .ii,,,,/ '' 
 Uepnlilicans ri'iiulsed Itefore Kstiiia . 23-J7 -Iidk-,' ] 
 Concha killed (succeedeil liy Zabidii) .' ■.■7 .liiui' [[ 
 Carlists acciused of butclicriiig lirisoners, Jiiii,. ^ui-i 
 
 .Alleged Carlist victories at Pefia Miira (or I'lil:i), 
 
 near Abarzuza .... 25-27 .Inn, , 
 Sehiiiidt, a (jernian correspondent, shot asa ^|iy Ia 
 
 Caiiists aliout jS -Iiih, , 
 
 German intervention for killing of captain Si Ijinilt 
 
 by Caiiists Jiilv, 
 
 Carlists hobi Navarre, Guipuscoa, Bisciiy, aini 
 
 Alara Inlv, „ 
 
 The t'aiiists capture Cuelica (aliout 80 miles finn, 
 
 Madrid) n.lnlv, ,. 
 
 Don Carios's iiianifesto iiromising constitiitininl 
 
 governmeut ifi.Iiilv, 
 
 Massacre of 86 republican prisoners by Uafli>h 
 
 under SabaUo at Valfogona . . i7,Iulv, ,, 
 All Spain placed under maitial law ; levy of i:^,o^, 
 
 men about 18. Inlv. 
 
 Government circular to foreign ccurts respeitiii- 
 
 Carlist atrocities 2.j.Iiilv, „ 
 
 The government appeals to the Freuiii Kiiveriiimiit 
 
 respecting French a.ssistanee to Caiii.sts; Jiistili. 
 
 eatory rejily 3 An;'. „ 
 
 The liiitisli Mediterranean sipiiidrnii under luhiiiiil 
 
 Druiiimond sails from Malta for li;ircel,nia,4 Av.l' 
 Don Carlos appeals to tlie cliief powers not to int-i-. 
 
 vene ; .justiiies Dorregaray's severities, ami tin- 
 
 execution of Schmiiit .... 6 An;;. „ 
 Moriones' allegeil defeat of Mendiri and CiUiistsat 
 
 Oteiza i2Au„' „ 
 
 Duty of 5,?, a ton on imported iron graiitnl in 
 
 Uilliao for repaii-s .... n An:. ,. 
 Serrano's govermiient recognised by Great liiitam, 
 
 Germany, France, and otiier powers {net In 
 
 Russia) about 14 An:. „ 
 
 Letter ol^ syiii)iatliy aiel encouragement I'rcim tlie 
 
 eoiiite de Chambord to doll Carlos . .^nc. „ 
 185 )irisoners of war at Olot said to be shot In- 
 
 Caiiists An:. ,. 
 
 Puycerda vigorously besieged by Carlists, 
 
 Aiig.-Seiit. „ 
 Zabala resigns ; ministry formed under Sagista. 
 
 4 Si'l't. „ 
 Caiiists lire on Oernian gunboats Nnulihis -.M 
 
 Alliiitrosi near San Seba.stian ; the Geriiians Cir 
 
 shells into the town . . . abiait 5 .Si|it. „ 
 Lopez Doniinguez saiil to have defeated Carlist.'^ live 
 
 times, and relieved Puycerda . about 6 Si'|it. ,. 
 Caiiists lire on German and .Vustrian aiiiliassa'l'H's 
 
 on the road to Madrid .... fj Siiit. ., 
 Carlists defeated by Lopez Piuto near Mora, aloiit 
 
 9 Sept.; by Moriones at liarasoam near Tafail.i, 
 
 about 25 Sei't. „ 
 The ruthless Carlist general Dorregaray retiivs to 
 Havoiine ; saiil to have been supeisedi'd l,y .Mrii- 
 
 dir'i Ud. „ 
 
 Pavia superseded by Jovellar in Valencia, 
 
 early in Ort. „ 
 Note sent to French governnienl eoiii|,laiiiini,i[ 
 neglect respecting the (,'arlists on the fnnitii')*, 
 
 eaily inOit. „ 
 Carlists said to have been defeated at Kortiiiia, in 
 
 Mureia, 11 Oct.; and at Villa Fortiiiui, .loOit. „ 
 Carlists begin to bombard Iriiii, 4 Nov.; reiiiilsnl, 
 
 loX'iv. I, 
 Serrano rnmmander of the army in the nurtli, X'ji. „ 
 Prince Alfonso i.ssues a manifesto in reply to 
 address, declaring himself to be " a true Sll.■llM^l, 
 cutUulic, uud Ubcrdl " , , 1 • i lii^'- » 
 
Illct nt HiviiKirrdMtrii, ii • llilliii,.; 
 
 cfi'iiti'il, liiit ri'tiiiii tlii'ir iiM»iti.,ii, 
 lU'iluiul wniuiiU'il "Ti liiilli Mil,.,) 
 
 35, 26, 27 Manli, ,.-, 
 ri'i' (InyR ... 28 M^nvli, 
 ilu t'cmi'lia JoliiH Hoiraiin nt' 
 
 iiliiiut 5 .\|.r'l 
 I'Dort t(i rclli'V(t Uillraci; iiijinii nf 
 
 lltil'S I'I'Mllllll'il . 2o .\|.ri| 
 
 ts'ccnillict, (';iili.Ht«rctri'iil ;iiiiir.iiil " 
 liilliau, wliii'li is iLiui'li iiijuii'il I." 
 iiic'iit .... 3 .Mav, 
 .s lie l.liwiiiii's, liiiU'i'iaivc 6 >lay, 
 riMicl uuili'i' Ziiliiilii . . 13 May| ][ 
 il in si'Vi'ir iitliu'k nt lin'iiinl.s, 
 iiliiiut ;o Mav, 
 1 nt (liiiiilcsii . iiliiHit '..hiiii., '^ 
 
 illlsi'il lil'I'iin' Ksti'lln . ly^y .tiilii', ]| 
 
 UiM'i'ecii!il iiy Znlmln) . 17 .liim.] [[ 
 111' Imtcliui'inK iH'iiioiu'i'H, Juiiiiaiui 
 
 ■'"!v, „ 
 vli'tiirii,'» nt PeRa Mum (nr Plat.ii, 
 I . . • . 23-27 .Jiiiii-, „ 
 iiiin ciinvsiKmileiit, shut nsa s|.y i,v 
 
 . nliiiiil 23 .liiiii , „ 
 iitiou for killinj? of oiiilnin Silniii^lt 
 
 Ji'.lv. „ 
 
 JJavniTe, GililniHi-'on, liisiay, anl 
 
 ■ .Iiilv, „ 
 
 iture Cueiii'ii (nliimt 80 laili's fi.ni, 
 
 1 i.lnh. ,, 
 
 iniiifcsto jiroiiii.Hili},' rnnstituliniul 
 i6,liilv, „ 
 
 ri!|iiililicau inisiincra liy L'.irliM, 
 
 nt Vnlfiipiiiii . . 17.IUIV, „ 
 I Hiiiln' iiinrtial law ; li'vynf 125,01^0 
 
 alwiut iSJiilv. , 
 ■I'lilar to forein'i I'lniit.s n'.s|ieitiiL' 
 ics 29J11IV, „ 
 
 aiiiH'als til till' Fivni'li t;iiveniiiii'i:t 
 Micli a.^siataiii'i; to Cnrlists ; iiistili- 
 
 3 An;. „ 
 
 litprrniican si|ii!"lriiii uiiilcr iuliiiiral 
 ils from Malta I'ur Haivi'liiiia, 4 M:: „ 
 ■alstotlio rliii'f jiowiTs not to im.r. 
 s Uoni';,rnniy's st'ViMitii's, aiul tliv 
 "■liniiilt . . . . fi .\ii.'. „ 
 ■il ilclVat iif .Mcmliri ami Cailists at 
 
 12 .Viu „ 
 
 ton on inipoi'tijil iron ttrantwl tn 
 aim . . . . u An.-. „ 
 inii'nt ri'oiijiiiisi'il liy Great llriiaia, 
 anoc, uiul \itlior iiowits (not liv 
 
 nlniut 14 Mu. „ 
 atliy aii'l i'Mciniraj,'i'nR-nt from tlie 
 inlioril to lion Carlos . M'.f. „ 
 if war at Oliit said to lie shot h\- 
 
 Aiiji. „ 
 
 OHsly busioKoil liy Carlists, 
 
 Au(!,-Se]it. „ 
 ; ministry forineil imdur Sagnta, 
 
 4 «if|it. „ 
 1 Oi'nnaii },'iiiiliiiats Kinitiliis ami 
 r Han Scliastiaii ; the Germans lire 
 ! town . . . aliont jiSi'i't. „ 
 cz saiil tolnive ilefeateil Carlists live 
 lieveil I'nyi'orila . aliont .'<i-iit. ,, 
 German ami .Vnstrian ainliassailurs 
 1 Mailriil , ... 6 .Si|it. „ 
 il liy I^oiiez V'iiito lu'ar Mora, al«iiit 
 lorionos at Uarasoam in'ar Tafnil.i, 
 
 about 25 Hf\t. ,1 
 irlist Kfnernl Porrejiaray retin's to 
 il to have liceii siiperseiieil liv .Mni- 
 
 Uct. „ 
 
 ^d by Jovellar in Valencia, 
 
 early in Oct. „ 
 Frctieh ^overmnont eonii'laiii'ii^ef 
 etint! the (,'arlists on the froiitii'is, 
 
 early la Oil ,, 
 1 have been ilefeateil at Kortima, in 
 ft; anil at Villa Kortnna, 30 Oil „ 
 
 bombanl Iniii, 4 Nov.; ri'iuilsi'l, 
 
 10 X'lv. „ 
 niier of the .inriy in the north. N''-'\. „ 
 
 1 issnes a manifesto in re|'ly to 
 aring hiniaelf to be " a true Slianianl, 
 
 libanl" . • t • 1 1'''' • 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 1027 
 
 Tlw armynt Mnrvieiiro iininoniiees In r,v,,nr of 
 Alfonso; he Is iir.ielalmeil uu,^ UyJ„ , .L ,! 
 
 Caiai-is, 1,, Dee.; rei niseil hv (I,.? ,il, , ■* 
 
 anil the .navy. „ | .,.,■. ; n j , 1, , . 'l'."-'""" 
 .laHn..„atMnilrii,;.^,:,,::;:'^:;.^';|^,-; 
 till" hiMil Ufa royal niinisiiv ,,ii o 
 
 TlRM■r^si.lelltnnlrshal,SlO■ranl,^vitl,;h■a^vst.^l■•ral'',■e, '■* 
 IVilnmation of (Inibis ap,l„sl Alfiinsn . I ^^ '»" 
 Afeiisi. .\ I. re, ii«,„seil ll,ri,n:,l,„„, >S|.,.in ; we 1 " 
 neeneil at liareelima, ,j Jan. ; enteis Mailriil 
 
 tii.'ivase.|litrl,arities„ftIieCarli.s'lsre;.orte'.| Jnll' " | 
 Afnasi. levn.jvs -,o.™« tn.ii|,s near Taf. Ila 22, ■ " 
 
 issues iiroelanialn.n ti n,,.,,, ,„.|,vini'..s ■ i' 
 
 misnif;anine»tv,aiiilres|ieettiiliieiili-i„i,t-' ' 1 
 .S.Trai,i,retnrnsti;.M,„lni| ' """"""W'tN^jJan. ,. 
 
 0irli.fls Miriirise anil ilefeat royalists at Lin'ar, ' " 
 tojisls H'treat fron. Patn|ielnna ; entered ^,/tt " i 
 
 K;;i;;teri/;a',,;,j;:,r""''"«- "-"-•'" jwh : 
 
 ''BKrGi:^h,fse;;[t.f^!;;rcS ^"•""' r ' ' 
 
 SiTannrei-eivi-il by thekint; ' s 'm^,,-') ' " 
 
 Cahrern an old Carlist Koneral (see ■,8,,o) oui I ish « " 
 
 aaai ilrevs ileilaiinK for .\|li„,si, .\ll. , \| ,'! ," 
 
 Severn l.rofessors seize.l ami e.\ilei| f,,,- lii' , ! " 
 
 "I""'""" • ■ ■ . M.ir li \ ■ 
 
 Eijjlitjinsonors shot by Carlist general' Men'irii!;''!,; " 
 
 Paialnnneiiireeeivedliv'tbeiilnL'' ' 'A'i"[','.' " 
 Ai'uitre, Urliat yeneral, joins the ro.valists, ^^ ' " 
 
 Jiivellar, een.niander of royal arinv, .•i'llnn't'^.iuil-','' " 
 .Mim-eti .'"'' '"''' '" '""" '"''"' ''"'■"■••«"? " 
 
 Visoriins aetion of the Kovern'ineiit troio.s ■ CaHistJ " 
 esiieleil rom Castile ; stringent tneninres o 
 ilfreil awinist those who favour theni 1,, ,•' 
 
 urns Ilefeateil by (Jne.sada and others \, ,) >•' " 
 
 SItiiiiB e.taile at Ur;.el surrendered b- Carlists to " 
 Uii.iios, after a pa hint defenee ; the I isl ,1 n, 
 tliohraveKenernl I.izarra^-a eaptnreil, 'o \ 
 e^M"'',''""""'''"''''' " •^"«! '■^■I'o'-t^d 'sne; " 
 
 Resi-natiiin of "eonl'iliation ininistrv •■' rr s!'.',',^ " 
 liliiiralealiinet headed by p,,. JondlaV ,2 * V 
 
 Tl.qiaiiali.une,oissucaadrenh.rasainstt'ol'.n,?i,l„; " 
 
 D«mgara.y said to be iiotniimted to th'eehi'i! ''i'.;'''.'' " 
 manil; deelaration fron, don Carlos st'-tl't 
 
 Bomlianlmeiit of San' SebAstiaii, ss'Sept'.-j o'e't''' " 
 
 ftpoverntnentdeelnre the clvil''S:';;i''nn elld ' " 
 1 lairpose snnitnoninK the eortes to ns ist he 
 
 mil t, mill Larlist sueees.ses ,, V 
 
 Rgte>n..tc'rference of United States respeeti'nt- " 
 
 .Ulegea vietories of Quesada,' near rennalTrai'b^'"'" " 
 
 ;^iSSl^:;;^i:^;;S''^^^"''"'«''"'"-|" '' 
 
 i-i'ltcr from Don Carhis to tlm i-'imi- .'. ' • " 
 
 ,s^«ii^f;,iofri-f 
 
 f«a..o.. of a new eonstitntionnl party ^nnd'er " 
 
 Sorrauo and Sagasta yi-eet the ki.iy o„ hisbt-r'tlnlap. " 
 Ministry rcconstrneted under Canovas del JasfTllo, " 
 
 Cortcselected,364nonti„aln,i„isterialistsot>tol>6! " 
 C'lftos ojiencd bv the hin- ''•"'' ^-'6 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 ,W 
 
 i ''to'lwi,vf!!:n;M;;.':!!i;;''';i''''''''''''»'"endi>,KC«rio» 
 
 li"i's snrr, ,.■,,• ' '■"^■"'''-i 1 live liattn- 
 
 ><•■ .lea. l' I I P ;;,'■'"*■'■'.'.","■ "f "''vonne.at 
 
 some ollleers .,!.■'•. -■' feb, ;l,e |,,„ds with 
 
 I.nniion •" '■■'"^'■■■'t-m., and p,i„ Is to 
 
 Tnmniihal entry ,„".vir,;,„„xn. into Madliii''"'''' " 
 
 ■'™'^"rbeweonstilutlo„HUbmitleiltot^ee!;;'S' " 
 
 ' AriT:i7h;r™:;^';;-*<'->W'-.ni:Lt!ri" 
 
 T'.^^-(...,..,ei;r;':;ln''ti.ion.„:re.adna" 
 
 Tl'oi.rinee of Wales at .Madrid by i„vi,ntio„,'""'"' " 
 
 Outbreaks in tl„. Il„ . . =5 3<i .M'ril, „ 
 
 tial law ""• "'""1"^' l'™vi.icus reported ; mar- 
 
 '■'vmim';:;*: 'l\*'y; '■'■"'■« ='-'>Mi.in,ee'i'n',;;^,^!i?' ■' 
 
 ,„l|;,;l(='..26);thoeon.stitntio„ passed ;'|.''S 
 Qnein Isabella reeelveil l.v'.i ii "'""it 21 July, 
 'Iwlares til t " ..,, -^ ."'" ^'"" ■" ^an'ander 
 
 ,.„,,,',"••'* "'"t '"-•'■^Inireinpnblieallairsisatan 
 
 ";?,S-.''niuli,iewin.shipofprote;t^^ti''l!- " 
 
 AM::!;:;r';iid;!!:;^^;V':":"^-' '-'"""-i-'i.!,.^!;': - 
 
 aliroj;aied ' '"'"■''" '" '''■'«'"''' '" Enalaiid 
 
 I H'^y^^progress in the pri/vinces ; the kin^ wHl rel " 
 
 |OencMv.la,n,,estytoCarMstsamlotherssur,vn:a " 
 
 I Meeting of ,|,e new ernes': cheerfnirovals,:l|:;:i!' " 
 
 The eortes ,„„,i|enlveIosed ='■','",''• " 
 
 »>ewtarifpnssiil- iwt 1' .• ' . ■. 'i Jnly. 
 
 toOrea^ritLl-V'Sleeltld-J^niili'Ss: 
 
 Cnrlos in I> ris li , i ' "T':''"'^''" "'"' '•'"' 
 i-onniin.n nil ' ,?; t,' .'m' ,'",""',"'-^'. ''."■'■i'l'l"" to 
 
 The kin a .. ', 't ,'""""" « "|i|iei|,enil of Dee. „ 
 
 '■'■ ' 1- .In' d, Ml. t",;:;;:;.^'" '^''••'■"■''^■»' ''=i"«'it«r 
 n;';l;:fi[':;n;!:r^i::;::rr''^''ir7"''™-'''--i^'5;:"!'' 
 
 Hn.U.et re ei s . ' • iri''-'' '•""''"t'-''l. =6 Jmie ' 
 annonni'ed' ' 3''.°^5.2oS/., e.Miemlit. 3o,.j7.„4 " 
 
 .'''•^>'l'. or tbo qneen di,wa'«er Chrisiina ' " flit " 
 Moiieasi exei-iiteii • ■ • . 23 Oet. ,, 
 
 'S:sS?iS^sir:,,.-.i||:r'" 
 
 10,000 JKHlSi'lt'ss 1 v^wnii , .iiMillC 
 
 ''iav:fa;i;r^il!;;";"''^'''"-=-...^sons:[n?v:;::^ ■• 
 ''lin!r::F.^;;^[;:i;;''^''^>-'-i''''>-i---M^?^a^eS: •• 
 
 Vines atlaeked I.y ,,hyll„xera in'Mala'gn &e '\v,r " 
 Krnldseo'owro vr"" "f ^^''^'^'^"^'1"'^'^ " 
 
 ;mi;ia[sfei^r''-.--'.-^edm.,,.i;:j: 
 
 Otero exeented ^ ;^I"'f ■ .. 
 
 "(Milord)'" Feb""y;"^' i S"^*" '?'"' " '"'"^'I^ " 
 
 3 V a ■' " 
 
 } '. 
 
 
.. >•*! 
 
 \ku 
 
 SPAIN. lO'JH 
 
 HPAIN. 
 
 ConfiTi'iicc (if nilvani'fd radlciilH at lllimitz tn nr- 
 
 Kiinlzc the piirly 13 .Mini', i38i 
 
 P('riiiif<li'n siii'l 111 III' Kivi'ti til iiliuiit 6i),ij.Ki llii«- 
 
 Hhiii 'li'WK til riiirii' til Siiaiii .linif, ,, 
 
 Dull < 'ill li.Mi'Xlii'lli'il fruiii Kniiii'i' l'iiri'Xiiii's»iiii,'syni- 
 
 iiiifliy Willi li'nitiiiiislH (pii's 111 l.iiiiiliiii) 17. Inly, ,, 
 El rliiiiis ; iiialmily fur Mil' iiiiiiisliy , . Ann. n 
 Til ' I'liiti's iiiu'iiiil liv llii' kin;; . jn Si.ii|. ,, 
 
 C'liiisiiliilali r llii> Naliunal ili'lit (rM,.>.>>.i«K>/.) 
 
 |il'ii|iiis('il, Si'l't. ; I;IW I'lllilislii'il . lolli'i'. ,, 
 
 111' kiii;;iiivi'sli'.| Willi tl rili'inrilii'liiirti'i-.; ( li'l. „ 
 
 Till' kiiit:H 111' .S|iaiii ami 1'iiiIiii.m1 ii|irii a iirw mil- 
 way In'lwi'i'ii Mailiiil anil l.isliiin . 8i>il. ,, 
 
 Grt'.-it a^italiiin a^aiiiHl tlir I'ri'r irtnli' )iiili<-y n! tin' 
 nilniHtiT (.'aniailiii, in t'atalniiia, A'l'. (si'i' Jim- 
 rihnii') „ 
 
 Treaty with Fraiici' [lassi'il liy tin' i'iuIi'H (2;)7-6s), 
 
 S.J .\|i|'il, 1882 
 
 Cuntiiinril ills|iiiti'M Willi Miij^lainl ri'siici'liiiK laiill, 
 
 .\iiK. 1' .ii'^. ,, 
 
 " Oyiiaslii' 1,1'l't," a iii'W jiarty riiiini'il liy inarslial 
 ISi'i-mii" anil utlii'i's, I'linstitiiti'il (iliviilinw tlin 
 lilil'filU) 27 Ort. ,, 
 
 Gi'ii. .Ma I anil live I'lilian insiir^'i'iit Ifaili'i's Hiir- 
 
 ii'iiili'ii'il at (Jiliiallai' In tin' Siiaiiiaiils {tliry Innl 
 (isi'iipi'il rriini Cailiz, 20 .Vii;; ) ; tlii'y iii'lilinii 
 <|iii'i'ii Vii'tin'ia 111 ask I'nr tlirir 11 li'.isi' ; a|i|ilii'a- 
 tiiiii iiiaili* I'lir iMi|iiiry ; ;;i'ii. Hji\'Mi-s, ciilunial 
 sci'ri'tai'y at Oilirallar, ami .Mr Ulair, tin' rliii'l' 
 
 iii.s|iri'tiir 111' luilii'i', ili.sini.s.si'il I'nr rx 'iliiiK tln'ir 
 
 aiitlnii'ity, aniiiinnri'il ... 4 Hi'i'. ,, 
 
 Till' " l>yiiastii' I.cit " ill ciirti's priiiniiiiicc in lavmir 
 nf ailvaiict'ii lilit'ralisin . , . 15 liiii*. ,, 
 
 Majority fur ^.'uvcninn'iit In ulci'tiuns fur cunni'iU 
 Ki'iiiii'al 17 lii'i'. ,, 
 
 Ri^si^tiiatioii iif tilt' iiiinislry . . . A. Ian. 1883 
 
 Ni'W rabini't fiinni'il liy Sa«asta . . 8 .Ian. 
 
 Hiii'ialist ami anarcliist ilistiirlianii'.s in hi'vill 
 
 ', A:i'. 
 Fi'li. 
 
 :')'Si|--sj''-'t*' 
 
 A snri'i't siicii'ty, oiititli'il the " Dlai'k Hanil (Mann 
 Ni'Ki'a)," n'liinti'il i niro.st.s, 28 Ki'li. ; total .siip- 
 pre.s.sioii rejiiirtril .... 4 .M.ii.'li, 
 
 Ri'leu.su of two Culiaii ri'ftinci'H ; .Mai'oo ii'taincil, 
 
 .Mairli, 
 
 Tim kinj; niiil qiiccii of PurtiiKal at Mailiiil, 22 .May, 
 
 Ti'iniiorary ri'imblii'an military in.'airri'i'tiiiii at 
 llailnioz, Hftiil til lu^ iilanni'il liy Kniz /orrilla, 
 on tlm aiiiiroaeli of tniops; iniitini'i'rs I'litrr Tor- 
 tu^al, anil am ilisarnii'il . . 4, 5, 6 Aiik- 
 
 Brief iiiilitnry oiitliii'akH near I.ugroflu ami at liar- 
 relona, 8 All;,'. ", Si'o-(!i'-Ui>;el . . .9 An^. 
 
 Spain ri'piirtcil trampiil ... 13 Ain;. 
 
 Tlie kiii;,''.s military tour, Valencia, Barcelona, Sara- 
 ;;0Hsa, iVc. well receiveil . . 17 An;;, ft tfef/. 
 
 }Ie visits Vienna, 10 Sept. ; lierlin, Iluinliei'K, ami 
 lirnssela 27 Sept. 
 
 The kiiiK lionouralily receiveil liy presiileiit (iievy, 
 lint lii.sseil ami revileil liy the Paris niiili (on 
 aieouiit of his liaviiiK lieeii niinle a eoliinel of 
 Ulilana liy the cmiierur William); lieliaveil with 
 iliKiiity ami emirate . . 29, 30 Sept. i Oet. 
 
 ResiKiiatioii of SaKanta ami Ills iniiiistry ; giicceeileil 
 l>y Poaaila Ilerrera anil others 11-13 Oct. 
 
 The crown prince of Geniiaiiy arrives at .Mailiiil, 
 
 23 Nov. 
 
 Amnesty granted to insurgent soldiers announi'ed, 
 
 27 Nov. 
 
 Treaty fornew I'ommereial tariff signed , t Dec. 
 
 Tile king opens the eortes, with siieecli promising 
 important reforms .... 15 Dec. 
 
 Treaty with Knglaml eomlemncd liy the eoiineil of 
 state ; free traders imligimnt . . . Jan. : 
 
 Governmentdel'eated in the eortes (221-126) 17 Jan. 
 
 Miiiisto" resigned ; L'anovas del Castillo (conser- 
 vative) forms a ministry . . . 18 Jan. 
 
 Dissolution of the eortes . . . 31 March, 
 
 Biisiiected military insurrection ; aliout 25 jH'raong 
 arrested, about 17 March ; 7 of 15 condemned ; 
 lilack Hand conspirators garrotted at Xere*i, 14 
 June; Commander Fernandez .and lieilt. Telles 
 shot as rebels 28 June, 
 
 Fall of the Alcudia railway bridge ne.ir I!adajo.», 
 great loss of life (said to be go) ; believed to bo 
 due to criminal work of republicans . 26 April, 
 
 New eortes (three-fourths conservative) meets, 20 
 May ; business begun ... 10 June, 
 
 8lr Hubert Morler, Hrlti^h envoy, 1881 ; sm i,,, 
 
 \iv sir Ki'iincls Clare Ford , 
 
 Liint M'rtluii iif the (li'eat Asturliiii rnilwN\ 'i|..'h, .; 
 In till' king M All'.-. 
 
 Indisi- I spi'i'rh of Sell, riilal y Mmi, iitiiii.i,!- 
 
 Ill' lll>lruiliun. eiinsiH revival of ll;;itiilluli I', 
 
 I'.iv.iiir 111 till' I'lipe; ivseiiteil by It.ily ; iiihi1.,;.v 
 inaili' \ii-. »'\<t. 
 
 Siiii'i'h of pi'ul'i'ssor Miii'ii,\tiir iigiiiii»l I'liiii';,!, ; 
 nil i versify sill' li'iits al Madri'l I'orl'iilili'ii li'.ifd'ii, 
 his li'i lilies by Sen. Piihll. leslsl ; riililli. I will, 
 till' piiliee; many wuinnli'il, •-•u N'uv. ; pn.iissi.M 
 iind sliiili iitsi'Xpi'lli'd from the nnlM-isiiv ; many 
 lilii'ial newsiiapers Hiispeiided ; other iiiilM'rsiili'H 
 a;;it,iti'il .N'i'V. 
 
 Passive ii'sisfanee of the stndenfs . i Uce. .( ...,. 
 
 .Miiih sun'i'iings by A'i(/(/i</i(ii/.i'.i, whiili -,1, 
 
 2-,-5i li.r 
 
 Xational snbseription pruelaimed by iln' tn... 
 
 . .1,111. 
 
 The king visits the alllieti'd districts, n j; ,l;ni. : 
 lilii'i'.il siibsi-ripliiiiis ill l.oiidon . 11 .l;ni. 
 
 Piiili 1 lesliiiing (lii'iit llrilain tu pu-iii' r 
 
 iiiiisl "I'aviiiii'i'd naliiin" in regard t iiiiiiiifT 
 
 (liisl sinie 1841;); wine diitiin 1 lirnd ; si;,'ii(il 
 
 ,il Miiihiil, 21 Dec. 1S84 ; gazefti'il . 1. l-'.-l, 
 
 Cniiiiiii Trial frialy wifli Knglaiid lalilied l.y llji. 
 ilipuliis, n .March; by the senate, 26 Munli; 
 
 liv till' kill 
 
 1 .\|.|il. 
 
 u\ I III- iMii;; . . . . . I .\('ni 
 
 Faiiiireof thencgiitiatiunsfortlietrealyaiiiiiiiiii'i'il 
 
 w ia.Miiv, „ 
 
 Ilreak out of cholera ill Valencia (see C/iii/iw), Mi,y. ., 
 
 Till' niiiiistei's resign on aceounl of the kiii;;< 
 inli'iiliun 111 visit Valencia; he gives in; tln.y 
 resin nice .... 20, 21 .lim.'.. „ 
 
 lliiils al .Madrid tlirongh the Gernuiiis iiciiii,yi,i.' 
 Yap, a Cai'iiliiii' isle; the (iirniaii li'g.ilinii 
 attacked, 4, 5 Scpf. ; ipiict ri'Sfund /, .Sr|,i ; 
 Spanish iiiifc uf apuliigy sent tu lierlin iilnmi .r, 
 Sept. ; nii'dialiun of the pope aciepinl (,,,. 
 ruiiiliiii' Jshiiiih) . . . alioiil 26Si.|it. „ 
 
 Uritish legation insulted by claim uf taxi's, 
 
 abiiut 2ri, 3'! Si'iit, ,, 
 
 Alleiniited mililary insuri'ectiuii at Cait^igi'na, 
 T Nu\ . ; siipiircsscd . . about 4. :; Nov. „ 
 
 Death of king Alfonsn XII., 25 Xov, ; ri'sigiiiiiinii 
 of Canovas del (,'astillu ; minislry f.iiiiitil liv 
 si'iiiir Sagasfa .... 26,27X111. ,. 
 
 Death of inarslial Serrano . . . 2I1X1.V. ,. 
 
 Ainiieslv granted to press and pulitical ulli'inlns, 
 
 lulll'i. „ 
 
 Manifi'slii of file Spanish bishops tojheir iliui'e^i'.i, 
 
 ileelaring flic disfinetion to be ubserved hi'lw.'iii 
 
 religion and pulif ics, and the suliinissiuii uf tin' 
 
 ('hiiieli fo any lawful furiii uf guvenniii'iif, 
 
 niiinarchical or republican . . . fi .laii. i;;'' 
 50 .soldii'is at (Jarfagena mutiiiy ; nmsf i'si'a|»' 
 
 to a ship, 10, It Jan. ; general Fajanlu wuiiinli'il ; 
 
 dies 27 Jan. ; ringleader of mutiiiyshul, 3 Manh, ., 
 Susiiecled intrigue of ZorriUa and his fullmurs, 
 
 .Jan. ., 
 The ilnke of Seville sentenced to eight yi'ar*' 
 
 iniprisonment, &c., for insulting, &c., tliei|m'.'ii 
 
 regent abmit 27 1'l'li. ,. 
 
 Assassination of the bishop of Madrid (see .VinlrUh. 
 
 10 .\liril, „ 
 The coinmercial treaty with England (fill i8u2) 
 
 again accepted by the eortes, May ; rafilii'il. 
 
 24 July; royal assent, 29 July; conies into 
 
 operation 15 Aiir. „ 
 
 Desf rnetive cyclone at Madrid (whirl) ser), 12 May, „ 
 Don Carlos protests against reeogiiitiuii of Al|iliiiii»o 
 
 XIII 20 May, „ 
 
 Revolt of 300 of Madrid garrison under liriK'ailifr 
 
 Villaeampa ; unsiippurted, quickly sii]i|iri'ssi-.| ; 
 
 three olllcers killed, ig Scjit. ; ciipiial piiiiisli. 
 
 nient of insurgents coinumteil . Oct. ,, 
 
 Hepubliean manifesto of the diiku of Seville m\iii\ 
 
 at Tarbes about 30 Si'|it. „ 
 
 Changes in M. Sagasta's cabinet . . 10 Oct. „ 
 Solemn eoinmemoration uf the death (if kiiiR 
 
 AlphonsoXII 2.;, 26 Xov. „ 
 
 Attempted assassination by a Freiii'liiii.'ui uf . 
 
 marsli.il Ii.i7-aine ....!? -^Iinl, t::J 
 The regent qneen Christina viaita the N. provinces ; 
 
 well received Aui;. „ 
 
 Tlie Philipiiine exhibition at Madrid ; the queer. 
 
 distributes the prizes . . . . ■; "^ct. » 
 
 
Hrlliili ciivdy, iSai ; hiii'i Iii| 
 
 Hill Kuril ,r'| 
 
 )(lmit AHtiirluii iiiilw.n m|,,.i,i,| 
 
 1.1 All!.-. . 
 
 ii( Si'ii. I'iiliil y Mini, iifiiii-iii 
 I'llllsi's ri'VJlal III' iii:itiili<'H " 
 ijii' ; ri'si'iiti'il liy ll.ily ; ii|i..|";v 
 
 \iu. Ni|.t. ., 
 
 iiir Mnniyliir aj.Mini.l i-l.iii:,|, . 
 iilHiit Miiilrliiriirl>iilili'iitii:itii'i,. 
 S'li. I'iiliil, ri'slnt ; rinilln I villi 
 y wiiiiiiili'il, •-'u N"V, ; |ir"'r>v,« 
 ii'lli'il liiiiii till' mihci-iiily ; niiivy 
 
 'I'H HUhpl'llllfll ; lltlll'rillliMT^Itirs 
 
 N.'V. ., 
 
 iirtlii' Htiiilriil« . I Mvr.il M'l. ,, 
 liy /■;ii;//i</iiii/.M, wliii'li SIT, 
 
 'J-,- II III V. „ 
 
 itiiiii luiirliiliiii'il liy I hi' kill);, 
 
 ! .1.111. i:;-, 
 l|. llllliilti'il itlntl'ifls, u J 1 ,1,111, ; 
 iiiiiH in I.iiniliiii II .Inn. ,, 
 
 ,' (iri.ul lliitiiiii I'l I'li^illMii 111' 
 
 1 Illlllnll " ill I'i'pll'il III I iillllni'lv.i 
 
 I ; Willi, ilntii'i-i iiiiiilllli'il : ni;;iiri| 
 I'C. 1SS4 ; Kiizi'lli'il • <> Ki'li ,, 
 V Willi Kii«liiiiil mlilinl l.y Ih.. 
 iri'li ; liv till' tii'iiiiti', ..i; .M.iMi; 
 
 1 ,\|iril. , 
 
 itliitiiiiiH fill' tilt.' tri'Hly:iiiii<iiiii "I'll, 
 
 ^ lii .M;iv, „ 
 
 ■ni in Viili.iiria(.Hri'(.7iii/Mii), .May, ., 
 si^'M nil aci'iiuni 111' lliii kind's 
 <il Viili'iu'ia ; 111! Kivi's in; ili,.y 
 
 I'll, .'1 .liiiii., „ 
 Minm^'li till' niTinans ni'i'ii|iyi.i„' 
 II' isli! ; tliii (lii'iiiaii li';.Miiiiii 
 iSi'pt. ; (piii't ri'rttori'il 6 Si-pi ; 
 ' iipiiln^'y si'iit til Ht'i'liii aiiiiii] .1) 
 nil 111' tllli Iiii|iii ari'|.|ileil (mt 
 1) . . . Iltiiilll ..6.><|.|it. „ 
 
 iii.snlti'il liy claiiM nf tavrs, 
 
 abiint. ji.i, .io.Si.|it. „ 
 ary iiiHuri'octiiiii at ('■iftnui'iia, 
 sscil . , abiinl 4, 5 Nnv. „ 
 rmisii XII., 25 Nnv,; ri'si|;iiatiiiii 
 I (Jastillii; niinistiy l',irnii.il l,v 
 
 26, '^7 Xni'. „ 
 .Si'rrnnii . . . 2(1 Nnv. ,, 
 to pix'ss mill piilitiral otli'ii.liis, 
 
 iiilii'.-. ., 
 
 Sjianisli bishojis tii<tln'ir liii si-s, 
 
 stinrtion tn Im hIisi'Im-iI lii'twiTii 
 lilies, ami till) sutiniissinii nl tin' 
 ,• lawl'nl fiirni of (;iivi'niiiii'iit, 
 ri'iinlilicnn . . . 6. Inn. i;;6 
 artaKi'iia inntiiiy ; nmst i..sra|ii' 
 •Jan.; j^i'in'ral Ka.ianln wniiniii'il ; 
 ngli'aili'riil'ninlinysliiil, 3 Manli, ,. 
 10 of Zurrilla ami liis Inlluwi'is, 
 
 .iiin. ., 
 villfl scutdlicpil t" i'i(,'lit yriiri' 
 &c., for iiLsultiii),', &('., till' iiiiwn 
 
 aliiiut 27 Fill. „ 
 ,iie bishop of Mailriil(wii J/mlriill. 
 
 ig April, „ 
 treaty with Ennlaml (till i&j) 
 
 by the corti's, Slay ; nitilinl, 
 1 assent, 29 July ; cdimus into 
 
 15 Alls. „ 
 
 mo at Mailriil (ii')iirh xn), 12 .May, „ 
 its against rucognitiim nf Aliilmiisy 
 
 20 May. „ 
 
 Mailrlil Karrisnn nmler lirii;ailii'r 
 nsniiporli'il, ipiickly .siijipri'ssiil ; 
 cillHil, 19 Si'pt. ; laipiial piiiiisli. 
 puts comniiiti'il . iw. „ 
 
 fi'sto of the diiku of .Spvilli- issunl 
 
 about 30 Si'|it. ,, 
 KSBta'a cabinet . . 10 Oct. „ 
 loration of the death of kin? 
 
 2.S, 26 Xirt'. .1 
 asination by n Friiiii'liiii.iii "f .. 
 le . . . . i'^ Aliril, i::7 
 , Christiiio visit* the N. pnivliici'.*; 
 
 Au.i;. II 
 
 i-Thibition at Madrid ; the qufen 
 prizes . . . . >7 "tt. u 
 
 0|».,ilnK"f thiM-orti's ; ,|,„ |„ra„t kin.^- entlirn • 
 
 "i '' "f "'" '1 11 n'Hi'nt; Ui ,11,1,. 
 
 IiriH|«'i-iiiisMiii| iiiiii't "III III) 
 
 ;<,rl-T.ii.'is('laii' knl, Hrlth;!, enVi,v,'Ae 'ni,,',|- 
 
 ,n|l...l ainbassailiir; reeelveil 1./ '.h,.",;:;:.::!; 
 
 Tml hy liiry inlr.i'.|iK',.;i hy'lli,' s",.,i„(;. . *'/, tv',''' 
 
 Unu /"iTillaH reviiliii „,y ,„„„),.„„„ j' ^ '• 
 
 ,l..|iiaiiiliiiK a ,.M.,.nl. r„r u,i. f„n,, „f „,, . j 
 
 Siivi'iiMiieiil . . iiaiiiiii.il 
 
 Ili.~i,.Maiii.inir (h,. miniKirv ' " 4 Mari.h, 
 
 :■*" ■^■'-■'■"•1 '■"III'" '1 ii.'w'niliilstrv ■ ,' ,' ','!,'"'■ 
 
 Ji"l'"l''".''i Ilii.'.ik al iS,ir,,„i,I,i., a,,ai,isV . '' 
 
 •maln.'s; ni'iinr CannvaM ilH Castillii a |.„. • , ' 
 
 2„lM.in,,M,r,.,lka,s,.vi,,l..,^,.'^::;;';^;;^ 
 
 "•^!^;;i:X";;i: ^'^^-^ •"••-:- ^'-?i:w 
 
 '"iTn'rHil;;.,.,!;;:!""'"' '■"'•''''"'•^' "■"' ""'h'""^ 
 
 'Man '■'■^™' '■"■'■•^ '''''•'•'' ^■''■•"'■-f^"n' 
 la.K,l,^,a.,.hi,li,.,.,,an,ber,vi,.,,,,y,,,;^^^-;:;^ 
 
 rriai hy iiiiy lir^ piit i,; foriii'Oii'MailHil), I', ^i;^' 
 J'arliaiii.'iil.'iry ilLaillnrk, the sesnim, ,. ,:,.| i','. 
 
 till, ijiii'iiii rii},'i.ii|-. . ' "S 
 
 fiiwirnil s|i,'i.,.h by „,„„r .Sawista ti,li|,;s„,,|ni' 1'.'.','^' 
 
 I'llillli'; till' I'lirli'.s ri'iipi.iii.il II '"I'^i 
 
 Vi('J.,r.v iif »,.n„r ,s,.,«asta nvLr si r 'faiinvas",';,','; 
 
 L'asliiln iiii.l the ennibinei! eiiini.i.v,it v.. 
 
 ili»«.iilii'nf libemls, repiirtrd '""■•*"*"'l>'"* ami 
 
 Itatli |.f 1.111. Julian flnyanv, k poimlai''' 'lal;. ' 
 lir,<iK'ii.-itiiinnftlieiiiini>itrv! ,,Ta'n • ,Si.n,ii'. Mif,,''"'!'' '^ 
 
 iiin^s^iMiii. ki,,^, 4ja„.;«,,H,,„,,jj,,,;?;!;;;;; . 
 D«ui,iinii,.dnc,ie'Moii;pen;h.,.,;i.'i„;.;';;,;;:[,::i • 
 
 III till' I'.MiMnal . • f ■ < ""i_i"i 
 
 ■"; !<'■ '"■ ■^'■\l"<'. who liairesea'pinl f'n„„ f,,';' '': ' 
 
 (« i,/«,«, ,886), imriloni'd by the .,neen rei,!,,! 
 
 .^Jliiki. nf .ilxint 40,000 workM in ItairHoMi', '''''l',] " 
 
 it'nfflji;;: :'''•":''"''':'•'•':''>• '^:-"!;-J£ 
 
 BarnlDiia iilae.nl m„Ier martial law ; tlieanan'h'i'sl^ " 
 
 •™' '"'■ r'^.oi'Po'i'il by 111,. pi'o],h., \V V ,^ 
 
 .-/.; traii.pnlhly ivstiiivil . '. 3 j).!,. ,7 ', 
 Tli'si-iiatnii,oni„.,SaKa.sla Miini.strv ' ' ", ,,,'<!■ " 
 .N.ii..|,it,,,Mnr,,M,,vius,l,.l('.,.s,i|l,,(t-ast,.i|,,),,;. ^■\; •' 
 
 ciialiliiii, iioMi.slry c Jul. V 
 
 .■^trik-Mirwiakiiien in Catalonia '. iV.Jolv'iV'iv'; " 
 /ii./iiiid, .Uiii I'l Tn-eHit, tirst rl'isn I1..11 , 1 ' • ' " 
 
 |»l•"<■•.■'|»<liillla,,by,h;,;!;;^^.,'^ ■'-'-;;'• 
 
 Cli*nii,. ,l,s..,;,s,. in Val.iioia ami ndu'r ,|.;,,.: " 
 
 .ilmiit 2.840 lieatlH . \,„. 'i ;■ 
 
 Tli,.C„rtM.|is,snlv,.,| . ■ ■'"".^-^ellt. „ 
 
 ItaU, „f s,.ii. Aliinzo Martinez, ■eniin'i.nl .slalesnia,','; " 
 ftliiK'iiiio the "bleeilin« mm," wl,„ 1,,„;\'I,''!;; '^9 
 
 !st;!:!;lC"- > -^.s, Hvem,, ,.,.,';;.:„!:,;;: 
 
 ;jri;:;:i;;;rK:-;-:;;-;:™' ^^^^^^^ " 
 
 Vii'lLiit sliinns. ,.,„,»'i,i(, ^.reat'flooiis. e;p,.,'i'^,Mv''i',; " 
 
 «...^ii.,aled,^';:^^;';';''„!;7";^'"i: 
 
 ,^^i:';^a::i:si,r!^p;i;:r-ti';V"'* 
 ^"rt:S;xr;^--!---£;;!;'S 
 
 18E7 
 
 i8J3 
 
 iniimlatl 
 
 pemleil ; | h, 
 
 aniiililla|,.i| 
 f^jiMnish 
 
 Above II 
 til" Al 
 iiV'Ts; pal 
 eeive siil|i.| 
 
 staph. 
 
 iSI'AIX. 
 
 ■i'o|H 111 many |.|a,.e«»|ni,Ht 
 
 111 rnii.|.<tarlei| in |,,ii|',| 
 
 11 .Sept. ,Y. 
 
 "/. 1891 
 
 ii.'ir:,'iiiil,,. 'I 
 
 rioiH hniiii.h. 
 
 iU'iH, iliiailal 
 
 II 
 
 al I 
 
 U.S. 
 
 .lolli,'ll II I,, if 
 
 "I'"-' ami I'oiinlrv hmi 
 
 liilWr. ami i,t|„.r 
 
 ■•|ii.rli..| 
 
 ' n.ni, 
 
 •I'l. ii'|iiirt.,i| 
 
 open III !■,.. 
 
 /'/|./ir.<. 
 
 'lllei'll .lll,.|i,| 
 II I lli'slf-iiatlon nf 
 
 K lyerniiii.nt n 
 
 •24 'Sept. 
 
 ,lS)i 
 
 ■'ai„i...tin..„rii 
 
 iianeial ,lil||enlt|,i 
 
 li"ealiim.|. 
 
 1 3. Sept. 
 the 
 
 II 
 
 tii(,.,| I 
 •live I'nr 1 
 I t. 
 
 till 
 
 lllilli<||.y. 2, Xin- 
 
 about 14 .\i)v. 
 
 'ly "I'll. Camivasili.l 'c'uhUU 
 
 lleiv 1 
 ! Ilii 
 
 ^ii'ii'elii.sl altaek' 
 •"Hi'ii, .1.1.11 
 
 laii nf 
 
 ope 1 
 
 "y) p|.. 
 
 889 
 
 .Sir II. 
 
 I iiiipMi.111,1 
 
 111 .\, 
 
 I li'il.TS 
 
 .:j Nov. 
 las, at 4 per 
 ..S II,.. 
 
 ■"■■' ';iippr.'Hs..i| wiliriil,,,,,! 
 
 rv lir 
 
 l.uv |.',,|.,| 
 
 ii'iil, 4 l'|.|i. ; 
 a I Wnlll 
 
 lloiliall 
 
 •nleil 
 
 '1, 111 hi 
 
 i Feb. 
 
 "■< Urillsll ;,|||| 
 
 ibissaijii 
 
 "W';iv«itl.Kian,.etlni,:,V,:u; 
 
 larilf 
 
 iiiiieliiiitilUtiirliaiici 
 pioLs at other 111, 
 
 ''!■< "^ir Kranels 
 
 about i^.lan. 
 
 lie Me\y einiiin,.n.i..|| 
 
 abniil ,„ |..,,| 
 
 • 'atalnii 
 All..-,.i| i| 
 
 ■s at llarei.|i, 
 •'•"i the niiiii 
 
 eviil..ii. 
 
 , r.'b. 
 
 .if 
 
 Ilia. 
 
 7 anarehist.s 
 
 of il, 
 
 put 
 
 il«'ov,.ry.,f.i,,I„, ,„,,,, 
 
 . tl 
 
 :iri.' ll..|b,i|.i| 
 
 p.iia,.e. am 
 
 ■ii'iera, a r.irin^'n. 
 
 a |.', 
 
 I'll 
 
 ■ary eniplny,.,! 
 arri'steil 'il Jj'i.ii.h, 
 w Mareli, 
 iwiil'lli.'eliaiiilM 
 ■lier pla. 
 
 otl 
 
 .l|. 
 
 4 April 
 
 I ! anarelii.sts 
 
 'I'', arr.'ste.l 
 
 I -M'l'il. riiilip .M 
 
 nil I .Maiiii..! 
 Willi ilo..iii,ii.nt.s. 
 
 re,s|...i 
 
 K.vpl 
 I'l 
 
 April ; ivli 
 
 iimw, ai 
 
 arrest, .,1 at i|„.i,. ..i,,! 
 
 isinns nr all. 
 
 I'd 
 
 aiiaieliiu ehief ar. 
 
 'ii'es, arr.'sls mail 
 ,eniiinii.reial ,,m,/„, 
 
 •i»lils at Dare,. Inn, 
 
 April, 
 oth.T 
 
 by II 
 
 I f.'i'lel 
 
 irati.i 
 
 ■ ipiei'll 
 
 '•ii'li with |.'i 
 
 <<} April ,/ si;/. 
 
 of 11,1 
 
 fonrti 
 nil I'ali 
 
 of CillllliiliiH II 
 
 ■ 402 : ships Iroin 'airiiat'i 
 I ami bamii 
 
 11 eeiiteiia 
 "<i near Ifm.i 
 
 .i^'i,i'.| 
 •3 .May, 
 
 nins 
 
 •y of the sailiii),' 
 
 bnlid. 
 
 <'l nl Ilnelvft, 
 
 .Vat 
 
 i"i"il ei'li'lirntlnn nf ii,,, ,] 
 
 kin- 
 
 ill lliii'lia; til 
 
 pre.sent, 3 Aii«. , 
 4 Anj,'. ; national 
 12 Oet. 
 im'ri|.a. 
 
 ami fiiivi^Mi ilijj'nii 
 
 iseiivi.iy ,,(■ \, 
 
 i|ll|.i.|l iv-,. 1,1, 111', 
 
 ■"/• ; liistnrieal ..xhiliit 
 
 aril's pn'siMii 
 
 ion at .Madri.l 
 
 Visit of the ki 
 
 Oct, 
 oiieni'il 
 1o ( )|.t. 
 
 iiKnnil,,iu.enofP,MiiK'alat.MmlriI| 
 
 H.'si-natlon of the minister 
 
 til 
 
 <;ivil aiithorities'at'Mail 
 
 10-17 Nov. 
 he interior ami all 
 
 'ipiiointmi.iii^ |||.„i 
 
 Trial nf 
 
 aiiarehists : 
 
 20ae.|iiitti.il 
 ;esi^'iiatiiin nf .sen. ( 
 
 ii'liid, JO .\,)\ 
 3 seiit,.|ii.,.,| toini],ri.s.,i 
 
 ! Dee, 
 
 iiinent, 
 
 •iie.1 I 
 
 ! T'l" ehanihers il 
 
 iimivas ,lel Caslill,,, Vf) 
 '> .sen. Hawasta as prime niim'sti 
 
 I)e 
 
 Zorilla 
 .1 
 
 issolvi'il 
 
 10 l)e 
 
 piii't and ilramatist, died 
 
 ( .Ian. ; imbli,. f, ..,| 
 
 awd 
 
 6 .Ian. 1893 
 
 Till 
 
 -'I'tini 
 
 nia.inritv fur 
 
 eorti's np..m.,| \,y n. 
 
 iiveriiim'nt 
 
 75, 
 .Ian. 
 
 ehaiiil 
 
 'yirnim.iit ,l,'.r..a|s tl 
 
 11' .|iii.,.n r,.K,.nt, 
 
 I E\pl. 
 
 ii,l'er(aCtersittiii-iiearlv6 
 
 !ie re|iiil,]i|.,i,| 
 
 Hit 
 
 1 man kill,.,l 
 
 nat t he house uf sen. 't'a 
 
 5 .Mareh, 
 .■; Ajiril, 
 
 < in the 
 12 Ma 
 
 lit uf sen. Cam 
 
 hours) 
 novas del Cast ill'i'j'; 
 20 .liini 
 
 from iinliti,.al lif 
 
 Miiel 
 
 I snil'.'rii.i; by iiitens. 
 
 Mailri.l 
 
 Dest 
 
 112.1. 
 
 rilelive llnnils, wit) 
 
 prnvim.i. .,|"i',j|,.,i,j 
 iiiipassibl.. 
 
 ill 
 
 V.1S del Castillo (Casti.liir) 
 • almiit 23 .Iiilv, 
 heat and .lr.)ii;.'lit ; 
 AiiK. 
 ill the 
 
 tl t;ri'al loss nf lif,. 
 
 Miieli daiiiat.- 
 
 destroyi.ilami road 
 
 liort.'.l 
 Anarehist 1.. 
 idosiniis in l!a|.,.i.'l 
 threw a bomb ai 
 
 :e in New Castile and otl 
 
 I bout 
 
 i5'Se|it. 
 
 iioveim.iits in Calali 
 Pall 
 
 lier jiarts, re. 
 
 • , . 16 .Sept. 
 
 'Ilia ; dyiiainite ex- 
 as. a leader, who 
 
 'I'lit. 
 
 Fi^ht 
 
 '.|ir. 
 
 ex.'eati..| 
 "H with the M 
 
 iion^'st a firoiip of „|i| 
 
 !oors at Melilla 
 
 "ion of til.' Iliiam 
 
 See 1/1, 
 
 to sii|ipnrt the war with the Al 
 
 Di.sasti 
 
 6 Oet. 
 2 Oct. 
 
 national subscription 
 
 Destrnct 
 lii 
 
 xplosion at .Sant iMrr (which ge/y 
 
 a.be-ilt 7 Ni: 
 
 ive bomb explfj 
 
 rcelona (u-hhh an) 
 
 (by anarchists) at 
 • 7 Nov. 
 
 V'i'l 
 
 til ''w ,, 
 
 ■'M 
 
 1 _, 
 
 m 
 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 
SPAIN. 1030 
 
 8PAIN. 
 
 \P 
 
 C'lQsn of illnimti' with Miircii'i'i)(i/7i(i7i *i) . jj I'l'li i8v4 
 KHMiKIintliin iif till' I'nMiict, 9 Miirc'li ; P'-cmii. 
 Htltilti'il iimliT rti'ii, .SiiKiiKtii, w Miirc'li ; iiimaliiK 
 rjf til" foi'ti'n; 1i'kI»IuIIiiii hki'Ii'hI iiimri'liliiii, 
 
 4 April, „ 
 Tho irinrrlHKi' «( \>in\ ('nrlns. diikc (if Miuli^l, tn 
 iiriTir'"<« Miirlii lliTtliii iil Hdliuii, I'i'li Imiti'd lit 
 
 Vnnu aH Apill, ,, 
 
 Aiiarrlilnti' triiil ami i'\''iMitliiii . April, Miiy, „ 
 
 Hi'i' Ikinrlmiii, 
 Corti'H ploBi'iniy iliMTi'i' . . . 11. Inly, i, 
 8"fl(ir Ciilirrm ('(iiiBiTnitcil Mrnt lilslmp nC ilm 
 ri'f(jrni"il rliiirili .... jjMi'pt. ,, 
 Hi't' SiHtiii.Hh lii/ortttnt I'hiirth. 
 RcKlKiintiiin of nimi. HiinuHtii iiiiil calplni't, 30 Oct.; 
 
 riiciinMtlliit''il In- liiiii, 4 N"V , 
 
 OiKiiiiiiK (if tlic (■(iiIch; liiipidViMiiciil (if tlin 
 
 llnaiKci. r('|i(irli'il .... 13 Nnv. ,, 
 Introilucl inn ( if tlicliiidni't fun 8(15-96, (Icllfit i Kcli. 1895 
 Heavy snowfall, .Miidi id Iddcliid . . 4 h'cli. ,, 
 lUiwi /i'if/f"/i cniiHcr, mink during n Htnnii tiMlHi'cn 
 Cap" 'i'arifa and Tiafalnar; over 4(«i livivi IhhI, 
 
 ainiiil III .Mai'idi, ,, 
 Tlin Ur.tiimfii, Ma.lrid ni'ttsimpcr. acciiHi'H inilltiiry 
 
 oitlccrs i)f want of /cdl in tin' rit>iil cause. 
 T)iH (jMleeM iif the llifiimi,i and (itlicrs altaeked tiy 
 otflcers mid llie HtalV ill-treated; rintinj! Hiiii- 
 presMed liy tliecaiit.-p'ii. nf Miidrid, ifi-17 .Murcli, ,, 
 DtitiHt" ill the eorleH, whicli fiudinx the (.llleers ; 
 renixnalidii (if the .SiiCTsta caliinet ih-i; .Maicli, ,, 
 
 Soil. f'anijvaH dil Ciinlilln (eniiKervative) f, s a 
 
 ratiinet 2:1 .Miircli, „ 
 
 Marshal Martinez Caiii|io» appointed cdiiinianderiii 
 
 Ciilia ; arriven there .... ift April ,, 
 Attempted asuasNination (if Ken. rriinn de Hiveia, 
 oapt.-giMi. of .Madrid hy fiijit. rrliiiitivii Cliiviin 
 
 i.lniie, ,, 
 
 Capt. Clnvi.jo (diot 5 .Inne, „ 
 
 A votH of eeiiHiire Jiassed in the (dianilier nil tliii 
 
 pivernnient t .liiiie, ,, 
 
 Kflilway (■oinmnnientidii with France, etc. s'tupped 
 
 by a landslip fi.Iune, „ 
 
 A loan of ahont 24,000,000/. aiitliorized hy thu 
 
 senatR 12 .)nne, „ 
 
 Ruiz Zorrilla, the repntilican leader, died n .Inne, „ 
 Count Casa Valencia aplKjinted nnibassiidor at 
 
 London 2, Inly, „ 
 
 Slianish fleet warmly received at CherhdiiiK', i6 
 ,Iiily; at I'lyiiioiitli. ^n-iq .Inly; telepain of 
 wolcdnie friiiii (iiieeii Victoria . . j..'.liily, ,, 
 Destructive floods in Amlalnsia . . Sept. „ 
 Death of capt. jien. Concha, iiianinis de llalniria, 
 eminent Htatesman, nued S7 . . .5 Nov. ,, 
 
 Cortes (lIsHolveil 26 Keli. 1896 
 
 Much respntment apiinst the United States (irhiih 
 s,f)forthe resoliitidiiH of the senate, rehitinj; to 
 
 (,'nlia 2(1 Keli. (I fi'j. „ 
 
 Duke of Tetnan a|ipdiiite(l foreign minister, 
 
 4 Jtarch, ,, 
 Sen. Canovas del Castillo defends his policy, and 
 
 declines Ainericiin intervention . . 7 -March, ,, 
 RiotiiiK at Valenci:;, ami other towns . E March, ,, 
 The chainliers opened hy the i|Meeii-re}.'eiit, reforms 
 in Cnbu promised ; increased expenditure and 
 
 taxation, reiinired i .Ma.\', ,, 
 
 Eudpet presented, large deficit for 1895-6, 20 .luiic ; 
 
 cnlinary budget adopted . . . 11 Aiig. ,, 
 Rejiorted conspiracy f.ir the indepeiideiice of 
 
 Philipi>iiies. 2? arrests at Madrid . . 21 .\n'_'. ,, 
 Anti-Anarchist bill adoiited by the seiiati^ .\ug. ,, 
 Railway siibvenlioiiK bill granting concessidus to 
 the companies till 1980 in return for a large loan, 
 
 jiassed I, 3 Sept. ,, 
 
 New loan (ordered, 10 Nov. ; largely taken iiji, 
 
 i6 Nov. if jc'/. ,, 
 Cuban reform bill drawn uji by sen. Canovas, 
 
 signed by the i|iieen-regeiit (sei. CiWni) . 4 Feb. 1E97 
 Royal decree authorizing a war loan for Cnlta and 
 
 the Philijipines S .May, ,, 
 
 The United .Stites senate recignize the Cubans as 
 belligerents, great e.xciteineiit in the cortes, 
 
 21 -May, „ 
 Bwlfret statement : "-.ew loan proposed !>s> May, ,, 
 DeR(1l(3Ck : the Canovas ministry resigns, 2 .Inne ; 
 
 but agiee to remain ill ottlce . . 6. Inne, ,, 
 Ben. Canovas del Castillo assassinated at Santa 
 Agueda, by Michele A. Uolli (to avenge the Uur- 
 
 cidoiia anarchislK), 8 Aug. ; nldlii funiinl m 
 
 Madrid. 1 1 Aug. ; thilll execntiitl . ao Au^. 1 
 
 fieii. Azcarniga appoinli'd preiiiiHi' (milim pulim, 
 
 9 Aug. ; the caliliiel resigns . . . .u .ix^l. 
 
 Hen. SagiiHla till nis a ministry . . . 4 del. 
 
 Dlsastnius floods in Waragossa, 15 diialhs, 
 
 imily N'uv, 
 He|oiclng at Madrid at the end of the rel«JU>iii in 
 
 the I'hilippliies If. Iipc. 
 
 Hcaiclty ol Iddd In lliii provinces, lilgli prleii i," 
 wheat, bread riots In Haliimanca . 14 IVI . 1 
 
 H| Iiil peil'dnuance at the Koval theiitre Inii.J.if 
 
 the iiatidiiiil navy fund, the (|neen-regeiil pre>,.|,i; 
 large «iibscrl]ptidiis ; great patrlolisiii and eijilin. 
 
 siasiii n Miii'i'h, 
 
 United States pniposiils respecting Ciiha ; f*i,niii 
 to iirocliiim an armlHtlce till net., tori'lle\.' III.. 
 slarviitldii and distress, and the I'uited States t,i 
 assist, u March ; Siiain agrees to an ariiiistin' if 
 asked tor bv llii' Ciiliiins . . ■ 1 A|.ril, 
 Medial idh III 111.' pope, 6 April ; an armislicu tr,iiit.-il 
 oil the reciimmemlatinii iif the 6 poweiii, <, A|inl, 
 Klections, large goviiunient ma.jority ; ilvinwi. 
 «1 rat ions for Spain and t lie army, in Madrid, iiiiny 
 
 arrests u. Aiiril, 
 
 .See I'liiliil Sliilr.'i, 11-13 April, il'^iJ. 
 
 Xatldiinl patriotic fund lor increase of thu navy 
 
 headed liy the ()Ueen-regent, 14 April; ii\.r 
 
 v2,<if.<i,CH^i pesetas , .... 2.' Jiuii', 
 
 The (•oniicil rejects United States Interventiuii, 14 
 
 April; niite issiieil to the powers \iriile»iii,.r 
 
 against the resolution of C. S. cungiess if, Apiil, 
 
 The 'I'iiiiis ciirrespdiidenl iei|Uested tu leave (hi- 
 
 V ana ii/ Ai.iil, 
 
 The cdi'tes iipened with a llrni speeidi by the qi n. 
 
 regent, the king present ; U. S. ultiiuatiiiii mmi!, 
 20 April ; diplomatic relations broken iiM; ^.n. 
 Woiiilhird leaves .Madrid . . . 21 April, 
 Spanish reserve ( )i.,of«i)ciille(l out . . 22 April, 
 Cortes niiited in support of the governiiieiit, 2; 
 April: lindget: surplus estiniiilud, 5o6,f«y5 
 
 pesetas 26 April, 
 
 Martial law proclaimed in Madrid, city (|iii.t, 2 
 
 .May; riuts iil Valenein. Talavera.aiid elsewli.T.. 
 
 owing to the rise of bread, state iif siege |ir.). 
 
 claimed, 3 May; cdrii duties rediiceil . 5 May, 
 
 Hints at .Muivia, the law ci nuts pillaged ami lnirm, 
 
 prisdiiers in the gaiil set free, 5 May ; stale ii( 
 
 sii'ge in Cataldiiia, lladii.iiis, Alicante, Liiinus, 
 
 and lit her places, with hiss (if life . jj e, Mr,y, 
 
 War e\pciiditure liill passed by tlui diaiiil-er iuhI 
 
 senate, alter a hill debate . . 10, 12 May, 
 
 Hcsigiiatiiin of the ministry, seri. Sagasta luiii- 
 
 inissidiied to recdiistruct the cabinet 16 May, 
 
 The senate meets, se.i. ,«agasta, the preiiiiir, -K- 
 
 liounces the enllduct uf the Ulliled Slaps ami 
 
 dechires that Spain will cany 1111 the war a 
 
 vulnince till an honourable pence be obtaiiieil, 
 
 20 51 Hy, I 
 Hill pas.sed to prevent the exportation ofsilvi-r, ' 
 
 31 M::v, 
 Hank panic, arrangemeiits for a loan of i,ooo,ccie..-.o 
 
 pesetas at 4 ],er('ellt I .bun', , 
 
 Serious milling iigitatiiin in Catalonia, over 17. .0 
 
 men out of Work bmi', , 
 
 The cortes cliised alter an exciting deliale nil the 
 
 jiiilitical situation and the war . . 24 Jim.', , 
 The governnient opens an issue of 5 per cent, trra- 
 
 sury lidiids 11 .l"^', , 
 
 Decree suspending the constitutional giiamiilwi 
 (niartiiil law) iiriiclaimi'd . . .ijjiily, , 
 See f<iiiinish-Ami riiiin mir. 
 
 SOVKItKKiNS OF Si'AlN. 
 (lOTIllC SoVKllKKINS. 
 
 Atanlfo; murdered by his soldiei-s, 
 
 Sigirieii ; reigned a few days only. 
 
 Valia, iir Wallia. 
 
 Thenddiie I. ; killed in a battle, which licgaM, 
 against .\ttila. 
 
 Thiirismnnd, or Torrismiind ; assassinated. 
 .,^_ Theodoric II. ; assassinated by 
 4C6. Kuric, the Hist iiidnareh nf all Spain. 
 483. Alaric II. : killed in battle. 
 50(1. (jcsairic ; his bastard sun. 
 511. Anialric, or Ainalaric ; legitimate sen nf Alarlf. 
 531. Thendis, or Tliendat ; as.sassinated hy amaJmaii 
 543. Theiulistla, orThi-uaiscle; niurderi'd. 
 
 411 
 415 
 
 420. 
 
 451 
 452. 
 
NI'AIN. 
 
 lo:il 
 
 Ih), H Aiih. ; "Uilii I'uhnnil nt 
 ; linlll rxi'cnliul . lit AU|i. i-,} 
 
 l|iulllli'<l lU'l'lllllir (MIIIIH |IU|U)), 
 UM'l Ii'kIUMH . . . .u .>.-|4, , 
 
 ' II iiiliilMlry . . . ^"\■\., , 
 ill Hiii'ii^iiiiwi, 15 ilimlliH. 
 
 >«irly N\iv. ,, 
 rill nt tlin «inl of 111" ivlnillloii in 
 If. Iiw, „ 
 
 II tliii iiroviiii'vii, IiIkIi iirli'c o' 
 
 Is III Siiliiliiiilli'H . a4 Ki-I . I .^ 
 
 iM. nt till' lliiyiil tliinit™ III Hid ,if 
 i fiiiiil, till' i|iii'i'ii-n'miiit in'i'MMii ; 
 ins ; tii'i'iil |iiitr|i>tiniii iiiiil I'lilliu- 
 
 ,11 Miiiili, ,, 
 i|iiiiiiil« ri'«iii'ctliiK Culm : (*|iiiiii 
 iiniilHtiii' till Oct., til ii'lini' tin' 
 IkIithm, mill till' I'lilti'il Sliili^., 1,1 
 ; Hiiiilii iinriiiiM til nil iinnlstii'i' if 
 t'ubaiiH ... I A|>rjl, ,^ 
 >|ii', (} Ai>iil ; iiiinniilKtlri'.iir.iiiinl 
 iichilinii uf till' ft liiiwi'U, I) April, „ 
 unvi'iiiiiii'iit iiiiijiirily ; ili'intin. 
 
 III mill till' iit'iiiy, III Miiilvlil,iii>iiy 
 " Alitii, „ 
 
 itil Miilcf, 11-13 Alilll, 11,;. 
 ' riiiiil liir liirri'imii iif llm invy 
 i|Uriiii-riit(i<iit, 14 Aliril ; nvn' 
 
 IIK il Juiii>, ., 
 
 [* L'lilti'il Stnti'H liitcrvi'iitiuii. 14 
 
 > I In till' iiiiwi'is iiriitimin^ 
 
 liitiuii III' l. S. I'lmnii'Hs iSA|iiil, „ 
 
 {lUlllll'Ilt M'l|Ul>Htril to U'.IM' ||;|. 
 
 1., Apnl, „ 
 
 Willi II liriii»]ii'i'i'li liy lliv 'iiiv.-ii- 
 ; pii'Mi'iit ; U. S. iiltiiiiiitHiM M'ht, 
 itmtii' rt'IiitiiiiiH bruki'ii iitV; ^;''ii, 
 ^ Miiilriil . . . 21 A|iril. ,, 
 ii,i«K))i'iilli'il out . . 22 April, „ 
 
 Mll|llllllt 1)1' till' KUVI'lllllll'llt, 2; 
 
 , : Niii'lilim L'stiiiiiitBil, 5o6,'i95 
 
 J'l Ai.iil, „ 
 
 liiiiiii'il III Miiihiil, oily niiii'i, j 
 ^■nii'iirin, 'riiliuiTii, aiiii I'lst'wlii'rt? 
 isi' lit liii'iiil, stiilii lit Bli'p' |irii. 
 ; ruin iliilii's ii'iluri'ii . 5 Miiy, ,, 
 [111' lil\n■lllll■t»llillll^;^•lllUlll liiinit, 
 I' (;iiiil srl Iri'i', 5 May ; stall' uf 
 mill, Hailiiiiis, Allraliti', Mlihl'-^, 
 s, with luss III' lifi' . .i ,-..Miiy, „ 
 liill iiassi'il liy tliii I'liaiMl.M- aial 
 ml ili'liali' . . I'l, 12 May, ., 
 Ill' niiiilsti'y, «i'fl. HnKunta ruin, 
 riiiistriict till' I'aliiiirl 16 Jliiy, „ 
 i, si',1. Siij;iifitii, till' prciiiirr, 'I'c- 
 iiiilni't i.t till' I'liili'il Stall's nml 
 Hpiiiii will I'liiry iiii llii' «ar J 
 lionoumlile iiwicii be olitaiiicil, 
 
 JO M»y, „ 
 ivciit the fxportntion of ullvcr, ' 
 
 31 JI:,V, „ 
 
 i^^i'iiH'iitH for It loan of i,fx)o,ca>.c-.Q 
 
 ■I'I'llt Juiii', ,, 
 
 ;itatiiin in t'litalonin, iiVM 17, cm 
 
 k Jinii'. „ 
 
 1 iiltiT all I'xriliii}; ili'bati' mi tin' 
 inn mill till' war . . 24 Juin'. „ 
 Dpi'iis mi issuii of 5 i>i'r ci'iit. trra- 
 
 II .lii!y, „ 
 
 n\i tliii oonstitutioiiiil gimniiiUT< 
 riii'laiiiii'il . . .13 Ji'.ly, .> 
 
 ; Sjiitiiish-Amiriiitn inir. 
 
 DVKIIKKINS OF iSPAIN. 
 (lOTIllC SIlViaiKlllSS. 
 
 lu'ili'i-i'il liy Ills siililirrs. 
 
 inni'il (I ftw clays only. 
 
 111! III. 
 
 . ; killi'il ill a liallle, whliili licgiintl, 
 
 .ttila. 
 
 I, or Torrisniiuiil ; assassinatwl. 
 
 1. ; assassiiiati'il by 
 
 1r»t iiionari'h iifall Spain. 
 
 killi'il ill battle. 
 
 is bastiirii sun. 
 
 Aiiialaiii' ; li'Kiliniate son of Alaiif. 
 
 Tlii'iiilat ; assassiiialrcl by a muJioaB. 
 
 or TlituJibtle ; luurdiitd. 
 
 SI), A«ila ; takdii jirlmmur, luiil iiut tii ileatli 
 jf4 Alaiiiiuililii. 
 J";, l.liiva, iir 1,1'vuu I. 
 
 ,6j. U'livi^ll.l.i; asH.»n,t,.,| on tlie tbroiio with Lliivn 
 In jwt ; iiml wili' kiim in oa """vn, 
 
 5S«. Ili'nui'.l.) I. " 
 
 (.,1. I.iiiva II. ; assaHNliiati'il. 
 6j]. VitiTiiiiH; almi niniili'ri'il. 
 61a (liinili'inar. 
 
 Mj. Sinibiit, or Hisi'liiitli, iir Hlsi'bi'rt, 
 til. Hi'i'iuiilii II. 
 ., .tiiliillla: ili'tlii'oni'il. 
 
 611, .SlHI'lllllUlll. 
 
 6)6. t'liliili'lla. 
 
 040. Tiilwa, or Tiili'a. 
 
 14). ('imlasiilnto: ilii.l In f.^j. 
 
 <!)■ II siiinio; asHo,'iat,.,| ; In r,,, iK-oainii hi,I,. 1,|„,, 
 
 '''iiM.'ii'asi'i^ '''"''' ''''""'"""'''. "'"l iliial Ilia 
 
 63a ErviKiiiK, or Krvlylo. 
 
 1J7. Kglni. or Kki/ii. 
 
 4^. Villza. or Wiliza, as.Hui'iati'il ; In ^ni sole klnir 
 
 711. HmlriKo, or Koili'i'li' ; slain In baltli' 
 l>i<lii.|i'|..n'li'nt Ni'KVM' kiiiKs ri'l„i„.,l ,,>,. .fa ; ,„„i 
 Til,. \ ASiu. ir kiiiKs : <li,i,,|,.ii,. 4,.,.4,, . 'i^/^..-^. ,,. ';^' ^ 
 Odui'iU' with libs wholi' iiatiiiii jiasseil over tu Al'rli'ii.J 
 
 MaHu.MKT.IN HI'AIV. 
 IllllDllVA. 
 
 i'liiir.'. The /Int. AbilelaHiM: tliu /iwf, Viissiif.,.|.'r..l,,'l ' 
 
 ■».f' 714-755' 
 A'iii';«. Tlie,/ii-.4, AlHleraliiiinn I. ; till! /.Is/ \],n \\i . 
 
 755 "38' 
 
 I1IIANAII.\. 
 
 Ki«'j>. The flnt, Moliaiiiiiu'il I.; tlio /ii.«/, Abdalla ' 
 Ijj8-i49». ' """'""'. 
 
 CimiSTIAN Ml'AIV. 
 KINriS UK AsnitlAS ANll t.ED.N 
 
 jiS. ri'lAL'iiis, or IVIayo; overtlirew the Moors, ami 
 
 rliirkiil tlii'ir i'oiii|iicsts. 
 V,7, Fiivila: killnl in liiintiiiL'. 
 ;;9. AII'.niMillii'Catliolir, 
 ;;7. Fi'"il:i; iiiiinlin'il his bnitlii'r Saiii.iran, In ri'vence 
 
 fiirwliiililie wasiiiiir.U'ii'il by his brother aiiil 
 
 suriTssor, ' 
 
 :'3. Aiiri'liiis or Aiirelio. 
 774. Jhiiiii-tJiitii, till' L'siM'pi'r. 
 fii. Vi'rriiiiiiiiio(llvriiiiiila) I. 
 791. Alfmso II,, till' Cli.isti'. 
 £4!, Haiiiirii 1. 1 he put 70,000 SaraeeiiH to the swonl In 
 
 niir lii'*tle. Itahln; 
 
 Isp. (bloilM II. 
 
 t«. Alfiinso III., siirnniiu'il the Great ; rellnnuisl...,! hu 
 
 iTowii to his son, 
 '910. Gnii'iiis. 
 914. Onliiilii II. 
 ,23. Froila II. 
 
 ,25. Alfniiso IV., the Monk ; .aliilicateil. 
 .,i3o. llaiiiiro II., killeil In battle. 
 9W. (Ird.iilo III. 
 lij. (IpI'iimi IV. 
 
 956. Siniii'hii I., the Fat; iioisoiieil with an aniilo 
 9*7. Raiiilrn III. " ' 
 
 ,J3. Viri'iaiiiulo II. (lli'niiiula), the (ioiitv 
 ,,9. Aifi.iisMV. : killnl in a si,'};,'. ' 
 
 1..27, Vir..iiiiiii,lo HI. (Ileriiiiiila); killeil. 
 
 SPAI.V. 
 
 131*. 
 
 ijaj. 
 
 ' M ). 
 '.H'J 
 >J»7' 
 
 '479. 
 
 '18). 
 15IW. 
 
 '035 
 Iu6j 
 
 1073 
 1 1'j.^. 
 
 lljh. 
 
 >157 
 1 158. 
 
 iiSS, 
 1^14, 
 1317. 
 
 I as J. 
 
 1384. 
 
 131(5. 
 
 iji^. 
 1350. 
 
 '3''>9. 
 ' !7y. 
 
 I J'JO. 
 
 I4u('). 
 '454- 
 '■174. 
 
 1504. 
 
 KISfiS (IF NAVAIlllB. 
 
 ?;;. S.iiU'lio lilinn, Coiiiif. 
 iiy Uiirria I., king. 
 
 '/jj. Saiuliiitiai'iias; a renowiieil warrior. 
 
 924. Garriiis II., siirnaiiieil the Trembler 
 
 V70, Saikh.i II. siiriiaiiieil the Oreat (king of Castile 
 thriiiiKli Ins wife). ^ v-ioiiic 
 
 1015. Gari'ias III. 
 
 1054. Saiirliii III. 
 
 loja :<aiii'li,i IV., Ramirez, kiiiy of Aramn 
 ' ijy4. rrtcmf AraK,)n. 
 
 1104, Alfmisii I,, ,ir Aragon. 
 
 1134. Garrias IV., liaiiiirez. 
 
 1150. Saiiclio v., siiriiaiii,',l the 'Wise. 
 I "y4. Saiii'lii) VI., siii'iiaiiieil the Inlirm 
 1 1214. T«"|'iil'l I-, loiint uf Champatuo 
 
 1:33. Tliiiilialil II, ^ 
 
 1270, Ilmrv t'riissiis. 
 
 ■2;4. JiMiMia. iiiairi.'il til Pliilii) the Fairof France, ,28.; 
 [ 1305. Louis Uutin of Fraiice. "n-i-. laas. 
 
 ■035 
 1005 
 '094 
 1 104, 
 
 "34. 
 
 <I37. 
 1163. 
 1 196. 
 1313. 
 137(1, 
 1385, 
 1391. 
 «337' 
 1 330. 
 ■3«7- 
 '395- 
 I.tlu. 
 1413. 
 1416, 
 145S. 
 
 '479' 
 
 151a 
 1516, 
 
 Jii'iii; lve,|lii,t ,r,.w,p„s. 
 '■"H|'\,.nM I,o,,4,otKl', ^ 
 
 ;!;;;;;;;;;: ^l,;,r"''''"" '-t'''Kvreux. 
 
 ','!i'"'li"' II 'the llinl, 
 
 ljiarlisl||,.,,r|||,. .V, II,, 
 
 of' AriiK,',;'. '''■'■''' ""' ■'"!'" '>.'fb'.'«ar,ls kin 
 
 Kli'iiiior. 
 
 Franeis I'li.i-bns il,. F„|x 
 
 i;atlii'ilii,. an.l.lolinil'Al'bnt 
 
 uX;;;:;ii:';':;i;£^-''''''''''''-^'''''"ii''......i 
 
 ri'i-'linaiHl il,,. (j,,.,,, 
 
 Ab0||S0V|l,,|(;,,„„„„j 
 
 '>*mi,-lio|| „„.„,ii,M.,in.i'|l,.|„v,.,|, 
 • Al ..n„, \|||,, ,|„, ,^-„|,|,, 
 
 ' ■VI'""-"IX..ofI..'...i ' 
 i lliiirv I. 
 
 tVMman.l III tl„. Halnt an,I Ih,' l|„lv nv him 
 
 \l,i;s,Vv'\"''^'vl''"'''VI'''''"''''''''''lvl;iiit,.? '"'" 
 
 3; »';.^,p^!n:,!Vh;s'!,';;;.:V,i:r'- ■''^'•■'-- 
 ?;'nb;;::Viv""^"'""'""'^"''-- 
 
 Alb,li,s,,.\l. 
 
 ''III!. "lii,'L.'"i.' '''■'""'■''■ '■'■iiHt.11,',1 by E,lwai',l 
 
 ;'-■ it^.h,^!::;.t,^:-!r'^"'^'''''^ 
 
 ■lolin ll.,»,,n ,,r||,,|,|'.v, 
 li'jii'.v IV., III,. l,„|„„',.„t. 
 
 "'icM^^^V'""' """''■''"' '^'■'•'"•"""1 "f AraKon, 
 lliilil, I. ot Austria. On hi'r niotliir's ,l,.^t ! 
 
 ;;; "i''•:.::"!ll:'l:::7;^:.^■;^r,^;;;l;:r^;!r 
 -^^;u;:;;lsu^:^it,r^Uo,r '"■'•"^'-'^^ ^"« 
 
 I, . , KINll-', OF AIIAII1IN-. 
 
 Iiaiiiir.il. 
 
 J\;'|';'l'';|.'^;""ii'';;!(IV. orxavarr,-). 
 
 S':/iS'^^;:^t'"''''"'«"f^''™™ 
 
 .Ul'mso'ii '""' "^'>""""'. ''"'"'t of Bareelon,!. 
 . iviir U. 
 ■ ''''lues I, ; .sin Ii-,1 by bis son, 
 
 :Ar;s!:;,i:;'r'ii:i;:,;;^;;;r"'^''""^ '"•=«'• 
 
 • aniis II.,.snriiaiiieiltlieJiist. 
 
 AIloliso I\ . 
 
 I'llir IV., the Cereiiionioiis. 
 
 John I. 
 
 Martin. 
 
 [Inti'irenniim.] 
 
 FVr,linaieltl,,..;,,st,klngofSielly. 
 iMIoiiso \,, th,. Wis,. 
 
 Jolm 1I„ king uf Navarre, brother of Alfonso; Uicd 
 
 Fenliiiaiiil II, the Calholie, the next heir' hv 
 .larriaKe with Isabella 0/ O.slile (,,S' ih, 
 Utholic kiiKj.), the kiiigilonis we-e uiiitea 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 Ferilinai,,! V, (of Oistil,-), ih,. Cathoiic; havins 
 7T^:^,^' '"-".l Navarre, becalnoi!:^ 
 
 Ihi I i„lAiistna(,.nip,.,„r„fG,'riiimiy,asCliarles 
 toamifia'i^ry;"''"^' '""' ^■^"""^' ""'^ '«tirea 
 
 '« y 
 
 
SPALATO. 
 
 10;!2 
 
 SPANISH-AMERICAX WAH. 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 
 '?:' ■ .JLijiiit 
 
 1556. Pliilip IF., sdii, king "f Najiles and iSii'ily ; a merci- 
 U'sslii).'i]t : niiirricil Mary uf I'oitn>;iil. 154J, Mary 
 of Kiif-'laiiil, 1554, anil Isiiliclla (if Franci', 1530. 
 
 1593. Pliilip 111., son, ilrovi' till' Moors from Ciranaila 
 anil till' ail.jiii'rnt |>rovinci's. 
 
 1621. Philip IV.. son : wars with thi' Dutch ami Fri'iiih ; 
 lost I'ortntjal in 10.(0. 
 
 1665. Cliaih's II.. .son; last of the .\n.strian lini'; nonii- 
 n;iti'il. by will, as his siu'i-cssor 
 
 1700. Pliilip v.. iltikc of .\n.joii, ^r;iMilson of T.onis Xl\'. 
 of rr.inri': hi'iirc arosf the " war "f tin' .'siirirs- 
 sion," ti-rniiiiatcil liy tin.' treaty of L'trii'ljt in 
 171;! ; rrsi^'iii'il. 
 
 i;-'4. r.onis I., son ; iviyni'il only a IVw months. 
 ,, Philip V. a;iaiii. 
 
 1746. I'Vnlinaml VI.. Ilii' Wisi'.soii ; lilifralaml lu'ni'fii'i'nl. 
 
 175). ChMrli'sllI..l.roihi'r,liin^'orthi'l'woSiiiliis,\vliiili 
 III' ;,',ivr to his tliiril son, KcnliiLiinl. 
 
 i^Si. Charli's IV., son; tin' inlhu'iici' ofCinloy, ]irini'i' of 
 tilt' Pcai'i', I'l'Mi'liiil to almost royal ,iiitliiirity in 
 this ri'i^'ii ; Cliarh'.s .iliilicati'il in f.ivoiir uf Ills 
 son in i.SoS, anil ilinl in iSig. 
 
 iSo3. Fi'riliiiaiiil VII., wlium Xajiolt'on iif Franco also 
 fon-i'il to ii'si^'ii. 
 ,, Josi'ph liouaii.irti', brotliiT of XaiHili'oii ; forci'il to 
 alHlii'alc. 
 
 i3ij. Fi-'iilin.inil VII. rcstoriil : marrii'it Maria (^liristina 
 of Xa]ih's. 11 IJt'u. 1829; iliud 29 ISi'pt. 1833; 
 SMci'i'i'ih'il liy 
 
 1S33. Isaliilla II., ilaiih'liti'r(ljiirn, 10 Oct. 1830); ilcclarcil 
 of ap', 8 .Nov. 1843; niarrii'il her cousin, Don 
 Fi.iiicis ir.\ssisi, 10 Oct. 1S46; cli'piiscil 30 Sept. 
 iSfiS: si'iiaratcil from her Iinsliainl, , March, 
 if;7o; anil aliilic.'iti'il, js.Innc, 1870, in favour of 
 licr sini, Alfonso, jii'iiicc of Astnrias (horn, 
 28 Nov. 1S57). Visits iiiii'i'ii Victuriaat Wiiiilsor, 
 2o May ; leaves Kii^ilaml 29 May. 1890. 
 nS70. Amaiico I. (iliike nf .\iisla,soii(if Victoi'-Fmnnncl II. 
 kin.^ of Italy); horn, 30 May, 18.15; mai'ricil 
 JIaria Victoria of Pozzo ilell,i ('istei na, 30 .May, 
 1S67 ; acccpti'il the I'l'own olfcrcil him by tiic 
 cortes. 4 Dec. 1870; ahilicateil 11 Feb. 1873; 
 dii'il 18 Jan. 1B90. 
 
 KF.i'LMiLir fcninilcil, 11 I'Vb. 1S73. Very uiisettlcd, 
 ■ S73--1- 
 
 KiNns. 
 
 ■I87.J. Alfonso XII. son of Iiiabella II. (born 28 Nov. 
 1857); priiclaimed 30 Dec. 1874; married ist, 
 his cousin .Mei'eeiles, dan,L;liti'r of the due de 
 Montpensier (born 24.1nne, 1H60). 23 Jan. 1878 ; 
 slie died 26.111m', 187S ; 2nil, aichdiiehi'ss Maria 
 Cliristiiia of .\iistria (born 21 .Inly, 185S), 29 
 Nov. 1S79. He died 25 Nov. 1E35. 
 
 1885. Maria Mi mil. x Isabella, born ii S'lit. 18S0 ; re- 
 placed by her brother. 
 
 i836. Allilionso(Leoii 1^1;.) XIII., born 17 May. 
 
 CABLIST I.EniTIMIST rUETEXIjf.B.s. 
 
 (See above 1833 rt xc'i.) 
 Carlos v., brother of Fi'idinanil VII., born 29 March, 
 
 1788 : died, 10 March, 1855. 
 Carlos VI., his son (ciiMile dc Moiiteinolin), died 14 Jan. 
 
 1861. 
 Curios VII. (son of don .Tiian, brntlicr of Carlos VI., 
 
 who renonnec'd his rij;ht, 8 J, 111. 1S63); liorii, 
 
 30 March, 1848 ; see above 1873-6. 
 
 SPALATO (Dalmatia), the ancieiit Spalattini, 
 and Haloiiii. At liis palace liere, Diocletiiin spent his 
 last nine years, and died July, 31J. 11. Adam pub- 
 li.slietl the" "Antiquities of JJioetetian's Palace," 
 17(^4. 
 
 SPANISH AMERICA, ARMADA, &c., 
 see America, Armuila, and liras. 
 
 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, sec Spain 
 
 and Umtid Slatis, April, 1898, 
 
 The f'tininrrutiira and the J'fih'n. Spanish shijis, 
 c.'ipiureil by the Aero 1 lO'A-, U.S. Ila(,'shi)i, and the 
 Aa.'.'/iri/fr, ('riiiser 22 April, 1898 
 
 CiBA, blockade of Havana and other Iiorts, also 
 S.iii .Inan in Pueitorico, by reai'-adni. Sampson, 
 witUtlieX. Atlantic scinudroli . 22 April, (( si'j. » 
 
 6 Siianisli vessels caTitnred . . 23.24Aliri'. 
 S|>anisli eircnhir totlie powers accnsini! th'i fiii'i'.', 
 
 States of a^;^.ressii)n .... 25 .\piil. 
 Lient. A. S. Howan lands on the S.K. uonsi ,,r 
 
 Cnha to arrange eo-operation with the iii-nr- 
 
 uents aliout 2(1 .Viml. 
 
 Mal;ui/as boinlinri'.'id, batteries destroyed by adiii. 
 
 Samps jii ; tUe (luiiln, Spanish steamer, ciiptrnvil, 
 
 27 A]irii. 
 The Aninniiiitii, mail steamer, with 10 Spaai.'ili nil,. 
 
 cers and soldiers, captured by the ^'usInHh. ,,\( 
 
 (.'lllrl 2'iA|ilil, 
 
 liear-a Im. .S;impson iKUiibards San .luaii. I'ii..rli.. 
 rico, forts, etc. destroyed , . .12 .\I;iy. 
 
 .Vmerican atlemiits to land at Cabaftas, ('aiileu;!.. 
 and l'ii'nfiie;,'os repulsed ; forts destroyed hv tlu' 
 I'.S. gunboats 12 .M'lV, 
 
 Saiiliaf;o forts bmnbavib'd by 3 I'.S. warslii].-. ,-; 
 .May; S|ianisli sipLidroii under adm. (itMi,, 
 ani\i's. iq.May; I'.S. ships withdraw ; tiv.|iMjt 
 skiimishes; cunllielin:,' re] oris: bomldrihi.'-;; 
 of forts by I'.S. ships cheekeil by Spani,-li «.ii. 
 ships, 31 .May ; the U.S. h'h^rhht hinds 400 Cu'i.'in. 
 with stores and aniinnnition, cm the N. ciiasl ni' 
 Santia.^o, about 31 Mhv. 
 
 The U.S. collier, MniiiDi'f, siiiik at iii^dit in Mi 
 harbour ch.'innel of Santiago, to Ijlmk ili- 
 Spanish si|iiailroii in the harbour, thmiuh 'li 
 heroism of lieiit. H. P. llnbson and 7 iiieii ; iInv 
 were afterwards taken up by a Spanish sl,i|., iiii.i 
 made prisoners, 3 .liiue (prisoners exeliiiii-,!, 
 
 7 .liily); an American force lands, ami .j.iiii, 
 iiisiirj,'euts in an attack on forts . . fS.li,';,., 
 
 lioiiibardn.ciit of Piicitnrieo by the U.S. sipiailini:. 
 loSpaiiiards killed, ii'|iorted,6.liine; linaiitain.i, 
 bay taken by reai-adm. Sniiipson, 7. 1 line ; Aim-i ■ 
 eaii force, under licut.-eol. IIiuitiiit;doii. .imii . . 
 (Jnaiitaiianio, earthworks, etc. destnu.il ; il,. 
 U.S. Ilaj; hoisted, 10 .liiiie; adm. .Sanipsi.ii ua'. 
 
 8 ships bomliards Santiapi; sharp lii-djliii^. ili. 
 Spaniards repulsed, 11 June ; t'aimaiiiera sliellnl 
 by U.S. squadron 1= .liiii.'. 
 
 Saiit '^'o boiiibarded, forts rlismantled ; Aiiii'iic;iii> 
 repulsed oil attemiitiii},' to land at PinitaL'ahnij. 
 
 \V. of Santiago, by eul. Aldea's enlii icliiiii-; 
 
 aHain driven back with loss by Spanish iiiliiiitiv 
 at Cabanas i7.1l;ir. 
 
 Major-^'i'ii. Slialter arrives with 47 U.S. sliijis :.ii.l 
 tmops, S.E. of Saiitia,;;.!, 21 .liiiie ; 6,.«.. ti".]'- 
 successfnlly landed at liaiipiiri, iiiider the diin ■ 
 tiiin of ad'iii. Sampsuu, .ueii. Shatter, ami ■^<-'. 
 l.awton ; theconnliy lor 6 miles oeeiipieil l.y tl;. 
 Americans, with little or no resistance, u ,\.m.. 
 22 .liiiie— 1 A. SI 23.1iiiii'. 
 
 Advam'c of Anierieaii troiips under p'li. I.a»'.ii]:. 
 24 .lune; a severe eiiKaKement tnii^'lil in'ii: 
 Saiitiat;o between about i,oik) Americaiis. iiii.|.-; 
 gen. Wheeler, col. Wood, and '-'cu. Ymiiej. :ii,'i 
 2,.>«i SpanianU, under gen. l.inares ami .;';;. 
 Kiibin ; Siianiaids driven b.ick fiiiiii Si'\illii. ti 
 the city ; capl. ('apron, .serg. 11. Fish, Mr. Hil». 
 Marshall, newspaper conespondeiit, and nhmi! 
 34 iiihers killed ; Sjiaiiish loss 263 . 24.111111-, 
 
 Sharp engagement between 2, 00 ('iibaiis, iiii,l,! 
 Castillo, and the Spaniards at (inasima . _'4.liei.'. 
 
 Calixto (iarcia, with s.cxio Cubans, .ioiiis ilif 
 Aiiii'iicans at .liiragna . . . 26.hiiii', 
 
 Kxtensiiiii of the blockade by U.S. ships 28 .liiiii', 
 
 (ieii. Sh.'ifter begins till' attack on Sanliagn. S .*.«. 
 I .Inly ; Fl Caiiey and Kl Paso capliiieil hy tin' 
 Ainericaiis; gen. l.inares severelv wiiiiiili'ii,>:io- 
 up the coiiiiiiand to gen. Toial ; San .liiaii cip 
 tilled bv the Americans, the Spaniards letiv.i! 
 to Santiago J.hiiv. . 
 
 Adm. Cerveia's sipiadron (ordered to sea hy lln' 
 Madrid government) leaves Santiago liarliniii. 
 and is destroyed hy adm. Sampsiin's si|ii;iilr"!i 
 (line ship only surrendered) ; Spiiiisli 1- >- 
 about 000 ; adm. Cervera wouiided, aii'l '-1: 
 Spaniards taken iirisoners . . .i.hilv. . 
 
 Santiago summoned to surrender, 4 July ; aniiiS' 
 tiei., till .7 July ; gen. Toral's oH'er of liim'<!inl.!" 
 surrender declined ; American reiiilori'i'iiii't* 
 land to co-operate with (iarcia, 10 July; l«iii ■ 
 liaidnieiit resumed, and the line of ili^l■.^tllll•l;I 
 
 extended, 9 a.m. till about 11 1 ; gen. ^hM'! 
 
 sends a flag of triitic, again ileniandiiij; Uk uie 
 
ISH-AMEBICAX WAK. 
 
 I riiptiircd . . 23,24 Abri', 
 III III!' iKiwiM's a('('iisiiii;lli« l'iii'.»; 
 's»i(]li . . . .2? April, 
 mviiii l;iiiils (in tlic H.K. wm^i .,r 
 line co-oin'mtioii with tln' iii^iiv. 
 
 2t. April, 
 
 iril'ul, iinlturics ilt'strii.vi'd liy ;i.|i.i, 
 (rttiiio, tSimiiish stniiuni', ciiijliivi"!, 
 27 Ajiiil, 
 iiiiilLstraijipr, witli loSiiiinisli nil. 
 IMS, caiitunMl by tlin .V(i.</i (■;,';,, nil 
 
 2'i April, 
 
 .i,s(>n li()iiil>arils San Juan, I'M'TIh- 
 . i|i'str<j,vi'il . . . i-> May, 
 |its tci land at Cidiallas, Caidmia-, 
 s ii'pulsi'il ; furls <listiiiyi'd liv ;lii' 
 
 I-.. .Miv, 
 
 iiniliaidi'd hy _i I'.S. war,slii].s, i-; 
 1 si|\iadiiin iindi'i- adni, i'i;\.i.i 
 
 V ; U.S. ships witlidraw ; tiv.|n. iit 
 cpiillii'liii.u' ri'pi'i-ts: liiiuiliar(lii,"iji 
 S, ships clic'i-lii'il liy Spanish h,ii. 
 
 tin' U,S. h'liiiiil" lands 4uorMh:iti;, 
 d ninnmnition, (in tliu K'. Cdasl nf 
 
 ,t ,51 Miv, ,, 
 
 ', Mniiiiicc, snnk at ni^'lit iu tli. 
 inel (if .Santiatt", t(i liliwk lli.- 
 
 li in the harbiMir, llnnivli 'h- 
 
 d. It. I', lliibson anil 7 nun ; tlj.y 
 Is taken up by a Spanisli ship, an.i 
 IS, ;i ,lnni' (prisdiicis cxchaiii;!..!. 
 AuHTicnn force lands, and ,i-.iiis 
 111 attack (Ui forts . . 6,Iii'ii', „ 
 r I'ucitiiricd liy the U.S. si|uai|inii. 
 llccl, rc|i(irlc(l,6.Innc; liiiaiilaiiiLii . 
 iMi-adin. Snnips(Ui, 7.lunc ; AiimT:- 
 cr licut.-ccil. lluiilinndiai, ..iiii| i- 
 earthworks, etc. dcsliny.'d ; ih.- 
 ed, 10 ,!uiie ; adiii, S,inips..ii will; 
 nils Santiajio ; sharp lijjhlint;, iln- 
 ilscd, u .lime ; Cainianicru shiOiii! 
 
 roll i: ■llllli', „ 
 
 ■ihil, forts dismantled ; Aiin'iiciii^ 
 teiiiptiiij,' to land at I'linta Uahivii, 
 I, liy col. Aldea's enlniiin, iti.liim.; 
 lick witli loss liv Spanish iiilaiiliv 
 
 i7.1r,lr, „ 
 
 tcr arrives with 47 U.S. ships uinl 
 it Saiitia.^o, 21 .liiiic; 6.ih«_j Inwii.- 
 iiidi'd at liaiipiiri, nmler the iliivr. 
 Sampson, ,i;en. Shafti'r, and ^ei.. 
 •oiiiitry fur 6 miles neciiiiied hy tlii- 
 illi little or 11(1 resistance, Q .\,M,, 
 
 1 2j.Illll.', .. 
 
 cricaii troops iiiidcr ^cii. l.a\v'.iii:, 
 severe eiit.'a;;enieiit |iiii;;lit ihm; 
 cell aliout i,o(x3 Aniericaiis, iiii.I'T 
 edl. Wood, and '.;ell, Yniiii^, iil.l 
 N, under ^'('11. 1, inures ami ;;(ii. 
 aids driviMi hack from Sevilla, l.j 
 . ('apron, ser);. II. l''isli, .Mr. E'i». 
 ispaper concspondeiit, and nheii; 
 d ; S)ianisli luss 265 . 24 .liiin-, ., 
 
 rut helweell 2, oo Cuhalis, lllnl.l 
 
 he Spaniards at (iiiasinia . 24,liiiii', „ 
 
 wilh 5, (XX) t'uhaiis, .jiiiiis tilt 
 ,liirai;iia . . . 26 Juiif, „ 
 
 ■ hhiekade liy U.S. ships 28 liiiir. . 
 trills the attack iiii Saiiliapi. 8 a.m. 
 iiiey and Kl I'aso eapliireil hy lln' 
 en. Linares sex'endv WMiiiKied, ;ii\v^ 
 lami 1() p'li. Toral ; San .liiiiii (-ip 
 
 Americans, the Spaiiiaiils letiv.it 
 j.luiv. .. 
 
 S(|imdnni (ordered to sea hy tin' 
 rnmeiit) hiavcs Saiilia;;() liarhmii, 
 lyeil liy adiii. Saiii|isoiis siiiiaihuii 
 lily surrendered) ; S]iiiiiish h -- 
 dm. (.'erverii wounded, and i-j: 
 ;eii iiri.soncrs . . j.liil.v, „ 
 Hied to surrender, 4 July ; aniiis- 
 
 V ; L-en, Toral's oiler of Iwiioiinih!'' 
 lined ; American reiiihiiceiie't' 
 lerate with (iarcia, 10 July ; hmi • 
 
 II 1, and tlie line of ili\e,stllli'l:t 
 
 „M. till iiliiuil 11 1 ; j;eii, shall'T 
 
 jf truce, again (U'maii(liii>; tlic uii- 
 
 iSPAyiSH-AMElilCAX AVAR. 10,3,3 
 
 I 
 
 ceii.liti.iiialsnrreiKh'ror the citv; ne.rotiations ■ 
 Kill. Miles arrives olf Santiago; triicu extended' 
 
 till 16 July I I ,' 
 
 ..1/Mi,<e A//., warship, attemptiii. to esca ,e .i "^^^ 
 
 Havana, deslioyed near .Mai iel - ,,i!' 
 
 Tile iihp. of .Saiiti,-iK(. apjicils to .Madrid', aih'isii ,; " 
 the .surrender o the city; the Koveriinient de" 
 
 t'lni son sluliliiiin nsjstai . i,,i,. 
 
 V.:io«- fever (niihl type) aiipeais 'anioie- tlu. " 
 AiiiPiican troops; .several deaths; Sibomiv a 
 .sahurh, ordered to he liuriit for .sanitary rea.so'm' 
 l,y p'li. .Miles; 1 3,000 re fiiu'ees star'\ iic ■ i,.' 
 
 I'l'i'ti'il rr.Jnlv 
 
 .•S'.inviider of .SantiiiKo and province, siiecessfiirh' " 
 iiiiieliided, i6 July; Santiago evacuated bv the 
 S]«uii»li troops, 20,000 suriviider, the V s' ipi,- 
 
 liii'ti"! ""'Ill i't.'iu'v 
 
 rii>. M( iMiiley issues instrnctioiis for the •'ny,.,',,' 
 
 ,„.iit,ete. of the province of Santiago , ,y,|„iv, 
 
 (.iiiiitaiiaiiKi and I aiiiiaiuera surrender, ,s ,q ,)|,|,. 
 
 .Vav.il eii(;af;eiiient olf .Man/anillo, j ' .Spani.sll 
 
 iieirliaiitiiieii and 5 Kuuboats destroved, abo'iit 
 
 ,„ Spaniards killed , . . , ' ,3,1,,,^.'- 
 
 .siiireiirler III Siianish troops at San Luis and li.'is 
 
 I'liliim* v.liilv 
 
 Ex|nditi(iii to Nipe successful, the Spanisli cniiseV' 
 ,/.iw ,/"««, destroje I, reported , . ^^ ,ii,|v' 
 JiKini .siirreiKi, red j,, the insur-eiits ; Tunas and 
 /aza bcsii^'eil by the Aiiierieaiis ; reported, 
 
 ("iiilitiiiii of .Santi.ano improviin; . T,'! '||,|'!.' 
 
 <i.!i. Miles liinils at (iiiaiiica, I'lierloric'o 'A ,')iilv' 
 (.■,i..till(ja|.|i..iiited military -overiior . 26 Jiilv 
 l'iin.im.\Ks.-'nie ,sv„„„„„, f.^. sailer, captuivd' 
 liyaS|iaiiisli.-iiiiboat oil .Manila, ab.ait. ^7 Voril 
 
 Eitl r Manila: the SpamMi siinadion, ;; shii's 
 
 miller „ iiii. .Montiijo, attacked and (lestioved liv 
 tlic American Iteet, g ships, under eoiiii'nodor'e 
 IVM-ey; iiiiii Puis t'ailarso, eapt. of the /,•,,„„ 
 1 ;,.i.«/oi/i. 111.' idiaplain, and aliMiit 4,,,, .Spaniards 
 
 killed; Spanish ships inellieieiit, 1 siirivn' 
 
 (lered. Cleat bravery shmvn by the Spaniards 
 
 tiiiiler iiiiei|iial ditions; no Anierican loss- 
 
 (.avitehi.iiilraided, and fortilieations destroved • 
 
 liliiekade ol Manila . , . , ;via\- r'r ,7,' 
 
 Memorial fimii the liritisli residents at Jia'iiila" In 
 
 1,'aMiiliii. liewey, poiiitin- , m th-ir erit'ical 
 
 I tidii, the population starving , ,,, .May 
 
 ;<|i;llli>ll ).'llllhnat, J.iilli; eaptlireil olf Ih.ilo' re! ' 
 |»iiteil, ;o .May ; Spanish position at .Manlla'des- 
 
 i..rat<., the cit.y siirroiii 1 by insiirKeiil.s, 
 
 A.aiinalilo. their leader, broii-ht back from Hon.- 
 K"ii;', ami siiiiplied with arms, etc, bv the 
 Aincrnaiis ; he captures the province oft'avite ■ 
 iiLlitamlilay (it:htinf,', .Spanish oiit|iosts .Iriveii' 
 in; ihrir j,o«) ]iri.snners well treated bv the 
 nl^fi; ureal .scarcity of food, and siilierin,. 
 aiimiicst tlie Spanish soldiers, ^1 .Mav-4 .liine'^ 
 (1.11. .\iiciistiii, the capt.--eii., ajipcals'to .Madrid' 
 fir help, linlils a conned of w,ir ; proposes siir- 
 nii'lei. and resigns to the general, second in 
 cniiiiian.l, s June; the whole archipela"o in r,.. 
 y.lt, exee]it the Vi,sa,vas isles ; coucerteil attack 
 ly iiisnigiaits on all sides; Agninaldo issues 11 
 
 I'lnclaniation, nidepende ot the I'liilippines 
 
 e.c. (Iceland at (,avite ; 4,c«oSpaiiiar(lsaiiil i ,»« 
 lialives pnsoiiei-s . , ' ^ _ j^^^^^^ 
 
 iTliree (lays' ijeree lighting at Uulac'an, nr,i'lh oi' " 
 .iliiiiiiii, 5CX1. Spaniards surrendered; rebid attack 
 at MaralKjii, which was ca|iturc(l, reported, 
 
 ItIic Liilmne islands seized bv V.H. (7»-,Ve'v',H"the " 
 » L'Mvmior, ullicers and men surrender, 20 June • 
 l.^. sovereignty over the isles iiroidaimed, -J 
 June; tli«t/,„rf„b„ arrivesat .Manilla, ,u Ji ne 
 
 ■ Cell, reiiii, with 1,000 soldiers, surrenders ,(■' 
 I p)rt(»(l .... q I . 
 iTlie W,,;, Spanish sail'iiig .s'hip, nipltired in kava! " 
 
 ■ <(' hay; tlieinovinee of IJiilacan occiiiiied a'nd 
 llie pivenior captured hy the insurg.'iits re. 
 
 ■Cell. Monet, with i,ooo".npn", nt *l)ul,i™n,' m'„h'. " 
 
 ■ mwK l.y the uisiirgcnts, rciwrted ,u .Iiiiv 
 ftioiii.sli siiiiailrnii under adin. Caniara prohibitiM " 
 I l>"i" c(«ihiig at Port Said hy the Egvp an 
 
 Sivcrnnient; call,,| on to leave the liVirboi r 
 3.Jiiin!;oiikicd to iinitSiiex, 6 July; leavesi 
 
 11 July, ,, 
 
 J'lP^ISH REFORMED CHURCh7 
 
 '^liiliMnr!";.'"'"'""^:'"' ''''i'ii'p ivi,ubii^.,";,ro. 
 
 i!-^rif;;:ried '""'"'""" ^'"""" '"I'-n-^Vwitd; ' 
 
 The isLmdtuk,'n; no .Resistance oH,.,.;.,| ; y!,';^- " 
 auto iio'i,;f "■, '■"■'"'"■■' " ^'•'"''•iiiii'tion pro iiisii'ig " 
 
 ;;;';■ ii:;i:b.;'r:;i^;;i"i;::;te' , • . •.._,-!;;■>" ■• 
 
 l('i in II o 'i, ^"'V'"""-'"' -^^'iiiiiald./ piesi: " 
 I .t.loimedatllac r, reported . o,!h,h, „ 
 
 ,v,„:;t';.!i' •"''•'■'■'■I'" »ith loss t3,,)at Manila, 
 
 ■"^liaiii sues for iieae,; . ' " ' ' ;,' .''"'J' " 
 ■"".^l.id'ters^rmy leaving Santiag:. .' ^"^ ■!;;!i: ;; 
 Desultory lighting; famine a„(l di.sease report(s| 
 
 •■en. Angiistin retires . . 'l\'^f,- " 
 
 '' n'le't' • 'r'';'\' ^'I'liiii to evacinile Ciiba, ami pi " 
 
 ^:;;!:;-:,' ' Ma;:i;'i;^;„:;;;:i;.;i.TV(^: ;:! 
 
 M rami,:,'; :''''"':''''■''.• ■^'«''^'' ''.v.Mi'.l.ayii,id 
 Manila siirreiid, IS . . ' ' ' -'--■•■ 
 (ien. lilanco resigns 
 
 13 Aug. 
 15 Aug. 
 
 .lu?td^^'^!?P,^^^PPITI"'^'"f -^''''^ ■■'■"' I"- 
 
 : ;.J;;;i;|_ tho duk,; of Wellington, n sramUo of 
 
 ' ^'oi,ene,lwi;;';'rl'/'"'l-''!''''''';"''''l.™-"i'^'niiallv 
 
 i In n V V'' it" ';■: i'id"'l'\'" ""■"""■^.' ' ■'""^■' "339 
 
 Aihaiiibrt^h;;.!;;':; ,^;;;;-'■:l;;i;;;;-,;;r,;;|; 
 j ^^;'-;^.i;i^yc-i:-^ii.«-'-:""^;;;j^^ 
 
 i SPANISH GRAXDEE,S the hi.-hcr 
 
 ri' It ;,;*'""' '""' ""•"■ •^'■""'f-' ""■'■• '"'"'0- 
 
 "«.|>1.M n. imirniigo ot I''c,-(li,i,i,uh,„d Isabella 
 „lv,l'i' , '"'"l";"'-''l «'vcri,l to rcliiunii.sl, the 
 
 r\ 1 «."■''""■'' '"' Sra"'li'''s to si.vteet, iainilii.; 
 
 K::;^i:;::;:;-^'''"''"-''''''^'')-^'vuiin«t;r 
 
 l'nv.f^'''^,'''f^l^^A^'^.^^'':^GE (Lcngua Castd- 
 
 K-MiXKN-r sp.yxisii Aflllons. 
 
 Oarcihsso de la Vega . 
 I lio.scaii . . _ ' ■ 
 
 I Jorge de .Moiitcmaviir . " 
 I.as t'asas 
 Ki'cilla . .'.'.'.' 
 
 Cervantes (author of n',ii Quixot,'.) 
 Mariana . , . 
 
 Ilerrera . . . ' ' 
 
 (iong(,ra . . , ' ' ' 
 
 Alareon y llendoza " . * 
 
 '"'la Vega . . ■ • 
 
 (iiievedo , 
 
 Ualiriid Tellez . ' . ' 
 
 t'alderon . 
 
 .Solis . . .■_■_■ 
 
 Feyjos . . 
 
 Vriarle .'.'.' 
 
 Leandro F. Moraliii . ' . ' 
 tlose de Ijirrn 
 
 .ManiKd Hretoiide'losnerre'ros 
 Jose Zorilla .... 
 Ant(,ni(,('aiiovas del Caslilh, 
 
 Horn 
 
 ■ '503 
 . 1496 
 
 ■ 1520 
 '474 
 
 ■ 1533 
 '547 
 1536 
 
 IS^S 
 1561 
 
 • 1563 
 
 ■ "570 
 
 • 1.185 
 . 1601 
 . 1610 
 . 1701 
 
 ■ 1730 
 . 1760 
 
 • '-''9 
 
 • 1796 
 . i3i8 
 
 1 3 JO 
 
 ■536 
 «543 
 1562 
 1566 
 ■595 
 1616 
 1623 
 1625 
 1627 
 1634 
 
 1633 
 1647 
 164S 
 1682 
 1686 
 1765 
 1-93 
 
 l32J 
 
 1037 
 1873 
 1893 
 '397 
 
 .SPANISH REFORMED CHTTRCH con- 
 et.tuted at Uibralta,', 35 April, iSoiTli/i^.rmission 
 
 
 i 
 
 '!. I 
 
 
 ■r ■ 
 
 Kill 
 
 ■Bill" 'IB 
 
wmm 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 SPANISH SUCCESSION. 
 
 1034 
 
 SPEAKERS. 
 
 of general Prim ita missionaries entered Spain soon 
 
 after the revolution, in Sept. following. 
 
 15 i'OTit;n'niitiijns with nlioiit 2,500 nicuiboi's ; nt 
 ^ .Mailiiil, Seville, and iitlier jilaees. 
 
 Tlie emisecration uf a cliurcli at Mndriil liy lonl 
 IMiiiiket, arcliliislin]) ol' Diihliii, ]iro|iijsc'il but 
 streiinou.sly opiKjsi'il liy the autlioritii'.s ; lio 
 licenses the liuihliiif,' and ilejiarts, Dec. 1892; 
 IieniiiHsion Kraiiti'il under conditions, 3, Ian. iSgi; 
 the ehureh opened . . . 18 .Mareh, 1893 
 
 The eliureli and scnor Cabrera, the llrst tiishoj) of 
 the relbnned ehureh, conseerateil by the areli- 
 bishop of Dublin and the bi.shops of Cloyher and 
 Down 23 Sept. 1894 
 
 SPANISH SUCCESSION and MAK- 
 EIAGES, see 'Spiiui, 1700, unil 10 Oct. 1840. 
 
 SPARTA, the capital of Liieonia (Greek, 
 Laeoniea), or Laecdicmon, the most eoiisiderable 
 republic of tlie I'ldoponnesus, and the rival of 
 Athena. Thoujjli without walls, it resisted the 
 attaeUs of its enemies by tlie valour of its citizens 
 for eight centuries. hele.x is supposed to have 
 been tlie first king. From Laeediemon the fourth 
 king, and his wife Sjiarta, who are al.so spoken of 
 as the founders of the lity, it obtained names. 
 The Laeediunioniaiis were a nation of soldiers, 
 and eultivati'd neither the arts, sciences, commerce, 
 nor au'rieulture. The early liistory is traditioiml 
 and the dates conjectural. ' 
 
 and 1,. 
 
 1490 
 »388 
 
 1216 
 1204 
 1 194 
 
 .176 
 1104 
 
 Sparta founded. y'r(?(.<ir)iiV(.s. . . , B.C. 
 
 Tyailarus marries I.eda: Helen born 
 
 Helen stolen liy TlnsiMis, king of Athens, but rc- 
 
 eovei-cd liy her brothers 
 
 The princes of (irecee ileniand Helen in marriage; 
 
 she makes choice of Menelnus of MyceiiiC . 
 Paris, .son of I'riani, king of Troy, carries oil lleleu 
 
 The Trojan war . . . ' 
 
 After a war often v irs, and a ilisastrous voj'age of 
 nearly eight, Mit r.is and Helen return tu.'Sparta 
 The kingdom seized hy the Heraclidie 
 Kstablisiinient of two kings, Kurysthenes and 
 
 I'rocles. by tlieir f.itln.'r .Vristodenms . . . ijoo 
 Rule of I.ycurgus, who estalilishes the senate, aucl 
 
 enacts a code of laws. Kii-vliiiix. (.Mytlueal) 884-S50 
 Cliarilaus declares war against I'olynmestor, king 
 
 of Arcadia 848 
 
 Alcameiies, known l)y his apophthegms, innkes war 
 
 upon the Messenians 
 
 Nii'ander succeeds his father, Cliarilaus; war with 
 
 the .\rgives 
 
 Theo|ioni|ius introduci's the K|diori, about . . 
 
 War declared agiiinst the .Messenians, and Ainphia 
 
 taken 
 
 The progeny of the Partlienia', the sons of Virgins . 
 Battle of Ilhome ; M( seiiians beaten . . . , 
 Ithiune taken; the .Messenians become vassals to 
 
 .Sparta, lunl the w.'U' of nineteen years ends . 
 Coiisiiiiaey of the I'arthenia' witii the Helots to 
 
 take Sparta 
 
 The i'artlieniie colonist; Tarentuai .... 
 
 The .Messenians revolt, and league with Elis, Argos, 
 
 and .\rcadia, ,'igainst the LacedamHudans. [This 
 
 war lasted fourteen years, ] 6S5 
 
 Carnian festivals instituted 675 
 
 The Messenia: settle in Sicily ooy 
 
 War with the .\rgives, and i'elebr,ated battle be- 
 tween 300 select heroes of each nation . , , 
 
 War with Athens 
 
 The Spartans resist the king of I'irsia . . , 
 
 The states of Greece unite against the Persians 
 Leouidas, at the head of 300 Spartans, withstands 
 the Persian arms at the detUe of Therniopyla' (see 
 
 Thcviiuiiijilir) ' . . 
 
 Persians defeated by Pansanios, king of Sparta, nt 
 
 Plata'a 
 
 He is put to death for treason ; the Grecian armies 
 
 idioose an .Vthenian t:eneral 
 
 An carliupt.-tke at .Spaila destroys 30,000 persons ; 
 
 rebidlion id' the Helots 
 
 Sparta joins .Maecdou .against Athens . . . . 
 lieginning of the Pidoponnesus war . , 
 
 I'latiea taken by the Spartans . . , . , 
 
 8.3 
 
 Soo 
 757 
 
 743 
 733 
 730 
 
 724 
 
 707 
 706 
 
 The Spartans, uniler Agis, enter Attica, 
 waste the c.iiuitry 
 
 Agis (king 427) gains a great victory over the. \igi Vis 
 and the .Mantinieans 
 
 The I^acecheiniiniun licet, under Mindarus, defeiit'ii 
 
 at Cyzicum, and .Mindarus slain 
 The Spartans, defeated liy land and at sea, sue f.ir 
 
 peace, which is denied by the Athenians . 
 
 Heign of I'ausiniias 
 
 The .Vtheniaiis defeated at ..Egospotami by l.ysauiU-r 
 Athens taken by him; end of I'eloiionuesiiin war 
 .\gesilaus (king 398) enters l.ydia , . . ' 
 The .\thenians, Thebans, ,\rgivi'S, and ('oiiiit'iiain 
 
 enter into a league against the Spartans, wlmli 
 
 begins the Corinthian war .... 
 .\gesilaus defeats the allies at Coronea ... 
 The I.aeeiheiiionian Iteet, under Lysander. ilefea'ti'ii 
 
 by Ciinon, the Athenian commander, nearCniilDS- 
 
 lyysander killed in an engageineiit 
 Pi'acc of .Vntaleidas . , . 
 The Thebans drive the Spartans from Cadniea ' '. 
 The Spartans lose the iloiiiininu of the seas- tlnif 
 
 Meet tiit;dly destroyed by Tiniotheus . 
 The Spartans defe.-itcd at j.euctra . . ' , ' 
 Epamimindas, heading 50,000 Tliebans, a|iiiears lie'. 
 
 fore Sparta 
 
 Dattle of .Mantiiica ; the Thcbiiiis victors 27 .Iiuic 
 
 riiili]i of .Maeedon ovcrei s Sparta . . u 1 ' 
 
 I'yrrhus defeated liefore Sparta 
 
 4:! 
 41& 
 
 41C 
 
 40, 
 4vi 
 40i. 
 404 
 
 Hi 
 
 3« 
 354 
 
 Agis 1\'. endeavoui's t 
 
 Sp: 
 vivi 
 
 . laws ol l.veuigus . 
 
 I.eonidas H. vacates the tin e, and Hies . 
 
 Recalled ; becomes sole sovereign : .\gis killed '. 
 Heign of Cleonieiies HI. the son of l.eiiniiliis 
 He re-establishes most of tlie laws nt l.yeuigus [ 
 Antigiiniis deteats Cleomeiies, and enters S|«irta '. 
 Cleomeiies retires to Egypt ....." 
 The Spartans murder the Kplmri . . ' , [ 
 
 Miudi.anidas ascends the throne, and abnlishrs the 
 
 244 
 
 =4', 
 241 
 
 2.i'' 
 215 
 
 207 
 
 ■97 
 
 '47 
 
 •■A 
 14(\. 
 
 547 
 50s 
 491 
 48a 
 
 480 
 479 
 47? 
 466 
 
 4. '14 
 4J' 
 ^20 
 
 Ephori 
 
 He IS defeated ,ind slain by riiihijiiemen, pneinr 
 
 the .Vchaan league . ' 
 
 Cruel government of Xabis 
 
 The Honians besiege Sparta ; Xabis sues for pe.ice 
 The .Ktiiliaiis seize Sparta; Xabis assassinated 
 The laws of I, ycuigus abolished . . , ] 
 Sparta, under the protection or rather sulijugatinii 
 of Hmne, ret.'uns its authority for a short time 
 
 Taken bv .Marie \ a 
 
 Taken by Mai let II [ 
 
 liuriit by SiKisniund .Malatesta .... 
 
 Itebuilt at Jlisitra ; it is now called Sparta, ;nid is 
 
 p.-irt of the kingdom of Greece. 
 Ancient biiililiii^;s discovered here diirinii excava- 
 tions liy Dr. Waldsteiu . . . .Man li. iJ-i 
 
 SPARTACUS'S INSURREOTIOX (or 
 
 Servile War). Spartncus was u iiolile Tlinuiiiri, 
 who served in an luixiliary corps of the li.iniaii 
 army. Having deserted mid been a]ipreheiiileil. ho 
 was reduced to slavery and made a glailiabir. With 
 some companions lie made his escape, culleoteii a 
 body of slaves and gladiators, 75 11. c. ; ravasied 
 southern Italy; iind defeated tiie Unman lonrj 
 under tlie consuls sent against liiiii. Knuwiiij; the 
 impossiliility of successfully resisting the republio, 
 he endeavoured to conduct his forces into Skilv, 
 but was defeated and slain by Crassus, 71 ii.c. 
 
 "SPASMODIC SCHOOL" of poetry, a 
 name sarcastically given to Philip Janus liiiilev 
 (" Festus," lH3<)),"Alex. Smith, Sydney Duliell (iHij 
 in Aug. 1S74), and otliers (precursors of .Merris, 
 Algi-nion Swinburne, and Kossctti, s;ircastii!illy 
 termed tlie "lleshly school "), ridieuled liy iirolessur 
 Aytoun in his " Firmilian," published 1854. 
 
 SPEAKERS OF THE IIorsE of Commo.vs. 
 Peter de Montford, afterwards killed ;it the batlle 
 of Evesham, was the tirst speaker, 45 Hen. III., 
 i;fin; Sir Tlios. Hungi'rford is ^-aii] to V,;;vi 
 been the first named "Speaker," 1372; but 
 sir I'eter de la Mure is supposed to jiavelieen the 
 tirst regular speaker, ■;o Kdw. III., 137b. The 
 king refused liis assent to the clioice of sir 
 
 ..Luiiii 
 
SPEAKERS. 
 
 r Aais, enter Attica, ami li.j 
 
 ni,Toatvifti'ry I. vurtlic Arrives *"' 
 
 IX .,« 
 
 tlcct, iiiiilir Miiidaius, clofcnu.il 
 iliilanis slain ... 
 fii liy ian.l aii^l at sea, suu'f.ir 
 iiit'il by tliu AtliiMiiiiiis . . ^^^ 
 
 Uid at .HKiisiMitaiiii liy hysaiiiliT L 
 I ; end (if ri'lapomiusian war . Ioa 
 fiitfis Lyilia . . 'J 
 
 jaiis, Arrives, ami Cnrinlliiaiw 
 1' nuaiiist tlic Sjianaiis, wlui-li 
 iaii war .... ,.. 
 
 i allies at Ciirniica . ' . ;'j 
 ieet, iiinlcr l.ysMinh r, .1. fci.'tci 
 ■iiiaii I'limniaiiili'r, iiiMi-Ciiiil.^; 
 an engagement 
 
 le Spartans from Cailiiica ' ] i.l 
 
 le cliuilillii.n ••{ llle seas; lliiii'- "'' 
 
 tell liy Tininthens . . ~-/ 
 
 il at I.eni-tra . , . .' ,' 
 
 lij 5o,u<->u Thelians, appt avs lie- "^ 
 
 tlieThelians vietiirs 27 ,Iniie \(t 
 
 ■'•I' es .Sparta . . ur. 3,^ 
 
 lire S|iana . . , , i], 
 
 hi revive laws 111 I.viurgiis '. Hi 
 
 the tlirnm., ami Hies . . ,': 
 
 iles.ivereif;n : A-is kilie.l ', j,,' 
 
 II. tllesnn.ifl.eiini.ias . . ,7, 
 
 St iif the laws lit l.yearniis ', l'!- 
 
 -■iiinenes, ami enters Sparta . "2^ 
 
 J-WI't "," 
 
 the Kphiiri . . . 2^1 
 
 the thriine, ami ahulishes the 
 
 • . 21^ 
 
 iiin by I'liiloprenien, pneiur ..f 
 
 Nalns 
 
 «liarta; XaWs snes for peace 107 
 larta: Nabis assassinateil , ,.', 
 ialiiilislieil .... ,t3 
 iteetiim nr rather suljnKatinn 
 s anthiirity fur a slmrt time . i;; 
 .\.B. -:6 
 
 .Vlalates't.i '.'.'.'[ li).-,' 
 t is Miiw ealleil Sjiarta, .aiul is 
 a of tireeee. 
 
 scijvcreil hen! lUiriiii; cxcava- 
 itein . . . .Manl,, ijji 
 
 S INSITRRECTIOX (or 
 lartacus \v:is 11 iiulile Thracian, 
 iuixiliary cofiis of the K.itiian 
 ■erted arul licen aiiprehcndeil, he 
 vvy and tnndo n ^'ladiater. With 
 11' made lii.s cseape, collected a 
 1 Kladi.'itors. 75 11. c, ; ravajed 
 ilid dot'i'iitfil tiic Unman tones 
 I'lit n^iiii\st liiin. Knuwinft tlie 
 ceasl'iilly ivsistinn; the republic, 
 ciindtiet his forees into Sicily, 
 id slain by Crassns, 71 ii.u. 
 
 D SCHOOL" of poetry, a 
 fjiven to J'liilip James li.iilev 
 lle.x. Smith, Sydney Duliell (dice! 
 1 others (]ii('eursiirs of Morris, 
 111', and l{i)ssetti, sarcastically 
 school "), riilienled liy professor 
 milian," imblislied 1854. 
 
 F THE House of Commons. 
 
 iiflerwanls killed at tlie baltk 
 ;lii' first speaker, 45 lien. III., 
 
 HnnL'i'rl'firil is said to have 
 nied " ■Spi.':ik<'r," 1372 ; but 
 ■(' is supposed to jiave lieeii the 
 aT, 50 Kilw. III., 1370. The 
 
 assent to the olioice of sir 
 
 SPEAKER'S CO MMENT.' 
 
 Edward Seyniour as speaker, 6 March, -gTs; ami 
 fcrjcant \\ ilham Gregory xvas chosen i , h/s .'oom 
 Mr John Irevor was expelled the chair and Z 
 kime for taki.is a gratuity after the a,a for e 
 dieht of orphans ha.l pa.ssed, 12 IMarch, iCoj-s a 
 iltputy speaker was appointed Aug. 1853. 
 
 ,,85. Henry Aaiingtiin (aft. viscount Shlimmth) , Jnnc 
 ,joi. bir John Mitloril aft. baron lieilesibil,.* ,; i 1 
 ,to. Charles Abbot (aft. loril cv'lelnlsb.r) o V .b ' 
 '*"• "-lerlinrn'Tjtnu.^"""" (""^■'■"■"■■^'■*' viseunnt Can- 
 '^'^' ■'line)! ,9 riT'"^'^ ("fterwards baron Dnnferm- 
 ■'»■ ^l^i'^'^^i^,^''^'''"^ (afterwards visconnt Evers- 
 ''^'- •'(IssinKt'ln)' ^"''"°"- 3°^MTiI(nfterwarils visconnt 
 
 ,595. Williani Court (inll.v, ,0 April'; rcclectcil 12 An- 
 
 Ik ^i*>d,r, a weekly liberal (( la.lst,ini.,„r, ■ vsf,.M 7' 
 
 cliteil by Mr. T. Wetnyss li,'i„, li'rst "i'.l'i^.a^.r ';'J:,',: 
 
 .SPEAKERS COMMENTARY, a nante 
 
 givcu to an edition ot the liihle with a revised text 
 and a coinnie.itary hy several bishops and oth'er 
 Wogians edited by F c. Cook.' The under- ' 
 .kill? orisr.nated, it is said, ehieriy with ilr. John ■ 
 ivcl.vn Uenison speaker of the hou.se of commons, 
 n h the V lew of opjKisin^r tlie interpretations of iJr 
 tulcnso, and was announced in Aov 180^ 'J'he 
 publication, begun in 187', «as completed in 1881 
 Ihe Apocrypha published in 1888. 
 
 SPEAKING-TRUMPET, used by ships at '• 
 
 ifii. Oneissaul to liave been used by Alexander 
 3J3 B.C. One was constructed from Kirchei's de- 
 rap ion hvbaland, 1652 ; philo.sophicallvexplainc^ 
 and brouglU into notice by Alorland, 16-0. 
 
 l5^^i/^^.^^^^^^^"^^I0N ACT, passed 13 
 
 .lug. 1888. A CO lissioii eon.stiluted to try 
 
 irnuin charges and allegations against certain 
 
 n5.888.""''"""'"- '^'^^ ^^"•'"^'''- -^ 
 
 ' Vestil! 
 
 12 Feb. i8u.; ; ami diwl ^y 
 
 he 'blr^;r"^n;;;;'™i:;,^^«' ,,^'j-- '"•■,-!» says, thj; 
 
 "iK.nm. licinKs hi/. f "'•",. I"" 'i'My all the 
 
 i I'i'vc ,l,.scci M I ■ 1 , , ' "' "'■'■ '"■'' "" 11'"= ™>tlk 
 
 whieh life .! ' .' ' r "",', "'!•; I""»"r.lial foriu, into. 
 
 ' ^/'"w.vo«;;-;ami1^n!,,;;i:;;"'^""'^ "- ^'■™""-' «- 
 
 j AKi?,!:i^r"^™^''-" ■ 
 i''Jbs4f-":;r"-::^:.^;!?-^^lr'fi^ii'r';^'^''^^-"-' 
 
 Xat.ir,alllist,,rybv I, ,1 inc. \- '' •)''••"'"'" "^ 
 imblisl^ld'^^;"™;""-" I'yld/son Francis Darwin. 
 
 ; /S^^^^^' GRAVITIES. Sec undor 
 
 '' <,. .'^■P^CTACLES, unknown to the ancients nrn- 
 
 U der I ■ ^"'''"'^"'' '" ''''^■'-' '"■"> ibvell " Iv Ale - 
 under de Sinna, a ,„onk of Klorenee,iu Italy, about 
 
 by 'Ko.er''ll "'" '"/"•• '''""• ""■ • ^^^■'•^ 'vei tec- 
 thin r Sal vZ' '!'"'",' V^""- '^''""'' attribute' 
 
 de- \nn,M- '"f'-''-'l>t>"ii, - (Jni gi„ee ,Salvino 
 
 iioU Aimati, mventore degli o.cbiali: i)io «\\ „„. 
 Uom le peccata- (" IK.re &, S,.lvino dX \n, at^ 
 "nentor of spectacles : May (Jod ,,ardon hS'.)': 
 
 odn.^i^*^'-^^'^9^^- '""• ^'-'^ ""■"'^^■■- of this peri- 
 one ot't:he 1 t e,.';'f' ^'" ''^'.'"'''^ ''>• --^^'''i*" h"vo 
 
 S'l-it'^;"'/^/'^"""' ■'•'^•^ «IH' lla't'd' "ant 
 
 £|;i^j^;sr7;tt«:;^ 
 
 SPECIAL CONSTABLES are sworn in for 
 the preservation ol the public peace when disturb- 
 ances are h.arcd. 'Ihe laws relati-ve to their an- 
 pomtnient were amended in i8jr and l8«. Loins 
 •Napoleon afterwards emperor, aided as a smnial eo 1- 
 sable in London, 10 April, 1848 ; see t%«V/,,vAv, and 
 bMou, Dec. 1807. Instructions for their <irg,,nisu- 
 Moinverc issued, 13 Jan. 18O8. On 28 Jan. c-^ u-, 
 111 the metropolis, and 1 13,(,74 i„ the United King- 
 dom, had been sworn m. 'Iheir services were ntt 
 miuireu, and they were lio.iourably dismissed bx at 
 crderissued 31 March, 18O8, • 
 
 brcial const;ililes were swia-n in in relation to tlio 
 .hmirbaaces n Tt^ifalgar .S,|nare (see Z ,, X iv" 
 • ft,.; ,,500 held Trafalgar .-Simare, .Sunday Jo \o •" 
 .E87; .served till ,8 Jan. ,888, Jnd thanked. 
 
 .SPECIES. Much controversy among natural, i 
 fZ°n"' "'"^ri'"'"'T »'' tl"-- iniI)!ieation, in ,85,,, ' 
 of Mr. Charles Darwin's "Origin of Spe ■ie8,"^in ! 
 «i he suggests that all the various' sp.le., "f 
 minds were not created at one tinie, In.t ntve i 
 W ngradttally dc^doped by what he terms " nafal 
 ^ ction," and the struggle for life i„ whicl 1 e < 
 filling overcome the weak. ; 
 
 ^»o««;ilu(, iBog. buinluj. views aj.peur in tlie 1 
 
 n,^"^"^^'^-^^^-^' *''" ''^™' "i^'<-'ii to the ima?e of 
 he sun or any other luminous body fonn™ on if 
 wall or sci-een, by a beam of liglit received irouirh 
 a small hole or slit, and refractt.d bv a , lisn Th^ 
 colours thus produced are red, orang., vellow green 
 S'li^d'bVtl''^'- ;'''-l-'"i'"-"aw^^S 
 li^ ed in ,^1, ■^■'"''' ;^''",^^"^'l't.'s" was pub- 
 
 AH e V, - '-V'''"'r"',':'' "'■ ""■"' l"''"'^"-v ones ; by 
 *'•'> "U,, .S), red, yellow, and blue ;-by Dr Thos 
 ioung ,801) red, green, and violet ;L,v pZ' 
 Uerk Maxwell (18O0), red, greon, and blue. As 
 
 ance ?''f " """"-' ^""'■'^ ''^'"''^"'^ '» "»-■ «' b! 
 stane.' iiroducing it or mtroduce.l into it, so tho 
 
 Z'tbn'l'" /".'"■'•• ?''^ !"' •" ""■• ">vent„i of^ 
 method of chemical analysis bv professors IJunse! 
 and kirchholf r,86o), by which' they 1 s oyered 
 vo new metals, and drew conclusions as to 
 t lie nature of the atuiosphere of the sun and stars, 
 ad of the hgh ot the nebulm, by comparing the 
 spectrum with that produced bv tiames into 4 ch 
 "•on, sodmm, and other substan.'es have been intro- 
 rnZ^\. '' 'iv "»■'"'''''•■ rays of the spectrum, see 
 Monscaice, Huorescencc, Boloimicr, and limgc* 
 
 fm«,M,/t|-'.s- /,(«o.5. In ,80a Dr. Wollaston olwervcd 
 .severa darkbnesinthesolar.spectiMni;in,8.5Jose, ' 
 1-nmnho er not otdy observed then,, but cafstrueted a 
 niap oltheni, giving 590 lines or dark liands. By the- 
 
 [ now iT ;'f ^^'"*>''^''- '""' ""'^■■■^ tl'^' "amber obsm-ed^ 
 la now ni)o\L' nooo. 
 
 Mr. Fox Taibut observed tho orange lino of strontium In 
 the siieetruin in ,826; and sir David lirew.stcr r.l" 
 serve, other hues, 1S33-42-3. In ,.S62-j Mr. William 
 I uggins analy.s.M the light of the ii.v,.,1 stars a d f 
 the nebnlie ; and in 1865 Dr. IJenee .Inncs, bv means ol 
 
 »I '".'■'" ■■"1"'>«'». iletceted the pivsciice 'of minu ' 
 
 ■ luantities ol metals in the living body, introduced oil » 
 a few minutes previously. ' 
 
 !!»(»■' 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 t H 
 
 1 
 
 
 t. I 
 
 1: 
 
 ''^. ,^' 
 
 !■. I 
 
 ;.?■■ "■ • 
 
 
-I-'W 
 
 SPECULATIVE SOCIETY. 
 
 1036 
 
 SPIRITITAL COMBATANTS. 
 
 'iirly 
 
 s'M'ii'ty ill Italy piiblislieil n jimniiil 
 Si«.'i traluiiiilyse" imlilislioil 1870; uew 
 
 A Hpecttniscdiii. 
 
 ill 1872, 
 H. .S.-lic'llcii's 
 
 eilitioii 18B3. 
 
 ■Hir II. Hosiiv's ".S|iri'triiin Analysis" |iiililislii'il 1867-85. 
 I.ec(Ki ill; lliiisliaihlian's "S|iui'tri'S l.iiiuiia'ux" . 1874 
 Oxygen ilili'iteil ill the .siiiur sin'utrum by Jlr. 
 
 Urujiur 1877 
 
 Till! oxiwriiiii'iits iif prnfi'ssiir Pewnr ami ntlici-rt linvi) 
 
 Hlmwii thai till' >.|.i'clniiit' various (,'asi's an' atlKcti'il by 
 
 toiiiporatnri'aii'l prcssim' iSSS-g. 
 
 SPECULATIVE SOCIETY, Eiliiibmsli 
 ,(whifh hiiil iiiiliiilril aiiKiiifi; its iirmiiIii'I'h Daviil 
 Hume), ci'lclirati'il its luiiulii'iltli aiiiiiversiiry 011 
 14 Oi't. 1803 ; see riiitumplnj. 
 
 "SPE;LLTXG-BEES." nuMtiuss to test tho 
 eroHcii'iK y in loniTt s|M'lliiif;; iiitroilui'i'il into 
 Loniloii tniin llif rnitnl States of Aini-rifii ; tlie 
 iirst ut Ilollowav, I.omloii, N., in the niiluniii iif [ 
 1875. tiro^'i'apliii"il. iiiiisii'iil, anil otluT bees 
 4'olloweil, anil all s 1011 eeaseil. 
 
 SPELLING REFORM. A resolution in i 
 
 favour of It wasailojitnl by the I.onilon .Selioiil liiiiiril. 
 
 in 1877; II eoiileieiiee and luiblie meeting were held 
 
 Jit the Soiirty of Arts, 20 May, I.H77. 
 
 A.S]iellinx Uelonn As.^oeiatinii foniieii ; l)r TciiipU', : 
 
 bisliup ot l-Aiii'i. ilolicit l.nw,., !•;. I!. Tylor, and 
 
 Max MiiiliT wi'iv aiiioiin Hi,. ini.|iili|.|s, iSyg; 
 
 another ass.ieiali. HI loriiii'd in tlic L'liited .StatLS ; ' 
 
 profussor R A. .Manli. invsiiii'iit, . . . 1887 
 
 Sir. T. I). Wpra^ru, '.^ ailicie on a .Marria^,'e ami Mor- 
 
 tiility Table, ill the .loiinial of the Institute of 
 
 Aetuaries.ispriiit.'ilieeonliiiHtoplionetiesiieKinj; 
 
 Julv, ;879 
 SPHERES. The eelestial and terrestrial 
 spheres and sim-dials are ^;iid to have been in- 
 vented liy Anaxiiiiander, ^52 li.c. ; and the arniil- 
 lary sphere by Kratostliei'ies, about 22^ n.c. 'J'he 
 |)lanetariuiii was eonstrueted by Arehiinedes before 
 212 H.c. I'ythii^'oras maintained ,'bat the motions 
 of the twelve spheres must jir duee delifihtful 
 counds, inaudible to mortals, which he called the 
 music of the sjiheres. 
 
 ini;: niaehini 
 for spinnini; 
 cijile of Ha 
 and small n 
 
 , with eylinders. ArUwriu'ht's;i,i,.lii|„, 
 by water was an extension of the nip. 
 rifVeaves; but he also appli,.,l a lin -,' 
 ller to expand the tlireail, l.r frlii.ii l',. 
 took out a patent in 17(19. At tirst lie w.iik,.,!' i,,^ 
 inaehinery by horses; but in 1771 hi- built a ii'iil 
 on tile stream id' the llerwent. at ('ioiiil',,|i| '|' 
 1774-1), Croinpton invented the mule (((■///(■/, »■,',.) 
 
 SPIRES (in Bavaria). The empn-or, 
 many diets at Spires since 1 501), and it was tl„ 
 of the imperial clianiber till 1681), wlini tin' ,,tv 
 was burned by the French, and not rebuilt IJllartiV 
 .leace of ]{yswiek, in 161)7. 'I'be diet tocn- 
 demii the reformers was held at .S]iires, callcil tlnic 
 emperor Charles V. 1529; see i'/y,/,.,/,,,,/, 
 
 the 
 dem 
 bv the 
 
 lii'lil 
 t 
 
 SPIRIT-LEVEL. The invention is 
 to J. Jlclchisedec Thevenot, who died Il,i)2. 
 
 SPIRIT-MOTOR, Mr. Yarrow exphiimu-, 
 the Institute of .Naval Architects his method of,.,,,. 
 plo\inir vajiorised spirit instead of stcaiu in ll;.. 
 propulsion of steim launches, thus dispcn-in'- \\'\\\ 
 the use of a boiler, A:e., Jtarch, iS.S.S. lVtn,|f'i' 
 is used as fuel. 
 
 rnl,nj 
 
 cam 
 
 subject of 
 state; tin 
 
 SPHYGMOGR APH (from the Greek, sphyg. 
 urns, a pulsation), an instrument for investiaating 
 disease, by showinir the state of the pulse, invented 
 *)y M. E. J. .Marev, of I'aris, and described bv him 
 in 1863. 
 
 ■lillcl ill til 
 
 X l..T;;;ih.: 
 
 SPICES- Imported info Great Uritain : 
 tnon and other sjiices, exclusive of pe]iper 
 
 1,910,584 
 
 '2.831.9.S3 
 19,340,817 
 
 einna- 
 ; 184(1, 
 
 1879, 
 1S87, 
 
 1856, 4,1^,107 
 His.; i«77, i7,'i8(j,572 lbs 
 . Ihs. : 1883, 2,344,895 lbs 
 ^3.783.9<jo Ills. : iScp, 23,50.s,4(j3 lbs. 
 
 SPICHEliEN, see Saarinic/:. 
 
 SPINET, a clavichord or keyed instrument, 
 used, in the I7tli ceiitiirv, a niodiiieation of the 
 virginals, ti/nr/, .^rr. Dull, dibbniis, I'lireell, and 
 especially Domeniio Scarlatti composed fir this 
 instrument. 
 
 SPINNING was ascribed bv the ancients to 
 Minerva, the },'oddess of wisdom'. Areas, king of 
 Arcadia, taught his .subjects the art about 1500 11. c. 
 Tradition reports that Lueretia with her nniids was 
 found s]iiniiing. when her husband Collatinus paid 
 u visit to her from the camp, that the wife of Tar- 
 <iuin was an excellent spinner, and that a garment 
 made by her, worn by Servius Tullius, was pre- 
 Berved 111 th<> temple of Fortune. Till 1767, the 
 '.^pinning of cotto!, was perforiued bv Ihe hand 
 ■epinning-wheel, when llargreaves, aii ingenious 
 iiic/'hanic, near Itlackliiirn, made a spinning jenny, 
 with eight siiiiulles, and also erected the tirst earil- 
 
 SPIRITS, see Distillation. In all imti.,!,. 
 
 spirituous liiiuors have been considered as a pn,,,, , 
 
 heavy taxation for the supimrt df ih,, 
 
 duty imjiosed on spirits m |-i(, li,| t, 
 
 much smiignliiig, icliich x,r ; see At,,ihui Jlniin'i 
 
 I llinii, MvtIiiildtftI ISpii-it.s, ll7iis/,-i/, ice. 
 
 , In 1S40 l''.iii;lanil uunlc about ten iiiillions nf .Mlimi, ,,( 
 
 .sinrits, f^cotlaul al.oiil seven millions of :;ailiiiis r.i 
 
 j Irclaml alioiit nine inillioiK of},Mlloiis 
 
 , In i8ii tlic iiunilirror HaMons on which .liitv w;is ini,| 
 
 ; '"'■ I'"" iisuniptioii was 23,976,595. 'Tin- t..!,] 
 
 aiuoiint paid w.'is 6,017,218/., of which j,7,S.i56i Kn- 
 pai.l by Kiigland, 1,252,297/. by Scotlaml, ami i.oo^,-.: 
 by Iidaml. ' 
 
 The total liiityoii liiinie i saiiiiiticii paid in iS;mvi. 
 
 : 6,760,422/. '' 
 
 \ III 185S, 9,195,154/, v.-cre paid as iletv on 27,1- ,■, 
 gallons. ■ "J/-' ■' 
 
 111 1S55, mi'lliiilitlnl spirits of wine, for use in ila.aii.s i-.' 
 sciences, were inailc duty flee. 
 ' III 1859, 27,657,721 fjallonsor spirits ueivili 
 ; Uiiiteil Kiiwloin. The anil'orin iliiiv of ; 
 
 i wasiiai.lon 24,254,403 nallcns for li.' , 
 
 ; liniilucing 0,701,764/. Ill the year iScvft the tii.\ in ' 
 1 duccilaboiii,,, 955,000/., beingtlielar^'est sum tlii-]i.'v,i 
 rai.scd by imlirect taxation. In 1871-2, ,6,706 .4, 
 { (ciistinnsand excise); in 1873-6, 21,295,663/ ;iiiiS".; 
 ■ 20,675, g-..8/. ; ill 1883-4, 18,415,957/. ; in ,3.--..' 
 I 17,312,550/.; in 18689, 17.175.797'. ; ill I--, 
 18,531,277/, ; in 1890 I, 19,263.541/. 
 In 1861 an act was passcil ivpcalini; wlmlh m- in .,.• 
 26 prcviiins acts, and cinlioilyiiu.' all i"t;iil:itiuns luit:," 
 gniil.iiicc of inanaliicturers ami ilealers m s|iint.<. 
 Ill 1S70, about 89,000,000/. spent i.i .■-pirits- ;^^oo, .' 
 by working c!,"sscs. 
 
 Proof spirit.'! ilistilled in the Uniteil Kiii-,1 ii, ,;- 
 
 36,479,648 >.'alloiis (Kiijilaml, 9,551,058; .Sc.itl.iiii 
 16,421, 5ri; Irclaml, 10,1:26,889) in 1S74, 55,i;i ■■' 
 Wilhins ; /liity iiaiil. uw. ii gallon. ^'-^ " 
 
 Exiiorted from the United Kingiloni : 1S76, i,;o- 4:- 
 gallons; iSSo, 2,060,193; 1883, 2,760,041 ;" i--. 
 3,431,320; 1890, 3,658,658; 1893, -1,407282; r,- 
 4,678,862, 
 Aihlitional duty nf &/. per gallon on spirits iiniiosnl 1- 
 Aiail, 1890; ailditiou of 61/., .June, 1894, 
 
 SPIRITS ACT (43 * 44 Vict. c. 24I, pii*.,.! 
 2() .Vug., 1880, ennsoliilated and iiiiicmlcil tin' In- 
 relating to the manufacture and sale of spi.-its. 
 
 SPIRITUAL COMBATANTS rihikl:.. 
 
 bortsy). A Kussian communistic rc|-gi(nis >'• 
 toniicd b) a i|iiaker iiii-sionaiy near llic end ni tii- 
 last century, now settled in 'the (.'aucasii.s :iii",i; 
 20,0(y) ineiiibers. Us leadiim- tenet, the rcliisal ■!' 
 all military service, so important in a country like 
 
[TUAL COMBATANT.-:. 
 
 h ryliiulcra. Ai'kwriL'lit's;!,;,.)!;,;, 
 VMtcr was iin oxtcnsi,,,, ,,|' Hi,'.', ,.1,!. 
 ivos; lint he also ii|i|ili,.,l ;, ].,,.„,, 
 to cxpaiiil the tliri'iiil, i;,r tvlii.ii |"„ 
 t ill 1 :()(). At lirst li,. WHiknl h . 
 iscx; hut ill 1771 li,. l,uilt ,1 u'.il 
 '{ till' Doi'Wfiit. at frniiifnnl i,, 
 1 invontod the mule (»■/,»■/, .«,, ■ 
 
 u ]iavai-ia). The cmiiirni^; j),.|,i 
 ires since 1 5()<). ami it \v.i< tl,,. .. ,1 
 chaiiilier till lOiSi), wlun th,. , j,- 
 e Kr-ucIi, and nut leliuilt till ;i|t('r 
 swii'k, ill lO'i;. Theilii.t tnn.n. 
 ■rs was held at Sjiiivs, o;,lle,l tin iv 
 hai-les V. 1529; see Prulisha,!-,. 
 
 VEL. Tlic inveiitiuii is a.-iTiluJ 
 Thevennt, wlui died i(<)3. 
 
 TOR, Mr. Yarrow exiilainni ■ 1 
 aval Aivhiteets his method uIhii. 
 1 spirit instead of steam in ih,. 
 Ill launehes, thus dispcii-iii- «j||i 
 er, A:e., Mareh, 18X8. Petmliini 
 
 see l)i.ilill,ilioii. Ill 111! nuti..i,< 
 
 havi' heen e(iiisideri.|l us a piMi,,,,. 
 
 taxation tor the support of the 
 
 niposed (111 spirits m x-^t \,-,\ u 
 
 ir/iir/i .sir; see Jlmliul, llnini'i, 
 
 !lde iilnii-.t tea liiillions i.f jj.illniis ,.( 
 alioiit sm-.'u milliniisur -allmis -.m 
 r MlillioMs (if f,'ail,iiis 
 rof gallons <oi wliirli .hitvwa.s p:ii,l 
 M'tioii was 23, 976.^96. ■■riir tiiMi 
 
 0,017.213/., nf wliii'h J.7i8.l86/. IV.T- 
 
 ,252,297/. liy Seotlaiid, ;ui,l 1,006,7;::. 
 
 lonie eoiisuiuptioii paM in 1855 wa, 
 
 were paid as det.v .111 27.370,, :i 
 
 ]iirits of wine. f,ir ii.<,. ii, i],,, ai-ts ,• ,' 
 ill' duty five. 
 
 all.nis of spirits w.'iiMlisiillcil in 11,.. 
 Tlie anifiinn iliily of 8.,-. piTLMii,:, 
 
 ,4,403 Kallelis Inr llolMiM'iilisiniipll,:,' 
 
 ;i4'. 111 tlie year iSovdllii' tax ]■■■■■ 
 i.ooo/. , lieing t he iar^'i'st siiiM tlii-ii . Vi : 
 ■t taxation. In 1871.2, w.7c,i.^i.. 
 se); 111 1875-6, 21,21,5,563/ liniS;--;, 
 
 1S83-4, 18,435,95-1/, ;' III I?;.'.;, 
 i388 9, 17,175,797/. ; ill i3;> ..■, 
 90 I, 19,263,541/, 
 
 lia,s.sed rejieaiiiit; \vliii]|v,,r in put 
 iiid einliodyiui.' all I'rnlaiieii.i fut lii.- 
 I'aetun-rs and dealers in spirits, 
 0,000/- sjiellt ill spirits ; 58,tioo.,':v' 
 
 d in the United Kiii;;.l,ini in u-:. 
 s (Kii).daiid, 9,551.058: !<cellii.L 
 d, 10,526,889) ill 1874, 35,i;.-.."; 
 1. lo.«. II j;illloli. 
 
 United Kiii^'doni : 1876, 1,30.". 4:-^ 
 2,060,193; 1S35, 2,760,041; i::w, 
 
 3,658,658; 1803, .•!,407,262; i;i 
 
 •I. pi?rf!aMoii on sjiirits impnsid i: 
 on of 6(/., .Iiiiie, 1894. 
 
 r (4.3 & 44 Viet. 0. 34), pii*.fJ 
 soliilatod and amendeil tin' In' 
 uifaeture and sale of spi.'its. 
 
 COMBATANTS fliukl; • 
 
 ian eominunistie rel'^nais >- ■ 
 r ini-sioiiary near ihe eiiil ui lii- 
 settled ill the C'liuciisiis, iilwut 
 Its leadiiiu' tenet, the rehisal "f 
 , so important in a country like 
 
 SPIliITUALI8M. 
 
 1037 
 
 Kii.sia. has led to its reiiression and severe nuiilsh- 
 ,„,.i,t. Ihe seet also opji,„t., l,,,,.,! trihimals, eatlis 
 ,,t,. hter Aerimiin, their enei-eth' leader, wa,.! 
 ,..vilt'(l to Siheria, l,Hc)4-:; ; ,.„niit I,eo Tidslny -ive 
 a lirsei-iption of the seet and its tiilleriiigs, V/Vz/ev' 
 jj Dct. 1895. t'oiitiiiuea liroseeution of the seet' 
 Uit. I*/). ' ' 
 
 SPIRITUALISM or .SPIRIT-RAPriVr} 
 
 Spiritual iiiaiiite,stations (.s„ ealled) lie-an it is s'lid' 
 in .imi'i-ica ahout iHiH, and attraefed attention in 
 this eomitry ahoiit I.S51, in the shape of rap,iin<- 
 I,,|,le-turiini^', .V-e. Manv inquisitive or erednlous 
 pfr,..oiis visited Mr, Daniel Diinnlas Hiune or Home 
 and Mr. i'or.ster, mded "spiritual mediums " j|,. ' 
 Home, seeretary of the .Spiritual .VtheniL'um, Slo-i'ne- 
 
 ■*■';'• 9,"'''"'"-,I'",'''','-~''''''' i" ^^''i- " Iniddeiits of 
 my Lifi', 111 which lie states that the onlv lieneKt 
 he Jcrived (rom the "fjiff wn.s the eoiivineiii" 
 iiiniiy iinlielu'vers o( the eertaintv of 11 life fn conie'^ 
 llic Tnii/s, April, May, M,H.' The " Spiritini 
 .Maw/me" he-an Jan. iHOo; the "Sninftiali.st '•■ 
 ,iXuV. 1869, The London Dialectieal society puh- 
 lislii'd a report on spiritualism in Nov, 18-1' Jd- 
 .afterwards sir) Win. Crookes, in l87I.invesl'i..aU'd' 
 liie phenomena, nul ascrihed them to " psvehic 
 tn'f" ("Quarterly Journiil of Science," Juh' ,|,|,i 
 Oct. 1871). Miss Kate Fox, said to he the ea'rliest 
 .inunriin medium (ahout 1852) was miirried to Mr 
 H. D. Jeiicken, in London, Dec. 1872. 
 Ill,' imiiostiin'softlie Davenport liros. exposeil in ,86- 
 lii 1874 .Messrs. Maskelyne and Cooii,., and I)r i y,,,^' 
 isliil'ited tricks liy wliieli tlieysaid they deiiioii.strat,.,i 
 till' imposture ol spiritualism. 
 Sliritualisiii discns.seil liy a si'ition of tlio Dritisli \sso. 
 iianoaatt_ila.sp)W(siiiiportedliv .Messrs Win Cmokcs 
 .V, HiisscI Wallace, and otlier'einineut iiieiij, witliuut 
 n-siilt. 12 IScpt. 1876. 
 .-3>|.iriliialist.ionnials publisliin^'. 1876 
 in, lli'iirv Slade, a medinin, and Ueotfi'ey .Simnioiis lii, 
 a^■.lstallt, dialled at How-street liv ],n,f K Hay i an 
 kcstiT 1111.1 others, witli " uiilawfully usin^r ,:,,rtain 
 siilitlc and cnilty means and devices to deceive"- 
 lii'alt \ til under Va.^'rallt Act ; 2, 10, 20 Oct • .Sim' 
 
 imiiis Uiscliaiwd, Slade sciitimceil to j 1 itlis' im' 
 
 l.risoiiiiii'iit with hard laliour, 3, Oct. ,876; .sentence 
 .|Uiislied for a teclinieal error, 29 .Ian 1877 
 Will. Ijiwri'nce sciiteneed to 3 months' iinprisomncnt for 
 
 n'ccivnig money as a eiliuin," 16 ,Iaii. 1877 
 
 liitwiiiitioiial congress of siiiritiialists, Mr. E D-iwson 
 lioRcrs president, at St. James's Ha|l, 21 June el se., 
 1:93. ^' 
 
 See TriiUs, :88i. 
 
 iSPRIXGFIELD. 
 
 ■7'.''d.v,,3f,6;lloni.sni„lTin.|.is 
 
 '(■!!n,f'''""^V"'^'"""''N"''''er.'e;r' 
 •<'ii»-a,vaiMl„iii„,,|„||',,i, ["'". 
 
 NPITZCAP, se 
 
 1897. 
 
 1. 17 Ailj;. ; 
 
 U|iilliiTe\. 
 
 , -liliie, 
 
 sir W. .M. 
 
 1897 
 
 'ortned 
 
 ■d cjlii.tly 
 
 -Middle A; 
 
 of 
 
 Jflljll/lll, 
 
 >s;f^^;ke^^'['V=^'^'"^^' 
 
 :;;,:rj;7'^-/'-o,,;;,,,:!;:;;-,:;i::, 
 
 i-'- ui;ui;;;i;v;';';iaz.k'';'; ^'""i- 
 
 ;»■'"'■ ,-ii>:'.io;;'::,i::;;!/'"-' -■"■«'"-• -''1 
 
 loi' ahout 4(j„,00()/., 17 
 
 hilt 111 
 
 [iiint 
 
 iiris 
 
 , , ■■ -' ■• ahout 7;. 
 
 Ill ahout 5iK),(KK)/. was soW 
 . '»]iril-i7 Jim,.. liSi)^ 
 
 ''-k:!;(^^^=^i^:« ,«>MBrsTi()N or the 
 
 possihlo. iiltli ,,,.,.1 I .'.'•V"'\ '■'"■'","•'■•' '" '"■■ ">'- 
 
 ^'"•lo-siieeial -M 1'.- ';,/''';";',''^'''''0il'"i'ti766), 
 f-'orms'are r ' ^ly Ji dowS^ "tlier.s assert that thescv 
 the atinospheilC 1 .n.?. '''!'''■ '■''; ''•^'^'"'gin 
 '•iiillv M. I'oiiiliet ■iid li ' -^ 1'" TdD. and e.spe- 
 t''af these ^enl s',;"'l S, ^^llf!" '^ '^^^ "'^^'r* 
 "■•franie moleeulcs.-^P, ' :;''V j> /'"■"'^:''- ']Y^ "^ 
 I"'a'-"i in I8S9. liast ,'s . Ti ^.''''\'-"!l''"f' .ip- 
 TS--5 Ti ^^ "•isiian s lieirinnini's of T i'f<, " 
 I?/ 2. TheresearchesofprofessorTyMdair, ' 
 
 pcared in 1859. 
 
 SPITALFIELDS (East London), so named 
 from the pnnry of St. Ifiirv Siiittle, dissolved icjj 
 Here the French protestant refugees settled and 
 established the silk manufiicture in 168^. In con- 
 sequence of ennmiercial changes the weavers en- 
 dured much distress ahout 1829. 
 
 SPITHEAD, n roadstead near the Spit, a sand- 
 tank between Portsmouth imd the Isle of Wi'-ht 
 See ^al■al Iteiiewn, under Navi/ of England. " 
 
 SPITZBERGEN, an archipelago in the 
 ireticoceim, discovered in 1553 hy sir Hugh Wil- 
 ou;hby, w-hu culled it Greenland, supposing it to 
 tie a piirt of the western continent. In I Wt; it wis 
 a<itc(l by Barents and Cornelius, two liutchmcn 
 "?," ff'^ti '" •"-' "'•', <"isi"al discoverers, ami 
 taUea It bpitzhergen, or shnrp inountiiins, from the 
 manv shiirp pointed and rocky mountains with 
 wliieh It iibounds ; see I'hippn. 
 
 .i«neiitific,.i|ieditmii toSpitzlK'rKen orRniiized by 
 Herri!t,iii).din of .SfottKart. le!t Bremen ,-,l„„it H, 
 Jiii.v ; returiiiiil . . ^ , y „ 
 
 .Isexiwiitiuii miller sir Martin Conway; Mr Trevo,-: ^^' 
 llUtje anil others arrive.sut Adyentiiiy, 20 June • 
 tiMses from west to east, reachhig Ag.irdh Uiy," 
 
 I'.v the laliori, ,« niiir, s CO ,v '',' '^"J-"'"'' 'li-^I'rove>» 
 W. H. l)alliiig,'r, 87X . ^^^^^^^^^ ""^• 
 
 ■""cl.«rcateHieat?(;^npcftf;;"!;;,Sr "' ^'™^ " 
 
 inSi'^KTs^^lPAPERH: Bell-s Life 
 
 «.??n5?T.?^i^:%';/:°»V"f Sports," under 
 king James i^irM.v",D''"Tir'''' ''"•^'r^n^ V 
 
 violent.^ nmf^.sy':m^;.I^^;^:,;;|r ' '■"'" «'?'' 
 points; see .VaM^/a"-:; J,'^^ ;''^'!l^>^"t"i;j 
 was ordered to he burnt hv tlu' Intm^"!'^?;:^. 
 sports were suppressed by the p Smt T » 
 sportsman's annual exhibition, at t g -ulturi? 
 null, London, began in 1882. The "'SmHi«n 
 Lemjm" established to maintain litis, 1''^ 
 m opposition to the Anti-i ,,;'!., ,,» 
 
 puhhshedFeb. ,897. ^^.^. lUidinu^tThbl:' 
 
 £t^tf^b^h^-'?^^^"'^^--^-- 
 
 Lyonfio Aug.'86,!'"'' "''''' ="""'''' Nathaniel 
 
 If^n 
 
 I'i 
 
 ' I I 
 
 1^ 
 
 ,.^ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 % 
 
 fo 1;/ 
 
SPURS. 
 
 1038 
 
 STANDARD. 
 
 SPURS. Anoiontly tlio (lifTcroiiop between tlu- 
 klli^'ht mid esqiiin' \vn^, tlint the knight wore Kilt 
 «inirs (e^iiei iiKraliix), and tlie esquire silver ones. 
 Two sorts of s])urs seem to liiive been in use at the 
 time of the Conquesl, one called a pryck, having 
 only a single jioint, the other a nuniherof points of 
 •considi'vilile size. Spurs nearly of the present kind 
 ■came into use ahout 1400; 8vv'J'l(iti)if/. 
 
 SPURS, Rattle of. Henry VIII. of Eng- 
 land, the einperor .Ma.xiniilian, and tho S\vis,s, in 
 1^13, entered into an oll'ensive alliance against 
 France. Henry VIII. lniuled at Calais in the 
 month of July, and soon formed an army of 30,000 
 men. He was joini'd by the emperor \vith a good 
 ■corps of hor.<e and some foot, the einperor as a iiw)-- 
 <e)iar;i to the kiiif; of Kii;:land, who allowed him a 
 liundred ducats a day for his tabic ! Thev invested 
 Teroiienne with an army of so,OfX) men"; and the 
 due do Lonsueville, manhinfr to its relief, was 
 eignally defeated on the j6th of August, at Guine- 
 gate. This battle was popiilirly called the battle 
 of Spiirx, because the French used their -ipitrs more 
 tlian their xwarils. The name was really obtained 
 from the village of Spoura near which it was 
 fought, l.nlf/,: The Knglish king laid siege to 
 Tournay, which submitted in a few days. Hinault. 
 Sec Coiirtrai, for another "battle of spurs." 
 
 S. S., sec Collar. 
 
 STABAT MATER, a Latin hymn, by Jaco- 
 \inne, 14th century, sung during Passion week in 
 Catholic churches." Kossini's music to this hymn 
 (1842) is often performed. 
 
 STADE DUES. At a castle near the town of 
 Stade, in Hanover, certain dues on goods were 
 •charged by the Hanoverian government. The 
 British government settled these dues in 1844. 
 They were resisted by the Americans in iSyc;, 
 and were abolished in .Tune, l86[. Great Britain 
 paid if>o,onol. as her share of the compensation 
 <3,ooo,ooo/.). 
 
 STADIOX, see A//iciis and Oli/mpic Games, 
 
 STADTHOLDER, sec irollanrl. 
 .STAFF COLLEGE fSandhur.st), for pro- 
 viding' an education to ()ualifv military officers for 
 the duties of the staff. The foundation stone was 
 laid by the duke of Cambridge on 14 Dec. 1859. 
 
 STAFFORD, Staffordshire, a .Saxon town. A 
 •castle was erected liere bv Kthelfleda, counte.sa of 
 Mercia, qi?. A charter was granted by king John, 
 1207, and the irrammar-scliool was reb'uilt and en- 
 •dowed by Kihvard VI., ijijo. Topulition, 1881, 
 •9.977; 1891, 20,270. 
 
 STAGE COACHES, so called from tho stages 
 or inns at which the coaches stopped to refresh 
 and change liors(>s. Ilnili'!/. The stage-coach duty 
 net pas.sed in 1785. These coaches were made sub"- 
 ject to salutary provisions for the safety of passen- 
 gers, in l8lO;'to mileage duties, 181:;. The acts 
 were consolidated in 1832, and nmendcd in 1833 and 
 1842. See Mtiil Conches, kc. 
 
 STAGYRITE, properly Stagirite, sec Aris- 
 
 totclt(l)i. 
 
 STAMFORD BRIDGE (Vork). In 1066 
 Tostig, brother of Harold II., rebelled against his 
 brother, and joined the invadine armv of Harold 
 Hardrada, king of Norway. They defeated the 
 northern earls and took York, but were defeated at 
 Stamford-bridge by Harold, 25 Sept., and were both 
 slain. The loss by tliis victory no doubt led to Lis 
 
 defeat at Hastings, 14 Oct. following. 'J'Ik el,.!,, ,f 
 Mr. William Grey for the mrlilom of Sl(i,„t',,i','i 
 was granted by the house of Lords, 3 A{ay, i>i,p ' 
 
 STAMP-DUTIES. By 22 & 2^ rhml,.. ir 
 
 (1670-I) duties were imposed on certiilii leu;,] d,,,,,. 
 meiita. In l6<)4 a duty was imposi'd apna ,,.„,.," 
 vellum, and parchment! The stamii-ilnty nu \.\u'. 
 papers was commeni'cd in 1711, and .'•vcrv v^i- 
 added to the list of articles upon which .■.lani'p.du.v 
 was made payable. ' ■ 
 
 Stamp act, wliicli onlcrcl a stanii) to be allhcl to 
 nil lc;.'iil (locaaicnts, in tlic colonics, nml !licr,.|,v 
 to assist tlicrcvi'ii\icorOn'at liritiiiii \v:is |,:i».„.,i 
 22 March, 1765. It cxi'itc.l ;;n'iit opiiosiii,], j,! 
 N. Ann'rica, witli rioting, and consfc|u..miv „„, 
 rc|Hvili>(|, 21 K,.li, ,7(5fi. The n-sistiuin' of ti,.. 
 colonists to taxation, without rcprcscniiiticii ii, 
 parliament. Icil to the American war, i77:;-S! 
 
 Stamp (hities in Ireland coninienceil . 
 
 Stani|is on iiolis and bills of exehan'-'c in ' ' ,..\ 
 
 The sl.'imp-ilnties prmliieeil ill EuKlan.l, in ,Soo ,i ''"' 
 revenue nf 3,126,51.;;, 
 
 Many alteratimis made in 185:1 and 1857. In ,i„||„ 
 1855, the alamii-ilnty on aewsjiapers as such \v;h 
 tot.'illy alir.lislieil ; the stamp on them being lien.-t. 
 forth for piist.-il pnrpo.se.s. 
 
 In .Inly anil .\ug. 1854. iq,ii5,ooonewa]m|ierstaiiih< 
 were issned; in the same iiiiiiiths, 1355, „i,lv 
 6,87<3,ooo. 
 
 Drafts on bankers to be stainiipil , , ,5., 
 
 Aililitional stamp ihities were enactcil in 1860 (on 
 liMsi's, bills (if cxeliaiiK'e, dnek warranls, ext^,1H^ 
 from registers of liirtlis, Are.) ; in 1861 (on leas.'s 
 licences to hoa.sc-a(.'ents, (tc). ' 
 
 Htanip-ilatics reilneeil in 1864. 1865. 
 
 All fees payable in the sn|ierior courts of law. .after 
 31 Dec. i8fi5, arc to bi' I'ollccti'd by »tani|is,'liy,iii 
 act [las.scd in June, 1865. Also iii Puljli,. Rwopl 
 otilcc ,;,-, 
 
 141. fi2.3,oi4 inland revenue penny stamiw snlii \k- 
 sides other stamjis ' ,« 
 
 ny the Stamp acts, 10 Aag, 1S70, newsiiapir'st.iiiiiis 
 were abolished after • • . . i (lit i"- 
 
 Xew stampdnties imposeil ; came into pllvft i.Iiiii, ,-■ 
 
 11'. I eijit ami postage stamps used lor eaeli etlni' 
 
 J'"'''', ..■ . ■ ; ^ .• • • 1 .i"i,.'. ,;:, 
 
 stamp-lint ics imiiosi^d on foreiiin or colonial sliate 
 
 certillcates, lionils, &e. liy Customs Act. 185;, 
 A new consolidating act relating to sfjiinps passfil, 
 -, . 21 .Jiilv f .1 
 
 Certain exemptions made by the Fiimnoe Aot, 
 
 _,, , 71 Jtllv. i;oi 
 
 Tim changes are noticed in the Finaneo Act nassiM 
 aumially. 
 
 AMOUNT OF STAMP nfTlKS HKCKIVKD IX IIIC 
 UN-ITKI) KISOIIOM. 
 1840 . . ..€(1,726,817 
 
 1845 . . . 7.710,683 
 
 1850 . . . 6.558,332 
 
 1855 ■ • . 6,803,605 
 
 i860 (to 31 Mar.) 8,040,00! 
 
 1865 . . . 9,542,645 
 
 1870 . . . 9,288,553 
 
 1876 . , , ir, 023, 374 
 
 1880 . . . 11,306,914 
 
 1R81 , , , 11,933,114 
 
 1S82 . . . 12,348,175 
 
 1883" . , . 11,691,025 
 
 1884 . , . 11,681,431 
 
 1885 . . . 11,886,185 
 
 STANDARD for gold and silver in En.'lanil 
 fixed bylaw, 1300. Standard gold issjpiimM 
 of 24 of pure gold, tho other two parts or cmti 
 being silver or eoi)|)er. The standard ofsilrerii 
 II oz. 2 dwts. of tine silver alloyed with i8chvts.»f 
 copper, or 37 parts out of 40 lu'ire silver, iiiiJ itrii; 
 parts copper. In 13CXI these ij o;r. nf Kilnrw? 
 coined into 20 shillinifs ; in 1412 thcv were coi'ii! 
 into 30 shillings ; andin 152711110 45 'shilliiijs. In 
 
 * Fee and patent stamps uow omitted. 
 
 1SS6 . 
 
 . flI,6oo.!:t 
 
 .887 , 
 
 . . II,7So.:;; 
 
 i833 . 
 
 . 13,05^;-.) 
 
 1889 . 
 
 . . w,370.»j 
 
 1890 . 
 
 • . l3,c6o.a» 
 
 1891 
 
 . . I3.4'3" 1 
 
 1802 . 
 
 . I3.:,»p:4 
 
 .?9.i . 
 
 • • '1.735.;!] 
 
 1894 . 
 
 . 12.73;,.?:; 
 
 1S95 
 
 . . 14,440.7.) 
 
 1S96 . 
 
 . . 7,130.:.?] 
 
 1897 
 
 . . 7,;5o,Lxo 
 
 1898 . 
 
 . 7,6.'o,M 
 
 :.]UM 
 

 STANDARD. 
 
 iiljs, 14 Orf . follnwiiiff. T],,. ^5,,;^ j 
 firi'V for the nir/i/niii of S/iimf:iiil 
 y tlio lio\isc' of Lords, 3 y[:\y, iSii: ' 
 
 )UTIES. li.V 22 & 2^ riiuis II 
 H were impnsrd nil I'crtiilii li-ul d,,, „. 
 'x)4 11 duty was inipciscil up,,,, ,,,|,,,„" 
 ii-chiiicTit; Tlio staiiip-iliity III, ■,.'x'.'. 
 iminenccd in 171 [, imd ,'.vitv ,.. r 
 ist of iirtitdea ujiou which .-lamp-du'v 
 iiblo. '■ 
 
 I'll nnlfml n stnini) to Iio lUllxi'd tn 
 ini'rits, ill tlii> culiiiiii-i, nii,| il„.,.,.|,y 
 
 CVI'lllKMjf (Jn'ilt Ulilllill \v;is |,;l,<„j, 
 
 65. It I'xrili'd ;;n'Ht oipjiosili ir ir 
 Willi riiitiiiK, and (■()iis..,|ii,.„iiv «■,< 
 Fi'li. i7fi(i. Till' ri'siNtiiiic' i,r ti,.. 
 axatiiiii, witlioiit ri'iirisiMHiui,,,, ,,, 
 Ml tn llic AiiMTican war, 177^-31. 
 Irrland coniniriM-t'il , / '\ 
 
 H HTlil liiils nf CNcliallL'l' ill . ' ' 
 
 >'s |i!-n.|iiuocl ill England, in ,3oo, ,i 
 
 s made in 1853 nnd 1857. In .lim,. 
 ip duty on iicwspaiicrs as sndi \v:i< 
 n'd ; till' stamp on tliciii ln-inKlu'n'i'- 
 iil piirpnsi's. 
 
 ,'. 1854. i9,ii5,oooiii'ws]in]ii.,-st,im|n 
 in tliu same iiinntlis, iSjj, nulv 
 
 'I'S tn lii> staiiipod . . , ,;.j 
 
 ;p duties wiTc inactcd in i8(Jo(nn "' 
 ' cxi'liaii^c, doi'k warrants, I'Xtinrt'. 
 i of liiiths, Arc.) ; in 1861 (011 leas"s 
 iiso-.aKciits, A'o.). 
 diici'il ill 1864, 1863. 
 in till' supi'vinr cnnrts of law. afliT 
 irii to lu' I'olli'cti'd liy stamps, liv ,111 
 lunn, 1865. Also in Pulilic' liworl 
 
 id I'cvi'iiuc penny stamps sold, !«• 
 
 'laiw ,;.-j 
 
 ■Is, 10 Anj,'. 1S70, iiewspnpiT.stamiis 
 I after . . . . , (i.t. ,:■■ 
 es imposed ; came intnelfeet i.liin., i-; 
 linstaye stamps used fore.aeli cilli.r 
 
 ■ . . ■ . .1 .Inn,'. 1;;, 
 ipnsed on forei^'ii or enlmiial sli.ut' 
 aids, fip. liy Customs Ael, 183;. 
 iliiii! act relating to stamps pawnl. 
 
 21 .Iiilv r;i 
 :1011s iiiado by the Fiiiiinci' Ai-t. 
 II ,Inlv. 
 noticed in the Finance Act passnl 
 
 ■' STAMP Dl'TlKS liKCKlVKD IX THE 
 U.N'ITKI) KIXllIIUM. 
 £6,726,817 iSSC . , iu,''-p-'; 
 
 7.7I0.6S3 1.537 . . . II,7"'.:. 
 
 6,558,332 l833 . . . ,,,,:-■ :■ 
 
 6,805,605 i?S9 , . . i,'.2--,.,, 
 
 ) 8.040,00! iSgo , , , n.oMv.i 
 
 9,54^,645 1891 , , , „,^,;.- : 
 
 9,288,553 l302 . , . i;;;-.;-, 
 
 ■ ",023,374 i?93 . . . ,;.;;;,.., 
 
 11,306,914 1S94 . . . i2,7;-.,;:: 
 
 • '1.933,114 1S95 . . . 14.44:... 
 
 12,348,175 IS96 . . . 7,;;:.. .^ 
 
 11,691,025 1397 . , . 7,::. ., 
 
 11,681,431 1893 . , , IS-::-: 
 11,886,185 
 
 ID for (told and silver in EnjlanJ 
 [300. Staiiihird gold is 22 part* at 
 gold, the otlier two parts or oariti 
 r copper. The standard ofsilviri» 
 3f fine .silver alh.yed with 18 (l»ls. "f 
 arts out of 40 ])ure silver, and thne 
 In fjon tlii'se 12 07. nf silver aws 
 shillings; in 1.J12 tliey were foi'v! 
 ;s; andiii 1527 into 45'shilliiirJ. In 
 
 ad patcut stamps uuw omilteJ. 
 
 STANDARD. 
 
 1039 
 
 i 
 
 Vi^-' ■« I ii- '■"""''' ^"^ "f-'lver and 6 0?.. of 
 
 ..lloyinto 48 shillinss ; ,„„! t n year h i, ,, 
 
 , 02. ot. silver nnd H „■,. „c alloy i„,„ },„ ,,,„, ;, ' 
 thzalielh, in 1,5(0, i-,'sto,-e,l the old stand.^rd n 
 (oshillin-s; .mil in Hioi in 02 .sliiljiii<r, 'I'l, , ; 
 
 avora'-'c proportions of silver to .^., t "tlie rovnl 
 
 mint are 1 ,.* to 1. I he slondard of pinle and .silver 
 mannfaetiirrs was iitlirincl, (, (i,,„ 1 ,-,,, ^f '. 
 itfGiilil, (,\Mw,i//,,s, .s;/n r, Chm,/,,, tnd Ciirniil'i/'. 
 
 .STANDARD .AIEASURES In the rei.,. 
 oftJijirahiw was made to pri'veiit frauds nri.iu" 
 nmi tlie diversity o( niensiires, and for the es|n- 
 IJlslinient ot a le-al standard measure to he u^'d 
 in every part oi his ,l,,ii,i,iions. 'I'lie slaiidnrd 
 ve«.ls made hy order of the kin- were deposiU'd 
 the >ity of \,.iel,ester and hence originated the 
 well-known teriii of '• Winchester measure" of ,0 
 time ot Henry \ II. (m,S7). The hushel so „,; 
 IS still pre.served m tlie iniiseum of that ci ■ 
 lloiiryl. aso, to prevent frauds in the measure." i 
 nirlit of eloth, ordered a standard yard of the leii'-th 
 oflusownarmtohe made and deposited at Win 
 .hosier. Willi the standard measures nf kin- Fd.- •' 
 The tiiiihlhall eoutaiiis the standard nieiilsiu-es of ' 
 sueiccding sovereigns. V,„wlr,>.~Thi- standard i 
 weis'lits am measures were settled bx- i.arliaine , 
 m|824. Ihc IKiniid.troy was to he-S7<« «!, 
 ami the poum avoirdupois 7000 Rniins. ThJ. I 
 ••Samard vard o( i7f„V' in the eustoih- of He I 
 eerkof thehouseof eouimons, was declared to he 
 the Inipcrml bfiiiidard yard and the unit of niei- ' 
 ^iiroi of extension This standard liaviiig heen ' 
 destroyed hy he lire in .834. a new commissi" \ 
 as appointed to recons-.uet it, and researches Z < 
 this inirpose, ,n contoruiitv with the act, which i 
 directed the comparison of the standard with „ 
 femliihmi vihratiiijr seconds of time in the l;ititiide 
 London were he^^uii hy Fr.mcis Ijailv (died i 
 844 , cont.mied hy the rev. U. Sheepshanks t 
 hisdeatii III I.SS5, and completed hv G If \i -v 
 jistrononicr rovat: I„ ,855 was nassed " an iu't ll 
 loMlisiiif; an.l preserving- the lost standards of 
 «,i;hts and measures. ' The parliamen.arv copie 
 
 STAR-CHAMBER. 
 
 ""O'cut mansini of s r I.',. ,!,:i .^ . '■'"^"■Niire, the 
 .^-: I'cc. |8,S2' valiill .'''''■''-'"''' ''ilHit 
 
 \-c., destrnvH. ' """•'''''■ l""-'nuls, l„4„|,,, j,..^..,, 
 
 '•'-awofsund;-^;;!;" '^,wr'/-^"'liv""r""' 
 
 was premier and chnie.'ll ,. V 1 ' ',' '^'aiilmpe 
 (al'tcnv.'irds e ) C , , ' "'i',' \ '■^'' '-M.cr; l,.,!d 
 Sunderland am/ j ' ,' V d : ;;""'."""';' '.■""' "'' 
 ■-^f^"!', \c. Ill March i-iS ' '*'''■'>■'■■"■»■'' of 
 
 tl- e«,.l of Suuderhimlfi" ;.;:,-. »-S"«l,"nd 
 
 ^^STANHOPE DEMON,STRATOR, see 
 
 'if the staml.ird 
 
 ■ ^ ..V. t'>...i,iiu,-iuor\ con 
 pound and yard are ('.epoiiteil 
 
 -- -•■-■•■■.■-. ,.v.,.in. ,,,m ,,i,,i are ("positei at 
 the lioyal ( hser^■atory, (Greenwich. The stai d'l.v 
 ™,Ms and measuH's act was passed Ai:;^806 
 X "" ' """ ^"''''■■''''■'' '•^■l'°"3. 1806 
 
 TliouMst,yidar,I .vard and other iiiensiircs and wci-lifs 
 supposed to liave heci, l.iirnt at the lire <"f f , c 7 : ' 
 liei, liolises 111 ,834, were discovers Ijy " ■ 'u , ■: 
 ii;-'"ms III the ,(oiiri.,il (itiiec where tloV !,■ ,1 1 
 d;l»i;ited and left i„i„„,ie,',r, 1 V, /.g/ T , ^2 
 
 "iSTANDARD," conservative newsnaner • 
 tern.,, norm,,,,, ,827; evening, 29 June, Iss?.' ' 
 
 STAXDAKDiS, see Bmuiers, Flans ko Tim 
 
 practice „, the army of usins a c'ross on tanda. s 
 
 shields IS due to the asserted niiracu „,; . 
 
 oof a cross to Coiistantine, previously to is 
 totlewithJIaxentius; Kusehius'says that he re. 
 mved us s,a,c,,,e,,t from the enipeiv,; hin s If 
 
 T, 1 i • V "'l'''"' ''■•''<-' '•"'" ma.ssacred hy the 
 liaUsh populace for looki.,.. n„ it _t|.i. -,■,■, 
 
 ta. SrAxiLvui, was tir^ hoisled 01 the To u^ 
 
 l^'ti^^^^l^^nVi^^ ..^ 'PT-E^'H-moX. 
 
 «>iia'nntendent, ,!peue V 4,1 1 P])'-^^^-^'. '■I^icf 
 «lm't, 24 M.archA'lnsed V N;.v l;/;""'''-^' ^'""'"^ 
 
 -^;^'a:f;:si;;rl;:;^;!,>ii^'';--''..o;t,.i,s, African 
 
 .eels collecte,! l,v I i- ,,'.,' '['.""■'' "'t'tcstillK ol,- 
 ^ stone, „i„l other ?rav!.II,',':!r""-'' ^'■'"•' «""l"-', J"'',,- 
 
 ■ ?'"'/':;:[;:;; rn!niul;'cxiSi,n:n''i!!:^\['''' ^'■'■"'- 
 
 <oi' placiii- I, sleanicr 011 t, v "'""""■'""' 
 ■; -May), agreed to a .^ m .,',;:; ^,r'V;'"\-^>a„/.i 
 
 wi^l^MlilffiSTSnfl., .„„,.„„ ,„,.„. 
 
 ^^tin'i/:^^-,,il2--;^.;;.^Jedh,.pnrlia. 
 
 nercsacf was passed in i.SO,,; an, 1 e.-ae't i„ ^ss-' 
 
 i 1 St miaries court (abolition) act p s d /; 
 
 •Vu-. i8(/,, came into force, i Jai, 180- ' ' '-^ 
 
 ;.na »o".eti,;,es .'L tit "anrch:;.'..''"- 1*""' 
 
 oft;i:'ftiS)%n:-;:!;!s;;r'^S:-'" ('-'■''-- 
 "fyi^i^k^^reiifS'i;:' ';'■'"'"""' "* i'"^ '"» •" 
 
 't is soft a iT fri, hi '!.,','! 'r™ ""'!"■'! "'^ater: 
 
 3le Vll ?]^".7"'' ."■!'« "'^tituted or revivej, 
 i V"^"- »ii- I48O, for trials by a conimitti>e of tl,' 
 
 thaita, as it dealt with civil aud criiiiiuul causes 
 
 !.'•■' 
 
 
 ,i 
 
 1':*! ii i1 
 
 
 !'^ 
 
 ;* 
 
 i 
 
 
 ' 1 M li.'^'^tnil 
 
 
 iil'pW 
 
 

 It: 
 
 .:. »-M 
 
 f! 
 
 
 STAU OF INDIA. 
 
 1040 
 
 HTATItSTICH. 
 
 utitVltiTi'il liy llif rules <it' liiw, In Cliiirlis I.'s 
 rt'iK" it I'.xciriwd its (ihwit ii|iiiii scvrriil li ild iiiiin- 
 viitiirs, wild (fldi'ird 111 llicir siiHiriii,i,'s, and cnii- 
 triliiiti'd til rriidrr },"ivi'niiiii'iil odiiuis mid inii- 
 tcniplildi'. Il WHS iiliulislic'd in lli.|ii. TlnTr wrir 
 in tills cuiiil (niiii 2(1 In .(2 jiidui's, till' liinl idiiiii- 
 Cldlol' llllvillL.' till' riistilii; vnicc, Tllr jlldirilll nilll- 
 
 niilli'i' 111' till' |iiii> loiiiiiil is till' Stiii'-i'liiiiiilii'r 
 revivi'd iiiidri' aiiiilliir niiiiii'. 
 
 STAU OF INDIA, n nrw mdiT nf kni..'lit- 
 ho"d fur liiili;i, iiistitiiti'd liy li'iirrs piiti'iit 25 l''ili., 
 pazi'tti'd 25.111111', iSdl, and I'lilar^nl in iNlid. It 
 niiiiprisi'd ' till' sllVl'r^i^'ll, tlir uniiiil iiiasirr, 2^ 
 kiiiKlits (Kiini|irans and nalivi's), and I'xtni or 
 himiirary kiiinlits, siii'li as tln' |iriiirr nnisdrt, tlir | 
 priiiri' 111' Wall's, \'i'. Tlir i|nri'n iiivrslrd si'vrral 
 kliiKl'l'* "11 I Nov. 18(11. Till' iiriMi'ciif Wall's held 
 II grand I'liapti'i- lit t'ali'ii'ta, 1 Jan. iHjd. 
 
 STAllS, TIIK Fl.XKl). 'I'lii'V wcri' classid 
 into I'liiistiliatiuiis {nhifli sci), it is siip|i(isi'il, i 
 iibiiiit 12tK) li.c. Iliri'las, (if Syrai'iisi', laii;.'lil 
 that till' sun and tlii' stars wrri' nintlnnli'ss, 
 and tliat tlir earth iiiiivi'd riiiind thrill, almiit 
 J44 II. c. (this is ini'iitiiiiii'd hy Ciri'rn, iiiid prr- 
 naps ;,'avi' the lirst hint of this sysleiii to Cuper- 
 nii'iis). Joh, Ili'siiul, and Iloiiii'r nieiitinn several 
 of the iiinstillatiuiis. The Kuyal Lihrary ill Paris 
 contains a Chiiuse eiiiirt i.f the heavens, made 
 iiboiit (Kio 11. c, in wliieh lJ(xi slurs are eorrectly 
 inserted. Theaherration of tlie stars wasdiseovered 
 hy Ur. Bradley, 1727; see v/,s7<'»h«w.v, and Sa/ar 
 ^'i/i/riii. Mails of the stars were pnlilislied hy the 
 Siieicty for tlie Dill'iision of I'seliil Kiiowleilfie in 
 1850. ami a set of Celestial Ma]is, issued nnder the 
 Biiperintemleme of the Koyal Prussian .\eaileiny, 
 wiiK eiiniph'ted in i8i;q. See I'liotomittr. 
 
 Tyelio liriilii' discuvi'ri'd a new star in Cassiopi'in in 
 1572. 
 
 IViiipurary stars wen' oliservi'd in 1876 niid 1885. 
 
 A list ol iilioiit 200 stars, wliieli vary in their hri^'lit- 
 iiessaiid soiiii'tiiiu'sdi.saiipcar, lias liciii luililislieil 
 by .Mr. (J. V. Cli.'iiiilit'rs In liis " Ilaiidhook im 
 AstroiHiiny," 1889-90. A variiible slur, iiaiiii'il 
 a ('eti, or Slira (Vti, oliservcd by lliivid Kabrioiiis 
 ill .\ii^. 1596, disapi'i'Mii'd in Det. Ibllowiiin. It 
 was observi'd iiKiiiii in ifkji and i6;i8, and siiiee. 
 
 Bessel diseovi'i'i'd tlii^ aiiiiiial iiai'allax of star 
 61 I'yKiii (lii'iiee be ealeiilab'd its distaiiei' IVoiii 
 the ciirtli to be about 60 billions lit miles) 12 I'Vb. 1841 
 
 Striive Hindi' it 40 bdlioiis [supported by liriiiiiiow 
 ami It. H. liallj 1853 
 
 The ciili'iiliitioiisorT. Hi'mli'i'snii(nt the Cape) 1832 
 siii»]'orl|.ii by 1). (iill iiiid others showed that pro- 
 balily o Ceiitauri, is the star nearest to the earth 1883-4 
 
 A new star in Aiiripi in the .Milky Way was dis- 
 eoveied at Kdiiiliiir);b, liy Dr Anderson, i Feb. 
 i8c)2. It Iiad been iiliolo^;raplied by laof. 
 I'iekeriiin, 1, 10, 20 Dee. 1891. It ii;is been naiiieil 
 Xova Auripe. Its brilliancy diiiiinished, .May ; 
 revived Ann. 1892 
 
 Dr. Will. IIii^K'ius reimrted liis speetroscnpie obser- 
 vations on the star to the Itoyai Institution, 3 May, ,, 
 
 A new star in t'enlaiiiiis diseuvered by -Mrs. 
 Fleming 12 Hee. 1B95 
 
 Four varialile stars iliseovered by Mr. It. T. liiiies 
 at the Cape observatory, reported . . 26 Ann. 1897 
 
 Vouhle stui'H dise.ivered at the Cape of Good Hope 
 from time to time, totjil ri'liortod, 259 uji to Dec. ,, 
 
 STARVATION : Deaths iittribulpil to it in 
 the metropolitan districts, 1875, 107; 1875, 46; 
 1879, 80; 1888, 2f). In London, 1889, 27:' 1891. 
 30; 1892,31; i89^s>: 'f^'Mi.V): 1*^05,71; i8(/i, 
 43; 1897, 41. In EtiKliinil and" AVales: 1887, 250; 
 1S8S, 237. Set Abstiiictur. 
 
 STATE MEDICINE, see under Sanitnlloiu 
 2 May, 1888. 
 
 STATE I'Al'KR OFFH'K was f aimi,,! i„ 
 
 1578, now nier(,'ed into the I'lildie lleuii',; nil,,. 
 In 185(1 ''"' British irovernineiit benan llie piil,|i, ,.' 
 lion of Calendars of Stale Papers, i»n;il!i;il,|, .', 
 I'liliire historians; hroiii;lit down lo Wdli.iin \ 
 .Mary, i8ij«. 
 
 STATKS-fiKNKKAL of FI{.\N('|.; .,„ 
 
 aiieient asseiiibly of Pram e, first iiiel, ii j, ,,j,] ,,| 
 , I 5112 to eoli^ider (he esartiuus of the pup, . 1',,. 
 villus to the Itevoliitioii. it li;id not met Miin. p,| , 
 The slates eoii^isted of three orders, ||||. ,1,.,..,/ 
 nobility, and eoiiiinoiis. They were 1 niiviiinl ",' 
 I,ouis XVI., and assenihled at Versiille-, ^ M,,, 
 17.S1) (5(18 eeelesiasties, 285 Hollies, ami l,:i il',.|,'i,tj; J 
 ! or liirn iliil, third estate). .\ eonlest an.M' h|||.||,, ,. 
 the three orders should make three iliMiiict liii,.,, 
 ' r but one assemldy. The eomiuoiis in-iviiii .■, 
 the latter, and assumini;' the title of the N.i'i.inj 
 .\sseiiildy, deelareil that they were r.iiii|i|.t,.|,| . . 
 proeeed to liiisiness, without the eoneiuiviii,. „| i]^,. 
 two other orders, if they refused to jiiin tlun. 
 The nobility and eleruy found it e\pedieut to r«\\. 
 eede the point, and they all met ill one |i,||{ ; ,,,, 
 Siiliiiiiiil ^Ixxi nihil/, Celitenarv, see Fraiin • 
 .May, 1,S8,,. ' ■ ' ■■' 
 
 STATESMAN'S YKAIMJOOK, >tMii.iH,| 
 
 and hi^toriial annual of the statesof the wiirlil. tr.; 
 piililished ill l.NdJ, edited by Pri deriik .Mirlia. 
 
 STATES OF THE CllUliCII, see /V, „.J 
 liimif, 
 
 STATIONERS. liooks and p;,pm »,|.. 
 formerly sold only at stalls; heiiec the ili'iiiers mi- 
 ealleil stationers. The eoiupany of s|,itiiiiiii< 1 
 London is of f;reat aiilii|iiity, "and evi>t|.|| l,,m- 
 before printing' was invented, yet it 'viis imt in- 
 
 eorporated until 3 
 
 (hv 
 
 011111": was 111 
 
 Pat 
 
 liilip \' -Mary, l.;57 
 'riioster-row. 
 
 'i'lii'ir. 
 
 STATISTICS, the seieneeof the stap., |„,|,,„;.l 
 knowled^re, is said to have been foiimli'il hv -r 
 Win. Petty (l()2.?~-l()87), in his " Polilicil .Irit,. 
 iiietie," pnlilislied l(ii)(. The term is s;iii| ', 
 have been invented by jirofessor .\i li|.mv:ill f 
 (iiittiiitren ill 1749. The first statistiial .iiiiicii :;i 
 Knirland was formed at .Maneliester in l,Sj;;'il,i. 
 lioyal Statislieal Soeietv of London, wliii'h fiii. 
 lislies a (iiiarterly journal, wasestalilislii.il 1; .\|;irJ, 
 1834. for the piirpose of proenrim.', iii'i;;rL'iiif:, ;ii;i 
 puldisl.in^' " fuels calculated to illiislralc iheuinii- 
 tion ami iirospects of soeietv." Jiibilii' ki|it. :;. 
 23, 24 .iiiiie, 1885; incorporliti d, i.S.S;. Tl,i. i;„\) 
 ii'iedal iircsented" to Mr. Kolicrt (lilli'ii (K.C.II. 
 1895), the able uovoriiinenl stitis'iciaii. 20 X"v. 
 181)4; I'csipis olliee 31) Sept. i8i)7; sunrMlnl h 
 Mr. .\. L. li.iteman. Similar societies have linii 
 established on the continent. Iiili'iiiiiliuiil 
 Statistical Institute coustitnted in l.S.S^, ni.t .• 
 Koine, I2-I() -April, 1887. Intermitioii;.!' Slatisti- 
 eal Congresses are now held oceasiniiiilh'. 1:..' 
 first lit liriLssels, eliielly throii^'h the airiiirv 1 
 M. (inetelet. in 1853; 2'nd at I'aris, i.S;^; jf,!:,; 
 Vienna, 18157; 4tli iit London, under the lirrsiilniiv 
 of the prince consort, 1(1-21 July. iSdo; 5th ..t 
 Berlin; (ith at Kloreni e ; 7tli at tlio Iliifiif; 
 8th at St. Petcrshurfr, was opened 22 .\iii,'. 18".': 
 Oth at Pesth, 31 .iiit;. 187(1 and since; one jl 
 Vienna 28 Sept. 1891. The eminent stiifistirian, 
 Dr. Will. Farr, died 14 Ajiril, 1883. HIatisM. 
 Abstracts liave been piihlislied annually liy Ihi' 
 iroveninient for many years. L-ives nnu'li iiiiurntiti 5 
 respectinv; the ri'veniie, expenditure, ciiinnii'm'.i'i''.. 
 of the empire for 15 years. Mr. ^L G. .Mullia !'< 
 " Dictionary of btutiBtics" published iSqi. 
 
 .i^Jii^ 
 
8TATINTICH. 
 
 'Al'KU OI-'KICIO wu. f.m.d,,!,, 
 Tfjcil iiitii llii' I'lililii- Ki'i iir.i ii||, ,, 
 nti!<li K'liM'i'i "I lii'Kiiii till' |iiil,|,, ,.' 
 
 iiliii'M of Sliilc I'liprrH, i>H:ilu;||,]| .,, 
 iiiis; Im'(iu;,'IiI dnwii |,> Willi;,!,, \ 
 
 liK.VKKAL (>!■ FK-ANCH ■„, 
 
 Illy "I l''riiiiii;, lir^'t iiiri, ii i^ ,,.i,|, ,,, 
 Irr till' I'MiiliMriM III' III,. |„,|i,.. \\,_ 
 I'Vdliilidii, it ImiI lint iiiri sii,|.,. |,,|, 
 ll^islnl III' llllcr i.lilris, ||||. .l,.,,,,' 
 iiiliiiilniis. 'I'liry Wcrr i 'Mivi-ihiI "i,,' 
 mil iissriiililnl III Vi'I'smIHc, ;; \|n' 
 •siiislii's, 2,S5 iinlilcs, iiiiil Ii2i i|',.|,'iii,;; 
 linl I'Sllllr). A liillli'sl iirn-i. wlii'll,,,- 
 
 ■< sIlllUlcl lllllliC lliri'C lli-lllli-t hdi;.,. 
 
 'iiilily. 'I'hr iiiiiininiiN iii-|^ii.,| I,,,,.' 
 lissillllilli;- III!' lilll' III' tlir N;ili,.'||,i| 
 'lai'cil lliiit llii'V wci'c ri.|i,|ii'|i.|,t )., 
 iii'ss, williiiul till' riinriirriiii|.„r il;,. 
 Icru, if tliry i-rl'iisi'il 1.1 {,,|„ til,,,,', 
 ml rli'i-ny rmiiul it r\|icilirii| |o ,..|i^ 
 , mill tlicy 111! met in one |ii,||; ,,., 
 llll/i/i/. (.'rllll'llliry, HIT fiillirr, ; 
 
 [AN'S YKA1MU)()K. ~tnii.i„,i 
 
 Mimilll Ol'tlll' StillcSdrtlli' Willi, I. 1;,.; 
 
 i()j, rilitt'il liy Kridciiik M.irtin, 
 
 ii'Tiiic CHlTKCJf. sn /V,,,!j 
 
 N'EliS. Hunks mill H'lpiTS w,;o 
 
 Illy lit siiills ; lii'iirc 111,. ,|,.;,1|.|-, viiv 
 r«. Tlic roiiipiiiiy of st;,ti„ni.rs i 
 Ki'i'iit iiiitiiiuily, 1111(1 ,.\ist(.ii 1,1,,- 
 : WHS iiivi'iitcil, yi't i| .v:is imt i," 
 il 3 riiilip X- .Miir'y, 1557. Tluir ;.; 
 I I'litcriiiisli'r-rmv. 
 
 CS. tlu' siMrllriMiflli,. stiili', |i.,|,ii,,.| 
 
 Sllill 111 llllVI' lll'Cll I'ullllilrii !,y vr 
 
 2.?— "'f<7). '" 'li^ " I'l'lili'iil Aril.. 
 ilird i(ii)i. 'I'lic I, ■nil is ,;ii,l •, 
 vi'iitcil liy priil'i'ssnr A, liiiiwuil f 
 741). Tlir tirst stiitistii'iil s,,ii,n ;;i 
 'ii-iiird lit .Miiiiclifsti'i- ill iXj^i'i!,,. 
 al Siicictv iif l.midnii, wliii'li |„ii. 
 ly jiMiniiil, wiiscsiiililislinl :^ Jlur,!, 
 iirpiisi' lit' ]il'iiciii'ii]u:, iini;ri;iiii;, ;,i,,| 
 I'tsciilculiiti'il to illiistriilr 111,, iniii;. 
 I'cts of scicicty." Jiiliilie ki|,t.:;, 
 .SKs: iiii'or|iiii'iit((l, iXX;, Tl,f i. M 
 I'll' til .Mr. l{(ili(M-t (iitli'ii (K.C.ll. 
 ' i;iiV('niiiirnt slitis'ii'iiiii. 20 N'n. 
 illicr 511 Si'lit. |S(|-; surmilnl ly 
 '1111111. ^iIllllll^ siii'ii'tii's Imvc liriii 
 
 Hid CcllltillCllt. IllllMTillli'Uiil 
 
 titutc I'liMstitiilcd in i.S.S^, im .: 
 ipril, 1XM7. Iiitcriiiiliun.d Sliitisti. 
 iii'c now lu'ld iici'iisiiiiially. Tl.i' 
 Is, chictly tlii'iiiifrli th,' ns'mov ■( 
 I 1H53; IIl'l lit I'ai'is, jN;;; yin 
 [til at r.imiloii, miller tli|.'|,nsi'iliii,i 
 consiii-t, i()-2l July. iSixi; yli ..: 
 t Klorcnrc ; 7tli at tlie Ikpit: 
 ,'rsliiii');, wiirt opciiod 22 All;,'. l8".': 
 31 All);, 1876 and since; one at 
 t. l8()i. 'rlif cniiiii'iit statistifian, 
 I liu'ii 14 Api'il, 18H3. .Sliiliititil 
 ' liccn publislird anniiully liy tie 
 nmiiy yi-arn. L'ivcs iiiiiidi iii!,ina;!t! '! 
 'vi'iuio, cxpi'iiditiiri'. cmiinii'mM';'.. 
 "or 15 years. Mr. M. G. .Mullnil'* 
 Statistius" imbliehcd l8qi. 
 
 STATUEN. 
 
 ito'srsii am iiMMi.t iiis,|i„.i.„(i,i„„„ ,., ;;" 
 
 P, ^'l':''' '',i^'^"v-i.r,.,l „,, AliiMikir liy It'ininiM 
 
 ,>.i.li:,, Oe. .H.,r. I'liidias, wli i,,,,„"" ; 
 
 JiipitiT |iassi.il (iir one „( ||„, wi,ii,|,.|,s „f ,|„, „, ., ' 
 ,:,* the P'eati.st «tali,ary iininii;^ |||„ ,„„.i„,„; 
 440 lie, lie liiiil pivviiiiisly i„;,i|„ „ s,,,t,,, ,!■ 
 Jliliel'va al Hie reipiest „l' >,.rieli.s viVi lu- 
 
 .nU-eli l.mid nieasiired ii, f,.,.| „ ,,„i,,,„, i i '^ 
 nivea «l ll:o a t ,,( taliiiij; likenesses in pli st .r 
 
 »;ix, pi Im:. .Uieliael Aii-eli, was the ..reiles 
 amsl aiiiiiii;; llie moilenis. Tlielirsl e,|u,.si,i,„ , 
 *i ,ie eieelei 111, (.reat Itntiuinvas lliat „f (;'|„„.les 
 111 if)78.» liy 17 ic iH Viel.e. 10 (|,j Jill o • 
 ,,„blic studies were jilaeeil iind.r Hi,. e,„|-|;.„|' '?,7, 1 
 .itivlian ol the linaril „|' \V„rks. Til,. 1 I w' ' 
 .■lliei-'liiefpuliiie stiitin.s in r.,„„l.„, '""""'"^ 
 
 'STKAxM EXaiXE. 
 
 I;:. II. Ilaily (III,, 
 'II' K. I,.iii,|s..|.|., 
 
 >7 Aiic 
 i'l) .lull. 
 
 „;^;:n.iii„.„v,.|.,.,, ;,:,-;;'-;, > 
 
 '■i'i-:';i:;'"i^;:::;:;;'' ';;"■; '-i^nii^rit 
 
 |;;:;:;-i>',.^;.^:,''li;:;Ji!;^::;:;;;:;:-'-t 
 ^''■'■''>.>i'T-ViHi;i;'!:'r'''"''''^'''"-ii''iii^t''; 
 
 ^»'''i"":'^,.!::,^;:i,:;^':i;:r'"«4^!T^i. i,..,,„^ 
 
 «iiaU.si.i.ii,v \,. '•",''" """laii'sliraliliey , 
 
 ^':i;!;i ■'-''■■"i^-.;:xM:,i;.ar,,..x.w: 
 
 >^43 
 
 l8;(; 
 
 .377 
 
 1 1./, 
 
 i.Jto 
 1174 
 
 |ir'iti , ....n.,. ,,„. 
 
 arr tlie i;liiet' puliiie statues in Liiinlnn ,■ 
 
 .Lliillrs. Ilvd.-piirk, III lioii„ii|. „r III,. dMb,.,,r.v„. 
 
 M.m, livll,..|a.lies,il'(;ii.,i| Hrilaiii ,8,1 ,' ■ ,„ 
 .111.11. imii.'e e.iiisiiil, linval K.veh;,,,.,.,., ,8^ I,.' '^" 
 
 ll,llilllll,l ,Su|.||.|y K.il IIS, ,K(,,; llul,, me'li, !' o 
 
 *<liallii,;iirii, i.inl 
 
 ;i|lleslria|i ^t;i| 
 
 1 139 J 
 
 i3J4 
 
 illlTV, sirrli;||||.,s, \VlSllllillsl|.|. 
 
 l|..ir.inl,iliiki. Ml', Kiisseli si|ii,ir,. ■ , ' 
 
 H'lllilick. I.il-cl (■.■nlX'e, ('.■IV|.||i|isl|.si|'||,,|.,, 
 Ilri-lll, .lellll, Hie |llilll,.|., Weslliiji 
 
 replaeeil, iHHi; 
 ■ ■ 18(15 
 
 . iSlKJ 
 
 al'ter ,s^H 
 Keli. lSy5 
 
 lr,-lll, .1,11111, llie |,i,l,„.,., Wesliiijiislei. ,, t-,, , 
 
 i,«,|kra(li.v the Intl.), Thos, ■|'liiiriiy,-n,n;\v,.s(ii,i,i; 
 
 liMs.t TilJIIIlis eiiiliaiikliieiit' ■ ■ ..fi i'!,'|ll' 'o'j^ 
 
 ftf'ii. i"i';i. ii.'.iiiiitnii.,iiMei., iiv I,,.,,:,, f'y>' '^«'t 
 
 a,,,imK, i.".. New rail yard,' WeJlmn , ,f. '''*■ H''^ 
 
 tirlylf, Ihes.. iialiaiiknieiK, Oln.lsen , ,./ ,:}' 
 
 amvrlK'lit, iiiiijnr, l!iirl,(.ii eivseeiit ' .^ 
 
 Oiiirli'S I., (-'liiiriiiK ei'iiss ' ' '°" 
 
 Oiarli.sll.,.Sulii,-si|iiaro . i^7^ 
 
 C'liiirdiill, iDi-il Itaiidolph (liiist),li„ii,s,Mjfe„ii,'i,i„„s 
 
 Clv,|,.,liml, Wiili.il.„epl,i,.,. i3 April, i8,,8 
 
 Oii>lfii, Kieluird, Caiiideii Imvii ' ' ' t' ' '^^^ 
 
 lA .Ml. ( llillles IVerlhelMler . M.i,.,.l, oo 
 
 CimW.iMd, .Ink,. Ill', ('aveii,lisli..si|imr,r ' '^''^ 
 
 tel>y FMwar,!, eail of, l'ailiiiii„.,il.si,ii„;.„ " ' "77" i 
 Drai'li, lien.)., lord Jtuaeonsllidd, l'arli.iiii,.„t' '■* 
 
 *|iiaii) ... , '. 
 
 ' '■ ■ 9 Ajinl, ,88) 
 
 . isSii 
 
 . . 1867 
 
 An;,'. 1890 
 
 . 1.S16 
 
 . . iSi)6 
 
 . I7-.6 
 
 . . 17S8 
 
 l8i6 
 
 .t..lH, 
 
 link,.) 
 
 I 1 n,.|. 
 
 up at 
 
 1S44 
 
 1843 
 
 1 833 
 '717 
 1845 
 .334 
 
 3 June 
 
 I ElizalK'tli, ipireii, Nt. Dniistaii's, l''l,.|.t'slr,.,.t 
 hmlay, .Miihael, lioyal liislitiitiiai' . 
 
 I K'TstiT, W. K., Vi<.|,.ii;i eiiiliaiikiiieiit, 
 
 I F»;, L'liarli's Jaiiies, llliiiuiisliurv-siiiiaiv 
 
 I truikliii, sii-,liiliM, Waterliio-jilaeu 
 
 J ^-"r„'i' I., Oriisvi'iiiir-sipiaro 
 
 I Cc.ir,'i. Ill, .Siiiiiir.sel-liiiuse . 
 
 I feiirxi. 111., Ciiekspur-slri-et 
 (iiM..n «,.».(_:. II,, Tiviral-aivsipiar,; . o,Se„f" ,* 
 
 I l.riMvill,., i.iirl, t 11. palaee \Vestiiii„sl,.i. "^ ™I":- '--- 
 tolu,.k:sirll,.i,|.y,Sva|',,l«™ " J""". .896 
 
 J IW,,rt, l„r,l, I'all Mall ' 
 
 I IlilUiuwIaii.l, U.ival Kxelinii.-e 
 I llofiril, Jiilin ; lirst (irceted in Mt, Paul's' 
 JJaiiiMlI., Wliit,.|iall[n.iii„ve,l,8,)7CA| 
 |j™i|.r, K,l«.»-.l, TrafalKar-siiuari;; V8s3'; removed 
 I I'J Kenaiii(!t(iii-(!arileii,s J".niiiinc(i 
 
 I bwrtiice, lord, Watcrluo-jdieo (a uewHtatue siiu.o) 
 I MF,;r,.sor, sir Jiiinrs, Chelsea hospital '^'""^ 
 
 I b;f""' ''^'"•■',1;'. 'I'liaiiii's Kiiihaiiknient,' 36 Jan' 
 IM.ilWtoa.sirlliiKli, IsliiiKCoii-Kreeii ' 
 
 INipiei'.Ki'ii. sirClias. .I.,TrafalKar-si|iiari' ' " ' 
 
 .N*:crof Mag.lala, lord, \Vaterloo.,dil"rui.c,;vere,i 
 ' 8 July, 
 
 1861 
 
 , 1867 
 
 . 1882 
 
 1796 
 
 1687 
 
 i3C4 
 
 1885 
 1 863 
 187a 
 1862 
 18515 
 i 
 1891 I 
 
 •This sliitno is of lirass, oast by La Hueur in r ~ 
 
 fy Grii,,i„;o".;r"!rh" '^?^ z;:,^::^]^':^"^^^ 
 
 Icnli.""'""" ''«•'"• "'" «'" "f M'-- John Qordoc 
 
 o,,,i,„. !• I ' 'l'"^iiiaii ^1 
 
 'i"k'''^.;;";l,::'"''«'''^'''''''«' 
 
 w,'i':.':''"i'.^^'"'"''''"""'''"'"ii'mii;,i 
 
 "'■.„'", ,";'l'"i"l'le-l.arsil 
 
 lnlle.|.i,„^„„|,||,.j, ' l"l"" 
 
 ^^.Ai;i:rsi!,;^;,;;„;;;'>^'';' ^-t •'""•. -^^ji -/ 
 
 li"uivs :'f I'nle'W.!'/,..'!"'*' '"Iili'^ti-i;,,, simile with 
 
 '*i''•^|•:.|^.' II il ''■M'■'l?'^''^'|''•|«'-•■l•y 
 ■ 1 •N'"*'. ; 111, i,., I 11 ■ '': '■"■'' '"'""'■. "''I lip 
 
 ;jill-i.n..s;::l;i;ii!:^.:;;,ir'-'nv s..,j 
 
 v.:!'"'iiil^o^;^^,!^i:i;;;;:i,:'- •••••.: 
 
 .i"'«''.w«i,. C si; vf::;:';;;!^!;^; »•;■'■'■ i'-.'ii 
 
 ! I'omiiiitli.eii'Imtli li„iis,;J , , \i"^u ' '"" J""" 
 
 l^-l^■visiona,l!;!;;:^?:,.:ji^^ 
 
 iS-o K- ■ • , '^ ', '' ..'" '^ ^'"lii'iii's, piiblisli,.;! 
 .UeeiP" SI ."'""'"■'' »f ^■"l"""'^ siiiee V iVatI V 
 
 :-t;'7JnS'';^;r'"''''"™"'''""'-'»"'-'4-t, 
 
 times ahuseil. ~"" "'Jn'siMice some- 
 
 ''a«ai';;i^'';i;!r';.^:|;^!';::;:;?V!;fi;!i;r';''''''''^- 
 
 Triv..f» T>i.io l.aily luiss. wif.. ,,r sir 
 
 ^iv.s,.ii:i,,i^;,,,,nw;n'sLuv;.; V tiirrr'^jv'' 
 ;;;;;Klstn.te.a,id,,ytiieiat^;::;^;;,;i?:;v;!|;>,,{j-^ 
 
 «IIOee.ssl 1 n Hfoltr,^:" '""■■''' *"^^^'''^ ^^ '^'' 
 
 ^therat^of^jf^-jLi^nu™;:::?!^ 
 :Su:;»ty'^;^^'as;;i"""..-"n';oi;^ 
 
 ' FT.!5™f4]^^^^INE»AND XAVIGATIOV 
 
 -"mltohimiHascribedthVZ:,,, ;'vh ih iKJli 
 
 . flo ^TT\ ""-' P-""'""-""^ "f the steam on^^e 
 lie nourished about 284-2ai n r lio.m^ ti ^ ' 
 
 1871 
 
 I'v Mr. !•;.' 
 
 ', lUIVeil,..! |,y III,. 
 • 19.)lllie, 
 
 ''lit 
 
 '. 1S8.1 ; prii,(.|.>,s 
 Vielorof Hulieii. 
 
 •let. i?,93 
 
 i 
 
 £1 
 
 ' i 
 
 
 ,*■'," ' 
 
 i" -l 
 
HTEAM EXaiNE. 
 
 1042 
 
 STEAM ENGINE. 
 
 
 Bi>l')inim ill' I'aiH, ii Kniirli |iroti«liiiil. iniMUlii'H n 
 
 w<prkwliicli Ara;;niiiiiii.siillii IfiitnioMiiilncniisiili'i'H 
 
 t I liiiv htiiiiii'.l till' niitnn irl till' »traiiM'ii)iiiii>. 1615 
 
 Till' iriHriiiiiH nl'Wiirn«li'i'ili'«riilii'Hlii««tiMilii-fiij{iliu 
 
 ill Ills "Ciiitiiry 111' liivi'iuiiiiin " . . . . ''i'lj 
 
 rHlilirH(i'i;/r-frc liivi'hii'il if)Si-a 
 
 Cii|itiilii havii-y'n ciinliii- cniiiitniitiil fur ralHiiitj 
 
 WllllT . i^'>8 
 
 riiliiii'H I'lijjiiii' isliilillcil til lliL' liiiyiil SiM'ii'ly aliimt lOy^ 
 [Ue Ik milil to liiivi' iiiiuli' 11 hti'iinilniul wli'ili wan 
 
 lii'Htriijcil I'.v liiiiitini'ii of tlir Wi'siT. I 
 Tli'iiiius Nvivriiiiii'ii.nr Hart nil mill, U sliitcil tnlmvo 
 
 conHtrui'ti'il "till' Hint Hrll-ai'tiiiK Hlraui-i'iitiiiii' ;" 
 
 (iiHuil for nearly a riiitury witluiiit ulti'iulinii ur 
 
 uiiieinliiiciit) 1711 
 
 [ilu dli'il ill l.diiilnii wliilu eii(leiivuiiriii)j tu obtain 
 a iijiUiiit, I7i.'i>. J 
 FirHt iili'u of ali'iiii /iiii'ii/iid'i'ii Hi't forth in a iiati'iit 
 
 olitaiiieil l>y Joiiatliaii lliillH 1736 
 
 Watt'H invi'iitiiiii of iirrfnriiiinK I'oiiiliiisatiim in u 
 
 Heporatd vi'HHi'l frniii till' I yliiiili'i' ...» 1763 
 Ills llrst |iati'iil, i7fK); liis r'nuiiii's iTi'cti'il In nianu- 
 
 liictnrii'rt, anil Iih imtint ii'iirHi'il liy |iiirliaiiii'iit . 1775 
 Tlii-niai raiiu'|iriiiiip«i'K»liiini iiavigiitioiiili Aiuurii'a 1778 
 
 Kngitius inaili' ti) givi' a rotary motion 
 
 Watt's exiiaimioii cn^im! 
 
 Doulilu-aiitioii I'liniiii'H propiweil by Dr. Fiilck on 
 
 Nuwcoiiirn'n iiriiiri|ili' 1779 
 
 Watt's ilimbln iiiKiin' ami bis first imtent fur it . 1781 
 
 Homblowi'r's iloiilili-i'.liiiilir I'liniiii) , 
 
 Cluuili! (.'Oiiite lii' Jouilroy coiistriu'ti'il nn cnKinu 
 
 which iiro|pi'lli'i| a boat (liyioKcaiilii) mi the Saoim. 178^ 
 Will. I'atrii'k Millrr iiatfiitcil iiailillii-wlii'i'lH ,. . 1787 
 [lie anil Mr. rSyiiiiii«ioii arr saiil ui liavi' I'oiistriiutinl 
 
 u small steamboat which travi.'lii.'clatabiiiit4niik'ii 
 
 an liiiur soon altiT. ) 
 W. SyiiiiiiKtou iiiaih' a iiassage on the Kortli and 
 
 Clyde canal , , 1750 
 
 First steam engine erected in Dublin by Henry 
 
 Jackson J79» 
 
 First exipiriment with steam navigation on the 
 
 Thames 1801 
 
 Trevethick's high-pressure engine 
 
 Wouirs double -cylinder exiiansion engine con- 
 
 stnictcd 1804 
 
 Manufactories wnriiud by steam :8o6 
 
 Fulton's Hteambiial Chniinnt on the Heine,!) Aug. 
 
 1803; at New York, 1S06; started a steamboat 
 
 on the river llmisiiii, America 1807 
 
 Steam power to convey coals on a railway employed 
 
 by lllenkinsijp i8ji 
 
 Cojiiet, built by Henry bell, sailed on the Clyde 
 
 (John Uobertsnii, who made the engine, died 
 
 ao Nov. 1868, aged 86) ... 18 .Ian. i8ia 
 
 Tiie fomc( sailed Iniiii Cila.sgow to Greenock three 
 
 times a week ; fares, 3.<. and 4<. ; speed, 7J miles 
 
 an hour.) 
 Steam applied to printing in the Timen ofllco (see 
 
 i'rinlimj nuKhiiiis) . 1814 
 
 There were live stcain-vcssels in Scotland (/'(ir(. Re- 
 turns) 
 
 First steani-vcHsel on the Thames, brought by Mr. 
 
 Uodd from Glasgow 1815 
 
 Fir.st steamer built in Kiighmd (/Vir/. /(I'dirH.s) . . „ 
 Ri.siig Sun, a stcaiiicr built by lord Cochrane, 
 
 crossed the Atlantic 1818 
 
 The Utivaiiiiiili, aiiled by stinm, of 350 tons, c,imo 
 
 from New York to Liverpool ill 26 days 15 July, 1819. 
 
 First steamer in Inlaiiil 1820 
 
 Steaniboatspstuiilisli.il between Dover and Calais 
 
 anil London and l.eitii 1821 
 
 Sleum-<jn fi , invented by rerkins 1824 
 
 Uteiim-Jit ajiplied by Gcrgc Stej.henson, 1814; by 
 
 Timothy lluckwo'rtli, about 1825 
 
 Captain John.son olitaiiicil 10,000/. for making the 
 
 lust steam voyage to Imliii, in the Kalnprise, 
 
 whicii sailed from KaiiMoiith . . 16 Aug. „ 
 The locomotive steam carriages on railways at l.iver- 
 
 1 1 Oct. 1B29 
 
 The r.iilwav opened (see /.inrjim/f) .... 1830 
 The iio!/(i/ iri/'iow, steamship, built at Quebec by 
 
 Mr. junu'S Gromlie in i8jo-i, said to have cros.sed 
 
 the Atlantic in 21 days 1833 
 
 Capt. Kricssun'a screw steamer, " I'nnKis Borden," 
 
 speed 10 miles an hour, constructed : see Sacw- 
 
 I'lvivlhr 1837 
 
 The Siriiis sailed from Queenstown 4 Ajiril ; 
 
 anived at New York . . • 21 April, 1S36 
 
 Till' ilirut Wiflnn sails fr UrUtol to New V"rik, 
 
 being her llrst voyicie . . . 8-23 April, 1. . 
 War sleaiiieis built in Kiigland . . . . „ 
 
 Wur-'.teameis built at llii Uciiheail, niinii'-l tlie.V,. 
 iius/.^aiid /'/i/M/if/iioi. carrying each twolhirt) tw.i 
 ipoiinilcrs, Belli bv goviTiiiiiiiil toi'liiiia . . 1,., 
 Malls iMetlioilofei'iinomisiiigfiiil iiitrndnced al.i.iit , 
 The llrst Ciimiril steamer, the ;;rir(i/iiiiii, sailed- 
 
 4'1'ily, , 
 (HlrHnni. Cnnard died 28 April, 1865, aged 78 , 
 The I'eiilnsular Coiii|i«ny was loriiied in 1817 ; tit. 
 cniiie the I'eniiisiilar and Oriental Steam Niiviga. 
 til. 11 Company in . . •,•.,•.,■ 
 [They possessed 53 steamers and a lleet of X\\g», 
 
 I 1866, 1 
 
 The llmil Ihilain sailed from tlie Mersey 26 July, ti,, 
 IShc arrived at Sew York m Aug. During li^r 
 secouil voyage, slie ran agrouml in lluii.lnim 
 bay, Irelaiiil, 22 iSepl. iH.|0. Her passeiitiir, 
 we're lauiled ; and she was cxtrieate.i with 
 little in.iury, after long eniilliiueil ami stniu,. 
 uus elli.rts, by I. Drunel, jun. and linuiiiur, 
 27 Aug. 1847.1 
 
 The Collins steamers began iJ.t 
 
 lnminii\iini<itiii/ : began by Wm. Iiinian, first vesml 
 Ciliiof ahmiiiw, i8so; the com|illliy beeaiiie tli« 
 Liverpool, New York, and riiiiailelphia ei.iiii.niiy, 
 1857; (1(1/ ••/ lliclimiiiul, sailed t'loiu Liver|..«.l 
 6 p.m. 15 .Uily, arrived at New York 12.3011.111. 
 S4Jiily, 1875. (Apparent time 7 days. i,>lii.iii-s. 45 
 minutes; average j65niilesaday, 15 kiiotsaiili..iir.) 
 The I'lirijlc crosses the Atlantic in 9 days, uj lemrs, 
 
 25 minutes, arriving at Holylieiul ao .Miiy, lij, 
 
 The llrilish Imlla .Steam Navigation f.'iiiii|«iiy 
 initiated by .Mr. (afterwards --ir) Win. Maekiiinoii, 
 afterwards extended to Ai.stialia, 1S55. [llaiU 
 licet of no vessels, 1893. 1 
 ^fi( ac/ii.1/1 /■ SlKiiii-Vm-iK .l.s.'i.iriird'ioi establishcil aliolit lis; 
 Hteaiii jiackets leiivi. Galway for .Miicrica . . . i;jJ 
 
 The merits of an attaekiiig vessel ten 1 a ndiiw- 
 
 rinii, iwlvocalcd by sirU. tjartorius, discussed if;,..:.> 
 Ciill'aril's valuable steani-iii,ieetiir invented iil.i.iil :,r 
 An ironplated frigate. La (.'/oirr, uonipleteil 111 
 
 France (see -Viii'i/, Frini'/i) k'.<> 
 
 The H'omoc, an irou-iilated v. -.sel, launched ?q bef. „ 
 The far Eitst, aves.sel VN'itli two screws, laiimlie.l at 
 
 Millwall ,,■„," ""■ '■'■' 
 
 A ruiar ship, a steam yacht, designed by Mr. W iiiaii, 
 biiilt by Hepyvorth, launched on the Tliiiiius 
 
 19 l''il>. 1=56 
 
 Trial trip of the Nnutiho. with a hydraulic pminliir 
 worked by steam, Uuthvcn's patent ; no paililli- 1 1 
 screw reii'iiireil 24 -Marili, ,. 
 
 Successful trial trip of the U'litn'-wilrh, a gi.veni- 
 ment livdraulic propeller iron-clad giiii-vi-s.«i 
 (lluthve'ii's patent), on the Thames . igliet. ., 
 
 Mr Huthvcn patented bis system in 1840. ami rsliKirl 
 his machinerv at the Inleniational Kxliibitirii in r;i. 
 His obii'ct is'to inereasc speed am! save fuel. It,!).? 
 M'ii(<T-i'ci^-/i a sleam-cnginc gives the power i.f .il.** 
 ing and expelling the water, and no screw or i.ii.l-ll(.i 
 reouircd. The water-wheel is 14J feet in diuaiitir. 
 
 Trial trip of II, M. gun-boat Th'sUe; expliisiim ef 
 boiler, 8 killed ..... 3 >>■">• iS^ 
 
 Chninrl Slnnnrrs: " Twin-ship" Oi.im'i'd, steamer (TO 
 hulls, Bciiarated by 26 feet). 2.)o feet long; invriilcikr 
 capt. W. T. Dieev,' for the Knglisli Cliaiiiiel steamcu- 
 panv, to |ircvi'ut sea-sickness wiieii ernssiiK lit 
 Channel ; (really a single sliip, witli llie niiilillei.inf 
 her bottom raised out of tile water tliriiiii;li"iil tit 
 whole length); launched, 2 June ; tried in raliiiwi' 
 tlier ; reported successful but slow, 2 Aug. iSjji* 
 cessful, June, 1876; sold Nov. 1S76. 
 
 nmemcr. saloon steamer, designed by Mr. npssoim: sr-i 
 E J. liced: built by the Enrles comiiaiiy ; l.m;>i 
 at Hull, 24 Sept. 1874; first voyage frciii lluJ a 
 Gravesend, 5 March,i875 ;sailcd toCalais, loAlTil,!!-;. 
 
 • Since then many great steamers have lieen trrn-ld 
 or burnt: viz., (c'firiior Feniifr, 19 Feb,, 1841; I'l* 
 iknl, March, 1841 ; Omni Moiiinrii. Aug. it4S: .-: 
 Hcorae, 24 Dec. 1852; (Jenri/e Citiiiini;i, i Jan, i:;i; 
 r„ri'jir, ,856; Aiistriu. 13 Sept., if 58 : /iii/wn, 21 >»';. 
 iSsq; llunimriiin, Feb., ibtjo ; Ani/!'i-Sii.iu,i, ^; -V,"-, 
 i£63; aiy of Boston, Feb., 1870; Gernaina, iiVn. 
 ,872; At'hnitk, Aiiril, iii73 ; fH'e ,k /Mrrf, 22 V', 
 1873 ; Cushmm, 5 July, 1S77 ; Uai, 15 July, iS?;.''' 
 
 •'•Jiiiiilii'^y " 
 
STEAM ENGINE.^ 
 
 Ml «iillM fiiiiii lliml'il lo Ni:w V'lA, 
 t vnyiMic . . . B-aj .Vjm^I. i 
 
 Hilt in Kn^l'iiMl 
 
 iilM 111 llirk.'iilii'iiil, imm">l llii' .V,. 
 .;. (/i..ii,<';ii-iylii^'i'iiili Iwcilliirlv two 
 
 li liv KcivrrlllMilll In ( liillil , . ,rj_ 
 
 if ii'iiiininiMiiiKl'ml iiitrniluci-il aliiiiit , 
 nl rtlfiiiiiiT, liir (;)i(imii(ii, Hiiili-I • 
 
 4. I'll)-, „ 
 inril ilicil j8 AiU'il, iRf^s. np''! 78., 
 C'"iii|iniiy wiiH rciiini'il in 18.17; Ik. 
 iiiHiilar mill Uririiliil Sli'um N'avi;;a- 
 
 t' in ., 
 
 nil 53 stfaintTH anil ft lli;il of liii,-H, 
 
 ii;i snlli'il frmn tin- MiTury j« July, is,t 
 lit Ni'w Yiirk III Aiii,'. Ilmiiiu li^r 
 lyii^ti', hIm' run iij;ri»unil in limi'li^iiu 
 liiil, Si Mi'lit. iS.i'i. "it I"ss.iikii> 
 ili'il ; ami nlir was rxtiirali ^1 wiih 
 iry, iiftiT lull;; I'lmlinniil ami slnur,. 
 Is', iiy I, Uruiiul, jun. iiiiil Up;iiiiur, 
 .847.') 
 
 mil in lii'K'Uii iJit 
 
 I/; lii'naii liy Will. Iiiniaii, nrnt vi'ssil 
 iili', iSso; till' riilill«iliy Ihhniuii' lln; 
 •w Yiiik, anil IMiilaili'lpliia I'luiiiiiiiiy, 
 
 f liirlim'iiiil, saili'il Iriiiii I.ivi-ii I 
 
 ly, urrivi'il iil Ni'W Ymk 12,30 |i.iii. 
 "(Alipuri'lit tliiii' 7 ilays, i.ylii 111^,45 
 rnt!i^ 365 inili'H" liny, isknolsiiiiliiiiir,) 
 (SC'S Mill Atlalitli' in gilaJH, H) li"urii, 
 irrivliin at lliilylii'iiil so May, lij] 
 
 iiillu Stfniii Niivi^'iition rniii|«?iy 
 Mr. (uftrrwunlH •.ii')NVni. Mai'kiiiiinii, 
 xti'iiili'il to Ai.striilia, 1S55. (llaiU 
 issi'ls, 1803.1 
 
 iii-r.si'r.s.U.iiM'iiifioHrHtiilili.slii-ihtliuut I'l; 
 li'avi'Uulwiiy fill' Aini'Viru . . , i;jj 
 uii iittiii'kinK vi'«si'l trriiii-il a »liiiw- 
 <mI by HirO. Sni-tiiriiis, ilisriissuil iSj.,-;, 
 hlu st™iii-in,li'i'tiir lnvi-iiti>il aliuiu :':-.j 
 
 I frinatr, I.'i IH'dn, uiiiiiiiU'teil in 
 t'lii'i/, Fnnrh) i;^o 
 
 II iriin-jiliitiiil V! >si'l, laiiiiclii'il jg Dee. „ 
 I vi:asd witli t wu aiTuw.i, laiiurliiil at 
 
 11 III!. it!j 
 
 strain yiii'lit.ili'sifoii'il liyMr. Winan, 
 iiiwortli, luuiiclieil nii the Tliaiiiri 
 
 I' iVrttid'/K.i, with a hyilranllc iimiii'liir 
 I'liiii, Uiitliven's iiateiit ; nu ladilliif 
 
 (ill 24 .Marili, 
 
 1 trip iif the M'iitfi--wilrh, a >;iivirii- 
 ,ilic iiriijii'lliT ii'im-i'liiil giiii-vissil 
 lati'iit), 1111 the Tliaini'S . ir)(ii't. ., 
 ati'iiti'il his systriii in 1849, ami txlii!;;?) 
 •y at till- Iiiti'i'-imtiiiiiul Kxhiliitiini in 1:11, 
 it" ini'ri'usi' si'ri'il uiii! siivo furl. In !h? 
 a strani-i'iiniiii' nivi's the jiowiT of alu* 
 lliuK till' watiT, ami im si'ivw nr i«.l!ii j 
 hi' watiT-wlii'i'l i.s mJ fL'i't in iliuiiutiT, 
 I M. «uii-boHt Tli'Stlc; I'xiilijsion nt 
 ril .... ,1 -Ni'V <'■■■) 
 
 in: "Twin-ship" Ci'.ifii'iii, strtinii-r iiw 
 i1i.il hy 26 IVi't), 2')o fi'i'l liuiii ; invMitnitf 
 l>iii'V,'fiirtlii' KiikHsIi l'liaiiiii'lslt.mC'i!. 
 ri'Vi'ut sra-sli'knis.s wlii'ii irnssinLi lie 
 •ally n siiiKli' ship, with llw niiilillt i.iKil 
 rai'si'il iiiit of till' water tlinmiilimit hu 
 1); lanni'lii'il, 2 Jinip; trieil in inliui'i. 
 ;i'ii sni'i'iissful lint slow, 2 Aiij;. 1875:* 
 I', 1876; solil N'H. iB/i'i. 
 
 III sti'aiiiiT, ili'si;;iii'il liy Mr. Dessf nif.' srI 
 huilt liy till' Kai-li's i'oini«iiiy;lam/:.'i 
 iSi'i't. 1874 ; first viiyaKi' frmii llii:i w 
 
 , March, 1875; anilcd to Calais, 10 Aiiril.ii;;. 
 
 1 many great steainers have liefntrmlfl 
 ,r,t,irniiir Feniier, i.j l-'eli., 1641; J* 
 1841 ; Ucaiii Munairii, Aug. 1643:;; 
 ;e. 1852; (jc'irge Cinnihiti, i Jan. i:;:; 
 AiistrUi. 13 Sejit., iP.i;8 ; /iii/iim, 21 XbL 
 ■inn, Feb., ibbo ; Aui/i-Siiiu,!, ^; -V-^ 
 Boston, Feb., 1870; ft'rii aiiiii, Ji 1«. 
 c April. JS73 ; l''"c «'' llni'"< « ^''' 
 T, 5 July, 1S77 ; i(t», 15 July. '^V'^'' 
 
 IMueeessiloilbtflll, iHjfi 1 M,„li . ., T~~^ 
 
 .rial near lliill. re lorli sn ' ' , '% ^,1 ^\ ''■ ""''l ; 
 
 hr»-. I» in steamer; ImiIU |,v v , ' i' ^^VV'' "^77- 
 
 «llli.l IVon. (he Tvie '„;)•.■'■"''■•';' ^''Weiislle; 
 
 in 111. ..2ni,, reporti'il siitisf, , .'. ' '"'',""'■, "J "HUh, 
 
 W^..^i«,twhisteai,ier,| ,r,",?,'i i^^ '«7»' 
 
 /■l.Mi'-e, sti'ftliler (the (lis li i ,',■ si, ' ' I?''"''''' '«73. 
 
 140 feet liiIlK l,v 40 r,.,, 1, , ' '""■"•'■■^'"l"" "leel ; 
 
 , Niihiersyanl, ("mil ,,.'-1?;,;'. '"■'"). I" li.'H «i 
 
 ;.i,'.i-/ei,a turl,o(.«hapi I s a , va li' J,'^""; "^^v 
 I'liilt by Killer A fi, oU a !,«'',''''''"'' "'"1 H"!), 
 
 lan.lrli, 1 the Civile 7 1 | ,« " '■'•"■■ "'' ""»«l" 
 
 f(m,/,ii/, MleaiM-shlp (d r 1, vi,', j f.',"' , , , 
 .I'Kifivt l.iiiK, 52 le'et !vii e.''^ ',«, ,■;:,'•'" '■"'!-. 
 
 Sieiuel,., by .Mes.srs ,'.,,, '" '"'' 'M'-rs. 
 
 I.iii"''lieil (iiiiieh eii.iihiv . I ' 'Jj, ,',' '"^'-^nistle ; 
 
 .s.;»h»iai.i..b,eir,^;.;|':;«?--v^^;7j-eK 
 
 46li'i't; ilepth, ,,i f,.,.i „,.fi I r ' • '"■'■i"lth, 
 to West In.iia 1 A*, I,;,,,,!;,,"""''''' '^""" "''■'•'""•k 
 •'in'i'i, I'liiiaiil riiyiil iiuiH wi, .,.„'„., ' 'fa •'Sept. ,870 
 52 f«t briiail, 44 leet li ,(l '' V° '"'*■'' '">'«■ 
 
 lens; 5 ilH-ks'aii ,,,•,,«' '.'"^/';''!'''K''. 8,^ 
 
 .25, ; saileil fr„n. Anierie 1, j^,, ^ 'i '„'Y",'''''' 
 IWlte) II 7 ilavs, 8 In, ml '*''■* '""« 
 
 l««s„l.e hitlierto niaile ' "^ """- 'i'"''l<-'Ht 
 
 l((,i/(i/A'oM|., nmilHteaiiier, leiiLrtli^BA !•' . ,** •'''"• 1 
 S2M. left the Clyil,, ' *'"' 586 '"'t, breaiKh 
 
 AMa, (fuii.ii mall .steamor erosseil Ih,. A^r ^".'.''' ' 
 61I11VS, sjhonrs 'lossiii the Atlantic, 
 
 Tlie Giiiiin steamer .^Irtoom b.ff ,1,', '"^■;'' •'"'"'• ' 
 
 6.20P.I11. Ill, th« ,8tll, Whiel hiiSin, . '',■'1.' 
 !m,Ki' iu time, 4 h, iir",J 1, '"*' ,"""'"■ 
 
 v^^m 7 .i»yH, 8 t.ou,."'.'2 i1i, "',-;„';',"'"'\ ""^ 
 
 l*i«i.i(« «lio iiiaUo tli« v-yL" • ,1a . ."■""" 
 48 lain. 'Wi(,i. Ill 7 aaj.s, 7 hours, 
 
 '^.n:;:™b!7r,::';';^,;;[;:"-""«'""iyHoi,wo„ 
 
 «..r.,,. of steamers between briiii^i,;!:;?;! • 
 
 lirt"i-w,steaiiier(.iiil)ili>oof thoP'nn.iVi _ ■ • • • 
 
 built bv .Messrs Cainl A (!■?,.■ i , ,t /""'''""y). 
 
 tailtli 52 feet, Ilepth 3V r;e'l'!,,11?5 /•''^t. 
 
 Grp.'ni,ckti,.SoullianiplM„ . ' """' f''',"" 
 
 i\!. Tliiinias Mshmans steam L'ei'iernt",,. '* :',"ly. >» 
 
 fconiiiuize fuel withmit . ,,^,' '""''"^ ,™"' '" 
 
 l-ioy«l at Klswiek Woils X : '^ te'a,:';''' n"" 
 iJai'os . . *" nuisue, anil other 
 
 ;-'j;^^^(r. nnii O.' steamer); arriveifat Albert " 
 
 l^^^;^S'i^i'a;St\t;-'^-;!:;;i;:?-^:'" 
 
 /'iinMii, boat of tlie il?,,., 11. ., = •''"iR, ,, 
 
 ;r:^u/:i-i:ir'''"'-'-'"^ 
 2{.j;;i:^rsi!-?i^'^'-^.'^-Hha3,^!:f; ■• 
 
 IM,ilti)liavecrossei|(roiii Neu'Vn,.!, ,' r, ' ' ^"«' i> 
 ,. '" ! il»y.', 23 lionrs, a , ,; ",?,[." Q "-"'istown 
 
 ■It yiiwistinvn, 8 ISept ,R /,'''•• "'■'•'^■'='' 
 ^3n,i,,,;^,„,,;,,,,„M;;.,^.8..,^^Cs,ilays, 
 
 I'TifCmWri.Ounaril liner eaotain Afi.- •^.'''''''' '^93 
 
 •'" I'r''I«'ll.'r. 1 t ,,.',1^^' ^'"1 'I ' V "'■'■• »hel 
 
 lOCi 
 
 «TKAMEX(iIXK. 
 
 I ■until ill, 
 
 ■V I of 2; 
 
 per ilay, 
 
 """'III' inil.'s 1 I ' "''■'■'Ke 
 
 "'"' 'l'"t I le 1 I Is '"■ '■"" ""I" 
 
 •■'■'- .oi,,,;,,,,r^^:;-;;;;;;;H'')eii,ro,,i,na,,,i« 
 
 iir,^;;;!;;V"'-«': '• ' <•• »'""-v, ia;„^^,;':i':' ■«« 
 
 .ni;:7':^''-.':'i::i:t';;l''li:^;r" ;un;V:;:: -^^ 
 
 ^^i'"|=ti-o.(,'^,,a,;S;„,'^';i,^;;r' 
 
 ■ , 
 
 Iniiiiehml, 
 
 See.Vi,,'!/, aiiil.sViO'i'Mi,/. 
 
 WIlllE srKA.M VKSSKU) OK E.Vo,.,».vt,. 
 
 1898 
 
 /.em,. 
 ■ 3l6 feet 
 . 240 feet 
 
 • 27=; feet 
 . ,'.'2 feet 
 
 • 370 feet 
 
 • 3'/t) feet 
 5JO feet 
 
 llloiiil, 
 .15 feet 
 
 60 feet 
 
 61 feet 
 5« fei't 
 43 feet 
 45 feet 
 52 feet 
 
 ' '■'9' feet 
 
 ■ ooii : siTew, 
 
 83 feet 
 
 linary li^|,t 
 
 '';:■'<', 7J2,ii«./. 
 "liieil ,,N,.pt. 
 11 "'I'l Lo., at 
 •^sr.fi}, Jan. 
 
 Orent Western 
 "Ike of \V,.||j„ ,,„„ • . . 
 
 Uritlsh (^iiei'li 
 
 ••real Uritaiu . " ' ' ■ 
 Himalaya , ' ' • 
 
 I'ersia . ■ _ ■ ■ • . 
 
 "VW/|< of „i,i„ ""' 
 
 ilraii'ht '.■ '■'■""" bins; 
 
 ShowasSl^'-'^'y-nltiihav 
 
 iwtia,.ii.ro,!it. «n,i^l::;,;;;:;^;';:^;',"'.»"iit^.r,i n,, 
 
 "". llnstii.Ks), tliri,„«|, soiie „ I'V'.""""' '""k plaeo 
 
 kiTi:.'i'i'''a','V""' •"• "'-'■""> Is, r ,;■„',? ;;'■«■■"■'' •""'« 
 
 Killeil and nian\ inrsons s,,^,,, ■" ""■■"en wertj 
 
 I'/iirs she s,',il,.|| ti, H ,■,,*,'""■'''>■ '.".H"'''!. After r" 
 slif .'...blreil the sill ,•■"• '"■|'I^I"K •'"TO -oOe ; 
 '■"•ileil to .sonthampt f . ,^ .'.ti, i''' " ^ ' ■ "'"' I'r .- 
 olie was lilteil 1,., |„ ,.,„',' "" "I'ibr, 4 .Vi,v. 
 
 to Australia, , liistai 1 ■„?'*" '"■''"""•'' ''"i" Lonihii, 
 
 ■200 3r,l lias... Ib.r ,,r ,.';'' ^.•^"";' -''''' '■!"«», aii.l 
 ^'■"«neili„ ,i„.Hi,|,', "2,„,"'"sr" ,<"",■■■■!''"") waJ 
 
 ™pbiiii Vine i,,||, an, ar, mi,, ''■'': V'""'"nn,l of 
 
 ^'^srt/i;r;(r^--;;'™^^«.■s,o„n^ ,.„,, 
 
 "ipireil her bnttom "' '' '"■•"■ ''""« Island aniK 
 
 ;i:iM:?f!r;;rir\^":^-l.:^ Liverpool .,ja,,. 3,3, 
 
 nlie was boiii-ht bvfiliJl ro'. ^^'' 
 ■VHl, .f^randUs'eha, ;!;';•,;;';:' f-"- i" M^re., „r 
 teleKraj.h eable; sailed f ri mi si, ''*'-'' ''''■ -^''n'll 
 
 reliin,|.ii ,y .\nj., ,^,;, ^^ : ,,^7^ ' f. ''. ^'"y ^ nm 
 bhe .sailed f,„. x,.„. y„,5. ,. ' ', /•/"■"■ y,/,.,„.,A. 
 f6 Mareii, and returned 'ivitl'. ''.,-:""° I'''s.sinf;ers 
 
 26 .Miireii, 
 the .seaiiii 
 
 ■'«;„■ 
 
 ipiieer Tomli 
 
 pruei'i'ileil on 1 
 
 [,.■"*'■■» Vurk, aiiii.l 
 
 ■iison and his st 
 
 .i;r"Mt reji 
 
 "T yjyaKe, and arri 
 
 all', llm 
 
 I li'w fron 
 
 L-'IhV; 
 
 l'"rf-, llle'lirsl 
 111 Xew York 
 ^ifhrs. 
 
 '■'"'.■.i, Ounii 
 
 'd at 
 
 and returned with m, vi. ' f^"". 
 
 '• '■i''i'"ii,H the rvL •';■,,:?." T "'■''■< y 
 
 At ;■ "■■■'^':"'•'■»•'l i>d" Chauei.." , '.i^, ;■ '«7 ; ai'U thi, 
 
 r;:SiMllX^'--''-^''-'<-^i...-a,,hi'a,,,,,, 
 
 Arrived at lioiubav with Jinuileiv .,„ i' a ' "'•'■ 1869 
 ^7 Keb. ; returned ti's ,1 .,','';'-' '""' Suez eable ' 
 
 ■''ailed with the fiuirtl, \t ■ til ,\, ' , •'"'"■. 
 8 .'m.e ; wlii,.], „.,„ n „; , i .S., . ■''W'T!. eable 
 
 sleaiuer of the A 
 
 arrives at Soiit 
 
 ./«"';■■. White .s'lar li 
 
 .11 III- 
 ineiieaii 
 laiiijiloii 
 
 SiuM with tlm I'ifd 
 
 aid 
 
 li Atlaulic teli'^ripl! 
 
 1870 
 3'''il.v; ,873 
 
 9^ ;,';"t"I' for sale a(3o,«x,/. 
 ' ' '■'■" 'Seott lill.sseil died. 
 
 111', exhibited 
 
 • 4 .Mareh, 
 
 ill Hoval 
 
 16 JJec. 
 
 IJoll 
 
 I'll 
 
 not hon-lit 
 
 lia 
 
 'liiised to he 
 
 employed ii 
 
 741 
 
 ph itabl, 
 .'.,.S-pt. 
 
 '9 •let. 
 
 °74 
 
 8.J 
 
 Sold "by ntiot 
 
 al hulk ill Gibralt: 
 
 "lie, 1882 
 
 i'lii to .^fr. Fred'i 
 
 26,2oo(. fur the Loudon tr 
 
 April, 
 
 ;iders (1 
 
 ■■ick lie Matto.s f, 
 
 united) 28 (Jet. 
 
 a s. z 
 
 SSs 
 
 s 
 
 *!#' ''Ji 
 
 
 •j: -I, I 
 

 ^^■'il " 
 
 .yjai 
 
 H'j««Aii etJN. 
 
 'H 
 
 STKEL-VAKD. 
 
 k< v>llimr ilUi'dVi'l'ml 111'' 'Hi.vl |.r"ri'ii« nf iiiuklit,' 
 ,,i,i'| l>v Iiiiiiii'I'dIiik iiiuIIi'uMk irmi In it Imtli <<t 
 ,■111.1 11 ■!! . . . • , • • , ', ■ ■ '■■' 
 A niiiiiiifMiti'rv I'lir runt »Uv\ U Hiilil In liiivr '» . 
 not n|> l.v lI'Mijiiiiilii IliiiiUnmii at llmi.UwM,; - 
 iM:ir Slii'ltl.M ,'..... . ■. 
 
 Till' iimiiiiliiiliiiv cil»liriir xli'cl lii'waii In Slu'llnM 
 
 .il~ 111 , 
 (li>niiHii "li'i'l »iiM in.i.lii lit Ni'ttcasll.' iiri'ilnii,l\ i^ 
 
 .Mr. iiawli'V. 
 Till- iMM'iilciiim iif Mil-liat (iS^.i), l.iU'aH liJ..,((, alrt 
 lli'iitli (iBi'il. wi't'i' liH|"iilaiit uti'i'H III thin iiiaiiii. 
 I'ai'tinv ; »!■•■ /•;.':iMi. ■,,../ 
 .. , _^ |(..|.„l.alr1lli"l lil» "l'ii'l'll>'il xti'i'l , • ■ . I ■• 
 
 ril hv Mi"fH. I'.TkiiiH, ill 1HJ4, 1 .Mr. (iirt.HiDll. lii-<»i'iiM'ri lnHti'.'l liy iiaK..iii;.-.n| I 
 
 i,|iilihiii«li lii|iuil inui, iH<;h. Ity IliU iihIIi."! , , 
 tmiH "t iTihli' ii'Mi liiivi' l"'<'ii I'liiivi'i'ti i| lilt" 1 .1.1 
 Hli'il ill :.'\ niiiinli'.i.' 
 riiiiKM.'ii Kti'il w.'* iiiiiili' III tli'iiiiaiiv, iSfii; ami M, 
 
 I'li'iiiy iiiii'li' mI"'I Ii> liiiiitliii! ivillmt iriiii Iik 
 
 tail witli carl ti' "I' niiiiiniiiia .... ij, 
 
 M. .Mlivil Knipii ivlilliili'il mi lii«"' nl'ili'i'l wWli- 
 ill ' 4v«i lliK. ill i>l^'. I'll'' "'"' "''l^liiiin J'l t'llm III •■ 
 
 rill- »lii|i i"|iiirti"l ill «iiihI riiiiclllldii . ao April, li''^' 
 H.,11 III Mr. WiirKli-y die j(i,'wo(. . . • ■ •, 
 ' MiTHi'V . . . • 13 Miiy-iJ •>i't. ,, 
 
 l... iv viitltuil ; ilrliik lii'i'ii, fnwl • A|'il|, *^^7 
 
 s„l,li,,.»»i-. fralk Inr -■1,,...'. •,,.,"""",■'; " 
 
 111 tli,> ClvJi', w I'l I" Mi'Kxl'H. Il,'iu> Dalli, liM'lal 
 
 tjruk-rslr.ir i'..^,.'/ ''''.'' •• 
 
 Jf,.„,i, ftinirv Hil'li ami Mmiih niilt.' tin' M'«»i'l In 
 iuj I. ,,,'."H;Vi tlif Mi'ini'y, wlii'ro »lii' U liwii'licM 
 "" .1^ Auk. ijyi 
 
 Total tiMum* iif till' "ai,' at I.iviTi 1 ^i,'i.»'. 
 
 W4 .NiiV. „ 
 STEA^I OrS'; HimjfiHtcil In Wm. Miinlmli 
 
 iSoi. (tllc |illlrlll 
 
 VIM iiii'iri'otiiiil. 
 
 Ill lilt, i.S7.>, Mr. II. II.-w,'ini'riiriiiiiH,'il tin' apiilli alioii 
 of nl.i'am [iiiHir tu arliiliiy. 
 
 HTE.VM HAMMER, inyinii'l '-.v Mi' J""''" 
 
 Namiiylli in iH^^ ""'' P'll'ii'i'il ^'> '""' ''"^ J'""'- 
 842.' Its iiiaiii iVatiirr is tin' iiliviliilrlv dirci t 
 
 iimcr liy wliirli tlir rliistic imumt iif hti'aiii is 1 inhuiit 13...H iii,'ii ar |i|iiy,',l at lii.< »i,rks ai 
 
 4,ini)liniiirtii lift up mill K't In 1 tin' mass nl iruti 1 hNsi'ii, iSrt;! ., , ,, „ ,■ ,- 
 
 to thr riul i.f 11 piM.iii-nMl p,i>Hiin? tlimiiuli 111.' , 'I',!,;;.,,,,,. ,,„„|^ |„„,i;;ht li„iii Taiaiiaki nr Xvw 
 
 ■ ittiiiii iilim iiivi'rlnl .iti'iilii I'jliiiilrr lilaicil liiiini- I |,|^, nh, in Nfw Zi'alaiifl i-' 
 
 iati'lv over the anvil. A sti'i'l liriilp', in I'lHiiwiMinii wltli llif I'Vliiliitinii, 
 
 I >rt.'. Mr Nasinvtli aiMilii'il M* sti'ain liaiiiiiirr I" |.|,ii.siriii'ti',l at I'aiin liy .M. .Imvt . . . . i- 
 
 IrivniL' ■|iili>H wliii'li h.is ini|i.irlantlv a.siMi'il in till' ! Mr. .l,ilinII.'atniipiil,li-liiHlliis,iin,..,s . . ,.,; 
 
 ,'x.riil 111 Mfuirat imlili.' wmks. (iwiiiK- li, itx vant Dr. Si,. iin, liv iin'ann "I i.s " ri'iiniii'laliv,! ^i, 
 
 r^ii*' iifpiiHvr fiii-'a ir.iii-w.iik mil n.,w livil« na'artu inrnai'.'S," |ir.i.lnr,..l .'Xivlli'iil atwl, ■■liniply, la 
 
 *' 111 I . , 
 
 ,., .•xi'.iili'.l nil a simIi'. ami fur a varii'ty nl piirpnai'K, 
 with an I'as,. ami pii li'itimi imt pivviniLsly pnssilili'. 
 i'art.s.il' Kinanlii' iiiaiim' strain I'liKiin's, amlmrs, ami 
 AnintriiiiKi!'iiis.as will astlir lanst ininnti'ili^tails nf 
 iiiailiiiiiTy, as in Kiillrl'l rillin, arc uxi'futuil liy tlu' 
 Hti'ain liaiiiiin'r. 1 , ,, 
 
 A sli'ain liiinimr. saiil ti' 1"' tliii tlii'li laip'st In tlic 
 w.irl.l niniiilitiil at Wmilwlili : tin' lalliiix piatlini 
 w.'i.'lis 40 tuns, ami wln'ii usm.I with tup stcaiii (51 Imi^l 
 
 lias the tiir r 91 tuns, April, i«;4. ( iiHMit Scliii 'liliM ^ 
 
 works, I'ri'iiziit, Krance; w.mkIiI liit\v,-ii 7511ml 8 , HHls, 
 
 Mr.'''xasmytli, ni,M'il 81, lUi'il 7 MnV, '8)o. "'^-^V':'" 
 
 liirj,',' masses i6jf:,it' 
 
 Cntli'rs'Ciiiipiiny, Luinliin, opi'iii'il ar uxl.iliih 
 
 I MilV, l;;, 
 
 Mi'ssrs. lliili'kmv, Vaii^'liaii fi I'o. "f MiiMli^sliniat'li. 
 Iiv 'riiiiimis 1,11,1 (lili-liri-.t's piii,-,'ss, ,',,i,v,'rt tW\i- 
 
 Itiml iimi nil' iiit" ll,'ss,'mir »l,','l. liy liiiini; til.' 
 Iiirmii'i' withrailial lirii'ks of iiiawm'sian liiaistnin' 
 ami a.lilim,' I'nl'l liasii' niati'rial, pliiispli.ans liiii;- 
 tlii'ii'liv ri'iiiiivi'il 
 Till' piiii'i'ss r,'p,,rti'il sii,',','ssfnl . . (*i't. nio 
 
 Mr .1. M. ,(,'aiis imlilishi'il liis Impiirlaiit Wiirk, 
 I'Sti'i'l: its History, .Maiiiiliictiiri', Priip,'itii'>. 
 
 ami I'si's" l"!'''' " 
 
 liio'inii'iv ("liti'il Iiv I>r. S, HinilcV, was piililisli.'il in ' V/a' (;.nii.hl. a sl,','l sailiiiK ship, -,(,320 Ions, -..ji II 
 ,mV ' ■ l,.nt;tli, 24a. ,jln. .li'pth, 4111. Iiicailth, humili.il 
 
 '^^^- , , ' at llt'llast ;.l;u,. li: 
 
 STEVM-MAN- A fijjuri' coiistrtictcd to (ll-iiK rui'inn, Cununl lliii'r,al,nvu 8,000 tons, 5200. I"a,', 
 H pliai't'oii n'l'civt'd tbU iiaiiie in New York in „ It, 3 In. Iiroail, 41 ft. (Iwp, liiuncii.il nn tir- 
 Miirch, I8')8. 
 STEAM NAVIGATION, sec utulcr Steum 
 
 I (Jlyilf ' *'l'' ■--■) 
 
 Mr ' 11. H. Thwiilt,', of I.ivi'rpool, ami Mr. A, 
 stiwiirt, or llrailli'i'l, introilm'i' an iiiipri.v.l 
 "rapiil" liroc'i'ss I'or lliu inaiuiliirlnr,' ,,l' sli'i'l. 
 
 aiiiioiini'i'il Uti. 1; 
 HiM' nmli'r .'^■^•l^a. 
 
 STEAM-PLOUGHS were piitenti'il l.y 0. 
 
 Callawav imd H. .\, I'lirkcs, fSp,; H. Cowing, 
 
 iSjo; iiiid others. John FowK'r'sof 1854 is imieh ■ t^TEEL PENS. "Ifoii jii'iis" are ini'iilii'iml 
 
 ,(,i.r.)ve(:. I liv Cliiiiiiberlavne in lOHy Stii'l pens innlc Liu' 
 
 STEAM-K \M (f" tie used in naval vvarfare), lielore, l)e^'an to eoii.e into use about iS^n, wlii'ji :!- 
 
 .TlljiV»»l. iv^Viii \,_ _. , , ^,_ ', „^ , ,0., ..I' il,,..,i...ilit 1,,'iis was siihl wlliili'^alr ! r 
 
 STEAM-WHISTLES and STEAM- ' riTltoll are eminent i ib'- ,T.,aei V .lilliitt.oriL'iii- 
 T'iU'Ml'KTS, used in liietories to siiimnon or dismiss j .^\\y .^ „ieelianii', made a larRu fortune by 8tti'l-|ien 
 workiuen, prohibited by an ai't pusaeil Aiii;. 1872. milking. He died 5 Jan. 1872, aged 72. 
 
 STEAEINE (from nlear, finet), that part of I STEEL- YAKD- An nneient inatriiment, the 
 
 oiN ,'iHi fats whieh is solid at eommon temperature, ! g,^,u,, (j,.,, j^ translated /Miliiiice in tbe I'entatciiili, 
 
 Th •"iture of the,st' snbstanees was tirsl made , .i>|||, _(,',„/,,,,„ y,,,;,,,,,,,,,^ „r llonian steel-yard, isiiirii- 
 
 knov ■ ••■ I'iievreiil. in 1823, who showed that they ; ti„,|,,j j,, ^,5 n,c.— The Stei:i.-vai:ii "r Stili- 
 
 wi'-e (. "■ ■tir:'- of neculmr acids, with a base i yauh Co.mi'ASY, London merehants. who bil the 
 
 tcri„fd !.->■■''. of i^'e' " compounds the ehief are ..... „. 1... 
 stcaii'.ii'' J; i,.iiino, r.ii>' elainc; see Cum/leu. 
 
 STEF'L '.'■■.i'ii ''• compound >f ii-on and carbon, 
 exists in' r,'.r. c, i.rtd has been ■■; ;.■ it^il from the 
 oarl'" ■• times. ■ t was certainly ;,.>ed by the Egyp- 
 tians, Asayrianri, Rii'l Greeks. It now largoly 
 replaoes cast iron in ship building, &e. 
 
 stccl-yard in ■riiames-streot assiirned to tlirm by 
 Hemy III., about 1252, were FleininKS and bir- 
 mans, and the only exporters, for many ycara aftct, 
 
 " For this iiivrnti.iii lie l\a,l rcrrivi'il by r-'Vu'.ti-i 
 I,5o7,7^8^ up to 1870: also riany fnri'iKii hmmn-. 
 knii/hteil June, 1879 ; born 19 Jan. i3i3, ,lu'.l .5 March, 
 1898. 
 
illli'i'l |ir »n iif iii.ikli ,■ 
 
 iiillmtlilu Iriiii III It IhiIIi "I 
 
 I'.'j 
 
 Kln'l lit Bulil til Imv.' 'ii" 
 IlilllUMliMl III IIiuiiUW'n: ' 
 
 I' Hl.'1'l'lii'k.Mll III Nlii'M.i'M 
 
 .llii'lll 1 .., 
 Ill Ni'»i';l>itli' lUvviMlmlj hy 
 
 111 |i».>0, l.iK'iix ll^'>4), nil I 
 |Mirlaiit itti'pi* III IIiIk itiiiiiii- 
 
 niiiiili'Klii'l li.v|iiiii«liii{i'i.|i| 
 I, iHsfi. Ily tliU iiii'llii"! . . 
 VI' Iktm riiiivri'tiil iiitii 1 ii-i 
 
 I- III Di'iiiiiiiiv, iS^i;; mill M. 
 
 iriiitriim ivl-liiit limi in 
 
 I aiiiiiiiiiiiti .... i^i 
 lli'il nil lii«iil "I'ldi'ii! wi'ljli- 
 mil mil' wi'lu'liliii; .mliini In i"'j 
 1' I'liiiiliiyi'il III Ills wiiiki .1' 
 
 liliiiti'il liy M.Ciir 1 ■ 1 , ; 
 
 vi'iti'il \iy I'lilli'iy iiiiiili' I'li'iii 
 i).'lit liiiiii Tui'iiiiiilil 111' .Ni'» 
 ■:ihiiiil 1" , 
 
 I'lliilll Willi till' I'Xllilillli'll, 
 
 liy M. .Ii.nl . . . .1 
 
 <lll'il Ills |lli"'l'SS . . l:' ; 
 
 s ill' Ills " ri'Ki'111'l'.'illM' pis 
 cxi'i'lli'iit Hti'i'l, i'lit'u|ily, ill 
 
 IH7';, .(.. 
 
 lull, lipi'lll'il III' I'Slilllltiiill, 
 
 I MllV, !;•, 
 Illlll .V I'll. Ill' Miililll'slili.llL'll, 
 I'ist's iniiri's.s, iiillVilt I lilr. 
 ll'SSI'llli'l Hti'l'l. liV llllilll.' Ill'' 
 
 lirliH uf lllilKlli'sillll lllinsliilii' 
 '.: lilllti'liill, liliiisiili.ilils lii'll::; 
 
 lU'l'l'Ssflll . . 'I't. 1::^ 
 
 Hsiti'il Ills liii|iiirt.'iiil \\"ik. 
 ;, .Miiiiiil'iu'tliri', I'lnii'Ttii's, 
 
 hVli, „ 
 
 ililiK sliir. '.i.aJii liMlH, .'jj li. 
 ptli, 41 It. liruiiillli, liiiiiii'lii'il 
 
 7 .lull. !■!.' 
 
 IllinVl' 8,i«X)tllllH, 5.!cift. loll'.', 
 
 I It. ili'i'P, liiuiu'lircl nil till' 
 
 . *'lit i:;, 
 iif l.ivi'i'liiiiil, mill Mr. .\. 
 Ill, liitrniliii'i' nil iiiipi'ivi'il 
 r tliii iiiiiiniriu'tiiri' iif sli'i'l, 
 
 niiiiiiiiii 1 iii-'l. 1;;; 
 
 I' niiili'i' SInim. 
 
 . "Ii'iiii jii'iis" iirr mcntii'iu'il 
 I ifiiSy Steel liens, in;iik' l"ii,' 
 e iiiti'i use almut l.S:ii, wlieii tl,,' 
 ilit peiLS wiis sulil wliiilesiilc fr 
 pi-ii'i was X.I., mill ill I1S32, Ov. 
 Bill'; I'll' 0'/. 11 griws. Hinnii).'- 
 t'd uliuiil li.'W mii;iiill peiLs ]iir 
 id eliilUrcti nr-: v iiii'i|iiill.v mi- 
 j!',. tiii'i'. i'HU'. iili'lu'll, iiiiJ 
 I 1' 1 ■ ,K«i'i V.iilliitt.orit'iii- 
 ule II liiffiL' furtiiiui liy atti'l-iit'ii 
 , Jan. 1872, aged 72. 
 
 ). An nnoiont instrument, the 
 ted hiiUnice in tlie I'entiiti'inli, 
 ((, or Uoiiian steel-vmil, isinin- 
 —The Stki:i.-vai;i> »r Still- 
 ,iiiidim nierelmnts. wlio hail the 
 les-street aasifjned ti) tlieni by 
 I2?2, were Fleniinss »"J 'J''" 
 exporters, for iniiny yc.irs .nftiT, 
 
 III! 111! had reci'ivi'il by r-yal'-- 
 
 jq; iil.so niaiiv fm'i'ii.'li lumnur-: 
 
 born 19 Jan. 1813, dii'd "5 J'""' 
 
 NTKKX.'ilKK. 
 
 uf tlie utiiph' eiihiriiiHlilii's nf Kimhi 
 'llie enniplinj |iii.t jln priyiletf 
 Illlll the iiieri'hiiiilH were ex 
 
 ll'»i 
 
 NTKULlXu. 
 
 hiiiill 
 
 iv: 
 
 lielleil ri'iiiii 
 
 .V. iti i;-,s 
 
 ni-e, 1(1(1,1 ,1.., 'I'l 
 
 1'.iimI 
 
 Kliiiid III 
 
 llll'llll.l, 
 
 iie,S,„.,..tyo(A,i|i 
 
 'I' it aliiiiit in 
 
 mi an 
 
 lijiiarieti pn)] 
 
 STKKNKIKK. -.. 
 
 STKF.WO, S.W, 
 (if Miiniiiiiii, .S.W. Ill 
 
 II small \ illume on tl 
 
 i!''f.!'' :„";:';'*"''•';■"■'■'' '"'"'f*- ii'-r.-^ 
 
 'iiiliriil erypt »ii» 
 
 (' 
 
 'llst.illliliopir; hel'l. || 
 
 (iiiiiiil duke Mrlmliis rstiililii.|ie,j |ii, ||,,„',| 
 
 24 Kill. ; Illlll III 
 iiilli 'I'lirNin, 
 
 inai'ter- 
 
 the I 
 
 hide ill' I 
 ■"irllllliieiil li, I'l 
 
 jiianeti I 
 il Mr, .< 
 
 iiijili II ill .Ian. iX 
 
 riition of 
 
 •dii 
 
 I 
 
 rixh, E. I.11111I1 
 
 ok. I'M 
 
 I2i)<). .Sti 
 
 "Hl-d I. 
 
 II, til' gfihi'T). 
 lull II 
 
 silllllll 
 
 11' Mas siuMdl 11 tieiilv 111 I 
 
 ll-'Oe, Kijl 1,11,1 ,(,,,- 
 
 till l|-eiit\ 
 
 •M 
 
 mill, |,s-,s 
 
 I'll", ^imiiil i,i .liilv. I 
 
 Miiili nil. llllilll |,v 
 
 'fill' UiisHan- i|iiiited San Slil'm 
 
 It •■st.llllNlllll il|l|l'|r,.||,|,, 
 
 Km Milium ; 
 
 I'lishhii, 
 
 111' Miiiil, 
 
 2-' .Sept. 
 
 !«:«. 
 
 IIiiIk 
 
 . Si|\hi ,111,1 
 
 I riliiy I ri'i|liiii'.| 11 liciivy iiiih ininiy 
 
 Mlla u tlllililiiiy |i||||,.j 
 
 illlNKlil, Willi WIIH III ujiii 
 
 Imiii I ill key II 
 
 I'l'll "II tin lllili'k .Si 
 
 Km-: liii'XiliiiliKi' 111,. Iiiil i„.i||, I,, I II 
 
 'II mill 
 
 ik I 
 
 oy the pIllKiie, iiij; 
 
 I'''»t.i|','l and iipeiieil as a 
 H'laiil i,r Works, \ 
 .v*^..SM; i^'ii, S7,;,,,) 
 
 NTKIiKocill.lMI.STI.'V 
 
 ■piii'V sii||',.r,,,| .,,,., 
 
 Ml 
 
 pney-).'!-,., II «',;„ 
 
 "K. l.S;2. I', 
 
 y the .N'ii'tropoliti 
 
 tan 
 
 .l"i!iitiiiii, \HHi, 
 
 iitiii 
 rese;iri III 
 
 I'lit.ilii iinhts lor clirlsil , ., 
 
 mill iMllllllll'lll'H III |i|'|||'|. 1,11,1 ,y„ 
 
 STELT-A-LAXD, «ee 7V,i 
 
 uni'l-hhitl. 
 
 STKNOCiriiOMY, see hh.i 
 
 'ssilllilijii ; tl 
 
 open 111!' Iliispl 
 
 lli'ir 
 
 ^ iilor .\l, 
 
 .M. I 
 
 Mill l.e llel; 
 
 III spill 
 
 'asii'iiriiiiil liis |.|,||,.„^., 
 
 'he 1 III iiiisirv , 1 
 'iniii'.ted Hilh' the 
 
 I'.M'r. Vmi't lliiif'»"('| 
 
 iiaiiii'il nil,, lit 
 
 plioii.H trail. lilted' liy ,), |.;, _\| 
 
 STH.\()(JI{,\I'HV 
 
 ;irl nf sliiii'l-haii'l. Mini t. 
 
 •roiil ami //,','/,. 
 Iiiij in Coliiion, 
 
 iiniistry m S| 
 
 s. Viin't 
 
 I.H.K) hy 
 
 >ll'iiihelllii'," liy I),., ('_ \ II 
 
 iidlniili lie 
 
 lyh 
 
 I'll, piililisliid |.s,|j, 
 NTKKKoCHHdMV 
 
 i-iliolf and |ir. I'l 
 
 full iialei'.Ml 
 
 a llllilll' uf 
 
 illlll sliim^, narrow), the 
 
 sill'X) 
 
 till' iini'ieiitH. \\* ini|ii'ii\'eiiieiit i 
 
 Nave heeii |ii'ii,iis,',| In 
 
 nil 
 
 siTM's as tin 
 III t 
 
 n-s mil alkaline snlii 
 
 painting; in 
 
 iiranil the snlisirat 
 
 '"iiiii''linu nii'iliniii |„.| 
 
 ilioti 1 t Hint, 
 
 jiiii't KiiiiiiiK, to 'I'yi'ii, Ciiei'ii's liei'dnia.., 
 
 mine to ^ei II. riie ,/,-,, SciiIhikI, i'l, 
 
 .vrittin iilioiit 1412, is till' o|,|i',t 
 
 ntlriliiiii'il In th' 
 <n, and stil 
 
 '" Villi finhs, Willi d 
 
 mil. 
 
 11- iimiitinn i. 
 
 \\. .11 the 
 
 I'^kd. 
 
 llr. fiiniilliy lin;.'ht's •• f'l 
 Slii.rte, Swil'te, and Seiret,. W 
 
 system I'Miiiit, 
 
 Ket 
 
 'iter e.vist 
 
 Mnnieh 
 
 ied at .\l llllilll 1,1, - 1 
 T''', III","- of this ail liy Kaiill.a, 
 in the ,Mu.seiini at llerliii, and 1, 
 
 rilnd 
 
 ^Mlh. 
 IIIll 
 
 .;'u'':''.!':' ;;'■ "i';.'V"; "•' i f^'i'KKE-.AiKTER, y. 
 
 I ;,'<''<. in the first I- 
 
 Peter 
 
 utrll 
 
 Hah' 
 
 till 
 
 ii;(lisli Woi'li 
 
 ' inilili 
 on sill, ri- 
 
 led in I art of lakiii:r the 
 
 ■|iiiid. t-'amriiiL', invented al„,iiti 
 
 liy whieh isi'i,iii|i;,H«.|| -111.' 
 
 ^'I'lipliy in 151)0; and ,li 
 
 \\\* '• Sliiiii(iriii>li'ii" ill Khii. S 
 
 pysteiiis I'll! niodilieiil 
 !S,i' I'liiiiKtiiriiftlni. 
 
 Wi 
 
 illee 
 
 pnlilisheil ,111 ; Mtei 
 
 onlenls i,|' vessel 
 iSii. Aiiilr. 
 
 •* ot l|i|iui|s liy 
 
 '<; .meter, i,,r deieiniinin^' M 
 
 li . Sii 
 
 tl 
 
 pnlilishi'd liijiiiils, pnroiis Imill 
 
 nil niiinv 
 
 ioiiM haie heen produeeif. 
 
 Eiliiiiiiiil Willis's svsti 
 
 'III, 1618 ; 'I'l, 
 
 16:^0 (llsl'll Itv .Sill 
 
 lions (slieUuii'i 
 
 iitiiriKlit's, 1O4 
 
 "lel I'.'l.vs); Will 
 
 1(172, iiiipriivi'il 
 
 2 N, (know II IIS Kieii s); W 
 
 "as desirihi'd ii 
 
 tl 171)- 
 
 aiid powder 
 
 le speiiii,. i:i'iiyi|\ -f 
 
 otiili. 
 
 STEIJKOSCOl'E (fi 
 
 '"/'"".to .s,.,'), ,1,1 „,„j,.,,| j,|.|,.|,„„.;„ j; 
 
 wntilii; ill 
 
 'roiii .v/,)',„.v, snlii), |„„| 
 
 nppareiit relief iial 
 
 (Isiiiiwii IIS (iiiriii'\' 
 •il lEii); .liiliii Ily 
 
 l..» 'I'll, 
 
 iillii'iallv 
 
 . liiniiiy ( 
 
 ',1 ill 
 
 [.'iirlinii 
 
 17-'.) 
 
 unitiii- into one ii.|ii"i' ti 
 
 Illll'tS 
 
 lor I'epre- 
 . Ii\ 
 
 ili'iitl 
 
 11. i7'7 
 
 Wi 
 
 .\I 
 
 Illlll S, |i||l,|i,l,|.,| iitti'l' liiH 
 
 .iMir.s. 17 
 
 nil Mllti'll lire I 
 
 :7»6; Hi'V. Uii'liiii',r |(,„.s 
 
 mil 'I'livln 
 
 iiisi'.l ("ii,|el|s Illlll I Illlll 
 
 s\st,'iii ; .liiiiii 
 
 II. I, 
 
 illK'.s ") 
 1st Seripl 
 
 iiiiiii's (|,li,.iiiiKin|iliie), i8,7 
 
 w:«s, 181J-15 ; Is.iiie I'll 
 Hiiiiini'lni ; 
 
 Hi'i' //,, 
 
 s. 1341,; I'riil Kvi'lett's 
 
 A. .M. Pel 
 
 (',io|it'r (" I'mliiiiiiriiljiiv sli.irilii'iini' 
 1858; K. I'lekliill's (" l.,,;il,|,. s'l 
 
 1877; 
 
 r. 
 
 of tl 
 
 use i,|,|ee|s IIS seen hy ea,l 
 
 Ki' two pliiii,. i'i'|ii'esei,tiifions 
 
 tirst sti'i 
 
 I'Mhiliitiil li\ 
 
 ■eoseope l,y relleetion 
 
 Il eyesepanitely. Tin 
 
 IH; 
 .Mr.',! 
 
 had 
 14 slin 
 
 I riifessor Cliarlis W| 
 
 Wii.s I'liiistnieteil iiiul 
 
 ni I'd its prill, 'i|,li. In |,s 
 
 ii'iitslone in iHj,'' 
 
 .53- S'"i 
 
 ,f M. SI 
 
 .nil's, ,8,-: 
 
 ■.■\ ti'.\t-lio,,k (,l th, 
 
 'fh. 
 
 (iiiniey's), 
 ,it llllilll "), 
 
 1-4; 
 
 i'.lit,',l l,v \V. n. liiiiiiev mill 
 
 nils .\iiiii'rsoii' 
 
 (iiiriii'V 
 
 system. 
 
 i.-f4 ; .1. Marker ; , 
 
 "ill t eiiiiiplieaiiiii, ")' 
 
 188:; 
 
 ami Sims, i8tli eilitli.,,, 
 A, .June's (".Sliiirtlinnil 
 
 .11, 
 
 Viinniis systems nil, III nsi , ||i y 
 .\iii,rii'n, mill tin' Knst. 
 Slli'ltli, 11.1 Woeiily li,llli,|e,l 
 
 I'linee, (lermaiiv 
 
 685-92 
 
 alili' etteef, w 
 So, iety's l,',t 
 
 (in .Vmleitoii's I. ml 
 
 •en greatly impi'iived. liv 
 
 lerii ster 
 
 lie e.\liiliit|.|| ,,„ n ^,.| 
 
 ■e,i»iii|i|. i'eiiiiiri>. 
 
 STEKEOTYl'E, 
 
 ahf 
 
 priiiieV, Didot. 'iVvS. I 
 II 
 
 June, iHi 
 •list from 
 
 en ill the lioyal 
 
 a piii:e of niov- 
 
 |il'ilitin--ty|ies, so iiiinied liy the 1 
 
 Was kii,,wii In 1 
 
 t is said that st 
 
 of Kiliiiliiirjih, iiliinit i-., 
 are at the l(,,\al liis|i| 
 
 ereotypii.,' 
 
 as praetiseil hy Wiii. (ieil 
 
 30. Some iif Ged'a plates 
 
 ntioii, l.oiid 
 
 A.Mr. 
 
 Ki'iipli 
 
 \. .Miihi'ln 
 
 ti'iiii;.'in|ilii. iimi'liiiii' r,,i- III, 
 
 liroeess ill I.olldnll, 
 
 liii' i'i'|.ri',s,'iit,iti,,ii ,,|' |,li,,|,,,(i,' s, ,1111, Is (ill.,, lit 
 
 .'to w,,i,ls pel ininiii,.): |ik,. .•, 1, 
 ki'y-l,oiir,l, exliiliiteil at ili,' 'li 
 
 lilt 
 
 1S84, sli,',Tssl'iillv n,l,,|,t,-,l l,v till' Itali 
 
 iniiiioiiimii with a 
 Hill I'Xliiliitinii nf 
 
 nti,,iinl Shortliiiii,! ('i,iij;ii.s, i,i |hi. ( 
 
 nil Si'iinte. 
 
 Miisi'iiiii, l.diiil, 
 
 .S.W. (482 
 
 'li«ieal 
 
 M'riiiiieiit ed'ueatioii 
 
 :6Si'|it.-i (let. 18S7; I'ari., 
 
 Ilel-lill 
 
 Sli'iitliiiiiil plnci'i! on tlie j;, 
 
 f.uli' tiM',1 svsteiii 
 
 .Mr. '1. R llnrily'.s shiiithmiil 
 
 («il.'iil), r.'porteil siieeissliil 
 
 'STEPflEX'S CHAPE!.. ST, (H 
 
 ysteiiis iiolleeil) 
 ; -Miiiiieli, 1S90; 
 
 .fo Sept, iSii 
 
 writ in 
 
 lai'li 
 
 if 90 
 
 Iniilt l.y killer Steiihen, alion'i 
 liy Kilwnril III 
 
 if- 
 l.rii 
 
 4 .hill. 1897 
 
 CWestminster), 
 
 I i^v It W1I9 ri'Iiiiiit 
 
 1,1 I ' 
 
 iitteiiniteil to iiilr,„|ii,.,. (;,.,)',< . 
 
 hilt failed, alM'iit i;y^* M,./,„h. 
 
 m.i;' was 111 ii.se in ll,illaii,|, in t|„. |,ist ,','iit 
 
 " -imii'to liilile and a Dutili f dio Ijild 
 
 St 
 
 ireoty 
 
 pejirint- 
 iirv : and 
 
 th 
 
 /'/////// 
 
 It 
 
 was revivi 
 
 le Were iiiintei 
 
 in Loiiii 
 
 lUoli in l,S04. Suiee I.Ssotliediiraliilitv ofst 
 pes lias In en ei',.|,tlv inei'i'a.s.'il hy elei'tnit 
 
 111 h 
 
 111 
 
 iner or 
 
 silv 
 
 priiitiiiu' the Jiwrx. i,S;(i, ,t 
 
 pill), 
 er, Stei'eotypiiijj usid f,,t 
 
 111 the lit 
 
 .rnryi.r the H„yai Institiitinn i 
 
 ust, with this iiii|,i'iii| : " |.;,ii,|| 
 
 is nn edition of 
 
 niiri l'nl„'r l-:,liii,.|isi 
 
 viilKi, li,'ri s,,l,'t. s,',l tiil„.|li. 
 
 nilXi, tiiilieliinis 
 
 1, fVpis lllnhilililis. lit 
 
 si'il laliiiiiis f'lisi 
 
 ■ 744" (I'riiit,',! at l':iliiil,iii(,'li |,y \vili 
 
 hat 
 
 I'Miiii.'ii'r-h, p.l,isiiiiiii,'ii','it"wit'l 
 
 '"" Illy il'iiie, lint withenst talilets 
 
 Illlll. t 
 
 s, exellih'- 
 limn Ged of 
 
 ypes, iw is 
 
 .r i.lntes. j 
 
 y Mlwiiril II. in H47, ami l.vhim miiileaeol- ynvvr rvn . n m 
 
 •:::nle eliiiri'!!, to win, ii ,i .i.-aii and Iweive seeniar >. i.' . Vl I, , H ''"""''J')' i>";'''";-'<' -'.'lys (I733), 
 
 lini'sfs were appointed. Soon after its surrender t. hi iT, l'"^'"' ^"■'■'"'!-'r ^'i'" '•■■l^'li'''ll words re- 
 
 k.lw,irilVI.,aliont i^«,itwasappliedt„tlieiis,. f '"""- t" "i""<'.v. I'ml " familiiirto other 
 
 riivhament ; see 2;u/uana„. It was destroyed hy • It wu. hotly opp„sed by t.,,. ,,.iunieyiiio,r,,Hi,teis. 
 
 ^1 
 
 I, I 
 
 J^ 
 
 J Am' 
 
 J \€J 
 
 
STETHOSCOPE. 
 
 1046 
 
 STOCKS. 
 
 
 
 
 m\.- 
 
 ^" r 
 
 II 
 
 
 niitions, mid applied to tlie weight, quiility, and 
 kind of money}' " Ucrarius Aiigliic, qm vocatui 
 steilingus," Stat. Edw. I. (The pennv of tnghind, 
 whicli is called sterling.) Camdt u derives the word 
 from eushrliiuj or enlerliiig, observing that the 
 nionev brought from Germany, m tlie reign ol 
 Kiehard I., was tlie most esteemc-d on aceount ol 
 its purity, being called in old deeds ''nummuaster- 
 liiig." Other.s derive the word from the iiasterlings, 
 the first moneyers in Kngland. 
 
 STETHOSCOPE. In 1816 Laeiincc, of Paris, 
 by rolling a quire of paper into a kind ot cylinder, 
 and applving one end to the patient's chest and the 
 otlier to his own ear, perceived the action of the 
 lieart in a much more distinct manner thun by tJie 
 immediate application of the ear. This led to his 
 iuventing the stethoscope, or " breast-explorer,^ _ 
 the principle of which, now termed "auscultation, 
 was known by Hippocrates (357 n-c), and by 
 itobort Uookc, 1681. Sec U^atcr, 1895. 
 
 STETTIN (Pomerania), an ancient city, for- 
 merly held by the Sidini and Venedes, was taken 
 by boleslas if Poland in II 21. After being con- 
 quered by the Swedes, Russians, and 1-rencli, it was 
 awarded to Prussia in 1814. Population, 1890, 
 116,239. 
 Visits! by emperor William during military inanamTCS, 
 
 12 Sept. 1887. 
 
 STEWAKD OF England, Lord High. 
 
 The tirst grand oiKcer of the crown. Una othce 
 was established prior to the reign of Kdward the 
 €onfes8or, and was formerly annexed to the lord- 
 Bhip of Hinckley, Leicestershire, belonguig to the 
 family of Montfort, earls of Leicester, who were, in 
 right thereof, lord high stewards of England ; but 
 Simon de Montfort, the last earl of this family, 
 liaving riiised a rebellion against his sovereign, 
 Henry IlL, was attainted, and his estate forfeited 
 to the king, who abolished the ottice, 1265. It is 
 now revived only pro hue vke. at a coronation, or 
 the trial of a peer. The first afterwards appointed 
 was Thomas, second son of Henry IV. lie tirst for 
 tlie f^rial of a jieer was Edwanl, earl of Devon, on 
 the arraignment of the earl of Huntingdon, in 1400. 
 The last was lord Denman at the trial of the earl ot 
 Cardigan, 16 Fel). 184I. The duko of Hamilton 
 ■was lord high steward at the coronations oJ 
 William IV. 1S31, and Victoria, 1838. 
 
 STEWARD OF TiiF. HorsEiroLD, Lord 
 .(an ancient olHce), has the sole direction of the 
 kin"'s lumse below-stairs; he has no lormal grant 
 of Ills ottice, but receives his charge from the 
 sovereign in person, who, delivering to liim a white 
 wand the .symlitd of his ottice, savs, '' Heiiesc/ifit, 
 tcncz le buti'ii, fie no/re nwixou." Tins olticer has 
 l)cen called lord steward since IS40; previously to 
 the 31st of Hein-v Vlll. he was styled grand master 
 of the househoh'l. His function as a judge was 
 abolished in 1849- 
 
 STEWART, see SlMirt. 
 
 STICKLESTADT (Norway). HeroOlafll., 
 
 aided bv the Swedes, was defeated m his endeavours 
 to recover his kingdom from Canute, king of Den- 
 mark, and slain, 2.) .Iiily, 1030. He was attei- 
 wards sainted, on account of his zeal for Christianity. 
 
 MAGISTRATES, see 
 
 ■ I?";- 
 
 STIPENDIARY 
 
 Af«.V''./r((,'iS. 
 
 STIRLING (S. Scotland). Fnr the battl,. of 
 Stirliii"' (1297), SIC C(iiii'iiii</.-niii(f/i. ilic strong 
 castkMVus taken by Kdwardl. of England, IJ04. Here 
 
 James II. stabbed the carl of Douglas, 13 Feb. 1452, 
 and hero James VI. was crowned, 24 Jidy, ivr. 
 Stirling surrendered to Monk, 14 Aug. ifiji. Th,. 
 statue of kingUobert Hruce unveiled, 24Nmv. 18;;. 
 
 A gignutic bronze statue of sir Willinin Wiilliici' luiveilul 
 
 at tlie National Wallace .Monuincnt 25 June, iHj, 
 ropulation, 1881, 16,013; 1891, 16,895. 
 
 STIRRUPS w-ere unknown to the aiuicnts. 
 Gracchus fitted the highways with stones to .■iiiiM,. 
 the horsemen to mount. Warriors had projci ti.-ns 
 ou their speara for the same i)urposi'. btirruii, 
 were used in the 5th century, but were not cumihiii 
 cvou in the 12th. 
 
 STOCKACH, n town in Baden, near v.lii,], 
 the Austrians, under the archduke Charles, il,.. 
 featcd tlio French, 25 March, 1799; and Jlortiu 
 defeated Kray, 3 May, 1800. 
 
 STOCKHOLM, capital of Sweden (liuilt en 
 holmen, or islands), was fortified by licrger J^irl 
 about 1254. Hero the Swedish noliility wure inn., 
 sacred by Cliri. m II. in 1520; sec tiiadtn. 
 Population, 1887,227,9^)4; 18(^1,246,134, 
 Peace of Stoclcliolni, between tlie king of Gnat 
 Britain and the (Hiecn of Sweden, liy wliii'li tliv 
 former acipiired the dncliies of brenicn ami yi-r- 
 den as elector of lirunswick . . .20X1. 
 Treaty of Stockholm, between Sweden and Hiissi 
 in "favour of the duke of llolstein-Onltnri', 
 
 24 Murell, l-;i 
 
 Another between England and Sweden . 3 M^urli, ui; 
 And one between England, France, and .SHcdcii, 
 
 21 NdV. iS;; 
 
 Great fire, 25 lionses destroyed . . 21 .Si-|rl. i- ■': 
 Scandinavian exhibition of .arts and iiidustrii's 
 opened, end of Ai't'. i:;r 
 
 STOCKINGS of silk are said to have heenfir>t 
 worn by Henry II. of France, 1547. In IjijO miem 
 Elizabeth was" presented with a pair of knit blaik 
 silk stockings, by her silk-woman, Mrs. Montagu, , 
 and she never wore cloth ones any more. IhvtV. 
 He adds, " Henry Vlll. wore ordinary cloth hose, 
 except there came from Spain, by great chanrp. ;i 
 pair of silk stockings ; for Spain very early aliouiulm 
 with silk." E<lward VI. was presented witli a piir 
 of Spanish silk stockings by his meivlmnt, <ir 
 Thomas Gre.shani ; and the pres(>nt was then mur!: 
 taken notice of. Idem. Others relate that Williani 
 Kider, a London apiirentico, seeing at the liriisfi.f 
 an Italian merchant a pair of knit worsted stocking 
 from Mantua, made a jiair like them, the tirst mailr 
 in England, which he iircsented to the earl of I'm;. 
 broke,' 1564. Stow. The art of weaving rtnokiii;.-- 
 in a frame was invented in England liy the nv. 
 Mr. Lee, of Cambridge, in 1580, twent\-Hve yoar' 
 after he had learnt to knit them with wnvs nr 
 needles. Cotton stockings were tirst made in I7]c; 
 see Cotton. Digitated stoekiiigs (like gloves), a- 
 troduced 1882. 
 
 STOCKPORT (in Chf shire) !ia^ bcocxpm- 
 nent on account of thj cotton trade. HeatMi 
 Xorris, in Lancashire, is united to it by a hriiy 
 over the river. Here the Manihcster lilankilwr! 
 were dispersed, II March, 1817; and lierc was a 
 serious religious riot, when two Roman i-atliOiii 
 chapels were destroyed, and the bouses of nam 
 Roman catliolics gutted, and their funutuiv mi 
 other contents sma.shed or burnt, 29 June, |S;2. 
 
 STOCKS, in whieli drunkards wire lilaced. 
 The last in London was removed from St. ClfiuiBt 
 Danes, Strand, 4 Aug. 182O. 
 
 STOCKS. The public funding system nriginatiJ 
 iu Venice, about 1173, and was mtrodua'J into 
 
 -iiijjlj^ir 
 
STOCKS. 
 
 tho earl of DoukIus, 13 Fct,. 1452, 
 'I. WHS crownwl, 24 Julv, ifO". 
 L'dto Monk, 14 Aug. lOji. Tli:' 
 cM-t liruco unveiled, 24Niiv. \H--, 
 
 iituo of sir William Wiill:ipi' uiiveil.ji 
 iilliuM) Mimiiincnt 25 June, 15^7. 
 1,013 ; 1891, 16,895. 
 
 were unknown to the aiidt'iils. 
 e liigliwiivs witli stones to eiiiilili. 
 lount. U'lirriors Imd projei ti'-iis 
 for tlio same purpi'si'. btirniii, 
 ith century, but wei-e not euiumun 
 
 , n town in liaden, near v.iiiil, 
 Lider the areliduke Cliurlis. d.- 
 
 II, 25 Marcli, 1799; and Mui\;,u 
 Slay', 1800. 
 
 M, capital of Sweden (built en 
 
 s), was fortified bv liersrer Jarl 
 
 the Swedish nobility were mi\>. 
 
 \n II. in 1520; see Hinden. 
 
 III, lietwecn tlie kiiin of Great 
 lueen of Sweden, hy wliieli tin' 
 tlie diieliies of brenien aw] Vcr- 
 Drunswiek . . .20 Nnv. 171; 
 111, between Swi'deii .lud Hn.^sia, 
 
 lie duke of ilolstein-Uc.ttcrp. 
 
 24 Miirili. i-;j 
 ngUind and Sweden . 3 Maivli, u,; 
 England, France, ami tSweclvii, 
 
 21 NliV. iS:; 
 
 >s destroyed . . 21 ^^l■]pl. 1;/. 
 ibltion (jf arts and iiiilustriHs 
 Aly. 1;,;; 
 
 S of silk are said to have l)een fir>t 
 I. of France, 1547. In l^'X) mn 
 esented with a' pair of linit oiaik 
 ■ her silk-woman, Mrs. MoiUai;,,,, 
 ro (doth ones any nn)re. Ihvd'. 
 y VIII. wore ordinary cloth hose, 
 10 from Spain, by great chanfo. ;i 
 ngs ; for Spain very early ahouiuli/i 
 I'ard VI. was presented witli .i p;iir 
 
 stockings by his nn^ivliaiit. <ir 
 !l ; and the present was then iimrli 
 
 Idem. Others relati' that William 
 
 apjirentico, seeing attheli(u*^l 
 ant a pair of knit worsted stiu'liUii-- 
 ule a pair like them, the first mailr 
 ■h he presented to the eiirl ol Tiiv.- 
 (lie. The art of weaving stnokiii:- 
 
 invented in England by the nv. 
 ibridge, in 1580. twenty-five y«F 
 arnt to knit them willi wiiv* ^r 
 , stockings were first made in i;;i. ; 
 ij'dalid stockuKja (like gloves), a- 
 
 RT (iri Cheshire) ha.J bcccn-.e Ki- 
 lt of thi! cotton trade. Hi-at'ii 
 asliire, is united to it liy a IriJ;' 
 liere the Manchester b'lanliitni- 
 II March, 1817; and here wa> a 
 9 riot, when two Keinuu callioiif 
 cstroyed, and the houses of many 
 s gutted, and tlii'ir furiiituiv auJ 
 mashed or burnt, 29 June, \^\2. 
 
 m wliieh drunkards wire placMl. 
 don was removed Irum St. Cltiutiit 
 4 Aug. 182O. 
 
 ['he public funding system oripnatri 
 at 1173, and was lUtrodua'J into 
 
 STOCKS. 
 
 1047 
 
 i86o 
 :885 
 
 1878 
 
 Florcace m xuo. Tlip term Ktnrks is applied to 
 
 I^:>ll«H.al Uebt i,r/ncj< .see). The Stock Kx.diange, 
 iuCai)el Court, London, was establislied in 1801. 
 Till' Fergtil Tr«iisfer of Stock .\ct was passed 
 ■"/!»rf.<"are i^rsons wlio laiy stock and 'tlmlf 'eaine 
 it'te"tal''L "■'*" ' ■"""""" """'' "•''» sell and cause 
 
 Act tu prevent stotk-jubhimj pus.sed .March m, ■ 
 rt'iicaleil .... ' /Jt • 
 
 Stockbrokers' rents to the city of Ldndoi'iahoiishe/l 
 i3S4 ; came into elleet . . Seot 
 
 The feunilation of the Stoek E.vehange iii C'ai'el' 
 court, the resideneeof the l.ird niayoi sir Win 
 Capel, ill 1504, was laid on 18 .Mav, 1801'. It wa.s 
 state.d on the llrst stone that the pulilie delit was 
 tlioil 552.7 )o,924(. Jleinhei-s, ,8(34, aliuut iioo'- 
 aliove 2000 111 
 
 Tlie lueiiniralile Stiick Exeliange lioa'v for wliieli ad' 
 mirai kird (Jochraiie (aft.Twards lonl Dnndon.ald) 
 Jolmstoiie, and others, were convieteil, 22 Keh 
 j5i4. l>ird Cochrane was in coiiseipieiiee expelled 
 the liOM.se of commons. Ili.s iniioeeiii^e wa.s uftcr- 
 warils pnired, and he was restored to his r.mk liv 
 king William IV., and to the honours lieloiiKinL' 
 tiiit liy i^ueen Vie.toria. 
 
 Stock-eX(rliaiige (M)flee-liouse destroved liy lire 1 1 Feb 
 
 Eoyal Commission (lord I'enzance, justice IJIaek-' 
 biiru, Mr. S|*nccr Walpole, and iithers) to ex- 
 aiiiiiieinto the constitution and maiiageinent of 
 the London stiK^k exchange, agreed to, 2o.Maivli 
 1877 ; report is.sned ; the ma.iorily recumm.-nd' 
 incorporation .and other idian-es ; signed 31 Julv 
 
 The number of stock-holders in 1840 ainomited tcj 
 3J7.4S1. 
 
 Three pi.T c«nt annuities created 
 
 Three iK'r cent. cons(jls ereated . 
 
 Three jier cent, reilueed . 
 
 Three iwr cent annuities, payable at 'the Soutli Sea 
 lumse 
 
 Three-iMil-a-half per cent, annuities createii 
 
 Long annuities 
 
 Four ]ter cent con.sols 
 
 Five |ier cent, annuities . . ' ' !,„, nml -ST 
 Five |« cents. r,-duced to four . . '797 ami ,302 
 <JM four per cents, rediiceil to three-and-a half in 
 Further reductions made in 1825, 1830, 1834, 1841 
 
 ami 1844: the iiiaximnm beinff iidwtlu percent 
 
 Further rwluctions iiro]iosed bv .Mr. (iuscjien M to 
 
 2(111 15 yearn uiiilersijeeili(Mleouditi(,iis) 9. March • 
 
 new tliiees all converted or jwid (ill . 6 April' 
 3Iessi'.s. Thomas and Co., bankrupts, for a lai"e' 
 
 amount, sus|ieeted frauds . . . 31 Jan iS8i 
 Three iier ceiit.s. convertible into 2' and 2^ iiei- 
 
 cent, by .\et of 2 Sept., 1884. 
 The local loaiiR stock exchaiigealili! fur the three 
 
 per cents, consols created by the Xatiimal i'/,dit 
 
 and Loial Loans Act passed , , , 12 July 1887 
 
 By a return of the average price of the imblio funds 
 by the Commissioners for the reduction of the 
 iiatioiul debt, it appears that Ciimh (/. ,.., cmsoli 
 
 1816 
 
 1S7S 
 
 . 1726 
 
 - '73" 
 1746 
 
 '75' 
 
 '75^ 
 1761 
 1762 
 
 1S24 
 
 iSSS 
 
 1882, average 100' June looj ■ 
 
 '°o^'' 1 ■ '■ '"'■''■i " "»i ' 
 
 i^^4, hl;.'liest 102I; lowest, i 
 
 31 Dec, 98f,;. I 
 
 '335, average . . g^j I 
 
 fui ^ 'i .'°°J;'3lIa.v, 
 (highest price recorded) 
 io3l- 
 1887, iiyemge. . . ,0,. 
 
 .New Consols (23) 
 '8S8,9J,iue . "•]' 9 J 
 
 Ayenig0 97a. 
 ■ 889 2 .an. 99.1 ; jSJuno 
 
 93j. .\verag" -o 
 1S90, 2 Jan. 
 I, 10 .\pril 
 I, 5 June 
 .. 3'l"ly . 
 >, 4 ^'Vt. 
 „ 2 Oct. . 
 Nov 
 
 (Daring 
 dilllculty) ; 
 
 M 4 I'ec. 
 
 Average 96 J. 
 1891, 2 Jan. . _ . 
 M 5 Jlari'h . 
 I, 4 June . 
 ,, 2 July . . 
 
 1891, I I let. , 
 .. 3 "ec. 
 
 Average 953. 
 
 1892, 7 Jan. . 
 
 II I April . ] 
 
 11 5 -May . . . 
 
 1, 2 .June 
 
 11 I Julv . . . 
 
 o 3 -Nov. . . 
 
 I. I Ilec. . . . 
 
 Average gfiij. 
 5 •'an. 
 
 4 A]iril . . . 
 ' ■'^'■Pt, . . 
 2 (let. . . . 
 2 Nov, . . 
 2 Dec. , . . 
 
 Axerage 98J 
 
 97i 
 
 08 
 
 95 3 
 94I 
 
 '893, 
 
 935 
 96 
 
 95J 
 
 94J 
 96 
 94 J 
 95 
 
 95J 
 9'5} 
 97i 
 
 96; I 
 97 I 
 
 96? ! 
 
 985 I 
 97} ! 
 
 t 2 ,Ian. 
 
 1 Keb. , 
 
 2 May 
 I .lune , 
 I Aug. 
 I Sept. . 
 
 1 0:-i,. 
 
 2 Nov. . 
 I Dec. 
 22 Jan. 
 I Feb. , 
 I .March 
 'April. 
 
 ,, 2 May 
 >, 4 .luiie . 
 ,, I July 
 I, I .^iig. , 
 ,, 2 Se|it. 
 II I Oct. . 
 ,, 2 Nov. 
 ,, 2 Dec. . 
 
 1896, 2 ,Jan, 
 „ X Feb. . 
 ,, 21 Feb. 
 >, 2 March 
 „ I April 
 ,, 2 May , 
 ,, I Juno 
 ,, I July . 
 I. I Aug. 
 I, I f^^ept 
 ,, 1 Oct 
 II 3 ^'ov. 
 ,, I Dec. 
 
 '897, 2 Jan. . 
 „ I Feb. 
 „ I Marcli 
 II I .\pril 
 „ 3 M.ay 
 ,, 1 .Iiine 
 ,, I July , 
 " 3 Aug. 
 ,, I Seiit. . 
 
 ,, I Oct. 
 
 ,. 2 Nov. , 
 
 ,1 I Dec. 
 
 898, 3 Jan. , 
 
 11 I Keb. 
 
 ,1 I -March 
 
 1, I .^pril 
 
 ,, I •Toiio . 
 
 „ I. July. . 
 
 II 2 Aug, 
 I Seiit. 
 
 • • »53'i 
 . 104 > 
 
 . . 104 
 
 • '°5: 
 
 • '07tV 
 
 • •'07J 
 .I07i 
 
 • '071* 
 .107 
 
 • io6r'<, 
 . 106S 
 
 • -'o?!,! 
 . no 
 
 ■ -'oStJ 
 •■09U 
 
 • • '"} 
 
 • "3 
 
 • ■"3fi 
 
 • "3* 
 
 • -'"U 
 
 "°A 
 
 • 'o8i 
 
 • "'fn 
 ■ "'ff 
 
 • "3f* 
 
 • '"H 
 
 ■ i"A 
 
 . II2| 
 
 • "2* 
 
 ■ "3* 
 
 • >"nr 
 
 • '"f^ 
 . 112 
 
 ■ 112J 
 
 • "3 
 
 • 112} 
 
 • "'1^ 
 
 ■ ii'iV 
 
 • 112 
 
 . Ill 
 
 no 
 
 <Iated aimuilies. ])ayiii 
 iveriged ill tho year— 
 £iao o 
 63 13 
 
 rs 6 
 71 a 
 74 8 
 
 3Q 10 
 
 66 3 
 58 14 
 
 67 ifi 
 
 g 3 per cent, per annum) 
 
 .•:So 
 
 17)5 
 
 18 15 
 1820 
 1825 
 1830 
 1840 
 1843 
 1848 
 1S50 
 
 £58 13 
 68 12 
 90 o 
 
 89 '5 
 89 17 
 
 0^ 2 
 
 86 15 
 96 10 
 
 ma^:?)n;^::;;;;c^rlii:v^t::;:i.^s:hi;^'c^;ii:;!!r 
 
 .33.t;7.'" '' = '"' ™' "'■''''^'''"'>' '^t "'« St<ickExchi>;ge; 
 
 3 ; i852(Dcc. loi?. ios.)9g 12 
 The price of £i(X) stock varied in 
 
 -53. 
 I!54. 
 
 'hi. 
 
 IS6I, 
 liii, 
 
 from £101 to 
 96 
 
 964 
 
 97S 
 
 94J 
 94 
 
 £yo; 
 855 
 
 86i 
 
 SCJ 
 
 94 
 
 89 
 89i 
 9"! 
 90 
 
 ■564, ,, 91J ,, 8-,! 
 
 ■^^5. „ S7J „ 86i 
 
 ib66, average 83 June S6{ 
 
 1S67, 
 i3o3, 
 1S69, 
 1870, 
 1871, 
 1872, 
 ■S73, 
 
 93 
 vii 
 94 
 
 o-.J 
 
 02'| 
 
 94 i 
 
 945 
 
 92! 
 
 92 J 
 
 92 
 
 9-!} 
 
 94 
 
 STOICS, disciples of Zeno. the philosopher 
 about 290 1..C.) ; obtained the name bc.causo tCy 
 
 ■ Athens, /eno taught, that man's supre.ne hapl 
 piness cotrsisl -d m livinu^ agrceablv to nature niid 
 sUn!"',; ""' ""■' '™^ "^ the wojlllf, 
 
 Rbi'l^,'f^*^^\^' f^-^^"^ ^"""; ^''"■■■''^< Nottingham- 
 shiie). Near u.re,,m lOJune, 1487, the adherents 
 lamber S.tnne , who per.snn^te'd Edward, ea 
 bv ll'ilrv Vl'l"^ c aimed t'ln; crown, were defeated 
 Lincoln, and most of' the leader^, were kin 
 hou'hold;" "''""""'^ ""'""--"1 "' "- king's 
 
 STtJXE. Stone buildings erected in England by 
 Benedict Uscopaliout 670. A stone bridge, built at 
 Bow, in the i.th or I2tli centuries, is accounted the 
 fi s ; but a bridge exists at Crowland. which is said 
 to have been built m 860; sk J)rulffes. 'Ihe first 
 
 'l|;'l^ 
 
 
STONEHENGE. 
 
 1048 
 
 STORMS. 
 
 .<r; 
 
 I 
 
 Wi 
 
 V, 
 
 w 
 
 
 istoiie buikliiijc in Iruliiiul was pruliilily ii round 
 totti-r; s(^i' lldihliiii/. bldnc thinii-warf wus niadu 
 by Wi'dywciod in 17(12. ArliJiniU sluiie for statiU'S , 
 wns inaniifacliircd 1)V a Ncaiiolitan, and introduced 
 into Eni,'land, 17;()'. Stone paiicr was ruado in 
 1776; swKaumnu'aArtiJitidHitiiHi; and Lilhiiliim;/. 
 iur titonu iniidonifuts, s'oc F/iii/-^, and J'tiino-Jurlf. 
 An onliistra coni|ioscd of wind instiinnoiits ina<lo of 
 torra-ccjlta ajiijoarud m London in 1S74. 
 
 STONEHEXGE (on Salisbm-y I'la.in, Wilt- 
 shii. ) IS said to liavo ln'cn (■riM't<>d on the ((ii.um'I of 
 Merlin, by Anrolius Aujbrosius, in incniory of ^(K) 
 Britons, who wore iiiurdcrod by llcntjisl tUo t5a.\on 
 about 450. Oxijfir// 0/ Jlo>n,iui<l/i. I'.n-i'ti'd as a 
 si'iiulcliral nionmuont of Anilirosins, 5111). I'oli/don 
 Vvnjil. An aiiiLi'nt tcuiple of tlif iiritons, in whiili 
 the Uriiids ottii iatod. Jh\ NluMtii. '1 lio Iiritons 
 are said to have liehl annual meetings at Abury and 
 Stonehenpe, when laws were made and justice 
 ndiuinistered. 'I'he eursus near Stoueliingo was 
 discovered by Dr. Mukeley, b Au;;-. 172), The 
 orijiin and o'hject of these remains nr ■ still very 
 obsi ure. See'W. M. Flinders I'ctric's •_• Stone- 
 lienge; I'laiis, Deseriptioo, and Theories." 1880. 
 The tliorou^'li )ireservation of .Stoiiclienj^o .strongly 
 
 advocatcil Au^'. liib. 
 
 STONEWALL BRIGADE, see United 
 States, 1862, note. 
 
 STONYHUEST COLLEGE, N.K. I.ama- 
 shire. This institution for the education of lioniaii 
 Catholics was bejinn by tlie arrival in I7<)4 of 18 
 J .suit fathers, with their iiupils, of the seminary of 
 St. Uiuer {ic/iic/i sir), by invitation of Mr. 'Ihos. 
 "Weld of Lulworth, himself formerly a iiujiil. At 
 first thev were i)laceil in an old mansion here. 
 The undertaking- jirosiiercd, and durilif; tb..-- eentmy 
 the ]ire-i nt spacious buildinjis were erected, inelud- 
 ing a chapel, library, museum, and observalory. 
 In l8(j2 there wi'ie 5UO iiuiiils and 30 masters. Jn 
 1840 the college was aliiliated to the Lnivcrsity of 
 London. 
 
 The cldef of tlic observati'ry, Father .StpjibPa 
 .loscjili Perry, V.H.t'., at Kcrj.'ucl,n,. an isl,; in 
 tlic S. Indian Ocean, oliscrvcd Ibc Ininsit id 
 Venus, 8 Dec. 1874. He died at Sahit islainl, 
 near Dcnn'rara. wb<'re he bad jione to observe 
 tbe eclipse of the s\m .... -.i: Uee. 18S9 
 
 STORM-WARNINGS, see under Meteor- 
 oloijy. 
 
 STORMS, see Meteornlnffi/, Ci/i/oiien, and 
 ll'iiten/iuiitn.' I'lie following are recorded ; — 
 In London a storm raged which destroyed 1500 houses, 
 
 In'sevcral parts of Kngland, the sky being very dark, 
 the wind coming from the H.W. ; many clumdn'S were 
 destroved ; and in London s<>o bouses I'cll. 5 Oc't. loyi. 
 
 On the coast of Calais, when Hugh ile Hca\ivais and 
 several tlionsaml torcigncrs, on their voyage to assist 
 King .John agauist the barons, perisheil, 1215. Jkilin- 
 ."heA. , . 
 
 It tlmndered 15 days successively, with tempests of ram 
 and win<l, 12);. 
 
 Storm with viident liglilnings ; one tbish passed thnaigh 
 a ehanilMr where Kdwaid Land his queen were eon- 
 versing, did tlicm no .liunage, but killcil two of their 
 atteiel;nits, 1285. Il'^mlni. 
 
 Violent storm cd hail near I'hartres, in France, winch 
 fell on the annv of Kilward 111. tln'ii on its inarch. 
 The hail was so large that tin' army ami horses snilered 
 v.Ty nnndi, ami l-'.dward was iddigcd to ciaudude a 
 pCiO'C. I i?(). MiiU. l':n-iH. 
 
 When liichard II. 's ipLi'cn cann' from lioluinia, on her 
 selling bull on shore an awful .storm arose, and her 
 ship and ,i nunilier of others were dashed to pieces in 
 the harbour, Jan. ij8a. Uuiinskal. 
 
 Uiehard's secoml iinceii also hronght a stonn with lici-., 
 the Knglish coasts, in whiidi the king's h.ig-ugi. v, < 
 hut, and many ships cast awa>, 13911. //..;;„.,/„,/. 
 Hurricane, throngbont Europe, which dul v,.vv i„ii 
 siderahle daiTiage, on 3 Sept. 1658. tin- fiy^tLit, 
 Cromwell died. M"iiiiiiii: 
 Ht(M-m on east co.ist of Lngland : 200 colliiis iuid ciia,>.ti;^» 
 
 lost, witli most of their crews, i6c/). 
 The '•Citnl t<torni," one of Ihi' most Icrrihle tlcit ..v.. 
 
 r.igcd m Kngland. The devastalio i i^uid was m ' 
 
 mcnse ; and in tin' hiulionrs anil on the eim.sis ih|. l,-.^.. 
 in shipping and in lives was still gnvUiT, jf)-!; N,.-, 
 1703. The loss sustained in I. otiibm .ilniii- vv,iM-al( ■, 
 lalcd at 2,i.xK),ix«^ slerling. The niniil.i r ,ii' imwi.* 
 drowned in the Hoods of tin' Sevi'in laid Tiiiiim.s, :ii:'i 
 lost on the coast of llolhmd, anl in slii|is lilnwii ii..|;, 
 their anchois lunl never heard oralti'iw.uiN, i^ ilii,i,:l.t 
 to have been 8ixx>. Twelve nun ol-w.-ir. with ini.ii' iLn, 
 i8i.K) na'U on lio.-ird, were lost within sight nftl,,;,. 
 own shore. Trees were torn n]i by llie runts, .-.,,t, 
 of them in Kent aioiu'. The Kdilystimr iiglit.|i',,i,„. 
 was destroyed, and in it the ingeninns iinitiiM.r m .(^ 
 Winstanlcv', and tlic persons who WK'n with lum i'|,' 
 Hishop of liatb and Wells and his iady m !,■ kil|,.,i ;„ 
 bed in their palace in 8oniersetshirc, .Miilliiiiilis , j 
 cattle were also lost: in one level 15.,....^ slji|.|, 
 were drowned. 
 Sno«--stiirin in .Sweden, when 7000 Swi'ih-s. it is sail!, 
 lierished uimn the mountaiiiR, in their iiianli Iniiita'l" 
 Dronthi'ini, 1719. 
 One in India, when many hnndrrds of vessils w™. n,.' 
 away, a licet of Indianieii greatly daMiiii;i'il. and s. in 
 j ships lost, and 30,000 jicrsons perislnd, u Oil. i;;- 
 j Urcadfnl hurricane at the Havannali : imniy [.iit, ,. 
 ; edilices and 4048 houses were dfSUii.vcd, iniil i:.. 
 inhabitants perished, ^5 i)ct. 1768. 
 Awful storm in the north of Kngland, in whirli im,:,', 
 vessels were destroyed, and four DaUlin p;nli,i., 
 ! foundered, 29 (let. 1775. 
 Oni' at Sural, in the Kast Indies; deslioyed 700011!' tU- 
 inhabitants, 22 .\pril, 1782. 
 i One hundred and thirty-one villages and favias laid w.v^. 
 in France, 17S5. 
 One general throughout Great liritain : sweval Iminlrol 
 1 sail of shi)vping destroyed or dainaged, (. Oc t. 1704, 
 ' One which did vast damage in London, and lhrinii;lioiii 
 1 almost the whole of Kngland, 8 Nov. liioo. 
 I A tremcndons stonii thronghoni (ileal lirilain nii'l 
 i Ireland, by which ininn.'nse damage was ibiiit, aiid 
 1 many ships wrecked, 16-17 "ec 1814. 
 I All awful gale, by which a great nnnibci' of V('s.si'ls ivrr,,. 
 I lost, and iiiiich damage was done to the ,slii|iiiiiig n, 
 I general on tlie F.iiglish coast, 31 Aug. iditi. 
 Tlrcadl'nl hurricane, ravaged the Leeward Ishnuls. fi 'la 
 the 20th to the 22lld Sept. 1819. .\t llie i.slali.i ./ 
 St. Thomas alone, 104 vessels were lost. 
 Great storm along the coast from IJnrliaiii In Cnuiwa!; ; 
 I many vessels lost, Nov. 1821. 
 
 I In Ireland, particularly in the vicinity of llahliii, mai.v 
 houses were thrown down, ainl vast miiiihi rs iiiin ' lii', 
 ' 12 Dec. 1822. 
 
 i Awful storm on the coast of Kngland : many vi'ssrls li~t. 
 and 13 driven ashore and wieekeu in I'lyiiiiiiilli almi' . 
 ] 12-1 1 .Ian. 1828. 
 
 At Gibraltar, where iiiore than 100 vessels wore li' ■ 
 I stroved, [8 Feb. 1828. 
 
 Dreadful storm at the Cape of G 1 llnpi', wIh-u 
 
 immi'iisi' ]iropi'i'ty was lost, ifi.lnly, 1811. 
 A hurricane visited London ,'ind its iieiglilioiiiliiiMl. 
 i which did great damage to llie buildings, hiil wiiln.iii 
 I the desti'uclion of human lite, Ihoiigh many simms 
 ! acciileiits occuned, 28 Oct. 1838. 
 I Awful hiirricaiie on west coast of Kngland, ami ;i\ 
 j Ireland. The storm raged through ('hi'sliirc, (SlaHiT'! 
 ; siiire, and Warwickshire; 20 peisoiis were killol in 
 Liverpool, by the falling of buildings, and 100 ivi-i'- 
 I ilrowned in the iieigliboiirhooil ; the loasls ami Inr- 
 1 bours were covered with wrecks, till' value nriw.i, if 
 the vessels losi being nearly lialfa iiiillinn sii'iiii!.-. 
 In Limerick, (ialway, Alhloiie, and olhii' iila.',-. i ■■■ 
 than 201.1 houses were blown down, and as m. mi i 
 were bniiil, Ihc winds spri.idiiig tin liirs !•:; 
 suffered dreadfully ; London and ils Meiglilieiii'liii'l 
 scarcely sustained' any damage. 6 7 .laii. \iv). 
 [The winter of 1852-3 (l>ec. and ,Jaii.) was one of sturins, 
 I many of '.vliich were very destmutive.J 
 
 "■-■ ...' f j JfJit U-M 
 
; i' 
 
 ;'('ii nl«i) liiDUHUt ii stiinii with lurtr. 
 
 i, in wllil'll tllO kind's l'.lt;^;ij;i- ,',.; 
 
 (IS i-iist iiwiij, 13911. /;.i(i,i,,/i,r/. 
 niit Europe, wliicli .liil vcrv ..mi. 
 , on 3 hi'i't. 1658. the luy-tli,i'. 
 
 fnitillll'l-. 
 
 >{' Kii^'limil : 20G I'lilliris iui.l itntsu ;* 
 tlii'ii' civw.s, iCi/i. 
 line iif llie must tiniliir ilmt m>s 
 The (leviistiilinn nil i^iiiij ».,^ |,|,, 
 
 lllll'lliim-S iinilllll lliee;)i|sts tljl- i,,„4 
 
 II lives was still nivalev, .-ti-j- .\,,., 
 iistiiined in Lnndnii .ilnnc WMsca), i;' 
 
 . slel'lil;;;, Tlli' liuiiil., 1 ..f pi iw],4 
 iuls (if tile Severn :;ii'l Tiianirs ;un1 
 it' lliilliinil, Miel i!i ships l>hi\viiii..i;j 
 nevel-heill'l of Jlttevwuiils, is tliuii-i.i, 
 Twelve nien-iit-\v;lf. with liii.ie tf.m 
 
 III, were lost within sijiht "I'tlim- 
 
 s w<*ie torn lip Iiy the i ts, I- .Ml, 
 
 alone. The Kihlystnnr li(;lit.liui",,,. 
 
 III in it the ingenious icmtmei' nf i. 
 he persons wlio wen with him Tj .' 
 ml Wells ali'l his iaily «iie killnl ,n 
 ■e in Soniersetshile.' Mliltitll.lis i J 
 lost: in one level 13.1.^^^ slut], 
 
 lien, when 7000 Sweiles. it is s.iiil. 
 niuuiitiiiiin, ill their niiiieh ti>iitla>k" 
 
 iimiiy liiiiiilrcds of vessils weip mo 
 nliiiiiieii ureatly ilaiirai;eil. inni .„,],, ^ 
 oooliersnns perisheil, u Uet. 1717, 
 ' at the llaN'annah ; nuiny piilt ,,• 
 houses were ilestlinnl, aiiil i.^ 
 leil, -3 Det. 17O8. 
 
 ' north of Knuhiiiil, in which iiii,:,y 
 (troyeil, ami four lluUliii paikit;) 
 • ■775- 
 
 r Kast Indies; destroyi-d 7oooef t!,e 
 iril, 1782. 
 Irty-oiie villages ami farms hiiil w.is;,.- 
 
 loiit Great lirltain : sweval Iminln.) 
 
 [■siroyed or damageil, b u.t. 17Q4. 
 
 damage in l.oinloii, ami Ihriiuglinin 
 
 of Kiinland.S Nov. i8,k,. 
 
 iiii throiinlioiit (ileal lintaiii anil 
 
 h immense daiilili;e was (lulu-, an.) 
 
 ceil, 16-17 Dee. 1814. 
 
 'hleli a ^reat nuiiilier i»f ve.sst-ls Wfiv 
 
 lamntie was done to the shipping iii 
 
 l^dish eoast, 31 An^. liiiti. 
 
 , ravii;.'eil the Leeward ishniils, f!';;! 
 
 22nd Sept. 1819. .\l the i.slainl -i 
 
 , 104 \'essels were lost. 
 
 the coast from Unrhaiii tn Ciinnv.ili ; 
 
 , Nov. 1821. 
 
 larly in the vicinity nf llnljiii, iii,ii;\ 
 
 wii down, a'od vast nniiila I's iiuii 'loi, 
 
 eoast of Kii^dand ; many vtNsels Wt, 
 lure ami wreeUen in I'lyiiioutli almii-, 
 
 re more than 100 vcsm-Is wiil (:■■ 
 
 1828. 
 
 I the (.'ape of Oood Hope, wlur* 
 
 y was lost, id .luly, 1811. 
 
 d laindon and its iici^hhniiiliHi'!, 
 
 lama^'e to the liiiihliri^'s. hut witlimn 
 
 of human lite, tliuii^h many n-rmi^ 
 
 •d, 28(lc-t. 1838. 
 
 on west eoast of KiiKlamI, lunl in 
 
 inn rap'il tlirongh Chesliire, Slal^uril 
 
 ickshile ; 20 I'elsnlis were killol i!l 
 
 e falliun of liuildiiiKs, and 100 iviie 
 iieieldionrliood ; the c-ciasts ami Imr- 
 rcd witli wrecks, the value of tuiiit 
 lieiii;; nearly liall-a million sli'ilm.-. 
 way, Atlilone, and utlici pl.uis, iinic 
 were lilowii down, mid as many ii,ii' 
 winds .sprcidiUf^ 111. tiiv.i. li;;;.:;;i 
 ly ; London and its riei;;liliiiurlii»i'l 
 d' any damage, 6-7,laii. iSw. 
 ■3 (Dee. nml .Ian.) was 0110 of .stunns. 
 ere very dcstiuctive.J 
 
 STORMS. 
 
 1049 
 
 ST0KM8. 
 
 Great .storm in tlie Black Sea. 13-16 Nov iR-i cansinr, I r. .1 " ■ 
 
 iillied armies In the Crimea. 
 
 Lighthouse, Calf Hock, 
 
 Great storm on .N. coast of Knrope, .tc, 3, Dee. ,854 I '''-"'■"'"«. Liilf Hock, in liantr.v ISay destroyed, 27 \ 
 
 Great storm on N.K. eoast of !5cotlamt ; 42 lishermen ' Siv m .'n 1 rt .1 , 
 
 Inst, 23 Nov. ,857. ■• 1 J'^^'^ , ' • I ■« "M the rock got oir, 9 Div, ,83i. 
 
 Dreadful stiinn on the night 25-26 Oct.; the lioyal sini!; ,,' s .11' 'u,';'"fi*''- ^ d ^dionl 3.x,,cx« r 
 
 Carter to ta ly lo.st, and many other vessels ; aiiot lur DcstniidiM. viles i , n'r hii d ^- , , 
 
 Sturm, 31 Oct. and 1 Nov. 1850. 1 ,,,■ n,,. 1,,.' ",. ' ' inuaml, \c. ; many wicck.saml h 
 
 mile h damage 
 
 to crops liy 
 
 At -Market J..averton, &( 
 
 hail, 2 .'Sept. 1862, 
 Stui-iuou Urilish coasts; many wrecks, 19, 20 Oct 18O2 
 There were severe gales, iloiiig nnieli damage, ami ioss of 
 
 lile, 19 Jan. iic. 1863; and 14 Jan. ie. 1865 (see under 
 
 0ivaillul hurncanu in the Indian Oeeaii, io fsee 
 
 lul.nlhl), sOet. 1864. ^ 
 
 UiUTieane at J.islion, causes imieli damage, worst for 
 
 many years, 13 Dee. 1864. 
 Severe gales; many vessels and lives lost (see ir,cc/,-.<) 
 
 6-11 Jan. 1866 ; 24 Dec. 1867 ; 22 Jan. and 31 Jan ami 
 
 1 Fell. 1868: 11-12 Sept. 1S69. 
 Severe storm; much damage; barometer very low 
 
 24 Jan. 1872. ' 
 
 Alter .several days' inten.se heat, violent storms and 
 
 deluges ol ram in midlaml and southern eouiities • 
 
 several persona killed, 24-26 June, 1872. 
 Very stnrniy in July and August, 1S72. 
 Viiiieiit gale ; mueli destruction (wind, greatest vclocitv 
 
 57 miles an hour), 8 Dec. 1872. 
 ,\»ial storms in Scotland, and X. Kngland ; loss of life 
 
 and iiinch damage, 22, 23 July; in Laiica.sliiie and 
 
 iiirksline, 16 Dec. 1873. 
 Awlul storm, N. E. London ; several persons killed ■ 
 
 eliurches and Imildiiigs tired ; railways Hoculed 11 
 
 Jaly, 1674. 
 Viiili.iitgale.s, with destruction of life ami proiiertv 21 
 
 Det. : .NOV. 29 ; 7, 8, 10, 11 Dec. 1S74. 
 Miieli destruction liy typhoon at .Macao, Ilong Koie' ie 
 
 22 5>ept. 1874. "' ■' 
 
 Stvei-u snowstorms in Scotland, several lives lust i 3 
 
 Jan. 1875. ' ' 
 
 Destiiictive storms at Buda-1'estli, about 200 killeil 
 
 20 June, 1875. ' 
 
 On eiiast of Te.\as : Galveston, and oilier [ilaces inncli 
 
 in.jiued ; villages washed away by the sea ; great loss 
 
 01 lile, 15-18 Sept. 1875. 
 Severe snowstorm, south Kngland ; destruction of life 
 
 and priiperty ; telegraph wires brokon, 12 .March 1875 
 Severe storms; great loss of shipping, ii-,j Nov. ; 21 
 
 and 22-24 IJee. 1870, and 2 Jan. 1577. ' 
 
 Most violent gale ; great destruction ol proiiertv on land 
 
 anil shipping throughout England, with loss of life 
 
 14, 15 (let. 1877. 
 .\piii : milch (hiniage on S.E. coast, &c., 24 25 Nov 
 
 1877. 
 Muiiii and heavy rain in London; inundations, 10 u 
 
 A|iril, 1S7S. 
 .Many tliiui.lei-stormH, destroying life and property in 
 
 Knghuid, Aug. 1878. 
 M Keiv and neighbourhood 
 
 Wales. 16, 17 Aug. 1879. 
 Vi.ileiit gale ; Tay bridge (ic/iiV/i .w) blown down, 28 Dec, 
 
 1S79. 
 Destiiietive tornadoes, i-e., western states North Ame- 
 
 riea; great lo.ss of life and property, about iS Ainil, 
 
 pcr- 
 
 lo.ss. 
 and, 
 
 ■ly 
 
 16, 
 died, 
 
 ^'sepL fS^f'" "'■'''"'' '■'" '■ '^'■•' "'"'y wrecks, i.^ 
 
 DcMnietiv^^gale on the Scteh and Irish coasts, 26 Sept. 
 
 •^'Iml'^dhcr o.ii'K of'lbl,"^ '"'• ""'' '• '^' "' Lo"'!"" 
 
 ,1110 oimi p.iifsot Hiitaiii, morn iig, 12 Dec 
 
 Vnilent S.W. gales; de.strncti.in of life and 
 
 23-24 ,)an. ,884 ; very severe ; many disasters, i6, 27 
 
 iiid property;. 
 Ian.'i884. 
 
 ^"ibour'is E.d::'X'""'"' ^•''•^^' -""■"' ^ ■^'•""v 
 
 storm in Catania, Sicily (see Sirlh,), 7 Oct. ,884. 
 rr".r I'ss,'"""' '"'"" '" 1'''"'"""" («■" '"''/). 16 Jan. 
 
 lost ;d.;c:";3;^5 '■'""'"■ '^ "■""^ -■-ked,5^iive. 
 
 "'stooiii.d'""'"'"^' ^'■''^' K".-l'""'. «^>'.; locomotioi> 
 stopiied I, 2, 3 MaiTh, 1886. 
 
 ;v:,u:;:m;'';;;:^!™;^w" ^'""'■'''' ^= 'i-- "»^ 3^. 
 't;.:;'i!^:A.';:iT;'';:v:88^ " ■ ■"■""""• """"'^' 
 
 Hiirncane at St. Vineent ; great loss of life and 
 proiiertv 16 Aug. 18S6. 
 
 ';;i:;"o^i;;;;;v:;::i?^'/;;^r';^86'" '''"''■'"^'""■'''^'^^ ==- 
 
 "iivi^'^;:,^;';;^,;!;;;^;'"^''-' ■"• -" «•"' '«"'• (see 
 
 Destriictiye gale and storm, especiallv in S. & w 
 
 (siv undiTTI^'L^r"'''"'"' ''"' "' '"'■ ^' " ""'• '^^^ 
 Destructive snowstorm, specially E. and S. England- 
 
 sr,!',-neV-'';':''''.''i''*-'''''''i'''''''"'''^'''™>''-'"' ""i'^tioiii: 
 
 stopped , tiees blown down, ,Vc.. 26-27 i>''<: 1886. 
 
 iols?;;'ii;;';;:'r;;g:':4.'""''™'" """ '^^ *'^""^« «i«' 
 
 Violent thunderstorm in London with destruction ol 
 Iirc.perty, s-everal persons killed, about 5.30 p.m.; 
 hisfed about 4 hours ,7 Aug. ; many slxirms through- 
 cult the country, .7 Aiig. ,( .<,,,. ,887: 
 
 Many tluimlerstonns in England, July, iPEu. 
 
 Stvrie stuniis in England, with niiich' destri'ietion by in- 
 niiilntiiiiis, 27, 28 Oct. 1880. 
 
 Siviie sii.iwstorrn, or bliz/ard ; railways and other traltie 
 laiKely si, ippe.l; great loss of life at sea, 17.21,(1111. 1S81. 
 
 ^Mleiitliiirncam. in England: great dcstructi.,n of life 
 and property : houses llirowndown or unioided : large 
 ui'is tiirn up l.y the roots ; telegraph wires ami poles 
 lilmyn down ; about 130 wrecks (105 British), tn:, 14. 
 
 Ui 'let. l83l. 
 
 .Many wrecks on south ami west coasts of England with 
 iniicli loss of life, 19-20 (Jet. 1881. 
 
 .gale , destruction ol life and pr.i|,erty in Kranco, the- 
 ( baiiiel and S. England 3, Oct. . another gale on the- 
 
 ..•.I'.'lii'i ',"■'"'";"' "' ""'.^'"■"■li l-nerpool and in, 
 he 1! stol ehaunel 3, Oct.-, Nov. ; another gale oii 
 the S.E. eoast, 3 Nov. 1887. 
 Snowstorm (blizzard) in N.W. of United Stjile.s; about 
 235 persons ]ierish and much cattle i,-i, Jan. • 
 .,,i„,.i„,.i ,. , "iiiiflii'i' m New York 26 Jan. i?« 
 
 2, 3 Aug. Ill Cheshire and ' nveloiie ill iiHi,.,!.; rs\ . TY'. .■ „,.. 
 
 (.yiiom 111 iiiuiiis, I ,s.A. ; great destruction of fe anil 
 
 |iro|ierty 19 Eeb. 1888. 
 Violent gale; several wreeksaml loss of life, 9-,, March 
 
 A destructive blizzard from the N.W. desolated the- 
 eastern coast of United St.ates ; eommiinicatioiii 
 between New \oi-k. I'hiladclphia and lioston .sus. 
 pended ; many wrecks; great hiss of life (about 4oo> 
 and proiierty ; food at famine prices 1,-13 March' 
 1S8S. 
 
 Town of Ninneseah in Kansas destroved by a gale 2t 
 March, 18SS. . j c / 
 
 Great storm and a tidal wave, much destruction, near 
 Welliii-tnn. New Ze.ihnel ^..g March, i3SS. 
 
 Destructive hurricane in Dacca, N.E. India ; about 60 
 Iiersoiis killed 7 A]iril, 188S. 
 
 Great storni in Ontario and (Quebec, nianv iiersons killeil 
 
 1 
 
 i; ■■-■»'.,', 
 
 ILM 
 
 ■I- 1 
 
 
 H 
 
 by li.Lihtiiing and fright, estimated loss in IJiiebec, 
 1,500,000 ilollars 16 Aug. i88S. 
 
 .d'i 
 
 nil 
 
'^^.; 
 
 
 dr 
 
 
 
 
 i,;:;;;;;;^;;T;^ne in the W.«t maies (C«ba, &c.).4 
 
 Nuv. 188S. AiiiiTicftii E. coast ; more tlia" 
 
 T^!:\n in oast^TU states V^-^::^<;n^l::^TI^. 
 
 „:rr;;r^ve"^Ha;n;«..ja..awon.. 
 
 Vioh^l.'.mrri.lo'^in tl,e raeillc (see 5«mo<,. «..) x5, .6 
 
 Delrructiv'fs'tnrn, on tl.o oast coast of the Unitod States 
 
 ,0 May, 1889. fipnuanv, espeeially in Anstria, 
 
 ■ May ; in Svvit/.crlana 3-4 J""' .SS^. Lancashire ; 
 
 Destrnctive storm ^ ',''.' ;'",',,[;,^!''S,,us ero,,s ,nuch 
 
 heavy ra n "\'! ''/'"i^;- :'k'', ,\'| r "d . Jnne, .S89. ^ 
 
 c;r':;!;rr';::fu;:'vt..;.^Kin^.n.;wreeuswith 
 
 lossoflife, .. •^"f;''';\|;/HV oast; wrecks With loss 
 ^M'.?sels wreeke,! in Delaware Bay, abont 3. Uvea lost, 
 
 C^^ictive storms in the western states, U.S.A.,z= 
 Jan. ; in L'ana.la u Jan. >«?o. Atlantic and on 
 
 *^'ss;:;r;;;^sir ::;p'.i;;i^ «!-' s.w., ..>... uaes ana i 
 
 U^{rncti\^s^'m'on^:^ continent torn Paris toVienna, 
 
 23, 24 Jan. 1690. , ^ i„ jn„, ,89(1.] 
 
 [68 ""f''^ V'"nlt v' .V f m. Cincinnati t,. Ca.ro; 
 Tornadoes m t "!""''.', ,-|„„i,ville, where alxmt 93 
 
 very Kreat '>';'^''-"' ''\; ',':", rinMs, Mis.onri and 
 
 persons I"■"^l;;^'"• \\.':'' ,al os" of life abont .75, 
 
 Indiana, snller (•le.itl.v , louu 
 
 27 March, 1890. .,,.,,«»). m ■; iiersons killed, 
 
 Cyclone in Texas, n.nch destruction, ., l^s 
 
 4 May, 1890. Illinois, 15 deaths, 20 June, 
 
 Tornado in Lee counts, iiunoi. , 15 
 
 '^9°- 1 „f M, meat causing Himds.aliont 700 per. 
 
 lSn;c,i?:'eye.o".-t' s£^; H-sia,\9 lives lost, 20 
 
 July, 1800. , „ \t..rrim.ic va'ley, Massa- 
 
 ^^;:il;sSrtS'%^t?:iS:l'^eath^.6Jn,y, 
 
 „Js't^^.ctive storms in Anstria Fnincc, Switzerland and 
 "ui Uie united Sta...s .V,,.;;;;. S.- ,^,„^„,,_ ^,„,t 
 Violent gale "vcr ... ;. } ^ „„,^„ „t ., ; ] 
 
 .lestinction ... ''\ ■'',', ,,.,',^ ;■ viscount Cantelni.e ^ 
 A;;,wl;^:ra:n:isy-M«ivckedinUoUUstLon«h,. 
 
 Viol?.;;, n'w, Kale in the eha.niel, several wrecks on the 
 Viol.'nr:;^les ^^^^^ Ku.-o,.e (see KnnulaUons), .3- 
 C^^i;rn,;^:irors^,.awr,.nce40,ves.dssa:.^ 
 
 ;-;*:Vb;;ii;iU;U'NU;;:diand, reported 8. ee. 
 Viol?;^t stor,.,s in the N. Atlantic, above 60 vessels lost, 
 
 ' S perished, 7 V;;;;:;;,7vl^'^.l Navigation Isles, 
 
 channel ; imrrici ne» near Hover a.id Plyinnml, ; 
 wrecks of lisl.i.it.' I oats at llast.nijs and nil.vr rhivv 
 Tl,e n,-('nVi (capt. Shirley) had a »n« d u,;;,.v,ms i«,.. 
 s-^e fru.n Uover to Calais, threat We.irn, ai.l 
 Suuth-Western railways disurgan./.ed ; ,4 sh.,* Vm ■ 
 
 Desniiem^'sto,-,n in lowa, Mi.inesota, and »ther ,UW,, 
 
 U:^mleute si:':nn'and cUmd-bnrst in the lU,i„e , 
 
 \?, res 26 J....e ; a...', over a large i.-rtnl („ti„j„v, 
 chietlv ill tlie Crel-ehl district and m l)ni.i,wi.k, 1 
 
 p;^ll^;.itWe^;;"S;; ^t'u!^;m'ao«Ke, Louisiana, .it,il„. 
 
 Vildeiit'lmrrU^ine'ilml rah. in lower Aiistria. Monvi, 
 all.l l-pper Hungary ; the .season s v.iUge d-.-stmy,!, 
 
 f.<^:Y\;„*f?nt KoUinann. between nnt/e.i and BrixMi 
 
 ^'ci-yroirthe lowl-^''^^ "-'''^'>- »''""' ^ ''"'"'*■ " 
 
 U,^"n'icti?e' storms and Ibods in Great liritain, esi«. 
 ^e^;;yo,,tl.N_W ..iist^^6 AnK.^89,. ^^ 
 
 ^^:^:;i<^ w h!oss"fhre:;iiout9Scpt.,B9,. 
 Great storin throughout S. Spam (wlu.:h «v), .i-3S.,,t. 
 
 vi'o.?,',t storms witli loss of life in midland and nortliern 
 1 ^'Ki'iglish counties, a.id parts of Seotla.id, », ..b.^. 
 
 Vi'.hm't cyclone over the Hritish Isles ; inueliilostnf. 
 tion of^H™ses. shipping, trees, &c. ; ..."derate lo„ .1 
 
 Se^f^rl-^^™ on'tJ^«- ""'^ W- c-st. of K..gland,a,iJu 
 
 "^lll^\seeL.M;.-j,/^;-'-;;:,^>,-t'i,;.^;;i,a^: 
 
 "•■•■"'f '"; ,n 1 V wr«ks with loss of ■life, nlf Saii.l,. . 
 ?;ne 'Kokestone, St. Leonards ll,i»:l.tnii «,; 
 {'I'V-rapl.ic com...u..ie..tion greatly su.i.,m.1«1 ,: 
 
 (ul.^it), .1 Nov. '^9J- ,5„„iof.,K.. Paris, llivre, 
 
 ^'ii:n.;Iaix"'HolK„!"ilimio,'Madrid."ii,d otl.v ,la.„ 
 
 Vi»lent"''aie at'Umpool and on the Irish coasts, iviti 
 
 VildHit'-ales i.: U^Mduu^lel, causing wrecks and Imi 
 
 viil-^i'ld^!^!^!^^"----^--'---'^^^ 
 
 „j^;'^;;!;iv?';^.S';;/ti;:;N.w. states, u.s.A,a^.l 
 
 pS='iii;'';cinJN"^i-"«-('''--«)-^''^' 
 
 n^r-e st,.:.ns b. ,^..n-ta *c.^^ 
 
 p,,,aatmiis, ""' ,' ' ;'';^^"^ , ,:, said toliavet-, 
 
 «'^;l.:^;:d:'u:dudi^^he-'/:';,%^l™","'^»"ti^- 
 
 , i„ ti,u lll'iek Sea. loss of 3osWniiB 
 ^'X^^:^:;^n^{^^c;::n..e;s:.-lU- North «ea,i... 
 
 393- 
 
 gi - ,,. 
 Another blizzi.r 
 
 CO. .sin 
 
 ,1 iu Mi....esi 
 
 ita, lows 
 
 Mi,"cd.. iSgi 
 
 Great snow slonii 
 cspeeially i.. the sou 
 
 ,r blizzan 
 
 d, throi.gl 
 
 ith a. 
 
 d west ; r 
 
 iiilway 
 
 ,1 t'.d.r.ai.l. g.e.tlv in.pe 
 
 deil, i.. 
 
 luluUy stoi'i' 
 
 :d ; iiia.iy wiec 
 
 ;ks and loss of life in 
 
 i and Wis. 
 
 out England, 
 ,• t.-anie. post 
 so.i.e places 
 the 
 
 Vio,e;^teycIo,,einlhe€^.it.dStatesNAj.^^^^ 
 
 ,,,,,,, ,.uono|pro,.n;iv...^^;;:;''!,,;,,,j„,.. I 
 
 ^l!-;::!s;i;iv;;^.;:;j^;U,^'-.^^^ 
 -S5?;fKs;uf;:-;^:SS^:r' 
 
 'exas, and Oklai.o...a, 2yi' 
 
 also in 
 1893- 
 
 Illinois, 
 
 Di 
 
 tive cyclones 
 
 111 
 
 !M I 
 
 'killed lueinmch property destroye>l 
 
 N \V Iowa, ahoi.t .00 p*: 
 ' ' d,6Jul.v;ui'' 
 
STORMS. 
 
 ■nos ii''iii' ll'^'cr "i"l I'lyiiiniitli; 
 ' 1 cats at Ilastiiij;s ami "lli. r \\m;-.. 
 ,t Sliirlcy) liiul a Imit,' ilaiii,'i'i-"Ks \a,. 
 
 ■ i-' til Calais. Great Wi-si, rii ;ii,.l 
 ailwnvs .lisurKiiiiiM'il; 14 "li'l't l«t; 
 St, g-h Marcli, 1891. 
 
 If ill S. Dakiitn, 2 .Imii', 1891. 
 , viUasji' i>f I'oiiikwa in (laliciii .Ic 
 lit -,o iiTtsohs killi'il, 10 .luiii-, 1891. 
 iiiluwa, Minnesota, ami other sMtts, 
 
 1 ?inil cloucl-biirst In tlie Hl.iiu- yt.- 
 
 ■ am', over a liir^e jKirt nt i;.Tiii;iiiv, 
 CrelVM district ami in linm»«itk, 1 
 , o .Inly, itoi. ... 
 
 1 at Uatoii Itouge, Louisiana, v.uli lusi 
 
 ; 'J,',i rain in lower Austria, Moravia, 
 igary ; tlie .season's vintage ilestPiy;!, 
 
 jiUniiinn. between Bot/eu ami BrixMi 
 jwlamls I'oodeil, about 60 iUmIIis, i-; 
 
 „is ami tl inila in Great Uritaiii, esu'. 
 ; \v coast, 24-26 Aug. 1891. 
 ■ni oil' Nova Heotia, atiout 20 vesstlj 
 Iciss of life, about 9 Sept. 1391. 
 m^liout S. Simin (whhh sw), n-i3Snt. 
 
 fitU loss of life in iniiUaml an.l nortliern 
 .les, iinil parts of Scotland, 20, 21 Sq-1. 
 
 over the Uriti.sh Isles ; iimch dostn,/. 
 (, shipiiing, trees, &c. ; moderate luss ,( 
 
 I'the's. and W. coasts nt Eiitjlaiiil.aiiJia 
 France, 22-24 Uct. 1851- 
 lone in the bay of lienj<a , tc, witli ta 
 „(„m"'i hhniih and ll'ncl-.<), 2 Nov, 1591. 
 ,. in Ku'daiid, especially on the S. m\ W. 
 • i^oiks, with hiss of lite, oil' i<aii,lp-,, 
 estone, St. Leonards Un».'l,tnii ,«,; 
 coinniunicatioii greatly suspeiM«l u 
 
 bv tlm 'i-'ale at Doulogne I'al■i,^ ll,ra, 
 m'en, llilbao, Madrid, an<l otlitr ito-, 
 
 '■LWi'i-pool and on the Irish coasts, ivith 
 
 n t^i'e'channcl, catisiiii,' wrecks aii.l losi.1 
 
 'ci^^'ig wrecks ami loss of li^ in tj« 
 „,uel ami Kram'e, S. 9 Pee., ..n,.i V», 
 the Hriti,sh Isles, lo-i; '•'''■ •^9i. 
 .,lii,OniahaaiidotlierN.\\.slates,l,b,.l, 
 
 -!;;:rii;'wis,^M"n^a,a„ax..j 
 
 ^So';n'?b^'N.W.«tates,U.S.A.,a..| 
 S.e'in'Mauri?Si(,e/aa.«),,jA»i| 
 storms in Minnesota, fee, and in Camii, 
 
 t;::r^':fve^;it,;:nf:i?-,.i«, 
 li;^;;:.'n!i::k"se^:'B:i!ii^sai:^'S^^i 
 
 iueiudiui; the /.■."( "liron, about , N.v, I 
 stonnintheUlackS.^,lossof^«t«| 
 
 ^'';:iT,r^.::':;.''^iie'ii-;f!!«s 
 
 r'i Channels, ami the North bea.nhl | 
 o„„inthoy,iitedStat,.sN A jvitliplj 
 
 -;;:;rci;:n^a:'4Mi." -f "'' 
 
 ,i valley, reported 24 March l^^r ^.^^. 
 :^??il;i,„ in Iowa, Illinois. India,ia,Nj!.»j 
 
 ^,-ich"^^;.i?.7aS'-:?5^:^i 
 
 STORMS. 
 
 10.51 
 
 
 coast of New Jersey, many wrock.s witli loss of life 
 
 n 24 Aug. ; in Gein-sia, N. and S. Carolina ami 
 
 \ir((iiim, 28, 29 An.v'. iSyj, see l!,;miiii. 
 Destructive stiiriii at .\ew Orleans (Hiirh ,<.y), and aloii" 
 
 tlieS.E. coast, a it ..rm lives lost, 2 (ict i3q. " 
 
 Violent gales oyer the llritish Islos ami the contnient 
 
 much property and shipiiin;; destroyed 201 deaths 
 
 reiiortod, 16-19 Nov. 189;; wrecks (ivhi,:h m), Jl„„i,i. 
 
 ,hm staimship, ,3 Nov. ; y.-,'„,r,«, of Sunderland, 
 
 jmik oil Haiiiliom all lost, i3 Nov. ; many KrencI 
 
 llshiii;; siiiack,s oil Calais, more than joo lives lost 
 
 ijNov. 1893. ' 
 
 Dennictivo gale in London and S. and W coasts 12 
 
 Dec. 1893. ■■,!.: 
 
 f.,<iiii rarni, collier, wrecked off Holyhead, ,2 lives 
 
 lost, 12 Dec. 189J. 
 Violent blizzard in the west of United States, 12 Feb 
 
 1 594. 
 S,W. gale over the British isles, much dania"e on land 
 
 6 [lenoiis killed, iiiaiiy wreck,<. n, 12 Feb 7394 ' 
 
 (ireat storm ovei Kurope and tlie United States,' N A 
 
 n. 13 rob. 1894. '' 
 
 U,striictive st-irins in S. and S.W. United SUatcs, N. A 
 
 rejiorted 20 .March, 1894. ' 
 
 S'.veri) gale on the coast of New Jersey, and heavy fall 
 
 ofsnow, 10, ti April, 1894. ■' 
 
 Violent liailstoriii at Vienna and other parts of Ilnnfarv 
 
 with lo,ss of lite, vineyards, &c., destroye.1, 7 Juin ' 
 
 STRAITS SETTLiMENTS. 
 
 ,3,4. — J>----, 7"une, 
 
 D.striictivi! cyclone nt Hereneia in Spain, great loss 
 12 Aug. 1894. ■ ■ ' 
 
 Disastrous cyclone over Iowa, Minnesota, and Wis- 
 consin, towns destroyed and much lo.ss of life 2, 
 . Sept. 1894. ' 
 
 Violent gale off Newroundland, many wrecks aud loss 
 oflile, rep.rted u Oct. 1894. 
 I S.vere gale on tlio N. E. coast and in the channel 
 several vessels driven ashore with loss oflile ; also iii 
 llieUristol Channel. 20-25 Oct. 1S94. 
 I Destructive storms with iiiiich rain .and floods in S E 
 an.lW.ofEiiiilaiid, and on thecoiitineiit ; telemauiiic 
 I coiniiiiinication stopped, 1 1-13 Nov. 1894 
 I Violent gale over the United Kingdom and Holland 
 I Belgium, &c,, fireat lo,ss of life, much shippin ■ ami 
 oUier property destroyed, esiieciallv in Liverpool 
 Hull, heeds, M.inehester, Belfast, " Aberdeen, ami 
 . oilier pliices, 21, 22 Dec. 1394. 
 I Another gale with lo,<s of life, 28-30 Dec. 1894 
 lDisa,strou.s gale N. and S.E. coast, wrecks and loss of 
 I life, 12 Jan, 1895, 
 i',-lent gale over H. France, N. Spain, aud on the 
 Portuguese coast, 13, :6 .Ian. 1393. 
 ID-Iruotive S.W Kale ovei the United Ki ur. lorn, very 
 s-vere in London and miillands, witli loss of life -^i 
 _ Mirch, 1895. ' "'• 
 
 iDjlraaive eyidonie storms in Kansas, Iowa Dakota ' 
 ^ Sioiis centre, with great loss of lite, i .May, ,3Qr ' ' ! 
 [lo.ent northerly Kile in the channel, 15,- ,6 .May ''189- I 
 BMnictivc tornadoes in KaiLsas and .Missouri' Us' ' 
 1 with loss oflile, 6 Jiilv, 1S95. ' ' 
 
 fcv,;re tiiuiiderstonii.s in London and H.W. counties, j 
 ivithlossol hie and nmeli dcstriietion of oropertv 
 17-22 Aug. ; a-aiM a series of thunderstorm's! 
 I KK-'i.illy over L jiidoii and S. Eiiglan'., 6-7 Sept 1805 
 lestru-tive gale on the W. coast of En,gland, with loss 
 10! life, 1-2 Oct. 1895. ' 
 
 lile anil floods ill iliil'erent parts of British isles, with 
 llossofhfe, 10, II .Nov, 1395. ' 
 
 I.E, gale in the ehunnel, with loss of life, 23-25 Nov. 
 
 Ie«;riictive storin,s in S. IJussia and Black Se.i, great 
 liossof life, reported, 25 Nov. 1895 '' 
 
 |.ff. gale throughout the United Kingdom, i, Dec ,<!„- 
 I .gale over the United Kingdom.^re.it l^ss of 11^5 i 
 ■!;-25 Dec. 1895. ' 
 
 Tolent storms in the Black set : 3 Rm ,ian . forei..n 
 
 fc' "Vf '"? f '"^ "■'•"'=''"''■ «™^ '- !--"oi^ 
 
 TflHjrt'''! 19 Imm). 1896. ' 
 
 &■':''','.'';;>■;■' '; ^T":;' ]'""* "f 'if" »t Sherman, 
 
 Baas, 15 .M.iy; and at Si, Louis (ic/ue/i str), 27 Jl iv • 
 M...r at Seiiee;,, Missouri, 3ode,tl,s, 30 M,uV.3gV 
 |nado 111 Pans („./„',/, ,,,,.), ,„ .Sept. ,896. ' ' 
 
 * trneiivo g:.les over th.. S. W. of the L^nite.i Kingdom, 
 Nh loss ut iile, 25 Seiit. ; again (see IVm-.l,-, „?t,i / 
 
 i ■'■o)o-;, t), ?tiet. 1096. 
 
 •wriiis storm in the E istern states, V R V .\ 
 
 % dllTnr r ';"■ ^11" • ''V''-" '" (■"'""■hi I'de^trov;''; 
 letoiwi of tjdar Keys destrojx'd, 29 Sept. iSgi. ' 
 
 IJestritctive cyclone at .Seville, 28 Oct ,30^ 
 
 .;..,: Borj.u.,;,/^;;p^-i;i';t;-;rii:^,--;. 5 
 
 ;'ti;^rr;;J;te:i;'^i;-';-'<-"^>- -ricane, niatiy 
 
 "Mi:;;d^'^s9r'"""^'^^*'^'«'-^'»-°f"f"-.3.4 
 
 ^''S;!;;:!: "u^mI;^'. '"'^'"' "/"' 7'^""" >" «"»tral Essex : 
 Cyclone near Brimlisi, mueh dani.agc, 45 deaths, 2, .Sept. 
 ''ml:;r:a,ifl:,.°:]:;'!;i{;r'i,,^':^i^;-vny,a,idDen. 
 
 3.v.:'';e!;::i'fuli^^'Jl^V^^,^l^;;^j^;M-Mii;...uo; 
 
 ^fi^:i^:m;;:^w-^::;;;^'^:-;l-:^f-^.|^-397= 
 
 Destnictive snowstorm in S.W. ""liuuV.s: Vi-aJl'eb. 
 
 7'^;^;'::;^:^:?^;;^^^^ ^^ ^^"^^-n, witi. .oss 
 'sS';;tr;^z.;r^^i(-r:'^-''-M.unois, 
 
 See i-nitedSful,:., and Pcniuulnunu, 1389. 
 STORTHING, the Norwegiun parliament 
 said^to^have been drst held at Ber.eu ^"00 v! 
 
 STOVES. Tlie .iivients used stovca which 
 
 Thev'thtoa'tl''''"H "'^ I'"-- .«"■'-» stoves v"t do 
 inc.\ lightod tlie hro also in u ai-.re tube in the 
 nuddlo of the rootn. the roof l.eini^'op^'' i" ^t- 
 
 m , 1 h ■"•""■'I'l''', .'.'"proved, contiune in use i.i 
 mid iZll?"*^ r'"'^^ establishments itt Enghutd 
 una si'ierally on the continent. iJr Franklin ■ind 
 
 tlio waste of hiel in our open fiivs; and Dr Neil 
 
 t r nr'!*-''"'''' '"/ r'"'i;|-''venn.n,si,i the ,n:odu';.- 
 \'"," i™ ' ^'^'"■.v of heat," 14 Nov. ,,S2i. JJr C 
 
 ''he''';.'''''''-"'.T"'''" I"'''l'^''"s I'i'* inventions, in which 
 
 'idhi::.:!^33::^.''^""^""™ '" ™""' "-''->' -it' 
 
 af ^S"^^^^"^ EXPLO.SION, see Gu.- 
 
 STRAIGHT-OFT DE^HOCRATS a party 
 vluch advocated lin.itin,^ the p iwcrs of a' Roven ■- 
 mont to police purposes aro.se in the United States 
 of .\merica in i«72, and nomiimted Charles O'Connor 
 01 the pn-sideney \ state convention was con- 
 voked to meet at llarrisbiirg, 16 Oct. i,S;2. 
 
 Nrilm^'V^'^''^ SETTLEMEXTS,' ineludin, 
 M.ilaeea, I'enans or I'nnce of Wales i,shind, and 
 hingaporo, secured to (ireat Dritain in 1824. We,-,. 
 m.'.de a s;'P^";ate dopendeney in ,853, atid [daced 
 undei tlie - veciior-general of India. Thev were 
 separated troni India, and constitutinl an iiidepen- 
 deiit settlement by an act passed 10 Aug. 1866 
 which took eltect Aiiril, .867. Governor, sir Harry- 
 
 sir \\iUmm !•. D. Jeivois, Oct, iS-; : sir \V C^f' 
 iolniison, 1877: sir Frederiek A. Weld, i8So;'si,- 
 
 Cecil Clomenti-Sinith Aug. 18S7 ; licut.-col. sir 
 , Charhs Hiijlei, jlu^h Mitchell, Juno, [.S95. Pupu- 
 I hition, 1891, 512,342. ^^ ' 
 
 , Sing.ipore, the capital, foumled by sir T. Stamford 
 I Mllles 111 liij, who compiled the constitution, 
 • taws, ccc. * 
 
 VI 
 
 w 
 
 ;fli 
 
 I' I ''HI 
 
 '5% 1)1 
 
 :*.; I 
 
 
 '' i" 
 
 
 
 ' V.r:J^' 
 
 i ' 
 
n 
 
 STKALSUND. 
 
 10.)^ 
 
 STRAWBERRY. 
 
 "!T > " H; 
 
 [! I'll ' 
 
 
 I'fi <"'^ 
 
 
 
 f%iijuM 
 
 
 1875 
 
 1676 
 
 1884 
 1S90 
 
 1892 
 
 1694 
 
 1895 
 
 Tmdcrs iM,mi.lnlii«l t" Sir H. Old, goviTiior, wlio 
 
 s;iiil tlirv must »iil>iiiit t" tlii'ii- risks • ■ • 'S/' 
 Sir Mi.lnnv I'liirlii' iiiMdr a tiri.ty cstiiliMsliinK Ali- 
 
 (liilliili MS sultan in I'larc "C Isniail, aial a 
 ■ liiitisli ri'siilciit fts his uilvis.-r, witli i>k-iMiry 
 
 V.nv,.rs»t r.'rak . . • • • ,'l""' >874 
 Mr ,1. W. Dirc'li, tlif rcsidi'iit, issues 11 vr"'l" "' " 
 
 ticiii . Nuv. ; is smlilciily Httiu'ktil m>\ killol 
 
 2 Nov 
 Tlic Malays rise, and licsii-go tin' rcsldi'ticy, wliivli 
 
 is nlicv.'d l.v rapl. Iniius, oNov. llr is kilUM in 
 
 attarkin;;a stnckiulf . •, , • ■ '5 ^''); 
 
 Tlu' Malays tlion.iinldy dWVali'd l,y trcm|is lunii 
 
 llcniK Iv'niiK and Cal.-ulta, under G.'ii. l_nllKirnc, 
 
 7 and 22 Pi'c. 
 Kinti taken; Ismail retreats . . . ■? I'|■'■• 
 liritisli i">«ir supreme at lVral< . . •'■^7'',',',.; 
 Ma.jnr Hawkins killed in an andniseade ; tlie mII.im 
 
 Isinail'surrendei-s, about a'l MaVeli ; liireii's assassin 
 
 hanj;ed • ^ -i^" vilV 
 
 Great i.n.speritv »f tin' settlem.Mit rei.orted Atn;. 
 Seeivt siieietie;-, sneeessfully suppressed liy the 
 
 r V ■I'll >v fi'iinrti'tl . • • <fnin', 
 
 Fiy'e prn'si.'er.e.is pn-te.'ted states lUi the Malay 
 
 iietiinsnla are suhji'et li> tliep'yerniir . ,■ ,. • 
 Til.' nei-libunriui; state of I'alian;; 'vas mueli dis. 
 
 turhed liv turladiiit ndners and others 111 l>ee 
 
 ,8q. rt s,,i. order only restored l.y the help o 
 
 the liritisii . . . . '>'■'■•■. '^'fT'";,',^, 
 
 Suhstitulion of the British rule for that ot the 
 
 ' s-iltaii proposed ■'"'>■• 
 
 Arrival ol sir Charles Mitehell nt Singapore, 31 Jan. 
 
 Kisini; in rahanj.-, reported 18 June; suppressetl 
 hveol. Walker . . . . , . =9 •'"'V, 
 
 Mend.ers of the lenislative eonm-il and otliem 
 protest au'ainsl ehaiifies in military eontriliu 1011 
 made by the home novernmoutf 4 Jan. 1895;. ""'d 
 Hipim's lerins of 28 June aeeepted . lO < H't. 
 
 The e.aiueil allot ,7} per cent, of the revenne to 
 
 I't'ii'v trihiitt' . . • • '"*'^ I lo9^ 
 
 Tlle'l'iritish st.'am'er Vf(,>i ™"''''l ''V l",/^';'",''?" ,o„, 
 l,assent;ers, eapt. Itoss and 13 others killed, Juh, 1807 
 
 STRALSUND(l'o"U'rniiiii), 11 strongly fortifled 
 Haiisi-town, built about 1 230. It rosisted a tierce 
 sie.'o hv WiiUeiistein in I(>2«; was taUoii by tredt- 
 riek William, of livaiidenburK, in V.>:S; restored to 
 the Swedes, 1679; re-eaptured bytiie l>nissii.nsand 
 tieir allies Uee. IVi;. It surrendered to thefreneh 
 under Urui'te.ao Aug. 1807; was awarded to Prussiu, 
 
 STRAND (London). Houses were first built 
 upon Flu Striaid about 1353^ "t Nvhieh period it was 
 tlie e(uirt end of the town, or tornie.l the eoiiumm - 
 eation between the two cities of 1-oiulon and West- 
 minster, beins thenonen to the Ihaines and to the 
 fields. Somerset and other palaees were eieeted 
 
 nu^ieed Vl Oet. 181 1 ; see iratcrloo bn,/ffe. Ihe 
 Strand imiirovements were eomnieiieed in !»20. 
 Stnu.d returns one M.P. by net passed in .885 
 Ktrand improvements lull proposed by the I.™ ' 
 
 oouutv eoiineil," i.;ueh opposed Dee i88q and J. 11. 
 
 ,S„o;'th.' bill brought in, but withdniw.i 15 A".n. 
 
 :Si,o; passed, 7 Auj,'. 1S96. 
 
 STRANGERS in house of commons ; see I'tir- 
 lUihivnt, May, 1875. 
 
 <TT? \SRTTRG, the Roman Anioitarntum. the 
 caidt.l of Al^ice Here J.dian dideated the Ale- 
 ,„l„„i. 3S7, «'ho captured it. 435. .It was annexed 
 to (lernianv, .S70, I-ouis \\\ . sei/ed it 2« Sept. 
 1681, and ri'tainedit by the treaty ot Kyswick, l(x) . 
 The cdtadel and fortitications, winch he constructed, 
 have been so iiiucli au^inented that StrasburK may 
 b.. ,.,uisidered one uf the .strotig;est places ni h.ir.>[»'. 
 n was conrtrmed to France by the peace of Ryswick 
 iu i(,.,7. but capture by the Germans, 28 Sept. 1870, 
 ,,nd retained at tlie peace. May, 1 87 1 Ihe eatl e- 
 dral, an epitome of Gothic art, was founded by 
 
 Clovia, and reconstructed by Pepin anil Ch:irl,. 
 ma^'iie. After destrnctioii by litrhtiiiie.-, 1007, it w.n , 
 lirincipally r.iuiilt by lirwiii ile Sleinliai liinni i,,, | 
 son in the" 14111 century. The lofty tower Wiis wm. 
 jileteil in 14^). The celebrated astinimnu.id ,;,«k. . 
 afier a hui;;' stoppajre, was repaired by M. Seliwu- 
 Kue. and iiiaut;urated i Jan. l>4i. I'lipiiLuirn, 
 lS.)C, 123,41)'). 
 
 An attempt at insurreetion in the cily was iii.elel.v 
 piiuce l.ouis Napoleon (alterwanls pivM.I.Mt ■( 
 the Kivneh republic, and emperor), aiilnl l,y tu,. 
 otiiecrs and some privates . 3" t'et. iS;^ | 
 
 II was instiiullv suppressed by their arrest, iiixl tlie 
 jirinee was siiipjicd olf to America by the Kh'Ik li 
 L'ovcrMmeiit. 
 St rasbui.u' invested by llieOerinaiis,iirmeipiillyfiviii 
 
 liiideii, duriii;.' the Franeo-I'russian war 10 .\in; ;;;, 
 Gen, yon Werder assumed the commaii'l of thf !v- 
 siepa-s, ,-uiil the bombardment bej;;ui 14 .Vii... 
 and a yiKorons sally was reiadsed rd Aiit:. ., 
 
 fleii riirich, the commandi.r, deilaicl tliat li.. 
 Would not sunrmler except upon a luaii ,i{ 
 ashes : but .•liter a heroic resistaiici-, :\w\ wliin ,1 
 'lireaeb had been maile and an assault was in,. 
 ipeiiilini-', notice was «iyen, and the plan' sunvn. 
 deled iit 2 A.M.; at 8 .\.M. 17,150 men ami 400 
 olliccrs laiil down their arms . . 27S.-iit. .. 
 The (iennan loss was said to be 906 1111.11, of wlidiu 
 
 4, were olliccrs 28 Si|.!. „ 
 
 The Germans entered Strasbnrn mi the luiiiiMTsary 
 ot its surrender to the French in ifiSi by a mir- 
 
 prise .3o*|it, „ 
 
 L'liricli received the grand cross of tlie leirimi < f 
 
 biiiiour "'t ., 
 
 The invabiable library was destroyed aiiiltlieeatln- 
 ilral much iiiinrcd. About 400 lioiise, wvie ilr- 
 stroved, and iioix) iiersons reiideiv.l |,miii..1vss, 
 ! Visit iif the emperor of Germany w.-ll iv.-.ivol: 
 : i,nt " l-'ranee is still there" . . . if,S)t. i- 
 William II. very well received . . 20 .\«:.;. u; 
 
 STRATFORD - UPON - AVON (W;,rwi,ici 
 sliiri'), si-'e Hhitkxpcarc. 
 
 i STRATHCIA^YD, a kin-dom fornicl liy;hl 
 I Britons, who retired northward after the Saxnn .,.nl 
 ', quest, about 5()0. It extended lioiii tlie Clyiie tl 
 i Cumberland.' The liritons in it sulaiiitteJ tjEii| 
 I ward the Elder, in 924- 
 
 STRATHCLYDE CASE, sec 7(V„/,., 
 
 STRATIIFIELD-SAYE, iu IlamvAiro, i 
 which is situate the estate boutiht el leril KiveiJ 
 by the nation for 2()3,ooo/., and presented to tli[ 
 duke of Wcllin-ton, 1817. An act to mwnl,. 
 suitable rcsidcnci' for his grace ami lus liiirs fi 
 passed II July, 181 5. 
 
 STRATHMORE ESTATES. M>'i C' ' 
 of Durham, the then richest heiress 111 turvi 
 whose fortune was 1.040,000/., with vast adJitioJ 
 on her mother's death and inmicnse estates i-n iH 
 demise of her uncle, married the earl at htralhmorJ 
 2s Feb. 17()(). Having, alter the carl's 'leatli.niJi 
 ried Mr. Stonev, she was forcibly canted ell ly till 
 and other arnicd men, 10 Nov. 17S(). ^lie »| 
 hroucht up to the King's licneh by lwhe<n am 
 and released, and he committed to lin*in, 2? Nol 
 The lady recovered her estates, wliieh slie m sj 
 signed to her husband under the iiilhienee e! t;rri( 
 in May, 1788. 
 ' STRATTON-HILL, Battt.k of. in Coij 
 
 ; wall, I() Mav, I(>4?, between the royal arnu unilL 
 i sir lialph lloptottand the foives of the piukiMl 
 
 iun.lcrllu rlofSta:::!ord. Thevietery «s«ir| 
 
 { over the parliaiiieiit.irians, who lost wmm^ 
 
 I killed and wounded. 
 
 I STRAWBERRY, sec FmiU. 
 
;tiiawberhy. 
 
 onstrucfoil by Vcpiu and Charlo. 
 I'striii'tiim liy li^'litiiiii'.-. ino;, \un> 
 lilt liy iM'win ill' !Sli iiiliinh mill 1,., I 
 I'cntiiry. Tlic lofty l.iwcr tm i,,,,. 
 'I'lif I'l'Iclinilcd iislripiiniiiiiiil ,„,, 
 ppii^'C, \v;is n'liiiirnl liy M, Sriin:]. 
 ,'ui'alr(l I .Inn. I.'-^;. I'liiiiil.ii;. n, 
 
 siivn'i'tinn it! tl ity wiH iii.ulil.v 
 
 Siiliiili'im (altiTwaiiln piv^ilmt if 
 lililii', iiiiil '■luiiiTiir), iiiilnl liy twi. 
 
 Ill' ]il'iviltrs . Jotir!. iS;^! 
 
 siiiipii'Msi'il liy tlii'ir iiDist, mill tlie 
 plii'il iitl' til Anicnrii liy tlui Ku'iuli 
 
 ■il liy till' (iiTiiifiiis.iiriiiriinillyfii.iii 
 
 thi''l''rai -I'l'lissiilll w;ir ui Allt ;:;o 
 
 liissill 1 till' llllllllKllnl iif till l.'- 
 
 li(. liiilllliMI'illlirllt lii'Kall 14 Allu', 
 i sally was ri'inilsi'il . ;fi .\ui:. ,, 
 111' I'lHiiiMaiiiiiT, ili'i'liiri'il that lir 
 inviuliT I'Xi'i'iit iiimii a liiiiji „( 
 tl r a liiriiic nsistain-i', ami wluii ,1 
 I'lii iiiailc anil au assault «iis iiii- 
 ■!■ WHS j,'ivi'ii. ami the [ilan- simvii- 
 M,: at 8 A.M. 17.150 ihi'ii aiiil 4w 
 iwii tlii'ir anus 27Sii>t. ,, 
 
 s was saiil in li*? 906 iiifii, nf wlimii 
 
 i-s 28Si|i!, ., 
 
 itiTcil Stvaslini'K on tlir aiiiiiMixiiy 
 liT to till' Ki'i'iiili ill ifiSi liy a Hiir- 
 
 ^oSt-lit. „ 
 
 1 till' K'l'aiiil cross of till' li'pimif 
 
 (lit. ., 
 
 lilmii-y was ilcstroyi'il aiiiltlic.'i.ilif. 
 ijlllcii Aliiillt 4u(i liini^i's wiir ilr. 
 8000 lu'i'soiis ri'iiilii'il lll.llll.|l'S<. 
 iii]ii.ror of lii'i'Miaiiy wrll imii ivnl ; 
 is still tlii'i'r" . . . ig>|i. i- 
 ■y wi'll ii'i'civi'il . . Jo.\«:.'. 1:; 
 
 DKD - UPON - AVON (Warwick] 
 
 CiiVYD, a kinsilom fnrmi'i! hy ' 
 rctifi'il tuirtliwai-il a flu- tlii' SaMHi ■ nl 
 ^()0. It cxti'tiili'il li'iiiu till' Clv.ii- \t 
 'I'lu' lii'itoiis 111 it sulmiitti'J Ij Eii| 
 ur, in 924. 
 
 [CLYDE CASE, see m-uh. iSi 
 
 [FIELD-SAYE. in HamvsWro, il 
 latc tln' estate limijilit rf lunl Kiviij 
 m foi- 265,000/., anil iin'sniliii t" ihf 
 Uinj,'ton, '1817. An ait tu in^^vi,!,. I 
 Icnce for his grace ami his luirs ^ 
 ly, 18 1 5. 
 
 IMOKE ESTATES. Mi»s C^'wet 
 the then ridicst liiircts in Eur.W 
 le WHS 1,040,000/., witli vast mliM 
 M-'siieiitli unil iininonsc ost;iti's ^n tlr 
 r nncle, niarrieil the earl cf StratlimoH 
 I. Ilavinjt, alter the earl's ilralh.iiwl 
 nev, she was t'nn ililv carrii'il ull' In hil 
 rnieil men, 10 Nov. 17S(). * » j 
 ■0 the Killer's llench hy MifH rurfi 
 anil he emnniittcil to iirisun, 23 No| 
 covered hiT estates, which .■^lic hail s 
 r htisliand under theinlluciucofttrrij 
 8. 
 rOX-HILL, n,\TTLT-: OF. ill N 
 
 V 1(14?, hetweeii the royal aniivunill 
 lo'iitim,' and the forces ol tlic iiarliml 
 irlofSta'::!'.rd. Til.' victc.ry '.va^-nnj 
 irlianii'iit.irians, wlio lost miiiil).r> 
 I'liiinded. 
 'BEKllY, see Fn<ii.s. 
 
 stkawhekky-iiill. 
 
 1053 
 
 i^TR.V WHERRY-HILL, «nrrev, the Oothic 
 
 lilaiif Horace W al|iiile, eonstnicted i-"i;o, atTwick- 
 
 I rnimm. near London. In April and May, 1842, hi.s 
 
 (..lli'i'timi iif pictnres arid articles of' tiste iinil 
 
 virtu were sidil hy auction for 2i),0|:;('. Hi. ty/ 
 
 rio villa was enlar;.'ed liy .Mr, Cliiehe.ster For.! 
 
 I t,.i,.ui', created loril('arlinf;l'(ird, und the eonntess of 
 
 , Hi!ilc:;rave, daughter ofjolni llriihain, the singer 
 
 I ^h."licll i .I'lly, 1871). The place honifht by hiiron 
 
 II. Je Stern, .liily, I.SSj. 
 
 STEEET MUSIC. An net wa.'* jiassed in 
 1^4 far the hetter reu;nliition of street music in the 
 tKti'opolilaii police distrieta. 
 
 STREET RAILWAYS, see Trmmcyx. 
 
 STKEIilTZ, the imperial Kuard of Knssin, 
 
 iiMblishcil liy Ivan IV. about 1568. lieeoniini,' fre- 
 
 I Mi'iitly scditiiiiis, it was snpiire.ssed bv Peti'r the 
 
 (Jri'iitl'srcat nnniher.s were put to death, nmny hv 
 
 (biM'zar's own hand, l(yf)^-\-o^. 
 
 STRIKES, see under Agri'iilture, r,v.s/oii, 
 \ I/,mhii. l.S5i|-r)i: Xrirrtrstle, Trials, AuR. 186- ; 
 li'htmis. Shijii, 1,111 1111)1 Coal, Cotton, Ilnntol, and 
 pllier seaports and towns. 
 
 I M;ike«in 1S8S, 504(2.19 rcporfcil sneccs.srul, 332 settled 
 i,y conciliation). In 1889, 1,145; in 1890, 1,028; in 
 i:ji, 893; in 1S92, .lan. 6j, Keli. 48, .March 30, April 
 f;. May 93, .Iliac 39, .lul.v 35, Aiif;. 35, N,.|,t. 54, (),.i. 
 (J. Nov. 44. Iii'c. :;4 ; stnkiw tcrnicd Tm,l,- IHapuU^ in 
 111.- /(.«o'.( »/ //"./i ./uiiriiitl ; in ,8g3, ,1,1,1. 38^ |,.,,|,. 
 )l,iirli 59. April 73, .May 87, .Iiiiie 71, .July 55, Aiik, 54 
 S'|.t. 54. Oct 4=, Xiiy. ,14. I'cc. 16 ; ill ,894, .Ian. 50,' 
 F..>i. 57, March i.x,, April 13, .May 118, .Iiine 85, .Inly 
 f, .\U!!. 86, Sept, 60. Oct. Si, Nov. ^6, Do,., 4.. ij, 
 i:,5. ,1,111. 57, Kch. 55, .Mareii 49, Aiiril 3), .Mav 84 
 .Iiiiii' 6.i, .Inly 49, Ann. 32, .Scjit. 66, Oct. 77, Nm. 33 
 IK', 37; iSq6, .laii. 50, Fell. 73, .March, 93, April, 84' 
 M,H, 135, .laac, 93, .Inly, 85, .ViiK. 90, Sopl. 5, Oct 
 5;, Nov. 65, Dec. 36; 1897, .Ian. 48, F.,1,. 66, Mari'Ii' 
 n;, .Mini, 85, May, 126, .lime, 5;, .liily, 63, Aic 66 
 S-jit. 51, Oct. 49, Nov. 41, \)rc. 28; iSgS, ,Ian, os' 
 fell, 25, .March, 27, April, 44, Jlay, 56,.Iuii,., 49, ,Iiily,6, 
 I TIk tailors ol London struck for increase oC wai'es ■' 
 
 I tlirtyiclil April,' 
 
 iTli-itriki'oftlio calico printers of fihisijiiw 
 't!j*irilsliirc potters' strike; olitained an advance 
 , ill.Tiiiiichl.i.ss . .Nov, i8!4-Mareh, 
 
 |Ili.,itnkfiifllicanialj,'aniated engincei's took iilaee 
 I Sink of till' l.omUiii eal linen . . 27-)o,Iulv 
 
 I MJ™' strike .\n",-(i|.'t' 
 
 I I strike aiiioii;; the silk-worker.s at Coventry Vanie 
 
 I [.Mueiiil 30 Auir i860 
 
 lAnu]«ii«'i.ssfnl atteraiit to ),'et up 11 strike in* tlni 
 
 I 1 ;;UiiiK ti'ailc ho-an , . . . 2; .March, 1861 
 
 ,(-ir;M'olllii' piclillcrs in the iron trade occurred 
 J ::.ilipsi.riiij;ol(sc.. [run, anil llnllirini^) 
 I i'.nkt' of Loiiiloa west-end tailors (aiiout 2000)', 
 
 I liitel 22 April-Oct' 
 
 I Crtat strike of colliers near St. Helens, April, 1867'- 
 I ,iV'Ut40,oooiricn on strike . Vpril 
 
 I Miery strike at Timrnclille, near Hhoilielir; (ir'.ml! 
 I fcl riot:! .mil ilcvast.-itioii . 21 , Ian 
 
 IStriki'iif to.ooo iiiinors at I.e C'reiizot, Ijiir'ni'ii'lv 
 
 lilt ],roi,..rly of .M. Schneider; soon over JaiV i8'/i 
 I Et;'.iieers' .strike at .Vewciistle ,.see \twaisllr) ' 
 
 IStrike of hniMiTs employed liy Messrs. lir/iss" ami " 
 
 Ji'.'kson & sinnv, for a 9 hours' dav, at 9./ ,111 
 
 .«, I Jmic: afur mrotiation leil tii a lock-out 
 
 _ Mtliemastcrs. licf:iiiiii,i(r . lo.Iiine 
 
 |TV!od-nut of lb,, liaisons ci.a.sed, the carpenter 
 
 .■aigoii, g.hily ; arranjjeinents were niade. ami 
 
 i .nkfofLoiiilim |i,i,riicy„icii liakers, 23,Sept-9 Oct. 
 ljMr,keiiffiri.ivi,ii,l,ii|t,.rs , , ' ' \,.^{ " 
 I k- sunt of iiiiioTs in Wales for tlieir excessive " 
 
 'I'^IIlall'IS , , _ /l."* 
 
 ^.kcofLoiiiIoii gas-stokers (.see, C'fn) ' . 2 Deo' " 
 ■SKkeof about 60.000 colliers in S. Wales, refiisini' " 
 1 ''?""""' .'" '° !"■■'• cent, reduction in waijes"' 
 I 1 Jan, Strike ended . . about 25 Mareh! .873 
 
 STRIKES. 
 
 '''"n-si;;;it';!;;:;!!,™-;"'-'<'''.i--i^iiers 
 
 strike iifalioin 50,™ nilncri'siiiith Wales ^jir: 
 
 iJi,';:rnt;;^-:;4'::;i;.;,f-''"i^^.-"^;': 
 
 «t.kcori.ai, Fi,,,,i„,,,,,!i';,;,,,,,,,^,,,;' V; U^i.^ 
 he conipiilsory use of s.ircty |,i„i|,.,'.'", ,"!,', '.'^ 
 IS mines ami rc.iccis their snloiii.Ji,,, ' ,' 
 
 Ac /A, ../nAr ol workMien of Rislons an Vii,||.,,i,V 
 
 s ippol . I liy alrialgairialcdoilKiMccrs, Dec ,K,: 1 
 
 s:'ni;:nc.!;;;;;:;r'™'''''''''"^'' ■''-'' «'"''>'"; 
 ''oywa;!csf;^:;;:;;r'■^'''-''''''■5•-■■'-'t■-i^'H"" 
 
 " Upcr.itivc Si.inners' A.ssoeialion'" of N an I \"l* 
 
 n;!ini;;;:;,nic::'[,,^;::-,^, ',;■,,:-!»'•- ''-'■- 
 o"t.-3N..v.,,26oet. 'nii:!:s^:t::i::z 
 
 ^^'Incn/'f /"n"'""''' '"■'"''""Vers rcspeetii,. 'n,pi;;v: 
 
 <^.''at'lirik^''amri::^:;;;r'!!r:;;;;i^t^r'^'''''r- 
 
 ;vn>;his^^c., 11,1 ti,c,;iy,ii' ^, !',.;:;;' ,^:;i': 
 i;;;;,;;;:^f-tii,',io,.i, Moii,.,.ie,,;d;eiiu:;^;;,;;Lt 
 
 ''C"o"r::i;!,,;r'''''"^"''"'^"°-)''"'^-.''« 
 
 fireat railway strike, see V„hf.l Stales' . " '^Z' 
 
 'lv'a;;;:ci;;;!i:r''''''"'"''-''^''' ''•'""' ■«^i''':''i''-' 
 
 "'lrchln.ra'lta;r"''™'*^''"'''''''''"''''^^'''»'''"'li'"'; 
 I oci;"''il'rv'''T"'V""'^"'^' "«'■'"''*'' "-orknicn"" *''"■ 
 
 ''ail;;;;;''i;'D;o"';^^r^.it:r'''^''''''''-'--'i-^ 
 
 ^'clmru' !ic TT '"■ V""' ;" (•■•'■I'l'-yil la. the law 
 
 on ts, i ..), ilcinandin- increased pay ami less 
 
 workiii« hours, 3, ,luly ; .some lirin.s v el ali in? 
 
 =0 Sept. ; (ierinans and others en.-a.-c I O t 
 
 Oee. 1877. Strike ends (cost almut^iTw J " 
 
 Strike anil lo,.U-.,>„i „f ..„.*„_ ...,__. 14 March 
 
 'S7J 
 '■■75 
 
 ■ 876 
 
 1877 
 
 1834 
 
 3 15 
 
 1S53 
 859 
 
 1865 
 1867 
 1868 
 1870 
 
 1872 
 
 .rike ami i„ck ,,„t of cotton spinners I'n Xa'/i'd " 
 N.K, Lancashire (aliont ,20,000 men); n as s 
 
 '^'nerecnV''"' •;? '"'"""'■. "' "■ducti^i, of 'waj^s'' " 
 
 pel cent. 23 Nov. ; suliinissioii . . ^8 Dec 
 
 277 strikes 111 the year . ' " 
 
 Midland railway ;'Hmlden strike of goods' guards ' " 
 
 London engineers, ,3 firms, against rednet'ion'of "^" 
 
 wiiKcs, began about 7 Feb. ; eloseil . 1 ,et 
 Uiirhain coal miners, against rednction of wa -es " 
 
 nn;wi?ri^'''l'io!;''''"*'''"'t''""''^"''''"''"'^^ 
 
 .11. • , • '" 7°.ooo>»eii unenipdyed \iiril ■ 
 settled by arbitration . . ,',|,|,'„ '';{,.• 
 Hi stol biilMers' 2 months' strik; en,'" 1^ > " 
 h r keotciitton-workersat HIackbnrn, ,5 M,^°- / ,' " 
 Strike ot Lancashire miners ; alioiit 40,000 on ,2 " 
 • ;".. ; noting with loss of life near UoTS, 3' "3 
 .Ian. : strike reported over . . ' lU ,00, 
 
 Strike in the potteries, 70 Hni.s and 30,000 laei'liel '^^' 
 
 The men a'gree to .arbitration" . " "'"""in"):- " 
 Ironworkers' strike at Hoptoii and Darlington, " 
 
 Strike of Stalfordsliire colliers, about '3!^; -^^;' 
 
 M.;my submit, abotlt ,7 Jul.v ; strike c'lit V4 Juk> 
 Cotton weaversou strike, opposition tothe rednction 
 o wages, 11, the .V W. districts, about ,8,5^ 3 
 Dee.,883; men yield, indercomlitions.aboiitS^'eb 
 ^t Ike in the cotton trade ; mass meeting at Dur 1 
 ley I'l'iect the masters' terms . ° ,6 Jnlv 
 
 ot^'wllges '''"''"''"''' '•'"-■■•'•"ko against rednction " 
 
 Kiid of Harn.sleV coal niii'iers' long 'strik'e . 't'^De-e' " 
 I Stake of about 2000 miners in west Cumlierliiiiil,' " 
 
 16 March, 1835 
 
 i332 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 'ill 
 
 l! 1*1 
 
 !y ,^'i 
 

 
 
 ,^*Yf*V ^1 
 
 'fcSk 
 
 H >i 
 
 
 M 
 
 r 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■)■ 
 
 M 
 
 
 >t 
 
 ^■fl$ 
 
 u" 
 
 
 STRIKES. 
 
 10.5* 
 
 STIUKKS. 
 
 i88s 
 
 __Btt.» 
 
 Wiik.' of aliout liiilf tlif ci.lliiTH in H. nii(l W- \"ik. 
 
 Miiii: .... 1 -Vl'Vil-Jlii), 
 
 tlu .rl.'V, Luiiciisliiri', nli.ut 3,ocx> mUvu "'''y'''" 
 
 Ccttiiii WMIVITS4 (.11 Htrikn nt Oldliani (55.""'; """> 
 nualiisl 10 III' '''111' riiliH'tl''" 2" •'"'>'■ '' "'',■ ' 
 
 comiuoiiiiM. 5 1 IT ec.it. ncc.i.tt.i '■"'■^;,';r;;' ';;;";;,!',i 
 
 Strik<M.f 4.7c«- iiKii at Klnwick Iron Works, New- 
 castle ; iisciiLcd tu two nianngeis, 2 bci>t. , •■lo»( .1 
 
 dose of ..nKiii.MTs' strike(-4 Jfi'rs) nt KnnclcTlKi.a ; 
 
 cost llbovc at<i,tc.ii;. . . . ■ .",''■ 
 
 ytnke of.shii.HriKl.ts in tl.o lync ""''jj^^;''^'^ ''y:;,'!','^ 
 
 Ir.crcnsc of strikes in Frnnco, Belgium, Cicnniinv, 
 
 and United States . . . . *""',''''. 
 
 Sl,roi.sldre ironworks strike (twenty weeks) .M.ds , 
 
 Nort'lmn'iljerliind ininers' strike aiiont 30 Jan.; terms 
 arranged at a c, nIVrence, and work^ '^^g'jjjj^l; 
 
 hlriki)\wrongM nail trade) in fontli Sl!uior,lsl,'ire 
 of aliout is.iKui'l'eratives . . 12 ^elJt. , 
 
 Strike of engineers at liolton resi.ecting wages, 
 "^rtime. tvc. .4 M»y. intinmlatnm »n'l ';■>;• 
 cotting <;f men at work; strike cl..se» by c ii- 
 PjH,,li,,i, 27Ucr. I 
 
 Shoemakers' strike at Noitliamidon ; about 20,000 
 out 1 Dec. ; dosed by arbitration, about 24 Dec. 
 
 Strike of engineers at Ulackburn, ">_ ^■'''■J'^"'j'j;;;;;.'j;| ,j 
 
 Stnke o'r'n',alel'i''-girl» at Bryant and" May'a t'aetoiy 
 i^ft- I m-ilirs\ 5 '''"/> 
 
 Coi iery strikes begin 22 Oct ; about 3o.«o imnerij 
 t,n strike in S. W. Yorksbire ami Uie Midla 1 
 counties 24 Oct.; tin) colliers' demands, 10 per 
 cell", inenise generally, acceded to, the owiiers 
 
 St*;™;! of !^;,^ inUiers in West,,hali« C.^'M,|aMay; 
 StrikesiiiSilesia,Boheniiaamll)elguim, May, June 
 
 Temi c.rary strikes <,f seamen and tiremeii in the 
 stean lers ii, the 1 oris of Glasg..w (ended 27 June), 
 lei At erdee'n (ended), and Dundee tor an 
 ,d neeof wages,' end of May ; t^''"''"" 'V ^l- 
 lansing, end of June, it m-\ I.iveriiool Ma>-Jnly, 
 
 Sir ke f he .(mt U'bourrrs of the vort of London, 
 dn u m ling not less than 4 Ik'UIs' engagement 
 ,v to le raised from 5''. to 6((. rer hour, and 
 " r.Vs of other grievances ,5 Aug. ; they a e 
 ioiiied by stevedores, lightermen, and neaily 
 every "!»hs of riverside w-urkers ; about 25,000 
 nielioul, 22 Aug.; negotiations of the London 
 '.Ida docks ;.ommittee (for the directors 
 Mr CM Norwood, Mr. II. M.ngan, sec.) ; with 
 ; hedock laV,ourers' strikes .<''■"''"■»':'• .(™'^f,«' 
 Messrs Joliii liunis, Hen.iamm liUett, see., 
 1 enrv Chamliion, and Tom Mann), demands re- 
 U s P 27 Aug. ; So,c«o sai.l to be out, 30 Aug. 
 dock \li?ect,.rs re,ieet the con,,.n;niisei,n,,os^ 
 
 by shiiiowners and others. 31 Aug. C ose ol to 
 
 strike- greatly due to the intervention of t le 
 
 lo"l inavor Whitehead, car.iinal Manning, the 
 
 s o f London, sir John Lubbock Mr. Syd- 
 
 A ml others : terms of agreement, J.ay lor 
 
 iri?ho;:^ov;:^^,!::eo^(;a^t^ri;rbi 
 
 lS;;^g th.: strike 111. re were """'X I^;;;:;-'yj;» 
 ' of labourers and svinrathiseis <'" ^' ,' ^. 
 stieets. tire.it meetings were l.^dd 111 V 
 mik, 1 Sundays 2-, Aug., i, 8, 15 Sel't- Iheie 
 
 Melbonuie, 3,79'^'- ! f'""' ^^'^''-''^ ''"'"'■' ""- 
 
 iM,':VtoTn,;r^a\^^="^:Sr 
 
 l^l^n'olll^^ow;"^;^;.^, tdinbu,,!:, Cauiiii; 
 
 LlveriKol, Li'((1h, Northam|.lon,iaitsof I.i.irli,, 
 
 ami liiighti n.and otloi liliieis. . in.t._ 
 
 Stiiki' of -Mevsrs. Siheis' india-iulder w.iliHnl 
 
 Silvertown . . . : .' , ^';>',l''''. 
 
 Maiiv strikes and much agitation in l.iiiib 11, fii„| 
 
 throughont thecountiy . . Se|,t.l,,.. 
 
 Strike olalont i.ouo of the stokers and (ill,.i.. ,,1,. 
 
 liloMil l.y the South Metioijolili.n gasi. iii|iiiiiy, 
 
 aga'lnst "'thehoiius " systi 111 sin'cei-sliilly iim.,iu1 
 
 I by Mr. (I. Livesey, the secietary, 12 Die. ife„; 
 
 Ihe striki- mds . . ■,■..•,•, ^^"'' 
 
 '■ Sliikeofabont I i,o<.o bootmakers, L. Loud 
 
 1B86 
 
 1887 
 
 nfd 
 
 2u March ■.'() Apnl, 
 1 lock-oiil ol tricK. 
 
 Strike of Kentish bargemen and 
 
 nuikeis, eaily Maieli ; dosed . about 2.^, Ahiil, „ 
 Stiike ot'fhiimes shiip.ioineis . i Maieli i .\|jv, „ 
 
 Strike at Caidilf ol Ihe servants of the 'fall Vide, 
 HhMiiney and Harry 1 a il«a\s. dockers ai;(l(.tl],t«, 
 resi'ectiiig liiiie-working ; the meieliimt.s uA 
 other emiilovers.sni. port the lailw.'iy eoii,| m,:,,, 
 7 \iig. ; tratlic susi.emied, 8 Aug. ; giinl iiiut. 
 iiig, sir K. Head, M.l'., Ipiesidiiit ; no iimiII, ,, 
 Aug.; abc lit 5o.or« men out, 10 Aug.; cuu- 
 iiroiiiise elleetdl. tlie strike ends . 15 AiiR, ,, 
 
 Strikes iu Australia (see J\/c/(/i.mHeand Siiiliirii), 
 
 Aug. fl.'oj. „ 
 
 Strike nt Manningliiim Mills, see niwlfi.nt. 1'^,. 
 
 (ireat strike of colliers in Ibiiham, on i.enHint i.f 
 Ihe eviction of miners at Silksworth, li.ol I.mi. 
 donderiy's colliery, 20 Feb. tl sn/. ; strike c u.N, 
 
 20 Maicli, K51 
 
 Vive weeks' grent strike of cotton-siiiiireis nt 
 lludderslicld, closed . . . 20 .Miinli, ,, 
 
 Close of the strike of the Scotch funiaee men (j, 
 works) . . . ; • , • , sMun'li. ., 
 
 Strike in the building trades In London, hmhwy, 
 lirms; mass meeting in llvile jiark. 3 May; r. 
 fcrred tu arbitration. 2o<lcl. ; award given (mi 
 inercasc of jiay), about 19 Nov. ; work le.siini,.!, 
 
 23 N'lV , 
 
 strikes in Belgiuin, France, Austria, Weslj.lialin, 
 
 (ireat Britain April, Mny, „ 
 
 Many strikes in London and the ]irovinee.<. 
 
 .May rf .vi^. „ 
 End of II weeks' strike nt Messrs. \Viisiiiili.,liii, 
 
 cutlers, Shetlield .... 27 Jmir, ., 
 Strike of tailors at Southliort.Liveriiool, July; llie 
 delegates of the Master Tailors' Associatien of 
 the Cniteil Kingdom at l.iveii.ool, oiilcr ,1 
 general lock-out throughout the Lulled Kiiip. 
 doni unless the strikers return to well; Inf. ri' 
 the 20th, 22 Julv ; seltlemeiil . about 20. Iniy. ., 
 End of the strike at Brooks' cotton mill, t'htlirivf 
 
 (25 weeks) . ... • . • i^Aiiv. ,, 
 Strike of Dnrliani coal-nnner.s, sec under ( ml 
 
 II Maroli, u;» 
 End of three months' strike of seaniin and lirdiiiii 
 
 at Sunderlnn.l . . • • . • . '.iJ""''. .. 
 Strike of the workmen of the snlt union mClii'sliii,: 
 dosed, and threatene.l strike and loek-uut of tlw 
 tailors averted by coniluomises . . i*']'!. ■• 
 Cnrmiiux strike (see i.'miMr) . . ^"l;'--'"''!'': ■' 
 Bedminster district of Bristol, end ol al.mit 18 
 
 months' strike . . • • . 30 .to. 1E5? 
 Disiiut.'S between emldoyers and men ol tli.- l.(..,l 
 and shoe trade(abonl 2CK>,t«.«liersoiis iiiteii>ti..l), 
 nrranged at a national coiileieiiee at U'lceslrr, 
 sir HeiiryJames, M.l'., aiilioiiit.'.l umpire, loAiii;. 
 1S92; he meets the coiiterenee, 10 Aug. if ,-.'(.; 
 liis award, advocating eoiiiiiromises, to la.^l ti.l 
 I Sent. iEq6, issued 25 Aug. ito2 ; iiali.imil cu!.- 
 fereiiceat Leicester . . 17 AiTi!.(-... .. 
 
 Strik.'S against the , nii.lo.vmeiit ol live 1« lemm 
 
 the.locks.Lon.loii, Hull, Bristol . Ainil, M.iy, ., 
 For strikes of coal miners, sie (re;, i8w.(.-../. 
 Strike of 1,000 men in the shoe trade at Nurlliaiiip- . 
 
 ,„„ ; '.■"'• n?t 
 
 rullman car railway strike . . . .July,.. 
 
 See Viiilid ,s/"fi.'. 
 Strike of ironworkers on N.K. coast (i.>co 
 moulders) Jiiiio-July, .. 
 
 Lock-nut in the boot ami shoe lia.l.., L'''";'',''";;' . 
 
 Northamiiton . • • • • "'''■" 
 Stiike .■nsnes; 200,00c men out . .,«-™'.';' " 
 li,.|eiisi\e niensurcsof emi.loyeis 111 LolaKj", M -yl. ■ .• 
 London lock-i.ut .... i"lan 
 
8TUOMH CASE. 
 
 103.3 
 
 , Ni.iHiiiiiipd'ii, initBi.f I.i.iili.i r ■ 
 A i.tlm \<]:.vi!t . . . int.' ,;.v 
 hil\ii«' lmliu-iiili\cr Miiku at" 
 
 iii\icli iij!itiilii'ii ill 1.<iih1i^ii' mill 
 'iriiiitiy • • >*ip1.-lic. 
 
 L.„ i.nlii' stiikirsiiml I'll,. I- Mil- 
 mill Mrticipi'liliiii i;"'- 1 ' iiil'iiiiv, 
 
 HIH" SJ.strlM Nll(■^l'^^llllIy iim>im1 
 
 •V, tlii' Kcciitiiiy, 12 iMc. ift\; 
 
 . . . •, . ■;M.. ,r,c 
 oco liiiiitliiakcis, K. l.ciiiliiii, 
 
 ■.'() Miiii'li -'ij April, „ 
 Imwiiii'ii n'lil Iiii'koiit (ii irlrk. 
 Ill I'll ; cloKi'il . 11 1 nut 23 Aiiiil, „ 
 ,|n]iJMiiicr» . 1 Miiiili 1 Sliiv. „ 
 
 ll I'llC Kl'lVlllltK 111 I 111- 'liili \n|i.| 
 
 iiiy iiiihviiNs, ilicki r»iii;iliilliir«, 
 '-wiirkinn : till' iiu'icli:uit« iii;i| 
 , 8iiiii"'il till' ii'iilwuy ciiiniiiiKu, 
 siisi'rinU'il, 8 Aii|.'. ; nii'iit iiiiot. 
 1, M.r., liiisiihiit ; 111! iiMilt, 1; 
 [i.ixo iiirii I'lil. 1" Aiii;. ; ciiu- 
 , till' Htriki' I'Uils . 15 Aiii;. ,. 
 ill (Bcu Millioui lie mill .'•'i/i'iii ;i), 
 
 Ann. f' ■•(';. „ 
 :liiiiii MillH, w'l' ISiwIJfnl, i?9i. 
 
 illil'I'S ill IHlllllllll, nil lUTnlllltlif 
 
 iiiiiirrs lit ^ilk«wiiiili, li.nl Lmi. 
 I'l-v, 20 Full. i( SI.;. ; stiiki- 1 mis, 
 
 ••'" Maii'li, 1:51 
 t strike of ciitti.ii-siiiiuii'is at 
 liwi'd . . . 2o Miircli, ,, 
 ((. iif the Scotuli funiiiii. iiicu (21 
 
 5 .Miiicli, „ 
 
 ililint; trndi'.'' In I-oiulnii, li'iiiliiin 
 I'l'tiiij; ill llyili' imik. 3 May; n. 
 riitinii, 20 Oct. ; iiwiinl i^in'ii (no 
 I, aliDiit 19 Nuv. ; wmk n-siiiuul, 
 
 23 Niiv , 
 im, France, Austiiii, Wi'stjilialia, 
 
 Aiiril, .May, „ 
 
 xindon ami tlif iiruviiiri's, 
 
 M»y rf .cpf^. ,, 
 »' strike at Messrs. Wnsliiili.iliii, 
 111 ... . 27Jimi', ., 
 I Hiiiitliliiirt, I.iviriionl, July ; tlw 
 le Master Tiiilms' Assnfiiitii'ii o( 
 lintiilnni at I.iMijmi.l, iinl<T a 
 It tlinuiKlii'"'' ""■ Liiili'ii Kiiit'. 
 e striki'is ri'tinii \" wmk In-firi' 
 ly ; si'ttliiiii'iil . iiliiiiil 2ci.Iiiiy, „ 
 ii'at bruuks' cnltiiii mill, (.'litlipnt 
 
 12 Aiij:. ., 
 
 1 coal-miners, sec hihIim- ('ml, 
 
 11 Marcli, i";? 
 ntlis' strike of sniiiuii ami Brmiiii 
 
 nJuni', ., 
 kiiioii of till' salt uiiiiiii iiiCliwIiiii' 
 ri'ati'iii'il striki' mill lui'k-uut of tlw 
 by eoiiiliriuiiisi's . . f^'i't. .. 
 'sce>'><oii() . . Aiin.-Si'|it. .. 
 riet of liristiil, I'liil of iilmul 18 
 
 I 30 -Ian, 1E53 
 
 n I'liijiloyers anil nun uf tin'liool 
 i(aliuiit ^Lxj.otioiii'rsnns hiteri'stnl), 
 iiatiiiiial I'liiilVri'iii'i' iit U'ii'estiT, 
 I's M.r., aiili'iiiiti'il iimiiii"', loAiij;. 
 Is'tlie eoiili'ii'iii'i'. 10 Ani-'. ff .<('(. : 
 viK'iitiiij; euiiiiii'iiiiiisi's, tu la.^l till 
 ssiiiil 25 AiiK. itiw ; national ton. 
 ,','>ti-r . . 17 Aiiilit.-;;. .. 
 
 till' I'lniiliiynii'iit nf iifi' liilnuMu 
 imkui, lliiU, lirisliil . Aiml, May, ., 
 Dill miners, see Ciin', iSw'/m'/. 
 lien ill the shoe traile at Nurlliaiiip- 
 
 1 .Ian. UC4 
 
 Iwav strike .... Jn')', 
 
 Si'i' rtrilitlSUilif. 
 nnvurkirs on N.K. coast (i.=co 
 June-July, 
 
 See .Yri/'f(i.i(/('. 
 
 • boot and shoe tni.le, Uiif-.>trrr.:.il 
 , .6 Man'li, i;(; 
 
 2oo,c^ limn out . EM.w''' " 
 
 nresof einiiluyi'is ill Loniloii, ij -Mar. „ 
 at , . . • i6JliUi.li| „ 
 
 Mr, Liliuuehi'ie's prnpnsiil for arbltratlnn iipi.invi'il 
 ■ Mr.A.si|iiitli ; re.leeli'.lhy both]iiirlii's, .Miiri'li, 
 
 livAIr 
 
 189s 
 
 .^iriki' in till' biiildiiiK traile iit Li'leestir, lu .Miirili, 
 Tltf fiiiployi'is' li'di'iatlnii mid Hi,. iiJM'nitivi's' 
 
 union ai'i'ept the nmerii nt prnposal tu send 
 
 Siii'li'pili'H to sir (.'uiirteiiny lii.ylu at the lioiird 
 ijftrnile; lin'llniiiiary I'liiifi'i'i'iiee , 4 April 
 AkTei'iiii'iit arrived at ... . ^j April, „ 
 .Sir Will. .Maikhy iippointi'il arbitrator in ihii I'lir- 
 iifiiters'aiHl.ioiiiers' strike at I.eleester, i ,Iuiie, .. 
 
 See .s7i,-,,(,„, /,/,„„, ,g,^5 5. 
 
 Jtriki'in the I.himIoii iiiiil Hiililin biiililiin; trades 
 liiiiuiviim.e or *./. jier hour in wanes and new 
 n«li. ill workiiiK rules, , .May ; eiiiii.i.ssious to 
 lliellliin, -2.. .Mliv ; eloseil bv settlenient, i ,Iii|y ; 
 iluw'il inaiiily by the nii'ihatioii of ari'libishop 
 Walsh ill IMiblin, 21 Aiij;. !Sei. /.m/smiil lliljus', 1896 
 
 Slrikii of tailors averted by eoneessions to the inen, 
 
 Strike In thoflttx-Hpliiiiiiii,' trade, lielfast . Jan! 1897 
 .See lliiiiihiiqi, 189(1-7. 
 
 Strike of men on the N.K. railway and p'tieral 
 lakiiir disputes, N:'weastle district alh'cteil, 20 
 M). ; orhitralloii accepted, 5 April ; award of 
 loni Jiiiiii's of Ileretbrd, ciincessioiis to the men, 
 g.Vug. ; iidilres." Presented to hjrd Jaiims by the 
 II 3 Dee. ,, 
 
 Sirikis of the AmalKiiinateil Hociety of Klip is 
 
 anil nllii'il trade iiiiioiis lor an eik-ht hours' day, 
 rU',, tliruiinhoiit the eoiiiitry , . 3 .Iiily ('(.si'7. 
 
 b'l.'nitioii of ennineerlng and shlpbuildiiin cm'. ' 
 (iloyiTS issue a manifesto . , . . ^ Ann. 
 
 i.Iln'li»triliiitioii of NtriUe jiiiy, 30,000/., 57,0000111] " 
 li Si'pt. ; 7o,axj out .... 8 Oct. 
 
 li'jiliTiiiaki'rs' dispute, about 1,000 men in London " 
 »lriko work, 15 (,)ct. ; work resiimed . 16 Nov. 
 
 Mter of iiu'diation from sir Coiirtenay iioylo 
 (Hoard of Trade) proposing a joint conference, 
 
 2o Oct. ,, 
 
 Pri'liiiiiiiary conference between col. Dyer, Jlessrs. 
 A. Itaiilerson and UlnK'irt for the eniployera! 
 Me.isrs. Barnes and Hellicks (men), London 
 
 17 Nov. ,, 
 
 toiifcrences, 24, 25, 26 Nov. ; the employers' ulti- 
 matum ri'ji'cted by ballot of the nion, n Dec. ; 
 •0,000 nii'ii out !)(.,.. 
 
 Colli, of ileli'Kates at Westminster, 15, 17, ig Dec'. " 
 
 TliH federiiti'il employers meet at York and refuse " 
 , to sliortiMi the hours of labour . , 30 Dec. 
 
 Hi" ileiiianil for a 4Bdioiirs' week witlidniwn by the " 
 iiOTi, 15 Jan. ; work nenerally resumed . 24 Jan. 1898 
 
 Slnldiaiul lock-out closed, 28 Jan. ; 10 per cent, of 
 1 the men ra-fiinaned .... 1 Feb. 
 
 S. Wales coid dispute, increase of wanes denmndedi " 
 50,000 men idle, 1 April I't sai. ; defence state- 
 limit of the employers issued, 27 Ajiril; con- 
 feiviiccs: iirovisional conimitteH appointed to 
 lii'SHtiate, 26 .May ; 10 js'r cent, advance ri'fiised, 
 31 May; «ri'iit distress .in Cardilf; sume dis- 
 tiirbani'O at Tirphil, 21 June ; sir Kdw. Fry ap- 
 I'iiileil to act as conciliator, 2 July ; declined 
 l.ytlic mibters, 13 July ; iienotiations fruitless, 
 :j.Iuly; iiiastois' terms acci'ided . 31 Aic 
 iSTROME CASE, see Trials, 1883. 
 
 STRONTIUM. Tho nntive carbonate of 
 flr.mia was (liseovcrcd at Strontiiin, in Arf;yle- 
 jiliiri'.m 1787. Sir Jlnnipliry Diivy first obtumed 
 I Irian it the inetiil stroiititiiu in 1808. 
 
 STRYCHNIA, a poisoniius vegetable alkaloid, 
 Jdisuvcrahn 1818 by relletier and Ciiventnu in the 
 I -Y"!* "1 the stryehiins i;^natia and nu.K vomica, and 
 pMiii the upas imisun. JIalf a grain blown intn 
 I ttf threat ot 11 riilibit occasions death in four 
 I Mutes; its operation is accomiianied bv lock-jaw. 
 I ludi iilti'iituiii WHS (liven to strvchnia in i'8c6, 
 liimiigtlu'trml ,.f William Piilinei-, who was vxf- 
 |tiitpa lor the murder of Cook, 14 June, 1856. 
 
 STUART (properly Stewart), Hoi'se of, 
 
 ItounderAfoMiKirf, Eiifl/am/ ; >md J'>r lenders. 
 
 li^'tetion »f iinrtiHits an.l nlics of the house „f 
 ;;"frt «.is exhibited III the New (iallerv, KcLOiit 
 Mrtft.aiitiniiii, ,838. The surplus receipt^ ainuunt- 
 "■» 10 about i,8(x,;. wore judiciously distributed. 
 
 «UI3MAia\E TELEGHAPH. 
 
 STUCCO WOKK was known to the nndi^ 
 «nd was tnu-.h pn/ci by ,|.|,,„, purti, ulurl bv hj 
 "vedb:'lr ''V*'""',''''' '" ''-^-"'V'''. It w • re' 
 
 hoi^^!?i:i'rs\:;;::;!;:::;;|;;,!-:^;!i'';]^j' 
 
 STUIIM (W l-nissia). Here (Jiisfavus Adol- 
 phuH of Sweden defeated tho I'oies, |6'8 
 
 satitryofVesstn'S^cLkitiKhers-n'-lii^i^'i;!;!^; 
 of the rin.-leaders were tried f„r the erlnVe. 8 Vnv 
 l«, ). btioiiK re|iressive nieasiir, s a-aiiist the sect 
 
 ::^^::X7:r '""" '" '"^ ''^'^"' 
 
 SfrV8^s?;^l I^OpK^^ip ACT, 58 Geo. III. 
 
 0. IK) 0818), rebiles to parish vestries. 
 
 KTUTTGAliT (Wiirlenibu,'.') first n,enfi,n„. 
 >n 1229, was niiide h.s residene ■ bv' .„i tSrCd 
 
 iitlyiidiinied during; 
 
 tfie state, 1482. It has been ^i 
 the last and present centuries 
 meetms liere, 1 Auk. 187;. 
 125,<)Oi; 181JO, 139,059 
 
 liiternationalritlo 
 Population, 1885, 
 
 STYLE, see Xew Htyle. 
 
 „''?TYLE KOYAL, .see Kughml, King, Maiestv 
 ml J,t/es. The st;,/e.i of the iMindish sovcrS 
 are given m tho later editions of Ninda-s's "C'h en! 
 ology of History." The Koval St^ le and Titles Vet 
 gmng power to add to the queen's tit es" empress' 
 o» India," after much op,,„sitio„ i„ the con mons 
 received royal assent 27 'Amil ; proelatnation "s " i 
 its 'Isji. "'"'"''' '" ■■'"""' ^>' *''« "'^""J-. '^ 
 STYLITES, SCO Momchism. 
 
 nodT-l^^^^ (.Austria) part of the ancient Noricum. 
 and I'ai lonia, was held successively bvthe Uomims 
 Ostrogoths, and .Avars. It was eon,,uefed iVch k-' 
 magtie, and divided among his fullnwer , s Wed 
 counts, aiiiong whom the count of Stvrii, akut 
 8,0, was the most powerful. The eoiint became 
 ■nargrave about 1030 ; and Ottociir VI., in 1,80, w^t 
 made duke Atlus death, i,„2, Stvria wasannexea 
 
 \ Jiehi I\ . of Hungary ; m 12:;?, bv Ottocar II. of 
 Bohemia; after whose defeat aii, deiitb, at M irch' 
 fold, in 1278 it reverted to Rudolph of .\t^tri and 
 
 r,282,'7aS.' '" I'"^^'-'*^'^"-^- l'"imlution, ibS 
 
 SUAKIX, a peaport town of the Red Sea on 
 an islam olf its W. coast. See So,ul„n, 1883, ,^.4 
 I nder the nile of colonel Kiteliencr am liout 
 
 1,1 lie fortress and comm,,.,',. i,„s ,.,.vived, |88'8 
 Col George I loyd appointed governor of Suakiii 
 and of the Ked Sea littoral, Sep!. xH,^. uZtXx. 
 
 i? 0"r..S9r'""'' ''"'■''™ "'■"'' "' ^"'•'^"^ 
 SUBMARINE BOAT, see under Boats. 
 
 SUBMARINI5 LA:^IP, o„e invented by 
 
 biebe and Oorman, has been in use since i8i;o 
 esjiecia Iv at Cherbourg. Heinko and Davis's" 
 waa e.\hibitcd, 1871. 
 
 lamp 
 
 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH, see Teh- 
 
 graph (under £/cctna/>/), 1S40. ' 
 
 
 n 
 
 I ^if ! 
 
 irw{-^ 
 
loau 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 f ** ' ;. 
 
 il 
 
 ;t '';?J 
 
 [;fe■^ 
 
 \'h. 
 
 .It 
 
 ,^%^M 
 
 M.i.^^ ,'. 
 
 11 
 
 !tk»jli. -T i 
 
 HUH.SCUIPTION AGT^ 
 
 PunHCUirTioN act, "^ «'•'••<■«/ an'- 
 
 »e>i])t(iiii All. 
 
 HT^llsrDlF.S to tlio kiiiRK of Kiiiilimil won' 
 form.rly Kmnt.'.l in kind, ,m.-ti.M.lailv m won U 
 30,(>K,K.'kH vv,.,-,. vntnl t„ IMwu,;! 111. on aero m 
 ii tlu. w.r will. Knn.n.. \W'-- '"'''"" '^^Z 
 Jnincs I. Ki.M ; l'"t tluv wriv nicUi.lril in n hiU Inr 
 lust) were prantcil to Charles II. in l(i<)J. 
 
 SUBWAY, sue 3'«<»(f^. 
 
 SUCCESSION ACTS, sop Sfttkmait. 
 
 SUCCESSIOX. War <>1''('(°2-'1'-^^V'^m!!,T 
 
 ffuishea l,v tlir aoliiovcimnts ..t the <hiko ..f Mail- 
 CyL ,uul Iho oavl of r..t.MU..n.aKl.j ancl hoir 
 uniirotitftbl" result..*, arose on tlie (juestion whether 
 trn^Aus Han priiue or a Kreneh pn-'o » ^'"'^1 «'"^- 
 ceod to the thn.ne ..f Spain. Th.' hitish eour 
 on posed Louis. an,l Marlh/>vou«h was vutono,^; m 
 thealliea withdrew one after another, and the 1-iemh 
 
 in-iuee sueeceded ; see .S/;<(i», and llncM. 
 
 mirOKSSIOX DUTY ACT (i6 & i" Vut. 
 <. ^cV), atVr miVdi .liseussi,.,,. was passed 4 /ujC. 
 ts^V « V this a,a the le!,'a..y duty was extended 
 ;^estat^, and was n.de payable on -;---;^J; ! 
 Jinth limded and iiersoiial prope'f) > >'"' ii.V'"'"- 
 \d it ma duties'iu.posed'l.y eustoms, cVc, ae 8 of 
 j^n d iWc. The probate an,l suceeB.ion duty 
 replaced by the estate duty, 181,4 («'/"''^' ■'")■ 
 SUDAN, f^cp •N'"'"'"", 
 RTTDT1URY in Suliblk, chartered by queen 
 
 Mary 1554, ^'■''''''''^'■'''''''"'''^ ''"' "" ''''^' "' 
 
 ^!;SV:"n':u.by'u;eti;J'^:-ulabLrbed into their 
 kingdom about 584. 
 
 leiusiuniw.i K undertook to ent a eanal 
 
 Zstralia and to adapt the eanal to imratim . He 
 consen f t lo Kgvptian. Turkish, Kuss.an, trenel, 
 ^nTAust■im^.,v^nnu.nts was gradualy obtained, 
 
 but lit at of the British. M. IV"!'"''".'/ ^A' 
 ^"l ? visited the (,ueen and V^f^'^^.:}^';^ 
 2^x1 J- ii<-(, A coniimnv was lormed, l«j(J, ana 
 
 ic~;.s;;;";S..;tt;v;:,,i,,,;j. 
 
 narrow ebiinnel eoinnuuucating with Lake urn 
 f5^si;^-nri^a;L!ua±,yM?.^a;i^ 
 
 «'t^.^i!;^rf;q;^^taw^^ 
 
 SUEZ CANAL. 
 
 |),.|,.KMl..s l-n.ia the \MM> Hininl"' s ..f .oni,,. „ 
 y\siW.\ ll„. works, „ad ,;, portcl thMt h,. sm..,, 
 „f |l„. »Hieine waK oidy na atlair ot "j""'^ 'I'll 
 
 TlII.""ll!.n.l' mites of tlie" Hina'ller Miii.z eiiiijil »fi.'. 
 „ ." 1^' fivsl, wutcr of the Nile adndlt..! . ,, 
 ' -il v.'sid oMsseii Iroin the Medilerrinieiin to il„. 
 
 I,' IS,,., ' i'i.\".-. 
 
 Tie rrii,,.:. 80 t.e.s burden, passnl throM;;!, II,.. 
 eanal fr the Medllenaneai. Into the II.. In.., 
 
 \ loan nilHi'.l In Fruiee . . ■ • . 
 
 ?,. .i,.b MM.I 1-.ie.'li»b v,.ss,.ls enter the eaim N„v 
 
 1 M,. , ..1 i.'..«i..r, tlie eimh r. f':!":'";, "'.'• ;"'•'' 
 
 as siuoil.l.' for st..iOii.'rs„iMlniail trillle, but imt 
 
 fi'irvess.'ls rciuiiiiiKtap- • , •„. ,■, ,■,'''■''. 
 
 ' Water of the M...liternUM.;Mi adluitte.l to 111.' m t 
 
 ! 1 1 J . . In ■•liiri'li. 
 
 ' The works Visit,..l by the priiiee aiel 1"^'"^|^^ j|l 
 
 I Tl^'ellimrsM.ri.ssfuily <M.e.,e.i In ti,,. la'es'Mi' v .il ,1,' 
 
 .,„p,.r..r..r Aastii.i, til.. ..innirsK ol llie Hvi;.h. 
 
 ' ,l;,.'vi.M.r..v..rK;,'.vi.t,nie.l others , . .0 N.,v 
 
 I M. .le I.i.ssi.ps i.iit''rt;uiie.l in l.oii.lon . 
 
 Tivitlif. in IR7..-1 .l.illl'le.l . . 
 
 ";';!?^:rh:r;'e,i;''rl"^'S:':::: 
 
 iiiitionul i...nleirii(e . . • ; 
 Iiiteiiiiitioniil .■..niereiice on Hue/, 'h.' " '" 
 Ht.mtiaoi.le; a. siti i,«s ; report jl.ied 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 S65 
 
 in Fmin'e, and against Boimparte. 
 
 4'hily, I'p 
 
 anal ill- 
 ■111 fur a 
 ■ .\pril, I'-i 
 tnttnii- 
 
 ^!;:!;ri:^rti,;';;di:;n'«eeepu.di;y-K^ 
 
 M'",!e Vesseps protests ; tlie h'.nis I'lf tlie ■■.lii.ii;illv 
 
 * i, „ II ed l.v 1.. .\. bang.') that the eanal «, 1 ... 
 
 c|,,s'!luiihsHtheol.ia,iesarei.ai.l.22.\l.n ;1,,. 
 
 .rives «aval...ut . . ■ ; =^^' -M;"!. i-:i 
 
 CA Htukes after a siirvi.y, rei'Oiteil to the eiii,..! 
 lierby that the eanal generally was in a s,itist,i,|. 
 
 pmisiriiwerniaeiit mithoVise Mes,,;<, Umlisehilll l.! ^ 
 iVivfm- 4,o8..,«W. the Khe. bye's share, (ij-u... 
 si ares (If 20;.. out of 400,000) m the eana ; (5 i..r 
 eelit t.' hei'ail till .'inly, ■8.J4, alter whwli ^ivi- 
 
 M"';ie l'.^ens'ii/a elnldar 'says-he i^^ai-i. ■'.T, "'' 
 ,. rti iiate eiiviuiistaiie.. the poweitul U111..1, !».. 
 tw, "1 Knglish aiu\ Knneli ..apitalists ..r tl«. 
 ,,iire V in.lnstrial ami neeessanly l.ea,.elul «..ik- 
 in« of the universal iiiaritiiiie eanal. . 29 N.iv. „ 
 
 The siihieet dis,.iisse,l in the (..iiiiiions 14 IVh.; 
 money (4,o8o,o<x./.) voted, 2. Feb.; "'t pas.M ^ ^_^ 
 
 Neutrality of the canal elainicd by Great_^nnhn,, '^ _ __ 
 
 F,. i,„i; of the canal secured by setthMi>..|it ..r^^ 
 
 Ueeeii'.ts about 5,'ooo,ci» franes, iB^V, 60,3=3,8.; ^' 
 
 <,VnI'«','nnm.V deteriidiied on by^iritlsli si;ii..nvn..|,; 
 
 Mr (aft sir) .biiaeK I.aiiig very ellleient ; syii.li- 
 
 •"'• "■ iuted • • • lo.Mnv, i;-.; 
 
 Arrii'iKeni ei'i'ts niade hy the governineiit f.ir tlic .;..!.■ 
 
 *Xn\loii of the eanal an.ladvann.mei, -..,,.,., , 
 
 t.. he virtually mnh.r eoiitrol .it 1 e ..'n.. 1 » . 11 - 
 
 ill V aniniunceil, .. .Inly ; great ,lissal.st.,ti.. 
 
 1" ,, position in Knglaiid, 12 July ; tin' pi-i-^..! 
 
 ellnveiilion withdrawn by the «"vn.a..'..>.__j^ 
 
 Sir Rtatf.ir.1 Nortlieote's r.'sobitioii against lie I..- 
 siMls'inonopoly negatived (234.185) • 3. 'bilv. ■. 
 
 De Lessens visits L.indon ; agrees with tlie M 
 si iiowners to enlarge the present .laial, .■ 
 erete newone, giving ad,mi..nal p.uv.r .1..I 
 Si'rtiienee in the direetion of the emnpany, M t. 
 
 Tll^aS'^^au'tma'ovedbyihenritish ^y>fmn " 
 ^ 2VFeb 1 he sliLreholders at Paris protest ,fmil 
 
 U, hut ratif>- it (2608-556) : ^ .• . p' ?.', j " 
 International eoniinission sitsatP s , b»^l'» 1 1 
 
 French schemes discussed, April-M" , i '.-. 
 
 liarts of these sehenies ineorporat...! 1. n , 
 
 Ulav. 1885 ; last sitting . ■ • • 3" ; 
 The wi.leniMK ..flhe Presenl eai.al. vnl .1 "ii. .^^^^.^ 
 
 ii.vi.stiuation hv coninnssioii, Dec. 1884. 1™' 
 .1 Pted 1 Vv the-e..iiin,ission 9 Keh. ,885 ; ariaiw- 
 
 mellis with the Egyptian governiaent ouii,,.Mel 
 
L'EZ CANAL. 
 
 lliHi^li iliiiinli.'is ..f .nri.iiMiv 
 Mihl ivii.irti'd tliiit 111!' »iir.'i« 
 
 ,,H Hilly nil ""iiir iif ti :iliil 
 
 ■7 M"!!, 1 
 
 111!' HiiiiiiiiT Hiii'z I'Miiiii uri,. 
 
 wiiliT 111' till' NIK' iiilnillli'l. 1 
 IViim till' Mi'illti'rniiu'iin In il,,. 
 
 liAli; ,. 
 
 -1 liiinli'ii, iiiiHui'il tlirniiKli ilii' 
 Ir.lllrmilll'llll Intii till' lli'i ^.ii. 
 
 i; Kuli, I-- 
 
 vi'shi'Ih viitcr till- riiiiiil N.iv i- ; 
 
 lii. Miiuli r, ri'i n'li'il tin' iiiml 
 
 •iiiMi'ivi unci inuil tiMllli', I'll! Hut 
 inn 1MK>- . • • -5 ''''Il >i'} 
 liriMiu'iiii ailiiiltti'il t" till' sill 
 
 iH Mni'li. „ 
 
 liy till' iifliu'C anil I'l'ii. 'i^* "f 
 
 • -'( Mill' II. ,. 
 illy (iiii'iicil In till' ini'si'iiii'iiitli. 
 liii, till' I'liiini'ni* iif I'll' I'l'ii" li. 
 ylit, mill iitlii'i't • • 16 N"V. ., 
 i-tnini'il ill l.iiliiliili . 4 ''"ly. lip 
 
 ulili"! . ■ , •, • '■-;-; 
 
 •Is |iiissiii« tliviiiit,li till- <:iti!il III- 
 ClMll ■ till' iliiti'*li . " '"i l"i' II 
 
 in' M'ril, I-';; 
 
 ■ irliri' iin Hlll'Z ill."' I'll •- lit '"«■ 
 
 nittliinH ; rt'imrt itiitt'il i8 Ui'i'. 
 e Hultiin ac'i'i-l'ti'il liy Knii'i'ian 
 
 Ilir, ., 
 
 Ii'sts; tlid infill I'f ""■ ""liiiii illv 
 A. l.iiiiKi') tliiit till' caiiiil Hill i.. 
 ,'. iiM iliu'Siii'i' I'iiiil, 22 Ai.iil; 111. 
 
 '■•'< •\!'ril. i-n 
 a sm'vi'y, ivroiti'il l" tlii' ™il"l 
 I'aiiiil t;fiirnilly wiis In ii s;itisf,i,'. 
 
 • 2oA|i|il, ,. 
 
 it iiiitlin'risr Mi'ssis, ItntlHi'liiM M 
 x)/. tlic Klii'ilive's »liiiH's(i7f),(M 
 lilt nf 4no,cxxj) ill till' I'liiiiil ; (5 y.'t 
 till I ,lnlv, 1894, iittiT wl.i.lnlivi- 
 ., ivi'il) ■ . . ■ • ^''^'^ '':" 
 
 ,1 I'in iiliir Hiiyn 111' V'-r-'^ii''!" ' m a 
 iiiirttani'" tilt' iiiiwi'it'iil 11111.111 III- 
 anil Ki-i'iii'li I'liiiitiilist'i li>v tlie 
 al anil ni'i'i'nnarily in'iiri'l'iil khiI;- 
 I'laal maritiiiK.' I'aiiiil." . 29 Nnv. ., 
 •tissrcl 111 till! c'lUiininns, 14 M'. ; 
 00/.) viiteil, 21 Feb.; act iiassi'il 
 
 15 Aug. I; ■ 
 
 . paiml dalnica liy Omit Dntniii 
 
 Miiy, .liiiji'. !'•; 
 canal sccnreil by settle lit i.f 
 
 c 000,000 francs, i8;'j; 60,523,815 
 
 ^' l;:; 
 
 crniincil n'n bvliritish sliiinnvinTs; 
 .luiiics Liiint: very cllicii'iit ; ^yll.ll• 
 
 il 10 May, i:;3 
 
 mill' bvtlic Kdveniiiientfiirtlii'i ■ 
 
 I,. I'liiiiil anil ailvanci'iiii'iit nrciivital, 
 i-iiiiili'i-('i>iitriil nf l)e I.i'ss,.|.s'o,.iii- 
 ceil, II 'liilv : Kii'iit iliisatisfuili"!! 
 1, in I''.iij;lanil,i2,luly ; tlii'|'i"i«isr'l 
 ■itliilrawn by tlic aiiveniiiieiir^,^^^^ 
 
 ■tlicote's rcsoliitiuii nKainst lie !.'■>• 
 ,\vlic(!iitivi'il (284-185) . 3i''>ilV. " 
 U Lmiilim ; atirecs with tlie sMin 
 to enlarge tlie i.i-esciit laiinl, "' 
 , line, niviiiK adiliti.inal i»nv,T lUi'l 
 lie direetiiin nf the eiimiiaiiy, iiii,! 1. 
 
 &c. . . • ■ 3°-^"*' ■' 
 
 M.iiroved by the nrltish KnvcmiiiMit, 
 sharclicildersat Paris protest iit;arast 
 
 ,;^S;^^ts«tPar^;K„Kh£i" 
 inies discussed, Aliril-May, i3:;, 
 .se sehrnies ineoriwrated 111 tirats 
 
 last sitting . •,,•., • '3/.;, '!;.'■■' 
 ,r the iiniseiil canal decidcil "". "i- ■ 
 , bv ciininilsaion, Dec. 1884; l'tiii> 
 lu''cnniniissiiin9l'V'b. i885;ariaii|li- 
 the Egyiitian «.ivernnieiit coiiiiiW 
 
 HUPPRAGAN nrSIIOl'H. 
 
 10.57 
 
 iSUlClDK, 
 
 O.iiivi'iitlKli hIkiihiI nt I'arls fur KiiKland ami Kniiii'i' 
 ii,.|itrali4lii;,' Mm eaiialanil |ilaclii|Klt iimlera Inliil 
 i''iiiiiiii"'<iiiii 341)1.1. iJd/ 
 
 A.|liH<i,iii of Mil' cither imwers aniininieeil .Inlv ; 
 riililleil hy the siilliiii 25 Oct. ; by the p.iwi'i'n 
 
 2(((lc't. and J J lice. i383 
 
 M, Cliarli'i lie liUssepH, nianaKcr and secri'Ln'v, 
 urr"»t'"l fiT bribery in rclutlnn tn the rMieiimi 
 
 I'Hll.ll (ii''mc/i.1't) ,6 D.'C. lSi;j 
 
 A pnivisicjiial bciard a|ip.iinti'i| ; M. (iiiiclhird, 
 jcMintiir, nppiiiiite.l eliairmaii , . ..,, li,.,.. „ 
 
 M. Kerdiiiaiid lie l.esscps nuiiiliiiili'd limi. ehainiiaii, 
 H Fell. i3i)4 ; pcii.sicMi.s ;,Taiilc'i| l,j hiiii ami his 
 faiiiily, .111"'", he died .... 7 |i,.,.. iS,,4 
 
 Hiriki'ilf the cniap.lliy's dredijenil All,'. -,Sc|il. ,, 
 
 .M, l,i'iiias.ii)M, chief eM;;iiii','r nf tin' cmiipiiiiy, 
 fatiiliy stalilied al Sue/, ;.,; ,S,.pt. ; „|iil<i' cieb'.! 
 by eiiiii|iriiiiiisii ,^ i,,., ^^ 
 
 I'riiii'ii d'AriniliiTK' electecl president of the ciiiii- 
 |nnv, at I'aris, \ Aii>!. i8cj6, 1897, and ijj3. 
 
 I'nillic piHSU'l tlirciiiKli canal : 
 
 The siiKar cane lriii,sii.,rtei| li Syria tn iMiriis 
 
 "/•.iit.ir);t,ui,, ^L|,.l,■aab,,,,t^.;J'a,;,l■',li|,',' 
 
 iliiiiit ija4 
 -■ar Wiis liilr.idiii'cd 
 
 '457 
 
 Veir. 
 
 Xil. nf 
 •Sllips. 
 
 llrciss ToiiMilKe. 
 
 Uriiss Ki ceipts 
 
 1^70 
 
 486 
 
 415.911 
 
 .4:255,488 
 
 il;i 
 
 76^ 
 
 7"', 467 
 
 464,091 
 
 ii72 
 
 1,082 
 
 1,439,I'«J 
 
 758,(159 
 
 1873 
 
 ■,'7J 
 
 2,085,073 
 
 cj7i,S32 
 
 1S74 
 
 1,264 
 
 2,42.1.672 
 
 1,029,492 
 
 1875 
 
 '.4'J4 
 
 2,940,709 
 
 I.2.J4,387 
 
 liji 
 
 1,45/ 
 
 3,072,107 
 
 1,229,157 1 
 
 'In 
 
 1,663 
 
 3.4>8,95U 
 
 1.337,617 
 
 1873 
 
 1,593 
 
 3,29<.535 
 
 1. '72, 433 
 
 1879 
 
 1,477 
 
 3,2)6,942 
 
 1,214.443 
 
 letal I 
 loynirs. 1 
 
 12,454 
 
 23.105,535 
 
 t9i737,'''5i 
 
 i88a I 2,026 
 
 iS3i ' 2,727 
 
 i332 I 3,193 
 
 18S3 I 3,3>>7 
 
 1884 
 1335 
 1 336 
 i3S7 
 i333 
 1890 
 
 1394 
 i3^ 
 
 1S97 
 
 3,284 
 3,624 
 3,100 
 3,137 
 3.444 
 3,389 
 3.352 
 3,4"9 
 2,986 
 
 4,344,519 
 5, 794. 41.1 
 7,122,125 
 8, .'5 1, 307 
 
 n,3t9.'967 I 
 8,985,411 
 
 8,18.3.313 
 8,43","43 
 9.437.957 
 9.749,129 j 
 8.<J39,I75 I 
 
 8,560,283 ; 
 
 .^1,672,8 10 
 2, 187.047 
 2.536,343 
 
 2,645,5, ;6 
 
 2,48o,o',o 
 2,601,998 
 2,241,015 
 2,314,494 
 
 2,6So,.>xJ 
 
 2,679.340 
 
 2,951, "72 
 3,253,061 
 
 STTFFRAGAX U [SHOPS. I'.nver to np- 
 Mint tlieni WHS fjivcii by piirliament in 15^4 to 
 Henry VIII. as lioail of the elim-cli. Siilirii:;aii 
 buiioiisbiU passed, 1 July, I.S'jS. .Sec llisliii/is ami 
 Hiipmniicil. 
 
 SUGAR* {Siicchai-niii nj/iriiinnim) i 
 
 Ityetkm.w, at wlml.late „„^ „,,,„„. „.„„ 
 
 It" KiiKlami, 1,111 It Mcins to iMVe 1„...|| i,,.;,,,. ,,, 
 n'ren;ii ol ll,i„y VIII. Mr Whillak.r in tlie 
 I .s,.rvulW|,Mll,.y,p, .o9..,u,,b'saiii,isU,,!i in 
 A iiMnu„.|ip( iiiter fnini sir Klwm.,! \v,,t(,,n I., 
 I'M'd I obli.iiii, ,|,,i,.,l c.kiis, clivrii,,., hJMi tint 
 sirl';,lwar,lhadt,,kciiiipf„M,„!„.,U|,i|',',w„ '. 
 l*esiiK,irioayesatsix siiillin^s a inar, "wliiehe 
 
 si/^iVi^riiTiruLiT;;!'.:,,.) .■ • -^ >""■••"• ;m« 
 
 Duties on li,.e ami sinve -lowii sii^.n-s i',piall/e.i; ' 
 
 I """'■•< redi 1 and re«„l„tc,| . . ±',r '1*^ 
 
 lityincrcaseiHwari . ''''■ \^*l 
 
 I'C'I. 1 .Viin. KI70; tiirtlier reduced, .May, ,873; 
 
 Siiii.ir iiidiistiieseonniiittee 1 iiiiueiid a pri,b',''tlvi' 
 
 '^liit.von till' inipoitor siwir limn e,.it ,ln ciiin-' 
 
 Sii;.n:njliiii,ti lyiiH made known to kni„'p,.ans iivll '°'° 
 \iiii'tiaii I5U, an.l was first pn„.|i,,.,i n, i.;,,^,!,,,,,! 
 
 Ill 1059, lliiiiiKli ■ .say we had lli,. an a b'W 
 
 .vears earlier. •) inv.dnable v.ieiiiim.paii was 
 invented by ll„w,. I ,.,,.,. |ir. .M,.,,i|„r,,s „V,,- 
 ,.s..w..e patented in ,848.,.. but m,t a hiAeil 
 
 Snwir nianiilaeliired IV.iiii *.i',,/,„„, ii, fnited States 
 IJec. iSS2;nii ss ivporl .,1 . March Hnn 
 
 .Maiiiilactiir..rsandc.,l,,ii'ies|,r,,lestst,',,n,lv.,ia!nst ^'' 
 • icneh and (.eniun bmnili.'s i,„ l„.,.| „r,ar . ,382.9 
 
 .s.'iilalivcs IroMi ,len„,,iy, Iram'e, Aii.lria ami 
 "llicis, iiol b Intel state I ; iirst, ni '.'liint in 
 
 '■"";.l ''""" II. de "iiriiis cle.s,.!, pr,'si,l,.n(. 
 
 -'I .v.v. ; ,'1 pro'.,e,.i Hith a cnvciiiion si-ned 
 
 ',■'""';:""","-,'""""'''' ^""' '■ ineii'lniL: legisla- 
 tion l.,r lli.'Ira ...lili .11 . . , .,,.,' ,0, 
 
 I'll.' iiiissi.m of bar,,n de Wnriiis to various c -ts 
 
 ri-port.'d siicccsslnl .... |..,.(, 33 
 
 .\ie.liier pi.,t.,e,,| Hitlieiiinentii,nsi-iie,l, ,t May' 
 liiiillv si,n.-,i i;,i (ireat Ibilain, li.-niiaiiv. Austria'. " 
 lllll..',ll,V. t.ily. lilKsl,, sp:,i„, |),-l..i,„„, ,„„| ,i,„ 
 Ni'llierl;,l,.is ,i,.,-M„.,l „, |,,,,„,„t |,j. ,..,,„ 
 
 , " irliand Sweden ... 30 Ail" 
 
 '"'"'■."■"""'■'l ' niishin to I'vniiiiie the laws U> " 
 
 ellturee III,, oiincntion illeel . I M-iv ,!!», 
 
 "'II fur the adopt „|' tl, aventi,,,, bi-i,u:^lit int^; ^ 
 
 till' coniinoiis May ; ih-IVrrcd by tl„, government 
 
 A secret prc,cess.,frel,nin«siiwir by ,-l,.,.tri,'.!'t'y said " 
 
 f" '"•^■'' ' " inv.'iiled by prof. Ib-nrv C. Kriend 
 
 ill .New ^olk.aliiiollii I ,SJ5. II,. sii,'ce,-.|.',| in 
 
 cii-,'ainzin„' tie- X.-w York KlectnV Sin;ar Ib-liniii" 
 company to c'arry out the iiiv.'iitioii ; the schemn 
 col a|is,-.| and oc-asicaied iiineli loss in America 
 and 1',11^'laiid liy cre.bilons persons, tiie whole 
 .111. Ill- liein;; an iinposinii' 
 
 833 
 
 SUCUK* .V.W/mn(,/( cy//,'(»«^/a/0 is siippo.secl |/\;V;,'T'.'-;'"'' ^""" . ■. ,-. • • .1838 
 
 toh^ewet, know,. totii,'aiie^'„t,ii'ws K.,i,!„i in i 'S;i'r'i.l;:n:; '^'hen"' ii'i;i;;;y,"^i i'\:?'d'l,;^a^ 
 
 the E:i,st Indies by .Noarrliiis. ailiniral of Aie.yanilcr, w.-re arrest.-.l in Michi -an Feb ,c!^ 
 
 'y-, li.C— .SV™/«. All oni'iibil imlioii in alliiiirc , William K. Ilowar.l, 01 f the c.'iiiip.i'ny was ■* 
 
 with l'i)in|icv used tlic jiiic'c of tlic'eaiicasacoiiiinoii senti'iiccd to imprisonment for "^'r.ciid larceny" 
 
 bevenije.— /.'n'((». It was iiri'scribed as a nicdiiin,. ^,. • , , -'i .liine, „ 
 
 byOal™. 2nd c-cnti.rv. lircni.lit into Eitropc IVmn r;;^;;i Inr;;^;;:!^?^;!!*',:;:;;:.."^-'.!-'-! ^'"'"^.Z- 
 
 ,, , , - ^— buunties at 
 
 Unissi'ls, 7 Jnii,- ['/ .sr./.. ad.ioniiiHd . . . ,3g3 
 ■hilriiii', si'e/i'i.a-ii/.'. 
 
 wa,A.,,.6.;; i,iia,^,'„i,antirics,„-^orA„v.,iipti:;i i;;b:;^.;!;i;;!;;;r'';:::,i;;'!:;:j'';;i;' 'i:;,^:;?' 'i ^^''-- •^^^- 
 
 to bi'.'ultivateil 111 Italy; not siicecediiii.-, till' rortli- linissels, 7 .In ' " 
 
 lui'se mid !3|iaiiiards carried it to .Vincrica about ; l''or 
 
 'J'O' ItAWSi'ii.vniMi'oiirKiii.N'iciL'NrrniiKiscnioM -,s-, 
 -_.-_ 7,284,290 cwts. ; i,s6o, :s.8,7,277 cwls. ; iS.^j 
 
 • ^'Wr, l.iiiK sidered a neutral snbstaiice, without It'tl'VA v^U-\^V\6"'^^^-='1.'7"-' '?"•' 
 
 ."iiSc'iiiTs, has of late y,.a,'s be. le the held of a niiiiic- ^ ;u'J Xu -"I/'At'l .'^V, ' ' "*'-'^' 
 
 ■■'US raiiiily, viz. : (■ane.snKar (.,„■,■„.,■. f,-„ni th,- sne.-.r. i 887 ',8 V.o ■ 66 c'w s • In^'.s °'-^ ' ' ''<''"=. '" 
 
 ':...'• : l>.iili"l with dilute acids it beeoincs ,,h,.:.sc) l-'n.it- ! llH' ,60?';,, , v ' ^' '5'7-7.476 cwts. ; 
 
 ;ii.'ir [fniiii many ree,-nt friiitsl ; (irai.e-.suKar (.;/«,,..,, Iti |.-in-'|.-i, Si-cVin evooVle.l fi-on. H,,. r„i. , •,/- 
 
 fr'iiiclriea fruits and alte>-,-.l sbirch) sn^^.r of milk , 1 m ,3 .^V ,, ^'." ■ -t aV' , ''"■' '^l"'^- 
 
 .V.u(.«(rri.in euc.ilyptiis. bv l!ei-thelot in 7s56) - .-i..,!,!, ' ,88- „n. t '' .t,':'-' ' " ' '^-"' 9".,44'^ cwts. ; 
 
 |r.™tl.el,,™,.s,,rtliemoiin,ai,,asli,byl>cloiiz,' ,„,,.,/:, ^tj^^'^^V^^^ >':^t£'^V^ "''''■ ' '^9^' 
 
 (trail imrseUKir iissiie, Sel,.,i-..r) ; ./..'.-.,■ (bv l.aiircnt) - 2,2^- iim , locji. .kh.OoS c «t.s. 
 
 i"';i»i(f Ifrnii. iiumiia. olitaini-d from the fraximis oriius, . ■'^i"-' ■'■i'' (-'Wf. 
 iSi'i'lefash); ,,«(•,■,-;/,: (from acorns) ; to these have been 
 
 J IM m;r<i* hy M. Mitseherlich, and mdezewsc ami , SUICIDE (from 4''(/, .self ; cw./ei-e, \n kill) th« 
 
 ■*"• "»■ '' "'-■■■^"•''"'' ' slayer of hiniselh The ttr.st imtaiiott reoorclld in 
 
 3 Y 
 
 ■'" 'I 
 
 •)»i)j| 
 
 »* i.ii, 
 
SUICIDE. 
 
 JOftH 
 
 HUI(!IDE. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 '' 1, 
 
 
 r, 
 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 Ei 
 
 M* 
 
 ^hLk^m^^^ 
 
 .i^ig^: 
 
 S.rS'l §^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 7,572 HuicitU's in Kninci' ni !«»,• 
 
 WKM.mAlll.K IIKIKNT CAhEM OF HIMrll.K. 
 
 0-n. IM.'li.WW ' V,j,, ,„ 
 
 ?^Z! ;;!;Ton'h.;iuK,-,.f.';..nl..-vl,.,,,l 3.Muy. .B.o 
 
 WilliiiiMH. HUi.l..i».'.l iMiinl.'irl- ..1 tl»' Mail IalnM> 
 
 1 ' I 
 
 IM ■ 
 
 it-; 
 
 and nil 
 I.dril Fiiiii'li . 
 Miirnliiil Hi'itliiiT 
 Siiniuil WliiUmiiil, fii(l. 
 Sir Uiiliar.l iroft 
 KirNiniU''! Hoiiiilly . 
 CliriHtcii'lir, kiiiw "t "•'>'' 
 Ailm. Hir (ii'i'iv I'lii"!''"'" 
 Miir<l"is "f l.iHiiliiiiiliriy 
 
 
 15 lli'i'. l8il 
 
 . 9 lice. 1814 
 
 1 June, 1815 
 . 6 July, ,, 
 
 ,3 Kil.. ., 
 
 3 N"V. 1818 
 
 8 Oct. 1821) 
 
 afjuiir, i8-<!i 
 
 [2 Auk. i8a2 
 
 36 Jim. 1835 
 
 Mi«« I'liiiiliitti' Hi'tli 
 
 I.onl tirravcs . . • • 
 
 DdlDiicI llinvlon . 
 
 Maj'"- Til""'!*'" . ■ ,, ■ 
 Mr Siiinisou. Ilic Iriivi'iU'i . 
 l.„i(l Jaiiii's Hiivsli.r.! . • 
 (j,.n. sir Hiiliiiu' sliaw Doukin 
 Till' I'liil I'f Milliliter . 
 l.mil I'lintilrluii . 
 LiiiiiMii lilaucliaril . . • 
 Coluiii'l J. liurwi)."!, fdit.T ul 
 
 8|iati'lii'^" ■ ■ ■ 
 near-iiiliniriiH'i>nai'l . ■ 
 Uayilciii, tlu'ciiiiiHiit I'aiiiliT • 
 C'lirnil Ilri'ssdii ..•••■ 
 
 „;:'Kl;'ks la.;- -lUnr ,;f t.,. ^»3.™W-ie Zelt^n^ 
 aft''- '>;,"'"« 'i'^,"';'' -.g,,- a luVcl nftlM- ti-.as,iryV. 
 
 l;^„lM""ialM-.' yiiilly 'f ^m.ri"""s fra"' ^M^m 
 the Tiri'iri'O- 1">»1', Ai') • • • _ _'_ 
 
 4 July, 182S 
 
 . 3 Jan. 1830 
 
 7 Vet). „ 
 
 13 Jan. 183a 
 
 . 13 June, ,, 
 
 14 July, «84o 
 . 27 .Vl'Vil, 1841 
 .1 May, ,, 
 2u Marili, i34a 
 , 8 June, 1842 
 ,5 Keli. 1845 
 WellinKtiin'H l>e- 
 . 25 llee. 
 . 18 Martli, 
 22 J line, 
 2 Nov. 
 . i.^Jiily 
 13 .luly 
 20 Jan 
 27 liei 
 
 f ,if,i..uirn('ti()nbvtlre: theiihil"- 
 
 A S,uait,a waleliliiaker, llirew lilinnelf fna 1 1,.. 
 
 «|,,l,ei'iimKi'll'''-Vlli«t' 1'""'" , ■ . '4M11.I, , ,, 
 n:,il,I Itu-Hell, eH,,.. I..I.I .•lialniian nf .. , ,, 
 
 "li;,,'," ' ,„'^l, ,,i;>,ie„rMiMl mental .l.i..e«i.-^ 
 
 wi^r-ti^'-' ' « ' "inmr": ,., 
 
 M,!i,",; wivlmrtnn, M.f. fnr Havwieli, l.inll„,^,,( 
 
 „:ii;r\it-i;i:i;;n;s;.v-.K.-i..-i-'/"n'" ■ 
 ;;;:';;;:i;:;i:;;:,^;;l;'^;^r^^:.r^;,nuyo....:.vlir;; 
 
 Uev. (1. Martin, elu,u.ell..r .If llie.ll."-.. f KxM,,, ^^^ 
 
 |,,r,lFi.Hli,".inorea,lMflVitl. • ■ M''' 
 
 Win II ITeKcnll.liaukci- , ■ , ■ .. ',,";''.; 
 A.lumal Knliert FU/-l<»y (Kee S,r '<•■''";;'■•;;';> 
 
 ,-,;l"'l|uM;H"(eonneele.l Nvilil the ^UH.repm „i 
 
 ;„, ii,a..iHl.nMk)on lii« »iiy I" i'.nplun'l. 'i M '\. 
 
 ,^•\v ;;,-;, iiin^vli'M,!,, |n,M,H.,l,. IV l'l.lt"iiSuM-H^^ 
 
 1),"* a! w'"wai.l.r; nniMeivruf liin wife, at iir^i,u,a. 
 
 Tliiw. l.ee, lliivw liiinselrrioin llie lii'iHi l..«.v ..f 
 
 the (Tvsla lialaee . . ■ • • '\''' '' ' 
 
 Tle.l.le eiM|en.r..rAhyH»iiila . . i.lAi.til, 
 Mr ;,:,'i,ei'«l,n, hettwl-nnmeeH-. tl,e"levu,l„M, 
 1 k maker" •,■.,■,• ' '' J I'' 
 
 a 11. 'ri'wii*'-"'!.!''"''"''™' "'■'"''"'' • -'Y,','! 
 
 siru'llert'l"! 'llarvey, Nnrwieh hanker, ,5 July ! 
 
 M'"''l''i-eV"sl-lMra.l"l,' the aen.iiipliNlM.l Kn ni 1, 
 niiiiW.T al \Va»l.ill^'tl||.,f"^i.el-l> a enireH,.,,,,!, ,,t 
 
 Mr"'l'tl''l'«^r"K. lli'i«-li-y. .5' >■'-»- ."al'^'P-'-"''f It"- 
 
 I'l-islal lilllai-e eiiminiliy ■ , 25 -M'!!' 
 
 I, ' xu,,i'; ,,« Mattl.ieHsV,.,, eminent elieiiiist ,.... 
 
 fessniatWI. llartlnih>mew»l""*l"l"' - ' ''- 
 
 |;^ir!,r:"^lawV,lle.,-j,lH.lee.;fe,„ if'.W 
 
 litv Artlmr ll..lme», -lean "I flare LnlU^e, I ,,.,,. 
 'll^rl.lKe. ii^reat Mhnlar; O'VenvnaiKlit^ uaa.j) 
 
 ' fieorue LorilLytteltim, eminent m ImUii ; teiiii- 
 '"rrv insanity' iH Mnil ; -lie;! . , i<; A,.i 
 AMI 1 Aziz, sultan ..rinikey ,lei,nse. syJIay ; ,,,i 1 
 ti> have eullllllltte.l suul.le C«ee lurl.ni. ,88.). 
 
 l)r hftlii. Ilnteher,l.ish(ii. ul Mealli ; itiHaiie, «„liily, 
 
 Ilarriet Marv, .Uiwatjer enuntess Heme; ,i,»;,i,h 
 
 tl,i,.nKlit;riel' • , , • ,• ' ' ='" j ' 
 
 yt's;i!"n>:'-"";ti--''i-"-'f^^ '^'^I- 
 
 in|it;alleiv,St. ratil'H ■ • • '"'',"'■ 
 
 K. M.\Vai-.l,(/n,,Ti.ainter-, insane . . 15. • 
 
 lj;!;':'^:'c!u,:;,^!;'af.''nn;;.,.Vhr;t-s^X:_^^, 
 
 C-amlMiil;:e (insane) . • • 5'' ' '. I'; ,::■, 
 
 t'arl Kneel (musieal arelia "luuist) • i} •''"^- '"' 
 
 ul-VVilliain WliiineUl Ivlwanls, snrpnn at UeJ.nv ^.^^ 
 
 climt wimi.lVeu, Ansti'ian amUi.-^sa.h.r at^^'ans 
 
 Morris Sinnenn.)).l«-»l"i"|.'''"';»V:'' ' -'i'l!"' '"' 
 Joseph llinis.lale, (Hitter Laiie, ':■<• ...ir!,,, '^' 
 air, John «avat;o, foniierly mayor ol l!eir.ist.^^^^__^^^ 
 
 Rev. Alexr. Taylor, vreaelier of llniy's Inn „ A||ril, i"! 
 H T Kdwaiclh, 'If-an lit Han^or . ; 24 ."'Vj " 
 Vhe eiihth earl of ^^hafteshury (insane) .".. ™l;,||' ^^ 
 
 Kn' I Alr^^'reeLlTateiljoekey (insane) S Nov. „ 
 
 1 onis 11 kill" ol Havana . • ,• '3'',"; " 
 
 won A^ina, Japanese pritice, law «Ui« 
 
 nnelaueholiat "t s.-nl I Kensinul"" ■ =4 ""■ ' 
 jr^:^;^ .-".-■HyM.r.au.Unalerseei...^^. 
 
 184^' 
 
 1847 
 1850 
 
 1853 
 
 Ifi 
 
 It;' 
 
 If" 
 
 iS;*' 
 
 'in 
 
 lin 
 
 1854 
 1853 
 
 1856 
 
III(!II)K. 
 
 ,r, tliri'W liliiiKi'lf fi"i" II"' 
 
 Ml. ruill'pt M Miii'li 
 
 lulu fliiilriiiiiii <ii '•I'll 
 
 uilllli.V nnV I'M H.i/S'iirt- 
 ■■iMrwnik) . . Jlllll'. . 
 
 \ , III liiiliiin"i'li'y(i4 "'il''"). 
 irmi'V, iif 111"' luiliiiii iiii>.y. 
 
 lll'lirilllil llirnllll ilflitl«.llit* 
 
 Utliiii iiKiiiiixl I'l'i^iii »■■« 
 
 17 Mari'li, I: , 
 I', fur lliiiwiili. lirulliii "f 
 iiij.iii . ■ , ■""'■' 
 
 llHillK MlllIlK I'iM'iMl't. "I '111' 
 
 ,,r Mllli''« . ■ i'/'li'l»'. lis* 
 
 l.iworTtlliityi'<>ll''Hi'.''»l'liii. 
 
 July, , 
 
 illiir iif till' ilUii'i'Ki' iif Kxili't, 
 
 27 Aiiii i-n 
 
 •1 i,rivi'iii . • . utM I M 
 
 i^i-l' . . .31* At'vii, itf- 
 
 • Uliy (Hi'l' Sir /niliili./, iili.l 
 
 111 Aimt. , 
 
 I'll Willi 111!' «n|i|ii'i'»»i I 
 
 ,11 liiii wiiv 111 I'',iikIiiiiiI. 'I Mi>. it'? 
 it luiiiiii'il 111! ('hriiniMiM'i'ii- 
 
 .11 Miiv, „ 
 lilnrl'iif Ills Wifi'. Ill llri^llllnll, 
 
 ij.liilv, ,, 
 iNilf I'll nil till' lii'illi I""''', "' 
 
 r AliVHuliil'i . • 11 M"!!. 
 till' 1111 I'lii'i'i* ; 111" " li'Viiilliiiii 
 
 11 h'l'li. ltd, 
 
 tcirli'iil Bi'liciliir . •"; Ki li „ 
 ■ .1 Al'iil. ■■ 
 rvi'V, Niirwli'li ImiiKiT, 15 .Inly ; 
 
 , ■ . . ■ !■) 'Inly. iS;- 
 
 llic iii'i'iiiiililiili'''' l-'niiili 
 'iL'ldii.fiii'iNi'i'ly 11 1'liirviiiiiiiliiil 
 
 u, .'illy, .. 
 
 vU'j', 15 vriii'B iimiiani'i' I'f till' 
 iiiHIiy ■ JuAiiK. .. 
 
 liii'««i'ii, I'liiliii'iil iliiiiilil. I'm- 
 lIllllllll'W'M liosliiliil fi'l't- ■• 
 
 ji .liiii. r-ji 
 'IIU'H, Juslii'O llf Clllllllllill 111™ 
 
 ,1) ... 2 lilt iS'i 
 
 i,i.) . . . . J.! Ain-il, ib;i 
 •s. ili'iiii "f t'liiri' C'lilli';;!'. I'm"- 
 Hilinliir; (iivi'nvriiiiK'il min'l) 
 
 17 A|iril, i;;- 
 
 Hull, ciiiiiii'iil mIiiiIiii ■. iiiiiV"- 
 ; \i,iil; ilii'il . 11, Aptll. i:;6 
 
 i,rrmki'V,ili'liii«'i!'.!'jMiiy : S'li'l 
 Inl Miliiili' (««• 7iir/.ri/, 1881). 
 
 4.IIIIII', .. 
 
 Iiisliiiji (ilMi'iilli; iiimiiii', vii.luly. •■ 
 wimi'i' I'limiti'fs Hiiwt' ; iii»:iii'' 
 
 ... 2.) .Ian. if;r 
 
 ilrclilii'i't "... »<iit. ., 
 ii,|. ; tliicwliiiiisi'll'fniiiiwlil.''!"'!- 
 IMiil's . ■ lu'l"'!' ;' 
 
 i.iiiiili'i'; iiiBiiiii' . • 15 'I""' "W 
 
 1',, I'.li.S. . 
 
 ,"A|'iii. ., 
 
 , iil'ili-' tiit'ii' 111' Cliriht's (.iillip'i 
 
 111.') 
 
 Sl't. k:i 
 
 I'a'ili'liiinli'il-'iRt) ■ 'iSNiiv. i::; 
 
 lii'lil Ivlwiirils, MU'Ci'iiii ill ll";iiis- 
 
 27 lli'i'. i):i 
 
 Austriuii anilinssiuliir lit I'ans 
 
 ^n 1 1|.C. 
 
 iAllNlllUIl uiiiim.^..^.. ■•• -— ■. 
 
 30 I lie. ,. 
 
 ,,,i.iiliiiiii, liiinisliT . . nJmi-i::} 
 , (IlllllT I.IIIK', K.I'. ,. ijJ''"' " 
 
 'liii'iiifily iiiiiyui'iil llillast, 
 
 isJuni', .. 
 
 ,r, iirMiclK'V (if llniy'i 'n" " -M'"'' ''*•< 
 U'Mii (It Huiii;c.i' . .24 >^l- " 
 ,f SlmfU'uliury (iiianne) 111 a I'lil. 1 ' , 
 
 13 Al'i'il. i'!0 
 
 . I'.rntcil jiic'kiy (iiisiiin') 8 -Nuv. 
 
 liiivuiia . . ,• >V'™;'; 
 
 jHliaiii'Kc iniiii'i', law ntu.l.'nt 
 
 ,t -.iiiHl!! Kciisii!i;t..!i ■ 24ii'*' 
 
 ,.ni,i..'lyM.l'.«.iil..."li'.'--;^;>,,,, 
 
 r 
 J I \>iv. 
 
 Jf Ill'C. 
 
 14 .lull. 
 
 Anliiliik.! Il.»|.,l|,l,, rniHii |ir|,i, f AiiHlrlii, 
 
 RirlMhl IVill («.'.' /,.../.-Hi/) , , fwrll' 
 
 .« |iriil'ri|.|ti"'li,.n.,iii. nmiiiiKi.i' ..I' ili.- f„i„|,t„||" 
 
 iU',-i'.iiii|ili.(Hi.|. ;.,„„,.,.) , M, |.,.| 
 
 .ilrW'iii. r Ill UuhiiiMiiii, .M.I', S.MiiMh 
 
 ^irTIi' <. NiilKii.ini'H . . , 
 
 I'l'iilr^-iir Liiiil riii|.i iil,.|-(|i|..iiiii.)' . 
 
 Till. .Iiiki.ir lli'illni.l (iiHiirii.) , ,;; I,,,,' 
 
 I'lmij.i Viinill Will, tl. .M.I). (|i,s,„i..) , 6 \Mi|. , 
 
 l..,pl .l.tiui'i. K. .>*l...ll., iKliiMlii'.Mi'.) , \ , ' 
 
 .Ml,. .1.1... M it,iii,„H.|. 1.1, ,i,i.,i,i,.,ii I,, ,'i ]f,,:y 
 
 I""',:;:''"," '^,1' H"'iiMiw'r( h;,n,.,) ,,;,s,.„ 
 
 Hi. riiili|. II. r,ii|i,.,iii.|., „| Ki.iii i',,||,.,,|. ^, ,,'.1 
 .lrlliiir(liiiiii«Tliniii,„, iiiiHlnil r..iiii|ii,Hi,,. (in^m,,,' 
 
 Mr .(. II. K..,','U, il,.|ii,ty.|.,„i„i,.,. nf n.^l; 
 
 llii"'wli xiii'l jf, M|,.,,||' 
 
 M. lliiin Iiii|..'yrli'i', Aril.'aii ,.x|il.,ii.,. A ,,, ' 
 
 II. Aiiali.li. il.. la Kiirwr, {.'ri'iu'li aiillmr . f, ,U ' 
 
 jir, Ali'^amliT Wiiii.lliiiiii III. roll . j,:(„.i' 
 
 .Mr. llillniiCaHsi.iii.titurki.r . . . jj |.'i'|i' 
 
 lir. l,.iiiiliiiri| ,1. .N. 'I'll r . , ' .u Amii' 
 
 Mr. Hi'iiltuii, c.|iilii.iiil|.ni.ki.tiT , ,1 liilv' 
 
 Mr l.i'u I'l'iry, I'lLrtniiaii, aftiT killing, 'm,;.; 
 
 MrMaKU.' aii.l .Mr. .Saii I (iarda In U,.K..|,t'.s 
 
 ,S|liali., H.(,'. (Ji'Mlniisy), . . I Ml. Ill 
 
 Ml. .Iiiliii I.. U. .MiiHiit, I'rlliiw ami lilirarian nf 
 
 I'llllllil'uki.C.illi'Hi', Oxliiiil . . \, , 
 
 Mr. I'aliick IIi'ImIi-miii (llrllUli (idilsiiI „{ Ann,,' 
 
 lltllli'lnli'WI iillli'ii .... „,;,', 
 
 Wiii.O. I.i.vi'iioii-llowcr, J.I'., iiK"il 68 (iiii'laiii'hi'ilia) 
 
 Tliii iimri|iil« of WaliTfiiril, Imrii 184.) (iiii'laiM.|'ii,ria)' 
 
 Mr. Arthur IIiici'h, acliir, iiltnr kllllii« hh wi'li'i (|'!,r. 
 aiiirly .MKs Amy l(ijs,.||.i), l,y aKi„,„„„„t „t 
 Sviliii'V, N.aW 17 .N'm 
 
 U[y .M.iiy Ui«i. |.'liiin„(.,. H||-|,, .,u, ilaunlili.i' i,f 
 liu'iinrl III D.ii'iili'V, iiu'iiil -jS . t lulu 
 
 i.ii.iit..nii..i. u. (iihii.H . . . ■ . 5"|i;.v. 
 
 Mr W. W. rullins, lliiiiiiiiirliiim . . ., i,'„i', 
 
 Mr. lUn.itllliiiiil, .I.I'. i,l(j|ai'.i. . . ',,|.'|.|' 
 |ir. Diiiili'l IIdIktI W'yiitcr, i'oruiii'i'(\Varwii.ksliin.)] 
 
 Mr. I. II. Uai'ualii, at,'i'il 45, iiisaiii., mill .Intil. 'J,,',', 
 
 Mr. I'. .Sd.tt KiHlii), actiii- . , . ' . 'a,,,,' 
 
 lSUl'K.srH UN Hl'IrillKS IN KNIIl.A.SI) AN'I) \V\|7h 
 
 Mal..«. I.',.|iial,.s. 'i'lil,,!; 
 1853 yuy 366 , ,,t 
 
 i8fx) 961 3g6 ,,„ 
 
 ■861 961 36J ,ill 
 
 'f3 ■"48 337 ,3s^ 
 
 '""^ 978 359 ,:;„ 
 
 ■ * 973 387 ,i/„ 
 
 1867 <)«5 37J n,f, 
 .868 ..33 4...8 1,^: 
 
 ">J '"^5 397 1563 
 
 1870 1135 ,Sj ,1 
 
 ■7' '"7.! 391 1464 
 
 '?' '"57 3'jH MS, 
 
 173 .«« 382 ,ys', 
 
 y "06 383 .S4a 
 
 ■75 ..70 407 ,577 
 
 i'^ "7° 443 17 , 
 
 '" ■='53 383 ,636 
 
 'l^^ "79 43" ijij 
 
 ''' '■♦*' -tS" .941 
 
 ' '^° 478 ,g,8 
 
 ^ '437 507 igll 
 
 ! 1 '"' *l' ="'9 
 
 « '12^ *^^ '988 
 
 5 '^3 55'J 2I22 
 
 ,Z 'r° 577 2297 
 
 f9 '6^3 535 2ij8 
 
 t' '^5. &8 ^^5^^ 
 
 894 2027 684 ^'j,i 
 
 ^ '°5' "= ■•^771 
 
 '^ '97' 663 2039 
 
 IIKVl 
 
 ^l MI'TirAUV I„\w.s 
 
 IH3.1 
 
 'SiriTMKiS' Kl'M 
 
 III I.S( 
 
 """"'"till 111 l.2.).l,(l,Kl/. A 
 
 > \<n llii. iiiiHl llf 1 ham 
 
 "liri nil. iiwi 
 
 i< I', II iiriiiMHal 
 
 ""■"' '•'"I'i'h illnlllr JMlijij 
 
 l"i.viiH.nt „| all |„„„| ,|„j,„, I 
 wii- ilimlcil liv till. ..( 
 pii'Ki'il Ji) .Vii^; |M(,-. 
 
 ■''r.V) 
 I 111" iiiiiiii.\ liaa 
 
 ■I'. Illlllll. Ii\ ^in'i 
 
 IIIK 1. 1 iiriv 
 
 liiH-iiiiirt,, 
 
 'I'lnKXiianiiilii.il, which 
 
 'iii'i 111' l.awn K 
 
 net, 
 
 liii 
 In 
 
 N1MJ'|||-|{ 
 
 ll.i'il Valini 
 
 lia.H liriii ki 
 
 ii'iwii I'r.iiii thi' cai'iirjt 
 
 ■Ml ^riiiri vili'i 
 
 'Im 111 In I 
 
 I"'" Kiisl.Miil al 
 ".",l''il 111 ITKninh 
 
 mil li'iiiii liii 
 
 lUl I 
 
 .SiilnJ 
 
 llll'llllUlll llM 
 
 IH'iill 
 
 I'lii'i'i'- mill (vili'iiil 
 
 II Miia 
 ;, |.ru. 
 
 I'I'i'-i'llt rrlihirv, mil) 
 
 "'III IIIUll 
 
 JHll 
 
 ij.ri 
 
 llllllr 
 
 II' iiillainiiiiilij 
 
 "iii'li a...il« al|.,li',i| 
 
 i'iiiii».'-iil|iliiii', »a., iMI,.i,;i,'„.,.4 
 
 !^ill|iliiir liiM l„.,.„ the 
 
 iiiii-U iliii'iiig 
 
 'Vll'i|.< huv 
 
 it lll.'IIH I'lliillrnt 1 1 
 
 lli-r 
 
 II 
 
 "I SiiiU 1 
 'iiliin, lull ll'ii. . 
 'I'liil I.Sjo; III |,v( 
 linat llriiaii 
 
 liiiii'i'ijiiiii i 
 
 'ii»tiliiilil in Ki„ 
 
 I'll' I'lill.lilnili, iVr. It 
 
 II I'liiil 
 
 k'il."!. 
 
 ;,-lit 1 
 \|iiii'laliiiM wa< inn 
 
 ia\|. Iiiiii HI 
 
 llial 
 
 .'.>< ' 
 
 1:11 .M'ar till. .\ 
 
 I aliiiii. In 
 
 III' li'aili' in 
 
 |"ii'lnl ,?H,liyt t. 
 
 imwilir, ami . 
 . I III' «iil|ihur 
 •iiiii' ilic lOth 
 '""iilinilih' till 
 I 
 
 ici'i a.^|.|| sii I 
 
 '" uraiK a iiiumijinlv i,| 
 
 '■ii|iiilil,'iii i.'.ivrriiim;nt 
 
 IIIN 
 
 "'iiii|i.iiiy , liiit a I 
 Kini'iiiini'iil li'ij ii 
 
 I 111' tra 
 
 to 
 
 wa.s illlllll. |.,| 
 I'ri'mh 
 
 niiii,nstnini.|. jn,||, ij,,, j| 
 
 .895 
 
 897 
 
 898 
 
 I'l'-'iiiiimi ill i.S(i.wl,ii.||, I 
 
 liHlllI',' lllipi.tlls til (III. I) 
 
 1 'li^i'.iiiliniiaiiii. Ill' ihi.i 
 
 ritiHli 
 
 lilWI'Vl.r, i;av|. 
 
 iiii|Militio 
 kTi'at anil 
 
 sri/r.v.v, 
 
 Aral 
 
 111- III! 
 
 Ill', ;;i\i'ii III M 
 
 111 till' 1,'niiiil si'.-ni 
 
 Km- till 
 I'.'iihiiiil 
 
 '■'■'■''1< 111' ll,.M„S 
 
 ii'ili^li .siil|iliiir liiaiiiilact 
 i;. »_ 'l'iii'lii.4i till,., friiin tho 
 
 'spriiiiUy 
 ■■■!l I't 
 
 iii'iiiiilan niliTs uml 
 
 r I'lnpi'i'iir of Turki.y 
 
 SuHllii, HIT ,Vil 
 
 I al 
 
 iSULU, Sooli, 
 
 'I'f^i'liik .Ai'i'hipcl 
 
 ^I">m; («i islanils in Iji,. ,\|;,| 
 
 .r;: 
 
 iiKo, a Kniiin of 
 
 sp.ii.i.h,inii,',.,,,i,;:iA;,,i;::i'^;;:,'':-L..!^ 
 
 th 
 
 II' I'l'lii'l.s at .Mail 
 
 liiiiiiiriil 1 .\lav, \HH 
 
 '';ii'^', ami I, unit tliu I 
 
 vrriini'. ili('(.ati.(l 
 
 iWM, an- 
 
 .Nl'.MATR.V, 
 
 <•all.1l .lava .\l 
 
 11" iHliinil in tlio [ml 
 
 iili ('.iiili 
 
 imn- liv .M 
 
 I'l 
 
 miiaii ocean. 
 
 of tl 
 
 lit railaiili'iil 
 
 I'l'i'ir til 14.).,. .Ma 
 
 ami visitiil by 
 
 l"'l'l"'_i'ti'aili.. till. |,„„.|, |;„.„||,|| ,, 
 'I Hail, ami till. Ili'iti.sl, at 
 
 l(i,S 
 
 iib.Hil 
 'i|iiii'i'il liy 111.. Mi'Vii'si 
 
 V I 111' Dull li I 
 
 lii.'^.s|..s,mn(i.s 
 
 111 iXid. Ii'i i,Sj4 111,. Diitih 
 
 1 ill I.Sli ; hilt 
 
 '1 aii'iiiiiit 
 "I'Hlciiicnt 
 lli'iiiiiolen 
 with Java were 
 wiTi' ri'itiirod 
 
 Hi'tlli'riiciit.s ill .Suiiiat 
 
 "i'i|iiirril all tho llritish 
 
 iiml 
 
 tlii'ir iipiKri'ks in Sn 1 
 
 a, in t'Viliaiif;.' for Mal 
 
 |iossi..<»i,ins in Iiiili,,, it 
 
 Kcl 
 
 !i. I1S72. 
 
 lii Hi'i'i' n.|ii 
 
 ai'Cii 
 .i'"lrii'tiiiii..< on 
 
 till' Ai'h 
 
 I'll 
 
 Scvi'i'i. Ij^'htinir i„,t„. 
 
 'vril hv In 
 
 'iity 
 
 111. '.II' iialiv. 
 
 'witi 
 
 ■•'I'll till. Itiitchuid 
 
 of till. Diitih, .\ 
 
 '1 vaiyinj,' n.^ilis 
 
 Blll't'.'SSlul ill wi 
 
 Pi'il IH;.} til i,S-i,. 1 
 
 imi.^tlvm 
 
 V.'W war ; 
 
 piaic aiimmiii.eil, ,\i|i;. |,ih; 
 
 • iit.'h 
 
 1882, Suiiiati 
 
 fri'i'al viiluiy of tho Diitili. ii S 
 
 lliitrn oi.ll'. I I , . ' '.> '^ 
 
 ■a sufft.r 
 
 iiiuih hv til 
 
 eniption.!* ami t'ailh(|uakc'H of 2(,-j- \ 
 
 111' Villi- 
 
 irpt. 
 
 Jiii'ii 
 
 l«X.?. .Se<. 
 
 .SUMMARY ,11; lUiSDICTK )\ 
 
 4.^ Virt 
 
 to till 
 
 :'t1' 
 
 I. II .\iiu'. iH-ii. I 
 
 Acr, 
 
 ri'.^ii.'ilin- till, jiin.iilii.ti.iii 1,1 
 
 )■ It aimiiil." thi. 1 
 
 42 A 
 
 iiiiprisoiiiiii.nts. Arc. It 
 
 iiia;.'lstruti's, in R.ir.ird 
 
 iJaii. i8.S(). A 
 
 in^iiy nrnviitioiis in li^i H^']^^ 
 
 i'niU'.llS,Si.i,SS4an,l i.Si^^. s 
 
 'Pir.'ition 
 11111- 
 
 il anil Waif 
 
 dr 
 
 SUMPTUARY LAWN 
 
 fiaiiitu 
 
 I'l'. latino 
 
 wi'i'i.si.vori. a;,'aiii.^tlii.\ 
 
 iV:r, 
 
 Tl 
 
 rt'.>ilriiin |..' 
 iclawi. of 1 
 
 Those of Z 
 
 iinMu'iilialilv'ith 
 
 .shoiild m;,, attriiilnl ! 
 
 iili'iii'iis onlaiiioil that 
 
 lrlll'i;ll8 
 
 I'i'iitiirv n.c. 
 
 atriM't, 
 —Jiiiit/. /, 
 
 ' gold 
 
 }" iii.irt.' (h 
 
 ii'i" wnniiin 
 
 "i'('iiil)i-oi,h.|.,.|l apjiarcl 
 
 ■iii'i-f. 'I'll,. f,,_r Orc/i 
 
 (iHl 11. 1'.) liiiiitnl tie 
 
 :iii^ ('111- iiiai.i in the 
 
 450 11. c. 
 
 iiiianii 
 
 '" iiimum- the 1{ 
 
 number and (niulity of the dish 
 
 (ruo.'ts at feast.s 
 
 and th(j 
 
 at an entertain. 
 3 Y 2 
 
 «♦•""■ <!' 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 y^'m 
 
 ('■ 
 
 
 J A 
 
 ti 
 
 ' 1 aifjigjigmacitg 
 
 il 
 
 
 ■ 1 i 
 
 1 ^^^1 
 
 
 
,ii "If Wi V , I <i^' 
 
 .^^ll'lli 
 
 
 ^•"t-;, , 
 
 
 
 
 
 %i^r\\ 
 
 m'A 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 ' ■ . '.-ivHJ 
 
 iu:^imi 
 
 um 
 
 
 1060 
 
 „e„t;'«^itaUoenfc.oeath.a^ 
 
 tho , lours uf.'vc.ry !'<'>' ;'"',^ , the rci^-ns of , 
 
 l:iS rir"!:;:a\S' "iu.- -- -> '^-^ "■ ^ 
 
 1856; SCL' Jhr.ss. 
 
 .rS * rvtlmKon.s taught tlmt the sun wu« one 
 
 goomftni".illyl'> •\"7'> "'' • >;u„U'roiis theories 
 
 !tulnUty c.r the sun, ■■''"' ,,^;.,'\;„ts, i.n,l astronomy 
 ,vereventure< aurms.tte " tmuu .^ ^^.,^^^ 
 
 lav ne.'leetea t>ll ;' ' "' J^';;-,,, ,;'" ■ Harhary ami 
 brought into ^"'■" ,;i';,u, „\as nmde known m 
 Spain. T1">,L"1"''" ;"'s.'v,:, and N"/'"' \'/-'.'""- 
 
 SUNDAY. 
 
 ■■■-5 
 
 1702 
 
 icjo; see Vopiriiidni '.^.'f ."',;,,.,. ,1,,, sun was an 
 ^^Wa..aNew;|onn>auUanWth.^ 
 
 l//;.t.s. 6W.««-, ana (.■/'»*■. 
 
 . ,f 1,,. ilillevoiitliespotwluith 
 By the '-l'-"-'^':;"';; us i J IV and Ao^-ust, ,676, 
 
 t*i!;Hjl;;:;u:-''i^an.yorits.,.,t,onrouua 
 
 its own axis. ii..n..v • ■ 
 
 Pandlax of the '^>"];. ' ';■,,'' ' .•,,,vieins and Harriot 
 Solar s,.ots were '-e ^ '> |^ ,,^. ^j,^, „f u,,. nirth 
 
 j,.i,s.mI till- sons eentu, 21 -n ' . ' 
 
 ,.xr 1,.! 50.00.1 niilcs . 
 
 Many sun si.olsoU.,.neu. 
 
 «'rs!n;;nr;r:;;!f';^n andnan, a, .on.., 
 
 Mrwr::n.ielallneto,d.two,,ho, 
 *'tine.oftoulob^.an|tn^ ^ ; i^„,,,.,,,,,,,,l 
 M-'-'-^^-t^snn"(;:.-d,,;yhin. ••wi,>,;w- 
 
 Inrini; an eclu'se oi 
 
 10 .\|a'd, 
 
 e.irlv iS92and 
 
 ,,f rlianne.s (from 
 
 IM to max 
 R'ours in II year.-, 
 
 1826-51 
 ranlia at tin 
 
 ,8 .Inly, i860 
 
 liiin 
 „,,j,.,.ts on the sun ■ 
 
 ^,'VV,;..,or,n;o.n>.eninee^o.,,....._^^ 
 
 \i;;Uer;;:5T";l^"^>i'V'(heneelerna.d"liadys 
 
 1,,'ad.s.") 1842- ,.,,_,,„ to he dne to the aeen- 
 ^'il;Z;:rl,yav^."'fU.e,,hotost,l,e,.e,atthe.,.ar 
 
 M:;;ni!;otl— ;ClV solar hoUJr for distillatna,. 
 
 '""■;. • ■ r ;,r„ooseil ■(■.ind'ensation of the 
 ^•^- '^'llltrih'nin^h.ynn.nt a: 
 
 rays 
 
 Tlie observations of the eeh 
 
 ^";; Dee. .87i.h'd to the oinne.,. ^....^;-_^^^ ,,^. ,|„^ 
 
 Get. 1 
 
 sun's 
 
 motive iiower, 
 
 Oet. 
 
 ,s,. of 22 Pee. 1870 anil 
 
 ,1, iliiit an unknown 
 
 snlistauri' "'''.l",, ,,,.,, 
 .474)esis1ed0| e^^2. ,„„,i,„l ,,y Me 
 
 i-ssrs. War 
 
 AH-'- !;:^..iM):uion -. . •..„„;,..t.„isoia; ■'" 
 
 '■'''"• '"isBo; see under llmt 
 
 ,lr,ivu an engnie. 
 
 A;e., 
 
 Mareh, 
 
 *..;. 'X 
 
 ■ , i,ii.,meteris8.to,oooniiles,nmltheais 
 . The estunated an t s =t ^,^,,_ .,^ 55,c«o,ooo nules 
 
 tauee from ""■,'■;!',■.' J,,, yU".*'"'''^' 'I'' '■'■'"" "[ 
 {,,,sl.eeuri'eenllyeo. ..t y4 j,^, ,.-„,,.,,» and 
 
 ll ex,..nnn;nts ^-^ ^a-^Jll'Vorree.ed eorn.sj.onds to 
 Vou.-auU «^<'^y ,; f , i„„„„n hair at 125 feet, 01 of a 
 theaiM'aP-nl ''';''-''''\V'' //-■ "''o;. Uistanee comrnted 
 H verehrn 8 mdes "U. -.','' ft,,,. „i,s,.rvatioi. of tran- 
 
 sit ,.f Venus (9 U."v ■874|._.9!.32j.^ ^^,^_^^.|. ^^^ ^^^.^ |,y 
 
 pSi?;n.S;ss(a,.-A,m.,ica.,).g.^ 
 
 ineuts ; »eo Uptdrnm. 
 
 . ..,,,1 -ifli-r-'dow, and very red 
 ,ntenselyredsun.d. .1 ;-',,;„,,,,■, ,,,^ 
 
 su„ r,s.-s, se,.n n !■ ,:^.''" ..ttnlaited l.v Ur. 
 
 ^l:;l;^rn::;:u;ioL;ni..;ek^^.,,;;;- 
 
 ,,„.,.., sueh as eos.M Is , wt le -*- ^^^^ 
 
 Similar sunsets u, "';• "':',„„■; corona .xln- 
 
 ''t;^f b^irruS!^'' t'- HoyaMustnuli.,,, _ 
 
 1 ,. ,,i',;ii' \V iuid ladv lln.:t:ins 
 
 i^'''"''?!:;:';;'";:;;': v'mmviu^uri^ , 
 
 ! ;;U;e;;;,td^olhe.^.^;aso,a,.y .7^.m 
 
 I .\sinsi«it,d anader .<o,ooonun,,oos 1 
 
 (1 "•'. Chambers at Eastbourne • ■ 9 -\"-. ,. 
 
 SUNCU)N T.U.ATV O.; botween_^,. 
 "Tr'VKr; sa:nlof.here,ua,Ue.dra,:,. 
 
 July, i*^,S^- 
 
 SUNDA ISLES, ineluao Java ami Siinm-ni 
 
 {whieli ■«■<■)• 
 
 SUNDAY was ,l,e aav <«. whieliau,..^^^ 
 
 ;^:;;:r.u'ui:T,n:;;;i'ean'ciw-,/-''--'- 
 
 ^;;.;r';ay,onaeeonntofonrS,^ 
 
 ''''^?'''''''tuotyCt'.V;;i'in,(a.rialedi,.s,m 
 r'" 7,"h ,hv vhieh areexttiut intheh..ly.f 
 
 LK'n'i:ii, sue Domtiiiail UtUi. 
 
 Tl nn.ilorOileans,,n,bibi.edeo,n,|^yl:...^^^ 
 
 ■"y:r:;';::;ri;':ms;nHM:;v';;;';iueeinthed...r,„«,a 
 
 Kn^: .10' . noil • < .n, iiui.ai, l-,d-;n' . s^o 
 
 to Monday at ''■'';;.;■,•.?,, .shilling on rtvry 
 
 •^'iV; ,,;a;,s:: I'm rd,onSunda>s.vla,nesl.,c« 
 
 ,,rrrauu:ris,.le,.rb.in sports aUe,.d,vu,,...-^^_^ 
 
 vi,.,. .in>;unda>s(see.s/.".f-) ■ , ■ . ,.. 
 
 A.,t restraining ^';>'"-:,;:,;; ,;;;.■,:' I '^.l-vile wak. ' "= 
 A,.t restrau.m;; th- y '■',-!,. ,,, ,.,,,,;,;„ i,„„i> 
 
 Ti:>''^nmlayaet(ofbHho,,-l'orteus)2,.^ .11. ;_ 
 
 ■■'rC'"r!a^''^:s;:;:i:;.e!;^Vu^i^l.l" 
 
 !;;:!f^iuln::^'id.oi.lio..andwasw,U,.lr,..._^^^ 
 
 Tl,,. .,,.ws released froHM.e.eonu.nh..a.y,.l.e™^ 
 
 4' Sunday . ■ ■ • ' ,, ,\„^ ,. 
 
 Snndayaet(i6-6|unended . • .;^_,7^ 
 
 '"r"*"^■;'V -s' rar'iatnent; n,.,..iu,l 
 
 ilay idten laoposii 1 , sJmif, i:-; 
 
 <^''fts;;.'K'''"3al si;n/^6A««. .875,■■t" 
 SMLra;:\•-a,an..etheva,uean u,n^ 
 oftheKn,lish.M,nda -nn ,1^ ^^^^. ^ 
 
 j;i.i;s.a,i;:.;;;,j;.,... .«,,. 
 
 '''*^'TT:; ;: bet omeseei-ei-uytop-mit 
 
 n;:^;;Uhi;r;t.vW..875;theeoa,,.,n,...« 
 
 , = ;!:sv'nor«allery-anduthcreolieetionse,.,i.lo,,., 
 
 Arti:^'^d;,:;nnna.hc-housesi,. Ireland on >™- 
 
 i,;::^^;^,r:;"':'ope.;eaon«.mdavsatM:. 
 
 and other [daees . • • ' 
 
 SClit, 
 
 -iiilli 
 
%^ 
 
 SITXDAY LECTURE SOCIETY. lOGl 
 
 ES, iiiilii'l'^' Java ami Siiiii:m;i 
 
 s tlu' clay on whiili, anriiiitly, 
 "was iiaia to the Sun. Ainonx 
 i.mu.nlv calU'd IHf" llomunowr 
 ■oiint of oiu- Saviour's aiiic:mnv.' 
 l,is ivsunvi-tinii. I 111' t'J'-.t '""1 
 a lor the i))isevvatu'(' ol tins lUy, 
 tliat of tlir srvcuth-ilay Sal.lmlli 
 s (/■ji.'iihiii'', lAfi' "J Oiii-I'ii'li'" . 
 »,■(! liv si'voral iuipcrial cdirts, in 
 ,■ NvliiVli aivi'xtaiit in tlic l««ly uf 
 ,:,,lirst bcins tliat or ('onshaHhic 
 - Manli, pi. bia' .S«W.»'A, V"-- 
 /,,, Jiuok 'oj\ .V:.'.-l-or siMnv 
 aiuictd Lfllcr. 
 
 ,,;u,si.n.lol>ili"l''"in'l'yla|"">r.- :;i 
 „ ,s ..V.lui,i.a IH !„■ k.pt li.'lya> 
 <„tnnlavatlliivfiutli.-:il.-n,.iu„ 
 
 ,v;ik-ol-'clav, 4ll'"aunii, Ivl-iO' 9-0 
 ,t h'vviiiK ui;.. shiUui- <ai rtvry 
 ,,„„cli'mvli.aiSuii.l;i\s vlaiiasl. |... 
 „.,1 .■.■vtaiii si-ats alt-raiviiiv sw- 
 
 uiiisrni.ails, I Cliavli'^ 1. . . '- -; 
 
 |„. ,„Tr..n, 1,111. f SlTVlloWHVk,, 
 
 ,' U.A.iM'l ia>ll;at.irlaiiili..m> 
 
 Uic-lious,s,aii.lwiii-ks..lmn.,sily 
 „„ fm'lViliuv 111' live sliilliags, 2; ^^^ 
 
 t (of l.islini.' I'nrt.'Us) 21 i:.'". ill. 
 
 (irus^iunr (all. lor'l '-'''"vi, i;; 
 n t.i-.iililiivss Sllliiliiy tril.lurj. (It 
 , ,,,,,„,si iuuaialvvasNvilli.lr.ovn:, 
 
 ,,an.,,n,,i,,...aiu->--yj;^---;;;^^.^ 
 
 ';;^i;:";;;;;l!:.■;!,llsa;,aKal^.n;■s:U;^■ 
 
 ,. ,„s,.,| ill parliauieiil; la-if. O"! 
 . v" ..slablisl.cil 6 Aug. 1875, 1" 
 sli Suii.lav." Animal ui,;..ti il' 1 r. 
 lallumllloxlc.y, \.'.,iavscatuM,.>, .. 
 
 A,,„uriu.iH'..ni,mnylia<"ll^";"l«™;; 
 ;, Ma-il- laai'li a-itati.ai ; l».nti.ui 
 'fitV,. u.l against, M;.y; a., lU'tw;, 
 ,.l,rti" Home S...uvuny tn m„it 
 
 ll,Ty'an.roUioi-c.i,lUrtio,is»l*m'.l"i. . 
 ;;g'i;,ll,iic-l.ousosi,. Ir.lan.l.m>J^' 
 ^„ii.neaouSan.lavsal'M;.;.clMj^ 
 ,iliu:cs 
 
 Pi..<|iiispcl ojii-iiiiiKuf iiiusfunisumlpiMcrii's in I,,m- 
 ,1.111, m.»itiv..i| in till. I.,r.ls(67.5<), , m.i.v, ,87,,; 
 (,54-.,, , 22 |.eh ,sSo; (,j,.67) 8 .M.iy, ,8,',; 
 ass..nt..il 10(76-62), 19 .M,ii.,.h, ,836; anivi'.l t.i t.v 
 
 |...s,)liilioii i7S-rj; -,.,„|ii||o||s . 10 Milllli' ,S(,f, 
 
 0|.,.|iiii,- ..I (liiil.lliali lilinii-j. uii.Sun.hivs, iK'Hativ,..! 
 
 1" 11 " ■.>iiii..il . . ; ,tS(),.t ,R,~ 
 
 W.M. SI, ,y ('L.-sli,:,- ,\..| iMssLiI . . ! • ,P? 
 
 Al..\aii.lia I'iilai;.! icli),'!,,,,.^ s.'rvii.is .„, Siimlays fn,- 
 
 a I'""' S.. lit -(,.., 
 
 ,liiliili... iiu'riioi-ial to til.' ,|ii...'ii si;;iii.il l,y , 1^.6,3 " 
 
 w.illl..ll of Kl,;;lai,.l, |.(..|ll,.slill,:,' til,. |i,...iiili'iti,'",i'i of 
 
 llii- sal,: of intoxicating' li.iuois ,,|, .sumiavs 
 
 ^'i\i'ii ill j ),,,.' ,^ 
 
 I'liili'St of til,, liisliops ill (.oiivoi'at'iiiM iiKain-,! '''"' 
 iii,.r,'asiiit,' ,li.siM.|.atioii of tli,. Lonl's ,|av l,v tli,. 
 
 supHEAiE corirr. 
 
 jte«":'*^ 
 
 ll])!,,., classi'S 
 
 -• M.iii'li, i8S3 
 
 Cl.wiiW of iiiilili,. lioiisi's ill KiiKlaiiil oii^Sii'iiiiav 
 l'r..,|ii..|illy ii,'fj„tiv(..l ; Sun. lav (.LisIhl; l.ill n.a,'| 
 s..,..in.l tiiii.. in tl... ,.o,iii„oiis : . ■ „ar,.|i, ,83., 
 Sllliiliiy Ui'st l.|.,i^'ii,. loiiii,.,| at I'aris . . ' 
 
 Xatiuii.il f,.,l,Tati,iii of .Siimlav s.i,.i,.|i,.s • si'coii,! " 
 
 ,.,iii-r,.ss liclil ill 1 Ion, , ,lulv, jSg'j ; \|.vv. 
 
 liihtli-oii-Tynij . . . . • . ,,^,„.(^ jo_^g 
 
 SUXDAY LECTrUE SOClETYwa^ 
 
 l..mi.l,.,l 2, >.,iv. |,S(,,,. It |„..a„ its |,ro,.i.,.,li„..rs l,v , ^1- PKEMACY ovrv i1,p ,liu,-,.l, ,vas ,.lai,n(. 
 
 11 U'ctinv ,loliv,.,v,l liy I),-. W. H. Cai-pciit,.,. at St. ''>' l'"'"' ^'''la.Mus 1. as l.isli,,., of Koiii,., ,,), Q 
 
 («.oi-os-lnill, l!,.-i.nt-stn.,.t, 16 Jan. i«-„. l,^, ip •'"''■'?■'>"'"'> ^■"'- ''wirtin. , if ii;,.,,ct 2 
 
 siii-irss was ivpoitiMl iit tli,. (ii-st annual ni|.,.tin"-, "'''V ^ '"• ''■ '■ foiinallv iissum,.,! tl„. sivi,. „f "0 
 
 7 July, 1X70. See licrr-iilin- Itilii/iinii.'^ls. ''■'■'?'', «i'pri.,ii,. I,t.a,l of tl„. (.liurc), of 'Kno-land 
 
 ...T•x•T^ « ■«•• .. will,.), Was [(.tain,.,! hv |.'.i„..,,.,i \ r m T ',.. ' 
 
 .SUNDAY NKW.sl'APKItS, sue yricxpapirs. 
 
 SUXDAY .SCIK)<.)LS. Canlinal .<,-. Clia,l,.s 
 ll.irmiii,.o iiitiM(lu,.eil .Siiuijav ii,s; nn-tioii of |.|iililr,.„ 
 
 lit Milan. about 15.S0; in tli,. ii..xt. eiituivliis,.\ ,,1,. 
 
 «:isloil,nv,.,l in |.:ni:Iaii,l liv tlm n.v. .(nsep), \i|e ,,,.. 
 liy ivv Daviil lilair, at lii-,',liiii, alioiit 1 7(10 ; liv tlu' 
 ivv. Tlieopliiliisl,inil>,.y, at Catt.'ri.k, '\'ii,.ksl,i,-,. 
 iilroiit 17(1^: anil n,.,,-,. esp|.,.iallv ,„.„.,|||ijj, ,[ |,v 
 Uiihirt KaiUcs, an eminent pi-ini,.," of (Jl.lU.■,.st|.,'■ 
 
 |||ll^t l.aikes, an enii„,.„t pi-i,,,,,,. ,,f (J|,,i„.,,st,.,. 01 oiipi-fniaey, i-epeal,.,! hv i ii>: 2 I'liil. ami 
 iiij.iiutly with ivv. Tlios. Sto.k, 17.S1). I,u,lw,.,.k ''' ^ ('.154). "asfu-rmieli,! i nW.. v. \ niz.f) 
 ;iik,.|'s,.t up a Sabhutli s,.li,iol at ,■ t,l t., d ,.-^^ ^ _. 
 
 iSiJ^^^^^^^ LIBIiAllY. '«ee under 
 «UX DIALS, see I),„h. 
 SUXNUrES, or SoNNITES {irhul, sir). 
 
 SUX.SmXE KEfOKDEK, a spii,.,,. of 
 
 - ass M, ihspos,.,! as toihai- a mark,.,! pi,,.,, of ,,aper 
 l'..\ eo,i,,.|||,.at,,|i; til,, sun's i-avs The iiistiii, ,., t 
 ;'"ve„,..,il,y M,.. J. !•'. C'aiiipliell in ,8 7 i r 
 Pn.ent fnini was ,l,.vi..,.,| bV p,.,,,. ,;, (V. stok" 
 
 ::^ ^';" ;•''>: ^''•: ''■•'' '■"■^>'<'^^"'' a ni,,,-, atii:: 
 
 ;'::n/the;i:,i;;ii:;:;;;,:is:;;:,-^;!-'!;i-';l-- 
 
 s„?,PERAXXUATIOX ACTS f...- the civil 
 
 Suui.e w..,-e passed in .\p,-il, r«59, .\»... ,«o„, J,,,,,, 
 
 SUPPEK, s,.e Lo,;l's Supper. 
 
 SUPKEMACY over the eliunh was ,.laiined 
 
 On 
 26 
 on 
 
 , • , ' ■"- >"> viiiiiLii Ol r.ie'iand " 
 
 win,. I was |.,.taiii,.,l by K.lwanl V[., Miirv I (f„r'a 
 nne), but was ,-,.f,|sc.d by Klizab,.th, aml'lias n..ver 
 be,.n revivid by su,.,.,.e,lin,^' s,iv,.|.,.i^i,.. The 
 Inshop ot H,„.h,.st,.r (l.'isl,,.,.) an,l tli,. e.x-lord 
 .■hail,.,, loi- t.-a,. n,„„„s M,,,,,) ,^,„, ,„,„,^. ^,^ 
 tteie bel„.a,l,.,l for chnyiiiK- tli,. kiii-'s siinre- 
 "la.yin 1.S.55, an.l in 1.S7.S, ,lol,„ X,.ls,i„. a priest, 
 
 '""' ll'o'oas SluTw 1. a yoii,,,^ laviiian, were 
 
 e\,.,.|iteil at lybiirn for the same ollin,',. 'I'li ^.t 
 
 ol ft,iprenia,.y,"n.p,.al,.,| hy i ,1^- , I'liil. ami Mary, 
 
 ll;i,k,.|; si.t up a Sabbath s,.h,.ol at I'.plirata, I'eii'n 
 .ylviiiiia, between 174,) an, I 1747, 
 
 MlllililV-silliiol ollililiiins ,.\,.|iipt,.,l tV |.,it,.s 
 
 aiiirilii.r Kiinlaiiil Siiiiilay-.siliool |ii.,titiit,! . 
 
 Siiiiilin-silio.il iiiiiiiii was foiiii,li.,| in ,8,)^; [(' jj„. 
 imrl,..! 4J04 s.-ho.ils, 1S7S ; 6.162 srll, mis i'l, 
 
 .M.iiHiiii,.|it in nil iiiory oltw,.|vi- m i-inat.irs ofiSiiii- 
 ,lay-s,.|„io:s. |.;ssex-sti...,.t, .'^t^;lllll (ii.iua.s in- 
 sirilii'il, 1st, ,.:iiiliii,il Horiiiiii,,,, .Milan, ^So- 
 liisl. ii.v. Tlioni.is .vi,„.k .ii„i l(,il„.,.| ijaikrs' 
 (ll,iiii|.>l|.r. 17R0); inaii«ii|.al,.il hv lli-niv Hi,. haul' 
 .M.I'., til,. Italiiin ,iialia.s.s.i,l,ir, ..o,,! i,ili,.Vs j„ ,||,n,'. 
 
 .VatiiHiiil ,.|.|it,.|iaiy ,.,.|i.| r.ition of tli,. ,.slalilisliiii,iit 
 
 iif.siiii.l.iy.s,.! Is, in I Ion. .(.■,.. pro |,.,| |,v 
 
 til., r.iyal family, an-lilii.sliop of (anti.il.iirv tli',' 
 li.nl iiiaynr, an.l .itli. IS . j.. .Inn.. -'.Inlv 
 
 (liaiiil|.....i.|itioii orsi.|io|..,|.s,.|t l.amhi.lli p..||a.'e-^' li ' 
 il.'iis l.y the ai-i'liliislioii ; jiriin.e ami priii,.,.ss of 
 Wiilus, A-,.., pi-fseiit . . . . 4, Inlv 
 
 Sou A'.(i,..„/,.,«, aii.l.s'.////«r^/i .sv/i„„/,s ' •' 
 
 SUPREME COURT OF JUDICATURE 
 
 vyas e.instuiit,..! by tl„. Ji„|„.atiir,. Ait ;(, A.- {7 
 \let. r. (,(,. pass,.d 5 An- 1X75, to ,.omu iiil'o op,.ra- 
 i,m I .Nov. 18-4. In ,874 this was ,l,.f,.,.,.;.,| to 
 -V'v. 1875. 1 he " Coutnil of ,J,„!f,.,.s ■' appointed 
 »\ tins aet nii't to eoiisiiler ,|iiestions ivlatin.' to the 
 
 ■■'■''"' '■ 'I"' li'"'. I« .Ian. I8,j2. S,.,. uii,l,.|. Jmhjvs. 
 
 The ,.\istin,Lr I'ouits w.r.. t.. 1.,. unit,.,! into ,aii. 
 Nipivni,. L'.aiit.iliviil.il into the lli-li Onirt of 
 .liisti,.,.aiii| the Omit ..f App.al. Th,. llij;!, Conrt 
 t.i... insist olth.. I,.i,l,.liaiii|.||,„.. th,. twill. ml (.hief 
 
 .!"■-,' '-•, ""■ vi....-,.|iam.,.liiiis, ami the other 
 
 I ,|u.lK.'s:(li,.r,.atte|.tli,.,.,jiutt,i,.,iiisistor2i|ii,|.ies ) 
 five ilivisions: 1. chaneeiy, 2. yueen's DiMnir 4 
 l.'oinim.ii IMi.as, 4. fix,.!,,.,,.!,.,., ami ,. I'mliate 
 
 I'lvoi , ami A.lniiialtv ; snlij,.,.! tn arLi-atimi ' 
 
 I The L'oiut of Appi.al t.i .■.insist of live ,.x-.illiVio 
 i ,iml>;i.s(viz., loi-.l .■liaii....ll,ii', two lor.l ,.|ii,.r jus. 
 ti,.<.s, l,,r.l ehii.f liariiii, master ot the mils), ami 
 siieh otlars as may li,. aiip.iint,,! (S§ 20 21 2.") 
 
 .SUXDERLAXD. si.aport, X.K. I,,„.,,a,„, 
 
 iiiiiaeiitly h.iuth \\ ,.armo . ma, I,, a boi.o,|..|i by li,.- -^I'la'als to the li,.iis,. of lonls la the jnili,.ial |.om. 
 
 liiD.i liill. 1K52. Ui'turiis tw,i ni,.nib,.|.s (i'88-1 , '"'tl,.,. ..t the imvy ,.oiin,.il to h,. ,li.s, tinm-.l. 
 
 ■fhu ma-iiili,^,.nt brid-e over the \V,..|r ' ,1, si,.,;"!, i '■■',"";"' ''''"I'.V'" ''l ".nnently a.lministi.|.,.,l ; 
 
 i. wiisiin, 2v, n.et in span, was M' It'' 1; i^^! , ^i:te:t'i!;rt;:i!;;::v^^!.:r^"«»'" ™'-^"" >"•"■ 
 
 l"Iiulati„n, I,S«1, 110,542; I,S',,|. ,3„,,,2|. ■' i Thu n,.t pas.s,-,! , 1 Aiw, iN75,'si.si„.i„le.l §§ ,0 2t 
 
 Oil 16 Jiiii,., iSBj, 186 ,.liil.|ieii wi.||. .1 iisli,.,| to ,i,..,th I ""^ 55. eoiiv,.|t,.,l th,' i.nipos,.,! ..oiirt of ajiia'ai 
 
 «Kiiiiist a il.iorway whilst rnshiiiir ilown Iniin ., ,r.,|i'„,.,. uito iin iiitenne.liate |.oiirl till i Nov., 1876 (Sop 
 
 iiiVict.iiiiUlall t., .ilitaii, ti.vsKiv,.|i awavln-Fiv . '"''"«•) 
 
 ciijiiror, nt the ..lose ,if his p,.rro|.inai,i |.s ' ' ' Th,. Siip|.,.|ii,. Coiut of .Imlii.atnr.. (...iinprisin.' the 
 
 Omit .listr,.ss of the iui,.|iiplove.l, Sept. ,•! s,;, ,8s, "i;-b Curt . it .lusii,,., Cliaiii.,.r\ ilivisi.ni. (Jnei.ii'.s 
 
 .S,.,..S6..7,|..,, ,892. ' '■ ■•• li.ni'li, (•ommoii l'l,.as, an,l l.;'x,li|.,pi,.r siiliilivi- 
 
 SI. ins, I'rolial.., Iiiv.iii.e, ami A.liniiallv ilivisioii 
 
 >taiih,)|i,. ministry. After various (.hani,-,.s it 
 "rnki'ii up in 1 72 1. '" ' 
 
 y|iiiil..s. ...art of Siin,l,.|.laii,l, _«,..,( I„r,l „/ thr tr 
 
 2 .Vov. 1875 
 
 yfVTii-^ijT 1 x.'T\ .T-v.*r^»- Ml. ins, rrotial... lii\i 
 
 SUNDERL/VND ^VDMIXISTRATION. („",./,(./, -,r)b,.^'aii . . ., .v„v 
 
 mrmeiliii 1^ 18. arose out ot a imnlili, atioii of the Alterone t.nii. it was sai.l in the •nw,..s., "Its.iiVra- 
 
 Maiihmi,. niinistiw .\Ci.„. , i.,.,., ..1 „ .. .. ^.^^ thin lias t,.i..|..,l In noniise ,|mlieiid iiow,.,' a„.| 
 
 to |.i',.v..iit il.'lay iifjiisti..,. " '. . iq Nov 
 Hy th.' Appi'lhil.. .Inris.li.ti.in A,.t (1876) th,' li 
 
 K.11I 1 
 Karl Sta 
 
 iiwn,.r, li:nl rh 
 
 ,.f l.ir.ls I.. I 
 
 pe 1111,1 Mr. CraKKH, m;rturie.i 
 
 Mr. Aislahie, chinuelhr ii/the elvh, 
 
 npp,.al ; th, ,iiuit t 
 
 lis pow,.i.s iis,.i ,.,init .if iiitimat« 
 
 i.nsist of the lor.1 ,li 
 
 laiieel- 
 
 niiirr, i'e. 
 
 lor, two l,i|.,ls of app,.al (to be ,.reat,.,l ].e,.|.8 for 
 life, with Oooo/. salary) ami any jieers who uro or 
 
 ■:^i 
 
 4i"': 
 
 h ifji 
 
•iirij'p""' ' 'J" 
 
 p 
 
 ^m 
 
 ffi 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 M 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 
 '4^Cik3^^^ 
 
 m 
 
 HUPEEME COURT (lEELAND). 100^ 
 
 SURPLICES. 
 
 1876 
 
 1876 
 
 1879 
 
 . I 
 
 1895 
 
 Imve been lawyers. Aet to coino into opera- 
 tion ,.'^'";- 
 
 The rourl may «it Awx'mf, i.roroi,'(ition of pmiiiinient. 
 Tlu' stiitnte reliitiiiK to tliejuilieial eoniiiiiltee of 
 tlie inivy council and to tlie intcniieiliate court 
 of ajipcai is anicnilcil ••■•;„■ 
 
 Bv tliis act also tlic Queen's Hcnc li, Common 1 leas, 
 "unil Kxclic'incr divisions of tlic Mniiremc. CiHirt 
 arc converted into 15 courts of lirst instance or 
 iirirnarv courts. . 
 
 Additional jud^'e for eliaiu'ery division aiiiioiiited. 
 
 Stvle of ordinary jnd|j;es :— of tin art ol appeal to 
 
 iie, "loril justices of the appeal;" other .ludges, 
 " justices of tlie high court ;" by act passed 
 ' " j^ April, 1877 
 
 All amendment act (42 k 43 Vict. e. 78), r.datiiig to 
 ollices, fees, >tc., [lassed ... 15 Aug. 
 
 Ata meeting of the jmlgesit was rcscdved toivconi- 
 iiieiid tlie abolition of the cxchcipieraiid I'oiiimMii 
 picas, and their consiilidation into one, termed the 
 ■■(iiieen's bench division," under the lord ehiet 
 justice of Kngliuid, 30 Nov. ; order in einincil 
 ' 16 Hec. 
 
 Carricl into pticct ; oM divi.sions at an end ; .judi- 
 catiire aet c;aiTicd out for tlic llrst time 7 March, 
 
 Further i-hangcs made l,y the act 44 & 45 Vict. sir. 
 68, passed 27 Aug. loSi, by it the master of the 
 rolls was made a .judge of appeal only, and the 
 chief justice of Kiigland was endowed with tlio 
 
 jiowels of the idiief jiisti if comuiou pleas and 
 
 tlie chief baron of the exclieiiuer. 
 
 Xew code of rules of procedure issued about !• 
 Julv ; came into force 24 Oct. 1883. See Vifcuils. 
 Amendment act pas.sed ((combining other acts), 14 
 Aug. 1884; other acts passed 14 Aug. 1S90, it 
 
 May, and 3 Aug. 1891 and 1894 
 
 New rules issued, published . . . 3 ''"'.v, ,, 
 
 Cominercial causes (398) tried in a court, (iiieen s 
 liciich division .Marcli, 
 
 Decrease in business ol the courts, attributed to 
 acceleration in the pii.cceiliiigs ; repiirted .luiie, ,, 
 
 Judicial statistics : iiulilished aiiniiaUy since 1893, 
 in two jiarts (civil and ciiniinal.l 
 
 SUPREME COURT OF JUDICA- 
 TITRE FOR IRELAND eonstitut.d by act 
 
 pii-sed 14 Aug. I«77. Aiiicndcd by iiu aet passed 
 
 ZX Jliiv, I.S.S7, by whicli tin- titles of chief buroii ot 
 
 the exchequer "iiiid eliief justice of the eoinnion 
 
 pleas lire to he ubolislied at the iie.\t vaeiincies; 
 
 aguiii, 6 Aug. 1897. 
 
 C'orUT OF Apfkal; r.r-iijlir!,i mem'id:-', lord eliancclhir, 
 lord chief justice of Irehind, master of the rolls, lord 
 chief justiee of cominon pleas, and lord chiet baron ol 
 ex.-he'.i'.ier. UiJiiuu-ii memlier.-i, two lords ju.stices of 
 ai'p'al. . , , ■ 
 
 Ilioii L'oiMn OK .IrsTicE: ('lidinrru dnnsinn, lord chan- 
 cellor, master of the rolls, viee-chuneellor, and two 
 land judges. . 
 
 Qiierus Iknch ilinshn : lord chief ju.stiee, and three 
 jinlgi's. , . 
 
 Commm Pleas division : lonl chief justice, and two 
 judges. 
 
 ExcliiiiKir division : lonl chief baron, and two judges. 
 
 I'rolmte mid Mtitrl 1111,11 idl dirisimi : one judge. 
 Sec under Cliiiiicaji and the cdher divisions. 
 
 SURAT (K. Indies), liefore the Knulinh East 
 India coiiipiuiv obtained possession of Boinbay, the 
 presideiioy of'tlii'ir alliiirs on tlie coast of Malaliar 
 was at Siirat ; and tliev liad a factory here estah- 
 lislied under captain ftest in l6u. The Great 
 Mo'-ul liad hero an olticer wlio was styled his ail- 
 niinil. An ut'ack of the Maliiatta chief Siviijec, 
 on tlie liritisli factory, was defeated liy sir tieorge 
 Oxenilen, lli(>-\. The Knglish were again attacked 
 in 1070 and 1702, and often snbseiiiieiitly. The 
 East India company, in 1759. titled out an arnia- 
 nieiit, wliicb di.spossessed the adniiriil of the castle ; 
 nnd, soon after, the possession of this eiisth' was 
 eontinned to tliein bv tlie court of Delhi. .Surat 
 was vested in the liritisli in lHo() and 1803. A 
 fourth part of Surat was destroyed by tiro b, ~ 
 April, 1889. 
 
 SURGEONS. liarhcrs and surgeons were ui.itui 
 in one eomtiany in 1540; but it was enacted that "mo 
 person using ai"iy slniving or liarhery in Lolnlon ^ll;l I 
 occupy any surgery, letting of blood, or other ii,;iU,r 
 ox(epting"oiily the drawing of teeth." ]ii 174, 
 the surgeons and barbers of London were nimle ili..- 
 tiiict conioriitions. The college of surgeons olii;.iii,.,| 
 charters in 1745, 1800, and 1843 (when it was stjleu 
 the " Itoyal College of Surgeons of Kngland"), iSj:, 
 and 185(3. Since that period, various U'gi>l!itiveaii,i 
 other iinportant rcgulatiuna have been ailniueil t., 
 promote their utility andrespeetiibility; and iiuiii:. 
 son is legally entitled to |)ractise as 11 surgecn in ij,,. 
 cities of I,oiidon and Westminster, or within mv,i, 
 miles iifthefornier, who has not been exiiniiiuilattlii. 
 college. Tbi' college in Lineoln's-inii-licliU wa- 
 re-modelled in 18^6, and the interior cnnpUteil in 
 1857. The iireiiiises were enlarged ill 1852-3. Tli,- 
 museum began with the Huiiterian coUi'i tiuii, ilxo, 
 and the library was founded in 1801. Death ..| 
 the president," .Mr. J. W . Ilulke, li) IMi. p-.,;. 
 .Mrs. Mary limily Dowson, the hrst lady sun;. w; 
 duly qiialitied to act. was invested with the ielt.r. 
 testimonial of the Irish college of surgeoii.s, Jui,,., 
 l88(). Hvt'.liifiloiiii/, r/ii/nii; and Maluul Coiiiml. 
 Kciyal college of surgeons, Uublin, ineorponitei! 
 
 iVse; Edinburgh ':.; 
 
 SURGERY. It was not until the age of lli]). 
 pocrates that diseases were made a se|«irate stiiuv 
 from iihilosophv, kv., about 410 n.c. lli|iii<iir:il.'- 
 mentions the 'dwhe, the ancient iiistniiiieiit wi'.h 
 whicli tliev reduced dislocated bones, t'elsus tkiur. 
 ished about A.l). 17; (ialeii, 170; .\etiiis, ;,«), 
 I'aulus vEgineta, in 640. The Arabians rcviv,.] 
 surgery about <yx); and in the idth century 11 luiv 
 era in" the science began ; between tlie-e iieiinis 
 surgery was conlined to ignorant priests aiiilli;ii. 
 hers. Anatomy was cultivated under Vcsalius, i:;. 
 fither of inode"rn surgery, in 1538. Surge.■ll^■■.lld 
 doctors were exemiited from bearing arms or-ser-;: ! 
 on juries, 1513, at which period there were m.iy 
 I ; in London ;" see F/iiinic and l'/i(>fM/r"p/iiJ, tV*. 
 i'or antiseptic treatment see Oii 111 T/iniii/. liivi: 
 improvements in surgery in the Hjtli ceiiiiiry r- 
 ported by sir Josejih Lister in his address tulh' 
 liritisli a"ssociation at Liverpool, U> Sept. l.SijO. 
 
 SURGICAL AID SOCIETY, fmml.; 
 
 1862; supplies the lioor with instrumeiils, wi«h- 
 beds, &c. 
 
 SURINAM (l)uteh Guiana), disrevereJ l.i 
 Columhns, 1498. Tlie factories establisheil bv It. 
 Knglisli in 1(140 were occupied by tlie I'lirtujiiii-i. 
 IO43; by the Dutch, 1654; taken bv the DritiA 
 171J9, 1804; and restored to the Duteli, kS02, 1S14. 
 
 SURNAMES were introduced into Kngland'; 
 the Normans, and were adopted by tlie iioliiliii 
 about 1 100. The old Normans used /■'/';, vm 
 signifies son, as Fitz-herbert. The Iri.^ll usiil ". 
 for grandson, O'Neal, U'Doniiidl. The Siutti-li 
 Highlanders used Mac.asMa.doiiald.snUof Domia. 
 Till' Welsh used Ap, as Ap Uhys, the son ol'liliy^: 
 Ap l{ieliard. Thepretix .\iieveiilually ■.vas.niiiKiiml 
 wilh the name of the fatlier.heiice I'rys, I'nt.liiml. 
 A.-C. The northern nations added the wcnUoii 1Mb 
 I father's name, as Williao snii. Many iit tlie iii-v 
 i coiiiuKPii surnames, such as, lohnseii, Wilsan, Uisii. 
 Nicholson, &c,,were taken liv Hrabaiit.-is uiidolla: 
 Flemiic's, who were naturalised in tl"' reirii »! 
 Henry VI., 1455. .M A. l.o'.ver's " Hietitm'rv'l 
 Kiigli'sh Suniai'u'es" was published in l8tiO. 
 
 SURPLICES were Hrst worn by the JfTCk 
 priests, and are said to liave heen lirst used la 
 
 
 in' 
 
i 
 
 8UEPLICES. 
 
 S. liiirbers and uurK'Ooiis wore iii,:tui 
 in 1540 ; but it was enact<'il tliut •■ m, 
 
 sliiivinK or bartiery in Lolidmi -Im ! 
 cry, letting of bliH»l, or otlR-nr.nlt.r 
 tiiV (Innvin!? of tuoth." In i;^, 
 il liaH)crs of London were niiiile ai>- 
 19. Tlie college of surgeons oIjIMh,,! 
 , 1800, and 1843 (wlien it Wiis m»1(.; 
 cge of Surgeons of Kngliind"}, |Sj;, 
 [' that period, various legislative ;lu,\ 
 I regulations have been adciiicd |„ 
 lilitvandresiieetability; and iii]]«'. 
 titled to practise as a surgccii in tl,,. 
 1 and Westminster, 01 within hv.i, 
 er, who has not l)een exaiaiiiidiitllii. 
 iillege in liinc(dn's-inn-liri(|s »;i. 
 
 1830, and the interior coiiipUtcd in 
 nises were enlarged in 1852-3. Il„- 
 ivith the Hunterian coUecti"ii, iS«i, 
 
 ■ was founded in 1801. iJcatli .i| 
 Mr. J. W. llulke, K) Vr\,. i,-.,;, 
 
 ily Dowson, the first lady suwi-ii; 
 act, was invested willi the Ictlrr- 
 lie Irish college of surgeons, Jm ,. 
 tiiiHi/, J'/ii/xic, and Mcdiiai foiii„r, 
 f surgeons, Uiililin, iiiciir|ii,nitiil 
 
 Kb '- ■• 
 
 '. It was not until the age of lli|). 
 iseases were made a separiite Muiiy 
 i-, &c., about 410 H.C. Ili|)iin(i;ili'. 
 iiiiilii; the ancient iiistniincnt «i',h 
 need dislocated bones, ('(dsus ll.,!,i. 
 I). 17; (ialen, 170; .Aetius, -fv. 
 a, in 640. The .\rabians vmui 
 )00; and in the idlh century 11 luv 
 'nee began ; between tlie-c [ii'ii«;s 
 inlined to ignorant iniests and Im- 
 y was cultivated under Vcsiilius, \:.' 
 rn surgery, in 1538. Hurgc^ii? :m 
 empted from bearing arms or scr-: .■ 
 5, at which period there wen- r,i.:; 
 see r/ii/xii' and I'/iofiii/yii/j/ii/, IN/.. 
 Ireatiuei'it see (iii iit Tlum;/. Ijivi" 
 in surgerv in the Ii)tli ccniuiv p- 
 Josepli M'ster in his address l"l!: 
 ;ion at Liverpool, lO Sept. \X^t>. 
 
 L AID SOCIETY, f"uno, 
 
 the poor with instruments, wain- 
 
 M (Dutch Guiami), ilisinvcml !■; 
 8. The factories establislicd by itv 
 ^0 were occupied bv the l'crtu);i,i-r. 
 Dutch, 1654 ; takeii bv tlic ISritii 
 id restored to the Dutch, 1S02, \^\r 
 
 ES wre introduced into Kiigland!} 
 and were adopted by tlie iiobilitv 
 The ol<l Nornudis used /i':, ivlit 
 ;is Fitz-hcrbert. The Irish li-td 'i, 
 O'Neal, U'Donu(dl. The Sa-lti-t 
 sed Mae, as Macdouald, sun of DoiiaM. 
 'd Ap, aa Ap lihys, the sun of Kliy-: 
 'heprefix .\pevcntually ■.vasimiil'iiw 
 
 ■ of the fatbcr.hence I'rys, iVililwri 
 lern nations added the wurd son l"lb 
 , as Willia'i .s"n. Many id tlio «'■' 
 nies, sucli as.)(dnison, \Vilsnii. lly-ii 
 .,were taken by lirabiml. is and -!!.■: 
 o were naturalised in <!"' i'"!-'" '■ 
 j^v M A. Lower's "Hiitiumryi 
 imes" was published in iStiO. 
 
 :;ES were first woni by the Jt»i*li 
 ire said to have been first used in 
 
 SUIillEY CHAPEL. 
 
 1063 
 
 «hurchea in the fourth century, and encoviragod by 
 jjopc Adrian, 786. " livery minister saying public 
 {irayci-s shall wear a cnmely auri)Uce with sleeves," 
 CuHuii 58. The garb j)rescribed by stat. 2 Kdw \'I 
 1547; again i Kliz. 1558; and 13 Ac 14 C has. II. 
 tt)02 ; see Jcifua/tum, 
 
 SUKEEY CHAPEL. Blackfriars-road, wa.s 
 built for C'alvinistic disseoters in 1785; tlie rev. 
 Kovvlaiid Hill, their minister, who died in i8y, 
 was buried in a vault here. The eoiigregatloii 
 under the rev. Newman Hall removed to (Jhrist 
 (Jhurch, in Westminster-road, Julv, 187O. See 
 Liiieolii Tuirer, 
 
 SUKREY HOUSE MUSEUM, Korest 
 Hill, containing ihecoHectioiisof .Mr. !•'. llnrniniaii, 
 costalmut 100,000/., pi'escnted bv liim to tln>iiuldir| 
 wiis opened hy sir Jloitdl Alackenzic, 24 Dec. 181/j.' 
 
 ^SURKEY ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS 
 
 (near Loudou) wejv esteldished in 1831, liv .Mr. 
 Kdward Cross, who brought hither tlie menagerie 
 ftniicrly at iilxeter chaiigi>. \arious picture niudels 
 hiive liccn cxUibitt'd here simv 1837, viz., Vesuvius 
 Iceland, iii-., accompanu'd bv fireworks. In i8;()' 
 •a conipany which had talu-irthc gardens, erecleil a 
 )ari;e yet elegant building for concerts; the arclii- 
 tcet being .Mr. Ilorac*' Joiu's. On l<) Uct. l8;f) 
 nhcn the hall coutaLuj'd about c;(ioo))ersoiis, attend- 
 ing to hear the rev. C. II. Spurgc^oii, seven were 
 /iilk'dand lliLi-ty seriously injured, bv a false alarm 
 of tire. It was burnt f'l June, i8()r ; see Fins 
 In lS(j2 the hall was temporarilv takeii for llie re. 
 v.fjitiiiu of the )iaticnls of St. Thomas's hosjiital. 
 
 SURTEES SOCIETY ibr publishing .M.ss, 
 
 reluthig to ihe iiorlherii counties, establislual i8u ■ 
 S^ volumes iiave been published, 1881/ ' 
 
 .SURVEY ACT, p,a.s.s,.d 12 .Ma^, 1870. S<.e 
 VnliKiiHT Suivri). 
 
 SURVEYORS, INSTITUTION OF. Lon- 
 don, liiundcd 111 18(18, to promoU' the "knmviedg. 
 which cunstitutes the profession of a survevor" 
 IiR'orporatcil by royal charter as " The Survevors' 
 Institution" 11, 1881. The imniber of inenrhci-.. 
 i, 200 in l«8(i; about 3,a)(i in 1897 
 
 SUSA, or SjjusIIAX, ca|)ilal of Su.siniia, a iiro- 
 vincenf I'crsia, wiw taken liy .Uc.\ander the Great. 
 
 SWAZILAND. 
 
 r8i)3 , see Ch,i,-vh „l K>iijhin,l,SUs, l8yj. ' ' 
 
 SUSSEX, see Bvitum. 
 
 !5obraon, ,0 l-'cl,. ,846 {wluch m). ' ' '""^ 
 
 I'll 
 
 torn '^F'^'*'^' "','' !'"''"''ifs' "'■ widows. Tins cus. 
 toni begun in Iru la fn,,,, ,,„,. „f ,,, '. '"**; 
 
 mmMM 
 
 have thus perished in a \ear. Th,. f.?,,. i I , ' ' 
 ment, after long discoura-in^V s 1 ., ' f ' ^ '™' 
 
 P.l":'^i:!:v;-^::^tii!:^:n::/:;:;::;t:;i!y^-^- 
 
 thus,n.rished,J,,ne..,804,ands;w:i^l' 'ifX 
 
 ;J,Ung lialindoor, inuii.ster of .Vermul I Man I, %-, 
 ^jmces still occur; one, voh,,,ir;*t^.:';:,!:'^;;7. 
 
 with II. Hi,, • ' ^'- '''"i^lalivc iiitcrlcrcncc 
 
 ''""'•;';;/ wcXr'v:?"c;:'is:-l:;r^ 
 
 "iTcs.sa.y ; niuial indi.cnc,. ,„•„ .,vssi, 
 li.al,,M,,.sjo,MaJ, under ;.c;s,,,)a,u,,,,7',cc?r 
 
 and 
 
 (see 
 Oct. 
 
 886 
 
 SUWANOW, or (SU\Vf)Tn)Pi<'> ^ 
 
 (' .. J, . o.imo.iii i.sics, aniievcf t,,. 
 
 Great Ihatain. 1889, aniiLXiu Dj 
 
 .«! lie- 
 
 , SUSPENDING POWER, 
 
 mcer. 
 
 SUSPENSION BRIDGES are ancient in 
 Chiiiil. Ue llungerford (or Gharing-cross) snsp,,ii- 
 61011 bridge, opened May 1, 184s. was removed to 
 ClUton mid i.jiened tlieiv, 8 Dec. "18(4. Parlianieiit 
 empowered the comiuLssiHiiers ,if wnods to erect 
 (among other iniproveiiwnts there) a suspension 
 bridge at llatt<a-sea, Sejit. 1840; and iiianv brid.'cs 
 olsnnilarcoii>truclioii ha\«' heen erectial iii various 
 parts of the knigdom. Lamlx-th and We.stminshr 
 ^USIlellsl"ll bridg,. was ojn-iied 10 Nov. lS02; see 
 Meiim htruil, Jl„i/;/irlur>/, C/iftoii, in: 
 
 ,,SUSPENS(.)RY RILL, the name given to 
 a bill to prevent for a limited time [to 1 All"- 
 sm ncu appointmciils in the <diurch of Irelamf' 
 •md 10 ivsiram, f,ir the sauK^ pen ol, in cci-taiil 
 res]ieet.s, the |iri,cecdings of the Kcclesiastical Com- 
 missioners fnr Indanil" lliis bill was iiM-..!uced 
 
 ,""" '•"; ' !'"""< I'.v Mr. (iladstone, 14 .\lav. and 
 
 lasjedlhrongh committee, 5 June; rejected liv the 
 
 .M h limitations r.dafing to Wales and Mon- 
 'iioutlisbu'c, mlrodui ed by M,-. Asijuitli, read first 
 
 SWARIA, a proviiu'e in S.ticrmanv was con 
 qi'ered hy f|„vi.s and iuenrporaicd , ',1 : Li " 
 
 ; "Ml i.f the Franks. 4,,,,. Alter va i" s ■ ' i.^"^f 
 
 (ly 'V^i ■ 'i;;!r,;ar™;r;er tsv- i^^- 
 
 tniiradin lis descndant, was defcted at tVe 
 
 " lie o agl.acozzo („/,/,./, ,,,), i„ ,,(,8 ,Z 
 
 ';;'';;''l-i shortly afer. The breaking up of e 
 
 uny gave rise ,, many „f ,|„ s„n.ll Germ^ 
 
 1,11 s;-i ';'/'' ?^t'W' ''"■l'"l'''l i" Wurtemberg 
 ■iml ,S« itzerland. hwabia was made a circle of tliS 
 
 J>i.sjM»,,;,,j '^'<V\i-!' in, 13Xr and 1500. .V leaijue, e.unpcsed of 
 .^wabian cities and states, about 12^4, 'was t le 'erm 
 
 V ::n';;;';b ""•"'''-■ ';;'^""- '--"'-i »•'.■ the re: ™ 
 :nh;";;:S;,rK;;id;:!.i:n;':48r'''''--'''-'-''-<^- 
 
 "')^;M.!^^:^^^«^'f'rLEMENT,see 
 
 wfl^y,^^^^'"'*^'^''^' j'''"ii"i-fs':'"'<lure, an ancient 
 « Isltown; seat of the copper trade since 17,9. 
 New dock openeil by the prince of Wales, ,8 Oct. 
 1881. J'opulation, 1881, 70.450; ,8,)r..),),423 
 '''.Viirisfo'^""""""" """ '"'■■'■ '^"*''' 'S43, and Aug., 
 
 n.«m,,g disaster il. the l,ay, ,4 persons drowi.e,!, 7 Aug.. 
 
 u''l^^'^''>', ',"',^y-^T, a river, \.\V. India. The 
 Akhoiul. Abiliil i.hatiir. oriL'i.iallv an auMere Ma- 
 
 '" '■'", ''^'"^'li''- i'l"'"' lf<-'-!. grailiiallv obtained 
 
 temporal power over the tribes in the' hills near 
 Algliaiusiaii, dying 111 lii^jh reputation, about f878. 
 
 SWAZILAND. Sonth Africa, a tract of about 
 8,000 .snuare miles, nearly surrounded by the 
 
 (:t!| 
 
 
 t 
 
 ;j 
 
 tLr.:. 1 
 
 il !, 
 
 i;. 1 
 
 1^ ^K 
 
 
M. , 
 
 H VKAHOim. 
 
 1064 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 
 Tiimsvaiil tii-iiti.i-v; pojiuhition, about Co,ooo 
 iiiitivc3 ami (««! wljitcs, iSyi), 
 
 (.ip'al ciisiir.liT>i lliinu.uli lln' wi.ikiicss nf llii\ kinn, 
 UiiiliiiniU'iii ; iiilliii'iici'.l siii'i'c>siv.'l.v liynpinisint,' 
 wliito fai'lioMH, KuKlisli and \h,rrs ; tlic kiii^-ilii's, 
 
 (,(ict. 1889 
 
 To sottlrtli('(,'civ<'niiMi'n) i.l' tlM'cuuiitr.v, sir I'miicis 
 di' Wintini was Mpi»iiiili'il Ul'ltitsli i-niiiliiissinnfr, 
 siiili'il 8 Oct. ; n\ I'n'toria, aljinit 1.. Nov. ; liniT 
 (■(iiiuiiissiiiiii'is wiTi' aippiiiiilnl . aliniil 21 Oct. ., 
 
 licim, eldest sdii of IJiilBiiidcni, electe.l kill};; 
 Mr. Slicpstiine aiipniiitecl til take eliar,L;e uf Kiim- 
 peanattairs ali'ial 2; Oct. ,, : 
 
 Sir Francis lie Wialon ami tlie Transvaal cmimis- ^ 
 
 sinners meet nxilicail-nienorilieSwa/is ; results : 
 the inilepenilenee ol' tlie nati"ii tn lie pivserveil ; 
 
 tlieaceessiuii iiltlie kiiij; reei«nizei| ; tliec|i n- 
 
 inutlier tci lie re;;ent iliirinn his niiiinrity ; Mr. 
 Hliepstcme In lie adviser; the eninniissiiiners tu 
 Knvern the whiles dllrillH their stay, tn lie snc- 
 
 (■ led liy 3 dele^'ates; a Icfjal triliniial tn be 
 
 appiiiiiteii til eni|uire respectiii;,' ecincessiniis of 
 land tu the wlntea . . • ■ n "cc. ,, 
 
 The ipieen-ic,-,'eiit (liy .Mr. Miepstniie) prncdaiiiis 
 
 snliiiiissiiin tn tl niinissiuners, almnt 16 He-. ; 
 
 the ciiinniissinners appnint 3 dele;;ates (Ihitisli, 
 liner, and S\vazi)tii help the ipieeil, peadillK the 
 decision nt' the Hritish and Transvaal k"^''!'"- 
 nieiils. ami leave l*ec. ,, 
 
 Atacont'erence with president Krii;;erat lili^viaiits 
 Pont, it wasaKicc^d tn delcr the .seltlenieiit lor' 
 Innr ni.iiiths 12 Maridi, 1S90 
 
 Independence (if the Swa/is re-alllrnied by a emi- 
 veiition;a 'nint adininistratioii over the white 
 settlers to be cstalilishe.l with other conditions; 
 ni(,'iied by president Krii^;er; nporteil 4 Ann.; 
 ratilied b'v the volksraad. . . . 8 Aiij;. ,, 
 
 Conference 'of ciiniinissioners, sir H, H. I.ocli and 
 jiresideiit KriiKcrat Colesbcrj,', 18-20 .>Jiril, 1893; 
 sir H. IJ. l.oidi arrives at Pretoria, . 3 .Innc, 1S93 
 
 Convention of i8uo prolon^xed . . . 8 An^. ,, 
 
 Convention transferriiiH Swaziland to the Transvaal 
 government, sijined at Pretoria . . 13 N'o\'. ,, 
 
 Uenewed ]iolitic;il colnplieatiolis, tile iilieen-renent 
 refuses to si(;n the convention, reiiorted 13 April, 1894 
 
 New convention a,L:rced to, dual control extended 
 for 6 months 2o.)iim'i ,, 
 
 Ade])ntation of 6 indiiiias (idiid's) from the (incciis, 
 desiring a liritisb protectorate for their country, 
 accompanied bv Mr. .1. .stiiart and Mr. Iliilctt, 
 arrive at Plvmi'.nth. 27 (let. 1894 ; inlii v e\v with 
 tlin Marquis of liipmi, ji Oct. ; eiuerlained by 
 the baroness Ibirdctt-Coiitls. •; Nov., anil others; 
 by the yiieeii at Windsor, 15 No.'. ; lea\e Soiith- 
 ninpton 17 Nov. „ 
 
 Conference between sir Henry r.oidi and iiresideiit 
 Kriifjer ill the Transvaal, 7 l>ec. ; a new conven- 
 tion si};iied 10 llec. ,, 
 
 Sir Henry I.ocli delivers the cpieen's messa,L;e to the 
 envoys IS I'ce. ,, 
 
 British residents and otlicr.s o]ipo»e aiiiic.vation to 
 the Transvaal 27 .Nov. ,, 
 
 The Transvaal Volksra:id adojit the new iiniirafiini 
 without the consent of fiwaziland . . 13 l-'eli. 1S95 
 
 Mr. T. Krojjli a]ipoiiited administrator, 19 Kidi. ; 
 the government taken o\er . . . 21 Keli. ,, 
 
 licsi^rnatioii of col. .Martin, British coiiimissioncr, 
 
 10 Maridi. ,, 
 
 Kin;.' Bniiu installed as chief caiitaiii . 16 March, ,, 
 
 Financial atrrccmenl between the kiiiK and tin; 
 Transvaal liovernni.nt Hec. ,, 
 
 The Transvaal volunteer force, with an advance 
 Hiianl, crosses the border on the kin^ di.sobeyiiii,' 
 an nltimatnm siinimoninn him to ajijiear at 
 Biemersdnrp to answer for the innrder of tlie 
 bead imlnna, 21 .Iniie, i-'oi ; fails to obey the sum- 
 Iiioiis, 5 .Inly ; an indaba held at llremersdorp. 
 cninmissioner Kro;;h president, ^en. .lonhert and 
 the British consul present, the qneen to st mil 
 ill Biiiin s place as chief of the .Swazi nation. 
 
 14 .Inly, „ 
 
 SWEABOKG, ii stinrm fortiiss in [inland, the 
 Gibraltar of tlir iiortli, 3* miles south d llclsinjr- 
 for.s; it is Hitnatcd on seven rocky islainis; tlie 
 fortifications weri' coiiinicnced by tlic Swedes in 174^1 
 and completed after Finland was united lo liussia 
 
 ill l8cK). On 6 ,\\ifr. 1855. the Kiifrlish ami I'lvinr. 
 fleet anchored olf Swealiorj^, and bombavdjd it l,v 
 mortar and i;iin-lioats from the ()tli to the tu!:. 
 eatisinu' the destrnetion of nearly all the pniiii|,;r. 
 l)tiildin-s, incUidin!,' the dnekyanl ai\d ars<nal. Ku 
 cisimlties and no loss of life ensued in the iilo,,, 
 Nilimdrnn, but this success was not followed u]i, 
 
 SWEARI\(t ox the GdSPKLS, Hist ii„.,i 
 about 528. am' introduced in judicial proceediii:;.. 
 about 'Ux).—/ui/iiii. I'lioiw.M-; Swk.vhi.ng mau,. 
 punishahh' by line ; a labourer or servant liirrci(iri;> 
 
 I.V., others 2.V. lor the lirst olfenee; lov the -eniiu, 
 otieiice, 4.V. ; the third oll'eiice, (w. ; t> Will, Il[_ 
 
 I()(l5 ; see Oiitlis. 
 
 SWEATING SICKXESS, see i'%„,. 
 
 iSwKATlso SvsTKM, a tenii aiiplied, especially ill 
 the east end of London, to the [nactiee eaniid 
 on by lai-ee tradesmen of enl rusting oiili is 1., 
 
 ' middlemen termed " swi'aters, ' wl iiiplny 
 
 men, w(aiien,aiid children (principally fiirei;,'iiei.s;i 
 to make np clothes, boots, and furiiilnre in llnii 
 
 own houses at exeessivelv low wa;.;es Willi many 
 
 evil eonseiptences. lairit jiunraven s moiiun fiii 
 
 a select ciiminitt if ini|niiy was eiuried in tlie 
 
 lords, 28 I'eb. ; arcliliislio|i of Cjuileilinrv. enri .,i 
 Derby, and others appoiutevl 9 .March, i;;a. 
 
 Painlnlly distressing evide was ohtaiiinl. 
 
 The origin of the evil is attrilailed to the •ireal 
 ; conipetitioii in iirodneinn extreme cheapiass. 
 
 The new and foreign workmen are ten 1 
 
 ' " 1,'i'eeiiers." If is stated that ahnnt 5.^. me 
 
 i sometimes paid for a week of ilavs of 14'liiini^. 
 
 May. Tliesnlhnin};sortlie Cradh-y Ibatli eliam. 
 
 maimers, iiailmakers, iind others, weii diseliKi,! 
 
 to the committi'i .Manli, lij; 
 
 Anti-swcatin;: lea},'iic forme I iu LoinUin . 1 Oct., 
 
 !'he liftli and linal re)iiirt rccoiiiineiids thai wliciv 
 
 h'nislalion eaiinol intervene capitalist» i-heiiH 
 
 eniinire into the way in which tliiar work is 
 
 I carried on, with the view of improvenu'iil 5 M;t\. r 
 
 ; nine Hook imblished .... 19 .May ..' 
 
 SWEDEN (N. Kurope). The ancient iiihiiM. 
 taiits were the !■ ins, now the innderii inlialiil:iiit>"l 
 Kin'.and, wlio retired tn their iireseiit ti iriturv 'i; 
 the appearance nl the Seandiniiviaiis ov ljiitlis,\vli, 
 have ever since been musters of Sweden; sn- 
 Seitiidiiiariii. and yniirn//, i8i|i. The iiihnul 
 i state of this kin^'doin is little knnwii invvjuii* 
 I to tlie llt'i century. liy the uiunii of L'nliiur 
 in 131)7, Sweden became a province of lleiiiiiiiik. 
 and was iiol wholly rescued IVniii this siil,- 
 jeetion till I52I, wdii n (itistavns \ asa iveiivirni 
 the kingdom Irom tin' Danish ynke. He bcoime 
 kini; in 1523. and his descendants riilfil nil 
 l8o<). The eovcruiiicnt of Sweden is a liiiiilni 
 innnarehy. Tlie diet consists nt four nrders, tk 
 nobles, till' eleri;), the peasants, and the biiivhirs 
 and meet every three years. The kiiij; is, ;is in 
 liritain. tlie head of the e.\eeiitive. 'I licrc are t»n 
 universities, Upsal aiul l,niid ; and Switleii cai) 
 boast, iimnuf; its great men, I.iinia'iis. IVlsiuj, 
 Sclieele, liergman, Heivelins, 'I'lmrwalilscii, and 
 Andersen. Population (31 Dee. 188;) nf fittnleii. 
 4,73.},i)Cil ; "•' Norway (187;), i,8()(),i)ix). Swoini, 
 l8ijt), 4,78.1.(175. Noi'.vay, i.';i>[, i,i)S,Sin;. ."■wi'ilm, 
 l8i)0-i)l, .4,1)1 i, 81)4/. : Norway, i8i)i-2, t'stiiualitl 
 I revenue, 2,733,333'. '• e.\peuihture, 2,73>'.HSj'. 
 
 The mythical hero Odin said to arrive in the iiurtli. 
 
 and died «.'.. 4 
 
 His son Skiold reigns 
 
 The Skioldiings reign till (Maf the infant is hiiptiji-'l, 
 and intrndaees C'-istianity amniig his pcoiili', 
 
 idmiit A. II iKo 
 ] Waldemar I. of Denmark snl»lnes Riigeii, aii'i lii- 
 
 strovs the ]iagan temples ii'5 
 
 ,stockholm fniinded ik 
 
 I .Magnus I.iidiilies establishes a regatir feriii nf 
 
 government is> 
 
 The crown of Sweden, wliieli had been lieri'ilit;iry. 
 
 -.ii^v 
 
SWEDEX. 
 
 10(jo 
 
 ,»);. iH.yi. the Kiiillisli and I'vniu 
 t' SwciiliHrtc, iiiiil iM'iiiliavdjil ii In 
 -liiiiils (Vdiii tlic ()tli to tin- ut!', 
 iiilinii lit nc'iirly all tlic |iniiii|n', 
 in;; (lie ildckyani and ais<Mal. I'cw 
 I loss (it lil'i' ensiled ill tli'^ ailii,, 
 is success was lint toUciwi il u|i. 
 
 T ON THE GoSl'KI.S. lirst im,; 
 iiili-oiliici'd in judicial |iri.cccJiii;. 
 
 jjlll. I'nOrA.NK 8\VKAIUMi 111,11;. 
 
 le ; a laliniu-ci- iir siTvaiil Inilijn,,. 
 r the lirst iilleni-e; I'dv the -cinn,, 
 ■ tllii-d olleliee, Us.; b Will. Ul.. 
 
 3J SICKNESS, see y%„,. 
 
 M, a term a|.|ilicil, csiiccially in 
 
 Ldiidoii, t(i tin' inacticc I'aiiii-il 
 
 idfsiiicu lit cut rusting urilits ti^ 
 
 ■1 1 "swciitcis,' who i-iii|iliiy 
 
 d cliililri'ii (laiucipally tiirciL:iiii»> 
 lies, Imiits, and tuniitair ia ilii.ji 
 
 l'XCI'Ssi\i'l\' liiW wic^fs with l||;iliy 
 
 •t's. Luril Ihuiravi-iis ainliuii liii 
 Ice lit iiniuify wasciu'iicil m tln> 
 arcliliislui]i lit ('Jiatcrli\iry,i.:vr| ul 
 Iters ainiiiiutcil 9 .March, nu^ 
 :-cssili^ e\idclicc was iililajtifil. 
 IC c\ll is atll'illUtcd to till- ,L'lr:U 
 
 prodllciu;; cKtvciac clicaiiiii s,^. 
 
 Iiirci(;a workiacii are ten I 
 
 't is stated tliat almiit 5.^■. ;ui' 
 1 fur a week of davs ut i+lnmis, 
 ■riiif-'sulllic Cnidlcy llcutl. cImui. 
 kcrs, and ntlicis, wcvi discluMil 
 ee .... .Marili, j;j. 
 
 ^iie fiiriiie i iu UuiiijiiM . i OrL 
 1 ii'iiort rceuiaiiieiiils llail wlitn. 
 mil iiitcrM'iie eaiatalisU .-IniiiH 
 lie way ill wliieli tlieir wnik is 
 li tlie view lit imiiruvemeiit ;M,i\, r 
 ilicd .... iVMiy „ 
 
 (N. Kiiroiie). 'I'lte ancient iii!i;i!ii- 
 ■iiis, now tlie niiiderii iiilialiil:iii\-.ii 
 i'tii'ed t(i llieir ]iieseiit li nitmi ;> 
 ut the Seiindiiiaviiiiis iiv (inllis, nil 
 ■e lieeii iimsters ut .Sweden; ..1 
 ml Xnnrnii. iS()i. 'liie iiiiii]i:i; 
 iiiiu'duiii is little knuwii invvinui 
 iitury. liy the imiun i>l' I'uliitir 
 n tieeaiiie a pruviiice n( llciiiiNirk, 
 whiilly rescued Inuii tliis siii,. 
 I, when (iiistaviis \ iisa ivcuvtml 
 ■iiiii tlie Danish yuke. Hf Ixraiiie 
 and his descendants ruled till 
 vcriiiiiciit of Sweden is a liiiiilnl 
 e diet consists of fmir orili'is, tie 
 ;y, the peasants, and the liui-l'i-, 
 I three years, 'I'lie kiii^' i.<. :i> m 
 id of the e.\eeiitive. I lieie ari' li" 
 p.sal and l.niid ; and Swetlcii can 
 Its irreat men, I.ilin;eus. C'lUiu-. 
 nan, ller/elius, 'I'liuvwiililsiii, ;iiiil 
 inlatiuii (51 Dec. liSiS;) iif ^.vAew. 
 \'nrway (1S75), l,Kc)<i,i)(X). Swi'iirii, 
 . .NiiiAiiy. l.';i>l, l.i)S,Si|i|;. ."■wi'iliii. 
 ,.S(i4/. : iSurwiiy, [Si)l-2, esliiiulfti 
 5 jj'. ; e.\|)eiiditure, 2,75.^.NNj/, 
 
 i-i) Odin said tu arrive in tlie imrtli. 
 
 ■ciKii till Olaf the infant is liiiiiliii'l, 
 4 (J'"'isliaid(y aiiiunt! liis iiHiplr, 
 
 aUiiit A. II, iKo 
 iieiimark siiIhIucs Hii^eii, aiiil lit- 
 
 111 Icmiilcs n'! 
 
 led li-'- 
 
 < cstalilislies a re(;iikir fiiiiii nf 
 
 edcii. wliicli laid lieiai hirfilit;iry. 
 
 ■,s made elective ; and H nchel MaKiins, snr- 
 
 .'.k'l'icd ' ' '''■ '''"'''"'' '^'"™'"y'i^ 
 
 Waliliiiiar lays (Jul likunl w,i,st,. 
 
 ,\lliirl iif .Mei kleiihiir;; ivif^ns ' ' ' 
 
 Tii'alv ur niiiiiM uf c.,!,,,,,,. („,/„■;./, .„,;,> ,,;, ,-. ,• 
 
 ?lar!al'r '""" '■'" 'I^ "'"' ^^''^ay. under 
 
 I'iiiviisily uf IJpsal fiinndeil 
 
 Ihiisiiaii II. urDrnni.irk, " tlic NVn, uf tli,.'.\u,..'i, ■■ 
 
 llias>.a'Tes the Swedish iiuliiliiv 
 Tllf.;<vveiles delivered fiun, 11„. |,,,„i.;|, ,.,;, ,,• ,, • 
 
 val -of tiiisl.ivus V.isa . . .> im 
 
 lliistaviis Vas.a raiscil lu the lliruiic ' ' ' ' 
 II.' intriiilaces I.ujhcranism and rcliKiuns'lihei'tv ' 
 .\lakis the eruwa hercilitarv ' ' 
 
 liiislaviis .\iluliiliii8 heads 'the iirulcstaiit i'ause in 
 
 tiiTiiiany . ... ■< m 
 
 "lillvii ■'*''■'*''''''""■" "'"' •^''"'iiidi,'i63o'; .sl.a'in at 
 
 K"(,'e led tu Sueilen liv lleliniark ' ' "^' 
 
 .Miilicitiuii utrhrislin.i ' ' ,^'1,,, ' 
 
 Cliaiiis.X. uvemmsfulaml , ' ' "^ ''"'"■• 
 
 .tits and .scieliees lii'j;iii tu lluiirish 
 
 L'liivcrsity uf j.iiinl luuiuli.il 
 
 Jiarles.Xri., "the .Madman uftlie 'Xurt'h," l'„..-ins 
 Ins ii.it,'ii ; he makes himself ahsulnt,. • aliuliJhes 
 till- ,seii;iie, ,6yg ; aiiil defeats the Knssians ,it 
 N;tr\a , \ 
 
 llillliMif PiiltiiH-a, where Charles 'is de'feateiMiC I'hi'. 
 02ar uf Hussia (sci. I'lillum,) ^ 'i , . 
 
 Ill' csi ,l|ie.s tu liellder, where, after tliree veals' nrii'- 
 
 tirlu.ii, he IS made a prisuner hv the Tiirks 
 
 Hfisicstured ; ,an,l after rniiiuns wars, and li^ditii,- 
 
 imiiieriiiis battles, is killed at the sicL-e uf Tmc, r 
 
 riokslialil n |i ' . 
 
 Quwu Ulrica aliolislics desputisia ' "' 
 
 lilillli-Il and Verdell ceded In Ilaliuver ' V,,,.' 
 
 K.i.v.il .\iadeiiiy fuandeil hv l.iniKeiis ' 
 
 ^•'';"''I''''I''.V'' '■ ''■•^ '"■ Ih'^ihcand Uurne, wl'iu are 
 
 licliiaded .... 
 
 TliollaLs and Caps (l-ienel,'an,r |i„s.;ian 'imrlies)' 
 
 17.t8-.i7; pat down liytiiislavus III 
 D.'siiMtisiii re-cstalilished ' ' ' ' 
 
 OnliTiifthe Swiird inslitiiied 
 
 .Usa.ssiiiatii.il uf (liislaviis III, l,v' .uimt V„|,.,.,.' 
 
 .<lr.i.i.,ataliall, 16 March; he expired,,,,!,''.,' 
 Tilt rcHici. c was .scunr-cd with whii.s uf i,,,, 
 
 tlK.iias tliive successive days ; his riLdit lumd 
 
 ivasiaitull, then his head, ami liis liud.v impale'l, 
 
 (iiistavas IV. dethruncl ami Ihe Kovernm'.Mil'as- 
 • StJi^,!;,) ''■•''■'■ ''"l<-'f «ud-niuiia 
 
 ?;!rc::^':n;;i;u:;/;iv;^;i:t"'''''""- ,H;:? 
 
 .Maislial irriiailuttc, the prin,.,,, ,,■,.,,,,,,,,.,,■;,;', I ;. 
 ;i|J^"';l),';|''"' "*•"■'"■'■■''■'*'• '■''"^"■" the.a'uwn prince 
 Giislavi.5 IV, airivcd'in ijimlui, ' '\\ v"^/ 
 
 S«v.|lsl,P,.,,,i.r,nia seized liy.Vapui,.,,,, . ' ; ■,|,;,,■ 
 .^lllall,l■ will, i:iit;lali.l ,, 
 S«v.l,.i..i,.i„sthc;;,aiiil alliance ii^-ain'sl .Vipu'le,,,,; 
 
 X..rwayis.v,h.dtusw n hy t|„, |,..alv uf' kIh 
 
 M.laii, ; cirri.d miu i.||,.,.| ■ !;.'"'• 
 
 l)iiii|iil..ll.- kiii^-, as I harics .luhn .\'| V ' c 'i\.iV 
 talialsalel reads cuiislrneled ' ' ' " "■ 
 Tiwfv^iif navi-al .tw,,,.,, Ci,.,,, u;.j ; .„„•, 
 
 SliirK^^itia^'iu'riir''-'-^^'-;??? 
 "Srsiir:'- ':'«''";^-'" — -'^^-i 
 
 n™i..iisliatii.ii 111 faviiiir of Italy. ' ' ,1 ii,'.,.' 
 
 hi.ii.asi..lr.|ii:i.,„s|..l,.ratiiin : , ' . ' '',,;.• 
 
 Til.' kaig visits Kn,::laiii| and Kramr , .\ ;V 
 llnswar,„lyiveeiv,.diii Denmark . ■,,,)niy 
 
 Tivaty 1,1 |.iM„ii,i.,ec with Italy, sipn.il , ,V, ' , ,' 
 
 Vmiiirstratii.ii 1,1 lav • uf l-ukand . '' ( . V 
 
 liraiguratiiiiiuffr,.,. trade , ' ,',. ' 
 
 E>iHt™u.iyhrun!.liiiat tli i,;„„.y-; March ■ pn!: 
 
 liaiatii.Mlurwar;(nuivsiilt) , " i , ,! , 
 
 Pa,iid..i„,,,,fa..x,„i,„„, Scandinavian Su,:'! •" 
 .itMiifkliiihii tuiiliiain hv lei-al means a lamfcde 
 ntiaii „f the three ki,i,Mlums fur militaty aiid 
 
 , SWEDEX. 
 
 1319 
 1361 
 'J63 
 
 >,W7 
 1470 
 
 1520 
 
 1521 
 ■S^J 
 ■527 
 '544 
 
 .r,3c 
 1648 
 
 '''.i4 
 ■65:, 
 1 660 
 1 606 
 
 I mhd"ir' •■'"'■"■"'"' l-"l-"t interim- iHl. 
 
 ■^.'^ ',■"•''■'" •in.ViirlliSwci.ii, " ,;,.. 
 
 ';s'irw;!i.;;i;:----^Hi'--v';;.!ni!:uy 
 
 '■'■■'"■'- i."uisa w;isn,,;,.rii.d , I, ,.■;.,.,,,.,,,,, t-™;: 
 
 ihine, 
 
 •ruwi,- 
 
 2H.J11IV, 
 
 1864 
 
 1R66 
 i«67 
 
 i86a 
 
 i865> 
 
 1870 
 1871 
 
 1700 
 
 I70(j 
 
 ■3 
 
 1718 
 171., 
 
 1741 
 
 ■750 
 
 1770 
 1772 
 
 I7y2 
 
 i87n 
 ■873 
 
 187=1 
 
 '87.^ 
 18:10. 
 
 l83i 
 
 1883 
 
 i8S< 
 1885 
 
 189a 
 
 S09 
 
 iSio 
 is'i.! 
 
 1813 
 
 1814 
 181S 
 1832 
 
 182O 
 1S44 
 1^55 
 
 .857 
 '8,59 
 18'^ 
 1861 
 iSfij 
 
 1 8,', J 
 18(14 
 
 prince „|>i„.,,,|,,,, 
 
 Nelllralily in n,,, |,'., : ,, , 
 
 elaiii, li laliiii liiK,K,i, „ar was p,,,. 
 
 Thcipiicn ,|ii.s ■ . ' • ,■*. -^"t?- 
 
 I'lini'e (iscir visits i.-i, Ml... i 1 ' .' '.I .'lai'idi. 
 
 Death ufkiiiKdiarh's.W, , ' ' ' ,„*';■'• 
 
 ,,"■','!'•' "I'cmd lukuiHiKcr I ■ •■^''■l''- 
 
 ■ ', "■.!<"'« and ,|,ii.eni.r,avi,i., ' ,?;'"'■ 
 
 .Ministry under ha. 11, III.,;,.,'.,. ' ' ' ; ^^ ■ • 
 
 ;;;'n;;[;.r;;;.l;!;:;r''--"''™'-.'Vaiiiu;,^!i;^: 
 
 ^lillislry■lll,ll,.,. 1,,.. p;„,,,„j| • • jO-28M.iy, 
 
 ; 't!iil;^ "■^"" ' "-•"u,;ri,cmiii,.h^,-^"lii 
 
 |''i;:^;^^,'''-'"'''"''-'HVatei|unl,,earn,y''-^; 
 
 ,^I-Tli,v,si.liusap,i'uiiite;ipri:,„ii.r' . ' '"'^uZ' 
 ""■'■'•""■'' l"i'"''' '""de yi,.,„iiy uf .v,„.„.ay '^ •''""' 
 
 New ministry r,„.„„.,i i,,,,,;, , ,; • ■ 9 -V''!'' 
 I'nne,. Oscar married ,11 ,\ ,ss \ , , p .u ,,'„',"''■ 
 
 ■yC^:^^:^-^^.^zr ■■'">■'■■ 'Mrcii; 
 
 y::;z:^ztr' -^-^-^^i^?^ 
 
 '^^;ie.';;:[^i;;i';;;;- -^-"""' ->-l;;;;.;.;n^ ■' 
 
 '•'X.i;:;:,!'"'""'" "•■■"'ythekhK.whi.aH^i^'^ni ■• 
 
 A iiatiunal assemhlv' uf i-,„|i,,;,|, (,-,„) ,;,,,,|,^,('7,'- '^W 
 
 mm-,decturs, meets at Stoekliuln . , . Vpre, 
 »"'■ .Spenser .St. , Join, aiipiiinted Dritish mini ",.,'; " 
 
 ■'''iXfi^'r;^;;;:;:;;;'"" "-» "r^- " 
 
 ;;;:fc^f:;i::;';;r['p-^,;ti'!'ki^-;^;:::,,r;T5' " 
 
 '■'i:;;:^^;;!:;::' • -45 ^^rain ivee^fa,h.,.s'!i'n^i ^i'i.lt •' 
 
 Hevisiun of the cuiisUtiition of the'twu elianit'rs' " 
 
 (.de.,ra,i.iiiuf,li,.,ii,,,iuff;„stavnsAdulp!rl^'^''» 
 l>e,. ,,i,,,)thruiit;hiail Sweili.i, . . „ i),,,7 
 
 Th;; kin. ill u^aiin. parliana-nt, •inainlaii^'the "^^ 
 111 uii will, .N,,rway,aiiMuiim-esa kiiL-e siirnlusof 
 "■veiiiie,pri,y,siu„|„r„ai ,1 lh^^M.ee pn.'posed; 
 
 The liiiii. V. Pakenliain appui,,,,.,, ,i,-i,isl, mh^i^;!:; '^'^ 
 
 l;arlial',ie„lup,.i„.,l'l,y„„. I-i, " ' ■ 9 I'"- '897 
 <'■'"'"■■"," ' ""■ =5lh ai,i,iv,.rsary uf he a, 'i , ' " 
 
 Swedish arcti..(sci;.iitilhOexpe.li{ii,,,,nii,l,;Mr;^ " 
 . Nathulst tu expluivthe ivp„„ hetwmi Spit,, 
 hei-enand f r.,„/, .lus,.| l.;,„d, starts .spi'i ,^r 
 
 KIMIS uv SWKIIKN (,.,■,,•,.,„,./,, Ki,„l^,./l;,,i,l) 
 
 '"'■ *''is sKh'u;;;":';;;':;''''"''"'''^''"'"'^ 'i'-^ '»fi'"^ 
 
 io-.>6, Ivlnmh.l c.ll.ivin,,.,.;^' 
 1U51. K.himiid Sleniim., 
 1056, Steiikill, 
 
 ■ ' i' \ 
 
 !ili: 
 
 F 4\ 
 

 iTT 
 
 
 
 
 IPP 
 
 ^^i^'iiJss 
 
 I 
 
 
 k ^l'« 
 
 ikilSwie 
 
 
 
 
 |f 
 
 i.<m^ 
 
 ^iVf 
 
 SWEDENBOllGIANS. 
 
 10G6 
 
 MWITHIN'S DAY, ST. 
 
 I 
 
 to66. Ilillsliin. 
 
 1090. lnj;o I. tilt' (io(Ml. 
 
 1112. IMiiliiJ 
 
 1118. IiiK" II. 
 
 1 1 29. Mwi'ikiT iir SiU'i-i'lccr I. 
 
 1155. 8t. Kric (X. 
 
 ii6i. Cliarlcs VII. : iiiiuli' in-isDiicr liy iiis succL-.ssdr. 
 
 1167. Cuunt)', Hull (it" Ki'ir I. 
 
 1199. SwirkcT or .Siu'i'i'liiM- II. ; killed in Imttle. 
 
 1210. Kric X. 
 
 1216. lolm 1. 
 
 1222. Kiii'XI. Ilw Sliiiiiim'ivr. 
 
 t25o. Hii'Ufi' .):iil, ivyiMiU 
 
 ,, ■\Viil.lciiiar I. 
 1275. MiiKiiiis I. Lii'liilns. 
 1290. liiiK I" II. 
 
 1319. Mutjuus II. Siiiiik ; ili'llii'diii'il. 
 1350. Ki'ic XII. 
 
 1359. MiiKiiiis ri'sliiii'il : il.'iMWcil H63. 
 J363. Alliirt iif MickliMiliiii'^ ; lli.^ tyranny caiii'es a re- 
 
 vult 'it l.is ^Mlijri'ts, wild invite Margiii'i't (if llMi- 
 
 miirk td till' tlirdiic. 
 1389. Miirniiri't, i|iii'cM (if .SK'.</( » (iik; Xiirvon iKiw also 
 
 lit Itniiiiiirl:. mid Kric XIII. 
 1397. [Uiiidn df (.'iiliMdi', liy Mhicli the three kingdoms 
 
 arc united under one sdvercigii.] 
 14:2. Erie Xlll. KdVeins illdlie ; deiuwcd. 
 1440. t'hrlst(i|ihcr III. 
 
 «443. Charles VIII. Caniitesiin, king of .Sweden only. 
 1471. Ilnlcrrcgnnin.l .Stcii Stiire, /'/cfcdoi . 
 *483. .Iidin II. (I. (if Dcnniark). 
 1502. [Iiiterregiiiiiii.] I 
 
 ,1503. Swante Htiire, Vri^tiuVu: 
 .1512. Mteii Stiire, I'ri'li'li'i: 
 1520. Chrislicrn, (ir t'liristian II., of Dennmrk, styled 
 
 the " Xei-d of the Xorth ;" dejiosed for his cniel- 
 
 ties. 
 1523. Gustavns I. Vasa ; liy whose valour the Swedes are 
 
 delivered fnnii the Danish yoke. 
 1560. Eric XIV., son ; dcthrimcd and slain liy 
 1569. .Idhn III., lirctlK r. 
 1592. Sigisniiind III., king iif I'dland, son ; disimtea for 
 
 the snecessloii ciinlinned the wliiile cf this 
 
 reign. 
 .1604. ChariesIX. lirother of .lolin III. 
 t6ii. Gustavns II. Addlplins, the Urcat, sdii ; fell at the 
 
 battle of Lnlzeii, 16 Nov. 1632. 
 '^632. [intcrregiinni, j 
 ^633. fliristiiia, daughter of Oiistavns. Hesigiied the 
 
 crown t(i lici cousin, 16 .Inne, 1654 ; died at 
 
 Hoinc in 1689. 
 1654. ClniMcs X. Gustavns, son of .lelin C'asiniir, eiinnt 
 
 Iialatine df the Hliiiie. 
 1660. Charles XI.,sdn ; thcarts and scic'iees Hourished in 
 
 this reign. 
 1697. Charles XII., sun : styled the " .\lcxan(lcr,"an(l the 
 
 " .Madman (if the Xdi'tli ;" killed at Krederieks- 
 
 hald, II l>ee. 1718. 
 ^718. Ulrica KIc.UKiia, sister, and her consiirt, Frede- 
 rick 1. hindgrave of Ilcsse Cassel, Ulrica lelin- 
 
 iinishes tile ci'dwii, and in 
 a74i. Frederick reigned aldiie. 
 «7Si. Addllihns Frederick (if llul.skin (loll<ii-i\ descended 
 
 frdiii the fMiiiily df Vasa. 
 .1771. Gustavns III. Addllihns, son; assassinated liy 
 
 eount Ankerslriim at a masked hall, 16 March; 
 
 dieil 29 March, 1792. 
 1-/92. Gustavns IV. Adcljilins, son ; dethroned, and the 
 
 government assumed liy his uncle, the dnke of 
 
 .Sndermania. 
 • 8oQ. Charles XIII. dnke of Sndermania. 
 
 ■ [Treaty of Kiel (1S14) liy which Xiirway falls under 
 
 the 'sdvereigntv (il .Sweden, j 
 f 818. Charles (.Idiiii) XIV. /.'( run.h.llr, the Freneli jirinee 
 
 df I'diitc Ciirvd ; died 8 March, 1844. 
 1844. ()scarl.,s(in ; liorii4.Inly, i7(;9; died 8 July, 1859. 
 tSsQ. diaries XV., son ; Imrn 3 .May, i8.!6 ; died 18 .Sept. 
 
 1872 ; a lioet ; lirave and inijinlsive ; nineh lie- 
 
 hived. 
 t872. Oscar II., lirother: Iiorn 21 .Ian. 1829; married 
 
 ]irinecss S(i|ilii.-i nf Nassau, ft .Inne, 1857. 
 //fir; (iiistavus, son, liorn 16 ,Iune, 1858: married 
 to Victdria (if Haden, 20 Se|it. 1881. 
 SWEDENBOKOIANS, or New JiTusnlcm 
 Churcli, (lie thdsc who iidopt the fheoloiiiciil teiich- 
 ings of Biimmu'l Swedenbors (horn at Stocklioliii, 
 i.j Jan. 1688; (lied i" I/)ndoii, 29 March, 1772). 
 
 He claimed to have had his spiritual sight ( iieiird, j.,,, I 
 to have liceii iiiti(idiicc(l into heaven and li..|| livij^. 
 Lord that he might discld.se their triie naliuc anil'i. 
 science of eoi'res|idndcnecs liy which the inn riial .,1., 
 of Scri|itiirc, which is the Word a.s il e.\,>t,s ji, , , 
 heavens, may he kmiwii to 1111 n : this he iljil j, ... 
 /liTO/id rii'lisliii and other works. 
 
 His disciples lirsl meet as an organized liody ii. I.i.i, 
 in 1788. 
 
 There were 70 churclies in (ileal liritain in 187;. 
 
 Their lieliel is that the .sole deity is eenticl ii, J.. , 
 Christ, in wIkuii is a trinity of essentials , Il,.itN.nj, 
 tidii is cllectcd hy faith and wiirks cdmliUKil ; tlm;,, 
 inan's smd is 'i spiritual liddy he will never ic-iii;:, ;;. 
 matcri.il liddy ; tliat the Last .Indgment \\:i,s d!, ' 
 in III" spiritual wirld during hwcdenlidig', lii.i 1 , 
 and that the Lord's Sccdiid Coming lias lalicn |i,. 
 through the revelatidU of a new system (it tnitli i: 
 the inner sense nf Scriiitnre. 
 
 The Swedeiilidig Wdciety instituted, iSio. 
 
 Tlie Mi.ssimiaiy and Tract Society of the New cii;: 
 1821. 
 
 Centenary of the estalili^hmcnt df the New .li'ii;s.i:. 
 ehureli eelelirated ill l.diiddn, 13 Aug. i8S(. 
 
 Death of the rev. .loliu rresland, alile Miiiji*'t, 
 l.dU(i(.iii, I .May, 1897. 
 
 SWEET- HAY, f.aiiri(.s iiohi/ix, waslii(iii;l.r: 
 tlu'se reiilnis I'l'din Italy licldre I.S48. /."»/".Mn'i: ,, 
 or Koyal Ihiv, was linui^ht rrom .Madeira in in:, 
 'I'lie Sweet- {•'cm hush, Oiiiijitoiiid (is/,/(iiil<,liii. 
 from America, 1714. l.iinynx iii/i/iri/iihi, i,r t-\ 
 Ghiuenu..- ' uirel, eamo from China in iKuO. 
 
 SWIMMING. Leandcr is said to have ma; 
 across the llcllespdiit, lietwecn .Seslos anil .\li\i;.., | 
 about one niile; and l.did Hyicii, and liiul.iiUi. 
 I head did the same, 3 May, iHlo. <Mi 24 Au.'., i.^;;, | 
 Jlr. Jolinson, styled the "hero of Ldnildii-lmiii'., 
 and swimininjf clian iiinii ot (he world, ;itteiii]ite;' 
 swim from i lover to Calais, hut was prcveiilcil ,1 
 eoM. He was said to have swum seven iiiiki', | 
 about sixty-live minutes. '• Swimming," by .Vrti.. 
 ■ hakl Sinehiir and Williiiiu lienrv (lliiiiniiiili,; 
 I.llirary), 1894, contains reninrkublo reenrds. 
 Piihlic swimming bath on the Thames (ipeiii'd, 
 
 6 .Inly. K-: 
 
 Capt. Matt. Wetib swam from lihiekwall to (inivt-. 
 
 I end, 20 miles, in 4 liiiuis 53 minutes, 3 .luly ; mil 
 
 I than D(ivertoCal;iis(22jiiiih's)iii 23 j lioui's, 24-2;, 
 
 Aug. 1875; di'dwiied wdiile attempting to ir(«s 
 
 the rapids df Niagara . . . 24 .Iiil.v, ili: ] 
 
 Agnes Ueekwith, aged 14, swam from l.diid"!, 
 
 liridge to Greenwich, 5 miles, in i h. 8 niiiii Si|.! ::.; 
 '•"niily I'arker, ai-'ed 15, swam fidiii l.dnddii lui.L' 
 
 to Ulaekwall, 7 miles, in I 11. 35 mill. . 4^1-1.,. 
 Mr. Cavill swam from Dover to Calais in 12 lidiirs 
 
 20, Jl .Vug, 1!,': 
 
 Miss lieekwith said to have swum 30 eciiitiiiiumi 
 hours ' 7, S Ma.v. lis j 
 
 Taylor wins the amateur swimming clianiiiiiiiblii|( 
 of Great liritain at IJinniiighain . ic,.\iis.ia| 
 
 Davis DaltdU, an Ameriean aged 38, swaiii (Hi liis 
 back aero.ss the Clianiicl, aei'diniianied hy 11 lilf 
 boatfidin lidiildgne to Folkestdiic 17-18 .\iii'. i!f| 
 
 Willie Ueekwith, an eiiiinent swimiaer, agni ; 
 dies ijUn. ra| 
 
 Boylou's (ipjiiini/iis, see under Lifr linat. 
 
 SWING, lietweeii 1830 and I.Sjj iiiiim Iff'l 
 
 stacks and barns were fii'ed in the rural ilislri'tii' 
 
 I Kiigland, and attributed tn iin imauinarv iwll 
 
 1 niuned " Swing." Many iK'r.sons were rauflil imI 
 
 punished. 'I he probiible eiinse wasdisiuitisbtUi«| 
 
 i the farmers and tlieir ck'luih'd labourer.'*. 
 
 SWISS GUARDS, Hoyal, in France, fcil 
 in 1O16; imissaered while delemling tlie liiileal 
 10 Aug. 1792; re-organised Sept. 1X15; iltlKiiij| 
 during tlie insurrectinii, 28 July, iS.iO, fe&| 
 by Charles A. Aug. 1830. 
 I SWITHIN'S DAY, ST., i.S .luly. St S«iiU| 
 I lived in the 9th century; and, having wal 
 
 ...iiiiii 
 
MWITHIN'S DAY, ST. 
 
 to llilVf ll.'lil Ills S|pilitllHl Sigllt . lull,, I „ 
 
 I'll iiiliuiliici'il iiitii lii'iivcii and li-ll l.v • . 
 Ill' iiiinlit ilisi'liisi' tlii'ir trill' iiiitiir.' iiin;. 
 i'in'i'rs|iiinili'Mi'i's liy wliii'li tlir iiiti inal ,.,]„ 
 Ill', whii'li is till' Wcii'il as it i'.\,>i.< ill,, 
 luiy In: kiiiiwii tn iiii ii : tliis hi- iji'l i.^ .,„ 
 rlistiii anil iitlu'i' wiirks. 
 s llrst iiiri't as an myunizcil limly ii, l.f.i,: ^ 
 
 rorlniri'lii's ill (iicMt llritain in iS;;. 
 is that till' suli' ili'ily is ci'iilri'il ii, Jf.^ 
 wliiini is a trinity iit cssi'iilii.ls ; tl,.it sa.vi. 
 I'ctt'd I'V I'iiitli anil winks ciiinhiinil ; tliati,, 
 I is a spiiitiiiil li"ily lie will iii'vi'i- n-MiniE ij. ' 
 ii.ily ; Ihat tlii' l.iist .)nilt;ni('iit «;i» 1 1!,,:,. 
 riliial wnrlil iliiiiii^' Mwi'di'iiliiir^''., iiiitj,,' 
 
 till' l.niil's .Si ml Cuiniii^; lias taki-n |ij,, 
 
 III' ri'Vi'liitiiin Ufa iii'W sysli'in nf tnnli |,, ' 
 
 si'iisi' iif.Si'riiitni'i'. 
 
 liur^ .Sui'ii'ty iiistitnti'il, iSin. 
 
 laryaiiil Tract «iii-ii'ty of tin' Xiw Uii;r' 
 
 if till' i'slal'li>liniriit nf till' Ni'W .Imiiiin, 
 li'liiati'il in l.iriiiluii, 13 Auk. I'ii}' 
 III'. ii'V. .liiliii I'ri'slanil, ahli' iiiiiiisiiT, 
 .May, 1897. 
 
 f-BAY, Laiirux iiuhidx, was luniijl-t;, 
 IS rriiiii Italy licliirc I.;4H. I.iiiini>iiiiim,\ 
 iiv, was lii-oii^lit IVdiii -Madiira in in;. 
 
 ■i''i'ni liiisli, t'oiiijitonia (ix/i/iiiijiiliii 
 
 rii-a, 1 7 14. I.diiiiis iKjiiiKidlo, „xti\ 
 uin'l, ('111111' fVimi Cliiim in i8(j0. 
 
 MIXG. I.I'iukUm- is said to liavosn'ii 
 llclli'spiiiit, li('t\yi.'('ii Scstiis ami .\lijii. 
 iiilc; and l-urd livicn, and liiul, fcE. | 
 U' .-aiiio, 3 May, iSlo. (Ml 24 An;'., i.vj, 
 m, styU'd till' "l.ci'o nf I.niiilnn-briiife,' 
 ling cliiin iiiiin of tlir winld, atti'iii|it«l:i 
 
 iniVL'i'fo Calais, but \v,is pri'vi'iitiil H I 
 was said to liiivc swum scmii iiiili,i;:[ 
 -five iiiiiiutcs. '• Swiniiiiin^:," by Arii. 
 lair ami William llcnrv (liiulmiiiiii 
 [894, contains ri'inarkalilo rcinrds. 
 iiiiiiif,' liatli on tliu Tliaincs oin'iii'il, 
 
 6 .Inly, I'-! 
 AVi'lih swam from Hliii'kWiill to (iravf- 
 ill's, ill 4 lioiiis 53 ininiiti's, j.liily; .ml 
 L'r to t'alais(224 mill's) ill 23 1 liiinrs, 24-25. 
 ; ; ili'iiwncil while uttc'inptiii'! tn rrnsj 
 * of Nia;;ara , . . -24 .Inly, ii':| 
 
 kwitli, aKi'il 14, swam fnim 1.iiib1"1. 
 .Jri't'iiwii'li, 5 mill's, in i li. 8 niin.i.'^t]i!. :;';! 
 cr, au'i'il 15, swam from London Ijii.l.'.. 
 .■all, 7 mill's, ill I h. 35 mill. . 4 .S'tl. 
 iwaiii from Dover to Calais in 12 limirs 
 
 20, 21 .\iit. li;;! 
 villi said to have swum 30 rniitiiiii'HK 
 
 7, S.May, lis I 
 1 the amateur swimining eliaiiiiiioiislii|i 
 iiritain at liirmin^'liam . igAiig.i^l 
 111, an Ainerieaii a^;eil 38, swain mi lis 
 iss the Cliaiinel, aei'ompaiiii'd liyalil" 
 
 lioiili'KOe to l-'olke.stone 17-iS A\i;. lifl 
 kwith, an eininent swiiiimer, wfi'A A 
 i3l>r. 
 
 jijxi I'll Ins, SCO under J.iJ'i' ISmit. 
 
 3. lictwccn 1830 ami 1833 mam; to' I 
 liarns were tired" in the rural distriitifll 
 and atlriliutcd to an imasiinaiy ptrsjl 
 wintr." Many iiersons were (.'iiuglit ail 
 I lie prolialilc caii.se was disputes btH'tlj 
 s and tlicir deluded laliuurers. 
 
 i GUARDS, Ho.val, in I'raii"'. Wl 
 niissaered while dcfciuliii.i,' the 'luilerAl 
 792; rc-orsaniscd Sept. 1815; Ji'IotI 
 L' insurreetinn, 28 July, 1830; 'ii-""' 
 iA. .\ug. 1830. 
 
 ;-IIN'S DAY, ST., i.S July. St.S*j 
 he 9th century ; and, h.iviiif.' Utn lil 
 
 SWITZERLAND 
 
 preoentor to kinff Etlielwulf, was made l.ishon of 
 Wini'liestcr in 852, ami died 2 Juiy 8(12 Tin 
 (raditiim states that it rained forty "days in eonso' 
 qut'ii.e 01 the proposed removal of His remain.s from 
 iiiri'livard to llie cut 1. .,,... " 
 
 JiWITZERLANDT 
 
 the chiiri'hyiird to the cathedral. 
 
 , S^VITZERLAND was in ancient times in- 
 hOite, by the llelveii,, ,,•/,„■/, ,,cc. The country 
 
 j uaseoloiiisfdhythe liomaiis after Osar's victory 
 ever the Jlelvetii in their invasion ot (iaul ;« 11 c 
 aiiJ the people were fjr.iduallv eomhined with the 
 
 I iioiimn.'i, and partook of t he fortunes of their eiiinire 
 
 J Till! canton Scliw. itz has -iven name to the w'hoU" 
 oonfcderacy. — Ihe iiresent national council is 
 fleeted every third year, at the rate of one meni- 
 lier for 2000 persons. The iiresideiit of the ce,,. 
 deration «l the 22 cintons is elected annualU- 
 ilie revised tederal constitution was voted 19 Vi.rll' 
 l,'j;4. See Jt,firniil,i,n.~[\,yHUUim. Dec. *i8(«)' 
 .',,ior,I7o; 1870,2,609,147; 1880, 2,846,102- June 
 
 I fS,«, 2,1,1 7.r.S4- H-yonue, i89o,'2:704,8sJ/:; ""' 
 
 peiiililure, 2,667,533/. ; l8y2, revenue, j'.ojS.doi; • 
 
 iX|ienditiire, 3,449,794. -• -^ '^"3 ' 
 
 "II,t..S«is.s CoiifiMeration," t,y sir F. (). Adaiii.s 
 
 and 6. 1). CuiiMinj,'liaii! ; iniblislie,! l,v Mae 
 
 iiiillaii lit to • 
 
 SWISS CONFKDKnATlDN OF 
 
 18S9 
 
 ■Sclialfhaiiseii 
 Appciizi'll 
 'St. (Jail 
 (ilaris 
 
 rreiliiirg 
 
 Tessiiis 
 
 I'ays de Va'nl 
 
 Valais 
 
 Ncnfchatel 
 
 Geneva 
 
 ofWwi.ss 
 . 4 Xov 
 
 L'ri, 1307 1 lirst I 
 
 ^I'lnviiilz > fi'dera- 
 
 I'lit'T^'alden ) tioii. 
 Ziirirli 
 
 IllTlll' 
 
 Liieerne 
 
 .Nilutliiini 
 
 Biiih' 
 
 'jrisiiiis 
 
 .(argau 
 . Tliiu-Kau 
 
 liMvitia rava{!ed liy the linns 
 lUiriiiin's .siiliji'i't to Germany 
 |i'riliiir„' Imilt hy Uei'thold IV. 
 llJf'iiit' liiiilt ....'** 
 TTyraniiy.if(;i'slei', heroism of Wiiliani' T.ll' and' re 
 
 v.ill(.l,Mii,. list rated to lie nivthical), dated' 
 k. 'iiWiratieii a),'ainst Austria ; declaration 
 
 , lllilr|H'lldl'llc''' ... .... 
 
 fri„. 11,11,1 „f L'ri, Uiilerwahli'n, and «ejiwvfz'*i;,,';,7e 
 a s*mudeh'nsive league and eovciiant for ever 
 I against the Aiistrians ; this is rcardeil -is the 
 [ fomiilatioii of the Hwiss CiMifederation , All" 
 i29i;s.iiil to have been ciailirnied by the' leaders' 
 W fjtaullaeher (ol .Sehwytz), Walte • F st 
 (In), and Arnold von Melchrhal (L'ntcrwalile ,) 
 .lewinnieil to free their eoimtrySron, a JorciLm 
 
 Vnulignaut fever earrie's oir,' ill tlie can'toii o7l)^s'le' 
 J 1100 persons .... ■>.>.sil, 
 
 |ormnfgi,veriiMieiit inade'iierp'etuai 
 |i'"|»ildof Austria .lefeateil at Mori.a'rten ',=: Nov' 
 lucerne joins the confederacy ' ^ '^"^■ 
 
 Ilic canton of Znricli, joins and beco'nies lieail 'of the 
 
 Jriip. Ulai-is, and Zugjoin ' 
 
 Iciiituna f.ina a perpi'tiial leaf," ,■ ' 
 
 ^'jpuH II. of Austria defeated and slain at .sV'iup,.;,'!,' 
 
 Aiistrians .lefeated at Xafels, „ April '^ l','^: 
 I make pwiee ... ' 1 '"• '3S». 
 
 liftirison.H league (see Ca./,/(.,) 
 
 Ni'l league of the Grisons 
 
 >tliirdli'iigi,i',,ftheUrisoiis 
 
 filtleoftit. .iacibs oil the Uir.s, near liasle 'rKV,^ 
 
 B'l aiil II,,. .Ill- pi' .' • 22 •lime, 1476 
 
 fe'£:fr' ''"'"'•'"'''''''' '^'v Of K^^?:; 
 
 F"»)liau I. emperor, aekii.nvledges .Swiss iiide 
 
 f""'™«'»"'iiasi.;j„inti„. „ ; • • 
 
 909 
 1032 
 117.J 
 1191 
 
 1306 
 
 IJ07 
 
 Conlederation of ,3 cantons 
 
 llie^^»,s,,nvade>.ila id ile^.t the IW'h ai '"^ 
 
 ,I)efeated by tiieni at Mariiriiano ■ ' ''•'i""'. ,, 
 
 , ,":;.h!T;:;;-^'- ^■-Kad«edi,yi4;^^a!;^i'-= 
 
 Ihe Uc|.,rMI;ili,i|| b,.,-ii|s ./t n.iJ' . t'l ,., • ' 'St6 
 
 pelli.dtor,.|i,e " "^ '''"■'■""': the b'shop eoni- 
 Thc |ii.f,,|.|,|,|||,,| 'i ;, ■ . ... ,3,g 
 
 I '■'■'^^'i'^'^^»-.ii Lille, 'and '::h,;:;:rd',';s^r 
 
 jTI,eUnsonlea,ii..s.|,,i,, „,,„,i^,,.,,,,^,,,,^^^^^^^^ 
 
 , ;\'',l;:;"*^'''.'i ^H'l'-otiier cantons ' ' ' ' '=*^ 
 
 ,,h|iti„i| u'lisdw'";,',.!,' '"'"'^l''"i'''' tlie town, 
 
 ll'liis cin:umsi;uii.,. uiv'c r\^,. 1 ' • ..' • '602 
 
 '•"MUllc„„„.,,|n,, ,r*- ,;,,'"" •" ;."' """"'1' festival 
 
 Ireh'|,i.nd..|„., , ■ VJV ■^"ll"'6'oni lyraiiiiv,| 
 
 ■^s:ksS !«■'""'''''''''■.« 
 
 1 '■'■■"''' ''"■^iH'ii-dit'.'.r ■, .'AtiK. .7.2 
 
 tions. ) ° "'""« ""- "' ""■"■ various con.siitu- 
 Allianci. with I'Vai 
 
 ":™i:';.;;;"::^^';Kr;iii;:;^::-''-"'--'-^;-'"^ 
 
 ioool,i;;i|jve (i|.iii.v,.,iu seek , , I ' ■ ■. • • '781 
 (see <;, «,,'„) "" 'i^vlnni in Ireland 
 
 Swiss fjiiardsoi'iii.ri.d^nipmK,:,,,,,,- ' • • 'ySa 
 
 'l;U.,..c^.;on.edei'a.io„ dissolved; its s,ibi„«aUo,;"'' 
 
 Ilelveii,in rcpiiblie fcnned' ■ ■ • • • '798 
 
 1314 
 
 ■315 
 
 1332 
 
 1 350 
 1351 
 '333 
 
 1386 
 
 1.389 
 1400 
 1424 
 "436 
 
 ■444 
 
 '477 
 
 1480 
 I48r 
 
 '499 
 1 501 
 
 Ilelveli,in rcpilblie fc'ined' 
 
 jwitzi.rlaml the s,.at or war '''•■■■■ 
 
 Ihe number of ,.a,„„„., i,,,.,.,.,,,;,,, . • ^ . ;. , ■ '799 1802 
 
 '"^tpni;!;;. ':''■'"'" ^' ■'-"' 'separate ,.^^,^'il^- " 
 
 8witzcrlaiifli,,i„»- France will, ;; ' ' '3''iily, ,, 
 
 The allies en- ered S i ^ ., , t?y ""'" ■ '* -^''W- 'Su 
 
 Tl-m,,,,li|.i.,,r,.,,;;::f-|;;; J -J<rnn|jo . .8,, 
 
 :ter::du:;:?;- 
 
 I im'tiams""""^"""* '"••"•"-•" 'I- cat holies ']^„i '^'° 
 I IJispilteabout theeon'velitsof \'.|,„.,'„ o' .' '^••°"4 
 I '"""■■"i"" i"'" tli" h''n is o t'h 1'.'^; ■, '^.^V ."' f" 
 I , 1"'^ " of the piotestant cai, „is ' ' ''" = 
 
 "-:d::^;y ';^-.;;i:sf'-;-,S'SSi' c " 
 '''soiv!^i;":;X-"'rii'"""*''"""'' »i'«">.-'i"t " 
 
 ;^!'«- '■'■deral stiintio,,': ' ■'■ ' ='•',^','y■ •• 
 
 rspnte about N,.,irch,iti'l(,c/„V/..«;) ' ''"''"• '^48 
 Oeclaratioi, of neutrality iil the coini'ny Italian war' '" 
 
 "tn'!os'a;'Vi;''""'Tr"" ••'■ "- «-- '--'"-v "'' 
 
 eld;:!;m;'l^""•''^"" ^"--'^ /orbid,orei,^ 
 
 ";;^s:t^-ov^:i^;;:r'^-'^ --'■- ^'"^^^^ - 
 
 ;;^;p-:arni;;ii':;;™-«--"--^^^^^^^^ 
 ;;^!o;i;;lin,::;:'^^;/';;;i;;;i^';,,!;r--t..e''i,a..,^^ - 
 
 Proposed Fiiropean cue I'ss t'„ ,' • 3" •'» .v. „ 
 "eiitnditv, pii't Mil : ""■"■ '" •"^■'"""'-' ««'l'"' 
 
 July, „ 
 
 
 hijeoi. 
 
 p\'Mm 
 
 
 ;h:>:^ . I- 
 
 ildfef 
 
,i\\ 
 
 § ; '■ 
 
 V" 
 
 
 k 
 
 k^ 
 
 'ki \ I 
 
 ill' 
 
 SWITZEULAXD. 
 
 lOliS 
 
 SYCAMOllE. 
 
 OUinis Mi'Htn.ycil Iiy 111-!' ■ ■ ; „„-,,i.|- 
 
 Uic Hwi«sIumm.n.iMl». vi,.l;.tiM,u.t tl.nr iHi-ilm-y, 
 
 Tivaty nf KraiMM. H,.tllrs tlir .i"!'«tl"ii "f .;.I''' .y",",^'; 
 ,l,.s |l;ll.|"« I'V lllllllial irsslnll of trnilniy . I" 
 ,ili, ,n wni-ks to 1,. roimtn.rt.Ml vn trm or • 
 
 3 May, 186, l>,.Htn»'tivc Htonii^ in tlic I'oor.'^t 'li"t'|'^«*' "_;|^'';' 
 
 ,lislivss o-.jAh^, l;^ 
 
 {;ulwav A.tM.'mI iifai- Hal.' ; l.y tli.' colbpN. „i ,, 
 l.ri.uV srvml rairiaK.'H of an rx.'ursio.i timi, 
 »vir tliroKll iMio ll.l' viviT llirsi'. Almvr ;, 
 ! |„TsoMs iKTisli . •,•.■,. .,'^ •:'""■■ lis 
 
 ci'.liil ; sigui'il 
 
 8 Dii'. i86j 6L«'tli iiiiiiiviis 
 
 iirv'il til'' tniniilatioii of lln; Hwi: 
 
 (•,mr.'.l(iii(ioii f.'l,\a-al.-a ni Ih,' imouu.t ,,t 
 Mrhiiwn'nii.toiiofli.Miir.lotalU Imnit . ..l,;ilH ' 
 
 aliout 2,ttKi r<'i's"ii« li"""'"" • ■ "Y ■ - 
 I'lvsi.U'iil, A. A. I.arli,ii,il . . • ' •I" , 
 Hill for L'iviiiK ill'Ct loll" popular voir. I Jul;, 
 " 11 n'lni tiTo ri^l.t of tlo; p.;;pl" to tv.k,. ,1,, 
 
 iniliatiu' in rni.stiti.tioi.Ml ivloniw, fousi.l.iMl 
 
 l,v till' national i-oiiii.il . . ■ 7 H"' , 
 
 I),' v.. Wrlti, p.vsi.l.iit ol l,r .•onU'.l.-i-,ai.u. 
 
 rr-ii-ns in< s..,p„M»M. of a pl.-lnsnto on t H.. 
 
 B;rir;.i::^:..;nots-at(i,.n,.va,«i.h ..loo,lHh.M 
 
 ... Ans,'. itV.l.Taltioopsamvr . . '•'■' "^ ^- gft^, 
 Ffil.Taltr.iopsiOi t llon.'\a . • ii.ian. 1B05 
 
 lnt.'n,ati ,1 .Social JSH.inv ron,-,vss .n,..t-.^^«t 
 
 U I'vi's'i'ai ol' tlir ■.■oH.sIilnlion ; ■.IcIiUw'ations^ IhWII 
 Srai-lv all tlic rovisc.l artiib's of tlir fnl.-i'al sti- 
 
 J ,T St.l,lWM.UTt,..l|.vrsi,U.nt . . ..Inly, 1SC7I nSVt' aai'-'llas'''''''' ''"*'*" '"''3?,, , ^ 
 
 ^''--•••^ '""••■'- ' -■^^" 'tr-W: .. JM. wall..,, nans..,., pr..si,l,.,,, . . "■ '^^'f-k 
 
 M.e,in«of„n.,V,l,.,-a,ass,.n,.„y . C-^ ^^ •^'^S Tln;..on,,,.,-,.iaMn.a,i.s w,,^ 
 
 .:^i^:j;.^'i,;^i;v.;;oi::::y:;:n;si^n.'.:nao;.iainn.. ^ ;;;i;;;-;;:i;;':;:L:'i^;i;i;r;''^':'';;:;;|;£', 
 
 New co„stltn,i..n a.lopt,..l by Znriol, . .S April ,80, H.jj.rtion i;lJ^'Jj;l^::X>^:Z i^^ri'v^'.^ 
 
 Till' Ki-i.|n'li aiinv nn.lor ChiMliant (84,000), oionM s ;.'. , . , , . , ,,,. ,,,„ ^„,i^^ ,.,,„i,.,l,.r:,t;„. 1 
 
 tl[olVonlii-isali.l i-.lis:iniii'.l . ,•,.•, i l'''"- '»;> 
 Tl,'. l-'r,.i„l, sol,h..,> uitn-iu.l at /nnoh, a.,.l "ppo^c 
 
 li..|-niaiMl.in..nMnit.on.^ . • ^.9'-'-^"'- •• 
 
 Kxt.aonliuaiy s,-sM..n ..( tin' hM.Tal asM-nil.ly to 
 
 revise the i-onslitntion o.>oi, ,, 
 
 I.le\i-<-ite ivspeelinjia new eonslitntion, re-oi-an- 
 
 " .ili,' tia- a,' ny, an;i p.on,o.iM.. """■■;;'";;;•;";;. 
 
 tion, ^.e. n,ie.te,l l.v n>a,,or,ty o, 4.^.7 _-^;.;;'_ . 
 
 SCMj.gai ..." • I 
 
 I' lillU'l' , Mill 1' .-* 'Ml 1 ■■ .■• •■ n. ■ . 
 
 Cai-l Hehenk piesi.lent of Hie ^wi'*'* eui,l.-.lera,; 
 
 ! iMl. , 
 
 Exti-em,! soeialists Mefi.ate.l in national elerti.ii-, 
 
 CjI. Eiiiile Krey el,.(.te.l pn.M.l.'iit of lie' >».■. 
 eonfeileratioii for 1804 . ■,.•,■ '*," ■ 
 \ ..tale loaii of 2o,o.x>,oo<J t. anllionzeil j- Ih , 
 i),.ereefor a leferemlnn, respeetiny represei.tiii,,. 
 I I4wilzerlai]il ala-.mil 
 
 M?K!;;'?een.a.e„ioe;ns,rnetan.i,n;.|.„ro,^,,St. ' , M._^.np eleete,U,re.,,,.n. ,,f ,.,e eonM,.,.,,,._ 
 TiIm ':;;:; :nn.^:rM:-HXeM:e.ie,. ■.^■.aii;,873iA .;.;ane„.«wHS liberal eo„„nere,a. a...; 
 U.viseA fe.leial e..nMitnl ioi, votul (3^'.«7" ';.";• . ' CaHSelienk, 6 tiines president of tUeeontV.I ■■ 
 
 «w^^;;:;sr:a^in.ie e.,n,vi; -imtea .;,n^ „ ■■ 
 
 ,g fallioli,. priests ,l,.pnve,l lor >eln>al to tak 
 
 eon>tiluli..n:.loalli • • ■ , ■ ' i " ' '■ " 
 
 Il,te,nali..lul p.istal ,.on;.Tess at lerne, '5^^' ;• 
 
 i.rotoi ol si.'Ueil (see imslnl e..ii n il/m/i) q l'< I- •. 
 
 CM\ .narria.; law an.l ,v„istration a-l.'l'te.l by u-i.- 
 
 versalsnttVat:ei2i2.Ss4 204.7«i> ■ „■ '^V .,' 
 p i,.,,,o,,bei,a.ionale ••">-■■"'->;-- ,«„ 
 
 Onit , n li'lielieH'in .■evvn.te.-annonnee.l ,6 >1an.|,, .87^ 
 V),. of .lames Kazv, eininent stati'sinan. No\ „ 
 XaHonal voting for St. (iotbar.l, i-ailway a.nl tnnnel 
 
 ileatl, by an aeenlent •,.,,,, 
 M. I.aelienal, of (ieneva, ni.heal, eleete.l |.r..M,. 
 
 for iByt) . • . ,•.,.• ■ • ",' 
 NatiiHial exiiibition opene.l at (.eneva . iM 
 
 Uailwav ti'aliie snspend.'il tliioni:li lloiMs. r.]. ■ 
 
 II A .. 
 
 rrof. Omiiei-t anil 2 yui.les killeil on tli..;;, 
 while ileseeieliiij; Hie l.yskainin, nea. /.■■<«.: 
 loSejit. ; aiul Mr. (iillierl liet.ie.inann km..: 
 the(:riiulelwalil;;laeier • • • ,' y' 
 
 M Vlolplie Deuehel-, la.lieal, eleete.l piwulri,, 
 
 ■ .3..7 "''^ 
 
 (i6i,c' J majority) 
 
 '9 
 
 Il'aiV ,879 M.'unllv,ra.l'ieal,'eleet;-.l pivsi.h.ntforiSgS,.;!'. 
 ,iuii. ic/y ._.,....'..:.,. .1 ,11^ ,..,i,.v 1.., Mt WnKlS'll, ;.N 
 
 ArehieuloKieal iliseover.es at A\ m. is'h, 3 ■ V 
 
 iSgy; an ancient Honian lio...pilal, e,., 
 
 , Aiii,iii to Zniieli iliseoNt'i'eil . ■ • • ■ 
 
 2„ =,Mav, .882 : •r.avellin.-lVon, li.,sletoI.ona.m(5r,5'"'l-l 
 
 ' plkslie.! in i4ln.s. 35inins. . . . 
 
 SuidiVe ,,f Ueir Aii.l.'rweit,' the pieshlent '^''•^■J.|^^,^^ _ 
 npeninK of St. (iothanl ■■ailway f'""^^^^''';'^,;;; 
 
 InlSmot the'salvation'arii.y Orhkh .r.j.'autnml.; 
 
 ^as' mn.-h resiste.1 at llenie.t M-neva, A-e. ,.Ian . ( .s. .;. 1S84 
 Tin v^ateb'tool ,nakin« village, Vallorbes, ahn,;st 
 
 x;^i::;;;?;:^i:mi;;onat/nrieh .• .May-^zi;;;;;: :: 
 
 .-Kr:;\i;...;-fe.,siei..^ ^ 
 
 SWOllDS. The U.. inn 11 swords «,ri;:i 
 to 50 iiielies lonir. ■llie l.r.inlsword aii4 -.i;i.'i 
 uf "iiiodeni nd.iption. liiiniasens steel >», . 
 most vrize.l ; the next tin- sNVonl .d hjr 
 Tlie Seot,.h llislihmaei-s, li-.'in the arunora 
 
 *'']Si:;;j;;'w;i::'di.:.^di;.r;r;n,:.iWaoi,eratioi, 30 
 
 N"V. nee.p.esi,l,nt >'— "-ainnn-r elee..! _^^^ 
 
 Trc..n'a,i •.ov,;,nn.;nt j'^^lif ,';^:;,?^„^'r 
 ..viinlsion of IS pohee olla-ei , «oni„inHiin, 
 ^ Sw tzerkmd, May ; the w.-eat I"'"-'- i;':';: 
 test a.'ainst the asvluin j.'iveii I.; j.cd.tn.ai 
 I, M .ir..o" ,, ..j...,^^, „.,,,„, ^|, new e^al measures, 
 Snne ; S^^^^u^'^'''''^^ .ep.^s the charKe, 
 I, ' -n-pares lewd ,ne,,s,ues foi- redi-ess . ..,ie, .8S9 
 
 Thes'vis'-.ven.nent „, a ,..ply ,.ote to^Iieilm, ^ 
 
 ,..rt'2^:™x;.c«.f.-a,n:sto-snpply,n^wa.a,>slor 
 
 „, Kede>-al troops, -"-'■;'";'„,,;;;',J,'>,3']',;,";, „ 
 M"u;;:honneteh.eted President Pa- ^o^^^^j^^^^^ ^_ 
 
 The hu-e sword shown at l)uinliait.in« 
 WaUiiec's is iissorteil t.. lie one ot UmnV 
 Tlie lii-oadswor.l was lorhiddeii to he woriiiv 
 bui'gh in 1724. 
 
 SYKAIiIS,atireekeohu,yinS.It:.!y.: 
 nhnut 720 li.c; th'stroy.d hy the C oMi;-^ 
 ,10 ll.f. The lieolile were greatly adilntol. . 
 hi'iiee the term Sylmrite. 
 
 Arel, loLdeal investiwitions disclosed evj.te 
 
 of the existence of a great city and oiv.toJ 
 anterior to the (iieek Inva.sion 
 
 SYCAMOHE. ".• SYCOMORE!] 
 
 In Mrs, Jiiniesoii's " Memoirs ol !-.»= 
 reigns" we are told tliat Mary ilii« ■ 
 
 
 
 111 
 J I 
 
SYCAMOKIi. 
 
 ■tiVf HUmU* ill till- liOOIVnt lliBllU't-', iMIUii 
 
 ,.«s i8--.,A.i^. :: 
 
 V \,rlcli'Mt. luNir Hall' ; !•> Uu' c■(.U:^|^■■ -i , 
 
 rV SrVITlll rnlTiiWS nf Mil (Xi'lllMHll lIM. 
 tl.lnWll llll" till' li^''l- I'll-*''- •^'" V ■ 
 
 MispcHsIl . . ■•.•,. ,,'''!'*■■■ 
 
 „„uiv,.isa.-,v.l 111.' rmui.liiti.m .il tli. su .. 
 Vii( niliiiii CM'li'Uiiil.'.l ill liii' I'liivih., I 
 
 )inv'Miitnii'>n»i'ni''.'"''il'> '""'"'■ ■•'■■''<■•■ 
 n a.'cKKi I crsiiii^ liniii'l'-^s ■ ■ - "" 
 .■ill. A. A. l,u.'ll.ll,ll . ■ . I I''; 
 
 „■ ^-ivili;,' .llicl 111 til.' l...imllll Yit.^.. .Ii;i:. 
 n.l,,;.. tlir lij-'lit "f tin; I'.-pl'' ti. t.ik,. l; 
 ,„tivc ill cuMstitutiiiiiMl rcliiiiiw, (•"ii-!.li ! 
 li,. iiutiiiiiiil r"Uiii-il . • ■ T li"' 
 
 •■ Willi. IilvM.l.llt 111' till' (•(lllll'il.'l.ltl 
 
 /•MS in. s,.,,ii.M„M. of 11 lili'lii«-it.' ...1 c 11.,., 
 
 isiim to imioliiis.' tlu' Svvist milwiiNS 
 
 "^ ' ri'iim-t.'.l S Itf 
 
 iiMiT lliiuscr, iiivsjili'iit . . -1 Jaf.i 
 ,,i,„i„.iriMiHriilii'«willi(i.Tiim"vali;l Aii-li:,,, 
 
 imiliv: ,,f.nivlli.'-tal.^i<;..iinnl ..to, 
 
 lii-.' lit (iliiiili'lwal.l, li.'ar llil.-rlai'li.'i. ; tl. 
 II' h.it.'l, till' Klij:li-li cliiii'i'li, II..' l"!',!.;;; 
 ,,. ,,i,.l .itli.T l.iiil.lin:-'-' il.>slr.>,v''.l ; •-'!»..■■ , 
 ilii"!', 2,<«>..i«-») ll'ali.'s . . ■ !■ •\..' 
 ■ti.^ii ur til.' Kniiii'ii • Swiss (•miVl'lltl..|; ;, 
 
 „l, lutil'S 1111 KrcMl'll H.l.l'ls llllTrtlM.l. I.I,, ,J 
 
 Scli.'iik iiri'si.l.'Utof Uif Swiss cuiil.-.l.Ta;:. , 1 
 
 .iiici soi'ialists .l.-fi.'iti'.l ill iiatiDiial .l.'.'t! -.. 
 
 Eiiilli' Frcy I'l.a'l.'.l i.r.-i.l''iit .if Hi' >».- 
 iri'il.'fati.iii li.i' iSq4 ■ •,.•,• '< , " 
 It.' Ii.aii (if TO.i>x>.«jo I. aiilluinz.'il /• ii" 
 ,.,. f,,r il i-i'liTciiihiiii ri'siii'ctihj; i-i'lir.-<.'i,tai ::. 
 Switz.'i'laial alir.ni.l . . . ■ ^ "'' 
 ,.„ilM'li'i't.'il l,l■..sl.l.■llt..llll•■^■.llll..l•'l'>ll"^■: 
 
 , ' 1 . il- 
 
 ■'riiii-ii-Swi-is lil'ii'val I'.niiiiii'ivial aurcraa;, 
 ,,,,,,1 . . • • 2-,.htf.i 
 
 'Si'li.'iik.fi tiiii.'s iir.'si.l.'iit.iftlii'i'onfi-il.TiliK 
 atli l.,vaii ac'ci.li'iit . ■ ■ ■ "■''■■h. 
 /ii'hiMial, 111' (li'lii'va, va.lu'al, I'l.'i't.'.l \'\i'*t'A. 
 1- o o . . . ■ * . 1 . Il" I 
 
 i.n'ia'l I'Xliiliiti'iii iil"'ii'"l ''• *"'"";•' • ' ^1 
 wav li'allic siisii.'ii.l.al llirmitili Hn'i'ls. \"i.;'.- 
 
 11 .\ .; 
 r Oriiiit'i-t ami 2 i;'"''.'^ Uill.'.l .m t!..-::.. 
 liil,. (l..scM.ii.liiiv: tlif Lyskaiiiiii, laa. /.'iii.,:;, 
 , f<i'lit. ; iiii.l Mr. (lilli.'i't li.a.ii.iaaiiii l^ln. 
 i(. Criii.'l.'lwal.l t;lari.'i- •, / , • ,' 
 \,l.,lpli.i DtnidnT, la.lii'al, .'lia-tiHl i.ivsi.lvi 
 
 ; ' i;i^'l 
 
 Unllv, ra.l'iral.i'li'ctlM liv.'si.lnil rnr i%i. lil'il 
 ■lawiiiKical .iis.'.iv.'i',.'. at W in. is>'l., ^. V.I 
 8,7; an aiK'i.'iit Human liospilal, el.-., i.i 
 liirii'li ilisi'iiv.T.'.! . ■ ■ ■. ■•''■■ 
 .v.'lliii;; I'roiii liaslct" l...n.l.in (s^jmili's-i:,,"; 
 
 .lisli.'.l in i.tliis. 35 mi"'* ' 
 
 SWOllDS. Thr U..nmM sw..r.ls wii, fr* 
 ;o iiu'li.'s l.iiii:. 'I'lic l)i'..iHlsw..nl aii.l-.i:i./ 
 Mindcni ii(l.)lition. Uai.msnis stc.l -w.:ii 
 .St pri/.'d ; the next tlir sw.ml nt I'lrnnl 
 „. Sci.t.'h llinhlaiulcrs, Imin lli.' ai-titinili' 
 
 I'Vrrani, .alk'il their sw.a'.ls Ji<ilr.,r t- 
 ic larn-o sw.inl sh..\vii al l)nMili;iit.iirt< 
 'illii.'i''s i.s asstM-tf.l t.) be .mc ot LdwanJll 
 ic liniailswoi'il was I'm-lii.Uli'U tn lie wonu; 
 ii-gh in 1724. 
 
 HYBAKlH,atim.l<c'i.l.n,vi,.S M 
 Kuit -20ii.t'.; ,l,.sti-.,y.'cniy tlu' C.'l.'iuJ 
 
 10 11. 1'. The pcililf wen' -riatly ail.h.tnl.." 
 ■iici' tlif t.Tiu Syliai-iti'. 
 r(.lii.'..l.i}.'i.-al invest ij,'ati..i.s ilisclnseil eviWI 
 .,1" til.' exisfii.'.' ..f a Kmil city aiul cmlusil 
 anlOTiiir tiitliedrt-ek luvasinn . 
 
 SYCAMOEE. "1- SYCOMOEEI 
 
 11 Mrs. Janu'soirs •' Mi'inoirs ol hm\ 
 eigiis" Nvc are told that Mary queen H 
 
 HVDXEY'. 
 
 UKil) 
 
 Ir'.uirlit iivcr frmii Kraiirc a litHi' sv.'inn.irr tri'i' 
 Ijil.h sin' I'lalllcil in the n-.irdcii at ll.ilvi'.i.ai, aiiii 
 lh;il friiii Ihis liiivr spniii!,' all tlm lii'iiiitirnl (,'r.ivi's 
 l| jyi'iiiii "ri' M.iw 1.1 ij.' ^1-. II ill Siiillanil. 
 
 JhYDXEY, lapilal ..(' .Nru S.iiitli Wales; ' 
 
 fcimtli'.l liy jT'.veni.ir l'liilli|j, ,,11 „ ,.|,v,. ,„| |i,„., ; 
 
 Lksiiii, 20 Jail. I-S.S, as ;i liriijsji settlenieiit l..r ( 
 
 bi'i'.iloiiy.if i'.ii!vii|s.ii'i..;iii,-i||viiit,'ii(|,.|l (■„,. ij,,,,,,,^. ; 
 tv. It was ii'ii:."cl alt, r l,.r,l Sydncv, .seeretary 
 Irtlic .'.leuies. r.i|.i,lati.iii i.Siji, ^,S0,4(jo. See 
 
 Mlv'/'d/w, .1. " ■'^'illl/l //,//-,<, C'jlivicl.l. 
 
 Li,'i<laTiv^'.'..arii-il llrsi Iim|,| . i^July 1820 
 
 k.|ii.vin'i'li-l iui.. a lii^l^iii.iii'(,iri<i'w,ii(|s,-in areii- 
 
 l'""'"!'"'''' .. ■„ .' , ' ,'■. . ' ■ • ■ 'S16 
 |niillij,Ms, the nr,,t iil.u'.' sii 111 III Australia, .May, ig,, 
 
 t!ili.i{i Ml' Australia made l.iisliii]i nf Sydney aiid 
 
 l"''""!'"''"'!' , , 1647 
 
 biuiMty l.iaii.le.l ^^r^ 
 
 Imaii l.'iitlioli.' I'atlie.lr.'d l.iiriit. .■iml valn.-'il.le pr,,'- 
 ■l.'rt,vri,-<ti'"Ve.l .... 20, lime i,S6= 
 
 ■siti-l liy 111.' .hike .i| K.linliin'Kli . [.'eli. iSm 
 
 IPiirt.Iii.'ksnii III' iiaihiwly I's.ape.l as.sassiii.'itiiin ■ 
 Bi f'arr.'ll, a Kiaiiaii. wli.i shut liim in the Imrk un' 
 lij.Miri'li, w.iseiinvieled.in3i .Mareli, an.le.ve.'iited 
 
 ItMliik.' siiil.'.l I'.ir I'liijtlan.l 4 Ajii'd, ami arrivid " 
 
 I , , , , 26 .Il , ,, 
 
 Iwratli.'.lral .'.in--.'.'i'.'il.i| (o N'l.v. 
 
 luaiiatiiiii >•( .'.'lilt. Clink's niiMinment lai.l liy l|i|. 
 ll,ik.'.ifK.linlMii'-li .... i-s .Mai-eli, ,8r,u 
 Ji'.jiif.'ieiii'e 111 delegates I'riim the Anstndiaii 
 
 li'liiiies iii.-l 1 I'.ir .■nsl.iiiis, p.istalan.l railway 
 
 |iiri».~.'S. wilh.inl .-Heel . , . , j.„; ,3 
 
 |hii,i(i..i]s..|..'M.d h.-i'.'. April. 1S73, and 11 April, 1874 
 llilaill (.'.... k's slallli' IUI.-. IV. 'leil , . 2 Keli. 1873 
 
 i-riiatieiial .'xhiliiliiHi ii|iem'il hy tli;' yiivei-mir] 
 ifi \- l-"h»s ,7 .Sept.' ,870 
 
 ,rtlall»ay p. .Mell I'll.' .'.inipl.-t.'.l . '.Jiiii,,, lll^, 
 
 li'iii li.ii'iy .■-.'iial.'.l l.ish.ip lit .Syilm-y ami " "" 
 
 _i>'li'*.|i.']ilaii 1 .l.-iii. i^'o4 ; resi;;iis, . " . ' |j|.f.^ jgg^ 
 |tlill,i;< ..r I'l.V.llists iippiisim; the hnllle lull' 
 lii'L'ati's(.Mr. Dill. iii, sir 'rinuMas Ksinnmle and 
 
 i)', :i,'a,<,v. .M.r.'s) 'ji,n. 3, 
 
 llli at .sv.hi.'y ,.!■ Mr. .1. H. Watsnii (a-ed 64) 
 Vnii'iiili" Ausiialiaii ■■yniil/ Ke.'f KinK,"sai.l 
 bliaiv li'it 1.1 his laniily ali.iiil 3t>,oco,cxx)/. the 
 isiiliM.r ^-'.M ili^.i;;ii,L; Ml llemlii;,!, Vieturia, ami 
 lli.r iila.'is ali.l uf railway ami nthei- spi'i'iila- 
 
 "I-* allnllt l;.. .Illiy, 
 
 , rill. Ill Willi, nil .'^aiuii.ire/ Smith, D.I)., an- 
 Aiiiin"! as the new liislmp and iiielrDpuliiVin nf 
 ■tistralia, g Aus;. iiig. el. eied 21 .Mareli 
 1 . , . , i.ii'l'ived joS,.|it. iSqo 
 
 Ef of men eniin.'ete.l with shipiiim;, ahinit 
 y.r. i'..ii.irli'.l 20 All;,'. ; ri.itiii),' in Newcastle 
 KK."li.ymiIil,iiy .... 27 Aiij;. iSgo 
 fi'r.'i..'- Ill Aastrahan einplnyi'i's, 9 Sept. ; 
 ii.iiii'i'.iia'iri'he.i . . . ii-;4 .Sep't' ,, 
 
 It lir.. ill I'lit-str.'.t .'iiid i.th.'r streets; esti- 
 
 ■r.'il .tiiii.ii,'.. 73Q^^xxi' I Oi't 
 
 f"! f l'"'.l farriiiHt.in : tunnel il..|noii.stra- " 
 
 ni 111 liis liiiM.iiir Xiiv. 
 
 llnk.'praeti.'allv el.ised . . s N'nv' " 
 
 l!<t;..iiufllie..arl„f.le,s,.y . . ' ,/,i,i„; ,^' 
 
 ■iiiK III tlie Nai al Australasian Keile'ratiou 
 
 |iiv,'iiii.,ii,s,a..-i„,,^„;„.<,'„ . . 2 March, „ 
 
 .SYIUA, 
 
 •TIO.VIOV. an impiuved 
 
 (nnii of the 
 
 ""il.si.al hiiv run!,,. ,,',,' ' ""'"i "f thi 
 
 """■^i-..,iie,iU^l,,;|;„ir;';;:;!";^j'""o' .iMre 
 -S',:!':>i!,'^'™^.;r:w ,.. 
 
 K.''a,^;^!^':^•^;|•il'•':;;:/^i;;.';-•".^l^),aen„. 
 
 ii»-*.'inhlv is In.l.l ,...'. 1':'':"" H'"''' wliere surh 
 
 ,„ . II . , " '""•■■, ail t 
 "■-'■iiilil.v IH held l.ir reliHii, 
 
 ! tl 
 
 iliv 
 
 the.se ini'i'liii.s w.-re hi's h, ; l""l""*«.' When 
 
 '•;■'■;■'• then, t,: 111,, ill ,':',|; ; ' ''"v;""".; .-nme 
 
 "j-it.v. iM .),'n,sa|e,i w . 's "^'''.^■'"■"»l' ca,,. 
 
 |,«.si the,-,, wen. in L 1 , ,1,;' '^^""^"'*'■||'■■<. in 
 
 Knslui.d ami Wal.'.s 5.^"" ,,, '' '^^";'«■■■"'"■'<■ i" 
 --',i,s,.,..i,,..,,,,^.>^i,,;^-^..;.;.ts,.,^,^^ 
 
 fc^!n!^™,:;;;;;^7:!'>•''^•^■•■f-ndi,.s. 
 ''■""i^"-v,;;.,i,: Vhi ,;:''\:''''''^'''''^ = '''« 
 
 :''v^S.*,^^:a,l,l'i.!V';;^;;r;;:,X;''H^-'- 
 
 ''.'t tli^-P'Te.iltiinal,iv „',,,, 1 .'^•'•■''' l"-""'^>8; 
 
 ' '"» li'tfiles nsnallv pr, ij. .'";,'"'"■'•'■. "'i'' of 
 
 ! '"'-t >mti.ii,al svi„-|,l lei, , V„T ""'"■''''• '''lie 
 
 ''"''l, (>7V, tip. Ysw 1 I '-'"'"' "■■■'«■" Hert- 
 
 :'55v>}ade;,ili;::.,;i', ; ;:>;,;;-ii-iii-iiiei, 
 
 NYXpXYM, .. w„nl liav 
 
 , il 
 nd 
 
 Ihe .same or 
 
 .ni-arly th," s^.n^ m .a,:i" .,:""'^, """ ^'"i'" or 
 : courage. Hunks „f' V 1^ ..H .a' l"'"'' "" ^•"'""■■. 
 : oarly c niidk'd. (i. ,',;,.'' ^i' ' ' '^^ ■>'">>•■"■-' were 
 l;«l(; I'r. 1'. M. K,,:; 's ;, ,. "l^^il ''Ulieared, 
 lin.^lish \Vor,ls an,l l'lin,s,!s ' ' 8 -j ^'""'""•"^ «f 
 
 iiitro- 
 but 
 
 1^ Y I'HILIS, a lUsi'iise sai,l t„ I..,,.. 1 
 ''"'■-I i"l" l';..i'up,. at the ie..e,d^'', ,''?'" "' 
 ^vaspr.,bal,lyknUv„,,Mh'.aM,tds' ''^^^^ 
 
 r.5?I^-'^Kv^,!;d::;ii:^':;:i:;fr!?yA.'ehia, 
 
 P LL.VBl'S OF EURORS in modern times. 
 ■|araL;raiihs divnled iiitu 10 ,'liapters, i.ssiieil by 
 
 ! Tills I.V., with ail encyelii'iil letter. 8 Deo. 
 
 L It riiii.li'inned heri.'.sy," iiioilern jiliilii.sophy' 
 ■iii.'1'alisii, in p.ilitii's; w:i.s forbidden to he reiid 
 *iii. h I'liiiri lies, and was generally opposed, but 
 
 ill "lited hy the council at Kome 1870. 
 
 I'.yPilOXrES. Short pieces of inatru- 
 ialiiubii lietweeii soiifrs in operas; early in the 
 ■('.nmry.^ These were .i,'radually dev, 'biped by 
 "at nia-fero, ^.m-ji 1,3 LuiJi, into iiuieoeiideirt 
 ; lit th.ise the symphonies of Corelli, Handel 
 |rl. llayiln, and lieethoven are oininont 
 ■lili'j. 
 
 ''innah;;'!';:;:^'''''^-----'!-!- 
 
 li.'taken In- ,.,„|„, |{, ,, ; j^, ; • • • . 878 
 
 l'-f".ye,l liyea,ll„pr,k,.s i 1 1 j,„ •„ • i '"S8 
 neirly .hsti-iiyi.il '^l-"''"'- i"'.^ ; and 
 
 NVaiiuliiaiiii',;,,,,"' ^^'''•■"'"' .sui'i'.'ndeie.l |„ ,,;, '^' 
 
 ll.;ni [ills onii, ,|||,i,,„t ,.ity ,liscovei',.,| In- D,'\n''i "*^' 
 at r.iiit,ili|..,, ivp,ir(|.|| -' '"• "Is, 
 
 l'ii,'tli,'rdis,'uv,.iiesi',.pui'te,i ■ • • !?«•• '895 
 
 iSYREX, .see .Straw. ' " ''' '•^■''' '897 
 
 .'~<Y'RI.V, 11 country of W tsi-, ru . •. , 
 "rimiiallv l»anias,.us but ,V; ■' ( V, ■''"'"' "'"^ 
 Seleucu.s-fo,i,„b.,l .liili'.id! "'" ^'''^' ""!«"''. 
 
 Allh.n..eofDavi.lki,i,,,fIs..a,'lanilI,i,,,,i,i,,^,,f 
 
 Syria c lUcri'il by D.iviil ' ' ' • 'i-O. 1049 
 
 l.ilieratcil liv Rezin ' ' " • • 1040 
 
 ■|;;;;|;;;;i;;;Uin«uf Syria,, ..Ikes war, a, ,he-,,e„.s " t, 
 
 lr;ae:;;;!;;a,.,:,\:;>Jii:;;i'i'H.ese,.,kin«o,.v^ 
 
 And by Alexamlir' ,' ''•••• 537 
 
 SVlenens .v;r„(,„.,.„t,,,.sii,.||,v|„;| ' • • .333 
 .fcra of tl,,' S,'l,.ui.|,hi. („./,,, /,■,„,,,) ' ■ ■ • • 312 
 
 yv;ui:;;^.:''^!.h:n'ii;!'::;i:r;!;---i;;;-'-afe,^ •• 
 
 Ihe ,',ly ot Antiiu'l, f.,iiii,i,.,i • ""* ■ ■ • 301 
 
 Antiiiehns, sm, uf .Sele,,, ;,s. r.,|ii,„. i',| ,,„' , • , •. =.J9 
 
 t^deatii b,,tun's;'|:;;:;'b;.i;^ :;;:,;^;;;[";;'.'iy 
 
 divureed l>y th,. fatl,,',-, and iinnied I, • ' "* 
 
 niittU^ofCyropedini,,; Lysin.Sillll^.'.i^Su: ^" 
 
 ■ . 281 
 
 'il 
 
 if 
 
 ill 
 
 imM 
 
 , ■ :! ' 
 
 1; . - ; I, 
 
HYUIA. 
 
 107'J 
 
 H/KUKUl.V. 
 
 
 '^•'■ 
 
 
 I'l. .. 
 
 
 '4i 
 
 ■"7 
 
 Aiiliiii iiuH It", iiiniiiinr.l liy 11 
 
 Willi Siiivnuiaiiil Miii-'ii'Ma . ■ ■ 
 
 , 111 iii,.i;f..i (ki i) 1- Iiii'i'" liil''"*- 
 
 AtltlnCllll-A lull" '•"'*' ^i^'i't" .. 1 
 
 l„„.,l.ill isl..lall.V.IHViili'.lat Ital'Hia , ■ • 
 
 10,!;i';s''"l,-,..iv, .,.; ii,.i;.Hl\;iM.V tlu. UnMians: ai 
 Tlirnnnp^la', i.ji ; all I al MaiJii.'SiH . ■ 
 
 MaUrs iMM... Willi 111.' li.imaiiN, tJiviiiK iil> t" Ha "i 
 Asia Mill"!' 
 
 SrIiMiius niil..i.at..r. UiiiK. • • ,.,,■„,,,..;.,„,„,,. 
 
 AiilioiliiiH IV. IviiiK. wlM.assuiia^s llir mil' "I V'"- 
 A'iiia/iii/ir\ or till' illiislniai.-idnil ■ ' , , ' .^ 
 
 He Xls .Spnlloniiis iiiln .iM'l.'a: .Irnisa .; iii .s 
 
 "tak;'u llaS.n.plMalla>J.'.U 4o,cxx,'n'alalants 
 
 I jii... >■..,! jiiiil 1,, (««' iiairi' Hii il as slaMH . • 
 
 A^tirxrl' K;I,:;o'MUi,,.,04).H.;;niHv,i..yiv- 
 
 liiftl-iusSoliT. wliusii/.istlu' 111 "la. • • ■ 
 
 IJ, mlV ills is .IcIV'ati.l an.l slain I'V Ins siinassn • 
 
 Ali'Icliii'lr llala, .5..; »l.i. is alsi, ddniUsl ami 
 
 slain liyi;^'-.'t"nsN'-|;;;'f ;,„„„,;„, ^,,,..0 
 
 ""nlu's'lluii. U aw v,;..^.is la...l.vv '';■"■- 
 
 IS N a- (allir slayiiiK Ha' MsuriaT IT.vpl'") ^ ■ J7 
 All alms Li-u.ls lu'an. to ll"' J.'ws, aii.l lilarafj 
 ^ ni" Koiaa'is, ,,.l;i.iva.l,.sl'ar.li.a, ■•.■,;; ami is _^^ 
 il.'IVal.-.l aipl -lain . ■ 
 
 ^Ca;ir.u:':;u<-""-i'-'-'-"*''-'''''''"^ " 
 
 u'l- s:rxmi'a'.us VII. (iryp-is (kinK. .^s). ^liym 
 SI,- li, II pis to lioisoii: lail la- .■.mipols la^ 
 m ,11 !i I swallow'tl,.. ,l,'a,lly ,lraaK';t ..•rsdl . 
 
 It,!;;;;, or AhIi.kIius Vm. .■y/.u'.ams al Damascus, 
 aial ,,f lii-ypiis at Aiitaali . • • ■ • 
 
 Si'li'Ui'iis, kinn • , ■ , 
 
 AiitiiK'liiis IX. Kiisclu's, kmt; 
 
 Dilliroiiisl l,v I'l.ili], . .' u' ■ ' ' ' 
 
 l),.'f,''at oTriLManVs liy Unaillus, 69 ;' li.' suliniils to 
 i-.,,ii,,,y wl'n .Mit...-s Syria, and a..tlin,n.s Aiiti- 
 (icliiis Asiatii'iis . , 
 
 Syria iiiiali' a Uoaiau pn-viuca' . ^ • ; ■ 
 
 It'll, '!■ IS ,■ . • .,■,.',, ,1 .| ," 
 
 i'lii' war riii,w,',l. May lliraliiiii ,li'l,'als llii' links 
 •jfii \ at N,'/il, . . ■ ... 24. 1 III.', lb,, 
 
 ■'4» Tlii^'l'iirkisli ll,',l ,1,'sirls to M,li,iii,l AH, ami ;n-. 
 i-ivisiil Ali'xamliia . ■ ■ il'laly, 
 
 Th,' llv,' |i.,w,rs iiiiili' I,, support 111,' l',,rli' .Inly. 
 
 .Iai,< 
 
 Itoitli,,! la.ly ;i,'sl,rManlio|,, . , , -' 
 
 •rrcaly iiri,,,ii,l,,iUn"l'*iK"'"' I'y o.l,n,l,',l l'iaii,'.,| 
 
 15.1a, J, 
 
 1 I 
 
 187 
 ■75 
 
 168 
 146 
 
 A. II. 
 
 Syria iiiviul,,! liy tin' I'artliians 
 l)y th,' Persians ■ • • 
 
 Violi'iiti'iirllninaUi'S . ■ • ,' . i',,. the IVr 
 
 Iiiva,li',l by Hie Warai-elis, 497, 50Q, s^'J • '>i "a 1.1 
 
 SS^Viils^Jla^rrKaUin^ 
 lU'V,'ltofll"','nHrsoll)aiiiasens . 
 The emirs of Alepp,' rev.,11 ..• 
 The ernsa.h'S ,'oniii,em',' (see C, a>a<(r.) . 
 
 Deaolaleil by the Crnsa.les (idm/i •-,,) 
 Nnnre.hlin eominei's Syria 
 sXlill ,l'-tlir,anvs the Fatiniite .lynasty 
 Tlie Tartars overrun all Svria . . • 
 
 The 'nltans,,r KK-ypt «!•'■> t'''^^-™^''''''^^ 
 
 |£SS;iSS:;^K:'Sn:kstiiit,?r-- 
 
 SielleVit AeVe be«nn hy the French, .6 Ma«'h_, ^^ 
 
 n,ImM'arter,'tun.»'toVraneefr,,.n K^ypt ^3 A>'i!- .. 
 Sgyp't ana Syria evaeualed by the French arniy,,^^^ ^^^ 
 
 Jleheniet All altacksaml oa,.tures Acre, ami over- 
 
 ,hra;;h,f'i;:r'u|^ v^^^"^^ "'^ ""^^^^^^^ 
 
 graml signiur at Konieh . . • 21 u". 1033 
 
 l'aptiiri',,fSi.l,,ii(see,s'i,("") . . .;7«,|'l. ., 
 
 >y.l ; Fall ol' ll,'yr,,iil (see ;;,'vn,a() i' <i,l. ., 
 
 I l.'all,,rA,'r,'(se,' .I,'/',) . . • • l^"v. . 
 
 i.^u I |,,,|,j. 11 lialioiis; till' sultan ;;raiils li,.iv,|i\,iiy 
 
 I rinhls r., .Meheiii.'l, who K'ivi-snp Syria . .In,. i,«^, 
 '^^ ' The Driisis sai,l to liavi' ,li'slr,,y,',l \y ('linsiun 
 villaps ami kilh'il i.«jo pers,iiis (s,.,' //,a.s,..), 
 
 2') .May lo 1 .hily. ,if(, 
 The Malioiiii'laiis niassai're l.:iirislians at llaiiiiis, 11,; 
 ubiuit iiou"!'"'': Ill"") "I"'''' ''>■ Ab.l,'IKa,l,r, 
 
 g.lllh.iti. „ 
 The KiiKlish .111, 1 Frelieh Hovernnii'iil iiibrviii,' , i 
 e,inv,'iiti,,n sinii.',l at Paris; ij,i«.«-. ua-ii |,.l„ s,iit 
 
 by Franc,. i -^"1; ,. 
 
 ViL'onr ,,r Final Pacha; he punishes 111,' Miili..in,. 
 
 laiis iiiiplii'iil,',! in llie inassacri'S at liaiii;,-, us 
 
 very scM'ii'lv; 1H7 ,,t' all ranks, imliLlinn Hi. 
 
 miv nii'r, .'xi'i'iit,',! • . jo Ann., ,( ,„,, , 
 
 41,00 Fri'iieh sol.li,rs,uml,'r p'ni'ral Uanlpiiiil, Un.l 
 
 at ll,yr,,ul . . . , • ■, . ■ , -'•• .^ug „ 
 l.oril liiilli'rin, the llrilish I'oniniissioia'r 111 Syiia, 
 
 arrivi'S at |iaiaiis,-iis i.S, |,t. „ 
 
 Th,' Fri'iicli .-,11,1 Turks mlvance HHamst l.,l.aii..ii; 
 14 iiiiiis suir,'ii,li'i,<l .... ili'l ,, 
 
 Pacilii'ati'iii ,'llla' eoniitry ,'llecteil . N,.v. „ 
 
 The Fremli oi'inpiilioii ,','.tsi's . . .5 .bin,, 1", 
 
 Prill, 'c ,,!' Wall's visits Syria . . Al'iil, ic... 
 
 Insiiri,','ti,,n ,,f .losi'ph Karam, Maronit,', in 1.,.- 
 
 baiion ; siippresseil . •,.■',. ■'*''"''''i' '"* 
 ♦ iiolher sni,i>r,'ss,'il Kanmi Hies to AIj,'ena. 
 
 .11 .Ian. 1S67 
 Miilliat Pasha appoinlcl govern, ir-n,'n,'ral I., in- 
 aiij(nrali' refonns, Nov. 1878; espi'rieiiies gn^at 
 ilillicalty, Oct.; resigns, lint cintiniu's, 
 
 Oct. i37g-.lim,', tiio 
 llaiiieil I'a^.ha, uovei'imr of Smyrna, ami .Miilliat 
 Pasha ehaiiKe plai-es . . ... .Vij,'. „ 
 
 Miuhat Pasli:i, charKcl with ooniplicity 111 '.iie 
 ninrder ot the sultan AbiUil Aziz, snrr,'ii,l,'n, 
 (see Vhi'Ai.V, 1881) • • • al„,iil 17 .May. ijti 
 Ur Hubert IXym'Sniith, ileiiii of CautiTlmry, 
 author of a great Syriiio Dictionary, ilieil, ia;,',l 70 
 
 31 .Man'h, i5;s 
 Dislnrbaiices between the Druses and the MaUialis 
 ill the l.elianon ; agitation at Damascus against 
 tliel'liii.stiaiis ... . . i6(lct. „ 
 
 Conllicts ami pillaging. Nov. ; the Drns,'... i„u ,•,! 
 by t'ircassians ami Arabs, aali'd by Hi,' liirlis; 
 villagi'S bnriieil, wunii'ii and cliil,lr,'ii kill,',i. 1 
 Di'C. ; again ileleali'd, 10. 21 D,','. iSgs. (Tlie 
 Turks »ullere,l much by Hm' ini'apacity of their 
 generals, and delicieiit ei)ii,iiiissariat, Tiws, 17 
 
 Turkish troops totally defeated by the lirustsanJ 
 Arabs, neiu- Damascus .... Juno, i-^S | 
 
 Imh.i'isive lighting; mutiny of troops, Aiw.;,,-*- 
 satioii of hostilities . . . . . hi'I't. 
 
 Abilnllah pasha appointeil comniaii,l,T-iii-i'hi.'(. 
 
 124 
 
 123 
 
 Itl 
 
 95 
 94 
 85 
 83 
 
 75 
 
 162 
 256 
 341 
 
 607 
 . 638 
 
 A. 11. 970 
 
 . iot)7 
 . . 106a 
 
 . 109,; 
 1096-1272 
 
 . lit-b 
 . . 1171 
 
 . 1250 
 
 . 1291 
 1400 
 
 SYSTON) SCI' uiidi^r Librnrin. 
 
 SZEGEDIN (Hungary), on the Thfiwatitj 
 iimction witli the Maros, the seat of revolulionary I 
 Kovermiient, 184,). Kebiiilt under suiK'niitcnileiitel 
 of Lu'iwiK' Tisza. Grand festival, the einperorl 
 present, lO Oct. 1883. See Iniimliitions, lS:9 ami I 
 1887. 
 
8/Hliiil>l.V. 
 
 itiiil cMiiiHIfU fciUiiw Willi v.iiiiius 
 iiriilKiiii piiwiTH ilitcrvcui', :uiil 
 
 '' M'S, iBi, 
 
 Mny lluiiliiiii ili'li'iitu till' ItiiU 
 
 ■ ■'4 ■! "I'S Ikf* 
 ,|f«TtM III Mi'liiiiiit All, iiii'l .11- 
 rill . . ■ ■ ■(■Inly, „ 
 lili' |M sii|i|HiH 111!' l'"i-li' .liil.\, ,, 
 
 111' Sllllllinl'l' . J).llllll'. 1 , 
 
 tii.ilHlKiii'il liy "li'ii'li'il l-'niiiii'l, 
 
 ivliiil. . 
 
 MvShhiii) . . -vS'i'l, „ 
 
 ■(■ IWiiixiil) r.iiii. ,. 
 
 Lit) .... )N"V. , 
 ■\; till' miltiiii ni'.iiils liiTi'iliUiiy 
 
 li't, wlln giVl'S up f>,VI'ill . .11111.1841 
 
 til hiivi' ili'.itriiyi'il 151 C'lii'Utiiui 
 
 I'll uitxj IKTrtllllrt (Hl'l' IU-HM'»), 
 
 ^.) .Miiy 111 1 .Inly, i8f<;. 
 inassiiiTi' ClirisliiuiM iil Diiiiiii.siiis; 
 1; iniliij mivfil liy Alitl ilk:ii|iv, 
 
 I) .Inly. A.-.' „ 
 
 Fri'iii'li Kiivrniiiiiiil iiiliniMir. i 
 ,il at TaiiH; i2.i«.»-iiiifii 111 111' Mint 
 
 < An(!. „ 
 
 'iirlm ; 111' |iUllialir» lln' MiilmlHi'. 
 I ill till' iiiaMsarri'i* ill liaiiiaxii.H 
 
 1(17 1)1' all ranks, iiii'lii.linn tli,. 
 iti'il ■ ■■"-' Ann., .(m.,, , 
 
 I'l's, nnili'i' P'lii'ial llanliinnl, laml 
 
 . . . ■ -'■■ Auk ., 
 
 le llrili.-.li I'liniiiii^siiiiii'r 111 Syiin, 
 lisril.'' . ■ liNqil. ,, 
 
 Tni'ks ailvani'ii ajiainsl l.ilKiii.iii; 
 iili/i'i'il .... iii'l ,. 
 
 ,(■ I'liiintiy I'lli'i'ti'il . Nov. ., 
 
 |iatiii 'as.'H . s.luiii', ibfi 
 
 lisits Syria . . . Aiiril, iSr.i 
 ,liisi'lili Karaiii, Mal'iinili', in l.i-. 
 ssi'il .... M;ir-'li. nfi, 
 
 isi'il Karam llii-s t" Al^i'iia 
 
 ji •lull, lia; 
 [iliiiinti'il Kiiverniir-p'iii'ial I" in- 
 m.s, Nov. 1878; I'S'lii'iii'iirt's s;Mt 
 ; I'fuitjMH, but (iiintinni's, 
 
 Ol't. l37Q-.lUlll', l:;o 
 
 ,'ovi'niiii' of Smyrna, ami .Miilliai 
 
 l.lai'i'S All;;. „ 
 
 I'liai'Kril with niiiiplii'lly in '.iie 
 
 Hiiltaii AliiUil Aziz, siiniinli'i:, 
 38i) . . . aliiiiit 17 .May, i:a 
 lyiii'-Hniith, ili'un of Caiitcihiiry, 
 Mil Syi'iue Uic.tiiinnry, iln'O, at;i'il 70 
 
 ;ji .Man'li, i;;5 
 ■tw-t'en thu PruKus anil tlm .M\itiiali.< 
 m ; au'llation lit Oainaiii'nH a(;aiiist 
 
 , 16 Oct. 
 
 illiitiinj;, Nov. ; tlm Unisi-s rimli'il 
 n ami Aralis, aiili'il liy tlii' 'liirks; 
 I'll, wonii'ii ami I'liilili.'ii killi'il. 1 
 ili'l'eali'il, IQ. 21 lli'i'. i3i)5. (Tlit 
 il iiiiii'li by till' iiii'a|.ai'ity of their 
 
 clelii'iiint coninii.'isariat, 'J'ini..', 17 
 
 totally ilefeateil by llic I iriises and 
 )aninsi'iis .... June, 1-96 | 
 
 tint; ; niiitiny of tioi'i.s, Ann. ; ' 
 
 tililii'H ^I'lit. ., 
 
 la aliliointi'il c'oninianili'i'-iii-i'lii.'f, 
 Oct. „ 
 
 , set' under Libraritx. 
 
 IN (Hungnry), on tin' Thi-is,* at ite I 
 thi' Miiros, till' 81'iit of revolutionary I 
 1849. Kebuilt uutliT sii]H'riiiti'iiileiite| 
 'iuza. Grnml festival, the eiiip«rer| 
 ;t. 1883. See ltniHd(itw»a,\'i:')iM 
 
 TABEUNACLE. 
 
 1071 
 
 TAMMANY FlUUDH. 
 
 ;'•••'' ''';;.'■'■:■''''■;. ''isoionion's,,,,,,,,!,,, ;,,,.. 
 
 .iructciiby DiviMi'ilircii „n, 1 "i,. , V 
 
 .laoleset ,i|, at Sliili,), bv ,J, I „,' ''""■'■■ 
 .pk.e,ll.v,lio,en,,,l,. ,.r..,',...,^::i;*/^,, ;, - 
 11.C. llici'lia|.i'l I'l'i'i'tnl Corlicinr,. Wlii,, II •• 
 
 woivi'il the niiiiii. „t T,.l„',',„„.l„, „ , i,,,, ,•„,"'.: 
 *aril» Kivi'ii 111 tlicir ,.l,M,i,.ls j,,. ,|,,. r,,.' '.' 
 
 Miiiii-t. wi.i.,..i,'iirs'T;,i„'-,:,;.t!il;'' ;;;:;'■ 
 
 Haill-cnn.'l-i'ii.'iil WHS civi'ti'il i„ i--(, „m,1 ,.,,1 ,. , 
 
 .nrjoo Hi- i,'as,.,.v,,i,.,,,,i,. ,,!^ '';,;-;. '«;; 
 
 .,«.lli>tliolnili.,,i.,i,i,.,,,si,, |,S5,,,,,,,il,,,k,'„,l,.„, 
 Ir the niinistniliuns 1,1' .\lr (' 11 s„ii..,r 
 
 ^.i,tK,',,nii,^rii„-,.,,,,i, ,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,;,,;, ^-^i;;;-;.;^ 
 
 TABINl'yr, see Pojilii,. 
 TABLEiS, «ee JhriiurifK. 
 
 iw "?■""""""'""'""'■ "■"'^'''>' l'"!-.^.-, esta- 
 TABLK TrHXrXG. This ilelusio,,, w|,i,.h 
 
 '"f'c'|''yi-'-|^',y i-'iirsloh,™^;,;" 
 
 mflmnicalai'tioM, «n. Sjiirii- U„,,pi,„,, ^ 
 
 TABOK, ill llolii'iiiiii, WHS Coi,,,,!,.,! i,v Zi.si;., 1,, 
 
 TADMOH, see Palmyra. 
 
 TAEPIXGH, 8ee China, i«i;i, „i,te. 
 
 TAFFETY, an early si.eeies of silken nmiiu- 
 iMure, more prize, („,.,„erly ll„.„ „„w, woven 
 iry, mouth am flossy. It «,,« won. l,y on" 
 *r queens ami w„« nrst nimle in Kn^-lan,! 1 v 
 J0.1 W oi bhorediteli, Lomlon, 4, Kliz. U2 
 
 TAGLIACOZZO, in the Ahnuzi mountninn 
 UtHly, will'.'.., on 2J Aiiir. !268, ClniTles of An on' 
 JeuminiiK ki.,« „■ .\ai,l,,H, ,l,,,'„,„,,,, „„,, J'; 
 pwcr the ri-liKul nioimreli, v„„n,r Conr ■ 
 I the last of til.' lloli,.„s,a„fc„s, am .1 mLso ' 
 »[K'n.rKn.'iK'iii'k II.), who hail be".,, \^::lZ. 
 or Iniperial party; tlieir 
 
 T. 
 
 aIw 'a'':!„!;fi„;"r'y;!r '''- -" «<""- 
 
 ariny 
 
 'ein,;i';;,; ':cZu^Zu!"\r''^ l""'' "■••'"'-' 
 
 '•''•nieh at iM'i'.k 1 1,"^' "';■ !"»■''"• '""' "'" 
 »"'■" a-aiii ,,, ,,1 ,1 ^ re newi'il the attaik, ami 
 '^l^.u;;lili ,' At' {>' ,""' ""'^'' ^^i"' Kreat 
 
 'I'-ili^hlim'ws 1,1 \""';,''l"."'^''''l tlie whol,^ 
 
 "■". till' llrilish retired after tht 
 
 wi'i-e in 
 vieloiv. 
 
 TALIiOTVl'E, nee fhonyraphy. 
 
 "TALI.S.MAya„„i,.,„.„y,,„_,^.^.,, 
 TALKI\,j..MA(Jm\K, see AuU,„.non,. 
 
 ,i',^M'',l\i.<'f'''''K'l^i""'eKx,'h,'i,uertookit* 
 
 '••toeut. A tally 
 
 fl 
 
 .iiniiie li'oii, Ih,. lr,.,„."l,Vv,,|-,| i„i//. 
 
 ^".1 the 0,1 ''';,.,'''';, ;;;;'';^ ''''•"' f'vi'niment; 
 
 on ,:;::'" i';;:;'i'';''''''''-'-^- Thii^;!;^'' 
 
 lltiiy by the (ihibelli,;, „. „.,,,„„ 
 
 feir''^tL::;;n''rffi!:/"'r>'-?''-"^ 
 
 loring. 
 
 leaded, 29 Oct. 
 
 Ibl- 
 
 , TA6LIAMENT0, a river in Lo„,l,ardy, N 
 J ah, ,. oar which the Anstrians, under the arch 
 
 IKI-'J"' """• '"^■f"""'' ''>■ ""-l'-««. '^ 
 
 TAHERITES, ii dynasty of Persia, 813-872 
 
 |B*Iu''i'f%'^f^,(^^'' '?'"'•")• Near here 
 1 1 u. '■■"fil""', ,»■»« 'l''fVMte.l and nearly : 
 Ntmilb, Liiuis J\. ofFranee, 20 July, ,242. ^ 
 
 1.1'^^'EHA UE l,A KeTOA (central .Spai„^ 
 
 |lM809, between the united liritish an Spanish 
 i«e3 under sir Arthur Wellesley, and the IVeneh 
 
 Hei..-.'w L. ia^,„rt : : Si. be:"::i;i''i;:"^ i". 
 
 '^ui.,.'essor.s the work wa's enrried on tiU "zoric ? 
 
 deinelir ,''!./"-',:7";' ' fO. mid e^n"^,^' tw^ 
 
 resei 1"; 1 1, I ,1. I '^;f''"''',',',V' The niorulity. 
 
 £t£ "-'"■''"'"•"- ''■•"=.£.•'■• 
 S ' si;iF';"'''''''-S'~:? 
 
 ;w;.UiM,,, .!,,£: -i,;:,,;;;S;:«;;i,S;::;|, 
 
 Alti'i- l„.,n(,„|,„„.,t „„iv,.,-s,.„|y i.i„„|,,„„„.,| ,„„, t, j,^,^. 
 
 ililsSiPi 
 
 M^^^^f^-^:; JAMASI, battle of; :3 
 
 TAMATAVE, see Ma.la^asrar, 1883 
 attK^^tt^Y WUUD.S,sce Xe. York, ,871. 
 
 m 
 
 
 'V . 
 
 ri 
 
, w J ^< 
 
 Kid? t»t, '•;*', 
 
 'Viii; 
 
 
 '^^'i^^ '^^ 
 
 
 I r.r 
 
 
 1 ];-< 
 
 ,h .f f^j. 
 
 
 TAXAdUA. I""-! TAKIFA. 
 
 TV\'V(HiA (H tiii) III''''' ''"' i'^l'iii'lii"' tipcrtlrv tmiii/iiitfn lii'lunirK [tlic cliiti' is ii.if m,.,,. 
 
 J,.|'ulnl III.' Alliriiiins i;; 11..., iMit wcir,l,r,.Ml,..l Ii,. 1 1 I,, IIh' N\.tliMl-lMil.l«. - ^'-nnw.//,,, M,,„,,. 
 
 Iivthi'iii in i;l> iiii'l ill 4-'''- «li''" .\u'i« II. lii'i'ir.l iM.tiinil iii hMii.c iiihln- llcmy I\, l.y „cii,i,, 
 
 tfi.. .SiM.luiHVm:! Ni.'iiM 111,. .\llir„i;,ii.. iiivil,;) rn.m ^Y''^\^\y'**'^<^ i" '"' *'V .',"'"""'" 
 
 ' ,1 . i.i.i.ii'u \' 1 1 I V ml" I'.iiiiliiii'l ''V \\iliiiiii "^IhIiI^ii; iukI iIh' lu.t 
 
 TA\<M{KI)'S CIIAIil 'IKS, Nahul.lr .a- ,„„„„,.,„.,„,., „,■ ■;, „.,„ ,,,,„i,u,|„.,| „t M .itl;,k,. i,v 
 
 llil.ilii.lis iMiMuanil^M: (mnl.,i(ljraifM...lMtiiliMil ^|,. i..,.,,,,,,;^ ,.,,,„„,, ,. ,(„ , ]. |(,|,,._,v„/ ; 
 
 l.v('liri.Hlu|.luT Tun.iv,l» .■iiiln>Miiciil, 1,21 ; ihIu- ,.^^^|^,^. j^^^^^,^ ^^y. „^^, ^^j,, ,,,. ,,,|„,,„.j. „.,, ,,|^|j; 
 
 (jlisliril lij rliuiii'i'iv. i;,S7. iiii|inivi'cl ill I'l'Miii'i'; «cr ilnliiliii Tii/ii.\l,;t. Virv 
 
 TAN'DV AUWr'ST. .I.nin'^ Naiipcr Tiimh |.;iily iiiHtiiMiT'<iif iiiakimt tiiiii'slrv ur,' im nti'.iii.tl Kv 
 
 ijl'iilinsnl 11 plan "I r. lorin in I7'|l. In llic {■■I'ciicli ||i,. aniii'iil | Is. ami nNu in S.iinhn-c ;».. tli:it il,,. 
 
 «'xiu'(lili(iu at.'ainsl li'iiaiid lir acliil iis a si'iiri'al, Sanici'iis' niaiinlarliu'i' i« a rrvival (iT tlii' ari, I, f 
 
 Ailif. 1-|)H. .Vrii'i' iti< lUilni'c III' ilc'cj Id llaiiiliiirK, the tapcstiy said tu have lirrii «niu«lil lij .M,,!il,l,,, 
 
 ;ia(l was llii re ililivci'iil up In lln' Kiinlisli, 34 N"V.; i|,|,.,.ii ,,1' |.',n);laii(l, sri' lliii/iii.r Tii/imtiii.' 
 
 tor wliic'h lliiiiaparli' iIctIniviI war npnii llamlinrif, •i'„|„.,,|.v iiiinMiliirnav .■slnlili-lM'il at Wlrhlsn,- i,v sir. 11 
 ISOi't. 1-1)1). 'Van. Iv was lilicl'atcil iilliT tin' pcaiT |l,.tnv, sapimili'il In lla' vval liHailv, mihI .ali. i,,,,j. 
 
 <if .VmiCii's ii; 1X02. " lii''i" I"'!"''' Ill *'"' i">Miliall, IIi'^imi:..!, i-;;-, ; 
 
 ., ... .... » 1 1,, I wnrkrt Hnia In lif rliiscil, .lant'. iSitj. 
 
 TA\(ilKl{ (Mni-'i '• >• " • Ali'l''"). lii'HU'Kcil j|„|„||,„.,,„.,Tivl\T.ll.y.M,.ssis.'rriill"|.i.„ri,..ii.l(.ii, 
 
 •ly pi'inir iMTdiiiainl nf l',aln-al. wIm was l.catHi ,. 
 
 ^l^.rrnl'lW;:;;,l'i';4r.I'i"ii-vrr:^^^^^^^ TAI-H;, ...i' Annaa..,, wa.,.,-l,,n., a pa,ln.,.,.. 
 
 ''I'""""'- ' ■^' • .1.1. /.1 1. . t. .11.. Ml, 11.1 ,1 1 lir Inst Imrii 111 i'.n;;lin. I ai /.,.,. 
 
 11(1,11, 12 Ki'li, 1.S.S2. 
 
 t p i,.,,,ss Callaain,., „n li,T ni.ii'iiaui' wit). Cliai'l.'« matniis ,,inii. ,1. I 
 
 11 'T I'lH^'lan,!, U^,2: wli„, ill l<iH.< ii«''l 'III' ln«lial(.al',lrns, 1., 
 
 works to la' l)ln«n np, ami llw' pla,r al,ami„ii(.(l. ,^,^^^ ,,,,^^, ,.|„.|,m.I IIimIwi' tii'sl pr„p„„.,l i„ ,„A. 
 
 'riiMgitTMi.ftc'rwimU liwaiii.MilMralic,ilstati,m. n,v j^^^. ^.^.^^^^^ |,it.,.,„il ; ih i;l „r |)un,l 1,1', ],;ii,.m 
 
 Mnfiicid I vvas uianl,',l 17K1, 'I'lir niimaal lar was ,lis,.,ii,.|.|.,| 
 
 Oivut stiMiii, ab,iat 40 \,'ss,.l., ,l,'Min.v,',l 4 Marili, ,1895 ^^^ (',,,, II, 1 lolalc, Nlin,psliirc, i;-<); ami in Spi,i. 
 
 T wm'I'WY (in liTlaml), lln^ I'.inal ilivisi„n i,t' lainl, U,.|. i;,|2. 'I'ar-^alia- wa, liM i-i',„anu,.|i,|,.,| 
 
 iainls *af ,n- t ., (1 nvas,. „1 Ihf -wma', ain„iit;,t liis Idi- iH inr,linnal virtu.s l,y ll.,. ;:;,„„l jlr. I!,.j-W,.;. 
 
 « s 1 .' in ■ ill,.itim.,l,.. II' -air ,.f th.. .-„ns lnsl„,,i „1 n„yn,. al„,nt 17.)i. 1 n,in 1„.„/„1,.. ,|„. 
 
 Xr is s„n ,li,l n„l inli, .al. I,nl ,1 m^w ,livisi,ni was ,„v,av,l 111 .•„al.|ar, many (.nlliant ,ly,., ;„.. ,,„»■ 
 
 nm,!,'. by 111.' tanist ,..■ .■l,i..f. Al.„lisl„..l 1(^)4. pn„ln,a.,l ; .s,.,. //,».-„/, 
 
 Jhiries. TAUA, a liill in Mcalli, Iivlaml, wlici',. tli|.|.:irh 
 
 TVNMOKl'; (W. Imlia). All , 111 lli7,*<, V. n,-aj,i', kiiijcs nf livlaml wia'c inau.u.ii'at.',l. Xi-iir here, ii; 
 
 I Malir'illa ,hi,'f, lir,,tli.'i' .,1' tin' Kr.'at Hi'vaj.',', 2(1 May, l7i).S, tlii^ myalisl lr,i,,ps, 4,xi slnm;, 
 
 mill.' hiins.lf rajali. In 174') n lii'ili>li .'xpi'.liti'ni ili'Tcali'll th,' insnrKvnt Iri^li (4,KKniu'n). ^iiokillnl. 
 
 cii.lfav,nir.'.l t,> I'.'st'iru a ,l,'p,,s,',i lajali willmul On ij; An-. 1.^4.^, Uani.'l (t'Cain.'ll licMa inMii*t,r 
 
 sui'.'.'ss- th.' i-fi'Miiiii: prima' ll,, .mill til. an (iir liy 111.' nu'i'llm; Iiit.' (j^ilcxx) iH'rs,ins said t,, liavi- li,.,ii 
 
 «a'ssi,m'„f t,'rrir„ri,'^. Mii'li int.'n.'nliaii .'iism^,!. „ss,'inlili',l). 
 
 In 17.»<> th.' .vmi^i^iy "'il,,.n,',l l'"-;^';;':';'' ''.'''; TAKHKS (.S. I'-nm,','. iwar Hi,. I'vmi,,.,), 
 
 .ciunli'v, .'iiuai-Mn'.' 1.: snpp.irl Hi.' mja ; » U" "''I.';'"'" ,..,,,ii„| „| |ti,.n,m', Hi,' pi'„|M'i'lv „!' Hi.. Kn-lisl, li,,. 
 
 auth.-i'ity Til,' lasl l> -aid t,i hav,' du'd m 1833. j^^l j,^^, _^^^^|,||,. „„,^, Tj,,. Pniali, uml.r S iji, 
 
 T V WFN'lJKll'ir (K. rnissia). II. .1'.' Liidis- were fan-i'il rnan tl,. ir |i,,sili,,n al 'rail„.s, williiM],. 
 
 I'liis V '1 i"i."ll,,n ',1 I'nl.iml .1, ■r,...I.'il 111'' T..n'alii'' sidrralil.. l,,ss, liy 111,- lirilisli aniiv .'.iiinMUiiih'J In 
 
 kniMlts wit"li U'n'ai slau-l.ti'i-, lli.' .Hi'aml niast.T i„'inj{ Wellin-t.m, CO Slanli, I«I4. .See' /;,«/„«.«,.. 
 
 ,„n,m- the ^I'lin. I.S 'Ii'ly; M'"' ''''"' '"'''■'' '" "'' TAliKNTTAr (""W '/'"/'""'". •'<. Ifulv\ was 
 
 vi','avi'n'a fniin llii-^.-'liii"")- I'.mn.K'.l by tli.' (ir.'ck I'halanliis 11... 70!*. Tli.' 
 
 T VNXINr} l.'atl'.i'r witli til.' liai-k iif tr.H's was |ii.,||,l,. nf ('arcntum assisli.d liy I'mtIiils. kii!;.'.f 
 
 <.'i|-lv praiti's.-d. (ii'cat imin.'V.' nts have li...'!! Kpirns, ~ pp.irtc.l a war wliicli I'la.l I'l, .11 iiiiil.vtal,'!! 
 
 ri..'i''nllv'in.idL' ill tiiiiiiiig ''} im'iiiis nf ilit'ini.al |,,(., i.Si hy 111.' I(,imiiiis, tii avi'ii-,. ili,, in-sulti, tk 
 
 kiiiiwU'd".'. 'l'ai'.'iilih,-.s lia.l .iH'.'i'.'.l t.i llicir ships wlioii ii.ar 
 
 ,.,, „„,(.,i, disniv.'i'.'d ill an 111.'"' Uarli.'iirs; it was l.'nninat.'d al'h.r l..|i viars; 
 
 ri'st,.|nn.nt. 'I'hi' must ri'iiMrkal,!.' are lh,~' f 
 Oiik('l,,s,,l.iiiatlian-la'n-rzziil. aiKl.liK.phtliflliiiiJ 
 
 TANZIMAT, ».'.' Tiirke;/, 1839-44- 
 
 TAOISM ,,m" of till' throe ri'liijiims of China. 'I'lie Tai'i,nim ,il' Onkol,,s is ril'irrcd l,y souu'wriws 
 
 Tho nam'.' Vs",l,i'ivi',l lr,.in th..' 'l'a„. 'ii' " Way," a ^ to the lirst .'.'iifury A.n. 
 
 troatis,' written liv U llrh, a uontenijmniry ol (.,,11- i ,p y]jjp_.y (s. SpainV 111,' an,'i,.iit J.iza aii,l,ta!l3 
 
 fii,'Uis in till' six'tli .'.'ntury ii.c. 11m ".'i is •i.|.,„j,„.,,,_ ^vlu'i'c Mu/.a laml.'.l wlnn iiivmlini; S|,mi, 
 
 tho iiuii't. i,a.ssi„nU'.ss ais.'hargi! of nil our ,luli,'S ,, ^^,.,^ ,.,|.^,|, |..,„„ ,|„, m,„„.,< i,^ MmliuIV. 
 
 "n..'iven"notl,. in^a nili'r.lmta p.;"''''!'-. .^i""""! ,,f Castile, I2.)I ..r I2c)2; and was rJlievi'd, An 
 
 :ioi!ifi'~-.l 
 
 ,d'J'.'tinn 1,1 liudilliism. 
 
 ';r3le^;ed hv thi-m, after n great vi.-'fnry -vrr tse 
 
 :;r3ie^;ed nV them, Utter n great vi.-'tnry -vi 
 T\PFHTIIV \n art of weaving borrowed kiutcs of Nloro.'.'o am] Graiia.la, l,y Alf,,ns> XI .i 
 "'aracens, mil h.noe its oriLHiial workers in ( 
 France wer.r oaUeJ Saraiinoin. The invention of i }40- 
 
 fr^m iL Sar^en.^ ,uJ h'.noe its orisiual workers in Castile and Alf.mso IV. of I'eitmia 
 iTL^±' Sd 6'a,U.o.*. xTie invention of 1.540. The eonllict is cuUod the b» 
 
 ittle of 8aliilo, 
 
I lirliiniXH |tlic ilali' i« li.it iiii.i,. 
 Iir|-liini|»,- (lilicriiliiliiii M.niii. 
 IT llllch 1- llllll) IV, hy ;irti,t, 
 
 ,(|iiN, iiHifj. 'I'hr iirt wik' lin.nalit 
 W UK. nil '<lii'lil"ii; iiml tlu' ii,,| 
 wiiK I'nliiliU-ilii'il lit .M irlliiki' 1,\ 
 
 11', 1 7 .lllllirn I. Kill). — Siilii.,,,',, 
 
 '. till' lll't iir tll|irHllV W.lll |1H|,|; 
 
 I'f ; «n' tinhilin 'I'lipi \t,'ti, \'|.j.y 
 
 IllllkiMi; tilpl'.-llrV MIT nil lltinlnil liy 
 
 ;iiiil ;il»ii ill Si rijitiin' ; hm tlmi \\„. 
 I liilT i« II rrviviil III' till' ail. !■', r 
 til lliivi' lirrli wriill;;lit lij .MatiMi, 
 1, Hrc Itiiiifii.r Tii/ii-i'iii. 
 
 iiiv ■■Ktiiliil-lii'il lit Wiinlnnr liv Slf, ||. 
 I li\ llii' niviil I'aiiilU. .iinl ii|{ii.|,,|.,i 
 
 In till' l.iMiiliall, r, |l Mil..! . . 
 
 rl.i^fil, .liiiii'. iSijj. 
 illi.V.Mi'rii.rri. 'rnilli.| I'l.nii I : 
 
 .\iiii'iiraii \viitri--liii;.', a |iiii In.li r. 
 Till' liint liurii ill I'liml iii,| at Z... 
 l,oml 12 I'Vh, |,S,Sj, 
 
 'llli.it llrrhrr lirst lini|in»iil In |ii;i|i|. 
 
 ; till' I'lii'l 111' l)iiiiil"niilir.< i.iiti'iit 
 I. Till' iiiini'i 111 tar wan ili<iMVriv.| 
 ', slii-iipsliirr, 177'); ami In Sn.t. 
 
 'I'Mi'-watrr was tlr-.! ri'iinimii ii,|,.J 
 virliii.i liy till' K'lial III-. lliTi,..|.i, 
 , aliiint I7.)4. I'mni li.iizali., ih,. 
 tar, many lirilliaiit ilyi'.< arc ]m- 
 
 riKd/' 
 
 ill Mralli, Iri'l.iiiil, 'vlii'iT ||||. riirh 
 wrri' iiiiiiin'iiriilril. Ni'iir Iiitc. '!, 
 till! riiyalist troii|H, 41x1 str"ii;. 
 ir'.'i'iit I'risli (4ixji)iiu'n). iiw killnl. 
 , Daiiii'l (•'('iiiiih'11 lii'lil 11 iiMintiT 
 ^o.ixx) iii'i'siiim saiil til liaw liim 
 
 S. I'raiiri', iirar tlii' I'vni , 
 
 ', till' |irn)ii'rly III' till' KiiL'-rislj l,!ii.'. 
 Illfl'''. 'I'lir I'lTllrll, lllliirr Sill!, 
 till ir jiiisilidii lit 'I'arlii'.s, will; |.,ii,. 
 y llir llritisli ariny '■(iniinaiiili'i! In 
 iiari'li, I«I4. tin'' Tuiiliiiin,; 
 
 yi (iMsv Tiiniiilii, S. Itulv), viiis 
 (iiTi'k I'lialaiiliH. 11.1. 7nk lit 
 tuiii iissii-li'il liy I' rrliiH, kii;:'!' 
 il 11 warwliii'li li 111 '.1 'II uiiiliitilrti 
 Kiiiiiaiin, to avrlij' tin' iii,<ull.- llif 
 iiU'rrril til tlii'ir ^lii|i- whi'Ii Iini.' 
 if was ti'niiiiialril al'lrr It'll yrars: 
 s wi'i'i' takrii, aiiil Tarriiliim lii'. nm- 
 
 11'. Kxi'i'pl II ilaili'l, Tiiii'iiMni 
 
 I llaiiiiilial, 212. lull ri'i'iivcTi'il liy 
 
 u. Tari'Mlum lia« slmreil in tlii' 
 
 Siiiillii'rii Italy, ami only niiiu 
 
 1 or Exi'LAXA i'lOXS, naiiii'S jivra 
 lit (.'lialilcr |iara|ilii'asi'S nf tlir ill'! 
 
 1' most ri'iiiarkiilili' art' 111 I 
 
 iii-lii'ii-Tzzii'l. aiiil,Iosi'|ihtlii'li::i;'l. 
 Oiilii'liis is n-'l'i'rri'il liy soiiio wii'i-rs 
 iry A. 11. 
 
 . Spain), till' aiii'ii'nt Jnzii iiml,liilia 
 ' M u/a laiiili'il « Inn iiivuilins S|.:iiij, 
 ki'ii rriiiii till' Miiiii's liy SaiiohuIV. 
 or 1292; and was rolievi'il, iviien 
 L'lii, lifter 11 fjr-^'iit i-ii'tni-y '.'.-rr rss 
 •11 and (iranaila, liv .Vlfim«i .M 'jf j 
 fiin.soIV. of I'l'i-liiial, 2S 111' 301101. 
 diet is culled tlje battle of f^al:iil», 
 
 TABIPF. 
 
 liiviii'.< lii'i'ti fiiiitiit i,n till' liiiMi,. „(■ ,1,.. , 
 riirila wa. taki'ti l,y ,1.,' |.>;'r,,'i; !',, i^. ' '"'''"'■' 
 TAI{IFK («iii,i to hivi. I „ ,i„,i, 1 f 
 
 Taril'a. whi'ii' diitii', «,.,'i' llin I'lK' 1 l!'"'" 
 
 lx)okofilnlii's,|,ar«i'i| m, - ,,,,'?, .''"H.''' ''''I), a 
 
 ouriariin,, .><4^ -niK.s'd' I ? ; i;:''!"-';,; 
 
 anil «4,. If ,'iim|,n„,|f .,,,, „,,|,.|,.^ , ' '.", 'H^ 
 iitimliiT wax ^rrcallv rriliii'i.,! i„ ,hiJ (,>,' ,,' 
 
 MiKinii'y'Htiiriii'hifi.H.',' /-:;;,,'; ,s',^ •,,;'',, ■;■ 
 ^;:;';::;i;i:i:: il'i;;:;;'- '■•■-■'-.■■ v..rvi,jn'i!n:'''' 
 
 ''r;:;i!:T:ri;iii:'7ii^;i;,t':«^^ 
 i»,i.i,a.'M..,.ri.Hsi'K,i..^L^i::;!;;i:r:;ri;;: 
 
 T.Vm>KTAXH(;(:|v(l,o,neVowH'lu';,,;!^; 
 
 Iiillii' liiiililiiiii thai ■ •,||.,,|,j,. ,i,,,,,,i,,,„. f,,. """" 
 
 trK'iiiilir:';; {?'■'?-• 
 S';rti::;ti:;'t:;';;;r ,!'^:'S:r= 
 
 mi'imin, tl,i'irlirai'i'||.ts;-al„„;; .':';, ;,,." '"'"'"' ' 
 
 TAI!I{A(K)\A (y.K. Spain) ,i,.|',,ni,.,l 
 nun! station liv till' llriiish I '^ ,.'''. "" " 
 
 (;iwiarin,7n4. ^^ -!<>:J:!z':\ ziti^^ 
 
 till' h-i'nili iimlir Siirhi.t, 21) lin li , , -^ 
 
 Hlhatapii, 1,1 ,,,,,,;,,?; •'-Jl'^ 
 
 tz:i) '-^"-"^-^'-':;.i!;'^fc: 
 
 t') Hciirv VM i «>,.i 1 II 
 
 )'" >i'V,;:^, 4, in, ::'':■;;"'•/'>■ '!'"<•■ "f 
 
 •'""". i'"^?; .mil i w I •■ ".' ','""" 20 
 
 ""I'.'" Ii.'li I. I'.' "'!'"'■ "' •' '''""'Iv 
 
 ••i"'^Mi'''!^n'':rk!;:;;'rr'''''i'''!' '■''■' '■'■•■'•'"•• 
 
 -Il t."-,V,w,„„„ Ti, /' '" "";'i''" Loniliiiril- 
 
 '''""p. '■■^i-i.'d il iiii '"■"J!', """>• i" >:"»(. 
 
 •'''■''•"'I'''viiis ,,''', ,"'■','' "'••"■.ylV.ianiiwa, 
 ''"'"'-"'■ .Mrs ( ii.J 1. '"■""■"■< 't as tin. ri'si- 
 
 mnrinii'nt -A'X •;'' 1 '''■ ''''IT. '"' '■'"''^•^'"•^ 
 II'" I, liLslnipH.. t. ,1, "'.■".'■.^- '^' Til,' ;/■/„/,. 
 
 -..2,. Tiiv;;;;:';:::'!!;:';;::;^,//^;^ --•'■'-" 
 
 " "i'i^'"l' 1 ill Ml,' ,1 ill' ■' " ^i;'»"mi.sli',', 6 
 
 '". '':\';'"''. 1 i" siiiisiiiii • a i, ;, ' '' •"'"■■•"'■•'iim'.v, 4 
 
 3 ill lli'i'ili,,,!, , |„ w, ' .:^, , ' '''"'"'sti',., ^ ,„ , I,,,,, ? 
 
 '"''•'■' '■"'■.v.. ill Ills" ill , ■«'■'' r"''/' M'l.m, 4l.i 
 
 4111 Ciiiilin.i^,., I inri,.),' ,"'"'"'.'■'■■ 1 "■ nxrni'ii, 
 
 tvill'. ' '"•"I'll'^l'l'. 4 111 .NiU,:i,| ,„,„. 
 
 timeinli. 
 
 TAHTAUIC ACID is said to lii,,. 1 
 
 ff "-7."^ <^'' --"i"; !',' i 'sX' :r 
 
 who |iii.i'nri.|i itiniiHi.par.il,. sin,, i,,- ir ' 
 
 ;nll,in,i',an,li„.|,',.,,ni,,.i.i:;,1i;;:,^;,, ll'-^.- 
 X'r^^Jr" ^'"■'■'« •'"•""■'' •-'-■'- - 
 
 TARTAKY, b nanii' irivi'ii in tlw tm 1,11.. „~ 
 
 Sfc^s^rdiir'-r;;.':;?^^^ 
 
 Wywen. tin. |,nns,,hV\;n;:^;, ;:";;::;• "^ 
 MiiiiRols. Tli,'(irsta,.knowli'd,..,|s,,.,,.. ,,'■'', ' 
 
 »n.iuer.i,vrsia:iir,.iu';i;::': . ';'i:''/^;;^:'i;; 
 
 &;:i;rd'i'!^^^^^^^^ 
 ll:;;^;■^-'.".7;^andthou.„,,.LXi;,.:;'^^^ 
 
 TASIMETEK, see Micro-ta.mcter. 
 
 y;'•\tti.•tal,^,rl,■slv'^ :;':':; ''''''''''''^ '''''J 
 "■"■'"^ iimsi'ii of I iv, ;., r''-' 'i "^ 1""" "• y- 
 
 "•^^■■^^mi'nt, wiiii'i «;;;',• '■'"''';! '""''•'■"' h 
 
 rN''i.'.'i'S.sivi,', hi , "''.'. ."'''V". '."'""'^ 'iiHi iiii 
 
 l'-ad,.r, 4,Mo .1,. /''/.';■' ■; , '''•'■'r'"". llariiisthe 
 Hm intro ,1 inlii/n Km, i"«."iV"l '■'■''■ "''"' 
 
 ,;8f>il,'d II, Mr.V Mrii' ri '■' '■"'''''■•'' "•■'■■'I'l'''- 
 *''»<7/taxi.8n,w in ',/;'/"," "'Z'''''"' T'"'"'^- 
 
 Act, 43 >t Ji Vii't ,. ■/ •"",'"'<•''* Man i-ii, lent 
 
 'i^io^v^ ^\\: s ;,, , ?;';;'rr' .'^,:^"^- '^^ op- 
 tion and T,i\',8 i '•„. 1, I ■■* ,^''''""" "fJ'iixn. 
 
 p>- eid..rvv,.''in"^M: :,';''''-'''•-'' V''«^4'S. 
 
 S'i'""l' Ai't iinpasi'd on 't^,'^, I'T ''"■'''>'» «" "'t^ 
 ooiLsi'iit, i;(,s-iw, '.,?,, ""'"""- «-itlimit tlipir 
 
 taH,,,,shi,,^,,f,.ft;;,-'J ,-:t;;.M,,nd,.,'p,'i.j: 
 
 ""' 'Sfatislii'.il Alistrai' li iJ. '^'""'': ''"''-'■ 
 .i,'"v..nnn.'nt «ives n 1, .,,.'"' ';'."'""".^' ''.^ the 
 
 j'xatioti, revi'iiuo, al ';;,'; ;;;'"7' '--l-iMng 
 ^'eee.p.tVo,n,.„eral,a.:t^:::;':l!;!-:,'5^;>-s 
 
 Assesml Tare. 
 
 ;™RSALL-.S,eeeif«.,.,,, 
 
 ». otpt. 741, . and here he was surrendered ! 
 
 1800 
 
 1803 
 iSio 
 i3,s 
 1820 
 1825 
 
 iSjQ 
 
 ■835 
 1840 
 
 •SsiaoJiui.",) 
 
 '855 (y 
 
 1S60 
 
 865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 i368 
 1S69 
 1S70 
 1S71 
 1872 
 1873 
 
 ■ So 
 
 "t3.4f'8.'3l 
 
 4'5u8.752 iS.'S 
 
 f''=J3.i6i n,,; , 
 
 6.524. 7(if, 15,- 
 
 6.311.146 ,820 
 
 5.i7*'.722 ,S2s 
 
 S."'3.405 183U . 
 
 3.733.997 i8j5 
 
 3.866,467 ,840 . 
 
 ■rareinriii-Mii'n'lij,), ' . ' 
 
 ( Lanilt,ii',in,ll,'„nsc',i„|yo„,,; , 
 I .set' Unnces. ' ' | 
 
 ^, 7,i.''0o'.n(ir>/. 
 
 ■ 'ti. 307,941 
 
 i.5'j6.a«< 
 
 ■ 1.418,3.17 
 
 • • 1.0S4.25, 
 
 • <.192.25J 
 
 • • '•■-■88.393 
 . '.'89,214 
 
 • ' ''-■"3.579' 
 ' 1.298,625 
 
 3 z 
 
 ^4.365,033 
 3.160,641 
 3ti!32,000 
 
 3.2^2,000 
 3.,li^o.ooo 
 3(4f'8,ooo 
 3' 509, 000 
 3.494.000 
 4>5'^>o.ooo 
 2.725.000 
 2.330.00Q 
 2'337.O0Q 
 
 11 
 
 m^ 
 
 
 mf 
 
 m 
 

 
 1 ■ i ' 
 
 1^'il 
 
 ■' 
 
 
 ME 
 
 
 w%) 
 
 M 
 
 i,.^ 
 
 Si -^ 
 
 ,1 ^ 
 
 h. j: ' ' 
 
 H 
 
 w 
 
 l^'^p* 
 
 ■ V 
 
 %m\ 
 
 m 
 
 0m 
 
 J 
 
 5. xr 
 
 M 
 
 i»» 
 
 1 '- ^m 
 
 
 hi i 
 
 .£2,324."°° 
 
 ,R,. . • • ■ ' . . 2,44°.°°° 
 
 8 3 • • • ■ ■ ■ . ■ . • ^.^a-^-r 
 
 ■876 ■ • • ■ ■ . . • • ^'"^"'""^ 
 
 ,aik . ■ ■ • ' . ' 2,720,000 
 
 89 . • • • • • . ■ . • ^.670.«« 
 
 iSSo . ■ • • • . . . . 2,B43,>54 
 
 ,88j - • ■ • ,.8qq,223 
 1884 
 
 'fin. iluuse Dut'u nm\ mm' Tax. 
 
 .,-,,,223 ! 
 
 2,890,(100 
 
 2,970,000 
 
 2,600,000 
 
 2,450,000 
 
 2,460,000 
 
 50 to 124 lii'iMU'iit- , I '^" ^, f ^1,,,., ii,,n,.riiv, aii.\ 
 
 oThc '■"»>','""1'J"",„ ' is about 22,ooo,<.« of 
 ..»■.. 1., J v'clv of r.iini'iii"'. "^ , i,, 1:,..,,, 
 
 ■ The '■"»>',""'l';"i'',„;i:,„",i""is"ai'ioiit 22,ooo,<.« of 
 
 lioniids, Willie t'"- '"^',V_,,,.i,,,„ec in li.u.-, ./ 
 ii.it,o.i is M.ooo.ooo. '.i'"i 
 
 1726 
 1766 
 
 1792 
 1 1800 
 ; 1805 
 
 tt> 
 
 oAlKl l.y Mo-r.. 11«1>1| "^.J.'j';^'^ ^,^^0,'eh. It was 
 mudi n.jurea b> .1 ^ale. 4 (,„^.j 3, Muy, 
 
 30 Aug.; tno.1, fSj'.f'k.t^' t oonsist.-.! of 85 
 i»:$. L.-..s:th, '";•'• ^...t^'^^ovo water level; coat 
 
 «l'"r:' TVo^l '^'ibc^v "20 lives lost clunng its 
 Blllll to bo 3s0,00O(. 
 
 construction. , „.i,'iu. a 
 
 Tl„. briat-e was V>^;rt V ' -^' ^ ^,:^ ,;vtr it ; a g^V 
 V liiitis I inail-triuii w,i» 1 •'■ ,", „ ,. ami 90 
 ol^;."ut 3,«"'7'.-;;;"t^. 6m;,iajf281)ee. .B79 
 
 }^,l;:;;r;4;:;!r--.n..eforsu.,Vror.bytl>e 
 
 i,. the .Ti..;.t, f V;;,,, "'!,,, struetecl, au'l "a, ly ; ,820 
 
 liailly ili'Sigm-'l, '"'"> _ ^ 3 July, „ | ,825 
 
 inaiiitaiiu'il" ■ ■ " " . qo Oet. ,, , 1830 
 
 Plans t'lr new >Mi.l.^eaiT>-"Ved • / Dee. 1885 isls- ', 
 
 Flmrteeii I'iei-s '■iv.t.'.l . • • . 20 June, 1867 , ,8-0 ffort. rcM-^-. 
 
 oiu'ncil for liublic frame . • • a„ i 1856 ■ 
 
 ' J^xT^vi a river in the Crimea. On ^g^g . 
 
 ,6 Aug. 1855. *'''/.''o1)(XDUu.sian8 under prince ,864 
 nUicewereattacked.N 50,000 1 ^.^^^ ^^^ f .,,, . 
 
 bortschakolT, wlio '^'1,1 and 600 prisoners. Hie 
 „29 slain, l65« ^^^.U w I's bonTby two French 
 ilnut of tl'^'■'"'i:,trallV lerbillon The loss ot 
 regiments under !?<^"";'^\* '/qo of these were from 
 the allies was about •^oo-^^^^,.^,^ with great 
 UH.SarditHanoon.ngot,^^^^^^^^^ 
 gallantrv, under t'" ,';'"" Read, and the Sardinian 
 mora. 'H"' 1^"*^"" ?'"'' ^p k led. The object of 
 
 iiritain is 30,000,000. -<-...-...,. .- ■■ "f ^^^^ 
 Cnminoits . ■ ■ ■ ^,^ aliolitinii ..f the 
 The lirsl tea-sah. I L( mo < " ,j.^ ^.,„ „ 
 
 I -:n^^.^S^S^^'i:tia.a 
 twon.iies!N--X-;£^;; |;;;!;-;^,.ai„,,,„'^^^ 
 
 Duty lit !■•■ 5"- I '. i,,,,|iv i-i'ilui'Cil Viiiu 21. 2.iiMo 
 
 u;::,.i;s 111 sell tea aliohshcl . ■ • ' ; j; | 
 nVailuty6.(.,coutiiim.l • ■ 4,002,210;. 
 
 i I'mdnccd, 3.709,450'- ><';'."^'^'J',. ' 
 877-8 ; 4,268,734'- 1883-4 . 4;0'3-,3' 
 
 - ■ '""i'll to i 
 
 TlIciUity?ea\K;e^t"4^-'^'''^i'''''''''"' ' " •^'" ' 
 
 TKA IMPuarKD INTO KNOLANH. 
 
 1872 
 
 1873- 
 
 1874 
 
 1875- 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879. 
 
 Ih i84,-,?;,i!i i 
 
 i62.7i2,:w I 
 
 iq7,50j.;l! I 
 
 'SjiS;ij;i I 
 
 18; :15.!!4 1 
 
 204,i!!,5ij I 
 
 1861 
 
 1864 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1881 . 
 
 1882 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884 
 
 i385. 
 
 86 
 1887. 
 1888 
 1S89. 
 1890 
 1892 . 
 
 1893 
 
 1894. 
 
 1895 
 
 . 2o6.c,;i,;;o I 
 . 2io,6fj,i3] I 
 
 , 22!,2^.4JI I 
 
 . 2l2.l4:,:iol 
 . 230.66::)! I 
 . 2n.J(i.i^| 
 . 222.;;!. 
 
 . 222,.i; 
 . !!).4)t-in) 
 . 2;9-«M-'il 
 ■ 240-:4-ljl| 
 
 . 244,;mI 
 
 . 2;;.p:.li| 
 :.-UIlll 
 
 1 1 hv tiie rj^lmi'"!* "*' — 
 
 r//,-»/r, see f>./'""'- , „f „,a," 
 
 Samuel IMlVS recnls his H-st ^ H ^_ 
 .au.yof8..waschar.;lm--ygaUon,,ftea 
 
 r.;-- '-; 'S I'is: inii'fossii.. and 
 
 to I'"'- - 1 ■„„ tea in .'vinerien, 1767'- *\"1,)''^ 
 
 --!:^^.::r;i;eV 4;i,,uof,7--.;;>^ 
 
 ^;i^iyU:it-beAu!;H.u;war(s„e.i.<«.0- 
 
 1660 
 
 1669 
 
 1715 
 172S 
 
 700,000 
 7,000,000 
 13,185,000 
 
 . 23,723iOo° 
 . 24,133.000 
 
 , 25,414.°°° 
 . 26,368,000 
 
 . 25,'662,474 
 . 24,803,668 
 . 30,544.404 
 . 44,360,550 
 . 38,068,555 
 . 44.193.433 
 
 50,512,384 
 
 86,-200,414 
 . 75.4,^2.535 
 . 96,577.383 
 , 124,359.243 
 , 139.610,044 
 
 128,028,7-26 
 
 . .54,845.863 
 . 139,223,298 
 . 141,020,767 I 
 
 ■-'- 160.898,303 ! ■"■*" ■ - 
 
 '87> ■ ■ .■ ,. ,„,, CTcwii ill liulia liiisv-'v 
 
 The iinlioitatio" ot tea yowu 
 
 greatly i»e;',"';;."'-,,^ ,-,,„„ ti,e Onlli-limMc Ksta'.,, 
 
 Aeoi.sigiiiiieuto ti a i[ .^^ „„, ,„(, „f jji 
 
 Ceylon, was snl 1 u, ''o ,,, f,„. „^.,,, ,„,,,„„, 
 
 l^^i:"''^!-^^F^i^r;':S^"'6:Pl-i 
 
 Mundella in ^ ";;;''> •^^'J- ,.,4^^^,, ^,,4 J 
 :!!:!;';^;;:«)!^r*ti;e"btvolentfan,lattak^ 
 
 i^TF VOTING, see .//-''- -J ^"-** 
 
 ''"tEA-EOOM MEETING of. .^.J 
 houseofcouimims,8Apiil, w, ^ 
 
 »S{^eamUrtapplieJtoindustr), r.l«*| 
 
 
NICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 amlit tn KukIiU"! • , • , '''""^ '768 
 "l to Imv.' aitiii-lJoaraa nxi-.l ui., 
 .irsuliM.ftcii . • ■ AiiK. ,7;-, 
 f,.r r.'.l".'i"« tl»' ''»'>■ "," *''''/'■'"" 
 
 ^nh • tllXillHWinil(l\VSlllll<'ll,.llilli', 1;;, 
 
 , ,is' w.'iKlit of «''"■. l''l"'"'''r: '""' 
 ,„,,,v,.rvvfiirinixi>a\vitlulmi«,. 
 
 ;„, „f tllU WlinU' ClVlhscl NV"fl.l 
 ■ Kll"lllicl is ivllDUt 22,.JOO,l.O Of 
 
 t;,ruiiniuil ,.„ns»im.ti"n in linat 
 
 :ii 
 
 ■/ 
 
 , i„ Um,\on mi the iilinlitin , "f tlic 
 
 Mim'iiiH-l^i"'- ■ ■, • "> -^"'l "« 
 ,. :'l .,r'.'.l 1796 : tl»' '>"'>' *'"* '='''^"'' 
 iniac"^.-.- I''- !»■'' I""!'"' ■ . ■ ■ '-5^ 
 .,! 'from til.' i,Mi«irt ..f t,.a .1. ,^0 
 
 ,suKu\Hni854.'>855 • • ;"!;' "i^ 
 
 ^','niliiiillviv.\n.'nl Ivoi.i 2... 2!./. to 
 l- riMUu-nUo6.(. pcv liouim, i Jmif, ixj 
 1 tfu iiliolisliL'd . ■ • ■ ■ ':'•■) I 
 
 l^ij. .883-4; 4.6'3.3>"- 
 
 cwt to 4''- 
 
 17 April, i;^ 
 
 lil.ANI). 
 
 1873- 
 1874 
 ■875- 
 IB76 
 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879. 
 
 82 
 
 1883. 
 
 IS84 
 
 1886 
 
 1887. 
 
 1888 
 
 i88g. 
 1890 
 1S92 . 
 1893 
 
 It. iS4,;i;,i:i 
 
 . i62.;;2,;ij f 
 . l<)7,;c;.;,i 
 
 ■ i2j.5;*o-:i I 
 
 . 204,,;:;,s» I 
 
 . 2o6.y;i 
 
 . 210.6^;,!;] I 
 , 222,263431 1 
 . 2l3,:".'i)l 
 . 2i2,u3,:nl 
 
 , 230,C^2Jt| 
 . 2JI.i4M?l| 
 
 . 222..(-*r 
 . 22,lft!ll I 
 
 . ■ 24C.;4!-ljl| 
 
 . :tt.:.ic|»l 
 . . 2;:,:»-,dl 
 
 4''- 1"''' 1"'"'"' 
 EA IMI'OUTED INTO ENli 
 lb 700,000 1872 
 7,000,000 
 ■ 13,185.000 
 . 23.723.000 
 . 24,133.000 
 , . 25,414.000 
 . 26,368,000 
 . . 25.662,474 
 . 24.803,668 
 . . 30,544.404 
 . 44,360.550 
 . . 38.068,555 
 . 44,193.433 
 U.S. 50.512'384 
 . 86,200,414 
 , . 73.432.535 
 . 96,577.383 
 . . 124.359.243 
 . 139.610.044 
 128.028.726 
 . . 154.845.863, -- 
 . ,39.223.298 >894 • 
 . 141.020.767 1895 
 
 169,893,303 I '896 • ■ • ■ "' 
 tationof t«i|iVow.. in ln'l'.-'l'»'>"J 
 ifl't'Urtt'fl. r'.ill..l...ilil.' VN'.i'' 
 
 ■i.V'^;.i-i";>'..'i.5Miiy;.5'.-j,, 
 ■.TTv'ijq' XvrioNAL Union ovEiii 
 ^^;h:Ul their ^vd.nm.i«^^^ 
 
 \,^;il'i;.:wit..irst,u,UK*..:^p 
 
 PHING, 900 J/wsfhs and l'"i'" . 
 
 I n.ittlo of. 20 Fob. KW4. .-"; J 
 
 UNICAL EDUCATIOX./fJ 
 Sartipliedtoi.ulu»try. U^ 
 
 TE DEUM. 
 
 . 1869 
 1870 
 
 .chonls in Darmstadt established 1830 : in Hanover 
 1835; the trade assoeiatioii of tlio ^raml di .1° If 
 Hesse, ,836; lierliu „■„,,<■„, uu",?"; L^ l^r 
 Wurteiiihurs workmen's sehool, i«,.S; So.ietv Vm- 
 promoting the .nterests „C the workinif .'hissis a 
 Amsterdain 1854. , Tlie lir.st real praetieal t,.,.h ,ie 
 .schonl in England was fornied in tlie ChZl- 
 Di.„.esan Training College, by tlio -e -. a . ^ 
 
 Coiinrenee of mii,ter« of city companies at the 
 Jlansion-liuuse to promote technical education 
 
 Jfatioiml univer,sity for in.lnstrial and tecliideal 
 framing, proposed . . "^-miiiai 
 
 City and Guilds of Lon.hm Institute for the 'li ' 
 Viiiicenient of technical edneation forniallv e,' 1 " 
 Le'pold " :^"'\"«?^; '■""'"l.''Uon lai.l l,y i.Hnce 
 
 Centnil Institution' of 't.'ily'an.l '(iuilds Ins"i't!iie' 
 hniitli kensington ; found.dioi, h,ia l,y tliepii,,,.,: 
 
 nif\iMLS , . lOii 
 
 A myal coniniission (Mr. li. Is'aMiiKdson ' iirof ll k' 
 
 li..M..o.. (since kniKlited)and others) to in.pdr,: j,"; 
 
 U, t,.H,mea instn.ctin,, i„ r„reiKn .•.nmtri is AnV-' 
 
 Twiniieal coll,.).',., !• lusliiiiy, ,,p,.ri,.,| ,. .....f 
 
 Ti'cliiiiral seliools (.Scotland) act passed 
 Hi.y.il e.inunission on technical instruction ai,. 
 |».ii]le.l (.Mr. licrnhanl .Sanmelson, in'of If F 
 U..seoe, and four others), to inquire alir.'.a.l 'and 
 at haine, 5A11K. ,881 ; reports (rea.ssurin^' as t. 
 E.a: ish work), about 17 Pel,. ,882, and ,6 M.a • ,qs. 
 Teclnncal mstriicticui bill introiliice.1 in I'-,,' V ■* 
 iiii'iit; .ln.].ped . . .n n.i- 
 
 <5«l " linK at the Mansion House' f, on,',,' te 
 
 i™l,nical...liieation in th,. i„,.tr.,i,olis, - March .is-, 
 Tliu .rluMcal instructio,, .u-t, aulhorisi,,:/,, .1 f '^^'^ 
 am i..ntk.s t.i supply aid for the pu,-p,,«,., ,a^^\.,, 
 30 Aiw. 1889; another act passed . 26 March 
 Ttrl.iiiral anil Indiistiial Institutions act passed 
 
 Satioiiiil association fortlie pi.aaoti, f technicai 
 
 cteitinn foi'im.d, lord Ila.tin^rton (since Duke 
 
 it'JinKs ?' l"';"""'""^' ■J"ly,.8S7; annual 
 
 Asisoi'ialiei, of t.,i-hnic,il iustitiilious coiistitiit'i'd -it 
 
 til.. .So..n..ty of Arts . . ^fi i.,'„ o 
 
 M,-. T. II. Ad,i„is, of Ne«-port, l,e,p„.atlicsii;'tul '"■• 
 50,000/. for technical education in a.-rieultiin. 
 aniiiiiuiced ... V ' 
 
 Iiit..|-„i,tio„al coiiKress 01, teehuic.al ed'ucat'ion'at " 
 till' Socety of Arts . . ,-i,„,„ o 
 
 SiO r,.hiMutlc l„.tUuti,m and WlutuirtK '^'' 
 
 TEL-EL-KEBIR. 
 
 1883 
 18S7 
 
 Ai,.,,,.;,,. i, .,1,^4, , V mo, :™';i''°'- "*+ "• 
 
 t'hapeiic, ,s , \cV. T'^'y '"""'''^^'' "t '^i^ la 
 
 31 July, KS68 on VdH.!''"''''''' '>'•'' I''''ssed 
 purdni^e existi„i :'..„"; '"'^f"'"^^-'-g™oral to 
 - f"--atele,/,"^. ;/f^^''^''-;(';'->"t less than 
 appointed diiveto,- .;„r s-2 '■■■■ ^''".''""""•'' '^^ 
 
 iSgi 
 1892 
 
 iSgj 
 
 aiul Ens.'hsh chip-c'lies, beginning • Te Demn Lau. 
 dams-W praise tliee God," supposed to be the 
 oniaposition of Aierustin and Ambrose, about WO 
 llii' original music IS very ancient. ' 
 
 TEETOTALER, a term applied to an ab- 
 amer from all fermented liijuors, originated with 
 
 t nd iiK fer the principle at a teniporance moetin.- 
 about!,™ . ..S33 assorted "that nothing but ,- .: 
 
 ■" ,- n . ^i"-: '""'ll ''"''^ i"'"H'iIiatel)- adopted 
 IiMie, 2;0c t. 1846. These facts are taken fro, 
 • .Staunch reetotaler," edited by Joseph L v.- 
 V,°LV?" ("» OHSi.'atorof tlie movement in 
 183:, lie died, aged 90, 2 Sept. 1884), Jan. iH(,- 
 
 TEFLIS, see Tifli^. 
 
 I ElS|^u^^;:'i';;;;:s^'°^^--''''0"t .795. 
 
 ■,nF^^^?'^^I^^^ ('■'■'"" "'e (ireek, Ml, afar 
 k" 500^' "Pscnhes the eommuiiication of i,,f(.]. 
 Hn'rilr^ ■/"■"' '•"■'''"''' "" signals. I'olvijjus ; 
 lie Oitlerent instrument, used by the auciontrtlr i 
 
 ... — ..oo, .,;iM i,«i-7 'l-i, ;■■■■. ".i; nras 
 
 t"A teleirnim ad..„ , bv ^/, '"' '"'""'P'e of a 
 
 l«85, ami "„■.,/ ' ""■.'■'"iiiii"iis, 29 .Atarch, 
 
 "PeratioM l Oct. i,S,S; \ ,h ,- t"^r "•," """" '"'» 
 
 under I'nst Oilhi' j'<iJ^ , "' 'm,' ifl<;i>-<iph<!, 
 Jn.n-n.,1 be,,,,;, -' ^1[^\{L ■'">■ T''« Tclcuraphio 
 
 Inte,|i,itii,||;,l I',. 1, .;,...,, I i./-^, 
 
 nn^; ;Jnl;r^'J.V^■'^'-^•«"'^'-■ 
 | I'aris, 6 It: \lli'- 1 ;:,'i';,'""' ■V""' '^^^- 
 
 't:!r^(^- ;iiv-|;:. ,.xperi„i-^';a^S ''^ 
 
 tre'!;^^^,"^^"^^.^i"^' '^^^■I't- ""> ^ite of the en- 
 
 ren.hcl ,.amp ,d tlie rebel general, .Vrabi I'asha 
 
 Ills force being about ir.SOO regubir nnVitrv ffm 
 
 wards Cairo. Among our killed were iniyors C'olvillo, 
 
 3 Z 2 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Iv?^ 
 
 i >• ' 
 
 H I 
 
 
 i I 
 
lirilisl. t;Hi. m 8 inast;'. > 1 1 ^ < u. ^^^j ^^^^^^. ^^,,,| 
 U„. liW. una Hh;'"""'. V.M \mlii l';islm'« "liny 
 
 WHS .•nll.l.l.'tllj '""'^'" '1' ,„,i,i,l, UilU,! Ill"'" V.-, 
 
 of a «"t''K^\^^''l'''V W m on nt ^mnul, 187S.S.S. 
 
 ^^ELEKHY;'-U::::n,.v.nsoo-,nn.^nw^ 
 oflS'f^V^;W-V;;n,~ 
 
 TELEPHONE (f"- Gj?;^; ';.;*va/4 i..; 
 vok., soun.l), a •'■■7;. '", ,1^ . s cal souncU, l.y 
 
 eUH'tnoty. bee f" ;/;/,,„, riwixpon. 
 
 tiMiiU'il wiiv ■ ,•, ^,;,„„is iir ft nnisii'iil-lxix 
 
 Pn.lusMir rq'i;< • 1' " ,„. i.„ivt,.i'liiiif. >">1"> 
 ,,)Ka»<l"Mmvtlju.|io ■ . ■,i,,,,,.>,,,,i.rlri;_ 
 
 riiilil' lU'isi'xliil'it';'' '>■""•' • jsAl'iH ib6i 
 
 U.lPi.lioii.'Ut 1-i.ii.U.jii . ; ■,„, ,„„,, ,870-, 
 
 pliiyid i>n at t'"' li"'^"" '"" ,2 I'Vli. 1E77 
 
 , iii.iVs (rlfiilii'ia', anil i» »»i<l 
 
 Elisl.a Gray i!»l'>"\'' ' "' " J, 'n'V.lisn.lrry . 
 
 „^>>..„l..l ';';^»^^;, ,,',„• .lUk.tlu.d.y 
 
 \,-., .li^tinHly h>;ai<l . • • ,,,.,,,.,,,. i,H„.c 
 ThisU'lerlu.n.M'Nlal.'U ■> » ■ • ^^ ,«;,; 
 
 i!:^r'^ui;^;^--\ir...ui^,;;.-;it 
 
 Debates in tlu, House or 0,n.uu.n«re,a.t.l.;y.t 
 
 i:aison's earlum ' -"^.^^^'^'tJmlon an'l No,«i,l. ; 
 viTsation lieanl Lctwun i-u" ^^ j;,,^, 
 
 H,.w i'»'l'''^^";^''";:;" ,',',,'. ,i.s l.n on,e tl.e L-niti..l 
 
 
 1667 
 
 1821 
 
 1837 
 1K4J 
 
 1855 
 
 1873 
 
 ~~! i i7;,.,i iiv loril KliiliiuHt"iie >" !''» 
 
 TJ;;:;;;:;;;:eonnnn,,inaionsWtw™ni!ri,i,t,,,uu.i 
 
 ' TlIr'syMi'if I'vp'ly aev,.ioK.l iu'l^u„.,,.,„„l 
 
 .^^;^;r'ivuT;.;-'j''i;;-;>:;;:;,,,!;:",T''va:;;;^; 
 
 Omiip. i,.i« iiiUis 1,1 y _ J. MaiTli, „ 
 
 T,rro:i^.mn. n,.W..siar.;..on;..ssi,.nsU,^.;;. 
 
 s;:;s;;i"eM-i..pas-u.-«..™ vxi,,i,i^iu.,^^^^ 
 
 l,iv,Ti.nol V" ■!,',', r.u.',,li..m' of' Mi'ssis. A. A. " 
 
 ''&:r':n:n V:!^\a^wovti. o.- n.. ^.. 
 
 l'unso\.i'in'il l.> iHt.in" 2lVl,. K7 
 
 ' A"''i:i:i;:^^t% i;:,,;:i;;:;:f;::;^„;.,.,, i.>i»'::i - 
 
 Cuninuuucatuiii li.\ U l< 1"" " (, M:(. v'l 
 
 i'7:;;;;r;!ny^vi^nu;w^.■....,,;;-es;.,..^^ 
 
 l».sU.msU'r-p-nnal m hm"" ^ JmiiMSi 
 
 1 Tlu. Pulsion l.lq;l-':,'.\,i,,,, „i„,i.m ikc 
 
 u-i^;';'--" ..nivslnA;:::...^!'^: 
 
 near I.omloii . • • j ,,,,.,1 „ ,,i„ci» "f 
 
 T..U.,,lione eo."";""'' ■.,,,. „,„, „.s..„t,..l to 
 ruiis, i:l''l\"'^l V , , 1,1 . 1. tl, • ii,...ssiivy«iki 
 l.yllir *^''ti '^^i'-' ; .' , , Miiu'tinii 1.1 til. lir>l 
 «'■■■" '■'"!"■'';';,'„' ells, ana tlirii suMiitk. 
 s,.,l,.niam.- ' ' ' ' ' '% ,,',.li •, oliu-ii.lly t.M.<l 
 i,,^ ,,y tlu; '"""" '''.V*,, .1, ■ ti„. liisi comiiiiiiu- 
 l,y Uu. enniiii- -; „i*' , , , ,„■ w„l,.s ami 1«* 
 ciiUniis Will' 11" 11 '",':„ 'n,,auil;ilii'iis; i.iliets 
 
 loll-'«7l >";'m"T<o; e 1- ..■ ; iiiiiiiinTolcMr.. 
 
 snll.'s aiKl "i:"«^>''rv" ,;"'^ , ,,,',1 .Aim,.f(.| 
 Treasury- nilM.i... ll' l^"!:;",,, !'V tlVKii.^i n 
 
 1894 
 
 * 3 
 
"ELEPHONE. 
 
 ,.,1 liv lord KlliliiUHtniic in lii« 
 .,„,,„;,,.y, SM,Uau,l . ;<q.t. .?'. 
 
 Mniiihi'stfv; .■xiliuin!<' "I ui's- 
 
 "'ll'l'I'vill.m'S suii\ ti' liuvf i.»rtij" 
 insi .'llii'i' • • ,. ■ ^'''': ' 
 raliiPl.lii'«f'"'i'i.1""*''"'","^'I""'' 
 
 ,1,.|'tiv.I ; U,,T,„Mi.Miin:^iln., n 
 ,. ,,., Jan. .88i.; (Umm»i..u I lat 
 ,.„ ni.iinv is nil iiilnictu.n ul tlir 
 
 r;;^:,:i,„,yiK,,,,i.n.yti;v-';'| 
 
 180; li^'il iirmiii;fim'»l'' Willi H"' ^ 
 
 ,'.,„.ri.i huv ^'^.llt« li<riMT« . „ 
 
 ,.„lT„irsf..ll.rf, Massa.'li iM' lis 
 „.«■ svst,.ui, '.-iUi H|il'V"V.'.l tH.. 
 . „ui 'Mitic>iliitiii« ail' fmiil.MMT), 
 
 I's lUlcl 1m1iS"1''» . • • -^ii- , 
 
 C.innly lli.'iitrc, Vnlitoii utirvt, 
 1 ,,t livistol liotfl, llmlii.^lnu 
 
 . . • 21 I'fe. ^ 
 
 „»'c..n,i«iny'^>"l »'""'■'' ""■'■""1-'. 
 , ub,'.)'jbl.\ .livi.lcii'l 6 1.1'V cHit. ^__ 
 mini'cuti.ms 1" twi'('n l!nt!lLtnii ini.1 
 
 ■ 1 I . . • 'J1 I'l't'. 
 
 ,'iii!ly ■.lev.'iolH'.l i" l'-ii'"l'<' "li'l 
 
 ■„„. '(•(.iMi'.iniy ' '■• ilinrisna, Os, 
 , lor iiilViiii:fiiii''i'« "' V"l>"* 
 
 ;;;,aK,iis,,>.);^''i'ii^^^''M;i^;!'*';^^j^^ 
 
 i„,iculi"i. lu.iw.'.n New Y.Mk ana 
 
 ,Vit1..s ai'..! clw>l«'l« t'ai.si,ulu.lj:t 
 ;, makes 'law' (•n»'i'i's»i"i'>' >" ll'"' _j.^ 
 ;,,,i„;,,„ts' l,.:(*>'.'ii UNUi-lp. ajjl " 
 
 ■ ' i; IClLswovUi or New ^■'rk 
 '" . . All,'. ,. 
 
 „i,;.>Mii.'ali"ii l..'t"*,M;u nvu.scls ml 
 M,y .nfaiiH .if Ur. < """'^'"'^ 'J^^lf;,; ,., 
 '''','„.,.'.,( sitociiliiiliii . . . Wi; . 
 
 ?(;;:;;;;l,iionorH;^u;,i.i^rMiji2^^ 
 
 ill, c.lli.T ciuiliaiiii's ciiiiuMil lij llw 
 .;:l.al,,. v,.Kanl.iin-U-.-_^^j 
 
 t'l.'l'li'-ii''. i"'^^''''-'' si'iiiiil" I"-'' "'■ 
 
 v,s...l ,.u .ailwaysiiiAi;Hnia,i». 
 ^(■ooa n suits .m tin- Mi.llaml ™ilw;|!- 
 
 "s'lia tn laivc' ii.v.'i.t.'il' a vi"C"» "' , 
 
 ' (I .Miiiiiiiiu; til'' '"■'■''""'"'>"'"'' 
 r a 11 ■"iisl">'''i''''''''V'''' 
 
 ' 1 I'l iiii™l'li's,aiiailii'ii'^ii''ii''*:: 
 i';;,' . ,, „,„.,.l,-. .inid;,llyl,M.<i 
 
 ,, M iTvli ; till' llrsi coHiii.mii- 
 
 '^'riio'i:;: "ltd; iinii;-'- 
 ■f ;r.^:.!^,:iru:^'v;:H:.ni^;^^^ ' 
 
 iKuie'o:o;.ralio>M.ril.e,«t.* 
 
 TELEPHOTOOllAPHY. 
 
 1077 TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES. 
 
 anil tlio tclc|iIjiiiiiMM)iii|iaiiiis, At, . 23 May, 1892 
 llie j,'(ivt'rriiiJi'iit aiitluii'iscil to raiso i,rxK-),(>K>/. to 
 liaii'lia* the trunk liiii's ol' tin' tclc|ilioii(' nun- 
 |iaiiir<, liy tijc! i'li!j,'nipli art passed . . Jnni', ,, 
 Ii'leiilioiii' from N(!W York to Cliirano (950 iiiili's) 
 
 IM'llfli 
 
 Oil. 
 
 A"MaMual of Ti'li-pliony," l.y \V. II. I'l c anil 
 
 .\. .1. .Stulilis, ]iiililislii-il .... Di.c. 189J 
 
 Trk'|>l"mu I'riiiu liiiiliii to ViiMina(4io iiiilc.s)o|ichcil, 
 
 29 Nov. 1894 
 
 Iilepliiiui' lii'twcMii tl]!' I'ost-i.lllei!, I.oinlon, Kiliii- 
 liinxli. «i'i' oHii'r priiii-ipal towns ot'tlii' liin-.'iloiii 
 iiiuii;;iiral(!il ij.liini', 1895 
 
 Ilm Aiioslololl' aiitoiiiatic ti'leplioiii', systi'in ili,'- 
 
 scrilii'il ill 111" ''/ 
 
 17 .\ii^'. iBgfi 
 
 All till- Trunk tiilMiplioiMi liims in tliu Uiiitivl KiuK- 
 (luiii traiisli'rri'il to thi) I'osl.olllni . 6 lo'li. 1897 
 
 Si'i'unil li)l(.*pla>iii.' calili' -24 iiiilas Iiuif^— ln!lwi't'u 
 
 Aiilml'-s-i'lill', iiuar Hovit, ami Maii^'itlM ar 
 
 Oiliii.i, laiil ...... S May, ., 
 
 Ti'li'iilionii (■oninninicatioti with anil tliroii;;li In^- 
 liuiil liiiifun , Si'pt. ,, 
 
 ii(l)grtutti!li:|ilnini! C'oniiuitliM' issuivl . uAii;;. iSy8 
 
 TELEPHOTOOllAPHY, u iuohm for 
 
 tiilismittiu!,' to 11 ilistuiirc iuiuLti s of olijccts liy llio 
 ajniey of cli'i'lrii'itv uiiil si-li'iiiiini, wus invented liy 
 J!r. Slii'lfiiril liiilwi'll, early in l.S.Si. 
 
 TELEltADIIMIOXE, .in nnun-enient of 
 ,i|i]iariitus in whiili .\l. .Menadirr lias iiiiupteil prof, 
 {.iialiani liell's pliotoplione to telejjraiiliy, unnuuiiied 
 J;U1. lcSS2. 
 
 TEf^ESCOPES. '!''•: 
 
 foribvil liy Kiiger llaeoii r 
 ilijgi's (will) died iilii- ' 
 arriiiijri'd ^'lusses so tlm 
 I objects. 
 
 ; rilii'iple wua de- 
 l-jo, uiid I.e.. nurd 
 l.s .said to liuvr 
 .ml Keu very distant 
 
 I IflMoii|H'.i I'liiistrueti'd liy .lulin lapiMU'liey and 
 Zai'ltarias .Jansiui, apeetaele-iuaki-i's of .\iiilille- 
 , l.iir^', ami .lanii'S .Melius ol' .\ikniair . . aliinit 1608 
 
 I <i;llilpa(l'lillliaileseriplion of I lie .ihove) lolistrueleil 
 
 telfseapeM (.May, 1009), Ki'adually iiv-'reasiiij; in 
 puwcr, till he iliseovered J uiiiter .s satellites, etc. , ' 
 
 , .Ian. 1610 
 
 j riipldescoiie explained Iiy Ke|iler . . . ,1611 
 I lIuyBliiiis greatly iniproveil the li'leseope ; dis- 
 I iiiviriil the riii^' and satellites of .'Saturn, ite. 1655-6 
 lli'li'sriiiifs iniiiriiveil iiy (ire),'iM'y, aliout . . i66j 
 
 I littlretiagti'lesi'iipe invented liy Newton . 1668 I 
 
 |.\tliwmatie leleseopes ni.iile liy ('hestei' More Hall, 
 J iilwiit 1723 : re-iiiveiiteil liy .iiilin llollonil . . 1753 
 ISirWia, UiTseliel (originally an or.nanisl at iialli) 
 
 gri'iltly ilaplnves teleseopes, allil iliseu\'el'S the 
 
 itaei Uranus (Wi»'/i .Ml), 21 Mareli, 1781,111111 a 
 VL.ii'uiiii' nioinilain in Die moon, in 178^ ; he eoni- 
 
 lilrll'S his fiirtyleet I'oe.'ll len^'l ll teleseope in 
 
 i;89,iuiil he ilisenvers two other voleanie nioun- 
 
 taiij.s; he lays liel'ore the lioyal .Sneiety a eata- 
 
 logiio of 5(x)o ni'tiuhe and I'liisters ot'Hlars . 1802 
 
 lAWescope iiiaile in Loudon for the oliservalory of 
 
 T Mailriil, whieli cost ti.txxj/., in . . . ,, 
 
 |Tel«oiics iiiipnni'd liy Oiiinand and Kraunlmfer. 
 
 1805-14 
 Tlif i^cat ti'li'iii'iipe taken down, ami one of twenty- 
 f«'t fili-al h'lltJIh ereeteil liy sir .lohll llerseh'el 
 i (wliii alteru'arils liiiik it to the l.'ape of Ooml 
 J lliilii',,iacl made with ii his olisei'vatioiis) . . 1822 
 pliniirliif liiisse ereeteil at I'arsonstowu, in Iri'- 
 I laml, a leleseiiiie (at a cost e.\eeei|iii;,' 2o,tx)ij/.) 
 
 6 fwt ill ilia ter, and 54 feet in length; it U 
 
 1 iniivi'il with ease 1828-45 
 
 hr. himi'li eiuisti'ueteil a te|eseo|ie liy whieh hi' 
 JismviTi'il the satelliteof Neptune, 1846: and the 
 
 ..ir.l.t .......11;* e ^... 
 
 I I'iglit satellites iif, Saturn 
 
 • ■■'(.iH illlll 11 11 I .-1 III I 111 V.III II 
 
 piitiirgii{anlie sii:e, 85 feet in length (verv iiiipei'- 
 I f«t), diiiiiiletcil at WiiUdswoi'th liy the I'ev. .lohn 
 
 I Craig ' . . . . 
 
 Isgiiitlteut «iniat«irlal teleseope.s sot lip at the 
 
 i8.|8 
 
 1852 
 
 I. Fmii'aulli'xhihits at I 
 
 rvatr.ries at Oreenwieli and I'aris 
 
 Mr It. ,s. Xewairs lelese, (with ohjeei gla.siH 25 
 
 ui'iesiliaMe'e,'; tnlie m.,u'ly 3„reet),set np il 
 l.aleshe,,,! l.y ( ookes ot York . . ,o,„ 
 
 Hue at L'niteil Slates iilisei'vatoiv, Washington- 
 
 Mr v' in li' f'' ""■'"■", 'li'";"""!'. .'.1 l""! length l83l 
 .Ml. A. Ani.she I lUillllolls relh'elinglele.senpe;.spe. 
 I'llluill 17.1 luehe.silianielel'; ;,.ngtl|, -.„ |',.,.t. ; .saiU 
 til I"' I 11; must pnwejl'lll in .'xistenee ; Kul- 
 llig, Mehllev.S'; ei.inplete,!, Sept. i,!;, ; a pr-lUT 
 V" ■■'"""■ '"!■ ' Ills li'lleeting lele.M'ope reai. t,y 
 
 Dr. < iinimou at the Hoy. Aslnm. .Sneiety, ,, .I,m. ,893 
 Ihe largest leliaeting ti.h..vnpe vet nude; liv 
 llnw.ml i.i'iil.li at llnlilin (t'nr Vienna) appioveil 
 '■> lli''i''immissinuer,.| . , . ,„ .m.,,,.1,, i83i 
 A (ery large leliaeliug lele.scup,. l,v Messrs. I'lark 
 III Aiiieiiea was .sel u|> in Hie i.liservatoiv at 
 .Mnmif llaiiiillnu, Calilnniia, nanu'd alter 'Mr. 
 l.ieli (Willi lell iiey t'nr its I'oiindation) . . 1333 
 
 TELL, AVILLTAM. Tlie popular .stuies re- 
 
 sperling luui were lienmnstruted to he mytliical by 
 1 lolessor ko|ip of Lieenii', kS;2. 
 
 TELLERS, see under Kxchiiiner. 
 
 TELLUlilUM, a rare metal, in its natunil 
 st.'ite eniitainin^- small i|uantities nf iron and (jold, 
 wa-j ili.seovere.l l,y Miilier of Keielienstein, in 1782, 
 and named liy Klaprotli, ' 
 
 TKL()r)YXAMIC T]lAXS:\nTTER, in- 
 
 vi'iili'il l>y .M. Ilirii, IS an ari'angeinent of water- 
 whi'i'ls, endless wires, and pulleys, for eonveyini? 
 .'iMil nsin- the power of water-falls at a distance, 
 and has heen niiieli used sinee kS^o. 'I'lie aiiparatua 
 was shown at Paris in |,S()2. 
 
 TKLPIIERAOE, an applie.-ilion of eleetrie.al 
 nndion, invented liy in'nfe,.snr l-'leeinin- .lenkiu, 
 .'iideil liy priife.-soi.s Ayrlon and Teri'v, for conveying 
 lieiivy good.s, 2(1. a ton per mile, .i" miles nil li'our, 
 shown at Millwall, i.S,S.(. ' 
 
 A ■IVliiheragec pany wasrnrnied. A Telpher linn 
 
 at the estate of lord llain|iden at (ilyiidi ar 
 
 '-'•"' ''*i "I"' I 17 Nov. 1885 
 
 TEMESWAR (irnn'.arv), capital of tlie Itanat, 
 often hesieged hy tile lurks. On 10 An;,'. 1849, 
 llayiian totally defeated the lInnf{ariHns besiegini' 
 tills town, and virtually ended the war. 
 
 TEMXOGIIjVPIL an instrnnuMit designed to 
 plot to any aeenrate scale a scetionof the },'ri.and 
 over wliicli it iravcN. It works bv frietionul 
 motion piverned by two pendulous weights. In- 
 vented by A. M. Kynier-.lones in i8;<), 
 
 TEMPERAN-QE SOCIETIES originated 
 with .Mr. (Jallioiin, who, while lie was secretary of 
 war ill America, in order to count, et tlie habitual 
 use of ardent spirits among the people, prohibited 
 tliein jiltogetber in the I'niied States' army, 1818. 
 See 7'ce^,/«/c)-, and I'cimi.sxiri- Jli/I, 
 The lirst pulilie teiiiperanee society in America v,','i.s 
 
 in'ojeeted ill 1825, and foninil ' . .13 f'eli. 1826 
 Many lempiianee soeietie.s iinincdiately afterwards 
 
 tnriiied ill America, Kngland, and Sci'itlaiid. 
 Ih'itish and foreign tciniieraiK'e .society formed, 
 
 2Q .June, 1831 
 The " licchahites" (see.Ier. \xxv.) Iiegan . ' .iliout 1S38 
 In Ireland, the rev. Dr. Kiigar,or lielfast, piilihshed ' 
 
 npoutempei'.'incein iS29-u;aiid Father Theohahl 
 
 .Mat hew, a Hoiuaii catlmlic clergyman, allirmed 
 
 that he held niailc innrethaii a iiiiHii f eouverts 
 
 to lenipel'anie . . ,5,,, 
 
 Kather .Mathew .irrivcd in America in ,Iiily, 1849; 
 
 wasnolsosueeessfiilthei'c: he died, aged 66, 8 Dee. 
 
 1856; centenary of his birth celehrated, 10 Oct. 
 
 fl sni. 1890; Ui>* statue at Dublin unveiled, 8 Feb. 189} 
 
 I Ik mil' 
 
 aris a relleetiiiK telescope 
 
 1S60 Anti-ak-uhul coii|{ress at the II, 
 
 16 Aug. 
 
 I Inigth 17J feet' 
 
 wr 31J niches in diameter ; the local 
 
 In Kiiglaiid, the. National teniperanco society 
 
 formed 
 
 1862 I London temperance leagnc 
 
 1843 
 1831 
 
 \mi 
 
 ih^ I 
 
 : ! I1II 
 
 i' ' • 
 
 111! 
 
mm 
 
 \\ 
 
 V 
 
 TEMPEKED GLASS^ 
 
 The National ■[■.■invi''"'-' '' ;'- \;, ^ 
 t;niM( /v, »!/.'""' ' '^, . ,',.'(, ri,..l :.4 1-Vb. l8q7); 
 ,,,400 socwtwh , ',", 78,q88incn.li.Ms . • 
 
 i;^--"--'" • •■r:':;:l:;;:;:;:^,;...n™^^^^ 
 
 Liiiiil.fili . ■ ■ . • ,|ic..li(ili..' i\rii.k» 
 
 ATcMMiK;nUM;.l...j:.t'. in . ^^,,,^,,1 ^ O.t. „ 
 
 London Temi';'™'"''^, •'""', 'J.tV .0,000/. sub- 
 Lomlon, liuiWmb' (21,000/. ..ut J^. _ ^^.^^^ 
 
 siTlbeil) . • • ',,:„,.,' ,.„„i,o(.Um1 with 
 Int^rnutionul '■'•"•^;! ;™ 'u.^ A« ^nlS hall, Is- 
 
 /^s:;;:^.^:^;;:;;;:;n::::ie;;ai.vJinu.-.'^....;.-'o^;;;: 
 
 Hii'ks) . ■ ■ T„i.',i.... ii't tbr Civstiil I'lilaic; 
 NationanVniro™"''''J"l"'>' "•^" '■ , . h,.,,t. „ , 
 
 above 50,000 inrsent V,,,,|-' ,.,.„ci>s : liiHssels, 
 International '<'"'l.'' y""^'; "'" . ' ,885 ; l-on.lon, 
 
 i88q; London ib»2 , AntttiM- '°5' i,,,,,,^ .ggj 
 
 Mr. J. ». Ci.n,b dies in ''l.i;-'"H'|;;». .^-^^VeS: .886 i 
 British and eolonial c,.n«ress in I. ^'^'^:^';^)'^ „ I 
 
 ..^r;^r'fbitu!..i-t^rM.,,Aw^ 
 
 ^;^:'i,;;:;,!ui':b.:uHon'^";;"->."> • ^•"•"•'^«' 
 
 TEMPERED GLASK,.^"' C/«.vs. 
 
 of the Torn,. 0," to ,,roUc pilun n.N v^ ^ ^^^^^^^,^ 
 
 about in« li.v i'»', ' . il 12? The Ten- 
 conarrned by l...l.e »";"" >.^,?, V,,, ,' ,-i,.., a„,l ..arrre 
 
 TENERIEEE. 
 
 1856 
 
 1871 
 
 1873 
 
 1879 
 
 iSSs 
 
 i3S£ 
 .S7C 
 
 ib;; 
 
 to England !»• ore n^v ' ' ; ;,; k^^. ,be order 
 cited the '^»l'''\»y ? ;\,, r. x'^cnne, «nd ,.an 
 was ^ui.preesea b> ' "" \ ' „ ,„her orde-s abont 
 of it« revonr.e-* ^^■''^;; X, V ' "'' '^ eondenrned, 
 ,3,2 >..n;l"|«'d '"^;'^,j;j' [„ ,,o«-Io, and it 
 
 euftereu niurli 1"'^" " " -^ ,^^ p,,,,,. Clemer;l , 
 knight, were l.u.i.la ' ''V^; '3'",,, 'xiie f,na,ul 
 V. TiboHi<bed the "!'''''•, -.ive'.t'aris iSMareb. 
 master Mob.y «a« nant , .,; , ^ ^iven to th. 
 
 &tXri:ffi:e^i>",-l"^'o,..'^.'.-'"'^"^'-'' 
 Sed'intheTc.wor. See 0' ' /„»;-/<'..^. 
 
 TEMPLE (i-""'^'>o,|i-,;i-^';;'i-jf,j:i! 
 
 Knigbls Ten,,, ars, ;';-"- ' .!' „ I;;;:.Hio,> of the 
 
 ^r^ati^d '\l!e ().L T™>1>U, beeau.e rt wa. 
 gituated NvitboMt T'en.iiU-bar. 
 
 S,.w Inner Tenild.^ had "l.'''"'' "> 1'"' ,^ j,,,,/ 
 
 TK»e.,K ..AU, ereete,! .-^y!"^';;, ^^^^.^'liv iirUW,' ^'l 
 l„. rebuilt 27. inne, 'My •:,„' ",;,;. ,0,.; m.,,,, 
 
 abuv "'^''l':;;'];::^; ,s U .863; b,.,an 
 
 v.avs; rei'or ed '■>.-""' ... ,56i 
 
 to sink 30 •I'lly ,: ." , ,, „„K,n .-onneil, ^ S^t. 
 Its removal \..te.l b> g g . inst .,|.inr.< 
 
 ,8,b'. the removal bi-.vn .;•.•'... T ,,,|mic, iSjc 
 len.oveil . ■ •, ■. ,-,_ |j, jjen.K lo l,i' 
 
 ,367; 'l"'.':'";f',',' ;!■',; ,i„. site (iwcludln- .statu.s 
 ■11,1. laena.nal t""'"\., ' , • \v,a.'s) ; .ost .d.nut 
 
 " ;Via/.'. (.11... '■^:' ' ;.,.i,nblie was made Hi* 
 
 site o a ",y..>l^; '!,' '^ ;: ! ,ters' ehal-d (nd.i-trr, 
 1 "^'y^. r.^tr;Uolbon,vl:;duet,wuso,a.ned,„May,,S:, 
 
 ' TEMPLES. The l^JTji;-,;;-^^ 
 Sre^i'i^VrOnr iUseriWd to IVn,*. 
 
 The temi.le of '^'V " ,n ' .d bv Sld^hak, „' ■ ''t^'^''' 
 ,.„aseerated 1004 1..I1..V' ' • . ,„i,,,| i^ 
 
 1 ,,,,„„lt l,.v ll.'i" ;,, « • V,,.i,,i,i, -Ib^t a w,ttap- will, 
 The teinide ')[, '";"'■.■,,. T,„ld,onois. Mlv.ei .2wi...,-. 
 
 ;!=?-B;i r^-""f;; , - 
 
 Temldeof )iinaat 1.1. ■ , KraKistvaUb ci 
 
 l,v ctesiidion, 544 ", ; • ' . „;„„,., :,5C, n.e, : to r.. 
 
 U.rostratus to I'-'H; 'l;..^" ,';,,, ..f,,,. n,,. fio.ls. 
 bniM it enil.hi>ed22o5..ii», 
 
 T>"'^ten^ie..fi^;;;y.-,J;>;i'Ui;^ 
 
 ?;!';;;; ™;:,;;,r senate ha.lin„.vis. l.aad ,.,.„.,. 
 
 T,':::ie'otTla's;"'s:b.oit 480'n.e,, isa, thisdaythe,..,. 
 ^' rlJeet an,.ie.,t •■;>'!^;,;:;.,!^-,rd ..rov.-l tl,r™,l>« 
 
 (Insius, 3.ii-39'- ' ' 
 
 The7Vm)./n."'Mvas ... in ■ -^ ._^ „„. 
 
 Inner Ten.,.!.;, .s .a *'"""' f' ", ,,,|„,„.kable for its 
 ,,y th.'Ten.plars ,. 'f.f';'' ,'^, ,,'" ...bs ot the 
 ei.v..lar vesl.b..le an 1 t . .^.^^^ ^ j^^^^.^.,^ 
 
 crusaders, «'"'"';,," .'.ni- Sn.i.'Ue in .828; 
 was r,.;ased «. sb '> > ^^ va..nl.an, .lean 
 resitsnation ol I"- * nam s 
 
 1572 
 
 TVVAXT see li'"'- n.U* to .nnen.l til? |«j- 
 .• ^^Mri^, t'eiMintsin .eb.tion to the,,- l,„.„i.r,U 
 tion ot lusl "!■'"''.',;, ,„„.nt bv Mr. S i;irai;in 
 
 ,,, brought ,n..^;--^,,,.J,_,,,M 
 
 '^'"ir ;s« ^1" 1 i.-l'-ter Fo,tese„e, m. \M 
 
 . ' '1 Q Tnlv lS"0. SH' li'it''- 
 
 tinU imSSt'U O .lUl>> l'^/*^'* „ ■„ 
 
 !;;;;:.^;s.vrs',n.^.s,.Asso,,.r,,.«.s^ 
 
 s,',iuei,ee (d " '(.rl, ,al a , > . „,■ ,.„„„„„„s, il,,,ii 
 5,arty,atan,eetn.^' '",."',,■,,„, ,i,„ i,W, Mat 
 
 tenants weie ...\lt.0 1 ' 'n..- a^s :«iati"l-»ii 
 
 ,„vlin.inar.vn.<.d,n.-'sHi,. II • ^ ^.^ 
 
 |„,„.„rated at 1 ...ide., '1 !';■".• ■,„,,„, i,, 
 Mr. Ked.eond, and olhn >'•'•■•,, , „„|,>criM 
 ,,.,.s,.,,t,2B..et. .880. 40.W. l.;^,,,,,.,,,,„ 
 
 m, to ,o.)an. i8o".. ". Apm. . 
 I i-,.pni-ted unsneiessl..,. 
 
 ,„„l,\':;ti,e lintisl,, 2.^ F.d,. i82(,, 
 
 TENERIFFE(C..-..n...N.W^-;;: 
 
 The ,.eak ot '''"'■' "''.f'/JI.,, by ,notV...».r f.l'am 
 U,es..,.,wasaseend,.d n.^,Ob n^^^^ A„ «rth. 
 
 SlllVtll fol- 
 
 ■ ast,..!!..,,,!..,! observations. 
 
 
TEN MIiVUTES' BILL. 
 
 1079 
 
 TEUTONIC OEDER. 
 
 imil nil . • '>; .f 
 
 111.. coiniiKiii iM>vi\vc-il, 27 N'I't. 
 
 " . . I J .luiic, 1871 
 
 liiilim; .itatiirs 
 
 <); ciist i' * 
 
 .,...lcl, 3 
 „vi. iilv im asyiuui r"V.i.l 
 ,r tl„. iv\nilil>''. was liui.lr tliv 
 '■_c.,.. ,.i„l vi'li\n\t in 1864 
 
 s,.e li.iit. Bill* t.>niucii(t the ji«- 
 .,,„ntsii) "'lilt'"" '" ti';'i'- ^'""""■■* 
 
 „stnin.mu.ul „l,s..nati»ns. An urm | 
 
 quiikc ill this island (li'strciyiMl several towns and 
 luiiny tlio'isumls of people in 1704. See iSaiita Ci-tiz. 
 flie'j;overnor, col. I'edi-o Hii.st.aiiiiM, was hanged lor 
 murder of his mother-in-law, 2K Oet. i8()0. 
 
 TEN MINUTES' BILL, see Ihfonn. 
 
 TEXNEf^J^EE, a sonthern state of North 
 Aiiii'riiM, was settled about 17(k), anil adniitleil iutu 
 thciiniiiii I June, I7i)(). An onliuaiire of secession 
 from the union was passed — it is assertod illetrallv 
 -onOMay, I.SdI. On 23 Feh, i.Sl,2, the federa'l 
 fcneral Nelson entered Nusliville, and in Slareh, 
 Andrew Johnson (afterwards Ihe president of the 
 United States) was made military ^'overnllr over a 
 liiige part of 'remiessee. In Se]it". iXdj, Ko.eMerans 
 expelled t!ie confederate g-overnment. 'l"he repre- 
 stntativi.- of Tennessee were re-admitted tc the 
 wnsire,';, July, I(<(Xj. I'oi)ulation, 1880, 1,542,359; 
 1^)0, ^ytJri.S'^ ! capital, Nashville. 
 Iliiit.s at Kiioxville, tliriiu;;li tlie I'liiployiaent of con- 
 victs in till' tiiiui's; about 500 liberated by tlie iiioli, 
 30 Oct. 1/.-T7. ; lecaptiircil, 4 Nov. 1891. 
 See Vniliil Sluts, 1892. 
 
 TENNIS. This },'ame,lirouirht from France, iii 
 the miiidle ages, bei'anie fiishionalde in Kngland i)i 
 iheroisiiof Uharh's II. i(i(x)-85 ; see !tii i/e I'liumv. 
 ■■Lawn Tennis" became fashionaliie in 187-, re- 
 Blai'ing croquet. Julian Jlarshall's "Annals of 
 Tennis" jnibli.shed June, 1878. 
 AN'ational Luvn Tennis Association starti'd Jan. 18S8 
 
 TEN TABLES, see Ikrimvim. 
 TENTERDEX'S ACT, Loud, 2 & 3 Will. IV. 
 
 f, ;i, for shortening the time of iirescriplion in 
 iiTtain eases (such as rights of way, and use of 
 light), passed I Aug. i8j2. 
 
 lEN THOUSAND, see Retreat. 
 
 TENTHS, see Tithes. 
 
 TENURES, tlie mode in which land is held. 
 .Military tenures in Kngiand were abolisbed in 
 iboo Lytteltnn's book on Tenures is dated 1481, 
 
 TERBIUM, a metal sometimes found with 
 
 I yttrium [teliieli we). 
 
 TERCEIRA, see Azoi-e:!. 
 
 TERMS oi-' Law and Yacatioxs. They 
 
 »(■«■ instituted in Kngland from the Norman u.sage, 
 
 the long valuation lieing suited to the tinu' of the 
 
 viiitaire in I.'anie, 14 Will. I. lo7(). — (lldiirille ile 
 
 b.ij. Amilic. They were gradually formed. — .S;W- 
 
 ; mih The tenns were Hxed by statute II (ieo. IV. 
 
 I am! I Will. IV. 22 July, l8jij: llitunj Tenn to 
 
 1 bcfin II Jan. and end ,51 Jan.; I'M^ler, 15 .\pril, 
 
 ti enj 8 .May ; Tfiiiiti/, 22 Nlav, to end 12 June; 
 
 Mitluhiixix, 2 Nov. to end 25 Nov. This act was 
 
 ameuili'd I Will. IV. 15 Nov. 1830. New law terms 
 
 I (iiiHVsitting.s) were a)ipointed under tbe Supreme 
 
 I IWtof Juilicatnre Act, pa.ssed 5 .\ug. 1873. 
 
 1 .ViVftijc/jnu.- M7n' /e/s ; 2 Nov. to 21 Iter. 
 
 j Hil'irj; II ,Inii. I" Wcilnesday in Passion wc.k. 
 
 I (Mir: Tliur.scliy in Kaster week to Friday bd'nre Wliit- 
 
 I Suiiilay, 
 
 I Tripiiij: Tiiemlay ul'ter Whit-Sunday to 8 Aug. 
 
 I Til', new /(■;/'(' VKviinua ordered to lie as t'lillnws: — 
 iln,<(«iii.<: ..4 liec. to li .Ian. l-n.^hr: (looil Kij.lav 
 t'lliisterTa.siliiy. U liil.iiiii : iSatiiiday lictoie Wliit- 
 .Niiiila) ti Wliil-Tucsiiay. Liinij emiili'iii : to Aug. to 
 2t t)et, 
 
 TERNOVA, see Tinwvu. 
 
 re. who 
 
 union; 
 
 fif I'on- 
 
 ttTF>?^^XO^IA^ WATERS JliRISDIC- 
 
 TI()N ACT, passed. If) Aug. 1878. It regulates 
 tbe law relating to the trial of otfenees ennnnittcd 
 on tbe se,-i -.vitliin a certain distance of the coasts of 
 her majesty's dominions. 
 
 TERROR see l;e,yn of. 
 
 TERlii' ALTS, insurgents of eo. ( 
 C'lnmiittcil numerous iiutrai;es after tl 
 1801. They resembled the " Thrashers ' 
 naught, the " Carders," the followers of "eaiit 
 Hocli," 1822, and tbe Fenians (W(ic/,,vce). Jtreinr. 
 
 TEST ACT, directing all otbeers, civil ami mili- 
 tary, under government, to receive the sacrament 
 according to ihe forms of the church of Knghrid, 
 and to take tbe oaths against tran^ulistantiatioii, 
 ifee. ; enacted 2() .March, I()7i, The Test and Cor- 
 poration acts were repealed, 9 May, 1828. See 
 Uiuvv):siti/ Tents. 
 
 TESTAMENT, see imie.; and Wilh. 
 
 TESTER, te.itoiie, a silver coin struck in France 
 by I.oins XII, 1513; and also in Scotland in the 
 time of Francis II. and of .\Iarv, queen of Scots, 
 l.S.iO- It was so called from tbe'head of the king, 
 stamped upon it. In Knulandtbe tester was of I2rf. 
 value in the reign of ILnrv VIII., afterwards of 
 bil. (still ciilled a tester). 
 
 .TESTRI (X. France). r,.pi„ d'Heristal. in- 
 vited by malcontents, liere defeated and captured 
 Thierry III., king of Austrasia, and established 
 himself as duke, 087. 
 
 TETTEXIIALL (Slalfbrdshire). It was pro- 
 bably at this place, then named Teotenhcal, that 
 the llanes were defeated by the Saxon king, Edward 
 the Killer, 6 Aug. 910. 
 
 TETUAN (Morocco) was entered by the Span- 
 iards Feb. l8(X), after gaining a decisive ■•ictory 
 on 4 Feb. The general O'Donuell, was made a 
 grandee of the tirst class. 
 
 TEUTOBERG FOREST (theTeutohergiensis 
 saltus, 'Iiieilii.'), jirobably situate '■ .tweeii Detmold 
 and I'aderbia-n, wliere Hermann, or Arminius, and 
 the (iermans deleated tile Konians under Varus, 
 wiih vry great slaughter, A.I). 9. Varus and many 
 of his ottieers preferred suicide to captivity. This 
 defeat was regarded at Kome as [i national c'alamity, 
 and Augustus, in agony, cried, "Varus, give me 
 my legions!" 
 
 TEl'TOXES, rt people of Germany, who with 
 the {!imbri made incursions upon (janf, and cut to 
 pieces two licmaii armies, 113 ami 105 11. e. Tliey 
 were at last defeated by the consul ilarius at Aix, 
 and a great number made ]i^iioiiers, lo2 B.C. (see 
 (Jiitilii-i), witii whom aulboi-s I'ommonly join the 
 Teutones. The appellali(>^i came to be" applied to 
 the Ucrmaii nation in general (hence Jhii/xe/ie). 
 
 TEUTONIC ORDER, military knights estab- 
 lislied in the lioly Land about 1 191. through the 
 humanity of the "(fermans (Tei. tones) to tlie sick 
 and wounded of the Christian aruhv in the Holy 
 Land, under (iuy of Lusignan, befiire .\cre. The 
 order was contirmed by a bull of pone C'leles- 
 tine III. On their return to Uermauy, the knights 
 were invited to suldiie and i iiristianise the country 
 now called I'russia and its neighbourhood, which 
 they gradually accomplished. Tlieirterritories were 
 invaded, and their army was defcaicil, «Uh great 
 slaughter, near Tan'ieubcrg, in Fast I'russia, bv 
 Jagelloii, duke of Lithuania, 15 July, 1410, when the 
 grand master and many of the knights were idain. 
 
 t 
 j 
 
 wpi 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
TEWKESBURY^ 
 
 
 ,Mv4 
 
 
 ^^ ■ 
 
 
 ill i8(X). src i'/-».vs(r/, A:.;. 
 
 illv. ' l.ouU XL, r...- SO.ooo .■rowus. I'.ipulat.oii, 
 
 TEx'TI^In. Ainonea) -.-^.tW^'V the i;re,..h, 
 f,om M.-X10. H, «., . x^iy was a,.kn.wlnl,>.a in 
 
 it in i8()I ; sulimittra in iM'.-,, ii-aannu ii i 
 
 f:^:;;,^9-"«'.^^-^5'5^3;'-pitai:.u.,iii. «.. 
 
 liwsabnut 8ix.,.>«'. ■„nii,,(iniiHl,'aiHl«uisi'il ; 
 
 Aliouti,o<x.McNi«ins.'nt, .M liiol.iaii ^^^^ ^ 
 
 .listuibaiH'.'s, ^'"''' 'I''.'; ;:'',:,, ;,.|i,,: ,i,,',.,„„ui.'t 
 
 illt^!:-,!;^;;! k''ilsl„„a, nvi,.....l o, U„-,.avy ; _^^^ 
 
 I-lmTUMii.' ■'"1 K" '''"•'"' ^' . ,= Si'l.l. .S97 
 
 Artlini' and halaiu' I'a-'S • • • 
 
 TPVFL (at the "lovith of thi' Zuydor Zoo, Mol- 
 1 ^n Its vi, litv lias liren the s,'oiR- ot mriiK.ral.le 
 kml). 11s\uiiin\ ii' ,.„,.a"oincnt between 
 
 naval ''">7^"'"";" ^,.l.,ke U em an 1 Mnuk, and 
 the KiinUsh iniilei- l»'iki, ULaii, .m „ , . :,, 
 
 Tr-'V T^W Wl sha p in;?iive^.■ti;,n toek 
 
 ^f i 1 1 in. o ■'waV an.l tliirteen Indianien si.nen- 
 
 An" IT'K)- 
 
 TEXTILE International euiifei-enee met at 
 
 ' TW ATJ.TUM, i> "H-tttl. oceurrins in tho snlphu- 
 riS;^"l^,an;e.dise,werea 1.^; >h_ Wvn.C,™.kes, 
 
 bv means of tlie speetruin analysis, Mauti, l«OI. 
 
 THAMES (L.,.l;;;0,t,,.;;-»;';'»~j;: 
 
 Lon'ion-bntl!/e,and l-n/nt.s. 
 
 The river rose s.. hi;;li at Westminster tliat tl.t 
 ^ awve . «!■ e la-nu.M out ..ni.e l.all m l-oats . . „, 
 
 \!,--il^:.^no;.^'^'1^^'^W^""'^''-^^----" 
 
 ^;;;;\,;::'tln::^-■.e.a,.s.=.Malv,, ... 
 . ''^''r,;r;;i.;:e':r:;. ;''ih--oi.servuuoi;':^i;i ''■' 
 
 A,, aW ''',1';' '';' ' !,,7' ,,,ili,.n ef l.olelnl, ; tuvlvu 
 ^S"■;:.^aslven■.'^"■^.>poia..•.l-..nve,,y,..^_ 
 
 ^-nveniiueiit ■ ; ,■ ,.„„ianiiliati.iii nf Hi,. "' 
 
 ''^^i::^^;: 7 i. l-""i lie. s,.w,^e ,.r .1.,,,,,,,,,,, 
 
 . ; ie Ki'l ".loais eawoKitm^ Iron, it m t'.„. 
 ,, ...f 1-H an a.'t was passe.l em phw.iih- 
 hI^T r .. ilaii l!"a.''l r Works ,»•/„,;, .„,,, 
 l.mlertake' its imrillcat ^n I.V eenstnietmt; „.w ^^ _ 
 
 Ti;l!''n"nnes .\n,:lii.K IT^serviitiou'fioeiety (,'stal,: ';;' 
 
 iM!^1'e:'i;'''e--V:;'u::'n:serva,evs,r,:,,,,rt,.,i"^^ 
 i^'Uir''u;en^^-;.ivaatuUynnsinaiia,e,nn..,,,,s 
 
 iT,r-iC;'s'-v;;;;:;nma,.s,app<:in.in«nY:-;.v ■■ 
 
 i^'ronielvaturs. ^■..aiali.rol.il.iti.iK 1";"">'"^'^ ^,,, 
 
 - ''.' nnweiN uf niVai't eNleiidniap U, Staiues ■ . ■ ,i; 
 v v' -bws to innle,a tl.ehsll 11. the lyyvt 
 i ^Trim's sse.n.ytl nservatnrs , ,.. .Ini..., ,5f, 
 
 "gi:.i,^;;;;;v:s::;y;:r!^s>uX^^i^;':";:;. 
 tk';;r::':^m^-i:..!tv?-''v 
 
 ^liil til have risen aliove Jo leel Id •^">y '■ ■■ 
 
 -E:k;r:!;>t:i;r,x:^^:aSer^^ 
 
 ■ .^75'. ii-t St leiiv iioat. J-";.^;;;._,. 
 
 laiini liiil • „,, b ,ii' tlie sahwiii ^ti'iiimr 
 
 '^v;;r:^'7;;::^ -tnshmw'iil.i.e/;,,!.,/;.,... 
 
 Vs". a '"naitleeiiwioinle^l l.y the !..,„1 .1 
 ■1, . ti imiuire into matters eminntea w;t 1, 
 v,a',rivi"itien >><e., !n tlie river , Siit. e;, 
 Ti;:^':es;n:me'e:;mini.tee'i,tthelioar,lorT™l,.,_^ 
 
 Kl? .lllls'on llie simth side, lliroaKll l'""^V '"■'i''!';""! '" 
 'UtideS,.,3.-'^.>-B77:d.m„«seve,ejH.,, ,. 
 
 Vi.ryhi;:1itide,,9lMi.;a..oUiev^veryih.s,r,Hiu^^ 
 
 s;;;;;:;i;i;,7d:v:;:;:;:u;,'e'loi.;'^uiiv-i,n,;tw,i,.'--' 
 
 ■'V!;;';'e;:^niii..>.eTI,aim.sr.riv,ai..li..n».r^^^^^ 
 Tli'i'nie's iv'servatii.ii Ael jiassed . . 14 An-'. ::;: 
 
 -"iis^s^on^u:.;^::^^^^^^ I 
 
 ;;:;;V(^:)'7i:rn,a,,y,,>,eiied..y .Old «...,«, _^. I 
 Tliames Conservaney aet, repealing' ,.ievi..,s ails, ^^ ^ 
 uSn'liv; overllow' of llieTliamesCs,.;. /,,»-■ 
 
 •nn'"irp|ier Thames frozen over at'wm,l.„r .Vc; 
 ''i;,.vii:!a;;m impeded at «heeniess and l,.,„.ie.^|_^^ 
 
 AP, lv's,H.eti,,,,.n-.din;...fllo..ash>.u^^^^^ 
 
 N^w^^ni^s n:d'^ake;;at';v;l:iih..on,Sta;^,esK.^ 
 
 K^wi'ri^imes navi^atiun e„, iss.on a,iii„.a. 
 
 Niiv ,8qi- lepnrt lireseiited . • •^l"''' 
 Tln'TiiameV«:i.nserv'mey open a new e i;m tf 
 ' Teddinl;ton and olHer iiii,.r„venients iil M.*,- ^,_j 
 
 Til'vMKs Tunne'... Oiie'pv.ipns '" ■TMi .f'f 
 h;f^ ^InirTelimlmlliiclit^; }^^ 
 l<!;;i;;.rhithe ami Wappiim, .8.3. ^^- ^M 
 eeived the n.yal assent . ■,,,.;.. 1,,,^,. Mr. ' 
 The sli,iri w,is -if;' ■;|;;." ,^ : J u 1 enininetiivi,, , , 
 I"""' ,n^\ ,,^ V'l o. ta\ exeavatii.n in I'"'- '!'i 
 
 At^lturof'ritetV t>ies,iaft,,W.rjt^J 
 
 irriiptiiiii toiik plaeu . • • • 
 
THAMES. 
 
 lii.rli III WcstiniiistiT tlmt tl.t 
 
 |..m nut ilftllf llllU i" l""itn . . uy 
 
 Qlit, 17/1, 1747. '7'''2 ■ ■ 'M 
 
 ■ the Tluiuii'-i Wiirt fe'ivi'U to lln' 
 
 [ . . ■ ■ ,■ • ■ '*-'. 
 
 ;„l,.iwuiwiM.'tM()xr(>r.l . . ,f,i, 
 
 ,.,! twic.' ill tliii'i' li""i'». i"3B-. 
 s -11 t'DUr liours, :i Miiivli, tf,ii; 
 ;,;.,. li. iir» . . ;. ••'4N;;v 17;; 
 
 l,t ,'1VI' till' CIlllSlTVlltlnll nl tlin 
 
 (..iriii'mti"" "f l.'"i'l""; '"■'■l*'^ 
 ■I. ti) I") iipiiDiiiteil— llii'i'f liy the 
 
 lb;; 
 
 till' Ki'i''!' i'"iitiiiiiiii:iti"ii of till' 
 iilliix^'f till' si'Wiwi' if l.ini.lnii, 
 l,,iu>i i-iMiiiiiitiut; fi'iiii 1' 11' 111'' 
 
 1111 lll't WlH j>il'*srll .■llllmW.nilH 
 
 , l!..unl ■!■ Woi'ks ("•'„./, >,,)■, 
 iiii-ilii'iit 11 l>,V f"iittiniliiiK »'W 
 
 l3;) 
 
 liiiK I'ri'siTvuticui riiic;ifty (i-slalj- 
 ,8) is ivvivfil ill ... . iSf; 
 ;.,,. „f 111,. ,uiis.rviit..rs, iv;.,,rt,.,l 
 is,lrciiaiiillviiii«iiiiiiiiit;i''ll'i'"^"ils 
 
 „illi" . ■ .-,. • =.<'i'iiy. .. 
 
 .;,tM,nai'ls, iipi.MiiiliiiK Im; m"iv 
 ",. iiii.l iiniliiliiliiit; liiilliiti"ii I'v 
 
 HS.''l . • • , .■. •'"« ■■■■ 
 
 . iiftc-xtHi.l.'iliil'tHStimic.i . ,:- 
 
 „ lirnti'id tlirlisll 111 the Ll'lMr 
 hV 111'' I'nlHlTViltlirS . 14 ■lull'', li!) 
 
 ,«■„ Ini- iimiiy y«:ii-s ; rivoi- Mvvr. 
 |..iv.-ii'iiil to it;' twl:il limit ; ;;iv:it 
 tnssiii l!l;ii'lilri;ir«Mn.l i.iiiiil.,ih : 
 ,.„,l| llno.lfl :iii'l ■siill''i"l ; \>^'-' 
 „.„ iiliiivi' JO tVfl 15 N"v., i-" 
 
 . .|„il otlu'is (Willi iMniii:;''s mlI 
 
 Iv'lVlTV fiolll U.>tlllMllitlll't" W,.).. 
 
 I Nnv. ,1 
 '■rii ■ liist iiili' of !i liii"liii;;|ilai'i-,it 
 •k' I'.y Lonl Miiyoi' Stom-, u Dct., 
 stciilii IViry '"■■it. J'«'% *;!'. , , 
 
 nftlif wivcVc of till' saloon sti'iimir 
 
 hvi'ollisioiiwith till' I'll"''" '-'■'■<"'• 
 
 ;,iiitl.'o iippoiuUM l.yth.^lioimlnr 
 
 iiiii. into iiiattiTS col ti'.l witli 
 
 .■■itioii \o , -11 tlo' I'i^''' • ''''1' '"= 
 niniuiill.i' of till' Hoaiil tit Tni.l.' 
 
 n'lith si'U'. tliioiiKli li''iivy iiiiiis aii.l 
 ,, Jan. 1877; iluriii« -tevvi;.' Ivost, 
 ■>' 18, 19 Jan. i::i 
 
 ,Q Fell. ; iiiiollifivvcryilcstni'tivi', 
 ,s'?,i..r..:,m..laway . ., ■fM.i 
 ,r,.,,iiuiiitti-i' to iipimiv into till' .let- 
 ,. ilii' riiaiiii'S lor ivi'ii'Utioii ai.'H";l , 
 
 . . II M:ilv!i, !::( | 
 
 vation'Ai't'lKissi'il ■,, • M M-'. 1 " 
 ,;,t sloani-IVny I'oi 'V "P';i';;'.l ■' 
 , ., l„.t«vi.n Noilli ■ SontliW""'. 
 l„nnallv opi'iii'.l by lonl liosil-ry 
 
 23Mari'li, nsj | 
 rvancv art, ii'in'alin^' iirevioiis ai'ts, 
 
 • * 1-^ I 
 v,.lllow'uf tlie Tliaines (seo hi««^i'^- 
 
 .aini's li-o/..'" "vi'i- lit Winils..!- ,Vc.; 
 nipiile.l at Hlie.Tiiess ami l-""'l"'j^; ^^ _.,. 
 
 .ti„^. larvi'iitioiiorilooils by a ileliii- _ 
 ,oMnl 01 Trail.' . . .9 Mar. ., .ijj 
 „l,.rtaki'iiaflV.l.liiif.'toii, Mames..'lo. ., 
 ,s navigation .•..niii.i^^i'"' •'lM«'"iH 
 ri'Mort iir.'s.'nl.'<l . • -M;" ; . 
 (.'„ is.'rvaii('y ojn'ii " "'•"• I'li:"'"'' f 
 , anil other iinprov.'ni.'iils al Ma*.- 
 
 , , i2 .>(l'i ii)l I 
 
 ■n,o iir.'siiit ..II.' v . ,';*''i ';> ■ ^^ 
 
 , f.irm a .■.nnniiiiiicati..n lii'twwu 
 ;, I ; Wa,„.l-i.. ..^3. Tli. i^_ 
 ■?'^;^i,r''''Ml..'«'-tl.ri.'Hai.n.yMr. 
 :iari'Ti ; ihi' <'N.'i>vati..ii .'..laMiiiH";'.' , 
 llrst li.,n/..nitali'Xi'avati..iiHi I""- 1-^1 1 
 
 ,,iok lilai'O ■ ■ ■ ■ '" • 
 
 THANE. 
 
 1081 
 
 The h.';'..im1 Irruiition, l.y Hliiel, six workmen 
 piT-'lliil , 12, Ian .fl,a 
 
 The taiiiii'l was opene.l tlm.MKl t r,,r f.,..t-i.as.s™l 
 
 mrs, 25 Mairli, 1843, ITli,. \v\\K\h ..I' th,' tinint'I 
 \i 1300 feet ; it.s Wi.ltli i,^ ,, feet ; li.-i^.l.t, 2,, f,.|.t . 
 dearwiilth ofi'.-ii'li ar.hw.iv, iinlinliM"^ r.'.i^|-||.i|||' 
 «b..iit 14 f.'.'t ; tliickn.'.<s ,,f ,.,i|.||| Uiw.'eii tin' 
 
 or.. wiHif 111.' tunnel an. ;i I,,' li..,l,,|thi. river al.unt 
 
 15 f.'.'t. I 
 The Tl.aiiM'S Tiiiiii.l fonip.'inv was ilissolv.'.l in .sfiA 
 
 Thetiiiin.'l, Iraiisferri'.l to I he KasI l,..n.|..n railway 
 
 caai|iaiiy, was eiosi'il ... „, j„j ;' 
 
 The To.nr.ii'l'if'ni. an iron ml... tniin.l I..ii."alli the " 
 
 Thaiii.'S, .'..nstrni't.'.l i.y .^l.ssrs. liaiL.w, was 
 
 lieguii 16 Fell. io6y, aii.l privat.'h ..p.n.'.l \|.ril 
 
 1S70. It was sahl l.i have i-ost ..niv ,,',.„tx'/ 
 A («'."("/■ Tliiiiiir.i ^iim./, ilii,.||v lor workini'n he. 
 
 twi'eii N'.irth ami Wonlh \V....iv'ii-h, Ik'hhii 2j \'iil' iP,« 
 
 l;ltd:rnirril II III I {Hi'K Til II II,!) , . . _ Is 
 
 TliAMi.^ Kmii.ankmkni : r.'.'.iMini.'iel.'.'l bv sh- '■" 
 Hhri.it.iph.r Wr.ii, 1666, ami l.v Win. I'aterson 
 fiiaii.l.r i.lthe bank of Knfilan.l, ali.iiil 1O94. 'Ihi' 
 c.iri.i.rati.in embank. "I a mil.' in 1767, It i.-as 
 furtli.'r r.e.ininien.le.l by tiwynin', 1767 ; by sit 
 Fri'.l.'i'iek K.l.n, 17,13; by sir Kiv.h'ri.'k Tr.'m'h 
 1S24: by .laines W.ilk.'r; bv Ih.' .Ink.' of .\,.«.; 
 easll,', 1844: an.l by ,l.,|in .M.nlin th.- p.iinter 
 1856. In iSflo, th.' M.'tr.ip.ililan ll..ar.l ..f Works 
 rr.'..iii»i.'n.l.'.l th.'il Ih.' n.irlh hank "f lio'Tliane's 
 sh.iuM h.' .■mh.'ink.'.l, wh.r.by lln- b.'.l ,,1 (|||. 
 river w.iiil.l b.' iniproveil ; a low-l.'vel sew.'r 
 colli. 1 he .'asily e.ins. rn.t.'.l b.iM'alh a br..a.l 
 r.w.hvay : .locks t.i 1..' eonslrn.'l.'.l within the 
 eii.liaiikii.i'nt w.ill ; th.' exp.'iise t.. b.' .l.frav..l bv 
 th.'eily ,luti.'s on .-o.il.an.l I.y m.'ans pr.ivi.'l.'.l bv 
 C.iveriin.'iit. Th.' iirin.'iple ,.1 this r,','onini,'ii,l ,'. 
 
 li,.a\vasap|.rov.'.l by p.irli.inii'nl, ,'in,| ; niniitli'. 
 
 was a|i|.,iinte.l, wlii.'h sat b.r th.' liist tini.'. 
 
 .^n .'U't fur "emliankin.L' th.' .V,.,//, .shh' of thi] ' ' 
 Tliaiii.'S fr.iin Westmiiist.'r briilne to Ula.'kfriai's 
 l.ri.lK.'. an.l lor niakiiiH new streets in anil n.'ar 
 tli.'r.t..," j.asse.l 7 .\n:.'. ; ih,' \v,iik l.e-ini in \ov s* . 
 
 First stoue .if th,' n.irthirn (Vi.t -.'i) enibank- 
 u.i'iit (.l.'si-neil by .Mr. ,J..s.']iii W. lia/alL'ette) 
 laiil )iy .Mr. Thwailes mar Whii,'h:iil stairs, 
 zoJiily, iii64 ; the f.iotw.'iy op.'n.'.i to tin' pnblie,' 
 30J11I.V, iSdB ; the roa.lway oji.ne.l by tlie |irin"e 
 iifWales ' i^.J.ih- 1870 
 
 Till' lii'.ilii.sal to biiilil pnblie oHi.'.-s iip.m th.' re- 
 daiiu.'.l lanil n"),'.'itiv.'il by the Inaise of eoinnions 
 
 '■rtf()jwfni'.< \i,ilh "(.s.'.' iii.ili.-l:), set up on the " 
 emlwiikni.'iit .... i^ s.'pf iq^r 
 
 Mr J. W. lJa/al},'itti' presenteil a nporl, with a 
 iJaiifiir einhankiii;; th.- .s',,„;;, si.le of the Thani.s, 
 6 N'.iv. lie.' ; aet b.r .'arryii.;; it'.mt pass.'.l,' 
 
 .V'ii/te'd (Alliii() K'liliiiiil.iin III. First stone laiil I'lv 
 Mr. (all. sir Wm.) Tite, -^8 ,Iuly, 1806; partiall.v 
 I "l«iii''l 24 .Nov. ,861) 
 
 Tkniiies Miiii't'i'ii. .See /,.»»//./;), 1S73. 
 
 ('M.<ffl (l''Wii.;,i) Eiiihnikiii, lit. .Vnlhiiris.'.l by 
 
 mrliaiiiiiit. 13 .liily, i,-i(,8 ; ii.i.'n.'.'.l 5 Aii},'' 
 
 1871, .i|i.'iie.l by the .Ink.' ..f l':ilinbnrf;h g M.iv' 187. 
 
 Kingston, Kew, ll.impton Court, ami other liriiijii's 
 fi.f.l I'luia the toll by aets passed i86y ami 1S74, 
 
 o . , 1870-1P.78 
 
 .IVfiniii tlieatre open.'.l . . . u.Mareh loSa 
 
 TW Iliames at Win.ls.jiaml .illi.'r plaei's fnizen, ' 
 
 I „ ''0.1 of I'.'e. i3i>() 
 
 I .StBimboat service st.iiijj.'il, ab'.iit ■.■6 li.'c iSm- 
 
 ■nT'"' V •»■:■■. • , ■'l"»it.!0'''"i.' 189, 
 
 I Tlif Uiain.s, Innn West ist.'r t.i L.jn.lon liri.l},'!' 
 
 I Mirlyeliisi'il by iie 5 ,j,1',|| 
 
 lTliaiiie.s Kialjaiikin.'iit tramways act- pass. '.i, ' " 
 
 27 •liiiie, 1S92 
 
 THEATRES. 
 
 ;;3;^?Jf?i;KS,,;i;"r;l';S:';;ln 
 
 2 Nov. ,-,0, ami; Sept. ir„4; (or (i.'op. -I 
 
 fii'S':;ul''s,s.;';i?'i -'':'■ 
 
 .iii'r'.,'„,,.,„i,i„.|„i M-iv;.',,:,; ,';'(>,,;, "';;'.,'"' 
 
 iTiu'ytii's, s,!,,,i!r!/ni^;,,l^;:;i,?'V!;;:;r";:^-- 
 
 ; TIIEATKE (Or,',.k ^/„'„/,' ..,, place for see- 
 
 "'- )' l.ir.'k tlii'alr,.sfnrtlie,..\l,iliti,in „ ' tlio 
 """1" """'. '""^''•'il p.'KorniaM.'.'s w,' ■' 'ra lu' 1 v 
 i.'vel.,pc, ,r.,,n, he nn,i,nvlu,.l, songs' iiMru^ 
 " ;>■ perlor.neil ,„ ln,,,,,ur,>f l),,'„,sus.,r liaelm/ 
 
 .Wicrsl'^icyelopei,:^^ 
 
 'naom 1 M::;l::::;l';rr•^rr^''^■'■'''^p^• 
 |reyiyaloftl,e,ln.,:■a;!;^^:^;^.::i,;^•J-,,,^- 
 
 i '■"■istrnct.im or luo,!,', „ tbeatres on <n-e,'' n ,'s 
 M,eh as tliat at li.,„u' by lirannmt.', I sV 
 
 I'm ;; /. • 1'"'' ,'"''^''1 J^'"' ';^')«' 'Ve Am. 
 
 P'nf/i „/,,.i, (uiii.ili, l-;;„„;us,; am! Oiierus. 
 
 THANE, 11 Sa.x.m title of iiobilitv, alioli.slieil in 
 lEnilaiKl at tlie cntKnicsl, upon tlie iiitro.liictioii 
 loftlietVuilal system, ami in Scotland by kin;,' Mal- 
 Ifiilmlll., when the title of earl was adopted, 1057. 
 
 THAXRT (Kenti was »)i.. first pei'Miaiient 
 IWtlement of the Saxons, nbout 440. Tlie Danes 
 Jkeldapartofit, 853-865, and raviiged it 980, 088 
 
 lii'e;n^^^^'''HF'^ '^' .K^-^r-AN-n. The Hrs, royal 
 li.'emelor a th.'atre 11, Knt;lain| was in i;-i t. 
 
 c, lo. .e cost,' , to aet plays at th,' (jlobc, liank- 
 
 . side. It IS stati'.l th,' hist plav-hiiu.se in London 
 
 ij^.sen',.,,'da,>h.,redu.l,,anll.'alli.,|,he.'n: "^^^^ 
 
 .^Aandtha tln'tnrtainm'aril, waset-eeted 
 ".■>,,■ Ihe lila.'ktriars was built ,„ ui„,. The 
 "Ih.;- .omh.ti theatres in I'.li.ab.-th's ivi",, were 
 ht.'friar.s li.,se, Hope. Swan, Ked Hull, C'..l<p t 
 lh.enix,,and .several .nhers. Sliak. speare and 
 hi fel l.uv a.'tors ereete,! tlu' (ilohu tin'utre on Hank, 
 siile, ahiiiu 1594 Ihe prices of a.linissi.n, are said 
 t. have been-u'i, l,ry, 2,/. ; lords roonis, ,.v.; see 
 Jn,m„, llnini I.mn; and other tln'afres. The 
 tlieatres were clo.sed hy parlianient, (64^-00 
 
 issMei! from l)rnry-h ; it rinis thus: " ijy hhs 
 
 Mili'stielnseonipanyof Come.lians at the.SVv 
 
 '111' 111 l)ruiy-hin.., will b.. a.1,',1 a ,'o v 
 
 . ' .' lliim„i-i:,i„ iin-,,,„,,„" After iletailihk 
 lieehara, teis, 1, i'on.'lu,h'Sthus;"-ni, pl.'iv wilT 
 l'.'Kmaf,hr.eo'elo,'k..xa.'tlv" i \, ■ ' « 
 
 I.iM.'..ln;s.inn tlH'atre (the .Inkes tli.'a'trej.-ipene.Vbv '^^ 
 
 nbnilt'" .■.'■'""" """'"• -'-^ ^''l'"'- ■*2-; 
 A.^ts f.ir li.'.'nsiim piays ami i.lay-'h.ais^s (plaeim;' '^^ 
 
 th.'in umhr the lor.l ehainb..rlain) 10 Ue... II? 
 
 ''■ -^S • . . , 
 -i.'t for rcHulatiiiH th.atres (ft'* 7'viet.' c. bA). '"' 
 
 t, r , . 22 Ainr. i8j3 
 
 See Indi^finulnil Tlimlir, 1891-2. 
 
 Sei' Tniil'. 1843. 
 ■^'uau'erv ''' '"' ''"•''"■" I"'"''"''"' ■'» lli>> .V.lelai.le 
 S.'v.'i'al of thV theatr..s lirst ..ii.'ned on' Sunday '*''' 
 evenmHslorrch-hi.ii, .rorship, ami lilk'd . Jaii. i8t3o 
 
 111 
 
 U 'u 
 
 ' ' i 
 
 I 
 
 i' I 
 
 1 ! 
 
 ii y 
 
 
 ,14 
 
 1' 1 
 
 Mr 
 
 ^i li 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 nil '1'^' 
 
 I' 
 
 li2ii 
 
h-*A 
 
 f f 
 
 1 
 
 \ ! 
 
 I'l 
 
 » I 
 
 kC'I 
 
 »##,( 
 
 p|tV|.; |. 
 
 THEATRES. 
 
 Lord ClmmlKTlain ""•"'■^''''''''W™ i'Sl'Taftl'nnil 
 cs anil Kcaiity ilu't-srs 28 .lii». iSfi-jiiini 
 
 1082 
 
 THEATRES. 
 
 ; Halvliilui«"('ii"i' I Ainil; »« /'>i"i''' 
 Wnnlii'l-'H Liilif nil rill 
 
 31 Mil)-, ijjs 
 12 .luu.', 
 
 ect .InniTS ami sranty lU-^sr. 28 Jan. .se-Y-";' _j^^ K.'u.ifK i.eW .Iranm tl,,' SI .lliriwn I'n.ilmvil ^ 
 
 I„tri„lnctl"n -f till' '/"'■"•■.i,'« '\» Kmid. tln^atiri, m,,,,,,,,,.,- „„,ni'Msi'i., K. H. ClinttiMt.m . . 1 7 -yS 
 
 ,v .Mr. DOvlv Cart,', at til.' Savoy . 29 D.'i'. iS,^. i, . ti i'." with K" Vin' '''• • ' ^J^'M"- i-;'! 
 
 '';;„; ICriuH,... :.. tl.,.a.>vs l, .n.. Hum.; S,.,..,.,;;,.- _^^^ ^^;;„r':,:^^,ly .hiHiM ; s„iU,. i,ra..„.s, .. ^^^^^ _^^^ 
 
 Tlu.at.r. in O.vat Britain, .66; in Lmnlmi, 33. ^^^^ ; «„„,.M,i„i„;^,.n Cnurt Cmiiumy ((ifrnmns), ■/j^i- ^_^^ 
 
 i,rrm'hM.,'ln. ,876, « : .Ian. .385. 43 ; I'''"- •39'. ' .^ji;:;;^';;,,!,,,,! ,;, ,.,w,, Miiiiirii, • , ' ■ /" j ' ,:':;|^; ■^^' 
 
 ^>,esto,-. cnstitn,,.,. at t.„. ..yi.ntn, .....ion, ,^,,,_ _^^, | -'-- „ „, Ci,n,,„n,,- ^^. ^^^, .^^^.^ .-. -^ • • ;. 
 
 rarlian,i.ntary ..„„i.,iitf.; im <'-^'";'T'i,riMr I I^^IImIs "'ml t.i;v/,/^;i."isA ^im,../a LyM^rs. 
 
 Irnlls appniiit.'.!, Marcli : iv.mi 11 I'lul in tliii ' ,, 'niniiltun ami A. llarviH . • 22 Ni;pt. ,833 
 
 continni'l ' v , . ,. . .1 ,1.., 1.. ../.,(/ 
 
 urn '.'"Irving, in a l,.tM„.aUh.. Kuyal Institn 
 "tiun, I'lainis tbrai'tinj; tl,e iHisitiun "I a ""-;";;J'„^ ^g^. 
 
 Mr. Will. AiTlicVs "TlMSitrical Worlil," ■393-4-5. 
 
 .I'll . . • • .0134"" 
 imblislii'il 
 
 UlllllY l.ASK. 
 
 i;i:ii'i£a'".m;;:n!;!'Mi-. .i-m-y >i™'.:!":iiv;:t:;: ^ 
 
 Mr. fi.wni-s new (ipfni J/i"i!/n«i 22 Apiil .J^nv. „ 
 
 1Um,ii..m,.i1 ; A iiniluii I,/ Mniinl . 6 hrpt. .( - . 
 
 Il,i„lilin„llhr:ii;i.^t . ^6 IK'f. .8s(0-4 .M . iBv. 
 
 .\;,:r tun iMie III Mriid . . .. A1.11I--2J Maj , „ 
 KilligreWH patent . ... _ ■ ^l '^^^^^ ':Z H.-Mcanlfs .Vma.. • ■ ,• ^^,^:^;:^,;|: ;; 
 Openi'il . ■ • r ' . .660 i """'■' ,•,■•' 
 
 Ni'll liwyiin i»'.-fiinui'.l . • • ■ • , , lluii.si' cliwi'M. , , ,, i...,,ih 
 
 TlR.atn- iM.n.t .!"« n with 'o housi's . • J • ^7^ ; _.i .,„;,„,., /,-„„,, new ilninia l.y Him,i> 1 tlitt 
 Hi.hiiiltl.v sill. Wivn, ami.. |wni'<l 26 Mali n, .674 ' 5 hrpt. -., IVr. „ 
 
 CU-Ikt! Wilkis, ll,...tl, ;;^;r «lH-eial English oiwap.Tfo,wn<M.-.^imNitm4^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Oarwl'kanVl!a.'v's'triunv'(n.vival,,Vsl,al<si.i.an .747 1 „,,,,,,,,,,.„„„,,,„, . . 26 !)«•. .S.j,- .j .\l>nl, u^^ 
 TKi^'alfun:! riinn'l...! hy Mr. tiarriok, .766; m- ^^^__ : f^^'.^^'fj^^u' Covnit Garil...,, toriM,,. .n-: 
 
 . .775 
 
 I ( .Innt' -211 .Inly. 
 
 ! . . ',''",1" ■, ■.. ,'nil.. I.;.,l lllilhlll-llllllll. lK\\i\ ll"lill' 
 
 i-driiurati'il . . • , 
 
 IntiTior ivl.nilt tiy A.lanis ; opcneil 
 
 rS% ;^';--f -:;/,,;,;,.., 3- ''Ho^;(Jfn^ <;„i .;W,1^!:a;.;„:&^!— 
 TheU.eatr.r...,,u,,..nalar«,..■a,,.,an,ll..,;ln.l._^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^__^^^^ ^^^ HaLinr^i^^;::;^ " 
 
 Charles Ki.inlih.'s lirst ai.pc.aram-.. (as .l^'''"'"' !'' (Wimisnr C'aslle, 27 .Inm;) • ^ '-^ ''"'"-■^ •}'';;:■ '• 
 
 B^i:S\,rstapp.;arama. ,. Sli.-.i in ^{^U ^^ I ffi'^^^^^^l^^l^^^^^^erUiet^^. ..rV>t;j; ^ 
 
 . II May, 1800 
 
 II. ■ ■ • ■' Y"[' 'l"° 1 ,ifi „/ riiiiKinr, l,y Henry Ti'ttitt aii.l 
 T^;..th..atr,.l,urn. . , . _^_ ;^^^_^ .^.,,_-,^ j,;:4,,:,': ' ^^ ^ A,i«ustu« Harris .^^-^^.^ • 
 
 Hattlcl.i tiri'.i at (ici.rgi' HI- 
 The theatre l.uriil . • 
 Rebuilt i.v Wyatt, ami ir-<.i 
 
 liv h.r.l l!yr..n . • ■ 
 
 E.liiuin.l K.'an's appearaiie.' (as .s/, ,,/,„;,) 
 Mr. Kllisti.n, lesse.' . . ■ • 
 
 ^^eir'rr;;:'s:maranee(asr.,M,.M ' ^S^g t' 
 
 K;^:-n;'n;w:ri,^:^i^7,;:'i)-..;.c^;i;,;^^; 
 
 Mr. Alexaniler I.ees ami eaptain Volhiirs maiaye. ^^^^ 
 
 nieiit • ,82, 
 
 Mr. Alfre.l Hiinn, h-ssee • • ■ 
 
 Mr. Furivsfs lirsl ai.p.'aranee (a» ■-l"" ' "l'^\^^,^ ,5,5 
 
 Mr. llannm.n.rs mananenient . • _ • ■ '8^9 
 German i.p.'rase,.niiiieii,e.i li.ie . . .^ -'lai ■■. 4 
 Mr. Maeira.lysniaiiaK.imnt ^" 
 
 ?:,^.f^;rsv;iri;,in; ,i,e.a.j,.4.-.,3^^ 
 
 ami ili.'.l ■■',,■'' . 1844 
 
 Mr. Aii.lers..n's niana-e iieni . • • ■ 49 
 
 Mr. Maereaily's farewell • • ^^ ' ^-^^ 
 
 Mr. Unnn, h'ss.'e ami maiia- .... ^^_^ 
 
 ^^,^>;,^;,;::ni%...--n;,mlMissi.y,.e^^; 
 
 MSr^She^^-:'^^^ 
 
 2, .Sept.-.i l)w. 
 ,„.Vet. .3.2 ■ |SceJV;,h-..«\l.el..w.l 
 
 26 .Ian. ,814 .,■,„, /;„;„.,„,■„„ ilirl bron-1,1 mit, 27 Xi)v. .64,; ■, l.iT- 
 ;(!.»'■.'• '3'9 luvnieilininemi.ry or lialfe ■ ■ " N"^' 
 
 Mr. l-'ah-oner 
 
 • 3 •»'■•• >«'9 , |„n„e,l ininemi.ry or Half.. . ■ 27 Nuv 
 
 ,y Feb. ,820 i ,;,.',,„,, „,,,,.a by lU,bt. Sehnniann perl.,n„.,l 
 hcHiiiiiii.^, i ystmlents(Uoyalfolh.neolMns.e) .nil,.,. „ 
 27(l,'t. .823 ;,„"„;,„ ,•,„..,„■ uantumiim-), by Hany N;li"l- , 
 '■"•• ■'-'• ;„„1 sir Au^'ustiis Harris, 26 Do.-. >893. >" ^■' 1'; '^^ 
 Kie-iLsii opi'ia: -l/.'nMm', iti'. ^ 24 M,i , li .K-,. ., 
 '^'11 „ J,i.A-(Anierie»n lirainal, ^;.Al;" ';»;;: ■ 
 
 77ie/<irl.i/l|-i"""- ■ . • 15 M'l.-"5 l"-''- .. 
 l,i.k mmnilton (pantomime), ^^^_, ,894^6 Mareli, 1=05 
 
 Ki«lish,.perat '••"''""'"«'■"'• '^'■•j, a,,,.;,., ,,,„„., „ 
 
 Ki^hl perrormanees by Eleonora Unse un,j e»m. ^ 
 
 I cllim^ ciiiit c'oiiipany ;"eni,iic "i"-^--'^;;::^ , „„^ ^ 
 
 I rter, //..//», (■'"•"• . • • • ,7,;::'";;di' .;-6 
 
 r,„,(m7.,i.(paiiton.iim.) • "*' ' 'V,;,-i , \ liv 
 Kimlisli opera season : ;■„.l.■.^ ete. 4 Apul-y M. . .. 
 Sip siiiliiner season ; Chas. l>i.-k,.ns ,/„, uM:|M 
 
 S,r''\upistiis'llarris, born 1352, 'li'"l • "'""f " 
 
 ; a,lCvriinaie, .Q S.'Pt.-^^ ^'» ••,';;,.'"" "' 
 ': l„nu,i,, by (ieor«« Ciranl ami .lame.^ l.isl' ■, ^.^^^. 
 
 ^H-'-«"(i»«"t-'"'i"><'^^'" e.^e--ri';!'K^;;; 
 
 Messrs, 
 He-Ill 
 
 Fal.-oiier a 
 
 ml (.■liatt,.rt.m, manager 
 
 ,laii. .866 
 
 1 witli Ilalliiiay's Kimi (h 
 
 ! Si-oin, 26 S<i'l.t 
 
 Ke-iipene'l witli -I"'"','.'' 
 
 / Cli: 
 
 Balfe'» P' 
 
 thtimons 7'../;.-i)ii'<» pri" 
 
 Ineeil 
 
 Ualfe's statue line 
 
 ereil 
 
 2o>iept. .873 
 ,1 .lime, 1874 
 25 Sept. ,, 
 
 M,' Arllinr (,'ollins beeomes m; 
 lii'liair ot a eonipany (limi''" 
 
 iiia^iiW ilirei'tur, 1;" 
 
 le,i) 
 
 ■214 Maii'li, 
 
 77,.- II 
 
 liil,' llrilllii'', by Ce.ei 
 
 llaniillun, i 
 
 St time 
 
 1 Kalei^ih uml H'''"'!' 
 .6 Sept. I'si'J. 
 
 -i^ii^i^ 
 
lEATRES. 
 
 il • UH llniiiht . :u May, ,i^^ 
 
 .... i.!.liiii'', „ 
 11 till' Shnii'ihriiiiii imnlin'i'il 
 
 4*'l''' .. 
 It. Cliiitti'itHii . . '■■r'-7S 
 
 ,, ;,;. . . 2J«''I''. '^•f> 
 
 . 24 *'l'i- i':?7 
 
 >i| ■ striki' nfai'lui's, A;i'. 
 
 t'uiiil«iiy ((ifrmiiim), .Inline 
 
 . ■ . 30 Miiy i-(«i7. liSi 
 \l',„l„ili . . ■ J'llV, 1182 
 \m:ii»tiii lliiiTist, IcKwt' mill 
 
 . . . . ISi'pl. l-;7,i); 
 
 I, puny . • -^ liiirtnl I.-,-!.; 
 1,,' S1.//1' ill' 1-iwiV") 31 M.iv, liiO 
 rSiinii^n Aniunht Ijy Messrs. 
 . lliiiTi.s . . 22>>li'. till 
 iieil . 23Scpt.-3i-.Ni.v. .is^ 
 'j6 I'l'C. rr >i,, „ 
 
 ilr. lIiMirv linicc, liirci'tiir, 
 
 1; Jiilii'l, \i". 5 April - in Miiy, ij^o 
 
 ra Tli"nii-i III 22 April W »i./. „ 
 
 y.lmii', ,, 
 
 ,i„/Miii,i!l ■ 6Srpt. .(-../. ., 
 
 26 lli'l'. l8yu— 4 Aplil, ifyi 
 
 (( . . II April— 2 J May, „ 
 
 . 2fi -May il SI 7. „ 
 23. 1 mil — 4 All;.;. „ 
 
 drama Uv lli'iiry I'l'ttitt, 
 
 5«cpt.-5lVi'. „ 
 a prrfdrmaiici'sduSatiirilays, 
 
 26 Si'pt. — 17 <ii'l, „ 
 
 26 l)l!C. 1891- 9 April, ,;,2 
 
 ■eiit" Gnnlcii, rnn-ij-'ii u\«-tM, 
 
 15, 1 mil' 2iciiily, „ 
 ,tfr, liy H. IVIlitt ami si! .\. 
 
 17 Wi'I't.-i" "'t'- i3q; 
 }(.(( nhViim-Uimil. ami //"r i'' 
 
 26 UiM'. 1892-25 Mairli, 1x5 
 ',(11 i;irl, Varmcii, iiiul (itlurs, 
 
 3-29 Apiii, „ 
 • I'lavs liy Uftciiii', .Mil" re 
 .7,) mil') .' u Jiim'-iJ']»),v, „ 
 
 ,i, n'l'iLiiir, &c. . 15-24 ■i»iy. ,. 
 
 1 ri.iii'ws till' leu.se for 7 yeiirs 
 
 •I'liy, 1. 
 
 r hy Henry IVttitt ami sir 
 
 .21 Sepl.-y Uw. „ 
 .,. J'li'iiri.s.s'.s, lii'liiw.) 
 
 Liriiii^'lil out, 27 Nov. 164.) ; piT. 
 
 V III HallV . . 27 ^''^'^ ■• 
 
 V Hiilit. Scliuuiaiiii, \iiMliiriiie.l 
 'al I'.iUi'f;!' Ill .Musii-) . 6 Hw. „ 
 MMtuiuiiiii), liy Harry Nii liulls 
 
 1 Harris, 26 Di!'-. i89.i-i" »m\«, 1:54 
 nil.inii, *i'. 24 Mairlii ;.!..,.. „ 
 iR.rii'aiiilraina). 21 April 1; M.iy, ., 
 ; norlorinaiieus (T"''»'l'''y^ ,""'' 
 
 19 ,liim-2i .Inly, „ 
 
 ■ . ' . . isSi-pt.-isH™. ,. 
 paiiliimiini), 
 
 20 Ui'i'- 1894-16 Mairli, 1:95 
 •hemiiiii Ciil, iVi-., . 
 
 n April- 1 ilaiii', ,. 
 es bv Eli'cUKira Idisi' ami I'lHii- 
 
 J ■limt-. II 
 paiiy ; ciiiiiie iipi'i-as, \i'., 
 
 ' 17 .In ij.laly. „ 
 
 lySepl. -14 "'•'■■ " 
 nil,,',.) . 26 lliv.-.'i .Manli, i:,« 
 sou: hiii>.t, flv. 4 Aliiil-9 >!«, „ 
 asou; Clias. Dickens- J.., 13 >i;iyi 
 
 2ij May, ,, 
 
 •I'is, Ijoni 1332. '!''■'' ■ "''"I"'' •• 
 Mr. .luliii Coleman, maiia;;er, U' 
 „„nli<; liv Messrs. Kusloii l.ri>;li. 
 ;. ,g Sept.-26 Nov.; //.;• 'v»' 'il 
 ,r.'(^liraul ami James I.isle. 
 " 27, jSNiiv. 1, 
 
 i„,,.)-mauai-'er.Mr.(lsearl!arn-U. _ 
 
 ' ' '.,6 1 .-eml III .M.irtti, u;7 
 
 ns lieeomes mauaniii^; liireetiiv, i* 
 npaiiv(liuiiteil) . . ■']^f"'^- " 
 ,- by Cfieil Haleit:li ami Hi'iirj 
 tine' ,6Sept.cl«.J. „ 
 
 THEATRES. 
 
 1083 
 
 TIIEATKES. 
 
 !k fti'"'" '"■ ""' "'""' (pantomime), 
 
 27 I1ec.-26 Maieli, 1893 
 Pfrfoniiauce (seleetions) tor tlie benelit of Miss 
 
 Xi'Uie l-'arren, over i),i«K,;. re.iliseil . 17 .Manli, ,, 
 J-lf ir/.i'/r //iii'Ar''(reviveil) . 12 .May-25 .1 line, ,, 
 
 COVKN'r (lAHl)KN. 
 
 Th. thrall peiieil by Riih , . 7 Dee. 1732 
 
 Hrf-steak Soeiety, fonmleil by Itieli ami Lambert . 1715 
 
 Tlinilviialliiml iusliliili'il 1760 : ineoipoiated . 17(14 
 
 \|r, llnrrif's leiiure i7f7 
 
 i/«i»'sllrst appearauee (as ;;. /eiiK/) . 15 Sep). 1773 
 )|i<s Kiay kiUeil by .Mr. llaekmau, eomiiih' tVimi 
 
 ' tlieliiaisi' 7 April, 1779 
 
 JiikJolinstoiii-'H llrst .-ippiaranee in Irish iliarael. is 
 
 i net. 1785 
 
 JliMiili'ii'rt appearance .... 2 Die. 17,;,, 
 
 Fawcrtl's llrst appearance (as Ci(/i/,) . 21 «ept. 171,1 
 
 0, K. L'liiike's appearance (as Uiihiinl III,), 31 Oct. iSuo 
 
 DnliiUiis appearance .... 9 Doc. 1801 
 
 Mr. Kriiilile's mana^jement 1802 
 
 .\li|*iiraiici; of Jlaster lietty, tlic liifinit lliixi:iim, 
 
 1 Dee. 18114 
 Liwis'ii la.st npiieurancc (as the Cupinr Cuiitniii), 
 
 28 .May, i8of 
 
 rii-atre Imriit down .... 20 Sept. ,, 
 Kiliailt hy K. hiiiirkc, U.\., and reopened with 
 
 .UmW'i 18 iScpt. 1S09 
 
 TliM). r. Uiiit(w/iii7i ,fCf) . 18 Hept. to 10 Dee. ,, 
 
 Hiiisi'S llrsi introdnceil ; ill /j^ictaii',; . 18 Keb. iSii 
 Till liiivwi'll lieiiellt of Mrs. iSiddoiis(iiiimense lioiise) 
 
 29.)nne, 1812 
 Jlrs. Siilili'ii" performed once afterwards, in .Jiiiii.', 
 
 1S19. for .Mr. and .Mrs. C Keinble's lieiiellt. 
 Miss Steplieiis' llrst aiiiicarance (as Miinilinii'), 
 
 7 fsept. 1S13 
 Miss Font I appearance here (as Ammillih), 
 
 26 .May, 1814 
 
 MissO'N'eill's appearance (as ,/iifiiO . f, Oct. ,, 
 MissKi'llv liieil at by tieois;i. Harnet, in the house, 
 
 7 Fidi. 181G 
 )lr. Miuriaily's llrst appearance (as On■-s^.s), 
 
 Id Wept. ,, 
 Mr, J. I'. Keinble's farewell (as Ccn'e/iiin/.s), 
 
 2! .Iiiiie, 1817 
 
 llmr)- Harris's management 1818 
 
 tliarlis Keiiihle's management . . .1825 
 
 Miss Funny Keinble's appearance (as ,/i(/i,(), 5 Oct. 1829 
 
 Mr. Fiiwciifs farewell . . . 21 May, 1830 
 
 ai;irlisYiiiin^''s farewell .... 30 .May, 1S32 
 
 Mr. .MiiiTcaily's iiianaj,'eiiient 1837 
 
 Mailaiiii' Vestris's management .... 1S39 
 Miis Aili'laidc Keinble's aiipearaiice (as Xnniiii), 
 
 2 .Nov. 1S41 
 diaries Kinilile again .... loSejit. 1S42 
 Mr. Ijiiirent's inanagemenl . . . . 26 Dec. 1S44 
 (i|«iiiil hy K. (iye for Italian opera . 6 .April, 1S47 
 IMniyni by lire (during a tai j/khvni', eondiieted 
 
 liv.Viiileisiiii ihe Wizard) . . . 5 March, 1836 
 Siwtliriitiv (by Harry) opened by Mr. F. liye (l.v.i 
 
 //»jl«f«"(s) 15 .May, 185S 
 
 Eivlislniiiini(Miss I'yiie and Mr. Harrison), Oct. 1859 
 Aiiiiriniipil actors perforin parts of plays for the 
 
 liiiiilit iif the Dramatic t'oUege . 29 March, i860 
 
 BallV's /Ji'ioiii/ brought out . . . 6 Dec. ,, 
 
 llaliaiiiiiiera (.Mr. liye) Vpril. iSiii 
 
 LastaiijieaiMiice of (irisi .... 3 .Nng. ,, 
 
 Kii(;ii.sliiipira (I'yne and HaiTison) . . 31 Oid. ,, 
 
 Italian iipira (Mr. (iye) . . . .\pril, 1862 
 
 Kii;;lisliiipi'ra (I'yne and Harrison) . 25 .\ug. ,, 
 
 llaii.inii]iiia(Mr. (iye) .... 7 April, 1863 
 
 Giiuiiiil's fioisf July, ,, 
 
 English (ipira (I'yne and Harrison . 12 Oe't. ,, 
 
 Italian ii|ieia (Mr. (Jye) Vpril, 1864 
 
 Eiijlish iipera, »Sic. (Ojiera I'ompauy, Limited), 
 
 17 Oct. ,, 
 
 lialiiin(i|irni(.Mr. Gyc) . 28 April, 1865 
 liiiiiiiirs the inoiierty of a company, .Mr. (Ive, 
 
 iiiainipT \i'ig. ,, 
 
 llnil«rol (Mr. liye) April, 1866; 2 April, 1,367; 
 
 31 March, 1868 
 
 npiiol liy Mr, Maplesou's company . 24 Oct. „ 
 
 UlKra.siiisim (dve and .Maplcson) 99 Ma.v, 1869 
 
 Mr, Uimi liiiaeirauU lessee and manager 29 .\ug. 1872 
 
 halian ii|ieni 1873-8 
 
 Mr. K. (iye, many years lessee, died throiigli acci- 
 
 'li'iit with gun 5 Lici'. 1878 
 
 •Vis, llatii, iiiaim,7'rs Dec. .. 
 
 Mr. Lionel (l.ve, lessee 878-8» 
 
 " U.iyal Kiiglish opera" under Mr. T. W. V,Wni\ ; 
 
 short sca.si in , ,|,in. 1884 
 
 Sig. Nilvim s companv, 'i//„,(/,| &,.. . ^,8 K,.!,. 
 (jiaiid Interiialionaleiripie . . 26 Dec. (7 .sm/. ,, 
 
 JV"'';"',""'I .Ii-.e:.uil manager. . . ',88;.5 
 
 Mr. .Maples with Dalian opera .limeaml ,lulv, 1885 
 
 (■rand demonsl ration lo .Mad.inie ^'delina I'al'ti 
 
 Ilevival of Italian oii.ra, siguor Itevignam, coii! 
 
 „"•''■""■ --May, i836. 
 
 Ilali.iii opera, opened unihr .Mr. .Majdi son (V'.rdi s 
 
 hyi.ii., |„.rf,ir I) ... ,., March, 1887 
 
 Donizetti s;.,, /■,,,■,„,■/„ p,.rf,,rnied . ..4 Mav, „ 
 Doiii/eiiis /.,»■,,,:,■„ ;,■„,,„■„ performed 14 .Mav ; 
 
 ."I" ^-iful season ; closed . . 21 Jidy i888, 
 
 Dalian opera season, Mr. A. Harris, director, 
 
 -■o May 27 July, 1880, 
 I'ronienadeciiueerts, Mr. r. ri„,ni,as fSepI . Xov. „ 
 (iHi/ii, 7/11 and grand circus . 26 Dec. .7 .si o, 
 Italian opera, (inoiioi; s lini.t, \-e. ' 
 
 ly May-2a Jiilv, 1890. 
 I'roniiiiade i oiicerts (.Mr. !■'. Thomas), 
 
 . ,. 9 Aug, -4 (let. ,, 
 
 Italian opera (Sig. Ijig(i) . . 18 Oct.— ay Nov. ,, 
 
 ■"'"'""':'•"'"",'/ . . Is Dee. iE,,o- ,7,lall. i?9i 
 
 Cannnil iLil'i . . . 3, ,7 Keli. ; 4, 8 March, „ 
 Lent oratorios, Mi/ii/i, Ae. . 14 l-'el,._ 7 .March, ,, 
 Italian oiiera (Mr., afterwarils sir, A. Harris), tiiini 
 , >"';'■• . . . • . 6 April 27, Inly, „ 
 I'romcnadcconeerts , . . 12 Sept.- iq Oct. ,, 
 Operaseasoli; /,'i„ii,vo7./„/;,,//,, ,Vc. 2oOld. — 2oNov. ,, 
 Vaniioil Unlh, 30 Dee. 1891 ; 13 Jan., u, I'cli., i 
 
 .March, 23 March, 20 April, 1692. 
 Italian Opera. - . . . . ,f, May, 1892- 
 I'lirnllcrUi Uiislkviiii,h\ .Mascagiii,auil other iiieces, 
 
 I'l May, „ 
 (.eriuan ojiera, &c. . . . S .UHie-28 .Inly, ,, 
 Opera season: liijinund innillniti l!ii.^limiiii, ,Ve., 
 
 loOcl.-Dee. ,, 
 'Uir I'riiiliitiil ttiiiiiiliii r 12 Dee. 1S92-14 Jan. 1803 
 
 Carnival season : fancy dress bulls, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 
 
 22 Keb., 8 March. 21 March, 12 April 
 
 opera season : dress recitals . 2S Jaii,-4 I'eb. ,, 
 Openis :;.„/,.„,„;„, ,vi.. . IS Mav-29July, „ 
 
 [.State pirformance of (.'oiiuod's lluiuii, i-t Julnfti, 
 4 July. 189; ; Tin' r, iliii rnt/ilnl, bv Mr. Villiers 
 hitaidonl; libretto bv .Mr. llarchiy iSuuire, 
 26Jiily, ,Sv3.1 
 rrouicnadc eoncirts ; I-'avlev Sinkiiis, manager; 
 
 .Mr. Coweii, condiiclor .... 9 Oct. ,, 
 Ifilliinn ll,.ll,iii,rs .\..i.;,',s .I,;,-, 26 Dec. i8y3-March, 18941 
 Carnival season : laiicvdress halls, ^i .Ian., 14 Feb., 
 
 28 Feb., 14 March, 4 April, 18 April 
 
 Itoyal opera season: Mamni i.i'.sicl, by Piiceiui 
 
 (i-<< l-i"'') 14 May, „ 
 
 Xerdi's ;.l/,.^./ jyMay, „ 
 
 House closed jo.luly, ,, 
 
 Fancy dress balls, \o Nov., n Di'C, 14 I)(r.,'3t Dee. 
 (.inveicle fancy fete, 2(1 Dec. 1694), iS Jaii. 1, 15, 
 26 Feb., 15, 2y .March. 24 .April .... 1893. 
 Royal oiiera season: Virdi'.s o^,7,i, i; Mav, &i: ; 
 F. H. (oweiis Ihnnlil: lilireUo liysir Edward 
 Malet ; 1st peiloniiaiiee, 8 ,liiiie; closed 29 July, ,, 
 Knglish oiM'ia season; 'l'uiiiiliiiii>i r, i'ni: iirie, elv., 
 
 12 Oet.-y Xov. ,, 
 Fancy dr(!S8 balls . . . Dee. ; Jan.-April, 1896- 
 lloyal opera seasoi , .^lomro t'( /ii/i'i/fr, etc., 
 ' 11 May-2S,Iuly, ,, 
 
 Fancy dress balls .... 18 Nuv.-y April, 189? 
 , Grand concert: in aid of the jirince of Wales's 
 
 I bosjiital Inuil 8 May, ,, 
 
 lioyal opera se;i,son: /-'(IKS/, etc. . 10 May-July, ,, 
 Stale perhirmance; Ttiiiiihiliixtr, t'lv. 23 June, ,, 
 
 , Carl Hosa opcrji season (see (/jh'/i?,, t'»j.f///-^/i) ; I'ue- 
 I ciiii's new operii l,ii UiJitnie, 2 Oct. ; 'hiHuliiiiser, 
 I 4 Oct., etc. ; closed .... 30 Oct. ,, 
 
 j Fancy dress balls . . . 17 Nov. -5 April, 1898: 
 1 Royal opera season : /.h/m (,i//-/», etc. . . 9 May. ,, 
 1 Wagnerian Cycle ;y'nsA'/i('i)ijuW,iS;c.^Juiie-2i5vUly, ,, 
 
 j lli:n .MA,IK.STV'S TIIKATUK, Oil ITALIAN 01'KHA-H0U"E. 
 I Oper.'i-Iionsi' ojielii'd. f\'uiuiitt (Ht^t^ flpf^n'-llitunp), 1705 
 
 j .Madame Rachel's a)i]ieavaiuti . . lo May, 1841. 
 
 Mr. Lundey's nianageiiieiil 1842- 
 
 I Jenny Liud's llrst appeaniuce . . .4 May, 1847 
 
 Association foruied for condiuding financial all'airs 
 ofthelioiise .... \S^ 
 
 :.#' 
 
"^v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rt 1 asp , M'' 
 
 V 
 
 
 idii 
 
 !*!l^ 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 TIIEATUES. 
 
 1084 
 
 THEATRE8. 
 
 .Inlll«n'ii cimicrtrt • "j't- «857 
 
 Funtivii iMrfonimiici'H on tin' iminiiiHU of tliu )iriu- 
 (VNsniviil .... •'"" 
 
 JIllcflllTl'irH !:nl,lll lliinil linillnllt ul 
 
 IN'nt <>|M'Jjl'il III lS(n.] 
 Jtalliiii <i|'i'iii(Ml'. M:ipli'Hip|i) . 
 Jluriit cliiwii ; Ki'i'iU lii.is 
 Jli'liiiilt -its iilliiirs ill t'lmiiiiT.V 
 ♦Siilil f'lr )i,ixKi/ 
 
 Il.ras,' firiirl im.ll.-y, till iSoi-l 
 ()|HMii'.l Icr lliiliiiii (i|"i'i I'.v Mr. .\hi|ili"<i>ii 1877 <■' ■"■'/ 
 i'lul Hosir.<i'uiii|iiMiv,VV,i;;iiiM'suiKra>, .ti-.,]wirl iil 187^-80 
 
 . .Ian. 1851) 
 . II Oct. ibtio 
 
 1862-67 
 
 . Dili. i8h7 
 
 . . 187.. 
 
 ao Miiy, 1874 
 
 i88i 
 
 1886 
 
 18S7 
 
 18^ 
 
 OlH lin.sil, \Vi1j;iiim'» l..,hr,i;lilll . 14 .liin. <l sni. 
 
 Sin. H">«i M.s /.Ml/' lo.lnni', 
 
 OImmumI 1>v .M. Ciirilliiii ((.'arulllK OoiiikkIs luii,!; 
 IwrlDriiiiincti Hluppfil l.v «triki' cif nniiaia ci'iii- 
 iiany.oariiciitcTs, \c., lint . . 6 Maicli, 
 
 Jlr. Ma.vi'i, li'H.siM'; appi'anim'f of inailaniii Maiali 
 Ucniliunlt ill F(i/.i,ii, \i:. . 26 Aiiril, ''"i''/- 
 
 Frcncli uin'ia .''■'.■^'",*' 
 
 Proini'iiaiiii ciincci-tH InaiiKiirali'.l liy ciiliiiii'l .Mapli'- 
 HOI! 20 AiiK. ; liv .Ml'. Van llii'ii>' . . i-' N"V. 
 
 ItJilluii <il»'ni scasun lii'^iiis (nml.T Mr. .Ma]ili'H.p|i) 
 
 1 .Iniii', 
 
 Till' ratalili.'fliiiM'iit nf a ( |iaiiv "Ih'r MaJ.'slyH 
 
 Tlii'alri' (liinili''!)," witli a c'a|iil.il nf 4,,,,««i/. to 
 ri'Ntori' tliii tlii'ain' tu ii> nri^'iiial positidii. 
 prniMMi'il byliinl Hay, Mr. Il.iiiy .1. Leslie-, anil 
 i.tlicis J»>'«. 
 
 Prcinii'iiaili' I'onri'rt.s . . . 17 .\n^.'.— Dct. 
 
 Op.'i-a conipanv (li'ssces), Ciinlrnlhi 26 lici'. I'l .i-''/. 
 
 Till' lioiisie smMi'iily closi'il ; tlii' niniiiany liaiik- 
 nipt. .-g-lan. 
 
 Fri'iicli plays, (■vniiuisi' ('..iiipaiiy, iiiclniliiiK ". 
 Uenilianlt, 2-16'Jnni'. Mr. .M. I.. Mayer, niaiia- 
 j<«r 
 
 Hoiisn I'lo.soil, 12 .Inly, iScjo; pnll>'il iliiwn, i8q2-i ; 
 now tliiiatri' iin tin' sanii' site (li'sljint'il liy .Mr. C. 
 ,1. l'llipps(.li.'.l js May, lS()7). 
 
 IldiHi; o|ji.'iii'.l, pniprii'lor ami nuiiianm', Mr. II. 
 ili'orlioliin TriM, 7 7i.' S,,il.^ nf iln MUjhUi, liy 
 liillicrt I'arliiir. 28 .Spril-s .Innii; slinit runs; 
 Ti-Uhii, 7 .Inn.'; fh.- IW>I l'n,ti<, 12 .liin.' ; Tlir 
 .Si7i'fi' AVv, ailuptiiil rriaii tla' l-'reni'li liy .Sy.liicy 
 tirnnilv, lo.liily-ii Aiif; : //".a', f, 12 and m Ann. 1897 
 
 Till) Hw'lnionilt iipma si'asiin : IHi' I'mi ll'ia/./c, 
 opera by Wui. Akeriiiaii ami I-'. I.i'oni, isl tiiin', 
 4 Siipt. ; lluiHp.'nlini'k's y/.i/i<.; nnil Cnttl, 
 22 Supt. : new Diii'-acl .ipi'r.i. I'lir rrnilli-e I'illni; 
 liy (inv I'Men ami Hi'^^iiiaM s.ain'rvillii . 24 Siipt. „ 
 
 V'/i.' Ni7i'.T A'.''/, li\ Sviliii'V (IniiMlv . i-2'iNov. ,, 
 
 ^1 .Wlla',■l.^■/l.l.^ll.•,'r.•vis■al . . 27 .N'uv.-i.i .Ian. 1898 
 
 Jidiiis ('>r.iirr (si'.'iiiry ami I'nstnim'S nialer tlici 
 supurvishiii ol' .Mr. .\lnia 'I'.iil.'nia, It. A.) 
 
 22 .lan.-iS .Innii 
 
 liatiffetl Riihiii. .Mr. I,oni-i Parker's version of /..( 
 Cteiiii/miH, pro.lneeil . . 23.1iine. ,, 
 
 ll.XVMAKKKr. 
 
 Dnilt ,-, • ■7°-' , 
 
 Opi'lleilliV Trenell eoMle.lialis . . . 29 Del'. 1720 I 
 
 Fii'l.ling's Mo-iil eoiiipMiiv . • •„ '73't-5 : 
 
 A Kreneli eoiiipaiiy proliiliile.l from aetiiig by tin- 
 
 nmlieliee • • .1718 
 
 Sir. Fmite's i>ati'iit • >747 , 
 
 The Botlli' -eonjuror's ilni>iry (see llnltli: Cmijunir), 
 
 16J1UI. 1748 I 
 
 The theatre ri'biiilt • '7''7 I 
 
 Mr. Oilman's tenure i •{n"- "777 
 
 Miss Karreii's appearanee here (afterwanls countess 
 
 of Derby) , -i, 1 ' ". " I 
 
 Royal visit "great erowil-16 persons kille.l ami | 
 
 liianv woundeil 3 I'"'"- '794 
 
 Mr. Elliston's ./f(ia( here . 24 .nine, 1796 1 
 
 First appear.iiiee of Mr. .Malliews (as /,iiii;o)i6May, 1803 
 
 Mr. Morris's inanaK lit . •,'„',• '^°5 ' 
 
 Appearam-e of Mr. lastoii (as .s/o(',r/,f,r) . 8 .Iiine, „ ; 
 
 The tailors' riot . . ■ ■ 15 Aug. ,, - 
 
 Appearaneeof Mr. Vonugfas ;/"w/..0 . 22 .lime, 1807 
 
 OfSliss F. KelK (as FM.W/.O . 12 .Iiuii', 1810 ^ 
 
 Preaeut theatre rebuilt by Nash; oiiene.l 4 .Inly, 1821 ' 
 Miss Piit<in'«(MiS. \Voo(l)aiipearani'e(as,Si(.'.-i'aa'(/i), 
 
 3 Aug. 1822 ; 
 
 >jf. fl7.0ii1( r'» mnnageiiieiit ... 12 .luiie, 1837 
 
 ill Aiiieriea), Mr. Mntliern, Liml I>iiwlnni-y{\iUyM 
 
 496 nights) •' ^e"*' ifr 
 
 Mr. lluekstone's iiianngeiiient , . . . li,);'. 
 
 Mr. .lohii .S. (lark i'?) 
 
 He opi I ; pit re veil, ami other ehaiiges ; tiia. 
 
 l>orarv riot 3' ''■!"• iSio 
 
 Mr. S. I), (kilt, .liine, 1897)1(1 Mrs. Ilani'i'olt . 137, :; 
 (IramI elosing performance . . . 20 .Inlv, i-,^; 
 Openi.il by .Messrs. Kus.sell ami llashfonl 26 >ept. ^, 
 Interior re-eoiislructeil ami re opened by .Mr. Hen. 
 
 bolilii 'I'l ee, les.see . • ,, , l"*.''!'' ', ' -8; V 
 
 .1 MaiC.i sIhiiIuw (from the I'lench), by Mr. li, 
 
 llnchanan . . 12 Sept. 1889-20 .Mare!,, ,;^, 
 .1 yuhw VrirsI, by Mr. «. (irniidy. 3 April 1., 
 
 " ,luly; fillet- 6 N.jv. „ 
 
 ;,','.ii( .li(.</iil, by W. K. Henley an. I'.. I,. Stevii 
 
 son 3 Nov. r( .. ,,. „ 
 
 rulli-'l /I'.irf .bv Hugh Conway and .'niiiyis Vim, ii, 
 Nov., ami 'itlier pieces uii ilill'ei ill days, Nov., 
 
 Dee. 189... .tin. ,;- 
 riieViinnii'iHirl ■ ■ ■ 15 ''an.— 27 .luiie, „ 
 House clo.sed, 27.1uiie ; re-oiiened with I'hr, Ilium u,) 
 
 ilii-l 5 Oct. 1891 — 15 .Ian. 189! 
 
 Mr. Ile'erbohin Tree, lessee ami manager . .Ian. „ 
 llitiiiM, with I'rril occasionally ill the alteriiooii, 
 
 21 .Ian.- 27 M:iy, ,, 
 I'fril, with //ina/tf occasionally In tie al'termi.Mi,' 
 
 28 .May -5. Inly, „ 
 //itmW, seiLSOli terminates . . . . 6. Inly, „ 
 i Mrs. Langtrv. manager; Tin- iiiitni ;/ M„„n,i, l,y 
 Messrs Haddoii Clianibers uiid Ontrain 'I'rislr.iiii, 
 
 15 Sept. -17 Oil. „ 
 b(.i(/ii( Tiililea, .Mnrhtiiitiiiid Shiiiui'iin; by l'M»d. 
 
 ■ 'Uiise ■ iBOct.-io ll.r. „ 
 
 ;/i/;»i/(ii (adapted from Kingsley), 2 .Iaii.-25 Mairli ; 
 
 lis Al'lil, u,; 
 
 .1 ll'uia.ia nfXn lM,«>iUtiv;\ by Mr. Oscar Wilde, 
 
 19 April -iC) .\iig. ,, 
 Ibsen's play, -la Eiinnn I'f Iht Vmi<U (afteinooiii. 
 
 14, 21 .lime ; 20, 21. 22 .bily, ,, 
 ■r/ie rela;l^'|•, by Henry A. .loiiiis . 20 fj.'pt.-i liec. „ 
 rnjilfnil .s'le//?, bv lladdon Chainbers, -2 1J(.C.-17 ,lall. 1:94 
 Tlir I'tunhitiiii, iiv Uoliert liiiehanan, 
 
 id .1.111. 17 M mil. ,, 
 Oiirf Tii'.a II 7'iiiii' (adapted I'roni the (leniian), l.v 
 
 Mr. I.oiils N. Talker . . 28 March- ji April. .. 
 .1 ;!iiiii'/i "/ I'le/ih, by Sydney finin.ly (adiiiin.l 
 
 from the l-'reiieh) . . . 25 Aiaibig .Inly, „ 
 .1.1 Km mil nf Ihr /V.i/i/r, by Heiirik lli.^eii, 20 ,luly, ., 
 Hon.se closeil. 
 
 lY'/ii' I'l'ilhiil-MKiniir.^'y Waller lie^,■lnt and Walter 
 I'olloek, aiid''ni'' '/.'"' /.<iiii/i. by W. Ontrain 
 Tristram, at llalmoral, 24 Sept. ; alter a rapid 
 .ionrney of 591 miles, .1 ;;h/i.7i .1/ ri.id f,i at 
 Ilublii'i, 25 Sopt.l 
 /I /liiiii'/i i'/ri'ii;.(.<(l.ond(.n) . . 8 Oct. -3 Nov. „ 
 Jnhn a' Dmimx, by Mr. C. Haddoii Chambers, 
 
 8 N0V.-27 Dec. „ 
 
 ;/inii/i7 J!** -^9 '''''■• ,. 
 
 Mr. Heerbolim Tree ami company go to New Ynik, 
 
 .111!.. n.}5 
 .III Iihiil lliixliniiil, by Mr. Oscar WiMe (under the 
 inai .geniBiit of Moaais. Morell and Waller), 
 
 3 ,Iaii.-6 April, „ 
 Air. Tree's coinpanv ; J«/iii o' /''•iiiiii.s . 2-22 May, „ 
 yiilfiiii by Sardou ; translation by llerinini 
 
 M.rivalB .... 25 May-2o.lalv, ,. 
 7'i'i?'/i/, by George Dn Manrier 30 Oct. -28 March, 1:94 
 
 and 4 .\pril-15 ,Iuly, „ 
 Special matinees, etc. : Kinij lleiirii II'., 
 
 ' 8 May- 10 .Inly, „ 
 
 lielirement of Mr. Tree from the management, 
 
 1 5. Inly, „ 
 ITiid,,- thi' lied II"'", produced by Mr. Fred liar- 
 ' rison and Mr. Cyril Maude . 17 Oet.-2 .bni", li,: 
 A Miirriiuii' n/rm. ciiiieaci; (Alex. Ihiniiis), adapti'd, 
 
 by Sviliiev Cirumly, 5 June-24 .Inly ; resii '1, 
 
 4 Sept.. 4 Nov. .. 
 7'/ie I.i'lle Mhiisler, by .1. M. Barrie 6 Nov.-22 Jiii.v, ti',1 
 
 I.YCKII.M, FOHMKIU.Y BSIILIHII OPKRA-HOl'SE. 
 
 Dnilt by I>r. .\rnold '"WJ 
 
 Mr. Charles Kean's appeara 
 
 ■ here 
 
 Mr. Webster's 
 
 with his farewell apiiearam 
 
 inanag.'meiit (ii'i years) terinin 
 
 ited 
 
 ■839 
 
 14 March, 1853 
 
 First appeara 
 
 f (Mi-.lmi'ii''iia Ci)K.'<i'ii (said to be 
 
 by Tuiu Taylor, am 
 
 I to have been acted 800 times 
 
 W 
 
 iiisor expeiinii 
 
 Opened as tlie l.veenni 111 
 
 Ills with gas-ligliting . 
 
 .\ppearam 
 
 He-opened with an addref 
 House destro.veil by lire 
 
 f Mr. Wrench (as Miiiiir) 
 
 i by Miss Kelly 15 
 
 1 Oct. .. 
 .luiii', iSr 
 
 6 Ki'li. 
 
 ..ijM 
 
lEATRES. 
 
 II Niiv. M, 
 
 ji'iiii'iit .... i85v;6 
 
 i^U 
 
 I'll, mill nlliiT I'liiiiigcH ; Iciii.' 
 
 1897) i<i Mrs. IliiniTiil't . 187) ■:; 
 uiicii . . . 30 .Inly, ui- 
 hmi'IIiuhI Ullsllfi'lil aSSi.pt. „ 
 1 mill i-i' iipi'iii'il liy .Mr. Hi'it- 
 
 Si.pl. ,33,., 
 
 Ill till' I'lviicio, iiy Ml'. It. 
 
 ij Si'pt. ie:s,;--au Mm-(!li, i3^, 
 Mr. N. (iiiiiul.v. t April -n 
 
 .Inly; 6 Oct 6 Nov. „ 
 K. IIi'iiliv am r.. I.. Sti'ViMi- 
 
 . . ' . .1 Nov. I (,.'.,. „ 
 Ciiiiwiiyiinil .'oiiiyiM <.;irr, i,j 
 [■cc!! nil ilitU'i ut iluyK, Nov., 
 
 I'cc. 1890 .Inn. 1=91 
 
 . 15.11111. — 27.IUI|I', „ 
 
 ; R'-Dpciifil witli The, lliuifiuii 
 
 5 Oi't. iByi — 15 .Inn. iSjj 
 ■HHW mill iiimmKi'i' . •'"ii. „ 
 •asliiniilly in tlu' iil'tiTiinini, 
 
 21 .1 111.- 27 Miiy, „ 
 ■n»loiuilly ill 111' iil'liTiiiiiiii,' 
 
 2S ,Miiy-'5.liily, „ 
 aU'H .... 6. Inly, „ 
 [it; The (,iiieni "f Mmi"", liy 
 iiiibei'Huiiil Oiitmiii 'I'llstiMin, 
 
 i5!*ipt.M7 0i.t, „ 
 •nitiiiul Skiimiriirr, by Kihul. 
 
 llJOl't.-l.) III'!', „ 
 
 I Klnusley), 2 .Imi.-as Miiri-li ; 
 
 I li A|iiil, ii,j 
 ■liimr, liy Mr. Osciir WiUii', 
 
 iq April -i''i AnK. „ 
 
 mlnflll,' Vmiilr (lirtiMnuiill), 
 I.J, 21 .lllllt' ; 2U, -21. 22.liily, ,, 
 
 'v A. .Iiiniis . 20 Si'pt.-i lii'f. ,, 
 
 iliiii riiiiiiilii'rs, 2 l)i;c.-i7 Jan. 1J94 
 liiu'1 llurliaiiaii, 
 
 i^ .Ian.- 17 Mirili. „ 
 ilnpteil from tlin (iiTiuaii), liv 
 
 ■ r . . 28 Marcli-ji A]nil. ., 
 liy hyilncy r.riiinly (.iiliipi.il 
 
 25 Api ii-ig .lnl.\', ,, 
 
 lilf, liy lU'iirik Ilwii, 20 .Inly, „ 
 
 , liv Walltn- lii'saiil .■iml Waltor 
 r /I'.i/ /,.nii/i, by \V. Oiiliani 
 iiinral, 24 Sept. ; al'tiT a riijiiil 
 iiiilBi, .1 lUdi'li I'/ Vi'dits at 
 
 011111110 . . 8 Oct. ! Nov. „ 
 Ir. C. IlaiMon Cliaiiibcis, 
 
 8 Nov. -27 Di'C, „ 
 
 28-20 lli'C. „ 
 
 iml cniiipanv t;ii to New Ymk, 
 
 .hui. .:}5 
 [IV .Mr. Oscar WiMc (iimlcr tliu 
 i88ia. .Moiell anil Waller), 
 
 j ,lan.-6 April, ,, 
 ; .Mill "' Oiriiiii.s . 2-22 May, ,, 
 
 I ; triinslatiiiii liy IIimimiui 
 
 25 MHy-2u.liilv, „ 
 
 II Maurior io Oct.-28 Maicli, 1^96 
 
 mill 4 April-i5.Inly, „ 
 c. ; A'ini; Ueiirij H'., 
 
 8 May- 10 .Inly, „ 
 'rec friiiii the iiiaiiiit;ctiii'iit, 
 
 15 •Inly, „ 
 ■, iiroiliic.'il by Mr. Krcil liar- 
 il Miiiiiln . 17 Oct.-2.luiii', il-,: 
 iu'eurd (Alox. Diiiiias), ailapt'il, 
 
 ly, 5 Jiiin'-24 July ; iv.sn I, 
 
 4 Scpl.-4 Nov. ,. 
 Ijy .1. M. nurrio 6 N0V.-22 July, iit)l 
 
 IIKIILY KSdLlHII OPKRA-IIOUSE. 
 1794-5 
 
 witli gas-ligliting. . . 1: n 
 
 nil ill i'-^ 
 
 Viviicli(as llehmir) . 7 Oct „ 
 iililrcss liy Mis.s Kelly 15 ■'"'"'. '^'^ 
 
 lire . . . .16 Kl'Ii. 1330 
 
 THEATRES. 
 
 lour, 
 
 TniiATUKS. 
 
 l-urbcs HolicrlMiii miil Mr. Fri.,|..r|,.k MaiTUon), 
 
 HiMepliiiii or ami iiriiHi.iiUilio'iiH to Mrs. 'iiiibni " 
 K|'clcy, (111 I,,.,. m,tli birtliday ; Iht reply to an 
 
 aili.ress, I'ic. 
 "iiiiiiio Ilia 
 i ''iii-Mi, Iwici. ilallv 
 
 I'miti.iiiiiMo iiiatlii.'es; 'm,-. ,'>„,„: Iia,Vi.irs"'/M'i'u: 
 
 ^/;..,.,^;,,,n,;;z,::r;v;4;,i^i,eiirr:.!;t;;nrj>:;:!;;'''''* 
 
 1 V22 .Ian. 
 
 Ilfliiillt, miilre-iipeniil .... 14 .Inly, 18,4 
 
 K.i|ii.'slrian perfiiniimieeH .... if, .laii. i«44 
 Jlis Keeliy's iiimiaKciiicnt ... 8 .\pril, 
 Jliiil.inie Vestrismiil Mr. V. MiitlieWH' niaiiaKeiiieiit, 
 
 Oel. 18.17. 5f, 
 
 Rijlirciiieiildr Mr, ('. Malliiws . . , .March, 1855 
 
 Appiurmice iif .Maila Uistiirl . . ,liine, 1856 
 
 Taken by Mr. tlyc fur Italian npcra fur forty nights, 
 
 Opriu'il for KiiKlisli opera by Miss I.oiii.sa I'viiV ami '' 
 
 Mr, llarrisini ,j, Si.pt. ,, 
 
 Iliill'es opera, /.'".ir i/Cii.-Yi/t, priiilnecil . . Oct. 
 Hr. 11. Webster ami ,Mr. Palenner, .Inly, 1858 ; cliiscil, 
 
 ll|„.iii'il by Mailanic Celeste Nov. 1S59, mul Oct! iSho 
 Till. ".Savage t'iuli" ]ierforni befnre tliu niiecn ami 
 
 rrinee y .March, ,^0, 
 
 Italian opera a Jniie, itx,, 
 
 Mr Kaicciiier, iiiaiianer(l';iiKlisli conicilv) 19 AiiK. , 
 
 i'ff;M.7'ii.v brought out , . .' . g Ni,v. |, 
 
 Jlr. IVclitcr 10 Jan. i( .«r(/. thf,) 
 
 Japanese triiiiiie .Spring, ibf.s 
 
 l,iiril l.ytton's Kliililfiil lliiv liroiinht out j Oct. 
 
 Mr. H. Irviiitjas ;/iim/(7(l"n(,'niii) . . .3'! Oct. 1S74 
 
 ,, Mt'l'lictll . . .. . _ 
 
 cihill'' . 
 Tennyson's Viorii .Won/ perfoiiued 
 
 Mr, II. 1/. Ilalemmi, lessee anil inaiiayer . . i87v6 1 
 
 Mm, lliitcnian, ditto , . . 1876-8 ' iVfer (/„ (,mi^ n,i.«- , i„vi , ,. '""'l'''- '« ""■. 
 II. lrviiiK,lcsHeramlmmmger(kiit. .895),Mcpt , ^ '''"•*' ''•' '•"'"', '"',">!. 
 
 llnvlilson, 27 Kel,.- ,., May ; .l/.wi/.,, by limn 
 J'liderin.inn, tr.iiislateil by |.„„|s .s r.„kc 
 .Iniie; .sv/,„„/.„„. Sn,.„l„l, ,.. ,in„„ 24 . n v'- ',., 
 "I teiia.ic.v iif .Mr. l.'i,,bcs Uobcrtstn, ad' M 
 I'lcdenck llaiiisoii . . ,;|'- 
 
 (■.Vm)W(,,. (I.yc,.,,,,, eoinpnny), 22 Sept.'-,. l)cc ; 
 
 /'A, 19 lee. (closed); (,'(/«/..;„„., ^f, I lec., 2,, Jan. 
 
 1897; Oliri,,, ,o Jan.; ;,•„/, ,,; ;/;,, „' i,',,,,""; 
 
 April; M,„l,iii„ .s,,,,., (,v<i.. b, M.M. .Saiibai and 
 
 . .31WCI. ,574 i .Moivmi, mlaiiteil by J, Ci.i,,; n« Cmr \i, 
 
 • »5Se|.t. .875 2j Jnly; 7/,,. Mh, .1/, ,. A,,;, /„/■ I , I,';,'; •^'""" 
 
 ■ .9^;ii; T Mr. Forbe, Hobertsoti-s'sr;;;^"/;;;,;!;:;'"-" ■""^' ■ 
 
 Mr. 
 
 f( fi 7. ... 
 
 Rc.ii]icns with //oiii/e/ .... •(<, Pee 
 Mr. L'liililiendale's bcnellt (68 years on the stage), 
 
 24 Keli. iE;n 
 Jfiit/i .-b'""'!""' A'e''iii((/,- grand scenery . u Oct. 1882 
 Mis* .M. Amlerson mill Ainerican actors . i Hcpt. 18S3 
 fail,'!, adapted by W. (I. Wills, 19 Dec. 1885 ; 35otli 
 
 iMMlMrinaiice 22 .Nov. 1886 
 
 Miss Mary Anders ant umn season . 10 (Sept. 1887 
 
 Revival of Mucin III with new rendering by .Mr. 
 
 Irving and .Miss K. Terry . . , 29 Dec. 1888 
 Ilisceiiil'aiiy lierlornis the Jlills bcfiire the iniccii 
 
 at .suiiilringliam 26 2\pril, 1889 
 
 Mr. Mayer with Italian ojiern ami French plavs : 
 
 Verilis (i(i7/e, 5 .luly-27 July; .Madame .Saiali 
 
 lieriiluiidt in l.iihi 9 Jnlv, „ 
 
 T/if MeWWimMvvlved . . . . 9 May, iSjo 
 nrl!'Us,l."iii-^XI.,l'liria . . . May, „ 
 Mr. Augiistin Ualy's company, from New York, 
 
 10 Jnm — 16 2\iig. ,, 
 I'M-easu-'ml, by Ilerinmi Merivale . 20 Sejit. rt snj, „ 
 Much Aih' Aliiiiil !<(illihiij, I'linrlis I., Vursicini. 
 
 hwlliii-s, and other pieces . 5 Jan.— 25 .March, 1891 
 Mr. Augustin Daly's company . 9 ISept,. — 13 Nov. „ 
 King lliiini yiIl.,v,Hh lUilnlieii occasionally in 
 
 tlieafteriiiioli or evening . . 5 Jan.— lo July, 1892 
 
 niHdls 24 .Sept, if.sfiy. ,, 
 
 Kiiigllniry riU. . . . i Oct. -5 Nov. ,, 
 
 Kiiiij Liar .... 10 Nov. 1892-1 Feb. 1S91 
 fivlif, liylordTennysiiii . . 6 Feb.-25 Marcli, 
 
 |At Windsor Castle, iS March.) 
 fii/,i( (""ler plays ociasioiially), nfteinoons and 
 
 rvi'iiings April-22 July, ,, 
 
 (The riiiiilNiiiy went to America. | 
 CimUnthi, pantoinimc ; .Mr. Oscar Uarrett, 
 
 26 llec. 1893-17 .Mnich, 1S94 
 Return of the Lyceum eoinpnny. 
 
 >'»i(!( 14 April-7 Jnlv, ,, 
 
 !'»cM , J.ily-2o,luly, ,, 
 
 .!/iTi)i(i)i(u/ri')iiVf, 21 July. House clo.seil . ' . ,, 
 Umler ilireetioii of Henry E. Abbey and .Maurice 
 
 lliau; Till (Jiirrii 11/ /.'nV^'iiiifj', 'comic oiiera ; 
 
 adapted by Uittiidon Tlioiiins ; iiinsic by Kilwd. 
 
 Jakobow.slii .... 8 Hejit.-iS Oct. ,, 
 f 'I i.Ui cimis: -Mr. Oscar Barrett, 26 Dec; afler- 
 
 vtaiils ilad,\. till March, 
 
 Hetuni "f .Mr. Irving and Miss Kllen Terry. 
 A'iiii/^lcf/iui', by J. Coinyns L'mr; uboial and inci- 
 dental niiisie by Arthur huUivan, 12 .Ian. -6 April, 
 Closed; re-u)iens . . . 15 April-) .May, 
 2I Slor// 0; ir»(i r?o«, byCmiau Doyle; Jjan (,iiii.iiiti, 
 
 liy tlie late W. Ci. Wills ; Jiyyums, by A. \V. 
 
 I'liiei-o 4May-iJuiie, 
 
 Xante Uhllirhl, The IkllSf&i:. . . . 3 June, 
 lesiiiiioiiial to sir Henry Irving from 4,000 protes- 
 
 ^ioiials 19 July, 
 
 Tlioeoniiiany sail to America . . . 31 Aug. 
 i'lMtii ami Juliet (under the managenieiit of Mr. 
 
 '^'^ I '";!:■ V,™':',»'"P'':?'0. I -funned l,; tlm'sllitlenls "''■ 
 
 of the Ho.Viil college y| Music; ma'ti 
 ' Miiiliuiie .S|||,,^ (.'t.',,,, 
 
 jl/i/'c/miiNi/ruiiir, and other ji'lavs' 
 
 1895 
 
 lieu 27 ,laii. 
 15 Feb. 
 
 806 
 
 823 
 
 ne^l,,l!n„eV.,,,,..^,„,^ ai^^t^'coineih^l'l; 
 
 H. D. ■ raill .i,d H .s. Uichens, Mist pcrlormanns 
 4-27 May; IliiriW „„| 7/,,, ;„„; „„| , J 
 
 l.ia5.s, 28 Ma.v-, Jnlv. M. Coi|m.lii, and French 
 cuirpaiiy, ( ,/r(ii»i ihlWiyem., by llostaiid, 4 July, 
 
 AtiKi.riii TiiKMrii; 
 Formerly called the ,s'»„,s ;■»,,, 7, opened ui„i, r tho 
 niamigeineiitof Mr. and Miss Scott -7 Nuv 
 
 'nm^.^':t:'!!,'';''!,^;.;!;'':;n:i';';,r''''''''^'^''-'''^ 
 ";s.,?!';:;';c,i""' '""■'' ■■"""^'■•■"■'" .^"" ' , 
 
 New front , '^"8 
 
 .Madame Celeste's management ' . ' '30 Sent' IrI^ 
 Kcliuilt and opened, with impruved arrangements', 
 
 C'.J/.r« /,'.,„■„ represented . , «C,t' 186^ 
 
 I Immense run; above 360 ni.dits J ' •°'"l'''>86o 
 Miss Jiateman apjiears as I.,„h. i Oct. 1863, to 
 
 Me,ssr8. F. 1). Cliatterton and U, Webster''^** 
 lessees . ' 
 
 Messrs. c.atti, lessees ninlin'an„;;;.rs '. ' .ki'aeulf 
 /.../ii/im jMijI.y Uaii, by (i. It. Sims and Mr. I'ettitt, 
 
 ffiwn ;!„s/„s revived . . . ,'q A ,',',' i i ','1 C!'; I R^ 
 Uc Ilrulc ./Jove, by H. ll,.,.,,a,;aii '.' Xv ,'! ^1 '^ 
 Ihe l:nyUslt Jlwe, by G. K. .sims and I{. Hiiehanaii, 
 
 Ti t< I tT . 1 . . -■ -^"o. 18110— 2 .May, i8qi 
 T(cWm7so//,ui»?,„i,by]). H,„ici,.ault7 Mavrr.«,„ 
 Jhe Jrumjvt fall, by U. R. Sims and It. Ibiehauaii; " 
 
 ■ne n-hile tor, by G. li. Sin^ anTl^'llncham/n;"' '^'' 
 , ,, ,„ , 23 April— 10 June, ,, 
 
 Liilhts oflhm.e, by .same nulhi.rs 30 Jnlv-17 Dee. 
 ■"'; '•"'-' {','"'>l'""; by Henry c. ue Mille, friun 
 
 Ludwiglnhla '" Dee. ,802-1. .March, 1893 
 
 Iht l,ku:k iMnnuw, by 0. li. aims and I), liuehannn, 
 
 2I H'omnn's /frrviiffc, by Henry retti'tt,'"' "' ' ''^' " 
 ■ri ,■ „ L-'- ■'"'}■-''' '"^■"^•- ; 26 fee. 1893-3 Marcli, 1894 
 rhe Lnllini Am./, by isuttoii Vnnc, 10 .Maicli-6 May „ 
 Jh' -wo Un.lun,H . ,2May-,8June 
 
 Shall (I e J'oryrve iter I h\ Frank Harvey, 
 
 The Filial Ciiril, by 0. Haildoii Cham'b'ers and B.'c! " 
 
 Stelihellson . . . 6 Sent -ifi Mni-cl,' .q«.. 
 
 n. .hrl I US'. Hehind ifr, by-Frank/in Fyl^^mlli "' 
 
 David lielaseo . . ,3 April-,o Aug. „ 
 
 Jhi Sirf.nhmiii .■< liaiiiihlir . 31 Aug -30 Nov 
 
 Viir vf Ihe Ueil, by Seymour Hicks and George " 
 hdwardes 21 Dec. -6 June, 1S96; closed , . 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 iif 
 
 1% 
 
1/ 
 
 ^,i 
 
 THEATTIKS, 
 
 lOHO 
 
 THEATUE8. 
 
 M..y,'n'7(«'-. IWwUliolliiUl.ni^iiuwr, .ll.'.l .4 
 ,l;tii. jH.,7). „ dllli.tt.', N>"V Ynrk mm- 
 
 F,!;::hpi.y".M.i .H,.rui ■■""-';.(;;;;;-;;;*; „ 
 
 Cdinvns Oiirr ■ • ./ ,',,,1 ,riiii. ia<i». 
 
 II , • hnriiul .It llroinlil"". "i""*""'1 I" ",' 
 Yurk compiiny) . . • • 4 ^ihm aj 
 
 77v« TrM 0fKn„>,M„,, by K. C. (^"»rton.^^^^ _^ ^, ^_ ^ ^ 
 
 IK.VAI, IMUNOKsVh TlIKATllK. OKKulll. STI.KKr 
 
 KIrst iiiHMii'.l fur iMiiii'i'i'U . 
 
 u;I;',!;:ii'''pnfyHbyMr..T.Ma.M;.x ■ . 
 
 Mr. ltiiitliy*riiriw.ll hri" . • • 
 
 Mr. Clmrlca Kmiii'n iiiiiim«.Miifiit, iSjo 
 
 
 HT .lAMEKM. I.ATK I'UINCE'H. 
 
 Th,.th..,Ur,.w.sb,m.by...Mu,,,.n,.aun,|.r^n,.^ 
 
 a,:;';rf;;;:;':v;:,.^f:n!::;i'b.';v ..»,„. t,.„ .n^.,,.,.- _^^^ 
 
 iSs-" 
 
 ■OiMiiiiiiM''">''. • , • ■ aa Oct. 1854-5 
 
 Fri'iii'li iiliiNs . . • • ■ • j^iiy^ ^^ 
 
 lt:diilll pl.'ivx , ,I|in. ,855 
 
 Firiii'b ..!"•'■'"' MiiV, „ 
 
 i^nKllKhVSMy, Mu^cr^lr. K. Cl,;.tt,.rt,m.UKmn.,;r 
 
 (•l.i„.,l. 
 ai) .\iiit. Hj) 
 a.).>t.Mit. ., 
 
 Jl.llllV, lit) 
 
 ao Miiri'li, i-«, 
 
 a'i(M, ii4) 
 . Miiy, li',)^;< 
 
 Mr, .V. lliirrl«'Hiiiiiimi,'i'mi'iit; ojieiiiMl 
 Z„n:i^i'i'riiiM'iiiM'.Miiiuiiy . . 
 Mr. |-r.liti'rMp|H'iir->(ii>t llamM) . 
 
 Mr, II irris, l.'HS'',. 
 
 Mr. l.ui'liH, niiiii;i«i'r . • • 
 
 Mr II. Viiiini,', l'-i-"'<' I""' "">»"«'•' ■ 
 
 Mr V. II ('Ii;illi'r1"", li"*'*'''' • 
 
 iiurl U"-a''* Opcrii r"i"P""y , .... . n;-, 
 
 J^,;;H'\^:rr:;Ma,li\,.^..M.;v;rcOuUlt;n,,H,,M^^ 
 
 ai.pmnm .f Ivlwiti ll....tli) . . '■>'•]■ ''M 
 
 (I <. Sims' /.f.,/i^"' /.'"■'"" • ■ , • *■;'• '1 
 , sir. Wilsm, l)iirr,tt, l-s, .■ 11.,. iniiUiW'r . . .\ii;.. ,iij 
 : ,'„,„// n,, by IbTiuiinHM.I WllU . . •',ll-'^ ., 
 
 MiHsd. IliiwIlM.nu., 1 ■ • ■ ;''"i. .:,!?-, 
 
 Mr Wilson lUrrrtl -''^ I'i" *"""'". »■'"■!, '' ., 
 AiMiTira fur a yciir ■ , •, • i'' -Miiy, i:J; 
 
 ' H,,l,. l.'ssn. Miss tlnic'.' HiiwtlMiriiH ; iiiiiliiiK.r, .Mr, 
 
 \V. W. Kelly 
 
 i;„hl ri-''v . 
 ■I'hr.iihini. I.y Hiinlim 
 
 Fri'iu'li irlMVs 
 Kimlisli pl:iV^ 
 ■Mr. Wi'.Mii. m:m:t'A' 
 Vri'iii'li pliiys 
 Tri'iii'li plitV'* • 
 Tlir /ri.iim",i''''' 
 
 Oi't. „ 
 23 May, i860 
 
 . ' . .13 .VtlK'. .. 
 
 l36.>-2 
 
 May, i368, .\pril, 181'") 
 
 •871-! 
 
 7 April, i334 
 
 , 30 Nov. — i.t \>'-i: .. 
 
 77j,'.jt/in((. itv .-liuM'Mi • ,* ' ' ^ v''- ^'^ 
 
 Mrs LaiiKtry. s.ilc b'Ssi'iMlii.l uiaiiaiti'U'ss . V,v. ., 
 
 IX, Zt < '■■■'P->n< . . 'i Nov. ,3,.-F. . ,;„ 
 
 /,,'(./ I><n-ln; by .Mr. C(«bUui. a8 Fob.-.,, Mml,. „ 
 
 A.im'''i '.•"■«■ ;yl\"-{ ■' 
 
 Mr. Ilutlai..! Ilarriiwt.m . • • ' Mnrcli', i8i)o 
 Mrs. Laiwtr.v . ••■••_ ,\prii, „ 
 i'n''"'J:Tlr • bV Sv(lnHy'(5riin.ly . .) Mi'y '' ■"■■t- - 
 
 ti;;rs:.^;is,' r;'^-^;: ,= ^-.p-"" («;• "■-■:r;:; „ 
 *,s:?:.',-,/.w, ■:,..(i » ;„..i,_,;'fis;; '!;■ 
 
 r,^''I/;;^°,'t);r^;v.l..nrvArtbur,...,,«s;a3 
 
 April-23.luly;r.N;^Vy^; !>'•''• ■,•,..,.,, ,8,j5 
 /;„,, ;.om.v /■■, V^-'V;;V'A ',',,, iv ?)s,.ar Wil.|.., 
 
 •'""'"* ; u.; T.i.i.iK.i-'n; . 20 .hill"-,! .Inly, .. 
 
 18 .Inly ,;••'■ "•■ •■ -'■ ■•'•- 
 
 Aa V'lU f.»''' " 
 The Cria -•&<,■) fW" 
 
 31 Dec. 1891 -i6.)an. i?jj 
 
 1 3 .Ian. -\ Krii. ,. 
 
 II Kiih.— ^ Aiiril, „ 
 
 16 April 'I .<"/, 
 
 9 .luni' c? Hf'j. 
 
 22 .luiie. 
 
 20 Ki'b.—aq .filly, ,, 
 
 :jl Oi't.-io N.iv. ., 
 
 -^ |).'i'. 18152-io May, i393 
 
 Dw.-ao .March. i3'J7 
 
 ,,|/iiiii. ill l.iintl'iii. 
 Thf ,s'ici'<,< Ki(irr,<.< 
 rill' llrnil .Mitroiiolis 
 rill' life "■!■ '-'I''- ■ 
 Sh-nllil'iil'iii. new piiw" • 
 Uiiiiso to let, a.lvcrtiscil . . - - - 
 , llllid IHiUinr. uUere.l by Miss Grace^ll...^li.,n,, 
 
 Mr W. W. Kellv, iii.aiia«er . 15 .'Inly- j6 net. 
 
 Mr II ill.) lialiiiaiii, less iicl niaiKC'er; !,«".' 
 
 : V.,„i'. Cii'iiii (an Aiiiericaii coiMbiii.Hin.O. I.i 
 Charles llern.ain. . a, Ocl.-.Q N^'v. (cNhMi. 
 
 II I„,nilllii,'l . . ■ ■ 26N;'V.-llH. 
 
 /.'„,,/, .;„.■, by Mr. Henry Ilernum 26 D.'C. i%2- 
 
 7 .bin. . • ■ ,,• • • • .■;""l 
 
 I A.lvertlscl to be let or suM . . . ii;l.i". 
 H,.o,,e„e,l, Mr. .bilm HolliM«shea.l,.br.',. or .«.,«,, 
 I new iiieloclraiimtic opera, by Hayln lairy, 
 
 10-23 "'I'' 
 
 ■ i l.ifi' iif riniHiu-i (for Dniry Lane) . 11 I)-, 
 n'nwi.l, by I'aiil .Meritt, Henry Pel nit. a.,.l -.,■ 
 
 A.i-'iisl us Harris. . . .4 I'Vh -,4 .^1 .■.),| 
 Inni irn,, ,/i-, iniino.lranm, by lilanehanl , ■■ i.i 
 
 Hielesche(Frenelie<iiiipany) . 12-19 M.iy,„ 
 r;„. ■/■.•„.» |,V Tyrone Power . 2,1 May-29 .luii-. „ 
 Mrs. Harriet Ciooeh, proprietress ; u.l.l,. a4:i|,t"l 
 
 from ISanl.m . .... 2<) Sepi.-, , iM, 
 n.,l,hni luiiler Amu, a composite enli'iUinnrt ^ 
 
 r/h' /).-rf»/ iriaii'''- • • 22 P''''./3«-''l '■''■''• 'J)s| 
 H „ ,/ „,,( r.r.m, a fairy opera by lliiiiii.er.liiick 
 (Carl llosa company) . . 2 March-,; Apn 
 
 l!,.oi,ei.erl, at ivlnce.l pries . .,.Vni!.f(«l. 
 
 Shii'ley ami Lamleck's S.„-nl fnm th" ,Sm, 3^!^- 
 
 I Plays with short runs.] 
 1 n.irk Xni-r,'!, .4 N0V.-2., Jan. .3,6; n«Co"« 
 
 "s ;ns\u,a Arthnr' Shirley, 6 April-16 liv; 
 
 r/». .s>-m "/ I.UK by Sutton Vai.e cj M >-: 
 
 Tlu- ilrip-)/ f '■■''»■ ->oJniie ii .Inlv ; ."" 
 
 J 11 
 
 ( (/,(. ;ji(»fr 
 
 ,/t!/, liy A. W. Pi 
 
 Jnlv ; /'I ■^' 
 
 ilht uj 
 
 ,sv. /'.(«/■,<, iiy Suf- 
 
 thi- PrUi 
 
 iif Xtiulii 
 
 March - 
 
 June, 
 I (0 Jnly, 
 
 Vane, t Alls;.- 1') 
 (ailaptiij from 
 
 S.M 
 
 ,t. ; run l-illli' I'ligiOiM'!.! 
 
 thu Froiie'h), by a. U. SiiuD and .1 
 
TIIKATUEH. 
 
 l,,e, liy U. C. Ciirton, 
 
 ■nihhui . " '•'"''.■.•%'\y"' •■ 
 
 miiinly, liyJoliiiOllviTll.ili'v.^ 
 
 3 .hllU!-i3 ,|iily, 
 KSm'h rllKATIlK, OXKilUll HTIIKKT 
 
 ) *'|i'. i«,i 
 
 ly Mr. •'. Mailili>x ■ ■>'< I'li'. iS,i 
 vrll llin^ . ■ • I , II"'; .1)1 
 
 ii'i* iimuiigi^iiiL-iit, 1850: iMiwii. 
 
 iniwiiii'iit ; oiK'iiii'l 
 iinii.i 
 
 THKATUE8. 
 
 mi 
 
 tiii;atiu;,s. 
 
 rs (UK ll'unht) 
 
 J). Inly, iv, 
 30 Miip ii, i./,| 
 . ib'.ii 
 
 . Miiy, lit jj/ 
 
 tmi, Ic'HHi'i' . 
 
 1 |..illl|lllliy '■•: 
 
 1 li'SHUI' llUil llUlllllV'i'r . . |3;: ;i 
 
 liiiK', "I Miv; ri'liiillt; (>i«'ni>.l(i»t 
 .;,lwin llnutli) . . (' N"v. v.'o 
 ',, „■ l,.n<lnil . . . *M't. l-.!l 
 
 .It, l..s<iH mill iiiuiuwr . . .<ii.'. i-!j 
 nimn^uM\ Wlll« . • ■' l).i., „ 
 .,1,,, 1, ..... . . . .Inn. 1 ii-, 
 
 ,.,.(1 .ii'S hU sciiwni, K'lilia I'l 
 V..iir . . . iSM.iy, i:;, 
 
 '(iriic'i' Uiiwtliiiniii ; iiiiiiiiwr, .Mr. 
 
 , ' . ' , 3.J Nov.— 14 ]*•": '. 
 
 ..i.iu . . • • 3 ^l'.v, 11)0 
 ,1(. Wh-uv mill mmmuiMi'ss . ,V.iv. „ 
 „,lr,i . . iS Niiv. iSgn-tVb, I'ji 
 Mn L'oKlilun. aB 1'"i'Ii.-ju Miireli, „ 
 
 S April, „ 
 
 ' , ' , . . • <7 A|iril, „ 
 liiiuny Hi'iiiiTtii-lliirtiiW, /'■»/f 1*1 
 . , . ay'Iiily— 28 Alia. „ 
 
 /,.,i„.r,»(i.,' . 29 .viij,'. -7 >>■'"■. .. 
 
 \). Houcioiiiilt . .) Niiv. — iglVc. ., 
 I , , 21 Ul'C. 18.51 -16 Jan. i!ji 
 
 gj ... 18 .lull, -i Ml. „ 
 
 imlh . . " Kfl'.-g Aliril, „ 
 
 : ... 16 April .( ■<'■•!. „ 
 
 v\,\,m: . . ■ 9 •'!""' ','n .. 
 
 Iviirtisi'ii . • • • 2J'l"ii'. „ 
 iilUToil by Miss Oriici' llii.vllmnw 
 
 2? .lulVf(.<"(. „ 
 
 V, iimiiii«»r . i5.I»ly-a6 0ct. „ 
 nniin, Ii'hsi'm mnl iniiii'i',"M- ; bi\'k 
 (mi AiiiiTicmi coniliniiiliiiii), liy 
 
 iiiiiii . ,!9 <)ca.-i9 Nov. (closMl, „ 
 
 I _ . . . j6 Nnv.-i l)"!'. „ 
 Ir! Ili'iiry Iliiriiiiiii ji D.'c. iSqj- 
 
 ; '-Ml 
 
 I.. Icl nr :<iilil . • • '■'•'■"I 
 .loliii IliiUiiiHslii'ail.iliivcliir; .\/h«i,. 
 
 iimlie opi'i-a, by Uiiyilii I"''''!:)'.,,, 
 
 in~23'li''., 
 ,n (fur Dniry 1-aiii') . n [>■•<'■ 
 I'iUil Mi'ritt, Hi'iiry I'i'llltt. ami <:< 
 irrH. . • Jt •'''■b.-uAlinl, i:i(| 
 
 iiiiiiiD-ilrmiiii, by liPiiii'liiiiil 'h- la 
 '|.,.Mcli I'linipiiiiy) • .. ii-i9,M»y. . 
 Tvrii"" I'mvi'r . 21 May-29 ■"'""; ■ 
 loDi-h, nropriutri^KS ; "■Irllr. ailapt"! 
 1 . . . . jij.Si'pl.-ltlK't. „ 
 
 • Anm, a composiU' I'lit.'rtiiiiiiiiivit, 
 
 22 Uiit.-N.)v. .. 
 ,„„,r . . 22 n«M3,,4-iC. KHb. lijil 
 oH n fiiiry opura by IIiiiiipiT'liiirt 
 .,,iii]iiiMV) . 2 Maivh-.;A|.r:l, . 
 
 r..iliiciiii prii-.'s • .! .Viij!. ■_( .■ (. . 
 
 aiiibick's Sairil from th" >w, 3 Au.;.- 
 7*11" , 
 [Plays with short runs.) 
 •I 14 \.iv.-24 Jan. 'S'l''; I'^C'^-"' 
 u'l. W «f.,. ; The .SMr ../■ /mii.i, liv(,. 
 ill Arthur Shirlwy, f> April-16 May; 
 nf l.ifr. by Hiittuu Vaiin, 19 May-j; 
 ,;,.;,, „/;„„.,, ,,.-^.T.iii«-u,Iu!v :/>"»■, 
 : laSi.ihl „/si. ;Mi./\ tiySatt.;) 
 
 u'...-,i) Hiipt. ; r.". './'"■' I(i9"''7>' 
 ■umllwl'iwich), byO. ILSimsamlA. 
 
 1806 
 
 hf(Hi . ■ • . 1 .Inn . rl Hiij, iBj, 
 
 .fiq!.-^. .July '•"'''"■'■''''■''"'"'■'■'•) • ■-A'prll, 
 n. .S/„v,„.„//,; ,., ,,y Clurl,.; lluVrv AU\.„t, ' ' '^»-t 
 
 vv'^!;^;;^;;r,:^""""<'""- y'^i^:'!ivi:t : 
 
 Thuilurhllnii; l,v'[.' ■|i„n'.,.„ '7 "'''•-'7 'N'"V. „ 
 
 Tnm. hi.ii,,,,! II,,,.,.,. "' "'''•• 'S'W I .lull. 
 
 ,-■ -Vpnl M .May, 
 
 ,„HM'l.liihii(.'r,,„k 
 
 Tll,.l,rni lUiihl,;, by'viui, M,.iV,„,r' '' "' ,^'"y. 
 
 '''"^it!" ^•••>''^' Miiii ^':::u^::l 
 
 •«'^4«8 1 ....v.(b,. .„..,„,); Willi,, «;,,,,,!;',::: •.■«'^<-- J""- 
 
 .1 l-'n-iiui ij 
 
 Hlilrliiy. aiSe|)t,-3qMuy, iH,,, ; ThfCm,„t<ih'nh 
 liy<.lia». rianianl, ,.liii,., ,■/ .„,,. ; /„ siuhl „f \i 
 i;ii,l\. .,(,.1,111,. i7.),ilv ; T,u„miiAni„.H I, j.iu: 
 
 Ill IliM'. ; //„„■ /.,„„/,„i /.(,.,., 1,^. Murtvii Ki,.i,i 
 .mil .\rtliiir Shlil..j (rrom th,i K'i.imcI,), j, n,.,. 
 cl,wi,l 16 April, idyS. / • • . . 
 
 OLYMPIC, NOW NKW Ol.VMI'l, , 
 
 Kr,rt,.il by tli,' lat,. .Mr. .Utl.iy, ai,.l i,p,.|i<.,| »i||, 
 
 li.irs aiHlilj, ... IS Si I 
 
 |l,.|vtli,M-,.|,.|,nit,.,l K11IsI„i,(,8m), ami ari,.rw„i' U 
 .M.i.l.iiiH' \c»ln«, liiMl iiiaiiiiKuiiii'iits; th,. |iin,.r 
 111, 111 .... J 
 
 Mr. Il,„rk',' WIPPh t,.|iiiiv , ' , ' ' '|^''' 
 
 .MiHK llav,iii,i,rt's t ir„ . . 'i,\',,v' 'j" 
 
 Mr, WalN's MiaiiiiK,.|iii.Mt , , ' ■ "• *■■«^4 
 Tli.'tli,iatr.Ml,.str,i,v.„l by llni . ' 20 M„r,.i,' ul 
 
 |l,.|„i,lt aiMl ,.pt'Mi.a--Mr. WntU rfsiiin,.H lili „,;„, ^'^ 
 
 ;,..',l,l,'Mt , . , . j^ I),. . H 
 
 Mr. Williiiiii Fiim.u's iiiuiiaKi'iiii'iit . ' ' ' ' ' , j'" 
 |,,.«<,',. 1111,1 i,„iii,i,i,',.i-, .Mr. .V. wij;,,,, , ■ ;,,., ■ '-'O 
 .M,..,*iv lli,l,s,,ii aii.l Kiiiili'irs iiiaiingeiiKiiit, ' 
 
 Mr. lli.r.,i','\ViK'Mii.iimii,-w.r . , ''^''^' llllti 
 
 I,...;: .Mr. II. \V,.bst,r . . ' '^^^,f^ 
 
 |,,.«H,..:iii,l luiiiiii^c.r, Mi.s.H .\,laL'av,.|i,liHh ' ' hi 
 
 Mr. Iliiiry .N,vill,. . . , • ,„ '^^ 
 ,Mr<. A. r,,i„,v,.|, l,.snce . . .' ' ' '-oj 
 Mr..l. I'itf.|lar,liiiini . . , ' " ' „2 ' 
 <II„.|i,M by .Mr. Wils.iii llarnitt; 77ii. /•,„,7,"\ /iM * 
 mill iitliiM- i,l,.oi.«, by .Mr, llarri'tt ami Mr v' 
 Wi'iliii'll I),,,, ,,, ' „ 
 
 i'"*-;'- '- * '''az 
 
 \\,n,v ,'1,H,.,1, 9 .May ; r,|.,ip,,ii,.,l by Mr. (jlnlrlis " 
 
 Wiliiinl ; iiianat'i'i-, .Mr, \V. W. Ki'lly 
 
 7V,..»(n,ii, by Saiiliiii , , , .\||.', —a'si.pt' " 
 
 AllMinl IHvom; by W. (). Will.s lo.iSi.iit — iq |)|.(," " 
 
 onnrTmst 2. Ufi.'.'rw/' " 
 
 , , , ■' ■ • ■ . 7 .Miircli el A,;,. „ 
 
 Ullnl IM. . , 23 .Mureli~2 April, 
 
 ""■'''"•" I'V*'"''' • • . . 4 Aiiiil ,l\e,,. " 
 
 Lew,',' aiiil iiiaiiaKiir, Mr. Ediiiuml Ti'iiriu ; Jidiili " 
 
 Ormi; lU'ltiird 111. I irtjininx, (llhill,,, 
 
 „ , , "fi A|,rll— 23 .May, , 
 
 Riiyal oporascasiui, by . Igmir I.uku, 17 Oct.-i Xov 
 Cl,ii*i*il. ' " 
 
 Mr. Wia. Ilujiartii, ai'tiiig iiiaiuwr : Dhk iniHtiii.i. 
 
 M(i,ai,l„iiili,i,.) , . 26 l)(v. ,3,).,-March, ,89, 
 Jliili'a iiiiHii-.liall , , . 7 All ' it mi 
 
 Ol».|ieil by.Kir AiiKHstus llarri.^, C'/urr lmia"'vlmri " 
 
 Tni,- Hill,' (ami dUii'i- pl.iys with sjmrt rii'i's, "liy '^'' 
 l.t™iar,l()iitiaiii ami li'iil.-Stuart (ii)iiliiii, H.n' 
 
 n. ;■«,• hn;l:,i, by M.-ssrs. K. K. Pli'i'liJH'ami '""^ 
 Uoiianl .Mi'irii'k .... ,j i.,,, ,j,, „ 
 
 1894 
 
 189s 
 
 ''"'^-'^'•' «-"i.s rni^MUii^l'"'' 
 
 ■' ■-':«'■/ ""vwiin, by ,,.s.,!i;,;lii:'^';^ ;(;;;;': 
 
 .', / 1 , ,^l''l".^sttlilisl,„rtniiH 1 "'*"'''•• 
 • luiiiH, 24 s,.ni., ,,,,.,, .",:1„", "•;.■*, ^'•''>'"■'* 
 
 '2.Jiily, 
 
 lliiV.U. 1.:n,;I,H .I-HA FI„1H|.-. 
 
 31 'bm — 31 ,/iiiy 
 
 1898 
 
 lliii'liaii.uiaml "Cliarlfs .Marluwi!" . n Mareir u t \i ;,, ■'■.' ■• "Nuri .ucsmKnr; 
 
 .Mr. Dnii (Jn'ofs 8liakspear,iaii s.ias,),, ; Hamlet, " | vnVini .hM'l' 'TV ''""''"' ("" «"'»■■ mter. 
 '"■ ".May-. 2. Jim,.,,, ! ^"""'' ''"J'")' J'^^ N"v. ,89, ; 5 !)„„. ,3 ,1 
 
 .^.VHvTiiKATiiK, si)oim,lor.s',i;io,,/. Opeiie,! lu Opf .g^, ' {f""-"- Hiiswl. >6.)an. 
 
 Ma,|,.i„„ Ha,'al, li..ii,l,a,.,it ; .Sanlou'.s rk,,,,,,,,-,,. &c. 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 STRAND THKATRB. 
 
 Naiunil th,. PM..MM:Ti,K,T„K„K°vi*K;mr'i;i'^: 
 PiiMipaiiv, t,i wli.,11 it «T ,,11. ?" 
 
 ai.eitu,-sirAii,,;smsHarrit...';l;,p;'i;;!;i;«'"« 
 
 10 llt'C. 
 
 A.STI.KV's AMl'llnilKATIiF. 
 
 rir.sliti'iii'.l Mr. Itaym.r ami Mrs. Waylttt . ,Sii 
 
 Mr. William PaiTi'ii's iii.n,aj,',.in,'iit . ,^' 
 
 u-isi'f, .Mr. P. Alli'nil'l : iii,iiiaK,.r, Mr. T. Payne ' ,~-i 
 Li-wi', Mi.ss .Swaiili,i|.,,iiHli . . iSr«? 
 
 M; .Swaiili„r„iiKli, m..ii. . . . ' . ' . D,.'. Vs6a 
 .Mr<. Swaiil..,r„ii;,'h, .865-88: .she ilieil (uk..,! 84) 
 
 )lt. .1. .1. Clark,., li'.ss,',. . . . 1,,,, ,qo5 ! |. , .,, 
 
 I'- '^1 ''■■• «• Wy.iilliani ami Mr. •wii,,- Untk, '"' \ lir ;;'„:„„ ,;. 1,,, r, i-iv , ' ' 
 
 iitiiiaKers . . . <; i.'„i, 00 ' "'""^ .i^'"". " Hli li.rty Ii,iii.s,..h 
 
 M.^Arti,iir u,ii,»b,.ys .„„.ra ..„„ipa„y .^t!^ ''''> :, Z(z::;-:::::tTt.- • ■ 
 
 Li-«.,.I.'H.(iarku .' .' " " ''* T.t' " 1 , "'■'"'!!» ''",'1 ii'"Pi'm..l by Mr n;„tv 
 Mr.Willi,. Kilmiii, , . . .' ,■ Ma ■,. ,' ,«; Ir'w ",'."'',"'""-"'• ^''■- "' '""'iii' 
 
 ^;;;*i«7-ii.-;. by P, c, i3,.r„a,i,. 7 ..a„.^ j ; '^ .V";:"^, '^^^li;,;!"" . ■ . • 
 
 p6 I.U'i: 
 
 7 Sept. 
 
 I Sqit! 
 
 3 .Jiim.i 
 
 17 Ajirii. 
 
 .6 
 
 . s'j .Tan. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 6lJ, 
 
 ■773 
 
 «794 
 1795 
 1803 
 1S25 
 1841 
 
 1843 
 |?5-6o 
 "i860 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 "i 
 
 I 
 
 i' 
 
 a 
 
 
 "iHl 
 
 P 
 
 H 
 

 
 r s 
 
 
 fii !?.%■- 
 
 THEATRES. 
 
 1088 
 
 THEATRES, 
 
 — , ,1 At,, w T Smith) i NiitionalOliera Hmisu{ic/i;cA mO, finnxV'tl ySci't. 
 
 Horeenmnship and (n"'ni (under Mr. E. T, 8"' t'O. i ^^''"' ' and i6 1),,., .u, 
 
 ' 868 ^ Ck-iring Cn.ss rcni.m.ed as the "Folly " . , ,6 (l,t. u-(, 
 
 Soldliy auction " .ii„„„.niil tliciitic," iit Wi'stininstpr Aquiimnn - . a-^ 
 
 Sl-KRKY TIIKATKE (fOHMI-.III.V CIRC US). 
 
 [OriKiiLdly d,.v,.l.d to ,.,,">^stiiMn oxmnses, under 
 Mr. llnt;lu'sl * 1, „ 'g 
 
 UnllH.rn'tlii'iitre ruoinMicd lis tlio "Royal C<)niiiiiis;lil 
 
 tlii'ntri'" ■ ^"^' '7/ 
 
 Savoy Tlicatn'opiMicd (ii/i/V;, ,<fr) . . luOct. i;-, 
 
 Toolr'H Tlicatrc, foniiiM-ly tlic Fidly, npi'ivd mi . ,?;, 
 Avenue Tlu'iitir, Tliaims KiiilianliUii-nt, oiii'inM, 
 
 II .Manli, ., 
 Prince's Theatre, Coventry Street (Mr. linici \ 
 
 ipened iS .luii. it;: 
 
 - :-,,■; , . . 1S33 ■ Kew'.'uii'andiiaTlicatreoiieiii'il . . 3 H"'- ■ „ 
 
 Wr. l>i;vi iKc s tcuuic . ■ ; ,•,,„„,;,.,.« ■ |.;,ii,,ireTliealie,lnniierly Pandora, opeiied 14. \jivil, 
 
 Mr. Shepherd and Mr. Andei.Mm, niana^.ii^, ^^^^^^_^ i.mi^^^^^^^^^ •, • ,■ • • ';:4 
 
 r, . , .,. dr., „ l.,„ • relmilt and opened, I JI,-. Terry » new tliealrc, Strand, opened 17 Oct. ,;■; 
 
 Destroyed by lire, 3. Jan.. uimmani ^1^^^^^, ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ fiieatre, Islington, opened 4 Aug. 188,; 
 Used <^,r,nelodran,as,panton,in,es,«:c. at low prices .S89 ^1-™^,=^ H- .38; ; lehnilt ._ ._ .^ ^^^^^^^ .1, 
 
 I Slaiftesliiirv Theatre, London, opened . 2o(ict. .. 
 VUToniA(Kon.MKni.v ainilK.J. ' Lyric Thea'tre, London .... 17 Ih'C. „ 
 
 ITho erection wa« eoninieneed under the patronage ' Oarrick Theatre, Charing-cross Road, "h™^^l W 
 
 hr l^li^r-i^ohnr^l """""■ " ''"'" ■ '«"^ ^ T,^;. ?^i.catre,St; MartinVlaneiopc.dl^;;;!: - 
 l«i.l.ilSaxe-L ngl . • ^ ^ ^g,8 , ^g^,*- ,,„„.,| ,)„i; • York'-s .89.5. , 
 
 Ai ^is"^V Hm 11 Ihhotthadthenianagenientin .833 1 Daly'.- Theatre, l.eirnstei-s,|uare (An.erieaii eon,. 
 MessTS. hgei oai c.-i ooiiii,! b .,840! ,,a,iv), opcue.i (V/o V'.'wiHf; "./ Wf •"•'"■<"•). ^7 Jniie. ,Jc; 
 
 Mr. Oshahhstoii s tenuii • ,• , j, Dee 1858 ■ rA „;Vii 'J'lieatiV at Stiatlord proprielia-, llr. 
 
 ^''T^7:'";"i»™'Sn'' popular Inures; i ""^1:^1 /'..ilerieUs ; o,..,a.d hy^lr. Beerl.h,,, 
 
 >„w 1m/"/" IlMi, uaeii 111 ^ .18891 Tree and the llaviiiarket company with A („,; 
 
 '■"'"=''''■'''■*"•■ Ilnnyir • • , 3' A-A liv^ 
 
 HAPi-Kn's w>:...,s. , AU..andra 'nH^llve and Opera House, Stoke_N™. 
 
 ington-road, N., oinMied 
 
 DflU.lN TIll-ATRES. 
 
 27 Dte. 
 
 . if,: 
 
 Opened as an orchestra ' , ' 
 
 ]:?;;?dee,l'';:;Ur;rann,U.l .0 death on a-f:dse 
 
 5 r 1 , if lire ■ ■ • ■ • '5 '^'^'' '^°' Werlmrg-street, eoninieneed 
 
 Mai'iauenient ..f Mrs. Warner and Mr. I'heli.s Orange-street, now Snioek-alley 
 
 Maii.iginani 20 May, 1844-59 uingier-street (I iV(,„) . 
 
 Management of Mr. .losephs . . . 25 March, iSf.i i)i,t„, management of Mr. Hitchcock 
 Re-oiKMied liv Mr. I'helpH . . • • 7^«I't- •• Crow-stivet Musi.diall . 
 Lessee Miss C.l.ucctte ■ • 27 b>'Pt. 1S62 iiai„sford-sti-eet Theatre . . 
 
 Miss Ma riott, manager . 5 Sept. 1863-20 M,.y, .S64 smock-alley Theatre, rehu, It „, 
 
 5 ssC Lncctte,foropera . ■,■.■,,' ''^^5 Kishamble-street Music-hall i;„ 
 
 M ss Wrriott, legitiiii'dc draiiia (w-ith inten-als) 1865-b ; (.pstreet Theatre w 
 
 j;;:il;;ilewood.>issM..rh,U,,,ndo, e^ .868-7. , crow-street. Theatre oy 
 
 17a 
 
 17">S 
 
 Miss iiazieniioo, .•i,r,r, ....„,,.■■- ■ ,.,,,, 
 
 Opened by Mrs. Uateman as .New Sadler . \\ens^^^^ _^^^ 
 
 Mrs. Uateman dies (Miss 1. Baten.an "i"'"'"]^';,.,,, ^^^^ 
 
 Opened 1 v Miss Roze de Vane . 
 Closed and re-opened oceafionally 
 
 ,al 
 
 12 Ajril, 1884 
 1887 etmi- 
 
 Peter-street. Theal re lioval . 
 llawkin's-stici't. Theatre lioval 
 Destroved by lire . . . ■ ■ 
 Queen's Theatre, lirunswick-street . 
 
 ElUSnilUIll TUEATUKS. 
 
 
 i Fell. 
 
 OTHFU 1 IIEATRES. 
 
 Theatre of Music . . . . . ... i?;? 
 
 Allan Ramsay's 'IP 
 
 The Caledonian Theatre ..... iSi! 
 
 >".!" Adelphi Theatre burnt down . . . 24 May, 1:;; 
 
 1837 lioval Theatre burnt down (sev( ral lives lost), 
 
 13 ,)an. 1S65, again 6 FtV. i:- 
 
 t8i 
 1830 
 
 fllWr (lU LAST ArrEARANCES. 
 
 . l-lf. 
 
 Queen's Theatre, Tottcnhaiii-conrt-ro.ad . 
 Garrick Theatre, Goodman s-lields . 
 
 Sl^^^^X^^hcaUv'slenani^dsi.oatulAe.c^ 
 
 l!<'U"l'!l) • ^1 ■ • ■•'.■. ,842 
 
 SlalVTiier^rrb.mt.854;i'"™t.='«''t''S66;^^^^ Q„i„'„ ilrst a,.pcarauc,. 
 
 "■'""".^, ; ,■ ,. 23l''el' J856 Macklin at Um'oln's-iiiiidields . . . . 
 
 Km"™ "-ee!:;;":^,.,.,.,., wicn.l, .is^ ^luna, Oarrick's at Good.nan s-helds, as «,„„„,. ///_, ^^ _ ^^^^ 
 
 7 Uec. 1882; and re-opened . . . 3 ^^.'jj,' jg^^ j,,^^ f.,„.,,.„ („f,,,,„.ards eniintcss of l(erhy) tli>tap 
 
 S:;iri\"ir(aLrwa„|;calh.l.he.^^^^^^^^^ oS'^la^'a;^-'-.- ■.-.■. ^lii.-^ 
 
 the J),.;.t',-), ( ncd, 16 Oct. 'S66; nit 4 , j A H"''""<""' '"'""' ' l"'''''"'"'M"'"™»''''^4l>o Ci 
 
 Royal Aiiiphitlice.tre (for horses, &c.), H''"' ' ■'. i,,'a,.aii.'s Ihsl ai.i.caran, at the Royally, .0 Mf. r- 
 
 ojiened . . ■ • ■ • • 7, ,;,;,' ' Madame Storacc; her first appearance m I.iiii,lnii, 
 
 ??^;^^*.1;1%'t;; ;?;;■" forincrly St. Marti,.s ha,,: ' „„„,„„„,,„,,, „„„„a„iice . . . :'':':^-; 
 
 ^r;^:;r^ 'opc^-hoS" -Langham-place, .^icned " Miss Mellon, her llrst a,,,,ea..nee as L,,U„ ,.,^nA _^ ^ 
 
 i)y Mr. Uerniii . Heed . . • 'o I' ',.' ,&68 Master Reltv (/«,/•«"( A'-.*, i-..-) .J./.«( iu l.i.iuleii.* . 
 
 The Globe, Straii.liipened . • . f, V' ,' '° ° thusiasliciilly received . . . 1 l>o. i;-7* 
 
 The Gaiety, St land, opened . . • ^j, '^g Liston's first ai.pearance in London . . Jniii-. .S:- 
 
 Charing Cross, opened . . • ' .^AM-il' ,870 Miss F. M. Kelly's liist appearance . . . ■ c:; 
 Vaudeville, opened . • • ,' ,, L xlfi , ' ' Uc.nieo Coates aiipears as ;.c(/oi/'Oi . loAf"!. '"' 
 Opira Coniiui. 299, Straml, opened (U,t M h. ^','.'J'7urdai,'s laU app.'arance, as I.mty Tm.k 
 
 Dtjazet) 29 yi I. .. " , jiu,., ]S„ 
 
 ^^^^i:^;^nfr^n.;5:ilr^foet. Ca^£ '^ J-^H-il^V^i^^^^fpp.irancc at l.th, as|::; ^ 
 
 town ,'iiii'iM'M(3^.' ■'.-'' I'll I lit ' I ' ■ •' 
 
 Criterion, RegHit's Circ,,l>.e..,dillyopened^^^b^^ Boolli's tlrst appearance . . . ."»;.;. 
 
 Spiers and I'und, 21 Muich, 1874. clobui, jio. w. Farren';' first appearance '*'« 
 
 1883 , re-optued ^ " • • "• 
 
 ^UM 
 
iisf (ii-ha-h nfc), fDUixV'tl 7 Sc|'t. 
 
 iukI 16 \)fi\ li'-^ 
 
 enecl ns tlit " Folly " . 10 (i,t. i--'j 
 
 ill Wcstininstcr Aqimriiini ' , 18;; 
 lioncil lis tlie " Royiil Coiiiiiiiij;lit 
 
 >>"^- ''r, 
 
 I'll (ii-hiih srr) . . 10 Oct. iSii 
 
 uiiTly till' Tolly, niicncil in . ,;;, 
 hmni'S KiiiliiiMliiui'iit, oin'iicil, 
 
 II Marrli, ,, 
 Coventry Rtri'Ot (Ml-. Hinci 1, 
 iS.Iiiii. uh 
 
 ■atri' oi'i'i"'!' ■ • 3 "''i'- „ 
 ■iiii'i-lv I'liuiliim, oiifiifil 14 A|iiil, 
 
 • luill i;-:4 
 
 I'atri', Stniiiil, oiii'iioil 17 Oct. li-j 
 ;liiit,'toii, oiii'iieil 4 Aug. 1E81; 
 
 87 ; ii'liuilt i;";? 
 
 ■ (1)..' 1 . . -24 i^i'l't. „ 
 
 ri', Loniloii, <i!ieii(.'il . 20 Od. ,. 
 
 idol '7 "''f. 
 
 Cliiii'iiiK-''i'osH Rouil, oiii'iii'il l,y 
 
 24 Aiiiil, li;^ 
 
 St. Mnrtin's-laiio, openoil loSi-iit. 
 iki' (it York's, 189,1;. 
 .(■ii-nsti'i-siiimie (Aim'rii'iin cniii- 
 7(1 Tiniiinii iifthv Shnir).iT i\me. lic 
 
 at Slratforil ]iioiiiii'tiir, M?. 
 ■ks; oiii'iii'il liy Mr. HimtIihIiih 
 llayiniiiki't coiiipaiiy with KImj 
 . ' . . . . ;u Au;.'. yjr 
 
 re anil Oiicia Hou.sc, Stoki' Nnv. 
 
 Dim. IS TIir.ATUKS. 
 
 liniiiswii'k strt'i't . 
 
 EDINBlUUlll TllEAl'RKS. 
 
 :ii('atre iS« 
 
 burnt down . 24 May, 1;;; 
 
 init down (sivi inl livi-s lust). 
 
 ij ,lan. 1S65, iigiiin 6 Kil'. i:;,; 
 
 .ST (ill I..\ST Al'I'E.iRANlKS. 
 
 iirani-i' i"'t' 
 
 iln's-inii-tiilds i;!; 
 
 ilinaii's-lii'lds, as liirliariUII., 
 
 19 Oil. i:ii 
 iTwanls iiiimtrss of Dvvliy) first O)'- 
 
 pool ■;•; 
 
 jirarani'i- . . . ■ 10 Jmi''. 1;;^ 
 'I iilitii : lii'rlftst aii|i(>iiram'i', 241)0. i-j 
 lijiiMiani ' at tin' lioyalty, 20 .\i'iil. 1;:; 
 '; lier liist aiiiii'nvaiict in I.oiuli'ii, 
 
 24 Nov. i;iy 
 
 ipponranro Kf> 
 
 • llrst aiiiii'iiraiii'c as l.ydUi Lovitti.-h, 
 
 31 Jan. i;;; 
 ii/(iii( l;l:sl■il,.^)lhh)^t ill I.muloii. ™- 
 ruiTivi-d . ... 1 Ilir. i!c» 
 licarani'c in I.omlon . iJniir. .Si; 
 v's llrst a|>iii'aiain'e . . . • '-'7 
 ijiliravsiis /,(i(/i«n'ii . loAH''-" 
 ist aiiniarance, as Liidy TcatU, 
 
 1 Jimi'. lEit 
 iJuUri .... f'*'" •■ 
 first aiijiiaraiu'i' at liatli, astoic 
 
 2g llo'. - 
 ilicaranri' . . . .12 f>'' "■' 
 tl aliln'iliaiK'i; '"• 
 
 THEATKE8. 
 
 1089 
 
 THEATRICAL FUNDS. 
 
 .Miinilen'9 last apiirarance .... May, 
 Kaiiny Kcinlile's llrst ajiiiearance . . 5 Oct. 
 Eiluiunil Keau's last aiiiiearauce, as OtluUo, 
 
 25 March, 
 Liston's last aiivearance . . 31 May, 
 
 .vdelaiile Kcinlile's first aii]iearance . . z Nov. 
 Jfiiny Linil's first a])iiearaiice . , 4 May, 
 Mrs. Glover's farewell .... 12 July, 
 
 Mr. Bartley's farewell .... 18 Uee. 
 
 Mr. W Farren's farewell 
 
 Clara Novello's farewell .... 21 Nov. 
 iiltliua Patti's first aiipearance at Covent Garden, 
 
 14 May, 
 Miss Batenian appears as Ipo't . . . i (Jet. 
 Herfarewell at ll.M.'stheatre . . . 22 Dee. 
 MaJUc. Nilsson's first appearanee at H.M.'s theatre 
 
 as Vioktta s June, 
 
 Miss Kiite Terry'.s last appearance {Juliet at the New 
 
 Ailelplii) 31 Aug. 
 
 Maillli". Kellogg's ilcliiit at Drury-lane , 2 Nov. 
 Mr. Baiidnmnn's (^'i»« .... 17 Fell. 
 Mr. Paul Bedford's farewell at New Qneeii's theatre, 
 
 16 May, 
 MaiUle. Marinion's ilchut, as Amino, . . 6 May, 
 Mario's farewell in La Favorita at Italian oiwra, 
 
 19 July, 
 Miss Isahella Bateiimn s (If/dt* . . . 12 Kept. 
 Jlr. ami Mrs. Alfred Wigan'a last apjiearanee (at 
 
 Uriirj' Lane) 6 July, 
 
 Mr. U. Irving first ajipears as llamki, 31 Oct. 1874, 
 
 200th perfornianee 29 June 
 
 Our Buys by H. J. liyron, ist time 16 Jan. 1875 
 
 (at the Vaudeville); 1350th, i April; and last 
 
 iS April, 
 Mr. B\Toii's The Cirls, ist peifornianco 19 .vjiril, 
 Mr. Wilis Beeves' farewell at the U. Albert Jlall, 
 
 1 1 May, 
 
 .\;kmoran'da. 
 
 Richard Biirbage 
 
 Kilwaiil Alleyn 
 
 Tlionias Betterton 
 
 Mrs. Eliz.ilietli Barry .... 
 
 Mrs. I'rii liard 
 
 Mrs. Jiinl.m 
 
 UaviJGairiik 
 
 Cliarli'S Maikliii died 
 
 .Mr. I'aliiivr "ed on the stage at Liverpool, 2 Aug. 1798 
 
 Baiinistcr retired from the stage igis 
 
 ■IdliiiP. Kenible died ,823 
 
 laliiia (lied in Paris 1826 
 
 Wcljcr caiiie to London Feb. ,, 
 
 Tlie Briuiswiek theatre fell, owing to the weight of 
 a newly-oreeted roof, and iiiiinbers of ]iersoiis 
 
 1824 
 1829 
 
 1833 
 
 1847 
 1850 
 1852 
 ■855 
 i860 
 
 1861 
 1S63 
 1865 
 
 1867 
 
 1871 
 
 " i 
 
 it 
 
 1872 
 •875 
 
 1879 
 ji 
 
 iSgi 
 
 i567-'6i9 i 
 1566-1626 
 1635-1710 I 
 1658-1713 
 1711-176S j 
 1762-1816 j 
 • 1717-79 ! 
 1797 
 
 were winitided and some killed . 
 
 2p Feb. 1828 
 
 .SaraliSiiiiloiis died, 1S31 ; her statue at Padilington 
 
 Greeiiuiiveiled by sir II. Irving on . 14 June, 1897 
 
 Eilmirail Keaii died 1831 
 
 Cliarles Mathews died .... 28 June, 1835 
 
 Maitarae Malibran died at Maiiehester . 23 Sept. 1836 
 
 ragaiiini died 27 Jlay, 1840 
 
 Power lost ill the rrcsiihiU steamer, about 13 .Mareii, 1S41 
 
 tltim lost in tin /'('.(/(MILS' . . . 18 July, 1843 
 
 Mailllc. Mars diid at Paris ... 23 .March, 1847 
 
 M.nlamiKWaliiii dii'il lit Paris . . i3Jiiiie, 1S49 
 
 W.C Macivady retired . 26 April, ' 
 
 .Uesaiiiler Lee ilied 9 (Jet, 
 
 Mrs. Warner died 5 Sept. 
 
 (.liarles Keiiihle died .... 12 Nov. 
 •] Jin Braliaiii disd .... 17 Feb. 
 
 Mailaiiw Vestris died .... 8 Aug. 
 
 Maiille. Hiu'liel died 4 Jan. 
 
 Mrs. Nisliet (lady Jioothby) died . . 16 Jan. ,. 
 luuis LiiWailie (bnfl'o singer) died . . 23 Jan. ,', 
 Jiilmrritt llarley died .... 22 Aug. ,, i 
 
 fli'Xiiiore, eeh-brated ehiwn, died . . 20 Aug. i860' 
 
 Mrs. Yates died 30 Oct. „ | 
 
 .Ufreii Biiim died 20 Dec. „ 
 
 William Kari'eii died 25 Sept. 1861 I 
 
 .'!r. Vaiulciiliolfdied 4 Oct i 
 
 M. Tree (Mrs. Bradshaw) died . . . . Feb. 1862 
 Siibsiriiitioii testimonial ^Vlll^le 2ooj(.) presented to 
 ''J. Kesii : Mr. Ghidsloue in Ihe chair, :: .March. .. ' 
 
 5' 
 i8s4 
 1856 
 1853 
 
 Slicriilsn Knowles ilied . 
 Mrs, Wood (Miss Patoii) died 
 Mr. F, Uolisnii died 
 Miilaiiie Pasta died, aged 66 
 Charles J, Kcau died 
 
 30 Nov. 
 21 July, 
 II Aug. 
 I April, 
 23 Jan. 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 1868 
 
 74 
 
 Kobert Keeley died, ag 
 
 .Madame Urisi died 
 
 Will, iiriiiigli,biirlesoue-writi.'r, died, ai- 
 
 Paul Bedford died . , , 
 
 T, W, Uobertson, draniiitist, died 
 
 . 3 Fi''>. 
 
 25 Nov. 
 
 I44, i3.Mar. 
 
 . II Jan. 
 
 3 Feb. 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 1871 
 
 Lady Wrixoii Beeher(Miss O'Neill, JtiUcI), I'lieif 
 
 William C. Macready died . . 27'AiVrit' 
 
 Wm. Hy. West Betty (the Iii/uat Jlusnns) died! 
 
 (-•harlesJanie.s Mathews died .' ,'24 June,' 
 
 .MfredWigiindied 2, Nov! 
 
 lMedenek(..ye, died (iiccideiitally shot), nearly ,0 
 years lessee and manager of Koyal Italian Openi, 
 Covent Oarden . . 5 Dee 
 
 Wm. U. Seholield Payne, "King Jf Piiitoniim..'' 
 
 1 3 Dee. 
 
 . 19 Aiiril, 
 
 31 Oct. 
 
 'led 20 Aug. 
 
 ■ens, died, 
 
 22 Pel), 
 
 8 July, 
 
 . 6 Dec. 
 
 • 4 July, 
 
 I Sept. 
 . II Dec. 
 II April, 
 
 J... , 'King 
 
 (iiged 70), died . 
 .Mrs. Wybcrt liousbv died 
 J. H. Buckstoiie died 
 .Mrs. diaries Keaii (.Miss Flhn Tree) 
 Countess of Ksse.v, tornierly Miss Stcj 
 
 Benjamin Nottingliam Web.ster died 
 
 Miss Francis M. Kelly, aged 92, died , 
 
 Grand dinner to Mr. H. Irving 
 
 Miss .Mary Andei'son'st/i^'.H* . 
 
 Sig. Giuseppe Marl.,, aged 75, died . 
 
 II. J. Byron, author, died . 
 
 -Mr. Frediu'ick lialsir Cliatterton, lessee oV Drurv 
 
 Lane, &c. died ,3 Feb 
 
 Jenny Liiid (.Madamo Liiid GoliLsclmiidt) died, aged 
 
 • ,*7 ,, • • , 2 Nov. 
 
 V "• n";!'*""',""*-''""'"*' • • ■ • 6 Jan. 
 Mr.s. Dallas, known as Miss Glyn, died, aged 66 
 
 T .,. , i3 -M.ay, 
 
 .Janies Albery, dramatist, died . ab(nit 16 Aug. 
 11. B. lariiic, dramatist, died . . 22 StMit 
 Frederic Enies Clay, operatic composer, died, 
 ,,. .,,,,. , about 24 Nov. 
 
 Westland Mnrston, dramatist, died . . 6 Jan 
 John Uarnett, operatic composer, died, aged S;, 
 
 Dion Boucicanlt, dramatist, died . . Va'.Sent' 
 Win. Gorman Wills, dramatist, died, announced, 
 
 .Maddison Morton, dramatist, author of " Ijjx ami 
 
 Cox," i'c, died 19 Dee 
 
 Samuel Briindiam, M. A,, able reciter; died, aged 
 
 68 J J^'yy 
 
 Mrs. Francos Ann (Kenible) Butler, daughter of 
 
 Charles Kenible, died aged S? . . 15 Jan 
 
 Eleanor Button (aft. .Mrs, Aiihur Swanborough)! 
 
 1872 
 1873 
 
 1.874 
 1873 
 
 1879 
 
 1883 
 
 1892 
 1893 
 
 died 
 
 about II April, 
 
 .Mr. Edwin Booth, American actor, died . 7 Jime" 
 .Mr. David James (Belasco), comedian, aged 54, died! 
 
 2 Oct. 
 -Miss Ada Swanbornugh, of the Strand Theatre, 
 
 <li(!(l 12 Dec 
 
 Mr. Henry Pettitt, dramatist, died . . 24 Dec! 
 .Mr. James Anderson, tragedian ; born iBig, died 
 
 Pri,scilla Horlon, actress, 1832 c/ ,-■•'■/, ; married Mr! 
 
 German Heed ; died .... 18 .March, 
 Mr. Coriiey Grain died . . . . 19 .March' 
 
 Ada C'avendi.sli died 5 Oct ' 
 
 Amy Itoselh) (Mrs. Arthur Daci'c), born 1854'- 
 
 died (SIMS. Siai'ii/c, iSqi;) , , . . 17 Nov 
 Lady Gregory (Mrs. Stirling, died, aged 79, 30 Dec. 
 Mr. Henry Howe, died aged 84 . .9 .March, 
 
 -Mr. Temple E. Crozier (agi-d j4)aceiiliMitally killed 
 
 while acting at the Noveltv theatre by Wilfrid 
 
 1893 
 
 1896 
 
 Moritz Franks, al.so actii ,, . 
 Jlr. William Clias. Jas. Teiriss (Lewiii), 
 
 assassinated at the .\ilcl]dii (ic/iif/i s,,) 
 The collections of Kdmuiid Kei.u and 
 
 Clur.'es, realized 1,653/. !"■ 
 
 10 Aug. 
 aged 49, 
 
 16 Dee. 
 his .son 
 24 June, 
 
 1897 
 
 THEATIilCAL FUNDS. Tho Theatrical 
 fund ot Covent (iarilcu was estahlishcil in I7(X), 
 incorpomted 1774; that of Drui'y Limo by Ciiirrick 
 1766; incorporated 1 7715. They grunt pensions to 
 mi.'Milwra and their limiilica. 'I'hi' (ieiiernl Thi^ii- 
 triciil fund was established in 1 839, incorporated 1853. 
 Tho Thcatrind Mission imil lustUute for tli« benelit of 
 
 theatrical employes, started in 1S76. Tho princess 
 
 Christian inaugurated for them ".Macready" house, 
 
 Covent Garden 30 Nov. 1S87. 
 
 4 A 
 
 K '\m 
 
 
 ,ij' 
 
 ,»#' 
 
 
 If 
 
 
 ,ll 
 
 %:[ , 
 
 1 
 
 1 , 
 
 ' :^ 
 
 1 V 
 
 
^ m 
 
 
 
 
 
 gfrar: 
 
 '« 
 
 
 
 "theatrograph. 
 
 '^HEATROGRAPHy^A-i.W„..«;>«,March, 
 
 THEBANLEOON.; - 
 do,u vat .cr til"", »;'^;, "^ M„xinun, or sj.nhoe 
 
 rr'tr ;o%;ai.oui "t^. Tw:x..i^r^u.---^ 
 
 wfts canouisinl 
 
 THEOSOPHY. 
 
 is paia to have be n ' ' - ^^ ■^ f ,^^,„ut 14 
 
 Egypt about l(<>0 "•'■■••''";"{■,,,',,, ,.hi..f seat of 
 
 pedgravbu'i'l ""''-'*'■ ^' „,, ,,, the Zeu8 Amnion 
 ^helol^hipof Anm>on, or An ... tb / >;^ ^^ „^^ 
 
 of the Gve.^^- ''"^var-' ' 1 ^'" ■\""""" ^'>' *''' 
 
 H,.b.-ews. "'^''''•^"•'''" i,v tl.e fo...iaation of 
 of Persia, S^S ''' 7 :n,b,llet aiid wi.s taken by- 
 Alexandria, W '>■'•■•. ',';"'. a foxv traces of it 
 
 ,vere seen n.. 'l"' '^ , ,'';'\ ," w- ...b-rful ruins bave 
 After eei.t..ne< of mtiU < t, .1 > , ti„„s of Pel- 
 
 i-v^>-!'^^-;f;;'^:X 'AnK- "•"'" 
 
 /on., '8'7' -,5 " an .sty, a.,d 7 otl.er royal m...n- 
 „,ios di-ove.ed b> M. -.";" OreeoeCtbe eap.ta 
 Hon, Mav. >. l*^?«- ] "y.'bee.. fo.....led by Cad.nus.) 
 iBniythnn I5 ^;".'V,, ' „f F.iiin.sandhisfani.Useele- 
 The !<;?;""!"•>•''::, .1 n„ ie .t belo..gs to Tbebcs 
 
 bratod by the ^"7^,* ,- ,/ I20li.c., and tlonrishecl 
 ltbeca.neavein.bh.M.bo.,tn20i.t , ^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 under Ki.n.n...o..;lns 3,«-.f2 '^ ,;„„.ivedin 1877. 
 band" formed !>>• >""• 3- / •^;;J,,i , . Homer. See 
 
 i?a'ofi(f and G'"/'^'- ,„!'„f m„v, 1803, and w.is 
 earthquake '^l'"<;'^,^- ™^,,^;," "i 20 Apil <t «■? 
 
 ■ * H„> wbole was to bo apiiUec l;- 
 hmr the.. "}«Vl,o Ji,.kin- fu..d, to the d(s,l,;,rgo „ 
 the agency "V'T u s'snid that Mr. TheUuss.,;, 
 the national debt It >J «"' ,j ^^,,,^ i,e aesiivj , 
 
 held n.nch P™!"'' ',/';,, "t d.l'«' ''"^ ^^'^ "l'''"- 
 sufficient interyiil «' t'""'^. ied 21 J.dy, 17,-, 
 „n,.e of j..«t <■!"';"' ;;,^ " I, ce..s,.re, a,.l 'v. 
 His will ...cuiTcd "" '\ r" ; , ji„,,„,. ,.,,.,. 
 
 decided o"/'I'l'"'l';\ho latter, lord Uen.lU.l,.,:. 
 j8-,) in f:'V""'^,°,i ,t, o..tir...in. the dci-:.. 
 a.id Charles b.llH 11.1 «>' ^ In coiisimhi,. 
 of the Master of the «";"';,;(,. i, ,aid ..»t to.A. 
 of the h-g..lVM'''X^Xtes .tor's lifeti.,,c. .:, 
 
 „2S^SS^S^^=wa^Kfc,-.: 
 
 : looS ii.c. (&'«w-viu. 7-) 
 
 TWVODOLITE, an instr..m(:nt for mew; 
 
 i tlrj^Ji-''-' V ,,1 . cmveyintf, i'o.i>i«l* i 
 
 horizont..l '''fl^'»' "^1, "eir le it ^vt.s ,..-ul«:. 
 
 telescope ..nd a .'>'V, f '^'^ !, n,ry. J.'s'.'K,.. 
 
 i first constructed »" J ,', '' ,V',".h t' thcndolit. ... 
 
 : Wiiles by general Uoy. 
 
 (114; acn>e iiiL^. 
 
 ■ i,...i liv bravv fines among 
 
 THEFT ^V'%.'"", \ ,.,, ■ b th.' ""■^'of Draco ; 
 
 the Jc.ws; I'^j^f ;," ,;^ V;^;''-;nI:.i..ally punished 
 
 see Di-eio- ^"*, h. 1 ,>,. ,?,i yai.ie ; but the 
 
 theft with death ^J, " ' V, , .' ; ; Z,,,. In the 
 
 criminal could >"1'"." l "^J „"^f'' ..eden.ption was 
 
 qth of Hc.ry I. «';^„l'";,„i,,„„,nt of thefY was 
 
 taken away,.IK^- '> I ,„itij,„„.d by re.'l's 
 
 very ^eve.v tn ■^r^'^^' ,j,,,„-,„,,, ..espect.ng 
 
 acts Q & 10 t«' " ' " • o. , i,.„.cony act passed 
 
 theft were eonsohdatedm ISO., i... j 
 
 14 Aug. i8i/'- 
 TTTKINE, see Cafiwe. 
 
 document. M"^- """' ,,„„.,.i,.,nt of I,o..doi., lelt 
 vose and «" ."*«V^'"Vm 1 i i hen; a..d the re- 
 ,00,000; to h.s ^^''l^.""',,^:,'' a. 600,000;., h.; 
 ,n«ipder of h.s j""l"'''t>;"^;\, .;„,_. the lives of 
 Ipft to trustees, t-.'";™' VJ; ^f ,1„.ir so..s ; then 
 his three 8ons, an.l *' ' ;':,,,^,„,,, with the pro- 
 the estates, 'I"-'''*'" .V' "f, ,! .,e to be co.iveyed 
 duceoft... «/".""" '''^ ,;',;, V.lant of his three 
 
 ales l.y geiieiiii "v.., . 
 
 THEODOSIAN CODE, i>oe Codes. 
 
 "THEOLOGIAGERMANICa: 
 
 » Teutsche'lheologej '^> ! ;f,,,,--',,,,,,i,:,l «• 
 
 French ed.t.ons, l5.-,«). »^;" . 1,,-, „,, ..,, 
 ^Httm ■\''»"t '^"^^^ u "'rrupt.ons .n ei. 
 man," d.sgus ed ;""' ;^'f„, God in the tom;. 
 ?{:^r;:'l.u^h..ns^:atHoh,.ye placed tl... 
 txUothelUbleandSt.August.n. 
 
 THEOLOGY (from ^,^J-J^,^::;^i 
 TGr:fK^^"o'^n,andof,l...n«J 
 
 divided into two he.uB >; { ,"„.^„„\„„, ,„ ; 
 philosophy. - """""Natural Theoln.;-' ,•■: 
 
 i;^^:;l.i:;l^;o2^on^..ii::ners.d.c,,.-. 
 
 are emi..ent l'<'»^\?:j,;^ j^^ ^ Christ.;...!:.' : 
 (died n42„^["';\r,,,, ,:":'. hv Tl.n,>,;..A,.. 
 
 lovfrscl 
 1:911. .: 
 diri'ctnrs, Lfp'i; 
 
 as priiiK" "" 
 
 TTTFOPHIT .ANTHROPTSTS (1. 
 
 , -n- ■ was dissidved in 1802. 
 
 THEOWiiii '^ ,,^,^,„ ^,,,,j,, 
 
 divine wisdom, a "■.'"""'' i,, the third. *-• , 
 tue time of Ann.io.m. S ;^' - ' ; ^ I 
 to vari"..8B..ho<dso idM > ^^,_^^^, „, „, J 
 te..ets respecting 'hi s > "lui j.j,.,„,| ;,,;:;[ 
 
 •-^^^"^irrSS "theU-thoe...-^ 
 ^r....o ai"' ^ niaii... "'■) j 
 
 tcrmedtheosophists. ^^^,._^^„^ I 
 
 Tl„. VVirns",;.;.'"' >"' J^J,,^. ,,„i„„,l OV.*.;.i 
 
 Jl^^T"ihas';at^Av:^r'il'b.".hc.) U.i.«- 
 
THEOSOPHY. 
 
 "uie whole was to be ajniHcc. I'r 
 
 ,, V in trust, an.l tlmt lu- clcsuvj . 
 
 ■a of time to elapse tor he api«,. 
 
 aiuants. He .lie.l 21 July, l/r. 
 
 ■, i.uieh public eeusure, ana v„ 
 
 a! eUallaw, hut hnallyeM,!,. 
 
 siouofthehouseof lonls 2,JuBr, 
 
 .rsurvivius Kvandson du-il in F,-., 
 
 ^, henavo^-whetherthee ..tn* 
 
 the male ilescendant of the d,.,,t 
 
 or the property. The ques ion w,. 
 
 ,neal I'V the house of or. s (y J n-, 
 
 n'ur of "the latter, lord llen.Uosha,:, 
 
 Thellusson eontirmins the deow.t 
 
 oftheU<dlsinl8,sH. .I".7'«;q«' 
 ^pe.sesthepropertyiHsaulnctto... 
 
 t?v lue in the testator's Ufetuuete 
 ; the Thellusson act vyas passed, r,. 
 .'tors from devising their property • : 
 \ unulatiou f.>r long.'r than 2,;.,. 
 any other direction to be void. 
 
 ^ACY, Rovemment hy God, .xi-M 
 ^.lites till Saul was made king, .1.; 
 
 J),), viii. 7-) 
 
 m TTE. an instrument for moasur.u 
 
 "les,\^ed in surveyin;:, cons,,,. .; , 
 
 r 'divided eir.de. U was pr.^.:. 
 
 tedintheiythcntury. J.-cfc. 
 - eomph'ted the ^M■eat th.^HluUt. ,:.. 
 ;;t,-is;oi.<mietrical survey of EusluM.:: 
 
 •neral Uoy. 
 
 )OSIAN CODE, set. Co.ks. 
 
 OLOGIA GEKMANICA, : 
 
 Tt.eolo^ev (printed I.i2H, Ui .i: ... 
 i^!;;::''[^|HJ,^lGe,.nanmy.s,,. .^^^ 
 
 "i^ ed to Bo..k for God in the t.™.: 
 I uther is said to have placed tb.- 
 
 , li'ible and St. Augustui. 
 
 TOGY (from the Greek TlimAi.. 
 whieh treats of the natur;. an.l i.ttr.'O 
 
 • s;Uionstonian,ando l.«^^^^ 
 
 thtv may he disover.-d. It ''',!• ft I 
 
 intures, their mterpretaUon, ^ 
 Which lord Daeon calls th,' tir> 
 ,^_«utler's "Anah>|V of 1^'^ , , 
 d Palev'B "Natural 'ih.olo;:} ^.\ 
 ont hooks on the hitter subjcct.-.U...! 
 .\ wnite "Th,..dojvia Chnstiamu, ul 
 rVd us ThcdofTia." by 'lh».na*.H^| 
 
 led "?h commentaries, &c., 1,1 I,Ot 
 
 A usecl formed in France ml.*. -I 
 ;l: .m.' of the five directors, L.rfl:| 
 ,8 dis3.)lved in i802. 
 rmOPIlY ('/"'«"■' God; «o/^/'W.i>i-^;:;l 
 
 ipiiii 
 
 'l|-l^^;srttrH.t„«.,..4 
 
 tiicosonliists. . .^-tl 
 
 , ■ J s„,.,V(i/ was f..u«.\crl in Aii»M»| 
 
 r Ahlls ■^-.ivw'su/br^tbcr. .a.ln..«| 
 
 THERMIDOR REVOLUTION. 1091 
 
 of Knstern jiliilosopliy. It 1ms a station in Lon.l.ii 
 and iiinnj liiaiiclics in Imliii ami oilier ]iart.s. Mrs' 
 Anna KinKSfonl, .M.I)., pnsiilcnt In 1883, 'lied '.■2 Keb' 
 1888. ' ■ 
 
 Mrs. Hi'sant'.s li'ctnrn on Tln'osojiliy anil Occultism at 
 St..Ianii>s'sliall, I.oinlon, gUct. 1891, relati'il I'siu'cjallv 
 t(i " Ksoti'rie Hiiililliisni " as il|..s(.rilicil by Mr Sinnctt 
 
 Prof. Max Mnllrr's "■riicwdphy „r l'sy,.lii,loj;i(.„i 
 Ri"Iif;ion '■ (a sci|.icl to I'syi'lii.'al anil AiitliriJiMiI(,.'i|.al 
 religion, al! eombini!.! in Cliristianity), publislicil 
 Aliril. 1893. 
 
 THERMIDOR REVOLUTION. On tlie 
 
 THIBET. 
 
 '"^UvyVl'X'T"" '■t'"i»tori,.un, llali,e; 
 45 vol l-ol • • '^''"■'■"" '""' ^'- «'"-"'annu8. 
 
 lfQ4 
 
 725 
 
 gth 'llierinidor ot the 2nd year (2; July, i-m) 
 the Convention deposed Koh.'spiurre, nn.l on' file 
 next dav he and twenty-two of his piirtisans were 
 esecuted. 
 
 THERMO-ELECTRICITY and Thekmo- 
 
 I'lLE, see uiidiT £/ev/rlclti/, and Jfeiit. 
 
 THERMOMETER. Freezing point: Fah. 
 
 !2°; l{.o'; V. O'. Boiling jioint : Fuh. 212°, M 
 
 80°, C. 100°. 
 
 (iivcn.cil liy Oiililco, licfiirc \^.iy. I.ihri. 
 
 Iiivi'iitfil by Drebbi'l of All niai'i', ifxxj, lUievhmive. 
 
 liiviiitcil liy I'aiilo Sarpi, i6i,g. Fiihjentii). 
 
 liivi-iitcci by .Sanclniio in 1610. Iltirrlli. 
 
 paliri nlicit's llicnnonictcr invi'iili'il abimt 1726; I!can. 
 liinr's ami C'l'lsins's (tb|. lattrr now teninul centigraib') 
 sunn iifli-T. [Kabn'olicit'ssial.' is usnallv cin|ilnyi.il in 
 K'ij;hnil, iinil Heanmnr's anil tlic ccntifjradc on the 
 i.iatin.'nt.l 
 
 Tlu'iiiiKli'iif constrnctinn by snbstitntin;; i|nii'ksilver for 
 spirits nas invented sonii' y.^ais siibseniien..y. Ilulley 
 jiriipos.'d it in 1697. 
 
 Mr. h. .M. Cas.'lla issiicil a iniiiiinnin tlierinoniclcr in 
 Sept. 1861. 11 r.'Kist.'1-s il.'grees of eoM by means of 
 iiiiiiuiy. .Mr. (Jasi'll.'i inailii many improvements in 
 tlii'niioiiieters, &e., anil dieil, 23 April, 1897. 
 
 Xi.;ri'tti anil Zambia's ir^jisteriiiH ininiinnni tlienno- 
 laitiis, ailiiiitcd for deep-sen purposes, inad(j known 
 rally in 1S74. 
 
 i.'iti'i fiiiMi Mi-. .lames ,T. Ilieks, of Lomloii, statin;^ 
 ;li;it since j8Cii. be makes aboiil 25o,o<xi or more thei'^ 
 iimijieters of all kinils, annually, Imnilreils of wliieli 
 arn ti'.steil at tbc Ke\<' Observatory, and are superior 
 to tliosii of forei},'!! maiiufacluii', TiiiU!', 23 Mareli 
 .897. 
 
 THEEMOPHONE, in which sonorous vibra- 
 tions are produced by tiie expiinsioii of heated bo- 
 i (lies lonneuted witli an ele.'tro-magnet. The appu- 
 j ratus was constructed by Th.'oilor \Vieseiida:iger 
 I and dosrribed by him in October, 1878 
 
 by li 
 
 . 1744-ng 
 
 of Tt?^i^^^^^' ". '■'*■*■ "f li^'otia, N. Greece. 700 
 
 ot tlie ihebi.ns, who destroyed its walk i„ 572 n.c. 
 
 M'uS''^W^'''I<^^^ (■'"«' Saloniea), a .d'y in 
 im t bv r ^'''"■•'' ?"Ki"»lly Therm,., but\e- 
 aft ■ ' «^^:"' T- "'!'• ?'"' ?° l>"vc bee'n named 
 I - , y ' ''""^'•;;'"'i"i'. uauglit.T of Philip, 
 ch irel, i •''■ , "'T, ^""1 I"-'''ich.-d, =3; and to tie 
 ctiiireii here he a.ldr,!>:sed two epi'tles in "d In 
 
 d" ,re, nf H, i,''"r ""''f lonica partock e/ the 
 
 aS bv h s "'"'" '■'"'•'"■''• I'lK-'^^alonicH was 
 
 J ilv «?, . ^ ^i""v''"' '""' S"'at slaughter. 30 
 
 J \ , 004 ; by be .Normans of Sicily, i c Aug. i isf- 
 
 I'opulation, "1885 
 
 THERMOPYLAE (Doris, N.Greece), Leoni- 
 
 Idas, at the head of 3CK) Sjiartans and "00 Thes- 
 
 Ipiaus, at the detile of 'I'h.'rniopyhe, withstood the 
 
 ■ whole force of the Persians during three dayn, - 
 
 p, 9 Au!,'. 4.S0 it.c, wlii'ii Ephialfes, a Trachuiiiin' 
 
 Ipcrtidiously leading the .'iieiiiy by a secret patli 
 
 »]) the niDuntaius, l)roiight thi'ni to the rear of ibe 
 
 Uraks, who, thus placed between two assailants, 
 
 berishcd KJnriinsly on heajis of their slaughtered 
 
 foej. One (jrck only returiii'd home, and he was 
 
 jjecoivert with reproaches for having tleil.* Here 
 
 intiochus the Uri'at, king of Syria, was defeated 
 
 |y thii Romans, 191 n.c. 
 
 .THERMUM, TiiERMUs, or Thekma 
 
 ■Greoce), a strong city, tlie Acrop.ilis of il';tolia, N. 
 
 Im'ce, was captured and ravaged by Philip V. i 
 V Macedon, 218 and 2t)6 n.(.., .111 account of its I 
 livouring the Konians. \ 
 
 [thesaurus (tirasury), a title given in the ' 
 ithanil iSth ccntiirii's to large collectioiia of small 
 [orks on iiistory and arebu'oiogy. The most eele- 
 Tatpfl are— 
 
 •Theilistiili, in the (iiwk Antbologv, by .Sinniniiles 
 |eircoiiteaipiirHiy, is tlins Iranslateil by Howies :_ 
 "lie, tell llie Spartans, tbon tliat passest by, 
 That here, obeilient to tbeir laws, we lie." 
 
 -■ Turks under Amunith, u^o. 
 ISO.cxx). " 
 
 '"" m'v'Tr;o*M'dl'','''l'''^'''' -'■■'• """' *" '"- "" onwilling 
 sill on r, M , -)'"■'■'';■"' consul's, 5 May ; riot., en- 
 
 A lot .0,1 ■,'"■ *"■'■""'" ■■""' '''■'•"'I' 'onsnls, 
 A ott ,111,1 MiMi 1,1, were nuirilered ; tbc West.'in 
 Pes ,nt,.rM.,i...l ; reparation was onler.-il bv , 
 .'■ ,; r .'■'■"' """''''ic^ «crc exeenteil ,6 Ma ■ 
 tt t "'ronnf '"'l;';"^'"""'.; ■""' 4c,c«o;, said to b« 
 
 an .■b.'''^.;.'°r'; '''■'■;'''" '"J""''"'**' ; tl,e mosqne 
 4 iS .1 I . 'w ' .Icstroyeil : .■stiniateil loss, 8oo,ooi^, 
 4 ft.l't., .see J/uasiort. ;/o«.<e fid,,;, ,8go. 
 
 til J^ill'^'^'^^T ^^-i °,'''"^")' *''" «'^" »f "'»"v "f 
 
 L n; f I"'"'' ^'"'^r'-''"^'' I'.v the poets. The first 
 ung of whom we have any certain knowledge «aj 
 
 ulM„'''ll"',^''r^ '"■''''"''''• '■''"'" ^^"'""" »''■■< «»'>iects 
 wi e calle.1 HellenistJ., a name afterwards exteiided 
 o all Greeks. From The.s.s.ly came the Achieans. 
 the vRtolmns, thf Dorians, the Hellenes, &e. The 
 two most remarkald.. ..vents in the early history 
 olthiscountryarethedelugeoflJeuealion,is48 !!.(■:, 
 and he expedition of tb.- Argomuits, 1263 n c • 
 ■^ee //lem ,ever,dhi. Thessalv long aimed at neu- 
 trality in Grecian atl'airs, but became involved 
 through Its ruleis, the tyrants of Pheras ;-Ly<-o- 
 phron, about JO4 n.r. ; his .<on Jason, 374, assas.^i- 
 nat.,.a 370; A exan.ler, the most eminent, .letied 
 Atbeiis and fhebi.s ; assassinated T,c,n. Philip of 
 Maeedon, after a defeat (3:? n.c), gain.Ml a vi, torv 
 <)v..r the tyrants 3:2; i.ml subjugated th.- countrV 
 wnoiiy, 313. ihe Rom uis gave a nominal freed(m"i 
 to Ihc'ssaly after their victory at Cvno.sccphahe, 
 1 l')7. It IS now incliidf d in tlie kingdom of Gr..(.ee 
 ; by he treaty of 24 May, signed 2 July, and occii- 
 pieil Aug. -Sept. i.vSi. liaihvav f,-om Volo to 
 J.nnssa the ..apital, 0;. ned bv the king, 4 Mav, 
 1W4. Se»- IiniiK/ftfioiis, iS8^; Onco-Turkis/, 
 U ar and Ortrce, 181)7-8. 
 
 THETFORD (Norfolk), ,aid to have been the 
 Koman bitomagus, iiiid an iniiinrtaiit Saxon town, 
 was a bishoiiric from 1075 to io()l, wlu.n the si.e 
 was removed to Norwieh. It was made a sutlragan 
 bishonric by Henry VIII.; the power given him i -,u. 
 I opulation, 1881,4,032; 18.^1,4,247. 
 
 THIBET or TlHET (.entral .Lsia), is said to 
 Uiive been a kingdom y^ n.o,, conquered bv 
 Genghm Khan I20(), and gra.lually subdued by anil 
 
 4 A 2 
 
 
Hi 
 
 I', 
 
 THIEVES' ISLAND. 
 
 1092 THOMAS'S HOSPITAL, ST. 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 IF -I 
 
 fh 
 
 
 annexed to Cliina, 1255-1720. Bii.Ullusm, ntro- 
 dueed about (.5.1. l"''"'"!'' the do- iiint lelin ■ n 
 about 005; and the J.ainas have aosolute l-o^e m 
 religious and temporal atfairs. llubet was visited 
 bv Mareo I'olo, 127.S; by Jesuits about !(.(. -2 , 
 Bogle and Hamilton. 1774; ""J Ihonias .S anniuit. 
 1810. An asti-oiioiiiii-il sui-v<.y was (;ameil on sur- 
 reptitiouslv bv two iiuiuUts of semi-rhibet ovij-in, 
 uiidel- the'suiierinteiuleiae of eapt. Mont{?oinene, 
 I8b;-T. War with Neimul, .May; peaee, June, 
 18S4 Hon. Colnun .Ma-ai.lay's expedition to 
 Laelien valley, to promote conimeice ; well reeen oil, 
 announced 36 Nov. 1884. 
 
 A anssion ul Tili.t, iaeladiiif? Mr. Macaulny with scieii- 
 tiiie assi.iaaee, o'r^a,.,s,.,l in India ; sclieiae Buspen.led 
 
 Tif I^OKre^ of n,e Uas::^;u. expl.aing expedition uader 
 eoloni'l I'evtsnll ivportid, saiiiiiier 1890. 
 
 I'ups c,mstnwMe.l. Tla- fl,ia,.se oppose the expedi- 
 
 M''"(";bri,d Honvalot, prince Henry of Orieans, an.l 
 fal.ei K.lelvea, u'ave an illustrated nc-ount o th.Mi 
 r,r,'nt expl»raii..n of Tliil.et, &c., to the Hvneli 
 Geo-raphieal sneiety, at L^iris, 31 ■bin 1891. 
 
 "Aeross Thibet; I'V M. lioiivalut, published, iSgi. 
 
 Capi Bower, Dr'. ThomM and party eross Thibet, Jane. 
 :S9i, and arrive at Simla, April, 1892. 
 
 Jllholm'ta'i'i re?)eilion, imieli slausihter, Oet. 1893 : d'!-;- 
 p''rateii,d.tiiiK, .M,alio]netaii forts J-stroyed, rebellion 
 
 erusheil. Keb. 1896. *.■»*« \v..in.v 
 
 '•ThrouKl , -nknuwn Tibet, 1896," by capt.M.b.WuUbj , 
 
 published, 189S. 
 
 THIEVES' ISLAND, see Lmhones. 
 THIEVES' SYNOD, at Ephesus, 349 or 449, 
 where- tlie cbietrines of luityelies respeeting Clirisi s 
 incarnation were approved, received the name 
 because his opi)Oiients were silenced or excluded. 
 
 THIAIBLES are -.^aia to have been found at 
 
 HereuUuieum, and loiifT ago used by the Chinese 
 
 Their invention in Kurope is traditionally useiibed 
 
 to Nicolas van Heiisdioten, of Amsterdam, lu the 
 
 l-th eenturv. The art of inakiiu; hem was 
 
 brought to llngland by John Lolling, . echaiuc, 
 
 from Holland, who set up a workshop at .sl:u on, 
 
 near London, and practised the nianiitaetui in 
 
 various metals witli protit and success, about lo.),. 
 
 A Thi,Mc Uwiac palrouise.l by the qneeii i88fi, tlie 
 
 ol/ieet bPing'to novi.le e.opluyinent lor distcsse 
 
 , eidlowo.ne'i. ; th'erc was a sale c. the work at b .!> 
 
 WinchiUea's house, 23, EnnismoreOardeiis, 24-25 <•"• 
 
 i8se. \ 
 
 THTONVILLE, the an.ieiit Thcndonis villii, ' 
 a iSVuitvoii the .Moselle, X E. 1-Tanee. It 
 was tlie .iceasional residence ol Charlemagne and : 
 his su,'cessors, an.l on tlie extinction of his race it } 
 was successively h.d.l by private lords, the eoiinta , 
 of Luxemburg, the dukes ,il nurgundv, the hoa^« 
 ot Austria, and the kings of Spam, /.t^v.js taken 
 bv the duke of tluise, 23 J'""^^' ';j?%f \' t," 
 otistinate .lefence, ami returned to I'l^fliP H; '> "';• 
 peaci. of Cateau-Cambresis. It successfully resisted 
 tlie maniuis .le lM:u,|uieres in 1O37, but was taken 
 after four nnniths-KiVge by tlie ituc d'L.ighien, 10 
 Au". I<>4^„ and remain, d with i ranee. It su.cess. 
 ftiUv resist, d til.' A u.l rians in I :cj2, and the Pnissuins 
 ill I'au It was iuM>te.l by the (Jermans in Aug. 
 1S70, and after li.,mbar.lment, being m llauies, 
 surrendered 24 Nov. foll.iwiiig. 
 
 TIIIKTEEN CLUB, about 130 members. 
 
 formed in L..iidon, Od. 1S89, to counteract vulvar 
 
 prejudices respecting unluckjr numbers, days, \c. , 
 
 ni.'W year's dinner, 13 Jan. 1894. 
 
 THIKTY-NINE ARTICLES, sco Artida. 
 
 ■luj 
 
 THIRTY TYRANTS, a terra applied U Iji, 
 governors of Atlu'us, in 404 n.c, wno ;vciv «- 
 pelled by Thrasybu'us, 403;.»|»\ "l-so b. tl,,- 
 mimpr.)us aspirants t.i the imperial throne of l!„.,ii. 
 during the reigns of (jallienua and Aundiaii. a.u, 
 259-274- 
 
 THIRTY YEARS' WAR, m G.mi.m 
 between the cath.dics and protestants It ii.;,r, 
 in li.dicmiain 1O18. and ended with thi' pcny )| 
 M'estplmlia in 1(48. It is renowned l.,v ;i„. 
 victories of Walleiisteui and Onstiivus A, . 
 of Sweden, and for its history by Schiller, pub 
 I790-9.V Sei' Jlidtlci, 1618-48. 
 
 THISTLE,* Okdeu of the, Scoti.a.vd, 
 
 founded bv James V. 1540. It consist.'d orij;ii,,,!lv 
 of himself, as sovereign, and twelve kmirlit.. a 
 imitation of Christ and his twelve apostles. 1,, 
 '542 James died, anil the order was discontiiMul, 
 about the time .d' the Kcf..rmatioii. Tli.' ..rdir «j. 
 renewed by Jam.'s VII. of Scotland and II. ot l-.i,.- 
 land, bv I'naking eight knights, 2.» -May, i(,s;; 
 increasJd to tw.dve by queen Ann.' 111 [-03: n 
 sixteen by C.eorge IV. in 1827. Ihe .)rignialkin;!,!. 
 of 168' were 
 
 ,mki' "f ib.rilon. 
 , ;... . laar.iais of Ath"l. ,.■■., 
 
 J; ■."•;;, .■ail ."f Ariaii, afterwards dnke of Iliei.ili 1. 
 
 killi'.l in a .l.i.'l. lyi^. 
 Alcxaii.lcr, earl ot Moray. 
 Janu's,.^arlonVrlh; altamt.Ml. 
 Kenneth, carl ..f S.ab.rth; attamted^ 
 Gorge, earl .if IbiiMbart.m. 
 1 John, earl ..f .Mclf.n-t ; attamtcd. 
 
 ■ THISTLEWOOD'S CONSPIRACY. - 
 
 Cato-Htfcet CoiLtpii-iiii/. 
 
 THOMAS'S HOSPITAL, ST (S..iitlnv,K, 
 was founded as an almsh.uise by Ku-haril, pr^r .! 
 Rerni.indsey, in 1215, and surrendcr.-.l to 11 i;rv 
 VIII in 15^8. In 1551 the mayor and .'itizii,--: 
 London, having piuTliased of Edwar.l V], li., 
 mam^r of Southwark, including this ho.']':!.!, 
 repaired an.l enlarg.'.l it, and a.lmitte.l mto it M 
 no'.r sick, an.l h.dpless .dijeets; upnn whieluli? 
 kin..-' in 1 553, incrp.irate.l it, togi'tlu^r witli Ikh- 
 leh.MU, St: iTarthol.im.'w's. &c. It was rebuilt m 
 l(X)i In 1862, th.' site was s.d.l to the bn* 
 eT^ern railwev .'.aupanv. and the patients w.rt 
 rem.ivial to the'Sunvv musi.' hall. The louii.ki n 
 .-.tone of the n.'w h.ispital, .'ivct.-.l at Staiigatc.iw 
 the Surrey side .d W estminster-la-i.luv. was laiilkv 
 the queen, 13 Mav, 1868; .ind the mnv hosfiul 
 
 ' was opened bv her majesty, 21 June. 1871. 
 
 : The ai.pointment of a i.ai.l .vsi.leni li-..asMr..r,iMt«.!«f 
 an h'.r.irarv one, an.l ..thcr changes iw.aanicn.blk 
 
 i e, nniaittees; were negatived by the general coiiui.itit., 
 
 ! j:H?abl'ishment(.fwar.lsr.ir paving-patients . >>. e;- 
 ' Mc'tuigat the Mansi..n-lionsi' to ra.s.. ioo,c>ooUn 
 incr.>ase th.' acc.;naii.).lation, tlin duKB of to:;- 
 naug.it pr.«,.nl, 13 I'Vb. .895 ; the .|Ucpii ;.'av' 
 3, ..; I'el..; io<>..'. fioni Messrs. liaiclay 4 
 pTrkins'; looj. fr.a,. l.a.l Iv.vigh, .V.-., A|.r, 
 26 2jo'. n.«. 7'l- r.-e.MV.'.l up to D.v. it95 : 3S,«»!- 
 liclpieathe.! by sir li.jbert U.iwlinson, anneunw, ^^^^ 
 
 Some Scottish, historians make the oiifiainfte 
 
 Th.- abbot Jnstiniaii says it was 
 .s I of S.'..r.anil, &09, wlii-iil™ 
 !■ -.• witli Cbarl.-miigiu', awl tiM 
 istb- It is stab-'ltlmtlin-tai 
 .Iri-ain, in wl.i.-ii «■ .Aiiteif 
 ., .,,,1 j,v,.e,is.-.! hiiaa9un-vi,-w 
 oviT his r.M-s, t-- ,S-..rihniiibi-ians; and tliat tlinrf 
 dnv Ht An.lre'ws Cr.,ss (x) app.-an.l in IL" » » ' 
 N„rthnnilirians w.-r.- .l.-lcat.-.l. < >n b's "t^^';; ', 
 sai.l. A.-haios framed the or.ler nioK tha« 7«= !'«" '' 
 fore James V. 
 
 or.l.-r v.-ry 
 instituti-.l by ' 
 nionar.-h inc ' 
 t.iok foi his VI. 
 Ilnngns, the 1 
 mail.- a iiii.liii,,'^' 
 over his fo.-s, t- 
 
 ./iai»»ii^'^ 
 
AS' 8 HOSPITAL. ST. 
 
 YKANTS, a term miplii'd u lii, 
 lu'iirt, in 404 11. c, WHO >viiv .x- 
 isyliu'us, 403; aiul alsii |., tl,. 
 nts t(i till' impi'i-ial tliroiu' of |(,,,in 
 s of GiiUienus 11ml Auri'liaii, a.h, 
 
 YEARS' WAR, in Gornunv 
 till. lies anil protfstant-i. It if-ir, 
 618. and ended witli the iicn , it 
 1648. It is renowned ('•: ■;,. 
 lUennteiii and Uustavus Ail. :v,v 
 for it8 history by Schiller, im!.:;-!;,,! 
 'Iiiltia, 1618-48. 
 
 * OKDEK of the, SCOTI.AXli, 
 les V. 1540. It consisted uriuiii,,!]! 
 si)vereif,ni, and twelve knight-, in 
 irist and his twelve aimslli^. In 
 ■d. ami the order was ilisiuiitiii i.,;, 
 of the lleforniation. Tlie nriln wi. 
 les VII. of Scotland and It. ul Ku.- 
 lis; eight knights, 2') May, ii.v; 
 ,-elve hv qneen Anne in 1711]: ii 
 ■<re IV. in 1827. The origiiiiilkni;;,;. 
 
 loriUm. 
 •Atliiil. 
 \rr;ui, afterwards duke nf llii'; i' ;. 
 
 1. 1712. 
 ,f Jlmay. 
 •rtli ; attainted. 
 S.atnltli ; attainted, 
 luiiiliarliiii. 
 Ifovt ; attainted. 
 
 WOOD'S CONSPIRACY. - 
 
 spiroii/. 
 
 S HOSPITAL, ST. (Simtlov;:, , 
 
 ill! iilnishoiise hy Richard, pr;. 
 
 u 121,5, 
 
 imd surrendered to II 
 
 In 1551 the mayor and litizn.-'; 
 ng jiuVcliased of" Edward VI, !;.. 
 utliwark, inchidini; this h^l^]•;•l., 
 ilargcd it, and admitted iiitn il :» 
 ,1 heliiless objects; ii|inn wliifh •!,■• 
 ineiiriiorated it, togctlu'r witii li'h- 
 I'tholiiinew's, i:e. It was rclnuil ::i 
 )2, the site was sold to tlic t>idi. 
 ly' eonipimy, and the iiaticiit* iv.rt 
 .'Surrev music hall. The fmiinliU 11 
 ■w hospital, erected at Stanpiti. lii ;; 
 
 ol Weslniiiister-hriilge, was laiilw 
 5 May, |8()8; ami the new ln)ii|ii!il 
 
 her majesty, 21 .lune. i8;i, 
 it of a liaiil i-esidciit licasiUTr.iMis; ' 
 one, and otlicr cliaiiHcs reciiiamoiiil'iii'V 
 ^vere negatived by the geuiMal coimuitU', 
 
 of wards for paying patii'Mts . Sm-, k-'; 
 MaiisiiiM-liinise to raise loo.oooi. t'l 
 nccomiiioilatioii, llin iliiiie of Con- 
 
 ;iil, 13 Fell. iSqs: tl"' 'ia"fii ^'av 
 
 1 ; 100.;. from Messrs. liiirday s: 
 ,jo!. fn.ni lord Ivca.i:)i, ii<:, April. 
 ,rf. reeeiveil ill' to Itiv. 1S95 1 35,«»!- 
 lY sir Uoliert Uawlinsoii, aiiiiouiiciii, 
 
 ■' 4 July, 1:5: 
 
 ttisli liirttorinns make the oriRlu "f ili^* 
 
 .. ■ * Tlie ablint Justinian says it »i- 
 
 : ■ ,s I of SeotlllUil. toQ, wlii'ii iW 
 
 . ! ■!. with (Jliarli'iiiiitjm', awl tlw 
 
 vi, . istlc. It isstati'.ltliatlliita: 
 
 dream, in wliidi St .^ii'"" 
 
 , , ., .,,,1 |.,.|.i.iir-i->l hiliiasl!ivvi.!.:v 
 
 '■j..- .\,.'nliiimla-iaiis; and tliiit tin- i.v 
 
 iv'»Cruss(x)appcari.lintliiiiiir.aiiJ-; 
 
 s were defeated. <>n this stniA. rt ' 
 
 rriUiied the order mort thin 700 yar^ '■ 
 
 THOMAS, ST. 
 
 1003 
 
 THREE F.'s. 
 
 THOMAS, ST., SCO rirgin hits. 
 
 THOMISTS, see Scutists. 
 
 THOMITES or TOMITK.S, a bodv of enthu- 
 siasts who assembled at lioiif;hton, near Canter- 
 Ijurv. An in.sanu Cornish publican named John 
 Nielwlls, called Tliom, or Tom, a.ssunied the name 
 of sir \V. Courtenay, knight of Iiialta and king of 
 Jerusalem, came into Kent, was an nnsuecessfuleim- 
 diilate for parliament, and incited tlie rabble against 
 the I'oor Law act. On ;,i May, 1838, a farmer of 
 the neighbourhood, whose servant had joined tlio 
 crowd which att^'uded Thom, .sent a constable to 
 fetili him back ; hut on his arrival on thi' ground 
 he was shot dead by 'I'lrmi. The military were then 
 called iiut, and lieut. jiennett procecded"to take tlic 
 iiiunlcrer into custody; but 'IImiu ailvani'cd, and, 
 firing a pistol, killed the lieutenant on the spot. 
 One nf the soldiers fired at Thom, and laid him dead 
 bv the sido of lieut, lieiinett. The people then 
 attacked the militar\-, who were eomiiellcd to fire, 
 ami eiglit mort person were killed before the mob 
 disjicrsed. 
 
 508 
 
 InyaKion of Dai-iiiH |. 5,3; ti,,,„.,. „,„„i„„i , 
 _ .Megiiliiiziis .... 
 
 .\er.\es iiiiircliis against Greece tlirougii Thrace, ami 
 retreats . * ^, 
 
 Utlier(;irekcol,;iiiesesfai'.lishi'.l . ' . ' . ' /^o-!^ 
 \\ ars lietween Maecili.n ami tl.i- Oiliysie (wUkk set) 
 
 Pliilip 11. ac(|imvs Ainphipolis, 35S ; and ,;raduall'y'""'*-'' 
 
 ; , 357-34 J 
 309 
 
 all the (ireek I'uiiini, 
 Death cf .Vh'Xaiiiler : Tliraec allnltiil to 
 
 chiis. 123 ; whii tiililils l.vsiiiiiii-liiii 
 f.ysiiiiachus dcfeateil ami slain l,y Sitnirus at Coru- 
 
 l"'dion ...".., 
 
 Tliraie overnm liy h,' (iauls . . 
 l.y.-iiiiiachia ami the chief tnwns seiziil l.y tlij fleet 
 
 I if I'toleniv I'hiiTgi'tis 
 HiTiiviTiil I,y IMiilip V. of Jlaiodm 
 I.nst hy him to the Unliialis 
 
 2il 
 27y 
 
 ■ • 247 
 205-200 
 
 .Sei/.'il by VntiiH hiis 111. of Syria, whi'i is 'ilefeateii "^ 
 at .Magnesia, 1,90 ; ami sniri'iiilers Thrace iS8 
 
 lersiais ilefeateii in liis attemi.t tn regain Thrace, 
 ',., T,, . , . . 1 71-168 
 
 IlieThraeian kings rule nnmmallynn.hr the Romans 
 
 •d 
 
 148 I ( 
 
 THORACIC DUCT, discovered first in a 
 horse, by tustachius, about 1563; in tiie human { 
 boilv, by 01. Hudhee, u Swedish anatomist. Thomas I 
 Dar'thoUnc, of Copenhagen, and I)r. Jolilfe, of 
 Kngland, also discovered it about 1654. See ' 
 Udeids. ! 
 
 THORINUM, a very rare metal (a heavy gray j 
 powder), discovered by Derzelius in 1828. " ] 
 
 THORN ('>" the Vistula, Poland) was founded i 
 by the Teutonic Knights in 1231, ll,'re they 
 aikiiowledgcd thems'dves to be vas.sals of roland in : 
 qhO. Thorn was taken by Chaides XII. of Sweden 
 ill 1703. Many ]irotestaiits were slain here (after a 
 ri'liu'ious riiit) at the instigatinii of tlie Jesuits, 7 
 Die. 1724. Thom was aciiuired by the I'rus.sians in 
 171/j; taken by the Krcncli in 180O; restored to 
 i'rassia at the peace in iSl.i, Topulation, kS(>o, 
 2,".oo;. 
 
 THOROUGH. The name given hy Thos. 
 Wentwurtli, earl of Stratford, to Ids unsuccessful 
 silu'iue for making Charles I. an absolute monarch. 
 He was attainted and beheaded,, 12 Jlay, 1O41. 
 
 THORPE, SCO Jlailwai) Accltlents, 1874, 
 
 THOUGHT READING. In 1881 Mr. W. 
 Irving liishop jirofesscd to be able to read a person's 
 thoughts by touching some part of the skin. On 
 June II in the presence of Mr. li. J. Komanes, pro- 
 fessor E. Ray Lankester, Mr. !•', (jalton, and others : 
 lie was sm'cessful with .some persons, and failed 
 ivith others {Nature, No, 608). 
 la 1SS3 he was challenged liy .Mr, I.alioiieliere, M.I',, to 
 
 o]ii'rate umler certain enmlitiniis, at tSl. Janiess Hall 
 
 oii 12 June, hnt virtually ileclincil thi; tests, OIIht 
 
 fX|>eriiiients by Mr, Uishop, 3, 4 June, 1SS4 ; success 
 
 4"Uhteil. 
 Mr, liisliop .sentenced to pay 10,000/. damages to .Mr, 
 
 Maskelyrie fur lihcl in ii iilh (23 .Inly, iStij), 15 Jan,; 
 
 ,i|'liealilisalliiweil, 28 Jan, ; ilainage.s leilnci-d to 5<xj/,, 
 
 2 July, 1835, He died of euuilcpsy at New Vuik, ii 
 
 May, i88q, 
 £x|*rliiiiMit» liy Mr, Stuart Cuinberlaml rciniiteil snceess- 
 
 tiilon the prime of Wales and others, ly July, 1^84. 
 
 THRACE (now lioiiiiuliiu in Turkey) derived 
 its iiaiue from Tnra.x, the sun of .\lMs.--./,sy//;/, The 
 Ihradims were a warlike peuide, and thei'cfore 
 /liiSftaj ;aid to have hvvii Iniiu and to have ti.id 
 liii residence among them. — EtiripUhs. See 
 "i/f.yjif, 
 
 Byaiitmni.tlioeniiital, foundeil liy the Megarians, 
 
 ahnut u.c, C75 
 
 abiint 
 
 '/, 
 '4 
 ?8 
 47 
 
 255 
 4-376 
 
 447 
 
 lieliellion of Viihigiesiis que 
 
 JthiiMnetalces II. hist king . 
 
 Thrace niaile a linn, an liiuvinci 
 
 Invaileil by the tii.ths 
 
 .Sittleil by Saniiatians 
 
 U.ivagi"! )iy .Millie, 30; ; by Ai.lia . . ' , 
 i fnnqneri'il by the'fnrk.s, whn made Adriamiiil 
 
 I their cajiital 1-41-1:3 
 
 [ Coiist.antinople caiitnrcil by .Maliiiniet II., 29 May.'' 1453 
 
 i THRASHING-MACHINES, Thetla.lwas 
 
 I the only instrimient formerly in use for thrashing 
 
 ! curn. The Uomans used "a machine called the 
 
 ^ frihii/iiiii, a sledge Inailed with stones or iri n, 
 
 ; drawii over the corn-sheaves by Iior.ses. The lirat 
 
 machine attempted in modern times w.is invented 
 
 by Miehael Menzi;'s, at Kdinliurgh, about 17^2; 
 
 Andrew Meiklo invented a machine in 1776. jiany 
 
 improvements have been since made, and steam 
 
 is employed, .Vn act for the prevention of accidents 
 
 by these nwchines was passed in 1879. 
 
 THRASYMENE or Tkasimexe (more 
 correctly Trasimenus), a lake (N, Italy), A 
 niost bloody engagement took iilace near the 
 Trasimene lake lietwcen the Cartliaginians under 
 Hannibal and the Koinans under I'laminins, 217 
 n.c. No less than 15,000 Homans were left dead 
 on thu field of battle," and 10,000 taken prisoners; 
 or. according to Livy, 6000 ; or Tolybius, 15,000. 
 The loss of Hannibal was about 1 500" men. About 
 10,000 Homans made their esiiipe,iill covered with 
 wiiunds, Flaminius was killed during the tight, 
 — Lh\i/; Pohihiiis. On the sam" day, an earthquake 
 occurred, which desolated several cities in Italy. 
 
 THREATENING LETTERS. Sending 
 letters, whether anonymously written, or with a 
 fictitious name, demanding nmney, or threatening 
 to kill a person, or hre his house, was made punish- 
 able as a felony, without b' it of (d"rgy, by the 
 lllack .Vcl. in 1722, Persons e.\torting inoney by 
 threatening 10 accuse others of such otfcnees as are 
 subjected to death, or other infam.i'is puni.shments, 
 were to be adjudged imprisonnn 11 shipping, or 
 liansportation,'by ^0 Geo. II., 1751;, indotueracts ; 
 till- latest 24 1.V: 25 Vict. ec. 96, 07 (1861). 
 
 THREE DENOMINATIONS, seeDewow.'- 
 
 iiiitaiitK. 
 
 THREE CHOIRS (Glmnester, Worcester, 
 and Ueri'liod). Fesiivals held in 1724, if not 
 earlier, at Gloucester, for the performance of cathe- 
 dral music on a grand scale for charituble purposes, 
 6lill eontinned, 
 
 THREE F,-s, "(cF, 
 
 
 it 
 
 m 
 
 lllhteittit!!!! 
 
 f ■ ■ > 
 
 '''•np 
 
 11 
 
THKKJi- ACKES AJ<D A COW. 
 
 1094 
 
 TICINO. 
 
 ['il'^^f'^W^'.Jiii-J'^n 
 
 THEEE ACRES AND A COW, »ee Land, 
 
 THRIFT, sec under Xational. 
 
 THROAT AND EAR DISEASES, a 
 
 hoauitul for theiu opened uvar Uiay .-inn-ioud, 
 March, 1874; foundiition of;, new building laid by 
 madame Adeliiia Patti, marcliusii de Caux, lb bept. 
 
 1875. 
 
 THUGR, organised secret fanatical murderers 
 in India, who considered their victims to l;.; sacri- 
 tices to their goddess Kali or llhowaiu. Ihe i'.n^lish 
 commenced suppressing them about 1810, b 't <lia 
 not succeed till about 1830, when a plan for ih> pur- 
 pose was adopted by lord W m. Bcntuick. 
 
 THUMB-SCREW, nn instrument used in the 
 ftrn stages of torture by the Spmish inquisitiou. 
 fu Great Britain, lev.Wm. Car.Mics, a presbyterian 
 minister, was rJie l.at who sutfcrcd by it, before 
 the Scotch pn- - council, to make him divulge 
 iecretB entru'lo: u. him, which ho family resisted. 
 After the revolut ,. in I'V. th.,- tUumb-^crew was 
 presented to liiia h^ iiie ■ .uiail. hiag VVdUani 
 expressed a desirr t'. see jt, f-ud tvud il '■'•'., t'jd'lin 8 
 the doctor to turn th" :.'•. w ; bi>l, at the thii-d turn, 
 he cried out "ll.-.ld- -/; .('.^doctor another turn 
 would make i»« coiifsr • < n;:hiiig. 
 
 THUXDEltEK, •:sc yavij of England, 1872, 
 1876, 1879. 
 
 THUNDERING LEGION.. During a con- 
 test with the invadii);-; Marcomauni, the prayers ot 
 some Christians in a Koman legion are said to 
 have b.-< n followed bj a storm of thunder, light- 
 ning, and rain, which tended greatly to discomht 
 the enemy; and hence the legion received the 
 name, 174. 
 
 THURII or TiiuiutJM:, « Greek city S. Italy, 
 founded after the fall of Sybaris abo 1. w^3 ^^f- 
 It suft'ered from the incursions of the Luc . .ana, by 
 whom the Thurians were severely deteated, 390 
 B c. It became eventually a dependent ally of 
 Home; was ravaged by the troops of Hannibal, 
 204; was established as a colony, by the Komans, 
 Icu- and was captured by Spartacus in the her- 
 vSc'war, who levied upon it heavy contributions, 
 72. 
 
 THURINGIA, an early Gothic kingdom m 
 central Germany, was overrun by Attila and the 
 Huns, 4Si; the last king, Heniianfried was 
 defeated and slain by Thierry, king of the 1 ranks 
 who annexed it to his dominions, 530. It formed 
 two ducliies, 030-717, anJ «49-9i9; a niargraviate, 
 q6o-lo<p; iandgraviate and county, U30-1247 ; 
 and was, after various changes and many eonUicts, 
 absorbed into Saxony in the 15th century. In 1815 
 it was surrendered to I'russia. 
 
 THURLES (S. Ireland). Here was held a 
 Bvnodofthe Koman catholic archbishops, bishons, 
 inferior clergy, nnd religious orders, undcT tlie 
 direction of archbishop CuUen, the Koman catholic 
 primate, 22 Aug. 1 850. It condemned ho Queen s 
 Colleges, and reconunended the foundation of a 
 Koman t'athoUc university, 10 Sept. toUowing The 
 acts were forwarded to Kor;- for approval of the 
 pope, Pius IX., and publislu '., : Jan. 1852. 
 
 THUROT'S INVASi ■'■=• Thurot.an Irish 
 oomniodore in the French s> . ' , became a terror 
 to all the merchaut-sliips ot this kingdom. He had 
 the command of a small armament, and landed 
 1000 m-n at Carrickfergus in Ireland, and plun- 
 dered the town. He reached the Isle of Man, and 
 
 was overtaken by captain Elliot, iv :'.li \lireo tr;.';ii. ., 
 who engaged his little squadron, which w-i.^ t;,V •: 
 and the commodore killed, i'l Ke)*. 1760. Tlij . > 
 true name was O'Fanel;. His '.ri inaiatlict !,;,.: 
 followed the fortunes of Jniiu-.; K . , ^''.t ius nictn, 1 
 being of a family of some .iignili in Frauci , li,. 
 assumed her name. — liuriis. 
 
 THURSDAi . the hfth 4uo.-;thc ;veek,n,;:.; 
 from Tlior, the lav'St valiant 81,1! ot Udin, a dciti.u 
 hero svorahipped bv the north; '"i nations, pnitiiu- 
 laj'Iy i)V tlieScr.ndiU'.vinnsanii -iclts. His iiutlio- 
 rity i^J-^ 'aid to exlen.l over the vinds, sciisoiis. 
 thuiii!, i a ,d lightning, 4:c. Thursday is in Litii, 
 dies >' .; i>. or Jupiter's day. 
 
 THYATIRA ^Vsia Minor), the place : *^;/^..■,, 
 for the battle a. ■.■hicb r.e rebel i'rocopiHs vv 
 defeated bj Mien.niyo) *he > mperor Valens, 3!- 
 See Seven Churcl'i ?. 
 
 THYMBRA (.\s^.n Minor). Hei(W\r. 1 t!,, 
 Great de;'eatcd tl. ■ con.'i (i?rate anuv -udiiiy Crffisn-, 
 and obtained supr.'P.iacv i'l As;;i, 'iv. 548. 
 
 TIARA, head ornament of the ancient Pcrsinn,-. 
 The name is given to the triple crown of the i)0|» 
 (ancientlv called rcgnum), indicative of his (ivi. 
 rank, as the keys are of his eeclesiastual juns(l;c 
 tion. The right to v.i n- a crown is said to h;i\., 
 been granted to the bi^!:i<ps of Kome by (Jonstaiitim 
 • " ■ ' • '^' \ is, founder of tlie FrciKii 
 :it tiara was a high round 
 J first I'aused himself to Ij. 
 048. "itoiiil'in'c VIII. 
 til a crown ; licncdi 
 
 the Great, and by Ch 
 monarchy. Their anc; 
 cap. Pope Uamasus I 
 crowned with a tiar 
 encompassed the tiara 
 
 XII. added a second; ami John XXllI. a third. 
 — Rees. 
 
 TIBER (central Itah;. the river on whose 
 banks Kome was built. lii the nourishing timisct 
 the city the navigation of thi- river was cnomiou-, 
 Livy states that the Tiber was frozen over, Tjf: 
 B.C. A commission was appointed to drcdjio tli.> 
 bed of the river near Home, Dee. 1871. Garibaldi's 
 scheme for improving the river, making a new port, 
 &c., laid before the Italian parliament, 25 May, iS;:; 
 works begun, March, 1877. 
 
 TIBERIAS, a city in Palestine, built I; 
 Herod Antipas, and named after the emporfr 
 Tiberius, 39. Near it Guy de I,usignaii, king <'. 
 Jerusalem, and the crusadeis, were defeated I; 
 Saladin, 3,4 July, 1 187; and Jerusalem fell mtc 
 his hands. 
 
 TIBET, see Thibet. 
 
 TIBUR (now Tivoli), a Latin town more ancMt 
 than Kome, and frequently at war with it. Tlir 
 Tiburtines were defeated 33^ ii.c, and the suiijM- 
 tion of all Latium followed ; for wliieli Furu;- 
 Camillus obtained a triumph and an equcstmii 
 statue in the forum. 
 
 TICHBORNE CASE, see Triah, l8:i-|. 
 Dr. Keneuly, the claimant's counsel, elected 51.1 . 
 for Stoke, moves for a royal comniissi.jii to mqum 
 into the trial ; rejected, 43;, to 3 (Dr. Kcnealy, .Mr. 
 Whallcy, and the C". n, ■■\\\) ; 2b April, \Ky 
 See Englishman. 
 
 TICINO or TESSI ■ -viss canton south of 
 
 the Alps, conquered tv ■ '■• bv jss early m the lOtli 
 
 ,1 se- 
 
 canton in 
 
 181.V It 
 
 sre'd by intcrnol 'J',i<i, ' es 1839 and 1841. Fopu- 
 
 on, 1888, I .' ^5'' 
 
 century; inii 
 suft'ered b 
 
 lation, 
 
 IiLSurrection in !• Mzoua and I.a^'ano, tiie con- 
 servative ultra 'ij. government ovi'rtlirowii 
 by till! liberals, ..■ " I'mvisioiial Koveranient 
 formed. M. Rowi ■.; t .. of the interior, loiind 
 kiUed. Ueviaioii or :- : 1 .Mtution deiiiaiuletl, 
 
TICINO. 
 
 mptuin Elliot, .v i'.h \luoo iVk'al^, 
 ttle aquiidnn. wbioh miik lal.iv. 
 c killed, s'l Ke1>. irfiO. Tl(j .,' . 
 J'Fiirreli. IHh 'iindfiithct hm 
 leaof Jiinii . K.. '••'■*■ Ilia iTicla.r 
 
 of some ligiiti: in Fmiiii , he 
 , — Jiuriis. 
 
 , the lift!' ^iiyo/tho n-oek, n-,: ii ,: 
 St Valium si n of UJin, u deifini 
 V the north: I -1 nations, partiiu- 
 iii'ivians awK, • ',l\\». His mitlio- 
 I'XlL'ii'l over the viiids, srasoib, 
 niiig, ice. Thursday is in Latin 
 tor's day. 
 ^Asia Minor), the place :"S»!j'inu 
 
 'vhicli i.o ri'bel I'rocoiniw wr.- 
 iny o) Mil- t !iip('ror Valens, 36- 
 :s. 
 
 (Afiii Minor). Here ''\r' -. lin- 
 • I'on;'' icmite uris.v ■udiiij;Crfl6su,-, 
 I'luacy m Asia, m.c. S4**- 
 
 ornaniint of the aiidi'iit I'lTsian-. 
 1 to the triple crown of the pofr 
 
 regnuin), indicative of his civil 
 are of his eeclesiastical jurLsilit- 
 ;o \vi if a crown is said to lm\i> 
 10 biiihops of Home by Cdnatiuititit 
 ly Clo\i8, founder of the Freuui 
 r anc;r:it tiara was a high rouM 
 isus ] 1 tirst caused himself to W 
 
 tiar.i, 1048. " liiinifiice VIII. 
 
 tiara 'vith n crown; licmAt 
 md; anil John XXIII. a third," 
 
 tral Itah). the river on whose 
 built. lii the tlourishini; times of 
 Ration of the river was enormous. 
 ' the Tiber was frozen over, l'^ 
 ion was appointed to drcdRC the 
 ear Home, Dec. 1871. Garil>a!di'i 
 ving the river, making a new port. 
 .0 Italian parliament, 25 May, 18;;: 
 rch, 1877. 
 a city in Talestine, built by 
 and liamed after the eiiipcrfrr 
 Mir it Guy de Lusignan, king ci 
 the erusiideis, were defeated ly 
 ly, 1 187; and Jerusalem fell into 
 
 Thibet. 
 
 ■ Tivoli), a Latin town more ancur.t 
 frequently at war with it. TIk 
 defeated 335 11. c, and the subjii- 
 LUiii followed ; for which Funiis 
 ,ed a triumph and an cquestiim 
 urn. 
 fE CASE, see Trials. i8:i-4. 
 
 claimant's counsel, elciteo M.l . 
 
 1 for a roval commission to inquire 
 ejected, 43 • to 3 (L)r. Kenealy, Jlr. 
 he O'f. ."-n nil) ; 2O April, iS;;. 
 
 rEssr- 
 rod \ ■ 
 
 .T se' 
 rUilU'rtj. 
 
 visa canton south ot 
 
 b>' /ss early in the lOtli 
 
 1 t' canton in iSly It 
 
 ' es 1839 and 1841. Fopu- 
 
 ;e"i>n!!0iia and Lu^'ano, tiw con- 
 ilOiit:.: Kovernnieiit overtlirowii 
 ,incl ... provisiiinal (.'(jvcrnniPiit 
 H^i. .',u.;-tii, of the interior, louad 
 m of .li' 1: i.,.;itution deiimuileJ, 
 
 T1CINU8. 
 
 lOUo 
 
 TIME. 
 
 ,1 S«'pt. Intervention of federal troops. Tlie 
 iinnrreetloii .suppiessed ; tlie lirovisioiial K"Vera. 
 nii'iit .superseded tiy a fedurul coimiii.s.siuji, 
 
 . ^. T2-14 Seiit. ■ 
 
 CKanxe m the constitution votvd liy tlie peupli' 5 
 Uct. ; the conservative goveninient reiiistati.'d,' 
 
 , „ .. . . '4 Uct. 
 
 .Mig.'lo Castiom, accused of the murder of couiieil. 
 lor Itesi, arrested in London, 3 (let. ; extiadition 
 liHiianded by ,s)wit/,erl«iid, not granted liy the 
 queea's bench division . . . . n x„v. 
 
 RTOiiiciliation of the parties ell'ected . ' 26 Nov.' 
 
 Hcviseil ultraiiiontane constitution iiccepted by 
 iwiiillar vote 8 .March - 
 
 T:ial (if the revoltius of 1890, 30 June 
 
 TICINUS, a river, N. Italy. 
 defeated the Komans, 218 H.f. 
 
 ; acipiitted, 
 
 MJnly, ,, 
 
 Hero Hannibal 
 
 TICKETS OF LEAVE, see Transportation, 
 
 anil Crime. 
 
 TICONDEEOGA (N. America). The French 
 fortress here was uiisuccesstiiUy besieged by Aber- 
 croniby in July, 1758; taken 26 July, 1759, The 
 Americans took it 10 May, 1-75, but retired 
 July, 1777. The British retired from it shortly 
 after. ' 
 
 ■ ^^LBUKY (Jissex). The camp formed here 
 111 1388 to resist tho Spiinish invasion was visited 
 by tiueen Elizabeth. See Docks, 1S80. 
 
 TILES are said to have been first made in 
 bngland about 1246. Thuj were taxed in 1784. 
 1 le number ot tiles taxeil in England i.i 1820 was 
 8l,924,(,2(, ; and m 1830, 97,318,204. The ta.t was 
 repealed m 1833. 
 
 TILSIT (.011 the Niemon), on which river, on n 
 ratt, the emperors of Fr.ince and Itussia met, 25 June, 
 180, . Uy u treaty concluded between France and 
 Kussia, signed 7 July, Napoleon restored to the 
 t^russian nnmareh one-lialf of his territories, and 
 Kussia recognised tlie Confederation of the Kliine, 
 and the elevation of Napoleon's three brotiiers, 
 Josepli, Louis, and Jerome, to the thrones of Naples, 
 Hollainl, and Westphalia. 
 
 TILTS, sec Tournaments. 
 
 The annual demand of timber for 
 
 TIMBER. 
 
 the royal navy, in war, was fx),ooo loads, or 40,000 
 tuU-grown trees, a ton each, of which jj will stand 
 on an aore ; m peace, 32,000 tons, or 48,000 loads. 
 
 ES. Homer is the earliest profane author ttis'lif t^v'^ flZ„™IZ^^^^ '™^'' "\'°°° 
 
 ..aks of the tides. I'osido.Aus of A,,amea -"i/ „,// ' o Ti nn. f" '"T '" !* •'■'"*"'"J'- 
 
 ' „ ■''■""I"'- lion IS now largely used in pre- 
 
 lerenee to timber. In 1843 we imported 1,317,645 
 
 TIDES. 
 
 who spe, 
 
 accounted for the tides 
 
 moon, about 79 B.C. ; and Ciesar speaks of them in 
 
 his fourth book of tho Gallic war. The theory of 
 
 the tides was first satisfactorily explained by iCepIer, 
 
 I398; but the honour of a complete explanation of 
 
 them was reserved for sir Isaac Newton, about 
 
 1683; seaThames. Sir Win. Thomson, at the Uoyal 
 
 Institution, 9 April, 1875, described a valuable 
 
 tide-calculating machine. 
 
 TIEN-TSIN, see China, June, iSsS-Jan. 1861, 
 and 1870. 
 
 TIERRA DEL FUEGO, see under.Vm,o«,. 
 
 TlERRA OKL FlKoo (The Ldnil (if luirj—A gnnip of live 
 large islands, anil many smaller ones, the extreme 
 S.W. Of .Siaith America, misnaiiied by .Magellan from 
 the lires .seen on the coast 1520. UeecMit di.si'overies 
 have .shown that the conntrv is nut so inhospitable and 
 the na'ives nut .so degraded as was foniierlv supposed 
 
 ExHiti III under .M. Otto NordenskjiiM iin'ives in San 
 .Sebastian bay, 5 Dec. 1895. 
 
 TIERS-FTAT, see Stales-Gnieral. 
 
 TIFLIS (Asiatic Russia), built about 460 by 
 Vakhtimg; became tho capital of Georgia. It was 
 taken by Genghis Khan in the 12th century; by 
 Mustaplia I'aiha, 157O; by the Persians, 179O; and 
 by the Kussians, i8(H, who have made it the capital 
 of their Trans-Caucasian possessions. J'opul.ition 
 in 1885,89,551. 
 
 liy the fall of a temporary biiilne over the river 
 Kara, rturiiiK a religions ceremouv, a number of 
 liersoiis were ilrowiied or crushed to death, 
 
 „„..,, , , 18 .ran. 1892 
 
 tolhsion of two petroleum trains on the Trans- 
 cauciisiaii railway ; 6 men burnt to death, i 
 
 21 Jan. „ 
 
 TIGRANO-CERTA, capital of Armenia. 
 built by Tigranes the Great, and taken by LucuUus 
 and the Romans, after a great victory, ii."c. Cg. 
 
 TIGRIS, a river formine: the eastern honndnry i 
 orileviputamia, celebrateirfor the cities founded ' 
 on Its banks : Nineveh, Seleucia, Ctesiphon, and i 
 Bagdad. It was explored by an English steamer 
 in 1838. Colonel Chesnev, in 1850, published nn 
 account of his survey in 1836-7. 
 
 bads ot timber (cut and uncut) ; in 1857, 2,495964 
 
 oads; in 1806,3,638,344 loads; in 187 1 4497,' nO 
 
 bads; in 1875,5,092,394 loads; in 1877, 6,788,789 
 
 oads; 111 1883 6,(xx,,942 loads; in 1887, 5,653 7(,i 
 
 .bads. In 1866, we imported 53,458 tons ' of 
 
 mahogany; m 1871, 29,250 tons; in 1875,80,705 
 
 I tons ; in 1877,53,600 tons; in 1883,50,158 tonsi 
 
 I in I887, 37,050 tons. The duties on "timber were 
 
 modified in 1851. 
 
 TIMBER BENDING. Apparatus was in- 
 vented tor this imrj.ose by Mr. T. Blanchard, of 
 Ijoston, L.S., for which a medal was awarded at 
 the Fans Exhibition of 1855. A company was 
 tornied for its ajiplieationin this country ui 1856. 
 
 TIMBUCTOO (N.W. Africa), S. edge of the 
 bahara, a city built by iMansa Suleiman, a Mano- 
 inetan, about 1214, and frequently subjugated by 
 the sovereigns of Morocco. Since 1727 it has been 
 partially independent; recently it has been 
 governed by a council. 
 Timliueloo visited by iii.i.ior Laiiig, who was 
 
 miirderHil, on ids return juuniey, in . . .1826 
 Ueiie t'aillie wrote uii account of the town, 1828s 
 
 f. "'V'l'",';"'! '^5J ; I'!'oz ' ,880 
 
 tol. Hatters surveyinj; expedition mas.sncreil by 
 the tribes _ jjgj 
 
 A Kreiich Hutilla at Kabara, on the Upper Niger] 
 attacked by Tuaregs ; iiavy-ensiHii Aube and 
 others killed ]„„. ,8q 
 
 tol. Bonnier, commander in the French Soudan, 
 with two gunboats, proceeds to and enters 
 TiJiibuctoo without resistance . . 10 Jan. 
 
 Col. lioiiiiier's tlyiut; column annihilated by the 
 Tuaregs, iiearTiiiilmctoo ; him.self, 10 Europeans, 
 and 70 natives killed, about u Jan.; another 
 column, under commaiidaMt jll're, capture a 
 village, 100 natives killed, 23 .an. ; enters Tim- 
 
 . buetoo ,2 Feb. , 
 
 Several liaiids of Tiiarej;s surprised and defeated by 
 the Krencli between Lake Fati and Goniidani ; 
 about 400 Tuare|,'s surrender ; peace made March, 
 
 Two French otlicers and 29 natives killed in arising 
 of the Hogar Tuaregs near Ua.ho . . July, 1897 
 
 The Tuarejjs routed by the French and 300 prisoners 
 released gept, „ 
 
 TIME. See Hour, Da;/, Month, Year, Geodesy, 
 Dials, Clocks and Watches. 
 
TIMES XEWSPAPEll. 
 
 io;)o 
 
 TIN. 
 
 
 J 
 
 I'^^l 
 
 ^(l 
 
 % 
 
 J^' 
 
 H I 
 
 I. . » 
 
 nU'^^, ,^ = 
 
 TIMES NEWSPAPER. On i J,m. irSj, 
 Mr. .I(jlin Wnllrr luiblialicd tlii' first minilicr cif tlic 
 Diii/i/ i'///(V'/'.s»/ Vi'i (//■«/(/■, prill' 2S1/., jiriiitcd mitlu' 
 losottriijiliic system (iiivi'iititl l>y Henry Johnson, a 
 coni]iositor), "in wliieli types eontiiininfr syllutiles 
 unci wonla were I'lnployed instead of single lettern. 
 
 On I Jan. 1788, tlie iim]iit wa.s nunicil (lie 'I'iiiif, 
 In 1803, wliiii .Mr. ilolni Walter (;ave np tla' paper to Inn 
 son Jolni, the eirculatiou was aliont ukkj : tliat of tlie 
 
 Mr. John Waller (I.), Ijiirn, 1750; died, ,6 \ov. 1812. 
 Dr. Stoddart (satirised as Dr. .Slop hy Moore the [loet) 
 lieeanu' editor in 1812. lait live years alter reln'ecl and 
 set np in opp'isition tlie .Vt'ie Tinus, .-ni nnprolllald<* 
 -siieenlation. Tlionias Harnes lieeanie next editoi-. lie 
 <lied 7 Mav, 1841, and was sneeeed, d liv his assistant 
 John Thaddi'ns Delane (son of W. !•'. .\. liel.ine, 
 (Inaneial nianaj-er) who retired in 1877, "'"' '''"' ^^ 
 Xov. 1879. 
 On 28 Xov. 1814, the Times was first printed liy steam 
 power (the invention of V. l\i'>\\\\i), laoo Jier lionr, 
 nfterwanls inei'eased to jlxw ami 4oi.w. 
 It is asserted that the 7'i/rti.s was termed the "Tliinnlmr" 
 in conseipu'in'e of an artiele by Kilwaril Sterliii); in 
 wdnrli are the wiu'ds, "We thnndered forth articles 
 on reform, k^'.' when liarnes was editttr. 
 
 On 19 Jan. 1829, the first donlile nnndper api"'ared. 
 
 InJnly, 1834. an atlaek of Mr. (I'Coniiell in the lionseol 
 conniions on the eorreefness of the reports of the 
 ilehates in the 'liiiim was si^mdly ilefeated. 1 
 
 Shortly alter bef;an the convenient snnniiary of the de- 
 flates, written in the first instance hy Mr. Horace 
 Twiss. 
 
 In 5841 the 7'™c''wnsinstrnineidal in detecting anil expos- 
 ill!; a scheme organised liy .Mian (ieorge lionle and 
 others, todefrand liy forgery all the iiillneiitial hankers 
 of Knrope. This liroiight on the )iroprietorsan action for 
 liliel(in tfieease Hogle i: l,awson). The jury fonml the 
 charge to he tnie.givinga verdict ofmi.yii, 7/1 iiir,ilamages, 
 Imt the indges refused costs. .Siihscriptions were set on 
 foot at the Mansion-honsu and in allparlsof Kinope to 
 reiiiihiirse the ]iroprietors for the immense outlay in 
 
 defending the action. This tlicy firmly decli 1 ; and 
 
 the laonev wasexpeiidcd in estahlishing 7'i/i/r,s .sv/in/n,-- 
 /■/ii'jM at Oxford and Oamliridgc. and at Christ's Hospital, 
 and otherschools; a marble fiililet also,eoinmeiiioratiiig 
 ffhe event, was set np in the Hoyal Kxehangc and at the 
 J'iniis office. These were the greatest liononrs ever 
 (Cnneeded to a newspaper. 
 
 In Oct. 1845, the Tiiius express was for tlie first time 
 conveyed to India overland, by the agency of lieiit. 
 Waghiini. 
 
 Of the nnmlier of tlio Timm eontaining the life of the 
 rtnke of Wellington for lo Nov. 1852, 70.000 were sold - 
 the ordinary nnmber being then 36,000 ; the ciicnla- 
 tion is stated to vary from 5u,o<:x-i to 60,000(1868). 
 
 Tlie Times (n slip) aiiiionneing pcrn.ission to relax re- 
 striction of issue of bank-notes, pnblished 24 Oct. 
 1847. 
 
 Mr. John Walter (TI.) died 28 July, 1847. 
 
 In 1854, the proprietors sent Mr. W. II. Hnsscll as their 
 special eorresiiondcnt to the seat of war in the Crimea ; 
 in i8i;7 to India 
 
 Timcx Finul.— On the i2tli of Oct. 1854, sir Hobert Peel 
 origiiiatedfiy a letter in the 7'iiiii'.< a siiliseriiition for 
 the sick and Wounded in the Ciiiiiean war, and in less 
 than a fortnight 15,000/. were sent to the Timef olHce 
 to be thus aiiproiiriated. Mr. Macchmald was sent out 
 liv the pmiirietors as special commissionc" to adminis- 
 ter the fund, from wdiieh l:irge ipiantitics o, food and 
 clothing were snpiilied totlie suMercrs, with inestimable 
 advantage ; see .s'.»(.i/i,and Xiiililiiiri"le. 
 
 In Dee. 1858, the r/mif drew attention to the state of the 
 
 houseless | r of l.oiicUm ; and in a few days 8000?. 
 
 were subscribed for their relief. 
 
 In :85t, 13,000,000 co|iics were sold ; in 1B57, 16,100,000: 
 in 1859, i6,ooo,o(xi ; in i860, 16.670,000. 
 
 Tlie V'liiif.'i of 21 .rune, 1S61, eontaiiicd 4076 advertise- 
 ments (about 1810 it contained 150 aclvcrtisemcnts). 
 
 gtereotvpes from papier-niaehe moulds introduced, 
 1856; niucli imiirovcii ibih.. 
 
 The "AValter fircss "iiiventcd by John Cameron Mac- 
 donaldfaft. Maiiagcr)&Josi>pliCalverley, prints about 
 15,000 an hour, nerfceteil, 1862-71. 
 
 A list of the contents, inserted over the first leader, ap- 
 jieared lirst, 3 Feb. 1869. 
 
 3i |iages fiifiles of metropolitan eliaiities a|.|ic;ir.'l 
 
 1 I I''ch. 186, J 
 
 .lohii Walter ( IV. )ilrowiieiI 24 llec. 1870. 
 
 Sjiecial train lor eoiive,\liig the Timen, North .Vc.^ti'in 
 
 Hallway, began to run, 4.55 a.m., 16 Keb. 1875. 
 .\iiiiii;d .Mimniaries, 1S51-75, reprinted, price i>. (ty|.e 
 
 set ii|i hy eoiiiposiiig-maelilues). 
 ij,i»K, perfect sheets per hour printed by " Wali.r 
 
 I'ress," ,laii. 1876. 
 Weekly issue, iirice2d., began, 5 Jan. 1877. 
 The Hii|iiell electric lamp adopted in the niai'liine-rcHiii:, 
 
 Nov. 1?; . 
 SiimiiiKni of the Times published daily, Jd about ;< 
 
 J. liv, i88i ; sfopjied, Oct. 1884. 
 Death of Thomas Chenery, six years editor, Ion;- ,.i,r. 
 
 respondent, 11 Feb.; succeeded by G. K. Uucklc, hi,, 
 
 1884, 
 Death of Chas. Ttfiss, aged 84, 63 years ft parliaiaiatan- 
 
 reporter and 30 years a chief, 6 Dec. 1884. 
 Edwin .Mnrrayfwii'fidi dealer) r. 7'iwf,s-, libel case, fartliiii.- 
 
 dmiiages, 26-27 Oct. 1886. 
 Artiilcs " I'arnellisin and Criiiie," published •/. 10, 14 
 
 .March; article on Mr. IJilloii, 2 May, decdared hyilj... 
 
 coiMiiionsnot to pea breach of privilege, 4-6 May, iSEj. 
 Cciiteiiarv of the publication of the Times; s^iecial 
 
 leader L> Jan. i388. 
 O'Doiinell 1: Walter and another (see niiiler J'lirnellitu-); 
 
 verdict for the ilefeiidant 2-5 July, 1888. 
 No. 31.725 (5 Ajail, 1886) published as a book at Leijisic 
 
 with (iernian notes hy Dr. F. l-andmaun, Oct. iS8?; 
 
 the number for 14 Nov. 1888, published as a book ,it 
 
 Paris, with French notes by M. M. A, &, G. Elwall. 
 
 Dec. 18E9. 
 For the trial by the special coniinission see iiirli-r 
 
 funiellitrs. 
 
 Rev. loiil Sidney O. Osborne (H.G.O.), Iniig a pliilaii. 
 
 fhropic writer to the 7'iiiif.s dies 9 May, 1889. 
 Death of .Mr. .1. C. .Maedonald, aged 67, sucees.shviv 
 
 lep.irfcr. writer, and manager (see above, 1854 i( ,^o;,i, 
 
 10 Dec. iS8q. 
 Walter e. Steiiikoii]if, see Trials, 2 June, 1892. 
 Hev. T. MoEh'y, writer and correspondent, died, agi-d ■;, 
 
 17 June, iSo). 
 Death of .Mr. .). H. Oswnhl from cliolern while nssiitii:; 
 
 patients at Jed.lah (formerly correspondent a: 
 
 8iiakiii). 4 .Inly, 1893. 
 Death of .Mr. William Leycester, reporter, tie., ;,;c>il (•, 
 
 22 ilec. 1891. 
 Capt. II. J." Borrow, war eorrespondeut. kilh-.l (.... 
 
 .l/«.,/,.,/ei/,.„./). aliout =; Dee. 1S93. 
 .Mr. .lohii Walter (III.) liorii 1818, .able and siicoi'««|ii| 
 
 during 5.1 years; died (siieccedecl by his soa aid 
 
 associate Arthur) 3 Nov. 1894. 
 Sir Ch'orge Daseiit, sub-editor i8|j-''Oi died 11 Jim.'. 
 
 1S06, 
 The " 7'i 110. «. K'li.i " (formerly " f,'iiirtcs«; Atlns"), \i\\\- 
 
 lisheil Ajiril rt sei/. 1895. 
 The 7'im(« consisted of 24 pages 21, 26 June, i86i;u 
 
 .luiie, 1884 ; 5 times in 1S86 ; 3 times in 18E7 ; 6tiijii. 
 
 in 1888; II, 18, 25 May, i, 22, 29Jniie, 1889; 3, 10, :; 
 
 May, 7, 14 June, ifgo; 30 May, 6, 13, 20. 27 .liiiir. 
 
 iSg'i ; 7, 14. 21, 28 May, 4, 11, i3, 25 June, 2 July, i.-(,:; 
 
 5. 19, 26 >lay, 29. 16, 23, 30 .Tune, 1894; "• i8,25.\lay. 
 
 15, 22 June. 6, 13. Inly, 1895 ; 2, 9, 16, 23 May, 6, 1:, 
 
 20 June, iSgl : 10 .\pril, 22, 29 .May, 12, 21, 23'lii«''; 
 
 10, 17 , Inly, i->97; 25 June, 1898. 
 Mr. Palmer's " Index to tfie Ti}iies" wastiegiiii 1867,811'! 
 
 has iieeii continued backward to 1825, and fonvi,nl;.j 
 
 1 8,8. 
 Walter v. Ceutriil Sevs, for supplying telegrams, fab- 
 
 ricated, altered, or expanded, 1894-5, ^ lireaiti "f 
 
 contract: verdict for plaiiitilf; ehargi' of friunl \vit!i> 
 
 drav, 11, uomiiial damages with costs, 14 A|i?'il, ito6. 
 Facsimile of the Times, 9 Nov. 1796, produced by ita,- 
 
 /incograph, issued, g Nov. i8q6. 
 
 TIN. Tlic riioDiiicians tnulcd with Englaml ('• 
 more tlnin I K» ycnrs before the Christian cm, 
 Under the Saxons,' our tin mines appear to have 
 been negleefeil ; but ntnler the Norpians, theypr" 
 ilucecl eoiisiderabk' revenues to t' >arls of Cora- 
 wall, ])iirtienhirly to Hiclnmi, brotfier of Hcnrylli. 
 A eluirfer iind 'various iniinnnitics were gninlol 
 by Kiliiuind, earl Hicliurd's lirotlicr, who frmiieclthe 
 .Stanimrv Laws (w/iirh .see), hiving 11 duty on tlio 
 tin. Kdward III. confirnied the tinners in their 
 
TIN. 
 
 (if iiii'ti'ii|Hilitan cliiiiitica n|i|i('iir I 
 
 I ilrnwticd 24 !><'('. 1870. 
 ciiMvi'vinn till' Tl inin, Niirth Visifin 
 t" iiMi,' 4.35 a.m., 16 Ki'li. 1875. 
 
 (■«, 1851-7.=;, ii'iniiiti'il, in'ico i.<, (ty|.e 
 
 'cisiM;;-inii('liiii('s). 
 
 lii'ft.H pi'i' hour iirinti'd liy " Waliir 
 
 76. 
 
 fc 21/., lM';;ai), 5 ,Tall. 1877. 
 
 rif luiiip aili'iiti'il ill tlii' iiiai'liiiic-rnoii;. 
 
 Tliiifs |inlili«liocl (Inily, J'/ almiit li 
 \>]wd. Oct. 1884. 
 
 I L'lu'iiery, six yenrH cilitm', Imij^ ™r. 
 Fell.; 8Hciei!iltMl liy G. K. Uiu'klc, Fili. 
 
 .fiss, npul 84, 63 yi'nrs 11 imiiiaiiii'iitim- 
 years a cliicC, 6 I)i'C. 1884. 
 iiti'li ili'aliT) 1: Timex, libel case, laiDiin.- 
 Oct. 1886. 
 
 Usui anil ('rinie," imlilislii'il ■/, 10, ij 
 iMi Mr. Dilldii, 2 >1ay, ileclareil l.ytli., 
 
 I Ilea lireacli (if iiriviliw, 4-6 .May lE;;. 
 e imliiieatidii uf tlie Tiiitt's; .Sjieclal 
 88. 
 
 (■rami aiidtlier (Hee iiiider J'iinirllili>); 
 ilcfemlaiit 2-5 .Inly, 1888. 
 il, i88fi) imlilfxlied asa lidnk at l.eii.-ic 
 lutes tiy Dr. K. Landinann, (let. i=:?; 
 
 • 14 Niiv. 1888, iiiililislied as a 1 1; .it 
 
 ncli notes by M. M. A. it G. Khval]. 
 
 r' tlie special conimissioii see ua'l>T 
 
 a. Osbiirne (.S.G.O.), li)ii« a iiliil.m. 
 
 II tlie V'lHip.i, dies 9 May, 1889. 
 
 C. Maediiliald. a^'ed 67, suecessivtlv 
 ', and manager (see above, 1854 ft ,-<.;. 1, 
 
 lijif, see Trials, 2 .Tune, 18152. 
 
 riter and correspondent, die(>, !\'^n\ :;. 
 
 i. Oswald from eliolern while nssistir.' 
 eddali (formerly C(irres|»iMleiit :■:. 
 . 189.1- 
 iam Leyeester, reporter, &e., .'iwU'. 
 
 ■row, war correspondent, killed (-'■' 
 ilidiit 5 Dec. 1893. 
 
 (III.) born 1818, able and su(tin4;1 
 > : died (siteeeedeil by Ills <dn :ii;l 
 ir) 3 Xiiv. 1894. 
 it, sub-editor i84j-''o. ''"''I " •bii". 
 
 "(fcirinerly " Uiiiversnl Athts"), pii'- 
 r</. 1805. 
 
 ted df 24 p,ages 21, 26 .lune, 1861 ; u 
 lines in 1886 ; 3 times in 18E7 ; 6tiiii(> 
 
 25 May, I, 22, 29 June, 18S9 ; 3, 10. :■ 
 lie, 1890; 30 May, 6, 13, 20. 27 .litii-'. 
 28 May, 4, II. 18, 25.liiiie, 2 .July, 1=^:; 
 9, 16, 23, 30 JniK*, 1894; II, 18, 25 .May. 
 , 13 .Iiily, 1895 ; 2, 9, 16, 23 May, 6, 1:. 
 
 10 April, 22, 29 May, 12, 21, 21 Jiiw: 
 7 ; 25 .Iniie, 1898. 
 
 (lex to tbe Tiiiii'.i" wastie^'nn 1867. a) ! 
 ueil backward to 1825, and furwi.pl:' 
 
 / .Vdc*. for snpplyiii}; tele^'raiiis, fa'- 
 
 I, or expanded, 1894-5, <* brfticli 1 
 ict for )ilaintilf', eliarj;e of friiml \vi!!i. 
 
 daniai^es with costs, 14 April. 1:06. 
 rimes, 9 Nov. 1796, prudneed liy pliu!.- 
 led, 9 Nov. i8q6. 
 
 hociiioiniiR traded with Enfjland !"• 
 
 yciir.s before tlic Cliristian cni. 
 ins,' our till iniiics appear to hai^f 
 
 but utulcr the Norpiaii-s, tliev pn- 
 lilo revenues to t' >arls of Corn- 
 v to Hichard, hrotlier of HenrvIII. 
 various iininunitics were grantei 
 
 1 Kicliard's bi-dther, wlio framed tlie 
 (which nee), hiyins a duty on tlif 
 
 II. confiruied the tinners in their 
 
 TlxVCJlElJUAY. 10.7 
 
 privilefres, and erected Cornwall into 11 dukcdoin, 
 ivilli wlii.di lie invested his son, Kdwiinl llie HlaiU 
 rriiice, 13.57. Since that tiiiK! tlie hcirs-appareut 
 to tlie iTdwn of iMi^iiaiid, if eldest sons, have en- 
 j'lyed it successively. Tin mines were discdvercd 
 iii'Ocrniaiiy, whicli icsseued tlie value uf lliose in 
 
 Kiiitlaiid. till tlicii tl Illy tin iiiincs in Kuropc, 
 
 ]240.—Aiiikr.t(iii. lliscdvered in Harbary. Ki.ji); 
 ill India, 1740; ill New Spain, 17H2. 'in i.S:;-' 
 ();8.? tans; in l.S(i(>, 10,4(12 Kins; in 1X1,4, io,i(')X 
 imis; ill 18(15, lu,(M9 tons; in 1X70, 10,2(10 tons ■ 
 ill i**;4' 9942 t""!'*; in 1H7''. f^iw tons: in iS-(, 
 <iii2 lon-s; 1882, ()15« tdus; in |8,S4, (,,574 tdil., ; 
 in 1.SH7, 0,282 tdUs; in i,S,S8, (),24i, in i.S.Si), K,,„-> 
 in iSijo, '),'i02 tons, i8()3, f^.H^- tons; iSiy,, ^,Hx)<, 
 tons of metallic tin were procured fnini llritish 
 mines. Of tin pi ites we ex|)orte(l in vahie, in 
 1847, 48^,184/.; ill 1854, i,07S,S3i/. ; in iW,o, 
 1,500,812/.; in 18(14, 1,2(15,24(1/.; in i8(,(, 
 l,8()(i,K)2/. ; in 1871, 2,'K»,()2S/. ; in 18-j 
 •i.95,i,042/.; in 1877,3,0,55,12(1/.; iu i87(,.3,5o7.(r7/,| 
 ill 188,5. 4,705,405/.; in 1887, 4,7(j2,8:;4/.;' in 1888, 
 5,54(1,228/.; in i88(,, 6,030,005/.; in i8(jo, 6,361,477/,; 
 m l«93, 4,')9i,300/. 
 
 Till' ^Tcat tin-iilate niannfaetnre in .S. Wales sntfered 
 -milly by the operatidii of the .McKinley tariir, i Jnlv 
 dsr'l. 1 89 1. 
 
 TINCHEBRAY (N. W. France), where a 
 liattle was fouftlit between Henry I. of iMiirl,,,!,! 
 and liis bnither Robert duke of Xdriiiandv. Icii"- 
 land and Noniiandy were reunited under Ileiirv, 
 at tlie decease of ^\ iliiani Uufus, who liml already 
 iKissesscd himself of Xorniaudy by a morti^age from 
 ins bi-otlier Kobert, at his settuis "ut for I'ajes- 
 tine. Uobert, on his return, recovered Norniandv 
 liy an accomniddatiini with Ilenrv; but liavin'j; 
 afterwards quarnHed, Uobert was defeated in the 
 luttleof Tiiichebray, 28 Sejit. iio(), and .N'drniiindv 
 was annexed td tlie crdwn of Enghiiid.— i/t';;«((//." 
 
 TINTOMETER, an apimratus invented by 
 Jlr. J AV. Loviboiid, to delerinine the purity, kv. 
 of a given substance liy nieims of tinted gja's.ses,' 
 reported, Xov. 181)5. 
 
 TITLES ROYAL. 
 
 TIPPERARY, 
 
 kiiiu' John, 1210. 
 
 iS. Ireland, made a eountv bv 
 
 The sliopkrepeiN of tbe town of Tipperarv, tenants 
 iif.Mr. .Siiiitli li.iny. acceiiled tbe jilan of eain- 
 liai^ii, jiaid no reiit.an.l were evicted. Xar fiii- 
 ytmrii, liiiilt to receive tlieiii, was inaicuratcd 
 by Jlr. W. O liiicn, M.l'., and dtbers ,2 April, iSoo 
 Seine of the tenants make leriiis and return td 
 
 their liiaiies . . |,,,,.., ,850, .Ian. i8yi 
 
 lailureol .N,w lipperary, tbe pr.ipertv jiiit up f.ir 
 
 sale, .lime; laiildin^s jinlled ddwn .' . Aic 1892 
 .Mr. .Smith Harry warmly n ceivcd by liis tenants," 
 
 1 6. Sept. „ 
 TIPPERMUIR (near IVrtli). Here the mar- 
 tinis of .Montrose defeated the covenanters under 
 iiird Klflio, I Sejit. 1(44. 
 
 TIRXOVA on the Jnntra, a tribiitarv of the 
 Danube, eapital of the ancient kinjrdoni of liuhMria 
 .and the scat of a iiutriaridi. It was oecupieii 
 witliuut resistance by ffeiieral Gourko, 6, 7 July 
 IS;;, and ni.ide the Russian head-quarters. " ' 
 
 TIRYNS, an ancient eiiv .■. Greece, S.E. of 
 .lifios, witli massive cy(lopd'i)': . iiiains. Kxcava- 
 tion.^of l)r. Schlieinaiin in |(V4 led to tlie discdverv 
 .■:»liatlic Icrincd "the rrehi.storic I'alact of the 
 kiiii:- ol Tn-yns." His book on Tiryns was,' 
 pulilislicd in 1886 .U liy/aiitilie remains are also 
 tmmd some of his conclusions are disputed by 
 oiiiinent antiquaries. ' 
 
 . 'i'lTAXIUM, arareiiictaI,di.s(..dveredbyGrei'or 
 
 II nieiiaecanite a Cdriii.sh mineral, in I7(,i, and in 
 ','H by Klapriith. 
 
 .TITHES or Tenths, were conimandcd to be 
 tfivell Id tlie tribe df Levi, ,4,^ „.(■. (/,,,•. .xxvii. 
 50;. .Aiiriib;,,,, !■( turiiin- from his vict iry ever thu 
 klilV's {(,,,1. .„v.), j;ave tithes df th,."' .spuH to 
 Me (■li,sed(.k, km.' df Salem, priest of the most 
 ■-'',, '".'1 ('913 ».i;.) l.„r tlie first 800 years of 
 ■<■ Clins lan .diiirch they were ;;iven pur,.ly as 
 ■iliMs, am were v.duntary.- HVcW///*. " I will 
 '|!'M"it Ihetit Cdf tbe cler;:v to titln'S upeii any 
 ; vMie n.,l,t, ,l,du,.h such a rijfht certainly com- 
 I "•".'•'■(I, and 1 believe as certainly ceased, vvith the 
 .lev.sb theocracy." ItU.vkslom: They wereestah- 
 'shi'din Iraiice by Cliarlemaniie, about 800, and 
 • '"dialled 178(1. Tenths were conlirmed in the 
 l.ateran councils, 1215. ~]t„;,„iil,la. The payment 
 
 tl ,.H, r "'I'l'-";' •" '':?:'" '"■'•" '■li''"'"''l hv Augnstin, 
 t lie his arch iishdp dt Cuiiterhury, and to have been 
 . 1 (iw(;d by .thelbcrt. kin;; of Kent, under the term 
 God ska'," about 600. 
 
 '''is ■',"'e* ,'w'.''l";'" "\ "1"'"' '" "">■ f-»*-''i«'' "-"tteii law 
 
 ■a.idiiiiilL'ti,ii!.s','78r;'''''''''-" ■"'"'^' '" " "■"'"'' ""•"''«'y 
 
 ""di hk\';'' ■^''■'■''i".«'"'e.ii.tdtlieelinreb the tithes of 
 k ie f H *"i ";• " 7l""r ""■ '''■■■'"' "f H:'l»^lliurt. 
 b I el ,, , -Viinles, whdii, he bad caii.sed to ho 
 
 Tithes were lirst Kianled td the Kn.ulish clerjiy in a L-ene- 
 
 ral a.sseinlilv held by Klln.lw , 844. //cm,. ^ 
 
 ! fli • '" i'5^5. tithes were llxed at tbe rateof 2.,. 9,/. 
 '• l'"»'M on rent; since then, many acts have 
 
 III (II pished respeetlllfrtheln. 
 
 llie lithe tdniinutatidii act, passed 13 AiiL'. 1836 It 
 was aiiieiiiled iu ,8,7. .84,,, ,84^, ,86o,^(nd ,878.^ 
 
 i'',',."',„'iK. ",'"';;' 'V" ""■ tithes; a vimr to a siimll 
 p. Ill iiiil.\ , treijuentlv to iidiii. 
 
 Sever.d ;iets relatin-td tithes inlrehuid liave been passed 
 
 11 1.S32-47. a term- a.el iiiipniviiiK the titbc .system. 
 
 lithe redeniptiiin trust appninteil, ,846 
 
 TsSi""" "°"'"'^ "t-'itradrdinary Utiles," „ An-, a mi 
 
 Kvt;V,'!.'r''''"'"'','.''Ii""'.7 ^''^""■"'tidii exi.sted in ,882. 
 hxtiadrdinary /hthe Hedeniptidn Act |,assed ,386. 
 liidtdns ..ppiisitidii to tithes in Wales, Aiw. ; anti-titlie 
 (•af.'ne nniie,! .Sept. ,886; riots (.see ir„te), 387. 
 
 the Mill Imiu-ht in ; dn.pped An- ,887. 
 ■iliich a,:;itatidii a-aiiist tithes in Wales, ,3So. A tithes 
 
 ivedvery hill withdrawn, ,6 An- ,889. ^^ ""«'» 
 
 lid.\a e(iniiMi.s.sidi, („, Tithe liedeniptidi, nominated: 
 
 liiid liasnii; ""d others, 30 ,laii ; met 6 March H mi. 
 
 An act for the recdvery of tithe rent cliaiW! in Eiijiland 
 .11(1 Wales pa.s.sed, 26 March, ,89,. Tbe liability for 
 111' liaynient ot tithes is transferred from the tenant 
 to the lanibiwiier. 
 
 TITHING. The number or company of ten 
 iiien with their families knit tiv'cther in a society 
 a 1 of them beins; bound to the king for the peace- 
 able and Kood ludiaviour of each of their society; 
 dt these companies there was one chief person, who, 
 from his office, was called (tonthingnian) tithin"- 
 inan ; but now he is nothing but a constable, 
 tormerly called the headl)ia(ui!;li. Cowel. 
 
 TITLES ROYAL. Henry IV. had the title 
 ol 'Grace and "My lie-e," 1 5(/). Henrv VI., 
 ♦Excellent Grace," 1422. Kdward IV., "Most 
 lliljh and Mi-hty Prince," 1461. Ilenrv VIl., 
 " HiSliness," 1485; Henry VIII. tlie same title, 
 and sometimes " Grace," 150c) «/ sm. Francis I. of 
 France addressed Henry as" Your Jlajestv" at their 
 iiit(_'rview in 1520; see Fir.',.' nf the (:■'■■}!, of Gvlcl. 
 Henry VIII. "and ,Iaines I. were stvled ''Dread 
 Sovereisn" (" liible " dedication, i6h). James I. 
 coupled to " .M.ijestv " the present •' Sacred," or 
 " Most K.xcellent Ma.jesty." "Majesty" was tlie 
 style of the emperors of Germany ; the first king 
 
 
 A 
 
 '•'^ 
 
 
 II. 
 
 /^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 * t.- •■ 
 
 '',.fcjiiiiji«»«j»- 
 

 ,Wi' 
 
 IvliW--- 
 
 yd 
 
 
 ,'?.,, 
 
 %Mm-- 
 
 
 &I 
 
 m 
 
 11 
 
 llj 
 
 TITLKH TO LANI> CONH. ACT. 10U» 
 
 TOLEKATlUiN ACT. 
 
 to whom it W118 jjiveu wii • ' ' ' Hnmce, 
 
 ubout 1463. 
 TITLES TO LA:.i> uONS'-M.il^ \TION 
 
 ACT (Scotliiud), i)u»«(hI jl Jul) , l*)a,uuJ aiufiKka 
 ill l8(xj. , j 
 
 TIVOLI, see 7'/A»^ ] 
 
 TOBACCO,* Sieutiuna lubiuum, rwcivod its 
 name from luli,.. ■. n proviiue of ,Vucatuii, iNew , 
 bpaiii; wrnii' *')■ lioiii tlio iKlaml ol lobago, oiiu o , 
 the Curibhri'a i otlu-is from Tobaaco, m tliu Unit ot 
 Florida H i« w"'! '" •"'^'« *"■'''" ""'' "'>'*'-'''*'^''' "' ' 
 DomiiiKO, in Cuba, 1492; a"'' t» '"'^e been , , 
 freolv ly tbe SpmiiiinU in Yucatan lu i52o. 
 Toban.) wa^ c'itlici- tirst brouglit to Kuf;laiia 111 
 11:61;, by sir John llawlcins; a- by sir Walter. 
 lUileiifb and sir Fn.uciH Drake, 111 158O. It was 
 mouulttelurid only for exportation for some j ears. 
 Slou'" C/ii-un. Till' I'ied Dull inn, at Irtlmnton, is I 
 said in have been the tirst house in Knghii.a where 
 tobacio was smoked. In 15H4 a iiroeUniaUou was , 
 issued auainst il. Jiinies 1. publislied " A ( ounter- 
 b'lLC against Tobaceo," and the stir-ehaniber 
 ordered the duties to be 6.«, Mil. Jier iiuund, 1(114. 
 Its I'ultivation was loohibiled in i-nglana liy 
 Cbar.es II., I()«4. Aet laying " d""); ,-"' W """ 
 porUtion was passed 1O84. Uw eultivation was 
 Jaiowed in Ireland, l"<). The tax was mereased 
 and put under the excise, l/Sy. AnUinun ; Ai/ie. 
 Various statutes have passeil relative to tobacco. 
 Act to revive I he act proliibiting the culture . - 
 tobacco in Ireland pa-ss.d 2 Will. IV., Au?. 1831. 
 Act directing that tobacco grown m Irelaiul be pui- 
 chasu'd in order to its bring destix)yed, 24 .Marcli, 
 l8»2 The (|uantitv consumed in i,nglaiul in 1791 
 was nine millio - aiid a half of pounds, and in 1S29 
 ulKiut tiftcen millions of pounds. Wo imported in 
 
 tuFedfcigarsand snuil); in i«55. 36,820,84(1 lbs 
 and2,6i;i,S44 II)'*. manufactured; in 1860,48,936, 
 471 lbs., and 2,110,430 ll)s. manufaclured ; in 1804, 
 6l,042,(j67 lbs., and (-,;78,7o7 lbs., manulactured; 
 in' iS66, 54-374.8^ lbs., an,l 3.I7<,'J06 lb. manu- 
 factured; in 1871, 73.04-.,505 "'s- .'"J 3.'ri2,23t> 
 manufactured; in 1870, .7«).«'4.974 1 «•; '""1 
 ^ 818,682 lbs. TnaiiutactMred;in 187'), 3«,8bl,22oa> , 
 
 aiid ?,S91,5581bs.man. lured; in 1X3, 56,475,' 19 
 lbs.," and 3,121,174 lb m inuhu ml; ml, ,, 
 72 178.994 lbs. and 3,S';i,o7l niaiiutaetured ; m 
 iSoo. 65^720,970 lbs. r ami 3.('7^«46 lbs. manu- 
 factured; 1893, 8 1, ()53, 749 1'"- and 3,895.104 "'''■'"• 
 facturcd; iHip, 83.558,757 ' - ■•"" 5^oi:,Ujh\\,^. 
 manufactured. The toba. ..u, ■• s were iiiodilied m 
 1803 ; raised April, 1878. 2 /. a lb. extra duty .... 
 cigars added, April, 1879. ^et customs duties paid 
 for tobacco and snuH in (lie year 1875-6, 7,744,977'-> 
 1877-8, 8,c»6,83(.^. ; •««3-4- «.99>,205'. , 18«6--: 
 9,3(,7,i8W-; 1887-8, 8,7i3,944'!.; •»'^«-9.«>«5«./«'f-. 
 1IS9-90, 9,o6i,->84/. ; 1890-91, 9,533,8««'' 8<j5-6, 
 7,350,000^. 
 Penuission to KTow tolaeco in England witi .lio' 
 
 grautcl by tbe, liourd ol Tnuli', Aprd, 18B1 
 ■fobacc siicccssfully eullivat,-.! by Mc^ 
 
 Carter and Co., near Uronib'y, Essex, Sept 
 
 by others in 1887. , , ^ 
 
 Duty per tt. on unnianul'uetiired tobacco reduced from 
 
 •1,/ 6i(. to 3.<. 2(/. ; cigars 5s. ; snulf 3^. gil. or 4s. 6i(. 
 
 1887; 1898-0 tobacco rcdneed 6((. per pounil. 
 
 declared a neutral island ; but in 1763 itwajcedc,! 
 to the Knalish. Tobaifo was taken by the trend, 
 under beUrasse in 178., and conbrmed to tb, i„ 
 in 178;. Again taken by the English, 14 A|.iii, 
 I79J liut restored at the peace .d Amiens, 6 U.t. 
 1802. The island was ome more taken by II.. 
 Hritish under general Unnliebl, I July, 1803, uii I 
 wa- conHrmed to them by tbe peace ol laris , 
 1814. I'opulation 111 1887, 19,937- i".",''" " ""'' 
 of the Windward isles, ii>ncu mv. lobago «,,, 
 united with Trinidad 'y parliament m 
 
 i.s^- 
 
 Jani. 
 iS8b ; and 
 
 TOBAGO (West Indies), di-.-cvered by Colum- 
 bus in 1498; settled by the Uutdi 1(42. Taken by 
 the English, 1672 , retaken, 16-}. In 1748, it was 
 
 m 
 
 « /}ri(i,<h^iiri-7V.(«(iro tVa.sic/e, originated by tbe late 
 Thos Reynolds in 1853. 60,000 of its publications had 
 been circulated gratuitously in 1876. 
 
 I'<.oi,l ■•'mi of Tobago, 1891, 18,353 
 
 TOlil'lrfCH^W^ (Me 'via). Inasbarpii.tii.il 
 here, on 15 ,liily,'l8(j6, the Austriaiis were tlclcat..! 
 by the ariiiv of the crown prime of I'russia will. 
 the loss of 5'(io killed and wounded and 500 prisoner^, 
 and seventeen guns. 
 
 TOISON D'OR or GOLUKN FLEECE («/n , 
 
 see). 
 
 TOKAK, in the S mdan. Here Oaman Digna ~ 
 forces were defeated by 30I. ilolled Smith, U) t\h. 
 l8i)l ; see under ISoxiliiii. 
 
 TOKAY, a town in L'ppct Iluugary, .■"lebiiitul 
 for its wines, made hcu by divssers, brought l-uiu 
 Italy by Uela IV., king, 1235-70. Ihe wine i- 
 principally used by sovereigns, and S<' ''"i";;;' «>' ' 
 presented to queen Victoria at her lubilee, I»»7. 
 The town, witli its six clnirclics and public buiMiii.. 
 
 was ilestroycil Ijy lire, 26 Aug. 1890. Aljoiit 4,.., 
 
 persons remleriMl homeless. 
 
 TOKENS, BANK, silver i.. ,jb issued by tl;, 
 Bank of England, of the value ot S»., 1 Jan. i>.V 
 The Spanish dollar had a small pronle olUeorg,ail. 
 stamped on the neck ot tbe Siiauish king, llu) 
 were raised to the value of S.v. 6rf. 14 ^7■ '«ll 
 Bank tokens were also current in Inland, w:..ri' 
 those issued bv the bank passed for 0». and losser 
 sums until 1817. They were called in 01. the revi- 
 sion of the eoinatfc. Tradesmen were perini ted I: 
 issue tokens as ..ma 11 coins from 104.. till lb Au«, 
 1672, when their circulation was prohibited byrin..! 
 proclanmuon. These tokens are figures aiij di- 
 scribed in a work by Wni. Uoyne, 1858. 
 
 TOKIO, the name given to Jcdo, the capital 0: 
 Japan, al-ut i8(kj. Ureat tire. 5, ouo houses d ■ 
 stroyed, and 45 persons perish, 10 Apr.l, i!»,.. 
 Aiii,tlier great tire, 600 houses destroyed, icporW 
 14 Nov. 1892. See Jido. Population, lb!),, 
 
 i,S52.4.S7- 
 
 TOLBIAO (now Zit.vich), near the Rhine. 
 where Clovis totally defeated the AUeniaum, 41^0, 
 
 ""' )LEDO, tlie ancii at l'oletuiii(Ceii!ralSi)ai!i:. 
 ; ,aae capital of the Visigolluc Idngdom l.v Atiiai..- 
 gild, 5S4; t.ikeii by the Saraoens, 712. y^o*^] 
 taken after the war begun lo«i, by Al..i.s«l.« 
 Castile, 25 Mav, Io8s. In 108H the arclibi-hoi, «^ 
 made primate of Sp;. ... Tin- university svastouua.. 
 m I4CW. Toledo' sword-blades have .x'en laiiiK 
 -iiice the ISth century. Population, i^^-. lOfi], 
 1 The alcazar, ancienl MMorisb iialace, »■■"■"' ''J' :^- 
 
 emperor ciiarlesV.,.s .,ye,l by Inc, 9-10 Jan. n... 
 
 TOLENTINO (Italy, f-rmcrly in the I'api. 
 staicV), where a treaty was lua.lo between te^^ 
 andtbeVrench. l9Feb. 1797- Herejoachiiuilun, 
 having resumed arins against •;»'>-■ ^'f^'^l;; ;, 
 fea.ed by the Austrians, 3 May, 1815, taken pn 
 I go.ier, and shot. 
 
 ; j?K,S'SiS^irsJ si« 
 
 ?"!') 
 
LKKATlUiN A(JT. 
 
 iliHlttiul ; l"it ill I7()i itwuBcnliii 
 'I'obinrci sv;iH takuii by tUi' Vnm I. 
 
 ill 1781, uihI coiitirmi'd to tli'n. 
 
 tiikcii by thf KiiKliali, 14 Aj lu, 
 il 111 the l»Mice of AiiiienB, b U. i 
 11(1 wiiH ouii' iiiorc tiikeii by II,. 
 ;iiiial UniiliiUl, I July, 180.5, ui]4 
 I) thi'iii by tlie iinici; of l*ui-i>-. f 
 111 111 1887, l'h>)i7- TobHKo i^ (>uv 
 rd islim, irfiicti iff. lobagu Wil^ 
 •iniiliiil 'y iMirliiuiieiit in !><»:. 
 ibiigu, l8i)l, l8,3S3- 
 
 J^V (M(i: 'via). In u Hlmrp 111 tii'ii 
 ,*l80(), tin- AUHli-iuiis wiTe lU'lciitoi 
 till' I'l-uwu i>riiii'i' of I'ruasia will. 
 Ueiliiiul wouiiilftlunil 500 prisoners, 
 
 UU!i. 
 
 'OR or QOLUEN FlKECE («/hW, 
 
 tho S lUilaii. Hero Oauiiin Digiui - 
 atoil by sol. lloUed Sluitli, U) t'tb. 
 
 town in L'ppet Iluugiiry, ""U linitul 
 adi' 111 . a by drLSSi'i-B, brought l-um 
 IV., king, 1235-70. Till' Hiiic I- 
 I by sovereigns, and 50 boitle< wdv 
 .■en Victoria at her jubilee, iN.S;. 
 t.s nix cliurebi's uinl public liiiililiu.-, 
 by lire, 26 Auj;. 1890. Atjoiil 4,^^. 
 
 HI I llOllll'll'S8. 
 
 BANK, silvt-T 1" ' -8 i*'-'"'''^ ''>■ *'"■ 
 Id, of the value of 5s., 1 Jan. i:ii!> 
 liar had a amallprohle of UeurgiiU, 
 . neck of the Spanish king. Thvy 
 
 the value of 5.5. Orf. 14 N'"', i.Mi;. 
 [■re also current in In laiul, v. .at 
 the bank passed for Os. and lesxr 
 r. They were called in on the ri'vi- 
 lage. Iradesiiien were permitteil Iv 
 
 oiuuU coins from 10.)^. till IbAuj. 
 ir ciri'iilatiou wan proliiuited by rojai 
 
 'I'heae tokens are tigurev; and di- 
 nk by Win. Uoyne, 1858. 
 e name given to Jedo, the capitiil 0; 
 ;8(»J. (ireat tire , .S,ujO houses ■ 
 15 persons perish, 10 Apnl, isy:. 
 
 tire, (XX) houses destroyed , 1 1 porte J 
 >. .See Jiilu. i'opulalwu, iSt;, 
 
 ; (now Zui.vich), near the Eliicf. 
 jtally defeated the AUenianui, 4ij(j. 
 
 theancii nt ToletunifCentialSiiaiii;, 
 f the Visigolliii- 1 i.igdom iv Atiiaiu- 
 L^n by the Suraociis, -[2. i.ileaona. 
 e war begun 108 1, by Altniiso l.ol 
 V loMv In I088thearehlnsliopwai 
 ofSp^ . . The univeraitv ^vusiuuudrt 
 dedo sword-blades have l.cen I'aiiiw 
 
 ceiituri. Population, !-'>;. 20,Sj:. 
 meieiit I'.nrlsb i>alacc, u.sed by Ji.- 
 -It^s v., ■; 'ycd by lire, 9-ioJaii. is:;. 
 
 INO (Italy, f-rraerly in the I'apii 
 a treaty was in.i.!e between the p-f 
 h. 1<) Feb. 1 7'): . Here Joaduni ilurir, 
 leil arms agamsl the allies, w::= ■•■• 
 Austrians, 3 May, 1815, taken pr. 
 )t. 
 
 TION ACT, passed in lO»y, toi>- 
 iit dissenters from the church ol taf 
 
 TOLLS. 
 
 lOO!) 
 
 Iiiuil, Tlieir libertU'H were, however, Rieatlv en- 
 
 .liiiK.Ted 111 the liitfer dnvs of (lueen A ," wlio 
 
 ihfil i.n the day tluil IheSehism hill was to beiunic 
 H law, I Aug. 1714. 
 
 Ilii^ tolcriitiiMi (jniiilcil wiiH Rimiewhat llniiti'il 11 
 rxniipteil i.cisMlis will. t..i,k till' new until of iillruhih,,. 
 
 uMilsiiprwnac.v, ami nmile „Ihi, „ |,,nitli.ii i^iinst 
 
 l«|«.ry, from tl,,. i.eruiltiis i,i,iin-cil l,v absHitint! 
 
 tlii'iiisclv..H fr„m cliiuvh uMil IimIiIIi.k uiiliiwf'iil vi.n- 
 
 tiii.'.H; Hii.l It 11II1.W1..I Il„. ,|n„ki'i, to siiLstitule an 
 altiiMmtim, fnraiK.alh, I.Mt illil m.t ivlax tlie iiruvl- 
 Hi.iis ol tla- r..Hl ait (uhuh ,.,T). The pai-tv s.ilVit of 
 ill.. tlMicH checkcl the king in liis IHk nil nicasMiva. 
 
 TOLLS were first p;ii,l by vessels pas.iii^t tlie 
 Stado on the fclbe, 1 KX). They were first demanded 
 bv the Danes of vessels passing the Sound, M.ii • «ee 
 Stodf, and SokikI. Tonimm in Kiigland ongiimted 
 in 1267, on the grant uf u penny I'nr every wai'.'on 
 iHiit passed through a ecrtain Tiianor ; ainfUie 
 first regular t(dl was collected a few years after for 
 mending the road in London bitween St. Giles's 
 Kii(ITenii)le-bar. Oathered for repairing the hii'h- 
 wuvs.if Holborn-iiiM-lane and Miirtin's-laiie (now 
 .Udcisgate-stn'ct), ij4(,. Toll-gate ,„• tiinimkei. 
 were set up 111 iWij. In 1827, 27 turnpikes near 
 
 TONQUIX. 
 
 r Mi' 
 
 „;u..i'.!iHi.il'^,:iruif "*«"'"" ^T^ 
 
 11,. vva» l„„i,.,l at l|,„ Mnil. I,..„;^, I'a'ii- ,;, .T,',n Vm. 't 
 
 I'li'i'liuuallnr.i.reapt. Morel a-ioilleli 1 
 
 "■'■Ii..ri t.. tho people, deseiteil liy 
 
 ii'.iniii'il . . •" 
 
 ■i;]ic "Inek KLiKs severely ilefeateil' 
 
 (',.'.' Imi? '""'''' "'"'■"■ '^''■"' "'""■'• 
 
 )t 
 
 Unilnn were removed bv parliament ; 81' tnrniiikeu 
 and ! Il-bars ceased on the north of Londiiii on 
 I July, '864; aiidOi on the south side, ceased on 
 It Oct. 1865; ami many others on the Ks.se.K and 
 Jliddlesex roads lea.seil on 31 Oct. i8(y); the rc- 
 nmiiideronthe north of London ceased i Julv, 18-2 
 The tolls on the Ciniimercial roads L.indoii, k 
 wereulKilishrd 5 Aug 1871. The tolls on Waterloo 
 ami other nirtropolitan bridges abolislied, i8-8-(i 
 ■. ;,' high road from Itrighton tn London free from 
 tol,, ^l Oct. 1881. .Many private gates and bars in 
 
 U since removed, several in Nov. i8o^ See 
 Wiu 843 and 1889. ^^ 
 
 the nlain named las Xavas de 
 le Sien.i Morena, S. Spain, Alfonso, 
 
 T0LO.'=IA. On thenl 
 
 Tolosa, ne:r lie Sien.i M _.. _ ,....„,.„,, 
 
 king of ' ; , aided 1 y the kings of\imigon''uid 
 Navarr. „iiiu ■! a gv it victory over the Moers, 
 ibJni^ 1212. Thi 'iitlict is sometimes termed 
 the battle of Muran 
 
 name now given to tlio 
 
 TONGA ISLE.^, 
 
 Friendly isles {u hieli si 
 
 TONTC SOL FA System. Sec ^fuHi<^. 
 
 TONK, Rajpoot ana, India. The nawab and his 
 minister, for a mas.saere of Hindoo chiefs, i Au" |8()- 
 were deposed by the British. In 1872 he demanded' 
 investijation, and his case came before parliament 
 »ithout any issue. 
 
 TONNA(>E Tlie Tonnage .it of 1694 esta- 
 blishcd the Dank of England {uhvh hi). See 
 Tmmge. 
 
 . TONOMETER, a delicate apparatu.^ (consist- 
 ing of 52 forks) for tuning musical instruments, by 
 marking the number of vibration.s, was invented by 
 H.Scheibler of Cref.'d, and described in his " Ton- 
 messer," 1834. It iv.eivcd little notice till M 
 Koemg removed some ot the dithculties oppo.-rd to 
 j lis 8ucces,^ful use, and exhibited it at the Inter 
 national Exhibition of 1862. 
 
 TOXQUIN, S.K. Asia, the delta of the river 
 , Bontsoi, foniierly a province of Annam, subject to 
 ' hraiue. Here a French missionary bishop, .Mel- 
 1 rhmr. wa« ..rdered -.vith great brtr!>ti.-itv 2; Juiv 
 
 ><; the; ,M Neron was also murdered, ; Nov. 
 
 o; ^'e Annam and Iiido-Chiua. 
 I Swcmfiil attack and death of lieiif. (iarnier . 18,1 
 
 I Naciimliiik eaptared bj the Krencli announce.l, " 
 
 II April, 1883 
 
 iO.Jiily, 
 itl'iaiiig i.r.i- 
 Aiiii.ini. an* 
 
 2u.llll\, 
 
 clii'.keil at 
 
 Aiialstlee granted, snbn,isHi'on oV tin". Aniuu, fc 
 
 Ki'ti'im'tV 'T' '"«"•■"■ ■■••'■"K'nisin«";;'e"cli 
 I'li't. I tiiiate, ee,ln,K |.royineu of Uiu Iliaini, Ac. 
 
 Tl- Ijlack Hags dLleateil at I'hoklml by gen' Urn'* 
 , "/t|Ki:catlo.,,stla,Frenchsiitlerseverdy,../i,. t 
 
 •I'cetiig the protect.. nil.. iifTui, , ^j^;,,. 
 
 U,.sha„il„ii.„t „r the Annamit.^ tn . .. yell.i v I a«» 
 I ol.|„.„.dti, tbeKreilcl, . aliMli-lSef 
 
 o^h;:'i:i!;"!i'^'r'''''^- "'''''■ ^'■'''•'"""'-'-'"^^^ 
 
 \i 1, I , ' '"■?■" . • ■ "lilC'illiced ..u Sept. 
 
 ■rill, , in "'«'"' '"■'""' "'•'•"potion 'of 
 
 Vi,.i. il , ,.' • ■ • . about 1 .N'.iV. 
 
 w "1 ," ' ""!' '^"""« ^"' '"•ciipicd bv tl„. Vu ,».|, 
 ■ri I. ' V i.'T""''""' ,• , • • aimi.iniee.U .N.n. 
 
 u',.,. , '•'''«>"'''l'"lse'l III a violent attack ni, the 
 
 tieiieh gnn-bnat fum),;,ie and on llaidznoiiK, 
 
 Tlie Yellow l,o.,k on Tniiiinin, pnl,lisl„.d .' Vll'ec' 
 
 , siiMtav' ■'■' """"•"'•'' nver .ippilsitc 
 
 I S.,i,tay eapiniv'.l, th'e HlaH; Klags ri"t'i,'e,' aul-ll^lii 
 
 Hcnch I0.SS, ubi.nl 77 killed, jj, wounded 
 
 I , , If. .r Dee. 
 
 hiiiitay fnrtitlcd and left . j,,,^ 
 
 'l^lic unannnl native Toiainin.se siitferoii all .sid.^s 
 
 by tlie war . . . ^i,,. u,,,. 
 
 '^'ki'l'l'.'.'l'' '"•''"■'*'^'' ''y I'h'ite.s', li<msesbiMnt,'"pei.i,le 
 AiTiv,,l,,f Chinese tr,'...|,s to detend Hniimi'aaimst 
 r',.,."M',',T' • •■ • ■ • "biiiu^Sjan. 
 loll. ■Millot(sneeessonneoiiiiiiaii(ltiiailiii.CourlH;t) 
 c il.tinvs ilacniiili, after bard lighting Chinese 
 tt. 25 Henri, kllle.1 . . . „.Mui,h, 
 
 lull, llrieiu du Lisle captures cHa.l I ut lliai- 
 
 ,,^«">""' ...March, 
 
 Kainysea.son .... .March-Oct 
 
 llongliim llred liy the Chin. -,.• an.l i|nitled 
 
 alnmt 1) April, 
 
 treaty signed liy eapt. Fonrnier an.l l.i.l;ii!\if. 
 
 Lhaiij,' at Tientsin; Kroncli piiiteet u!i,.,i. 
 
 1(11111 and .iniiain reci.gniseil . 11 Mai 
 
 llie Chiiiesi^ garrisnii .,r Ijingsun lesi.si eaiit. l)ii.' 
 
 gcime ami a French culnnni (7cK)),(uiiaiith. i-;«in 
 
 udvanciii- to lu'cnpy it; 10 killed; a yi-re.!, 
 
 ofthctivatyofiiMay . . . 2j.i,,„e, 
 
 I he I'reie h appeal to Prkiii for iiideninit, ; the 
 
 ChiiiiM- deny tho ratilieution of the treaty nboiit 
 
 I July : lint order the evacuation of Lang.soii and 
 
 other jilaces, aniiiiinieed . . . 18 , Inly 
 
 Gen Milli.t resigns, succeeded by gen. lirieic ile 
 
 1 Isle ■ _ ^|,„ 
 
 Fighting resniiii^d ^)^^_ 
 
 Chinese regulars, attacks, rejuilscd with .41 cat loss '; 
 French sullir little (at Kep) ; gen. Xegrier in 
 
 ...'-'""""''"I'l 6-8 Oct. 
 
 \ietory ot col. Donnier, great Chinese loss; 20 
 Irencli killed . . . . ,0, „ o,.t. 
 
 * T!in Bhw^k Flags orfginsted with Li-Huiig-Chang, 
 an able leader of tlie Canton rebels, wiio alunit 1863 with 
 his followers took Tt■hv^^' in Toniiuin, where he was at 
 Hrsttnh^rated by the emperor of Annam, lint afterwards, 
 iMung .strengtbeiied by many adherents, established an 
 independent ilesjiotic g.nirnnient. He strenuously op- 
 posed the French. 
 
 1884 
 
 jf. 
 
 t 1 : . . 
 
 iiiif 
 
 Ul 
 
 m 
 
TOxVSUUE. 
 
 1100 
 
 TOUNADOH, 
 
 
 chiiM'Ko 11..M ^tvH.m niMiiw Willi ;;■'''•■";'•;■';;;"'",; 
 
 Imu.J y\mUH ^M u< l- »f v..|vly .IWcnle.l, ..n- 
 
 D"n«"sm;; .Mini. .aimn-.M Ly i.,o" Kren.l, ,m.r 
 
 m.viM'i' ciiiiHica ^ , , '• " 
 
 W,.voml furt:* .ai.liMv.l . ... '"-„',V' '; " 
 
 .■niniM.llrd tn P treat w tell.! 111!' 1-ivnel. lac 
 Mutiny ..1. tl.e /■.'.»■.•( ..n "'•'"»"'"' ''•"''"■"l 
 
 iQ Frclicli klUf.l iiii.l inanv wmiialiMl 9-12 K';''- m 
 ly,,?.". ,8,lavH' Hi,,,. „lTIm.v..M.W.uu. r».«>^' h >;' 
 
 Tl .• Clil MOM' ,l,IVal,.l l,y ,„1. l>u,'h;Hne, 4-7 -M.' . •• 
 
 II,.avv Cliitifs.. »lla.k,,n t-iv,-, !''''''.";«'; 
 S..«ri..r w,,n,,.l,..l, ,-n.,,..|W.l t., "•^"-^^ ■„'-;:}-,; ,, 
 
 t,i l... aliaii,l,,ii,., ly Hi>' I lilia'«'. '*;' ■ • „5 -^l""' " 
 I, Vi -1. ir, ,•1,1,1 of tl,r Hla,;k Kla^H, ly- 
 
 1,1,1,' • • ', , ■ ' ' ■ '\l,iv' ' 
 
 Tl,fCl,iii<'m'li„,'l'»i''lii'l"k-' • • 1,,; " 
 
 HHi,,.rt,',liiiasHaciv,.|rlirisUaiis . • '» '-. " 
 
 Til.' mack Kla« Hamls u;y lr(,.il,lfs,>iii,^ ( <t., 
 
 ,|..r,.at,Ml l,y .\,Kri''i' - - • • '"■'-• " 
 
 H,.,,.,rt,.,l ,,mssnrr,M,f joodirlHtians; ft.i,l 'l''*'™;- 
 
 tlMlKif in vllla>."'S . • • • • ' >•: 
 
 l(,.M,'«v,r\vai-|inv ; Kiriii'li siiw-ssM . >n. .. 
 
 5i«ciiiiKi.tiii;!;ii.M,iK,'i,ts,i,.i,.at..,i ''.vi'" '■'■•■';;;;; 
 
 O.il. H,«<coni.»ur,MlMu„iij,'l,i«iii>.'9'»"" , V',^'',m' "^'^^ ' 
 
 '€Sjii^^',^^.!.^^>v;;;';';:ii,.;i't:i'''''?.s;;;;.;;,| 
 
 S,ru,;'r;l^l.!.lva,i.,.hl;..-,>f.li.'"-Ni.ilU-;-: 
 
 Sliun, (l^miiW »ltl. till. 1- m.t,.s. wl,,. a ,. .li.|, •; I 
 
 wlHi licayy "-^s. riM",if'''li 2 ■}'">• 3 f'""" 
 :;,',U.ers ami k, ,ii,u kill..,! in a sliari, ™»«n';. „^._ ,3^, | 
 
 I),,,., a iintiHl rirat,' cl.l,'f, with .oiue of liU f"^^';^^^' 
 Hn"w;'!i'rbui-,:"Ua.-ks;r..suUsv;.ry '. Ai-nK ,893 
 Tl,:. ,l"u'. -iitir-ly no,„l.>,l ; In'avy rains »;;;1 ,1';';;>;; 
 
 tCii'Ih I'l'iiinti V in i-mnU ; r,'!""''"' • i^Ni'V. ,, 
 ]^^i;^T\;,rat,.cl,l,.f,km.M,an,..,g,a,,,is^ 
 
 ?i;;Kr:n\i./K...;H,.ni.M,,;,inc,,i,,n,iia^^ 
 
 Chin.'s«.innknoarNa.n-L)inl., jo-l'^H's, n.li,^rt.-,l, ^^^^ | 
 
 TO'VSTT'RP, the plcrinil crown, ndoptfd, it in 
 e.a™in ^nitatio" of St. IVt.T. or of (l.nsfs .Toyvn 
 o"tho™lyyu3(li^iq.lir,.v..,l ofiM tl... f,.nrtl. irntnry 
 M* portiininK onlv to ncnitonts ami not nnido 
 eL?S till tiie en'd of tte tilth or l^egiuninf; of the 
 sixth icntury. 
 
 TnVTTXES. loans p;ivcn for life nnniiitii's with 
 Vioncfit of im-yLv,;r.lup. invi-nh.,! hy f-"';;"';;','-;,!; 
 a Neapolitan. They ^y';ve lirst ''I'V"" /""{,,, ,-,!„ 
 to reconrilc the people to oanlinal Mnzmin a 
 lovemment, hv anu.sinK them with the ho]"' of 
 hecS«ulclenlvri,h, 1653. ro''»,r. 'lontuhed 
 in the Bastile aft'er seyen years' imprisonment. A 
 
 Mr .reliiiincs wa- an ori^iiml siilisirllier for ii ifio/, 
 Hliaiv ill a loiiline <'„iii|.aiiyi aii,l lieliiK Hi,, lii-i 
 Hiirviyor of tli," sliaivluilii.'rs, his sliure pr,„liu, 1 
 
 him W^>1. P' 1 i>i""""' "'' ''"'•;' "-'■'' '1';* >T' 
 1(1 .hiiie, I7V.S, worth 2,ll.S.2ij/. 1 'oe J/ixiimlm 
 
 l',irk. 
 
 llv ll„. t.Tiiiiimlioii .,f n t„iitiii.- liiwin by M. Ijiftir;..,.- 
 
 li ■',! t,i illiiilnlsli tl„, natl,.iml iM.t ttit' It,'I„I. 
 
 pivi'rniiH'iit r,'cWv.Ml ,,jiB,«o francs Ih'C. 1888 
 
 TOOTiS Miiiiy ol' th,' toiils ill comiiion '>• 
 are ,l,»'nli,',l aiol irpres.'Ut,,! In Kosrlliiii's iiia.i ;. 
 tin lit w„rk, "M,.niim,.nti dell •.Kitto e ,l,ll:| 
 Nuloii," l«?2.,l4. Tln-t,.ols used by llezalod iin,l 
 
 i Vlo.liiih in I lie e,mstriii'ti,,ii ,,1 the tiilitniiulf. 
 
 ' ;i,s,.ribed in Kxodus xxxi, ami xxxy. ^i.(^ {l.t.in, 
 yy,re iloubtiess Knyptiim or I'loieiueian. In laiil,!. 
 i,,,' Siilnmon's temiile {io14-,m) hc, "there w.h 
 neUh'^r liammer ii,t axe "or any to,,l „t iiMi 
 jiciril " the st,,ne and other nnilenals beiii;' \m: 
 
 : yi„ii-lv preparcMl (I Iviims vi. 7). Hie inyiutior 
 
 ' (if many t, "lis ismylliieally aseribed to l)iKdalu«,tlii 
 
 I Atheiiiliii artiti,erin Ibe Mtli 'eiilury u.c. 
 
 TOPTilTZ (Bohemia). Here were A'^wA, iii 
 |«U two treaties — one la'lweeii Aiistnii, Kuwia, 
 
 \ and i'rnssiii, ,| Sept.; ami one between Oreiit llrilum 
 
 j ami Austria, jt^et. 
 
 TOPOUllAl'HICAL SOCIETY of Lox- 
 
 I noK was l'„nmled l87<) ; iimufcnirated at the Man- 
 
 I »i„n.h,nije, 2H Oct. I.S80. 
 
 TOKBANEHILL .MINKUAL. Mr • 
 
 lespie, of ■rorbanehiU, Kranled a lease all ll... 
 coal in the estate to Messrs. Itnssel . In the cour^ 
 of workilij?, the lessees extracted a coinlilbtil,. 
 mineral of eonsiilerable yalm; as a ..iilve „l n,,]. 
 ,ras, and realiscl a lar^-e protit 111 the sal,. „f u .,, 
 "■m-coal The lessor then deni,.d that the iiiiii,.nil 
 was ,.oai, and di.-l.nted the ri-lit of the lessees n. 
 work it. At the tiial in I.S3.? tli,;re was a (.'mit 
 array of scientiHc ni(.n and prai'li,.;.! K'as eiiKimTrs, 
 ami 'the eyidence was most ,.oiilli,;tinf:. One Hil.. 
 nniintained the min(-ral to la; .'oal, the other tbi 
 it was a bitlimim.ns schist. 1 lo' |nd-e set Hsulotlii- 
 seientitie eyi(U.n,'e, and the jnrv proniamccd it 1. 
 be ,„al. The antliorities in I'rnsMii haye Kiiu 
 promuinced it iK^t t., he coal. iV/'cy. 
 
 TORDESILLAS (near Valla.l„lid). Hmw 
 siane-l, 7 ■I"""'. 'W. " Vr"-' :'""''.'^r'''i'S 
 
 boiimlary line which pope Alexander \j. f>- 
 sitrned, in May, I4')3. '" '"^ ''"■"*!"" "' ""•'"" 
 world between Spain and 1 ortii-al. 
 
 TORGAU (Saxony, X. Germany), the sitf cl 1 
 battU hVtw...n lM-ed,.Vick 11. -J I'rn.ssia and.!),; 
 \ustrians, in which the former ..btained a Kipm! 
 victory; the Austrian geneva, c..;int Daun Iwi.,; 
 
 1 wounded. X Nov. 17<'0. "'■ '''"'• '" }'<'"'" "t""" 
 V T. t Victory oyer the 1-rnssiai. kiiii.'. Tor^. 
 'was taken by the allies in 1814; and givrn t.i 
 Prussia. 1S15. 
 
 TOIUES, a term Jliven ti a p„liti,'id l«m 
 •iti, I t l(.-8 ; s(.e nin„. Dr. J,.bnsoii delnusii U) 
 ;.:eX:a,llu.r,.siotheaii,iciit c,,ns,i,u,«^^ 
 tlie Stat,., an.l the al."stollcal lilir.ipli>, -Mk 
 CI nr,di of KiiK'.n.d. i'lo' T.aa.- Uv, laiiinlaiN 
 ,1 . 1, .■triues of -divine liercl.lary ni,l,'l,*« 
 rifjht, lineal siiecssloii, passive oiM-lua,;,., K* 
 .r-rtive " A:c. Itnliiiahriilu- : see (jiitxfrniUi''. hi 
 tiie ehi.f Tory ii,linini.straii..ns. s,.,. I'lll, i,;..,-. 
 
 FerToK^ DiiMULitACV see tourlk larlij. 
 TOIINAD0.S. See .SVo./iM. 
 
TORNADOS, 
 
 nil m-lKiii:il Hiili->irilirr for ii iiio/, 
 
 iiiany ; iiimI lifinn tln' In.) 
 
 liaivlmliliTrt, \o» "'"iri' l<r>»Uin \ 
 num. Ilr ilii'l i'!-''''' '"J >'''if*. 
 (irth 2,115.244'' i "'I' -•"••'•''"'/'■'I 
 
 TOKOXTO. 
 
 1101 
 
 nf IV tiiiitlin' tjc'Kim by M. Ijifttriiv- 
 
 iiHIi till' imtliMiiil il''l>t "["^►' ' 
 
 vi'd i.JiH 
 
 1 triiiic* 1>»'C. i889 
 
 uy (if llir tfi"!'' '" '■'"11111"" • 
 
 ll'prc-'riltlil ill Uii"' llHii'a 111:1.1 ;. 
 
 loiniiucnti ili'U' K;;iltn c iW\h 
 
 Tlif tooU usi'il liy Ik'ziilicliiMil 
 
 ciinstnii'tiiiii "f 'l'" tiilMriiui li\ 
 
 mIuk x.wi. mill XXXV. k.c. (i}i|r, 
 
 ^rviitiini or I'liMriiirimi. In Imilil. 
 
 .ii'ipli' U"l4-"4) "■'■• ""'I'l'' «■■" 
 
 iii.r iixf iiiii- liny tonl nf ii-ii 
 
 ■ anil nllii'i' liuitinnln lirilin ini. 
 
 (I Kinus vi. 7). Till' inviutioii 
 
 intliii'ally iifiTiln'il til iJiBiliilui, til' 
 
 I'in llic 'l4tli iriitiiiy "•'-• 
 
 liiiUi'miii). Hi'i't' wiTC Hijriii'il, ir, 
 
 ,rt iiiiL' lii'twiTii Aiintria, Kuwia, 
 
 pt. ; mill Dill' lii'tvvi'cii Ui'fiit Dritani 
 it. 
 
 L'HICAL SOCIETY of Lox- 
 
 il 1H71); iniiu|,'iirati'il »t tliii Mun- 
 -••t. lS8a 
 
 HILL .MINEH.VL. Mr. Gil- 
 iiirliill, uninli'il a k'Usi' ot all ll.r 
 
 ,. til Ml'rtSl'8. llUKSl'll. Ill till' I'li'.lH 
 
 !■ li'A^i'i'S I'Xtracti'il a iiiinlaistililv 
 iiloralili' valiir as a • ami' uf '":il- 
 il 11 lar;ri' lU'ntit in llu' salr of it J^ 
 li'ssor tlii'U ilrliiril that tlir liiilliT.il 
 U<iiiit('il the i-is-'lit "f till' li'ssi'i'S t.i 
 11' liial ill l«i,? tlii'VO was a crial 
 til' nii'niinil liiai'lii'al j;as('ii};iiiiTr-, 
 'c was most I'lHitiirtinj.'. Oiii' '•nii' 
 
 mineral tn lii' ''mil. tin' otluT tlul 
 uniis 81'liirtt. Tin' inilni' .•*i'l imidi'llir 
 111 1', ami till' Jiivv lir mi'i'il it !■ 
 
 aiithnritii'.'* in ri'iis>ia liavi- fUi - 
 Kit t'l lie I'Oiil. -/V/'ii/. 
 
 LLAS (lUMii-Vallailuliil). IIcri'M,!' 
 ,(', 141)4, II triaty iiiuilifvint,' tl.i 
 whii'li impe Ali'xaiiilcr VI. liiiil ;h- 
 ui)"}. 111 his ilivisiim of tho ik« 
 'Siiaiii iirnl i'ortiii,'ul. 
 
 (Siixiinv, X. fii'niianv), tlio sitcolj 
 1 I''ri'ili'Vii'k II. "J I'nissia iind tfe 
 .vliiih till' I'linin r "litaiin'd a sipm! 
 ,nstrian j?i'in'val, i<anit Daun, km? 
 i.v. 17(10. Ill' liiiil. ill 1757, "litmnfi 
 •V over the rrussiaii kiiiir. rurgnii 
 "the iillii'3 in I«14; ami givra 1" 
 
 il term {riven t ) a palititnl Wrlv 
 •1' H'/iK/. Dr. Jolinsoii ileliiu'sali'tv 
 llii'iTs to the aii.iint loiislitulion 'f 
 ,1 the aii".^t"lii:il liin-.u-iliy I'l !lf 
 i..laml. Thi' 'l'"!-"'' 1""- iii:il"'="» 
 
 '^of "iliviiie hereihlary laili'li'i.-w 
 sueression. passive olieilniiii'. l'"™- 
 
 Jlnlii,i/hni/;c .' see (jiiinfi-rtiUiy. t"' 
 V ailministralioiis, se.' I'lll. V'H.r.;-. 
 :i/n,./lm,, J-'il, l>"l"l. 'iii'l ^^"™'"' 
 iMuLUACV see Foiiilh I'artij. 
 
 )0S. See Stonnii. 
 
 TORONTO, the I'lipital of Camilla WeM 
 liawthitano, (oiinileil in 171), im York 1 it rerVv^i 
 itH present name in iHn. i, „.,is m,,,!,. u i.i,].,' ■, 
 111 ..S3'), ropulation 1^^118,403; .89., isti'^o 
 
 ii|'i'iieliiiiiHi' liiMiit, 8 l''eli. 188) 
 
 3:.pJ; ,887! "'"'"■ ' '* '"'■'' '-""^'lo'viie, '■: 
 
 |l>ii.iliilt«cartr|i|jj,'H ruiin'l iiialer tlie narllnini.ht i.„„., . 
 iiiai'lM'xi'lti'iiii'iit, ic, ..\|,iil ml I'lnii'iii'iil-liou-iL'; 
 
 ll.'Stl-OM'i 1> n I', 14 I,. I,.; I, ,.„||,||l||(,.,. „., ' 
 
 '■"■'"'"I 111 I lull, ini'lmlhi- til aroiils ,!• 
 
 >*,.llslmi',v, .1," nielililHlM.p „,' c„ ,„.,h" . '' „ 
 .iiitativi's „l 111,. i„iiv,',.,|,|,.., Uie lui,! nl; '■ 
 
 1","' "'i",i' '■',' lit p,.r,„i,,, ,„ ,.,.>i„,.,. •,|'; 
 
 liliniry .Minvl, ; an i.|,p,.,il was lili,.,allv r '. 
 Von..'.| t'l th,' ,,,i,.,ai l„.ia^f ,uii,iii>. the' eon. 
 
 ;.;,',';;;;;;;:; '""i""^ "''i" ■' ivmi riom ,„i,',. 
 
 I'll,;' link,' ami ■.liiel,;.,.s ,',1' t'o'iinu'ililit' wan,',iv 'l:!;: '^'^° 
 
 rfivi'ii at lorohtii .Il 
 
 M"";iii;,'oMli,' llntislia.sui.iaii.in" ' ,7 \„'^'' V 
 
 TOUPEDO SIIEr.LS. a name Riven to ev 
 plosives pi, ireil „n,|,.,' , „,„, ,,„ invention as.rihnl 
 t'l llaviil liiishiiell, an .\iii,.nVan, in 1— iru „V 
 frnpt t,, ,le.tr„y 11. M.S. V.H„n,s 'c'u'i;.,! T „" 
 lufi'm 01 (•niton .s toipi'.loes was Hiieeessfnl i„ 
 Uiitain 1805; int flien- use was il.'elineil l,v fl 
 savernilient. „rp,.,l,. .sl„.|ls iu„i,,.,i 1,,. ,,|e,'ti'i,.it • 
 were sui'i'i'ssfiilly ,'„ip|,,\nl in the \v.ir in the 
 
 mti',1 Miites, .Kf„.,. ,,„ , ok. m,;, M,,,,,. 
 M'Kay .t Iteiirdslee tneil them at Chiilhliin lH't',„'L. 
 
 ," ihike of Soim'i'set iiml others. Au ol.l vfH.sel, 
 til,' lerpsirlinre, was spn.,|ily s„nk. Torpedoes 
 iiiiii.' Iiy prol,'ssor .aft, sir I'l'i'il,.,.,, |,) .Uiel, 0/ \V„„i: 
 in,' 1 WIT,, tried 1,1 Mav , ,S«,.,. A torpi'do i|,^■,.„t.d 
 kMr. Wi.M, man anil a„ Austrian, tried ami re- 
 j,,,r ds,.,',vs.|,,l at Mieernes., an „M hulk was sunk, 
 8 0,'t. 18,0. lorpeiloes to lie ij;„it,',| fi'„in a ,\u. 
 t.ilii'e hv iiM eei'tr.e haltery are ii.,u- made at 
 
 nohvi,'!,. A liirkislMiiouitorintheDuml,,, „.as 
 b u«-n iipliva torpedo (.s,'e A-„,v,v„. 'l^irl.isl, ,r,n- J I ) 
 "' May, 1877. Whitehead's tish forpedoe.s nn 
 
 TOUEOX. 
 
 a 
 
 to 
 
 I'lilnix. 10 Ui't 
 
 i!!«,riSS53 
 
 TOHTOEA. seer,Vy/,,V,A.. 
 
 iil'^iKlnuimitlon "'^i'''''''"''':' ''^ "'" """"""' 
 •"•'•"tii's ! 1 1 „. , "'",?■";■ ", ""^ ^'I'l'lieil to 
 
 ii«'.l ill I'll' 1,1 I ,"""■'';■ "'"''.^■' '""' «-a» 
 
 «-lio t.Hik in i, ,,',,■''■, ''^ "-t" ,\""^'" '^''ilifr, 
 
 taviis III. -s;, 1';.;^,' 1'"; ;" •^"■'■'''■" ''.^ "»«- 
 
 'iHowiii;; ,/,:.■ ,',m'''''' '';''"" "''" '•"liviel,',l of 
 -'"'1. hi?,,'' d ,,.'■ 1, ', '" "; ,""■""•"'' ill Truii. 
 
 ■•'''-Hau;^y'y.,^'r:;.,;:^'',^';;-t^;;^i;;-ui. 
 
 TO,Sia.l,aitl,'„f,,,,.v,w„.,3Auif.,88<;. 
 TOTAL AI5,STL\EXCE, Hee mtotalla: 
 rOTXEM.(l.,'Vo,i):,,i,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,;,,,,,,__^ 
 
 liy Jiiiihai'l do 
 
 lielil 
 
 ■ td iJiirinm Aiiiuem.' h «a 
 
 I'ltneis who Imilt till' ,astl,' „ „ ,„,- ,, „ 
 
 TOUGHENED GLA8S, 
 
 TOrL, th,' Itninae. 
 
 "lit Ki.S;. It 
 
 , see (lldsH 
 
 18S6 
 
 1S37 
 lS33 
 
 .|,'.t,',|l,v,'o„ipi',.s,s,.,| air from ,1 |,„;,t; verv- di'stlue 
 tlvi'ifskilluUy direeteil; deserili,..! Xov.'j.SSi 
 
 IVm'Wt.a'p,',!,, I,„at l\a.n„„l;r invent vprof' 
 
 J. II. I.. l'uekaiiii,aiii(',..| . At'' 
 
 N..nli'iif.|fssalM,iariiii't..rpi..|ol,.,«t tried 'in Month: 
 .imi,"iittat,'r(s",.,„„l,.,' /;„„,) , ,o,.,a|),'e 
 
 .s'v,.ralsi.v,'r,.a,'ci.|.'iits Hilli |,n-p,.,| ,„ts .)„|v' 
 
 .Mr.A. Li't;i.storp,',l.,, l,as,',| upon 11,,' prineii.l,. I.i' 
 allyliwl,il,.,Han.aiiieeil . . ,6 Ma-pl,, aa„ 
 
 .Si'i'ua.li'rr-.iiiie,,, ,83g. 10 -Maicli, ,889 
 
 ill,' piiwerfal lin'iinan 'roriii.,!,,, with tin' Watkiii 
 I'l.itiun ImihT. si„..,',.sliil|y ti'i,',i at Cliir Kinl 
 tilt, nil tl„. wisliTli ^i.l,' .it th,' .S.i|,.iil = Ii,?v o 
 
 lVc,.|,t,;oll.,l.|..tn,,„.,|,,„t Mr. «,'',u «i, ''^ i -^'^ 
 
 ^ 'S;e.N-;„',v,;3Si.pt.,:;,7. ^•■^^'■'■••S9= 
 
 TORQUAY, a seaport in Devonshire. The 
 
 Frharb..,,,. was made in l8o,;-7, an,l enlai'scd in 
 I'V' J'liTO Ahlu'v was found,',! in i„,(,. The 
 mure of OraiiKe landed at T-rl.ay, ;; X,v. i(.,S« 
 Population, i.SHi, 24,71,; = I'^'H. 2:1,554. 
 
 '"«r'|.'','!.rv"i',''''' "■ '■";■'''■" '"■•"' ■''""l"'"i.v. the rev. M •. 
 M tu.'ij ,liseov.'r,',| ,1 ,p,antity of l,oi„.s of ,'xtii e- 
 .111,1 nicciit naiiii.ils, iSi-s-> The iiivestj.-iti,,,,,; , : 
 crmtiiineil hy .M,'. (io.lwii^Ansti'i,, , T ' . ' , 
 
 4. null ] ..^T:" u'-'ii-''^'''';.'''' ""'"" ""■ ''-"hs 
 ^™^ris^:4,,^!;i,r,^!::-L.!;-K'>'."'-Turitu:iy, 
 
 I Ci"!";.'™!^^!,',! lo ■I'or.piay, An-. ,Sg,. 
 
 Hi*;|.t .'"'.'-;"">•' ,''"ii"l"r of the Tontu.iv Natural ' 
 
 '•'«■•' '■ii^.eAi,s;:ii;::N.,f';!^;,;^!;~''.",'^Hi(^^ 
 
 ^'".■'I'lt ilitheempire, 'Jl! :,;. I ii"'"""'"' 
 
 ■4Aii..,87o.'CLm.r,"!;;;,,,^;: :i;i;-,r;:';~^ 
 '•■--i-:r,^^iwi;'™^;::uZt!!;;n:^^^^ 
 
 e,mstal,i,' of H,nirl,o,r, W'l "auI I '•''""' 
 
 V)3. to the iirmsh a.liiiiral, lord llu,„|, who t, o'k 
 possessioii liotl, of tlie town ami slan, , / „ h,. 
 
 T^:i^,k:^v^l'-''f'' '' ^'^^^^^-^'^-'^^ 
 
 a 1 . ," ,"■ ^''■'^■"'■'' '■"ii-titulion of i-.Si) A 
 
 onlint took p a,.e In-tween the Kn.U.sl, „, ' '^^neh 
 
 hir," :!, when the latt.r weiv repul,.e.i, , ; Xi y ,- j 
 
 I'l.ilon was retaken by llonaparte, n/D,',' wl!:^; 
 
 p 'a ernelties were exerei>,,i't.„v;,,|/ ,,,;';;' ^' 
 
 limb, ants as w-eresuppo.',lt ,Uv::,'aK 
 
 the lint,, n._A naval battle oil' this port was Ibu-ht 
 I'eh. 17^4, bi'twei'i. the Kn^^isli uuiler Mathews 
 
 .ell. Ti.w;^;;^-;;a;';s;^;;';:/;i;;;;;,,!,-;;-;;i! 
 
 hetw-ee.i the English adiuirai;. Mathews was ,,.''. 
 wards dismrssed lor mi.seouduet. See Vlwln;, "m 
 Visit of yii.i'ii Vii'toiia • 1 ., "^' 
 
 IJe.^tiuetivelii.. intheaivaai , '. ' ' q I'l'i'l'- »'-*' 
 
 ^ffVlf 
 
 
 .Mr*'' 
 
 "'pfM 
 
 
 
 Kill 
 
 'W 
 
 I mi ';,'^t 
 

 
 Ift1' 
 
 f. mded nl>o;.t 6.5 "■'^^' ^" , nd wb taken U 
 
 
 ,,„..rca tbis "IL,*-" J,^.,B fought between 
 
 throni' -. fiiuiei. 
 
 ,891,148."°- ,tv^v■l9croatedoutot 
 
 Ur."e part of To-'l?-'^;'- ;>iike a Bopulchv. ; 23 
 of the OMroniio , ht. CM" 
 
 June, i^Tv | 
 
 1 „ nf Frnnce, was con- 
 
 the pi-op'r^y 'i 'H , ',' Vu'U'^tus in 1203, and was 
 It was sei/.'d hy ll'.'^'l'.-l^^" It was timniy united 
 "ade a duchy by ■ ;; "j^;|'^of\,,c duke of Anjou, 
 to the crown 011 tl" "^•'^ 
 
 i«94: .2.3 ^nfVaks'27 H'>"n'''ti^'': I'">V'"i") 
 the pnnce of WaKs, fi \ f' . nrizea given ky 
 officers ■m.X oth.-r colonials 1 '^};^;- !,», - .^c, Mav, 
 ?Ue duchess of Conuaugh , 10 Juuc, 1°^' ^^^ ,- 
 ,898; («v.iount «2^„,'„^;^vere^n■/m-ui.o.) ,« 
 (Vt. 1883;. t'^*'' C~ents'' for development.! 
 - Royal Military Toin»-"''"» 'rournaments ,» 
 .kill in arms 1.1 tj« »™]5 • ^^^^„„„_ ,, 
 
 Woolwich common, diitiieu u> 
 Aug. 1889. j relation to til'- 
 
 Historical t""."';"''rf,„ Xrai'd 'l"'""' "'"i "';' - 
 silver weclilmt,' ot tin. i>"'" _ jj April, u. 
 
 orn^U^r;^ournau,eut'nt-tl,eCrystalp.d»e.,^^^ 
 V.,u,,teertouraa,,;™tatO>eCry^l,l^^-^A.,. 
 
 ,396; nuaiii 3 •'"'> . ^^97' » 
 
 ,.T . V ^s BelLnum') was very Hounshmj 
 TOUKNAY (^- Beltiuni)^^.^^^^.^,,,, i the ;|i 
 till it «as ravagecU t, 
 
 eeutury . .It 'l'^^"„^ '.led to the house of \ustni 
 theallWml709-a"f ™^^ ,,„t the Dut.h w. 
 bv the treaty "f ,1- ;, ' '^:,'„ i„ it, as one nt tk 
 ,ll„wcd to r^^"^^<i;\J^; "t ^u?n bv the Fremh mk, 
 linrrier towns. 1^'*•'^,|^ o xV 1792- ««"! 
 
 !;^;K"79rW-i'-'«''^' 35,403. 
 
 1584 
 
 sports of t>"\, ;';"■;.;;.", ,h\:ord 'tourmr. 
 dHivedlV.mi t '''^J.^.^,,. f^^„^ >t„ 
 
 to turn 
 li woru ("«/'"■• \ „ 
 
 acriveii i ,. , ,..,.,.,. frequent about »c)0, 
 
 round." 'l"-\'-";''r.*a;o emperor Henry 1.,, """^^ 
 and were rc^-'nlat.-d h> tlic u _1 ,^j iuto l.ngh "d 
 
 ,)„). Tournaments ;^ "; . "'"oiiiMted by Henry II., 
 eai' V in the I2t 1 « entu n , 1 on .^^_^ j,,,„.„^. 
 
 nnd also by "'^^ ', i;;^, , ,V „ ,.rticle agams t eir 
 Luteran council I";','"'^' ,, ,„rv II. of trance, ui a 
 ;,>tiuuame in "3>. "' ,\ ^y, had his eye 
 
 tut with the eomt ; '^ '^V^! ^i, caused the king » 
 It'uck out, iin "■'■"'^"S^,,, ;ra. Touruameiitb 
 d,.. th i" ■■^^''' ''^',"',"^'' V HuVe'-A magnificent 
 , e then abolished "\ J;* "au.pices of^Archi- 
 Vast and t'^"'-";'",'.'"; ' ""'^t*^„k p a.^e at Eglintoun 
 lild, earl of T'S^"'* '";,„*rthe foUowing w^-'-k- 
 castle, 29 ■V-'g.. .^,3 'V, mong whom was the late 
 
 ♦■,,.ft\ hal , .""''on, r*. '-"",<,u„. ,, June, 1887; 
 J4 June, iN'^o, -•^ "" > 
 
 and May, 1,94. ""'— 
 
 TOURNIQUET. (Sj^^JZ^'oi Woldti«; 
 instrument for ?topin"S ,,,«; ^^loved in -my.. 
 
 :l-^^^?=^^-K-in.7^8. 
 
 I TOUES,a.y.;i-t.:;t>y-;;;;:^,^;l^.„. 
 
 which Charles ^^ "*'';,, ,-„rope, 10 Oct. 732. :,l 
 
 the Saracens, and ".''^ '/' mime of .'/"'■'.•/, m.t. 
 
 from which he ^'X^;;;^,^, uXo called the k 
 tying /„.»»;«<■. lbis^o\Ua ^^^^^^ ,^^. 
 
 ,i I'oitiers. ^'V\.hcn * " ' ..,1 „{ the Mwmh^ 
 mans, M. Cremi.'vix f '" ,^\,,f,,„,e went to T- 
 
 'tournaments, or Jousts. wf;rennrctia^ ,^ v:,„,,,;.tta, "'"""V:. ''' p'ris bv a fallen,, 
 ^^ the. a,icu.ut ;;.^;-;„„J,,,,, .to tuni ; ^-J-^^^rt/Vi; l-V. of the ,,^ 
 
 Loire near Orleans, im ^ 
 
 liordeaux, H l'"' 
 
 ,.., ,. f UmIii'I thetirstnf wliiiii 
 
 TOWERS n.aonw,d.th^^^^^^^^ 
 
 read, built m the pi ;• „,. „, . M,„d„ 
 
 "■'-■•• 'T •' con TheTov,.roiri»r«- 
 
 I-haros), 280 "■«.,}':,,; „. stone fou.M :)t: 
 w..re the "ulv stnutu. s ^nnM. 1)U q 
 
 arrival "f tl"'.^"^'' ^^'i s i'oundcA by tlie to 
 
 i„ the maritime t«|'",'_;^„^, „ill;,rs, nearly ni 
 1 "hese towers "••';^ ' / ,';' ' rds the to|,,p.erm. 
 
 drical, but ""Towu'^ »' ^^ ' \„)^, , ,,,,,,,^,,1, 
 1 lat,.ral holes to -!"'_> f,;/^(^i„; .till r.nmin.S 
 
 conical roofs, tii^ ■' . 
 CO to 130 feet high, ^w im. 
 
 TnnnoN The tnuliUfflJ 
 
 TOWER OF T^ONWN. j^^_,^, 
 
 Julius ^^rfJfT fror~^l 1"'1»''''' '"'V.',*^'"V' 
 isverydoubtfiV ^ roya 1 _^ ^^^^, j 
 
 ,uore than "b"* '^ "° been flr^t ai^'ik"! o« 
 which appears to ^^"^^""^'i. y;.^^ nminuiiai 
 William the Conqueror .o,0,^w ^^..^^^^^^^ 
 
 1078, and eompieted ;■>, "'-^11 wall* ami > = 
 
 ^'-■"P f 'i ''ard kl^g K^'''v.l Ul! budl tl..'.: 
 tioiis to it, ai.u Kuib 
 
ary Touii""'" ^ Touniamonts . n 
 
 ,„j- of tlie lvl"„ _ ^. j^j,,,,) ,:.. 
 
 •iV (S Belgium) was very tlounsluij 
 Ai l.^',';^ f,.,. i;,,rbariiius in tht tli 
 riivagod bj , ,„ mv sie-es. Tukrnl, 
 t h,.s s"*tf"''^,,":'^' he house of \u.tri 
 
 fnncrht nvM o\ivnii> m ai.i>, i..;. 
 1794- I'op"!"*'""' '*^' ^^'■^^^ 
 xTTriT^VT (from tounier, to turn),st 
 ^fr•'X^b•u n.Xvlov.-ain:unpJ 
 said to have ..■on un .r^U'l > . _^ ^,^^_^^ 
 
 if Bcsaiicon, 10,4. ^•'.- ^•. n 1 
 
 thc8crewtouvnuiuetinI,lB. 
 
 .ch he a^;,u"-'''^ f/. , '"' ',0 ,.alU',l tl.o tar 
 
 !li2^S a,ul .e..™lo U.-™^; 
 '^1\ fTr'"™. . t U V "s of forcn,nrvJ 
 
 .a, minister of the -m^^^^ 
 
 XorieaLJ; the governn.ent r,.,ov.,| 
 
 iix, II I'f'-' _ 
 
 VVUS ThatofBai,eUHeK.-tofAj 
 Svheldain..of^unav^;;<.M..-| 
 
 see yi«4'/. ""' ..,, Tov. 'r ol riiaro- 
 >, built SSO '<•,;• ' „,rf tvirei-s in In^ 
 
 lie«nlystrm.ur' ".J ;»^^^,,,^,,,,„a. 
 I of the K"S'r ',w foun. e.\ hv tl.. Ltol 
 
 >^:j:^-viS^irf^.-.ui. .^ 
 
 ,\o feet high; see i'm. 
 
 )\VEK O^'i^rS'el here C«l.out54 
 ,B Civsar f»^"'l^.'^,°^„ Laaee, e(m, i*tui?; j 
 ry doubtful. .A roy.il 1 •''» Whit, T'l 
 
 \han what i« >« Vne fir" m'.ukt.,l .4 
 iJlhe Conqueror .^^b,^- ^^.,„,,,„, 5 J 
 
 TOWN HOLDINGS. 
 
 1103 _ TKADE MARKS REG. ACT. 
 
 In ifi^S, the old White Tower was rebuilt ; and nfpt 1 ir . , , ^ 
 
 under kins: Charles II. it was thoro„shly re,mired, i of w b , I'n , t '^'•'."* ''"'•''.v theFinsburynrchers, 
 
 1680-5, and a Kreat number of additionalbiiibl. ' "'""'"'""t' l^oxopluhtes are the repre.Wtatives. 
 in?9 made to iv. Here are the Armourv, Jewel- T'/^tr*--.,,..,,. — . _ _ 
 
 ^ Ml'.". ' "•' »"'■ jiiiiiiiui^, jewei- 
 
 oSioe. and various other divisions and buildinjrs of 
 pcdiHar interest. Here took i)lace many executions 
 of illustrious persons, and many nulrilers (kin<; 
 Honrv VI.. 1471 ; kinir Edward V. and his brothei" 
 1485;' sir Thoni.is Overbury, 1613). The armoury 
 and 280,000 stand of arms, &c., were destroyed by 
 tirp. ,^0 Oct. 1841. Till' ''New Buildinfrs" "in tlie 
 Towo'r were compliHed in i8.;o. See Jt/nod ; for 
 Toim-Siihwirifx, se<> T/icmcs.' The more recent 
 ronstables of the Tower have been tlie duke of Wid- 
 linp-tou, lord Pombenuere. imd sir John liurfroyue. 
 Sir Georjia Pollock, constable Oct, 1871, lir,! fj 
 Oct. 1872; sir Wm. Oonnn, v Oct. 1872, died 15 
 March, 187;; sir diaries Yoike, April. 1875, die,] 
 20 Nov. 1880; sir AY. Fenwick Williams, April, 
 1881 ; sen. sir R. J. Dacres. Anfr. 1881. died h Dee. 
 ^ 1886; lord Napier of Maffdala, Dee. r8S(j. died 14 
 [.Tin. 1800; ?en. sir Danii'l Ly.sons, 3 Miirch, 1800, 
 i died 20 Jan. 1808, aj;ed 81 ; gen. sir Frederick C. 
 J StPlihensoii, 2 March, iSf)8. 
 
 p TliP mi'n.i;;eric, lone here, was removed tn tlic Znoln^icii 
 g Oimlenf. 1811 ; '.lie state iiajicrs wi'vc removed to^tlie 
 T Rfford OJIicc, 1857. 
 I Opened free to tlie jiMldic (Mondays and Saturd.ivs) frinn 
 I q AiTil, 1875. 
 
 « I.intlinni/' Timer rclinilt and other rcstoratioi.s, TS84-5. 
 i Till' White Tower and otiif r i>arts jireatly daniasod by .an 
 exiilnsien of dynamite : .nhmit -.fi visitors serionslv 
 hurt, .ih.mt 2 jini. 24 .Ian. .lolin (iiHiert Ciiiiniii);Iiiim 
 anil Ham- I!nrton appndiended, 24 J,-\ii. ; committed 
 for trial. ?; Miircli, iSS^;. .See Trinh. 
 fTowpr Brid;jc .act pass.<d, 14 Aiij;. 1885 ; foundation of 
 
 tlin briilj;e laid by the jirince of Wales, 21 June, iSgfi. 
 hie work ])raotically eompleteil, 27 March, 1804. 
 rhebriilge is a comiiniiiid suspension .and bascide briil;.'e 
 [of three spans, of wliich the centre opeiiiiii; is litt'd 
 j with a hascnle or drawhridi/e ; Mr. ,J. Wolfe Darrv, 
 I pngineer, K.(;.n., 1R07 : the liridi,'!' opened }iy ih,. 
 I priiifp and princess of Wales ; ,1 precession of vessels 
 I p.a^seii under the hi-id^'e, ^o .liiiie, 1894. 
 iwiiiil to the puWie, Q .Iiuy, 181)4, '' "7. 
 
 * of bridge ami apprniiidies, reported to be nearly 
 
 jl, 'DO,000/. 
 
 [town holdings in Great Ihitain and 
 V'and. A committee appointed in 1886-0 (Mr. 
 r- i Fry, .sir II. James, sir Wni. JIarrintt iiml 
 Bivr«\to enquire into terms of occupation, fnci- 
 lips I'orpii' "ba.se by tenants, ratincr, improvements, 
 I;. The report issued 13 July, 1889, was stated to 
 I a compromise. 
 
 Ijiort of the cnmniittee, dealing' with (piestions 
 Matiiif.' to local taxalion, the liiiliilily of (,'i'oiind 
 kilts Ac, ]inlili>hed . . ,' 20 May, 1S92 
 
 JOTYNLEY MARBLES, in the British 
 Ispum, were purchased in 1805 and 1814. 
 
 „ TRACT. SOCIETIES. The Society for Pro. 
 tT I di*^'"'"'T" K""^vledj.e was fonnde i i^ 
 other similar societies since. 
 
 TRACTARIANISM, a term applied to certain 
 W., "■;:/" ,{'^";r'' ■""«"™ I"-"I'"">.ded i, he 
 
 w^e' itb'i^;;^^-:"f^lf'"--V""'''''" 
 
 - the 1 ; C Ui-"i/'-p„ V 'i"n'' V ""''"'' 
 
 iji. I-.. inse\, ,). ji. .Newman, 
 
 I were 
 
 lOWTON (Yorksliire), where a sansuinary 
 IIp was foiiuht. 20 March, 1461, between the 
 BOS of York (Edw!ird IV.) and Lancaster (Henry 
 X, to the latter of whom it was fatal, and oil 
 fcpside more tli.an ,37.iXX) tell. Kdwaid issued 
 mo to give no (|uarter, and tlie most mereilc-s 
 mter en.ined. Ilenrvand his queen, Marjjaret, 
 fto Scotland; and l!dward IV. wa.s settled on 
 Bhrone. 
 
 DXOPHILITES (from fn.ron, a bow, and 
 |», a lover), a society established by sir Aston 
 Irin i;8l. TlieTo.xnpliilites formeil a division 
 |e Artillery rompany about 1784-1803. In 1834 
 itook sroiili.is ill the iiuii-r circle of Ke^jelil's- 
 1 and built the archery lod;;e. They possess a 
 
 furious picecofplate, given by Catlierine, queen 
 
 , J. Keble, J. Froude, and I. W 1 am,-la iY: "i o 
 
 I ""^-I'^/y of 0.xford; see />»,,<.,//," Tl e tra ts 
 
 (.speeiallv Xo. 00, as.u-ibed to rv: J. H. Newrn'm^ 
 
 j izc;l';r'' '' ''' ''""-•''- -^^ ^^'" "s 
 
 I moT.^Mi^'^^^?^-^^'*'CtINES were used on com- 
 tHcte Tn" f""''""/" '■^^' '•"' "ft"-«-ards r^- 
 
 :^^;ho^e;^:;fnSiZe[t^n;asi':?'Z; 
 
 TRADE OF GREAT BRITAIN, so- Hx- 
 
 ■ ports and ImporU. In ,861 the v,Z of the fwo 
 jm,ou,ih.dto^3;;,o, 7,^22/.; in .87, to(„4! oaiS^ 
 'f^.l\''y>y-'-'''y^l-- in 1S77, t,, 64t,,7;,-;,702/. • 
 1.1 1879, 611,77^239/.; in i88r. 694,Tos-fu/ „ 
 18S3, 7.12,328,649/. ; ,884, 68:;,9,<,;^' '^ iss- 
 642,442,21,3/.; ,8,S6, V„,8,822,915/ ;' 88-' 
 643,490,449/.: 18S8. 686,213,2,84/. 88q' 
 
 74.3.230.274/.; .8<x), 7.18,9^4. 1. .V.^'Se^ C„rl' 
 
 ^'^l^"^',^ }^f'^ «tate^doulileil in value in ten 
 T),,., „' ■S77..77,8o5,ooo/. ; 1373,89,070,000/. 
 
 f tri'l".'""""!' ^"' >''l'i'"''>- i"*" C'-"'^'-^ "f depression 
 "t tunic, 3, Auk. iSSs. Earls of Idileslei''h anl 
 llnnnaven Mr. O. Sciuter l^.otl^ pt f 1! n ,mv 
 I'rice, .and twenty others. First nieeti 1,- 7 , 7 
 
 JeflVti "';",''""'T^ ''"'"' '■^''''- -SS?. The^nJ^iorHv 
 refei toover.producti.in, rise in y„lue of gold and 1, 
 VKanl to a^'rlcnIlure, fall of prices, as pn.tabli' causes • 
 improved ecaidit ion of the working chlsses mlk'^.;;'.: 
 
 TRADE AND PLANTATIONS, Boahi. 
 
 OK tiounvell seems to have -iven the tirst notions 
 of a board trade: ,n 1655 ho appointed his son 
 Richard, with many lords of his eouncil, jud-es 
 am. gentlemen, and .ab ut twenty merchants of 
 l^omlon, \ork, ^e^veastle, Yarmouth, Dover &c 
 to meet and consi.ler by what means the trade and' 
 miviirntion of the republic miglit be best promoted 
 no„m.s.s.\of,s of thiiliolh. Charies II.. on Iiis 
 restor.ition, established a council of trade for ke.i)l 
 ini; a control over the whole commerce of the 
 n.ation, iWjo; lie afterwards instituled a board of 
 «■■',,'• ■""' P'""';,it>""'^ wliieh was remoihlled by 
 Willi.im III. Ihis board was abolished in I-8'''- 
 and a new council for the alfairs of trade 011 i"ts 
 present jilan was apjioiiited. 2 Sept. 1786. 
 The parliamentary recommei.dation in i83o to appoint a 
 • muuster III trade and conimeree " was dropped by 
 Mr (ihidstone in .March, 18S1. 
 lioard of trade jonrnal of tarills, &o. published, ,, .Sent 
 .886; 7 s. ,. For the rresiilents. see Successive' .■(',,n^,{. 
 Timlin,,.: .Sir jr. E. }Iiek,.neacli, ,, Feb. ,833; M.". 
 A , ._ Mnn.dela, Anj- ,892. (Secretar.v, Mr. Thomas 
 liurl. nn^inally a coal-hewer, Dec. ,?qj.) Mr. Charles 
 1. Uiti hie, 25 June. ,805. (.Secretary, sir Conrtenay 
 Iloyle, ii<))., ' 
 
 TRADE CONGRESSES, see fl',rk:u,.„:cu. 
 
 TRADE MARKS REGISTRATION 
 Atl, p.Hssed 13 Auj;. 1875, The registration office, 
 
 ij:- 
 
 
rr' 
 
 
 
 P Ji 
 
 
 ii(;4 
 
 TRAM-KOADS. 
 
 Tegistrur), ^•"%':PV"'-f ',/"■'• ^^,: '3,118 trade- 
 s' r^Jl^e^^'it'V 3^f|/8^3; 3.35« - j 
 J'sy, Set' .Ven/<«m/.*. iU<»As ^ct. 
 
 TRADES MUi^Ul^. Tl^K^t:!! 
 
 Societj ol A.ls. > •' ,^. i,, ^^, „„,uu|l relit- 
 
 l(om o-f' trade ""l V"''";' '"^ ^t thU niul'u.n were 
 fessor E. Solly, ^i''','-''";,,^'^^',"," Museum, which 
 removed to the South ^^''L^'-'Hi; ^ ^"ench " Con- 
 
 :::j:^jrl;^^ret'^^tierf''..so.tahi.hed 
 
 ''trade, NATIONAL^,CHAMBER^ 
 
 members), 24 Nov. i»97- 
 
 rrx) AT>-P^ T^NIONS defined as " continuous 
 TRADHi^ L'-i^A'-';^; ' ,. ,ije puriiose ot , 
 associations of ^^•''g^'-^l'''f,?', " ,, 'luioiis of their j 
 
 competition. A> "•'' ^ „ot recognised 1 
 
 laining the rate ^'' .^V'^,' ''.:*;' ^.u,,,. lord Klcho, j 
 
 Ijy l'^«-. ^i' i:."""^d otUc" "vWf sir Wm. Krle | 
 lliomas Hughe., ■ ) •"J ^^ ' „ ^^namvv i.ito their 
 as chairman) was a ,i,oint. d w 4 ^^ ^^^^,.j^. 
 
 constitution, 14 ^^■^'•, '«'^''J!",,a S April foU'^^^" 
 
 ing. Thei revolts «L uj-jUtous practices, 
 
 disclosing t"''^^^'' ''-'.°',e S''"7^''<^''^' »'"' ^''""' 
 Uh g--^,,- :-r " rteet'union funf fr-jn -"■ 
 Chester. An aciio 1 \. trade union ad 
 
 bczlement was pastel " «^>^. ^ -I;.' ,,,t passed 30 
 passed 29 J"'"'' '^'';:."'t R inilueiueof trades 
 iuue, 1870. ;i'l'"''y'; • ' „" Kmldove^ was 
 unions, the >;;;-"^' .'^^'^ ;^^". tid n-orkow. 
 
 '. 1 1 ;,..,! rvllini'wood succeeded to the 
 killed, and ?f'V»V,. ,hi,, w°rtlie I'iV/orj/; and liis 
 command^ ^'-'^^?'i-': d o-q eots ever/m,«i wiil 
 last signal was, t'!'^'""" Tl e day Bpeciallv . dc 
 do his duty ;•' see f^'';'"'- J, ,';,/,,?„. 1>rafalg.«.,. 
 bnited in Lon 0,1,2^^^0^^^^ 
 
 sQVAKE.London, '^'-t' "> '°f f ^ t,,^, ' uare is Cro«n 
 passed in l844, d'; "> ng Ji' ^-d iii tie hands oftW 
 
 29 May, .880. «-,f :':;,.„„, s„t,m.ay affr. 
 l-ublic a.cet.ags n, I ■ ^ "",,° ,lav.s, subject .0 
 
 ,Anan'i;^t':;«tingi.n.moryoftheexecutK>^. 
 
 ! Chicago . y,; ,;„;,,,,, ,s„,ta, .887. 
 
 lA,nocti„gofanarchists,,ropos..dfor3D.c.p.o. 
 hibitcl . • ,, •,„'„i„pv vestry and scvpnil 
 
 Ni'^r^';[:a;,J^'u^*b;r >:;>or,,.Ltio,,.^. 
 
 i ^ifi^h .^.unciis bill ;>".^;";^^^,; „,„\ orl:^ ' 
 
 \ Dcinonstratioi. in lavoai ol Lieto ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ _ 
 
 in 
 
 unions, the N^Uional ^^m "^-; ^ ,A,r/ti»5 
 
 lormed Dec. 1873; -^•'■" ;^X i'^ 'se i" l"^""^'*^ '' 
 ,„,,,. Trades unions ^'^"^ 'f.^^,^ s^tes, N.A., 
 
 '««+^ ^^t.^"";'^ sJd"i^845,>".d-- 
 previoosh '"' ■"'. ,^^i", ',f,, i,,.,..une very powerful. 
 Uduallyc^msohdated a. n^^ nu. .^,1^ 
 
 See C'nt.d.St.,1,.^. . \> ^'^>j,.j ,1 ij„„ocracy," by 
 ^e-.(1iiau!:^VNSvublished.89;.^ 
 
 feasor N^f^;^^LJ:;B-:ii^s:T^:';u 
 
 iept.' 1889; Ln-erp.Mafeci.l_ 1^9 ,3 i5,.,r,st 
 
 1895; ?.'''"'"'^ 'Z,^, ,48 2ml annual congress ol 
 l?l!^'-l!n.:j:sU?;io»CarW,,-6,.nnc,.895. 
 
 '^{^^T^Ii!^^?w^s;stn'iS'i'^^*^'^ 
 
 Spain, commanded b> 'W" "''i * -V)n, ,.,H.my'sforcc 
 bl.anishadniirals2, )c,.^.^^l^^-.^^>^^,,,l,, 
 
 all of the lino-, that «' "'|X, :;V^^^^^^^ the 
 ,,ip«. Aft. .a P- ;■;'-, Jf,-; ll^'^teen of ti.eir 
 
 TTtAFFIC in the metropolis is now rogulated 
 bv™e Metropolitan Streets uet, passed 20 Au, 
 1B67. 
 
 TRAGEDY, see J»-anm. 
 
 1 .TRAINmG SCHOOI^,^ 
 
 tlonalbocict>,l8U. on wa ^^_^^ ^^^ ^^ ,, 
 
 Commission dcvotg a c-..^ J ^^^^ ^^ 
 
 i;::!;™^:utfcKeses,.h;dsinS?«..cn,,. 
 
 °;:;:o:ri:Lugcoucgc,estabus..cd.7s:c.o.. 
 
 FiS;;;m;ning^mcgccs,abbsUcd about .S3, 
 TRAINING SHIPS, see M'>nne .V. 
 
 1 37I feet high. 
 
 TRAM-ROADS. X^^^^^C^^I^t. | 
 
 statrnicnt that it «»« > Outram.tiiolii^ 
 
 Oatram (tin; hdl"'r ot s. ; ' ' .;,\iV,r ',,iroua.ato. 
 general), who imnro ^ ') , " ;>;,.,,„.,,,d,« 
 
 ^3 M-;^.,:!f ■;.^^;:,^,;^';he' house'of co..j« I 
 
 IfiK tkoV: i^;venUonh.sera^ 
 
m 
 
 IlAM-llOADS. 
 
 •il ColUufiwood succeeiltd to Iho 
 ,'i'8 ship was the JVc/oc;/; mul 'us 
 Euuliuul expects every .m:m will 
 XH.w)i. The day Bpeinally itlc 
 
 2,oct.I8o<^''«■«•'lYf//:"•V'•; 
 
 be"un 1829; completed 184 V Aa 
 euluring that the square is Cro«n 
 ,-.rp of it plieed inthe hands oftk 
 f^ Woods and l-orests and ui.un 
 . In i8sl,tlie charge was tniib. 
 ilmssioueVs of Works. Ihe u:r.t 
 l,li. meetings in tlie square l-yihi- 
 ,1 bv tlie Commons (3l'^-2;4). 2 
 raiul Hotel opened by Lord M.iyor, 
 iee Itiots. 
 
 „ ,l„'S.|uare 01. Saturday afl.T- 
 ,',„l wink holidays, subjoot (0 
 Oct. ,8g2, were r.-sainert 5 Nyv- 
 „„,„ii.loyed ii..a. Louise M.H..;1 _^^ 
 
 a„a;chiststo'ia:otestiii^rui.stll,.- 
 iniUtjiry awl police 111 stnkniit> 
 ""MaiiiKonbehaU-ottheim.U™.!^ 
 
 ,„i-„„,;„oryo{theexecutioi.siii 
 " , . 12 i>o\. ,. 
 
 See Unikd State.-i, 1887. 
 »reliisls proposed for 3 D™. pro- 
 
 „. Ueriuoii.lsey vestry ai.d sovcnii 
 \be bouse ,,rlor.ls' actio,, on tV 
 
 Is bill on [Suinlay . • ^'-'J""' ■"* 
 - 'i'-uv of Ciete a,i,l C^eec.,^^^ ^^^ 
 
 in the metropolis is now regukted 
 H.litan Streets act, passed 20 Au', 
 
 Y, see Drama. 
 
 Tn i^PTTOOLS, hegun by the Xi- 
 ^.?^^^Om^v^;sY-ndelatBlm^^^^^^^^ 
 1 Kav Miuttleworth, and Mr. i. t. 
 h.tter;xvhowa^t'-nnithel>oorL,. 
 
 .i„,T •! vi-ir'- salary towuvds tit 
 devotnig a ya -."a' ^_ 
 r. Mann stated, m 185,, tli.it t.,.- 
 rty of these srliools m dltlereiit \.:i 
 
 lining college, establisho.l 1B7S ; oxtfnss 
 .ing'^dlege ..stablislu.l about u3,. 
 NO SHIPS, see ^^''-'''f '««"0. 
 
 TliANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 .liilv, 1876, 
 
 rlcvatiil street railways cri'i-tcil in New Vurk, 1R77-3. 
 .■,;iiiil('sof trannvaysennstnieteil in lOiiglaiid ami Wale 
 
 . , ^_ ']"■ (m 1H4,,) and liv the Ati.stralian 
 eoiomes (i,S(.4). Tniiisp„rtation, ev,.ii to West 
 Australia, wliere labour is wanted, erased after 11 
 lew veai-s tlirmmh the lieree oppnsiti.ii, „f tho 
 
 i37o-8n. eastern enluiiirs, In cdnseouein'e cif tlip .11(11, -nit, r 
 
 j,„„,„,-ubleti-,iniwav..n Higbgate Hill, X. T, l„n m,e ; th.Mi experieur,.d i„ tn nX .1 ' fel lis V I 
 
 lirst in Karoiie), n,,.,,,.,! ^q May, 1SS4; stopped »ee. i Viet e no w,< n, ,,1 f , • 1 ^i • '^ 
 
 ,802: rMiNMu'Min niiMiinu'(.RQ8). | , . ' , ' '''' "■'." 1'''"''.'' V I'l'ovid,. „tlier punishmen', 
 
 vtwniHiii.lnv.'il l.vtbe Xnrtb r.^inlnii Traniwavs Com- I ''■""".^' penal .iervitmlc, I'liipnweriii- her niajestv 
 
 i,anv. I April, 1S3:;. s,.,Min.bT .lu-. ' , )? '-''""f panlon to olfcndi'i-s 1111, Irr certain eondi'. 
 
 -v,,iiilcs"rtiaiinvavs in llie Uiiiicl King.loni in i8,?7 ; [Jons, and licenci's to others to be at liu--e • such 
 
 004 miles iti i3S3; iSSo, o.io miles: 8ti,q4V. net , licences being lialile to bi' revoked if necess'irv • 
 
 ,,.mptsin i3oo: 1893, 7fiE.64o'. net receipK qfio and many have been. The.se licences are tcTined 
 
 i!i !■■"•. 1894, 756.7S1'. net rceeipts, q;5 inile.s ; iSqg, " t c'ki't< af l,..iv., " 'ri, ^ ""-'," i» ait itriiini 
 
 05. .Idles rSss'^oi!. net reeeipti ; '.896, ,,009 miles or i 1 itcd in \ , I f r 'I'l'" " '""' ^^ **'""' 
 
 ,„jfi.;o,;. V. . y ".'-'"'Ucil in Aosfraha under the sniienntendence 
 
 \ii iatcrnational trainwav oongi-ess opened at Drussels, 9 '"'I'tH" .Maeonoidiie. U was nmch assailed 
 
 ;Scnt. i833. ^ in Oct. and Nnv. 1862, on aeeoiint of viobait crimes 
 
 Mr. Liiii'lfs mode of traction on traniw.-ivs bv magneto. Iieiiig traced to tiiJat-nf-h'iii-ci-.s • and was moditied 
 
 ,.1,,-trcitv WIS t.iclatriiiswick. -.^^.Inne, ,890. His by the Pen ,1 Servitui,. Act, 1864: and' tlie Ih-e- 
 
 ,,a|..iitliasliccn ]aircli,,s,.,l bya svndn-atc. M'litinn of Crimes \cfs iX-i in.l ,^-0 it • 
 
 U™1 electric „.ainw.y op,.ne,l at I ,1s, ,9 Oct. .■.,nsi,le,.ed sina"l:fnl sl'e Cw";'. '^^ ^' '' ''""' 
 
 i|p ronni'llv Iranicar niolor in wbii'li the vapour nf ''"'"' ''-Vi''. e.s,|., ,, in.in ef f.irt'iie, was sentiao'eil to 
 
 iiiiiK-nil oil is .■mploycrl. lelniili'd by tiaii„'a,-s on iiiul "'■y,','*!l''.''''l"' ' '''"' stciiling a few iiuircs uf iiapcr. 
 
 nf til'' T.nailon ami (iiccnwii'l, system, Manli. i8q;. ti ,;' iT li ,. i N,,y. i->7i 
 
 ..!,.lo„ Street Tia,;,wavs, vabo'il at fi4,sio'., i>roposi..l ^''!' ,'V'^'' "''■ "'"'a-in, tutor to the earl of Cl„',t>r- 
 
 . ,1 I 1 , . „ ^ ■. J - . ' . ' - till I If I..' t .■., 11.. 4.,..! C .. •.• .. ■. n 
 
 I 
 
 inrchasp liv tin' r.oinioi, Cnnnty Council. March, iSq 
 I rr.,,iil<i,)i, nf triiucM' by ciimpres'icil eoal-gas s,ie,','S' 
 
 Iiillv trjcl at (^rovil-'M, 10 .fnne, ,804. 
 I t..i!(loii Trail, ways act passi'il ;i July, 1894. 
 
 TR.^N'QrEBA'R (East Indies), tlie Danish 
 i.'tlcini'nt here, fonil ■ - ■ - - 
 (ihcEnirlish in 1845. 
 
 '',!.stV'cr "■'"'■*'""■''"' f'"' ''"'o'liy a frank (,«/" 
 
 Thc|i,.sttni„spnrtati.ai,,ficlo, 'it,,lint,nyl)?i?was '^'^ 
 11, May. ,7;'7: whcv -..vcii„a- Phillip niTivcl 
 with :,l,(iiit S.M on ..o ,laii. 178S ; convicts wee 
 "'j''i'"'ai'ls SLa,t to Van Dicmea's Land, Norfolk 
 
 h.'tlcnii'nt here, bmndcd in 1618, was purchased by ■i',.,„'',"''','\''' , ,, 
 
 ! ., TV..,,:.,, :.. .0.- ' ■ 'iaiisi.ni-ti,ti,in supersi'iled by penal si'rvitiide . iSsj 
 
 TRAXSOASPIAN RAILWAY, see under 
 
 fyilirin/s. 1888. 
 
 liciinmi,- |,.„m ti'anspMrtatinn wa- pui'isli,-,l,lc with 
 
 d-lth until 5 Will. IV. r r,;, .\U_'. ,Uu Whci, UU 
 
 :<■ 1 w.is p,s,c,l liMk;i,.4tie. ,,l|-rli,ci,ui,i.sl,;,l,le by 
 
 tr,llispn|-l;ilinl| fnl' HI','. ■" 
 
 TR AXSFIGITR A TIOX. Tlie change of -^ ,?,';,;'!,';';.'ll,:'',' ' :";','■'';'" *" ^^'r"' -IJ^isti'dia (which 
 |fhrist's appi'arance ,in Mount Tabor, in the pre- 
 ICC of Pi'ter, .Tallies, anil .lolin, .-X.T). 32 {Mutt. 
 
 Ii.id aliviidy ivi'civcil ,0.000) in 1S67. 
 
 Roman senate ami peonle, to tt;ii 
 Is" Stories, and execute bvil|.^ 
 .. s built in the square called thei m 
 "us of the Tuscan order, aua » 
 elusivoof the statue and pedc=Ui, J 
 
 t?lL 
 
 1?(")ADS. 'i'he name is prol«l)lv t 
 
 be,,^imule.,f^<''"»«'-b,u-solw..oJ;lU 
 
 elt^ was derived from Mr. Bemao 
 
 ,1,,., „f sir .lanies Outram.tiie h'm 
 ,'h'mpr :d;!;ec,,lUeryraihouiUal«; 
 
 .vd-ailtlul. 'l'"^' "•"" HToa' W i 
 ,Wa>i,isworthwa. completed on 24J^, I 
 
 \ ,«(., .,,,,1 at liav>w,iter. LoiiJ-'i. 
 „!.'^''i:.b^c.,'abvtlu, nouseofcoM,o^i-^| 
 
 .., .p, , . f„ „. „ . ■■ , ^, TliAN'SriiSTAXTLVTIOX, thoilo.trineof 
 
 -iVu.V Ihe least ot the 1 raiistiguration, ki'jit on the "ri'al pivsrnei'." Tliat tl'e bread and wine in 
 f' An;., was instituted in tlii' Kast b-fori' 700, ami tlii' Kucliarist ari' ihaiiL'i'i! into the y,'rv tiesli and 
 -fcms tn liave bcii obsi'i-y,',! in the Wi'st as early as Monil .d' Christ b\ tlie I'onseia'atioii, was uroached in 
 j;o. I'npe ralixtns ITf. in \ i\>> issued a bull t)i,' days (d' (livgory [II. (751), and accepted bv 
 ■;i;iking it a '' feast of iddiiiation " to be >reiierallv -Viiialarius uiiil KaiHn.rtiis 'alVait 850), but ri'iecteil 
 /''S'lTcdin lioiioiir of the de'eat of the Turks at by Kabamis .Maiirus, Jnlmuues 'Scotus Krlgena 
 ,. , .,.•.. .,._^ l!ei-,'ii;;arius. \Vi,dilfe, an,l otlwrs. In thi' Latenin 
 
 eoiiiiiil, belli at Rnni,' bv liiiiocnt III., the word 
 " TiMUsubstantiation" was useil to e.viiri'ss tliia 
 
 lllik'radc in that \'Oiir 
 
 ."« PtiTTiMN (i» «»"«■)' "«« ■ TRAXSFOTiMATiqX PRINTS 
 
 S n l.>v_;i-n- , „,„^,,,,., *f, ...m, ^^■vK'tlioil nf ni-intinL" one nictn,',* n\-cf :,ti.itb,. 
 
 I , , , . . . -- - ■ \ ■■ irausiinstuntiation" was useil to e.vpri'ss tliia 
 
 Mwlol iirinting one picture ov,.r amdber, tlie ifictrine, wbich was ile,;v,., to be iiicontrovin-tible • 
 porp.HT beiiig easalv elfaeed, patented by Mr. ami all win, npposi'd it wi'v, eondemiieil as hi'reties' 
 llnili-ew Ih'ul of .Neweastle-on-Iyn,', and olliers, This was coniinned bv tlie council of Trent, iHJan, 
 
 I,s''2. ,luhii lluss, .(eroiiie ,)f I'ragiie. iiii,l other 
 
 TRAXSFUSION OF BLOOD, s.e lUood. 
 TR.\XSIT. see Mvvami and Vcnm. 
 
 iietrtyrs "I' tlie ndbrniation, sutb'iTil for denying 
 Ibis dogni.i wliidi is renoun,',',l bv tlie elmreii of 
 Kiiirlaiiil (28tli article), and by all ],rot,'s;aiit dis- 
 TTMVsir \TTnM .„„ TT,s.,.,„, Ti , senters. Tile d.'cbiration against transubstaiitia- 
 
 i-nl t 1^, bT!? ^v .Ml'-^^^''^ f ' '■"'"" ','""• ""•■"■^"i"" •"■ "'^' •^^'i'"'*. '""1 the saeriru'fi of 
 t", .'■".'■ '' ''"\"'' ; t."'" ^'■-" "f .l''s vears, ,1,,, ,u,,,, on .ukiiig any civil office, \yas abolished 
 Ici, r.,i. , le la-jihet Khjali was ransla e, t„ by an act i-assed 2S July, 18(17 ; ^,^\m'n,m,nt. 
 |w.iima,-bariot,,| hr,',.8i)(,ii.c.— Tlie ],ossibilitv .,„ , ■>■ ^„ \ .■ , 
 |tr.nsl;,.ini, to til,' abode of et.'rnal lif.' has b,.en '■','" ,,";;"!,■;'''.'". , '" .;.'"';","";, "f '"r""''t;'f'"'r'i 
 
 |i,,.id,.ed iiv some .'xtravagaiit .'iiMiusiasts Ti. ^'un.i'^ ^^^ku'i;;;!:;,: ii^^u;'"; i;:.':'h,..:;;;i'an:i wS,;^ 
 
 *di hnuse nt cmim ,11s ,'vp,dl,',l Mr. As^ill Ironi : II,' \v , ,,,1 l,y I!;,,,,, I'liMMr. Z«jn-le. ami 
 
 B> -'Mt, far bis book asserting the )iossibility of '''^c-is (icni.nl sacMm.Miian.ius), who ^lisctnlthat the 
 
 kuisliition to the other world withniil iIimiIi, j-o^ 
 
 !. old's Hiippcr is only a I'mami moi'ativt rite. 
 
 [Tlt.VXSPADAXE T^EPrPTJO, eo,,,,, rising : TkAXSVAAL REPTTHLTD, named South 
 
 riiiliinlv ami p;iri: ot tlie V.'inaian t,.rritori,.s, was Afiican l{,.piiblic in l.S.S;, foiin,le,l bv Dutch lioers 
 itiluslu'd 'IV lion.inart,' ift,'r his vi.'i.irv at Lodi, ' (fai'niers"! in iSjS. al'ti-r several veai';' sev,.i-e ."on- 
 I M;iv. 17.1!,. With the ('ispa,lau,' vepiib'- , it ' Hi,-t with tlie nativi's. Its indciieiuleuce was du- 
 ^■i.'cl int., til" Cisaliilii,' r.'puhli,., Oct. 17,);. , i ,'lar,al 17 Jaii, lSj3, S. J. 1'. Krii-er I'leeted presi- 
 
 ■1 b 
 
 
 ,f^-'A 
 
 
TRANSVAAL KEPUBLIC. 
 
 110() 
 
 ■i 
 
 dent- Mnv, l8s?; niid its ooiistitiition ,mu;laimca 
 
 ir T F liM.'i.ors, 27 May, 1872 I'oin.latiu.i 
 ?ib"«t ^8.(^0 JicKTs, sooo KnsH^l> settlor. 770.<wo 
 
 about <p.w«' "IV Nvhit.'s; iH.)5 <;;'^\'"''';'',' •^..if 
 Boers, (,u,u(K, Uitlaiulers, -..utsi.U.r. (n x ), 
 250,000 Kattirs. KstinuitiHl revfiiuo, 4,880,490'- 
 1807-8. 
 
 War with tl... Kalli.-s Ik-i... ; CHy way,', Ui»H : «;;'j'!- 
 
 ci.'iii ISi.-Kiikui.i), an rinuuMit e;lial J ">. ^^1° 
 
 H,a u 1 .■ai.j-'"vrnnu,iit Ulaaad ; ,tstn...i.s.lol«.l> a ; 
 
 DmH,!i;Jsa.sist,..l'h>;tl,..A,uazwaMc.,aw,u^,U. 
 Sel.'lv dls 'at,.l, ut .1,. earl of Cavnarvon, cons.m ^ 
 
 Spriicdiii tlnratiMiiiit; l.rydciilauK , -. • .. V. " 
 H,.i:i;:'kma.,, tl,e Uufc-I, t;e,a.ral, killed ,u a,, att...k ^^ 
 
 Sir T. SlRTstoi.e ^vc■U reoi.iv.d ; a desire exiavssrd 
 
 for fede.'.ti..n, 1-Vl.. ; opi.-sition to it Mai , 1S.77 
 Mi.Livliv ill tli>' liaiisvaal ; annexation c't tin 
 ^T nsva;d(t..r,aut..e,inn,,u,lu.liritish,,a,oni..iis 
 
 Vroehii.m.l by sivT. Hi.Tstune, i. -Mad, lu » 
 KW(an ill as a Iniinistialiir . • 3u .•■.■.>, „ 
 
 C<:S;ict w;.., S,.,.o,..eni „U.a,,prov..d); son.e^adiin. _^^^ 
 
 SiJ'^'^'"o«en i.anyon >-''« '^"-"'"^ ^Lv;;; iSjg 
 Gn:;r:w-i.i-ito;,l,e-l!iitish™le;am^^^^^ 
 
 Si;'[!:^:ri'VaH--;^«"ven,or;dNata,.e:A.ay „ 
 War with S.Mue.i-ni rontinnes . '^"'•;, '■.„■, " 
 
 "^nr'r^r'^L;;;^rwi:^y;:'^.Ji;'^Htgq;;:i _ 
 
 iintivi' troi.iis i,^,^. " 
 
 Hf'Coc-(ini suncnders . ■ • • , ; 
 
 The Transvaal dcelaml a erowncol.aiy l"'- „ 
 
 T le B TS meet and elaini indei.endenee ; iiok. 
 Krieer. and I'returins arrested lur ,s,i;ninb' a 
 Li^nent issued V,y the liuere—te..^^^^^^ 
 
 The Boers sei.e Hei.lelherg, .6 De.'. ; e^taMisli the 
 south Afriea reia.blie, I'aul krufer l'>eMd_.^nt^^^^ ^^ 
 
 \ imrtv of Iloers stop at Brcniker's Hianit alnait -.150 
 li "isl troc.i.s of the 94th iVKimen , who resist 
 .fjme killed 'or wonuried ; others disarmed ,md 
 
 Capt. J. M. Elliot Haid to lie treacherously Udled 
 
 Tr;i™ss:.ut.Vou;ihitain,..e., Dee., .880, and ,ian .88 
 a,r tleo.w I'. t..aey(ai.l.Minted Kovernor of Na al 
 ^ ,880) tkes enmmand in the war . .M • „ 
 
 ^^■N'^'f'^ah";:^.:" i'Kom;rMd.Ji''i^^.ne, 
 |;:::;;;l^!!;se;,mbe'l>oole and Wm. Uunt^Uin- __ 
 
 Se^T;^ nmlllet on the (nungo riv,;- ; the British ,a " 
 hours under lire; reiadsed with "eavy ^Inss, ^ 
 
 t^ir Evelvn Wood arrives with reinforeemeo's a.|d 
 
 TlifiJlS;«c^K;^;?H^atevro.4ial^,,.^.^ 
 
 (iJr'oS .iKU-eiies iu the iMKht to Majiiha hili 
 '%lXl:% : detV.ated and killed after a^lesrei^je ^ 
 
 Gcm;"s!1-1'. Roberts sent to .VtViea " . . f tVU. , 
 Vnnis ee oro,,osed l.y the^ lioers ; nceepted lor 0..4 
 
 '"Zrch ;'anidstiee extended, M "- • ; '-^ 
 auree to Biitish terms, 2., 22 Ma ' ' , l" ' ; 1' , 
 Jhlimed ; the Boers disi,er.se ; y.m. UolHirts , iv died 
 
 24 i*i >n < ' II } 
 
 r„t,-hefstroMi surrenders with honours of war, 21 
 .Mareh : ni\'ii ui> as uca-ujiie'l Iry iir.-';-.~-. .-^1;"> 
 
 Vjte f eensure ou the Uovernment """ey "' ;» 
 coniinons negatived (3.4-»o5, „t=5;, ^f,;^ ' ,1 
 
 Commissioners to curry out treatj of i".ate ap 
 
 iKANSVAAlTiEPUBLIC. 
 
 „„inted -, Mail, agree to einiventi.aii-e.Ung virtu. 
 IV ,lltl.eieiT>toryt.,"TheTnANsVAALMA,K 
 ,0 .vn^.ust, sub.ieet l(. sn/,era,nly o the ^i ee , 
 ,„„, ;, liiitiM, leMd.nl; «ilh tlel ul alK.ul. 
 
 . \h7/ \e. ; indepelid.! ot the >w;i,.ies 
 
 f,^ ,V'„,ii.'e,\ ■ si-neU l.v li.'Val enmmissKaiersiniil 
 ' iVii v. I'n.oiie-s aial IVter ,1. Juuh,,., 
 ,it,'l'l'en J. 1'. Kriiger not present), 3 ^.\ug.-, ^ ^ 
 
 Ml^eiii^'ellhevolkM-aad. 21 Sept.; trea;ty eoi,lin,,ea; 
 
 Mr. 0. lliidsiin appointed lirsl British resident^ ^^ 
 
 D.-PMitn.v of the British troops • ahout23 1i,(- ',', 
 Fighting will. Ihe natives . . • '^eh. u:;. 
 
 '4,.7.,,e,ini kille.l liv a rival elnel . . . .Mil.. ., 
 ^^, \ 1 t einsul...nlinateelnerMa,.neh net ., 
 . ew 1 ti-id.les wdh the l.anves >e,.|..ner. „ 
 
 i- ." t 1 "With Ihe natives, who are repidse.l, nml.r 
 
 'ri'en-ehietMapneh . . ■ '"-'•;;!;;;•,■,, 
 
 rom"iluUoo'''f eldel-s againklh.- iioeVsainem,,,;;.,:; ■• 
 Negotiations for peaee begun by Mapocli »»''''»i'|;;-!J. " 
 I'aul Krnger, ,a-esideMt . 9 May, .883, and 8 May, ,. 
 
 n:;i;me!:rep;:'.'s'M;bnnt.ed-t.,tJiegove,j,a..,,,; 
 
 ";';'",..; 'aalended boundary lines aeeepte.l, 
 f Feb. ; eonvenlha, signe.l, the repnbhe te ,e 
 styled the "South Afriea Uepubhe niider 
 British suzerainty • „, ' ', ^7 ''' '■ v-t. 
 
 Tlfe eon" mtion adopted by llu' Transvaal ,,^.>i^^l^ 
 
 The niibusterii.gsettlersof (ioshen andStell,,.! om, ' 
 bredillioe,.UNeiiliu.i;sei/.ean.l annex M"i,lsa«s 
 n s in lieehuanalaiHl -, sanrteaad by a pre. 
 ;.„„iation ; withdrawn on reiuonstramT,^ .^^^ 
 
 Sir H liobinsiai's ultinnitum from Cape Tewii 
 reuuiriiiWl'iuteeti.mot the frontiers . ^alout 
 
 Short war with the natives, refusing to pay laN|S ; 
 ,,:t'^r:h;rg'll.und"r.hroughthe;U.veSp,ae,,t'^ 
 r a iniu" • inliahitants ehielly Knglish . ■. 
 U:ild;VT:u^w,.htlm orange Ji^^...;;,_^ 
 
 A „fe.it eoiumeiTial development of eoiiiinenT 
 ^.^;;.fth:'"us:overyofgoia.ields,rapi,Ur,av, 
 
 ,,1 .lohannesburg . • • , iM"'ib'l ^'l'• ■ 
 Kamine in Johannesburg, relieved >'y W>v.™ii»;« 
 
 Visit of president Kriiger to Johannesburg resislel ^ 
 
 „!,'^i^n:rigrnl.niha.;,wajaia,ei;a,JM'.J^^ 
 <;,.„ .loiibi'rt entertained in l.oiaicm . U' , 
 lV,:iVyra,i,san,ldestrne.ivell '^ ; ,b.,ann,..^^^^^ 
 
 .^::!;r-^rt;. iaev;nted^,y\heH^.e,o™ 
 
 ,.,ossingthe Limpopo . . about . .nn, 
 
 1 Deslrnetive storm and innndaliou, about 10, u i<'h. ., 
 
 i i..n,l Kru-er re.eleeted pri'sident, 7.83, : (ic". 
 
 albeit 7009; M. Kot/.e, 70 ; repnrte.l ,. .Vpr , 
 
 ; >, I'll's'^^'nghold in Zontpa,,.he,g -.nnno 
 
 • the Transvaal lore.'s ; reported . •-•o. 11 , , 
 
 Sii lie irv B. l.oeh,the high eommissiouer, Visa 
 
 |^'.n;.'r.^!oobtainred,pofthegr,evanoj.o, 
 
 British and foreign residents . . 26.111m, 
 1 British snl.ieets exempted from aiditary s.Tvur 
 I "V^; the Vlansvnal government; ^"'■"'^y^J^- 
 
 ' D,'stna.tiv,; revolt of UiV Kaffirs ■(Zoatpin.sU-r; 
 
 lM;d:bS'an;i':;:::ml.owersimpri;o,a.Ja,I'rA^^ 
 
 i The Kntllrs defeated after severe lighting ^ 
 
 for peace . • • • ' ' ; Sf ui 
 
 The ef.iefs surn'oder ; reporteil ,• .,• 'ijl 
 
 ' Tle'lSwazdandeonveiition passed by tlie\ollvsrii.»i, 
 
 I s,.,. .se(i:i/inld . • ■,.;.„., ..■f,„.Li„,' 
 
 I n..l,ellion m /;oulpansbergl■,llpple^*!,1ft.^._..J.^|■. 
 
 I Tllialelagoa railwai"l'e"e>lttt Pretoria", sir Uer«il.> 
 
\AL REPUBLIC. 
 
 .(. tlM'llllVI'lltinlll'Cllill^'ViVtH- 
 to "'1'Im' 'lllANSVAAl. mate" 
 
 t ti> sii/,i'rai)it.v I'l' till' VHi'i'ii, 
 lint ; with lU'lit 111' uLimi , 
 iIimic'IiiUmli'i' iif till' S\v;i/.ii-s 
 liy Ki'Vul cillllnissiulirlsilllil 
 ii'.s 1111(1 I'l'tL'i' •'■ J'iiil"'rt 
 iiv-fi- not iiiL'si'iit), 3 Ami;. ; 
 
 . . . . . 8 All;;. \'.U 
 ml, siSi'l't.; tieutyciniliiiin.l, 
 
 itcil liisl liritisli ivsiili-iit. 
 
 Niiv. ,, 
 isli tnmi'H . abiiut 28 Die ,, 
 livi's . . • i-'>'''- ';•' 
 
 lival I'liirf . . . All;.', . 
 ■.Iin:iti' iliiilM'U'"'''! ■ "'•>■ ■ 
 til tlu' imiivi's . Nii.t,-Uc\ , 
 tivi'S, whu tiiv ivpiilM''!, uiiil.r 
 
 16-17 .N"V. . 
 
 . ■ lull. lU- 
 
 s ii"iiiiisttlu' liiitrsiiiiiH'iiiiii'il, 
 
 JIhivI,, „ 
 I'licguiilivMuiiocliaiiiMiuiui'il, 
 
 sAl'iil, .. 
 ■lit . qlliiyi 1883,1111118 May, ., 
 
 I Illy, 
 
 r'luil kvilgin- ami "Uiii> vc- 
 
 TEANSVAAL HEPUBLIC. 
 
 1107 
 
 TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 .uliiuitti'il til tlw H"ViriiiiiHii, 
 
 •!iv 
 
 i-il iHJiuiilMiv liiii'-i ai'ic|iti'il, 
 im sigiicil, llic rii'iililii- I" !»■ 
 iitli Alncii Ui'imlilic" iimk-r 
 
 27 I'lll, \\_s. 
 
 ■ ti'illiv the Transvaal a^^rnll,ly. 
 
 [tiers 111' (insllMli allilSti'll:i.lall.l, 
 iiiH ; sri/i' anil aiiin-x .Mnhlsina's 
 iiiiila'iHl; sMiii-liiiiHil li> a i.iii- 
 ilraWii I'll iriJii'Ustriiiii'i', 
 
 f^ept., Oct. „ 
 
 I uUiniatum fnnn Caiui Tuwn 
 inn 111 the Iruhiii-rs . al.oiit 
 
 14 lilt. ,, 
 . iiativi's, vi'lusiiit; tn liay 'axi's; 
 I, ,„,!,. . . . .2l)ei-. u:r 
 ii.li'.l tliriiut;li till' ilivil'iiHiiiiit 
 uihaliitalits rliii'lly Kii-li-^h . 1. - 
 Willi tliii (Irani,.' Inr slatr, 
 
 iilnmt 13 .Ma:iai, u: 
 fial ili'Vfliiiniifiit "t I'uiiimi-rii' 
 very of i-nldlielils, rui'iil n>"«tli 
 , . . ri'iiortcil !<i-i't. ., 
 
 rehbiirt', relievcil by u"V. 1 iniii'iil 
 
 aiiniit 7j (let. ,. 
 
 Krii^i'i' to Joliaiimsliiu;;, ii'.Msk' 1 
 i\V(l .... 4 .Mairlt, i: .' 
 oini'iit fiirS\vazilanil,alj.mt4Aii;;. ,, 
 i.rtaiiii''l in l-imilo" • I''" . 
 
 ilislrni/liM'tloi'ils; Ji'lianui'slii-.v 
 
 liiiililli'.Iali. i;a 
 4 Iirevi'iitoil by tin- I'l'la''' li"ia 
 nU'oi'O . . al'nm,2.luly, ,. 
 
 II ami ininiil.'ilioii, about 10. u ti'l). isy! 
 ...■li'i'li'il jircsiilcnt, 7.RS1 ; (i«". 
 
 • M. Kiil/.r. 70; ri'i'-'ili'l ij Ainl. 
 I'l-liolil iii /iiutl.ali.-l"a-4 -t"ii'i"i 
 mil loivi's ; ri'pijrli'il . au.liu..-, i:^ 
 ocb, till' lii^b coiniiiissioiicr, visits 
 ifiiii icilic- s of till! urii-viiiioes ul 
 ,-,.ij^n ii'siili'iits . . 20 .lull.', „ 
 4 I'Miniili'il fioi" military si'ivic: 
 vaal govcriiiiiciit ; Irii'inMy "j;!''''; 
 
 ■oil ('>f tli'c Kiiltirs (Zoiitiiaiisliirs 
 ......I . . mAuh. ,. 
 
 ,rl('il . • • • ''^^ 
 00 loUowiTS imiirisoncil at Prrtoria 
 1 3 Aii;j 
 Vati'il after 8('ve 
 
 I'lulcr ; rcporteil 
 
 ....ii.li.ii Ii.l.^U|J 
 
 1 3 Alls:. 
 ..■iti'il after spvfire tlglitiiii! auJ s 
 
 . 20 Al 
 
 29 Aug. .. 
 
 ■iidcr ; rcporiwi • .,■,.,!-'*''■'','•. '' 
 .uiiviintioii passt'dby th(<\oltaiil. ^^ 
 
 :u,ill,.Ji.la'rgimpi.^e:^'^l^ift';r«yV«o ^^ 
 ihviiy oiKj'neil «t I're'toriii, sir Uercuks 
 
 Kobiiisoii anil other Uritish ;<uvi'riioi'.s pi'cscnt ; 
 ii.iu'h fi'stivity S.liilv, iSgs 
 
 I'lul.'st of til.' Ilriti>.li t;ovi'riiiiii'nl lit tli.'closiii'; of 
 111.' Vaal rivi'i- lirifts as coiltr.iry to till' ciiuvi'ii. 
 li if l.oiiilon, 4 .\ov. ; ajjivi'il to, 3 Nov. . . ,, 
 
 liH'i.'.isi'il o|i|.ositioii to tlli'iii'S|ioti(' t;ov.'ii 'lit of 
 
 pi-.'s. Ivrii;;i'r; .Mr. Ess.'l.'ii, stale att.ini.'V, .Mr. 
 Christian .loiili.'il, ami other olllcials resi;;ii ; the 
 Uiliaiiih'is (settlers) ileiiKiMil a voii'e in imlilie 
 ullairs, iVe., rej.orleil .... dIi.'i'. 
 
 Til.' .N'.ilioiial iinioii, ehairniaii, .Mr. ('has. I ar.l, 
 
 issues a lilieral itianilesto . . . ...i l).'.-. 
 
 Pr. .laiiiesoii having' ri'i-eiseil au appeil r,,r h.-jp 
 Ir.iiii the Uitl.inil.'rs ill .luliaiiiieshnr-, eross.'s the 
 Iniiitier with a loree Irom I'itsaiii j'ilI..i;o, -jq 
 li.e. ; col, (irey aiel iilliers start Irom .MaleUinj,-, 
 with about 4I).) men (volunteers) of the IJrilisli 
 S, .Vfrii'i conip.in.Ns troops . . . ^oliec. 
 
 Sir llccules Uobinson teli'firaphs to Dr. .lane'MHi 
 leretire .,, |),.e. ,, 
 
 Jlr. Cliaiuberiaiu ami sir H. Ilobiii.soii iuierveue 
 to st.op hostilities, ;iiiii olfei' eo-operatiou to pres. 
 Kniner .1 Dec. ^^ 
 
 111', .laiuesou's party, outMuniliereil ami Hithout 
 ri'M.iirce.s, ilefeateil by the lioers near Krii'^.'rs- 
 'l"rp . . • 1 .Ian. iBtjO 
 
 Tli.'V surrender eomlitioiially, after another li;;lit 
 at VlaUloiiti'in, 2 .Ian. ; British loss, 21 kille.l, 40 
 wimuiieil ; 9 ollicers and 55., nieii prisoners at 
 I'l'i'toria .Ian. „ 
 
 Joliaiinesbiir)? surrenders unconditionally, on the 
 a.lvicc of the liritisli jjoveninii'iit . .2 .Ian. ,, 
 
 The Cenuan cnipcror eoii.^ralnlates pres. Knifjer, 
 2. Ian. ; who replies f,'rati'fiilly . . 5 .(an. ,, 
 
 C.in.".i"'iid. Iii'tweeii .Mr." Chaniberlaiii aii.l 
 
 |iivs. Ki ii.^'cr resp.'ctint; the iirisoiiers, j, 4, 5 .Ian. ,, 
 
 .Sir 11. Koiiiiison, sir (irahaiii Dower, capt.Daiv- 
 kiiis, aii'l others arrive in Pretoria . . 5 .Ian. ,, 
 
 Saiui' of tile Uefoi'in eonimittee at .Joliaiin.'sbiir;^ 
 arrested 6 .Ian. ,, 
 
 I)r. Jameson ami other prisoners hand.'il over to 
 sir H. Uobinson 7 .Ian. ., 
 
 Tlii'liritisliSouth Africa oonipany in [/imlnii request 
 a.jtiilicial iiKpiiry relatiii;; to Dr. .lanieson's entry 
 into the Transvaal (20 Dee.) . . . <) .laii. „ 
 
 (ii'Ui'ial aiiincsly (willi e.xeeption.s) at Job.innes- 
 bai';; 9 .Ian. ,, 
 
 liHlm'.'ii 50 and 6n iiienibers of the Heforin coiii- 
 
 iiiitt if the Uitlamlers, col. lihod.'s, sir Druiii- 
 
 111. in. 1 lliinbar, Mr. Lionel Phillips, and others, 
 anvsl.'.l, and .sent to I'l'i'toria . . 10 .Ian. ,, 
 
 Tlie parliament votes thanks to the Oraiiee l''rce 
 Stale aiil to sir H. Uobinson, and ad.journs, 
 
 13. Ian. „ 
 
 Sir Hercules Hobinsoii leaves Pretoria 14 .Ian. ,, 
 
 ivliiiiiiiary trial of the Helbrin leaders bes^ins at 
 I'ri't.iria, 3 t'cb. ; conllseation of prope.ty ad- 
 jailf,"'.! ..... . .25 Feb. „ 
 
 I'lvs. Kriiiier invited to l.onilun . . .4 Feb. ,, 
 
 Ks|ilosioii of .sliuiited trucks of dyiiaieite, at Vre- 
 lii'iiiiurp, a subiirh of .lohaniiesburji ; the whole 
 ilistrict ill mills, tbousaiids homeless, about 8u 
 ili'iitlis; vit;oroiin iiieaKuros of relief adopled, 
 
 19 Feb. ,, 
 
 * Dr. .laiiiesiin and Ills parly (350 olhcei-H and men) 
 s;iil friuii Durban, 21 .Ian. 1896; iinive in rjoudon, 25 
 I'i'b. ; cliarsr.'ii, alter (.\aiiiiiial ion, before sir .liiliii lirid,^i' 
 at lluw st.,.2j Feb. rl scy. ; l..'aiidi'r Starr (Dr.) .laiiie.son 
 ami 5 others were ciininiitleil, and bail.'d, 15, lime; trial 
 at liar, hetiire lor.l chief .justice Uusseil^ Mr. baron 
 I'ulluck, and .Mr. .justic' Hawkins; coun.sel for the 
 froivii, attiMiiey.e.'U. sir It. Welister, -..il.--i'n. sir li. U. 
 Kiiiluy, anil otli.'is ; lor Dr. .laiiiesoii an.l del'i'iniaiils, 
 sir E.lwaiil (.'larke, and oilii".-. ; South Africa liepiililii' 
 ri'iir.'si'iiti'il In Mr. Chen, and others ; verdict, ;;iiilty 
 I'f otfeiices uiid.'r the Fori'it;n enlisliiient act : app.'al 
 fur ui'w trial declined by ili'h'udanls ; .senleuccs ; iiii- 
 liiisuiiiiii'iit without hard labour: Dr. .laiiiesoii, 15 
 iiiuiithslill ; reiei.seil, 2 Dec. 18901 ; .sir.lohn Willoiiehby, 
 1.. lu.iiitlis ; major Uobt. White, 7 inonths : col. Henry | 
 Wliiti', cul. (lre\ , ami major (Jovenlry, 5 inonths : -ju-ii, 
 .liil.v, 1896. Major Coveiilry, ill, releiiseij, .13 .Vu«. 1896; 
 111.' 5 utllcersperinitteil to retire from llie army, Bolhceis 
 uiiciivicti'il, repriinaiideil, and return to duty', reported, 
 1^ t^cpt. itiu6, [,\ llooper a ward I'd =,v,/, d llll'i^es fv-MIl 
 till' li, s, A. cuinpany as conipciisalion for losses, 
 Jaly, 1398.J 
 
 I 1,000/. comribiiied oy the Cipii eovernnieiit lu the 
 
 ! ..'''I";! bu.l; total, l..^,,,.l. . . . j... Keh. ,396 
 
 j I'rieiiilly 1,111 linn liespalch from Mr. Cliaiuberiaiu 
 
 to the pivsiip.iii, insistini; on reilress of L'it- 
 
 lamler's grievances, and i'ei|iiusliiin iiii answer to 
 
 111.' iiiMtatiou. I April; pres, Ivnwr d.'h'i-s his 
 
 visii l.,rllie pr,.s,'iit .... 24 April, ,, 
 
 Inai ..I Ihe U-'loiin leaders: tliev plead ;:iiiltv of 
 
 hi^'h li.'is.iii, s.'iit.'iic.. of il.'aih passed ni, .-Mr. 
 
 Lionel Phillips, ,\li'. ll.ivs llaiiinioii.l, (iiorp' P. 
 
 F.irr.ir, ,111. 1 eol. Fr.iiil; liho ies (c.h .iie.l to 
 
 impri.soiiiiieiit ami luiiisliineiit, 29 April), 
 
 24-28 April, ,, 
 
 [59 principal 11 of Ihe Uaiiil, seiiteiiceil to 2 vrs. 
 
 iiiipris.inm,.|ii, . yis. banislim.'iit, and Icavy 
 ^^ tin.'-, 2d April, loyo.j 
 
 Tic v.ilksraid ..peiied liv pres, Krii^.'i', who refers 
 to til.' .Iroiiijlit, locusts, and riiiderpisl . 4 ,\|av, ,, 
 
 "csif-'iiali jf sir .lacobus do Wet, Jiritish a-.'iit 
 
 , "I Pretoria „ .Mav, „ 
 
 Dr. .lani..soiian.l Major Hobt. White write to tl'ie 
 
 I n,i" emphatic lily il.'liyili;,' the , ipt of any 
 
 'U''ssi;;i'll ,\lr. Cecil nil 'lies dire.'tiliL; theiii 
 
 to move to.lohiiiim.slini'i,' . . . 12 May, ,, 
 
 ■^''■. llrey, it ili.'r,.|oriii coiiiinittee, luecain.' iii- 
 
 ,sane ami coiniiiits suiei.l. in prison, 10 .Mav ; 9 
 r.'lease.l aii.l shorter sentences on the others, 
 2., May; ins mitiryi .,iidiHon of the Kaol ; illness 
 amoii;^ the pi isoiiers, 45 released under conditions 
 
 3'^.^'ay, ,, 
 Ihe executive d'ci.le to release the reform leaders 
 on pavm.'iit of 2-„'....j', eich, or in default 15 
 
 years l.aiiishn t ; lines paid ; col. Hliodes. not 
 
 ai |iliiU! .litiiiiis, banished . ii.lliiio ,, 
 
 "ill h.r 1 lii.',,ii.,ii of Uitlandors' children 
 
 passe.i hy 111.' v.ilksr.ia.l t Alc.;'. ,, 
 
 .Mr. Will. C.iiiyii.;li;,iii (Ireene appoiiitod liritisli 
 
 aneiit at Pretoria, .Vii^;. ; arrives . . i Dec. ,, 
 
 Aliens (ilaii'5..roiis) es-jiulsion bill comes into force, 
 
 30 Sept. ; aliens iinmijjration restriction law 
 
 passed, 25 N'ov. (('..nil's intooperation, 1 .laii. 1807) 
 
 Pacilic speech of pres. Kruner at a baii.pietiu 
 
 Pretoria ^7 Xov. „ 
 
 Pres. Krilner opens the new railway from Kruf;ei',s- 
 
 dorp to Potclr'lstrooiii .... 22 .Ian. 1897 
 Volksiaail op.ii.'.l, i Feb.; t'."j Uitlaudersadniitted 
 
 to til.' rr.itici.is.. II |.',.i). ^j 
 
 Collision li.'lvve.'ii the volksiaail ami the lii^'h court 
 of.iuslicc ; (lea.lloi'k, Fell. ; ilm new lii'.'h court 
 law pas,se.l, 2:; F.l,. ; the ,jii,l..;es (hinh court) 
 ad.ioiirn, 5 .March ; c.iiiipr.imise. iii't,'otiatioiis, 19 
 March; court resiim.'.l /ici (cm, 14 ,liily, Aii„'. ; 
 Icoiuproniise eiiile.l, 5 Feb, i8y8.] 
 Firm coiicilialory ilespatches of .Mr. Cluuiiberlain, 
 
 6 March ; and a,,Miu .... 16 (let. ,, 
 ludeinnily claim. 'd for the .ranieson raid, 
 677.93-'. 3-'. !''.. "uioral or intellectual ilaiiia^;e, 
 I, otx),. ),».'.," total, 1, 677,938;. 3s. 3.'. . 19 .March, ,, 
 Dr, .lameson cxaniined by thi) S, .Vfrica com- 
 
 niittei'(,si'i' /i';ii,.(.,<;.i) . . 26 .March r^si'./. ,, 
 Uefcnsive .illiance with the Oranj,'!) Free State 
 
 .liiiie, ,, 
 Conslriiction of forts round Pretoria April el .s../. „ 
 Alien iiiiiiiis;rali'jn bill repealed . . 7 .May, ,, 
 
 Kpid ie 'II the north altribnted to tlie pollution 
 
 from u.. idi'ipest : :.;ieat nioi'tality . ,luiie, 
 Suicide of .Mr. I. li. liarnato (in.s.alie), siw Cape of 
 
 ilo:id lh<,«' hiiin, , 
 
 Messrs. .Sampson and D;ivies, Uitlander reformers, 
 who refuse. I p.triloii, not iiecepUnj; conditions, 
 relca.si'.l on .liiliile.. day . . . 22 .lune, ,, 
 Pres. Kluxer, in tin' volksniad, denies Ihe suze- 
 rainty of (ileal llritain, but niaintaiiis the coii- 
 ventiou of 1884 ami desires pe.ice . 24 Aug. ,, 
 Diainoii'l mine near I'r.'t.uia discin'ered . Si'[;t. ,, 
 Presiileiitial elect on, can. li. lutes : Mr. Kriiner. ^;eu. 
 .loubcrt and .Mr. iiurger, 4 days' poll, closed, 
 22 .Ian. ; Mr. Kril^'cr rc-olectcd, iinijoriiy, g,fso5, 
 
 aiinoiinced 10 Feb. 1898 
 
 Chief ,! 11 St ice Kotze (s... ii^icc, Feb.) disiuissed 
 from otlic.' (line. institutional) ; siiociHulcl by 
 stal'i-attiirney (Ir.'.u'orowski . . . 16 Feb. ,1 
 .Mr. Kotze supporlcl by the lawyers, 12 March 
 (over ,T,oix)(. subset ibed for him, April); his 
 manifi"-lo iss.ie.l. 16 March ; I'mff, 7 Aiiril ; 
 ('ntertained in Loudon . . . 20 .lune, ,, 
 The volksiaail opened liv the piesidont . 2 May, „ 
 
 4 B 2 
 
 'i';. i 
 
 1 .^.IJ 
 
 
TRANSYLVANIA. 
 
 1108 
 
 TREASUREB. 
 
 4i^^^| 
 
 liriWi 
 
 11.1, 
 
 1%, 
 
 
 5»r i 
 .11 
 
 
 I 
 
 TRANSYLA^VNIA, nn Austn.ai vioMnoc, j 
 
 VMS imi-t ..!• the Mi.cicnt Da.'ia (»■/,(,■/, .'v . In 
 ic^f, John Ziipolv n'li.hr.a liiiusi'lt hiiIcik n, ,;nt ol 
 tlu".'ni|M.i-..r l-mliiii.ii.l 1. l.y the ,uil ,>Hh- urks. 
 1 s s v,..s.„s n.h.,1 with n,u,l. aillUullv til Jan. 
 ■ ,,^whc.nth. rn,mn,rl.™,Madl bvtlu.tn.^ 
 
 into tho Austrian .hmun.uns. 1 u; ->;;'"^\' ', ' ; 
 .hMHiti.:* cli.l not taU' then- seat in the A" ti , 
 naVlianu.nt till 20 dot. uSO,^ A .U-Hre l"i t c 
 ,o,ivocati..n of tho Transvlvanian diet was is-Mioil 
 12 Sept l.'^t'v The inhabilantsai-e about l.ioo.ax.) 
 i-noi-aul Uounians i,.scxmh)0 Saxon eoloiust.s anil 
 CstVHX) Mafjvars, tlu. last benu;- the rulin;,' elass. 
 ll„' union of 'Iran^vlvania with lluu^aiy in l,SiH, 
 which has oauseil much disiontent, was ratitieil bj 
 the TransNlvanian diet, 25 Ibr. l,S(j(). 
 
 ■■ iiMvat siil'pii'ssea with 
 
 abbey of T.a Traiipe 
 in 1 140, by Kolrou, 
 
 Serious .■ij;niri:iu riots at V 
 bloo(lslie<l, 27 June, iES3. 
 
 PltlMKS OF TUANSVI.V.\N1A 
 
 1526. Jolin Zai'oly, 
 
 JS40. Jolin hi^'isnuiuil. 
 
 ,,71 Mei.lieii Zapolv i. liiitlion. 
 
 ,576. I'liristoplier liatl.ori. 
 
 1581. Wi>;isnHniil Dallioii. 
 
 1(105. I'.iui'iror Kodo-ili. 
 
 1605. St.plieii II. liotlsliMi. 
 
 1607. Si;;isiiiiunl Ha^'otzslii. 
 
 1608. llaliriel I. liatliori. 
 ,613. Cal.riel II. (Ii.'tl.lini Galior). 
 ,6,1. lieoli,'e 1. Ha.^oUslii. 
 ,648. Ueorge II. Ua-.>tz.-iki. 
 1660. .tolm Keiiiio. 
 1662. Mieliail I. Alialli. 
 1690-99. Mieliael II. ALalli. 
 
 TRAPPISTS. Tlie first 
 
 in Noriuandv was f.umd<'d, -, . 
 
 comte do I'erelie. Tlie luvs,.,,! order o< / '•'I'.l'lf';'. 
 owes its orisiu tn the learned Jean le liouthilher 
 do la Uanee (editor of Aiiiimiiii wlu'ii Uf-'ed 14), 
 who renounced the world, and sold all his proiierty, 
 Sivin-the proceeds to the abbey of l,a Irapiie, to , 
 which he retired in 1I.62, to live there m 2:reat 
 austerity. After several ellorls lie sueceede<l in 
 reforininj,' tlie monks, and ill establishini;- a new 
 rule, which eomniamls silence, prayer, reauiii-, and 
 manual labour, and which forbids studv, wine, fish, 
 A.C Kanee was born in I(i20, and died 111 1700. 
 The Trapiiists' new building was consecrated in 
 Aug. 1833. 
 
 A ,un„lK-r of tla.se monks, driven from \'?''';'' "''''■ 
 rcvolmion of ,7.,o, were rccived by .Mr. \\cl, ,,t . i- 
 wortll, lloisetslillc, who ^ave thcla sonic lan.l t. ellltl- 
 
 vitciin.l a lialiitati whcie tlicy icniiiincl till 1S15. 
 
 T iiis orilcr was cl,ar.c,l will, rebellion iind c.nsinracy 
 in Kran,-e, and siNl>-loiir i:iii;lish and Irish Irappisls 
 were shipiicd hv the rivn.h -..vcriinient at 1 ainil«cul, 
 Tn N v. and -were landed Iron, the WU .rcmli 
 fi^j,4e, at Cork, ,0 -Vov. .8,.. They ^tahlisla'd thcm- 
 >clves .at Moiiul Melleray, county ol \Saterlord. 
 
 hours. By the Great Western Uailway e.\pr,ss ;(,■, 
 miles) it is done in 1 i hour. In 1H28, a geiitlcniai, 
 Invelled from Ni^wcastle to London (273 _i,iilc-, 
 inside the best coach in 35 liem's, at an e.\i,c,i„. „f 
 6/ i;.v Vl or (i(/. per mile (111c ludiiij; iliniic,, ,V, . . 
 In l8i7, thechariieof the (jreat .Northern ,:,il«;,y 
 j (275I miles) hrst-chiss ex])iTss (6 hours) w.,.. 
 50.V. 0(/. 
 
 ! TliAWLIXO. Deep-sea fi.shins with a l..:,t 
 1 (sometimes driven bv steam) having a v,n 1,,,,,. 
 net attaehcd to it, ami iheridiy eatidnng the ii-li 
 1 which mostly live at the bottom of the sea; piiii.j. 
 I palh practiced on the N.K. coast of liritam. 
 ' Coni'niissions rportcl in 1864 ami since, that trinvlin,- 
 ! \v„s not iiiiurioiis to the supply of lish as s,i..;'..rst,. i ; 
 ' liut Riiotllcr eon, mission, with sc-ieiitilie ailM.v, 1... 
 
 i.orlcd in I'cb. 1885. that there was some yiouinl |„r 
 
 the lishciiiicn s eoiiiplainls. 
 
 TRASIMEXE, see ThmKijmeue. 
 
 TRAFTEXAU (Bohemia). On 27 .Tune, i8fi6, 
 the tii-st eonis'of the armv of tfie crown-pniiee of 
 I'russia seized Traiitenau, but was defeated and 
 repulsod bv the .\iistriaiis under (iidileuz; on the 
 28th, tlie'rmssians.dtd'eated the Austrians with 
 great loss. 
 
 TRAVELLERS' CLIT. (I'aU-niall), estab- 
 lished in i.^i;. -V nieml" . must have " traveUed 
 out of the Untish islamic ro a distance _ot at least 
 :;oo miles tr.,111 L(>ndt«i. tii a direct line. 
 
 rrxj .^ypxXJNli ry EA'fir.AXI). In 1707 it 
 tiiok'in summer one diiv, 111 winter nearly two days, 
 to travid from l.t.ndou to Oxford (55 n«ih's}. In 
 iSl- the joiirwy was uecoiiipli.sked iu six or scveu 
 
 TREAD-MILL, an invention of the (■hiii,,,, 
 to raise water lor til.' irrigation of the holds. 1]„. 
 eonnilicatcd tread-mill introduced into the priMin 
 of liroat Hritain is tlu' invenlion of Mr. (aftcrwiii,!^ 
 sir William) t'ubitt, of Ipswiell. it was erected ;,t 
 Brixton gaol, ib!l7, and soon uflerwards in uthir 
 large prisons. 
 
 TREASON, see liKjh Ttroxoii. Veuy 
 TUF VSdX (a term abolished in 1828, dclimd l,v 
 the sta'tut'e of 25 lv.lw. III. 1352) was a wih^'s mui'- 
 der of her husband ; a servant s murder ot liis 111.,- 
 ter; and an eiclesiastical person's murder ot h:, 
 iireiate or other superior. Mixjifisidi, of tic;is(in, 
 knowledge and concealment of the crime, iiiiubli- 
 iilile with forfeiture of goods and imprisomuciit l.r 
 life. 
 
 TREASON-FELONY. By the fmi™ M 
 Govi.rnment Security Act, II Vict. e. 12 (l,y , 
 certain treasons lua-etob>re punislialile with ilralli 
 were mitii;ated to h'loiiies, and sulijeetcd to inm-. 
 1 portation or imprisonmi'iit. The Fenians in h,.. 
 ' land were tried under this act ; see iVi.i,',, 
 1805. 
 
 TREASURER of Exolaxd, Loi;t) Hifiii, 
 
 1 the third great officer ol the crown, a lord 1,\ Milw 
 1 of his otiiccs havioi; tlii' custody of the king t Lei- 
 sure, governing tho upjier court of excheiiucr, iiiij 
 ■ forin'erlv sitting;' iudiciallx among the banois. Tlif 
 tirst lorll higli tirasurer m Kngland was Oilo, i;iil 
 of Kent, in the ri'ign of William 1. This pvit 
 trust is now i-onhded to a commission, and isvi>!,,l 
 ill hve persons, called "lords commis.-ioncrs I r 
 e.xeeutim;- the office of lord high treasurer," i.iiJ -f 
 tiiese the chancellor of the exchemier is i.-ia ;. 
 one; the first lord being usually the mcnii.T; ••> 
 ■tilmiiiintriili-iix, for a succession of these Mtiio:- 
 Sir Stafford Norlheote (aft. Karl of Milolcm',. .. 
 lirst lord of the treasury and not premier. :4 Jir... 
 l,S,S:, as was Mr. W. II. Smith, 2(. July i^H^■. ■ 
 SiilisliKVil A'lniiuislidlintiK. A third lelil lit I: 
 treasurv'(Mr. Staiisfeld) was appomteil, Dc,'. IM 
 succeeded by Mr. W, H. Gladstone, Dec. l'6\.,. 
 The llrsl of tills rank in Iiir.L.AMi was .lolin^ilc a Jen:. 
 Ilciirv III. .--.7; the last. William, duke nl Dm. 
 hhiie' 1700; vice treasnicrs were api»iinlcil till 17;. _ 
 11„.ii commissioneis till iS.rt, wliei, the lYViw.ics t 
 tiiviit Hritain :,nd liehiinl weie iiniieil. 
 The liifl lool high treasurer or sieoii.ANU was sir «»«■. 
 (Mlvie. appointed l.y .lames I. 111 n-2o: tlie m.-i, .11 
 1041, .lohn. e.ii 1 ofTiaqiiair. afterwards ,ui,iuii.-,si"n i> 
 were appointeil. 
 
 TREASURER of tiik Ctiambek.^ f i- 
 
 merlv an oilier, ,.1 ^uat . .nsiurniie.ii, aiiM a.».; 
 11 me'inber of tlu' privy council. lie dis,!rii-;cat;: 
 bills ol'iiU tho king's tradesmen, and had ImuB: ■ 
 
REASUKER. 
 
 ■at Wi'stoni Uiiihviiy oxpiTss '(,; 
 l\ linui-. Ill lH:;S, 11 ^M'litli'iiiaii 
 ■wnistlc to Umiil'iii (27.^ iiiilt-i 
 •li ill ?5 liinir", lit nil e.\|)i'iiM' ,,1' 
 HT mill' (iiiiluiliiij; (liiiiiir, \,, . 
 V 111' tllf Cl-rat Ndllliiin l:iil»;iy 
 t-ciiiss exjiross (,0 liuurs) w.i'.- 
 
 Dpt'p-scii fisliiiig witli 11 bo;it 
 1 bv sli'um) liiivinv' a vi rv l;ii.-.. 
 t, imd Uifi-cliy ciitiiliiiii; llio li-h 
 lit till' liiittimi "1' till' M'u: luimi. 
 the N.K. I'liiist (if liritiiin. 
 tell ill 1864 iiiiil siiii'i', tliiit trmvljii;' 
 til tlir slljiply iit'lisll IIM sil'.'.:,'Sti' I ; 
 llllis^i^lll, with sriclltilil- llihirl', I.- 
 
 S5, lliiil tlifii! wiis suiiiB gi-uima l\ir 
 
 jlilllliliUlS. 
 
 jIj, 1111 iiiveiitidii of till' CliiiiiM-, 
 till- iiTivatioii of thf liclds. Hi,. 
 -mill intrniluri'il into the |ii'iM.ii< 
 s till' iiivi'Utioii of .Mr. (iiftci-wiinis 
 
 itt, of Ipswich. it WHS ITl'ctl'll lit 
 
 [-, aiul soon aftii'wai'ils in otlur 
 
 , SOP Jliijh Tirnsoii. Petty 
 rm aliiilishi'd in 1828, ilcliiud Irv 
 VAw. 111. 1352) "11^ 11 wife's iiiur- 
 il ; a serviiiit s iiiurilei- nf Ins 111,1.. 
 lesiaslieal iioi'soii's imiriler ut i,;s 
 suiii'iiiir. MiK/iniKiii of tri'iisim. 
 oneeulinent of the eriiiie, i)uiii>li. 
 .iri' of |;i)ud.'i and iniiirisoiimeut hi 
 
 B'ELONY. Uy tin-' Crown iiiij 
 iirily .\it, II V'iet. e. 12 (1S4S, 
 hei'e'lofiire liuiiishatile Willi ilialli 
 
 feliiiiits, anil sulijeiled tiilviiii-- 
 iiisiimiieiit. The Fenians in lit- 
 \ under this net ; see Truis 
 
 ^.R OV EXGL.VND, LOIIT) Illfill, 
 ittieer ol till' erowii, a lonl liv vii;i;i' 
 10- till' lustody of the kiii,i;'t tai- 
 the iipiier eou'rt of eNilieiiuer, iiinl 
 
 jiuliiialh iiiiionn' the liar.'iis. Tli^' 
 'i'lisurev in Knf;liind was Oilo, lavl 
 ■ ri'iiiii of Williiiiii I. This );v,:it 
 tided to a eoniniifsioii, ami isvi-'.,; 
 called "lords inniiin>^iiiiiors ; ; 
 iiieoflord hii;li treasurer," iiiJ f 
 (■(■ller of the ex(lii'i|uer is i.Hiaii. 
 ird lieiii^r usually the iiieiiii.r; ^M; 
 .>,, for a sueeessiiin of tiiese iiHinr-. 
 ■theote (aft. Karl of IddesleiKu" 
 
 treasui'v and not pri'iiiier. 2.tJii;i'. 
 r. W. If. Smith, 2(i July, i'Nr. '"■ 
 i,iii,str(iliiiu!<. \ third lord nf tir 
 itaiisfeld) was ,i|)]iointed, Di-i'. iS , 
 r. W. H. Gllldst'ille, J)ee, iSt.;. 
 ■link ill Iitr.i..*Nii WHS .luliii ile f?t. Juiih, 
 17; tlie l»sl. Williaiii, diilie iif LM'i!- 
 i,i- tri'iisiuers were iiiiimiiili'il till 17!.. 
 i,.ii,rs till 1S16, wliiii the revi'ii'Jts "f 
 iii.l Ir.hiiid w.ii-iinil.'d. 
 h tiiiisiirer of .Soon ano whs sir Wall ' 
 iite.l liv .lames 1. in M-'o; tin' '"■•'. 
 
 1 ,,f •Trii.|iiair,al'terwaiilsi'niiinii.s>i"ii';' 
 
 ru.VMllEU. f"- 
 
 1. 
 
 !ER OF TUK , 
 
 1 .,[ m, at • ■iilSIUlTllhuM, ;ilW ili'^l'l;- 
 
 e [irivv emimil. lie disi-lni'iri'il iIh' 
 kina'^'trudeiiueii, aiel had hisuttie: 
 
 TREATIES. 
 
 1109 
 
 TREATIES. 
 
 oland- 
 
 the 
 
 piilai'i 
 
 Sll|l| 
 
 His ilulies were transl 
 ii'd at the same t 
 
 vieinitv of \\ 
 
 le royal aiiilllio ilaiinhin nf 1 
 erieii and the olli.e Ira-ued with the lian 
 
 ter of the );reiit wardrol 
 Id in 1782. JkdU 
 
 ime witli Ilia otK 
 
 riiiiie (ihi'ii in Knj,'land and 
 ins), II .Si-|ii. 1217. The first 
 
 le anil (■otierer o 
 
 f till 
 
 I'lninenial treaty wa.^, with (iuv, earl of Fl 
 
 fill 
 
 M ; 111 
 
 id witl 
 
 iiidei 
 
 l.5o8- Aii'li rsiiii. The ehictti 
 
 !i rnrtiiiral and Siiaiii, 
 
 nf 11 
 
 TREATIES. .V formal and written treatv \ \ 
 rule iii Faiyland with anv fnrei-ii niiti 
 
 of FiiroiM' will hf fniiud d'senlied in tl 
 
 le natlnlii 
 
 filtered into at Kin"ston ' l)et\ 
 
 11 Heiirv III. 
 
 Ill was j <;„iiti(i„ 
 
 idiiees; the foil 
 
 lieir resiiee- 
 
 ClIIIIH 
 
 iViiig forms an inde.\ 
 
 ' Cnnimereial Treati 
 
 LvdiiHtm, 
 
 lev 
 
 10 vols. i,S20-8; 
 
 llert 
 
 .slot's 
 
 Aim, jicaee 
 Aihi:ilin]de, |ii'aeo 
 Aix iii-Chaiii'lle 
 Aix-l;i-l'lia|ielle, jieaeo 
 AkrlllKlllll. peilei 
 
 7 .\ii>,'. I74J ■ rnalilinii, liCih 
 14 Si'|it. 1829 Cnalitinli, sixlli 
 
 ■2 .May, 166S Ci 
 
 174S I Turkey) 
 
 ;," lei' (.Ci'iut liiitiiiii anil 
 
 g .\liril, iSo'i I Kiaii-eliiiu (( 
 
 iTiiiaiiy 1111(1 Cliliia) 
 
 Kiel 
 
 Alliiliiiiiii'l (Hahar, &e., eedeil t 
 
 4 ."Sept. 1826 Cm 
 
 iniii'ice ((lr,.at liiitaii 
 
 1/1 .Nnv. 1S39 I l.ayliaeli.cnii.Tt 
 
 K. I rniiipaiiy) 
 All Radsladl, pcaei 
 Ai!iri-ira, |ii'ac(! . 
 
 1763 
 
 24 Sept. 1706 Cnnllall; 
 
 the Two .Sii-ilir^) 
 fill '(hit, with I-'ra 
 
 j-.-f 
 
 anil 
 
 l.( 
 
 ine, 1845 I l,ii| 
 
 i'Jnly 
 
 iSul I LiMll 
 
 i-ie, ailianee 
 leii, peaei! 
 
 Allllc! 
 
 ■ l"''"'l' 
 
 3Selit. 178; 
 
 25 .Mill'. iS 
 
 l-.'(iiistaiiliii(i|iln, pciio,., ,6 Aprit 
 
 1465 ' l.islinii, [ii'ai 
 
 ) Jlaieli, iSijS 
 
 14 ■Ian. 1814 
 
 6 .May, :82i 
 
 ■ ■ J.570 
 
 Ainil, i6u 
 
 13 I'cb. loo.-i 
 
 io2 l.'nlls|alllill.i|il 
 
 Aiii.iu (I liili and IVrii) 20 del. i83j (■niislaiitiiin|i| 
 
 ii .Inly, 1S5, 
 
 l.nndnii (settlement nf llreiii') 
 
 Aiyln-I'icnch, ete. at;ici'nieiit 
 
 ((■/i((.7i ■■■■''(■ .... 
 Aiwln-Spanish convent inn 
 
 1390 
 
 Aii^lo-Tinkish enii vent inn, 
 
 29,1 illy, 1SS6 
 
 S .\lav, 
 
 Lniistaiiliii..ph'(l{iissiaaiid Tur- 
 key, (Icliiiiiivi') . . 8 |.'|.ii 
 .'(inslantin.ipln (si'illin- l„,i„i' 
 (larie.s nt ( 
 
 'S31 I In, 
 
 6. 1 Illy, 182;) 
 
 I tsi'paiatiiij,' H.l^'iiiiu 
 
 il 
 
 illaiid) 
 
 ■i-,.) 
 
 ^'V) I.nliilnll ( ivclil 
 
 I i,.;iiiiii) 
 
 , .N'nv. iS 
 
 inn respec|iii« 
 
 Aiitaiiaiiariv 
 Aiinvirp. lriie( 
 
 r>(Mad 
 
 .Iniii 
 
 1878 
 
 .Mi 
 
 instaiitinople (|icai' 
 
 y and 2 .Inlv, 
 
 I Lniiilnii (Turkey ami Kt;ypl) 
 
 AiU'il, 
 
 iit;a.sear),i(>el ,Sg- 'Turki-y aii.l Civriv) 
 
 ilrality 
 
 Aiiiiid Nell 
 
 Arnis 
 
 Anas . 
 
 AiiL'sliiu'i;. Icir^'Ue nf 
 
 4 .\pril. 160C 
 eonventinii, 
 
 16 l.i'c. i8tx 
 
 22Wi'pl. 1435 I'l 
 
 (-'npenha^'en. Jii 
 C'lprlllia^-nll (,■ 
 
 iiniil dues) 
 
 l)etW( 
 , 19 I lee 
 27 .Mav 
 
 ■ I..in. 1(111 ( 
 
 '•'°7 li.iniaiik) 
 
 15 .Inly, 1840 
 sliecrssinii til erowli of 
 
 illllilisitinli fill- 
 
 . 14 .M.ui-li. 
 
 l.ninTiii (iii'iitrality ut Liixeiii'- 
 
 14,'ij 
 
 1)1 
 
 Auslriii w 
 
 •itli Mii'-l.-iml, enliven 
 
 the latlcr a^rei-s tn 
 
 ;U'('('lit 2.300,00^)/. as a ,'nlllp.)- 
 
 sitiiiii tnr ehiiins nil .\usti'ia, 
 iiiiiiiiinllni^ tn 3o,cx>o,ooo/. ster- 
 
 1680 Tlrrs.li'll, |iiarr 
 
 K,l,'ypt, vierrny alul ailll 
 
 S57 
 • '3(4 
 
 1670 
 
 ''■'■■ 1745 
 
 li'll'K settled) 
 l.ilheek, [ii'ilee 
 
 l.inievillr 
 
 pe.le 
 
 lin^ttnll 
 
 Klint 
 
 Kie-la 
 
 ennvelitinli 
 
 (1 .\'.l- 
 
 .April, 
 
 Diiili'U, peaei 
 
 SepI 
 
 1S2 
 
 I'livintiiiii with .\iis 
 tria, lills^ia, Prussia, and Ti 
 
 ke\', fl 
 
 rsettlei 
 
 .Madrid, niiii.nrd 
 
 .Mi'thueii treatv 
 
 Milan deiivi^ ' . .^ . , 
 
 .Milan (Austria and Sardinia) 
 
 Minister, )ii^iii 
 
 u .May, 1867 
 22 .May, 1629 
 . 9 Feb. i8or 
 
 17 Deo. 1807 
 
 6 Atiu 
 
 1849 
 
 inelll nf the l•;a^t 
 
 ii:i;;liaiii (Vcliiee, Naples, &e.) . i^ 
 
 lialta hiiuali 
 
 838 and 1840 
 
 Kn^'land iiii.t United .SI 
 
 15 ■Inly, 1810 
 
 :ltf 
 
 IJiiivliiiia(l''raiiee ami Sjiaiii) . 1493 Kvua Mmil 
 
 liiiTur treaty 
 
 .Nnv. 
 
 713 l-'aiiiilv Ciiiniiart , 
 
 20 .Mav, 
 
 lUr(valili'(I''rani'(' and Sweden). 1631 Kniunianah (Asliaiit 
 
 li.isi'l, iieaee (T'l'iinee and Spain) 
 
 22 .Inly, 
 
 Itissi'iii ((ireat Ilritaiii ami .Miiii- 
 
 Kitlas) 
 ll:iviilllie 
 l!i-i;,aaile. Jicaee 
 liiTlill, peace 
 lii-rliii. ilccrce 
 Ikrliii eniivciition 
 
 1 7'; 3 
 
 Fniitainelileaii. pcae 
 Fniitainelilean 
 
 1826 
 1834 
 17O1 
 
 1 Fell. .S74 
 (pt. il>79 
 
 Nallk 
 
 .N'llllte 
 
 Nainnhert 
 
 Nice , 
 
 Nin 
 
 Nnv 
 
 111, peace 
 ■diet 
 
 iii'Kiicii, peace 
 
 Nnreialicr^ 
 Nyst.idt 
 
 24 Oct. 1648 
 
 29 Allj;. 1842 
 
 13 April, 1598 
 
 • • 1554 
 
 . 1518 
 
 10 Ant;. 1678 
 
 16 Aug. 1516 
 
 2 Auk 
 
 15,1-! 
 
 ; Mav, 
 
 1802 l-'niitainelilean, ciiiicnid.it 
 
 i Nnv, 
 
 1783 
 
 L'^.Iai 
 
 18 .Sept. 1739 Fniiice and Kn.-laii.l. mMveiiii.in 
 
 1. 1813 
 
 V 
 
 Par 
 I'ar 
 
 , peace . 
 mis, peace (l\irif) 
 
 30 Aug. 172 
 3 .May, 1660 
 10 Feb. 1763 
 20 June, 1784 
 15 .May. 1796 
 
 28 .lllIK 
 
 29 Nov. 
 
 Ikiliii, peace (Prussia & Sa.xniiy) 
 
 1742 lcs]icctilin the slave tr.dc 
 i.H.Jh ,., \ 
 
 5 Nnv. i8o3 Fr.inee ami Italv. 
 
 I'aris, iieaee (Sweden) 6 .laii. 18 
 
 Divliii treaty (Rus.sia, Turkc 
 
 21 Oct. 1866 
 
 lli'iTiii (Hiissia and (ieniiany 
 
 res|icetim.; the 
 
 Itnlll 
 
 'raiiklnrt ([n 
 
 cnllVi^ntinll 
 cllliati^ui nf 
 
 1843 
 
 Par 
 
 Paris 
 
 Paris 
 
 ; April, 1S14 
 J June, 1817 
 
 . Aiu'il, 
 Paris (settlement nf Neut'chatel 
 
 lict 
 
 15 Sept. 1S64 
 
 3 .Inlv, 1878 many am! l-'iiiace) 
 
 ween ller- 
 
 alTair) 
 I'altitinii, liisf 
 
 eijiiiiiiercial) 
 ll.-viiia . 
 lliv.la, iiciKM- 
 lie'ti;;iiy, jicaee 
 
 . .March, 1894 
 
 'rencli cnmmercial treatv, 
 
 .Ma 
 
 1871 
 
 r.iriiiinii. 
 
 I'i 
 
 ■inlld 
 . peace 
 
 31 Aug. 1839 Friedwald 
 23 .Inly, 1I167 Fuessi 
 
 ■11. peace 
 
 23 .Ian. i860 
 . 5 "ct. 1551 
 Airil, 1745 
 
 , 24 Au^r. i36o ; 
 
 ■si, 2h .May, 1812 ;(,Ser\ia 
 
 8 .May. 1360 Uainlahiak (with AtV-hanislaii) 
 
 3 .March. i336 (oistehi cniivciiti.in 
 
 lu Dec. 1508 UhcU!. ].;lciliillti 
 
 5 An 
 
 2'j .Mav, 1879 
 14 -Vilu. 1SO5 
 8 N- 
 
 I*.I>.^1IU 
 
 I'ckin, i>i 
 
 Persia. |H'iiee 
 I'eterslmrg, St., [leae 
 Peterslmrg, St. 
 Petersbiiri;, St. 
 
 26 May, 
 
 II Oct. 1698 
 
 . 1700 
 
 13 Mar. 1718 
 
 Aug _, 
 
 _ April, 1833 
 
 3 .March, 1857 
 
 5 May, 17 )2 
 
 5 Aug. 1772 
 
 3 April, 1805 
 
 I lii/lod, ('(mveiition 17 Sept. 1870 llaimver ami Kn;;Tniil •>• Judy, 1834 I'resliurL-. peace . -2(1 l)e 
 
 I iiiiia ..11(1 .lapan, pMai'e (see llnly alliance . 20 .Sep't. 1815 l'retni:ia(see rroa-rmrO 3 Aug. lESl 
 
 "'""•", • • . 17 April, 1895 Hi, liertshiirg. peace is Feb. 1763 PiiUnlliic gond, league fur the .1464 
 
 ' """'I'' 1'""" . -171*1 Hue (France ami Annaiii) Pvi-r-mi-s. peace . . 7 Xov XJ 
 
 uiitni.ci.hventnin 22X113.1808 25 Aug. iSBt yiuu^truple alliance . 2 Anc ,7^8 
 
 (.[■i.steisev-en,('niiveiili.ui8Sept. 1757 I "Tnternii". . . 15 May, 1340 BU.mU.dt, peace . 6 Mar,*, 17,4 
 
 1 mlitiiui, tii'St, against France I Itahi-Abv.ssiiraiiiun ... -"T » . — ' + 
 
 ■lillilinll, seeniul 
 ■illinnil, thud 
 '■aliliiiii, t'liiirtli 
 
 tiiist (■ranee Itahi-Aby.ssiiraiiiun . . Oct. isaii lk«i».tadt, enngress . 9 I.«t^-. 1797 
 
 jfi.lmic, i7i.,2 .4«p,i,i amitiTfisSritaiiizE Aug. 1S3;, it;;i.sh.iii, iniii ■■ , liU.X 163,, 
 
 22.1iliie, 1799 , ./.-nstivaty . . a, Nnv. 1794 K,iti»lHui . i .Vu«. MMi 
 
 8.Se|il. i8ns Rayimrdii, oi- E(Mitaeliniii-Kav- Ifeieheiihaeh. treaties . Juuu, «*r3 
 
 6 1 let. iS.A , nai'd.ji . . , ji July, 1774 Ueligioli. iiejiee of . . . Jas 
 
 I I 
 ,' i 
 
 !K 
 
 ^gUggHUggijII 
 
••'v'/^u;;,! 
 
 
 |i $ 
 
 »iii\ ■Jiirk.'.v), '^^'^ '■''V^j'i,,,.,, 
 Sliiiii(.ncisi'l<i (l"'iw'' "VinvMMi 
 
 17 Al'lll, IC.Qj 
 
 Sil'Viill, ll''!l"' 
 SistilWM, plMi-1' . 
 
 >l«iiii, luii'illiiiti'iii 
 
 SjIMill, ■■"llVl'lltioll 
 
 Hritisli I'liiinis . 
 Sti'ltiii, l"-iii'c 
 8t(irklii>lin, jiwH'C 
 Htiii'klu'liii 
 
 St,„kh..lni, liv»ty of (ftwnl,- . 
 
 Sniinoii. . . '5'''i> 
 
 Tcini'swiir, Irnco . 7 q'l" 
 
 Teiisiii, I'twu . • IS -"''.^ 
 
 
 . 4 All!,'- 
 
 31 D.'i'. 
 
 . 22 Ai'vil. 
 
 SMtislyiiig 
 
 . ab.liinr, 
 
 ,j Dec. 
 
 2,1 Nov. 
 
 24 Mmu-Ii, 
 
 1 Marri 
 
 1613 
 1791 
 1529 
 l8j4 
 
 1828 
 
 ■ 57" 
 1 7 19 
 1724 
 1813 
 
 l8S2 
 16(14 
 1779 
 1595 
 
 i Mincli, 
 '23.1niii', 1E91 
 
 Turin (c.s«ion'..f *^"V-y "'"' 
 'riirkniiinclmy, in'iice 
 
 i860 ! 
 1828 ! 
 1(120 
 
 rnkiiirski'li'^si . 
 ftii'i'lil, iiiii'iii 
 l-tivclit,l"'in'u . 
 Viili'iii:ay . 
 V, roiia. c'lUi^Ti'SJt. 
 Vrisaillcs, in:n-i; 
 Vi.iiiiii 
 
 Vienna, alliniiec 
 Vienna, ]«:n-f 
 Vienna, in-aee . 
 Vienna, eunvi'ntioii 
 Vienna, 25 .Mii'-L" ; 
 
 24 Mareli 
 22 Kel 
 3 'Inly 
 . 8 .liilv, 1833 
 •22 .laii. 1^79 
 II .Vinil, 171 i 
 8 Dec. 1S13 
 . 25 An;,'. 1822 
 2ci.)an. 17S3 
 , 30 Ai'i'il, 17-^5 
 , 16 Marcli, 173' 
 . iS Niiv. 1738 
 14 Oi't. 1809 
 . 28 Heiit. 1814 
 
 31 ^'"V '• 
 
 9 June. 1815 
 
 TETALS. 
 
 Vienna (Anstrla and rrusHia). 
 eonnnereial . • ^9 WK .;;. 
 
 ^.i;;!;;;:;(.u,s;na.c;n.a.nn.,,,,_^ 
 
 Vienna (|.eaee l.elwcen Ausi™ 
 
 iin'l Italy) . ■ 3' ■ ' "' 
 Villa Kmnca(;.n/.m.) 12.I 1 , - , 
 V,.sseni. l.eaec . '.^•■"•'"' 
 
 Warsaw, alliance . 31 ^''Vj'' ' 
 
 ;^;;:i^;i;;«...n.-.-cci,,n;uy^i,,;;y' 
 
 : l,etw,vn(l.eaMlntaman.lllie 
 Vnite.lSlates.ivsi.eetln^New. 
 f,ani(lluna tishery, eunnnn. r, 
 
 Wasliin^'lc'm (settling Alab:M,u 
 
 elain.s. JSje) . ,,,*>„;'•>■'-' 
 Wa.-iliinKl"n(''i^l"'''>''"''\".','.vi, ,;.( 
 
 Westminster, I'eaec. 19 K'!'- ■'■. 
 Westminster (Willi ll"ll"n.l) ,-r 
 W'esll'liiiliii, I'caei; . 24 "ct. ej-, 
 
 Wilmi. treaty "f "■'' 
 
 SViirms, edict nf ... i;:i 
 
 WnitzbiirKl.'iwne . ■ ■ • ''"" 
 Znneli.cnnvciitmii . so .■Hii>, i::j 
 Zmieli (Austria, Iraiice, aii'l 
 Sanlinia) . • ioSv\. ,-;, 
 
 IK 
 
 rnn7T!T.\ now TriUid, 11 river in N"i'th Itiilv, 
 rS\.nn,i...al aclVatpMlu; U;;;na.. J-s- 
 ::,;a(i'!whimtor..tr..at,.7-.9Jum,,:,.. 
 
 The l.atnis took Constaiittiu.pli; m 1204. '.,"', 
 , Vat ol 111. .ininio «1'"' ' ';I."'",""' " 'e'i . ' 
 ilic;. il «as eo,i.|Ue.Ta l.v tlu^ 'J inks uiidfi Ma- 
 homet I. roinilatioii in ih.Ss, 45,aw. 
 
 KMl'KKOllS. 
 1332 
 
 Alexis I. C'oiiineiius. 
 
 Anilrniiiciis 1. 
 
 .Ic.llll I. 
 
 Manuel I., great cai 
 tain. 
 
 Androiiicus 11. 
 '1266. (;<'oigc. 
 ,280. ,)<,liii II. 
 ,285. Tlicodoia. 
 
 .lolui II. 
 
 1^97 AieSis II. 
 
 An.lroiiieiis HI. 
 
 1204. 
 
 1222. 
 
 123.'! 
 1238 
 
 1263. 
 
 Manuel II. 
 Hasil. 
 Irene. 
 Anna. 
 ,lolin III. 
 
 Mi.hael. 
 AleSi.sllI. 
 
 Manuel III. 
 
 Alexis IV. 
 446. J.ilin IV. (CaloJo 
 
 alines), 
 1458-O1. Kaviil. 
 
 1 34°- 
 H4i- 
 ■343 
 ■ ,144- 
 U49. 
 
 I 131)"- 
 I417' 
 
 „n.l continue,! (with u>f "1" < V" ,, " ' ,1 " 
 Van' 1 11.. J ulius III., ami I'uis 1\ . to 4 Dc [,(, 
 
 ifi ,s sitting (tiic .Sill). A .i"'"'';-; \" ';;:'^"'"" ■' 
 
 lis 'unci w^.s ccIcla-iUedi.iJiMuMS 'J. In" «^ 
 several times tak.9i during the Vrc.cli war. IV^ii. 
 hition, lS<)ii. 2l.(i.S.V 
 
 M ,ie conueil was decreed .vitli "''"'","'»*■ " 
 
 ...in, 11 , r scrii.ture (iiieluding tlie ai.oerM.lial. ami > 
 
 1, 1, ts s, le iineri.reler; tlie tradili.iisin l,en|ii,i 
 
 , iutnie- e seveii sacrainelils (l.aiilislii, .■ a- 
 
 will, ^'•111'"" ■ '.". ,",,,., ,,eiiancc, extreme nmiM,. 
 
 ;^:;::;'';:m 1 -o!lransiil,s,antialio,i ,,,,1,,,,,.. 
 
 . ln;hilg;Ces ! celibacy ..t tlie cU^rgy ; anrieular ,-inl„. 
 
 sioli, iVc. 
 
 I TKENT STEAMEE, soo Vn'tci '^tak«> >'">'>■• 
 Dec. iHdl. 
 
 TllE^'ECCA, sec Che-slutiit. 
 TIfVVES, ■ 1- TRIEK, tlic Koiiniii Trcvirl, in 
 i>i 1, l^Missi'i was a iirosiRTous cltv (d tliediu..- 
 
 A „ '•'s; 'llii- .luircUofSt. Mmcoii dabs Iniiir. . 
 .; , eenflirv Treves was made an clcelorate 111 :!.r 
 ft;e:!nUi\;,iM;^ieca,n,.su.MecUoUn.aH,l,K.v 
 
 >330 
 
 TKECENTO, see li"lu<». 
 
 TREES in Lotulon. Many were i.Iantejl hy 
 
 ^:S^d!^r,iu:t^l:"^^in^^f;;g^,n;^'pif^^^ 
 
 lir Th.'pl^''>'i"S "f vow. of trees in suburban 
 roads began in 1S7S 
 
 !;t^l',;^r"0(mn:'lsi.el(i-li.'.v:.^«?-I4^,vTl;-- 
 sftreissaid to have been oundcd l,ei.,r. U. 
 
 - e 'ill tin- n'"l t" 1'^' "'^' "''''"-^ '" •■"''''"''■■ 
 l,* . " inoUH change., Treves was ac,|um,. 7 
 1> ussia, J line l.Hl S- I" ■«44 """'I' ^'Ne'teiiunl «;.; 
 ,,!.sionedbv miracles ^ud to have b.rn « .v, 
 Iv a'-llolvCoaf in the eatlieilral. Ihe. if.L. 
 exhihit.'.l to thousands, Aug., bept.lNjI. Iq^v 
 
 lion, !«'jo, .50.1()2. 
 
 I » Tli/A JUNCTA IN r^'O" (tb.ee ■ 
 
 linomjtlieimittoof.hekn.ghtso 1,^. . 
 ,„nnrv were t.lantcd in raris and oilier iinrts order of the Hath, signit.vuig laitU. li.lH.,..i 
 ^TKl'aiic' during llici'volntionary eras, ,790 and . ,,„,itv;" «'e i'"'''. 
 
 T,:,^^":i^ ;;; e r.:''^vV';,!:'Vlant.d -in .7^9 .-u. me „,i,^!^*{„y of jmlges. This ,. ui w..^:;^ ■ 
 
 r^y^9at,::^';ci:^;."rr.];:tv'i:ii:nii;:r^t"ib:^!a,,i m unstidiine.. ^xtzStuf^f^^ '- 1 
 
 ^';^^:;'ab:^a:^o';,mn,bers in 1897. An"-' -■^-^'- '^:^,^ii til" Tubbonto estate, lor ro,,.,..: 
 rr-REXT (the ancient Trideiitn.n), in theT.M'ol, _\ ,ii, ,«;3. S.-e Jm-us. : 
 
 j.Kr^^>t.v ,j,, ,.„u,i,.ii l„,l,l here IS , ,„^^ .^ ^ p o.„l-,tiotri f'- (■aaaiictmi 'rcJ I 
 
 
TRIALS. 
 
 Vi.i.iui (Aiwtiiu mill lTu«Hi,0, 
 
 ,.ui„nR..vi.,l . • '9 '■'■''■ '''• 
 Vii'iiim 
 Y 
 
 :.;;:;;;;:;(A„stn.'i(in'utiij^t;nn. '' * 
 
 ViU,. Fmnn.().r,)im.) .2. 1". ;. 
 
 VosHiiii, l>«'ii''i- • Vi.i', ■ " 
 
 Wai-siiw, alli.iiu'i^ . 31 M' V '• ' 
 
 ^iist;;;:;;* ■^'■'■t':€}:Hi''^ 
 
 lictwicii tiiviit llritiiiuiiii^lli.' 
 i:iiitc.lStat.>s,ivsi..ctiii^N.«. 
 f„uihlliiinl tislici-y, nji.mi.irr, 
 
 WaHliini-'to" (sailing AlMkn.ia 
 
 WcstiMinsl<T, v:''!''',, 
 
 , I-'.'li. 
 
 \Vi".tiiniislir (Willi ll"ll"»'l) ■ ':■" 
 
 Wi->ti>li!iliii, lii'iu-i; . 24 "'■'■ '■" 
 
 Wiluii. tivaly «( ■ ■ . ■ i^M 
 
 1 , Will MIS, I'llill I'f ... ■■-'■ 
 
 , \Vuit/.lmri,'li>iiJ.'"''. . . ■ • I'l) 
 
 I Ziiii.li, (■Miiviiiliiiii • ao->l'i>. '■■■h 
 
 Ziirii'li (Austriii, Fraucc, ami 
 
 fSaiililiiii) 
 
 10 Niiv. 1' 
 
 fwitli iiitn-niiitidiis) uiulcr ii-jie 
 ,i, 1 1 1. ,1.11(1 l'iuslV.to4l)iv. i;(,i; 
 (Ilic2;ili)- A iuliiliTiiinliitiiiiiM 
 ,,Tl.'i;niloiliii.luiuMS(.,;. hviit«.i 
 akcn (Uirintt tlie I'r.iu.li war. IViiii- 
 
 ,1 was lUvivo.l, .vitli aiialiimaH: ;].. 
 I, IV (ilii'liuliliK till' aiiiKTMilia) mill l:- 
 iiitiTiiivtri- ; llii' traililiiiiis ti. !»■ .i|i;J 
 . till' si'Vi'li sai'ialiKlils (liaiitisiii, .■„. 
 
 'ur.rssiil'l'i'i'. iii'iiaiii-i', I'Xtiv lUHivs. 
 
 ;.ii,„,„\); tl'alisill.stalitiatii.11- iml-iiMv 
 rUbacV .if tlie cli'iyy; aiiiii'ular rU,- 
 
 iTEAMEE, see United St ales, }\w.- 
 CA, Sfi' C/us/ii(iit. 
 
 ^ia, wiisiU'W''-'";" '■'">■ ."'■""■|*-' 
 
 ..iiiliiTcir Ualiiciius liclil Ins imirt L i- 
 
 ic cliurrUiilf^t. Siiiiiiiiiilatislriim':; 
 
 Tfevcs was iiiailo an clcctiiratc in'L 
 
 and licraiuc siiliji'it tu the aivlil.b' ;■ 
 
 :uii.ilsli.',UlluTr,.VS;;-I423. UirM-..- 
 
 ;.,iil to liavc liirli tmiiiilcil hfUm \<i 
 
 and ti) la-' till' *'1'1''^' '" (Ji'""'^!' 
 
 IS clian-i'S, 'I'l-uvcs Nvas aniuinJ •; 
 
 ,. iSis 111 lf<44 """^''' i-xi'i'i'i'ii'"' ■' ■* 
 
 V i.iii-Iu'lcs sai.l to l.avr birii vy..::i 
 
 'f„at" in tlirratlifilral. 1Irm'";i1v;5 
 
 tlioiiMimls, Aut;., Sqit. 181JI. hri.,- 
 
 0,1()2. 
 
 JUyCTA /A^ '7 0" ('I''-"' ' , ; 
 , motto ofth,. knislitsoftl""'^'-; I 
 
 rv Jliitli. 
 VTB-VR signifies l>v the wlinli" 
 
 .■,1„. riots in lS,52; iil^V lit 0... ■ 
 . ,„„l aii-ang-.a tor tlu; tnal - 
 ;• tlio Tiihlioniu cstatL's tor liorjui). 
 , See Jid-ics. 
 
 S Ili-ulalions P-r esulnotin: tmi I 
 bv Lotl.aire an-l Eckir. kn.._'s « uu 
 o(,H0. Alfivil the Giviit IS said toll." 
 ,vjm-v; but there is guod evidcuaJ 
 
 TRIALS. 
 
 1111 
 
 TRIALS. 
 
 ill triiiln before his tii 
 
 Anal 
 
 Hide lor more speeily trials lij' "tlie Winter \s- 
 
 iL'i nii'lils were ' H.iiwak Williams, call...! the .Vuii*',-, for suililiin« 
 
 bl/OS 
 
 Art," iS:6. S 
 
 Aiiinid. 
 
 KiiiK Cliiirles I. 
 
 IIKMAIIKAIII.K llll.M.S. 
 
 ,laii. 
 
 i.l.'ia 
 
 .1 
 
 •-■7 .Tall, if),)9 
 
 <)ii/..<'< I'lijiisli I'hil: K.lw.ir.l r..liiiiaii, i(iMvii'li..| 
 27 N.. v.: Will, liflaii.l ,111.1 otlii.r priisls 17 li.'i- 
 li.ilil (iiri'ii ,111. 1 ..III. IS, 1,3 I'Vli, ; 'I'hos. Wliil- 
 
 w.. 111. 11 ill 1... II. I. Ill 
 
 H July, 1700 
 
 Iiaiiiii-1,,11, III,. |,i,'k|..i, kct, iiiiisl ixtra.inliiiai-v 
 ail. 'pi ; tlalls|..,ili..i . . , o, Si-ui. 
 
 loia.is I'aiii,., |,.,|itir,il wiitir niiil il.'ist, f.ir liliflH 
 
 TI 
 
 111 111.. l!iithh„f.\hi 
 
 1678 
 
 l.r.M.I all. I ulliiM' .Irsinis 
 
 .linii 
 
 Laii;;liiinii'. i.oiiii.si.lliir, 14,111111.; coiivii'ti'.l , 
 
 llii'liai'.l 
 
 .|iiilli'.l 
 
 .I'ci' Waki'iimu, tlie 1 
 
 liii-en's jihysiciaii : ar- 
 
 j;i..' //.. 
 
 III! Slallor.l : c'oiivicli'.I 
 
 30 
 
 N.iv. 
 
 I ) .liilv, 
 D.r. 
 
 ,lalv 
 
 /'/..f: e.aiviclcl: Willi.iia l„r.l l(ussi.| 
 
 1679 
 
 1681 
 
 .\lj;i'r 
 
 mill Siiliii'V 
 
 Til.' S. vi'ii Hisli.i|.s ; a. i|iiilli.il 
 
 21 X.iv. 1^.83 
 
 «':i|il am 
 
 li,.il.'..iis, f..r I 
 
 lur.lfi', 
 
 J.iiiiv Div.r. for l'r|..iiy, i'\..i-iil.'.| 
 
 ■ r.-.7.. 
 
 2t) 
 
 .lain 
 
 .lull. 
 
 18 M.iivh. 1 
 
 1688 
 171'J 
 
 Willi.mi llai'll, .•x.'i'ul...l I'.ii- iiiiir.li'r at 'I'vlnii a. I.iii 
 
 740 
 
 ' 1.1 lilV wli.'ii al 
 
 li.iii al Siirj; 
 
 Mall 
 
 iliiiiit uii.|i'rL;iiiii,i: ili: 
 
 24 Nov. 
 
 ]...r.|s Iviliiiaruoi k ami H.ilmi'riiio f.ir liiyli treason 
 
 Miiry 
 
 Ilaiuiltou, I'.ir la.iirviiiL' with li. r own 
 
 .lul 
 
 y. 17.(6 
 
 I,..r.l l...v,ilt, 
 
 lu'li.'a.li'.l . 
 
 JaviH'V. Ill 
 
 .l.'iv.l liiiasi'ir 
 
 ■s of a^e, for liifili ti 
 fli'liratcil Irish rolilicr, nh. 
 
 7 n.'t. 
 
 ras.ili ; 
 ,Mal.||, 
 
 1747 
 
 .Illlv. 
 
 .\iiiv lliil.liiiisoii, liuriit at Kly. f.ir Ihc iiiur.lrr ..I' 
 
 lii.i'hu.Oiaii.l . 
 
 .\.iV. 
 
 Jlias Ulaii.lv. the laur.l.'r of lu'r fatlu'r (liaii-.'.l) 
 
 ) .March, 
 
 .Villi 
 
 Williims. f..r the iiiur.ler of lu'r liiisl.au.l, 
 
 liiinit alivi' 
 
 II April, 1753 
 
 I is .\VI. „iV 
 
 Kiiilly 
 
 ramf(sii|. ;■/ 
 
 18 Dee. 1792 
 
 .M.-hil.al.l llaiiiill..u li.iwaii, fo,- liliil ; iiu|irisoiK.(l 
 
 I792-J 
 
 ami liii,..| 
 
 .Mr. 1' 
 
 ilu.l 
 
 iiii'l'oy, for tlic liiiir.lerof |.oloii..| I!i)|.,.r i 
 
 29i]iiii. 1794 
 
 a.-.|iiilt...l 
 
 .Mr. U.ih.al Walt ami ll.iwi, 
 treason , 
 
 M.' 
 
 1 1 All);. 
 
 Ill', at K.liiiliur;,'li, for 
 
 i ^^.'llt. 
 
 si-s. llarily, lloriie Tookr, ■riiihvall, ami .l.i.ve 
 
 f'lr liii;li Iri'asoii ; ai.iuiltc.l 
 K.nl of Aliiiwloh, for his lilii'l 
 
 t,'iiillv 
 
 iioi-.-<i'iii|ili., 1./;..,, I.ish., tor ffloiiv 
 
 2.J Ol't. 
 
 Ill )rr. .Suiiuaii : 
 
 Mi 
 
 K.'.lli.'a.l Voik... at V.irk,'lilii.| 
 i.i.r.l W.-stiiicalh ,.. lira.lsliaw, f. 
 
 a^.-s. 10.. lot). 
 I.olil \alclitia 
 2r.,.«,r . 
 
 r cfini. fon. 
 
 f) Dia 
 
 18 Feb, 1795 
 =7 " 
 
 Xov. 
 ilaiii 
 
 Mr. Hawha-, f.ir a.lulli.rv,ilaii 
 
 4 .March, 1796 
 
 liaiii.-l Isaac Kal.iu, f.ir liliclsoh kiiiL'lv '-over 
 
 .linii 
 
 ;iiillv 
 
 «ii (l...irivy Wi'hsl.r 1: l.r.l Ilollaml, for a.lul 
 
 8 .lulv, 
 
 .1.1 
 
 Icry; 
 
 27 K.'l 
 
 I'ark.r. tlic mutiiic.'r at the X.irc, callcil a.lmiral 
 
 1. 1797 
 
 i'ark.r (s 
 
 Mill 
 
 U.I..S) 
 
 l).i.|.|iii;;l.ai 1'. Iio.liliii(,'t..|i, r.irciijii. mil. ; ilaii 
 
 Willi: 
 
 o/. 
 
 (Ur at Carrickfci 
 
 .linn. 
 miKcs, 
 5 Sept. 
 
 .111. -.1 
 
 for high treason 
 
 Mrs. l'lii.|i.„., i./i..,< lii'iisiin, laurileivs 
 
 Kuxi'iie .\r.iiii, for niunlcr at York; I'xeciil.'.i 
 
 Til.' laur.hrers of col. .-St. Uui 
 al Crk 
 
 . 12 Oct. 
 I Dec 
 
 iiye ami Mr. L'uiacke, 
 
 Earl Ferrers, f.ir the miir.ler of his 
 (■iiti..| . 
 
 .'W.ir.l : 
 
 I i Au^' 
 
 1759 
 
 Arlhiir O'Ciuiiicr ami O'Colfley, at Maiilst.uic, f. 
 Ir.as.iii ; latli'r haiiiieil 
 
 15 April. 1798 
 
 6 April, 1760 
 
 111-. .Ma-N'miKhteii, at Slraliaue, for the iiiur.lcr of 
 
 Miss Kilos 
 
 Aim li.'.liii.iillel.l, for the iiiunlcr of her liiisl.aml 
 
 S He.-. i7f,i 
 
 l.iinil alive 
 
 6 April, 1763 
 
 Mr. Wilk.'S, al.leriiian of T... 11. Ion, for an olisiiai. 
 
 ] Ill (" Fssay 011 Woimili") 
 
 I-. 
 
 !Miir.lcr.'rs of .•.iptaiii (lias, his wife. ilaii,i;lit.'r. 
 ami ]iass.'iigcrs, on lioaril the ship /'.'.ii/../' 
 
 .764 
 
 ^.ui.Unrli, at > 
 FlizalL'tli lii'owiirij,'!;, for tin' iiiunlcr of . 
 
 f.'iiiale apprcniiccs ; hani^e.l 
 i...r.l Dalliiii.ii'c, the liliertiiic.aml hisfeiiial.' 
 
 Mai.-h. 
 ofhia' 
 
 1760 
 
 . S..],!, 1707 
 
 l.ll.'.'s, f.ir rapi 
 
 tir.'.it .-alls. 
 I)..ii-la 
 
 28 Mar.h, 1768 
 
 lii'twecn the families of Haiiiilloii ami 
 
 Nir K.lwar.l Crosbi. 
 haii^-.M . 
 
 21 May, 
 
 e ami others for lii;,'h tr.'as.iu ; 
 
 .lull.' 
 
 Hcaii.liaiiip Ha^;.iial Harvey, at Wcxfor.l, f..r liif,'li 
 
 21 .lime. 
 
 treason 
 
 Tw.i M.-i-sis. Shcares, iit Dublin, f.u' hij,'li I reason • 
 
 ixe.ul.'.l 12. lulv, 
 
 Tli...l.al.l Woiilir.. T.iiie, bv court-martial (1 om. 
 
 laiil.'.l siiiiiil.., ilicil 
 
 ill the Kith) 
 
 . Xov. 
 
 fSir ll.irry lir.iwii Hayes, for carrying olf Miss Pike 
 
 or(;..rk 
 
 13 April, 1800 
 
 Haiti. 1.1, f.ir sli.i.iting at Cleorg.. HI. ; see IhitMil 
 
 Mr. 'I'IkIii' of W.'stmcath v. Jones, for 
 
 .laliiag.': 
 
 o^ 
 
 26 .lime, 
 crim. I'lin. ; 
 ■ Dee 
 
 .Mutineers at llaiilry I!ay. hai.geil ; see l!iiiilrii liny 
 
 27 F.'li. 1769 
 
 S Jan. i8o2 
 
 Ori'.it Valencia eaii.se in the lioiisc of pcrs.i 11 Ir.laml 
 
 18 Mar.h, 1772 1 
 <'auspaf.Sniiierset the slav.' (s.'e .v/«iv/-.;) 22 .Iiiiic ,, 
 Klizalii'tli Herring, for 111., niiir.l.u' .if li.'r hiisliainl ; 
 
 liair.'i'.l, ami aft.rwar.ls buiiil at 'I'yiiurn it S.'|i|. 177) 
 M.'ssrs, I'crreau brothers, baiiU.rs, f.ng.-ry : liang.'.l 
 
 G..vcrii..r Well, f..r la-iiclly ami iiiunl.'r. twenty yea. . 
 bef.ire (trie.l iin.ler 33 ileii. YIH. e. gjXsec (';.iii't') 
 
 20 Jan. 
 Crawh'y, f.ir the iimnler of two females in IVter's- 
 
 i'..w, Diil.liii 
 
 6 .March, 
 
 17 
 
 .Ian. 
 
 CI I Dispar.laml his iissiauiites, for high treason; 
 
 I on the top of Jlor.seimiiiger-lane gaol (see 
 
 Du.'liess of Kingston, for niarryiiig two hnsl.amls 
 
 sailty (se.. Kiii^istmi) 
 
 15 April, 
 
 I 
 
 n.^piinl) 
 
 M. I'.lli.T, f.irlih.'l on Honaiiart 
 
 7 Feb. 1803 
 
 lir. Ii.i.lil, f.ir forging a bonil of 4200'. in tli.. nam 
 .if II arlof t'hesterliehl, 22 Feb. (s.'c Forg.ry ;) 
 
 lb. 
 
 France, in rAmhhin,- 
 
 miilty 
 
 •I Ashtt, 
 
 lirst eonsul .if 
 Fi 
 
 shi.a-at the bank of Fnglan.l, f.r 
 
 .li.'.'lltC.I 
 
 .liii 
 
 .V'hiiinil Keppei, by court-martial ; h.uionralily a.'- 
 
 '!■• 1777 
 
 .|iiilt.sl 
 
 Mr. Ha.kiaaii, for tin' iimr.ler of Miss Ibay, win n 
 ...iiiiiig .Hit of the theatr.' r.i,\'al, roveiit-gar.len 
 
 cm.icz/.l.am.iit ami frau.ls ; tin' loss io the bank, 
 o(. : foiiml ....( ijiiillii, on aceount of the iii- 
 
 iS Jnl.v, 
 111 ; exe- 
 19 .Sept. 
 
 vali.litvof til,, b'lls 
 
 II Fell. 1779 , Holicrt Fnimctt. at Dublin, for high treas. 
 
 I.'ir.l Oi'iirge Ooril.,n. 
 aiiiaitt.'il 
 
 16 April, 
 
 eiite.l next day 
 Keenaii, one of the luur.lerers of lord Kilw.'ir.le'n 
 
 .harge of high tre 
 
 lauge 
 
 Feb. 17S1 
 
 Mr. Smith for the niur.ler .if the supiiosed llau 
 
 2 Oct. 
 
 ith Ch 
 
 i|it. J.iliii l>"im'llaii, for niunlcr of sir Theo.losius 
 
 IIlii^'I t.iii 
 
 I April, 
 
 Lockhari and I.audon U.a.lon for earrving olf Mr 
 
 13 Jan. 1804 
 
 Mr W.....iran. 111.. (•.•l..l.r,iti..| printer, for a lil..'l "ii 
 
 la 
 
 6 .March, 
 
 "I'll l..iiiglili.iioiigli, at't.-iwanls lonl cbai Ihir 
 
 liev. C. Massy r. niar.piis of Ilea.lf.irt, for iiiii 
 
 .Nov. 17S6 Wi 
 
 tiamages, 10,000/. 
 
 27Jnl,v, 
 
 I'rillli:. 
 
 (i.ir.loii, for 
 
 guilty 
 
 lib..l 
 
 lie .| 
 
 y\- Warivii llastiii; 
 
 a trial which last.'d sev.- 
 
 11. .en of 
 28,1,111. 1733 
 
 a'-i.linst b'lilales 
 
 ii|.i'r, the Jlacknri/ .Vonxter, f.U' oth.nees 
 
 April, 1805 
 
 y'ursaa.l three inonths (see lliu^liniis, Trinl nf), 
 
 i.llll.-lle.-il 
 
 F.'b. 
 
 fjeinral Pi. -Ion, f.ir applying the torturi' to L.iiiisa 
 Calili'i-oii, to exl.irt .'oiifessioii, at 'I'riiii.la.l, trie.l 
 (iimli'r 42 (l.'o. HI. c. 85) in the court of King's 
 Uciich ; guill.N' [new trial, same Verdict, 11 Jtitic, 
 
 I'lii' iiriiil.Tof till' '/'I'lH.'.s' newspaper, f.ir lilicls on 
 till' pi'iii if W.il.'s, ami .liik.'s .if York ami Cla- 
 
 1808] 
 
 24 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1S..6 
 
 reua; lined zoo/.aiidimpi 
 
 idune year, 3 Feb. 1790 I liligU 
 
 Mr. Pidch, for !.e iiinr.ler of his partner, Mr. 
 
 6 Axiril, 
 
 .,« 
 
 mm 
 
TKIALS. 
 
 111,! 
 
 TlllALfS. 
 
 i^'ini; 
 
 , i«i 
 
 '•^i^ 
 
 ^'^m^\ 
 
 ... jii ( 
 
 L,„,l M,.lv,ll.. im>:c.a.lK.,l l.y ll.« l"'"-. ..f ;-m- _^^^^ 
 lir'!hm"i;i!«Mn; m ni"'""; l.U'mU..l U,. Klnj^H 
 Tl!,'''''\'v'mn,Kt/.n «,...((,' for ' umiutuml -'l'''"'-^,; 
 
 • r,;im!'n.i' i-okKriirr, i.y H'KiTm.h "'i''">f> ';;;';;■ 
 iinii,.«,,,v Mii.i iinwn-ty, tiin '"";''':'';'7 ,':',,'' . 
 
 .•st,.|.'; thiilv priN.'ns Nvrir .•nislinl U< ''"■"t" •'' 
 ll,,.,r.M.Tmi:.ii,,.ltl„()l.lll;ul.y . =« H ■ .. 
 
 Si.' 1 I'ni'i-'". '■>■ '""""""■'""■„',;;!,, 1' 
 
 K;n:!i:n^>.:NVoi,..t,;,//»/iv.-ri"'>u'-.f;- ■■;,;;:; _^ 
 
 Li,.u't. ii.'ny, of ii'.M.s: //.•-•'""I ;' f"'' '"»_ »""f ,",;:';| 
 
 Lm^'i-'lpiiV. l-iMHUwm, IV.r ■ rim. n,«. / '1";';'W;«. 
 «i,)r;;s,,lu.;nuv,U.rofn;ea;n1,.inr.,nj,y, 
 
 .i,!'A';huMW.t; ^.r-nn,,: cm. with U.Uy 11..- __ 
 ll'jllrc'm,!.!..:!!, for killing Cui'tuiu Uoyl i" " -Uirh '^ 
 
 r.uTKmn;rty;ma,;ii,.r;,for'u \\M oi. ti"^^;);:;, ]' 
 
 Till' Vukt of York; l.y'i.uiuivy ,i" tlo' li';i.«'' "f 
 ,„ mos oil .liaws liivlViml ni;iiiii»t loin liy 
 
 :nvui,l.. from ■^b.l.'».t'-=° *''''■•■'' ■ • '^°^ 
 Avlu'sU.v ,■. l.o.a lMK.t, fo. cn,n. cvm. ; .li,.m,|!,.», 
 
 Ti;:^^r.V,;u.,.tim;,lon,.s;n,vi.iv,i;hof,Uiiyn; " 
 
 Wml"m 0.!ri''. (*■ n ii!«l on llie G.niiau l,Tiou ; 
 ^^;:i.isLe,inia,,,,n,^Hon;Ht«o,iil,n.n,;,l,.msW^^^^ 
 
 Tlil""vei;-str.et t;ant;,'for ■m.uatural omU-,; " 
 r.!l"i"Kii.n..ly. for ii ■lUa'l' ou iov.l '^--^^J^- ^^ 
 Tl.c kiiiK V. M.ss.s. ,lolin niol I.^kI. ""^'I •,,';;'■ 
 Mrul:;:i!on,, ai,aWl,ilJtl.e\ln.u,ui,.^bo,li " 
 AV::u^vc"x:uMJu.ilin;formu.ls;l>o-Hto,.ri,,.l,o " 
 Tlle'k!n« .•; W.- Coi;ia.tt; fovliboU; convio,..,! '^ 
 Lonl Loutli, in Kiil.Hn : snitnin'.l to ini'iaisnii- 
 „„.nt aiol li.o', for ..l.p»-««'v.-' -ouauit ''»^^'',^|;;;'; 
 
 Tloi'Vi'rk.'l.'y eu,;sc, liefove tliJ lumhe "Mj';;;^;^' 
 l.;:'8hl'r;l!;m;i>l.ysinai;,<m-aoi;ar,.-of«;Mlu,,,,; " 
 
 llalo'lolo's! foV su.iitious ,ui;n,lasi.ho;m.u»'liWls ; 
 
 wlmmMCm,.lWl ami .loim siniUiifor i'iKuVa.".. '' 
 
 Daiiiol Isaac Katoii, on a cliaiw ol '''■';1'^',;;;,;>,,; 
 
 Hi'immli' "' f">- tl- >»ur.l.r 'of Mr. IVroov^i; ,^.,,o' 
 
 Tll^'ki^;.'' .. -Mr-l-ovdl, of the Mor.«,oo,^lJ.r 
 
 m1^^: Joima.„ri...i«li Hunt, 'for m,..ls"?,: tlo; 
 
 i'litminn' : coiivii'ti'il • • • ■,'.*,''" 
 Slaruuis of'siigo. for .■ou.H.ali.iK u ^.•n'^-,^;;;- 
 
 Tl.p ,»iir,U.r..rs of Vv. Ilorsfall-. at York ;^ .•>..■- ^ 
 51r"llugl. Kitziatriok.for imlilisl.iiit; siully^s //J.- 
 .n.^.n'; ^^e a«aU..t tlie Ouk. of I.aiiolU " 
 lorudiilU-ry iiAiul, „ 
 
 Jlr. .loin, .\hwc, in Diil.liii, 1 hl.l . i» "",; 'j',;,, , ,, 
 Nl'!;:!,Um;n"''m.ir.li.r;.rofMr,ai,.lMr.."l|o^,i^; 
 
 TiIil'"^i'ulw.lrvof mV. tloiiMiii«; .■xcnii.;.! 7 "f • 
 I ;i .ar.l .MarvAhh Clark, for u I, Lei on Hi.' 
 ' ri^lit lioll Win. Vvsey FitzKimM, alter«ar.ls lool ^^ 
 
 I, !;.!!' Col'liloe; i.elin.ue .loMwfoli-,' lle.vnp.i: ' ' 
 
 '' I'ltt'ana ;.rs,.orlraM,l.intln. im..iol.m;. 
 
 ■2. I'Vli ■ (•lalva■h■.U>ol■.^^"'..) . f'. .)J1I e, , 
 Ailmiral llra.ll. > , at W inelu^nr, for IramU u. «liij. 
 
 r,lliln'.Uinenlin, of llie' .otU Ilnssar^ l.y .'.ain- ' 
 
 sii'-""i'.'.irii Henry Mii.i".'''y. '""'*• '''"' '''■'!"'■ '""■ 
 
 «i'l, til. e..iintess ..f It..- 1.. ry ; .lainaps. 
 
 ,i,"^:ri*arnett: f...- »ln.;.li..K at Mi.n'Kel^. of ' 
 (■..\.iitUar.lenllwatre . . " 'i \ ' ' 
 
 Capl.in Ihnehiiison, Hir l(..l..rt \Mls...,, an.l h 
 
 "•),„.■.., 1,1 Paris, f..r ai.lii.K tli,' eseai... o .^.. - 
 l.„sal.'ue(s.r;.on,Mr.) . • •,,„„.:, \V'- ^ 
 
 '• cai.t.iin Uraiit," tliu famous liisli rol.l.ei '^^J^;^'^ 
 
 Vau''l,«n!'a i...iiee .;ill.'. ^ MaVkay! au.l'l)r..wne. i^r 
 ,"n!s.iia..'t..in.ln.enien 1.. e..n,u.ll lelo.,i.> l.. 
 i.litain th.. r. wav.l ; eoMVi.'l.'.l ., • .,^'-*"'' '■ 
 
 C.;;,' ml «lanlioi.e, by eourt-inarllal. at CamWaj, 
 
 Caihrnar'a teaman. f.;r tl.^ Sl«llel.is n...s au.l 
 'mliWs .m hnowlilU ; e..i,v iete.l an.l l.an^'.l (>.•.■ ^^ _ 
 
 Cmm M^!l.r.nil,aU'a.-is. f.^r r..i.l.i..g t'"";!;;';;" '^'' 
 
 mI'' i*^';i!''iiM", f..r a iii..i "u iov.1 ''I'i'^f;!"^;';-' " 
 
 M'';''\Vooirr'.'"f'ir lil.ep'.'i. the 'g.iven.meul ^^ 
 ■nosuiw.Ur. Wats.;.., llo..l.er, and oti:;.;..., ^ 
 Tl!,''.m;;'\e,rrsofti,e!,y,..l.'ta.nnyaOVi4y;«:' 
 M!"l5^::,'.'''X,,.;.r,onael,a......f-r....1an^^n; ^ 
 
 I H.Sn-.i:/l'".'m'-.a,..l.:tl..rs,al I.e.-!;. tj]!!^ '^ 
 
 ' Hmir'il.e l,o.;ks,llVr, for l.ar...lies ; Uin-e trials " 
 I l.'l,ivl,o.-.l l.;il.iil...r....i;l>: '^"li"'!'"!.""'"'"','""' 
 
 s,ie,-,.ssii,i.iei......' . . . '«;-'^;,;.;:,V;;:: 
 
 i Mr. l.,ek,loral..lu.ti.,.ia,el.-ai.e..f M.s,^U...k,m^ 
 i Al.0...1..f.n...-.l.r.-ase;Asl,lo,.l,tli.'l.r..tlMT.,I.U.v> 
 1 \sl nr,l n.'ains. Al..al.a.n Tl...nit..n, a..-i.M;.l 
 
 ;^1;:.;.',,;;i..i:rts,.e.l,,..,.')a,..la..,u.tt.^..O M.r,l, .. 
 ' lU.v. lir. (.•llail...an,l..rl...-Kint;alra.ik(,.seu^Vo..-- 
 
 j u/;i\e.'l'.lol.nst..i.,all';.liul.u.-i;li; !.'i» 'l''""'",'^ l,^;; " 
 
 I „ir"li;;Mass..i, •i,.,,e., u\. u.u.i at ■^.;;|^;;»;i;i :; 
 
 m["wm(oo,U, an.l otlu.r.,;...vl.a..ts.lV.V e..nsiar,i, y 
 
 Cal'm.''''l';t ilie im''i;-'ti.;,. of rai.,e's-.l:K^./ 
 J,;l;n;'a;^an,\.t U.ueri.k,-f..r M,ui-.K..'^o,W 
 «iyt™H.is-Unr.i,lt,;iLeua.sle.sf..ra^.;l...uas 
 
 !ll'm'>'ilu,,t;ami..tl,;.-s,f;.rtlieir.v.ml..e.a,.b^ 
 
 .M;,;,eli.'st..r nie,.t.iit!; e....viete.l C»eu ''^'' "^j' ^ |;; 
 
 .i^t;;a;,:!:';Vo^Jl..y^....l^.'V.-M.;nar..^....a 
 
 l.n:;:li:.r:,;,i:ins, l>nu,t,navi.U.,,.,a,MT,.l.l,.... 
 1 'e„"„i,iia.yton,.u-.lertl,ek...«sm..,.«te.s 
 
 i ,„,n,....UseeLV.(..-f.v.O ■ • ,^, /,' -.V ' ,' 
 
 1 I..!i.vel, ii. l.-.'a..ee, l..r tlie .....r.ler ot the Ui.ke^jl. 
 
 ; LclnriiicTawwy v.' joh.. I'"'".' f'"^' '■";^-,,;:;;:: 
 
 ' Jl„,i..rCartwrit;ht an.l others at Warwi.:k, l..r s._.^li 
 • •\m\w \Va.l.UnctoU," fi.r a' se.lili...is ^'^^i^j!^. 
 ,.i?;;i";;:nt.,„i..i.el>rem.h, 6tl. dra;;,.:.. ^u J-jj 
 
 : C.;u^^.l"'ui-" of E.„la,..i; belire the ho.,». e. 
 
llllhlill, 1 IHirl . ill til'' I'-'-' 
 
 .'<! ■IlllV, 1.1 
 
 ;,liTi'r c.f .Mr. aii.l Mrn. ll"i"ii ; 
 
 r. ilimldii'iK' ; fXiTiilr'l 7UW, „ 
 V .Vim llink.fi.v 11 hLi'l .m Hi- 
 i'Ki'y KlUnii'ilil. iilU'i»iiiil» l"i'l 
 
 7 '■''''■ I'U 
 ,,',.hi-iilic' ,ll.l;iisl..iii', llciTiiKii'. 
 InrllllU.U 111 till- liiililii- liiii'l^. 
 dis.'c'.^f". '■•) • ^,').l^lll■. .. 
 Wimliistii', fill' Iniii'ls "1 »'"!' 
 
 la .\ii,^, , 
 
 f till' loll'i llii«»iit-H, h\ i.iiiii- 
 
 ' '^"^ '■ 
 .rililnii'iv, liiirt., fill' i'n'»i. " "■ 
 LvsH (if Uii»'l..i-y; iliiiiiii>;'-. 
 
 5"" . 
 ,1- KliiinliiiK lit .Mi."" K'-lly. <• 
 i,.,itir. . . K.M.iil. ,-,- 
 
 ,11 Nil- Kiiliivt Wilsiiii. iiiMl .Ml 
 lui' :iiiliii« till' I'scniii' "t '"iiiil 
 ruhtt,) . . ■ 24 -M'"!. ., 
 ,1,0 tiiiiiuui* liislirolilifiiit Miin- 
 
 i6.\iu. ,, 
 ,'miTr, Mii'iU.iy, mi'l Hvi.wim. It 
 
 1,,,.,. iil.'ll I" lOllllllit ll'l""!'- '' 
 ,|. iHiivi,'!,'.! . . Jl All. „ 
 
 liv i:imrt-iimrtliil, i\t Ciniii'r.i:. . 
 
 .... a.^>^>■l". ., 
 im, fill' 111'- Slialli'l'ls viiiii "ii'l 
 
 'vh'ill • lnll\il.tl.'llllllll llUllUl'il i^ii 
 
 -■'•'■'"I- i3i: 
 lit I'lii'ix, f'lf nililiiii;,' tlu' u'l/'H 
 
 '-' .^iiiy. I. 
 
 'ui- ft liliil nil l"l''^ i:llii'l-,ill^*llii' 
 
 ~.\ ^1 '" ■ -. 
 lilii'l/uu till' tiiiyiniiiHMii 
 ti.li. 
 
 Wiitsiiii, lliMil'i'i', mill "tlii'i^. 1 
 
 ', lull'-, 
 tiui l.vn.'li fiiiiii'y n' Wil'lt;'iii»'- 
 
 I'j'iiiiy. .. 
 
 i,;,r, nil a i-liaiw "f riililnii;; il"' 
 1 .... 5 Ai'ii- .. 
 
 r ■Hill Mill. IS, lit Pirliy. fm' IHoli 
 
 .... 15 "It- •■ 
 i-ll(V fiir I'liviiilii'i*; "ii'i''- 'I'i'''* 
 ,.iil,„n.ii"li ; .xtriiiiniriiiii'iiiis "H'i 
 I, ,. . . . i«. '<)■ '-''J ''"■• ■ 
 ui'tiii'ii mill rniif uf Mi.ss i vm liiiii 
 
 iM .Maivli. 1 
 ,..isc;.\slifonl,tli<'l'i-"tli<i'"IM:i'y 
 ,si .Mmiliiiiii Tliiiiiitiiii, iii.iiMil 
 s,.,, .||,j„„;)aii.liiiHiiil'"l't'-M'nl. . 
 
 iiLU.liirliii-Kii'aii"'"!''^'''"^^^' ''. " 
 
 y>il't. „ 
 
 lit l'.iliiiliiiit,'li ; liis ilri'iulliil '■»■•- 
 
 . . 30 Dii'. ,. 
 ,u,k'z, l.'ii- liriliiiy at t.iriiiiiii..iiii'l 
 ' ... 18 Muvili, u! 
 
 I'liaiillii'ni.'ii'li'iiil'*'''"!'''""^!'"'".- 
 
 20 .Vinil. .. 
 
 imlilicatiiiu nf TaiiiL-'a -1;" '/ 
 
 . . ijOi't. ,. 
 lit I'.iniui'iik/f.ir iiuinKT ol Klli'i. 
 
 14 Mmvli, u. 
 ■,i,.lt, at UiiTsur, l-ii- a si-.liii.iii> 
 
 2 ', Miili'ii. . 
 i,i otlirrs, fill- tlidi' I'ciii.liii't al Un' 
 „,.i4iiiK; <'imvii:li-il («-i; -Wi'Hi^"-'- 
 ,„,) .... 27 -^liii'"' • 
 .isdi.y anil ivy. -Mr Uan-ism, l.ii 
 |,v . . • io.\Viii. . 
 
 i.'s liniiit, Daviilsiiii.aiMlTiail. lor 
 "miiil.-i- tliLi kiiiK'.s luiiii.sti-is ; imii- 
 ■„lu-.tml) . . • , ■7-M'i'' ■ 
 ,„■, fm- tlic iiiuriU'i- of the iiiiki' ^.W 
 
 , ,..■ joiiu Buni,- f-' ■■"IjJ;;:; ; 
 
 ;lit aiiilot!iwsat\Vanvii.k.fursi-.li- 
 ... 3 •* '^ 
 
 i'„j;U„'l," fill- 11 Sl'llitil'US lillll|^ll' 
 
 uiifl'l'-iTlii-li, 6II1 aiagiinii iiiiai'l;. "! 
 1 ... iDK'l't- 
 
 ■u of Englauil, beli-re the huusf ul 
 
 TIUALS. 
 
 lli;t 
 
 lonis, fiir ailiiltiT.v, i'ciitiiiM<iii . ,| ,f. .vu,, . ii |,,,. 
 iiiliialeil (sill (j,„,H V,i,;,li,„\-. Tfiuli '.a X,iv ,«„, 
 
 ^■'pi;;r;';;,i,;-:r"'^-- -^ *"- ^' '-C'" 
 
 imviil IliiKxirt, ail .■stia.iV.lin,irv nil MinaVhi'm 
 
 III »iii«iiliiily iiriiHiil liiv, 111 |.:,lii,l,iir„i, (',,,■ ,i„' 
 iiiiiriiiTiiriiliiriikiy . . ^ ' , j, '' 
 
 S.iiiiiiel I), llii.uvai-,1, the favniiiil,' imi,,' „|' |ii»l ' " 
 
 Inr liiirKliiry . . . hdii' 
 
 1 ,e niiim, ivrs ,if .Mi-H. TurraiiiT, li, Ii,:|ii,„i, ,.„„■ " 
 \lrli'il mill hilli^jeil . I,, 
 
 tii».,ii, i.i-iihy, iiiui ,,iii,.,,H, f,,|. til,, „i„i,„.,i;„| .,f •■ 
 
 Mi.ss (Jiiulil . ... „ 
 
 lintlii'leiiii, in I'.iiis, r„ril,r,,l„|ii,i f Kli/alii-ih '" 
 
 I'li'lellie ■■li^eiil 
 
 llitllhel't V. JJl-dWlir, wlll^'lll.il' iirlinll fill*', li.,.,. it " 
 
 Till' fiuiHiiH " Hiittle Cuii.si,inil,,rs," In jivlnn,! "I'ly '^"^ 
 
 ■'•l#"" ■ZT.V ' 
 
 ■llii exlmiii-iliiiaiy "eail cif r.irtsiiii.iHli'^ ,■ll^ 
 
 TKIALN. 
 
 cMliiiin'tici'il 
 
 iS .Maivji, 
 
 I'niliirl, lliii.i, iinil Thnrli'll, iiiiir,l,T.i-« „f Mr' " 
 
 tti'.iir; l'1-..lirit tiininl kiu^-'.s fyiiln,,-,. ; aft,.,.! 
 
 wiinls liain;eil fur IihI'.h.- .^tinliiiy (sw l-.jvnili,..,^) 
 
 ^iliin. l8;4 
 Mr. Henry FiiiiiitliTny, Imiikir uf I.i.iiiluii r r f,„.. 
 
 P'i'.v: liiiiij-'iil ' ,,,,„.t 
 
 l.iiile i\ lliiMie, fi.r liiviiih of ]>i is,. ,;j- III,,,.' 
 
 liiiKi'.- iliiiniiKes, y,inl. , . . ,,., |,|,|. 
 Ml. Ileiiiy .siiyiiiy, ,1 ImiikiT's smi iit IJri,;,",| |-,,|. " 
 
 (rivrli- ami Jlimrke, miinliivis nf th,. |.'i,ii,l's " 
 
 laiiiily o .„,, 
 
 Tl"' I'l^ ■ Ml'. W.H,.-,!, V |'„U. aiiil' th,. .MissrH " 
 
 l.iHi;;; eiiiiinii.ni.|.il ... jjny 
 
 tii|iliiiii Itli^h r. the 1, .11, Wni, Welle.^li.v |',;iii r,„'. " 
 
 ii'hiileiy ■ J, x,,v 
 
 l.'isli..r (.. •■Stiickdale, fur lil,. 1 i„ n,,.,!,!!,' (r,7.«„i " 
 
 •ju .Maii.h, 1826 
 I'.hv.inKiililii.ii Wakilirlil.iiiiil iill„.|.s, foi- nlulii,.. 
 
 lil I .Mi^s Turin r . . -^4 .Marrh 1827 
 
 lii'V. Uiilii.rl 'rayliir lor hlasiilieniy : foii'iiil'Kiiili.y 
 
 •M <let. ,, 
 liirliiii-il (Jilhiii, fill. til,. iiiiinU.i. of .Maria li,|.-,i,.r 
 
 lit Taiiiiliiii .... . . . 8 Aiml! ,828 
 
 Mr MiiiilKiiiii,.ry, lor fiir!,'ery ; he 1 luiiiiiiUiil .siiiriil,, 
 
 iiiliiisiiii on the nioniiiit; .i|iiioiiu,.,l lur his ,.x,.- 
 
 illliiill 4,llllv 
 
 liiiiiklill, for thu ih-alh of lonl .Mmiiit .Saiiilliiiii " 
 
 I'.viiUiik ... . , iij.iiiiv 
 
 William I'nrilir, for iiiiinlir of .M.nia .M.irti.n . |.x',.l " 
 
 '"■'''I ... . d'aiix. 
 
 ,l.«i|ili lliintiui, a i|iiaki.r nierihaiit, fur for"ery"' " 
 
 ''""«'■'' . 28(li'.t.' „ 
 
 liiiili,., at KiliiiliiirKh, lor the liiirkin;; niiinlc.r.s . 
 
 Uiiie, Ills aeeoiiiiiliei., luTaim. aiiiirDyi.r (arv 
 
 i'«rkilKj) , l\,,,' 
 
 llie kill;,' i\ Uuxtoii, anil othi.rs, loi- fr.iiijiilint ' 
 iiiariiaae . . . . . ,, .M.-u,.!,, ,8,,, 
 
 Jiiiiulliaii .Martin, fur setting' lire to Vurk iiiinslir 
 
 .0 .Maieh, ,, 
 
 Sti.w.ul ami hi.s \yife, iioteil iiiiiiiliri.rs. at lllasoo\y; 
 liaiip-il i4iiiily' 
 
 liriiiliiiiier, the ]!ayariaii jirirst, lor iiiurili.ri of " 
 
 "iilUlll , \||,, 
 
 l.ililaiu IJiikeiisiin, liy eoiirt-ni.irtial, at I'iirts- " 
 iimulli ; iii.||iiitl,.il . . j„ \,|,, 
 
 Mr. Ale.vamU.r, eilitorof Ih,. .1/.. „./ './,oi,;,„/' \?,y " 
 
 lilii.|»iilltlu.|lllkeof Wvllilliitoli; I oiiyi,t,..l ,u Keli iS'o 
 
 tliiiii.. ie., lit Kiiuis, for eiiuiiiK out Uie toiij;iii..s of ■" 
 
 till. lliiVli'M 
 
 4 .Mareh, 
 
 Mr. liiiiiyii. lor litiniiiiK 'lia hoiisr iu ih,. nainty ,,f' 
 
 t'liin. ; li:iii„.|.il 
 
 fi .'Manh, 
 
 Mr. l.iiiiil,r,.,.nt, for iniirihr of .Mr t'lavio' 
 ''"'■I ■ .. .\|,ril 
 
 tuinaiii Miiir, for iiiunh.r of William .Maholm' " 
 ''■'I'Ki'l io.liih 
 
 tiililaiiis Smith and .Markhani, for killing .Mr' " 
 iJUiaily ill a,lii,.l . .," ^|, ' 
 
 Ulitaiii Ih.lsliaiii, for iniirik.r of li..ut.\'rinnlier iii " 
 
 ■1 illlel g , ),.j 
 
 Mr hi. Jiiliii i.„i,j;, f„r nianslaiiuhtii. of llis.s " 
 
 LiislinusiT (i„,„.to) .... ^„oi.t. „ 
 l'%iiai-, leynimiet, anil ,.tlu.|s, ijiinisi,.rs of 
 
 Vraii(.i.(s,.,. /.v,ni|.,.) ... a, [),.^. 
 
 ilirliiiriUiiriil,., for 11 seditious lili,.! iii,.itiii,r .„ .', " 
 
 ""'•"'"">■ .0 Jan. 1831 
 
 "liie!;i,.i;2:;i;'y""'.'"' '"•'■"'" """ > iv^ „ 
 
 S..^,l,,i,i, l.„„.;r„r ,iiansiaii«h.,.roVMr; 1.1,,;^^^ '^" 
 
 Mi0..riioiidaH,',o|.ii.,. s,.,|ii,,,i„„;,f„'i,, .•:{,^);^: .. 
 
 Hev lliil„.rt Ta.Mor (vvl ...i„'„,i ti|,. ,.:'^„- ' " 
 
 ,";;;:,";,■;.'',;',■• ""'''■''■'-/.'"-i^-^.fo.ri.yi S 
 
 nil' lil.l.lK.MKIl : ,H||V||.|,.| . f, Inl, 
 
 'U';;!;!:;!''''''' ''"'■''''''■''-'''••■' ^'i"''.!''')-''"^! " 
 
 Mr. ami Mrn. li,.,,,!,; e. jir. llintilian, lliiriiii m"!'." " 
 01 liieliaiil layhM.,i.Ki.il 13; h.iiini.d at Maid.sloii,i 
 
 ''ri'iMimi'.nei'.'r''' ""' "' "^ '"-'■■''"" ''■ ''"■'! l.ortoi'l''; " 
 I)l|d;!7and'w,llialiis, f , , of tliLUaliaiulov - 
 
 "nlill;'o}'"''' '"''•" ^lin.i,in«a^'Mr: " 
 
 ''■mIIu'i!',''''' '*'''' '^■'' """•"' ntMrs.' Wahdi!"hv " 
 
 o^onei^ui'ri...,,,;,, ,,;.,, .iiVtii, ',,,,; ,,,i,,.,^,;;';-;; .83. 
 
 •'•i;e.i|.n.;ierers,:tMiUiiiiiiii, or.X|; ,:,i,J,i^- " 
 
 ^^'a'l'lotl'lr'''' "i '■'"■'- Ini'iniirihi' of luswil;; " 
 
 *'li ":;;!''■"'' "■"'' "' ' ■'■''''"^""•' Miss asi!;!!;';.; •• 
 
 "iE?ni^"'"'' ''•' ""^'"'■'■"f 'i'i'v"''lh; •■ 
 
 "■V. Mr. 1„:,„, liy th,^ Siiits ,.hii,...|;, lort":;^ " 
 1.-^^1 Teynhani, and l.olan, a tailor, fur swaMlhni' ! "'^ 
 
 ■^ «'hiH?i'"i";'"' r'' **'"')•'• !'''■'>■ "'■"■''■)■» el^m^ty; " 
 tthiel, i.s tiiki-ii liuiM 111,. i;iiii„naiis) . .,, II,.;. 
 
 taiiiiu, \all„.|i,,„u,ii.ssiiis.l,y,.uur|.,iiartml.at " 
 
 i 11 Vi, li '1 "•' •,"H"i'l'-'' : 111.'* eoluiiul, lunl 
 
 llllli||.ll|.|l, ia,^liliri.cl . ,, 
 
 1 ri.iiniiuis of ,1,.. •/.,„, su,i. furl Isj^-iiilly, ,i K,. ; '^^* 
 
 ■'lUln l"l ■''"'■''' "'" '■'-•'•-■''■•"••'' iiHir.le,vss; " 
 
 «ii-.)ul.nd:ii,:ai,yui|.,ft;r,,,.|j,iry;a,.,,iii,,,.,i;';^li:;;;-8^^ 
 
 kn,',''l „ 'l.T',''"' "',"''"1"'"- ""■ lilei.fthV " 
 u .,7,1 •" '"'''.''"■• ''i' ''M'!'"!"!;,- an iidniial 
 
 Miarhiiii' (sec I'll SI hi) I o 
 
 "■;"■ '■■■ ^'. i^nrl Iu,;i .Mi.lhouVne. '111 ..,!uit"!',f '^^^' 
 
 I iiiiiiiii.n 1 l,.as, fonn'w. ,•„„. «it|i n.,. |„,„. y,^ 
 Nor on; yiidiil lord, IVialant . ■.iJiii,,. 
 
 'in -',",. I'l" I," ''"'",','"",'-'■ '"1 lallialioll, . lial-K- " 
 
 III kiM.urul .Mr. eiiiiiiMin-. . 10 Ki'l, .«„ 
 
 .r.l...,s(iiv,.,iii,.,.,.a„d J-alah (lali., lurlliii ,iii";^l';|;r '^37 
 
 h!;n"::h.^:iri:;;;;sii^;,:r"'" ' ^"■';:\,;-^ 
 
 l^da,,.,h,rnulrd..rufMr. Mi,li..;;,.,.,li,.,,-,L|,: " 
 
 "'iaii ■ll'.'.i.'^''''''"''"*' '"' '-'"■^'''l'. '"1' inllalimiai.'ilV " 
 
 Jiiliii l.'rirst, an ox-iiiaKistrat,.', and' otlu'.rs, u,v h\'X " 
 treasiiii ; nuilty: ■siiiti'nc.coninuit,.,! to transi.ur- 
 taliui, (s,.,. .V, „.;„„,) ... ,1,,,,, 
 
 lieiiliiiiiiiitouiyoisur, lor niiudir of lord William 
 lissi'll: liai,;;,.d , . ,s-2o.Jnm., 
 
 tumid, lor iimnlir ul .Mr. 'lemiiUmian ; traiis|iiirti.d 
 
 I'Mwanl oxfiinl, atli.iii,it,.d llio lir,. of tIi,.'':',;n'''iT: " 
 
 ail.in.lHed iiuiain., and coniiiR.d in Ji,.tlil,.h,.|ii (s,.,; 
 Ai y"" \ . • . ... ■ ■ 0. lo.liily, ,, 
 
 .Madam,. I ,.ii,ru,., m l-'raiief, fur the nnirdir of lu. r 
 liiishand ; -uilty ^ ^ ,, 
 
 sir' A'',!',''' •'''"I'"'''""' '"'■ '"'* 'leseeiit uiuin Fraiiou " 
 Ca|i|iiiii ,1. \V. iii.yiiulds,' ntii hii.s.sar.si l.y eminl " 
 martial; Kiiilly : the si.|ili.ii,.|.i.xi.it,.d jiiviit iioiiii- 
 lar ih.s|il,.a»iirL. ayaiiist his eoloiifl, UirU CanliKaii 
 
 Lord Ca|.dij;an lii'lori. the house uf ■ iM'r.s, eaiiitailv " 
 eharnvd lor woiiiidiiiH (.iiiitaiii llary,.y Tucket ii'i 
 a duel ; ari|iiitt,'d ■ ... 16 I'Vl, 
 
 The Wallaiis. I.i,.|lii.i.s, iin'rihanls, for' haviiii' \yil'- ' '*' 
 fully eaiisid llii. ihstruetioii of 111,' sliiji /iiijin/at 
 sea, to defraud lliu underwriters ; liaiis|'ioit|.d 
 
 4 Mareh, „ 
 
 1S40 
 
 .i.„.„,_i 
 
 #«^'" 
 
 III 
 
 
 i. 
 
 3L 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 U 11.6 
 
 V 
 
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 /; 
 
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 ^> 
 
 
 Photographic 
 
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 h;; 
 
 ip 
 
 TllIALS. 
 
 1114 
 
 TllIALS. 
 
 .iMsiiili MistiT, for nttcniiitin^' tlir lilV ol' Mr. 
 Jl;icki-i'tli ; Kiiillv '.') M.'iivli, 
 
 Ifcu-liiiili.iiicw MiiiTav, lit C'lustir, fur tlic iiiuiilrr i.f 
 .Mrs. (nek . .' . . 5 .\|.ril, 
 
 I'm] \\\i1iIi';,tii\c' :\i\i\ ciiiit.'iiii Dull, for iiii iiL'm-i- 
 \;ilril ;iss,ii;!; nii a jMilicr cfinstalilr ; guilty :,)u<i,L;- 
 iiii'iil, M\' ijiiiutlin' iiM|>risciiiijic'iit, ami llins of 
 -•oo/. aij.l ■...,(■ ;! May, 
 
 -Maclanii' l,i'lai>;f' apiiii, fur rulilnTV (if cliaiiinii'ls 
 
 7 All:;. 
 
 TlM'-nvit las.', AIli'ii Hm-Ii- r. Mr. ).a\vs..ii. imi,- 
 lisliiT i>f thi' Thjii< iir'wspapi'r, for an aliij-i'il 
 
 lilii'i, ill staling; llw plainlinin ln' ini ili'.l wilh 
 
 iiiiiui'iiiiis hank for^-iTs tlnnimlmut l-liirnii.- in 
 tlicir si-licniis til ililraiicl Mi'.ssrs. lllyii anil Cnni- 
 I'any, li.iiikiis iif l,(ini|iiii. liy nii.ins nf Hi-liliiais 
 li'ttiTs iif (Mrilit : iiania^;ivs, nni' fartliiiif.'. 'I'liis 
 i-\|i"siiri'. sii li.iniinralik' tu tin' TinKs, liil In tlic 
 l'i„i,.< yv,s/;,„. ,,/;,./ . , n, .\ii-. 
 
 IMi-. .Marl I. al llira, AniiM-iia. f.ir takin.L' I'art 
 
 ill till- ilislruiliiin 111 till- Ciici./'iir, I'liniMiiaiiiil : 
 ai'Miiti,.,! ■ificia trial that la.^li.l li^lit ilavs, 4 Oi-t. 
 
 Ji.iliiil Ill.ik.'sli'V, li.r niiir.liT nf .Mr. nnnliiii, nf 
 Ka<li-li. ,11. ; lian-iil . . . . ;.'S Oi't. 
 
 !Mr licaiinicuit Miiiili, fur fnrpry nf Kxiliiiimr 
 liilis tn all inllll'■ll^^l■ .iiii'iiilit ; In- ]i|faili''l ;:ililt\', 
 
 a nil was .smtl'Iiri'il tn tlallf>linllalinll fnl iil'i- .( I In-. 
 
 ■Siipliia Dai'linii r. linssi'i'; liiiai'li nf iirniiii.si' (if 
 
 iiiarriav'f ; ilaiiia;.'i'S. i6(..n/. ... 8 IK'c. 
 !Mr. .Iiilin l.ivii-k ami .\ntniiin Matlri. iirinciiialaml 
 
 si'rnnil ill tin- tlinl in wliii-li lii-ut. Ailains was 
 
 kilii-il al M.illa : lintli a.-i|iiitt(-il . 10 .Mari-li, 
 Vivi.-r, iniiriirnf tin-. V"/ hi' 1-1/ llnahl. at Ilmilniin.-, 
 
 i'nr rnii\i-\ in^ tin' litiiian lii.iil tlirnu-jli l-'raini', 
 
 fnr that jniinial. iniilrary tn tin- l-'ii inli ri-i;iila- 
 
 tintis 1 ^ .Vl'lil, 
 
 Haiiii-l (innil. I'nr iniirili-r of .Iimc .Iniii's ; tin- Hm-- 
 
 liainiitiiii ninrilc-r ; fniiml yiiilty, ami scnli-mi-il tn 
 
 111- liaiiL'i-il , . . . . II .May, 
 
 -Inim l-'ram-is. fnr altt'ni]itinjj: to assassinate tlm 
 
 i|in'i-n (si-i- frinnh) , . . . 17,111111-, 
 Tliniiias l'nn|ii-r, for tin- innrili-r of I'aly, tin- |inlir(-- 
 
 man ; lianm-il 4 .Inly, 
 
 Nii-linlas Suissi-, vali-t of tin- lali' niari|nis of llirt- 
 
 f-iril, at till' imisi-i-ntinn nf that iiolilcniaii's cxi- 
 
 citni's, eliiii'L-i'il with i-iinrniiiiis frainl.s ; ai-i|nilt il 
 
 f. .liilv, 
 M'Ciill and iitln-rs, fnr alulni-tiini nf Miss Cicllin ; 
 
 L'liilty 8 Ann. 
 
 >iilinlas Siiissi' a,i;ain, tiiinii liki- cliaif.'i'S, ami af;aiii 
 
 ,i'-'l\iitti-il -.-4 An^'. 
 
 lii-an, fnr jiointin^a pistnl at tin- iiincii 1 igiiiniillis' 
 
 ini|irisniiiinnl .... a; .Vii,:;. 
 
 Till- riniirs in tin- ]irnviiii-i-s, nmli-r a sin-i-iai loiii- 
 
 niissinii. at Utallni-'l . . . . i lli-t. 
 Till' Clii-sliin- rinii r>. lunlir a spi'iial iniiiinissinn, 
 
 lii-fnii- Inr.l Aliiii;;ir .... hOit. 
 Till' I.aiii-ashiri- rintirs, also iimlir a spi-iial miii- 
 
 tnissinii In ( If-t. 
 
 Alii-c l.nwi', at till' I'rnsi-riitiiiii nf Inril l-'raiikfort ; 
 
 ai-(|iiitti'i| u tilt. 
 
 ]Mr. llnwaril, attnrm'y, v. sir Willi.im Gnssi'l. sir- 
 
 ji-aiit at-arms ^ Oi-i'. 
 
 Wr. l-:^-an, in Duliliii, for tin- rnlilii'i-y nf a li.iiik 
 
 )iaii-i-l : ai'i|iiitli-il .... 17 -Ian. 
 lii'V. W. IJaili-v, l,l,.li., fnr fnrm'i-y; >;nilly : Ir.iiis- 
 
 liortalinii fnr lit.- i I'l'li. 
 
 3lai'N'aii};liti-n. for tin- niiinlir nf Mr. Inniiii al, 
 
 si'i'i-i'tary tn sir Hnliiit I'li-l : aci|iiilli-il mi tlin 
 
 jTiiuiiil nf iiisiinily .... 4 M.irrh, 
 Till- Ui-lii-(-i-aiti-s, at Cai'liM, uinli-r a spi-iial inin- 
 
 inissinii •J7 Oi-t. 
 
 Saiiiiiil Siilmy Siiiitli. fnr f"rj;i-i-y ; si-riti-mi-il to 
 
 traiis]inrlatioii fnr lifi- ... 20 .\nv. 
 Kilwanl Hwvir. f-a- tin' nnirilir nf liis 1 liilil at 
 
 Nniitliwaik : 1,'iiiltv . . . . i Hi-.'. 
 Jlr. Holt, ill till- .1.-;. ; lilid on tin- 'liiki- of linins- 
 
 wii-k ; t;iiilly "1 -Ian. 
 
 I.ii-iit. (iraiit, si-i-nml tn lii-iil. Miiiirn, in liis ilm-l 
 
 with rnl. l-'awi-i-lt : ai-i|iiit|iil 14 l-'i-li. 
 
 'l-'rasi-r /■. Iia-_'liv, fnr 1 1 1'ui. "m. ; vinlii-t for tin- ili'- 
 
 fi'iiilanl Ki l-'i-li. 
 
 I.i.nl William Paifi t ?-. I'ar! of L'afli^'aii, for r.-;-,!. 
 
 coil. ,- vi-iilii-t for. lifi-mlant . . 26 l-'i-li. 
 
 Mary l-'nrli-y, fnr tin- iniirili'r nf Iht i-liiM in an 
 
 a^nnv nf ilispair . ... 16 April, 
 
 'I'lii' Hill fni-p-rs, William Ili-niy llarlii-r (sim-i- 1I1-- 
 
 i-lareU inm»-i lit), Jusliiia I'li'lila'r, (Ji-nr^'iaiia 
 
 1842 
 
 Jlnri-y, William Saiiiiili-rs, aiiil Susannah his wifi-: 
 all fniinil Kniitv, 15 April : si-nti-m-i-il 22 Ainil, 1344 
 [In 1848 Mr. liarlii-r n-tiirni'il to Kiifilaiid with a 
 fri-c parilnii, ami an a(-kiiiiwlrilnnii.>nt nf his innn- '' 
 ci'iiii' liy his |iriisi'i-;itnrs : ln' was vi'-inlniitti'il tn 
 jirai-Iisi- as an allnrm-y ; ami on the ;ril nf 
 Aii;;nst, 1850. in i-onfonnity wilh tin- iirinii- 
 
 nn-llilatinli nf a si-llrt l-nlnmittl-l' nf till- hniisu of 
 
 (•oinmniis, till- Slim of swio/. w as vnti-il him "as 
 a iialiniial iii-knowii-ilniiiint of tin- wrniiL; In- liml 
 .siillt-iril I'iniii an rriom-ons prnsi-i-iiliiin,"l 
 t'rnni-h. fnr till- iiinnli-r of hiswifi-; foiiinl tjuiltv, 
 
 S.May; han-i-il 27 Ma'v, „ 
 
 Mi-ssis. (I't'oiim-ll. si-ii., O'Coniii-ll, .jiiii., Sti-i-lV, 
 Hay, liarii'tl. Cri-y, Itiilly, ami ii-v. Tlmnias 
 Tii-nn-y. at Dnliliii, fnr imlitiial rnnspiraiy : tlu- 
 trial i-niiiiiii-m-i-il is .Ian., ami lastiil twint'y-fniir 
 ilays : all IhrtraviiM-rs win- fmiml guilty, 12 l-'i-li. 
 ]'roi-i-(-iliii'js oil niotiniis for a iii-\v trial. \i-.. i-x- 
 j ti-miril till- r.iM- into Kasti-r ti riu : ami si-iiti-m-n 
 was pioiioum-i-il upon all Init tin- (-Ii-rgyiaaii. nii 
 whniii .imlniiiiiil was iiniittiil . . -(u Jlay, ,, 
 • An-jnsliis Ualinas, for tlm iiuinh-r of .Sarah Mai-- 
 
 I larlam- ; f;iiilty 14 .Iiiiii-, ,, 
 
 j Will. Jiiirlnii N(-\vi-iiIiaiii. I'nr till' aliiliiitinii of Miss 
 
 Wnitham : ,i:nilly .... 17.111111-, 
 
 : Ili-ll.iiii\ , f'lr till- miii'li-r of Iiis wife liy ]iriissi(, 
 
 ai-iil ; ai-iinittiil 21 An-;! ,, 
 
 .Jiiliii Tawi-ll, for iiuiriU-r nf &irali Halt ; lian^a-.l 
 
 13, 14 Mar. h, 1S45 
 Tliomas Hi-iii-y llntki-r, for miirili-r nf Jaiii,-s Hi-. 
 
 larin- n April, ,, 
 
 ' .ftis<-].lit.'onniir, foriiiiiiiit-rnf .Mar>* Urntln-rs, 16 May, 
 j Till- .'Spanish pirates, fnr innnler nf ten Kii^'lishiiii'-ii 
 at sea 26.I11IV, 
 
 1S43 
 
 1644 
 
 Hev. 111-. Wethi'i'iill, fnri-/-iw. n„t. with Mrs. Innk,-, 
 
 his null ilau^llter .... 16 .Vll^. ,, 
 
 Cajitain .Inliiisnii, nf tin- sliiji '/'"i.i/, for the inniili-r 
 
 of M-veral nf his crew .... s I'lh. 1S40 
 Miss .M. .\. Siiiilh ('. earl I-V-rrers ; lireai-h nf pm- 
 
 niisi- nf iiiairia>;e iS I'eli. „ 
 
 J.ii-m. llawki-y. for the iiinnler of Mr. .Setnii. in a 
 
 iluel ; aci|iiitii-.l 16. Inly, „ 
 
 Itieharil liiinii, for pi-rjiirv ami altiniiiteil framl nu 
 
 Miss A. liiirilcti Cnu'tts ... 27 I'eli. 1847 
 
 Milehill, the Irish i-mileilerati- ; transimiteil fnr 14 
 
 years (si-e l,,l,u,,l) .... 2f, .Mav, 1648 
 Win. .--^mith (I'lhieii, Mi'at;lii r, ami nlln-r e-.iif.-iU- 
 
 rales, selitelieeil tn ili-ath ; the Si-nteln-e allel- 
 
 warils eniiimuteil to tratispnitatinii (par'lniii-il in 
 
 1856) „(let. „ 
 
 lilooinlielil liiisli, for ninnler of Messrs. .Ii-riny. at 
 Nnrwirh ; han^eil .... 2,, Miin h, 1849 
 
 (inrliaiii c. the liislio)i nf K.veter; eeelesiastii-ai 
 ease ; .iml;;llli'lit ;,'ivell in till! I'linrt nf Ari-heS 
 auainst the iilaiiilill .... 2 Am;. „ 
 
 [Tin- l.ishnp Iiinl ri liiseil to institute the lev. Mr. 
 linrh.im into tin- living; nf li.aniptnii-.Spi-ke, in 
 
 lli-MHisllile, alie^ill;; want nt .irthnilnxy in tin! 
 Jilaintill, wlin ileiiie.l that spiritual re^-ellelatiiill 
 
 was eniifeiii-il Iiy l.aptisln ; tin irl lii-M tliut 
 
 therhiirHe against the plaintill of hol.liii^ false 
 lioelrine was iirnvi-il, ami that the liislinp \vn.s 
 .jiistilieil in his lelnsal. .Mr. (Inrham apprali-il In 
 the .linlieial I'nmniilti-e nf thi' l'iiv.\ (111111111, 
 
 Whiell lilnllnlineeil its n].illioll (8 March. 1850) 
 that " the iloclrilie held l.y Mr. (loihaiii was lint 
 eniiirarv nr re|iiii,'iiaiil In the dechiieil doi-trine of 
 the i-hiiri-h nf Kn^daml, and that Mr. (Iniliiiiii 
 oiinlit lint, Iiy reasnii nf the dnetrine Ill-Ill liy him, 
 to have hei'ii refii.sed admi.ssioii to the vicai.iL'i- nf 
 l!rainptoli-S|ieki-." This deeisinii lid tn siilise- 
 
 ipieiii priii-eei|iiif.'s in tin- tlir nnrts nf law, siie- 
 
 I ei-ssively, for a rule to show cause why a prnlii- 
 
 I llilinll slmlild lint issue, diri-ctid In tiiejll.l2l- nf 
 
 I the Ai-ehes eniii-t, and tn the areliliishi'p nl I'aii- 
 
 I terlllirv'. a;..'ailist ^ixill^r elh-el tn the imfu'lln-llt nf 
 ' her imijesty ill enliiieil. The rule was lelllscil ill 
 I each ennit, and in the end Mr (Iniliam was iiisti- 
 
 lllted into the vicara;.'!' in iillestii.n. 7 An-.'. lb50.] 
 
 Maiiniiij.' and his wife, fnr miiider nf U'Cniiiinr; 
 ^'iiiltv ; death 27 <li-t. „ 
 
 Walti-r Watts, lessee of the (Olympic (In'atr.-, for 
 fnr;;cry, \e. 10 .May, 1850 
 
 linlieit i'ate, 11 retired lieiiteiniiit, fnr an assault nu 
 tlii'i|ni-eii II .Inly, „ 
 
 The Woaiies, man and wife, for starvin;,' tin ii ser- 
 vant, Jane Wilbred » , . . i t'l-'li. 1851 
 
rWALS. 
 
 iiliTs.aiul Susaiiiiali liis wiTc: 
 \yi\\ : sciiti'iri-i'il 22 A|>ril, 1344 
 ii'liirin'il 1(1 Kiifiiiiiid Willi a 
 iiiliiiinvU'il^'ijii'iil of his iiiiiii. 
 ilnrs : liu was vi'-ailiiiilli'il 1,, 
 nriicy; anil mi llic siil iif 
 
 iilll'nnilily with till' liinlM- 
 ■1 COllllllitlcc of Ihl' hnllsu (Pf 
 
 il' ^lAhjI. was vutcd hiiti "as 
 .l;;!iiilil c.r Ihi' winii^; li,. l,a,i 
 • iii't'iis iirMsi'i-utiuii."! 
 •r ipf his wilr ; I'cpiiinl (;iiiliv. 
 
 27 .Ma\ , „ 
 
 II., (I'Ciilllirll, .jllll., Mill,.. 
 
 , Hiiliy, anil ii-v. Thoinas 
 
 Inr imlitiinl rnl]s|iiraiv : tljl- 
 .liili.. illiil lasli'il Iwiiit'y fiiiii- 
 iiswi'iifnnnil f-'iiilty. 12 1'lli. 
 inns fur a llr^v tiitii, Ar,. cx- 
 ' KastiT ii'iin : anil si-iiti'ij,-|. 
 
 III all hilt tho i'lci;;ynian. mi 
 
 ■ iiiiitti'il . . -iu Mav, ., 
 ; tin.' niuiilcr (if Hanih Mai- 
 
 14 .Imiii'. ,, 
 III, h.i-thc aliilmtinii ul .\Ii»s 
 
 17,111111, ,, 
 iihr nf liis wilV hv jmissii' 
 
 21 All};, ,, 
 riler of ^^al■all Ilail ; h,iji^-c,l 
 
 13, 14 Man h, 1S43 
 ■r, fur iiiurcU'r id Jimu-s \tv 
 
 II Ainil, ,, 
 ■ilir"f.Mai'yUi-(ilhiTi,i6Mav, ,, 
 
 IV iniirih'i- (pf ti'ii Kntilisliiiii'ii 
 
 26.)iilv, ,, 
 i-iiiiii. I'.ii. with Mr.s. liinkr, 
 
 16 All;;. ,, 
 
 111' slliji V'l.///, flPl- till.' llllll'iliT 
 
 » ■ . • ■ 5 l-Vh. 1S46 
 
 uarl I'ViTi'i's ; Ipreach nf |prii- 
 
 iS F.h. „ 
 I' iniirilcr of Mr. >ictiPM, in a 
 
 Kp.lnlv. ,, 
 -.inry an.l atti-niiitcil fr.ni.l I'.n 
 itls . . . 27 |.|.|,. ,847 
 iffik'l'ati' ; traiisiiMitfil f,ir 14 
 
 2fi .Mav, 1S48 
 
 Mi'ii^'hir, ami olhia-i Inl,.- 
 
 ili'ath ; thi' s.^ntpani' .-iltiT- 
 tiaiis|puitatiipn (ipaiiluiiiil in 
 
 udit. ,, 
 iiniili'r ipf Messrs. .Iiriiiy. at 
 
 2g .Marili, 1841) 
 
 Jp ipf IvSetlM-; ^'l•^ll■^iastil•al 
 
 111 in Ihl' I'ipiirt iif Aivlu's 
 
 = AiiK. „ 
 H'll to institiito tlii'ii'v. .Mr. 
 viiij,' nf li.ainiptnii ;S|pi'ki., in 
 ; wall! Ill (Pithipplrixy in the 
 I that spiritn.-pl lr;.'rlii'iatinll 
 
 Iptisiii : till lift hi'lil that 
 
 hi' iplaintiir i.f hnliliii- lalse 
 i|, ami that thi' hishnii wan 
 al. Mr. Ciirh.iin a|pi.iali'.l to 
 itti'i' iif thi' rii\.\ ('"iiiii'il, 
 its ip],iniiiii (8 Mari-li. 1S30) 
 ii'lil hv .Mr, (l.'rh.ini »a.< lapt 
 il to till' iIitI.iiviI iliii-triiiiipr 
 anil, anil that .Mr. Ihprliaiii 
 of till' ilortriiii' hrlil hy hiiii, 
 aillnissiiPii to till' A ii'iila'_'i' uf 
 'J'his ih'i'ision h il to siihsi- 
 1 till' thri'i'ioiirts of law, siii" 
 til show i-aiiso why a inniii- 
 <siii', iliri'i'ti'il to till' iii'iia' of 
 111 totho ari'hliisliip|i nl rail- 
 ing I'lh'i'l til till' jii'l^iiiiiil of 
 'il. Till' riili' was nhi.M.I in 
 II' I'inl .Mr (ii'ihiiin was insti- 
 Sii' in i|iii'Stii.'i. 7 AiiL'. iSjo-l 
 0, for imirtk'i' of O'CiPiiiioi' ; 
 
 27 0l't. „ 
 
 of till' Olyini'ii' tiM'ati-.', fur 
 
 10 .May, 1850 
 lifiitt'iiaiit, for an assault oil 
 
 11 .Inly, „ 
 wife, fir starvin.L,' tliiir srr- 
 
 , , , , i l-'ch, iSjX 
 
i'f! till I If. '- ''I 
 
 TRIALS. 
 
 IIIG 
 
 TKIALS. 
 
 fP 
 
 fnn'M i'(iuiis,-l, sir r. Tli(-ii;;i.r. I'litiiin^' iiiln aii 
 aKi-ccirii'ii! with ilii' i.|.|"i>iti' fi.iuis.'i, sir AIix- 
 iiiidiT L'lickliiirii, williiiul li,T cousi'iit, mikI in dc 
 tiiinri' 1.1' Inr instnirliniis. Altir VMii'iiis prii- 
 f('C(liii;.'s. the fniift III' ("liiiiH'iTy oiiii'i-i'tl a new 
 
 trial, Slir ;;llillril her rilllsi', lli;iilllv I lirnll^li tlio 
 
 riicr^'.v 111' lii'i-ciiiitisil, Mr. I'liiis, li! KimhiciI.v. In 
 wliiiliL sill" hail ]iiiiliiisi'il 111 piiy so.oihi/. fur lii.s 
 cxIraiiriliiiMr.v si'rvii IS. .Mrs. Swvnl'i'M. limvi'vir, 
 iiianii'il a Mr. lir.niii, anil niimliali'il .Mr Km. 
 iii'il.v's I'laini. Till' lalli'r, in an ailimi a,L:ainst 
 In'r, iililaiuiil a viiilii't in his lavunr nh jy .Marrli. 
 iSfi2, wliii'li was. nn a|i|iial. linallv nvirsi-.l in 
 Fell. 1S64. .Mis. Swynlin w.is niDi-.siiiliil in an 
 ai'tiim liri.n;;lil a;;ainst hi'r runnsil (al'tirwanls 
 liiril I'lii'lnisliinl ami liinl ihanicllnr), in Jnly, 
 iS.i9, anil .Innc, iSoo. | 
 I.fniiin olivir. a slnrklirnkir, cnnvicli'il of cxtrn- 
 
 sivi'framis 10 Nnv, lEjS ! 
 
 Jlari'lii il /■. Jlanliiiinnl ; a (li.sf;raiT'ful ilivnrci" j 
 
 rasr, ln'^'un >ti Nii\-. ,, j 
 
 V. II. (luiinsiy, fur slralin:,' Imiian liisiialrlii'.s ; 
 
 friiiii thr Culiinial Ollii'c : ariiuilli'il . 15 |iir. „ 
 
 Kvan.s I'. Kvaiis anil liii.si'. iliviiri'i' I'asi' . Drc. ,, 
 
 I.ii'nt.-iol. Uirlisi.n r. rarl of Willnn, fdrlilii'l ; vrr- 
 
 ilii'l fur 111.' iiiainlilf .... 14 Vi.l,. ,859 
 
 lilaik i\ Klliiill. 85U slii'cii imisiini'il liy a slii'i'|i- 
 
 wash siilil Ii> ih-frnilant ; ilaniaj:i-s i4oc>/. 2< Ki-li. j, 
 ■Wa^ni^r, llatrniaii, anil iitliiirs, 11 yann uf ' hank 
 
 liir^'rrs; iiajviiti'il 1 i May, ,, 
 
 Karl uf Min-Mshury 1: II(i|m' Siiitt, ami olln-rs : tin' 
 
 rarl f:ains llii- Sliri'wslinry I'stalis , t.linii', ,, 
 
 Tlii'llnsson will lasrih'iiihil (sir 7'/iW;i/.-.m.,() g.lniii' „ I 
 T. li. Marshall, K. .\. .MnrlimiM-, hml II. S. laikc, 
 convicti'd (if illc'j;al nalr nf army iiiinniissinus, 
 
 i'y .lUMr, ,, 
 Thomas Snn'tlinrst. a snrf.'i'iin, fur llic ninnhr hy 
 luiison of Isahi-lla llaTikrs, whnm hi' had mavriid 
 ilnrin;,' his \vih''s lili'linii' : ron\irlcd i^ni.Xn;,'. ,, 
 file was ri']iric\i'il nn Ihr >;riinnil nf insnlliiiiiit 1 vi- 
 dcnri': Imt was tiii-d and I'unnd ^nilt.\ nf lii;,'ani,\-, 
 16 Nov. 1S5,,. (In II .No\. iSf'2, he ;' loviil .Miis.s 
 lianki's's will, and nblainid hi'r |irii|ii'itv. | 
 Oakh'V V. Ihr Monhic (indih-i n, '■ainli.is.-adiir of 
 the kin- of Oiidi'." Vmlirt for Ihr dcfi iidani, 
 who .si'inis to havi' falhii anmn^; liill-.shar|iiis, 
 
 17 lii'i-. „ 
 r>aviil nii>;liis, an atlmnry, emu iriirl nf (;riiss 
 
 fr.aiids n|ion his I'iicnts Ian. i860 
 
 (iinr^'i I'nlliii-ir, cashii'i' of Ihr Union Hank nf 
 
 Lnmlon, siiiiiiii.il 111 JO years' imi.risonniint for 1 
 
 ■ fraud, see y:.o,;,.s Inot-nnte , , 15 .Mav, „ 
 
 Knp'nia riiunmer, ,i;;eil 11 years, eniivicti'd if |ier- 
 
 jniy .■i.i.'ainsl 11 V. .Mr. llaleh . . , 14 .\|av, ; 
 
 Mr. W. II. I.ealhaiii, M.l'., enuvieted of l.riliervJit 1 
 
 Wakefield iqJhly, „ I 
 
 Thomas lloidey, a sehnnliii.isler, I'nnvleli'd of inan- 
 .slanyhter of Heninalil t'aueelliir, by llo^'j;in>,', 
 
 ■23 .Inly, „ 
 NolliilKC )■. I'rinec (see vl((((;)i W(,/ir) . 25, Inly, ,, 
 liev. J. liiinwell, of Sle]iney, degraded for immnralil.v, 
 
 ■ji) .\n^'. „ 
 James Mullens, eonvieled fur Ihe m\iriler of .Mrs. 
 Klmsley; liy endea\ourint; to iiieuliiate one Kms, 
 he led In his own ennvielioii . 251111 ,, 
 
 Jli.s.s .Mii'd.len 1: I'alriek, (The iih'iiTitill al.ly 
 pleaded lier own eause when the ease w;is o|ieued ; 
 lier olijei I. to |irove the le},'ilimaey of her faliier[ 
 was mit attained) .... gXnv. .r-o;. „ 
 Iliiii|ier I', W.ird : ilis^:raeelnl iirnllijiaev of a m.a^ris- 
 
 trale; Verdii I fur iilair.till , . ! ly, jo l>ee. ,, 
 (.'niislanee Kent ini|uiiy ; trial lefnsed, see Jlianl 
 
 Min.l.r Ian. 1861 
 
 Thelwall r. Imn. .Ma.jnr Veherton. The iilaii.till 
 ■sued for eNTimses iiieiirred by defendant's wife; 
 the nj.i.inr denied the validily of his luarria;.'!' 
 with Mi>s l,nnt.'Wnrlli, havinj; siaee in.irried Ihe 
 widnw nf innlessor KiUv.ard rmlies, the eminent 
 iiatundisl. The eoiii't in Unlilin sn|i{iiirled the 
 lirsl niarriajje . . . 21 Keh. In 4 .Manh, ,, 
 (Miss I.nn-wnrth endeavoured In eslalilish her 
 Miarriap-. On .a|i|ieal. the Senleh eoiirl annidled 
 the marii.iye, .Inlv, ic62. and this indi'.ieeni was 
 allirnied li\ Ihe imnse of lords, 2S .Inly, 1B04, and 
 a.uain liii.ilh-, 30 .Inly, iSfi;. .\n allem|.t to ,set 
 aside I he .iui lament of the hnn.se of lords reieiU'd 
 liy the enurl nf ,ses,si 20 (let. l3(.S.| 
 
 Brook i: Uruok; sue .'hiiriitije with tl'ifc'e Hister, 
 
 The house of lords on a|i|ieal deeided aKainst the 
 validily of sneli m.irria^ies, even when eelelir.ile.l 
 in a foi-ei^'ii enuntry , 18 .\Iar'-!i, T^[ 
 
 Ueadu I', l.aey; the ilramatisin;,' a novel restrained, ' 
 
 17 -Vliril, ,, 
 
 Beanil.sh r. Hi'anii.sli : the lords on appeal deeide 
 that a eler^'yman eaunot perform the eereninii\ .,|' 
 niarria;re for himself . . . . 22 ,\].iil, 
 
 Enipernr of .\nslria r. D.ay; verdiel fur plainiiil. 
 Tile defendant had prinled ion niillinii llnrin 
 Holes on the hank of lliin:,'ary, for l.i.Mi- 
 Kossuth. The nnles were ordered to lie desli- ye,i 
 within one niniilh, .May .iudsiiiieiit alliriln.l 
 
 la.Iinie, ,, 
 
 Ciirilrnsx nixr. .lolin MaeMillan, a free-ehinvh 
 minister, was expelled for driinkeiiness and lais- 
 enuduet. May, 1858. The (ilasLinw synnd ain! 
 
 the eelleral assembly nf the free ehurel'l alliriiiii! 
 the senleiiee, lie ajipealeil to the eouit of 
 session, wllieh set aside Ilie deeree (wllieli in- 
 volved lem]inralitii s), asserliiii,' that the assendily 
 h;id nnly spiritual anlhnrity . . . ,Iidy, 
 
 W. 1!, Tnrnbnll r. liinl, secretary of prntesiaiit 
 alliance; libel; verdiel for defend.int S-io.luh 
 
 .T. ('. (li.irlcsworlh, M.l'., eonvieled of hriherv iit " 
 the Wakelield eleelinli . , , . 2<,.liil,. 
 
 liariin de Vidil ; eonvieled of wonudin.i; his smi; ili,' 
 latter rid'nsed to give evideiiee af^ainsl his latin r, 
 
 23 .^11;;. ,. 
 Vineent t'ollneel ; eonvieled of obl.iinini; innney i,a 
 
 false pre'eliees. Irolii ,Miss V. .lohnslolie 23 'let. 
 
 John tiirraii, a Ilnblin eabniaii; enuvieted nf a 
 
 viiileiil ass.iult on .Miss Jolly, who liernieally ile- 
 
 I'ellded heiself 2T-3o(lel, 
 
 Talriek .MeCaHery; shot eol. Croflon and ea|ii. 
 
 llanliani, at I'reslon ; eonvieted . , i^, Ihe, 
 
 Ini|Uiry into s.inity nf Win. I'red. Wyielliaiii (im 
 
 beh.alf nf his relali\es), with a \iew nf allllllllilj^ 
 
 an iiijndieioiis marria;;e; trial lasted 34da\s: 14?, 
 witnesses examined ; verdiet sane mind (see 
 '."'""■,«) . .16 Mee, iSiji, and w .Ian. iS.'j 
 
 [Kaeh party ad iuilj;eil to pay its own eosts, 'Jlanli 
 1862.1 
 
 t'apt. linlierlson, by eourt-martial ; eonvieti'd nf 
 siibniitlin;: to iin;;eiilleniaiily enndnet Irnin hjs 
 brniher-nllieers;- 30 da.Ns' iiii|iiiry : eiiilrd, 
 
 24 .Manli, ,, 
 
 [The eniirl was iiineli blamed by the piiblie and tlie 
 seiilenee was annnlieil. ] 
 
 Mrs. .\. ('. Vyse hir pnisiiMiiif; her two eliildmi ; 
 aei|iiilleil as ■.'•:•. . . (j.lulv, „ 
 
 Itniipell 1: W rini; the trial, W, limipeil, 
 
 .M.l'., a w; .nnhssed himself guilty nf 
 
 hir^'iii^'aw .Iher frauds iS, m Aiy. ,, 
 
 .lessie Mel.aeli., , eonvieled for the mnrder iif 
 
 .lessie Maepliersoll, at (d.lS^nW; she enllle.sseil tn 
 
 belli;; aeeessniy afli'r the mnrder, whiih she iin- 
 inited tn .Mr. I'lemin;;, a .Ljeiitleiiian 80 or 1,0 years 
 
 old 17-20 ^^epl. „ 
 
 [She was respited 27 Oet. 1S62.I 
 
 Win. Uon|iell, M.r., for forgery; eonvieted on his 
 own eonfessiiiu (rideased Sejit. 1876) . 24 Sept. „ 
 
 C.atherine Wilsnu. eonvieted of iioisoiiiii;.' .Mrs. 
 So.imes in 1856 25-27 hejit. „ 
 
 27 indielmenls and 24 eonvielions for sava;;e per- 
 sniial iintra;:es in the streets of the nietrn)ii.tis 
 ilnriie; the month N'nv. ,, 
 
 Win. Ili-liy Seyiiinur, M.l'. v. liiilterwnrtli ; liinl; 
 
 \erdiet Inr ]ii.liHlill', dallia;;es 40.^. . . i lire, ,, 
 Il.'lll 1: Seniple; verdiel I'nr plaint ill', Whnh.id' 1 II 
 
 eoiisi;:neil to a Innalie as\liim thrnii^ih his wife's 
 
 ^■llill;:tlleihd'elldallt tosi;;ll,leertilieateiif lllll;ley 
 with eul|iabie ne-ligeliee; ilama;;es i j.,/. lo lire. ,, 
 
 tlenr-e Dniieher, Will, liurnelt, Hieliil.'Hre\ver,aii.l 
 .lames iirillilhs, I'nr fnr;;in;: b;ink-iiiites, prinlnl 
 nil pa|ier slnleii I'roiii the paper-mill at l.,ivir- 
 
 Stnke; 1 nlivieled 7-12 .hill. IcOi 
 
 Clare r. The l^lleell ; ]:eliliiill nf ri;;hl fur illl'riljgi- 
 
 mint nf a patent ; \eidiet lor defeiidaiit ; 6 Icli. „ 
 lieV. .Iiihll ( .implieil r. .Npottlswoode (,is printer nf 
 a liliel in Siiluiihiij Utrii I''); verdiet, I'nr ]ilaiiilill', 
 
 27 I'eli. „ 
 
 Q- n on.ipp.'.alof I'arl of ('.■irili,!.'aii i I (■.•illlnir|i.' 
 
 for liliel. eliar;.'iii;,' tin' earl with de.seriin^. Ins 
 men at Ualaelav.i, 23 1 let, 1S55; verdiet fur ilr- 
 feiidanl (whn, hnwever, admitled his irrnr), 
 
 9, lo.Iuiir, „ 
 Attoniey-geiieral i'. Hillim and otliers, fur liavintj 
 
 1:'#i 
 
"11 ;i]i|iimI iliM-iili'il iiKiiiiisI till' 
 iiriiii;;c's, ov<'i! wlii'ii ci'lclir.iii-.l 
 
 y . . . i8 Miiiv-;,. ,;■, , 
 
 Iriiiniitisiii;; ii novel rcstraiiint ' 
 
 i/Apvil, „ 
 I : till' liircls 111! ii|i]iciil ili'ii,!,. 
 
 lllllKlt lirrtdl'lll lllc ri'l'l'lllnliv r,r 
 
 If . . . . J2 Ai'.iil, ,. 
 i: l);iy; vinlirt for iiiiiiniiii. 
 'I ]iriiili'il loo inillinii lliiiii, 
 Ilk lit' lluii'^'iiiv, fell- 1.1, Mi-: 
 s well' nlilcri'il til 111' ih'sti' yiil 
 I, 6 Miiy jiiilnnii'Mt iilliniinl 
 
 :2.liiiii', , 
 
 II Miii'Mill.iii, II ff ihiiivh 
 
 lli'il fur ilriiiiki'iiiM'Ss aiiil luis- 
 58. Till' (llasu'iiw sviiml .nil! 
 
 ■ly iif tlii'l'i Iiinvli alliniici; 
 
 (' apiH'ali'il to till' limit of 
 
 asiili' till- iln-i'i'i' (whii-ii ill- 
 s). assi'itili,;,' that till! ilssiiiilily 
 lUtliority . . . .Iiilv. ., 
 lliiil. si'cri'tary of iimti stain 
 ■(lilt forili'tViiilaiit S-io.liily, 
 y\.V., I'uin'ii'ti'il of brilnTv ;it 
 
 i"ll .... 2(1 .lillv. ,. 
 
 ii'Iril of wollllilill}; llis snii ; tin' 
 vi' I'Viili'iii'u against liis lallirr, 
 
 '3 All;-'- ,, 
 livirli'il of olit.liliilig innili'V nil 
 
 III .Miss !•'. .lollllStolll' 2j iii-t. 
 
 Iiliii raliiiiaii : loiivictiil ul' a 
 .Miss Jolly, wllo hi'iiiiiallv ih'- 
 
 . 2Viollrl. „ 
 
 shot i-ol. C'roftoii ami i-a|ii. 
 
 ■11; I'Ollvictoil . . i:; llir 
 
 of Will, rr.'.l. Wyii.lliaiii (,.i, 
 ivis), with a vii'W of aiiiiiilliiii; 
 ria^;!': trial histi-il j.plaNs: m, 
 •il ; vinlict saiii' iiiin.l (s.-c 
 
 . 16 Ili-C. l8f')I, Mini ^o.hlll, iSr'2 
 
 I to pay its own i-osts, Jlai'ili, 
 
 I' iniirl-inartial ; I'oiiviitiil nf 
 I'litli'lilalily roinliii-t Iriiin his 
 lu ilavs' imiiiirv: I'liilnl. 
 
 24 Manh, ., 
 Iilatiii'd liy tlu' imlilif ami the 
 Ihil.l 
 
 poisoiiinj; lii'i- two C'hihlrcn ; 
 ' • ■ ■ • g.liilv, ,, 
 
 lillf,' tho trial. W. Iiiili|»i|. 
 ■oiihssi'.l liiiiisi-lt' KUilty ot' 
 • tlii-r fiaiiils . 18, 1., Aii^'. ,, 
 coiivictiil f'oi- tl.i' iiiunh-i' iif 
 . at (llas^ow ; shi' loiihssi'il to 
 IT tllr lluiriliT, wllirll sllf ilii- 
 
 iig, a ,^1-iilli'iiiaii So or i,c. y.ais 
 
 . i7-.!urM-|it. „ 
 1 27()it. iS62.) 
 for forpTy; oiinvictnl iiii his 
 I'lisi'il >Si'|it. 1876) . 24,Si']it. „ 
 'oiivii-ti'il of imi.soiiiii^f .Mrs. 
 
 . .-,.-• 25-=7S''l.(. .. 
 14 roiivii'tions for sava;;i' |ii'i'- 
 tlu* strt'i'ts of tlio iiH'trniM.lis 
 
 .Vi.v. „ 
 
 , M.l'. ?'. Diitti'i-Hoilh; lihi'l; 
 '. ilaiiia-i's 40.-. . . i lice. „ 
 iol fMli.lailititr, whoha.i lii'i'ii 
 til- as,\ liini tlii'oiijili his wil't-'s 
 
 lit t"si;;li.|oiltilirall'iitlllliary 
 
 yi'iiri-: ilaniagi's 150/. lu Dvr. ,, 
 . Diiiiii'tt, l{irli.l.l!r..\iir,an.l 
 
 r l'ol-;;illf; liallk lloti s. plihll'il 
 
 I'om till' {laper-iiiill at l.avi-r- 
 
 7 1 2. Ian. ite.i 
 
 lalilioii of right for inlriiip'- 
 -vnliit for.li 11 ii.laiil ; (. Fcli. „ 
 
 1: .Sjiottisw lo (as |iriiiti'r nf 
 
 llevicir): vriilict fur iilaiiitill', 
 
 27l'Vl'. ,' 
 
 riof Car.liv'aii >■■ I'ol. Ciltlnirii'' 
 
 ■ till' carl with ihsi'iiim his 
 
 25 Oct. 1853 : vcnlicl h.r ih'- 
 
 wcvcr, ailniittcil his rinn). 
 
 9, lo.llllH', „ 
 
 ■Jilliiii mill others, fur having 
 
 I'liilt the .1/., 
 
 TRIALS. 
 
 I'lfii for the (.'oiifcilcijit 
 
 1117 
 
 TRIALS. 
 
 cs. against 
 
 the Kniistnicnt nut; verdict lor ilcl'cii.T 
 
 iD.cision llnally iilllriiieil 011 aiipcal to the h, 
 
 l.pols, 6 -\piil, 1864.) 
 (.'el. I.othian liielisoii 1: viseoiiiit 
 
 ■ if Wilton. ,'111(1 j-cn. l>eel, for en.. , 
 
 him froiii the army; venliet fordcleii'iliint 
 
 (charging him witl, 
 
 •liitii 
 
 E6j Jal 
 
 lalpiages gi 
 
 'lis I'. Wilhii 
 
 lined liy idaintiir 
 
 I i|iiaehcry); m 
 
 ic I'aithing 
 
 ii|.aiiy, 
 
 n.nianagci.iCJiiint stock. 11- 
 
 • 'oniliernicic, caii 
 iis|iiracy to i'.\|,cl 
 
 daled with I'ri 
 
 onvicteil oft' 
 
 land 
 
 llci 
 'omit 
 
 i£66 
 
 ■'lli,<. lS(.,S| 
 
 ) ('■<"/. .Ian. 18(17 
 
 .Morrison (Zadkid) v. sir Kdward Ui'lc'lier" '];],['('■ 
 
 <•- W. 1,1 
 
 l-'oot; ,h 
 11 rector to el, 
 
 Weld,, 1 
 
 venliet 
 
 iiicliard Hoii|.ell ,-. 'Ila« 
 
 liilgerie 
 
 \Vi 
 
 I'olc, Il 
 
 diet 
 
 Jniii 
 •isiiig out of Hiinpell 
 
 etedotfi 
 
 insiiranee) 
 
 r Sun 1' 
 
 re ()l||, 
 
 1O-2. 
 
 I'laintill', awarding him his claim for an.ocx./ 
 
 his iiKsurun 
 
 1 8(12 
 
 eeoi'iJaniiidenhonse; Inirnt: 
 
 ■ Inlv 
 
 ee; Verdict for 
 
 tor 
 
 iige Victor 'I'l 
 
 ivniey, for niiirder of .Mi 
 
 man, through .jealoiisv ; eonvieted 
 .iped 
 
 J -Mari'h, 
 
 29 -\llg 
 SS (ioiii 
 
 12 I hi 
 
 .\ll( 
 
 liillhi,. 
 lirc,„iall 
 
 heir,,, 
 Smith ,'. 
 
 Ison, a Swede 
 
 '• liardon, alter invcsli;;|iti,,i 
 
 ci.sionagaiist preseriiiilvc right 
 
 ijiii a marriage Ice . .^t.Um. 
 
 iiid others, 
 
 iiiniiii^ 
 
 fell. 
 
 ioiiel lloldsworth, 
 
 mid (scuttling a shiji, and el. 
 
 o, from sii 
 
 I'ciMition 
 
 Mivicled of 
 
 niiirde 
 
 W 
 
 1(1- 
 
 of upwards 
 i .inniillinu tl; 
 
 IC pcera;;|. 
 
 ■il'pcal tol 
 
 ■f( hl'itt and iitl 
 
 in. .). (• 
 
 loiise of hirds 
 
 crs ; a will ca 
 
 12 -\|'ril, 
 implicll declared 
 niv. 
 
 M.iped excciilion through a certillcate of 
 
 cl.iri'il of 
 
 ic will ',f .\ 
 
 astily signed: and 
 
 in prison, 12 l''eli. 1865.I 
 
 loinmitted siiicidu 
 
 J.iciit.-eol. erawley, liy eoiirt-martial at .Mdershot 
 t(ir alleged o]ipression and criieltv to scr-cant- 
 
 iiiaior .loliii l.illcy, in cm. 
 
 Miaitial at .Mhow, in India; hoi. 
 
 iscipieiiee 
 
 ioiirahl>' Mcpiiited, 
 
 Oak 
 
 M'l'i' and May ; jiid; 
 
 iinsoiind iiiiini, ,||-|,,|. ,, J, 
 
 se, disposing 
 . Verdict for dehi.danis, 
 nil 'I'hwaitc 
 
 of hnds 
 holdc 
 
 'I'nr 
 
 inaiid. 
 
 :mi lit given 
 ' "till 
 
 ppcal ( 
 
 iig trial, in 
 6 .Viig. 
 
 , 111 
 
 of till 
 
 . (limited) 
 
 ■^1011 atliiniing liahilitv of si, 
 •ompaiiy of Ovi ri'iid, linn 
 
 ley, and 
 
 I'laiiz Miillcr. for miiiihr of Mr. l!ri" 
 
 ticlnev 
 1(1 d< 
 
 ,gi'. 9 
 
 ,lnly 
 •^mitii. 
 
 11(1 ilcprivcd of inneli property 
 
 'llVictcd 
 I sllpposilitioiis child ■ilct'cctcri 
 
 lie, 
 
 ■ ill a r.iilway 
 27-29 (let". 1S64 
 
 Icadc 
 
 I'lnitl, .\l. ]., 
 
 1:, K. Kohl, for 
 
 vieted , 
 
 murder of 'riieoiioru Kulirkoi 
 
 10 Nov. 
 
 Que 
 
 Will, liiinilile, for infr 
 
 11,12 .(an. 18 
 iiigcnient of forci^-n 
 
 Kiilistmeiit act, in e(piip|iiiig the R-qip,ili,i,iH'7,k 
 for the Confederate governnieiit ; ueipiittcd 
 
 4 fell.' 
 
 W(i(i(l,i;ate v. Hid.mt (for Mi 
 respecting the great will e.-ise of the earl of l'.-- 
 iiioiit e, Darell; verdict for plaintill, 1000/., 10 l-'id 
 
 nrnimj ]>i,.st), fm ii|,|,i 
 iif th 
 
 llishiip ('oleiiso's aiijical to privy 
 
 licision of hislio]! of Cajicl 
 
 'niieil a;ji 
 
 which is annulled 
 
 iwii, di'iiosiiig him, 
 
 K.ili 
 
 icrts, .IcHcry, (_' 
 hcries ill i.ondon ; convicted 
 
 M, 
 
 ireli. 
 
 .1. W. Terry 
 
 isel.v, and others, for .jewel role 
 '11 -Vpril, 
 
 and 'I'hos. Diirch, for mis.h 
 
 ill eoiinectiou with the Unilv Jii, 
 
 Kihv. Will. Priteliard, .M.l)., fi 
 
 and In 
 
 ler, liy |ioisoliin. 
 
 acipiiited, 
 
 .\pril, 
 
 r murder of his wife 
 
 Cliai-hitte Wiiisor, a child-muidcr 
 
 guilty 
 
 .?-7 
 
 the cvidellec of m 
 
 'er, eon\lete( 
 
 1 aeconi|illci 
 [Oil account of legal irregular 
 
 execution w; 
 
 1 I'.ngdet, 
 
 eiiiinnted to life-iniprisonineiit, -, .M 
 l.lliec K('lit tried (see /;.,.e/ Miinlcr) 
 
 'I'l'i.ils of Keiiians for tr 
 
 I.llllV, 
 
 lervitinle, 
 
 eonvieted and sentenced to 
 
 28 Xov. 
 
 Dei 
 
 'Inlv, 
 
 •d (di 
 
 .Inlv, 
 
 dies in her tiid, her 
 
 r sentence was 
 
 ly, iSMi, I 
 
 .liiiy, 
 
 10s. I'larkii 
 
 1 years' pi'ii.d 
 
 vieted i,f 
 
 of till 
 
 operat! 
 
 tailors 
 
 .111(1 .John .Vnde 
 
 a niisdeincanor (org.-ini 
 
 .'tin. 
 
 issociation, 
 ing till 
 
 iiitimidaiiii, 
 -\pril, 
 
 iioii-ii.ii.,nisis 
 
 •lung men on striki 
 
 ''7) 
 "iivictedofpicketin. 
 
 which liegan 
 
 and 
 
 |i'iii trials at .Maiieli 
 
 I- 
 Frcde 
 
 cllihl 
 
 ■'«<) , 
 
 'lester, Allen, 
 
 21 .Vug. 
 
 22 Aug. 
 itc. (.see 
 
 liak 
 
 ker convicted of li,'„|;,-| i.m,.;,,.,. ■„,- 
 
 Mr. lii;;l,v W.i 
 al 
 
 6 Dee 
 
 Icgcd lihcl ill the 7 
 
 ,'■■ '^y,',',"^'"' (f"|' pulilieation of 
 
 of a dclMte 
 
 for .III', 
 
 ill tin. house of lords, A-c); verd 
 
 privileged 
 tVcrdict alllrmed 
 
 .Mart 
 
 licfo 
 
 iidant, settling that 
 
 siii'h 
 
 rrect re]iort 
 let 
 
 on died .liilv. 
 
 iigiiiii, 25 Xo 
 
 in 1: .Mack 
 
 'S7S.I 
 
 a report i.s 
 
 iS-.'o Dee. 
 
 i. .Mr. Wa- 
 
 de 
 
 hie (f,ir ritualistic i.raclie 
 
 11 ot arches, 4 Di 
 
 ■d; clo 
 
 •d 
 
 1S67, and 
 
 da 
 
 s); 
 
 verdict 
 of ilic 
 
 tl 
 
 •- Simpson ; siniihir ea.se ■ 
 coiidemiiing elevation at 
 ise, and nihttiire of water wit'h'ti 
 
 18 .laii. i368 
 
 I'giiu 5 fell. 
 'Saer.inicnt, use 
 
 le commnnioii s,'rviee 
 
 sley r. HP 
 
 Worthy for frainliileiit 
 
 tathm; Verdict h,r plaiiitilf, ,1, 
 
 Tri.d of F 
 
 rrcd.and h. 
 
 ason-f,'h,iiy; 'I'l 
 
 /'(/O'llHv), lii'^i 
 
 -Michael liarrc. 
 Richard Ihirke (,.//, 
 
 iiimis for Clerkcnwell 
 
 20 April ; all 
 
 28 .March, 
 misii'iiresen- 
 Iges ,i3,o<x)/. 
 Id fell, 
 (see 
 
 oiifrag 
 
 aeiinitted exe 
 
 'pt 
 
 Geo. I!( 
 
 o 27 A|inl, 
 
 ny, ((■(■.), 'I'll,',, Paid 
 
 y. and llciiry.slenv („/,•„.. ShiHa.jy') 
 
 for treason fcl 
 
 reiiia 
 
 eiilivieted ; O'Donovan Ho 
 
 ll'I.i 
 
 Vieted) sentenced toiinpris nciilforlif 
 
 I (previously ,'on- 
 
 .invictcd at I'. 
 Stiplen l'',,rw.,o.l (or I 
 
 fills wife and children ; guilty 
 
 ,rk 
 
 ruestSouthey), for murder 
 
 i 
 
 Dei 
 
 .'ill.lW convicted, ( 
 
 lorniiigton r. Wei 
 
 ton 
 
 »y. at (lid Bailey ;'|hirk,' ami 
 
 eV ae.plittc.l 
 
 I'siey, aii.l Wclli'sley 
 
 28-10 Aiiril, 
 
 Mor 
 
 ning- 
 
 " '''i 2,j y.-ars suit in ehaiicery, ih'cidd i.-n^t 
 
 o(,\e i.),.xK,/.l: 22.0.V,/ :i\e;,,',l.>.l I,. 11 
 
 other Fenians 
 
 eonvieted at Diihlin (see Fe 
 
 20-21 Dei 
 
 iiiv.id.dl 
 
 lane peerage 
 
 (.ri'alliphell of (ilellfalloeh 
 
 sioii (lecided in fa 
 
 'Ian. jS66 
 
 iyv,s and Iiy\e.'. 
 ,iir to prov 
 
 tin 
 ■thei 
 
 attorney gi'iier.d; 
 
 21, ,Jaii. 
 
 narriagi' (,r king 11 -g,, |I|. 
 
 Willi llaniiah Wilnct, ami t.i.it ,,r his l,n,tl 
 
 ll.iiiy. .lid, 
 
 tli.i 
 
 ,iiily ihi'i.lcd that tl 
 
 r Cnnilicrland. with 01i\e Wil 
 
 ami that Ulive Series, th 
 Hvvi- 
 
 mot ; 
 
 claim was not neidcoiit, 
 
 ■ gel inolhcrof Mrs 
 
 IS not the legitimate daughter of tin 
 
 of .M(i 
 
 L\. 
 
 .11 1: lion, 
 till', a wid. 
 iveii to II, 
 
 oail. awarded to tl 
 
 le countess 
 
 11' spiritual medium). The n'l 
 
 S rlif ... , ^ . ' 
 
 Mght to r 
 me at the allc 
 
 ver f>a 
 
 •stock. 
 
 h (■a,se,lliusl,aii.lss],iiit,l„.nvci.n ( 
 
 'd coinniaiid of In 
 
 l-el 
 
 867: 
 
 ^i April to 
 
 suit instituted 
 
 Ma 
 
 »el. 1S66 and 
 1.1', 1867 : trial, 
 
 plilllltitf, liy the Vice-.h, 
 
 .liii 
 Verdict giv 
 
 '11 for 
 eellor. sirti. .M. (lillar.l. 
 
 IThe .indge, in 
 
 oncliiding, said, re 
 
 Ma 
 'irdins 
 
 pinlualism that ;• the .system, as present: 
 
 l,y t 
 
 'lake .if Cumhi'iland. and that tl 
 
 II; 
 
 hiciiglit in evidene 
 7 lice. 1S71) 
 
 were forged (.Mrs. Hy 
 
 ' 82 doeiiincnts 
 
 died 
 
 iii'la and Kirweo prize ease 
 ml ofailniir.dty decide that 
 
 divided l„'t\ve,u' till 
 generals Whitelo, ke. Ho 
 
 l)isli..pc,i|i.|is,i I'. Ola.lst, 
 
 ol.li 
 
 (lii.l 
 
 7ot),i 
 
 I'ln inutinv); 
 o/. ar,' 1,1 'he 
 
 IS coniman.h'd liy 
 
 liolierls, and other 
 lo.lune 
 
 lie .'ind others, triisle 
 
 il l.ishoprie fiiml (h,r wiililmldii 
 
 lluiit. 
 
 ■ti|..ii.l); v.'i'.li.'t for plainlilf, with ....st 
 
 hi 
 
 s 6 .\, 
 
 .'iliarpu (/'.;« Mc.U Un:ilU), for liliel 
 
 well cahulatcd oil tl. 
 
 ICC, IS lllisehieV(.ns m 
 
 d 
 
 th 
 
 c vain, the weak, tl 
 
 le one hand t,, ,|,.|ii,iu 
 
 f,."lisli, 
 
 superstitions; ami ,,n the oth.'r t,^ 
 
 Esi 
 li( 
 
 iioil.l 
 
 pro.ieets of the nee.l\ ami the a.lv'eni' 
 
 ami tin 
 St 11, 
 
 Dnl.lii 
 
 l.a.ly \ 
 
 ineatind propcilv 1,, siippoVt p'rotestani 
 
 iivr."| 
 <ii,.inde 
 
 Ir 
 
 liy her familv : 
 
 I'h.W 
 
 llgaeollc.^e, ,V 
 
 Tin 
 
 Verdict liv pirv 
 iN.-w trial; will .ilhrmciP Aug 
 
 r..lgeli 
 
 c. : Will dispiitcl 
 
 .111 
 
 I aba. 1 
 
 kinking (..oinpany 
 
 y, convicted of fraud against I.eed; 
 
 Uisk Allal, 
 
 A 
 
 libel 
 
 1 1: Whitehnr.st (for /),o'/i/ r,l, 
 
 ii-i i .liiiie 
 
 dal 
 
 Itoruey-geuer.il c. Dak 
 
 I2(s for plaintiir, 1,(10/., i.j ,lni 
 
 I'l') ■■ 
 
 ai.J.eal 
 
 .iiiV ; ileeisioii 
 
 I . 
 
 ■ir,.;ii-;! ' 
 
 :^^. 
 
^'h* 
 
 
 
 fw 
 
 
 k:. m 
 
 ■h 
 
 Sfi Mr 
 
 Bli, 
 
 TllIALS. 
 
 111« 
 
 TlilALS. 
 
 ■./Mlf^J:,r|".v 
 
 tli:it inivil.-i' nf cxiiiiplinn I'loiu I'xnutinii cif 
 Ic'Kiil iniii'iss iliii's iiiit cxliiiil l<i lliimiitcii t (.urt 
 imliicu ju .Inn.-, iS68 
 
 Madiiini' iSanili liaclicl I.evi'i-S(.ii cdiivii'ti'il ol coii- 
 
 sjiiniry 25 f^i'l'l- >. 
 
 (Writ (ifciinr; i:i\v triiil ivfiisi'il, 11 May, iS(«i.| 
 
 Climnfi>nl <■• l.iii^'"; IVnialc sutlniKf ilirhnvil illiral 
 
 l)axt<'r 1: I.Mii^'Icy ; Sumlay uviiiinj; li'. lines 
 
 ik'i'lari'il iKit illr);iil .... I'.i Ni'V. „ 
 
 Jlui'tin !•. Jlatkiiiiuiliic : see Cliimli c/ Kuiihnu!, 
 
 I'liillil'S r. V.wv: vir.lirt f'ui (Ifl'ciiilaiit ; see 
 ,/,,,„,,,■,,, 2o.)aii. 1869 
 
 Haui'in I'. Slur aii.l aii.itlni' (rciivciit .•iii-i' ; a sister 
 sucil liiT iiMitlii r siiiiiiiiir, I'nr ill.iisa(.'c iiinl I'.v- 
 iplllsiuli); vcl-.liil Inr lilailltilV, ilalliaiirs 5011/. 
 
 j-26 l'"i'li. ,, 
 [Case cniniiniinisi'il, \\'\\\, 1870. | 
 
 Janus Tliiw. (iamliicr, ailiiiiralty lOcrk. ami Win. 
 HiiMilili', I'lii-'iiic'iT, c'lmvicti'il 111' IVauil ami snkia;; 
 Inil'i's lidiu I Inictins . 'I .\iiiii, ,, 
 
 C'liiil'i'i' r. (Jonli'ii : vir.lirt fin- I'laiiilill : llii' viii'- 
 chaiicflli'i- ili.iil.'s th.'it tlic iiiii.iiaitv ul' a con;,'!!'. 
 Malinii .if ilissi'iiti rs may ilismiss tlifir iiiinisli".- 
 lin" anv f.-iust' -'^ .^la.\', >> 
 
 Jlajiif l-'ivilirii'U lii'swiik, lonslahli' of ISiik.nlnn.l. 
 cniiviiti.l 111 f.M'miy .... loJuiii', „ 
 
 I'anvi- (invsiiliiit lil till- Amalwimatcil Cari'i nti as' 
 Siiiiitv) r. Clnsi' (tlic si'iivtiin), Inr iiiisaiiian- 
 i.i-iaticai c'l' miaii'V. In 1S67 tin' just ii'is ilisiiiissi'il 
 till' cliai;;!' ln'caiisp tln> siicii'ty liail illi'^'al lulis 
 At tin' trial at the Quern's licni'li the cnnrt »as 
 i-iinallvilivi.le.l, ami m> verdict t;iveu . 3. Inly, „ 
 
 Fannv V. .M. olivir eonvieted (if murder ul InT 
 linsliaml 2o,Iuly, „ 
 
 Lyons i: Hev. N. Tlmiaas and others, fnraliduetinii 
 'of listher 1-yoiis, a .ewisli airl, a i>roselyte ; 
 dani.'i^'es3o/ ii .Inly, ,, 
 
 Frtdi-ric k llinsiui couvieted of murder i>f liis para- 
 mour, Maria Death, ami Wm. Dcaiylas lioyd 
 
 24 Nov. ,, 
 
 Rev. .laiiios John Merest, eonvieted of siimaiy ; 
 (U'lirived =6--iy >''"^'- •■ 
 
 JIartin i'. .^laekouoihie : hefore judicial (•ouimittee 
 of privv eoumal, ilelemlant censured I'or ivadiUK 
 venlict. ami eoudcmni'd in costs . . 4 I'ec. „ 
 
 Jlrs. Kellv r. Hev. .1. liclly ; .indieial seiiaratnm (or 
 ill usa^ti' (not violence) del reed . . 7 Dec. ,, 
 
 Messrs. (jurnev ami others, I'lU- lamsiMrinn to de- 
 Iraml; aci|uitted .... ij-23 "''i'- .. 
 
 biuitli I'. Karl lirowidow; after loiin litigation de- 
 cision anainsi the i-nclosure cd' the comniou at 
 lierkhami.stead hv lord of the manor 14 dan. 1870 
 
 James L'Unbrd, a retired artilleryman, convicted of 
 " sweating" sovereigns by the voltaic lialtery, 
 
 I l''eb. ,, 
 
 Jacob Siiimiss, a Swiss, convicted of mnnler of 
 Cecilia Aldridjie, an unfortunate . . 3 .Man h, ,, 
 
 Dr. Kin^dake c mvieted of bribery on biOialf of lus 
 lirother at liriilKcwater . . . at) Man h ,, 
 
 Wieklow jieerane ease ; claim for an inlant declared 
 to be unhiunded by hou.se of lords (remarkable 
 evidence) .'.... 31 Marc h, „ 
 
 Demetrius I'aiipa, a bank inauager. senteuee.l to 
 5 vear.s' iieiial servitude for I'mbezzlement, 6 -May, ,, 
 
 Sir Charles .Mordaunt i\ lady Morclaiuit.and others, 
 for divone: iireliminary trial of her .sanity (de- 
 clared insane lai 30 Ai ril. i86i)), if>-:5 l'''*'- '870; 
 aiilieal, 27 April, 1870; .judgment alliinieil 2 ,lune, ,, 
 
 Bislmii Oo.ss (H.C.) c. Hill and Wlnttakev: wdl 
 case; Mr. .Mca-eton's will, bei|ueathiiin the chiel 
 of his iiroperty to the bishop, set asid.c 16 ,luMe, „ 
 
 Phillips r. Kvn'. for imprisonment diirin« damaica 
 rebellion : venliet for ilefi-mlant . . 23.1niie, „ 
 
 CMffi Miinlus: Walter Miller eonvieted id' murder 
 of Kev. Klias Uuelin and Anue Uoss, his house- 
 keeper (8 or 9 -Mav, 1870) . . .13, H'luly, „ 
 
 Michael Davitl and ,lohn Wilson, trea.soii tidony; 
 seefuimiis 18 .Inly, „ 
 
 Jidm Jones or Owen, eonvieted of .niirdercd hina- 
 imi'l M.-irsh.di and family (7 iiersons, eaiiy 22 May, ,, 
 1870), at i*i«/m"i, near UxbriilKe . 22.luly, 
 
 Shepherd r. neiinett (Anhes); decisinii that deteii- 
 dant had retracted heresy; appeal to privy couiieil, 
 
 2j.luly, „ 
 
 Margaret Waters coiivieteil of uiiuder of John 
 
 Coweii, infant; her sister and accomplice, Saiali 
 Kllis, was convicted of liaiid, 22 Sepl. (ImIa 
 fainiili}.' casi'; see /H/iia//i ii'O . 21-23 Sepl. 1 - 
 
 Hev. C. Voy.scy r. Noble; appeal to privy coluicil 
 .judicial 'committee against eiindeinnatiiui f.i 
 lieiesv 10 \in'. ., 
 
 Klily !■. Mcdowan: venliet rgaiiist an iMchileet t.,i 
 lehising to give uji ihe plans of a building hew.m 
 abi lit lo en'it 11' Ncv. ., 
 
 Caleh 1: Shaeii; for libel on master of l.amli. tli 
 workhou.sc; venliet for plaiulill, 600/. dama,;;es; 
 exeellliou slaved .... 15 Jlii . ,, 
 
 J)iii„hiii,l i;„l,hii 11: I.oiidou ;ind liyder's man iiiinle 
 insensible amhobbed of diiimonds, 12 .Ian.; .\hii 
 tlia Torpey acipiilled. 1 .March; ,lames Toipn 
 )ileailed giiiltv (sentenced to 8 years' pi'ual si in- 
 tilde) . ■ 1 M:i.^ I -. 
 
 E. liiiulton, I-. C. Hurt, V. \\. I'ark, and olli, i^ 
 (freipieiitly dressed as women) tried for a ioiis]ii. 
 racy ; acipiitted .... 9-15 M.iy, ,, 
 
 Tiehborne 1: I.ushington : the plaintilV dei|;ii, ,1 
 himself to be sir linger Charles 'riclilioriie, Mip- 
 jiosed to have been lost at sea; and claimed llie 
 baninelcy and esl.iles, worth about 24,ooo(. 
 a year. 
 
 Hogcr Charles Tichbiinie, son of sir, lames, born . ,-, 
 
 Kdiicated in I'ranee till .... aliouti-, 
 
 Knten'd the army m, 
 
 I'niiio.sed marriage to his cousin Kate Duuglity; 
 declined iaii. iS:: 
 
 S:iilcd Iniiii Havre for Valparaiso (March), and ar- 
 rived then' 19 'Imi'', r-; 
 
 .Saih'd Irnm liii) .laiieim iu the Iltlln, wliicli luan- 
 dered at .sea 20 April, u-.-j 
 
 [.V Cliancerv suit wa.; instituted, and hisdeath legally 
 pnived.r 
 
 His mother advertised for her sou . 19 M;iy, uc 
 
 The elaimaiit Ibniiid by llibbes and Ciibilt in Aiis- 
 tiali.i) asserted that he and eight of thecn'W were 
 saved from the wreck of the /;i7/.i; tliat lie went 
 to Australia, and lived there, miigldy, 13 .\e,'is 
 uiiiler till' mime of Castni; married as Castp,. 
 ,Iau.; as 'lichboriie 3 ''idy. 1.-" 
 
 He set up his claim ; and was aceepteil by the dow- 
 ager ladv Tielibonie as her son at I'aris . ,laii. il'.; 
 
 [No iither's of the family accepted him; but sir 
 Clilliinl Constalile ami some bnither-ollieer.-: diil.|« 
 
 His claim was n'sisted on behalf of sir lleiiry ci 
 minor), son of sir Alfred Tiehborne; ami al'ler 
 cliaiieerv iiniceedings (begun .Vanh, 18(17) a ""'' 
 began in the court of coinmoii ideas befnn' 1 liiif 
 .iustiee liovill 11 .May, i:;i 
 
 The claimant was examiued 22 days; the trial lel- 
 jiiurned on 4olh day, 7 July; resumed, 7 Nov.; 
 case lor claimant closed . . . 21 I lee. ., 
 
 Trial resumed, 15 ,lan.; the attorney-general, sir , I. 
 I). Coleridge, spoke 2O days; on 4 .Manli tlie 
 jnrvexiiressed themselves sat islied that tlieeliiiiii- 
 aut was not sir linger; oil the lojnl day lie win 
 del lined uonsiiiteil ti .Miireli, ic;: 
 
 The law pnii ceilings are said to have cost the estate 
 nearly 92,(x)o/. 
 
 He was lodged ill Newgate to be tried for pi riiiry, 
 7 Man'h; indicted as Thos. Castni, olhnwiv 
 Arthur (M-toii, for perjury and forgery 9 .\|'iil, ,. 
 
 The court of ipleell's lielich decide that he may lii' 
 ailmitled to bail, 21 April; n'leased . 21. .\pril. . 
 
 The trial of the elan it tor perjury and fiagiiy 
 
 begun befnn' chief justice Cockliiirn, and jiislieis 
 .Mellnr and l.usli at bar 23 April ; case Inr llie 
 pniseeutioii closed, 10 July; resumed (for deliiu 19 
 
 21. Inly, ,, 
 
 Lady Doughty, mother of sir Henry Tiehbnnie, dies 
 
 ijlVe. ,, 
 
 [Up to 27 June (47tli day of the trial), out "f 150 
 witnesses above 100 had sworn that the eliiiiiiaiit 
 was not Tiehborne ; ami iiboiit 40 that he was 
 Arthur Ortou.j 
 
 The elaimant forbidden to attend public meetings, 
 
 i.j Se].t. i::3 
 
 Ca.se for the ilefenee elosod on ,34111 day, 27 0et.. 
 ttdjounied fnmi 31 Oi't. to 17 Nov., then to 
 37 Nov. ; rebutting evidence heard, 27, 28 Nov. „ 
 
 • Mr. ciiiiliH'nnl Oiislow, who sjiniit about 15,000'. m 
 suiporliiig tliu eluiinuiit, died 20 Aug. 1882. 
 
 •■'■c %i 
 
 pi'^\ 
 
cr si.-ilcr nil. I iiii-miililii-c, Small 
 I'Inl III' li.iiicl, !•;■ Wi'lit. (li.iliv 
 
 ■ Ijijhilliriili ) . 21-2J1 S|il. I .- 
 
 S'liliii': ii|.iiiiil t" inivy idUiinl 
 leu iii,'iiiiist ciiiiiUiiiiiiitiiin Imv 
 
 1" N"v. .. 
 
 Vl'lllil't l:(;ilillst nil nl'i-llilrrl |..i 
 
 ip ilic |i|niis iil'n liiiililin^ lii'W.is 
 
 iii.\.i\. .. 
 
 ir IIIh'1 nil uinsli'i' iil' l.ninin lli 
 irt U'V iilailitilf, 600/. ilinii;i;:fs ; 
 
 15 liii'. ,, 
 I.oiiiliiii mill Kvili'i-'s iiiiiii iiiM'li' 
 il.i-.i III iliaiiiniiilfi, 12 .Ian.; Mar 
 illi'il, I Mal.-li ; .Inlius I'liiim 
 ■lilclii'i'.l t(i S .vt'lllii' lu'lial siivi. 
 
 Ma>, , -■ 
 
 Hurt, r. W. I'nrk, nml i.lli. ^^ 
 il as WDiiu'iil trif.l r.tr n rniis|ii. 
 . . • ■ -J-i5.Mav, „ 
 
 liiiKtiiii: till' lilaiiitiir ili'i-laml 
 r U.ij;i'r C'liiivli'S Tirlilinrnr, sii|.- 
 ■11 hwt at si'a ; an. I rlainicil Ih.. 
 L'.stiltt'S, WMl'tll aliiillL 24,uuu/. 
 
 Imnii', sun (ifsir .laini's, imrn . 1-. 
 
 ! till .... al..iUt ,-, 
 
 1:4. 
 
 til liis ni\isiii Kati' llnunlity: 
 
 .l.-l'll. if:; 
 
 I'lir Valimraisii (.Marcli), an. I ar- 
 
 UJ .Inn. , !;;■ 
 
 iifirn in till' I'llhi, whii'ii l.inu- 
 
 l'U.\lilil, lc:( 
 
 .unstitutuil.nuil liis.liatli If^ally 
 
 si-.l f.irlicr.snii . ly May, i;.^ 
 .1 liy tiililii'S anil Cul.itt in .\n^- 
 lat III' ami i'i;;lit .if tin' inw wim 
 
 rirl< 111' till' llilhi : llial 111' Hi'lit 
 
 I liv.'il tlnri', v.in},'lily, 13 \i-,'r.s 
 of Castro; nnirriuil as lastn.. 
 
 Ill' 3 •Inly, 1;'/ 
 
 I ; anil was ni'i'i'Iiti'.l liy tin' .!"»- 
 rill' as lii'r son nt I'aris . ,laii. k'.t 
 
 family aici'i'tril liiin; lull sir 
 I' an.l s.iiiii' lir.itlii'r-oMii'iis iliil,]* 
 isli'.l on h.'li.iir of sir lli'iiiy (a 
 sir .Mfn.l Tiililionii'; ami aflir 
 lilit;.< 0"'^"" -Mal'ili, i8(i7)alr.al 
 nrt of I'linuiioii Jilfas ln-for.' .liit-f 
 
 11 May, i;;i 
 
 I'xaniini'il 22 ilays; tlii' trial a'l- 
 
 ilav, 7 .July; rusuiia'il, 7 X..v. ; 
 : I'l.isi'.l ... 21 IV.'. ,, 
 Ian.; tlie nttonii'y-Hi'ni'ial, sir, I. 
 loki. 20 .lays; on 4 .Manli tli.' 
 ii'iiisi'lvi's sntislii'il tliat llii'.'laiin- 
 Uo(,'i'r; oil tliu loji'il ilny In- was 
 I'll . . . ." .6 .Manli, iS;; 
 t^s arc saiil tn liavi' cost tin; I'stato 
 
 S'l'Wfiiiti' til 111" trir.l for ju rinvy, 
 ti'il as Tlios. (.'astro, .illiiruiM' 
 ir iK'i'jiiry nml for^rry i) .Vpril, ., 
 I's lii'ii.'li .li'.i.Ii' thai 111' ni:iy 1..' 
 , 2 1 .\liril; r.'li'asi'.l . 26 .\|.ril, . 
 hiimaiit for l.ir.jury mnl f.'Wiy 
 I'fjustii'i' Co.'kl'iirii, an.l jiistii.s 
 
 II 'at liar 2) .\I.ril ; las.' li.r tli.' 
 ,'.1, 10 July ;"ri'siiiiii'iUf.'ril.t.iii.') 
 
 21 .Inly, „ 
 
 itliiTof sir lIi'iiryTii'lilH.rn.'. ili.'s 
 
 13 111'.'. . 
 jtli iliiv of till' trhil), out ..f 150 
 100 Iniil awoi'ii that tin' I'laiiiiaiit 
 rue ; ami uboiit 40 that Iio w-m 
 
 iiUU'U to attend iiulilic iin'i'tint's, 
 
 19 Si'i-t. 1S73 
 
 ce tloHC'l on 124*11 1'ay, 27 'J''' ■• 
 31 Oi't. to 17 Nov., tlnii 10 
 tiii>! eviilence liuaril, 27, 28 Xiiv. „ 
 
 Onsl.nv. will) sl'cnt ali.iut i5,ooo(. i" 
 imaiit, ilieil 20 Aug. i832. 
 
 TIIIALS. 
 
 111'. Ki>iii.aly'.s HmiiliiliiK-np,* 3 Dei 
 
 1119 
 
 TKIALS. 
 
 .Mr. liawkii 
 
 iMi'. Whalh'V, .Ml 
 
 i'i'|ily 
 
 -14 Jilll. 1S74 ; 
 
 ,0/.. 
 
 .I;'i 
 hii'ljiislii' 
 
 lini'.l f.ir .'outi'iiipt 
 
 15 .Inn. -28 .1 
 
 I'll. 
 
 I'l' '■'■''•■ lii.'it II Iaiiii;iiit in.l'la'lsri' 
 
 lit I'liiirt, 
 'M'. =9 .Ian. -28 l''.'li. 
 
 1874 
 
 othi'is; for iiii.sii.^ 
 
 iliii'i'li 
 
 tlm<"ili Minil, 
 
 'I's; ni.l;iys'lri;il 
 
 ill' w 
 
 as U.I- 
 
 ■V (lull I.' 
 
 iliiii'.l L'ath.riii.' \. I-;, j 
 
 Tirhl 
 
 ly swi',11', tli;it 
 
 I'Vi.l.ll. 
 
 isl'i'i'tor .Mollis 
 
 'il.orin., thai lie 
 
 i.ni^l.lv in 
 
 III' wa.s hot .\rthiiiiiil.iii ;7 ^,.,11 
 
 iin|irisiiiiiin'iit with h.ir.l lal.i 
 
 iS;i, ami ihiit 
 ■lii'i', 14 yi'ars 
 
 |/,.,« 
 
 'f:<l trini I.; 
 
 N'i'VV Iri.ll I'.'IHS.nI |,y tin' Jll.l;;, 
 
 • ill Kiiiiliiiiil.\ 
 
 •jS K.'h. 
 
 1)11 appi'al, si'iili'iii'i'. .illiriin'iriiv i],,. i,', 
 
 10, 1 1 Mari'li, It] 
 
 ■'■■I .Vliril. 
 of l.inls. 
 
 111'. 
 
 .\ii.lr 
 
 ;.'lil..li 
 .' n mt of iiiisoiiiiil mill 
 
 a i'..;n|ialiv'> fiin.ls whilii 
 
 Vi'l-'ll. llol'l l,lilill|l,j.,.|.i||. 
 
 (.'I .Mr. (.I.iss. •.... ,|iiii,., 1,.,,)^ 
 
 i.la.vs; siroiu- 
 
 1.1 M.iriir 
 
 .|iiry Hot aur.i'.i 
 
 .iiiirv trii'il; 
 
 iii'-lit; will ..I'.Mr. Kiii^-hl ...'1 ;isi,|,'. 
 
 ••Salt; .h'l'i.sioi, l,y l.ir.l.i'li 
 
 ihil.l sh.ill l,|. i.liir.il,.,] 
 
 inotli 
 
 31 .Mai.h, 
 till.' 'Ilor Ihal ;i 
 
 as a iniiti'slaiit liv 
 
 .■(iiil- 
 
 il on lii'ki't 111 li. 
 
 ii'l. 1884; his I'oiih'ssiiiii |, lint,., I 
 
 /'. •(./.', .M 
 .1//. 
 
 .\l; 
 
 ay, 1S93 
 
 liorii ifii 
 
 !•:. w. 1 
 
 iii.'ii 
 
 th. 
 
 iriaCloiisi'ii; a.'.inillnl 
 lalinali N'i'Wiip,'|oii. ..r l-'i, 
 
 '00k hir iiiiii'ili'i' of ,/ 
 
 ■ A|)i'il, 1893 
 
 av.'V; 
 
 lllalisl;ill-lltrr of ■•■I'.ilii i,|i M.i.il'l;' si 
 
 iiiistrrss, ami t'\clt.-.l I 
 
 •lulv, 
 
 I'OllVi.tl'.l .,f 
 
 1871 
 
 C:l|.l. II. II 
 
 • lli 
 
 iS'lnlv. 
 
 aiiiiltoii ll.^aniisli ami othir.s Iri.'.l f 
 
 slraiiilinj,' the .1./ 
 Iirim.imli'.l by tli'i' iniii't 
 
 (s 
 
 I'l'.l/), 26, lulv ; n 
 
 li.il" rl K.'lly ; for iiiurili'i' of Talli 
 
 iil.li 
 
 ..1 ill I'l 
 
 T ap'iiiist I'' 
 
 it (a polii- 
 
 8 All- 
 
 i-'.liily ; ai'iinitti'il (uxtraoi'il 
 
 Pi 
 
 ■niaiis) ijnht of 
 
 iry virilii'l) 
 
 o.t.-ioXov 
 
 iiinii'.vaiiil otln'i's(()vi'i'rm|;iii,| i',',.)|,| 
 
 tin's I'laiiii for h.ss iiii urrnl t| 
 
 t;iti..iis in till' 
 
 rou.'l, 
 
 1 1111S1.-|.1|..S,.1| 
 
 '1-, liol l.y li, ,111,111 latholii' iiiirli.; ci'inri'iiiiiil 
 
 ' ,. • • . . 'I .Ma\. 
 '■. (ai.liiial Cnlli'i, (fi.r |il„ |, ,,i„i 
 
 oil a|i|>eal 
 I) K.'.^ir.. 
 
 virlually Mis|ii.ii.iii,j; i,,,,, i,.,,,,, j,,^ 
 
 il.ral 
 
 •n .if.ieiiii 
 
 Mi. '.'I; 
 
 111 ..j.iiiioii: 
 
 llil 
 
 invi ; .jii.lnis(,it |)iil.|!ii).lui,|i,l 
 
 li'ini.' Ihat thn ].a|.al ..r.li- 
 
 o;-;' on wlii.h 111.' .ar.liiial r.'li..,! «as |,r - 
 
 Inl.'.l l..\ li..sialiili.sof Klizalii'tli; .!,• nVrs.^l 
 
 asi.l.., 7 .May; ihi^ irjal ln.-im ,.^ -.i.,,.. ^.r, 
 plainuif; till, jury Ka\ 
 
 i! oiiu f.iithiiiL; llama- 
 
 . 1 l'..r 
 
 IMr. O'Ki'i'lf.'siil 
 
 •May, 
 
 ., , . '"i';i"i't'''""ll"'i'ariliii,',l, .M:iv, iBTo.i 
 
 .•Mil.-iiis|,i.rtor .Mo,itj;iii,M'ry, at his ihinl ii'ial 
 
 tl 
 
 In' l.rut.il iiiiinli^r .if '.Mr. (il 
 
 M.w.iri, li'.lan.l, .m .s.ln 
 
 ass, a 
 
 t .Ni'Wtoii 
 
 lit.' 
 
 ■.I. 
 
 •Inly |.' 
 
 (Ir.'.it 
 
 liolilMllill .'.MlViiliil 
 
 1S71 ; I'l.iivii-icl ami 
 iiti'.l. .\ii-. 261 
 
 .i.w.'ll.ry n'au.ls; .Mi.ha.l"" ami li,.i 
 -mill .'.iiiviitt'.l 
 Kin-i'll /'. (lonlons; niuih iii'..i,i'.riy 'l,.|i t,,"ii! 
 
 l.v 
 
 inasli'r of rolls 01 
 
 •lii|ialiy's |,lds|i...'tiK; .lis.illinv.'.l 
 
 ai'i'onnt of his iii'-li'i'tin'' to 
 
 vi'rily till. |iros|..'iiiis ami his t.io I 
 ists rifusi'.l to ihl'i'mlaiils 
 
 ati! 
 
 I'la 
 fi N.I 
 
 Mr. I'iKoll niml.'iiim'.l t,, iiii|irisoiiiii|.lit for ili,..j:ii 
 
 inn.'iils on a trial, in fhr /,■;,,/, 
 
 li.'V, ,l.ilin Si'Iliy Watson, ni 
 
 13 Nov. 
 
 Ills wifii ill a tit of passion, 8 (let 
 
 nini'iit s.-holar, kill.'.l 
 
 iiii|.ris.im'.| I'.ir lifi 
 
 onvi.'i.^.l ami 
 
 flni-l 
 
 lli'i 
 
 iaiia I'Miiiumls 
 
 litoii; 
 
 sh. 
 
 iiivi.>t...| of i,ois..nim 
 
 ,1a 
 
 1872 
 
 rctiu'iii'.I p.ii.s.ini'.l om 
 
 pui'.'liasi'il ihoi.ilat 
 
 ami 
 
 'llf.'i'li.ilii'l', ;iliil 
 
 tluisi'au.si'.lih.ath t.ioi hil.laml imarlv kill,.,l 
 
 "tliiT pcrson.s ; i'i'pri,.vi'.| as insaii,' 13, ',r, .Ian. 
 'I'l'i'iisiiry ; f.ir not 
 
 i-'hui'i'h ; will alliriiii'il 
 
 Toihl 1: I 
 
 •lulv. 
 
 (talhir iKlialius); soil of till' liiaiiuitt 
 
 ns.'iii'.l troiii .'.invi'iil (whi'ii.' hi' hail t,il 
 oy rliani'i'ry 
 lUiiil.' I-;.,;,, ni : .\iisiiii iiir.ni'lJiihVfll, \; 
 
 OWS) 
 
 •liilv. 
 
 .lolllli'll, ( 
 
 ii'or-i. Di.lw.'ll, an.l KiIhIi 
 
 .Miiirnans, for-i.| l.ilN !,„■ ,| 
 li.ink of l':ii,ul,im|, Wi'sl-I) 
 
 isi .nintin; 
 
 1 .Novi 
 at till 
 
 .,217/. ; ili'lii'tiil tl 
 
 lir..n^,'li not ,1a,..., 
 nal s.'ivitu.li' hir lii',' |tli 
 
 iiam-h, ami ..htain.'.l 
 
 i.onviit.'.l ; p 
 
 I'si'aiie liy liiihiii- t|,|. waril.'i's'fai'h'ili 
 Hi'V. .loliii Iil'n iii^ton (altiii 
 
 on.' hill; 
 ■ir ].l..t t.i 
 .\i, 
 
 llti'ln-l'il 1.1 15 y,.:irs' pi'iial .MT'vitml 
 
 y.'iiis' swin.Uiii-) 
 
 Till' (^i.'i'ii ('. tin. I,,ii'.|s of tl 
 
 rrp.iyin- I'xpi'iisi's for i.i'osi'iutions t.j't'li 
 .il l.ai 
 
 r.,ii-hn 
 
 asti'r; inaiiilaiiius ri'fusi'il 
 
 Miml. 
 
 .Mai'f. 
 
 I'liii^'i'aiil, iniirih'i'i'il Iht mist 
 
 liixlila 
 
 2.) .Ian. 
 
 a H.li; 
 
 1.11 .'Siiiiilay, 7 .\pril 
 
 ii'ss, ma.lanii' i(i,.| 
 
 I r 
 
 :'.| t 
 
 '.illilll 
 
 I's.'api'.l; taki'ii at Pari. , 
 
 . ^ iii'i' inisti'i'ss ill ,-1 (uiarii'l- 
 
 viiti'il, hut ii'ioiiiiuin.li'.l to iiii'ii'V I,., J 
 
 111'; .si'iiti'iniM'oiniuuti'.l t.i p.'iial si'rvitu.l,' r.,r 
 
 21 •liiiii', 
 liiishiml's 
 
 ,Iiii 
 
 lit.' 
 
 Ell.'ii Ki'tti'l : I'liiii'Ki'il with poi.snn'inK Iii-r 1 
 
 list wil'u in oiiU'i' til iiiai'i'v lih 
 
 Chtlwn Tmrieihi: Ilei'manii \ 
 
 aiim to l.on.loii t. 
 
 Ill; ai'iiuitti'il, 
 
 , , 24. =5'>i't. 
 .'iKi'l ami Paul .Mav, 
 
 av.ii.l 
 
 pti.ili; Ihi'M- inoiii'y lii'iii- spent, thi'V a.- 
 
 t.i .'..iiniiit suici.h'; ai'ier woiimii'i',';; Vl',' 
 
 slmt liinis.'lf ili'ail,'2i .Viif;.; .Ma, ,, 
 was iii.ljitn.l I'.ir niunli.i', trieil, ami 
 
 :i 1 
 
 ay, .S'llL-i'l 
 
 OVI'lCl, 
 
 ai'iiuitti'il, 
 
 ami 
 
 III 
 
 h> was I'onvii'tn.l ami puiii.sh.'.l for fi,r 
 
 lli'iliii, Kih. 1873. 1 
 HukiT I', l.oaih'r:" wiilow, to wl 
 
 21 Nov. 
 -'I'l'.v at 
 
 l«'.'ii h.'.pii'atln'il; ill ti'U VI' 
 
 l...v.'1'ly hy il, 
 
 honi io7.rxTo/. Iiail 
 Ill's is I'l'.lin-i'.l t.i 
 
 Chrllnill.iiii III 
 
 tri.il ..f th.' li.'hl 
 arslial lla/ailii' ; 
 
 ■'i' lin.'.l 150/. hir I'oiii 
 
 M 
 
 (Jillii-rt /'. i: 
 i'ritii|U 
 
 ' /•', 
 
 .'la 
 
 22 .\ll; 
 
 I'lltill-oll 
 
 2J ,>,.pt. 
 
 h (h,r /;.-// .1/../' r;„:wr,)f.,rlihH iu 
 
 • A.' Wii-lul Wurlil 
 
 play 
 
 h.rih'l'i'ml.int (l,..th ii'-ar.h'.l liainih'.ss) 
 
 Capl. Cliari 
 
 .M 
 
 11 
 
 I'lit.'m'.'.l t. 
 
 Vi'l.li.'t 
 
 27 '■ 
 
 ''"I'lis lit with har.l l;ili„iir for assaiilti 
 
 th.' .luki' of I'ainliri.l- 6 ,Iai 
 
 Miss I''aiil;in.l 
 
 av.' h.^r t.irtum. to ,St. Marv's Do 
 
 . Kill). 
 
 ■Sr+ 
 
 Hi. 'an I'ouvi'iit, li.llast. ; hi-r trust.', 
 tianslur; tlm nuLstur of tin; rolls alii 
 
 opp.jsi' the 
 inns tlii'Kift. 
 
 Dr. Havim 
 
 tin 
 
 24 he 
 t-'iiveniiii- li.iily of liii-1 
 
 hooi; jmi-imiit for the.l.fHi.l.iut 
 
 'V 
 
 Ji'aii I.lli.'(l.iii.l,-i'..ii) ami ".'apt."l)r 
 of pi'i.jniy in tin' Tiililmniu c 
 years' iieiial servitmh') 
 
 -Moi'il , ..,„,, 
 
 Iiol.l that ius.initv is no har 
 j.jml^'i's hohl tha't it is 
 
 Callaii. .M.P. 
 
 21 .M.lleh' 
 
 iwii eonvieteil 
 
 asu (7 years' ami 
 
 9, 10 .\pril, 
 
 aunt eas.' (s.'.' 1870), ilivoreo cnni't ; 3 |iiil"e 
 
 ' " ■'"' ' to suit for iliv.iiee 
 
 .Ma 
 
 ll.T 1 
 
 nip.isilioii; she sues the wi.l 
 
 rii'inl I,.ia.|er ami solieit.ii 
 
 verili. t ..f vie 
 
 liiuii'.ll.ir .Malms, oi'ilerin- .leeils to l,.,a.li 
 
 iii.'i'lle.l; the siilieitor to pay 1 
 
 Mr. Il.pwi.i'tli Dixon r. Smith (I'M-yi, 
 f.irlihel; ilaiiiaKi's, one fartliin 
 
 isfs. 
 
 Mr. (iiiililfor.l oiisl 
 
 no .Vo . 
 •01 (Imrtlr), 
 
 .M. I'. 
 
 i'.'s|..'.'liiit,' the Ti.'hlioriii' I'a 
 
 ami Mr. (i. H. Wliallev 
 
 lilU'.l hir emit. 'llipt .if eoui't ili spei'eli 
 
 t^kipWdi'th, liarrister, h 
 
 .Ian, 
 
 .Mr 
 
 til tl 
 
 I'saineoilenee, eomlemneil 
 
 I'l'i' inoiiths' imprisiiniiient ami liiieil; th 
 
 iliiiiii.iiil ininle to Ki 
 
 .similar iitleiiee . . Is 
 
 Park.; ■'. IPirvey u;wis,'.sii' Joseph M.'Keniu.'allll 
 
 ' Si'i' Ungltshmitn. 
 
 lJJu.l"'lZ '"■'"'' ,'''''■'•■" '^•'1 the elainiant to bo his 
 brotlwr ArtUiir, at tlio Ulvbe olHci', 10 llawli, .874. 
 
 •wilful 
 il.liii ; .l.iiiia, 
 
 ]■:. w.ii.v Pu-iii, 
 
 ll.'lIl.Tl, li..\., 
 
 1: O'kiilly Dease; for lihel ({..riiieii 
 
 D 
 
 ml iiialieioiis" hy eh. .just. Whitisiile), 
 
 one fartliin 
 
 i.lulv 
 
 eonviiteil of lihel a.'aiiist ,1. U. 
 
 13 Sept. ; not .selltellee.l. 
 
 Kppili- for.'st .•ase'; .lei'lsioii a),'ailist tl 
 ol the lonlsof the manors as illegal ; 
 
 iept., 
 
 le eli.'losui'e 
 
 Fi'i'ileiiek i: .Vttoniev-G 
 
 l''re.|eri(k.li'.'lai'eillieirtiiliiiroi 
 
 eneiiil ; eol. Clnii'les K.lwar.l 
 
 ..f the inarria^'e of his 
 ilivoree eolll't 
 
 liuli.'i'y ,'. harnii All.ert (iiaiit an.l M. It. ., ,.„, 
 
 (l.iii;,'eitye.lit..r.il th.' /,.,e.^)h,l'lil,el ; theartiel 
 
 ili'tey; tin' \ali.litj 
 
 Ijianiiparents allir I in 
 
 10 l.lee. 
 Sampson 
 
 , 18, 
 
 .Nov. ami 
 
 llei 
 
 S72, I'hari,'...! 
 
 Iluh.ry with .■..nneeti.in with a I'laml ii 
 
 iliainoml mine in Lolora.l.i ; loilavs' trial: (ini 
 
 eleareil; 
 
 ,Saiii|isiili lini'il 50.3/ 
 
 8 Ju 
 
 1875 
 
 [liy thesi' arti.'li'S the publie were in'ot'eeteii truni li 
 
 liail si'lieiue. I 
 Alh'ijrii l-'nisi- I'l-usjirriiis fitsc : (Caiia.lian (lil-\Voi'k.< 
 
 Ciii'p.iration), Charlton c. sir,lohn Ilav, .Mr. Kast- 
 
 wiek, ami others grossly. leeei veil ; i7ilavs' trial; 
 
 ,1iiry ilivhle.l ; .lis.haryeil ; no venliet ' 24 Kcl). 
 [Oil-wells ill Ontario, Camilla, iiropertv of Prinee's 
 
 comi.any got up to buy them, by LoiiKbuttom ; 
 

 n y-. 
 
 m 
 
 TllIALS. 
 
 »,.l„.inc iM.t ,uMv,,t,..l in tlic '■!'>•:, •■'';'■", ''I',;'' 
 wrst-..n.l; ^il■.^.lln IIhv, Mr. M'L'ii11m;;1i Imichs, 
 
 All- ^:M^I»■i.■l<. Mll.l nlllir.* il„\ll(nl In iM'.nlllU 
 
 .liiv.tms; wHls l,..ii,i;lit ; cninimt.V >-nl ni'S'" .1 , 
 rhilpotts. Ilnv.l: M.. /;..,,/„„■ ; »,.tllr.ll..v,iiMi,;iMl 
 
 .■niiiiiiilti'i'Mri'rivv ci.uiinl . . ■,-'■•'/,"• 
 :\I,„-.l:iiMit r. MnnlMiinl ni..l viscmi.t '"''■•;•' 
 
 „bov,'. Mmv. .S7.O; 'livivr ■■vmW>\ <' >Uuh , 
 T.MTV/'. liri^lit"M .\.|nMnunir"iiii.Miiy, l.ir nl"'miik 
 
 „i,SiMi.l,.>s; wnlicl; ).riiMlty .x«/.A«'<' •;;""^'^''^'|^ 
 
 JiwksoM !• finiii.l JuiiiliMii CiiimI (.'ninlniii.v, (s.r, 
 «»„,...„•,;,,• /•;,., >'..v,„„. .«).'t. 1S74); i"ini«MV M.i- 
 
 lil.,.l in .Tili.'isni nf i.n Mll.is ; l..ln linii;li ; 
 
 ,l:,n,:i;..-, ,.75'. : ^t M^"'''. ""^^ "■'^'' ■ '^'"l"};:'^ 
 ^X'usZvf Artllni- K.-,mi' (..r 'Mnmll) mh.I Aniii.' 
 
 linlw.'ll I'nnvicli.l ..I i-..inin^' Mii.l nlttnn^' aNi^ 
 
 ii.in iit lailwiivslMlions . ■ '■'■.M •",'!>'■ 
 
 J.nl'il.s .. li.v. VlMV,.l (-..ol; ('"V .■x.-ln^"|^ ;|m 
 
 from tin. (■n.iiiniuii..ii |ur l,y;vs> (.icn.u i>, ]. - 
 
 0.1 Viilrntinr llals.r s.iitHir,..l t.. line ..I v^/. in.l 
 ,MnnHti,s'in,i.risnni„.'nt f". iiM-.-.'ntl.VMss,,ul nm- 
 Ali-s liii'kiMisdn in 11 rMil\v;i,\ i-arn:i^.'i' ■•- An^'. 
 
 Mrs. C.la.lsln,,,. ,-. ,.:„.l. (Ila.l..l..n. (lunt; ..IS. rnn- 
 
 •\Vu, Tl.. nii'S-n llnnl r..nvi.'1c.l ot niMnslanKliti'V 
 rnl,inisl,.rin-slrv.l,nint..Mrs. llu,ls..n wl,o 
 
 ,li',i,"il!l „|l„.rs,.-.san'n,nly f.ir inlMSn.nnn; 
 
 = v.iirs' ni'nal sirviln.lc . . . 2, . c'l'i. 
 
 AVm Tall.'v, a suli.ilur. f.'r .lissna.liiiK a yyvsM 
 
 l.l'.un.l "V.'r to ,.ro..Tnt.. Iron, lullllln,^' Ins .n- 
 
 gagenifut; sentun™ 1 yfiiVa inii.nsoninnM ^^^ 
 
 St. I .nnls' will nnssi,.^':.n>a,,y ro.1,,-,1^ 1 ■! . 
 
 v,T,li.t for i.laintilts, allnnm,^' ""i/T,,,,' f s 
 l,is.lani;lit,n-'s, .Miss Sn^Mun s, rc-c.U.'c-tioiMil^ Us 
 
 ' |V,.r.li(t allirni.Ml on ai.lH-al, 14 JlMn'li, 1876. ] 
 
 Wlnl.,li"l.il ^h"''lil-{l'-lii'll X")- , , 
 
 ■ V Vainwri.ht for ninr.l.T of Tlarria Lm,., an- 
 
 1 iil.rotlnr Tlionias as a.-rrssnry bHnrr an.l alter 
 
 lu. tnt l>.'for. ,-l,i.r .insti.v < ■"■k .'"". (nnn. 
 
 .lavs I 'nrv s,.,t,-n,v,l to ,l,.,ll, ; 'll. s, .js 
 
 Smitli >•. rni.ni Bank ..f l.on.lon (s,-.. ;),v/(.-) ; y.'r- 
 airtfor.l.'IVn.lants . . .■ ■ ,,,,;',',;^, ^. 
 ,^;i'';itoV.ivy"Unril; v,.-,li,.ttortlnM|lamt,lI 
 
 r.'rsiins nMnrsentin- tin' l«irisli (if FMllo'stonc 1: 
 li^' r .1. Ui.ls.lal.', viear (for ritnalisti,' i.rai- 
 tica.s); vi'mi-'t tor vlaintiffs; tli.^ vi.'ar t- l".,|n^l- 
 iiioiiisli.'il anil I'ay i-osts . . • ^ ' ■ 
 
 T,.iikiiisr lii'V !•'. S. Cook.ai.p.'.iltrointlw.l -.mot 
 u' ■stoth- ,'iivvi"Un,-il,|u,li.Mal.-o,iinntt,.,.; 
 ^;1U tor rlliintill'; (K.^v. V. Conk r.s,,ii,.n^ 
 
 oiliiTs ilirc.'tors, for franil ; lon^' tnii . \.'Mni, 
 A : hmll an.l anotli.-r .-onviet.;.! ..f "^l;;"!^^- 
 ot.aiinn-si.ttlonMMiI of .imita n,n ..n Sto.k Ia- 
 ,l,an a.-.|nitl,'.lof,liar-.'ollran.l . .r'-il'- 
 
 '.',li -inn an.l a .slian. from l-^mmii;. I" .ai.! ; 
 sf , n.'.' .los.^li .\s|.inall an.in.arl.'sknn.'k.r, 
 y1;i;;i,,i,sMn;risoii^,,,ii.. .I;.lm,sau,i,.as Mn, 
 an.l '.Villiani Wliyt.', 2 ni..nllis inii.us.inni.Mit, i 
 
 w''K*''v!m.M'-an.l Kll.a. Sn..', .■.insiiirany t., mnr.l,'r 
 (os|,.|,Ml.ly h,a-s,.lf) ; si.i-nlar ,■.■.«■ : '"••"'^';'-;;;, t]' 
 iniiirisonni.'nt ■ • ,, : .i..,'i,,,. \t p ' 
 
 l!,,l„.rt liin'hanan, tli.' !"-«■ '■■, ' ■. ■''• '■'>,"' \^' •.' 
 i,r.ii.ri.'t.ir..f ;;......i». r, lil'.'l« '" i.ap.as ^y N,.\. 
 
 l;;,,/;\^,.(,,,HH-sai,lt..l.H,yMr.A.Swn,,,,rn.;, 
 
 tli.M-'"): 'lai - '="' • • ■ '■""■'• 
 
 11 JO 
 
 TIMALS. 
 
 .875 
 
 1S77 
 
 Twy.a-oss (ropn'sinlin;,' 
 
 otIi.M- 
 
 I', li.r.in 
 
 Um.klinrst 1 ra^.',.lain..M l.y .'arl II.OawarraM.U.y 
 
 1 is l,r..tll.a-, M^.rti '' ^-,'^^"''; ^^^^ • ''n'.lv' ^ . 
 
 lor.ls.l.'.a.l.'inlavo,ir..flli.iarl . iS.lnv, 187.1 
 
 Il'.iAhiini \hn;l.,: \\n\. fi-li .•..nvl.'t.'.li.l nnir.l.'r 
 ,„i;i violation ..ri-.Hiily Mary llollan.l, apM 1 hH 
 Mar.'li); |,l..a.l.'.lfnil"aaiyin,anilv . fS . nly, „ 
 
 lii,-liar.l Itann.'r tiakl.y, nianap'r.. ( .i-..i..'i,iln.' 
 (•r.'.lit Hank, .unvi.'t.'.l of olitaMiin« in.nii'y liy 
 fils,. i.r.'t.'n..s; nin.'li .ar.lnlity in vn-linis; 5 
 v,.ar.s' l"'nal s.'rvitn.l.' . . • ■ V .f " 
 
 Will r,-i'inN ■ Cliari.^ llowaril (.■mnit v..n II. .waul, 
 ,t,. • s.Mit.ai.r.l I.. ; v.ars' p.aial s.TViln.l.' t..r ..1.- 
 taini'n,' i.so'. tn.iii .lolin llarv.'V, lor a i.r.'t.ai.l.'.l 
 will, (olh.r .as.st . ... • , ,2' '"■'■ " 
 
 K,,„l,.;i,.k ll.airy Van.' ,'. sir I .'nry iall.l. \a,„. 
 (his n.-nh.'W); v,'r.li.'t for ,1,'l.ai.lanl, n.anilan.- 
 in- Lis lallM'r-s l.'nitinnn'y ; .■lian.'ury .livisi.ai 
 
 25 .>o\. ., 
 
 lowisr Ili"^'ins, f..rall.r.'.l .slan.l.'r In Ki..'iTliiis 
 '..onns.'l; v.T.li.t i.ir .l.f.'ii.lant, atllnnin;; |.nv[- 
 l.u.'..r.'..nns,'l . . ,■■,■, ""'■'■■ " 
 
 C...' (Stat;.' niana,.-.!-, llayniark.'t, .lisniiss,.! as a,- 
 ,.„s,-.l ..!■ n.'.ivin'.' ,,ayni.ntslr.ana.'t..rs..n^a;^.;.l) 
 ,• S..tl..Tn an.l liin'kst,.n.' : vi'r.li.-t t..r I'lainlill ; 
 
 ,,:M'i'a^s'!-. w,.iiin.t,.nrn;,i,,n;wiMjiv;;:;; '• 
 
 ■>„ ,.rtri..tli.' l.lainliirs y.innK s.ai s,l asi.l.'; 
 
 li,' t.'slat..r (:....k.'.lia\in;;li.'.a.ini.lrrtln'iin.iu.' 
 
 inlln.n.'.' ..f H.'V. Win. l.yst.n (vlaiutiir n..t 
 
 lilani.'.l) ; 2i .lavs' tri.il . . ■ • , '''■ ' 
 
 I.vnall 'n'oinas ,-. til.' y...aa. (i..|it;..n ..f nul.t ; 
 
 'for |.iit.'nt of fann.m,*:.'.; viMilnt l..r i.laMilil, 
 
 Willi .laina^.'s . ■.•,',. '° ^^'"''']'' 
 
 Cir.il Tiirfh'nnnh: f..r^'.'rv ..I .'la.in.'S lor u\'n>l.. 
 
 &,■ ; ar.t.nl t i..«.or ol.tain.M ; liv.. s.nt.n.v.lt,. 
 
 ,„.nal s.avitn.l.' : H.'nrv li.Mi^nn, 15 y.'ars; Wni. 
 
 ,',n.l Kr,'.l. K.'rr an.l Clias. liat.;. 10 y.'ais; K. - 
 
 win Mnrray. ai-.-.'ssory, .3 iin.ntl.s ,--;.■, .M.n 
 
 Cn'sswell an.l ..tl.i'rs !•. \Valr..n.l -. will ..1 li.'tli.ll 
 
 Wilron.l s,'t asi.l.' l.v arran^'.'ni.'iit (li.' lia.l n.'- 
 
 ,|„',.ath.'.l ills ,.r..i..'rly I.; stranp'rsan.l ,l.r.;s, lai.l 
 
 l„on .■iin'l t.. his .hil.hvn, .l.M'..rat.;.l Ins h.vl 
 
 Willi sk.iUs an.l h.ars.. vlnm-'S f ■>. ■:! ■'"'"■• 
 
 Qn...a, .-. rharl.'s Hra.lian^h an. .\nni.> n.;sant. h.r 
 
 ' ^,,nl.li.'ati..n ..f "rmits ..I lM.ih.s..|.l,y, l.y Ih 
 
 Kn..svll..n, whi.'litli.'V.l.'l.'n.Ual, ou j;r..ini, s ..f 
 
 ,„„„anily, in h.n. s|„v,-li.'S ; v.;r. Ml t „■ l„„.k 
 
 .•al.ailatc.lt.. .h'l.rav.', l.nt 11..I int.ai. .'.I, ib-2t 
 
 Jm..'; s..nt.'n.a.(tlM...i^hth.Mh.|,.n,h,iitsn..lsal.- 
 
 n.iltinn t..th.'."..n'l), 6 "Hi'* inil.n.s..nni.i,t, 
 
 ,«,'. tin.' f..r 1.0th, 28.1.in.'; ai.i..'al, ..n;;i'niia,l 
 
 of li'L-al iiil'.>niiality, .li.sall.iwe.l l.y iHi.'i-n s l..'ii.h 
 
 ^ I'l Nov. 
 
 Xatlianii'l l)rns.-..vit.-li. .l..lin M.'ikl.jokn.an.l Wni. 
 
 l'al.n.'r.i...li..'ii.si...-t...s,ai..l K.lw,.i.l I''"'-'-''. 
 
 ,876 s..li.'il..r. il.ari;."l with .•..nsi.ira.'V I., o.l.at tli.' 
 
 ^ .,,„ls..finsti.'eiiiirsi....tt,.tnrllra.i.ls(s .'wr, 
 
 ,. -.I'Viiril)- .■xaniiiiati.ni l.c-an, la.lnlv; 
 Vn."'i:att '■..niinitt.-.l, 6 Sipt.; .hi.'f ins|..'.-l..r 
 rUrWr arivst.M. S S.-pt.; .8 .lays «aian,ati..n; 
 ,,oi„niill.M, .-. S.-pt ; tiial l..>'an. 24 O.'t.. 1 
 loiivi.'l.'.l .'Nivpt Clark.'; s.'nlun.a', : y.'ais iia- 
 pris..niinnt withhai.l lal...nr . . ■-"■ ■^"^• 
 W n. Swin.lhhuist, s,..-tvta,v. an. Dr. .lohn llax .'r 
 |,„i;;h.v, .li..'.-tor ..r .\rl.sans' l.w.'llmj; ...I- 
 paiiv, an.l l''.'l"ar.l Satl.-ry, .•..i.v,,' ..I ..I .h'tra,..!- 
 ,V.sl.a,vh..l.l.as oral...nt . 4.;u ..'■;" a'.'i:^*- 
 1,.m-.'.l 1.. 18 in..i.ths', Sall.ay '-^ """'»'_\;^|';i;,'| 
 
 TlM^:'u«loi.(ai.'.l >;,)an;i .l..i;n ll.M.l.nn (J^.l U 
 <.onvi.'t.Hl.'fhi;.-liwayr..l.l..rval lila.kl,.a li.,i .'t 
 
 ;.,„,„■ r„s,.; l...nis .V K. St...inl..n. I'.t.i.k .. 
 .stannl.n. his l,...tli.'i . an.l I'.li/.. .\nn. h;s »i ,• 
 an.l h.'rsist.M', .\li.- lilio.l.s, n.is ..ss ..1 l.o. 1, 
 ri.'.ll'..rinnr.l.rl.v>tarvati..ii"t llarin't. w l.-.f 
 I.....is (aw,.nian ..f weak inl,;ll,;.t, n„a.ri.'.l fm' 
 h,.r ,.r..p..,ty, an.l s,....i .l.-s.-r ...1), u, Sept. 
 .oiivi.'t.'.l, -6 S.pC: lvslilt.'.l, 1:1 »■■[. All.. 
 Uh...l.'spar.l..n.'.l;tln..'th.asM-nt.n.-.'4toi..™l 
 
 siMviln.l.' Ii.r lit'.'; .inuonm ..l ■ . !""';; 
 Coot.' (soli.il. .r) ,: K.'ii.aly; lor payin.nts . u' ■ 
 
 ili.'t l..r plaintiir ■ ■ , ,■ ;. .. '••,,■,; 
 
 y'"!,',, ,.,.!,,,; 10,-,.l.-ri,'k l.i!ns,lal...soh,',t..r.Ui«K 
 
 .\tl..'rt (iraiil :m< 
 
 1 i.th.'i's, t.ir.'.'.iv.'r iiM.n.'y par 
 
 f.ir 
 l.v 
 
 shar.'s in l.ishon Iniinvay. 
 
 iinpany, pr..n 
 
 h r.'ii.lant an.l oth.'i's 
 
 liin^' trial ; al.li' si 
 
 >,f(;iai 
 
 ,t : v.i"li.-t. 7" 
 
 .1. ilaiiia!;.- 
 
 .t.'il 
 
 h 
 
 Inlv, 
 
 liuir.'U M....r.', . 
 
 ■l.'ik. 
 
 1.1 ..tli.'i-s 
 
 lor-'.'.l !.•: 
 
 Ill horr.iwi'.l ni..n.' 
 
 v ..n tli.'in (al.ov 
 
 lanv l.'ii.lors .11.1 n.'t api 
 
 ph'a.h'.l f-'iiilly; 
 
 .nt.'ii.' 
 
 Ju.l'jmuiit allliiii.'.l ..napp.'a 
 
 1, 2 Jim.', 1S77.. 
 
 Muur 
 
 ■I'. 7 y^' 
 
 liinis.lal.', p.'n-.l '-.ivilu.l.' f.'r 
 lO, 17 
 
 lllli'lS 
 
 Jan. i5p 
 
 '* U-.i, 
 
 
TRIALS. 
 
 1121 
 
 ,i| i liv iMll I'llilWill-lUll'll'V 
 
 HI- Siickvilli' West ; linusi' i.r 
 iv..llliiMMrl • iS.lnlv, 1676 
 
 1,1 I'isli iMiiivicti'iliir iiiurdi'f 
 ilv Minv II.'II.iihI. ngi'.l 7 (jS 
 iij..inirv iii^Miiily . .!3,liily, „ 
 
 rV, IMlllMIKlT "f I'll-I'l'I'llltiVi' 
 
 fti'il Ml' ..litiiiiiliiK iiiniii'y liy 
 ili'li iiviUility ill vii'liiiis; 3 
 I,. . , . . ii-ia Ann. „ 
 lliiwiinl (cMiint villi lliiwiifil, 
 
 Vi'lIVs' IU'llIll Si'ivitlldi' t'nl-db. 
 
 liiliii Iliiivi'V, l"i-!i I'lvti'ii'lcd 
 
 jit'i't. „ 
 111' r. sir lli'iiry Hnll'li Viiiio 
 lii't liir ili'lVinl:"!'. nuihit.iiu- 
 linuiiv ; cliaiii'i'Vy ilivisimi 
 
 23 N"V. ., 
 .■illi'S-'i'il sliimli'V ill Kl'i'i'i'li !i« 
 ir ili-ri'iiil:iiil, iilliniiiiiK I'livi- 
 
 4 111'"'- .. 
 IlMviiiiivuVt, liisiiilsscil in III'- 
 I'liviiii'iil.slniinai'ti'rsi'ii^iiL'i'il) 
 I'ksliiiii'; vi'i-'lii't fiM'iil.iiiiliir; 
 
 1.1 '"'■'■' ,, 
 i'lliiiL.'t"ii rnnli'ii ; will ^'iviuj; 
 liiililfs vimii.i.' son si'l iisiili' ; 
 ' liiniiii: lii'i'ii uiiili'i'llii' iiiiiliii' 
 'will. I.v.sti'i (I'hiiiitiir ii"t 
 trial . . ■ • '■''•I' iS;; 
 I,' Qiii'i'ii (iii'litiiin iif i'i:;lit); 
 mil, A:i'.; vi'iiliit I'm- iiliiiiitilf, 
 
 10 Maii'li, ,, 
 
 Inljii'lV 111 I'lli i|lli'S fill' lo.'ino'., 
 
 '. i.litiiiiii'il ; >''•''■ si'iiti'iii'i'il til 
 ii'iHV lli'ii^iiii. i.i yi'.irs', Will. 
 Ill Clias. liati', 10 yi'.'irs ; K.l- 
 
 Mil-V, iSlUllIltllS IJ -.'! AinH, ,, 
 
 « ]■: Wiilroiiil ; will 111' lli'tli.ll 
 ' liv iinaii^;i'iiii'iit (ln' liail ln'- 
 'I'ty to stiaii^i'i''^ aiiil ilnirs, liml 
 riiililrrii, (Ici'iii'ateil liis Iii'il 
 arsi'Vliiiiii'-'*. '^''^ I-, .lull''. .. 
 iill:nis;li anil Annie Di'Mant, tin- 
 ■'riiits ot' I'liiliisiM'liy," liy Dr. 
 tlii'V ili'li'iiili'il. I'll };iiiuii.ls iif 
 
 .; sl'l'i'i'lll'S ; Vl'l'llilt, till' lillI'lC 
 
 MM', lau mil iiiti'iiili'il. iS 21 
 hniiitilitlii'ili'lVniliiiits nnl sul- 
 irt), 6 iiniiilli^' iiniiiiMiiiiiiiiit, 
 li, 28.111111'; miln'al, .111 Hioiiii'l 
 V, ilisiillowi'cl liy iinci'ii's lii-mli 
 
 iftNiiv. „ 
 lili,.lnliii Mi'iUl''.ii'liii."n'l\Viii. 
 ,|.ii'tiii>i,anil Kilwalil I'm.'-'iU, 
 
 Willi iiinsi'iiai-y li.uili'al tin' 
 
 ivsi till tnirii'auil.s(si'i'.'':'i'i', 
 
 '\aiiiiiialiiiii li("-aii, 12 .Inly; 
 t.'il, 6 :<i'i.t.; I'liii'f iiis|ii"'Mr 
 S Si'lil', ■-•8 iliiys'exaiiiiiKiliiiii; 
 'lit ; trial l"'^'an, 24 "I'l- :.iill 
 
 I'lai'ki' ; si'iili'iii'i', 2 vi'ais' iiii- 
 haiil lulinuv • • 2'iN"V. „ 
 
 si'i-ri'laiv. aiiil Dr. .Inliii Haxt.T 
 1' III' Art'isaiin' liwi'lliii^' rmii- 
 il SaHi'ly, I'lilivii'liil iilili'l'lalnl- 
 
 lit iilmut 24. :u:!''; I'lliii IS sen- 
 itlis' Salli'i'V 12 iiiiiiiHis' iiHini- 
 
 2!- .iriOi't. „ 
 
 i'j)allil .Iiilili DiMilialii (a.'i'il iS) 
 vayriililiii'v.it Ulai-klnatli 2)tli't. „ 
 s \ 1'.. staiinliiii. I'atiirk I.. 
 illliT. aii.l i:ii/' Ann, liis vvili', 
 lii'i- Ulniili'-i, inistivss nl' l.mii.s : 
 liy slarvatii'ii "I' Hariii't. wifinf 
 
 .it wt'ak iiili'lli'i't, iiianii'il fur 
 
 |\ siinll lli'M'lll'il). 10 f^i'pl. : all 
 
 •|i|.; ivsiiit.il. >;( lii't; •^lii'i; 
 
 1 ; 11 ilii'is si'iitini'i'ilt'ilii'iial 
 
 ; aniiiiiiiiii'l ■ ■ i'i"i:t' " 
 Keiii'alv ; f"i- liayimnts ; voi-- 
 
 14 Niiv. ,. 
 ili'i'icicl'ims.lali', si'li.'itiii'.Cliii.s. 
 liik, ami iillii'i's; liT-ri'l I'-asi-*. 
 incvmi llii'iii (ali'iv.- scki.iv)../,); 
 
 il lint aiii.'ar; pi li'il J-'HiltV : 
 
 lal.', I'l'i.al -I'lvilmli' liir lifi' ; , 
 iitlii'iilivs . lO, .7Jiili' iS,J 
 
 iiilaiiii' It'ii'lii'l (l.cvN' 
 
 1' l."\i'rHiiii), .•i.iivii'1,.,1 
 
 TEIAL.S. 
 
 iif inl«i|.'nii.ini.iii'; .ililaii„'il ,„„i„.v ,„„| j,,,,,,,^ 
 from Mi's, 1','ai'i',', lur " ln'Miitil'vins.' ;" 3 v.'ii's' 
 p.'nal sin'viliiil,' . . ' ,„ ," ■.'"■: 
 
 Eiip'iii' Mni'ii. t'lianti-Hli'. fiiiiiliniaii iivii'i,.,i „i' 
 
 inni'iln' "I wiCe, at I'Mlnlinr^l, ; „„„.|, ,.,,„, „,. 
 ili^i'li'ii'il ,„ M 1; 
 
 Will .'as.', Itiililin: ('linstii|,l„'r N.'vill,' |i', „,,' 
 ina.li' a r-ntiiiii' in Australia; iiia.li' will, ilHi,,: 
 
 lllTltlllf,' Ins S IS illi'-itiliMt,'; llii'il ., .\|.,v 
 
 1877; trial 2, ila.vs; paiiilnl ilis,'|,,siii'.'s ■' tin'' 
 will set asiili'Oi,' („■/,„,., ,87„) , jo'M'iv 
 
 amnu'din iv Vi.'t.in,, <:,'avl„;.- D.i.'k C.in,,,,, ,' '• 1 
 
 lii'i'li'" I, ri'iniiiiili'i' 111' r..i,iii,issi.iii I'm' III,,.,,,,; 
 
 iin; an .mliT rinm iji',.,it K,,,,,,,,, ,.„ilu-.iv , 
 
 ' "''■"111 1. .1' hi:!,;.;,, 1'.. •'"'''' '''"'^ ■"-;•'";' 
 
 '^ iw;iiisijir.i.a,iii,i.,),v,'i..ii,.,„.„i„„\vy,„;,„Vi;,;;;; 
 
 I'lik.'.ir Xiii'i',,!!;' ,. v'llii tin, .' 1 ■'• ' 1" 'Miril, 
 
 ;:i:2t;i'':'!:,;;::-'''-";:vv:'»;c^ii^ 
 
 Wl 
 
 Har 
 
 |i;iiiy : niiiisiiiri'.i ; siii'l 
 illi'fil liv iin.'i'n's lii'iii'li 
 .I,is 'I' N'lirlli.'Mii. (i.',,, n 
 
 issimis il.'.'laiv.l 
 
 4 '''nil', 
 
 ipsDii, Tli.H. (i. \v,„„| 
 
 (i.f 111.' Aiiiiiin i,ii,. 1,,.,,,,;, •„„„„„„.,;"*;:;: 
 
 t.Mi.".|t.i,v,.ir. pi'ii, ivit,i,lMr„,,.,„„|,j,,, 
 
 aii.l .lilt iiiiiii,- 111. iii.'v .111 tals.. |.r.t.'ii.'..s- s„i,„'; 
 
 .lnial.'ss,.|,i„,|,.,.| t,,l„.siiii,,n, n.'nt 's.ln,,,. 
 
 Hiarli's Marvin, ('.ijiyiii-.i'li'rk .if I'.n-i'i,.,, „||| ' " 
 
 aiiiiii.'.l till- I'll, lyiit' an Aii-lii.|i:issi,iii a.,'i'i','i,'i,.i,t 
 pulihsln'il 111 i;:;i,i: ,4,111,1,', jj.j,,-,,,.. ,ii„.|„„..,.',j 
 
 Tayl.ir r. (Iwvn ; .'lain, l'„' ,!i.,.„iv ustajVls^;: " 
 Ji'iniy nmi'ili'is liy Unsl,, ■/■,.,•„;., ,, >. ./. " 
 ik'nii'd: trial s,'tasi,l.,,vstat,i|.. lit lil,"?!,;,,'!,';,','^'' 
 
 '" I'' -.V^-'ir Kills; tin' li,isl,„„l', ,,, s.' li.'.i'III;; " 
 
 iiiarmp' that Ins .'hil.livi, sl,.,n|,: 1,.. l„'„ii..|it 1111 
 Kniiiaiusts, pi.,„,ii|,.il I,, 1,^, willi.li'awn ln".-l,aii- 
 
 Tlli'liiiaril'iir Wiii'ks'r. r.'v. F.',;. i,;.,,,,,,'' v,, s,t'',"; " 
 
 l-i"i''|''li : ipi -s iii'ii.'li .livisi.,1, ,ii.,'i,|,. ,i|,., ,1,,: 
 
 iiii'Minlii'iit „l' a I'lnii'ili is „„, 1,^ „„.|„,,, ;„ ,, 
 tlim'fiii'i' nut I'l's isilili' lur k."|,ii,:; it in ,„,,,,",,; 
 
 ,\iiiiic I,.ini.s.'i ki.ly (liiiii'li (with .Villi w.ilkn'i' '■ sh'; " 
 ti'ii'.l t.i |iass ,1 1'liilil ,i,s hiT iiwii ;|||,| II,,,. i|i,s|,.,|,,'i's 
 I"""'''! ''"I' ti'i''il .^o Xnv., ;ii,l','|ii,..i|, i,',i.,iv,i; 
 
 I'aiil anil iillii'i's .'. SiiniiiiiTlnvi's ■ iiii|i,'.|i • ,s,!i',ti'n'r,'. " 
 ii-ainst plaintill's alllnn.'.l ■(I'.ixliiint.'i'.s' imv „„, 
 ti'i'spass), iin.'.'ii's lii'iiili . , kVi'v 
 
 Qiii'Vii ,'. Haiiilniinn (('..r ,iss.,ii;f .,„ \|,.s 'h,,,,;!,../ " 
 lliit ^'iiillv ... in 2 ) \ v 
 
 ll"iii'y Sliii't M ii'shall, asst. s,.,'. nfn'ii'at.'s' an-nil'',,: " 
 tatiiintnii.|,,'iii,vi,'t.'il i,l',.i„l„',,^|ii,j,„,„„„ 77,^j;. 
 
 I'lilltrsst'il , . . • 1 ( ),.f 
 
 ffliistli'i' ;•. Finskin, fm' HIh'II.., is .riiinisi 1 'in •• /.■„,.■. " 
 r7"i','./,','r.,"iini. rii'tliiiis;.lai,i,',','s . .:; ^fl N.iv^ 
 
 llillai,.|.ith,'i'.s,'.iiiaiiaL."'is.il'M.|n,| iui'.Vmi'iiih.; " 
 
 Ulstn.l 11 (.la,vs).v.'l'.lii-t,thit Hauipsti'a.l .iiiill. 
 l..,x hiis|iit.al w,is a iinisain-i' (vi'iiiii-t ainniii'.l m, 
 ■ilipi'al, 28 .Ian. ,P.yc)) ... ,j j;„J' 
 
 .Mr. Wylirnw Ui,l,i.i|si,n (iiian.i^ji'i' „f WrstmiMst,','' " 
 .Vianiiiin) r. I.alioii.'h.'ii', tnr lili.'l in '/',•„//, 
 27N,iv..v,'rili,'tf,i,',l,'f,.nilaiit , . ,,„,.,.; 
 
 .MiMi' am 111 ii.i's;,'i,i,rt , If s,'ssi,,ii,,i,'|.j,i,.,, ,],„(, ,.„^. ' 
 
 tiTs »■ 1.1 havi' iiivi'sti'.l in tl Citv ,,f (ilasL'iiw 
 
 l.,llk,al'i'l','s|„,i,sil,Ii'fallli'i„.'.l,,„,,,|',|„.,,| ,„,„':„,,. 
 "fl.iiils, 7 April, ,S7,,| . . ,,, I,,.,. 
 
 M.|.|,.'M(i,n,ilinll f,„iii,i,il,.,.,,|' M,. ,\,.,|„|,.~,;j||„„: " 
 ('ill 5 I'l'i'- whi'ii .l.'f.'ii.liiif.' a-ri.'iil,,ii',,I ma- 
 I'liiiiiM'.vl.at \Vi',li„.sli.irniij;li, ii'ai'San.hvi.'li. K.'i,, 
 .'.lavi.'ti'.l . . , , I ' o 
 
 I"*, fir,,, fiw'i'i.'s, K.'itii. „i„i „„•,,, ,':„;;;;;!;| ■-7!> 
 
 si'iiti'ii.'i',l In vannns 1,'iiiis ,,f iinpi'isiinini'nt, 
 
 Citynr0Pis;;nw Hank ilir.'.'t.irs „i„l uun^^!-!^,:;^:. " 
 iiii.lcr ft. «/,'S 1,1,1, '1 I'.iiivii't.'.l . ->o.liii., l-'.'i,' 
 
 Clnrl,'s P.'a.',. (.„' .l„l,ii War.l). , ,-,„i,;,.,i „„„; " 
 
 Imi'^'larius 111 skilful iiiann.'i' vii-t.-.l .,f .t' 
 
 ImiitinKlif.'.ifi, ,.,„„„, ,, X.,v.; ,.innii't,-il',if 
 
 nmr..',' .If Aillinr Dys.in, at liani„',.,.,'„ss n ', r 
 Mli'llli'l.l, 21 .V.nv. 1876 . . |.',.,' 
 
 .Il'.',iiiiii|,.'.l fniin a iii.iviii« railwav train n.'ar Slu'f: " 
 fi.'likan.l was nearly killi'il, 22 .Ian • ....nf.'ss.'.l m 
 nmnliirs, A,'. ; ,'„„„.ral,',l William ' ililirnn; «ii. 
 vii'tiM as ail a,'.',ini,,Ii,.„ in a miii-.l.'r (lli.'r.'fnn' 
 rcli'isi'il, ,R M.ii'.'li): ,.v,'i-,it,',l at [ |s -- y,.], ' 
 
 Ui.'liiliiis,'. Uisliii,, ,if,Kr„r,l(f,„.i„,| pni;,''.,',iti;,'. " 
 «. r, T, CirtiT i.r Ol.'wer fm- ritnalistii- pr",.': 
 tii'-s, ipiiii'iis bi'n.'li, (vi'i'ili.-r f,„' ,,i,„i„iii .s.'t 
 ' o.iiiappoal, jo.M.'iy, Mr. Caller resiKH.'.l 24 
 
 o . i.n . II, ,, 
 
 I plaililllf, i'i.i„,i,,,ii |,|,.,,s 
 
 „.„„i)';;:i'1 •"'"■'"iii.inapp .7.1,11;,., , bk?,, f'*'' 
 
 i li.': 1.'. I. ■•"• "l''l"'''' "■ trial nr.i.'r,. 1 ", ,„^ 
 
 '••'u;:li,;:ni;r;;';^;iii:;;.^^';t, -lewin ;:; 
 
 '"•^:i"'i'..rrii:''z-,,--,;:'::i;:.;i::.';VH^ 
 
 Piiwertiiliiirrmvi, ' '"'"'"' H""! 1" nil havu 
 
 '':ni';:;'i'v''7'^'r^''''''''">'''n.ini:i,ni.i.,;[,:!:;;ii 
 
 I'm, t, si , , , '■ '7'V2; 'il'i'i' H vears 
 
 isn';:!!,',;?;;;::::;::',, ':;;,„::i^'-:;:;; "■^iiim-y, 
 
 pi' rty, after ,, tr il i v . ;,,' " '', ; '1?''''r'' 
 
 ^^"i;!i;y'r..;:::m:;!ii;; "--'•--■ "■■H 
 
 "■:'""■■"■' ■•'■I. KatlL'r WVbste'r .-.inn?.,' .;i";;i' 
 
 ;i-i;'i'iiiMrs..,niiaM.irti,,, rl,,;;,,,;;-.'-;,;;! 
 
 Kill 1 (ialle'v ,'„nvi,.t'",l „'r „iur.l,'i' i,'*''"'-*'' 
 
 ;-Mr.,,,s,,,.^^^^ 
 
 .';^''Ma;^i;ia'Ma:!tr;^.(lii;;-r'-'''^.-''"'Sr 
 
 ' '!;;;''''''|'''|-iii'i'i'iii-.^Maiii.iaMa''k.'r, ,.,.;;,• 'V 
 
 ■;)'"" ;:> ■V'"-' ■ "■■■'■I- Innn.l il, a ,'.,,,1 ,.,, ar' 
 
 •Nil. 4. I'.iist.iii-s.|ii,,i'... iiaiiiial l.l.su ,. I, i,? 
 
 ui'ri;^;:r:,ti;:;:k;:;'l:':?';::;^,!::;!',;:r;:'rf''i'i' : 
 ''-ii'i.ii...'i.; wiin. aft.:;, ii;;::^ 1 J' n :, ;;;:"i^;; 
 
 il,el,was,.,iiisi..|,„|„r |„.,|„,^. ' 
 
 (Mewasa«ar,i...ll,y. i„ ..;.: .Uu, :x,:. JiL ' 
 
 lillel) . 
 
 .'7 .'an. iSSi 
 
 M.;ili;ti;:;;^:;i,i;:;-;;:i:,j[;;i,V;:;.-;,:H'.^^ 
 .v;:;r;1i,;J,c:\!;;•iit^-^ll.M.;.,-;^^• 
 
 ■Mrs. W.'st, ill v',„,„ -i-,!!,- ,'„iivie t," f 8 
 
 niniitl.s iiiipns.,i,i„„„ .,,-,. ,'i,'t 
 
 /,',.,i,,,,.,',;,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,(,,,,,,j3l,.|^,.,,l,^>-7 I ,. 
 
 an (, iil„.,'ii„. l.irns |.„„vi,'te,l „r inaiislaiej,,,' ' 
 
 otZl U'V '"•''''"""■'"^ '"l''""^ "ill' Pii'iMiiinis 
 
 I'l;. AHinn'Vl. \owefl ,: ('leiir;;' WiiliamJ^M'i'l';'' ''" 
 ,11^' 11111 111 ,1 liiiiatie asvliuii), v,'i'.'i ', !i,i' t|, , ,i , 
 
 ,,':;',"'^"'*'' lii':iiinei,,','iis,ir,'.ll,v.. ly, V . 
 
 riHlMps, s,ir,m.„„. ,'. s, W, lailwa-. ■ ... ■.',;,'• " 
 iiipiry, a«-.,r.l.',l ^,^,,, i,y j„„i,.,, ^;„■|,^ .' '„ .' ; 
 
 I'l 1 . ,iw„|.,i..,i ,,,,,,„,. ,,,. ,„,,, ,.,, i„ „;,; ^!;;|*^ 
 
 iiil,". .■.iniinnii ph'.is, iii'w trial r,t'iis,.,| r, |i,',. 
 
 !sTi;' ^l','''"r'.""' ';"''l""'"i"'i "f l!n--liliin. wm .s,.i " 
 'isiile, lir,t;Iit,iii l.is.'s a fi'.'.. lilirary li,',iu,atl,.'.l, 
 
 llilliar.1 ,'. Unse ,t T.i.M, will allirmo.l, sinaiikir,-'!'.';''; " 
 
 K-iwaril Friiej-att fs,',. al,„ve, 20 X,.v. ,377> 'Irn- " 
 ten,'e,l 1.1 7y,.ai's- pi'nal .servitn.l,. I'.,r framl'iik'nt 
 iinivi'i'si.iii 111 trust |.ri,p,,'ty(3,x,.,'.) . ,711,.,.' , 
 
 .liiiiies l,.w,s Paiii,' „i„l i.';,|,„y .M,„ii„.ws, I'l,,' |.„ir. 
 ileriit Miss Annie Ma,l,'aii, a^-eil ;4, ilan-hPr ,if 
 ■'111. Maeh'aii, r.lk.a il..f.,niii.il knlv nf pr,,ii,'i|y 
 liy starving ,nli,iiiiis(,.rii,;; spirits, ami ilLiis,-,.' 
 
 e.illiniltle.l ,5 111','.: |.'„„„y .M„t,l„.ws a.a|,iiIU',i 
 
 ir,^ I'eli,, Pan,,' s.'iiteii 1 |., p,,„„i servitn.l,' f„r 
 
 Railway eniiiiiussi,>iu'rs, 'powers limited (s,'e ' /,',','i';l '^^° 
 
 ii-'iih, iSSo) M ( ,11 
 
 Martin 1: Ma.'knii.ielii,., n,'vv a,'ti.iii f.ir ,lei'iriv,''ion' " 
 
 Inst m.iv,.|iiei,t, s.'e /■„/,/;,. ir,,,..;,;,, . .,.,„'• 
 
 Alexamler ^S,'ll„.s,ser atteiiip|,',| t., kill ]iri,'sl« in tlu, 
 
 It'iliaii ehapel. iratt..ii-;;aril.'n, 10 ,Tan., tri.'.l. s.'ii- 
 
 l,'ii,'e.l to imprisniii,i,',it for li|',j . ,0, ,, F,'l) 
 
 Win. U.'nry Walt.'r. f.iri;,.r liy ,'li,.|i,i,'als, i,'. sl'iil " 
 
 leneed t„ ;,> years' i,.ii„l seivilml.' . 21 Mar.'h 
 llr. Laol. Charles Whiteliiord sentenced to i " 
 months iniprisiinment .iml tine „f ^o!. for lor.-inir 
 letter to stop exeeutioii of Charles Shui-Hty, ° 
 
 Gr.'at W'l'st of Kiiglaiid liank d!ie('t,ir«\,ier.'i'iiic " 
 
 ■i (■ 
 
TlllAtiS. 
 
 IXi'l 
 
 TKIAI.S. 
 
 
 'w^^iniRu 
 
 &ll]:i. 
 
 it^Hr'l^^V 
 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 M« 
 
 {( (ii 
 
 '\ ' 
 
 
 
 Mu,.l,,.n.l...h.;i>),l^^Ti^^ .l'l';;i'";'"M;.y; .880 
 
 «n,hl.Ml I , Jan., s.M.fi Mltlnnnl . 34. =5 ••<"'<;. ■> 
 
 rial.tiv... .i:r,-,, < Ivl" N'»'" ; • 
 
 .■.mi.taiil, an.l Inur .lin;, t,.i> «.'«l-t|..'.l " "• 
 noniiient Inr in;.kii.H mimI .uvulatiiii.' Ial».' an .m t«, 
 
 rifniniiir l."nis,i lii>;lr. niii.-.o at (lin'.s li..»l.ilal, 
 , ,, V ..l,..! of ,n:n„l.,>,Kl.t,T (»1,. im.tm, l.;.M,»a 
 
 Mnri;Mn,.MMtHMt. int" : ■! Iv.tl. ■•imI l.au « 
 
 her), 1 r""'i'li^' ""I'''"""""'"' .' ■ ' ''0'"' " 
 
 "s it ,M : 1 was . :,.n,,;;c-, anaatt>.>Ml.lM|« t..tlm.w 
 
 vears' iM'iial scrvit'i.l'' . • •, '\^"''^; " 
 
 Tlo rsWh.W,., r.., ,u,„.lnnf K,hvar.l Al.Htn.al 
 M«rHliair« Wick fani.. ...v.r M. .\n.an».^a^ AiiK- 
 
 S™nl''\Vi". ■M.n>l,.u:u; (Uy rnjit-.uailial): 'tj.r 
 
 „„.Hi,„> at WM„l.l...lo„, ,37i. . W; .8.-. ;';•■ 
 
 .iiiittcl ■ ■ M A'li;. I'' ^" I'l. 1. 
 
 G. w 1 .v.v;o,,virt.^Mutn,m.l..n.rA.[aSI,.|.la.,.l, 
 
 v^IImI „t- nmnlc- >,f Jan,- M.-.«.,.«.T ... i .nsla.ry 
 
 Sll'"!''* I'alla.i.'M.p'., ,oiiv..'t,'.| ol'liLci aga.i.st' M.-! " 
 
 l),l«.|,lia.M .V 1Y.-I....l,v '-. Mellon, apia-al, 1.0...... nf 
 
 lur » .l.'ci.iclliat a l.n.Hhaii.l U i.o iv.siionsil.le 
 lov wilVs .l.0,t» if 1..' allow l.w ,„,mc..Mit^iii™ns, 
 
 Nov. ;7^r,,., v,.,-.l..t .■.>;a,„st ,„n,i.a.,v, ..stal, .«1.- 
 inL- nioiioi.olv lionnl.t I'V (Jov.aiiiiifiit 20 Dec. „ 
 T, i 'la,l,.s St,^wa,-t- ra....'ll. Tl.o...as Sexto,, 
 
 T„oll,V l.a.ia'l SulHv .lol„, IMllo,,, Jos,'!.!, 
 
 Oil lis liwa.', ..II M.l-.sTl.o.aa.s U,c,i,a,i I'at- 
 
 ml..,'. .„ assist, senvta.v otll.e l.-..,.l l.'avi...^, 
 M^:VlV",o,,.l'a.,i.k.los,.|;l,.lo.-.l.ai, Matthew 
 „Tis .loi,„ W. Mally. .lohi, \N. Walsh, a„. 
 • ,J. s ,. n.lai,, ...ai^f.i toi- „,.,,ary t.i l;,vv,.,il 
 
 lor.l .-liiW lastice May .■.■l..vs, as liaMiK l>f.Mi 
 allciiiMl to liaw u'iv.Mi a.i opnuo,, on he .■iisi, 
 
 ,,'.^io„slv; tnaM».K'a,i .i I ■ ■^-' -'"^^ .'',';• .», 
 
 nmvcint; ".■,rais.-l,a,«.',l . . • ■fi-hm.i&.t 
 
 Jol's .....1 ..tl,.-.s ,l.-.,st,.,.s) r. ,vy. • ■; .» ;":"J' 
 Staiina,-.!, no,nonlo,-inist ,ni,i,st.-,-, „al otla' s. to 
 aisn.isslo.o fo, .lo.,,,,,.. .■o,,t,a,;yto ,a,st|l..., ; 
 Vfiilirl for phMntitts. rhan.'.-iv .1, vision i 1 . li, „ 
 
 Mii,-V Anni.' Wilmol, mils.', atlmii.t to poison Mi-.s. 
 Boo 1 (wliov son ami .lai.^-ht.i- l.a.l ilie.l ,i,nl.a- 
 
 cKitlnl .i.-.' St vs), at Sli,.tlu.l,l, .stron, 
 
 case, a.vi.iitti'.l •,•,,• ' - „• ',,,„'• " 
 
 H«i„l,stea.l smallpox hospital ■■.as. s ■,■ , v, 
 
 ,878-9). .'.. "I'l"'^'l- '" '"■ '"■"■"■ "' ''"'%';. 
 
 ' '.1:11,1 by ^,nK..«i.si. ...... ^^.^;■•'^|■■'^' ';;'••;-'':• 
 
 towir, Alhcit K.hvin TolhMiia.he In a .^v.t.'li iii,.,-, 
 aL',-, "l.i.'l. i^ .h-laiv.1 not p.ov,sl. hoi.s,. ol 
 UlstpaintMl.h'tails) . ■ 7 Ma,vh, „ 
 
 Ch.ikr .. li,a.lla„Kl.. -^'.it fo.- p.Mialty o s-mI. |oi 
 stt iiL- ami votinn as M.I', without tak.nn the 
 ^,ath^a^.l.,Iv V'B8u;v,•,■,lh•tlo,■,llai>,till;ap- 
 Kawa,.l I.ovi l.awsoi, ,-. l,alK,m.h,.iv, M. . lor 1,1m Is 
 ill WW/, H'xrn .lavs' tr,al, ,|>„y cl,san w, 1 o 
 It . , 28 .Mari'l,, ,, 
 
 .s,,m" ;,',;,.-( ra'.-,«;.sa„' Wills KU;t.-h..r (wif. of a 
 'spi,it„ali.s1,lo,-toii„A,„.'>i.a,«l,owas,oim,T„..l 
 
 i , ,1,, ,.,.,s,.), convht...! of ."'"'V,"""^' ''-^'^ 7,'; ."• 
 t,.„,-rs ahont ,o,«»./. (.1. .l.'W,-lh-,y. A-. .). ot M,s. 
 ll„,t-l>avi,.s, loot; t,ial,twi'lv,. ,m.i,tl,» nnpiasou- 
 i„,.|,t with lia,M laoonr . • • [2 Apial, „ 
 
 Joha,i„ .Most, ,o„vi.-t.-.l of- lilifl a>,'a,i,st Ah.sai,a.T_^ 
 
 ~^v;^i'J77inrai.'<i iHv<-iS'>n.,h,o, ^^ J.ii.v; "■■■""•>''«'! 
 
 ■ii.i,r,ls ,-.~-i.i Nov. ; new t,-,al K,ai,lc.l, >, j \>w. i88i , 
 , , ,;i ,:„,.;i' hy h-.Js .lusfi,a..s, 22-^24 lol..; s,-.te.,ce 
 ,.,',),l„,ni..l, _i<, March ,38.; SLi,tn,co ivvcse.l hy the 
 lorils, 9 Apiil, i88j. 
 
 ; II. Of it"»sia, anil itmii.;...ei,t '"';""'>'•;,,.;,''!';,;: 
 
 I hr.ilinl lor >.( Mi.vh, 25 Ma,\ , m 1 I' ." ■ 
 ,in,w.l,a, appeal l3J,,i,.S.6.......ll.Hl..l;.;,^^ 
 
 1 «,aiim.|il with hani lahoni- . • '■) ™ • ' '- 
 
 Xai„„lei-s i: llieha,-.lso„. ^ ,(„.ln.;.< '1 '. I'''' ' "' I'. ■ 
 .' Ve,,ts,,,nst either pay lMa,il school ■■.■slocM^^^^ 
 
 iK.hiirhan.l or ..pp.y h'.' 1"''"|","V, .'' ', " 
 
 «itiaa,t fe,. conshlelol lion-attemlance .7 ,l„ie, . 
 l,n, o.liM, lia-Tow ,•. ■■Morning IWt, h;. a;.;.. 
 s,„i„„ of .lo,'lo,i„K the l..'l■«'^Ve,■,hc,|o,^ plane 
 
 ;,,;!;"i,;.r';;^'i:Jt^^h;i;...k-(n.rM,.a,;)^^'si-;Kr; '■ 
 
 iVck,.|t, 27 .l„i,e, v.a.liet for |,lail,l,tl, -,.-/. ja- 
 
 IVn'f l.et,'oV a/ios'Mapleton .onlnjitte.! lia'lriiii " 
 1 ,„ ,,,'ha- of Mr. Kk. 1. liohl .a, la' l-omha, ;,.,.l 
 lliiihton railway (27 .l.....'), 2. .Inly ; convM'le.l, . 
 N„v.; confesseil; .■xi'ia.te.l . • • (l> ^';\ o 
 
 \.lti,„illill Hn; WiUia.n Nash an. Maria \\ luM. 
 
 • f;;r,;n,-,h'rofKli/»l..'tl..la.,.;.l...k..,.. olai^s .> 
 lire, 10 May; he sentcnisl to iliMtli ..ep.u^v.-.l , 
 
 ,, :!";," UMi,l"''ney,;ohls: n,lve..t„V.'f, 'wit'h'.naln ' 
 ' , ises eonviete.lof>vii,a,k.,hh'f.a„.ls..o„nee,e, 
 with tl... silver mine company, two yars |^|,-:,1 
 
 HauV Wilh-a-lo^ee, an aJlvent'on'ss ';";'|i;;";l "I 
 LT..SS perjmy in acuon ai;a„,st Ml, 111, lip, a 1 •■ 
 months' i'Ciul ser\ it, a'.,' . ■ • ^^ '" ' • 
 
 Kte liver, ha„„„.lerof ('has. Skinner, ai is , 
 
 at ShellhO.I, .■onvicf.i of ma..»l.."Kl. ■ : • 7 "■ .•■ 
 Dr (1 11 lJi...sca,, hir mio'.ler «\ I'eiej M .loln, 
 ' (see \l')mlM,,,y. eonviete.l, 8--4 Mari'l, ;^^s.'j ^ 
 
 H.i.h'ri.'k'Ma.'l,a.,,'f.ashooti,,«at the one,.,,, ae- ' 
 
 Ksther I'ay, ha' „„„'.h-, of (leoipana M"">.' ,-- 
 J'fa,(i.c), aeipiitte.l . •. •. '1'",'"^ , '' ' ' 
 
 AllK.,.t Vounn. r.a- tl„.'..te„,.,K to »l,.M,t at tia 
 iimaM,, ioV,'ars'i»'„alseiv,tmlu ; 26 .M,,>, . 
 
 >1, ' •hoi„.,s's,-r„tto,. ,'. Mis» 1 .' en 1 aylor, a hi., 1 
 eoi.cernintJSt.l'a.irn indnstnal si'lniol ; '^^<^^- 
 
 Sir"H!'ni'v Tv'ler, M.l'.,' .'. Wi... .i.i». Hai.i.sey, t.e^.. 
 W, I 'oof.'., a.i.l K'lw.l. NV.... Whittle, a soil,,,. 
 U,..„llauiil,, lor l.lasphenici.s lil"'l ... H"' ';';• 
 "' "b'!^"'.l ...ayor, 1. Jnly), eommittcl l,n ln,a, 
 
 Nu-t „f Kiu hmml. J, v.. Hogi'ts, A Mi^K,.,./.!,, .1. 
 H. Shakspi'ar, ami W. Kvans .se„t,.nc,..l I., aa- 
 prison, nunt • • '.,',' r,."' '."I'l 
 
 Thomas Walsh, to.' ti'.'.is".. "''""J' ("■'■ '""'":'' 
 vea,s' penal si.rvitmh' •, ■ •, ,' , ^'i ',";.' 
 
 J,,lVsa.;,,.h'.s,iles,,e,.ater,,th»,,,c.,ana,-.^ . 1; 
 Hla,'V ami ..tteiapl to iiinnler at Stamloi.l- 1 I , 
 peiiiil si'i'vitiiile for lile . • • 'v '". 
 
 01 a, les Sontar, for steali„t! the b.aly "I the e, ,.1 
 ('"awfonl ; K.linlan'gh ; 5 5'™'« pei.al ^''.yl..'!.'. 
 
 2.i, 24<ll-|. „ 
 
 Wi„. M.'aKcr liarth-t, a manap',' "•' "''"'■;: ''"i'- 
 v!eU..l ..r ...v..'.ler "I- ilUril.„,at,. el„M, I-.m.|,i, 
 
 Charles Itrookshaw, for threaU'ninn t.' k.H H';' 
 prima, of Wales, 10 year.s' penal '"■r;^^^' 
 
 foi'iierv of sik'imtnre ot Urban Naiaih M.aiMi. 
 
 l„'ke,'; wh,. hail ,li«ai,peu,-c,l i .0 y,'a,s' ,...,,al 
 
 ,.^;;;i:;::/^/»n^'.',-.-.i-.---i'^:>^:;j'-;''^viv'^ 
 
 ,,f .inisonim; .Marv Am, lie^illis, ap..l bi, ,5 li". .. 
 M iw le.^.. e:.n„„a.al.'r of HMS. ('/,/.(.;. » 
 AlH..''l''.". .se.,tV..c,'.l by court-niartial to ,hs,ii,ss,.l 
 
 KiXi^:;u:!rs.e,t;s,:uipto,-),'...^h.uhVi.-. ■■ 
 
 (sculpto,-), for libel in roiii/;/ hm; 20 Ang. ,.. . 
 
 S sT- (cl.arges of fm„.l,ilei,t nnpostme, *.<.! 
 Lf re li. ,1.1, UiahUeston, Kx,l,.-,,ner ,I,v,m. m 
 ' J,ii,ee«.s»y.,.4N..v. .'(«'y ve,d,e.l,, .1 
 
 day for pla.ntill, .lam.iKe.s 5ooo(. .■,.',,. 
 finoilaei-e '• Watsoi,, to la.straiu •lepositaai al V- 
 le iVial n^los, bnihling K."....'!, asa ..a.s.. '" 
 
 at Knn,«.,. ; i.,j....etio„ g,a„te,l »"" J'^!;!,-; ^, 
 
 n..tl,ell r Sir ren'y Whelley, for infiiiiKri.a'at ef 
 "'uteTl,!;t^eaet,v,?i'cliet loAleie,,dui,.. .-ian.,,. 
 
 ; 0. W. Foote, editor, W. J. Uamsey, printe,-, .,..1 
 
 ..IIM^ 
 
imili'iiiciii til imiuli'i' III till' 
 Miirili, -'S Mii> ; wiilii,..' 
 l,^ .liMii' ; i6 Miimlli» Mii|iii-, 
 'l;,lii.iir • • ^;cliilii'. :".< 
 
 lull. <, luilK''" ili'i'i'i'' "'"' I'l- 
 ,iiy liuiiril w liiiiil ''■'■'' '"I' ''"''' 
 Iv' liir lu'iiiiiiiiiy lii'lp ; ii'iiiiMK 
 iTi'il niiii-iitti'iiiliiiii'i' -7 ''"ii". . 
 1 !■. •■MniiiiiiK l'ii»t," li'iiiii'ii- 
 L! till' linrsi', vlTiliit U>V |i|illM' 
 
 ... 27, a8 .luiii', „ 
 ili'inik (fiir Mwii-«) r. mii K C 
 viTilirt fill- liliiintltV, -.<«>'. iIm- 
 
 5 •llll>. ,. 
 .Miiiili'tiiii I'liiiiiiiltttMl till' Iri.ii 
 l''k. 1. li'ilil '"I ♦'"' '■'iii''"ii :i"'' 
 
 (jy'.llllli'). ■!' 'Ill'y ; Clinvii'lr.l, i 
 
 ,,xi.,-iili'.l . . • ^') N'» ,, 
 Mmmii Niit.li mill Miiiiii "iiiili'. 
 lllii'tll.lalii' I link mill nlln 1» In 
 ..■iit.Muiil tu ili'iilli ,lVl'Vil'\-l , 
 
 J. 4 Aii^. , 
 
 iiililn, nilvi'titiirrr, witli iiiiinv 
 iifmimrkiilili'I'niii''"''"!""''!'''' 
 line iMiiiiiniiiv, Iwii yt'HVH' in'ii.il 
 
 isN^i.i , 
 
 Hii liilvi'Uliiii''"', riiiivii'li'il III 
 ii'Uiiii at!iiiiist Mr. I'lnliii; iiiii. 
 ■Villllil' . . • 24 '111- .. 
 lllliIlT nf Clllis. SkilllllT, iiiti^l. 
 ii^ti'il 111 niaiisliiiiKli'i I' ■ 7 !■''' '■■-' 
 
 liir iimnliT nf I'l'ii'V M. .Inlin 
 ; coiivlitiMl, 8—14 Marcli ; im ■ 
 , . , . j8 .\|.ril ,. 
 
 fur Bliuutinj! »t tlir illlrrn, 111'- 
 
 I'lApiil, ,, 
 iiiiili'i lil' (ieiiiKiiiiiu Miiuii' v- 
 I'll . . . 27-.rij A|inl. ,. 
 r ilimitciiinK tu slii'iil m H" 
 iii'iiiil sfivituili! . ^(^ M".*. •• 
 on f. Mind lli'lcii Tnyliir, !ihl»l 
 lul'.s iiidimtriiil siliiiiil; ilnmai;'- 
 
 il 1'.,' 1: Will- iIiiN. Hiiiiisi'y. til". 
 Kilwil. Wni. Wliittli', lllsll^lla^. 
 
 lilii.ililii'iiii lis lilii'l ill ""' ' 
 
 ,'111- 11 Julvl, I'oiniiiittiil liirliiii!. 
 
 ^\ .llllv, ,. 
 (, J. I''.. Hi WIS. A. Mi-Ki'ii/ii,.l. 
 iml W. Kviiiis .siMitiMiri'il U- ,iii- 
 
 J I. Inly. „ 
 ,r liriisnll IVliiliy («™ /'V"!"'!-). - 
 
 •ituili' . • • .K^'A"'' " 
 .siii'i'iiti- nilliiiii.i'iiiivlitril utliiir- 
 n't til niiiriU'i' alStiiiiiliiiil-liiU; 
 liirliU' . • • , ".''I''' •• 
 I- stiMliiit! tlie liiiily 111' <'"■ '•■II' "I 
 ilmiKli ; sy.'ais'iiHmlsiiMiu.li'. 
 
 J \, 24 I "I. I. 
 tli't, II iiiuuap'r nf iiiiiiis, nni- 
 er uf illi-nitiiiiiiti' '''nl'l. l-^'l'i. 
 
 ..7IH. .. 
 iw fur tliiratcniiin In kill tin' 
 es' 10 vi'iir.^i' iieiml si-rvituilo, 
 
 ' * 21 N'lV. .. 
 
 I Kraii/ I-Vlix fitiiui, ii'iivi'lnliil 
 ilHVi' lit L'rliaii Naimli'iin Maii):i'r. 
 id ili.saiiliearcil ; lu yai>-' |"'ii»l 
 
 II lli'f. II 
 
 I- ' I.uii'isa JaiieTiiyl'ir. cimvirli'il 
 
 ir'v Ann ■l'ri-i,'illis,a|,'i''l Si, 15 Urc ., 
 
 ,.:,mniaii'li'r "f 11. M>- '''f''/ »', 
 nci'il liv ciiurt-inurtial t" iliMiiissal 
 
 . -'I I'-'i'- ■• 
 lii-lt (siuliitorj .■. (iiarli's l.inv's 
 liliiM in rinii'.V '■""■. «i Aug. i^^i, 
 ,,.s lit fiamliiliiit. iiu|iiistiire, 'td 
 llniliUcsUiii, Kxilininer iliviM.'ii. 
 , ,4 Nov, t(sii(. ; viirilna iin 43"' 
 1, ilaniaKi'S 5o<x)(. . 2» ""■ ■■ 
 
 si,n, til n'sti-aiiiil'M"'^il"'ii"! V^' 
 ,,n l.uililiiiKKr"iiii'l.ii»i';»i"-"''''' 
 injunctiui. yranteil »'"' J';.r||~; ,j:, 
 
 ercy Slielley, fur inningoiiu-iit r! 
 vi'rdii't lorilffemlant.i.'.-.ilanmtiys 
 
 ' 23 r ''It. 11 
 
 jtor, W. J. Kainaey, ininler, «ml 
 
 TUIAL.S. 
 
 H. A. K-inii, piilillHln.i, smtiMirMil tTrhZn,~~ 
 Mii'iit li.rl.f.H|ilH.mi,n, ill„.|« i„ ilu'V,'"),, ',/,' 
 
 ihirk,' r. HmiiliiiKh, v„r||,.t f„r .l,.|-,.n,|aiit un'^'.u," 
 
 1. Hmiliangli, Inr l,l„„,,|„.,„j. i,', ihil'f ,,, y,'^ ',' ; 
 I.. April, an|ti|it,.il . .. m, „,„,,, , 
 
 Itm.lluuKi, ,■. .Ni.»il,.Kat,M„r ini.ii/irMn'. „'„'■;.',''',, ' 
 li,w.^cunMno,,„,r,,nn,.r,v,.r,lM.tfi.r|,|,.in,iif„^^ 
 
 Pl.Hiiix i,nrk'innril,.iM(H.',. u'ii,l,.i'/,v/,;,„/) ."'^ :Jj;|:|j; 
 licit 1: Uwi'M : apiical for n.nv trial, -..4 Mav „.inZ' 
 
 h.iul:,, ,8g,,,, rhonia.HOaliaKliiM-, H.-niT \Vi|' , 
 Ji.lin Oirtin, anil ,\1|V,.,1 WhitHi....,.! f,,, t,,. 1 ' 
 leliiny, .scuti'iiii'il i,, |„,||:,i „.|i i|,i,i,. , ' , . 
 William Aiislmrgh a,,,! H,.,,,a„l Halh.Kl,',',. .,,/ 
 'I'lilli'il ... 11 1 ' 
 
 MiMMK KKimy t'AHK, Thi ini.n wi.ro Hiinti'iii ,.''i"r,; 
 
 ;;'",""""l"* " ■i*"iiii«it fur viiilnitivst lu 
 
 Sm,Sv;"3'lmn:" "'. "''' ''>' '"«""""' ^"il«'.y "u 
 
 ;i,mi»N/«' ,,,«.,/,,■,,,.•/,,' Tir,,;,t|,y'|.'..,.,' .stum. ''a',?,': ' 
 
 tlirt'C iitliiT |.|-iiiaii.s, cuiuii.t,.,! at l,iv,.,.|,;',lll 
 
 Will, (liinlilst ■iinviutiM uf niunliT ut hi/iu"' ' 
 
 '■ lri'iiatWaltl,„nistuw(u„ d Aug') , s.,' ' 
 
 KHintiMl as intaiic . « /, 14 . 1 |ii 
 
 r,.„„;..n,.,„t, r.,.. M,s. .'t|||l,.,,t|;„,;,„; ,,,„,',."„. • 
 
 ISm;^35::) ":■"""'"""""•" ^ '-'\'^"' 
 
 Fifi.cli /IW.' <:fr I'll.. Bi.llairsV. liavni' n an.i ' 
 iitli.T.s. iiriiiiiiiti'i's: niisli-ailiiu' i.ru.Mux.tii, .,. 
 itiitliiriil.iintill'. . . .' "I'^"';;' )'■! 
 
 foirJnJ/ i>,„l /Urn- ri.llr IS,uik I'liWii'n/.fii.ur..,. \\:,\;\'!'.,. " 
 
 I'l '- K'liilt.v ti. niMiiTy i.r M,;i„'iti,., (.' , , 
 
 ii6.u,jo'.), ,1, .\uv., ami ,lu|in Davis Wall,, s uu 
 
 iic""l "1 I' II ill,,' till' saim. ; iMitli si.nii.nri.,l tu 
 
 ij yiars' pi'iial si.rvitii.li. .7 \ . 
 
 Ilnlilis 1: (liaml .(nni'lion water wurk.s i-,', •",'„', '']: " 
 
 r™",'"' '';.■"■''• "'i"i-'i''*'i''" stimtii,„;s;.sa.i'. ,; 
 
 l«. i'Mti..l lur water un th.. ratuil, nut the i ■„', 
 
 valiii. 1 \ 
 
 I'liliiek ODuniiell, (.unvieteil uf liinr.leri.r'j.'imA' " 
 l-:ii''V. Ill'- iiil'ur r (see Inh,„.l), v> s"y, 
 
 riii..|iii:iii ('. Thumas : lll„,llr,/ irili ,„„. . i,.,.. ,'.' " 
 
 l.|ril,ei,|e,,ls;ve,il,(.||'u,.|,|,,intiir;aru;^.,.,|„il . 
 
 rruiiil.ilent ...Mi,„un„s,. prupuseil l,y il.lemlun ■ 
 ijiliivs trial . . I ' 
 
 '..iM.LViir,. v.. /,„/,„, fur iii„,| ;.,.,,„.;., •t,.i„V "s '■ 
 
 vinliitfurilelemlant ' ""'- " '' "'■ "''• 
 
 "ni.;! Iml'"' '^;''".'.^1"' ''■"'"'" -i'l" <'''r a new " 
 
 lINll lllless Ml, Itelt areepls W. ili.s,e„il uf 
 5,000/., Hell ae,.,.,ts, ,1,.|,.,„|,.||,, ,,),!,.,., , . 
 
 W,„. Wulltaml |.;.1«,|. Dumlni'aml, lu, |,i„i f,! |,„ „. " 
 up (leiiiian einlias.sy, ar.esl,.,| i„ \v,.st, ste, 
 
 2. .N.'V. .=t>j;,jury ilisagree, ,4-,,^ ,,;,„,'. 
 I'l'lsiiners iliseliargeil . . , ' 
 
 llraillaiiKli e. (iusset ; venliet 'fur I'lefeini i,, ''"'.','. 
 
 .>lt.ii,ii.v.f:,.„e,al,-. l)i,.kl,e,.k,Vur eontn'.ventluiro'r 
 tl... Itank art uf ,844 ; ve, t fur the eruwn 
 
 , , . . iJ I'Vli.' 
 
 '•';rr '""i"."""'" '■'"•''■■ * ■"'"■'■i'"' Klanatfi,, ami 
 largaret lliw.ins, eunvieteil ,„' ,|,, ,„ni',|e , ' 
 llmiiias lli-m.s; iitlier eharges, lu Kel,. • ,■■,.. 
 
 "•i;';';;'""^. ■;■ II iiiresiaste/uf th,: ii'';,,' 
 
 .1 1.1 1'tliers, 3 .Mar,.|i, .senteni the nth,.,' eui ■? 
 
 alhi'iiieil with I'list.s . i7\|.ii' 
 
 U'li'l'.ii Kiiiuneial .\ss,M'iatiun r. Ki.Jk ami , 'ill,,.,-"'. 
 
 ase ilmnnsse.l (see Al.ron.ln, .„„■/,•) g m . .^, ' 
 tail I'. ,.,,nnl,.ss uf Knsi, iv,n.,.e .sui,..| , ,' 
 
 sr,mn,l that she h.nl a hnsham. living whu s ' 
 
 Ni;irne,l ; as ,t was |„„v,.,UI,al tlii.s nia la? 
 
 «* living when he n,am,.,| her, ami that tins 
 
 Ml' wxs Ire,., .livure,. was r,.riiseil . a , . 
 
 ra-ks.plai',. ClnlMl,.,.hi,'e,l l,y theyneen's Ih-i e , ', 
 
 -eS'lii;::;'"^*"---"'"'^^"-' v'"'- 
 
 '':^K!^'^''^V«->''''->r«iKni;igi'.^^inS 
 
 ilamaK« ' ^ ^'' ' ''"'^"''' '"' l''""''i"'. '"oo/. 
 
 Daley ami Kgaii, An'g. 1884 (.s^e ;),;„„„„',,.) '^ ''^j^'': 
 
 lli"i.m Henry Oirook, Jonvicte'l uf inuniur ^f 
 
 112a 
 
 TUMLN. 
 
 iS.-i.'); leiii.iikaMi. 
 
 |i"li''i'lii.ili C.h. ( 
 
 , '•'"•/"";""- '■„,,.(„„. ,v,,,.;,,) ■ • ■ ';'''• I- 
 
 ■Ml- Kinney e.vi.sei t(larnen-|,.;|-,ri.ai.|,,rH'u' 
 
 """ """™*-"veriiie, I,, ,.,„;«,;„",: ','.;;;_,i;^;; 
 
 , "lz;: :::!;zjr\!, :'" v ■:-■ «-">■ 
 
 V,,r I- I ■' ^''"''^ l"'l"l s,'r\illli||. 
 
 . ,..'".:....■:;!:',";;„;,;, ■ "■ *"<;..:.;. 
 
 «iri'::i;,!:,;:':'.;;;'s'.,'";i;'..'»..i;i.«';; 
 
 .'ini;;,;:; '"" "'■'■'» • Kilwam .innnen ,?.: 
 
 iH'~-'-;ai.;rS=£ 
 
 l434 
 
 l3J4 
 
 16 .Jan. 1B85 
 
 M|. living i,„i,,,,n i;.u,c«o/.t^M.iiM(,'^;;;f::i 
 
 ■Mi;N:.Vu;:;;!;;:^''^::;;j:';"7^. '•■''''''"') -s Jan 
 
 l;i;i;::ri;ri-';!;:;Tr^;'^!,,!.:-;;S^ 
 ■'-ns'ar^;::;;;^!;:ri!;:':,:;7'''-''-'"..-"'p.n; 
 "'-''"• ;^;rr^'!;;::vt ::.!;;;;£ ')- 
 
 ';''-'""i'ii'i'>»i.heii,il,i,:^;;,i, ■ '^i;' 
 '■' '•>:-iii"i""'i tu i».iiai se'rvituiie l',v? liV;.; 
 
 K;;e''T;;;.';!;;;l''''i''''''^ ■"■'-'• "-I'-'W 7 Mavi 
 s;i:ii,.i':':;;;r^,:;:i«--' ,,-,,,-:'•;-..■-;.''.! 
 "'•""' "•■ attenipteii' ?n;:;:i""f,y"V:;;,::;';; 
 
 li"ii.i. VarlMiriun's will; Warhnrtun ,. r|Ml,'|V 
 
 ^ ii^^^i't ^•g^iU';-';;;.'';;-!-,::-;^ 
 
 uthi.rs; .s,.v,.|i,|.ns' trial 1 ' 
 
 I liny ,,| li.i hiisliaiiil kaae f,,r 2,,xjo/ ,.s|.,l, 
 ll..^he.| ; c."lilllelil,gevi,||.iieeresl,e,.fi ,^l, . i . " 
 
 i'i.'M'^ii.i'''r;u,i.,.,r,,ia;s";.iao' ''''«''':;-!' 
 
 •'^'"."■'* -^1^; '" I'.lherwise eaiil. .Mae-lunal,|) ',*,'. 
 
 kgamy grussease), Kinnia llash.at HrH tun 1 
 •^'"■'1 i '"•""■" iitity ; .jury ili'sagree J ,se, i *■ 
 
 , ^eeuml trial, 16 (let,; cui,vict,.i|, seven" y .,,,■;'' 
 Iienal serviliel,. . ' ,'', 
 
 , W. T. Stea.i. e.litur uf /■;,„ .,•/,„/ •,,.„„.?,t";',; 
 
 .Niiniis.,11 ,lae,|U,.s (assist ,„n( ,), liiamw,.!! |i,;utl, 
 ■1 .-i'lva ii'ii Army, (4) li,.|„.,.,a ,iarr,.,|, an.l ( ', 
 
 l-umse .M„,i,,.y, ,.,„ ,,,i„„ „.i,|, al,,h;eliun ui 
 
 L li/a Armslrung, nmler ih.an.l inilee..ntassanll ■ 
 ■ ,e,'Mii',""i "^ "."l"i'<"iiiii"iit, (.•)i.ne niuntl,; 
 
 : iv/th'hi:;';;;!;,:^:"' ''"''i^^^rT'' 
 
 :Mi's. W,.l,h,n,'.sir ,.,.nryl,,;Ha,'^/f:,!.•Xe;,'• 
 ; 1) Nuv. ; I.,,.,/. ,|am.ig,.saw:ii'.l,.,| . ..,\„, ' 
 Anileaiy lieiiianiin Umlge, ,la„„.s Itak,:,: ami 
 •l"liii A arliii ,.uiivu.|e,l fur l.nrj-Iary ,,| Net herln- 
 H'iil, ( uiii i,.rlai„l -•8(),.t.,amlniur,|eruf pulio,, 
 .•'.i.stalilellyrnesat IMuinptun, jgOei. (ea, tVS 
 liy railway H,'rv..iiils> , A^Vl.m 
 
 Ji.h,,Mageisi,h,,ti.grapl,er,s,.iinMie,;ituseven years' 
 Wales''"" ' ' ""'""'•"'"« 'li« Piiii'"' "f 
 
 Uicharil Belt, Hciiliitiir, sentenced ' tu '• wdva 
 
 4 c 2 
 
 1 836 
 
 I 
 
 I, 
 
 |,.| 
 
 
 I . 
 
 I 111 
 
 Lsl 
 
 '^-^Fli 
 
 .^1 
 
mm 
 
 THIALH. 
 
 1124 
 
 TUIAL8. 
 
 Iha'I 
 
 mmmm 
 
 'WM 
 
 r,.,„ulnl,.Mt «Mh. nf ,|,.w..l ;r.v I- Mr Win. A . 
 I 1 , 11,, i,< h,iMV llv,li' CliiiiiilMuii, lli'lir> 
 
 Mr. A.l.'lal.li' Itiiilli'll lii«''l f"i- "»' iMiinl'T'if I"-'' 
 
 »i (lini;pn,|,.Ttv: mt.HcI Imi' I'lMiulitt. -'^ •! m,. , ,, 
 rn ,, r (••M»f,,r.l; .li^.n■ V M,h. Cnuvln,,!, 
 
 ;!:,;.;,'h1''„V.'i„.,i,.s imiu... .i,. ■ "yi-,;;;;- 
 
 nSllr' -mI'I'v^ «m; M,;i..n..;. tu'Mr, .lull.m 
 "'■'.I' I wMiT. JS MmitIi; (■.,iivicti(,ii unci 
 
 ;,"",. v!,. 1,.. .I..1MI m.ti„n will, ■..l.M.T, wl,„ 
 ■.«"Li,i,,l wlii'ii 'InusMiiiil WHS Ink, 11. 1 
 MM ' .1. S.l.vii-'lit (IM.- il.v ■•*'•'■"> '■■ '^'i"'" 
 
 H,;;.,v,l int.. I.y lh,.-..Tr..rl«.Ml ,,luin.Ml aMnuM...!, 
 
 "^t lip' . it- iMl.'tt..r.-.itt..ana.liitra...r 
 i;:;',l M..liks«,.l'), «n..iKly .l.'liM'n'.l ■. vi.nl,;t 
 
 p:;r';;'i'trro;;i;i''n;n,,,.;,.n^iv.,,;r^:i.;um;. " 
 M;i^7ii™ni":r'> i- skin,,;.. (.;,v--v ..r ti,.. 
 
 II. \j,nrvNiliill..nnTt..i), 1..r v.-,- i' " «'it. 
 
 T,:;;;f 'ii, nr,;;,:!)'. ,:.,...iP..;a..,.i..n. 
 
 i'-M; ':f,.:ir"" ":'""". '" " Ma^'ii^^ a;:;.: ., 
 
 Mr lHll^n■M,.l:.ti»■^^1.V.H^.rr.,M.pi,a,■^•;.iury 
 
 „i;,lill^l V.Mil./U. la 
 
 ;i Maii'li, 
 
 
 . i m a,.:i..al, ,l...M.l..s awiiist tlm ,,nli i..at,.in 
 ;;r';;niv,.rsityl..rtnr..s wit l,.inttlMir.,,,s..ny,f till. 
 
 ";^!;:;,,i;a,.y ; tliiif.... Mays' tr.al ; vi.nl.H _ t.n ^ 
 
 ^•y;!i"'i fn,^ ,„a sla.,«l,tH- ( /^n/.^'-' .l''-'-|j. 
 
 V,^;;;;"^r.U,,; K,.„ao,.. -^M-ti..,.,, ..r^ ,....^.ry 
 
 "%;„'K';.r.." t^V lil"'l mHl..t...f: v,.n,a.,_t.. 
 , llh. y r...ivi<.t...l ..r taki.iK I..ai;t ill HI, 
 
 ,,:^:;;-;':';:;::^,!ty;;..Mua,,.;/-,-a;.i.'^vT..";.ms 
 
 ■C.linn aii.l Mii'liaW narl<iMS s,.„te„.v.l t„ liri;..|ii 
 
 rniirt ilHrrci -I "f "l"'"* ,V"',"'".t'"*f'"'"''!7'-' "J 
 
 MIbh II..H.. Man.l Miixwi'll, liy 11,;' f'l Ki'il''" '.f, 
 Wllliaii, ll.,w.l..|i,a H..li<-it..r«rl,.ik ; tli" iii.Hi"V 
 
 ,,ni,.,-,..i I., Ill' iiai.i I., ii.'i' 'ly •'"■ '■■;'" "' 
 
 ,.|„„ ,v; lliiwilni ill Ni'IiiiikU; .l.iliii fnnii'i.. 
 
 |.i,|l„nl, a M..li.it..r, lii- M I, iinl-ml In i,.|,i,v 
 
 ^!;:~niZ:::":^y '■■■.. ,...r,. ,;;'.;;:"" 
 
 alt'-n l,lltiKatl..,i,v,.|.li.;tl.,rtlM'l;wh..p«li,. 
 
 Im.l lrlll»...l li, lll.ilK't till' H,n. Ilnli.it W.<l."«.. 
 ml., a li\liiK, MiiK iKlinraiit nl tin' W.-«li 
 
 M,i|'.','^'llnrr..«,:H llni'il 4"'"''- "'1') ''""'", ''"', ""«'!,',","'- 
 I is l,i,,ll„.|-.i„.|aw, Iniil llnwaiil .I.' «al.l.., 
 
 Mal..r Ti.,„pli.| I, .uiatily aninllli"! ..I '■limi-';' "f 
 
 ■ .iiMilKiiiiI'-irri'l iiirnniiatl ..I riiiii« iiillitiii v 
 
 Ml''sanmi'(rH.'rs;. Mr.V. llni.llanKi,. M.I' .'t"if ILi 
 ,v-.|,..r(i„K.'l,...|,i.-.>;i^"i'.l"iii''vl""l ^*aM„ny 
 
 ,„„1 nlliw.. r.ll- lllf ivlii'f "I l,li.'IH|il..^.'.l; 
 
 ,,.,/. aHa,.li.lt..tl,i. lilalalill . • iH A|,i,l. ., 
 
 W,;,,,,. .'k I' .SiM.linl,,., («i- r,.,,vn„/.0, ... May. ,. 
 
 ' ||„lta„.l a„.,11,n- ,■. Tl,.. i.'nv.Ti,n,Knl llii,l...\ .,i,y 
 
 ; ,.,,:!,.;;,.(„■,., iimIit //...'.,.''""•■/) . • Will... .. 
 
 \v.,...i .■. (■..\(sri.ii,i.i.T /.'"..-> . •, , y :''""■■ ■■ 
 
 () |lni,l,..|l ,'. WiiltiT ai,.l a„.,tl,iM' (I..I l,l"'l "I till. 
 I 7n/n-)- M.|-.licl I'nr llll' il.'IVliila„l« (» I.T 
 
 I /.,,,,"//.''») ^ 'i ■'"'.*■• .. 
 
 ' ■I'liaUivsiiH.liiit.' I'l.Tlvir Imlil imti'i.lH(Hi.|. mi.l.'r 
 
 (l,.,,iv,. ,111.1 Ki'lyiiKi. (iriTiiway, Ii,i„1m',-. if 
 
 \Va,wic.|iaii.l l.™iiiiiiHt si.iit,.|ii'f.l I.,iiii|iiiv.i,. 
 
 „„.„(, .V,.., In,- ITa„ils. . . . l'','".\.'- 
 ' Trial nf It. ■«i'iilHl',iik i,iiii-.li'ri.r(«i'i' ;,!■./. „(</... I, 
 
 11 1' II V'i.ist Hiiil liii* pri.suiiii'il wlfi', Aiiiii.' 
 Vni'sl (Wi'ViTaiiil fasriiialiiirt «li.i„» Mis, (l.ail.,,, 
 Dailir a,„l ..Ihi.r „a,i,.'s, lia.l i;a,T„..l .,„ a Ini,,; 
 K,.rli.s..f fraii.U al liiiiiii' ,iii.l alin.a.l li> i,iniii»..| 
 
 |l..|ili.,ns |.|||.||1M.H, C-..l,vil'tl'll nl clll'lltlhU llil'll- 
 
 „„.ii ..r nn.iiU,iiiii ii,.ii"'y; i"' si'iiti'my. t'"-i«i- 
 
 !,.,.„ , Ills' iiiipns..iiiii.'iil Willi liaf.l laliiiar. il..' 
 
 l.iliM. v..ars- pnial s.'ivita.l.'. . . .'4 I"''- .■ 
 
 A„ll,.iiiv'lMi.l..i- tilika i^'ii'i'ii ' '" V" yi'"!'; l"'"''l 
 
 wrvit'iiili' f..r ,l..ri'aii.liii^' liis i.iiipl.iv.Ts M.;,si> 
 V,« lia,,.. l>i..s., 'iMl 111" Hank ..r Kii«b,i.l .A 
 ,,-,.,' .7 •Inn.', 7 .liil^': 111 1' »nlH..||iii'iit In; I 
 111'.' (^iii''..ii s lli'iii'li lHvisinli ail.imlHi'.l Hh' liaiil< 
 I,, liMiirtlir I.HS • • • ,• • , ■' ^'"' ■' 
 
 |.s..nl,.t I'milir lliy -'"Uit .'f appeal, .'. Mav. 
 
 188c,; ivVMl'swl liy till. Il.iu«.. nf I I-. -■■ M.ii.h 
 
 Mi's."\vll.l..ii .'. M- llivii'n'aii.l .'"»''•'<; v,.,.M.M f..r 
 
 Clmi'i.'s UirliaViNnli niiil Ki'lgcll, wlm lia.l i- 
 
 f,.ss,.,l I.I lmi«la,y al |.;.llii,«l,ain u.'avaL'... „™i; 
 Alnwick, 111,7 Krli. 1879; ,s|,|,l..„i-|..l t.iliv.'yrars 
 
 p.'iial s.Tvitinl.' •••■.; ,'' ,^' " 
 
 Mirlia.'l liia,iiia«l 1 an.l l>..t;',; Mnrpliy, wli.i 
 
 l„ul 1„...„ w,-,.n;;n,lly I'.invii'ti"! Inr lln" I'l u"'. 
 
 i a,„l all.'iMpI 1 111.1. 'i-.lia.l In'''" «''ii'''i ' ';' 
 
 ,.„al sH-litn.li. f.ir Hf.'. .Apn , i87') : "■■i"!' 
 
 ! w.ivi.l S..,/. as rnnip-nsat 1.111. IM'. iSSii; I.' 
 
 . pnliiv w.T.. .ir.iuiltMil .if pn-.iury. an. .I.iiilits 
 
 w,."-,. Ilir.iwn .III tl .MirMHsinii nf UiHiiii-.l*in 
 
 ' ..X'-tl'Mt'aiilM'iili-K lai.'t.. ■•.."■.1-v 
 
 Vi,| ali.iiipt tn iiiunl.r M,'. <i.'..,^'.' A'kn, a 
 
 iinswi^ii iiiii;...ni.'i.''..i '" i"'""' "'■";";',;;.,!|;; „ 
 
 ■ Mr:^'sniil,ia'lrwin ,:' h^ll' Moll li.^HIr Iv W«a\ 
 
 si;^y!:::;S'n:^wy;M''^:ni''-'-'"M.,.iif;i.''r''i- 
 
 il„.W,vlali„;;t,>r,cii,;-'ti'aiisa..|niiis,ll,.;.liiii.a...,' 
 
 ;.|';i„„!,|, .„v>«J. Afl.T s.inii. '.ti<-'at..iii iiiM 
 
 niiwli ilispiissinii, till' I'as,. wa.i ri'lHTol t.i 111. 
 
 ■ i ,,„;„„ „r 11„. sl,.w;,r.ls nf < '" 1;"'1<" 
 
 ,.„|, Mr .las. l..iwll„.r. M.I'..tli n I 'il .^!al■'•l'• 
 
 .,,,,1 'nriiii',' S.,lliknir; lln'y awar.lcl -ar (,...ir|.v 
 ('l„.|w.vn,l \.l. ilaniajii's, ..acli pi'i-sm. '" Wj|i'' 
 
 Is"' (7,:nrK..'('l,H\vvn,l. win, was ..■canM-aroil fronl 
 , r,;,:,;.av,T,la,t,-..;,-iu...lf..rtl..-liL-l,t.rvliw..s 
 
 nnittpil till' I'l, ill, ■; 'Inly, iS8.).l ,. , ,„ 
 
 . W n'l r I'l M V. V. Ihi' maniiiia 'if Salislmry for 
 
 iil, .,•;,." I at Watr.iril, ... Marnli'. darpiig 
 
 , „ will. iii'Mti.iK tn <:riu,ii in r. ^il""^"!' «« 
 
 um 
 
 ■Xj^Mi. 
 
'lllxMlt 4.™"JMti»" |>l(.|«'llVnr 
 Miixwc'll, liy til'' fiMKi'ili't "I , 
 
 II willcitnl'KrliTk ; till' III' V 
 
 ,1,1 I.. li.T liy II iirl "f 
 
 ill III Ni'liiiiHku ; .liiliii Kniiiiii 
 ■!■ Iii.i IVIimhI, nnli'ml In HMuiv 
 ruuil . ■ .,4l;"l' >E'^ 
 
 v,.„iiv r. Iil-ln.p Hi l.lllll.Llll. 
 lull MTllil'l I'M llll' lli'<ll"l' "I"' 
 
 |,„.| tli.'Hrv. U"l"il «'•'!'•"'■ 
 
 irlllK Igllcimllt 111' till' W' •.ll 
 
 ■il Mfil. mill I'liKlK I'll' iiNi'iiiltiii.; 
 w, liiril lliiwiiril ill' VViiI'lii,. 
 
 u. Mini'li. ,, 
 
 inumtllva('i|lllttl'll "f rllMltfi' 'if 
 
 infuinialliM iri'iiiiHK iiillitiuv 
 
 I) Aliill. ,, 
 '. .Mi-.'('.llni'nalli;li.M.I' .I'nlll.il 
 l,■^ ;;iM'll llllll I'V l"l'l Mili-lmlv 
 
 llll' iviii'i' "f '111' iiiiiiii|ii'iM''i ; 
 
 II, |. lilHJlllill . . iH Ai'iil, .. 
 
 'Il"lllll (ll'l' ('"/:'("■'/'''>, 1" MilV, ,. 
 I-. ['Ill' ^'iiMTMiilX "f Illlili'VlilllV 
 
 y ll"il"ll'"r:l) . ■ I ) •llllll , ,. 
 
 1,1,1,.,/,',/,.-) . ...I.lllli,', „ 
 
 IT mill minllii'i' (llll lilii'l 111 till' 
 
 I'm- till' ili'lViiilmit" («•■ iir 
 
 ■^ => 'Inly. ,. 
 
 AvkUW ll«llt llKtl'l;t»(Ml'l' llll'IlT 
 
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 l'lllllliKlllll."''lltl-lll-'i'il ti,illipli-.i'li- 
 nn,ls. . . . !' 'liilV' >:•' 
 'mk iiimili'ri'r(m'i' /.V;(,,.(s /'",'). 
 
 .Iiilv. „ 
 1111,1 Ills pri'siiiiii'il ttil'i', Aiiiii,' 
 1 fii^i-iiial itii^'l, wiiiHis Mrs. *i,ir,l,tn 
 r ii,iiiii's, liMil Ciiiiii'.l "II a l.iii^ 
 
 lit li.iiiii'.iii'l iilai'M'l h,\ uii'iiiii'.l' 
 rs, I'l'iuii'ti'il ,,r cla'alihu' tiii'l,- 
 
 III lll'.lii'y : 111' "''III ''■'! '" '''*''|- 
 
 iiiiisi'iiiii'i'iil "illi liai'l laliiiiir. <!"■ 
 iiiil ,i'i\iliiili' . . ■ -.'4 I'l''' '■ 
 Ilka si'iilriii'i'il t,, ti'ii yraiM' |«'ii;il 
 I'l'iaii'liii^' lii'< I'liil'I'Hi'i'*. M''^"!'. 
 
 .ii,| til.. Hank "I Knulaii.l. ..f 
 i',., 7 .Inly ; in a siilis,.,|,i,'iil liii I 
 •iii'li l»ivisl,iii ail.iuil}!i'il llll' liaak 
 ; ....-' ^"'- ■• 
 
 niii.,1 liv I'HUil iif appi'iil, ji May. 
 l,y till'' ll'iiisi' of l."i.l>, \ M.iii'li 
 
 I Uivii-ri'mal iitlii'ii; vi'iMii't f"i- 
 
 i^N'm. ■. 
 s,,i'i anil Kiliii'll, win. liail i'"ii- 
 'law at I'Mliii^'liain \ iiMiau'i'. iii'iir 
 i.'i-l)". 1879; si'iiti'iiri'l li.livi'yi'ars' 
 ,. .... :.\S:i\. .. 
 
 ,im-liani aii'l l'"t'T Mnrpliy, «li" 
 ,i;,fi,llv i-.,iivl,.l,'il lor tins mill,'. 
 
 .riiiiinliT. liail lii'i'a '^''nl'i ' ' ' 
 
 1,1,. p.r lilV, April, 18711; I'ni'li 
 
 MS |..iniiii'iisaliiin, Di'C. i3SS; tli.' 
 i,.,|iiilt,.il .if pi'iiiiry, ami 'I'liit'ts 
 
 ,„i III,. |.,,iili'ssiiiii "f Uii-liiiiils"" 
 
 ' iiiiirciiivki' I'linvict.'l "f liiir^'lirv 
 
 ■|,i ninnl.T Mr. (1 ;.'■■ Atkin iit 
 
 . s,.nti'iii'i''l ti, pi'iial s,ivitii,l,'l"r 
 
 7 Marrli, .. 
 wiii ,•.';'.'//'. U"// '.■";'"'■ I'm- lilii'V ., 
 ■,1,.,1, ,,..«.'. . ■ ■ 4 April, is: 
 I „ villi /-. lln' I'aii "f DnilKiiii. fnr 
 , t,irii'iii;.'ti-a"»ai'li"ni.lli'"''"i«'.'"'* 
 ;,W. AII1T .<"iiii' 'iti'-'iili'iii .1111 
 41,111 till' ras,' WMM ivli'lli'il III III' 
 ,,f til,, sli'warils I'f till' y»Mf\- 
 , l.,,wllii'r. M.l'..tlii'i'ail"IMi"''l'' 
 <i,ltikiiir: tlii'y awar.livl siv ^'"•"\^'' 
 I ,laiiiai,'i';*, I'licli pi'i'snn I" 1ki> i"' 
 
 sqJlUlf, . 
 ■lii.rwvnii, wli'o was |.\-,iiii'rali'il from 
 ,,„,.,.,-,,,„.,lf..r tlirliL-liI'M- .'ImrKM, 
 
 .pil), t .Inlv, iS8i).l 
 
 i> ,. till' nianiuis i,f Salisliury for 
 wiuiiWatfiinl, mMaii-li:cliart!inK 
 
 iicitiiiK tu I'riinii in .1 "pwli « 
 
 TllIALH. 
 
 Win 
 
 Inly, ,6i 
 
 iNi'w tii.u i,.ri,.i.,M,y „,; ■„„., |„.,„,|;;^,'/'|';,'>> 
 
 11. l-l.Ti'ii,,. Kli/,il„..|, Mavl,ii,.k ,|i,i-.,.,| ,..,,,, 
 
 l."n;"nin« I,,., li„,,U|,„|. .| ,'' . | :,'|,V 
 
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 Ji.illii. M..|.li,ii ; ,.„m|,.|,.,| _,, ,,, I ,' ;': 
 
 »'■"!!■'" • ''""111 <'iiimniiii"i I iMii '„.:,:.•,.: 
 
 TI(1AI..S. 
 
 I'.i' llll' 
 (l«.','i|,uv IriaN 
 
 > /,W„,„/ 
 
 I I" pi-iMii MTMiiiiii; 
 
 -•■• .Vii«. 
 
 I'll. 
 
 .I.iliii Wal.^.n l.:iiii|,. (,,| |.;,|i„liii,.;,|„ , VI,,,,,,,',: 
 
 ""• ''(""I" "' •■M»iii II ,1 U"',., ,.„„ 
 
 tmvdl.r, in ihi. |,|,„„i ,„■ ,^,,.,„ "1 ',» 
 
 ''t^"'- "*^^ "; isi'liu, , I ,'^ 
 
 jli.Ni.v.;Mi.nt,.i,i',.,it„|„.|i„|s,.ivli,„|,.|,„.|ii,."'' 
 
 lii'v. I'l'iry »). i)i.ii«i,„, vii.a,' „r ir„„',''K','.i,; ',';;;,■ 
 i.,.ii,i,'ii in.ii, iinty i,„ j.,.,„, ,,„, „;;.•;"; 
 
 Mri. ,>«ayn.. In,,,, ,|,.- |.„ii,i„i,„i„„ t\,r\ "p 
 
 ^i;:;::;„ii'';'i:iir:^"'" '""''-il^'iii 
 
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 ilaiiia;,'i.s awanh'.l I,,,,,,/ ■' ',""' 
 
 Jlr, Knii'sl raik,.,,,,.ii|,,||,.;.,|,,,,,,,,;,,,,,;.,, ''■•I'l'- 
 '4''.,','' ''"' '''"'"'I' "I' i-iia-iiin, HI',' i,i„ii.|. ,",',;!;;,','■. 
 
 hiirii 
 
 tl|.W,lMIII'l,l ; llil'l,;,l,l,|, 1,1(1 ■;;,. |,,.,vj,.s v,'!,,, li, 
 
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 Willi,' nilii,;,- li„i,„. ii, .| I y ,.,,,,,, ■' "';• 
 
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 {pi'ii.ilN'iv.lnil,. Inrlif,.) , . '••' 'v , ' 
 
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 .Miv< Ki,iil.\ .M.iiy llaiis ,• nIi- i;,,,,-^.,. |.lli,,i 'u i'-' 
 
 (a/,'i| 75). lul l.l,.;i,.l, ,,r |.l,.liiiM. ,,f 111;,,', I,,,,.. 
 
 .laiiiiip..Ylaini,..| 5,,..,/ ; jiiiy ,|„,|^.,,.,,, ,,, ^' 7 ,■ 
 I..111I Diinl,, CMin 1,1 III,. ,.,irl..| I l.iii.-.ii n , ,. '|.'. 
 
 I'iiiiliia.1,1 Ml. T. K. \V,.,tl,i.i,iii.r, SIX il'iv,' ■,■.•. 
 
 'Iiv.ir.-.. ivlii„.,l ... ■„,|,1 ' 
 .Miv, (Jlaiiys Kn„wl,.s ,-. Mr. [.Lsli,. hi ,,,1, ,: 
 
 imi'liiraii,! <.,lil,,i'„| ii,,, .l/„(, ■,,„„„;„/ v.,,., r,„. 
 
 iimirh III pn, mis,. Ill iiim.|. • ' 
 
 lu.'Xtui. 
 
 I'l'ia^ir; ilaiiia,i{i's,.iwaiii..,|, 
 
 ii^iiiaiii.i,'iiMiiir,.ii,iii,.;,,,,i,;,,,i,;f,i,;;;,,;;;i;^;';;,. 
 
 .Ml. \. .1. ll.imill, Ni',. I'inithh, j, .s,.i,i . ,.,,. 
 
 Cllllll 1' '\ , 
 
 (apt. OSIii-as suit awiiiist 'his 'ivif,.,' m|,s "r 
 
 :;;X:,V""! •"'■■ '■• ■■'• ''"'■"'•"■ •^"' ■ '"vii'i'i' 
 
 ortlii'imi' 'nii-n'sa 'llioii'laii .siiiii.n,.,.,! 't..'si\' Vr'Hv 
 i'TOi sm;,i.,l,. |,,|.,,||,.,,,,,||,,. ,„|,i,| I,, ,j„„„:^ 
 hank l.ii-lit, niasp.i. „f l.;iiiv,.isiiv ('„|1,..-,. 
 ii\l"nl(.ij .\m.) . • j.^i'l: 
 
 .Mr,li.lliu„,,ii„i, ,• Mis. I,aii(.'tpy,iv.s ti'iinanii'iV. 
 
 acwpiM play ; ilaniaK,..H ,iwai-,|,',l, ,v,/. ,, s,, 
 
 Jiary l.|,.„i„ii \Vl„.,.|,.i. (.,ll„.|.„ i.s,. IVan-n ) ",.„ iV 
 vHiHl ,.r ll„. ii,ui,l,.. „!■ .M,s, n,„.|„, 11,;,.., ,, I 
 mlaiit "^ I ' 
 
 i.Mis. \vi„.,.i. , i,a,i h,.,.,; ,.,„„i,.,,,;.,i ,, ,,; I,','', 
 
 vi.tni.s liii.haM.I, l.V,„iK .s. H,,.,,, I,,,",!.,.",, . 
 Mm.iKi;sli'- iiiMt,..! .Mi.s. Il,.^.« l„ 1,,.,. ,,„,,,: 
 .11 .V-. .', I'li'.n sln.,.i, K,.,iii,li.|,iwii, ami tli.'iv 
 l™;T^''''',:'*l,l'''l-''inapi.raiiil,i.l,,,,,i.,',:. 
 >i'J "I tk,. I„, ly „| till' 111,,!!,,.,. I,, ii'.ai- Cnisslli'lil- 
 wii'l, laii,|isi,.a,l, aiil that nf ili,. ,.|,||,| p, a ii,.i,| 
 
 i.«al-n,,.|,l..y.r„a,l, 24(),.t. ,3„„; I,,., tiv,',,! 
 
 l'rarsi„liau.| ii,i..al'.iisy,i.x,.,.,it,.,i2i |>,.,. ,s,,, 1 
 
 lii-laiuy.-. ttVlls, |,i„|„i,.,„, „,ii„. i.,.„.,„, ? ,1 
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 ;t'''','r' ''.^ '"'."ii'^' Mial.li,.s,i.„ii,.,.,.,s,.,,I.-; 
 ""tiiv U.'iiMT, 111 lliu .•liaiii',.iy ,livi.si,,ii, l,„.i,i,|,; 
 fe '•isMMiPliii;.. or ,',„w,ls an.l c-alliiij; 'alis l,'' 
 t\m.|ii,i„|i„j,|,,,a,i,l 7 A.M. . (, II ■ 
 
 ":*'f,^;i"' ^'l'l.'^"nu,.,..,|„„,,is„«.ni.„n,;.s: ' 
 
 "I. thi' iMiinl,.,.,,! Mi.ss Klizalii'tl, Ann H„ll, 
 'Itliflliiiail. II, .ar 1" l"M ,, ' 
 
 I'' Siirs) 
 
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 «i llllll,'., \t'^t''.''' "'.'"*""' »"ll-l'l"n 
 
 « 111 1111.1 l,j .M,. iiHti,.,. rl,arl,.» i„ ,, ,,.ai-,' 
 
 I 'l-'>ll<"li',8hopl.i, uni..ilt„,;„„;nil,,^ 
 
 !i'''i-'i.'"tJ;:V:;:,,!;:'iit:,'v:-''''--^''''''''.'»v. 
 f:';:n'r'M.'s";,.!r^!''';y,,,::''!;;;:r;:ir;:^:; " 
 
 s in.i,.,, i.i.,,„i,,, ,,,,,,„,,,,, ,.,;;,,,; ^'■^^^ 
 
 l-n.iainiiii.siii.ilialii'it;!.^'!,'^:,;;':';!; 
 
 IS iv, '"•"""■ '"'■'"' *■• iM.ii'ii.',: 
 
 ni::,i;,',!:;:,'i,;i""' '"■ f«'^'''-i v,.,,!!,., ,„, 
 
 I'viii „ . 1 ' '"' ''"^' ,-l"l'l""ll .Mr. haiPi.,. 
 
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 i''':;i::'ii'm''v'','''';'''''>^' "-sh ;.;!:;; •■ 
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 1 11 ', "la ^'-ais llllpns'.ii Ill V 
 
 •''"'I '"'"■"!■. an,l»,.vi.ny,.«,..,',„l„„i,„.,v„|„i; 
 
 ■n 
 
 ll'V. 
 
 .Ian, 
 
 III,.*. 
 
 ,„.,.,„,,„,'"::,,', ''l'"l';Hai;'k, I..CI.., an in. 
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 !.:'!:;:'!-..':'■;"'";;;■" ^"r '"■""•""'^'' '"» ">^" 
 
 m'i,,.,.,l t'i4.M'ai'.s'p,..i,al.s,.nli,i,|,. : 
 .V.iv. 
 II, I, 
 
 WHisiii,.,ii,.,i;,/v,;";;^^'""'i"'""|-"ii 
 '■';'; '■•;l;''';" ■•"'^""■1 i^'iii uni.s;i,„.;V,. 
 
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 will, ,'.!;:"'"• ""■• "" "I- '•■n.-ily, .lUiMiss,.,! 
 
 I'inn'K'k ,-. . iiapi,;;,,, ,y ||aii, ,;,;. m •., i,,'.;',^^:;^ 
 
 ' • . ■ 1 " lll'C, 
 
 ny 11 .Marks (,.,lit,)i',, fill,. ;.; 
 
 :. .Mr. ( 
 
 rMlM'Ctiiif! ;;,,1,| Mill 
 IllU'l 
 
 ^' ,,f ""' '•':"" •'•ll*"t (alti'rwai-,ls ^C^. 
 
 111 i„u,u'ii..| ,vi,|, st,.aii„;.',|,.„,.Nwl,il,. tlii'ii- 
 
 li"n,;::,.'p:Xi,v-^ '■'•"• = -'■'■'"'■>■ -■' 
 
 ii'»a,,„.,v,.^,i,a, Miss |.:iii„t ;,,,, \^,.:'Xi^ 
 
 I. .I.ssi,. .p|,|„|,, ,1, ,;,,,,,,„. .,.,, „,,.;'.,.. 
 
 55"';' "' '■'■''. ;ilial si asli,.,| 111,. ,.|„.,„„. ,|t 
 
 : 111' hank "I l;'.ssi.s,.llyii. Mills ,x (■,'., !.iv. 
 
 iiip-pil'l. .-, F,'l,. ; llialtli,,,i,^.|iM,ss,s |;,.„ ,. 
 
 ."'",■ "I '■■"'Inn st,""l,\V.,sl hail,.,., ,', ,'1 
 
 '■ iankm,t,.s allh,. .Na,i„„alaii.| I'n.nia.ial 
 
 k 111 >. .lal,||.>S .,||,,.|,,., ,,a,iy il, M,,,,.| 
 ""' "'" '*!"• "mi'Ts. 1,.. „r fl„.s,. l|„l,.s(nf 
 
 ,s'.'.. an.l i,ai,| II t,, M.'ssis. Mapl,.. «l,i,.|, ,„„,. 
 
 "'Vl'^- "I'." Ill' Hank ..I l.'ii^la,,,!. , , ,.. 
 
 ';^" "as ^:n,.„ ,„ U,,. ,)i„l„-,., .M,. .,|„ti,,,. 
 
 '■nnian.aii'lth,. dial was s,i.sp,.,i,|,„i, ,„,,,,. 
 
 «as a.li,ii'l,.,l l,y all II,.. |,a'li,.s ...i,,,; ,, |.,i' 
 
 r',' '"!I'V ,V^'"'i'ii'. till' pl.iiiilill's lii,sl,an,l, 
 
 '';",' ''■''■'' IliroiU'li'iiil as a ii.,.,ral,l,. am 
 
 ;'.''V";'r -'""■■"'■l". .-Mrs. (isl,,,..,,,', m Iut 
 
 In.il l"l lai,...,iyaii,l ;|iiiy, was s,.iit,.ii,.,.,l t„ 
 
 ? "';• niipiis.,ii,ii,.nt. with s.iiii,. hanl hi- 
 
 ,"""■• '' ^'''''-l' : iHi'.isi'.l in llii' snin r. iS.,^. 
 
 Ih.'.li'Wi.ls w,n. ,s„l,l hy an,.|i„ii r„Mi,ai„i Hi ,.. 
 (,'ivav,.sl„r,.o76/., ^iijMan.h, ,3u.,.| 
 
 ■^''■•.■V';'^'" r ''aiiili, a jruvll,.,. „|- is a. ..harn,.,! 
 
 at ( .ali.iiit.i l.y til,. .Nizam ,.r 11 vi|,Tal«i.l ,,|Vii- 
 niinally niisappn.i.natim; .., fakhs ,,r nip.Ls 
 (ah„v,. ,,„,,„,/,) ,|,.|„,.sii,.,i ,,y |,i, i,i^.i„„,,i ,,, 
 
 i'uni,.sl im>ii,.yl"rtli..|,„n.has ' thi.-im kmiwii 
 
 a.s thi' ■•iiiip,.nal ,liaiii„ml," alh-r a l..ii„- trial 
 wasai'iiniil,.,l . . . ".ii.ll' 
 
 Ni'Itl-r,,!.! iiiiiiii,.,li, Mi ■ ■ ' -- ■ '• 
 
 I'lUKi^' WashiiiKtim Hiitli'i|li'l,i 
 
 fur lih,.| 
 
 vir.lii'l, lint gull 
 
 I'liivi.,!, hut puhli,.ati,,i,.justiii,.,l 
 
 ly 
 
 lii.ynnhi 
 fiim 
 
 iniiiii;;liaiii scimv-iiuiki' 
 
 s, an Aiui.rii.an a!.','nt, fi 
 
 I'lil .,r p.it.'iit ; 
 
 'lal'iT Allri'U Hi 
 
 ;ti-Kan, triuil i,,r 1 
 
 iinnli. 
 
 3 17 Ui','. 
 :iinvi,.li;,.l 
 
 ml.iiit with I 
 
 sis 
 
 lll'l, 
 
 Mr. <i,.,ir-,. W. Il.isti 
 tii hiiusill', a trust.,,. 
 
 14 ilavs' triiil ; 
 
 ir all'-Kiil ill 
 
 :s. M.I'. 
 [ihm.t 20 
 
 .1.1 
 
 iiiisappr,.i,rialiii^ 
 
 o;.,tli 
 
 [.ropMrry 
 
 Bj'i 
 
 :'f!ii|^i 
 
 XiA^' 
 
 Mv! \- 
 
 
 m 
 
TRIALS. 
 
 1126 
 
 TRIALS. 
 
 of tliR c'lpililirii lit' iim|(ir .Iciliii Ilriiwn. plcjiilcil 
 Kuilty ; sciitiMit'i'il tii 5 ycms' iiciial snvitiiili", 
 
 11 Marcli, 
 
 Mnitlnnil Kmiicis Mririanil, n liiw tiitcir at Cniii- 
 
 bi-iilKi', not I'diinwtcil witli t)i(' iiiiiviTsity, 
 
 cliaiKcrl with si'iiiliii^' (lircati'iiiiif; Ictt.T.i in 
 
 I'Xtnrt iiiiniov, ]p|i'aclci| H'li'ty ; si'iitiMici-il to 10 
 
 years' pcual si'i'vitiidi' . '. . ii.Mari'li, 
 
 Miss Mary K. T. Kncix 1: caiKui [layman, I). |i., anil 
 
 C(i-iliii'ctnrs <if tlic Canailian I'ai'ilic (jnliiiiiwitinn 
 
 cnriiiiratiiiii ; vinlici fur plaiiitill ; t(j Ur nT«iil 
 
 23S/.. till' ainciiiiil I'lainii'il . . 2^ Marolj, 
 
 Cniiclia. i«iii|iiM', c. Cnnclia ami witi". a series nf 
 
 intricate suits ies|ieetin,i,' prcipertv, wliieli com- 
 
 llleneeil ilj i8sS. close.l by tin' liuusi^ (if lords 
 
 varying the decision of tlie'coiirt of ai^jjeal, 
 
 28 March, 
 Frederick Charles. Victor Cailes, .lolin Wesllev, 
 William llitcliliidd, .loseph Thomas lieakin. aiid 
 .Jean liattolla, aii.uidiisls, trici lor unlawfully 
 possessint; explosive sniist.auces (Willi evil iuti'ii- 
 tiiins) at Walsall, 1 Nov. 1S91 — 7 .Ian. ; Charles, 
 
 liattolla, anil ''ailes, at Stalfoid. seiitei I to 
 
 ID gears' penal sei-vitnde. Dejikin to ^ \ears' 
 
 penal servitude, Wcstlevand llitehlield acipiitted, 
 
 ;o .Maieli--^ .\pril, 
 
 Hansard rulilishiuf,' I'nion. sir lleiiiv and .Mr. 
 
 .loseph M. Isaacs. Mr. Charles llnilmaii, Mr. 
 
 Honitio linttondey, directors. cliart;eil with de- 
 
 franilinf; the company and ajiplicants for shares ; 
 
 II days' examination ; committed for tiial. 6 .\pril, 
 
 [Trial, 24 d.-iys ; against sir henry ls;iacs ami .Mr. 
 
 , loseph Isaai's no ease, .o .^pril ; Mr. llollni.in 
 
 and Mr. liottondey acijuittid : .Mr. .lustice 
 
 Hawkins and the .jury niKcntly alliTin the 
 
 necessity of amendment of the lew relating' to 
 
 tJn' directors of pnhlic companies, -ji.) .Ian. — 
 
 28 Feb. : .7-26 April, 189;. | 
 
 Mr. l-aiie Fox e. Kensin^rton Flectric l.iylitinK 
 
 comijany for iiifiin^:ement of patent; verdict for 
 
 defeiiilants with ciisis . . . io .Mandi, 
 
 Mrs. M<pntat;ii sentenced at Dublin to one year's 
 
 ini]irisonment for cruel maiislan;;liler of her 
 
 daughter, ageil .! years . . . 4 April, 
 
 David .lolin Nicoll, journalist, sentei d to 18 
 
 months' iuiprisnnmeiit. with hard labonr, for 
 iucitiuK Iier.sons to murder Ml'. II. .Matthews, the 
 home secrelary, and others, by writini; in the 
 ('tniniwiniifil, coudeninin,i.' the iiunishment of the 
 Walsall anarchists (.Jan.) . . . 6 May, 
 Walter (the llmrf) e. Steinkopiif (the .s7. ■Imiirx.i 
 (•('ct'//i'), to i-cstntiu the coiiyin;: of articles ; ver- 
 dict for iilaiutitf with some of the costs, 
 
 I ^, 17 Ma\' : 2 .lime, 
 
 Buckley e. Kdwards, see miller ./(((/i/e..- . 21 .May, 
 
 Mr. Henry de Vere Vane's claim to the ancient 
 
 barony of Marnaid in lliirliam, vacant bv the 
 
 death of the duke of Cleveland, j.'ranteil bv the 
 
 h(au;e of lords ;,, May, 
 
 Mrs. (;'ai!ill r. llie Carbolic Smoke Hall eomipaiiy, 
 rlainiin;; t<x>/. , which the ciii.i|«iny had en;;af.'eii 
 to nive to any persim who had tried the smoke 
 ball as a iireventive of inlbnuza without suc- 
 cess (by advertisi'iiient, i; Xov. ifiji); verdict 
 
 for plaint iff 4 ,|uly, 
 
 Mr. liottems. conlractiir, /'. coriioration of York ; 
 the court of appeal decides (a^-ainst the plaiiitill) 
 that tlie terms of a ruinous contract must be 
 
 fnltlUeil i6.lul.v, 
 
 "International .Society of Literature. .'Science and 
 Art" started Dec. i8qo ; 4 days' trial hir frauds ; 
 sir (iilbert E. Campbi'll, liart.. sentenced to 18 
 nionllis' iniiirisonment. with hard laboni. for 
 conspiracy : Win. .James Morpiti and .Joseph .S. 
 Tonikins (or^cani/er.s), 8 and 5 years, for fraud ; 
 Win. H. .Ste.'idman, 15 months; Havid Tolniie, 
 6 months ; Charles .M. Cl.'irke, 4 nioiilhs, 27 Sept. 
 Ma«'^Mret .1. .Smith seuteueed to 10 years' penal 
 i!ervitnileforfor;;inf.' a deed, in \vliicli'she claimed 
 part of the property of the late Jlr. Park ; ln-r 
 accomplices: Wm. Micklethwaite, 7 years ; .loliii 
 I'aul, ^ years : Tliomas Allistone, 12 months; 
 
 1892 
 
 ■"NUah Iiikiralit, 6 month: 
 
 7 Sept. 
 
 Thomas Neill. dins Cream, M.I). .\ui.. convicted of 
 fri niurder of ^latilda Clover (an unfortunate) 
 
 .Mrs. Clandine Olivia Leader (wife of lient. H. 1'. 
 Leader) e. .Mis. Eleanor C. .Smyth (wife of niaiorl 
 l-'cneral .1. (i. Smyth), for slander, in aceusinj,' her 
 of stealin).' a diamiiiiil brooch; Mr. .lustice Day, 
 i|neen's bench; .Mr. Loekwood fur plaintitf; sir 
 ! Edward Clarke for defenilant ; verdictforijlaiiitill, 
 
 I 500/. damages 14 Nov. 
 
 ' IFiir comiuenfs adverse to the idaintilf in the 
 
 Moiiiiiiji, 31 Oct., I Nov., .Mr. l!ei tt. editor, 
 
 was line ! u-oL, and .Mr. liovle, publisher, 5„(., 
 
 2 .Nov. I 
 
 Manslaufiliter of llr. Wm. P. Kirwaii, 12 Oct., at 
 
 Whilei'ioss-st.. .S.E. ; Edward Waller and Charles 
 
 liaU'h sentenced to jienal servitude for 20 years • 
 
 .lolin .James .Noble to 14 years . 18-19 Nov.' 
 
 ^Ir. Charlewood, re;;islrar to the bishop of M,-,,,. 
 
 Chester i\ the rev. ,J. I'. Foster, for libel ; verdict 
 
 for iilaintill. 2cTii/. dama^'cs . . . jfi Nov. 
 
 Will of .Miss Ellen Hoc, sometiiiies a lunatic.' mi<! 
 
 taineil af-'iiinst iiii'diral o|iiiiioiis . . y li,,,. 
 
 Mr. Harry Parminler(a iiromoter of the unsiiceess- 
 
 fnl Edison iihonoKi'apliic toy and automalnn 
 
 coni|iaiiy) r. London stereciseo]iic company, for 
 
 : alle.ued slander; verdict for defeiidanls,' with 
 
 ''"»'■■* If. Ian. 
 
 Hev. Wildin); ('. ennon Hayman and Mr. Forieseiie 
 Harrison (similar case to that of .Miss M. E T 
 Knox, 25 .March, 1S92) ; verdict for plaintitf. 4:;o/.,' 
 
 Messrs. Samuel Hope Morley and Arnold Mi'rley 
 (executorsoftheirbrolher Henry .Morle\ aiiepil,|i. 
 tic. who. when insane, ciimmitted suicide) /'. Mr 
 William H. l.oufjhmin, and his brotliers, Allreii 
 and Henry Lonnhnan. members of the •elo.ie 
 order "of the I'lymouth brethren, and ilr. Chiirles 
 
 ' Sheman, not called, to lecover about i4o.rTO/., 
 alle;.;eil to have been oblaincd at various times by 
 undue inlliieiice ; 7 days' trial ; iiainfiil evidence ■ 
 verdict lor the plaintilfs . . . 27.1,111.' 
 
 For the Velverton and Moselev ease, see yi/Aio,,,'/ 
 Ishs, 2 Feb. igQj. 
 
 Mi-siiitj ll'ioW Ciiiiii'itilioii, .see Ij^flniis.c) Feb ,Sni 
 
 Coxoii (family) r. Mrs. Seliolleld ; the vobiiitiu'v 
 settlement in 1879011 a boy, falselv asserted liV 
 Mrs. Scholield to be the son of herself .iml ln.V 
 late husband, F. C. C'oxon (killed while hnnliii" 
 -March. 1877), set aside, and the nionev leceivwi 
 by her ordered to be reiiaid to the Cxnn tiiinilv; 
 Chancery division .... m l-'eh' 
 
 Charles Wells, eu^-ineer (a lar;;e winner at Monte 
 Carlo), for fraudulently obtainini; iiionev (about 
 30,445/.) for bofrus patents ; sentenced to' 8 vears' 
 penal servitude .... q-iOiarcli 
 
 Lord Howard de Walden's suit for divoice frnin 
 his wife reji'cted. and .judicial separation ;;rai!teil 
 to her and ciisioily of the child . 811. March 
 
 Worth (the celebrated Paris co~tniiii,.r linn, estah- 
 lisheil 1858) 1: Mrs. liiadlev, lor iuserliu^ in her 
 advertisement " Worth et Cie ;" comproniise, 
 
 Edward S. W. de Colmiii sentenced to i year's iial 
 pri.sonment for uro.ss nii.sdemeanour at lieli'asl 
 
 ,.,.,.,,. . 2' ^I'O'i'li, 
 
 Liberator bnildiiif; society. .«.r umlir l;iii]iVi,iii 
 
 furhliix: trials, 17 Maicli ./ hhj. : .la s W. 
 
 Hobbs and Horace (iranville Wri.irlit seiitiiii'oii 
 to 1-2 years' iienal servitude for forj,'erv. and to 
 
 5 years (coiicurriMitly) for friiinl (.1. Hobbs re- 
 leased on medical K'ounds, .Ian. iSy8); (lenri;,) 
 Newman to 5 years for fraud . . -27 Miireh 
 
 The dowap'r duchi'ss of Sutherland ordered to pay 
 a line of 250/. and costs, and to be ini]irisoiieil lor 
 
 6 weeks, for contempt of the luobate di\ isiim in 
 burnini,' a letter brou,!;lit to her for insjieclinn (mi 
 12 April), 18 Ajinl ; arrested . . 21 April, 
 
 Hansard iiublishiiij,' union (.we iilmrv, April, 1802)' 
 trial closed 26 April 
 
 Charles T. (iatty r. Henry P. Farqnharson. M.T 
 for W. Dorset, for libel ; (|neen's bench ; ilaiiia;;e.s 
 awarded 5000/., 2o .Inne ; appeal . 21 .liinp 
 
 The dowuger diicliess of Sutherland r. the duke nf 
 Hiitherlnnil, reHpBctili(? leases ; her case ilis- 
 "li"""! 21 ,Jii!ie. 
 
 1592 
 
 '893 
 
 Aim 
 
 H. Meiinier 
 
 convicted of the murder nf 
 
 bystryclinine, 21 Oct. ; executed 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Charlotte Pearcey, aj^ed 71, at Loiip.vi 
 liromsf-rove, on 13 .laii 
 
 near 
 
 I He was accii.si'il of theiiiur lerof 1 other women.) 
 
 I .Mr. Horinuxd Itassam (see Al, 
 
 28 .June, 
 limiiiid, i8fi4, /,'i,7;',,4 
 
 Mti.-niiii, 1P84, Sinirili, 1854) e. .Mr. E. A. Ilinl 
 
TKIALS. 
 
 in Li'ftilir (wifi- nf liout. H. P. 
 ii'iinnr ('. Hiiiytli (wife uf liiiijnr- 
 tli), for slaiiiicr, in ai'cusiiix'luT 
 iiikI lii'DiH'li ; Vi. .Iiistii'c Diiy, 
 r. I.dc'kwooil fur pliiiiitiir; sir 
 (lofBjMlaiit ; verdictfcirpliiiiititl', 
 
 T 4 Nov. 1 
 ilvprse to tli(^ jplaiiitilf in tlin 
 ., I Nov., Mr. lii'niu'tt. I'llitur, 
 mil .Mr. Hcnlc, pnlilisluM', 5,,?., 
 
 . Win. P. Kirwiin, 12 Oct., at 
 C. ; Edwanl Waller anil CliarleH 
 ij iiiiial scrvitnile for 20 ypars ; 
 ' to 14 years . 18-19 Nov.' 
 iistrar to tlic hlslinp of Maii- 
 ,1. P. Kosti-r, for liliol ; veiilict 
 laniajii'S . . . j6 Nov. 
 Itui", .sonii'tinios a Innatic, mi<- 
 Heal o]iinionH . . y i,,,,, 
 r(a |iriiinoter of the nnsiieeesH- 
 oniapliii' toy ami antonialon 
 on stereosropie eoinp;inv, for 
 veriliet for ilefemlants, ' with 
 • „• • • • M 'Ian. 1 
 ill Hayiiian and Mr. Fortasene 
 ?asfi to that of Mis.s M. K. T. 
 592) ; verdict for iilaintitf. 450/., 
 21 .Ian. 
 «■ Morley and Aiimld Mnr|,.y 
 irntlierljeiiry Morle\ anepil.p. 
 
 line iiiniitted suicide) c. M^, 
 
 nan, and liis lirotliers. .Miivii 
 man. iiieniluM's of the 'elnse 
 ontlibretlireii.aiMl Mr. Cliarlis 
 il, til leeover .-ilioiit i4o.r.i<,/., 
 n nlilained at various times |jy 
 days' trial ; iiainfnl evidenee ■ 
 "tilf^ • ■ . =7 .Ian. , 
 nid .Moseley ease, see li'ilhunii 
 
 itiiiii, see I.iiftrriis.q Pel,. ,?„, 
 Irs. Sriiiitield : llie virliintary 
 on a lioy, falselv asserted dv 
 tie llie son of lierself ,ind l,er 
 . C'oxiin (killed wliile Imnliii^', 
 
 side, and tlle niniley leeeiviMl 
 
 lereiiaid to tlie I'nxon family; 
 
 irt Pel). „ 
 eer (a lar^n winner at Miiiite 
 ■ntly obtainiiif; inoiiev (almut 
 patents ; sentenced to" S years' 
 
 , , ■, • • ''-'5 ^'"I'eli, ,, 
 allien s suit for divoree frnin 
 ml, judicial se)iaratioii niaute.l 
 
 oftlieeliild . 8-11 .Mareli, „ 
 il Paris costninier linn, estati- 
 
 Brnilley, lor inserting in her 
 01th ct C'ie ;" coinpriiiiiise, 
 
 17 Maivli 
 Imlii sentenced to t yens iui. 
 ss liiisdenieanonr at liell'ast. 
 
 21 Mairh, „ 
 society, srr uiiihr r.iiilil!,,,, 
 7 March ./ s..,. ,■ .lames W. 
 ■ Granville Wright seiiteiicpd 
 
 servitude for hjigeiv, and to 
 Illy) for fraud (.1. Hnhhs re. 
 tiroinids, ,laii. iSyS): (leorp) 
 
 for frand . . a? March, „ 
 
 lit Siithorlaiid ordered to pay 
 lists, and to he iniiiiisiined fur 
 npt of the lirobate divisinii ill 
 inxlit to her for iiispeclj,,n(ijM 
 ; arrested . . ,, April, „ 
 union (.«r iilinn, April. i?q2) 
 
 • 36,\|iii|, „ 
 Henry R. P'arqnliarsoii. M.P. 
 iliel ; (ineen's bench ; daiiia^'es 
 Inne; appeal . 21 .lime, , 
 < of iintherlaiid r. the duke of 
 tint? leases ; her case dis- 
 
 21 .lime, ,, 
 'oiivieted of the mniiler nf 
 
 aneil 71, at Loiifieye, near 
 '"II- • • . 28. Inne, „ 
 1 (see .Uiiissiiiiii, 1864, Ihllish 
 nil, 1854) 1: Mr. K. A. HiaL-e, 
 
 for libel and slander in 1801 • vi.i,ii„t f 1 ■ , 
 rtanianes ,0/. . ' ' '""l"f f'"' pl'nntitf, 
 
 WiiKht hopes t,li,it fnrth. lei 'no ee ; i M ','" 
 
 toner's ai r 'ir ;, .,;.f ;::™' "'T^^'-'^ "^ '''« 
 aiida,ii.tl,e,,,^;'',iy:,l'^; '- Niiitt,swo,.le 
 
 verdict lor defendants " " ''."-,','• 
 
 Messrs. AlliM, AC, steamship „„:„„,,;, ,f » ' " V. 
 
 ».^';l.,a- -'pi;; ,^ liri!;;!' l^J 
 
 tothe,r.cliildi>Mi,agHd,yea.-sand'2;'ln,';;;,^ 
 Miss,l. Mif-hell eahcMiltan of Joliore (s;''i;'J,!,!:;5; 
 Jniiies Harlier Edwarls (a triisfpel ,« , 1 ^I"'; 
 
 ^IS.^;;-;;:;;:'*'" ■^".^^--^i.-^oe.i;^^;:;^! 
 
 ^"t:;:l^^-t!ni?:id';;ri-i--^ 
 
 servitude res,,ectivelv f, r .\to inl'- fi ? r"" 
 .Mr. Pardoe. of HriKhton, liv' 1 l^.^^^;.' !,','''' 
 .accusation • . ■■ '>.ii.s 01 uise 
 
 Alfred ,lohii .Monson tried n't Ed'inl,ii'r,-h~for t'he 
 iiiiiiiler(iiratteiniit)of lieiit W f riT^ 1 . 
 
 .;asi. connected with insurance;' vei^^h?;,"?^ 
 
 ZieieiiherK and 'wife' c. Labomhen., for" nhe'i*'ii; 
 IrM respectmt; St. .lames' hone In fm 
 mehiiates. charKint; the ,,lainti(ts w 1, , rn 
 tyranny; 20 days' trial ; verdict for defl'nd.ani 
 
 Trial respecting the coliision' of ihe ^,-« anV'ihe 
 
 '=i:i:p'ira:'n;,,is;:"3 
 
 penal servitude \i 
 
 '(wi^'tTli!';:!;;.;:;;;!.;""''™"^ -''ZtP 
 
 "ss:;l,v'ari^;-:^!;e^r" '-'^ ^ '-"?" 
 7:.™^;dti-s ;l;'';;;i;iLS-:ii->:H;S 
 
 livaiTan(.'einent . siuieo 
 
 \!nT\'- "• ^'"'''»";'''"-y"(anthor Irnr 
 
 ■ niK., .\,„.„, published in ,38,-6) ,•. ,„' f 
 .au,'htoi, and others, forlibel ;Mr. .Moi tji nier's 
 
 1127 
 
 TRIALS. 
 
 ;-iVn;i;'i^!;;::.;, -;:,•'-,'- M.r., J t^: 
 
 lleiirv Kredk v, 1. -'■ "■ "n- ■ . 14 He ,. 
 Kensinit 1, Imi ;, T'"'^"^ "' H".vswater and 
 
 misappri, 1 a ' ',;r';-''-'', '''™"r «'"'^>- "^ 
 ,,,,voar.l 'penal sl.;;q„',;ie ■■'•<>■'■ ^ -"teneed to 3 
 
 Ine inaronis of (mee.,.,1 ' ,' . ,=0 '^'"rch, 
 
 "'K :> ibel 1 -//ins ;■,''■■''-■'•; -T'/'' l'"''""''- 
 ••"•qiiitted till s, I i " ",' ^^ '''''•• ■"'thor; 
 
 MrtUIr W ,.; |'";^;^,:Vt''';'"^'^ '^5 April: 
 deineanonrs. ,,;>',„.'' ,,'■';''''''''•'' '"'■'"iH' 
 ■li»aKlee; 1, ■«,,"., 'i,.""''';"'''"'""' ' i'"'.^- 
 
 ::;:ri^s^a-;^,i,ii-{S'ri'i-^'V'"-:"- 
 n:.d;;on'';r,^-:;iv:'; '■ - '-^^ 
 pm-tyof M^. a'le t;;:i'v,''''''^ 
 
 widowofMr..i;,,.|h:,',|,V,| '■■."'' '"[''I^^ 
 >'••'«"; verdict for ,,'"'■•;'•' •■'"'"'l"™t<' 
 
 „H"ss;.ii,;iJ;;,^,i;i,,:":n,; ::;',:-"• j'- Kate 
 
 '■"iilitcss Hnssell r earl 11 ,'i ' .'^ -M'nl, , 
 
 'li'fendant ■ iiidi ci'iV „, , ,'*"T" ' ^■™'"' for 
 
 heraoi'l-, !,:''..:•'""■""■" ''"■'••^''•I. ^4 April ; 
 
 ■»95 
 
 , ,1'"l H 1(11 ^( 
 
 h'-rai.peal ilisiui,se,l 
 
 ■'■•Ibez Np,.,„.,,|. |),,],„|||._ ,.j^._j-, 
 
 24 A])i 
 
 7 Aug. 
 
 pro.secuted for 
 
 894 
 
 tlie.l/'w// tiinl .Viici/ (,'.1,-1//. 
 
 'a mass of inipu- 
 
 ileiit ami scurrilous fals'ehoi'ids ; " .erdict for t hi 
 ■lefeiidants. with costs , 
 
 Ella (lillespie, nurse, sentenced io , 'veaiV i,e',','al 
 
 s.TV, nde for cruelty to d en in the Ib.c'k, ,',' 
 
 worklinuse school at llrentford . 2 ' 1,1 ,; 
 
 Mi^s Tivhelli.ltettini e. the ItouU \'cad n' f 
 Music; Madame Trebelli's will be , ,ii L 
 piol-rty to the academy, afHnned, wit , , .c ,*: 
 iiinidatiijiis ; todays' trial . . ,0 , , 
 
 si;^^:.L-v!-;;'2^<:i;;r:';!:,;-;r:^;di" 
 
 Trial of io anarchists begins 'i a ""' 
 
 James Canhatn Read (very depravi',!), for „,i„Z- 
 
 of Ho enee Dennis one of his vii'tin s, at PriUle 
 
 exe'i.'ted ■' • ^^ '""''' ^ •^'•''•l""'f"l''l, i^-.jNov. ; 
 
 HaiifslenLd e. /)„;/,/ 'n,v,,,'(,,'r .' ' -■.■ -^ "*"'• 
 
 Wr Hen. Kdwd. li 
 Ml " 
 
 rock, Jlr 
 
 Mr. P 
 
 Ralf. 
 
 '|'|''',I1TI bald, major .lohn Tl 
 
 IlibI 
 
 =9-t- 
 
 I'oiispii.icvan.l rioi.V ,;.■;', I '"'^''''"''''' '"r 
 
 : i)ow.s,r;H'6''M;!'!'^,<^^; '-"''';/ *'-;i//.«) at 
 
 set aside . ■ • '^'"'"""'•'1 for trial, ajipeal 
 j Hoii.se of lords' •11,1,.. -.i' r \< ' 1 ■'ulv, 
 
 ;-:-:-'...i^,insui^:i,i-i;::^:-;;--|;e 
 
 •livisioi, . 2, Mav, ' ;, "°-* '',!]" <''''i"™rj- 
 was real lioi, i,- '.;, '•t""l".v a statement 
 clainiaiiVw '"„'•,,,,' i;t/'"-'l;"^ t'-t the 
 Wright ; Mr. ,Ie th ' h , ,, .' ^''-* , ^ '""""<"> 
 lii-r case, and M is, 'r' '■''''','■'''• «''"'« "P 
 
 trial, ,7 In,. ;.,'.',' "•»>'";•. 'Hiinurned th? 
 
 .iWeil'--' '"^""-'"l- :- Xiv. ; appeal re- 
 Mr. W. T. .Stead lii„.,I ',•'.•' ' ■ <> "i^c. , 
 fV'raniirticli'i ';,;.',/; ;:''';''-'"I't'>f?<">rt 
 I .,.'i;.if"nr; appeal set a^ide ' ■^«'""»t • " |e^ 
 
 ''iiS;:^;r-''''''''''''''-^''-^'''''^'--"'-S ' 
 ■''hismis;r;::s'''y;;.r^^!^"-';yr'-'i'''^---^^ ' 
 
 lie,, "' "•• 'I't'i'ied to |,enal servitude for 
 M,.ssi.^Wrigl„^ro.,.:Mr.lla„i,.,„i ^J'"'!^ " 
 
 , tills. 8«./. damages '' ' ^' •'"• Pla n. 
 
 ";;:::,n^i,.;;-;;::u^^'' ■ "•'-■- - '"^^ - 
 
 ■l.ib.^ Silencer Hallonr and (i,nr.;,l,e,;,s,...'^S- " 
 
 n ■■ • -7 -^'l^-; selitl'lices, imill isoloiieiif 
 
 Itallour, ,4 years' ,,eMal scivitu,.. 1 .il"!, fj; 
 
 iintion as to his affairs. 27 .Ian I'n-i t ,,,1! 
 .mn,U,s;Theid,ahl,4i,,on,hs;-:i-!^,!^;-;ii^ 
 
 Henry Wright, lodg.'.r, convici..,], 4 r,,;, 'l^^ " 
 nuirder of Mrs. Reynolds, ber , «i, t, , Wi ■ml 
 
 ";:;;^i''^:!:;^di:;;:'r'i:;:,3,>;'!'!i.""i6Ai't5^ 
 
 , for ste 
 
 Wright 
 
 Mr. 
 
 and 
 
 niid^ji. .'iddwa.iis (di.i 29',i;i;'i:";.';i: 
 
 erator liuildiii) 
 eoinpany, \e. 
 
 vain 
 
 way CO., in tissnlstoi 
 
 'Hling ;;, ilitrots 
 
 4,90fi'.. the lililperfy of the'Midli 
 
 Al 
 
 If gionii" .lirectms of Pii 
 
 exander PMw. .Sarli. ^i 
 
 street, s.W. 
 
 if siivr 
 Old raib 
 
 iQ 
 
 s'lcieiv and t 
 
 servitude fi 
 
 !inds allotinenl 
 
 sllvi 
 
 in the sil 
 
 r robbing M 
 
 '• \',"'"".';"'' '",1 y'""' ppiiai 
 
 rsniiths. his ..mploy..rs, ami f 
 
 rs. Klkiiigton & c, 
 
 t'^m 
 
 l*J^iil 
 
 ' -* i!a 
 
 %■ 
 
 J (I 
 
 Ver |.,bli. 
 
 II.. 
 
 "1 coniplicity 
 ii'oige Uarrat't 
 

 TRIALS. 
 
 IViH 
 
 TKICOTKI'SES. 
 
 (.,:,vlM ,8iiiui,;liVh:.l.i l„l„.nr lor ivcMMlr-J^^^ 
 
 j,^m''s'k"tr"'MM.i otiMis'cuns'i.'U'.i ..r i';'i^M;;^'; 
 
 JclH, llinvl,„'l< Wilson. M.l'. ,;. ■„ll,.-.o„ i, 1 \U^v^ 
 
 ..,.s ,4 M.url, ; hi, v.Mn">l lor I""'',"'"" 'V ,. 
 i,„l„iry. ivln-.l i,y ll,.' on, 111,01,., .7 Mairl, (m . 
 
 «il,., lor l,li,OM„.i:.lin,.l.'V. vi.lM-l loi I'l'l' ' • 
 
 ,i,„„a;;,wMWMr.i,-.; i..v,jiio, .•-.,.«-'•■. 7''^' "." ; ; 
 
 ., ..- MarW,(.'X..,'ntio„ ,slM.v(l l.y .-..ns,'!,! .■- " 
 
 t„l„',,Mi,iiii „.lili..iii,ll,v) , • . >>^''' '• ' 
 
 ■I, „,., {,„„1,„. (St, (o.,„^;,.'s jUMsioi,) .■1,... on 
 
 iirtiti,.!, ; Ml. Marks rftams lii.s sent. 4..<l.i.\'- 
 
 ,, I. l„i,„,. I.aro, roil.,,-!; a.„l . .ist„v m^";' , 
 
 I ; 1 ,'1'.- I .\l'Mi. . 
 
 AI!,,.,! Millsol:,. IMU,.! lI.M.iy Tuwl,'!-. ;,,ili:'i.-j"l 
 «i,l, U... i„u,.l.-. ol Mr, ll.'or> >'"} l\ .n, -^ 
 w,.ll.l,iU, or. ,, r,.|.:.-Mi.t,m..l at Hall,. mU 1.. 
 ,l,.,,„.rat,' li.«l,l. .., April; .-onvHuM. .,. M. . . 
 .v'lit.al . . . ,„.• • • "• ,',■ 
 
 ^^lliamS.:., „n,..M,-t..lol!h,iHn.;l;'. ot.l,,,„ 
 
 (; l,i,an l,fv>,7-.:".,l ,-<Mral. .\v.<. ••■''■•■•>':'\' • 
 
 ■\iM',.lri K IiVfl'. i-ol A i,-t>'.l ol iiirantioi'lf U'/'"''' 
 
 ■ s,>. .2Mav;,-xr,.„t...i, ,, , • • ■"•I';';,;; 
 jir.. i.a„M-> :■■ ti.- ii^:- i«'^ ■ '" '•"";'"'j[;;;., 
 
 Tr'llol'"-'aiMl oil,..,- .-, Ih,- Loii.lon li„il.lii,;; ■lr..l"~ 
 F,.,i,'.ration Nii.l otloMs. lor i.,„;in>;a i„a,a.i, " it ' 
 ., l.lack l„,nl..|,o.Mitail,iliuii lisl ol liaim's ,il ii" i' 
 ,.lia.-,.,l Willi w..rkii,..;; •■ •IVollol"' ^ I;'"' l< l'.-*\, • 
 
 v,T,li<'t, tliat tin- list is vitiilictiv Ml iiialKious, 
 
 a!„l a ,„.ri:.>ii::u ii.iiiia'tioii ^r.iiit.'4 ; .lamaj;. s. 
 ,,„,; . , . . . 24-Miiil-4 ^l''.^' 
 
 l.r. .l,-un.'soi, aii.l otliiT.. .sr- 7m"_.n;../, lli'C. ij.qs. 
 .Inly. .8qfi. ;o,.^...r.'; .■01,1 /,';,.„;..o,, Ai.u. togP, 
 
 F>' i'''i,'('iaU^'V,s,'i. I, '!,•.■,■, to-.,.\ rs-iOT,als,M\itmli', 
 
 lorkilli„;,iMr,i..Hi Mi~. Hil.y, in a lit ol passio,,, 
 ii! North-sl :, 1','f .iVill,'. on 4. Inly. ^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 <;,.,. (■r.n,^..,;;,N' Ac' . :■' N<n. vqo. 
 M.,M S'lina K;;,':i!-;1i. la.iv Sn.it, .l,.l.n i:, rki'Hon, 
 K„.,I. Kast (,li...l. ■: \>-r.). a,,.l \ n. A>.;lt- 
 
 lri.viforlio,U.7'^'Mt.)a;^"''-"'^"'.'V'V' • i ; 
 Sctis .son-in-law. -; Nov.: .onvirt.-.l, 7 'I'"; 
 
 ,Su7: sent , Sinoiitlis'iini.ri.oiinii'nt \v.llioiit 
 
 liar.l lali.ini. S .Ian. i.i.,7- , , , . ,,.: ,, 
 
 Stiv,-n /■, V,.!sloiil, 1 li'.il skiin!"f. 7'l".v- t .il. 
 
 "y.^.H^tlortl,,. plaintill, --/.•Inn;.':-'- • ■? ;•-•■ 
 M.-.,rs, Haili'V & Co, r. llm Olln-ials ol tin' (.»-■ 
 l,.v, Ui'is rnioi, lor i„ali,'ioii-s int"rt.'ivn,- «itli 
 llii.o tiaili' l.v pick. 'tin,: villi yioli'iiia', vi'ii icl 
 l,,i plaiiilills, I 74''. , ;v, .laniiv.M's , , > < -i;"'- 
 II„..k Caiiipli.':! Uiowrii.u ', Mo.,lyn mhI ..tl„;is, 
 ,, ,; ivs- trial, vpplirt t,.i llf plaintiil. snslainin- 
 tl„. willot Clia.s. Stl.irt Coniln-'ll:,!", an in:j«il- 
 
 tant Jinl:-: 't • • • • • '■;■!.,■''.,',■ 
 
 M.ixiin r. Aii.i.'f.sor.s.-.. (■„,,;,(,■ . . 4 > ■ ; 
 Tlio «iU ,.l Mr. E. HnntiM-, l„.,pi.':itliin^ l,''t«.','n 
 
 ou,«>J. aii.l -,.. '. ^•'•..,r"r •■'•'■l"^'^"''|"; I,''.''- 
 
 poll's, si't asiili' as iii.l,.i;nit.' , , 'J >\<"' '■ 
 
 Hawk.' r. I'nin. s,.,. i:,llin; //.ih.<..s . 1 i .Mairii. 
 Catli.Tin.' K,iii|.sliall. : ■, -n;l'';i;-'''l to 'i';^'"';- '- 
 
 Maicli Tor tin. noir.l 'r ol K.l.nar s. Moll. ii.l. 
 
 ;,„.,vl.aiit, l.:v,.rpo,,l (.-<, t>,-t. .igoV tvsptt,.,!. as 
 
 .11 . . ■ ii .tlMrt'M. 
 
 Mr.""sa'lns,.,i Kox r. Mr. ■.1,'fo'tn,' K. .In'oin,' ami 
 
 „th.Ms for all-ii.l lili'ls in /■•"■•.■'•,■.' /'!'.',,; 
 
 ,6 (lays' tria'; vr.lii't lor plaint ill. tin ^^ 11W 
 
 ri',|!"«'i'n'or Mr. ■]■. P.' IIpun.s,.li. of riM'rls.'.v, wlio 
 
 ,li,.l in ,^.4. -^-l "^i'l" ''-^ ""• l"'"''",^'' '■'.','"■• ','1' 
 a,.,, mill ol lii.s t;ros, .LOnsniii-. ,|.-|.ril.,',l in 
 papi'is roiin.l iltmlii-il'-itli . .1 A|.ril. 
 J„L,.l, Yal.^s. solicit.-!. virtcl of Irail.l. pcrinrv. 
 
 1895 
 1896 
 
 lSy7 
 
 fit:. I 
 
 >niil si'rvitii.lc fi 
 
 life 
 
 Capt. Hill Ki'iini'.ly s. nl 
 
 .,! t. 
 
 Ri-r\ ill!' 
 Cliailton 
 
 Ic I..1 |.,'r,)iii> in .-I lilii'l .aclioi 
 
 Ma 
 
 pi'lial 
 
 .lin,.. 
 
 Lalioiiclicrc r. H. 11,'ss. i.ro|.ricloi ol ' ,;■'..' 
 V.ilir. tor an in.iumtn.n to r,-strdin 1 ic pi I 1 . - 
 tiol, , f liis l,.ttulslo til,, late (i. A. Nila.niaiilc . 
 lmli;''l.asn.,anlsMr.ll..ss,l,iitrc.,isc^wini 
 
 costsiiiirj;ar.ll,.Mrs. hala . • "'^ 'J ,'^- '"'" 
 Alli'ii c. l'l,,o,l aii.l Maylor, s.'c 1 um'S . 11, u „ 
 k,,l 111.1 Taylor -'. Allen, »lii|.\vn>;lit», tof 
 '' i,.', ,ii lui.splisniissalfroiiici.iployii.cnt. 
 
 ';::i,ai,,i pla,nl,Msini6.,5;V''r'li^;\"l'';'l' : 
 .ainilofapp.al, >^y5 ; vr-lic itm is M - 
 1„,„M. of loi.l-, o .lii.lf-'c.s UKamsl .i (intul, ^'iis 
 
 i.,™;:';'Viav.M.,,y..5^:ciai) ^)y^^^'Xii::i^ " 
 
 ,1, two pi. iiiissoiy iiol.'s, cii,luis,..l l,.y ilctcn.lanl 
 r:,}anc,.s l,yM,Ma Will. Ncyillllnu ,.■ was 
 
 onlywitn,s>in,;a aocnnMait. wind. In' 'MuA 
 sec; Nvi.li.i p.rthe.l.'lciiilaiil . . '-"'■. " 
 Hiclia a Archer IMinc, ,!.. a.'tor, c,invict,>,l ol t 
 
 '^3%,:;:;;::' ;l,r~:,s:;'-. !;-££, ,^_^ 
 /'=''"rl;;.S<';;s;:,;:e:;,™t;'::r 
 
 ' p'r,,iissirv notes, si:.n,.;i 1a sir laltoi, ami Un l.v 
 
 ^ 1"' ;iaays>kcsa iii-1 1""-'*^™';:;: ;, , ; 
 
 - ,,l,l ,„rtlie.l,.ten,lant,s,>inall,,es t" "i.^ 1 
 
 ,i,,t,.s h,.iii;. loineries; 5,lay. tiiai • ■^■•■"'•, - 
 Vlnliniir ll..nit/,ell, .j.mrnali.l, sentciinal I,. .. 
 ' ,-,.'11.; Kli'mi'iil Wieiv.liicki, printer, to ■ 
 ' monuls'ii isoiiiiientforpiil.HslniiK.ncitemcnts 
 
 ;,;;;i'\;'!if';;nNeviii(,7i.»c,iu.,ic,;,ito5jva..^,;.;..a^ •■ 
 
 scrviluilc lor liaiiil i.-speclin;: se, iiiiln's (a^. 1 is 
 
 Jlr. .las. Spen.lcr('la,\) . - • • ,'f ' ,'' " 
 
 I Mr IMssell Spok- lor Ike On.svenor llotei o, a- 
 
 ' acv r tl„. ,lir,.,tias, inana^.n, aiul Mi, H. I. 
 
 I l';:i iianinspiiacy^cnliel for plaiiitin will, 
 
 M;r^^:;;;;;r"^:ln-it'':^ivic{e,i uf.t.ieiiia,,: •• 
 
 slaiiililer of liiM servant, .lane lViKloy,.>- 
 ! treaUiienl aid .starvation (5 'la-V* I""') • ;"- 
 
 ^^I:;;;;;::'li;l^■^'■i^nni:;;;:l!lr:n;l''".lU,c>^u;;.|:•■ 
 
 " , ' „„iiiol,'rsof llie company ol In. iias M«, 
 
 : -h-i:l^.i^::i^!'^;l-'^.'.;-:'.''^''-^ 
 w!iu:;'^iori:;::urn"^,.,:f.in^ni,nicrof;A.,n,e-- 
 
 lloliiies, l.v strjcliiiiue , , • • " 
 See /■;,ivr.l("0.<. 
 
 TlilBl'XESui."nii':rKiii'LK(?V-7'«'"/v.'"-;, 
 
 „m nslratcs of Koine, lust, cliusc, Imin atim.i^ 1. 
 cimmiot.s to ■■cprcsciit tlietn. 41)4 l...'„ ^vlc.l H.r 
 
 " 0, al'U'i' n . ui.ri'cl will, tlic senators, ha, rcDna 
 to Mots Kaccr. Tlic lirsi two tril.uiics mu (.. 
 ^c?nh;:l;;ulL. Allnntis; ''"t their nun, ,. «, 
 soon after raised to hvc, au.l 3, >' ^ '"' , ' ' .': 
 «-hi,-li lUlinlar iviiiailie.i ti.xcil. 1 !»■ oil,, ■ u a, 
 •m 1,1 ai„lasthchistha.n..rne,ratcaolltl.r4tli 
 
 ";hci.lcs,,ll.cccM.lH.Mhat.li,v was, ■,..,. M 
 
 the fka'tinll. Ill A.I.. 1347. ^1"''.', ''' "" " 
 s:,,,neaal.s,,lutcp,,wcri,il^..iinas nl.u-ieM^^ 
 
 people, aiul rclonnea ii.aiiv aliuses , but , .inimllii- 
 X ■avteai.ccs, lie lost Ids p,.p..lant.v ami "as,.*- 
 nclUii t'lalaliVate. He .•ctuflicl to Koine ali.l «.... 
 iissassiiiatial, « Sept. 1354- 
 
 •PPU'rilMASIS, a fatal UUcasc, o,-,-a.si"i,,ii 
 
 bv^i ms i^vv ,'.' i^ml""!""^' P"^k .'•""taiimi. a 
 
 nimVte w^.rni iiam.al y'/'i,/<'"" .V'"'"'''"' .'';"''""' 
 
 OWH a eovdva these wniiiis 11. cysts .11 limi. 
 
 l>. 1H22 TIk' triciiinc arc tliupmslu 
 
 U:";; ;. ,v SiH'.' "niaiir. ■n.-;, ;'-;-;• -^"■- 
 
 ., .1 . enti, 11 11 l»>i. aiul Dr. 'I'luiili.lini" i- 
 
 ;^";:!;,;;;","!uu.es'cie?;'o,'Art.o,>.8Apni,... 
 
 I TinPClTOli FLAd (>•''''. "'lii'''> aii'l ''''*■• 
 
 blue, 
 
 France, 17H1J. 
 
 mveii 
 
 teil IJV La I'ajcllc, 
 
 ,.|.l 
 
 liiUips. iil«piit,il will, vi'i-ilict foi tin 
 
 ]ilaiiitill (5 '1 ..vs 
 
 trial). te.Hlator not insan, 
 
 TTfTCOTFUSES (knitti'i's), a nam,' !:wii w 
 .^^iS oVFrnich rcV.l.U'.aii leinalcs, wlu.«,. 
 
riiicoTKrsKs. 
 
 TEIDF INK. 
 
 . II, .ss, InulPlil'Inl' l.r llir .1./'""" 
 
 ,„„„.ti„i,tu ivslr.uii llu'P"!'!"'''- 
 .r,l',Ui.' iMti'O. A. SMlii.^ninlH. , 
 ■..■mis Mr ll''^'<s, liiitri'lirsi'il wiUi 
 U, Mis. Siihi . • -'7 N"*- '3')7 
 
 ii 'niviipi- .■^•■i. Tiiiii-H . It' I'll'- .. 
 
 lor 'r. AUiMi, sliipwrinlit.-, '"i' 
 i.^sl.lisiui-^Ml triiiii i'iiiiil..yini'iit)^ 
 u.lill. ill lo.js; v-nlic'l iipii'l' "' 
 1 ,£us; viT.licI ifViTs.^.i h\ li" 
 
 ,, iiMi^i'v- ii^uiiist .i (niiK'i' ;;'"■ 
 
 ,,,/'. ,5s, claiuiril li> tlu'pUiii.ntl 
 ,„ry iiul.'.s, •■•i'l""^'-l I'.vil.'ti'H.lMiil 
 l,v- lunl WiiK Nevill HiiH !'■ "i';^ 
 ,,■,, ,i,„^„„i,.iit. wliii'li li'' ili'l iii'l 
 ,7il,...l.'ii-M.li.iii ■ ■ i: I'Y^ ■• 
 I'hnr.. ■ ■ iii-tur, ciiiivwli'il "I til., 
 r „r 'Will. Cliiirh'.'. I.i-«iii. .>'"■ 
 
 Hu7- .li'tlilll"! IIS II ITHllllMll 
 
 '^ _ . t ; .hill. U.y/ 
 
 .i„v(iiii'iuiii'y ''■iiiii'i' '■•■-"' !'■'""" 
 
 nVl'.r l.,S72(. "'111. llllvillllM'a Mil K 
 
 ■trs, si^.|.i.a 1..S .sir ImU.iii iiiMll.i'l.v 
 ,\K,.Ml.lllliU."l hrr-siniiiUiiiv •■ Y'l- 
 l',.l,.i,.laiil, siniialiiirs t" Uii' ulin'i 
 
 I n,^, • 5 , lavs' iriai . iJ •'■!"■ ■■ 
 
 /Wl, i.ainialisl, si'iiUiici'il lu i 
 Kl.'inViil Wii'i/liii'Ui, iiriiiU-r, In ■ 
 i.sniiiiiiMiiruriaililisliiiiKiiit'i'i-iii;;'' - 
 
 ■ viil ( i7), .s..lili'lin.ilU) 5 >™''«' 1"!"''' 
 |,aiiirii'sl..'elHi^ s.'cmilii's(a^aiiisl 
 
 ,,u,^, tor 111.' (;iusM'iii.i; ii"t-'' "';• 
 
 liiiTtMls, lualian..!, alal -Ml- "■ .^• 
 siiiiarv; \i-nli.l l"i- lilniiitiH. ^'V' 
 (u.laOs (rial) ■ • , W '■'''^- '• 
 Nii-liulls cuiivii-U'il of tlie iiiaii- 
 I'icr si-rvaiil, .lam' I'oi.i'.iny, by Ml- 
 „1 starvation (5 il'i.v--' 1'"'')= "'■"■ 
 ■ar.s- pi-iial si-rviliuli- • ,.2 -^'i^ ■■ 
 
 liriiiii.i.-a.l, ami ., nUii-r <l"-:;\if 
 .,„( till- oiiiipaiiy III ■llimiias bilu. 
 
 ■ Sons (l.lil.), i-ouvii-ti^il ol I'oi.^ 
 Hraiiil, anil M-nt.'iin-'l to vaiious 
 
 lis riit . ■ -, ■ 7.^;'>' ■■ 
 
 .Icinvk-lnl of tli.iiiiirili'rol Aiini-' 
 trsHiiiii... . - • ■ '>■'"'"■ " 
 ■Si'i' l-'.jriviilnuis. 
 
 ESoKTiiKri-:'ii'LE(2''-'i'"""^''''''"i' 
 
 1 loiino, lust cliusiii Iriiiii iimmit; tin; 
 i-cm-i-si-nt tln-Mi, vn i.^c, wlnii tlir 
 ,,uanvl with tin- sn.atois.l.ailnnmi 
 ■r Till' livsi two tnlninc.s win l. 
 L. AlliintLs; Iml tln-if miinl.rr «:i* 
 is..(l to tivf. iiiKl 37\oiir>iilt';'l"fin^ 
 ,,,■ ronuiinoil li.M''^ "'>•, ">'"; "/ 
 isthc Hrst liail birii civatctl oil llii'4tli 
 if Di-c-c-iiilH-r, that .lay was ,• msin l„r 
 
 In A.I.. 1347. ^i''''''''^', '•' '',"■,"/' 
 ihilc pow.T ill Konio as trilniiii' "I Uk 
 .■tornKaiiiaiivahusis; hut lomnimiiu 
 s holii^st liis popnlanty ami was ..■it,. 
 Ii'iati'. lie i-itiinii'd to Komi- and «,i' 
 « !Sopt. I354' 
 
 NIASIS, 11 fiitiil Jisi'ii-"''. iiii-ii^i"!'''' 
 "iw or iiii<h'i-ilom' poi-k i-oiitaiiiiii:- i 
 ,; „„n,oa Tn</nii<' .viimlis. I'rMi-r 
 ,.,-,.,1 Ihi-so worms ill cysts, 111 liiiiu.m 
 iS^-- '1'Ih' triiiuiia. aiv Ihur.aulny 
 ',;;■:,;„.,- rooking:. Th.- .lis.;as,. wauii 
 „!„ |„ kSOS, 11ml !»'■- ■Ihmliiliuiiiii.- 
 ,t the Sooioty of Arts on 18 April, liUfc 
 
 Xm PLAU (riHl, wliitr, anil U'l.'. 
 eiitiiipr thoani-imt moiian hy ; ivU iin« 
 iiivfiiti-a hy La l-u>flU-, ad.-liUu .■,■ 
 )■ 
 
 'FUSES (Uiiitti'i's). 11 iiaiui' srivif. I* 
 [ From-li rcpuhU'.an t.-inah-s, who zca.- 
 
 1I21» 
 
 IVI..041,a,,ai., wasp,^!:,! S;^ i^-,, '•'' '^ 
 uigiila paWiaiMoiit at Iras n,, -, o ,■ """'■ 
 This law was lirok,.,, I,v tin- I 1 . |., ,.1 '""'■ >"'"■'■ 
 was repc-ak-a i„ ,u,^. .Viioiln-r h, I 'miI''^ '""I 
 inKW. WHS n-p,.al..,| l,v tin- .Sopt, , ,' . ' '«l'^;;'''l 
 
 l,-I9, .:o,ilinm-il iiv .MaViaTIn- i ,-'"'''7 ^ '- 
 rstablislmu-n, orthi-ovni-fa^;,, iU^i,,,^;"^;'''"- 
 
 TKIMTY HOUSE. 
 
 ,,, I Kpiii.ii.^iiiCi •■""""'•'■"' •1 ;i 
 
 -"'■'■'■ssiv,.iv i,..i ,,■,''''';''''■'!''• "'''■'■I' i''i> 
 
 ,, '"■lif.'lialioMat lli., • • ""■■'ll-iiii-aiisi-ill -1, 
 
 111" is|;iii,l xiv,.|, „,, t,; ,,,.• , • • - .Inly, ,aq, 
 ■'"■ii'l ori-,„i„^:,|' ■"■'■online |„ th,. - 
 
 '\||;,'. 1S06 
 
 I'oiiulalii.M o( ,.ity ami tcirilorv in i.Sil^, , -'- 'n'^" 
 Cnliiil r..<.,.plion ,,f tl,i. ,|n|-,^ ,] ', > '^"■+''''- 
 
 till- .Mi-iliti-'mini-an ll,.,.i ' '-'''"l"ii'Kli ami 
 
 Tli- i-ily simrr,.,! niu,-), In an , aii'l .-li;,. '^ ^''l''- '-'? 
 
 TRIGOXOMETKICAL S['iU'fy"' 's!" 
 
 IJrdiKi/ia . ' > -i' > r> 1 , sen 
 
 TKIMMKK, a lorn, appli,.a to I,.,,,,,,,, v ■, 
 
 '"^"■qw's ot Halifa.v I ,1,,,,, .,," ,"7 ' ^"!<\ 
 
 Hitical opinion.s, „,i,|wa^ ,',u-, .,''''' •''""^•"■ 
 
 cttrenio Whi.s ami 'J'nrirs - I,, 1 "-' "' "'"' 
 
 liMtiour, assi-rliii.; tl,„t it ,.|,„l,l 1„. ■,, ■1,/,, .''" "" 
 
 ..a^...a..H,.,i..ai„.;;:;;^-s;!:.c;^l;;;-:; 
 Fmii-riik ir. (,303). ,,,,n.';:.x:,^'ilV'(;^:;";' '■> 
 
 TIUXC.IOMALEE (C,-vlo,n wk . i .'■ 
 till- Dati-h, In III,. KiHisj, r, .'I;, r '"■" '' "" 
 ^> the l-.v.,ili till- m ;. !- '1',;': \ " ^^-"^ '■'■'■•"<'" 
 *-'lH.t.'lilivtliop,.a,. „ ',^' '"' ."''^ iv.sti,r,.,l ,., 
 
 i"";i'niisi,;mni,.^.,a ^1 ^':^;..r :;'■'!;;; "-i" 
 
 iiliil was icinhnin-il to K 1,,„,| i,,. ,, '"' '''b- 
 
 •liiiiHis, in |,S„- SI-,, (h "" \u ■ '■""■'■ "' 
 
 Uinnioiiiaioo l,,■,;v,■.f::J^;,;;■'■i',;:'!-■'''l'- 
 Jh-b. i,,Vj, ili,-,in-iin liaviior |.|,.v,.n shi,, ■ 
 
 Is.;:;.::;!:- '"""""■^'--Iri /;;:',;;;:;; 
 
 TKIXIDAl), an isl.-iml i,, tin- \V..sf 1 r 
 lilis.i)v,.r,.,|l,^ CiluiiiliMsi,, ,,„«„, , '■^ ^"''"'^• 
 ISimiianls In" si ,, .\ ■! [i;,.^'-' ''''^''" "■',"" "'<' 
 
 |iU,ii,r.,mtiu- J, ,,,';'' «l!,,'"'^;'^; '>')'.• 
 
 |tntisli,will,l„„,-sl,ips,f tlu i 10 -1 1,1 " 'rV'"' 
 |;MMui,l,.r,.,,n,nian, or i{,, •{,'"' '"■•''■.^ 
 
 Iwiiomtii,. isiaMa,api,uia,,.a, ,r.; '''2;:':'^;;^ 
 
 .'■imlatitiii in i.Soi, «j j jX , ,Ji, '' ''^•5-- 
 
 l'i-^li'l.iVAml;).h';.],''''f''''--'l''-^^'^' '''1"-Pl'iliis, 
 '■M'iv.s.s |1„^ |1„,.„ ,,,. , ' ' 'I'l'.tinn Jrinity, to 
 "is "Unlomo, (■',„' '■":"':;'" ""• ti'i'llioail. 
 
 V"' i-iii-ii" 1- ■::;;';^st;" '™'">^'"ii'oi': 
 
 ■^"-a.stim- nn,nas|,-rv .( i V- f''"" ,"' "'f 
 siibnrl,sr.„.,.r,.,.i, ,,:;,,•"' =^'"i"'* v.'tliin the 
 
 •M-li: a harracK Ibr .sMi.':;: -^^ .oX- '7'^""''' '%'■ 
 l"iacii,al or Wfst f,„„i ,. , '■ ''""'"*• ■""■ 
 
 I'-Vaiiiinalinli wit|,„,it , *;', *^"""'' <';'Ji>'i'i'« upon 
 Catholi,.sa..sir, ,.,„■:";.""■'■• - ^''" J«"»'an 
 
 JiiLscl l,v tl,. I,.;,?, ■,- >'"•' i'li.ai.;;i-s nor,- pi-„. 
 
 'w'Mi".r'l„!:';ittl':;;;'''"' ■a.ii.,.i,. ,.„;,..„. 
 
 s..|iMl..(-4.7) "■ "■'■- "-^'iii^'a l.y th,. 
 
 sa''^^s^p^^*»i:^!^/--»"x.<^-n,,:,M;; 
 
 I'il'ili"!.' shins- V* ;':'„"■' "", :-^'-s'"-iation IbV 
 
 ;M.:"^.omtoa^;M;:;^,; ':;;;;'',;,- '5.4 1.V- 
 
 Innilv lions,. \v.,s,7,, '7'.''"a l(..\,. j),,. pri-.snit 
 
 'i-i.n'tilivn,; h'T;:,;'',!";:^-!'^'''''?-'''-''''^ 
 
 "'■ '■xaniini,,.-, In.-si,,;, '■"-'; !'"'' '."■l'"w,.r 
 
 '"-v^ iM H„- d.anm' ^ ' h I^I'^' sl; ,:',f '^''^ 
 ""^'inallv ..-niMs , 'I''; .'.-^-l .'■.-' '"-ViTV lli.fsKs, 
 
 "'■"i-.v VIII., ,536.),, ■'"'• "'■'■*■ ""'"n-iati-a hy 
 
 ;: .111- ^^ 111. li.aiiii 
 
 l.ipilT lira 
 (llllITt J( 
 
 siMi, All- |,S,S; 
 
 lliill'nnl i'l',.,.iii|. 
 
 ■''';';.''::a'};f'::^"';s,^!^l?--^' .- u, 
 
 I Tobuffo b\ 
 
 ail'- .liih-. i.SiH, il 
 iniii;;!. 
 
 I it'll. 2I1 Xo 
 
 sir l-i-,.,i 
 l.S<)() 
 
 i-il,-k 
 
 111.11 IS. (■0|||;ii||i||, 
 
 \v 
 
 ii-n, iia .1,. 
 
 'am. .)an. iS.,;. Trin'iinl 
 parliiiim.'iit in i.S.S;. S,.-,. .If/,/, 
 
 sll- 
 
 Hias 
 
 'riiiiii.\ III, 
 
 Kill. 
 
 r r,-lii 
 
 niiitc 
 
 Tl 
 
 1- pn.p, 
 
 iiiiiai 
 
 '-;■. Ili'pllnni, about 
 
 'tatiiary, tabli-ts, slain, .a 
 s. ti'aii.sf,'n-,.,| IV 
 
 111 th. 
 
 i Willi 
 
 :'! sail- 1, r til,, I, 
 
 slum. Is, was sii(. 
 
 1 a siii|,.|iil,. 
 
 a ii-iiliir\ a^;o. 
 'inoliti,,,, „t [||„ 
 
 stulh 
 
 iiiil. ,|i 
 
 liiovisiiui lu, tin- ni.ii. 
 uppos,-,l 
 
 iOV. 1895 
 
 
 
 1 1 11 
 i -I I 
 
 (I r 
 
 f^ 
 
 " I a . I ,JT 
 

 
 s? 
 
 MMp[3i 
 
 ■S 
 
 ^^n 
 
 ^^ 
 
 IfH^ '^M^m 
 
 1 
 
 llfl 
 
 TEINITY SUNDAY. 
 
 1130 
 
 TROY. 
 
 • '7')P 
 
 . . l8ot) 
 
 . 1807 
 
 . . 1800 
 
 . 1815 
 
 . . 1826 
 
 1820 
 
 . . 1831 
 
 . i8j6 
 
 . . 185a 
 
 . 16 .luiu", i86? 
 
 I, Miiivli, 18(6 
 
 .'I May, 1894 
 
 Ml. tF(/i. Till' iitlici' 
 
 •'iirarhiy anil 'rymlall. 
 
 HI a KNT MASTKRH 
 
 M'miuiii Pitt 
 
 Kiirl Sin'iiia-r 
 
 J)iiki' (if I'liitlaiid .... 
 
 Karl C'ainilt'ii 
 
 Karl of I.ivi'i|MHil .... 
 Marquis Cairidcu .... 
 lluki' iif C'larc'ucf .... 
 .Mari|Uii Caiihli'ii .... 
 liukc of \Vclliiij;tciii . 
 Till- I'riiii-r Ciuisiirt 
 Visi'iiiint Palitii'rston 
 Ihikc of KiliiiliiUKii 
 
 imki- of York 
 
 .••ri()i(i/tc Ki/i'/.iii— loril I!ayli'if;Ii 
 
 wft.s sucei'ssivi'ly lifiil liy profs 
 
 Set' IJ'jhUion.'jf. 
 
 TKINITY SUNDAY, tlu' Sunclav following; 
 AVliitsuiidiiv. Tlic tVstiyal of tlio Holy rnmly wiis 
 instituted 'liy ]iopt' Gn^'ory IV. in >S28. on liis 
 iisc'ciidiiii; tli'c iiiqial cliiiir, and is oliscrvcd by the 
 Latin and protcstiint idinrrlifs on tlio Sunday newt 
 followiiif; I'l'nti'iost or Wliitsuntido, of wliicli, 
 oriKiniiUv, it was nici-cly an octavo. Tlu' olisiTviinii' 
 of tlie fi'stival was first enjoined in the eouncil of 
 Aries, I2f)0. It was appoiiited to be lield on tlie 
 jiresent day by pope John XXI. in 13J4. 
 
 TKINOBANTES, a British trilK' wliiuli oeeu- 
 pied MidiUesex and Kssex, and joined in ojiposing 
 tlie invasion of Julius Casar, 54 11.0. , but soon 
 submitted. Thi'V joined lioadieea and were defeated ■ 
 by Suetonius I'a"ulin\is near London, .\.l>. 01. 
 
 TRIPAliTlTP: TREATY, name -iven to 
 treaty of I'aris, uS^d. 
 
 TRIPLE ALLIANCE was ratified between 
 the States-tjeiieral and Knfiland ufiainst 1-raiue, tor 
 the proteetion of 1 lie Siianish Netherlands ; Sweden 
 nfterwanls joining- the league, it was known as tlie 
 Triple Alliance, 2^ Jan. 1(168.— Another Triple 
 Alliance was that fietween Engb iid, Holland, and 
 France against Sjiaiii, Jan. 1 717. -Another between 
 Great liritaiii, Uussia, and .\ustria, 28 Sept. 17(1^. 
 Another between (iermanv, .\ustria, and Italy, siiul 
 to have been iiropo.sed June, 1 882, .md adopted 
 1885, and signed l^ March, 1887: to expire l8<)2 ; 
 l-eiu'wed for .-ix yea'rs, 28 June, |8<)I. The alliance 
 was streiiL:tlieiied by commercial treaties, ratifieil 
 Uec. iSi)l.' 
 
 TKIPOIil (three lilies). I., ill Su-ia, com- 
 prised three quarters liniltby theTyrians. Sidoiiians. 
 Hiid Arabians; was taken" by the Crusaders 1 109, 
 iind made a coiintv for Kayiiioiul of Toulonse. It 
 was eomiuered liv 'the Egviitians in 1852; restored 
 to the I'orte 1855"; surrendered to the Rritish 1841. 
 11. , a Turkish'iirovince, N. Africa, comprised the 
 cities Sabrata,(La (the present Tripoli, the capital). 
 iind l.eptis (the ancient Tripolitana). after having 
 been held bv (irceks, Konians, Vandals, and Sara- 
 cens, was coiniuered and annexed liy the Turks 
 i:;^!. llaniet liev. pacha in 1741, made himself 
 iiulepeiidelit, and 'the government remained ill his 
 family till 1855, when Trijioli was restored to nomi- 
 nal sulijugatiiiii to file sultan. I'opulation (1884) 
 (ibouf i,aKl,(XX). rani( through fear of insurrec- 
 fion aliout 20 July, 1882. In conflicts with tlo' 
 troops, about Kk) natives were killed, reported |() 
 Dee. |8')I. Severe drought in the country, Ucc 
 1892 ct mi/. Gov. -gen., Ahmed Kassini, I881 : 
 Bueceeded by Ismail l!ev, Jan. 181)5: Namyk Hey, 
 June. iS'i'i. 
 
 TRIPOLITZA (Greece), was stormed by the 
 Greeks, wliu committed dreadful cruelties, 5 Oct. 
 1821 ; retaken by the Kgy|)tians, 30 June, 1825; 
 given up to the Greeks, 1828. 
 
 TRIREMES, galleys with three bunks of iiai>., 
 are said to have been invented by the Corinthinri' 
 784 or 7C10 11. c. 
 
 TRISTAN D'ACUNHA, a smiall island jii 
 the S. Atlantic, inhaliited by about lai person?. 
 licfore llie oiieuing of the Suez Canal, the islaial 
 pros])ered. through the visits of ships, now vci\ 
 rare; the duUeof Kdinbur;;li wastliere in lS('i7,aiiii 
 showed great kindiii ss to the iieojile. I'utriinvhal 
 governineiit under Mr. I'etcr Grcii, who rcreivid 
 a portrait from i|Ueeii Victoi ia in 1897; 64 iuhabit- 
 aiits in .Nov. 1897. 
 
 TRII'JIPHS were granted by the Roman scnjtc 
 to gener.ils of armies after they had won groat vie- 
 tories. They were received into the city with grMt 
 magnitieence and public acclaniations. There wt-ri- 
 the iireat, called l/ii- Triumph ; and the less, flu- 
 Ovation ; see Uration. 
 
 TRirMVIEATES, Rom.\n. In (« h..., 
 
 Julius Casar, I'onipey, and Crassus fornieil a coali- 
 tion to rule the state. This lasted ten years, unil 
 the civil war ensued. The second triunivinite, 4^ 
 11. c, was formed by Oetaviiis Ca'sar, Mark .\iitmiv, 
 and Lepidus. through whom the Hoinans tolally lo'st 
 their liberty. Le|iidus was exjielled in ;,(i ; .\ntimv 
 was subdued in 31, and Octavius made himself 
 absolute; see /I'oz/if. In Feb. 1S49, a triumviiiitf 
 was apiiointed at Rome, consisting of Josc|ili Muz- 
 zini, Armellini, and Satti, which resigned on 1 July, 
 1849, when the city was taken by the Frencli. 
 
 TRITIUM, see Arlx. 
 
 TROCADERO, Paris, a mount on flic liv-h' 
 bank of the Seine, so named in memory nf a turt 
 near Cadiz, eajiturcd by the French while sup- 
 pressing the insurreetioii in 182^. On this gromii! 
 was erected the palace of the " Trocadcro," in on. 
 nection with the international exhibition of 1878; 
 see I'liris. 
 
 TROPPAU, COXOIIESS of, in .\ustiiiin 
 Silesia. The emperors Francis of Austria and 
 .\lexander of Russia met at Troppau, 20 Oct. 1820. 
 The congress between them and the kins "f 
 Prussia, against Xuples, took jilace 10 Xov. ; and 
 the conference was transfen-ed to Layliach.asncaifr 
 to Italy, 17 Dec. 1820; see Ldi/hnc/i'. 
 
 TROUBADOURS and TKOfviiiKs (I't-m 
 troiihar. trina-er, to find or invent'), the pMctsiiftln 
 middle ages (from file lltli to the I ^tli century , 
 The former flourished in tlie south of Fnuicp and 
 north of S|iain. and used the I.angue il'iic (that is. 
 oc for oiii, yes) ; the latter flourished in tlic north rf 
 France, and used the Langue d'oil (that is, f/i/for 
 out). The Tronbadours produced nnnanccs, but 
 exfelled ehiefly in lyric poetry; the Trouveri'SO'i- 
 celled in romances, several of which are extiuit ; as. 
 the Jtnit (l'Aiiiilitirri\ and the lii'n, by \V;i thi 
 "Romance of the Rose," by Guillaiime il, rri- 
 and Jean de .Meuiig. The Troubadours wen ,:i!h 
 aeeompanied by Jinif/liiir.s, wlio sang their iiiasUrs' 
 verses, with the aeeompaninient of the guitar 
 Histories of these French poets, and spccimi'iis of 
 their works, have been jniblished in Fimiuc. ThfSc 
 ])iiets, although freijuently very liceiitiuiis. tondi'J 
 to promote civilisation during those warlike tiniis. 
 
 TROY Cor Trojii~i. the eommon name "f Ti.irM. 
 eR]iital of the Troas, Asia Minor; sec Unmcr. It' 
 hibtorv mythical, and date.s co .jectural. 
 
 Teiieer stii'cecils liis fatlier i.i. i;oi 
 
 11,11'ilaiiiis siiccec'ls ; liuilils Oar laiiia ■ . • m'" 
 
TROY. 
 
 pillcys witli tlirci' luiiiks nf daiN, 
 ■II iiivciitt'd liy tlif Cdrinthiiin' 
 
 I'ACUNHA, ii fiuiiU island in 
 inlnil)itf(l liy abmit la) pcrsnn>. 
 It; (if tilt' Sue/ Caniil, tlie islaiid 
 h tlic visits (if (iliijis, now vcrv 
 K(linl)iirs;U wastlicro in iSf,;, ainl 
 Iniss til tlu' ))cii)ilt'. I'atri.ii- 'nil 
 r Mr. I'ctcr (iri^ii, wlio roni.ui 
 iccii Vi(t(iii:i ill \i^'}' ; 64 iiiliabit- 
 
 wcio grunted liy tlic Roman senate 
 lies after they liad won Rrent vie- 
 ■e reeeived into tlie city with ftreat 
 pulilie acidniinitiiins. 'I'liprc w(t<- 
 
 llie Triiimiili ; nnd the h'ss, the 
 tion. 
 
 ATES, Roman. In to n.i,, 
 npey, and Crassiis forineil a loiili- 
 stiit'e. 'I'liis lasted ten years, iinil 
 sued. The second triinnvirafp, 4^ 
 liy Octaviiis Ca'sar, Miirk Antenv. 
 ni}.'li wliom the Koiiiaiis totally lost 
 ■]iidus was cNiiidled in ^(1 ; .\i'itnnv 
 
 31, and Oetavius made himself 
 'iir. In Feb. 1S40, a triuniviiiilc 
 
 Rome, eonsistinjr of .Inseph Miiz- 
 nd Satfi, \vhi(di resigned en i July. 
 ty was taken liy the l-'reiidi. 
 
 see Arts. 
 
 iO, Paris, 11 mount on the ri;:li' 
 ne, so named in memory i>f;i furl 
 lurid by the French while siip- 
 irrci'lion in iHiT,. On tlii< ^rumil 
 uilace of the " Trocadcro," in ci n- 
 ' international exhiliitimi of rS:8: 
 
 CONOKESS OK, in Austnidi 
 m|ierors Francis of Austria and 
 ssia met at Ti'o]i]iau, 2n Oct. 1820, 
 letween them and the kins 'f 
 Naples, took place 10 Xov. ; iiml 
 as transfe'-red to Layliach, asncanr 
 1820; see Liiiihach. 
 
 DURS AXD TUOT'VIUK.S (n'"m 
 to linil or invent), the pnetsoftln 
 nil the nth to the 1 :;th century 
 ished in the south of FncK-e am! 
 and used the I.aii;.'iie d'oc (that iv 
 the latter flourished in the north cf 
 d the Lan;:iie d'oil (that is, oV/fw 
 iiliadmirs jiroduced riiinani'Ci, but 
 in lyric jioetry ; the Troiivercee^i- 
 es, several of which arc extant ; as. 
 'lienr, and the Fmi, liy Wii' thi 
 iie Rose," by Guillaunie d. rri- 
 .111^'. The Triinhadoiirs wen .:ilh 
 Jdiighnrn, who saiitt their luastirs' 
 e aeromiianiiiient of the L'uitar, 
 'se French poets, and specimens of 
 e been |niblislied in Fraiii c. Tliosr 
 frecjuently very licentions, tendeil 
 sation during those warlike times. 
 
 roia). the common name "f Tl.U'M. 
 'roas, A.sia Minor; sec linmty. Its 
 1, and dates ec .jeetural. 
 
 lis fiitlier .... "■'. i<<" 
 Is ; liiiilils l>ar laiiia . . • 1480 
 
 1131 
 
 Has, his son, rcij,-„s ; |l,c ,.ity ^allc,! ||i,„a ' ' !"■' 
 RciKnof I„i„Mic,|,,i, ■ • '^'■» 
 
 .\rrival of HercMles in PIirv«ia.' Hesioi,;. .Iciivcv.i "^ 
 triiiii thescaniiiii.stcr. HI,,;,-; r.^hcr ' "^""' 
 
 WarofJfci-ciilc»,ui,i i.aiinicdnn' ''"■" 
 
 lleit;n of rriaiii iir riii|,.|n.,..< ' ' • • '-^4 
 
 Rape of Helen l,v Alcxamler Paris, s,' r I'li.,,,,' " 
 
 .0 years ,cl„ic ,|,., sacking- „f Tiov ,,,;'!;. 
 Ihiiil, liook x\iv. , ' ' 
 
 fdiiniicnccMiciit of the' invasion', ,f tiic Ce... b .' . ' '^"'^ 
 recover Helen '^'' '" 
 
 Mr. W.Rnia.lstonc dates the war 'r ' 
 
 .Kneas arrives ii, lliilv. hiiiihl ' 'j"^-".i07 
 
 (Some time after the ,lcstn,c|i„„ „r Tmv, a new ' ■* 
 eitv was iMul wilh tl„. ..anic name, almnt I, i,'," 
 
 sta.l.ailistantlroiiitl, I site. It was lav ..a 
 
 ly Alexaieler the (Invil in his Asiati.. ex, e Ii , 
 lait nina.r rose to mud, impurtance, „i | ' : 
 '"i' "f, ^•'■■''•" »•■■'■< "early in ruins. /•,,■,„„,; , " 
 Dr. ll..sc|iliciiiani,.i|nri,if,'hisexe,avatio,js oil ■■ , 
 lik la the Tro,i,l,,lisc„v..re,l tl, en', s ,f n .'v 
 a.e;.cnt citv »;ith tcn,|.lcs, which ,1 n , , , 
 
 Ni'viim Ilinm ".(niiu ;/■ " '" '""" -^oriii \m 
 
 Il^piihlishea T,;„,nul iU /to,,,,;;. („:.„s. i,y Di'V "^ t^J'''^;! '^f - ^i'^ I'.-.i.Iit to Kiishin.riVoin ^iio 
 
 H,iw,.v ,. ^-^- J'"' I■i"■^r'■-do^yered T 
 
 Its 
 
 TROY WEIGHT. ' ' 
 
 """ TRTf>«!T« 
 
 Reign of ErlelitlmnluH .i^vi^nin. 
 
 ''^i^"a;:!:,'!;'i™ii::-:^;vt;'r'"' ' ■ -'-"•■'> "'' lu-rtniT^ ir''"''"".''>- p--'--"t i„ ,8, 
 
 Has, his sou, iri.ms ■ lUr ,.i,v .l.lle,! Mh,;., ' ' '"^ allec.,! ,„• . ,1,'n, ,'' """""--'i"" »" inquire into! 
 
 A"^ .8;^;; am,!;;^ed%s^'!;;;:i";;5:,;, '"■' •'---' ■- 
 
 asi™"^^^?';,,-^"^'";: 'f ""■ "-k l-torians 
 rliiiin ,,";'''''" "' I'"' """'la't to the Tvr- 
 i ii. t'L, ?""'f%';' ""■ ''^-n"''"'-^- It was in 
 s 1 ells ot is '"' ,::^ '"■;",■'■• ''"-'' '""•'•'"■«- then 
 si ,.,1. ;, • •■:"'"'''■'' 'il<i' triiuipcts, were the 
 
 xMii. i r"kin"(:;'r""*''^ '^'"'■v- {^''•- 
 
 li^m,l|e.^W,,sts,.nipl,,yeai„,. ,.aihvaysi,ii,,|li,,. n, 
 
 ■nn..,i,is„a,pcr,-,.,.|ei,,.at,:,i ,,.;,,„,,,;.., ;,:,.,, i,^,,i -^37 
 
 wa"i^;;iiK;h;v*^^'^^t= "^^""""' ^^^^S 
 
 ■'-40. TlieiVu 1 , m"'"'" ^;",'"' ,A""-''i'-'». "bout 
 
 His Ticiaii aiiti,|"„ities an-aiiKeii at South Kcsi,,./ '^" f-'^'"'. "r /S,/,/,/ L, ^//'J''", "''"'''T'' '^'^'"Prt- 
 loa Museum, lor exhiliition M lis ,,«. ^,^^.^^^ ,_^ ,s,., '"" !>"""'' f"r'i. was lirought from 
 
 1)1. Scliliciiiann icsiuncs exc.iv;,ti,,i,., .ft ii:'.._.,., ■ '°77 
 
 -■;. ,,,-.-■ e>:c.ivatii,i,s at llissailik ■ 
 
 ,ise„v,.rs Iro.ian houses aii.l inanv aiiti,o,i|i,.s ■', 
 ilatrgcr, earrings, liraci'li'ts, idols, shells, .\;i.., ' 
 
 Af^iiii with ,n'oH.ssor Vindiow and v! ""itlunnilr "Z '^^^ 
 Maivli ; makes livsli discoveii,.s dcsciil,,.,! j,, i,.,,,.,. 
 
 ^ .lime, 1879: ilcsists iiivi'sti.-aii,,!! . i,i,i,iisi 
 
 liisl k ///,..s. ,880, and 7V.,/„ " ' '"'""^'"-d 
 
 Exeavalions iriicwed liy the (ici„,.,i,s at lliss-iilil,. '• ' 
 
 tliecitywall, Imildin^-s, ,^-c. di,sc„vc,.,.,| % ',' , 
 
 See .l/„e,„.... 26 lie,.. ,S,,o. ' '"■ '"'-t 
 
 TROY WEIGHT. The Itomans introducd 
 their ounce, our avoirdupois ounce, into liritain 
 
 •-''ina in 1800. 
 
 A(.i,i,icu„,.n,i,K;.^.'^c;M.^l;:^raXC- 
 
 The present "'"lee ^vas l,Vonp;htfVom'(ira,uK',:;|,"; iMauidatiun ,',f n,.w'!.aVh'e,lr','l ist M,,.,- ,, ■, , 
 info Europe, about the time of th,. f'n,s.„t„. .^,- th,. ,,ii,„ f \Val,.s ' V|. ' '»o ''^ •*! '''"' ''-^ 
 
 t nf til.. ,,1,1 ,...,.V.i" , ■,■ '."'■ " llielll(!.;< 
 
 r ■ ,,'" '■"," .'■' ■•■■,".■-. ii 111 V 01 rraiice, 
 
 whence the name. U is used to wei-h j;ohl silver 
 anil nrccious stones. The Trov wi.ifrht. Se,",ts wis 
 established by James VI. (our Janus I.) in 1618 ■ 
 sec Sldiidnrd. '"lu , 
 
 TEOYES (Central France), where a tivatv was 
 conchided between I'.ii-land, Fran, ,■, and liiir.rimdv 
 whereliv it was stipulated that H.^nrv V. shoul,! 
 marry Catherine, dau^-liter of Charles 'VI 1„, .,„ 
 pointxHl resent of Fraiur and, after the di.ath of 
 Charles, .should inherit the crown. 31 May 1,20 
 Troves xvas taken by th.. allied armi,.s, - F,.b ■ rv'. ,,.si..,i„,l ,p 
 
 ■tV'c;,;,;.':;;''f '•'''"'■'■'' •''"■"'^'••"'iiart 
 
 NT .l/„„.„„„ ;/„„,,, ^-„,„, 
 
 ■S77. K.lward Whit,. 11,.,," m,'"' , se,.rate,l 2= ipril I 
 
 t,-a„s to ra,,terli,„T, [),.,.. ,832. ' = •*' "' 
 
 TRUCE OF GOD (Fren, or Tr,,,.,,, M), „ ^v,it ,^!^;,d •\v''^:C''|^i;™;ftT-;'" ''"P^T' 
 
 tormsivcn to a ers.sation of the privat,. IVmls , ml ">a>iv oth,.r p,.|'soi 11c,. T , , y'I-' '' f^' ''>' 
 
 ,onlli,tsso-;eneral durin- th,. mi hll,. a.'rs .,n n • ,, So,.i;.tv to .,ssi„ i„di,. , , ^"tlonal Truss 
 
 ou<v oxci't('<I their influence for the pui-nose \ . A KtMi^^LS, see frnur/ffh-uf, 
 
 svnnd !it Pniicijill,,.. i^^- .1 1 .1 . ' ' ', • .'_ I'nistci's' act tiiissci) .ohq .,,. i t . i. 
 
 • , ^ ,, .,, ...1 ,,n I 111 intsv. 
 
 syno, at Iious,siIl„n, 1027, il'''i'eed that none shoul 
 attack his eiu'iny betw,.en .Saturilav ,.veniii.r /-a 
 nones) and Monday mornina; (at th,. hour of pr?,,,;,) 
 Mmiliir repilations wtiv adopt,.,! in En-l,ind lOJ' 
 (sometimes Friday and Wednesday bi.iiift ,.liosen lor 
 th" time;. The truer of God was i-onfirnied bv 
 manycommils of the ehureh, esp,.ciallv the Lateran 
 Council, Ml ii;,). 
 
 ■ri„, c.i .t ■ i ■• '"""■ "iio iiiisi i-iimis i 
 Ihi liiistc's Api„.,nt,m.nt,ict(,8soto,89o) 
 
 ■nieTnist,.es'anin.;x,.,.nt,„VAs iation inai^t'd! "'° 
 
 '"'a^:;,^!^r^''''''''''"''^''''^'--'-*i^:'''' 
 
 Trusts (Heotlami) act, .s'e;; 'a, 'aled,' ,38; a,„i fs'g'y 
 
 wages i,ri^o,M;o,;,-r'..;.,;;7^-."r-;;™ii :';:;!.rf':;r::;:':;;':!!:;.'r''-^'^'''""i?;;-^^ 
 
 ™:!^l..^''!^:^.?L^"y^v^ -'^-n-s 
 
 ■'lid maiutainini; 
 
 strict monopolies nnd 
 
 , '<«» I 
 
 
 %m' 
 
%f 'i 
 
 tfl. 
 
 '¥ 
 
 w 
 
 TKUTIl. 
 
 II.TJ 
 
 TUHSDAY, 
 
 tll.'ivll' 
 
 iilili-iilliii;; tlic 
 
 Kiimls 111 nil kinds iiiiil tli 
 s\.->tr]|i ilijiiiiijiis to all 
 
 Iptll nllll till' IM'i 
 
 t' w;i);is III wiiikiiii'ii, ;i 
 
 lit 
 
 Mr. I.a loiuui' Ml I' 
 
 Ml.. {.|..|.. 
 
 ■il II iii'W ii'iiii'ih 
 
 wliirii II.' i'\|il,'inii.l Mii.l illu-liiilivl III Mil' II 
 
 III !Mii'irl\ . 
 
 li.T, 
 
 "I Him 
 
 III tl 
 
 11' aiiliililli 111' iS3H, li'nislnliii 
 
 III 
 
 III. 
 
 Illlirlvill.„|s 
 
 nil. I 
 
 IHi'ssi.ih III till' i'\il WHS iii>;iiillv ili'iuiiiiili'il. 
 
 riiili' is a pi'ti.>li>ii 
 
 sti'i-1 r.-ili 1 1 ii>I, \r. (Mill- ( ■, 
 
 III Iriist. a I'liil.iii iriHl. a 
 
 |)|. K'irli 
 lull. 'III! 
 
 I'll Mil' sliuU ..| 
 7.l'iil.\, 
 
 .). Till 
 
 His 
 III' ai'kiiiiuli'.l;;i 
 
 i|i|...liili'.| iliii'i'i.ii' .,!' till' liisllliiti' li 
 
 |ir.i|irii'liir. 
 
 Ili'ili 
 till' lailiiii' 
 
 III hi-i rrllli'ilv, 
 
 .liilv 
 
 i.f 111.' .sail iiiiiii'.s III t'lii'.sliiii' ruiiilii I III I'll 
 
 • tnisi " ill ilii' aiiliiiiiii III' \AS!i. .siiniliM liiisis 
 
 |ini|.ii.v': 
 
 al.'.ili"! . 
 
 aiiil 
 
 an iiii|irii\.'iiii.|ii li\ ihi. .'i.l.hli i| 
 
 Inn r lii'i'i 
 
 1 I III '.1 1 
 
 I'l.'.laii.l. 
 
 ipiii.'^. 
 
 riM'TII. "11 Hiii'ii'ly joiiniiil," i',<liili|i.'<lii'il li. 
 
 riltlNCMN SCIIOOI, 
 
 Ml'. II. I.aliiiii. I 
 
 iric 111 I'S; 
 
 I'Si,.^. 
 
 mill I'-iii w.i- liiiiiii 
 
 l.'llliV 
 
 |ii'iili' 
 
 i.r rat 
 111- !■■.('. II: 
 
 iiili.iliMl' 
 III' aim It 
 
 TSAK.w.' (■:„ 
 Tl'AM (W. Il 
 
 III). St. .lai'lalli, till' s. 
 
 L 
 
 lii'.st I.iiiihIii' 111' tl allil'ilnil nl 'I'liaiii, il 
 
 111 111' 
 
 liii livi'il iiliiiul i;oi, i.s liinkril ujMiii as the 
 
 iiiiiia lii- 
 
 hIiIh'V is sail! to liiivc lui'ii t'oiiin 
 
 rlmi'i'l 
 
 1 tta.s an 
 
 iinlU 
 
 In! ill 
 
 1 .|.S7. 
 
 -Il llli> 
 
 ■riiu 
 
 111 list. Kilaii (I'lli 
 
 lliril 'i'lhinH-tlii-iiiiithiiul 
 
 ilMii was the tii'si ar 
 
 liliisl 
 
 I'M 
 
 'ITiniAX. sri' l'„.-hii„ii. 
 
 Tl'IU'LAU Hli!l)(ii:,S. Til,' llili 
 hnlar .Sii~|iniM,iM llriilni', tlini tlir iiiu.st «iiii,||.|.|'i,l 
 riitrl'lU'lM' ill rll^;iiirriiiii; ill llir wmlil, was i'..i . 
 still. Ii'il, I.S.ili-sii (.Mr It. .St'.'pli 
 liaii'ii, l'llL'■llll■^^.s^, ali.iiil a iiiil 
 Mi'i 
 
 riisiiii Hill 
 
 I .Ml 
 
 a null' SI 
 
 mill 
 
 nil Strait Siispi 
 
 Drill:; 
 
 iwani „r 111, 
 
 least ilii' liisl wliii I'l'ii'Hiij ihr |i;ill, fur ~.imii' nl lir- i 'n Hn' linlaiiiii.i i". k. iir.ii 111.' iiiinri.f lli.. M.,. 
 
 " ■• ■ Mi'.iil, till' siii:i''' .if wliii'li Is .'iliiiui ti'ii I,., 
 
 ali.'W li.w »ali'r l.'H'i. is liinll a luwi'r Umi Im 
 
 ihv.l I'li'l .ilii.M' hull \vali'r(i'iiliiiiii'iiii'i| liiiiiilni 
 
 "Is all' soiiii'linii' 
 
 It. all. I soiiii'tini 
 
 illi'.l 
 
 liislii 
 
 '5.S')' 
 
 I'l 
 
 I'lii 
 
 iif .\l 
 
 I'llllisI 
 
 if Ciiii- 
 
 iiips. Ii\ Irisli jiis 
 
 iMi was aiini'Ni'il In 
 
 t'.\li'iit rrliinii'il 
 
 nam is valiinl in tlir kind's linnks, li' 
 
 J'S Kli 
 
 .\la\. 1,..,.,). ami i 
 .11 liii||..» -iiil.' 
 
 aiiiiiiiii. 
 
 I'oiil.iriualiiv wi 
 mill is 111. 
 
 Ill till 
 
 liisI 
 
 z., at ^i>, 
 'd III III' ai'i'l 
 111' S i-V ) Will. IV. 
 
 Iirlilii; per 
 
 Willi 11 ii'sl luo hill 
 
 stl'.ill- |.lliill:;li III III 
 
 il. 
 
 w.'i:;lil .111.1 la.l.M ll'.iiiis 111 .i.l.liti.iii. III. 
 ri'stlllL; .1)1 Ihr alilllNlillts nil l-.-irh sli..l|. 
 
 I'lhK 
 
 ^H.\ 
 
 mill' III 
 
 I-' liiol'.' Ihali 
 
 .|iiaili'r I.r a mil.. 
 
 1 liisliopiii' mily, 1.1 wliiih Killala ami 
 
 .\ili.iiir\, a imiil sit, lias Ihtii aililnl ; 
 
 hi-li„ 
 
 *i('w proti'stant catlii'ilral ol St. Ma 
 
 .//',■/(. 
 
 li'iiKlli. Till' hi'lKht III' ihi' mill' within is Ihirn 
 ti'i'l :il till' llrilaniiia Inwi'r, iliininishiiiL; (.< 
 
 illiiiL 
 
 twi'iitvlhri'.' hrl at Ihr aliiilnii'iils 
 
 coiisfi'i'iili'il liv ilir liisliop, the Hon. Mr. ('Iiarli' 
 
 tiilirs to th.'ir |ila.' 
 
 II. Ill' 
 
 'il. II O.'l. 1S7S. 
 
 'rrilKKClLOSiS, 
 
 ll.'Vl'l.l 
 
 lli: 
 
 I illsrasi' 
 
 insril li\ till' 
 
 III' Ihi 
 
 u'i:;aiitir oprr.'itioii, 
 
 Thr lilsl I 111. . In.' p; 
 
 'I'lir 1 ■"in\.i\ mliiil.u liii.i- 
 
 Till 
 
 rsslnllj prrl'nnilril. 
 
 'il Ihri 
 
 ..7.1 
 
 ailr. IS^,) 
 
 .111. 'Ill III iiilhi'i I. s, small nnissrs 111 iliirascil 
 
 111. liter 111 llie liiii.;s (philiisjs or I'liiisiiinpiion', in 
 the lace ainl other parts (^liipiis). 
 
 Ilr. liolirit Koih, .it Hrrljii, am .'.i. in 1'.-!'. 
 
 Ihr llril.llill 
 Sl.'ph. 
 
 .Mai'i'li 
 
 .lIllli' rii|i\ .,! 
 
 lav 
 
 a (pnii.ip.il I'li-i 'IS, Mr. |i,.|,| 
 
 I'l .Mr l'alii...iiii|rr,rli'.l. 
 
 .\t 1 li.'[i..t..w, ,1 l'ailv\,i.\ mlinl.ir liliil^r 
 .\ liriilKi'.M v.. I. 111. I on Ihr tiiliiil.ir prill, 'iplr(i ill!., i 
 the .Mliril viailiii tl nvrr thr rivrr T.-nmir al l'l\. 
 
 that he iiail .liseoMi'r'l 
 
 '.I Ui.iliitx liilir 
 
 III'.. 
 
 he altriliuti'il tlie iliseasey 
 
 a imniiti' m'^ 
 1.1 wlliise 
 
 ttlnlllll. .i|..'n.'i| l.\ lit.' |il 
 
 n.i.. 
 
 U.'ili, 
 
 III III.' aiitninii 
 
 f iSl/i, 111' rrpolleil his illM'liliiili ol ,1 lymplt 
 
 liiO. 
 
 •It 
 
 -■ .M.i 
 
 ami /.II,. /;,i,(,„ 
 
 (111- /../.. ir. ,.; .1,11 
 
 wliieh ilil.i the 
 
 hop.'.l 1.1 I'llre 111.' .lis 
 
 iuali> i'\[ii'rjnirtil s 
 
 1. iS'll). li.V till' inieetlii 
 
 Tl'DKLA (N. 'S|> 
 
 I,aiilii's totally ileleateil I lie .Spaniaiils 
 
 .'111. I liiiman hennrs. with 
 
 s.\sIi'Mi. as in Naeeinatiiiii. Ii.' 
 
 In lli't'lin he iii.'iile 
 
 .•iiine.'ipms 
 
 i.SO'S 
 
 Eh 
 
 111 llllii'l'i'llhiseii 
 
 TUDOlt NOVKltKKiNS; 
 
 /■,•/,.//, 
 
 to Inpiis. lint 11. ii to {ihihisi' 
 
 .'Ml.' silei'i'ss m I'l'speel 
 
 In. Koeli wa 
 
 inneh I 'Uir.l I'V t h.' I'lnpi'i'nr, ami w.'is .'liileil 
 
 liv til.' slate. 111". Knehs lull aeeomit .it his 
 liii'tho.l was piililishi'.l 111 Hie ;,'i'i7;,./i Mutiinl 
 
 I'f'.?' 
 
 Ti'iuiii I'.Miii.ii i.iN, N.'W ii,ill.'i>. U.'-.m siii'i'I; 
 
 iiiai'^liiil 
 
 '".', I4.\V 
 
 airoii, till 
 
 Wale 
 
 ami othei' 
 
 ililliiKIr 
 
 liiirnl prrsoie 
 
 til. 
 
 ■ plllll 
 
 Till 
 
 iilli" 
 
 I'/. 1.1 
 
 ill. Ml. 1^ .\'..V. 
 
 ml iillier Hip. 
 
 ti'iii iiielii.li'il portiaits ami iniiiialmes hy ll.il. 
 
 .Me.lieal liirn ll.i.k.'.l t.. Hnlmli .ill pails i.r 
 
 the worl.l. 1.1 i.titain thr lymph. I':\.'e.':.;i'rati'.l 
 easi's ol siii'.'..s-.lm appliiali..n were pnlilishe.l. 
 ami it 
 test till 
 
 Ill-ill ami III hers 
 
 , plate, liilili 
 
 ai'iiioni' an. I w. 
 
 ipolis. |l. 
 
 "I .ithiT lli.ol.- 
 
 es, priiMrliooks, .sh,.iki's|ir.iii' 
 
 appr.iii'il tii.il li 
 
 i.'.i. V .if Ihr lelneily. .Mlleli ilh 
 
 lie was re I 
 
 Ilill'll t. 
 
 I ti,,. I.'.I 
 
 al imilille 
 
 lip I , ,l,.| 
 
 .\ 
 
 ami |. 
 
 siliiihir exhlliili' 
 
 sioneiisiieil. hr. K.ieh, on 1 =; .Ian. it'ui. |.iililisheil 
 
 the statelaeiit thai his lyiiiph. lial 1 liihinii- 
 
 liili, w,is a u'lyeerilie extraet tr..|ii the pur.' .iilti. 
 vati.in lit Ihr lulirr.'le hieilli, 
 Uoyal eoniiiiission on liili.'ieiilosis (Dr, Knehs 
 llietho.l, iV.'.l, a. lively In.piiriln,' al hoiiie ami 
 uliroail (h'lil H.i-iii^'l.ii.'ill. prills. U1..WI1. lliir.lnii 
 
 olirllr.l at tin llllti,h M lis.'nin ali.illl ...' .1,111 
 Aliolhei op.' I liy till' illlki'ii! lleMinshire'it M:i 
 
 elli'strr 
 
 'Vl'iii, 
 
 TrKSDAY. in Latin Dirs M„,-li.s. thr ijnv „i 
 
 Samlrrs 
 
 Ilr, r.iyi 
 
 '!■;;.' liiu'h.'tnan), 
 
 Mars, the lliinl day of tin 
 Tiiiilii, 7 
 on this da 
 H\ck J), 
 
 lie, or I iii.ti'ii, a 
 
 illlr.l iVmu 
 ixiiii deity, w'.iislii|i|ii'il 
 
 'I'liisto is iiieiiti.iiu'il hv Taeil 
 
 ".'/■'•' 
 
 Itee. iS9of7,>*'/. .' re.eonsiltiiii'ij, sh'ii. Haelianan 
 
 eliainiiaii. Nn 
 
 iSii4 ; 
 
 iinl s Ma\, 
 
 -• lal 
 
 researelii's rrspe.'tin'^ aiiin.als, ami iiinrli i'M- 
 deiiee reporte.l. iSy,; tin- eonlin.'iit Msii.'.l, 
 
 the pll 
 
 riie llrilaniiia tnlmlMl liii.l,L;e was iiili li.l.'.l 1.. supply 
 
 if till- I 
 
 si liriil-r 
 
 thr kilu.lnlll ; 
 
 1897 : li'pnrt issneil 
 
 ami the I'.iilw.iy. of wliieh llie tiilniljir hn.l^.' 1.. 
 
 Profe 
 
 or li, 
 
 .'11. 'r. of (■..Ill-Ill 
 
 as.erteil that 
 
 April, i.SiyS part, is in like inamier a snlistitiite t ir 0111' ol ili.. lini.^t 
 
 out .if 1.1. siir;;ii.'il e.ises no perfeet eiire had 
 
 ml . 
 
 i.irh roads 
 
 .li'd. I'lii 
 
 Ill-en elh-ele 1 liy the lymph 
 
 l.ondiin to ll'il.vli.'a.l h.'is I n Umj. re^'ai-.h-.l 
 
 till,' 
 
 Prof. Viii'lmw, lierliii. in regard In jt eases of in 
 jwti.iii of the lyini.li, ruporl.d iiiifavomalile le 
 
 I'll. I of 'l.'iii. 1S91 lii>;liwav Iroiii tin Krilish nn-li'.ipolis to Hiil.liii : mul tin- 
 
 suits 
 
 .Ian. 
 
 I'rs. li.'rtin, l'iei|. aiel M.'riiheiin propiised tlieeiire 
 of tiilirreulosis hv llie traiisfiisiou of goat s lilood. 
 
 .Ian., K.-li. 
 
 late Mr. Tell'.ir.l was ii|iplii'il to liv tlir gni 
 
 perfert this route l.v th.' I.'ilid.ih iilnl Il"!,\ In-.-i i miili 
 
 eoaeli road, whl.'li he dill liv 1 1 tiii^' ,'i hraiitihil sitspt'ii 
 
 sinii liriil.;i' over llie river Cniiway .iml ov.-r 111.' .M.'ii.ii 
 Sirail ; eiiiimiein-ed in .Inly, i3is, ami linish.-.l in , Jul 
 
 .jJi^JLi^ 
 
L'KSDAY. 
 
 '.IIW, |i|1.|in-liii II lirW ll'MIHilv . 
 I IUmI lllll^tllll>''l III llli' llll'l'n' 
 
 I I -n.s, I.. I llir .study ,.r 
 
 llMVI'Inr „( 111,. IiihIIIIiIi' (ill- 
 ill lli'llill . ,||,|V, ,, 
 ■ IlllllUV nr hi-l ITIIH'ilv. Ill'hl 
 Xl'llll'llt li> till .'ulilllinli III 
 
 •.'tli'l. . 
 
 Sl'IIOOl, i.f iMti,.n;i|i,||, 
 
 ■l|li\ lll-.ilr.-Mif !•'. ('. I!;illl-;|lliill 
 
 l'ii.\tnnni . 
 
 IvIDOl'lS. Till' llritMiiiiia Tii- 
 riili,'!', Ilii'ii tlir iniisl Wiiiii||.iri,l 
 
 iriii;; III llic wmlil, wjis I'm . 
 1 1- i:. Slvplu'iisiiii iiiiij Ml, l.\|||.. 
 iliiiiit ii mill' siiiiiliH-iiii III ||„, 
 i^iiHi llridp'.* 
 
 . llr.H llii' iililrii.rilir Mum; 
 
 it uiiU'li Im iiIiiiiiI It'll lii't 
 
 I'l. In liiiill a liiwi'i- iHii liiiii 
 
 I U.llil(ii,|lllll.||lii'i| lillililiiij^ 
 V\lllrll IrM luil lllii,,nl mli,., 
 •M.ili- il|i.||;4ll In lii'.'ll Ihi'ii 
 
 r.ilii> III aililitiiui. II 11,1, 
 
 tirlillls ,111 raili sjiiiif ; cai-l, 
 
 li.iii .1 i|iiaili'i- III a null' in 
 
 I "I' lill- lull,' Wllllili i., Ihiilj 
 
 lima liiwiM'. iliiiiiiiislilii'.' i!, 
 till' aliiHiiM'iils. 'I'll,' liiiii,;. 
 tili'il' lilac, 's was a iiinst 
 siii',','s,sliilly |M'iliiriiii.i|. 
 
 .7 'luiii , I- 1 , 
 
 1I,SS,',1 tl||i,ll-|| M.llrli, I,,. , 
 
 liiiil;;,'. .1 iiiiiii'ilini' , i,|.\ III 
 liipal ,'ii-iiii'i IS, Ml. |(,,|,| 
 K'lllli'inlll, inli'il , ,,,,., 
 
 .\ liiliiil.ir Inlil;;,' , . ,j.', 
 I Ml,' liiliiilai- |iriM.'i|iii'(i ,il!i',| 
 ivi'i- 111,' riviT 'raiiiar al l'l> 
 
 "■ I'll .•.illsiMl .. M,/, , ,j., 
 
 ■".1/ l:,i,l,,. ami r<nj l:,i.l.,. ' 
 
 .S|iaiii). Ncur lii'i',. iiiar>lial 
 •iilc'd llu' Siianiarils, 1; ,No\, 
 
 lil'lK iN.S ; .sri' /'.■/,,,//»„./, ij^i^y 
 
 IrlV ll.llli'lS . Iii';.'i'lll slii'it ; 
 
 r'liaunMi'r, III,' }il ilin- mI 
 
 llilll'lll |»'is,i|ls. i'lli 11,','. 
 
 nils .111,1 hiiiiialiii'i's hy l|ii|. 
 iiiMir .'iiiil \\i'a]i(itis, i>i'is(iii.'i| 
 
 lir.i.M-iliiiiilis, Sli;iki's|ii'aii's 
 
 'l' I I .1.111' 1^ ;.., ami ,',iii. 
 
 illis. A siiiiil.ir ,'\liliiiiii.|i 
 illi-h Miisi'iuii ali.iiil ...' .Ian. 1:., , 
 ■ iliiki'iii |),.\iiiis||ii','..,t Man. 
 
 'I 'Xpril, i3i,; 
 
 l.Mlill Iliis Miii-lix, III,, ilay nl 
 \ of till' wiTh, .so I'alliil iVmii 
 <(V), a Sa.Miii ilcity, \v,iislii|i]i,'il 
 
 is mrnlioiU'd liy 'I'ai'ilus; si,' 
 
 liar lind.ni- «as iniiinli.il i.i siiiiiily 
 I' lihi'st liri,l,ui's III till' kiii^.l.iiii"; 
 liii'li III,, tiiliiilar liild^i' l.ijiii.n 11 
 
 a siilisliliit,. f 11- mi,. Ill till' iiiii'<i 
 ■ lonsinni,.,!. Tin' rii.nl I'rniii 
 
 lias li,.,'ii 1,11m r,.(;anl|.il as tin.' 
 ish 111, 11',, |i,, lis 1,, iMiMin : an.l tlic 
 
 lll|i|l|.,l til llV till' pIViT lit U) 
 
 tin' l..iml,iii mid ll"i.\lii','i 1 ninli 
 
 lid liy , 1 till;; a li,.aiitiliil siis|n'ii 
 
 rixi'f CiniwaN 'Uid ii\,'|. Ili,' M,'ii;n 
 duly, 1816, and liiiisli,',! in ,liil 
 
 TrroRNDRirx 
 
 I). 
 
 riroKNDnrxi) c 
 
 fiu'ini'il ill I'ni 
 'liMir, iKo 
 
 111 smiii lilt,,,. Ill, 
 
 li'M^'uc of Virli 
 
 till' lute win 
 
 ost,'||sil,|v(„|.|.,.|i,.vi„;r |1„, ,„|| 
 
 '■<. 11 nil I'l'ir 1 1 
 
 |i;ilniitisiii. lis lien, I 
 
 It r.Vi.ill'll till' ji'iiliiiisv ',1',\ 
 its sii|i|ii'i'.ssi,,ii ill |,s;„,, I 
 |i,'ai'(' III I1S15. 
 
 11' rrvival nf 
 
 If pi'iui' nf Tilsit 
 
 i'lTI's li- 
 
 ll. •« 
 
 ■Ijlllllll I'S Wl'll' lit Iv 
 
 iimriiiilv and 
 
 TlTXr.S. 
 
 '\'lislllll,. with l''|, ;,„.,. „,,||,.,, I,..,,,,, , 
 
 lii'V . , "" ' 1'.^ sllhiilissliiii 1,1 ,|||, 
 
 Ian. 
 
 I w 
 
 rin'lii'V.i' iiii.iiiassi'd ii, ii,''i,w,' ■ , • -'''"i- 
 
 .ii:;:!::;:'^::;-;;.: ; ' =^ 
 
 , «ii i,ia,i„„,| ,,»"'V ■•■'■-s s " ' ""'•^' '•-l"-tiii^' riiil- 
 
 ■'^-" I- -'111' ''ri;;,!;;';:::;:;.,-;''-::^-:^'in,,.,.;i,,da.,.;-ii 
 
 lll|ii;sl„ 
 
 i'oii, will, ili'iiiainli'il 
 
 187,5 
 i83,> 
 
 TCILKItlRS (I 
 
 Fnillii', nilliliii'iii'i'il liv Call 
 the Jil.'MIHdl' rl|i|il„.|''| ,1,' I 
 
 liv llnirv IV. 
 
 'iii;i^. 111!' ilii{M'i'i,i| p.ila,.,' „( 
 
 lu'iiiii' ill' .Mi'di.'js, all, 
 
 • iiiii', I :( 
 
 . mill liiiish,.,! In I, 
 jialiin' was stoninil l,v |ii,. |i;,,l 
 and niMsiii'lji'il 
 
 .vm; 
 
 <i|iliiiiii.,| 
 
 Ills XIV. Til 
 
 Fi'li' l,S.|iS. I is N 
 
 111 till' ll'Vullltiii 
 
 111 .\l 
 
 idJllI 
 
 t: 
 
 ill liSil, mill HiT.'itlv I 
 
 iil"ili'"ii iiiiiili. it 
 
 viiti'd it. Tl, 
 
 y< t^\" I 
 
 Ins ri'si.l.'ii,,' 
 
 of llicTiiili'iii's (iiliiili iiiiiii',',1 liv |j|.,, I 
 
 III' l-i's|,,rali,, 
 
 sis, ,M 
 
 i\ l''^rl) was ih'i 
 
 lint lU'oi'i.nlnl with. 
 
 Tl 
 
 IV III, 
 ITIIlilll'll 1,11, I),. I, 
 
 0111- 
 
 .j;,JIKl/. to ,M. I'i.'.ilil, ,, I), 
 
 II' ruins wt 
 
 TIILCIIA.V ltl,Slf()l-,S; 
 
 1.S.S2. 
 
 i.v-j 
 
 old r„ 
 
 ^l''^l:iiii'ini,.,;i', |l;;;^l'''''V''i'''''-v. 1. 
 
 •■'^ iiii.'M s,.iii n.,, ''ii'.,?: 7 V"'' •.,'"''''■"'*■ 
 
 .,, ;'-;-'M-iiiss, :,,!:::!; :,;,j-:^;-^;i.,, 
 iii.v:;'"';:i;ir:;',i',::,,!:'-'''"-'i''vni;.;.',.ni!,:;;: 
 
 \ll"-"'l I'^illl" with 111, K,',„, ■,:,,• ', I'liil.v May. 
 
 ril,. |.'i.,',„'|, '". '^""I'llll'S . al„nil :. Mav, 
 
 I 1111, 11 ,|, ,!,„„. I, I'linis. all,.'-ii|,, ,1 1,1, , 
 
 1" t" ii's ram whIil,. 1, 1 "^ V l'i''i't 1,1 
 
 liiiiitiii' "■'"">' "1'"^ 'iii'l I'li'ti'il tlii'i,' 
 
 I'l'.. I I ■ . . \l... 
 
 M .Mm\. 
 
 episi'ojiai'.v si'i ,i|, ill ,S,',,iiii,„| 1,, ,1 
 
 11 Iili'i'i' 1 liiiiil 
 
 '''i'''ily Willi I'l'.ii,,',' ,..,,,,.,1 . ,, • 11 'iiM\ , 
 
 'vi.i I ■iiiiVn;:';',:^-^! ';'■"";- '■■':'i-i"" ill" 
 
 Im, Willi „ili,.|. ,i„|,|,,s, ,||,.„„'|„.,| ,1,,,'-, 
 
 'ii' ii'-i'iit .M,,|'|, 
 
 tioii of till' I 
 
 alf's skill si't lii'l 
 
 ■I'vniiii., 1572-.^. Till,/,, 
 
 'IT 11 I'ow to fai'ilitat 
 
 Triiii'.s, iiiiii-i 
 
 to I'lii^iliiiiil (Voiii \ii'niiii III 
 
 ■r |M,i- 
 
 stlllli'd 
 
 1' niilliiii,!; 
 
 ■lions in tl 
 
 'list of |. 
 
 . , '1 iili'int Is-X. It 
 
 I'lllmi-i'Slstri'of .\||i|„a,.,.ii, ILdf;,,,,) ,| 
 
 nrojii', iiiii,,. 
 oidi'il 
 
 IS ri 
 
 120 tulips, Willi till' ,,l|si'ts, sold '1 
 
 ml in 11,^1), 
 
 that 
 
 nil,! 
 
 'Ill'', i'nlli',| III,' ;■ 
 
 Till' Still, 
 
 '!■ '(.'.IKHI II, 
 III fo 
 
 Till' lillip /,:;■, l,ir,<„l,i,il,ni, I 
 
 tn I'llulllllll fl'olll .\ 
 
 'loppi'il this i'iiin,,iis I 
 
 ■"// titl 
 
 I'lillii' 
 
 mi'i-iiii, iilioiit |( 
 
 iliit'iiK, Was I, I',, 1,^1,1 
 
 \U, 
 
 Tl'.\IfltlI)(iK\VKLLS(K 
 
 WITI' llls|. 
 
 Him, wlii'i 
 
 , ,. (K'lil). Til,. s,„ii|„s 
 
 ; '■'■'■'l.";^Mi'<'"l.l'.vl.ndii.y. lonlNoi-ih, 
 
 ■1 VlVlll, WHS I'l'st,,,',',! ,„ )„.„|,|, 1,^. ,1 
 
 nsi' of till' wiiti'is. i(ii)(). 'I 
 
 till' i| 
 
 lU'l'IS o 
 
 .\nii 
 
 f Cli 
 II', iinil Hooii III 
 
 r. 
 
 Ill' Wl'lls \V| 
 
 I'lllll 
 
 II. 
 
 ■M' visit, ,1 l,y 
 
 1.S.S1, ?.l,lli); liSi,i, 27„s,,; 
 Til," tii'\ii was i 
 
 'int' fiisliiiiiial,!, 
 
 and liy ,|,|,.,'j| iniii,l,'i',.,i l,v .\i','ii 
 
 m'orpiinil,',! l,v 
 
 "pill. Ill 11, 
 
 mval I'll.' 
 
 Mr. .l,,lili.sloii,..\Vi..:;;, II 
 
 I'H'Iiil-. .ii,',|. ,'11,1 
 
 ll'lil'Sl. 
 
 ni.^"i', '-l^jri'.it 
 
 III' 
 
 TrXOSTKV (also I'liI wolfi'iin, :ii„l s^l,, 
 
 .mill), 11 hanl wliiiisli lintll,. mrtal. | 
 
 nf Iniid, .Si'lii'i'lo i„ |-x, 
 wlii'iii'i' thi' li|.olhi.|.s |)|i I 
 
 till 
 
 In iSsi) it 
 
 iililuiiioil tiui..;sii, 
 n.viii't in I -.'■'(, 
 
 roni liin..'-stiii|. 
 lid. 
 
 ni'W kimi of stci'l 
 
 Tr.vr.s (x. .\f 
 
 Ciirtliii^'i.. Tunis 
 Fi'iiiii'i', who ili|.,l I 
 
 was iiii 
 
 plovi'll 
 
 ilitaiiii'd 
 in inakiii'' a 
 
 'i-i'ii) stands nrai'lv on th,' sit 
 
 lii'sii'iri'd liv 'I 
 ii'ui-it 2^ .\iiM.. i',- 
 
 Vof 
 "iiis l.\., ,,f 
 
 It 
 
 iiiiiliT .\fri,'aii kiii,i;s till lakon' l,v' ll'ail 
 ■■ i^niliri'iit, 1^;;^.,, ' Ijai'lian 
 
 S,,lvnian tl 
 
 ''iiiaiiii' 
 "ssa, („ 
 
 i'X|i('ll,;il hy III,' I'lnpiTor t'liarl,.'s V., w'l 
 
 Th 
 
 lii'i.stian 
 
 laves wiTc sot at lihrrh 
 
 II' I'niiiili'y was rci'Dvci'i'd hy th;.''| 
 
 Sciiin II. 1^75. Thi'lirvof T 
 
 ill l,s;-|; Tunis was i.|.,ir„.,.,l hy inlnii'i'al"lVhi'l 
 
 illiis waslii-sl a 
 
 bi'V rofnsin;: t,, il^i 
 
 iii'n liMKK) 
 ,11110, i:Hv 
 ni-ks niiili'i' 
 Plioiiiti'd 
 on till' 
 
 l(j 
 
 >J,S 
 
 Tim 11 
 
 Jiilv, i.S;(., 111,. I 
 
 nsscin ihnasiv 
 
 "P Ihi' lii'itisli lapt 
 
 ■y a,uM'|.|| tl 
 
 fiiiiiiili.,l 171, 
 
 Ii 
 
 ri'fiiniis.' ili. ilii.,|' 22 S 
 
 uml siic'cssor .Mohaini'il.. .,-„ ,^ 
 
 tiiii'lity to till. ,.onstitiiti„„, II,, ,1 
 
 ""stiiiiiiiaial 
 
 'I't. I.S^,); ami liis l,|.,,ili, 
 
 ■I's-Saihik took tl 
 lii'il, ami 
 
 , , , , . , ■ »• ',•.>,, .1,1,1 was 
 
 I'mli'il liyhi.s lirolliorSiili .\li, 28()i't iiS,S-> 'I 
 u now iniiliT Krciii'li jn'otei'tion. 
 
 lath of 
 Was siii'- 
 
 IIIIIS 
 
 lasiirn'i'l: 
 
 Kuril 
 
 Tunis ,1 
 I'lniiii- 
 Ciuiinii 
 
 'pi'an.s 
 
 ' 1" .Aj'iil; ships of 
 
 f w.ii' si..iit III pminiit 
 
 ii'iw'il to 111' an iiitciiml part 
 
 }.\ 
 
 part of Ihi. Tiirl<isli 
 
 iV, 1864 
 
 'iviul lra:vty with (ii',"it'])hl 
 
 • 25 "I't. 187 
 iini, 1875 i(,v,/. 
 
 Mi,'iii I,, 1,11111,,. II,,,, ■,: n III 1 laiii'i' nil. 
 
 '"''''''^^'I'lnn.ii 11 :,, '',;;''■; "'"'•I'lhi'i'i.i'n,',, 
 
 'ii'iiiii.-ii'i, ..i,i,h', ,':,|," :;"ss'in roi'iii,. 
 
 '''■'■•■'''■iiii''''i'is Id , r'''''''r'''ii'''i'''"^ 
 
 '"'h",'i|,ilal. Till. I-,. '',■',''■''■''■''' ''"''i^''''- 
 '"'■■' 1" Hi" li"v I,, s, I, ^'V',"""'"'"'"""- 
 
 -iii'"s,. his,i ,,,.', \;" '"M'"i-^ hi'S 
 
 ;7i»|i.iKii"a,i,'s.,ali;,'ni: I :';:;;;;;;';'"'''■;■.;'•■ 
 
 ""' l"'y Ii'ilaki's 11, , I I,, '"'111 l"'""is: wliil.i 
 
 'i"iial,ii,„i'ni„,nvi ,11 ,"';'' '"'\"il"niii- 
 
 ii'~»iih II,,' I'V,', , ' ' siiii,l,.|'siaii,l- 
 
 '■'■-'"•'"■'"'>•'■> " ill '^"'irwln, ';,;:';:;;'""' 
 
 ll',l"'il"l luiilli.l i„.,„,.,. ,., , , '•' 'M.'iv, 
 
 ""■■" '''"-'^■'-"'.' Vi'm'h'i'ni::;''],!^:^:' 
 
 7::":z':it''' ^--'-"-i"a;?,^;;^; 
 
 V-'.':;ii;''.:;i,:,i:::;i:;:i:;:i^ "■■■ iM."ia 
 
 ■M lli.iii;;ir,l. insp,.,. ,,,,,,..,,. ,'.,', , ' ,• i!°. .May, 
 "iiii'l"i"'i l.v \i'ils ,.,,"''''••""' '•'■•*''''^' Ill's, 
 
 ^l.|^'|lslall, 1 1,., ;;':,, ,;';'•, ''i''''iis. lull,' 
 
 iiiiiiisl"i-(saiil lot,? ),:'.' ";■'' ' I'll"!' n'si,l,.nt 
 
 iiviniianiuiii;,;.'.'.!;,';';: „: 'M"i'iai'i„^. in.y,, 
 
 ■Miisla|,li;i 1:,',, |,,„,|| ,r. , .. . .Inn,., 
 
 , ■■■■iv"'M.yii,i'siii,'i,r,;!;., "„-,:,.:' """isi"i. n- 
 
 '''Kh:dd!,:':,t:;:;;:;i'-"''-^^'-'ii'''rAn''i^ 
 
 i:';;;;;i;;;-...a,'io,,,,,,';,'i, ■,,,,,.;,,,, ■..^^..w^ , 
 
 •■'^fiv l,iiiiil,ai',l,',i l,v '|1„. ■|..,.,.,,;.|, •, ,• :!' .Jiilv, , 
 '■il'lui- ri,','s,',',,I .„'.'''■ ^ ''"Iv. ■' -','.; 
 
 Ai-^;l-i"Voll,ii,:an„i','li'' ',,,„,■ • '^''iijV, . 
 
 l-.nlida "as,.; il,',.isii,i, a-iii si 1 i'- ,.';'-'"'v, . 
 1,,'vy .i-iiiist 111,. I',n',disli, Mr, 
 
 ■^'''-v;''-n:v:;^;i;!L;.,,,;.,; ,^--!^4;^. : 
 
 ' "' ^-^'■-;u"i-v.n''ii:!!;;',':,--l;,- 
 
 ■\inval„r...,.,, i',',,,,,.,, ,,.„ 5,S,.|,t. , 
 
 '■'irml,.,^t';^':il-,s"'''''''--l^r' -*- • 
 
 .hiiurs',';;;,U "''•■-^■^''■■''■1'^ '''';''•'■ •■^lilii'v: 
 All.li"^'sannysiin',;,ii„l„;i ' al.o.it :n*.'' ?'l" " 
 
 "'" ''''•'■•■''••■'■ -■■'■^HM";s^!r;:l,:,^, •■ 
 
 Tunis lu'i'iipii'ii i,v 111,, |..|.,. II,., 3(),'t. ., 
 
 •ii'ii. Nul,atlii.|' ,l,.r,..'|isi||,, Ai.,1,'" 1', , • "?"'■'' ,. 
 Ilii'l ; Sr., kii|,.,| 1.. ,^,'.' ,A''''?: '/i^ houi's' ,.o||. 
 
 ronlimn.ilii.litinV "■■"'"'"'•, .'""•l- - 
 
 ■I'll" I'l'iu'l I"i' (,','11. ■l.:ti,.imr inii","",' '-'.'"<''• ■• 
 
 williout ri'sisiiiii',. '-Ill nil'- '.ntci- Kaii'waii, 
 
 ■'''i:;'ih":l;:::;i:'^s"'"' ''''■■•''•>• (■■>'^'>)'-« •• 
 
 A'i;;^;:;.^^"ivat or .M,;,,s, •la.a,- ,„,^,, ^,:^ ^r;- .. 
 
 "';;n*r"'' '■■■ ■•^"--i'tu.-'-,Va"lar^'^i;::i ■• 
 
 Til" iiisnm','ii„n vii-inally 'supim'ss'll ''"a;Tiiv"'r " 
 
 m"i",:;':""" "'"'■•'■'■■" ■ '>iiioum';'d'''"N-„:'^ 
 
 II. I.My(,s,'i,.\„,-, ,,'.„,.,, „.„,.,l ,,„„„''' ■^; o 
 
 r •y\vl 
 
 s\ 
 
 ]v .1 
 
 
Tl'NNAUE. llol 
 
 ITKIN. 
 
 M. ItoiHtiiii ill I'iii'Ih; M. M. Kiiclii'l'iU't »i'<|iiltti'<l nl' 
 
 liittcr lilii'l iif^'iiJiiHt .M. Ki'iistiiii . . 15 l>i'C. i3:^i 
 
 M. Itonstiiii I'l'tiinis . . aliinit j') lii'i-, ,, 
 
 ■riMn.slcm'il til WiisliiiiKtiiii . . iiliniil .• j I'rii. iSSj 
 
 \ K'liiry 111' iii,sur(,'i'iil.i . . iilmiil i April, ,, 
 
 Kiill'lii ciiHc Miiiicalily srttli'il . . Max , ,, 
 
 'I'l ly Willi Kniiii'i' (tiiliiiit; nvi'i- ili'M iilMnit 
 
 5,ooo,ooii/.) 'Iiiilt Jills, ,, 
 
 Hi'iii'Wi'il Aiiili iiiiMirsioiis . . iilmiit t ii,t. ,, 
 Fl't'iifli cuiiits 111' law i'>lal>lisliiMl ; I'orriyii fniisiilar 
 
 Jiirisilictiiiiis alinlislii'il (i'ii|ntiilatiiiiis) r .Ian. i334 
 'I'miis iiiiiilt' a si'iipui-l liy Uif fiiiistriit'tiiiii nl' a 
 
 fjiiial 1835-9,; 
 
 l-'ri'iu'li ri'sifliMitH, 1891, aliniit 10,000. 
 
 .M""liii)^ (if till- l-'ii'iicli as.iiH-iatiuii . . 1-4 AlH'il. iSijo 
 
 Tlu' ri'V. Mr. I.i'.icli, I'liiiiii'iit iiiis»iiiiiar> ,an4 faiiiil.\ 
 
 iiiiircli'nvl al Sinks Ma> , ,, 
 
 Till' iiian|iiis ill' .Miiii'.s iiiiiiilcri'il liy Tiiaii'^^s in tin' 
 
 'riinisian Sahara alimil . . . 3,liitii'. ,, 
 
 'I'n'aty hi'twi'i'ii Krani.'i' ami llaly .liKiii'il . i..Si.iit. ,, 
 
 |{.-iitway lirtwi'i'ii Tunis anil Siimi I'limiilt'ti'il, ti Nii\'. ,, 
 
 Tl^XNAGE AM) PorxDAGE wi'iv amiont 
 ilutii'H IfVU'd (111 evriy tun nl w iiui iiiid iioinul (il 
 other giKKl.s, iiiipiirtcci ur txiiurlcd, ami wcri' tlir 
 oi'i^iii of mil' "ciistniii*." 'I'licy cniiiiiii'iii'i'il in 
 Jinijlainl aliiiiil 134(1, '""' "''■''' K''i"it<'il t" '1''' kiiifrs 
 lor lilV, liruiiuiint; witii Kdwanl IV, t'liai-U'.s I. 
 gave great olli'iiro liy Icvyiiii;- tliciii on his own 
 Hiitliority, Hofi. They were granted to Charle.s U. 
 lor his lilcliiiii', 24 jiiiu', UAn). liy the ait 27 
 Geo. 111. I'. 1 j, tlii'so and otinr diitii's wi'iv rcpcali'd, 
 1787, and a new arraiifioiiii'iit of oxrisc and i.ii.-<ti'iii< 
 was iiitiddiiccd. 
 
 TUN"X]'"iLS, for drainage, are ancient. The 
 earliest tnnnel lor internal navigation was executed 
 by M. Higiiet, in the reign of Louis XIV., at Kezieres 
 in I'ranee. The tirst in Kiigland was liy Mr. 
 Brindley, on the dnUe of liridgewater's canal, 
 near .Vlaiichester, iili.nt 17W). I'roject of the 
 (jraveseiid tuniud, l8(.x)— the report upon it, iSot. 
 The Thames Tnnnel wa.s projecled liy Mr. ilruiiel 
 ill 11^23, and opened for foot passengers, 25 .March, 
 1843; see T/khiics Tiiinitl. Iiiiinmeralile tiiiiiiels 
 have heen made for railways. The railway tunnel 
 at Liveriiool was eoinpleteil in the middle of 182^), 
 111 lip with gas, and e.vhiliited once a week. Un the 
 London and liiriningham railway there are eight 
 tiiiimds ^the I'rimrose-hill. Watford, Kilslij, occ), 
 their total length lieiiig 733(1 yards. Sniilis. it 
 was comiiuted liy ilr. Fo« ler, that there were 80 
 miles of tunnels in the United Kiii.udom in i8(j5, 
 which cost about 0,5ai,O(Xi/., at the average of 45/. 
 a yard; see Alps [Mont Ceiiis, etc.] and T/itimes. 
 
 'i'uniiel lictwccii Dover ami Calais, suggested liy M. 
 .Matliieii aliiiiit 1802 
 
 Tunnel for a railway licncatli tlie elianiicl fniiii 
 Hover to (.'alais, pliipnscil liy .Messrs. J. F. Hate- 
 mall ami .1. licvy .... 30 .\iig. 1869 
 
 M. fliuiiiti lie (iaimiiiil, after many years' study, ex- 
 liiliiteil Ills plans 111 I'aris, 1807; liis .sclieinc re- 
 vived in l-'iaiicc, July, iS;i and Xnv. 187J ; a 
 convention in its favmir was signed for f'ram-c 
 liy .M. Mieliel L'lievalicr, .l.in., 1875 ; cnf;im-ci-s, 
 Bi'r.lolin llawksliaw and .M. I.avally ; laumipoly 
 for 30 years j;raiiteil ; cli.iiriiiaii fur Knglisli cmii- 
 jiaiiy, ioiil Kicliaid (.imsvcmir : plan of lioring 
 tllrou^ll 20 miles elialk liy .Mr. H. llriintuii. 
 
 M. TlninK- lie tiaimiiiil died .... Feli., 1876 
 
 lioring at Sangatte, near (.'alais, licguii .15 l-'cli. ; jo.j 
 tcct deep .1 June, ,, 
 
 Slfiiinrainluni of basis of proposed treaty between 
 Kiiglaiiil and France issued . . .\iig. ,, 
 
 (Itlicr plans have liceii proposed liy U. Heniiiigtmi, 
 1'. J. liisliii|i. A. Austin, \c. 
 
 'I'lie Freiiili uovcrmncnt'.s concession for prelimi- 
 nary worlds granted in 1675, reiiewed I'ori.vears 
 
 from i .Vug. 1880 
 
 KNperimeiital boring going on, .-Vpril, 1881 ; 800 
 metres from the coast . . May, 1883 
 
 .MeclUlK of (lialiliel I'llllliel ('olnpllliy J Fi'll.lnl 
 
 siilimariiie I'oiitiiieiital railway eiiiiipany 3 hh 18.3.. 
 
 I'liaiiiul i'llllliel near Dover ; alioul i mile cxi.i 
 vated ; visited liy Mr. (fladstoiie and otliin 
 
 1 1 .Maii'li, ,, 
 
 Tlic Cliiinncl Tunnel disapproved of liy sir (1 
 Wolselev, and oilier nlllcers, Hritisli and liiive.;ii - 
 
 .March, I /,«,.,. „ 
 
 The works stopped liv goveriimcnt alionl 1 .May ; 
 liy order of iMr, .Justice Kay . . . fi.Iiiiv 
 
 Twiiehaiiiicl tunnel lii lis discharged in llicciiiiiniui,, 
 
 loAiij. ,, 
 
 Itcport of a eiiniiiiission nil tlie eliaiinel t'.uiiii'l (..n 
 A. Alisuii, ehairman) nnlaviiiiralile mi pnliinal 
 ^roniiils issneil . . 11 (i,i, ^^ 
 
 Tlie nucslion referred 111 a eonimitli riunli, ami 
 
 eomiiiiiiis 4, ,\pril, which niccls ^4 April ; il"e|ili. 
 against the luiinel (fi-4) . alioul i.i.liily, ,j.<. 
 
 Till iiipany resolutely determine tn wail 17 .Sii');. ,, 
 
 Hill rc.jecicd li\ the ciimimiiis(222-B4) 14 .May, 1SS4; 
 (281-99) ij .Miiv, i83! 
 
 Itoringof the channel luniiel slill eonlinucd, .. I'lh. 135; 
 
 The ehamiel In I liill again rejeelcd liy llie 
 
 ciimmons (i5i-ii>7) .... 3 Au;;. ,, 
 
 Sir K. Wat kill s liill for experimeiilal works 
 iip|iiiscil liy I he Kiiverniiieiil and re.icclcd in Hie 
 ciimmiins (3117-1(15), 27.111111', 1888 ; a^aiii lejcclcil 
 (234-153) s-liinc, i8yn: liill witlidrawn . 2ii.liii\, ij,^^ 
 
 Mersey tunnel, lielween I iver|iiiiil anil liirki iihiiiil, 
 line mile, lung, prii,|ecleil 1S66, eM'ciitinn Ire- 
 i|Ui'iilly siispcmlcil, lioring rencweil hy Ilic ciici^iy 
 of iiia,|iir Samuel Isaac, i88i>, boring' coiiipli|,.,'| 
 under his siipcrintendeiiee, 17 .Jan. 1884 (he 'liiil. 
 22 Xov. 1886); tnnnel opencil, 13 Feb. 1,^85; liisi 
 passen^^er train run Ihrougli, 22 Dec. tSa^i 
 liirmally iipened by the priii f Wales, 211. Jiiii, \i}i 
 
 The Severn tunnel near Itrislnl, cniistructeil by W. 
 I', liicharilsiiii, for the (It. Weslirii ciinipaiiy'^, 
 railway bcKun. .March. 1873; ollieial train pa.sscil 
 lliriiii;,'li, 5 .Sept. 1885 ; opencil for Irallic, 1 Sepi., 
 I'll ]ias?,cli;,'i'rs 1 Dec. ,, 
 
 ".luseph il. milling adit," Selieiiinil/, liegiin 1732, 
 alter iiiaiiv delays, lliiishcd, 16,538 metres Im;;;, 
 
 5 ■■•ei'l. 1873 
 
 Arlberg tuiiiiel, Anstriii, 10,270 metres long; lie;;iiii 
 ,Juiic, 1S80; ciinipleleil, and train passed ihioiiuli, 
 
 13 .Nov, loi, 
 
 Tw'i tiiniii'ls I'lir the fily and Soutli London i;i|.i.. 
 trie Kailway, friiiii 111" .Mi'imment l.i Stuck well, 
 coinplelcil. '.March ; the railway iipiiicd by th,. 
 jiiince of Wales, 4 .Nnv. ; to the piihlic li-; Dec dgu 
 
 The coiislrnclion of a liinncl under the Irish i lian- 
 iiel recoiiinicnib'il by sir itnpcr i.ellibriil;ii' al the 
 
 Society of Arts n Feh. i3.ji 
 
 Tiiniii'l 'between lllackwall and Charltun readies, 
 (111 the 'i'hames, eiinstrneled by the l.oiiilnii 
 eoiintycoiineil( Messrs. S. fearson iij Son stemler, 
 87i..H»'/.), designeil by Mr. A. H. Diiinie, km., 
 
 ,lune, 1807, length, 0.2..1 ft., ly It. Ulili', on It. 
 
 ib'|illi from high w.'iter level, with mad and lout- 
 paths, bi'^uii till' end of i8yi ; o] I by tl.e 
 
 prince and iirineess of Wales, 22 .Ma,\. 1897; 
 ij|ieneil bir tiallie 01 p.m. . . . 24 .June, 1897 
 
 TUHAN, see TiirlastiDi. 
 
 TiJKCKHEIM, see TiiiHeim. 
 
 Tl'KIN, the ancient .\ugusta Taurinoiinii 111 
 Piedinont, cajiital of the Sardinian States, and ut 
 the kingdoin of Italy, till 181-14, "lien it «assiiiier- 
 seded by I'lorence. Its iinportance dales frmii the 
 tieriiiaiieiit union of Savoy and I'iedniiint in 141(1. 
 The Kreiich besieged this city ; but prince Lunelle 
 defeated their army, and compelled them to nil-c 
 tiie siege, 7 Sept. I'lA). In 171),^, the Fremli 
 republican army took pos.session ot Turin, sci/«l ali 
 the strong places and arsenals of I'icdinoiit, and 
 obliged the king and his family to rcmiive te the 
 island of Sardinia. In 1791^, the Freiieli were 
 driven out by the iVustriaiis and Kussians; hut the 
 city and all I'iednionl suneiuleied t" the Iriii' li, 
 June 1800. Ill May 1814, it was restored t" the 
 king of Sardinia; f,w.Ilali/, 1804. Here prime llinii- 
 ijert was inairied to his cousin .Marglierita luiiidst 
 
TUKKESTAN. 
 
 Tiiiiiii'l ('i>iii|>aiiy .' \<\i, ; ni 
 iiliil lailwiiy i'i'iii|iiiiiy ,i Kih iSsj 
 I- Dover ; al'imt i iiillc i-m ,i- 
 Mr. (lliidsldiic iiiiil iitliiTi 
 
 II Miiivli, ,, 
 'I iliwilipl'nM'il 111 liy »ii' (; 
 r iilllciTs, Itritish iiml riiii'ii;ii ' 
 
 Muivll, r/ .«!./. ,. 
 liy ({OVl'inlllillt illinlll I Miiy ; 
 
 (tire Kiiy . . . ti .luiv 
 illHillscliiirHi'il intlh'i'i.iiiijiiiiis 
 
 II) Aii^. ,, 
 
 nil nil till' I'liainil'l t'.IMMi'l (Mr 
 III) IllllllVlilli'ltllll' nil pnlitlivil 
 II 11(1. „ 
 
 I In ii cijiiiiiiitli'i' nl l<>r<l.> aiiil 
 , whii'li iiii't'ts J4 AiMil ; il"(*i<li* 
 ;fi-4) . . iiliiiiil lu.luly, lii: 
 
 I'ly ilrtiTlllillc tn wall 17 Allij. I,' 
 nllllllnll.s(/.;^-04) 14 May, ist;4; 
 
 I.' .Mav, 133: 
 
 I IIIIIIM'I slill cnlllillllnl, J I'l'li. i^jj- 
 liill aKltili n'ji'clcil hy tja. 
 • • •. • jAllH, „ 
 ill I'nr exiii'i-iiiiiMilal wmks 
 vi'iiiiiii'iil ami riji'ctvil in llii' 
 ■J7.IUI11', 188S ; ,i;;aiii icjciii'il 
 Byii; hill willlilrawil . jn.lllly, ijg; 
 I ivi'i'|uii>l ami llirlvi'iiliiM(l, 
 
 ■ rojl'ltlll iSOfi, cxiMMIIinh liv. 
 Iinlillj; ri'hrWi'il liy Ihc iiici';;y 
 saac, iS8u, bnriii),' cnmiili'ti'.'l 
 iMlfiii'M, 1; Jan. 1884 (III' 'lii'il. 
 ii'l "pi'iii'il. I J I'VI). 18S5 ; lirsi 
 uii lliroii>,'li, .>j llcp. iSSj; 
 
 111!' iniiicn nl' Wall's, lin, Jail. i3j6 
 .-ir Diislul, cnii.stnii'ii.il liy \v. 
 
 ■ till' tit. Wi'sti'iti ciniijiaiiy'.s 
 ch, 1873; iillinial train iias.scil 
 85 ; "Iu'iu'iI I'iii' tiallii', 1 r<i'|it., 
 
 1 lii-c. „ 
 ailit," !Sc-liriiiiiitz, liiv'iiii lyij, 
 linislinl, 16,538 iiit'tii-s Inn;:, 
 
 5 >i|it. 137J 
 ia, 10,270 im'ti'e.-' Iniin; U'kiiii 
 ted, anil train passiil ihi'iiii);li, 
 
 13 .N'nv. 100 J 
 
 City ami ISniitli l.ominn lilee. 
 
 Ill'' .Mc.nilllient In Stnekivell, 
 , the railway npi-niil liy thr 
 <ii\. ; In I lie pulilie ,,-: Die. ,?.),, 
 
 tiiiinel miller the lri^ll I liaii- 
 y sir Knper I.etlilinil;;e at tlie 
 
 II H'elj. ijji 
 
 •kwall ami Cliarltnii leaelies, 
 
 •iinstnieleil liy the l.niiilni, 
 
 srs. H. I'earsiin ,^ linn's temler, 
 
 liy .Mr. A. H. liiniiie, kiit., 
 
 0,Jnii ft., w It. Wliie. on It. 
 
 aterli'Vel, with mail ami loot- 
 emi nf i8yi ; npeneii tiy tke 
 ss nf Wales, jj .M;i\, 1S97: 
 
 ■ p.m. . . . j.i .hiiie. 1J57 
 
 <r/i('!it(iii. 
 
 [, sec Tiiiliheim. 
 
 leictit Aiij,'iintii TauriiKMiini in 
 
 f llic Sardinian States, ami nl 
 
 y, till 1SO4, when it was snini- 
 
 Its iiiiporliiiiee dates Inun the 
 
 Savoy mid I'iedinniit in 141(1. 
 
 d this city ; hut prime Liigeiir 
 
 ', and ediiipclled tliein t" nii»e 
 
 X'lii. Ill 17i)f<, the I'lvnrll 
 
 k piissossiuu ot Turin, sei/eil all 
 
 iiid iirst'imls of rieilniniit, ami 
 
 id liis family to reiimve tn the 
 
 111 1799, till' Fieneh wen- 
 
 ii.striaiin and Kussians; lull tin' 
 
 III sUriflld'Ted t" tile 1 reoil:, 
 
 y 1814, it was restuied tu t!ie 
 
 'Hull/, 1864. llereiirini'cllmii- 
 
 ;o hi.s cousin Marghei'ita amidst 
 
 \\U 
 
 gl-eilt riijoieiiiK, 22 .Vnril, |,S(;,S The n, . 
 favnnr was inuuguraled, 8 In„ ' ,,s- " " .""T'i'i' '" 
 upeued by tlio kin- 2; Ainll' ,kV ' "1""' 
 opened hy (ho ki,l^^7 .Mj y 8 S s ' •/''"""'^■'' 
 
 TURKEHTAX, ealled hy the 1'^.,;.,' t 
 l.."..uTly l,i.l,.po„,|e„, Tartirv . , ■^■"': ,,?";'"- 
 ontriiml (•owntry „c ,l„. 'i'„rk, •;,. V',. ,1, .1 \ ''' """ 
 
 1M-I„n;, and A7»n, ' Tin " I! ' i , ''V ^"" 
 
 provmee. Tiirkestaii, wa's eren*! .' '™'> '""■« 
 P'U. Ka„tr,„n„ri „n de .„ • ., r ' ii'i"''''' v""' 
 died 10 .May, r882. ThiMlih ' tl,:. ''• ' ''^''"• 
 bytllechief,rlh.^sat..rv 7 •/■'■''''■ "■'■'■I'"'''' 
 
 8iVli.i884. (n.ii.Dnkhnfs'i^ i, /,V';''; '"I 
 
 ellurkesta,,andtheTra,is,.aspil/,tr,^^ 
 
 TUKKEY. The Turks yy,,,, ,., • „ 
 .ribo of Tartars; hut, hy in,,,,;; .t ^viih'-.l/' 
 peoples thev liavc eiiiniueri.|| l,iv,. I, ""'iHle 
 
 L. . .uinut rt«, ,, . ;;;;^,i;: • ';:z:c:r' 
 
 part o( Ariiiema, eal ed (nmi them ■|'n, • 
 
 n.ey gradually ..xtended th. i ■ . „ r 1 ;"""'"," 
 I3.l.-nturyhein^l.aras..eilh.'p,, ''".,"" 
 they returned to .Vsia .\Ii„,ir. 'Tl, T , I '"'• 
 
 TUJJKEV. 
 
 /Vii'iea enmiuereil, , ,,,, . ,,.,| ,,, ,. ., '^ ■ 
 
 "-''^featH «iKisnn,m. nf „„„„,,,.,. J j.,,„;,;«^;' -/. 
 I.it'li.sl.ii. .,(■ 11 . ■ , „ ■ 
 
 't't:,,;r;,/,!''''^^'"'''''^-''''l''n,rslaina. Varmi 
 
 402 
 
 "■:i:^-i;' relievei, liy ,„„„„,,„. ,,. ,,„,,^. ^^;; M|.y. .453 
 
 '':j';i,^^, ;;'<-''™n.n,iii,n,Jinn ,:.;.;;;/ ,1,1,, ■4S8.6C, 
 
 Si-Jin, I .,. ; . 1 . ■. . ■ 
 
 
 an,' 
 
 1480 
 
 till' I8r« i«ui|„vh..nded the , !„i ' , ''"'I''''' 
 
 i.nm'M,Hties,!fMoi,h.:lt,r'l{';t:;''';^;::|'i!;' 
 
 iiiid Montenegro, tie lieiviiifn-v .i '^'Miii, 
 
 2I,033,C)OO,triMitaric.sar.diuou.cMorat.s T- ' :• 
 ill huioi.e, 8,,,8;,ooo; Asia, 1 / -],' n^^'^'u'""^' 
 
 lierliii (,3 July, ,878) iurkey i» sai'l ,,, , J;,;:"> "' 
 N'.liiaiv Inliahi- .Mnhan,. 
 
 ' '■ Willi .\iistria ' ' • • 
 
 ;;',!';,"r';;i^'"'', iii"Veni.,i.„s ■ • 
 
 ,y ;' iMltle iitl,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,^,.,.,, • 
 
 '•""''■i(fivt,')t:iK.Mi I-,:,,,, Vvni,.;. .,«•„,.„ • ■ ■ "5.18 
 siei'e *'""'■ 'itter a 2- years 
 
 . isi.' 
 
 • ■ 1514 
 
 ■ , ■ ',il5 
 
 All^'. lilO 
 
 lid H .s, ' 
 
 I',','. 15:12 
 
 • 2,) AllK. 1521, 
 
 (),•!. 152,7 
 
 • . ■ '533 
 • All;;. ,57, 
 
 7 <''■'. ., 
 
 ■ • 157,7 
 
 • I5«5 
 
 . . l6ob 
 
 ">i7 
 
 . 1669 
 
 (.'filed tn Knuniaiiia 
 
 ., 8,'rvia . . ' .' 
 
 .Mnlitelieani 
 „ Austria . 
 
 Uiv (.') . . .' 
 
 I'cilienniipieilaml ailniini.,. 
 ttie,! liy .\nstri,i 
 
 Fonaeaiiit,itliel'riiiei|ialitv 
 of Liul;,'aiia . . . 
 
 liii'luileil ill Kasterii uim-' 
 iiielia . 
 
 Mile.' 
 
 .ii9.)5 
 4.J26 
 
 '.S4'.< 
 
 ■5 
 
 Si.ioo 
 
 =3,123 
 
 24.4^4 
 
 IJ.646 
 
 tiiiits. iiieiian's. 
 24SOO.J 142,00,. 
 
 2^)4, CXJ 
 
 40,,j,x) 
 
 2,000 
 
 75".«Jo 
 
 75.000 
 9,noo 
 
 40, OX) 
 
 'lO'.n.ooo 513,000 
 I.77J.OOO 681.300 
 74'J.ooo 265,000 
 
 If we e.Nelude tho provimvs •• indelinitelv ■' m 1 
 oocupied hy Au.stria, Jiul-aria an 1 •',',.,; i) " '"' 
 liu, there remain to TurkTy i li n ii ' lv -","-'' 
 
 2,;2I,5(X) are Jlohaininedans. I„ Vrniei !■ », 
 tates lo,(»o siiuaro miles, with .'.h, it V'^ .v ' " 
 tabitants. Cyprus, entrU-d til ii:":^.'::; 
 
 hnglanil, has an area of 2,r,s, snuare 1 1' " 
 
 /^i^;^''^'!:-!'^>''<''iS:iy'''n^i't;! 
 
 ■''■■ "fCarl.nilz ' ' ■ ■ l^«ept,. ,683 
 
 ^:;r'viri'"'i;':'i"-'"ii'y.ianisMani.; • '^■'""- '699 
 
 Inlsll;;'^^;^' " -^-tria.aml idissia iviin: '"^ 
 
 III,' Turks, l,.f,.M,e,l at Kars ■ '7.!9 
 
 '"■•*inri'eti r Walialii'i's ■''■■' 174.S 
 
 ;:;n::!t^;;SSttiS'''''"^^'-^-''"--<"-i-.'"^ 
 
 lli,'CruM,.a,',.,l,.,| tn ijiissia' ■■■,■■ "770 
 
 S:;;;;^.^i;.:,:;^,';-;;;,;;-i Austria; the t;:;^s''«^ 
 
 C'SSlnn of Oiz: „. 
 
 War With the i.'r,.n,.|,;,vlin invade I'Vviit' ' 
 
 i^<uiT,..'ti,innrM,iiM,'lnki'sa o .in' ' ' 
 W,ir,'i''ainst Hiissi. ii....... ''• 
 
 i787-',t 
 ' n^i 
 
 ,,, .' '" .'"iMieiiiKi'S at L'.lil'n ' ^798 
 
 \ar,'i;;,„nst Russia ami Kantian • ' •, --^^l 
 I'as.sa^ie ami ie|iass,i..e nf iTi,. ,,.,.,1 ' „ ' 7 ''an. 1807 
 
 Murder nf Mali A"a ' ' ' ' ") '''*'li. ,, 
 
 The .lanissarh's inas.i.'r.: t,,„- ,.,.„, ,,,,=5,;^^;;^; •. 
 
 Th,' liii.s.sians ,|ele.-,t,',| at .Sili.sti'ia ' ' ' ' ^^°^ 
 
 -Juh, iSSi. See Oreco-llrk,.!, ,r,n: May.78,,7: , t^^^i:!^^^! Xl^T^"'"''^ widdin the 
 
 8tiliiii;,'ati,i 'th,' Wahaiieeiir)/';,,'.;, ., V « Aug. „ 
 
 '^^'ii,i;:;;;i;i;h:;:t'' --^^'^^'^^Z..^....:^''-'^ 
 
 l-tn^"vliMitt,id,.atha,:ni,^l^;,';,;„j:^-^"-'< 
 
 IFor the events in i-nnnei'tinii wiih ti ■'^\ •^'"''''' •• 
 
 oil, f Uree,',.. s,.,' (;,'',•' '"' ""^ '"'lepemj. 
 
 Ilorrilile niassa,!-,' ,it ,'-'i'i,i (.s,.,. Chi,..\ 
 
 noa-llKht near Mitvlene ■ 'I' iirks , i.f, ,V,. 1 '''' •^'"'''' "S" 
 
 Now Mahoiaetan aniiv ,M't nisei '' ' '\V'' '«'+ 
 
 IP Arslaii ami the Turks eompier Armenia '^mi 
 
 ^'»7' 
 
 111 ami the Turks i.,i ,.,- 
 
 (ieor^'ia 
 
 OraauisatioiiofJauidaiiries by Orcaii about ' ' "'^'^ 
 
 M 
 1' 
 
TURKEY. ll.Kl 
 
 TrUKEY. 
 
 limiinwtiMii 111' 111!' .laiilMniiricn at ('(iiintaiitliin|ilc ; 
 
 tliiv art' Mii|i|iii'H«i'il anil iiiaiinMiii'd, i4-i() .liiiic, i8.'6 
 
 (itK«. hniisi's l.iinil at CmislMnliiiiilili' . in Auk. ., 
 Ilattlc (if Naviiriii" ; tin' rmkisli tli'i't (Ifxhnvcil 
 
 liv till' tli'i'ls i.r l'.ii>;laiiil, I'liUMi', ami Himsia (»ci' 
 
 .V.n'oiii") jiiOi'l. 1337 
 
 l)Hiii»liiM.'iil ..(■ II.' Imvii.Ii, km KiikHmIi, ami (.5 
 
 lliiHsiaii srtllirt rrmii Mil' I'lMj'in' s Jan. i8a8 
 
 War with HilMsia a'' -M'l'il. •• 
 
 Till' I'zar Nii'linlaH lilii'S till' lli'lil . 2,1 May, ,, 
 
 I'aiilliilatiiiii I'l' llrahil.iw .... i.i.liiiii', „ 
 
 .Siiri'i'iiilirof .\iia|i,i .... ■-' 1 .liiiii', ,. 
 
 Kiiiiiii'iii'i'n iil'SI la taki'ii liy HiH.'iiaiis, ju.liilv, ,, 
 
 Till' ■■/,ir airivrtt lii'I'iiii' Varna . s .ViiK. .1 
 
 Itattli'.ir.Milial/ii- 24 .\im. ., 
 
 |'',.itivss I.r lla|M/!i't taki'ii I, Si'pt. ,, 
 
 Till' sultan ln-iii' Im tn tin 1:11111' with tin' sa'P'il 
 
 slaiiilanl .■(. ^r|i|. ,, 
 
 Darilani'll.'s l.lni kaili'.l 1 '"1. .. 
 
 Siini'inli'i' III' Vania i" "it- .• 
 
 UuMsiann ri'tri'at trnni Sliniiila . .iMiil. ,, 
 
 Sui'rcnili'rnl'tlii'i'aHtli' nl'lhi' Mnii'a tn llii' Kiiiicli, 
 
 lodrt. ,, 
 
 SU'p' iirsilUtria raisi'il liv Uiw.iliiii.< 1,. Nnv. ., 
 
 Vii'liii'V iiftlii' UiisHiaiiM -It Knliltsilia.n 'Sliiinila 
 
 II .llllll', iS.'y 
 
 llaltli' ni'ar I'lf/i'i'iniiii .....' .Inly, 
 Ailiiiiiii.|.li' ii I'lili'i-i'il liy till' llnssians, m Aiik. ; 
 
 aniiiMli.-i' auri'i'.l "11 .... ^9 Auj,'. 
 Ti'i'alv I.r i".a.i. at A.lrianiiiili. 14 Si'iit. ,, 
 
 Kiivat r..ii..laiitiii..|.lr: c.xtiii;,'iiiMlii'.l Lv tin' ini'ii 
 
 I.r II. M.S. r.lu.i^h '.'.Ian. 1830 
 
 Till' i.iirti'ai'kniiwli'il^'i'sllii' iiiili'i'i'niliiiii'i.Hiiri'.'n 
 
 .'5 Api-il. ., 
 Tri'iitv with Anii'iiia .... 7 •^'nv. •• , 
 liri'.it' llii' at I'i'i.i; Ihilish I'liiliassy ili'Sf.'nyi'il, 
 
 2 All),'. iSji 
 N.'W inilitarv " nnliT nr jilnry " (Nis.'lian) riMiinli'il 
 
 III AiiK. „ 
 !<t .Iran il'Ai II' takiii hy Ihraliiin I'ailia, snii nf 
 
 Mi'hi'ini't .\li 2. Inly, 18.V2 
 
 111. ih'l'i'at.s till' army nr the snitan at Kmiii'li, 
 
 lliraliiin r.'U'lia 1 'I'lu'H yvithin i'i>;lity Ica^im-s i.r 
 
 rnnntintiiiiiplr, ami tin. sultan anks tlii' aiil i.r 
 liiissia . . I'lii- '833 
 
 Till' liiissians I'liti'i-CniHtaiitimililH i Aju-il, ,, 
 
 Tnaty with Un.'«siii, ntl'iMisive ami ili'lViisivi', 
 
 S.lnly, ,, 
 
 Ollli.i'drnraml yi/ii'ral)i.lislii'.l w \liir.-ii, 18.18 
 
 Tri.aty nr ronmn'ri'i' with KiiKlaml, iniu'lmli'il liy 
 lor.i P.msiinl.v, r.ititl.'il . ■'' An;.'. ., 
 
 |Knr tin- I'Vi'iiis i.f 18J9 ami 184,1 '" iil:ili"n to 
 Syria : sit .V/ri... j 
 
 Haiti ShiTir i.|..ninl,!:ati'.l ili'i'i'i'i'ln^' many reronns, 
 tirnu'.l til.' raii/iinat (ii'iinlatiims) 3 .Nnv. 1S.19; 
 .•i;;ain, at Uln.'l.'s '. .Ian. i84.>; a.u'ain 1S44. 
 
 Cliristiansa.lmill.'.l I....III11' in Tni'ki'y . .lime, 1849 
 
 Till' Turkish ^;..v.'^ nt ii'tiisi's !■. sniTomliT the 
 
 llun^'arian ami l'.>lisli ri't'iijii'i'S lui tin' ji.int ilf- 
 mami iir Hnssia an.l .Vnslria . ic Si'jit. ,, 
 
 (Till. i...rti' (.■..iinti'iian 1 l.y Kiii,'laml)llniily r.'sists 
 
 this .h'liian.l.l 
 
 Itnssia siisiii'iiila inti'r.'.mrs.. witli the 1 ..iti'. 
 
 12 Nitv. ,, 
 
 Till' Dritish lli'i't, nmliT sir W. ParkiT, ain'h.iis in 
 Hisika liav ,• '^ ^""^'- " 
 
 Ilii.l..nmtii' ri'latiiins lii'tw.'i'n Hnssia ami tl.i- iii.rtc. 
 ri'siinii'.l. ii Di'i'. I till' latti'rsi'iiiliii^'thc ri'l'iiii'i'S 
 t,. Knnii'ir '""• '^5° 
 
 Tnrkisli Croatia in a stall' nrri'licllnm . . .laii. 1851 
 
 Trcatv with Kranre rcsiu'ctin}! the Il"ly Plai'i'S 
 (irll'irh frr) '^ ''"f''- 'S.i = 
 
 Imin'rial i.i'liT I.r M.'.lji.lic r.nimli'.I . An^;. ,, 
 
 Trimi. Ml' isiliikoir ivpairs to l'onstantimi|il(' as 
 Kiissian m'.,'..liat.ir, 28 Keb. ; his i.i'i'i'ini.ti.ry 
 iliiiiamls r.'jf'i'ti'il ■■) April, 1853 
 
 Kcsihid I'ai'ha Im'i'oiiii'S rort'i^'ii ininisti'r; the 
 nltiinatnni ln'inj; ri'jci'tiali .Mensi'hiknir i|nit8 
 (..'onslantiiiiiplH . . . . ■ =' >''>>•. .. 
 
 Ilatti-shcriir iasni'il, oonllriniiii; the rights or tin! 
 (iri'i'k Christians e.Iiini', ,, 
 
 Russian inanircstn a;,'ainst Turkey . . 26 Jniii', ,, 
 . i.hil'.'. 
 
 Kussian army .T.-ss.'s 
 Gruinl n.itioiial cniiiii'i 
 
 the I'nitli 
 
 1— war to be declareil if the 
 
 ■iniipalitii's aro imt cv 
 
 i.'iiatcil 
 
 War ili'i'lan..l a^'ainst l{ns<ia 
 
 26 S.'pt. 
 i U.'t. 
 
 ('.iiiimi'mi'iiii'iit .if natliinal il..lit (k(.i. I/hiiih, 18.51) ■ ii^ 1 
 Insiirri'i tiiin in I'^pirns ami Albania. raviiiiri..l hv 
 
 thi'drri'k Kovrrnmi'iit at .Vthriis llilli'iiii' iia- 
 
 piri' priirhilniril jj .tin 
 
 Volniiti'i'i's ri'iiin .Uhi'iis join it 14 .Mar. Ii. " 
 
 llnptnii' lii'twi'i'ii llrii'i'i' ami Turkey 28 .Manl 
 
 ISi'vrral ii.nllirts eiisiii' with varh'il smii'ss | 
 Osnian I'ai'ha sti.rnis I'i'ta, tin' I'i'iilral point ..t tli.' 
 
 insnrri'.'tii.n 2s .\piil. 
 
 KiiKlish anil {''ri'iii'li govi.|'iinirntH. afti'i* m.iiiy 
 
 ri'iminstrami's, si'iiil ti ps, wlili'h arrivi' at llil. 
 
 I'iniiis : till' kiiiK lit liii'i'ri" Miibinits, ami pio 
 
 niisi's striil nriitrality; the tlreck viilnnt.i'is 
 
 are reealli'il .... 2^ ami 2f, Ma\ , 
 Abill I'ai'ha ami Kmnl Kll'enill take the intivmli,. I 
 
 .'amp at Kulanipaka, ami the insnrri'rtii.ii slmrtly 
 
 after .'eases 18 .lllll.', ., 
 
 lies.'hnl I'ai'ha, having relireil (1 ,lniie), risiinii's 
 
 his I. in. e i.lnl\. ., 
 
 C. . nn'iiti. . 11 l.i'tween Turkey ami Austria 14.111111', , 
 The Uiissiaiis retire from the primipalitiis, wlii.'li 
 
 are thi'i.'iipi.n ...'.npii'il l.y the A'lstrians, .Sept. ., 
 
 Turkish h.aiis Auk. it;^ 
 
 [See /.i.ea,> 1H54-SI 
 Kirmaii iiiithorisiiiK fri'f 'veii'ise of leligiiin iS !•'. I., iS;', 
 I'eaee with Kiissi.i bv treaty of I'aris , i,. Mar.li. ,, 
 I tiri'.it llrilain, Kram-e. ami .\tistri,i Knarantii' iiiie;^. 
 I rit\' or fnikisli i'ni|.iri' . . . 1.; April, .. 
 
 I A'lstrians ipiil the priii.'ipalitiHS . Mar.li, ij,,; 
 
 Misnii.lerstamtiii;^ aini.iiK the allied powers tr- 
 
 Hpei'tiiiK .Mi.lilaviuii eleitions, ^vlliell ur.' aiinnlli'.l. 
 
 .Iiilv, ., 
 [Ii'.ith oritesi'hiil I'ai'ha .... 7 , Ian. 16.1,1 
 .Massaere of Christians at .ledila (e'/in/i .vrr), 
 
 li .luiii', ,, 
 I.or.l Stratf..r.l ile lie.l.lille, many ye.'irs Kn-lish 
 
 ambassador at Ci.nstaiitim.ple, retiirni'il to Kiu 
 
 land, ,lan. ; he is suni'i'ded by sir II. I.\l|..ii 
 j llnlwer ; aei'i'i'diteil .... i.'.liilv, ., 
 ' In.lei'isive eontli.'ts in Montenegro b.(u,.'ii llie 
 
 nativ..s an. 1 the Turks Inly, „ 
 
 Turkish llmineial reforms b.'gnn Auk. ,, 
 
 The llrst Turkish i.iilway opened (IVoin Aiilaii tn 
 
 Smyrna) i,i .Sept, „ 
 
 Itase eoinap. ealled in ; a lletitionHTiirkisli loiiiaj.". 
 
 begun at lUi'miiigliam siippri'.Hsed . (let. ,, 
 
 The allied powers del' rniliie the .Montenegriiie 
 
 boundaries « N.iv. ,, 
 
 I'rii Alexamler Coiisa eleeted hospolar ..r h.'tli 
 
 .M..ldavia and Wallai'liia . . =1 ami 7 tvi.. iSsi 
 (The porte at tii'st obj.'.'ts, Imt afterwanls ,1. i.'.i 
 
 t.. theilonblei'li'ition.l 
 
 Klerlrie telegraph eonipleti'd between A.li'll :ll|il 
 
 Suez May „ 
 
 Oreat lire .it Const ant im. pie; looolimises ilestr.ivi'il 
 
 1014 Sept. ,, 
 Conspiraey against the sultan, 17 Sejit.: Iiisbrntlier 
 implieate.l ; several eomlemned to die ; repriev.-.i, 
 
 Sept. and (lit „ 
 
 (ireat agitation for linani'ial reform Det 
 
 Alli':;eil ill treatment of Christi.-ins in Turkey ; pr.i- 
 
 posed intervention I.r the great i.owi'rs, .; May; 
 
 the Turkish govi'mimnt i.romises invest ig;ilioii 
 
 and redress, jo May ; all the powerii satistieil 
 
 e\i'e|it Kiissia llllll', 1S60 
 
 W.ir belw.'i'ii the hriisis and .Marniiiles in l,i'haniiii ; 
 
 massaeres (see /'eas.',^) . , . . .Illlie, ,, 
 
 Massaii r Christians at Oaiiiasens (see Ihtim'^'-ns, 
 
 ami Siiriii) u 1 1 .Inly, ,, 
 
 Ci 'mention on belniir i.r the Oreat I'owersat Tiiris ; 
 
 arnied intervention of the Kremih agi 1 tn, 
 
 2 Aus;. „ 
 
 Iniimlatiims at Galatz ; loss about 175,00../ 
 
 24 l-'t'li. 1 36) 
 
 Christians revolt in the Ilerzegnvina, aideil hy the 
 Monteiiegrlim .Manli, ,, 
 
 Oreat need nt thianeial reform : the llritisli am- 
 bassador, sir II. Lytton H»hv.;r, priip..>''s a 
 si'heine \|.iil, ,, 
 
 Dis.'ussion respeetiiig the Freneli oeeiipali'.ii ..f 
 Svria ; it ceases s -line'. .. 
 
 Death of the sultan. Abdiil-Med,)id ; aoeessinii nf 
 .M'lliil-Aziz, his brother . . . 25Jiini;, „ 
 
 Eiiiii'Unii'.al refonns begun: Kuad Paelia ni'i.le 
 
 .liilv, „ 
 
 AUL'. „ 
 
 lii.lu 
 
 president ottlie eouneil 
 The late suit ill's, jewels sold in Ijondoii 
 
 [See H'l- 
 
 -Titdhh ll'.(/-,l 
 
 Imie'rlal or.h'r ..r kiiiglith.iod (Osmaneh) to iiu'lmli) 
 eivil as well as mililary iiersoiis, roiiiiil.'ii, Mi'l't. 
 
 tM 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 ' llilllciliill ili'lit (nrti //iiiiM, i8^|) . iS-| 
 piniH ami Alluiiilii, fiivnnri'il liv 
 iiiiii'iit lit Allii'iiH lli'lli'iili' nil- 
 j-t Jiiri. ,. 
 
 llll'IH,l"ill il 14 Mail li, 
 
 ii Mini 'I'm ki'V ;^H M;uili. , ,, 
 
 IrlH I'llslli' with Mll'il'll NUi'''t'.HS I 
 
 iim I'i'ta, till' ri'iilral |iiiiiil nl' ilm 
 
 'S A|.iil, , 
 
 lirll KDVi'l'lllilflltl, nrti'l' liiaijy 
 ii'iiil triiii|<s, whli'li ari'ivi' at tliii 
 
 in "t 'ir ■!• siiliiiill-i. and |>i.i 
 
 iitrality : tlu* tiri'rk \'iliititti-r-i 
 
 . . ■ ■■", mill .'(i M;iv, 
 
 nail KII'i'IkII takr llii' iiiliviMli.'.l 
 
 lakii, anil tlii' liisiini'ilinii Mli.Mtly 
 
 IH.I '■, ,. 
 
 lavinn fi'llri'il (1 .liiiio), irr<iiiii|.>, 
 
 i.ImIv, ,, 
 
 'M 'I'liiki'V ami AilHtria 14.I11111', .. 
 I' liiiiii tlic |iiim'i|iMlilii<, wlii.'h 
 riMlpli'il liv till' A'islriaiis, S'|il. ,, 
 \iii;. 1^5 
 
 U' Irr' 'Vi'lrisi' iif li'lJKiiili i3 l''i li. i(J;(i 
 
 \j\ Iriiitv lit I'ariH lu Mardi. ,^ 
 
 iii'i', and AiiHliia ;;iiaraiili'i' iiiloj^. 
 iniiiri' ... IS Ai'iil, .. 
 
 |iiim'i|ialilif» M.ir. Il, it,; 
 
 alining tliii alliril piiwrri it- 
 lun I'li'i'linim, wlilrli III'I' anil iilii'd. 
 
 .Inly, ,, 
 I'ai'lia ... 7 ,lan. 1S53 
 
 itialis at .li'ilila (a'/lir/l .ire). 
 
 1 1 .111111*. ,, 
 
 lii'ililill'i', many yi'ai's Kn^'lish 
 'iinslantin'i|ilf', ri'lnnii"! In V.m 
 
 \h Hiii'i'i'i'ili'il liy sir il. I,\ itiin 
 ti'il .... I.', Inly, „ 
 ts in Miinti'nof,'!'" Iiilwn'ii thi' 
 
 'I'liiks Inly, ,. 
 
 I'liirnis lii'^jiin An;;, ,, 
 
 railway iiiiiiii'il (I'lmn Aiilaii In 
 
 i.jSi'pt, „ 
 
 I in ; a llrtitliniHTiirkiHli rniiia;,"! 
 it;liaiii sniiiii'i'ssi'ii . Oi't. „ 
 
 rs ilfli riiiimi the Miinli'ni';;i'iiii' 
 
 a Niiy. ,, 
 
 t'linsa I'li'i'ti'il liiis|iiii|ai' nt In'tli 
 allai'liia . . s ami 7 t'l'li. 185-) 
 iiliji'i'ts, lint aftin'wanls ani'ili'.i 
 •I'tiiin.l 
 
 I riim|ilrli'il lii'lHi'i'ii .Vdi'ii aii'l 
 
 .May „ 
 
 aiilimi|ili'; looolinnHt'H ili'sir.ivi'il 
 
 10 i.( Si'|it, ,, 
 t till' snilaii, 17 Ho|it ; liU liriilliiT 
 •ral I'liiiilcnuit'il tmlii' : ii'prii'ml, 
 
 ISi'ia. anil Oit, ., 
 ' nnani'ial ri'riirni Diit. 
 
 'lit nt t'livistians ill Turkey : pri)- 
 nil lit llir .CTi'.'it iiiiwi'i'.i, s May; 
 .I'l'iinii'iit in'inni.srs invi'.Hti;:;itioii 
 . .May ; all tlie piiwi'i's .satislli'il 
 
 .Itiiii', 1S60 
 
 >i'iisrs ami .Mai'iniiti'H in Li'liannn ; 
 
 ii'H,s«) I line, ,, 
 
 ians at Daniasi'ii.s (.sit Pumi'sru^, 
 
 ()'i I .Inly, ,, 
 lalf i>f till' tiri'iit PiiWfT'^ at Paris ; 
 tion iif the Krennli iiiji'i'i'il In, 
 
 2 Aii.i;. „ 
 lalatz ; InHS alinut 175,000/, 
 
 ■.'4 l''i'li. i36i 
 
 II the IlrrzPKovlna, aiili'd liy llie 
 Miii'.li, „ 
 
 lancial rpfiinn ; tim lirilisli :iiii- 
 1. I.yttmi liiilwiii', iirn|iH.''"i a 
 
 .■ \|'nl. .. 
 
 tin;; tlii' Frenrli (iia'iiii.ili.in <if 
 
 s .Imii'. )• 
 
 an. Aliiliil-Mi'il.jiil : a <*."U n! 
 
 lirothi'r . . . .'T.liiMi', „ 
 ins iK'min : ¥m\'\ I'.'U'lia mili! 
 I'linncil .... 'liily, ,. 
 'Wi'Ib xiilil ill Lnnilon , .\u-'. ,, 
 iiii^'litliooil (O.-iniani'li) In iih-lmlu 
 military iii'i'.smis, fnnii'l'''l.s,'|it. „ 
 
 TUltKEY. 
 
 ImiHTlal unar.l ri'ornaiiliii.ij 
 
 1137 
 
 THRKKY. 
 
 ■ni|i.,ia,Kiiar,i ri'ortjaiiliii.ij ,, , — '• 
 
 INM.I lai'hania.|,'>;i'anilvlzli.r ■ I?'''' '^I' M.ii||fl,'a(|,,i, ,,r , .. , 
 
 ">:xi:'t^:t«"^^" "-^ ■• v---' •• ''ri! r - ' ''--'''"'t^ i^r""^- 
 
 ^'•"'■^'""' <^— ■ot"^.'n n„ ,„■ ,^!;;i;:!;; -^ ^ -in'":ri^;;-:».s;:;,^r''^iit .' v''-' •• 
 
 Hi'llllarin,.! p .1 \f.i.- ..,'"""'' 1 • 111 ly«, li,,IH,.^ 
 
 Si'iiilariKatiiin „r \u,. ,„. ., . .May, ,, 
 
 (vallli' 
 
 iijiii'.i 
 
 I'll. in 
 
 iii't,. 
 
 '•';J£in,l,i.,.a,,,m,:MiH, 
 
 . I .. 'I'lnU, 
 I'lia Fa/yl, tin,,,,,',, 
 
 i;i.,'u... With M'^i'ii.oi'A/i'A «.)„,;,„..„ ^'^'i-' .. A 1:;: &:i';:';i' •'■'■•''>.. I- •■'..i;:;'8;«, u :'■ •• 
 • ■ - ■ '""■'"' '■'"■>'• "•I'l"""'! I'y .Mi'ii.';:'..;"'!,;,'!::,' •• 
 
 ;''n'irl'a,.i,a,^„.,„.,.,,i;,||,V ' ' ■ 1 ^''"'li. ,. 
 
 '''■""■'■-li'niin Vi.n,i'M,s„l„i l' ' '"^ V,""' " 
 
 ^=m""-=-:"''^-:CB ■- :: '-■""-■:;; : .;...:„„;,:■£ :: 
 
 eS;HiSr»'-t.;5 "" ;ff ''--''•- : :'.. i^'s '■ 
 
 .Vi'.).li's(r,.,,.,i ""'"""«Mnm,s h, ,|„,.||i„.,,, '*'""■•'' '■"l"nns inaiiHiiral,.,!' i,,- I "'"'■'■ ■• 
 
 ua.l Pa.'ha 1,1' ,1...,..: . .. . . ' '■ 'Si'ld. .. ' ".* 'I" n.'w niinislry 
 
 I'l ,1111111' iilll 
 A IM'W li.ink I'lliilili'slmil' 
 Kiia'll'.ai'lial„',.,,m,.s,„.,.a;iii„ 
 Till' inllaii visilH |':i,.\|,t 
 
 JUi'l rai'liam,i.|,.;;|.ainl vizji-r 
 ■jl'.', .'"""''"'"ITiiiln rtl 
 
 7 ''"11. iSfi3 
 • =«.)an. ,, 
 'a Kill. ,, 
 7"'7'\|iril, ,, 
 , I ■liini', 
 '"•'•'ni'in- ii|„.n,.,| |„ 
 
 2(1 .Inly 
 
 Fuail I'ai'lia |.i',,|„,,s,., riiiiliHi'aliiin , i' .1 ' " '""'I"' 
 
 "fti--"^T...:.,,,,i.ininH!;2«l,;;;;i,>:t,;;;^ 
 
 (ionl I.yiiiiH, Hinlias.«.|,irii| (',,„. 1 1. , ^' •'^'■|''- , 
 
 K^viiltnr .l,eMarin,it,:':,;;r't:;lfKa::;l- ' 
 
 "Mi.K:;,^;::i;;ii ''""" '•->.«..„„,„.,/;:,'";:; • 
 
 li....inlm„ in lii,|.|,„r,«t (ni'i, l,n,nf,i„n ]:lin:'l: '^ 
 
 f lit: II ■■■'.■.■( !..■> I.. 11.... !• y ... 
 
 ""'n::iuiM;,:a,:;:: "-""■i^ ..,',.. 
 
 -iun,i..injrr;k:;!''';;r^i'::i);,l';-,r,:-.; 
 
 aliiiiil vi.lnly' 
 
 iiii' Ki'anii viziiT. Fiiail Pii,.i,™ .i-j I'rr. ■ ■^ ■■• .una, 
 
 .Mi'lii'iiii't llni'liili *'"" '"""•• «"PiT«t,|,',| i,y .Ml.lhat Pai'h,, „.|i„ f-.v , , . "'""" "..Inly: 
 
 «...in,n,i, in i,ii,.,„.rest (h.i /m,,,,,,,,, ^,;';;;-; ■«« k;:;.!''^!,,^;; ^^'•'■'-! Sii''"^'':'"' '''^':,';?;;| ^ 
 
 IiHinri'i'liini in(.'anilia(iWi,',.ft.„.rt . Iln.'li.li''a;.'a'',| ^'"""' '"''^'"' '5 '''''I'': M.-hnim 
 
 .,i.,™a,i,,na, .'in.n.|.,.,ii'e I'-spLi'Mn^ HiM,.,. „t ^Z ^ ■'''A,^;r;:l;:";.::'":™V -".ccUn^ Ciinsiantii^l;;,;!' 
 
 M-;:;^!:I•Sl.l'I;'■■^r,^1;.^ "-^''^; ,. "" "' " '^-" ---•- -„.; ,;,„^;;r 
 
 Tlr';;:';,,!:r:i:i;i!;;^^:--7:!;■:£;'7^■''^- ., "s^:l"^.!;':rr:'"T-'-' ^'v,..,,,';,:- 
 
 tl'« sultan .1, Kivi' ni, ,' ,,1 . " ! i " ^"r:''' .'" Tnrkiih 1 l,? .,".'■"".'': ■"'"- P'-'r-i' I ' o!^' 
 
 '87J 
 
 Jliiiisii'rial i'h,iii/.i's : Mi 'pai'l'i'i T '^^ •^'■"'i h 
 vi/ii'r: Kna.l I'.^i'l,. \ ,,.■,,. ' .'"''■"lui'" Ki'aml 
 
 Till. ri'i';,n,mi'mla;i!;;''''r ':;;"::::;. , '"''■" 
 "'-'"^-"" «'v,' n„ c ninu^Tizi" 
 
 ^^;;;'"'""' ■ -'■^'---'■^■hu.f „f „„. t!^,s, 
 
 D«.ii.i'tiiin„ftli..,l,a.kyarilsi,in,iibi.lii;.nll.;}|;7,^ 
 
 Till' sultan, with his .siin'anil' ii„,„ '..i ..^ -.V"'.''' 
 
 M2 .July ; ari'ivi's it I ,' l 'i '■■"'■■* ' '"■i'*. 
 
 i^i:i::;.;^i;;/;'^iHb r"''"-'- 
 
 ^t ,. 11.111 ,-^t.vi.V.,:iii!^,;,'7>'i';;.!«''>.'iv: 
 
 ji;»/,t„.li,.,,i,i,r„f,„„„|„„/;^',,;;f;-'">: K-vs 
 
 inability In rai.si' a liiin- 11. 1. . ' '' ■^"'■■'' 
 
 r,u'^;i,;--'''-'-'-':'n:;::;:;::T'''^ 
 iilvatiS-r''''""'"^"""' ^-''iHi'iii'i'ki'iri;: 
 
 ■ri'al inini'iivi'iiiiinia 1.. ti! ! '. . Snv. 
 
 «'-;;Hm,,riivi'n,o„t;i„,i;,i„,i,,j,.i,,,,,;,,,,;,N';v 
 
 If :...'■•. 
 
 I-'l'Il' 1874 
 
 Imp?;;;!:.;^)i:'":^':i^^"-'"K-n.>vi.i;' 
 
 ij»vi.r,.,,.in/y;at vi;: ;''!^;i7;*''|^|'^^ 
 
 tuniHliiCnn.slanliniiiik' ' "'•"">■ ^^"K- ; ''«• 
 Tlii'Siillan ili'i'liiii's till' iinniii.iii,,;, „.• '1, 7 •'"'"■ 
 
 tlii'.s.is,ii'nsi„n of I SI It I's i ■."/ ""''T'"' ''•' 
 , ti'i'iialii'inal i'iin,ini.",i7„|"^" ' '" ^""■'■' ^""' '"i in- 
 Minisli'iial I'l'isis; ,.•„„, Pin'lia Voai^ns. l^,t"l^- 
 
 smiii's hi.s fillli'i 
 
 Turkish ili'lit ,'•, .• ,; . • • • aS Oi't. ,. 
 
 "a;.(sr»-*i.:*5!.;,'?s:i'Si : " 
 
 "~s:;£",;'it3r2s«ri;s:S"" 
 
 Miilinioni'. Paciift „„,.i , ...... . -''iI.v-Aiil'. .. 
 
 I i . ' , ' '"^'''im'ni'o nf the iji.fli'it nf . ^ *f' 
 m the lilliL'i't) that fur c v ',,.u 1 1 • . S.<xn.<xK,l. 
 
 I };-/:•''-« pail. t*^^;^ >- J S'';;:;';-:-;r 
 j ''S:a!t;.d:i!::;«,:i'r? "-' >..' si„;5!^::!; 
 
 tn..t.nenf:i,f Chditlai^'S^l « ''''"■";^!^;r'V'"J 
 HasehMl..ha„....,r,.i«„Jm^;. *""-tv 
 JlKlhat Pasha, reformer. re.sigus . /„'• 
 
 Firman issueil: nril^rin- .T,",t ,.r "^■ 
 
 "f rights ti) Christians &c "''""' "''"''"'y 
 
 Jan.; by^Groat S ,, sTr"^'* ''''''' 
 
 to the porta, about 7 Feb..'U"ti '^''^^fZ^ . 
 
 ••Xi'i'iilive, fiini'liiins . , 
 Arnva. i,r prini'e Nap.,,,,., Jerome ,U CiinS: 
 '^X''" "'•'■''"•'' "^"-W'-eii Plot „,,a;;; " 
 
 Diiputi. with (ireeee fiir' iiitei'yeiitimi in th ■'?'i^';'"- " 
 
 iiisuiTi'i'tiiin : see Hreece . "''' ^' '"" 
 
 Fu.iil Pai'ha ilies ' • "^i'- .. 
 
 The prhii'e anil prini'ess'of Wales's vi-;it ' if''-".'' ''^^ 
 
 Mi'iiiiii'ial i.f the iiorte to the l''i,r f, '^'"'''' •• 
 
 Sv.Stt'ni (if coinniilQnn- ,1-1-. ,' 4- ' * AUlf. 
 
 Arrival of the einSs of il, .'i" I"';'"'"*-'"^-"'. '"'t- 
 noplc . '''•''" "^ ""- '•'■'■■""I' at Constanti- 
 
 iBauguratiiin of theSuez oaniil ' ' '5"'-'' - 
 Thekhediyesubmiutothe sultan . ■ .'^IZ. " 
 
 4 D 
 
 Bj6 
 
 
 Sll 
 
 mil 
 
 'ii 
 
ivnnm. 
 
 1138 
 
 TUUKKV. 
 
 raynionnof AliMldUl.lcluliiilir.'m'.l tnJuK. 
 
 Afftf ti 
 
 Insiii'iTi-tlim III Diil.^iiiiii, vfiiiii'iti''! I'j ("i^i^-H 
 OHltatiil->, I, i May ; i|iil.klv Hii|>|iri'iii<i'<l l>y (fii'iim 
 Hfllt 7 Mm ; .iliniit lyt, vllliit<in lilllllt liy the ILialll- 
 
 tuu'iiikx, aii'l hII.' I' I'lirklNli ti \m ; hi'VimiiI Ihwih 
 
 ili'Ktrnyril ; iihoiii : ■».|ii'i«Miii. killi'il ; iitriiiliiiiK 
 CTiicltii's t'l wiiiiiiii .ifi'l clillilri'ii i » frw Tiii'I;h 
 killi'il liv lliiljjiiiliiiii III Milf-cU'ri'iiii' (ri|i'irt liy 
 M, S'hiivli'r, ,..r /..'""■) . . Miiy, 
 
 Rint> it i'"ii«tiiiitlii"|ili' : till' Hciftim, fvi ■ il »tii- 
 ili'iils, iiii'l nilii'is, >l>'iiiiiiiil ii'I'iiriiis. III. if I'l-y, 
 "'I'lirkiv I'mi- III!' Turks;" iiiiiiiHli'i'liil i'liaiiK''n ; 
 
 Main hi I'ai'hii. Him t'riinl vi-ri.T, ii'|ilai'i'i| liy 
 
 Mi'lii'iinl Itiirli'li ; Kiii'u|ii'hiii< iiiiii'li alai'iiii'il 
 
 m M IV il 'I'l, 
 
 JlritlHh lli'i'l arihi',. in Hislka Hay . jti May, 
 
 Mi'i'liiig at III rllii III' iMiiiiiti'i's III' Austria, <irriiiMMy, 
 ami lliissia ; tiny a/n i' tn a imli' In Tiirki'V, it. 
 (|iilriiik' all aiiiiistii'i' iif twii iiimitlis. ami mIIiit 
 
 Iiii'iiHiiri's 3 May; tlii' iiuli' ni'ri'|ili'i| liy 
 
 Kiaiiri' anil llalv, mil liv (livat ilritalii, nj May ; 
 nut ini'siaili'l tliimuli tlir iTViilnlimi . in May, 
 
 Tlie craml vuiiT Mi'lii'im'l Itiii'liill, lliiH.Hi'in Avni, 
 ami Mlilliiit I'arlia, i'i'.|Ui'st tin' sultan tn nivr up 
 HiiiiiL* lit' his ti'i-asiiii- ti) saM- till' iiatiiiii frmii 
 mill; 111' i'rl'iH''s ami is il ihmi'iI, .•() May; liU 
 
 Iii'lilii'W |ii lainii'il as Miiniil V. ; jiiyl'iilly ai'- 
 
 t'l'pti'il Iiy till' I I'll', mill I'l'i'iiKiiisiil tiy llin 
 
 Wi'stlTII pnWITS . , . ]'t MaV ft Hiij, 
 
 Miiiifi.'slii r ;,'iiisln(,' tint iliiiiKor nf tin' 'i'iii|iiiii 
 
 tlir<Mi„'li inisgiivi'iniiii'iit, ninl jii'niiii.siiiK iinn'mU 
 iiii'iit ],liiiii', 
 
 A'sliil-Aziz r K'lilsi'M Miiniil ; salil tii Imvi' nun- 
 
 Iiiitti'il siiii'iili' liy I'littliiK arli'iii's III tlin arm ; 
 aniil tn 111' iiisani' : (ili'iiili'il, liy trial, tu liavi' Iiitii 
 iiiiinliiri'il ; .iM (.Jmi/', .liiiii', iS8il . 4. linn', 
 
 Assasslnatiiin nf lliissrin Avni, llio war ininistiT, 
 Uasrlilil l'ai'',a. tlm l'nii'i|,'ii niinisti'r. ami ntlii'rs, 
 by Hassan, n ilisjtiari'il c'li'ciissiaii (iltlii-r, !■; .linn-, 
 Willi Is haiiKi'il 17 ■liiiiii, 
 
 Dei'lnratlim nl wnr by Sorvlii, i July ; by Mmitn- 
 iii'Hr" 2 ''illy, 
 
 Tclii'rmivi'ir ami Srrviaiis cntiT Tiirki'y ; b,itll(Mit 
 Haitsi'liarnr Zaiiar ; Turks salil tnlnivetln nlvaii- 
 t«jj6 ,'liily, 
 
 Sovi'i'i' cnntlii't nf Turks wIlli .Servians at Vavnr, 
 iii'ar Nnvi Uazar, ft .Inly ; witli Mnnti'm';;riiis at 
 Ni^vi'sinjii 27 .Inly, 
 
 Lea^jiiu ill aiil nf Turkish Christians fnrini'il in l,nii. 
 (Inn 27.I11IV, 
 
 Mukhtar l'aili;i ilifia'i'il by )irliiP6 NIklta nt I'rlia 
 nr L'riiitza in llrrzi'pivlnn . . s8 .Inly, 
 
 Issue; iif |ia|ii'r iniiiny aiiminnci'il . . 28 .Inly, 
 
 Sitvcml ilays' cnntlirt ; llii' Turks I'l.tiT Hi'rvia. ami 
 I'aptnri.' (iiir><iisiv;itz ; N.'rvians ri'trcat 7 Aiik. 
 
 Turkish barliaritii's in llulKaila I'cpnrb'il by /)iii'/;/ 
 .Wm'.i' I'nri'i'spnmli'iil, snlistaiitlati'il by riipnrt nf 
 Mr. Mi'liiiyli'i'. thn Aiui'iiian nniniiiisslDimr frnin 
 ConsUintinnpli'. ilali-.l . . m Auk'. 
 
 Asserti'il virtrnv nf priin'i' \ikita at Mcilnii, near 
 Kutclii, aliniit 14 Ann. 
 
 Aihan if tin' Turks iimb'r .MHliil.Ki'riin I'ai'lui 
 
 U|inii Ali.'.\iiiatz ; seviaii lighting', 9 Aii^'. 
 
 ig-io AiiK. 
 
 Servla invites tlin incdlatlDii of tlio gtiaiaiiti'i'lii)? 
 pnwcrs, aliniit 2.( Aug. 
 
 Murail V. ilrpnsi'il nn accniint nf Imil In.ilih ; Ills 
 lirntln'r AUIiil-llainiil II. pniilaiini'il |i .\ilh'. 
 
 Tin' gri'at pnwi'is prnpnsi' an iiiiini'iliali' arinlstii'i', 
 tilt ri'stnratini! ttt' \\u- st'itu^'iim nnt'' hcltiiin, pay- 
 ment nf an imU'iniiity liy .Scrvia, itc. ; ini'iimmn- 
 ilnin iiri'si'iiti'il 3, 4 Sept. 
 
 Servians saiil tn be spvcrcly bpntcii Ix'fmo AU'Xiiiatz 
 I, 3 Si'pt. ; I'lintiiiui'il iinli'i'isivi' tlglitiiiH 
 
 Arinistiri' till 25 Kept, aniviil tn abnut . 17 !Si'|it. 
 
 i'rini'L' Milan priiiLiiimil king liy tin; unny at Hdi- 
 ;.;r.nl ; ili'-.ipprnvi'il . . . . ifi Hi'pt. 
 
 ',1 ii.tnf .Ml liarinn, the British poimnissiniicr in 
 L -If, ■ ■., jiuiii'.slii.'il . . . . ut :<i'pt. 
 
 [(: 'v/ttb.'.slii'H '. I..' .I'ai'ts " tint a fi'i'ni'inns Mnssnl- 
 u. ' sol'lici'i . i\. vevi'iiK'!' I'.ir a fci-bli' ami .'ilinrtivt; 
 
 l^i'L-T"' : ! .'Vfrcl.'t InnS.'O'l tllC lllll'l I 'it'l '"' < nf a 
 
 'ri.F ■ (I'^mni'e ; that, tli ,. ipulatimi wi'ic liar- 
 S'l.r sly nnssaiTi'il, nic > iinrn, ami rliililri'ii 
 iui'li. . 1; ami that ilurir^ tlir stnriii nf s.'ivagi! 
 fury t4;iia'a of all lU'svriptioiis uiitl outrages uii- 
 
 il;A 
 
 nii'iitlmiatili' With purputrali'l nn tlii' hihabb 
 
 taiils," '/'/lar'n, I 
 Firm Ihi'lslvi'il.'spati'h frnin l.nnl pi rbv InMIr II. 
 
 KllInt, ri'fi'rrliig tn Mr. Ilaring's vipnil.priipnsInK 
 
 ' Iniigi'r ariiilstlri', An 21 .'Si'pl. 
 
 1 rill' pnrli. ri'i'i'ivin tin' prn|inslllnn^ nl' tin' hIx grrit 
 
 j pilWl TS ...... Jfl JSl.lit. 
 
 I l.nril lii'rbv Infnrina tin' ili'pnlallnii fmin tl Ity 
 
 I nf l.nlnlnil tllllt. Ill I'rt'al il In I In' Kasti'rir lllll'slilfli, 
 
 till' unviTiii t Is lal"iiiriiik'l"r Innil si'll kiihtii- 
 
 nii'iit I'nr till' Inrkish pinvimi's in lliirnpi', iipial 
 tri'atnn'iit nf Malnnin'taiis ami I'liristlans, U'lPr 
 ailinliii.lnitinii tnr Imth. Hi'i'iirity Inr lib' .'iiiil ppi. 
 pi'i'ty, ami I'lfci'tiial giiaraiiti'i-s against ii'prlitinii 
 nrnnllagi'S 27 I*'pl. 
 
 Si'rvla ri'.ji'cts tin' mirwal nf tin' arinlslli'i. ; I'liiiT- 
 hayi'lf ami aniiy ilninlnant ; lighting ri'in'ivi'il, 
 
 26, ..7 Hi'pt. 
 
 Mi'rvlnnattai'ksnn the Turks near Ah'Xiiiatzs.viii'lv 
 ri'pnlsi'il jH, 2 , Si'pi'. 
 
 Ill ri'|ily tn till, gri'at pnwi'is lln' (mrti' lii'iliins an 
 nnni^lii'i'. nppiiscn .iiliiiliiistrativi' iiulniiniuy |i> 
 tln'pf.ivlm'i'sas Iniprai'tiraliii', inrpnm'si si'iri'i'. 
 ami gnaraiiti'i's Ini'lsivi' ri'fiirms . . j(Ht. 
 
 Mnklilar I'ai'ha silil Inili'lVat Mniiti'iii'grliiwi. 7 O.t 
 I Mniiti.ni'grlni' vli'tnry at Danilngrail . iii>il. 
 
 Turkey's prnpnsal nf an arinistii'i' fur ft imiilli., 
 lolii'l. ; ili'i'lini'il 1>,\ Unssia, ivlm pinpusi'S 4 to 
 6 weeks, lunger U'liig liOurimis tn 1 iilnliieree, 
 A'l' 14 (Nt, 
 
 t'niitiniiPil lighting, goiu'ially unfiivMunlile ti> her- 
 villus i5-ii>l»el. 
 
 .Mexiiiatz bniiibanleil .... 16 H) Oet. 
 
 .Meiluii siirremlers tn MimtiMitv'''*'* . 2nOi't. 
 
 Kruvet taken by Turks . . . . 31 Oct. 
 
 Uesiilt nf lighting very favoiimMetiiTiirks tij-24ni't. 
 
 AUi'Lieil eniispiraey at I'ni.stantiiinple iigiiinst the 
 refnrni niinlstry ; iiiiiny arrests . alKnit 2i(ii-t. 
 
 Inipnrtaiit TurkiKh Hueeetwci* in the valley nl tlio 
 .Mnrava ii>-24 0et, 
 
 STVians anil KuhhIaiih ilefeateil : arlnles ninler 
 Tehernayetr ami Hnrvuriteh illvlileil, 19-24 (let,! 
 DJiinis taki'ii by Turks ; Deligrail nnteiialile ; 
 Severe Unssian Inss .... 2<j (let. 
 
 Neutral iliisliatell nflnnl Derby ilateil (udit. 
 
 Alexinatz eaptureil by T'lirks ; Uus.^lan ultiinatiiin 
 given, (leiimmling ft v\'eekH' arniistiee within 48 
 linnirt ilaleil ji It.'t. 
 
 Arinlstlee fur two inontliH sigiieil . . 1 Nnv, 
 
 Deligrail eajiturt'il by Turks, nnw vlrtniiUy masters 
 of Hervln i Xn','. 
 
 I'lU'llle (leelamtinii of ttic czar to lord Aug. I.ntliis, 
 
 2 Xnv, 
 
 Deligrail evaemiteil by Turks ; farewell aihlnss iif 
 Teheniayeir tn nllleers, exlmrting to ennstiiiiey, 
 
 4 Nnv. 
 
 Czar's sjieecli at Mnsenw ; linwiU net iiuli'lienileiitly 
 If guarantees are lint nbtaineil . . id Nnv. 
 
 Maninis nf Salisbury appninteil sjieeial aiiilias.siiilnr 
 fur I'linferenee al t'niistantinnpie ; lie arrives nt 
 Paris, iS Nov. ; Ilorlin, 20 Nnv. ; Vienna, 24 Nnv.; 
 Hniiie, 2y Nnv. ; (.'onstnntinnph' . ;; I'ee, 
 
 Alleged abnrtivu eoiispiraey to restore Miirail, almiit 
 
 8 Dee. 
 
 Prellniinnry nie("tlng8 of ennfereneo of repri'seiita- 
 fives of 'six UU'ut flnWl I'H be'^ln ((ile.'lt Hlitnill, 
 
 Unssia, Aimliiu, ticrmniiy. I'raiieu, and II y), 
 
 12 I'ee. 
 
 Ruelidi Paelv , gn-il . /., r plaeed by -M I' I 
 I'ai'ha, an'' 'imiv . . nj Dee. 
 
 Ariiiistiee exii iideil lo Kch. 1877 . Dee, 
 
 New pilitii'iil eonstitntinn prnelaiineil ; (chief 
 
 prnvisiniis : iinlivi,siliility nf tl nipir.' ; the sultan 
 
 siipremi", imliviilnal liberty; freeilnni nf alhreeiis, 
 of the iness, ami nf I'lineatinii ; eipi.'il legal tasa- 
 tinn ; a senate ami twn elmnibers ; general elee- 
 tiniis by liallnl every fnurth year; irreiiinv.dile 
 .imlges, \S;i'.) 23 l>ee. 
 
 Opening nf the cnnferenee . . . 23 Dee. 
 
 Finaneial ileeree of 6 ()(;t. 1R75, abrogated, 27 Dee. 
 
 Armistice I'Xteiided to i .March . . 28 Dee. 
 
 The great natiniial enuncil nf Turkey rejects the 
 ]iinpnKitiiiiis of the conference, iS Jan.; it clnses. 
 2o Jan. ; chief nmbassinlors leave noun after 
 
 22 .Ian. 
 
 Negntiationsforjieace ojiened with iServia ami .Miin- 
 teuegro about 26 Jan. 
 
 ifjft 
 
 iWf 
 
I>i r|ii!trut»il CHI till) liiliili). 
 
 •Ii fr.Mii |,„ril D.rl.v ti.slr It 
 Mr. lliuiiiM'it vi'|iiiil,|irii|Mii<|n|{ 
 
 !• ai ."*!•(. I. 
 
 I' iiroiMwIllim* 111' tli>' »lx Kivit 
 
 -jCiMi.j,!. 
 
 tlic ili'|iiil)illiiii fniii till' illy, 
 ri't'iu'l tilth*' I'!ii.Hti'iiiiitii'stlr»ti, 
 iil"iiirlic;(liii' liH'iil '^I'lf umi-rii- 
 ill |iiii\iiiii'n III Kiiriiiif, ii|tiiil 
 iiii'tiiiiH mill i'Iii'IhIIiiiia, U'ttir 
 mill. Hi'i'iirilyrni' nil' iiml pi'i- 
 
 );iiiiriiiiti'i'H iiKiiliiKt ri'iii'tiliiii 
 
 I'Wiil "f till' ariiiltlli'c ; i'linT- 
 
 liiiiiliiiuit ; IIkIiIIiik I'i'Iii'ivi'iI, 
 
 jCi, .'7 Hi'|,t. 
 
 Tiirkn iii'iir Ali'Xln.it/ siviri'ly 
 
 [inWrtM llu' I'lirti' ilri-lllii'« jili 
 
 ,iilinliilHlintivi< aiitiiiiiiiiiy ti> 
 
 ifdrtir.'llill', IHrliriHI'M I M»'1l|t(', 
 
 si VI' icl'iiniw . J INI. 
 
 .Mli'fiiit Miiritfiii'Krim«, 7 0i't. 
 Ill liiiiiilivi'iil . n "I'l. 
 
 nil aniilHlii'i' fur ft iniiilh ., 
 i> KiiHsia, Willi |irii{i<>Hi<n 4 to 
 
 'iii>; ii^jiU'lDiiH til luiuiiu'i , 
 
 MlM. 
 oiitMiilly uiiriiMAunlil" ti> Ni'i. 
 i5-ii)"''l. 
 . 16 II) I lit. 
 Mcint«iii'K<'Jt»''i . Jul lit. 
 M . . . . aiDi'l. 
 fiivmimlili' ti>Tiirk» i()-a4( lit. 
 
 t ('ill.!tlalltillii|v|l' !ipilllr.t till' 
 
 laii.v aiti'Mtrt . hIhiiiI .", (»i-t. 
 
 llrri'H.'it.'i* ill till' Villlr.V o\ Ili(» 
 
 n)-/4 (*i-\. 
 
 iiiH ilfftiati'it ; nriiiii'H iitiiliT 
 orvuritiih ilivlilcil, i9:!4(lit.; 
 Tiirkx ; Dt'llgrml iiiit<'iialili> ; 
 . J') ( ii'f. 
 iril IliTliy . iliiti'il (..lilt. 
 v TiM'kH ; UiiKnliiii iiltiiiiatiiiii 
 '. wt'.'ks' rtiiuistiri. within 48 
 . ilati'il ji U.'t. 
 iitlm Nipu'il . 1 Niiv. 
 
 TiiikM, iimv virtually iiiasti'iN 
 
 1 N.i..-. 
 
 the cznr to hml Aug. l.oltii.^, 
 
 a Niiv. 
 y TiirkH ; farewell aiMn-ss of 
 I'i'ri, i^xhortiiig to roiLstaiii'V, 
 
 4 Niiv. 
 ow ; lid will nc'timli'iH'iiihiitly 
 t olitaiiii'il . . 10 Nov. 
 iippoiiitcil Mitt'i'lal atiiUirt.sjitl.ir 
 :oiistaiitiiio]iii' ; hi. arrivis at 
 lln, JO Nov. ; Vii'iina, 14 Nov.; 
 iiistaiitiiio|ih. , . 5 lii'i'. 
 iiiracy to ri'.store Mura.l, Jilimit 
 
 8 Ili'O. 
 of cnnfcrcni'o of ri'iinsi'iita- 
 piiwiTH lii':,'lii ((iicat Hril.'iiii, 
 eniiniiy, I'miive, iiml It. y), 
 
 I a Iii't'. 
 I . ■/.. !• iilai'uil by M I' t 
 
 HJ I'll'. 
 
 . Kcl). ib77 . lii'i'. 
 
 itntioii in'oi'laiini'il : (I'liii'f 
 
 liilityiil'll ni|iiiv; till' sultan 
 
 llilifi'ly; Ii liiiiiofalli'i'i'i'il.s, 
 
 ' I'.luratiiiii ; ciiual li'f,'al laxa- 
 two I'halllbrlH ; ^I'liiTul t-ln'- 
 ;ry lourtli ywir ; ira-iM'iv.ililo 
 23 "!■''' 
 eiico ... 2) l'^'l^ 
 Dot. 1S7S, alirojjatt'd, 27 lii'i'. 
 I I .Mari'h . . aS Di'i'. 
 
 iiuiiiil iif Turki'V ri'ii'its th... 
 I'linfi'i'i'ni'O, i3 .Ian.; it I'hisi'S, 
 uliassailora li'avu soon aftiT 
 
 22 .laii. , 
 I o]ioiiuil with tiorvia ami Mmi- 
 
 . , about 26 Jan. , 
 
 TlJJtKBY. 
 
 lH?'r:'£i"K;;;,r::L!r::ri:;;:'S'*'N 
 
 "'" '""'""■ -■"^•"•••''"i.hi.ii,ii,',it;';L?,^;!:' - 
 
 '" Ti'rki.y -tliom U no arl,ii„',.,,,„ "'"''^ '" '•''■I'.' 
 ".4; no orKaMlsLiI iliriii, .,';'.>•''; '-■'■'■■■'■iMii« 
 
 fIvi.Kovi.i'hiMi.iii •' (iii.niiiil, ,, I's, Ii I'l'K'Mla. 
 
 PiMiv will, ,s,.,vl,i ,i'.,;,:,| '""" ""ll-'bniy, „, |..,,, 
 
 '■'"• I'll-klsli |iaill,„,„.„ ;.,,,.,,•, • ' M.iri'h, 
 
 ..''"'■""'-.'"J bti'„„i,h|.'. , .•..:^^""'""j;i^ 
 
 ''x.'--':'^vui,;i,,:;;;^-'-i;;,;;.i..',>u< , 
 
 ''','.'•'", ;'l»l«'iwl for Mli iiowi'i'M'',,,.),', ,■ ■^'"■'■li.' , 
 
 '"■'""""It til IIUHsia , Tik,. I 1'' '•''''' '"■*• 
 '■■'iiiU'oiiijlihiMs) "iil<''y(vol,|, ,„„|,.^ 
 
 Priitoi'iil r..|i.,.|,.,| |,v riM'ki.v v. \„,.ii ■, " ^'■"■'■'i. ■ 
 
 '■"■'■"'"'■'"•nt to till' iiowi.,; *ViV •"'".""'■'""i-v 
 
 , "•"'l'">-"iT'inil,.i,s,„,„ I, |.;,,|' ■'■">"i''l ""tit ,u 
 
 lMsur,i.,.ti„,,„Mi,ilii,.si„-M ; . ■. ,; -Mn' 
 
 till' With .MoniLii,.;.,,, ,„ , '''■"• ■M'lil ; '■iniil.s. " 
 .MTlv,ilorM,.,,,„v,,,,^, J „,';■' ',,,., April, 
 
 -Me;i..a„ln,.th..„.u,Sy!';;;;:.:rl;:;)X 
 
 w-;Nvi«r.'aby„,.ssMsi'„,„Ji;;;;,^Vi:;:i' ■■ 
 ""'""" ""'""^•"""'-"■^■""■H;irtas;..on^fi;J^i:!; .. 
 
 •VW'i"' iir hojv waraL'.iiiist ij„„ 1 »4 .May! 
 
 tlitislii'lkh.iil.Mir,, ' ' """"In l'r"l'oiinil,.,| L " 
 N'lli'linan i'ai'ha sii,',.,.ssi'iil i,', « '. "'"'"• ^8 -May. 
 
 M.k«l,'s, l.,.sl,.Ki.|| '" •^'""''•hi'Ki-ii ; ri'll,., J; " 
 Miiiilitf li'iiilfi'M |.,||i||||.,.||' ■ ■ Alayi/,,,,, 
 nii'iiarllaiiienti'h,.s,',| vvjiii.M,, „■, •, • ■' , " 
 
 -v;;;i^.w,a,n,ri',«n,;,'i^:-i;^.;'«!-;^-BJu,i.^ ;; 
 
 ' lla'rnilnlsti'rlalili.'in.-,..s ' ' "'"mt iS .luly, 
 I'-t-tH „Kainstall.'Ki.,r „,;,,(„;, ,„^-,.^,'^.;u]y. i, 
 
 Diisnlan revolt rijiorti'il f,, i„. . , — Aml-.' 
 
 rrii'laniation for hi • • ' , '' ' '' • ' Auk " 
 
 '■i.risii„„s„„,i,i;h;,,' f;.' :"'"v ''>• ■3o,no„t: •• 
 
 "zT;::,^r--^ 't'-MMiyp,,-?,^;;:! .. 
 
 "-.::!:;;",:rii;;^,;i,-"-' -;«..,' i,ri„.,;„„ath^':f ■• 
 
 MuivMilerofl'h.vna. ,0 li,.,'. . ,.■,, "'"'"t 27 x,,^. 3 
 
 .s,!':r:;:.nr^\i;:-yt;!-""''''"^'i- . 
 
 Tlio ministry ivusni'Lil ri'sli.i,« . .-i, . , M "'i'! „ 
 '■iuli'iMwni ■illstuis.s .,[ : '"&,,'*'" '"■''!" ""I'- ; 
 '. ni.'iis at foii.staritiiiopj,., 
 
 '.'"'"'''. I'ai'ha, Kniiiil vi/i,.r 5. 6, 7 •'an! 1878 
 
 •N."-iiiiiiistryunil,.|A|,„|,,,ix.,;,, • ■ , u .Ian. „ 
 
 iliiilislii.,1 . _ """*^"'k;(,'raiulvizii'rsliip 
 ll.ilisli lli'i't |.|iti.r 111,. I'l.,, 1 ■ I,' • 4, s I'lli 
 ,, ^i'"' "f tliv ",m'„, "•"■•'""-•l^''< Without la^ruiis; " 
 ilii'liarli,iiii(.|it (lissohci'l l,v(I,„.;,i, • 'J ''Vli. „ 
 l";;ini.i'tlo„ i„ Creti', TliLalv I',''''' • '^ ^''^'- 
 
 '"V.ir) . • ""■'•«l'l.», I',|ilri|s, A-l'. (SCO " 
 
 Tii'iily of p,.,„.e will, ^- , I • I'Vl'., Marih. 
 
 "™""'*'" """>-'.'iveai,y„:j^!;;|f 
 
 "':^^Z:^^;:!:i "-"■'-e..,„^t:;^'/sil^ 
 
 Aluneil Xcllk ri'p ,„',.,i i,',. u„,i^.t, .,• .• 26 .Maivh, 
 
 1 ''"<! ii.\ Sailyka.sp,'i„„, iiiinisti'r 
 
 li'wreotion m ar fihoilono In t> '''"",'.' '^ ^pril,' 
 
 , ""s.sl„iis ^.|,j„„ „„ " . f^. >,,;;,'*'''"'''■"". nwiinst 
 
 '■'■wn-i '(i,,,, (s,.,i,i i|„ ,i„ |„, '' '" " . • , • April, 
 
 ;-v-"ltau.>liiraii)in''i^, ,;;■;;' '''vour 01, he 
 
 All iMiavi, ,1 „,|t,i :ii,,| 7. '"'''''• .'^iiPI'n'sscil; 
 
 "tlii.'rs, killi'il " ' f»i'"H"il ri'fiinn.'r, with 
 
 -Vv; .soon ri'iiFai'i'iiYv .s»fv,',}' •"''■'"■'"^■1 Hu.-h.il, 
 
 -i-untH..houvaiuii;'li;,S';;;;:S;;;l-y 
 
 30 May, 
 
 ;i"""' hnr*. .Vhla lan Virli """'"' ""•""" ."• 
 
 "";'"'" ""■ -'It 'in ariis'll'' ";'•■'• """'"» 
 
 "nili.i.,ns, ii,. , ,^.,,,;|H„| ,1 ; " '■ '' "■'"'""'= I'l" 
 
 '.vpnis to |,„ li.Ti ,\r"^ I." ,'"'!'■'"'■' ''''II'' lit; 
 
 , '■'•""■h-it ilHitiil;-!,""'"' '"•'""" •'" """ia 
 
 ('ti'i' llrrll,,) ' ""• 'J Jillii'; livaty „|j, ( 
 
 ""'■'^'"■^ "«""•"'■ ••"-"'t'".M,i,pr..,..i[,Mi;:^^ , 
 
 '';;!,;:';.:;;i!;:""""'-'-<^>f.ni ;,iiu,,.i,„,^;;i; ■ 
 
 3';;;ff:;;i;-:,-r;l>;.:'i'-'-'..B,ii.|;- ■■ 
 
 t'l.,.^;t:;i;:;:^'',-;;^u.i.i„n,,o>v.,rHV,.ii;i;!:; - 
 
 , ''"Milia, rin-ssalv .?,.''"""'' '"'• ""hi'xatiiii, of 
 
 5':f!.^';il';i;:;':,^'"'-'""'t '."=!< ar.i'n^;;:!; - 
 
 Alb.anian'li.ai?"^ ',■;,""• "I'"".h, .1 , J^^' ' ' 
 
 ,- {'■■'«' .lanina to M o it, ."•;! '''^'' """- '" I"' H«»/n« " 
 Oi'mian oirrul,,, p, ,, ''^'.'' • ■ . ,, Ni.p," 
 
 „'»'"nyi,iK.i„t til' 111. .,"',' 1' '■'^i"li .IHaV '■ 
 
 «'"'!? ''=".';"-t:';yH}'"' "• "o:- ;' 
 
 |«-'^i;:n^^u:;,;i;i: •^'•^^V'fi^^l^- 
 IU'isoiMiii'i.t, , ,,,,;! V ,'•, ;' ; 'Miailall Ii,,,: " 
 
 ! Xi'w ninii.sti'v; Khi'i'i, ,, i""'""'"" 4 l'"'i' 
 
 .yai.i|,„i|,„|,|,,„ . . , ^ ,,„, 
 
 '"■ ^'™ "•'■'">■ "f>'™-wlih',i„.s,„,si«i,..„' •'^^• 
 
 I ■M"l"ui,Mil .Vi'il, Mil" I'V "'■'"• '"'I'li^l'"'! 2'%^av' " 
 
 lvlu.'ri'ilini', i.,imtl„.,„|,,,j , ,, .; • .io.Iuti,., „ 
 
 L h'uia.s (,i,,ir poliVv .s , ' "' "^^'"'I'l.v "f 
 
 K''''nni);su,.v,'i.,i,,,r,,v:i';;,i,;'l.„;:;;;'K'''M.st the 
 
 T.lif Hussians I'vai'iinti. Tiirkiv 2^, 3q,Jiii 
 
 ■'^'■"■t"inisliy,„i,|„,,s„i! ',, . Julv,.M,.. 
 
 l'i;;«uri' Inr ,,.,■„,.„, ,„ '"• • 'M.yOi-t. „ 
 
 till' Hntish ; ailniir, 1 ,.',."" ,»-'"*'"'Mii'nt bv 
 Tu,k,shwa|,.,,s; "it '''■*''■''' ""■"'■'■t I'Uti.-, 
 
 l>»ki'r i'a,.|,„ „|„„,i',,. . ,, ■ • ""l.vin .\,,v. ,. 
 'I'-'f nV ill 's ' ,"'"''""''"-«'-.H'ml or p,„. 
 
 I r?'.::":^ri.::;:!;,:-r'''''-.Mi.i,J 
 ^-"-t„,in,i,ti,^;:,:';S;rn. ,.,.,„, ^"'- .■ 
 
 Xi'ti' of savns I'ac'Iia to fh,. p,,,..,,,,., „ , '"'o .fan. ,£; 
 
 , :-'iv!;;;;u,i';i:i';;;-r'"'^-^- 
 
 -SiJl';:i,^^;-,<;^-;i';:j'-r.-nii.'rt;ryl^- - 
 
 ■"•■''' "''""i '^ ^vl.. j'-'wilnf :;;!^,7't' ^''i'> 
 
 Mr. Gosi'lion spnt »„ * about 24 Man-h 
 
 ^.nrrivi'sat eo„"::tafilinop, .""""""'■>• m„l«lssa'i'lo'.': " 
 
 N;'W ministry UM,|,.,. K,i, ,-i p' .,,.,• ', , 2t; .\I,.,v, „ 
 
 Kivvnin . •"ipi.iu j.ouiT.s, ,, ,;|,||,,: " 
 
 "••"""" '''"■''■•'. «ar'nii„i.;,„, ilis.uisso,,' '^ '''"'<'• ■• 
 
 o.av.tiv.,,o.e^^^l;:S;:>,;-^:~,,. ._^^,,,,;| .. 
 
 i.i.liily, , 
 
 Mailaiiic hkobi'l.-i! 
 lolibci mill II,, 
 
 Ouailis, a Uussiaii 
 
 ,' "t till' fiiissiauf,.,,,.,-,;, 
 ■ '"■•'"■ I'i.iliPliopolis 1',': 
 • • • iS.)ulv, 
 4 D 2 
 
 /' 
 
 I* 
 
tf's' 
 
 If" I "1 
 
 J' 
 
 
 w 
 
 * 
 
 jtf t,» 
 
 . 4 
 
 fe'l 
 
 1,1 J 
 "If 
 
 Iftli'i.- . 
 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 1140 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 Miilliat rncliu, ficiviM-imr nf Syria, nml Unmcil 
 I'ai'liii iifSiiivrim I'Xi'liiiMfi'.Mimccs . . Ant;. i83o 
 
 Ci>ll<M'tivi' iiiitc' tVoiii the iirwiMS ii",;i"K ''I'"-*!"" "' 
 |)ul,'lj;r\n, fcr., t.i Mniih'ri.'t;r.i, lui.l i.roii.isinf,' l<i 
 ui.l till- ]"''ii'''' '" '■''^'">-' l""^^''*'*''"" • t Aiit;. ,, 
 
 The miiiistiv inmlilii'il lui.liT Miiid I'iirlia, iimiiuT 
 
 A lliial iidtc rnim tlw iikwims ri'Siii'i'tiiif,' ci'ssiniL of ,, 
 l(iili'ij;iin to Miititi'iir'tirM. ai'livcrcd . 13 Si'iil. „ 
 
 Admiral Hi'aui'liaiii|i Si'Viuoiir, roiiMiianiliT nf ciiii- 
 hiiH'd ll<i-t at Ua^'iisa, sfiit lu make a iliMimustni- 
 tiun iiiMi- llMlrit:! 20 Si'pt. ,, 
 
 Till' siiltaii ivlusi's ti> siiviriiiliT |iiilri).'ii.i ; tli.i 
 Ki-ein'h decline tu partake in attack nii tlic t.'wii, 
 
 alioiit 27 Scjit. ,, 
 
 Xiite frniii (lie sultan limiting' Ids couce.s.sidns and 
 resisting '■"ercioii ; prcseiitcl . 3 Oct. „ 
 
 Iiiinn'diati s-,iim i>r Dnh'iijnii ordercil In tlie 
 
 sultan, ab.Mii J! Oct. : ellVcted. . 20 .\<>v. ,, 
 
 The ciiinliincl lli'ct disperses . . . 4 He.', ,, 
 
 Ncite frnm tlii> ^nltan tn tlie powers respecting the 
 Oreeks arming; M I''''- n 
 
 C'iri'nlur frnm tlie powers 1 ominendin),' arlutra- 
 
 tion. 24 lice. i38o; declined by Turkey and 
 (;,.,,,,,.|. early in .Ian. 18S1 
 
 Cinular from Turkey proposinj.' I'oid'crence at Con- 
 stantinople ,yc. . . . about i^dan. ,, 
 
 Notes fr.im the powers presented . . 21 I- eh. ,, 
 
 Conference at Constautiiiople ; aureemeiif between 
 Tiirkev and tliP powers ; propo.sals relerred to 
 Athen's 3oMarcli, „ 
 
 Mr. llenrv Siitcr, en^ra-eil in mines, seized liy 
 l)ri"ands'al Cassandra, in Saloniea. about B April, ,, 
 
 RebcTlion in Albania (»•/,;./,».) suppressed .May, „ 
 
 Midliat Taeha's palace surrounded by sol. tiers ; he 
 escapes and appeals to the powers . 17 May, ,, 
 
 The sultan inotcsts affiinsl l-'rcnch invasion ol 
 Tunis (le/ic/, .sfc) . . . . . May, „ 
 
 Midliat surrenders, claiininf; a fair trial 
 
 about 17 >Ia\', ,, 
 
 Turkey protests arainst the Tunis treaty of 12 M.ay 
 
 .May, ,, 
 
 Mr Suter's release for 15,000!. rniisoni aiinounced 
 
 2,i May, ,, 
 
 Convention betwi'cn Turkey and (ireece arranged at 
 Cunstantinople settling frontiers ; Thessaly ceded 
 bvTurkev , . ^t.Mjiy, „ 
 
 Mr." Oosehen leaves Consl.antinople ; Ins nii.ssion 
 successful : succeeded by lord Dutferin, 26 .May ; 
 who arrives at Consl.antinoplc . i^.Inne, ,, 
 
 Trial of Midhat I'aclia and others for murder .d tin.' 
 late sultan Abdiil-A/iz; eouvicfed ; Miislapha 
 Kaliri licvand llad.j Mclnned actual assassins: 
 others, Maliiuoiid an.l Nouzi I'aihas. the sultans 
 brothers in-law, Midliat I'aelia, and others ae- 
 eomplices ,=7. ?S.June, „ 
 
 Seutonce ; death to all except two subordinates to 
 imprisonnnuit 29.111111', ,, 
 
 Tiirco-dreck i-oiiveiition I'c.liut; Thessaly to ureeee, 
 sinui'.l at Constaiitiiuiple . . • 2.luly, ,, 
 
 The trial of Midhat and olliers s.iid to be a mockery ; 
 punishiiient I'oiiiniuted to exile on inten-cssioii 
 of the Uritish (iovernment ; aniiouii.-ed u 'lulV, 1. 
 
 The captors of .Mr. Siiter taken in Lireece, about 
 
 15 All;;. ,, 
 
 Turkish mission at Cairo . . . 7-18 Dct. „ 
 Continued nc(.'oliatioiis .'it Constantinople res] t- 
 
 iim' national debt . . ■ Oct. .rs.;.,. „ 
 
 Till' IJerman vessel fiihiiii la'leti with dynamite 
 
 {said to beloii),' to llussia) cargo unshipped n.'ar 
 
 Constantinople . . • •,"'"'»' ^";,'*- ■> 
 
 Decree sii;iied for a satisfactory settlement ot tliu 
 
 national ilebt •■■■„■ '. ^'.^ . "','';• " 
 Cipl '^elbv U N'..\vouiideil by Albanians at Artaki, 
 
 'anmmiiced ,fi K,'b. ; died '. . . =■> ^''■l'■ '8? 
 
 M.'h, t Uuehdi I'ashadies . . 26 March, „ 
 
 |{iissi:iii.w,ir indemnity I'oiivfiition ratilieil 6 .May, ,, 
 The minister Sai'l I'.isha dismissed, succeeded by 
 
 Ablurrahman Pasha, about 2 May ; wlio resigns 
 
 7''''>yi .. 
 Haid Puslm relnstnted . . . about 8 .Inly, „ 
 Sultin protcjts njrainst bombardment of torts at 
 ' Alexandria (see /v/wO . about , i .lul.v, „ 
 
 ProtractiiiR net:otiations respecting a military eon- 
 
 ventiou; agr 1 to . •,„■■, ■f9'^»^- 11 
 
 Alle^-ed e.mspiraev of Kiiad Pitsha and others to 
 
 dethrone the aultuii . . . aljo"' 28 Nov. „ 
 
 Sai 1 Pasha dismissed ; Circassian guard dismissal 
 
 29 Now I- ',] 
 
 Frontier dis|mles with Monti'iii'Liro . . Nov. ,, 
 Haid I'asha restored with honours, made graiul 
 Vi/ier j llec. Kuad I'asli.'i restored to lavour , 
 
 7 "'■.•. ,, 
 Kxi'itemi'iit of the sultan through dread of assas- 
 sination about, n Dee. .. 
 
 Fight .•iiiiong the suKans body guard, (Albanians 
 
 .Old Negroes) about ;o killed or woliiide.i 17 .Ian. K,-'; 
 Turkish Hole to the powers against iiritish Kgvpt- 
 
 liaii cinular aboiil ji.l.in, ,, 
 
 UilliruKics with the (Ircid; church res) ting poli- 
 
 lii'al ii'lorms; rcsi'_'ii,ilion of tin' (lOenmcni.'al 
 
 P.itiia'i'h Voaehim II, ; not .iccepted ; 1 ilia- 
 
 tion proposeil .... 2y Dec. -i, Ian. 14 
 
 Hesignation maintiiincl i.laii, ,, 
 
 .\micable M'ltlemcnt of dispnti-, annoiii 1 April, ,, 
 
 The Impi'rial piinci' and princess of Austria ho,>pi. 
 
 tabK eiileilaiued bv Ihc silltiu . .April, ,, 
 
 Death' of Midhat I'asha, great stalcsmau and iv- 
 
 loniier in I'xilc, aged 62 ... ■ May, ,, 
 Circular to tlie six great powers announcing the 
 stoppage of the post olliecs ill Constantinopli., 
 •20 .Inly, resisted ; the Tuikisli .irraiigements tail, 
 
 ami are withdrawn ^"g. .. 
 
 Sir l-Mwaid Thornton appointc.l to siiecee.: hud 
 
 Dulleri'; *^''l'<' .. 
 
 (livck I iaridi eleided .... i.i <''\. ,. 
 Mntiiivof troops at .Moiiaslir. for want of iiay and 
 
 clotiiiug; selilcd bv cnicessioii . about 21 .\. IV. ,, 
 Petitions to the sultan fioni Macedonia, rcspcciin- 
 
 Turkish atrocities si^ 1 . . . .12 del. ,, 
 
 Hassan Fcliiny Pasha sent to London to coiiler ..11 
 the Kgvjitia'n i|Uestioii ; his propo.sals not re- 
 ceived, end of 'an. i;;3 
 
 Turkey ].iote«ts against Italian occupation of .Mas- 
 
 sowah onthe licdSca . . about 21 Feb. „ 
 New t.ariir with Knglaiid signed . . O'liily, ,. 
 Sir 11. 1). WollV arrives at Conslaiitinople on a 
 I mission respecting Kgypt, 22 Aug. ; well ri'ceive.l 
 
 ' by the Sultan 2ri Aug. ,. 
 
 i Hevolnlion in Uounu'lia (n-lii'li .<ci), 18 Sepi ; 
 
 I linn Turkish note to the powers about 22 Se|ii, „ 
 
 I Said Pasha, grand vizier, and oilier miiiisii.is 
 
 \ dismissed : sileceeded by Kianiil Pasha, 24 .'<e|,i. „ 
 
 Confercnee of ambassadors, 4 Oct.; theanibassaili.rs 
 
 present a colle.dive note (■omlcinning the ivvohi- 
 
 tioiiiu Uouinelia as breaking the treatyof lierlin, 
 
 .4 Oct. „ 
 Di'Cree for Turkish commission tn go with sir 
 H. 1). Wullf to Cairo, about 12 Oct. ; coiaciiiii.ii 
 
 signed 24tlel. ^, 
 
 Turkey asks assistance of the powers to settle the 
 
 Uoinnelian atliiir 10 Oct. ,, 
 
 Conference of aiiib,assadors at Constantinoiile, 
 
 5 Nov.; collective declaration for niainlciiahce 
 
 of sli'lHf: (/lie iiiitf, about 7 Nov. ; division ,,f 
 
 opinion as to eid'orcenicnt . . . 1 1 Nov. ., 
 
 Ifustem Pasha siiccceils Miisuriis Pasna (iSj'i 3^) 
 
 as ambassador in London . . . Nov. ,, 
 The Sultan ralilics the treaty between liiil.L:aria 
 
 and Servia ':( M.neli, i-:'') 
 
 Sir Kdward Tliornton, Iiritish ambassador, r. u ed 
 
 by the Sultan " M.i.eli, „ 
 
 IlolKirt Pasha, Turkish admiral, dies, aged i-.4, 
 
 lu.lnne 
 Sir William Wliito appointed Iiritish ambassador, 
 
 Oct. ; received J -^'"V. ,, 
 
 Four Knglish gentlemen captured near Sinyriia liy 
 brigands who demand 3,,j.io/. fans jiii. 24 Sept. ; 
 reh'ased bypavn.ci, of a ransom of 750;. 26 Se|,t. ,-:;■; 
 Heported dellcit of i,ooo,o.x>;. ill the budget; 
 
 incre.'ise of brigandnge .... Nov. ,, 
 After the I'debration .if the feast of Mevliid, (lie 
 Sultan delivers an optimist speech to the 
 olllcials on the state of the empire . 27 Nov. „ 
 Direct railwav conimunicalioii between Lomlun 
 and Const.antinoiile via Dover and Calais in 04 
 hours ; llrst train from Vienna . 12-14 Aug. iSJi 
 The government contracts a loan for 1,3,0,01x1/. 
 from the '■(;eriniin" bank ; consi'ipieiit rupture 
 with the Ottoman bank, its usual liimiicial agi-i.t, 
 
 Dct. ,. 
 80 000 men of the reserve called out . . Aug. iS;o 
 Tlie Ottoman bank, sir Kdgar Vincent, directer, 
 lends the sultuii iso.oooi., reported 28 Oct. „ 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 I ; ('iri'iissiHii KUiii'd ilisiiilssi'.l 
 
 29 Ni'V. \?i: 
 
 111 Miintcnc'i^ni . • N"V. ,, 
 1 Willi iKHiHiiis, iiiiulu t;r.iiii| 
 iiucl I'lisliii iTsloivil In lav.. Ill- 
 
 7 I''-- ., 
 sulliiii tlmni^li ilivml nliis-ius- 
 
 , iilnnit n l>'M-. 
 litiiu's lioily i-'ii.inl, (Alliiuiiiiiis 
 It io killciliii-wiiiiiiili'ii 17.I1111. iSSj 
 powers iiKMiiisI lliilisli i;j,'V|i|. 
 . . . . iili.iiil -..i'lMii, .. 
 (Iri'i'k c'liiii'i'li i'.-s|nTiiii^' 1.1. li- 
 ■ii..'ii;ili..ii i.r till. (KiMiiii..|iii'nl 
 HI II. ; nut ,i..-i |.|i"l : > ilia- 
 
 . ,!'j l>i'i'.-,i .Ian. i3i4 
 
 11. '.I I .laii. .. 
 
 I (.I'llisi.iiti', anil. .1111 1 April, ,. 
 
 an. I |irii ss ..f Austria li.i>].i. 
 
 l.v llir suit an . . Ajiril, ,. 
 
 'aslia, Kii'iit statesman an. I iv- 
 :o.l6. .... .Ma,v, „ 
 
 ^'ivat pcnvors aiiniiiinpiii;,' Hie 
 |iiist (illiecs in (,'iiiistaiitiii..|.|.., 
 the Tiukisli .■irraiiKi'im'iits lail, 
 
 n Vn;.'. .. 
 
 nil ai.|..>iiiti'.l t" sue.-i.|..| li.r.l 
 
 ••^■•|.t. „ 
 
 ■ll'.l .... i.!<i.l. „ 
 ; Mmiastir. fur want cif im.v iiii.t 
 iiv .■..ii.'..ssi..ii . al«>Mt 21 N..V. ., 
 tan I1..111 .Mai-iMliinia, n'spi-iiiii:; 
 
 isi-ll.-.l .... IJH.M. „ 
 
 ilia sent in l.niiil.ni to c.inler ..n 
 B.stion ; liis proposals not re- 
 
 Ian. i;;3 
 
 linst Italian oeiMipalion of Mas- 
 i S.'a . . iiliout 2;! I'Vl.. ,, 
 
 .'laii.l si^' 1 . . o.lnl.v, ,. 
 
 rrives at (.'onstantinopl a 
 
 g K(,'ypt,22 Auk. ; wi'lli-eceivi..! 
 
 2Q Aul'. .. 
 
 .11111. 'lia (irhi'l, .ST..), i3 Si-pi ; 
 e to llie powers about 22 S.-|ii, „ 
 I vi/it-r, aii.l oilier ministi-rs 
 ..'.le.l liy Kiaiiiil I'aslia, 24 S.-pt. ,, 
 ssailois", 4()rt. ; IliealiilBlssail.irs 
 ive note eoinli'lilliili^' llie icvolii- 
 as breaking! tlio treiityof lieilin, 
 
 ■4"et. „ 
 li ooinniission to f?" ^^i"' sir 
 aii'o, aljoiit 12 (Jet. ; eoii\enii..ii 
 
 =4 'let. ., 
 
 tnceof the powers to setth' ilie 
 
 I (let. ., 
 
 ilrassailors nt Coiistaiitini.pl.', 
 ill ilecl.iralion for iiiaiiil.Mi.ihee 
 
 lie, about 7 Nov. ; ilivisi f 
 
 foiri'iiii'iil . . . 11 N'.v. ., 
 •ci'e.ls Miisiinis I'asiia (i3;'. j^) 
 
 I 1 .i..ii . . . .Nov. ., 
 
 's llie treaty between liiil.LMria 
 
 13 Mareli, iS:') 
 on, liritisli ainbassaibir, r ive.l 
 
 II Mai.h. „ 
 iirkiah a.liiiiral, .lies, a;;e.l 64, 
 
 lu.llltli' 
 
 . apiKiiiiteil liritish aiubassa.l.ir, 
 
 . . . . . -■ Nov. „ 
 I.iiieii capliireil near Sinynia by 
 email. I 3, .»»./. rails nil. 24 S.-pt. ; 
 I.e., ..f a raiis.ini of 75.)/. 2A S.'pt. it:'; 
 of i.ooo.uoo;. in tlu! biulp't; 
 iiiilnK'n .... Nov. ,, 
 ion of tlie feast of Mevlml, IIm! 
 i ail optimist speech t.i llii! 
 late of the empire . 27 N..v. „ 
 imiiiunieatioii between l.oii.l.m 
 iple via D.iver anil Calais in 94 
 
 II from Vieiinu . 12-14 Aui;. iSi'i 
 (-.intraels a loan for i.y^n,rml. 
 nan " baiiU ; eoiisei|iieiit rupture 
 
 m bank, its usual IhiRneinl aj,"M.t, 
 
 Oct. „ 
 roservo railed out . . Auy. iS.-9 
 ik, sir Ki|«ar Vineeiit, dir.'ctnr, 
 1 150,000/., reported 28 Oct. „ 
 
 l-uv new war vessels laiiiieheil at C'onstantiia.pr " 
 
 'x^.i';jb>''/h^™-:rv;;,!:;:;-^^3,si.e.^f|;i^ 
 
 \inrent ; aKieeim-iit siKin-d' '" ■' " ' '/'*■;','■ 
 The Hn.ssiaii Koveniiiii-iit ,lei,„„i,is p,,v,',i,.i' i;,! '' " 
 ""■earsot the Unsso-Tiirkish war lii'l'mniVv, ""' 
 
 Troubles in 01,1 .Servia bvb-iii,k„r t,"'""."^ '^ •^'''''' •' 
 IW.t, will, niiiell slaiiKdile, '""^^^'''■■'''"^■' ■^',^""-' 
 
 'tsL•£:.,!;^^;;;;-,^;L;;;:r;•>;;:!■.^^^^^ " 
 "::;:t.::V;"';,,^;;!,i;-;;;!ir----''-^:;«t;;o;:i ■■ 
 
 '■;;■'■ ^' "'■■'" """M.-s .see .'1™, ;,m, ."o,,," •"""'. o 
 
 Jl».p,y,T„,Meiit frigate l-:,„,,rul h-nnd^,^",,, „,« 
 .^ coast ol ,la|,an, .luriii- a Kale ; cut „t (,'" T 
 j.ersons perish, includiiiK vice-admiral Ji^,,^^ 
 
 Sir Kdpir Vincent" thanked' l.v the I'ei.ii,;,'!^'''''- " , 
 ;'l;;|Mts of Constantinopli-, l^J'-^^Zrio 
 
 Ani.iut revolt in nhl Servi-i ■ t'l,,. !. ,. '■'•'""■ '891 
 buihliiiKS in lMenil.a burnt; n-p!!;.;,.,,*; "'■'"""■"' 
 
 Death of Miisnrus pasha, .lipl,.niatist,''aK'e,'l 84 -t " 
 y.aisainba.ssa.lorii, l,,.ii,i,,„ ' ^ , A' l" 
 
 111.' Arnauts again att,ii-k the ciiristhns ,, nil " 
 snna, who bravely resist, but anl:I:C.:i, villi 
 
 liallwaj^ti-ai",. nt'Tclieike^ken;, ,„'ar""'.ut,*n'ii' " 
 nople, attacked by bnf.-a,„ls ; , vo p is, , 1 ! 
 livecarrM.doll inrran.som, ,, |„„1, ;',„.' ,t',.' 
 surestaken by the porte, June; captives liberatei'l," \ 
 
 ■yi <■ IT, 4-8 .June, „ 
 
 M. I-.UKene ,le Raymond, siib-manaKerof a viiievir, 
 n.mi.aiiy captiir,-,! by briKands^t (. 1 o I ' 
 All-. ; ransuined by the sultan . 12 Au/ 
 
 llisuiissal of Kiamil pasha, pre.si,l,-i,t „f ministry " 
 or graml vizier (appoint,,! ,800) by t he . tl 
 :,N.pt. ,8g, ; snccecled by I.i.v,;,! iiasha. ' 
 
 ii s u"M,ub^'''i'?f "■ "'■'" '"'"'»'' """«'«»"dor, 
 ,iies ,it lleilin, will e on a v sit jK li,.,. ,p 
 
 ju,.<a-e,ledl,ytheri,htI,on.'sil:4!:;^[^-.j 
 IVyiMentof tile war imh-nmity r.Mnnielli'rl'i.o;!;!;!; "^^^ 
 
 Sir Francis Clare Kord arrives at Constaiiti'm,,;'/,!- " 
 ;6 -eb.: received by the snltan . 8 MuiVji 
 
 Hi,. Hussian (.'overnnient remonstrates crains 1 ,' " 
 '— Ption of .M. siambuloll-, be "T V, h , 
 l.r.'Miu-r, i3 Aun.ils,,, - the i.Urt,. i-..,. 
 
 -e,a,s,ytbatth^is,,^t^/|;^,C;,:,;';';;;r,-^^ 
 
 ,, , . , 18 (Jet. ,, 
 
 Russia apiin demands payi it of war inilenmiiy 
 
 The retr™t of the robb.-rs of the .ailwav't^ii;:''^; 
 ■ ine. .So,, iliscovered ; about 2,000/. rec en- 
 by the p.,lice, reported I 
 
 Bir Philip Currie appointed liritisi, aiiibassa,ior "^^ 
 
 ^'ulVf'nK ■'*'""'.-":'■ '" t'"»»t"'dinople, 25 June' " 
 aii.l of the kiiin of ,S,-rvia >-3...ii,i, 
 
 Eailliqiiakeal (■oiistaiitii,ople,\^-c. (ic/nV/, »)""'" ^^'^ 
 
 Six war vessels launched in the Golden Hor,',''"'-^' " 
 
 Fiirtter instalment of the war i,ideninitn!aM"i!; " 
 
 Piploiiiatic relations will, the powers 'siispi'.iai,^;!"^ " 
 
 r,-lati„n„Arni a (iWio/, .v,',) . '. ',,,." 
 
 Fiiiiuicial delleit ; economical reforms propos,-,!, ' " 
 
 The grand vizier, Djevail pasha, o,,pos,'d'"'|l; '^"^^ 
 
 AnMemaii reforms ; dismissei'l ; suec led bv Sa , 
 
 I'aslia; liirkhan pasha, presi t of ihV ",.' 
 
 niriiian eummissiun, aupoihtol IbreiLm ...o.i.i..,. 
 
 TOKKEY. 
 
 Trial of .Mons.sft Dev, see Ann,^, 7Z ' '• — irii"*^^''- 
 
 appoihteil foreign miiiis|,-i-, 
 Tliet-reat powers deniau, I the ili.saniiament ,if"t'h! 
 
 l"-'l ■■•-b.n, I I'J ^'''^"■iPlHthepro. 
 the i,owers , ^"-l""i'K to supervision of 
 A commis.simi „,„,,, i,,,,'. f ', ,.' ■ '7 June, 1895 
 
 'J'urkhau p ash ' " 'in ' '■".'"'"'■: '" '^""'■"i'' ' 
 Yinees inspector of certain pro- 
 
 S<'l.e.ne submitte.i to be s'nltan ; report,'? "''""'' " 
 Sliakir pasha appointeil to sM,„.,-,i. ,1 '5 J"'.^'. „ 
 
 Ai;'^:;',/T!v?;;:i;;,---''"'^'r'''':3;« „ 
 
 laud, Willi,,,., ellecl " „,; ' '^Xils"-'T' ^'T 
 -■'.nimuuieales .s,,,,,,.'. ,.,l..si,-;',s ^"'^- ' ""i 'J!'!? 
 
 ■Ariueniau',,., t'l ;;., ■.,;,;. '■""■'■ "■^" "ith 
 
 l^eutari; luas-^, , ,, . f ' ^• '' '"■"■'' liKlit nt 
 'uubassa.i, i-'fi , ,'„.;V''',''''''''''< ■■" ■■'■■••; the 
 
 !'l'"-'' of .Sd,| pash ' '. r''""'. '.""■■■"' 
 
 '.H:-;-a'^;^iA;,n;IS' -'■- 
 
 porti-il ' """''" "eet at l.emiios, re- 
 
 ;Annn,ia,,p..,i-L,,,,,;yMah.,,ii;.ta,,;at.Vk/|^;j:J; " 
 
 i''th::';^;;;,r"'^"-'"-'-'^-»-i'teda„dde;,.ri'^^ - 
 
 I'lnaueial crisis : mn'o';, the tntomai,- bank," '"*' " 
 
 rm.:!^l!irt'\S'''lr'™''''"' '''''' '-"^^-^'^ " 
 
 I bloodshed ^" '*"l'l'"'--<-'* anarchy and 
 
 i''';;d';:';;':';;i;'''""-'"'»-'''""^^"'i^""->ein„n<f^;;:: - 
 ' ''iin'liiif;:!' ':;ori;;;! ^-TV"'"''-^''^^^ " 
 
 ' Pi'hi ■! „^ f ^^I'Tl'o; Khalil liifaat 
 
 :-ve;!;;nT;'',i'''';.'i;^''-''i--ty-n l^?^: ■• 
 
 .vrim'uia;;u;|(! ;;i ;;;;:";- '-'y:"-^^ 
 
 *"™'i:! ''7'"" '"■ tbe Consul hmal-pafv'^;;:;: " 
 
 view:,;;;i;i;i„r'"-"'«"vernnient,&i.;^\,:^i, 
 '^uSr':;si:^rtKS.S-ij^y~ •• 
 
 " ' ['•■'^"iTeetion in Arabia ("•/,/,-;, „(.) '^^ S"^" '■ 
 
 r^i:ua^i':;:(''':;;!;r''"''r''-'''^"''^-^^ " 
 
 Costaki paslil, ' ■ ™ ^"'■•: •■*'"^^<-'«'aed by 
 
 Koreij;,, naval demoukratioii in the'Levant, ^'"'' " 
 
 ''i:arir^;;',^;;!^^''">"'""V'-."«Tiirk..yitj;?;;; - 
 
 M.my Armenians in Coustantinopie reieaseil ''; " 
 ""■ = '82 arrests for di.saltecti.j'n to the sultan! 
 
 ''T'vnri::' " '""" "' 3,000,00c/. sanctione,i'';;i "'5* 
 
 't;;;:;';:iii;;if™'"'™-'^""'"Kur,.pea?i'i^:;: ■■ 
 
 IVspUelies of viee-cmisui FitiniauVice di^Hbln!; " 
 tie atrociti,,s aiMl niiserv at ( 1, n, i,|.,lV, ,? 
 places, ill Armenia. 1 ie...i „f ,• „..•,...•... .""l^"^ 
 
 Il,'.| 
 (ir/iicA Ki) 
 
 Mil. an.l indemnity fur the attacks at .led.l, 
 
 10 Juni 
 
 Armenia, received at Con'sti 
 
 iintinoiile, 
 
 Sue 
 Ih,' ambassailors i 
 
 fill iuti-rvention of sir Phil 
 
 April 
 
 of Arm 
 
 ■t.'ardiii-tli,.|,„.,,,,i 
 
 ip Ciirrie aii' 
 
 d 
 
 lans at Uiredjik, and els.-wlier 
 
 coii\ersions 
 
 7-15 May, 
 
 
 
 I" : * 
 
 

 
 TURKEY. 
 
 1142 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 ('iiTulntioM of lirilisli jounmla proliihiti'il, 
 
 .liin.— May, 1896 
 
 IiUTOiiscil ]j(Tspciition of Anrii'iiiaiis in (.'(install- 
 tinoiil(» ; iiiiiny Tiirkisli .stiicliMits siMitcnci'd to 10 
 ycvirs' penal siTxitutlo for aiiiiiiK the ArnitMiijins 
 at Zcitiiii 16 May, „ 
 
 Sii- I'liilip anil laily Ciimo leave Constant inopU) 
 for Loiiilon iS May, „ 
 
 ronference of anibassadors respecting Crete, 20 
 .lime; the I'orte aeee.les to all their reeoinnieii- 
 ilations, eoiulitiniially, 3 .Inly ; anain 25 Ant?. ,, 
 
 The Arnieiiiai] levnlntioiiary eoinniitlee, with thi! 
 ^■i'■^\■ tit iiieitin;: [he aiiiliassailors to more active 
 iM'- isiire^ on tiehali' tif the Ariiierians, take jios- 
 ■si'ssioii of the Ottoman liaiik at Constantinoiile. 
 nynaiiiite ami Imnilis wi-re seeretlv introilnced 
 into the hiiililing hy a liaml of ahoiit 25 arnieil 
 men ; anil at 1.30 p. 111. revolvers were lireil and 
 lioinlis thrown, many ;reiiilnniies and 5 of the 
 coaspiratms were killed; the slatf of the hank 
 took refuse ill the upper rooms, from whieli sir 
 Edgar N'iiieent, the eovenior, anil several di- 
 rectors, e.se ijied b>' a balcony. 'I'lie conspirators, 
 after tlire;iteniii),' to destroy'tlie biiildinn if their 
 demanils were not planted, sent a iiiessaKe totlin 
 Iial.ace, where sir Kdg.'ir Vincent and others 
 were ronsnJtiijg, otferiiig to siirreniier, if jier- 
 initted to hja\'e the country ; their terms were 
 agreed to ; and 15 of them were taken on board 
 sir Eiigar Viiicenl's yacht at night, 26 Aug. 
 (thence thev were eoineved to Marseilles liv the 
 Cir.tii.lr. 4 Sept.). 
 
 A great massaere of .\rmeniaiis (estimated b(»tween 
 
 5, '»:! a ml 6, 'KX)) by .Mahometans ensued, 26-30 .\iig. ,,' 
 U"iiioiistiaiice of the ambassidors to the snitan re- 
 specting the eoniiuct of the troo])s in promoting 
 tlie niiissicies; energetie action of the lion. 
 M'chael lleiheit and tlie consuls; liritish and 
 foreign marines landed to protect the embassies, 
 
 *,'■•, 29 Aug. „ 
 
 .Judicial committee of inquiry appointed, 41x1 
 persons arrested 30 .\iig. ,, 
 
 The embassies abstain from celebratingthesnltan's 
 accession ; eolleeti\'e note to the Porte, ri'spect- 
 ing the massacres, 31 Aug. ; the I'orte reiilies, 
 practically denying the truth of their state- 
 ments 12 Hept. ,, 
 
 Kxtraoidinary tribunal ap|ioiiiteil for the trial of 
 the rioters, j Sept. ; many Armenians trans- 
 ported ; some Mahometan murderers aci|iiitted, 
 
 Sept. W.ST.;. „ 
 
 Heturn of sir I'hilip Currie ; Dritish embassy in- 
 tercedes 5-S Sept. ,, 
 
 Bomb factory discovered at Scutari, 2 leaders and 
 14 oftlie .Xniienianrevolntioiiariesarrcsteil, Sept. ,, 
 
 Disorder and ]iaiiirs at ('onstanlinoide. trade 
 Iiaralysed, foreign niendiants ruined ; eoUectivii 
 note from the embassies to the porte ; T;.<yxil. 
 sent to sir Philip Currie from England for Arme- 
 nian relief 15 Sejit. „ 
 
 Itepressjon of the " Voiing Turkey " party, arrests 
 and deportati'iii in ('.mslantiiioiile .' 16 Sept. ,, 
 
 300" .\rmeni:[i'. refugees lea\*e under consular as- 
 sistance up to 19 Sept. ; exodus of all races con- 
 tinues 26 Sept. 1 1 .wi;. ,, 
 
 Ex'traordinary tribunal condemns .Mahometau 
 nnirderersto i^years' impri.sonnient ; Armeni.ins 
 suspeeled of h:i\iiig taken part 111 tin.' Armenian 
 cnHj) .-il the bank sentenced to death . 29 Sept. ,, 
 
 Armenian cinular letter of complaint received by 
 the elliliassie.i i Oct. ,, 
 
 Coutiiini'd ariv-ts and injusfice to Armenians ; the 
 porte deiiiaiids the ri.iilil to .seiLivli roreign ves.sels 
 for Armenians, 6 I let. ; rejected bv the embassies, 
 
 9 Oct. „ 
 
 'I'he auibassaihirs eumplain lo the porte oftlie noii- 
 
 execillioll ol'its ].lomi.ses to Crete . lo Oct. „ 
 
 Note from the Italian embussy to the jiorte ile- 
 inaudiiig an inileninily for the massacre of (in 
 It.ili.iii at Cniisiaiiliii.i'ple and Father Salvatoie 
 in a e'lUM'iii iicLV M:ira>li ill if.,:;, early . I let. ,, 
 
 Th" .\ii»triaii linbassy ili-iiiands the |iunishmenl of 
 thi'se in eiiiiiie.and oftlie si.liliers wliij recently 
 miinleied .M. Zlatko and an indemnity of b.rmil, 
 12 Oct : paid 22 Oi-t. ,, 
 
 De.'itli of Mr. W. 11, Wrench, liritish consul, able 
 and epri^hl, deejilj ialiienteil, 13 Oct. ; laiblie 
 fiiiuial i,| Oct, ,, 
 
 Decree ordering the return of .\rmeiiiaii emigrants 
 
 under painofconllscalion of properly, lie., 10 Oct. 1806 
 Poll tax, &c. on Mahometans decreed" 21 Oct. ,, 
 (ireat destitution in Coiistaiitiuiiple . Oct.— Nov, ,, 
 Kreiich interventiiin ; releise of iniioeeut Artiie'- 
 niaiis in Coiistaiiliiioph' and provinces ordered ; 
 the vali of Diarbekr dismissed ; execution of 
 refornm ill Armenia, &e. laomisod, 7 Nov. ; de- 
 layed 19 .\ov. ,, 
 
 Total, 55,000/. from the Armenian relief fund re- 
 mitted to sir Peter Currie . . . .Nov. 
 Sjiecial tribunal dissolved by ileeriie . 17 Nii\'. ,' 
 Many members of the " Young Turkey" party iind 
 
 others exiled " . ', llee. ,, 
 
 All London newspapers of 30 Nov. refused eiitrv, 
 
 He;. ., 
 .Manifesto issued by the "Ottoman liberal com- 
 mittee *' denonnci s the sultan and demands the 
 restoration of the const itiitioii of i5;6 . 6 llee. ,, 
 Anglo-lliissian agreement coMcrniiig the exe.'ii- 
 
 tion of reforms in Turkey, announeed . 6 llee, ,, 
 liecall of Saadeildin )Kislia fiuiii Crete (within 48 
 hours) granted on demand of the ambassadors. 
 
 15 llee, ,, 
 Amnesty to Armeninus and Mahometans ; death 
 .sentences to 100 Arnienians commuted to impri- 
 sonment 21 llee. 
 
 Sir Kdgar Vincenl'ii tlnaneial report to the sultan 
 
 on the revenue and exj.enditure (with recom- 
 
 mendations) ; shows a ye.irly delicit since iSgo of 
 
 T,ooo,'xxVr, . , , . . ,26 llee, ,, 
 
 Ato .lossef, the emperor Meiielik's envoy, received 
 
 by the sultan and decnnitid , .' i .. ;i, ,=07 
 Col, Mazhar liey ,acipiitted at Marasli -.i -hr 
 murib'r of Katiier Salvalore ; new trial onii red 
 by the sultan at Alepjio, ,lan. ; seuleneed to lile 
 
 impiisoninenl 3 .March, 
 
 Anarchy reported in N.K. provinces of Asia Mima, 
 
 12 .l;iii, ., 
 Irade issued accejiting the demands of tlie .Viiiie- 
 
 iiiaii patriarch with ceitain mndilicatiiius, 20, bin, , 
 Arrests of Armenians in Coiislantinoiple recoiu- 
 
 meiiced 6 l-Vh. „ 
 
 (,'oIleeti\e note from the six ]»owers presented to 
 the jiorte (.see Ofc), and the porte calls on the 
 powers to abide bv the treatv of Paris, iB^n, 
 
 2 March, ., 
 The jiorte agrees to the establishment of Crelaii 
 autonomy ; 2iid note from the powers calbiig oit 
 Turkey to withdraw her troops tioiii theinleiim. 
 
 ,s March, „ 
 Disturbed condition of Asia .Minor, bloodshed at 
 
 Kveiek and lokal March, ,. 
 
 Mobiliz.ation oftlie lleet in tin' Uosphonis, 22 Mar, ,, 
 The powers ileel,'ire that the aggressor on thetirerk 
 frontier in case of conliiid shall be held lespnu- 
 sible and shall i|eri\e no ad^■alltage . 5 .April, ,, 
 War declared against (ireece (the aggressor) (see 
 
 <im;,.riirl.ish llnr) . . .17 Aiail, ,, 
 
 Ilonili iiutrages in Constantin"]ile, one death, 18 
 
 Aug, ; 8 men sentenced to death . 2 Sept, ,, 
 Peace preliminaries signed at Coiistantinojile, 
 
 18 .Sept. „ 
 Prince Mavrocord.itoappointed (inel; minister, 1111- 
 
 nonnceil 6 Oet, ,, 
 
 Sir II, Hamilton l.angap]ioiiited direetor-L'eMeriil 
 of the otli'Uian bank at ('.m.^liuitinnple ,' (lit, ,, 
 ( Peace conferences at ('on>tiiii imiple, 8 articles 
 
 ' agr I to, 23 Oct,; the Tnikish prolmiil, 
 
 i accepted 2 llee, ,, 
 
 ; liii|itiiie between .\iislria and Turkey coireii- 
 
 ' ing the severe ill-iisage 111' Heir iini/z:- 
 
 I folli, agent hir the Aiist rian-l.loyd at Meisini:, 
 
 I .\sia Minor, Oct.; re|aialinn promiM'd b> tlie 
 
 I iiorte but delayed ; ultinialiim . 15-13 N'ev, ,, 
 
 Knll snliiiiissioii of Turkey . . , li Nov, „ 
 
 Indeinnilies claimed by the lowers I'or iii.iuiies tu 
 
 their subjeels ibiriiig the troubles in Aiialnlia 
 
 and Constant inople 2g Nov, ,, 
 
 Treatv of iieaec signed at Ciiustaiitinoplc, 4 Hee. 
 (ti'Xt in 7'imi's 11 Dec, i:-,,7) ; ratified bv the 
 
 siillan 16 111"'. ., 
 
 Memorial iiresented b\- the .Vnneiii.ui patriarch tu 
 
 the sultan . ' 21 Dec, „ 
 
 Sir Vila-ell 1 1 'ail lard's special ri'iiort on the ottniiiiiii 
 imblic debt (iSy2-m to iRi)h 07, '/'I'lac-', 20 llee, 
 ' 1897); lie ia decorated by the sultan . 24 April, i:j5 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 11' ri'turn of Arnii'iiiiiiuMiiiKi'aiils 
 nlisc(iliiiiicirprii|iiTl.v,&i'., loOft. 1806 
 !lllolllid;llls (liTli'lvl . 21 Oct. ,, 
 in ('(inst,iiiliim|ilc . Oct. — Nov. ,, 
 inn ; ri'li'isi' (it iiiiini'i'iit Anm'- 
 ntiiio|ili' .■iipi inuviiifiis unliTi'il ; 
 lul't'kr liisniis.suil ; cxci'iitiim ot 
 iciiiii, kc. iiruniiseil, 7 Nov. ; lU'- 
 
 19 Nov. ,, 
 
 111 tlin Ariiii'iiiaii ri'lief fuinl ty. 
 'tiT Curiiii . . . Nov. ,, 
 issiilvi'it liy lii'iTHc . 17 Nm-. ,^ 
 :' tliii " Yoiiii^' Tiirki'y" partv iiml 
 
 ; Hit. „ 
 
 lapi-rs of 30 Nov. rofu.seil oiitiv, 
 
 l>i'^. ., 
 liy tliii " Ottoiii.iii lilu'i'iil coiii- 
 I'l .s tliii stiltiin mill iltMiiaiiils tin* 
 11' I'onslitiitioii ot 1876 . 6 lii'i'. ,, 
 ,'rci'iiii'iit ('oiic'riiiii;.; tlin cxc-ii- 
 in Turkey, iiiiiiniini'i'il . 6 Dir. ,, 
 
 liii imsliii fi' Cri'tii (witliiii 48 
 
 on ilniiaiiil ot tin- aiii1ia.ssa>lors, 
 
 15 I'M- ,, 
 iiMiinns anil Malionictans ; ili'atli 
 3 Anni'iiiaiis coimniiU'd to iiiijiii- 
 
 21 I)."'. ,, 
 
 L's llimiii'ial ri'port to tlii' .sultan 
 1 anil I'Xpi'iiilitnri' (with iwoin- 
 luiws a yearly diilicit siiiee i8qo i>t 
 
 26 llee. ,, 
 
 iniienir Meitelik's envoy, rpreiveil 
 ml deconiteil . .' 1 ,. a. ijc,; 
 V ai'i|iiilleil at .Mara.sli ■.! i|i.- 
 ler Sai\alore; new trial orilneij 
 t Alepiio, ,Jaii. ; senteneeii to lile 
 -, .Mareli. ., 
 
 I in N.E. iii'ovinces i>l' Asia .Minor, 
 
 12 .Ian. ., 
 
 litiiiR tlie ilenianiN of tlie All 
 
 witli eeitaiii iiioililieation.s, -a,, Ian. . 
 •iiian.s ill t'oiistaiiliiioiile leeoni. 
 
 6 Keh. „ 
 
 'roni the six powers pre.si'iiteil to 
 'ri'tr), ami the porte lalls on llie 
 111 by the tieatv of I'aris, iS^n, 
 
 2 Mairli, ,, 
 i tn the estalilishnii'iit of Cretan 
 il note from the powers eallin.L'nit 
 
 I I raw her troops Iroin the iiiteiiui. 
 
 5 Mairh. „ 
 ion of Asia Minor, hloodslied at 
 
 kat Mairli. .. 
 
 lie lleet ill the liosphoi'us, 22 .Mar. ,, 
 re that (lie a^v'i'essor on tlie Creek 
 of eoiitliet shall lie lielil respoii- 
 ileri\e no aihiinta^e . 5 April. ., 
 :aiiist (ireefe (the aggressor) (see 
 I'm) . . . . 17 April, ., 
 II t'onstaiiliiiople, oiiu lieatli. iS 
 'litelieeil to ilealh . 2 Si'pt. ., 
 
 ies signeil ill Constantinople, 
 
 18 Se]it. „ 
 latoa]i]ioiiilri| (;ivi'k minister, an- 
 
 6 Oet. ,, 
 
 Lain.; aii]ioiiileil rliri'i'tor-L'eiieral 
 
 I hank at Conslantin.iple . " Oct. ., 
 es at i'oii-t:in'inople, 8 arlieles 
 
 Ort. ; the ^Ulki^h protoiel, 
 2 jlee. ., 
 
 II Austria iiial Turkey eon^eri:- 
 I'le iU-iisa^'e of Ile'rr liiaz?:- 
 !■ the Aiistii.iii-I.loyil at MeiNiii;i. 
 it. ; ri'par.itiiiii proinlM'il In tin' 
 
 eil ; nltiiiiatuiii . 15-iS Nov. ,, 
 pf Turkey ... It Nov. „ 
 
 iii'il liy the I owers for injuries tn 
 ilnriii;; the trouhles in Anat"Ii:i 
 
 10] lie 2-j Niiv. „ 
 
 sifiiieil at Ciinstaiitinople, 4 liee. 
 
 , 11 Dee. .:-,,7) ; ratilieil hv tlie 
 16 lie". ., 
 
 teil hv the Arinelii.iii patl'iarell tn 
 
 2; lire. „ 
 
 Ill's speeial report on theOtioiiiiiii 
 
 5g2-ot to i8Q6-f)7, '/'iiHp.s-, 20 Dee. 
 
 forateil by the sultan . 24 April, i:>i 
 
 TURKEYTEADE. 
 
 "" u;e's^;!;r" """'"" "■••'"™' ^^i"' '-■-".•s hv 
 
 TliesuJtau ilemaM<l.s the aii'oliei'fi,,,,' r • ,^** •'"H- 
 to (.Yet,, a.s existing f I.el ,', ' ,,'m '"""""'".v 
 
 U Christian Kuven^rdJul;;;:;;;;';;;!,:^":;;-^!' 
 
 iColleetive nott! Iroiii in,. , "' ■ 
 
 evaciiatioi, , T .,,''>, ""r'v, ""^'J^''"' "'" 
 war indemnity to b, i„', I ,,J j ">•, '''■■ "''-k 
 tion ; pniseiit;,,! to the p„rt„' '' """ ""-' <'Vania. 
 
 linssian iioto .hiinan.liii.- iiavinent „f ii " '•*' 
 
 tie H„s.o.TurkishJ^i;''/;;:,;!^,;;ft "'';;;:-:;;;:;[ 
 
 Note to the i«,rte from tiie It'riii.n ,,,„i,., :'::.''""''' ■■ 
 
 Knssian note to the porte ilJniaiMls thi. repiJri^Iil^,; ' 
 of 40,000 Armenians in the C'anea.s'is ' ,", ,V,1,',;'' 
 Seoa,«</;«. K,j„r„, r;,.r,„, Mo,t,-n.:jro. ami ,c,-Ha' 
 
 TUSCANY. 
 
 TCKKISH .Sn.TAN.S 
 
 132C. Orehan son, took the title '■mllcu " 
 J360. Ainiirath (or .Miinnl) I . st,l,l . 11 ,. 
 
 "iiieh «o I,'.;,'^;,,' "■'''''^'' ''J " «"''li''r, of 
 
 liSg. Bitjazet I., IMerim, .son- Uefeateil I,v T 
 
 ""'I clio.l iniprisone,! ' "''"-'"'••' '■> Tamerlane, 
 11403. Solymaii, son ; .letliron'e.l by lik, brother 
 11410. .Mn.s.i-Chelebi : .slran-li'd '"" ""'""->. 
 H13. .Mahomet I,, .son of fiaia/a 
 <42i. Aniurath M., son 
 
 :tj;;iS^!3Tsor'^"'"'^"""^"""'"'""^-.53. 
 
 /512. HvUiii I., .son 
 
 '^^^- "^S!v.'^!-;;!;,s^;l!;i;i,/1^,---'-- their ; 
 ';'^-^^ri^J:;ih-.t£--f''-"-^'^..^ 
 
 if.13. Ahmed (or Aeh t) I., son 
 
 '"'•'':::d';!;;Uii,!;;:.:;'''-^^''"-''^yti.e Janissaries! 
 
 ^ ,>sev:i,Tower^'';:,^i;;r,,:|;''""*-'.-»ttothe 
 
 .'1.3. .\miira»l, IV. brother of (i.;,,,,,, ,r 
 t>)o. lhr«liiiii. irot ler • strin..|,.,i i„. .1 1 ■ 
 11.4S. Mahomet IV si.n d' :,se,l I'v '''''''"'''• 
 
 -.1--V. Solymaii II. or Ul , brother ' 
 
 <^-::S;;;"i',!:,<i;::,^^;:ir""^^-).--fMustap„a„. 
 
 1757- M'Htaidi.i III., brotiier 
 
 ''''*■ -''i;!:',^,^!;. ' '"■ "^""i'' i- o>r Aei,„i,d ,v.) 
 
 ^^^' ''''ali^iri^r ""''"''''■'''' "'-^ '•''!•"-' '')■<'- 
 c. 7. Mn,,ta|,ha IV., son of AbibiP \i,„,,.,i . ,1,.,,,,,, 
 
 "*-^t;^;:ii;;!,;r:^^-^'''^<'--3 April, 1323) J 
 
 "■'• ^M';l:-^^;|y '"Vl"'!-..';"™ 9 Feb. ,?,„, deposed 2J 
 
 bi.u^'i,it'3;.rnr'"""""^"''^'^-'^'"i'"-'"^ 
 
 1. Abiliild.aniid 1... hlother, 3, Aug. born 21 Sept., 
 R,,,: Meliemed Selim. U>iT, „ ,J, 
 
 , -'-'i'-"tiy utikito^'ny^,;!.,;!.;^;;^;;"- ""' ^''' 
 
 iofHffij^,i';i,.^;;;:'").,"- the elector 
 I TURKISH BATHS, sen 7y„,,, " 
 
 l>yla,iy liiii-ilet Cow t'^^^^^ ^uiiportid 
 
 |Ot.iers;t„re,ii'^et;.t::^b;'^i;etS"l::^';?:-'' 
 I /iJ^^^^^^^W- -<^ "■^"■"' Sl.eep, Lil Tur. 
 
 ^-S^K!^^T,,,.,,Vict.c.3S(.850), 
 TuTSryS'^^.^KGACIES. Josepl. M. W. 
 
 iiiii.i.. Tii/S ,,:,",':"','■!'" ''"■ ii«""ii 
 
 ; Inl'itio... I , ,8( tnuf'T"*' '•'"'"''-' ^"^ ^•^- 
 "''ivo(lfiv,,„ les'i, ; f- '•"'"' '"^'""■™ ^^'"e ro- 
 
 ^ Xatiimal J^ill r '"" e r in";?:"' 'tr^T ^*« 
 I'liites, Arc of r,,, ,.■'/■; ^^'i ^ ''e sketches, 
 
 sold for a.iout^'„,^r^/j^/;;,',;; ;^l'f '■""'. -«•« 
 
 TritKEV TI.'ADE 
 
 s;Vi Die Tiirkev or 1 
 ".i.i inslituled l.\ ijiarle 
 
 I070. 
 enmim.iieeil j,, ,]„ 
 
 TURNPIKES, see Tolls. 
 -SKI^^TREE, fi.^.^ 7,,,,^,, 
 
 fine were firs 1,1 iVd'.'''^'- ^'ints of tt.rpen-' 
 
 TURRET SHirs, see ,V„,,«/^,,;„„^. 
 
 iWhieh.ren.lhiXtivt.^S^S!''*^^''^ 
 
 pope (Ul-,). In fin ,\,",;,h,?.I,''.','..'.'"",'i""^t°,t'l9 
 
 rusiia),th"eeitie.s, Flore 
 
 Levant ( 
 
 urailiialh 1 
 b, 
 
 ■aiiie the 
 
 n'eiiliii' floiivislr. 
 
 .I'liit idieii called 
 'sii,hieiiMa, Lucca, &c.. 
 
 of !■: 
 
 "I'l'iiiiy iif London \|,,|i,.i Cm 
 
 ii-fabeih, xu u- 
 
 :>,')■ 
 
 I'aniily In-ai'i in 
 
 ef nilile 
 /■■/ 
 
 cimlili, 
 
 Flor 
 
 eileo 
 f 'veriiiiient of the 
 
 15.51 ; iiml 111, 
 
 he (111, liy in thai 
 id-duchy in 
 
 ':v: 
 
 . ' ''I 
 ■'Li' 1 
 
 ■v^ki ' 
 
 i:^L; I 
 
 % 
 
TUSCANY. 
 
 1141 
 
 TYLER'S INSURRECTION. 
 
 IS'>). After the extinction of the Medicis in i;?;, 
 1 usiiiny was Kivcn by the treiitv of Viennii (1758) 
 ti) I'runcis, (hike of Lorraine (married to MiiVia 
 Iheresa of Austria in i;3()), who had eiMU'd his 
 hereditary estates to France. Population in 1882, 
 2,226,205 ropulation, l8yo, 2,274,11^1. 
 The Kiviiclieiifcr Florence . . 2S March, i7g9 
 inc Krarid-ilukc is disiiossi'sseil, nod his ihuniiiioiis 
 Kiveii to l.diiis diiki' of I'anjia (of tlic nival house 
 ol Spain), uilli the tith' of kinj,' of Ktni'na .idoi 
 
 Tiisciny incoipiinitcd with the Krench einpiie . 1807 
 The t.'ranil-dnili.v Kivcn to Kliza, sister of .NaiioU'on iSuS 
 Fcrdintnd III. ivstoivd . . . . ,8,4 
 
 Lucca united to Tuscany ' [ ,8^, 
 
 Lcepidd I r Kranis a free constitution . 15 Kcli! 1848 
 lu.suircciHin al l-'lorenee ; republic proclaimed ; the 
 
 Urand-dnk,. Hies ,, pet,. 1849 
 
 He IS ivstorcd l.y the Anstrlaiis . . ,luly i8ru 
 J{iWirous iniprisonuieni of the Mailiai, Inish.nid '' 
 and wile, convcris t.i protestantism, lor readiii},' 
 
 the liihic j[„^. jg 
 
 The earls of .Shaftcshury niel Hodcn and others in 
 
 vain inlerce.le for them at Florence . Oct. „ 
 
 They are leleascd after the intervention of the 
 Hntish •lovenmient .... March, 1853 
 
 U^" '1 iitywas provided forthemliysniiseription. J 
 
 The Tusc.m army demand alliance' with the Sai- 
 ilinians; the Krand-dnke refus.'s, and departs to 
 liologna ; the kiiiK cd' Sardiida is proclaimed dic- 
 tator, and a jaovisional government formed 
 fri 1 ■ 27 April, 1859 
 
 Ihe kini; assumes the command of the army, lint 
 
 declines tlie dictatorsliip . . . 3o'A])ril, ,; 
 The h.iidinian ciMiimissary Ihionconip.agni invested 
 
 wilh the powers of piverniiient . 11 .May, „ 
 Prime Napoleon arrives at Leghorn, addresses tile 
 Tiuca.is, and eri'cts his standard 21 May 
 
 The gianl-duke Leopold II. alidieates in favour 
 of his son Keidiiiaoil ... 21 .Jiilv, 
 Tu.sean constitneiit assemlily meets . 11 Au'k' " 
 It declares against the house of Lorraine, ami 
 voles for anne.vation to .Sardinia . . Seid 
 PriiH'e KuK<ne of ISavoy CaiiKnan elei'ted goveriior- 
 
 Kciieral of ccnlr.il Italy; he declines : hut lec - 
 
 mends liiioncoMiiiagni, Nov. ; who is acceiited liv 
 
 the Tuscans g i,,,,r ^_ 
 
 Anne.\.itioiito Sardinia voted liv universal sullVage, 
 
 I., 12. March : decreed . . . 22 March, i860 
 rniice l-.ogeiieaiipointcl governor . 26 March, ,, 
 Hoieiiee made the capital of Italy, bv decree pub- 
 ''■•*''"' ... . . ". u Dec. 186.1 
 
 (See ll'ili/, and FhrciiCf.) 
 
 TUSCULUM (now Frasciiti), n eity of Latiuin 
 (S. Italy). The 'liisenliina auiiported Taniuiniij 
 Siiperbus against the Uoiuans, liv whom thev wi r.- 
 totally defeated, 4().S 11, c. Tlie 'ru.sculaus, on ;„.! 
 count of their fricudsliip witli Uonie, sulfereil mucli 
 from llie other Latins, wlio took tlieir citv, 374, hat 
 were .severely chasti.scd for it. Here Cicevo duriie. 
 
 liis retirement wrote liis "Tuseulanie Disimtatioiicv ■"' 
 about 40 11. u. ' 
 
 TWELFTH-DAY. the feast of tlie Kpiphiinv 
 or niiinifestutieii of Clirist to the tJentile.s, Jan! • 
 see Epiphuiiii. 
 
 TWELVE TABLES, see Ikenmh-i. 
 
 TWINS, joined togetlier, Imve licen liorii fro. 
 ! (liicntiy_,_ but srhlom lived long. llclcii-.Iuditii 
 
 liorii 
 
 111 171 
 
 , 15. ami 
 
 sovi;iii:iGN.s of tuscany. 
 
 UL'KES. 
 
 1531. Alexander I. 
 1537. Cosmo 1. 
 
 (IRAND-DUKES. 
 
 1569. Cosmo [., Meilki. 
 
 1574 Fiiincis I. 
 
 i5b7. Ferdinand I. 
 
 1600. t.'osmo II, 
 
 ib2i. Ferdinand II. 
 
 1670. Cosmo Ml. (visiteil Fnglaml, and wrote an ac- 
 count of his travels). 1 
 
 1723, .Tohii (laslon (List of the Medici). i 
 
 1737. Francis 11. (duke of I.nrrninc), became emperor of I 
 licniiany in 1745. ; 
 
 1763. Leopold I. (emperor in 1790). 
 
 1790. Ferdinand III. (secoml .son of Leopold I.); cx- 
 pidlcd by the French in 1800. 
 
 KINDS OK KriiUKIA. I 
 
 iSoi. Loui.i I., duke of Parma. I 
 
 1803. Louis II. ! 
 
 t:nANi)-iirriiKss. 
 1808-14. Kliza Homiparte (muiTied to Bnceiochi, made 
 prince of Lucca). 
 
 (iHAND-lllKKS. 
 
 1814. Ferdinand III. restored. 
 
 1824. Leopold II., 18 .Iiine (born 3 Oct. 1797; abdicateil 
 ■21 ,lulv. i8^u). died 20 .Ian. iRio 
 
 859. Feidmand IV.! 21 ,luly(boni 
 
 tested against the annexati 
 dueir 
 
 10 .June, i8.)5); pro 
 
 on of his grand 
 26 .March, i860; died 29 , Inly, i8gi. 
 
 joined Hungarian twins, were 
 died in 1725. .Millie-Cliristine, negro twins', Imrn 
 in Xortli Carolina in l8si, were wliullv distinct in 
 tlie ujiiicr |iart of the hody, but one 'in the lew, ;■ 
 part of tlie s]iiiial cohinin liud pelvis ; tlic four le-s 
 obeying nerves from a common centre. 'I'licy .siii- 
 and danced well, and were named tlic "Two-rinulcd 
 Nightingale." Tlie will, unih'rstiiiiding, and idii. 
 scieiic'e were distinct. Kxhibited in Loiidun r 
 Feb. 1885. See H'utmcsc Twins. ' 
 
 TWIN-SHIP, .see under Sti;vn. 
 "TWOPENNY TRASH,"atenn given to 
 
 \V . C'obliett's // iiljii I'uliticill Jiiyi.i!ir, after 2 .N'r.,-. 
 l8i(), when he reduced tlie price from I2!,i/. to 2il. 
 the sale greatly increnaed. ' '' 
 
 TYBURN (W. London), at the west er.d „f 
 Oxford-road (now street), the chief plaee in Londun 
 for the execution of malefactors till 1785. I'cniiaiit 
 (who died 1798) renienibered Oxford-.s'lrcet a.-i "a 
 deep, hollow road, and full of slougli;-, with here iiml 
 there u ragged liimse, the lurking-place of cut- 
 throats." 
 
 In conformity with an act passed in i6.>7, a so-ndlul 
 "Tyburn ticket " was given to the lu-osecutnr .if a ( ,(. 
 miiial CACcnted at Tyburn. The ticket g.ive exini|iti. 11 
 from .serving <ai .juries and parochial olliees Tl'" a- 1 
 was rejicaled in 1818. 
 
 "TYBURNIA" (11 N.W. suburb of Loruloi,;, 
 was built between 1839 and 1850, on the gnm 
 fields and nursery grounds in I'ad'dington beloiigiuj,- 
 to the see of London. 
 
 TYLER'S INSURRECTION, in oppositi™ 
 to the jioU-tax imposed on all persons above i;, 
 ? Nov. 1380. One of the collectors, acting with iii- 
 ueeent rudeness to Wat Tyler's daughter, was strikk 
 dead by the fatlier, Jun'e, 1381, His ncighlsHirs 
 took arms, and in a shiu't time almo.st the whole •■! 
 the population of the southern and eastern c"Uiilin 
 rose, extorting freedom from their lords, and plun- 
 dering. On 12 .June, 13S1, they gathered uptm 
 Blaekheath to the number of I0(.),'ooo men, am! m 
 14 .lune murdered Simon of Snilbury, aivliliis!iii|i(if 
 t'linterliury, iiiid sir Ucdjert Hales, 'tlie nival Ireii- 
 surer. Tlie king, Hichard II., inviteil Tyler to;! 
 parley, wliiili took jilace on the 15th at SniitlitiiM, 
 where tiie latter addressed the king in a incniuiin' 
 manner, now and again lifting iiii his sword. On 
 this the mayor, Walworth, stunned Tyler willi ;i 
 blow of his mace, and one of the king's kiii,i:lit3 
 named Cavendi.sh, dis|iatclied him. Kiehard teiii- 
 jmrised witli the multitude bv promising a charter, 
 and thus led them out of tlie city, when sir II. 
 KnoUy.s and a band of knigius at'tai l,eil and dU- 
 
 le insuiTcetioii 
 
 Son ; Leopold Ferdinand, born 2 Ue 
 
 persed them with much slaughter. Tt 
 
 in Norfolk and Suffolk was subdued bv the liislie|) 
 
 of Norwich, iind 1500 of the rebels wcie executeJ. 
 
R'S INSURRECTION. 
 
 M^^now Fniscati), ii city of I.ntiuia 
 11' 'lusculiins siimmrtcd'Tiininiiiii* 
 st till' Komiina, liv whdiii tlirv H(r.- 
 , 4i)S II. c. Till,' 'rusculiius, "on ,,,1 
 ■ic'iiilsliip witli Kdiiiu, sutfi'ivd imich 
 Latins, who took their rity, 374, Imt 
 lastisnl for it. Hero Ciirro (hniii;,. 
 rote liis " Tiisculaiuu Disputatioins,''' 
 
 [-DAY, the ftiist of the Kpiphanv, 
 I of Cliri.st to tile (ientili'x, Jun! ■' 
 
 TABLES, si'c Dmmiiri. 
 
 ncd to<;i'tIii'r, have hi'eii t)orn frr. 
 ■Idiini lived Ion;;. llelen-Jiidith, 
 111 twins, were licn-ii in 1-15, luu! 
 Millie-Christine, iii'j;ro twins, linrn 
 la in lUsi, were wliully distinct ii> 
 (d' the liddy, Init (Jiie 'in the liiwi-- 
 il eohinin iiiiii ]ielvis ; the luiir li"'s 
 'nii'i a eoninion eeiilre. 'I'liev saa" 
 , and were named lhi> " Twii-heiiilci'i 
 The will, iiiiderstandiii;,', ami ni\\. 
 stinet. Kxhihited in Londuu |- 
 tSitiiiti'sc I'lvins. ' 
 
 P, see under S/fiim. 
 
 NY TRASH," a tenii -iven to 
 c/i/i/ I'oiitivdl Jiiyix!/ r, alter 2 \n.-. 
 'dneed the jirice from I2!,i/. to 2(1., 
 increased. 
 
 W. London), at the west end of 
 V street), the chief place in Lumlun 
 1 id'nialefiietors till i^X^. I'enii.im 
 renienitiered Oxiiird-s'lreet as "a 
 I, andfullof sloiiKh,-, with here iuul 
 house, the lurking-place of cut- 
 
 -li an net passed in 1697, n sn.callnl 
 " tt-iis given t.i the pi-iisccntur "I' a ai- 
 It Tyharii. Tlie ticket gave excrM|i|i.>)i 
 .juries and I'aiHMdiiiil uUWiv Xl"- a' t 
 1818. 
 
 [A" (11 N.W. snhiirb of Loralou), 
 I'n 1839 and 1850, on the ^tcci) 
 ,• ^n■olmd3 in I'adiluigton beloiigiii- 
 ;liin. 
 
 S^SURRECTION, in oppositinn 
 
 niposed oil all persons ahovr i;, 
 10 of the rolleetors, aetinu- with iii- 
 
 Wat Tyler's diiughler, was stnuk 
 ler, June, 1381. Ills nei;!hlM>iirs 
 
 1 a sliort time almost the wliole if 
 the southern and eastern C'UnilJH 
 
 eedoni from their lords, and pliui- 
 June, 1381, they Kalhered iiiHui 
 ' iiuniher of I0<J,(XX) men, and rii 
 1 Simon of Sudbury, arcliliislii>|iiif 
 <ir Robert Hales, tlie loviil Irca- 
 , liieliard II., invited Tyler Id it 
 k place on the 15th at Sniithlicld. 
 iiddre-ssed the kin;; in a nieiiaciiiir 
 again liftiiiR up his sword. On 
 iValworth, stunned Tyler witli ,i 
 ', and one of thi' king's kniL'hU 
 , disj)at(died him. Richard tcm- 
 niiltitude l)V proiiiisim.'- a ihiirli'r, 
 111 out of tlie city, when •^ir Ii. 
 iiui of kiii.L'ht.s attacked and (ii>- 
 luicli slaughter. The insurreclica 
 .itfolk waa subdued by the bislmp 
 500 of the rebels were e.\eeilteil. 
 
 JIX^J^LE MEMORIAL. 
 
 Jffij^S'.SSl^^- '' «""- of 
 .he new tcitani^nt^ p. 1 V '-2^'''w'''''"''''^'^'- "^ 
 the Thames Kmbuiikment n ,<k,^' c" ,*' "!' "" 
 J. E. Jioehm. ""'""-"' ■'" l88j. Sculptor, ,M, 
 
 
 see under rn„tm!/, 
 
 founded ,i„,l uuHh a castfe 1 ") "?-^-,'P5 ' '•''■ 
 1000; plundered by S.'o ts ', " ,^'",''' t -^'"^^'I'niv, 
 for Charles I., 164/; tX,! (.'"',' '^f*^' ''"'•l"i'-''l 
 
 pel has been restored Tv i, ,,',,.1 -^^ ■""' •''•i" 
 fwough, returning one 11,0,^/' "•■'%!'''"''■ « 
 1»12- An ,a,p,ari'u,n '^; ! ;,,;M'''^l'''"U'nt, 
 opened, 27 All!'- iS-S 1, , ';'""cn, \-e., was. 
 iSoi, 46,26;. "• ^'^- ^ "imhuon, iS.S,, 44',,,,s ; 
 
 TYPE-COMPOSING MAOTTTVP'q 
 
 Wi'1'1: »i"l several wla' ,1 'A'l?'''; -V'^' ^^ 
 
 After successive iniproven, Ms:' ^/''''^^ 
 in.Vmeriea, in 18- , eontr, tc.V) Ji'''>iingt<m, 
 
 The speed is saiil to h iv,' I ' ™"'*,"'Wt 2^.000, 
 five words « minute ''" '"''''""^ '° ^'-'^'ntv- 
 
 ";z]:;::i^,^ri;;:-;^-;;:7>;'.tn.scn,,,,cst,,at 
 
 tv|«'. sbirtiiiK, &,'."^' '"'""""» '« '"'"le for inking tie! 
 TlR. Ihll tvpcwriter exhibited in Lo-, ,00 
 
 'iw.^;rl^;;i;-l:,:i-x,--i;-tai,d':!;i,.^^^;,,.,,,,,, 
 
 f^Mulnl m": X'' tyi-->-iter .^,r reporters eo„,. 
 n»iiininii.l tyi'ie-wriVer 1886 
 
 locd iuiri^:;,,!^!;ri;;;'-;:-,^;;-t "v^-t ,c«. 6,g ,,,,.0. 
 
 As|,mle,aile,s| witl i,, ,7, "!""7^l'"l. '887. 
 
 J.iM.css llMll ; s,' ' r.l ,1^ ' "^'"'i f>-l;"-"nn.r at St. 
 
 turs. .Messrs. \\^,.li,,ii' < r , , '' ' ^'■^' ""^ I'roprie. 
 TlK.l!ar.locktyp;\„it,rV;i-|,i' ;:;;•, ■.«^^t 
 
 Tl^Pncnnatie typewrite? intro,ha;fi;A?>?,^e,4 
 
 sp..nsil,le lM)Wer-Soloiob ./'??■'■">''' "'"' "■'•'- 
 '■'^"•^^' 'he' nam' A "„?,!;', '"Z''^' f"'"'. ^""1 
 e^'Hiest tyrant,, were those 's^i,„:^''+ ','•'•■ '^'''^' 
 wth Clcistheiics, in the - I cento •"' '^!;r""""^' 
 «-a in Greece a.l^llt^JiV':^:;^.:;-,;;'^-;^ 
 
 '257 ("I'out 226;, JmTu ,"":'' '■''>• ^-"^ built 
 •he .\ssyria„.s, wl o r et ,, v'oo 1 ■■'' ''"'"•'«'"• >>>• 
 sioee o.f upwards of «v. " '"'" "• "''"•■'• '' 
 
 Kebuchadn,'.trc-2, .•"'"■'; /,'' ''•'■• '^'''^'" by 
 when the Tn'ia'n^re Iv.' /' "" '">' ''^''-'^li-hcf, 
 andbuiitane ,md n Z'l, *" /'" "I'l""''^' i-'*'""'" 
 I'.v Alexander VtiirifliH''''';''^ ■ ""■'"' ^"^^'^ 
 »''ven nionths, ,1 ,'7' '',';*'■"';>••. ■"><■{■ .'i siege of 
 ,: to the e,,nti,;ent-|/f M, •";:J';'"-1 the island 
 
 :auringtjij;!^„a;h;;!„:^A!!:;«^^^^ 
 -:J%i:^vrirster"'S'*^'-'-^^ 
 
 reduce this ra to o , ■ ''"•' ''"''"" vcar. 'd 
 Riven vea la les ,1, ,;-'' ''7''^ "r, and if the 
 the remainder ;il,'^;;-;,;f-,;!;:'|;-,!t{:--S, and 
 
 -'"wISee'ilf Uie'wt'r''' '"' '""''■■" ^'h-etia. 
 the house of Hapslu;. 'i:/'''r'"V,"'''* '"^"^'^ 
 heiress of the hist com Itf'' •' -^^"^fJ^ret, the 
 "f the voiMigerfor Tv ml/ "I""; "" "I'panage 
 house, which camJto I V"'""*''- "^ ,'-"' "''P<'r'"l 
 Maximiiiun I L, ,6 8 r ""'i.'" '"-• '"•■'■«"" "' 
 the Tyrol in 1805, and united t t* 'i';'"'' '■"'T''''^ 
 Itojan iiisuiT.'cton Li f I '''yana; tut in 
 Holer, an innkA!^" w t ,'. .'e'i'i; .'h l'^' .^^'"''•^'''^ 
 of the Tyrol, thon.ugl 1 1 • ,'^, ''" "^'ii'nans out 
 tachments, but hiid d w„ 1 ' '"", ^''^'''f'' <le- 
 
 Vienna. ile v s si I ^^ , h''"" '" "'« treaty of 
 »l'"nding with e V t . ^ '''•' i'"'"^''' "^ ^oW- 
 i'antnar and Ihen^'llh ^" 1^ X"'!;^ ^i;" T"' *^- 
 frovernnient, 20 Feb i8in T i ■ ''rench, 
 e"n"hle.lhi.:fandlv , ,s,'n " •^"'^"■'">' emperor 
 in Innsbruck ,1^^ ,, ?i "'"' "'"'^"^ '"« ^'tatue 
 herg was unve c ^ti' tl ''' """";"" ""^ !««'- 
 
 Francis Jose d 2S .S p '' . '^"'.',7 ", , ""; -"Peror 
 men were verv etlect x'i, C T, '" '■"""''■* '■'"''- 
 The Arlberg-tui nel r-i W, "'"1 "''"' '" '«5'). 
 
 liregenx inau'" i.t^^^ *'"'" ^''''^^hruck to- 
 
 1S84. i'oi.uian"::i,its,S,,','i'',,';;;''"'- ^° sept. 
 
 thSSoFuie'd^v!^;/,^- 'r'?'^' '^""orly 
 insurrection in ,64^ '^""'' ""^ ""^ ^eat of the 
 
 Minor. ' '"" '" '"" ' "'"■^' t'-om i.ydia, Asia 
 
 
 ':■!'■ 
 
 w 
 
liRjajDHwij 
 
 \f 
 
 t* 
 
 w y I 
 
 ^li! J 
 
 ?'iit: 
 
 ^rf 
 
 ill' 
 
 Si> *■ 
 
 I .! 
 
 
 
 U13IQUITARIANS. 
 
 1140 
 
 UG.».NDA. 
 
 u. 
 
 UBTQUITAIilAXS or UrnQtAiuAXs, a 
 
 CTliiill Gcniiiiii fed, (irijriiiiitcil liv Juliii llii'iiliiis 
 about 15(10, wild ussci-lcil tli;it thV body of Clirjst 
 was pri'sciit ('vor)Hlifi-i' {/(//ii/iii), 
 
 UGAXDA. A kinsiloni in E(iimtoriiil Africa, 
 nciir tlif lifiul i.f tbo Nilo; i^ijiitiil, McTgn. 
 
 Jlissiiiiiarics si>iit uut by tlie Church Missionary 
 
 . siificty July, 1877 
 
 l-rrncli U. r. iDissioniirics iirrivi' ,879 
 
 •Thi' kiiiK .Mtcsii, (ih'iiilly to (irimt, (Stniiley, iiiid 
 
 (Jtlior tr.-ivcll.Ts Hiid iiii>sioiiiirii'S, ilh'S . io Oct. 1884 
 Ills sou .M'',iiiii_'M, Ji.tlous mill suspicious, kills 
 bishop ilaiMiiiiHtoii, lor adviiiuiu;,' liv a new 
 
 route aliou't 29 Oct. 1885 
 
 rcrseeutious well I'Uiluml ; native Christians killed, 
 
 June /7 ^r7. 1886 
 «ov<ilutiou with blo.idslicil, Sfjit. 18SS ; M'waiiKa 
 dcjiascd and rcj-Iaccd liy his brother Kawcwa 
 roct.), wh.ise atleniiits to revive his father's 
 jiolicy are Irnstraleil hy thcAnili slave.dealers ;. 
 much iH'rseciition ensues; the Eiiro|ieaiis tlceand ' 
 theirsetllenieiits are liestroyed Xov. iS33. KiiiK 
 Kawewa resists tlie Aiidis, and is exiielled, they 
 set iiji liis li'.uther K^ileiiia ; civil war . Nov. i388 
 Jl'waiiga def.ale.l in an alt.iniit to recover his 
 crown ; Kaleina bums his own relatives, reiiorted, 
 
 2 Sept. 1889 
 M wanpi seveielj- defeats the Arabs, 4 Oct. ; takes 
 liul«},'a, 5 (let., and re-establishes his jiower; 
 Kaleuiaa liiLiitive .... 11 Oct. „ 
 JI'wanj;a |.nifesses himself a Christian, and ap- 
 
 lioints Cathnlic I, Hi, 'ials, reported . 5 .Marcli, 1890 
 lie jilaces lY'.'inda niiiler the inllueiice of the 
 liritish I'asI African cciini/any, by treaty with 
 Mr. Jackson, ivpiiited . . " . . ^.J April, „ 
 M'wauga ilrivin liiiiii the capital by Kaleiiia ; re- 
 tires with the missionaries to Sies.se island, re- 
 
 I'ortifl , g Mav, • „ 
 
 Final .lefe.it of Arabs by .M'wanj,'a, who retrains a'll 
 
 his kiii;;dcim, lepnrleil . . . i^.tune, ,, 
 
 I'Kniiil.i placdl witldii the sj^here of British in- 
 
 llneiice liV the .\ri'.'lo.(b'niiaii treaty i .Inly, 
 
 Oiit. F. 1). l.n-ard and capt. W. H. 'Williams but 
 
 by the Ihitish war-ollice to assist the cnmjiaiiy ; 
 
 tliey arrive ,, d,',,.. ^^ 
 
 They streiiu.iiisly encleavonr to maiiilaiii' ]ii'aco 
 between the I'n'iiidi Cat linlics ami Hiilisli I'ro- 
 teslaiit iiiissii'ijaiic s anil tlieir cmiveits: they 
 liol.l K:iin]«ila, .'i fditilieil station near Meii>.'n ; 
 <'apt. I.iit.'.'nd cniistinets ami pirrisoiis several 
 forts ill the ci.untry; abnut 1450 .Snudaneso 
 
 plaeiil tlleic (at I 4sobeillj,' soli Hi is), whoafter- 
 
 vaiils, under .Seliiii bey, join capt. Lnizard 
 
 .bin. it uri/, 1S91 
 Kevival <if reli>;ious feuds niiil outra^tes ; a I'ro- 
 testai.t niiudereil in the street, 20 .Tan. ; capt. 
 l.upiid deiii.inds redress, the kin;; relnses it. and 
 thrijiteus him and his |iarly; fruitless ne^ntia- 
 tii.ns ; iilher miirdeis ol I'mt'estants ; the Catlni- 
 lics anil ami attack Kampala, and are repulsed 
 ■with severe loss li,\ (apt. Williams, who is enm- 
 Jielhtl til use M.'ixini };niis. 24 .l.iii. ; the Cathnlic 
 leiiisi's wie.ked; bisln.p llirth and the pii.sts 
 taken to Kampala. 24 Jan. ; the kiiii,-, with va 
 ol the l.ithi.be |pariy, II, ,•.< tn the isle of liiiren- 
 K'n^-'c, wlieiv he is.jnined by the bishop; the isle 
 is taken by eajrt. Williams', with bloodshed ; the 
 kin- and bishop llee to .Se.sse . . . ,0.1.111.1892 
 [Heported in capt. Lugard's letter of 11 I-'cb., 
 recciveil 15 .Inly.) 
 
 I.cttets! rcicivid from bishop Ilirtb by Ihe Freiicli 
 t-'ovcniuiei aeciisinj.' the Uritish'of onlrap'S, 
 
 and dai a I'omp.nsatim; ; on a].iiial, the 
 
 Lritisli govcriinienl promises investigation, 
 
 June, July, „ 
 
 Tlie kiiiKrejoinsthe Protestants; order restored at 
 .Menpi, alioiit 30 March ; the comiianv predoini. 
 
 I _ nant, leportid =7 July, ,t , 
 
 'J'he Imiierial Kast Africa company aceejits the ' 
 j olfered sii]i]iort of the noyeniinent in postiioniiij,. 
 I the evacuation of UKaiida from 31 IJeo. 1892, to ;i 
 
 March, 1S93 , del. 
 
 Cajit. l.UKaid arrives in London (capt. Williams 
 
 left ill comniand) 4 (iit, 
 
 KiiiK .M'wan^'a and the native Christians in I'Kaiiiia 
 petition against liritish evaenation (16 June) iv. 
 
 ceived (let. ^^ 
 
 Tlic retention of Uganda strongly advocateil at 
 
 various ]inblic meetings . . 5 Nov. <( -17. 
 
 Cajit. I.iigard's leiily to Krencli charges against 
 
 him, I'iwcft i-^ li|.(.. 
 
 Uishoiillanningtoirs remains found and intefred iii 
 
 the new elinrch, bishop Tucker iiresent ; 31 llir. „ 
 liritish commission, headed liy Sir fbTald I'ortal, 
 starts for L'ganda rid Momt'iasa, i Jan. 1893 ; he 
 arrives at Mengo, 17 March, and is received hy 
 the king, 20 March ; engages the SondaiieM" 
 troops and leaves capt. Macdonald in commim.l 
 
 at K.ampala early April, u,. 
 
 The Imperial East Africa company evaeiiales 
 
 I'g'anda :,, Mairh, ,. 
 
 Ma.)or Kric Smith and capt. W. H. Williams arii\e 
 
 at Kikuyu;tlie company's olllcers and i.tiiivs 
 
 taken over by governmeii'l . . i^ M;iv, 
 
 Dispute lietweeu Mahomedans and ciiiisliiiii 
 
 natives, resjiecting eseaiii'd slaves . April. , 
 Insnrrection of Mahomedans, .joined bySelim l!.v ; 
 tlie Catholics and I'rotestants n'niteil ninhi- 
 cajit. .Macdonald defeat .■iiid expid the insurgents 
 from Uganda, the Soudanese remaining faithlul, 
 
 17 June i( .«7. „ 
 Sidiiu Rey taken prisoner 20 June, and dies in 
 
 i^xile ^„,_,. . 
 
 Capt. Macdonald reports peace in Uganda, 2=, Aug. „ 
 Sir Gerald I'ortal airives at Zanzibar, 22 Oct'. lEi;;; 
 leaves for Kngland with Mr. H. Kodd 4 N(i\C; 
 arrives in London .... 27 Nov. 
 Col. Colvile(adiiiinstratr.) arrives in Uganda 4 .N'ov. 
 Katiaiega, king of Unyoro, an .aggressive slave 
 
 raider, severelj ilefeated about . . 13 Hit. .. 
 Wadehii taken by Ma.jorOweii 4 Feli. ; he leaves fur 
 
 Mombasa 24 Mandi ; in London . . 5 June, i;".i 
 Death of Sir (Jerald Portal, 25 Jan.; his re|iiirt 
 
 pnblislied Aiiril. „ 
 
 Lord Hosebery announces a future liritish pm- 
 
 tectorate j .\pril, 
 
 ,so,o(.«/. voted for exjienses . . . I .iaiie, ., 
 The jirotectonitc formally announced in the /.om/nr! 
 i:,i:iilr 19 June ; proclaimed at Mengo witli 
 
 good ellec!t 29 Aug. ., 
 
 "Sir Gerald Portal's mission to Uganda" piiblislieil 
 
 iliiiii', ., 
 K.abarega's assault on Fort Iloinia repulseil hy 
 
 capt. Thurston and garrison . . eml Sept. „ 
 Col. sir }leiiry Colvile arrives in London ; re|«irti 
 peace alioiit 26 Mandi : his book pnlilisheil, (let. 1.'^; 
 
 .Mr. (kilt. iSo7) K. L. Iteikeley (IV Zaii/ibar)ii|i- 
 
 pi.inted commissioner ol Uganda, Ac. al-mit 11 
 May ; arrives at Kampala . . . 24 AiU'. . 
 Kabarega's forces annihilated, reported . i ; Aug. ,. 
 Slaughter 111 a gnveinn.eiit caiavan party (i2co) 
 in the Kldoma ravine by the Masai; Mr. Aiiihcw 
 Dick killed by them on the Uganda roai', 
 
 2C1 N'ov. ,. 
 Uganda railway act passed, 14 Aug. 1896 ; iinigies.'. 
 
 ilig ; station at MiiMib,is,-l . . . Se|il. ij,; 
 
 Unyoro iiiadi a liritish luotectorate ; the imiil to 
 
 Victoria N,\ uiA'i completed . . . M.'iirli. ., 
 Revolt inthi'iiudilu district. 2u.luly: king 51 'wan.'.-, 
 defeated by major Tcniaii at Ki.-uiL'o. 24 ,bil\ ; 
 again at M.-iiongo, 28 July ; .Mr. Giant's fnn'i' 
 attacked, rebels diixeii iitl', 21 Aug.; M'waii^a 
 surrcndeiH to the Germans, aliout . 26 M\'. , 
 
UG.».NDA. 
 
 linstlio Pioti'stniita; niilcr rcsturcil at 
 "Ut ju Marc'li ; tin.' ccunimn.v jiiidc mi- 
 
 "ti'il 27 .Inly, 1; 2 
 
 1 Eiist AtVioa cDiiiiniiiy acci'iits tli" 
 ]»irl (jf till' pivcninii'iit in licisliiDiiinj; 
 tioii of Unaiiilari'dni u Di'C. iSg.?, tu ;i 
 I) • • • . " . . T <l(t. ^, 
 
 1 nrrivos in Lomlon (capt. Williiiiii^ 
 
 riiaiiii) 4 (let. 
 
 a and tljc native Cliristians in I'^iaiida 
 ;iiiii.st liritisli t'vaouatiun (16 June) n ■ 
 
 (1(1. ,, 
 
 u of Uganda strongly ailvix.atcil iit 
 'lie meetings . . 5 Nov. If -(./. ,, 
 I'.s io|)ly to French cliarges agiunst 
 
 i li.c. „ 
 
 ington'.s remains fonnil ami internil in 
 lurdi.liishnp Tiieki'r present ; ji Di.e. „ 
 lissinn, heaileil t.y ,sir CiTalilVortiil, 
 'gniida I'l'ii Monili;isa, i .Ian. 1R93; lie 
 Mengo, 17 Mareli, and is reeeiveil liy 
 20 March ; engages the SonduneM' 
 leaves capt. Macdonald in coniiiiiniil 
 
 early April, ic"„j 
 
 I East Africa company evaeuales 
 
 :ii March, „ 
 
 iiitli and cnpt. W. II. Williams arrivi. 
 ; the conijiany's olllcer.i and .slinv.s 
 hy gnveriunent . . i^ Mav, „ 
 wei'H Mahomedans and r'liii>li,'in 
 peeling escajied slaves . Ajiril, „ 
 if .MulionnMlans,. joined liySelini li. y ; 
 ies and Protestants nniled nn.lVr 
 maid defeat and expid the insnrgenls 
 a, the Soudanese reniainiTig laitldi;!, 
 
 17 .lone, (,«.,. „ 
 ken prisoner 20 June, and dies in 
 
 Aug. „ 
 
 aid reports peace in Vganila, 25 .\Mg, ,, 
 ■tal airivc's at Zanziliar, 22 Del, lEi;;; 
 •:ngland with Mr. H. Kodd 4 Nov:; 
 ondnn .... 27 .\c:v. „ 
 Iniinstratr.) arrives in Uganda 4 Nciv. ,, 
 ig of Unyorn, an aggressive »liive 
 vl\ defeated aljout . . i-, IVe. ,. 
 
 liy Major < )"'en 4 l-'eli. ; lie leaves I. r 
 .March; in I.omlcin . . 5 .lain', i;.4 
 
 (ierald Torlal, 25 .Jan. ; his"ri-|ierl 
 
 Ajiril, „ 
 
 'y announces a future liritisli |.ie- 
 I.' Ajirii, ,, 
 
 for exjienses ... I .llMie, ., 
 
 ate fornially announced in the ;.i.ii//.,ii 
 June ; proclaimed at Mengo witli 
 
 2QAllg. „ 
 
 ortal s mission to Uganda " pnhli.sliol 
 
 ,lmi.-, „ 
 sault on Fort Iloinia reiiulsed Ia 
 loll and garrison . . end Sept. „ 
 Colvile arrives in London ; ii'imrti 
 26 March : his Imnk pul.li>lied, n.-t, i;.j 
 ) E. I., lierkeley (iv,,iii /aii/iliar)ii|i- 
 iiiiissioner ol' Uganda, Arc. ahmit 11 
 's at Kainjiala . . . .>4 Au^'. . 
 CCS annihilated, reported . 1 5 Aug. ., 
 
 II govc. 11111. cut caiavan | arty (ijto) 
 iia ravine liy the Ma.sai ; Mr. Ainliiw 
 
 by tliem on the Uganda roai', 
 
 2(i N'ov. „ 
 y act passeil, 14 Aug. 1896; lirogies.^- 
 
 at Mnmliasa . , . Xei.t. 1;.; 
 
 I British iirotectoratc; the ivwil lo 
 !n?a coinjdeted . , . Miircli. ., 
 "iudilu disi 1 ict. 20 July; klngM'wan^T. 
 
 ma.jor Ternaii at Kiango, 24 Jul.v: 
 iiongo, 2S .Inly ; Mr, (iiant's fnin' 
 'l.els diiveii oil', 21 Aug.; M'«aiij;a 
 o the Gi_'nnans, ahuut . 26 All;,'. ,t 
 
 <'lio\va, infant son of AI'h.oh^T"! \ TT 
 
 nigimcy at Mei,..', *•"' """'" "^"'K "'itli „ 
 
 Nuii.lane.s.. lr„„|,s (Xm,!,,,,,,;,,,,.,,;, . • • Nov. ,8„ 
 c.V)ieditinii, 11,1,1, .,. „,,,j,,|. ',.„"■"', ' , *-" ""!' iin 
 «>.d delimit the hou V ,,'.""';• , " "^I'l"'-' 
 ll«'d hy Ireatv (,Bg • m, i . "" "''''■"' "Mn're 
 
 Kert l.nhuas, i,', L'.s.i , 'i, '.' .^, l'^.'',".''-' • ^3 .Sept. „ 
 
 puTison toll iiti,..i.i V, . ■, "'■^'""''""■-" 
 
 Tlmrstoii, .Mr. N ' is ,'„ '„V''i'-i,"'".i"'' A. ]!, 
 |H.'.s.sacred hy tlM.ni, 5 "t ."'I,, •/'•/)'■ '^"■"l 
 ;.v .niUor Ma,alo„,,,i's' ,;;,!,;; ' 'l' ''■■ ^-»iege,l 
 
 c^i!:;'^-„!is':^:v,:^r"""--' -rol^ ^di::7 
 
 *v™ ,0 houiV light, heavy lo,,. on both"?sid'';i; " 
 
 Sir Arthur Ifanlintrn revi,,,-. . , i" .Vov.' ,, 
 
 troopsalliavin, ^ ^"■"'^ '">"' Su'i'laiies,, " 
 Siiviiral engagi.m,.nts ii,,i,i' m " , • '7 .N'ov. 
 
 'K-i;r;nS;;:;^i;;t,^;:[f;--y-nd,;^^;;^i •■ 
 
 ^by imyor Alac.hmaid i, , ,\'i,u, ■ ' '"•■* ^'"'^'^ >"<'UA 
 Tlie mutincirs e.scap,. ri,,m (,„t'i„i' '9 ''an. iSn, 
 '""1 <'ro.ss the M|. .■..'.' •'•'»■'■'<. 9 Jan., ■' 
 5lac,lonald ami eapt'. II , Hso, .''i''''^"'' '?• ■"•'.i"r 
 
 llgl'tiiig,<'apt, .\|.u,,,^,'.'^ ', : '■'! i'tler s,.vero 
 
 i-,3.reu.,sh,ssaii;;;t;'l,l^,»;-;;;;i;.Hn.ish 
 "■biairiu^it^iy-''-^- •"-'"-' ;-".,chn.ifii,!;;'!;; ■• 
 
 N™™ilway(,«.i,,i,,,,/,,,,,,,;,,, ^,^_,_-..,.Ma,.c,, „ 
 
 Ml i.cH<,d,.y^ ^..Ili^V.!;:;:; - ;;;™t,&c Marci:: „ 
 
 l;ala.o,t«,th great ceremony, cJuuu;;':,/^!;;;;; 
 
 . UHLANS, the Gonn!.,, k„ee;s vcrv'eff ," 
 in the war in i8;o, ""iters, ^crj eflcetiye 
 
 siilo of the Dni,.,cr i',l , ■ '';';'"- "'^' «''^t 
 
 wMecouptrv ssi'^^atjin' ''"i "f ' ''''»' 
 
 ot'liarlition i/, i;,)^ "^^ '" ^'"'*"'' 'O' tlic treaty 
 
 ULM, in Wilrteiuhorir, S. Gcnn-in,- , i 
 
 nH( V. lost Ji, „! nii; 7, '•, ,!''?• ^'y "'"•'' t''-^''le- 
 
 ■Austrian army, ,-.,0 th t'^S ' "r/'"' '\T'?' "' "'•' 
 '""It Tr-Uuj' tin si, .; -,-^V ^'",'.''',""'<l'''l was 
 
 I'^U with great n.iici,;.,/'''''i'l''.'''''' ^\"^'- 
 
 30,201. ^ "J"UUie;,. 1\,,,„1.,„„„^ ,<,,^^^ 
 
 ULPIIILAS'S ETBLE, sec under m/e. I 
 
 »Vearl "f nstcr' , I., '( '\'^"''" '''' < '""'''.V "as 
 
 -'Waller dclhiVih/'i X""r''''-'f^- 
 
 1-beth, married i-ioiudl't,,;^ I^ ,1 1::;^ u'' 
 
 Imite o.t ,,"',,; ' I'>"'«i<illen, ami others I 
 
 "' i' Imn received V I ' ' '"".^'"ing; tenant 
 i"Mlii,e of occujianey. A modilied Ibnu | 
 
 'i'ii'^ ri.sTi.-i.( I',.. _ 
 
 'I'lK.sr™;,,';;;^;-^:;;;';;;'.^!;;;)^;-! 3 A,,n met at 
 tbe purj.os,.. ■2„v„,|,',.!,, ,'*-,'"""'"" ""•'■ted f„r 
 "l;"""us, lr,„„ ,, , ,,a,.K ,7;"," " ,^""""<elas.s,.s ami 
 
 '"."■>■ p,.,s„„s, were .;,.,, ' I, '", '; • »•'"' "''Uiv 
 
 '"■uiguilli,. ,.|,,,j,. ■) ' "' ■ ","■ duke of Al,er,.nr, 
 ».',"" e, earnest . , m,. ■ ' ":r"'f' "'"'•'' "'i re „r " 
 ""'King „f ,,„,, o s^i;,';]^''"n^"'"^'>'""'"' "" 
 
 i'Wan.l in np|,„„ri„, ,„ ,' " ' '■"•'i Hrit.iin ami 
 .;7M-epass,.,|,',i',,„„„'„,';,J; "'^' ■-'■heme l„r honie rule 
 
 •''■^"■■- "—• i-'-^.guJforme,l(2,ooo/. ,„„. 
 
 2 Aut;. 189J 
 
 erry, 
 ' signatures 
 dime, 
 
 ,V •^■'M■:^t,;ll^ll,,:^;;'' !■''!• '■ •'""•; i)err.v: 
 
 «-i;;:r;a'ii,,i,^:;';;,'-,'7a/.-.K[ngsi^-'- 
 ,;'!:^hig'ntii:;;t!'^''"'--:in^:K:.i.!!^^ 
 
 «,k:i,;-';u,^;^:!;f ■;''-■■ i^-i-.;, si^^.^'t ''» 
 ;i;:^-'-^^-n,:,v;;;,&:";-3' ^ ' 
 
 I ^'^'I'dauV,'^;:;^^^';; ;r^:;l.,^' »- n,ar,„ii« o. 
 """■'■I' i'iist of about 1, ' ^'"'"' ""'■'• « 
 
 ■iddnss ; all el' si .,',""" '"''■'^'^"■S gives an 
 
 ' ..■.April ;'lenv„s"-''-'-'^ "'"' ^■'■'■'■'i.s n.pivsente," 
 
 "n,;li!!:;;,,:;-;i,:;'-^.[^'ij^l;"p;gn.a,^,;^f:;:: •• 
 ''^debnl'i;^t';;:f;^'"-;'j'-tio„,?i,^j;p -. 
 
 i-Si^i^s^if^Ts (fr,.;, jtll, 
 
 ' (Jallican ,. „„.,.l, v ' ', " ""' ''''•'I""' of thb 
 ; h"Il.s, and espiri 1 '.''','"■''" ■'"■'■'/'■'■'' ''.Warious 
 
 /jtoi. uitral,,mits\ ';:;;::'T'''''''i'5Juiy, 
 '-" '>«^ <#'•-/ intaiiibiiijy^iifit t;: A^;™'- 
 
 .8?iiS?^K;;:;;:!:;;,s;i''l^)f--.on4j.,.y, 
 
 t"<"lly ,U.|e;„ed n ,' . ? , ^ 'Vljf "' P' ace, ,,^ero 
 
 ! ^' «'vere contli.t. f'apt \v "a 'h. 1 '"^'f'- """• 
 
 ! "'Ill ') men were kill,., .„]■-"' '" I'imeer.s, 
 
 British xvcre 1,3 ' i'''''''.V<"»'''i'l<''l. Tl, ' 
 
 >^ulus, whoen . ,eK., .."■"l"'" '"""•0 by th 
 
 - Jho 
 
 •I.", who emelonedoii'rh'n "'"'" '■"'""" l).V the 
 
 I-'' 'l'''''HHl,'Mhe;u vlLv-'lVvwr''''^'"'''^? 
 , "iidroutcdlivcivih-v n ' > "erejmrsnoa 
 
 I »'"! the Zulus displ./v. :,.'""'■'' """■';, ,Hn„nes3 
 
 ''""'1 to s,Te'n i 1 i," "•' r"'''y '." " V^'^^ou-s 
 L'.nlu-elias a p ea i, 1 ""'""* '■"'" <"' '"'at." 
 Mebuhr saw' " ,'.1 \, , ""■'"-^ '" '"'■'•■■'epolis. 
 
 ^'''•'■lla''an'i' , s4^''i';;y'^,''''"''^^''^''-'^ 
 
 the Cliinese slm.l,: | v 'k,, V ^-'"''aware slio„-.s 
 ""■ ti'-st person ..,e',''T '^ '' T"^ "'"' 
 
 ""•nvav,wh,;.l!;:,ii,i",-:;r ""-• ''^•""volcnt Jonas 
 
 ''p."sn^ri^.;!(;:^':-,;;;''';-^ 
 
 brou-lit fro,,, V...,;,, ,„,,'', '"" ■" "» unil.nH..,. whi.l, 1„, 
 <" bimself use I 1 I'e,',,.' ;.■.',',';,, '"" »,"l' ••.'".voniforr, 
 why .Inin vol, g,:, .,,.',. ,V'l, '-' ""V ■ Frenchman ! 
 and eliairmen ,?..,,. ,.,,,, ,V,„s .„ .'.';';,''"">■-.'"■■,"■'""'■" 
 
 t'-kn,,,ui,i:^ir,;r';,!;'';;;;-;-'ii-, till .hey 
 
 bogau to tisc theirs; aud then U% En^lQc' '";^''^'' 
 
 
 i'>-'^,i.>'f' 
 
 1 1 ;•! ■ 
 
 t M 
 
UMBRIA. 
 
 1148 
 
 UNION OF CALMAR. 
 
 Mr. Hniimc^l Kcix, liu(>iiti)r of tliii lidllow-ntocl parnjtoii 
 IVaiiii', Htriiiih', lixlit. mill I'lastin, ImvliiK iiiiuli' ii Kri'iit 
 rnrtiiiii', I'Siii'i'iiillyiil IJlli'lii Kninci'.ilii'il 25 (■'el). 1887. 
 
 Ill 1885 Mr. (ilml.slu'nc'.s iinlltical iiriitjruiiiiiio wii» tuniii'il 
 his luiihnllii, by Innl l(iisi'lnTy. 
 
 UMBRIA, "11 aiicicMit division of Italy, wcat of 
 Elniriii, tiiially Hiilijiigitcd liy tlio llniiiaiiM at 
 >ScMtiiiiim {ir/iir/i «(), 21)5 H.c. For the sti'aiiKT 
 L'liiliriii, Bt'u fiti(i)ii KiK/iiir, 1^1)2-3. 
 
 UNCLAIMED MONEY, &c., a pamphlet 
 with this title, liy Mr. Kilward I'reslori, was puli- 
 lished ill liHM3,<lesrrilies »i.\ elaaaesaml recdiiiiiieiiiU 
 le^rislatiiiii to fiieilitate publieatiou for the beiielit 
 of elaiiiiaiita. 
 
 1. — Dividi'iicls oil KoviTiiiMcnt, Enat India and Colonial 
 .stni'ks {ppviMiniu'iit Btciciis 4 Jan. 1887, 537,815/.). 
 
 2. — l>ividi'iids nl' c'liiiiiiiiit's, siiritlus assets in liank- 
 rii]itcy, \'c. 
 
 3.— .\rniy and navy iirizi'-inniiey. 
 
 4. - l''iiiids ill cliai ry {jS I'Vb. i886, 77,677,58i(.). 
 
 5. — Iiili'states' I'states in tliii United KiiiKdoiii, India, 
 and till' ciiliinii's. 
 
 6. — lli'liosils in liankafineliiiliiiK platp, jpwi'lli'ry, &c.). 
 Mr. Sidiii'y U. rri'stnn piililislii'd ainiilar ri'lnriia in the 
 
 Times, 2i Auk. 'Sgu, 8 Oct. 1892, ami 22 An;;. 1896. 
 
 " UNCLE TOM'S CABIN," a story by 
 
 Mrs. H. lieeeher-Stowe (horn, 1812, died, I July, 
 lH()()), pulilished in portions in 11 newsjiaper in 
 icSio; conipU'te in March, 1X52; setting lurlli li.t' 
 evils of iR'jjro slavery. The sale was eiiornious, 
 and the tranalationa numerous, and it greatly 
 eontributed to emancipation. The Itev. Josiah 
 Henson, the original " I'licle Tom," was received 
 by tlie queen ut Huekiiigham palace, 2 March, 
 187;, anil was muidi benefited by Ilia vi.-,it to 
 Uritain r he died ,May, 1H83, aged 93. 
 
 UNCTION, EXTUKME, see Amiiiliiig. 
 
 T'NDULATORY THEORY of Lioiit, 
 
 8ii]i|)iiscs a iirogressive wave-like motion between 
 tin' eye and the luminous body seen. It is said to 
 havebecii suLCgested by Francisco Grhiialdi about 
 iWiv and was propouiided by Robert llooke and 
 Ihnghens, about 1(>72 ; oppn'sed by Newton ; but 
 eoiilinucd bv Thomas Young by e.\periments in 
 1*11, and in now generally ado]ited. "Die Wellen- 
 lelnv auf Kxperii.iente gegriiudet," by Kriist and 
 WiUi'dm Weber, publialied in 1825; see Emixsion, 
 and Light. 
 
 UNEMPLOYED, see under liiots, 188O-7, 
 nnd Muiisttiii Jloiinf I-'uikIk, 1886. 
 A plan for iiroviding work ]irnposi>d by tlip bisliops of 
 
 l.oiiilnii, Eiodicstcrand licil ford, cardinal .Manning, Mr. 
 
 .'^purgcun and .Mr. Hcaiicy Nov. 1886. A conlVrcnee 
 
 of poor-law gnardiaiiB at Exeter Ilall declare that 
 
 there is no exceptional distress in the country 8 Dee. 
 
 18S6. 
 Disoiilerly deinonstr.itiona of so-called iiiiein]doyed in 
 
 1 lull early Oct. 1887 ; conference at Memorial Hall, 
 
 lord llerscliel in the chair 5 Dee. 1887. 
 Deputation (not nnaninions) to lord .>:jaliabury recoiii- 
 
 niemlint,' imblic works, impiiry, and registration, 
 
 state-aided emiiiration and repression of alien ]iaiipei 
 
 ininiiKraiits i Fidi. i883. 
 Lord niavor de Keyser, aided by the earl of -Meath and 
 
 rev. liarry .loni's, puts forth a sclicnie for cin]iloy- 
 
 iiieiil of t'lie Londiai poor in making ojieii spacei-, 
 
 gardens ami recreation gronnda with due stipulations 
 
 (2o,<<x5/. wanteil) 'J'imi:i 22 Dee. 1887. 
 The tlardeiiB and i'leaaiire liroiiiids Fund started (see 
 
 under Afiinsi„H //uii.sr) about 24 Dec. 1887. 
 The selieiiie in action reporteil [lartially siieeessf'iil Aug. 
 
 1888. 
 Meeting of tlio nnemplovcd at Tower hill, led by Mr, 
 
 I'ower (after an attempt at the Koyal Exeliaiige), 4 
 
 Oct. i8go. 
 Attempt in .'^t.' I'aul's Churchyard, Power arrested, 11 
 
 Oct. 1890. 
 
 .Meetings at TowiM- hill renewed, 8 Aliril r( sen. 1892, ,ii,, 
 
 at Tiafalt'ar-.H.piare, 5 Nov. 1893. 
 
 Mee l'li(iiiiiii-h(nise (for the niieniplnyed), iSq.'. 
 Letter from tliii rov. Saiiinel A. Harnett, _ Mr. f^y\:\.'\ 
 
 Ihixton, .M.I'., and 15 others, snggestiiig a Bysle ,1 ' 
 
 relief, t'iiittf, 2(| Dec. i8g2. 
 Circidar issued to local authorities, by the local Crvera 
 
 iiient buard, reeoiiiiiiending the setting lip ivl.,/; 
 
 works, 2 (let. iBoj. 
 Manilesto issued by the ri'iitral niieiniiloyod oruauisi, 
 
 lion committee, stating that there are nearly m 
 
 iiiiliion iiiiemploycd in the United Kingdom, deiiii.i:;, 
 
 inn legislation for the exehision of foreit;n"i's. ;,-,. 
 
 vention of sweating, amendiiient of tho pour \:v.m, 
 
 Kiiinls lor public works, itc, 29 Oct. 1891. 
 Conferenco resiieeting the lummployed, at the Mii;,: 
 
 house: llie lord mayor, bishop of l.oinlon, .M,l' ., 
 
 Cardinal Vaiiglian, the chief rabbi present; a i ,. 
 
 niittee lor relief appointed, 31 Oct. 189J. 
 Meeting of between 2000 and 30CX) men on Tower 1; li, 
 
 12 Dec. 1891. 
 Disorderlv iirocession and meeting at Trafalyar si|u,i »; 
 
 .Mr. .1. Williams the leader, 3 Feb. 1894. 
 The works at the Aldiey iiiiUa, West Ham, of i-,,;, -^ 
 
 siiuied through liberal subscripti"iis, Feb,; o|, r,. 1 
 
 suceeaslul. Dec. 1P94 ; work resumed, MaiTli, 1 .,;, 
 .Select eoiumittee of the commons appoinle.i ,,i! 'J, 
 
 unemployeil ; ,Mr. ('aiiipbell-liaiini'mian, elia:ni,,i 
 
 ij Feb.;' interim report, 11 .March; 31'd repmi, i : , 
 
 recommendalions, isaiieil July, 1895; liiial i,; -. 
 
 issued, I'Vb. 1896 ; cominiltei) reappoinliMl, .Mr. T. W, 
 
 Uussell, cliairiiian, 17 April, 1896. 
 .Metrii]iiilitan visiliiig and relief association lar.'-.y 
 
 siipiinrteil ; the queen K'ave 250/. Feb. 1893. 
 Xninber of iiaiipers registered in I.ondon 2111I wwk ,1 
 
 Feb. 144,116; 37,623 excess of 1894. 
 
 UNIFICATION, see Lomloii. Mareli, in,;, 
 t! ncij. .Mr. John Leigliton's ingenious plan 1;.. 
 lished, 1 81)5. 
 
 UNIFORMITARIANS, see Confumif,,. 
 
 UNIFORMITY ACTS. That of 2 & x EJ. 
 ward VI,, is Jan, l,S49, ordained that thi' iii'il.r -if 
 divine worship, drawn up by Craniucr and ^ti.lr^ 
 " with the aid of tlie Uolv "Ghost," ,shoiild i.c ::.-■ 
 only one used after 20 .May. The peiuiltii ■ : r 
 refusing to use it were tine and iniprisdimu;:'. 
 This act waa contirmed in 1552; repealed liy .Mary, 
 1554; and re-emicted by Kllzabetli in lyS'l- !■•■ 
 ai't of Uniformity, l4Cliarles II. e. 4, was jias^i'liii 
 l6()2. It enjoined uniformity in inattersorn'lii:i'r, 
 and obliged all ci uy to subscribe to tlie tliirli- 
 nine articles, and use the same form of wui>li;,i, 
 nnd same book of common nrayer. Its enfoni'iiMl 
 on 24 Aug. I()()2, termed Ulack liartholomew'slit, 
 caused, it is said, upwards of 2000 ministers teijjl 
 the church of Knglaiid. This diiv was eoimuini)- 
 rated by dissenters in 1862, The .\ct of L'liifuniiity 
 Amendment act, wliereby shortened services were 
 authorised, and otlier changes niiide, was pii.iSfillJ 
 Jiilv, 1872. The Uniformity of I'ran'KsntX.'AA 
 mailo many law changes, was passi'd 23 .May, iSj.', 
 
 UNIFORMS. Military uniforms were l;r;l 
 used in t'rance, "in a regular niaiim'r'ty 
 Louis XIV. about 1668, In England the iiiiil'ra 
 waa aoon afterwards adojited in the military si-rviif, 
 but with little analogy to the muderu ilri'ss, ite, 
 under Xdii/. 
 
 UNIGENITUS, see Bull. 
 
 UNINFLAMMABLE SALTS. .M ili 
 British Association, 15 Sept. l8-;(), M .M , VrMp 
 nnd Oppenheim announced their discovery tial( 
 fabrics steeped in solutions of tuiigstate of soAi, 
 sulphate or phosphate of ammonia, Imrii witktl 
 tiame. 
 
 UNION CHAPEL, see under Jslinuhiu. 
 
 UNION OF CVLMAU, 13')" ; of Utrecht, ij;^ 
 
UNION OF CALMAR. 
 
 rowi'f hill rcMiiwiMl, 8 April et len. 1E93, ar,.; 
 ir-s.|imri.', 5 Nov. 1893. 
 iriiijhlimiiie (for tlio \iiii'iiiployccl), i8q;. 
 till! niv. Siimuul A. Itaniclt,^ Mr. Sjiln.v 
 I.I'., iinil 15 iillium, .siiKp'tliiiK 11 nysir j ',\ 
 It. jg Dec. 1892. 
 
 ii'il to kiciil iiiitliorltii'rt, 'iiy tin- locil u^vcTn- 
 ril, ri'foninifiiiliiiK tlio siitliiiK up ivl.ff 
 ii'l. iSqj. 
 
 (tiic'il fiy tlio criitrftl iiti(Mii|ilnyoil oraimi^j. 
 iiittoe, HtatiiiK tlmt UiiTi' iirii iieiuly nvj 
 etiiployed in the L'liili'il KiiiKiloiii, lU'tiiai;!. 
 itiiiri fur the (ixi'lusioii iif furi'inn'Ts, ;p. 
 ' sweating', nnionilmriit of llie pour laiij, 
 pnlilic works, \c., 29 Oct. 1891. 
 ospi'Ctiiin tlio unoinpliiyoil, iit llin M:ll:^i 
 1! lord mayor, liisliop nl' I.oinloii, .M.r, ,, 
 '■|iiiKliaii, tlin cliii'f riiliiji prusciil; a i, ; . 
 ri'lii'f appoiiitcil, 31 Oct. iSgj. 
 lotweuii 2000 anil 3000 men on Towor !, ;,, 
 
 nii'os.sinn ami mcotiiiK at Trafalj;arsi|ii,i .■; 
 Hams tin* li'Jiili'r. t Ki-li. iBq4. 
 I thu Ablicy mills, Wosl flam, of r ,.,■■. 
 ■iMit;li lilicral siiliscriplh'iis, Ki'h. ; i.|.i:. 1 
 , lice. 1P94 ; wiirk ri'smnoil, Maii'li, 1 ,,:, 
 
 Ilittl'O of till! CnmmollS Hppuilltl'ii nl! '.!,. 
 
 •il ; Mr. CamplitilMlaiimiiiuiii, cliaiiiij', 
 iitcrim rciiort, 11 Marcli ; snl rcpuii. ij 
 ilatioiis, issiii'il July, 1895; liiiiil ivj".: 
 li. 1896; I'ommittou ri'appuiiitHil, .Mr. T, W. 
 lainnaii, 17 April, 1B96. 
 1 visitiiin a:iil roliof associatioii liirj;*;)- 
 ; till' ipu'iMi iiuvti 250/, Fob. 1895. 
 liaupors ri'tlistoroil in I.umluii 2111I wcA .1 
 16 ; ,17,623 excess of 1894. 
 
 CATION, SCO Loiiihn, Munli, iv,;, 
 . joliU lA'ij^litoii's iiiguiiious plan [i, . 
 
 IRMITARIANS, see CoiUhmi/;/. 
 
 •RMITY ACTS. Tlmt of 2 & ? f,]. I 
 SJaii. 1 549, orilaineil tliat the (iriTr J | 
 liip, (Innvii lip by Crnmnor ami iitlm- 
 aid of the Holy Uhost," slioiild i,(. ::, 
 180(1 after 20 May. Tin' poiialtio 1 r | 
 1 1190 it were tine iiiul imprisdiiimii!. 
 IS I'oiifinneil in 1552; repi'alcd liy .M;irt, 
 re-eimctoil by Kli/abotli in IS.S'I. Tie 
 innily, i4Cbarlo3 II. e. 4, was pasicliii 1 
 njoiiu'il uniformity in matters of 'vlifK.-, I 
 1 all i-.i i_'y to subscribo to tlio tliir:;- 1 
 .'s, mill u.se the same form of wmsb, 
 ook of ooiiiiiioii nrayor. Its onfononitBt | 
 
 l6()2, termed lilaek liartholiiim'\v'<.ljv, 
 8 said, upwards of 2CXX) ministers liii,;j|j 
 
 of Eiij;iaiul. This dav was I'luiiin.!:;: 
 s.senters in 1862. The Act of I Jiil'nn!.;:; I 
 t net, whereby shortened serviics wirij 
 
 and other changes made, was pas*JiSJ 
 
 The Ciiiformitij of I'mrosii net, whifbl 
 
 ,• hnv changes, was passed 23 .May, iSj;. | 
 
 )RMS. Military uniforms were fcll 
 
 •'ranco, "in a "regular mainiM'iyr 
 
 . about 1O68. In England the uiiiiml 
 
 'forwards adopted in the militiiry sirviif.r 
 
 ttlu analogy to the modern dress. iie| 
 
 '/• 
 
 ilNITUS, ece Mil. 
 
 FLAMMABLE SALTS. At ilil 
 wciation. 15 Sept. I.S^i), M.M.\irai„pl 
 ihoiiii announced their disoovcry ibt| 
 jpod in sidutions of tungstalc of sulif 
 r iihosphato of ammonia, liurn withittl 
 
 ^ CHAPEL, see under Jsliiititm 
 ^ OF CALM.UI, I3()7; of Utrecllt, Ij, 
 
 '7')'j 
 
 iSoo 
 
 rXION OK E.VdLAMi \vi. u 
 
 tlio :in.cssion of .la^, V,^ f s .^ ,„^; ' '■'' V^'" ^'> 
 iO:i^;lan,l, 24 .March /x T 1 '■ '," .•'"""" ' 
 
 oftl.e.wokhi.do,„'\riin. In';'-''':" '■'''''''■' 
 ti'iiipted, but tailed in /«i, ,;,;-"""") ,»■"< "t- 
 ';fA'"'".''-nn,is,i rsw-,: ,;;;,• '"""■'•!'ip> 
 
 .1.7-ed and, nutwitlistanili,''"' •, ';;,;' ''''r'*'^ 
 made by the 'I'on,.,, ,,^,,,.^^ ,,( 1, - '" "l'|i"sitinii 
 
 »ir"Vedbya.,va(n,a,,;W 'i.', il,;,''!'"'' """ 
 
 ' "i""S Mini allerwards i,v 1 ,. ""';;'' '' 
 
 rrob: was ratllied by t lo. ^,„,V ,' "'7: " ''"iv. 
 
 ^^'r;'^";-" -"-• •■ Mh;;-".!;;::^^::;:'"' '^ 
 
 ortJ:^^'2^^;',^^•^■'''"<■^■•v'^A^„JHK,:.„. 
 
 Til,' KllKlisli llollseorcr)iiiimiii,j!,„.r ' ' ''"' 
 
 it. .5. 2j, and is'iv" 'X!:,'; "'" """■"• 'W'inst 
 LiirilCaslli'i-ca-li ,|,.(,-ii||,,| I,!., ;,,„„ ■,. ,, ■ 
 li.e Irish lion.se ot |/,nlV', ;,'^'''';, ''»''■''' b. 
 .i,,,,s,,f,,a.lh.i.ishpai^ia::;;;'^!,V''''--^ 
 
 ;:;" !'vi ' ; d';;;^r:-'!f '" ■:■ '^' "''^"^ 
 
 Tlii'fi.msi'sot o . ,7 .■'•rV'-'''''^'-'* ^■■^''■b 
 li."t.iia,it with ,:,'. ';';;^, "•;''' "■' tbelnnl 
 
 T!„.ar| passed in the 1, sl.li ',"''• ^ ■^'"'■■l'. 
 i"llienntishp,„li,.nMcii|' '■•"' ■ "'"' 
 
 The iaipi'iiul niiitid sL-ind-ir,! ii,'.i r ,=••'"'>■. 
 
 Hal' .Lslh' ill ',■!„■' i '""'"■'' .l"»-or, 
 
 '■•'iimi.'ai,np,:,'ativ, V-lw '•"''^''"i*" iii,i„„ |,,. 
 
 F'r iitt.iip,. to ,/;.„„., uu. iniion, «„: ,1^;^^^ 
 
 'Slll^ir" '^""^^""■•lau'le «,,„„f, f,,„„„„; 'S86 
 
 UXTON JACK. Theori.nn'i' ul'Vr'' :^^' 
 was the h;iniior of St (h- ■• ? , •"- "^''''Kl'md 
 
 I.e., wh fe with a dia-ou'il ,• *■ ^ "'™k, 
 
 ".;:;«-it).iM.„d';;;n:-;U';l^--,StXf"- 
 .e^^io^J?t^Sffi^j^./r'7- 
 
 rolievingtlio poor in unio is -.r,, i' "''^'' '"'' 
 1S6,5. Onenbiect of,) "act is i ',-'"'''' '" •'"'"'■ 
 ttedwcniiigs^lfagricintii^Uabouro;"""''"'""""'"^ 
 -iS^«<^^^/;^^ACTpj.sodin,86^^ 
 cmaiti unionsto !d,f li ', ':^' . .1'. ,"/, «"'"-'hans of 
 extraordinary ox,,,',nlitn,,f,'';r'y'' '" !"''''' *''« 
 
 i8oi 
 
 ^H^^^^dIoxodom. 
 
 .__nXlT, a gold coin, valne20.,.,i,H,u.dby Jmnesl. 
 
 ' i^iffri'iid!-:;::;;,::: ,|.i;;"r 
 ''v;'t;.,i-;;i!:r!^L,i':n'r^ 
 
 '''""■■'li't^.nentor ,;,,., ''"''''''''i'.'l'ein'ed 
 ■^'■'■il'tnros. Mirlnel S •, ' ''' "''I'H'ili"!! of tlio 
 
 ■''''•''•^'•-"ent,;/! :i,^ ;.;-|;'-'i]!':'i;uiactindis: 
 
 ;';"'■' ""■ >n:'gisl,at OS t . -n , i'"'''"' ^'^''^i"' "'- 
 
 'l^'^pn''"VV and iH'csy'C' 1^'''':" 'I '■''■■''■*■''• "f 
 ''■"■' 'lis oi,ini„ns w,. '^" """• "•edising to re- 
 
 wiiici,sei,„',;:!\'^;;!iV;;''""ed to ,!„,„„„„!, 
 
 '.V.?' 'S'l'Volus i ,1 en "■^"'■""r". 2; M.'iy 
 llilslswbo iiiid,,th ., ' ■""""?-' "i"'^o aiiato. 
 
 I I'-^lmdtliat doctrine \I. ',';"''■ "^"'Vey cstab- 
 
 i '" -N-'-nvich for ' .rtin . ' -'7'""""" "'"' '""'nt 
 
 '''■ti":l,..liine;V'''",,V;' •■'■''•'''''' ''■'•«"" 
 
 ™"^ ■•> Tr"i„s,iv;i,i ill I,. "-,';"""' r''" ""■"«.- 
 
 '■".'":• '," '•^''^'l^md alio ■^x, '.,,'■'■"""■> ; ""T 
 ';;''K:'""1 I-:ii.:;lish presi yt .;. .^: ""' "1"'^ "'' "'^' 
 
 I ''"'■"■i""'^ alM.ut !-•-■';' '■'""■' lies Im'c e. 
 
 1 ""■ '"''■''"i"ti ae'tf',S,-T ''''"""*'"'■'"'''■'" in 
 
 j ^'"W'ti".i.s ill Engl ,1 i,-\,s- ''.■."■•''■'■ "'> '■""■ 
 
 "onibletbosi'oftln" \, ,," ?j- . '.'"■"' 'eiiets re 
 
 ! w- '"i'ari;;^^;^..'; ;;»»'""• vico-ebanceiio « 
 
 "'■"■loy'» .'harit • 1 1, ,1 • "' I'"'^'''-'*ion of lady 
 ^If^onu/iJ found' to"' /'? '■',"' .''""'"■>"" 
 
 :-^";;ri^;^;a;i';i''i^;;^'''''^^^ 
 
 <^ April, i,S,J;"""' "'■'f'''-^'"ee meot.s at .Slietlioi.!; 
 
 UNITED BRETHREN, see Jf. 
 
 ortifians. 
 
 T'XTT^-v- , ^ ■"."auiing uistrn'.ts. 
 
 , IMON REPEAL ASSOCTattaxt t 
 
 UVD, see J'u'p,„l of the Uidon^^^'^^^^^ ' ^^'E- 
 
 ;;5^r,,.,2;,sw/..4:^;;-l--;„j-'Wa..d 
 r^£^"Ei:^'n;e!;;s"^;;.'^"'"",- ^"-^ -«.. 
 
 ibe.SS!?i ^L^r'fu fsf't."' ""■■/>■• ''"""" 
 
 ItllfPk'l'tion of the .Il e , \i \ ^ ""'•^' "JvOClltod 
 
 ^^■f.ia:V^^i^ M""tpen..eraa king. See 
 UXIOxVS, see Poor, and r/-ffrf«. 
 IMON GKNERALE, soe^>-««.,, Dec. 1882. 
 
 ' ^'™^'^^,J^^So;i?^^F ¥^«^E. 
 
 tiToiighoiit the w rW I y . , "^ ^''••"'■^'' i"''"«fi-v 
 ''"'•trinos, and subst tuti "^ :«""".-' /'■''" '■•'"'■'' 
 I'"'""'"' Pmdneo. Tl is" .l,' , 'i^fV^'ial tarilf for 
 l^.^- -Mr. Jlofmeyr. was , se hv t'^M '"'' """"'^^d 
 n"J others in Lond ,, 'i C 80,' I'"""' ^■'"■■'•'''• 
 , report by col, H„wa ,1 Went • r .""^ """""1 
 Al^.,r8,2.Seyen,ha„„J^l'?-l;,^^'-— - 
 
 U^S^^^^'J^J^^E^. ^Hitioal society 
 : >"et secretly,'toos lis,. ■;,,"?■'■ Y "'■"•'"■"■J^ 
 i i» TO.v tlloobM W f'Vi r^ actiyo 
 
 ""si^ m'f:;:';^^,,;;:)"'''"'" "^t rfbiishod j,„y .ss,. 
 
 we^')^S.?2'8f.^sffi tW"'' """ «^«'- 
 the British realni wis nam^^^^^ ^'°"'."> iro; ; and 
 on the union I d „d . Ja " l^f"^ ^''""'''"" 
 and article /V'//«/? flThe IWitp,: T, ' "'^" 
 
 The siib..rribed tninifo^n ^V n ■'' "f '■'•''"•'■^■'>^ 5tV/ 
 « page of tt'''S ,lDj:*'''8''.r T"P'«f 
 JStt-S'^a^ft^itK-^Asso^^- 
 better class. annuities to poor persons of a 
 
 !.«;'. ;| 
 
 vil''' 
 
UNil'ED rUKSIlY. CIIUUCII. 1 
 
 160 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 . UNITED PRKSfiVTEUIAXCm'HCII. 
 
 Ill >iotl;iii(l, WM-f loniird li .Miiy, l«4r, 6vu 
 7y«»y/„r,,, ;um1 Hrlnfihinl,. ^' 
 
 UNITKl) I'ltOVIN'C'HS (ir.,llan,l. Zpiilmi.l. 
 I ti-cclit, iTirsl iiul, (iiMiiiiik'i'ii, ()vi'i'V!<si'll, ami 
 (im'lili'i-|iin(l),lli(' (1. piiticsdl' wliicli met 'at Utrcelit, 
 2.? J""i- 157'', 1111(1 »K\uiX II (iL'iity for tliuir mutual 
 deCt'ilcc ; me lliillaii'l. 
 
 UNITED SERVICE INSTITUTION, 
 
 ItoYAI,, W liitcliall, l.diiilaii, initiatfil fis a naval 
 anil military liliiiiry ami miHriini in .Iniw, r.Sji, 
 nanu'il thr Uiiid'.l fSiTvicc In.itiiiiticni in iV ■), ru- 
 ciivfd tlio royal I'liarlcT in i.Sikj. Tlio insliti.tidn 
 lias been warmly .iiiiipurti'il Ijy tlio iluku of Cam- 
 biiilKf ami liy lapt. I) niK'lioy liiiru'os.H, tlio alilo 
 sriirutary. Its mii.siMim I'oiitains maiiv romarkaliio 
 military ami naval relics. 'I'lii.' Icitiiroit (;iven aru 
 roportcilinitH |i,iiriial,\vliirh tirst apiioaivil in iS^- 
 Tlii' institution mot in the Wliitchall Cliapul Kojul 
 (^irliich «r) - Manh, lS.,i. 'I'Ir. ni.niorial stono of 
 the iiinv l)iiil(lin-s was laid liy tlic piinco of Wiik's, 
 (.June, i,S()5; oponuii liy liini, 20 I'd). i«f)5. 
 The Vniled Sn-chr Caile liisl imblisli,..! , Feb, 1833. 
 
 UNITED STATES of AMERICA wore 
 so styloil by tlio ronf;roK3 of tlio rovoltcil liritisli 
 provinces, () Sept. 1776. Tlioir lla^' was declared 
 to be tliii-ti'oii stripes, alternately rod and white 
 and thirteen stars in a l)lm> field, eoiTespondin^' \vith 
 the then miniber of states of the union, 20 June, 
 r-77. There arc now 45 states. The govenimcnt 
 of the United States is a pnru ilenioeraey. Each 
 of the states has a separate and independent legis- 
 lature for the administration of its local nltiiirs, but 
 nil are ruhd in matters of imperial policy by two 
 houses of legislature, the senate, elected" for six 
 years, and the house of rejiresentativos (i^f) 
 members in !8c)i) elected for two years, to which 
 delegates nro sent from the dillerent iiieinber.'iof the 
 oonfederacy. The iire-iileiit of the United States is 
 elected every foprtli year by the free voice of the 
 people. He and his ministers liave no seat in the 
 legislative assemblies. Hig veto may bo nullified 
 by the vote of two-thirds of the bouse. The election 
 of .Vbrahiim Lincoln as president on 4 Xov. 18O0, 
 was followed 'oy the secession of eleven slaveholding 
 states, and led to the great civil war, 18O1-5; see 
 Coiifcilcrates, and below. 
 
 Till, thlrlncn states of tbo iiiiion at flic dcclanitlca. .1 
 liclc|.cii, ciiec In ,7;,',; tlic ilalics Indicate tlic 'li.a 
 slavchoHmg sbilcH ; those with a * pivllxcl „.(.,/,; 
 roia Ihc le, cnil govcriiiiicut in i860 mid 1861. airl 
 wm-cHMli.lic'd In i8'i5, ' 
 
 .New llaiM|ishlrc. 
 JIassachi|.,ctts. 
 Ulcl,. Island. 
 
 I'oiniecticilt. 
 
 .Nciv V(Mk. 
 .Vcw .li'iscy. 
 I'c.iiisylvaiiia. 
 
 !>' hnritrr, 
 Miirnhiiiil. 
 *l'ir'li niti. 
 *.\nrfh t'limrnin. 
 'Smith Ciinilinii. 
 'fliiuyiit. 
 Sec HTiHimti' arlich.i. 
 The rollnwiiig hava been added :— 
 1 Vermont (rniMi .New Voi-ki ... 
 j ■■/'••"".■.«,■,■ (IV.aii North farulliia) , . * . ' ,. ' 
 
 Ani/M,-A7,(|roin Virginia) ' ;'. 
 
 ! O'lumhU, distrlctlnielcrthelimiiediatognveniiniait ' '" 
 I ol I'oiigress) contains \Vasliliigt<jii, llio ««it of 
 I govcrmneiit ... 
 
 i7'X>i 
 
 180,1) 
 
 (lliio(criiateil) .... 
 'Liuiifiiinn (t)oiight from Franco ii 
 
 liidiiinn (create.!) 
 
 'MiH^ii^ililii (IVoni Ocorgia) . " . ' 
 Illinois (civiitc.l) . ..." 
 
 •.l/e/»(i/i.> (Iroiii CJcorgln) .'.'.*.' 
 .Maini'(l'n>iii Massach.isetts) , . . ' , 
 .Wi»e(/-i (from I^oulslaim, , . . . ' 
 *ylrkttti.^im ..,',,, 
 Michigan ■.,.'"' 
 •FhrUa (coded by Hprln, iSio) ;'iiiadl) a state 
 
 ^"fw 
 
 Iowa ' ■ ;,' 
 
 Wisconsin . , . . " . ' c' 
 
 f'alifoniia ' _ * ' ' ':,* 
 
 New Mexico (territory) . .','.* ' " ' ' 
 .U/iiie—f,, (territory, 1840); state '. *. ' '','■'. 
 "/■..7»« (tiMTitory, 1850); state . , ' , '. 
 
 A'(ia.i«,< (territory, 1854); stjitc . . ' ,' 
 
 l.'tah (territory), 1850; state . . , " ' '. 
 
 WashiMgton (territory 1853) ; statu . ' , ' 
 
 Nevada (territory, 1661); state . ' 
 
 Colorado (territory 1861): state . 
 l)a:,otr (territory 1861) ; north and south state' ' ,.: 
 Ari -.-la (territory) .... , 
 
 Idiii.i territory 1863); state ' . ' ' • • '■' 
 Wci' Virginia (from Virginia) ; state . 
 .Montana (torritory 1864); statii , , ' 
 
 .Nebraska fterrit<jry i8i4); state . . . ' ' .' 
 Wyoming (territory 1868) ; state . , ' , 
 
 Alaska (territory) • • 1 
 
 Oklahoma (territory) . , , ' ' ' ' ' ' 
 Hawaii • • ■ . I;, 
 
 Electoral College in 1S72, 'ifii^ "meinbers ■ 4oV,r'vT 
 biiglaiid, 05 for the soiitleM-n .Slates, ij Ibi the iCjii;. 
 .Stjites, 84 for the middle .'itates, and 13, for the 
 western States. " 
 
 I'm 
 1E17 
 
 'MS 
 
 1776 
 1600 
 iSlo 
 1830 
 
 Staves. 
 
 Total 
 . 2,614,300 1840 
 . 896,840 . 5,30),756 i 1850 
 1,191,3(14 . 7,239,903 ! i860 
 2,009,050 . 12,858,670] 
 
 ropi'LATioN. See Shivery in Arwrka. 
 
 Skives. Totiil I 
 
 • 17,069,453! 1870 
 3,204,313 23,191,876' 1S80 
 3,952,801 .31,445,9801890 
 
 Tli^ Census of 1S80 thus classifies the poinilation ; M.alcs, 
 -■5,313,820 ;f'eiiiah's. 24,636,963. Native beni, 43, 475,3.10; 
 foreign bca-n, 6,679,043. Whites, 43,402,970; cohnuvil, 
 
 6,580,793, The rciiiaiiiliig 330,098 are ( posed of 
 
 Indians not in fribid relations and under Uoverniiicnt 
 care, Chinese, and other Asiatics. The Chinese are cstl- 
 iiiateil at 105,613. 
 
 The seiuite is cmiiiiiosciI of 2 rncniliera for e.aeli state, 
 elected for 6 yi-.irs. The rrpnvntntin-si in congress 
 Were foriiieriy eleefi-,! r,ir 2 years in the! ratio of i in 
 93,423 persons (five slaves were c(aiiitcd as tlirec per- 
 sons); but this system eiidcl with the abolition of 
 slavery, lii 1872 the iiuihImt of ivpivseiitatives was 
 raised from 233 to 283, to eoiiimeiice 3 March, 1873, 
 
 Revenue. — 
 Total reivipts, year ending 30 June, 1855, 
 ditto ditl.i 1859, 
 
 ditto diito 1863, 
 
 ditto ditto 7K6fi, 1 
 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 
 llollars. 
 
 65,003,930 
 
 53,4os,o7' 
 
 888,082,128 
 
 273,96o,i;i5 
 
 1875, 284,020,771 
 1877, 269,000,586 
 
 Rivrnne— 
 Total receipts 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 <lilto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 
 year ending 
 ditto ■ 
 ditt« 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 
 BxpcwVitun— 
 Veiir ending 30 June, 1855 
 ditto 18 
 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 
 59 
 1863 
 1866 
 
 1873 
 1877 
 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 
 1884 
 i8S3 
 iSSq 
 
 fJirvrs. 
 
 Tntnl 
 
 no slaves 
 
 ■ 38,555,3;! 
 
 ,, ,, 
 
 • 5o,4i,7,0;7 
 
 I, ,, 
 
 . 62,622,153 
 
 
 Dnll.ii-v 
 
 line, 1S80, 
 
 33:i,52f.'i3 
 
 1S84, 
 
 348,5i5.:fj 
 
 18S8, 
 
 379,!«.o;> 
 
 1889, 
 
 133,591,6;; 
 
 1891, 
 
 392,612,44; 
 
 1894, 
 
 390,000, rw 
 
 1895, 
 
 39o,37'„M! 
 
 1896, 
 
 4"9,475,|C') 
 
 1897, 
 
 347.7.'i,;f'; 
 
 
 nollirs. 
 
 
 56,365..«5 
 
 
 66,346,226 
 
 
 7l4,709,r,-,6 
 
 
 ,i4l,o72,fro 
 
 
 274.62.!, ;,: 
 
 
 23S,6fc,:.i 
 
 
 2''7.64!,^-7 
 
 244,126.; 
 300,064.7 
 
UXITED STATES. 
 
 Mm of fhii iinidfi iif tlw ilccliinithin .| 
 ' 111 1771'! ; the iliilic-i Inilli'iili' lh|. ii,,.,, 
 
 stjiti'H; thciH,. Willi a • pivllx,.,! „.,.,/, ; 
 
 ■ ■ml p>vtTiiliii'iit 111 i36o 1111(1 1861, aii'l 
 I 111 18.55. 
 
 lilro. li.Uimirr. 
 
 '. *i'iy'iiinii, 
 
 •Xnrlli i;,r,>r,H,i. 
 
 'llrcliyiil. 
 
 Sec ariKtmtc arlldt.i, 
 Imv,) lipi'ii aiMi'il ;— 
 
 New V.iiki 
 
 1 .VirthCapillim) . . . ,. . 
 
 virK'iliia) ;_'; 
 
 ■t(iiii'li'rllipliiiini.iliatoK"vi)riiiiii'iit ' '' 
 .'oiiUiiiis Wasliliifjtoii, tlio BiMit (if 
 
 Kilt from FmiK'ii in iBoi) 
 
 Ill Oc(jrt;iii) . 
 
 Oi'orKlii) . , , * 
 Hsapli.isi'lts) , , , 
 joulsimia, , 
 
 by Spniii, iSio) ;'iiia(lo a state 
 
 ■litory) . .".*.'.' 
 :ory, i84()) ; Btate 
 ', 1850): HtlltO . . , 
 
 ', 1854) ; HUita . . . . 
 iSijo; Htato . . , , 
 ritory 1853) ; state . 
 y, i£6i) ; state 
 
 ry 1861) ; state . . . , 
 y i86») ; north and aoiitli state' 
 
 •y) 
 
 1863); stlitn 
 
 orn Virginia) ; state . 
 
 ry i8(i4); stiitfl , , , 
 
 iry i8i4); state . 
 
 iry 1S68); st4ite . 
 
 "ry) .'."." . ■ . ■ 
 
 . iSl.- 
 
 . I3i6 
 
 . 1817 
 
 • I- 1 1 
 
 lj<! 
 
 iS'j 
 
 iSyO 
 
 in 1373, T,W inoTiibci-a ; 40 for Xhi? 
 
 r the soiitlicni .States, 12 foi tlm IVis. 
 
 tlie middle Suites, and 135 (br tv 
 
 
 fhnvj. 
 
 T'M'. 
 
 1870 . 
 
 • no slaves 
 
 . 1' ;;' ■• 
 
 i38o 
 
 
 
 1890 . 
 
 • 11 i> 
 
 • 5".4'y7.i; 
 . 62,622.!! 
 
 year ending 30 June, iSSo, 
 
 ditto 18S4, 
 
 altto i888, 
 
 ditto i88q, 
 
 ditto 1891, 
 
 ditto ,894, 
 
 d"0 ,895, 
 
 ditto 1896, 
 
 ditto 1897, 
 
 June, 1855 
 .859 
 1863 
 1866 
 1873 
 .877 
 
 lEd 
 
 i389 
 
 348,519.:*? 
 379.2W.r'7-' 
 333,59l.<75 
 392,612,447 
 3()o.O(»,rw 
 390,375,1-)! 
 4"9.47!i4=-) 
 347,7«,7''; 
 
 DolLirs. 
 
 56.16?.-;; 
 
 6(:..346..;- 
 
 714. 7t«,-..'. 
 
 l,l4l.i7M'> 
 
 274.62;,;.: 
 
 2j?,(j^o,:. : 
 
 244,126. i44 
 
 267,(^24,: ; 
 
 300,064,7;; 
 
 UNITED (STATES 
 
 , l8(;l 
 1894 
 189, 
 1896 
 1897 
 
 .li'i,:t72,6.»4 
 4lJ,(»<i,f»«, 
 4)1,173,426 
 4 14,67S,(S,4 
 3*5.7741 ■ti'J 
 
 t.il"iiiliture — 
 
 Vcar eiidlnx yi 
 
 ililld 
 
 ditto 
 
 ditto 
 
 ditto 
 
 I'niilic Debt - 
 
 June, 
 
 JllllC, 
 
 June, 
 June, 
 Jiiiii', 
 
 Jlll.c, 
 
 lice. 
 
 June, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 VE'". ENTlINO 
 30 J IN E. 
 
 ■S75 
 1E77 
 1880 
 
 ■384 
 1.^33 
 1S9! , , 
 
 1 3(>6 , , 
 
 AiiMV.-Tlmt wldch achieved ln,io„„., 1 
 Linded at the end ,,f le war ,?»'''''"'' "'"* ''i«- 
 iiu'iitwas eslahlish,.,! ,,rh\ ','/'*»■ " '""' 'l''I'"rt- 
 "f 12.6 men f„r n,.' li. 'm'" '"""''"y ''"ii«i»tcd 
 militia was newlv „, , i " V- ''"■'■ '" ■S'*, the 
 llritaiiiwasdeelaiv(|";j,„„^\'"' "■""■ '^'il'i Hicnt 
 
 --i=«.idthisai.,nywa;^i:il'd';!rX'i!rt 
 "."''. '"■• the wars i„ ,8^3 „„,, 
 
 1151 
 
 UXITED STATES. 
 
 Vork, 1; 
 
 . 1M7, 2.5M.fii5.136d(.llani. 
 1S71. 3.J92,„,„,835d,,||a,.s. 
 1875, 2,237.81 l,.J4H dollars. 
 
 ■«7f'. 2,l7,,,y^7,„^,|„||,„,^^ 
 
 880, 2.120,415,370, |,,||,,r,_ 
 
 ^^4. 1,830,528,923 ars. 
 
 r33S, i,fi.;o,075,25, d,,||ars. 
 
 ■891. ■.fii(..(52o,,n,d„||ars. 
 
 iH()4. ■.fi9n,777,4''9 dollars. 
 
 ■8y5, 98.5,713,148 dollar's 
 
 'f)b. 1.044.926,74 I'lon.ii.s. 
 
 1897. '.Si7.'^7-',h06donais 
 
 VAI.IK (iK l.Ml'onTS. 
 
 •t^"4. 502.161 . 
 
 lo^>. 600,(^05 • 
 
 90.261,510 . 
 
 •J3. 590.660 . 
 
 -'■<3.5:ty,538 . 
 
 *723.i>57,ii4 . 
 
 844.916, k/j . 
 
 ''54.994i622 . 
 
 842,[X)0,CXX) , 
 
 KXI'oHTS. 
 
 ^■'2.361,676 
 
 109.01 (,8„5 
 
 "7.933.8(jti 
 
 '<'4.78.j,27o 
 
 ^■44. 992,970 
 
 ?683,862,i„4 
 
 884,450,810 
 
 892,I40,.;72 
 
 •i03J,3oo,cjoo 
 
 Am,ii,.„i,H """'' "'"'■'■i" Join th 
 
 A Icdcral KoveriiiiK.,,, ad. , 1 |,V.'' . ' • '7 ' »'■' 
 
 »\iiiii' 
 
 177& 
 
 '77? 
 
 15 .Nov 
 
 10 lice 
 
 . I< I'd,. 
 
 '''Ill'', ,, 
 J Maivli, ,77^ 
 1 1 .May. 
 It) Aiijf. 
 2 Oct. 
 
 '77» 
 
 1780 
 
 Vi.l, ■, """*-'"lll'<IH|'V •"•»■»!. 
 
 "nn^h:i'mv":l,,rr,r,i;:^l;''-'';«'--Mn'{y^ 
 ^:i:;™r'^U:he;; ''■r:'-i:vr;i.'.;;;'ro? 
 
 <" '1' Tl|,|Mll, .\,.w 
 
 V.,'"', '■■■,""«' Hi!- lli.S. 
 l-.ii.d.iiMi 0, ,, sjirco- 
 
 I III Wcstniiiisii.r 
 
 severity of 
 
 Kh'd. 
 Militia, 1.873,558. 
 
 fleet. 
 
 72 
 
 1815. Armies were , 
 
 1835. afterwards dislm 
 
 III 1855. Army, 11,658 
 
 Vl'HSels(22Qt; I'lins). 
 
 Ill i860, the liiited .States Militia wi.rn , 
 
 ,2Vessels(ofnll kinds) ill? .gfo^A'."'"'?^'-, ■^''"■'• 
 F: If ml A mil, 29 J iilv m„ ..J, i , ' ,^^l "'■'""■'■'* ' 'f war. 
 
 ■'-. .8^2, tiuiy ;^:„^^^;a;:^ "■';': ,:j, 6;-?7.. in 
 
 1,500,000. at the end (,f the war Vvli,. .1' ""'5; "'"'Ut 
 .•^'«ii at one,,. Niimher of Lh liers =1''' '■'■''"''!"» 
 
 '"il.^-. ■87-. 32,135; 1875. 27,525.,e, • f,'^''„E-»'''y"' '" 
 , ""'" ; ill 1888, 26,270 ni.' 11 • i , ,8, ofi '^^^' ='3"t78 
 fK in July, .867,' 2^6. vesLl , a^l 'kitld's' '""«• 
 
 'Inn. 1871, 179 vessels. 1440 aims ■ r„ ' "'^. *>'""» ! 
 
 PUIS ; .884,'92 vesse',; Vsss' 6 fv',.; . ^'.''g' V'essels, ,203 
 111 1890 and ,89,, the eon-ressaitlmrisi'di?, '"''"'■!■""'■ 
 
 fill of thre,r linttl.'ShipK, tw,?, (1 , l"; .'''""'t"'^- 
 
 ;'ii;^ Orpedo eruiser, anil I'me l(. ( !, b ,at iT''%'"''' 
 
 Wittlcship was laiinehed, 28 Ju 11 80, '' ^''" ^•■*" 
 
 ;.'«'mvs, miles: ,8,9, 23; ,86, V, ,srt'. 
 ill 1884, 12, =32- if lURa 31.28b; ,873, 73,53,. 
 
 (il'iKisieus stamp-act paksed ' ' ' " 'J '"■'[i. 
 
 St.iiiip-aot repealed ' ' ' ' ' ^'"^'. 
 
 linushac,, icvyin. duties- on lea, i,ape.'',S;i 
 l"'i.liaKeseiitto Ijosio'n ' ' " '4 June, 
 
 tet(^;i'ii-c^i-r?>;.hirf,^r' 
 n?sJ^:^io,!^c;r ■:'{; -,l^;£: 7f ^^^^ 
 
 I'xiiigton ; liritisli ret, '""' '""' -^'""■■■•.■m.s, (it 
 •'■■tef perpetual union l.elw cen'the slatcJ ' xV"' 
 
 ii'tiro after a severe (,,,IH,.,' ," -^'"'••■"■■ni.t 
 
 t-rii';i"ii w.isiiiiiK'i.,,, 
 
 '"'1(. and siitlW- l,.a||, 
 
 1 oils Were ICIIl.,Ve,| t 
 
 SilStSlfSSlKS'S."; ... 
 
 '"ni'u'i'id',:,',-'"'"'-"^- "f '\'-'« '"III 'Seieneesat Boston 
 
 '''r>ft;f^:;;iZ';':l,-i;ri:'''''''y»>i.iiesia,es; 
 
 Oiri,»-,diis,ief,..^,';Ta ,r It rnn-ir \ ' ^'""< 
 
 ^ '^"I't' '''•'''•'''■'* the neriUi't'M'' "5 "'"•'■'■; 
 
 Surrender ot h.r.l ( •,„■ ,\,. o ',■',' .''ll'aw 8 .•Sept. 
 70...0 men to .!,. I . .,0 '■!:;'"■' "^ "led,. ,|,,„v', j 
 fieiiu, at VorkrCwn "''"''"'Ktoii and |(,„.|,a,„: 
 
 Arrival (d sir (iiiv('arh.(„ui„,,.,:„,f ;. , ■ "JUct. 
 Kovisiona, article. »iKl.ed'l;r\f;;i'"17;-^;:V; 
 
 ''i78;'ri?i,!^:[^,;:,>--^i««e>'«tivis,-sJ;:i; 
 
 haiiiiicl.Se;il,i„.ve;eis,.,.r,„,'.,l 1, •, •/.,. • •••'mi. 
 
 j^H,un...iiiAnierira,'Ai;l| :l;:'''"f'''-''--Ii^^ 
 John Adiinis, iiist \iii,.|.i .1 ', ■ '4 -Nov. 
 
 tervi..w With the k;;;;';v',i^; ;;r^"""'-'""-r'i"- 
 
 The (■ott(,n plant intro.Tiicv li„ ' ,;,„ , ' ' •>"'«>• >78s 
 
 Ni^^v constitution si«ned"i;;;;^;;A:::;;r" -- 
 
 178 J 
 
 I78:- 
 
 ■78.* 
 
 1766 
 
 1764 
 1765 
 
 1766 
 
 ,767 
 1768 
 
 '773 
 '774 
 
 1775 
 
 :ion of .states', 
 
 Tlie s.anie ratified . '7«ept. 1787 
 
 1 lie (makers un>hiladelphlae-„,aneipat; thelr^^'v^^' '''' 
 
 , >"-.t./ofsta,',;'*;',a,;i[;„t,''"''"- •"■"^""^ "'■'■■■'«- 
 
 City of Washington iK;^1f;^-;;:;'^--^7^^i;ne, 
 
 Eli Whitney's invention of tlie eott,,., ,,: -^ ''"'y'- '79* 
 
 !';t;it,;:;;f;;;ii;!/-'''"«t""-p.^ 
 
 \\..sl,i„j;t(,i, ,iies : „„iv,.,.,,,, ,„; • ■ 4 M'.rdi, ,797. 
 
 I le seat of ^.'overniiieiit removed to U'.', 1 , '■♦ "**• '719 
 I'-mns Jefferson ,3,.,, ,„!, .'.;.,';;;;^'' '° ^^ a»liiiiKtoii . ,lZ. 
 I.oiiis-an;. purchased from the French 
 
 1789. 
 
 H 
 
 1790. 
 I79» 
 
 \i ' *°oo. 
 
 . 4 -Marf h, igoi 
 
 Uiscussio.i' hetw.:;, K Xnd ',i,,;T'V;'' • ■ 3° -^''"'^ '8^3 
 iliL- the ri(-l,t- ,.r ..„.,.!:.■,'"" "'i'' America rcsjieet- 
 
 1807 
 
 ""■lit, contrary to tin 
 
 Cli.'itli.ii,, and M\ 
 
 -ilish 
 eoiiiis.d of thii 
 
 .liiitriea 
 
 I'l'liJe 
 
 General 
 
 declared "fr 
 
 lerciiiiiicoLsiaiesmen 
 
 j,'overn- 
 (-■arl of 
 Nov. 
 
 ■ee, sovereiyu, and imiel 
 
 int" ' ""'"-"'lb'", ana imle- 
 
 Uowe takes' Lon« Island, ' =7 iugl'^.'.'i^' '"* 
 
 ...the rights of neutrals 
 
 ''r;;:;:;,'r''^'^'"^^'"""-""'-ii.juiy;„:..,e 
 
 ;,'!',',"."■';'/'';" "^''"^■''■''boliilied ■ • 9 ',"■''■ 
 »ar with til-eat HHIii., (v, ..' , ' 4 M;iic 1, 
 
 ';i'.'"se,it,,i,,Vi,,"aein<^:".,;r^'''"'L7^''''^ 
 
 Action lietwceii the \i„,.ri, ., , Ji , ' ' '8 ''line, 
 the Jiritish friyaiel/;;^;.;:; ■;!.''"." '""^'""'-«. -iii 
 
 iEo» 
 
 Port Detroit taken 
 
 The Ih'itish .si 
 ■ .ip "■.,.>/ 
 
 cajitiircd by the W, 
 
 "!' .?■'•"''■■ tiikcii ! 
 ■st'i't. ; the 
 
 •f. an uiicijual eoiiVest, 
 19 -Viif;.' 
 
 2, .\U| 
 
 The si 
 
 (,,-.71 
 
 . Ill" Aiiicncaii 
 privateer Defiunce also 
 
 liip Vnil.,! si„t.. 
 ((■oniiiioih.re Decatur) 
 jlaeedoiiiu 
 
 of 
 
 54 in\m. Kreaf call) 
 
 lire 
 
 •uptiires the Briti..*!, fri-ate 
 
 tM- 
 
 i l|. I 
 
 '"Jj'l 
 
 25 Uet. 
 
UNITKD 8TATEH. 
 
 IIS2 
 
 TTNFTKD STATKS. 
 
 i8i3 
 
 814 
 
 Itattlo* iif FrcMii lilHWii ("''il. ;> ».f). . iJ J4 'Inn- 
 Tho «"""( r.il.tun.llM. llilU»li»ln.>I'"f Wiir/V,..;...* 
 
 j% rfii, 
 Furt KrU' .111.1 Knit ([.•'WMliMiMlniic.ll.yllM'lnm-li. 
 
 Tlin Aii.iTlci.il fiiKiil-' (7..*r,„,|ly ciiplunHl l.y IImi 
 
 .S71.....I..M Ciii.'..!.. ..i|.l..lii lti..k.' . . 1 •Inn.'. 
 
 At lliii-lli.nl. .11 ll.lKl.l". Aiii.i-l.-ii.H '''■'''"",;'i,||^„^ 
 
 II M «l,.,i|i /'r'i.nH t.iUi'K till' >il...'l' -In/"* 14 All* 
 lliiil.il.. 1..W11 l.iiriit l.y 111.' llrlllHli . . 1>'''- 
 A li.iiu nipit" K.-j- tiik.'ii l.y tl.o '■'!"'"' 
 
 TlifuVlVuh .'l.'fi'iit llii'Aiiii'rlcaiw I" n "I'Vi'fii ''""fJij'^V 
 rs,.v,nil.'iinn(.'.'iii.i.l"»llliviiri..iiH»ii.'.'i'HHf..ll..w.'.l.| 
 Tlu 1 rtlHl., .iii'l'i- H""^. 'l"''-" Ili.'Aiii.'rl.'MiiK.i 
 lll„.l''iiHl..;iv; th.' .ity ..f WiiHliin«t..ii luk.'ii .in.l 
 imlili.'i'.lill.-.Hliiiiiil . ■, . ;, .'■' :.' 
 
 Till' llriti-li «l....l...f wnr-li'..'i»inikl.ytheAii..Tlnm 
 
 Tla"lir'ltl»i"i'|i''''l'-''ii'''" l.nk.' (;liMiiii.liilii .■ni.tiiiv.l, 
 
 Atta.'kon Iliiltl r.' l.y tl.o llrltiHli; t"'"'''';'^ ^^'y;,'^ 
 
 Trwi'tyl.flH'ii.''' "It'll Ori'iit HHtnl''. »'«'""''",;"',',;,',',' 
 
 Tlu! Hrili^lii'1'i'lx'"'"' ^■'■»' '"■'''"'"' ., ■„ *■','"",■ 
 Thu UritlHli «l.il. /■,■«./../«.•'.'. riii.liin» tlio '''■™'',';;|f. 
 
 Tla'nii.iitlr..itymtill.'.l . . . •'''''':{;• 
 
 Trt'iity Willi (■iii.ii.laivHl.i'.'lii.K' ""'•'.'• ?■■ • ' 1 1 1' 
 t';.aTi-Jr..iiii.l.iti..».'l'l''''''l''>''''''^^'''''''''«';'^\^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Tlio "MlHs.'iirl (•..ii.l.i-..iiil«o" "f "•'"■■y Cliiy. r.'- 
 
 H,is"''"ii.^'Ki:Si:t:rih,,A..i.Ti™i.Htato.,4n;;v 
 
 Tlirstat..- i,.kn..«li'.l»!.' tli.1 ImU'reiHli'llco <>f *"' I' 
 
 Alii.'ii™ ■, • • • • ■ "'",',■ 
 Tiviitv Willi «'..lii"'l."' •.,',• ■ \i , ,1,' 
 
 IK li.'f tli.tw...'N-|.iv»i.l.'i.t». A.lnms mi.l .l.'ll.T- 
 s,m. .... the ...tl. »i.i.iv.Tsai-y .'f the iilI.t.'"..;..™ 
 iif till' Alll.Mi.i... Mi.l.'l ■ .4.ll.l>, 
 
 C...'v.Miti..ii Willi tliviit. Ui'itain .•.,ii,i.'riiiiiKiii.lciii..w 
 
 Am;:?i';n"T;;i"u"n^r ii,i,;.«i.i« li-ilyy .i..tU'"H 
 Britl«lig<H..l^ ti'iii.i.l lliu " l..riiror„boiiiliii.ti.ms • 
 
 Ti^ly i;etwee,.'tL Ui.it..l .stati's un.l tl.e Uttimmi. 
 
 Piirto • • " " ' * • 7 * . < 
 
 r.u-ta rc-ni.,'iicil tn Diitisli (■..luimTce . 5 <■>'■<■■ 
 
 I'lrnt milwiiy iiin.lc ,;i„iv' 
 
 Newtniiffliiws I4'"">. 
 
 S'ill^'nl "n'v V..i^, 6;; ^.ni... un.l niuiiy iml.lic 
 wlilices l.iinit; l.'ss cstnuaU'cl at jo.ocxj.oxj^.M- 
 lai's ■•,,•„■■'■ 
 
 1,1 tl." Caua.liau ii,siin-...'ti..n, riiai.y A.nj'.-..'ai,s 
 
 amist tl.o iiisiiW'il'* • • ,. ' . . , , i 
 The Amori.-ii. st,.,....l...at fV..-'./i..r is i.lta.'k.'.l a... 
 iiiti\i.n.> n,,;|Ui| near S.'.i.ssor, til tl.o oast 
 
 I;ri^e'^Cial;;.r' '.nVi;o{cmt,.iToftlieU.,U,.,l 
 
 ProHamatioii of tlio i.ivsiH.M.t nfc.ninat AnaTi,-;./. 
 
 oitizonsai.liiik'tlioOiiia.liaiis. . . 5 Ji"'- 
 
 TlToreat U^.ltrn stoaiii-sliil. Ilrst sails f^'n^«(J-;';;| 
 
 Amorican hlnAfi siisiioii.l ciwli imymoi.ts . Dot. 
 
 Sniotii.ii „f tl.oC.n.fiiie; true l.iU I..11111I iw.iiist 
 
 him f.iruiunler ami arson . . ■ .btuu. 
 
 The United States hank nfe'ain suspends PaV'"™*. 
 
 Gen. n: 11. Ili'rrison, qthpreshlcnt . . 4 ^'^'l'^;!)' 
 
 Mr Fox, British' iiiiuister, demands the release i.f 
 
 Mr. MaoLeoil • • • • • " Xril 
 The case' of MacLeod removed to supreme court at 
 
 New York . • • • ' ' \r 
 
 A party of British volunteers from Canada earn" off 
 
 col. Orogan ..♦•■• 9 °'-^^- 
 
 1815 
 
 1817 
 1818 
 
 183J 
 1824 
 1825 
 
 1826 
 
 1828 
 1829 
 
 1830 
 1833 
 
 1835 
 1836 
 1837 
 
 1838 
 1839 
 1841 
 
 UoKlijiialli.i. ..fall tl.o f.illoilSlaloKii.iiLKloi". »llli 
 tliiix..|.ll f Mr. W.'l.il.T. _ "^''l'',, ' ' 
 
 l'l'o..iil.'i.f« 1.1 Iai.iiitii.il iiuaiii"! li.wl.'Hs 1.11. '11. I'll 1.1 
 
 Xii.iri.aii .■lllz.'ii« t.. Iiiva.l.' Ilnli»li |.iii.»oHHi.ii.». 
 a. 1.1 I.. «iii.i..v»« H.'.ivt I...IH01, iiul.«. an. I aHjii.ola- 
 
 li.'..« ■■>!■'*'■)"■ ■ 
 
 (i.Hi^aii roHtLiiil li.tl.o Aiiiorioaiiw . . 4 '■ ■■ 
 
 Tiiali.l'.Ma.'i 1 al flioa, 4 O.I. ; a.'.|.iltti|l, 12 H.i. ., 
 
 (.■,,1,,.,»m1 «lal f Wiialiliinl..ii I'l' ' '" ""■ o"l'i'"l 
 
 al Wasliii.^.lnii . ■.,■„•,,•' !'''■■ " 
 
 Allan. if II. .•(■.'I.'/., .li«l..ilo will. iMiKlali.l Ijo.'. ,, 
 
 I'ri.i* Aini'iiiaii voMM'l \\ii» 1.11 I.' 1- vnyai.'.' t.. Now 
 ciil.ans Willi a .aip. .ifslav.s; lliry liiiilii.lo.l, 
 
 iiiiiidi'iv.l II wii.'i, wiiiiM.li .1 II..' o.il.taiii. ai.'l 
 
 ,.,.iii|„ll,.,l II low li.li.k.' Ih. •Hl.ip 1.1 N..>"«a.i. 
 
 N, w I'ruviiioii.'o.wli.To llio «o\r.ii..i-, oi.iinl.loiii.;.' 
 III. 1.1 i.a»noi'Kol», all.tto.l II..1... i.;;ali.«l Hio V<"- 
 
 l,.,t ..rtlioA .l.'aii.'.ii.Mil, iLU'ial lil'oily.l 
 
 Ai.i.'.iiii.'oMioiil i.r li.i'l .\«1. l.ii.ti. 11 H. II. »i. "II '.'"'.■ 
 riiili'.l Mal.H .... ■ ' ;;i.i. 1 
 
 Airo..l ..r li.iKiin, iinl'll.nto.l 1" H"' '."■"'""' ii';.''. 
 
 3 I'.'t.. , 
 
 l.n.'.l Asl.l.iirt..ii nrrivosnl Now York . tApiii, , 
 
 WiHliiiinmii lr.'alv,i;oliiiii.|.'llio li..iiii.lari.'S liolw 
 
 Ih.' I'liil.'.i Slali'saii.l 111.' IhiliHli A ri.aii p.." 
 
 s,'^si...i«, iiii.l li.r Kiipi.n^niiiK tho tlav.' Iia.l.', a.i.l 
 uiviiiK lip I'.iKilivi- .'.■iii.ii.als ; »i|.;..o.l al Waihiu^ 
 tun, l.y li.r.l Ah1iI.iiiI..ii iiiid Mr. Wohslor, .) Am,-. . 
 Tho lariitl.ill ii pa-<»o.l .... 3" •^"-' • 
 I.i.ril A«lil.iMt..ii loavoi tho Ciilloil Htatos . 5 S.|.l. , 
 lloalh ..nil-. Cliaiiiiii.;; .... J < lot. 
 
 J„mr.^ K.I".. /'..".■, ii". I'ml.lnil . . 4 Mn'i'li. ■ 
 
 War il.'olniv.l against llio Ui.itoil Hlatoi l.y .Moxi.n, 
 1,11 a.'. '..lint i.r tho p.'.. p.. soil aiii.exatii.il of Tox.im, 
 
 4.I111.1', 
 
 IHovoralai'tii.l.sniv f..iit!lit liolwoiii Iho l..'lllp'roi;tH. 
 
 HllVol'SO to M.'Xl.'.l.j 
 
 Krsi.liiti..ii of tl.o s.'liateaiiil lioiiso ..f n'prosoula- 
 
 livs for torn.iiialii.K tho joint oi pai.oy .if 
 
 ()i-..L.i,ii 2" -^I'l'''. 1 
 
 Ai'i.oxali.ii. of Now M.'xioo to the Ui.ilo.l Stat,•^ 
 altera p.'otn.iloil war • . • , ;,. ;, "* iV'**' 
 
 Moxi.'al.H ili'foali'il l.y Tayl.ir iit Palo Alto, !i, ,, .May, 
 
 Troalv llxiiiK 111." norll. west l.oiiiulary ot tli.- I' S. 
 al iho 4t)tl. paiallol of lalilml.', ami Kiviii;.' Ilii' 
 Hritisli iH.sHossion of Vanoouvor'H islaml, II..' Iiit 
 i.aviu'ati..n of the t'oliiiiihla river, &o., siKiio.l 
 
 12.I111.0, 
 
 Tioaty with t'oliiiiiliia (•uarantoeint! noutrality i.f 
 
 tho isthii.iis of raiiiii.ia . • „ •, \ ,, • ' 
 The Moxi.aiis dofoatod liy general Taylor, at Hu.'i..' 
 
 ViHta 2'' 2-' '''■''■ ' 
 
 Vera Cruz tak.'ii l.v storn., so Maroh : the Moxi.ain 
 
 Kvervwhero woisti'.l, tiloat liattloof Sierra (J. ..■.I;i; 
 
 the .Mexioaiis signally dofouto.l hy K'-noral S.nit 
 
 18 Apiil, 
 
 T.-oatv hotweei. Mexico and the United States, lati- 
 
 |j,,,l 1') -"'IV, 1 
 
 «,). Z.i,hiiniTinihir,i2lhpir.iiilcnl . 4 Maivli, 1 
 Hint at tl.o th.-atro. New York, o"'asii.noil l.y 111.' 
 dlrtii.ite between Mr. Forrest ami Mr. Mai'i.'a.ly. 
 ' 10 May. 
 
 Proclamation of tho president against tl.e niiuau.l- 
 iiih'oxi.o.lition to Cuba . . • • 11 Aii^'. 
 
 ll.oi.i'Z a Simnish iiilvonturor, lan.lo.l fxxi nioi. iit 
 Cul.ii; after a slmrl hut ol.stimil.' struggle lli.v 
 t.M.k the town of I'ar.l.'iias : ami so.1.1 aft.T lia.l ;i 
 himl eiigagoiiieiit with some Spanish sol. 1m is, 111 
 which niai.v of tlioiii wore killo.l or taken pn- 
 s..m'rs ; tho othei-s oml.arkod with I.opoz 11. tlif 
 Vni.tf steamer, ami thus esi'apeil from 11 Si.aiusli 
 war st.Miiier, the /'/:.. rni. May, 1850.1 , 
 
 The French an. hasaadordisiiiisseil from Washington, 
 
 14 Si'iit. 
 
 Troatv with Knglaml for a transit way across Paiia- 
 imi'(see ;fi(/ic.'i). 10 April : ratillo.l .4 ■'»})■ ■ 
 
 rrosi.h'ut /achary Tayh.r .lies ; death of M. LiU- 
 
 h.iun ^'x, I' 
 
 M. n II rd Filhmre, i2lhpreM<knt. . . mar.ii, 
 
 California a.lmitte.l a state . . . '5 ■2'l^' 
 
 Fugitive slave bill passeil . . • Aii>!. 
 
 Presiilei't Fillmore i.ssues a second proclaii.ati.iii 
 
 against" the jiromotors of a second expc.iili.... !- 
 
 Cuba, and tl.e shiji Ctcoiialm, freiglite.l «iti 
 
 military stores destined for that island, is soiztJ, 
 
JNITKD HTATKS. 
 
 II till' fllllcil SIllll'H llllli:«tl IB, Witll 
 
 ,,f Ml, WrllBtiT, .11 *i'l . 1 I 
 
 liiliiiilliili ilMiiilixl lil»li'i<«iitli'lii|il» "I 
 /riis til Ihva.li' llnlUii |i(i»m'«kIihii<, 
 HH Hrrli't I'lMur*, c'llllm, uIhI iii<["'i'Iii- 
 
 as *'!''■ " 
 
 III till' Aiiii'lii'iiliii 4 "'■'■ ■■ 
 
 iImI I'lli'imHil. ;llri|lllttr.l, IjHit ,, 
 i>f WllBlllllKtoll l.lll'ill ill llll' nlpllnl 
 
 h • ''•'■ 
 
 i.lr; c|i»|illli' Willi I'.llKllltlil l|ii'. 
 
 I vr»»<'l Wil» nil ll'-r ViiVll).'!' I" N'» 
 11 ciHKii iif Khiv.s ; llli'V llinllllliil. 
 
 . iiwii.r, w I.'il till' iiililiiiii. lUi'l 
 
 i. rivw I" liiKc till- iliip ti. Nii»H.iii, 
 iii.|., wliriv lliv KiiViTUHr. I'liiinl'liitii;; 
 ■I'vn, iill.'»i''l lli'iii. iiKiilii"' 111'' I""- 
 ii,.iiciiiic"h»Ml, In;:.. Ill liliiTty,! 
 
 nf Inl'i Aslililirinli'i* lll.«»liill In tlr 
 < . . , . -1 •l.'lli. 11) 
 
 II, iiniilliiiliil ill the. Ciir'ilinr iiHiiir, 
 
 II (irrlvi'mit Ni'W Ynrk . i Ainil, ., 
 
 •Illy, lil'llllillK till' linlinillllli.H lll'lrtrl'll 
 
 liit'i'H iiiiil till' llritlsli AiiiiTiiiiii |i"'^ 
 
 1 fur Kll|.|.n'SHllln till, slliw ll:li|i., :iIhI 
 
 jliivc riiiiilimln ; «i).;iii'il 111 Wiisliin;; 
 
 A«lil"iiinii mill Mr. Wi'lmli'i-, .; Aui;, „ 
 
 « l.iWsnl .... 3" -^'l*-'- •■ 
 
 ,11 IfiiviH till' L'lilti'il Mliiti'^ . 5 Si).!. „ 
 
 iiiiiiiiiii;,' .... .':'"';' 
 
 11;, iilli inr.^hlnit ■ ■ 4 MiU'li. i i' 
 
 iit;uiii«t llii' I'liiti'il Htiiti'H liy ,Mi.\lin, 
 il' till' i.i'ii|"isi'.l iiiiiu'Xiitiiiii nf Ti'N.iH, 
 
 4 .luiif, .. 
 
 sai'i' fniiKlit lii'twii'ii llii' lnllit;i'ri'i;l^. 
 
 li'Xil'n.l 
 
 tlic si'iiiitiiniiil liniiHi' i.r I'l'iii'i'Si'iita. 
 i.l'llllimting till' .jnillt nii'lllilllli'V nf 
 
 20 Ai.ril, K, 
 
 ' Ni'W Mi'Sii'o tn lliii Uiilli-il (Stiiti'y, 
 'iicli'il tt;ii' . . • . 3 ( .^ii«- 
 iitcil liv 'niylnr lit I'liln Altn, 0, i) .Miiv, 
 till' iimlli wi'Ht liniiiiilury nf tin' I's. 
 
 I.iinilli'l nf liititinli'. mill Hiving' llii' 
 
 ll'SSinll nf VlUll'nllVl'l-'n irtlllllil, till' llt'l' 
 
 if till! t'nliiiuliiii riviT, &i'. , siuiii'il 
 
 1 J. I mil', , 
 
 t'liluTiiliia (iimranti'Oiiig mutmlily "f 
 
 4 nf I'niiiinia 
 
 1 ili'fi'iiti'il liy sji'iionil Tuylnr, iit lliuim 
 
 22, -M l''''i.. I 
 
 li'ii liv stnriii, =9 Mnri'li ; tlii' Mi'xii'iim 
 
 wnrsti'il, liii'iit iKittlt'iif Wii'i-i'iitini'li: 
 
 ns sigimlly ilelV'Uti'il liy gi'iu'ml ^''"n. 
 
 iS Ai'iil, 
 
 en Mexii'o ami tlie United Stutes, rati- 
 
 11) May, i: 
 
 7'iii/'iii', i2(h!'i'i.'.i'i/i'"( • 4 Maii'li, i: 
 lii'iitir, Ni'W Yni'k, ni'i'iispiiiii'il by llir 
 twi'i'ii Ml'. Kni'i'i'sl mill Mr. Maiivaily, 
 lo Miiv, 
 
 1 nf tlicvr"«iil>!lit ngiiiiist tlie iiiaraml- 
 linn to Ciilia . . ■ • ■■ -^"p. 
 aiii..*!! a.lvi'iidircr, lamli'il 6>x> iiii'ii at 
 ■ ra slini't liiit nliHtiiiati' striiKclc On'V 
 iwii nf Ciinii'iias ; ami snmi aftiT liinl a 
 (■iiiciit Willi Kniiii! SiimiisU snlili.rs, ill 
 IV nftlii'iii WITH killi'il nr taki'M |iri. 
 I,; ntlii'rs I'liiiiiirki'il with Lnjicz in lli.' 
 iiiiT, and tluis I'scalit'il fvniii u Siiaiiisli 
 i.r, till' l'i:iin-'i, May, 1850.I 
 iiil)a.ssadnrdi3iiiis.SL'<lfrnniWasliinnliiii, 
 14 ''I'l't. 
 EiiKlmid fur a transit way acrnsa I'aiia- 
 i/iccr). 10 Ai.ril : ralilli'd 4.'"'y. " 
 
 aclmry Taylor dies; duatli nf M. Cal- 
 
 31 Mnri'li, .| 
 
 mnre, 1-ith president. . . Manii, 
 liiiitti'd a state . . . 15 '^"K , 
 vi>liill iiassed . . . Aiw .| 
 
 'illmnrii i.isuea a second jiroclaniati.iii 
 IB Tiroinoters nf a secnnd expi'dili"!. t" 
 il till' Hliip Ckojnlru, freiylited with 
 tores destined for tliat island, is adzed, 
 
 25 Apnl, iw 
 
 "ipi 
 
 UNITED HTATKS^ 
 
 1I«1 
 
 iR„ 
 
 II. Ill .' Cliiy AimTlnai, ^'lat,.,;,,,,, ' ,||„; '''' •['"'". 
 
 "''';v;:..;i'i;,:i;z:-:;i::^:-|.."V-'''^ 
 !":" i^;.;oHi.:;''::,i,^^,,' '''-"- 
 
 [.'•■'■■'"i-;'r.AiM,.,i,.,,,,, ;,;,',», •^''f'^'i't. „ 
 
 ln' hii'Hii I'll! u»i.,.H „ ,.,. . I ., ■ M '"■III. ,, 
 
 '■■n'''i'ni;^'';ir'li;f^jy±K;»v:''<'- " 
 
 -li'.vi'.| l,v ilr,. ^"""' «''"•■■■' I'oiiKi'i'Si, ,l„. 
 
 «. li'iisuiii, ti„. iiiii, ,„Vi„i, ViiL.f ,„.,.,\.„, ,;,-'tv',''i' " 
 
 l:!;;':^:nl;•r"'• """"" Mh:'";^;,;:U:;t 
 
 iv;|-nnnnf ••uii,.,,, Tniii, ,, ,,;:'i;- .. 
 
 .'.'ll.' St.'lr ."Soi'lMly („,;,,,,„■„ ,^,,;, • ' >4.iiiiy, „ 
 
 ",;'.'',;;,,";;:;; ■ ■'"" ." H"...! »-..i.;..','i,', " 
 
 lA|"'lili"ii ln.la|i.in •'■♦ "^'''l' I. 
 
 WiJIMI'll) . ""'"■W.llllH l'.\ 576,000 KlIKliHh. 
 
 ;Mll:;:;;r^^'.,--(-"'■-'-"i"i:.l.^^^^ - 
 
 Un.Mir,'a, N,.ivvi,rk -,;„„) /^,,„v;,.',',i,;^J^;;: " 
 
 .*4iirl,ilii'ai'v, ,V,.iv VoVk n'l ,1 ' ' =6 lli.|.. 
 
 «'lll."" Walki'r lii'ni la i,,V , "1 ' „,,„ ' r '> ■'""• '854 
 
 |.\'iit'rii'a,i ste.inK'r /J/,,../,: iyatnnr\ri,;..l at'cu'",'' " 
 
 'u;;;i:::r';;!a!;;^''^y'';~i!,,^'l;--.':wia;^aiiii 
 
 f"rtl„'i,„r|,„.s,,)* <"inii,niln,u IVrry (si'iit ilu.re 
 N^..iti«tii,i, ,„r u,e aiiii.x,itio,i nf the H^il^l^ 
 
 VSITI'A) STATK.S. 
 
 nrraiw'„i,.|,u '"- ' '" '-I''"'*'' In Ih,. |in||,.., 
 
 /""iimiiliiii In K,ii„a,;|i|,.|i;.,| " ' ' ''"'"'• • 
 
 «''ilr.iK.M.l,s,aat,',i Inland ;,,i,.,,,„i„„',,„„„,„;V,lf " 
 
 ;?■.;,:'; ;t';^;:;i;:;: •-'■-'- 'ai,,.,.>.Ki ■• 
 Hi,',.,,,^Key,,„i.,,,i,ui,.|.,,,H,,,i:;:i,i:';i;:,:;,||;iii' 
 
 <n'll. ll.llMl'S si'li.l, linol.H t, Jl.„ 'l ',, '.''"'.V. ,. 
 
 Vuil,.,Mu,.,.'s hla, ,,. •^■' ' ''"'", '■''"'"1. I"'"l' 
 
 iii-iiiii'i'iinn,„ir,,r|.;.,.sp.,,.,.v- . ■ • =';'"i.V '. 
 
 "'111 111 lt.< lii'i'iiinin;,' a s ave .sVil.- II. , .' 
 ""'l"',"^',"l''"' ■•" till' "lav,. in,!',,;,, ' ,,":^'' 
 
 Islaii.ls 
 
 (lit, 
 
 r:,:^7{;-::-,;;i^^;i-r^^"-'-aA,,ri,,.s53 
 
 ■■ ■"' Uarni'y «ain.s a viotorj- over the Hi,,,,., rmlhin's^ " 
 
 feSSi"---^ :p ' 
 
 rir,ilA,ii,.nL'an,iiie.,tion settled. . .i.,,„|,' " 
 K n ' t V^F' ''''-^'"""l '■">■ Mx free,lo, 5 
 
 .ll.lll,^ 111 till' InsilI'L'l.li, , W|.|... LMI,,, ■■■ , """•" 
 
 ^,p.'ii.iiin.s,inth,'nil;ial...s) ' '• '^"'I'lTary 
 
 ' will 'n;rs':''3;!7' ''>•'■'■"• *^''" ''•«'"' ■'•■an. 
 
 K''v,','m:i'lM,::i;;'""''"-^"^'"""^-i''-'i'<"ib); 
 iv.iiini \v,uhii,,.i„ni,';in«" • ■ ;o^.''r■ -• 
 
 '';ni'v'lLi:;'ii!™;;:;v'"''''''^"^"'-'»i''"p-''"-"'^ 
 
 Cnmi'ani.ins nl ,I„|„, |,,.„„.,", ex,';'Ute,i . " ^ulch " 
 111 nanonal rnmliliean ,'o,iv,.,ili„„ nu''t u " 
 
 n!ru;i:';,r,^:;::;l:-' '--'■'-■'-••■' --Mjai^ 
 ''it'ln;^!:;?'^'''' ''■''"• ''''"''«''"«-'"'-^ " 
 
 .William c;o„.ln,.l,(|Vler Parley) ,|i;.s " ■«:,'■;> " 
 The n;iti,i,ia| ileinocratie eonvenlion ,„e,.rn| li. I.V " 
 imire; a larKe nn,nl,,.r nf ,l.'l,.p,t,." s, e" ,. . J 
 reiMa,,,, ,.r mnniimte Stephen Ooiikas ,',, nrei 
 dt'.it : the seeeders nu.ninate John ijreek,„Hd"t!,' 
 
 The Great Eaaltn ariive.s at New York I, J,"ne' " 
 %^T.:^ Walesarrive«at^l)elroit, in thelnited " 
 
 Pi: Ir ,?■*'''■• ^'"^"^ WashiiiKton, , o,-t • 
 rinladi'liihi.n, 9 Oet. .■ New Y'nrk ,, < int .1. ' 
 
 ton, ,;Oet; e?,i barks .ft lUimti "" ^"'.^ S^?" 
 
 ■,.""■;'; ■ "'<■■ rejiiibii,:an i,ii„Ii,l,ite dirteil 
 
 [303 clcetni's are ai,i>oint,',l to vnle for a in-.'siilent " 
 
 ■ 52 to be a nuijorit.v. Tl„. numb,.,', Wre f, ? A 
 
 ,i,i..«ln, ,80: John C, Ureikinridge, ,2'' John 
 
 litiU, 39; Stephen A. Douglas, ,a.] ^ ° 
 
 4 £ 
 
 ^m' 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 1154 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Intense oxi'itonii'irt at CliarlesUm, Houtli Carolina, 
 anil in otlicr Muntlicrn states . . . Nov. 1B60 
 
 S'liith Cari'liiKi snv(lis(rn\n \\[v\mUin . lo Dec. ,, 
 
 Jliijor Anderson, of United States army, oeenpies 
 Fort Snniter in Ciiniliiia, . . sC Dee. „ 
 
 Pelesjates from Sontli L'arulimi init reeeived li.v tlie 
 lu'i'sident 3° I'l^^'' >> 
 
 Vaeillating iioliey of jirosident HMcliaii.in ; tlie secre- 
 taries Cass, Cijbli, Floyd, and Thonijison resign, 
 
 liee. iS6o-.Ian. 1S61 
 
 New York and other iiortlicrn states iirotost against 
 the seeeaaion ; a general fast iiroulainied ; observed 
 on 4 >''i"' '• 
 
 Vielcslmr);, Mi.ssissiii]pi, fortified . . . 12 Jan. ,, 
 
 Kansas admitteil a state .... 51 .Ian. ,, 
 
 :iea.<siim (by eonvi'ntion) of Mississipiii, 8 Jan. ; 
 .\lal>ama,' Florida, 11 Jan. ; Georgia, 19 Jan. ; 
 Louiaiana, 26 Jan. ; Texas (by legislatnre), 
 
 I Feb. „ 
 
 Jcll'erson Davis, eleited by tlic six se eding .states, 
 8 Feb. ; isinangnrated jiresident oftlu' " sonthern 
 eonfederaev," at .Montgomery, Alabama, 18 Feb. ,, 
 
 New (Miirrifl) tarilt bill ipassed (nearly iirohibits 
 conLmerce with England) . . .2 Mari'li, ,, 
 
 rri'siilent Davis jireparea for war (,100,000 men to 
 be raised) Mareh, „ 
 
 Abm. Lincoln, inaugurated president at Washing- 
 ton, aays, "the central idea of secession is the 
 essence of anarchy " . . 4 March, ,, 
 
 .Southern commissioners not received by the presi- 
 dent iit Wasliington .... ijMaridi, „ 
 
 ■Gi'ii. Winlleld Scott, in a lett<'r to prcsiilent Lin- 
 coln, sets before him fcmr courses ; cither, I., to 
 surrender to slavcrv half the territory acipdredor 
 toljeacciuireil; 11., "to blockade all revolted ports; 
 .ill., to say to seceding states, " Wayward si.sters, 
 go in pcic'e ! " or IV. , to comincr the .south, which 
 \wonltl reipiire 300,000 men and afterwards a resi- 
 dent army [the letter became public Oct. 1862] 
 
 March, „ 
 {.•<lntemcnt denicil in 1S74.) 
 
 G.cit excitement at the operation of the new 
 
 Morrill tarill, which begins . i April, ,, 
 
 Til tmr letjiu.1 : Ma.)or Anderson refuses to surren- 
 der Fort Sumter, Charleston, when summoni'd, 11 
 April; it ia taken by the secessionists, after a 
 bloodless contlict . , . . 13 April, „ 
 President Lincoln summons the congress to meet 
 (Ml 4 July : issues a proclanniticm, calling on the 
 stJtes to furnish a contingent of 75,«x) men, &c. 
 
 15 April, „ 
 iM.issaehusetls, New York, Pennsylvania, and 
 other atati'S zealously respond, with vigorous 
 preparations fm- war ; Keiducky. North Carolimi, 
 Virginia, Tennessee, anil Missouri deciilcilly re- 
 fii.se, asserting the proposed coercion to be wicked, 
 illeg.al, and unconstitiitional April, „ 
 
 The mob in lialtimore, Maryland, attaik some 
 Massachusetts regiments (Ui their way to Wash- 
 ington ; several persons killed in the conflict, 
 
 19 April, ,, 
 I'ri'sident Davis issues letters of nianine, 17 April ; 
 president Lincoln proclaims the blockade of the 
 ports of seeeiling states . 19 April, ,, 
 
 U.S. Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, tired by 
 c 'ininand, and i5,t«o stand of arms destroyed, 
 j3 April ; 9 sliips of war and naval stores in the 
 jiavv vard, N.nfolk, Va., burnt to j.rcvent them 
 falling into the hands of the southern confede- 
 rates, who oceniiv the jilacc . 21 .Viiril, , 
 Virginia (excejit West Virginia) secedes by <irili- 
 
 naiice (the 8tli state) . 2,- Aiiril, , 
 
 Lincoln calls for 42,034 volunteers for three years, 
 J May, and informs foreign powers of his inten- 
 tion to maintain the union by war . 4 May, , 
 Th ■ confederates under licaurcgard and Johnston, 
 ill Virginia, threaten Wiishingtoii, dclcnded by 
 the federals umler generals Winlleld Scott and 
 
 Ueorge McClellan May, , 
 
 The British fpieen oommaiids her snbjei ts to be 
 
 neutral in the ensuing war - . . 13 May, , 
 Th • IVdeials elder Virginia; licaurcgnrd calls on 
 
 the Virginians .0 rise ami exjiel them i June, , 
 Formal sfOfs-.-ioii of Arkansas, (S.May; North Caro- 
 lina, 20 May; Tennessee (ytli, lotli, and nth), 
 
 8 June, , 
 
 17 July, 
 at Riclimond, 
 
 20 July, 
 the northern 
 
 Several Uritish vessels seized while enileavonringto 
 
 break the blockade; the southern privateer 
 
 Siu'cniio'i captured .... June, 1 
 
 Neutralityaiinoiinced by the Freni'h emperor 10 June, 
 
 Fast-d.ay in confciicrate states . . 13 June, 
 
 .Wi.i.soui-i. -(iiMi. Lvon raises a feder.al army, and 
 
 defeats the state troops, 17 June; the feilerals 
 
 suei'essful at Carthage, 5 July; Fremont takes 
 
 oommand in West .Missouri, 26 Jiilv ; federals 
 
 victorious at Athens, 5 Aug. ; at Wilson's Creek 
 
 (gen. Lvon killed), 10 Aug. ; Fremont iiroclaims 
 
 martial law, and freedom to slaves or rebels, 31 
 
 Aug. ; Lexington surrenders to confederates, 20 
 
 Sept.; Fremont blamed, retires; suceeedeil by 
 
 Hunter = ^'ov. 
 
 riiv;iai(i. -Federals defeated at Big Betliell, 10 
 June ; occiijiv Harper's Ferry, evacuated by the 
 confederates,' 16 June ; col. Pegrim and 600 con- 
 federates surrender at Ueverley . 13 Ju'V. 
 (Very nniny skirmishes, with various results.] 
 MeClellan defeats confederates at Uii'h Mountain, 
 II Julv; Paterson permits the junction of the 
 confederates under Johnston and licaurcgard 
 near Manassas, 15 July ; who are repulsed at 
 Blackburn's Ford, near Centreville . 18 July, 
 Battle of Bull Run (ivhii-h see) or Manassas, Vir- 
 ginia; the federals, seized with panic, flee in 
 
 utter disorder 21 July, 
 
 Meeting of U. S. Ccmgress, 4 July ; a loan of 250 
 
 million dollars authorised 
 Meeting of confederate congress 
 Virginia ..... 
 Passiiort svatem introduced into 
 states, aiid the liberty of the press greatly re- 
 stricted „ • .'^"f 
 
 The charges iu the Morrill tanit greatly raiscl : 
 the confederates prcdiibit exportation of cotton 
 except bv southern jiorts , . . Aug. 
 Battle of Springfield or Wilson's Creek ; confede- 
 rates defeated 10 Aug. 
 
 McClellan assumes command of the army of the 
 
 Potomac 20 -V.iK' 
 
 Federal gen. Butler takes Fort Hatteras.N. Carolina 
 
 (700 prisoners and 1000 stand of arms), 29 Aug. 
 
 Fast-day in federal states ... 26 Sept. 
 
 Garibaldi declines coinmaiid in the federal army, 
 
 Sejit. 
 
 Battle of Ball's BliifT; federals defeated and gen. 
 
 JJaker killed, near Leesburg, Virginia ; hundreils 
 
 drowned =' ''''• 
 
 The federals and confederates enter Kentucky; 
 
 tlie governor pr.itests; nuiiiyskirmislies,Sept.-liee. 
 
 Resignation of lient.-gen. Scott, 31 Oct. ; George 
 
 McClellan made commander-in-chief of the 
 
 feileralarmy . . •.•„;„ ' I, .^'' 
 
 Tlio federal general Sherman takes Port Royal forts, 
 
 8. Carolina 7. 8 Nnv. 
 
 Capt Wilkes, of federal war steamer Son .Innntn, 
 boards the Uoval British mail packet Trent, 
 and carries oft Messrs. Mason and Slidell, con- 
 federate commissioners, and their secretaries, 8 
 Nov., and conveys them to Boston . 19 N"V 
 Great rejoicings in the northern states at tlie 
 capture of Mason and Slidell . . . N"V. 
 McClellan reviews 70,000 men . . . 20 Nov. 
 Capt. Pegrani, of confederate .steamer ^ushvilli. 
 burns the federal ship Hurven llirch, i9Nov.,aii.l 
 brings the crew on to Southampton . 21 Nov. 
 A secession ordinance passed by a party m Mis- 
 Bouri, 2 Nov. ; the same in Kentucky . 30 Nov. 
 Dhsseiisions increase between the republicans (iil«i- 
 litioniats) and the democrats In New York, 4e, 
 
 Nov, 
 
 JefTerson Davis elected president of confederate 
 
 states for six years .... 3° ^"^' 
 
 Preaident Lincoln states that the federal armies 
 
 comprise 660,971 men . . . . s !)«• 
 
 Meeting of congress, which votes thanks to nyi 
 
 Wilkes, 2 Dec. ; the foreign envoys at Washiiigtcii 
 
 protest against his act .... 3 "'"'; 
 
 fli,. f,.,i,.rals .•'.immfuec. sinking hulks tilled «iiii 
 
 atones to bUick up Charieston liariiour (S. i.'ar"- 
 
 Una) I much indignation iu EnghiiidJ 21 Vk. 
 
 Banks at New York, &c., suspend cash payiiii'iits, 
 
 30 Det, 
 
UNITED STATE S. 
 
 1 vossi'lH seized wliile emleavouriiigto 
 Ipliiikaile; the soiitlierii priviiteer 
 l.ture.l .... June, u'l 
 iiuiiccilbytlieFreiwlicmiierorioJune, ,, 
 iifcaiMiiti'Stiites . . 13'june, ,, 
 11. I.yiiii riiisea a feilcnil nririy, luul 
 stiitc' trniii«. 17 •luiic; tlic feiliTiiU 
 t t'lirtliii^c, 5 .luly; Kri'iiioiit takes 
 n West Missiiiiri, 26 .Inly ; feilenils 
 t Athens, 5 .Vug. ; iit Wilsmi's Creek 
 iilled), 10 Aug. ; Freincint ]iriieliiiin3 
 innl tVeedoni to slaves or reliels, 31 
 iiglon siinvnilei's U< eiMifeclerutes, 20 
 lunt blamed, retires; sueeeeded liy 
 2 Nov. ,, 
 
 rterals defeated at Dig netlicU, lo 
 py Ilarper's Kerry, evai^uated by the 
 1,' 16 .Tune; col. i'egrini and 600 eon- 
 rreiider at Ueverley . 13 July. ,. 
 
 Lirndslies, with various results.] 
 eats eonfederates at Hiidi Mouutain, 
 itersou pennits the junetion of the 
 s under .lohnston and lieauregard 
 isas, 15 July ; who arc repulsed at 
 i Ford, near Centreville . iS July, ,, 
 1 Hun (le/iir/i sec) or Manassas, Vir- 
 
 federala, seized with panic, tlee in 
 
 ler 21 July, ,. 
 
 f. S. Congress, 4 July ; a loan of 250 
 ars authorised . . • 17 July, ,, 
 eonfederate congress at Riehniond. 
 
 20 July, ,, 
 
 tern introduced into tlio northern 
 
 the liberty of the press greatly re- 
 
 Aug. ., 
 
 iu the Morrill tarilV greatly raised : 
 ■rates prohibit exportation of cotton 
 outheru jiorts . . . Aug. „ 
 ringlield or Wilson's Creek; confede- 
 
 ted 10 Aug. „ 
 
 isuniea connnand of the anny of the 
 
 20 Aug. „ 
 
 Butler takes Fort Hatteras, N. Carolina 
 icrs and 1000 stand of arms), 29 Aug. „ 
 ederal states . . . 26 Sept. .. 
 clinc3 command in the federal army, 
 Sept. 
 dl's Bluff; feilerals defeated ami gen, 
 id, near Leesburg, Virginia ; hundreds 
 
 21 0't. 
 
 1 anil i'onfederates enter Kentucky ; 
 or protests; nuuiyskirmishes,Sciit.-liec, 
 
 of lieut.-gen. Heott, 31 Oct. ; George 
 
 made commander-in-chief of the 
 
 iiv ' ^■"^■' 
 
 'cneral Sliernian takes Port Royal forts, 
 
 :i 7, 8 Nov. 
 
 s, of federal war steamer Sen ■lannin, 
 ic Uoval British nuiil packet Trent, 
 is off Messrs. Mason and Slidell, eiin- 
 :immis.sioucrs, and their secretaries, 8 
 conveys them to Boston . 19 Nov 
 \ing8 in tlic northern states at the 
 r Mason and Slidell . . • N"V. 
 .'Views 70,000 nu'U . . .20 Nov. 
 ini, of confederate .steamer Aks/ii-i/'i. 
 federal ship Hdrvey lliirh, i9Nov.,an.l 
 ■ erew on to Southampton . 21 -N'uv. 
 
 ordinance i>assed liy a party in Mis- 
 ov. ; the same in Kentucky . 30 Xcv. 
 
 increase between the reimblicans (al»i. 
 
 and the democrats In New York, ir 
 
 .\"V. 
 
 avis elected president of confedeMte 
 six yi'ars .... 3° N'<iv. 
 .iiH'olu states that the federal armies 
 660.971 nieu ... .2 ""■ 
 •oiigress, whii'h votes th;inkg to eaj't 
 
 l)|.c. ; the foreign envoys at Washiiigt'ii 
 gainst his ai't .... 3 "''■ 
 s .-'.■luininiu'n sinking Imlka iUled "illi 
 
 block nji Charleston harbour (S. tarn- 
 
 eh Indigmition in England] 21 Dei, 
 
 ew York, Sic, au.spend cash payments, 
 
 30 Uet. 
 
 A llrm despatrdi from the nri(i.,n 
 
 S^;?'^^,.^;;;--««-M,L!!'i^;es^;S;ri' 
 
 Ocnfedcratr general Zoilicom.r deVe'.t',' 'i'', ,' t,'"''""' 
 
 '".-i«i..«atMii,«prtngsor'so;,l;^^tm;;;:i;r 
 
 16 Feb, ; and N.Lshville ^'°°° l"'i«"in'rs, 
 
 confederates defeated at Pea Uidge.- Ark.In'^^i's'' 
 
 Jli'delltn and hisarme c, ' \ • ■ 9-MaiV|, 
 
 'S'!^'iK;;f..«;^^f;^^--i!'';nndp;;-|'i 
 
 tliat of the Mounf in ,1, .1! ,"/'"'•'■ ■ '' 'cin.nt 
 „ that nf the Mis.slssI !,/'"''"'""""; "'"' "'Heck 
 
 Bimiside's expedition s.iils ,r'Hn'.t,r V. ■^''"''■''. ) 
 
 N. Carolina, 7, 8 Feh \' .,vi ' ^'^^''^ "oauoke. 
 Capt, Wilson (fVitiilVlM,! V?' ' ,'t "''•■'h , 
 
 and steward, were pen litt e ' , I ' ' "' ''"* ''""k 
 on her vova-e to F h 1 , 1 '^""■"" "» '"ard 
 IVilso, witl"histv as o ;!,';'• '^" '' ^'"•'■1' 
 ■stutigem and co,,n-e Tn rL ' "I^cceMed, b^ 
 '""i'l«f the v^sse 'Svimhr'^''''"" ""' '■"'"- 
 ""d .3 sailors, a„l brom?' ",.'•■''. "••'^- "'«'■'■" 
 •The owners of t ,- shh ,.^v ■'"'" ''i^-'''-po.>l. 
 and the tiv,.,pooi m''. ' S 1''^"/'?^ -"""'". 
 a "lagnineent tes i oniaf of^ he r ''',"' ''"' "'i"' 
 liis gall.utrv. The British .- ■"'"'"■•'tioM of 
 t9 restore the vessew'f '""'''"' "■''"•^'"l 
 AncTiran,.] '^''' *''«" "^'""'led l,y the 
 
 Cdiifederate.? defeated at Winchester ir , 
 
 <;eaeral Burnside occupies Bj;^J;Sand Poi\ m":;!!; " 
 ■Slavery Kliolished in disfrh.f r,pr. 1 ,. 'April, ,, 
 JI;CleII,u a.lvauce.s in^rvi ,.", i? wl? '';V ^•^'"'l. 
 taking Biehmon.l; he fee pi vVV''" '■'"'' "f 
 l)y 30.000 eonredenite.s '"""^ iwktown, held 
 
 ■Cnrro3i(..ndent.i of En-liali ',.„■..' • 5 ■V|n'il, „ 
 I fi'^Mi feJeral army " ""'"spapers excbided 
 
 lo-t..rah.egen.AlS^'i^i;;;-;;7--.l;;;t 
 
 Treaty iMween Great Britnin n,„i „''• 7 April, 
 Mate, n,r the suppres^:,^:;^ ?;;:', l!;;,.',,nw 
 
 felerili! tike Port Pulaska on (I , c 7 April,' , 
 
 ,^, April; and New Orle'ms "'■ S'lvnnnah, „ 
 
 I Tl','. « ""' ^'"''"'ted by (■onfch'.rates ^^""^ *V."'''' 
 IVIie (inrard-I,voii3 treatv l.,.tw„ /^' . ^ ^'■•>.'''. 
 I an'i tke Uaite,! ,st- te, fir ! '" ^'"'-^^ l''''t"" 
 I 8lavetr,n,»e, signed VAn'riir^^';''';''''''"'' "f "'« 
 IConfeJerates repu s,.lVt V I ■" V =° ""v, 
 
 rE;^;P;/"'--=^''' -■"- Hotilla asee;,d^'i;>' 
 ■tittle Itoek, Arkansas, t,'iken by federal's ' J!''-''- 
 |sto,K.«alU,eksoa defeats Bank.: 'irwinch,'':^' 
 l«cClell.„ take., Hanover eonrt-house l' ^'^' 
 
 ■okiriiisliesiv Virdni^i^ .,„,. ' =7 May, 
 
 ««'re l«llles of fL> .k?';'''iV'''« ' J'"^'. 
 (iii'lteijive) "^ "'''"' '"■'"'•'- lUchnioiid 
 
 B'iin-e,;aril ,^ii,i 'ti,n ' on„e 1 \ ^' ■^'''■^'i ' Juno. 
 
 '^■"'MU. Tei.n CSS, e ,'"'"/'^''"'''t'''' ■'ctrcat fro, 
 - »iM tl,e fed,.r,l.s ' ^° "^'"^ ' »'""'"''' W-lIalle.'k 
 
 »,''';■'■. "■• t''« .HLssisslppi, ti'lkon' " A 'f '""- 
 
 [^^"-.ii,p.acJi'X'ii:^;;;ri;r.S^;isig^i:i! 
 
 37JUJJ0, I 
 
 1SC2 
 
 'in''v;l:,;;;'!^^ through^e^era. se...e;n;;;;;;;;;;;;;7 
 
 I'ciier.il Diitli-r exeiti's L'n.it i, r ' ?5 oj June. 
 
 ' ".;^:^/a^i :;i:'- -: ';■ -S^^J:;.;;-^"- 
 
 : i",. on .)!;:„;7s"',.i'v,.'r""""" "' "^"■'■-""■« I^and' 
 
 lLt,J;"'»'^,[.i"<"ithcrr,use;i ' ^3 June-. ,l,,ly, 
 
 .Many e mlluts in Kcntn.^k-v mi' '■ ■ ■'"'>'> 
 
 } "--.""-.«i.conC;il^«^!!;:^i-;',,-:^Tcn. 
 
 Luiroli, vi.sitsanilem'oii,-«.r„o(i Jnneand Julv, 
 
 lialleeksuiiersc^desMcriniTn., ' ' ' '7 Julv, 
 
 ' "•'"•^•^'''^''''"anaseonimander.in-rhief 
 
 I .Slow volun(|.|,rinK . „,„,,,, „,„. ,. 26 July, , 
 
 i ■"'■' ■•:">-oi.- ■ I u,v.,s, ,,?, ,''""o''''ti"ns to Cana- a 
 
 «i'lent -rltii-H I ;rf .' ? ■^"speudcd ; the pre- 
 
 I'lllilic dehi of Ueited ' St../ " •• " •'"'J'. 
 ; „ >.2^2,ooo,ooo d.Iliars '"^ estimated at 
 
 I Jope takeseonmund in Vir-iiii', ' ' ' •'"'■^■. .. 
 
 U,n,.oinspr„elam:aionof:;^;;;^Uion'of,:^,iS; „ 
 
 Ficro; atta.^k of Breckenrid,'... /•,' r i ^^Ji'l-V, „ 
 
 ■'"c,, ,■, t'; a^^i"^;^' "'"'kx. hissuCc; •• 
 
 ^ •^Stonewall■■•J,;^.ts,',',r''''™''''"'''>■8■... Thos. 
 
 H..n, tilat I U b g d:^ho;,lf '""'ll'"'" "f "ull 
 wall ; •• others s u^t ,t '' "'■"",' '''"' " " ■'<t"»i! 
 himself,] ' ^ ""' "'^•''"•egar.l gave theu.me 
 
 "tol^i'^l'i^lil-^^J^^^n^-ison's r.anding (said 
 '■", and desert; rs^ ' "'-'^- "«'"i'lcd, prison- 
 The fe.lerals surprised, and Pope ioses'his y^^^l^, " 
 
 Jackson turns the flank of p,>„„. 25 Aug. „ 
 
 !'"" at Cirovetm, vm,'^ '';";", '\"|'-^'- ""' ""'"'ks 
 
 I ill!' remains of p,,,,,..o ,,.,„,.,,,',".'' , i bept. ,, 
 of Was gton 'i Se ,7".^,"'': '"''""'1 ""^ '"'cs 
 
 north-westto^^itae^ii st't ,?i",-'''-'"'"™' »» "'« 
 to ,iei jfiinst the Indian insurrection 
 
 "w;;s!;i;;^toi;!'t.l'"liS:"i^7'ti'-'^ S^- " 
 
 ratc.s iiM.h.r 1 'I'lrihes against the confe.le- 
 
 ^.^t;nei^An^j;im^;::;:Ss4^;;„4s: 
 
 n.arpers P,.rry surre'nderHl tn Ja,.'kson' iJ Senl'*' " 
 
 ^'Aitn;ri^-:;^-.t=^n:^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Drar,gh,^f„,^menordere..inNewYo?l^^Si 
 r.in...ilii suspends habeas cornns'writ'and'n,th,!!'i'''' 
 
 "5;;p;-brTnSi--b;:S S^ 
 
 Tennessee, j-j <Jet. ; au.I at Porrysvi'lle, Kcnin'eky 
 Confcdor.ate gen. Stuart crosses Upper Potom,",'- 
 
 lii a cam , " '^'''"'■"* """i' "'"' '■'''■"■"^ to 
 
 * • • • • t 10, 13 Oct 
 
 4 B 2 
 
 
 ' I 
 
 •1' 
 
 i> 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 1156 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Gold at 29 premium nt Ncnv York . . Oct. 1862 
 Griiiit ili'niiiinitii- imrtiiitjiit Nnv York, coiiiU'iniiiiiK 
 
 till' iiri'sUli'Ml's jKiliiv .... i^Oit. ,1 
 At Ni'W orlriiiis UuliiT cDiniu'ls iill ]ii'i'sciiis whii 
 refuse ti> t;iki' tlif uiitli (if iillc,i;iaiii-i' to siMul in 
 tlicir iLiiiiii's and ivgistcr tlii'ii- iirniiurty lo llu' 
 imiviist niiiislial .... 12 (lit. ,, 
 
 JIi-L'lclliin'.s licad-(inart(.'rs at Ilariicr's Vcriy 17 Oil. ,, 
 liaiil (if ciinfi'ilcratc pH- Miii'wi" i" Kcntmky ; In" 
 carries iilf So federal wagH""* iifaniinnnitiiin, A;e. 
 
 18 (let. „ 
 Ten confederate ]irisiiiii'rs at Palmyra slnit by order 
 of (,'en. McNeil in eollsei|llenee of llie disapiiear- 
 anc of Alii'aliani .Mlsman . . ib Det. ,, 
 
 Ilosenerjnis sniierscdes liuell in the west 30 (let. ,, 
 Klectioiis lor next eon{,'ress ; {jreat ni.i,jiirity for tlie 
 (leinoei'atie (oiiinisit ion) euudidates in New York 
 und several other states .... 4 Nov. „ 
 MeClellan, while advancin;; towards liiehniond, 
 is sn|ierseileil liy p'n, liiirnside, 5 Nov., who 
 advaiiees towards liieliniond . . 7 Nov. ,, 
 
 M. Drouyn de I.hnys, on lielialf of the Fi'ciiel'. 
 j;overnnient. iirojioses .joint mediation in the 
 .Mneiiean eontliet to (ire.it Ih'it.iin and liussia, 
 30 Oct. ; declined liy tiortschakotf, 8 Nov. ; liy 
 carl Unssell . '. . . 13 Nov. ,, 
 
 The eonlederatc steamer Alnhainu, cajit. Seinmes, 
 (jaiitnres iiianv I'.^S. vessels, and e.veites iiinch 
 alarm at New 'York . . . (.let. -Dee. „ 
 
 rresideiit llavis threatens reprisals if general 
 
 McNeil is not siirrcndered (see 18 Oct.) 17 Nov, ,, 
 Biirnside summons rredericksburf,' to surrcndi'r : 
 confederate gen. Lee with about 80,000 nn'U near 
 
 2J .Nov. ,, 
 100,000 federal .soldiers on the sick list . Nov. ,, 
 
 Great honour shown to Mi'L'lcllan ; he is projmsed 
 
 us the lU'Xt president .... Nov. ,, 
 
 The federal go\'crnnicnt orders relcjuse of (lisa!l'ected 
 
 persons in prisons . . . . 2.s Nov. ,, 
 
 Annual session of U.S. congress; the ]iresideiit 
 recominends compensated emancipation o\' all 
 slaves in the loyal states before liie year 1900 1 Dec. ,, 
 Battle of I-'rcdericksbui-g (vhich lav); liurnsiilc 
 cr isses the Itapiialuinnock, 10 Dec. ; bombards 
 Fredericksburg, 11 Dec. ; a series of desperate 
 attjieks on the confederates; Jiurnside totally 
 defeated, 13 Dec. ; recrosscs the river 15 Dec. ,, 
 Engagements in Tennessee with varying results, Dec. ,, 
 IJiscoviry of tV.inds in the I'.S. army linancial 
 accounts ; public dissatisfaction with the govern- 
 ment ; seciclaries Chase and Weward resign, but 
 
 resume otiiee Dec. ,, 
 
 Homestead and Pre-emption act (relating to settle- 
 ment of Iroe land) passed ,, 
 
 Battles near Mnrfrci slmro', or Stone Hiver, between 
 Hoscncrans and the tederals and liraxton Uragg 
 and the confederates: begin 29 Dec. ; severe but 
 indecisive, 31 Dec. ; battle continued, i Jan. ; 
 liragg defeated, retreats , . . 2 .Ian. 1863 
 
 " Thei-e have been about 2000 battles and skirmishes 
 since the coniinencement of the war."— ^Imcriiaii 
 Almftuttrk.] 
 President I,inc(dn proclaims the freedom of slaves 
 In till! rebel states, excejit in parts held by the 
 
 V. S. army 2 Jan, ,, 
 
 Burnside su|ierscded by Josejili Hooker in com- 
 mand of army of the I'otomac , . 26 Jan, ,, 
 The Kieiich govcrnim'iit's oiler of mediation, 9 Jan 
 
 djci.ned 6 Feb. ,, 
 
 The (lionje (/riVice/i/, a vessel ciuitaining jirovisions 
 and other relief for the distressed cotton workers 
 in I iiiicasliire, arrives ... 9 Feb. ,, 
 
 A coi.M'ription bill (for men between 18 and 45) 
 
 passed 25 Feb. ,, 
 
 The congress authorises the suspension of the 
 habeas eorims act, 3 March ; and establishes a 
 2<i'uti(>nal Academy of KcieuccH at Washington 
 
 4 March, ,, 
 ConfederBte loan for 3,o(X),coo!. well taken up in 
 
 Kurope M.o.h. „ 
 
 Charleston, Sontli Carolina, attacked by monitors 
 and KnnboatH ; the Keokuk, u monitor, sunk 
 
 7 April, „ 
 Battle of Cliancelloi'sville (iiliirh see); the federals 
 under Hooker cross the Itup]ialiaaiiuck, s8 Ajuil ; 
 
 defeated (gen. Stonewall Jackson is mortally 
 wnundcd), 2-4 Mav; Hooker recrosscs the li.ippa- 
 
 liamiock , ' .s M'''V 
 
 Stoniwall .lackson dies , . lo .May, 
 
 tira1lt'ssu<'ccssl'ulcam]iaigll in Tennessee : he defeats 
 
 tlic eourcdcratcs under .loscpli Ji.hiisliin .it 
 
 ,l,ick,son. 14 Mav; and under I'emberton al 
 
 Champion Mills, '16 May : .ind invests Vicksbnrg, 
 
 Mississippi, which is strongly fortilied, iS May, 
 
 a dreadtid assault on it rc|ielled . . 2j May, 
 
 (iivat peace meeting at Norlolk . 5 June, 
 
 Coidcderatc invasion undcrl.ee; invade Maryland 
 
 and Peiinsvlvauia, and take various towns 
 
 14 .lime ('/ .•'T'/. 
 Tin' federal gen. Hooker superseded by (leorge 
 
 11, Meade 27 June, 
 
 Jleade .■idvanies against Lee; great battle of 
 
 CetlVslinrg, indecisive; bill the eonlcdeiates 
 
 evacuate I'cnnsvlvania and Maryland i-j.hdy, 
 
 I Vicksbnrg bomb'arded, -, July ; surrendered by 
 
 i I'emberton to tirant and Porter 4'l"l,^. 
 
 Port Hudson, a confederate foi'trcss on the 
 
 .Mississippi, surrenders , , S July, 
 
 I Fierce riots at New York against the conseriplion ; 
 
 niaiiv negroes murdered, and much property 
 
 .lesti-ovcd 13-ioJnly, 
 
 The Sioux defeated, 7 .\ug. ; gen. Pope reports that 
 
 the Indian ^^.ll■ is elided . . . ■ Aug, 
 
 I New York rioters tried and convicted, 12 Aug ; 
 
 eonseriiition going on iie.iceably . 21 -Vii,^', 
 
 Siege of Charleston ; defended by Heanrcgard ; 
 
 1 attacks with varied sucicss, July ; Fort Sumter 
 
 bonibar led and destroyed (and so called liivek 
 
 lire eiuiiloyed); attacks on the rums ie|inlsed 
 
 2t, 22 Aug, 
 Knoxvillc occupied by liurnside . . 10 Sept. 
 A Hussian sonadron warmly received at New York 
 
 Sept. and (let. 
 
 Battles of Chickamanga, Tennessee ; Ihiseneraus 
 
 I defeated bv Bragg . . . ■ 19, 2oSepi. 
 
 Mason, the contedei-ate commissioner in Fnglainl, 
 
 I luotests against the mode of his receiilion, and 
 
 ! (piits 22S.-].t, 
 
 ! Coidederatcs difcated at lilue-Spi'ings, Tennes,s.e 
 
 1 10 (let, 
 
 ' Lincoln calls for 100,000 volunteers . 17(11-1, 
 
 lioseiicrans' command of the federal army in Teiim s- 
 
 j see suiicrscded by Uraiit, ami Thomas, ami 
 
 ■ Shei-man 19 (Jet, 
 
 The steam rams FA Timsxim and F.i ilotmssir, built 
 
 bv .Mr I.aiid at Hirkenhead, and suspected to he 
 
 i fiir the confedcrales, arc iil.iccd under charge of a 
 
 gnvernment vessel in the Mersey . 31 (let 
 
 Ihilish co;i.^ulsiiisniissedfi-oni southern states (let, 
 
 ' Meade captures a part of Ia'c's army on the N. side 
 
 I ofthe Uappahanno,-k . . ,■ 7^"^'- 
 
 i The chief justices l.owrie, 'Woodward, and 1 liniii|i. 
 
 i son decliirc that the Conscription act is um.'ii- 
 
 ' stitutional ijNhv, 
 
 Liingstieet defeats Hnrnside, and conijiels him te 
 
 retire into Knoxvillc . . . i4->7 ^"^■ 
 
 Sherman and Thonias defeat Bragg at Chattaiiinwi 
 
 2j. 24 Nov. 
 
 Longstreefs attack on Knoxvillc, defended liy 
 
 Burnside, fails, and he retreats into Vir-iiiia 
 
 29 Nov. and 1 |i>v. 
 
 The confederate general Bragg suiierseded l.y 
 
 Hardee , '■' "''■ 
 
 Lincoln's message to congress warlike; he )irollers 
 amnestv to all except heads of gdvernments, Ac, 
 4 Dec.': ll:ivis's niess:ige, lirm, but ackimw- 
 
 ledging reverses , , . . ■ .,7! ■ 
 
 Gen. Joseph Johnston takes command of the eeii- 
 
 federate army in Georgia . , . 27 Pn'. 
 
 President Lincoln orders a draft of 500,000 nieii in 
 
 3 vears ■ ' }'^^'' 
 
 Federal cxiiedition into Florida; defeated at 
 
 (Ihistcp , ■. , ^ol'A 
 
 Failure of attack of Kilpatrick and Dalilgnii ci. 
 
 Hicdiinond .... 27 Feb. -4 Man li, 
 
 Ulysses Grant madceomnian(ler-in-chier,succei'.l)iii; 
 
 ilalleck " M'"''I'' 
 
 Confederate raids into the Western Btates Miircli, 
 Shernmn s expedition against Mobile, 2 Ji.ir.Ii, 
 
 defeated bv Kirby-Smitli . . . 5 April, 
 James lO, Stuart, the celebrated confederale eavalr)' 
 
 offlcer, killed . . • ■,-,•," ""■'■ 
 Cniniiaign in Virginia; the army of the lutumac 
 
 i£6 
 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 (KCII. Stonewall .Tiicksoii is iiiorf:iU.v 
 ), 2-4 Miiv ; Honker reerosses 111.' liMiipii- 
 
 . ' 5 May 1 
 
 liiek.son (lii'S , . . lu Miiy, 
 
 eesslul eiinili:!!),'!! ill Telllli'SSie ; lie clelVills 
 leileniles ulliler Joseph .InliliMoli al 
 
 14 Mav; anil lunlei- I'eiiilierioii al 
 
 II Hills, 'i(i Mav : ami iiivesls Vi.ksl.uru', 
 .|.i, wliieli is slroiinly forlilicil. ib May, 
 il assauH on it repelleil . . 2.' May, 
 r nieetinj; at Norlnlk . 5 •'"H''. 
 V invasion under l.ei' ; invaile Marylaml 
 isvlvania, anil take various Inuns 
 
 14 tluMe ct 'icq. 
 il gen. Hooker suiierseileil l>y (ieorjje 
 
 e -!7''i ■ 
 
 vaiiees against I.ee ; great Uallle o| 
 irg, iinleeisive ; lint llie eonreiierutes 
 
 reiinsvlvania anil Marjlaiiil i-j.hils, 
 lionili'anleil, :; .Inly ; surrenilenil liy 
 
 Ml to Uiaiit anil I'orler . 4 •l'il>. 
 
 son, a eonleilerati! fortress on llie 
 i|ii, snrrenilers ... 3 .luly. 
 
 1 at New York against tlie eonseriiition ; 
 igroes inurilereii, ami niueli iiroperly 
 
 1 ij-i6.luly. 
 
 ilefeateil, 7 .Xug. : gen. Tolif reports tliat 
 ui war is eii'leil .... Aug. 
 
 rioti'rs trieil anil eonvieteil, 12 Aug. ; 
 lion going on jieaeealily . . 21 Aug. 
 
 liiuleston ; (lelVnileil liy lieaureganl ; 
 Willi varieil sueeess, July ; I-'ort .'Suniler 
 
 III anil ilestroveil (ami so-ealleil ^M■el k 
 loveil); attaeks un tlio ruins leiiulse.l 
 
 21, 22 Aug. 
 
 iieeiiiiied liv HurnsiJe . . 10 Si pi. 
 
 siinailroii waniily reeeiveil at New York 
 
 !Se|it. anil del. 
 
 Cliickainauga, Tennessee ; liosenerans 
 by llragg .... n). 20 Sepi. 
 • eonteilerate eoinniissiouer in Kngl.iml. 
 
 against the inoile of his reeeptinii. ami 
 
 22 Sept. 
 
 es lUfeaieil at lilue-Hiuiuga, Tennessee 
 10 (111. 
 lis for -,00.000 viilunteers . 17 Oil. 
 
 s' 1 onuiiauil of the feileral army in Teiiiii s- 
 erseiled liv Uraut, anil Thmuas, ainl 
 1 .'..... iqOit. 
 
 I rams FA Tinismn niirt Fa il/(mii.ssii-, liuilt 
 .aiiil at liirkenliead, ami siispeeted to he 
 ■onlrderates, are phieed iiiuler tliarge of a 
 lent vessel ill the .Mersey . fillet, 
 
 a.^nls dismissed frniii suntliern states Oit. 
 limes a jiart of l.ee's army on the N. side 
 appahaunoik .... 7 N"V. 
 
 jiistiees Lowrie, Woodward, and Ihniiip. 
 are that tlii' Coiisenption aet is iim mii. 
 
 lal '-' >•"*■ 
 
 I defeats Huriiside, ami eonipels him m 
 to Knoxville . • ■ M'? ^">- 
 
 mil Thomas defeat Hragg lit Chattam.".:;ii 
 
 2!, 24 .Nov. 
 
 t's attack (Ui Knoxville, deleiidiil hy 
 
 le, fiiils, mid lie retreats into Viigiimi 
 
 2y Nov. ami 1 h". 
 
 eilcriite general Bragg superseiled h.v 
 
 2 Ui-e. 
 lucssiige to omigrfHS wiirlike ; heiinilliTS 
 ,■ to all exeejit heads of goveriiinents, ki\. 
 : liavis's message, linn, l)ut ai kimw- 
 
 reverses 7 "'''■ 
 
 ph Johiistim takes eoinmnml of the erne 
 
 ■ army in Georgia ... 27 I'n'. 
 
 Lineolii orders a draft of 500,000 lain ill 
 
 I I'tli, 1 
 
 expedition into Florida; defealeil nt 
 
 2U li'll. 
 
 r attaek of Kilpatriek and Dahlgivii m, 
 md .... 27 Keli.-4 .M:mi1i. 
 
 rani made eiinnnander-ili-chief, suee lii;|; 
 
 [ 12 .Marili. 
 
 ite raids into the Western states Miirili. 
 s expedition against Mohile, 2 Ji.iriii, 
 il liv KirbvWmith . . • 5 April, 
 Kliiart, tlie eelebriiteJ eonfederate eavalrj- 
 
 killed iiMii.v, 
 
 1 in Virginiii; tlie army of tho I'utuiiiiic 
 
 ~^^™ED~STATE,S. 
 
 erosses the Hapidan ; advaiiee of r ', 
 
 J'orleil l,y l,,,n^rsl, t) ., «.,'.'' f'';"Oln«- Slip. 
 
 ••VViMerin.ss''oii.arnuMl: ,;,,:;^l,:;i'';'''^i''.'ln. 
 
 5. '> May: l.allle of Spottsvlv ,1 i '• ""''■nsive, 
 .,"■'""""".' ti"'li'ld; luuih ;,n^^^^^^^ ""■ liberals 
 .■>li.rman („, (;e„rgia) heats tie ,o„r !"'^ -^'".v. >364 
 F, mv;:,!,;.^ "^'^ -""' ^'"'^"' •'""-■■ierati. ,t 
 t,,-,.,u.siau,a,-tiep.dein,y,hehons;.i,f,:;:,^i;!^: 
 
 .Altera sileefssioM of att,'lel;< oi, 1, .'1 ■ ; '.!''llne, 
 
 -'"l"ls 1 to reti gnnh l"„T"''' ".'""^ 
 
 movement .Ma,vhestoth7. , .'," .i,' i ,!>•/' "^'"k 
 and laees l'eteisl„ir„ ,. /,',,'' ""''"1101111, 
 t^'K''" the Mrs, inlr" m'.j;; I ' ' ., I .;r'"| ''^'^'"K 
 nssaulU, he is repulsed «ith eim^l.le,;!!:;!;'™:; 
 
 Ilie eonfederate steamer •l/r,/,„,„„ , » '8 June, 
 ^ittaeked ami sunk h • tlm s <' ''''f- '^-'mims) 
 
 (i:a,.t.Wiiislo.v)nea;c[,e.h'ur:/i:>,;^!'''^' "-':'' 
 .Vr, Uhase. s.vret.iiv to ||„. i; si, ' ' "^■'mie. 
 ,/" -'i-'!'yM,..-l.-es.e;;;ien"-""^'^""'J-.^-i,^'ls; 
 
 .l..ea.ensBaUin,ore«,Kfe;,l;l;>„-;-;,?,,i^:Ny; 
 
 CMih..ler:,tes .again i,,^,,,, j,, ,.',;,, . ,?S •'"i.v, 
 vaiiia, .;l^l ltl^s,roy ,;|,,^,,n„.,, ,:,':' ■""' ' '''"J^vl- 
 
 Grant liners the esiihision „f . • . ■ 3oJiiv, 
 wlierehy 250 eonl'S,:^' ,^''i:i-|i'V'«"V'-t'''ic; 
 
 assault hiiiowing is rep„,..d';^i.!:t!its,l;i;!d^!:;: 
 
 't^;':;J'man;y^s''rnd!:i^^;;:;^''''^''''''^-i"") 
 ^^Za;::^;:-" :>•"--":". ^^^z 
 
 Til iifederate llolil'la near Vt„1,il.'. 1 '. •)"*<■ 
 
 .^s''^i;-weirt,"^r ;■ "''yA.^^- 
 
 "Oeianenitie" .■lih-.-.goeo'e,'^ ''"'"■■'' ">■, «'« 
 
 ^'s:;;::r;;u;;:r--^"--"-'''"^..erate^.:;;:i;;, 
 
 Slionuaa orders the depopulation' of AtlaiUa!"- 
 
 MeClellaii deelares forniaintainin.r fi, ■ 7>'e|it. 
 I deaiiieratie |,artv divided "*> ""' '"""" • 'lie 
 
 Slioriihm (federal) defeats Karlv at W,„.i 'l^'''!'- 
 I '"" SI""-"'-.!' valley, hut wifh very gS'',;,^:] 
 
 r.oiigstreet replaees Karlv in ♦!,., "9 ■'^ept. 
 
 I'l.afeiliTates . '' '" *'"^^ '•"iiniiaml of the 
 
 l.illlgstreel defeats the feder-il'a .,t',.,,' "'''■ 
 
 ;i!e::;i2s-"'''-''^-"^""-?:.:'n:;!;^ 
 '^r^f^^iiLe^-';:;™.:?^ -lis ''?'■'?- 
 
 iwry oir horses ami s „ .' : ', , "" '''""< ami 
 
 si'veral l-rsoms, and lie,: ■,•,/;.,,;:'' ■'"■■kill 
 
 I wliere,, oft |„.n, are arrested "''"'''• ") '>'•'■: 
 
 I'-" Ill I'l'-eleefed president • M,. CI il ' ^lOet. 
 
 I ■■"ramaiid in r,.s aniiv •^'' ^'•■"•""■^■■''iKiis his 
 I .Mirriiiiiii distrovs .Mlaiili 'i,,,! i. . • ' .. * Nov. 
 t'..-.^l.to.orgiati,s;;;!':n ''"*''''» '''^ ''-'■•■I' 
 lli'iiil.-i attaek on Tlionms (federal) -it'i-, 'm"'' • 
 
 r,.|Hils,,l with severe loss '' ^^ '■'■"'klm, 
 
 (...U'ohi', message t„ eoi.gress' eonsidered ^''m!^-' '■ 
 
 ^.r reprisals U::>:nZ:nriC'JZXlZ 
 |"'"''""'''^'"""'>"'''' -(^.lemDnearNjs^,!';,;;; - 
 
 l-Slimnaii storms fort M'Allister ,, !.,'■♦'" "'■''■ •> 
 I Savaiiiiah ■•misar, ij i),,e. ; enlers 
 
 ns'ii:;;;:;!-f'it:,:,;:;;,;r'T^ '"' - ''-' " 
 r;;;r;ri^' ''^ ■-"- - '^piCd ■;ind :^;.z!:^:, •■ 
 
 |T!.Nera,ei,„gressaho, slavery ?,^ Hie'J^i-ifi " 
 
 *wa,i| with the eJ,f.'. ,,.;'' ;:,"; """ ^'-'-etary 
 
 ■ • • • Feb. ,, 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 \\iliningloii eapiured Pv Sel 11 , '=*'•''•''■ '36% 
 
 j;-,"-^:M..iiieeii,deilr;^.!-'^;!;l..U:;^-;^j;^. 
 
 "-;;:;nn.ilerateeo„gress-dei.,.etlma,min;^f'^i!: " 
 •^— 'H„genttari,fe,;,;,e;tl;:, ,„;.„,., 4 Maivh, ■• 
 
 ";;-''" Mar:^;'^;;i;:;>:j;:;;;'';;;t;'tFi..Ko,:k;^''i;^^ - 
 
 ^''■;nd,.n oviMlakis .,',;. rS ' =■ ^ April, „ 
 
 President Lineoh, ,i„,f .,, ., „ r4 A|.ril,' „ 
 ttasliington, ahn„t7, ;,■,.',',„,.''"'■'■'< flieatre " 
 ;y tt ilkes i!„„„,, ,„,;,'„ ;^^^; p. "U ,4 April, 
 '■'iiig'u seereiun- and li L ■^''- '^•«ard, the 
 
 "«ll house hvii' 1 J ^""' "■oUllded in his 
 
 Yl 1" .lies' a'^'m"'"""?"^"'"" ''"'" 
 
 'fe:;;;bi:.';:;e:;^^r.t^r'"''r"i''r''^''-" 
 
 ll"-eo„h.derategene 1, nhk T,vl • / ^6 April, 
 siiiTeiideis ' "^"k Taylor (near Mobile) 
 
 '';"l;^;a;^;::ii;;-:;j,r'--''''»''-'"""vii^;^!;iJ: 
 ,-.'f"ie!:i;'enif:;r;i;ii^;r'v«".itii, in-T^;;^: •• 
 
 '''■'■sMeiil J„|„,,,,,, . , ■" • . 26 .Mav. „ 
 »"iitl.ern ports, 2 .v'"''" "l'""i"« "f the ' 
 ^. ',•'•'■'■»" exemptions - ■ '"" "" '"""esty with 
 
 -"l--.astohserved,brde..th,;fpreside„tu!,S, " 
 I'le armies on both shies nnidk-.n 1 ,. '■'""0, 
 
 ■•'"t-'t New York „et^^:;;/;l!^;!;;;|;-^-«.,!i-ce 
 
 ^^',;:fS^';:;;;;^:;''^^''''^»''"™'^33.4,6;of;i^!;;i; 
 
 ''somh?su,Ten;i';.,V';; '!V;t «''M"rt held bv tho 
 
 Ti-nniisiiai,''i : ,^;';';;,;;'':;'' -.sjuT. • 
 
 '■•■'•''^-<-"iirti.e,.i;a;;,y-';;---Mt..eir 
 ''';-i'™u.;gtd;;;;;i;'^:^;';«,:^^i!;^;>-".;"^^^ 
 
 ,,,i^'dion orihe slategi,""; ;., ' ''"""'■- '■>'"Wm- 
 llarrnl.f,,,. |ie,;,ld ■, V, "L ' ■'>''^'. Atzerott, 
 
 -;;;.yv-;.daei.i:,;er;^-^i.--t ^,^;^" 
 
 '^"^'■^" •"■'" '"^'^-v" ^.^^J^n:::;s ;.oiiaS,''"^' •• 
 
 The confederate iirivatHi.i- <:i. , , -i' •'»'>'. .. 
 
 :^s^:ls';k;rf-''-^--"-^'^l^ 
 
 ;:i:£-'«-^^ins'i:d';ei^':;;;i:;'-x 
 ''AK:'it;:;i:\,!;;;^r;!';-^n.-oi.-an,,«^j; •- 
 
 ■l^'i'^ana. coiile, , .'Vn : .^ respeetin. the 
 '■■"iiiiiisaioii to whi, el ,,:■,■ 1"'"1".'«"' »f a 
 lie referred """' '"' "'I'aralion shall 
 
 AN;, mepheiis and other s,iut,ier?,-V;ii:';-S!,«;;!;J: " 
 
 'n:i!,s;:;i;;iS-''''"i'-'^'i..iia;ti^,;u •• 
 
 16-34 Oct. „ 
 
 >t 
 
 vi 
 
 sii 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 11.38 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 JIurli i.iibliu aiscussioii resiiecting eiiiml iirKro 
 aufrnige •^"'^- 'T '^^^ 
 
 The iiiitiiiiinl (Iclit stuti'il to lie Ctw.ixio.ooo/. '"'i' >> 
 
 Ueiicral Kiilicit Lee Ijucmiies iirusiileiil uf Wasli- 
 iijL'ton (.'iille;.e, Virginia . . • = J,'.''*- .. 
 
 Several simtlicni stales pass orilinaiR'Cs annulling 
 secfssicn, abolishing slavery, and remmiuMng 
 cmifederatc debt .... Seiil. Uet. Nov. „ 
 
 National thanksgiving fur the rt'ace . 2 ^ov. ,, 
 
 Oai.tain Wa.l.lell arrives at I.ivr'ri.ool, 6 Jjov. ; snr- 
 remlers the :iliciiiniiloah to the Hritish govern- 
 ment, stating that he hail not heiiril ot the end of 
 the war till j Aug. ; he and his irew iwiroled, 
 e Nov. ; the vessel given up to the Anieruan 
 consul . . . • /. , ■ 9'>r; " 
 
 Cai't. Wirz, after long military trial, exeeuted for 
 caielty to the federal prisoners at Andersonsville, 
 
 A negro eonvention at Charleston, appeals foi ,jn.s- 
 
 tiie and geiierosily . ,-,.■. •..,.^5^"^'- •> 
 
 E.x-president liuehanan imblishes his justilRalioii, 
 
 Habeas corpus act restored in N. states . i Dee. „ 
 Close of eorrespondeiiee between the Hritish and 
 US governments respeeting depredaliniis of 
 Ahibuma, Shniamlouh, &r. Theearl of Clarendon 
 maintains that " no armed vessel dei.arted diiriiig 
 the war fiom a British port, to cruise against the 
 commerce nftl.e United States" .■„■?''''';• " 
 Congress and govirniiient protest against tlie Heiieu 
 
 intervention in Mexico, Nov.; 6, 16 llec. „ 
 
 Opening of 39111 congresr,-, president J.dmson s 
 message conciliatory and firm (he requires from 
 the southern states- repeal of their act ol seces- 
 sion, abolition of slavery, and repudiation ot 
 confederate debt) . . . • ; •• Vf- >• 
 The radical 1 artv, oiiposed to the president and to 
 clemency to the sonlli, predominiite m the con- 
 gress, aiid move violent resolutions against resto- 
 ration of southern states to the union . l>ec. „ 
 Estimated federal debt, 600,000,000/. ; revenue, 
 
 80,000,000/ _ • ," , , i "■ •* 
 
 Se members for the southern states excluded from 
 congress; the conservative party support tie 
 president ii. his endeavours to reconstruct the 
 union ; the radicals violently oppose his poln-y, 
 reiiuiring the south to undergo previously 11 
 severe probation; the i.resnlei.t has restored 
 state governmciit to all the southern states ex- 
 cept Texas and Florida . . . 2y "ec. „ 
 The radicals demand for the negroes, personal, 
 civil, and pulitiia' rights, einial to these oltl.e 
 whites; tlie president jiroposes gradual enfran- 
 chisement, in separate states . . Kcii. 
 The president vetoes the Kreednien s Jiiircau bid, 
 21 Feb.; and the bill for the civil rights of the 
 
 Um)ii "7 Jbiri h. 
 
 The president tiercely oiiposed by the radicals ; the 
 conservatives and democrats unite to support 
 
 liini Maiih, 
 
 He proclaims the rebellion at an eml . 3 April, 
 The Civil liights bill passed in spite of the veto, 
 
 I) April, 
 T-e veto on the admission of Colorado as a sliite, 
 15 May; set aside ••••„■ ,^'''^' 
 Fenian raids in Camilla . . .V May.7.luiie, 
 The radical reeonstrin tion clause termed tlie con- 
 stitutional aiiiendi.ieiit" (granting mgio siillrage 
 to be enforced bv the dillerellt stales; the whiles 
 and the blaiks to be e.pial in the sight of the 
 law, ic), passed by the senate . ij.luiie. 
 
 Death of gc nil Winlidd Scott, aged 80, 29 >'">■; 
 
 ami of Lewis Cass, aged 83 . . .17 June, 
 Continued dissension between the president and 
 
 the congress • ,• • ■ • , •,, ,' ,^'', 
 
 The representatives of Tennessee readmitted to 
 the congress (u, states still excliuled) . .inly, 
 
 The Atlantic telegraph eomiileled (see hh'Ini: 
 TeUgwrh) =7.||.v. 
 
 The congress ail.iouriis .... j!iJiii\. 
 
 Great n.eeting at IMiiladelphia of the National 
 Union Convention, consisting ol delegates (the 
 „„..lerat.' nirii of all th" parties, in every .state, 
 mirth and south, now termed llie eonsiryativu 
 partv), whose object is to establish the national 
 union, restore the f,..iith to its rights, and vindi- 
 cate the president's jiolicy . . 14 .Mi.g. 
 
 Tour of the president; he visits I'hiladelpliia, New 
 
 :S66 
 
 York Chicago, &<:■. he is very cnthusiastieally 
 received ; and speaks warmly, and often "ijndi- 
 
 '•i""»iy ■ ■ ■ : '^ i^^l'i'-'-'l ,^,?u 
 
 Elections for congTCSs go in favour ol tlie-iepiilili- 
 
 ITheTdemand tl'iat trireellfths'of the blaeks iu the 
 south .shall be entitled to vote; that wlieve uegro 
 sntfrage is not established, only whites shall 
 count ; and that all persons who have taken any 
 ]iart iu the rebellion shall lie dnHiimliUed to 
 
 Peath of Martin Van Burcn, ox-presidtut Oct. 
 
 Trial idJellerson Davis deferred till spviug Oct. 
 Elections in all the states except Delawaie and 
 
 Marvland in favour of the radicals (aVxiuV 2^00,000 
 to ,',800,000); two coloured deputies el.ctfd in 
 
 MassachiLsetts . • ._ • ,^;*-"t--$"^- 
 
 (iovernment policy declared to Vie dead M)\. 
 
 .Meeting of congress; pri sidenfs message; Ue i.t- 
 
 elares that he adheres to his policy . 3 Dec. 
 bills to provide territorial governments insouinern 
 
 states; and restriction of presideut's apvomting 
 
 powers proposed . . •,.•,.■ 3, "'• 
 Tlie president charged with l».Mng "silent wid mu- 
 
 tioiiless;" congress absorbs all the power Dec 
 A bill admitting negroes to the sulfrage lu distTiet 
 
 of Columbia passed .... 13 "''•'• 
 Veto of president .set aside • • ,• • '"'"• 
 Supreme court deeides that congress has not power 
 
 to appoint military tribunals • • ■ J""- 
 Inipeai hnient of president by ajnd.cial committee 
 
 agreed to 7 J""- 
 
 Division among the radicals; Stevens snccessilnlly 
 
 opposed by Ashley .... 29 J""- 
 
 Debt of the United States reported 2,543,000000 
 
 dollars . . . . • ,■ ■ ■'■''';■ 
 Nebraska admitted as the 37th state, ovej ptesi- 
 
 ,li,,its veto 9 '''''■ 
 
 Bill lor establishing military gover: ment iu the 
 
 southern states, divided into live districts, ilis- 
 
 ..iissei' '3-15 fell. 
 
 Modilled and passed, 20 Feb.; vetoed by the pie.si 
 
 ,l,.iit 28 teb. 
 
 Mr. I'eaiiodv givei i,ooo,oco dollars to pvouiote 
 
 educatiiin'in the south .... '''J'- 
 
 Aoth congress opened . . .,,, • .,•»*'"'''• 
 Supplementary reconstruction bill for the s<iinh 
 
 passed 20 Marc I, 
 
 Tenure of Office act passed . . . Jlavcli, 
 
 Jtiissian America purchased for 7,000,000 dollars; 
 
 treaty ratilied b,\ the senate . . ■ 9 -M'pU 
 "I'rote'ctioii" rife: taxation on lintis'i maiinfac- 
 
 tures 80 iier cent.; nuich smuggling; \iu\iUc debt 
 \ not diininishing; many strikes amongst oven- 
 
 ' Jelferson Davis leleas'd on bail, 13 il»y; Vo- 
 
 1 ceeded to New York, and thence to Canada. 
 
 I 20 May, 
 
 Snpplcnientarv reconstruction bill adopted "Ver 
 i tlie pre.sideiifs veto . . . • »5 July. 
 
 Long trial of John H. S.iratt, for complicity m 
 1 assassination of president l.inndn ; 11117 ii"t 
 1 agreed on verdict (discharged, 6 Nov. i8t8), 
 
 ' Insubcrdiiiation of gen. Sheridan, favoured by 
 
 1 Fdw Stanton, secretary of war, who ivtnses to 
 
 resign at the re.|iiisition of the president, 5 Aug.; 
 
 suspended ; sneceeded by gen. tlraiit ^ 12 Aug. 
 
 General aiiiiiesty proclaimed by the president, 
 
 I 9 Suit- 
 
 ' liemovaliifgen. Sheridan from the goveviiuivut ..1 
 
 I I'misiana, and of Siekles from N. Carolina, bn 
 
 iiisiibonlination to the piesideut . -^'iK-^fl't 
 
 N-tioiial cciieleiv at Aiitietam (ic/io/i .mi') diili- 
 
 ' " Vatcd in presenee ot the president . 17 Sept. 
 
 Sir Fred Bruce, Br.tish ambassador, died at BoUmi, 
 
 I 9 ^'I't- 
 
 ' Unssian America ceded . . . -J'.'';'; 
 
 Jelferson Davis's trial ad,!ourned . . 2fi No. 
 
 Elections ill the south give supremacy to the a- 
 
 I groes; ill the mirlh, great majorities^^lmylie 
 
 ! ■ res'i'il'e'nt's message, nmin'taiiiing his prineipU'S mi 
 
 ' Ucvluiuc of'th'e'staie? fallen otf; public 'IfMakml 
 
 1:20,000,000/. . ■ • .", .* ,■_ i 
 
 I Priiposid impeachment of the president negal t.J 
 
 1 in congress (108 to 57) . . . • B l/"- 
 
 iSCf 
 
 1.6 
 
 I i| 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 Iiicngii, *c. ; he 18 very (■iitliusiiistlnilly 
 
 ■ iiinl siK'aks wiiiiiily, null "f*''" "O"'''- 
 
 ... 38 AiiK.-i8 hei>t. 
 
 ■(ir cont'rcss go in favour uf tliB-ti'Viilili- 
 
 im,l tl'mt tl'iree-iimw'i.f tli'e liUirk* iu tlie 
 all 111' (MitilliHl U< vote; tlml wli.Tt uturo 
 
 is init csUiblishoil, (mly wlut»a sluUl 
 iml tlmt nil ii(.T»i>iis Willi li:iVf tiiV.'U uiiy 
 
 the rfbelliuu shiUl Iw aiwiiialitluil to 
 
 lavtin Van Buron, ex-vresiilmt Oct. , 
 
 lU'isdii D.ivis iluftriTil till sjiviug Oct. , 
 ill iill the stiitcs I'xccpt ll.'lii«ttic lUid 
 a in liivnnr nl'tlif nnlirals (iiV-nit 2^00,000 
 ,000): two culciuvwl ili'liutits rUctfil in 
 nsfttn . . . . • ,V^'t--$'>'^- ' 
 lit iicilii'V cleclari'il to W ilcuil ^l)v. , 
 
 f ciiiiKiVrts; iirisiih'iit's lui'ssiiijt; he i.t- 
 lat he adheres to his jioliey . 3 U^'''- • 
 iiviile territorial goveriiiiieiits in southern 
 intl restriction of iiresident'a ai'Vointina 
 
 uroiioseil 3,1'f''- . 
 
 lent eliargi'd with l«in« "silent anil 1110- 
 •■• eoiigivssahsorhsall the iinwer Pee. , 
 iiltiii),' negroes to the sulVragt in ilistiirt 
 iibia iiasseil .... 13 U>'f- 
 esiileiit set aside . • • •. ■'""■ ' 
 •durt decides that eongvess has not power 
 int military trilaiiials . . . Jnn. 
 lent of iiresident hy ft jiid:ciu\ coinniittec 
 
 „ 7Ji'ii. ■ 
 
 inioiig theradieals; Stevens sueetsMliiUy 
 lliyAshlev .... 29 Jan. 
 
 he United Stales rejiorted 2,543,000,000 
 
 J reli. 
 
 adiiiitted as the 37th state, ovel liTiji- 
 
 ■cto 9 ti'li. 
 
 ■slalilishiiig military gover: im-nt in the 
 n states, divided into live districts, dis- 
 
 i3-n »t't'- 
 
 and iinssed, 20 Feb.; vetoed by the ineM- 
 
 28 ren. 
 
 iody give'i i.ooo.oco dollars to vvoumte 
 on'iii the south .■••,, *''?'■ 
 ■ress ol.elied .... 4 M""';. 
 ■iitary reeonstruetion bill fur the souUi 
 
 2oMaveli, 
 
 r (ifflee aet passed . . • Manli, 
 
 America imvcliased for 7,000,000 doMars; 
 ratiliedlA the senate . ■ ,• 9 -^Vfo. 
 ion" rile; taxation on firitisli maiinlai- 
 
 i.er cent.; much sninggling; v"l'l''' '•>''■'* 
 in.nisliing; many strilics anmntjiit oiicrj- 
 
 AiiVil, 
 
 Davis leleas'd on bail, 13 Jlity; V"" 
 to New York, and thence to Canada. 
 
 20 May, 
 entarv reconstruction bill adovted ovi-r 
 ■sidciifs veto . . • ■ ,»5J»ly. 
 lal of John n. Snratt, for comvlieity lu 
 illation of Iiresident Lincoln; .iuvy u.it 
 on verdict (discliargcd, 6 Nov. i868), 
 
 10 Aug. 
 linntion of gen. Sheridan, favoured hy 
 Stanton, secretary of war, who relnsca to 
 at llie rei|Uisitioii of the iiresident, 5 Aui,'.; 
 ndcd; succeeded by gcll. (iralit 12 All(;. 
 
 amnesty iiroelainied by the luesideut, 
 
 1; S*vt. 
 il of gen Sheridan from the govevnviiviit eS 
 iaua, and of Sickles fiom N. Carolina, lnv 
 nrdination to the inesideiit . Aug. I^vl^t 
 
 1 ceiuelerv at Antietam (ic/io/i .-ii') iliiti- 
 in iiriseiice ol the |iicsident . 17 .Seiit. 
 
 I Hrnic, lir.tish amliassador, died at Uiijlmi, 
 
 9 St\it, 
 
 , America ceded . . . • f '."'.■ 
 .ll Kaviss trial ad.ionrned . . 2h.NiH. 
 us in tlie south give suiircniacy to the lit- 
 • ill the north, great iiiajonties Inv tin- 
 
 ,;,|.|,ts *''■'■ ^"^' 
 
 nfs message, nmintaining his vrineivlcs cii 
 
 I'e oi'th'e statef fallen olf ; I'lublie <ltW idiciit 
 
 ed imiieachnient of the iiresident negat rol 
 mjress (loB to 57) • • • • "^ ""' 
 
 iSCt, 
 
 i - 
 
 JJNITED STATES. 
 
 Treaty for imrehase of n„i,i„i, «.. 
 Thomas and St. John), br 
 signed ■'' ' 
 
 11.39 
 
 Indies (.St. 
 7i5oo,ooo dollars, 
 r.reat general storm' of 'snow and ^h\t '''■''■ 
 pcri.sli; m.inv wrecks "''*■ '"'ihy 
 
 I'lesident Johnson censured- ni'„i ' "^'S I'ce. 
 tl"'"ked by house of reKesentitr"- •-''"•'''^'" 
 
 18(57 
 
 UXITED STATES. 
 
 8 '867) . 
 
 f General Grant rephiee 
 
 •'■'; 
 
 
 dives (,,i.c Aug. 
 i«l by Stanton (by the s4i,;u.'); 
 
 I Tlie house of representatives dc-hire tlc'it',!^ ''''"■'■ 
 no va id goveniiiii.nt i„ n '''!'- '"at there s 
 
 the Jnrisd'lction ';,,., «,*;;;''' ■; "h'l transfe? 
 lis general of the armv """"^'""'"''I'S"" t Grant, 
 
 Greatcomuiercial depression: Mr VcIi; ti, ^' "''■'"■ 
 coiniiii.ssi(H,cr, re'ommei is '■ \' :,''''"'""eiiuo 
 "lent, and refona •• """-"'"* I'l-'uce, retreiich- 
 
 Tlie inland eottou tax reiiealcd* ' T . ■'""■ 
 Kihvard Thornton, new I iVL"„ , "'"'"t i Feb. 
 
 CharU-s OickiMis rceive ti. ■ ,'; "'"r'"''"' "'"' 
 Angry correspondeuee be vein tVe m',: ■ '1'' '.^"'^''• 
 
 ;;eii. Grant i-iwetn tne president and 
 
 President John.son .n-h.rx 'dismiss'f i f "sV'' ^■''■ 
 inid aiipoints gen 'I'homas J. ., Stanton, 
 
 Feb.; JcelaiXHl il|,l.aV the se '■*■ "' "'"•• =' 
 
 TlieiMipeachiuentoAhe^p side u ,;,,,, , " '•"•'h- 
 ■if representatives (,.6 to ^7^ ^ . '•'' '"""*"> 
 
 at the bar of the senate 1 TI, „ht , L'.' "■|"'i<i''l 
 Bingham . "-"> ^"■"''''-■"s Stevens ;iml 
 
 .Vine articles of impeaehm'ent (for is'suin:. J? '''f ''• ' 
 removal of E. M. Stanton fnim t'l^i ,''''' '^^T 
 following proi'eedings) adoi t,. i,v ! '"" ' "'"1 
 lives (127 to 47). *- -' """I'tid lij rei,n.s,.|,ta. 
 
 Bill of impeachiiieiit of i,,'i,., ' ' ^ March, , 
 
 lie by' the 1 1 . , i-,' ;;',' f.''"' "1' lo the ' 
 
 Jii.licious siieech . f I I'd s "''''''.''''"; 4 Mar,-h, , 
 
 liou.seofe!,niniou:ou';l.e^V,;£;;;.,t,s!'"''-^'' 
 
 Trial of president Johnson comes before tlfesem:,';; ' 
 
 Imprachment opened bv gen. Butler ^^ ^l'"'}'' • 
 Jlr. Dickens Siiils from New V ..i; ,fft 3" March, 
 tionate partin- '^'-" '"'N "fter mostalfee- 
 
 Xiitioiial rejiubfican 'convention at -hi',.f '^'"'"- ■ 
 "ounce their "platforin ' a' ^rnh'T'' '"'" 
 
 >.Tesa reeoiistriictioi, u-v- s eV ■ 1, ^^ ' ''""" 
 
 president Johnson ; dciiViiini 1 , '■",".'';■""""« 
 the debt; declaring ,„r ,iZ ^n }''^'Y''f "f 
 citizen.s, Ac, 20 M,iv •,,.'' •''•'''''■'''^-'l 
 L-l,vs.ses Grant as the 'next ,„s '"■"!'*■' ^";"'''''' 
 Colfax as vicc-pivsid'.i.t l"^-''"'cMt, and Mr. 
 
 --iiate reject the u.hartici; of the imliS " 
 ifjirt 2nd and ird articles'- nn.'i „ 1/ . ' ''' ■^'"■^■> >. 
 
 Sdiolield . .'■- ' ^ -^'"J • "•"•■'■'■'eded by geli. " 
 
 • athof the ex-president .laiiie.s'nm-hini,; 3",^'''.v, „ 
 
 _li!"ese einba^v received liv the in- . ■ 1 /' ' v'"'"'' >• 
 
 Ml for re.adnmiinjr ^^ r , , ''^^ , 'j 'V'^ '''i'''''' •• 
 /.eorgia. I,ouisiana, Flo, la n'd u ,*-•"■"''■"•. 
 I representation in coiigres:; ;";s«!d'b/;i;;;":;;^',|f 
 
 J.;.^1SS,/"""^"" """'-"^l ambas^u,:!;^; » 
 Irkausas re-admitted oVer ilie presiden/'s "I'' "o; " 
 Jioilemocratic convention noiiiTn.,t„ IT !?■'""''. „ 
 
 f»a£.presideut,,i!;;rsi^';t^j£-^:;;,^;:^: 
 
 1868 
 
 -^'«^«« treaty rejected by committee or:;;;;;;;: 
 
 S'lfr-'ge hill, abolishi,,,. „n ,,,,,,, ,. '3 Feb. 
 
 ,, '■"lour, and jir riv 7,.,si.,"'""' '"""' "< ™'e, 
 
 Lieneral .Schenk's b II ' 1 ■ 21 Feb 
 
 ^.^'•ii«..tionssh,dib.'';,:l;i'!;:':'."^,<'""'>'! ."'Uonai 
 
 1859 
 
 
 onvention respectiUL' Ahil,„,„ , 1 ■ '3 -Man-h, 
 til...: 1"-' "og 'I'cwiwd claim rcj,.i|(.|| dy 
 
 ".! April, 
 
 the 
 
 senate 
 
 •I"""LuthropMotleyappointedn,inisteratL.o;d.,„ 
 
 NMsation treaty With Great Britain ratilf^V;:;: 
 
 tTc"t peace Jubilee held'at Bostoii; eolo^/j::;;> 
 .■o94m.Htruments, withanviLs, 
 . linancier, ,li,.,i ' ''J^T^' 
 •■■"•.'■""'to.: thejiissi^:/,?: 
 
 J 
 
 HI 
 
 >'■' I 
 
 Y'W ('°.37i voices 
 
 Will. Pitt Fe.ssenden 
 Steam-boat, .s7„„,„.,.,, „ 
 
 iioout2oop,.rs„i,s|„.'|.isl, 
 tree-tradeiigitation,,., . * ' • ■ 27 Oct 
 
 Aa"..c,iarij;«i:;;';,^;-(;;'l^,^.^:^,^,.^^.M^.w. 
 
 (J»"e-Oet. ,36,' '1 , ;' •^"•- "'""ilton l.-islj 
 
 Ilenewalofthereriii'.i ,..';,. :„ • Dee. 
 
 , Jccted by ,.„„j;,,.,y '"> '"-'".v With Canada re- 
 U. S. eorveltr. f;,|,.,-,/,, ,,,'„,. I • ,,: . 13 Dec. 
 
 I'- & U ste;n„ -r /, ,; , ^''-^ '■"''■- ^"''^^^ Uritish 
 
 tC.ipt. Kviv, „r 11,, •',,'■ '" ''^''.^ l"»t. 2, Jan. 
 
 >iot waiting to ;..ive suc-oi r ^ '^'''^^' '•""^I'lc'l for 
 
 ''tr;:;;;;™:,r''''''''- "'■'''■■•-' ''^- -'"..■-, -ran.; 
 
 ':^ngn.i!^'^''':>'-'^'^'---r.'i-admi^:J^ 
 Prince Arthur pivsentcl 'tn ,'„.., -i . •,, 3 Feb. 
 
 senate ' '''^ ^''"""'s's isle rej,-,.|e,l l,y 
 
 T-as (,5 Mar.)„„d-Geo,^iare-admitte,i t„^.:,;i';lC:^;' 
 liy amendments .,f the eo„s(it,itio„, ,„„^°:V'!;;j' 
 
 1870 
 
 u;;e:;:'Sa;n,;;:t^:;«^i-"-' •■ 
 
 ilexic) 
 
 4-7 Jul.v, 
 
 Fig'leS^,^^:!;':.:-;;^'-^) '-•-'• 4 July; 
 
 kt^lur protection .d- naturalised citi.ens"i;!^!!-f 
 Jii'MciisStevi-iisdies 27 , Inly, 
 
 Init'll 
 
 ;i".;vcrsity(„./„VA.w)f„,l',„I,.,i 
 lain 
 
 25 
 
 Dec. 
 
 a rendu 
 
 ICl 
 
 •'■nlion of ,l,.|rer 
 
 ■<'l»' entercl 
 
 , ',', ^ V 1,111, 
 
 and .Mr. Hevenly ,Ioh 
 son Uavis'dr, 
 
 fluu war re jurted over 
 
 lis signeil by ' 
 "son, 14 Jan. ,860 
 'I'l'cd; a lu.lh 
 
 ■ 6 Feb. „ 
 • Feb. 
 
 Aiuil, 
 - -May. 
 
 Jiiiie, 
 'iistiliil,.,!, 
 I Strong opiKisiti,,,, t,, r'i.;„ , ■ 'lime, 
 
 i si,i^.,!rL.,;'r,^;;.^^;::;^''''"''waiiou;ciii.,.n: 
 
 Adimral.I. .\. Halil;;,-,.,, ,ii,,,i " • ■ 4 July, 
 Session of ,.„i|j.,|.,,^^ ,.!,,.,,„, • - 12 or, i, July, 
 
 J- L- Motley, minister to Great' Britain, recall 'iV 
 
 ^™- tariff bill passed (new rates take ellV,..,.'^;!^: 
 
 Admiral Davi.l FaiTa.gui ,li,„i a-i^.l -,' ' ,• ' 
 >^.nct iieutraliiy i„ ,,, Kranc!;i;- ,,;, ^i^- 
 
 '7i;;:afS;i;''''"^""'"-i"«'''-""-s:J"g; 
 M46,i;n:t;i:;si:;rs'"^ '"■ ^"^"■-■^''i"^-?; 
 
 ti'vat rcluetiou of Jie ,„• ^y i,„,.,,;,^„ ^^^^Oet. 
 1^^^,^^^ /;^="^""='jl"nuonsonina:o„ntof,he!^ ' 
 
 fiemoiiKo,,,,,.,";,^^;;;;::; -;'*'"'^ • 4 0ct. , 
 
 /^:n';;i,:^';:;;^,:;^;;:^s!.^i---'-'-^- ■ 
 
 Mr.^U,rtou,,ec,iiies.he":^,r^y-. i,,;^-^ - 
 The rc|iiil,li,.au m'ajoriiv in' the' i-oi/I ■""" '^ "l','- ■' 
 Gen. Cox 
 
 I : t.i 
 
 t .1: 
 
 Total ' 
 
 begins 
 Movi 
 
 Me 
 
 wcc.i liin, aii.i tlie pivsol 
 
 bet 
 
 Titalilebl, 
 Annual m, 
 
 failure o| 
 
 ■cretary of inu-ri,,,., ,i|„ 
 
 i.3.i4.3oS,4(;4 iloil 
 
 ■lit 
 
 No.. 
 iHsa-.l ; iinri,.] 
 
 of tl 
 propo.sal f 
 
 and onhenoii-.si.itl 
 mid complains of c 
 
 he |iresi,leiit : lie \ 
 <t. Doiiii' 
 
 "■ aiiMi-xiiij^ 
 •lllclit .ifthe .1/ 
 
 I Deo, 
 'grets 
 
 aiiadiun 
 
 aggression 
 
 "go ; 
 
 «iH,t claims : 
 
 -M 
 
 5 Dec. 
 
 .J > ' 
 
UNITED STATEH. 
 
 IKiO 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 187 
 
 ropulntlon : 33,581,680 wliltoH; 4,879.323 iiilmiivil 
 IniliaiiH, 25,7)1 ; Cliiiii'sc, 63,iy() ; .liipuiif.sc, 55 
 
 tdtiil, iS,s49.')S7 "•''• 
 
 Ml-. Mnllry liTnis his ri'nill "1111 mitnini'" 7 Hcc, 
 
 til'll. KriliiTt SfhiMlc k iililmilitril inillislcr ill l.nll 
 
 lliMl ; .■|ii'i'|i|s 21 I'l'iv 
 
 New tariir ill iipi r.ilinn 1 .Inn 
 
 tii'(irj;c' Tii'lsiini', liist.iriiiii, ilii's . . -.'6,11111. 
 
 Statue 111' .MirMliiiiii l.iiirniii in tin- ciiiiit.ii at Wiisli- 
 
 inj,'tciii, iiiivi'ili-cl --'S .liiii. 
 
 42nil i-(>ii};ri-srt im-i-ts (.si-iialc, 47 i-c|iiililii-.-iiis ; 15 
 
 ili'iM.M'i-als) t .Mai-rli, 
 
 rruulani.-itiiiii aL-aiii.st till- Kii KUix in X. Cai-nlina, 
 
 5 Van-h, 
 C'oiiiniiSHion tci si-ltlc ili,-<piili's with (ii-rat Itiitaiii 
 l-i'.tpi-i-liiit' lln' .\hil«n,ut,\v , li^hiry .|i:c>linn. ami 
 till' .Sail .Jnaii allair: Ini- Ihi- lirilisli, tin- i-ail ilc 
 CJri'.v (.sini-i' iiiar.|iiis .il' liipon), ■■'ii' St.illni-il Niirth- 
 ccitc, anil olliirs; for tlir .Viiii'iicans, .scc-i'i'tai-y 
 Fi.ili, p'n- Si-hi-iii-k, .-iihl iitliiTs; aiinnnnc-i'cl 10 
 Feb. ; -'n'ct at Washington, -27 I'Vli. ; ni^'ii tn.ity, 
 ai,'r('i'iii>; tn arliilraiioii at (ii-iii'va. iti-. (.si-c .Idi- 
 /) iiim.anil.s'.iii .Imni). S May ; ratilli-d . 26 May, 
 Gciieial Suhuni-k warnily ri'i-eivcil at Livi-rpnul, 
 
 1 .liiin\ 
 All Amerii-an lli-t-t, an-ciiiiiuinii'il hy Kiiijlisli aial 
 KrtMii-li anil (iniiian ships, ai-rivis at Cini-a tci 
 coiK-liiiU' a In-alv li'i- |ii-iili'i-tiiiii ul' niarini-i-s ; iiii 
 atti'iiiptin^' til cxplin-i- the islaml the Kiinipcaiis 
 ari! assaih'il I'rnni ii;a>ki-il liattcrii-s . tin' Curcaii 
 forts an; tlnii att.-nkiil ami di'striiyfil ; ami iii'f;i)- 
 
 tiatiiiiis i-i'iu'wril .June, 
 
 Fiiriiiation lit till' " new ih'partnre" ilciniicrat p«rty 
 
 ailvm-.-itiii},' pcrfi'i-t rrviiliuii ul' all mail's irrispi'i-- 
 
 tivi' (it' r.-ii-i' anil rnliiiir, full imliliral icstniatiini 
 
 111' the siiuthcni stall s,, -mil I'ri'i' traih' ; almiit .Inly, 
 
 •t'lMc-ano ili'sli-iiyi'il hy liri' ; nrrat t'Xcrtiiiiis to ri'- 
 
 lievi' till' siiHi-ri'is; st'i' Vhhiiijii ; iiliout 2000 lives 
 
 lost tiv liii's ill X. \V. fiii-esls . .8-11 Oet. 
 
 Col. lliiilt;e. p.iyniaster nt the regular ariiiy, eoii- 
 
 fessos ^;n-at lUI'aliations siin-e ici iSept. 1864 ; eoii- 
 
 ilenineil to loii^' iiii|irisonineiit . . . Nov. 
 
 European ami Norlli Anieriian railw.-iy opeiieil at 
 
 Uaiik'iii-, Maine, liv lonl Lis-jar ami gen. Uiant, 
 
 iSOet, 
 
 Dispute lietweeii the U.S. forei.nii minister, llaniil- 
 
 tmi Fish, ami the linssian envoy K.-it.ikazy (lor 
 
 iiiiiliie interteiem e); Katakazy ilismisseil Nov. 
 
 Oraml ilnke Ale.\is ol' Itiissia warmly reeeived at 
 
 New York 18 Nov, 
 
 Congress opeiicil ; piesiiU'iit in his message rel'ersto 
 
 Iieneealiroail ami pi-os)ieri(y at home . 4 Dee. 
 
 Formal meeting ot the .U..(»(iiioarliiti,-itioneoniiiiis- 
 
 sion at tJeiieva (ailioiirneil to 15 ,lnne) . iS Hee, 
 
 Gen. Ualleek ilii'il Ian. 
 
 tJem'ral amnesty hill passeil . . . ifi .Ian. 
 Aliieriean ease umler the treaty ot' Washington ; 
 elaiiiis imlii-ei-t ilairKiges liy AIhIh'iiki ami other 
 vessels ; mnili exrilemeiit in Knglaml . Jan. 
 Despati'h I'lom the '.hilish minister sent 2 Fell. ; 
 reply rei-eiveil (mit ilivnlgeil III parliament), 14 
 Mareli ; further eorrespuinleiiee (see Aluhiimn). 
 
 Maieh, April, 
 
 Fonnatimi of Vellow^-.t'ine National Park (I'-Aii/i see) 
 
 antlmriseil hy eongiess .... .Mareli, 
 
 lloiare llieeley, I'.lilor of the Xnr y,,rk Trihiiitf, 
 
 iioiniiiateil pi-esiihnt liy many republieans, 
 
 4 May, 
 New tariir, reiliieeil iliilies to begin from i Aug. ; 
 
 jiasseil 4 June, 
 
 Cenei-al IJrant nomimiteil forre-eleetiim as president 
 by the repiililii-ans at Pennsylvania . 6. lime, 
 
 Coiitiniieil m-iioliations res] ting the AUihnma 
 
 ullair, Ma\ : noihing .setlleil ; eongiess aclioiirns 
 
 to Deeember io,liine. 
 
 Dispute with .'<iiai!i respeeting iininst imprison- 
 ment of 11;-. llow-aril, an Aliierii-an eitizen, ill 
 Cuba since 13 Dee, 1870; settled; Dr. Howard 
 released ..... ■ Jnne, 
 
 Fill Illation of " straight-out " democrat party, aboiil 
 
 June, 
 
 Great international iniisieal peace jnliileeatHoslon, 
 
 17 June 4 July, 
 
 Coalition lietw-eeii tin' deinocrats and the liberal 
 
 repiililicaiis at lialtimure to 8n|iporl Greeley, 
 
 10 July, 
 Trial of Etlward S. Stokes for niiirder of James 
 
 ■ Flsk of tlio Erlo UlliB (see Ario York, 1872), 
 
 15 .liily, 1872 
 
 1870 United Stales sipiadron at Sonthaiiipt KiiglMiid, 
 
 ,, visited by the prince of Wales . . . I i .Mig. .. 
 
 Jmlge lliiniaid 1 vieleilof eorniptioii, and i-einnved 
 
 fli.ni olliei' lilld disi|llalilleil . . . lij Aug. ,, 
 
 The "slraiglit-ont ilenioerals" nomliiiite Charles 
 
 O'l'iinilor fur presiihiil .... fiept. ., 
 .\iinoiiiici-meiit of llie award of llie Geneva arbilia- 
 
 1i Ihe Mnlulmi', A:c. (about 3,229,lWir)Sept. ,, 
 
 Will. Ilemy Seward, slalesman, died . loDet. ,, 
 The empi'ior ol (ierniaiiy, arbilnitor in the San 
 ,lu,-in ilillicnitv, awards liie islanii 10 the Uuiled 
 
 Sti.t-s . .' 23""1. .. 
 
 Total ilebtofiheStatcs, 2,276, 828,101 dollars, I Nov. „ 
 (len. (Irani re-eleeled president (by 300 eh-ctoral 
 
 votes; (.8 for (Irieley) .... 5 Nov. ,, 
 
 , De.-ith of lloiaee Ci ley, aged 61 . 29 Nov. ,, 
 
 Sergeant William Hales walked fioiii (ireliia (ineii 
 
 ; to l.olidiin, e.iliyilig the Anieriian Hag; warmly 
 
 ! received everywhere (the fe:'t originated in a 
 
 w.iger); arrived 29 Nov. , rude tliroiigli homloii to 
 
 Gnildliall 30 Nov. „ 
 
 Gen. Ci-.-int in his message says that the results of 
 ; the arbilr.iliiiii leave Great Ibitaiii and the L'nili d 
 Sl.-ilis withiint a shadow upon their friendly rela- 
 tions 2 Dec. „ 
 
 Mmloc Indians, near Oregon, defeat troops sent to 
 
 expel tllelll 17 ''"'l' 'f/J 
 
 Visit of pi-ot-essor Tyndall; he lectures in Host 
 
 riiiladelphia, Washiiiglnii, New York, itc., 
 
 Sept. 1872-Feb. „ 
 Vice-iu-esiileiit Colfax accused of perjury . Feb. „ 
 ' ivil war in Louisiana, lighting at New Orleans, 
 
 Fell, ,, 
 The eoiigri'ss opened, great Credit Mobilier scandal, 
 
 incinbers accused of bribery , . . .March, „ 
 Death of chief .instice I hase . . . . 7 May, „ 
 lieiicral t'aiiby ami others m.-issacred (.see .l/iii/iici). 
 II April; c'a(it. Jack and others caiitiired; did 
 
 of the war I Jiiiic .. 
 
 Ilii-ain Powers, sculptor of "the Greek Slavi 
 
 died at Florence 
 
 June, 
 
 , illeil at I'lorcncc 27 .luiie, „ 
 
 1 Steamer ll'««'.is.-(/ takes lire on the Potoniae ; about 
 
 ,j 70 perish 8 .\ng. „ 
 
 C.ish paynieiils (ill silver) i-esnmed . . 28 Oct. „ 
 Gre;il cxiilemeiil thiongh the execution of .\iiieii. 
 „ 1 cans taken in the rii;;iiii".-i (see ri(/n() Nov. „ 
 
 I I'nblic debt (less money in treasury) 2,141,833.476 
 ,, '■ ilollars (about 4.-.-. gold per dollar) . i Nov. „ 
 Picsident (irant's message ; (ealiii) , . 2 Dee. „ 
 Great delieieiiey in the leveliue (about i7,ocio,ooo(.) 
 
 I aiinonneed "ec „ 
 
 I .\lex. II. Sle|iliens, the great coiifedcrate leader, re- 
 iSJi turns lo political life and the legislature lice. „ 
 Women's ir/(i.4 i;-"-iii- in S. Ohio ; eiiih-avonr to siip- 
 I press the lii|nor ti-allic by lu-ayers, singing, iVc, 
 t opposile the shops, Feb. ; ill New York 27 Feb. iS;( 
 Kx-iu-i'siilent Fillnioie died . . 8 March, „ 
 
 Charles Sumner, senator, died. 11 March, „ 
 
 Women's whisky-war resi.;ted ; subsides March, 
 
 April, „ 
 President Grant's Veto of the currency bill for creat- 
 ing im-oiivertilile paper money, advocati'd by the 
 
 liutler p;ii-tv 22 April, 
 
 I Total debt, J. .'85,786,818-89 dollars . I Aug, 
 
 Fierce white and black riots at Austin, Missi.ssi|.].i, 
 
 iMielled by the luililary (alter hiss of 15 lives) 
 
 12 Aug 
 Iji-eat pxeitement respecting the IJeecher-Tillnii 
 seamlal ; the rev. 11, Beccher, a great in-i-aeliii-, 
 accused of adultery with .Mr.s. Tilloii, July; ae- 
 i|iiitleil by a lommittee of his church . 27 Aug. 
 Pcnnsvlvaii'ia Hcpiiblic;iii Ciiiivenliou clioose gu- 
 vcriior Joliu F, llartranft bn- next president 
 
 All..'. 
 Iiisurreetlnnof negroesut Trenton, Tennessee ; Mip- 
 
 pressed ; leaders hanged \iig. 
 
 Ceiiteiiarv of the meeting of delegates at Phil.-iilil. 
 
 phia celebrated 'Se|it. 
 
 Insni-rection of whites at New Orleans against II, 
 
 D. Kellogg, the governor of Louisiana, wliniii 
 
 tlii-y deposr. It .Sejit, ; tlli'y submit U> the pIcM- 
 
 I ,U n't ; .ill. i Kellogg is rcsfoi-eil . . iSS,.|.|. 
 
 Great lire at Fall Uivev cotton mills, Mass., nhmit 
 
 I 60 lives hist '9 '''M't 
 
 i Ueported inassacrc of whites by Indians ill N.W, 
 i provinces « • . • • '-'^''' 
 
UNITED STATES, 
 
 tlio Erlo UlliK («eo A'cie York, 1872), 
 
 15 .liily, i8;j 
 cs winaili'dii III (SiiiitliiiiiiiitiiM, KiikIiiimI, 
 ,• Ihf iiriiii'iMil' Wall's . . . 1 1 Anj!. .. 
 
 Mill nillVillrllnl l'iinil|ltillll. llllllri'lllliVI'll 
 
 ■!• iiiiil ilisiiiiiililii'il . . II) AiiK- .. 
 
 -lil-iiiit ilriiinrrals" iiiiiiiliiiile L'liiirh'S 
 
 ■ I'nr ini'Siilrlll .... Si'pt. ., 
 iiiil III' I he awanl iif lliii Ui'iicva arliitra- 
 
 lii' Aliilnimii. A.'!', (aiiiiiit j,2'i9,i('6(.)Wi'lit. ., 
 i- Si'wanl, slalrsiiiaii, ilii'.l . lodi't. 
 Ill- III (ii riiiaii.v, arliitratiir in tlm Wan 
 ii'iiliv, awariis lim islanii to tliu fniti'il 
 
 .' =3<l'l- .. 
 
 if lliii Stall's, 2,276,828,101 (Icilliir.t, 1 Niiv. ,, 
 1 ri'-i'li'i'li'il lu-csiiU'iit O'y 3'" t'li'i'linal 
 
 I'nrdni'li'.v) .... .s N"V. ,. 
 man' lii'ii'li'.v, aKi'il 61 29 Niiv. ,, 
 
 'llliaiii liati'S walkiil I'lnni Oii'tiia (irii'ii 
 111, I'.inyiiit; tlii' .Vnu'riran IImk ; waiiiily 
 
 I'Vi'ivwlii'ii' (till' l'<':'t iiiiKiiiali'il ill a 
 imveil 21) Niiv. . niile tliliiiiyh Lundim In 
 1 30 Niiv. ,, 
 
 ill Ills iiii'ssani' says tliat tin" ri'sulls nl' 
 ralii'ii li'avi' (iriat liiitaiii ami tin' Liiitnl 
 itlmul a shailiiw Mimii llii'ii' riii'iiilly rila- 
 
 2 lli'i'. ,. 
 
 iaiis, iii'iii- Ori'Ki'n, lU'lVat ti'ooiw si'iil In 
 
 III 17 Jan. iS;; 
 
 lufi'.ssiii' Tyihlall; lii' li'i'tiiri's in liustuii, 
 iiliia, WasliiiiKtnii, New Yiii'l<, i'l'., 
 
 Si'iit. i872-Ki'li. 
 Ii'iit t'nlfax ai'i'usi'il (if iii'r.jm-.v . Fi'Il 
 ill l.iiinsianii, li^litiiiH at Ni'W Oi'lrans. 
 
 'ss oiii'iifil, p'l'ut Civilit Miibilinrsiaiiilal, 
 i ai'i-iisi'il III' liiilii'iy , . . Muri'li, 
 hicf Justin' I'liasi' . . . .7 .May, 
 iiiliy anil hIIh'I's iiiassai'iTil (sci" .1/iii/'"'.<), 
 I; c'aiit. Jai'k ami iitlii'is i-apturnl : iii'l 
 
 ill' I tiniii' 
 
 wi'is, sculiitor ul' "tlic lii'iH'k HIavi'," 
 
 •'Inrt'iii'i' 27Jiini', 
 
 'iii«i(s.M'( takes lire on the I'litoiiiae ; aliiuit 
 
 I 8 .\I1K. 
 
 leiits (In silver) I'l'sniiieil . . 28 Ocl. 
 telliellt lliliill;;!! tlie eNI'i'lltiiill of Allieli- 
 en ill tile r;iv|i.lill.<(see fiilid) Nov. 
 
 ill (less iiiiiney in treasury) 2,141,833,476 
 aliniit 4s. .niililiier iliilliir) . i Nov. 
 
 (llallt's inessilfii' : (eallll) . . 2 Uee. 
 
 ■ienev in llie revenue (about 17,000,000/.) 
 
 ■Ill " llee. 
 
 iti'iilieiis, I lie Hieat eonfeilerate leailer, re- 
 
 piilitieal life ami the le^jisliitiire llee. 
 
 i/'/(i.4 i/-w.ir in S. Oliio ; emleavoiir to siip- 
 
 le lii|iiiir trallie liy in'ayers, sinf^iii);, .Ve.. 
 
 ■ the sliiips, Keli. ; in New York 27 Keli. iril 
 ■lit l''illniiiieilieil ... 8 Mareli, 
 iiiiner, senator, ilieil. . 11 Mareli, 
 wliisky-war resi.;tei-l ; .sulisiiles .Mareli, 
 
 .\|iril, 
 tiranl'sveto of the enrreney hill foreie;it- 
 Mvertilile Jiaper money, ailvoeateil hy tlie 
 lartv . . ' . . 22 A|inl. 
 
 I, 2,285, 786,818-89 dollars . 1 Aii^, 
 
 lie and lilaek riots iit Austin, Mississi|.|.i, 
 Viy the military (alter hiss of 15 lives) 
 
 12 Aii^'. 
 eitenient i'es|ieetin^' the lieeeher-Tillim 
 
 ; the rev. 11. I! her, a j^reat jire.ieliir, 
 
 1 of adiillery with .Mr.s. Tillini, July ; ar- 
 hy a eniniiiittee of his ehnnh . 27 Aui;. 
 iii'ia lie|iiililiean (.'onveiitinn choose };ii. 
 John K. Uartraiift lor next president 
 
 Aiii;. 
 
 ion of nt'K'oesat Trenton, Teiinesaee ; sii|i- 
 
 ; leaders handed .... Aiij;. 
 
 f of the nieetiiigof delegates at I'hifulil- 
 
 leliraleil ■■<e|.I. 
 
 inn of whites at New Orleans nyaiiist H. 
 lo;;!.', tlie ;;iiveriior of Louisiana, wliiiiii 
 pose, IS Sejit. ; they siiliniil to the pn.M- 
 ili.l Kilio;;^ is rcstiirnl . ■ loS.-j.! 
 
 at Kail Uiver eottou mills. Mass,, almiit 
 
 1 lost 1') i^'Tt- 
 
 masaacre of whites by Indians in N.W. 
 :es . . , . . Uct. 
 
 I ; 
 
 , \ii 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 11U2 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 1878 
 
 (•Miiti'iiiliiiK for soft nullify, iinil tiiiiKisiiit; return to 
 
 I'lisli iniviiiiMil.s) .... Auk. tl Hffi. 
 
 Dc.iiri' I'xi'irussia for a new rei'iiiroi'ity treaty witli 
 
 funiulii 'V'K. 
 
 AiiuTieiin nssoeiiitlon meet nt St, I.ouirt . 21 Auk. 
 Jlany (leiitli.1 l>y yellow fever in Moutlierii flUitea 
 
 AuK.,Seiit.,Oet. 
 Autumn eleetions (inimtly on 5 Nov.) 
 46tli eongre.ss cleeteil ; 149 ileiuocratH, 130 rernli- 
 lleiins, 10 ureinliuikers .... Nov. 
 rre.siilent'H lulilress to i'on(ircs8 exjircsses grntituilu 
 " for coiiutles.s lili'ssinns" . . . 2 Dee. 
 (lold at jiar (i^^t time siuie 1E62) . . iB Dee. 
 He.fUmiition of easli i«iymeutH ; no great ilemiiml 
 
 2 Jan. 
 De.ith of Caleli dishing, U.S. minister at Madrid ; 
 
 aged aiiout 79 11 Jan. „ 
 
 Mei'tiiigof46lli congress . . . 4 Mareli, ,, 
 tireiit emigi-.itioii of negroes from tlie Houtliem to 
 
 tlie westiMii stales . . . Mareli, April, ,, 
 30,000,000/. 5 Jier cents, eonverted into 4 per cents. 
 
 lit par Al'i-il, . 
 
 Mr. .lolin Wnlsli.iniiii.sterin I.oniUin, resigns, July ; 
 leaves Kngland [sueeeeded by James Itussell 
 
 Lowell tlie poet I 19 Aug. , 
 
 " Knights of l^aliour," a secret society for jirotec- 
 tion and advancement of workmen, active in the 
 
 middle states 
 
 Largest grain crops for many years . autumn, , 
 Till. lie delit, 2,027,202,452 iloll.irs . . 1 llet. , 
 Klcetioiis speciallv favour repulilieaiis . . Oct. , 
 Much distress of freed negroes in Kansas, ie, i Jan. i£ 
 The rcpuMican conveiiliouat C'liiciigo 1 house t;en 
 Garlield and Mr. Arthur as president and vice- 
 president, 9 June ; the demoemtic eonveiition at 
 Cincinnati choose gen. Winlield Scott Hancock 
 and Wni. H. Knglish ... 24 June, , 
 Gen. Garfield sets forth his proposed policy m a 
 letter ; says, " \Vc legislate for the peoiile of the 
 United States, not for the whole world ;" juoposes 
 a check for Chiuesi' imuiigration, ic. . 12 July, , 
 97,000 office holders said to lie lialile to change Aug. , 
 Puliliedclil reduced to i,9i>;, 594, 8rf dollars i Uet. , 
 Gen. Garlield elected president ; Mr. Chester^ A. 
 Arthur vice-president (213-156) . . 2 Nov. , 
 
 Treaty with cliina 17 ^'i"'- 
 
 Dispute hetweeu the president and senator Conk- 
 ling respecting appoiutuicnl of collector of cus- 
 toms at New York ; Coukliug resigns . May, I 
 Assassination of president Garlield hy Charles 
 Jules Gnitean, a lawyer of Chicago, at railway 
 station, ■Washington; two pistol shots; hall enters 
 
 theliody 2 July, 
 
 Destructive forest fires in Michigan ; ahont 500 
 
 p'rs(ms iierish ; 10,000 homeless . . 5 Sejit. 
 
 General G.irlield, after niuidi sullering, died 19 Sept. 
 
 Queen Victoria's message to Jlrs. Garlichl ; "Wunls 
 
 cannot express the cleep sympathy I feel with 
 
 yon at this tcnihlc iiiomeul. May God snpiiort 
 
 and comfort vou as He alone can " . 20 Sej.t. 
 
 Alter lying iu'stiite at Washington the geiieral is 
 
 li\n-ie'd at I levelaiid, in Ohio . . 23 J'cjit. 
 
 Court monrniiig ill Great liritaiu . 21-28 Sejit. 
 
 q-,4,ooo dollars collected for Mrs. Garlield n\< to 
 
 ^'^' 30 Sept. 
 
 Centenary of the rapture of Yorktown eekhrated 
 
 (Knglish Hag saluted) . . 16 Sept. rt .«■■/. 
 
 Mr. Blaine's letter to I he Kuroiiean powers asserting 
 
 the treaty respecting neutrality at i'anama in 
 
 1846 to lie sullieieiit, and protesting against their 
 
 interference 25 ( let. 
 
 The lion. haekviUe West, the new British minister, 
 
 warmly receiveil at Washington . . 4 Nov. 
 
 Guiteau's trial liegins .... 14 Nov. 
 
 .Meeting of Congress 5 Dec. 
 
 Mr. Krelinghuyscn succeeds Mr. Blaine as loreign 
 
 minister. " " U"'- 
 
 Guiteau in the luisoii van shot at liy Win. Jones ; 
 his head grazed, 19 Nov. 1881 ; verdict, guilty 
 
 25 Jan. 
 
 Chinese immigration suspended for 20 years; hill 
 
 passed by senate aliout 10 March; vetoed liy 
 
 '•eiiresentutives, Mareli ; by the president ahont 
 
 4 .\prii. 
 
 Bill aholishing polyganiv passed . 23 Mireh, 
 
 Great Hoods in llic west (see Misaixairpi) -March, 
 
 United States coiistitutioii translated into Chinese 
 
 by Tsui Sih Viing, oomidcted . • . . . 
 
 1879 
 
 Ucpreseiitativcs jinss Immigration bill cxcludin I 
 
 Chinese lor leu years . . . • 17 April, 
 
 Great strike of iron-workers (ahont 130,000) il\ 
 
 reiinsvlvania begun 1 June; going on ,13 July, 
 
 Meeting'of masters at I'ittshurg to organise reslst- 
 
 auce 7 •[""•'. 
 
 Gnitean executed 30 June, 
 
 The Chinese exclusion act eoiues into opemtmn 
 
 4 Aug. 
 
 Act imposing a tax of 2.1. per head (opposed liy 
 
 government) comes into o|ieration . . Aug. 
 
 One of only two copies of a life id' general Garlield 
 
 liresented to iiueen Victoria ; the other to Mrs. 
 
 Garlield -^ ,■ 
 
 Knd of the iron-workers' strike . about 12 Sept. 
 /;../« rt h:. !.ir steamer burned on the .Mississippi ; 
 
 about 20 deaths 29 Sept. 
 
 Kleetioi.s greatly in favour of the Democruts 
 
 7 Nov. 
 Death of Tliurlow Weed, politiidan and journalist, 
 
 aged about 85 23 Nov. 
 
 Meeting of Congress; president's address; com- 
 ments oil llnaniial prosperity ; recommends re- 
 duction ol taxation iind tarilf . . 4 "''''• 
 Civil service reform bill adopted by the senate 
 
 27 Dee. 
 Immigration, 1881, aliout 719,000; 735,000 in . 
 I'lesideiitial succession bill passed . . 9 .Ian. 
 
 Nati il drill, net, i,r<.7, 541,^76 ilollars i ./an. 
 
 The maninis of Lome visits Washington . 26 Jan. 
 Heductioii in internal revenue and icvision of llio 
 tarilf liv the senate and congress . . 3 Mnreli, 
 Last sitting ol the congress . . . 4 Maicdi, 
 Great Last iiiver bridge, connecting New York ami 
 
 Ihooklvn, oiieiied 24 M"V. 
 
 Great strike ol telegiaiih clerks in various slates 
 Jiilv, ends about 15 Aug. 
 Visit of chief justice Coleridge ; very warmly re- 
 ceived Sejit. -Oct. 
 
 Gen. .Sheridan succeeds gen. Sherman in coiumaml 
 of the United States army . . ■ 31 Oet. 
 Antumn elections ; favour republicans . Nov. 
 The new congiess meets . . • • 3 Dee. 
 Death of Wendell IMiillips, energetic abolitionist, 
 
 aged 72 ,■ 4 tell. 
 
 Kxcitcmeiit concerning the wreck ol the liinuel 
 
 xtiiiimniin (see irmlK); investigation 8 April, 
 
 Financial embarnissiueut of g.n. Grant thrmigli 
 
 endeavimriiig to support his son |ielieved by 
 
 government, 1E85I ■"">■ 
 
 Mr. James G. lilaine and gen. Logan iioumiat. .1 
 republican candidates bir Ihe piesideiicy aiid 
 vice-presidency at Chicago, 6 June; gn it dis- 
 
 satisfaetion tluieat June. 
 
 Meetings at New York, and other cities, alnut 
 
 21 June, 
 Cidossal statue of Lilicrty, by Biirtholdi, the gilt "f 
 the French to the United States, delivered at 
 Paris bv .M. .lules Ferrv, 4 July [received at New 
 York, 19 June, ,885!. , .» v- , 
 
 Mr. Glover Cleveland, governor of New Y ork, and 
 Mr Thomas A. Hendricks, nominated deiiiorKu 
 candidates for the prcsidemyand viie-iircsi.leni y 
 
 at Chicago i>. i-' J'dy. 
 
 Gen. Butler oilers himself as peoples caudidale 
 
 19 Aug. 
 
 Great strike of miners in Hocking valley, Ohio, nn 
 account of foieigncrs; rioting . t Sept. (■(»;. 
 
 Governor Cleveland, president, and Mr. Heiidrielis, 
 vice-president, elected (ilefeal of the rcpuldieaiis) 
 
 4 Nev. 
 
 Honian Catholic plenary council at Biiltinicre 
 (ab.mt7oarchbishops and bishops) opened.,, Ni'V. 
 
 Caltlc-meus convention at St. Louis (sec uinlir 
 Cilll.) lS-2L. N..V, 
 
 About 56,oix>,ooo acres appropriated by the H"im'- 
 stead act of 1S62, up to iE3o ; announced J:iii. 
 
 miilie indignation at the criminal explosions in 
 London ; stringent dynamite bill inliodueed in 
 the senate by government . . . -"> Jim. 
 
 rublic debt, 1,409,128,325 dollars, announc.4 
 
 2 rel\ 
 
 The Chinese expelled from ralifornia; indeiiniitv 
 to be claimed by their government ; annoiuiM 
 
 Fill. 
 
 Memorial idielisk of George Washington, 555 f"t 
 high, at Washington, inaugurated . 21 lib. , 
 
 litl 
 
 "I 
 
 11*111 
 
UNITED 8TATE8. 
 
 lives imss liiiTiiiumtidU bill excludln ! 
 Ill- ti-n yi'iii-s . . . • >7 Avrll, lil 
 v dl iioii-H'iiikirs (alidiit 130,000) in 
 iiiiiiilwi,'iiii I .liMic ; K"iiiK "11 ,i3''"'y> •• 
 iiiiiHtiMs lit rittHtiiirK to ciiKBiiisv rruM- 
 
 7 .hiiip, ., 
 
 •Cl'lt.Ml ' 30 JUIlf, ., 
 
 ic I'xolusloii aut (Miiiit'8 into ninTntiiin 
 
 4 A UK. ,, 
 inn n tax of is. yiT hi-ni\ (oiiiiowl I'Y 
 •lit) collies into (iiu'rutiiin . • Ami. ,, 
 y two eopii'S of 11 lilo ol' p'liiinl (iarlli'lil 
 
 I ti) iiuei'ii Vietiiriii; the other to Mrs. 
 
 irnn-woikers' strike . alioiit 12 Hejit. ,, 
 .(■(■ steiinier liiinieil on the Mississiiipi ; 
 
 I'.eiiths =9 ^I'l't. ■, 
 
 -'leiitly in favour of the Deinoerats 
 
 7 Nov. , 
 luiilow Weeil, iiolitieian ninl jourimlist, 
 
 lit 85 2" ^"'''' ■. 
 
 r Coiii,Tes»; prcsiih'iit's ftdilress ; com. 
 
 II liiiaiiciiil in-osi.ciity ; rccoiniiieiul.s re- 
 lit taxation aii.l tiirill' . . 4 '•'•''• ■ 
 ice rerorni hill adopteil hy the seiiatu 
 
 27 Ueo. ,, 
 m, 1881, about 719,000 ; 735,000 in . ., 
 il succession liill liasscil . . 9 Jim. 1., 
 lilt, net, i,fo7. 541,^7(1 il'illar.s i .Ian. 
 lis of l.oriie visits Wasliiniitnii . j6 .liiii. ,, 
 
 in internal revenue ami levision of the 
 
 the senate anil congress . . 3 March, ., 
 ifiol the congress ... 4 Maicli, ., 
 
 iiiver bridge, cuiiiieetiiiK New York and 
 
 I, olielleil =4 *'">■• ■■ 
 
 ke ol telegraiih clerks in various states 
 
 Jiilv, ends aiiout 15 .\iiK. ., 
 lief justice Coleridge ; very warmly re- 
 
 Sejit.— Oct. ,, 
 
 idaii suo'ceeds pen. Sherman in coniniand 
 nited States army . . . 31 (let. ., 
 lections ; favour reiiublicans . Nov. ,, 
 ongiess meets .... 3 I'cc. ,. 
 Wendell I'hilliiis, energetic aliolitioni.st, 
 
 4 Vvh. i;-,| 
 
 it coiicerninK the wreck of the Ihnu,! 
 ,111 (see WmLf); investigation 8 Ainii, 
 
 emliarnissinenl of gcii. liraiit tliroiit.di 
 iiring to suiiiiort his son lielieved liy 
 
 lent, icS.;] *'!'>• 
 
 i t). Uiirine and gen. I.ogan nominal. d 
 •an candidates lor the iircsideiicy aud 
 siileiicv at Chicago, 6 June; gnat dis- 
 
 lion llnrcat 'mii'. 
 
 at New York, and other cities, ah'nit 
 
 •21 .IlllM', 
 
 latuc of I.ilicrtv, by liartliohli, the gilt ..f 
 lich to the United States, delivered lit 
 ,• .M. .lulcs l-'crrv, 4 July [received at New 
 11 June, iSSsl. ' ,. . , 
 
 •r t levelani, governor of New » ork, and 
 Unas A. llendri.ks, iioiiiinatci deinociat 
 tes for theiirtsidem-yand virc-inesi.leiiey 
 rgo . . . . . 11,1-' .Ini} . 
 ler oilers liiniseif as [leoide's caiuliilali: 
 
 19 .\1IL'. 
 
 ke of miners in Hocking valley, dlii", di 
 t of foieigiiers; rioting . i Si^pl. (■( .-v/. 
 Cleveland, imsidenl, and Mr. lleiidrielis. 
 ■sideiit, eleuled (defeat of the reiuiblieaus) 
 
 4 Nov. 
 
 "atliolic j.Ienarv council al lialtinmre 
 7oarcliliislioi.saiiilbislio|is)oi.eiiedw N"V. 
 'lis cunveiition at St. Louis (sec uiidcr 
 
 lS-22 Nev. 
 
 ,01x1,000 acres ai'iiroiiriated by the IIhiuc- 
 it of 1862, ui' t" 16O0; aniioimcid Jan. : 
 idi-iiatioii at the criminal ex)ilosioiis in 
 1 : stringent dynamite bill introdueed in 
 ate by governnieiit . . • 26 Jan. 
 
 lebt, 1,409,128,325 dollars, aiinoune.d 
 
 2 Fi'li. 
 icsc exvelled from California; indeiiiiiitv 
 claimed by their goxernmeiit ; anuouimii 
 
 Kill. J 
 1 (dielisk of George Wa.shington, 555 M 
 il Washington, inauguraleil . 21 W. ,| 
 
 _UNITED STATES. 
 
 Presiileiit Cleveland ,nsl«l,ed„i„i„,,,„t ,.„„„„. 
 
 .^--j.l..lstry;-.ecn.|ar; of state; Tli^l'-^ 
 Mr. fidward .;. i'helj'i.s apiiointwl u« ,' .t •^'»'' ii, 
 
 Lou'li 'i, March; arrives ■.tSM,,,! '"""sler in 
 
 Currency crisis ; h • b, iiL ,1 "'"A"'''"" "' ■'^'•iv, 
 
 aii'l the coniiii l.s .y ,! r ' ' 7^ "land .\c> 
 
 Dmth df>'en. 'tfiaiit,\;''^; .",';,■"'■ ■ ' ■""■*■ 
 New Vork, 5, f,, ' i"?;'" '[''" '» state at 
 miles l.mg ill,. ,„ J ,V, ^: • !""''"' I'locession 6 
 !.'"l.K..>"rnn,nit^,^;,""''^;l"T? ntcievi. 
 
 18S5 
 
 !.;.'^K">"'rnn;e,t,,ne,ir''^;''Tr "♦"-'•• or'n;:"^\ ''"•^ '"'"'- rn.a'u;,'r'''''''«"'' ' 
 
 "llicrs of t;.,s, „,.,„,. ... ,1, n • ""ii"'ck, and s,, ,. '' ' '''"' "'' '"''"av sir k r , 5".'«xj, end 
 
 :t'?t^rri^;^v 'P---:ri^ :^;:ai;.r;i'::--»'-"-':r^'!3h^^ 
 
 !':l^r:';i:^j'' ^^V'ndn^'s^r'-^'z,,"^ " t'^>'::^:ri> "^'-■'- 4.iei, at Wasid;,;?;";; 
 
 •d 9 A.M.; arrival at '^n"''"*'''^;''""'^ 
 
 '. \iiilent action a"ainst riii,. o' .' "' "' 3 "'ei,t. 
 
 I ""■" i" Washing ,/i:!;;.™i';*'''iv >"{«'k. 
 
 IIS si„,„re.ssioii T,j. „„. , vs r.'t"'"^''"'- t'o '. l-r 
 
 p:^6;,';K!-"-''^'^'""-.-"-in-Hiiet^iJ;;;:; 
 
 I Ceil. .Sherman elected v'icp.irre«i,i',.„f " -J ^"^'■ 
 Win. U. \-«,ideri.ilt, age I fil o ' ,' . 7 I >'■<: 
 I .s'ld.ieidy at Nciv'v,^;i; .^^'•,, l"'"'*' '""«■' '"'■■< 
 50 million iionn.ls. ' ' '" '"•' »"'■"' about 
 |.Meeliiigof ciiiign^ss ' ' " • • S l)ec. 
 |Ma.,,,,ioney subscribed n,ri,romo,ing,,i,i,^,^;;;;; 
 
 -6 
 . ,, ., .. ..le 
 
 German .socialist agitation, 'eiulithoi,;-,.', " "^l"''" '386 
 nuts at Chicago ; dynii i . , "iivcnieiil ; 
 
 .•ersedhyno/iee'a :^' I ■ "l'l"i:"l;ino,,dis: 
 
 JJNITED STATEf^ " 
 
 ^^■'turali.ati;,,, V:^' .'Vr'''>'!''''»'Tul,licl.!,'s,i;'.. 
 •^•'■">'!.'ly advocatl, ■' r,''',"-'';,"",^i'i"icn«iiig ; 
 ;-^>ap,. „ ne„lr„,L;'y„,{;"X,;^-'-^;. 
 
 ''!^;i^:':f;n,:;f;'t't;;^r^?-'^'^r-'f->'i;-^^ 
 
 iSS;. 
 
 isss; 
 
 ■ Great ovation 'of jeiri.i.'m,,, 'i,,.,.,' ,,• ■ 188? 
 I .Sout 'i, .states ""_""™"' l''"'s (hronj;!, the ' 
 
 ICerman .socialist agitation ViL'|.*i ■■ • " ^^'"''i '^ 
 
 riots at Chicago; dynamite e 
 
 l^er.sed by police after liL'litii,,," \i ' 
 
 .Milwaukee s May ; ,0 kil "' ■• •'"■'• ''"'■•* "t 
 
 nne.sts, abo^i, 6\l,° •'".•, '{5 ""'""I'''! ; 2, 
 
 arrested at New Vok ,,\. ..■'""' .("'""-hist) 
 
 citing to riot, .May sen em'ed' i"T''''^ "^ '"' 
 Iiri.s.iiimeiit . •'•> m' i" ul to llm. ,,11,1 ,■„,. 
 
 Graihial ces.sation of .strikes in dill'ereiit' stafe.s"""'' " 
 
 tliiiipse [ndeinnity Hill passed "''uut 24 J[ay, , 
 
 Xt;;:nsrS:"""^ '" "-I'anu:ime-fi„„f"l;:; ■• 
 
 nil" Iiresideiit ,,roiiiot,.s civil" s,,,.;:,:''"'";.' *''■ « 
 Iii'htica action of otiieials ch ecke ''''i"';' ' 
 
 Elretioii tour of .Mr .|.i,ii,.s <■ m . • Jn'v, „ 
 
 rvai,ia,>W..; stron.llvi'' ;■,■,,•'''"■ '" IVmisyi: " 
 
 birtl.oiili .Stalin'ofKil,,, ;''■'"' '':'■'"'' ■6"ct. „ 
 riiieliariionrofNi^w Vork.f" el ''-''• ''"t "Pat 
 
 ! ;-.;;. HHhie .siai!d,';;u,^li?,-lli-;-'';;: - 
 
 llB.s.seil . . ; "ilitoiies („ cilizeiis) 
 lx.]ire»iileiit Arthur dies ' " " • - '^"H- „ 
 KiiicreaseofspcclatioiiinVailwaysfo,!^/:;:! " 
 
 Ir Henry fieorgc (see under /.■"ii-a",,,.,,,:^'','.);"",". ' •• 
 hluctr^,es,,IJ.,,.,,^,,i,,,,,,i,,.,.,,,,)l;;;|P.lg...,.sl„^ 
 
 felf ^'""""-' ^-'-H- I!i„ „„,,.„, „„„,,;S86-7 
 Wries Retaliation iiill pas.sed " ' =^ '''■';'• 1887 
 J.iericaii Exhibition (u-hiU ..o'o-pened i,i\^',;':,';ll; " 
 
 lyi'n socialists sentenced to death f,,r , ^ ^\"^'' •• 
 I'luring riots „t Chic,,,,', '^i, ,'"' ^'^^ """ders 
 Vrileredforexeciiti.ii, '' ■ ■'"^' '^ '^<V- .836; 
 ►nli-iiary of t!„, adoption of tl,',. l-'i '•♦, '''■'''■ » 
 humum celel„,,t,.,| , 1 i.y.i,. 1 V, ■ '^'■''''I'll con. 
 
 Irnieession illust at le^i ';;,'''■" V ^^''"'™' 
 i'l'iastry; fallof a ii^. t' , f' ^•'*''' t™''' and 
 |i.iiired, ,5 .s,.,,t . ,tv ' w ; ,', '"""■'■ ■•^■"•'■talor.s 
 Vsideiit, &c ' ' "" "' •'"-■ '"■'">■ liy the 
 f'Tgreat ellorts foi' ivin'ission of s"ei,tei,e,.'? n"''^ " 
 [l« Uneagi, anarch i.sLs e.vecute I (i "" " 
 
 [»iiie"nprisoii„i,iit,„,,,„:^^;;/j(^;--;;;;;.ced . 
 
 kun:;:::^;'i^;-i::;;;iK;^-.''i"tNeiM-;:;ir; " 
 
 (-'i7:/;!;;;i;"« ''«'-'■'- ^..ed at Vasm;,;?;";; 
 
 ..Uireeirax Dill ;,.,';;,,;,■' ""I"-''scnl.aives on l!„; 
 
 "--<^.^'ir™id;d;:»;,Ti::-a^^ 
 "*";:"!;s'i!r;;;:!;;r[;;:',';r/:-'---n'i!.J'r^ 
 
 ti"nat,St. Louis 6 , ". ■ '';"" "■'■"''• coiiven- 
 (born 20 Aug 8'„ 'i,^';"' '""■i""'"! "arri.soii 
 
 -•■".K-outo, about .«,,^i,,,-:t;:^,^,;^,,,j5,Ju,,., 
 
 I'lesidiiit Cleveland lit V.',.,. v' 1 ", • 3" June, 
 "-'norreduced^i;:l,.:j;;]:::;\:;;'^^^s^vigor: 
 
 ' ""'"■•- anil nscal reform 
 
 I Alnericaii Tariir l!i|l ,„„sed io,v,.,. ir 5 Jid.v, 
 
 1-leatii of g,.i,. IMiil |,K,.''. 'i'"" '"ii™ 21 JuK- 
 
 I'y .gei,.,)„i„| M, .s,.j,;,|,p, ,' 57. 5 Aug. ; succeed,.,! 
 li-;;aty will, China l„ ,„,„■, ..j ,„ • . • .'4 Aug. 
 .,,,"■■ » years 14 .M,,.. , . , ' ', ' 7" ""nNKrution 
 
 il- senate n.fnses to raUiy'/i^th'ries-tre^?/"- 
 
 ^te^-;x,;Sa^s_^ 
 "5"^lra-rre- 
 
 ''^anTnS::::t,^';,^,^;-r'^'--^»'"-^^ 
 
 Lord .Saekville I r tki '''''''''' '"iddh'dct. 
 
 •lisniissed by' ,' .„ ""/.T'"'', '", «'^'-hing,o„ 
 
 "'■-I'lytoanalli.lvl'V,;, tiiL'; . 'I"'V''',1'"^''*'' 
 Calilnrnia r,.sp,.,.ti,„. 1 1,,, T'' .^-I'.-lisiiuuui in 
 
 'i^v/'i;'ii:,;:;,.,!'--^;->.d.ii,i.,.si;,,.,^!'i-; . 
 
 thel.enioerats(23V'i6r ^'"^ ^ ='-t 'Icfeat of 
 
 "esohition intioduceil ii'lo 'the ii „' 5 Nov. , 
 
 ,, .negotiations for tlie ai 1 ."„ ,, , ' '"' ''"'"'""•'"K 
 
 liill introiluced in the U,',,,..,. i" „ : • 9 J"". 
 
 M...n ,if imn.ignd on, "s :' ^,f i':«""t ■''■I"™- 
 '■nininals . ' '"l"^'-''!'!) labourers and 
 
 N'cw Tarill liiH ,,ass,',l i,v tli,, „„',.,,., ' • '9 •'•in. 
 The Aiigl,,.Aiiieric-in Kvi,. •; ', • 2-' Jan. 
 , by thrsenate (Is-,,) '■"'''''"'' ^''"'"J- '•'■J'-"'"' 
 l>-»™ite and House pass UieNicanigua'c^;;!;! 
 
 ^Mr.'ls-r;;-oi'!:i^i^''«->''"-'-J':;i 
 
 M-.-Ka,Us Ai'ki,^,^,'. ,';il;,^:;,(v,rgin soil) 
 
 [889 
 
 ff^ff 
 
 ■■ ■' 1 ' ■' ■ 
 
 " ^n^ 
 
 m 
 
 \t 
 
 :¥k 
 
UNITED KTATES. 
 
 11U4 
 
 UNITED HTATES. 
 
 rlDtdiis iin.( liiiL's wUli lilun.l.slic,! pri'ci'.li. iiml 
 
 al.ti'nil ilic .■iitiTiii^ .... .'.• .iiHil, 
 
 Sir.lllllilll I'ilUJIC.'Iciti' iMTdlllcH Kllll.lll lIlilllMllTIll 
 
 Wftsliin^'(,,ii, I'l'li. ; iin-iv.H . . ..|A|iill, 
 Ciithrli'iiMil l»" uilicr t,,Mii« fniimli'il j| Apill, 
 Orilur iiiuiiiljiirii'il Ijy tho inililary iiii^l lyiich liiw 
 „ .'4 Aiuil rl ',;;, 
 
 Many uimm'ccMMfi.l Hfttlcrs return, ic|...rtM.I April, 
 
 CBlobriilidii at Xrw Yurk ut tlin I'l'iili'iiajy (ifp'ii. 
 
 WuHhiiiKliiii « iiiuiiKunitidii I's first pri'iiiiTriit 
 
 21) April-i .Mav, 
 
 JSnviil incicrssiuii ; ),«-) vcssi'Ih sail ruiiii'l tlii> liar- 
 
 bdiir jc) April; military pnn'i'stiuii (tr^.ox- uji'ii) 
 
 30 April, civil' ami imiiislrial priici'Hsiun i Mav, 
 
 A i^irivciilidh iiic'l Ml Ciliiiiilpia, 'rniiirssiM', aiiil 
 
 orKaiii/1'.l an Ami'rican-.ScutliHli. Irish ANsucialiiPii 
 
 to porpi tnali' race iniriiMrii's ami liistnrv 8 .Mav, 
 
 Cycloin' Inini .Maryland to L'urinccticut, much 
 
 „<'«'»aKo o Mav, 
 
 Sir. Udlicrt T. I.iiiciiln, sdunf Aliraliani, niipniulcil 
 niiuislcr til (ircat Itritaiu, .Mardi ; arrives in 
 
 ^LoniliMi jj .Miiv, 
 
 Dr. I'alrick llcnrv Crnuin, Irisli ilvnaTnilc nalinli. 
 alist (e.vpcll.-.l Iruiii the Clan-na (;ael, ami ile. 
 liiMuu-eil as a spy hy .\le\. (•ullivan ,iu.| llm 
 leailcrs, lernicil llie " TriaiiKle," iiuil cnnili-uincil 
 toilealli liy thcuitoraei'Usiri;;llieMiiil'euiliivzliMt; 
 tumlsalliittcil lor ilvMauiitinj; in Kiinl.'iml, Keli.> 
 
 4 Mav ; li i niiinlcri'il at Lake Mew, ('liicap) 
 
 la May : scvcr.tl men arresleil . j,, M..V i( si'/. 
 
 Tin! cnr n's jniy ilcel/irc the Tiiinilir tohe the 
 
 result nf a c.m-piracy nt wliich An'xamler .'<ul'i- 
 van, I'. ()'.sii|li\an, iLanicl C.iii^.'liliu ami Krank 
 Hiiiiilriill (ciinnictcil with the ClaiMia-llai'l) 
 Were the piinci].als. Al x. .'^nllivan ami ulliers 
 nrresteil i.i,J\ine; Alexamlcr .Sullivan releaseil 
 
 im liiKli hail ,, .liii,,., 
 
 ilartin llinke arrested at Wiiniipet;, Canaila, 
 imlieted almnt jr, .June. The yraml Jury at, 
 (-"liicaK" after i')davs' invest i;,'atiiin, iiri's'ent's an 
 inilictniiiil a;.'aiust .Martin liurke..li.hn K. lii-^js, 
 Daniel Ciiuf.'hliu, Patrick nsulli\au. I'lank 
 
 Wimilrull, I'aliick C y, .ami .Inlin Kuu/, with 
 
 others UTikniiwH. lit rspiracy and nf the I'limlcr 
 
 i)f Patrick llenryCrnnin . . . 2» .lune, 
 
 [Tlni oiMispiracy'is said to luiveiiriKinated in cauii') 
 
 20 (if the Cl.in-na-tiacl.l 
 
 Abimte.txi persons perish hy tin' mertldvi- nf the 
 
 tlani nf a lake in ('.aieniauKli valley (see I'liinsiil- 
 
 rtiniii) ,, Mav, 
 
 Itetructive tiniiils in tl istern states ; 8 persui'is 
 
 drowned at Il.irper's Kerrv, Virginia, and n 
 
 at Coriiin;.', New York ; estiniated loss at 
 
 WaahiiiKton, 1,000,000 dollars ; llniids sulisidinj; 
 
 end nf Mav, and i, _• .June, 
 
 Mftssase of syrnpatliy from i|Ucen Victoria to the 
 
 pr^Nidenl S.lnmi, 
 
 >i»iit of American, civil, meclianieal. niinint; ami 
 electrical en>,'iucer«; well received in London, \c.; 
 
 early .June, 
 J)onth of .Sinion Cameron, a;,'eil 90, war secretary 
 duriii); the civil war . . . . 26 .June, 
 •(Jroat puhlic niecliii^; at rhica),'o impeacliiuK the 
 Clan-na. (lael as "an association of assassins," 
 "existing under the iirotectinn of the tinted 
 StatfH, nsuriiiUK the hi^;ln'st act.s of government, 
 ill that it decrees deatli, exaet.s fealty, and levies 
 
 . war-" ■. 2,Jiilv, 
 
 AnieetinKoflrisli-Ainericansat f'liic.ai,'iipiopo>etlm 
 formation id .an " h ish Aniericaii H.pnlilie.an As- 
 sociation, •to he sett led in l.owci i'alilornia5.Julv, 
 Inundation in .Mnliawk Vallev, .New Yoik; 14 
 ^jersons ilrowue.l at .lolmstown . . y ,Julv, 
 Martin llnrke (otherwise Frank Williams) at 
 ft'innepeK onlend for extimlition 10 July; ^dveu 
 
 „, "P '3 Au«. , 
 
 Ike Hritish sealer. Ilhiik Dkimniil, sci/ed liy the 
 
 U. S. revenue cnttii- /,'h.«A (captain Sliejiard), in 
 
 UehrinKsea (see y,v/in/iv .srciiif.-) . jo.lulv, , 
 
 Reception at l,iver]iool of 50 reiire.sentaiives id' 
 
 American industries (on a tour of trade oh.serv a- 
 
 tion in Kuropc) , ..\,,^r. 
 
 The national in niient at New Plvmoiith, Mas- ' 
 
 .snchnsetts. comniemoralinK the landing of tlio 
 "Pilirrim l-'athnx ' (Wi/./i -f) dedicled i Au^-. , 
 The .Sionx and ihe ('liip|iewa Indian.s .sell a l.-irse 
 part of their icm rvations, which are to he opened 
 for Bettleinent Aug. 
 
 Havld Terry, fiirmi'ily a ,|udne, slmt ilead at I,a- 
 i«,5i) thoip, Oilifnrnia, hy .Maishal .NiiKle, lorstrikiiiK' 
 
 .iUilKe Kield ill revenue ... 14 Aug, 
 j.Vanle was exuiieralcd, 17 .>*ept.| 
 liesiriu live storm 011 tim east coa.^t (mcc .sterm»), 
 
 II, I) Wept. 
 
 I'dii-.tiitlUi'nii ('■ni|/(v.«(ir/(n','i sir), meeting; nf dele. 
 Kales at WiishiiiKtoii .... (.. Sept. 
 .Maiilinie coiif.n lice {irhirli .sn)at Washinxtini, 
 
 lOOct. 
 
 l''ine evolulli, nary licet (4 vessels) sails from .Vew 
 
 Yiiik for the .Mediterninean under rear-admiral 
 
 Walker ,„ N,,v, 
 
 President llarrksmrsnu'ssago, inoderatealid paeilie, 
 
 3 1 
 
 Heath nf Mr. .Ji'lferson Davis, aKe,l 81, late presi- 
 dent nf the Cniiliderate IStatcs, 6 Dec. ; solemnly 
 hnried ill .Sew nil, .alls . . 11 Ih'c. 
 
 Iltc-iutiiivd al nichmond, Vir^dnia, ji .M.iv, 
 
 .,.,'^9-»-) 
 
 the new Anglo-American extradition treaty ratllled 
 hy Ihesenilte .... 18 Peli. ,; 
 
 .Mr, lllaine and slr.T. P.iu lute agree to refer tlio 
 
 liehring ,sea alliiir In arhilratinn, reported, 
 
 2S I-'eh. 
 
 innnd.itinns in tlie west llirniigh excessive rains, 
 destructive snowslormson the cast coast, 
 
 end of Kch, , 
 
 A n.'itional I'linvention of tlie delegates of tlie 
 cnlniired cili/eiis of til" L'. tS,, at Washington, 
 issues an address j |.Vh, 
 
 t run in triith. The case called on 2'i Aug. ii;e., ; 
 1,115 talcsieeii were examined hcforc a jury of 1 .' 
 could he ohiaiiii'd (a plot to corrupt' tlie jury 
 having heeii disenvered, 4 persons pleaded gu'iltv, 
 one convicted, Keli. ,8(;n) . . . 2, (),,', ,. 
 
 The tiial hcgaii at fhieago liefnre .judge M'Cnnnell : 
 .Mr. Longeneekcr, state attnrmy, cniiiisel fur \\„'. 
 
 prnsecuti .Mr. Kmresl hir Ihc'derema-. ..j 1 let ■ 
 
 the jury acipiiltid .li.hn !•', Iteggs ; hmml |iaiii,,| 
 t'nnghlin, Patrick OlSnllivan, and .Mariin Pink., 
 
 ;.;uilty nf murder, ami sente I them In im. 
 
 prisiiuimnt for life; .loliii Kunz, asaccessniv, 
 In 1 years' imprisniinicnt . . 16 Dee 
 
 |l-'r.ank Wnndrull discharged, April, iSgo.j 
 
 A new trial granted to John Kunz, the other 
 sentences eiiniirnii'd .... 14 .Ian, , 
 
 "Wnrlds Fair" ordered to he in i8m . .Manli^ 
 
 Dills intrndm'cd lor greatly raising the miiiiiinmi 
 , if the I'oinage of silver, lixed hy the IllamI ,u'l ,i| 
 1878 ; hills dropped tlinaigh disagivemenl, le 
 P"i'<''l 19 .\pril, 
 
 The World's Fair hill jiassed ; signed hy the jiresi- 
 dent ^,, April, 
 
 Ciingless Viites ic;n.i«i.j diillars for relief of sllllelrrs 
 
 liy the .Mississiij]ii llnods ; sent to the iir'siil.iM, 
 
 2s April, 
 Naval Hiijiply hill luissid hy the .sei ate ; Ihii., 
 
 hatllcshi|is to he huilt 7 .M:iv. 
 
 The president prncl.iims the Dehring sea eln.M'd'i,', 
 
 uiilii'cnsed seal-llshiiig , . . js .Mao Ii. 
 
 The president apprnves nf tlie new silver hid pavsoi 
 
 til .nl.irge the currency . 14.I11IV. 
 
 .Inhn ('. Freni. lit, scientist, exjilorcr, stalisiiiaii, 
 
 iVc, dies, aged 77 n.liilv, 
 
 The Hritish scaling schnniiers, llruigr I!. Il'/n/. aii,| 
 
 .IriiV. seized in liehring seas repurlcd . 51 .Jiilv, 
 
 Silver iMirchasc circular issued hy the seeiel.u y ni' 
 
 the tre.isiiry, oileringto stdl silver hiillinii in 1 its. 
 
 lint under io,cx>i o/.s., to mints, on and alien; 
 
 ■"^''t? I Aiit'. 
 
 Strikes o( workmen, railway men, &e., in .\,,\v 
 
 York, t'hicagn, ,Vc \^l., 
 
 !.al«'i(r ildi/, nrdeily demonstratinn in Ne» Vnrki 
 
 Clucagii, and ntlier cities . . . 1 -|.iit, 
 
 Mr. .McKiiiley's tarilf hill, highly prntcctimii,!, !•' 
 
 emaiiirage hnnie maiiufactnres, after long ,|i>, ns- 
 
 cioii anil opiiiisition I'n.iii the deiiioi'iats, pas.sid 
 
 liy tlie congress. ;(> Sept. ; approved hy the pre- 
 
 sident, I Oct. ; eniiiis into operation . 6()ct, 
 
 [The hill gre.atly all'ccted '.Ircat Prilain, ('aiia.la, 
 
 France, Austria, and other slates ; the ai t in. 
 
 eludes a iMiliey of retaliat ion and reeipmcitv.i 
 
 The count 01 I'.ius anive.s at New Vnik, jOei.; 
 
 at Philadelphia, 6 Oct.; at Washington, 7 Oct. ;' 
 
 Uiehinond, 9 Oct. ; New York, 17 Oct. ; li-avcs 
 
 for Canada 2, (jct. 
 
UNITPiD HTATEH. 
 
 ry, I'Hriiicily ii Jii'ln", Hlii>t, iImihI iit r.ii- 
 ilirnniiii, hy Miiishiil NiikIi', I"1' utrikliiK 
 hi in rcvciiKi' ... 14 Auk. 
 
 lid rxnlMTIllcil, 17 Si>|it.| 
 
 (1 »t"iiii (i]i U\i\ I'list I'liiist (m'l' .s1.i/m.i), 
 
 11,11 M.'pt, 
 nil ''■Pii|//v.i,<(ii'/iiij .iiT), irii'i'tiri^; nf ilfli'- 
 
 tt'lllillillUldll .... li>Sl'|it. 
 
 ciiif. n lice (ic/iir7i sn) at, \ViihIi1iikI"Ii, 
 
 ih Oct. 
 
 ti<'lllliy lll'rt (4 Vi'M.ll'ls) HIliN I'lolll New 
 
 till' .Mi'ilUi'iniiii'aii uiiili'i' ruHi'-uiliiilml 
 
 In Nn\'. 
 
 (iiri'lHiiirsiii('SHaK«|iii<iili'riit<innil imrifli', 
 
 J I 
 
 Ir. .IririTniin DnvlH, nK<''l 8i, late inisi- 
 11' ('iiiiliiliTiili' SI'ili'H, (1 Di'C. ; snli'iiinly 
 
 Nf.\ ( >| liMllS . . II jli'C. 
 
 I'lTi'il al Itiuliniiinil, Vir^'iiiiii, ji .May, 
 
 iSld-AiiiiM-icaii cxliailitiiiii tri'aly ratilli'.l 
 lilt" .... 18 Ki'l.. , 
 
 (iiul sir .1. r.iiiiiri'liilp anii'ii til ri'fii- llio 
 faallair to ai'ijitratiuii, iciiniti'il, 
 
 ^S I'l'li. 
 1 ill till' west llmaiuli fxri'.ssivi' rains, 
 c .siiiiw.slunii.siui Uie cast ciiast, 
 
 fliil uf Ki'li. 
 
 n.iivi'iilioii iif till) iIi'li'KiilcH (if til,, 
 citi/rii.s ill' Mill U. .S., at Wasliiiinlni;, 
 
 "I'liiss 7 |.',.|, 
 
 's. Tl asi' calli'il on art Ani,'. iSfj ; 
 
 MiM'ii wi'ii- I'X-aMiinisI lii'lini' a jiiiv nt , . 
 iplilaiihil (,i |.li,l III I'liniipt' III',, jiiiy 
 ■11 ilisii,vni'il.4 iiiMsiiiis iiiia.li'il Kiiil'v, 
 ■ti'il, Ki'li. i8y.,) . . . 2|(i,i, ,. 
 .'.Ill at CliiraKo lii'f.in'Jini^'i' .M'('(,iiii,,|| ; 
 ■iii'i'kiT, stall' attiiriMV. ciiiin^iil im- ih,. 
 Ill, .Ml-. Kniivsl liii' lli.''i|i'li'iin., ..., III! ■ 
 i'.|iiillHl .I..I111 V. Hij,rs ; luiuiil |i,iMi,.| 
 I'atrii'k (I'.Sullivaii, anil .Mai-iiii liiiikr. 
 
 iiiiiiili r, ami s,,ntiiii'i'il tliiiii In iiii. 
 It liir nil' ; .liiliii Kiiiiz, un aeeissmy, 
 
 inil'ii^i'ii lit ... 16 Dei'. 
 
 iiwliiill .liM'haip'il, A|iHI, 1890.I 
 
 I ^'llllltfil to Jolill Kuiiz, tllil nlliiT 
 
 I'liiilir I 4, Ian. .: 
 
 lir" (iriii'ivil to lir in 1891 . .Manii, 
 iiciil liii- ;,'ri'aliy laisiiif; iln' iiiiniMiiiui 
 laj,'!' ot siiviT, lixi'il liy till' lllalal ;ii'l ,i| 
 s ilinjiiii'il tliniiiuli ilisaj;ii'iiii™i, i,, 
 
 ly A|iril, „ 
 
 Tail- bill jiassi'il ; Hi;iiii'il liy tlir prisi. 
 
 •--, A|Mil, 
 
 li's 1 50,01 »j iliillais for ri'lii'f of siiili'iirs 
 isiHsipjii lliioila; siiiit to tin' iir'siihin. 
 2S April, 
 ly liill jiassiMl liy tin- si'i ati' ; llinr 
 H to III' liiiilt . . . . J7 M.iy, 
 It proi'l.iini.s till' Jlcliriii;; si'ii i-lnMil 1,1 
 
 si'al-lisliin^; . . . ..5 .Man li. 
 ilappiovi'sof lliiini'W.silvi'r hill piivM.l 
 tlir I'uri'ciicy . 14. 1 Illy, 
 
 ■iiii'iil, si'ii'iitist, I'Xiilori'i', stall siii:iM, 
 
 W'l 77 M'liil.v. 
 
 41'aliii^' si'liooiiiTs, lUiinjr I!. 117,,/, ami 
 'il ill lli'liiiny seas ri'|ioi'ti'il . ji .liilv, ,. 
 asc I'iii'iiiar issiii'il by tin' si'i'ii'laiv "I' 
 ■y, olIi'iiiiHto si'll .silvi'r liiillion in lii.s 
 
 10,000 ozs., to mints, on amlalirri; 
 
 1 All;;. 
 
 lorknii'ii, railway iiii'ii, &i'., in .Nm- 
 ■iif.'". ''^■f All;:. 
 
 orili'ily ilinioiistration in N,.» v,,,!,-^ 
 
 Ill Ollll'l- citit'S . . . , >,.],(_ 
 
 y's tarill bill, lilK'lily proti'ctioiii.^1, to 
 iioliii' niaiiiirai'tiiri'.s, afti'r Ion;; ilisiin. 
 ■lipositinii from till' lii'iiiocrats, passol 
 L'li'ss, io.Si'pt. ; approvi'il by tlii' |in'- 
 ct. : roiin-s into opi-ratioii . 6 Ort. 
 ii'iitly alli'i'ti'il i.livat lirilain. ii.nii.la, 
 Austria, ami otiii'r statis ; tin' ,1.1 m. 
 policy otii'taliation ami ri'i'ipr.niiy.f 
 I I'.iii.s arri\is at, .%• » V.,ik, jlnl.; 
 Ipliia, 6 Oi't. ; at \\asliiii;,'tiin, 7 ilol.; 
 9 Oct. ; New York, 17 Oct. ; Ivavti 
 
 31 Uct. . 
 
 ''i;:'';;:™!;:;!;: '""''<■'-''«"•»" ;Kr.atni.i,,,,,,v,,, 
 
 ,]:'," I'"''':"/ ii-!iH«, .HIM. Ml,,;,. • ■• v'?' ',' '"'• "Sw 
 
 'i"'i;'-i:"H;i:;'ti:;!i''^;:i;'-';i-«i:;:;^ 
 
 {'•ii'.v, to ill '111,!,. 1 I .' . •^""""•'l I'liion 
 ^H.I,tsor,.a;:,;' ,';;''-, ,AMiaii,'i,,|,;i 
 
 rMTKD STATKsT 
 
 til.* 
 
 parlv, III im'lii,!,. ,1 ■ •^'" "I I 
 
 k.ii,;i.t.Hori;ai,oi Vai HiiiHrir,-^'"''' 
 
 \ lii'i' silvi'i' i,„ii„„.,. ,,;,,",".'■'.' .'""l"'". '■•■irly Iti'i. 
 
 .......... ... ,,,,,1,,111'aiiii s III ,||' |,,„|i„ 
 
 A in. siivi'i' .„i,„„. ,„„ ,„.„„;";i;^^,„ .^,^.^^^ 
 
 On;,l,li,tr™intIi,.w,.;talt;il„„;.,,,„'„„.;,;i^^|;;'.Sc,. 
 
 "nriHs;':,.:^;:;':;;' "—'■'. ''i^i-i.; ;,, ,,;i;i::: .. 
 
 lii'slriii'lim Niioivsl'orm on 'ii,,, ' .,, ' .■ '^ ■'"H' „ 
 
 "l.irliii^'tron, Alabann J. , v , '^'V"'"' '■"•'1st, ' 
 
 lli'alliola.liiilml |i,ivi,[ lli\oii'p,, ,,,„."'':'+' -'^ ■'•'"■ „ 
 
 Oi'ii. Win. T, iiis.'li ,S|i,.|'m.,„ „v!. ' , ' ' '''''')• „ 
 
 (-"9-4) ili.'s, a;;,',l 1 "' :'" ""^ilf'T-'"""!""' 
 '■'•'■■■"niiiy al .\,.w V,„.k ' V^ ' ' '"'"''''I 
 "■"■'■ison ami slat,, ,m.,,{, ,''.■;;:'"• I'Msiil,.,,! 
 
 mill alioiit ,„,,x., In, , , ',,• '","'^' "" '■' 
 
 I,..iiis, Miss.iiiH ' ' 'y '■'•I'. ; bniialal .si. 
 
 "fi'i '!;,:;'': '•'"'"■'■ »iM-m->si'ori.ury^,;' '';;::; 
 ;i;-.xr>vvork.t,i'r;;;:;;\,:r. '-;;.;:;■. :;:,«>;,. 
 
 Ui'ii. .Iiisi'iili .loimsto,,, |.'o„fi.,i,.,,|,;,^ ,,j,,;| j^-';! .;;;■''• 
 
 I'n'si.li'iit ll.irrisoii's t ■ t,, 11.,. 1. ■:'' ■^'•"'■li, 
 
 visitin,.||i,.s.ai„nv. sliPs I nnlir cisi ; 
 
 Tlii' Karini'i's' Alliann' ?,'n, \ o :. ,,. /M'n , May, 
 ••«'■ "''• 'vpnblieaiis ami ilcnioimts,'''' ''' ' "" 
 
 Jlr. .b.Iiii ll'ir. .|,.y, oitv ti',.asiii'„r f nl''','' "'' ■^'■'■^■| 
 
 Tlirfateiu'il revolt of the Imlians („'l,i,.n .,,,,),= •'"'■'■• 
 
 ,111111^ iliis.sell I,o\vi'll «f.,(,.., , '^''nlv, 
 
 (vrili'r, ilii's. ii;.,..! ,, ' '•^•"'""""" ■■I'nl ,,„p„|...,: 
 
 |ln|iiiti'Hitli Chili (I,,/,;,.), ,,,,,)■ • • I-' An-. 
 
 fVlil lii'tiii'iii siipiii,,-!,.,.., ,,.■ ,i„' ,, • • Oct. 
 
 .\ikiiiisas .' . 5 ilcalhs at lliickspoit, 
 
 lli'sliiiclivc storm 'over' the ■cllv'.,f u- , .^'^ "'■'• 
 
 .iii'lawali'i'siioiit, iiiiicl la , ,1 \ ^^■■'xln'^tiin, 
 
 iiinri', ami aloiiK tin cl.a.s/ "''"'^' ''""" "t "•■•Hi- 
 
 Jirl'tlll;; III |1||. 5211,1 colc'l-eii,.'' .....■, 1 .■■ °-' '*'"'"'• 
 
 i'-^;i'n'si,ii'i;ti;,:rri:;:^r,;ii!^:^;"™"""^i';'ii<y 
 
 Aiii'w "rci'iiirocilv ■' ini'iv 1- . ," , • 9 I'ce. 
 lllaini', abiliit si'ooo' 1' „ '..'"■''• '"'•■"'-' ''.v.-Mi 
 
 Til' "I'l'oplc, p.',, .'"•*'"'■ Iionsc . ,,,||.|.. 
 ^ '""I Kin. ,(. Ii. fiv, ,^,.''; "''"'f 'or picsi,|,.„t' 
 
 ^■',':';' i.ei.t tin'oi,;, ', ;":;;.'-';'i""i: 5.1..! 
 
 9/-n,", ,s .|„|v. ,1 : ,;, ,7 "lany .IcaihK; 
 TllcU,';,vT'''''l'''''''''lilll.i.e. ,8,,, ■'■■''">■- 
 
 ';r;:^i^;':;!-;--l,;(in-^^.,x,.wvork^^;i«; ■ 
 
 ""^l"-i"l"||; tn,„p„^ ■','*■ '' '"■ ""Ifln 
 
 "'"""■'^ iikc ciMl '•."""■'' '"'■'kcs, with 
 '■'■',""!.'■' i ""'In'i, li , :,,',:;,/^",-"-/.; trail S 
 .'■"■lofstilk,. ,.|'p„r|,'Ii'-* IKoti'cti,,,,, ,8, ,y.\„j^ . 
 
 "'".'•"iMoyiiii'iit ol .,',,,: ,' ''■""'■^•"•i', iiCTinit " 
 
 ,"■"■ »b.cka,|,.s il,',, ,",,,', ■' " , ;:M-il,',| ami 
 
 ' "nvict -iiar,| ami i"",' •,''"'"'"-' b"tw,.,.n 
 
 v;;lor,satC,«u,'.,..r , ;.i'';^''':;ll''''H'rik,.r" 
 "' troops,,,, tl„ Ii,; li-'liin-htcr; p,-,,.,,-,.,,, 
 
 :"'!';•'- -H'r,'X'bi;;;;''7::;',!;'*'«';;i'i''ii?ti: 
 
 _"^l""«;'irHerri.stor,'^:^(:,;^,'-;«J<"'' -vera 
 "«/i'/a A',.,,.,.,.,, „,,,,„ iS, 19A11L'. 
 
 'IT' =16 lives lust "• ""'■<'"' "" i-iike Slip!;; " 
 
 vessels viol,.,,,,' ,.' ,^ , "r:;"-^''-'*"-""' tiHI'lKn 
 
 ™'i^in,-'inm.|i,|,\,„.,,^' ''> .1;; "nm',| „,„, 
 by Kovi'iii,,,. |,'„,„. . . " kill 1 11;; ,,|,|y ,.||,,,,| j 
 Gr;,iiM ei'l,.|„.,.,ti„„ „r ,1 , I ' ""I't'iiv. II-,, .S,.pt 
 <'oliiiiib„.s (, . (),. ,' 'li;''"vcry of AiiienVa bv 
 'l"IM"fanVuiroi;:,,;;;:'=,;:„ ^""^ Vork, i-hii;^ 
 
 189a 
 
 „ '.'.'""'"^ "".000 iin.iiii,,.,.^ ■■■■■• 
 
 rt;S^:;;tt;a:^,'^!;i:^/-'-;:,;;-ii;'n:.hri,il^^;;;^ 
 
 ''•■i^:J,:roi';^.ir^if:S '•-■''''- 
 
 IV.^tmetive torn.1,1,'. ii, the \ \v ..i.'.i ^''.•^'"I'l'li. 
 
 IH'i-soiis killcl ■ "■ ■^'"'"* ; 'iliout ,c, 
 
 Ilii ilillicillty with'tli,. Itali'ln ,-,!,■ . ' ,.i -^I'lil, 
 
 l«iAVi.. iiVii,,.) ''"'"' «"^''""nent elo.se,! 
 
 AI..1V11 45o,ixjo,Mxi of .silver' il,,l|.',,.. i,' ., '• '^I"'"!, 
 
 vaults, reporteil """''i-s m the treasury 
 
 Till! corner stone of .'I'lieral (;i-o.i'„ ' ^^ Aprii, 
 
 llivrrsiile-iiark, New Y,mk I V' ""' t "' 
 
 llarri.smi . . "'• '""' ''V ]iresi,lent 
 
 Till' invitation b, an iiit'iTmli,,,,.,', „ ■, =7 April, 
 
 silver ipu'stioii, o eept ,f ,v . ■, "'/''o'l'''-'''' »''" 
 
 ^tlierp,ivve,-s(s;c .Voil;^;',/;^,,^,'™;,,'^;"'"" a>.'l 
 
 h'i;;i{;;'i''"a,«i.„,euuiicLe««imni„,.,^'l^;^:;-; 
 
 IWImt Ilariison n, iiiVt,, f'l " , -''■'""". 
 
 Ill" reiml an eon', ,?,''', ^"J,- "•''■'''''ftion by 
 
 ;Vliit.l„w K,'i,| ,,„ viV',,'. ',' ."i,?,!,,t'''""''^'l'"''"v Mr. 
 
 I Mr. drover ('levelaml c,.,-..!' V I \ ■ '° ''i""', 
 
 I r rleetion as ,'nsii ,,,'''', n ''^^s) iioiiiinate, 
 
 K.«ev,'iis',nas';'ir,^i,t,;""^"«"-M'-- filial 
 
 *w, Uit,i,.ship,S..,X„,^„„,=^Ji.!i;;. 
 
 ' I'tfsiilent ^''"' •'"''" Wiiwell for 
 
 I July, , 
 
 'i''ipiii;i..i.;i.h;: :,,;^^=l,;;:,,i:v''«' vork,,Miii;^ 
 
 Soli'iiinii,.,ncalion,if h, 1 I """"• i-^ Ocl. .r*,, 
 
 ' ^'-*''-"/cil;;;a;j::<;;;i^r.^r'"^ 
 
 I>eatliofJfr.s. Caroline M,.„ii II ■ 21 Oct. 
 
 ^■■•-'™t;anaei^::;;,:t;;^^,^l;:-r';^-^ofthc 
 
 77; llarri. 
 
 «''-i' .39. ;;n";:;'stt}'^::':y:;:-'tihecoii^ 
 
 ™'b 145; Weaver, 2.' 1 ,!, "'""';,-77; llarri. 
 
 hteveii.son vi,'e.i,n.si,i,,'„ ''"' ••« ^ ^i'- A.llai E. 
 
 Ciiiiia;.,, i,, .\;'l''it . . . 8N0V. „ 
 
 ''"lliiK ; siiv,.r ilo „.s fi f"'''u " '"" 35.306,973 " 
 ,.S..792,976 ilollars i ;,',:,^, ,^;f ' ' ';^^\^<,ink%, 
 •Mr. .lay (;,,|,|,| siieeessfnl J ,' '''wnt i3 .\ov. 
 ""',', ''■l"-i-.iPiv I, ,s'"7'':''""'-'" '■■•lilwav.s " 
 ''"'l.'irs; teri,„.,| ..| , ^. '"■••weeii 72,0000^0 
 
 ^/lii'sat .v,'w'v:;,'.k !,',i;,ii .^"^"■'' "f w^iU^tT 
 ^:"^::;;;i"i'e;":l',l:;i:;^r''''''"-'-'-''.5 0e^!';;i;; ■• 
 
 '™;;?t!?';i:,^!i;|-7^'-.^Hnfhit,er:a^ " 
 
 t^li;^ '"■'"■ "■■"«-• Hiillierniril „.„•:-; '893 
 
 .lames Uili,,.spi,,iji,.,i„,;'. •, '7 J'm. „ 
 ^,31 Jan. i8,u, ilie,| o,'j, ."'',' '' "' """ir ; bom 
 
 Tl" eon .ssioners fron if' ^, ''"'""'■''■ 3" .Fan. „ 
 
 ■^<in,l„vli /,,,,,) '""" lluiiolnb.! reeeiveil (.s,,o " 
 
 Treaty for the annevaliiiM ,,r'.i i ,' " ^'|^b. „ 
 propo.se,! "'i' ^-Uion i,| the .Saiulwich isles " 
 
 Gen. l*ierre T ,1,,' 11 * 
 "''"ff, .8rt,).;ii,; ,,,,|''!."7"'l: '■'."ifr'li'rate (,,« " 
 
 Tlio Presiileift hoi^s" ,,^,^lTh.',:' o' ,1" *•'"• ■. 
 .steamer AVic l-e,'A' ^'^^ "•■« on the mail 
 
 «ttoniey.,-|.neralap ,0 ',. ;,*''■ '"^•'"'^'' '""ey, 
 ^".'.a-«.,gveatb,iltlesl^/p,,ai,:„«,„tP„„„;,„j^;f' ., 
 
 28 Fab! „ 
 
 ill- 
 
 ,..1' 
 
1 itM 
 
 h 
 
 hii 
 
 UNITED HTATKS. 
 
 1100 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 189J 
 
 liimimimtliih of rirnviT CIpvmIhiiiI ih pn-HMi'irt ; In 
 lilx Hi|ilnii.», lii> .Iri'hiri'H Inr 11 siiilil.' <'nrhMicy, 
 I'lHiiliiiMin iii-Hlci Hull Mini xliiti' iiiitrrjiHllHin mill 
 lavuiinllHiii ; iirnpom'H ri'liiiiii nf tlic I'hil wrvlci 
 Mii'l III!) liiiill, Mii.l JiinUci) mill liiumiiilty til iliii 
 
 ,^. '",'''""■•' ,. 4 Miiirli, 
 
 •BirJiilmii I'll liiiM, ItrltlMhiiiliilsd'rat WiiHlilim- 
 
 [I'll ; Mr. lli.hiTt T. Liiicnln, i;.,s.A. iiiIiiIsIit in 
 
 I.mimIiiii; iiiihiiimti'il "iiiiilia««ailiirH' . Marcli, 
 
 Wr. Tlionias F. ilMyiinl a|i|ioiiiti'<l ainl.iiHsailur lur 
 
 ,, '•'"I'l"!' • ■, . . . , (.1 March, 
 
 •tiniiiil iiiUTiiHtii.iial naval ii'vli'w at N'rw Ynrk ; 
 J niliiniiiN iiC UMi'.sliiiH, I'XliMiillriK nlniiit i liiiirs ; 
 ini'siMit: invsiiliMit ('li'M'lanil ami liU nii.ini'l, 
 AiiiiTicanBiijiiTiiiriiilii'liilH, ill|iliiiiialir l.i»lv, Is,-., 
 till' iliikii (if Vi'iat;iia,aiiil many I'Miiiiriil. pi'rsimM ; 
 many )ini.s«ntaliiinH tu pn'Miil.Mil Cli'M-laml ; all 
 ii)ii'ialiuns suni'Msliil ; In tin' I'vi'iiinK', lllnnilna- 
 tionn anil lirmMnkH anil iiaraili' iif inidiis ami 
 Hi'anii'ii In till- cily .... a; April, 
 
 !<■"»■ ininilKrution law cnnii'K Into olTi'ct, 1 Mav ; thi'i 
 C'liine™ iiji'lnsiiai aiit nini'li nppiisinl . 5 May, 
 
 Laiini'li of lliM .\f,i.v,i,hiif,lli; givat l.attli'sl'iip, At 
 I'liilailulpliia i.i.lnni' 
 
 Fall nlpririMif sllvnr tliniiitili tin- Imilaii nirriMii'v 
 ait, iMul 111 .liinn ; silM'r nilnliiK' ami wiirk.n sini- 
 liriiiliKl In (.'iiliiniilo ami iitliiT placfn . ag .luni', 
 
 K.xtia HdHNliin ijf riiMKri'SK iipi'iis . . 7 Anj,'. 
 
 I'ri'sl'lmit ('K vi'liiiiil, in liia nii^s.-int!i', rofi'i-rcil tu tln'i 
 Kilvi>r trnnlili'H g j\ip;(. 
 
 AManI of till' arbitrulura »t Paris isHiiiHl (m.i'i 
 
 _,'■■''"■'"!/>'""'■«) .sAiiK. 
 
 i»o nini]inlsi)ry , silver pnrcliasii ri'pi'al lillls: Jlr 
 
 V Iii'im' Iii'Iiiiv tlici siMiali., ..8 An^-.; Mr.WilsAirH 
 
 passoil hy till' liiinsii, j8 Aug. ; prolongfil iliniMis- 
 siiin in tliii Hiniatti uj.t. 
 
 Clii'ruki'B .>itriii, near ArkiumaH (ic/iiV/i .vc), glviMi up 
 lor si-ttlt'niunt j(^ IScpt 
 
 The worlils fair eloKoil (see (Aimr;!,) ". 30 (Jet! ,'I 
 
 Thi' sllvir |iiirclia.si> n'imi\ liil'l pnaswl bv the 
 Hrnati' (Victory of pres. Clevflunil)jj-i2, loOct. : 
 siKhfil liyhin ^-^ .■''■', ^i^,y'_ 
 
 Thi' C'hinBsu «.\clusioii hill passcil by the senate, ' " 
 
 Ui'alh of Kmni'lM Parkinan, historian of Frt-ncli " 
 
 Aniiirica, aKDil 70 9 Nov. 
 
 rri'siilt'iit C'lHViilamrH nicN«at;e lo toiiuVphh llrni 
 
 liberal ami liaiiilii; ... . D,.,. 
 
 Ont of work in New York, 80.000 ; rhIcnKO, ijo,mx, '; " 
 
 I'liilailiiliihia, 60,000, reiiorted . . a, |j„c 
 The larill liill, witli Inlenial revpinie bill ami " 
 
 iiieoniu-tax claii.si), passeil (i'o4-i4, ,)liy thu hon.se, 
 
 I Kolf I rUj 
 
 The A'mr.siiyi (battle-ship) wreckeil in the Curibbwaii 
 sea, on Itoneailore reef; all savml . . a Feb 
 Wr. Itlamrs silver seiKiiioraKe eoi'.aK'H bill, author- 
 izin;,' a Inr),'!' coinaKe of sIImi, passeil bv the 
 house, I .Mareh ; by thu senate, 15 Marcli ; vptoisl 
 b.vpri).s.Clevelan,l .... 20 .March, .. 
 Ueeline of the ileniocratic party thriiii;;h niiiiisterial 
 InisinanaKonient resjicctint; the Ihianee.s unil 
 currency (not ilue to iiresiilent Clevel.iiul), 
 ,,., ,, , . Feb., March. ,, 
 
 Jhe lleliniiKsia ii..:ity bill pnssnil . . 7 April 
 Great strike of enlliers (about 126,600) In renn- " 
 uylvania, Ohio, Marylanil, ami other coal ilistricts 
 repijrt«il, April ; riiiliii- with blomlsheil, in 
 Illinois ami other places, .May ; troops cnlliil out 
 27 .May ,1 ,«./.; subsiileiice of the coal strike 
 tliriiiiKli coniiironiise, reporteil , 10 .June 
 
 •C'oxey's coninmnweal. ami other " imliistriai " 
 armies," forineil by Mr. Coxey, of Ohio, through- 
 out the states, proceeilinK U> WashiiiKton to 
 •lemaiiil legislMliiiii for work ami belter pavnient • 
 coiilliet with till railway authorities at Omaha, 
 Council Ululls, Nebraska. 20 Ajiril ; ist section 
 aiTivos, 21 April ; trains seizeil ami suocessfullv 
 belli against tin- authorities In .Mi.iitaiia am'l 
 Imliaiin; some re-capliireil tiy tr.nii.s in Dakota, 
 &c., April; total of C'oxeyitc bamls, 7,250; the 
 iiiain boily of Coxeyites (about j,*,) ari-ive at 
 
 Waslangton 29 April, „ 
 
 Mf^^v, tuxey, Browne ami Jones coiiiniitteil for 
 Illegal acts, 2 May; iniprisoneil ami llneil, about 
 21 May; the niovenient collapHiiiL* rrMirJc:! 
 
 Bcttlenmnt of Hie claims against Chili (I'-hll'i see. " 
 ib94). 
 
 Arrival of rear-iulnilral Krber. iml cnpt A T 
 Mahaii (naval lil»liirian) In th. r.H. warship 
 rh'nuj,, In the Thames, May ; bamiuet given to 
 
 V ' '" ^^- ■'"mes's hall, .-, Mav; reeentiim ami 
 
 ihineeon the (A, (Molfdiaves I . , , .r 
 
 tapl. Mabaii iiiiule l,l,.l). at (.'anibrlilge, iH.lnne' 
 n.l'.l,. at iixloril . . . . 2„,| ,' 
 
 Uailwiiy strikes; " I'liUninn car," reporteil, uH 
 June; above 6,,,„», men out; service partially 
 bli.ikeil thriiiiglioiit the slates, 20 ,liine; the 
 giiveninient onlers the niilllarv to raise the 
 bliiekaile ofthe rall«ii\s ami ipiell rioting; Mr 
 Kilwaril riielaii, sirike leailer, arresleil alCiirrini 
 nati, I .liily ; conlliels ensue, reporteil . 6 .lulv 
 b-lee (7i„,i,,„.| 
 
 .Martial law proclnirmiil In IllliiolH nnil other Htales, 
 
 MIrIke subsiiles 13. lulv 
 
 Collapse nf the railway union . , , i5,liii'y' 
 Senator (lorinan's new tarilf bill iiasseil bv the 
 
 «''iatn I'.liih 
 
 llls.igreemeiit between theHenateanil Iiouhr respee'i! 
 iiig tariff bill, 19 .Inly; long conference of , lei,, 
 gales Iniltless, 8 Aug. ; ciiniproniise ; Die seniile s 
 larill bill, favouring free traile, passed by tie' 
 house (181-105), ij Aug.; conie.s Into force, 
 
 27 Aug, 
 Hill for the exclusion ami (loporlalloiiof nnarchi.i, 
 
 P'lxseil ,fi ,\|| 
 
 New treaty between Unlteil Stales ami China run: 
 
 lleil, reporteil ,3 ..^ , 
 
 .session cliLseil ^^,.^^ 
 
 Nine weeks' iliought leails to grunt forest (Ires iii ' 
 
 .MinnesoUi, Wisi sin ami Michlgaii ; 13 towns 
 
 ami many villages ilestroyeil, 11 Aiig.-i Hint ■ 
 
 '■lil. 
 
 400 ileaths, reporteil 
 
 Oliver Wemlell Holmes, M.I)., plivsiologist, 1 1 
 
 liovelistanil es.sayisi ; " Aiitocrati'ittliiil)ieakl;ist! 
 
 tjible;" born 2n Aug. i8i<); ilieil . . 70,1 
 
 (.en. Scholielil ailvocates increase of the nriiiv i- 
 
 support the niithority of the feilerul governnieni, 
 
 On! 
 Autumn elections : 248 repiibllcnns ; 95 ilflinocrats ■ 
 13 populists, in the hou.se . . 7 Nov ir«,/ 
 Congress opens with the prosiiloiils message, 
 
 3 Ili'C. 
 
 .Message from the nresiilent lo the congress rp 
 
 spectingtlie withiliawal ofgolil . , 2% .\m 
 
 Oolil recuiveil from I'hilailelphia, Cincinnati, in 
 
 ilaii 
 The nntloiml bonnl of trade vote conllilonce ii 
 
 prnsiilent Cleveland's (Innucial pioiiosals, in .In 
 
 Pies Clevelamrs lioiid bill for thu relief of th, 
 
 _ liiMsury re.lecteil by the house . . -j y,.\, 
 
 The iiresident's 2iid message lo congress, staliiii; 
 
 that he has made aiTangements lo issue a 1 \m 
 
 cent, gold bond at par in place of the 4 per cent 
 
 8 Ktb. 
 The 3 per cent, gold bill rejected by the house, 
 
 14 Feb. 
 The bond syndicate il.iiosits in the treasury over 
 
 30,000,000 dollars in gold (1,000,000 from Caiiiiila) 
 
 15 I'eh! 
 
 Death of Frwlk. Douglass at Washington, aged 73 ■ 
 half-negro ; abolitionist omtor . . 21 F,-|,' 
 
 The supreme court at Wnshington decides tliiil tin- 
 imposition of an income-tax (a Jier cent.) 011 miU 
 estates, Ac, to meet the dullcit is uncoiisliln: 
 
 „ '■'"I"',' • 8 April, 
 
 General opposition to the tax increasing ; collectiur 
 
 ,,l"'«"» ■ .-, • . . . I = April. 
 
 Dr. .lanie.s Dwight Dana, liorn 12 Feb. iSi;' 
 eminent naturalist, geologist and writer ; Silli! 
 man jnofessor at Vale uiiiversitv ; attiu'lied t" 
 the U..S exploring voyage under capt. Wilkes lo 
 the HoMth seas in 1838 ; illustiated reports nlliis 
 observations, &c., published 1S46 1/ any. ; dieil, 
 
 15 Ajiril, 
 
 Increa-sed agitation for and against frua coinage of 
 silver J^,„\\ 
 
 A silver convention of 17 states W.'of the Missis! 
 KippI to increase the use of silver, held at .Silt 
 Lake city ; fonnation of a blmulallic uni.in iii"- 
 
 .^I'"-'*'"' i3iS.M,'iv. 
 
 The supreme court decides the entire incniiie i,i.\ 
 to bo uncouatitulional . 20 Mav, . 
 
 ■I - '■ 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 rwir-iiiliiilivil Krii.'i. inul ,Mipl. A. T 
 nmiil lil-diiiaii) In tl.. V.». wiirslili, 
 n till' 'I'huiMi-i, (, Miiy ; |jiiiii|iii't xivi'ii tu 
 fi\. .liiiMi'Hs liiill, •( Slav; ri'iffiHipij mikI 
 
 Ihl' ' l:inl.l„i,l\ ClilM'HIMI.l . II .IlIlM' 
 
 UN iiJM.Ii. I,l,.l>, iiU.'aiiilii-l.li<i>, iH .Iniii. I 
 K"""''l .... an.liniM, 
 lrlk>'»; "riilliiiiiii nir," ri'imrtHil, ^g 
 wivi' ^.,.»vl nii'M ciiil; Morvli'ii partiallv 
 
 tlinpiiKliniit lliii nlali'H, 3(1 .Inn.'; III'.. 
 rut iiiiliMs llii. iiiilltarv In raise (|ii. 
 
 ipflliM rull»n\x mikI (|iii'II rlollnj,'; Mr, 
 I'liflaii, siriki' li'iidiT, airc'sli'il uK'iiicin. 
 ily ; c'liillicls I'Msiii', n'|»iitp.i| . 6.liilv 
 
 ■ |irnrl(viiii(x| In HHhoIm uihI otlior iitii1i.<, 
 
 9- lo.Jiih, 
 
 l'l'"< , 13.I11IV, 
 
 till' railway union . . .1, July 
 jriiiann iiiiw tarlll' lilll paMHwl liy tl,,! 
 
 lit liiitwpnii till. HPtinti-aiiil liiiiiHiMVdjii'c'i! 
 Iiill, iij.liily; IniiK' riiiili.i-|.iii.|. <,( i|,.|,. 
 tli'HH, H AiiK. ; ('(iiiiiirniiilMi. ; tin. .s..nal.M 
 I, liivniiijii^r fri'ii traili', \,hmi'i\ liy tli.. 
 !i-Ki3), ij Any. ; coiiiii.s Into fiiivi', 
 
 27 Alii.'. 
 oxcludloii mill iloimrliitliiiiof iuiarrlii»i, 
 
 bntweon UiiltBil siiili.H'ainl "ciiiiia nit'i: 
 ft'j"' aSAiiK'. „ 
 
 I'lliiiiiKht leniU to KrontV'irpst flri.s in 
 a, Wisi'iiiislii ami .Mlrlil]...! , ; 1 1 timns 
 i- vilhiKi's iliwtriiyi'il, ji .\ii(,',-j Hci.t ■ 
 s, ri'|i>pit|.il .... 4 Si.|,r 
 
 ■ li'll Itolnii's, M.ll., plivsiciloKist, 1 i' ' 
 
 i.li'ssayist ; " AiitMcralciltliiillri'akrii>t! 
 
 " il . .7 11,1. 
 of till' nnii.v fi 
 
 UMTED NTATEN, 
 
 111 .!ij .\iiK. i8(«;; ilii'i 
 [il aihiii-ati's iiuTi'iisi 
 iiaiillioi'ityof tliii fi'iliTuI h'li 
 
 ivi.'1-niiii'iii, 
 
 Oct. ,. 
 
 I'ticiiirt : 248 rcpiililicttns ; 95 ilniiioprat.! ■ 
 Its, ill till) liiiiim. . . 7 Niiv. i7 M7' 
 una with tlio iirunliloiit's ihosubkc, 
 
 3 Di'C. .. 
 Ill tlii> pri-slili'iit tl) tlie conKn'ss ri'- 
 III' witliilniwal iif ►;olil . , 28 .Ian. j: ■ 
 il Iroiii I'liilailtiliiliia, Cincinnati, iVi'., 
 
 Jan. .. 
 il board of trailo vote coiilliloncp in 
 (Jli'vulaiiir« lliinncial pi-opnsals, 30.1111. 
 aiiiTH buiiil hill fur thu ii'liuf of tlir 
 L'jficteil l.y tliii lioiisi) . . y K,.),, 
 It's 21111 nii'ssaup lo coiiKross, statiiiij 
 iH iiiaili! nrniiiKoiiiHiits to issiiii a i per 
 bond at par in place of tliu 4 per ci'iit , 
 8 Ffb. 
 lit. gold bill rojnctod by the house, 
 
 14 Ki'b. 
 ■nilicat.. .1. posits in the troasiiry owr 
 [lollurs in t;ulil(i,ooo,ooofroiii Camilla), 
 IJ I'l'l^ 
 «lk. DoiiKlass at Washington, aged 7S; 
 ; aliolitionist orator . . 21 Keli. 
 I'Diirt at Washiiigtoii decides tluit tlif 
 of an iiieo)nc-tax(2perceiit.)oii rents, 
 3., to luuet tli« dellcit U uiicoiistitii. 
 
 , : 8 April, „ 
 
 isltioii to the tax iiicreashig ; colleetiun 
 • . ; i • • • 12 April. ., 
 Dwighl Dana, liorn 12 Feb. iSi,; 
 ■itiiralist, geologi.st and writer; Silli- 
 ssor at Yale iiniversitv; altaolieil t.. 
 ;ploring voyage under eapt. Wilkes lu 
 (eas in iSjB; illustrated reports ofliw 
 IS, Ac, piibli.shcd 18461/ st.^. ; dii'il, 
 
 15 April, ., 
 itation for and against fre3 coiiinj,-!! of 
 
 April, ., 
 
 eiitioii of 17 states W. of the Missi.s- 
 ;roase the use of silver, held at Sill 
 formation of a oimutullic iiniuii iii.j- 
 
 IS-18 -Mav, „ 
 
 court decides the entire incoiiip tax 
 ustitutiunal , , 20 May, „ 
 
 '■'"'';"''^''-^'-'ind^;:^';;.^::-.,':^,;;a.'; 
 
 Ml W Q. flriisliaiii, seeriKar.. ,,r „,„. ■•* -May, 
 
 .Mr .li.dsnn llaini.iii, at,.' .,;''■ '"'''""'I "diiev; 
 A.Miiitioii ii(i,v,„|,.„n,|„„,,^l ■„, • ■ 7.1.11,,., 
 
 '"■' " '^-^''^^ "'^''^'we^ariUoC^Ill^ 
 
 '',,,;::jjC'''';''^'':"''«'-"t the states 01, till! ;:^'::; 
 
 ili.l«iiiil "yiidiea'teeoinple'ie II,' ,,* ,• ■'""k, 
 '"V": T'lMy ;„„ld hi 1 1,,' ; [<'"'^t.;-„r ;,ol,i 
 md, balance, ,y.,6,„,^,, 'I'dlar.^' n'^'.f/it.;,'"""'-": 
 
 Ii.Mlhi,fnoHellKdii,iin,i„,;,„.|..,„„ ,, , ».i.liiii,., 
 
 _ ll,'ed 6), rep,,|le,| , '"''""■ ''l"'lleiit,ji|,|;;,.^' 
 
 Till' lri,<h.Anii.i;ra,| eoiu'entlni, ,' . ' y Am.'.' 
 
 1 1"",', Ir^l. i"'l"l'''nde, ;''',,,''•"'"''<,•• 
 
 I'ri-idmit, hel,|,a',.|,|,,„" ' •''Jl'" K Kii,ert,v, 
 
 ilili'lIKo felilans adoiit 111., ti.it! ..". . ' =4 ."^ept 
 '■:il<i"ceof III,, w,';!,!'!'"' '""""<" "iHsh naiioli'ii 
 
 II 111. H'etiiion. >jtiii'v Heiir„t„n ' , ' ' s'' *'i,t 
 IMy, ng,',| 75 7' "="'l't'>'- and author, dl,.,/;;; 
 
 I'nw. (/'levHland declares In'f,.,. ' ;. ■ •» <>et. 
 di.,„u,.ratic state pla;;',",.,;;' f'"'^'"' of a v,>„ ^ ' 
 
 <• iUTi'S.i meets, 2 liic. . ,1.,, ,,;.„ I ,• .. • 31 "it. , 
 I'liitliig to llimne,. (neiy ,„ . li""'"''' « inessap., ' 
 niliia, i/awall, .lapulli's:, .'"■;■,:'; 'V';«"Mtin,' 
 Mi'iiragiia, Unssia, Armenn I'l' ■"'"'imi" si 1 1,1, 
 V.'iii'zuela, \r ' '""' "'•''""K'^teadispnte 
 
 .1l"-iiKe of peace and goo.'lnin' („ t"l,e » '^ ' ' " 
 
 t::;^';r?:pfr?T::'?;;i";,«:i'Hlth:^::;^;;;;i. 
 
 .Viv tarlir bill ineie.isln.. t),,, i„,„. -'' "''e.' , 
 linii.vof riipre.sHiita,;;::.," ^"""" \>'^^^ y the " 
 
 Till' piusidont's policv sevei-ei',. ■ • '(' "ee. . 
 NVwYorkehan I,,' •,■,■,., ,..,.'•'•''^'''■'■'1 In- the " 
 
 il'-eititiun of t he senate ,,,,'' ' , ■ - ' .•,. 
 "''■''IvilwarinC'Jba Sil j'r^ 
 iiHinwiiits to p„| civil 1,1 , 1";,,"' ■■^'l-'' of the 
 ri.„'nnlodas l,e||ip,|.,,„t^ *< ' " ■"id to h,) 
 
 >>\A- loan (100,000,000 doilaisirmi;. ,„,.■ "9 'bin. 
 iieiMHDd . ' ""3 taken up, ,,n. 
 
 't,ri;;^j,j''""'t'--at;reii;,.,,,,r,V';i:;; 
 
 ,;;:;.'^:!?ut;:;'t;;rp;^:f',^ii:!;,i^'-->pfva.'^tf?: 
 
 I Ciiinirrnnt re.sohitliii n' i ,.'""' ™"'' ^^ I''' ,. 
 Ill" Cuban ins rp,'."','''',,.7:;'''t'' i"eoeiilsin„ 
 i|"i'stiDg the Mpiui, h -ov,. 1 '^"'.'"'"^ "'"' '■'■ 
 III", hidepeiiden.fe „ 'iiT ^ 8 'T^ "','' *-""'^" 
 
 , till' muse, 2 .March • ,,...?,. -? .I^' ''. J a.|opt,.,| |,,, 
 
 Tl.' «-»»hingt,,,,Ti;,,ri,n'7.o,'r ■'''''' ■ •^'"^'•1' 
 l»'niia„„i,t .■'iiiiniiti,.,. ,,,'";'■'" ""l"'iiit a 
 
 ^■f arbltrati.,,, between the^l^'s""" "I '•»'""■ 
 ii'iiitries , , ""- '.'•''• and other 
 
 I IWh'iilial campaign : "cnii,l'i,|.,t,; V.'-^ "^l"'!!. 
 
 .M Kiuloy, repiih iean Mill", ^ ■^'''' "'"i' 
 I Tl- <d" p,i.s.ies Mr ill I,;,"' ,/""' ?'• "'™' ^'''.v. 
 
 I"itl-I' i»slle of illte .'!,„, '',,"," "'"^"'i*-' ""• 
 
 ^■^-t-i^TdaninavoiiriliriC":;;;;^']::;;;^" 
 
 I i".i"li.jiiiier Klhha IUhhi of Vef^i, '?..^ "."'" 'roni 
 i'li'i'"tt.s, 6 March, ,806 «t''l'or,l, Ma.s.sa. 
 
 L'jiii s Financial ,Scli,i,ii"/-.. ,'„i,, ■ • 12 Aug. ,, 
 
 ""''')■ M"''i-h 'd 1 So/iv . '"■" "^ '"■""" ''ii'l 
 i^afv,'rs.aiIdar,,'^iP, ,;;;:;;'f";^•1"l;^ort- 
 |l; 'S.""'''5..ni,chc,;nr^ :r;'' l'J-"«."iiid 
 
 I ,'"'*""•■•' ''t SaratoL'a .SoriiiL's v v " , •^"*''- » 
 I "f lonl Hii.s.sel|, chief iiiLti,, .'^'i,'^' '• • "'Mrcss 
 ' t.'.„atienal a hitm on «, "' K'lKl'md, 0,, in. 
 , /"I'l'lvBil . '""™t'0>i and mediation, warmly 
 
 t^' H'illi.-mi .M'Kiii'iev ^lecti'il „•,„„,,• r"^"-"- ,. 
 ,.7'iO.=34 votes; ii.aio'ritv , .^ I'H'-Mdent, mer 
 
 I „4.'"'\'""'^trad,.; great ri.se in the pf'tivi'^f " 
 
 • t 9 Nov. ,, 
 
 II^?ZTRD STATES. 
 
 18c;, 
 
 Increase,} „„|,,, 
 
 fc:s;£ ?:HK:;;;i:; ;,-:■ 
 
 l,s,.I;;','''*"""'"ii"iis, ""• '""""'"'I i-e(or,ii,. ',,,1 
 I ' f"''''gnit'i!Mi',','r';r'',''''i'''''''''^"i''tiHns"i ;,,^','"'•' 
 
 £;;s;:a=':"'-"""-:..^.: '•'¥ 
 
 ■ i-? 'nu!iin!:n;v':^:''; r"'''"-- -'''^Vvi^: 
 ,,;';7''---^.t),;^i:;-X-,.,,,v;;rci:; 
 
 ;i,r;-'^'nt,'r,:.u-^f •,,,,, ,,,-...,,, 
 
 ,„';-tina.t:„.!:i!;:;;r'!"""~': M-'-'ja';;.,'';^:;!;!: 
 
 i:i^iid:n"!;^*'':i/-'MKini,,i.a.;,,,,,,^,^;i'"'i.: , 
 "■'"-"" ■•"view,\^Xjhr';:r;,!;;,r7«'--: 
 
 comes law . "^ """<ei.ate, 7,,,„j.^ ,,,„,' 3> 
 •""^lona ni.inumi'iit |„ •„ ,,■ .■ ' 24 ,(i,iv 
 
 iM 
 
 I8j7 
 
 Th, 
 
 * I %K;.fe?gS= -':...,,., 
 
 ^pr. 
 
 iS?f""'"^"^ -"i.-i,cy^,Si -^ 
 
 .".) lor ihe aiiiii'vatii,,, ,,i' 11 ' .. ' ^.liin,. 
 islan,|.s)|,,t|,„L'nit,. is','' '.'''""" ('>«nndwic| " 
 
 (-"'igratulations t 1, '„' ''>'' ""^i) ■ . ^ 
 ,,.l"''i'H', 28Mav; p„I„, ,""" "" her dia,„o„,i " 
 ^™'-nersst,.ike^4i,;jre„,-,,,^;^,,,'^^.,,.,e;.. 
 
 """• '''"" '''''• M'i""'thr„pist, born. ,304 ^'^l^' .• 
 
 y- "•■■-"<"«^"">visittoWa.shii,,ton 
 
 'ins. M'Kinli.y's niass'i.... f„ " 'N'ov. ,/ s,.,,' 
 
 , iiiisnttled.) "•' (1'"-' lepublicaii party 
 
 Ucstrnctive l,li/:,..p,i i„ .- „ 
 '-'^»'"Ho^'^^^,?«-^^^andXew^,, 
 
 "i;;g";;:':'^i;;i,.f';;n,:^77i! '"mister .^i^id '^^^ 
 
 i«'tr^Ve.,,A;;;/;;,^!M.^hcaticm^'a,.^ 
 
 15 I'd). ; regret expressed'bv si« in ^^' ' '•'■■"'™ 
 EM) losioii on the cruiser MafJ', \ '6 ^^<^i>■ „ 
 "'" 'or = new regiments Atl^'t,:^^;,;^ ^«''- " 
 Appropriation bill for 50 000 orv, i„i, ^ 7'ilmh, „ 
 
 '"'I, •••■.. .ines law 1 - •until. .,,,,1 On, 
 
 "■'•"eBeniabe well receA-ed as Spanish ^i^S' .. 
 Two warshij.s lioiiL'ht fimn n ■, '" ■Vareh' 
 
 AV'i'-.sari/cLalAVr/i.v' btt^^^'T''' ^i''"''''' •• "" " 
 ^ewport News . "''Uleships. launched at 
 
 =4 March, „ 
 
 ifflll 
 
I'NITED STATES. 
 
 1168 
 
 UNIVERSITIES. 
 
 Tlii'liciii. Hl:iiii'li K. Urticr, liom a sliivi' in \irniiiiii, 
 , >1,iicli, 1841 : si'll-cdiicatc.l; clccUvl scimliir, 
 1875-81 ; ri'ijistiTijI llii> treasury ; i\m\. 17 Marcli, iSSy 
 
 Jlpssiim to SlJaiu, ivj^anliiin Cuba (u-liiili sir), 
 
 31 Marcii, ,, 
 
 An niilii-al tor iicacc to tin' lavsiili'iil from tlw 
 powiMs . . . ..... 7 Apri , „ 
 
 Aiiarniistii'i' in Ciiha };raiitiMl liv ^lpaln o April, ,, 
 
 Till' |ircsi(l™t's nii'ss:ii;f to coii-ii'ss, ri'i|nii inn 1'"' 
 cn.l ol the war, ami tin' I'slalilislinn'iit ofa stabln 
 .rovrrniiiiMit in Cuha . . • '! -\I"'''' " 
 
 Till' Spanisli niiiiistiy iiia si'ini-ollicial noti'ilei'larfs 
 til" iiii'ssai;!' iin'iMii]Kitilili- Willi till' rif^lit^ iit 
 Spain . . • • ..-'April, „ 
 
 Ori'iit ri'vival of prosperity in the wei^t alter 4 yrs. 
 depression, 1847-.'. , ,, , 
 
 Till- loreigii eoniniittee's resolutions; llie ( iilKiiis 
 ri.'lit to be free ami indepemlent. Spam to « itli- 
 (Iniw lier lore.'s ; Hint tlie U. S. president be eiii- 
 lioweieil to }.'iveelleel to these resolutions, a};reeil 
 to bv both houses, alti'r a stormy seelie, i i April, ,, 
 
 llebatiVs in the senate. 14 id April; eoiilerences | 
 
 between the sen.'ite ami house, the resoluluiiis ot 
 II April, passed, senille, 40- )s ; house, jio— 6, 
 18 1', A|.ril : sinned by the presi.leut, and an 
 ultimatum .sinil to ,'S|paiii ; the Spanish minister 
 sen. I'olode Hern.lbe, reeeived his ]iasspin Is, and 
 lelt Washinnlon, so April; diplom.itie relations 
 at once broken oil ; i;''n. Woodford left .Madrid, 
 
 21 April, ,, 
 
 President M'Kinley ealls out i=5,t»o volunteers for 
 2 vears, service 2.1, April, ,, 
 
 The'presidenl s messaee to coiinri'ss ileclarOs that 
 war exists belwcen Spain and Unilcil .Slates, 
 since ji April 25 April, ,, 
 
 Mr. Sheriiian, the secretary of state, resiniis, sue- 
 ce/ded bv -Mr. Hav . . . 25, -■& April, „ 
 
 War revenue bill (increased toiniiif;'" il»<-'s). passe.l 
 bv congress . . . ■ , •, ■ 9'Ii"i«, .. 
 
 Cou'imodore (leorge Dewey thanked liy congress, 
 and promoted, for the victory at .Manila (see 
 tiiKini-li-Amniinii. irar, 1 .May); a swor.l to be 
 iircsented to him, and medals to his olhcers ami 
 Jneii ^'■y -^'">'' " 
 
 International commission to settle dillcreiices 
 between Canada and United States agreed on, 
 •31 .Mav ; see /.'f/iriiM/ .•<(ivi;/.s and I'hikhIi', .liiiie, ,, 
 
 Count (jassini receivtsl as Uussian andiassador, 
 
 23 June, ,, 
 
 Thanks of congress votiid to lieut. Ilobson and his 
 crew, 2o June; and nu'ssaKe of thanks to adiii. 
 
 Banipsf u the destruction of the Spanish licet 
 
 at Sanliano, 4 July ; congress adjourns, 8 July, „ 
 
 Mr. Hay nominated secretary of slate . 16 Ann. ,, 
 
 I'HKSIIIKNTS OF THK fNlTKD STA1KS OK AMKIUfA. 
 
 1780 & 1793- Deueral (icorge Washington, elected llrst 
 
 president. 6 April. 
 J7Q7. John Adiims. 4 .March. 
 i3o> k 1805. Thomas .leHersou 4 March. 
 1809 & 181 ). James .Madison. 4 March. 
 1817 & i8ji. J.inies Monroe. 4 March. 
 1825. John yuiiiey Adams. 4 .March. 
 1829 & 18 ii- lieneral Andrew .lackson, 
 1837. .Martin Van liureii. 4 .March. 
 
 Aberdeen founded 
 Abo. Finland 
 Adelaide, Australia 
 
 4 March, li 
 
 1841. General Williaui Henry Ibirrison. 
 4 .\pril, succeeded by 
 John Tvler (formerly vicepresident). 
 James Knox I'olk. 4 -Marc h. ' , , , 
 
 Ueneral /Mchiiry Taylor. 4 Maridi. DiedgJi: 
 
 1S50, sueei'ed'ed bv the vice-president, 
 Millard Killimire. 
 liemral I'rankbn rierce. 4 March. 
 
 ,1a s liuehaiian. 4 March. 
 
 1861 i: 1S65. Abrahani Lincoln. 4 March. Shot 14 Ap 
 did 15 April, 1865; succeeded by vice-presidi 
 1865. Andrew Johnson. 15 April. 
 1869 & 1S73. Ulysses S. (Irani. 4 March. 
 
 1841. 
 1845- 
 1849. 
 
 1850. 
 >853. 
 ■ 857- 
 
 1877. 
 1S81. 
 
 1S83 
 iS8l). 
 
 189,!. 
 1897. 
 
 4 March. 
 
 Hutherbird Itiichard Hayes, 4 March. 
 
 (Jen. James .\bniiii (larlield. 4 .March. ^ 
 
 2 Julv ; died jg Sept. 18S1. 
 Gen. Chester A. Arthur. 19 Sept. 
 (irover<,'levelaiid. Iirm. 4 .March. 
 (Jen. ISenjamin Harrison. 4 .March (grandson 
 
 the iire'siilent of 1841). 
 Grover Cleveland. I>')ii. again. 
 .„. William .M'Kinley. nrpuhlimn. 
 UNIVEHSALTHTS, who believe in tlie fi: 
 salvation of all nicii. This cloctriiie, dccUircil 111 
 Tiilimid, mill aserihcd to Origeii, about 2,^0, \ 
 aavociiteil bv other early fathers, but oiiiiosed 
 St. Atigtistii'i. about 420; mill coiiili'imieii byllie 
 jieiieral council at t'oustmitiuoplr', May, June, 5 
 It was I'c'ci'iveil by the Uiiitanaiis in tlie I7tli n 
 ttirv, anil livoweil bv nunicroiis cUr.gyineii nf 1 
 eluirch of Knglmicl.' .Imiii's Kelly, who iiuMi.-l 
 liis " L'liion" in i;(x), foiinclcil the sect of Uiiiv 
 salists in Britain; ami John Murray, in .\iiieii 
 aliotit 1770. The sect barely e.\ist8 in Britain, i 
 tlourishes in America. 
 UXIVEllSAL liEVIEW, eiHtiil In } 
 
 Harry Unilter. ilevoted to tinu art, lilerature, k 
 tirst imhlishfil 15 May, 1888. rublication ce;i; 
 IJce. 1890. 
 UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE {I'hhhdii,. 
 
 one of the si.\ jioints of the charter (see C/nirli,, 
 WU.S ailopted bv the Kreiicli in their eonslitiuien 
 I7<)1 ; mill useil ill the election of their iiresideiil 
 1851, ami of their emperor in 1852 ; anil In 
 Italian States in votin.i; for miiie.xalion to Surili 
 in 18O0, l8(jl, I8(i(j, anil 1870. 
 
 UNIVERSAL TIME, see umler Jhn/. 
 
 UNIVERSITIES. The nmst ancient 
 Kurope lire said to he those of lioloirna, (Isf- 
 Cambriilfje, I'uris, anil Salanmnea. In old Ahcnli 
 was 11 inonasterv, in which youths were iusiriati^ 
 theoloftv, the elinon law, a'nd the school pliiliiso|il 
 lit least' 200 years before the university and Kin 
 College were founded; see /%c-c.v. Jlr. lliisn: 
 Kushdall's ".Mailia'val I'niversities,"' ini inipnrlj 
 work, miblished in 181)5. 'J''"' t'"llowing diiti.'i 
 generally t'iven, niany traditional : 
 
 1404 
 1640 
 1876 
 1411 
 1364 
 
 Andrews, St., Scotland . 
 Angers, chielly law 
 Anjou, 1J49; enlarged . 
 Athens 
 
 Barcelona, revived. 
 ]!a.sle, Switzerland 
 licrlin . . . ' 
 Heme . . . 
 be8aui.'on, Burgundy , 
 Bologna, Italy • 
 Bonn . . . 
 Bordeaux . 
 
 Bourgen t- 
 
 Breslau '7'^ 
 
 1784, 
 
 Christiania 
 
 Cologne, n Germ.iuy, rclounded 
 
 Coinpostella. Spain . 
 
 Coimbra, I'ortiigid . 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 Cordova, Spain 
 
 i8^6 Corfu 
 
 1841 Cracow, I'oland, 700, revived 
 
 i46i.> Di.ion, France. 
 
 1810 Dillingeii, Swabia 
 
 1834 Dole, linrguiidy 
 
 1676 Dorpat .... 
 
 1 1 16 Douay, Kreiicli Flanders 
 
 1818 Dresden, Saxony 
 
 1472 Dublin (see Triiiitu ('"Ih-iic) 
 
 1811 
 1 .585 
 1517 
 1279 
 
 Franeker 
 
 Fribourg, Germany 
 Geneva 
 Ghent 
 
 14(35 Dublin College (catholic) 
 
 1476 : Glasgow 
 9O8 i Gottingeii 
 
 1823 I Granada, Spain . 
 
 1364 1 (iri|iswahl 
 
 1722 (ironihgeii, Friesland 
 
 1565 I Halle, Savoiiy 
 
 1422 : Harvard, U.S. 
 , 1(132 ! Heidelberg 
 . 1508 '■ Helmstadl . 
 , i("394 j Ingolstadt, Bavaria 
 . 1591 
 
 iliirhau 
 
 Bruges, French Flanders 
 Brus.sels . . .. ■ 
 Caen, Noriiiandy, 1436; revived . 
 Cambridge, i2lli century. 
 Canibridge, New England, pro- 
 jecteJ 
 
 J 702 1 '111 iiiiiii . • ■ 
 1665 Kdinburgh, founded by James VI 
 i«j4 Krfurt, Thuriiigia; enlarged 
 1803 Krlaiigcn 
 
 Kvora, rortngiil . . . . 
 
 Florence, Italy, enlarged . 
 1630 Frank furton-the-Oder . . . 
 
 Ibsi 
 
 I83I 
 1852 
 
 I 3' 30 
 1743 
 1533 
 M3'> 
 
 Irish new 
 eiia. or .Sahi, Thuringia 
 
 Kiel, Holsteiu 
 King's College, London (irhtl 
 srr) ... "■ 
 
 Konigsbcrg, I'russia 
 l.cipsic. Saxony 
 I.eydcn, Holland 
 
 1506 ' Liege 
 
 i 
 
UNIVERSITIES. 
 
 LMiiTiil Williuni Uniry Iliinisiiii. 4 Miircli. Uiul 
 
 4 Ajiril, siici' li-il liy 
 
 ihii T.vlci(t''>rMi.Tly vicc-iiri'siai'iit)- 
 
 iiiiis kiinx I'nik. 4 Miircli. ' , , , 
 
 I'lii'nil /Mi'lMiry T:iyl"r. 4 Miivcli. Vml 9 July, 
 
 1850, sui'ii'cilVil liv the vici'-iili'sidiMit, 
 
 illi.r.l Killiiioiv. 
 
 riiiTiil l-'riinkliu ricvi'i'. 4 Mari'li. 
 
 iiiii'S liiicliiiiiiiM. 4 Maiili. 
 
 1865. Abi-aliiiiiil.iiuolii. 4.MaiTli. Sl10t14A1.nl; 
 
 (Ik-.l 15 Ainil, 1865; sii.'ccuik'a liy vicc-iHTSiaciit, 
 uclivw .l.ihnsiMi, 15 Ainil. 
 [873. Ulyssih S. (irant. 4 Maivli. 
 iitricirni'cl Hirrharil llayi's. 4 Mari'li. 
 i-ii. .laiiii's Aliniiii (iarlicM. 4 Mavili. Slw. | 
 
 ■2 .lulv ; ilii'il iq Si'pt. 18S1. 
 I'll. Clii'strr A. Aitliiir. ii)S.'|it. 
 rnvfr (,'li'Vclaiiil. Ii'i'i- 4 Maivli. 
 I'll. Ilr]i,iaiuiii llanis.iii. 4 Marcli (gi-aii<ls.,ii 1 1 
 
 llif jin'siiU'iit ul' 1841). 
 rover (.'Ic'Vi'laiid. I'nii. nuaiii. 
 
 illiam M'Kiiilfy. y.VjiwWiivm. 
 IVEKSALlfSTS, wlio b('li(>vp in the final 
 cm of all iiu'ii. This (l<M'triiic, declaivcl in the 
 il, anil asirilicil to Orifjon, aluiut 230, w^; 
 ted bv other early lathers, lint oiipuseil 1-, 
 iliistin, alioiit 420;"and condemned l>y tin' 51! 
 1 conncil at Constantinople, May, June, ;' 
 
 received liy the Unitarians in the i7tli . 
 md avowed by numerous chrnymen ot lltl 
 i of Enjiland.' .lauu's Kidly, who puhlisliijl 
 Jnion" in 17OO, fouudeil the sect of L'liivir.r 
 
 in Britain; and John Murray, in Aim'ni,i,| 
 1770. The sect biirely exists in liritaiii, hi 
 lies in America. 
 
 IVEllSAL REVIEW, t'lited hy Mr 
 
 Huilter, (leyoted to tine art, literal uie, A:.. I 
 ublishod 15 May, 1888. ruljlicatioii cc:w.| 
 8(J0. 
 
 IVERSAL SUFFRAGE O'hhL.nh,, 
 
 the six points of the charter (see r//«)7/-'.,l 
 lopted hv the French in their cousliluiinii I 
 
 and used in the election of their lire»iiliiH:;F 
 and of tlu'ir eui|ieroi' in 1832 ; and In :i-| 
 1 States in votini; for iinuexation to Sardiiijf 
 o, 1801, l8(iO, and 1870. 
 nVERSAL TIME, see under l),';/. 
 flVERSITIES. The most anci.nt 
 le are said to he those of lioloiina, (MrJ 
 ridj,'e, I'aris, and Salainanca. In old Alu niJ 
 iiKinastery, in which youths were iiislnnt. ' 
 i^'y, the i-imoii law, and the school |iIiiI"mi| 
 st'200 years liefore the university and Kii 
 re were founded ; see Ilfiirivs. Air. II;i-'E. 
 tail's "Madia'val l.'ni\erstties,'' an ini|ii'!: 
 
 luiblislied in i8<)5. The following datii: 
 ally uiven, main traditional ; 
 
 JWIVERSITIES. 
 
 yed 
 
 . . iSii 
 midcd 1^85 
 
 • 1517 
 . . l?7i) 
 
 • MTf' 
 
 . . (j08 
 
 • i8j:f 
 1J1.4 
 1722 
 15*5 
 1422 
 10.12 
 1568 
 
 1(")Q4 
 
 159' 
 ibSl 
 1831 
 
 nicsVI. 
 
 174.1 
 15.U 
 H39 
 
 Fi'aiickcr .... 
 l-'rilioiirii, (icniiaiiy 
 ticncva .... 
 
 tlllCMt 
 
 tllast;o\v .... 
 (iollill-cll .... 
 (iraiiada. Spain . 
 liripswald .... 
 Ui'oniimcii, Fricslaiid . 
 Halle, Saxony 
 Harvard, I'.S. . 
 Hcidellicrt; . . . . 
 Ilelnistadt .... 
 liipilsladt, Havnria 
 Irish new .... 
 ,Iena, or Sala, Tlinrhi(,'iu 
 Kiel, Holsteiii . 
 KiiiK's CoMi'Kc, London (irtii 
 
 ■""') 
 
 KoiUK'slicru, I'russiii . 
 Lcipsic, Snxony 
 l.cydcii, Holland 
 
 1506 ' Lii'ttc 
 
 30 
 
 Lima, in Peru 
 
 I.i.sl.011, ,290; reinovuil to Coim 
 
 leiidon L-nivel-sityOrinVA sec) 
 Lcavaine, Flanders, 926; U 
 
 Lynns, France 
 
 Madrid 
 
 Jliiidiia . . ' . 
 
 .M:n'liar>; 
 j .Miriilin, Flanders . 
 I Mell'ourne, Victoria 
 
 .Menu . 
 Jjliliiii . . ' . 
 |Meiit|iiIlier 
 Jlescjv, 1754; •U'ain 
 
 J. Minister . . ' . 
 
 iNrllley. 
 j. Villi es . 
 
 i.Nllj.ieS . . • 
 
 llnili;,'!' . 
 Jdrleaiis, Krance . 
 Itl.vfi.rd (.see lijfind) 
 
 1614 
 
 1391 
 
 JS26 
 
 '■L'nioved to .Sala 
 
 i42r. 
 
 iSif) 
 • 16.5 
 
 ■ '5-V 
 
 ■ 1440 
 
 ■ 'Sss 
 
 '477 
 .565 
 
 18 JO 
 ■4',.2 
 '7<") 
 '4('u 
 IJ24 
 '.165 
 'J05 
 lS7y 
 
 Pinlerlior 1 
 Kidna, Ital 
 
 l''''llZa, ,.,on 
 
 Mialiivi 
 falernio 
 
 ;■;;:;;;. 7.2 M-enovat«i. ' . 
 
 I'an , • • • . 
 J'-l'liia^n^'"^'"^'''-'' • ■ 
 ' etersliiii-.r St " ' ■ 
 
 jg.;..re,:,a,-r."-^' 
 
 i';;';'-!'. Meeklenlnij. ' ' 
 ■Miaiiianca " 
 
 Salerno ' ' • . 
 
 Sal/I,ur^r. ■ ■ • . 
 
 ■592*Si..nna 
 
 ■"8 Si.;,ienza, Spain ' ' 
 
 ■=49 .strasl, „„',"" ■ 
 '447 Stnt-,r.lt" ■ 
 '='»Syd,|,.v X X .„■ 
 
 '•'«= i:"'7i".span;.^- • 
 
 ioni(i|j„i, 
 
 ' I'eve.s, Oel-Miaiiv' , 
 
 .J.,;;;7«". "•.,•„.,,„.,« • 
 
 l-l'sal, Sweden . • • 
 [:';"''l't. Holland ' 
 
 \:; '■'■'•c, Danphi,,, . ■ 
 
 laleiiria . 
 
 v.in,cioii,i .■.•_• 
 
 '23^ i Wales ■ ■ ■ ■ 
 
 '•i.fJi )Vit(e„|,„,/ • • 
 
 'C2J , W niizi,,,,./ ■ 
 '474 , Wilna 
 '504 ' Zuricli 
 
 ■ 1722 : 
 
 • '.19:' 
 
 • 'M') 
 
 ■ '.io7 
 
 . iSlij ' 
 
 ■ '5.S2 
 '4ii : 
 ' H6 • 
 
 54 S 
 
 . ij8o 
 
 • 'S'7 
 
 • '253 
 
 • '538 
 
 ■ 1852 
 
 • '499 
 . 1229 
 
 • '473 
 
 • '477 
 
 • '403 
 
 • '476 
 
 • '634 
 
 • '454 
 . 1209 
 
 • '346 
 
 • ',W2 
 
 ■ iSSo 
 ■365 
 1S94 
 'SO J 
 1403 
 '803 
 1832 
 
 UXIVER8ITYR0AT-R.\rF T, 
 
 i't«cen the universities of Oyt ird .uil /'"'["I't'.'st i 
 nir.si near U.yford, afterw ,,d 1 • ^'""lini .-e, ' 
 r-'an 10 June, ito, ,^a ll |i '''''''^■'"'^''''■''''''■^ 
 <y>.- in mi alt';- 'y^',':^,,:",;'''""^'' since; 
 iities were ec|ual; Init on X Vi.Vl iv, - "I'l'osine; 
 h, 13 Ajiril, ,807, 4 .A l.Hl X V -^i '^ -^''"''•l'- 
 k ().yford won; the ,' ,i, .,'"> •'""' \r •^'■"■'■h 
 
 :.,23Alarch. 1872,2, M,:rcl^^!\^(^''.(M.nl, 
 
 M- P-^'.';nl won, .Marcli2n /,4-'- .-'^-V''.'';'''' 
 U,» Anril, 1876. D^ul lufot .'■'.;, ^'"'il''-"lf;e 
 
 ^■■>1.. .^77; p.yf„rd wo. i, 5"^^. 1 S- s"'","' '^^ 
 
 kboil killed'at Canriniii; '',''>^1- ^l:'- '''• * 
 
 '•• io March, 18, r .Vs \ ,',: y^'>y- T March,, 
 ^<.Marcl,,',8,j^.' f^^^''' '; '«'"■.; -3 -Aiu-il 
 
 l'^t«vtM, the u ,i,e s t s f''";'."c"",' '"""" 
 -d,Ma.«.ehusetts.u:S:?;^f:;:a^;;|;-L_^uuI 
 
 [M.,lc,..w rowed n.om Dover tu Calais in 4 "" I 
 
 VT,r^ " ■ ■ • '5 July, ,885 I 
 
 Im/. to 1 2 eolleires ■,« e , I""^':isvd gra.n I 
 
 i833 
 
 pIVEKSITY EDUOATrov /t , 
 ¥■ '^ 43 Vict. c. 8; nass.Vl ,r , ^ (Irela.ul) 
 
 l-.othediBsoi^;,!;^ ,'.^^;;S/!^^^-. ^' 
 
 I aiiil the foundation of tl -. 7."' 'A- ^""■'''■- 
 f ' 19 ijii u, 1880. "o'leu 01 the 
 
 flVEKSITY ELECTIONS, see i,«,,„„.. 
 
 ,'M.e:.d,;'r:i;i.'::i7:V'3oxov.-,s9,r:;:;i 
 
 '^>'->l^'h^W^^^.^KSTS(I!e,i,i„„... ^ 
 '«'")• ami ,, i ' "'i: ''J«'t.'d by the lord's roJnlv 
 
 0\Um], Has valid. "^ '" "'-■I'tlurd college 
 
 !„^TpKXOWN TONGUES, .ee^..^,,,; 
 
 i /.vSf^^ir^I^ I'ARLUMENT, see /.„,•. 
 
 .Lt,>Alj (SweiJeiO. The S„- r 1 
 '"■'.^'■l ;•!■ L-psal till ,00V t"'''''. '•"!'■" were 
 
 ;'.'"! "IH'ned 21 Sept.- u- (vi ' '."•" " i"--'^''-tor," 
 tl9n of university; Sept'. '1877 ''"'"" "*" ^"'''^'^''^ 
 
 KlaJS V-S "i,I";i!"'" *-'''^'>- '"^-f"! 'li«™vered bv 
 
 ^|-sf,r certain phi,i5;,;:,,:/;J;--Hin.cture of 
 •iramporn'rii;;;-';^, I-;; ia tlio i;,,i ,,, ,,,i 
 
 4 p 
 
 
 r 
 
! il ll I 
 i 
 
 tiuiiUv. L'i-aiiU3. It IS 'll our l^^l> • ^^ „f 
 
 the sun as the Vy^^%^'^'^"\.J^l' ^^IJ ^ 
 \U tii-<t revolutinn (in »4 >'^'''\/ ,- %r,c Its 
 
 ,,lmo.t siniultuueouBly >'y ^* l^'^'^ h«d discoveml 
 was wistMken in suppoains tt at he miu 
 „ther satrllit.3, 2 ui i:<p and 2 in 1,94. y 
 were i)rnbalily faint stars. 
 URBAXISTS, see Clementines, and CMcf. 
 
 URBINO, the aneient W;'-- .fX^o; 
 
 resTgiintion annexed to the papal states, 1631 , an 
 nexed to Italy, i860. 
 
 URGENCY, see rarVmment, l8»i. . 
 
 URICONIUM, 8ee n'roXi:ter. 
 
 TTPTAT \ND THUMMIM, LioiTT and 
 
 UKl.U -^f'yp M„, ,;„viii ^o), words con- 
 
 , nf obtaining an answer from Crod (149O "•<'0 • 
 
 TTT.oTTTTxn? TCT'NS (so culled from St. 
 
 in Englaml; and some still exist in Iiel.md. 
 TTRT^OTTAY, BVNDA OltlEXTAL- a republic 
 
 ^l:;;:ubUio:f iu1i^86 0-timated) 632,250; 1893, 
 'i^:%A.^ of the exc,.>.Kc G. A , Pereyra 
 
 "of the ex.prosi.lent, general ^ '■""»"" ,*,';;;;;:: 
 ri,e vice-rrosident Aguirre bc-anie 
 
 l,r. Herrera Y Obes, Vre»irtent . . ^f^f^h, ,3, 
 guW ; impel- currency autlKUisui, g_;^ j„iy, ,. 
 
 Couversion of the sUteJ«l, ™|— ,^[ 
 iutcrcst pi-npciawl In tlio feovLui ^^^^^ ^,. 
 
 by the crcilitors in •■"'"'"•.:,,,,;, y„ the Blanco 
 
 Attcn.ptcl ■•-■vob.t.ou at M. n Uu ] >.,.„, „,„. 
 party supprcs.ic.l witli uioousul^ , ^ ^^ ^^^^ 
 
 i860 
 
 prcsitlent. 
 I March, i 
 
 ,,!^S;ir!u!n:provUio.dprcsiacu,.- .Feb. 
 
 u^^?oi;;!r';:S';!;"u-tat,.,i..»,:cosaua 
 
 ^^s,i!S';^'c„'!\h!;'tJ;.o;,s r;.,:;u,,.l m>th...: m- 
 «urrectiou soon auppressc.l, and «'-"«^''»;«' 
 
 ,.;'i'"r^it,;rrcprcsiacnt ' . ' ■ • ",=*'"';'" , 
 n f'\ V.lal prcsi.lcnt. .lid, ,7 ^I*'''''' 'f o, ' 
 
 Muxlmo TajcH as piesiaelit . . . 
 
 X^Z. i.Uaric Boraa (a Colorado, aiuljl-i;;;!^;;) _^, 
 elected president . • • p^s-ig,, from the 
 
 The new chambers opened «th a "^^_^f' S„„„„,„ial 
 president, unproved luiancial .inu .^^^^ ^, 
 
 uSrS;^=rsU-of siege -in Mo;^-^ 
 
 Se^^l™«kSi:;g'^Va>.audu,,nuchs,au^.ter.n,. 
 
 treat of govemnieiil fo"''^. • ^,,;„,, j,, i e„^a«e. 
 
 .v!;^s=s^';^eer:^,™^..-. 
 
 Government troops repulsed, at Rivera, lu May. 
 
 rri^.SX:S.inaledinMontevideo.hyA.eii,. 
 
 S.^::S;it.cstas becomes- presideiiiCtm Man;,,, 
 
 '898) • •, ,', ...iVii tli'e insurgents ; peacr 
 ConiiironiiseconcUidedwitl ti 'usu (^ 1 
 
 signe.l, 15 «cpt. ; ratilled b> the cl.amu ^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 Drs. Ilerrera and Aguirre -'1 1^- ^^^^ "^^^ 
 Argentina, on a charge of conspir,icy, 30^^ j,^,^ 
 
 C,]n"iS='sen.-Cuestas^sun;esadictators,,i,.,^ 
 NOW council ^^^S^^T":^^. 
 
 Theru,g.ead.rs^n.ima,;y^ 
 ^;»to^e,SrL;'orde.^estor.l^^__,^ 
 
 USEFUL KNOWLEDGE SOCIEl 
 see Lifiision. 
 USES, Statute OF,^ :i7 Hen. \ui. t 
 
 (,555.6) ; see Charitable Ises. 
 
 near w"iVh two navaUmttles were fought U. 
 the British and r""-; ;.,!'^,f ^^^.^i.e action o,- 
 
 manded t'^ ''^ '',;;'^VV''""'l'l<'te victory ™i 
 Frciudi. 1'"',"",'"^: i|,,,,i, I'alliser's iion-c.ini|J 
 buted to »;'"!'™/' J, ;f ' va Sr preferred ll 
 
 36 ships "f ; '« i;,-;,^,;,,::'!,, ^ ,M,lr,s,' «,.(-» 
 
 but aiterwaids eoutrudictcd by bulh. 
 
 . ooj: 
 
USHANT. 
 
 ;Vo™>n™i- •»"'"""' "sipiv. . 
 
 „i,liario«oraa(.Coiom,lo,-'ljl'^»{;;;^;;;„ 
 1 presiilcnt . ■ • p;,.,,;,, frnui t)\f 
 piit, iiiiprovcMl ttii.intmi .1"" ,,K>'b, ■■ 
 
 . VilTar, near Han t'l'-'^-.o^o •& «a^ „ 
 
 m auH.orizwl, 6 per cent. ^'°°°'°°°J yy_,,. 
 inenttroops repulsed, at Rivera, i" Mjjy- 
 J,S;ii::inaWinMontevideo,byA.e,n. 
 l;;;tiestas becomes- presiaonUtm Man.,,, 
 
 „nise concU.ae.1 will. tln> insnrpents ; peac. 
 Ill'^'s Ht'Pt. ; ratitled by the chan.b.-rs, ^^ _^ 
 orrora and Ap.irro and «en..Ta,ie» exiW.l to 
 nlina! on a dnu«e of co..sp.racy, 3o^N-;,; 
 ;^i^S!tr.en.-Cue^tasas.nn;oHaaictatorsln,,, 
 
 orted to Buenos Ayres, older rtstoie^i^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 5EFITL KNOWLEDGE SOCIEl| 
 HJt'usion. 
 
 SES, Statute OF, 1^7 Hen. VIII. 
 5-0) ; see 6'/mn(«Afc 6«es. 
 SHANT, «n island near Brest, N.W.Fr: 
 ^"iehtwo naval battles were fouylU l,.d 
 
 IStsSISi' 
 
 Lord »'™;; " 'g''^,n,ier Vlllaret-Joyeiisrt 
 ir;:i![,"^of\tiirandHinUinKone(t..l; 
 
 June, 1794- ^^'"'^ 
 
 v;;;fons Fr;^l>i«t;nios nn »^a..tl»H 
 
 u,>> Tin- Vtit'h'iir surlrli'li'H'l ii -- ■- 
 !t afterwurda coutvadictcd by both. 
 
 
 UxiilDGET 
 
 nieaii, "f i.r„s,.,Mi(ii,K ii,;v ;;.,';" „ , ,-, 
 
 .arl,„nr, «l.i<-h wave ,,,.,, ,'';,^= ;'■"■"''>• "Mu li,,.st 
 K/vat. The ,,,v ,v,,s 1,; ,,"':'•' • .« '"■ i. w,„ very 
 
 was prohihit,.,! by the Pn?.l I'l, , '' '•> L'surv 
 Until tlu' iztl, eonfur • „;,"•■ .•"■''•""'"'. Mn" 
 ■to receive ■?nt.;::/"o7\„",,V*: '''',: ;;i''r --o all.itd 
 only usurers, n„,l ther..fore,V,Vi,; •';'>"■''''!" ""■' 
 6ceute,l; see Jews. By il,, - 1, f '''' "'"' '"■'■- 
 the rate of interest wai h'w'Vtn' "''"''>' ^'T- 
 This statute was ropeaI,Hl . '' ;j'°. ;!;[ [.'.'"v '545- 
 «naoted 13 Eliz. ic^o. For J ,t .r >}-M ''e- 
 
 inss of r,oekp ir....(i Tr 
 
 ilieil 
 
 ^t! 'Hv-y^nz:^. 
 
 aiij 
 1. wiio 
 Ivvii'lc. 
 
 ■sin.'ill 
 
 ^--"e.pre.io„iaGa,V^r:i„J|:^i;^»';-jmo 
 
 •Citv, heoame the 'ehieP° ;. '^/'r'"',/"" '""*'= 
 
 (W-..A s«). Population in i.S8n ,,5"'""""''' 
 
 207,905; Salt Lake city, 1890, JS/^^^'^'^' '*-^' 
 
 'Gold discovered 
 
 DTOPrA „ •'■'-"'ioitne Parish.' 
 
 of;M.uhii;;:;,i^^^i;^/-;;-''n,.the..b.stst;C^ 
 
 •^"'"•.l'"l'lishe,l J-'tru't''' "■'''"^■■' '1 
 '"111'. ljlo|)i,isi.r,iirvin..' V . "'^^.^'Orope at the 
 
 ''■'y^ Nov. 1S95 Vo'',',^,^'/ l^y the Ch.,e„d,„ 
 
 ^';^--.-^^eo^;;^.j^/- - the r.,.^ 
 
 UTRAQUISTS,.eeC«fe./„, 
 
 - ,^>, T'-elast'^p^ei;" ;fc"^7,V"*''P"'' "^out 
 
 HJtah a. 
 elaiir,,! 
 osh- •■> 
 
 ■ar the Colorado river, about 
 
 prohibited" .' ' " •• ''''"■ 
 4 Jan. 
 
 Homans 548 B.C. Here CUo t , > , '""^•'' ""'' "'« 
 ;. defeat oftte partisans of pCv^lt^^^^ ''^"^^ ""> 
 niitted suieide, 46 b c Trtip'.,'fl •''',""'' '^"n'- 
 aftor thefallof tarthnKe ^n Iwn^ ''"'l"' *'''"^''"v 
 .city by Augustus on aec^u'nfof 'fa vo',;' inV'T"7> 
 Caesar. It suffered by the inv ,,;„« «■ I .' •^"'"'^ 
 
 4J9; a»d of tl.e SaUens"Xur-m''°s''"t^'^- 
 llorX-, 1895. ' "'■ /°0" beu.i\«t'j 
 
 ll.;>ii the ittainr,'.t tli''', .S?'l,"''''-'' P"' 
 W' greatest number; a iloct ine n.' ■ ';'P!'''.>'"-^.' of I 
 
 IJfrev/U, which ferniiivitwl tl>; . '^' /''" ''''''"'/ »/" 
 I ;vas signed hy tiie n ,t of r' "^.r.™ -^""^ 
 J'l-anee.iuulaltheo ;,.K ^'''''' ^'""'t'lin and 
 of the en,pire, ,1 1; .f i 'f - "^PPt the nunisters 
 he Protestant s„cco£ on n t^n„.hi"f ^''^i' ^'-'■^^'vH 
 I cf the French and Spanish To In, /.' ' "° '"^^P''''«tion 
 I he works of I^unkirk t ,« !V'""'''"'"«'on "f 
 I Bntisli colonies .m .il.^t f '•".'•"•Senient (,f the 
 
 I Ml ^atisfactio^C h"!cSo?t'l?:'r""'"; "">' ^ 
 i surrendered to the Prus "ns o u"""''- o''""«'ht 
 aciimred hy the French NsTn ^,.*'''^'' '."^" ^ "'"^ 
 i at the peace, l8[j lW„ l.f,,- 'X''^' "nu restored 
 I 8('.''6ri89f,S49 P ' '****' >«''39)?; 1890, 
 
 ' '4:''cSsS.rfT;ettJ?iTV ^n 30 Jan. 
 peace I,ctwecn Charles T.„ ° '''??""' terms of 
 
 ■separated without Lt 2 F^b'"' '/""r"' ""■J" 
 I'lired absolute control „f t^ ■""' ^''tter re- 
 
 "holitionofth^e^ ; :^ m^.;!™'^'^"'' 'VJ7-.tho 
 murder, see Triais, Dec. IssJ. " ' ' ^ ■" ''"''='8 
 
 /? 
 
 1^1 1 
 
 p; » 
 
 4f 2 
 

 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ■- 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 ] 
 
 VACATIONS. 
 
 1172 
 
 VALENCIA. 
 
 V. 
 
 VACATIONS, see Terms. 
 
 VACCINATION (from Variola Xacviua, the 
 cow-i)».\), (lisfovcml liv Dr. Kilward Jciim-r. lie 
 WHS hvw in I74<), iiml I'dm'iiteil Inr t!iu iiu'iluiil 
 profrssiciii, iiai-tiiillv midiT John Hunter. Jliiviiitc 
 heiird th;it niilUniiiids who hud had the euw-iKix 
 nover t.iuk tlie snifiU-liox, he, uh(.ut 1780, conceived 
 the idea ol vuceiniitiun. He inude tlie hrst e.xpen- 
 mcnt 1)V tninsleiTiiif; to 11 heiiltliy diild cm 1.} Miiv, 
 I7(>6, the jiiis IVeni the pustule of 11 uiilUniiud who 
 hi ■' eiiuiilit tlie eiiw-pox IVom tlii> cows. He iin- 
 noulicii his success in u iiieiiioir |mldislied I7(),S, 
 and viicciiiiilii 11, heiiiin 21 Jan. 1799, s<Km heciii.e 
 general, alter much opiKisition. lor this Dr. Jeiinci 
 received io.ckx)/. I'roiii iiarlianient, 2 June, 1802, and 
 2C,000/. in 1807. The first n.itionul institution lur 
 vaccination, the Uoval Jennerian Institution, was 
 founded 19 Jan. 180?. The eiiiiier..r .Napoleon 
 valued Dr. J elinersn hi.irhly, that he lilieniicd Hr. 
 Wickliani. when a priseiierof war, at J enner's re- 
 quest, and siibse(iiiently whole families of Kiiilisli, 
 inakinj,' it a point to 'refuse him nothint; that he 
 asked. Vacillation, althou^'h ii.ucli opposed, was 
 practised thi-'Ugloiut all Europe previously to l8lO. 
 ]L)r. Jeiiner died suddenly, 26 Jan. 1823. 
 Boval J. niicri;iii and Loiuloii Vaccine Institution, 
 
 fou.id.-.l ,-,•,• '?"'' 
 
 The Vac riiiation act, 3 cfe 4 Vict, pas.scd , 23 .July, 1840 
 An iiiipoitiUit bUie-liook, entitled "rapcirs fill tliu 
 Ilistcii V cciid I'racticc of VacTinictioii," eititc'd ley 
 Mr Joliii Wiiiioii, was published by tlic lioaid of 
 
 liealtlciii • • - ■ . ; '^57 
 
 A statue, subscribed for by cell nations, was crcctc-'d 
 
 to Jeuiier's lai-iiicry ill Trafalwcr-hciuarc 30 April, 1858 
 Itwas iviiioved to Keiisin-loic in . . . . ■"'-' 
 Vaccination wa.i uacdc' c.iiiipul.sory 111 Kiife'laud 111 
 
 185 !, and ill Ireland and. Seotlancl . ,• ■ 
 
 A Rticine vvi.s ereete,l by tlic! Frencli at liouloKiie, 
 
 and inaic^-uratecl ..... 'J '^•■l''- 
 
 These lcc«s were consolidated and ainciiclea ley 
 
 30 & 31 Vi.'t. c'. 84, 12 Auk. >8('7 (s^'i-' *'"'""-J'"-t 
 
 Riicl /,ii)fic/ii/i'>ic), and aiaeiidcd in . ■ . 
 
 Much opposition to vaccination; an nnti-vacciiia- 
 
 tioii .so.i,'ty formed, 1S70-71 ; a parliamentary 
 
 commissio.i aiipointed . ■ • , ,'3 re''- >• 
 
 A yovc rnii.cnt bill respeetiuK punishniunt for c'oin- 
 
 pulsnrv vaecaiiation droppc'd . ■ , • An;,', iboo 
 Vac'cinat'ioii direct from the c'ow cir calf ndvoeatc^.l 
 
 and practised in Drussels, &c. . . 1879 t( sdi- 
 
 SuccessI,,! vac'c'inaticn ut 68,900 sheep by M. 1 as- 
 
 tcur of Paris . . . ■ up to i Oct 
 
 The (ircH'crs' eoinpany of I.oudoii c.tfer prize ct 
 
 jooo;. for a plan for i.ropag.atiug vac;ciiie e.Mita- 
 
 minn apinl from lice animal body . 30 .May, 
 
 Great :i'ili-\accinafion demonstration at Lijcesfer 
 
 (in.,iiv pcisonshadbceii lined) . . =3 March, 
 
 Lundoii society fccr abolition of compulsory vaccina- 
 
 tion, h 'id 7tii annual nieetniK • . 1 1 .Vi'J, 181:7 
 Estiniat ■ I ■ 75i,.wo infants vaceinatc'd annually; 
 
 50 die of disease^ in consequence ; stated Oct. ,, 
 Uccval e m n.is^i m cjf inciuiry appointed 29 May, ibti9 
 luteriin report is.sued . . ... 1892 and .t93 
 
 Amen.lmeict, liill read isl time, commons, 
 II Mav; withdrawn, t^ept. 1893. 
 Rep T, presented to the cpuwii, 13 AuK- ; the dcMay 
 said to have been in.iurious, see SmiM-poJj 1896, 
 and JciiacTiuii Jas(i(ci(i.,ii ; final report issiic^il ^ 
 
 >CIV. 1097 
 
 lncrc.'i«eofsmall-po.<,espp'lnllyi" part s..f London, 
 attributed to anti-vaccination . .Innc-AuK. .894 
 
 Yaec^ination a.t passed (exp.Timenbil for 5 yt';>r» • 
 ylvcvrinalHl lymi'b aiith.aised ; conseientiuus • 
 jckions recogni.-..id with cjlidilions . 12 Auk. iScjS 
 
 1862 
 1 86 J 
 1863 
 
 1871 
 
 1S81 
 
 1885 
 
 VACl'UM, is produced by reduoiiiK the pres. 
 sure of the atinosphciv, whereby its pow-er of ali- 
 sorliiiif; iiioistuie is jj;reatly iiic>reasc>cl. Tlie Ari" 
 toteliau idiilosophcrs asserted that " nature aljIiMrs 
 a vaciinm." It has been proved that an absolute 
 vaciium cannot be obtained by the air )iunip, a 
 small residiuni of {.'a.-eous matter remains afiii 
 extreme jxliaustioii. To study th« ellecds of ili- 
 pr 'ic'.ion of an electric dischiirge upon this malt. :, 
 prci'f. W. Crookes (knt. June, l8c)7) invent. . I l..- 
 eelelirated fdcuHm tub'-a, which he exhibited wii, 
 interesting; experiments at the Unyal InstituUn 
 4 April. 187c). At the same place, on 2! Jan. i.v\ 
 Dr. Warren De I.a Kue exhibited splendid re.i;:!> 
 wh eh he liad obtained with the assistance of ]l;, 
 Iluiio Midler, bv means of an electric discliWL-. 
 from a battery of \^,^M chloride of silver cells m: . 
 vaeunni tubes, ^•vc Jlvii/i/CH Jiiiys. 32 Ic.niis ; 
 vacuum tubes are described in ^aturv, 2S ,lui; 
 iSc)7. The jiowcr of absorbiiij,' moisture i»i>,-c>-. 
 bv a vaeuuni has lieen utilised by M. Kmil I':;-. 
 bur;,', c)f llreslau, in hisdrving aiiiiaratus wldrh i. . 
 b 'en succe^srullv emplovcd lor dryins f;rciii!> ■ 
 :ilessrs. U'linnes's, of Dublin, since the spriii;; 
 . 1888. 
 
 A'ADIMONIS LACUS, the yadimoniim lav, 
 
 Unibria, ec'iitral Italv, near which the htriiv .•. 
 
 Were f.itallv defeated in two severe eiifjagemeiilj : 
 
 : the Uoniaircoiisuls: i,bv KabiusMaximus, 30(^11.1 . 
 
 2, by Cornelius Dolabella, 283. 
 
 i VAGliANTS. Hv biw, after being whippccl 
 
 i vagrant w,i= U-. take an oath to return to the j.i; 
 
 I where he was born, or had last dwelt for il: 
 vears, i:;30. A vagrant a second time coiivi,- 
 was to Ic'ise the ujipcr part of the gristle of In.- 1 .. 
 ear, l^^S i ■' ''''"' ''"'^' ''""^''''''^^'l' death. A v,,.:. 
 
 : bond to' be branded with a V, and be a slav.; : 
 two vears, 1547. If he alisconded and was c'liii::.; 
 
 ■ he was to be branded with S, and be 11 >:■,- 
 for life. Vagrants were punished bv wlii|;::,: 
 gaolin", boring the ears, and death for ax., 
 oli'ence, 1S72. The milder statutes were tli.-. ; 
 17 Geo. II.; 32, 35, "ii'l 59 Geo. III. The pr.vii 
 Vagrant Act 15 Geo. IV. e. 83) was passed 111 liz 
 amendment ac"t passed, 12 Aug.. 1898. llii;ri>i.3 
 about 33,(!*» tramiis in England and \\ ales 111 m 
 For vagrants in London, see under I'oor. 
 VALDENSES, sec Waldenscs. 
 
 VALENCAY, a clu'iteau near ChatcaiirJ 
 central France., where Napoleon I. i"ilin-4 
 Ferdinand (d' Spain from 1808 to 1813. llisk:i| 
 dom was restored to Fcrdbnuid by a treaty >\:* 
 8 Dec. 1813. 
 ' VALENCIA (K. Spain), the Vakntialki 
 '• tioriim of the Romans, became tlie eapil.il \f 
 I Moorish kingdom, l(X»; annexed to AratrcnLJ 
 ! Its universitv, founded, it is said, m tin; 
 ' eenturv, was' revived in the 15th \cdcMm:c. 
 1 taken 'by the earl of IVterborough in 10,. 
 submitted to the licuirbciis after, the tinlcwa 
 ! battle of Ahnanza. in 1707. It resisted tlicaltm 
 1 made, on it by marshal Moucey, but was tcikoi 4 
 1 the Spaniard's Willi a garrison of mo>;':™"'J 
 men, and immense stores, by the Irmtn 
 
VALENCIA. 
 
 rM, is produced by roducinK flie pic-;. 
 ■ iilninsplioiv, whi'ivby its pow-n- of ali- 
 listuro is i?i-eiitly iiicrensfd. Tlic Aii-. 
 ildsiipliurs ussertc'd tliiit " imtiiiv ;ilili. i = 
 " It hiis bi'CMi pruvcil that im ub-nluv 
 iiiiuit bf obtiiini'd by the air p\iiiip. a 
 liiiin (if fia.-i'ous mattor romaiiis afiir 
 sliausticin. To study th« ellL'ct.s df ik- 
 of an electric discharge upou this mutt' r, 
 'ru.ikes (kiit. June, 1897) inveiiti.l hi; 
 nicuuni tii/n:i, wbich lie exbibitcu wiili 
 : experiments at tlio Royal IiistituliHi, 
 ;-c). At the same place, 011 21 Jan, ISM, 
 n l)e La Hue exbibited sjilendid re.~iri, 
 liMd obtained with the assistance of Hr. 
 iler, bv means of an electric discliiir:,, 
 lery oi' 1,1,400 chloride of silver cells iiiv 
 ulies. ."^ee Jloiiti/cn Ji(ii/s. 32 foriiis i 
 uhes are described iu ^'iitwc, 2.S Jan. 
 e power of absorbing moisture piis,-cv.,i 
 mil has lu'cn utilised by M. Kniil ^;,^•. 
 reslau, in his drying apiiaiatus wliidi ];.• 
 .■^sfullv eniploved for drying grains iv 
 ■liuness, of Dublin, since the spring' 
 
 MONIS LACUS, theVaaimoniiiii l;,i 
 ■eiilral Italy, near which tlie J-.tni.<ri; 
 Iv defeated "in two severe eiigageiiiciitsi 
 n'consiils ; I , by t'libius Maxinius, 309 ii,i 
 iielius Uolabella, 283. 
 
 lANTS. Hv law, after being whipi.n!, 
 ,-,i» to take aii oath to return to the ii',;: 
 > was >)orn, or had last dwelt Inr ik 
 30. A vagrant a second time cc.iivii-. 
 *e the upper part of the gristle of lli^ 1:.- 
 ; a third time convicted, death. A v,i; 
 lie branded with a V, and be a slavo: 
 ;, i:;47. If lie absconded and wascaii:'-. 
 to be branded with S, and be a .- 
 Vagrants were imnished by wlu|,] 
 boring the ears, and death for a .vi ii| 
 i;-2. The milder statutes were tli- 
 1 ; 32, 35, and S9 Geo. III. The iir- 
 \ct 15 Geo. IV. e. 83) was passed 111 1>, 
 ■lit act iiassed, 12 Aug., 1898. Tlim 'v 
 .(XK) tramps iu Knglandand ^Yalc9 lu ly.jj 
 ants iu Loudon, see under I'oor. 
 DENSES, see Waldenses. 
 
 EXCAY, a ehafcau near ChatcaurJ 
 i-'rauci', where Napoleon I. \mw.\ 
 id of Spain from 1808 to 1813. His 
 1 restored to Ferdinand by a treaty >\m 
 
 ENCIA (K- Spain), the Valeutia M 
 ,f the Uomans, became tlic ciipitaUl 
 
 kingdom, ioc» ; annexed to Anipii i;j 
 •ersitv, fouiuled, it is said, m iIh; i.T 
 
 was" revived in the Ijth. Naliiuin 
 V the earl of I'eterborough in i:0;. 
 '•d to the Bourbons after the \m\"m 
 
 V'liKiiiza ill '-n-. It resisted the ntti! 
 
 it liy marshai'Moncev, but wastakmil 
 liard's with a garrison of more tlimi l!j 
 id immense stores, by the Ircmlit 
 
 jA^UaiE^'S land: 
 
 j;Msti;^-^|?OI^,-„,>^VAson;'). Camden 
 ■'V'""-^^ 'I'e .reatec u: ., 1^ ' "V^. '"" -'rts of 
 
 Sachet, Q Jan. iHi-) n , . 
 
 iro,;6J.' '«'^' i"l'»'^'tion of tlie eity, ,««;, v,,„,„. 
 
 (:-aJe, In- „„ i.-,v„,.,;'2^" '■;■;;; -■!. togc.i,,.,. ,,i„, 
 
 /aiioM, the g;,rrisoM ami i ,m' .fi '''■+' "" ''^'I'ltu- 
 i.ns«ners, wi,|, i,„M„..„seVtm.s °"""' '''''' '"^"l'-' 
 
 "•as re,Mii,i,„.,vd f,.,„M ih I'i, , 'L' '■""' •^''''•"i, 
 
 <iosn,s, ami „amed af er -1 H, ' ^'''t^ ^'^ '''"-■^■- 
 aiiperor, jo«. ^ .Uentiuiaii I. the reig,„„g 
 
 islM^SKriP^^Y^^^^""-'- Valentino 
 
 ';*tuiiatcd ninnber of valei'itim !' ,1 f'"''^'? "■'" "'<-■ 
 ill l«;o, l.u; -;r '',''"'""^^'S.<lollvered in I,S(,j. 
 .ust,,m,;f.:^i^;^>,,,{ I "i;;^';- of the ancioi^; 
 controverted; so.. ];! '"'""" '""< I'™" nuich 
 
 l;."-.ok tiij Chris, ;; •';;;;';''' ■"' " .'''^'"'i'"''- 
 
 thirty g.„ls and .-odLj; ''" '•,'■"',';■ Hieie were 
 
 iH' c:^ired .^•;onos, ::rw:; ^' r-v" ^•■'^■'■.^-x, wia,,!, 
 
 "nlury, and puldish'e,'} :, , "' ""*^'','' '",""■ 2"d 
 followers added otlier en4 ' ' '' ''*"'""* ■ '''* 
 
 n,ffi^ffl^Kiafe.''i': •^"'-" I'-'ia 
 <l.e Christians by(Jrd.,r{or „. l^ l^i^J^ '"'■ 
 <,l4-23. It became capital oir.sM- " ','' ''''""' 
 -fry. It was take, t he Kn ; ,"'r "'^' J-^"' 
 : and cajitured liy the lui-'lisli , I , ' i""' ^^''^ ' ' 
 ;li«l Christopher Colu,uh;;l^^'-\i'!'^;.'«'3. Here 
 
 ',:!^';;'l ".lead ore, y.i I^l i: "'.'''"' ""■"'l. Jls- 
 
 i«-l=»;rs;;' ft"^f'■■"S 
 '"■f»-'eii the iiritiJ, "^'"reil. )jv ^ t,-e„fv 
 ;^"if-l «'ates i" t^r^;;,--"^ |.ml tliat of ''i;!^ 
 ""' '"'•"•'•'■• It li.as heco ,. "' Y"' ^■"•'"■^■J to 
 
 .'(';i!llf;ll !■ .. 1 . . '*"*'Ji<l 
 
 about 10J8. The monks 
 
 were termed \alh„„: 
 
 I i'l'iBiiaie 
 
 t;-o,othc,.,.puM[e,,:r- an, Ki'di"* """''" "''^•""- 
 I Juke of \„lM,y i:, iSo's.' '^'■""■'"""■' was made 
 
 l';iii!MK.ca,i,ek;;,ra^iu; riv't;^r^*''' 
 
 I //■««(■('. 1 i ' . ill 132s ; see 
 
 -VALOR ECCLE,SLVSTfPiT« 
 
 I'll,' animal ^^,iue of .dmr/h 1"?^^^^^^^^^^ ■^"■•t ."f 
 
 I!" '5J4, was published by the'leeo', ' ■ ' ^'■'■""^'' 
 |iu 1010-34. "teoKl Comiuissiou 
 
 iMiiide. Nunez, on 3 ilarh si f "'l'' "''""™1 
 >„|H.rty was destroyed Its, ii.„^n- '"''",' """'' 
 
 "'^ '■•^laml was united „ ; '■' ''';"'''''l'"'8s-. 
 \'"t»'-ia was deela cd t' e , 1 ai" '.^ ^''V' '^''S- 
 
 336 
 
 deeded to it, , m LV' ^'"«.»" "'!?"". 1512, 
 ^ '..30. At ti.o iii.stigatiou of Simin 
 
 'I'lwl frl . * ' 
 
 ^oWhanaA^;;-t;rs;7td 
 
 nve,l,„.r„„e„lli,,y\, „;„,„; •.6„„ly;, 
 
 ™i,y,,r «,,-yed as a iiii^.hVm..;, ^- ^''l'''''» Van- 
 
 I "'"' ,"-^'-^ ^W>lH,inted , ™^^ -'l"^"» Cook, 
 
 I oi disco,-e,T, to ascei-t- : "' ''"'■'"' '' ^-"yaee 
 
 nayigubh'eoiiimnn .,, ' "" "-^isfi'iiee of aiiv 
 
 -''l^"rth\vua;;:;','.::;;^^'--,t'^'-'''i'"-j^fie 
 
 '""' '•^•ti'nH.,1 24 .S,.n| - ;. " V-^"''''' /Jan. 179,, 
 '•""■'t of this y„N,i« o'^^;.. "•^^/•"'"Pilod nn'nc- 
 -ast of America,- aiid tam^,^ '''^' "orth-west 
 
 "onitur^;!,.^!^ th,^="r;':!:; '''■"' '•'""•ked the 
 
 !''vage Uei-manyaiulUau .""'•''.;""' ''^-a" t" 
 I" ■'^PHin was fciinu 1 : "''.f.'^: , ",'■"• kingdom 
 i"vad,.d and e«n,ui re, ,1. ' '„'""''''' •^"■■^'■'■ic they 
 
 w^:'-o subilued by lieli.sa ri. is h ' c f W ^^'y 
 
 driven out by tiie Sin,.,.,, \i -^H-,,, ^'"'J' were 
 
 •Meekleiiburg^ style i,n,/y '"'''• "'^' "'"kes of 
 
 Van.lal,.,. ° ^ ^ themselves princes of the 
 
 .,„ n ■ , ^*'"'"'"- K'NQS IN AFRICA 
 
 ♦ .9. Geasenc (see .;.,;„, ,,6. TSaiiiid. 
 
 4??. llumWic, hisson IV,' ?''r'''''''' 
 
 4»4- liiiiidi.nuuhl. ^-^'^ ^>^'""ci-. 
 
 ---S3?SSiMP /T"-" Tasmania 
 
 ^.! ■ 1 
 
 t:,- \ 
 
VANGUARD. 
 
 1171 
 
 YAUXHALL GARDENS'. 
 
 Tir' { 
 
 
 1804 
 
 . JS51 
 
 . . 1855 
 
 . . ibtj2 
 7-i3 .Inn. 1868 
 . Aug. 
 
 21 All!,' 
 II,'.-. 
 
 . July, 
 Ni.v. 
 
 1S74 
 1880 
 i88i 
 1886 
 
 ])ut(li East Indies. Capital, Ilobart Town, now 
 lloliait. 
 
 l'ii|ml,ilioii, 1857, 81,402; 1865, 05,201 ((inly four 
 vi'iiiiiiiicd 111' liiu aliniijiiiu'S); 187'!, 99,328 ; i83o, 
 114,76.'; 1891, 146,667. Ki'vi'iuii', 1887-3, 
 594,976;. ; fxiii'iiililiiri', 668,759?. ; iiniicirt.s, 1887, 
 1,449,371/., fxiiorls, i,596,8i7(. 1890; Hi'veiinc, 
 753,(05/.; pxiiciiililiin', 718,6114/. liiiiinit.s, 
 1,897,512/.; PXlKUts, 1,486,992/. 1893: ri'viMiiii', 
 706.972'. ; oxiiiMiilitniv, 836,417/. ; imports, 
 1,057, 68?/. ; cxiiortu, 1,352.184/. i8g6 : re- 
 vomie, 807,696/., 1S98, suriiius, 109,000/. 
 
 Visiti'il b. Kuriii'iiux, 1771; link . . . ■ 1777 
 
 Priivcil til lif an isluiul \>y FliiiiliTS, who cxi'lurecl 
 Bass's Ntniita 1798-/ 
 
 Taken jiossfssion of liy lii'Ut. liowcr . . . . 1803 
 
 Arrival of col. Cnllins, llie lli-sl governor, with con 
 vicis; llolmit Town liiundiil .... 
 
 Bi»ho]irii' of Tasmania I'stiililislii'd . ... 
 
 Trinsportation aliiiljsln'il 
 
 Bi'l r'.sentativi) govi'ninu'iit graiiti'd . . . . 
 
 Co!. Tims, lioir iirown. govcnior , 
 
 Visited liy till' ilnki' of Kdinlmrgli . 
 
 C '"rles liucant', j.'iivt'nior . 
 
 F'cd. Aloysins Wi-lil. gnvirnor 
 
 lien, sir John llinry l.cfioy, governor 
 
 Sir George C. Slralian, governor 
 
 Discovery of gold lit Moniil l.yi'll 
 
 Sir Holierl ti. Haniill govniior . 
 
 Silver-lield di.--eiiverid in llie Zii-lian country about 
 1885 or 1886; about 200 milling comiiaiiies is- 
 tablislieil ; the town Zielian estalilislied ; alioiit 
 e,ooo in OJile .settled in t lie (lis! rict . . 188991 
 
 Loan of 6,ooo,cx)o/. autlioi-i/ed 1891 
 
 The Tasiiianian exhibition, l.aunceston ; the Hiu! 
 arts section o|ieiied by sir Kobeit llamillon, 25 
 Nov. 1891 ; exhibition'closed . . 22 M.-ircli, 
 
 Resignation of .Mr. Kysli, 12 Aug. ; Mr. lleiiiy l)oli- 
 son forms a new ministry ; rettenclnneiils ]iro- 
 posed to meet delicit .... 16 Aug. 
 
 Grejit discovery in .Maria island of carlionireroiis 
 limestone, from which roillaiid cement is made, 
 reported ij I'eh. 
 
 Viscount Gornianston appointed governor, aliont 
 
 14 .March, 
 
 An income-tax hill rejected . . . 6 net. 
 
 I'robate duties passed by 1 vote . . 10 (let. 
 
 Budget, 363,24',/. delicit . . . . 2 March, 
 
 The ministry, nniler Mr. Uohson, defeated on the 
 land-tax propo.sids by 1 vote, 10 April ; lesigns, 
 
 II April, 
 
 f>ir Kdward Braddon forms a ministry . 12 April, 
 
 A conference of Australian luemiers (sir E. C. 
 Braddon, president' meets at lluharl (see 
 Au:itr(i!i(si(i) 20 .Ian. 
 
 Weatlier observatory erected on Mount Wellington, 
 reportwl 2j .May, ,, 
 
 Federal enabling hill passed . . . 9 .Ian. 1896 
 
 Bush llieinco. Montagu, I'engana nearly desl I'.yed, 
 many homeless ■ I 'ec ,, 
 
 Piainond jubilee celebrations throngliout the 
 country 20 June r/ .■.•c/. 1897 
 
 Serious bush fires, many lives lost . . Feb. 1S98 
 
 1S92 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1E95 
 
 VANGUARD, see irrec/,:s, 1875. 
 
 VARANGLVNS, or VARAGIANS, « 
 
 name given to iiorlheni iiiratcs, wlm invaded 
 l-'laiiders, almut 813; l''raiire, iiliout H40; Italy, 
 852. Tlu'ir leader," Kiiric, iiniled by the Xovgo- 
 rodiitns to lielji tlieiii, I'ounded the iiussian moii- 
 arcliy, 862. 
 
 VARENXES. a town in N.K. France, is cele- 
 brated for tlie arrest of Louis XVI., his (jiieeii, 
 sister, and two diildren. Iliey lleil from the 
 Tuileries on 21 .Iiine, 1791 ; were taken here the 
 lie.xt day, and eondticted back to I'aris, mainly 
 through iJr.iuet, the jmsfmnster, wlio, at an inter- 
 niediate town, recognised tlie king. 
 
 VARXA, a f'-'rlitied seaport in Buliravia, for- 
 merlv Knro]iean Turkey. A gn at battle was fouglit 
 ncar"this place, 10 Nov. I4.J4, between (he Turks 
 under .\mnrath II. and tlie Hungarians under tlieir 
 king Ladislaus and John Iluiniiades. Tlie latter 
 
 were defeated witli great »laughter : tUt kinj; wa» 
 killed, and llunniades made pvisMHUT, who Inul 
 ojiposed tlie Christians lireaking the tru«! fur ten 
 vears, reeenlly made at Szegedin. TUi' euiperor 
 iJicholas of Uiissia arrived before Varna, tUe heud- 
 (juiirters of liis army, then t)esiej|;iiig tUe place, 
 5 .\iig. 182S. The Turkish garrison made a vigorous- 
 attack on the hesiegers, 7 Aug.; and another oii. 
 the 2I8t, hilt were repulsed. Varna surveiidcred,. 
 after a sanguinary conHii:t, to the Uusniau arms,. 
 II Oct. I<S2,S. It was restored at tlie peaci' in l82y;, 
 its fortiliiations were dismantled, hut luive since- 
 been restored. The allied armies disvinbavked at 
 Varna, 2') -May, iK.;4, and stiiled for the Criuiwi, 
 3 Sejit. Tlieysiillcici' severely from elioWra. It!. 
 eonrorniity with the reaty of liinlin, Varna was 
 evacuatedhv the Turks, and 01-eupied by Russians,, 
 autumn, 1878. I'opulaliou, 1888, 25,25(1. 
 
 VASiSALAGE, see I'cmlul Luws, aud Slareri/^ 
 
 VASSAR COLLEGE (on the east hank of 
 the Hudson, United .States), forthe higher ^dul■atiol^ 
 of women, was founded by Matthew VaitSiir in 18O1. 
 
 VASSY (N.K. France). The massacre of the- 
 protestants at this place by the duke of Uuise on< 
 I iMarch, 1502, led to desolating civil wai-s. 
 
 VATICAN (Uome), the ancien. Mens Vuti- 
 canus, a hill of Uome. The ccmmencement of tlic 
 palace is ascribed to Constantine, Lilierius, iinA 
 Isymniachus, and also to pope Fugenius III.,. 
 li4(j. It bec-ame the residence of the pope nt 
 his retiini from Avignon, 1377.. The palace is- 
 said to contain 7000 rooms, rich in works of art, 
 ancient and modern. The library, founded by pnin.- 
 Nicholas v., 1448, is exceedingly rich iu priuted 
 books and MSS. — I'istolesi's deseriplion of the- 
 Vatican, with numerous iilates, was puldished 
 l829-^8.^The phrase " 'I'hunders of theValiean" 
 was first used by Voltaire, 1748. — The ancient 
 Vatican Codex of" the Uld and New Testuinent iia 
 Greek was pulilislied at I'ome in 1857. For 
 " Vatican Decrees," see Cuiiiicilx. See 0/i.u'ii-(ituii(s. 
 
 VAUD, a Swiss canton, after having been sac- 
 ccssfully held by the Franks, the kings of liurgunily> 
 eniperoi-s of Uennany, dukes of /aliringeu, atiOl 
 dukes of Savoy, was ciiiKiuered by the Bernese, Jim. 
 153(1, "'"' aniu'.xcd, 1554. Vaud, made indepeiuli-nt 
 ill 171)8, joined the confederation in 1815. -V new 
 constitution was obtained in 18; ifter agitation. 
 
 VAUDOIS, sec ll'iiliictms. 
 
 VAUXHALL BRIDGE, eonstroeted of iron 
 under tlie direction of Mr. Walker, at an expense ot 
 150.000/. (to be defrayed liy a toll). Tlve lust stmiL 
 W'lis laid I) .May, 1811, by prince Chiirh-s, eldest se'i 
 of the duke of Urunswick ; and the liridge wae- 
 opened on 4 June, 181O; freed from toll, 24 May, 
 1879. New bridge ordered, Feb. I.S()8. 
 
 VAUXHALL GARDENS (London), i<m- 
 so di-iioniiiiat(-il from tlie manor ol Vauxhall, FalVi-s- 
 hall, Fox-hall, <ir Faukeshall. said to have heeii tlit- 
 property ot Fulke de lireaute about 1282. The- 
 liremises were llie property of Jane Vaux in 1O15, 
 and tile mansion-house was then called Stockden's- 
 From her it iias.sed througli ve lUs hands, till it 
 hecame the properly of .Mr. Tu-rs in 1732. 'Die 
 New Sjiring (jardens at Vauxhall are mviitieiicd 
 livJolin Kvelvii in his diary 2 July, Iddl. I'eiiy.s 
 2')Mav, l(i(.2."\Vych;-rl"y 1(172. and in t\ie .S>(r/u/w 
 171 1, as a jdacetif great resort. The gardens were 
 opened Ibr a "ridoitu al fresc-o" 7 June, 1732, liy 
 Jonalhan Tvers. The greatest season was in lfi23, 
 when 133,279 persons visited the gardens, aud tliu 
 
L GAEDENS. 
 
 'lit slaughter: tUi' kiuj; wa» 
 
 .'S iiiadi' primuwr, wliu hiui 
 » liivukiii}; tho triitf fur toiji 
 lit Szi'Kciliii- TUi' I'UiiHiiir 
 LVfd iMtore Viirnu, t\u: tiiul- 
 tlll'Il lH.'»il'gilll;' tlu' iiliico, 
 lisli gurriaoli iiiiuU' « viftnrmit- 
 rs, 7 All};. ; ami aiiutl'i'i- mi, 
 piilsi'd. Varna surrcmliTfil,. 
 iiltict, to tUe Kvisttiuii iiriiis.,. 
 •c'sturcil at tlic pi'iici' in 1X21);, 
 (UmnaiitU'il, Imt luive Riiiii- 
 llii'il aniiion disi'iiibavkcil iit 
 iiiul saiU'il for tUi' Criiiiwi, 
 sl'VI'ItIv irciiii iliolvra. Iii 
 iiaty (j1 Ki'rliii, Vania was 
 s, mill (iccupioil liy Kussiaiiti^ 
 atiou, 1888, 25,256. 
 
 e Feudal Laws, iiiid Slafenj^ 
 
 EGE (on the fast bank n£ 
 itea), fur till- lli^;lK•r^•llu(■ati(Il^ 
 1 by ilaltliuw Vat«ar iu ibOl. 
 
 incc). The niassncTo of the- 
 II' by till' duke of GuUi' on, 
 losoliitini; civil wars. 
 
 ?), the ancitni. Mon» Vuti- 
 
 TIr' ccniuitnii'nunt of the- 
 
 Constantino, Liboriiis, and 
 
 -0 to jioiio I'lujtinius I1I.„ 
 
 rcsidi'iire of the \m\ie tX 
 };non, 1377.. Tho valut-i' is- 
 rooms, rich in works of art, 
 Tlif library, foiindid by poiit 
 
 oxi'ocilinitly rii;h iu iiriulid 
 istoh'si's di'si-rifilion of tlic- 
 rolls ])liiti'9, was iiulilislud 
 " 'riiundcrs of tho Valiruii" 
 iltairo, 1748. — Tilt; anciiiit 
 Uld and Now Teistunit'nt iia 
 
 1 at J'ome in 1857. For 
 e Cou)icih. See OhntViuturus. 
 
 iiton, after liavinj; been siio- 
 ranks, the kinKsuf liurfjunily,, 
 •, dukes of Ziihiiiip'U, aiii\ 
 imiuered by the liernese, Juii. 
 54. Vauil, made indeiieiulcnt 
 ifedenition in 1815. A new 
 lied in 18; ifter ajiitatiuu. 
 
 "aldcnsts. 
 
 RIDGE, constnicteil of iron 
 Mr. Walker, at an e.xpensnil, 
 
 ed by a toll). The liv-t stmie 
 liy iM'iuee Ohailrs, ililesl S"'j 
 
 ■iwiik ; and the biidue WAi- 
 
 !lO; freed from toll, 24 May, 
 
 Joi-ed, Feb. l.Si)8. 
 
 JARDENS (London), mere- 
 lie iiiaiiiirul Viuixhall, Falki-^- 
 ikesliall. said to have liei'li tin- 
 e lU-eiuite about 1282. The- 
 jierty of Jane Vaux in 1615, 
 e was then ealled Stmkik'ii's. 
 throu.^h v;' lus haiiils, till it 
 of .Mr. T.MT9 in 1732. 'ilie 
 at Vauxhall are iiinitiniii'd 
 is diaiy 2 July, I'iIjI, I'l'ljy,-! 
 iley 1(172. and \u\\v SjircUilui- 
 vAi resort. The gardens wen; 
 o al fresi'o" 7 June, 1732, liy 
 e jfreato.st season was in 1S23, 
 i visited the gardens, auJ tkc 
 
 VELOCIPEDES. 
 
 reeeipts wore 2n zqoi i-i, , 
 
 wiin 20 Am,. ,«.-,f ,}'}■ !''•»'' •'"• I Icspio. and ii„wtl,„\ '.?'"'""' ^*' ''"l""''! Cih- 
 
 ■nimnees at Vaii-ihall t.V, L- .1 '^^^ ■'''^ '""'^ l'^'''' 
 V ground has'be;:„'S^rb,[;;;,fS July, .85V, 
 
 bix persons killed and niaiiv 1 n?. 7 , ""•l'"*». 
 
 olwoodatliuekley'ssr;^illi^'-'.^/^^;;'«taek 
 \iiiixliall park (foniieeiy tin- Piwii w. , 
 
 t|.« ie...iileiieo „f Mi? IJ hw.'.^ ■;,",'!•'"'"■'« 
 
 '""'^'^r.^^^rf;:*™:':--". -'y Ml- TiiC/f; >s«° 
 
 , was unveiled hv 
 ~ ■' 
 
 !|"'«''},'Jf "''■'lleiiiyYlViuTtwn 
 lliuiiR'l,U.shi,pof(Vm„r|,|„.j."' 
 
 VAVASOli, see Vatvam- 
 
 7 Jam 
 
 1S93 
 
 VEDAH, t!le eaei-ed books of tlii^ ir;,,; 
 Sanskrit, were nrolialilv u-.-i.r "',"" Hindoos, m 
 
 Tla-se books'." ip, ;, ■,,,,,, :''' '"'"■'"' !<■'"« li'.ig.'. 
 
 l«iny, appeared in i8ai - r '"''"' ^"'"- 
 
 tnmslation by H. H 7kt J, '' V'"'"^''' "'' " 
 
 , W-hster, e„i„Vlet iiK tl i\v' u",T;'' ^'T^^ ^ «'• i'- 
 i" ;887 tli. Mahlii-ajai^nf Vi" X-' ;;''^^^ '" 'S3:i. 
 the expense nf a i„.w ell .^ I""I"«eil to bov 
 l'i"fessor Max .Mallei- 'V ' '' '"^' ''■■'". ""liteil by 
 
 i'''»'"'"tc.x.-,,i-,i;;.';,\;-,,,i»,^;3;^«- "• tin., euiiioif, 
 
 VEGETABLES fur tlie t-,H,. 
 :roai Flanders abouU52o;t;:^I':;,,:i;;^'^-"S''t 
 
 Jleeliiigs lit'Id at Maneliester u f),.t 
 I'liiei's siiiee. ' '■• "' '■ '874, ami otlier 
 
 "Kiiittinia," a settl fut ,,f . 
 
 Uima-niilin .880! ll n- ,a 1, 'i*?: "I!'''^'.™!^'-' i" 
 
 >'";t.e(...v. ,8^7. fSi','. (-,-•„,, -.v, ;.''■: l"«-'*-le,it, ,3 
 biielMi, vegi'tai-ian a.s.soeiati, , . ?,„ .'75- ,, 
 
 li^heil in West i-i i X ;''.'■. «:'i-''t tribunals I'stab- 
 inibliciK-aicsl ti. ,;':'!'''^ '■'■I'oi"" a-'l the 
 m,uJ and let 'if, I,",' "»^^.'""^' "ICliark'. 
 We^lplialia beeamJ'su i!" "^,"' .''«2. "lien 
 Coli.siie. l'e,-,s„„. „(- I,- ' , " 'li>' •ii'hbisliop of 
 
 ^"l^'vled to thoil^ds^trn.' .:''•'■'' ^i'"'"-^''-'' 
 '"'■-I- iiml exeented. The e, , 'n, ' ''i'"''-" "■'^"'' 
 
 :'l»H,iiedbyJeronieh;;;^.,:', ;;::•;, "-'-^ -as 
 111 USii. t'"ie,Miigul » 'jstpliahii, 
 
 f-bi,vethj*;.e::;:^:^^'--.--^jH , 
 
 l»l<™ by tlie ,l,et,.aor Can illl i, • -i^'''.' '*"" 
 -■'^■Kf ol ten veal-s, ;i,(, u ivi, t> '"' ""'''' " 
 
 "".V.--I1 bv till- ua, Is ;,; „,','" ""•"" "''^ ''^■■^- 
 
 f^^ revolt of the sepoys, i,^^;i:ri|',j;,;-;i;^^-;|9. 
 
 ''-pie, and mo;:^h- ^^^ ^ the'r e f''" '"'■' 'i''" 
 sepoys were killed. "' ' "^""^ ***» 
 
 in the y«,;.«j;';;;"^ , ^^r-;;-'- -"' ''-.,.-ii.ed 
 
 was invented bv Nieenl ,.',-,':' v--' "'-'• "'"' f"' 
 •'Jandv-hoivHe''^; IIV;.'' ,;^'''I''''' ",'. '«<«• The 
 veloeip'e,|e"«-as >„„,"•," """■'"■"' '■'illeil a 
 
 m I'aris ;.nd Lo ' In is,"'' ^'"'i""i ""'- '^™'^" 
 " Aekerinann's iC "itorv " k' l"'"' '''■^'•''''.V'l '■■ 
 maehiiies came a ■ ,^r ' * '''• „''^"> ^l"-^'' 
 
 l807h;,vele'ni,M-' """ '" '^'^' • ""'''"Il.e 
 
 A ge iitlHiiiiin ,,„„ lo have travi.11,,,1 -, '- " 
 
 „.lielan,l cml Wales ; eu ™,esl / "^ ""'"■' '" 
 UieyeeeIul,.toraiea'iiu'.;r,'oVi, " ' ' '• 
 AUiw^,3ooveloeipe.l,.., at a meeting „t lianip'ton ""' 
 
 "ln;.i:;eifi:iS.^r';;-iHr''''-''-i-^ 
 
 muMlav) '""'''■V'", «itli slopi.aK(-s(t,2 i„il,.s 
 Tlie liiiCi,l|. r,'ii,,„ ',1 ;- ,. ■ , =3 •)al.v-io Aiii;. ,. 
 
 Ooodwiii.on a bi-yele, ili,l tiie doable J,,,',;,,."; 
 F. .T. I.ees of si„.Hi..i i , ., i-'S-Jane, 
 
 ««it.erla,iil erosi.a by 'biej-cles amrti-il'-de? 
 
 :";^.^'i';s;n;br^:£r--"'--^^i;'"^ 
 
 '^,;;;;;:''y»;""io fc'««nng i„ve„ted by Mr?W f': " 
 Annual congres's or'cyclists iield'at ColclR-stor, 
 TliH cycling cliaiapionsbip „f Eih-o,,,. „.,io;.!l"i'rJ '"'^ 
 
 Mr. K. Hall of Uai'nsboroagli' af lii'li',?, 
 Mr. Tliniims .Stevens, on a bievcle ti-iv,.lln,i^ '^"'■'' " 
 
 ■niles tlu-ougli America'; aS,s^Ea,':,;,!!'';I,'AC 
 
 Messrs. Wilkins' bicycle for trnvellb,« r,\mO,V,::,'i'; '^^' 
 "■"I up hills exhibited at Hanwell, Jl'lr/.'ih.'I'.'.'.i^ 
 
 Tlie liev. irnf.'li rallan, of St Amln-ws OWs"^''!'^' '• 
 
 Tlie u.';,,- bicycles. It^u^L^ bylocargimn' '"' 
 nieiit act o( ,883, i«irt I., sect. 84. fe"^"'"" 
 
 1E79 
 
 lEJo 
 
 ■ £85 
 iSSi 
 
 :S3, 
 
Ii:;iijj| 
 
 •:u>i*'.i}fif' IS ifc' 
 
 btft 
 
 VELVET. 
 
 1176 
 
 VENEZUELA. 
 
 ^f ^, , r 1 " I"'" >>•"""'■>• f'yd.M In . (i,,u.ral hvliros Cnr.Wv ■nl,..sl,Hl, niul lut up a 
 
 1036 cyclistauli.si'rvi'il oil Ihi. Iinj;litnn lliiiiil, ' ' ' 18 March , Ff- 
 
 ii.,i..,..i, ,i,„ r ... lin"il KrMiiy, Aiuil 1893 : A rtivoliitimi In CarniMm ; prpHidi'iit Kali'nii 'lli..|,' ' 
 
 iimny Icltns <;, m..laiiilnK of II,.. ,la„).MT (ans,;.l Th« pre.Hi,l,.nt yU.un^nx .lie.., ,8 Nov., anil IMil^.r " 
 
 Ij tiir .■xceHsivo Hiiueil ol cyellsU, apiM'aiv.l 111 Ihvoiim's i,n.visioii,.l invshlcMl llV.,. 
 
 On,.'V,lTi . •.. •.-,,• •,.■ April July ; Oiim.ms ,;,|,|imv,M,,v ^,.|„.,al (lii/inan Dlanco, all,.r " 
 
 Hpt'cil ami liMiKth ol ri(li'.< iinidi iiiorcascil . 1.^8992' ihr- Iivs' .■..ntli.l -.7 \iii'il c 
 
 The llrsl i,ali..i,«l cyrlr show at Ih.^ Crystal I'ala,.. | Ur is iNa,|..pivsi.h.Mi;virliiallv lli.^lator ' V^Jnlv' "' "' 
 
 r,,?.lnmt'in"l ''''I'r ■'•'''■', "'r'.'- . - AiTl,..|p. ■al..Sal,,zar.ln,.,lai„Uholah.mt lyMav .^j, 
 
 „ , ' i\ ' p' :'' ';;,""1''"'>' ""''','" i f^-vrnty towards 1 1,.., .huirl, lor (.p|.ositl„ii to civil '' 
 
 lliiUluitothc ncwl'acniiiatie Tyr .iiy l..r niania.,.s ; l.islcp of .M.Mi.la cxiJllcl . .July ,^._, 
 
 p3|«».;><«> . . .. . . S.May, .896 l!,.,„UMMali,.,iol papal aullmrityai uiicci Sci;!,..:' 
 
 Cjclcs largely inniMilactMri..l in Aiacnca, 1894 i.ft, I dcii. l-'. I,. Alcantara phsLh^nt; ,.|cctc,| . 27 |.-,.|, \\., 
 
 (ini. A. (InziMin Dlaiico. prcsi.lci.l, .■li^clcil i^May. 1'-;/, 
 
 anil specially at IlinninKhuin aial Covi'iitry in 
 
 EiiKlaial 
 "Cyclist Y.'arlio,,k" states the capital of limiteil 
 
 coinpaiiii's to lie nearly 6,i«o,ooo/. up tu cicl of 
 
 ■89s. 
 "Hicycles ami Tricycles,' liy Archil nld Sharp 
 
 pnlilishi'.l ,3,J7 
 
 VELVET. The mamifacttiiv, loiii; coiiliiicil t.i 
 
 1895-97 I «ien. ,liiai|Uill Crespo, pns:.lenl, .■lecti'il 
 
 I ■•'.■ll. 
 
 (len. A. (inziiiaii Hl.anco i.l.'ct.'.l pn'si.l.'iit 14 Si'pl. , 
 Uispiite ri'spretiiiK lerrit.iries containing' k"I'I 
 mines; ili]iloinati(! relalion.s lirokcn oil' with 
 
 (lieat llritai l-',.!,, 
 
 llr. .). Pablo IJojas I'anl, presiileiit, elect. ■.! 
 
 29 .J line, 
 
 l,i.-,4 
 
 Cmoii, I.ticea, ami oilier nl.ices in llalv, was cairicil I ''''''■ '.li''t''t..rship of Don U. Itlanco (envoy at 
 to Krance, and llienee to Kimland," aliinit HiK?. s,.,''e"i.,i'r,',;" ..'''' 1 "'"r'?'"' 'll""" ■" •I"'.'". '83, 
 
 ;vim is ,,n.,,,io,icd hv joiijviuc iti ,.-3 ; and o^r ^':n;,t;!;;n'';.:;!;i;,!:;'Vi;:n;:!';;'^i.^a,:;;rh,'::(;:,i i!v 
 
 Kill); KlidianI U., Ill Ins will, directed Ins lio(l\ to lie ;,'en. Cresp.., with ainait 8,ik«) men, March'; 
 
 ■clothed "in velveto," IWrj. Jeroiiu- Laiivcr in KHeiilla warfare in the iirovincs, ii.ii.nts na' 
 
 London patented his "velvet liiiiier" in 1(134. ; <'crtain, April, 1892; the n.iv.'inim.nt troops 
 
 VKVATvjtilV fr^ATTVT „.■ r,,M-e,.i. C<! ■ '"■'■^^'"'■'l]' Valencia aii.l PuiMtoCabi'll,. 22 Ainil. ,?,: 
 
 V11,AA1N>K> CU1UJ.AI. 01 CoMi.vr (»• ; Jnneti.mof gen. Crespo'st'.ireeswith tlMis,-„r',',-ii. 
 
 J-raneo), alter various elianjre.s, was ceded to iiopu | .Mom ,_,, .\i,iii, 
 
 Grcjjory X. 1274; and retiiined liv his successors' The novernment umieral, .Jnaii tineve.lo, kille.l hv 
 
 till 1791, when, with Aviffiioii, it was rc-uiiitcd to ! . t'lc | iile at l-..s 'ri..|iies . . . 18 April, „ 
 
 France. \aleneia IjcsIckwI by tlio insurgents; smiies ih- 
 
 TrT-,»TT.,^T-. I '''■"''■'' "'""" (> ■^'•''^. .. 
 
 VE.NiD!KE, i^Cfi /.rt 1 flli/i'c. Ilntlavaks in Caracas a^jainst tlii. pii'siiient. al)..Ht 
 
 VFX'TIVAITATIJ'P i-> n i W-> . - n,.t ^ ' '-' -^''iV ; 'ii«li'""l"< i"iii tlicinsni>;eiit,sin lioln ia, 
 
 ViliI\JJi'..AnAli{ilo 12, 13,14(3, 4, , t)ct.), altiM-si'veralconllicts .... .\|mv 
 
 I/9.S', Jiiiii'as and ^iipcdeoii Konaiiartc Buppress 11 , Gcii. (.'respo's army increaseil by il.s.'rtioiis frola " 
 
 royalist revolt against the convention, | the president's army, near Caracas, reporteo, 
 
 VENDOME COLUMN (132 feet 2 inehea iSoveral conHicts; i.rcsi.loiit Palacio resi.'ns' "'i',',i " 
 
 lu};h), erected in the I'laee Veiidoine, Paris, by ^ l-aves thi^ eiaintry ; .sen. Ville(,'as pn'^visLmal 
 
 Napoleon I. in 180(1, to coniineinorate his siieccssliil ' picsiileiit, report.. I u.Iiiim', ., 
 
 ■ciiiniiaijjn in (lenininv in l.Suv On its side were '"'''■ <'res|o .h.fe.als the •.'oven nt troops an.l 
 
 bas-rehet's bv l.aunav.' It waspnlled down bv the ■''Y'''"'''-' <''"''i:'l^ ^■'''■•''•■''<. ''''l',''rt';'J .ii-MAn;;. „ 
 
 cominunists-'in the" name of iU.rnationai fniicr- ^'1.;!,.,-;; ,;;;:;,^^;;':;,;.„-!Ti;;^ms.'r.t:;;^at;!;':: 
 
 mty, lO .May, l«;i ; restored bv the national An;;.; ev-pivsi.l.Mit Villejas impriso I, Aic • 
 
 Bsseiiibly, 31 Ainr. 1H74; statne of Napoleon 1. on ei)n..'r.'ss ihssolve.l . . . alioiit 26 Aic. 
 the top, replaced 28 Dec. 187^ ''''';■ I'niido s.ii.l to have fcn-med a cabinet at 
 
 XT y^l^'^'^"^' '",;',]'''"»' <^'i"l« iiiliiil'ili";; Annorica, (om'!'i'.V(7an'o''Jleii.h,za at Caracas with 6,.»^Vm,'.|,; " 
 
 rii.W .!• ranee, i hey rose afiainst the Itonians 37 r.'p.iriiil f. S'pt. 
 
 H.C, and wereqiielled by JiiliiisCa.s.ar, who defeatc'd t'cn. .Mi'iido/a. ilict.at.ir, la-ocL-iinis blockade .ii' 
 
 their Meet, 3(1, and cruelly e.xterniinated an active 
 comniereiiil race. 
 
 VENIiTIA, see Vcice. 
 
 VENEZUELA, the s, at of a .South American 
 republic. When the .Spaniards laniled herein I49<J, 
 
 Cin.lail - Holivar and I'neito Calndlo. , 
 
 J|i'ii.li,/;i ilefiints ii.'ii. .Martin V.'yas near I'.'laie, 
 
 IC| d ' , . lo.S.pt. 
 
 (ien. .Memloza's attenipte.l conllscations l■esi^t.^l 
 by the foreign consuls at l.a (In.'iyra; Im n'sifiiis 
 the ilictalorshi|i ami |iroclaim's .sen. I'uli.io 
 Iiresi.h'iit, rejiorlcil .... ii.Sipi. 
 
 they observed .some lulls built iiiiou piles, in an ' N'c;.'otiatioiis betwei'ii },'eii. rnli.loanil Kcn. Ci.spo, 
 
 Indian village iianicd Cora, in order to raise tliein ,„ i'''l"'rteil ..^ r^npy. „ 
 
 above the sfa-iiated water that covered the plain • ''■;"'1'V'' -''"' Lflaneta board IJritish bri^- r/,w,. 
 
 and this imlueed them to f^ive it the name of 'venel t-Muu^^ n" .ilrp'T""""''"' "' ""^'""""^'^^ 
 
 zuela, or Little Venice. Tins state 111 July, 1814, ■ Government'armv .lefcatcl at Los Tcpies, ah.iiit "' 
 
 ueclared in eon}:ressioniil ii.sseinbly the sovereignty i 5 <>ct. ; j,'eii. Crespo enters Caracas, is proclaii 1 
 
 of its people, which was recognised in 1818. It provisional president, ami appoints a eahiint, 
 
 formed part of tie .public of Columbiii till it I 7 <^i't. c( sr./. ; ivcoHnizc.l by the Unitcl .sitat.s 
 
 scparateil from the b .nil iiniim, Nov. 1829. The ■ ' ' ,.> ' ,'. ' 1 ■' 1 " ^.i "'^'- 'i 
 
 population in 1881, 2,075,245 ; in l8<JI, 2,323,527 ; Disastrous Hood.', wiU, gn'rioss'of life, S.K. of 
 capital, C araeas. 
 
 Its imleiieiideiiee was rccognizeil liy Spain . . 1845 
 General 1). T. .Moii,if,'aH was elected president . . 1855 
 A new constitution promulgated . . . Dee. 1858 
 Revolution ; Jose L'astro became prcsi.lent, March, 
 eoiii]ielli'il to resign in Aug. 1859 ; ami 
 
 Caracas about 19 (let. 
 
 Gen. Cres]io .lisbaii.ls his army . about 5 It.'C. „ 
 Geii. Crespo resigns ; succeeded by gen. Uuziiian 
 
 Alvarez, reported 6 (let. 1893 
 
 Gen. Crespo .'issmned ollice . . ij March, 1594 
 Governmeiit troops defeated by rebels near 
 
 Go 
 He 
 
 l>r. iVdro Glial as.snincd the govenimcnt . Aug. 1859! liolivar. r.ij.nli.l .... iiAii«. „ 
 LMieralJose I'aez elected president . . 8 .S.'pt. 1861 nuptiiie with l-'rance, (h-rnianv, and other poneis 
 e resigned; and Juan E. Falcon succ.s'.le.l, resiiecting claims of their subjects for loss.'s sus- 
 
 17 June, 1863 I tallied during the war of 1892 . 
 
 9 March, 1S93 
 
SNEZUELA. 
 
 ilcro lU'iilcslcd, nnil Het up ii 
 t I'drtii-L'iilK'llii . . iH't, ,:,■ 1 
 111 pi'iirlaiiiii'il pri'slili'iit, 
 
 IS .Mill'dl, 1^1-; 
 
 raciiH: jircshli'iit Kalion ilr.l, 
 
 aj -'(1 .1 , .. 
 
 s'liM ilii'S, i8 Nov., anil riil|.',ii' 
 
 ll pll'Siill'llt , . . lli'C. 
 
 ;4i'iM'ral (Iii/iiiiiii llliiiii'd. iil'lir 
 
 L.7 April, ,.-, 
 
 , virtiiiilly clii't.'itor i ^ .liiiv, 
 ill'. Il'icil aliil«liii|:iliriiil i7Mav. i.,-, 
 si.lfiit . . . •_.,, VtA,. li,'.] 
 
 cllllirli I'lir opIKisitilill til civil 
 
 III' .Ml Tiila cxpilli'ii . .July, if-, 
 
 II aiillimily aiiiinuiu-i'il ,S|-|.|. ,-'. , 
 
 piVsiili'llt, I'llTliil . ;.7 ImIi. ,,,j, 
 
 11-11. pll'Siill'llt, I'li'i'ti'il i.:.\lav. I,-, 
 
 , pn'S;ill'llt, I'll'Ctl'll . -JO Krii. , . I 
 
 ici) cli'cli'il pri'siili'iit 14. Sept. I: ^ 
 
 ti'iritiii'li'S ciihtaiiiiii^' ^rnM 
 ; rc'latiiins lirnki'ii oir with 
 
 Ki'li. ,^;3 
 
 iH Paul, pi'i'siili'iit, cli'i'ti'il 
 
 ayJimi', ., 
 
 Dull (J. Hlaiicii (ciiviiy al 
 till' (■iiiij^'ii'ss, abiiut Ki.l'iiiii', iSjj 
 
 pivaiili'iit, 20 Ki'li. iSi)u: iii- 
 liilii as ,-1 ilicl.itiii', licaili'il liy 
 
 aliiiiit 8,(H« iiii'ii, .Marrli'; 
 1 till' pi'uviMci's, ri'iiinis nil. 
 92; till' H'l^i'i'nnii'iit tiiiniis 
 ami I'niTtii Catii'llii 22,\]iiil. ij,-,? 
 ipn's fni'ci's with those of ','i'ii. 
 
 27 April, ,. 
 Bi'al, Jiinii (Jueveilo, killi'il hy 
 I'qni's . . . iS April, „ 
 
 till' iiisiii'{;oiits ; .sni'tii'S ih'- 
 
 aliiint 6 .Mav, ,, 
 
 a(,'aiiist till' pri'siilcnt. almnt 
 iiiiii tlifinsiirf;i'iitsiii Jinlivia, 
 Is ... . .Mav. „ 
 nci'i'asi'd liy ili'siTtinns Iruiu 
 Y, ni'ar Caracas, ri'iiinti'u, 
 
 i2.1niii'. ,, 
 I'siilent Palai'io rcsifins. aini 
 >■; .sun. Villi'^'as iinivisinnal 
 
 lo.Inin'. ., 
 till' Kiivi'rniiii'iit ti'iiiips aipl 
 aracas, rcpiiitcil . 11-14 Ann. „ 
 i ; ^I'licriils Uril.'iiii'la ami 
 li'clali' thi'lnsi'lvi's ilirtators, 
 
 Villi',jas iniprisoni'il. All);. ; 
 
 . nlioiil 26 All;,'. ,. 
 liavL' lorincil n caliiiii't at 
 
 6Si'pt. ., 
 
 ^a at Caracas with 6,«vi ini'ii, 
 
 6 Sept. „ 
 tiir, imiclainis hlnckailc nf 
 
 III riicrt" Cal.i'llii : p^u. 
 I. .Marliii Vi'L;as near I'l'taic. 
 
 . 10 (Sept. ,, 
 npti'il conlLsoatioiiH resisteil 
 lis at I.a (iiiayra; he rcsi),'iis 
 iml proclaini's sell, rnliiln 
 
 . II .Sipl. „ 
 gen. I'liliiloaml nen. Cies|in, 
 
 24 ?^ept. „ 
 ta lioanl Hritish liri;; (7,i.;,. 
 sciigers.aiiil iniprisoii several 
 
 . 26 .Sept. „ 
 reati'il at I,os Teiines. aliout ' 
 enters Caracas, is iiruclainieil 
 It, ami ajipDints a cahini't, 
 ;iiizeil liy the Uiiiteil .~<tati'S 
 
 25 ( let. „ 
 Ills micertiiiii.) 
 h great luss of life, U.K. of 
 
 uhoia 19 (let. „ 
 his army . alioiit 5 llec. ,, 
 sui'ceeileil liy gen. liii/iiiaii 
 
 . 6 ( let. 1893 
 itlloe . . 14 March, 1:94 
 ileleateil liy relieis near 
 
 11 Ann, „ 
 (Jerniany, ami other powers 
 their siiiyects for los.ses sus- 
 ir of 1893 , , 9 March, 1S95 
 
 _ "VENOJ^UK STORY 
 
 "" '•^- '"""•"" -'I" "Htish, in,,,,,, ..,„„.„ 
 
 J.oril Malishi„.y,, nltiniatnin i|eii,.„„li„ ■"'^"">"', 1895 
 
 A i-mteiistliJ;'^;^;,,^^ ;;;•■;>: i-.i.../a,,.,,l;' 
 
 ;'"""''">• iinestion: clue „ , „'" V"''' "" "'"' 
 "':■"'•', Mr. Aniliew Kh ^hey, j,„ti,.,, 
 
 ' I-''.' •'■■'"■ ■*-"; the 1 i■■l:'''''''''•'■^■''l'- 
 ■^n|M|lll'sin^llrMlalioll "■'' «'"''niiMent 
 Alleliipleilas.sa.ssiimiiii,,,,,' •, • • l''eli. iggfi 
 
 „ '''""'7' •' I'MU-light ; the ,'s „;,',"; "f '"""■■■'■*■ 
 ]^■^lgnatll,,, ,j|- Ji,. ,,, I ■™h" ,,^, '7' • '^^^■<'■ „ 
 
 •■•o.n'as,aiiii,H,Mee,| '"'■""•'"■""-"'. ill 
 
 .■■ineiliatory ,,,.,„,,„,, „„,,^^,^^ ,^ 
 
 :.l':sio;:r::r^i:ii^^;r';f;f^^^'>!:;:v;i';'ei;^ 
 ^t.-it'r;h^it:^r-'"^^-''^'^'t":n^...-Mar. 
 
 The Dritish ami Aniericii'i ,„„■' ,. ' -"■' -^'''"I'li, 
 ^.nyorarl,i,,.atii;; :;;2,« '""-'tsagn.e.iii; 
 
 -Mr. Ilairisi,,!, ciinvii snrv, .,..■.. .' 'S.liui", 
 "n-isleil |,v' Ve, .;„il 1 ■ ' " "'''l'--'l"imana 
 '■""■•■ ''-|.at<'he,l ti-i, 'eel' ,•,""■: ^'.'"luniai 
 theC,iy,„ii,ive,',atAl.a;ai;ie " "'"''■> '•'■^. "» 
 
 ';o;:"a:;i"i?,,'--;;:::-' ^— i.':jniia„i^.;^l!;:;;: 
 
 "-'Ht^'Mienllii^rlit'^ilU-'i-,'-' n^nn^; 
 
 l""ii,,la,yi|nest,,,t,i,v ',''■' ','"''■'■''''■ "" 
 
 !'■''■ 'ivT. ratilieii hv e 1 " 'i^liinglon, j 
 
 1'iplo.iiathJ Vehuh;,, wi '^ "'Ii,' •M"il. '^97. 
 , "'■JS7; resto,'e,l,aiiii,,i,..i "'"" ■'"'■-l'"nil-il 
 
 VENICE. 
 
 -J.-..ui.'e„l.e,n„,,t„„„eitle.on.,;;,„„ ^a 
 
 •^'iH'"vei^i'ii:;!,:""i""'''™'""''«Ho ■ ■ • ■ ■ 997 
 
 ari liipcl,.,, I ""■ "-••) . iin.l ravage tl.c IJi'eek 
 
 (W,'.,,,''',^ '■';.''■'' '■'•'''•'li'^iii'il ' ' ■ ■ • ">3 
 
 "57 
 77 
 
 '"'• ■'"'"' '■'"'" "m'''inti'iMi;;,ish ,;,i„i,i,;: ^'^"■■^'^ "397 i Time] 
 
 "nimllifJ^it;!!;-,::;;--' >nn,4^:::;^: - 
 
 ^e. ininis.o-, sen."l.i,is Oastilh, treasnil;^":;:: " 
 <;i'ii. An.lrail(,elu.'te,l|iresiile„i ' ' ^- •'"ne, „ 
 
 Sr;^^-,,.i;i-«;n'r'N3^.n.;:^''';[t" 
 ':™u;i'\irc;^sis'"''"'-"'^--'^''''-r:.-"t'; ■• 
 
 >'i'U nniiistrv, iimliiri'v-iii-eg'i',. ' .. ' •ul'ee. ,, 
 The Veiie/nelan .Viln^, ' .m- i "'whI'""'' ^^ ""'•• 
 ^gmiil,.,ltoa,,Knglishsv,ii ..',''' ,''T'''W'^ 
 £x-lMesiile,i|, Cespi, kilie ,', ' ' i'""''.'' ■ 9 '■"I'- 189; 
 
 "■"•"■Is miller -en 1 .,,.,, '' ■*';^"^"msIi, with ^ 
 , "Hlialiile.eaplCil e ';,! Ii''.''''^^ "^ '^i'"' ' 
 /.1lMs ceileil l.J- tl« .V,,v , , , , ' ""'i-' "■'"'"■■ .. 
 
 Italian coliMiiLtionsocie,;.""" '"'' '5 >•'■■<. to an 
 
 ,.,. , ""I'l'Stahllsheil ■ . II 
 
 ^;-iS]:;a[::r,!;:':;:/;-;ii;rt..rconstanti:-=^^ 
 
 T,' ",!'" Ziai.i, win', ilieil ' ^'- •"'"■'* ■'' ''.*■ til" lingo 
 
 ^fVi:h';;;:;:,::'''-'''-tien,iesenearxegr,,pont;;:?^ 
 ipi:r:^:;,^!;;i^;7-;viie,^uei,hy,he,i^ .„-^^ 
 
 lll/'lll . . ''■ '-'>'*•' I'l'ili'li lietweeli 
 
 '■""isofllmigai'VileVeal,,'!,, v.,,.„ ■ • •, . 1299 
 
 ,«ifi;'al:;:;';i!;?l-:;;^,l:;.--f^''-ins,,i,: \^'-'' 
 
 '■'''^'■'-1 '•■ -e:^^^^^^ -I- Venetians at "'' 
 
 oilsly i|er,.„,|,,,| "- "o''l"-^t \eliiee, wliieh is vigor- 
 
 ;'"Vii;:;;n:w^,i:,r'''-^ .■ :\iii 
 
 "-:.;-MMiian;c^m;:[.:;l^;i'X:::!il,\:-^,^'^°^ 
 
 1428 
 
 „. "\'"'ll''''-il'n)'ni thciilaiMe • • ' 
 
 !^var•^s;r;l^"a'it^:=v■"^'"7"■f"-••■ - -Wsi 
 
 i ^,>'^'^;t.Tnpi,,s.sesiii',',!:,''' ^ '■""■" '"■-« many of its '''* 
 
 ! vl'nic;:';!:;;;:;;,!;;!;;;,^:^';-' M6«;anii\.y,,,,,, ; -^'^^i 
 
 !;?is:;ije^.i'ni;'t;;:i7''^-^'-^''"(M9.),aniuh„'^«^ 
 
 ;U'i':^S;-;;i!^;it;;;'''v'''Heag,,eofcaiii:=^^^ 
 v;nr,::;;,t!;r.;^;:~:^'^'--^-'M.epai,.,,^ 
 
 .^i'iJI'^'iV'^li^.^atviniee. •■■'■■ 
 ll;;,l^aUo h,,,„e „„„ „„ p,„^^,',,, ^^_^^ ^_^^_ _. 
 
 ''"isivgaiihM"'''"' "" ^•™i-(.6o6)..oi;tei„pt,;::::;;^ '^^' 
 
 "in' Mi^lMnianX'''''^^''--^^'^ "'«'•-. '.65.- ami ''°' 
 
 '571 
 '577 
 
 <i-^;"' '/S^;.' ^^^'-" ' '--- 1 -w. I COM. ; ^■-rv;,;;;,™'^,^ ''-----r^^ ii: n^!;/^-- 
 „..J™K(N..i,„y). Tii,.p,'„vi„c„„n-c„„ti., '-'"■■""" '■^"^^'--^'^>ti;:.^s;z.^: 
 
 •''"'■'»'■'■ with th.. Ko,,,. ,V .,/""'' """''■ "" •^IIVenie'..t,,,s,'e,. 01 ,''"''". ■ ' =6 1>™. 180, 
 
 "£? 'a,,::'\ifSl^-''f '■■""''"•"' £=■■-"'-.:'£""'■',;'"''•-■■: ^ 
 
 uiu 01 tilt cit\ ot \(.i,ie,. „ ,u-'- ,,x,_ ,'. I'nniig the Italiai? wir i„ ,0' .; ' « -\ng. 1849 
 
 :;i;;n :':':;'!:'"-'^ ^.-i- 1.; li::vJC:zr.!::; \ ^s;-;!:^'^!'-.-" - ■"-n ,1. Anstna,, ... 
 
 ^'^i 
 
 ! 
 
 ^mi^ 
 
 ■ ti 
 
VENLOO. 
 
 1178 
 
 VEHNEUIL. 
 
 iiri )L A Ji" **' 'I 
 
 mi I 'nil mm i itni ' nuA! i ■ 
 
 i8y6 
 
 1897 
 
 m 
 
 Tlie I'lniitriT of Austriii niiil Mug nf Itiily »t WiiUo 
 
 V7 A|.ril 1875 
 Tlii'bnmzpcqiicHliianHtfitiipiif ViPtdrEiiiiiiiiimi'l II. 
 
 liy Kciniil iinvi'ili'il In tliH|iii'Ni'iiL'i!i>riliukiii);aiiil 
 
 i{iii'i'ii III' Ilaly ; Kii'iit Ir.stivilirs . , 1 Sliiy, 1887 
 
 Art cxliiliilinh ci| I'll |py tlh' kiiiK' . a Miiy, ,, 
 
 Till' n'stcmiliciii 111 till' jialii'i' uf tlir l''o,.'i'S wns i-nm- 
 
 jili'li'il, Mini till' liiiiMiri;,' i'\|...si>il to view in Niiv, 1B89' 
 LmmmcIi 111' thr iiiiiiihiil '" i7ii(, the rnyal family 
 
 jai'^iMit ft July, i8gi 
 
 Hi|iiT-i'nt'itiini.s of ViMiiia' at tin' li|yni|>ia, I.ianliiii 
 
 (i(v'i»7i .-11) . , . jd Di'i-. iBiji ; 7 ilaii. 189) 
 Visit n! till' iMiiiipidr ol"tifiiuan\' ; I'l'i'tnvcil liy kinK 
 
 llii iiliiMl, ' A|iril. iFoi ; aKaiii in . . April, 
 Inti'in itinnal ail i<sliil>itiiiii, (ijii'ni'il liy the kiii); 
 
 anil ijni'' n, ;o A| ril, 1895; anotlii'i' o[wni'il liv 
 
 till' lirincM nr Napli-s . . . . .'8 April, 
 Haiiilary ennvi'iition »i>;m'il, hcc I'lii/iiie i</ Mari'li, 
 [Vi'iiirr lias hail iji ilnges ; Aiial'i'Slo, 697, lu l.lilgi 
 
 Maii;ii. 171)7,1 
 
 VENLOO (linllaii(l), siirrciulciva tn tlio allic?, 
 unilcr .SliirlliiMiniuli, 25 Si'|it. i;02; iiiiil tu tlic 
 Fri'iiih, iiMilcr I'iilir^i-M, 20(lrt. 179J. 
 
 VKNNKllS INSUKKECTION, buo Am- 
 biiji'iii". Kill I. 
 
 VEXTILATOKS were iiivcntea by the rev. 
 I)r, Hull's, 1111(1 (li'sri'ilii'il tu tilt' Hnyiil Society of 
 Loiulon, May, 1741 ; mid tlic vt'iitilatnr I'm' the use 
 of ships was aiiiiouiiei'il liy Mr. Tiiewahl, in Nnveiii- 
 bei', saiue year. The iiianiiiis nl' Clnihaiini'.s' phm 
 fur w.irmiii^; and veiitihitiii}; tlieatres and hmisesfdi' 
 audieiii'i'S was ap|ilied tn thnse nf l.nlldiiu about 
 IiSli). The systems of Dr. Keid (alamt 1834) and 
 others followed, with imieh controversy. Dr. 
 Aniott'H work on this mihject was puhlished in 1838. 
 A cotiiiuissioii on wanning and ventilation issut'U u 
 reiKirt in i8.;i). 
 New air iiiachiue ill the liiiHse of ooiiiiiioiis stnrtud 
 
 5 .liiiii'. 1B74 
 Sir. Toliiii's jilaii, n liori»iiital tiilu' from without 
 eoiiiiimnii-atiii^' with xcrticat tiilie iiisiilc ; stie- 
 ei'sshil at l.iTils ; liescrilicil (in '/'ao-s;. 12 April, 1875 
 Jlr. I). U. lloey's .system was e.vhiliileil at Mcssra. 
 Hanlay's hank, I,oiiil)ai(l-»tii.'i.'t, Loudon, and 
 rcpiiric'il sneeesslul Jan. 1891 
 
 VENTKILOQT'ISM (spcakinfrfrom tlie helly), 
 was will kniiwii to the Lireeks. who ter' "-d ventri- 
 lo iiiistti " helly-prophets." The name .. a inis- 
 nmner, as the sounds are priahiced liy rcg^lhltiIl^' 
 till' hreatliiiift and organs of voice, without inotioii 
 of the lips. Ainiin^' einiiient vcntriloiiiiists were 
 haren Meiijren and M. Saint (Jille, ahout \"2 
 (w hose experiments were e.samined by a eomiiiission 
 of the I''ri'ncli Acadeniy) ; Tlioinas Kint; (ahiin> 
 171(1) ; Charles Mathews (1824) ; and M. Alexandre 
 (1 822) 
 
 VENUS, the Itonian goddess of love and beauty 
 (the Ijreek .Vphnulite). Stii/iiis: Venus de Medieis, 
 I'lUiid near Tivoli and removed to l-'rance, KhVo: 
 the Venus found at Milo or .Mclos, 1820, jilaced in 
 the Louvre, I'aris, 1834. The transit of the planet 
 over the sun Was predieteii by Kepler to take place 
 Die. 1(131, but was not observed; he died 15 Xov. 
 1630. The tii'st transit observed, was by the 
 rev. Jereiniah lliirro.\, or llurroeks, and his Ir.eiid, 
 VVni. Crabtree, on 24 Nov. 1(j3i;, as pre.licieil by 
 lloriox in 1(133. The a.striinonier-royal Maskelyne 
 observed her transit at St. Helena, 6 June, ]7(jl. 
 C'ajit. Cook made his first voyajie in the l-jitlvdvoiir, 
 to lltaheite, to observe a transit of Venus, 3 June, 
 I'iif); fvc OiiiA-'/i I'lijimiis. The diurnal rotation of 
 A'enns was discovered iiy C'lissini in 1(107. This is 
 contested by Schiiipeielli and otln rs, who assert 
 her rotnti"!! to be as lonsr as her revolution in her 
 orbit. See Skii, note. 
 
 HaUi'V sii;;^! stii! the ohscivation of the transit as 
 a muuiis of e.'itiitKitnig the distunee uf the t'urth \ 
 
 from the 8iui, nnd devised a method for thin Jiur- 
 
 IIOHl' \J^f^ 
 
 Aiiotliir iiii'thoil was liivt'iiti'il liy I'llinlo uliout . \^'^<, 
 lloth pliiiiH were nscil ill .... Dec. 1074 
 Kxin'ilUioiis lor the aeeiuate oliservatlon of the 
 plu'iioiiii'iia, on 8 lice. aHlninoiiiieal (lay ; oixll- 
 nary day, 9 Uec. 187J, wi le si-iit to ilillereiit luirts 
 of the (,'lolie liy all till' ttii'iit powers, ami favour- 
 i atile results have liciii ri'porteil . . i875-f, 
 
 The transit, on ft Dee. i88.', was oliscrvcil at Hath, 
 ! I'ciizaiice, Cork, Cape 'I'liwii, Wasliiiijili.ii, Mil- 
 lioiiiiic, and many other places. The next tiansitu 
 will take place B .Iiiiie, '0114. ami u .Imii', .;oi'i. 
 Venus was liolli a ninriil'iK' and cvciiiiin stnr, risiiin 
 41 mill. Lielure the sni. . ami settiiig 43 iiiiii. utter 
 it 4 t'eb, i8,.| 
 
 VERA CRITZ (Mexico), built alamt l(K)0; was 
 taken by the Americans in 1847, and by the iillics 
 on 17 Dee. i8(ii, durini; the intervention: retHkin 
 by the liberals, under Juarez, 27 June, 18(17. 
 
 VERCELLI, the am lent Vercelhe, I'iedmont. 
 near which Marius de('e;i id the Cimliri, 101 11. c. It 
 was the seat of a republic in the 13th and 14th n 11- 
 luries. It was taken by the Spaniards, II1311; 
 l-'reneh, 1704; and allies, 17c/); and aflerwanls 
 partook of tlie fortunes of I'iediuont. 
 
 VERDEN (Hanover). Here Chnrlenni).Mie 
 massacred about 450t> Saxons, who had rebelled iii.d 
 relapsed into idolatry, 782. 
 
 VERDUN (the ain'ient Verodunum), a lirst- 
 class fortress on the Mouse, N.K. France, uniile a 
 magazine for his legions by Julius Casar. It wa» 
 acquired by the Franks in the sixth century, anil 
 fiirnii'd part of the dominions of l.olhaire by tl,' 
 treaty of Verdun, 843, when the einiiire wasdividul 
 between the sons of Louis I. It was taken aid 
 annexed to the emiiire by Utho I. about i)3(>. It 
 anrrendered to France in 1552; and was turiiiabi. 
 ceded in 1(148. It was taken "and held by tlie Trib'- 
 sinus 43 days, Seiit.— Oct. 1792. tien. lieaurepiiiii'. 
 the coniniandant, committed suicide before the >in. 
 render, and 14 ladies were executed on 28 Mai, 
 1794, for jfoinj.' to the kinn I'l' I'russia to .solicit li;.s 
 clemency for the town. Verdun surrendered to tl.i 
 (iermans 8 Nov. 1870, after a brave defence; lui. 
 vif;orous sallies being made 28 (let. .\biive 41K0 
 men were captured, with a large number of anr^ 
 and anununition. It was the last place lielil \'\ 
 the (icrnians; and was given up 15, lli Sept. i!>7;. 
 and the troops retired. 
 
 VERGARA, N. SrAIX. Here the Calli^t 
 general, Maroto, made a treaty, termed "The imii- 
 hcation of Vergarii," with l-^spartero, 31 Aug. i.\i(,. 
 The luonument to celebrate it was destroyed by dii 
 Carlists in Aug. 1873. 
 
 VERMANDOIS (N. France), a county Kiveii 
 by Charlemagne to his second son Tepin, whurc 
 family held it till the lltli century; in llj();i 
 came, b\ marriage, to the counts of Flanders; luiil 
 in 1 18s it was seized by I'liilip II., and iucorpoiiitui 
 with the inonarchy in 1215. 
 
 VEIOIONT, a northern state in Nortli Amerifii, 
 was settled by the French, 1724-31; and ceilcil i" 
 (ireat Itritain in 17^13. It was freed from the autho- 
 rity of New York, and admitted as a state of tla- 
 union in 1791. I'opulation 1880, 332,28(1; lt'<p. 
 332,422 ; capital, Muntpclier. 
 
 VERXEUIL (N.W. Frame), the site of a 
 battle fought 17 Aug. 1424, between the lliirguniliaiis 
 and Fhiglish under the regent duke of Kedloril, :ii;il 
 the French, assisted by the Scots, eoniniaiuleti !■> 
 tlie count lie Narbonue, the earls of Douglas ana 
 Buchan, ic. The French at first were successliii , 
 but boiue Lombard uuxiliuries, who had takeu tla; 
 
/^EKNEUIL. 
 
 '■7-V 
 
 ili'vlw'cl » iiu'thml fill' tlilH jiur- 
 
 4 Invi'iitcil liy IiiIIkIi! iiliout 
 illll . Ilri'. 
 
 .' iii'ctiriiti' iitiMciviitii'ii of llii- 
 Dec. iiHli'iiniiiuii'iil iliiy ; (Hill- 
 
 J74, Wl K^ M'llt til llilll'I'I'llt lutrtK 
 
 tilt' iiYvi\t jinWfi'H, iiimI tuvuur- 
 ii'iii ri'luirliMl , , . iSjj'i. 
 ,■, i88i, WHS iili«('i'Vi(l lit Until, 
 
 Jlljil' 'rnWII, WllsllillKll'll, Mi'l- 
 itlllT llllK'I'H. TIll'lH'Vt llllllHitH 
 
 iiiu', '004, anil 6 .Iiiiic. Jul 2. 
 iii'iilt>i.'iiii'l I'Vi'iiihg slni', risliiK 
 mil., mill Hi-tllii)t 4j mill. uI'ltT 
 M t'l'^"' <8!.4 
 
 (Mt'xipo), built iiliimt i(xx) ; wiis 
 ii'iiiiH ill 1847, anil liy tlu' iilli<:> 
 iiriiij; till' intfivrntiim ; rftKkti) 
 li'i' Juiiii'/., 27 Jiiiii-, l>S(i7. 
 
 the imiii'iit Vcrrc'llir, I'ii'ilnioiif, 
 . (Ii'fi'ii nl the Ciinliri, 101 li.(. U 
 I'lnililii- in the l^tliiiiid l^tliuii- 
 ikcn by till' Siianiariln, l(i_^ii; 
 (1 allifs, 1706; ami al'ttTwiui:,-* 
 iinrx lit' I'ii'ilniiint. 
 
 laiiovir). Hire Cliavloningiie 
 ,00 Saxims, who hail rtbfUi'il 111, il 
 ry, 7«2' 
 
 11 ani'ii'nt Vcrmluinnn), a tirst- 
 lu' Mi'Usi', N.IO. Ki'ain'i', iniiilt' :> 
 r^'iona by Julius Cii'siir. It wa^, 
 raiikK ill thi' sixth ii'Mtury, anil 
 ;.' il'iiiiiniiins nl' l.utliiiiiv Ijy tl.- 
 (43, wlii'ii till' I'liipiri' wasUiviilnl 
 lit Loui.s 1. it was taki'ii iii il 
 iipirt' liy Utho 1. almiit iiji). It 
 mil' in 1552; and was Iminall) 
 was taki'ii anil lirlil li\ tlir I'rii— 
 ,— Oi't. 1792. tii'ii. llcaiinpiiiiv. 
 onnnittril suiiiiii' lirl'mi' tlif >iii- 
 
 lil'S Wl'l'l' I'Xl'illtrll nil 2iS .\L;\, 
 
 he king ut' I'russia tu siiliiit li> 
 invn. Viiilun suiTiiuliiiil t" ll... 
 K70, aftrr a liravc ili't'iiifi'; iv.. 
 ■injr iiiiiili' 28 Oi't. AlidVi' 4f)fo 
 I, with a lai'(;i' nninlii'V of iirn:-i 
 It was till' last |ilaii' htlil !>> 
 was ({iveii uj) 15, Id Sijit. i(>;;. 
 ri'il. 
 
 N. Spain. Hi'iv thi> CmWa 
 
 aik' a ti-i'aty, tcniinl "The \aa- 
 
 ," with Ksimi-tero, 31 Aujr. ixji/. 
 
 ■I'k'lnate it was ilesliuveil liv tU 
 
 73- 
 
 IS ([N. Frnnee), a tnunty (.'ivoii 
 
 his secoiiil son I'l'iiin. vIium 
 
 1 the I ith leiiliify ; in 1150 it 
 til the iiiuiits lit Flamliis ; ana 
 
 d liv riiilip II., and iiuoiiJumtui 
 in '1215. 
 
 luirtlieni state in Xmlli .\imriiii, 
 l''i'eiieh, 1724-31 ; and leiini t" 
 Lij. Il was lieeil liniii theaiitho- 
 and aiiiiiitted as a state uf tin- 
 (ijuilatidii 18S0, 332,280; it'ijo. 
 loiitialier. 
 
 (N.W. Fnune), the silo of ii 
 p. I424,hetweiii the iliir^'umliim* 
 the rejient duke of Itidluril, ;n:il 
 I Ity till' Seiits, eciniiiianilt'il ly 
 lunue, the earls lit Iluujjliis aim 
 I'reneh at first were siiriesslul . 
 auxiliiiries, whu had takt'U llii; 
 
 JEliNiwrOALLEiYr 
 
 in« iH 1 oiimp, e.iminenied pi||„iri,,. r 1 
 tanliHli arihers ,„„„, the,, ( • '1: , \'i ' "'" "'""'""ml 
 ''■.^/^•"'■li and Seiitsw,;. Kill ";"""'■'<: ""'I 
 111'"- leaders killed. '"'"".V 'lelVated, and 
 
 VE.su VI UN. 
 
 \EliNOX OALLEKY ri • 
 
 '""''"^■■•."' "hieli n, rn MritiJ, I'l'i """'"'I'""-' 
 
 r'nii'ilied m 1847 l,v ,|„, ,„,,/> ;*'"< ■^'anewliit 
 n^'tion, l.y Mr i{ol,,:.tV,„ "':■"'' l;'-'-V"t to ,l,„ 
 I'"f"-^'^ »ll hut two l,ia^ .'V;;, ■'■'''''' ''f '57 
 
 »■■•'»'-, !'';■>■ were ,irs,"^,|Zir\l "•;'"•'''''' 
 lipase 111 l'„||.,„„ii i„ , . , 'V'- \-'rn.in'« 
 
 .National Ualler^■, aVterwar . , , \ ' '" '"■'"■^'"' ""-■ 
 
 ■.n.i are now at th,, .So . K , Jii l;;''"'"',""^'' ""'is,.. 
 
 'K. .yr. John 'Sh..„,,sl,' ink ^ '.' I "l r?.""- V 
 
 [i'™f'- w"H huiit hv Tit, s A ,'/"«; {'•"■ ""'I-'''- 
 
 «■'"'"••. ••^'te of n„„-,v ..onllii'ts It „ ^ '''"'"' '"'« 
 loiis(ai,tnieU2; iii„r„„ -,. i '": ^} '"* '•'ken hy 
 '■'■''''•'' '''''--^^kil,Ki;,,^'■''^^^'''''■•"'l'■Hedl:- 
 li.v ChuHemaKiiL. 774. , ,' , /.'"'Jl' "."^ "'kc'M 
 
 Sm a was eleeted IMlestA, 1, .'7 •^''""/"" ''""" 
 
 bmli^en) ruled, ti I si,l„| , ' ''T 'T:'<"i'*M* (the 
 (if .Milan, ]3«- V,., ,,.,'> "''■ \"-'"iiti, dukes 
 
 ^■'™:'i''"^^4J.5.l^ldh;:d'^^Ln;";'';^' ''^- ""■ 
 
 mi.«a.ris till its eaiiture In th, ,','"' '^"""' '"''■'■- 
 *''"'i' 3 June, ,7,^ . s' V i ' ' ' ''""'■'■"' ^'^■''■ 
 S;a<limii ih'fcau,! II,. v, ?' * '""'" ^ •^""•'■t of 
 
 V.T lis one of he ui s,;i';,';:''r *; .-^'"^ '^8 
 
 fnaed the (iuadraie'le ,- (,, , f l^r"''/'" '"'■"•''^-^ 
 
 lS9'inan order if the d'v,,', "•'''''•,"■' .'^ Julv, ' 
 l'.'^" '»• must vield to ',,;,:"""" •■' ''i^ "nay- 
 
 'II''"- «i'l'l"'i-t. It was so, r^,'' '""' '"'"'V Cor 
 
 "'"''ll 'n- 70,000 iiersons n „ . , P "'''' ''''" 
 •V.v. 1800. Almve ;, vJ !'" '-"il'liitlieatre, |8 
 
 ^in. imiit a iHM.t!;,^.:';--^ ;-'''■'■'■ Vr 
 
 Ittwirii lOOi.ind iOH-,'iil.,, . ■'^- '-'""^ AIV. 
 
 kill-* of I'l-anrc. liv I,. ,,. , ";•"''''"''■ "< the 
 ^ntani and the revj/i..; ' d, ;!^>;,,''l^"-; ^-f 
 •>""■'■"■•'. sij^'iied at I'ari.s, the Ii i ^'■''' '^'"■"' 
 
 rmtti'il to be a .sov.-rei.ni m i V ''"'"' *'"* '"'- 
 
 »t\orsiiries between (i la i,",. ^ •"'" "'^""' 
 ''iwn.liy whi,h l-ondiehe,',: I I i ■• ''""';''- '""' 
 !"«--i'ms in l!e,,^alw..^;'t ;;;"•' •'"'•''"''''■[ 
 '■"""""ilee restored to tb,' o i' nni''', and 
 
 •i""'ilif'"-yfe.'tivalf",^ ';','-, ';■"•, "ash..,., 
 
 '>). «iii,-i,' was follow .d/on r -.*;"'"■'': ' "'■'• 
 
 Mill's, with the troops tli,.r. :, . I -'r ^''''- 
 li'-nimiis ,n ,Se|,t s-o . ',"v^"'"'"'l''i'''il to the 
 
 ''"-ii-'mlred'hi^^U V '."'r" "<''•''''■'■ "'■ 
 :'«-^"''i"l 'la' iron ero.i t,, ' LVe 'n""M'' ■'^'■'"' ''^' 
 
 l-^:;Vei.sai^t'\,:;,;;;:;/',l!-:SO,;t Vner,,.: 
 
 ,-";^theeonsH/^,lJ '-;;^:-f-tl.''n;vi- 
 j iwh-uiic, i88(;. ^ -5 '^"o- 'i*S>4' 
 
 , ' Erne, "I'l' yv/)'i/ </ 
 
 ' :>^<-' «urrey'-H tran i, ,' ^,';7''':'''' .'■■''Vl'' Jam/.,,; 
 I"' k'nd, on,itfin>r t-Jw '■'«'':''. '"'I'l-eHitioii of 
 
 ;""'"i'K<-' (iHiiii.^htd i 1^ dV/'-V/,;';' '•' th.' i.:nKi.,ii. 
 
 il^eil in ,,,„. M...,,..,, . . '^-il).- "II Verse liri'Viiimli, 
 
 '"^'it imes t,« " , ; ";';;r;':'^ «- ""' '-''»"^' 't- 
 
 I I'iblition of „„e '' '""' 0"< iiilopled with th ,- 
 ^''-''^),whoprob,b^•.,^;!r;•'i. III 'lU /;,.rv 
 
 'ii;-' )o.ea!.,'io introil, , I 'i' , ""'.;^';"'*f "^ 
 
 -''•«"(/<■, hiiviinf,. „,,i,.,| it' !,' "',",,"i''y »' I'iS' 
 ■'""■«' Tiissino is 'sail , ; , 'r "'''. .''■'•'."•'' <•'■""' 
 
 •50«. ;V„,„';* '"^'' "'"""«■ ""•• iM'HlernH, Jul.'^ 
 
 VERULAM, sec ^/Mrt,,',,, ,v/. 
 
 '•.™I^&^'fe'^i „>>-• »a« o,;.i'h.dc.i 
 
 j]^:'*wo, with;::i;,!^i':i^ni?.x^ 
 
 lfi^i^^^n!^^,i'^,'^,J'!ji"''''). "ear Vi.„„e. 
 
 ",'"' killi'il tlo'l" ,,i k IT r ''■"''' '''■'''iiti'<i 
 
 ""■ "'"i''li'i'"lhis lir'oti ,'^s i "i'^' '""' ■•ev.n.ed 
 
 ^L,„^'"--..i.'ri^S":x^'r't!ir":i 
 
 ;l"ii. a Jesnii „as n,-, , I i, "'" '''"•"■f. •" I-on- 
 '''''''''■'•''l"''---"Hina ,;,,,; '," 'T"'l"'^ "''tlii'i't' 
 ^'";:<- way' with tin. .i',! " \ i"; ' ', "' ""■,'■ "'' *'""'^ 
 Wilion was preeipita eil , "i'' » bole ennj.,,.,.. 
 
 I',|""''1ht anil'nui,.,', 1 '., ''.'.'V, '';■'. ">"1 tlio 
 
 ^ '''ii-'t.v -sons of ,,, Ik V n 'I' ''.'r '.'"ditm-v, 
 
 ti-"l'lie, termed tli e S V . ''• ''l''" '^"'^'^• 
 
 1O23. ■Sfoir. '^""" ''V^i'Si'iTiiiivd 26 Oct. 
 
 -;r. «'-'H--?H;;^:^!;:;rti.-^,;^:S: 
 ' rJ^^ii m^e:,:;!^^!''"' vr'i"' '";;?? '■"■•'' °^ 'h- 
 
 "'."'I'llii^ was a Vl',s,'^,,. :';'.' J "; >ii"thi'rof 
 pointed f.iur -in i, , i i^ ■^'Hi' to have ap- 
 
 AliMutiii w'ls' firi. 1 Ui,';. '„.',"■'";'" -'•'"" tw'.- 
 
 ^l'w-.337 )i.r.; SextUi ' - '; •'"^'^■'i "'^^"^ 
 Maxin,ili„i,i,_^ I. f,2 ;r'-^' ll" •""' *-»>-nelii» 
 
 -..iisi-adiaU^Jj^J. -, :';;;;;;y-^^ 
 
 i i'^^- onler was abol.b.d by Tlie,Hl„«'ius;"3;s;^. ^^""'"- 
 
 "VESTIGES OF TIIF NvriM. ,T ir 
 
 <>FCl,KATIu>%--aworkwli,4, .,,, . l";,"',T«V 
 " I..-ojCi-e«sive development a.' ' I, 1 , ' j'l"- J'""' 
 
 ;:nirs:;^r^rii,.:ra±r? ^'"'v'"^'^''"^ • 
 
 homan.s, wluse "eneril I' , ■■ '';'""''' '>■''■ the 
 
 iii-'i^eif ;„ dea i,r uo ; ; 'i v:;:''-^'"^:''''^' ^^^"f<^'^ 
 
 Hewed overW^'1;,.:,,f. I ''■"'■'''' ■ "'^' ''"'i^ 
 
 I vated b,iid, a:;. :;^^^',^.,:'-^-'-i'ii' cuiti- 
 
 i burned; the top of the nioXirXli-i:™;!^'-- 
 
 "I»|!'' 
 
 ii' 
 
•\ "m^ 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 VKTElilNAUY 00LLE0K8. 
 
 1180 
 
 VICTORIA. 
 
 'Crater if now lu'/irly two mllc» in rircumfiTt'iici'. 
 A great rrnptiini in l)( t. t.S22, iinil otliirH in Miiy, 
 1851;, Milt iiijd iliini', iS^M, I'liiisi'd ;;riiil ili'^lnn limi. 
 A HcricH lit' violent i'ni|jUi>iiM ciiiHin;; nimli (liinitiK'i' 
 occnrrcci in Kti-. iHdi, unil in I'lli. iHd^. Tmiu 
 
 4irl (ir I wiiM ii^riiJM ilt'^ii'oyi'il in lii'c, i)<i>i, 
 
 AnotlhT cniiitidii lic^; M 12 S'"V. [Kli", iinil nm. 
 tinni'il iiirri';i'<inu' in unin li nr iiml il:ini;rr, .Miin li, 
 liViH. Tlic iiliiiKinii'mi w. ic uliHcrvid liv |iriil'i.«i<(ir» 
 I'yndiill Mild Millrr, sir Jnlm I.iiIiIi.mU! iind olliir 
 ■ei'icnlilii' nun, in April, iSliH. A K'l'i'it i'i'ii|iliiin 
 bcfriin K lilt. iMiM, iiiiil I oiitiniird, I'liiiHin^' iiiiii li 
 dt'Btriii'liciii, 10. 211 Nov. \ Ncvcrr ('rn|pliiiii licniin 
 13 April iind t'lidcd iilioiit \ Muv, 1H72 ; iiliovf do 
 livcH wcif liiNt. Till' niiiimliiinwii.'* di.-Hirl I'd in 
 
 187'); mill llllotlli r rruiiliiill lic;;illl icliullt 20 Srpt. 
 
 1878; liivii wiiH spniiiid to till' lii'i^ilil id\?cx) (Vft ; 
 an eruption liciiiin 11 Juiic, l><7i); an iiili'iinitti'iit 
 •criiptiiin 2 Mny, iXH^. A new er.iter Inrmed 7 
 June; iivtiliiiiic'il (lo\vi'iii» of liivii, 11 Jiine; eerises 
 16 June, nncwi'd ; ;i llni/iliiin tourist Itll into tlie 
 ■crater, .liilv, lSi)i. Im icusini,' eniptions, i) iliine 
 ■«t sii). ; III five, I] Srpt. i.Si)2. I'rol'cssnr Jolin 
 Phillips' "Vesuvius" was piililislied iWn). 
 VemiviiiM \\u^ iiseiiiiled liy tlii' priiin's.s of Wiili'ti 
 
 mid IiiT riiiiiil.v .... 25 Mairli, iBgj 
 A llsHUrc on the X.W. uliie nf the Kront eiilin, in- 
 creased aelivily, re)iorted(.Viidi/T, 8 An;,'.) iiliil.v, 1S95 
 Active eniplioii, lava «treaiii.s, 8 Nov. 1897 ; awiiii, 
 
 VETKUIXAHV COLLKdK-S. The li-val 
 
 CoUe^re (d \ ell riiiarv Siir^reons, at lied Lion .Si|UMre, 
 Loiidiiii, wliiili iiloiie grants diploinas, \va» eliiir- 
 tered in 1^44. Tlie Veterinary Siirjieoiis aet, ^4 
 JSc 45 Vict. see. d2; Iiassed 27 .\u(j:. I,S,Sl, deals only 
 ^vitll tills (.dli),'!'. rile liovul \'etelilliliy ColleKl! 
 <it Caiiideii ToHii, London, N'.W ., was I'ouniled in 
 I7()I. Ceiileiiary festival, the duke of Canihridge 
 in the chair, the" priiiee of \\'ales iireseiit, |i| Oet. 
 1891. There are veterinary colli ;,'ei in Kdiiiliurgh 
 .and (ilasfiow . 
 
 VETO. See /V/i/i/vMiv Hi//. 
 
 VEXATIOUS ACTIONS Aet passed; 14 
 Aug, ihijt). Act lor !Sc(itland piis.sed, Aii^'. i.Si),S. 
 
 VICE, all instriiiuent of which Ardiytas of 
 Tarentuiii, disciple of l'ytlia;;oras, is said to have 
 been tlie inventor, iilon^' witli the pulley and other 
 tinplenients, 420 11. c. Sociel// fur llic ■Siiiiprtimwn 
 of fire, eslaldished 18(12. Sec Addknda. 
 
 VICE-ADMll^ALTYCOUliTS ACT, 1863, 
 
 wa.s e.\teiided and aineiiiled ill I8O7. 
 
 VICE-CHAXCELLOll of ENGLAND, 
 
 an equity ,ind;;e, appoinled liy iiarliaiiielit, tirst took 
 his seat ■; .May, 1813. .\ new court was erected for 
 him uhiiut 1816 eoiiti;:iious to Liiicoln's-inn-hall, 
 Two additional vice-ehaneellors were aiipointed 
 •under act 5 Vict. e. 5, SOet. I«4I. 'I'lie otliceot' vice- 
 chnncidlor 0/ KiKiliniU eea.sed in Aiiijust, 1850, and 
 a third vice-ehaneellor was appointed in 1851, when 
 two more equity judges, styled lurdn jH-ifian, were 
 appointed. 
 
 VII'K-CHANCKLLOHS OF ENULAND. 
 
 1813. SirTlioiiias I'liiiaer, 13 April. 
 
 «8i8. Mir.Ioliii l.eaeli, 13 Jan. 
 
 1827. Sir Aiiihoiiy Hart, 4 May. 
 
 «827-5o. Sir Lancelot Mliadwcll, i Nov. the last. 
 
 VICK-CUA.NCKLLOKS. 
 
 Sir John Stuart, sat lust, 27 March, 1871. 
 
 Sir Will. I'a^ie Wood, iiiaile a justice of appeal, 
 
 186.S ; lord cliaiiccllor, Dee. 1868. 
 Kir (ho. MarklaiiM (iillard, died 1870. 
 Sir Win M. James, Jau. : made a lord justice of 
 a|ipeai. .lime, 1870. 
 1871. Sir John Wickuiis, April; died, 23 Oet. 1873. 
 
 «852. 
 «853- 
 
 1869. 
 
 now liiclndi d ill tin' 
 chancery ili\ isinii. 
 
 i86rt. Mir Itleliard MalliiK, reslKiied laHii died 13 Jlin. 1887. 
 
 1870, Mr .laiiii'M llacoii, the limtS 
 
 ol the vlce-chiineclloi's, I 
 reslKlled 10 Nov. iSSfi; [ 
 died, axed 97, 1 June, 
 1S9S. 
 
 1871. ,Slr I harles Hall. No 
 
 illid I J llee. iS.Sj. 
 
 VI('EN/A (the iineient Vieeiitia, N, Italy) win 
 the sent of a repuhlie in the I2tli eeiitiiry. It 
 irreatlj suH'ered hy the raxauesof .\liiric, 401, aiic 
 .Vttilii^ 452. Ilavilii.' joiiicil the Loiiihiiid league, it 
 was siiel'ii d hy Fredirie II 1230. .M'tir iiiaiiy 
 changes it v.iis .iihjected to Venice, and willi it li II 
 under the l-'rcn. h iloininatioii, 1711(1; and was itivin 
 to .\ustriii in 1.S14. ILiMii;;- nvolled, it was n . 
 taken liv l(adet/k\. II ,lune, i8.),S. It was annexed 
 to the killk'doiii ol' Italy, Oet. l.SMi. 
 
 VICE-l'KKSIDENT ok tiik HoAiiii hf 
 
 Tu.VIiK. Thi-otliee was aholisheii ill lS(i7, and u 
 secretary with a seat in parliainent siihstituted, 
 
 VICKSnr UG, »ec VuiUd Sl„l,s, 181,3. 
 
 VICTOUIA, formerly PdUT I'llll.f.ir, 
 
 (Aii-tralia). situated helween New South Wales mii.I 
 South Australia. In I7i).'<, Mass, in his whale-liniit 
 I'xpeditioii, visited \\ esterii I'ort, one ol its liai 'miirs ; 
 and in 1802 Klinders sailed into I'ort I'hillip lia_\. 
 
 Population of the colony in i8j6, 224; In 1S41, 
 ii,7.)K, ill 184(1, 32,879; ill 1851. 77.145: 3' I'ce. 
 185a, uliolit 2o.,.oixj: ill .Maicli ibs7 llicre tteiv 
 2;8, 116 males and 145,403 feliiiili'S : in .ill 401, 311,. 
 In 1H59, ill all 517. joo: in if-6i, 540, 32..; I'cc, 
 
 Il^('5, 02(1.639 : ill 1871, 729,(154 ; 1877, 84<i,oj| ; 
 
 in 1831,858,582; 1S911 1, 14", 411 ; 1897, i,i7ii,ji-;. 
 18867, revenue, 6,731,867/.; expindilnie, 
 (1,665,863'. Hevemie, 1888'-.), 8,674,i<W.; expeinli. 
 tare, 8,172.000/.; imports, 18,510,575/. ; ex|ioiis, 
 11,795,321/. 1889-90, revenue, 8,51^,151,/.; 
 expeiiililiire, 9,811,251/. ; im|iorts, 2^,954.015/.; 
 exports, 13,266,222/. 1B92-Q!, revenue, 
 6,959,229/. ; expenditure, 7,989,757/. ; imports, 
 11.281,814/. ; exports, 13,308,551/. 
 
 I'lJoiiel (.■ollii'.s lands with a i»iiiy of eonviets with 
 the inteiilion of foniidin;,' a scltlcnieiit at I'mt 
 I'liillip, hilt afterwaiils reiiiovi'il to Van Dieiiicn's 
 Land iSci 
 
 Messrs. Iliinic .iiiil llovell, two stock owners fr.nii 
 .New South Wales, exjilorc Jiart of tlie eoliuliy, 
 hut do not discover its lii'i'iit advaiiliiv;es . . it;4 
 
 Mr Kdwaid llcniy (of a Sussex laiiiily), com, s 
 lioiii Tasmania wilh cattle, sliecp, slicplicnls. .\c , 
 ami seltles in Portland Hay; his liiiitlHr>. 
 Stephen (icorp- and John, follntt soon . . | = -. 
 
 Mr. .lohii llatman enters hetwicn the heads of 
 Port Phillip, and lairehases a liir;:e tract of land 
 IVom the iiliiai^'incs for a few ),'ew>;aws and 
 blankets : he sliorily after, witli lifteen a.ssoci.ilcs 
 I'lohi Holiarton, took possession of (Joo,ooo iniis 
 ill llie pri'sciit lieeloii},' coiintry . . May, iSj; 
 
 Tlic l.aiiiiccslon as.sociates and Mr. John Pasnn.. 
 I'ldkiier ascend tlie VarraVarra (or everllowiii);) 
 liver, and encamp lai the silc lit .Mcllioiirne . „ 
 
 The colonists {450 ill lllimhcr) possess 140. (>:o 
 
 si ]i, 25W1 cattle, and 150 horses: sir li. lioinke, 
 
 {.'ovcrniirof New Smith Walis, visits the colniiy, 
 determines the sites of towns, and causes Ilie 
 land to he surveyed and resold, selling aside 
 many eontcinlin^ claims; he apimints captain 
 Lonsdale chief magistrate (see iVc/ /'I'll /lit') . . if:; 
 
 The colony imiiicd Victoria isj) 
 
 Mr. C. J. l.atrohe appointed lieuteiiaiit-jjoveniur 
 under sir (i. Oipps 
 
 Its prosperity hriiins jjreat iiiiiiihers to it, ami in- 
 duces much s]ieeulation and eoiisei|iieiit eiii- 
 harrassnient and insolvency .... 1841-1 
 
 The province ileclared iinleiieiideiit of New .Snatli 
 Wales ; a reward of 200/. oll'ered for the diseuvery 
 of i;old ill Victoria. whU'li was 90011 after loiiiid 
 near Melhourne, and was prolltahly worked \»)i. i?;i 
 
 7000 persons were at Uallurut, Oet. ; 10,000 rouiul 
 Mount Ale.xaiider Nuv. „ 
 
JH, lriilKiii>i| 1881; illed 15 Jhii.iSS?, 
 lilt' liinl\ 
 
 liiiiii'i ry illMnlmi. 
 
 I. N"V. ; I 
 
 ,8j. ; 
 
 imcii'iit \ iiTiiiiii, N. ltiiiy)wii, 
 ilii' ill the 121I1 rcniiiiy. li 
 ic riUM'jvH (if Abrii', 4(11, iiiif. 
 jiiiin il llic l.uinliiiril Icn^ur, it 
 lirii- U 12!,U. Allcr miiiiv 
 ■ted I" Vcliiii', mill Willi it li II 
 iiiiiMtiiiii, i;i)(i ; :iiiil HiiK itivi 11 
 lliU Inn' nvdliril, it wii^ V( - 
 
 I .liiiu', ]H.\X. It wiiH iiiiiirvtd 
 Illy, Oil. 18(1(1. 
 
 ENT OK TIIK HOAIII) (IK 
 
 ■ WII.H llliuli^llnl ill IW17, IMlcl ;l 
 ill iMirliiiiiicilt Miilwtitutcil. 
 
 icp ('iiitKl S/dtii, iSfi}. 
 
 iriiiciiv I'ouT I'liir.r.ir, 
 
 lictwi'c'M N'l'W .Sniitli Wall's ami 
 17i)M, ll;iss, in liis wliali'-liiiiit 
 I'sti'i'li I'lirl, line i'lits liaihniii's; 
 Miiilnl iiitii rmt riiilli|i lia\. 
 
 miy ill i8j6. 224 ; In 1S41, 
 171; ; ill 1S51. 77.(45 ; 31 I'l'i'. 
 
 ill .Muiili 1657 ilnri! wi'i'i' 
 5,403 fi'iiiiili'H ; III all 401,511). 
 
 i)(i : ill it-Gi, 5(0. jaa ; I 
 
 871, 720.(154; 1877, 8411,021; 
 I, i,i4'i.4ii ; 1897, 1,17(1,2)8. 
 
 6.7_ij.8ti7/. ; txpi iiillliiii', 
 i388-".j, 8,674.1100/.; fX|ii'iii|i. 
 iiurta, 18,510,375/. ; eximiN, 
 10, ri'Vi'iiiic, S.siy.ijiy. ; 
 ■,il. ; iiii|Mirl». 22,';54.oi5/. ; 
 
 22/. 1892-1)1, I'l'VCIIIIl', 
 
 llll'i', 7.y8o,757'. ; illllioitK, 
 
 <, 1.1,108,551/. 
 
 lilli u luiity 111' riiiivli'ts with 
 iiiilliil,' a Hi'ttliaiii'iit at I'mt 
 -iIh n'liiiivi'il ill Van Dictiiriis 
 
 1S04 
 
 veil, two stiirk uwiH'i's IV..111 
 'Xiiliuc liart 111 till' I'liiiiiuy. 
 its ^'I'l'at ailvaiilaKi's . 16:4 
 
 III' a Sussex t'aliiil\), I'liiiii'S 
 lattli'. slii'e|i,slM'|ilii'iils, ,Vi,, 
 ii'llaiKl May; his lii-ii||iia>, 
 
 Jiillll. t'ntliiW siiiill . . 1;-. 
 
 Iters lu-tweiii the heads nf 
 reliases a laive trail iil' land 
 < I'lir a lew ^eiv^'aws ;ilid 
 
 ■ after, with lil'lieii assiieiiii.s 
 ; liiissessinii of tioo.ooo ailvs 
 
 i\)i eiaiiitiy , . May, iS;; 
 ■iaies ami Mr. Jiiliii I'as.no 
 YarneVarra (nr ivei-llnHiii;;) 
 
 II the sill' nf .Miiliiilirile . „ 
 II lllllllliel-) ]iii>sess 14..,,., o 
 
 ml 150 hiu'ses ; sir It. Hi.inke. 
 iitli VVaKs. visits the r.iinny. 
 s nf towns, anil eausis tlie 
 ■il anil resiilil, setliiiji aside 
 laiiiis ; he a|i|iiiiiits eaiitaiii 
 strale (see jU('/(":i(/'iii') . . lEi: 
 
 'liu'ia iSj) 
 
 ipointeil lleuteiiaiit-govi'iiiiir 
 
 ^M'enl niiinliei's to it, and in- 
 atiou anil eoiiseiiueiit eiii- 
 loh't'iiey .... i34i-: 
 I iinleiieiideiit of New Smilli 
 200/. ntlereil for the ilisiuvcry 
 , wlili'h was sunn after !"i!!id 
 1 was iirnlltalily worked .\u^'. 1,;; 
 Uullurat, Oct. ; 10,000 luuiiil 
 Nov. , 
 
 Froni 30 Hiipt. to ,, u,.,. ,0,, ' 
 
 Ali.xa,,ili.r^,,!,;,\,;',^«',V^i.'i:''';"' '""" •^'•'""' 
 Thei.riidinll,,,, wan still very u-™. 
 
 ii-'i;^;riy:s;:';-:;;.,^n!;r'-<-^^'^" ^)\ 
 
 The ,iaiii^.Mn':tw.;:^;i :';:;:!' «"^'""""' . .^ ;; 
 
 I';iiir ailininlsli-Hl h ha.l h,.,:,, f,,.:,,,,.,, ',„ "^ *^"V. 1 
 
 'tl;:';^:;';;.;;!:;"" "•■"'""-" "-';:i,:n;"iii fty- 
 
 Slr__t Inu'les Darllii, „,,i,„i,.i„„ ,„,,.,;,„,^ ^'^t; . 
 Ureal iiii|iiislli,m t„ reeenirnn ,.V ,. ,' ' , '" •'^''l''- U 
 
 i:;::!':'' '^'-™' «'■';■ "-uaHnKule,:::^ 
 
 Imimrtahl land net [lasseil ' ' ' ' „ "';'• 'f 
 Till) assenihlv iiasa. s in,. i.,.,„' ■■'2 Maieh, ,t 
 
 Ja.i.. wlii.'i, I ',.;,, riivl^''?;''i''''''''^'''''^' 
 
 tlie K.iv,.rniirrai;lesni,V',r''S':;r;i',''"' "'•''' 
 Irii'Kiilarlv '"v "t iiie iiiii)ii ...rvieu 
 
 VICTOltlA. 
 
 "ntlnn-s; a|iii,';,l (,;,|iu. 
 
 leeli 
 
 •Inly, 
 
 il 
 
 l.i 
 
 •■*'!'. .M'Ciilhidi 
 
 Irii'Kiilarlv 
 The crisis siill i 
 
 liliseil . 
 
 Parliament iiriiiii-in.,! 
 S r (..harli's MarliiiK reeall 
 Mini.Hlerial i|illkiiUie.s 
 
 ''ESiri:ar'''°''-''''''"''y'^"'i'.«' ' 
 
 ;'U'i'.'i;liinial KMiiliiti;^;';, ,;^ '1"'"*-' 'i An.'. 
 
 't;!',ai;:,!^''-''''''''^-'^-''»«n^.'.'.o;n^i;yi;;i: 
 
 New iiai'liaininl: niinistrv 'r,.si,rn. 1 i -1" "'(■. 
 
 „Err;^rt;;;U,;r'F'' r e? 
 
 First WHO. '0,1 anil paper ninnufaetories estahMsl'i'li 
 TheMrnlloeli ministry arrange the B„rli„«fe 
 neMThersonniinistryannoiine,.,!. . ^Il^i' 
 
 Mr. .MTi,||„J|, !..,,4',,:;"^"'«l"'"' • . May, 
 
 ''-"-■■Mnthei.^ism,i°^;j^;^;^,^'J''''»^;;;;i 
 
 1?:'^;;;;' ^:;ir "-■-"— i-'- st^;;;: 
 I' s;;dsZr^,;;±V''"' • ' ■ ' ^^?^- ■ 
 
 i ayiaeiit (300/, a year) to M.' v. s liep',,., ' •"""' 
 "lerhli'^f '"'"'"" ""'^"' '-'-'-J^ viacount Can: 
 
 "■"'lit 340,000 e , ,, ? : 4.500,000/. ; ilcll,;it, 
 
 trade p.ilk'?^ red leti ', f ." ",."""'''''^"'^ free- 
 reiefi, ,1 i.,."\i '^'•'"V '"'" "f taxation aiel a loan ■ 
 ri.li I ted hy tlni par anient • Mr k-....i' 1 ' 
 
 as sir Win .Sdiw, 1 (1. •.■ «-ei'l"rd resign.s, 
 not di.ssiilvc. '''•"'" ""'"« SOW»;r. w,,m,i 
 
 ^'fe'ihm 'mil '^;7^!'"■"(''i'• ^ «■'>•'''" ™ntiiui.. "l"* 
 
 .i....e;air;;^^/i^T;iie;aj:;i't':i:^-i.^' 
 
 S.r^Janie.s M.ciillocl. forms a coalition ministry 
 „-Siseil'pri':;:^"« ^^''■' '■'»■'"■• '-".?1' 
 liases his income-tax bill with a nnyority of 3 "'■ 
 
 ra>'a.eni'tf!!l;;!e:':'lT::^;^-^2,K-<i^'V>r 
 El;Tti.ins: trinniph of ,irntcetionw(^?'^|;!'-]^l"''' 
 
 ,iH'''at;;s'-^^:i"^"-"-'"r'^;f 
 
 't- 1. 
 
 'C. ,, 
 
 b. 1866 
 
 """' "''^"■"""'"-^■••.nusep,.d„;::;;;l^ 
 
 ?'Ki'^v;^ii^;:::T;:l7,?i,7'v-'''«-!''- 
 "d,t;r" — -"..iii,t^!('ri,, ,,,1;. 
 
 ';™Pl;^:S^i^•;;:l^,^j;lVl'••'r''■'^-'• 
 
 -:;^n,.Mandi; new ni^lli^ :,;;:;;;/- ;;i;;;;;;;t 
 
 Mr Si.rv ,,.„■« r,.roMii hill r,.i,.,.i'.. I ', ' J ■^'"iiili, 
 'ion of the assent I. ■''•'■'•*■'"'"' ; ' Lssiilii' 
 sipis . '""""'I'lJ. ay June; the -ididstry r,'. 
 
 Mr l)i'n.yi'.,m,snnililni.i ' ' '4i|nly, 
 
 '^'-•'1 hi'lly and sum- of his l-'iiil; ,',f 1 .I i "**•'"'>•■ 
 
 ultii' eiiininiitlnii 1, „.„,., ^ , " ' ' ''nsliraiiKuiii 
 
 Melliiinrne '^^^^ eaptured and .sent to 
 
 fMena.U,a,alexhllii,i;iuatMell„,urne,';^;,^fi';':t: 
 
 The n.a,',,uis,r.\ ,,','' ,'''''''^''>\, • •'nly 
 . ll''nry llroinila.,. ... "'....":'""•'<. -^l"''''!' ; «ir 
 
 ■ 8781 
 
 •Sj9 
 
 880 
 
 1867 
 
 i863 
 
 1873 
 
 1877 
 
 11... .•,"■•"■ V' ''"laianiiv 
 
 Ml s i'^ V"'"'""""" •""-•'' "il Tei'iis- • ■ A',,,:;; 
 
 Ml. henlee, preuiuir, promotes a eonnMeralinn'Ml, 
 
 r-^;:e:'iJrte:!:";;,;;":;'-''-"v-*i^:ie!l"^^ 
 
 ■885:8,7,4,5/" '• ""''■'"■* 3'/''.<xW., ., J„|v, 
 N''W nimlsliy uiiiler lion, liunean Oillies •"/in,',',^,' 
 N'.val ileMico act pasaeil with royal' Iissi:;^; 
 
 ./i-i-n ,„ (■hiues?, iS't'?,:;''''''"'''" "■"'""""• 
 
 I'arl iai,„.„t opeui'd hv Mr ' 'c F i,"','*'"""' 
 iietiiiKKovernur ' '• ""hinsoii, 
 
 The irriitatiiin w.'aks of .Messrs' Cliai'i'"'' 'i,' ' ■'^"'"' 
 Anienean llrm on the Mi ri-i Hi;.,^ '^ ' !"^' "^ 
 ;'i'»slul; sir Henrv Pikes' ,?,"•'"'""• '".I ""o- 
 
 both sides of the riiJA^'Zu^w:!::""" 
 
 't";::! " ■ '■"' '-^^ ll.e'.,iin,a,, nX 
 
 The i,ri.teetio;ii.,t tH.,i«i:t pu^^ed ' . "''"'" 3' '';,'• 
 Ueparlnre of sir Ilmrv II I ..i, ,' . ^ 
 
 }^£;:fV*■?-^^™-'--™'^''^ 
 
 Arrival of tli„ earl and coniitess of Ilopctoun,' '""'" 
 IrriRationeonffrcnceat .Mellmiii-i, ./• t .,=^8 \ov. 
 
 h«iiea, 280.0C0/. a'h-«„?ea ilX llfae)?^ "''■'''■ 
 
 Mr. I). Gillie.,' prosjier. .„.s budget '^ *'"''' V''' 
 
 "i5;:'^;;n!:^irrii!-'';a/^",3o'.^n 
 '?™e ^(^'^iS^ i^iinlniNV!^- 
 
 I'ilities, 640,440/ ' ' °'''''' "^^l'"''teil lia. 
 
 S^/'ZiSi!^':^^;?^er-i:i • • ,.3 
 
 U.tre.^^tliro„.h wai/t of work; relief 1^!^ 
 
 , io iij ru u scj. . ]iar!lamcat opuiiud, 
 
 Failnrnoftho Moreaiitilo Bank af .\i.,ti-.li.IrMl.-i'' 
 bourne); about ,,000,000/. ! - to F 1 d n 
 creditors ; 2 liiinidators'appoiuted at a m^etbi;,'' 
 
 6 0cL 
 
 I'.-^i 
 1884 
 
 1 83 5 
 1 883 
 ■ 336 
 1887 
 1 383. 
 
 1889, 
 
 1890- 
 
 
 
 

 
 VICTOEIA. 
 
 1182 
 
 VICTORIA NYANZA. 
 
 
 
 liili 
 
 •ri:* 
 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 Doaillock ; iliircreiicn lietwpen tlie two houiii's ri'. 
 si«c'tiiiK now sUiiiip <liitiP3, nbou 19 Oct. ; 
 torminuti'il 29 Nov. 1892 
 
 Ccatli of sir .liinn-s Miicliain, preskUMit of tli« 
 l(i;.'islntiv(' (•oiiiicil, ag<'rl 64 . . .4 Nov. „ 
 
 Dwitrli ofi'liii't.iii.slici' licorno Hi(,'iiil)ntlniii, stiiti-s. 
 man, fii\. a^'i'il 65, ivporteil 2 Jan. ; siicci'i'ili'd 
 liy Mr. MiuMiMi 6 .Ian. 1893 
 
 ■Till! HJuiils niinistr.v defeated (45-42), i3 Jan. ; 
 rcisiKtis ly Jan. ; Mr. J. H. Patterson forms a 
 ministry, 20 Jan. ; polioy of rHtrenclinient, i Feb. ,, 
 
 'J'liur of ll'ie uarl uf llopitonn in Australia, &c., 
 
 24 Jan. „ 
 
 Messrs. Cliarles Stajiles and Sydney Allrij,'lit, 
 directors of tlie An^do-Anstralian banli, and 
 others, sentenced to imprisonment (Staples, 
 5 years; Allriylit lined 100/.; Uoliert Dilley, 
 2 years) S-24 Marcli, „ 
 
 .'Diriictors, nianajjiir, and anditors of tlie Mercantile 
 bank of Australia cliarjied with consjiinicy to 
 defraud, S .March ; all aeipiitted, e.\ee|it sir 
 Slatthew D.ivies and Mr. K. Millid^'e, 3 .May, who 
 are commilteil for trial, 11 May; proseention 
 iit'ip\»\\, iiiillr jir'iM'liii . . . 17 .May ,, 
 
 .Snspunsiun of l.nndun Chartered Bank of Australia, 
 
 25 April, II 
 
 banking crisis in Melbourne ; 5 bank holidays pro- 
 claimed, 30 April : disregarded by some banks. 
 
 May, ,1 
 
 The City of MellHiurne bank .stopped payment, 
 
 16 May, ,1 
 ISee AiLilriillii, May, 1893.] 
 
 iSir M. Davies escapes; Mr. Millidgo detaine<l, 
 31 Ma,. ; sir M. Uavies arrested at Colombo, 16 
 June ; "both ccjmmitted for trial . 26June, „ 
 
 Estinnittid linancial dcllcit in 1892-3 about 
 i,o6S,ooo?. ; balance of debt, 960,000/. . 30 June, „ 
 
 The tmnk of Victoria and the City of Melbourne 
 liank re-npen 19 June, ,, 
 
 Meeting of parliament ; retrenchment proimsed by 
 the governnr 28 June, ,, 
 
 •Other banks re-upeii . . . 29 Ju^'.oand July, „ 
 
 Sir M. Davies at Melbourne, July ; proceedings 
 stopped 3 Aug. „ 
 
 The animal budget shows a delicit of 960,188/., 
 19 July ; the issue of 1,250,000 treasury bonds 
 authorized 17 Oct. ,, 
 
 The trial of sir Matthew Uavies, Mr. F. Millidge, 
 , and Mr. .Muntz, on charges of fraud, begun, 
 iq Feb. 1894 ; aciiuitted ... 7 March, 1894 
 
 Annual budget : revenue, 6,719,000?. ; expenditure, 
 7,384,000/ 31 July. I. 
 
 The iiarliament prorogueil . . . .29 Aug. „ 
 
 <ieiieral election ; opposition majority ; defeat of 
 free-traders 20 Se|it. „ 
 
 Resignation of sir James Patterson ; nnnistry 
 formed liy .Mr. George Turner . . 27 (Sept. „ 
 
 Parliament' re-o]iened ; the earl of Hopetciun Jjro- 
 poses linancial reform and revision of the tarill', 
 iic 30 Oct. „ 
 
 Mr. (aft. sir) G. Turner's budget; 528,000?. delicit 
 on the year, to be met by direct taxation^ on 
 land and' inc<aMes, &c 7 Nov. ,, 
 
 The government .lefeated on a ni"tion for i.'duc- 
 tion of salaries of members aniK. hers . 8 Jan. 1B95 
 
 The proposed land and income tax bill rejected, 
 
 10 Jan. ,, 
 
 Salary of fut\ire governors re " iced to 7,000/., 
 
 24 Jan. I, 
 
 Lord Brassev ajiiminted governor . . Jan. „ 
 
 The income-tax bill passed, iB Jan. ; by the council, 
 
 23 •!""• .. 
 
 Parliament prorogued ... 19 March, „ 
 
 ileparture of the earl and countess of Hojietoun 
 from •!';lbourne ; much regretted . 26 March, ,, 
 
 Expenii.liire to be reduced to avoid extra taxation 
 annnunced April, ,, 
 
 Itevenuo for 1S94, 6.719,151'-, reporteil . 30 June, ,, 
 
 Immediate liquidation of the Melbourne bank 
 orde--d 6 Aug. „ 
 
 Tariir . .rm bill passed (new duties and sonu: re- 
 ductions) 15 'Jc''- 11 
 
 Arrival of lord and lady Brassey . . . 25 Oct. „ 
 
 Death of sir James Patterson, stfltesman . 25 Oct. „ 
 
 One man one vol, ' d woman's sullrago bill, passeil 
 liv the legislative assembly . . 28 Nov. ,, 
 
 n'cjiiien's suarago bill rejected by the legislative 
 
 CUUUCU • I . • • • 12 l^eC- II 
 
 Fedi>ral enabling bill passed by both houses, 28 Feb. 
 
 Parliament opened by lord Brassey with a clieerl'nl 
 speetdi 23 Jniit', 
 
 Delicit for 1895-96, 76,829/. ; reported . 16 Sept. 
 
 C'lin.^titution amemlment bill (female .sulVrage and 
 one man one Vdte) read 2nd time, after an all 
 night sitting, gOct. ; bill passed by the a.s.seiiibly, 
 29 Oct. ; suspended by the council . Dee. 
 
 Sir Ferdinand von Mueller, K.C.M.G., F.H.H., born 
 June, 1825, eminent botani.st, explorer, 1847 (/ 
 .w;., died 9 l><'t. 
 
 Strike of marine engineers; tratllc au.spemleil, 
 
 Dec. -Jan. 
 
 Sudden death of sir Wm. John Clarke, beiiefact(.r, 
 ed 65, at Mcdbourne ... 15 -May, 
 
 ■ 8.;5 
 
 Diamond jubilee celebrations 
 
 20 June 1 1 .• 
 
 ■I- 
 
 Parliament openi'd by lord Brassey, congratnl:itoiy 
 
 aililre.s.ses to the ciueen ... 23 June, ,, 
 
 Long ilrought relieved by rain, announced 5 July, ,, 
 
 Australian commonwealth bill pas,sed by the as- 
 sembly 20 Aug. ,, 
 
 Parliament ilissolved, 28 Sept. ; opened . 26 Oct. ,, 
 
 Several towns in the Wimmera district wreckeil by 
 
 a cyclone 19 Nmv. ,, 
 
 A conference of preini(!rs meets at Melbourne, 1:^.1 a 11. i: ,; 
 
 Acute distress on account of bush lires, relieffuiid 
 
 opened r6 .Ian. ,. 
 
 Great beat, renewed bush lires, many ho'indess, 
 
 re)iort("l 4 Feb. ,, 
 
 Sir John .Madden ajiiiointeil acting governor during 
 
 the absence of lord Brassiiy , . 23 March, ,, 
 
 General rains, end of the drought . . 25 M.iy, ., 
 
 100,520 votes for, 22,099 against the Commonwealtli 
 
 bill; repoited 17 .lime, ., 
 
 Revenue for 1897, 6,886,663/. • • • 30 June, „ 
 
 VICTORIA, on Vancouver's islnnd, foiimlil 
 1857 ; decliircd capital of Uritish Columbia, u-hiA 
 
 VICTORIA, see Jloxg Konif, Vancoiiviri 
 Island, hocks, Thamen 1870, Wrecks 1852, JIiiIm 
 Columbia, jynri/ of EikjIiuhI, 22 June, l8i)j, aiij 
 Mansion-hoxst: Fund, 1893. 
 
 VICTORIA, 11 British colony in Ambas bav.nii 
 the West African coast, originally a liapti^t 'mi;- 
 sionury settlement, anne.\cd 19 July, 1884. 
 
 Ceremoniously transferred to Germany by consul 
 Hewett and" annexed to Camcroons 28 March, i;:- 
 
 VICTORIA CROSS, a now order of m.^i;t, 
 instituted to reward the gallanti-y of persons (,( ail 
 ranks in the army and navy, 2() Jan. 1856. It i? a 
 Maltese cross made of Uussian cannon from Seljio- 
 topol. Tlio queen onnferrod the honour on i; 
 persons (of both services) on Friday, 26 June, 18" 
 and on many of tlie Indian nrniy, 2 Aug. iSjS 
 and on many since in relation to recent w.ir-, 
 Victoria and Albert Order of Kniglitliood for huIi.-, 
 India, instituted 10 Feb. 1862. Uoyal Victuii.ii 
 Order of Knighthood, F^nKhiiul, instituted hy ill; 
 queen, to confer honour.on persons, British iii.! 
 foreign, wlio have rendered service to lierselt', :j 
 April iSqb. 
 
 VICTORIA EMBANKMENT, &c., s« 
 under T/iiimis. 
 
 VICTORIA INSTITUTE, or PiiiLOsnriii- 
 CAL Society of Grf:at Britain, estabhshro , 
 
 22 June, 1865; its primary object behig tlie attuajt j 
 to reconcile apparent discrepancies between Cliri'.- 
 tianity and science. 
 
 VICTORIA NYANZA, a lake in E. Ccntrl 
 Africa, 30x1 miles long, 90 miles broad, discoviiv; 
 by capt. John H. Speke in 1858, and explereJ !( 
 him and capt. J. A. Grunt in 1862 ; circu!uniivii'«'"i 
 by Mr. II. M. Stonley in 1875. Col. J. II. Si* 
 was iiccidentttUy killed by his own gun, 15 Stpl. 
 iiJ64. Col. J. A. Urwt divd ii Feb. i8g2. 
 
CTORIA NYANZA. 
 
 ijWll pnssoil l)y Imtli liousoH, 28 Feb. 
 iiitl l)y lord Hrassey witli a clieerful 
 
 23Jiin1', 
 
 ■1)6, 76,829/. ; riiiioited . 16 Wiijit. 
 iiiMiiliiiuiit bill (I'iMiiiilc! .siilVniK" iiiiil 
 
 viiti') i-i'iid 2iiil tiiiiii, iiftc'i- nil ull 
 9()i't. ; bill jiassiil by tlieiissHiiiblv. 
 tMiilt'il by tiuM'nnneil . I'l'r, 
 
 1)11 Muullcr, K.C.M.G., K.K.H., born 
 iiiineiit botanist, e.vjilorer, 1847 il 
 
 9 Oct. 
 
 le enginoeis ; traftlc BusiKUnlml, 
 
 |)i>c.-.Ian. 
 f sir Win. Jolin Clarke, beiieliictor, 
 
 Ibonrni! , ■ . 15 .May, 
 
 1895 
 
 ^ celebratioii.s 
 
 20 Jiiiif 
 
 I by lord Brassey, congratnlatnry 
 
 he (ineen ... 23 .June, ,, 
 
 I'lii'ved by niin, nnnoiinoeil sJniy, ,, 
 monwealtli bill jinssod by the as- 
 
 zo Anj:. ,, 
 
 olveil, 28 Sept. ; opened . 26 Oct. ,, 
 I the Wiininera district wrecked by 
 
 ig Xin-. ,, 
 
 [iromiersinet;tsat ^lelbonrnr, rvbiii. i;,^ 
 on account of bush llres, relief I'luid 
 
 16 .Ian. „ 
 
 lewed biwh llres, many hol|leh'^<s, 
 
 4 Keb. „ 
 
 n aiipointed acting governor iliiriiin 
 
 f lord lirassey . . 23 March, „ 
 
 nd of the drought . . 25 M.cy, ., 
 r, 22,099 against the Coinnionwcaltli 
 
 I 17 .lune, ,, 
 
 )7, 6,886,663!. . . . 3oJnnc, „ 
 
 'A, on Vnncouvor's island, foundcil 
 il ciipital of Uritish Columbia, ic/iuii 
 
 A) see ITo>iff Konif, Vancotivn-'i 
 , Thami'K 1870, Wrecks 1852, IhitM 
 VII of EiKjluiul, 22 June, 1893, imi 
 v'Fund, li>>')T,. 
 
 A, a British colony in Ambas bay. mi 
 Clin const, nriginully a liaptlrt mi;, 
 iicnt, anne.\cd 19 July, 1884. 
 
 transferred to Geniiany by consul 
 niiexed to Caineroons 28 March, ill- 
 
 A CROSS. 11 new order of <hvt.\. 
 ;\vard the gallantrv of persons (.f ;ul 
 nny and navy, 21) Jan. 1856. It i 
 nude of Russian cannon from Seljiiv 
 queen conferred the honour on (.' 
 h services) on Friday, 26 June, iX": 
 of the Indian nrniy, 2 Aug. l^^. 
 ■ since in relation to recent wan. 
 .Ibert Order of Knighthood for ladu^. 
 ted 10 Feb. 1862. Itoyal Victoiiaii 
 ghtlidod, England, instituted hy th- 
 rier honour.on persona, liritisli ai,i; 
 have rendered service to herself. :j 
 
 A EMBANKMENT, &c., sa 
 
 A INSTITUTE, or PiiiLO.sonii- 
 { OF GiiEAT Britain, cstai)lisii.ii 
 
 ; its priniarj- object being the iittii.ii't 
 iparent discrepancies between I'hri:- 
 ;ence. 
 
 :A NYANZA, a lake in E. Ccnlr;:; 
 iles long, 90 miles broad, discoveri'l 
 , H. Speke in 185H, and cxplercJ I'l 
 J. A. Grant in 1862 ; circumnavik'niiJ 
 . Stanley in 1875. Col. J. II. Sftt 
 illy killed by his own gun, 15 Sk'pt. 
 , A. tirtuat (livd ii Feb. 1892. 
 
 , '364(see'.V,7,'.-,V,',r:.[;:,;.;',;-^ sn)..aniuel Whit,, bala.. in 
 
 ^«;^;:^.>'r;^;!;:a^^rnanii:ri;i'r-^"^V'^*'^-"-^'- 
 
 innjestrs conini ssione," orwn , s ''i"''.'"''*''' '"■'' 
 ['".■chase certain lamN or a , .ff ..""'J ""'if ^ ,'» 
 «um of -2.000/ nised I,.- ti, ■ ' "''• "''"' "le 
 of Vorklh.Ce t, K • k'": ^'""" •"■'. I'.v "'t' .sale 
 
 act described the lalld to t^o'pu,'; 'I's il''''' /'''"' 
 mg 2(>0 acres, situate in t)w. . ' • i '' '"'itaili- 
 
 Hacktu'v; ,St M i ,0 v ' ', ""•'f''^''^ "» St- John, 
 
 ^Ia^y, .Stratford:';,-, ;• T ^m .k"r iT ' "'"1 ''' 
 and opened to the public in K,- i , . ;'""'l'lcted 
 liurJett-Coutts m'es e, to, ,i^" V"'-' (^'"'" ^^'""') 
 t'.untain, ,and w; s , .'se ' at if -"in"""' ''""^""~' 
 
 «; recognition seA.ice,2.'^11:.;;';]l:;^'t: 
 , A'ICTORIA RAILWAY TfRrnnr^ u , 
 
 Mr, Kobcrt sIc il^.^f,^' ^rTt'^R "' 
 oiigmeers, was begun ■>! J|.iv ■«- , !.• '"'^*'' 
 
 C'liclsca bridge; the h .] ,1 si- f T'!' "'"" "'■^^' I 
 Slimmer level .if t le r ve ■ ,„, Vll 1 '"''"■'■''" ""' 
 
 VIENNA. 
 
 f'^^THi^'J^^'^^-^^n, of ,00 guns, the 
 
 I'-t in a violent te 1, .( ,.'!i '-■ '" '■"-'"'"'- "''^ 
 '""' i'-^ ^"Irairal .s 1 ,' 1; . .;', ""'■"> ■^l''""'ey. 
 ""'"■■' soirs, and the w, I : "''' '"* -''""'■'- 
 
 :"-",i.erisbedVtl^ 1 l'!:":;-';!>'^'''-'^ 
 
 i^^r«!;-:'ift--^'K'^''''''^>^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 I mouth. •^' ' ' *" '"'« P'-eservution at I'ort... 
 
 •'n-i.i III III, 
 
 It'.bert Schomburgk i xW .! \ '"".. ''" ^"' 
 
 ^l-ai;in^8,,i:t^;;,^:,----mthe 
 
 2'ylS^?8^^-^ STEAMER = sunk ; see » W., 
 V 
 
 - .^.. ... .i„.j ,, m-uinairom iXi- to iSii- ., 
 
 oiieued ,n the New (iallery, U-'geJit^'st ee f'Vj 
 l'>jr, and clo.sed 2 Anril I,^m ti, ' ■ 
 
 ratroM, ami the prince fWales'w.,/^''''-" V' 
 
 "cuiufactiires, bv means of n, A.,i; . "'^."^1" ' • "«, and 
 
 '■.^iios, books, '.i,od;^:';;;,s;js:'&^' '"'''"'''''■ ''•"""'^' 
 
 .,„u^;iCTORIAN ERA Kxhibition at KarlV 
 
 '"S,^A :•;^;;l''pr:'''M''^"''■'''l•'■^'■'•fcam- 
 ^-'^iii^n^ra^ITY «,nsti,utea f.r ' 
 
 '^""..WMriClr'hall'rllllul^i^i./'fs/f"^"" -^ 
 
 ^we;!:i!!l,:r''^V^^;i;r^''''''-"''^'^'''-''»t 
 
 son for „^ ■ •'"""'l""Ms of the smaller 
 
 ^'lo^bM'lh::'^;;:;:;;^,,';"';'!''-!'""^^ -<- ^^-^ntci 
 
 ■' iberin Km! ,1 ',,';;;''• ^•;■aneis .Mi,..|,el 
 
 Ki.:^a;;;i,"l^'?;;^'V^P-^i'"i"^.sr° 
 
 '4,o8oMol.il',l8,„5;'i '""' '5'°«': "•'■■la'xl, 
 ,"l;|'g and and will's, ;Vo23ii, ' " ' ■ 
 
 Thepre.scribe.ir ',';;\i;;;.',',,,f{™'5tdl„p.,,. . ', 
 
 127. .!52 lil'eilCis ucri. i«sn,.,l f .'.I ■ , ■ ■ ■ 
 
 '•'■''>■'•. '""I 1'e.TV i th' I- .fW'" ?■■"" "f ''«■■•. 
 
 , I'M' the sale of »i irits re .■..'..."'"'.'■'^■'^S licences 
 
 : t::: ivi,.,i,aii.!,;;.';^,i„^;; -s^o^^ 
 
 '■"vested in tl M ,,," ''t . ,'?;,°°°^?» ■. «^'i'l »" )■« 
 li'Hllers aelivelv , ,, ',,.! v ,; .T''« '"■'■»•<'■' ' vic- 
 
 Lu.e,rs,.d Victuallers i„ „,„ 
 
 ';V''"?olK;l^l:*;*'-j:-;;wassaidtoha?.:i:;iia„:^a 
 pa:;bM,,n,sesin,rch;;,,l'rd:;i,'z:^;^'-^i;;.t 
 
 I'.'iynient for lieen.scs ra'ised ' • • '6 Aug. ig^g 
 
 June, i83o 
 
 1603 
 1621 
 17^0 
 
 1850 
 
 1889 
 
 1828 
 185s 
 
 1858 
 1803 
 827 
 
 n.oo 10 Uli 
 
 ,-— ■■■■eilsed vic- 
 Uruce's licensing 
 
 siiiiim,.r of ,871 
 Lu.tc.1 Kingdom " 
 1872 
 
 VrCTlTALLING OPFrrp n > s . 
 
 "'^'"■■'.^"1^' the victiudling .^■{Pf,.^ .^"n''""), f»r 
 'ii^titiited Dec. 1662 Tb ■ ""' '""'J'' "'"S 
 
 .^ionci-s was five • t e. Wn-di "''"''' "^ ''""'»»«- 
 
 Katlnirine-s, a ? {« ,' "h'"^' "" ^ "«■'•'-'»' L St. 
 lJ<'Plford iti'Au" ,-S ' th' T' '■'''""^•^''' to 
 
 ofVi^,^Jl.i<i!!i: ^rSrir'f""''^ ^~P'<"1 
 of the German empire,- 'i!':"^^,4:;,;^t"al ''."Pit"' 
 the^.Wan^„uJio„;^^^-i;-^;^-p.;^of 
 
 -nftl];'^^I^;^-r^'^'^''>™'.thcM,^nin: 
 
 forced to m e Ui" ■ i l^Hin, '"1"" ' ''.'" '"' "'"^ 
 bis best troops ^" "'"' ""^ '"'^x "f 70.000 of 
 
 Besieg,.d by the Turks . ' ' ' ' •, , • 
 
 Caiitnreil by Xajioieon r " " ' '^l'"'- 
 
 1 estore.l on the eoncl.i.,ion' of pV,oe " " ',1 i'v' 
 
 t ongi-e.ss of .sovereigns at Vienii i ' '''v "• 
 
 Imperial Academy of .^ciQuccsfitmaca ' "'■ 
 
 1136 
 
 194 
 
 '559 
 
 16S3 
 
 1806 
 
 l8og 
 
 A 
 
 1 '1 
 
 1814 
 1846 
 

 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 ll'i'il 
 
 
 ' f 
 
 ''"fflf 
 
 •1, '"' 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 . r! . 4 
 
 ihI 
 
 111 r!: 
 
 !h 
 
 
 VIENNA. 
 
 1184 
 
 VIENNA. 
 
 Tlic revolt ill Huiigar)' induces an insun'eetioii in 
 Vienna i3 Marcli, 1848 
 
 Conferences resjiccting the Russo-Turkisli war lieM 
 at Vienna* '853-5 
 
 The rc.rtilicationsilenioliaheil, and the city enlarfe'ed 
 and lieaiuified 1857-8 
 
 The imiierial parliament (Reichratli) assenildes 
 )iP]-,. 31 May, i860 
 
 The I'nissiaiis encanip near Vienna ; state ul siej;e 
 prciciaiMieil Jnly, 1866 
 
 Visited liv tlie sultan .... 27 Jnly, 1867 
 
 IJew iiaia'ce uf the linearts funndeil by the eniiiemr 
 
 aliunt i3 Wept. i863 
 
 The Kreat international exhihition ope 1 l>.v the 
 
 enipei-or; the prince of Wales and many di.L'ni- 
 taries present i May, 1B73 
 
 [Thi' enoiiiions huilding with annexes was desi^-ned 
 bv Mr. Seott Hnssidl, niustalily sippie-liil l.y the 
 Anstriaii engini'ei-s ; the ■^ratjil central roliuida 
 312 leel in dianiefer, with lolly dmiie, is an 
 exaf-Tciated I'antheun, snspended on iron girders 
 in place of masonry, and dwarfs St. I'eter's at 
 Home. I 
 
 Gri-al liiiaTieial failnres • alfect all Enrope. 9 May, ,, 
 
 Visit ot the czar, 1-7 .Inne ; of the .shah of I'lTsia 
 
 JO .Inly, ,, 
 
 Prizes to (■xhiliitors presented by the archduke 
 Albert 18 Aug. ,, 
 
 Visit of Victcjr Knimannel, kin}; of Italy, 17-22 
 Sept.; of the empi'ror of Dermany 17-23 Oct. ,, 
 
 ■Waterw<]rks iiianf.'nria.'d by the emperor 24 Oct. ,, 
 
 The exhibition clo.sed .... 2 Nov. ,, 
 
 New bed of the llannbe inangnrated . 30 May, 1876 
 
 Johann Zich throws a stone at Unssian anibassadur 
 
 19 Jan. 1882 
 
 International art exhibition opened . i April, ,, 
 
 The King tlieatre destn>ye.! by lire, caused by the 
 fall of a lar^'e spirit lamp, 447 persons 
 I)erished out of about 2000, 8 Dec. 18B1 ; [aceiisa- 
 tioiis of culpable negligence] ; imprisonnieiit 
 deer I 16 May, ,, 
 
 Riot of .shoi'inakers aial others suppressed by mili- 
 tarv 7-8 Nov. „ 
 
 International exhibition of graphic art, &c. 
 
 15 Sept.-l Nov. 1883 
 
 Electric exhibition ... 16 Aug.-j Nov. ,, 
 
 Anarchist i-onspiracy to burn Vienna on the niglit» 
 of 3, 4 Oct. ; delected ; premises in the suburbs 
 (ired. 27 Sept. ; 17 men arrested and houses 
 searched, bondis, &c. discovered, and police 
 disguises ; ann(amce<l .... 10 Oct. ,, 
 
 Great international hygienic congress opened by 
 crown prince Hudulph .... 26 Sept. ,, 
 
 Bi-ceidenarv of the siege raised by John Sobii'ski, 
 kingofrolaiel, celebrated . . 12 Sept. ,, 
 
 The imperial parliament meets in its now grand 
 iiouse early in "ec. ,, 
 
 Much disalleetion ; see .(lic'r/ii . . .Jan. 1884 
 
 Awful storm ; destruction of life and property 
 
 10 Dec. „ 
 
 Josepli I'ircher, a gilder, secretly climbs up the 
 
 I steeple of St. Stephen's cathedral and places a 
 
 » A conference of the four great jiowers, Kngland, 
 France, Anslria, and Prussia, was held 24 July, when a 
 note was agi- ' on and transmitted foracceiitanceto St. 
 retersburg a • onstantinople, 31 Jnly. Thi.-i note 'vas 
 accejited by the czar, 10 Aug., but the sultan reiiuired 
 inodilicatioiis, wdiicli were n-jected by Uii.ssia, 7 Sejit. 
 The suUans note (31 Dec.) cont<iined four points :— 
 I. The promptest iio.ssible evacuation of tin' princi- 
 palities. 2. Revision of the treaties. 3. Maintenance 
 of religious privilegi's t<5 the communities of all con- 
 fessions. 4. Adelinitesettlement of the ciinvention re- 
 specting the holy places. It was approved by the four 
 powers, and the "conferences closed on 16 Jan. iS54.~A 
 new confeienee of jilenipotentiaries, from Great liritain 
 (lord John Russell), Kraiici! 'M. Dronyn de I'llnys), 
 Auslria(count liuul), Turkey (Arif Kllendi), and Russia 
 (count ilortsehakoll), took place, March, 1854. Two 
 IKilnts. the protcclorate of tin; priiicipalitiesand the freci 
 navigation of the Dannbe, were agreed to ; but the pro- 
 posals ol the iiowers as lo the reduction of thi! Russian 
 power in the liiack Sea w.-re rf,ieetvd by the ezsr, and th« 
 confi-rence closed, 5 ,Iune, 1854. The English and French 
 envo'- ■ assent to the Austrian projiosilions was not ap- 
 proved of by their governmenta, and they both resigned 
 tiioir olllclal positions. 
 
 banner on the cross (432 German feet high) and 
 desrenils safcdy .... 17, 18 Aug. iE;6' 
 Tlic empiTor retires, 17 May ; returns . Afig. ,, 
 A second insurreeticin ; Count Latiinr, the war 
 
 minister, is mnnlered .... 6(>et. ,. 
 The emperor again takes flight . . .7 Oct. ,, 
 Vienna is Ijnndiardi'd by Windischgriitz and 
 Jellaehieh, 28 Oct. ; its capitulation . 30 Oct 
 International art c'Xhibition opened . 3 March, iSsi 
 Grand inouumeTd of the empress (pieen Maria 
 Thi'i-esa inaugurated in the presence of the 
 emperor and empress . . . .13 May, ,, 
 National imlustrial I'xhibilion opened in honour of 
 the 40th year of the cnijieror's reign, i4tli May ; 
 
 chjsed 31 "I't- .. 
 
 Grand funeral of Reethoven on the removal of his 
 remains from Waliring cemetery to the central 
 cemetery at SimmiM-ung . . . 2.! June, ,, 
 Goldsmiths' exhibition opened . . 22 April, i;:y 
 Strike of tram-car men, .-inti-semitic rioting sup- 
 pressed by the military ; close of strike, 
 
 22-24 April, „ 
 The grand Natural History museum opened by the 
 
 empercir 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Strike of about 15,000 masons for increased ]iay, 
 
 31 March, iS^.-- 
 General agitation, with intimididiun, of wdikmeii, 
 
 April, ,, 
 Riots suppressed by ndlilary . 8 Al>ril i( w.;. ,, 
 'J'lii' great enlargement of the city by the incorpora- 
 tion of the snbiirl>s onlered, Dec. 1890; com- 
 pleted Di'c. i;.i 
 
 I'rank Schneider and Rosalie his wifis seidenced lo 
 ileatli for the cruel murder of .several servant 
 maids, whom they decoyed into a wood ne.ir 
 Vienna, June (( sc'v., 16-29 Jam; he is exeeutefl 
 (sin- IS impris(Uied for life) . . 17 March, i;,.- 
 International /insieal and dramatic exhibition, 
 IMesideid, .irch-duke Charles Louis, opened by 
 
 the emperor 7 Hay, .. 
 
 Visit of prince Rismarck, 19-23 June ; marriage of 
 
 his son llerliert .... 21 June, ,. 
 
 Many strikes, early May ; labour riots, 22 Aug. i;.; 
 International fine art I'xhibition, openeil ; 
 
 6 March, i-cj 
 International exhibition, relating to military and 
 sjiortiiig affairs, &c. ofiem/d by llie emijcvo'- 
 
 20 April, ,, 
 About 50.000 men on strike . . . May, ,, 
 Destructive hailstorm, 4 deaths, much pr„perty 
 and trees destroyi'il, birds killed . 7 June, 
 Monumental triumphid arch commemoratiug the 
 didiverance of Vienna by John .S.diieski in 1685 ; 
 unveiled bv the emperor Francis Jo.seph in St. 
 Stephen's c'athi'dral . . . 13 i^cpl. 
 Municipal I'lection ; Dr. I.iiger, anti-siMuitic leader, 
 elected burgomaster. Anfi-semitie demoiistia- 
 tions against the liberals ; the eoiincil dissolveil ; 
 an imperial coimuission appointeil ; re-eli'ction 
 deferred ; government censures of demonstra- 
 tions, 29, 30 May, 1895; Dr. I.iiger re-elect.'d, 
 29 < let. ; his election hot sanctioned by the em- 
 peror 5 Nov. 1.".; I 
 
 Dr. I.iiger re-i'lected ; the town council dissolved; 
 
 Dr. I-'riebeis aplioiuled imperial commissary ; 
 
 rioting supiiresseil .... 13 Nov. 
 
 Disorderly se4>ne in the reichsrath . . 10 Nov. 
 
 Muiiiciiiai election ; anli-semite victory, 
 
 5 Marcli, ila I 
 Dr. I.iiger re-elected burgomaster, iS April ; le. 
 
 signed 27 Apiil, ,. 
 
 Socialist demonstrations in the I'rater, suppressed 
 
 bv the military i -^hiy, ■. 
 
 IleiT Strobaeli elected burgomaster; Dr. I.iiger, 
 
 deiiuty 6 .May, .. 
 
 Visit of the czar . . . .27 Aug. .( .-. ;. „ 
 Agrarian conference, 10,000 present . 13 Sept. „ 
 Exhibition comniemorative of the centenary of the 
 birth of Franz Schulieri, opened by the em|Mrur, 
 
 20 ,laii. i:;) | 
 Municilial elections; defeat of the anti-semile-i, 
 
 22 iMareli, .. 
 Dr. MIger re-elected burgomaster . . 8Ai.ril. . 
 Exhibition of M. Verestchagin's picture'! (Nap"le"ii 
 
 series) No\. 
 
 Fire at the Stock exchange . . . 20 April, k,; 
 Jubil jf the emiieror's reign, he opens the ex- 
 hibition . . .8 Mu)', „ 
 
'" y M^M BMtate.jsajM, 
 
 ! cross (432 German feet liigli) mid 
 y .... 17, 18 Allj;. iE:>j 
 ires, 17 Miiy; returns . Afig. ,, 
 Teeticiii : Count LiiUHir, tlie war 
 lur.icreil .... 60et. ,. 
 lin tiikes lliglit . . .7 Oct. ,, 
 uliarileil )iy Win(liaeli(;riitz ami 
 Oct. ; itscaVitvilaticm . 30 Det 
 ■t exliiliilUpu oiieni'd . 3 Miircli, i£o: 
 ■nt lit tlie cnniicss (ineen Maria 
 tiurati'il in tlii^ presence (if tlie 
 ■niiiress . . . .13 May, ,, 
 I'ial eN}ul»itinn openeii in lioniiur of 
 of the eiMiieror's leinn, i4tli May ; 
 
 31 (let. ,, 
 
 f Di'i'tlidven on tin' removal of liis 
 
 Waliriiit; cemetery to the central 
 imnieruii)^ . . . 2.: .luiie, 
 liliitidii openeil . . 21; April, i;;^ 
 ear men, aiiti-seinitie riotiii^ sup- 
 the military ; close of strike, 
 
 22-24 April, „ 
 iral History museum openeil hy the 
 
 '. ■ ■ .10 An^. , 
 15,000 masons for increaseil jiay, 
 
 31 March, ilg^ 
 m, with iiitimiilation, of workmen, 
 
 April, .. 
 ■il by milil.-iry . 8 April (/ .<..,. ,, 
 U'emeiit of the cityhy the incorpora- 
 suburlis ortlereil, Dec. 1890; com- 
 
 Dec. i-:,i 
 
 ■r and Rosalie liis wife, sentenced lo 
 a cruel murder of several servant 
 I they decoyed into a wood iie.ir 
 
 (( S17., 16-29 Jan. ; he is executed 
 oiicfl for life) . . 17 March, k^; 
 aiisical and clramatic exhibition, 
 uh-duke Charles Louis, opened by 
 
 7 May, „ 
 
 Iji.sniaiek, 19-23 June ; marria};e of 
 n-t . . ■ ■ 21 J ill, I', „ 
 
 •arly May ; labour riots, 22 Aug. il,>, 
 iiie ait 'exhibition, opened ; 
 
 6 .March, uc( 
 xhibitioii, relating to military and 
 irs, &c. opened by the empevo'' 
 
 20 April, 
 len on strike . . . May, 
 .ilstoriii, 4 ilealhs, iiiucli property 
 troyed, biiils killed . 7 .June, 
 ■iiimiilial arch commemorating llie 
 if Vienna by John .Sidiii-ski in 16B;; 
 the emperor Krancis Joseph in St. 
 hednil . . . i3.Si'pt. 
 
 lion ; Dr. I.iiger, aiiti-seniitic leadiT, 
 :omaster. Anti-semitic demonstra- 
 
 Ihe liberals ; the council dissolved ; 
 commission apjiointed ; re-electimi 
 iverniiient censures of denioiistra- 
 
 May, 1805; Dr. Idiger re-ek'cted, 
 
 election iiot saiictiom^d by the em. 
 
 5 Nov. 1;;,; I 
 
 ected ; the town council dissolved ; 
 1 iippointod imperial commissary ; 
 ressed .... 13 Nov. ,. 
 
 le ill the reichsrath . . ib Nov. ,, 
 -tiou : anti-semite victory, 
 
 5 Miindi, iVf I 
 elected burgoma.ster, i3 A|iril ; iv- 
 
 27 April, 
 
 nslratioiis in the I'rater, suppresMil 
 
 iry I Miiy, 
 
 .elected burgomaster; Dr. l.iigiT, 
 
 6 .>hiy, 
 
 ir . . . .27 Aug. (■( f '/. 
 reiice, 10,000 present . 13 Sept. 
 imiemonilive ot the centenary of tin; 
 iz Schnheii, opened by the empc lor, 
 
 20 Jan. i:;j | 
 :tionM ; defeat of tlio anti-siMidb's, 
 22 Mareii, 
 lected bnrgoinaster . . BAiiiil, .. 
 M. Verestclmgiu's p'ictures (Napolion 
 
 Nov. 
 
 ick exchaiine . . . 20 April, i:,'! 
 i emperors reigii, he opens the es- 
 . 8 May, 
 
 VIENNE. 
 
 1185 
 
 n„ , TKEATIES OF VIRXVA 
 
 I. Hie treaty hotwee,, |h„ e„„„,n,r ,,, r 
 kmK of .Spain, bv vvhie' I, ,',,,'■'"''■'','>• "'''' '!"' 
 other siieh parts of the ,S„,i "'"""' '" '■'di 
 
 the iMiipcroi- em..a;,.,,i to en 1, ,'v ' ^ '' '"'^"te treat v 
 re.stoialioM of iibr IH ■ ' s i" "■''■ t" pi-oc,,,-,, i,,^ 
 
 {i-'-idaeingthe..;;^;:: I,!: ^«''";;'y;i Ion... ,,,,.,;!: 
 
 HntaiM ,sp,,i„ gnaranteel „.'„"■"''" "f «ieal 
 .30 April, ,7.,j. ■'■' ""■ '"Wiiatic function, 
 
 2. Treatyof aliiaiiee bctweMM .1, 
 
 diaries VI.. (;„„,.„ ,[' ,"(, ,,',;" "'''"'' "^ <-'rma„v. 
 he states of Holhoel i;. , -, ' I ,','',;" '"■''•""■ ■■"'•I 
 
 tion «-as gimi-anl | a i,l , 1 ' ''-'"''t"^ •'^aMe. 
 
 .Spanish siiceession t .,■,,, '' ^'"1"^ ''^ to ll,„ 
 
 the treaty on the 22nd J, K- /■l^"'" ,'' to 
 
 '731- ' '^"'>-.' ''Wiel 16 Mai-eli 
 
 '■•^^wailinimkb,;::?,"- '-,-•"■• ^'anesvr , ' 
 
 the latter p,;;!:: ^^ ^ ' ^ "i'-- i^-.i. XV., by ;),:,, 
 
 «;n,clio„, an.l I^n-.Ti,,,', va ,; ," ."p ""' '''"^"■lali,. 
 ':;,^7•• -7S3; see /'-.i.,,*, ,',;,',; '■'■■'"^•■■- «ignel 
 A- Treaty between .Vaooleoi, r f ,. I 
 
 (ILofOeniiauy) f. of'.Viist !■ ' b', i'ri",''" '""I '■"mwis ' 
 lo 1-Vaiice the rcroi Dl„ '; ■ " '" '' '^H'^tria r,.,|,.,i 
 >vliieh weieshoiil . Vl !i'i'";^^'',''^l ''t n.rtemt,,,,,., 
 
 t-".s Kngland ^rl'nS'tn--'' -Ti' 
 
 ^w;;,l:;;i:;Cn::7;,l'^::;i;;!;:;,;^™t'-iv«- 
 
 6. Treaty betwe,.n the kiu' o' the v.ii 1 , 
 
 one part, and (!,,.,.,t iint° ., (,, •'"''''i""''* '■<> "'e 
 
 rassiaon the otlm •. ,",:,; }^'\T'^'- 'Austria, a,„| 
 
 tie Dutch teiTitorie.s, M ,'.;,! ,''," '■"l^"«ciae„t of 
 
 the house of ()r,-,ng,.. . V. ■ I," "'" ^^'''■'''■'■Wdy in 
 
 '■a^d'^C^,;;ni;:,;-i;r'^;^. M Swedish Poiiie,.,,, 
 
 4Juiie."8i,. ^ '""•"'''• "' «.\cliaiij,'e for Lanenburg, 
 3 i.'"iiimi.rcial treaty for twi.i,-,, ,. ^ . 
 
 and Prussia. .Sign;, i v, ■ ..^ ?''l YK""" ''""'^'■'"■ 
 9- Treaty for the nminte ,, ce f V ?rk;.' e' v'^V, 
 
 ■siMitatives of fireat 'irit'iin i.'-^' ''J' "'" ■•''""'■ 
 
 l!,y«ia. .Signed 9 April ,;'!';' '"'"""• Austria, a„d 
 
 "•Treaty of pc^ee betvve .,'(,: 'and if^'^'V-^- 
 given up to Italy. .J Oct. ,866.' "'*' = ^^■'"-•"■" 
 
 '-'^Hsli.p,,,i*^'>^;«^,'^ the ancestors -^f^l',;,, 
 
 .VILLA FRAiVr\ v' ,' ■ ""•"'' 
 
 ^I';''". tin. liih^h nlvalr^'' 'r^' • i""' '•'"'■'■"a, 
 
 ■ I- ■■> '<te:i>M-i,uek..t Stat o, 'l ! , *,';'"■'• »•'» l)oujr),t 
 c.viteinoit.-.vf' Virr P, 'f ' ':•'"■'' P"'ili'^;' 
 
 t'lp eiiip,.i.„i.s „■(■ lY.n,'!::}, ?'f-^>''<^\, ill r,o 
 
 '■^^') O.fter the I , u : 's;,i^"'''T "'"'-'>'i n July, 
 
 ^■^'Mcd the pre;;., i viol ne"^"'''"'")' ""■' '^'l 12 Jut 
 
 ti-tyofz.iri;)!";;:;^;;!:^^;;',/'"-". "1^ imsisonh^ 
 
 [■■^^JblS^fi;, t. "■ I'".M-I. Here 
 •'^P^'ii'. ."''-cthesinr;!. f.-.^'c^' '" '•'■^tii". 
 
 ir;^"^'''^«^''-»--^-a;heCt:L^:'ii'Se:! 
 
 4ffi^^^^' "■• ^"^r-EIX, see .S!,a.>y ,„ 
 
 ,r"S^:,';-r-'l-iF-"-''^^^s:rr 
 
 '''''^■'■'''-^'-^ hut Je!;;^,^;i'f;:- «---;;- 
 
 i«putt:,i2;,hJ; , ;,:^r;-'i)';'''^'''"'-''if^ 
 
 i slwrt reaction in' f-iv, m- of '. ' ^'■'' ■^''-- ■""' ■' 
 Vienne was oanital of ,L-iii' '"?'»" '»"''»-f<l. 
 4,i-' ami 879, a n,i so ot n s ' "-f ^"'■.'^■"■"l.V in 
 
 >3n. Vic,i„o,va8ani.vedtotl.K'" '',"''' "'"'•'^ "' 
 j 1448. .>iini..\ta to tlio t reiieli moiiarclij-, 
 
 I ^miLAXCE ASSOCIATION, .see u„Jor 
 |/S?^88f^^ ^"'^^EK AsSOCrATIOX,.see 
 
 hwh H;efs atVa k, ', ^.'"'"n;'.! Kp.f,^li.sh 'and 
 [Siuiiishgalleo T, ' .± oVv?''' "'i''' '""' *'"•' 
 
 "'r-'j.in.teii;^ ,,,.;';':■•, ■r'''"ic"i.ha>,; 
 
 -it.asaga.,.^akl';;',.;';i:;;-s:^-r-,;l:- 
 
 ^^>^Imi%^,:. Seatblinavia.i chiefs, Swedes ' 
 taswaru, to the countries beyond the 
 
 r>o,H.' a ul^h;^ &;',7"^^•' ««"«' A.neriea). II,,, 
 
 i-ythoiteiiiul,::';;^';;;!^--; totally^ 
 
 I'"P''z and 20,) m,n,,lc,^TJi ;.';■•'' " '>'-. l8f,8. 
 ■■">'» "'0 «-ar was considl.;.^c?^';'J:X, '''''"'' "''"''' 
 
 :£t:!sr^,'^c''k;;'~^^''t,^'fe 
 
 SI oat l-i-..vo,.y, "vas Sla^Iv T'"^' !"'"'" ^^'th 
 '■nii'.iti.d hv ICellerniam H, ■\ "'''"'^cd ; jt „.„, 
 '••wrve, wliich WIS .''■'"''"' "''""■ I'Veneh 
 
 ^'■"■•.^.■dwithth"; vo^" w'^^'- ''''^' "■'•'■"" 
 
 [4t.li centuries. Ho r V ^f v""] *''« '-^"' to the 
 the castle, Loui., d le d'P ml.'"' "^^ "''' <''J«<' of 
 
 . Ihe latter s„„„ after eng ted i , ■ I " "'" ''''="'*»'• 
 I Canbs on the wi,,dw-,,,':d '^i .' ''f' ? ■'^■^p'''l■^t the 
 
 j '■•'■<'«'l;ilar«otractofl ,° 0' ,';; -''J', »■'"'-•'' they 
 I 1/7? the Caribs ffreiiti elf ; ^ '"'**'' '■''"«•»■ In 
 ! of this island by^'tL^ French ^^'."'^f '" "'oreductio, 
 } uiL r rcnch, who, however, restored 
 4 o 
 
 
 ■ :■ ■ -I 
 
 ^;' ii 
 
 m 
 
 III 
 
 If n 
 
 M 
 
 ,t r 
 
t'J' 
 
 I 
 I: 
 
 :|il! 
 
 i. >' 
 
 A'lNCENT DE PAUL, ST. 
 
 118G 
 
 VIEGIN ISLANDS. 
 
 it in i7»3. 
 
 tronlis, 1111(1 1 
 
 178?. Ill 170:; tho ViTiicli Iniuli'd siinio 
 njis, iiiid iifruiii iii.<ti;;atc(l tile C';irilis tii ;iii iiisiir- 
 ivotlMji, whicli was iii.t siil)ilii('(l ;()i' scvcnil iii.'iitlis. 
 The ftiviit eruption u|' (lie Soiiiliiric iiHuiiitiiiii, iiflcr 
 the liipsi' of iiiiu-lv a 1 liirv, "innivd in 1>SI2. 
 Populaticn in i.Soi, 3r.;ss: "in 1881, 40,^.\S; in 
 1891,41,054; sec il'hifhciiil lilcK. 
 Givnt (lc'stnietii)ii df mv :ii|,| iirnp^-tv liv a 
 liunicaiiu 'i5Au^'. :38e 
 
 ^ VINCENT DE TAI'L, ST., CiiAiiiTAiii.E 
 
 SCCIETY fniiiuli'd 111 iSj^, ill 1 laiiii', liv twidvi- 
 jouiijt nu>n. It extends 'its e.xireiiielv lieiielicial 
 openitions into l!,'.taiii. Its jinwir excited the ! 
 jealdusy of tlie Freneli suvernnient, wliicli slip- ; 
 ])ressed its eentnil enmniittee of I'aris, in Oct. iWii,, 
 bt. Vincent lU' I'anl was lioni, 1576; estaldislied 
 tlic conjj:n\ itiun of l,a/aiists, oi- Vinceiitines, 1625; 
 Sistern of t'haiity, 1(134 ; a fuundling liospital, 1648. 
 He died 1660. 
 
 ns providing vine!;ar for liis reii]ier9 (f J[2 11. 1. ^ 
 custom still pievaleiit in Spain and ' 
 
 Italy. 
 
 VIXCY, N. France, 
 defeated the Neustriaiis, 21 
 their country. 
 
 Ileio 
 May, : 
 
 Cliarles Alartel 
 1 7, and acquired 
 
 VINE. The vine was planted !>y Xoah, 2^47 
 B.C. Uoi. ix. 20. A c(d"iiy i<( yinp-dressers from 
 Phocea, in Ionia, setiled"at .Marseilles, and in- 
 structed the South Gauls in tillage, yineclres.c;.|M- 
 and Ciimmeree, ahout kKi n.c. .Some thi..' • ,., 
 yines are ahoritrines of I.anpuedoe, I'loyenpe, and j 
 Sicily, and that tlu'y j;rew spontaneously on the I 
 Mediterranean shores"oi lialy, France, anil Sjiain. i 
 The yine \yas carried into criampafrne, and part of 
 ''j.:nnany, by the eiiiiieror I'rolnis, aliout A,l>. 2'q. 
 The yine and sunar-eane (Vi'i-e ]daiited in .Madeira I 
 ill 1420. In the sardens of Ilanipton-court palace 
 is an old and celehrated yine, said to surpass any 
 known yine in Furope; see Grtiprn, and lf'i)ii. 
 The Tokay yines were p..iiitcd in 1,550. 
 Vine Disease. Jn tlie sia-iuK of 184 = , Mr. E. Tucker, of 
 MarKnte, oljsciTcd a fuii.^'us (since niinipcl Hiilhim 
 Tw!:eri)i)\\ nr-ipcs in tlic Imi-iiouses of Mr. .Slater, of 
 Margate. It is a wliitisli lalMcw, and totally deslroy.s 
 the fruit. 
 The spores of this n'idiinn wore found in the yiiieries at 
 
 Versailles in 1847. The disease ; 11 reached the trel- 
 
 lised yines, and 111 1S50 iiiaiiy l"s '1 their laodiue. 
 In 1852, it sjireail over France, 1 .1 Spain, iSvri.'i, and 
 ill Zante and Cc|ili,iloiiia attackc.l . ..e ■■ anis, reduc- 
 iliy tlie eroji to one-twdftli ofihc usual ai oiinl. 
 Through its ravages, (he wine niauufaetur- in .Madeira 
 
 ceased for several years. 
 Many attenijits have liein iiiaile to aiTcst the progress of 
 this disease, l.ut without iiuicli etleet. Suljiliur dust is 
 the most ellii-iieious remeily. 
 Tl.'C disease had iniieli aliated in France, Portugal, and 
 •Madeira, in iSrt.i In ife.- Califoniian yines were 
 introduceil into the two latter. 
 New malady (niicioseo|-ic insect, j.hjiUorem rastalrix). 
 
 in S. Krance. olrteiveil jggj 
 
 Beaiedy, snlphiiret of enrlion, reconiiiiendeil hy 
 
 M. Dumas Aug. 7873 
 
 >ot suecesslul ; great destruction ; 12,000/. ottered 
 
 for a remedy (uly, ,3,6 
 
 Phylloxera prevalent iu Malaga and France; reported 
 .J_ul,y, Aug. 1878 ; I'orlugai, Italy. Sixain ; Si'pt.- 
 Nov. 1B79 ; appears in Victoria, Australia, Nov. 18S0 
 Phylloxera congress at Honlcan.i . 10 15 Oct. i88t 
 The phylloxeia is said to he exterminated inSwit- 
 
 zerlaiiil by fire >;,,v. 1S82 
 
 riiylloxera ravaging vines on the Douro ; eonse. 
 
 iiueiit emigrations to lini/il ... 7 Feb. 1884 
 risappearanee of tin' j liylloxera in W. Fnoao 
 through the exjii rinicntal resc-arelies of M. I'as- 
 ttur; prosperous vintages reiportul . . 1883-91 
 
 VlNEGAIi. The ancients liad several kinds, 
 which they list il for drink. The lioninn soldi.'!-." 
 ■were acciisioined to take it in their luarehr s. The 
 liihle represcuts Uoiiz, a rich citizen ol Uetliielieni, 
 
 VINEGATMIILL (near Kiiniseorthv. in 
 WexlMi-d. S. K, Irehind). Here tlie Iri.sh r, li, |< 
 headed by I'allu'V John, a ]u-iest, em aiiipediind e..ii,. 
 mitted many outrages on the siirrouudiiig eouiiii\ 
 They were gradiiallv surrounded by tjie ilriii-i; 
 troojis, commanded iiy Lake, 21 .iii'iie, 171J.S, ,ui,' 
 at cr a fierce struggle, 'with nuich slaughter,' tutaVv 
 dispersed, 
 
 VINTNERS, sec ViduaUers. 
 
 VIOL AXn ViOLIX. The lyre of the Gvoch. 
 heranie our harp, and the viol cd'the middle at,. 
 became the vi(din. The viidiii is lueiitioned iiseaih 
 ns I2(X), iu the hgendary lih' id' .St. Christophir. i; 
 was intrnduced into l-aiglaml, some say, by Ch.iili 
 II. Stradiiarius (or Stradivarius) cd' Creii'ioii;i, -.vi,. 
 a renowned violin-maker (l7(xi to 1722). '[]-.,■ 
 I'luinent violinist I'aganini visited Kiiglaud, i,' ;i 
 died at Nice, 27 May, 1840. -Mr. J. T. C'an-n,:i;-, 
 an eminent F:ii;,'lish violinist, died, aged ; ,, 
 12 July, l8()5. 
 
 VIKGINALS; an early keyed instrnmenl . ; 
 
 clie I ind termed (davii hords ; used in the l6tli rin 
 17th centuries; |)layed on by (|ueen Klizald-th ai- : 
 Jiary (|ueen of Scots. Acconiii.g to JohuHiii, / 
 owed its name to uiiing women being the usim' 
 performers. Tallis, Morley, I'urcell, (Jibbom;, an,! 
 bull ci.miiosed for this instrument. 
 
 VIRGINIA, sec Rome^ 449 n.c. 
 
 VIRGINIA, the first Uritisli fottlemenf in 
 North Auierica, was diseo\ered b\- John Cabut ii- 
 I4()7, and w-s taken iiossession of'f ir lialeigli. m,\ 
 named after the virgin-iiueen Elizalietli, 15 Jniv. 
 I5<S4. Vain attemjits were made to settle it in !;.'<:, 
 Two expeditioi^s werelonned by patent in 160(1. ',ii:l 
 otliers ill 1610. In 1(126 it reverted to the cmw:;, 
 and a more pennanent colony was established sm 3 
 afterwards, tjeorge Wasliington was delegate 
 Virginia in the ccnigress of 1774. Faslerii Vir;!iii;( 
 seceded from the Fnion, 25 .\iinl, 1861, but W(-t' ^ 
 Virginia deehirei! for the Liiioii, 13 Feb. and elcilnl 
 a ffoyernor, 20 Fid). 1861 ; became a state iN;, 
 Virginia was a chief seat of the war. The state m.'s 
 readmitted to the congress, Jan. -Feb. 1870; -i^ 
 I'liiliil Sliitis, and Jiic/iiiiond. ropiihition in i*-^'', 
 I.512.565; iSiKi, l,65y()8o; capital, I!ichiiiri;a, 
 \\eotirn Virginia, population, 1880,618,4^7: i^,, 
 762,71)4; capital, AVheiliiig. Iiy the overllowi!:, 
 of a lake near Stnunton, houses 'were swejit n:: 
 and many lives lost, reported I Oct. lSij6. 
 
 VIRGINIA CITY, see Xeiada. 
 
 VIRGIN ISLANDS (West Indies), an c.i^;.::: 
 groii]) discovered by Cohiinbus, (14114) ; Vi'.j, 
 (lorda, Tortola, Anegada, i-e.., and the Ilani.-h hi-. 
 St. Thomas, Santa (,'rnz..and St. Jidin. ropulntii 
 of the llritish iiossessions in l8i)l was 4,639, ^e 
 Lii uanl J.sh',1. 
 
 ']':iil:,hi settled by Hutch buecaneors about 164S; 
 
 expelled by the Fuglisb (who have held it siiar) . iv.f. 
 SI. Tlioimis settled by Haiies 1C72, ami .St. .Inljii 
 a few years alter; licM by the liiitisli if.-i-. ; 
 1S07-15; jiroposcil sale to the I'liiteil .Stabs fii 
 1,500,50 I to be made a "teiritorv." Ii;uii>li 
 proela. ! , . 25 Oct. 1867; purelia'se deeljani 
 liy !' *:' \ . . . 2j March, .Mav, up 
 
 ■ieaiipoir .St. TbcMiias, the Ho/iil 
 ',7eoie and Hi;.' «ire enlini.v 
 -■ inr.ni ,'iiiil />[•/ ei ill, and ab(i\f 50 
 irivcii ashore; about 1000 lars'as 
 
 by !' (:■ 
 Cv a ■ "TO 
 Mail 
 
 Wli.l. 1 
 
 ..ll..r v 
 
 auid to have perL-jhed 
 
 29 Od. i.";l 
 
N ISLANDS. 
 
 VIIUJIML'S. 
 
 for liis roii]icr9 (rir2 ji,i'."i , 
 t ill Si)iiiii iiiul It.-ily. 
 
 [jL (iiciir Kiiiii.-ic(irt)iv, ii-. 
 iiiiil). Ilcif tlic IrisU r, 1,1 1. 
 u, 11 jiricst, (IK Miinicd 1111(1 ii^ii,. 
 s (>ii tlic siiiTciindiii^' ('(iiiiili\ 
 y Miri'(iiiii(l('(l liy tlic llriii-h 
 liy l.iikc, 21 J line, I7y,'i, iiii,i 
 , witli iiuicli sUuiyliter, tutiii'i 
 
 ! I'lvfitalhrt. 
 
 MX. Till' lyi-o of the GrctH 
 
 the viol lif lllC lllidlllo i(i;|.; 
 
 11' vidllii is niriitidiicd iiscidii 
 l;iry life uf St. Cliiistoijlui-. li 
 :ii,i;liiiid, siiiiic siiy, tiy L'liiiiU- 
 >(r;idiviii-iiis) iifCri'iiimia, wk? 
 luki'i- (I7fxi to 1722). The 
 Miiiiii visited KiifrJiuul, 1S51; 
 , 1840. Mr. J. '!'. C'iimniii-.' 
 1 violinist, died, ii^a'd jo. 
 
 n p.'iily lipyed instnimfnt ^ ; 
 eliords; used in tlif l6tliiin; 
 don liy (|iieeM Kli/nln'th mil 
 s. Aei'ordii.^ to Jnhn.son, ;t 
 iiini; women lieiiig the usiiiil 
 lorley, I'urcell, Gibbouu, am! 
 i instrument. 
 
 'tome, 449 B.C. 
 
 first British fpttlemrnt k 
 liscovered by John Calmt ii: 
 lossossion of for H,ilei;;h, ui.-i 
 in-(iueeii Kliziilieth, 15 Julv. 
 vere iiiiidc to settle it in iv'-';. 
 foniied by piiteiit in itiod.'niii 
 126 it reverted to tlio cruw;; 
 it colony was established >, f 
 Vnsliintrton was delejratc 1 1 
 « of 1774. J'!asleni Virriiiij 
 1, 25 Ajinl, 1861, but Wot:,:: 
 lie liiioii, 13 Feb. and eliT|(J 
 1S61 ; became a stale iNj. 
 at of the war. The state »!* | 
 ifrress, Jan. -Feb. 1S70; »f 
 /iiiimxl. l'o]uilation 111 i'^m, 
 5v')8o; capital, Hicbiiiir.i], 
 illation, 1880,618,457: kS, 
 eiliiifr. liy the overllouiL 
 ;iii. houses were swe]it a«v 
 jported I Oct. i8y6. 
 
 y, see Xerada. 
 
 DS (^Ve.st Indies), an p,^^!(:; 
 Cohinibns, (1494) ; Vi:; 
 la, &(■., and the iJanisli l^i ■ 
 iz,.nnd St. Jidiii. J'o]iuliiti i; I 
 oils in 1891 was 4,639, 
 
 1 biiec'incprs about if.|S; 
 I (wlio liave lield it siiici) . liif \ 
 lanes if,;^, and St. .I"liii 
 Id liy tlie liritisli lE^-i--; 
 • to tlic riiitcil Stales fer 
 e a "tciTitoiy." Ii.iiiisli 
 
 1SC7; piinlia'sc dccliiiril 
 
 23 .March, .Mav, ic; 
 oir ,St, Tl(oliias, till- li..y:il 
 
 and ll'i/i' wiic ciitiiiiy 
 Kill Ihi in III, and al»i\c 50 
 shore; about jtxxi Jn I's'iis 
 
 . 29 Uct. i;-;| 
 
 ii«r vivrsEc'TioxT 
 
 VITI I,SLE.S,see/.V/. 
 
 . . • ■•"" "1^ I'.Ccjn as 11 
 
 ';,',;","^v'" i;msui,on,i,(. 
 
 "'"'"■ -^^ ""b- ivmainii,« 
 
 .Much siilleririj; was oc,..,.,! , ( ■ „, 
 
 ,, l.i'iidoii ll,((t M„. isl,. Wis s, I ■ ' ,l""'"' "'■''chcd 
 
 . ''^""■■'«c : lew lives 1„M ' ^"''' """•'■ i-'les ; iiiiich , , ^ I rrOlJTA (X. So-,|„^ ,1 ■ 
 
 "cfcTocH were k.ikd ' "" -""i""!-. al.,,,,, , „-, Y'.t^'r " bm- and /V:,!!',!! 1 ,i,|, , '«""'", '''"■''• 
 
 VrPPTV,,', • ■ • ■ ■-3Ue,. ,8,5 l'■'y™.^'W^ll•,lsev,.nln" t ,, ,^V^ 
 
 '"'!?]"'"■ -' "" ■•■' ' » i £;;"i;:',;;;,i;;i;;;; "S; iv'™™::',^: 
 
 v,Jw?J>J„MA«v- ,.•'";■ ■' r ,,,, r"'^"'»;"S:ii.,;E,ST;-'"^^''-: 
 
 The. 1're.sentation of .1 I Vi,,," ":'• '-^ •\".". a.i.. 4^. "t,-"!'' '■■""'■■ ^'""Hnuir,. '■""" ^'^ " 
 
 ^.■ancesco S,or.a, who becan;:'.;! ,;- ^"-"^^ '" ,|"--'"- -!d ^'T^ ,8 9":: I^,. .;•;, ""--!^ >" 
 VISnOT^VP ff .> " '"'"""""tee of eminent ,•,'■ ' ""' "('"imii i,f 
 
 of u^Swt^of^,,r;S'"ii "-''•"">•*'"' -"- 1 wi"" ;-"«■''■''" 'i-^'irV"':;^,"'''''?"-'^ 
 
 Kn^'landereatedbv ,tei w , '"'r' ^'■^""""t i" ' ""t .'"'^minions. Thi-' , , ,„ ^'":" J'"l^'"ici,t 
 
 whom HeniT Vevij .,•■'' ''''''."•'"'■'''^•'"■mont, I l^' ir^t'"" in i.S(«; an """''>■ }'r^ '■!> 
 
 I'im P^-eed,^„^'■ 1 ;' '' I ^'■;'''''' ii.'au.iiont, givi,,,: ^l^.'^- -Ma'ihvain aVa t' v s ,;'i,,ir'''',''''^'l ''>' 
 A^hiwu: Tliisf ,,,■■,'• 1 ,'''!''• '" ^■''■1>- 1440 ' '*'^''"' "it''i-"ntioi,al confer, n-o ',• ^" •'^"-• 
 l-'n".ce. John 1 1 V ,;''';■'■ ''^"^' '" I'-"'andTi,:,l r''^'""} ."'ns held ,„ the C t a ' I ice t'^^ ""' 
 I'Hint Buttevant in' '"iry, was made vis- | ^'"- f" '.l''''f was discusse, i SY/'' ''''"'"""■ 
 
 «~- • "■' ' "■'"■ " ■» :;iS:^Sii:;s;:':''i- "^'"""^'' .'"" 
 
 I"-t'tnis i'l.vsiolo.i,.,l \li,.,,,„ .'"•■'■'•"' .«''lf-Inter. Dis..ussi„„ r , ■ ^""' '"■'""' character. 
 
 --'>'-l« .■■.■l..vsen,in/'l;!:?''::;,„;;;-'Pl-'"f? <luHy | «::nf'i;,!:*^;^:il ^ ^--l^-V^r the „i.os,.au- 
 
 !*''ctio,Mvhe,i elilorofom '..•..."■'''.',.-l''''f''''''l vivi- 
 
 , nibols reiireseulin" ili„ c ry-'^H miriv 
 
 ■";""!' when n.ferii ;,„, ,,'"/';""■;" <;"s of tli-e 
 'ilt.v dilferent tv oes W I ' ' "'V' "'•'* ''bout 
 
 known Ian,na.;Js „■''',,: '•'■'I"'"'' '"''"'■''■'' 
 P'll'.lded his sv ston, to lie S, , •"!";''• "'' <'•^•- 
 
 u March, ,866; a;.:i;::^:,::i;:,;;''r^i,,^;;i^i-aon, 
 
 ^''.ou^!K^^;M:"^'Th"' '^•'"" *'r '^^"i"""' 
 
 .i'^), .■.(fmitted then 1 to tu'"^'"'''"' ^'''""''- "'"'"t 
 tlie condition o ei . , "ll'i'" ''"■''"""^ "i'"" 
 Itoman armies- ,,,',,,;,'"? " "■'!.«ante,l in 'tl, 
 
 IS iis,,,l . ^ """'^■i"> "llici-aiaestlictic 
 
 liival soei|.(ii.s: , 'sori.'f,. f',. ,,' ,■ , ■ 1875-6 
 
 yivis,.ctio„.,s75,, ,,,,,",*"; ■■""'lilion of '' 
 ,, t"tal s„|,,„vssl^,; ,:;■ ' w^ : '^" •^'^'■ocialin,, for 
 Loiiiimssi.Mi(vise,„u,tCn-.lvi-, I , V ' • •iS?'^ 
 
 '''''' ">i.c.s) to in ,,,-.:i;;:;':;:^«"i;ri,xi.,. 
 
 21. Inn,,, ,«,-. ,v|...it si .,„ i,'""'''P '"lilted 
 ^l'"' 1,, ,876 :', 1 ii ,'%"'• «.'':i"- j.l'iil'lish,.,!, 
 
 VIM-s-1 liy U„. ,;'■.',"'■;'"■■'" ;slr..i,^:ly 
 
 Ji 'Iiily; Iiassed, , ,ii "' v' '"'""''''' 
 
 ''■■'■ t?.''''^-^ a li,.,.,i,.,.'o,',vtM,-,V'- ^"•'^'■'^'"« 
 
 liomanm™ ,;. ., ';.r';'7"- "' "^" ^'anted in the ' J' - ''"Iv 'ass^' " , J ,-r "' i" «'-"™^ 
 
 7"1 "',410 took liome. T,'; '„";'[''■!' ft"l\, The ,,,„s,.ea,i,,,-;,;',-'.:^;:;^ ';"•'■ ■'', 9 auk. .83, 
 ilim of Ton oiise II,. ■ '"""'"' llieirkuij;-. , imiiti'.! ,iii i|„. i,,',;,,: ';""'(»'h" lia.l nu,.fi. 
 
 -'-"'-'.tii'i:rni;t'i^u,:T':':'',:''-viani ,,,;, ,,!^'-^::::h>'^[!nu^^^^^^ 
 
 lAtcililed tlii'ir riile ini,, s;,,',;., i,.i,,i, anil 
 
 liomans i„ 4(,.S • , ,,,1 ik''' '"' '''V ''^P^'Ufd the 
 'r"'.-ed bv ti^e .Sa ,.';', I ^f" "":'"«'lv''s eon- 
 "'""•last kino, l;, ,,,'.'■; 'V f^Tl' "','"• ^^•'"■n 
 
 "1 J'ninee eii.led ' ith t , T ,'^"'-',- Jl"'"'nile 
 \oilsle, i„5„;. ' """ l''^'" "^''^at by Clovis at 
 
 VISITATR)y,S, see If,nM. \ 
 
 u.ffi^.E^S^;,;^;f-'''y"'-''"'''t'<as„n^ 
 
 "'-tl"'ir,.rin,it '. , i'^V/'''™'>'t^i'-,anobey.| 
 SM'osed by many ,, s , , ,i ,s •.! 'I' '''■'■"'T '^ "''»• 
 '^ attributed lo m a 1 , '^ ' '""' """"^'^ """i"" 
 
 '''"^'■■''''■'ii'vthi'r^; : ,,:' ;\'''r'"^ 
 
 -, diaries IVii, lla, . p' ,V^''^'V"- '"'''""Mt, 
 ^"''ject has bi'e, ,, 4 , '■^'"•a:''! otlii,.. The 
 «ti.cr eminent iihysX'i.uf''^^-^"' ''i' Ji"-^i<7 and 
 
 - ■■.. . .,,, II,,- ,i,,,ii|.( ,|| I, 
 ti,,.n,-.s);,ii,ioiii,.,,s,aiii,,i . ..^..,.. 
 
 ii'-^ea;.'t';;;;,;!a:;s'tr'"''''''''''-'^^^ " 
 
 /««i,7; , _ ' ' ''o'''"' "J or„'ainsius toniiL'd 
 
 out . . . i ""'"'" ^lMsCrlHI||,(:,I|;,,,l 
 
 i:ci"irt for iSS^rViiva't Iii-if.,i„' V 4 April, iSS- 
 eN-|.erilli™ts;|n.Ia„g ,;,'.. ^-^ '"■'"'.■■^' 535 
 
 ■HicMi'Tiiaiiiisii, (iiv,it;i,,r, , ''• 
 ^^^^^^^^ 111 i„u3 5s licences and r,o(5j e.xp,.ril 
 
 '''^JrHn^,::^!!;:;,!:;!^;:::.:,!^'^''''''"''--'- 
 »-■"-■' -i-iHiV^L'';^;;!:;:^:,''',;;'";;;;/^;-^",^ 
 
 • • • Oct. iSg2 
 4 u 2 
 
 4m . Sl 
 
VIZI AN AG U AM. 
 
 ns8 
 
 VOLUNTEERS. 
 
 i'. Viirlinw in tlic 
 ■■'cntt's \ivist'('ti( 
 
 ■ Criioiiian Icptiiro wariiilv nil- 
 
 ' ■ • • . 10 .Maii-li, iSq! 
 
 VIZ IAN AGRA .M, .. to«n in Madms pr.'si- 
 
 .-t liul- 
 il III iiiva^iiiii, ami a 
 Till' S' IVOR' I If MS dale 
 
 rii'i'i- of fill' Ottoman 
 ilipoiiitcil liy Amu- 
 was aliolishcd in 
 
 <lency, tnrmcily a kiniidom, iinionn' tlio 
 warka aiji itist (lio Malioni 
 ivfiifti' for llinJoo Icaniiri};. 
 from flic i^tli ((.iiturT. Set- 
 
 ^ VIZIER, GliAxi), an , 
 
 PoyU\ aaiil to liav( lici.ii ti|■^ 
 
 I'ath 1., aliout ij.Sf,. 'ihc o 
 
 1838; but since lucn fVequentlj- revivcil and sun 
 
 pressed; see Tt(rl;,i). 
 
 VLADIMIJi (ceutnil I!ussia),Hcitv founded in 
 tlie iztli eenturv, ami tlie cajiital '■(' 11 grand ciueliv 
 from 115; to about 1328. 
 
 VOCALION, II new musical ;i;-trumpnt i.i 
 whieli tones aie |irodui'eiI from stiiii;;s made ii. 
 vibrato byeurrents of air, tlie joint invention of .A[r. 
 James liaillie JIamilton anil .Mr. ,lolin Furmer 
 ilssisted by Me. irermnnn Siuilli, d(s, ibed iind 
 illustrated by M.. Ifaniilion at the Koval Institu- 
 tion, 21 May, i,S75, md tried sue.rssrullv at 
 Ham.v,, :'\ Mareh, i8,s.,;, und soon alter at \Vest- 
 minstei .li'biy; iind at other plaei's. 
 
 voir I.' FIGI RE.S. in a v.-nietv of beautiful 
 forma, sei i; >,- tro;, ilowers, fv,'nis stars, A:(^, are 
 jirodiiced by di)e( !'!\.< iho\oiee .igainst an elastie 
 membrane ij.on wbi'l! jiovdcr, pisto, or some 
 similar substa.iei u.is been placed. Tlie Eidojilione, 
 an apparaliis a e^i I'lrtbis [mi-pose, was invented by 
 Mrs. \\ ■itt<-ll; .'lies, and manv interesting specimen's 
 i>f voK!. li-^Tcs were e.vhibited by her at the Koyal 
 So'iety iii;oiit 1885. 
 
 VOIRON, .'.ee Veseronce. 
 
 VOLAPUK (from ' world 'and 'speak '), univcr- 
 
 rii,. 
 
 'I at 
 ';ui(I 
 
 .-.■vl commercial languajje invented bv M. Schlever 
 >vlio taught it in I'aris in Feb. l8,S6. The I'liilologieal 
 Society of London aihocated its use in diplomacv 
 and jciem.'e, in 188;. The roots chiellv b .-roweil 
 from Jlomaiiie, Germanic, and especially Ku;,'lish 
 languages siiortened. There is a V .'apiik Academy 
 lit Mnuieli, and about 500,000 p e are usiu" or 
 learning it. 
 
 Mr. C. !•;. .S])ragiie's Ijamlhook of Volapiik 
 imblislu..l . . . j,,„. ,833 
 
 \olapUk reported successful and siireadiiij,' in 
 Eiirojje iind AiiiiTica 
 
 Mr. P. Hoiaix puhlislies bis "Anglo Kraueii " in " 
 ojjposition to V..lapiik . . . March, 1S89 
 
 VOLCANOES. In diH'erent parts of the earth 
 there are above 2<X) volcanoes which have been 
 active in modi'rn times ; see litnu, l\siirii(.s, Xcir 
 Zcalani, Oirhitlnr, am\ Ireland. In Me.\ico, a plain 
 was tilled up into a mountain more than a tlKnisand 
 feet in height by tlie burning lava from a volcano, I 
 in 1759- A vob'uno in the isle of Kerro broke out '■ 
 13 Sept. 1777, which threw out iinimmen.se (juantitv ' 
 of red water, that discoloured the sea for sever.il 
 leagues. A new volcano appeared in one of the ! 
 Azore islands, i May, 1808. Lectures on vulean- \ 
 ologv delivered by I)r. H. J. Johnston-Lavis, in ' 
 Naples, in 1804. "The Ancient Voleanoi's of 
 (iieat liritain," by Arehbd. Geikip, published ! 
 April, 1897, I 
 
 VOLHYNIA, .1 Polish province, annexed to | 
 lliissia 1793. I 
 
 VOLSCI, un ancient Latin ]ieople, freijnentlv at ' 
 war with the RoMi.ins, l-'nim their capital, C.irlcdi, ' 
 Cains Martins (who , i" ,•(■,! them aliout 4(X) li.c.) 
 derived his name C- ■ ' us. The storv of lii.s 
 banishment iiV his ui , lul eouiilr\inen ; ol his 
 revenge ou lliein by bringing the Volsci to the gates 
 
 of Uome, yet afterwards sparing the eiiy at tia 
 entreaties of his moiher, Volumiiia (487 'n.c 
 considered by many :^s a ooe.^icid legend.' 
 Volsci and their :i'liie: were t.i(i!!\ '"(bd'ei'iti 
 Sutnum by the c. ^isiil \aleri'ii» Conns (iji, 
 iuiiiriiorati'd with (tie lOonan people ubeiit'.jj.-^. 
 
 VOLSINII, !he infii.'Mtnntsof an Ktrnrian .le 
 Willi, after a sliar cotiL.t, >vere eom]detei» ,.,,■■' 
 come by the Uoiem consul Titus Cirun viiJ 
 I 280 n.c. ' 
 
 I VOf.TAIC I'll.E 0, B.vriEUY, w.,.. ,„„. 
 
 I atrui'ted by (ialvanl , see Uiilniiiimii in ar'Vic 
 Llcctncit;, The priiii-'iile was di.si'oven.d bv \lc« 
 ?andro Volt.,, of Como ^borii 1745), for thirtv \v:n 
 e-oiessor id' natural philos.iphv at I'avia, a'mi i,,. 
 <o,nnced by him to tin Uoval Societv of Limdou n 
 . iyVy The b.itlerv was ti -t set 1111 'in iS, ,, Vuu', 
 \» IS made an Itah'o 1 count and se.,.i!or Iv '\'apo||.„a 
 
 .; napai-.., am! was (.tlierwise gr..atl.' Ii,„ ■,.,] 
 
 ^^ i.ile y.oing \\: invenl.'d the elecirophoiu>. i^le, <y\,. 
 
 pistcd, a-.' i In.ii'ojrn la,;ip. lie /•:>ed in !,«'(. , 1 
 
 81. The :' .rm '•: Hie Volf^.ie batteiv has been 4. "lIv 
 Miiprove.l hy th" researelu -■■ of niooern pliiln.,rho"is' 
 Ihe nitri acM J'attcsv of sir \V. U. (iiove wis 
 constructed in 1839; Alfred Suiee's lialterv in i.Sjo' 
 the darbon battery of professor Hobert liuns'ii iii 
 1842. The th-st is very much used in this naiiilrv 
 that of Hunsen on the continent, see Coii/„r./i]ic 
 Coiiph: 
 
 VOLTURXO, 11 river in S. It.alv, nearCapiii 
 near to whudi u.iribaldi and his fol'lowers lic|d''i' 
 strong position. This was fnrimislv as.sailed b\ ihi. 
 roval troops oi; ■ Oct. i8(a who 'were tinali;- re- 
 pulsed after a ■ .operate struggle, the tieivc'st in 
 which Garibaldi 'i id vet been engai;ed He wl- 
 luded greatly by .1 hand of I'iedinoiitcse !V.,'m 
 
 Naples: Oil 2 'Oci. gema-al lU.\io eoiniileted lli 
 victory by capturin,;, 2500 fresh Neapolitan ti„H,K 
 and dispersing others, ' 
 
 VOLUNTARY CONTRIRUTIONS. I'lil,. 
 
 Uc eontributloiH for the supiiort of the l!nti-li 
 government against the nolicv and desi.r,,, „,• 
 I'raiiee amounted to two millions and a half stcr. 
 ling in 1798. About 20O,cxx)i'. were transmitted t.> 
 England from India in 1791). ,Sir liobert I'eel i.f 
 Jiury, among other contributicms of equ.il am.ni'iil 
 subscribed lo.ax)/. Aiuiiiiil Jlrglsf,,-; see ];,'. 
 tnotle Fiiiiil. Ill 1862 iiearlv a niiilimi iioimil. wiiv 
 subscribed in the Ih-ilish empire for the relief of llic 
 Lancashire cotton siiinners ; see Ciiltu), and M.ni-,.,ii 
 y/o«.sr, where vidnutarv contributions for beiicli.nit 
 puriKises are continually received. 
 
 VOLUNTARY SCHOOLS, sec E,lmd,..u 
 
 1896-7. 
 
 VOLUNTEERS were enrolled in Knglmul frt- 
 the American war, 1778, and especiallv hi v»\w. 
 qnence of the tlireatened invasion of rJvelutiuii in 
 trance, 1793-4. Hcsides our large arinv, .in;] 
 85,000 men voted for the sea, we subsi(Hsed'40 0(X) 
 German.s, raised our militia to ia),(XXj men iiinl 
 armed the citizens na volunteers; the vemiiiuiiv 
 formed cavalry regim-nts. Hetween I798';ina iSoi, 
 when this force v -g nf greatest amount, it iiiiiii- 
 bercd 410,000, 0' 1 70,000 were Irish;* Yco- 
 
 ' The first rei.i 
 at Dublin under 
 Met. i; 'I'l'. 
 
 20,000 lilei. ( . ' , 
 boii-ies 
 
 Irisli volunteers w:is fniiiiol 
 iilel ot the duke of l.ciiistiT, u 
 lied generally to tin. jiMiniiiit -f 
 rt'd the miaiiinious tlKinlisuni:.. 
 coiiHooiis ill Ircidiid, inr lii.ir 
 
 putriotinh: . '■ -.j,irit, for comiug forward "and .ii^ivn'iiin';;- 
 ttieir com. 1. At the period wheu the force ai^iiKircl 
 
.UNTEERS. 
 
 nN spariiis the pjiy (,t )|||, 
 
 IIT, VlllllMlIlill (4X7 'll,L'.~. ,s 
 
 "< ii imc.:ir;.l U'uriul, ■i'l,',, 
 ■< wci'o t.itiH> (Icreiitnl at 
 I Valerius Coi-viis (.jj'/.'inul 
 <iiiii:ui iifiipK Huciit _.;j,i. 
 
 iift'Mtnntsnf an Kfnir.:!]) ,,' . 
 
 Iti -t, -Vl'l'l' ('i!|ll]llll( ' V ,,,, :■'. 
 
 i niisul Titu^ i'(a'uij ,;in, 
 
 ! (>i BAI"lEliV, v.i, ,,„!. 
 Rco <!i(lnuiisiii ill ai':i'i(. 
 [lie was (lisi'(jvi.iT,l l)v Ales. 
 ,l)uni 1745), f,,i- tliirlv vrars 
 ilnsupliy at I'avia, ami an- 
 l{c'\al Siicicty ut' l,iiii.),iii la 
 I ti -t set Ml) in lf!( ,). \.i!fa 
 Mil and siM.ito-i- \-: :\'a|)„l,.,„', 
 hi'i-wise nf'atly liuimuiid, 
 
 'll til,- l■l(■rli•|li)h(JlU^. l'||.| l|i,. 
 
 .•nil. Hi. -aod ill \Kn,, aucd 
 aic hattrry lia» liccn W' illv 
 In- 'it' iiiodcni ;iliil,i,„,|„,,,|.; 
 • i.f sir \V. U. Ui„v,. u.is 
 Tcd 8ni(H''rt liattia-y in 1N40; 
 inifcssar Hnlaa't I'iini-rn iii 
 nuich usial in this cduiitrv; 
 eontiiiont, sfi^ Co/i/nr./i'iic 
 
 HOOLS, s: c l-dluut,. 
 
 Ykiimanuy wi'ivcnrolli'il |pvl„,..ii'i ., 
 
 1870 
 
 Tla' iiaailii'i' (if vci'inmni'i- 'or' 
 
 ''waJ';:;^:;;;,;]^:f^:^n";;;-;;;;l''y™n,an,.y.,,.^ 
 
 ITlM. first AMddi.s.x V I , ,, U'"-^,^^^^^ :. « ''"ly, .895 
 
 Tli''y ivla , M,.d 1 1, ■ r , ' ' ' r "''■■' '-I'-li""! -'i-s. 
 wlii'ii ollar v,,lM,,.,. '"''", ' '" " '"!'■ '•'"1'. 
 
 'Yyw,av :n|;||;, ',;;:;;;; -'i-rn,, 8, 
 
 tak,. Ill,, aaair „ri|„. Ii,,v v- " "^ " '^'"1 t 
 Ciiviilar l,.tf,.,. h '.,■:';," '"'^^' llillrriiii,! 
 
 All art ((, amend' aad'c„as,,li,|.',t,. tl, ; '-f/'i'ly. re63 
 
 '"ti-v.dun,e..r.aveotcJ;;l^l;.;ta;;;';;^;;';:^:i;';r 
 ["I'T'"' ""■'-'—>• v,.un,„.,;i.;;;i!?i; •• 
 
 22,„oo VilIllT|t|.,.r,s ivvi,.\v,.,l l,v II 
 
 '''''y'''^d'"rkte,va;'ili;,:!.,:;^,;;:;;i';;:-:;;MvaK.s 
 
 ,\^''»' Vn,k), ,8 Jalv- I i V ^^"\<«'"" U,k 
 ivva.w l,y Ilu.duk, ■„„','« '■"'''•'' "ill. a 
 ■^■'■■"//, ,M,.,.,i,« at Win , f'l ■ --"'"ly, .S63 
 
 j;-^Mn PH..S; a,:i'';;;v::V'l;rur^,.t:^i; 
 
 liiiKlitca, J .Mail- It V,,,.L ' V ^ lit Wall's at 
 
 ^":::;'.'v;;:;:rr-ii IJ .^^Hria.ad ?.?;;f; - 
 
 Ciri.ala,:i,,,a. iVia,,.; ., I 'in ';./''''•'■'''''• 1 
 
 iiiKanizat t\\.,li..n:,/ '!:,;' ,'■'■ l.""l""<iiiK 
 
 jaiiiaiUin^ tin. |a.,|.,i..|,,,r,,i,|,.,|, ;,-;;■;;'•''-" liir 
 ■ 6v> It was eslalilislinl in 1 ,,i„i, ' *■' ," '"•^' 
 l;:.|maap.,,rtl,,.,,i,i,.„;,J' ;'■';•"'■';.• M' 
 iMilia.y (alt.awaiils l,„,l) 11,.,, '""-"l- Mr. 
 »iir. |iivsi,|,.„t, and thpearl .f , i- ,' ""'.''•'■"■y "<■ 
 i"id lOl.dii., ami „tl I . , ll ,, •'■"■"''''■"'■'■'■. 
 
 fAnMMalsal,s,Ti|i|i,,n,,, .,; '!'',,''■'■ l''''-^ nts. 
 
 '■"'■li'i;"fti'nK„lr,i,is) -"""■'•"' ■"■■iiniiiisilion wimU,,- (Jn-it IMk - -"■■■s revi,..w,.a jn 
 
 =f in! '^:lli-i:;;:-;^1,.;;;:;i;;H .;... .| .^-; -- -^^H Sii'-li^:;!;'-"?' T- --- S 
 
 [Mr. Viwor, nf W.aMliall, Kssi-x/a,,,,,! o^ =:VJ'","'' " "f Wales t . ,lt n, 4 i f,'""' '■^■'''•"- ''y I"'"'™ 
 
 «^.ined t,y Curtis, :S^.KSri!i;:::"'™ 
 rariiainontary vote f„r vul„nt..,.rs, 36,,o4r" "'*• 
 
 "wi;;!!":::';^,.:':;;',!^;^^'"- v,>i,„„eers ,.evi,^;!:y^; '««' 
 '^'"'•i' '^ _. . . . .J, ji,ii,,_ 
 
 -iHn.,,,.,datwJ^ 
 
 v..rk)ni,iain,:u.V,;.,:i:'?:;;, :?■''';- (^''7'' 
 „ » 1^ 1 ^, ;; :; ;.:!.r"^-> '■'"" .pnze. •""■- ■ 
 
 ^redsiia,;,-ii^,ta;7;;;,;;r;'';!.:;,r'-:-i^^ 
 
 ^.v«,vidnnteersreviewe,n.y,l,e,;;!.;^l"^; 
 
 .VI 
 
 I.1111I llerliert sl.'ileil i| it il . ., . ' ■ ..' ' ^''l'*- .. 
 
 -.■i<^'i"f3-/.:ni:,;:;;'i„::n;„'rr';;r,:™!,." 
 
 Lraial review in \ewSefi„„,..„.T. r- 20 July, 
 
 Aiiuut .8,«« v„ii„;,:,^r ; !i^; !j;i ^"'in'""'' 5 "''t. ; 
 
 Wiiidsiir K-wtwia iij the iiiueii at 
 
 Heview „f i.e.,i,a,, „,;,, ,„j„„t^;^^ „• e,,!;,,;;^^;;;"^. -86 
 
 -ViW/nneetiii-at \Vind,Ie,l,,i, ,, Inh-.ti "* ''"'-V' •> 
 
 i--K-..d.,y,ieat.carsl;,k^(^^l^i,:;;;:;i;:-- 
 
 '''«;'-m'e:";,;:;i;t;r'-'---'''f''''"--^u^^^^ ■ 
 
 .Meinorial tn Knverniaent respeetin.- tii,> ,..,', ■. T"''' '^ 
 
 K™t:s„ned„yn„i,ie,ae,i;,;,l|':;^,J^j^,;;::i;;'''""» 
 
 869 
 
 Vnliinte 
 
 Vo.-tee,.s in nri , ,,„ ,, „„„„ ^^^^^^- .86. ! nevir:? ':}r}^'± -,..'-,7o,c»o 
 
 ' -M.iv 
 
 19 Feb. ,, 
 
 ."■•i-v./ laeetinK at Winilil,.,],,,, ; Mr ,T„iilii,.^i'i'' " 
 e'n'^Ta^l^r" ''''■'''''■'■''■«''■■'- -"'^ 
 
 iimewi,r„^.,,vni,,„t,.,.,:sat\vi,„i,i,.,i,„r;':i"lj:; •• 
 
 "I ijooDat Warwi.k ■' ". ij .MUy ; 
 
 -'., .Inly, ,_ 
 
 munnnf t vi,,,r ,,l s 1,.,, '""■' ''y " !'■■"- 
 
 ^■" '-t If the II ,i I .ai ,. SI, '::,:,!",'"' rr^ '"""■■•. 
 
 "■ •I'" KM.'iisl, liarliaL.ntwl ,.,;'" ,"■'",' '"l^"" 
 
 lllllllelisi' (iiree 
 
 tll.T 
 
 la 111 ile?ii;iii. 
 
 aise.l. Til,, |,,|^|| 
 
 e was nil (rilling' will 
 
 live trade 
 
 ami 
 
 "Ills. Tlie Irish pari 
 
 k;i« r 
 
 ''■■ 
 or a livu irade, 
 
 I a eiiiintiy wiili 
 
 iiveinnielit 
 
 this 
 
 I Review ,,|- VI II , te, rs r ','7°'°°° • • ■ 
 I ••"»Mti,satl'i"ts,M,a,th ""' "■"' ^^•'■••"'■"' 
 
 I ni'ss)..ndti;:r;i',,; '^'^.-'^iM^^^^ 
 
 Viilunteersaet, ,S6,tam;.,„l^,l'"""''™ =+ ''"'y. .. 
 
 .-■.•-: ..s,a,iiis,,i.;/i,y •; '1^-1^7^'' -r-;:- 
 
 /■/uv;i,W nieetin- at Will I,.ii„„ ,, inu-. V " 
 
 ^^.ew,.nl,y,.|lrp.,,,,.,J;,iV■(^;li^^,M;;;™s 
 
 I-etter finin the Inrd mavnr reeoinnienilin,-','. ''"'•^■' '^7° 
 
 .ar.e,,,en.,,fthev.,h,,,teersyr;!;:^;;;:rij;:^-,- 
 
 22 8ejit. ,. 
 
 an exteasiv, 
 
 piiiiai ann.,„ry,,S;,..,l„|.tii, 
 
 resnlv,i|| 
 
 Nentnnaniiaiaislya,!,!,,,,,,,,,,; 
 
 and it Was fe-ranted 
 
 s Ml Its Disttiliiit 
 
 rille 
 e Loniloii vuliii: 
 
 drill 
 iteers 
 
 '77S. 
 
 Th, 
 
 inn iif hreeeh-lnail 
 
 viiliniteers recie ,. 
 rniy 
 
 ii's emnnieiieed 
 
 3<l<'t. 
 
 «'|| as iiart of the national 
 
 1871 
 
VOLUNTEERS. 
 
 1190 
 
 VOLUNTMEIiH. 
 
 K ■ 
 
 i.cird Klclin (rlmlnuaii) iVH|j,rii,.,| ; siiccitiImI Iiv tlio 
 ''"■'' "' "'"■■'' • ■ . . .iiiiM' 1871 
 
 'J'"'''J'I> I lin- III Wi i,.,i 8,jiiU; ,, „■» 
 
 l.n«. Hull l,v riisiuM A, l>. lliMii|ilin-; llllli.lWll- 
 (luiiti'((iiiiilin,|f;,. iiiiivi'isilv), ii;ci.l ;,, iS.liilv, ,, 
 
 Jntl^liir yoliuitrrrfi.l-.r, iK?...,, 47, ,..,«,/. 24.11111',., 1872 
 
 Jhu-l.nil/i lilivtill;,' Ml Willllilrili.li, (i.liilv; ,|li,iMi's 
 im/c vy.iii liy viilniir-.s..if,vaiil -Mirliie (i,nii.l,,ii 
 
 ''i'"ili''n) ii-,llilv 
 
 Tin. Kill... sliii'M, 111,. liil,.nMti,iiiiiMi„|,liv.iiiiil ih,; " 
 
 Insll IllliTlnlinli.il llnl,|iy(.lll H,.ll liv'lllf KllL- 
 
 li.sli) rla,-,,l 111 tluMii.slii.lj ultli,.' i,.ririii:i\,.r. 
 
 .Sllllll' V.ihllll,, IS Visil (lliiMlt, . . ij-mNiUI 
 
 Fiiurkiiith iii,','|jii- ill Winil.Ii'il.in. 7.riily • ,|ii, .iTs " 
 inizi' «„ii liv s.i-giaiit H,ili,Tt .Mi'iizii'sVlsi i:,iiii- 
 
 ,.',""•*«''') .■ , 15.I11IV, ,173 
 
 >()liiiil.,. is visit 11,'iviv: slllHit fiii'iTizi's; sniihtiijii 
 I.rizi's ,.ii,l,,r.Mii,v; -iviii . . 2,, .1 nil,., ,874 
 
 tljt:ri,lli lllr.llliL; /|| \Villll,l,.,l,i|i, ll .Tlllv ,|l|...irs 
 
 linzuwoiiliyi'iivatc W. C. .Mkiii.sini (I'st Iiiiili.iiii) 
 
 M.Jiil.v, „ 
 All "i'Hi,.iiiif v..liiiil,-|.r" ili'diicl liv nnlir in 
 (■"iiiii'ii (siihsliliile for sclieiiR..siif -7 July, i86i. 
 mill 15 11,1. 1S7...) . . . . . Aii« 
 Ri'sigiiatiiiii iir..arl i.r lliii'ii. ,is i-lininiinn . AliriL iSjs 
 SUIniilli iiivi'iiiif,' at \Viiiil,l,.,l,,ii, ,, .July ; i|ii,.,.||'a 
 lirizu n-ijii by ,ai.t. Uuorgc I'uaisu :i5tll IK.voii) 
 
 20 July, ,, 
 '75.3S7 i'iin'lli.,l v..Iiiiil,>ors 1874 : i.Si.oSo, 
 jo.ooo viiliiiitii'r.s r.'vii.w,.,! liy tlii. iPiiiin. of \Val(.s " 
 iu llyili' I'aik (" uuiuiilftu sui'ufss."— i'luii.s.) 
 
 I Jiilv, 1875 
 Semitrnilh lui'iliiij,' at Wiiiilili.ilnii, 10-22 Julv 
 (lUi-oii's luizi' Hull liy siTyt.aiit I'liUinan, siiil 
 (.■5.mtli).Mi.,ll,.s,.x .... 18 Julv, „ 
 
 tS3,50I l.nii.llnl VnlllllliTrs ... . . ■■ 
 
 Eijhlfruth iiiii'tiii^. at WiiiiMnliiii, 5,-21 .'inly- " 
 
 'I" ''■■< I'li'-'' w,,ii l,y i.iivatii Uiiii-^'o .laiiiicsliii 
 
 (a .S,:ot), iif i5tli Laiinisliiie ciiriis (l.ivuri.m.l) 
 
 17 Julv, 1877 
 
 Mntfcriilh niectiiiK at \Viiii1,l,.,l„n, 8-20 Jiih ■ 
 iliiei.ir.s jiiiz,. Wdii liy in-ivale IVtti. Hav (a S.ni 1 
 "«!' ."^'irliii^' ■ 16 Julv,' ,878 
 
 2o),2ij ,.|iriilli.,l vci|uiit,.ers , . . .\,iV 
 
 Ti'i'Hthth 111,.,. till- at \Viml,l|.,liiii, 14.26 .July'. " 
 •I" 's I'l'iz,' ",,11 liy |.,ii-ii,i|.al Uecirgu Tavl.'.r,' 
 
 47tll l.ail,.:islill.,. 22,Jlllv, 1875 1 
 
 Int,.|ii,iti.iii:il tr,.|,liy HMii liv Kii^laiul . 10 Julv 
 .Staiiilanl ,,f elli,.!, iii.y ; 6) \Kr cent. 1863; 85 iilii. ' I 
 
 ,.,'iit. i"fi3 ; (iii |ii T ,-,.|it , ,00, 
 
 Karl >;iaiili.,|.i. <.li.,.|,,.il i.liairiuan in riuuu iif ,.aii 
 
 Wliani. lilli.. .^j.^. 
 
 Tii;i(l!i-!ir-l iiii.,.|iiit: at Wiiiili||.,l,,ii, 12-24 .'n'ly' " 
 
 yui.(.irs|,ri/,: Willi l,y .\k.\,iii.k.r l.Vrgu.si)ii,iiriva'l,i 
 
 ,,'■*< -^'W II 21 Julv, „ 
 
 l-.ast lurk Viiliiutrir artilli'iy nirps n-sinu i.n ar- 
 I'oiiiit i,f ilisiuissal iif i.,il.' Iluiiipliii-v (llir,iiii,'li 
 (.,intiuii,.,l |i,rs,,iial ,lis.i^'r,.,.|ii,.iils), " ,6 Jiiu,. ■ 
 ri.si;.'llatii.lls sai.l I., ll,. ilii';;al . . 2c) Jllli,"' 
 
 Serf.'i.aiit Will. Maisliiiiaii,lri(.il In- ,>,iiirt-ii'i;ulial lnr " 
 all,-,i."..| li,iii.lui,.iit iiMikiii-al til,, lill,. iiii'i.tiii-s, 
 187S, 1079, iSoo, ai.,|iiitt,,l . 13 .\iiK. -16 ,s,.|it. 
 
 E«I.l StaiiliDjie, c.liiiiniiaii,su,.,.w.,l,.,l liyrarl limwu- 
 
 .'"**■ • • , •, 4-^l.i,v, iSSi 
 
 Aiiiivo 52.000 vipluiit(.,.rs i.,.vi,.\v,.,l by til,., iiih'oii at 
 Wiiiilsi.r, i^.tiily. |".\ iiiiij;iiilii.,.nt su,.t.|.ss; tlie 
 iToniiiii;; ai'liii'Vciiii-ut of tliu voluiit,.ur iii,i\t.- 
 
 Illi.llt." -/'/aii.s', II Jnlyl 
 
 About 4o,ot«i .Si-olrli v.iliiiili.,.rs n.viiiwi,,! bv tin" " 
 
 (lUiTii, ill Qi US-park, K.liubiir-li . 2^'^Au.' 
 
 Twnit;i-s,<'i„,l 1 till,' III \Viuilil,.,|i,n, 11-23','nly' " 
 
 qu,.|.irs prize w.iii by iirivat... Tli.-uia.s ]i,;,.k, ml 
 
 l>,.vim jg July 
 
 Tirrntti-thiyI iu,.,.tiiij,' at Wiiiiblnlon, 10' joJulv' " 
 <lii,.,.ii's |,i,z.; wi.ii by .sui-i.aut LawivMii., I'st 
 
 l'""i''."'l"" iSJiily, 1882 
 
 Eiir,)ll,.,l volmitvi-rs, 207,336 . . . , x,iv. 
 
 Tio:nt!i.fniirlh ui,.(tiii{,' nt Wiiiibl,.,l,in, g— 21 July • 
 
 qiii'i.n's ).rizL. w,iu by sir-i.aut .Mai.kav, ist 
 
 .Sutliorliml 17 Julv, iSSi 
 
 luti-rnatiiinal rill,. uiiit,.|i bitwucii lintisli ainl 
 Aiiurii.aiis : Willi by liritish . . 21 .liilv 
 T,m„iil.f,ffl, i.i(.(.!ii|._. at Wiuihl.ilim, i4_r./; ,lii|y ' " 
 ipi^n's jirizu won by private tlaliant, 8tli .Mi,l- 
 "''■■s<-'X 2::Jiilv, i3i4 
 
 V,i]iiiil,.,.|s,.\-,.i.,.lsiil luiaiiipiii-oiil ; sliaiiirmillli.t, 
 
 HI III iksliMv ami ,.lh.r I'r ii,.s . \i|,, 
 
 VmIiiiiI is Kiini.s' II vol, lit Ass'iriatiiui, i'liaul 
 
 Kiirali.,l ^,,,11^! 
 
 Tinilhl-sijlh 111,., .tin;- ill \ViliiliIi.il,,|i, ,, 25JUU' 
 1111..11.H priziiwiin by serwaut liub. >, 211,1 l.i'u' 
 
 <■",» .i.hilv 
 
 rirniln-^n'mll, luertiii- i;t Wiiiibl,.,|,.ii, 12 24,liilv' 
 
 iinivii s iirizi. won by prival,. Jaeksmi, „r ,'st 
 
 \...iui.olii (0111. ol'lliiv,. lies) . 21 Julv, 
 
 biiroll,.,! v,il,iiileeis, 224,01.., Nov. 1885 ; 226,752 
 
 N,iv. 
 
 28,000 vii|iiuti.ei.srevie\vi.,I livtlii',iu,.iial Dui.kiii" 
 
 liaiii palae,. ; luareli past in i' lemis . ..lulv 
 
 ' ''"'.'/■, ';//,//i I liiiL' at Wiiiibli.l ,,-03 ,||,i;.'. 
 
 ,|U,.,.iis jiiizi. Won by |i,.|it. |(. n. Wam.u, At 
 .Mi<l,ll,.s,.x, (Vi,.t,,ria)iillrs, .Mi.liilis,..^ i.iJulv 
 
 r.onl \\aiila;,',. el el Iiairman, i,\^7; active in' 
 
 seareh nl a site m jil:,, t Wiuibliilou . 
 
 Oi;,l,.r issue,! b,r 111,, roriuatinii ..|\,^,„«, viiluul.,.eii 
 1 ito 19 bri^iule.s lor iiiiiue.liate umbilizatioii r,,!- 
 
 liiiMi,. ileleliee , ,(,|^. 
 
 Tirnitii-iiiii/li iiii.,.tiii.!; at Wiiubleiliiii, o-.>i Julv • 
 
 iineeiis jirize Won by privale l-'nl|„n, ^'n,' 
 
 .Mi,l,ilet(..x (,|ue,.ir.s \Vt.sliiiiiisl..|-s) rilles, 17 Jiiu- 
 
 Ilroiikwoml to be calle,| Disley eoiniuon, < li,is,.ii f,,,- 
 
 „ "S'jo 28 |.',.|, , 
 
 hstiniat(.il K'rant for 220,0.^1 iii,.n, j^.-.ja:,!. Aj.ril] 
 77,iiYo//niii',.tin,i; at \Viiiible,|,„i . . 8-.'oJulv' 
 guei.n's iirize won by ser-iaut Ii,.iil (ist "l.aiiai'k 
 
 '•'"*-''i I'-*) 16 Julv, 
 
 I'.itrinhi' valiiiitirr fiiiiil start, ..l bv lonl iieivor 
 Wliitelna.l ill 111,, spiiii-; ll,. ai.peals for siib. 
 scriptioiis for til,, full e.piipi„iiil .,( a eilizeii 
 nriuy, iipial I,, that of lli,. ii'tjulais. Tli,. priii,.,-of 
 \\al,..s I. ,5/., i,liiii,. ; 111,. ,pi,.,.ii2,.,/. 2J11IV ; iiiiiuv 
 otbi.rs ; all.. Ill 42,000/. snbserib,,! . .'.,0 .v„v 
 |..nr,illi.,l v,ibui,.,.rs, -.,,021 . . . i Xov' 
 ('a|.|. .St. Joliu .Alililiiiav, s,.,.ivlaiv siii,',. 1S60" re.' • 
 .signs, 6 fiept. ; sueieeiled by .Mr." A.l'. lluiiiiJin- 
 
 
 llie i.niiiieil ,letenuiiii..s to apjv.al t,i tlie piiblil. f,,i. " 
 liiiiils, ami to obtain a eliarl,.r ,if iiieorporati,,n 
 II Feb. ; tliks was f,'iaiite,l anil .si-neil by the 
 
 ,.'i;»'''" •. 25.\i,v. 
 
 1 arliainent Vote.s 100,000/. fur viiliintoer eipiipiui.ut, 
 
 Thii-lij-flM mnling (tlie lirst at Uislev e.'.unia'i'i)' '^'^ 
 12-26 July; the ,.aiiip iip,.ii,..l, the' p. in,.,. ,.,,1,1 
 priiu'ess (if Wales aiel tli,. iluk,. of 1 i,iibiii|-e 
 presiut ; th,. prinee.s.s lir..,l the lii.si shut, ''a 
 •• bull .s eye" ^j,,,,, 
 
 yiieen s prize won by sergeant l)ates{isl Warwi(.k'), 
 
 Ai •• „ , 2^ J'll^'i .. 
 
 .11,. ting v,.iy sue,.,.ssriil .... . I .. 
 
 C'lie Hill,. Ass.iiial 1,111 ii„I;i,l,s 76 eo'nnty'asso! " 
 eiatioiis 111 (lival iiritai'i. 4 in livlan,!, ami 6, 
 in lielia ami th,. coloiiii..s. j 
 Kiiroll,.il \,)liiiii,.ers, 221,048 . . . ,, i),.t 
 U..-view of ab,iut 25.1XX.. volunteers at Wiui'i,li.,l,,ii' " 
 by tlie(l,..riiianeniii,.ror . . . iiJiilv, ,„, 
 Ihirtii-s.cn.l iM.ttiuj (the s,.eoml at Uislev v,n\\. 
 ,'""".> ■.••,••• .1 24 Julv, , 
 gnei.iis prize won by jirivat,. I>. I),ar (Qiiei.iis 
 
 Kiliiiburgli) 21 .lulv 
 
 'lliirlH-lhiid iiiielhiii (tlie lliinl at liisley eoiiiiiiiiii'l' " 
 11-23 .Inly ; , in, .en's prize won bv major I'olloi l! 
 (3r,l Itinfrew) . .' .' 33 j,,, ,. 
 
 Ahont 1 »,c«xi volunt,.,rs cn,i,'ag,.il in the aniiv 
 
 iuan,,n\'r,.s ^,,.; 
 
 I "Till. V-,liiiile,.r Clin,.,. is' t),.|.or,.ni'on"'(an'Mrk '' 
 ! wriiith in mIvit lii,l with gol.l, li.iviiig in the 
 eeiilre th,. royal (.i|,lii.r ami it.iwu in i;,,M) |b,- 
 
 ,.,ininiissio 1 iilli,.,rs who liaM. .s,.rv,.,l 2.5 yi^ais 
 
 iiislitui,.,l by the i|U,.,.|i. 2t Julv; eonh.rr'e,! ,,r' 
 eertain olliei'is. .\ov., I),.,., ig,,., ; ,l,.e,iratioiis 
 Krant,.il t,, nou-eoiuinission,.,! oMie,.rs. 12 .'ieiit 
 18,^3; to tlie rank ami lile after 20 t'j 31 vl'ar.s' 
 
 . -^'M-viee -.si.nt ,o„ 
 
 Ihirlii-jniiiih m,-,'/";? Dislev in-22 July ; (|U,.,.ii'.s 
 priz,. won bysi.rjeaiit Da'vi'.s (isl. V.'H. Wi'lsh)'; 
 
 Thhiii-Jifih mirli.1,,1, I!isli.y 10-21 .lulv; (luVeii'i! '"^' 
 priz,. won by privati. Hen'nie().. anark)2i July i'm 
 _K!ir,,l|-,l v.,bint,.,.rs; 231,32:; (Ui^^, .■ i,..il,-,l , April,' ,'■ ■ 
 lotal v,iliiut,.|.r vote for 189.5 ; 824,200/. April 
 
 JluitjsulU iMeli.ii;, Bi.sli.y £-20 July; ,iu,.eii's " 
 
lM|iill-'ull| ;.sliiiiii(M)lil|lctH 
 
 cnllllllcs . . All,'. ,,', 
 
 Liiliiil Assnciaticiii, iii;iii- 
 
 . 6.)ii|v, i;. 
 Wiinlili'il.pii, ij zs.liilv' ''' 
 i-WiiJil Dill- !■, ;,iiil I. ill. 
 . si.liilv, 
 
 \Villllll|.(|.r||, IJ 2^ ,J||i; . " 
 
 |ii'iv,-Ui> .(iicksiiii, ,,(■ ,',( 
 
 I'''' '"■■<) . 21 .llllv, I-'., 
 
 ,i)iJ, N'i>v. 18S5 ; 2;!6,75j ■ 
 
 hyllici|ii,..ii,'i( Diwliiiij,. 
 ill ii li"iirs . ■, Jiiiv ,-,. 
 \Vi!iili|,'.ii.ii, 11-^3 ,liii{-. "' 
 liHit. II. O. Wiinvn, ,st 
 
 !is, MMliil,»,..v ly Jlllv, 
 
 Miriiiaii, i.'.H; ; activu in 
 "iWiiiihlidun. . _ ^^,. 
 limi iil\,5,,,», voliint,|.|.r,!| 
 iii'liatc' iiinbiliziiti.iii lor 
 3. Inly. 
 Wiiiilili'ildii, i)-2i Jnlv; " 
 ■ pnvalr niliiiii, ,,i|, 
 miiisli'i-s) rillrs, 17 .Jiily 
 .siiy I'liiiiniuii, tliiiscn fur " 
 
 ■ , 28 Kcli, ,;3, 
 > nun, 74;!,7oii/. Ajiril, ,, 
 h'.lnii. . 8-20 .Jnlv, 
 ,'c:iiit lii'lil (ist l.iiiiaik " 
 
 • 16. Inly, 
 itailr.l |,y lor.l niaynr 
 ;; ; 111' a|.|.i'aK fur sub. 
 ■i|iiil'iiiiiil n( a cili/i^n 
 
 lv;;ulals. Tllr |irinc.i,f 
 
 [iifiMi^.K./. 2 Jnlv ; many 
 lisirilir.l . . 20 .V(jv. 
 1 • . . I Xuv. ',' 
 rcnlary siiici' iZ6i>, re. ■ 
 liy.Mr. A. r. llnniplirv, 
 
 X"v , 
 ii|ipi'al III dm iMililic f,,r 
 larliM- iif iin'iir|iiinitinn, 
 L'd ami si^iK'il liv tlio 
 
 ... 25 N"v. „ 
 jrvulnntci-r fiinipiiii'iil, 
 
 17 Apiil, ,-;^3 
 
 St at liisli'y 1 1111,111), 
 
 lii'iic"l, the ii'iniv. ;ii|,i 
 H' .liikc uf ( uiiliriil.'f 
 rv4 till' liisl sliul, a 
 . 12. llllv, 
 it J)alvs(i.st Warwii'k), 
 
 22 July, ., 
 
 ilinli'.s 76 cuiintv as.sn. 
 4 ill Inlaiiil, ami 6, 
 
 Ti Ort. 
 niiti'Pi'.s at WimirliMnn 
 
 II .llllv, jogi 
 
 ii.'i'iiiiil at Dislcv I'uiii. 
 ■ . ij 24, Inly, 
 all' II. Uiar (tini'i'ii's 
 21 .llllv, 
 rd at l!i,sl,.y (•uiiiniuii), ' 
 Willi liy niii.jur I'ulluik 
 
 ■ 1 •• ., =3J"ly, U52 
 iifc'iigi.'il 111 the aniiv 
 Aiij;. 
 Di'ciinitiun" ('111 ,1,1k 
 li ^'"I'l, liaviii^' in 111,. 
 iii| I'l'uwii in Kulil) fur 
 liaM' .si-rvi'il 2,3 .vvar.'i, 
 25 .(uly ; conli'ri'i',! un 
 T. i.Sij- ; ,li'i',iratii,ii.s 
 iii'il uilivprs, 12 .'ji'pt. 
 1; afliT 2u t'j J4 M'ar.V 
 
 • . . S'pt. ,£5« 
 10-22 .llllv ; i|ii,','ii.s 
 i'.'S(ist. V. 1). Wi'lsli); 
 
 •-' 'Iiil.^ 1:93 
 ir>-2i .hily ; i|iii'(.ii'a 
 
 !(.)■■■ aiiark)2i .July, i?o4 
 
 iBy.,, ..•portcl; April, ,;,■■ 
 
 ; S24,2<x./. April, ,; 
 
 S-20 July ; ipii't'ii's 
 
 VOLrXTEElt.S. 
 
 1101 
 
 vulgateT 
 
 fS"'""'SS"SS';n;,:';r'^tK 
 
 I-"" -i.y ur„,.r .i,i,„i,„ „ ,„ , u u,',, „ ,,,<i;^5vV^;(J:^i;''M^'''''' '''''•''''^•"^>' ■«''• 
 
 i'll'iv.'iiii'"^l.,.,Mlri'rH II 1,^ '"■»■ ai,.| i,i,.i„,s.„| " , ',';'„'"'• V*'-'' "S??, .877, ,s.,a ,o|,„ ,, 1 
 
 ;;|;:-^-;-r.3-S:,,aiii„n,l,„, • . • . ^sJuly, 2 jS .SS, 
 
 ! ;!^ ,."'". .;''/'5'-K,/.a»;,',',.i,,, ■..-'^v. VosSFAr n. .. ' 
 
 tulunti'.irai't'ur ,if,, a ,"i,„i 
 
 (' tpitatkni -r iit i ■'''""'' . , " ' v -,i .ulil-ii, lasj 
 
 ' pvir ;ri.r;;ili!'S-;H'ij ''"'^ ■■ ^--"^ ' '" ' "SS,^']':;^ -^'[v'-^i-- "- <:'-- of 
 
 '■:>T Ml vi.ln,,,!.,.,;; ,,„": '.^'., ■•^' ''';v''N), 24 July, „ i'n,:,'ai.-i.,l ,„im„ ,,',,. I / I'' ''".""'" ' ""' '""" 
 
 Jiruo won hy li,,in. i,. y^aA ,ySl ,! 'i \ 'I'"'''" ••< '•'' 
 
 >'«'^-(jHl Lanark) 23 July, ,353 YOTTVr- u . i,,,^ 
 
 !'-""•" • • • .7Al.i^,S.3;anaVi;;•? ''"''"""^'^'^ 
 
 ^'t'-i-.-'), will',',. .\l;,', It '7.i,';*-^^;.';"'P.':0. (nwr 
 
 ii'.vtT . . ' '■'"• 'S''5; "ii'i2 A,ii'ii, is,;,' , . -'^ ""- -""""f- 
 
 I',iilsiiii.ntli (ll„. niuHt su,',',.ssViil Mil ." -^I'l'il.' 1SO7 „ YPT^'GLI'; or Voi-rr t r S\v r 
 
 v„l,i,it,',.r.s |.r,.s,'ii,) . '""•■'•^''" '"tliertii, 25,4„a ' , roitii'r.), wIkt,. .\1,., iV' 'l-i,: ^ .'i''""':''. ("'^■> 
 J^'l^'V^O^l^*''^ r). .• • • -3 April, ,863 ^vas iKoati'il anil sj, I'.'Vl^'' /•''''' ^"''^'''*''''. 
 
 ""*"■"■ " • "- ' *" ■ €■ ;■ ::: Ky't™;;:- -^ '±~ ?tv- = 
 
 l-ratiks ami \-isiu'„ih..'„ i„, ,,',,"' ' '"'•"■V'>». 'he 
 
 ■ ' '-''^' ^■■""•■*Mvrf,laf„iln,',.| ' """ ?\^ 7, '''"'"'■'' '"i' «liol,. ,.,,,,, ,1,.^ ',,:,,,,,'', 'V' 
 
 ■".•n, 2oKuns) •"''""'*^'""l«"'>'Lv,s.>ns(,,.„s., '',"« lnMi.lr.'d v^mi's in t r I ,. i^ r."'*','' ""^''''^ 
 
 wall n'vivw.s at WiMilil',.,l„i,' „„ r „• ■ -M'nl. 187a •^'■■litimania. (jluvis .in,,n ,i',' ", '"'"'' ''"""I 
 
 r, April, iS;,; r, A, ris' ,''."'' '\t"'^ Pl■l.■l^s, '' lli.s I'apital. ' ""^''•"•i'l-J^ made Paris 
 
 -it Trim* *-., ■_ . ..' ' "^7J< ^0 .tl.tl'l'll .J™.. ' 
 
 lirisliti.n, l.all,., s .'X 'I'lV' '^,-^171. >.'i79: 
 
 =s April. ,£,,,; Voitsn.' ',7 -•■';■;;';•, 'sso; 
 
 <ii)ii,1 vrry .su,.,.,..ssriil) o,'\,:. '"-'''"H (I'Vulii- 
 
 '■■'"'I H"v,r, 6 Apr 1 ,!;'-■'. .-.V ' '■■"•!,■ '!'i"lit"n 
 '(;'..Icli,'sl..r ,t,'. 4 \ nril ,0 ,'".''■'■■ ''"'■l-'<Mi'.iith, 
 f>ry ap..r,',ti..iis at J '" ' i.'";;''"-'-*'"' '"ili- 
 Ald,'rsl,ut, ,, Ami ,qH". i' ''''^"""inii', and 
 ';»'! I.>>.l.'«, i'ivasi,,^\v7-''''';rp''!"'-^''i"'''^ 
 iJover, l-:a«tl,uiiri„. A,', ' ',, '""■^'ii'mth, 
 iiivn.l,.rs ,siip,',.ssfii| al Pun,',,?,',,,. "''''' ' '"""'■■■< = 
 M'" 1 in:;, fur liriK.i.l ,| il i';'"?.' '',', ' ^ April, ,833 
 """■"•.., "ovP, Mii^lill.V-and ^'iC^'i'-'-'^- 
 sJ April. 13;,,; r,,lk,'st,,r„. •''"' "''i''i JilaiM'S, 
 """•'li, A.'., 7 \,'ri 1" ',.'•",""'"""■""• '•'"•tt- 
 lln;-'l.t..ii, ii'. ', Man'r;, ^'"'f '",'''<><• i>-v.v. 
 "f St. All.l'^.^•,,.'t•.'•| ';,;'• , -M ""^'-•'■' '■""!'■ 
 
 Llialliani, l.atll,. „r , ,{,'': '.'' ^I-'tIm.;,'. Al 
 lii'ut. uen. (I,',„l,,,„' , r, "'^'''i-w nnd.'r 
 S.'.'ii. I.awsuii s,.',u '^ ' '''■'^■'"'^''■'■< "ndvr niaj „.. 
 ■.Sliaiii li-lils al Kastho'nvm.' r...,'. i" '^ April, iSg, 
 .'"111 liriKlitwi, ,:,';;;""""". CantiTbnry, t'lialliam ^ 
 
 -Miiiiu'iivri's,'!! liuv,.r. (■n',,t,.|.i'„„.,. V'l ,'1 3 Ajiril, iSg, 
 
 .,f,.rd.ini| \Vi,„.l„..t,'.,. """.""" ■^•Cl""l'a>ii,(l„i|,,. , >.l l-^-AA, so rUwel,. Tl,,. G,'O..I< 
 
 'rXwv^''''''^'''-'^^-'-i'"'-v;-.rMa,;,.'n--^ 
 
 '^■mU;;^n,:'^.r''':''-'-'^-'--^-T,i^;.ii:.:^!;;:i: •■ ^ vrirvTF^r . 
 
 3l.iiiv,ivr,.s, sli.iin.dj,,,,-,., ;,„ •.,. •,vi„V^"''"' 'S'J^ ' anplii'd h, ,1,. VIT '■"'^'"!"«. Pu'-lishod), a tei,u 
 .11 nivm-res, al,t. ,6,„oo inini l,.ft r , i'^' '""^l"''. 'S'V "'"' '^■''''''' '''^ iUlrilmiV,! to S 1 ,•!„, '^''^^^' 
 
 IlU ,'.i|.ii,ii. 
 
 .'. SmSiA',; »;."i'i"»ii.» >i«t.j ib« i,v 
 
 vv,v:l^'.■ ruumf tli,' \vurdw';sn .;,'', r' i'-'""' '' 
 l'iriplii.1. •' ' '"'""- II t^t lim<t(je, and 
 
 eongr..gatio„ a .'Tlu'isti. cilui'oh:;. "™''^ ''^ 
 
 ^.s^^r:d t/niXnii;^'^-^-!^ '-' ^«- 
 
 tom^Tiw™ ^^"'^'""^'■'' inilia-rubbcr), also 
 
 
 ! entu'al clilion was pri„t„l l,v nnicrof , 0, "six n«V 
 
 l-iV-. Ilioearhi'st pnnti'.l vnkalo is without ,1, to 
 1 .\ t. itL'iibui'^' and i'list. nn.lialilv about i it- fh» 
 i iirst dated (Fust and Sdiilcr) is qor 
 
 
 i .m 
 
 III 
 
i 
 
 Hi 
 
 WACUT. 
 
 1)''2 
 
 WAHABEE8. 
 
 w. 
 
 T KA9?^.''^, ^"■'* J^KCTSCIIEX VATER- 
 IjAM) (' Wjt.lidl tho (jcnimii ImiIhi limd "). 
 Otiiiiiiii iiiiti,M,,l liyim,, l.v Hc'i.'liiinlt, lir»t ih r- 
 f ■Mii.'il 2 A.:,;;. |«25. VcTV 'iioimlai' iluiillK Hit' «.,i 
 
 AVADIIAAF COLLEGE (Oxf,.id). Founded 
 by Milmlas \\ iKllmrii, niid llmutliv, liin wile, jn 
 I()l,^. In lliis cdlUyi., ill ide ulmiiilirrs nf i i , \i ,, . 
 kins (dviM- till gateway), tlir fuundcis ni mi Koyiil 
 S'lciciv tri'tiiii'iiily nu't iiricir to I()S8. 
 
 WAGEK Of BATTLE, sie .}/>,>,,</. 
 
 WAGES IX KNGLAM). '111.' watrcs of 
 fiindi-y wnrkiiii'ii \vni> tiiht ti.vcd liy ait id' pailia- 
 P'rnt 2-, Kdw. III. I j;;o. IlayniakVix liaii Init uiit' 
 ji miy a day. Mimlri- cai'iiciili'r.s, i,m-iiii!i, iilcis, 
 and dtliiT I'ovcRTu of liousi'o, liad nut iiiuif ilmn yi 
 ji( ■ day (aljout ()-/. of oui- money) ; and tlioir sfi-- 
 vanta i\,/. I'liii r'a H/iitiitts* 
 
 By till. 2j Ilinry VI. tlir u^-cs i,f a hadiH of has. 
 liHiiilry waH 2j.». 4,/. ihm- miiiniii. jiinl clolliiii;; of 
 the lairi' of y. with meat niiil ilrinh, fhirf hin,! 
 cartel-, or .sliepliinl, ja«., c-iotliiiiK, 4s.; eoiiiiiiuil 
 SBr\.;iitolliiisliiiiiilry, ii,«.,i'lotliiiiK,4oi/. ; woiiiaii. 
 servant, 1.., (■lll||lrl^;, 4,* 
 
 B.v the ,, ll.Miry VU., a like rati> of whum will, ,1 "'' 
 liltio ailvaiiee : as, fcr iiistaiiee, a free iiiiim,^ 
 master earoeiiter, roiiKli niiison, laiekliiv..r, n,;, . 
 ter tiler, pliiialier, ulazier, earver or j' ,er hiin i 
 
 alliiHe.l tn.iii Kiister tii Alithaelinas tii t;,ke 6,/ , I 
 
 day withiiiit meal in„| ,|ri„k ; ,„•, witli meat aliil 
 drink, 4./, ; troia Mi, haelnias to Kaster, to aluile 
 
 ,, WAOEH OK UAKVK^l MK.N l.v i. v, 
 
 , '""'■ s. 'I. i ymr. 
 
 '"■35" . . . rtrdiim o 1 ' In 1716 
 
 '■•^'' o 2 I ,740 . 
 
 '5°° 041 176U 
 
 '^™ 08' 17,,., 
 
 111. A iiinstor ImviiiK iinder liliii mix men «n- 
 allotte.l 11/. a day exiia . 
 AK'neiiliiiral lal.olinis |„.r «eek ; Warwieksliir,. 
 ><. 01. and .|-. ; lleyiin.^liiir, 5,,. ; ,siim,|k, 5». iin.i 
 ft". ; Huo|.wi.^iver», al.oiit j.<. ami .^x. (.Minviiilim) 
 
 nil' lilt 
 
 In 1866 the aniiiiiil ,• iint of Hap.ji niii.! In t|„, 
 
 I "lied KiiiKdom iv is estimated hv .Mr, (iladstcn,. 
 ^ 75o,ocK.,o<,(i/, ; hj .Mr. HuHsat ).v.>,uou,uuu/, ■ iii,.| 
 ,v professor l.eoiie Levi at 4ig,"iuu,uuu/., ean.e,! 
 Iiy io,6g7,o,„, workeis, anas ,.., to 6<-. 
 I" 187 .-R many tnides slrnek for inemase uf wnup-. 
 and lre,|iienlly were siieeesslnl ; u, ,877.9, UliMie 
 
 In 1878 professor Levi estimated ihat ,03,000,000; 
 were earned (liy men, 190,1,,,, ,,000/, ; liv wiami 
 ii3,oo,),rHH,/.); after dwiiirliiig fur holidays ,\,. ' 
 422, 70,1, oto/. 
 
 Ilesa.vs that "In 110 other ponnlrvare wanes ni,ae 
 liliera lait in .,0 other eouiitry arc tli.y lmai. 
 wasteliilly used.'' See .S7,/A,v<. 
 
 Payment of waKf.s In iiiilillc-lnmseH prohlWfcd l.v 
 ai'l passeil in ' -' 
 
 Classitied census of ,va-es paid in tlic uiiile.l Kiiii;. 
 doiii In 188^, piililishiMl liy the D.iard cf Tiadf at 
 yanons times ; part Iv, In 1892. 
 
 i(£^, 
 
 1824 
 
 1817 
 166.J 
 1669 
 .872 
 
 LAHOIKI :a.s' «•/ 
 I'KII H KKK. 
 .-. (/. 
 • 7 7 
 
 o 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 ■W^VGGO^S wiro rare in tlic l;;«t cenniiy 
 Tliey, Willi carts, A;e., not c.xci j uiig tlio^c used in 
 afrnciillurc, were ta.\c(l in 1783. 'Die carriers*' 
 wagKons are now nearly snpcrscdi-d bv tlie rail- 
 \va\fi. 
 
 p,^X^g|iokn:s XEAV OVEIU,.v\D 
 
 KULIL TO lM)iA. Lnut. M agliorn devoted 
 a iai>;c portion of his life to connect India with 
 Enslaml. On 31 Oct. 184^, he aiTived in London, 
 by H new route, with the ;: . l,„y „|,,il „f ,hc i.«t ol 
 that nionili. His de.'-, .iciu rJaulied Suez 01 Ihe 
 iOth, and Alexandria on 'he 20th, \vlienee he im„. 
 eeeded l,y stcanihoat to a jilace twidve miles nearer 
 London than Trieste. He hurried throu^:h Austria 
 Baden, liayaria, I'russia, and Beluinm, and reai' ' 
 London at half-past four on the inorni'ii; of il,, 
 
 ' " le difler- 
 
 •aKc.lv 
 xpi 
 lluwi 
 ietter I,. 
 that in a 
 
 II.AND AT IJIFKKIIKNT I'lllllUIS. 
 
 », </. Ynn: 
 
 ■ ]tcr,lm,t o 9 III 1800 
 
 11 o 10 1811 , 
 
 „ I o 185,1 
 
 >i I 4 1857 . 
 
 • • 1 '' Since then inc. 
 
 foils 
 
 I'Eii (n'Aiiii 
 
 . 62 o 
 
 • 55 
 
 • ■>■'■ 
 
 10 
 3 
 
 . I'cr 'Unit 1 
 
 ■ased. 
 
 first-nientiuned day, 'I'lie authoiitiet 
 
 eiit ciiintries through \yhicii he pi 
 
 facililat;(l his niovenienls. The oidi- 
 
 ri(i Marseilles, reached London 2 Ao>. 
 
 Jlr, \V«}>horii siiliM'nu.iith addressed 
 
 f)ie Tii/ii.s iiewspajKr, in wliich lie stat,. unii in 
 
 couple of years he would bring Ihe lioinl av mail to 
 
 London in 21 days. He died 8 Jaii, i{<-^o. On 
 
 l-!___:"^: "L" ""'''"S "' ''"•' JIansion-liouse, 
 
 n„!i Ivi ■'• !'•■ 'I '",'•",'''', '?""''™' "»''' foiiturier, i.f Work 
 and Wages,' published in 1884. 
 
 London, it wa- deferinined to crct » n.itiond 
 
 monument to his memory. 
 
 The Overland Mail, which lia,l left I!„iiil,,iy on , iw 
 1845, arrived early on the ^.th in London, l,v v,avif 
 Stars, dies an,l I'aris, Tli,. speedy arrival wil. ,,,4' 
 to th ^-reiit exerlions imide l,y ihe Krencli noveniiiiput 
 
 an,rbeUeJ. " ''"'''" ""■""'^'' '■'™'" ' "«« »''"«>^ 
 
 WAGNEEISAF, see under ;I/«,v,>. 
 
 WAGr\M, n villaf.e near Vienna, when 
 Napoleon i. totally dcfeati d the archduke Cliiirl,, 
 5- '' J" y. 1«'«> Tl"' flauj,'hf.T on 1 . Ih sides w;ij 
 dn;.dlnl; I2,oco ' i.^rians .,vere taken by tl„. 
 .■ ueh, anil the defeated arm, letirci toMuiavi, 
 All armistice was signed on the I2lli , and en 2. 
 Oct., by a treaty ol peace, Austria eeded nil i-, 
 sea-coast to rranc ; Ibo kinydoiiis of .Sa.xoiiv:'. 
 lavaria were enl '-:,,,,! „t j,,.,. i,.,^,,,.,,.^. . •; ;, 
 1 (dand in Galicia uas ceded to Rus.mh ; and Josculi 
 lioiiaiiarte was reeo^nised as king of Simiti, 
 
 WAHAI^EES olt WaIIAIIITKS, a wmlitf 
 
 Mahoiiiitan retormn „ -ect, c-oiisidcrinK tlunisrlv,. 
 t 10 only true lollowers of iho prophet, e.tal)lisli,.,l 
 tlienis, Ives 111 Arabia about 750, under the rale ■ t 
 Abd-'d-\\al:ab, who died 1 78;. Ijja m,„„|..„ 
 Ba, ud ill rf:oi, dilealcd m expedition l.xadnl v 
 the caliph of Ijagdad. In 1^03 this sect Biizut 
 
iiiidi'i' liiiii ^ix |,i(.|| J,,,, 
 
 I'tT «i'{'k : WiiiMickshiri' 
 iliiir, 5.«. ; Sullulk, 5,-. i,i„| 
 
 lit 3». UIkI 4.1. (MiKMIllliy) 
 
 iiliiim la^ 
 nit of wntte* \mii\ lij tin- 
 (tilJintPil liy Mr. llliidsli,!,,. 
 
 HllSSJlL ^5'J,UUU,OUu/. ; illKl 
 
 ii lit 418, vju.uuu/., t'arin-.i 
 iiKiw zrj to 6<', 
 lick fur lnci»iisu ut »iip- 
 ■rcanllil ; Ui 1877.9, "'»*»'-' 
 
 llc.|i,iiiK|.» prolHiilufl l,y 
 
 Hs' w; 
 
 ;Ka 
 
 n 
 
 lis 
 
 A kI':k. 
 
 
 I'Ell (JI'AlilUn 
 
 (/. 
 
 
 .s. 
 
 (/. 
 
 7 
 
 
 . 63 
 
 u 
 
 (' 
 
 
 • 5S 
 
 10 
 
 . 
 
 
 • Hi 
 
 3 
 
 . 
 
 
 ■ -l" 
 
 ? 
 
 9 ■ 
 
 
 • 57 
 
 I 
 
 IIS. 
 
 
 
 
 lined to crct a national 
 }■■ 
 
 lind loft Ddiiil.iiy 0,1 , Ppo 
 II' -jolli in l.iiiiiluii, liy «avif 
 I'lif spii'ily anivul \\;is ,,\viii» 
 iili'liy tlieKiciK-liniPVirmiioiit 
 
 tliruugli l-raui. «u« Hhutht 
 
 I under MHxir. 
 
 (ce, A^l^tl•ill ckI.iI 
 kili^dunis <>r Siixoiiy;i. 
 lit )icr f,r[i-iisf; iniVt ,1 
 
 MfmiHiid Midina, aiuirniiti,,,,,,, .1 • 
 
 "'"'""Kli their elii.V „,V " ' ' ","•?■• '•"nT"»tH, 
 
 » ,iHvi,„,n,.H. Jiis ;;;:,:;■;''■''''' ■m.'»t 
 i''t.;i'i.:ci .i„d ,„k.'„ p.i-.,n ,'■;„;;' ";, '^'^ "-^ 
 
 HNf llln, to C'01l8tHMli„nn ,. ■« '"" ''"ll". «ll" 
 
 "-"'^•■i;.' in A.ald"'-i';,s.r. •'',■?'',''■>''•''' 
 
 WAilLNTATT, h.,. A",,^:/,,,,;,. ! 
 
 AVAIFS mid STI^AVw / 1 1 1 I 
 
 ^■■•\Vairs,.nd.s,niy.s.f,,',;;,;i,'V^';''';^'''.iiH.,s 
 
 ''i";i;s;;:j;sr;!;7;;;::iir'i; Jui ^ 
 
 "1 MOf)t<, "pipi. tluMyatch '• ';7,;"""'' '''I ."t K.xcHt 
 
 »-:"Xl:;i'aS,K:,.';;;;';';'>' ■" '•"> 
 
 oarlnt Wanvi.k .s„Vl" 'itV , ' ''',■• ','''"■ '''"' 
 
 «on, th. c;„-| „(■ . / ,{ . ':;',:r I /'''■''"''''■^ 
 
 lltiitlMi,, ,,,i ,, I, ■,'''! " '"I'Miy, „i,d lord 
 Micyofnil„i.t,.r, inid^nn \''>"'"- : l-ut the 
 
 utL'-'"- -'i-.«^ ixi^:";;;:-^'-"!,;;! 
 
 i«t 
 
 Th,..,,ui,.c.dr,„;d:':2!'::::rj:;r"8;s-'"r'V- 
 
 1) •i.iprif foiiiiil.'i liy the iiii,.i.n »i 
 
 appniiifd i„ 4 'I'v"';';;^':''',.''','''''!'''''!) 
 r.«,r,,. Hod,,,.. , ..'„ I ,,,,f,f,i„; :;:''■ ■ ■ -^"w- .897 
 
 U'lffu ., • • • J^ l,'l,. ,3,,. 
 
 "AAiir*, tie ,iiii'ii>i,r iinrui, e •• . 
 --<•« day ,,,,.,,„„,,e,ra,^^,^H !;;::, ';;■<•-■: 
 
 :a.''''«"'''''''''"'53'>.b..t^;;d:;;!ir.i!!;r 
 
 «a.i iTirled in 142,;, ■^"" '""' " "^'"^ '■''"'•'1' 
 
 lliern.Miiiuiii of till.,-,,! utci,,!' ' '' ' ' nnd,'!- 
 
 -■"'r.;n:;;il;i,ail,t:;;';Q;::-:r-;7;;";--t; 
 
 *-. '..I.' i"d,i,r„;;!^::;;,';;; :,'•;;' ■.."»■ 
 
 '--''>"''ii..'.nu,iitorc.,un::j;ha:;.a;yo.-;i;:i 
 
 "ALDKOK \M) PYP\rM\T„ 
 
 "".'" 1"'"' M' iiiii^; , ., , ,iM .'-y^^M- """^■'' O'''-- 
 
 '.'•'K-iiiic la.nih- , la,,, ,| , ' '" '"''- ' 1'" late 
 
 'I"-';'.v'.o-ti w.;! , ^::^V'';;,^;;^""''"o. 
 
 '"■l"i-, lioiTi II J,,|, ,w,, '"m", liiiiieOtorgo 
 1 Jim. l«f.«. " """ "•""slerivd tu I', issia^ 
 
 «^^?iSS.'t;intV;''*'""r'^''"«- 
 
 Alps ,l,.,.iv... it ,IZ a „ " "'*^' ""• ^'""i"" 
 f''"m i'i-ttTUMVal,| nf ' , " '" «">i"' luthors, 
 
 ""'■^•""'■.^■^"f I'iniii t al,,, l"''??'^'''"'^'' "' 
 
 ';»t'"-.v, wlicii iTa ,!,,:, ri"","''^ '" '•"^' Ttl. 
 """> ("127-,)) M. I o iV . , *^'""*' .""■■n-Hicd Cor 
 ("'S^'i)M|,'ta„ ,„ ^-'-''''Hvell l,v threat* 
 
 ilii'd In t!.,. .'rr,t ,d ,-,,■„ l""'"i'N save t,vo, 
 
 ^*"'-<: no s ,..r iiidiVel „„,"■'"',"■ """"""» 
 
 ^"'-ivi.if,- Harl„.s a„ li I'i-V' /"?.'"' '''« 
 
 t>-'iiliiiii;anil iimi-c. ,., H, . '"" '''•^'■"I'tlvo 
 
 ^'^,lnnvliatT,,,i,;.kv^' ;':[V'::','''''''''''.'''«*-^ 
 
 '■' '»0. 1„ .\I,„.,.l, s ^s ' ■^"' ''.^ ^'il'^lroil III. 
 
 '''■••^' i" Italy 2,s;.d',T*d\v;'V''''''' """ "'""^ 
 anil ,?o i.t.lic.r-|,.acli,r ^^ "•''•■■'isiaii n.inisters, 
 
 Cml^^^^l?;, ^:'"|:"1; f^J""-'^ H>e l«".l of th,> 
 '"'' "" '■""■"""■11, ■!■ Teutonic 
 
 ■•*!'< ''ia'h Gauls. 
 
 i »!.'.i,nst the l'i,lsa,„l ,S,.oN- 1, , ,V i'^ ■•'""•t'-y 
 H, i..u-lv siMii , „ .'^i I'S, (lilt tii-' .Saxons per- 
 
 al-'Mit J4-, i„ (I, , ',"'"■""■-'''>< 'ii-Mintams, 
 
 has now leniovcl ,,ll Ih mV "~, '"*""' ''iovi,lcne» 
 "ii'l '■iitii'.'lv ,t| .k m I •• •■"': "•'H^ri'nv.i wholly 
 
 i.l»^ HLie tu be piTOiTvud in civil 
 
 
l./!*]:*^' 
 
 WA r,ES. 
 
 1104 
 
 WALES. 
 
 tjUM'n (mvr hiitli |„ I, ..„„ .,t Cu.Tiiarvnn. wliorii M,|. [ II, i,rv II. lin-..|..< Wnl,.,, r Ivr, „ m„i,t ,,.si,i, 
 
 ward M\\nl |,iiii,r i,( \Viilr»,iiMW tillr ol'tlic |[rii-to fi"i" <'»■■" 'i"Mii'.|.l. Iiiit «iil..hi.»,S Wiilrn 
 
 till' oiMwiHil dri'Kt lli-iluiti. \Vm|. HM.'H uiiifid mill " "' 
 
 ilimr|inrat(d willi Iji-lniid liv nvt ,,(' |i.uliaiii(Mit, 
 I.S.jO; dec Jlii/iiiii, lliifiln 1111(1 l''i'(t>ilhii,; l.S.ii, 
 
 «>Si«,'^'|. 
 
 Odiiriim .-.•.iiMila, pniiirii'tur nf Hiitiilii, ,1, fonts l.lr« 
 
 ^.,^>""y ■ ■ A.u. 50 
 
 ill" siipivipiK Hiilliiiiily III UriliiiDilii .SVri(Hi//i In. 
 
 tniMtii.l tciSii,.ti,iiii„ j'liiili un, who Ciiiiscd (liiKc). 
 
 IntiiiK niirs . 
 
 <.'iini|iii'iitM liv .liilliiH Kmiuuhh , ' , ' 
 riic Siliiri-i tniiilly .li'TiMicd . , .','.' 
 Tli<' IJminin, Jiiliii» Aj;h,„lM, i!«iiiiimiid!i in Britain". 78 
 lliMii al-l.lu-, III,' lll.".....d, dir.^nlnml . . , gu 
 
 JliH Dnii.li, ;il rl;i«s -iiidiiiilly dJMuIVfd by tlie lii'ltu- 
 
 58.61 
 7° 
 
 (;uiiiv.i..r,,..v,,rii,,. ,,11,,;.., ,,ftt,,|,,, ,■,,,: ;i,,, ,.,.,,, ,,,.: " 7 
 
 I'l ll.rlr indi'iu'iiili'iii'i' .... ' .,, 
 
 '■'■I Mud..,' siiid til liuvn HiiiKrali'd t" Aliiniiii , - ' 
 
 (MniitliMy , ,.|,lc "Miiduc" U luisid oil til,. tiMih. ' 
 ti.'ii.l 
 
 .\ntfl,.s,'y .Irvmlnti'd . . 
 Th,. , •Ills. , l,..s |ir,..i,lii.,| 111 Wiili-s i,y IS.iMwin, mVli'- ' 
 
 liisliiiii i,r<'iini,.|.i,iiiv ' 
 
 Tlii'..nrl iifi li..it,.r'< ii'ini,„| Jni,, x,,|.||| w,,:,.,' ' '' 
 Kiiitf .l,.hii iiivK.luH Vi'iiU's, lu\iiiK WH...I,- a i^md i.iii 
 
 ,,r llin iirlii,.iiiii||tl>.« ; fxuetii liilmlu ami nil,.. 
 
 k'lun.i' 
 
 Till. l.(.|... liicitcHtli.. WfUli townUt'jiilii'i '. ■ ,'' 
 Ui'viill ,,rtlii. Fli'iiiJiiHH . , • •' 
 l.l,.«flyii, |irlii,.|. ,,f .\,,r||| \Vii1,.h, ,..,MiiiiitH .-fiit " 
 mva;;,.H : i,v,.|v,iiii,.« ||,.|,|.y Ml. 
 
 Th,.'iiVit,..is'.'M','i!!''i'iV.sax,>ii,s' .'.■.' .I'lT*.'^ Ti,,.,.,,rinfiN.i,ii,i;,k,.„;,;i;;ii;,.Vi;;,i,i,'.s.|,,ii, i.invi.iyii ■■'■' 
 
 ViirtlKc.fli klllK' . ... • 44;48 ; ,mr„|„K| ||,,||,v 111., ij,,; a (ni,.,. . . . ■ , 
 
 7'l"-" > I .Miliar oIiTtVilkiiiK- ■ . * . al„.„t to I ''""■:• I' 'V'''"™"';,","""'""'''"'""^''- • • • ' , 
 
 I),.re.it8,-S;,x.,i,s , , , . . ' i„„J I" lm;-'i'ai..rii,.|iiA III t 
 
 C.idu-nll.iun, Ki„^- nl' (Iwmi,.,|,I, ,|.f.ato,l ami Mai '"' nl'J^r:'" 7;'';.'. L' ;';'','',''''',''' ,''' V'" '''"""'*'' *"'l"' ■ 
 
 liy till. Sax,,iisat li.ni.shiini , . al,.,iit 6u ';.''"'>", ''I' '""'"';""''"■■" I'rlan' . . .,,,„ 
 
 l-i-a, a,i,| t.i hav,. , ...al.lislu.'uii., ';,V,h,,ii,v l"! t <"™; invasuai ,.r 111,. Kimlinli ; llii..at,.,i,..l LxtLMni. " 
 
 1,1 tho raiiuir aii-l .■*. mih ,,, kiiis ultli.. cvliirv " "" "' "'" ^^^''''''' '"'"I'l'llt'l 1" ivlrnit with 
 
 Ills . . 
 
 n,-i«n of It.„l,,rl,. Ilin (IriMit .... "'""" sla 
 111' Uliili's Ihi! iH/tty status Int., niie iirliiciiiality ; 
 
 Ins ilratli ■ ■ Sti 
 
 Divisiiiii iif Wall's into imrtli,' Huutli, uii,! ciitral 
 
 (or I'.nvy.s Ian, I) 
 
 Till. Wi'l.nli i.i'iii,-,s suliiiiil to Alfr',',! ".'.'! fs? 
 Ill,' llaiii'.slaii, I ill .Villi's.. V. ... atZ 
 
 Laws imai'liil l,y lluwil |)„, ],riiici; of uU Wali'sl 
 
 Atl.i.lHt.'.nsnl„li,...Ktlii.W,.l,li . . . ''^'""' ^'° 
 
 Vivilwu'ial lii.s,l,.alli „,„,„i f/^ 
 
 <jri'it liallli' lirtwiin tin. *,ih of Tlowid Da mid 
 till, sons of l,lw.il \oi.l ; tia. utter yictorloiia . nu 
 
 EdKiriiiva.lisWali.s al.out ,'-j 
 
 Div.islalions coiiiiiiilli.il l,y Kdwiii, the Hon of 
 
 Haiios invii.li. Wal.s; lay Aiiyli'sVy waste,' *!•! 
 
 Till" ooiintry rflm-e.! Iiy Auilaii, luinc.o of Xonir'**" 
 W airs 
 
 IJI J 
 
 \Vi.Mi olfiTs nrii|.ai.i'ri.fini..| , . ' ' , 
 Mi-iT'lyii's iiH.|iiH|..ii.4 Into KiiK'llsli ti.nit.,vy 
 
 I'T'il'"! I fi'ii'iiri' l.i'twi-iii him 1111,1 -iiin'oiiil 
 
 .M.,iiir,.rt a-ainsl lh(. I'laiil.ini'iiits . , ,,. 
 
 Muwulyii does huiimge to Hi. my HI. for a irmly ' 
 
 Rilwnr.l I. simiiiioiis Llewrlyn to Wi.slminsii.i. . ' 
 
 -Xi'.lan t 1,. ii.siiriii.r, sl.-iin in liatlli' liy Urwidvn . lo,, 
 I'ai' of \\al, , laiil vv.-i.sl.. I,y |hi> l'.,n.,.s of Harold . io„' 
 M illiani 1. , Loins f,.|i,lal aiiiliorily „v,.r Wah.s . . i^,;, 
 liliysahUH.iiii kills kiiij,- Dlfdilyn, 1071: .h.fi.ati'.l 
 
 an, I slain 
 
 Ilav.-i-iii- iiivasi,,ii of llii-h, rnrl of (jhcstur 
 
 Invasion of Ih, lii.sh mii.| Sculu 
 
 AViliiani I. inv.i,!. s \Vai,s 
 
 llaltliof I.li, hiyil . . . ■ . ■ 
 
 'ilii this inidlii't thi. sons of ))l,.,l.hn a'l, Cviivvi'i 
 "■,•11. slain liy Hhys ali 'IVwilwr, tliu |■^.i^;lli■nu' 
 [.rinri'. 1 " 
 
 lihys all Tewihvr slain ; IS. Wali'S loiiiiuiri-.l l,v the 
 KukIIsIi 
 
 riiVMsi,.n..f Ih.. rnJi.sl, iimli'r Wiiliani'll ' ' itl,™ 
 ■Ihi. si.t1lin.,iit in Walls ofa n.lonv ,,n.'l, iiiinKS . ,u 
 ^ '''•<■'" «"-" I N' si. wih. of (i,.i'ahl ,i.- Wimhsor, 
 
 iK.i; 
 1112 
 I113 
 
 liy (Iwaiii. son of L'a.|\V),'aii ali lileikhn . 
 Oii'.liK.'iii ii.mini ri',1 l.y .■ilronyliow . ' . 
 
 ^.'a.lwt'an a~,:issiiiai,.i| 
 
 <ji'nlty,l,l ah lihys lays ilalni to the soveri'lKlitv ' 
 An..ther lio.ly of l.'liMiiiiL's settle in IVnihrokeshire 
 (.Thi.iiosteri!yofllii.s,.s,itl,.isari.slill,lisliiiKnisli,.,l 
 
 trom the aiuieiil lirilish |i,,|,iil.iiioii l,v their Ian- 
 
 f-oiafji', iniiiiiu'is. ami , iisi,inis. | 
 Civil wa: ill .'^. mill W.iiis and I'nwvsland leads to 
 
 the s:ili.iii;;,ili..n "f llie loiintrv by the Kie-lish • 
 
 Henry 1. ,i',.,|s.;isil.s in Wales .' u,.'il <■■, 
 
 Owain kill,..| in lialtl.. wilh (ierahl ,le Wiiids,ir 1,16 
 
 Koviilt of ((wen (Juviiedil ,111 thedeath of Hen I '• 
 
 Jiart of South Will,. s lai, I waste . '"ii" 
 
 The KiiKlisli ,|..|eai,.,| in s,vi.|'al lialtles ' ' ,,',fi 
 
 Stronnliiiw, earl of r,.ii)l,|.,,ke, iiiv,.st,-d with the 
 
 IHiweraofnt'imnt jialatine in Pemhroko . 1138 
 
 111 his lefnsal t,) come, di'iioses him, 1276: an,! 
 
 111V11.I..S Wales ,|,|||,, „ 
 
 Mew.lNii sul.niitsaml olilains koo,I teinis 10 Nov' "' ' 
 111' niaiiiis Kleamirile .Mmilfiat . uo.i' " 
 
 The sons of tjinffyihl ti, ji.li,r,,iislv ilrowned in tlu' " 
 river Dee, l,y the e.nl Warri'niie and Koeei. 
 Jlortinier ; t-'reat liisiiirei|i,,ii . . " „ 
 
 Ilawaideii laslle taken livsiiriirlse liv [.lewelyii iiii,i 
 his 1,1-,, Ih, I Havid, 21 .Marcli ; Ihev ilislni'v Flint 
 and Hhii.ldlMn custlcH. Friiitles.s iii'«oli(iti,.iis 
 
 Nov. laSj 
 Haltle lielweeii Mewelvn atid the Kiinlish mar \l.ir 
 r.iiw : l.!,welyii slain, aflertlic liallle, l,v A, lam 
 
 „!■'■■'"';'"», ' , ■;. iJi.,., „ 
 
 rriiiee David siirrenilera, ami is e.veiiiti.d 
 Wales llnally Kiili.lneil liy K.lwanl 1. . .'.'"' 
 Th,. Ilrsi KiiKlish |iriiiel. ,.f Wales, son of i-Mw.'inl' " 
 liorn at Caernarvon castle (see Vriaecs 11/ W.ilet 
 
 -,,... , ^ '""" l'»-"> ssAnril' I.'. 
 
 . i.jSo I fitalutcf Wales (see p. 1193) eiiaeteil . i,,\Mi,r,.|i; 
 . loSi '"''"ly msurrei'lioiis siiiiiiressed ami the l,.a.|,is " 
 
 I'X.'lMli'll 1 ■■7 1.^0 
 
 tir,at r,'lielliim of f)waln Olvmlwr, or Owen ''" 
 (iieii,|,,w,.r (ileseemlant of the last iiriiue, 
 
 i.h'vvi'lyn) miiii.m.,.s .... ,,,^ 
 
 lli.|ii.,raii.| ,,llier placs taken l,v Owaiii (llvmlwr u^i 
 
 Alius Willi Ihc ,s,.ii(s ami llie I'ereies : liils s 
 
 l-'ai'marvoii .... " u 1 
 
 Ami s,.i/,.s ll..|rleeli easlle . . " . ' ' ' , |' ' 
 
 Makes a tre.'ilv Willi l-'raiiie . . ' 10 Jlav 
 
 llarlei'li I'.islle retaken liv Ih,. Ki^.-lisli f,irees ' " ,!„, 
 Loses hid allies liy their ihfeat at lirainhani iimor 
 
 i> i, .^ ,. , , ■'* '■''''• '4"5 
 
 Havn;.es tlir I'.iiKlish lernliiries . , , ,J^,, 
 
 Ii..fiis,.s t,i isk f.,r terms or sulnnit ; .Ihs . 21 .S,.],t i,|-, 
 
 His s.ii SlllllllitS L.l Kl'll I41.J 
 
 .Mar-,iivi of Anj,,ii, iineeii of If,.lirv Vl.," takes 
 nfii;;,. in llaihili eastle ..'... j,;, 
 
 Town ,if l)enlii;:li liiinil . . . . ' . ,,;„ 
 
 'J'l irl i.f Hiihiii I, afterwaiils ll,iirv VII., hinds 
 
 ill r,'mliioke, ami is aiiled liy the Wi isii . Aiij; ijf: 
 
 ralatinc jurisdictions in Wales aliolislieil liy Henry 
 
 .M,iiim,,ulli niaile an Kn^-iish eounlv: eonnties nf "^ 
 
 lin'ikm.ik, |ieiilii(;li. an. I Ifa.lnor 'iLinieil 
 Act f.ir "laws anil jiisliee In he a,lniiiiisleri.il in 
 
 • '077 
 
 1079-80 
 
 10S7 
 
 1090 
 
 7 
 cj6 
 
 AVales in same form us in Knuland," 27 Henry 
 
 can.., : hut the law of hiheritanr. wa. to be chan-n.! Div;:hJr;;Zuehl.'':m,di:'''''''' ''■' '""''"""" ' '-"' 
 
 o"l-«X J' '"'"""' '""■ '" ^^ '"" '" '"'■'"'■ •■'""'"' ^"- '■■•' ' '"■■ ''i»''"l' "'•«• 1J"V"1''^. 'mrnt at theshike "'' 
 " I fo'' li- y 30 Jliinli, 1=55 
 
ILKS. 
 
 HNl.,hl.H,S, Will,., , , , 
 f WjiIi « Inllllli rvc(j\|.ry 
 
 »nil«mti'fl to Aiiinliu , /* 
 U I'iiaiil III! tlic tiMill. 
 
 iili'S liy |!.ililwlii, iii'ili'. 
 
 iilM N„iili Wales' . 
 >iMH Wiisii' 11 K'i'"t |';iit 
 ii'tn tnliiilu mill allu. 
 
 O I'Mliit JiillU 
 
 I'll 
 
 Wllliw, ('nllllllitH gri'Ut 
 hTllnl,ii.sJ,iil| I,1pwi'Ij|'| '"° 
 
 11 Iriii'i' , , , , , 
 ri'ln^K, lir. , , .' , ij 
 
 liy llii' r.iih'lluli' Ht'].t' ' '' 
 I"'""' . .1 ",., 
 
 Ht iiM. i.:„i..|i.i, . . „,, 
 
 i; llirviiiiurd fxfi'iiiii. 
 [lellcil |i, ivtrnil with 
 
 • 1257 
 
 "57 ''-i 
 
 iikHhIi liTiituiy 
 11 liiiii iiiiii >^ll^l>n ilii 
 ■iK''i"'t« . . . ,2(,, 
 
 '■my III. fdi- a liciiiy 
 
 ■lyil to WrHliiiiiiHlcr; 
 IioMca liiiii, 1276: mill 
 
 . .Iiiiic, ,.„, 
 1 Koiiil ti.'nna 10 Nov. 
 
 '"■' • • u<lil. ',] 
 Tiiiisly ilrowiicil III till. 
 SVmri'iiiii. iiijit Itii^ci' 
 
 "" • • . . is8i 
 ■lulsi' liy I.li'wclvii mill 
 •li: llii'V ,li«ti'oy Kliiit 
 
 hllitllrt-i IIC'HlllllltioMH 
 
 N"V. uij 
 tlic Kiijilisli 111 111- Al.ir 
 illii-' lull til', l,y Ailiiiii 
 
 • M Uw, ,, 
 
 is CXI'lllli.il . . ,,.. , 
 
 Mini I "* 
 
 Vulcs. son of KihiMnl, 
 
 (Sfi; I'liiWH nj Wnlea, 
 ■ , • • -'5 AlTil, ijj, 
 
 rlinrtim . i,j .Miiiih, , 
 sell mnl tlif IimiIits 
 
 .,,• , • • i.'K7-ij;o 
 Cilyiiilwr, or Owiu 
 f the last ]iiiii(i', 
 
 • • • . . 140 
 '|i liy Ow.iiii fllymhvr i^ui 
 lie IVri'ii'S ; liusji'gis 
 
 M'J 
 
 . . l.|04 
 
 10 .M:iv, ,, 
 
 Kiij-'UhIi forci's . ', ^^J 
 at at Jjiaiiiliaiii ninnr 
 
 I.) Feb. 1403 
 
 1 ■ . . . 14^1 
 
 limit ; ilirs . 21 Si'lit. 1415 
 
 -'4 I'Vli. 141'j 
 •f iliiiiy VI., takts 
 
 145) 
 
 . l4'o 
 111.'- Ili'liiy Vl(., l:iliit.s 
 y till' Wi isii . AllK. 14J5 
 s alioli.sliiil l,y lli'iin' 
 
 .... 15:5 
 I'omity ; coiiiitii'S 111 
 ailiior t'l riiM'il . . „ 
 I 111' ailmiiiisti'ri'il in 
 Kn(!lmiil," a? Ui'iiiy 
 
 liil liy parliiiliuiit . isiii 
 
 154j 
 
 .'», burnt at tln'sliiki' 
 • . 30 Jlarcli, i;5i 
 
 I.owU rjH-ain, (1 liaron of i|„. ,„„i, " " 
 
 ,/:"i:,!;i;-i:,-;l,»^';n,;o,^^!;';:r';:!;i7-t'"">.".i 
 
 WiNliliil,!,. ,„i|,,,,,, ■•-.,_ j 
 
 '"lint!::*""" ":"■■•'■""- "-^--wi'ir. a,,- „„;,„• ;: 
 ivi;;K:r;;i:;i!:,r:''i''r '''^^ -'< • "'^^■- "*' I 
 
 rymiMroiloi'ii,,, .sii .^u 7, ', '''"V'[|-*''l''"'0 .,„ 
 MliiWlMlu'il '■* "'" ''I'liitalilu i.miiiM,.,! '"' I 
 
 7i!;;r' '"■''' '"'■-•-'^-i^i^.s . . ill, „™,,,,fis.-3. 1 
 
 «lio ,I,..,|,.ov,.;i 1 ,1 I ,,,'''''■'■» I" '• I'Mll. ,!,',.« ' i 
 
 pfH. Wall's; i.'.,i, ,/::: "•" - " "/ i"ius,.,. ,„ ,„„,,^ 
 
 k''''lii;i-. wa.H imu'iliri'il',^;'.,,''. *""■"!. " l"!!- 
 
 wtTi' ti'li'il ainl |i,iHi.sli,',i ' '■ ■ '"""J- litT.^.iii.'i I 
 
 .i"iai^nai''V;;^!:.;^:;;:7'-^-;^v;MW.,i,,s,w ;! I 
 
 Alii'rysiwitli i.|„.||,„| i.iii\fi.,iiy ,.„||,,jj,, ^^j J| 
 
 ';a;rr;;::::;;;i;ii:i;;:;i''^''"'i'.-;.o.i.iit..^;;^!''a-«^3 
 
 omit illsti'i'ss in .SoMtli 'wal,.:, t|,|,„i.,i; 1 ' ■ >377 
 I'-al li-ai ,'l,ystilki'.a„,l 1. in„!'^' '''■'■'>■ »f ' 
 
 :;:'■'" '" '1,1 '1, , .1, '":'""■■",' "i"i 111.1' iiow? 
 
 « "'"t H.'ii.li.l,'" .'.• '''■,,!"''; *". '"Iviin.t.| 
 Ki';i';\''''\.'''''-''''-V''« V ''• ' "^'l' '837 
 
 I? i-;iM::^;:ln:!,'-'' '.; iVo..;:''.''!!; ■«' 
 
 ImiKiiii;.,. /' '-"'"K ixiioiaiit „| ||„. „.,.|^|| 
 nil,',',."! ,■''■'"'■*■ "i''liar.l' " m'|. r ' ... •, , =-' '•'•'I'. 1888 
 
 „'"i;',fvi'MiMii'm,:ir""""'^'"""^-wah:j'i* •• 
 ;^^:!::'-.;i-^;'±r;^^ 
 
 T'-»^vi»M„.,'ni.i.;„„t,;t,ii.;'a„,;n,.,,.,-,,a,:ir""'' •• 
 >v"^i:ti:L:;^;^;!f;:,-';;lv-u:;;;!l;'nV^:rv.,;r 
 
 ^;^;^";'';'^'m'n'.i,;'',.',l:'?:?''j'.,r':-'>i- ' 
 
 '-nVa:h:C;s 1^,' Ll^^l-'I'-y^-livayof'^": 
 ■■H"li.ri'a " HotH ; i„.„ , ','." '"■"'■'' 'l"l'n'ss on ,8„.o ; 
 
 "I'Um- lUli .lit , fs ;» , .1 '''''iV''''''' "" ""■ Wv. " ' 
 «:.l"r kiiliirs ""*"" '"'•«"ll>' ; ""'I r,',si.,t til,, I 
 
 «.'Mi.'Sniiilay;'|o.si;,^-ai''t ' ' ""' 'S7S-Jan. ,870 ' 
 
 .I'.iiMlirian iiraili'inv „f ni'ti 'si'td',,,! t' , • • >^3, j 
 lili-ilii'iliit l,l,'iiiiin,ii„, "" ''*"'li"l to 1,0 ,.H(a. ! 
 
 Aiiiiivui','(ityi'iil|,'....,,i's,,i,ii,'u- .' • • •l.iii. i8=j i 
 
 »lilr|.,^s,al,li,,| |.r|a V^ ' ."■' •■■;'''''l M nmitl,; '^"^ ' 
 
 6.><f|if. ;oii,.n,.,| '"-""""• Iilol,'s.s..|'.sa,, nii'.l 
 
 NVth WaluN uniyi;i'.,ity c'ii'll,.<,,,' n.,,' „. ' ■♦ '''•• i88j 
 
 '' "'nl| IMll;,'. 11', oii,.ni.||_ ^ 
 
 Til" ciilli's.. at Al„'ry.st»-in, Imnif , . .'"^ (V''- '"34 
 
 i;:;3" .""""" "■••'•Mii.'i""f,iaS:„^i;- 
 
 ■*"'"""■ '-"'"'^'"nH rintiiniilation ol^^^:;:!;!;; '826 
 
 Tillii' riiit.H at .Mofliilr,. ri,.-,.,i . -^i'-'- .><i'|il.' „ 
 
 „*"li|i.v.ss y Miili,,,n.'a,?|" ,',""">• "^i'l'-'"l i ' 
 
 TI11.1. Hi'i'ks III',. i,„ Hiiai 1,1, ,'i, ,,.,,.;, , "^ ''"11". i£37 
 
 ixtiiif;uislii.i| aCt.r mil,' .. 1 ""'"'""''i""; 
 
 Wiia' . """'' '''•^'""■t'oii of lir,. ai„| i 
 ___i__' • • • =5 .Inly, ,. j 
 
 ..^ileUs^;;;:'?r'^^;:v;!:,''''• '^'^-v™--. •'•■■■•'-.)<.■ i 
 
 ''-p"".|".-,.,ai,;ii;;'^ --;;j ;;(".ssi'ss,i,i,,,f' 
 
 "'!■ i,aiij,'li.'iiiii.. In ff, I,,, ,,,','' ''"""'I'"" o( 
 i;yi;r. v„.laj<,',',l tli'^^m^ ' ^^'[^'Z't ''"T" ^'" ' 
 
 ri'iuiiMiii. tiii'ir iii',iii.„,,.,,.|,.,.: , ^"'r '""i '■>:"i'^ 
 
 ^I'ireilKiVMt s„lli.,'i„.Hf, Av i ';! r- " "■'■ ''''•''":^ 
 fwl, mill I'm,,, „.,:,.,, ,,..,]''"■""• '-I'lKlim'ii.i, 
 """l-'miii'il to ii;.,,tli : 1 „ , I „ ; .ii'l '■'""■'■'"'■'■■'i.il, an, 
 
 l"iii.iiiai rilin-lv 0, ..,,'""■'■• "'"' '^•'•^ "'"'t in 
 
 l^^'ilniiirisunuicut. j",/,!,;,,;:''"^'^'""'"""''"' J^'y. aft., 
 
 aiinoiiiici',1 . '"J '"II'W of .Nuitli WaliN 
 
 ''Si^i:;;-;r^^::^:';;;;;;;;-'rt,,,,;.ii,,,.;,,,,,,^~- .. 
 
 „ 't«!m,'.'iiiin,.^.alivi', ,. ' (-J- 20J), ,0 |,.,.|,. 
 
 i-''''''''-'''''|'''''^4AiH U';':;;i'r'''^'-''^''"'''^ 
 
 ^--..s,tyo.>VaLi^:i,^'!:^»;^:i''--;,:S,;,,t..S,3 
 
 ws;:!'^:n:ii^,!''it-,-»^^ 
 
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 s:;;;;;;:i;, ;;;:-;-- '--•in-,,i.n.;,.., ;;.'■;;;;; '^^ 
 
 i;,«x,/. .snliMTii'i'V "' "'■■'*'i""isli'i-eli,ni'nian, 
 
 "'■J'<li lai,i|,',,|„|„|, ', • • • . le.Jnno, „ 
 
 w:H;'':i:;;i.,^!-];'';r;v Ma^;l8r''^'"''i^:;- 
 ti'oilii.'Hs anotl,,,,. |,|,,' .,„"•*' ■^''- A.s,|,i,t|, i„. 
 
 , »to|,|,,.i| l.yti',, lis', '"•'■•*'"«'■. 6. May I/, „.,/.; " 
 
 Wil AU.,-,lai„, ■•tut," f «-"ii •, S July, ,33s 
 
 I liari . "■*; ""^''•"'l l'»"y, ap'il 95, ,.,„|n„„fc " 
 
 ' ,.-?s— 154 . , _ ' ".'"'I'll uy S011111I0II.S, 
 ^1'' 11. Usliornii.'iion.ni, ill ", ; • '9 -May, 
 f' May, ,i..r-,; ,|i,,7" '■ '""■'"'' l"ilitii'imi,^ \nm[ 
 ^ «iilu.sc.al strik,., .,:.,,, v;.;,,,,,' : • ^'5 An- „ 
 ■ • AI'lll ji AllL'. iSqS 
 
 SiS. .Mi'ivM, ■ s,„ I ;„ "^ "ii'wsaiit war. 
 8.4' ii.iiliri,'il,i'(i:;'i^'";,;l'""^»«J"^wi,o). 
 
 (f^^"b ibr... ui.Maimii.) 
 ;;.A.-^,.„ora-- 
 
 

 tiVfi 111 
 
 t ttjt. d SWita , 
 
 
 WALES. 
 
 1196 
 
 943. Howel Da the Guoil, ]iriiice of all Wales 
 
 948. lefan and lap) ; suns of Mwal. 
 
 972. Jlowfl ap Itfan, lliu Hail. 
 
 984. Cadwallon, limtlicr. 
 
 983. Jlciuilitli ap Owen ap Ilowel Da. 
 
 992. idwal ap Mevrie ap Idwal Voel ; aljlc, brave. 
 
 998. Aedaii, a usurper. 
 I j'5. IJewelyn ap Sits.vlit, jinoil sovereign. 
 IXJ3. lanoap Idwal ap .Meyrie. 
 1139. Orillith ap Llewelyn'ap Sitsyllt ; killed. 
 IJ67. liledilyn. 
 1073. Traliaern ap (.'arailoc. 
 
 IJ79. lirilHth ap c'ynan ; alile : warlike; Keneron.'i. 
 1137. Owaiii Gwynedil ; eiiergetie, aueee.ssful warrior. 
 1169. Howel, son. 
 
 ,, David ap Dwain Gwynedd, brother ; married sister 
 of Henry II. 
 1194. I.leHelyn, the Oreat. 
 1240. Havi.l ap Llewelyn. 
 
 1246. Llewelyn ap Urilllth, last prince of the blood ; slain 
 after battle, n Dee.. 1282, 
 
 KNOI.ISH I'RINeK'i OF W.M.K.K.* 
 
 I2.;.i Edward I'lantagenet (afterwards kinj; r-Mwaid II.. 
 son of Kdward I., born in Caernarvon Castle 011 , 
 tile 25th .\pril, 1284. It is asserted that ininio- ' 
 di.-itely after his birth he was presenteil bv his 
 father to tlie Welsh elneltains as tln>ir iVitnre 
 sover.'ig::, tl,,. kin.!,' holdiiitr nji tin' royal infant 
 ;;■ his arms, ami ..^'.yiiif;, in tlie Welsh laiiKnage, 
 " Kiih /'i/ii," literally in Kiifjlisli, "This is your ' 
 man," but sipiifyinj;, "This is your coinitry'nian 
 and kiiif,'. " .See, however, " A7i /lo a." 
 ijoi. Edwanl of Carnarvon made prime of Wales and 
 
 earl of Chester. 
 1343. Kdward the Hhiek Prinee. 
 
 1376. Hii hard, his son (.ilterwards Hiebanl II. 1. 1 
 
 1399. Henry (.ifteiwards ilinry V.), son of Henry IV. i 
 1454. Edw.ird, .son of Henry VI. ; .slain at Tewkesbury, 
 
 4 -^biy, 1471. 
 1471. Edward (aO. Edward V,). son of Edward IV. 
 1483. Edward, son of Hieliard 111. ; dieil in 1484. 
 1489. Arthur, .son of Ilenrv VII. ; die.l in 1502. 
 1503. Henry, his broiher (afterwards Ilenrv VIII.). 
 
 E.lward, his son (afterwards Kdward Vl.) was duke 
 of t oniwall. and not ininee of Wales. 
 1610. Henry Kri'derie. son of .lames I. ; died o Nov. ifn2. 
 j6i6. Charles, his broth.-r (al'terwanl.s Cli.irles I.) 
 
 Charles, his son (afterwards Charles II.), never 
 ereated jirinee of Wale.s. 
 1714. George Augustus (afterwanls George H.). 
 1729. Erederie Lewis, his son ; died 20 Marrli, 1751. 
 1751. George, his son (.afterward::, (iei rge III.). 
 1762. George.liisson (afterwards George IV.): born 12 Aug. 
 1341. .\lbert Kdward, son of i|neen \ ietoria : born 9 Nov. 
 liapti/.ecl, king of I'mssia a sponsor, 15 ,I,iii. 1842. 
 Iravellid on the eoniinent, and studied at U.vford 
 
 and Kdinbiirgh, in 1859 
 Visited ( anada. with the dignity of a viteroy, anil 
 
 the United fitatis, i«6o. 
 
 Entered the uiiiv^'isity of Cambridge in ,Ian. : 
 
 attinded the eaiiip at the Curregh, Kildare, .liily 
 
 tort.pl.; opened New jMiddle Tem[ile Librarv, 
 
 )i Ori. u(,,. 
 
 Ordere.l to be prayed for as Albert Edward 
 
 8 .Ian, : visite.l the eonlineni, Svria, ami Egvpt, 
 
 .Maivh-.lnn,.: (i,.rni,iny aii.l Italy, Ang-Dee. 1862. 
 
 Adlllitliil to the house of peers, 5 I'eb. ; a privy 
 
 eonn.-illor, 8 lie... 1863. 
 Married to iirineess Alexandra of Denmaik, 10 
 
 .Mareh, 1S63. 
 Visite.l Denn'iark and Kwe.len, .Sept. -Get. 1864; 
 
 llussiii, Nov.. Dee. 1806. 
 Visiti'.l liii.Tii.itioiial Kxhiliitioii. I'aris, Mav, 1867. 
 Vi.Mt.'.l li.lan.l; aiii..'.l al Dublin, 15 April, 1S68. ' 
 IiisMll..! knightof.it. I'atriek, 18 April, 1868. 
 Ojiened Leeds Fine Arts E.vhiliition, 19 May, 186B 
 
 • W.M.rs, I'i!iNfp:sM OF. This title was liel.l, soim 
 
 authors s.ay. dining the early pi'iio.l ..f h.'r life, bv the j 
 prill. iss Mary of Knglaiel. .I.li'st . laughter. if Ilinrv VIII., 
 
 .■in.l afterwards. pie.ii JI; ry I. she ivas .real.'.l, th.vst.iie, | 
 
 by h.'r father prim ess of W.iiis, in oriler to e..miiial|. tin', j 
 
 Wlsli peopl.' .111.1 k.'i |ialiv.' the name, ami was il ii|v j 
 
 oriie .'Si .if Wa'- s ill ill . , wii right ; a rank sli.. ..iiiove.! i 
 
 until till, birth of a son to Ilenrv, who w.is afterHa'nls I 
 
 Edward VL, f.irn in 15 ,. This is dmi.'.l bv Itai.l.s. I 
 
 WALES. 
 
 With the rrineess at Ghisgow, laid foundation of 
 
 new university, 8 Oct. :868. 
 Sailed bir the eontinent, 17 Nov. ; ealleil at I'aris • 
 arriveil at Copenhagen, 29 Nov. ; visited berlin 
 Vienna, ami arrive.l at (.'aim, 3 Eeb. 1869. ' 
 
 Examiueil the .Sue/ eanal, Vid.. ; arrive.l al Con'st.in- 
 tinople, 1 A|iril; at Sebast.ip.d. 1 (-17 April; at 
 Athens, i,;-24 April; lan.led at Dover, ii .M:,v 
 1869. 
 Inaugurated Vietoria Embankment (Thames) n 
 .Inly, 1870. ' ^ 
 
 Open.'.l Workmen's International Exliiliitim: 
 
 Islington, 16, Inly, 1S70. 
 Attaeke.l wit htyphoi.Uever, about iq Nov. ; great, ^t 
 .laiigi:r, ()-i3 Dee. ;ameiidnieiit began 14 li.'e.,ii,-, 
 Went foSt. ranrswitlithe.|iieeii bir thanksgivn'g 
 27 Keb. ; saileil for the e.inlinent, ii .M.nvli' 
 visite.l the I'opi', 27.Manh : oi.en.'.l new grammar 
 SI hold at Vanii.mth. 6 .luiie ; the liethnal tbe.u 
 Museum, 24 .lune, 1872. 
 At the opening of the gresit exhibition at Vienna 
 I May, 187 j. ' 
 
 At til.' duke of Edinbiiigh's we.ldingat St. ret.T.... 
 bmg, 23 Jan. ; visit l.i I-' ranee ; entertain, .i \,\- 
 the due de Hoehefoueaill.l lii.saeeia, due .i'.Aii- 
 male, anil otiiers.about 17 (Jet. ; at liiriningiiaiu 
 3 Nov. 1874. 
 Installed grand master of the fr.'ema.sons of I'le.. 
 laii.l. 28 April, 1875. ' 
 
 ii2,o<«./. vcd.'.l l.ir his visit to India [more than 
 
 sulliiieiitj.lnly, 1875. 
 
 Saile.l from Dov.'r, 11" (let. ; warmly reeeived at 
 
 Ath.'.is, 18 Oet. ; at Cairo, invested Mohaninn.l 
 
 T.wlik, tlie son of the Khedive, with the Star ef 
 
 Imli.i, 25 (let, 1875. 
 
 Arrive.l at liombay, 8 Nov. ; roonah 13 Nov ■ 
 
 (ioa, 27 Nov. ; Cidombo. Ceylon, i Dee, ; Madras' 
 
 13 De... ; Cal.ntta, 2t U.e. 1875. ' 
 
 At l!eiiares, 5 .Ian. ; Lnekn.iw, b .Ian. ; Delhi, ,, 
 
 Jan. ; Lahoiv, 18 Jan. ; .Innimoo, Caslim.i. , jo 
 
 Jan. ; Agra, 2^.11111. ; (iwalior, 31 Jan. ; in V- 
 
 palll, 12 I'eb. ; at Allahab.ld, 7 Mar.di ; siiii,.! 
 
 from liomb.ay, i ) M.ii.h ; arrived in Malta, 6 .\prii- 
 
 Gibraltar, is April. .Seville, 21 April; .Ma.lri.l .^ 
 
 April ; Lisbon, , May : Lomhui, with aboui 5^ 
 
 animals for the Z.iol.igieal gardens, i, .\f iv ; 
 
 b,iii.pi.-t at M:insimi house, iij May; revi.\\.,i 
 
 30, (VM v..liiiite.-rs in Ily.h Park, i .I'lily, i8;(,, 
 
 rresi.liMit of th.' liiilish eomniissioueVs at tli.- 
 
 I'aris exhibition, 187S. 
 Presi.le.l at Nati.iiial Water Siipjilv eonfere'iic 
 21 -May; laid foun.lationof St. .Mary''s, Wilberlou', 
 memorial idiur.di, Southampton, "12 .\ng. i,\-;. 
 Lai.l loumhili.in .d'newli.ispital, .Norwi. li, 27,liui(; 
 o|ieneil new duek at Great Grimsliy, 22 .lulv 
 1S79 
 Laid biundalion of new eathedral at Tru: ■, -> 
 April; oiiened new doek at Ilolvhead, 17 ,1; i, 
 1880. ' ' 
 
 Laid bvundation of central Institution of citvi.n.l 
 Giiil.lsof London Inbtitute, South KeiiBingtiHi 
 18 July, 1881. 
 Opens till' lioyal C.dlege of Musie, ■/ Mav, iRS;. 
 0|iens tlie liit.'rnati.iiial Fishery Kxliibiti.in' 1^ 
 
 .May ; .-los.s it 31 Oi-t. 1883. 
 Iiiaiignrat.il the ,)iiries at the Health Exhihiti.ii; 
 
 17 .Iniie. 1884. 
 Visits New.Mstle ;iml op.'us Armstvong park, 11111- 
 
 seiiiii, .^-e.. 20, 21 .\ng. 1684. 
 Visit to Dublin (eiithiisiastii'ally rei'fived), S.Ajiril' 
 Coik, 15 A]ail ; Killanny, 16 April; l.iiii.ii.!: 
 (warmly le.eiveill, 2o.\piil; from Dublin 1.. ij, ;. 
 
 last (warm re.|.|ition), 2( April ; Loii.l I.ni. 
 
 25 April ; .sailed Ironi l.iirm', 27 A|iril, idi,. 
 Ojiens art gallery, &o., at liirminglu.ia, 27, jb Xiiv 
 
 1885. 
 Foriiially .ipeiis the Mers.'y tunnel, 20 Jan, ifio. 
 Ki'pl his silv.'. w-.'d. ling, u, March, 1888. 
 0|.iiis till' internati.iiial exhibition at Gla>".n 
 
 8 May, 1888. 
 Foun.ls a teehiiical school at lilaeklmrn, ,1 .Ma\ 
 
 1888. 
 Visits AuslriaamI Hungary. Sept. ; Konni.iiiiii,,^'. 
 
 4 (let. ; returns to L.m.lon, 22 Oct. i8,-!.s. 
 " Speeches ale! Addres.se.s," iSfij 18H8; piihlidi..! 
 
 12 .Ian. iSSq. 
 Vncovers several .liibilee statues of the iiueen, tit. 
 (.S(T Ji.'a7ci), 1^87-9. 
 
at Claspjw, liiiil fimiidation vt 
 SOi't. 1868. 
 
 iiu'iit, 17 Nnv. ; railed at Pnrn ; 
 iliagi'ii, 29 Nov. ; visited Ijuilin, 
 vcd at t'aiio, 3 l-Vli. i86q. 
 
 canal, Veil. ; ai rivi'd al Ccnislaii- 
 ; at .Si-liastiii«il. i j-17 Ainil ; at 
 I'lil; lamlfd at DdViT, 13 May, 
 
 lia liiiibaukiiM'iit (Tlianu's) I^ 
 
 I's Intt'iiiatiipiial Ex!iiljitini> 
 >'. 1S70. 
 
 "ill fever, alii lilt iqXov. ;i;reiit(st 
 ; allleliilniellt lM';,'all 14 llee.,iS7i. 
 iVitlllllei|lieen fur tliaukst;i\ iiif;| 
 fur tile eiilitiliellt, .1 Malvlr 
 sT.Maivli: n|ieiieil iiewi,'niijiinnr 
 nth. 6,lune; the lietliual tln.u 
 I'. 1872. 
 the yriiit exliiliitimi at Vieiii,a, 
 
 iiliiunh's wediliiif; at Ht I'eteis. 
 visit 111 Fniiiei': enlertaiunl ly 
 liefiiueuuld Uisaccia, due d'Aii- 
 ,abiiiiti7 0c-t, ; iit Uiniiiiit;liaiii, 
 
 ster of the fivoiuasoiis of Kn.. 
 i75- 
 
 liis visit to India [more tliaii 
 1875. 
 
 , II Oet. ; wnnril.v roecived at 
 ; at fairo, invested Jlolianiiiieil 
 if the Khedive, with the Star uf 
 75- 
 
 y, 8 Nov. ; Poonali 13 Nov ■ 
 lonilio, feylon, i Dee, ; Madras 
 a, 2( lii-e. 1S75. ' 
 
 ; l.nikniiw, 6 .Ian. ; Pellii, 1, 
 B Jan. ; .Iiinimoo, Cashnien , jo 
 aii. : (iwalior, 31 ,),in. ; in v. 
 t .Mlahali.id, 7' .Maveh ; sailni 
 .Marili;aiTiveil in Malta, 6 Aioil- 
 ■il, .Seville, 21 Ainil; .Mailn.1.2; 
 
 •May ; 1 dun, with alioni 500 
 
 ZmiliiKieal fjanlens, n Jl.ly ; 
 iiiin liiinse, 10 May ; review, ,1 
 in Hyde I'ark, 1 .Inly, iS;(i. 
 Jirilish euniniissioueis at lli.- 
 187S. 
 
 nal Water .Sii|i]ily oonferfaec 
 lationofSt. Mary's, Willierlniiv 
 , Wiintliaiciiitoii,'i2 .\nK. i,'-;::. 
 ie«ln,s|iital, Norwieli, 27 .llu,,.; 
 k at Great Urinisliy, 22 ,;ii]v' 
 
 illepe of Music, 7 May, iFSj. 
 tinnal Fishery K.xhi'liiiinii ,, 
 Oct, i88). 
 lies at the Health K.vhiliitiiin, 
 
 WALES, UxiVEKsiTY OF. 
 
 i-hiiiil at Illaekliiirii, ,, .May 
 
 bilee statiie.s of the iiueen, liQ. 
 
 Visr^Jhe universal exl „„„ „, i,.,^ j^,,; 
 
 «--- and attends the «,„.^^;,f ,,,„,,„, , _„,,^. 
 J^iiiin.'il iiaynieiit, ,,f ,5 o_^,; ,„ ,, 
 
 =v> .Inly, ,83,,. Art ILT, ^ ^ ■ 
 
 , >-• An- ,,ssy, "^■"'' <"'" ""It'll ':n,,ih), : 
 
 The iirinee ,-111,1 iirinccss ■,^ 11 . ! 
 
 ,.dnke,ir.S|,arta .'7 Oct jjo '"' "■^"■™o" of the 
 
 ,(^^nn.:;'ni;iiX"''''"'''^""^"^'-"'; 
 ''h:^d:::!;':8:;'^s:f'-''""''-"''i.--,,eeti:e 
 
 .Mareh, /",.,,, ,S9,' '" '^'"'y' G'-'"-'^". He. 
 
 "c'::!;iri:;;;::;'°,^;;v;^'<'-"'''>'-i.-sofv.,,k,„ 
 
 «old ani'l silver:'76T.::e^'r,"'- """^' "^ ^^''^'^l' 
 th"h;k"';if'v,,K'l:?l/:;'^,l-'7:'-"f Wales and' 
 
 op.nstiie,.ae^,«.ii'^^:-!i'<:;;^^t:ii^'::;^^;^-j 
 *'':"i:'^7;nh;;r;:f'^i;M;!;;ir''^'<'''^'''^^ 
 
 ll...y,i>„l,, ,8,7). ^'"^ "•'"'. ■^' JilHo, ,897 (.see 
 
 "!'Mii^i::;':':,r;;:'xr^^-'""^''"y«™.tHiehai,is,| 
 
 "■"■■ il' India ( Wi^rsv \- ' v-«- ■"""•'■'■^^f'll 
 •March, .890; vis f •;,^•^"^'^'8r=8 I 
 
 ^.":':;;Ke-'\,i;:ir;;-;L-;i-Hl?- 
 
 ""iV'>-<al ^yiniiathy thr. „.|,o , ' . e 1, ; 
 
 on .I'll! .0>™ n \t r-" ••*! Ill' < Ml M IM. 
 
 *;'' ''.III. I u02. Mciiidii- " lit' ti 11'.' 
 
 iir;£"s''s'" 'r¥"ii'-'- 
 I^iliarney, ,4 May, .S92 ; eapt. 1, v . , ' 
 "■"■'■;vl )"•"'-■'■■« Victoria .MarVo vj.r,- , ;/ 
 
 see ^„,,„„,,) 6 ,,„|,.^ ,893 ; aiVoil, e, ,' ^ 
 
 "I the ( irsirni crii ser, i > Mav ,s>5 ' "''I"- 
 Kihvard Allien Christ ijj, '.^^^f'^vndn^v 
 Talriek David, lioni ...June r . • » 
 Frcleriek Artlinr (;., r-e ,.',, ^.'^f,' '"''' 
 V.otoriaAle.and,.A,ie;Mi;^rh;;!.::;-^«?^; 
 
 I-onise Victoria, horn 20 Feb, ,867 fMarried t , 
 
 Alexander William (ieorKe, difke of Fif ,'' 
 
 July ,89,) /.».„,.; Alexandra lo / j,, .' 
 
 189.; .Mand Alexandn, , April, ,3q ^ ^• 
 
 ^letoria, liornfidnlv, 1S118 ^^ 
 
 I h.ue.Mif Denmark, 22 duly, i8q5 
 ■'''■'' '■■'''''■'. '-n. 7 April, 5iedT\,.ril, ,87,, 
 
 p.'?S"^S^i,:; ;^.^^;/r.u,,..v .,10 tfnii of 
 
 •^1"^' "f Jiavaria.o ;..;:''•';;■""■'• I^yi^oiiis, 
 '"^•'"orial. „,■ ,|„. .nv-it ,„,/'.'■ "'f"«'« '"'J 
 "ii'ncv'd i,S Oct i«.,, 1 ■ " "' <"'riiiahv, coin- 
 
 WALKEliITE.S,Bee,sv,.,;.„,;„ 
 WALKING, .sec nrk.M„.h»,. ' 
 I ,,WALKL\G-.STTrii'Q ., * 
 
 I'lK^l to catidiilates lo t ic h, "■,"' ^^''^'-''-'I'lv a;,- 
 
 ! WALLACE COT T PPTTrix' r„ 
 
 ; lV'"'i"^'- and other woi'L-'ot^'^T^^i^- TlfE, of 
 -Ma"ehestei-s,,uar ,1^ , ", •'" '"fo.d In'iuse, 
 
 '"^"•'iins of iicrtfo d ; iio ;..i •; ';".■"!}■'' h- t\w 
 ':""! '■^4-^ till iiis d -a 1, ,'r ' i''! 'il'i""-^' '" '■"■'' 
 
 l-tm-csai,aotl,era;t','n.as;r""™"'^^"^»"'ro3 
 
 ;7<lo«-. la,lv .Inii,' \,,, .,',';'•'''>■•'-''■•■ His 
 '.lauKhter of M It,.,:, '',."';■;'■'""•■ Wallace 
 '•'■l\'8g^ having I,. :^^^^^ 'ii.'d, .6 
 
 lineeless eollc.ti;,,, '',",'! '^ '"'">" of the 
 ^■'■'■tjdn eondilions.' Vi| ,., ','.;',"'''' 'lati'ai, on 
 puhlished, Ti,,i,, "• "•"■"^ 20 May, ,3,^, 
 
 A eoniiiiitt ip,ioint,.i| lni-,i t !,. ." .1° -Mai-eh, ,397 
 
 j;;';o"MaendslLp;;,.;',; :;,--! o«:'>7'liain,..n; '^' 
 tlie retention of il,,, ,.,,11,. , "' '"'o"-<e, and 
 Murray ,>ieott fti ki,.' ' '" "■ ■ ^i'- -lohii 
 
 tnistees;and Mr. 1 ,,;,,' 'l;;'"''^! appni,,,,.,! 
 """"™'.3..Jtily;report i "I'^'^'-l-'ian. 
 
 2 All.;. „ 
 
 »V ALLACE MOXmrFVT .,f ni ^ 
 "'■ai- Stirling., \va.s iii-nor ivTr 1 ^' .' '^ ""T ^''liff, 
 soou. after g^e„''- , oZ'eh ! ^^^ ^l'- '% '"^ 
 -^f .Stu-hnj,. It ,.ost about r^f "1! , "'!^r'"-''f''S 
 
 , -^roldavia. „iid,,r tlie lein,, r i> " ''."ai'lua uiiU 
 
 saiK^;^;^JO™E. Captain Walli. 
 
 36iuiy,.;«..^,;;;:;'C,;:;?,v;^;s:'S£:7^. 
 
 the Walloon lanK,raf,4 (ha ed ,1 "•'';l''"!?Pt'--'i 
 ■"■ -^--vr...,.o7.. which thou-;, siirviviW .,s,,..f '"'\^""''-*). 
 
 ''wii;;i- sIkmimI hy' the OIK.;.,,, - Nov ■■■;sr,7' 
 ,,,;„,, 1- '^'' '■' ".-;"i-d to (iriilu.<.siirs, A:e, • 
 
 •'""1^1 f;nv.T,nneiit ffiani, J,o:h)/., joocxki/ sub 
 oribed: lirst eonrt held i.-ionjon, Cuf 'Rosc 
 lierj-, diairnian, (, .\pril, iSi)4 ' oi nose 
 
 The t^imfier UnZl niX^U^^u,"' V'""-^"'"''>-- 
 traced h'oni ll„. north tl r,i h .',„ 1 '"'^"^ "my bu 
 
 '"If 
 
 .f 
 
 II 
 
 •:i:i. 
 
WALLS. 
 
 1198 
 
 if 
 
 
 WALLS, soo Human Jl'a/h, Cliimi. 
 
 , "^y^LXUT-TKEE lus lnn,s rxistod in EnR- 
 .aiul.* Hi,. |,li„.k waliuit-trcc {.l<i,/t,ii,s „l,/r<i) wns 
 iM-ciugiit to tins fouiitry I'nmi ^'ul•tli AiUfriiii bi'fure 
 1029. 
 
 Ar^H^-^PW? ADJIIXISTRATIOXS. 
 
 3h Wiiliiuk. (altri-wards sir i{„beit, iiiul carl of 
 Oxfoiil) was lioni i„ [(,-(,; lnvaiiio so.'nnary-at-war 
 111 1708; was oxiirllrd the lioiisc of eoiiuuoiis on 11 
 fUai-fTc ot nusaiiin-oiinatinj,' the imbliciiionev, I'll; ! 
 coninuttal to tlio T..wor, i; Jan. 1712 ; " biTrtiiu: 
 tii-st lonl ol the tivasun- and oliaiiecdloi- of the 
 oxc ie(,uer 111 Oet. 1715. Ho losijjned, on a disunion 
 of the oab;iict m 1717, brinninj; in the mikinir 
 fund bill on the day of his resii^nation. On the 
 earl ot Sunderland retiring in 1721, he resumed his 
 ohce and held it till i'eb. 1742. He died 18 
 March, 1745. 
 
 SECOND WALPOLE ADMINISTnATIO.V (aPKIL, 1721). 
 
 Sir Uoliert Waliu.lp, yfr.vf hml i<fthcl,ms,ini. 
 
 ihoMias ,.ra Parker, created earl of JlaeelesficUI, lord 
 
 Ilciiry, lord Carleto.i (suceeudcd by William, duke of 
 
 Dcvolishin'), I'^l-'l pre.-liifHt. 
 Kvelyii, (lake of Kiiig»toii (succeeded by lord Trevor) 
 
 }*i'inj surf. ' 
 
 JaiLies, ejirl of Berkeley, first lord nfthe. ailmirnlN. 
 Cliaiies (viscount lowiislieud), and Joliii. lord Carteret 
 
 (tlie latter succeeded by tlic duke of Xcwcaatle), secrc- 
 
 titriLS "/ state, ' 
 
 ^orifyiaV^"'"'"""''''' (*"<"''^«J''^l ^i^ *•"= earl of Cadogaii) 
 
 WAR AFFAIRS. 
 
 Ge,,rge Tre,,y (succeeded .,y lU.uy IV„,^,), ^„^:, 
 Visccaint Torrin^'ton, ic. 
 
 WALRUS. One placed in the Zoo!....ic.,l r , 
 densm i«53 hved a iVw ,la^s oulv ■ uul i ■ 
 pl:urd there i„ the autuiuu "of ml:, ^:^Z/:; 
 
 WALTZ, the popular ncnimn n'ltin.e,) .1 
 , was mtrodia'cd into •:„..hmd b b ,• ,' V "'""'''■ 
 others in 1S13. M,ni,t ' "'""" ''■'>' 
 
 WANDEWASII (S. India). 11,,.. „„r,,„ , 
 >',"'l;''- L^'llv, were se^•e.•cly defeated b .,,';''■ 
 Coote, 22 Jan. 17C0. .' ^ " Juu i.\,,. 
 
 .--•'this-pb,v;,;",,^;.;i\!,-;:,,/;;,'->-;;;^^^^^^ 
 
 Oarra t was formerly lu.bl, alter cv,Tv^e„'r,: 
 hon of parliament, to which Koote'sdrauiat , ," 
 IheMn,,,,,. „f ,; „ (.7^.3), frave no snail', ' 
 taty. 1 lie iron bridj,'e here was op,,„. , ; " 
 l«73- I'opulation, ,881, 2.0,434; l^^)h^4.p? 
 Wan.lswovtli returns one .M.I>. by act passed .j.tu,,,. 
 
 * Near W ehvyii, in Hertfordsliirc, there was the largest 
 walnut-tree oil ree,,rd : it was feliiM in ,627, and from it 
 were cut nineteen loads .,1' ,,]aiiks ; and as mueli was 
 
 sol.l to a Kuusnml, in I. 1,„, as cost lof. carriaKc ; 
 
 "■sales wine , tlicic wore tl.irty loads of roots and 
 
 laanclies. VMieii staiidiuf; it covered ^(^ poles of Krouud ■ 
 
 space eiiuui to 2299 S(inare yards, statute measure. ' 
 
 WAR, eiilled by Ensmns "the niabi,', ■ 
 nnnces. Osyman.l.Nas of Ko-vpt, the IJist ,' n '■ 
 km-, passed into Asia, and eoniniered 1 
 2100 B.C. Vxher. He is supposed I'v .;;„.;'' ";'' 
 the Osms of the priests. It is ,.omput-ed that ul, i',' 
 ho prescn time, no le.ss tlian (>„S(, uxio ,)« f , 
 have perished on the Held of battlers''^; 
 i^cmtants; yvutnd J'oirn-s. An iuterinti , i 
 conference on "usajres of war" betni a, lin!::?^ 
 27 July, 1874, and closed without iiuiiortant resilu' 
 hee Il,;!m/.i a,:Jercnce. In i.S.Vo. al,„ut 4 000 ; 
 men m arms, annual cost, 500,000,000/ ■^'^'*'-' 
 
 War with 
 Scotland . 
 Frame 
 Scotl.and . 
 France . , 
 France , . 
 France 
 France . 
 France . , 
 Scotland , . 
 «e,,tl.ind , 
 Frame , , 
 J'raiiee , 
 
 . 1068 
 . Ill 
 . II ,8 
 , 1 161 
 1104 . 
 
 I2UI 
 1224 . 
 
 1294 
 
 I'JyO , 
 1327 
 
 ' ij'; . 
 13M 
 
 Fori: 
 
 I'lure. 
 . 1092 
 . 1118 
 
 ' ii.i') 
 11S6 
 
 Iir,5 
 I2i6 
 
 1234 
 
 I 2'/) 
 13-3 
 
 I :;28 
 
 1360 
 
 1420 
 
 ION 
 
 I 
 Fr 
 
 S,. 
 
 Fr 
 Fr 
 Fi- 
 
 Se 
 ,Sc. 
 «ei 
 
 Fi 
 Fi 
 
 Fr 
 
 WAB.S OF ENQLAXD SINCE THE CO.VCil'EST. 
 
 Il'ar icifA 
 'ancp 
 otlaiid . 
 ance . , 
 aiiee . 
 aui'c 
 olland . 
 otlaiid , , 
 oilaiid . , 
 .■ince 
 
 aiii'c . , 
 iitland . 
 mice . , 
 
 . 1422 
 1480 
 1492 
 1512 
 1522 
 1522 
 1542 
 1547 
 1549 ' 
 1557 
 1557 ■ 
 1562 
 
 rem 
 
 • 1471 Spain . 
 
 . i486 Spain 
 
 . 1492 Frame 
 
 H'lir ic("(A 
 
 1514 
 i5?7 
 1542 
 
 »54e 
 155c 
 1550 
 '559 
 1s6j 
 '564 
 
 llollaml . 
 Spain . . , . 
 Franc.. 
 
 Iieiimark , . ' 
 llollan.l . 
 Alxicrs , . 
 Holland . 
 France . , ' 
 I'eac.c of Rvsw'i. 
 
 i'-..-4 
 1C27 . 
 
 i6(".f» 
 iOc6 , 
 
 ■ '■ :i 
 
 War of tlic Swcfssifm, commenced 4 Slav, 1702 Peace 
 
 ol Ltreeht, 1 j .March, 1713. 
 War witliSpiin, ,6 Dec ,71s. Peace <<inclml..,l ,72, 
 ^^ar ; Si,an,sk U;.,. 23 Uct. 1739, IVace of Ai.x-la-ciia- 
 
 pelle, 30 April, 174S. 
 War with France, ji Mar<.h, 1744. closed also on 30 
 
 April, 1748. -> 
 
 War, Uie.Scwii nrirs' ll'ir, y.Junc, 175O. Peaceof Paris 
 
 K. I'cb. 1763. ' 
 
 War with Sp.iiii, 4 Jan. 1762. Oeneral iieiice. loFi.li 176, 
 War with the United Slates of N,a-lli America, u'jiilv 
 
 1774. Peace of Paris, 30 Nov. 17S2. 
 War with France, Feb. 1778. Peace of Pari.^ 20 Jan 
 
 1783. 
 ^^arwllll Spain, 17 Aj.ril, 1780. c;o3cd same time, -u 
 
 J.cn. 1783. ' 
 
 War with Holland, 21 Dec. 17S0. Peace signed, 2 Sent 
 
 178.3- ■ ' ' 
 
 W.'ir ol the Hcvolution, i Feb. ,793. Peace of Amii.ns, 27 
 
 llareh, iSes. ' 
 
 War ..(/,.;,(../ ;;.«.,;„, ,7,, 25 Aiiril, 1803. Finailv ciojcd, 
 
 li June, ifn-, • ' 
 
 War Willi Amuica, iS June, i5ij. Peace of Ghent, ti 
 Uec. 1S14. ^ ; 
 
 ■■pt. 
 
 For tli(. Wars with Tiidi.i Cliiiii v.,,..! 
 
 i:^::rCd.;r^''^''if'''''^'''"'''- '''--i..MS^^^ 
 
 iami, .souil.ii.. see those 1 onntrics ie..pccti;,.h 
 
 laissa, ihoduko o Xoweastle, previou.lv c, |, i 
 -ccrelary was appointed a socretarv f.r ;^„' ' ■: ' 
 ud u cabim.t minist,.,-, r, J,„„,, lisci " , ' 
 
 ■"■'«. \\ ar (JlHco act, passed 2,, .h,,',. s-n j.'' 
 poin s a hnancial secretary (who ,„ iv ; ^{1 
 ..H..t) and other ofllcers. 'A,, .^.t for\h ■ , , , ", 
 of war de,,a,rlmcnt stoivs was passed 1 iV r • 
 
 nfi', V, ^'"•''"•^■ll l"ranie vir,„al)v 1 onir, 1 
 
 m.ii.stoi of war. J-or Wak Uii uiUn vi • 
 
 ir,</ /•.>;i;;,;;;,.„ ',',.■ ,,,.■,,: .• • • -'4.'".''. 1 
 W'^iudalKniKldstoltc'? ^?' ^f "' '*"'' 
 
 ill'. I. 
 
I'VlUnn lVll,a,a),«aT.(,i^^;;;, 
 
 I'iKvd in 111,. Z,ml.,::i,,,l (,,,, 
 l<'W (hns only; : H,,,,. „„,. 
 
 ituiiiu of i«o;, ,„„| ,|j,,,| ;:■ 
 
 M.I>. by act i,(is»Ml25Ji„„. 
 
 1S95 
 
 ; !'"^;V '-J-'im ui lvSf,/T\7;,,.,^'"'l"'a,.fioei, said to 
 '''''''''''•"'■ I'll' 'l'v,,s^,|T)r'*-'" ''" ""t «ppcifv 
 
 WA Rail „,,r^..,,,^,^^„^,^^^_ 
 
 --.-^^Vt;:uru';;i:-[ '"■■-'"• The.,,.. 
 
 -^ Of .a,«w between iiu^i. .,„ p„„„„; -703 
 .■amini, . , 500 «ounde<l, nii.l 36 ,,ie,e.s of 
 
 ^S,7::^'!!;;;r'-i-i.y, ana annexe.. ?J^;;:e " 
 
 !-i ::to;;u;,^:;,;;;;";;.,-»-- '» -^-n. l ^ ' ""'"""" ^""""^'^^^^ "^ ^---; '"' 
 
 .1 .■.. >'"<''"". «:<s lorsuadoi by Battle of (irnrlunv neim-,. 20 Nov ,fi,^ 
 
 Mr. f-;anipl,el|.n,innorrnan,\varseereVn,.,.' ''''''■ "^SS 
 ''/ tlrM coi,nM.,„s inii,orta It Iim" " ? -V "'P'"-t-l 
 
 'i'»J^.;;ti.....;,i,'oM;:;^!' ':'';^";':'''''''i';']«"r 
 
 tiv.-, coiisulta.^'e , '!^;tfi«?"^"li"i..i«tn.. 
 «i.ole to (on,, a delil ,,, ,v, ' , '.;'"<ti"ns, tlie 
 to the niini«ter; this 1,' 1 1 ."".'' ''"^I""'^!!,!.,. 
 
 "- »-r..tary, the ma,,,,, :f""Li:,;,i;;;';;;:; 
 
 Tiif onler in eonneii of ,s,o .•.sshoiivl n, . '? ''""■"' " 
 initiun i,r til,. „i,„v to llie V^ r . ."'"'i'lis. 
 
 Iho snrv,.yor.::e,i,. : I of' ,' ; "■''''i'-'--in-..hi,.f, 
 
 ;'-S..r^,^'::i,i':?;?Lf/;:;::;;''"i^t.t.';!''^ 
 
 ■'■Mnt,n,t.^.,.,,., ,,,.,,;,," ^™'"i".!"'l..,.i,,..|,i,,f 
 
 ..:hM-tiii,Mti,,;i.' ,;,:^,^^ ;;«''":■ 'i'«i"-tor ;,,.,,: 
 
 i::r.!la^r;;iiU;t;:r^^''- "'' --™-^f^^ 
 
 i" r78o, and n.l 'rt;;,irud,^^ V' ",!""""'''- ' 
 i-Wi,h^iat;;^,^i,„i!;'ft-;^ -'ynl!a,.i,,^ 
 
 .ii.co been J.tablisb'.'l '' ""' '°'''^y ''"^ 
 
 .\lai.i?ari't,dii('liessof liiii'-,,,,,,,,,. ,: ., . -i,. , - -j 
 t.. porsonat,. i,,.,. .<,,:' ',''''•'7''" *''''''''■''"'■- 
 
 "'«v;:^ui;!^r:;,';i::,!,';:'-';!;,;^;;>f-i.i.6oonien,.6, 
 ii......„i,„e,„iei i.y II .'k ii/,' I ';:,v'',''-^\'«5. , 
 
 ^^;:h;;:!^l:^;^;.;:;a!;-.fe,f^'■"^ 
 !;:r'"--^ -^v;;;;;.;;,.;;w;nx:di;i:;.j^:^;;,;/ 
 
 'L^jSl'l,?;;:!^:;:;^ 1" l^"^'--. i" CrnwaU, where 
 
 ''".:J;!o;E;?r;:L!:rL^;;';!^i'?r;i*""^ «'«--.. 
 'cfi^;;,^^i::!;-i':ilt'-li-:i-^':;^^^i .te,.an„ 
 
 Ih,! ejirl behea.1,.,1, .,« .V ,;.; ,^ ''° ' ''' '-^ '""". -'.i -N"V.; 
 U'ARBUKG (.V. Gi.rinanv). ]],.,-,. t),,, T.-,.,.„ u 
 
 .«ma,.lo«.d,i„s,„„t„.,i„,,,i„,.;:|.^^^;;fM^n^- 
 
 •8j 
 
 ^mas we|.e,l,.n.,ue,l,: i^f^,::;^'^;'' ;; ; '■!; the [ins- 
 !'"•» of 7„oo nii.n ' '° "-'ti'i-'at w,th the 
 
 'l^Mi:^.^^:^i:;.^;!-;,:^'-two-''ay^^a 
 
 session of |,v t),e J'ii's,i L"^''' '","' "■•■'« tak,-,, po^. 
 r"'i«>.an,i,..etlr;;it^;-''i;l^-t,;a,.,,.;u^ 
 
 ^j^^olilVr:.::;^-.;- Of .,,,,,. I.if7;t „ 
 
 Al-an,le, ill. ..,«,„ Warsaw; ',Z^ „;,.^;,!^ '«=, 
 
 ^'iff^lrS,-^^<>r3os,,ale,,t«-;;V^ 
 
 (.See 7V«m;, ise'i-s ) ■ ^.^ Xov. ,£,, 
 
 ■ ;;-^ /o plants ]i,ht, l.,.at. Innl ;;il, ;^';„; i;;": '"^'"' '«^'- ".^o.. ; .«or H,^5 "^^ 
 
 Ill3 
 
 to plant.s Ji-lit, In-a 
 Jclcleriou..' '.rasi's. bmol,,. X-„ 'r, 
 ■.'■uiadvadn,,l,.,r„, teVi n ,V,. ''•' '"''' ''•"■ 
 
 ^^..pi.^df;,ru.o,,,.,.:^;L;,,i",,l^^L::;:^,r;^;zr 
 ^:.;.r:i'!^^ii::^„qs.S.^'-"'^^-^^"™''^ 
 
 ^VARD:JI0T1-:S. m-otin^-s of d,,. eiH^.n, nf ' y'''''7\/^''''''^-''''i'i'>">a,.H,n,:':VVr'''' 'T"""' 
 
 WARWICK C\STTT.- nv ■ , , 
 
 / !"• town, in,.on,o,-at,,i ,„..-,!'''"' " ■'■' ''f-strove,! . 
 
 S'H'ioty b..„.. wa ■ on, „ . 1 1 ' „ "' ."'^^ 'V^i-ienltunil 
 
 '■"■"' ■ - ^"' • ■■''-■ \i^it of the 
 
 ^~ ,.,..,,n. ''^> ^"P"- 
 
 ^^ASII-HOrSES,socy?„^.,., 
 
 "iveate,! bv Aiuri, I s 1, . '^'•/"■'■Imvc been 
 I'undi-ed. ot>an;,:;;,s' i.ei ,1 ;t V'^ ^'■-. ^"rk 
 
 ill 
 
 mi ! 
 

 K Jlj 
 
 i ! 
 
 Hi 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 1200 
 
 WATER. 
 
 WASHINGTON. .\ noi-thcni state nf the 
 American riiimi. lir.st spttli'il in 1H45, oi-jruiiizcd iih 
 a Territiiry in 1.S55, iis a State 1.S80 ; po]mlati()ii in 
 1880, 75,1 Id; 181V), ^4<),V)0. t'apiliil Ol.vnipia. 
 
 The fldurisliiii}; town nf Si'iitlle was nearly de- 
 sliciyi'il liy lire aliuiit 6 June, iS8g; cstiiiiutcd 
 los.s .about .*'i5.(L%oo,r)oo; few lives lost. 
 
 EUeii.sbur;.', a siiiall town also nearly ■l,.striiyeil liy 
 tire. 4 .luly. is-'g ; estimated loss, .^2,<>x),ooo ; also 
 Spokani'l.'a]ls,losHahoutSto.ooo,cioo, al>(mt4 Auj,'. 1889 
 
 Coal mine explosion near Uosiyn, 43 deaths, 
 
 10 May, 1892 
 
 Fire in llie Krankl'n mine near .Seattle, 37 lives 
 lost '24 Auk. 1894 
 
 WASHINGTON (in Cohmihia district, partly 
 in Virginia and partly in Marv land, on the hank of 
 the Potomac, S.K. 'Vir;,'inia), the capital of the 
 United States, founded in 179I, anil made the scat 
 of government in 1800. The capital was founded in 
 I79.3' Pi>p»lii''"n. i''*''^o, 147,21)^ ; 1890, 2,5o,3()2. 
 
 The liousi' of rcpri'soil.itives opened . . 30 .May, 1808 
 WiwhiUHton was lakcn by the Driti li forces under 
 general Hoss, afl<'r his vii'lory ,it BladensliMrg; 
 its superb structures and national library burnt. 
 
 ' 24 Au^. 1814 
 <icneral Iloss killeil by .some Aiuerii'au rillonien, in 
 a desperate cn;,'aL;enn'nt at Ifaltinioru 12 Mept. ,, 
 
 iVival obsi.r\Mt"ry founded 1842 
 
 Hniithsoriian instiluti' (>/'/ii'.7i .<iv) founileil . , . 1846 
 Part of the c.ipit.d and the whole of the library of 
 the United States congress destroyed liy 'flre, 
 
 24 Dee. 1851 
 The prince of Wales entertained by the jiresident 
 
 here ' . . Oct, 1S60 
 
 Washington fortilied in . . . .\|iril, 1861 
 
 PresideiLt Lincoln shot by Booth in Ford's thi'atre, 
 
 14 Aju-il : died 15 Ai>ril, 1865 
 
 Memorial obelisk to Gem-Ke Washiii^'ton, 555 bet 
 
 hit'h, inauf.'niatc.| 21 Ktb. 1885 
 
 National thi'.alrc burnt down . . . 27 Keb ,, 
 t'iro at tin' house of tic linn, iicn.ianiin Tracy, sec- 
 retary of the 11 ivy; he escapes, but his' wile, 
 daughter, and a servant iieiish . . •) Feb. 18,50 
 Collapse of j;oveiiiineut olllees, fnriiieily Ford's 
 theatre, thioii^di I'xeayations, 23 persons kille.l 
 and many injured .... g.liine, 1893 
 (Col. Frederick Ainsworth and others censured for 
 «eglif;enec). 
 
 .See UiiiM filntrs. 
 
 IMI'ORTAXT TIIKATIKS OK W.V.SniXO TON. 
 
 Fixing \.W. bouni'wry of Driiish Amerii'a ami 
 United States, ifce 12 .Tunc, 1846 
 
 " Heciproeity " tivaty reyulatin^ trade with Canada, 
 
 7 .June, 1S34 
 
 RefeiTing the AJiihama elujuis and the Han .tuan 
 boundary cpieslion to arbitration ; settling dis- 
 putes respcetine lisherieR(see Ahiluiuiii and ./»■■»); 
 lUid layiiii; down three rules ; assert in;; that it is 
 tlie duty of a neutral slate, which desires to re- 
 
 ninin at l.cleewilli bcili-rrelils, .md toclijox the 
 
 rights of neutrality, t'l abstain from lakiiu; ,iny 
 part in tb" war by attordin^ milibuy aid to luie, 
 or both crt the beliiuircnts ; and to 1,'ike care that 
 no acts which woidd constitute such eo-npcration 
 in the war be committed by any lau' within its 
 territory . . , ". ' . . 8 May, 1S71 
 
 WASIITM (named from the royal honsc of 
 Wasii or Vasa),a stijiiiosed new metal, discovered hy 
 F.Bnhr. of Stockholm, in 18O2. In Nov. i863Nickl4,s 
 declared it to he a eoniponnd of didymium, yttrium, 
 and torhinni. 
 
 WASTE LANDS. Hie inelosnre of \va.ste 
 lands and commons, in order to promote ai;riculturo, 
 first bepnn in Knu'land about the year 1547, and jfave 
 rise to Kid'^rehidlion, 1:149. Iiiclosnres were a:rain 
 promoted hy the I'utlioiity of parliament, 178^ The 
 waste lands in luiKland were estimated in 1794 to 
 aiiiOiint fo 14 millions ui' .•u-rc!', of •■vhieh there were 
 taken into cultivation, 2,8^7.476 acres hcfore ,Innc, 
 1801. In 1841, there wiae about 6,700,000 acres of 
 
 waste land, of which more than half was thon;,'ht •-, 
 be capable of imiirovcment; sec^ Ai/ficn/t/ire. 
 
 WATCH OF LoXDOX. at nii;ht, appoint,,! 
 125;, |)roclaimed the hour with a hell befoic^he in. 
 trodnction of public idoeks. Ilai-die. The (dd wabh 
 was discontinued, and a new police (on duty diy 
 and ni-ht) eominenced, 29 Sept. 1829; see rofi,,.' 
 
 ^yATCIIES are .said to have been first invent, 1 
 nt Xurembei',', 1477, althotn^h it is aHirined tiia- 
 I Kobert, kms of Scotland, had a watch about Ijiu." 
 I Watidics lirst used in astroiioaii.'al obseryathais by 
 
 I I'urb.ii.li ' ,-. 
 
 Aiitlim-s assert that the emperor Charles' V. was ''"^ 
 the lirst wli,i hail anythiiiK 'bat iiii^dit bi' called a 
 wabh, |li,,iiL:h somi' lail it a small iablc-idock ,- 
 j Ratines lirst broii-litlo Kiulaiid from (lermany in ,:.., 
 I A wat.di which belonged to i|uccn Klizabeth is iire- " 
 1 seive.l in the library of the l{,,yal iiistitatioii. 
 ! J-.oiiilon. 
 
 SiirbiK pocket-watches (wab lies pro|ierlv so-called) 
 have ha.l their invention asi'rib,.,l to'Dr Unoke 
 by the Knglisli, ami to M, lluv-hciis by the Diiteh 
 Vr. Oerham, in his AiliiWiul ci.«-l;„udi;-. s:v* that 
 Dr. Ibi.ike was the inventor : and he appears, ei^ 
 taiulytoliavcproduc,.,lwhatiscalle,il' iiiaidiihini 
 watch about 1658; manifest, ai c ither evi- 
 dences, Irom an inscri|ilion on one of the iloublc- 
 lijilance watihes prcsenlcl to Charles 11., " ij,,|, 
 Ilooke, iiivi.n. i6s8 ; T. Temiiiou, f,.,.it, if,,, " 
 Reiieatiiig watch,. s iiiyenteil by liarlowc ,,-., 
 
 Ilairisons lirst timcpica' prodi d (see llarrismi ,-'.- 
 
 \\at,li,saii,l ,l,,iks were bixcil in . 17'- 
 
 The tax was rej.ealcl ill 1798. .Sec ' 7,„.;,-.s., ' ' ' ''' 
 Arrangonii'iits niaile at Kew observatory tor testiu" 
 liiKh class watches, and KrantiUK ;;railiiated eci" 
 tilleates; fees, i/. is., los. 61/., &c. ; annoiinecl 
 
 Great revival nf the ohl manufacture bv the i!an'. ' '^ 
 cashire watch comiiany, at Present, uVar Liver. 
 I»"l Jan. ,;.. 
 
 ^yATEK. Thalcs of Jlilctns, founder of th,. 
 Ionic sect, considered water to be the ori"-iii;il 
 pruiciple of everythinn;, about 594 n.c. Slniihii. 
 Cavemlish ami Watt ileiuonstrated that water is 
 comiiosed of 8 parts of oxygen and i part of hv 
 droneii ■ .;, 
 
 Water was deenmimsed into oxygen ami liy,lr,i",ii'^ ' 
 Kas.'sby Lavoisier, 1733; by 'the vnliai,' baiiTrv 
 by Ni,.lin|s,in aii,l (.'arlislc, iS,») ; bv the heat ,ir 
 the nxy-liyilrogvii Hainc bv W. I{. Cii'ove 13,; 
 
 111 freezing, watia- cniraets till it is roilneeil to 4->' '' 
 or 40 Fahr ; it then begins to expand till it be- 
 comes ic,. at :;j . 
 
 Water was lirst ,.,,iivcyed to Lomlonbvlemlen piiies 
 21 Henry III. 1=37. sinw. It to.ik nearly lil'iv 
 
 y™-''}' mph'te it ; the whole 'oeing llilishci, 
 
 and Chea]isi,li. conduit erected, only in ■-:. 
 
 The \,.w liiv,.r w.iter („■/,„/, .„,) br,iu-lil ' bi "" 
 I.imiloii tr.im Chailwcll ami .\iiiw,.|| in llertb.oi- 
 .sliire, at an iiiiimnse expense, by .sir Ilu^h 
 .Myddelloii, 111 '^1^ |, 
 
 The city was supplicl with its water bv eoiiycyl 
 
 •,""'','■■*"''"' Ici, pipes in the streets ami siii.ill 
 
 leaden ones to the hnuys, and the New lliv, 1 
 (.niupany was incrporate.l, i(j2o. So late as ipc ,11 
 Aniic s time there were water-carriers at Ahk-al,' 
 pump. ^ 
 
 The water-works at Chelsea cninphdcil and the 
 company incorporated .... ,.,, 
 
 Lomhiii-briilge ancient water-works destroyed bv 
 
 ...... ""n Oct "fi i 
 
 All act to siijiply the metropolis with water, 15 k ifi '" 
 \ict. c. S4, was passed. i,fuly, 1852, I'his act was 
 aimuidcd liy i,n act pa.ssed 21 Aug. 1871. Th,, 
 eompanies were bound to i.rovid'c a constaiil 
 siijiply whi'ii ivipiircil; the ov.'iicr or oecuiiicr of 
 the bouse to provide the prcserib,-,! Iltlings. 
 
 ( I he siipniy is 11,, w eoiisiilered to be much iiniirovi ,| 
 ^ in quality ami ipiaiilitv.l 
 
 Since iSMllltrali.ai ■-■■■bmlly n,|,.i.!-,i ; made com. 
 pulsory 111 1855. 
 
 A enmpuny was forniwl Inearryoiit Pr. Xorniandv's 
 patent for converting salt wuter Into fresh, in Jan. r; 
 
1 mnrp thiin half wai tIiou;,'lil <.., 
 enicnt ; sih' AiiricnllKre. 
 
 iOXI)0\, at iii^lif, a|)|)(iiiit,,l 
 ' liiMir with a licll Iii'Icii-iMIk. in. 
 clcii'ks. Harrlie. Tlic old waii h 
 1(1 a new polico (on diifv dav 
 I'd, 21) Sept. 1829; si'c7W/V, .' 
 
 said to liavo bcon first invciilil 
 ', altliimi,'h it is atliniii'd i!i;,; 
 laud, had a \vat{di about 1 510. 
 istromiMiiivil obsc'i'vatioiis by 
 
 bi- iMii|i,.ror t'hiii'li's V. was ' ' 
 vtliia;; ihat liii-lit bi' I'idlcd a 
 
 I ail it a sMjall tabli-clock . i; . 
 
 lo England IViiin CciMiaiiy in 1:-; 
 
 'cl toi|iii.|'n Klizahi'tli is \<\v- '' 
 ly of llic Itoyal iaslitutioii. 
 
 (wati'lics lU'oiicrlv sn-oalU'il) 
 ition asii-ilii'il to Dr. Hcioliii 
 I M. lIuvu'liiMis bvllicDuti'ii. 
 '■tilirint f'orh-miihrr, says tliat 
 ivi'iitor ; aud Iji' apimirsi'ia- 
 ■d wlmtiscallfdl' pvnibdnin 
 laanilV'st, anmnL; Mwv cvi- 
 liption on one i,f iliu iloulili- 
 cmi'd to cliailc'S II., " l{,,h. 
 T. Toni|iicni, firit, 167c." 
 ■utiM liy Harl..»v . . . ,,:., 
 ci'i' iMvidiiccd (.-.■(■ Ilnrrhvn), i-\- 
 IV ta^i'd in . . . ,,, . 
 1 1 798. MiM- ( ln,-);s. ' ' '' 
 
 Ki'W observatory lor testing- 
 lud KraiitinK nradiiatecl cer. 
 i., los. 6rf., &i'. ; auiioniKTil 
 
 Al'i'll, I-:;, 
 Id umiuifacturi' by I hi' l.aii. 
 iTiy, at I'rcscot, near la'vpr- 
 Ian. iS;,- 
 
 ^8 of Miletus, founder of Ih,' 
 ed water to be the oris-iiial 
 ;ns:, about 504 n.c. Slaukij. 
 liMiionstrated tliat water is 
 )f o.fygun and 1 ]iart of liy- 
 
 ■. , '1781-4 
 
 into oxy^'cn and liydro;;iii 
 783 ; by 111,. voli.ur'liMtti'rv 
 irlisll', iS.Ki ; bv till' liial lit 
 111' by W. H. tirovo . ,3,5 
 
 •ails till it is ri'diii'od to 42" 
 be^'ius to cipaiid till it bo- 
 il to London by leaden pipes. 
 Slmn. It took- ni'arlv lil'iv 
 ; the whole being lliiisheii, 
 it ureeteil, only in . 
 'r (ir/ii./; SI,) broii^iht to 
 '11 and .\niwell in Ilcrllbrd- 
 ise exjiense, by Hir llii;;li 
 
 with it.s water by eonviy- 
 s ill tlie streets and .sni.ill 
 liiiiis"s, and the New liivn- 
 'rated, 1620. .So lateasiin-iii 
 re wateriarriers at Aldgab ■ 
 
 liel.sea eonipleted, and tlio 
 
 ' i;;i I 
 
 water-worka destroyed by 
 
 . -^q Oet. i;-q 
 I'lropolis Willi water, 15 k 16 
 1. I July, 185?. Tliisaet was 
 pa.ssi'd .,, All),'. 1871. Till! 
 mil to provide a constant 
 1 ; the mviier or iiocnpiirur 
 tb.i I'l-i'seribi,! titlings. 
 iilered to be iiiiieli initnovi il 
 ly.) 
 ■blillly nilop'.i-i ; ::!.;dr . ,;:;i 
 
 liiearryoiit Ilr. Noniiaiiiivs 
 salt water liitu fru«li, in Jan. lU 
 
 WATER. 
 
 iSSo 
 
 Messrs. J'aniphlett & Ker-iison's ,„■, r 
 
 'liieiii- fresh f,,,ni salt « , , , '"'""•■'s for pro. 
 Messrs. (;i.,„-.„ \ "dies V' v.""' '■•^'"I'iti" at 
 'lo.i,.aieleo,,:i,le,.;V,s;;^..^,'V,,f''»'''''l('«id.l.o,',. 
 
 toiiinii.ssioners f„r iiietr„i,„ip., , ,,: , ' '.i "el. 
 
 , l"'iiited, 27 Aiiiil, ,Sft7 , . ; ',;'','"'l'l''>-^'li- 
 
 (the best), East Londui, (' , V- "'" ^"W Hivi.; 
 
 108 r,x,,oc« wiii.iiis daily, ,sr,; • ' I, ;;■'";'■ "'"'"t 
 
 salloiis . . _ ■'''"'"'"' ii6,23o,,xxi 
 .Vi'W schemes for'siiiitilvie.'r r,', 1 ' . • 
 ,367:- "l'lii,Mi.s,' boiidoi, with water 
 
 ■• Mr. nateinan; from the. s,.,,,,.,., „f ,1, , ^ 
 
 ■ ;;h.::;i^";L^;)-':ii,v'-'.a.„es wat..i. ,ii„„ 
 
 ^- "".s::.';r:,';:'--''-i.rv.,irs,,earthi' 
 ' «bn!!;;nr;:;f,s'''""' ^'■" i-'o-^i--- am, 
 
 «aler from the elialk dislViel.s'son/.n,,,! i >■ u'^'""' 
 -1..M.. .s proeess s|ron„Iy ivei„„,,|''V, '"""'•- 
 
 " •' '', 'Mil, 157J 
 
 '-n^'u^sl';;;.,:;! .if^-iJi^aiso^ 
 
 pii-<idei,l) . ^ "■"■ ^^ ' ''J "'« l""»-i' of Wales, 
 better IVnlil the piinie , .f \V.,'|., . . .?'i-'2-May 
 
 CTOVenniient proiinsal l.i l.ov e „ .' ■ '. 'tAn;,'. 
 
 ^l_,^,l^|V| I.MW hn.i eompaii.v, y,r4C,o,W.). 
 
 NiL-'iliatiiiiis with tlie' will.,. ,.', ' . ■ -^I'lil, 
 ■•^lilith, bivu'Ul, Oel 'V' ;,,, " 'jl™'l;-s by Mr! 
 
 ^^;i'^;.n;^!i:i:air:-r; ;^f ? ;:;--;ii!;:;:; 
 
 ri'Coiiimenili„K w.'.'iT !, ,,,,1, ,, ', ,";■ '■';l'"i'l''il, 
 
 ™""-"""--' 'w.i:Jiliiu:ii,li;:td;;'sS:;[ 
 
 'Sio;;rab::;?:T'!'-:';:^y'''-E.j.s,i,ii,^i^!a: 
 'i-nM;i::;;riaH,:';:;,':i:k'''''-''"-^'''''-^" bn.ve: 
 
 ^''tnipoi/tai, watiTi 1' n';;.^'';;'?'";'"''' ■"">■ 
 "'•■™."i.a,des,,,ie^;:;,'i!:;,t:':i^,;t,nqi^:^.!;; 
 
 mi'i 1 by the ,.i "('■ vr'''"''-/'''''''''- 
 
 ami bvai'oi,in,i|t ,■ „ V *"'""''l' '-'O', 
 
 .v|ieit-pi,blisl„,i '"'" ''"'"I"" t'"n'orali.,n : 
 
 -it a eniiferenee i,f'.,.i,..,', .,,',•■ • '7 '>el. 
 
 '-'"■■is-ifi'!;,.!::,.' ;; a '::;;":,•;'■""■ 'ii'^"-i''t 
 
 lM;.Mo,mniittee,,Ml,eeom,,,,,,,si,nt,,,. f^l;;;^ ■ 
 
 , l;;:"!' ";";■; ^'bPoimed: sir ji.''\vh : 
 
 :-^-n II. b. boseoe, sir A. liorlhwiel;. a„.| 
 
 '■■:' I ''■'!'"' 'K.-birlberinlbr.iialii'n,,;'- 
 
 ' ' ' '" ^\alei act p,^„.,| ', "■ ' 
 
 ,, , . ■ • .37 .lime, 
 
 il .III.. . I ,.., , I,. ,|. ■, ■ ' i'r ' i "Ml Ihe 
 
 ' ■ • , . '' '■ ' ■'' I"'' 1 ' ^'ai- . 1,111s 
 
 1:^01 
 
 water-gIassT 
 
 I ^■"""J-eorncil,|ep,,.i,..,i 
 
 ■ SE9 
 iBfii) 
 
 •■^earcity of wati 
 board of Iradi 
 
 ■■" I'livate bill 
 
 i'|«ri .. ., 
 ilissulnii 
 
 ■fth. 
 
 Water f 
 
 ''■.ill U'lidon ihr,„:„), 
 ' iiiipiirv 
 
 '"•.■iter(transfeV)i,i|'i,sst 
 
 li 
 
 lereaseii 
 
 ■■",'"■'"■ "least r.on'il,, 
 
 .377 
 
 l.i'ld .la 
 r.'Pii 
 
 oilter I 
 
 r.uvii 
 
 ""I'plythn.ie.h 
 "'■■<si.iet,,,|,„li|,„ 
 
 ■lU.ltne |,i„|y , ,^ 
 
 ■"'■ion read' ,.st t 
 
 olliee, 
 
 21 Dee. 
 
 S.'Veie f,.,„,_ 
 
 I'eo.-.Miireh, 
 'Ppi'd by the 
 8 July, 
 iie-AnL- 
 
 Jiii 
 
 ""»'"'ii:.s re|„„!e,i 
 II 
 
 iaiiiiber.>) l.ir 
 
 'ol iiistitiitii 
 
 "Ka 
 I' rand 
 
 iiler famine in |.;.' i,,,,,;,, 
 
 16 .Maieh ; will 
 
 Chel. 
 
 "Pt. VI .«,.,/. (, 
 
 a water bill 
 
 Iiiiiotherlainii 
 
 HI iiiiieh relievil i 
 
 7otli 
 ':»■ b'o.vale 
 
 li'.jeeti'd 
 
 lie. All 
 
 II till 
 
 I3y3) 
 
 All!,'. 
 
 y rain. 
 
 Me 
 
 .Apr 
 
 ■■■"■■■i.l'T bills wiih.l 
 
 eoimiloiis, 2,g_l 
 
 ■awn 
 
 1 1 M.I 
 
 or, sir. I. II, 
 
 I : ist sitlin:; 
 
 >isc. Manilair, .M,:.,; 
 
 'lilih'loii, sir.l. Ill 
 
 W. 
 
 395 
 
 396 
 
 =97 
 
 I'loli Wat 
 
 oi'iiiati.in of a 
 
 1011 walei , ■ ■-'"'<iliL' biiiil'' V 
 
 i^'iMofihi:',',''''::''''':^- ''"''''•'•. the el, 
 
 The .M 
 
 ■t'oiiolitan w 
 
 .Vori,,,n,h,i 
 
 al.er aet 
 
 iKi.sseil ; 1 
 
 and ot 111 
 -■-■ .Vov.' 
 'ly the 
 aniber- 
 Mav, 
 broiieht inti. 
 
 1 368 
 
 Art : 
 
 ir,7... 
 
 b/ b../,, /;, 
 
 iliu'lhi 
 
 WATEIMiED, CLOfK.S 
 
 ^,ATEl^(■,,L()n 
 
 "et. 
 and 
 
 luallv 
 
 '•enl 
 
 -Viilioi 
 
 iirv 1,1 i 
 
 :ii'i;il from ih" I;:,,,, ,' 
 
 i'AIXTfXt 
 
 "■ /'V'/.v, VUU 
 
 t was 
 
 i pp 
 
 'M. C'op.ev bi... ,1 
 
 .\. I- 
 I 'lie 
 
 .' Turner, 1 
 
 111..-, 
 
 >''ie, Catteriiml, 
 
 \- 
 
 "f the last 
 efforts of 
 
 the 
 
 I. 
 
 ■S;!- i.Sf,- A:e 
 
 ■'!;!■■ ■".■^i.ii.ii:;!,- :;"•;«,'■'''!'■ '"--^ 
 
 (■oil 
 
 111' Soeieh 
 
 . within 11 
 
 24 ''^'■I't. i,S 
 
 Oet. l.Si/,. ,,„;i 
 
 lie iin 
 
 iliel 
 
 Uei 
 
 .\liil 
 
 •III nritiiry. 'I'ln. ^y 
 
 ) Ki 
 
 - iiiade Koiai i„ ,ssr;;,;;i 
 
 ilioii whi.li he 
 
 suued by 111, 
 o| I'ainter.. 
 
 (" 
 and 
 
 •lioval 
 
 . ipieeli afler.V 
 "} WabrCidoii 
 
 ipl, 
 OV. |,S.S2 
 
 at, 'I'. 
 
 "Ill in i.Sci^, 
 
 ""■II "'("e to liu 
 
 iislitiito 
 
 iniN.Sil 
 
 ['■■ojiosi' lo -jve f, 
 
 .i).n|ieiiiieivL.a|li 
 
 The 1 
 
 . estalijisheilab, 
 
 'Ut i.Sji 
 
 ■'■''■■•^iiil'iieadill 
 
 l:,-.l 
 
 iS3_. 
 
 1SS4 
 .S87 ; 
 
 I'r. John I>, 
 «-ater-eoloiirdr 
 
 P'il-le.l 
 
 \\'ATEIIF(JI?D 
 
 "•.■l-li'lallvi|,stn„,„i|. 
 
 ■-lileralil\- ,.|| 
 
 fill-Ill 
 
 '"' "';'"i'ti"ii, 2; April, 
 
 i^i.iiiliie hist.irieal 
 
 eolleelii 
 
 '?. 
 
 I'or 8.2w/.. 
 
 (>;. Ir 
 
 ■■id April, 
 '•i;i''), huill aVmut iS- 
 
 I90 
 
 'd I 
 
 .V .Sill 
 
 . ,'' "I 'lie ll'il,'!!" lif lb 
 ;;"'isl<leiabie priviieses li, \\ 
 WIS in. wiled I,, 
 Hibaikeil Iri.ni l„ 
 
 eiil|S[ 
 
 ''iiiltaiuli 
 
 II 
 , storm 
 1890 I ford, 
 
 landed and 
 
 J lines I i. , ,^ 
 
 Ih" I'll tie i.r'tiir'l 
 ■'■elwii e, ainle.ii 
 
 "'"■.,'" 1 1 ri and .-till 
 
 ;"""''■"■'■ Hiiliari!;i. 
 .I'i'.i : in 161X), 
 
 111 I 
 
 i.r f 
 
 yiie; .'ind «-illi:,n, HI. 
 
 i^an.'e. afti 
 
 lllniie,li|.,„ivi|,., 
 
 I.ere,i,s.p,,|, ,;,,_,. 'p,,,,,.;,! 
 
 .Ml 
 
 r 
 
 le.-iilid 
 inorable 
 
 'I '1 tile bless 
 
 bi.sl 
 
 ,"■, '':'"','-■"•.■""' I'y Malcl: 
 
 ll"P of ^Valerford. aVier 1 
 
 llieiiralef Wnt 
 '■'iiil.v, was lirst 
 
 I'om hi 
 
 lius. the lipst 
 
 IOn.eiT,'i|i,,„ „„y, .j.,^ 
 
 ! th" k 
 
 *hat of l,i, 
 liks. 1 
 
 '"■•^ 'vtiirn fr„m |.;„i;lai,d 
 
 •iiioie ill I n 
 
 ''.?■ It 
 
 is .-ee w 
 
 iis united 
 wa.s valued iji 
 
 «9.;Vin:;rr:A''^::';:/'yv:^;'';::,.-'--'d2'u," 
 
 3 & 4 Will. T\ 
 
 risb per am 
 
 r.ilit 
 
 united Willi 11 
 
 ,|; ('he Frisli ni„|.,'.] 
 
 nmn. JIv slat. 
 
 .esi.,.,MlieseeoMVaterb,nianii 
 
 Il Ti 
 
 'inpi 
 
 bS 
 
 .?3. TI 
 
 of Cashel and Kml',. 
 
 .isinore was 
 
 II'' ■"'.'■ior of the eathidrai 
 
 ■ere dest roved by fi 
 
 4 -Vll; 
 
 892 '•'■'Oi, ai.iKij 
 
 Wainrford returns i 
 
 ^\'ATEIt (;.\,s. 
 
 Oet. 
 
 '"■S:i", Ac. 
 
 '■-'l.v I'.vnlatt 
 
 Ion, 
 
 M.I' 
 
 by act 
 
 see (Jus-liiiiiti 
 
 ;5 Jii 
 
 \yATK]i-(JLASS, a name 
 ii";l";v el .sand (sile.y) ,,„„ „ 
 
 1 . limber ill. l,iil,;ii~^r\ 
 
 I .similar nii.vtiire in 11,, , ^ D,. v ,. 
 tnodern b,,.,..„ "' l"4l' Dr. \ on ]. 
 
 "''■'■11 b' a liipiid 
 le o) the lilkaiie.. 
 
 ineiiti.i 
 
 model 
 
 '" invcntoi 
 
 ''■2.S; .'"el jrr. Frederiek 1 
 
 .L'livoaii aeeount of hi.« 
 
 kaiisoiue. of In 
 4 It 
 
 the 
 
 |ii'"i e.ss ill 
 
 ■Willi, 
 
 ■II 
 
 
'I Ji 
 
 . Hi 
 
 'm 
 
 kw# • 
 
 WATERING STREETS. 
 
 r202 
 
 WATTIGNIES. 
 
 K-nnrnnt of Voii I'uclis's iliscoviiv, patented a lunilc 
 <it'|ii-e|i:riliir wilt. •r-^'l;i. sill iS.} v'wliirli he liM^siiwe 
 f;really iiiiprnved \i|ioii. In i.S^;. .M, Kulihn mii. cf 
 i.ille. piililished :i p iinplilei sctiin- lurfli tlic 
 iidvaiitaiii-ins emplnyiiii.iil nrwal^i-Lil i-s ill liardcn- 
 illL.' p.iiMiis stniie iiiid ill steiviiclii'iiin {iriiit'lisn). 
 It h IS lieeii applied to llie evterior ,.!' ii'iaiiv biildiiiiis 
 ill Kraiiec and Kiulaiiil. The iiU'iiiidVs of \',,ii 
 l-'n-lis and ICnlilinaiin were traiishili'd and iirinteii 
 in Kii-l.ind, in iS:;:), liy diivetinii nf the prince 
 tiiiHcjrt. 
 
 AVATERIXG STIJEETS. Mr. Cu„p,.r's plan 
 
 for USUI;; s.diili.iiis nl' ili!.iii,le ,,f lime i,r el' s uliiiin 
 (wliieh dry slewlx and altra.i meisliireanil annneiiia 
 unci ethi riiases, alidcMnildnelhi'iii uitli t!ie material 
 et' the mad) was partially iKeil in tli.. parish id' St. 
 
 5IiiiT-le-bnneiii kSiiN, and also in l.iverju.ul, |ii,sl 
 
 and other towns. The plan w..s ordered to he tried 
 in Westiniusler in July, iH-o. 
 
 "WATERLOO, in li.d-imn, the site of the 
 preat liattle,on Siind.iy, iS.lune, iSl^, lietween the 
 I'renrh army, of 71,1)17 men ami 2411 uiins, under 
 >'apnleon, and the allies, coinmanded liv ih,' duke 
 et Wellington; the latter, with ti7,(jfi'l men and 
 l.V' j;uns. resiste I the various attm-ks of the enemy 
 from ah,.ut ten i'l the nioriiiiiL; until five in the 
 al'lianoon. .Ah ait th.it time," Hj,()(.K) I'rnssiiins 
 reaihed the field if hattle; and hy seven, the foreo 
 iin.ler liliieher amounted to ahuve"ii),rHXi men, witli 
 M| yuiis. Wellington then iiioVed forward liis 
 wh )le army. A total rout ensued, and the earna-e i 
 \v;is inimense. Of the Ihitish (2},.<)')l), ijj idheers \ 
 and li)i*) nil 11 were killed ami iiii.^sin.Lr, and ^(.3 j 
 Dllicers anil 45'«) men Wi.nnded— total, (nj^j; Tind ' 
 the total loss of the allied army am.nnted t<i 4200 
 killed, 14.5.5') Wounded, and 4251 niissiiiLr. niakini; 
 22.')-ii hiiix (h- i-iimli,tt. Xajioleuii, iiiiittiii;.;- the wreek 
 (if liis army, returned to I'aris ; and, tindiim- it 
 iinpossihle t i raise another, ab Heated. 1'. Sicoluit. 
 Naiinl,-..ii attril.iiteil his .lef.vit to the failures of niarsliiil 
 (iroiiehv. Wi-lliii^'toii saM imiiistly. 
 
 rii.pMS,.,! ill,, nil lit ,,v,r the Hiiiisli ,,ineers ami men 
 
 wli,, ,lle,| ,ir tlii'ir wi,iiii,ls, 7 ,laii. i3S8. 
 liy til,' siile ,,f th,' eliapel ,,f W.ilerl,,,,, whieli was iiii- 
 ni.jiiiv,! I,y nhot or shell on i.S.Iiin,'. I'iir.^ Marlliorou^-li 
 eul oir a larp- ,livisi,,ii i,f the I'nai, h 1', r, es. 17 .\ii;.'. 
 1705. Tlie ei, 11,111, 'nirs on tin- sain,' li,lil aiv'lhV unfv 
 lirltisli i-,iimiiaii,|,a's wli.iae ,'aieer lavniyht tlieui to 
 ■ Ink,', loins. 
 Th,' Wiiterloi, neitiiniieiit over the remains of tli,> 
 ollleers anil iii,mi wh,, tell in tin. eaiiii.Minn i,f 
 iSi -„ in a eeinetiTV at lirnssels. i-nTte,! l,y (jiii't'ii 
 Vii'i'iria, was uiiveile,| hy the ,liike oll'ainliriilfie, 
 
 -■6 An;;. 1890 
 Gen. Geiirue \Vliielie,,te, li,ini 21 Dee. 17Q4, who 
 fought in the Sii.iiiish campaigns and at Water- 
 loo, 'lied a6 Auk. iSgi 
 
 WATERLOO BRIDGE, LoMioN. Abriil,;:, 
 
 over this part of th,' Thames was rejieatedly sim- 
 jrested duriiiL; tli,' iasi eeiitnry, hut 110 aitual ]ir,- 
 par.itions to carry it into ell'eet were made till 1,^1(1, 
 when Mr. G. Dodd proeureil an aet of parliament, 
 and uave the jiresenl site, plan, and dimeiisiuiis of 
 till- brid'.'e ; hut, in i-,inse,|ueiiee of some disa;;ree- 
 nieiit witli the e.iinniitti'e, he was superseded hv 
 -Mr. John lieiinie, win, i-om],leted this noble 8true'- 
 tilr,'. It was eoninieiireil 11 (jft. i.Sii,and ojiened 
 J.SJnne, iSl" on th,' anniver.sary ,,f the hattle of 
 Waterloo, wli,-Ti the prinee repi'iit, the duke of 
 Wellington, and otlier disiiimui.sliod personaues, 
 w,re present. Its len'.'th within the abutments is 
 1242 foet; its width within tlie halnstrades is 42 
 feet ; ami tile sjian ,d'ea,di aridi, ol whieli 111, -re ari' 
 nine, is 120 fei't. li'iu;lit for 47s.()(>i/. bv inetro- 
 
 On Oi't. 9, 1R57, tw,i voiiths, nam,',! Kilsliv, foiiml ,,1, 
 
 01 f till' nliiilini'iils ,,r the lin,l-c a ,Mi]„-i l,a- ,-,ii|. 
 
 Ialliiii;.'hil„iiili 1, s 1111,1 (1,'sli. whiih hail lieeli ,"lil 111 
 
 salt,,!, aiel l,oil,',|. iiini s.inie Inivi-n , 'I, , tin's. N,i I'lne 
 e,,iil,l l„. I, ,1111,1 ivs|„','tiiig these reiiiaiiis, wliicli weui 
 iiilirre.l 111 \\,,kiiiK iviih'l, ry. 
 
 WATERLOO Cri', see Ih,,.^, 1,871. 
 
 .WATERLOW PARK, S. Hampstead or 
 
 llmli;;at,', was presinled to the nietr,ipolis with 
 tMKKi/. t , the l.oiiilon e,,iinlvei,uiieil, hv sir .Sydinv 
 II. Wat,'rh)W. 12 Xi'V. I.S.S,,: The jiarli was open,. d 
 to the puhli,' hy sir J. dm l.ubboi'k, 1 hairman of the 
 eo'.imil, 17 0,'t. i,S,|l. 
 
 WATEK-MILLS, used fa- irrindimr eom, are 
 said to have hei'ii invented hv Melisarius, tliepeneial 
 <d' Justinian, while hesh-ed 'in R,,iiie by the Uoth>. 
 ,S.\v The aiieii'iits paiehed their eorn,anil pounded 
 It ill mortars, .M'terwards mills were inveiiteil, 
 which were turiieil hy men and beasts with ;;reat 
 lahnir; yet I'liiiy iiie'nti,,ns wheels turned by water. 
 Si'i' 'i\lo-tbjii(iuiic IniKMiiillfr. 
 
 , AVATERSl'OUT. Two watersiiouts fell on the 
 ("latz inounlains in (lermanv, and caused dreadlid 
 devastation t,, llauti'iiba, 1; aiid mam ,,llier vilhm,'~; 
 many jiersons perished, 15 .liilv, i,S27. A wat, r- 
 sp,int at Glanllesk, near' Killariiev, in Ireland, 
 [lassed over a farm 'if Mr. John .\la,''arthv, destr,,v- 
 mg farm-houses and otlier buildin.as ; ■seventeen 
 jiersons iieri.shed, 4 Aii.i.'. l.Sji. The estimated 
 length of one scii near Cali'iilt'a, 27 Sept. 1855, was 
 KXK) feet. It lasteil ten niiniitcs, anil was iil'i- .li,,,! 
 upwards. One .seen on 24 Sept. l.S^li, burst iiit„ 
 heavy rain. The town of Miskofcz, lliinjjary. 
 destroyed by a waterspout ; preat loss oC lif' aiiil 
 proiierty, 30 Aup. 1,878. di jiersons said to have 
 been killed by a waterspout in Algeria, Oct. l.SSi. 
 A watersiiont atAreijiiipa, Tern, eaiised inimeii.se 
 dainape, several per,si,iis drowiieil, 14 Keh. ; one at 
 I'aehuca, .Mexico, 50 deaths, 27 Sejit. 18,84; aimthcr 
 near La.pos, very destructive, 6 or 7 June, l.Ss^ 
 Destructive waterspout at .Swansea 4 Sept. I8S,; 
 another on Uatcitnhe liills, Dorsetshire, greatly 
 dainaped the villages of Cliafmde, Cerne, aii'l 
 Minterii, 7 June, i8,S(). liy tlie biirstinjj ,,t a 
 waterspout u'.. V,iiron, near Grenoble, France, mil h 
 daimipe was clone with los< of life, 5 .liine, l,-< ,;; 
 bteelville, Miss luri, nearlv destroyed hv one. 1; 
 deaths, 8 Jnl_v, l.S,)S. Sec iriii/iiii/>uiy,Smw, i.s,)^ 
 
 WATER TOFAXA, see Vuisoning. 
 
 WATKIN TOWER, ■W.mblev Park, lieu- 
 
 Ilarniw, N.W, of L,iiid,,ii. In i,S,S,'), the Meir,,. 
 
 |io',itaii tower cnujiany was formed, sir I'idwai'! 
 
 W. Watkiii, chairman, f,ir tlie crectior of a t,,U'r 
 
 rcsemldiii,' the Kifl'el tower, .see I'lirix, l88i). 
 
 rri'iniiiiiis wer,' otli'i'isl for ,l,'si;.'ns,aiiil ,;.>• (.'iiini'as vv,i, 
 
 .a»ai,|,',l to Messrs. A. 1). Sl.'wart. .1, .SI. Miieljuvn, 
 
 .111,1 W. Iiiinn. jiiint autli,,rs. 'I'li,- ,i,M^ ... ".t.. |.x. 
 
 liibil,'-! at I'nip, is' Hail, ..„ A|iiil il ■ ,.. lago. Piiri 
 
 ,,r th,' Wcnihli'y Park , 'state vv.is lii,,e,l hy a 11,'iv 
 
 C'liiipaiiy l',,r c)9y yi'.'irs, In, in 21 Oct. i.'.gj, iii' ,1 n'liial 
 
 of .•,...,;. a year. The structiire, s,,lclv ot' st ,'l. t,, I" 
 
 ,r,'ct,',l l,y Mi'ssrs. lli'.'ii.n, ami Kronile it »ii,ii,'li,-si.r 
 
 (II,','. iSo^'), iiii'lcr Ih, ,lirceti,,ii ui' tjir H,'i!J,-,Miii! 
 
 llaki'r. Work iir,)c,'ediiiK, luisc 90,1)00 .sii. It.^ o.' 
 
 jiolitan ij ,ar,i of woriis ; opened toll lr,'e, 5(Jet. 1878; 
 lit by ci, , tri, lipht Ir im lu Oct. 1871/. 
 
 i mi- 
 
 I Weiniiley park oiieiied, 12 May, iRa.(. 
 En'ciion i,i'th,' tovnT st,)|,|ie,|'. ,\ii>;, i8u,t ; the Ih'st j,!: :■ 
 I'iiiii ,,l„'ii,',|, is5r,','t 11,1111 til,- j;i'oiiii, I, iS May, r 
 
 WATLING-STREET, seo Jioman Jio.nLs. 
 
 WATTIGNIES (X. I'ranee). Here Joiu,liii 
 1111,1 the Freiieh i'cpiib|i,nns ilefcated the AustW:!!!- 
 unihr 111,' prinee of Cohnrp, and raised the sie.L'c ul' 
 Maulieupe, 14-16 Oct. 1793. 
 
■""His. ii;ii I Kilsliv, fiiniiil Mil 
 
 r till' lilMlj;,. ,-| iMlpl'i lia^!. ■■■111. 
 
 ■ 1 llt'sli. whiili liuil liri'ri rut tij . 
 
 iillllc Inni-ll ■•^■IIm'H. Ni) '-llll' 
 
 11^' lliisu ri-inaiiiM, whicli wi'Ui 
 ' '■!■>■■ 
 
 JP, see /^wy.v, kS;!. 
 
 ^'AKK, S, IfiiiniistPiKl or 
 Icil til till' im'lr<ipi)lis will; 
 
 ■ iiuity ciiuni'il, liy sir Syilncv 
 iSSii. Till' ]r,iv\i was ()'|icii, ii 
 
 111 l.iiblioi'li, I li.iiriiiim of tlu- 
 
 , iisi'il f.ir ■.'riiiiliiii.' coni, .■in- 
 il.nl liy lii'lisiiiiiis, tlii'^'i'iiiTiil 
 ri;ril ill |{ii|iii> liy llic Uutli.~, 
 'liril tlu'ir I'lirii, 1111(1 pininilril 
 «'iiril< mills wcri' invciitiil, 
 iiii'ii mill lii'iisis Willi frri'iit 
 h<u< wlu'clsturiUMl liv watir. 
 ,iiil/ir. 
 
 'I'«M wali'rs|)^nits fell on tlir 
 ■liiiiiiy, mill cmisnl divmltiil 
 III: mill iiiiiiiy iillH'r villiim.^; 
 , 1,^ .liily, |'.S2;. A wairr- 
 Mi- Killariiry, ill Iri'laml, 
 Ir. .Iiiliii Mai-arlliy, (li'sln^\. 
 illior liiiililiiins ; si'vi'iiiii'n 
 ii'J-. I.S^l, 'I'lic cstiiiiatiil 
 Calfiilla, 2; Si'pt. 1855, «iis 
 
 iiiiiiiiirs, ami was alV-iilini 
 I 24 Sept. iS^i, liiirst iii|i> 
 
 11 111' MIskoliz, lliiiij;ai\, 
 out : 1,'rcat loss oi' lilo ai'iil 
 . (il persons saiil to liave 
 ipoiit ill Al^'oria, Ort. iSSi. 
 ipa, I'crii, iMiisi'il iiiimrii,~f 
 < ilrowiii'il, 14 Krti. ; wk' at 
 itlis, 27 iSi'|it. 1S1S4; miotlii'i- 
 urlivi', (1 or 7 Juiio, iNs^ 
 
 at Swansea 4 S(.'pt. iS.S.; 
 liills, Uoi-setshiri.', sjri'atlv 
 
 of ('liatiiolc, Ccriii', mil 
 ')■ liy till' Ijiirstiiig 1.1 11 
 far Grciiolilo, Kraiiw, mil' li 
 
 losi (if life. 5 .hiiic, iS 1;; 
 irlv (ii'slroyi'ii hy (luc, 1; 
 ■0 )l'uili i>i/iuri/,Junc, iX'i^. 
 
 A, Bi't' Vuisoniiig. 
 
 Z\i, M'cmlilov Park-, mur 
 loll. Ill iSS('), the .Motr.i- 
 
 ■ was foriiicil, sir I'^ilwaiii 
 for till' oici/tiiir of u tnurr 
 svcr, .sec J'ariK, lS8v. 
 
 ■ ili'si^'iis, ami 50.1 ndiiii'ii^ vM'ii. 
 1). Stewart. J. M. JlncUiri'ii, 
 
 tliors. 'i'hl; lic?,;^.,... '••■»..■ ex. 
 
 1. L'l) .April <l «i'./., >3(jo. Pan 
 I'stati' was Icj.stMl tiy a iii'iv 
 IroiM .ji Dft. i.'.Q-t, Hi .1 n'lilal 
 inii'tiiri', si.li'ly ot St I'l. t.i I.. 
 laii ami Kromlc it 'ii.iii'hi'si.r 
 
 ■ iliri'ctioii 111' bir Hi'iijiiiiii!: 
 ing, liiisi- (^i.ituo SI], it.. IK 
 
 May, iSo.i. 
 
 'Iii'il. Auk. lEu.i ; tilt' (ir>t iil.i:. 
 nil III', ^^luuml, iB May, i- /. 
 
 lET, Bt'u Jttoman lioiids. 
 
 I. l''raiipe). Here Joiu'lun 
 ■mis dofoatoJ thf Austri:!!!- 
 m'tf, ami raisi-il tlii.' sii'.'i'il' 
 793' 
 
 ^VAT 'VYU:\t 
 
 rw, 
 
 \VAT Ti-LJ 
 
 I^If.S IXsCJillKCT 
 
 lL"):l 
 
 lo.v, 
 
 ,B}:'^.i'iir^f'ii'r, 
 
 which th. , 
 iiilaplcil to tl 
 lli"sul 
 
 (ill 
 
 '11' curve.; oC ;| 
 
 '' 11'" iiiiii iif ,; si 
 
 onl 
 
 line with 
 
 Chll 
 KIIOM 
 
 ^\'KAVr.V( 
 
 '■' '.'""''■ Ili.ili a' fi 
 
 WliElC. 
 
 -f iippears to 1 
 
 ''ip sli'.ulil h, 
 
 l!a-i'ir in |,s 
 -|||-'il of Sl|i| 
 
 . >'iiie.ioi ;| wivi. .,(• Il ' '■■'"" oe . 
 
 .IV''<''>X|ieri.iii'„tsli,:' „' '"';■/?'} ''"''""il i'™ 
 
 II ill I 
 
 lll-t to I, 
 
 ■•i|ie or A 
 
 I' Hi-'iml \ 
 
 I'lVe h( 
 
 '<'" lU'acti.seil 
 
 .1'-^ with the view o'l 
 
 '".'.-"11 l-.v .\ir..)„I 
 
 1"'lll ^'l,IKX>/. il 
 
 Col 
 
 Heillf, 
 
 iiii-r, 
 
 llll Si-ott 
 
 ••isiiiu: II 
 
 ,v!'^7:'!<-.;'i^;i.e.;.;;i:;;';^!--!' 
 
 'pulil 
 
 i'-^'ii;'! ri'iiirls o( II 
 
 liil to have 
 It 
 
 ■S; 
 Woven I 
 
 the (Irei'lis I 
 
 The I 
 
 ears hellu 
 
 ■e it wi 
 
 111 
 
 iivioiir' 
 
 ve.M, 1,1. 
 
 ■Il" win 
 
 iiiat, I 
 
 of M 
 
 ■'■;"" ''"■.lop thr.'uMl 
 
 "■Pi'iii! of a frmu,. / 
 
 'llll not mi\ 
 li'iiit, il: 
 
 r.M'liansasrrihc, 
 ■""i'i'''ii; and |!„, 
 ■iiieo Caj 
 
 Our 
 ■•*i'a'ii, heiii'r 
 
 ^^:a:.''"^'-" -i"i"".i 1 
 
 L'ni/ii/cif 
 
 le lllV('sli...m 
 
 ■I'll ion, wh 
 
 I'l-^l. 
 
 '"'■'/ J 
 
 '.'/. mill I'di/i/ 
 
 .viiivalm-ihitei't'. 
 
 The : ^'"''l*. "h 
 
 ;''''ii 111 0>/„„/ 
 
 IIKIiln, '[ 
 
 'V Il„l 
 
 •eavin- sui'Ii 
 
 I <iiii whoh. pi,; 
 
 lei-e tl, 
 
 «'o Wea;-, 
 
 ';;"'"■.'/, under tl. 
 
 II vest luav 
 
 ■i.iys |<i||„. |,;,| 
 
 ,'■;:';■ llll liraliant selth',! 
 
 ;:7 j;i"iii.lai't,„ed woidi 
 
 lie Word 
 at 
 
 wani 
 
 1 1 i> VI. I'll. ^ 1 ■ . '*■''• 
 
 rfil 
 
 i'c 
 
 my Lund 
 
 le series I 
 
 ill l.Si. 
 'I'<1," fourth 
 
 " "''111 •• Waverl 
 
 i.S. Tl 
 
 piiliiii'at 
 'I-, 'Tis.S 
 
 ';^^""i'"irsui,ii.;..V'? ,;' 
 
 'li-.'i|ii'rs. n ■' ,. '■'.v.') 
 
 'ii'i.v IH-in-e of i,,.|.,|| I 
 
 P was aekiiowleii-cd I 
 
 I .• •.■•'! i IS,' 
 
 ■losi'd with " 'J'.,! 
 
 ion 
 ii.vtv 
 
 ■i^::u;;'i;;:;:;'-'^i'^'-',-iM!ii 
 
 I'lS which, 
 ii'lietit to 
 
 aiid'.tl 
 
 iilerliurv, X 
 
 leiiiish dyers, cloth 
 
 ■^■nes, i„ ,xj,. .,'1 
 
 'I'liiiiT. 21. Kel,. iXi- 
 
 "t 
 
 Si'otf 
 
 Th 
 
 <y -^ir Wal 
 
 le author. 
 
 "."•Ills .iml imvels 
 
 i-'iiial .\ISS 
 
 ■'■ ''^'■"tl, at 
 
 of P"i'- 
 
 ■mil 
 
 ir pla' 
 
 ■■'-W'.-h, (.'ol.hes; 
 
 nvstei 
 
 11, l^ir 
 
 CI'- ''>ouihaiiii,t 
 
 ■tiled 
 
 lift I 
 
 KDDIX 
 
 :"-"7""U.f the duke' X 
 
 va s 
 
 '""lie ami Mans,,,, ( 
 
 Were 
 
 or I2rr 
 
 old 1 
 
 I' a miiiiii i,( 
 
 <iN. JS 
 
 .S.i guineas 
 
 (j.lul 
 
 'iii'ii'i' 'Skr/ynecki at 
 
 .WVl 
 
 It (Poland). Th( 
 
 ''■^f'^'i'i-iil i union' „f 
 
 l"""'!''.V ■ Ulliou .,(■,;, 
 
 -,i .vear,- 
 
 'ilver weildi 
 
 ,^ 'llli'tioil 1 
 
 :'J.vears;'and d 
 
 old, 
 
 :i,i:sare('eli'l„'„ted 
 
 II Weddillir.s „(', 
 
 laiuoml wed.li 
 
 iiiieapii!, it t 
 
 lifter 
 
 iittaekeil th.. Ij 
 
 iiiiilallertwo davs' |,i,|.,| , 
 li'isitlons Were carried I 
 with the loss of ,,.,;,,„ , 
 
 ilssiuus m \V;,v 
 
 ole 
 
 Sov. iS- 
 
 ■'■^">iy, celehraled l,is ,.„l,'l 
 
 7s y-u-A. ,jiih 
 
 •11 weddii 
 
 IV .St or 
 
 ''■^li'iii.^', all the I 
 
 I3^'^}^^^-^1^ 
 
 'Ifc', 10 
 
 ■111. and till 
 
 :'^-") I rir!"^; 'i"":"i>'ii.iK^-ni(ih;r,:::r:' !:>■<'- 
 
 G.S 
 
 iiiit tl; 
 mill. 
 
 "•'.•''• .'-"^.i'' Theh 
 
 'lien and 2(«„ 
 
 '.^' fi'trealed ' ;'"PP ised caiiieet 
 
 'leii' triuinph 
 
 "as soon full 
 
 "C the I'.di 
 
 ■' pnsoiier,. 
 
 Aeioid 
 
 loll with 
 
 "eihliuj,.. lii,-cr, I 
 
 mall, i 
 
 '" 'II'.' time of '1 
 
 liiiirto I'linvtl 
 
 1 viiii i;,, 
 
 >«-ed hy defeat ami i m''' f ■ he of 
 
 ■rtiilli; 
 
 'ley Wert 
 
 injin 11 
 !■'• with the 
 
 WAX 
 
 ■nine ill! 
 
 ■/./,■, 
 
 ",",'■ ■7 'I'l' Weihl 
 
 '■'I L'old, 1 
 
 o nse f, 
 "."1: em, dies w 
 
 'iitiin ; and w 
 
 l.jiM. Iieint," hut lit'i'l 
 .v liave I 
 
 'I' eaud 
 ere est 
 
 "•^'■ctalile wa 
 
 I'lii'llilicri'!/. 'I'l 
 
 le used. 1,1 I'l 
 '"'I'll 111 Use f.re,., 
 
 'e-* ill the ,211, 
 Hied a 1 
 
 , ^\■i•JI»aE LiKi'; 
 
 1.^' statuic 1,1,' 
 
 of iron ; 
 i||^''-l■itlt 
 
 '33 ; see 
 
 liiia, candles of ' , .'^^'J'^DGAVOOD M' 
 
 'le wa.v tl 
 
 ii^'lit from China 1 
 
 WaM was not |, 
 
 "lat i;r(,. 
 
 the il 
 
 It: 
 
 lii-'iii'ht ill 
 
 iciiilroiluetioii of a 
 
 >< use has 1 
 
 lel'ore i 
 to u.sc i 
 
 lit uric 
 
 Cll.Vli 
 
 Aid 
 
 "]' 
 
 "Illy 
 
 ■^l':.VI.l.\l;- 
 
 sllii'i 
 
 ■\(."fKl!S, see V 
 poitt 
 
 'imei- 
 
 f 
 
 l"''"l'"'"l In .Mr.J si'iiiW' 1'' ''7 '""1 1""'''' 
 ', in I -(,2. -Ill ,,.:.'■'. ^^"l-»'""il,"f 'Stalllirc 
 
 iiiidci! ih [• 
 
 ' li 
 
 n. 1 
 
 :::■" ""!''•' ^npei-seded b 
 
 '"-'■■iiid until ^*'"''' "■'■'* iiii|iorl('i! 1 
 
 IS putter 
 Vi'vioic 
 
 'le.s, termed Ktriiri; 
 
 llliril- 
 
 \V.v\wi 
 
 ■IIK.-Kxlliliifi 
 
 illiesive eiivel 
 'II of nioilcl.. 
 
 i"'l"' 17111 ami ,311, ,,.,„,„.„, 
 wnri'.sc.v|,il,it,i',||,v.\,,s. s , 
 till' last eeliti 
 
 lejics, about 1844." j S) ,1,11 
 
 WKDXESDAl 
 
 I'Olll I''l 
 
 .vf«ir'i.!. aiuil 
 
 iiiiee a'lil U, 
 
 '1 ecllturic. 
 
 Is III V.-, 
 ■fla 
 
 ^li"«ii there till is,,. wl,i'„,'; 
 
 "ilci't 
 
 "ion at .M,|.-it 
 
 . popular j 
 loii I Iwa 
 
 Wol'sl, 
 
 iiiitl 
 
 ■'I f 
 ippcd 
 
 i''iii th 
 
 tile fourth 
 
 illaiid. 
 
 earthen- 
 
 (' .Sa.vi 
 
 '.»-(if the week, 
 
 on this da 
 
 i"i' of niiiMi,. ,, „| I'j^; 
 
 liir .;' . 
 Iiiti'il III' 
 
 Mail 
 
 .'■'■"lo.Veil t„ |,'|„,',, 
 
 lllllle 'I'lis 
 
 'iTemarkalilec,,|i,.,, 
 ""'■lit Iiersoils with cost III, I, .s 
 .'"'"r':"!"-''r'Mi.rcm,1 
 
 "■I." skimii',;;,;,;|:||! 
 
 arly i,, mill Was thiiii:."|,| t 
 ■stn^el „i„i I fji-ei'ks m,d U„i 
 
 !i .iilol Wod 
 Woden was the 
 iiivenlor of ,.,|| n' 
 
 ■11 or Odin, 
 
 I answer to the if 
 
 I'eputecl 
 lie arts. 
 
 I IS said 
 
 ■I'dodl'ls 
 
 and , 
 
 "■ I'.vliiliitc'l li'-r coll 
 
 l."lii| 
 
 .'111, 
 
 'II, and aftcrw.ir.ls 
 
 tii'e.vlii| 
 
 itioii li.'is 1, 
 
 iMiiy years at llak. 
 M:iryl,'li,i,ic.,',,,.|,| I 
 
 pl". I 
 ■lion at till' I,..:, 
 '■""tier places 
 ■en ciii'r-eiic,.ii|v 
 
 "ii'l "lli'er hit,. 
 
 li^^^^J^^^^ 
 
 "lllllll,^-i.'|||., 
 
 Were a 
 
 I'liiii, Si 
 Tl 
 
 ■I'-'Stii'ct, 1.011,1 
 
 III. \\. 
 
 i-'i'i'l. 
 
 Il' lllll'list 
 
 <ll .l:iiiie,| r,,r 
 
 niiliti 
 
 'l.ilv. 
 
 iit>of .Mr. Kll 
 
 'I'll 
 
 I'Poill.ld to ilUH, 
 
 'lot, su]ieriutendeiit 
 
 lei'Lury of the 
 
 ii.'tiianiptonsIa,'e) 
 
 .M 
 
 l.SvS. 
 
 Iii'i-r establish 
 
 and 
 
 """"it ar this 111 
 
 ii-e into the 
 of tl 
 
 •at 
 
 '110 "C the statement 
 
 oiniiii'iieeil sittiiiir 
 
 April, 
 
 iMaila,iieTus,s,-,'i„i;;i;i I, 
 
 •'■lioii was pii,r|i;is,.',|' 
 
 liissaiid iH'in;,' 
 "I'll siistahied. 
 .'Ir. l.oiii,s 'I' 
 
 .■|,L'.^'I 
 III 
 
 ■II. I I.iM, rlya, I iiii'l cauicd niuoii dis.satisfaeti 
 
 iits were afterward 
 
 P'liie. in 
 1" 'Scpiembe 
 
 l-;arh 
 
 IliTf.llllilv • 
 
 I t'l 
 
 Jisimted, 
 
 WEEK, tl 
 
 !lesp;„.,,,,f seven dii 
 
 .'lissa„,| 
 iiiirlis at -.107, K, 
 'Iwlioyi'.l by lire 
 : i.oojl. 
 
 iSo3 
 
 .in'''i ns iiiaiia;,'!',-. ]■ 
 
 "I'P'iiiv, .M,-!'"',),,:,',',' I ''';^f "«'il .inioiiu- the J 
 
 I'.'Clljl 
 
 lit loll 
 
 opelleil n IIP 
 
 :eilt-street, 24 |,, 
 ' ' iSc,, 
 
 exhiliit 
 
 ilbhath 
 eks 
 
 ews. «h 
 
 ^zur::'^"^: i'''-b'Hti, 
 
 supposed to he 
 observed the 
 
 I. HI ,.f W'l 
 
 of V, 
 
 -the eoinniiiii 
 
 ars, seven 
 
 'lie of 
 
 ii'eu stjrts 
 
 ,liii 
 
 e*';aiiatea 1,, 
 
 seven year.s, at th 
 
 M'ai-s; the third o'f 
 
 ■*;ven ila.vs ; the seuoml 
 
 ovei-eiicns ireneralh us 
 Mti Willi kin- j„i,„; , 
 •inpdrors and l''reueli kin 
 
 WE. S' 
 
 '■ill' 111 
 '"riiiaii I 
 ""lit I2(XJ 
 
 WEALD of El 
 
 '■1,1 laru'c, i 
 iMiiiiiiiiii;,' ; ni - 
 Illr'Ol. A. Maul 
 
 f^ee Trwls, ,Jaii. iS, 
 
 ■Sg4. 
 
 All t 
 tile S 
 
 preseut i;ii-liah 
 
 le end of which 
 
 seven times 
 
 "s tht jubii 
 
 "■'■ f"i- /, whi,.h 
 
 axon : 
 l.'itiii. 
 
 names are deriW fr 
 
 ■oiu 
 
 I'l'). (■„/,; 
 
 The 
 
 I'ii's .si,,li. 
 Hies I 
 
 'i Used the plural 
 
 nil 
 
 aiiiic. 
 
 UlcsMe 
 
 [lies. J,, V 
 
 .Martis. 
 
 'I'lit and ,Sii 
 
 lenit forests ; St. 1 
 
 ■■■ir which 
 
 (I 
 
 in the U 
 
 the 
 Hard 
 
 site of Ui, 
 
 Hies \, 
 
 Havoftii,. 
 
 Hay, .fill, 
 I 'ay ot.»,irs 
 I>ay ,it Serci 
 Uay of J(jpi 
 
 Sun, 
 
 Frritrh. 
 
 Tliiiiaiii 
 oon, l.ini'li. 
 
 leitini't miiiiiais. i.s-'- 
 
 iscover. 
 
 'il the 1 
 
 eahlen fonunt 
 
 <fill 
 iou. 
 
 ■einains of h^,. 
 
 ™Nii.lanexhausth-e..fltsim-y.;;' 
 
 Ml. i 
 
 !■ urtfi 
 
 the \V,:U 
 
 WEATIIEli, see .!/.,<„,.,/„ 
 
 ./'/ 
 
 atiinii, 
 Kicjli.^h. 
 Sunday, 
 -Monday 
 'l'ae.-..ia,i. 
 We,l„es,|i,y, 
 
 Tlllll'.sd,'iy,' 
 
 Friday. 
 •Siitiu'iUy, 
 
 Dii 
 
 ,y of \.f„us 
 
 Iki?' of S 
 Klin's ,|a 
 
 ' n s ,|,'i 
 
 atiiiit. 
 
 Jbrdi. 
 JfcTi r,-<]i 
 
 .lelllli. 
 
 Vciiiiniili. 
 
 Jaiiii'ili 
 
 Hniiii; 
 
 i-ajgL 
 
 •'"leirs ,|..|V. 
 
 Thor^s ,|a\. 
 
 KriKlsdiiy, 
 
 '"iatenie's juv. 
 
 Moutsi: 
 IHt'iist*,- 
 Mittw,., |„ 
 
 JlOlllll 
 
 l''ieitiii; 
 
 5jaiiisl,a_. 
 abuiiii 
 i 11 •> 
 
 i-atiiK. 
 
 g, oristatu. 
 
 ill 
 
 
 * ■ i jl; 
 ■ I 
 
WEEKLY DISPATCH. 
 
 •^01 WELLINGTON'S VICTOKIES. 
 
 
 WEEKLY DISPATCir, liWnil wreklv 
 Siiiidiiy li:ilicr, cstalilislicil iKoi. 
 
 WKrOT[TS.\M) MEASFKES. TIiosc umi 
 
 tllr »l:mniiiif,' nf j;nUl iiiiil -ilvcr iii'iIlcT, lire ilttrilmtt'd 
 ti> riii'idnii, tynuit of .\r:;oH, ,S()5 li'.c; sec Antn- 
 deHiiii Miirhli!>. Weights were iiri);iiiiilly taken 
 fi-oni trraiiH nf wlipat, thi' lnwi'st li.'ini,' still'oalkvl ii 
 praiil. Chiilmirn. See Critii. 
 Miii'li iiifniiiKiticm is ttivi'ii hy Mr. II. W. C'lii.slinliii 
 iij his wiu-li "Dii tlie Hci'i'iu'u of \VcinliiiiK iiiiil 
 ^Ii-!s!iriiiii," 1R77. 
 Tlii.li'vvs a.iiTilii'il \Vl■i^.•lltK mill mi'a.-iiiri's tn ('iiin ; 
 IIm' Kt;y|itiiiiis 111 Tlii'iitli or I'lmtli ; tlic (ircek.s, 
 _ to lliTiiii's (thi' liiiumii .MiTciiry . 
 Thi- lusis lit jMirii'ril iju'jmurt-s was Ihi' ?i:itiii-;il pi'n- 
 jiiM linns I it till' human lnnly ; thi'ili;.Ht, ur liri'ailth 
 iilllii' mill. 11.' ii.'irt uf thi"lirst j.iint nf the I'ure 
 liii^i r, hciii:.' till' lii\vi>st unit ot till' Hi-iili'. 
 Till' I'/^'Vpti.-m I'lihit (six inlins), umliT tin" Pha- 
 r.iiihs, was aliimt 18. ^.( l';iiKlish iiii'lirs ; llici'iiliit 
 III' rtnli'iiiy .'ihiiiit 21.87 ini'lips; ln' lii'tiTiiiini'il 
 thi' li'ii..;lh Mf.-i staliiim, ami nl'.i ili'Kri'c. 
 Till' si.'i'i'.j I'lil.it III' the .lews (Xi'wton), :4'7 iiichi's. 
 Assvri.'in wi'i;:lits an.' lU'si'rilieil liv Mr. l.uvanl in 
 _ Ins "Xiiii'Vi'li." 
 Till- .stainlaril nii'.isurc was oriK'inally ki'iil at Win- 
 
 I'hi'Sti'r In thi' law nf kinc Kii^ar . . . 972 
 
 Stiii'lanls 111' wi'i};lils ami ini-iLsiirrs wt'ri' iiruviilcil 
 fill till' wholi' kin;,'il(im of KiiHlaml liy the shchll's 
 
 (if l/aiilnii. ,7 Kii'h. I. iu)-j 
 
 A imlilii' \H'it;hiii;,'-iii,irliiiii' was si't U]! in l.iiinliiii, 
 an 1 all ri'inmii'litii's nrili'ri'il to lu' wiit;hi'i| l>v llir 
 city-illii'i'i', I'alli'il till' wi'ij,'li-iiiast<'r, wlin was to 
 do jiistii'i' hetwueii Imvcr and seller, slut. 3 Kdw. 
 
 n (■^■'■"•) 1309 
 
 lidwarl 111. oidi'i-ed that there shniild he "one 
 Weight, nii'.isuii'.aiid ,\aril,' thriiiiKlioiit the kiny- 
 
 d'liii 1353 
 
 First .statute, direetinir the use (if aviiirdiiiiois 
 wi'i^lil, lit '1 lien VIII ,532 
 
 AVei'_^hl^ I'll 'III 1* lies "!■ 1 'f'"l tn In' examined liV 
 
 ilii'l'isti. .'s .'11 ii.iartei'-ses.sjiiiis. ;5'i"'i 111. . 17') = 
 
 .'.^.liii ri'L.'iilali''l iSiKj 
 
 iStatiite I'nr I'StalilishiiiKa iiiiifnrmity of wi'i;,dits ami 
 measures, iS24,|iiiik ellert thriiiiHlinut the Uiiiled 
 Kin,u"liim I .Ian. 18211 
 
 Xew acts relatin ; Iheretii passe'l in 1S31, 1S35, 1S55, 
 aii'l in '■ . . 1S51; 
 
 iC (t 17 Viet. e. 20. regulates the weit;hts ti> lie used 
 ill tie- s;,li' 111' liiilliiiii. and adii|its the use (if the 
 Ti'iiy i.uii'i' 183-! 
 
 A I'lmimissiiui (enusistiut' iif Mr. (i. I!, .\irv. f;en. 
 v.. Saliine, Im-'I Unssr. Mr. T, Cr.diani .111,1 u'thers), 
 H]il»iiiited tn examiiii' the staii'lai'ls u May, iS''; 
 
 3ril rei'iirl >'f the .Mainlai'ls I'liiiimissiun stales that 
 emus I'Nisi ill iilliiial staml.ihls, dated .- Inly, 1S68 
 
 A new \Vi i.;ht, ill 1 Mi'lsliri'S ,'H't |ia.ssi'il tn ellfnree 
 lliiilnrmitv in all marki'ls in the L'nited Kiiijrdiiin, 
 and aliiilisli Innil incisures. S .Viivr. 1S7':' : this 
 act w.is enmt'ini-d with anntlier iwis.se.l ^f, luly, 
 i8Sg; aiiiillnr ai't jiassi'd . . . ^ij .lime, 1693 
 
 Weights 'in.l .\I.'asiii'.'s(metrio system)aet passed, 1897 
 
 •S'yii'i.'i.ric (/mi iti." (unit, pure water): iridium, 22'38; 
 platinnin. 2i"45 : nsminm, 21 a : coM, I932 ; lead, 
 II':;:;; silver, i,.i 51 ; e.ipper, o'^4 ; iinn, 7'87 ; 
 tin! 7'2,): zine, 7i'> ; in line. 4-,;5 ; earlion, 3'52 ; 
 aUimiiiinni, 2'50; sulphur, 2; snlium, 097; 
 lithium, o'3o ; nsyi-'eii, u"ix3i43i : nitrn;;en, 
 n'cx)i2i7; liydrn^'cn, o.....«>8'yfi. Ad-, c ■/. Ih-ix-h . 1878 
 
 Tlie i:;tli annual r.'iinrt nt the nternatiniiiil coni- 
 milti'e ijf wii^:hts aiei 111 .i iins was imldished at 
 Pari-i iSyj 
 
 (Si:v Sttiwhll'l ; aiel }f'tririll Sil\trii'.) 
 
 WEI-HAI-WEI. ^ -• /.».'//'/"/. \<>n\. i.s.,.8. 
 
 AVETMAU, capital nt till' -niii.l-iliicliy nf .Sa.xc 
 Weimar jclitcli s:< .. 
 
 WEIXSBERG, Me (;<„i,.h^. 
 WEISM.VNNP-iil.-. //,/-..'-///. 
 WEI.SSEXTintG. ■'- //V»,„./,„„y. 
 
 ! A\EIJJN(rlON, (I town ill Now Zrllland, 
 NnrtlilsliiiKl, settled in i.S^n, miido 11 lii.slmpriu in 
 iSyS, heciinie 11 scut (d' ^'overiiinent, 2.1 ilee. l.SCi 
 Pii[iiilatinn in li'^i)!, .3.?,22.) ; i.Sij;, ijS.doo. 
 
 i ^^'^V'?;f^'''*'7^>^' ADMIXrsTKATroX, 
 
 I aueia'eded tliat (d vi.si'nimt (Inilerieli, Jan. l«2cS. Tlu' 
 
 duke resi|,'ii(.d id Nnv. i,S;o, 
 j [Hike nf \Vi.|linKlnii,.n>.<^ h.,',1 of the Irmsuni. 
 j l.nrd I.yndhurst, /'.r.i c/i-iii,',!//,,r 
 
 lli'iirvlliinllani, r!o:n,yll.,rn/lhc cj:ehequer. 
 j Karl nathnrst, ;>r,,vi./,'HN,/fA,'coi(/u'i;. 
 
 I.nrd l';ileiiliiiiiiuj;li, ;ir;i'i/.ii',i( 
 I Mr. (aftcrw.'ii'ls sir) Hnl.ert IVel, earl Dudlev, and Mr 
 W ni, lluskissnii. A.,,,,,., f,.rn,jn. and rMonhU sc-nl.tri, , 
 
 , \iseiilllll Melville, f,..,n'./,/,'nMfr../ 
 
 Mr. Chaili'S (ii-ant, h,„ir,l nfim,!,'. 
 
 I.nrd l':iliiierst.in, xiiTi.i,iry-fit-inir. 
 
 J. C. Merries, ui.ikI,,- of (hr mini 
 
 Karl (if .Vherilien, iliichii „f- 1,,,,,,;,'!,.,- 
 
 Mr llnski.ssnii, eail Dmlley, vi.s nit r.iImer.sKm. ai„l 
 
 niliiw'',"ii ''^'^V'"' i"'i" "'i'"-<".^.""d variniis eh, nj, 
 Inllnweil 111 .May and .June same year 
 
 The earl nf .Mierdeeu ami sir CenrKe MuiTav 1 anic 
 
 resp,.eliV"ly,/.„'e,;/,i ami ,'„/„„ ,„;,,',,.,.,./„r,',,, ' 
 Sir Henry IlanliiiKc, .s('/Ti/.rn/.<i(-i/'(if 
 ^^hnnr.P '■''''^''■''•'''' (•''■'^••■"'"rds lord Fitz«eralil), Iii.li,, 
 
 I-iml l.nwther, rint ommh.'ri'nwr nf Inml rcvcnw^ &,■ 
 
 May and .Inn.', 1828. ■ 
 
 Mr. Arliiithiint, Mr. Vesey KilZ(.'ei'ald, &e, 
 
 WELrjXGTON roLLKGE (Sandlmr.t 
 was ercr ed ,y sulis,'r,pfi„„ j,, n.eninrv nf tlie .re;,; 
 dukiMd W eilinntnn, fnr tlic suppm-t .'•iiid I'dneatii,,, 
 oforpliim s.iis nf eninniissiniii'il iillieers Tlie ti-i 
 stone was laid liythe ,|„i'en mi 2 , lime, hSr^; an, 
 tlic lunliliii'.- was np,',|,.,l l,y lini- niaicstv on 211 , la , 
 l«Si,. t.l.t nrilii' ,:;„,hkV. sillisci'ilied, ^s.ocx/ Were 
 oxpeniled on tlie liiiildiii- and llm rest invested f'r 
 the maiiilcnaiiei. of the iiistitiitimi. 
 .\ I'lUitrnversy respe,.tiii>; its iimii;i,c,.,i|..nt ; certain 
 
 eliaru'csevpla,ne.„ri'elii,i,,',i . . au.:.-(.i'' , -. 
 ","l"'7' ',"■ '•"■^■■'1 enmniis.si r iii,,niiv 1 ,. " 
 
 tui'd 1,1 the cnnineins ' ', ^ " 
 
 (•nmmissinli a]ip..illle,| : jnr.l i'enzanee.lii.shn 1 ni- "'■ 
 
 '.M'ler .Mr, ! l.nw,' (aftcwanis Innl ,s'|,er. 
 
 '"■'• '■';.'■ ' •■■""■>■■ "'>'■. dune, ,S7,j; report 
 
 leei'mni'iidiii- ijnatcr iciiimmv and imi.rov,' 
 iiient nf illenme ' ' , 
 
 Mm'h illness amiin- the lioys, iddhs; iuvesii.^' ""'' 
 
 tliill 111 Ihe preluisi's n,„.h' ,|„,il,- ,So,; tl„. 
 
 -eh'.lius wi'ie te„i|.ni',irily iranslerriiil to Malvern 
 early 1,1 i;„..:|,.o„.ln.ii,,rt . . . ,3 j,,,,,,; ,,^, 
 
 WEF.T IXGTOXLV GrGAXTEA(sor,uoi„'|, 
 
 the iai".;cst tree in thi' wrhl, a inilive nf Oililnriii 
 
 was dlsenvel'cd liy W. Wliilehrad, June, ,,Sro' , 
 
 speeuueli t.rs! u-athel'ed liv .Mr. \V. l.ohli in iS- 
 , and (h'si'i-ihed hv ill'. Jidiii l.iiMiinv. When 7i\ 
 
 ffl-own it IS ahniit 450 feet hiirll, im.l , ,0 feet i 
 ! ciiYinifercnee. riie prin,-,' e msun (s .lime, i,Si,i>, 
 
 and the ,,iieen (24 July. i,S(>i) plante.l W.'lhi,'.. 
 
 tonias at the new jranh'Ps of the Koval Horti. 
 
 eiiltiiral Si'iiety. Ihe trees did not live • t|, 
 I gardeii.s were jiiven up in i,S,S7. 
 
 j WKLLrXGTGX-S VICTORIES, k. . Fn 
 
 I details see -eparate urtiek'.s. 
 
 Arthur WelKsley wiis horn, aeeordinL' to sm,, 
 aiithnrities. ill March or .\pril (hapti.sed (u Aiir • 
 Ml -rectlv said hv others iM, 
 
 Appoiut.'d to coniinaiid in (he Mahratfci w,:,,' „', ''"• 
 India takes I'oonah and Ahm.'ilnii^riri,,., ,^ \ ,'" 
 fraiiis Ins hist victory at .\s.save, ., , s,.|,t ■ ,i;.(',,", ' 
 .•Scindn.hat Ar^aniii, Xov ;' aid ,,t 'uaw.d,!', ',; 
 
 liei'miies secretary fnr Iri'hiud ".^ ■'" , 
 
 Takes the eommand in I'orlii.'al. .1, feats .lip., „ ' 
 
 \ iniicra . ' ' ' 
 
 Passes the Unnro ami defeats .S.ii'lt ' '!'. m"." ' 
 
 Defeats Viet,.,' „t Talavcra. :.s Julv : ;,:',w\ '' 
 
 visciimt Welliiulon ' ,' , 
 
 4 .'"'III. 
 
N'S VICTOltlES. 
 
 fl town in Now Zwil.ind, 
 I 1H40, iimdo a bisliopiiu in 
 fTovcinmiMit, 24 Ili'c. 1864, 
 
 224 ; iHij;, ^H,(m. 
 
 ADMIXISTKATTOX, 
 
 Mt(i..(lcricli, Jim. l«2«. Tilt 
 lH.50. 
 
 U.i-'l 'iftlic Ivcamfii. 
 
 nrrll„r. 
 
 'V <if the exchequer. 
 
 (the iiiHtvcii. 
 
 seitl. 
 
 ■rt Peel, (larl Diiilli'V, mi.| Mr 
 
 Uirehjn, unit ctlnniiil sn-rei,,,-,'. . 
 
 f <;;itr„l. 
 
 <ftr,„l,\ 
 
 /'iit-v'iir. 
 
 ' mint. 
 
 '' l.'(>lrti>>ter. 
 
 li'V, viscniiiit PiilnicrMtnii, niiii 
 
 lliiln.^ll■\, mill viirinus chilly. < 
 
 If saiiif \f:ir. 
 
 il sir (Ifiirno MuiTay Iiivam,. 
 
 I euluiii,,! su-ntariv.'i. ' 
 
 m'n-nt'War. 
 
 rwarils lord Fitzgerald), huti,, 
 
 is.Hir»fr of /.mi/ rct'cnms, &,• 
 
 Kit/P'i:dil, i-c. 
 
 f'OLLKGE (S:,n,ll„M~t 
 
 ^i"ii 111 iiinry of till' ijri.;,i 
 
 tlic sii|i|„,i-t .■iiiil I'diicati,,,, 
 iissiiincd nftii'crs. Tlic tir-i 
 l"';i'n i.„ 2 ,Inn,., i,S:;(,; iui,| 
 1 liy lirr iiiair>tv on 21) Jan 
 kV. sul.srrihrd, j^,(TO(i/. wcri. 
 ;;■> iind llic rest invested I'^r 
 institution, 
 
 its iiiana-.iii.'iit ; eertain 
 '"ll'.'d . . .\iw..()|.;. ,:j; 
 iissioii ,,r iniiuiry ne;,'a. 
 
 ■ , ;, • • ' -^I'lil, 137, 
 oM I'l'll/jiiiee, liishop u)- 
 
 (artcrwiirds lord Shur. 
 *:e,, ,linii., i^^y ; ri.|„,|.t 
 
 '■' my and iiij|iriiir. 
 
 \iiK. ,3:, 
 
 oys, i d.Mtlis ; invesii;;;,. 
 li.ale diiriii;,- liJqi ; 1 1„. 
 iy traiisliareil tij.Malveiai. 
 
 ''•^ • • . iS JllllM, li,^. 
 
 A GIGAXTEA(soquoial. 
 ;,'!',''.'• ■' "■"'VeofCilJilnniia. 
 " Intellrad, June, |,Sro- I 
 
 I'.v .Mr W. I.ohl, ini.S:,, 
 ''.'11" l.indlry. \Vli,.n ffi; 
 
 feet IiiL'li, mill 1 m, i,,,,; „, 
 iniT iMnsiirt (^ June, \\k,\: 
 .V. 1*11) pliiiited Wijliii,,. 
 dens (if the \i»\;\\ ifonj. 
 
 ■ ^''X 'lid not 'live; til, 
 n 1 88;. 
 
 ! VlCTOllIEK, \. . Fi r 
 des. 
 
 irii, .aciMirditi- t.. m,,,,,. 
 ■Aiiril(l,aiiti.sp.l i„.\|,iil). 
 '.^ , • ■ 1 .Mai,' ,-. 
 
 H. 11"- Mahratta war i„ ' 
 
 I Alii Iiiiij.'i;iir, ,2 .\|| . 
 
 Assavi.,.,,.s,.|,t. .-ili.r,.;;,' 
 *"V : ainl ,it (jl.nvalKhur 
 
 and . . i. 
 
 ■ iftliiral, difeal.s Jiiii'.,| ;,t ' 
 
 .• ,. •, " All- 1:0c 
 
 'iit.s.Si.iilt ,., M.iv e 
 
 vera, .* Julv ^ , |,.:,,,,,i 
 ■ ■ ■ 4-'-|.t. 
 
 Ili|.ills 
 
 ^VKLLLVOTON-N VFC 
 
 i M; 
 
 TOIMK 
 
 llle lilns .It 'I 
 
 ■<M'liaat Mils 
 
 iLlO'l 
 
 Dele.ils M 
 
 MTe.s 
 
 Vidr 
 
 ■'■I'l.: 
 
 ISt, 
 
 .\l 
 
 llliciila 
 
 ■'■'-"■im at Kiieiii, .„,(,.,, 
 
 I llldad lio,|,i:.„, 
 \ Al'm: .ii.fnils M 
 
 Ill' IS .Madirl 
 
 •st|.li If. 
 
 "ie,5.Ma 
 
 Mpies 
 '"'let. ,|i| 
 
 Thi 
 
 ^VKSLEYAX 3IKTllot)I 
 
 NT. 
 
 rciiiMViil of tl 
 
 1. 1 .( 
 
 'III. 
 
 Jul. , , 
 
 UelV'iiIs .) 
 
 ;.'! . 1 111.1 
 
 ariiioiii ..,[ 
 
 (ill. I.ir.l 1 
 
 (.St. S. 
 
 :;;i:''.'r;V"|.''""'?i-n;t 
 
 i.v ; take., 
 10 .Mav, 
 H'el.i.ii.», 
 nii'a, aa 
 .'-■-\ii;,'. 
 
 I"i nil. 11111 
 
 ;':!''rii-'''"''' the ;;;;;! 
 
 ".""•t toii.iiir, 
 
 !'""|■■|'Ht;;",^;v;:l^;,!'"",;:^•' 
 
 'eriMil 
 
 ' I '"•"'■"■diiW,',S,'i,t.',8,,j, 
 
 sli.ll 
 
 ■yii.'.loeli). 
 
 LlelVats 
 
 II xloniii'il l.y 
 
 ,il .\llj; ); 
 
 Vili,, 
 ^"•11. liralia 
 
 r 
 
 AVELT.S 
 
 I'l',,.,,. 
 
 eoiiii,l,.i,.,| J 
 
 'lie eillleslMH 
 
 ''ll-t of t(.i 
 
 ■liar, l.S, 
 
 ■■ioiilt at Ortlii 
 
 '■'Her., frail 
 
 l-^'Miid f.i I 
 
 4 {(! 
 
 «;i'ivduj.- |,v .M.nilr 
 
 ;l ill .\i.iil 
 lull, idii,. 
 
 M .statue 
 « ui I; 
 
 '■"' .vxl. 
 
 Ill, l,S,2 
 
 Created ,|iili„ „r 
 
 -•7 l-( II. 
 
 I''ilst 
 
 I1.«>./. 
 
 ami 
 
 ■■"Id at Tiiiil, 
 
 8 c),.| 
 
 11 Kraut nf 
 
 i;niii;,'li,n, uiil 
 
 Il an ai 
 
 oferi'al 
 
 read 
 
 lll'l";iled ill tlle I 
 
 lloilseiif 1,„.,|,. , 
 
 ;;'ii:':;:;:rv:::':'"'' '-'i-^'^nd?; 
 
 ■M'lii, 
 
 iiiiiiiv i.r 
 
 , . -Mii.v, 
 "IS pali'iii.. 
 
 ■ 814 
 
 fn.iii !•: 
 
 ! i.st,' 
 
 ■ .Mes 
 nifi 
 
 3". iind .v.wi. , 
 
 ;y|,t 
 
 >eii:4er. 
 
 ii'ive iiitnali,,.;.,! well-d 
 
 *-! II. e., 
 
 ertmiV 
 
 id to l„ 
 ''^le|.hen ill 
 
 'til lie- We II 
 
 '"^■iiiff into (irt 
 
 Ijii' iiiM'iilii.n ..f li 
 
 I'al, nie.l Uet. 
 
 '''■'•"■I'll- nf the Stale iif X 
 
 «|'i', and I 
 
 ,''i-"ii Ml 
 
 iiiin J, 
 
 Ciiiiiiiiaii.i, til,',. in 
 
 •line tiiii, 
 
 "nallailioi .\„v,,,, 
 
 "!V ill llie \e-)i,'rla,i,|s 
 
 .a J, I 
 
 'Il at Wal.'il 
 
 l,iiialr,' III 
 
 C'lhiiii.iiiil.s tl 
 
 ras, 1,, 1 1 
 13 .lilli, ; i 
 
 Inki'l,, 
 ^d.li 
 
 lepllls 
 
 at the I, 
 
 ' l'"lls|St,i III' 
 
 »■ Vorli.' ri 
 
 ■lie; 
 
 "•'■'• ''lid, uiiiUli,, I „.it|, 
 
 '"''•> '■"li'isllieliani 
 
 Tl :r!"'„i'"'-'"''i'''.'i wi.ii'ii;!! 
 
 |i|ai- 
 
 11 ste 
 
 It 
 
 'IIS Used will 
 
 ■st Soil will', 
 
 l!"iiit, wliieli 
 
 dill. 
 
 IIVl'Sls 1', 
 
 IIIk 
 
 ll-SlS8i||,|| 
 
 esi'lllies 
 
 e army 
 ieii all, 
 
 iil'iilioii in I 
 
 .1 .lull 
 
 '■III' 1,S(,I 
 
 I -I'e.'ll uilvaiil 
 
 1 I'l'ivilili ,1 
 
 4 : ''.V tile I 
 
 '.^-siiiiii in iM>.,s 
 
 iriti.-li 
 
 i.i-ii diirin,;- 'til 
 
 in tl 
 
 nven, 
 eivil 
 
 iitid l.y the Kii.- 
 
 Iii'ii^ 'aMi|iiii-ii i„ 
 
 -lain in Ivlii 
 
 .liilv 
 
 iil'li'l 1, 
 
 ■Vl 
 
 ||"'iiili',l 
 
 Tlle Willi, 
 
 'lisi-iii'il 1 
 
 i"';:::!'':r;:'r;'-'""':>iie,;,,ii, 
 
 ,,'*"- till. \,., 
 
 I'lllluli.ll, win 
 
 'SSI'S. ,M,.||y^ I 
 
 "l-llli.-, f,,llll,l 
 
 ll-'"ll slii|.|i| 
 
 lllioM'-Mlelili 
 liy tl 
 
 '.y 'Stoiliani 
 
 an. I 
 
 sii|,|,..rii 
 
 .lied 
 
 "UlMli 
 
 yii'i.'ii.'s, pi'i'si'ii,..;. 
 
 "":.''''lll""- lll'l l.:llik, 
 
 Was liialiiilai'tiii',.,1 I 
 
 Tl 
 
 ..~l.) 
 
 < Kih. 
 
 "Iiniiiis 
 
 '111 the 
 
 t"tlH'diik.' 
 
 (It 
 
 U-AJ ll'l't ,1, 
 
 ■» llxt..r,i..,ti,.,.t 
 
 ■1'. ■\l'ril, ,, 
 
 'iiiatli tl 
 
 Klielis,u,,l. 
 
 ■ •ilij 
 
 llV I 
 
 Us liUllt hv I 
 
 iiilllel',. 
 
 , . ■>). Till 
 "u, Kin-iiftlu'W 
 
 lie illlki 
 resigns 
 
 ill'piiiuted 
 
 .\id 
 
 "i"es llrst iiiliii.sti' 
 1.S 111 earrylii^r tin. ,^' 
 
 ■'^'■n.iiii.l 
 
 '■""' ^Vai'Laml 
 
 e<'iiiiiiaii,i,'r.i„'.,.|,i,.'|'_ ,.','j 
 
 ''"1 'li'ilieilted tl? St. And' 
 
 M.V'in kii 
 
 1" l'',i,. 
 
 iiUiolii' Ki 
 
 J" .\ I 'I'll, 
 
 bisl 
 Kh 
 l8tli I, 
 
 'l.-s endowed it 
 
 '"lll'ie in i)C»), ,||| 
 
 iind it w 
 
 St .Sa.v 
 ri'w. 
 
 Ihedral ehureli 
 
 .■|'4.iind 
 (Jlher West 
 
 I'l' 
 
 "liy- fill' reii 
 
 us erei'led 
 
 nil. I It 
 
 ■," "f Kdwiird the 
 
 .\ssi'l't.4 that ,|„ ,.,.|', 
 -N'liv. ; ri'sJHUs , 
 
 Trausai'tsalltlieliii,,,,,,..,, 
 I'.'SIKll.llli.li of |,,|.,i >. II 
 »"■ "■ I'eel fro,,, ItalvM.^ 
 
 lll'llU'i[.,'lti 
 
 Al^ 
 
 'ls|l..|i„| llij, 
 
 nil, 182 
 
 ■"lii|ileted I 
 
 iiiii Mil 
 
 "I" ill l'.irlia,ii,'|, 
 
 t i 
 
 ■S"f til, 
 
 'iinie, till tl, 
 
 s iu'e,l.,.i 
 
 Ul \.:, 
 
 ',','" i.^.'illi'r th, 
 
 M'lil. j82'5 
 
 In- .1 
 .Vdel 
 
 III '■iiiiivh wii, i„.o.,„i '1,^. I;,;, 
 
 ' 'iLsei'iated :n 'n,|S, 
 
 and 
 
 !iei't, 
 
 liy his siiieessiii 
 
 Tl 
 
 see Was 
 
 luus tuCterwiii'ds hisl, 
 
 '1'' liM lii.,h..i 
 
 ■■■* uiid Ihialh 
 
 lulls, I'raiL.d 
 
 .illliel 
 
 liii or 
 
 unit 
 
 .8j. 
 
 "I'li'utioii, i,si8i, j,( 
 
 ""'■.lis liishi.,. of Cai,,,.,;,,.,,.) ■".,. 
 'i «iili |j„,|| /,,.,,', „„''.^ .i 
 
 •)>''.U; I'^'i/i 
 
 "1 {a-liii-h 4i. 
 
 ■'>', -).''22 
 
 ■; 111 10S.8. 
 
 seeretar.v 
 AKaiii 
 
 llllde 
 
 sil'H. 1 
 
 anil 
 'eel, I),., 
 
 lie arriial of 
 .iiii'S lori'!_.|| 
 
 Mi- 
 
 ^i^. <.'irAi;iTY s( 
 
 lies ,1 1 W 
 
 'iiiiiiaiiil,'r.i,|.,.|,j 
 
 ''.14: ll'si-li.s 
 
 Ui'iii 
 
 'lillle^l',■|,^t||. 
 
 ii'f 
 
 I to Ashford, 
 '^I'nl, 18:15 I X,(li,ju„t t 
 
 111 1 ra\ 
 
 'Vi-'l loCli.'K 
 
 i,i ■\n. 
 
 a li. 
 
 ■'I'itiil, wliere'lu'i 
 
 184-' 
 
 near .St. 
 iitiicU, 
 
 -ii'ii-ioad, I...1 
 
 HOOL.S; 
 
 iiu'-s, Middl 
 
 '■I-- /' 'llIlK, O.t 
 
 estu- 
 I'l'iii, iri.i; reiiL.ved 
 
 ii('ni..vi'.l 1.1 t 
 
 1,' II.. 
 
 I'ul.l 
 
 A iiiiiKitii.l.' of "I'll'l 
 
 ■'■lun.'ialatst. I'aiii; 
 
 lialf.,r|„,i',, 
 a .list,'iiii 
 
 'lis, w. 
 
 ranks 
 
 .itliedral . 
 esiiiiiati'.l at 
 
 of II 
 
 Til. 
 
 l"'siii,-s|.,'|.ta,.l 
 
 liii'i' mil 
 
 'n,^reK,ale,| 
 ''■s, to witii 
 
 , '4'-*'l't, ,85, 
 lii.v 111 state 
 
 1'. .\..v, , 
 
 i7.\'.v. 
 
 • ■■: .\"v, 
 
 ;'. '1';":"';, 'ii'i'ii ; ""■"''mnins, ini'i,;!!;;:;, 
 
 Chi 
 
 sitiii 
 
 WELSH crirKcir, 
 
 ■fiiiStiJli, 'liairiiiai,, .\1 
 
 s,',\', |,S^ 
 I.<.S- It 
 
 n\i.,k 
 
 18 
 
 Im 
 
 ■"""'-■'>' " 11)', ..III,,,], i,„-'J 
 
 ^■'•''i; iiii'i 2; .\i 
 
 in til'.. 111,., ,,| 
 
 '■""^^ ll'ie.l Xi.v. I.S.h; ,',.| 
 
 .111.. ....i,,.ii , '*.' . I 
 
 !iy. 18 
 
 II, '.villi rt 
 
 ')•>'-, 
 
 h.'i-s.' 
 
 iiiilil.arv 
 
 ''S3 an.l si 
 
 .'iiid I'l 
 
 'iisisti'd ,.!' 11 
 
 route 
 !i;ire In till 
 
 ',t;iirt, i.ssiied, Uet. 
 
 1 ,, ,. ' r^'l.U lis, 
 
 b'llta 1011 „| t|„. |{,,^,.,, 
 
 ,i,ii''!s, 111.' ,.,„| I 
 
 lie lions.,li,,|,[ 
 
 ■'eKinieiits o' 
 
 i7tli I 
 
 nii'iit ot's.'',ts( 
 
 ■s, alel ill, 
 
 .M,' 
 
 I'iliis, ti, 
 
 I'lUolll,,. |.,||,. 
 
 '■'Ill i.i'-'hi Hi 
 
 .ill! 
 
 I'-^iimem, tl„ 
 
 The 1 
 
 n ..r.liii; 
 
 "ly w 
 
 I'l'iil .■irm.s,,|'t|,;, , 
 
 'l.VolTllel.s 
 
 oils, th,' 
 
 'liaivii 1 
 
 I'llii 
 
 I'll,' ,.r, 
 
 till',' 
 
 n- tH','iv,.' 1 
 
 I'la.'i'.l II, 
 
 ndiiiii 
 
 ■ii|"'iis;,.i 
 
 r,'ni. 
 
 I "■"/«, /,■, 
 
 • MENDS. 
 
 ■'^|U'e.'id,,H'r (1 
 I'sla'eialiy in t| 
 
 !ie estiibii,,||„|,,|,t ,,,' ,, j,,|^J 
 
 '«'J(). nU-n 6", 
 
 r-sily lit 
 
 Il lil'lllli'hl.f theSI 
 "niianyhi thedth eeiii 
 
 iiirii:sUi/, sei 
 
 ii^"iii''i:iiiiihwliieli 
 
 ii'-i'.s. ami 
 
 ■ nui'th- 
 
 eastern 
 
 I ",'is thus 
 
 sioii 11, 
 
 lo.'k I. 
 
 th. 
 
 inini'tUi.ii's liiii,.,',.,! 
 
 *i'i'ii 1.1 II 
 "V-."l ai... 
 '■I^"!,' ill.' 
 
 '■''■Id.v ei|,,'H'is .1 
 
 I^i^r^EYAX :\rET 
 
 imn 
 
 liry,uiid settled 
 
 ear, ; louiid.'.l l,y ,|,,l|,", "wcsf 
 
 ' T.'.V I. 
 
 iill'l the ' Iind 11 
 
 I'th 
 
 ll'lll II ,i,l,, ,,„. ,. , . , — .,,, 
 
 '■ l^iiils ,^,, I,,,,,. ;'■■'''''* ''''-^^i'-ion,,, ,1.1 
 
 "I it wa. 
 '"'•I. ''I i,it,. th. 
 
 "Iller stud,. Ills f, 
 
 for till 
 
 tl 
 
 (II 
 
 a seet 
 
 iiiii'les, wh'i 
 
 '■■med thei 
 
 M'liiorial hy .\|,. 
 
 S'.ll. .l„.l tCl.'llit 
 
 VI I 
 l-orlji'tl 
 
 •itiie .1..1, 
 
 le of 
 
 i;r'.;'''."""."al''lilieiiti..n l.v'rd 
 
 1 er,',-t,..I le 
 ■'*'it.^ti'athli,.|,l,,,'i 
 
 ",l'l'"s.'llt,l,|ii, |,i 
 
 .Jul 
 
 Mii/ii„l(sl.s, in 
 
 'iiitl 
 
 irsinetnessof|if,'t) 
 
 ilODlST.S, 
 
 ■1,1 1,-0,;. dii'd I-,,,) 
 "11 v;z- with a few 
 siieiely 
 'eliLriou'a 
 
 iiselvesint'ii, small 
 
 A 
 
 \\ 
 
 Tlie 
 
 iiiiiiil 
 I'lii 
 
 i.'i.i.iM.ro.N M, 
 
 ••^'■e St.ltil 
 
 y> ici.fj. 
 
 111 .Vnierie 
 
 '■•h John WesI 
 
 liid 
 
 laii.s. {)„ 
 
 ''' "' 'r.li, with 
 
 Ueywei-eeiilled 
 '.V «enl fiLie 
 
 :', '■",'^\' "I'.i'oiivirtini,' th 
 
 M'.MKNT. 
 
 took id 
 
 iisi'eturiitoKn-land, in 1 
 
 en 
 
 'I'ofmoilelse.xhiliit 
 
 HI '-^1 I'.iul^, 
 
 I'liK'i' in his mind 
 
 ■ '^57' 
 
 d in Ul 
 
 .'itev-ri 
 steinc* ; 
 
 ■'"■eiitioii of tlie 
 
 -tiiiiii,ter h 
 
 I '^'iiiinieneed itinerant |ir,.ael 
 
 ' fill. 
 
 illit. 
 ll'''oiilia„i 
 ^ 7<j, aliov 
 
 ■llo|lllii„,||t 
 
 ■'■I-'*- On liudiii'.- many ehunhes si 
 
 24 -Ml., 
 athered 
 
 a m'e.it 
 
 he 
 
 niuiiy 
 
 built 
 
 lu .V 
 
 was Stat,'', r ih,,,. , 
 ""■111 liml .,'i','iiit,.ii^ 
 111,1.1.' Willi x||, ^1^ 
 i.iiiiieiit ri'i.orteil 
 
 T. an.l ,\|,' |., 
 
 a. loiis meetiii--h.) 
 
 lut against 
 ' London, 
 
 "ln|.|' l,',| 
 "-■.'. ha! I. ., 
 
 -HXj/. Ill,,,, .., J 
 
 '".«►'/. I',',,;, 
 If' i,,.. 
 
 itnisi.'.it.. .Mr, .Mf,,,,| ili'ist'.l, and otle 'r'nlaiis ■ri,,, w 1 ,, , 
 
 ;'::-' -■'•''■"■>. n. -'■U'ty,assmd,,hiy;:;n,i,-',!ir,)!,r'"^"' ''^'"""' 
 
 ist 
 
 'l..l.',l. 
 
 Aia-ii 
 
 070. 
 
 eoll||.lt;t,' 
 
 1 Ma 
 
 '■Ills 
 
 I'lilt.'dwilh (.leor^eU'hiti'ii,,),!; ,„„ ,1;,,,,, 
 
 '."■111 luiii n-'iu'etni.^ the ,i.„'„'i,i„ „,' ,,,,„.,;„;;'";; 
 
 I'arii 
 
 '■all'! Ill 1711 
 
 'iVeH'.l, 
 
 .M... 
 
 I'onlimialh 
 
 iee ll'liii,/Ul,l, \Vi',.sl, 
 
 time he wa,-* 
 
 lerilii;' with 
 they se|)a- 
 
 l-'li.U'd Kiii-ii 
 tl 
 
 en-a^'cd in tr 
 
 I'llr 
 
 y Was almost 
 
 Wat. 
 
 His fi 
 
 iivourite ol,l l,,,,-,,,. 
 
 teil.jo), ,|ic,l ,336, 
 
 ColiellllU-etl, (lji,|.„ ,g^g 
 
 !ie instaiitaneins _ 
 perfeetioii, iir deliver 
 
 '111. (lis two h.'udiii','' d'let 
 
 'iiver>ion. and Christi 
 
 at H ,'is Wei 
 
 of 
 line ii-'iii .1 
 
 lir-H-h 1 
 riiies Were 
 
 no 
 
 \n 
 
 ovii It I' '.lie last 
 
 ■•-'uniseil, mill he iireserved 1 
 
 Hi 
 
 IS ueiuus fur 
 
 His soi'ietv 
 lis inllueiico 
 govenuiient 
 
 
WK«ISEX. 
 
 l.!OG 
 
 M'ESTKUX A IJfSTK ALI A. 
 
 n* 
 
 «IH nnt illfmiM t„ It.iit .., Ilirl,, li,.u." Mannihu,. 
 llii'.l.rcl III (i ■(■lai,ui.Mi,|.»i:il,!is|iiMf{tlii' coiilVmir'.', 
 H clatcil 3« Vvh. ,7,S.(. 1,1 ,,s-| Www vv,.iv4.M 
 I'liriiita in (Jrciit Ilvitiiiii, with lirtwiri, I ^.(xyi inul 
 I|,I»X1 lor;il (.1- l:iy |)rc;irll(|-«, ,111(1 abnut <]zo \f'\\u: 
 
 nut pri'ailici-s, and U^-<) ihaiiuln. 
 
 •X\u-Cniif<rni.-i\ till' liiKliist Wrnlrviin cnirt, till 
 lalrly II. Ill I „ LSI, I ,,r „„ inliiislns, win, uwl 
 iiiHi lally. It was iiistiliiliM l,y .l,,hii W.sl,.y in . ,,3. 
 
 At till. iTiiti'iiaiw "f tlic lAistnii',. i.f Jr.-tlii'nlisin 
 
 •.>ir,.,Kv,/. H.i Ilri.|i.il, I,, |„. ,-xi,|.|iili.,| uii tliu 
 
 ,.l,|..i'ts.,| II,,' ..,„i,.tv . . . ,a,Q 
 
 •\ii ''■'■' "•'■■ il '■"iifi ivn,.,. t„ !„■ !„.|,| i„ 111,, autiiiiii'i 
 
 I. ISM, S,||1..,1 J„| gg 
 
 .(Stli annual ,..,„l,.,viiir.,|.|.ni.,l . . „,.Jnly .88. 
 (lilt t,f Uif ,.nginal .•.,iiniiti,,n havi' sc'iil,..!;- 
 
 V ., ,, ,. ,. L'lwinh ill i8;i 
 
 Ni.wCnnii,.ili,.n(in zi.^f.) . , ' °= 
 
 rrinjiliv,. M.ll,.,.li,sls(,s„,), ' ' ' J" 
 
 Bil.li'liinsiiaiis, ,,1- |ii-vanilis(rr.,m Win. Dlin'.in' 
 
 (■Sis) Aot 
 
 Wi'slryan M, ■til. ..lint .\ss.„aati., 11 (,».,) ' .' ' ,, 
 
 ?,;;rV"," ■",'■' ''""':'■'"■ '■'''"^■'>* ■ ■ ' '■ ^ 
 
 llM la»t ai..v , - „| ||„. |,ni,|i,.,,ii,,n „f ■.y]y 
 hliiTts, ailv.MMiji- ntnini in tli,' L.hIv (1S44 8). 
 I 111. .sii«|„.|.t,.,l aiillinrs anil tlii.ir fh,. nil's w,.iv rx. 
 |..il,'.l lly th.sr ilisni|,ti..n.s tli>. main lin.jv is 
 lli..ii;;lit til liavi. l.nt i..«.,iMo nii'inlii'is. tliis 
 si'i't 111 Ainia-ii'a iiunil.iiv.l al,..nt a iiiilli,,n in 
 
 1844, whrn a,livisi„n k |,la,i' ,,ii tlir ,laviTv 
 
 i|ii,'sti,,n. 
 
 Tlii.r,,,7,./ U.tt,../,V//.V,. r/,,„v/„,.,an anialj;ainali..n 
 1.1 til.. I n,l,.slant .Mill,,, list (,.-;_.3), \V,.sl,.van 
 .M,.tli,„li,i Ass„.|aM,,n (1.^54) ai,.l il,,. \V,.sl,.;an 
 H.|.,ini \,s.,|.,aii„n(,34,),.|IW,,...|in. . ' . ,-;^ 
 
 \\,.sl..y,in .M.th.i.li.sl ,.|innli in. lali.is in Clival liii- 
 tain in i8(,3, .j4;.,jSo: in ..S7.., ,4h,,,So; in ,«-6 
 372.5,^8; 1S78. 3»n.S(7 (1412 liiiiiistrls); ,83-,, 
 41.1.163: -Marrli, ,8S<), 4--,784: liy-', 4--4,g5i, ; 
 
 ''';'.";'■ ''■,'"". '"•■ l''i«''.v i-ii|ii.'stiiiK "ill ill i.l.|,.isin_. 
 t.il.ii.lt,', ■.!! f,,i ailiniltin- ,|is.s,.|it,.r.s t„ th,. 
 '.'l,'.'!-''.''!;'' ' ■ '■ '' "' ""■ '■•'><'<■">"'>; iHit ii.it 
 
 Tiir';^;:^v .;, :, ■. i,fa-|,i,,,'s,.,.,;„, n;,w,.'],:J^;^ '^^' 
 
 atLii.i..-! i^. ;. . |,n.|.,ir,. |',,|. i|„. iiniMTsiiy)',ir,,- 
 TlIj;X;,..; ,„ .;,. .■ity-iiiial, I,.,i„l„n, |onii,l,.,Mi;:"" 
 I'v tin* "" ■' ■ "^'"'''' '^"' "'"" '"■'"■'-^' '''■'*'i".*'''' 
 
 CKciini,.'ni,.al M. (l,;„list' .Vlivi,',-,. (at ('i.v.!!! n'l '^" 
 
 Oiilu'l l...i,.|..i,), ,if 4,.,,i,.|,.,aili.s, ininist.a.s an.l 
 lavini.n Inan all |,ail.s ..I il„. w,,il,l (iv|.ivs,.niin- 
 11. ally 4,o,j„,of,,) . . . f, S..|,t. c> <,..r i=|f, 
 CVnt,.nai-y i.f tin. ,l,.all, .,r ,|„. ,.,.l,.:.„„',.,i j,',,, ; ""•' 
 \\i.;,l,.y; lus slat,,,. l,y My. A.laias A,-t.,n. in 
 rimt „l tl,.. r,ly.|„a.l rlia, ,1. nnvi.ili.l l,v tl,,, 
 Ki'V. D. .M. .nil. ,11 . . .. \| I, „ 
 
 C,a,f^.ri.n,a.alX..„,.as„,...,n.Tyn;.. •. .!';;;,!^ l??! 
 ,. < •■iiiili..|-ii... CaiiHa;] . . o. .(iiiV ,a;"5 
 
 ;: :;;;i';r'.'^-r • • ^f^^ 
 
 ,, mi.lli:.'l,a,u . . . .,, .I„ly, ,B^^., 
 
 •' !.^i"""tli. . . . 2,,J,|lv, ,8ni 
 
 • 'liu'ii" .'.'.■ • l"'u\Y.' '^9' 
 fficiiiiii'iiiral i'..nr..n.nei.atWasli'in-li',ii, l'. S?s'.'.\.', '^'''^ 
 
 Till" cliaj.i.l ill tlip rilv.|-„a,l, r.,.n,l,,n n..,.r,'.n,.',i '"^' 
 alt.T r..],airs ami i.|ian:,'i.s . . . - .v,,\ 
 
 D...liiMliiMi ,111,1 l.iwiii..nt 1,1 .)..liii Wi'sj, \';^||',ins,'. " 
 
 '"""■''''>-'"'"l ■-• .Maivli, ,E,,£ 
 
 T'irliii!,.iit ,.|il, (^ snl,.liii'.| Iiiii.., i'';. 
 
 'i".'iiiali..iial I r,.|rii,.,. at lliilin, on VVi'St ' ' 
 
 .VlVi.aii allair.s. I-' linn i.l'tia.l,' .,1, il,,. r..ii-.. ; 
 
 I KuliN 1,1 Slal I ,11 ,• i|,yin>; ,.|..ii t, riit.irv ; i.r..- 
 |..is..,l l,y (i,'iii ay, a ....i,!. ,1 l,\ Kraii,,-, Kii^'lait.l, 
 r..ilM,ual, .N|.aiii, III, Man, I, ll,'l.,'iiiiii, tlir L'liiti.l 
 
 _ Slat,.s, iiii'l rinliiy tii>,|. 1 , 
 
 ' Ci,iiri.|i'ii,t. ..|,|.ni..l, I'l'inn' Uisniiiirk i.i-isi.li'nl. 
 
 I IS .^'I'V. ,, 
 
 Till' i.,,nri.ivni.|. iliTlnrrs I'l.,. tra,li, In tin. C..ii;j.i 
 
 \al!i'V un.l alllriiis llritinli |.i',,t.','t..rati. ..vi'i' lli,. 
 
 I M;;', I. nn,l ivriiijnis, s tin. Ii,l,'iiiati.iiiul AlVican 
 
 .V'S'iiiatinll 1),.,.. 
 
 Pi'.. Iiiliits slave ti'nili' 7 .Ian. il.:-, 
 
 I A|.l.|-iivi..s laili.s r,.r riiliu,. iini,i\ati.,us ,,11 tli.' n.ast " ' 
 
 1 I'l.l,, „ 
 I Ili'.snlt nf till' |..niri.ri.|ii',. i.|iil„,ili,.,| In a ;,'|.|i,.ral ai.t 
 
 .si^'iit..! ,r, I-VI,. 
 
 Iiiti'niutioi.nl liiiiitnli,.i,sniitlii. l..wi.r(,',,iiK,., .s,llli.,i 
 
 .s l''fll. ,, 
 Dcllmitntiiiii tri'aty lii'twi'i'ii flival liritiiin iiial 
 Cii.rin.iny si;.'iii.il at Dialiii . . . 15 N.jv. i;q. 
 
 AVESSEX, SIT /;,■//„;„. 
 
 WEST AFIi I ( 'AX iSETTLEMEXT.S- 
 
 SlLiT,, l.i.niu. ■aiiiha, \-,.. Gi,v,.n„.r, si,- Arlliu,- 
 ^.. Jv..,ii„.,lv i,S_,;; su-Oanict W„l.s,.l,.v. Aiiir. |,S- • 
 
 C.ni.lius II. K.,mi^!,( li-: in: ^i.^iuu?, lUn^,' 
 I8,'i; catt. .\iHiiir K. Havi-lork, iS.Si ; si, 
 jumiii'l K'.w,... i«,S4, iliwl issy. .S,.,. ,./,,/„/„/,,,,,.. 
 
 AVESTEKX AU.STliALIA, fmnifilv Swa\ 
 
 Hn'KU iS|-;i'ri,K.MKNr, wlilih was iii-iiji, Inl l,v 
 ,.,l,.ll,'l I'ri'l ill l.S'iS. Id -ulalii.iis issiiril'lniin tlil. 
 
 I'.ilniiial I, Hill', 1 ('aj)laiii Mirliiijr, ii|i|ii,iii!. ,; 
 
 liciiti.iiaiit-pivi.ni,,!', iliiii. i;, 1N2.1, nn-ivcil at ih,. 
 a|i|i,,iiitril siti' in August Hillnwi.iH:. 'J'lit. tin, J. 
 towns ,,|' l'(.,-tl,, l''f|.niiaiilli., ami (iuililf.iil wi,,. 
 fiiiniilnl saiiir vi'iir. Ill Maiili, i.Sp, lilty slii]*, 
 will, 2iX)0 I'nii^ii-ant.i. willi |ir..|ai'ty aiiinii'iliii:; 1 1 
 l,ixii),(KK)/., liail iiTivi'il IiiIliv lianlly any iIwi llu;.., 
 iiaii hi'|.,i c-crti'il 0,- I,i,,il -m-\i.yial. 'Tin. ni..r,. 
 I'lii'i-ftctio .scttli'i-s li'ft fi„- li.„i,|., ,„■ t'lii' ni'i;;lilii,iinii; 
 iMii. nil's, mill till' I'l.liiny lai|..M,i.sl,i'il |'.,i- twriitv Mar' 
 fill' want .'I siiitabir iii'lialiitaiils — tlir tilst si'ltii |., 
 In. ill tlii'ir iii'i'vi..iis lialiits ami I'atik in lite, |ii',,viii,' 
 inilit I'.ir till' rmmli w,.rk ,,f ,'..l,ini- i"n. In |,Si,\ 
 til,' I'. il, mist . ,-,'i|ii,'sli'il that ,.. livid, iiiinlit 1,,' -, nt 
 iHit ti, tlii'iii, ami ill l.Sii) a ban, I aiTiMil, wliii w. p 
 lilliilly iiri'iM'il ami wi'il ti'cat. i|. 'I'hi. Iirst ii'sult, 
 I'lisiii'il. |i\ i.S:;^, 20110 hail .iii-ivcd, and llir in 
 liabilants of I'lrili liail ri.i|i,i'.sti'd tlmt lotxi sli,,n!,| 
 bi' si'„t out annually. 'Ilii. r('ii'|iti..n of nun i,ts i- 
 to irasr in affrr-vrais, in ™nsi'i|u; mr of tin. viut- 
 ^ri'tii- ii|i|,ositi.'ii of thr ..tliiT Aii-ti-ali;in nil, mi,, 
 (.l.'StiS).— 'ill,' si'tlli'iiicit of Kini;- (ii',,,'ni.''s S, .1111.1 
 was f,,ui„li.,l i,i i,S2() by till' frovi'innii'iit of X,.\f 
 Si.nlli Wall's. It was iisrd as a niilitarx station |i,r 
 f'.'.ir vi'ais. Ill i.Sjo, tile Iniiiii' ^nivi'i-iin'.cnt i.rili'i'nl 
 till' si'tticinciit to ill. traiisfi rri'il t • Swan Hivir. 
 Sinn. till. I'slablisliini'iit , f stiain niiiinuinii'ati"ii, 
 till lillli' town of Alb.iiiy liiri', rinpl..\i'il as a cal.' 
 ii'i;' stiiti.iii. has bn'onir 11 ihrivin;; soa-piirt. ]. 
 ]iiis.si's.scs an fXroUcnt liarln.iir, iisnl by wlnilir,. .\ 
 journal cillnl tho Frtiiiiiiiillr (inztlii'wixs piiliii-ln.] 
 I hrri' in .M.iitIi. 1.S51. l!islio],ri(' of I'lTth loini(!,,|' 
 I I^.tT- I'oinil.aiion i,f Wistnii .\iistraliii in |.^;'|, 
 14, .\?;; Di'i'. i.S,S5.3i,2,^.^, A],ril. 1^,1,4, 1,7,^3; is,>' 
 
 : llo.mo; i.S.S;, nvi'iin., ,C 7-' i' '.!''. ; I'xp bli, , 
 
 ! 45'i,.S9;/. ; iinpoits, ,S^2,2r;/,; i''\|i(ii-ls, (,1)4,1,^1,,; 
 ^^IK), ri'vi'iim, 414,^1.}/. ; ,'xpi'iiilitiiro, 401,73-/: 
 iinpoi'ls, ,S74,447/. ; 'I'xpoits, (i7l,,Sl5/. ; I.Si/;;. ',,. 
 vi'iiiii', 57i),(i_:;i/. ; ('.xpi'iiditni-i', (.4(1, Soi/.; im|,iii.. 
 I,4i/4,4?.*<i'. ; cxiioi'ts, i)|j<,i47/.; l.Sij^-i,,' n'Mmi., 
 2,44ii,.;i)0/. ; iNi/,-7, ii'vi'iiui', 2„S42.'7tI/. : i'\|„l. 
 ditini', 2,.^3i).455/. tiiivi'nioi-JohnSti'iihi'ii Han,''- 
 ton, a|,pointi'ii |,S6|; sir lli'iijaniiii ('. (.'. l'i,i',, 
 .May, i,Si„S; l-'fciliriik A. Wobl^ i.Sdi); \\m ('. F, 
 Ibilins.'ii, l.*^74; niajor-^ton. sir I'arrv St. (ii.n.'i 
 i.rd, \^'-\ sir \V. K.' Hiiliinson, i.HS:o; "sir Kn ,1, ri , 
 Na|,ii'i' lii-ooiiii', l.''82 ; >ir William ('. F, I!'.l.iii>"ii, 
 .Vii:;'. iS;-;,); ,',,1. sir (ii'i'.'iid Sinitli, Srpt. l.Sijv 
 N'i'w -..M ti.'M It I'l'i'lli ,lisn)Vi.r,'.l. May ; ;;,,1,1 .li,. 
 '■ '\,'n .1 11, ii.w. Australi.i . . ." ('') .Ma), li;- 
 
 ■ .Ml. II. Sta.il, '.v, at 1;. riiii. 
 
IIX AU.STUALIA. 
 
 Illl'll Illlli', ijvj 
 
 I'liiT lit Mirliii, nil Wrst 
 
 I'l'llllMI nrilllill' <i|l llii' r<ili;,'ii ; 
 ■I' l\iy'uiii ip|r.'ii liTIPlniy ; |,r.i- 
 
 II ■■.•|i|ci| liv l-'i'iiiiii-, Miinliiii.l, 
 lolhllKl, ll.'l','illlli, till' L'liili'il 
 
 S n.t. 1 I 
 
 irliiir Ilisiiiiii'i'k in'isi'li'iil. 
 
 15 Nov, ,, 
 
 ri'S (hr llillll' ill till! L'liiipi 
 
 Ittili.sli |irMt.-.t..iiiti- i.viT till' 
 in till' Ihli'iiiatliiiial Al'i'k'iui 
 
 DiM'. „ 
 
 7 Jan. i^;'; 
 
 lllv lllllliN.'llioln nil tl M>t 
 
 I IV I.. ,, 
 I'l' c'lllluiiiic'il III II j;clii'nil iK't 
 .'f, Im'Ii. ,, 
 
 lis (111 till' 1(. Hit CollKM.s.'K It'll 
 
 li Kill. ,, 
 
 ii'tvvi'iMi (li'i'at lii'itiiiii ami 
 ti'iliii ... 15 Xov. I'i' 
 
 "STUATJA, finnii'i'ly Sw.w 
 
 ;.\'r. vvliiili was ]i|-iiirrln| \,\ 
 
 |{i :;iilaliiiiis i>siii'il IVmii ihi' 
 
 ('a|)laiii Mii'liiifr, ii|i|Miiii!i .; 
 
 Jan. 17, |K2'), an-ivcii at ihr 
 
 lllllUst luUllH lllff. 'I'llC tlll'U' 
 
 I'l'iiiaiitli', ami (juilill'"i-il wir,- 
 III .March, 1850, lil'ty slii|s. 
 ■I, willi |ii'..|jii't\ aiiinni'iliiu 1,1 
 I'll liilni'i' liaiilly luiv ihv( llii.'j. 
 II' l.iiiil -iirvcyi'il. 'I'lii' iiiurr 
 fill- Imiiii', III- tlir ll('ij;liliiJiiriii:; 
 HIV laimuislii'il fur twi'iitv vcii'- 
 ililialiitauts — till' first si'ltlri-, 
 aliits anil rank in life, iinivin,' 
 ■nil; iif inlniii- ii'ii. In iS^.s, 
 ■il tliiil I mivii 1 - iiiiislit 111' <i lit 
 Sji) a liaiiil ai'riM i|, who \\i r. 
 ii'll tri'aiMl. 'I'hi' lirst icsultv 
 Hii) hail .iii'ivcd, anil llir in 
 
 III ri'iiiii'sttil tliat KKM) shii'iM 
 Till' I'l'ri'ptiill iif rniivii l~ i- 
 
 <, in I'linsi i|ii: nee (if thi. cii, !■. 
 hi' nllii'i' .Aii-ii'alian lolnnii. 
 I'lit (if Kin;; (irnrn'c's Sniinil 
 1 liy till' ^iivi'iniiii'iit iif Xi-H- 
 < iisi'il as a iiiilitan statimi li.|' 
 the h'liiii' irovci'iiiiicnt ('nicriil 
 
 tnitisfi'iTi'il t I Swan Kivir. 
 int if steam niiiiiiuiliii'ulii.ii, 
 any hii'i', rni|ilii,\ril as a luiiI- 
 nil' a thiiviiii;' si'a-|iiii'l. 1' 
 hai'liniir, iisi'il hy whaliT-. \ 
 imniilU- (iiizi III w as ]iiilili>li(,l 
 liislio]ii'ii' (if I'l'i'ih Inuiulc'i 
 
 Wi'sti'iii .\iistraliii in |Xy/. 
 2,;.?; .\iii'il, iN)i,4i/,782; isi>. 
 
 "'•'' ,^rr''»".V' ; I'-^i ihtiiv, 
 
 i^2,2i;/. ; i'X]uii-ts, (111.1,(13(1,': 
 1.}/. ; rx|i('nilitiiri', 401, 7;7'',: 
 xpnits, (i^i.JSiy. ; i,Si).;.''ii. 
 I'.'iiilitm'i', ('4(1, Soi/.; iiii|i.ii.. 
 
 ((18,14;/.; l,Sl)5-(,,' I'l'Mll!,, 
 
 ii'vi'iiiic, 2,842,731/. : i'\]iii,. 
 iivi'i'iiiirjnlin Stcjihi'ii iliin,;.. 
 
 sir lii'iijainin ('. ('. I'iii., 
 : A. Wi'lii; i8(,i); 'Will (', F, 
 ir-^'i'ii. sir I'any St. (iioi.'f 
 liiliiiisdii. 18.V0; "sir I'll ili'ii , 
 
 >ir William ('. V IJ.il.iii-nh, 
 rani Smith. Sept. 1,81)5. 
 
 liscovi-ri'il, .M.'iv ; ;;"M liis. 
 iliil . . . CO .May, ilii 
 
 'ta'ilcy, at Di riiii. 
 
 WKSTKU.v cur 
 
 Till- JKKlHlati 
 Mi'K'Kin 
 auliiiiiii 
 
 It' il. 
 
 VI' Ciilllii'll 
 
 Kiivi'iiiiiinii iiKlraii ,„ I 
 
 I'l'dlinll tl 
 
 I- II' 
 
 'I'l'lisilil,. 
 
 ^^■JvVI' I.Mx.vx 
 
 (lie 11, 
 
 I'liiiiiiiiiii 
 
 ^7:11 hit 
 
 iiisi' ,,r i,,|,|. 
 
 Kli.lll 111,' till 
 
 "'ln»li li.i|.,i,v, 
 
 437' '^ilHiiiVal,. 
 
 •^j;n"I,K.Aii.;.\-|.; 
 
 Ill 
 
 I' royal 
 
 X. Aiitr. 1 88, 
 
 "i 'IlllV, Mltli.l' 
 
 i p/ls 
 
 Hilh >;i',.;it 
 
 Ifsl'lll, 
 
 "j; I'l'-nilri.l 
 
 ic(;ii aiul 
 
 in 
 i:i»li 01 till 
 
 4'' I. I.ii 
 
 ' 'lis lllillisli 
 
 .Muloi'l 
 
 I', nil 
 
 iiiiN:iiiiii.,|, 
 
 Till' 111 
 
 ill'! 
 
 Hill 
 
 'II. .lollli \ 
 
 I'l'inil'lllas 
 
 li'ri'iv,. 
 
 ""'•ilat I'diii, 
 
 till' Mist piii'li, 
 K'aiitiii),- \ii'tiia| 
 
 "■'•K' lol-iiistli,. Ill,, 
 
 iiiii'iil iii,.,,|, 
 '"""' 1 Miltra-,'. 
 
 i!-'l»L't, 
 
 illiliistiy, j3 
 
 It,!).-, 
 
 i''r (Int. 
 
 iiiit 
 
 4'''7' .Uilh 
 
 I in" ('I; .N 
 
 >'l"lsln||||. II 
 
 "ill I, HI,, 
 
 I'llatll 
 
 Vi'l'll; 
 
 II'I'JIIIIIII. Ill 
 
 S |ini„,||, 
 
 '■",",'■' l'""i 'Ml till' 
 
 |'\ nil 
 
 II' lllsllllicH 
 
 Kiijiri'iiii) 
 
 'ISslllllili- 111,, ,|,|, 
 
 I'll'l!- Illllslll, 
 
 -'O'laii. I-'. 
 
 rosiii-roiia l,iii|;,.|.t : 
 
 |.as.„..| 
 
 Till' (f(,fi|'''|5'i,',|,i 
 Kali 
 
 i"^-ail(', (/„ 
 
 ,07.. 
 
 Is Xat 
 
 n I let. 
 "I il- 
 
 47-'. n, 
 
 I'll 111. M|i,l,,|.| 
 
 I'll iitli'i'. 
 
 lit. 
 insi'll iiy ||„ 
 
 l||.i'l'ii|'. I 
 
 ■mil. 'I'ity, with- 
 
 ".V; iiiiiii|i-„.,| 1,^. I, 
 
 i;;l ■•aili',i,-i.H iif the 
 
 nn';.;I"': '"-'">'"'"'': si- 
 
 ii'iiiii'r, Willi ill,.. 
 
 al'li'i' Il 
 
 loiial li'ii 
 
 'liii' I'l 
 
 wa.v o|„.||,',| ,|.,„„ |,,.|H^ 1^ 
 
 riiiii' i at !'• 
 
 2!( .Sl'l.t. 
 
 (iiy. 
 
 Is a 
 
 ■I't'Ssl.ili 
 
 '" li\ til.' (I„|||,, 
 
 ■'>^ Vt .lii'liiisX 
 
 '■'■I'!": loi to'it 
 
 il'ilii at.' i,y I, 
 
 ••onstitntioiiai l|.'r,„',|, 1, 
 li'xislaii 
 
 f'.iolKai'ii 
 
 I'lHl'.l i,y |,i. 
 
 'I'lll' .MiK'lIci' I 
 
 Heath of .Mr. \v 
 
 Iss.'llll.lv 
 
 III 
 
 ICl'l 
 
 .'ll'i til 
 
 ' I'V till 
 .Waicli 
 III til, 
 
 lO' llollllllii, (, iilli'il 
 
 IIS sil ss,i 
 
 I'll'I'll, lll'l ,l,. 
 
 I. <iij6 
 
 AllL'llstlll 
 
 ;""l<lli'st,..,. („;,, 
 
 """""■"I -'■!'••>■ .■Maiiiisiich,/',;!;'^?; 
 
 47'->. till. I 
 
 l|i'|iilSi',| i 
 
 '>;■'•>■ I'HIli' ,\,ip,„ 
 
 ••s is si, 
 
 nil, an. I tin.,.,, 
 
 ''•lii'lli'iii!!: Ii.k, 
 
 ami 
 
 lis), 
 pi'l'iil' 
 
 ni'i'.'ssfiil I'vpidi 
 
 III. K. I'l 
 
 '»"ll (fil 
 
 'lilii 
 
 tiu' V\ 
 
 "fit 
 
 il.v, mill I 
 
 I'S Ijn 
 
 'SSllllli'^ 
 
 l''nlll|i|:ll 
 
 1'" lit (^Kil-aliiii 
 
 'iiil'li'ti's till' fall 
 
 .Mwa!:;;'s;:i^i:'!;;;t!*^''''''^ 
 
 hy 
 
 !•»■ railw 
 
 i.v liiia u< 
 
 lllllH 
 
 .'! Xl... 
 ■"tlii'ilral I,ii,| 
 
 ^^'l^^T 11 AJ 
 
 /;. 
 
 ""I', aiiil i/a-i 
 
 111 ( "ol'-afili,, to .1 
 
 .Vli'ii/i,. 
 
 I. 
 
 WEsTi^Hx cur 
 
 ■n.- M 
 
 ''II llll.. I„ll.,l 
 '■"'■ll' il'.. Il, 
 
 .\r, s.^v, I' 
 
 '•'■.' imi-ish i",ii,,| 
 
 HI" in/. 
 
 UI.N 
 
 ir 1 
 
 (ji-i'i'k or I-: 
 
 'M^N lil'nk 
 
 Uni fiall,' 
 
 Its liist 
 
 '.'"'•■I'll ( liiinli, (,, 
 
 I'i'y IS niainlv 
 
 I'oiiiimiii 
 re li 
 
 ari'li iSyd 
 
 I Ills., the 
 '"11 with ti 
 
 the I, 
 
 l"'l'lll:lti..|l ill 
 
 iii'-L' iiii'ri.'asi'nf f;i,,,. 
 
 f<;'t. (I'.illi'il l.ondiiu 
 ''"iiiu- I'laistow, Strut- 
 ' -*'.' '-•r.v'<; owing to 
 
 '*'>.! 4.' ill 18- 
 
 ,i''.S.i; 
 
 '1 ami ;, 
 
 ""■" mill othrr work 
 
 iif tin 
 
 W,'lf 
 
 I so 
 
 lilpl-lsci 1,1 till 
 
 '•/. r/i 
 
 I liiiri )i 
 
 ,i-l,i 'I'll' s( 
 mtroilucti'.i. 
 ■;ii,iiiii(tinii ,1 III, 
 (' iiLiiiaslic 
 
 '■"I'l'lM'aii kiii-il. 
 
 ' lllstni-lH'll l,y ,i„, ^\. 
 
 It of the 11. 
 
 iiii/i 
 
 >•■ *V,',, |i.„ 
 
 I.I- "1 IS81; is,j. 
 
 II I'lnu'iis tv 
 
 / 
 
 opi.s. 
 
 nii-"i-|i..r:ili.| I 
 llll i^niilsi.i,, „in, 
 
 'ly I 
 "I lllla;;l 
 
 (if Ihi 
 
 lii'iW 
 
 ('('II tl 
 
 ■i-iiiiiisiii, alii.ii, 
 -wiirsliiii aliiiiit 
 
 liiaiy nf til,,,.], 
 
 I'ls al 
 
 lii'i'i'M all 
 
 
 '■'■1.7 ami tin- 
 
 ''V th,. 
 
 'I'v til,. 
 
 II 
 
 h.-alilnr 
 
 ,i-'53«iai|iiaiiv 
 Imanl 
 
 ■Ml'. 
 
 V I'nyai I'll 
 
 I 'Villi 
 
 iil"i', .Inly 
 
 '"•t nf i.iiSs; 
 
 mill 
 
 W.ilks 
 
 TI 
 
 ,"Miiiis.iii'li.iii,,|'|| 
 111- iliiaiiliii 
 
 iSSfi. West 
 
 II- nictiiipi.iiiiiii 
 
 ii"l'i'V.'.|liyHii.||,', 
 
 ll'ilial.l.' val 
 
 'II IcI I 
 
 lie TM 
 
 mil ..fa 1, 
 
 Ill 
 
 r 
 
 ''.". "y a iiiiiiiii.jn.ii ,.,,|., 
 
 .'.Ill i,-i:n- ,. .1.'' I 
 
 II' I'll 
 
 i''"'it(.49; hv tl: 
 
 If inlltl-sts 
 
 WEST].:h'X I.STJ.; 
 
 5(1; iii'iiiU 
 
 II IV lii,.„l 
 nmlliin. 
 
 7'M,ouul. Ml iSgg. 
 
 I'nlnnil.s^inii I 
 
 ''^ (If .Si 
 
 if'Tr..lXl). Idnal 
 
 ;^i.-ii'^ii .;..;;;;;':;:t;:;:;',/'';i- -i''::'- ^^-'v^^^::^^^^^^ 
 
 ■ ill-. .!> \ I 1. ' '''HI Ijttllrl' 
 
 liy the rise ami 
 l.s'li iinil i(,t| 
 
 tlK' J 
 ci'iitiiric 
 
 (■suits 
 
 pl-nill-CSSof ,||,. J{,.f 
 
 I I'l'iitiirii's; hy (1, 
 
 ;''", "T.^ iinil II 
 
 Dniialinii j„ ,)„ 
 
 !■' Unllild fii 
 
 ill ,1 
 
 iiinl 
 Jijth 
 
 rali.iii.'ilisi 
 
 mill livth 
 
 iii-'i-nists III II 
 
 nlltl".N I 
 
 ll'tWl'i'Il 
 
 .i/"ii.si„i/ y/, 
 
 ""•i"ii, .M.I 
 
 •, mill othi-i-s), 
 
 I trick. 
 
 |irii,i;i-('ssnf III,,,), 
 
 /,V 
 
 11, ami hy 111,,. 
 '""// Viitlii,l'i,:s 
 
 "','""' mill iMi, ,WK.ST]-;j;\ ]>v('ii'-i 
 
 11"! I'l'll lit, II... 1... .1 li.'l . ' -^^ "I 
 
 hiJ 
 
 'iiii'iitanisiii, ill ,1 
 
 I cniniiissioii,.,., ,|„ 
 
 "' ISL.VXn.S; iimk.r 
 -■■'unor nf i'iji („./,,^/^ 
 
 WESTEKX E.-NflTKH 
 
 ■nvis (liyidid 
 
 cli'tii 
 
 lilt" f.'asti 
 
 The ]{„ 
 
 in in 2()(i; hut 
 
 iml Western hy j 
 
 WKsTEliXTEKKIT 
 
 man I'lnpir,. .liinin n, niuai,, fm,. ,| 
 
 oi;iK,s,x,„.,i, li 
 
 .?-(0- It 
 
 Wl'stl 
 
 ni II 
 
 was auaii 
 
 V \ 
 
 l-ellllited llll, I 
 iviiliil ill!,, J, 
 
 11, .Mil 
 
 If (-'oiistans iiiiiiinii aovtiiii; 
 
 ilii.iiiiil.\iliii[ 
 
 l^"-"-'--. .U-iiiilii 
 
 liiivins tin- W 
 
 ilimfinian and Viil,.,i,, ',] 
 
 !(-ni 1111,1 llllilsnllll 
 
 111 lit 111 i.s.s.:, ji 
 
 Jiii.shrii J-:, 
 
 stei-i 
 
 1 pnlllnll nr H,,,,, 
 
 'J'li'i; Ji„/,,, and /, 
 
 11- fn 
 
 I'.ved to ( 
 illlil I 
 
 li 
 I '8' i'l. 
 
 yi'iTit..i'i,.sl,l|,S7„.«r„,„,, 
 ■iiiaila. The Viil, " 
 
 llllsll 
 
 iii, Saskat- 
 
 I'.rineil l.y U,,. |)„. 
 
 ley wen 
 
 "uiiiia an 
 
 111, M 
 
 part of the 
 ii'.v were an- 
 
 icki'llzie. |. 
 
 '"'"^'■'l ■'"'ifs. I'npilll 
 
 mil 
 
 364' Valent 
 
 loan, son nf 
 
 KMi'iamns. 
 
 his hinilu'r V 
 
 di-atii' . ,, 
 
 367. tiralia 
 
 11. a .M.iiiii, 
 
 liens the I')! 
 
 75' Valent 
 
 IllMI,. ill ,1. 'I' 'III. 
 
 !^','','r"':::'TV""'""'Mii-iatii 
 
 ikistl,,. w,.,,, 
 
 I'll cliipii,. 
 
 iliiitiiiiaii, iiiinl.. 
 
 111. ,-iii.l 
 
 M. ( . 
 
 -.i54- Cl'ital. Id';;' 
 
 ('f<Vi); I'. II. .MMntoJ 
 
 itioii ill 
 
 "iii'imi, .May (|,S,,,S) 
 
 "il- I.ii-ut..-i, 
 ■' (ii'^|»4); -Mr 
 
 - li.illll-W.'^t I 
 
 •nil. Hi,' 
 
 slilllti' 
 
 iiiiaii II., I II 
 
 till- ili-alii nf 1 
 
 will 
 
 lis flllliT, 
 
 i'-isoii, als 
 
 Till' li',i.:|:, 
 
 plovili 
 
 iii.-,8^i. Valent 
 
 iiatcil liy li 
 
 39'- KiiKc 
 
 '\i-hnj;.'iste 
 
 iiiiaiiiiiui',l,.,.i.,(]n. 
 
 ii.s.sociat.'il will, (ii'ii,,., 
 ii< Kciicral, .ViKlia^aili 
 
 WEST IXDIES, 
 
 'yolienf ||i^„||l,. 
 
 '■'111. St, .Silly 
 
 'I'-iii-'i at lti'"iiia 
 
 islands d 
 
 =3 (Jet. 
 
 1897 
 
 •rs, I the .\'( 
 
 idiir heiii- tl: 
 
 iscnvcnd liyOdiin 
 
 "ill", a iisiirpiT issiinics tli 
 
 w World, and 
 
 "' lii-st land h, 
 
 I' made III 
 
 334' Tlicnd, 
 [Aihlr 
 
 111' and \,i 
 
 'Sills 111,. (i|.,.,„ „,||,,| 
 
 li.ieitiil 
 
 ,1'; ""I'l-l-ial dii;nity; "'.'D'.''''," "','; ' ".'' '""' '-'til Oct 
 
 til-sl -eel, liy him i„ tln.'iiijn] 
 
 atl 
 
 ins tl 
 
 3)5' II", 
 
 pastes ili.'d |,y 1,1^ 
 
 •ll'»llilll.M'|fill,„,|, 
 
 ili'iitli, 
 
 "hnf n,i',„l,,,,i 
 
 wii li.iii.l, I 
 
 "ll'l'llllll'l'..l'. 
 "■'•ii'i, ami .\rl„ 
 
 "y (-'iilia, llayti 
 
 ("i-St. Ill, mil 
 
 14'J2, Tin 
 
 ), I'riiiidad, and (Juadal, 
 ■rlin/iy 
 
 aipi 
 
 "), ,/ai. 
 
 4^13' 'sil 
 
 till- Kast. li, 
 
 ill till' Wl'Sl, 
 
 I;. i-i'n,'i,s, on |,is ntli, 
 
 > i-iiyal ci.iiiiiiis 
 
 n.iriiis.lies in 
 
 ii'l 'lis hi'otlicr .\ri-a.i 
 
 iTmi-ii lit .ii.hii. III,. x,„^ -;,,„,. 
 
 near |{ 
 
 4.15' Valcntinian III 
 ti-rnf TInii.l,, 
 
 "IS 111 
 
 .'iti'il and slain 
 
 ||..iiitc.| in 
 
 ;i"ii t" iii.|iui',. ill,,, (||, 
 
 K;i2, i'i'|i,.ri.'.| ,1,1 ,|„ 
 
 I'l'itaiit .jinlicial ami ii,„',',l 
 
 "" htliill tlil'Lii:;!, i, 
 
 lai'-est 
 iiiiii-a, l'.,rto 
 (-C l/m fstii/ids 
 
 ii-i-niiditi.iii ail. 
 ■ t ii,.,..l,,|- ■ 
 
 I'l 
 
 st.lMc 
 
 iifliis. 
 
 111 I. fill.. 
 
 .ills til.- (, 
 
 iiiai|iiii.isihl, 
 liinl Di'i'h, 
 
 !'i'«l;lai-iilia, ilaiii;li- .\ ,-i,y;,| 
 
 iial: iiiiii'.lii'i'.liit ,1, 
 
 ri'iiU'iiie 
 -'3 AiiK, 1S84 
 
 '"'"'■I'l'* -M'l'il. liSj : III 
 ii'icasi'il iiscnfl,,',., sn^a: 
 
 I'li'l'n.scd hy ,|, 
 
 I'lmtjitinn tl) 
 
 455' J'a.viiiiiis: h, 
 
 liiiiai., HI,,,, I, 
 
 «'. 
 
 iiiiii-Mi "•■^iniiMiiy appnii,,,.,,, 
 
 Kill]. 
 
 \i.-i. 
 
 I'liJ-'i- the i'|,'.''|,h 
 
 WMinv ..,- V 
 
 ■■I'l-'l 
 I li(-i' iir„i 
 
 hi'i's, I),' 
 
 "iniaii, sir K.lw. ( 
 
 i'-.y. sirlijivid liarl 
 
 sir III 
 
 iirv 
 
 'li'iin.i, i-mi nt ,|,',ii 
 -iiyar, I (let. 1807; tli 
 
 -^':lll takin- 
 
 loiir, and 
 
 'inskind i„„i he ,,,,,/"■ '"■'"',"'' l"''' liisl 
 
 AIneaii Vaii.la im il-'": ;,T'i;"'' '"^•"- "i'' li.mni'ii^in hin?;"?,' "LIT""' ^'"f"'' """"^li -^iif^ar 
 
 ■M'-iMiMiis st,i,„.,l ; ! 1...'!;'. '■'• ■""' ""'"I- I'-* -sacked. vm.'.l hy , 'iili'i, H; ,, '""" " ■ -'■■">^ i" 'li'l anniially 
 
 .M'-l\ilMllsstnll(',|t„,l,,:„|, 
 433. JIai-clls .V.'ceiliiis Vvit,,.,- I',,,., I. 
 
 '■ilii-'tli^litN^-.inlsLAlor "''"^"'^""'''''^ 
 
 ,, I "1 iJiiti.,ii 
 
 ;7 ili-pri-s-ni;,' r.-purt „, to 
 I-' iiiids siiili'r tlii-o,i.,di sii'-ar 
 
 WE.ST IXDIAX SETTrEArFXT<a .„. 
 Jdiiiiucii. '-•-■■^■ii^i^JilijAlb, see 
 
 II 
 
 *(»*!! 
 
 ^'H 
 
 M 
 
 II 
 
.v*. 
 
 ^, 
 
 ..T^ \'^ 
 
 v'-V 
 
 
 
 't^ 
 ^ 
 
 
 %^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 >^ 1^ 12.2 
 2.0 
 
 
 IL25 i 1.4 
 
 — 6" 
 
 i^ 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 1.6 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 v 
 
 N^ 
 
 
 
 ^1»~ ^^''^ 
 

 
 i/.X 
 
 % 
 
!'' 
 
 )■' ' 
 
 'IM 
 
 WKSTMIXSTEK. 
 
 
 It 
 
 ■J i 
 
 
 ti^i! 
 
 f'-V' 
 
 
 VfhSlMlSsrmi, sorallcJon .■,.<p,„i„t of its 
 
 w.-lrn, sihialhin will, iv.-anl l„ St. I'lu.l's ,-i,thi- 
 
 '; . ;'!• Ii';iii liiriv l„.in,. c.nn^.Hv a moimst.Tv 
 
 Twin" ;',"•'■"':''• ""•I"-1uI1i,„w,.m11,.,1 Ureut 
 
 fl ' irv Niaml. ainlm a,„i,.Mt times Cainit;. had 
 'I |M a,,, hnv, Ir.mit iii 121,5. Wi'stiMinst.i- and 
 
 aisr, w,.iv tl,,i|,.l„.,l. ami llaav wriv nuul walls in 
 tiK' .Sdaiid, U IS said taat III,, -irat mimlHT of 
 Nmtsinoii wlio ,.a,ii(. ovo ■ aftor tl„. acrossioi, of 
 
 Jan|..sl.u,,a„,,,,u,,|(|,,,biiil!i,,u„f\Vost,ni„.t,,-,and 
 millod I will, |,,nd..M. //„„■,/•.. l.nwV.nupnlis. 
 
 ,T''V."' :'.""'"'. l■^.^4-,^-^ 1N.S4. liy the Soats art 
 'iM«,Sv\\,.sti„iiisl,.,-,vtiinisoiio.M.I'. I'oi.iiiatioii, 
 
 Slmild. l,SM,,^2,vS7; I.Svl. 2I107. St. lio;;-.c.s, 
 Jlailuv,T s,|,, i.SMi, I4,,,;48; kS.j, 134,122. ^1,,^ 
 
 '■'"'J "'■■'■;^''i"i' ''I'V. 1 Miaiv|iiis of Wustiiiiiistcr, 
 
 iN|i , III.. m,-iii|ins(.|v,it.M ,|i,k,. . . ,37.1 
 Iwir'''' ''"'"■•'"'•'' «l'iliitiu„, ov^fd 24 mV, '* 
 
 Ilmum.ssi.a,.,i:.|, .,;,,,,,; ,„,.• r„;„d.tio„ „? N^t^ '^'" 
 
 (il'i'i'i'.'.. '"''"' ^'''■'""" *>"'i'L-t. 29 -Man-li, 18S2 ; 
 
 I'll,, ,„.'i'l '.f ,,'. ,■,•,,• • • ly'lidy, i3S3 
 
 ilH pilii,,. of \\,,i,,s i,,ys thp fniiiMlation sl,ai|. ;.f 
 > ■"'■',",' ? '"■•'""■'P^d lmi|,|ia-s, Ao., ,3 .Varnl,, 
 
 ',;':;''• "■ IV'"'"!"'"'"' ''>■ ■■*''■• -^^ •'■ HidrHiir. ifi 
 
 |.mii,.,,l,,,,,sto,,,. ol-U,.. li. C.Catl.M,l,-ali,i, ;"^" 
 Co ' ,1 'V'r '"" • : • • • =9Jn,„' ,395 
 
 11'" ^"^' '"""■''"J'l^, Orolianl-st., 7 in,.,. 
 
 1-0 < WESTMINSTER lilSHOPKICS. 
 
 107; 
 
 iSS? 
 
 159r 
 
 '-9.; 
 
 ijdV.;,Mi,,.i,,,p,;.v,.,,;,,„,,;,-w,;,,,,i;,,,./,-,^;;^^^ 
 
 J; I'";!"' '"dvi,H.„t,ivj,.et,.dhytl,0(oain,oas, 
 
 WKSTMIXSTER ABBEY. Clnistophcr 
 
 «ivii. Ill Ins siiiv..y of tho jiivMiit ediKco, faiml 
 
 """'.'"^ ''. iit,.|iaiic,. tho hoiiof that it wasoroctod 
 
 Oil 111., iiiiiis of a n.i^ran toinplo Tho eivotioii of 
 the IliNl ahl„.y 111 iho ;ih oriiturv is asurihed to St. 
 Bl'iK'l't, kiiiK' of lisscx. 
 
 ^''''::''""''' 1 '"I'iii-i'iiini.ns, si,l,.„,li,llvivl.iiilt 1>v 
 
 ;■;'";"' ."'",!■ '■■^■■^"'- (■■.55-<.5) aa.llili.d will, 
 
 M d,. i..,„ l-..v,.|, , (i.„,„, .N-,,i,„,,,., ,,. , ,Misiiu,t,.,l 
 I III., j.l.ir.,. I,,|.||ii. i„aii«i,rati,a, of tl.u kiii;:s nf 
 
 I'.ll^illl.l); di'.llralnl .,c^, f 
 
 111 la. i.;1j:ms ;.r K.lwai.l II., I-Muaid llf, ai„i * 
 
 Hli'h.u.l 11. lli.'KivMt(li,isi,is,al.l,orsli,iiis,. aii.l 
 „„l'"l" 'I'd iiasli.. l.iiiMiiiu.s, ,.,-,.,.|,„l . ; , ,,,,j., ,o,j 
 
 I'li.lw''^'''''' '""''■' "'' ""' """' '""' "'''''"' '■'■''"'" 
 
 tC w:.m' iv,,„i- ,„,,i II,,.- ^,,.„;;, „.i„d,.w wiiiri;;' '^^^ 
 
 "'''""',1, '"•, I ll,.,„y Vll.; tl„. laii,.,. .,„,;. 
 
 Tin.',;';;;;; ,iis.oiv;.d „,i,i „,ad,. u-msi.;,,,,-!,. '' '""■ ;':;;^ 
 
 }'""""; ;^i.'ii'M-i,uiri, i,y|.:iizai„.ti,' . . llZ 
 
 JIii.l,. a l,,„Tai.|i r,,,. s„l,|i,.|s (,l/,,,„,,„.s l:,i.~tn i,.-\ 
 Tl,,.Kii..,l w,slwii„lnH-,„„| tl„. w.st.in t..w,r.s''>' '^"^^ 
 
 ^;;,.r:':,,;:-— :^--'y.t..diia,Wd2; 
 
 11„. ..U„l„;; s,.,v„-,.s In,- t|„. Wn.kili;.' clas.Ses. wl„., ' • 
 
 a syiiu..,, w;,., |„-,.a,.|„.,i |,y tl,.. d,.a„, Dr. Tn.,,,.],, 1 
 
 _ liied III, ... , ,|.||, 00 I 
 
 Till) booth aiinivi'i-sMiynrtliL. fuumlatioii (..ek.l.V.n'i.ili ' 
 
 . 1.1, '^ '-'i'-.' 'S65 
 
 70^l.|^ voli'd 1,v i.,i,||ii„,i.„t to ri'ston. th,. |.li,.|i,|,.i.. 
 
 I.''.T,',',!',i *""'"■' "'■"" ""l''"J'-d), I .May, ,S« ; 
 L«;'l,',?:'s'ln Ihi. Al.li,.yii„ ioreign inissio,^^ ;^l;n!: '^'' 
 f.»Ki,r M;i.v .MilllLT, a layman, 3 D,.,^ ,871 ; i,ri„. 
 Hlml Oiiiil of .s,„i,|, ,iuiR.|i 30 Xov 18 ; , ' 
 
 Hi. lull .Mollal, ratl,(.,-.i,idaw of Livingstone 
 
 30 Nov. 
 
 «ir(.'l,a,li.s Lyell, si,. Win. Sternilale lieniielt, and 
 l.isl,ii|, Ci.„i,i.|. Thhlwan, li,,,'iiil in the .\lil.ev, 
 iS;^; (1. K. litleel, iij ller. i;'-:,; {J. H. |),,|-will, 
 26.\|.,',l, iSSj; liohe,'l !ln,w,,iii r, 3.3 Dec.. i3Sq; 
 l..,d Teiinyso,,, 12 Oct. ,c/.. ; W. K. (il:,ilsti.,,i., 
 
 =3 .May 
 
 lii.I«,i,.s ennneeted with the |n.i„ei|ial (.ntraiieealtei 
 
 iii-si;.'„s hy llilliert Si'iiil,, ,,,leted at a cost of 
 
 al...ut ;o,,..,.:/. . . . '. . . X,,,.. 
 
 N..ivAl.l.i..v,-ai.li.|,s..i.|.!i,..l . . .,>.\|.,il, 
 
 .Ni-W ii|.i;,i,i set ll|i y\ny 
 
 ■niaiiks-ivi,,- Jiil.iliT s,.|-v;ei.s lui' the ciiie'en'( sw 
 
 Jiihijii) 2,^ 23 June, 
 
 I ,..l.i.s. .1 li-ansli-,- lit llie ..l,n,--.. i.r ,-i.sl. .,!,,- a, id 
 
 niai„lai,iiii,- iliealili,.y In 1! i.l,siasii(..il euiii- 
 
 iiii-siniais wl,o a,v 1.1 advaiM... i.i,<juo/. .Maieh ; 
 
 Ii.,-ah.s,.i| i,ya,., |,;„.s,.,| , . , 23,Iii„e, 
 H'l.val enimais.si,,,, aiipninti.il to iminiie in ,e.,'a,d 
 
 In the laelliliLS I'..,- Ihe i|,l|.,.„,|.,il ..f ill,,sll ii ills 
 
 l.eisiais: Iheili.a,, li,iidlev, sii- !•'. Li.i.^hlnn, .M,-. 
 
 .Mlied \\at(..,hoiise, a,,.| olheis, 20 Aonl ; leoia-t 
 
 „'";''''''^.'™ ...... .I„„i,, 
 
 , Restinatini, ol llieevlei-ii,|.of tli(. iin,-th tnin.sept.as 
 
 _ des,,i.'neil hy si,- (iill«a-t Senll, eii„,|ileteil June, 
 
 ! hpee,,-,! servieeo,, 1 hi; death of sir John .Maednnald 
 
 p,eliiieiofCaiia.la . . . . , , J,,,,,. 
 
 Meiiioiial wii,i|.,u- and a liiist to James iinsseli 
 I.myell ,,, t|,i. ehaplei- honsu unveiled liy Mr. 
 
 Leslie S|..pl,i.,i 28 Nov. 
 
 ilv. n. \atis fliiiiiipsnn olIe,s 58,000/. for the 
 
 eri.el,oi, ol a ,110,, nine, iial chapel, under certain 
 
 eondilious .... l.',.!, ,v 
 
 Ilonses in (_)1,1 Palaee Vanl ordered t'o he ,le'. "'^ 
 
 molisheil j„,|,, „_ 
 
 New '. Celestial o,-.-ai, ' will, electric' actiia, (con' 
 I necteil with Ihe nth..,- in the ehiiil), hnill iir 
 .Messis. W. Hill an. I .-iiMi. pies.iiteil l,v .M,-, A li 
 Claike, niau-iualed l.y p,(,f. .1 \\ liri.l-.. (|,i,t. 
 
 .,;'■,' '^.?7.! "'' .'idv, ,. 
 
 -■\ dsot \\esl,iii„sti.rA:iliev,"liv.Mi-s.A. Mni-,:'iv 
 
 !M„,tl,,dant;ht..roniean Hiadlev," pnblisheil \i,v 
 
 A bn.st of sir Walter .Scott nnv(.ii|..l l.y the duke of " 
 i^iii^'^l*-'"'-'! 21 May, 1S5; 
 
 ,WESTMIX.STEll AQUAIilUil, sc 
 
 A'/iiiiniii/i. 
 
 AVESTMIXSTER BTSHOrRICS .u\l 
 
 iJK.VXEltY. At thi. di>soliitioii of ii,oi,aslerii.s, 
 Westiniii.ster aliliey was valued at 51)77/. iierauiumi; 
 kill- Henry yiU. 'ill 15 jijiTieteirit into a lU.aiiery; 
 juid ill 1540 into a hislu.iirii., and aii]i.)iiiliil Tliiiiaas 
 Thirlhy )irelale. II (. was translated to Norwich in 
 1350, and with him ended the hi.^hoprie of West- 
 minster; .Miilill,se.\, his dioeese, hein- restored f, 
 London. 'J'lie dean pi esided until Ihe aeeessiou i.' 
 .Mary, win, n.sl.aed the ahliot. Klizaliethdisplacui 
 the alihot, and erected the alibey into a eullc^iati 
 clinn.h of a dean and twelve. I'tn.lieiularies, a.s j' 
 still continues. On tin. ri'vival of tho order of tlij 
 Jiath, in 1725, the dean of \\'estiiiinster was an. 
 pointed dean of that i.nli.r, which honour 1ms beiu 
 eoiitinued. ])r. Nicholas Wiseman wascn.alcd rtrc/i. 
 hixhiij, llf )l\st mi lister liy the pi.pe I'iiisIX. 511 Sept. 
 iMyj; see I'll/Ill/ Ji/i/)r.s!.ii,ii. iJr. Wiscmaii liicil S 
 l-"eh. I<S(i5; lleiiry .Maiinin^^ was eonsi eiated his 
 suci'essi.r ,S June., 'fnllowin.i: ; h(. died i.| Jan. 189:, 
 and was succeeih.il hy llr. Herbert Vaii^dian about 
 30 .March: enthroned b .May; ii\vest(.d with tin. 
 jjdUitim, the iirst since 155(1, "J -^"o-. 'S'J-. Sa 
 Ilnniuii Cutliutivs. 
 
 hf.i KNT iii:a,ns. 
 1793- .'<an,nel Horsh.y ; lii.-hi.p of St. Asaph, iSo:. 
 1S02. William Viaeent ; died 21 Dec. 1S15. 
 1815 Ji.lin Irelaiiil ; died 21 Sept. if42. 
 1842. Th.imas Tiirtiin; bislinp iii' Klv. 1845. 
 
 1545. Sa,,lUel Wiihell.irei. ; liisln .p . .f OxIVail, ,04.5. 
 
 1546. W,il,an, li„.|ila,,i| ; il,i..| 14 A,,.;. 1856.' 
 
 1836. Hichanl C. Tie, , eh ; ab] Iiiibiiii. i Jan. 13S4 
 
 1S64. Arthur IVnilivii Stanley ; dieil iS Julv, iSSi. 
 lESi. George UranviUe lineliev ; 14 Se]il. 
 
STEli lUSHOPlilCS. 
 
 WESTMINSTEli BIIIDGES. 
 
 120.) 
 
 c'r-iii-l:iw cjf I^iviligstoiu! 
 
 30 Nov. 1S7 j 
 
 Will. StiTllilllIi' HcllllC'lt, llllrl 
 
 iilwiill, limiril ill 111,' .Vlihrv, 
 
 =9 I i>':;i ; V. U. I);irwili, 
 
 MTt llniuniii r, 30 Dec. iSSg ; 
 tH't. 109;. ; W. K. tihiclsiniM', 
 
 =3 .May xS,: 
 li till' |irini-i|>'il ciitniii-fiirtci ' 
 
 .Si'nit, l-nllll,l,.lc,l lit M fnst lif 
 
 Nuv. I?:, 
 
 l"':i'"l . . .1.' .\|.|il, ip-. 
 • , • . • . .Ma.v, 13;, 
 si-r\ :('i's lor tin' (|lli'('ii ( sru 
 
 -'I, 22.Ji|]H', jS37 
 till' cli.'ii-" III' ri'.stniiii- ami 
 
 "■y I" 1! |-|.'SJ.isti(';il c'lilll- 
 
 lu lulv.'iiM'i' i..,'ju<j/. .Maicli; 
 "'1 . . . 23.I1111C, l35: 
 
 |iiiiiili'i| 1(1 iiic|nin' ill ri-'.-aul 
 
 till' 'llll'lllli'lll "!' illllsllinlln 
 
 liiirlliiy, .sir !•'. Li'i-litnii, Mr. 
 :iii'l iilhcrs, 29 Aiu-il ; rcpcirt 
 
 I mil.', iSg; 
 
 Tinrriftlii! nnrtli transept, a.s 
 
 'It fil'ntt, C'lMilpll'ti'il iluill', ic'y 
 
 Iratliol'sir Juliii -Mac'lciimlil, 
 
 . . . . ij.jlllll', i£-,i 
 
 1 a liiist to .Jainos Kiissrll 
 tor liousu uiiveilotl liy Jlr. 
 
 . 28 Nov. I So J 
 son iilli'rs 38,000/. for the 
 i''iital cliajii'l, miclcrci.'rtain 
 
 ■ ■ . . I-'i'li. i594 
 " ^anl onliTod li, \«- ,1,.. 
 
 ,; Jiiiii', iSgr 
 
 Willi ilc'i'tiic ai'tiiiii (c'on- 
 I'T ill till' I'li.iir), hiiili lir 
 <nli, pivs.m,.,! |,v y,i, ^\, 1 1 
 liy prill. .J F. liriilK'' (kilt. 
 
 . id ,)lllv, ,. 
 
 rAlilioy,"livMr.s.A. Miinav 
 an llrailli'v, piibli.slii'il, NuO. 
 utt iimi'iii'.l liy tlii'iliiki'ol' 
 
 21 .May, 1837 
 
 'Ell AQUARIUM, sn 
 
 ER ]U,SIIOrRIC>S .m, 
 
 -' (lissiihitioii of nmnaslerii^, 
 IS valiii'd lit 31 1"/, iiuriiiimim; 
 
 ^,^')riifti'(l It iiitu II ilt'iiiierv; 
 li'ijirii', ami ;tii|iiiiiilnl Tliouiis 
 
 w.i.s traii.slati'd to Xorwich in 
 -luliil till' bi.-liopric iif Wi'st- 
 lis liiiiirsf, liiiiii;- ristoroil tc 
 iii'siiliil until tlic iiiccssinu 0* 
 V aliliiit. l-;liziilirllulispliicul 
 I till' iil/bi'V into a cijlU'jjiaii 
 il twolvc pi'clii'iulariis, a.i iv 
 lie ri'vival of the urdir nf thi 
 -'an of Wi'stniinstir wa.s up. 
 •rdi'r, which honour has liuin 
 as Wisi'iiiaii wa.s iri'aliil urcl- 
 ■ liytlii' pii|H' I'iuslX. ;,, Stpt, 
 cs.\i(iii. Ijr. Wisi'Miali ilied S 
 anniii^' WHS coMsi I'rati'd hit 
 iwiiii:; 111' (lii'il i-| ,laii. 189:, 
 
 Ur. Herbert \'aut';liaii about 
 
 b .May ; ip.ve.sted with tLi 
 c I55tj, 16 Aug., l8ij2. Sii 
 
 ':m iji:.K.\s. 
 
 i.slinpof 8t. Asnph, iSoi;. 
 
 tii'd Ji I)l-i'. 1S15. 
 
 I --'I ."Si'pt. If 42. 
 
 isliiipiifKlv. 1843. 
 
 ' ; l,ishnp,,(-(ix(i.rd, iS4'>. 
 
 ; dii'il 14 Au4. 1E56. 
 
 ; alip. lit liiiliiui. I Jan. 1564. 
 
 anliy ; ilii'd i3 July, i£Si. 
 
 ladiiy ; 14 Sejit. 
 
 WEYMOUTH. 
 
 ^^ I'^'^TMIX.STER BRILGES. The hmd- 
 3ome old bnd.ewas be.Min (alter 1 design f M 
 
 1,38-9; ojieiied li,r pa»eni:,.rs i,S .\„v 1--,, „ 
 i2''Aio/. It was liuih of I'oriland stone' I'l,! 1 ,' ' 1 
 the river wliere the breiidth i.s ,2^3 ("V."'"'""'^'"' 
 Oivin;,to tlie siiiki,,:- of .several of its piers, most 
 
 "I the iMhlslrnleSon l.olh sides Here I'eniove o 
 relieve the sliuetureotils weight ' 
 
 I-y ,6 .t 17 \ let. e. .,6 the estates el its mn.niis- 
 .sionerswere translVned to her n,„ieslv's ,"•,.' is : 
 
 sioners ol work.s, who were empowered to rem x ' 
 
 the then e.si.sliiiK i,,:,!.,,, ,,1„, ,,„in ' "^l'^, 
 uiuoiii: (near the oM one) T 
 
 Tlieeontivietreipiiredtlieeompleiion of thetv;.!^^ '^" ; 
 
 Th^yorkswere'siisiieiid,:,! foV a ti,iie,-i„'.:!:^;:;;; 
 
 ililenee ol the laillire of .Mi-ssrs. Mail, tile eiM.l,',,.. 
 
 ^d;diiii^.i;i:d:7;:;:;'V;,;;;;!,r,''^:t''Ti;:;:,':: I ^J^^^^'^^^)^'('^'^-. ''•'- '--v -"• f'"-- 
 
 ra^e, he engineer. One half of 11,.: -wi':" ' ^ j' ' V^! f^ '""■', i'f '^ 'i-'f to Maleoln, ,.f Seot- 
 
 wiis open,',l lor ii.se early in ,8fo; tlie whole ,7,, i I ' ,. '■ 7 '"'■'"' ""• J^'''"''- '" 04i ; hut resumed bv 
 
 -4 -Mav, ,Sf,. ' ]'r V. '," '-•'"• •^'■^'ll''- I'iil-I of \V,-tiui,re- 
 
 M .'I'e' ".-^'-^ "'"'''''■'"" "I'l'V the" Asseiu. „ ^' 
 
 t' 'i v lo't'i;",.,-, "'";"■■ ";"-^i-^'i"^ "f'l^'.vuietO, who i , ^^ KSTPIIALTA (tJermam). This dm In 1 e- 
 
 .sit In luthiritx .,( parhani.nt in lli-nrv Vll,^ K'"'-'''' ''''"'■''»'■ '"'''■■■^^' the dukes id S-iv,^,,,i 
 
 diaiH'l, Westniinsier, Iroiii i(',7 to K,,-" T , ' ^ iitterwards lje,'„u,e suhii-et t, t be „ i ' r ' • 
 
 S1SVJS-H, I'Au. „ <,..,.„„, j„, I i«yi.^"i»ri;;;;";;';.'::';:»s» iJii'Sf:! 
 
 :ia, 
 to 
 
 Ik.si.les the sehohirs on the foundatii'n, manV of the 
 "'■I'liil.v am -entrv semi their .s,.ns t, WVsMui „, ,. 
 
 :ohr''of'"'V,-^''''r''';'"^'' '''■''■'•''-■'- '-^'^ 
 1 .is ol a latin pl.-iMs :n eonforniilv with the 
 
 mi el.'' ;'''''''"'■'■'''■ -^h'-I-.l'in ,,w(,.oto 
 UH.A e the .s.lio,! „,,,•• dKsipprovedef in kSOi. 
 
 •■ 11 n Tii I's '";■-'' '"'-^ "!" '•■'■■ •'•■'".es l'.,.n.,,'s ,,n,l 
 
 hv he,. ow^a ■':;:!' V''^""^''^'"'"'!' «el|.„1.,'lisl„il 
 
 "ffy:TC;;!''■t^h:.;^n;a^;:^^; -::,';-;"- 
 
 li"nr,| p,,iti:.its, .a.'., ,.N,jv, ,;,_,5. ■ ■-■'■ ' ' 
 I31^ilwaiil 1., I2;:i.ip; stvAcLsoJ l:,,immn,t. 
 
 built by William Kufiis in o.;" lo r i ■ , uVt i, , lien , o- '"' '"" ','' ""' "'"'l-niry kiii.ilon s 
 hall; and here in u,i,c,, on lil;s\ , ;;n ' rw K^ "' '7"1»'-'^ l''"". I'ni.ss 
 
 limmly, "he kept his least of Wbif",, ,; ' . ': h ' ':S''T 1. ' ",'!"^''''' ^""' <1"' '^■"•'Hn' stales 
 
 liiandv, "he kept his feast of \Vliiis,itVt;,'i." *,""' '■ .7,'""'V"T'; ",","""'''' •'"'' the siualh'r .stales 
 
 re!i;n of Riehard II w^n r liA^d i in ."n-'rii 1 So-' '"1. •'"'"""^ ''""^''■^^'■"' ^'1 1" ''''-' l^^"^ ' '^. 
 the walls, allere,! tile w imi!,; ' ml" , ;f ,' t^w I T^ e Hm ;h m {i'' "'T VTT^'"''' ' ^'-■^^' '^^'0 
 roof; as «^11 as a stately pondi ^[tul Idlur bull i e.^ }t^^T:t:!^. ^'"ll'^l" '! '" '^'3; -"1 the eo 
 In 1230 Henry III. on ^e. year's dav eause.l 60CO 
 poor persons to be entertained in this hall, and in 
 the other rooinsof his palaee, iis a celebration of 
 queen J'.leniior s eoronation; and here l;i,liard II 
 held m.s Christmas l,,si,val in ly,;, when the num- 
 ber of tlie -nests eaeli day the feast lasted was 
 lO.OCW. Sluw 1 he eoui'ts of law were established 
 hi'l-e by km,.- John, M„,. Kr.Umu.Uv liaii was 
 state, to be the lar-estroom ,n Kurep.. unsupp, rt.il 
 by pillars (e.\('e|it a hall of justiee at I'a.lua'- it is 
 2,-0 leet in len^lh, ^4 loot broad. The hall ili.derl 
 went a -emral repair in 1802. Coiieurreiitlv with 
 the ereetion ol the palaie of Westminster, 'manv 
 imprnvements and alterations hav.. latelv be.i'i 
 made m this m:,i;,,iti,.,.nt hall. The Volunteer 
 EiHe corns were (hilled in the hall in the winter of 
 KS,V). 'Hid sin.-e. 1 he eonrts of law removed to the 
 
 new buildiii-s m the Sirand Jan. i,S,S;. Ite-tora- ' r, , •■ , o 
 
 tioiis proposed bv .Mr. J. L. Vear-on U \ , I,- : '■",''" '*"''' ^•"^1 lamer.s near Kssen, aboiii , 
 
 ,38.,. Til,' roof iinii w ind^;. .n'au' irt^'ui: ■ '" ""' '' """ ' ''""" "'"■"''■■ ■"'■'"^'•'S, 
 
 an^ex-plusion ot d.Mianiitu (.•) about 2 p.m. 2., Jan". <-'o!iieiy explosion at Ilamm.., ,,5 ,.,.,.,!,-, .Vi'eb'. zs'ji 
 
 l^'SJ^^F "0«WTAL, ibundcd, Hi^'^'u^''S^V'S^;^^-^''A^f^,P^i 
 ' -5 •''"'"' ^4 Uit.Hj^.S, between I nince, the emperor. 
 
 and Sweden; Spam eontinuim- the w,ira"ainst 
 i-raiiee. ]!y tliLs pe.ue ^chliiiH' the thir!\ veal's' 
 
 tries were restored to thi^Hon;,;;;;^!;;:;" '"^ ^'^""■ 
 
 •llmai;;!, siiik,' of the c. „1 „,i,„.rs (Or iner.as.'d pay 
 
 . d sl.o -.r honis I'f latoar, il.,r Krupp. i.f ls,'."f 
 
 bad to .St,, pi,,,, ,„„,„„, „,.^., ,,„,,^ 1 '-^^ 
 
 I'M- want .,1 e,,al al.i.ut -i M:,y. A eoiilliet 1 l' ,,K,.^ 
 lyar (Jla,lheek betw,.,.n th,' treop.s a ,, ,'rs'' In.l 
 
 ..v,Miiii,..rsw,.,,,lJl|,,,,,,May;,l!,.,,,vn,.,sSlli 
 s rs'';,nr ;""{,"M!"^'' ^ *^'»J-: '""<^y -■-c,'^ 
 ,■ , -^ ,'„,■^ •' ' '".«"'■"'"'""" iiderv,.ii,.»to 
 
 ; a iipi.nse, about „ Ji.j. ; „„' empi'ior 
 
 in,- II ,e ,i,„^„t,s lii'iii .,.i„|.,s, ,4 M,-,v, an,l 
 
 .dMs,s hoth pailas to ,.„„„, i„„ coii,p,.,,.i.,>;;,l ,t 
 
 i.s, 16 May; .slrike spr.'iidiiin to .«ih'si,-, ,<;,■ ,- \ .,v • 
 
 s rikers in U,.tph„iH ahou^,.,,.^, i!;' ^l.^^^^^^,; 
 
 „, t, • "" , i^' 40 members (,f tli,' striking eon, 
 I itt,-,' arre.s ,.,1 ,6 .M„y ; ,,,.1^,, ,,„,., ,,,. .^ ^,^_ 
 
 IVIZ:. f.'f ?■• '^-5; V'^^'' ''^'""""'^ "'■ '!"■ ■"!•»•'« 
 
 leeit.'d li.\ Ih,'niast,'rs, 23 Jan. ,8co. 
 l-.xplusioii at 11,,' Uil.'rnia pit, near Oilsei.kirehi'ii 
 
 al.out 44,l,'.-,lhs, i,'p,ilt|.,l . . . -rj,,,, ,p„, 
 
 ^■"■■■'1 «"■"< ■'^■"al iiiiiier.s near Kss.'n.aboiir,,; 000 
 
 under 
 
 1710; chartered, 1830. 
 WESTM.TXSTEU PALACE, se 
 
 hiliicc of II ntNiiKHtii; and l'«iii,i,iiinf. 
 
 .AVESTMIXSTEli REVIEW, liberal in reli- 
 gion ami polites, lirst appeare,l,i824,as the organ 
 of till- philosophn- r.oheals, ti'i'ined the Westmin.sfcr 
 si'hiiol, Irien.ls ol Jeremy lientliam. See i'tili- 
 
 tunniii-^iii. 
 
 WE.STMIXWTER SCHOOE orSx. Peteu's 
 
 CoU.KiiE, wasl„uni|e.! by rpu'e,, i;ii>.,!,.>h ini tfiiT 
 for the ediieatioii .,f forty boys, denominated the 
 (Jueciis sehohirs, wlio are iirejiared for the uiiivef- 
 sity. It is situiiteil witltiii the iibbey enclosure 
 
 war) the priueii.le of a balane,' of iiower iii'l-.uropo 
 was first reeoLinised ; .\lsace iriven to Trah.e, and 
 (lai't ot I'omerania and sonu- ..ther districts to 
 Sweden ; the Lower I'alatinate rest, .red to the 
 elector imlatiiie ; the reli-ious and iioliti.al rii'hts 
 of the (jermaii states esta,bli.died ; and the in,le- 
 pendeme of the Swiss Confederation ree,)euised bv 
 (jermany. ' 
 
 WE,ST .SAXOX'S, sec ir.j.vi.)', in lliiUii),. 
 WEYMOrXII, Dorsetehire, was given bv 
 Henry I. to St, Switliiu's, Winchester. Tulvou 
 
 1 
 
 '\m 
 
 ^ ;; I »■;! 
 
 
 IM: 
 
1 
 
 
 
 WHALE-FLSHERY. 
 
 1210 
 
 fiom Chnrles I., by thu pnilinni<>ntaii,iil9, 1644 ; 
 M3.tC( ami hiondit into note l,y Goui-e III,, ,-% 
 f="'? nil 'fi''J"''"'"''"' exhibition was oiH.„,.d he.-.., 
 
 25 Jul}, 10"^. ' 
 
 WHALE-FISHEKY, it is sai.l, was fir»t 
 carniHl on liv thr \„i-wi.i;ians in tlu. nintli .-inturv. 
 lem/kt Ml,;,I,.s w,.,v killcl at X,.wt'„un,llaii,l aiiil 
 Itolaml for tlinr ml „„ly. 1.S7H; tlu. „s,. „f tli.'ir 
 nils and hones was not vet lin.,wii, ,ons,.,|noiitlv 'a 
 writer adds) no stays were worn l,v tlie ladies, 'file 
 iSnsUsli whaU-fishins .•oimnento.l at Spit/lK.r-en in 
 ISOS; I'ut tl.eDutcl. had l.eeii previonslv tisliin- 
 tliere. I lie tislicry was mneli jiroTHut. d liv'an aet o'f 
 parliame.it ],ass,,l in 1^4,, ].■,„„, ,,s,)^ to 2000 
 whales have heen killcl a.innallv on the coast of 
 Oreenland, i:e. The qnantity of whah-oil imported 
 in 1814 was u.^':: tuns; in |«2(,, when fias-lioht 
 beeame Sfiv'ral, 25.000 tuns; i,, ,,S4o, ah -11122,000 
 tuns; in 1850, 21.3(0 tuns; in i,%i, |,,,i-6 tuns; 
 
 '" ,.^l '■^•"°-' ""'"• "> '■'^''"' '.v')4=! <""^; •>> 1H71 
 24,6,9.tun.: m i,S;2 i.S,ri9 'uns; in i8,-,S. 20,(^56 
 tun,s; in iSS^, i^.i^o i,i„s; i,, 188-. |-(„)S tuns- 
 in 1890, 20,307 tans, ./ /;>■;»,, „■/,„/, from Labrador,' 
 9 »cet 6 inches Ion-, plaeed in the Westminster 
 anuarumi, 20 Sept., di.d 29 .Sept. 18". White 
 «halc (lielnsa), arrived 28 May; died in latter part 
 ot June. 159 hottlennsed whales e.,ptured at Jiarns, 
 lunkerness, near Kirkwall, 20 Xov. i88ij. 
 
 WHARXCLIFFE MEETIXGS of p„hlic 
 
 companies (held to -ive enlai-e,l powers under 
 certain preserihed e.aiditions) are so called h.rau.so 
 the standm- orders „{ the li.aise of lords, nnder 
 which they are held, were introdncc'd by lord 
 Whaniehtie, about 1846. 
 
 WHEAT. The Chine.se ascribe to tlrir empe- 
 ror, Chins->'oun-, who sueceeded Fohi, the art of 
 husbandry, and method of makin- bread Irom 
 wheat, about 2000 years before the Christian era. 
 ^\ heat was introduced into Britain in the Gtli cen- 
 tury, by Coll ai> Coll Frewi. Jiobn-ts. The tirst 
 wheat imported into En-land of which wi. have a 
 note was in 1347. Various statutes have re-ulated 
 the sales ot wheat, and restrained its importation 
 m order to enroura-e its h|.iii,t,' raised at home 
 111 1862 atttntion was drawn to the probable 
 utility of con:.ulerin?; the jiedi-ree of wheat. In 
 1871 It was estimated that 3,571,894 acres in the 
 Uiiitea Ainirdom were di.voted to wheat, in 18-6 ! 
 3,124,342. Scf JInml, nnd Cnrn Ijur.s. tireatrat I 
 productM-3 (ill order). United .States, Ku-ssia, France, i 
 Greao Britain, .V;c. The wheat crop for (Jreat i 
 Britain is said to haveyiehled 7I.9?9.'47 I'uhIicIs in ' 
 I»»»; 37,l7''.2S7in 1895. ,See Vonur, 1898. 
 
 WHIGS. 
 
 I.Ml'oins— (■( iiliiweil, 
 iriirol. 
 iScjo, 5o,47.j,i8oei/./.<. 
 i8gi, 66,^12,962 ,, 
 1S92, 64,901,799 ,, 
 ■893. 63,461,988 ,, 
 1894, 70,126,232 ,, 
 1893, 81,749,955 ,, 
 1^96, 70,023,980 ,, 
 
 V.VMK OF WIIK.\r LMPollTKO 1X1 
 
 ■S35 
 1850 . 
 
 "157 
 rSs8 . 
 
 •ti 1.693,737 I 1875 
 9.679,578 I 1876 
 12.716.349 1S77 
 9,563,099 
 0,050.467 
 
 l6,554,,,S3 
 19,051,464 
 23, 203, Sot. 
 12,015,006 
 10,674,654 
 9.773.616 
 l2,9S3,o<;o 
 24.9S5.096 
 22,069,353 
 
 19.515.758 
 16, 264. t 27 
 23.318,883 
 26.169,185 
 2^.538,746 
 5.236,932 
 
 1S73 
 1S79 
 i38o 
 18S1 
 18S2 
 1SS3 
 1S84 
 1883 
 1336 
 1887 
 1 883 
 1889 
 1890 
 189' 
 1S92 
 1S93 
 , '894 
 
 Flour. 
 >5,77J.3j6cu'f.i. 
 16.723,003 ,, 
 
 22,106,009 ft 
 20,408,168 ,, 
 
 19.134. C05 ,, 
 
 13,368,410 ,, 
 
 21,320,200 ,, 
 
 I rilK I'NMTKDKINOI,,,.,! 
 
 • . <27.5I'.4 . 
 ■ 23, ] 75,, , - 
 
 • . 33.8^i,4 - 
 • 27,4;i,4j, 
 
 . • 3".4''-'.i-- 
 
 I.' 
 
 3>,5.!i 
 34,25- 
 3>,4544 
 
 I9,,1M,., 
 
 24,0;^,, 
 
 21.91:,,- 
 
 22,51.j.:. 
 2.'.5S;,;4 
 29.443.2 
 ''4.S57../. 
 
 2l.07(-,,n- 
 18,7^,,,: . 
 
 I Ai-vnuje AiuiiihI l;-iw ,,tr (Jiiuihr in limjlinulantl U: 
 
 1805 
 
 1815 
 
 1825 
 1830 
 ■835 
 1S40 
 ■843 
 1850 
 1855 
 1894, 
 
 119 
 89 
 
 106 
 O5 
 67 
 68 
 65 
 
 39 
 66 
 
 1865 
 1 866 
 1S67 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1S71 
 .872 
 •873 
 1874 
 1875 
 
 d. 
 
 53 3 
 41 10 
 49 1' 
 64 5 
 
 1876 
 
 1S77 
 .S73 
 1S79 
 
 i33o 
 
 i/. 
 
 46 2 
 
 56 9 
 
 46 5 
 
 43 10 
 
 44 4 
 
 45 4 
 45 I 
 4' 7 
 35 B 
 32 10 
 
 188S 
 1889 
 ' 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 189^ 
 
 1894 
 .895 
 1896 
 1S97 
 
 
 IMl'OIMia) IN- 
 
 Il7n.'(, 
 
 1834, 2,656,455 ./rj. 
 
 1861, 29,955,532 ,, 
 
 1862, 41,033,503 ,, 
 1864, 23,196.714 cir's, 
 1866, 23,156.329 „ 
 j868, 32,619,768 ,, 
 «87'. 39,389.803 „ 
 1872, 42,127.720 ,, 
 J874, 41,527.63.8 „ 
 
 1877. 54,269.800 ,, 
 
 1878, 49,906,484 ,, 
 
 1879. 59,591-795 „ 
 
 1880, 55,261,024 „ 
 •88i, 57,147.933 >. 
 1883,64.138.631 „ 
 
 1884, 47,jo6, 1,6 ,, 
 
 1885, 6i,;9S,864 „ 
 iSSo, 47,435,806 ,, 
 >837, 55,802,518 ., 
 1888,57,261,363 „ 
 i8Sq, 58,55', 887 „ 
 
 ■niF. L-NITUt) KIXUDOM. 
 
 Flunr. 
 
 6,329,038 nets. 
 
 6,132.93s ,, 
 
 7.207.113 ,, 
 
 4.3i2,3iji ,, 
 
 4.972.280 ,, 
 
 3,095.022 ,, 
 
 3.977,933 ,, 
 
 4,388,136 ,, 
 
 6,236,044 ,, 
 
 7.377.303 .. 
 
 7,828,079 ,, 
 
 10,728, 252 ,, 
 
 10,358,312 ,, 
 
 '■.357.381 ,, 
 
 16,329.312 ,, 
 
 ■5,095.301 ,, 
 
 15,332,843 „ 
 
 14,689,560 ,, 
 
 18,063,2 i4 „ 
 
 i6,9io.,t42 ,, 
 
 14,672,082 ,, 
 
 6 18O9 48 2 1 88 1 
 
 4 1870 46 10 1882 
 
 4 I 1871 56 8 1883 
 
 4 ' 1872 57 o 1884 
 
 50 10 ; 1873 58 8 1SS5 
 
 40 3 1874 55 S 1SS6 
 74 8 : 1875 45 2 ,887 32 6 
 I7'.'. 61I. ; 22.<. io</. ; 26.*., at ilillcroiit places. 
 I 1896, 33,s. 41/., 23 .Nov. 
 I l'^/, 34-'. 4''., 25 llc(.. 
 ■ 8^8, 35.S-. 8''. 19 wks., 42.«, 4.;., 7 .Vu.v, 40--. 8./., 25 .Jmi.. 
 
 WHEEL, I?l!E.VKIXO ox the. a barhai-,,,,, 
 mode (it death, of great aiitiquitv, ordered U 
 Francis I, for robliers, about 1535 ; "see Jim-iiill,^:. 
 
 "ThcGrciit WI, ■dcofMc,.l(5ooft.liij.-li, iisl.'-i- 
 
 iii diiiiiictcr, ■ 1 on 8 coliiiiins 150 ft. lii-li) ' , 
 
 cars arc svi.- ,,1 tlic wlicci, each c,ii«il,l,. , 
 
 lioldiii;; al.oii. ■ , .-rsoiis, with luliinicts ; tlie »li..' 
 was dcsiKiie.l 111,0 coiistiiicteil liv '.Mr. liasseii Ti,- 
 wticcl was iiiiiiieil liy hi.ly I )owclf, mid started, cini- 
 hit; sevcnd liiiiidrcds ot p,.ople at tlic Eiiipir" ..I ii ,1 
 exliil,it;oi,. Earl s Coiiit. tli.. involution liciii- siieo.,,. 
 
 lull.V ac.oUiplisllKll ill .■ll.nllt 4olllilllltCS, 6,Julv, l-\,: 
 
 TbrouKli a stoppa}.-!' ot the iiiacliinerv, Iwtweeil n,,;!),'; 
 70 iiersous wcru detained 16 lirs. i"ii tlio ui)i,..i 01;- 
 21-22 .Mav, 1896. 
 
 AVIIIGS. In the reif?n of Charles II. the lui: .■ 
 U/ii!/ was a term of reproach S'iven by the cum- 
 party to their anta-fonisis for holding the priii.i|)l,. 
 of the "wliif,-s," or fanatical covenanters in Sivt- 
 hmd ; and in return the name Tori/ was sivcn |,. 
 the court party, comiiaring them to the Tories, ■ r 
 popish robbers in Ireland, Jtahr. The distiiuti.-i; 
 arose out of the diseoverv of the Meal-tuli iilnt 
 {w/iic/i .tee) in 1678. Upon brin-inj? up the 111, j; 
 plot before parliament, two parties were funieil: 
 the ones who doubted the plot styled tho.se wli. 
 believed in it ir/iif/.s ; these styled iheir advcisaii- 
 lories. In time these names, j^iven as marks .1 
 opprolirium, became honoured distinctions. IJiiim. 
 nie Wliiirs brought aliout the revolution of UiHH-f,. 
 and established the ]u-otestaiit succession. Tluv 
 were cliieHy instrumental in obtaiiiiiii; tlie aboliti^ii 
 
WHIGS. 
 
 WHIP, 
 
 1211 
 
 /. 
 
 
 111 HI I 
 
 
 Ctl't.i, 
 
 
 15.773.335 nit.-i. 
 
 2 ,, 
 
 
 16.723,003 ,, 
 
 ) ,, 
 
 
 22,106.009 ,, 
 
 S ,, 
 
 
 20,408,1 
 
 68 „ 
 
 2 ,, 
 
 
 I9.i34,rci5 ,, 
 
 5 »» 
 
 
 18,368,4 
 
 10 ,, 
 
 J ,, 
 
 
 21,320,200 ,, ' 
 
 miKD INTO 
 
 TIIK VNITKD KIN(.I,.,M 
 
 3.737 
 
 1873 
 
 
 . £27.3''.'.r 
 
 y.578 
 
 ■ 876 
 
 
 . 23.17s.' 1 
 
 (i'lMS 
 
 1S77 
 
 
 • 33.8S5.4: 
 
 .l.t'M 
 
 1S73 
 
 , 
 
 27.4.;.;. .11 
 
 0,467 
 
 1879 
 
 , 
 
 3".4'''.i- 
 
 3.53-' 
 
 1S80 
 
 . 
 
 30,6jl.;; 
 
 4. '-S3 
 
 18S1 
 
 . 
 
 • 3l.33'.5- 
 
 1.464 
 
 1SS2 
 
 . 
 
 • 34.25''.!.' 
 
 J.fc'oO 
 
 iSS'j 
 
 1^+ 
 
 
 • 31, 454.4-- 
 19,90'. 7., 
 
 4.654 
 
 1885 
 
 , 
 
 24,085,^1; 
 
 3,616 
 
 1386 
 
 
 ■ l7,9o.'„f,,, 
 
 3.m;o 
 
 18S7 
 
 
 2i,337,v,if 
 
 D.uyfi 
 
 lSS3 
 
 
 • 21,995.9;^ 
 
 J.3S3 
 
 i8Si) 
 
 
 . 22,510. ;.j.. 
 
 5.75S 
 
 1890 
 
 . 
 
 • 23. 583.844 
 
 t.' 27 
 i,883 
 .iSs 
 
 iEq. 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 29.448.2 4 
 
 1 SC,2 
 
 
 • '4.857.'}"- 
 
 I?'i i 
 
 
 21,07(^.0:- 
 
 .746, 
 
 1 81,4 
 
 
 • 18,760.:,: 
 
 .y32 
 
 
 
 
 (■/' f^'(/( 
 
 liter in Kinjhmlaml ir»/. . 
 
 S. (/. 
 
 
 S. ll. 
 
 i. "■. 
 
 3 3 
 
 .S76 
 
 46 2 
 
 i883 ,1 i 
 
 I 10 
 
 1877 
 
 56 9 
 
 1889 29 , 
 
 9 11 
 
 1S78 
 
 46 5 
 
 1890 !I ,; 
 
 4 5 
 
 1S79 
 
 43 10 
 
 ■891 ,1 : 
 
 3 9 
 
 1S80 
 
 44 4 
 
 1892 io ; 
 
 8 2 
 
 1881 
 
 45 4 
 
 'S93 26 4 
 
 6 10 
 
 1882 
 
 45 I 
 
 1894 22 1 , 
 
 6 8 
 
 1883 
 
 41 7 
 
 ■893 2) . 
 
 7 
 
 1884 
 
 35 8 
 
 1896 21 .. 
 
 3 8 
 
 1883 
 
 32 10 
 
 1897 3,,, .. 
 
 i 8 
 
 1886 
 
 31 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 1S87 
 
 32 6 
 
 
 ; 26s., 
 
 lit dilleroiil i 
 
 laci'.s. 
 
 2.<. 4''.. 7 -"^liiyi 40'. B.'., 23.11111,. 
 
 il\("; ox THE. A biM'lKirci,. 
 i;ri'iit imtiiiiiity, onlcnil i-i 
 i, aliiiiit 1535 ; \s«> Jiiiniilli:. 
 
 ill' nf sti'i'l (,<x> ft. lliyli, 11x1,. - V. 
 I 1)11 a foliiiiiiis 150 ft. lii^'h).' 4 
 ill the \\ii(.(.l, cacli Piipiihl.. , : 
 <oil.s. with lull'unct.s; the »li..: 
 ristiiii.ti..l hv .Mr. liiissiii. 1!,. 
 la.ly llinvflf, uinl stiirt.-J. imit. 
 if ]i..n|ilt. at till' Eiiiiiii-.. .iMii,!,, 
 It. !lii. ri'voliitioii liciii^' siii.i..-,.. 
 iiliiiut (,, iiiiiiiit(.s, 6 July. il^:. 
 
 ' till' llllll'llilll'iy, lllitWl'I'li n,i;|l,, 
 
 iiii'il 16 hr.s. ill tilt! ujiin'r c;i!-, 
 
 I'i'igiiof CliiirU's II. the nil!;" 
 iviinjiich sivt'ii liy tlu' cum: 
 sis for liuldini? tli'c ]iriiiiipi. - 
 iiiatical covi'iiuiiti'i's in iSi.;- 
 llii' iiaiiu' I'ori/ v,-,\n ifivi'ii t" 
 iii-iiig them to the Torii's, ■ r 
 11(1. Jld/icr. Tlie (lisliiiiti'i; 
 Dvory of tlio Jloiil-tuh i<U 
 Upnii hriii^'ing tij) the nn il 
 t, two imrtics were funiinl: 
 till' i)hit styk'ii tli'isr hIi' 
 tlicso stylcil Hu'ii' atlviTsaii.- 
 I.' iiunu's, (rivi'ii as marks "f 
 'ii.iiiic'ii (iistiiictions. IJiiiiii. 
 loiit tlu' ri'vuhitioii of |(i,SS-'i, 
 iroti'.stant succession. Tlav 
 tal in obtiiiiiiu;; tlie abolititii 
 
 of the ;,lave traile and shiverv, the re|„'„l ,,"( the 
 le.st aiiil Conioratimi net fiih.li,, ' I' '". '" ."'i^' 
 l;'Hianie,Uar^.n,l n,n,;ieipia'!\; ,;;;-';;!';;' l''-;,, 
 
 the 0,,,,, hnv.s an,l .siniilar nieasiu' .s T I, \ I, 
 Uuh was e.stahl,sl,e,l liy Charles .In,,,, ,' j.-, ,".' , , , ' ,^. 
 Its oni;,nal nieinh,.|.s was tlie "reii |.,..,n, 1. , 
 
 1>"";'1'^'1 Wliij; ministries, .s.',' 7/, ; , • ,/- ',' '" 
 
 WHIP, the popillar title '.fll,e |,ali„„.,,..,. ...p,.,, 
 tr.ry ot the treasui'v, whose ,i„tv it is f„ . "I "' 
 Lers to make a liou;,' on in,,,, „ ' , e '^ 'i'-" 
 
 ^Vni.nayter, the libera !;''n's''i^''-i^'^ 
 a testinioniul for his ener-,-) i, s,. ■ i,. , T. , ," '.'" '^'-''' 
 ilH-ri'^ht hon. Wni, I'. VI „„,,:'"' i" ''^f"; 
 p.vorn-rof Ma.lras, 24 .\ kSS i 1'''' t'^ 
 
 .;.bo,heo,,servative,.iii;],;.X,,, ^/;;;,;;';y 
 
 .!.;■ _i..tere.t of their parly ,n eve.V i'^;,^; ■;:;;i;l:; 
 Til.' inani,pi,„.„t ,,rtli,. i„„,„. ,,,- , 
 
 N.,,1 t.i have i„.^o„i with, iiii,.,,!,,, IV '; l"'';.v,s 
 
 Ir.v. ami eoiitiie.ie,! 1,,- Whi-" ■ , , i , ,. ^''s^^ „"!""■■*• 
 (Mialer Henry I'elhaii,), s sai lo i':, -^'i'- ""''.'•''•^ 
 
 .si.»s,ou for their s„i,|inrt. \Vr„j,"l "' " 
 
 WHITE DOVES.^ 
 
 1", ,.',.' '"■ '.''"'■"^■'•'-.V ot th,. li.sll I,,,, liis 
 OMiiinii,.! ,1, 1, h.,t,,,. i„ „,, ,i,.. „f ,,„,,, ^,„|„„^,„»^^ 
 
 so , le,| ,in a,.,,,,,,,,, „,. „„.i,. ^^ 
 
 ei Iheir ,-oats. 1 1,,,,- , inith.il .In.ollnl o„,n„4 
 
 MI l,„t w,.,-e s„|,|„.,.sse,| liy a iiiilitarv fn,n., 
 •"II their ,',ni;l,.a,h',-s exe, nt,.,| ■>. |-(,^ Thev i-u.,. 
 ami wereau-a,,, s,i|i|,r,.s,s,.,| i„ ,;,%.- i.!,,. |,„;, ..J 
 tioi. aet was ,ia^,ea on ,l„.i,. „,;,„„;( ;„ ,^,'^] '""■'■ 
 
 WHITECHAPEL, a pa,ish in Knst Ion,l„n 
 
 h'lwar. s, „|,..,„.,i i,v (He ,.,,,1 „,■ i{„s,.i,„,.;. :';'),■, 
 
 'lul;e „1 |„.vol,,,|,in., lo.Miiy, ,S9;. ' • '' 
 
 WHISKY, tlie spirit ,listill,,l f,,„„ ,„.,,. . I 
 Other corn in .Scotlaiui an,l Iri'lan,!, of w hi" .l,' 
 eisht ntilhons of gallons hav,. he i.t S 
 jmnual y „, tlie fornwr, and „pwa,',ls o| ni e il 
 
 hoiis ot Kalloiis m tii' hitti'r '11 „,- , I " 
 
 ar,i,.le<,,i,a.,n-odne.'dan,,uaUvah,a, ... ;;/i ;r 
 llie dist.lufou of whisky i^ referred to I ,0 ,' 
 o.'ntury; hut so„,e anthers state it to m v he, 
 .':ii-her; see DUtUUitkm. I„ i.S;r ,. ,„ ; ,1'" 
 ^F-its distilled in S.'othin,; a^i^f H, ^"w;;" 
 oiiaidisedwiththose, still,.,li„ I'le.l,,,, . 1:, V 
 liutyof M. per 'mIIoh in 1, e | ,S ' r'''"''','' 
 
 WHIST, n game at ,'ar,ls, hecani,' general 'it thp 
 oiiil ol the i;th century. oi'niai at tlie 
 
 E'liinuid Hoyh', wlio ],i,l,ii,i„.,, liis sh„rt i 
 
 hviit.se" about 1742, ,|i..,l ill ,.,„,, , i''' " 
 
 I'T'I l'cterl.orii,i-|| nitr.i.h, 1 s|„',.| „! ? / 1' 
 
 „ ia the |,res,'iii .-eiitury ; ihl. 1 vs .,",'■',;;;' i^ ,». I 
 ttlllst, a IMielll "ilslillU 1SO4 
 
 Laws l,v "(■avi.iiaisli,'"coiiiiiil,.',i ' ', ; '79i I 
 
 JamesClay,M.l-.,ane„ii„,^!;';,l'„,.,.,,,:,.,, ;,/;j;:;;|t;8«; 
 
 WHITBY, X.U. Yorkshire. The n.on.ist,.,-v ' 
 ne,e, nnd,.- .St. llihia, fo„n,l,.,l Uy ki, 1' d -'.^ 
 taed In- the l.ane.!<:o. wasr;.s-o, '.d I V,||i^- 
 de I'en-y uhout lUK). The Cholmlevs e' tali , 
 alum w,ii;ks lu're 11, ,0,5. Wliitiu' was , , , 
 o,m.di .1. ,.S32, and absorlM'd iiiio ,1„. ,,,,'' i,' 
 l8>Sj. Population, kS8i, I4,o,So; i.S,,,, ij.j;". 
 
 WHITERAIT DLWEK, wh,.,, th,' laiihu't 
 
 nm,..ters met i.t th,' en,l „f ea, h s 'ss , 
 Mil, to have ..'o-un „t th,' ,',,,1 of the h, ' 
 fimiry thnnm-i sir Uoh,'rt I-r..,t„n ,1 
 Oeorx,' K,ise inviti,,;. .Mr. l-jft ,„„| his,.,, ,'„-,'.• 
 
 t'J lime at l),ii,'enli, ami aft,.rw-ar,ls at Gre, 
 
 «l,-h. .Vnother a,'co„„t ,lat,'s its oriuin i -, , T li," 
 ™,„al w-hitehait ilinncr, stoppe,! hv II,,' ('il-dst , ' 
 mimsU-y w.,a r.'vive,l In- tlil' l.iina'li nliniJ 
 
 Selt^SSn"'' V ,'.■"'""""■■' I'.v th,' (.ladst.Mie,-; 
 »e] . 1880. No limner sinee lS.Sj; was r,'Viv,',l 
 .V lio to-olH'ry„,i,ii,stry, ,5 Aiiu-. I.s'u. The white 
 ^mvl„lJeaMa) is a siilije^t ofc.iitn/vers 1 ,. . : 
 Gamh.r, ol the liriti.sh .Mn.sei.ni. in his Catal . u, ' 
 oflishes, savs the whitehait is "a i.urelv 1 im ' 
 -'I'^'H'S" anil that all the exa,ii,,l,.s' w . , ' ™ .'] ! 
 cammed were youiijj hcrrinus ( S08). ' 
 
 W HITECHAPEL MFKDEl^S, \ , . 11, nrv 
 
 ^^alnw,■„l,t, alinislniiakir, -iiunh.ri'.l II airht ' i," 
 his ,i.istr,.s^ on ,ispre,i,is,s. 2,5, White, 1 ^ 'r hI; 
 and Iniried the h.iily, s,'pt. i,S;4. ' 
 
 Whil,' ,.o,iv,.yi„;; ,1,,. „„i,i,,,„„i ,.,.i„,,i„s t„ 1, ,1. 
 
 .','■','" 1','^ '■'■liars in.s.'iiihw.irk, \V.,iiiwn;:lit 
 aii.l .Ml,.,. Iiiiy „,.i.,. ;,|,|,i.,,i„.,|,|,.,| ti,,,,,„„| I- 
 
 e...r,,,.',,,,,la,-,ivi,y,,l-.\l,,.,,,| IM.ili,, s.„i;l s, ' 
 
 hi'lh,.,.--!- ,"■'" ''"^'■''■■">-"^'l : ••'■■"-.v ai.'l his 
 ...'"'" 'I"'",asw,.r i„iiitl,.,l for trial i,(),t. ,37, 
 
 nl'ii'v^'' "-'"^ I'"''"'" '■l'i"f .ii'xti'" C",-kl'„n,: 
 
 • 'r'th,'."?'";";'" "■'l"'-;TI'"»i'i^',-s.-,."-ss„iv 
 
 .m th, la,( s,.v,.u y.-ars' penal siTvitii,!..), :. 
 -^o^.-l II, .. ; llem-y ,..v,.,.ul,.,| . . ^i lice 
 
 1232;. siihsrrih,.,! f,„. I|„„,.y'„ laiiiily. ' " 
 
 30/. aw-anh'.l to JStokis. 
 
 -Miii'h ,.xeit,.iii,.|it was eaiisi'd liv the imirdor .and 
 
 ;-'';i;"ntdiit,nii,,,-,iii,-,,,.,,,,,,i,,,w,,,,,,.,,,;,'^,'^i,'^.'.l 
 
 M'li"ls,3i .Ml- ; rl,a],i„ai,.7, 3S,'|,t. o.r.aieis 
 
 I """;" "!"■" ^■■'■'Ii''l. Tl vi.h'M,', .sl,n„-,.,l 1.^ 
 
 I ;i '::;;■',:::; I";-'--' -"■^^"■"i ki,"wi,.d^,'. ills 
 
 ; 1 |, , t hMllii; to ^,.t |i„ss,.sSI01, of ,.,.i|„iii ,,i-^,,i„s. 
 
 ! /;; ';','''■'■ ""i"ei,ii,„i,|,.r,.,|i„ a similar i,,:,,,,,,., 
 
 ' rSn-Vl"!,'!";''';"' ."'""'"'"' -^I'lw""; K. Walls 
 01 .Nii.h'aii'l (. Cniiway.ir K.l.i.iwis l„.tw,.,.„ , 
 iiii'l 2 -<.M. y> Sep,, -n,,, i,„.,| i„,,v„r„i|,.,s vJ 
 
 . r,'war.ii,i ivlati.a, to Ih,. imndir 'ii,.ar KmAkU-'- 
 I i',!Ln'":^' )Vll.^-\l""l.vf",MMl .Iniultiilly niiiti: 
 lal,., 11, 2b, |iois,.t.s,n.,.,,.S|,j,..,||i,,|,|^ . q\,,v i3=3 
 
 Mh.';.-';'';',! '■■■.■••';,im')-^"'-'".|''1.-.' I'-Mar '31.,';.; ,f 
 
 .\M I- .Melv,.,,zi,. |,,i,,„| with llii,,„t ,.,it ,v,. in 
 
 '■I'sll" .\ll,.y, \Vl,it,.,.|,a|,„l . . ,7 iViI ,03, 
 
 ""■ ""/'■latc'l liiiak of a'woiiiim di.se,.ver,.y, i.,'. '"^^ 
 ,, a railway aii'h in !i,H'liiii.sir,.,.t . , , s ., • 
 
 ■■'•■'""■s C'les r..,„„l iMiii,|,.i,.,i ill ,„; ,„,.|"w„v • " 
 nr,„iiiisl,-,',.t.\Vhile,.iia,.. 1.1,1,1,1 . l'!,' ,o,, 
 
 : ,'i;;;'.,ll^"""" "*'""'■'■ "■■'■"^"■'i. .5 k,.i,. • ,iis: ^^ 
 
 Marh. haiiiy.iii. ■ri,oiii,,;s,Str',.,,t ' . ^'yv,'!!'', o',. 
 
 .)u >i. u>,,,.i.i p,),,i,,i, .,,.,,,,,,,, ■k,,,,-,,,,,!^,^,;;:,; -94 
 
 Vi ',.'"!- "■:".! I'-^' l-i,-'l"ii,'k Ka,a,.,-,.wski (.,,)• 
 Ada \ariiiski in.pii,.,! „t ,i^, |)ri,.k.laii,. 5 f',",. ,3,3 
 
 AyillTE CKOSS AKMY, the shorter title of 
 
 ,> -Miss l'..li,e Hopkins. s„,,|„ rt,.,l hv III,, hisholis of 
 Ihirhnm ami l.i.hii.l,! ,i,i,| „,|„,,. ,;,,lates hi.'hlv 
 
 :ihcrs;!.e:r,;;f^^''-^'' ^^''^"''"'■^'''^'-'•^'•'''- ''"^ 
 
 se,)^""-V^? POVE.S, a South Itussian religious 
 seit, .sai,l t.i h,' w,.althy an,l supi'rstitioiis, strondv 
 adyoeatni^' ,.,.l,li,„.y : „„,|,.,. „ ,.|,i„,- „„„;,,, ,,-,;> 
 
 1111,'. Miiiihers were tiieil for moral otiemes about 
 apui, 1,^,0. 
 
 -I 
 1 i'l 
 
 (I; 
 
 fl 
 
 i': 
 
 Wi% 
 
 '\0m 
 
 
 i 
 
Ill 
 
 §•!■ 
 
 AVIIITEFIELDITES. 
 
 1212 WllITWOimi FOUNDATIOX.S. 
 
 WHITEFIELDITE.S. Gco.se WUtcfioUl, AVIIITE LEAGUE. fninnMl in I,„ui.,i,„ii, ■,„, 
 
 tiK' loiiiKlir (il tliu " Oilniiiilic Mvt/wiliislK," lioni othci' sciiitliiTii suites of .Norlli Aiiicric;!, to resi-t th' 
 
 I,r.|, WHS till' S"ii of ail iiil,l<(;r|i.T ut UloucrstiT, h-'IVsmoiih of tlic tniilliri|iiitnl iii-nics t\w\ tl,,,', 
 
 wlinv iR' nrrnvcl Ins lii->t cliL-itinii. Hu was ihI- fiiriuls, tmiii'd "ninift-ljairiJiT.s." tScr.V. »■ O,/,..,',' 
 
 mittud a sci-Mtoi- at I >xrora in 17 52, Ijccainc a coin- i,S-i 
 
 imiiion nf the Wrslrys Ihriv, ami aidrd tlu'Mi ill u'lTTTr D \ CTr i v / ri c. 
 
 estaldisliMi- Molliodisni. lie parted liom llieiii in Willi h rASIlA, ^ee Somhiu, July, iSss. 
 
 I-41, ..iia.roniit nftlieii- ivjeetioii of ll.e doilniie WHITE PLAIN'S (X. America^, wImt , 
 ot eleetioji He was the iiios; el(i(|iieiit nreacliei- of , battle was f.iiuht 2.S Oet. I'-h, between the rev(, 1 , 
 
 Ins day. His lirsl seriu.,n was |ii-eaibed in l^^d, and Anierieaiis ami tlie ]liitisli foives under sir Wil!' ,' 
 
 lie eomineii.ed Held preaeliin- in 173'). Ileissaid Howe. H terminated in the deleiit , if Hie Aiueriri'V 
 
 to have didivered i.S.dfX) sei- is diiriiiL' bis career wli.i siilferd coiisideralile loss in killed, woiui.l,'' 
 
 of i I ye.ars. He visited .\iiieriea in 17 j;, 17J1), and and piisiaiers. 
 
 I-4). His fcdlowers are termed '-llu' cuiiiUe.ss of Wiri'l'I.' I'O^^I."' ni.i.i-o „■■ .,.,r,. ; 1 ■ 
 
 lluntin;;d..n'seoiiiie.vion," from his liaviiifr become ni,. ■ . I Von, 1 ,r n',,:? ■ ' ' "'•' '"''''■ 
 
 her,lia|dai,i in 17,^8, and from her ,.m.r;.rtir snnpoit 1 ,' ' '' , ' • ^;'^"''' ,"' ."1"'"" ^^•■- 
 
 of til,. <,.,.t 1.,- ..I .11,- 1:., 11 . '1' '"" "" '""■ point, that ail an ion v conies n-.'i 
 
 i-r S V ■ /; T ^ " '■ '" 1'" V'''\-:r-'' '''""•'-■• """''Iv i"'lqH.m,ent of the wili-ef the iic , 
 
 CO iiVexi . f,r S-; .";'■",",'''■'; "V '-''^'l"'^ "'""-^ 'n^'y rcard-the rJvolnti,iii of ,(.,S8 lis a n„ ! ■ 
 
 of'his^;;^,:;'.,!:ii:;eiin:;?'; ; ,1 Siid ;:; .""y;^ '^'T:a^'r:'1'Tr T'^'-^r^^-^ '^"" '"•", 
 
 ?-ol "^J'th^^-u^^"'' ' "-^ "'"" '■•"'■"•• 'uV;h,:*,l::;;:;:;':f^b:r,H;';ne ;';:;,,'Ti::j;'^;::;: 
 
 ■\\7HTE FLAG, see ni,,. 
 
 ofSln.irt. (Feb. iSN.S.) 
 
 AVIIITE FiaARS, .see CanndiU-i and &»c- ' WIITTE SIIEEl', ii name -ivin to flie Tur, . 
 tUdiii.x. mans who eiiiii|nered i'ersia ahont IJd.S, ami p"r„. 
 
 IVITTTi'Ti irr /r 1 ^ , •, , ,r , , fiilid the Sliiiles, but were e.vpidled by Ismail, Mi." 
 
 \V IIUEH ALL (r.ondon), biiill by Hubert de fonmbd tlii' .Soiilii dvnasfv in i;oi. 
 I3ui-h, earl of Kent, befoie the middle of the 1 51I1 wiTr'T'-p 'r, m'"-mj '.i i ■. , , ■ I 
 
 ceiiturv. Jl afterwards devoheil, bv beouest, to the n. ^* ■"^'V'-' ;! ' ' >>,EK, the kee]i or eifadid ui ti.. 
 
 libick Kriars of Holbmn, who .sold' it tli the arch- l""^'''"'. '^""''""' ;''■"•.-'■■ '^'l"'"'''- in-e-nlar IniiMi, . I 
 
 bisliop of Vork, whence it iveeived the name of i'V'T'''^' ,'.'1, ",'"" ''^ '',''''"' <'"Mduliili, afteiw:,. „ 
 
 York-place, and coniinueil to be the town ivsiib-nee '" ,'.''' "' 'f' "•'".•"";'■■ . ," "H'li^nivs Ii6 feet liy v 
 
 of the arcbbi.sboiis till taken bv lleiirv VII 1. from' 'I'"! '■<'.* ,T' "■' '"''»''*: t.''^' «all.s, wliieli ;„■,. ,, , 
 
 cariiinal Wol.sev, in l^^o. At this period it became '7'' "'"■'''■ .''■';■"";,'' "I'ldim;- .staircase cuiia,,,,; 
 
 tlle resideme of the Vu»v{. tjiieen Klizahelh wlio •'l'"'^'. t»'" "* the sides, like that m Dover L'asll,, |; 
 
 died at Kichmoml in lix.)j, was broimht from thence !"''''""'^ •'." ''xtensn,. arnanirv. Within this |„„.,,.I 
 
 to Whitehall, b\ water, in a L;raiur i.roces.sioii. It ''^ t'";,-i"';!i;"t L'hapel ol ht. John, orifjinally iis„i ki 
 
 was on this ocasion, f.",ndeii' informs u.s, that the "'^' '-"f 1'-,''. ni-imivhs. Ilie tnnvt at tl.e .\.|.:| 
 
 followin- iiiiaiiit pane-vrie on her maie.stv waa ' il,""''-'' "."-' •"f-''"'''' "' '1'^' f'""' I'.v wl'"'!' the Whj; 
 
 written- » ^- J . , Xovver us siirmoniited, was nscd for astroiioiui, , 
 
 "Tlie,,,i,.cn was brought bv water to Whiteliall, \i:!^'^::X .^■l:':!"';:"'.'?'!'^^'""''^ ,'" "'^' ^■'■^^••'■" \ 
 
 At every stroke tlic oars ili.l (ears let fall. 
 More I'liiii^' about the bai-c ; lisii uialcr water 
 Wept uut their .//^.- (if /I,.-;/, ami swaia liliial after. 
 I think tlie l«irpiii,ii ini-lil, with easier tlii^^lis, 
 llavc iinvcil bcr iliiilier in h. r |.copl,.'s eyes ; 
 I-'ia- liowsoe'er tlnis imicb uiy tlioii^tlils biivi' scaiiiiM, 
 Slie liail collie by km,'/', b.id .slie come bv lonii." 
 
 Whitehall was partly burnt o-io April, 1691 ; V:r|:■4,T'^''TTT^\^''V^■■,^'''f^"''^^^' 
 totally destroyed hv ii're, 4 Jan. i6o--«, eNceiit thJ '^,' "'iP " " '' '"''' '"■'"'''' ^V'"""'"'"-^' ^^'''■• 
 ban.iuetiii.-house, -whieh ^ad hjt lid.led o '^^'\ ^f; .^ i','!"',',' I,'" " ^^- ^> ''^ •''^'■'■' 
 palace of Whitehall by James I., aoeordni,^ to a i 'o Vl'.v So.', ^i' t fv^* I'-n', ';'","• ''J""^'; '^'/^ 
 desif,,. of Ini;;o Jones; in i(,I.,. In the front of j ?„V. " ', ^'' " ' """'• -5 J'""'- 
 
 ■Wliitehall Charles I. was belieade.l 30 Jan. 164^*. i ^^''.";;]'';:'";''' ;'„ "'r,''''' 'iu^utcr.,lay is alw,iy.s 1,, 
 Georue I. converted the liall into a cTiapel 1723-4, ' I?., ■' ? ' ''^ '^'^■'"'"' ''' "" '"■' '" '""" '"'^ '"'■■'' ""- 
 Tlie e.xterior of tins edilii'e niiilerwenl reiiair be- '■ 
 
 tween 182.^ and 1833. The chapel was ordered to ' „.^yIIITTI.XGTON'lS CirAElTIES. .V 
 be penmineiitly dosed, 2H Oct. iXip; lent durlu"- Ri'-ii>i'd W hittinutou, a citizen .iml menir uf L;,. 
 the (|ueen's re'i.un, to thi> Royal United Soi'vieu ''""'. '^'^'''^'^''^ the othce of lord mayor three time*. ;;,; 
 Institution, from l Jan. l.Syi ;" tirst meeliii'' jield, '■'''tin 1419. .Many false stories'are c.nnei'tiil «iiii| 
 7 March, iiSiji. his name, and his muniliieiil charities arc lilllel 
 
 WTTT'n,' ir \'Pij * • .1 T r. ,• i kii"Wli. lie founded his cdle-e, (le,li,.ited to lliel 
 
 f,..:. 1 1 ,-'^'^^' ' • '''"'•' '•'' ""^ Low Countries • H,,],- (jl,ost and the Vii-iu .\la, ., in 1.12,; unahif 
 Tr^tn^"! r^rVnntV'^r'"-"'''''' ^'^'J'tP' . ^^^^-^^^-^-^^ M^,,; the laller,',:ri.ii,all '1 
 P i, lol rr ^^' "■'"" " '"" '''"'^' '^^' ' London.now stand on lli,hj;-at.-liill Jmill-.&iV, J 
 
 llillip, duke ol liursundy. , thesupiioseil site of tliesupposed faniousstoiicwhid' 
 
 WHITE HOODS, see CuU'chumena. \ '^omuwmmwU-A the le-end of hi.-; return to Lwi.i.i 
 
 j alter leaviiiH' it in desiiair. 
 
 WHITE HOKSE, see AMou;,. WHITWOKTH FOrNDATlOX.S. .Mr, 
 
 WHITE HOUSE (WashiniTton), built of free- ("*til- «"■) Joseph Wliitworlh, the eminent in.-i,. 
 
 stone, the residence of the prt'sident,'j'ive.s name to '"-'•-''' C^"''" 21 Oee. 1803 ; died 22 Jan. i-V--)! 
 
 .1,., i-.,u...i c-. . . , in !i letter to the lirst lord of the ti-easurv.ibtiil: 
 
 |JH1 !>■ 'Ol .-■ ■ ' 1 1 I.I I II .->! I I t I I II I- 1 II 111,^1 \ I I f 
 
 the royal observatory iit Ureenwich. 
 
 WHITSUNTIDE, a festival aiipointed t.i.„.-;., 
 momnrate the desc'ent of the Holy (.iliost upeii ii,l 
 apostles, the newly-baptized pi'r.sons, or cati,]!,.! 
 mens, are said to have worn wliiti' i;arni<iit. 'il 
 Whitsunday. This feast is movable, lieiu- al\ir,j 
 exactly seven weeks after Ka.ster. Ko 
 
 tne L'Ulteil states ;;overnnicnt, as St. James's piiliif'e ...■-,.- ^iv. ,-,■ ^..-^ .,..ri n„u „, m, ,,,„.,„,>,„.„,„ ,.5 
 -'""■'*'■' "'■ ■ " ■■ ■ , March, l8(,,8, olh'red to found 30 scholarsliipsi.filie 
 
 iinnual value of 100/. each, to be applied f„i' Iha 
 \ further iiistruetiou of young men, natives ul .' 
 
 does to that of (J real Britain 
 WHITE LEAD, see ImhI. 
 
iRTII FOUNDATIONS. 
 
 VGUE. fiiniK-'il ill Lduisiniiii ;ii|,j 
 ti'8 ul North AiiiciiiM, tu rt'>isi i|,,, 
 '■ eiii:iiii:i|p;iti'il iic,i;nu'S iiiiil ilm. 
 ili'lict-ljiigyi'M." yc'i'.VdC 0;/../,.,'. 
 
 ■TrA, ^'uc •S'litthii, July, iKs.'i, 
 A INS (X. Aiiimni\ wliijT :, 
 
 2M Oct. 177(1, I'l'tWcl'll till.' VCVdil ,; 
 
 ' Itritisli liii-ccs iiiulcrsii- Will;,;,' 
 iL'il ill t lie (if I. lit of tlu'Aimii, ;.;,., 
 iliTalilu loss in liillcJ, wuiin,!. ,\ 
 
 ■^E. OlfDKH OF TUE, illilu.ii, 
 1 iiiiiiiy sliiiilos III' opinion. ;mi,c. 
 , that nil ;iiillioii|y conii's ii-r|,i 
 .■JJClloilit III lliu wili'i'l'tlieinM.,;,., 
 yvoliitiuii of iiaSS lis i\ n.ai.i'ii,,: 
 ism MS tniu loyiilty. Tlic onl,.' 
 
 ■St. its solo (illiirl lii'illl; to iij,.,:,, 
 r tllr iVw ilic ) i'jill ol kilm>, ;.., 
 •I'St ill tilt' ollllcTilIgS of tllU ill, )., 
 
 l.SSiS.) 
 
 lEP, II nami' t;'ivcii to tlif Tiir. 
 I'll I't'i'sia alimil iJdH, ami {.'n-^A 
 I'lit wi'i'u oxpi'lli'il liy Ismail, «j., j 
 liynasty in 150 1. 
 
 V'EK, tlio keep or citadel in il,, 
 I larLrr.siiiiari'. irrriiiilar IniiMi,' .| 
 ly alilii.t (iiiiiilulpli, al'tcrw.ir's 
 1'. It iiicasurcs 110 fi'i't Ijy if: I 
 icifflit : till.' walls, whicli aii, |,'[ 
 
 a winiliii:;' .slairi'aM' i'iiiitiii;i, ,, 
 ill's, liki' that ill ilovcr Casllc. J- 
 iv,' aniiiiiiry. Within this t.,n,,. 
 I'l 111' St. ,)oliii. orif;iiiallv us.illul 
 in-hs. Till' tun-i't at tl..' .\.|' 
 of till' fmir by wliii'li tlii' Win;,- 
 iti'il, was iiM'il for astiiiiioiiii, , I 
 N'lil pi'i'viously to till' iret'tiuii i| 
 I'y at LiiTciiwiili. 
 
 DE, a festival a]l|)0illtl'll tlUn!;;. 
 
 'Ill of the Holy tjliost iipun \\,. 
 ly-liaplizi'(l Jii'i'soiis, or catiil,';., 
 have Worn white j;aniiiiit< ;|l 
 s feast IS iiiovablo, liein^' alu;r.i| 
 :s after Kaster. KoL;alion wtif 
 .eek liefore WliitsiiinJav. Wlii;. 
 I'; IM<)5, 21 Mav, I«ij4, i5.M;iv;j 
 ). 24 -May ; 1.^1)7, June '; iS'/.j 
 May ; Ii)()(i, 3 Jiiiie. 
 'till i|iMrti-r-ilay, is ahv.'ivs .ii| 
 li.v an art of i(.,i, luit liii',i|'ii,,_.. 
 
 TON'S CirAIMTIE.'^. ... 
 
 Ill, a eitiziii .'iiiil iiieieer el 1. :,.| 
 'I' of lonl iiiaxiir three tiiiits. '.i,.! 
 V false stories are e. niieetiil ujiij 
 i niuiiiliieiil eliarilies are liillel 
 L'll his eolli'iii', tleilieateil to tliel 
 ■ Vir-iii .Mai.., ill \.\2-\\ ami Iiijl 
 ; the latter, uri'^iiialU luiilt iiJ 
 111 lli.^li;;at('-liill i,hiull'ii>o.S lunrl 
 tliesuppuseil iaiiiousstiiiiewhiij 
 li';;eiiil of liii ritiirn to Luiiiioii.l 
 h.'s[iair. 
 
 FT. FOl'NDATIOXS. )lrJ 
 Wliitworlh, the eminent lU.-i'L 
 -■e. 1803 ; ilii'il 22 ,laii. |V;)| 
 St lord of the treasurv. i!:iti.| ' 
 1 to found 30 seholarsliiiis'il . 
 X)/. each, to he applied fn' \i\ 
 of young men, natives ul 
 
 raO^JVmjTTpMINISTRAT 
 
 praitiee of nieeliaiii -s liml its ;,, •,,"""■■ "■',':' 
 , '.view to the promotion of I'M.'in.'e "'"'■■%"■".'' 
 
 "lindiLstryinthis, Irv ;C I e'v "e '"''r^^^^^^^ 
 
 llmt moans nii;;ht he fonnd l.r li," o " ''"? 
 imliistryintiM'l.iserrelationwi :;::,;;':■';;;'"' 
 :it|Hosent obtains here, This olle, ' . ."„"i"' 
 "'■' l'"''is of the eonimittee of tl,„i,.. '''■'' ''-i 
 , .Uandi, iW,8. In ,,S7:;, sir ,J, s,' 1 . , , '"""■''; '^ 
 
 t'l support thesesi.h:,^rshi .:';:;,'•';; ^t'^' 
 
 I Joseph whit«or,ii-s will, ii .ij,;;;,!^;:,!!;^"/;;^;;!,;;'- > 
 
 wiro;- WHO :- ADMiNi.sTi/vTrov 
 
 Mr/.,v,v, earl of, Keh. iSji (»•/„,/'.', , '*^^ ''^^' 
 
 "WJI<)T,E DUTY OP Ar^v" it\ .1 
 
 -iiip ii'iubtfiiiiy ^,an[?'!, .;''ai,p "';;:::t^- 
 
 I" ,''l"tb\, lad\ I'aelviiii;(iin, and others '1 tirs 
 (Vi^ii'ii^^'F^'^"'''""-'^' *''^ f"""""'- "f John 
 
 :,:;t^^!;v\';n;a;i';iid'';;::t':fV';;,'"''>r''' 
 
 i--tp,^,ir,' , .,..,. ,S:;.;,:;;;,::',.;;;';;;-;;,^-^ 
 
 •""' '''"";. '••"-''■ t'lMiivl, from poper "in 
 :uaol,..' the .„s, wlio opp„..„.l ,|„. ;„. |„!,i '.' „ I' '- 
 
 Mie, tn.nsnlistantiation. the eelil.arv of tli V eler v 
 .Vc. W leUlith, proieeted hv John of (J „ 7,' 
 ™-as son and Itiehanrs ' unele, wa.s [,,;'■ 
 
 p.'r.sei.ut<.a by tlie ehnreli, and on iv saved li , '' 
 
 il . 11, 31 JJei . 13.S4, in 1„3 r«)th vear. Tlie t'onneil 
 'I Constanee, 11, ^^^.^. deereed bi.s hones to be d 
 drei and burnt, which was done bv 11,.. b il 11 of 
 Lmeolii iind usdnst was east into ihe riv 'r Swif 
 1415- Wu'kli.eVs Kn^lisb version oi , e ^, I /j 
 wiHComnii'iieed 111 ,3.So; a noble ,.,liti,in of it " s 
 
 ins t nbu'b',"^"- ''■^''■^■■^^"-"/'■''-"'l'' 
 i I'5'>2 10 piililisli bis works. (Jaiieeit,.,, .,,.,. ,r 
 
 WILLS. 
 
 ''l""t s 10 ; b ' , ' •' It ^^'\'"!^ '""!'■■■ Cerdio 
 tl'-vheil it l,r ev ; V " ■','"' '" "«'i«iien 
 ""•■ l-'roneli, J, |.'L^ ''"'■'•, .""■'^ invaded bv 
 
 ""'V VI. alienated tlie- I. le o l" '"^V 
 
 '':-'a'r^>(i':^vi;Ttdr'<'^''''- 
 
 , ',, 't • 1.1 '. lus r,.,,.,| ,„|o ,|i„,i „.i„^ 
 
 l::'ti:.;ix'i?'f ;'-'"'-"?,r,,;;a; 
 
 Osbirni'-bouse. """ ' "'^"""' ■■'-i'loneo, 
 '•n;;- Ib;my or nallenlier, a, i„t,'., „,,,.,„,„ 
 
 I'oimeii;;,;;,!;:,;!;,.^'^-'""- ■^.'>;tbepi'i,.e,'ssap' 
 
 un;;:,i%!;;^:;;:^r',:i-;-;;:7^,M^«/fJ,:; 
 
 hi'aeoM inni'ili'il '• '-^'M' lb" 
 
 • 6 All','. 1S97 
 
 >^Sf^:f'' I5ATTLES, see i:^Uea 
 
 J:.hSS^i!'«fI;^lf'^^-, "* "iPPons, bay „f 
 
 »•- iim.^unu ;[• IV V li m ■"kn,';"'';"^r ''"^^' 
 1: June, ,,SY,o. Sinro S" 'il . f. 1 ' '"'T- 
 flialhan of (ie,.,,,, . 1 , ^ ' .' '.'''^ ''!''"""- the 
 
 ^""•'■'-"""^'1 -ntVrenei^iit V;n^.S25'iu;^;74'^' 
 
 . WIDOWS. The Jewish law renuired a man's V"'^^'"' ''^ ^--nt^nn'r ^'I^IT' iT"" ""^ 
 
 ::S^'i^;;;n:;:hi!;;:i;-'r ^:;:^;r;;!:;i'f-^^^ i««. ""■^' ' " ''"' """ - '".i-"''-'-/^^>."f: 
 
 ^^.^s^n-i;;---:rr7;:''v,E':^ 
 
 nm,,ii'mns, institnted in I73,S; for widows of :v 
 mill, founded in 173,, ; f„r widows of niedieal le 
 ,'S(,; a law soeiety, for widow,s of profe..sional ''• I 
 tl™en, 1M7: and a soeiety f-rartiils'widovvs t^V- 
 Me, 12/. IU.V. ; lowerpeers, smaller sums: a eoni- 
 mil person, i.v. ; 7 wln. in. ,6,^5. '' ' """• 
 
 WIEN, see I'iiiiiin. 
 WIFE, .see inr,:s. 
 WIG, see I'cndx: 
 
 WIGAN (I.anea.shire). Tlie kin-'s trooDs com- 
 
 l.nm out ol In town in 1(14; bvlheparliamentarv 
 «es under su- Jo, nSmeatoif, 'Tlie earl wa'l|^ 
 ofcatHl by eolonel Vsliton, who razed the lor h - 
 
 «! '1^": ;/'''■"'■''''''''• ^^'"'''^-'•;->'l'''-'^ 
 -r -u " '^'•' ""H'^nor foree eomnianded bv 
 «1 .el l.ilbnrne, K,:;,, In this last en'-a'-e ,ei t 
 ^.rliimiasTildesle^; an ardent nivalis wul'^'; 
 illiir was ereeted to bis niemorv in ,6-n Tli; 
 Miller.^ Ill the neijflibonrliond stri'iek, 'Ah -Ji ■■■ 
 
 ,, ,"'.!'' '."•-■ .llu'prineeand prineess of Wal 's 
 »ttl.iMrvisit,4June, ,.S73,,,p,.n!'danewhJp:;!,i; 
 
 WILLIAMS' LIBKARY, .se,, /.,/,,.„,,■,,. 
 WILLIS'S ROOMS, see A/mm-ZcS. 
 ' WILLO\\--LEAYES, see 6««. 
 
 I WILLS AXI) TksT.V.Mkxts are of verv bio'h 
 , anti,|uilv-, .M'e Uau.-/. xlviii. 'Jdic' ,r,,',te wi V^^ 
 Sennaeherib, kin^- of .V.ssM-ia (,Ko f ''/ "^ 
 
 , ^i|H'U'b, is translated iu ")^.:f:V';^^t"'i^,;j' 
 !\" I. holon introdueed then, at Atlienr -^ 
 
 ^;ii:'K,i::::'-^^^i:baH^f^::;:;,:7-i-,;vius^i« 
 -'"'"'i ''fi'-n^ to wills at w,,;;,.,'';'' v'th; 
 
 I'.iwer III beiinealhinif lands bv the I'lst will ,T,, 1 
 testanient of the owner was eonlir me t Ml 
 
 sulljeets I Henry I, ,,00; but Willi "■,',' tv°/Ji 
 
 t.onsaml limitatiuns respi.i'tin, t 'iWi la v ,cni' 
 ;vlu, h were taken olf by liies,a,„,„„,' 52 He,- VlT' 
 
 iniili' •) wll ^f,tt \--'- ' ''"^^■»"» lite Contcssor 
 tii.mr .1 Will, lC)(i(j. \ Mnuirs \\\k-< l,..i-,> .. i .. , 
 
 tho wills and testaments of lli^Ui J's^bj ,'A'"" in 
 
 priwions s^itntes „a.;re repealed by the " \V^1 NVet " 
 
 , Wai. IV. .V , \a't. e. 26, K^3r, and tla la^-s 
 
 \%v\ 
 
 m 
 
 
 liii 
 
Ill 
 
 WILLS. 
 
 1214 
 
 WILLS. 
 
 with ri'liltidii ti) wills iniiciKlrd.* 'I'lic nffscnt to 1S15. T" I'll).';;! Mf Tiiliiro, loo.cxw fmiiin. T.. il„. 
 
 rUDIlATR t'oUHT (icliich me) was (',st;ilili»li|.il ill , '•'"'t-' KinrinTy, i,«i,,v«.. 
 
 iS;;. All ollici' t'.i- till' n'cc|itiiiii (.(' the wills of ,". '',''",'^',' "'""'' "''■'" '"' '"l*''" f'"'" ""' "'^ niilli.i,, 
 
 liviiic pcrsniis WHS (iMi'iicd in Jmii, i,S(,i. Sec Tlicl- , -y,"''' 'l.'i.i.sii,.,! cm Uyxun I'iiiis in ,8.5, iiimI linm t: ,. 
 
 1 t If// I ■ /■ i J I' • /. i ■ I llltcn-Nt lit tllf r.-ltc nt = i'lrrtnt since .liih' iSt- iL, 
 
 i,mo>i>, Hdl. U„,^„-.,hxt„l,. s,rnx.,,„ I,„l„.. !„,,.,„„„„,„. ,, ,,,„„ ,^.'.,i|,,s,,.,i„i,iMli':;i,,i;-,;, 
 
 Ji-wlx, I Alinl, I«i), . Ill I.Sdv twenty piMli.-iti'S the ruimis .M,.ntli.,l..ii .md H.-rUiiiMl Mn.M.v .Miir. h I 
 
 ol' wills or IcttiTs of iidininistrution woir stinii|iril . "Tlii'Sf li'^.-nii's. in r;isi- i.r .ii.iiili. slnill i„. pniil t., n.,. 
 
 fur jicrsniiMl |iru|ii'it\, oiicli cxrci'ilini; 11 i|inirt"r ; "''''"ws ami cliiiilrcn, iimi in Hmmi- .iriiinli. sliall ivm ii,i,. 
 
 of ii million ; 0110 liiid 11 stfiin|i of 2I,(h)ii/. 'I'li,. ; [!"■ '■il'it'd. I in^<iilnli' tii.- 11. mils .\|,,iiili.il..n, I,,,. 
 
 Wills Otiico, removed from Doitnrs' Cummoiis to • 'i:"';,,i''/;^, ;''','; ',"'>" "■^';',"";'";'i> '■'^''"""•^ H ■• 
 
 So,ners..t House, was o,.ene,l 24 Oet. ,874. : i;K,».d and'SM ^mil';;;;! ilC!''^ ''' "" """ '"""'' '' 
 
 Tile will of I'etiM- till' (iival, di'Scrilu'd in tlie '■ .Vi'mei;T,s,| 
 (/(' /(/ t'lin-ttlihi' tl'Iuiti," as a " [ilan for i'niij|iassing , 
 Kiir"|ii'an sii|iri'inaey," left I'nr Iiis sni'i-issms. ami ilc- 
 ]iiisitMil in till' ai-eliivcs of tlie pahu-i' of I'etciliiill near 
 !St. I'l'lersliiiri,'- " ailvocali'il " aiiimiacli as near as 
 ]>iissil'lr to CoMstaiitino|i)f, and tnwanls the Initics: 1 
 W'ts witli Turkt'van.l i'crsia ; iiossessit. 11 nf tin- slioi't-s 
 of the lilick Hca! anil tile lialtie ;"\i'. 'I'lie existence , 
 (if tlie will (denied liv tlie c/ars), was llrst annunneed ' 
 liy M. I-esnr in Ills " Vrinii-t's i/c /" I'lihfuitfr Hm'^i'," j 
 imlilislu'd at Paris in 1812. In iSiij. I>r Dciklinl/. of 
 
 Hi^'a asserted lliat tlie will was a lurnerv, prnlalily 1 'V' ''■.'"","' , 
 dictated liy Naiioleon I. Mr. W. .1. Tliinns, the aiiti- | .'","' "' "■■'' 
 
 '■NA1'0I.K().\. 
 
 "24 April, 1821, I.oiigwiKid." 
 
 The f..lliiwiii-are jiart of thi' ei-lit Ok/ici/s to the 1 ,, . 
 eediiiK wdl nftlie emperur: 
 
 "On the liqiiiilatiun of my civil list of Italv-sml, ,, 
 inoney, Jewels, plate, limn, cutlers, cjiskets of' which ii,,. 
 viceroy is the ilep.i^ii.iiy. and which lielon}; to iiii., | ,1,.. 
 pose of two laillinii^., whicli I leave to nn must laiiliini 
 Servants. I hupc that witlmut thiir shuwiiiK anv cans. 
 
 my son F.u-em' Nap,,i , will i|is(liar(.'e tliciii faiihlni;; ' 
 
 llecannut fuijiet the hirtv millions which I have - iv,. 
 
 ill 
 iimiry, and others, contend fur III ■ K''""inuaess of tlit 
 will, June, 1878. 
 
 l:X 1 Il.Vt'TS FROM TIIK LAST Wll.I. or SAI'OI.KoN 1,, 
 K.Ml'KlUiIl OF IHAN K. t 
 
 , , . .^i '"■ I'.v the rif-dit (jHoiiyi) of his iiiutliii , 
 
 nihcntaiu'e. 
 ' "Kriiiii the funds remitted in k'uIiI to the empress 
 I Maria l.uiiisa, my \ cry dear and well-lieluved s]iuii,, „, 
 
 Orleans, in iSi.|, there remain diU' to nic two millh.ii- 
 
 Wliicll I dispose i.r liy the present euclicil, in Older I.'. 
 
 ,,.,,, „ , , ,-, 1 1 1 ■ .1 ■''''■"iiil'viise my m.ist failhlid servants, whom 1 l„.,i,i,. 
 
 ,.le died sMa.v, ih^i, eleM.|i da.\ s alter he had signed recommend to the pmlcct i,r mv dear Maria ] uuis 
 
 these dueiiments. i he original in f lench npies I 1 hvive jw.,i.x> I'r.iiics tn count Muntliulun R,t,<«,,|r, 
 
 about tweiity-sLViiaHcs in rei;;not's •■Testamens He- , of whicdi lie shall pav intothe chest uf the' tica'siiicr il ," 
 inar.pialilcs," 1829. 1 Ca.sas) fur the same piirpusc as the aliuve, tu he eniple\n| 
 
 •'This day, 24 April, 1821, nt I.on^'Wu.nl. in the island i aecurdin;: tu my dispusuiuns in lc;;acics uf i siicm ,.', 
 
 of St. Helena. This is my testament, ur act ot mv last l 1" io,ihw Manes tu the siili-ollicer I'antillun (died .Idv 
 
 will: ' iSfig). who has iiiider-uiic a iinisccntiun, lieiii^- ini iis.,! 
 
 " I leave to the eoiiite de Miinthulun 2,()oo,o<x> fianes ' "'' a desire tu ass.issiiiale lurd \Vellint.'toii, of whicl, j,,. 
 
 as a proof uf my satisfai'liun fur the altentiuns he lias has liecii declared ii cent, ('aiitillun had as iniieh ij-iit 
 
 paid tu me for these six years, and to indemnify him fur '" assassinate that uli;;arch, as the latter had to seml'i,,,. 
 the losses which my residem-e in St. Helena has ocea- 1 '" I'erish on the rock of .St. Helena," A'e. Ac. Ac. 
 sinned him. I leave to the eomte Hcrtraiid 500,000 ' 1 pi-ii-n i-,. u .,i..,-,.i- 
 
 francs. Heave to Maivhand, mv lirst valct-decliamlire, | ., ,, i.ti ii.k 10 m. i.ahi it. 
 
 400,000 francs ; the services he has perfur I for iiie are , ,, >'"N>*"-''I' I.AFirn:, I remit. ed to you in ,8,,, ,,t 
 
 those of a friend. 1 desire that he iiiav iiiarrv a widow. ' '!"' "'."""'lit ot lay deparliire from 1'ari.s, 11 sum of nennv 
 sister, or (laiiKliler of an ollieer or soldier of mv old !"" "i"""!!^; ''"' which yon jinvr me a doiilile receipt. I 
 
 e I'ancelled une lit these reeeiiits, and I have cliaiLTil 
 
 hav 
 
 fnuies. To I'ijerun, 100,000 franes. Tu Archamhaml, ^'""t'; deMunlhulon to present to y,m the other receii.i, 
 
 ,0,000 franes. To Cuvier, 50,000 franes. To Chandelle, 1 '".'1' '■ th.al you may, alter my death, deliver tu him il„ 
 
 Ij,.,,, 'I Si'iid sum with interest at the rate of five per (i/.r. fieii, 
 
 "To the Alilie Vit,™!!, 100,000 francs. I desire tlint ', ""' 'f "'''"'.v. iSi5. deductint; the iiayments with whirl, 
 luMiiavhuild his house near I'onte.VuvodeHossimi. To >'"" have liecii eliarj;eil in virtue of my order I have 
 the eomte l.as Casas, 100,000 franes. To eumte Lava- ;"»" remitted tu yiai a liox euiitaiiiiiif,' my niedalliun. 1 
 lette, 100,000 francs. To the siirp'.ni-in-ehief, Larrev, : W'K yo'.i wdl deliver it to eomte Miintliolon. 
 100,000 francs. He is the miwt virtiiuiis man I have ; . "l"*,.!''"'''' l'"*iVr "" ""'I''' "''l"'' '!"'•'>' ('"'!• ^un- 
 
 known. To general lirayer, 100,000 francs. 
 
 sieur Lalitt* 
 
 " To tieneriil Lefevre i)esiioiiettes, ioo,c«x> francs. To | wrthy keepiii 
 general Dronet, nx),tKxi franes. To general Camlironne, 
 100,000 franes. To the children of general .Miituii Hn- 
 vernais, 100,000 francs. To the children of the brave 
 liabeduyere, 100,000 francs. To the tdiildren uf general 
 Girard, killed at I.igny, 100,000 franes. To the children 
 (if general Cliartraiid, 100,000 franes. To the children of 
 the virtuous general Travust, ioo,o<xj francs. To general 
 Lalleiiiand, the elder, 100,000 francs. Tugcneral L'laiisel, 
 100,000 franes. To Costal IJastilica, also r(x>,o<.Kj franes. 
 To tile bariiii de Mciievalle, 100.000 franc;. To Arnault, 
 autliur of Mtu'iufi, 100,000 franes. 
 
 "To colonel Murbiit, 100,000 francs : I request liiiii to 
 continue to write for tlii' defence and glory of the I'Veneh 
 armies, and to eoiifound the ealiimniators and the ajms- 
 tate.s. To the baron liigiion, ioo,o<.« francs : I reipiest 
 liiiii to write the history of French Uiploiuaey from 1792 
 
 ;, that He may have you in His lioly auj 
 
 • By this net the testator ninst lie above 21, not a 
 lunati'e or idiot, not deaf and diiiiib, nut drunk at the 
 time uf signing, nut an outlawed or unpardoned felun. 
 All kinds of )iroiierty may be devised. The will must be 
 
 written legibly .i!id intelligibly, and signed bv the _ 
 
 testator, or by liis direction, in the presence of two or I in, and eiinscioiisncss of, one's dut'v 
 
 "XAPOl.KOX. 
 
 Ijiiiigwood, in the island of HI. Helena, 25 A]iril, 
 
 more witnesses, who also niiist sign, and not be legatee 
 
 loeuini 
 
 The foUowiiig Will of Napoleon HI. was puhlislaj 
 in the Times, 30 Ajiril, 1873; - 
 
 "April 24. 18(^.5. 
 "This is my will. I commend mv sun and mv wit,- to 
 the high cuiistituted authorities uf tlie state (au'x eiaiuls 
 eorjis de I'Kt.it). tu the iicuiile, and the aniiv. 'I'he im- 
 press Kiige |.usses.scs all tile ipialities rci|iiisite lor 
 
 conducting the legem y well, and mv son displavs a ills. 
 liusitiiin and .iiidgment which will render him wurtliyel 
 his high destinies. Pet him never forget the niuttu iit'ili.- 
 head uf our family, ' Kveiything fur the Kicnch pii.i.li,' 
 Let him lix in his mind the writings of the pil-umr 
 of iSt. Hldelia; let him study the eniperur's decd.s aliJ 
 eurrespumlenee; liii.illy, let him remember, wheneiiciiiji. 
 stances su iieiinit, that the cause uf the ]ieuplis is tin- 
 cause uf France. I'ower is a heavv burden, lieciii.s.' ,m- 
 canniit always du all the good une eoiihl wish, and I.1- 
 
 cause your i lempuniries seldiim render yun .justice, >u 
 
 that, in uider to fullil one's mission, one niust'havefiiilli 
 ' " It is neccss.iiv in 
 
 emisidcr that frum heaven on high those whom vim liave 
 d loye.l regard and iir.itcct you; it i.s the soul uf mi,\ 
 
 since iSji in Knglaiid, have been given up tu the antlio- triuus uncle that has alwiiys inspired and sustaiiieil 
 
 incut. 
 
 ut I'iiris, at the reijilcst of the French Govern- I The like will apply to my sun, lor he will aiivjiys 1* 
 
 worthy of his name. I leave to the empress Eugiiiic all 
 
Tiiliii'o, 100,000 I'rainn, Tn ti„. 
 
 "■ tiiki'ii from till' «ix iiiillmii, 
 iviii); I'liris ill 1815, iiml tiuiii 1;.,. 
 S I'lridil, HilMi' .Inly, 1S15: til. 
 Ill' iiiilusli'il with till' liiiiikiMs l.v 
 ml ll'i'li'iiiiil mill liv .Miin liiin.l.' 
 SI- lit ili'iitli. shiill 1,1' |iiiii| I,, ||„. 
 '1 ill llii'ii'ili'liiiilt, .sli.ill ii'\iri„l,, 
 
 I' till' nillllls .Mollllinlun, l„|. 
 
 y ti'stiiiiuiiiMiv I'xiiiiliirs. 'Ihis 
 I'll I'litiri'Iy liy my nwii IhumI, j, 
 iiv iiriiis, 
 
 ".NAroI.KoN. 
 
 WiMlll." 
 
 iif till' c'i-iit ri«/ici;,i til till' J n- 
 
 ir;-- 
 
 f my I'ivil list of Itiily- mih-i, ;,< 
 
 III, IlllllTS, C'lrtkl'tS lif «liiili 11,,. 
 , llliil wlijili lu'lnii^' tn nil', I ,||^. 
 lirll I ll-llVI' tn mv must IllitlMnl 
 
 ■itiiiiiit tlu'j]' .'^lii'w iiiK liny laiLsf 
 
 I will ili.s(liiii-t;i' tlii'iii I'.ii'lliliilly' 
 rt\ iiiilliun.s uiiii'h 1 Imvi.' mji,.,, 
 
 riglit (jiiiKtiJt) (if his iimiliii\ 
 
 iiittcil ill K'M tn tlic l■nl|,|l•^< 
 I'.'ir ami wi-ll-t'i'lnyi'il sjinn,, , ,.,( 
 I'liiaiii 'liii' tn nil' iwn milli,-],,, 
 111' iTi'Siiit riiilii'il, in i.hlii 1,', 
 
 illlllll Sl'l'Vllllls, wlllilll I l„>i,i,. 
 
 i-linn lit niy ilr.'ir .M.-ii-iii l.i,iii>,, 
 ■iiiiiil .Miintlmlnn, rki,.,,,, ti.iii.s 
 
 II till' I'lii'st nf till' tii','isnriii|.,,s 
 
 •Sl'.'is till' nlinvi', tn lil'l'ni].|ii.\,,| 
 
 I'lis in li'^Mcii'S nf cniisi-ii-n, ," 
 silli-nllini-Cnlitilli'ii (ill,., I ,i,:|v, 
 !■ .'I IH'isi'i'lltii'll, lii'iln; nil ii-,,i 
 
 I' liii'l Wi'llin^'tiin, nf wliiil, I,,. 
 It. Ciintillnii liiiil an miirit t;-|,t 
 ■li. as the liitti'i- liail tn .siniln,,. 
 I. Ili'k'iiii," ifci'. Ac. 4c'. 
 
 my lu'iyiiii' prn|i(.rtv Ii i.^ ,„,. 1 ■ . 
 >intynfniyVii,!,|,,;,,,^,'^,, ,1-^^^^ 
 
 "", '"-"-I tliiii myni.'Miii I ';.]''^'^';'V''' ''*"'•- 
 lli^it lift,',' i„y ,|,.,,t|, s],,. „,i|, ,■,■,„.''■ -■'/■ In li.r, iinil 
 
 ■■'';i»-l Imi;. With n'.„,,| ', , f,' ' "■, - i','!^ ' >m.y 1,,,, ,, 
 Uli-imni hi' ..si'Ml , „,,7.,| ,„\,, ' ,"■,;;' 'ii" k.'i'i, „s ,'. 
 aii'l whU'h i-nnii's f,„ni niy in, I ..''','"'"■'' "-H'l'. 
 lirc'M'i-vi' .'Vi-nlliiiiK lliat i-mi ,■ , / , ,'' '"" ■'•iifully 
 l'i"i'' my mill', and li't hiiM 1, , "" '"'" I'"' I'li - 
 ;.,;lmysnnl,.i.,i,ainVi,h' /''V; r ';:•'-!'''>■ l--'t 
 nithfiil Hi'i'vants. I ,,n, I'nnvin ,., 1, ' ''''''I'''" "I' my 
 iiiv Sim will „i'v.',. aliaiMiin t,i., ',"V"i,'"ll"'""'*"i"' 
 
 l'.llllnlli-, .\|.nslnlii', ,',n.| |{, „ , , 'n f ■''''•'I' 'Im ill till' 
 
 .illahv.iyslLnnni'lvii' ,'"■'', -'W"", wliiil, mv sn 1 
 
 with my liaml ,a tim X ,nr h, 'ni'V'"'"- ^W"' 
 
 Al'lll, iSf,;. ' (S in I, 'llll'ni's, 11,,' ,.t7, „, 
 
 I VV"'"'- '-■''"-- ''■MVu'iii''"'''''''^"^'' 
 »:lli his iuMi l,,in,| ,„„| ^^, . ." f■•'^^ »'>s writl,,, 
 
 :"'li'-ii<«ii. tii.'(;aiTii!ii'',:i ; '-vl^V'- ";.^''"- 
 
 I'l'liis ciiiintrv, his nintli,.i' II 7 "• '^^I'H'ssi's his Invi- 
 
 |.''.'iiiisKi-aiiti.:i,'tn'l!' ;'■,;: ■^;-. ""■Ihis fii.'i,,,: 
 
 !'i"l' I'l"! I" Ihi' l':n:,.|isli 1 I'll 1. ■' '"""'■' "'■ ''■"-.'■ 
 
 ;"iii>. i'-;mstit„t,'siiis^:,;,i;,,^, ,!-';,;:;:':' *^"""n;i 
 
 j .';;'ii'i's ami ini'mnnnls (,, ..li,,,.,. "*r'"', • '""|i"'allis 
 IVtii, liiiriin Cii.-vis.iit, m' ,„.;• '^^ ,-^'i"-'it, 11. f. 
 
 :,.,,iKlls tn Vii',,,,., th,' Vr,:., s ' V """■'■'• •""' 
 
 l.*I.Na|.,il,',i„ HI. K.v,.,.u,,,J", „ ;' ,"' •^■'1'" '• 
 
 ^•'"l.v "I liii-d.s ; liiimilo, [;/,«-,, ' ''''■'*■'' '" ""-• 
 
 i',vthi'.'on)'«k.nttc;, 22 Fol!. ,»;5 " "''"* '■^•"•"'"'••a 
 
 ^'''^^^llJ^^EUsctuJ^ 
 
 ?r-i'M;;';^i;;,,,,??--i;:;^,;;n.s.,,,'i.^ 
 ^'j'';Ti-n'. n.',ii,'i,,.:;;; ':,;;,^';Swi,i,i,,:t^ 
 
 S.'"- ^ : ll'nnus „-as tin' fi," •,- ''""I.*' ''V 11,.,,,^. 
 
 ■^''-\'ills. Ills s,.,-|f I),,,.,. ' "'~' lll^lmilnl ( ,,, u- -1 
 WIS il .- •'niclii s |.|- I,,/,. ,1..' '■'I'' >l I'st 
 
 ^* ■•' 111' hi'st liisi,,,,, „,- u-i, ,'''• "lll'l, in (,(X) 
 ^•illli'i llt)u'kii,..'J 1 "'"''hi'sli'l-. 'I'h,, .' 
 
 ;v;in;:n!^t!li;j^;-;f^:;.:mva..,i,,y ,„.,,,.,, 
 
 ;i:'il;; :""■"■ ^■■'-.i^-i .■„y,i,s„„,;„; : 
 
 "■,V'-lm"s.'nfX„,,|;, ,,•„,;„ ■. ""'' "'"■V 
 
 1013 
 iioo 
 
 1132 
 
 
 '6-t5 
 V V-^"' '-'"-SSl'i'Stnl-1.,1 ■' . '?■* 
 
 '"*'•»• lliiil,|halln|H.n,.,|'', , • . ' ■ ■'"^9 
 
 7"'liai,„iv,',-s,„-Vnf ,■-'"■"'' •'^'■"■"I'lii' ,,■» ■ '«<» 
 
 .'■;|'- 1 '.'-^ '".""■ ""■'-■pomtii f ,;,',•:.';?;;. '«73 
 
 "nSss:i:ii':!i;::;,:f»" .-"■,. ■'' ';i.:c;;,-/" i-«» "■.-'-.,;,,.,; .„,i„.„-'i™ ,« 
 
 Lirliif lliirriiiirtnii. nr,-.i;,/ r'.i 1 '-'"W nii',.tfii,. .,♦ Ji... ,; .. ..• • ju.Jnl' 
 
 ,11, ii-n'i.' 9/ 
 
 I • "" "nni-11 " lllllnU' i-'i 
 
 I Kirl nf \Viliniiiirt<iij, /,>.,( ;,„.,> „,-,, , 
 L'-r,l llanlwi.'kt'. (-//i 'tiiTl'/.f,"'' '""''"■*' 
 
 I Lirl (lOwiT, lord prii'y mU 
 
 I .Mr. ,s.iiiilys, chuiicellor „f iL ,'j-,-;„„,,„, 
 
 L.nl cark'ret ainf Uiu Juk . 'f N^^w'is,, . 
 I tMe. ^ ■ .M-«i-.isth>, scervUuies oj 
 
 J Eirl uf Wiiicliilac.-i. first h,r,l ,.r 11, , , 1 ■ , 
 
 taki'of ATO'ii, oo;iSwl''x;;i:"::';''''- , 
 
 I ■■Hhe, ml nance. ""^ '■/'"<■ /"rci^ Mid iiuiUcr-jcncnU 
 
 I .Mr. Henry I'lllmm, pnumatlrr i.rih., r, . 
 
 I On liiril Willi iiiri,,.,'u ,i.....i. J 
 
 *'' V™;;'..''^:''''''-'*''iH.iiiinr,i.s. 
 
 Kll liinl A\ iliniliKtnirs il,.„th, 26 ,I„Iv ,, vr -, , 
 
 ^11" W'came iirime mi.iist.',':'a„,| '^^^f.^' ^''■- ""'■ 
 
 f'lriiu'il the " Broikl-hntt.iM •' , . ' ■ ^' '7-t4. 'h' 
 
 y<*i»e.] fJ'W hnttnm UilmililslmUnn; s™ 
 
 , "'.>ni . . "" .ii|ilii'.-s ti,,,,. 
 
 KECE.VT Ulsnoft flV,'!.,', ' /""^- ' '^ '"'': ^^^^ i% 
 
 :-;s..,h ,i,i.xn,.th"'fr''" """"^"^ 
 
 ,86„ S ^'""i ■«74. *"""""' ^^■»'t'""l's69; Hi.'il ,. 
 
 '869- i5nmiu'lWill,,'rf„r,,,. -,1,.,., , , ' '^ 
 
 - •'■^'^"""■-^■-^"::t^';uj<'"">.th.'„„«, 
 
 hi; 1 .873. EiSXi ;? j;;;-- 
 
 fiiriiH'd the 
 
 , wSorSACT(S„.E) 3..v-r "^"'?'';-^"^SiSt 
 .fK^SPV^:.";'""" Xi""F « -nil- S.w. mxruvon^L . 
 
 J -! London. Svt' fvluiitar^ lS(X) ,S,i 1 .■ ' 
 
 la. ; his li,-nther.i„.la„. I r' 1 -L , V , ,' l-V "■• 
 
 ™H«;,.hi;;^^i;^^;;^''/r:;-'-M^M;w.h, 
 
 l?^S^I^r;iS;/::HtE^^^^^^ 
 
 I Jill undiTCVTcli.', illiiut s-'o ,.t" of^'n'" ^'"^" 
 
 Rrc 
 
 ?a^^™?Sf^S0^,||,'-*..l;i 
 
 «ii'S liii.nili'.l in n,s- ., •'.''.' "* d'Ui'd 0(" ,;«, 
 
 , , ri'V-. tJoiin-nj- ]iolU'.;t, '.'"•■' ,;-V ""■ «vir,l'„" ',„f 
 I he •lUim-cntPiisiv nf t , V '"• ' -''7 
 
 wis 71:^1^1:-':!'--^- '';<;;H,iiiMh,^f^;!j;; '^93 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 ::ji 
 
 i'**;!: 
 
 IN ill 
 
 i^if ' ■ 
 
 m 
 
 
 „i 
 
 ^^H 
 
 1 Ci. 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 it 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 
 il 
 
 I 1 
 
 n 
 
 . 1 
 
 H 
 
 l,itf' 
 
^ 
 
 ■li 
 
 WINDING-UP ACTS. 
 
 1216 
 
 WINDWAUD ISLES. 
 
 vlsitDM wiirn thn princ" of Willi's niiil tli" iliike 
 of (' i!iii:iir,'lit (piirt of tliii i|,.-'), Ill" nri'liliiilmiH 
 orCiiiti'rliiii'y iiii.l Yiirk. Iii<liii|n nl' Wiru'lii'it'T, 
 |j iiiil'iii, Hilisliiiry, iiii'l oiluT pi-i'lMtiM, II iiriwi 
 nunili'i- ■il'Wyki'h'iiMHH, uM iumI youii,,', iliitlii^i 
 fi'inii i^ji, Mint nniiy i-iiiiiitMit pTsoiis.) 
 ' \Viiicli"-<l"r (Jilb'„"," M'li-i-i^ji ; |iriHi', viM'si", 
 mil llliiHtr.itiijin ; i'iliti)4 liy A. K, Cuuk, iiiil)- 
 
 hv. I 
 
 IIhIiimI . , ■ . . ■ . . . hv. i3g3 
 
 WINDTNO-TTP ACTH (to fuilituto the 
 wiiidiiiLr uji till' iilliiiri of jiiiiit- jtoi'k njinpiiiium 
 xyliiiOi iii'i' iiiiulili' to m"ct llicii' ciii.'.nrrnii'nts) wfre 
 piH-ic'il ill 1848. 1841). I^^7> ami 1802. CiHcsiirc 
 trii'il liy line 111' tlic jilil,i,'('.s iil'tlio cliiuii'ery (livisioii. 
 
 WrXDlirLLS iiro of grortt nntii)uity, imd 
 
 statcil to Ir! of |{om;iii m- Sar.in'ii invi'iitioii. They 
 iiro said to li ivc licrii oi'ii,'iii.illy iiiliMiliU'Md into 
 EuiMpc! Iiy 111!' kiii'^'lits id' St. .Inliii, wlio look tlu' 
 liint from wiiat tlu'V had sn'ii in the cnisiidori. 
 JI'tK'nr. Windmills were first kiiowii in .Spiiin, 
 Fraiirc, and Gi'i'inany, in li'V). ^Imh iwin. Wind 
 savv-niills were inveiiti'd hy a Diitcliinan, in 1633, 
 whun mil' w,is oroctcd near tho Slnind, in London. 
 
 WINDOWS. Tlicic wi'ic ^'lass windows in 
 romprii, A.i), 70, as is rvidi'iil from its rnins. It 
 is I'l'rtain that windows of s mic kind wore };1izim1 
 so carlv as Iho 3rd n-iitiiry, if not lirfon.', though ; 
 the fashion was not intiMiliici'd until it wiis done hy ' 
 Ili'iii'ilirt llisfiip, iihout >)74. Windows of uliiss | 
 wen- nsod in privatr housis, luit the )i;lass was ini- 
 [lorti'd 1177. AiiiliTufiii. In Kn,:,'lanil, in 1851, 
 ahout 6'.)00 lionscs had lifty windows and npwards in 
 oaoli ; iihoiit 27^000 had ton windows and tip- 
 wards ; (ind 725, CXX) had seven windows, or less 
 tlian seven. 
 
 Window-lux llrst ciLaoti'd in ordi'r to dufniy tlio 
 
 (•xpi'iisi.or;iihMi'lii'iriii'vintlii! i-i'-niinii.^'iMil silver 1695 
 Till' tax imreii-ii-d, 5 I''eii. 1746-7: ii^'aiii in 177J; 
 
 iinil iwiiii on tlu' I'oniniiitalioii-tax for ti'a i t)i't. 1784 
 Tliii tux again iiirr.'ased in . 1797. iSos, and liloS 
 
 Ufilnri'il 1823 
 
 Till' ri'Vi'iiiiii dorivi'il fniiii windows was in 1S40 
 
 alioiit a inillion and a i|iiailiT sterliiii,'; and In 
 
 1850(10 April 5), 1,8 ;2, 684/. 
 The tax lepi'ali'U liy ait 14 ifc 15 Viet, e. 36 (wlileh 
 
 net iMi]ioscil a ilntv upon inlialiiti'il liimses in lieu 
 
 thii'i'ol') . ■ ' ■.;4.liilv 
 
 International Window Cleaninj; Conipany, adver 
 
 tisiii;,' Jlay 
 
 WINDSOll (Ilerkshire). The Cuslli; a resi- 
 dcnee of the liritish soverei^'us, lieu'un by William 
 the Comineror, and eiilar;;ed hy Henry I. ahout 
 1 1 10. Edward Til., who was h")rn here, 13 Nov. 
 1 312, ea\ised the ohl hnildin^', with the exeeption of 
 three towers at the west end, to he taken down, and 
 re-erected the whole castle, under the direction of 
 William of Wykehani, 135(1, and built St. George's 
 chajjel. He asse.sscd every county in Ensbnul to 
 send liiin workmen. James I. of fieotland was im- 
 prisoned here, 1106-23. Several additions were 
 made by Henry \ III. ' Klizabeth made the ^rand 
 north terrace; and Charles II. repaired and beauti- 
 fied it, 1(176-80. ropulation, New Windsor, 1881, 
 12,273; l.S(jl, 12,327. 
 
 Tlie chapel repairi'il and rijiened . . Oct. 
 
 Tl astic repairi'd and ciilarjied, 1824-8; Ocoiw 
 
 IV. took iHisstjssion 8 L)i c 
 
 Hoval stable:', liuilt 
 
 A serious lire in tin' priic'e of Wales's tower, owing 
 
 to siiniij defect in tliu lieatiiif,' apparatus, 
 
 I,; Mareli, 1853 
 Our .sovereigns Imvo here entertained many royal 
 
 pers"iins{i s, as tlie einperor and eniin'ess ot the 
 
 French, in ^prii, 1S55 
 
 Here dic'l llin ]irince consort . ■ '•* l*"-'''. 1S61 
 
 The -Mliert iiietiiorial chapel, on the site of Wolsey 
 
 chapel, w.is opened .... 30 Nov. 1S75 
 
 1S51 
 1S92 
 
 1790 
 
 1828 
 1SJ9 
 
 W'UvUw Foirat, sltimted to the Month mil west of 
 till) town of Wlndsoi'. was fomierly 120 inilcs In 
 eirciiiiirei'i'iii'c; ill 1IJ07, It w,H 77J miles round, 
 
 llllt it has since liecll reilllee.l ill its liollllds to 
 
 iilioiitji', iiiUeH, It was surveyed ill 1709, and found 
 
 t iilalii sij.fiM aci'i'S. 
 
 Vii'gini.i W.it'T and the pliiiitatlons ahout It were 
 
 take It of the t'ol-.'st. 
 
 Till' 111 irshes Were dr.iiiied and the trees planted for , 
 William, diikii of L'umlierlaiid, alioiit 1746; nU'l 
 iiiiieli w.is dime hy tieorge IV., who often resldeil 
 at the lodge. 
 
 On the s.iiilli side is Windsor Great Turk ; It eon- 
 tains alioiit -i.Sixj acres. 
 
 Tlie Little Park, oil the north and east sides of the 
 c.istle, c'liitains a 111 lilt 500 acres. The gar. lens are 
 
 elegant, iiinl lia\'c 1 11 consi.lei'jilily iiiiproved l'\" 
 
 the ii'ldltiiiii of t lie house and g.u'ili'iisof thednki' 
 of Ht. .\lliaiis, |iiii'i hasi'il liv the crown. 
 
 L'uiiilierlaiid lioilge partially ilestroycd liy lire ; )i!c. 
 tnres liiii'iit . ' . . ' . 14 Nii\', I ' 
 
 .Mliert Institulc, Windsor, openid by the priiiee ul' 
 Wales ', .10 .Ian. 1 , 
 
 .\liout 52,000 voluiitci'i's reviewed by the iineeii, 
 
 yJuly, iL-i 
 
 Jubilee fetes and illnininatloiis ; the onceiiuni'overs 
 II st.itiii' ot hersi'U' iieiir the eastle; torehllghl 
 
 procession 'if the Ktoll boys , . 22 .llllli'. 1; ■ 
 
 Tlici|iii'eM being lieic lier7i)th birllidiiy Iskcpt with 
 great cnthnsiasin .... 24 .May. 1:.. 
 
 Uoyal Agrieullunil Society to iiiecl here; lliei|iieeii 
 prcsi'lciit 
 
 The Hoyal A'gricnitural .Society held Its jnbil.e 
 
 sliow, the greab'st mie of the kind In II entiiry 
 
 in Wiiiilsor (ireat I'.irk . . 24 B^.jnii''. , 
 
 The iiriiice of Wales acted on behalf of llie iineiii. 
 who was iii'esiilcnt for the year; her inajesiy 
 visiliil the show .... 27,2,^.111111', 
 
 The Weather was very line ilurliig the week, and the 
 show was I'l'tiorted to be a great success 
 
 Mr. .lacob Wilson, the Iiou. director of the show, 
 
 knighted . . . j,-,.Iiini., 
 
 |A fiiiiil was started nt the Mansion' lloiise, 
 
 1. 0111 loll, ill aiil lit the expenses 24 .Iniie; 5,51^'. 
 
 hail bei'ii reccivcil up to 1 Aug., iSSg.] 
 
 The riival pavilion with its ileeurat ions was ]irr- 
 
 sellle',1 to the .pieeli by Mr. Clnillull lluinphleys 
 
 ami Messrs.>Slioi.lbrcdaielaeeepleil abont -...j.lime, 
 The liron/e ei|iiesfrian statue of the iirince eonsori 
 
 (see niiiler ./(I'.i/i'e) ill tile great iiark nin'ovcie 1 
 
 by the i|neeii i^. May. 1., 
 
 Sir A. Sullivan's o|iem, "The Goi.ilollers," p.-r. 
 
 foriiied before the i|Ueeii and court, by .Mr. U. 
 
 ll'ovlv Carle's Savoy eomimny, 6 March, i,?9i ; 
 
 I.. lid Ti'iiiiy>oirs "ijeekel," Lvecum eompanv 
 
 iC March, u, 
 Other iii'rforiiiances, igqc il ^■r,/. 
 Visit of the (icriiian i'iii|ii'i'or and empress . 4 .Inly, ., 
 .Silverweililin^orthc priiieeanil princess (,'liristiaii. 
 
 5 .July ; neirriage of their daiighter, princess 
 
 Loiii.se, to prince Aribeit of Aiihalt, fi .Inly; 
 
 st«'ite baininet in St. (ieoi'ges hall . 7.111!., .. 
 .Military I'nneral of tl.e duke of Clarcnee and .\vo'i- 
 
 dale 20 .Ian. i:.; 
 
 The marquis of Lome apiiointed constable of 
 
 Windsor eastle 22 -Ian. ,, 
 
 The ('.inicdie Krani.'aise comnniiy perform 27 .Iniii'. i:,,, 
 " l,a L'leaiidieia" performed by ."Signora Klenii.ira 
 
 lluse's conipany ; tliei|uceii presents her with a 
 
 diamond bniocli 18 Miiv, u., 
 
 GoiiiiihI's " l''aiist" perliiriiied by the Uoyal Opeiu 
 
 c iinpany in .Ian. .. 
 
 Uestructivc overllowof tli ■ 'riiamcs ihr.nigh lie.n v 
 
 rains; Ktoll sellnnl closed; stoppage ot Ir.illie'; 
 
 much distress ; relieved bv the iinecii and diheis 
 
 iiiid-Nuv. 
 Sudden death at the eastle of sir .loliii Tliiiiii]i^iiii. 
 
 See Ciniiiilif, I J Dec. .. 
 
 " 'i'lio Governor's (Jiiide to Windsor Castle," hy 
 
 the nmnpiis of Loriie, Issued . . April, i;j: 
 
 WINDiSOli KNIGHTS, sc, lu,r K,w,l,k 
 
 WINDWARD ISLl'^S (West Iiiili,.s)-Ilar- 
 hadoes, St. Vincent, (irriiada, Trinidad, T..l.a.Lr.i, liii.l 
 St. I.neia, {wliich -w). (iovenior. Uii'.'.mhii W. 
 Uaw.soii, 1868; J. roiif Hi iiiu'ssv, l-'rh. iS7;;fa|il. 
 Striiliaii, Nov. 187O ; sir Henry li'ulwer, .\| ril, hSSo: 
 
iWAllD ISLES. 
 
 !ll to till' HOIltll mil Wl'Ht of 
 
 r, WiH ririiiiTly la.i luilrM In 
 'K17, It was 77J iiiil-'H I'ipiiii'l. 
 
 'II I'l'ilii I ill IN Ij'iiiii'U til 
 
 is-iiii'Vi'yi'lllii 17S1J, iiliilt'iiuiiil 
 
 WINE. 
 
 II' plllllllltlDllS lllmllt It WITI' 
 
 si. 
 
 mil .mil till) tri'i'H iilmiti'il fni- , 
 lliilii'rliwiil, ainiiit 1746: all' I 
 wi'gii IV., will) iiltiiu I'l'slil'l 
 
 IViiulsoi' Oi'uiit I'lirk; It con- 
 
 I'M, 
 
 I' iKirtli iinil I'fist siili'js nf tlir 
 t 501J ai'i'i'H. 'riii':,'ai'.li'im art' 
 
 I'M riHISii||'l'al»l>' illlpl'llVi'il t'V 
 
 ■ Mi^i' .111.1 n.inli'iniir lliuiliik'- 
 
 asi'il I1V till' iTiiwii, 
 
 ■lially il.'Hli'iiyi'.l l.y llri' ; jiii-- 
 
 14 >iiv. 1 ..■ 
 snr, iiiii'iii .1 by till' in'liii'p of 
 
 . 10 'Jiiii, I ; 
 'I's ruvicwi'il liy tin' i|iii'i'ii, 
 
 9 .Inly. 1 
 inaliiiiis ; tlii'i|Ui'i'iiuiii'iivi'i-s 
 iii'iir till' caslli' ; |,ii'i'lili;<lil 
 III! huyn ■ . -^j .liiiii'. I ■ 
 
 ier7otli birllnlay iski'pt witli 
 
 24 .May. iV:. 
 jluty liiiiii'i't IiiTi' ; tlii'iiiu'i'ii 
 
 ral H'lcii'ly li'i'M its li'iliil'.' 
 
 iii'iil'lliii kiii'l III 111 iitiiiy 
 
 rli . . 24 !!';.) nil", 
 
 'ti'il on lii'lialf III' llii. i|iii.iii, 
 
 I'lir till' yi'ur ; Inr iiia.ii'<(y 
 . 27, aS .iiiiii', 
 
 iMi' iliirliw till' « k.ainl lli.' 
 
 II 111' a K'l'i'at rtiicc.i'ss 
 
 limi. iliroctur ul' tliii slmu, 
 
 . 3'T.JllMI', ,, 
 
 il at till! Maiisliiii Ilims... 
 Ill' I'Xiii'iisi's 24 .liiiio; 5,516/. 
 ill' I" 1 Alls;., 1DS9.] 
 
 til its ill ratii'iis was ])r.-. 
 
 l.y .Mr. Cli'iiltuii lliiiii|,l,i,y, 
 ilaii'lai.'i'i'|iti'il ali'iiil •."y.Iiiui', ,. 
 slaliii! or till' iiriiieii I'niisciri 
 1 tliu Ki'i'at iiark uiii'iiyiin"! 
 
 12 .May, ]. , 
 ra, "Till' llni.iiulli'rs," pi'i'. 
 lui'i'ii ami piiiirl, liy Mf. li. 
 y I'liiniiaiiy, '1 Marcli, 1891; 
 lOL'kt'l," l..yiTUiii i'utii|i.'iiiy 
 
 u. .Mai'i'li. li,,: 
 ici'i, i3o2 '■' ^■'■'/. 
 ipiToraiiil I'tiii'i'.'ss . 4 .Inly, ,, 
 
 liiiri'iiii'l iii'i 'ss t'liristiaii, 
 
 if tlii'ir ilaiu'liti'i', pi'iiioi'ss 
 Vrih'Tl of .\iili.ilt, C .Inly; 
 (it'di'^i's li.'ill . 7 .Itiiy, ,, 
 ilnki! of CkiriMioc ami Avuii- 
 
 20 .l.'UI. l3y2 
 
 no appiiiiitiiil ciinstalili' uf 
 
 22 .tail. ,, 
 ' I'oiiipaiiy iii'ifiirni 27.111m', i;y; 
 nrini'il li.v Si^mira Klftiimra 
 e ipii'i'ii iiri'st'iits lii'i'witlia 
 
 18 Mliv, i:,j 
 lt'.inili''l by tin- Kiiyal Op.'lll 
 
 19 .Ian. ,. 
 f til' 'riiaiiii'-' thi'dii^'li lii'axv 
 i'lu,"'l : si.ip]..a','t' lit tratlii-'; 
 vi'il liy till' ciui'i'ii ami cllnr^ 
 iiii'l-Niiv, 
 istlii of sir ,Ioliii Tliiiiiipsiin. 
 Oniii'ld. ij 1).'!'. 
 
 ill- to Wiiiilsoi- Casil.., ■ l,y 
 I', issiinl . April, 1:,: 
 
 s'lOIITS, si'i /•,,,„• h;,M- 
 
 l.SLES (West In,Ui's)-Ilar. 
 jrrliaiiil, 'rniliilml, '['..liaini, :i;:,; 
 sit). (JoVrninl'. I{a'.'.':-un W, 
 
 )|M' III iiiics^y, I'Vli. iK^:;; iiq:, 
 sir lli'iiry liulw rr. A; ril, IS^O 
 
 Ul T "'"'"«"". I««l ; Wiiltir I 
 
 1KS5, ; li'in, sir Walti'r ||,.h 11 1 i,',' ^ ... 
 
 MiClmrl.'M Jlruce Aiiir ik, ■ :""'^''i"' "<«'»: 
 Jan. I«.j;. ' '^"*" '^'J-^' ""■ <'• A. jllol,,,,,.'; 
 
 wr\E. 
 
 ■WITCHCRAFT. 
 
 iif^^^^;.','' ?;?[;';"";;'." -!"■>-■.!. „„,,,,,.„ni< 
 
 (aim in (iiililn., a.d. 50 
 Will 
 
 I '//('. 
 
 Ill 
 
 i't I III' iiiiin'ia;ti. „f 
 
 Jn/iil II. ! If)' .1,... I- 
 -Mil, l':M«la,„M,v ap,„|„.,,.,,i,.V , ' ,' '' 
 
 ""' ""iiiilorili,. kliiH'' 
 
 14.J0 
 
 KiiiuH'll, 
 
 "II Cap.' Willi', 
 
 1427 
 
 1 70 1 
 1S3. 
 
 althonxli til,.,.,. |„ ,|„,,|,i 
 ^11 early a».loliii 
 
 Till' prill' n'K,i|ai,.,|l,ystal,iti', . Ul.lni'.l 11 
 
 TIm' pni'i' wa, hvi'lvi' sl,j||in„Vim , 1 ' " ' • 
 
 .Uiiin.lr,.,! ami ||f,v l.ii s Hn, ' , :" '" , 
 
 (•>rM,v , It.'iat,.,! ,' I, „' ,7 '■'", '"■"■'I. 
 
 ii'l" llm I'liaiiiu'ls of ||„. ;,"'■';''', .'ri'l'lii'il 
 
 mayor of 1„„„|„„, sin'Xa''' ' 
 All act for lli'.'iisi,,,, si'lj,.,.- „(■;•;; ■ .. . ■ 
 
 passi'il *" "I 111 is III HI,,,. II, |:„;,|||,„| 
 
 Ity till' Mi'tlin,',, t',.,.atv, P,;,.(n, „„.,„■, , •'■5 'M'ril, i6(ii 
 
 ■""ra«.'.l liy hravy ,l„ii,., ' ' " "' '' »■""■■■< 'li"- 
 «:iM'ilnlii'.s to l„. ■.,,,. ,,, ,„,,. „,;,,„■ 
 
 ,' 5.^. f»(. iM,«ll„.|i,'.r„'i,„i"''"" 
 
 III yi'ar ('III iiL' ■, m,.,,.,.!, ,„., ,,; - • 
 
 iinwln,.spro,|,|.|,; ,«-;,'■';• "" '"" '" 'l'i'i"n 
 
 , ,"• "■•Hiiilin« to till' «li'oli„i,?;-t .,,,"• *"'• ;""' 
 
 I.™ ,.,,,t.a to ...'tri'siinii'iit'in:;;!!; ,,,;,,;';- 
 
 Till' Opoi'to Wiiif ('i>iiii,,,iiv /,' ■ ; 
 
 li^li.'n«,7,6,an!r;;i;,',nsi:,.^' n.onop,,!,), „„„,,. 
 
 nimnions . ""'^' ''"ti''--* a|> „|,,i ,,y „,„ 
 
 Till.' aiicii'iit iliitii's on wini' i,.,],'! t„ ;,, , ' A). ril, 
 
 "II its I'lili'iiiiK til,.,, I , ! '/'" '■"rpoiatioii 
 
 tim of 252 Ki^llolrs !,, ',,'t,' "8 'J") '■'*''; '"■■■ 
 llii'aliolitionof tli,'s,',l,i,.s u,J I '■• ,■ '"''• "1 
 
 U.i'ei.y.l.ieHo„co.a;ir,Ki;l;:i'l-,;l-.8B,; 
 
 .HiHn,,jU„iip,,rt,|,„i,, „„ ,,,110 inipo^.;l"li;: 
 *l«rkliii,Mvim.s,altor,'ilto2».ail,;-„'riY 
 
 -iTyi,!',i",f„„5,i,'";rv"" "f '^'■•'"■'"^' ^i^" ■<» 
 
 ,»'il'- Tor this p,,;^,,,^'',^;'"';-'. "lion, ,4,0. 
 '"■'■»•''" 'S'-}. I'll' lis w , 'h'. "/' "' '^iTi'm. 
 
 WlkTEMHI';i:G,»cc';y.Wo„A„y. 
 
 --S!^^I^',::,.,^;,)^-"'^;fN.A ri..,. 
 
 '"""tlii'ii,iion,2,,j ,.' S u'" ,^*'' "."'I f"'-iv,'d 
 
 iSfc 
 
 I'.v I.o„s,\IV ,, -, •„ I '»'••*■"■'•. "ml was s,'iz,.,l 
 >^7o, til,, n-inv -' ,„: , ^'J ,':'-'•. "" 4 A,i,^: 
 
 ^ -•'-'"'' "-a H::^d!'isS:^:,;!':;r:^^ 
 
 1865 
 
 i l-othsiiii'sapp J ioiiiit I ';■,,::;:;.::;:;;'''■''»" 
 
 ■3j^;n';;r;;a;;,.;;;i::;'::;^^[':™J'^'iivari,5 
 ;s;ei;:!;;:;;.:''--^''-'''-'^<'nS':i;^:'r: 
 
 I S3 
 
 1800 
 
 1815 
 1S30 
 
 'S.19 
 'MS 
 1350 
 1654 
 'S57 
 
 , ■■hi ■ 
 1S61 
 1J64 . 
 1S68 
 
 i!69 . 
 1S70 
 1S71 . 
 'S75 
 
 WINK ,M,.0UTKr. INTO CNTrEDKlXODO.M 
 
 (I'olloiis 
 
 lion ni, 
 April, 
 
 1892 
 
 • 31307.460 
 
 ■ 4. ,106,528 
 
 ■ 6.879,558 
 . 9,909,056 
 . 8,469,776 
 
 • 9.304.312 
 
 ■ 10,875.855 
 
 ■ '0.336,485 
 ' 0.195.5I3 
 
 ■ '1.052,436 
 
 '5.451.593 
 16,953,^29 
 '7,184,330 
 17.774.782 
 18,224,900 
 
 1876 
 1879 
 1880 
 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 lfiS6 
 1887 
 
 '1429,305 I I 
 
 1892 
 ■893 
 
 •9.950,723 
 '5, 162, 8157 
 17.385,496 
 16,297,0)3 
 15.715,813 
 
 '5.559 795 
 15,106,271 
 ■4,629,7,9 
 14.552,864 
 '5.383.6. . 
 '4,745 : 
 15.900. :■,., 
 '6,194.1 / 
 
 17.319.477 
 14.675,201 
 '6,695,560 
 
 WINNIPEG, capital of the province of Mini- 
 
 >H W^,^?^^^^-^^^^'^ ^tJT, 39-40 Viet. c. S7, 
 II Aug. 18/6}, gives power, by order in roiim.il 
 unite oounl/es for tl5e pur .osl of y nteV ns L ' 
 totmore speedy trials of prisoneis. ' 
 
 i sutfer a vitc ti iivi. ■ « , '"'" "'"'" "«' 
 
 :I~were,.i.....t;a:^tl..^!;'^lS'^'r'S 
 
 |!;:^;jAJ!:'i:;::.:r,;i'\i:^i;';t^;';i;r';rt*-'^- 
 
 Mai.y^ liunit in the iliocose of Como in a year, .Iiout 
 
 Agivat nunilii'r in Kiam-i. .ilu.nt , 1 
 
 eonlessnl to liavin;;'";; ili^lll^.^d^' "'"■» ""-^ »"^^"« 
 N lie innilreil lainit in Loriaiii,., 1580-1505 
 One linnili't'il ami lifty-si'ven li irnt at Win-tzlnim ni 1 
 
 irissssssHsP 
 
 J"_I<ret.-,«i,e, twe.ity poor women put ti'i ileulh as'w^^ilie, 
 
 JIaria K.'nita luirnt at Wnrtzlairi; in ,■,,., 
 At Kalisk. Ill I'olaiKl, nine old worn™ cliarL-ed wiih 
 iaviri« liewiti'lii'd ami lemlceil nnfr itf lufe Isml. 
 l.eli,nj!in« to tliat palatinate, were liunit ,7 Jan ,,,- 
 I'le women comlemneil to death by the lira niins'^at 
 ratna, for sorcery, and executed, ,5 liec .802 " 
 
 4 I 
 
 
 vt 
 
WITENA-MOT. 
 
 1218 
 
 WIZAHD. 
 
 
 wiTfitrHArr m knolamii. 
 A Htntiili' Piiiii'ti'il ili'cliiiiiiM nil wlti'liiTuft mill mir- 
 
 (•rrv tci !«' IVIniiy wlllnHit Ih'Ii tit iif cli'ivy. H lli'ii. 
 
 VIII. 1^41. AkmIii. 5 Kll/. 156J, iijiil I Jiiiiiin I. ifKi). 
 Tlin 7tiil liiridii i>f U[r rliiiiili iu'ijIiIIiIU till' c'lrKy liuiii 
 
 I'llntilll,' "Ml iIi'VIIh, lf>,.\. 
 
 IliirrliiKlnii cHliiniitin (lir,|iiilli'liil timnliTs f(ir wlti'licmft 
 
 in Kiitdiiiiil III jiH> M'lirii lit |ii,<khi, 
 ll.ittlii'W ll"|ikliiH,tJic'" ii''7.7i-y//h/cr,"i'i\iiHcnt|ii',)ihl|c|iil 
 
 iiiiinlii- nr iilniiit loo iiimoiw III Kitm-x, Nciifulk, uiiil 
 
 Niilliilk. 1645 7. 
 Hir .M.ittliiw lliilt burnt two iicritons fur wltilirmrt In 
 
 1664. 
 SivuntiMMi or I'JKliti'i'ii iicriiinH burnt at Ht. Oiiytlm, In 
 
 Khkcx. iilioiit if'jfi. 
 Two ini'tiiuliil wililii'rt wi'i'i' Mxcciitcil lit Niirtlmniiitdn 
 
 In 17115, iiM'l ll\i' iitlii'i'n Hi'vin yi'iiis iiriiTwiiiiN. 
 •Ill 1716, MiM. Ilii'kH, ,'iimI liiT iliiii^liti'i', iiHi'cl iiliii', wcri' 
 
 liiihK'i''l 'It lliiiitiiipliiii. 
 Niirtliiiiiii'tiiiisijiri' mill lliiiitlii)(i|oii |<n'Hi'i'vi'il tlir Hii|ier- 
 
 Htition lllilMlt Wllrlli'I'lll'l IlltlT tllllll lltlllT nilllltll'H. 
 
 , Jii Sit'lliiii I, IIiimihiiihIh oI' piTHinis wrrc liiiriit In tin' 
 |ii'rliiil I'l' aliniit II hiiinlri'il ynirs. Aniiiiik' tin' vlrtliim 
 WiTi' liiTMoiis 111' till' lilnlicnt riink, wlilli' nil nriliTs In 
 
 tln^ Mtat niiirri'il. .laiiH-s I, cxcii i-iiiimi'iI a wlinlr 
 
 :i.Hiil/i^ til !«• |ii'iist'i'iiti'i| I'm- iin iii'i|iiittiil. Tin' kiiiK 
 iiiilillslii'il Ills liiiiii'iiiiiUiiiii In Ki|iiiliiirj,Oi, 15.17. Tliti 
 lust snllii-cr in Scntliinil wiis at Dinnurli in 17VJ. 
 ■ J'lic I11W.1 ".).iiii«( iritrh.iv/t li.'iil lain iliiniiiiiil fur ninny 
 yi'iirn, wlirii an iKiii'iaiil iicr.Hnii iitti'ni|iliiit! to n'vivi' 
 
 tlii'Iii (liy lliiiliiiK 11 bill a..,'aiiisl II ] r iilil wnniaii in 
 
 Surrey for tliL')iriiutiet' of Hitrliiru It ),tlii:ywin')rj>i'i(?r((, 
 to Oi'o II, 17J6. 
 
 Civiliility In witi'lii'riift still aboiinil.s In tlii' rininlry ilU- 
 trlilH of KiiKlainl. I'll 4 Si'pt, i8(j|, a poor olil para- 
 lysi'il Fri'iiriinian ilii'il in n iHi'i|iii.ni'i' of liaviiiH lii'i'ii 
 ilncki'il as a wiziiril at Castli. Ili'ilin^liani, Ksii'.'i, ami 
 Hinillar f'asi.« liavi' since oi'iiirri'il. 
 
 Ann TiiriH'r, oM ; killcil as a witrli by a li.ilf-iiisnne man 
 at I-oiiK Coinpton, Wanvirkslilii., 17S1.pt. 1875, 
 
 UriilK'i't Cliiiry, a^'i'il ^'7, liiinil to ilratli as a witch at 
 llaltyvr.i.hi'n, on. Tipjii'iaiy, 13 Maroli. iPgs. 
 
 Till' liiisbaiiil si'iiti'iii'i'il to .'.I years', ami 5 others to 
 liiffcri'iit tiTiiis uf iniprlsonnii'iit, 5 .Inly, 1895. 
 
 WITEXA-MOT or Witena-oemot, tlie 
 a5.'!cmbliiii;i)l' tlic wisi' ini'ii, tlir ),'ri'at couiiril of thii 
 Anglo-Sii.'ioiis. A witi'im-inot was culli'il in Win- 
 clientiT by Kjjbert, 8cx), and in Loiiiloii, X35, to 
 c'DUsult I'll till' iinijicr iiR'aiis tu ri'iirl the JJiiul's ; 
 
 =00 I'lll/illllKlll. 
 
 WITEPSK (in Kiissia), whnv a battle was 
 fiiunlit brtwi't'ii till' I'l'i'mh uiulor niiirslial Vii'tor, 
 duko of lii'lliiiio, iiiiil till' Itiissian.'" coniniainU'il by 
 tji'neral Witttri-iistciii. Tlu' I-'ri'iidi wcri. di'li'iiti'il 
 al'tpr a dcspcrato i'ii);a!;i'iiH'iit, with the loss of about 
 3000 nun "H both sidu,'*, 14 Nov. itj|2. 
 
 WITNESSES. Two or more witnesses wore 
 ri'iiuirod by tlir law of Moses, 1451 w.r. {Dent. 
 xyii. ()), and liy the early Hiristiaii ihiiivh in ea,si'8 
 of diseipliiie (i ('uf. xiii. I), .y.l). 60. The fyidenee 
 of two w'tiH'sses required to attaint for Iiiiil treason, 
 25 ICdw. IH. 1352. In eivil actions between party 
 aiid party, if a iiuiii be subliieliaed as a witne,-is on 11 
 trial, heimist aii]iear in ooiirt on pain of 100/. to be 
 forfeited to the kins.', and 10/., tof;etlier with the 
 dainafres eiiuivalelit to the loss sustained by the 
 want of hi" evideiiie to the iiarty iif;i,'rieyed. Lord i 
 Ellenboro\iL,'li ruled that no witne?s is obii^'ed to j 
 answer .iiiesfions whiili in.iy tend to dct,'rade him- 
 self, 10 I)ec. 1802. Xew net relatiii},' to the e.xam 
 illation of witnes,^es piissi'd 13 (Jeo. Ill, 1773. | 
 Alt to eiialile courts of law to order the examination 
 111' witnesses upon interroirations mid otherwise, \ 
 
 \ Will IV. ?o Mil 
 
 I.S31. The Witnesses I'rotec- 
 
 tioii art (see under P'tiiunmut, April, l't^')2), passed ' 
 2.S June, 1.^112. 
 
 Wri'T.K.MiKH( f. the iiipital of Ipper Sa\eliy, 
 rrus-iaii -inie i.'-^l^. the iradle of the reforinatii.ii, 
 tuftied iiiuili during; the thirty years', scveu 
 
 yearn', and Napoleonie wars, Here are the home^, 
 toinliH, and «tiiliies of l.iitlier and .Melamlithoii, 
 
 On tliH wooiii'ii il ol' the easlle (.liiiieli ( se- 
 
 ei'iti'il 14,,!)) .Martin l.iitlii.r, an Aiiunstiiilaii 
 
 nk, thi.n a proliissor at llie iiiiivi'rHity, alllxeil 
 
 Ills tlii'Hi'S aitaiiist tliii salo of IiiiIiiIkiu'm'i'h, iiml 
 tliim liianKiirati'd tlin proti'Mtunl riiforiiiatlon 
 
 li Ort, is'iT 
 
 1 lie I'liiireli, restoiiid by the emperor Wlllliini I. ami 
 
 bis siieees.sors, «as soleninly in opeiieil liv tli.i 
 
 eniperor Wllllaiii II. in ih,. piceiiee of the 
 
 proleilanl prliiees of (ieriiiiinv ami lepresenta- 
 
 tlVl'S of those of Klirope, llielllillli^' llle llllkeof 
 
 York ami other iliK'iiitarleii, ilnili.K tho I, other 
 ''"l"l'ratl'ai ji Out. H.^j 
 
 WITU, or VilH. See ZiiizHnr, l8()0. 
 
 WIVES, see Mnniaije. IJy thi) Divoroo and 
 
 Matrimonial Causes Aet, 'panned in 185-', the rmi. 
 ilition of married Honieii lias been inui li beiieflteil. 
 When ill-u,sed they can obtain a diyoree or judiiid 
 separation ; ami wliile in the latter state any 
 property they ma,\ aeiiiiire is seeiired to them per- 
 
 « illy, as if" iiniiiiirried. liy another uet iiassed in 
 
 1M57, they are enabled to idspose of reversioiiarv 
 interests in personal |iroperty or esliiteH. .\n ,i,'i 
 to aniend the la.v reliitini,Mo tlie jiroperty of niiirrinl 
 \yonien was pas.ied i) \\v^. 1,^71,). liy it the .se|i:ir.ile 
 eariiinifs of a wib' were seiured to her own use, :,, 
 well as personal and freehold piopi'rty heiineath.,! 
 to her. She may maintain an aelioii at law, iiu.l 
 aeouires other rinlits. The husli.md is deelared iii.t 
 liable for debts eontraeted by his wife prior t.j 
 iiiarriai,'!', and she may be siieil for tliem. This in 
 was amended in 1K74. Husband and wife niav li,. 
 jointly sued for her debts berore marriage. ll\'l!i.. 
 Miitrinionial Causes Aet, 1.H7.S, a niii^istrate can 
 Ki'iiiit jiiiliiial separation, with mainieiiance, to a 
 wife siiU'eriii^' from her liusbaud'H ill-u.sagc. 
 House of lonls deciile that the liusliiinil Is not re- 
 sponsihle for his wil'.'s ilel.t,-, if lie allow siillli lent 
 for dress, ,^1'. Iirhr ih'im V. Mrlhtn . 27 Nov. i;;,g 
 Married Woinen's I'roperly Aet, 45 & 46 Viet, 
 c. 75, I'lisseil iS Aiii,'. 188;!, niakiiiK their iiowers 
 iilniost eipial to iliose of single wonieii, and in, 
 ereasiii^' tli,.|r responsibilities in retianl to ileht, 
 A:e., caniu intoetler't, 1 Jan. i88j; aiiienilud 
 
 5 I'l"'. i;i. 
 
 Provision iiiaile for ilesertcd wives niaile by Act 
 passed ill ,;;,, 
 
 Ciillifi-ve .iLsc.— .Miss Emily llall (liorn i860) was 
 niarrieil to Mr. E. llaiiKhton .Jackson at liliiek. 
 burn, 5 Nov. 1R8,-, Tiny never lived together; 
 she retariied to her fiiemls. and he .soon alter 
 went to .New Zealand. Me reliiriieil to En;;laml, 
 17 July, les^^. .M'ier some c irr'^spondeiice ami 
 one interview (16. Inn. i88fj) slid steadily refiise.l 
 to live with him. ISonie litigation oiisued, an. I a 
 decree aiiiiinst her was olitained, ^o .Jiih', iS.^.j, 
 (III 3 Maiidi, i£i;i, Mr. .lack.snii aii.l otliers seiznl 
 her when eoiniiin from eliunli at Clitlieroe, .'iii.l 
 carried her olf to his house at lilaekbiirn, when' 
 she was closely eonllned in (dinru'e of a niir,se. 
 1)V nieaiis of a writ of hnlin'S rmjnis, she was 
 liroUKliI lief.ire the court of aplieal, who deei.|...I 
 that a husli.ind lias no le;;al |.o«er to detain liis 
 wife aj;aiiist l.er will, ir; .March. .Mrs. Jueksoii 
 then returned to her friends 
 
 .Simiinary Jnri.sdictioii(Marriuil Wonicii).\et passid 
 
 C Jnl.v, i:";: 
 
 WIVES' POISON or Water Tof.una, a. 
 
 Poiso)ii)if/. 
 
 WIZARD: AVlZARl) OF THE XoiiTII. 1 
 name ^iveii to sir Walter .Scott, on account ef l.i- 
 rmiiances ; also to .Mr. .\iiiler.son, the conjiii.i, 
 who died ] Feb. I1S74. see Vuveiit (Jarileit airl 
 II ih/in-(i/i. 
 Hol.irt - lloudln's C'oiiJi:l:iicci U'liii rnsli'lijltj!: • 
 
 puOli.-ilicd iu 1S59. 
 
'[•• warn. Hc'ii' iiic tlii'liomo't, 
 Liillici' mill Mi'liirii'litlioii, 
 
 r I 111' nistli' I'liiirrli (rniiiie- 
 l.iillii'r, nil AiiMUHlliiiiili 
 III' III till' iiiiiviTHlly, iilllxi'il 
 111 Milii iiF liiiliilgi'iiciiH, unit 
 priiti'Htiiiit ri'l'iii'iimtluii 
 
 II not. ifi7 
 till' (iiiipiTur Willliiiii I. mill 
 iiili'iiiMJy in ii)ii'iii>il hy tli'4 
 in till' jnii^i'iH'i* tii till* 
 r Ui'niiiiiiy anil n'|iri'f4(»iitfi- 
 •ii|ii', liiclii.ilii)- llii' iIiiUh l)f 
 iliil'ii'ii, iliiiiiiK thn I.iitlii'i' 
 
 31 Oct. l^-;J 
 
 Soc Xiiiizilmr, |8()0. 
 
 rrimje. By thn Divorco ami 
 lit, [liMsi'il ill iXi;-', (In- (1,11. 
 ii'ii liiH lii'i'ii mill it lii'iii'Hti'il. 
 Ill iilitiiiii 11 (liyiiri'c (11' jinlii ill 
 
 lill' ill till' lilltlT Hllltl' IIIIV 
 
 iliiirc is M'l'iiri'il to tlicm |iii'. 
 I'd. llv iiiiiitlu'r nut piisHnl in 
 '(I to ((is|iiis(' 111' ri'VcrsiiiiiMi'v 
 |ii'ii|iii'lv iir r.sditcs. .\ii ;i,'t 
 tiiixt" till' pl'iiiicrtjiif liiiii-i'iiil 
 iiiK. 1X70. Hv it llu' .icjiMf.iti' 
 
 I'l' Kl'l'llri'il tn lllT nwil llsi', ;,, 
 
 IVri'liiiliI piopi'i'ty lii'iiiii'iitliiil 
 iiiliiin an lU'tiuii iit law, ninl 
 Till' hiisl),iiiil is (Ici'liii'cil Hut 
 rai'tcil liv liis wilu iirim- to 
 y 111' sui'J for tlioin. I'liis m t 
 lliisliaiiil anil wife niiiy I>l> 
 Ills licl'iin' miirriaK'i'. llv lliij 
 All, |H;,H, a ma^istniU'' tun 
 ion, with niaiiiit'iianci', to 11 
 I' Imslianirs ill-iisagc. 
 lint till' liusluiiiil Is not re- 
 i ili'l't^ if 111' alliiw siillii ii'iit 
 
 IIM V. MrllnH , 27 \,iv. ,>;q 
 
 [ii'i'ly .\i't, 45 & 46 Vii't. 
 88?, iiiiiklnn tlii'ii' [iiiwi'i's 
 ' III' siii^li' woiiii'ii, aiiil in- 
 iliilitifs ill i-i'i-'iiril 111 .li'lit, 
 I Jiiii. i88j ; aiiit'iiiluil 
 
 5 IJi'i'- is'jj 
 I'ttuil wivi'S iiiaile by Act 
 
 I'.'i 
 
 iiily Hall (hiini i8fv>) w.'is 
 iKJitiiu .lai-ksnii at lilack- 
 
 lll-,\' MI'V'I'I' livt'il tliJ^I'tlllT : 
 
 riiciiils, anil III! sniin aft-T 
 
 Ilii ii'tiiiiii'il 111 Kii-laiiil. 
 
 soiiio I' n'l'-spniiiliinci.' anil 
 
 iBBcj) sill! stoailily lol'iisi'il 
 10 llliKatimi oiisui'il, ami a 
 IS (ilitaiiniil, ju .Inly, 18B9. 
 
 .lai'kson aii'l ntliors sci/i-il 
 1 I'luiiili at Clitlii'iop, aii'l 
 lOiisn at HIackliiiMi, wliin' 
 tn'il in cliavj^'i; of a nursr. 
 if li"fn"g ftirjDis, slit' \\a^ 
 U't iif apjii'al, Willi ili'i'i.lnl 
 
 Ir^al ]iiiM('i' til ilctain liN 
 
 19 Marrli. .Mrs. Jack.iuii 
 •li'liils 
 lariioil WiuiiciO.Vot paisnl 
 
 6 July, i; ;: 
 
 S^ cr WaTEK ToF.VXA, as 
 
 ARD oi'' THE Xoirnr, 1 
 
 ti'r Sriitt, on aniuiiit nl l.i- 
 I-. Aiuli'i'siin, lilt' laiiijui'i, 
 •4, si'c Cui'eitl Uari/en an'l 
 
 lh.l':iues d'un Pi-esthl' I'.l.if. ' 
 
 WOERTH SITH NAUKir 
 
 im 
 
 ";:r;pl's;j:r;;^;,:;;.:!itr':^^i^,,l:i'' fc<.i.r.ri 
 
 rill' fialu 111' .ya,k,.Jn,i, ui.,i .. 1 , 
 will kmiwy*"'"*"" "'"' '""'"' I" i'.'<'.'.il yiiir, „r. 
 
 WOMHvT 
 
 "urpiisi"! pii|„'tl„. K,',.„'|, , "•* '',"»^inl ami 
 
 5iurti,/'lliHtii|'l''ailhf., ,,„,!'! ;' <"V''"'"'''' "'"l 
 U a llll.u^lll'.|,.r^ ';''<' •'^"')■ ''"'I 'I'li'Hl^ 
 .n'artl,i«,.i,n' Vi^ T,,I:?;f;''!'''',\''''^'''^'''mi'.it 
 (i!l 4 IMii. rill' I ri„f Li Vl ' '"'■'""■'"'in' 
 
 fi'iii'scliw'ill,.,'. t|,,. I.',,,,,,' "'"I. Ill III.' villiii;,. „(■ 
 
 mii'i- iiu wl ill, Woi'Tii , ,n 1 '■'"'"'• ""' 
 
 Rivariaiis ai.ij Wii,,,., ! .^ \^'}]^ '.V l|„. 
 
 .Malioii's sluir«-,.r,. killi.il .,.,i,i' •^'"') "" -Mac- 
 
 «'i^ .'tvsn..'./Kv a s,i,ii:,'^,:\ /•,';:'''»■'''■'''''' 
 
 < I'rWriMt towarils .Sav,',',,' ;,..'';'''■ ''''■''''•''I 
 
 (he Vos'ji's. Till, vii'tm-v J.. '.""''■'""''•' «>l' 
 
 .n.at ...iiiiTii'iii SI. :,^: ';,; ;';"■' ,"• "- ^-n : 
 
 (iii'ii I'stiiiiaici ,,. jiKwi Llll I ,"""'1 '"■■^shiiN 
 
 5'™piis.,„,','s,';',4^:^ ';,;,;';; "-'"'1-1, a„,i 
 
 ii'.n, anil iiiuW, hairii-ai-,' ",,, ' ',"lli'>i'"'S Mi cin. 
 
 Itwasa,l,i,il(,.,l that \h, 1 ,', '/"r '''' ?""'""■ 
 ■'«'■ ""'1 l""V.i n , a, I 'r ' '''"' '"■'"'' "-^ "" 
 
 {w/t,,/, ,„r). •' '"" " "' ^ <'"'/' Itryiiliil,,,,, Mtt 
 
 ('■<"" l>.:jr,(,, fan,!,. M,.!!,,,, ,,,,„„, , , ., „ 
 
 "■'>.viiiiu/!;:V"'' ■"'"■''"»•• 
 
 y'^::"tZirr'''' " r„ii'„u,,u.,r 
 
 •• "M'l 'ynii.nt nf «■„,,„.„ '"'' "•''''-I l"""l'"ii, luiil ■■ 
 """.','. ''""I'ilali l.iiiiiil,.',| : .^■„|.„ • • • "^37-89 
 
 I'.iiiinli'il "."' ";"'"> "i"l ohsli'irin.l ,.„1|,.„; '*' 
 ''•■"I'lli' siillra^ji' r.ir'iiii'iii'l ,'.», ■,, • alimit 186* 
 
 I ;■; '•■^■^•«•^''''^-';:•:ar:lr;::6^i';!-t 
 
 '■t'!;;^,^^:^i,;'.,:;'"i'^''"i""'''.tM i„.„.,r,^:;;- i '^*' 
 
 '"iH;";^:;'«';;;i;;i;:^^,;;^.,j:;;>' n,.,^. u!:.!::;^ •• 
 
 ^-'::nr;;-.,;!;''''''''-'"':ii.'«^i...v.-i^';':i;;V'« 
 
 n:i';::/ii^.'!:,„:;;;:- i"-'."..- M'w ]::^^:!^: " 
 
 ■^J''''''..B78;(.,;-,„,),^;;,,;,,;^^^;^(.,v.4o) 
 
 "ua'trL:!i:i.^"- r--!- .'i-i'ti'ii ,„.,„;;.;';;'f • '^^^ 
 
 ^'^^';S'^-^i!!/'E(f-;;;.;:^.'h•'.).-.no,, 
 
 Ai'».'''"..'i'.i<oofXii' Hii,;:n;'':;,;'''Vr'''-^-»f 
 
 «:'^l'res.'t.t at till' inai,,M.,',,;,'''i,,,,;; '!''''■" 
 S'l-ls slaliic here, !o \„v ,Vj 'I' ' I inn r , „„. 
 
 ;..'.'■.- .'yas,ip.mV,;:.:;/f'';-;'-ji'''';^ 
 
 1:111111 on IS I'lii 11,.,,, f,„. ;,, ,, ';. '"''/• "olvi'r- 
 
 -"'-'■I' i V l-.iiU'rr,;"",l'v;> ""-'ii, 
 
 VihiTlLiniptoii iitiirns tli'-ee M |> '.. 1,,. „ , , 
 
 .liiiii', 1S8.;. -'i.i.s hj ai't passi'il 25 
 
 Mi.E'lwiii lliiil|.|-ii,.,. ,.,,,,. I , .. , 
 
 r.,,inn.i,si,',ortii!'.;;;.I;;':^:':i,!;:;'',':''''"''-'''''i'''K-i 
 
 O'lHliratiiiii t 111 o,. Ill „i ,,i,. „ I •„',"''' 
 (sister of 10.1i,'lr,M 1')" : ::^;:'l'", "■'>• «-"l'';".a j 
 24.limi'rf .I,',/. ,8,), '• '"""-" to till' luivii, \,'., I 
 
 '■::;'i;t^;3';:"' "■"" ^■■'"""^'" '""■•"■>■. ^-•^r.i ,io„.„, j 
 
 lM'nii'lr,,,,„||,„„Hi.| -I „V '""■ 
 
 I -'^ "'■'''"'■''''■'' f"'' »"'■''■'' '■l■''.'M(slW•4,,^^^,•;;■:'»" 
 
 I ^N '"■kl„«w„i,„.n's coll,.,,. („„,„„,„,„,„,,,, ,^ J. ;;t. ,8,4 
 
 :^:n^::.';:at;^:;i'S•••;i-i'•;•l■•r,.a.l,,^,-;,;;!i •■ 
 
 I ^''''''Hliisliasar , ;V:;V\''^'','''''''^^ 
 
 M;irr;,:;!:;;V';;;:,::;V'H'''i''-r:r:'"''''^ 
 
 , ><-shiji;^r ^,:' .^ j;;-.^ ';;;ir H,,,V.or c.,^ " 
 
 »;■""•'• sK:iiii.a,i„„,:„i„„,;''^ ;'/■';.. S74. ' 
 
 •'""^••' i'"""i.'ii at ti,,'..^, .,,,■''•., '''(.''■''''•'■•'s 
 
 ,-i:i:;^n,tn';',:-"^''--'"r;l;*:';;v^:^;i 
 
 '■liai'ti'rKi'anti'il *>""""« 't (242-, p), ij.Jan ■ 
 
 fi-nt .a.cti,i« ,,,, ,i.i,ai; siitn.a«. : St. j,„^J,^^;i:il; -srs 
 
 Kl;;;|ivesi,„ni,,,.raii,,'i,t,,,,, „ i„ ti,,,^,]::^; '^So 
 
 ""'".■ni.i '■i''i.ln.itli.il',„V4 ,„,,,;, "",:'" =7 "■■'■• -SSr 
 
 at <'xl.Ml;l,vstaliit,. ' ■^•'"""■"'""s lorl nn 
 
 ■ ■ ^j.\liril, ,83^ 
 
 :ji';';t:^;';afc^'';!;!,-;--;-::/^,-iv;:s;.r 
 
 ' ,, ,,' ' " *'"; '"■■** |i>'''^i'nliiii'iii lui- liiiii,,,, 
 
 ;; ;;r'rt!;i;,'v';;i;/'?';'/''M"'*. "i.'S 
 
 I , at(.xf,„|;|,vs|aii,t,. """"""""""'"•I Ill's 
 
 I fi'inali' h .iis,.lin|,|,.,.s' sii(n„.,,.'A,.i,i'„„. • =J'M'i'll, 
 
 ''■'■■;i'i" 's'''i i.y Ml'. «?,?,,,*• 'n,. ''''''' 'I'"'-''- 
 
 ■c> ,),ini' ; i,i.,.ativ,.,l (,,, ,,." '" '," "i'""iis, 
 
 ^'"liii'n.i' Miss II. M all r„'i , V'"""' '" '^^'"i- 
 , tavi's, ami lii'r ;;, ,ii , , ^ I'T " W im-ii's 
 
 ^V ii'ssiillra;^.:!.!, .' ,, ","""■'1 . . 2, Inly, „ 
 
 "'-■ilivi'.l „r,I„l • ,q" '"■' '"' 'I'll''. S'Jnlv 
 
 r.''iilsi','„i„i ,■,;„, ^,^;','"»,"" =S .July: .885 
 
 ■^'■.|;|■l.;nl',.ativ;M ■':'', ;,t,';-''-;>'V'i'"'kc.i 
 
 Fi'iiia(c'sutrrai,T«raiiteil in Mailra's pr^siili'i,',*?' "'"'' '^9' 
 Eiiai'liiii'iits fur 111,, nroti'f'lin,, /''"'"""i"''! 28 Sept. ,33, 
 
 ^\unu■n■s Nat'-ji'-il '^*nffV^'T-lU * * ^ * • ^4 -Viii^, 
 
 ''i:^^h,!:i,';,^;;;:';;,r!,^|:;^;»'',ir.;v:.y,.,i,ta!^^^-'' 
 
 4 I 3 
 
 l.-f 
 
 m 
 
 '!'"i||i 
 
 il 
 
 i ' 
 
WOMEN 
 
 1220 
 
 WOODSTOCK. 
 
 Intpniathun'.l "ciiiiicil ,,(■ voincii," advd.'atiii" 
 wni,„.i,s riKl.ts 1,1,4 at \Vasl,ii,K't„i,, f.S. 25 
 J airl,, ,868 ; a .sii„ilai- ,),„■ at I'aiis 2s .l\Wf. 
 hiifliaK,. Knii,tc,l l„ |,.„,„|,, n,t,-i,av,'rs, ,ii„|,t tl„' 
 iMi'nip.y,.,-,,,,,,.,,! act, pass,.,! / . ,, aiil'. 
 tt"M,,.M.s „,s],ital will, f,.|„al,. i,i-actiti„„iTs l„.mni 
 111 Maryl,.!,,,,,,. ,87, ; ||„. „,.,v ImiMiiii,. i,, E,ist,,i, 
 
 „"""!• '"'V 1 li.v lla- |,riM,vss,.rWal,.s 7 Mav, 
 
 Jlrs. So),a,li,.|, i„a.|,. M.ll. . . ,6 Mav 
 
 Jwo la,li,.s .■l,.,.t,.,| l„,- tl„. I,„i„l„„ (Vaii.iv CmmiHI ] 
 
 iis,l,.,.|an.,nil,w,l,a l,ilM„ l,.j;alis,. it u;WcU;\ 
 
 )J the l„r,ls, 20 .May, i38y, aii,l 9 Juihs ifg,,; liv 
 
 til,' con, 1111,11s . . . . _ 26 Mav 
 
 Wiimnra hv,/, ,init„i (ly^i.nathni. ],i',-ii(isc,ri,v' tlii' 
 
 bi.sl,,.l,„lli,,llor,lai„l „tl„.,s at a 1 tiiif,; l,cM 
 
 ill the Assciiihly-liall in ilic Mil,..Ki„l.n.a,i S <),-t 
 
 Aliollienii,.,'tin(.'al I'ici.a,li|Iv . , 10 1-Vli 
 
 ttiinicii in \,.u- Zi.alai,,! a,ltli,,iiz,.,l til serve in 
 
 pai-iiaincnt ai„l v„t,. at ,.|,.,ti,ins ; liill 1 ass,.,l . 
 
 heiit. ; rcjcctcil l,y tli,. li-islativ,. cjiiiuil. 
 
 Slnndnr nf Wnincii Act pass,-,! '". '\,','.!' 
 
 Discnii.iiiation "f s,.x in i;l,-cti(,iis ali„li.sl,|.il l,v iwi 
 
 l«iss,',l 111 New Viiik ... ,- Xpril 
 
 Bill l„i- til,. I'xtfii.sion „f the ),ailianieiitaiv tianl 
 
 chisi. tn winiiMi, n.j,.cl,.,| hv th,' ,-„ii msV,-.,— 
 
 152 . 27 Aiail, ,s,,2 ; l,y ll„. l,,n|s, ,, ,s,.|,t. 180,: 
 wit elmvvn, .■,,iiin„.iis, .May. ,S^=, ■ r,.a,l \u\ tiin,. 
 
 lonis i8t,6: ivail i.|„l li , ,-„i,iiii„iis, , i-vi, 
 
 1897; hill witliiirawn, ,.,.i,ii,i,ins, ,4 .Inlv, "iSnS. ' 
 
 Coiil,.n.Mc,.sat llrist,,! ami ,,th,.i- places, r;.sp,.ctinL' 
 
 w,,ine,iss,illiM-,', &<•. . ... \„v 
 
 Ass„cialii,ii ,,| \v,iiii,.ii iii .,•!■ li.ctiuvrs ; iii'ihlip 
 
 ' liiiKin l.iiiiihin . . . . s .Man h 
 
 Miss Maria M. O-ilvie nia,!,' D.Wc ,jf l.oii,l„i, iinil 
 
 vcrsity ,,„„. 
 
 Act iiassial in Xew Zi^alaiiil cinlVrrinj,' el,.,.tivi'. 
 
 Iranchis,' 1)1, \v,iiii,.n . . . •>n .S,.)it 
 
 Women sanitary iiisiii'Ctois, um|,.r the lactnrv ami 
 
 workshiip act, ,Jan. 1892; irii,)rt,',l v,.rv ellici,M,t 
 
 ill Kensmntiin ....'. ,|,||| 
 
 The natiiiiial w,)ineii's ommcil iir^caniz,',!' hy ii,|v 
 
 Ahenh-eii at Ottawa ivp,>rt,M snccessliil, ,", 
 
 April, 1894 ; imM'tiiiKs in l.umloii, 12 I),'c. iSqs 
 
 ami 19 July, 1897. 
 
 A Hivat i,ii','tiii,i,' Ii,-I,l in the Queen's hall, Laiigliam 
 
 place. W. ill favunror th,' iiarliainenlai-y Iranchise 
 
 l,MV„iiiei, ,„„ 
 
 W,;,n,-n» siifli-af!e appeal start,',!, .Tiine, 189,; r,'- 
 
 C'lvtMl 249,o<»sini,atiir,'s . . . ',)iilv 
 
 Wmiieirsehri.stian eiliicati,in hMftiie, active . " 18, 
 
 By tli,^ act pa.s.si',! ,894, \v„iiien (h'clared cliKihle 
 
 for jiarish councils, &c. 
 Death of the dowaKcr la,!y Stanley of Alilerley, aKe,I 
 87,aiiactivi;proiiioterorfi'iiialeeiliication ; 7 yeans 
 presiclfiit of thii women's liberal unionist associa- 
 tion ,6 Keh 
 
 Election manifesto issiu'd hv the women's franchis,' 
 
 '''•'«'"■ •, • , 2JUIV, 
 
 Ihe inoiio.sal to ailinit woim'ii to tin' It.A ,1,'L'r,',' 
 re,iectc,l at O.vfonl (2,5-i4„), ,, „, March, 1896; 
 rejected at Caiiiljri,it;,', ,2 .March. 1896; ,l,'Kr,','s 
 
 by <iil)loiiia r,'co i,'n,!,'d to tlm C'amhri,l<'e 
 
 senate, by tli,^ symlicat,', 2 Mairh, 1897; mm'li 
 controversy ; ivjectwl, 21 .Mav. 1897. 
 Poor law Gilaiilians (Irelaml) 'Women act passe,!, 
 
 m . . ■ . 3' .March, 
 
 >^omi'n s internatiniial con(;ress at nerlin, 21 iSi'pt. 
 
 The National union (since tenii.'d council) of 
 women work,'is, conferi'iice at -Manchi'ster, 27 
 Oct., 1896. Annual mi'eting.s. 
 
 Women's siill'rane hill pa.ss,',l in Victoria 29 Oct. 
 
 Women admitteil to the bar bv benchers of the 
 Ontario law .society, under act of Provincial 
 letiislature 18 Nov 
 
 Mathihlt' liliiifl, jioet, novelist, anil critic, horn 21 
 March, 1847, ''i'''' 26 Nov 
 
 "W,)nian nmb'r th,' Englisli law, from tli,! (Saxons 
 to th,' jiiTsi'iit time," by Arthur li. Cleveland, 
 jaiblisli,',! 
 
 Miss I'laiici's E. Wiilarii, gnmt worker ill the tem- 
 perance movement; bom 28 ^Sept. 1839, die,!, 
 
 Miss Gulvin and Miss UutchiiiKS. from th,' Iloilil 
 cultural college, Wwanh'y, Ki'iit, i'in|,loy,'d as 
 Sarilcner.s at Kew ; 28 prof,^ssioual apiiointments 
 11, '1,1 by w,iim'n j.',,||, 
 
 Woni. I's local government society, annual meeting 
 
 ■89^ 
 
 l8Sq 
 l8y(j 
 
 1E91 
 1892 
 
 •893 
 
 1S94 
 
 1-4 
 
 1895 
 
 1897 
 
 I ill I.oM,lon, laily Fiv.lerick Caveiulisli iir,'si,Iiu-, 
 I ,,. . ,., iS .Man-li, 1893 
 
 >\, nil, 'lis libi'ra! f,'i!,'rati,iii annual na'cling at f>t. 
 .Iaiii,'s's hall ^j .lime 
 
 WONDERS 01' THE World, r. Tlic pvra- 
 
 niiils ot l'lj,'V|jt. 2. Till' miiu.soli'iiiu nrtoiub built fm- 
 
 ; .Mii'isolus, kin;,' of t'arin, liv .Vrtciiiisia, his i|uc('ii. 
 
 ;,. Till' ti'iii]iU' of J)iaiia, iit'Kiilii'siis, 4. 'J'lic wall^ 
 
 : 1111(1 lii.ii'.-iii- frn"'™:* iif the citv of liabvl,.ii. ;. 
 
 : Jill' \ast t)ra,.('ii iiiiiigi' "(' the sui'i iit Uliiid'cs, calli'ii 
 
 till' Colis.siis. (,. Tlie ivorv and gold statue of 
 
 .lupiter Olyniiius. 7. Tlie pharos or \vat,li-t,.wcr 
 
 built by I'tolcniv I'liiladclplius, kiuj,' of l^'Vpt ' 
 
 6V1: srparitte nrtichn. 
 
 ' . WOOD (see .S'(7/,-, i8(/>. and I'/ij 11 ) renileri'd noii- 
 iiithiininahle by 11 clii'iniiiil process, adoptcil in the 
 I iiiti'd .States, siacesst'ully tiied mi a buildiii;,' at 
 .Millhaiik, London, the surface lieiiif;- only cImiT,',!, 
 
 i the iirince of Wales and others jueteiii; n Alav' 
 
 I l,S,,7. 
 
 I WOOD-CUTS, see Eiigriiviiitj on ll'oud. 
 
 I WOODITE, a coinliination of indiii-nibhir, 
 eork, iiml other substances for the coatiiij;- of lileJ 
 boats and other vc-'sels to defend them al,Mill^t 
 collision 1111,1 iitliwks of <riins, \-,'. inventi',! l,y 
 Mrs. .\. M. Wood, recoiiinieniled by sir Ji. J. K,,,! 
 July, 1886. 
 
 WOODS, FOHESTS, &c., see Fori.itx. The 
 b,nird of woods, f,iresfs, and hind revenues wa.s con- 
 atituted in 1810. The oversi;j;ht of works am! 
 imblie buildinj,'s was added to its duties in 1832, Init 
 traiisfeiTeil to 11 separate board of coniniissioiu'is in 
 18^1. See ;;'ry)7,-.v. In 1874 the annual reveiiu,' ,'f 
 the crown woods and forests was 487,(195/. ; iNN^-: 
 308,000/., i88(), 492,624/. Keport of a'eoinniisJi,;u' 
 issueil, Nov. 1897. 
 
 WOOD'S HALF-PENCE, for eircuhiti.m in 
 Iielund and America, were coined bv virtue ,il a 
 patent, passed 1722. Against them, "Dr. .lonathan 
 Swiff, l)y Ills letters signed U. If. Drapier pub- 
 lished about 1 723, raised such a spirit of o|iposition 
 that tlie patent was withdrawn. Wood receivid a 
 compensation, but was virtually banished the kiiifr- 
 doin. The half-pence were assiivcd in I'jiglanil iw 
 8ir Isaac Newton, and proved to be genuine, in 1724. 
 
 WOODHALL SPA, Lincolnshire, celebrnted 
 for niineial waters, especiallv eontaininsr ioiline 
 On 22 .May, 1888, Mr. E. Stanhoiie, M.l>.. sir 
 Kicliard Webster, M.P., and others, inspeetcd the 
 pump-room, baths, hotel, and othiT Imildinss re- 
 cently erected to promote the tise of the waters liy 
 all classes of invalids. A hospital was opened :a 
 J[ay, 1890. ' ' 
 
 WOOD PAVEMENT was hiid down at 
 Whitehall in 1839; and in O.xford-street, the 
 Strand, and other streets. The principal part was 
 soon taken up. In Nov. 1872, the improved wood 
 pavement company put forth a prospectus; and 
 in May, i87(), wood had been largely laid ilnwn, 
 and was said to be the best pavement in London. 
 
 Oxf,ir,t-strei't was jiavcl by Hciisin's street I'aviiii; 
 comiiany, with a coiniioiiiiil of w,iod, asiilialt, f, It, an,l 
 Portlaml cement in 1876; with wood, 1878. IJoial-stiTOt 
 anil iiiauy other streets liaveil with wood, 1879-81. 
 
 WOODSTOCK (O.xfordshire). In Wood- 
 stock, now iilenheim-park, originally stood a 
 royal palace, in which king Etlielred held a iiiir- 
 liaiuen;. and .Vlfred the Great tninshited Jlmtiim 
 (ieC(ii/nolatwiier/iilosnp/ii(-e,ii8'6. Henry L biau. 
 tified the palace; and here resided kosannmil, 
 niistiess of Henry II. 1154, In it were bom 
 
OODSTOCK. 
 
 I'lU'iick Cavciiilish prcsiiliiw, 
 
 iS MiiiTli, 1893 
 nitiuii nnnual iiu'iaiiinat «t. 
 
 . 22 Junt), ,, 
 
 ■TIIK Would. I. The pyru- 
 
 riic niiiusolciiiii (ii-tniiil) Imii't I'm- 
 Jiiriii, liy Artciiiisiii, liis (|iic(ii. 
 ana, at Ki))icsus. 4. 'J'hc walls 
 ns (]f the city of llaljv Icii. :;, 
 if,'C "f the siii'l at UIkhU's, ( allrd 
 riic^ ivirry and jtuld Htatlic nf 
 7. Till' plianis (ir watcli-tipWiT, 
 I'liiladulidius, kin,!; of KfCMil , 
 
 , l8ij(),im(l I'll] (•))r('ndc'ri'd nmi- 
 licMiical i)i-(iccss, adopted in tlH> 
 ■ssfully tiied on a hiiildin;,' m 
 lie snifaee lieinf; only eliaind. 
 i and other.s piesenlj u Mav, 
 
 sen BmjriiiiiKj on ll'uod. 
 
 eoniWnatinii of iudia-nililar, 
 lanees for the cnatinf;' of lifr. 
 psels to defend them a,;,'ain^t 
 4 of jrnns, \-c. invented liy 
 ■eonnneiided by sir E.J. Ifiid, 
 
 :STS, &e., see Dirinfn. The 
 ts, and land revennes wa-if eon. 
 Die oversight of works and 
 added to its duties in l(S32, luit 
 
 ate hoard of eoi i.-sionns in 
 
 In 1874 the annual revenui' of 
 fore.sts was 487,()95/. ; 1882-3, 
 )24/. Keport of a eomniissioii 
 
 F-PENCE, f.ir eircuhition in 
 , were eoined by virtue ol' a 
 Against them, "j)r. Jonathan 
 ; sij,nied M. li. i)ra])ier jiiib. 
 ised sueh a spirit of o|ipositioD 
 vithdrawn. Wood received a 
 s virtually banished the kinfr- 
 .' were as.siived in lOngland i)y 
 proved to bo genuine, in 1724". 
 
 (PA, Lineolnshiro, eelehr;itc(l 
 especially eontaining iodine. 
 Mr. E. Stanhope, M.l'.. >ir 
 P., and others, inspected llie 
 otel, and other buildings 10- 
 lote the use of tlie waters by 
 . A hospital was opened 2f> 
 
 MENT was laid d,)wn at 
 and ill O.xford-street, the 
 eets. The principal part was 
 ov. 1872, the iniiiroved wood 
 ut forth a prospectus ; and 
 had been largely laid ilnwii, 
 best jiavement in Lor.dnn. 
 ved by Hensin's street iiiiviiiR 
 lund of wood, nspiialt, Ml, ati.l 
 ; Willi wood, 1878. lioiid-siicn 
 laved witli wood, 1879-81. 
 
 (Oxfordshire). In Wood- 
 i-iiark, originallv stood a 
 1 king Ethelred Iiclil a par- 
 le Great tniiislated llmllnm 
 y)/iife,iiS'S. Henry 1. beau, 
 id here resided IbisaiiiDtid, 
 '. 1 154. In it were bora 
 
 IWnumd, seeond son of Edw^i^^d"^ T" 
 1 dwaid, eldest son of Edwa d V V' h^ 'i°'\ .""J 
 the princess Elizabeth was HnVi'lv'i;""' '":'■' 
 Marv, icci. \ siden.li.i , """" i>\ bcr sister 
 
 cxpjilse ^i'lhe natiS'r' h dS m""'"' ''"■ 
 was erected here to c,,ni ., '.,V '.•^/''''.''"'■""^'l'. 
 Wenlieini in 1704. At tl ■ t ■ ' '"'^'"7 '" 
 
 ancient editice' was rcni l.d , ,'''T'-' '''r''' »' ''"■ 
 planted on its site see /.// """J"" '''"'^ were 
 *• Woodstock," was , ubhsl T'"!' *^''"" '^ '-"'"'"'^i'. 
 
 ^airs"iiisu,r;;:;ffirt^^;;;:3."^^'^' ^'-- 
 
 WOOL. I' rora the earliest finies t., .1 
 of queen Elizabeth the wool,, f u" ^ 'j", 'i,,'-'^^'^"' 
 eiotoiily superior to that of Snai, but ' ""? 
 
 the huest n the universe' • ,„l' ' '"' """"ited 
 «f the {.onians a . iiufaA;,' ' r''n '" V'^' """'« 
 
 established at winZs;eJ";i;r:^;,'';;r--, 
 
 Jierors. Amlrnoii. I„ l„ter tino 1 « 1 '" '■'"■ 
 iu^turediuEnghind, ai:l"s'Zt :d";';l<r">'-f 
 tiot 111 any quantity until i !Ji wl 1 , ,„ . •'" !'"' 
 
 Sc^;::;.^;^!;;;;-;.:,^it^"-'"-'^'>',yKdw.i. , 
 "^;:t:,;;l^;7',:;^:'';:'i'y;il,iL^:r-'l-;j.;.;uin; 
 
 by 
 
 ■'(n";',;:,'''"'"*'''^ «■-■« '"^ made 
 N,'.",''l''','l' ,'"■'"'"'" ■^••'"'•'l ■ ■ ' ■ 
 
 into li:,:!!:/'''"'^^ '■'■"-'-•''"■...■ 
 
 l)n,,,.|,-l,,||, I , ' ,." I "-'"li'i'il .Ma/^oii„i . 
 
 Tr:;;:;;;^'^,i:;;f;:'i'-' '''■'••■'-■''. "wm.iir. • 
 
 ':;^!r:; ;:;::;";'-""- -i^-Mir'.oA,,,,,- 
 
 ''v--;':,^;-!::''^.!:^;?^'"'-'"'-'" England at 
 ^"'' ^:^:or'!t:^:--;'"^^"'-.ported 
 
 in Kiiginnd. 
 
 alnail 1 j.|Q 
 
 • • 1390 
 niiported 
 
 - '463 
 1614 
 
 1646 
 
 1667 
 1677 
 
 167S 
 
 1688 
 1698 
 
 1701 
 '715 
 
 1712, 
 
 Tlic exportation of Kic'lisli Wool '.,„ I '.1 ■' • • 
 lion oflrisl, wool lao K , . ;,? '/','':,''','I'»'*»- 
 Th.■cxp,,■•tlorl,iddcn'lVac^;ais;.,''"''''''''^'' • 
 
 ^dl. o,.. event the ruiming,! wool ,ro„.„:c,„„i to 
 
 w;^.;|:;.^^,™;^;;;:!'';^i::*'',f-""-iana taken o,r 
 
 Thr u,.u-cij,»rtatioi, law was rcpi'alcd' , G,'., tv ' 
 '".,:!?:;. "^: ■:'";-'«;' ,83,3u,9^5lt.A^Woo/and 
 
 Ml 1S59, 
 
 in 1S64, 
 in 1871, 
 ill 1877, 
 
 alpaca, &c.;,„V^6:3;^;9""^o, 
 
 1275 
 '337 
 
 ■343 
 
 '467 
 
 152: 
 
 1696 
 1718 
 
 ■738 
 '739 
 '794 I 
 1824 j 
 
 ; ill 
 
 in 
 ill 
 
 1861, 
 1871, 
 
 ■877, 
 1881, 
 I US;, 
 ■?9, 
 
 ill i8j7 r; b > ■■"•■'"•" ii"cs.,i aiikiiii 
 
 ii.x-crpaa^i^i^iii'v/:-"™ «yMciii or oiot.,: 
 
 887 
 Rn- 
 
 '.U 1861, 147,172,84, II,, 
 
 .in 1866, 239,358,689 Ih, 
 
 :; '!"■ 365,065,578 It,. , ... ,„ 
 
 in ,/<?' ■♦■7'"°."99«>.; in ,88,, 
 
 il",ps,3, .,95,946,779 »> ; ill 1887 
 
 ill ,S ,^39,257,975 lb. ; i„ .gj^ 
 
 J33, 284,634 11) 
 .206,473,643 11,. 
 323,036,299 Ih. 
 409,949,198111.; 
 
 45u,'4l,735 III. 
 
 577,924,661 lb. ; 
 
 70.0,903,057 tlu 
 ,,.''77,947,464 111. 
 WeiiNiioctedl'i'oni Ausrralasin in .o 
 
 .879, =87,831,804' ih. in ,8^^', to6?/.T.<L : i" 
 'S9o,4^^^;t^i?:-;/;^,^9,^43;,3o.39'_.t,.;in 
 
 WpOL-COMBEES in several parts of En.. 
 land have a process bii on 2 Kel> i,. ' .^" 
 
 ^LK^tl;::;f^v{^Si'"Hr'S^v" 
 
 mj.ueryund proprietor, died,'i,g;:|;;;:',^'l„^; 
 .^r,..daref,„ii,...,;,^^-'rhl^ul.ns 
 
 'tMi:^ai:;/;i;,,.i;t;;!:;;;:;,'"--«--™ts^ 
 
 wasted inaiuil^e.nie in Nl,H;;ik' '"""'■'• '^■'>- '33' 
 
 • • 1340 
 
 o.vil'^?!^^^^^:^' ""■^^■at of the lord hi,.h 
 
 <^awarininr;i'LtS^tre,:^;:Susf 
 
 Kov 1 \lili>. .V 11 '- '"'''"' sL'rvice. The 
 
 IS" H!l'=~T"fSS 
 
 i oneM.l'.,'j'.,.tofi8S- V'*'''' 1 ^V^-''^^''' ■''-'tums 
 I t«9i, 107:324. ^- ^ "''"'•"ion. '«8', 80,84s : 
 
 JTbcarsci,al„storel,ou.se.s.i:e.,b.init(lossof 200,0000 
 Anotlicr^jieat lire 20 May, ,802 
 
 ,l;j.talexpiosio„ or gunpowder ' . ' ^°^^!!^' '1°^ 
 
 llielieiiip.sto,,, |,„i„t,lown . ' r ,„ ' '^'J 
 
 Another c.\|ilosioii l,v Kunnowiler ' ' |;"">''8i3 
 
 'L''';:;:l'^'!;!;r->--^™?'^"-'y^-tri'ri;;-«-^ 
 
 01, . io»h ,11,0111 iim.ooo^ . , ivi; o 
 
 \isit,'d livtheshahof I'eisia ' ■ '/i^^b 1873 
 
 Kxplosioii in the io,.k,.t factory ; ,,,0 town'bonf' '^'« 
 unly tiu i„ei,kille,lintheiactoiv,ioa 111 24 He if ,«9, 
 
 by Vhc':.:::;;!,,^' '"''' ^^-'-i-y auu:.S;!;5i '"'^ 
 
 I'Yce stcaia.tcrry (between North'and ■.Sout'b'wi'.d' '^'^ 
 «icb)iimi,garated ill great state by loitlliosebery 
 
 23 March, 1889 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 'I ¥ »' ! 
 
 
 ii^ 
 
 I 
 
WORCESTER. 
 
 1222 
 
 WORKING MEN. 
 
 (Ifi'ilfiih lil/iiiil, SIM- Ciiillinii, 1872.) 
 hxtotiMlvi' lire ill tlii'iirs.iiiil, s:iw mills, rmk sIkiii, 
 Ac 6 llcf. ; mill lit Mi's.si-.s. Alliulil iiiiil Cr., 
 
 liiiiliiii' iiiiTcliails 2,1 Dtio. 1896 
 
 ENpliisiiiii ill a ruekel fiifliiry tiiiii'ly av.'rti'd, 
 
 12 May, 1893 
 
 WORf E ^TER, Riioocssivi'ly an iiiipnrtiint 
 Bntisli, liuiiiuM, uiul SiiXdii tutt'ii, was Ijuriit liy 
 till) DimcH (lOjl) fur resisting.' the tribute ciillcil 
 iJiim'tfi'lt. Williiiiii I. Iiuilt ii castle, KKjo. 'J'lu' 
 city was freiiueiitly taken and rcliiken diirinp' tlie 
 civil wars of tlie middle a.ifes, and liv Crdinwell in 
 1651.- The liisiroi'itic was fminded liy Ktlielred, 
 kilig^ol' the Mei-eiaiis, (>Ho, and taken IVdni the see 
 of l,leliliel(i, lit whieh it coiiiivised a part. The 
 ninrriedjiriests of the eathedral were displaced, and 
 nionkH settled ni their stead, 11(14. The ehureli was 
 rchuilt hy St. Wnlstan, 25tli hishei), 1030; tlio 
 IVliniiiia (if Ills hcisjiital are descrihed hv the rev. T. 
 11. Marsh, in its " Annal-," published In 1.S90. The 
 let- has yielded to the church ef iioiiie four sainis, 
 and to the Knjjlish nation five lord chancellors and 
 three lord ti-ciisurers. It is valued in the king", 
 books at 1049/. i'i.v. 3;,/. per annum. Pieseiit 
 inooine, soaj/. l'..pu,ation, 1881, 38,270; 1801, 
 42.905. 
 
 Till! runnvntcil (■;,tliednil n]i(Mied . . 8 April, 1874 
 Mueli exeilcniciil tliii)ii;;li tlie rcfiisnl of tlie dean 
 mill clui|itcr ti. ii.niiit liie (.atiiciial to b|. used as 
 a concert roiuii for tiie three choirs t'cstiviil 
 
 The festival held as strictly religious services ' ' " 
 
 22, 21 Sriit, l8-7^ 
 
 Tho f mndnti n stone of tlie inhileo Victo-ia iiisti- 
 lute lui.l \,, tlic duke of York, i .\].ril, ,^94; 
 oiieiied li\ thciii.iynrcss, liidv Marv I,v;.mii, i Oct. 1E06 
 
 Buveni Kiid-lioiisc. tlic iiiicicnt seat of the I.ccli- 
 irieri) fiinily, near Worcester, destroyed by lite, ' 
 
 24 uct. ,, 
 
 RKCENT BISHOPS. j 
 
 1781. RIcliaril Iliird. died 28 Mav, iSoS. ! 
 
 »8o8. Foiiiolt H. Coriiw.-ill, ilii.d'5 .'Sept. 1831. ! 
 
 1031. Holiert James (.arr, .lied 24 April, 1841. | 
 
 1841. Il"'iiry I'eiiys, dieil ,, Nov. ifc6o. 
 
 1861. ! iiry I'liilpott, rcsifriied Aiij,'. 1890, died 10 Jan., . 
 
 I?92. I 
 
 1890. J'llin .James Stewart IVrowiip, U.D., Oct. 
 
 WORCE.STER, Battle of, 3 Sept. i6st, ' 
 Wllen the Scots arniv which came to Knslarid to 
 reinstate Charles 11'. was defeaied bv Cimnwidl, 
 who called it his (■/■nin/iiir/ iniiri/. t'harles with 
 dilfieulty escaped to l-'ianee. More than 2oa)of the 
 royalists were slain, and of 81100 prisoners most 
 Were sold us sl.ives to the American colonists; see 
 Moscobi'l. 
 
 WORDSWORTfl .SOCIETY, formed "as 
 B Ijoiid ol miioii iinioiif,' those who are m svmpathy 
 with thegeneralti'iichiui;- and spirit of Wonlsworlh'' ' 
 and " to jii-omote and exlcnd tlu' stiidv ol the jioel's : 
 Works," kv., was inan^'uraled at (inismere, West- 
 moreland, 30 Sept. 18X0. Kirst I'lC.sident, l)r 
 Charles W ordswoith, bishop of St. Andrews. The 
 Society dissolved ; ,)iily, i.S,%. j 
 
 WORKIIOUSEH, see under roo>-. i 
 
 WORKING MEN. Situe the ^neat Exliilii- 
 tlotl of 185 1, ninch has been done to beneht the 
 lllbourillg elass(.s by organisation. See ArtisdH. 
 Il'iirkimj .\fr;ri.(7H?is considered In liave I'lefjiin will 
 tlie WorkiMj; Men'... Miiinal Iniprovi.Miiiit and 
 Hec'realinii (Soi'icty. establislicd in Lancaster bv 
 the Inslriiiiicnlidily of the rev. 11. Solly ill . " jg^ 
 Tlie U'eflmiH.iln IV'ul.inii Mni'^Chih, in iliiekditiie' 
 urlgliiJited with Miss Ad-'linet-oopcr; opened iii 
 
 Ope 
 J'Ac tt'orking Meu'n Chih and Inslitiite Vninn lor " 
 the pronujlloii of clubs, institutes, and similar 
 
 .societies for tlie in.st ruction and reeieatiouof tlie 
 workinj,' classes, was miiinly estalilislied by llift 
 slienu..iis exertions ol tlie re.v. Henry ."lullv, 
 niileil by lord l.yilleton.sii- llaivourl .loliiistou'e, 
 sir Ilu^'li Owen, loi'il rieilera.k (',iv«iili.sk, and 
 otiieis; the Ijiion was eonslituted at a lueetiii),',. 
 lonl llioii^'liam in the chair, 14 .lime, 1S62. It 
 has bei.|i eiiiinently sui'ci'sslul. The new Cenlral 
 hall in (.'lerkeiiwell-road opened by hird Umssty, 
 
 15 .Sept. 189J. 
 
 'Ihr U'liiihii/ Miii'.i CIiiIj mill I,i'il[ihnih'iuit, Old 
 
 I'ye-strcel, Westminslcr, was opened 20 Apvil, ij/f 
 ir..//,i;e/ .i;.,,',< o.//i'./i..<, lie. The lirst, established 
 in Slii-lfel 1, by .Mr. Hayley in 1842, and recon- 
 stituted by .some of the students in 1848. The 
 
 sc( I, in (ireat Ormond-street, London, liy the 
 
 j rev. proles.sur Frederick I). .Maurice, as iiniici|ial, 
 I in Oct. 1S54 (dieil i Aiiril, 1872), succuided by 
 Thos. liu);lii's, "Tom iriwn '1873-83, and sir 
 . .John Lubbock, iS8j il ^I'j ; a third ineambridKe,. 
 1S55, Wolverhampton, 18,57, Manehustur, 1858.. 
 and elsewhere, but have not all survived ; all 
 wholly fur tlic workiii)- classes, and undertaking; 
 to impart such knowledge aseiudi man fti'ls liD 
 is most in want ot. The collet's I'li^a^^e to. 
 lind a teacher wherever 10 or 12 members aurce 
 to form a class, aii<l also to have Icclnies jtiveii. 
 There were eleven elas-ses at the one in Ulooiiis- 
 bary. London, in 1856; .Mr. llnskin nave lessons, 
 in drawiiif. Some of these coUenes have been 
 foiin.l to be .self-siipportiiiK. 
 .1 M""i/,()i'(M'"./e «'.st'o//ivi', iK'^uniatQncen's-sciuare, 
 lilooinsbury, 1864; afterwards cliaiiK"! to tliii 
 " .New College for men and wiaueii," inaui;ural 
 
 'liccting 12 Oct. i£-, 
 
 II ■ii-kiiiij Women's CoUeije., Fitzroy-street, inaimu- 
 
 r.ited 16 Oct. „ 
 
 Act to establish councils of eoneiliiitiou, to adjust 
 dillereiicea between masters and wurkmeii, iiiLs,se<l 
 
 20 Au^;. il 
 The Arbitration (.Masters and Workmen) Act passed 
 I . 6 AUf,', ,t 
 
 U'i'rl,iiig Men's Iiifliliile, for South London, opened 
 with a lecture by jirofessor Huxley . 4 ,lan. i- 
 j Till' Siiiiniii M'rkii Mimmiiil C'l'lltj/c for 'vorkiiiH 
 I men and women at Victoria ball in connwtion 
 ! witli the l!orou;,di-road I'ohtei'hidc, was opened 
 I Ml 18S9. .See I'l.liitidiiiii:. 
 
 ' iVi'ik'min'.i InlentntiduHl Exliihiti'in pvopoaed by 
 the dnke of Argyll, lord |.;ieho, and others, 
 .March, 1868; mcetiiif,' for arraiiHeiiient*, 10 .Jan. 
 1870, held in the AKrieultural Hall, Islington (iC 
 classes and n tine arts department): opeued bv 
 the prince of Wales, 16 July ; closed by JIv. Glad'- 
 
 .stone 3, Oct. ,:; 
 
 National trades .societies conj^ress iiu'cl at llaii. 
 
 cliestcr, 186B ; at liirinintjham . . . Ann. i-i 
 IJemonst ration of working; men in Hyde pavk 
 a^'ainst certain clauses iclatiiiK to masters a»d 
 servants in the Lriminal Ijiw Amenduieut Act, 
 
 2 June. I;; 
 
 Inlcrniitiniml U'urklng Men's .4.s.wd(ilinn (tvruied 
 the liiternntiiiiiiil) owes its ori};iii to some Oeniian 
 sorialists in Loinlon, 1847, and was iiuii.h jto. 
 nioteil by the forcij;ii vision's to the KVeat exhibi. 
 tion in 1862. It was delinitely organised, 28 Sept. 
 1864, Ueor(,'e Odgir lirst president. Itspvofessi'd 
 ob.iect is the c.fni|ihte cmanciiiation of labo'.ir 
 fnan the tyranny of ca\iitalisl.s. U lias held 
 
 < f;resses at Geneva, Sept. iSfiti ; Lausaiini". 
 
 .Sc|.t. 1867; lirussels, 0-13 Sept. ii68 ; liasel, (, u 
 Seipt. 1869; Darcelona, June, 1870 ; at the Hague, 
 whi'ii ureal ilisseiisioiis arose between the "aullin- 
 ritariiins," who consider a (iovcrnnicnt needlul, 
 and the "anarchists," who tleny il. i)ne parly 
 iii'liidiii),' till' council seceded 'from the trail'.' 
 portion, ami a.l.iourne.l to New York, 3-10 Sept. 
 
 Four ol its mi'iiibers were elected into the Freii li 
 national assembly Krli. 
 
 The ass.ieiati.iii took part in the communist insnr- 
 rectioii at Paris l)ee. 
 
 It iiiaile a .lemonstration at New York . j8 Mar. 
 It is said to have alioiit 2,500,000 mcmViers in all 
 .•"iinUi.'s, anil l" be allie.l with scvir.ii sccrtt 
 societies, such as Fenians, the Jlary Anne, A'c. 
 
 A proi.osal from Sjiain that Riiropean Kovernmenls 
 should combinu lor its suppression, 9 Feb., was 
 
^'OKKING MEN. 
 
 iiistriu'tioii 1111(1 iw.risitidunf till! 
 i, wii.s iiiaiuly ititiihlislii^il liy lli« 
 
 iiiim III the ir.v. llc-iiry huUy, 
 vitli^tiiii, sir Ilaiviiiii'l .IoIliisIuii'i', 
 , Innl I'li'ilcrirli (';i\iaiiUsU, ami 
 on Has poiislitiilulat a lui.'v'tiiiK', 
 
 ill llio cliiiii', 14 ,li!iu', iSfc. It 
 itly siUTi'sslul. Till! iii'w Central 
 I'L'll-roail oiH'iiwl Ijyliiiil Uniasty, 
 
 I's Cliih iiik/ /.iii?sji)ii;-iii>ii«, *)lil 
 liiiiiiatc'i', was oiii'iii'il 20 Aiivil, ij£f, 
 'i;/M, ilv. Till! lilst, tstalilislieil 
 
 Ml'. Uaylcy in 1842, ami ivrijii- 
 '• III' tlic, stiKluiits ill 1648. The 
 , <lniiiiii(l-strm'.t, Ldiulnii, liy the 
 ■I'lliM'ick I). Maiu'ii'e, Its iiniiripal, 
 I'll I April, 1S72), sufciiiiilwl liy 
 ''Tciiii 1 rnvii ' 1S73-83, and sir 
 iS8j ('( «'7. ; atliinl iiuamliriilge,. 
 ii|iteii, 1857, SlaiLi'liiistur, 1858.. 
 Iiiit have not all surviveil ; alt 
 .■oi'kiii),' I'lasses, anil iiiiilerlakiiij; 
 kiHiwIeil^ri! as eiu'li iiian t'wls liC! 
 It (it. The I'olk^^fs i-uj-a^^e to- 
 lierever 10 or 12 incmlicrs ii^^ree 
 iiitit iilsii to have Icctiivi-A j^iveii. 
 I'll classes at the one in Ulimiiis- 
 I 1836; Mr. Uiiskiii t;ave lessons, 
 me (if these colleges have been 
 iiiliimrtiiiK. 
 
 <Ci)/(i'!;(', iK'^'imat Qwen's-wiuare, 
 •4 ; afterwards cliaii);e<l to the 
 >t men anil women," inaugural 
 12 Oet. 1J7,, I 
 
 t'oUeyp,, Fitzroy-sti'cct, iiiaugii- 
 
 16 Oet. 
 
 iniieils nf roiieiliiitiou, to luljust 
 en iiiu.sters iind wui'kinen, inusseil 
 20 Auy. 
 asters anil Workmeii) At-t iinsswd 
 6 An-. 
 iliile, for South London, oiieuiil 
 
 professor Huxley . 4 Jan. i-^; | 
 I Mrmnniil UfUtije for '■.'orkiiij; 
 1 at Vietoria hall hi connwtioii 
 i-riKid l'oljti'.clinic, was opened 
 
 (i(i/i(i/ KxhihUiiin proiKiatd liv 
 jivll, lord Kleho, and others, 
 etiiif^' for iirraiij<eiiieiit», 10 .Ian. 
 .\(!neiilt\iral Hall, lsliiintt>ii (16 
 L' arts depart nu'iit); mieued liy 
 es, 16 July ; (dosed Ivy .Mr. Ulivi- 
 . " . . ". 31 Oct. 
 cieties eonnresa nii't't at Han- 
 liiriiiiiiHliiini . . . An;;. 
 
 wiirkini; men in Hyde iiaik 
 laiiscs relatiiiK to masters and 
 .riiiiiiial I.J1W Amendnieut Act, 
 2 June. 
 ing Men's AsuocUMim (tvruied 
 
 owes its (irit;in to some llevnian 
 loll, 1847, and was imich pm- 
 iKii visi.iirs to the (;veat exliilii- 
 asdelinilely or^'anised, 28^^epl. 
 ■r lirst president. Itspvofesscd 
 iiplitc eiiiaiiciiiatimi ot lalionr 
 V of eaiiilalims. It has held 
 iieva, Sept. lEfib; I.iinsaiiiip, 
 els, 6-13 hept. ii6S; liasil. 611 
 loiiii, .lime, 1870 ; at the Hatine, 
 siiinsarose between the "antliu- 
 iiisiilcr a pivcrniiieiit nee(liul, 
 isl.s," who deny it. Mne parly 
 lined seceded I'roni the trade 
 irned to New Vork, 3-10 iScpt. 1 
 
 were elected into the Kren li 
 
 I'-id,. , 
 
 : part in the ooinmnnist insnr- 
 
 Hee. 
 
 t ion at New York . i8 Mar. 1 
 ilioiit 2,5ou,(joo nieiii\iers in ail 
 
 he ailied witli sevcr;il secret 
 Fenians, the Mary Anne, A'e. 
 lin Hint Kumiiean Koverninents 
 r in siippresniou, g Feb., wiS 
 
 ileeliiieil by (ireat liritain, . A 
 scribed m Fruncu by ihe 
 
 1678 
 
 1872 
 .871 
 
 1873 
 
 1875 
 1876 
 
 ■ 1879 
 18S0 
 
 It was jiro. 
 il ass,i,i|,iv_ 
 
 The British section met at M.Jm-e.,, , ..I'l ]'"''■''• '37= 
 
 liirlmnieiit-street ■<i(>iii.-) eliih house, 
 
 One iiarty took the naiii'c of ■|iitei'nati,;>e,l V ''"'•' ' •' 
 
 tuiii, and hidd annual , oieo is , • ' A.«o,!,a. 
 
 ■ 873: IlriLssels, 7.Se ( ,""' o ' '■>-"">a. Sept. 
 
 viers, 7.Vpt. 1S77 '\, . me:*,' ■'"'■ "^7"; Ver- 
 
 "t GhiMit (partly nni(;Vr;';^;;!'i:;-'^''i:''''"H 
 
 i.teniati„iialeoii.:.,,.sH, I'm " • ss , 1 "' '''"I"- 
 
 Itciiort of an all aiiri. l„: '";,.'"''''''•''• ^."'^ «''pt. 
 
 and the working 111 ,11 ,, 1, '"''"■" "^■'' l»^"rs 
 
 i-imdition of tln'la t I'l 1 1 ""!■ 'y'-n,e„t „f t,,,, 
 
 I'.vMr. .Scott Hnss'llV,','', '5 ;.''■'■ ' '-Miiuined 
 
 issued a pro{,M-amnie ■* '■''''■'■ "'10 
 
 Workmen's I'mce .U.Kinthm lield its lil-sf „ ''""■ 
 
 meetinj;in London '^* ""' iiuniai 
 
 A " Workman's city," Sllal1(^sbl,l■v i'-iik' ,■'^" \^'''''' 
 
 was mangnrated by the earl (:i'«,,!,;'^j;',^,|^l"-". 
 
 Annual trade eoiiK'ress at Hheffleld , ^ ^'"''' - 
 
 Alex. Macdoiiald and Tims II ,,'1 ' ,'=-'7 ■'■■m. 1874 
 
 >-;-«''.iM.i..stors;.,!^ra, " :,,::;if'''^'ii"i'. 
 
 l.o.val coniiniss .111 on 111,,,,,,. i..„ ' '" • rch. „ 
 justice Cockbur,, ' Wi',,;;',';';' '',''''■'' ('''i'''' 
 
 Hoebnck, T. Jin dies .M„ i '7''- ■^''•^'"«- 
 others). . •""°"'-'' •■\'<'''- -Vaedonald and 
 
 BwelliiiKS of woikiii.' , 'lasses or,;,. ., ' 1 ,■ '*'"'''''• o 
 way bills by new slandil,:, ,,,""'-"' "'""'■r'- 
 
 f.Mililoyers .and Work n .vi.t p .V^i ' ^o .Jiily, .. 
 
 Aiinnal trade coii;;r,.ss at (;iis.',,(e " '^ •^""■ 
 
 at St. Albans, lloll,,,,,, "^ ' " ■^"""■'t' baind,.,! 
 
 Workin'j-LwI.i' /„.«f,v.,/,,, r „ii,l,,r, : „, ' .• ^ ■^"'■ 
 Mansion House to bnind ,,';,'" ^■''"-.•" "'« 
 stitnte opened at White. I'lpe' '' '"^'- ' '"t- '"- 
 
 \\(,rkmen's Social Kdiicati, 1, i „,'„ , -'4 -Nov. 
 J»»i', 1879; profes; , J I, '■™«"''( founded 
 announeed .' "'\''""' •>■ '*• *'wli'y, j.residcnt, 
 
 Eiiiplovers' f^iabililv Vet "((,,,.' . ' .' 'oJuiie, 
 f(iVirijurie.s)i'ass.d * '■'""M'l.sale workmen 
 
 Internathmal eonferenc-e 'of worknien '•it' p'''*' 
 closes . "ciKiiiin at Pans 
 
 International trades ii,',i,„i eoii'i'ess 'I't p.,,'; "^ "''■'• '^^3 
 oli,|ect.s, shorb'r hours s ,n.V, ,'" • '"""' 
 
 Uritish,'n,ost moderale;-, Oe ' ^""U" •"'i'"" ' 
 23 Auy. 1886; London f-.T, p,,,,ii , '' ,^''-' ' ''""'" 
 (leleK.atea) ' ^'^ *"'"'"*'' "'"' 44 f"ieiKn 
 
 Workmen, &o., of the rnit.i.l Kin.Mi.in ^'b',',!; '^^^ 
 9,000,000; nveraL'c wa-cs e-i,.!, , ■ ' '' ' "* 
 
 (.835); about .3..^,,..;;:;:, 4 U^;^;;;:,;";'""" 
 
 4.''. per annum (i8cV,). /,■ r;,?-, „ " ^""" "'5 
 W,..in,MensJubil(:i.F(.s,iva[lie|,laUher;;s;;;i-'^^ 
 
 'th::i^^^.:i;'';;;i!ir^-r--i-iir;u:;;r'^ 
 
 were published in the aiu 1 1 ,? ' ''•'l'l;;"-.d, 
 stated to have liranehes i„ l" 'ui i,, f sr„ '^ ""? 
 in various cities in Europe. ' *'-"''^aiid 
 
 The Gerniaii parlian,, ,it, inllueneed bv i,rii,e„ 
 I ismarek, imssed bjiis to eo,ii|, ■ 11, .'„ ',l ™ 
 
 aeci(ients(.88;),t.v.,i,;!U';:;,:;i,^--^«3),;or 
 "s:'e;:::;;;rKr"'"'"-^-'^--^i-'"'^-^: 
 
 ISeeondcongn.ssat Heme, 2," .Sep,'. iSy',!/'"'-'' 
 The grand council of the \,itioi,ii i.- , - , 
 all Tmdesand in.liistii.; .' o „ , . 'u' 'nV'^ 
 demonstration be nude to m..i, """ " 
 
 ialheeoiiditmnofwdili' ',"?:;;; '■■"'■"t 
 termed "Labour dav," ,," \,„i \, ■'•,'" '* 
 (leiaonstration was ma le ai tl , V .'.lo'ii.,, ""'''■',"•' 
 n-itand Hy,le,,ark ; a v,m^ ^ "^ ; ^ ^^ -; ^ 
 nici'tini,' Has hidd ii ii\i T '("'loioeiij 
 
 ^l.eaki^Messi'.jUlvit I ,r',;,r,^'';tf 
 inshame Graham, Mrs. Aveling, anil ollli'is), ' 
 
 The .m'eat May-dav (leinoiisti-.,ti,„, , p ,1 ■• ^}'^-' 
 their condition, passed Iwit '':.'?''"';''"' "' 
 
 !i".mi^ini..(p,a;..\,,vi:a;i,';l; ^^:;;-^™;; 
 
 at I'aris, \ lenna, lierlin, and other towns" ' 
 
 '1 -May, 
 
 WORSEMEXT. 
 
 Inti'rnaliuiiiil ciiinrr..^.- , r ~~ ~~ ' " 
 
 „«inii, , ..V;,;;,''.^/,',, ; '' •"""•'■■^ "t J"liim.nt, Itei. 
 
 •"'iiiiati ifthe"Fa,-to,-v'i„ '.■ ^" -^lay <•( .if,/. ,830 
 
 1-alioiir niiio, '■ or, Tte;'l'M '''"''■';''!' '"'''"'"^ 
 aud Tom .Mann 'J'"''' ''> Messrs. ,)uhn Ihini.s 
 
 "i^n„:nS':;,;;i; "-^.■"•'■"■•^ ami niv,.;t;;ii; " 
 
 "!i-;:;^.o;!rKnr(-'-i:;.>:T-""''^-f " 
 
 I'/eio.i I .viij;. i8(j6; /iirieli, 
 
 "'hr;:;;;;;,';;;Cmy!,,;;;«,-"'"'-M.™ceabi^ii;:ft 
 .s9>..894:,^^;'i^'Ki'itds;'; r. '^""'' ■^'^'v: 
 
 -SJ^K?a.Sf^^«ATTOX 
 
 1S51 
 1857 
 
 ■89 J 
 1694 
 
 for 
 
 WOEK.SHOP.S, .CO Atclkrs and Factor 
 
 ■IfS- 
 
 WOEKiSIIOP EEGUL VTT(W apt 
 
 ,.u.i., in 1^,3), died sudden v, 20 Mav" 
 
 1878 
 
 iSSg 
 
 18 
 
 t.J,-p'mtm,, scf VhiMyo, i8yo tt «Yy! 
 
 stiidt^^^TIm ' "p"*-' "" "!'' ^"»'"'' '" «i"^^e-r>arm- 
 
 45. ; .-.built by Clovis ll abom^, '" e,: (^ We' 
 
 ;;-ta,ul on horseback, at H;e\;i-t,,^ro'rW^^^ 
 
 ::'dS;'hea^^-;.a'^^^;-\s -.--,'- ^ 
 
 mis in Worms as^the^lu;v^L!s,;^^,';::;;^ 
 
 of Its houses, I would go on." He ai m- r , l,ef,?r,! 
 he emiieror, the arehiluke Fi-Mimn,' '' !\', ^l^.^'j^" 
 
 d luCl^le: '"r'*' "■^"" """•^'■'"'^^' 'l'"'>v WsS 
 am iiuhtes, and nmny pniices, counts, h.rds 'iml 
 embassadors, i; April, acknowledKcl 1 i writ in. ^s 
 a.u oinn.ons ami left Worms, in fact, a eotm, ,' ,f 
 
 Btdertlio proteclion of the elector of ,Saxo, C 
 about a vear. The e,liel puttiuK Wm urn el- the 
 ban of the CMupiro was issued %6 Mav =2, 
 W onus was Ininit, by order of Louis XIV., "1081 thV, 
 cathedral excepted ; and was taken bv t) e Kr^'n ,h 
 under Cu.stine. 4 Oct. 1-0-. » m,.,,. •,.; -, , "' "l- 
 I „tl„.,. „t II- -'••-, '— -V ini i!,..niil jUttue of 
 Lutiiei at U 01111s was uncovered, 2; June i8(,« 
 ... the presetice of the kiiif,' of I'rus^iu a J other 
 sovereigns. I'oinilation, i8<jo, 25,504. 
 
 WORSEMEXT, see Jldlermct, 1895. 
 
 I" 
 
WORSHIP. 
 
 V>'ll 
 
 f 1 1 
 
 tliat Of Abel, 3872 1..C. (Geu.iv.) ".M..,, b,..r„„ 
 to cull o„ , „. „a„u. or ,h.. I.onl," ^;,x; h.c. (.v!" 
 IV.) Ilie Jcwisli onlcr of woi'ship was set m, l,v 
 ™; ''>'^,."-^'; «"'<"""" f'»ise,.r;>t,Ml tl,.. trn'pl.:, 
 he imtnajvlis all the K^.tiau aiul (L.U ..lola- 
 
 of the tftvplians, ami the 7W/,, or J/nmes, of the 
 ot the Cells or Gauls, 2112 Ii.c. lV„r. 
 
 WORSHIP IN fJxGLAND. The Diuidswerc 
 
 tl'.j pn,.s|.. I,,.,,., at t.„. invasion of the Konians 
 bl I'-C), who cventnallv inliVMlueed Chnslianitv, t 
 Savon, T,'--('T' ''>:tin".t.-.l hy tl„. vic^torions 
 ,",tl, ,1,,. ^.^■'^''' l.'i'M •"'■'■'' .l'''f-'"'"<- 'i''"' KoTiian 
 c.ithole toini of Chnstianity was intnMhifed hv 
 A j,nis ine sr;6, and e.mtiuued till the Ueforrnati.iJi 
 
 PLAC'KS or WOIWIIIP IX KNIiLAND AND WAI ES f 
 
 IN :8,5i. , 
 
 CM 1 « ., . I'taccs of Worsh in 
 
 C niiTh of KiiKland . . . . '' 1/077 
 WesKvan llKliodists . . . t'"]! 
 
 Indi.pundeiita . . ,5J' 
 
 WRECKS. 
 
 2,789 
 570 
 
 37> 
 229 
 160 
 222 
 132 (?) 
 
 53 
 
 50 
 
 32 
 
 Sitlings. 
 
 5. 317.915 
 2,194,298 
 1,067,760 
 
 752.343 
 186,111 
 
 91,559 
 68.554 
 86,69^ 
 
 3o.7'^3 
 18,52a 
 
 8,438 
 12,107 
 
 9,303 i 
 
 32 
 
 3 
 
 109 
 
 82S 
 
 S4fi 
 
 7.437 
 
 291 
 
 35.210 
 
 198,242 
 
 »°5.557 
 (population 
 
 Tiajplist 
 
 lioMi.iri Cadidlics . ' . ' 
 hocii.ty ol Krii'iHla . ' . ' . 
 
 i-'nitvtri:iiis ... 
 .S(ntti.,li I'n'slivti'i'iaiis 
 Latter (lay Saints {MormnnUes) ' 
 Urctlireii (I'lvnioutli) . 
 Jews . . 
 
 New fhurcli (.Swe.lonliorfc'iun.s) 
 
 Moravians . . 
 
 Catholic and Apostolic Chii'reli 
 
 (IrviiiKites) 
 Greek C'ljureli . 
 Countess of HuntinLcdoii's t'oii- 
 
 nexiim ... 
 Welsh Calvinistie Metliorlis'ts 
 Aanoiis small bodies, some witli- 
 
 oiit names 
 June, 18S4, total .sittin-s in' tlie'melr„p„li„ „ ,. 
 
 4.019,36.), .,388,792 ; Clinrel, of Kn^-land, 677,643. 
 ■See ll\vley(i)iMclhiiilii-l^, note 
 
 Sl'./'vw'''",-^;"';'''''''"^'-"''""''^'''!'' "''t- '«?'■ 
 
 ..om;eV,l,'f!^-;,v.=^8;'7^= ''"'' ^'"^ ^---h-')f 1..-' 
 
 AVORSTED, spun wool, ohtained its -lame from 
 hayrn^u been tirst spun at a town called Worsted, in 
 Nor'n k, ,11 whK.h the invent.,r liv<.d, and where 
 
 ";;'":'" r^T""""^ "^^ stiUextenJivelycarHei 
 on, 14 Idw. I r ,j4o. AiHlerson. " A Worsted- 
 htocKim^ knave is a term of reproach nr conlemnt 
 
 lure in W 'if''?"".";- • ^'T '"^'•''»^« "^ """"•"'«- 
 tuie ill H.J{. \orkshire, 1895 fi .vcy. 
 
 WORTH, see Ifocrth. 
 
 WORTHIES, NL\E, a term long ago given 
 to the following eminent men :— ^ ^ 
 
 ,/i'les, 
 tToslina . 
 David 
 Judus Maeeaba us . 
 
 //(•e«i('«N, 
 Hector of Troy . 
 Alexander tlie Great , 
 Julius Ca'sar 
 
 CJnisttnn:*. 
 Kill},' .\rtlmr of Itritain 
 ClrirleimiK'ne of France 
 Godfrey of Bouillon 
 
 In some lists, (;i,|,.„„ ,„„i Sanison arc pven, instea,! 
 of lector and Artbnr In Hbaksi.eare's L;::-,f.„h„„, , 
 w.'irtli'ies ''• '" ■ "' "'■'•■■"''■'' "'"' I'"'"l'cy appear a, 
 
 WOTHLYTYPE, sec under Photography. 
 
 WOUNDED IN BATTLE, see Ge,ma 
 Cuiirtiiliun, and Aid to ^ici: and Hounded. 
 
 WOUNDING. Malicious wounding of anotlc- 
 was a<ljudged death hy the Knglish statutes. Tlir 
 toventry Act was passed in i(.;: ; ,see Corniln/An 
 li.V lord Kllenhorough's Act, persons who stab or 
 
 , cut wiih intent to murder, maim, or distiKuiv 
 
 , another were ilcclared guilty of felony without 
 benefit of clergy. Tlio.se guilty of nialicioush 
 s looling at another in any dwelling-house or othci 
 lilace, are also ininishable under the same statiit. 
 Ml the .same degree, 43 (Jeo. 111. lJ'02. This ofhm, >■ 
 IS met hvsoine later statutes, jiarticnlarlv the a, I 
 tor eonsididating and amending the acts ivlatin" 1^ 
 om;nces against thi. person, 9 Geo, iV., June, i«28 
 i his last act is extended to Ireland by 10 Geo. IV 
 1«2(J. An act for the jirevention of malioioush' 
 
 shooting, stabbing. Arc., in Sotland, 6 Geo. IV 
 I.S25; amended by 10 Geo. IV., 4 June, 182a 
 
 tor the prev(.ntion and punishment of assaults on 
 
 women and children. 
 
 ; .W RECK.S. The loss of merchant and other 
 .sliijis by wreck upon lee-shores, coasts, and disaster* 
 ! in the open sea, was estimafed at Lloyd's, in i8no 
 , "be about an average of 365 ships a year. In 
 1830, It ajiiieared hy Llo„d\H Lists that 677 Urifi^h 
 ' vessels w;ere totally lost, umljr various circuin- 
 I stances, in t liat year. The lawj respecting wreck. 
 , were .■onsol.date.l in 1846 and 1854. See 6V«/«c« 
 , (commission of in(|iiiry). 
 
 Abstracts of the i-cinms ni.ade to the Boar.1 of Trade of 
 ; slopping' ,.asiialti,.s on or near the coast, &c., of tli,. 
 i 1 Mited Ivnwlom, and also „f the casualties to Urilisl, 
 ! esse s ,dsew here, and also to foreign ves.sels, pal,, 
 ■iishedaiinnally since 18^5. ' 
 
 Wrecks on Uriti.sb n.asls ; ,|„l.y, .887-,ruly ,888, 4,004: 
 
 .883-9, 4,272; 1889 90, 4.344; ,890-,, 4,198; ,89.4 
 
 4,7.0, 1893-4, 4,95>: ■894-5, 4,9.7 (740 lives lost); 
 
 .593-6, 4,620(458 lives lost), 
 lictween .86. and the 3011, ,lune, ,890, 4,742 Britisl, 
 
 c.;on,aI, and Ibrei^r,, ves.sels were wrecked on o 
 
 coast, 21,426 lives lust. 
 Britisli vessels wrecked in ,848, were, sailing yessuN 
 
 50.; steamers, 13; tonmw, 96,920. 
 lu 1831, there were wivckcd 61. ves.sels, of which nuiniur 
 
 .. »m. steamers: the tonnage of the whole beiii' 
 
 111,976. " 
 
 The .v,.ar 1852-3, partb.iilarly the winter months (Do,. 
 
 . d .an.) was very rcmarkabls for the immher ,if 
 1 e,.dmi sh, ,wrc>;ks and hres at .sea : buta feworthci.i 
 
 live;h;st:':3:3,"'"'^"'^5^'""'''('^=^-")'49,32.: 
 Many vessels were lost in the great storms, 25, 26 Oct 
 
 1859 ; 23 .May. i86i ; 19, 20 Oct. 186, ; and .3, ,4 N„v 
 
 KUX"' ''''•' ""^'"^'^ ="'"'-'"■"• 
 See under life Dmt. 
 
 3urrisii vkssk 
 
 I'cssrfs, 
 
 • 657. 
 . 661 
 
 • 677 • 
 
 • 637 
 
 . 621 , 
 
 • 835 
 
 • 973 • 
 
 • 73J 
 
 • 793 • 
 . 616 
 
 • 557 • 
 
 i.s (E.vri.rsivK of tub Roval Na 
 
 TOTALLY LO.ST AT KKA : 
 
 l.ivca 
 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 ;. ' ■« 
 
 loxt. 
 
 
 
 /,„■/ 
 
 ■ .,694 
 
 .886 
 
 • 644 . 
 
 
 • .,976 
 
 1887. 
 
 • 500 . 
 
 . i,8S5 
 
 • ',732 
 
 .888 
 
 • 543 • 
 
 • .,91/ 
 
 ■ ...3"2 
 
 1889. 
 
 ■ 447 • 
 
 • .."45 
 
 • .,652 
 
 .890 
 
 . 528 . 
 
 . .,544 
 
 • 2,°75 
 
 ,891 . 
 
 . 587 . 
 
 
 • 3,i6i 
 
 i8q2 
 
 • 416 . 
 
 
 • 1,927 
 
 1893. 
 
 ■ 523 . 
 
 • ..4S7 
 
 . 2,698 
 
 1894 
 
 • 539 ■ 
 
 • 2.735 
 
 • .,644 
 
 1895 . 
 
 . 478. 
 
 
 '.43' 
 
 1897 
 
 
 'i447 
 
WRECKS. 
 
 'Ic'on mill Saiiiscm are (,'iven, instca.l 
 iinr. In Slmks|ii'arf'« /.ore's I.almvi\ 
 2, ili'iciili's anil I'liniiiey npiii'ar ii, 
 
 yPE, see under Pliotogrnphy. 
 
 IN BATTLE, see Gexeva 
 lid to fiick and Hounded. 
 
 jr. Malieious wounding: of iinotlc.- 
 til liy the KnRlish stiilutes. Tlic 
 imssed in I*);: ; see Corinlri/ Art. 
 "Hail's Art, ixTsons wlin stab m 
 to iniM-iler, niiiini, or dislifjui. 
 ■lared Kiiilly of felony wilhou: 
 • Tliose f!"ilty of nmliciou^h 
 ■r in liny d\vellin}f-lioiise or otlni 
 iiisliulil,. under the snnie sfiituti 
 '■ 43 (ieo. III. If02. Tills otleiiic 
 or stiitutes, ])iirticMlarIv the ml 
 lul ainenilins the nets relatini; l, 
 I' person, 9 Ueo. iV., June, 1X28. 
 I'liiieil to Irclar.d by 10 Geo. IV.. 
 ■ the prevention of mnlieiouslv 
 &e., in Seotland, 6 Geo. IV.', 
 y 10 Geo. IV., 4 June, i82<), 
 and punishment of assaults 011 
 n. 
 
 'lie lo.'is of merchant and otiier 
 n lee-aliore.s, eoiists, and disasters 
 s estimated at Lloyd's, in i8no, 
 •erase of 36_c; ships a vear. In 
 y Itoi/d's LiKts that O7; Britisli 
 V lo^t. und^T various cireuni- 
 ir. The liiwj respecting wrecks 
 n 1846 and 1854. See Heamen 
 my). 
 
 nis made to tlie Boaiil of Trade r,f 
 
 oa or near the coast, &e., of tli 
 
 lid also uf the casiialties to Hi-ili> 
 
 iiiid also to foreij^ii vessels, pul 
 
 . 4.004: 
 
 ists: .Jnly, 1887— .July 18 
 
 90, 4.344; I89O-I, 4,198, .u.^,-., 
 
 '■ ., '894-3, 4.917 (740 'ivos lost): 
 I's lost). 
 
 e 3otli .fune, 1890, 4,742 Britisli 
 ;ii ves.sels were wreckwl on oiii 
 
 St. 
 
 ml in 1848. were, sailing vcssi'l. 
 oniiaf,',., 96,920. 
 
 'I'lii'il^ii vessels, of wliioh nnnihrr 
 the tonnage of tlio whole heiii- 
 
 eiilarly the winter months (I)oi- 
 ■■ rciiiarkahl« lor the imnilier ,if 
 iiiid nres at sea ; Imta fewoltlieiii 
 ks in 25 years (1854-7,;), 49,322; 
 
 in the great storms, 25, 26 Oct 
 19. 20 Oct 1861 ; and 13, 14 N,,v 
 India, 5 Oct 1864 ; in the West 
 
 iidor Life Boat. 
 
 ei.rsIVK OF THE ROVAL Na 1 
 .V LO.ST AT SKA : 
 
 I I'Cfi 
 
 ost. 
 
 ,694 1 1 
 ,976 1 1 
 732 
 
 302 
 
 652 
 
 075 
 
 927 
 
 1890 
 
 1802 
 i«93. 
 
 1894 
 1895 . 
 1897 
 
 Vessels, 
 
 • 644 
 
 • 500 . 
 
 • 543 
 
 • 447 ■ 
 . 528 
 
 • 587 . 
 . 4,rt 
 
 • 523 . 
 ■ 539 
 
 . 478. 
 
 ImI. 
 
 • I..)40 
 
 . 1,883 
 
 • '.9>7 
 . 1.045 
 
 ■ 1.544 
 
 . i,9r 
 
 • 2.735 
 >,44! 
 ".447 
 
 B^MAUKAm.. CASKS OP fl„,T,s„ VKSSK,s WRKCKPD 
 
 Mount icdgLnnff:';',!;*:, ,^°,ii]i":r' ^''■"'•'"■'' ■■'' 
 
 llnjal Sum-ei.jn, .o. gims : l,„nit in tl,;, yil,^^ '«5' 
 
 .s//rfiH,,o<..//,,, ^ognns; ih,ni. 7„„i,ns. v„w/'''''' "^9^ 
 licrldtiil, yoL'iins Inst , I, tl„;<. ' r ■ • **'"'«"'«• 
 
 near Harwi.di ■ all l,,.;",; ' f„ „,' .l,,,'" «".";• 1"^^ 
 60 guns, eoast of ,>Sii.sst.x ■ NV, . , ,; V "'"" 
 
 Spitlicad, .93drovv,,d AW,,, 1 ■ '^ «""■■*■ "*' 
 ."onth. ,73 perished';' h'l Ha' i^ii^.f^'^ O^' 
 Aun,u,U„u. 70 guns, „„,! ..tl,,./, .^ ,, , ='.' •^. ' '• '703 
 a.lmmU sir C. Shovel, olfthe >i.^^^;i^,J:::^ 
 
 ISef «'""^' '-''-■■ "''^ton neck r.',";:^''"' I 
 
 IlVc/n-: part .if 'eoinmodo'iv Alison's Sont'lf 'l!'*' ''" 
 cxpcditam ; wrecked on desola,;;,;!^;,,;;';:;;"^;;^' 
 
 ^<'r,.,.,.„,3,„-/:^-};.-;i;M^^. .8J.ec.,796 
 
 {,''.'"*'•'"'" fng-nte ; hi the KILp . ,. i„„. "^ ^:')' '797 
 
 -s-^-/'-i-..;;;.,/;;j 
 
 ''"""^. 36 guns, otlHalifax ; 300.S011IS ,.;.ri;i„:,-, 
 
 ft .Vov. 
 
 Kcl, 
 
 --iiiica, 
 
 ^■//^' «„„,„(,, East Indianian, l,l„wii npatl^idiU; 
 
 ";-^ofVi:;i^,fi"''::,;r''—'<";i.m-vii'hm!f; 
 
 , f'Mv,. reach"; ,';;;!,;„;; '!> '""^ "-ved, who died 1«1 
 
 /"l/'/v;;/i„W,. njj m,., ,: I ■ ■ 9-'0<Jct. 
 
 .and CliiHaster . ' '"-•'"■'■"" l-oigstone 
 
 •''"'"'""• ^gans, on the 
 
 '797 
 ■793 
 
 ■799 
 
 Ilaak Dank; 
 
 '''7l',M'c!^''"'''';Vr''''''''''''"'''''''l''li''v 
 ,,,, ' I." • 2yi of the civw i„.rislii.d 
 
 ", iiigate, 38 g,,,,,.,^ ,,„ Jill 
 
 lint 
 
 ''pS,.r «'""• """ "- '^''^ "f Aide„;^';^;^i ''^' 
 
 '''^;S;V"«"'"' ''"* ''" '^'•'"i«" Knock: 5^ Im"; '''' 
 
 '■s^^!i,r--dl'TS:!i'^^:;,^r'-V«i'^'^^i;i; •• 
 
 I'cmhmh:, 60 gnus near l> ,■»., v ' ' I'dsoiis; 
 i-rew ,K.'risl,e(l ^"'" ^"'■" • 33o of her 
 
 lilhui-ii, 60 guns, lostotfLoiiislioiir 
 •lew jierishcd 
 
 i '^';Sin!:r'^''--'' "" ^■•"•''- «■' 
 
 ■]lyiff. giinl.rig, on the (\„-kW Sands 
 ' /''V"''-'. <>4 guns, otr L-sliant 
 y"«''i t7„„Vo((e ,u-luek , v' hurnt 
 
 ^;w", W Indianian, hy ,i,.,. „triin./il 
 
 . ly Oct. 
 
 100 perished, 
 
 -•i Oct. 
 
 '■ape,ili;,„,l 
 
 . 3. Nov. 
 
 Iciiniarks, 
 
 24 Dec. 
 
 ; 369 SI .Ills 
 
 14. Ian. 
 
 • 19 .Ian. 
 
 . I ; .Mairh, 
 
 fi73 pcri.sli 
 
 17 .Maivh, 
 
 ■ 9.I11I.V, 
 
 I loste.M'ept 
 
 1800 
 
 iith; cajit. .Inlm 
 
 29 .\oV, 
 
 St of the 
 
 =5«ci,t. ,755 
 
 fioui/ir.v, ,u j-nns, 'liwt 'on tile Ij'olt l,;.„,i ^=.f'^'^- 
 
 isi;o;d'^pi-::',;,i;'''^---'--^Niw;;:Ls^^ 
 
 15 t'eli. 1760 
 
 h::l-:^'',^;;;:n;:i^.^':-,f;;:'-:::r'''-'-^ 
 p™«.64guns:i,,.tir;hl:';ittacko 
 
 r'l^^'uiicf *^""'' ''"""'>"''«l o» BeVii,i„ia;^,!^w "^' 
 
 iosti„ti.esamest;,;^;,"!;;'/h:';v;.r,S;'!:! 
 |-«»,tlZ!^o;;i^«;;r:^]i!;;;«.- ^^'p;.'^ 
 
 .>«■««, sloop of war, otf Wateri'"!;' '■',30 ,|',,,Vn"'f; "^' 
 J pint ac.m,e ; ahove rx« perished .^ \\''f- " 
 
 |CfjM«r, 74 min.s, loi,„der,.,l „„ 1,,.,. pa.sev f • P; " 
 I Jiiiiiaiea ; eapt. Inglelleld and ,. of tliem'^; ^Z 
 
 iiillies • ""■'■■ '" ^* «"""• '"•■*' i" "!'-■ "vest I 
 
 ^.'^|;r/,^74«"ns, wrecked in TelliHierry roads! ivlst " i 
 
 Ir^K 50 guns, a'dniiral si,- Hvde Parker' cfn^Vh,'. ''^^ 
 I Malabar coast; crew iierished *^^ 
 
 one man 
 
 "i<^::nt::;i^^{i-^— -^':z;,;iis;'i:::ri^;;i;i; 
 
 J/iov/ir^, .M,,r„,,t,, I ,,„,„„ , 16 March, 
 
 perisled "" -^^ """' "'•''"Ivcr; 23 person., 
 
 Hillliinln,,, {■• Indi-iiii..„ 'i.. 1-' o' ■ 10 Keh. 
 
 I,//,.,, u- V, I- "'"'• '"''i"» ^ea . ,., \,,„i 
 
 «;X:;:lSis;;,i>;sr;,ri-;;,;;S 
 
 II Jan. 
 -Jersey Hna.Is ; many 
 
 ^-. w^f''^:;.k^;y--,--i-;^?iS 
 
 f'rt,„-i,, Liverpool Shi,,, at Liverj'o,,! ; ' 
 
 t'lilvcrs 
 
 i" liilnminir, 24 'guns' 
 
 drowneil ' 
 
 1801 
 I Sea 
 1803 
 
 j' .Inly. 
 9 .\iig 
 
 drowned, 
 30 fSept. 
 16 .Nov. 
 18 .\ov. 
 29 Nov. 
 25 Dec. 
 1 .\pril, 
 4 N"pt. 
 18 Nov. 
 24 .Vov. 
 21 Dec. 
 
 804 
 
 I Xmu, ferry-hoat, in the Meilai Strait 'fo'iowne!!: " 
 UdmeM. E. Indianmn; 386 persons perished'; ''^' 
 Ikrimll, Indiaman. with immense >vealtli on hoai'-d "^^ 
 
 |^t!™,"e'r''"*''' f™"' "»'J-''™'1 t" D,ihli?if';^; "^7 
 j'';>;"'",-'i, frigate oil 'a reef; loonerished' os"'!!',"'' '''^^ 
 I ' «o», packet of Uover, lost^ll"' 1 e « t of Calais*"- "" 
 
 l«i«kr(e», E. lH<iiama.i: m'any perished ^oYug.' 'f,'' 
 
 VV""""> '■'■ Indiania n Ladrones 
 
 ,■'":,"" •.'*'"op. 10 guns, otf Cork 
 ^ ;»./», Irigate, on cast ;,f |.,u-i gal ' ' 
 ^""'"'''''"""''"■'■■'■'. "II -Vntigiia ,'0 Id ' 
 {^'"""^V.soguns on Ilaak Itank.f-vi.l ' 
 
 .Vtu/M,nan„.k, nearlJrniiville . 
 
 iio, ,.>, Irigate, on the Diamond Uock, yiiil,eron Hay, " 
 
 "•iS-nSth^n' ""'"•"""• """"■ ""1.'"i'm": ■'°- 
 .liiM, iiiiae tlian 300 persons perished r, I.-..1. 
 
 A-,, traiis,,ort .Vcwfoiind an 1 , st -X t " 
 
 'turns, transport, olf Newfoandland ; 34' y^^^ " 
 
 ''"Sed™'"'""-'' """-«"""-■' «-''i^i";:^ " 
 
 crew dnmi,,.,!""'^' "^ l'-'''-'*""". Passengers and 
 ^tt^«i'o«,64gni,s, nearTmiis: 347 souls iK.fishld, *'"« 
 27 Oct. „ 
 
 
 
 I : . m 
 
 11 w, 
 
 
WRECKS. 
 
 1226 
 
 WRECKS. 
 
 Feli. 
 
 1811 
 
 l8>2 
 
 1S13 
 
 1814 
 i8i5 
 
 Glasgow, jmckct, off Farm Isliind; several dri)wnnil, 
 
 17 Nov, i8c6 
 t'Uiis, m-ar SiintainU'r ; 79 siml.s lost 
 „, , . , =--' Jan, 1807 
 
 Ehnhcim, 74 nuns, admiral sir T, Tnmiiriiini', and 
 Jitcii, 2.it;nns, foundered near isiand of Hodrit;nez, 
 
 ha.st Inilies , y,.\, 
 
 ■^J"^, 7'» K»ns, liy fire, off the island of TcneiinN'; " 
 
 230 jicrislied ,^ f.',.i, 
 
 Ilhiuihc, frigate, on the French const; 45 men 
 
 ^, V"'-"*i»;\l 4 March, „ 
 
 linniii:i, hast Indiaman, olftho Cape of Good lIo|ie, 
 
 rriiicr 1/ n;,hs, I'ark-gate racket, and llnlhiinh', " 
 transj.ort, on Duidear.v point, near Uiililin ; nearly 
 300 souls pei'ished , . . . ig Nov, 
 /''"iwi,s man-of-war, njion the Hannoia rock in tlie 
 
 .Channel 28 Nov, „ 
 
 /(/i.-i. /I, 44 guns, wrecked in Muunt'a Hay; 60 lives 
 
 '"St • • . . =9 Uec, ,, 
 
 AijiiIIhi, near Memel; lord Royston and others 
 
 , 'IrowmM 7 April, 1808 
 
 Asti-ea, f'-igatc. on Anagadn coast, . , 23 .May, ,, 
 Frith, paasage-hoat, in the Frith of Dornipih ; 40 
 
 persons drowned .... m .^ng, 1809 
 Fv.rlioi(ii(l, 18 guns, foundered on paKsagi'' from 
 
 Halifax ; I'rew pcrisheil , . , 31 Aug, „ 
 
 S;/-ii(,«, 36 guns, ami Miniii-lcniie, 36 guns, wrei'kcci 
 when advancMug to attack the French, olf Isle of 
 
 „ France jj Aug, 1810 
 
 SntdlUe, sloop of war, 16 guns, upset, and all mi 
 
 board perished ,4 Df,.. ^, 
 
 Miiwtttui; of 74 guns, wrecked on the Ilaak iiank; 
 
 360 persons jierished .... 22 Dec. „ 
 
 I'uiulnrn, sloop of war, olf Jutland; 30 persons 
 
 perished , , l-vb, 
 
 SttlUanha, frigate, on the Irish const; 300 jiersons 
 
 perished ^ 1)1,,,. 
 
 5/, (Icvrge, of 98, and 7)(/cnrp, of 74 guns, and the 
 
 Jlora, stranded on the coast of Jutland, adm. 
 
 Heynolds ami all the crews (alwut 2000 persons) 
 
 perished, except 18 seamen ... 24 Dec. 
 
 Mdiiilla, frigate, ou the Ilaak Sand; 12 persons 
 
 pcrisl'i-'d 28 Jan 
 
 ,^fa;((nrc ; n,M. frigate oir Nova 8eotia . 10 Nov, 
 
 Jii-ilisli Qwvii, packet, from Ostend to Margate, 
 
 wrecked on the Goodwin Sands, and all ou board 
 
 perished ,7 Dec, 
 
 Dinhi'.is uf WdlimjUm, at Calcutta, bv lire 21 Jan. 
 Sciihiiriic, transpcu-t. near Tramore bav; 365 persons, 
 ehierty sciMicrs of thj 59tli regimeiit, and most of 
 the crew, ilrowncd .... 30 Jan. „ 
 
 Lord Melvilh' and IlnnilU'en, trnusiiorts, with uji- 
 wards of 200 of the 82nd regiment, with wives and 
 children, lost near Kinsale ; almost all pcri.shed, 
 
 31 Jan. ,, 
 Jlarponner, transport, near Newfoundland ; 200 jier- 
 sons drowned 10 Nov. „ 
 
 }nil!iim<ni,l Man/, p.ackct, struck on the Wibcvs 
 rocks, near the Holmes lighthouse, Brist(d Chan- 
 nel; nearly 60 persons jierished . . 23 Oct. 1817 
 Qiim) Charb.tle, Ka.st Indiaman, at Madras; all (m 
 
 boaril perished 24 Oct. 181S 
 
 Ariel, in the Persian Gulf; 79 souls perishecl, 
 
 18 .March, 1820 
 BhmlonlluU, on Inaccessible Island, many]icrislicd, 
 
 23 July, 1821 
 Earl nf Mnira, on the Burbo Rank, near Liverpool 
 
 40 drowned 8 Aug. „ 
 
 Juliana, Fast Indiaman, on the Kentish Knock ; 40 
 
 drowned 26 Dec, „ 
 
 Thames, Indiaiuan, off Beuehey Head; several 
 
 drowned 3 Feb. 1822 
 
 Drake, 10 guns, near Halifax; several <lrowned, 
 
 20 June, ,, 
 ^'/c.'inerc, steamer; 11 persons lost . 14 Dec. ,, 
 
 Alert, Dublin and Liverpool packet; 70 souls 
 
 perishcil ^C .March, 1813 
 
 Hubert, from Dublin to Liverpool; 60 souls jierished, 
 
 16 May, „ 
 Kent (tchich see) ; East Indiaman ; burnt . March 1825 
 Fanny, in Jersey Roads; lord Harley and many 
 
 drowned i Jan. 1828 
 
 Venrnt, j'acket, from Waterford to Dublin, near 
 
 Gorey ; 9 iiersons drowned . . 19 March, „ 
 Htwry, from Newry to Quebec, with 360 passengers ; 
 
 dn.lmT' '"•■'"■ ""''"•'' "'""•' *° »'*•''*'"' "" "■ 
 
 Lailn Slu:-l,rod-e, from I.'ondmidcrn- lo'onell'.,:^'l''!|; 
 
 s ■X.l'''"'"' ' °" """'■■' l"''"'''''' : 3= "ii'y «cve 
 
 E.ri«n">ent, from Hull to Quebec ;' wre'ckcd m'f. 
 
 Calais .... 11 
 
 IliLernia, burnt in W. long, 22', H, hit,' 4-'f V.e ' 
 
 sons(out or232) pcrishid ' ,- i' 1 
 
 A«,N/IIV,a,i,,,,^ near \\Vll,s,\,,|.f,,lk: the caliinlllled'; 
 and 1 1 ladies and children were drowned- alio, 
 dei'k csi'aped . . ' 1' , 
 
 Am,,hilrite ship with fcmale'convicts to X,.«^.4„„f,; 
 Wales; Inst on Bouloj;ne Sands; out of ,j, 1,';,'. 
 
 iP-,1 
 
 sous, 3 only were saveil 
 
 i-iiile,l Kin[i'l„m,\\. ludian'ian, with i-icdi eav"" ■ I'lnl 
 
 down by the (jmen i>fSe.,tUuid steamer olf'Sort 
 
 tiect, iiearGraveseud , . 1-0 '1 
 
 irorerH'i(c/i, steamer, on the coast of Wexl.a-.l ■ i 
 drowned .... „ .y 
 
 7,0/1/ Mnnrn, from Calcutta "to Svdnev' of ""r'', 
 persons on board, not more than 20 we're ,save;" 
 
 Camrleon, cutter, run down o(T Dover bv the laf/I,','- 
 liigate; 13 Jiersons drowned , " ,, \||,, 
 
 Karl „/ FUlim; Fast Indiaman ; burnt . aVs.'!.! 
 A't^iiraey, steamer, otfCork; 29 jiersons iierislinl', 
 
 Farfarshire, steamer, from Hull to Dundee- '^.Viiei' 
 sons drowned. Owing t„ t],„ ,-om-age of (,,-;„.e 
 Darling and her lather, 15 iiersons were Siived (see 
 tar/a rsliirr) f, S<-i,t 
 
 I'ri.teet„r, K. Indiaman, at Bengal ; of ,78 uc-sousnu 
 board, 170 jienshed . . , j, >,-,,., 
 
 Dilil/enrr, naval cutt.T, capt, sir J. Reid, bart "ami 
 56 simlsperi.sh in the Irish channel . j'jn,, 
 
 nijliam llitskisfan. steamer, between Dublin !,i„i 
 tiverpool ; 93 jiassengers saved by capt, d.-ui; of 
 ihv II nihlerflidil .... n I-m, 
 
 Lord llilliam ]lenlinrk, off Bombav; 58 rei-riiils 
 2oomeers, and 7 jiassengera peri-ihed ; the h.,-.} 
 Cajstlereagh also wrecked, most of her (-rew and 
 passengers lost iT.lnne 
 
 H,.M,S, F(i I )-,v, captain Hewitt; sailed from ll'nwi ll 
 on a surveying cruise, and was lost next dav in i 
 violent gale, off the coast of Norfolk . 1, N,,v' 
 
 City 0/ liristvl, steam packet, 35 perished " ' 
 
 18 Nov 
 
 Thames, steamer, captain Grav, from Dul.liii ti'i 
 Liverpool, wrecked off St, Ives; the eapu-iiii and 
 55 persons perished , . . . |,„| 
 
 Gorernor Fenner, from Liverpool for America- run 
 ilown off Holyhead by the .Snitingham steamerout 
 of Dublin ; 122 persons perished ig l-'i-h 
 
 Amelia, from London to Liverpoid ; lo.st on the ' 
 Heme Sand ^^ p,.!, 
 
 Frcsitlent, steamer, from New York to biverpuol 
 with many passengers on board ; sailed on u' 
 March, encountered a terrilic storm two davs 
 afterwards, and has never since been heard .'if, 
 
 M.March,' „ 
 
 [In this vessel were, Mr, Tvrnne Power, tiie come- 
 dian ; a sou of the duke of liichmond, ic,| 
 
 U'illiaih Itriarne, by striking ou the ice ; if, iiassen- 
 gers w!io hacl been received into tlie inn-' h..at 
 w-ere thrown overboard by the crew toligliicn lur 
 
 ") -Vinil, „ 
 
 Isnlella, from London to Quebec ; strui-k li\ -ui 
 ii'i-'litTK oMav 
 
 Svliray, steamer, on her p.issage between Hcllast " 
 and Port Carlisle ; crew saved . . t-^ \„,. 
 
 ^lia(r)i((((, off Metis; 29 passengers and'12'ol' the 
 crew lost ^fi ,-<i'iit 
 
 James Ci«*p, of Limerick, coming fi-oni Sli'io to 
 •ilii-fW'W 2r\iiv, 
 
 Ahrrrriimhie Ilnhinsnn and Walnlm) traii.-,jioi-ts, in " 
 'I'alile Bay, Cape of Good Hope : of tjo persons 
 on board the latter ve3,sel, 189, princinallv con- 
 victs, perished 2S Aug iS, 
 
 Spi/rti-f, war-steamer, off Jamaica, , m s. jit 
 
 Itelianve, East Indiaman, from thina to London, nli' " 
 Merieniont, near Boulogne: of 116 persons on 
 board, seven onl,v were saved , , i-^ Xnv, 
 
 Hi'.milt'iH. (m the (iunltect sands, near IlarwiVh - li " 
 of the i-rew perished . . . ,15 x11V, 
 
 Coio/iicmr, East Indiaman, homeward bou'iid. near 
 Boulogne ; crew and passengers lost . 13 Jan. 184! 
 
 ,^-4 
 
 18 :3 
 
 '■'.;> I 
 
 1841 
 
WKECKH 
 
 fniin,! 
 
 1848 
 1849 
 
 Jmie Logan, Kasl Ijiiliainini, 01, tli,. .•,„.7~r~~ 
 iimnv iivcs lust I onuali cuiist, 
 
 liwt, aiMl tlii. mail " '-"""inii: 28 livi^s 
 
 Curtcn/i,'. trailer, 1,11, wi'i nil',, »■ t'l ■', 7 April, 
 
 (iraftwwaril.s,lri,wii,,,| ™'""'' ''> •!»■ nativis, 
 ^""•■'"«^''""";«"i, iifar.Muilras'„.„-i' ,f "- -M'lil, „ 
 
 /'f!;'(.'H,«, steam. packet frnm t ,„n ,r '^ ■'"'>■> .. 
 
 CTloyiW^ir,,,.stea,,,-ship n y, :;;, "'^'^' .. ' 
 ihnrlu«l,r, steamer, IV,,,, hull , pi " •■'■''• '844 
 
 vu«ei«a,„i»,nearcuxi;,»^;l':;;,'i;r^;:'i!c:':"i::^;" 
 
 •"nviK-''^-"""^' ■■"•- Irish sea ;':.;l:ii ■• 
 
 ihmnt. Hull ami Hamiiura^teamer/malij^;^;!, '^^S 
 rii-m/, steamer: nil' Vm,,\t,„| ' ' • 22 Oet, „ I 
 
 'Iniii.liay (see 0'',,,, },;"(;',■''■ K'''"""l"l in l)„„. '"^"^ I 
 
 [HuLovereil liv Uniiiel \-,. . ' • 22 SiM,t. ,, I 
 
 •i"]''i<Ka, 72 .s„iils perisheil, I 
 
 Emoulh, emiKraiit-ship, fmm I ,„„i, „ 1 "-^ '''"-■''• '847 I „ ''"t 
 Queliee; or24ol,ersi,,;„, 1 ',■''''''''■"■>• '" 
 (Irowiiud , "^"" ""'"'1. "early all were 
 
 Ciirml, liriK; a w.le in tli'u .St' J .,n,„f '^'"■''' 
 
 emigrants perisheil ""- ''i- J^.iwieiici, ; ,-0 
 
 M-eiiger, 11,. M. steam-friuate ■ „ir v' ''^ •'*'">'' 
 
 Al-nca; ottleers and er^o^ady J^) 'J;;.::^ '^^ 
 
 Ocean Mimmvh (whUhsei) 20 Deo, 
 
 forM, steamer ; „llCaMi|,eaehv' ' • =4 An- 
 
 CiiW' (rnm.s/idic. emiL'ranl-sh'ii, fir.!. " "j •'""• 
 
 miraenh.M.slye.seap,,i I' "'"■ 4oo persmis 
 
 fi'.wii/ AdcUiii'tv, steamer «-r.'„.i-.. 1 '., '^ •^"'■- 
 
 sauas. ou- MurKau;r;',::;ri:;' lT,V.i"f„J,""'"- 
 
 Orion, steatn-ship, oir Portpatric.k (sefo! ■:';';,• 
 
 Itmliml fnim Qiiehee • n „„„,i , i8,Jnni[ 
 
 drinvneil ' '^ '">"'''It of the ereu 
 
 one.halfpe.she,,>,.,..,;l\;;;',;;^--;-.hi. 
 
 A„uuun. W. l,„lia nmii-stean.er '(see' ^1,= ,^;,;^; 
 
 Birktnhmil, troup-shin inm .„.,i.ii„ . , ■* •'''"'• 
 of 556 liorse.,,, we ' ;., ' • "''"^-W'w'eil, aiKl 
 
 Ja".852,fortheL,Vlavi .';';,,? 'l^*','"'". 7 
 
 meats of the .^th l.a ,e'e s \^ H """'"', •''■•^"'''- 
 45tli, anil fcth iiilles, V 'r'i , I'h n 1""'; *3''''- 
 mei.ts. It strnek up „, {nJnuA ' "^'f ''""' 
 i.tl Simim's l,av, .Sm t), v , 1' nnaeie n.ik 
 
 OI.I.V .84 were's;,ve,lti .';■•"'.';'• *f l"'""ns 
 ami sohliers jierisheil ' '♦'•t "' l''^' '■|i'W 
 
 IVrtoria, steani-paeket wrei'-ke.l ',,„.,,.'«•■ ' ^,'' *■'''''• » 
 olfUottenbnri ; n,;,„\ lives 1,1st ^^'"f '"T"' 
 
 /.i',«, stramleil ami bliiwM ,,,, !„■ ' ». 9 ->|JV, 
 
 tatheirlives "'"■ "'"" 3o pers.ms 
 
 SI. George, steam-ship, homui tV,„'„ r •' "''' ','''''' " 
 N>«-Yi,rk, with ... mi lit , '•'''■'''";"' '" 
 
 Irish), ami a ,Tew e ,, si u ' ',, w .''f''''" ■<''"'■">■ 
 men (the eaptain ineh,^" f, , ^ > ""l";^ ^»'- 
 atsea. The erew an,| sev, t • ,, h ,' ' ' '''■"™ 
 weresaveil liv the \i>„.,i .' V- T'^senyers 
 
 oimvoyeil to ilaV V' ' '"■'"'"'". ■■""! 
 
 liave iierisheil ' '^''""•'••: 5i sui.jmseil to 
 
 «^:;naookhereour;::'-^|';r;:--;-;;;;- 
 
 ''*";''""•'•• ™ tlie ™ast'ofI.;,wer'.'alifm.nh ';.''; '^^^ 
 "imh aftrnranls took tirp • . -'"i""ni,i, iii„l 
 
 <li"«ne,l or Imrnt to ,l«,t I,' fHf, '."'''■'".""* "'''re 
 
 miiierwent the nnistZ 1 ,',l , 1 -r '''i'''"*-'' »''"' 
 
 «n a ham'u shore ""' ^'^'^'"'""a' sulliMinKs 
 
 16 I'eb. ,. 
 
 WRECKS. 
 
 , ^"!i';':ii.!^t^r',e!.!:£ '''"''-■'"("^i;"'' ^';v 
 
 r^n:iil,;^-:-,,--.;;-.;i;_;;n;i..,;-li;i: 
 
 , "l'""t ,70 persons peslM " " ■'""'"■" '■';'■'': 
 
 "':ef':j;;V:r-'""^-'--': 
 
 six lives lost , 
 
 vlJiaiV .Jiiiir, of , 
 
 l>riK, liv 
 . n,.,ir th,, Jl 
 •il; six otthe 
 
 •''tl.llt»;the,,|pt,.,|„(|ji|,|,j.) .^11,, 
 
 Liverpool, an imli^-raul v,^|ii; 
 on west 
 2y Se|it. 
 
 iMi.' 
 
 „i ,;';■]' "illi the fri.lnit 
 '•'•ew (exi.e,,ti„i ■„.)".,, :,?'■'"","■ '""' "" "'« 
 
 r'-^-heii:.,,e,^,,,,,4;':;;c;;;,!:,:r;::^;. 
 
 j.r,;;''i 1 t'n,!,ve ;,' ri^itr • ''''"''^ 48 ■■'•'>;.""« 
 
 1852 
 
 /^•»iT,»r,7,. 'in llie Channel, o„ 'l,,,,. ,;.,,. f.' ,/° •'""■"'1554" 
 t" Baltimore, eame i„f,, vi , , , ■ '" ""'mi'n 
 A.neriean hanp, , " ! ' ' ' •""■"■' "^'1' "n^ 
 
 """^'^--'' ^'-Kl'tn:'';;';:;'!-;;":; 
 
 ■•""1 tile of le". ,"'',,', '.I'nmiane . ;^o rank 
 
 •--,nw,,;!;:J*i;^;l;^ ,;^'''!;-try,,,h,.ersam, 
 
 t^"ii rininrr, .Uric'in ,,,.,0 , ■ ->iav, , 
 
 .».,k„, ,;..t „ ■»,. ;::::'';,';■,,.' ■', •« ■; 
 
 ., I "';i'"arii:'iiU;;,;;';;?r:;i,r'^'"""'''^^-''"4B°i-rsons - 
 
 I I"^.h; storm wlrn.i, ,,,;;eil in ,',,„ liiaek'.Sea '„ ,k " 
 
 with ,44 lives, a 1 ,,".,"'.'(' "'"■ """ '"*" 
 I'ensalile to th arm r , .'' 5-aj,iW. iinlis- 
 of life in the other , """": '^''"> ^"ss 
 
 "}"-r the nn'altl o 1 ,^ ,'' , .'^";hV"^ ' *"■'• 
 
 ^f;;^;:/'''^"«"»"-' -^-fxe;;«^::^il;a'i;;^r^ 
 
 I ;'^i:i;;'ir;:^=/'i' -"'«--■>.'-. ^w;, ■^- 
 
 rri';;i;:;'^"Mnastormo,fMa„.ate8a,^^1":^ " 
 
 I hve:'hr''"'""'-'"''^''^'"''|-f»i-'f^"-.-''2; •' 
 ! tK;i„™;;^7tyf^:'h,r '"'■ ^'"■"•'- -^"t^ " 
 
 i.-raof(s„pp,,siii';:^:.-^|-:;^i;-:;;;H,H. 
 
 John UulMiie, from Liv'enmol to'xew'vork no^'"'' " 
 
 a., leeherg ami was «Teeke.l ;'n:a,;;v lhVs"|o.st 
 iranyvcssel^anO^their cj-e,vs totally lost ,.s'j.an'\85> 
 
 t....,.m^m.n,e,,of7i!e=[t.::!;h:!':!;:^:ryi;,''-::« 
 
 t 
 
 J'-^' 
 
 ^^;nii 
 
WRECKS. 
 
 11228 
 
 WRECKS. 
 
 Vinlet, royal niuil-Kti'iiini'r, lost on the Oooilwlii ; 
 
 inuiiy iiorsoiiH jiiiislnil ... 5 Jim. 1857 
 
 Tyne, royiil sliMiinr, stiiimled on her way to Huiitli- 
 
 anipton from the Unizils . . . 13,11111. ,, 
 
 AT Amiirw, Ki'ii'H-sti'iiniiT, totally wrecked near 
 
 Lfttakiu ; liws iiliout i45,rxxi/. '. . -jg.Ian, „ 
 ChitrUmigne, iron clipper, wrecked liy tlie coii.st of 
 Canton; passiMiyers saveil ; loss, alioiit iiu,(.oo/. 
 
 20 M,trcli, ,, 
 ir.M.8, Itdliiitli. 50 gnns, wrecked on sontli e.ist 
 
 iiKist of .Macao 14 .\pril, ,, 
 
 <'atheriiii' Ailiininni, Australian vessel, wieiked 
 25 miles Ironi Sydney, 20 lives lost 
 
 nl,out 3 .Jnne. ,, 
 Erin, I'. & (). C'o.'s stoanier, wrecked on coast of 
 
 C'l'ylim Inne, ,, 
 
 n.M.H. Ti-dKKil, wrecked on a reef in the .Straits of 
 
 Uanca 10 .Inly, ,, 
 
 Dl/Jibur, clijiper wreckcil on the rocks near Syilney : 
 121 ])ers()iis, and car^o valiieil at 22,000/., lost : 
 one jiersoii only saved, who was on the rocks 30 
 
 hours 30 .\n(,'. ,, 
 
 ^arah .SV(«//.s, an iron screw-steamer, sailcl from 
 Portsinontli toOili-ntla, in .\iin. 1857 ; 300 soldiers 
 on lioard. on n .Vov. tin' cai>;o (^'overnnient 
 stores) took lire. Uy the e.\crtioiis of major Hrctt 
 and captain tastle, the master of the vessel, who 
 directed the soldiers and the crew, the llames 
 were sninlncd, althoUKli a li.irrcl of ^nnpowder 
 exjdodcd dnrinn the contla^-ration. .\ new ilant;cr 
 thenarose thi' |irevaleiiceof astroiiKKalc; water 
 wasshipjied heaviiy where the jiort i|narter had 
 been Mown ont. Nevertheless, after a fearful 
 struggle, the \i'ssel arriveii at the .Mauritius, 21 
 Nov,, witlKMit losing; a sin).'lc life ii-2iNov. „ 
 
 WiHiAior, eminrant-ship, struck on a reef near the 
 
 Cajie de Vci.lc Islands .... i Dec. ,, 
 Am, Indian maii-steamer, with ladies and others 
 from Lmknow on hoanl, wicckeil near I'evlon 
 
 16 Fell. 1858 
 Eastern City, Imrnt about the eipiator on her way to 
 Melbourne ; by great exertions all on board were 
 
 saved 23, 24 Aug. ,, 
 
 .^infriii, steam-emigrant ship, burnt in the inhhlle 
 of the Atlantic. Of 538 jiersons on board, only 
 67 were saved. The disaster due to earelessness 
 
 13 Wept. „ 
 St. Paul, captain Pcnnard, from Hong Kong to 
 S.vdney, with 3J7 t'hincsc emigrants, wreiked on 
 the island of liossel, jo iScjit. 185S. The! captain 
 and eight of tlii' civw left the i.s'land in scari'h of 
 a.ssistjiiicc, and were picked up by the I'lhur nf 
 J>enmark schoiuiei-. The Fri'iicli steamei'.sv.i/.c was 
 despatched to the island, and brought away one 
 Chinese, 25 .Ian. 1859. .Ml tli" rest had been 
 massacred and dcvcaiied by the natives . . ,, 
 Csar, steamer, wreckeil otl' the Lizard ; 14 lives lost 
 
 23 .Jan. 1859* 
 Eastern McKurh, burnt at Sjiithcad ; ont of 500, 
 eiidit lives lost. The vcssid cfiiitaincil invalid 
 ,soldie,rs from India, who, with the crew, behaved 
 
 uilinirably 2 June, „ 
 
 Alma, steamer, grounded on a reef near Aden, Ked 
 .Sea, alsuit 35 miles from .Mocha ; all jiei'sons 
 saved; after 3I days' eX]iosurc to tlie sun, with- 
 out water, they were rescued by H.SI.S. C'l/c/ojw.' 
 sir John liowring, who was on board, lost valua- 
 ble pajiers 12 June, „ 
 
 Atlmella, steamer, running between Melbourne and 
 Adelaide, struck cm a reef; rjf alxuit 72 iiersons, 
 only 23 were saved ; many ]ierished tlirougli ex- 
 
 jiosure to cold 6 Aug. „ 
 
 liuynlCharUr, screw-steamer, captain Taylor, totally 
 wrecked off Moidlia, on the Angle.sea coast : 446 
 lives lost. The vessel containi'cl gold amonnting 
 in value Ui between 700,000/. and 800,000/. ; mucli 
 of this has been recovered night of 25-26 Oct. ,, 
 Jnttian, inail-steanier, wrecked oil" the coast of 
 
 Newl'onudlaml ; out of n6, 27 lives lost 21 Nov. 1839 
 Mervie CaMIc, s;iiled frcun ].,onilon docks for 
 Adelaide; lost in the Channel and all on board, 
 57 pers(»ns ; last seen on ... 25 Dec. ,, 
 
 * Ptmniitt. an ,\mcrican ship, capt.Tin Merrihew ; 41^ 
 jiersona on board, liom Liverjiool to New York ; was 
 wrecked on HIaikwater Hank, through the muster 
 mistaking the Dlackwater for the Tnskar light, only 24 
 liersons saved, night of 27-2B April, 1859. 
 
 Kiirllirnier. steamer, wrecked on a rock near (.'ape 
 Mcudorino, between San Francisco and ()ieg(,n ; 
 38 lives lost 6 Jan.' 
 
 Kniljimi"!!, sailing-vessel, burnt in the .Mersey ; loss 
 above 20,000/. ..... 11 .laii, 
 
 I Dreadful gales; and many wrecks on the coast,' 
 
 i 15-II) Fell, 
 
 Oniliiir, steamer; lost through collision with the 
 //(■11,/iic, (.f Uiilefcu-d, abreast of lleachey llea.l; 
 i the captain anil alioiit 50 pei>:ous |ierished 19 Fell,' 
 t l.iniii. .\mcrican emigrant vi'ssel, wrecked ,in mcks 
 j olf Hai'lenr; about luo lives lost . ig Feb 
 
 I Iliiiiiiniiiin, ni'W luail-stc.inicr, wivckcil olf coast of 
 I NovaScidia; all 011 board (^05) lost on thi. night ,,t 
 
 10-21, Fell, 
 
 , Ximml, steamer, wrecked on rocks m'ar St. David's 
 
 Head; 40 lives lost '..S Fili, 
 
 • Miilidnir, iron ship, on her way to China, with lni,i 
 
 Klgiii and baron tiros: wrecked olf I'oiiit ileiliillc, 
 
 ; CcyliiM, The amiias.sadors displayed much hell, i,siM; 
 
 no lives lost. Of nindi sjiecie sunk, a good deal 
 
 was recovered -ji Mny, 
 
 l.iiilii KUiiii, an American steamer, sunk thrniigl'i 
 ciillision with schooner. I H(/».</ii on lake .Michigan ; 
 of 38s persiuis on board, 2S7 were lost, inchnliie' 
 Mr. Herbert lugraui. .M. 1'., founder of the "llliis- 
 traled London News," and his son; moniiiigof 
 
 8 Sept. 
 
 Anlic, Hull steamer, wrecked oil Jiitlarid; iiiany 
 
 liersmis saved by .Mr. Farle, who lost his own liie 
 
 while eiiilei'vouring to save others. , 5 (Jit, 
 
 Cutiuauijhl, steamer, burnt; crew saved tliinugli 
 
 the gallantry of the crew of an American Inig. 
 
 7 On. 
 
 JiKinilii, wrecked through collision with an .Vmcri- 
 
 can vessel, .l,is,j,li y.';,./i, 13 lives lost . 15 .M.ircii, 
 
 Caniiiliini, steamer, struck on a lield of ice in the 
 
 straits of lielle-isle, and foundered in half an Ihum': 
 
 35 lives lost 4 ,li [ 
 
 II,, M.S. Ciiiii/iirmr, stranded on Hum Cay, iie.ir 
 
 Hahanias, and lost [the captain and master were 
 
 censured for neglect of duty] . 29 lice. 
 
 Il'iriii'iiiii, lost with all hands off I'lynioutli 27 Feb. 
 
 iiic'iu Miincn-h, 2195 tons, sailed from New Voik. 
 
 ; .Maridi, laden with provisions; foundered in a 
 
 gale y .M.iieli, 
 
 Upwards of 60 merchantmen lost during gai.s in 
 
 .Marcli, 
 
 Mars, Waterfoid steamer, struck on a rock near 
 
 Milhu'd haven; about 50 lives lost. .\pril, 
 
 lli'inailvii, lOast Indiaman, 1400 tons; struck nu 
 
 sands near Hude haven, Cornwall; about 26 lives 
 
 lost 19 (let. 
 
 Lotus, merchantman, oil Chale Hay, in the great 
 storm; I'lew all lost except two ". . 19 Oct. 
 
 ■ 861 
 
 l8£.j 
 
 .M:iny ve.s.scls lost during storm 
 
 . 19 (lit. 
 
 Ci'liimhii, Fast India mail steamer, in thick weat 
 wrecked on .Minicoy Island; 440 miles from I'uiut 
 de Ualle, Ceylon ; no lives lost (the crew ami pas- 
 sengers tJiken olf by the Ottawa from Hoiiiiiay, 
 3o.N'ov.) 19 Nov. 
 
 Lifeguard, steamer, left Ncwcasth'. with about 41 
 passengers; never sinci' heard of; supiiosed to 
 have foundered olf Flamborougli head 20 Dec. 
 
 Ori'liius, II. M.S. steamer, new vessel, i7(X)toiis; 
 commander Hurnett; wrecked on .Manakau bar, 
 \V. coast New Zealand; 70 persons saved ; ahuut 
 190 perished 7 Feb. iSc; ] 
 
 Auijlii-Su^iiai, mail steamer, captain Burgess, in 
 deiisi^ log, wrecked on reef otl Cajie Hacc, .New- 
 foundhind; about 237, out of 446, lives lust, 
 
 27 April, „ 
 
 All Srrciie, Australian sliij); gale in the I'aiilic; 
 above 30 lives lost (the survivors suncivil iiiinh 
 till they reached the Fi.ji isles in a punt) 21 Fell. 1S14 
 
 Many shipwrecks in eonseiinenee of the eycloiieat 
 Calcutta 5 Oi't. ,. 
 
 H. .M..S. JCaechurse, olf Chefoo Cape, Cliincsc coast; 
 99 lives lost 4 Nov. ,, 
 
 The Stanley, Frientlship, &c. , in the gale olf Tjiie- 
 niouth : and the Halliousie, screw steamer, iiiuntli 
 of the 'I'ay ; same gale ; 34 lives lost . 24 .Siiv. ,, 
 
 * American bnrfpie Lima, with emigrants, wrirkfl "T 
 Bartleur ; above 100 lives lost, 17 Feb. 1S60. On tlir j 
 same rock, on 25 Nov. 1120, was wrecked the Hlmdii 
 XeJ, containing the children of Henry I. and a large 
 uuiiiber of attendants ; iu all 363 persona perished. 
 
keel nil a nii'k iicnr i'nyv. 
 II Kmiiu'Ikco and (iri'i;iiii ; 
 
 . (iJllM. iS'.j 
 
 liiirnt in tliH Mi'i'Hcy ; Umn 
 
 ,(' ''ini. ,, 
 
 y wieuks on tlu' ciiasl,' 
 
 ■ 5l.)K.'l., 
 
 i-diiKii c'cillislipii Willi til,. 
 
 ni'iint iif llfihiii-y lliMi) ; 
 
 ■ lii'isnii.siii.iislici'l ly |.',.i,,' ^^ 
 vi'ssi'l, wicM'l<i'il oil riii'l^s 
 
 Vi'S inst ,g K,.|i ^^ 
 
 iiiiT, wii'ckci! iill' iviasi iif 
 
 ll (205) install tliciii;;llt lit 
 
 ig-2u Fi-i(. ,j 
 nil nii'ks ni'iir SI, Kiiviil's 
 
 • 28 Kfli. ,, 
 
 ■ way tn cliiiia, wiili Injii 
 I'd kcciiill' I'liiiil iii'i/,il||., 
 
 <<iis|>iiiy<'iiiiiii''iilii'rniKiii: 
 Hlii'cif sunk, a (,'iiiiii cii'iii 
 
 i-s Miiv, ,1 
 stciiiniT, mink tiiroiij;ii 
 lii(ii(.ilii (in iiiki' .Mii'lii>;iiii; 
 
 287 WCIC lust, illl'iuilill" 
 l'.,fllUlllll.IMlllllc ■'Illus. 
 
 iiiiii liin Mon: iiiiiriiiii){ur 
 
 8 N.|,t. „ 
 ikril "II .lutlllllii; lii.iiiy 
 ric, Willi iiist llis iiwtl litr 
 vc lllllC'ls. . 5<lrl. ,, 
 
 it; ITt'W saVI'll lillciu;;ii 
 
 iw of ail Aiiii'i'ii'iiii lui^'. 
 
 7i"i. „ 
 I'liilisiiin Willi an Aiinij. 
 J iivcH lust . 15 .Manli. ,86, 
 
 i (111 a lii'l.l lit' ill' ill till. 
 
 iiiiliilcrwl ill liallaiiiiiiiir; 
 
 • 4illlMl', ,, 
 
 led (111 Hum (.'ay, iicai- 
 aptaiu and iiiaslcr wciv 
 Illy) ■ • 2.jli(r. „ 
 
 ds (iir I'lyniiiiitli 27 Kcli. 186.' 
 
 sailed frniii New Vmk, 
 visions; finindiTi'il in a 
 
 I, Maich, „ 
 en lost during! t;ai"^ in 
 
 Maivli, „ 
 
 struck nil a imk mai- 
 lives lost. April, „ 
 
 , 1400 tons; St ruck on 
 Jornwall ; alioiit 26 lives 
 
 ■ 19 net, „ 
 ,'liale Hay, in the (jreat 
 I't two ■. , 19 (let, „ 
 
 orill . . .lyllit, 
 
 wuiier, in tliick wealliir, 
 id; 440 miles I'riiiii I'niia 
 s lost (tlui crew and |ias- 
 I Ottaini Iroiii liiimliay, 
 19 Nov. 
 cweastlc, with alinlit 41 
 
 heurd of; siipinLseil to 
 loldllHh head 2o Dee. 
 
 new Vessel, lyixi lulls: 
 eeked on Maiiakaii liar, 
 10 ]iel',soiis saved; aliiiut 
 
 . 7 I'eli, , 
 I', eiildaiii liiirness, in 
 
 f oil' L'tljio Haee, New- 
 
 out of 446, lives lost, 
 
 27 Ajirii, 
 
 ); Kale ill the I'ai ilie ; 
 
 iirvivors siill'cred iiiueh 
 
 sles in a punt) 21 Feh. 1864 I 
 
 ueiiee of the cyclone at 
 
 , 5 Oct, 
 
 m Cajie, Chinese coast; 
 
 . . . 4 Nov, 
 
 , in the gale oil 'i'yiie- 
 
 ', screw steamer, iiKHitli 
 
 lives lost . 24 Xiiv. 
 
 WRECKS. 
 
 1 .; ■* 
 
 .;►' i i| 
 
 iL'iO 
 
 ,llolltc I'ideii; 1,1 lives lost, . ,, l.,,,, 
 
 '■'■";,■ r",'!''''' "("■ "''''"t "nnc's Head, (lnriii„ ^ ' ,' : 
 ^'e'ltla^'"':/' '^"' '«'■"";■"""'■'• .''■"h.hTcd'iieai' Val; 
 
 ' '^^a:.^:;; ;■;;;; u^^^t:^''"''---^"'''-'":?;: 
 
 <amplilrf. iuail..slcaii,er; collision witli an'Aiiieri.', i 
 IwPllle; ,sevcial lives lost 01 .vi 11 11 ,111 
 
 I Jto steamer, iiiaehj„,.,v daniaKcd, o'lMlailv, r ,iie,''„ 
 I , >«'>' ■ -5 lives lost ; .sail iom, v..vk . ,s le, 
 
 l'Xn:vrr';rii;^->:'';,,^^;r--7'^'-- 
 
 l;;:ns.ie,Wi,,,dndii,,..ap,,;^;^ 
 
 imipa 111 llle llliiversily of Svdllev, (J V 
 
 lli.ioke thctra-edian); aliuiitthe ianie'time tl 
 
 '■':::!:::x:;'?r,iv;::i::s; - »""-"...' -.'ih 
 
 '"e:peS';;''o„"'i';!,c'' - "f'"^' '""WUi'"; 
 
 ^inril 0/ III,- nrn,„. ■steamer; 'wreck..,! in," !.' 1' 'ilk 
 near Uartinoiilli ; all l„s| e.Mcpl 4 .' {, '\, 
 
 ■'It;;:;;, :!;;!!, ;;::;;lLt;l;;,l"lil^,-;■;i^-:S 
 
 pas.senKers and .sa ■« ,|,„„ , """ ■„^', , ;!' 
 
 11.//, (II Al.llioriiujtl, ; „i„„|( li^.,,,, ,, , 
 Ihim.,. Iii.lian ste,.iii,.r; f,.,iii,l,.,v,l th,,,,,,-!, c ,nis ^i 
 
 riiVes'loVt'''"'"'''''''^''"'^'^''' "'■'''''••'> -''I ^'" 
 
 ' "."rUlied ■'■"'!'"'^- .'"■'"' "' »'••'■-'■' «'"f ■ ■■"- 
 
 '.'(ic--, near Carn.so'e, Iivlaml ; al'ioiit ',6 livc's Vi'ist 
 
 [eaptain Pascoe ce,i,si,red for i,cgle,di,i« to soiiii'l J 
 
 I Many wrecks in the Cliannel . c"fi"'i!i'n' c 
 
 -.«!7-/»«, Peninsular and ( Iriental steamer,' struck ' 
 eii a sunken rock, and went down ; no lives L'st, 
 
 |,';»..«r,aiid ri>, Royal Mail steamers, totafly'lo'if ' 
 I iindahoiit 50 other vessels driven ashor • .r't 
 
 Uenti,, screw steamer; tlie shaft of sere'? iinil " 
 !lu!sl(«t '■ ^ ""''^' ""^■""■^' "' '"■'■■""' • "' '"V 
 I Many wrecks on tiio Cornish ^,asirtlm'i!i;a Jlici '^' 
 
 „ ,. , >9-2o Maridi, 181 
 
 I /Wain mereliant steamer, struck 011 a rock near 
 
 Jinisterre; about 26 lives lost ahoiit 21 Mw 
 
 i,i™,((,,., Poiiinsuh.r and Oriental steaniei' w-i v' ck,' d " 
 I offShadwan in the gulf of Suez ; about 25 iivi's \Zt, 
 
 I ^';"'2'n">^"''''" T"''}- "'" '""«•" ''V''"llisioii'wiih " 
 ' 1. & (). steamer /,'iim^,i/(iir Vokohaini- iliiint 
 
 iiv™ Jost (cajitain of Bumb,ni si,.spe,l,icd for"! 
 
 I C.UJ „/ JMm, sailed' from X.nv Yo'rk, l('ii,g''*,uis's- 
 
 I ni«; a board stating tliat she va^ siiik'm 
 
 found Ml fornwall siiiKiiif, 
 
 [ .v™,,,,,/,v, 8. W. company's' steamer,' by collision 
 
 111 eotoiTT'n^r.'''' ""''''-■ '''(''■''"^'^'••^''''k 
 llie (apt,iiii, t, li. Harvey, and 33 others iKTishi 
 
 I II UD o, '■ '^lareh. 
 
 UM.S). Shiney. wrecked by .a typhoon near lion^ 
 
 I kong; about 42 lives lost . . . 9 M'lv'' 
 
 B.M.S. Captai'K. iron-idad, sank in a s.inal'l 'o'lf 
 
 Fi iisterre (see ( 'aptain & Xnvy of linghuj) 7 Sept 
 
 ■mbrm, iron serew-steamer, lost in a storm oir 
 
 imslitrahul island, N.W, Ire'land; about l;;'^-"! 
 
 ^hmf ,"^ '^''""x-^. magnilleent vessel, saihMl'frciiu 
 tain to S.vdiie.v by the rape in ;s davs; T 
 'Sit i'f.-'""' Iiy striking on sands olf Capo 
 iif, 1 ?'■ '^'"■•■'^ ■♦ '"■<•' "'"' valuable cargo losf 
 llie eaiitjiin was censured . 18 Muvli 
 
 t ilumer off Hartlepool . . 19 March 
 
 WRECKS. 
 
 1864 
 
 1861; 
 
 1S66 
 
 2-'-2J XOV 1872 
 
 870 
 
 187I 
 
 I lb,: """'" "■';",. ^•■''"W-i.teanier, salle.1 
 
 1 Xhi.ibi .;;,;'''''''• ";'"'" " "■"' 'liseovero. 
 
 [ iiiai IK I iioitniii was near V w,.ni aw.iv liv i-.n-n, 
 
 ?;,';;.;;;:;;-;"•"■ ';-'s.. iMiil's"^ie i',;",^^ 
 
 I 1 r ew s t 1 •■ I'l' T"' • 'l"l'<,»r''"'-''"''"'l. ■■"'■' tl'e 
 
 ! isi,'S;''ii5--'-.''-"'^ 
 
 I'n.e vessel „;as reported' nnntrirserJi^'li''" 
 d I hi'ne '!"■"■''■ "'''^ "■''"' '""I ■■'"luilled 
 
 vaHonsiidiiii:^;^;,;;;-/:;::;::!-!-!';;;^;! 
 
 KoviTiuiieiil enmmissi,,,,, c, Manli ,s,, 1 
 /.''"l/.«o,, Peiiinsiilar ami (-riei'ilal slea 'nV^ ■ 1.,,,, 
 
 ; ll ( •'Tar.;o7':',''"' ";■ ^^'f- '■-''• "»• '•""" " ' 
 ^•-^!)^'/;^"t';ii:;o;,g';;;i;;;r:i!;:;'„„'xorMkc(^;:' •■ 
 
 ''o;d7:;,^r^'4;':r;'-^'-""^ n's,.ii,y;;j^-; •• 
 
 S;;v..e gales n'lny wreck;, ami liv,; lost "' """ " 
 
 I ;;■,:.'■';';,'•:''• ''i''"'"''''-r''''' ■'''''' --i'""" 
 
 I n , ' , ""• sihooner, (te. . 
 ^'T,, ["'"",''■. .""liwant vessel; w,.,t ashoivi on 
 Cliesil beach, between Weymouth an.l Portland " 
 
 '"X;i'2;S^^^^^^ " 
 
 Xxf/lnl vess,d h „ with' railwav irou C y^ " 
 
 a loieign .steamer pr,d,alilv the .I/,,,;//,, • i 
 
 aCr^'hKt'''''''^"''«''--'"''''''^-'3o>v-; 
 
 CW,,/,,,,,,, iron ship;-s,,„k i,, ,i,,, channid, ivniles '^" 
 
 "'rn;'^::\:^:i"'''^"^"""f'^'""^""-y.^''^-?; - 
 
 Alh>ili^, steamer of' Whiie Star einnpain" Slek " 
 
 1,111111 sliiiit 111 c.ials steam iig for llalii'av- j,, 
 
 iiKdu, ,ng(.„it. W im.s) saved ; .^Jat^,^ 
 
 til, ' ,P' 'l'"">' '"' "'*■ '''H-'i'i;.' perishei 
 
 ' ed'ind 1 1"'''' T'^'- '■''"■ '•-- ""'-^ i"ve.sti' 
 
 ?'(','rs . . '■"'"'"" "'■" ■'*'"*l"-''"led for two 
 
 f:<ln, shi'p, with ,50 tons of'gimpdwiier, s,ii1in,l'fi!r " 
 
 blc'v'iM,'"r,'ir''"'' ''■" ';>' '"•''"""' '■•«l*''i.i,"ana 
 
 Kaapnn from'calc;itta,'tookflre .-I'lid ra'ii iiib, KuZ'- " 
 
 c;'dr,^vn;:i"""" ""'""^'■"" """ -""'^''™ 
 
 /...(•Acnni lost, thr.iugh <.,dlisio'ii wiili the VHiIIh " 
 Havre [whuh sec), 22 Nov. ; imitted by her crew 
 
 j Elh London and Hamburg steamer ; erew, f, Meft " 
 1 haiiies 14 Dec, siipiuwed to liave foundcivd in a 
 
 I Queen Klhahi'll^ Glasgow stJamer fron'i India'^weTt " 
 j asliore near Tarifa ; about 20 perished ; mid.ihf of 
 
 Taena, steamer from Valparaiso ; fo,ii„lere,l .^al'mt '^^* 
 iglost ,see(/((/0 . . . . Win-h 
 
 lAhcn,, iritish and African Steam-sliip 'S I " 
 wi,.cke( by collision with mn.m steamer off 
 Seilly isles ;iirobably,ainost on board both ves.9els 
 
 nnlhh Mmlml. emigrant ship ; wrecke('l"o!,^<i'ng's " 
 island, Pass s strait ; about 80 out of 89 lo.'t 
 
 MUhmVe, iron steamer; laden with zinc fivmi'car' " 
 
 steamer oft Uungeness ; 14 perish ; 1,30 .a.m. 
 „ , 28 July, „ 
 
 CakuUa, ship, from Sliields to Aden; took fire • 
 
 nearly a Host . . . . about ,. .Sept.' „ 
 ihilvmi, haniiie, fr„i„ Sunderland ; foundered oil' 
 ^Singapore ; all hands lost . . . 23 Sept. 
 
 
 nZ i'''''" ^;'''*«'';™' captured near Dover, 22 Sept. and 
 condemned by the cmirt of .admiralty to be sold ; (the 
 otiicers severely censured) ; 4 Nov. 1873. 
 
WllECKS. 
 
 1230 
 
 WRECKS. 
 
 aiHIithrtiliif, Imii ship, umik i.iriln' l,lziinl», liyi'ul- 
 ll»ii>ii with tlir r.inihildii-, hull sliip ; llii' iniistiT, 
 his wir<' una ilaULililii', iiii'l 8 uf tliu civw pi'rinli 
 
 14 Oct. 
 
 1874 
 
 ltaj\(, Irciii Nhip, iif I.niulnii ; new illpinT ; wiri'ki'c 
 utt tliu Ufliiiili'S ill u giilu; fi-iiw, iilimit 24, Ins 
 
 io Oct. ,j 
 
 Khumn, fiDiii (ilii>K""' fur Hlmiiijlml ; sunk In 11 Kiilu 
 1)11' Anliiwsiui ; aliiiiil T lii»t . . . 30 Oi't. „ 
 
 <,'uttiM' (if 1I..M.W. Aidvm swiiniiiod In the Civile; 
 15 lost >9 ^""^ „ 
 
 Jji I'hilii, stiiinicT(iM|'t, Duililcii), i6notnnH ; siillcil 
 from (Jraviwiiil Hilli ti'li't-Tiipli ciilili' f'>r Hnizll, 
 36 Nov.; f.iiUMliivil iniigululnlla' Itiiy of Disi'iiy ; 
 17 i'Mcapi' (till nt' 8s .... ay N"V. ,, 
 
 <,'»syia(MVl, cnii^TMiil vi'ssi'l (caiit. Knisllc). "n lid' 
 way txi .\urkhiiMl, .S'fW Z<'alanil ; tdi.k lire, niiiU 
 niKlit, 17-18 .S'liv. ; ciiily 5 iPi'6(out uf 47f.)i'«i'i«l'fil I 
 iilckail up, 37 Nciv. ; iiirhea at St. iluliiia 
 
 ' t)l)OP. „ 
 
 Jiipim, Pacllle Mail nleaiiicT, frinn Ynkoliania ; Innk 
 llru (ilf llniif.' K.aiK ; many lost alinnt 17 Dee. ,, 
 
 iiftliiie, steaiie r ; Mum k mi sunken ruck, wcsl uoa.st 
 <il .Xfrle.i ; n.arlv.ill lust 
 
 ■Scitr),ui sleaiiiei', liuiii (.'ar'HIF to Chnreiite ; nut 
 hearcl (if, v I'ee 4 !''■''. .. 
 
 ■C'"i('«, (»)iir l.dinl'iii, fuiindereil In Hay of liisray ; 
 laden with eoal l(ir Aden; capt. K. King; alwiut 
 25 Idst ift "i'''- 11 
 
 ll^iivi Kiiiid, sti'uiner ; wrecked on sniikeu rock near 
 .Vi'leii; nliout isliist . . . . 23 Feb, 1875" 
 
 .&'(/'((/< link unit" nil, sailed from lioniliay, 4 April; 
 capsized; alioiit 40 drowned; (smne rescued liy 
 nianilinn. Austrian luinpie, 37 April) . li April, „ 
 
 ■tinlu, London steamer ; wrecked on Wizard Uoek, 
 ilrest ; uliout O-i lust 3 May, „ 
 
 tViii-nliiirg. steamer, left Queliec, 27 May; struck on 
 ice, 30 .Miiv ; sank, i June; between 40 and 50 
 lost. ." I June, „ 
 
 Stiiilhmon, enii«iant vcs.sel, wreekeil in a fog near 
 the Crozet isles, Suutli Indian ocean, on way to 
 New Zealand ; 4i out of 89 lost . . i July, „ 
 
 JjiiilM, mail steamer, from Urazil ; ran on 11 rock 
 ciuriiig a fog, 15 miles oil' L'shaut; 2 lives lost 
 
 13 -Mir. ,. 
 
 MitlMiif; Mr. Ilevwood's pleasure yacht ; sunk lpy 
 collision Willi 11 M.'s steamer ,l/'/irf(( (the ijUeen 
 on Itonril), in the Solent, near Isle cd' ^Vi^dlt; 
 Mins Annie I'eel and two others drowned 
 
 18 Alls. „ 
 [Coroner's iiiiiuest on Nathaniel Turner ; ver- 
 dict, accidental death, with a note alleging 
 error of navigating olhcers, 10 Sept. : another 
 iiHluesI, I loscd without verdict, 7 IJcc. 1875 ; 
 captain Welch, of the Alhertu, was repri- 
 luaiided ; 3000/. paid to .Mr. lleywo.nl, and 
 others eonipensated ; aniiounceil, April, 1876.] 
 See undiir.Y'ici/ e/ lui'./lmyl. 
 
 11. M.S. Vitnquiiril, double-screw iioii-idad, 3774 
 tonn; cost about 350,000?. (eaptaai liawkins) 
 struck by ram id' the Iron iMikt during a fog olf 
 the coast of Wieklow ; crew (about 400) saved ; 
 50 111. pa.st noon t Scjit. „ 
 
 J'liiulh; steamer, from Victoria, Ilritish Coluniliiu, to 
 California ; foundered off Cape Flattery ; alimc 
 150 lost about 4 .Nov. „ 
 
 -G'li/iii/'i, old man-of-war, flttiilnp as a training-ship 
 for I'oor bnvs ; leiiiit tlirough a laiiili falling on 
 the dirtv lli'"ir of the lamp-room ; about a dozen 
 lives los't nut of .aliniit 500 ; the boys were highly 
 coinmen.lcdfiMthcircourage and discipline under 
 the coinmaiid of cajitaiii Hourchicr . 22 Uec. „ 
 
 'Many wrei ks autumn and winter, 1873. t 
 'tfnr.iiiite, old training-ship of the Marine Society's 
 boys, on the Thanies betveeii Woolwich and 
 
 • Si-hiVer, Ilamlnirg mail steamer; wrecked in a fog, 
 <iii rocks oil the SiiUy isles ; about 331 drowned, 7 May, 
 
 ^+ Deiituchlini'l line Atlantic .steamer, from riienipii to 
 Xcw York, dining a L-alc, went on sandbank, the Kentish 
 knock, at ninntli of the Thames; about 70 lost (many 
 t'liiigrantsl, o la-c i.S;!;. Tiie I.irrij«i',l, l.i;; .■.Ic.ujm r, 
 saved a great maiiv lives ; on investigation, it was shown 
 that there hail liec'ii no delay in lidpiiig, and 110 rubtpery, 
 -51 Dec. ThcciipiaiM ceiiaiucd lui aiur iu uaviyatioii, 
 uud want of judis'iucut. 
 
 Charlton, burnt; no loss of life ; good dlsclpllno 
 Hhowii . . . 3 Jan. iS;6 
 
 Slnilhrljiitf, Glasgow Hteamer, mink by eolllsloii with 
 lliiiiibiirg ship t'riiiicipii/ii, ill Dover bay. In day- 
 light; aliiput 17 lost; (veidi(d, ipf maiislaugliler 
 against Kiihii, c.iptain of J.'ipiH.i.jiio") . 17 l-'(di. „ 
 
 /•.■(/i'/», steamer, sunk by collision wilh the /)hc/i..m - 
 ip/ Siilltrrliinit both owiicpI by the London and 
 North Western Itailwav Coiuipany) (pti St. JppIiu's 
 Point, Ireland; 2 lives lost. . 8 Sept. „ 
 
 .V/oiaiopii, mail sleiiiiicr ; struck on a shoal, 80 miles 
 S.S.W. of Tort Itoyal, Jamaica; no lives lost, 
 
 8 Sept. „ 
 
 n'tntmi Emiilre, In Gulf of Mexico ; a leak sprung, 
 I ) Sept. ; vessel hdt (10 lost) . . 18 Sept. „ 
 
 (!ir"l (Jiirtiisliniil. wilh impure patent guiiipowder, 
 ami oidimiiv gunpowder ; 5^; persons on bipiird ; 
 sailed for Melbourne, 5 Aug. ; supposed to have 
 exploded (pieces of wreck lound), near Kinisterru 
 
 after 12 Aug. ,, 
 [Verdict (d wreck eomiulasion against owners, 
 31 July, 1877. 1 
 
 ,V(. r.iufrniii', troop-shlii, ca|.t. Hyde ; ran aground 
 in St. Helena's bav, Africa ; no lossppf life 8 Nov. „ 
 
 /Ii;i'«i,<,.<ii(ipr, steamer; sunk by collisio'i with an 
 Amerieaii ship. Cninie MaiiHUii, returning from 
 C.ileutta ; hit. 58" 6' N., Ion. 73° 27' E. ; 33 lost 
 (crew, 43) 35 "ec. ,, 
 
 (■(iirip, iron ship; bound for Australia; carried 
 much gunpowdrr ; (said to have been wrecked 
 olf Tristan or Gough island); di.sappeared about 
 middle of Jiin- iS;? 
 
 Ciiihiiirrr, Hteamer (Drillsh India Steam Navigation 
 eoinpanv): wrecked olf Guardaful ; 7 drowned 
 
 13 July, ,, 
 
 Etrti, steam shiii (Flnglish Pacllle Steam Navigation 
 1 ipaiiv) ; wrecked al out 7.J miles N. of Valpa- 
 raiso ; a'iiont 100 (of 160) lost; many rescued by 
 n.M.H. Aiitilhiisl .... 15 July. .. 
 
 Araliniilir, eniigrant iron vessid ; from London to 
 New /ealaiid ; above 100 on board ; struck by 
 fiirrst (of Windsor, Nova Scotia), 21 crew ; botli 
 sank ; about 12 lives saved ; ill channel, 15 miles 
 S. by W. of I'ortland, 0.15 p.m. . 11 Sept. „ 
 
 llaiiv losses by severe gale . . 14, 15 l»(d. „ 
 
 Kiiii'iiIkii lldll. steamer ; sanktlirongb eollisimi with 
 l.iiilifiim; to whose assistam she was eoniing ; 9 
 perish 1 5 Oct. „ 
 
 Aliii'iiiKt, steamer ; wrecked 22 miles S. of Caldera, 
 near C'opiapo ; about 104 lost . end of Nov. „ 
 
 Kiimiriui, Civile steamer, from Algoa Hay ; wrecked 
 olf L'shaut'; dianimids. &e., lost ; no lives 5 Dec. „ 
 
 Mhpiiii. steamer ; sunk by coUishui willi unknowu 
 vessel, 15 miles S.W. of Ijeachy Head; above 6 
 lost ; early 6 Dee. „ 
 
 C. M. I'tiimn; sb'amer, of Newcastle ; lost by colli- 
 sion with I.nilifiiilh steamer, near Harwich ; about 
 14 lives lost ; fog, 10 a.m.. . . 17 Kidi. , 
 
 ICiiniiliir, H.M.S., trigale ; training ship ; returning 
 friiiii liermiidas ; founders olf Dunnose headland, 
 near Ventnor, Isle of Wight ; tlirough a sipiall ; 
 eapt. A. S. Hare, lieut. Tabor, and about 300 men 
 
 perish 24 March, 
 
 [Uaised with luiudi skill and labour, and taken 
 into Ports nth, Aug.] 
 
 Cliihiinill Hull, Hull steamer: wrecked near Cape 
 St. Vincent, Portugal ; about 14 lost 11 April,! 
 Prinn-ss Alire (irlnih -vr), run into by the screw 
 ste.inier, /;i/i(t// Ciifth; In theTliames, near Wool- 
 wich, and sunk ; between 600 and 700 lo.st; 
 
 about 7.4011.111 3 i'^ejpt. 
 
 f« a »!/, coastguard cruiser: run down by National 
 steamer Iklvi'tkt, off 'luskar, H-isli channel ; 17 
 
 lost 3'"'''- 
 
 Much damage and loss of life by gales 8-io Nov. J 
 
 MiAiilu.tiimiit, steamer, run as) ore at reliiehe, const 
 
 of Portugal ; B perished ... 18 OecS 
 
 * Verdict (plashed on appeal ; 7 .jiidgea (against 
 decide against Hritish jiirisdiidion, 13 Nov. 1876. 
 
 t Tlie fieriuan ironclad, r/rov-rr Kiir/Hnt, sinik 't 
 collision with Kuiiiij If'ilhclm ; about 300 lost, 31 .M.i} 
 
 t IV.mrrania Hanibiirg-Aiiiericiii iii'ul stmrner. w.;l 
 olf I-'olkcsloiie, bv .1/01'/ Killiiii, iron bark, of Cariian 11 
 ifi2 saved by boats; about 48 nii.ssing ; a little :;!It 
 miiluiglit, 25 Nov., 1S78. 
 
 5 I'rcuvli atciiiui;! I'j^imtiii suuk (losing above a 
 
 Alt. li 
 Hti-an 
 liililii, 
 aid a 
 
 (il'iif 
 sunk 
 ll.ael 
 
 If -III nit 
 
 .V.iv. 
 
 Copin 
 
 IU mil 
 
 f\lt' ittin 
 
 IllMllt 
 
 Mviv » 
 
 gaie (H 
 
 ynilllilil 
 il ic/h 
 
 II,it,h„i, 
 KUlill, 
 lust ail 
 
 Ci i.r.fhi 
 llppiiiba 
 iiuinici 
 
 Iriri'n, II 
 
 Uilll HI 
 
 |pi rish 
 .1 iii'r''d(/i 
 lapl. .M 
 all pa.s« 
 up hv 
 
 •I.' I.UHl 
 
 llvl'tnin'S, 
 titriiHi, 
 l.pth hli 
 
 iepjVi II II 
 
 i'ipIIIsIui 
 K.M'lle is 
 ll.M.S. / 
 straits ( 
 'i-trim, 
 W'.iipara 
 
 r'7"rirt, ( 
 |pp.iiieil : 
 lii'icn & 
 
 ['II llslliM] 
 
 -tiinii ; i 
 'il'ii, I'll 
 'II' a rucl 
 
 iii'i ruiiii 
 
 piTsuiis. 
 mill iiiosi 
 lii'iniry ; 
 luvigatin 
 Ml ., Ilri 
 ,j wrecks 
 ;irii|ierty 
 
 >|V.(, stl 
 
 I'Wiis; 2 
 
 (The 
 
 Syrian, irr; 
 
 straeliaii 
 
 , (ilaf 
 
 iiniiv lost 
 .'11 .\l,i,;l,i 
 
 "ir the I 
 
 ''ii|itaiii c 
 '■'I'll, stca 
 I'i'liiiiibia 
 ■ p'li, JJiil 
 ;'lruwneil 
 '■■■1;/, chai 
 ■1 'nil olf 
 i:!iiliuii I 
 ■iK'Pllgll h: 
 : 'Ivownec 
 
 lliyc.ill; 
 
 iiillt's, iliir 
 .hriijimi 
 ■■47 llru 
 IVn/ I'fn 
 
 '■•'■ ia .V. .\ 
 
 ■;'■■, Italia 
 
 :ii; ^4 No 
 
kVRECKS. 
 
 .S;, 
 
 lusa of llfii ; H'""l tUwIplliio 
 
 . 3 •III". iS;^ 
 
 «iiiiiiT, miiik liy ("lllnli'ii with 
 Nv./i/'i, III DdViT liiiy, In ilay- 
 t ; (vi'iillc'l I'f niiiiinliiiiKlitiT 
 In iif yr,nir,,iihr) . 17 Ki'li. „ 
 iiy (•(illlsl.in Willi the IhhIi'M ■ 
 'iiHiii'il liy till' l.iiiiiliiii hihI 
 
 iviiv t; iiiiiiy) iillMt. .lolin's 
 
 ■.•slint. SSi'I'l. „ 
 
 •; atnii'k nil i» HJiiml, 8u inilin 
 ,iil, Juiimiiii; 11" llvi's l"-*', 
 
 8*'I.t. „ 
 ilf of Mi'xl(M) ; a leak Mpniiij.', 
 t(lol"Ht). . lUiSi'I't. „ 
 
 1 iiiii'iiir [liiliMit Kuniiiiwili'i-, 
 iViliM' ; 569 i.iThniiH un liiiaril ; 
 r, 5 An^'. : hiili|i"»i'il I" liiivi: 
 iviuuk tmiml), in'ni' Kiiilstci-ru 
 
 MltiT 12 Aug. „ 
 coianilHiiiiiii naalnst owmT.s, 
 
 Iji, ciijit. Hyili' ; ran aKmuiiil 
 Alrii'ii ; nil Insmir litV 8 Nnv. „ 
 ; Slink liy ('"lliNiii'i Willi an 
 nje Miinsoii, n'tiiriiliiK I'l'mn 
 N., lull. 7/ 37' K. ; 23 liwt 
 
 25 "•''■■ IP 
 iiiiiil fur Aimlralia; carriiil 
 (siiiil til liavi' lircn wiri'kcil 
 1 islanil); ilisiiiiiiuaiwl alimit 
 
 Jan. 
 
 i'llrtli Inilla Hti'iiin NavlKatimi 
 I oil (Jiianlaful ; 7 iIihwiiimI 
 
 lisli rnillli' Stoftin XaviK'atiiiii 
 I aliiiit 7.J iiiilcn N. Ilf Valpa- 
 f sCo) liLit; many rurtcni'il liy 
 . . . . 15 •Inly, 
 Iriiii visai'l ; from I.iiiiilini tu 
 ,■1' ux) 1111 linanl ; .struck liy 
 
 Xiiva SiMitia), 21 I'lfW ; Imlli 
 .4 «avi;il ; ill cliuniiel, 15 liiilcH 
 I, 9.15 11.111. . II ^ii'l't. 
 
 galu . . i4i 15 •'it- 
 I- ; saiiktlirnuKli ciilliaiuii with 
 LSiiistain ahu was ciiniiiiK ; 
 
 islli't. 
 
 i-pckcil 22 miles S. Ilf (,'aliliTa, 
 it 104 liiat . I'lnl "f Ni'v. 
 icr, frniii Alalia Day ; wivi'ki'il 
 Ills. &(•., lii^t ; nil lives 5 Hci'. 
 Ilk liy ciillisiiiii with niikiinwn 
 V. of bi'aehy lleail ; almvi' 6 
 6 Ilfc. 
 1-, of Ncwcastli' ; lust liy I'nlli- 
 stcainor, iiearllarwidh ; alunit 
 oa.iii.. . . 17 KiOi. i6;J 
 
 rail' ; trainiiitisliip ; ri'tnriiiii^ 
 >iiiiilrrsi)lt' Iliuitiosi' lit'aillaiid, 
 
 uf WJKht : tliniii(,-li asiin.ill; 
 L'Ut. Tabor, and almiit imjiinii 
 24 .Maiiii, 
 •h skill ami lahuiir, ami taken 
 111, Ant;.) 
 
 steamer ; wroekeJ near Cajie 
 ,'ul : abiiiit 14 lost II April,! 
 
 .<i'i'), run into by the screw 
 <//,', in the Thames, near Wmil- 
 
 betweuli 600 and 700 lust; 
 
 S^^'Tt. 
 
 'ui.ser: run down by Natiimal 
 iff Inskar, Iriali ehiuinel ; 17 
 31 <li t. 
 iS of life by gales 8-10 Nov.; 
 ', run an! ore at I'eniuhe, I'oast 
 Lshed ... 18 Dee.S 
 
 on appeal ; 7 .imlgea (against f\ 
 1 jnrisdietion, 13 Nov. 1876. 
 iiiel.iil, Croxfer KurfUr.^t, sunk 'v 
 
 U'Ukdm ; about 300 lost, 31 .M.i;. 
 
 ibiii-„'-Alnf.-rl,-nn mnil strainer. >;:.■,; 
 
 ,cl Kili'iii, iron bark, of Caniani. 
 
 ■ about 48 missing ; a little i!w 
 
 178. 
 
 i-'i/.-UHd'H simk (losing above ;» 
 
 WRECKS. 
 
 -<w, llrltlah iMillH N«vU«(i„i, »,,,,,„ ,, 
 Hleaiiier, mink bv cnMI«i,,n « 1 ".',''' ' "i»l'aiiy 
 '■''■/". I" Ha iW If .:;^";:;,'';«",'''l:'''""• 
 all'l about 7„ p,.rial, "' "*'! , '•ajil. Dickenson 
 
 (il,./ I,,M.I..„, Abei'deen'sleani,.,..',,,,, o',;^'"'"'! "879 
 siiiikby tlie r,,7„(H) In ti„. r,,.' ' '" ''"wnand 
 h'aeli ; an lives |i,st "'na'"<, ^lea- Harking 
 
 //.^/'KiV,, „ |),„„|„|„„ it,,,,,,;,,,, ,;.,., iV....."'-)''"' » 
 N"V. ; ainiiiig,, leak i,, (|„, \,|,,„t,. ,,',', "',^^ 
 t'lrniiiiii, , I),.,... „.,,,,. ,,,,„, '""' alb'i' leaving 
 
 .' 'lilt of i.s/s.'.v;.:!";-!!,,,'';:"'' •"'"'''' "•o i.«i; 
 
 lal.iitiitr fouiiijeieil in a' u-nl,'. >i, .,'.,. v, ""''''• 
 11 It ir, U,nl , ^ '""' fahnoiitl, ; 
 
 WHECKH. 
 
 '•■ "oii^r, s.e,,,,,..,, fniinileie, ':,':' "^ '^''"'' 'S3a 
 
 ''"l«.ur)j„meer,«nnei'at.'dfrnn, blame 
 
 '■'^-iloV:™::,^,';''■'•'•'^'''■■■«'''''''^i;^'''' 
 *':;j;ir:"^"'"" f'i^-Mpro,.er.,'d,;;';;:;i •• 
 
 A;;;w,_i.m,,e. at;.n,i;,,ioBAi;.r,i.ernii?':. - 
 
 ,;.lle (see .t,„l„„M ""'"" '""■'"« ''■Vl"'' | I 1 VuT'lT''''''' ■-'"""""• ■^t''" 'led "If (0,1' 
 
 .. ..,,.., .....„,,,, ,,„ LHiiant ; a o.<t , , r 
 
 ;/oi./."., aleaiuer, in-m .New v,„.b : , ,, I '•''I'- 
 
 .'|■li|^ wl.lel, ,,|,iHed ; al ,ml,V, p' 1; ,„"■'"' 
 
 I -t and miieli cattle '"'""i" " , thiee nlllcer.s 
 
 .l«" '•"'', sleanicf (Union isteiMHi,!,; ,. '^ -^l"'', ., 
 ■■<}'<■ .Maclean Wait, loiiiele ,:,,''''-'' ;'l'''''>'' 
 all l;asae,,gei-s a,,,, ,. ;.ew :::';/,,!;;;.' '"V'^; 
 
 111' by ve».sels, and ,.,„,■ ,, \ ' , 1 .J' ,''' ' 
 
 ■le l.namla. the Canaries, ,tc 1 •"'"'""' •''<■ ''anl 
 
 ;/rAnr<«, sailing ..,1,1], • sank 1„ .. ii, ■ ' -,' .-'l'''!, ■■ 
 
 Mhblaii,ed;nol!";.!,'i::,Il'''"'«''''''-^''. '''"!;'''• = 
 ■M Wa///.«, MieamcT, luaiie.l wi'ili i,-!,,, '^ •'"'V'* 1. 
 
 tviri:ier"'"'"^"""""''""i.--r,i;;;M;^ 
 
 ll.M.S. li.,lncl d'est roved 'bv '..v, 1 ' • '■» .-M'lil.t iS3i 
 Mi:iitsof.Magellali(se,:.V,l., "'''"^""' ''I •';«-■ 
 
 ';;.".""■ K;""" '■"'"paiiVs St eanie- vVreel-.l" ,!■ " 
 tt.iil«ra Point, X.,,v Zeiiland, .30 li've/1,';,'",''' "" 
 
 fffl, stlianier, n„ the Tll.imes, Cal„eh'''nvef' " 
 
 hr!':ii::;i'*^i;-^ ;::;''■" «'.''t>;-ii«^^in';; ■• 
 
 " ", fninii '-■"ni|iMiiy'smail'screv;-steainei'st' n, 'J " 
 •>■ ;. roi'k near Cape Agnlhas, , ■,,, e , f , 1 ,\T^ 
 uel foundered a few hours art.'r • ,1 • , . ' ' 
 
 K:^t;;;;„-:iiL,-i:;V -■■'• ^^^-f^ 
 
 ' ■ » ■. Ihilish steamer ; al'ioiit i, perisliei?^'!,'!;' " 
 
 i:;;s:t';;::::;iis^''^""'^'' "«-■ ■.;on,nr;^^ 
 
 . Illleeaplai,, e.'inlieiHteil! 8 X^- 1 ' " ^^^- 
 
 ^■J:fand'S;t:-|™:'--'-;™pt. 
 
 -.(.■-gowsteaniei, .recked in the Iri^i! !!:„*; 
 
 :^r'^,r=(;-:,ii!|'^ E'S 
 
 ■aiitiiin eensuredl ' ■>- "*'" '""^ 
 
 ;-;;;,^^nlish steamer, sitamied near Ju^;;f: 
 
 "1 liiaimel steani'er, cai.t '\V I-'.-v '.ut^'"'' 
 ■' rai I'lf the Sk.Tries ■ . re.i'fU .1 ! ■ \ ' '""« " 
 
 Ii"!' and jV.Vi Ills '1,1 '■', "''■','* • ''''"''I -'J '•:"«• 
 "!■ "-an, ttim',:. , '' ''"'• "'""" ■■ IM". (eaptail, 
 
 I April, 
 
 ::n^';i:li;^i^"i^i::v,^i';^!ie:';^r;r';^r'''-'-"- 
 
 I b;li and ,6 .Spam 
 
 , '" ""iiiM blamed) --' v—i-^'nii 
 
 ! K^m':|:l::^;,■:;;,,,^•''^;f-m^eweastlo■,o'^;il; 
 "-f;'-!ur-'n;,^;7:e^3oni,;ri^.^:?^-.. 
 
 A.«v„„„„, |,,iti,|, screw steamer "wreck \" ,T' « 
 
 i'/nu,ni;::ist;n;b^;ii;{"-''-'--^^?'- " 
 ™"..i...,r\K.iaX:T'X::r™i™';v::; 
 
 '[■'•«'"», lost oir L'.shaiit ; j. perish '-* i' '''• " 
 
 """■" '"' »'— . '"'t'o,rMagiia,e„'jsh:;:i •• 
 
 '^:;n:;;:;,;:j'^'""-'-'"k ">■-•"--. With. ^,^;::; - 
 
 ■'24'de:i{i,f' "■ •^-""-. «-<=ked oir wexf^: •■ 
 
 35 wrecks during i stonn oir NL.wro,-,„dl„',;,,"™- - 
 
 '';x:wS;:;''''^'^^'''-'--'"''»i^''vof,^itv: ■• 
 '^o;'^h!/i?;^;i:i;(^^^i:-.-'"'--r'r,;i,!::;;; ■■ 
 
 Wrecks through gaiesli. N^^rth soa, 382 lives' ."i^'t'- " 
 
 '^b::;I•;^^^^'-'-:-»knearcllristh.^;;n;^'i ■• 
 
 Asiii, \.\V. transit ,i..,.vin.> ot, .«„,„,. f.,, , , , 
 t>v..n^O,.arioa,id«au,„aai,UeMSe'iIi;^;;;!^rUt; 
 
 K.yish"tin!!r'':;;)^:"r:;.:r;!i \ r""f ™ r"" 
 
 '-' ■ ■ 1 
 
 i^i'llj 
 
 II 
 
WRKC«iX, 
 
 133:2 
 
 WHKCKH. 
 
 7.liiiit. iSSj 
 [CoiMiiimmlur P«rr ai«iiil««iMl, 38 ilunr | 
 
 WxiUifii, BllhW 1>) ciilllHldii Willi Ihiriiiiii. (.V. IV 
 /iiilunil Mt*Hiii»lii|i i:t,,,\ ,,(f IMuiliy ll.ml ; .-, 
 I'liloli aj.liiiH', ,, 
 
 lUiiihiii-, coiiwlllif -li;.!"' I. \\n^U■^ nViT, illirlliK 
 luuni'll 111 Ihc llyil,. ; :u • IJ4 lllnwilnl l.lllly, ,, 
 
 1) >vni-k« cm lliitinli i.i.i. • n|iiul(!il tlimiiKli 
 villi, III Klili' ia*i«i't. ,, 
 
 ll">uhnul, I.. & X. W. riillwny'K Pirttli' uti'miici- miiI 
 i'Ttiiaii liiHMiii', Alliiiiiilini, KiillliiK vi'hhi'1, »i"'"tt 
 :., ■'lliKioii Utwri'ii Diilillii anil llnljlin,., , 
 ij rt< 4II1K ; iiililiiixlit . . . . '11 (i,a. ,, 
 
 /i'i.i, sniiilf oil' (;ii|.i' Vllliiiiii ; nlicpiit 35 in rinli ; an- 
 iimiiu'cil 3 Xuv. ,, 
 
 ^iiA', I,ivi-i|iii(.l NlraiuiT, at Mmitli lli'inli'ii ; jj IIvch 
 liwt Ihv, „ 
 
 Simla, wri'ckiil liy rMlliniuii wltli tlii' Cilii i'/ l.ic'K- 
 niiw, iHitli iil'(ilii«((.i\v, Aiistmliiiii Hiiili'i-n, ihiir tlui 
 Ni'eilluH, IOiikIIhIii'Iiuiiiii'I ; tilioiit ju |ii'i'i>ili : 3 |i.lti. 
 
 a I .Ian, 1884" 
 
 vi'ry inniiy wii'iku .... jij^.Iaii. ,, 
 
 iVci*..mi.i, lianiui', Htnii'k mi Dliirk Hork, Aiilrliii ; 
 ■ A I'lil^'li if. Jan. ,, 
 
 ./iimi, Iriiii Mlii|., ulniiiilrcl in tlir Mrini'y liy a kuI"' ; 
 IliiMTi'W ((■) liriish . , . ,' ju, jy .\nii. ,, 
 
 Sliilr ,./ fhiiiilii, (iias^MW «li'lllllll', ami I'onnmi, 
 
 liai'i|iii', Hiiiik liy I'lilli.sinii 111 niiil-iii't'aii nil' tlir 
 (-'aiiailiaii chmsI ; iihinit ij| pi'ii.-ili . 18 Apiil.t ,, 
 i(i.i7ii(i/i(('aiit,l,'illiiaii), Kn^ilirtli .stiaiiii'r, ah.l './j'.ii, 
 .Spaiiisli htraiiiir, sunk iiy iiiUi«iuii in a U'^i nil 
 Cajpi' KiiiMtiTii'; iiliiMit I j.j JM risii ; inaiiv pickcil 
 up l.y .SiiH^.. /i"i«;,i,/,i(s) " . iilglil,'..! July, , 
 DUmr, slcallirl', .sunk liy ciillislull wiUi IHintlin, 
 uti'Miiicr, iirar liravcuiinl ; aimiit 17 ilriwiini ; 
 Nonii alliT iniiliiiKlit .... 23 \u\i, ,, 
 |i'ii|it. ill' till' ho'itr imiii.slicil fur iviMilfsH navi- 
 pitiiin, Auk'. I 
 Il'cu/i, II M. Hiiii-liiiiii (Mi'i" niiiU'r A'li !•!/). 
 " /,i///i- /,../.,' »tr..n.l,.,i iirar lliu n'lnutli nf tin' 
 
 .Maas ; 14 ilmwiu'il .... ^6 Orl. ,, 
 Indii.i, V, Si <). ('iiiii|iaiiy'ii slraniiT wi'i'ckeiliiiii'uast 
 
 "I'tVylmi 8 Niiv. „ 
 
 DiiriiHii'i, srii'W stcaniiT, run dinvii liy l.ulf lliiiir, 
 Irciii lian|Ui>, in llii' KuhHmIi I'lianiii'l ; au livi'n lost 
 
 27 Niiv. ,, 
 I'lichitnl, RtcaniiT, foiinili'ri'il olT Iliilyliiail ; i U'W 
 
 liitt 7 IkT. ,, 
 
 iliijmmettf, yai'lil ; .saili'cl fi 1 Sciiitliaiiii.dni tn 
 
 Australia, ly .May; I'dUiiilornl in a Htnriii almiit 
 1600 mill's Iruiii tilt' i.'api' : 3 nii'ii anil a Imy 
 e.sin|icil ill a limit, witliniit priivisiiins, 5 July; 
 jiriipoBi'il killing nf nm. by lut ri'JL'Cti'il hy 
 iiriiuk.t, liny (Uii'hanl I'arki'r) killi'il by caiilain, 
 mill I'alen, autli ilay, et at'i. ; nicu picki'il up by 
 Ueriiiaii liari|Ui', iliuileznm'i, 24111 ilay, and 
 rarrii'd to Falninulli ; lajit. Tlnw. Uiidlry, and 
 Kilwin Sti'plii'iis, niati', trii'd I'nr niunli-r at 
 Kxi'ti'r ; fai'ts alllniii'il, fi Xnv. ; alliriiii'd by luril 
 rliii'f lu.stii't' and utlirr .jndt;i'M in ijui't'u'a iH-nuli, 
 4 Dee. ; sitiiti'iiri' nf di'atli pussi'd, 9 Dit. ; 
 reprieved, 6 ninnllis' iiiiprisnnnieiil witlimit 
 
 laliiiur 13 Di'c ,, 
 
 Adiiiirnl .1/«i)'.<"iii, l„ and X. W. H.'h steanier, sunk 
 near Huiyliead by eiiUisiiin witli .>-'(iii/(( CV,i)-i( 
 (Ainerieau); eapt. Weeks, and abmit 4 iierisli 
 
 15 Jan. 1885 
 Chrei-ful, Liverpiiiil steanier, (■iilllsicin with lf.M..S. 
 Ihila in tliu Hristol cliaiiiiel, 13 lives lust in a 
 
 fo);, 4a.iii 21 July, ,, 
 
 I'lirm Yurm, Liverpool barque, 27 lives lost, 
 
 aiinounceil ,1 Sept. ,, 
 
 IJol]:hin, steamer (Geu. Xav. St. Co.), sunk by 
 
 collision v\itli the lUrnihi. eij,'lit [lerisli, 18 .Se]it. ,, 
 MenKaiitnmii, lost on Sand Heads ; about 70 lives 
 lost Sept. „ 
 
 Alhiili. llrltlHh .hip, wri'i'ked diiiliiu typlio.,11 oif 
 
 l.iiol'lioo Ixlallils, lo perish , . . 14111'!, I 
 
 Alil"imi, Canadian sli'iiiner, I'oiiiidered In laki' ' 
 Mllpellor; 4^ lives lost . . . . ; \ov, 
 
 !''■:■: nih, riilon line steamer, sunk by enbisloi'i 
 .•.ilhll.M.M. Hnhr,n,.l . . . Man'h, ,,., 
 
 iiir,i,, ti, Ciinuril slea r, fnimdeied (wllhi.nt l.issof 
 
 nil'), by eiillisloii Hitli an iiiiknowii sejiooin.r 
 near l.oiiK Islanil In America ; sehooin'r sunk with 
 all on Isiaril .4 .\hii,|i, 
 
 l.ii-ii-SluHii, nil Iriiii steanier, Aiistniliislan si.iuil 
 na\lKatlciii company, wrecked olf (ireen Cup.' 
 l"l» 1 .Mi'lbunriie and Sydiiev ; ^(, jiersnns 
 
 ,.'li"«i»',l •. ,,,, March, 
 
 hrititmi'ir, llritlsli steamer, foiiiidcred near Saii'oii ; " 
 iilioiit v lives lost (1 .\ni..' 
 
 Mftlh'iiii, l.lM'ri 1 Iron steanier, foiindereii on 111,'. 
 
 Tiiskar ni f, Hristol ehaiinel : all liaiiiU lost In 
 the Klde (about 20) .... 15 (li'l. 
 
 Many vcss.'ls lost, many ln|iircil, and Krciit Imsnf 
 life during' a severe K'lile . . 14-161111. 
 
 Trrinliliili; Kl. ■inner of liliisK'ow, lost oil the faniiiu' ' 
 then coast ; id lives lost . . , i^iii'i 
 
 Ki-ilf'iffinn ill .1 llihii M:ii„ll collision (.,,, jiv,,,; ' 
 lost) olf the enlist of yiicinsland ; aiiiioiinei .1 
 
 ll.'C 
 
 Siiltini, llritlsh ironclad, nml nil,' ,!.■ fi,li„i„ " 
 Kreiieh steamer, collision In l.lsbnn hiirliniii '• 
 the hitler vessel sunk ; is lives InsI . -.ii ll.e.' 
 
 Kitiiiiii'lii, einiKranl ship for Anslralia, salil to han' " 
 l'niiiideri',1 by cnllislmi with .l,/,i .l/.^a..iy nit 
 Urazil ; abniit 29S perish, 1 11.111. 20 Jan. ; ii|lli.,.i, 
 
 of the .1,^1 .Ui/neiM I'enslllv.l . . j.iMuil'll, 1-. 
 
 Hiiiiriii, l.oiiilon it HiiKditnii eonipiin\ s steanni! ' 
 diiriiiKhw striiek on 1 kill I'olnt ji AiUv ; n,. 
 
 foK horn Snllll.leil, aliolit ifi Hm'S Insl oui .,| 
 
 no iiassciiKi'i's throiiHli panic and rceUlissni's. ; 
 
 the rest ;iiivei| by skill and eonru^'l' of IIh' capliiiii 
 
 and oilleers ,-, A]iril. 
 
 Tdiiiiitiiid, I', ti O. steamer wrecked on Monaeln 
 
 rocks, Corsica ; 23 lives lost iiieliidim; eapliiiii 
 
 , I'l'iTiu ,7 April. . 
 
 > cllii, hasti'in TclcK'raph eompany's sieamei, 
 
 wrecked olf Myeoiios, (irecee ; 12 llvi's losi. 
 
 18 April! , 
 Jli'iiliiii, steamer, of Singapore, fouiidereil, will, 
 
 uiillislon ; about 15a lUes lost. 
 
 '■■ n/ Cn/iim/iv.y, U,S. jiasseiiger ship ; ran nii reef. 
 
 aniioniii'iM 
 
 28 April, , 
 
 Destriictiim of a I'carl llshiiiK Hcet, X,K, eoiisf of 
 
 Australia, with a loss of 550 lives, in a hurriiain' 
 
 oil 22 April ; rcporti'd . . . 28 Ajiiil. 
 
 Jnliii Kihu, llritlsli sleamcr, wrecked at St, Jnhn'^' " 
 
 27l"»t 4 M,n, 
 
 I'ilil III Mniilrnil (cntloii ship), liimaii sLmimii. 
 
 burnt 4<xj miles olf .NcHt'oiiiidlanil on h.r w.iv 
 
 from Xew York to Liverpool , , u, Aii^-, 
 
 Monari-h, jili'iisiir,' yiielit, hiundcrsuear llfracoiiilpe ; 
 
 I 1 1 li\'i'S lost 26 All;.'. 
 
 I i''ii//i 0/ Ihiiin; of tilas^iinv, sunk olf Yarnioiitir; 
 
 24 lives lost 2S,'pl, ,. 
 
 I.i/iliii, Hrltisli sehoniier, lost in a hurrieaiie in 
 
 I the Xcirtli Allantlc; 15 livi's lost , ,Si'|,i, 
 
 I I.ininmii. Iron baniuc, wrecked near Wevinniuh ■ 
 
 ! 12 lives Inst . , , , 'k MiiiHi. ,.■=,■ 
 
 ; Clii nf Ciiritiih sunk by cnllislim '.villi 'J'li.^m.no.r 
 
 I near Diinp.ness . . . . ^ Miucli. 
 
 1 KmiiriM, sailinj; vessel, loses ,2 men liv enllisinii 
 
 with the Until, steiiii;.'r, ,,11 Dorset const, 
 
 1 28 April, . 
 
 1 Trmhinn, cmlK'ranl ship, s ink < II' i;.:tie A;«iillias, 
 
 I all oil board lost . ^ Jiiin', 
 
 Still- nf 'I'm-.r wree'u. 1 1 Al'iii; Day, near 
 
 I Adelaide; 17 lives I .m . , I'jJuiv.t 
 
 Kiirl nf lI'mijixH and Ariteiiaiple, OlasKow biiri|iiis, 
 
 collision. 16 lives lost .... S.S'pl. 
 
 Collision between steamers I.n Frdin'c (l-'ienclOami 
 
 Siiil Ami'i-int (Italian) otf the Canary Islands; 
 
 about 87 lives lost , . 13 Sept. 
 
 * ir. A. Si'hiiltiii. Dutch steamer, sunk bv enllisinii 
 with Itiisa Miirii of Hartlepool, at anchor I'.tf limit: 
 
 e,ia.ii.- vvp,„^-,.),„wti.-:; 29 lives saved; about 97 i.crish: about 130 persons iierish, many saved by the cnw ut 
 »r-Ked. . -e. ■, i8J,'i:. 1884. , the fVirii of Suiiderhind. 19 Xnv. 1887. 
 
 t Wi..",^, ■.>,.iB, mn, ! .;.e Crii.ss st.'-amer, struck on ! Alfml I>. .s'lime. Americaii vessel, wreck,.,! nifWiihr. 
 rod. M.; K:. . Ill' tde N'l ^u Senlia; about 120 iieiish, " ford: 28 perish, 4 Jan. 188S. 
 abmu 1 All';', 3? | f Collision between •/'/liai/m/Zii and (.'ci.sH', (l.Tiii.in 
 
 .V^iri"^, '■•.I.;:- i,ri(,', wreckei' if Great liank, steamers, otf .Sible Isliind, X, Athmtie; i-js lives :;, tin 
 >ewfouJK,'i'ni «ui.:it62lierisli, 6.M.';j 1884. 1 (Veiscr, lost 14 Aiij;, i838. 
 
.V.VKH. 
 
 WHKCKS. 
 
 k.'ii iiiiiiiiK i.v|iliip"ii i.ir 
 
 l> . . . M llrl. I 
 
 r, li ilcTi'.l III iiii^,, 
 
 • ■, • rN"V. 
 ii'i', Hiiiik liy rjilllKliiii 
 Miircli, I 
 
 IImIi'I'I'iI (Hillll.Mt Ih.x,,! 
 
 an iihkiiMVMi ^i*|i<imiii<i- 
 
 cu ; nrliiii.iicT "iiiik Willi 
 
 1 4 Miiii'li, 
 
 IT, AllHtl'lllll^lllll Hti'lilii 
 
 ■ckcil (ill' (iii'iMi ('a|ii', 
 Myiliiry ; yu |iiT»nim 
 
 .(■"■Miiich, „ 
 
 rnllllilrli'il lli'iir .Sitli'iili ' 
 
 • .■(..Vim.' . 
 iiiiirr, I'liiiniji'i'i'il nil t||i< 
 ilifl ; III! Imiiilii limt III 
 
 I5i>i'l, . 
 iiri'il, mill ui'''<>' \"*i* III' 
 l4-lfiUit. 
 )W, liiBt III! liic Ciiriiiiir. 
 
 MlIlM, , 
 h.JI I'iiIIIhIuii (4j |ivi., 
 ii'i'iisluiiil ; iiiiiiiiiiiii'iil 
 
 .1 I ,, 
 
 II. 1 I'lV;.' ilr Vi.l,„i,t, 
 
 I III I.IhIiimi liiirliiiiir'; 
 
 liVI'S llMl . 9, II,.,,, ,, 
 
 Anstrallii, wil<l t<i Imv,' 
 
 Itll Aih( Miliitni; ,,|r 
 
 ) M.ni. jii Jim. ; <i|lli',>is 
 
 ■i''l ■ . -'0 Mairli, I-:?; 
 
 • II CnlnlPllllV .H ,s|ni|l|,.|.. 
 
 Ill I'liiiil II Alily ; II., 
 
 l6 livrs liisl iiiit ,,|- 
 
 iiii; anil ri'c'klMssiiiw ; 
 ctuiini;'!' iirilic'ca|iiiiii,' 
 
 13 April, .. 
 wi'i'cki'il >,n Mciiiiu'lii 
 iwl liiclniliiiK riiplaiii 
 
 '7 A|iiil, ,, 
 
 rcinipiiii.v's nli'ii I, 
 
 ii'i'W ; 12 livi'S lent 
 
 i8A|ii-il. „ 
 inri', fiiiiniU'ri'il, witli 
 
 VI'S lllHl, llllillM||||.|.,| 
 
 28 April, ,, 
 iiiK licet, N. K. ciiiisl ni 
 ;u IIVCH, III n liiiniiaiii' 
 
 23 April, „ 
 ivrcckcil lit ISt. ,)i.liii's; 
 
 4 ■^la\-, ,, 
 lip), liiinan slivuiii'i, 
 :iiiiiillaiiil III! lii'i- wav 
 «il . . luAiw. .. 
 iidersiipar llt'rai'dinlii.; 
 
 26 Aii^'. ,, 
 sunk (itr YaniiiMitli ; 
 
 2. Sept. ,, 
 »t in ,1 liiiniciiiii' ill 
 ■.sicist . .Si.pi,. ., 
 
 Li'il near Wi'viiiniiili ; 
 
 S Marcli, iSjr 
 llisiiill '.villi Tilnnliiiiiit 
 
 g .March, 
 i '1 iiiiMi liy I'lillisiiiii 
 ', i.l! Dorset ciin.st, 
 
 28 April, . 
 .ik I II' i;..riB A«iiiiiiis, 
 
 ijlltl.'. . 
 Al 'mi; lla.v, near 
 
 M.Iuly,t ,, 
 l>le, (ilusgiiw biiniiics, 
 
 SScpt, „ 
 
 II hriiiife (Kiviiclijanil 
 th« Canary Islands; 
 
 !1^'''- ■• 
 
 iteaincr, .sunk liy cullisiin 
 11)1, at nncleir nil ilnvir : 
 any saved by the cnw ef 
 iiv, 1887. 
 vessel, wn'cki'il nlf Wafif- 
 
 li'dUit mill (<\hri; {;,.nti,in 
 . Alhintic ; ij; lives ;;} lliv 
 
 im 
 
 WRECKN. 
 
 i'»csi„sf ."' •'""""■'" "' <'iirisii„„i„; ,,, r '/•,"••*'"''''■• ""Mk i.v r.d!i,i,,„ with^irrr^ 
 
 ;rii..-.i.T' "'"■'■■''"''""■■»..'s...iJS'. •• i'iioi....i.-,.„.i..rt,.i, 
 
 Wreck .,r .he t„.„„ ,,y „,,,„„ , , , „ ,„ J nd,: „ I ' "•""'. ^'■•■' ■, w, k „■,,.,,,„,, ,„„ -■^,^';" 
 
 (e'riiinii an. I Aiii,iri,..i„ ,..,.- „ , 'i 'eli.t 
 
 San,,,,. fs,.e ,,„'„,'"' "'"^ "■"•"■I" «,e,.|,..,| 
 
 '"■"'""■■"I: iMillv,.sh,Ht ■^'';"I1"M, aiMl 
 
 .l'",.i<v, Mrlllsh steaiiii.r st.'nel.. /. 'V^'"'"' 
 
 'jMsi„i,,H;a..„,„'?:',;,.;::;;i'^,,;;;;.„;:;;"^« ..„• 
 
 Tl,.' '/.'.■WT/I luiiivrnr sen. I.. „i .. "'- 'M" M, 
 
 ■■"'":"'. '-'•''■^N•"v:::^;;■^;,;;;::l"::;^; 
 
 //.■, 
 
 nip,,' i,ilsslii|> 
 
 21 .Mav, 
 
 I iWthi^liiiftt, liartiti,, ,,r li...,.., ' ' • 2, 
 
 I r....r,„Ai,3'; ,^^"";';;;i»;';:K ; ^..i 
 
 wiih a <•„■»■ „r If ii.piiV \f "1' •'"'"■'''■". 
 
 ;i:;.^cn^^snt;r,'ir3;i--''- 
 
 ■"""""•"""■1 ''" '•■'PVp' , nil, s' ■,"'•■"■«'' '■'"• 
 
 i,aJ« i,,sts,;v,.,,:^ ;;;,:';;;,:,:;' ;;:,,^;,;:^;".i; 
 h:n:^::^iiiii:±:;rlrr;^;;^-;:;u;:^( ' 
 i"^:^;;!;^.^l;:c;-tTT;t^,':;-;;;::i;';'i;;S ' 
 
 lr,™,,,.„v, Nnwcastio st,.:iipier /,iii„ l^'^""• • 
 
 i\vol,)nn oil- the Ilal,'i„,.,s I """"I"""' In a 
 
 i.«ds. 111,. ..,.,,,,,''',',;, '",;i'';'''''i '»■'- 
 
 siiic-lhellrst inalea , 6 ill, ;„ ,'. 'l""" '" 
 
 Zi,/;i^^::V;i;.,r'" '- - ^^i^^:;:"^:- 
 
 1 H.,M.». Ull„ vri-,,ck,P,l ,dr i,al„a,|„r 'en..,- ( 's^,';,',)'- ■■ 
 
 rCTiii^j^fn'"'""""'-' '^"'■'"'•■•7' ""■'^■^r'-r " 
 
 j; .,„> Sirifl, a \„;-a Scolla'n siili!!.;"",'."' *'",■ " 
 ' kivdllshin Willi the ^C ,/,^, y.!','''iv"'''* 
 Fr>,n,.e, ,5 |icrs,„is,l|.,„,,i,'d ' ■ " ^^- '""'"'l' 
 
 (•Mil. stnainor, mink afler c,dli'si„n \..i.i ''/')''"'•-. " 
 
 .....V. l.,sl, 
 
 ">i iass,'p,L',.|'s ,ip„l ,, .. ' ' " '■ "III, alppp'H 
 Mandi,„ii,-\.,V' „' ;■ ,','"■• '■;" •^'■»' V'Mk, „> 
 
 ; :;-■ U!^::i;,-; ''^ V ;:'n : s;;;it.:^;- 
 
 -;^:^.i>:,i? if ;--!''■' - 
 '":;;:;; :!:r:l' :::^- T^r''^^ ^■^-'^-' 
 
 ^'c.-, sii.:, i^.^;,V i';;;-;v"''7:i'' • 
 
 'lie l-P'er. the ,,|| .:..;',' , '' Ilslaip.l, .,-,,| „„ ,„ 
 
 «MV 1 I, ;'.' 'V I""l"'ar,|, 
 
 Upt 
 
 ""'( tpippk 11 
 
 N'lse ,111 III,. |.,.,.|' („ ,S||,,, 
 
 ! '■'i:::n:n!:,r';':r:t'"''r'-!^in!i'^i;:,- 
 
 r,„.'„7„, „.,,'„. '';,'• ' • ciiHioi, will, th« 
 
 iThePshii,/,,,,."; ''/,;' y''^l'7t . ,,.i„„^, 
 
 ' ti„V.u„;;V',;;;;;;"-'"^' "-•"•.• ^■"■■■i-i to i)„v,.r'^,y 
 ' cvch;;';:""::;';!:;;::]'""' »'™"T' •^■'""■•■rs.inrfn^i; ■• 
 
 I'ppliiiilwm, Canliir steamer l,.,i„i,| r,J\^''"'- 
 
 ;?:;;k'X!';;i',i:ri-"-^''''-M'..>^^i;;:;a; 
 
 5<)el.t 
 ■.last ,it 
 
 >,j.^tea,n„rr;;ir'«rcaK;:.-i:ir; 
 
 20 !)(>( 
 
 «'i! 
 
 » < 
 
 )■•' 
 
"WltECK.S. 
 
 IL'SI 
 
 WRECKS. 
 
 
 Wnrtiii) iicnr riilng Kiiiiit;, Ijiiiiit; iiparlv ^oo 
 
 lives said In 1 1- li.st .... as'D'i.c. 
 
 Bmi; stKiiMi-r, suuli li.vc(]!lisi(iiiiiirf!t. Alib's H«iil, 
 
 l-'irtlj ijf I'cMlli ; I ) MicM (iroHiii'il . ii,Jaii. 
 
 C/ii.<inV;., L(M]il(/ii stcaiiMT, sinick on n ivcf cilf 
 
 bcill.v ; II iMit nf ly iiic'ii cln.uiM'cl . . 5 Fell. 
 
 Till! Vic'ii, lliitisli hiM.|ih', sunk liv collivicii with 
 
 llic Jj.swii/i, \:H\\n;, Anlwi'i-]! aiiil (,'ariliH'; llu) 
 
 rniitiiin 1111(1 6 iiicinln.wiicil . 5 a.m. 21 fiOi. 
 
 JJtiy "J I'lnuniici, steel ,slii|,, fr,,Mi CaUiilta, lor lliin- 
 liee (nl.uiit i7li\es ii.st); .!/»/.(;,,., in, 1; steamer 
 (abuiil 22 lives Icisl), iumI al.out i; oilier vessels 
 (.iL'Ollt 40 ]iels.,lis cliiiwiie.l) all Wleeke.l oil the 
 
 I ialuiomh coast, iluring the great siiowsti nil, 
 
 o, 10 Ahtreh, 
 
 The t/'7iio, lirilisli .steamer, eajil. M'Keagiie, con- 
 veying 830 Italian enii.erants, with 50 crew. In 111 
 ^Hjilcs to .New York, sunk during a gale liv col- 
 lision with ll..M.!s. iioncdad Aiis(.ii, at anclior in 
 the liay of tiilnallar; al.ont 53S ] as,-enger.s and 
 26 of the crew drowned. Heroic exertions werii 
 liroiiiptly made l.y the crews of all tie shiiis in 
 the harl.inr, to save life: of these, two I raMi 
 men of theyi, /«"(/ioi(,, James froton ami George 
 liales, were drowned, 7 cm. 17 March; ahino 
 1,150/. (Italian goven.ment, sco/.) snl.scril ed for 
 the iTliel ol ti.e sill vi\ors . . . .March, 
 
 The inarine ei nrt censures caj't. JI'Keague for 
 grave error of. ludgiucnt, . . 25 -March, 
 I'lhc It: 1,111 was raised under the directiuii of Mr. 
 Ariiiit, 8 .Iiily, iSyi.J 
 
 Stnithuiilji, Lritish steamer, wrecked off the coast 
 Of ^orth Carulinu ; 19 lives lost, leiiorted, 
 
 26 March, 
 
 Chafiman, niissionnry schooner, wrecked oil the 
 coast of 'lahiti ; 16 jJcrsoiLs drowned, re]iciite(l, 
 
 30 .March, 
 
 Glamorgan, steanier, snnk liy collision with I'. 
 talai.il, iJiiti h Americiiii 'steMiier, in iiiid- 
 chniiiiel, heiwtcn Dover and Folkestone, 
 „ isAliril, 
 
 St. Catharis, stenmer, wreiked off the Caroline 
 Islands, reiiortnl ; 90 |.ei>oiis drowi ed . Ajiril, 
 
 Lestrii and Am-.^rii, two steamers, sunk liy collision 
 In tlie Mersey ; several lives lost . 23 Mav, 
 
 IHinhohiie, stean.er, of W. llartleimol, sunk I'lV 
 collision with Ihe (llasgow steanier Knilorli, iiea'r 
 Uover; :; lives lost . . 2.30 a.m. 7 July, 
 
 Canibier, .screw-sleamer, sunk liv collision iviih 
 the Jiusliy in I'ort Ihilliii liav, Meiliotirne ; 
 shout 21 lives lost . . . ' . 28 Aug. 
 
 Dvnmun-y, Uiitish steamer, sunk lUiring a hurri- 
 cane, 250 miles from Halifax, Nova Kcotiii; 3 
 lives lost al.out i .Sejit.' 
 
 Wolviihne, steanier, left linstol for -New York, 11 
 tjeid. ; disabled by a gale, crew takes to life 
 boats, 22 «e|,t. ; 9 men rescued, the cajitaiii and 
 II men missing 15 Oct. 
 
 30 vesse:8 wrecked off the coast of Labrador, ami 
 about 5 J lives lost during a gale, reiiorteil, 
 1 , 23 Oct. 
 
 Cnarlwoal, barijue, sunk by collision with the 
 i(os(eii, near the FJddystone lighthouse; 15 lives 
 
 lost 4 A.M. 26 Oct. 
 
 iloselle, royal mail steanier, struck on a reef, 10 
 miles from C'idoii; totally wrecked, only the 
 caiitain drow iied 28 Oct. 
 
 7'Kr«ef, schooner, coming from Funck island, 
 wrecked on a reef ; 7 lives lost, reported 6 Nov. 
 
 Enterpiife, Indian marine steamer, founders oil' 
 Port Ijlair, Ai»laiiian islands, during a cvclone ; 
 about 70 lives lost, 6 saved . . . " 2 -Nov. 
 
 Hmrtnut, full-rgged sliiii, bound for Sydney, 
 wrecked olf .s^andgate; 27 iii'isons siis]iended in 
 the rigging for lO hours, were saved with great 
 difheulty by the Sandgali! lifeboat, and taken to 
 Folkestone; ca|it. James Moddrel and 4 men 
 drowned n Nov. 
 
 Many wrecks during gales . . 10 Nov. f/ sn/. 
 
 EnUrkiH, steel sailing ship sunk olf Haiiisgate, 
 near (Jalloper sands, during a gale; about 27 
 lives lost n liee. 
 
 Abyisin'M, (luion screw-steaiucr, burnt, 5 days out 
 
 S90 
 S91 
 
 * The Ta^imiiin, Italian mail steamer, sunk by colli- 
 sion with the (ireek si earner 77,ctMi/in, otf Cape Suiiimii ; 
 dbout 6u livCB lust, 2 A.M. i;i Sept. 1691. 
 
 I from yew Y'ork ; the passengers and crew rescned 
 
 by the sy./vr iS Dec. 
 
 [ Cliihii'iill, baniue, sunk by ccdlision with A'eeiW- 
 1 Utiiil, slcainer, oil F'lushing; 15 men diuwiied, 
 I 2 Jan. 
 
 j Kamrhi'ir, a I3ritish steamer, foundered oil' Cupchi 
 I'olnt. Cliina ; about 509 lives lost about 14 Jan. * 
 
 Foil!'! Viieiii, steamer, sunk by colliyion with the 
 1,1'iiijhlii'ii'iiali, steamer, near Flamliuiough Head; 
 about 14 lives lost .... 24 Feb. 
 
 Vi'Viiti/ i/./'.s'ri/r,,., steamer, stranded in Wideinouth 
 
 Hay, Cornwall ; the ^o jiersons on board saved 
 
 by the liude liocket llrigade . . ic. March, 
 
 U'cihiiir (iisllr, Deal lugger, fouiidercil near the 
 
 Isle of Wight during a gale ; 7 men drowned, 
 
 15 March, 
 
 Karl ff AtifrdffV, barque, wrecked on the Peiii- 
 brokeshire coast ; 16 lives lost . . 15 May, 
 
 Vein Iff, IJritish jietroleiim steamer, blown up in 
 Jilaye harbour, near liordeaux ; iBde.-.tlis, 14 June. 
 
 Ci7;/ e/ ( /liid;;", Inniaii Atlantic liner, run ashore 
 near Old Head of Kinsale, duiiiig a fog; j-as- 
 sengers, &c., landed, i July; totally wieckeil, 7 
 July; .Mr. Arthur Hedford' the iiia.s'ter's ccrtili. 
 cate sus| ended for 9 months . . 21 July, 
 
 I'llir Sliiiiii, liritish ship, stiuek on a rock neiir 
 Y'anii(;Uth, Nova Scotia; 14 deaths . 4 .luly, 
 
 JJdj-, steanier, sunk by collision with Hiniililn ni, 
 stuiiuii; 35 deaths .... 9 Aug. 
 
 Thniiiii, baicpie, capsized near Port Kiin, Isle of 
 Man ; 17 liv • lost 4 Aug. 
 
 Ahijlii', Ancle,. Line sle.'iiner, capsized near the 
 mouth of the HiKigiy ; 12 lives lost . 24 Atig. 
 
 Sliiiiiiirr, liritish schooner, capsized in the (liilf of 
 Mexico; 16 deaths .... loSepi. 
 
 (ashir, Driti.sh schooner, sunk by collision with 
 ail uiiknowi. ship, on the (iraiid Dank of New- 
 foundiand ; 19 lives lost, reported . 20 Sejit. 
 
 The IrtviUr, Canadian stunner, crushed by col- 
 lision with the steam-collier U'iHinmellc off 
 Whidby Island in the I'acilic ; live deaths 8 Oct. 
 
 The I'ol.hnrn, Peninsular and Oriental steamer, en 
 her way from Shanghai to Hong Kong, during a 
 typhoon, wricked oil Sand Island, in the Pesca- 
 dores group; the fires were put out ami the 
 engines stojiped ; Ciijit. Sams and about 125 
 persons drowned ; 23 persons saved . 10 Oct. 
 
 Runmiinia, British Anclior line steanier, wrecked 
 during a gale, olf Gronho, on the const of Portu- 
 gal, on her way from Liverpool to llonibay : 
 about 106 persi ns drowned, 9 saved . 28 Oct. 
 
 The (7iiWiim«, Japrne-ic cruiser, sunk in collision 
 with the lliirciinii, P. & O. steamer, in the Gogii 
 Sliinia straits, 75 deaths, Nov. 1892 ; much litiga- 
 tion, 1S92-5 ; appeal of the coin]jaiiy to the 
 judicial committee (privy council) allowed, and 
 suit dismissed with costs . . . 20 July. 
 
 Ciriistinkr, Hartlepool steamship, wrecked outside 
 Ctixhaven ; the crew, about 24, lost, about 
 
 28 Nov. 
 
 Pi7.s/.f/v;, Glasgow stei mer, wrecked on the Long 
 Sands, Kent ; about 7 deaths . . 9 Dec. 
 
 Triiuittiti, fihisgow steanier, wrecked olf Cape 
 Vilailo, Spain ; about 31 persons drowned 7 Feb. 
 
 i'MiK/viH/dii, Glasgow steanier, left Greenock for 
 New York on 27 Jan., damaged during a gale ; ij 
 deaths, 4 Feb. ; returned to tJreenoek 11 Feb. 
 
 CoiihJi, liritish steamer, wrecked on liaiyah Uotk, 
 near Sinoii, W. Africa ; many lives lost, reported 
 
 22 Fell, 
 
 Coinitt'ss Kfcliiiic, Cardiff screw steamer, sunk by 
 collision with the Cih/ t,f lltimbury near Trevo^e 
 Head ; about 24 lives lost . 3 Hay 
 
 * Eider, German iron-screw steanier, six-nmsted(Xerl!i 
 Gerniaii Lloyd's), from New York to liremen, stniekwi 
 rocks near the Isle of U'lgbt during a fog, 31 .Ian ; Citjt. 
 Ileineke, crew 166, and 227 iiassengers, togetlierwilli tlit! 
 mails, bars of silver, and other parts of tlie cargesiO"! 
 by the great exertions of the lifeboats, 1-3 Feli. ; ll.f 
 Kiilrr lilted olf the rocks about 7 March, and lluatfd W 
 .Southampton, 29 March, 1892. 
 
 The German emperor presented 200I. to the I.ifeVat 
 Institution, and gold watches to some of the iiiastirsol 
 lifeboats, April, 1892. 
 
 ■ ?,; 
 
iECKS. 
 
 sst'iitjcrs ami crew reHPWtl 
 18 Dir. 
 by Cdllisidii Willi Numtl- 
 ling; 15 inuii UiuNMierl, 
 
 3 Jhii. 
 nor, foniidprHl oil' Ciiiiclii 
 9 livi's In-it illnnit 14.11111.' 
 iiili liy ciillisiMii Willi till,' 
 near Flaiiiljuiuviyli Hratl ; 
 24 iM'h. 
 stiaiidi'il ill AVidfiinjutli 
 1 ]a'rsniis itu buaril saved 
 'i|.'iidi' . . ic Mairli, 
 Hff, f'nuiidiTCd iii'ar Uiu 
 Ljiile ; 7 iMi'ii diowiu'd, 
 
 15 MniTli, 
 p, WTPclii'd on tlic IViii- 
 It's lust . . 15 >Ia\'. 
 Ill sti'iniicr. Mown up in 
 ■ilcaiix ; iBdiT.tlis, 14J11111'. 
 Ilaiilic liner, run aslinie 
 iisale, diiiiii;.' a ro,i; ; I'Iik. 
 .Inly ; tutally wieeked, 7 
 ford the niastvr's eertili- 
 -iitlis . . 21 .Inly. 
 I, stiuek on a rock inar 
 ; 14 deaths . 4 .Inly, 
 .'ollisiun Willi i'initli'ni", 
 9 Aii^'. 
 1 near Tuit Eiiii, Isle of 
 . 14 Aiv'. 
 '.".iiier, caiisizpil near 11. e 
 12 lives lost . 24 An;.'. 
 r, caiisizfil ill the Oulf ot 
 
 Iot-e].|. 
 
 r, sniik by collisiini Willi 
 he tli'and Dank of New- 
 [, le|iorted . 2o!Selit. 
 itiiiiiier, cnished by eol- 
 ii-polliiT WiUii'nu'tle oft 
 acilic ; live deaths 8 (.let. 
 and tirieiital steamer, on 
 
 to IIoii^' Koii^', dnriii;^' a 
 and Ishiiid, in tlio I'esea- 
 4 were [nit out and the 
 t. Sams and about 125 
 'rsors saved . 10 (let. 
 or line steamer, wrecked 
 0, on the t'oast of Portii- 
 
 l,iver]iool to Bombay : 
 ned, 9 sa\'ed . 28 del. 
 ■rniser, sunk in collision 
 ; (). steamer, in the Ciogo 
 , Nov. 1B92 ; niueli lili}.':i. 
 uf the coiiijiaiiy to the 
 vy council) uUowed, and 
 ;s . . . 20 iluly. 1 
 'aiiiship, wrecked otitsiile 
 boiil 24, lost, about 
 
 28 Nov. , 
 r, wrecked on the I. on;; 
 eaths . . 9 Dee. 
 mer, wrecked olf Cape 
 : persons drowned 7 t'eb. 1 
 filler, lelt Oreeiiock for 
 iuiiaged during a gale ; 12 
 d to tireeiiock 11 Keli. 
 vrecked on liaiynh Uoek, 
 many lives lost, rciiortiil 
 22 Fell. 
 
 •lerew steamer, sunk by 
 ('/ lhimhur\t near Trevose 
 ist . 3 May 
 
 rew steamer, six-niasteil(Xf r!!i 
 I'w York to Itremen, slniekin 
 ;lit diiiing a fog, 31 ,Inii ; ra|t. 
 7 p.assiniHors, to^jellierMilii lii^ 
 other parts of the eai>;e sinwl 
 if the lifeboats, 13 (•'eh.; II.' 
 about 7 March, and Hunted to 
 
 lt92. 
 
 iiresent(>il 200I. to the Lifel. at 
 ehcs tu some of the luasttrs 01 
 
 il.Jl.S 
 
 .Many wreck.s throu.-h lmIcs . 
 
 //am;Wii,r steamer (,r l,,.„r ' '^-ig \ov. 
 
 Maclietliand (InV:!, J; ';;;•, -^'"■•■siTessrs. 
 
 " men), sunk o/f .si ives r , ' ''• ^^'■"■. '""l 
 , cept Mr. ,Ia,„es .Swans 1 e ,;.','';;;,'" • "" I'"*' '■>;- 
 J'l'^",,, from Calcutta to n;i,', '""''■'■ >S -V'n-. 
 
 Ma.s.sacl,nsetls ; "7 Zlxh. ' '"''■' ""K.'istham, 
 '■""<<■", Helliist baroi . vn.ei.' 1 'ri"'rt'd 6 Dec 
 
 Ireland; capt. Ba I Jtl ''''' "" "•■'ll.^'''"to„, 
 'iiucti ,iiid ,0 men drowneii 
 
 893 
 
 _ 7-8 Jan. 189., 
 
 • Roosulka, nussiaii irondnd V ,.i 1 , 
 coast po.ssiblyth,.,,,",/,",'','^ ';'';■'■'- ''ir'l'C' Finnish 
 12 officers, 166 men C-, , v'"'"'" '"' : 'I'-'dlis iei„,ii„,i 
 
 '''Tlie'*iv""r'°"' '"'■•'-■I"- -SyV" '^"'"""""'"'•, total 
 
 <v,!«m^i,/(i;;;iia,<^';;:^j;;^^i,^^;;i< by com ,vith mo 
 
 'leaths, 8 July, ,894. *""' ''" l"'-l'"iikut ; about ,00 
 
 Lowestoft about 6 a..m. ; r 1 live ' V' '^ ^^'''■'' " ""' 
 
 von (,o.sse , the watch ; 2o,sim., , v ' \v "";!"'"'« '■■■ip!. 
 siiiaek Wihlji.,,,;.,; 30 Jam, 89, -t, ' ■," "';, *^ 'i^'" "'the 
 Kott-'ri am. t'oniiier.. o, ^^' "" ' '"""1 ariesti.d af 
 nnd look-out iln^ " I , ' !X "' l-owestoft, the ,1 ".^ 
 the captain e.voneraled, Vj, ;"-',""''■'' '"'.■'"'KlW'ttee ; 
 cancelled by the board of ti'id,'. ' i"""'''' "-''tiMcate 
 eourt at Uotterdam declare "i',.''',;'.'""'' '895. The 
 
 .<|^iveste^;.f};-'^;;-'-[^-"J^orr0.peTrand^r;' 
 
 r.:i;E ^t T^Z^^r^'^^'^ o,f the 
 reported 22 Mav, ,805 •''^™"'' "jS ilrowned, 3 .saved 
 
 ^ith';,^^;;;;,^:™!;^;;;:-;;!-^™" Havre to I.a ,.,au ' 
 d«ath8, 27 May, 1895 ' "• ^onst of .Spain; 87 ■ 
 
 oomSCithll:;r^;^;!;j:;"i;^i*---'-^^^^^ m ^ 
 
 SKzzi.'i; .48 deaths, 2. ,ly Igo- """' "^ "'«ti"lfor 
 
 Sanchez lMmu-i,,,,i .S ■■,'„• i'^' ■ 
 li^ion with the / ■ .'..^'''l '^ ' "■''"*'','■. »"'k in col- 
 .eUidn^adin. I.r,^";„.r';.Si;. ^^^l ^^j,^!-'- 
 
 4"£h^SL;;''K;,:;f^!;;;^;^k. junk by. collision 
 
 and 10 men drmv 1 , , , „, "J "^ > ""- ™I'taiii, pilot, 
 
 S,,!/eriHo, Italian eiiii ■Vint si.S^' 
 20 deaths, rejiorted, ;7'-N„v ,So- "''' "'''™'''''' ""' Lenta ; 
 
 .he!?S:':[;:a:^:r';^ij\-i-;:.;-'n'< bycoHisionwilh i 
 lives lost, 8 Oct. ,3y6 """'"''"». "' tlie Jlumber; ," | 
 Snlicr, North CiMi'nan T lov.i „. 
 
 Cape Corrubedo, N. S i,, 7, i "'vVi''"''''' '"■'<■>< >fr < 
 
 ^"<, 7 l->ec. 1896: ' ' '■•''"• ^^ ""i"'- "'"I 2S0 lives I 
 
 isla;;^'f'."deaths,tV;,:.:^ ^''■"' '">""'-"'. oif Lundy i 
 
 4'3'^;\.h:!^;^;^'''-^---^"'»'rN--,i,ay;aii:24): 
 
 i:iant;'..U^;r;;:i!i™^,^"«-^!;| to .I-a, wrecked o,f 
 I't'r ,le .S7. A-,.-,,/ ; .v'l,, 5 JIarch, ,897. , 
 
 t-ras ; abmit 65 deatlis! 3 M ,''1%; ''"' ""^^"«' IFat- , 
 
 A,!fn;789^""'" ^'"' -.'-'^'^'f^^Uhs, reported,., 
 
 .:i!.;:dR;;;kSl;,,!;:;y/.;;^,--^';'^ "'.-nie; 
 
 ;-j;;or.™nk ill collision !i,uie';^j^^^^ 
 
 . ''■/'<^Ausl,i,,,;,;',,;.7,,';'f,; 
 
 "."u;'2o^;;;;?.^!;;-"- ""- . . 
 
 -;;!;er.f;;^.^^:t.';:rV^;;:;' Mar..il,es ,0 colon, 
 ■ol-eb. ,89s. •" ' '*-'"""<■; iil'ont 77 deaths, 
 
 * ■ • ■ . 24 Mardi, 1898 
 
 I ^'"-"* steamer, in the bay of «is;,y~, „,,.„,;, 
 
 -i-"«'v!:S-;;!;i>i>.'r^v-;!,.t"^^ 
 ttd'y--y;^'^";-"t^!;i^-t'::^'l-ri 
 
 '•';;;■"«■.'//■,> cl,t■t,.r,■r,,r,,;e,,y•belomri,,,-^■\'"^^• " 
 
 Diii.'iaven, fu|.|,,i,.r,„i „„.,■■' "' ""iwn;^ bi lord 
 
 hands lost " ""^ ''oast of Africa ; all 
 
 C"w/,„,s„.„,i,„,, ", • f- ■, '■•■liorted 16 Mav ., 
 
 , •'*tradbn,ke i^Bl: ,1" ,''''"''"■■ '''"■^'"^ "if ' 
 
 A■""'^,^ llrilisl I „\' '; .'" • ■•epnrle,i.,Sep,. „ 
 
 i oil' U.S.A. ; tl i eta,',/" "'," '''''"■'« "'ef 
 J . uiecain, and 13 sailors drowned 
 
 Zealand ; tl. e ca? ai In.l '''' r' '■'';""' ""' •'<'•■>'' 
 
 .Many wrecks in the mi'e ' ' "t'O'it 2- Dec. „ 
 "--,i.-onbanpie,wreek«UtHolyhea,r;:^,^^ " 
 Heported lossof the Bri'llsli Lf„„,' .,' S'' Dec. ,, 
 ■S.mderlan,! to V ars ■ le V'^™ "";' "T'''- "l™" 
 others drowned ^"-""'*i capt. Hii„| and 22 
 
 ^';Hiv!;s'i:;:;r'"'"'^°'"^«""''^"^^i'-j'^f^o;^n'aM- ■' 
 
 iuhmii, Pacific eonipanv's stcime,' r,-,,,', u ■-'5,.''""' '-93 
 on.otoPa„a,,ia,wUi^,^.'^:;^^^-^-^-;: 
 
 /^««.6.„„„„, Of i,vcrpool, sunk off Strids p„?^t'!:;^ - 
 
 i"-ltr,llnn,, steamer from Sv, ,'. u, jL "'u- "'■■ " 
 --|^MontlieSea,rocL'':;i^,'.;;,,i''lU'!'^ 
 
 , I'ai-go steamer, inafo^; a " , i'""' 
 
 /"'"' ..Scotch steamer, by a tireo f; nlle'et 'n" •^"'^'- " 
 ^;Z^^;r-''"''-'-^^>'''"/"re'lr:[i,^;;S 
 
 'un;''^v;;^;^^^\,:js"\™''^^^^-''^^^--^'ii^' ^' 
 
 ij 
 * ill 
 
 '' I li 
 
 o(,f ■''■!';:,""■'■• ''''\'^ ""' t"" I-i^anl ; 
 
 the captain 
 
 wrecked „ir t|,|. 
 
 . sunk in collision 
 '■'iiii'ie; JO or 40 
 
 , ■i.i"l.2 0ltl,eerew,|rowi,ed . ab,nit n ;■'<•;"' 
 
 d:::r'v:!;'Si^ '';?■■'•«'-'■-'') nln^D. 
 
 saved ' "''^' °"'-^' oiiu of the crew 
 
 •'iitiii;iir'7h:;'^S'k':'""iHv''i^i-o;: 
 
 'leaths. iv], ,ited •"'"^' -"''"■''. oil troiner; 4 
 
 ;9:^!;;:;^ir,r!Tir:u-^'^"''^"-'r 
 ^'cr;;il^-^-:rz;,;i:^--L^'t:'-?tt 
 
 7'/.-' <?»«« r/ .u,v„„ sunk in collision w'iu,"'t;!',: 
 
 "^i^,^.:':u^,:e;?'-i;;ii^n--H;ii;iJ: 
 
 19 April, 
 4x2 
 
 18,6 
 
 iMf'l 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
WEECKS. 
 
 1226 
 
 WURTEMBERG. 
 
 (Ill II'", «ti'iiiMiM-, Hiiiik liycollisioiMvitlitlii' Hti';iim>i- 
 
 .Srifi-lni'iiiiii, lit WcKisiiii).', Cliiiin ; cniit. IStcssar 
 
 Mild 3 KiikIIhIi ollli'cisdrowm-fl ; tdtal clwitlis 2uo, 
 
 ,, ,, . :!riAiiril, i8g6 
 
 Itirlliii, mIi'mmkt, siiMk iii cnllisinn witli tlir vlitmhii, 
 
 "li'illlMT, ,111 Silitliwiilii ; 6 (liMllis . I4.I1III.., ,, 
 
 linimiiiiiiiil r,iyilr (ir/iiili .w), wii'clii'il ntf Lsliuiit, 
 
 , '■'I'll ih.liiii.', ,, 
 
 ItoiiiiliKl, Ni'l iii'i-, liniiidi'ri'il ill a f;ali!, al Hidv- 
 
 lii'iid ; 1 iii.'iii NMM'd s oc'i. ,, 
 
 JI/"M ll,f,ii\ lliilish .sti'iiiiiiT, wnrki'd (lit' Kinliiiid ; 
 llii' ciiiilMiii and 14 MICH pcMisIi . . =1 Oi't. ,, 
 
 /'. //. Ilmrx II, lllilisli sclliPOIIlT, HIVl'ki'd 111! I'oilll 
 
 lliii'Hi'iii-; {1 iipliiin, liis will', and cicwdnjwiii'd, 
 
 .. , 8 Nov. ,, 
 
 MriiiiihiK, uti'iiniiM', fioni Montn'iil, ran asliuri' on 
 
 Mi/i'ii Head ; I) ilcatlis . . . 17 Nov. ,, 
 
 ll'iiin » llii.^'i 1111.1, Iniiipsliip, wri'tdii'd off tin' Isle id' 
 
 Ki'tinliin ; a divilhs .... 14 .Ian. 1897 
 
 ./i)/i)i ,1' i,-<nnii, l.ivi'i'pdul lianinc, liiirnt ; captain 
 
 lillli'd liy an I'vplipsi.in, al 'I'occjpiUa . ai.Iaii. ,, 
 Cilii itf ,li/Mi, lllilisli stcainiT, wicikfil iiirCijiiinna ; 
 
 ivipl. I'lainc and 5i ciiit III' 75 lii-rsuii.t . saved ; re. 
 
 |i"il''d 6 iMdi. „ 
 
 Ciinuiii, (ilasK'iw sli'aini'i', from liillian, wivc'l^i'd 
 
 hi'iir l'»liaiil ; ..odi'allis; ivpoitcd . 1:. I'.dj. ,, 
 /tiilrihi, lllilisli sliip; capt. niciniiiiTand ii iiicii 
 
 dliiwiicd ull I'allisiT, Ni'w Zealand ; aniioiinccil, 
 
 21 April, ,, 
 Ciilhinir, HtpMiiic'i-, sunk in collision witli tlic ilir- 
 
 ii/|/"i', near AlicrdccMi ; 11 deaths . i M.iv ,, 
 
 /'nil'/, mdiooner, sunk in tlie cliaiinel Ijv tlie .tn'if, 
 
 Hleiiiner; 4 ileatlis . . . . '. ,; .liiiie, , 
 .^iimmniili /ii//i/, sleainer, sunk in a ^vile in iiellast 
 
 I kIi ; llie eaplaiii and giiieii drowned 16 .June, ,, 
 
 .Irfi'ii, I', and l>. sleiuiMM-, wrecked otl Socoira, 
 
 Indian 1 an ; the captain, 15 ollleers, tlie crew 
 
 (jii Kiiropeaiis, and u natives), and 25 passeiif^eis 
 
 drowned (4,; s.ivi'il liy the Mini,i steaniei), g .June, ,, 
 'I'lismniiiK Nli'iiMier, Iroiii \Veriiiif;ton to Svdnev, 
 
 wrecked iiM Norlli island. New Zealaiill ; i4 
 
 ili'idliM 2Q.Iiilv, „ 
 
 I'linlillnii, llritisli lianiiie, wrecked after li'avinj,' 
 
 Viilparaiso; capt. KveritI and 16 inini drowned, 
 
 Til' iitliiirrnnnr, Cardilf steamer, sunk in collision 
 
 Wdlli niiknown sailini,' vessel, off Liindy island ; 
 
 capl, VoiiiiK and 4 otiii'is drowned . ' 25 Nov. ,, 
 ilii'i'liniil, steamer, from )<aii Kraneiseo, wrecked 
 
 III lliiirlay soniid ; gih'atlis ; reported i ft Den. ,, 
 I'liiriffii A'e./, /,/,-, Cardiii steamer, wrecked olfCape 
 
 ,•^1, Vincent ; 16 ih'alhs .... i Jan. 1898 
 (liiliinit (,i»n 11, steamer, from riyinontli, wrecked 
 
 iiu the Ulaek lli(d(, otf (iiiernsey; 12 passen;,'ers 
 
 mill soiiH' of till' crew drowned ' . . i Kolj. ,, 
 l.filinliiliir, steamer, fium Livcriiool for Colon, 
 
 linriil ; 4de;iiiiH .... ,-, Kcb. „ 
 Aula, llritisli ship, from Miiniln, wrecked otf \aii- 
 
 tuidicl ; isdi'iiths; reported . . 2; Feti. ,, 
 //i7cii IK Ahii'i, liar.pii', from San Francisco to 
 
 (^)pper river, capsi/ed. 41 deaths, alioiit 2; Mar. ,, 
 Irtfhiniri, sleamer. lost in a gale, capt. Law son and 
 
 Clew, ahoiit 111, perisheil . . 24-26 .March, ,, 
 Marlliiirnii ih, llritisli ship, wrecked in the \. 
 
 AManllc, IS deallis .... 3 April, ,, 
 Miiilliiiiil, sleainer, wivcdicd, 18 deathsand 28 ini.ss- 
 
 ItiK, and the Meiiswnrlh, steamer, 9 deaths, oil' 
 
 , «y'llicy 8, 9 May, „ 
 
 h-iihiilm, Hieaiiier (Liverpool), sunk in collision 
 
 with the Kliinihil,!', steamer (Antwerp), oil the 
 
 Hkerrles, i.,ileatlis .... 14 .May, 
 ;i/»m( Nil' liner, slink hy collision wiihtht^ I, iiiihiia', 
 
 III the Hay of Helical, capt. I'urkiiiuii and alioiit 
 
 ^j others drowned .... 24 May, ,, 
 Hiipail fiiiiirin, Nova Hcotia sclioniicr, sunk in ciil- 
 
 llHlon Willi the tJcrnmn .steamer /•.'ws ; 6 deaths; 
 
 r»l"ifled 15,11111c, ,, 
 
 WRIOCK nOMMISSION, n new court vsta- 
 IiIihIkmI to itii|iiirc into tlie causes of shipwrecks ; 
 tirnt Hill, .jo Oct. 18-6, Mr. II. C. Kotliery, preai- 
 
 lll'Ut. 
 
 WIU'IXIfAM, S. E. Deiil.ifjllstiiie, the Sa.xon 
 WriKhtrKlmni, (<iveii to eurl Warren by Edward I. ; i 
 Itmdo 11 Imrough liv the retbiTn act, lrf32. An ex- ' 
 liil)itiuii of art treuBureg of North Wales, and the i 
 
 bonier eoiinties, wa.s ojiened here bv the duke of 
 Westminster, 22 July, 1876. Jlusien'l festiyiil here 
 188^?, (t .sty. Popiilali.m, i88l, 10,978; i8()i 
 I2.S.S2. 
 
 , WRITING. Pictures are considered to be tlie 
 first essay lowanis writinj;. 'J'lie Kfjyjitian jiapvrv 
 are very ancient, see Ihni/, lUink iif tlii\ Tlienre>t 
 aniieiit reniiiins of writing' are upon hard snl,. 
 slauccs, .such as stones and nietiils, used by the 
 ainicuts for edicts, and iiiallcrs of public nolo'rielv, 
 Cadmus, tlie founder of ('admen, 1405 ji.c, i- 
 inytliieiilly said to have bnuifrlit lliu I'lncnieian 
 letters into (irecce. /'o.v.viw.v. TIk^ connnandniculs 
 were wriltcn on two tiibics of stone, I4()i n.i , 
 Vnhcr. The (jrceks and liomans used wii.x tiibl,'. 
 books, and continued the \ise of llicui Iour iil'liv 
 pa])ynis was known ; see I'lijuiruti, I'ltrrhnii i.t 
 I'iijiir. Thus. Astle's " Hislorv of Writina" wa^ 
 tirst published in 1784, ^'lltalis dc Wailh'. 
 " Klemens do I'alcosrapliie," 1838 : V.. M. Thonn,. 
 
 j son's ''^Handbook of Greek iiiid Latin I'ab,... 
 frrajihy"; see lliryoiiliip/iics, C'lfiiiil'nnn ii/.ii-n'/t. 
 /iii/i.\ JSihli; lliploimilirs, raltiuyroplii/ and Ti/ii,. 
 
 ' Il'ri/ir.s.* 
 
 WROXETER (in Shropshire), the lioman cilv 
 Vnroiiiiiiii. Homiin inscriptions, ruins, seals, an'il 
 coins were found here in 17^2. Xew discoveries 
 having been made, a coniniillee for furlber invest'!. 
 ^'alion met at Slirewsliury on II Nov. iSyS. Kx, >. 
 vajions were c(unmenced in fib. 18^0. which ■^• 
 continued till May. ],ar;re porlions id' Ihc old town 
 were di.seovered; alsos|iecinieiisof alass iiiid pottevv, 
 Jier.sonal ornaiiients and toys, lioiisidiold u.cusils aiiii 
 iinplements of trade, cinerary urns, iind bones „|' 
 man and of the smaller animiils. A conmiittce wn? 
 formed in London in Aus;. i8:;9, willi llie view of 
 eonlinuini,' tlii'se inyesiiaalions, which were iv. 
 sunied in i8(jI, thron-h Hie liberality of the hit, 
 Heriali liolticld, M.I'. The iiivc sti^'aUons, stoppci 
 throuirh want of funds, were resumed ior a sli,,n 
 time in 18O7. Jlr. Thomas Wright publislnd 
 " Uriconium ' in 1872. 
 
 WURSCHEX, see Ji„i</:en. 
 
 WUNTHO, see liunmih, 1891. 
 
 WURTEMBERG, ori-inally part of SwaM.. 
 was made a county for L'lric 1., about 12(15, ami ;i 
 duchy for Kberhar'd in 141)4. 'i'be dukes were pr,.. 
 Icslanis until 1722, wbenilie reieniii'j- prince liceamc 
 a Uoman catholic. Wiiilcmberj,' lias luen rcpealeillv 
 traversed by armies, piirticularlv since llie ^n-ea't 
 I'rench revolution of 1793. Morcau made his cele- 
 bratcd retreat, 2,^ Oct. I7',)6. 'J'he polilical coiisti- 
 tiitioii is dateil 25 Sept. 1819. Wui Icmhei;; o|i|i,wa 
 Prussia in the war, June, i,S(,t). but made jican, 
 13 Au^. fdlowin;;; in Oct. |,S()7, joined Uie /„||! 
 vereiii {u-hich m-e), but sent a conl'iiment 1,1 Prussia 
 in Uie war, 1870. I'opiilaUon of \\ iirleinbcr<r in 
 1871, 1,818,539; 18S0, 1,971,118; 1885, 1,99;, l.S:; 
 l8c)0. 2,035.443. 
 
 Kleilions for 70 meiiiliers of the diet ; 47 hv man- 
 ho,,.l siillia.i;e ■, i.-,,|,, ,; 
 
 The ,li,-i ilemands revision of the conMiiulion aii,l 
 other rid'oniis .Maivli 
 
 Muih ileslriiclion liy a (doinMiiirsl in the lilaeli 
 KonsI ilistiicl. 50 lives lost, 5 Jiiiii'; visit of tlii< 
 kiii^' to oinanize relief . . . 8 .lime, „ 
 
 '' " I wiiiild check llie petty vanity of iliose who slijilit 
 Rooil peiimanship, as below llie iiiiiiee of a sidiular, l,y 
 I'l'iniieliji- them that .Mr. l-'ox was di.^nn;,fuislie,l ln'i;,' 
 clearness and lirinness, .Mr. I'rofessor I'orsoa hv IlieiMr- 
 reetness and (dcjjnnee, and sir William Jones hy tlircisf 
 and beauty of the characters they resnectively eiiipleyeii. ' 
 Or. I'arr. 
 
EMBERG. 
 
 iciicd liciT by tlie dukp u( 
 
 S76. Musiiul (Vstival here 
 ion, 1881, 10,978; i8i)i, 
 
 OS arc poiisidcrcd to be tlic 
 11};. The Ktryptiiin imiiyiy 
 11/, liddk iif Ihv. Tlie ni'i.st 
 tin;; arc upon liard siil)- 
 aiid Iiictiils, used by tlir 
 niallcrs cf imlilie iii)toriii\ . 
 (if ('adinra, 1^1)5 ii.c, i- 
 ■(' bniuu'ht tliu I'hd'niiiiiii 
 ixiiis. Tlif! cniiiniaiidiiii'iils 
 ablcs of stciiio, 1^1)1 11. ( , 
 1 Kdinaiis used wax talili'. 
 Ill' iisi' (if tlicin Ion-; aflcr 
 inH- J'(i/ii/iii.i. I'drvliiiiti,'. 
 ■ llistfirv iif Writinn" w:iv 
 '4, Nalalis dc \Vaill\'< 
 liic," kS;,S: K. M. Tli(.n;p. 
 lircek and Latin l'al;ii>. 
 pliics, Vithdl'iinn iii.iiii/t- 
 (, I'<i/<foi/>-((p/ii/ and T1//1,. 
 
 hviipshiiT), the lionian cilv 
 ■riptioiis, iiiins, seals, aiill 
 in 17,^:!. New discdvcrics 
 iiiiiiilci' |(p|- I'uiilicr iiivcsi'. 
 y (in II Nov. iSyS. K\, .. 
 1 in Ki b. i8^o. wliich .^• . 
 >;(' iKivlioiis (if the- ol(l town 
 I'iliicnsof jilass and p(itt( iv, 
 oys, lioiiscliold ii,ciisil.< aiiil 
 icrary iiniK, and bone- nf 
 ininials. A (■(ininiittc(.' wiis 
 lU'. l8S(:), will) tlie view i,i 
 iLralioiK, wliiih were i,.. 
 Ilie lilicralily of the lat|. 
 'lie iiiV( sliL'alions, .-.toppcti 
 were resinned fur a slmn 
 homas Wright publisluil 
 
 Eberliiird J. 
 Kbcrhunl If, 
 
 *"ch,;r,(;lT::™'„;:^,j';L;;"llr "^ "- -'I'^-r 
 
 t'hri»lopl„.r the IVi/ie" '"^' 
 Louis tlie I'ious. 
 Ki'ederic I. 
 
 John l''r(;(lcric;joi„c.,l tlieiirotestunts in tl,„Ti • . 
 yutti's war. ^(•ifiaats in tla-Tliii'ty 
 
 Klierhaiil III. 
 
 Williiim Ijiiiiis. 
 
 "IS /rrivrsU':x™^'"" ■■•■"■ 
 
 eoiitinent, ''"gli.'.li anaics on the 
 
 Cliarlcs .VIe.vaiKlcr. 
 Charles Kiij;cae 
 
 Kn«ia.,.i, .8 M, >, ; " ;;„i;;:"--.-y«' ^f 
 
 i8oj: aciniireil •„ Ui.i, „, , . ' ' "' t'l'naaiiy, 
 title ofkii'gln.s's""""^" "■"""'■'^■»' "'"' ""^ 
 
 KI.Nos. 
 
 1806. Fi'i'ilerie I. siiiinlies n ,.,,i>*; ■. 
 
 Unssia,, ari^' v,^ti W h^'a'l i *" '^""'''^'"'•^ 
 .8.3. Died in ,8,6 '' '""-'' "' '^"i'"''^ '» 
 
 1816. William I,, 30 Oct ■ .s„n • l.nm o 1 
 
 al.(,lisl,,(,l'H,Tm,;,Ti,8,sl ',>''''*■, '78'- "i-' 
 tative Koverni, le lit « ' '"f"" '"' n.iursoi,- 
 
 .■or(iat^vitirii;r;;;^^: ;:;-;; j/;':vi.'-- 
 
 sovereign, 186:. ; ,lie,| 2, )i , . J! "''''-'*tl'viii« 
 .864. Charles I. son ; ■l,'ir, 6 mZIu % 
 
 1494. 
 1496 
 1498. 
 
 1530- 
 1568. 
 
 l.i93- 
 1608. 
 
 1628 
 1674. 
 1677. 
 
 1733- 
 I737' 
 '793- 
 1795- 
 '797- 
 
 i.ssiie ; diiid 6 Oct , 
 ■ 89'. William n., eon.si,, ; 1,;,',.;; ,,.„, . j 
 
 I. Mane, prim-ess of w'lhie, k '„ 1 1. ' "'•"''"■''. 
 
 {•■oh. 1877! =. charidtt; ',,t;s f i?,::r"/' '^ 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 a>.rineip,:,i/;!^i';L^!i,^t;;;;''}i:;.,ii;;r^5Jra,^a 
 
 Ministersfro, ,) 1 1 ^"""" ''""'in'ons. 
 
 the i'ni,ss,ans defeated tlio BavariaL, ^'s July, isS, 
 l2^tt^J^ I^^'^UREECTIOX, see JieSel. 
 
 WYCLIFFITES, see inckl,:ffites. 
 Stah J9?^P^' "■ "■''''*"■" '''"it'i-v of the IJirtcd 
 
 =f:=irS:;;;:5™ ^^^^ 
 
 S JUI.V, I,,8, tornistliesuhiectof C, ■ ■- 
 "(.eririide of Wyoniins " 
 
 aiiipliell's po , 
 
 n.in.ah,.^d;in:n;;;;:^oai7:;l:::;:r.:^:::>^„^:;;i 
 
 «; tiers attack the liann.iek Iii,lia,„^on tl e r hunu 
 '«9S- I'opulat.on .880, 20,78(5; kjo, ^,705-' 
 
 ill 1 
 
 Ml 
 
 'iautzen. 
 nin/i, l8gi. 
 
 ari^'inally part of Swalii;i, 
 Jlrie ].,'aliiint 126,, ami ;i 
 ()4, 'J'lic diilies Were pni. 
 llie rei;;iiin','p)-incelii(iiiiii' 
 'iiilierj; li;is liicii icpeatedh- 
 rtieillarly since I he i;iWt 
 ij. Miiivan made hiseelc- 
 '()6. Tlu> iioiitical consti- 
 819. Mill Icinlier;; oppiiscd 
 le, l8(i(), lint iiiaile jicacc, 
 et. 1867, Joined I he AM- 
 ■nt a colli iii;;ciit In I'russiii 
 ilalion of \\ lirlciiilier;; in 
 (J7i,li8; 1S85, i,'j(j5,i,S5: 
 
 jf llie diet ; 47 liv lii.iii- 
 
 I l-Vli. ,;a; 
 ol llie eiiliMii 11(1. Ill jijnl 
 
 .M;iiv|i, ,. 
 iiiil-liiirst ill till! Ulaek 
 isl, 5 Jniie; visit of tlie 
 
 8.I1111B, „ 
 
 llyvaiiily (it liiose who uliglit 
 V ihe iKiiice (it a si'liuliir, liy 
 'ox was di.-,iiii;;iu»lii',| In [y 
 I'roleasor I'oraoii liy lln'. our- 
 lir William .Joints liy tli|i oa.se 
 they rusjiectivcly eiiiplej t d. " 
 
XANTHIAN MARBLES. 
 
 123S XYLOTECHNOGRAPHICA. 
 
 X. 
 
 I i 
 
 XANTHTAN MARBLES, see 
 
 Srilisfi 
 
 XANTHICA, a military festival obsrrved l)v 
 tlic .Miifcilnniiins in tlu' month calk'd Xiinthicu's 
 <oiir April), instituted iiliout 392 n.c. 
 
 XAXTirUS, Lyciit, Asiu Minor, was taken bv 
 HarpaKUs fdr Cvrns, about 546 li.c, when tin' in- 
 
 .liahitants lau'ied tiiemselves in the ruins. It was 
 besieued by the Koman-' under lirutus 42 11, c. After 
 a Kreat struf.'ile the inhabitants set tire to their city, 
 
 ■ destroyed their wives and children, i.nd perished. 
 Tlie (■onqueror wi.shed to spare them, and ollered 
 rewards to his soldiers if they brought any of the 
 Xantliians into his jireseiiee, but only liO were 
 saved. I'lidarcli. 
 
 XEXOI'IIOX, see R-t,raf of the Greeks. 
 
 XEBES 1)E lA FitOXTERA (S.W. Spain), 
 the Asfii Itri/iii of the Komans, and the seat of the 
 wine-trade in S]iain, u( whii h the ])riniipal wine is 
 that so well known in England as Sherry, an 
 English eorrujition of Xeres. The liritish ii'npor- 
 tations of this wine in 1850 reached to 3,82(),785 
 gallons; and in thf year ending ; Jan. 1852, to 
 3i'>04i9r^ S'^il'ii'iS' Xeres is a handsome and hirgc 
 town, of great antiquity. At the battle of Xeres, 
 26 July, 711, Hoderic, the last Gothic sovereign 
 of Spain, was defeated and slain by the Saracens, 
 eommuuded by Tank and Muza. 
 
 XERXES' CAMPATGX. Xerxes crossed the 
 
 Hellespont by a bridge of boats, and entered Greece 
 
 in the spring of 480 n.c, with an army which, 
 
 together with the numerous retinue of servants, 
 
 eunuchs, and women that attended it, amounted 
 
 (according to some historians) to 15,283,220 souls. 
 
 Herodotus states the armament to have consisted of 
 
 3000 sail, conveying i,70(5.fxx) foot, besides eavalrv 
 
 and the marines and attendants of the camp. Tliis 
 
 ^ multitude was stopped at Thermo])vlie (u/iieh see) 
 
 I by the valour of 3(X5 Spartans undi'r Leonidas, 7.0 
 
 I Aug. 4S0 H.c. Tile lleet of Xer.xes was defeated at 
 
 Artemisium and Salamis, 20 Oct. 480 n.c. ; and he 
 
 ha.stene(l back to I'ersia, leaving behind Mardonius, 
 
 , the best of his generals, who, with an army of 
 
 I 300,000 men, was defeated and slain at riatffia, i2 
 
 Sept 470 n.c. Xerxes was assassinated by Ai-ta. 
 
 I banus, 4O5 11. c. 
 
 ■ XIMENA (S. Spain), the site of a battle be 
 tween the Spanish armv under the command of 
 general JJallasteros, and the Fremh corps com- 
 nianded by general lii'giiier, 10 Sept. l8tr. The 
 Si)a!iiards defeated their adversaries ; the loss was 
 
 ■ great on both sides. 
 I 
 
 i XYLOTECHNOGRAPIIICA, a process for 
 staining wood various colours, invented and patented 
 I by Mr. A. F. Biophy ; announced early in 1875. 
 
 I I 
 
ECHNOGEAPHICA. 
 
 MPATGX. XiTxca crossed the 
 il,!,'f of boats, and entered Greece 
 (8o II. c, witli an army which, 
 numerous retinue of servants, 
 len tliat attended it, amounted 
 ' liistorians) to 5,283,220 souls, 
 e anniimcnt to liiive consisted of 
 S l.7a),rxx) foot, l)esides cavalry 
 d attendants of the camp. This 
 ped at Tlicnnfi]iylie {u/iich see) 
 o .Sjiartans under Leonidus, -.9 
 ' llei't id' Aecxc; was defeated at 
 laini.^*. 20 Oct. 480 it.c. ; and he 
 'rsia, leaving; behind Mardonius, 
 ■nerals, wlio, with an army of 
 efeated and slain at Plataea, i2 
 rics was assassijiated by Ai'ta 
 
 Spain), the site of a battle be- 
 army un.ier the command of 
 
 , and the French corps com- 
 He.Kiiier, 10 Sept. 181 [. The 
 
 their adversirics; the loss was 
 
 roGRAPHICA, a process for 
 
 IS cirlours, invented and patented 
 y ; announced early in 1875. 
 
 YACHT. 
 
 1233 
 
 YAKD. 
 
 151 
 
 1868 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 
 01 »iKl t i5t,8, aii.l in 1660 0111, ttiis ijivsoMtivl l,v 
 the Uutcl. to (■h„rl,..s il., who soon at e ■ , ul 
 oth.-r, constj-uctcl, and yuela n.cos U^T 
 l.vcHr 1UCK«. -The A„i,r,.;,. ,,n .\n,cn7 v,..d,t 
 schooucT, hnilt or. th. wave in-nni,,!,., ,; {, „; 
 at Lowes r«„-aua, in a nul.l, roun.l'tlj. ^"t.f 
 »i«ht, o „.u to all .'oneT-s. ,.ani,. in liiit l.v S 
 m.les pumn;; the liuyal Yacht S.,ua,I , ■,'in 
 
 Tin™ Amci-irai, yarht.,, t|„, //, ad,(/„, r.s/^.'ana 
 ^te »,«, ,a, ,.,! from Nuw York, „ l.ec. ,366, .a 
 I e.M. the llvnn.lt.i anivc.l at Cowi^.s at S.400U 
 25 Kee. , th. ,,u„.k..st voy,,^-,. uv,T n.ad.. in a saiUn" 
 vessel. IJiTrivals wcr.. onlya IrH honis,,li,T |,u" 
 
 A iienuau vc..ssel .V-,;,/,/,., an.l th, Kn^-iish nl'tcH 
 AUae, tmiijriu, Uiiiiaot, ana Vundur, the Oi,it„n, 
 
 £iiatriau-uUr'ra,-ei...tw,'.,.u SnU,, an.'l Om,v'',7 
 
 i«W.t;'^^o«,,oM,.y: no .a.-c, ,4 Mav; won ,7 Mav' 
 
 In a yacht ra.'c oil Staten islan-1, Ni-w York fortlie 
 
 f,li!n'M'.',''.sM''''''''''^' '■''''•'''" •''''^'"^•''". '^••''"'"■'•'' 
 Ueni^ the sth m 16 . . ,,,,, 
 
 Cn a series of niatcUies olf .Staten islan.l lictwcjli 
 Vi. .Vshli;iry.s /..^-oii.-, an,l the v.^sscls of the 
 Mnv York Clnh, she was liMatun l,v the t„hi„,',i„ 
 i6, i3 Oct. ; hy the iMiiitlle.'i, 2, (lot. Th,. two 
 race '""'" '''^"''''-''^ ''J' " «'''" '" ■'ttenii.tin.' the 
 
 In coaseqlienec of the collision of Mr.'fk-vw.Ials 
 
 yucht, Alhcrt.t.,8 An- ,875 (smc under MVc, /,■,), 
 a l;tt,-r w.is written on hchallor the ,,iic.mi to tlie 
 nmrcinis of |.;x-,,t,.r, coinino.lorc of the liov'a 
 \irtoria Yacht Cluli, dcsiriny yachts not to'li,, 
 hron 'ht too near to her ni.ijcsty's, whether Iroin 
 hnalty urcuriositv . <.,, „ 
 
 Y.i^'-lit^ liuciuji Asjueiatiou foniio'd as a court of " 
 
 Death of deiir„'e Inman.'of lAUiii'i-ton, hea'l"of " 
 the liriu which l.uilt the Mam, uud luanv other 
 swift sadiu- yachts . . , 20 <) t ,RR 
 
 3[atch between the Uritish GeiicMa and the 
 Amencau J-urUaH; the ruritaii. won bv a 
 imnutea . . ,as.iV 00 
 
 ..•;e,i«M beat the l>.„„ille<. in a l-ace, '26-/3 , Sept ^ ^ 
 
 1335; the Mii!ijl„,f/i- beat the (;.(/o/m, ,, ,S(.|,t ,336' 
 Ocean yaclit raciifnun Ni'W York to It.jches I'oint' 
 yiieeiistown, Ireland, between Om„fl ixwi lliunl'- 
 /«.■ (Aiiiencan), ,, March; V„r.,:,.'t arrives at 
 liochcs Point, 0-50 a.m. 23 March; A(«,,//p« 
 
 arrives 6-45 p.iii 28 March iSS, 
 
 JnliUee yacht race; twelve yachts start from ^^' 
 
 hontheiid, ,4 Juiii'; (he (,V«.</,i (sii Uichar.l 
 
 huttou) arrives at, Dover at 5 a.m. ; the Shulli- 
 
 iMiiiit ir45 I'.iu. 27 June ; lirst prize i,.>.jo,'s. 
 
 !i-i.'e bjtweeij the .Scotch v.icht Th.^llf an.l 
 
 Aiaericaii yacht To/ „.,/...•,• for American cup 
 
 over the .New York yachtclub course; Votunl-e,- 
 
 wins lirst race 27 .Sept. ; second race -,0 .Sept 
 
 iiie (.eriiianeiiiperors yacht .U, (.or gained much 
 
 distiiicuon ; Ijut Mr. West's (,(„,, ,1 ,U.i)i was most 
 
 successlul 111 re-ard to prizes in the sc.isoii of . 
 
 llie prince ol Wales's yacht Dnhinnia wins prizes 
 
 onthe Ihanies, 23, 26 May, a.-d wins the Victoria 
 
 fiohl clialhiii;.'ecup at Hvcle . iiMept 
 
 l.ilenialional r.ice for tile America cup, San'ly 
 
 Hooa, New Jersey; won by the l'i;/iVini( (Ameri- 
 
 can) iiffiinst lor.l Uunravcn'a l':tlkijnt, after a 
 
 desperate strn-le . . . '' , ' ,,,(. 
 
 Jeound international I'xiiihitinn of historical, 
 
 ino.lern, and .scieiitilic pictures and models uf 
 
 yachts, (fee, at llieltoyal Aiinarium, Weitiniiister, 
 
 The prince of Wales's yacht liKUmnia ist in "iii'l 
 iiiteriiatioual matcii at Cannes, ij March (a^ai 11 
 uotjr, 2j I'ej. ,S93) ; vi^lorlous over the Anc'ii- 
 
 1894 
 
 189s 
 
 4wf."fe'^;;nii:i,^!^Hsr^r'v''^-'=''''''™[:e 
 
 C, 1" I „'^''" ;'.' ""■ ""'l"""toii serie;, published \' 
 
 j"^ev. 1 "■'','■'' '" ""^ (Collision of ss. /Va. 
 J"/ce with Ins y,icht.s.„(,„ . ,- Iuiib 
 
 Nole'nt "'-' '■'■'"''"" "^''^ "'O «nM«;.a^oi, tlie 
 , inst tne /„•,/„,„,„, ,1/.,,,,, ,,„ , ,,^^ ^ 
 
 ivi'iti'i, ,'■" 'v,","" ^'"-' ■^'«'""' ■■''"'-■''' "t 11''^ '■' y"i 
 
 ^'auahlsn':?!';? "■'"' ''^ "■"■'''^'"■'■'' (Am'-^ani " 
 
 \o • fVl 'n'"""* '■■■*l'"'li'U'tlie race, Sep .- 
 p iv'ed ,'; ', '""'''■i';"''' '•'"'■-'■" 'l"^'l^"-"'l ""• 
 
 Th "/',;/' -''.'^ •\"'' • i".""t issued, 21 .Jan. 1S9S 
 \l,t , '■" '"'*"," ''>■ "'" <'"''"'"i emi.eror's 
 
 Hiyil .Mnnsliu- Y. C. 
 yu' 'ustown 
 
 matcli won l>y .iiitnnila at 
 /;.^. ,,„7^;ins at S ,ntln:up{oii, ;3 June ; i? Ram: 
 
 n|.;^.i:4'V:'c.v:t'^lvei,o.,,m,ach^J,-^ 
 
 4 Aut?. 
 
 II 
 
 ^ on her time allow.mce 
 
 -98 
 
 If 
 
 892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 Til' (ierinan emperor's Metejr shield won ij Aiha 
 
 It L VjI )\V O.S , 4 
 
 Th,i Albjrt cup won by the' Md.:.jr, 'soullHea"*^' " 
 
 Collision of the .lf,./..,r with the M.U in tlie Sohi'nt; " 
 e owner, biron von Zedtwitz, kill.il . ,3 Auj? .8o3 
 
 n;:;''i"l'r' ,:'^",""'';'-- '"."'^l- <"M'. race from ' 
 I)n to II .l.no and won by Mr. W. (,'o ik s Fre,la, 
 
 2; June, ,3,7 ; hy th" Men;/ Tlvi.i.iht 2, June . 
 
 hr,ia.n..i huts the .lWr,r'i,i the race for tlm " 
 
 '|U"en s cup, Cowes . . , a ,,,, .„. 
 
 fej;fc wins th. hi. yachts race, Cowes'; i.ijaa^wli!^ "^" 
 the Cerman empeior's cui) . . . , Aui 
 
 ,{;;■'' V"; '.',' "''"-^ ""= '^'I'l'ci-ors Meteor shield, 6 Aul " 
 
 llie Jubilee cup won by La.'jii.i at SoutlKampton, ' 
 
 Tli'^ dnki d'Abruzzi's li .mi wins several race'i 'for " 
 hil,' ya'ht.s, An-. ,397; wins the ,,ueen's cup, 
 2 July ; a,'aui ... 20 lulv 
 
 Annual yiclitiUi;e.'cliibitioii;6th)at the W'ostmi'nster 
 ii'iu irm 11 ... . J p„(j 
 
 I-od Uuiraven wins the Vasco 'da Gama cup at 
 th. international re-atta at Lisbon . Mav, 
 
 \n,'htcU,bs:--U,e Cork harbour water club, now 
 the 1 oval Cork yacht club, ,720; Uoyal Yacht 
 
 Alfied, 1S64 ; Harruw,i37, ; Channel Islands, i36i: 
 .1, ,ue Ports 1872 ;Clyde, ,856 ; Cork, ,720 ;Corii. 
 w.ill, 1871; Dartm aith, i366 ; Dorset, 1875- R 
 Listern, ,335 ; W. Forth, i363 ; R, Harwich, 1843 ; 
 H. lli^ddand, ,33, ; R. Irish, ,346; R. Londoa 
 (Arnnd.d, ,833), ,849; It. Mersey, ,844; R. 
 Noithern, 1S24 : R, Portsmouth, ,83o ; R. 
 M. beorge, i6j3 ; R. Socthampton, ,375; R. 
 .Southern, .3:3; R. Thames, ,823; H. 'Torbav, 
 1875; R. Ulster, ,367; R. Victoria, ,844; R 
 Wcdsh, .347; R. Western of Kn-land, ,827; 
 V ^.irkshire, 1847; ToMiple, made R.jyal, i3q7, 
 and a few others. 
 
 .< i^'S^'.'S?''':^' '^''°'" "YcnKoes," a corruption of 
 hn^'lisli, t.ie name originiillv -ivcn by the Mas. 
 sacjuisctts Indiana to the col uii-ts : applied solely 
 to the New Kiislandcrs liy the British soldiers in the 
 American w.ir (r;-:;-8r): afterwar.Is by f.rei~ner8 
 to all natives of the ilnited States; and latterly by 
 tlie contederates of the south to the federals of the 
 north d'lring: the war 1861-64, 
 
 YARD. The word is derived from the Saxon 
 gc:ii-d, ur !/i/nl, a rod or dluot, or from (/yrdaii to 
 
 H 
 
 
 y 
 
YARMOUTH, GEEAT. 
 
 1240 
 
 enclosf, boing atieiuntly the .ircunifcnn.e of the 
 H>',"'''' '''■'"■> J.'lmmi timt U shouhl be the 
 Ifiigtli <,t Ins uim ; see ««/»/,„■,/ Mawin:.. 
 
 YARMOUTH, GUKAT (.Ndilolk), was a nival 
 de.m..sne ,n ihr vrvAU .,1 W miani 1., «,- Mppeuis than 
 
 John, ami one lr,an Henry 111, 1„ n-s, ,, ,,1,,.,,^. 
 here earne.i elt Jcxx) persuns ; and .li.i n,u,h liavee 
 mT '!' '^;'^ "" '^'"*' ^'"l'"''"""i. •««!, 4(1,70;; 
 Tliealre huill 
 
 ^'''v,''I,",l'''''''''' '' ""'""' ''"'"'"" ■^"'''■••■''ii'l'HHlit', 
 Sus|.eiisin„ elK.iii l.ii.|-e,,verllM-'nnn.', luiiit l.v Sir' 
 
 the w,.,y„ „r a v.si „u,„l„.r'„, p,.r.s,„.s wlm 
 asseiMh,,! „„ it I.> "iliifssanexhibiiionouthu 
 «ate>, II suii.leiilv ^ave way, ami .sevciil v-iiiiio 
 lives (Mlnsllj eliiMiv,;) were l„^t . \ ,v 
 
 -ianuniillMliMr.iarhi.M.l lor hrihery ami rnp,,',;,; 
 
 uj Uie lU'lenii Alt . 1., 
 
 The i.ri.iee vf Wales oi.eiie.l a new Kiaiiiniar s,li,„a', 
 
 Aqiiariiiiii aa<l winter (,'ar,l,.|i up,.,,,.,! '='s',?,l'' 
 
 Wale's""''"''"' '"'"''"'-•* "1"''"-'J ''>• tl"'' I'lMlee ,,t 
 lletiuiis ..II.. \i 1' r... i,"f ..rloo_ ' • 3' '^I'O'i 
 
 YELLOW FEVEE. 
 
 1/76 
 1817 
 
 •845 
 1607 
 
 1873 
 1870 
 
 tij.- 
 
 ' .M.l'. by Act of I8S5,' 
 YASHGAR, a e.uintiy, Central Asia; Takoob, 
 n,li<yV.''. ' ^^■"'* ™»to"iliiis with ChirJ 
 
 «,y^A^^ ?'i'' f^SM't''"'S it is said, Nvere tlie 
 hi. t u lio lixeU the lenstii ot the year. 
 
 ^'re,'i'.'.'.'l"i';'-v''"' '""■'"'"'■"'"'>■ """"""•■*• 738 B.C. ; cor. 
 
 45 o-e. t-iee LnUittidr). ' 
 
 The .v,/«r ,a- aslrnn.iiiiiealyear was Inand to eoiaimse -,65 
 
 265 b e """'*' ■''* '""""'■'■■'• 5' "feunds, and 6 ueeiinal.^ 
 The /„,„„■ year (twelve liiiiin- launtlis, or 354 days 8 i 
 
 Persei'ii'^ ",'","'1™' "'"IJ" '""•' "'"""«'*' the u,ald, eaiis! 1 
 ieisian.-,, aii.l Jews. Oiiec in every three years was . 
 aided ani.U.erli..,,ar,n,a,,h, s„ as I u.^kJ^i^i^'J^^ 
 a the lunar year nearly ayree. lint though the ' 
 
 .tiswere lunar the year was solar; that is, the 
 tw .„> . i'" ""r "' ,"'"■•■'■ ''"■"• "'"' ""^ «'''o»d of 
 
 ■ the ,i;iv '>;.'''''' '',V''i'T"'^l^- ""'' ""^ "o"'tl' e.dded I 
 tiuni nail} was ealled \e-A.lar ,,r the seeoml Adar ' 
 
 coinimulu,;',!"-''"'"''' '""'"'"' "'" ^'""'"" '""»■«■■'• "'■ 
 The .s-iWtrni/ year, .ir return to the same star, is 365 days ' 
 
 hours, ynnnntes, II se ,1s. J05o"J». 
 
 The Jews dated the begininng „f the saered year in 
 jMaieh ami eivil year in Sejitenilier ; the Atiienians 
 
 egan the ye.Tr in Jnne ; the .Maeedcan.'ins en ^Vs" t 
 the t iristians of Kgypt and |.;tln„,„a nn 29 ovtuAng.l 
 ad the l'er,siaiis ami Armenians .111 11 Aie. .Nearly 
 J an le '■'•"*""" """"'"* ""*' <;oiniiieiiee the year on 1 
 
 '"ulr.l'n '■■.!''" .''^''T""- "''■''"' '"'"-'* '''■°''" "»' y'^''-"' with 
 .M.irch the Larlovingians sometimes began the year 
 w, h Uinstmas, 25 IJee. ; ami s.imetiines with 1 a.ste ' 
 
 Cln le's'ix""',*'.'' ""'""■''" '■™'*' '•"' t" """'' '•onlusion 
 'st '^.i^i' , 'i"''",'' "','5'5-«' V»hUsUv,l an arret, the | 
 na,.' V "■'"';'"":''"'=" tl"- .Ve.-ir L.r the time to 
 Loirie 10 be eiinstant.y ami iniiversally begun, and 
 written on and fi„m 1 Januaiv. | 
 
 The beginning of the year lias 'been reekoned fn.ni the ^ 
 day .elebrating the birth „f Christ, 25 IJee. ; his eir' 
 rZ'm'i.'.'ri',;,.' v"v •''■■' ^•"""■I'tion, 25 Mareli;and his : 
 
 The Kiiglish began their year on tlie ajtli of IJeeember i 
 uutd the time of William the Compierer. This , 'ime 
 
 e'ISiT'',"''""'!'"' "" "'""■ «^'^" '"-'■■*""' '' '« 
 
 Lnglish to bi.gni their year at tliat time, 1„ make it 
 Hgiee with the tlien must reiiiarkabl- i.eriii.l of tliiMr 
 nstory. ,V..„.. Until the aet t,.r altering the .si i 
 ■I .752 (.see SiHir), when the .Near wa.s .ii.iele 1 t" 
 begin „ii Jan ,, u .li,l „i.t l,.g,.,||y ami gei ei .1 
 eonimenee 111 England until ^.ih .\iai.|, h, ^,-,aj-, ,1 
 
 Tliii".'/i-l";''"''' ""■■'■•;"■ "'■*■''■"'""" ""■ ■■'*' "t Januai'v.' 
 Jh sdl,h.l..|i.eiailse,l givat praetieal ilie,.iiv,-nieiire; ■ 
 and . anuary, tM.brnaiy, ami part ..f .Maieh si.metimes 
 bore two dates, as we o en Imd in old reeurds, 1745- 
 
 1746. or 1745-6, or 174,;. Hiieli a nrkoning often li 1 
 to ehriinoli.gieal mistakes ; l.ir liistame, we pepiilaih' 
 say the "revelntionof 168S." as that event was .-.n j. 
 
 Ideted m February, 1688, a.' -.Iiiig t.i the then 1 |,. 
 
 ol iiimpntat : but if the vear were hel.l t.i be..in „ 
 
 " ''V'* """■ ""-' "'■■'•t. of Januarv, it would be ii„. 
 
 leviilntl.iii iif i68g. ' 
 
 The ye.ir in i|,e imrthern reginns of Siberia ami Laiilaiiil 
 is deseribeil m the fnlhiwiiig ealeml.ir, given bv 
 trave ler : •■ jj ,/,,,ir, siii.w im-lls. , Jul,/, snow g.',.,., ' 
 
 9 Jillji, liehls ipiite giriMi. ,7 ,/„/,,, ,„;„„., at |i,li 
 griiwtli. 25 ./»/.!/, iiiams in lliiwer. j -lie/, , fruits riif 
 
 10 Aii-j., plants shed their ,s I. m 'au,j., sii..« 
 
 ' lliesniiweiintinnesiipiin tnegi,.uii.l fr.mi ,sth An ■ 
 
 ol line ye,':r tc, 23rd June of the yiar b.lbiwing, beiir- 
 ; 3og.days init of 365 ; s.i tliat while the tliive seasons ," 
 : .spring. Slimmer, ami aiitnmn are liigelheronlv liltv-six 
 j I ays, nr eight weeks, the winter is of forty -four week,' 
 I dnraliiin in these eiiimtries. 
 
 i See.V.ic.sV,,//,, /V.it.iai.' )-,(i/-, S,il,l,„ti,„l IV.ir, .l/(i/,„„ 
 j UIII.-.III, hmiek tlcnihiliniiini/ Oilnclai: 
 I Vkak (,b- ufii l.dnn: see -laan /(..laia., 
 : Ykah (IK Tin; Hkiiin, ynm the time of William 
 Loniinenir, 1066, the ye.ir of the snveieign's r. 
 been given lo all piibli.' instruments. The "kiii''. 
 patenis, charters, priielamatinns, and all acts. .f pan", 
 nieiit have siiii'e tlicn been generally s.. dalcil. fi,,, 
 saiiii' manner , if , lilting isuseu in must of the lOnini,,.,', 
 stales liir all similar .bicuments and reeiirds ; see 1 ,'J. 
 ot kings nmler Kiu/Unnl. 
 Yeah anu a Da v. A space of time in law, and innmuv 
 eases establishes and lixes a right ; as in aii estiav . .■. 
 proelamation being iiia.le, if the iiwner dues net .'iVi,', 
 It within the time, it is lOrhuted. The term ai.K,. 1,, 
 the Norman law, whii-li enacl,.,l that a beast fmin.l ..v 
 another s laml, if nnclaiiiied fur a vear and a dav 1... 
 longeil til the bird of the soil. Jt is utheiwi.se a' ie-.l 
 .sjiace ot time, = 
 
 YEAK-BOOKiS eontain reimrts in Norman- 
 
 ireiieli of eases argued and decided in the eouiH 
 
 ol coninion law. Tlie printed volumes e.\tend lium 
 
 the bef,niiniiis of the rei-11 of iulward 11. to iieaiiv 
 
 the end of the roi-n of lleiirv VUl., a peried J' 
 
 about 220 years ; but in this sei-iej-, there are inaiiv 
 
 omissions. These books are tlie tirst in the Inn:. 
 
 line of legal reports in whieli Jingland i» so rii li" 
 
 and may be considered as, to a great i-xtenl, Uv 
 
 touiuhition ef our unwritten law, "i,(,u- )io/. scn'pia. ' 
 
 In 1863 ct mj. various veur-booka of lidward I 
 
 (1292-1 J04) edited by Mr, A. J. llorwood. for tlic 
 
 series ol the tjhrouieles and Jlemorials, were i.iib- 
 
 lislied at the e.xpeiise of the Uvitish goveriim at 
 
 iear-booka 10 Kdward 111. publislied, bSij- 
 
 " Ycai-liook of Science," i)uUlislied LS'J'i, it .sv.y. '' 
 
 YE A.ST, a substance causing fermentutioii, wa^ 
 
 discovered by Cagiiiard de lu Tom- and Sehwaiiii, 
 
 independently, in iS^O, to be u vegetable cell ir 
 
 fungus. 
 
 YELLOW FEVER, »u .Vmerican pestilcm.o, 
 
 I made its appearance at I'liiladelpliia, wlieie it 
 
 j committed great ravages, 1699. It appeared in 
 
 several islands of the West Indies in 1732, i;vi. 
 
 I and 1745. It raged with unparalleled violenir.it 
 
 Philadelphia in Uet. 1762; and most awfullv iit 
 
 >iew York 111 the begiiniitig of Aug. 1791. This 
 
 fever again toread great devastation at l'liiladel|ih:a 
 
 in July 1793; earryuig otf several tlioasand pciMiii,-, 
 
 HtiiUu: It again ajipeared ill Uet. 1797; uiiu .spiiMd 
 
 Its ravages over the northern coast of Anicriia, 
 
 Sept. 1798. It reappeared at I'hiladelpliia in tlio 
 
 summer (if 1802 ; and broke out in Spam, in .-<c|it. 
 
 1803. The yellow fever was very violent at 
 
 Uibraltar 111 1X04 and 181.+ . i" tlie .Mauritius, July 
 
 1815; at Antigua, in Sept. l8i(j; and it raged wilii 
 
 dreadful eoiiseiiuenees at Cadi/, and the isle ef 8t, 
 
 U'.iii, 111 .^ept, 1819. .\ niaiignaut fever ragnl at 
 
 Gibraltar in Sept, 1828. .md did imt terminate until 
 
 the following year. Vol o.y fever raging in ll.c 
 
 southern of the United States, Sept. Uet, 18-3: A 
 
Jm' FEVER. 
 
 ■ 74,]. Siii'li II riir-kmiint; nflfii li i 
 ■iiiikcs : iiir iiiHtanci', we i«iim|;i,iv 
 11)1' i6iJS."ii.s tliMl I'Vi'iit was idi.i. 
 
 , i68s, ar.'. inline; i,, tin. tli,.|i i |,. 
 
 II il the ji-ar »i-ic lii'lil tci Ik'xIii, iis 
 : liist of Jaiiuar.v, it wuiilil lie i),c 
 
 Til ri'ifUiuH iif Siberia and I.apLnH 
 1' IdliiiwirjK cali'iiilar, given l.v „ 
 'i; Hriipw melts, i ,/a/;/, .iikiw (;,',u, 
 1' Kicc'ii. 1 7 Jill II, i.iaiil.s ai luii 
 mils III lliiwer. .. .In;/., iiiiiis ii|„. 
 leil then- .si-e.l. iH .illij.. slii.u 
 
 ii|ii>n III.- Kniiiijil lidiii ibih All- 
 June III' the year rnllnwiii^'. hcn,^ 
 
 sii that while the three seasnn^ ,7 
 1 aiituinu ail! t"nellieicMilv liliv.,su 
 . the winter is of IVirtj-fmirweeli,' 
 lllltrle.H. 
 
 ■ Ywr, Siililintiial IViu-, Miih'.ii,,: 
 llii'iiilril Ciilnifhir. 
 
 see .1/1 1(» lliiiinni. 
 
 l''rcirii the liiiiu of William ih. 
 
 .year (if the .suvi'lelKii's lelgii h ,, 
 lUlilie iiistniiiienis. The kin-* 
 iieiaiiiatiiiiis, and all aetsuf i.aiil.i. 
 n heeii neneiallj so ilaleil. li,,. 
 IK isuseii ill iiiiisl (if tliu Kniii|,i.,ii, 
 liieiiiiients unci reecmis ; see I.im 
 ni'l. 
 
 siiace ciftime in law, anil in many 
 li.ves a rit;lit ; an in au eatrav, .u 
 
 laile, if the uwner does imt el,iiii'i 
 is forlcited. The term ai'o.s.. ui 
 
 eh enacted that a lieast lonml t,;, 
 
 laiinecl fur a year and a day, 1. . 
 
 the soil. Jt is (Jtherwi.se a leg.il 
 
 ooiitiiiu rqiiirta in Xorinan. 
 0(1 and ilfcided in tlio tiiucts 
 
 Iiriiited volumes extend trma 
 reign of Julwiird 11. to nearlv 
 
 of lleniT VIU., il jieriud i': 
 in tills nvrwi- tlicro are many 
 iks ure the first in the l.iii'- 
 n which Eiij,'laiid is so rnli^ 
 ■(( ii.s, to a yrciit i-xtent, l)i... 
 I'ltteii law, "T-tu- iiui, scn'/i/n. ' 
 us yeiiv-books of Kdwaid I. 
 
 Mr. A. J. Horwood, for llit 
 L'8 and iluniorials, were jmb- 
 
 uf the iJritisli goverum ■in. 
 .•aid 111. published, Viif. 
 i;" published 1SU2, it ,«,</.' 
 ICO causing fermentation, waf 
 d de la 'I'oiu' uuil Sehuami, 
 ,0, to be u vegetable cell m 
 
 Eli, an American iiestilcm.f, 
 at I'hiladeliihia, where it 
 gos, lixji). It apiioai-cd in 
 West liulies in 1732, i;'^ii, 
 itii unparalleled violeiur ^it 
 i;62; iiiid most awfuUv 111 
 lining of Aug. I7(ji. riii, 
 t devastation at l'liilailcl|p|i:,i 
 off several thou-sund pcr>ni;>, 
 ifediiiUet. 1797; aiKj spreuii 
 lortliorii coast of Ainerira, 
 U'ed at I'liiladolphia \ii the 
 ifoko out in Spain, in .-^ciit. 
 -'vor wa.s very violent at 
 Hl^, ill tJie .Mauritius, July 
 .'pt. iKHj; and it raged witli 
 It Cadiz, and the isle of 8t. 
 V nialij;iiant fe(er raged at 
 
 ■ md did not teriiiiiiatc until 
 'el o.v fever raging m iIjc 
 Status, Sept. Oct. 1H7.3 : al 
 
 YELLOWSTONE PARK. 1241 
 
 Moniphi-, aiitumn, 1879; in Florida (spedallv in 
 
 if nfV ly ,'^- ''■"-''"'■• ""-■ "^"-"homer, died of 
 tatNow^orkun his way from Florida to K , "- 
 ami .2 Sept. ,,S«,S: thj epidemic abating ."^t. 
 
 x!.v. 'l7;-'i4.s'"''' '" ■''■"' '■'-■""" '"•'"^■l^»"""'lle to 
 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 
 
 about .s.5<K. Mpiare mile.,, i„ territory ofVvu,mif;>' 
 
 It inclniles Vellowstone lake .il„.iit , " .," 
 
 «-iti. .H,„ie,„„s Jevse,' v„i .^:^ri;;?:;;. "'"-i 
 
 nulnral phenoniiMia; rubied mono an t.', ^;^:;' 
 hiws, rivers. Hid much heautitnl sc-nery Its iorm; 
 tlon was allthnri.^eil l,y e,,i,..|ess in Miieh .V .' 
 
 was visiteil l,y president Ailhiir In "ss' ' "''' " | 
 
 YELVERTOX CA8E, see Triah, ,861. ! 
 
 YEMEN, a iiroviiieo of Asiati.^ Tiirkev, on the ' 
 
 /ivit"' ■ '^'•'' ^'"•'' "'■ "'^' ^'•""'"»«; ^^^ I 
 
 YENIKALE, see A:of. 
 YEOMANRY, see under Volunteers. 
 
 f,f^?t*^,nf^i^ ?^\P^7' G^L'AUI^ a iioouliar body 
 of foot guards to he king's person, nstitutod at 
 the coronation of Henry VII. 30 oJt. 148;, wl i 
 ..riginally coiwsted of bfty „h.i under a Va, tain 
 riioy were oallod boef-eatei-s, a corr,.,,ti„„ X^i 
 Ua-H being attendants o„ ,ho king's bullet „r 
 suloboart ; see IMUe-Axe. Thov wcPe of , -,." 
 stature than other giuii'ds, being required t( "b, 
 over SIX feet ,„ height, and rvore\„i,ed wi h 
 anpiobuscs and other arms. The band was ,,. 
 creased by ilenry's sueecssors to one hundred me 
 and .seventy supornunieraries; and when one of the 
 hundred died, it was ordered that his place sho 1 1,^ 
 1)0 supplied out of the seventy. The'y wore c d 
 after the niannor of king Henry Vlll.^ A.la,,, ■'» 
 Jml/. I his us said to have been the first perma- 
 neiit military band instituted in li ngland. J 1 , 
 
 YORK. 
 
 P?rs:.^?i'i ''''"■" ^'••>''li'?<"'' »"^ <'l"clcd king of 
 
 thCf,;,.,. i s' •■""■ '■""^'^•-■'' "l-V'i 'lays only, timl 
 
 ,!'.'"• "'•/•""inieiicement, like that of tile old 
 
 ■nJI'tian and Arnieiiian year, anticihated the Julian 
 
 aiiouii ud to nearly 112 davs in the year lo'i; 
 
 that in future the I'eiviaii veal should receive an 
 ' ." ' ' " ; "'■' .'■""'■""'""""•"t ,d (he following' 
 I passing the same degree of the eeliptie. 
 
 aiiN of^lV^^'^'1- ^•'■"'■'""; "'■ "'•■-^I'oots), descend- 
 
 il X .1 "".""";■"'" '"■'■'■ l^'li". n'lod S^vodeu 
 
 ■'.,,■' " "'" ';r' "' ""• I"'"""' l'i"J?S OInf 
 
 ' the N iirw i'"' '•''""',■''• ''■'' '" ""^ lo'Midation of 
 tlio .Norwegian monarchy, 
 
 I YOKE is spoken of as a type of servitude. T\ie 
 
 liac t.sed by the Sam„i,es tow.'ids ,he Koinans, 
 321 li.c. see (.iiinlnie furh.s. '['his dis-race wi» 
 alterwards intUccd by the Komaiis 1 p.^ t1 e[t- van- 
 (lUished enemies. Uufn.uoy. 1 " ""-" 'an- 
 
 YOKOHAMA, see Japm,. 
 
 YLRMUK (Syria). Near here tlie emperor 
 Hcraehus was totally defeated bvtlie Saraee.is, a fu"a 
 tierce engagement, .Nov. 636. Uaniascus was taken 
 and his army o.vpelled from Syria. ' 
 
 YEW-TREE {T„xm). The origin of planting 
 vew-trees m eliiirehjards was (the^e lutt ir be nf 
 len,..ed) to secure the trees from cattle, and in thit 
 
 Se" P'T''"" • "■'" ^"'•. t'>^' ""'ouragemen <^f 
 archery. A general plantation of them fbr the use 
 of archers was ordered by Uichardlll. ,483. tilm/s 
 Chron. .Near Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire, wire 
 sna.„ yew-trees, ealletl the Seven' Sisters, su ,p„ ^d 
 to have been planted before 1088; thi^' eircuni- 
 ference of the largest thirty-four fee seven iVules 
 round the trunk In 185 f a vew-tree was .s 1 
 be growing ,n the oliunliyar.l of Uresford, North 
 Hales, wh.i.se eir(_'umfereiice was nine yards nine ' 
 iiio lies, being the largest and oldest yew--tfco in the 
 iintishdomiiiioiis; but tradition states that there 
 are some yews in Kngland older than the iiitrodue- ' 
 tion at Cliristiamty. The old yew-tree mentioned . 
 Ill ho survey taken of Kiehniond paluoe in 1649, is I 
 said to be still o.xisting. ^^' 
 
 YEZIDIS, an eastem tribe, living near the ! 
 huphratos, visited by Mr. Layard in°,84l : stSe 
 
 YEZDEGIRD, or Persian Era was I 
 irnierly uuiversally a,biptod in I'orsia, imd i^ still I 
 U'od hy the i'ar.s.es m India, and by the Arabs, in i 
 rt'rtaui computations. Tliis era began on the 2()th I 
 
 „ ^^}W ^''^'- l^'"K'and), a town of (lie Hrigantos 
 name, Ivvranc, settled by the Itomans durin - f^.: 
 MToiid campaign of Agricda, tiboi.t 7,,, atul ?.„ .? 
 
 .f tl'ir/iorth'' ^';"'';';""V'/"' •-™- "-■ metropoli'; 
 o I IK, ncirtli ,>>eo i'njiiilntKiii. 
 
 The em,ieror.Sey...n,s, lied here . . p,,,, .,„ 
 
 '^SSv'' '■"?■"' -K-si^iil'- 
 
 anil ,111 the -Normans slain 
 the city and many ohurchea (Icstioyed 'by lire', 
 
 Massaero and suicide of immy Jews ^ ''"'"'' 
 
 lork received its charter from Itichard If 
 
 mayor was made a lord 
 Tlie(iiiil,ll,all erected 
 Hichard III. crow 1 ag.ain here ,' .' g .Sent 
 
 'ii;\^;:;^;;:;;:;^!;;^:,l-:;;„V'""''^^'-"-^-v^^» 
 '^Mai^iomi:::;;'''''™''^'''-'''^'^-''-'^^^^^^^ 
 
 Injured il,iri,,g the civil war by Fairtix ' ." Am'ii' '^^* 
 The iwporation biult a mansion-house h,r the ior'i 
 
 ^'l^Cdt^s^gaol''''^'"'''''''''''"-''^ 
 The York petition to parliament,' to I'viUiee the 
 expenditure and redress grievances . Uei 
 
 Yorkshire Philosophical .Soeietv estahlishe.l 
 Jirst meeting of the Uritish Alsociation held' here 
 
 =7S«l>t. 1831 
 
 and the 
 
 ioO(> 
 ".!7 
 
 lijO 
 
 ■38t> 
 1446. 
 M8j 
 
 1(142 
 
 1728 
 
 '779. 
 
 1823 
 
 1844, 
 1861 
 
 1864 
 
 i6e6 
 
 Hritish Association (^lul time) 
 1 iipiilation, 45,385 
 
 '""kilUKl""' '■'"" '"''''''" "'■"'' ""' O'l'xe :' "ve'iiers'ons 
 Social Science Association met' here' ' 22 'iseilr' 
 luie Arts and Industrial Exhibition (>p(ned ' 
 
 Visit of prince and princess of Wales . <)-?/{'',[,' 
 Meeting ot the Chinch fongress . . ^ g-^ct' ' 
 The iirovinccd mayors gave a festival to the lord " 
 mayor (.r London, &c., at York . 2; Sent ,fi„ 
 
 ■m'hlashop " '"■' *^'""Wtion opened ly Uie ^'' 
 Briti.sh Association iubike me'oting 3, Aug.-s'.S' Iss?" 
 Koyul Agricultural Society's annual inoeti'ng; ' 
 
 Yorkshire Institute, memorial stone laid'ln 'th,; ' '*-■'■ 
 
 K^ni^of^lllS. ■='"'»■■ '^^3= °»'<'-^V'- 
 
 \orkshire college of .science opeiiod 26 Oct? iStT- 
 
 new building opened by the prince of Wahls' 
 
 15 July, 
 
 ;it 
 
 :l \\ 
 
 III 
 
 1885, 
 
X9^*^L_^''y^llI«HOPiUcl)F 
 
 '"'■'I nwivor, ,|„l,ii ('ins,, ■ ' ^"' "I""""' ''>• t'»' 
 
 ). """•'w"t9o<io/. to various in.stitiitiijMs, 
 Cotttli of tho rov, JaiiiPH H„in„ n r. i , •'""' 
 
 bni.,,,,,|;,,i,;^f-;;;,;!::-'-;;;:y'^M,,,«Misi,.l 
 
 ■Ti..„ri„..oo.w,u,..,vvi,;ws„,;.,„t;«„,;,i,iua",j';';;: 
 
 •89J 
 
 .89s 
 1896 
 
 1898 
 
 '"'■". «-l • .,,1 M.,n"''M'""^'"' ^''"^^-'•■'•- I'" • 
 
 '385. 
 
 t4o6. 
 
 1460. 
 •474. 
 
 »494. 
 
 «7S4. 
 
 ''u::^ll';;:;:i;-;:;^'l; V'7^•'^••'■■ 
 "I'l'nint.vi urnuVun- i, ' ""; '"■"""• ■""' «•"■•* 
 „ 'l-v,! in Um.^V,,;";'. ■';':'^>; '*'^"' '- ""v<= 1^^..,, ..mr. ^ 
 
 '"''*'■:-' Of- .VOllK AND AI.HANY. 
 
 "■ '"S.^ly"'' ("i^ -<-' -„). afterwa,.as ! 
 Co>»,„a,Kls (1,0 lintisl, forces at An'tw'ip; ''^" 
 
 A,,,,„i„t,.,l,„„„„a„,ler.i„.,.l,i,.f ''•'^''"' '"^ 
 l)ef..at..,l,„.arA:ivmaai-,,9H,.,, „,;,| < d,.t' "^ 
 
 B;;'-m,..sa..ain,.,,n,n,';,',Ho,.;i,,..,;i,.f ='•'''»■ ' "^ 
 
 rrineeGeo:«oofWa,.^;;:S:f;iUeofVo,.k, j 
 
 .'^e,M„„ler r.,M, (princes of)/-* '''''^■' -^5^ 
 •cicK^;,;:^^^;i^'!^''?;^«K. OF. The most an- ' 
 
 ^1^ w ■'n.^.^'^r M.-;: -■7;"'--' by the «ax^„: 
 
 ve.-«on,a„,l I'^uUnL' "Lid "^'^^ve'l,/'"" '"'■ 
 <'rated aichi,isl,„n, 2, Ju v ,,. ''''y^' been eonsc- 
 
 Carlisle, and 11,.,, ■ Vrrr " ^'«'"'I"-'e at 
 
 giliiilllii 
 
 should bo «,.,,' ' "'"' "■»« J'-'^t conrinnod, 
 of Uonu ,v ; '.i,"'^:;' ,":'« '"^'J^' to tlK. court ' 
 favour of Oai-P-lvrri "•-',' ''^■t^''-">i»'-.d in 
 
 '4 JlJr, 
 
 ■501. Tliciiias .Savairo .li,..l , s,., , 
 
 '589 
 '595 
 
 l6u6. 
 i6l'8. 
 
 
 1 606. 
 
 Tnl.ias MaUlM:«:di';;i:' Mar,.l,;-,fc8 
 it.'ilKl;.', clicif, ; 
 
 i6j2. 
 1641. 
 
 1660. 
 
 «..w,,,i.i..:,l;,.,i:;;'i'„.ft 
 
 A, .,.,.,,1,1 !■' '■ ''"•'"'» 'I'ltil'iirsA 
 ■6911 J. .Ill, Sl.arii, ,|i,,T i iv ' ? • • • '^^i- 
 
 --. T,..aas „..,„„ t;;;,;^ia;^a^'^^;i;^j^- _ 0. 
 
 .747.Ma.^..I„.,to„,tra„slateatoCa„terbury.Marcl, 
 •— J^l'iMJillx-rt, did, ,76,. 
 
 I .>,TI Hay llnin.i.iuii.i, ,li,.d ,<, Dp,. 
 'Il'^iin Marliha,,,, di,.,| , X nV ,ft'' ' '"^' 
 
 i)'lrhan-, '"rsSi"-'- """■^'"'"' '" ^■-"^■'•'H.ry(from 
 ■f- ':iHe;iV;ri;; '-'-'atea fro,,, ci,,,.,..,.. 
 
 ■737- 
 I76r. 
 
 '777- 
 1S08. 
 1847. 
 1S60. 
 
 «-as huilt hv Kdwin ki , 'f V 'i ':"•"'" '^'"'1''''' 
 i trans.,, iV,2-. ] . V/h''''' "''''^''', "'^' ^»""' 
 
K MIXSTEU. 
 
 I' l»-ovi„,o „f York now >■„„. 
 
 ,}/"•'!• ''■";''»l<'.<'l'<-.HtoiM)ur. 
 "I, Mnnclii'stn-, niid Hi,,,,,, 
 
 "",' ""•fi' <'anliiiiilH, iind t' 
 '■l)nnc,.ll,„-,s tw„ l„ra t,,,,. 
 '■''"iili'iits „(■ tl„. ,i,„.t|,. It u 
 "ik-S jc) l{.ni> Vin, ,r,,, ,: 
 '""U. Jlaami. iWati,;: 
 
 'Hiiisir,iPH. 
 
 ■.'I, jNi'pt. 1507. 
 
 ■iK«, p"is(iiiu(l lit Kiuiie, ,4 Jijr 
 
 ■'1,29N'"V, 1530. 
 
 n,M"i;t. 1544. 
 
 I'livi'il, aj .Murdi, ,,5. 
 
 |)]lVI'il. ^" 
 
 I. 26 June, 1568. 
 i'n»lale,ltoCumi.ibury, ,oJan. 
 'IvH, ;llp,l, ,0 July, , 3g 
 
 '■'I, 16 Jill]. 1606. 
 '1. 2') M.iirh, i6,,3. 
 'Ih'iI, 24 Oct. ifiia. 
 I, 2S .Miiv, i^u 
 
 .fi Oi't. 1640 
 
 25 .Miiii'li, 1650. 
 '1/ Irn !/nir.i.l 
 !•'!, 28 .MaiTli, 1664. 
 
 ■ iS June, 1^83. 
 
 ■ A I nil, ,686. 
 ""■"*"()>■.] 
 ifil, 5 Muv, 1691. 
 •fli. i;,4. 
 "';. Ju.\|,Hl, ,724. 
 
 '1 >'l. 23 .Maivl,, ,7„. 
 ii.shited to Caiitwljury, Oct, 
 
 slated to Caiiteibuiy.liarili, 
 
 'Ji. 
 
 '|. died, ,0 Dc,.. ,,;e. 
 
 '!• 3 N"V. iS,:,7. 
 
 ','". 'li"'!. 5 S,.v. ,847, 
 
 I. 4 Miiy, i860. 
 
 n.slatud to Caiiterbury(from 
 
 inslatud from Gloucester; 
 
 ^i.slal,.,|fn„ril>et,.rt,orougI,, 
 'la\, 1891. " ' 
 
 latlaaan, trauslaled frciu 
 
 YOUK AND "laXCASTEH. 1213 
 
 • lire brok,,. out and m one hour mlueod 
 
 Ihc btdliv to a «li,dl, destroy,.,! t|„. n.of of tl" 
 
 nave, urid luu.l. .lania-od tl„. i.,lili,,., 20 M.i 
 
 .84a llMs was n..,ton..d by Siduey S' lirko, at a 
 
 l«uat of 2,j,U()0/., I.S41. ■' ""'laiu 
 
 I rI?.^^^ '^^'" Laxcasteu, Waus of, wo 
 
 I , Y<-^KK,(!:'PP'''-t:anada), fou„,l,,l in t-r..; .i„„. 
 
 '•^ V "."',', '"'■"""; '" •'"■ "■"■ iM'twco, A me , . 
 :nul Oreat lintaiM, the i;nited .States' forees ml 
 -•7>'"l "'taeks „|„m tl„. i„-ovi,„.e ,d' L',.,,,.,- Ja I, 
 and .sunred..,! ,„ takin,,^ York, the s,.at of to 
 (.'.vvrnment, 2: ._\,,nl, i«,j; l,„t it wu. aoou afte- 
 «Mrds aj,'aiii ndaken by tho JiritLsli, 
 
 YORKSririiE K\liibitioiiof Arlsand Mum 
 ulures, op,.u..d at l..,.,|s, by t),e duk of Kd 
 
 .^'.^liK ',rpWN (Virginia, r„i,„d State.,). 
 I h, ■■■ a." V-s" '":' "'l^-'l— ^iou of York tow 
 111 .Vug. i,.Si; but after sustaining- a disastrous 
 
 I >htuigof abuut 7000 nu.n, to the allied armies of 
 h-anre and Am,.ri,.a, under the ,o,„„,and ,)f frmeral 
 «a.-lunKto„and eount Ro.diambeau, I,, OeL 1-8 
 To. n.isehan.e was attributed tu sir IltWv 
 tlmton, who had not j,'iven the ganlson t ,. 
 
 wtTl^,.'ef"""'f'i"^' '"'"^'■^;:^' '"^ *' "'«'" 
 led to tlie elose (jf the war. The .•loitrooi,-.- >...," 
 
 Uiebna.!,. uet, ,«.,,,.,,!%;;' :^'^.;- 
 
 lintish ta- was talufe,! f^enerally. The town wis 
 .^rou,!) fortiH,.d by tie e,M,federat-es it, the meriea 
 civil war, but surrendered to M'Clellan, May 18O2 
 YpUXG EXGLAXD, a name siv,"n to „ 
 
 I ,";";', '!'V •'",""7 ['P' S'-"t'':»i^'» ^■a.-nesUy opposed 
 U the repeal <,1 the e .rn laws and other ibera 
 nioas;ires, and very desirous of reviving the old ' 
 relations be!w<-en the tipper and lower elasses ' 
 im.vuisiu rural sports, .V,.., vet preserviu"- the dii,° 
 Jbtuudions (.842.6). L.rd-Jol/n M'mueis (Duke : 
 
 YVRE,S. 
 
 ";.;;•• siiCrd'^^^r"'"'''^'"'''^""^-^^"^"^ 
 
 YOUXG IRELAXD, .see /„./„„,/, r„„,„. 
 YOUNG ITALY, see /My, ,8^,. 
 
 m.n,! V'^' '"'■ "''I"'"Vemeut of vouu;,' r„e,I Vv 
 '"■•""- "' ■■'assc.s, me,..tin,'s, k,:, -founded S^^" 
 
 means of 
 
 S:^;n;:',db;;;^'^;:r;!,;i:;r^;'f 
 
 f^;?.'^^.?'i88:;.Tn;;'if:!:?iiEHi^ 
 X^=tsi?t:i!-:i-t'r^^^"J-S 
 
 Wuig \\ omen's Christian Assoeiatlon;' A.unded 
 st,?i''*P^? TURKEY, s,.e T,<r/.;y, ,8,jr All 
 
 YTTRIUM, a rare metal. The earth vttria 
 
 obt ,1,1 1 \v .'■,'''■"' '"J't ""■ ""■'»' «-as tirst 
 clu'anlJbrUUe:""''- ^' ^ "^ " J-'' S-y 
 
 CoIlE^'V?,"^^'' *''■"'". '\i-^iovered by Ifernandei 
 
 L,Oiao\, Ijl ; ,.0,„|,„,,.^,J ,,^. ]j,,,.„,,l 'ijj 
 
 leelareil for independeia.,., ifi,,. its aneie ,t e^mci 
 
 S etlhens ;8.i" T'll' ''^- ""^ A.uericau tm^ er 
 '^teimeiis, 1838 and 1842. 
 
 YUKON GOLDFIELDS.see Canada, 1897. 
 YVRE,S (now IvuY, N. W. France), where a 
 
 v'^fTr ?'''"' '/ ?'',"■'■'!•■ '590, betw(;e„ He^ry 
 n. of !• ranee, aided by his ,liiof nobility, and 
 tl e seneraU of the oatholie league, over whom the 
 king obtained u complete victory. 
 
 ■■i'X 
 
 m 
 
 (dedieated to St. Peter) 
 ' /'"'eted liere, wliieh 
 eU In- a Uon.iui tein|,le, 
 1 ^"ithunibria, nfwuod, 
 lit 0,55. Jt was damaged 
 '■'■I'lii't by ai(.libi..liop 
 again de.vtroyed bv tire 
 lebiiilt by iurhbLsliop 
 s onee more burnt down 
 a ibey and 39 jiaiish 
 ishop Kogcr built the 
 I'iiy added the south 
 tomayne, tile treasurer 
 lorth transejit in pig 
 us, laid the fnuiulatinn 
 1.30, William de .Melton 
 s, whn), were liuished 
 I'l 1342- .Vrchbislinp 
 1 rebuild the ilioir, in 
 ence of the nave, and 
 ;ver. The minster was 
 111, a luriulie, and the 
 •nal fittings destroved, 
 I'stiniated at to.ooo/.. 
 1- Kobert Smirku. An 
 
ZAORAB. 
 
 1244 
 
 ZAMBESI. 
 
 z. 
 
 y H 
 
 , ZAGRAB (llnnj;,uv). 
 fl'iitfd the iiiviidci- tha'iicH 
 
 Ilea- Andrew III. do- 
 
 - I'M Martt'l, to wliuin tliu 
 
 pope Imd us8ij,'iic(l liis tniwii, I2'J2. 
 
 ZAHllIXOHX (linden), the seat of dukes, 
 aiicestoi-H of 111.' (•land dukes of lladeii, deseeuded 
 Iroiii lleniiaii 1., luaiKiave, 1074; see Mudiii 
 
 ZAMA (near laitliiiKe, iN. Afii.a), the scene o( 
 file batlh' hetweeii the two jrveatest coniniandeis in 
 the world at the time, llannihal and Seipio 
 Atriiaiius, I'lie viilorv was wi.n hv hiiiiio, and 
 was deelsive of Hi,. |„te of Oirtha>.'e,' 202. It led 
 to an iK'noininious peaee, which elosed the seeoiid 
 I unic war, 201 11. c 'I'lie Uunians l..st aliout 2000 
 killed and w..unded, while the larthiiKinnuis lost 
 111 killed and prisniiers more than 40,000; some 
 niatoriiiiis make the loss greater ; 202 11. c. 
 
 ZAMBESI, river of K. Africa, .•.Nplorod hv 
 LiviiiKstoiie iSjI-O, l«5»-04. Jlis book published", 
 ^ov. 1805. 
 
 DliiTisii >!am1)E.sia.— A clinrler was granted to 
 
 the liritlsli .South Africa eoiniiaiiy 13 Ocl., 
 
 siKncd -Jt, Oct., 1E89, to seltl.. ti,,) iiniiicii.se area 
 
 lyiMK lieiHccii Lower aniU'cijtiiil Zanilicsioii tho 
 
 north, and tho 'i'raiisvaal liiinlcr on ilic .soulh 
 
 The coiiiiiany im ludcs .Mr. Cecil ,1. lihodcs, thu 
 
 Alncaii i.x).|on'r, tlici .iiikis ul Alicrconi thu 
 
 duke ol Kile (resigned abiait i8c(6), earl Uiltord, 
 
 and other eininciit ijcrsi.ns. Tliu furtiiLOiesii 
 
 PXiJloriiii,' ex|icilition iimler lieiit. fordoii ; ho 
 
 receives the allet;iuiiee of .several tribes; tho 
 
 limits of the ilistricts .sanctioiie.l by royal decree, 
 
 and the pruvince iianied Zunibu . . , Stjv. 
 
 The maniuis ot tSalisbury protests aKninst the as- 
 
 suniptioii of Zuinbo by the PortUfjiiese, referriiiL' 
 
 to the iiKreeiiient of (ireat Jiritain with Loben- 
 
 Kua, ruler of Mashoiia and .Makalaknland, of 11 
 
 I'eb. 1888, and also to Uritish iifreeiiients with 
 
 other tribes (referred to by eonsiil Johnston, 26 
 
 AUK., and by eonsiil Uuehannn, 30 .Sept. i88g), 
 
 and to thu resulm of britisli e.xploralions, 
 
 Senhor de Barros Gomes, Portuguese foreiKii iidnis! 
 ter, in his rejily au.staiiis the elainis of Portugal, 
 based on discoveries and eoiLsequeiit eltective 
 occupution of the territories in nuestion lor 
 centuries, relies of which still remain . 29 Nov 
 
 Major Seriia Pmto, with about 4,000 men witli can. 
 non, forms a camp in the .Makololo euuntrv 
 ipiarrcls with the natives, eomiuers them, and 
 calls on the liritisli settlers to submit to Porta, 
 gal, repoitcl by l.ishoij C. A. Smythies 5 Dec. 
 
 Lord balisbnry telegraphs to the Portuguese 
 government 111 relation to major Serpa Piiilo's 
 action, that they should not periiMt any such 
 attacks on Uritish settlements, or on any other 
 settlement under Uritish protection or influence, 
 
 i'en. Barros Gomes, in his reply, justilies t'liu 
 .■ictions of maior Serpa Pinto, by ret'erring to thu 
 disturbed state of the country . . 20 Dec 
 
 Lord Salisbury, in a despatch, declines to reeogi 
 ni.se the claims of Portugal as aiiti(iuated, and 
 unsupported by action in modern limes 26 Dec 
 
 A peremptory note sent by lord Salisburv re- 
 quiring imniediatu withdrawal of maior Seriia 
 Pinto, delivered 6 .Jan il 
 
 •Sen. Barros Gomes' reply Ijciiig deemed iinsati.sl'ac- 
 tory, lord .Salisbury declares that his government 
 will order that no acts of force be committed 
 against any British settlements or others speci- 
 fied by him, and requests that the matters in 
 
 dispute lie referred ton conference of Hie trnwers 
 
 III aecordaiiie with the treaty of Hi.rlln B Jan 
 I.Mid Salisbury, by telegram, leipiiies I,, know thai 
 
 explicit iiistnict s have been sent Iroia .Mozam- 
 
 biniie lor the immediate withdrawal i,f Pinin. 
 giiese liMies lioiii the ti.rritnries in iiuesliun ■ 
 .sen. Ilarrcis (iumes informs the Dritish ministei' 
 .Mr. I'etie, that such instnietlons had bei.|i sent 
 y .Ian. I.oiil .Salisbury, having li.anied Imm 
 eiiiisiil Chnrchill at Mozaiiibii,ii(., tlmt mai.ir 
 Serp:i I'inlos lures still oecnpieil his pijsiti.Mis, 
 anil treated .Nyassalaml as a coiii|iien.il cipiinii\' 
 dllvi'ts .Mr. I'etre to lei|nile acee|.talic|. of ll'i,'. 
 liillisb cleiiiaiels 1 elore 10 |...m. h ,laii. ■ i| not 
 aecepti.d he is to onler H..M,.S. /■.i,.;,„„(,o», at 
 Vigo, to enter the Tagiis, ami to |>repaie for lli.. 
 withdrawal of the British legation troiii Lisbon, 
 
 'I'll "ocii (.f stale decide to vic.|,. under proteli' 
 
 reserving nil p,„lugu,.se rights . . ,., j„n.' 
 
 lAII the coni.spomlence, from , 3 Nov. i88u to 1 1 
 
 Jan. i8yo, was published in th 1 ,.umluiu,uii.lu 
 
 17 Jan. i3yo.| ' 
 
 Till' suri eying expedition uialei M-. Snhms, 011 
 
 lielialt of the British Soufi Al'riea comi.aiiv 
 
 .starts ',..,.}; 
 
 The I'mlnguese evacuate the disjaited ti^rritorv in 
 llle.Slii,e,iislrict,,epolled . . 8 Maich, 
 
 relegrajih lines rapidly eoustrncted, leporte.l. 
 
 II j'lne, ,, 
 
 Expeilition of the .Siaitli Africa company into 
 
 .Mashonaland under lieiit.-eol. K. (J. I'eniieiather 
 
 with other military men, Jiilv; favoiiralile 01,,! 
 
 gress, Aug. ; arrives at its goal at nioiint llanii.- 
 
 den, well received by the iiatixes, irjioit,.,!, [2 
 
 fiejit. ; the force disliands to occiijiy the I.'imI 
 
 granteil them .... about 24 Oct. 
 
 lart of the .laiiica country ceded to the company 
 
 li>' the eh., r I m'.asa, by treaty . ,4 ,N.pi. 
 
 H.M.8. gunboats, the llrmlU and Mu.iii:nl,7, vn'n 
 
 the Zambesi, aecoinpaiiied by other vessels with 
 
 ■ito..-B3 8 Oct 
 
 II. .M.S. linthremt, man-of-war, leaves Zanzibar i ' 
 Mept., amid many dilHculties and .some |'i,it,i. 
 gunse oiijiosition, with other vessels, laoceeils up 
 the Zambesi, reaches Zuiiibo, uud returns to 
 
 Zanzibar 17 Oct 
 
 Mr, L'ohiuhoun, the administrator of tlio eoiiipany' ' 
 assumes the government at Fort Sttlisbiuy, 
 
 The Anglo-Portugnese agreement of so Ang."witli! " 
 drawn, and a mwlus virciuii agreed on 14 .\uv 
 
 Col. I'aiva d'Aiidrade and the baron de Ite/endi' " 
 with Gouveia, a liall-bieeil native duel, ami alioie' 
 300 followers, seize Umtusa's kraal at lla.^.i 
 Kesse.and replace the Britisli by the Portwguesti 
 Hag, 8 Nov. ; major Korbes, with the coiniiaiivs 
 police, re-takes the kraal, restores the Hiili.-k 
 nag, and temporarily imprksons the Poitiigii|.si. 
 ollicers ; Gouveia, with his men, Hoe . 15 .\uv. 
 
 The South Africa company ordered by the British 
 government to withdraw from Manica, 
 
 ,. , alwut 10 llec. 
 
 Guiigiinhama, iiomiiml king of Manica, said to liavi' 
 replaceil the Portuguese Hag by the Kiiuiisli 
 reported ....... ^tlM^,. 
 
 Gold discovered in Mashonaland ; maiiv ckiiiiis 
 for working and tracts assigned . Bee. t/ .wu. 
 
 Col. Paiva dAndrado arrives in Lisbon, and com- 
 plains of the conduct of major Forbes and ollwrs 
 (in Nov.), and denies the truth of the coinpaiivs 
 
 statements respecting it 
 
 Mr. H. U. Johnston appointed British resident ui 
 the ilistricl N. of the company's lernturus, 1., br 
 called " British Central Alrica " . . .Maicli, 
 
 Tlie Ciiunli'ss vj Curimnvii, steamer, eonvevin^ 
 .Messrs. Jameson, Doyle, Stevens, and .Moodie to 
 
 i?9, 
 
lAMBESI. 
 
 ZAMOUA. 
 
 VWi 
 
 ZAXZTHAK. 
 
 to II coiiferiMiPO of I hi' powers, 
 tlif tri'iily of llcrlln « Jiui. 
 leKiiiiii, rn|iiiri's to know tliiil 
 < IHUC hlMMlMTlt lioiii MoziiiM. 
 ciliiiti' Willi. Iniwul of I'oiiu. 
 
 llll' Irnitoiil-.S ill l(l||'^lii,|| ; 
 
 iiiloniis tliii IIiiIihIi nuiii>|i'i, 
 I liiHliiirtions liiiil hi'i'ii M'lii' 
 l.iir.v, liiiviii^ Iniriii'il liom 
 
 t Mo/lllllili.(Ul', tliiil iii.iini- 
 
 .slill ocni|iii'il his positions, 
 iiml us II i-oiniiiiTi'il coiiiitiv,' 
 o ii'i|Uiii' acri'|itiilii'i' of th.^ 
 lore lo r.M. II .lull. ; 11 not 
 iihT 11..M..S. /w,./,.,,w,,.s.s, ,,t 
 llKlis, "inl to l>li'|iiiii. hii' I 111' 
 lillsli h'KlUioll llolii Lishon 
 i<..l.ih 
 ■I'iile lo yiel,. uiiiliir proti.>i, 
 lesi. rinhls . . ,2 .hiii.' 
 nee, frimi i i Nov, 1689 to ij 
 li.shi'il ill 111 , lAinitun (.iui(/c, 
 
 tioll llllllHl .ill-. Mollllls, oil 
 
 nil HtMVi Afiini cuiiiiiHiiv, 
 
 I'Vi,. 
 Ii' till) (lisi.iite.l terrilorv in 
 "irli'il . . B Maivli, 
 c-oiistriic'ti'il, ii'iiorli'.l. 
 
 II .Jmiii', 
 nth Africii coiiipiiny inty 
 ifiit.-col. K. (J. I'l'iiiiHiatli.r, 
 men, .Inly ; liivoniahle pm. 
 lit its Koal Id iiioiint llamp. 
 y the iialiies, re]iiirtei|, w 
 liaiiils tu occiijiy the l,-ii„i 
 ulioiit :j4 (111. 
 iiiti-y eoileil to the eoni|Kiny 
 tiytieaty . 14 ,>epr. 
 
 Ilrnihl Hiiil Musi/dil.:, enler 
 ttiiied liy other vessels with 
 8 del. 
 ■nf.wnr, leaves Zanziliar, 3 
 IHeiiltie.s anil some I'liitii. 
 1 other vessels, iiroeeeils up 
 s Ziiiiibo, uiiil letiinis to 
 
 17 (III. 
 linistrntor of the eoini«iuy, 
 iiit lit Kort Salisbury, 
 
 10 Oct. 
 igrepiiieiit o'' jo Aiij,'. wiili. 
 'iT/i(/i a)?reeil on 14 .Nov. 
 ml the haroii ile Kiv.'iiili, 
 eeil native ehiel, ami ahoiii 
 Uiiitii.sa'.s kraal at. lla.ssi 
 Uritish by the l'ortnt;nesii 
 Drbes, with the eoinpiiiiv's 
 ;raal, re.stores the iintiVh 
 iiiipri-soiis the I'orliigiieso 
 1 his men, Itee . 15 .Suv, , 
 iiy orileroil by the liritisli 
 iw from Maiiica, 
 
 about 19 Hec, . 
 ing of Maiiiea, saiil to have 
 lese Hug by the Eiifilish. 
 
 . ji Dec. „ 
 sholialaiiil ; many tliiiiiis 
 assij-iieil . iJee. i;( .<o/. ., 
 rives in I.,isl)'jii, ami eoin- 
 if major Forbes anil uiher.'. 
 he truth of the eoiii|iiiiiys 
 it . . . 19. lull. 
 
 oiiiteil Briti.sh resi.leiit ..I 
 juipauys teiTituiiv.-., I.. I* 
 1 Africa " . . .Miircli. 
 WW, .steamer, eonveyiiij; 
 e, Stevens, and .Miiuilie to 
 
 SI 
 
 (iipe own, to meet .Mr. c. || s, eaptiireil hv 
 
 II l'oiln;;ii,..se eiistoins' steiMner mi ihi. river 
 l.inipopo, whleh wasilirliiie.l open |,v theehlef 
 l.iin«iinhaniH, free to llriti^h eon.iiieree, abi'i t 
 l'.*i"n''iiV '"*•'""'"""" '■••liii'llates vii^siihiue to 
 
 Vlr.'.h,nM'!.i,n iin.l oihers'i.t |.,.|„«oa DuvtH "I'l'v,'.' '^'" 
 17 .Miiirh ; p, lo Cipi. rown . Maivli' 
 
 Ii,..,H,llislis,e,,,i,,.r,.N',,™ ,ei,ntuliiin.Mr.:i ; " 
 
 V| ...il;1,I,,v iinil party, with iheiiiipeiiiil |„.i,i,| 
 11.:. 1 r.lashoimliiiMl slop I bvih.. |.,„t,|.,,,;,„„ 
 
 III loll (leiiii, in th,. I'niinw.- river, iiKhoii.h the 
 pieseribeil ,|i,ty III, !„.,,. „„, i,„ ,|,„ ,|,„,,., ,,,,,, 
 
 ..•e 1 olh.leil. aeeonliiiK lo III.. ,„„./„< n, /, • t|„' 
 
 llrlllsh II,,;. repliieeil |,v the fori llmiese. Tiv,, 
 
 ,te;iliihillliilie,s..i„.,|,,iii,|| .rew^hnpiiM I 
 
 i"l"irte.| by sir .lohn m |i..|.,;.,,,„ |,,.,v, ,„ \|„,j, ! 
 
 "II "I'' !""ioiistnineeof Inril Siilis vlhe j'.'rtii' 
 
 -'ii-i' >"""n lit ihTl.iies the I'm,. -we river 
 
 ..pi'ii lo llntisi, siibj,.,.!,; ,||, If 11. .M.s ships 
 
 -III oil,,. l'iiii-«.., iiniioiin,.,.,! . .\., !| 
 
 Mi.sl Ke-s, |,v,i,.||,il,.,l 1,5. ,1„, |,,i,i,|, 1,^ '„,/„; •• 
 llll'lll ol.liTS, r;-p,irli.|| ... ■ .," . , 11 
 
 UeiiKiinhaiiia, kin- of (iazahiml, sen.ls an .'in'bissv " 
 loliueeii \ietorni, solleitin- perpetual alliaiiee, 
 
 Inn envoys In iirably reiviveil Mav' lj'ii','i'e'^-''l!i'- " 
 
 llii'ljii lilt Wiii.lsor . , •' ' i' I : 
 
 i',.rniK.ies,. attaek on the eoinpaiiV's poliee post', " 
 W. ol .Massi Kesse, ii.pii|.si..| . 11 Slav 
 
 ".^' I I'isbi'i'r '"""'""' '■""""'"•'''"II"''. "iTlves at 'f.i'rt " 
 
 rust aiii.ual ineetiiiH of llie'lh-itish Soutl/AIVirl " 
 
 l.'Iiiilt an. I b.iliince.sl t iieeeiiteil ., , | 
 
 Til" IJl-i'i^l' I'liriM 1 votes .',..„,,, for aViiiviV. " 
 
 n't I,'.' Vi!'." '"v '"" "'' " '■"'''*■">■ '■'■'"" ■Moiiiba.sa 
 111 the Xii'lona Nyaii/a , M.,,.,.i, ,a„, 
 
 •V-'-iii';'if ';i;l« i (Heat llritain an,l •. ,' ip i '^'= 
 
 ivspeetinw the liaviKUti f the Ziiniliesi. 
 
 f^icuiiil aiinnal meeting of the eoinpaiVv'In'LnZ'ii'' " 
 l.rosperil.y repoite.! by .Mr. Ceeir liho.b.s (l,.li'.. 
 
 1893 
 
 ):i,iph between birl .Salisbury ami Cape Town' 
 
 '""'I,'''' '■'' ■ ■■■'il»ay 1 .striietiiig to the coast • 
 
 •ernlones enlaiw.l (N. ami ,si.) *". ' v^V 
 
 «iir will, l.obeli;;iila (see. l/.i«/,.„'„/,„i,0 ""'' 
 
 Hxlnioi.lnmr.v I tin^. ,„ |)„. i.,,,,,,,,,,,^. ,„ ,;„„,„• 
 
 f-iiliniimK tin. aKreeinenls between the compnii.; 
 .iiiil the Liile.l (oneessioiis eompanvaml other 
 
 r"i,'i.'''lT,l I ;<'•>'' "'i'-^' =" ^"'- '«?-' • "■'! """""' 
 iii..'nii- hel I 111 I.on.hiii ; ivport vifopteil, ig Dee. 
 
 (.uvernin.' on iiiaiiees "■i7eft(..i 1 yt y V 
 
 >ir. . veiM,ho,iJi:"o?.'ji:^i^!^;^,, „„a ^the^*!;;;^^;; '^'^ 
 
 111 i'lll^llUMl , , £ \..., 
 
 lU-iviMiient between the Driti.sh' K..veriimeiit'an.i " 
 leconipan.y relatiiiK to ailniiiiislration north of 
 
 the /ainbesi, .signeil . .,, \,-,,,. 
 
 Satislaetoiy rejiort of the eompanv ' for ,804 '■ " 
 
 ri't'li!'.™"''' ''' Ill"-il''^, Dr. Jameson, anil 
 
 Ci^tiiiji of 5on.«x, ,V. si;ares'(i.ssuepri;.e y'l^'Z '^''■' 
 
 leileein ilebeiitiires, at a ineotint,' in I-oiiilon, 
 
 The iliieetors of the company (lisai,pr..ve'o/"l' r' " 
 
 eirhinu:!:^::;:''''^''''"''^™''^''''''^'' ->;•'■■' ,, 
 
 Ri'l-oil issneil by the ilirectors'of t'he m'nipany for " 
 'i;«;,,"7"!""V."^'88y. ; expeniliture, ',4^,4,,,. 
 
 I'ortii;;,iese Huiiboat captiir im'l ere'w mas.saereii " 
 
 byiiative.salChinile Inly, ,897 
 
 1 H'^f^^^^, (^I'"'.")' Ifc'i' Alplionso the Great 
 ilcloatcd tlio Moor.s, in ()0i. 
 
 ZANTE. One of tlie loniun Islands (w/iich see). 
 
 ZAXZALEEXS. This sect rose in Syria, 
 under /anzalce, 535; he tmifjht that water baptism 
 L V '1",' '^^theacy, and that it was ncce.ssary to be 
 h«pt!ved by hn-, witl, the npiiUeaticn of a l-cd-hot 
 iron, ilie sect was at one time very numerous. 
 
 Iinaiiiii of .Miisiiit, anil ehiel' niiirket for ivirv 
 Kiiin, ciinil, and chives, iiiid nls.i (nr »hi\es. \t tlie 
 deatli of the Seyjid (or hiiil), inisiMllnl •• inuillin " 
 and ".-iilli"'," of .Mnsial, invl liis d.imlnions 
 Wjcic (liMiled between his .soils; see .l///w'.//. Mnjid 
 
 obtaiiieil /iiiizibiir, after a 1 test with bis brother 
 
 ll:ir«ha.s|i Sey.vnl, wlio, however, sm . .nh.d at hi* 
 •Inith, ; O.t. iX;n. An e.xpediii.in for the pur- 
 p-M' o| siipprcssmj; the hIiivi. tra.je was sent to 
 Aiiiuibiir, miller the ciiininand of sir Itartle Krere 
 20 Nov. iH-2, arrived nb.iul 1; .lan i.s-j. .Mter 
 
 ■"I Ii'lii.v and lu-iiliiiliiin bv Dr, hirki''; a trcetv 
 
 wassi^nieil, aleilishiii-tlietriiilc, 5 June, 1X7}, 'I li'i. 
 
 ' ''''ii'' 'I'l' 'lie mail to Zanzibar was cen'siircil as 
 
 loo expensive in July, l.S; j, and alteiid. The 
 hevyiil jiar^rliasli visited Knuliind in 1.S75, arrived 
 ((June; leceived by the iiuci 11, 21 .hill,';' received 
 Ifecdoiii of l.oiKliin. 12 .Inl.v ; snih.l lor Kriiliee, 
 Ii .'illy, lie deirce.l 1 iintiMi'itiiin ..f sbivcs hioic'lil 
 to /anziliiir, I.S April, hS;!,. The sultan's oHcr to 
 concede liii-i. terril.iricson the nriinliiinl tosir Win 
 Miickiniieii (louiidcr.if Ihe lliitish l^a^| .MricaCom- 
 puny, i,S.SK), m.t aiecpicil bv the lirilish iriivermiiciit, 
 
 l><:X. '1 he sultan made kiiij;lit of S|. .Mid 1 and 
 
 .St. (.eoi-c. I I Sept ihK^ /an/iliiir and J'eniba, 
 impnlalion id, o, about lH<f). 
 
 ''''ooi^' ".!.','' *''■' '">' ''"""''* '"'" "■'"■'•I'. ") Aiii;. 
 1886. Ihe snlt.iiis rlKhts reeoKiiised by AiikIo. 
 (.eniian treaty . . . ^.y (let. .t , Xov. ,386 
 Hiipline with I'ortiifial respeelin^' nnn.eessioii of 
 
 lerritories(s..e.U..;.ii,,/,;.,io.) . Feb. -March. ,537 
 heyyi.l llarKhash ilie.l ; Hiiceeeileil by his brother 
 
 .Sc.v.yiil Kliamah .... „; March, ,333 
 Disiiiite with Italy respectiiiK'eessioii of teiiitiiiie.s 
 
 by file late sultan .... 6.)uiie, „ 
 lerriloiies ce.le.l to the lirilish Kast Africa com. 
 pMiiy ; treaty si;.'neil .... qdet. 
 I.ieiit. Cooper eajitiires a lliow but is killed- " 
 
 ,,,,"""''"'W;""i'il .7 (let. „ 
 
 the universities mission warneil to ivliie fioin the 
 
 iiiainlaml of Africa by Hovernn | on acconni of 
 
 ojieratiiiiis against .slave triiders by ICiiKlainl and 
 
 • 'crniany '. . o,.) 
 
 The Coast bloekiuleil by (icrmanv ami 'Eii).'laiiir, " 
 2 lice. ; the (lerinans make wiir 011 the cliiefH 
 who burn Ha;,'aiiiiiyo ami retire . . 7 I)|.e 
 The Arali slave dealers attack soiiio Geriuaii " 
 stations and carry oir the freed slavi's ; elL-ht 
 missionaries killed . , . . n-ii.laii. ,33.^ 
 Mr. Hioiiks and 26 others, leissloiiaries, iiniidereii 
 
 near .Saailaiii 21 Jan 
 
 .Meeting of the sultan's lioilvt,'iiard stoppe.l by thij " 
 
 intervention of Mr. I'ortal ami gen. Math.ws, 
 mi ,. . 19, 20 .luly, ,, 
 
 ilio sultan signs a eniicession of territory to tlin 
 llritish Kast Africa coniiiaiiy (headiiuarters 
 
 Mombasa) i .S.'pt. 
 
 The bhiekaile on the coast aliaiiiloneil after i Oct' " 
 Ordered tliat all native children bom in Zanziliar 
 aftenJan. 1890,10 be free subject SI lithe sultan Oct 
 The iiiari|uis of Salisbiirv receives the two envoys 
 fi-oiii Zanzibar, 25 Oct. ; tliey are lakeii by Jlr. 
 lierkeley ami capt. (ii.ssing to Wimlsor amrother 
 places, 26 Oct. ; reeeiveil by the ipieeii at lial- 
 
 moral 
 
 29 Oct 
 
 Mr. (ieialil Portal, much respected by the snltuii " 
 and Kuropeans, leaves Africa . . 14 Xov 
 
 Mr. .Stanley and party arrive at Zanzikir . 6 Dec! 'I 
 
 1 he sultan receives grand cross of ,St. Michael ami 
 St. (Jeiirge, and gniml cross Hen Kagle. ,6 Dec. 
 
 The sultan surremlers all control over the liritisli 
 Kast Africa company's territory for an annual 
 iraymeiit, reported .... 26 Dee. „ 
 
 Iwelve II. M.'sshi|is at Zanzibar . . 8 Jan. 1890 
 
 l-.xpeilitiou from Aden to llarrar iimler gen. Hogg, 
 to chastise the Kcsa tribe for a murderous raid 
 on liulhar, .Sonialiland, a place under Hritish 
 protection (17 Aug. 1889) 011 11 Jan,, reported 
 siiceessfu!, with .-iome loss . . . ,r, Feb. 
 
 Adm, Fremantle, with u men-of-war, at Moin^ " 
 
 liasa 
 
 31 Jan. 
 
 Death of the sultan, Seyyid Khalifah, by apoplexy! " 
 
 m 
 
 a 
 
! 
 
 1 
 
 ']t 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 ¥^> 
 
 
 JJANZIBAH. 
 
 1:^10 
 
 li::::;:;;r^.,r"" • *■'«"-' " i'p^ 
 
 r<<fU.,| l,v III,. M.lmiliilnll the. l:,„„ln„, ..,,|„lv 
 l>rrn...„l il,.. Mill,,,, „K„M,»t M,u,.r»; II, ' , „ 
 
 ■ ,,;,i. ',','';;;" ''"',""'" ''>"'^= «Mh„„iia!i„i 
 
 6i,,;n»,_,,;i',i,,\,;.,,p,K:,,r, ,;,,r„,,;,,,,,,| ,,-,,., •;};;«• 
 
 Il.;.lr.», ,l,.iMni„l,.,l l,.v u„. lliHI,l, n,„| (|,,n,'mi!^. 
 
 '*c„mnm.!l,'r"«V,',"';"' '"''•'""'" f''"'"'-ll.,»,^ ',mi 
 c II n .,i„l,.r M y,i|„„. ; .,„,„ ,,v,„.„„i,,i vi||„,,,., 
 
 f I,.. T, "i"' '"'."" ■ "■'"'• t'>''"i.-'ml,M,t Ki ,M, • 
 tl.., mliniral, w,tl, ,„.,„|, ,,,^, „„.„, „,|v,.,H.,i.''',; 
 
 witu .■a,,i„;,.,i „;„i ,i;.,tn,;,.,i, ii„.,.i,..i,u';\iHtTTe'- 
 ;;';",;:'■;;,,•' "^"'-'' «'•; -i; ,i,..-M,„,u;:,f 
 
 ^,^::i:ri!!;;::'i:-:^';,l„;i' ."--'"■'-'-;; ^ 
 
 t(' H..'!ni!;;;;;;:;:;"' •■"-"■y-nmi, ^;..„„ 
 
 ''''u.,f''',','i','!„:'''r./ "'■ ','"' ^•'"•'"' •'"'"' ^f»f-r"'V"i; 
 
 llii -nlliiii I, r/ii,i/i|,|||-, invest,.,, ,, v,,J 
 
 Dcall. ..I llic .|,.i,„»,.,l Miliiui of Wit,,, n.,„„,,*,|, • 
 
 Sire H, i:„aii.S,i,itli iiinkos tcrmi, «itl, tlK^Viu; '' 
 
 i^Ziir""""' '"■"""■^"f '1'" late' Mm,!; 
 
 Thu sultuii 01 en, the Cudjior" Hoy,",! Nuv„i I?, "',"„';'!; ' 
 TIpoo Tib nt Zniizilinr, rcccive.l liy the huII,,?,,''"'''' ' 
 
 ^uI'Aomir!" "'' '•"""""<^» •"""">• IiHti'h''l'!n;: ' 
 New guven,„;,.„t fonnJ.l, gen. M;ithewl.rpil^i;il.''nt; ' 
 
 2oOct. 
 
 ZINC 
 
 i8«u 
 
 Zanzibar ilei'liircU free port . ' ' ',v^u 
 llje international b.irean, f„r the snppVp«si„,, r 
 
 lilUUIl 1 Oltul, p|-,.s|li,'nt . n Vnv 
 
 Jlr. a,.nm.|l H,„l,l, ,|, [,i,ty . aliont ,, n^n 
 
 Death olth,. snliaii ; s'„c.,.4.,U.,t by-Sal.'l n e^H i'l 
 
 ?.ru"i It'™'.;;':'";'.' '?V' i"«''"i>»^'a i'y»n-. ii,„i,i 
 
 I 8^2 
 
 the king s sun set asiile 
 
 5 Maicli, 1893 
 
 '*Kr.",f..h',.^ '■''"',"■"", }'?'" «" A>»1^' <ll'mv ,vi 1; 
 rn,^ ,"'"■'' ^i' -""'<"'»'. «>i Kngiisl, erni.s,.r 
 
 T'-/^^»;;'r P.^ts a.„l t.:rritJrie» cin,^!;:;:!',^ t!;;}; 
 
 Capt. Kilunarili'starts aii'ltaliaii tni.Iing cVnpallv' 
 liea.hiuaiuisat Jlapnloxo, rep,,,!,.,! ^. "/s',\' 
 Ueatli ol sir (i.-n,!,! I'ortal, c;.nsiil.g,.n,.n 1, 2, .Ja • 
 l,";"^',-™ '■'' ''J: ■^'■■- Arthnr liiMir^ Han H ,1; . K .j,.' 
 t, ? I,. finM ',"" '■""""'">•■" '"'ilury translVrre, 
 of Mr ', •,'•-'' "'"^'■'"iV'^i't'Ni'k'r ll,e,inri.s,licaion 
 01 Mr. (alt. Ml-) A. lianlinge, K.C.Jl.tJ. 1S97 
 
 Four slavers oaptn„.,I by II.M.H. ;;,„■,«,,„, an,'!'ihj 
 
 leraonsinipliiat,..! imprison,.,! ' «,,>. 
 
 Death of til,, snltan, ag,.,l ab.mt 40 ; Saiil Kh', |',V 
 
 amlTKi^:';" ';'"■'■ 'V"" l"-«-«^«.nof thepa a^; 
 anil pio'la, ins l,iii,s,.ii sultan . . •■= An./ 
 BntLsh nltiiMatuni, s,.,it by rear-n,liii. H,,;^,;, ^ 
 a.,,. ,onUir,in,,.||t b,.gan, 9 a.m. ; tiring ceas, 1^ 
 9.40 a.m ; sultan's ,.urv,.tte, (/Insnnw sunk • 
 
 em'n!v's^s1'''"'''''V''';'-^'"''''^f-'^'"''™''^'^i 
 ? "'"> r '".'■■'• I;' ''^v : th.' late sultan's brother. s„i, 
 
 sahr'i ,'1 hv" ,f ""■""■','■. l""^''"ii""l Millan,- a,„l 
 salirte,! by tli,. warships; looting, ic. in the 
 
 towu suppressed by the 13rili.h . ' 4 Aug 
 
 1894 
 
 ■895 
 1896 
 
 The »ii||„„ |„ fiiii ,„,,,,„.,| „|,| ,1 ,1,111,, 
 
 ..,t':"i^;;„i:;rii;;!;;'v,:;"!„r"- l-'-r 
 
 "":i;!„':;b^.;:!:':'"""'' ' "h-. ;.;'!;;• 
 
 "ooimeil""""" "'""■"' ""''■ '■'■'!' ''^ '•'•l-'^'!ii ' 
 
 9 .lull. 
 
 ZAKA, -iipitiil of Diiliimtin, 11 1{, nmn 
 
 iiiulcr .Viigiistiis It 
 
 I'l'vollcl I'l-oni Vnii, 
 
 col. .1,1 
 
 ■I' 1111,1 «„ 
 
 , ■: • ., ■' ' "" lioiii II' ,',. mil 
 
 • .', o|„r,..| IK X„v. ,2oi; u.iHn,.,.,.ss|,ii;v h" , „, 
 I hy lli.'lili'ksl5;2,|,;;; given „,, to .\„;,ri„, ,.:;,' 
 
 ZK ZOW. ZFKKK.S, for .,/..,/„„, ,,„,| „;„,„ 
 ' "" ''•'''■ - .«'"< ''''"MM,.! il, ,S,„tla,„l, anil « 
 ^ eoninionly wnlten for the h'tler ,/ so Into ,, , 
 I [-'''g-n of i|,„.ei, Marv, „|, u, «hi,'h p,.rio.l n, , '' 
 ; l"'okH 1,1 the .Seoltish hiiigii,.p. „■,.,■• nriiil 
 ; Kilinhnrghwilhthes,. wonls, 15,.,. '""""I'" 
 
 j ZEALAND, one of 111,. ,5 proviiiecH wj,,,, 
 
 ^Jf;^l..:l;L:S''?[;-^^''■';;,;!;;l;-,!^;'; 
 
 Milhnila OS. Cesar, 11, aiiiionining hii vi, irv 
 Hi'Mt his lamoMs . ...spat.Ii to the s,.inite of It,, „ ': 
 , ''"''''""nls: " ;, 'I,., iV,//, ,■,,■,.••_'. I, .11.10, I '■,,"' 
 j 1 eonniie,-,., (perhaps tli,. ,h„rt..st ihspat, h'.n 
 reeonl) IhiH hatfle ei„h.,| tin. „ar; Thar, „ 
 ••Henpeil into lh,so,.ni,s, wl,,,-,. he »as shiili I I 
 lii'iitoiiaiit, .Asani'li.r; I'ontiis was mail,. ', | ,' , ' 
 
 K;;a!;n;«;4r'i.c:"""''" «-^-^" •" ^"-'-""-i 
 
 ZELL (Hanover), sec Tlmmnrk, 1772. 
 
 ZEaiSTVOS, loral ioprosi.nti,tiv(. muiniN 'r, 
 Ku^^sia estabhslu-U by Ale.xaniler II., 1S55 81. 
 
 ZEND-AVE.STA, nneient sa,reil liook» of il.,. 
 
 lip "f these hooks i.s niinli ilispiit,,!. iv„f, , 
 Max MuHer says that the .MS.S. li'ml b..,.,i pre.-l ,, 
 h\ the I>ars(.,. priests al liombav, «h,.r,. a ,„i„,,, 
 of fire-worshippers hail Hr,| i,,' |||,, „„1, ,.,,,„„ ' 
 .Vniiiietil Diiperron's I.'i...,i,.h transhition, f ' 
 nioJern Persian v,.rsion, was ,,ul,lisl,e,l n .-V 
 .•iliti.,11 by Eugene Hiirnouf, I's^,,-.;. \ v':!: 
 ranshition was imblislieil bv prof. .lamos lb,,,, .' 
 eei-,proe.sorofZen,l, in l-aris; he ,li,.,l „,,,:, 
 I«'M. "S<'<1 4.S. Z<'nil, a langna;;,. akin to SaiisL, , 
 ;.mte Afghan tongue, has\er,i stiulie.l h- l' 
 ana other philologiat,s. ■ " 
 
 ZEXO »r ZexoX, sec Stairs. 
 
 ZENOBIA, Quceu of the East, see I',ihi;in,. 
 
 u-w?'')^^.' "' """?■"•>•, the .scene of a li,i:ile 
 
 the Turks n Se,,t. l(«,7. this vietorv u',1 b, 1, 
 peace of Carlowitz, ratified Jaiuiarv, I'Uv) 
 
 ZETETTCAL SOCIETY, ■establish.,! i„ 
 lf^,», to alloi',1 opportunities b.r the unrest, i,t..l 
 discnssK,n of n variety of iiuesti..ns. 
 
 ZETUXIUM. After ilefealiii-Samu,-! kin-.f 
 liulgaria here, 2()Ju]v, I014, the,.,,,,,,.,.,,,. ).,,„i 1, 
 b MHleil his i5,c»o prisoners, ex, , pt on,. i„ „ ;„;„: 
 .lu< to whom he left one e)e. The kiii;^ .lieJ ,f 
 
 I ZHOB VALLEY, sec lithochintun 
 ZIDOX, sec Sido,,. 
 
 . ZINC. The ..I'O of zinc, ealaniine or .spilliT 
 kuowii to the Creeks, who used il in the muiiuluc.' 
 
ZINC. 
 
 (■•ml mill til.. Iliili-li ; II,.. 
 
 iiinl ..\..nili\,- .|,.|.iirtpm.|i(H 
 ..nil.. I . . . fi,,.,! 
 liiilUI, tiil,ni „i'i liiiiiiil II,,'. ' ' 
 
 '.I • • • ■ 3 (let. „ 
 
 Itll C'I.||||H.||H||||||||, |,y III,, " 
 
 • , .■ , • , ■ f'AiMll, , . 
 
 I" lllllniliic,.,|, l.y ,„,|„|.^ |„ 
 
 f I'liIiMiiliii, II II, iiiiin ,..,i„,, 
 rc'vi.||,.,| (riiiii V,.,ii,|. ail, I „' 
 1202; llllKllnTHslllKy lir»i, .-,',, 
 
 177! Kivcii ii|i tij Aiistriii, i-],| 
 
 !1<KS, fur V, //««, iinil iimi,-, 
 liiMiiil in ,Si„i|||,„|, |„„| ^^ 
 ir tilt' IctliT ./ w, liit,, 1,^ ,1'^^ 
 
 V, ll|l tl) Wlliili |,M-i,ii| I,,,,,,, 
 •ll lllllKII.'Kl' WCT|. |ll-ill|,,| ',' 
 
 • wnrdH, 1^1 J. 
 
 iif tho 15 iin.viiircn whMi 
 Utrcclil, I5;,j; «,.,. U„llu,.l, 
 
 1 ^liimr, wliM-,. .Julius ( ;, , 
 
 .l>"ltf I'l' I'olltllH, S..II 
 
 in nniiiiiiiiiiii^' Iiih vi.i,,, 
 
 till to tllC Mlllllt. Ill' l{,i|,|,, 
 
 liili, ,in,"~-' I iMinr, I ,;',, 
 \>n tlir nhorlisl (li'M|iiii|.|| , 
 ciiilc'il the Hiir; I'liiinm, 
 <, will IT III' wiis Nliiin 1,, 1^ 
 ri.ntiis wiH 111, III,. „ ||,:,||, 
 ■us givfii t.i ilitliniliui,'.| 
 
 sec T)(nmafh-, 1772. 
 
 Ill r('])n'.-i'iitalivi' riiiiiiiil< 7, 
 Ak'.xiiiKler 11,, i,S55 (ji. 
 
 , nnricnt wiirrd bnnkH i.r ii, 
 out nf 21 iirf cxlaiil, ']l', 
 
 niiuli ilis|iiit|.||. |'r„(, „, 
 till' MS.S. liiid |„.,.,| |,ri.-iii,,| 
 lit lliiiiiliiiy, wliri-i. a 1 nl,,M 
 1(1 lli'il ill 111,, mill ,.|.|||„|V 
 
 FiTiiili ti-iiiislatiiiii, rri.iii'. 
 m, wii.H jiiilili.^licd in |-|! 
 iinimif, i.S2i,.4 5, -^ I-'im'i.i.' 
 
 llCll llV |lll,f. .Illliics Dili,,,,. 
 
 1, ill I'lu-is; ll,. ill,.,! I,, II,, 
 I laiiRiiii-c iiliiii t,, Siiii«ki;t 
 ', has bucii tliiiliiil by ri.j.j. 
 
 si>c Stoics, 
 
 of tlie EiKsf, sec ralii.inu. 
 
 :iry, flip .si.(.ne i.f a Im't;,. 
 ilci' nriiii'f Kii;r,.iii., ,lrC,;,,,,| 
 7. J'liirt viiti.n li'il til till. 
 ilifil JiilHKii-y, |(„)i). 
 
 )CIETY, r.<talili.sli,,l in 
 iiiilics (ill- tlie iiiiR'.stiiii.,! 
 jf (liii'i5ti..iis. 
 
 ti'r(k'(|.aljiiir,Saiiiii,.l l;iii...,( 
 1014, tlirii!i|iir.,r iiaMi II, 
 iicrs, c.Miiil 1,11,. ill ;i ;,i;„. 
 one v)v. Thi. liiii- iliid ,i 
 
 , see lliluochialnii. 
 
 zino, ciilaiiiiiii. or sjuliir, 
 lio usod it ill tlie niaiiuluc- 
 
 ZION'IMT CUNUi{i;.ss. 
 
 121: 
 
 n";.;;': - nii'i':."' : V; 'r; i- •<— i^. 
 -Hv,....:,,;,,:,i.:;,i';^;;\,l:>,,^:'^:;-;-- 
 
 i;:n.f;'(,iiJ';;r''l-:;../v-f-;:\,|o' 
 
 III •Jill' '■^Miif(l\ \\ 1-* lilt I'niMif'Kil 111 
 
 1,1.111011 ,1,1,1, i> i.i„.|-i.,ii„Ki',.,;i„ ,,,,„' ;, ;. 
 
 hiiKlanil, ,1, i,si;; „,„ /,„/„„,,;,„ /i,,,' ,' ' 
 
 Z()l-AVK,S. 
 
 ,. ■ ■, ..•ii'.», 111 u in llliii ll 'll ,, 
 
 nmn.;ln,t,ir,.,)iaH„,-..u,|^.i,,,,,,,,,,,a ;',:•' 
 wu Jliiilijztnnii/iiijiliy, '"ll ^1 
 
 7IMi' . .11 ■' . . .. ... 
 
 ZINC 01.IAI.NK1, IN IllK ISITKI. KlKiilil.M. 
 
 if?!. 
 IBlfu. 
 
 i-iJ. 
 
 l-t,n. 
 I w'l. 
 
 (..III., 
 7.1'.J 
 
 I'l, I j.i 
 
 Id,, ma 
 
 g,jB.( 
 7.11 
 
 fnhlf, 
 
 I>).544'. 
 a!ifi,7i,,/. 
 14'Mixj/. 
 "yi.45S'. 
 
 Iaj,,i4../. 
 
 ZIOXI.ST CDXOUKiS.S. tiMin|,ii|.i. i- .,i,„ 
 
 I'V |.|iidii„o inmi li.iki.v will,',, yi„, , ,,„ ,1 X^ 
 
 lll^t till-' JoWH III III,. 1 „),. 1_„ , ' .','''"''• 
 
 di.u^,.teKpi.i.,..,iu,,..ii,,,,^,,,,Vi;.;,,.^ ,.;'.-; 
 
 lil'lltH. OlU'lliii 1,1 I.IK.I •.,, I.... „ _ I'O'll.I'llXl- 
 
 "J7; iiKiiin 2« 
 
 lil'lltH. 01„.||,.,1 1,1 J),,^,.! ^ ' . 
 
 Aug. l8ij«. ' ' *» 
 
 Till' Cliovi'vi Ziiiii iissocliitlnii of Eliulai,,! yiu 
 
 ziKcoxipr, tho iiiHaiii,. u,s,,:(2Muu 
 
 Zir, 0,11,1, wlii..|, «„,, .li.,,„,,,.,,| ,„ Ka lit 
 I7«V; troiii tins UnvWuis obtain,, i t . 1 1 
 
 824. /lironia IS Iniiiiil in ,|„. ,„„j „,. „,,, >", ! 
 
 ;:'Sr. ^'"■"^••'"^•■^'»'-"'twioniio.';:bi:i;k 
 
 ZIZYPHUS VULOAULS. A slmib brought 
 friiin the smith of Kiim,,,. ,|,„„t ,„' '""X 
 l,z:,phm I'ahunfs Hliiub' (Clirisfa Tl.o n) waa 
 brought ln,m Alr.n, betor,, 151/.; see Ftou'L 
 
 ZODIAC. Its 0hli,|l,i|y yy„3 aisii.ycred. its 
 w;v^, ».Kns name,! aii,t thJ.ir situations s^n' 
 till 111 hvAiiaxiinaii.lc.i-, about SU) n.i;. Tli,' Ui ."li" 
 
 s; r ';:;: '^''''''n '■'' "'r""i""' ''■"'" 'i- 1''^-' -' 
 
 IT." . ,- ;""' '^'"'""■"1 lir,ht ivas ohsiTVeil 
 by lyi'ho Dnihe, Oe.,curtea, and other., aiul n a iie 
 
 giui to the tieriiian eoiiiimr, a uui,in, iiro- 
 Ji'cteil by 'russui i.Siy, a„d Kn.,lualK joii ,..|' lu. 
 
 mi I ii n^-\ "," "''l'"'"«'>t.ti-eaty of ,o„iiia.ree ami 
 i.iMjfUtiiin, betwe,.|i Austria ami Prussia, to last , 
 roai Jan. 1854 to l),,.. iW.j, ^vas »iKii,.d, to wh 1 
 lie.otlior states of the Zollverein p.ve ii th,.ir | 
 lewon on 5 Aim., ..Ss,. l„ ,x„t, ,,s,„, ', ,'-| 
 threatened to witlulraw ,i,il,.ss ,■, itaii ,1, 1 11.',' 
 were niade. Ity the t.vaty of 8 J.ilv, 8, b,. 
 twoen the North German •eiinf,.diiutr„n, and he 
 -loliern »tate.s ( iuyaria, \Vu,te,iib|.|-., |! .d,. ,1 
 !.■-.■), various elianjj,.s w,.,-,. ,i,a,l,., "i,„| by ,t "r 
 realties m^ned ,11 Get. these .states a.^v..,! to .s 'iu 
 I deftntes to n eusloms i„irlianient to be held at 
 tori >,. A session „f this ,,arliani,.i,t was 1 ., .J . 
 
 !S«'rlo2,2'M"''' "' '5«-35.c«o/.; exports, j 
 
 . ZOOLOGY (from zoi'tii, r.i-rel- Tnr ..,ii.,-.,iv jr ' 
 1;.,; dnision of budo^fy wi,i,l, treats ,.|'"aii'i,','ui'ls • 
 An^tutle 322-284 ...C.J the foumhr of tlic s " i.] 
 b.^stemsol elassihcutiou Lave beeu made by JoLu 
 
 ''"> ,'''2«-l7".S). C'liiirl.., I.iiiiiit (,;„-..S), a, 
 lliiilon (i7n7-««), luid (i,.„ri:,. Ci.si,,-,!'-!',,.',?/ j) 
 
 /.(ll.,...,Mi|ivM..,| llir ii,l,i,„| kl||,;.|„in ii,l.,',|, ,.|„, ,„. 
 
 tii; ; ;';;';,t': "."'"•v"','"""; "'i "'"""'" 'i""MVki,, 
 
 1 1 iiL I.'/ '■ '!''''■ •''■''■'"'-'• "1- uiiiiihiiiii.i* 
 
 wiliiiis.'i,,';'"' '"''^■•' '""■'•'• ""■•'■'» ;V.,„,M, 
 
 liivlii- t,||i.,(,,i |.,,H,, ,,M,iv, iSiA hi bU i,.p.„| ,v.,r), 
 '.i/ii, , ,ii„„i;, |,al,llsh.,( ll, ,y„,, .iisiriiiiiti.i II.. 
 "u "liib. Ii.l" (•..ni-Kiviii ,|iv,si„i„, n,. C. ,;.;,„, k 
 l|0|e.|); l|„. J/„//„„„ „„,■,. |i,.,|, I ',,; ,., .'^ 
 
 i''it';!ii'.'.v '" " ■"'""'"" '•"" '"■«"'"• '""i-*-^ i'"»"a 
 
 111 iHv;. linir..ss,,r Oion ni.iili' known n svHti.n, ..t 
 
 ;',f,'i';,"i';.T.r!,i;iV"'"'" '""■'" '■'i"'Kt"ti.:".:.'.„;'' 
 
 n;Hi,,iy..,,i,,,,.,i^,yli,^;;;;:;,:',,?;ii::;;,;,,';-^;'V-- 
 
 Aplll, .8.7: the H,„.l,.(y „-,.s ,.|i,il|,.,v,l ., ' ,|,,lr 
 It.,;, au;. iiiuniah in lb,. >;,iM,.|,s, ,, 1,;,. ,«,, • 
 "lioiit ,„, Hiilnii.l, fnin, In.lia nlwn l.v lb . ,rli ,' .r 
 MaleH, .\l,„, ,8;, ,,,s, „i„i„„k, ,, „„.. .sg,'/" ,„ ,'' 
 
 J^pb;;^^rr;l;-;.'--.,-.,.K.,o3^.:,..3« 
 
 N,iv ,■,.,„,,, i,.„s,.„,„. I, f, AiiK.'.aeV. '•'*"'• 
 
 Ui tlie il,-ni..lit,i,„ „f |.;„.,,.r ■(•!,,, ,^,„, |„ g „ 
 iniMianiTl,. „r .Mr i'|.,,ss ,v,is li.|i.|.,„,inK „| „,T'i'„ 
 
 Ku.«s M-wH, w,„.i„... it ,v,.» '„.iii,',;':.;l\ :" r.'„' s I ." 
 
 /ooloKliul tilir.l,.|is, ,s,2. ..iiuiy 
 
 Tlio i!oo;o.ilnil ll,ir,i,.ns „f |)i,|,|ii, „.(.|v n|„.|„.,l ,0,, 
 /.". !.:/.,•„( .S^,;,„,, r.,r stiiily, i,|„.|, |„ ,|,'„ I,;, I,, ';.„,„. 
 
 W,ii„lnv,.iri, ■(li,tl,.,ly K,||||,„|,|„') ^,,.,,,,1 ,.„i|„,,,|,„| „,. 
 
 H:''r;:::;:',-;;i;\^^3oJi.iy,,^.,. ...,„«b/V;Mr! 
 
 Jlr. (Jlmrlfs .biiiiriK li, wlm i,iirp..,.,b.,l 1,1, f„thpr nn 
 eM,in,.|it in.iKiiterof wll.l iininmis, „1,„.|, b„ "ui.i'.li".? 
 
 6 si;:;: ^:f ^■™' """"-■''■ "■"' ""'"»K.Miei:vi^!! ;;!;:;; 
 
 Iiiterii„ti.,ii,ilzo„|,,m,.„,,.„„^ri.ss,.s, |.„ris, i"?,; Moseoiv. 
 
 "" j'?oiwi;,,'i;r'^""""""' '•"■'^'' ""J ''™«"-'-.- 
 
 ZOOPKAXI.SCOPE, optiial appariitus in- 
 venid by Mr Kailwear.l J. .Miiiliriiiy,. to e.xhibit 
 pliotottrnphsof iiii.viiisaniinnl.s, about 1S81. 
 rii,Mi|,|,aralus«as su,.|.|.ssriily ,.|ii|,l,„ , ,,1 m„, n,,..„i 
 
 .iiMilutiondn lb,. ,.n.s,.,i,.|.;.|tli; ,,i 'f -.i,, "T 
 
 Mi.ieb ,88.. anil aKain in .M„,,.|, :,|„, ,„,, ,b\" 7,, - 
 
 Ills Kieat work ,.1, tlie siil,j,.,.i «„s piibli^li,.,! in ,£^7.9 
 
 f„iMi,¥P*^*"?.^' „'''■"""'"• "•'"■'■" " ''^'"l-' ^va» 
 >uf,'ht between the I'nissian and Kiissian i.nnies • 
 the (orim.r, eoinnianiUd by the kiii- ,.f Prussia 
 obtained a vn'tory over tli|. furies i.f the e/arinii. 
 wliose loss aniouiitod to 21,^2,) men, while tha{ 
 ol^ the I'russiuns was ubout "u,ouo : 25, 26 Aug. 
 
 ZOrAVES .\\T.FooT CirAssEfiis. -n-herr 
 
 he Irenili ,...t;,bl,shed a re.'eii,.y at .UKi,.rs. in 
 I8?0, thi'V hopnl tohndthe eiiiploMiinit „f native 
 troops adyanta-eoii.s, and srl,.i.ted "the /,mmu<iH a. 
 eoiitrri-ation of dari.i- Arab tiihi's. In time 
 numbers of red republiians, ami oHut <,ithusiastic 
 Irenehmen, jmneil tlir ri-iiiiiiits, ,i,b.ptinK tho 
 enstume, \-|. : eventually tl,,. AlVi.vii,. disappeared 
 tr.iiii the ranks, and no more weiv aili||.il. Amnn" 
 tliiir eolonels wi're I,anioriii,.r,. ami Cavni-mii" 
 llie freneh /ouaves formed an important part of 
 the army in the C'liiiiean war, 1.S54-J.* 
 
 i„t , t r ', '"'^'•""»'*""> "I'd dii'.l m-re iiifrodueta 
 to tlie f,,b.,,,i „|.„iy |„ tl,,. j;,.,.„t ,.ivii war in Aiiierieii, 
 bj Ki.liniini K. J-.lbswortli, ,.arly in ,sii. He was 
 assas.s„i„t,.,l ,,„ ,,, .M„y ,,,„„, ^,,,,„ ,,( AiexmiUriu, ust 
 alter taking down a sece.«loii Hag. | 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 • 
 
 r 
 
 ll. 
 
 ;■ 
 
 .Am 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 It^^^^I 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
ZUG. 
 
 1218 
 
 ZULULAND. 
 
 ZUG, t)io sniiillcst ciiiifon of Switzi'rliiml, joiriMl 
 theconfcdciiiti'in, I ^52, aiul tlic Soiulcrbuiid, 184O. 
 rnpiilatioii, I.HS.S, 2^,029. 
 Many piTSdiis Killcl hy iiM nf ,-il)(.ul 27 lionsps into 
 
 the lakiMiriliMii'Vii .... 5-7 .Inly, 1387 
 
 ZIJIDER ZEE. or ,SorTn Ska. a frulf in 
 
 tlic Nctlu'i'liiiicls, foniiirly a lake, iiiiitcd with tlic 
 North St-a hy imiiidatioiia in tlic twcllth and 
 tliii'li'cntli ci'iitinics. In hS;^, tlic Dutch cliamhci- 
 voted f),5oo,0<XJ/. til reclaim the siilmicrfjcd land hv 
 dridnanc, and to erect a dyke, 26 feet lii};h above 
 the water, and 2^ miles rung-; thus adding 759 
 square miles t.i the country. The Diitcli Texel 
 fleet here surreiidercd to adn'iiral Mitcliell, ^o Au;r. 
 1799. A royal commission, appointed Sep't. 1892, 
 endorse the jiroposals for reclaimin;; land from the 
 sen, (See., set forth in the report of tlie Zuider Zee 
 ;issociation ; announced Aug. 189.1. 
 
 ZUINGLIANS, or Zwiuslians, the followers 
 of the reformer, I'lric Zninnli. who at Zurich 
 deolaimed against the clinrch of Itonie, and effected 
 the same separation for Switzerland from tlie jiapal 
 dominion which Luther did for Saxony. He pro- 
 cured two assenililies to be called; by the fir.st he 
 was authnrised to proceed, bv the second, tlie 
 ♦■eremonies of tlie Honiish church were abolished 
 li;i9-. Zuink'li died in arms, licin;;; slain in a 
 sfeirmisli against his popish opponents, 11 Oct. 1551. 
 The Zuinjrlians were also called Sacramentariaiis. 
 
 Here tlie Unssiana, 
 feated the I'russians 
 
 ZULLICHAU (Prussia) 
 under Scdtikow, scvendy di 
 under Wedel, 25, Inly, 1759. 
 
 ZULPICH, see To/Oific. 
 
 ZULU CETJBATE MILITARY SYS- 
 TEM, founded by (Jodongwana, conlirmed by 
 (Jhaka and Dinjraan ; completed by C'etywayo. 
 
 ZULULAXD, South-east Africa ; capital, 
 lOsliowe ; near the lirilisb colonv. Natal, to wliicli 
 it has been annexed. In the last century, tlie Zulus 
 were a peaceful pastoral people. 
 
 Oi'diiiigwan,',, a cliicf, (termed Iliiigiswnvo, " tlic 
 Wniulcrcr," Inoii his early lilc,) hcHaii :i military 
 orgiiiiisatidii by Inniiiiin'a ccliliatc army; killcil 
 ill battlcaiid siiccccilcd by liis vifi.mms .■liid iiicriM- 
 Icss ally, Cliaka, styled kill);, by wlmiii Zulu 
 suiHTiiiacy was iiiiiiiily established over the Fin- 
 goes and mhcr tiibcs abiiiit 
 
 Cliaka iissassiiiativl : succeeded by jiis brother llin- 
 gaan, ciiilty, nvarhcnuis, and cruel; at first 
 friendly with the liritish at Natal (i/'/i»7i sei) ; 
 made treiity with capt. .Mien (iardiner, 6 Mav, 
 Massacres Itetief, 70 liocrs, iind their scrvan'ts 
 (who had reeovi'ied his stiileii entile), 2 Keli., and 
 abont 600 afterwards; defeats the Ijriti.sh and 
 Hutch in sevi'ial eneoiinters ; liut is .scverelv 
 biMteii liy .\iidries I'retoriiis . . . Dee. 
 ningiuin apiin dele.ifeil ; killed by one ofhiscliiel's ; 
 succeeded by his lirutlier Uinpanda, peaceful and 
 crafty ; who keeps peace with the Knglisli and 
 
 l>utcli ,8.,o, et SC7, 
 
 C'etywayo (iironoimced Ketehwiivo) liis eldest s 
 
 kills his lirothers ; sneceedsat his father'sdeath ; 
 
 organizes still further his army, named by Freru 
 
 "the eeliliate man-slaying war-machine" . Oct. 
 
 Recognized on lielialf of the British liy Mr. !She]i. 
 
 stone; crowned i Wejit. 
 
 Opposes inissiuiiarics ; organizes armed resistance 
 to the liritish ; when remonstrated with for out- 
 rages, delies them 
 
 air Bartle Frere, governor of the Cape, requests 
 help from Kngland ; 90th regiment and a battery 
 
 sent Jan. 
 
 Cetywayo refuses to give up leaders of a raid on 
 
 British ti'rritory (in July); and tenders a line; sir 
 
 Bartle Fiere, demands, us an ultimatum their 
 
 surremlerwitliin 30 days . . . . Dee. 
 
 The time (extended) having elapsed, 11 Jan., the 
 
 181 
 
 ■835 
 
 S.,8 
 
 1872 
 ■ 873 
 
 1876 
 
 1878 
 
 British, under lord Chelmsford, cross the Tiigela 
 and enter Ziilnlanil .... 12 Jan. iS 
 
 Col. I'lMisdii defeats the Zulus and advances l,'i 
 Kcliowe (which he r.prtiliesj . . 21 Jan 
 
 Brilish c.iniijat I.s.iniliila iir is.uidlw.ui.i, ab.iut 10 ' 
 miles frmii Koike's Uiilt (mi the Tiigela), sur- 
 I>risi'd and attackeil by almiit i5,ixxjZiiiiis; 5 com- 
 jianies of the 24111 ivi,'iiiii.iit, and maiiv ii,-itives 
 killeil; with cnls. Diirnlbnl aial riill'eine, .'inil 
 (ilhcr .illlecis; total loss about 8(7; 2000 Zulus 
 said to have been liilN^il; (lieiits. Melville and 
 Coghill perished while ineserviiig the colours) 
 ' , , . , 22 Jan. ,. 
 
 fiorkes Drift severely attacked; siiccessfiilly de- 
 ieiided by lieuls. Chard and Hr head 22 Jan. , 
 
 Zulus .itlack Inkaiiyaiia ; defeated by enl. Kvelyn 
 
 , ^^'",id 24 Jan. .. 
 
 liiiiiloi'ceineiits rcipiested ; troojis r.-ipidlv sent off 
 from Kiiglaad .... 19 Feb. cl kc<i. „ 
 ; Prince l.cius N.ipcde.ni ie(piesting to jciin the 
 ! British, peniiitted tu gii as a guest ; sails 27 Feb. ,, 
 
 Arrival nfihe 7»W((r with 8c» men, (tc, at I'ieter- 
 .Marifzbnrg ,, J|„|.,.h, „ 
 
 Biilisli ciiiiviiy near Itumfii river cut to pieces by 
 Zulus ; waggons and stores captured ; capt. 
 David -Moriaily killed . . . . 12 March, 
 
 Cefyw.-iyo's brother Ohaiii, with 6rx) men, loins the 
 British ; aniiiainccd . . . .18 .March. 
 
 Col. Kvidyii Wood attaidis the Zulus on the ZIobaiii 
 nioiintaiiis ; sullers much loss, 28 .March ; gains 
 \"ielory at Kaiidnila . . . .20 March 
 
 British advance to relieve Fcliowe . 29 .Mareli| ','. 
 
 Zulus ib'fciteil at (iingliilovo . . .2 A]U'il, ]'. 
 
 Col. I'carson niarches out of Kehowe . 2. 3 April] 
 
 Sir O.iiiiel Wolseley appointed cianniander-iii-chief, 
 govcrnca- of Natal, \c., .sails for the C.-ii.e Mav, 
 
 British total loss ; 1180 killed; So died ofiliscase; ' 
 
 I aiuiounced 27 .May, 
 
 j Cety*-ayo .saiil to have suppressed an insiiriectio'n', 
 and retired to liis kraal (or village) at Clundi, 
 
 ! Reconnoitring party, under capt. J. Brcnlon 
 Carey, on Imbabani, near the .Mozani river, sur- 
 prised ; prince I,ouis Napoleon (acting as 1 1- 
 
 niander) killed i June, ,. 
 
 L'ltim.afiiiii sent to C'etywayo, reipiiriiig restitution 
 ofeanniai, ami totaf submission; iinie expired, 
 
 12 .lune, ,, 
 .Sir (J. Wolseley arrives at the Cape . 23 June, 
 
 Stallord House South African aid comniittee formed] 
 „ , , June, „ 
 
 Zulu raid on cattle ; which are recovered 25 June, „ 
 Sir Uariiet Wolseley sworn in as high ccaimiissioner 
 
 at Pietermaritzburg , . . 28 or 29 June, „ 
 Cetywuyo totiilly defeated at Uluiidi (irliirli see), 
 
 Sir G. Wolseley receives chiefs . 12 Julv, iV ,<.'.,! '.[ 
 Lord Chelmsfbid resigns . . . , ':5 ,lulv, 
 Sentence upon capt. Carey, respecting death of 
 
 prince Na]i(deon, ipiashed . . .22 .\iig. ,, 
 Pursuit of Cetywayo : ca|itured liv naijor Biehaid 
 
 ^birfc'r 28 Aug. „ 
 
 lleetiiig of SirG. Wolseley with Zulu chief's ; .settle- 
 ment by treaty ; Zulnland to be divided into 13 
 inih-pcndent districts ; John Dunn to be a chief ; 
 lands reserved for the British ; British residents 
 ill each district (to be eyes and ear.s); celibate 
 military .system alioli.shed ; no arms to be ini- 
 IHirted ; ancient laws and liberties retained; 
 I John Dunn, 20 years in Zululand; eonfornied *o 
 
 Zulu ways] , s,,,,t. „ 
 
 SirG. Wolseley's despatch, announcing end of the 
 
 war, dated ^ Seiit. 
 
 Cetywayo arrives at Cape Town . . 15 Sept. ,, 
 His iietitiou to the (iueeii for restitution declined, 
 
 afjout II Julv, iS3i 
 John Dunn energetically subdues a revolting chief 
 
 about 30 Julv, „ 
 Cost of Zulu war, 4,922,141/. 
 Sir F^velyn Wood visits Zululand and makes ini- 
 
 liortttiit (diHiiges Meiit. „ 
 
 Ueported tlgbtiiig among the eliiefs . . Nov. ,, 
 The country reported quica bv Joliii Dunn . Dec. „ 
 Cetywayo lands at Flymoutli and proceeds U: 
 
 I'ondon 3 Aug. 1882 
 
 Visited Mr. Gladstone 9 Aug. ; received by tlie 
 
 Queen, 14 Aug. ; by the prince of Wales 16 Aug. 
 
 His restoration to part of his kiogdom with rostric- 
 
LULAND. 
 
 zSr> 
 
 leliiisford, cross tlio TiiKrla 
 . 12. Jan. 
 
 Znlii.-i and ailviiini's In 
 filics) . . 2, .Iiiii. 
 :l 111- I.s,-Iliill»;ui;i, ali.illl lo 
 Milt (nil tlii' Tllj.'rl,'0, Slir- 
 I'lliimt i5,txKjZuliis : 5 cimi- 
 liini.'iit, anil iiiiiny natives 
 inirmil anil rnll'i'lui', .inil 
 iss aliiiut 8i7 ; :.'ooo Znlns 
 li'il; (liiMits. Jli'lvilli. ami 
 ljri'Si'i'\ing llii' ciiluurs) 
 
 22 .Jan. 
 ittacki'il ; sniTi'ssl'nlly ili^ 
 
 1 anil lii'onihi'ad 22 Jan. 
 1 ; liulVatial liy ml. Kvi'lvii 
 
 . 24 .Ian. 
 
 il ; tmniw r.iiiiilly si'ut olf 
 
 . 19 Ki'li. (7 .It'/. 
 
 I iviinrstiiifi In jiiin the 
 
 II as a gni'st ; sails 27 Fi.O). 
 h 800 nii'ii, Ari'., at Tiiter- 
 
 . II Mai'i-li, 
 
 ilii river cnt tn iiirac's by 
 
 sturi's caiituri'il ; rapt. 
 
 . 12 Maii'li, 
 
 1, with 600 men, joins tho 
 
 . iSMari'h. 
 
 stht' Zulus on tin' Zlnliani 
 
 ell lews, 28 .March ; yains 
 
 . 29 .March, 
 
 ■ Kcliinve . 29 .March, 
 
 1"V 2 .Xjiril, 
 
 : lit Kchoive . 2. i April, 
 iiitcil cninniainlcr-ih-chicl', 
 .sails fur the Oipc .May, 
 ilk'il ; So ilicil of iliscasc ; 
 . 27 .May, 
 [iprcsscil all insiirrcctinn, 
 al (or vilhige) at L'hiiuli, 
 .May, 
 mder capt. J. lircntou 
 ■ar the Mozaiii river, .siir- 
 saiioleou (acting as emn- 
 
 .June, 
 
 ayii, reiiuiriiii; rcstitntimi 
 ulinii.ssiiiu ; linic expired, 
 12 .June, 
 the Cape. . 23 Jinie, 
 fail aid couimittee lornied, 
 .June, 
 ■li are recovered 25 June, 
 1 in as Iiigli coniinissioner 
 
 . 28 or 29 June, , 
 d at Uluudi (icAii7i .see), 
 
 4 ''"l.'i'i . 
 liiefs . 12 July, it .sk,. , 
 
 • '5 'Inly, . 
 ■ey, respecting death of 
 fd . , . 22 .\ug. , 
 itiired liy major Itichard 
 
 . 23 .\u„-. , 
 ■with Zulu chiel's ; settle- 
 lid to lie divided into 15 
 lolin Uuun to he a cliief ; 
 iritish ; british resident.s 
 Jye.s and ear.s); celihate 
 led ; no arms to he inl- 
 and liliertics retained; 
 Zuhiland; conforined to 
 
 . I Wejit. ,, 
 1, aiinoimcing end of tlie 
 
 . . . sSejit. „ 
 finvn . . 15 Sept. ,, 
 
 for restitution declined, 
 
 aliont II July, iS; 
 iihdueg a revolting chief 
 
 about 30 Julv, ,, 
 
 Eululand and makes iin- 
 
 . Sept. „ 
 he (diiefs . . Nov, ,, 
 t hy John Dunn . Dec. ,, 
 oiith and prneceds to 
 
 . 3 Aug. i83 
 Aug. ; re(;eived by the 
 prince of Wales 16 Aug. 
 lis kingdom with rcstric- 
 
 ZULULAXl). 
 
 12W 
 
 sa;!;rfi5::';™;;;^^;^i,;:;;:^''-''^^''K"veriiii,eiT7;;7^ \ 
 
 ^■';;!"«--^ .'.Ih'ieniiiiricspre^i ■,:.t':]l- "'' I 
 
 way. .s return, aiiiii.u.ieed ' " ,,'■ 
 
 "v^ii^r "■^"" -'■•"'■" ^ I" 'ii-.' ;d •• ; 
 
 htruggle between LVtywayo-aiidi.hieti,, aniin;^;!;'!;! '''"' 1 
 
 ''h^::a;;,;:;;^::::i'''^-'''-""''''"-'--vi?ii''avy •• ; 
 
 Mr. Fyiin, imn.l. .csident, resigi.;, am::,'':;;! " I 
 
 "!p;-?a;i,rs;;';-<i:Ui^„i; ''•'--":;>■;,;?" ' 
 
 's;;^,.'r;!^t: ani-'i-v'^^ ''•'■'' ''^^ -'™ " 
 
 Cetywayo surrenders to Mr. iUhnvu. ami i^u!'!:;, " 
 to Durban, about ,5 (let. ; M l-kowe 'v , 
 
 neieatsoffsibi.p,,,,;,,,,,,,:,!:^^""^ -5^; .• .. 
 
 i-liKht, and recapture of c'efvwivo \, " 
 
 Ziliedu defeats Usutiis ^'*-"'''.^" •, , =7, =3 Jan. ,6^4 
 
 CVtywayo dies of heart disease ' '"" 's 'i ;'.',',• " 
 
 Much warfare . .■, ,''''■ " 
 
 JMi,i.ul„, son of Cetywayo; ..rowiieii k ue- by n' J " 
 
 i5;;;:^.;-!:;7;;^,dLs°s^n:ri,n;;iiS 
 
 A Boer republic established ; Joubert,' pre.sjdent " 
 
 British flag hoisted at St. Lucia's bay n,'.?'- " 
 
 Quietness in Zuhiland reported. ^ " ' ,. -.Vo. 
 
 ''';;i;r'-;|7'''"''"fZ"l"land(oXat.Idcolind 
 
 I ■;■; 1' in. d'hv' ;■';''''■■■'''■ "r "■« 2""> »"'•'■'- 
 
 lies pi.inncii liy gDverninent v,,,. 
 
 Agreenient with the l!„er republic announced-, " 
 Aim«,-,tii,n of Ziiluland as a Ilritish possj'sil;',;;'. " 
 
 ;'-if;;Sa[,l;;r/;:;^'^^-'""^ '^ f"; „ 
 
 T,..ubles_with l.i„i.„lii atinonnced ; Nin' -"'hi' "''' 
 
 /H;;;s!''^^v:;i;;;;r;i;i',^i^r-;3''^;^'?'i:;:iK; 
 
 rein.statcd in his lands ^ ' ^'"Ij'^I'" 
 
 "i^r':!;;:;^,,;;':!;^^;;;' 'y "- >™"- -i ^^py " 
 
 ZuluijeUds under Ishingana ^efeaied aWera^^!:;;; '''' 
 
 Hebcllioniif DinizuUi announced ■ ' ,rillrv' " 
 Simikeli, the rebel chief, surrenders ; annoin'e,:,! " 
 
 "nmenr''''''''''''''''''"''''''^f""'''T'^"^ " i 
 Surrenderof Undabuko, igSept; Ids ti'ial S " ! 
 
 Isliiiigana, rebel chief, surrenders 7,\v','v' " ' 
 
 Trial of Undabuko and Sonikdi for tre.ason, t.ega,; " 
 
 piiiizuln surrenders to the IJriti.sh . "' v!Iv' " 
 
 '';t^''t;;ar'""'''""^-"'-™-»''-"'"''"%'^r - 
 
 Several chiefs convicted of high treason ami " 
 .sentenced to iniprisonnient for five yea s Dec 
 
 vear ■ f"'M",'!"' '" *"" >-™'»'. Undab ko'tn "5 " 
 years, ami Ishingana to .2 years' imprisoninent, 
 
 27 April, iB89 
 
 ZWITT.A ij. 
 
 ''TZ.!^r': - ' "^•"- •--.--Jo '^'° 
 
 (ieiieraltraiiipiillityofthecoilntiy', reporteib ' " 
 Annexation of the Traiis-Pongido t. rntorie^, '^'"'"' " 
 
 ' l>oaU. or.b.l.n Ibinn, aniiouncod . . ^li^ ""' 
 I ^|;:!.';''''''''--;l-'''-M""i-ionerfor,e96;i'in: - 
 I 'I' 1" -t. Clops destiuyed by I'loiiehi and locn.sts ; 
 hi peaii po|,„lat,„n, estimateil, ,,ko : native 
 about iSo.cxxi, annonueed . . . 20 Sept: ,897 
 
 1 ''^'}]^^y^^ ".'■"* •"I'liiltid a mctiilicr and made 
 cad o( tin; Mviss coulclcracy, i;,sr, and was the 
 
 I?,. If iT ^""^'•'''^:!"' 'I'^'t ^''Paratcd frotu the 
 1 niicliot Home; sec /,nii,/li„„.y. A gravc-dicer 
 at /unci, poisoned the said'-aiiiciital wiiio, by wliioh 
 •1 prisons lost their lives and iiiaiiv others were 
 , K;;";»""^y m.ldivd 4 ,Scpt. i-U. -The french, 
 I ndci .Mnsscua, utter repelling an attack of th^ 
 
 .\ustriaiis, retired fr Zurieli. ; June, |-m. The 
 
 Inipcituitsts were (hd'c-ited hy .Mussena tfic former 
 loMiig 2o,(XXi men in killed and wounded, 2c;. 
 26 hcpt rrc).,: .sec .V,c,/.-,,./,„„/, A newdemocratle 
 I. st.tm.on was adopted ,8 April, ,8(X). Popula. 
 """' '™^^ i ™»t"»> 3i:,iSs ; city, 90,088. 
 
 '''dlUl'V.>i'm.lf''''i*J'',-^"''*'''''"" were defeated bv the 
 .1 III il l-iench and .^ardineui arinv at Holferino 
 
 he"e:;o::'r ;"' ''Vr "■"'■" "^""' '" VHh. Franca by 
 
 foiiowi,,!,"' '^ "' ■^"'"''" •■""' ^''•"■'■" "" '^ July 
 
 A conference between the representatives of the powers 
 
 b I k'oir ";'/""■ I""" "I'l"'""-''. the fli^t mSg 
 took placeat Ziirudi, oil 3 ,\ug. " 
 
 b'irdv"w^is'^!"P/',"'^"'V™'' '*"'"'"• •° Nov. Lorn- 
 
 It li'm < , '1 . " '■'"■'''"i": ""; formation of an 
 
 ' t, ban Contedcration. under the lu-esidencv of the 
 
 , pope, was deteriuined on. and the rights of the ex- 
 
 [ *;vejeigiis of Tuscany, Modena, and Farma were re- 
 
 ' ''lluf lrl";ly™ t:"l'h '""°''""' "^ "*"*■ '" "«^' '"""■''<^'' 
 Swiss \,-,ti;,,,alexhil,itii,,i, , May-27 Dec. ,883. 
 
 1 i iceildi'n'v "-V''' ''■''»"'■'■ nofot^lity; attributed to 
 .111 intendiary, i .Jan. 1890. 
 
 piVlilr'uarnTi'l'itT- '■'*'' "'"' ""''""-^ snppressed by 
 XaU,jnal''«'w!ss m'l^lnm iuaujjnrated ■li?'"'?{ullv ' '^"^ 
 president ot the Confederation 
 
 ZUTPHEX, in Holland. At a battle here 
 22 bcpt. vSO, between tlie .Spaniards and the Dutch, 
 the aimabte sir IMiilip Sidney, mithor of "Arcadia"' 
 was mortally wounded. He died 7 Oct. He wU 
 serving wtth t ic KnglLsl, au.nliar/es, commanded 
 In the earl of Lciecstur. 
 
 ZUYDER ZEE. see ^,n,h;- Zn 
 
 ZLIPER SLUYS (Holland). Here sir 
 ,,,' ,1 ' ;)''^'''''-"";''.y defeated an attack of the French 
 nn lor Itrune; the latter sudered great loss, q Sept. 
 
 ZWITTAU, iforavin. Here Hie Prussians de- 
 lo'julv, 1866 '"""'""' "'"^ "iptured provisions, 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 f 1 
 
 liil 
 
 4 1. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 thi reforanoa are to arti-lei in tho bi W nt ,t 
 
 ■Abbis, p.rHiii, B,'ypt ^^ 
 
 Abb)t, ab|>.; Uiiitji-biry i^u 
 Abb)t, CIui'Iim; sp'.ikn-, i3oj 
 ^I;;"' * M "li« : Tli3.«:il(}iiioa, 13,6 
 Abbitt, B. ;oo i.;oi-l:m.)jt.. Pj.,. Al. 
 Abl-ol-K^jr; AI,'ioM, ,V>, ' ' '" 
 Abler.i!i;airi I. -v., eiliplH, 7;-. 
 
 Ablul-A?iz, T,irk!,-, i3n 
 iblul-Himil; Ta:-kiv, 177. ,3,5 
 
 1877 ' ' 
 
 V)l;il.\iaji.l, T.ii-kiv, i3,,-6r 
 Ibliil-ltibmui (or Abl.i,-.r,i!,:a.n); 
 
 Af^'biriHtm, i35j, H t;, 
 llbil sii-F. A Klvo^iliu,, ,355. gu,i 
 
 c>tt):i, explojivji, Iia)3rul Ifut 
 
 ClPlltO 
 
 Lhilarl, ,i. 1,42; Abilarl, thMlo'v 
 
 ri833;lrjliil,ll.l,.L,r355;(a,k,) 
 1374 
 
 tbjrjroiibv, J;n., sp>:ik!r. i3,, 
 
 iruii'lil. Alexin ti'ii 
 
 _bonl:ira, M.; sD.) flcj-.-, in lex 
 
 i>n-d,im earl of, 1734-1360; Abjr- 
 
 •J.l^" %', "•!"«'■ ; OUl^toneAlm. 
 1836; Cmuli, i3.;] 
 
 .b!ra.)tliy, J. snr,'.!on, ,754.1331 
 .bm,'lon, earlof: trials, 17), 
 biiirr, M., att.-gen., ,327; ex- 
 
 ,b:iey, uapt. ; phito^'raphy, ,332 
 
 bmSioud; E^jypt, ,372 
 
 bint, E lin. F. 0., nov. ,323.85 ■ 
 
 Franee, ,872 ■" ' 
 
 hiMiites, ilnke of; aeo Janot 
 
 b-iilom. kille-l ,023 B c 
 
 b!ib;!ker; Ali, 635 
 
 Minn<, Aoi'ians, Inn )tiu on, 43, 
 
 ;''nin, F.: aliilterations, ,822 
 
 :iilii u. >fjw,nui; triaU, ,3;2-T 
 
 'lima; see Ahwl 
 
 ■kM-nunn, U.; litlio,rra|.In^ ,s„ 
 
 :1ml, Arthur, Gladstone aclm. 
 
 i3i)2 ; Rni)b?ry aim. ijg, 
 
 ■Xon, Mrs., I{ )yal [n^t., ,3)3 
 
 ■tmrim; pur,Mtives, i2ii 
 
 lilbirt, St.; IVnisia, 0,7 
 
 liii; ihrUa, I77J 
 
 liin. li. anl brj.., »ro!iiteot3 
 i723-;i 
 
 '■■-• ^Z W- ; m>'nti,.iti,j,-i 
 ™, W. !■.; Milrn, x83o, whip 
 ■ l;i'lst.i!i.. aim., i3Jj ^ 
 
 liin<i>. Oolerhl^e, t ..ila, i33 5 
 |in. J. U., mithinit. ,3,9.92 • 
 "fiptiino, ,343. ^ ^ ■ 
 
 Alimi; J. (1797) anlj. 0. (,3,-) 
 
 U..,telSt.t.M(,,r.«.;.a(0 
 A lim.y. D,:,ln; trills, ,33, 
 A -rey, M,-.; Urn n,'lum ,335 
 
 ''{/;S:.^;4^- "--'-'--■ 
 
 \llls?i'"r"''^57-r3u:AUin?ton. 
 t 1, ,7ti; HtinhipMilm-nistr... 
 
 Aliilitni; p,., ., 672 
 
 A ,!p,.H. F..,i,n,; .•3v.bn, ,73, 
 
 pns^!:j;ii)n; po.m ' 
 
 Aitmi, X'.iiuu 
 'E;,):n; Atbsnf, ,2338.0. 
 
 • b.istlm; .M.-o'ne. ,2ji b.c. 
 •*. lU-i; Italy, ,t32 B.o, 
 -JjiiMinei, Uc, orator, 33)-, ,1 b r 
 
 HO.; draMii '^ *5 
 
 -E;)p: fai);ci(al))it6o3B.o.) 
 A r.iuio, bissi);! 
 Al'ric. mus ; Hi'. S -iplo 
 .\,'im,mnn; .\I/e,.mB, ,2318.0. " 
 
 Sicily, .'3yr,ir!nse 
 A;.!, pro;)riotor of; tri.aU. ,3.. 
 A,'esv,nl.n-; Lio'.oin * 
 
 A'fisila'u; .Spirti, 393 nc 
 A,'ia; Spirt i, 427 b,c. 
 .■V,'niw Mr Vans; Inlii, ,343 
 A'no,.la; lintiin, ,/. 9;; Laan-aster, 
 
 Ciledniia, U inun will 
 
 mians'' "''"'''"' ''' '^"' '^""'•<'- 
 
 tr"'' ''';'•,''• It'."-"- P''nthJ":i, 27 B.C. 
 
 A ' ' y'"l*'' Turk !y, ,373 ' 
 
 -J-ilwir.lt, 0,)r,ninv, 1892 
 Aholiab; seiilptnre 
 .\insw,)rth, W. II., n ,v. i33;-32 
 
 Airy.SirG.B. ,30,-92; OriHuvieh, 
 1835: penlnlmn. stm.lirl, Koyal 
 Hojiety, ,37,; Alb!rt modal, ,876- 
 sun ' ' ' 
 
 Aislal.ie, Mr.; Sunlorlandadninis- 
 tr.ition, ,7,8; .So lib Sea 
 
 Aitohison, sir Co. lies U., In lian 
 stitosmm, i3!i-ci5 
 
 Akbir. Inlia: , = =,-, 
 
 Ak-nside, .Mirk.^n.t, ,72,-70 
 
 Aaeo,i,,ui, .\l. .M ; aiorellnart 
 
 A'ain ly.in, Abyssinia, ,803 
 
 Aiiirio, c(. 4,,: Hon", Frar^w 
 
 A l)';nirle,Ujo. Mink, duke of ,5o3 
 70; a I'll listration, i65j ; guirds 
 
 '^5(1752; Spiia, 
 
 Alb 0-1 li, cird., 
 
 1715 
 '*-,'j'|;^-, A'^tria, Bihena, G3rminy, 
 
 A'boril, auminitiin, ,3^3 
 
 it-^iiUnl, ,3„; r,,,n,.y bill, a lel- 
 
 ^'rVn^iy)"!^!!;]' -^'^'-l (-y^> 
 Aloi.'t Vrrir, prime, dnk) of Ciar- 
 
 \\\\ \„\\- ■^'/''"■': i'lto.nitons 
 A inn tb! I. ,;,-,,:, irl, killels7, 
 
 A ,re.bt;,vnuria, ,365;(;ist','/.i 
 
 di.,',3^''"^'""'"'''^'^- ''• '3'3; fil- 
 ■^''■.''(tf'.!,'"i.;Veni2nl,, ,37s 
 
 A;o'•<''';v'"^'<^'"•^■■•^''^'«' 
 
 > ?■ }^ '• Jiiiliu,', ,3j7: air 
 
 mitist, .;. 2 .\,v. ,3j^ a'jl 33- 
 Ji[i.i.,.333;0,,in., ,35j ' ' 
 
 A ■a,n(tb.,,:o,.i in), abut 723-304 
 AN 'lYrt; im.iHtors, 743 * 
 
 -\ld!i!lnn; Siiishirv %'. i,,ii„i, 
 Alek.pishi, II , a. Jl^r^ ■''"""* 
 A«n;ia, ,lu-d'; Ajinjonrt, ,4,, 
 Aixmhro P.iris,. Alexmlrinl 
 Alexin I n- tlie Great, 355. ,2, bo- 
 
 •Mc.vl.n. E-y,,t, Girdi'm Tyi, 
 -Aexinhr.S,y„nn; K im ,, e,u.%2, 
 Alexinhr I,,,;. ,333. K .ssi.a, ,3o, 
 
 Ansterlit?, ,3,3; Liipsie, ,3,, 
 
 Alex iiler III.; Russia, ,33,-91 
 Aexanl.r;.Se,tland(kin,'.s); Pope 
 
 '^','i.'';:j'J;'''i"''"^^;Dai^j-i;;,,379':36, 
 
 Ale^x.ajiler sir w. ; Noya Sootia, 
 
 'vlh'i.?'v'^l''^r"'^'''''"'-')'"3,-,2a3 
 All !!• , V lotor, Ital. po;t, 174,., 3o3 
 
 AlreltbeGreit,349^,o.'; A'thloTru, 
 l^MJjMUoan.ila, olo.ks, er.w„; 
 
 A'lre 1, K lin'i ir^»h, dnke of, b i3a. • 
 ;i;liuriim, E,,'lanl (royal familyh 
 
 11 I. ■ ',>■'" "I'. K 1 lystone ' 
 Aibiil; Frai;e, ,836 
 Alice, prineiss, 1341-73; En'lml 
 (royal lam ly); 11,^ ^liii^lS 
 
 ^aI.S^"^^^'^'^^--^. '"-: 
 
 Alison, Arch , hist., ,7,2-,357- _ 
 
 E^ypi,^33'''"''^""""'«'''^'4; 
 Alleird |.. Sninnir, trials, ,337 
 Alle:i, K., pojt-oft.e, ,720 ' 
 
 4l3 
 
 r 
 k 
 
 m- 
 
I 'I 
 
 I'll! 
 
 Jl'tii 
 
 1252 
 
 AUi'iiniiil ntlu'i'B ; Fciiiiiiii', 1K67 
 AUcjiic, Kilwcl., 1'. K.17; liiihVK'li 
 
 AllilKJliC, 1)1,, liiljliii;;l!l]pliy, 1B59 
 
 Alinii|;i-o ; AIiiiiuii>, i5j7 
 Al Jliiiindin ; liiigdaci, 762 
 Aliiri'iil.-i, L. ; MiciliiiiiiBiiii', 1516 
 Ali'limiso: Sicily, Siuiiii, I'uitiigal 
 
 (kili;:s) 
 Altlioip, visp, ; Grey adiniiiiKtratioii, 
 
 liJ3i>; Mi'llKmllii', iS;i5 
 Aluiuaji'i, Al'j.-Miiiii, iii6E-79 
 Alvii, (lukr ill, 15L.S-82 ; AiitWfi]', 
 
 Ilolliiiid 
 Alviiiilcy, Imil ; lUicl, 1835 
 Alviiizi, D'jii-slial : Arroia, 1796 
 Alyaltcs ; ],.Mlia. ;6i ii.c-. 
 AiiriidiMis, ^I'lvoy; aiiiinni'iatii'n 
 AinadfUs, clnkf el A^|^la, 1^45-90 ; 
 
 king cil S) aiii, iS!7u-j 
 Anialiii', ]iaijtlii'iMii 
 *■ ' ■" ' ; antliciiis, Tt' 
 
 ..97 ; 
 
 Aiiiljiiijc, •■'t., 
 
 lifiiiii, liliiigi 
 Arijcricns \"cs] i;i ius, 
 
 Anicrifa, jihtf 
 AiDliiTSt, liird ; (. liiiia, 
 
 1&23 
 Aniiiiiiimis Mnici'Uimis 
 
 Am 
 
 1451-1516 ; 
 3i6 ; India, 
 
 I.at. liii-t., 
 
 ('. 39" 
 ,nni(»iil(iiis, W. : 1C63-1705, U'legiajiiis 
 Amos, ]iroiilH'sicK alKHit 787 n.c. 
 AiuiKic, U. Jl., i77ii-i83fi; I'li'i'tritity 
 
 (galv,iiiii-iii and ti'li giai'li) 
 Amulins , Ailia, 794 I'.i ■, 
 Anmratli ; Turkey, llejKHit 
 AniyntaK; Macnltm, 540 B.C. 
 Aiiacliaisis, 592 n.c. ; ancliors, 
 
 llt'llClV.S 
 
 Aiiaclitiis ; roiH", 73 
 Aiiacriiiii, Cir. i'ui-\,Ji alit. 557 B.C. 
 AiiastaHiUK; jinic ; Kast; iiniieiois 
 Aliaxagoras, 4^0 11. t'. 
 Aiiaxiniauder, 547 n.c. ; cliarts 
 Anaxinit'iics, 530 n.f. ; air 
 Andi'isdi, HaiJ.s C, Dan. iiovflist, 
 
 >So5-75 
 Andnticn, J. : slavery (in United 
 
 Btates), 1853 ; 'Wizaul ofllie Kortli, 
 
 masqneiade, 1856 
 Aiideisun, Jlis. ] liysic, 1E65 
 Andeisf-en, c-lu .^s, 1851-70 
 Andeiweit, JT. ; ^witzeiland, lESo 
 Andrassy, eeiint Julius, 1823-90: 
 
 Hungary, 18(7 
 Andre, ma,). ; lulled .Stales, 1780 
 Andrew; llnng.iry, kings 
 Andiiws, 11 
 
 AndKiiiien.., 
 Aiidi<)iii4-n,s 
 
 1328 
 Angela, St. , 
 Angeistein 
 
 Al: 
 
 , 1/. i8io: a:manaeE 
 240 B.C. : dijinia 
 ; Eastern tn,]iiie, 1113, 
 
 Ursuline nuns, 1537 
 , J., (/. i£23 ; National 
 
 (Jallery 
 
 nglesey, Henry, niari|Uis itt, 1768- 
 
 i8'-.4; Ireland (lord-lieutenant), 
 
 i8i8, 1830 
 Angus, earl of- Linlitligiiw 
 Alijou. riantaj .net, Jamac, 1569; 
 
 Naples, 1.^(6 
 Aiikeistuni (kills Gnstavus HI.), 
 
 Sweden, 1792 
 Anna, Santa ;' Jlexieo, 1853-76 
 Anne oflirittany, ((. 1514- •■'"' 
 
 lio]i(:ur 
 Aline of Austria, 
 
 mask 
 Anne, qiueii, h. 1(64 ; England, 1702- 
 
 14 ; SI ni].ei' eadciii 
 Ansell, G. ; lire-daii;)i, 1865 
 Aiiseim, alj)!. ; I anuiVmry, 1C93 
 Anson, aomiial ; Acaiuleo, '1744; 
 
 naval Itattli s, 1747 
 Anson, geneial : India, 1857 
 Antliony ; mi nat lusni, 4111 eeutury ; 
 
 —arson, 1871 
 Antigiiius; Ijisus, 301 B.C. ; jiroflles 
 Antioilius I. — X., 280-65 B.c • K>vi,. 
 
 Ji ws, i-,i, c r ifS B.C. 
 Antiiater ; Liai.c 11, 322 B.C. 
 
 ; Syria, 
 
 maids of 
 f66 ; iron 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Antistlidies; eynies, 396 B.C. 
 Antonilli.eari'.. i8l'6-7'6 ; Home, 1848 
 Anioiii Hi ease, Italy, 1877-8 
 Anti'iiinus I'ins, Home, emiierors, 
 
 138 Honian wall 
 Anli'iiy, Miiik, (/. 3c,; Home, 43 B.C.; 
 Aiinenia, I'liilii'lii, 42U.C. ; Aetimn, 
 31 u.c. 
 Anvili, col., killed ; I'annn, 1859 
 Alielles, iiaiider, 352-308 B.C. 
 Aiiollodonis ; 'I'rajan's eolumii, 114 
 Al'i '.lonins ; Syria, 168 B.C. 
 AJiliiau. liisl.,)/, aliont 147 
 Al'l'ills Claudius ; aijUeduets, deeeln- 
 
 viri, 449 B.< . : \iiginia 
 AlHilegalli ; ininting maeliines 
 Ajiries ; Eg.vi't, 572 u.c. 
 Ai'sley, I'l, : .\orlh adminis., 1770 
 Al'Uhius. l.alin novelist, (/. 174 j 
 
 AiiUinas, Tlios., ti.eol., W. 1274 
 Aralii Hi V ; Egypt, 1881-2 j 
 
 Aiago, 1). E., iiat. jiliil.. 1786-1853 1 
 Aiirni, Eugi lie ; trials, 1759 1 
 
 Aralus ; Ailiaia, 245 B.C. 
 Arl)og;lstl■.^ : ,\i|iiileia, 394 
 Aiiadiiis and Ilonorius ; eastern and 
 
 westeiu t niliile, 395 
 Areli, .1. ; agriiulture, 1872 
 Aiclidale, J., quaker, 1699 
 Arelielaus ; (.aiil'ailoeia, 20 B.C. ; 
 
 Jlaeedon, 413 B.C. 
 Arelii inoius ; Nemiean games 
 Arelier, E. S. , eollodiou, 1851 
 AKliidanius; Sjiarta, 648 B.C. 
 Areliiloelius, 70S B.C. ; lamliie verse 
 Areliimedis, 287-2«2 B.C. : eiiyle, 
 erani's, ineelianies, mensuration, 
 organs, lelleetors, serew, sjilieres 
 Ari liMas ; matli., almut 400 B.C.; 
 
 I'liiley 
 Aictin, ilui ; innsieal notes, 1025 
 Arlastns, elianeellor, 1067 
 Ailweilson, Mr. ; litliiuni, 1817 
 Aigvll, duke oi ; Dnnlilane, 1715;— 
 
 Glailstone adlii., 1868, 18S0 
 Ariaratlies ; (.'apiadoeia (kings) 
 Arioliai/anes, 322 B.C. ; Cai'iiadoeia, 
 
 93 B.C. 
 
 Ario.sto, I.. Ital. poet, 1474-1533 
 Aris, gov. ; jiiiMijis, i8co 
 Aristarelius, 156 B.C. ; sun, glolie 
 Arista us; eonie seetiuns, 330 B.C. 
 Aristidis llie Just, (/. 468 B.C. ; 
 
 Alliens 
 Arisliiijus ; Cyrenaie .sect, 392 B.C. 
 Aristoeiales ; Anadia, 715 B.C. 
 AiisloiUmus : liiareliy, 1102 B.C. 
 Aristo]Jiaiies, 1/. 380 B.C. ; eomedy 
 Aristotle, 384-322 B.C. ; Aristotelian 
 
 1 liilosiiiliy, aeoiistiis, lotany, 
 
 Jlaeedon, ii.eelumies, meta] liysies, 
 
 ldiiloi-o]liy 
 Alius, 1/. 53(1; Allans 
 Arkwriglit.'H., 1732-92 ; cotton, Jlan- 
 
 elieslir, siiinniiig' 
 Arles-Dnlour ; see livft,vr 
 Arlington, loiil ; ealial 
 Ainiati : Hi me, 1875 
 Aiiiiiiiius, orlleimann ; Teuloliurg, 9 
 Ainiiiiius, J., il, 1609; AimiuiaBs, 
 
 Uort 
 Ainiitage, sir E. ; Maneliesler, 1876 
 Aimsliong, sir W. G. (loril 1867); 
 
 t'leetricity, 1640; cannon, 1S59 
 Aiiie, T., mnsie eomiioser, 1710-78; 
 
 Hull' Hi'itannia 
 Ainini, II.; lieiniaBy,r!Ussia, 1674-81 
 Arniilil, gen. ; L'nited States, 1780 
 Arnold, Jluttlitw, loet, 1822-88 ; 
 
 eultuie 
 Arnold, llr. Tlic.s., liist., 1795-1842 
 Ainiitt, Keil, 1788-1874; stove, 1821 ; 
 
 lieii, 1830; \enliiatols 
 Ariiaii, lii.st.,y(. 148 
 Arsaies; Arsaeiilie, Partliia, 250 I' •'■ 
 Arsenius, Aiseiiians, 1261 
 ArtabazUB ; rontus, 487 B.C. 
 Artaxeraes ; I'eisia (kings) 
 
 Artemisia; mausoleum, 350 B.c. 
 Arleiiiou ; liatteiiiig'-raui, 441 B.C. 
 Arlliur, Uiug ; Hrltaiii, 51.0 
 Aitliur, iiinie; lonnaugld, 1S74 
 Arlois. nmnl d' ; mielliug, 1778 
 Aniudil, aliii. ; ( auti rtmiy, 1397-9 
 Arundel, Iliiirj, earl ol ; aouiinjs- 
 tralions, 1547; 'lliiw-, Auiiidelia'j 
 maililes 
 Asciiuiiis ; Allia, 1052 B.C. 
 AmIiiiim, Hoger, I5i5-i;6t; areliery 
 AmIiuIniI ; see llunlnihil 
 A.M hi. G. ; larleal> ( ifi.-.'). 'S '"1 liatic . 
 A>li. In. ; liilliiiligliaui, I7f0 
 
 Asuill. .Mr. ; traiislaUi 703 
 
 Asiilpouiiie, Id. elianeellor, (Ireland), 
 1885-1886, 1895: Sahsl.ury adni., 
 1^95 
 Asliliiirton, lord ; Aslili. Iieaty, 184-. 
 Aslie, gen. ; liliais eliek, 1779 
 Aslitolil, Man ; ,i|i]ieal, 1818 
 Aslile\, l.iiil ; ealai, 1670 
 Asliley, sir Arlliur ; ealiliageii 
 Aslili'n. I olouel ; \Vigall, 1043 
 Aske ; i.ilgilloage lit grace, 1536 
 A;~lett, Hull. ; I .viliei|Uil bills, i8o~ 
 Asi'deii, J. ; I'liitland 11 meiit 
 Asiiinall ; tlials, 1676 
 AM,ui11i, 11.; Gladstone adm., 1E92 
 
 Hosel ii>* ailm., 1894 
 AssleUin, Wni. ; clergy eliiirilies 
 Astley, lord; Naseliy, 1645 
 Aston, sir A. ; Kroglieda, 1649 
 Ast\ages; Jledia, 504 B.C. 
 
 Atlii sins, <l. 373 ; Atlian. creed 
 
 Atliclstan; England (king), 924; 
 
 mint, 928 
 Atlienaus. Greek,/. 228, i|UolatioB! 
 Atlii Hon. sii Will., all. gen., 1861 
 Alliol, ihike lit; Jlan, sold by, 1765 
 Alholi > ; liii rogl\),liiis 
 Ai:ay, bli.. lleieloid, 1E68 
 Aiiissa ; main:ige by sale 
 Attains. ('. K.7 I.e. ; seven cliurclicj 
 
 (I'ligMiais), ] ;iiiljnient 
 Atteibi.iv, b]i, V. : banislied, 1723 
 Attila ; Iliiligiin, (-ball lis, 451 
 Allwoi d, 11. ; liosl'itals 
 Attwiid, T. ; ibaitists, 1838 
 Alwoiiil, G., 1'. 1807 ; Atwcod'.s m» 
 
 eliine 
 Alwell, v. ; trials, 1857 
 Anler, li., music cimiioser, 1784-187 
 Auilimuly, sir Saniuel ; Ijatnvia 
 
 1811 : Jlonte Video, 1807 
 Auelilaiid, Id. bi'. ; Hatband Welli 
 
 18=4 
 Am klaiid,loiil ; Grey ailministratici! 
 
 1830 ; India, 1835 
 Auditllit, .Me V'AliliJJret 
 Audubi 11, J. J., 1780-1851 ; birds 
 Aiuilaib, 1!., Gel. iiov., 1805-82 
 Aiigi lean, gen. ; lastiglione, 1796 
 An^ustenl iiig, duke ot;Uii.mart 
 , 1863 
 ; Augustin, St. (of HiMo), 354-430 
 
 Augtistin tbe monk, ab]i. GiiBterbun 
 
 '' 602; Hocliesler 
 
 Augnslus (1 10) 1 101) ; I!< me, 27 B.c 
 
 j.uetorian guaiibs; ealelidar ; se 
 
 i'tii-i'y i'rUirivt^ 
 
 Aulus Gellius, I.al'ii niisc,/. 169 
 
 Aumale, due d'; 1822-97; I'ranci 
 
 1871-2 ; Orleans ; assassinatioiii 
 
 1841 
 
 Auuliau; Heme. cmi'. 270; All 
 
 maiini 
 Aiiielius ; Home, emp. 161 
 Auielle lie I'aladines, Eianco-Gcima 
 
 var : 1/. 1877 
 Auningzebe ; India, 1658 
 Ausonius, I.at. poet, ((. 394 (?) 
 Auslin ; see AiigVi-tin 
 Austin, eapt. ; Eiaiiklin 
 Austin, \\. ; trials, 1855 
 Austin, Allied, poet lanreate, iB^t 
 Austria. Ji bn ol ; I.e]aBto, 1571 
 Averioes, mid. writer,/. 1149-11 
 
INDEX. 
 
 toinisin ; iiinusdli'inn, 350 B.r, 
 ■li'iiidii ; Ipiilti riiii;-iiiui, 441 B-t'- 
 tliiii, kiii^; : liril.iiii, 51x1 
 tiair, I'liiii f ; Cuiiiiiiii;;!!!, 1S74 
 llll^, I iMiiit il' ; iiuilliiix. i77*> 
 uiiili-l, :il.i.. ; CiHitdliuiy, 1397-9 
 iiiu.lil, lliurv, i:irl 1.1 ; miiiiiiij«- 
 ll;iliHli>., 1547; Tims., AluiiilcliuM 
 
 ^^;l]liu^ ; All'II, 11)5:; 1*.'*- 
 
 -iliiiiii, lio-cr, I5i5-it6t. ; iinliciy 
 Mlniliiil ; SCI' lla.~iliui''il 
 
 Ncl.i.C;. ;liii li',u>(.fij:),ljllllllllti(» 
 >h. In. ; liiilhili^-liiilii, i7fC 
 
 M;ill, Mr. ; tiiiiislMUi 703 
 
 slil.i.miH', M. c-liuiKclliii-, (hi'lniul),, 
 lEEs-iEee, ligs; Siilii-imy iiiliii., 
 
 sliliurldii, Idiil ; Aslili. Iicnly, 184-. 
 sin-, iiilt. : Jiri'il'.s iTcik, l77g 
 slil.nil, Miiiy ; iipiHiil, i8iij 
 >lili \ , h'vd : t-iil ;u, 1670 
 .-lili'y, «ir Aitliiir; cMliluitivK 
 slili'ii, c (ilc.iici ; Wijjiiii, 1(143 
 ski-; liil};lilirii};i' III gllHC, 1536 
 ;-litl, Hull. ; ( xiliriiui I liills, tSoy 
 s) iliii. J. ; I'liitliiiiil i( nil lit 
 sliiiiMll ; liinls, 1876 
 M,uilli, II.; (lludsKiiM.' odni., 1E92 
 lii'M't ii.N jiiliii., i8q4 
 sslcliiii, Will. ; cliivy iliiiritics 
 stii y, Inril ; Niiscliy, 1645 
 Hitiii. sir A. ; I)r(';:liL'(Ia, 1649 
 st\:i);is ; Jlciliii, 51J4 ii.c. 
 tli'iiiiiisius, ('. 373 ; Atliiiii. creed 
 .tliclsliiii ; Kiigliiiid Ikiiig), 924 
 mini, (A'f 
 
 ,llii-iiiiiis, liri'ck,/. iiS, (iiiotalion! 
 illii itim. sii Will., iiil. (;m., 1E61 
 ,tlii.l. liiiki' lit ; Mini, siilil liy, 1765 
 .tlldlis ; liiiliiulyiillicK 
 it;iiy. I'l',. Ilrllliilil, 1EC8 
 I (iis'sii : iitai I iii^f \i\ salt' 
 ktlaliis. il. 11,7 1; I-'; seven el.rirclio 
 
 (l'(l).Mhllsj, 1 .inliliielil 
 lllell'l.ly, li)i. !■'. ; liiliislieil, 1723 K 
 Utila ; Iliili^iil.x , 1 liali lis, 451 '' 
 
 Ittwni il, 1). ; liiisiiitiils 
 Utwi I li. T. : I'liiiitists, 1838 
 Uwiii'il, U., ''. iio7 ; Alttomrs me 
 
 ellilie 
 
 Uwell, \V. : trials, 1857 
 
 Uilir. li., iiuisiei'c iiijii'Ser, 1784-167! 
 
 Uii liiiiiity, sir f^iiiinK'1 ; Uuta^ia 
 
 1(^11 ; j'lcilile Viileii, 1807 
 Uukliiiicl, 111. I'l'. ; IJalli and Wells 
 
 i8i;4 
 km klaiiil.liiiil ;CiieyaiIiiiiiiistiatiCiC 
 
 1^30 : India, 18^5 
 ^nililliit, sie irJi.dijUict 
 \niUil'iii, J. J., i7£o-i85i ; liids 
 Uidlneli, li., Ger. nuv., 1805-82 
 Uij:ei(iin, 1^(11. : (.'aslit;liiiiie, 1796 
 \nnist(iil iiig, diike dl; Dei.nini't 
 
 186-! 
 \ii^yistin, SI. (nf Ilil'l"), 354-430 
 \ii;.iistiii till' monk, all]'. Canterlmn 
 
 (l: : Hdiliesler 
 \n(;iislns (nil] 1 inr); 1!( me, 27 11. c. 
 
 j-iietnriiin t^naids; calendar ; si 
 
 ( iixiy iiiit'vivti 
 ;\nlus Uellius, Latin iiiisc.yf. 169 
 :\i;malc, due d'; 1822-97; Franct 
 
 1871-2 ; OileaiiB ; assaBsinaticm 
 
 1841 
 /Vnieiian ; lU nie, (iiiji. 270: All 
 
 maiiiii 
 iVnrcliiis ; licnie, enip. T6r 
 Anielle de I'aladines, I'lanco-Geima 
 
 war ; (/. 1877 
 Aniuiit:2i'lie ; India, 1658 
 iMisiiniiis, I.at. vnet, ((. 394 (?) 
 Aiislih ; see vliigii.^iii 
 Ansliii, cajil. ; liaiiklin 
 Austin, W. ; trials, 1855 
 Austin, Alfred, jioet laureate, iE9t 
 Anstriii. Ji liii el : I.e] anto, 1571 
 Avenues, mill, writer, yl. 1149-11 
 
 1253 
 
 Aviiemiii. nii.,L aiiiI jiliil.. 980-1037 
 Aye.slia, Malinmet'.i widiiw; camel 
 
 (l,iy ill', 650 
 A.viinli ,,r Ayniili Khan ; ArKli.'iiiistuii, 
 
 Ill-rat, and Caml'iliar 
 Ayrtiili, A. A. iUladstolieadlii., 1S68 
 
 — >V. liiii'Miiiiiieu 
 Aze;{li.i, marchcse d'; Italian natnnt, 
 
 1 80. J- 66 
 Aziiii ; At'gLanistan, iS6j 
 
 li. 
 
 Balduifc, C, 1792-1871; calenlating 
 
 ni.-ii'liiiii! 
 Bttbciji'k, ^'enoi'iil. United .States, 1876 
 ftilier; India, 1525 
 Uiib-'iif, 1'. i7.;r;,-iL;rarian l.iiv 
 Ilabrius; falile 
 Baliyn;;tim (n-hi.-h s,.'), ,586 
 •Biic'lj, A. ; r.'siiiiatiir 
 Bai'li, .1. .Scliastian ; |iassiiin iiiii.sie ; 
 
 music., 1685 1750 
 Bacliclii.r, .M. ; I'ni-austic, ,74,, 
 
 Uiii'cioi'clii, jiiii s I'liiiiiliin.i 
 
 Uacliiui'iei-, a.; iiasiKr;i|iliy, ,871 
 Hack, U, , Mn'tli-w. iMss.i.,'!', 1,-ii) 
 Bacilli, l-'ra,icis, iuid V,-nil;<iii, 1561- 
 
 1626; Baeiiiiiau idiilnsupli v, l.-nvvcrs 
 Biieiin, sir .Vidiulas; Ucejicr, 'id., 
 
 1550; iKiniiiet 
 llaciin, ,I,i|in, sculpt.ir, 1740-59 
 Bacilli, l{,i;,.,.r, i..i4-iL.,..;aslrol(,-v, 
 
 cauicra lucida, lnadsimic, iii;i..'ic. 
 
 laiitcni, nia^-nct, niitics, siicctiu-lcs 
 Bacon, sir James, vice-cli:incuIlor, 
 
 1793-95 
 Bacnii, T. K; trials, 1S57 j 
 
 Bnilcirk, Mr. ; vai'i.'imitioii 
 Baedeker, .M.; (,'iii,|c liouk.s 
 Uiicz. Ji. ; llayti, 1859-6S 
 Hairni. W. M.; lialliiis liiv, 1616 
 Jiagcliut, Walter, c,s.s;iyist', 18J6-77 
 Bag,L;allay, sir It. ; so'licitor-Huiieral, 
 
 1873; attiinicy--cncr;il, loii ; iins- 
 
 tices, l.irils, 1875 
 
 fiaKUal, licllt.; duel, 1812 
 
 Bai;..!, Iiislinji; Oxford, ,8^9 
 Bjyot will case, trials, 1S7S 
 BiiKi'atiou. ]>r.: .M.diillcv, 1812 
 Bat;slcr, Miss.M.; trials, 1828; K. lon- 
 gevity, 1877 
 Bailey, rev. \V. ; tri.-ds. 1843 
 Jiailiic, col.; .Jrcot, 1780 
 Baillic, -eiicral; Alford, 1645 
 liaillic, .liMuiia, poet, i762-i"5i 
 Biilly, .\1., jiliiio.s., exci'utcil, 1703 
 Haiul,ri-n, alj|i.; York, 1508 
 liain, A. : education society 
 B;iinliridgc, \Y. ■ lla},'eolet 
 liaiues, sir I'Mward ; Leeds, iSgo 
 Baiiii's, M. 1'.; I'almcrston adnr., 1853 
 Baud, sir David; Ca]ie, 1806: .•Seriimii- 
 
 liataiu, 1799 
 Ba.iazet; Turkey, 1381) 
 liuker, sir li. ; l-'ortli bridge 
 
 Baker, col 1; linlfs lilml', ,s6i 
 
 B:ikcr, IL; liakcrian Icciure, 1765 
 Baker, sir S. White, i8,ii-l)3; At'rici, 
 1864; Kgypt, sli.i'e trade, 1869-74 ; 
 col. v., trials, 1875; Uusso-Turkish 
 war IL, 1878 ;Tiirku.y, 1879; K-vnt, 
 1882 ; Soiiilau, 1383-4 
 5iakcr c. Lodcr; trials. 1872 
 Jiakcr, ^'cn. ; L'har-asiab 
 lialard, .M. ; amylenc, 1844 
 iialchaii, admiral; Alderucv, 1744 
 Baldwin L~V.; Jerusaleni, 1100-85: 
 
 East Flanders 
 Baldwin, prof. ; balloons, i337-3 
 Jiid-s. I'. : ealiurijiliv 
 lialle, M. W., mils, eomp., 1808-70 
 'liall'oui', A. J., /). 184S; !Salisburv 
 aijm., 1885, i836, 1893, Glasgow", 
 Wcstmiiistei' 
 Halfoiirof Burleigh ; Salislmrv adiii., 
 ■'■'l9i 
 
 I Balfour, Gerald; .Salisbiirv udni., 
 
 I 1895 
 
 I Ilalfonr, Jaliez Hpeiicer ; building, 
 
 iSoi ; trials, 13,13 
 , lialloiir, .lolin; .Scotland, 1679 
 
 Ball, .John ; Alps 
 i H.dl, ,I.T., i3i5 98: chancellor (Ire- 
 ' laud), 1874 
 
 lialiyngton's eon- 
 
 Ilallard, John 
 
 spiracy, 1386 
 
 liall.-isteros, gen. 
 
 lialliol. Fdw.; .Sc 
 
 Ximena, 1811 
 tlaiid, kings. :329 
 Ball, III, .li'hii; Scotland. 1293: O.v- 
 
 lord, Diiiihar 
 lialiiiaceila, ,Jose M. ; chili, 1386-91 
 lialiiiain, W. IL ; luiniicns p;iiiit 
 lialiucriiio, lord ; rebellion, Scotliind, 
 j 1745; trials, ,746 
 
 li.dtiiiioi'e, lord; America, 1612; 
 I trials, 1768 
 
 [ liaui'ioft, abp.; Canterliiii'v, 1&-14 
 1 lianciott, II., Am. hist., '<! 1800 
 
 liaiicroll, .Mr. and .Mrs., thuatns 
 ; (llayiiiarkct) 
 liandiiiann, M. ; trials, 1878 
 H.iiiks. sir.)., 1743-1820; hurt, .soc, 
 
 Royal liistitiiliou, 1799 
 liaiiuerman, IL C; (lladstom; adm., 
 i88u, 1886, 1892 ; Uosebery iidiii., 
 1894 ; G.tl.B. 189; 
 : Haniiister, Mr., actor; retired, 1815 
 liar, due dc; Agincouit, 1413 
 liara'heus; Kiitvchians, .Jacobites 
 liaraiii'lli, L. ; trials, 1853 
 Baralilc, A. G. de, Fr. hist., 1787-1866 
 Hai'aiitz, north-west piis.sage, 1594 
 ^ Barbaios.sa, Fred. L;emp. Gennany, 
 i 1152-90 
 
 ! Barliai'os.sa, (/. 1346; Tunis, Algiers 
 I liarhaiild, -Mrs. A. L., 1743-1823 
 ! liarbcr, Flelelii'i'. Saiiudcis, iiinl 
 
 liorcy : tri.ils, 1844, and nute 
 < llarlicrini: I'ortlauil vase 
 ' liaili'y, .M.; France, 1883 
 
 liarliou; printers, 1339-1813 
 ; Ilarliour, J.; trials, 1353 
 
 I liarbour, .Inlni, .Scot. | t, 1316-95 
 
 I Barclay, capt.; pudestriaii'sin, 1809 
 ' liai'clay, rerkins, A: Co.; porter 
 liari'lay. Hob., 1648-90; ipiakcrs 
 Jiaiilsley, .loliii W., bji. ; Carlisle, 
 
 1S91 
 liarham, lord; adiiiiraltv, 1805 
 Baring, Alex.; l',-cl adminisl. 1834; 
 sir F. ; London lust, 1S03; Itus.sell 
 adm. 1846 
 B.'iring, .Mr. ; Fgypt. 1879 ' 
 
 Barings (tirni); Loudon, i3o.i, 1894 
 Baring, sir Kvelyu(alt. lord Giomer) ; , 
 
 India, i33o ; Kgypt, 18S3 el srq. 
 Barker, ,1. T. ; Beaumont trust 
 Barker, Hubert; panorania, 1788 
 liarkly, sir II,; cape, 1870 
 Barlow; clocks, 1676 
 Barlow, rev. .1.; Hoval Institut, 1842 
 Barlow, sir G.; India (governors), 
 
 1805 
 liarlowe, William: compass, 1608 
 Barnard, general; India, 1857; judge. 
 
 United .Stales, 1872 
 Barnardo, llr., Baruardo's homes, 
 
 eoll'ee-iialaces 
 Barnato, B. I., speculator, i8ij-v/. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope 
 Barnes, T., 1785-1S41 ; Times 
 Bariiett, Geo.; trials, 1816 ! 
 
 Barnuin, P. T., 1810-90; American 
 
 sliowman, ele]ihants, menagerie 
 liiroux, M. ; serutin 
 li.irrauil and Lund : clocks, 1878 
 Bari-e, Isaae ; Hoekiiighain aduiiiiis- 
 
 Iralioll, 1782 
 Barrett; Cmnberland, naval battles, '■ 
 
 i3ii ; Fenians, 1868 
 Barrie, capt. ; nival battles, 1811 
 Barringtou, bp. ; Durham, 1701 
 Barrin.gton, .Mr.; duel, 1783 
 Barriiigtuu ; trials, 1 7<)o , 
 
 Barrios, gn. IL; Guatemala 1873; 
 America. Central, 1883 
 
 Barrot, G.lil 17.11.1873; France, 
 
 1843 
 Barrow, Isaac, tlieol. and philos., 
 
 1630-77 
 Barry, sir Charles, architect, 1795- 
 i36i;parliaiiii'iit,ai)^ ; Heforic Club 
 Barth, Dr.; Africa, 184.; 
 Barry, .Jam-s Wolfe, K.C.U. 1897; 
 
 Tower (hridgei 
 liarthelemy, I-:.; trials, 1853 
 Barlhohli, M., .sculptor; Uuil;ad 
 
 States, 1884 
 Haitlet, W. .M.: tiials, i88j 
 
 Bart Bernard, poet, 1784-1849 
 
 Barton, Dr.; insui.-ince, 1667 
 Barton, Flizaliitli ; impostor, 1534 
 Baschi, .Matt.; rapiii-hins. 1325 
 Basil, St., 'I. 38.; Basilians 
 li'isil- Hast. I'liip. 867; Hussin 
 liisilowitz; Hiissia, czars, 1462 
 Bass, .M. r., Derby 
 Hasleiidorlf; trial's, 1879 
 liasti.iii, Dr. , spontaneous goneratiott 
 Baleinaii, .1. F.;Gla.sgow, 1859; tun- 
 nels, 1869; water, 1867 
 Bates, M. van Bureii : giants. 1871 
 Bates, W.; United States, 187V 
 Bath, earl of; Bath admin., 1746 
 Ballliill; Tniisylvaliia, 1851, Ac. 
 lialhuist, lip,; N.irwii'h, I'Sos 
 liathiirst, carl ; Livcriiooladiniiiistr*- 
 
 tion. 1812 
 Bathyllus; pautoinimes 
 Batman, .J.; Victoria, 18 js 
 Battenbeig, jirince H.'ury M. 1858- 
 96 ; Englaiid(royal I'aini'ly), Aslian- 
 tees, Wi^ht 
 Battliyauy; lliingary, 1848 
 Battus; (Jyi'dc. oj.i n.c, 
 Baiidiii, .\i. (.'lias.'; France, 1851 
 liiiiiubos, c. K, : mutinies, 1876 
 Biiiiue, areoi.icl.'i', 1763 
 Baiimg;ii'ti'n; a-stlietics. 1730 
 H.ixli'i',sir D. 1793-1872; Diiuilee,i863 
 Baxter, miss .M. A.; Dundee, 1882 
 Baxter, G,; printing in colours, 1836 
 li.ixter, Hd., ihcologian. 1615-91 
 Baxter c. Langlcy ; trials, 1868 
 Bavard, chevalici-, killed, 1524 
 Bayle, 1'., 1647-1706; dictionary, 1697 
 
 li.iyley, licllt.; duel, ,3l8 
 
 liaynard, Geolficy ; combat 
 liazaiiie, mai-shal, 1811-1888; Mexico, 
 1863-6; Franco - Prussian war, 
 1870-1; .Metz ; France, 1873-4; 
 
 1883 
 Bazalgctle. ,1. W., 1819-91 ; sewers, 
 
 Thaini'S 
 Beach, sir M. II. , Disraeli (idm. 1878 ; 
 
 Salisliury ailni., 1885, 1886, 1895 
 licaeolislield ; see Hisnieli 
 Beadoii, bislio|i; Bath, 1802 
 lieaniisli, capt.; tri-ils, navy, 1871 
 Bean aims at the ipiei'u ; trials, 1843 
 Beaton, card.; assassinations, 1546 
 licattie, .las.; poet, 17)5-1801 
 Bcaui'ler,', lord Charles, drowned 
 
 while assisting at a wreck, 1861 
 Beauchamp, Henry de ; Wight 
 "c-iucliainii, John dc; barons 
 .>eaiifort, cardinal, */. 1447 
 licauliainais, Kugeue, 1781-1824; 
 
 Italy, 1803 ; Mockirir-Hortense, 
 
 " Partant pour la Syrie 
 lieanlieu, general; l.o'di, 1796 
 Beaumont, col.; air, 1680 
 Beaum.int, sin;., painter, 1753-1827 : 
 
 .Vational Gallery 
 lieauniont, .Mr.; duel, 1821-1826 
 li auniont ; vi.s. oiint, 1440 
 Beau \asli ; Math, cereiiKuiies 
 Iieaiiri';,'aril, P. G., 1818-93; United 
 
 States, 1861 
 liiaui-epaire, gen,; Verdun, 1794 
 Beauviiir. sir .1. de ; trials, 183J 
 Beck, T. ; volunteers, 1881 
 
 m 
 

 1254 
 
 Bc(k(1t, T,»). ii;t:r(clcl 
 Lci;l-.t (r.iiiMiH, sir K. (nil. h t<\ 
 Cl Il.llrl),.); i,|l.s ;, ,U tlii.Is, 
 
 iff I, All Mis, f-t. 
 
 Biikdiil, M.: I(i,i|,illiin,.v 
 I)((^K»itli /^,,,s; s« iiiiiiV, ,r,6 
 lidloKiitli, ,\.; (K.niiiini, 1876 
 
 l'<(Il', \ll(lllllc, ll. yr ' 
 
 Eulff.ul,,;, k,„i:,h:,.i,,f.j.i|,-„„(, 
 
 IcuMlHildii.tli, I<cc-l-,;;Fl,ll(C, 
 
 B((ill,MlMl. .^1I,;1, 1,1s, ,-,3 *' 
 
 EfHli.l, UV, IJ. ; lliit.a SllitfS, 
 
 Btulnit', J.;li(,iriit, ,8 = 1 
 Etciu, 111.; 'a Cki-k' 
 EuMl.i.idi, l.,rn;.'. (1 1111 .,i7-c-if27' 
 M I aln ' ' 
 
 Tin in (l8i(.c; (1 1 i.,r, ,.5, 
 
 IdiMli, J' 1111:11; AilUf, 
 
 I'll n;(ii ; fee ] i ; „,,■ 
 1.(1 rM.», Wi,)., Hiiij t.. if<c-f4 
 Idriij.., rf. ,;4,; ] el iiii^'j stia ts 
 Kria; iJM.fiiv, kiu.i 
 
 BlllMH-, l(,l(l I.; Mil'., ifE? 
 
 Eeld.ir, sir K, ,.(c,.,i.^. ,.iri uni- 
 ruv^iiiiir, if-(: Iiuklin 
 
 EekKdi, (ciiillUI., (■. '.I23; AuiMa 
 lEfS 
 
 PeliHtiiiis, ,;. ■(•■;; Afiiiii, I est inii. 
 
 rcklii]., tin. ; liiilul !-l„t,s, iE;6 
 
 Icll, /l.ll., 17;2-i^;2; I n.( llst< 1 il.U 
 i-ll.l dl.S 
 
 fell, Kii C, i774.if,,2; i;,iv(8 
 
 l;tll, HcIiIJ ; Hii III. ji,.j 
 
 Bell, Jilii Ai.y Biicl, tl.e ley 
 
 tlilis. if3i. 
 Tell, Jlr. ; iirtdo, ,f7. 
 Tell, A. JldviDc ; viKi'lIc sj m )i 
 Bill, A. Oii.lini ; )iU]l.,,ie_ if-.; 
 
 1 l.(i1< 1 1;( iir, giei Ik i 1:( ne, ilic i.o- 
 
 gmili ' 
 
 EeJl, UV. Talrick: riiij.iiiB nndiii.c, 
 
 if 56 
 Pellintnt, l(ii(l;(Uit), 177, 
 rellin jMiiiil, ,f44 
 Efllniiiiiiic. (iii(]._ ]C42-if2i 
 Eeli;?ifcl,i 111, J, 1 „,.,;.., .cs 11 ; Tin eval 
 
 (in. iE,2 ; rM.ul'dif, 1E12 
 Belli! (.1:1 111, sir riiiiiil (inner of 
 
 luLliii), !ff5 
 Eeli:iii; Iii.l. n.iisic, ifc-.-s 
 Eel!ct, ^.lt.,(^ ,i^~: Fiail-rn 
 Felt V I awes ; friiils, if £1 ,( tir., if £6 
 Eilt.I.itl, JI.; liil, aiii.ifc-/' 
 leliis; /.ssjiii, ;o,j5 i, c. ' 
 EdiMii, J. ]!., iii.vi-llcr, il ,£2, ■ 
 
 F?M t. ifi5 
 El 111, (_tii. Jr.sijli, ,;, is.o; Erreniy 
 rii.Uw, ill HI.: liiviil IdttliR, 17C2 
 Eeiudi:;, 1., ifc4-fi : K<nif(.ijilz 
 leiKdict, BiiKilielii es; u.iies. <.7i- 
 
 1758 ' •" 
 
 Eiiiuliet, .'iir Julius, n.iis. ifc4-£5 
 Eunelt, Jims: Aliiii-, if72 
 Bii.-iitt, sir Jilin ; iiUliiiuin, 1S77 • 
 
 I-CIllll II, if 77 
 
 Eiiiiiett, sir Viii. &1eii.dnle ; nuij. 
 
 1816-75 ' 
 
 Einscii iiiil othiis : tii.ils, 1S77 
 Bcnsdii, Iji. ; Tiuio, ,877; Canter- 
 
 Imiy, i££3 
 Eeiit.Tliicdcip, ift:-97; AMpsinin, 
 
 Jlnslcin 
 BenllKini Jir. (1748.1632); snviujs' 
 
 liniiks; iUiiiti.li.j.y; J 1.1.01 (ii( n : 
 
 iililitiiriiiiiinir 
 Eintilii k, h 111 G., ifc2-iP48; Mi.tic- 
 
 ticiiists 
 BenfiiKk, G. A. F. C. ; ji:(lge niho- 
 
 late, 1S75 
 Biiitiiiik, Id. W.: AssMii,IiKli,",if27' 
 
 5-ut(ee 
 Eiiilk-y, Ed., sckoi.ir, itt^-i;42 
 Beroiiger J. P. d,., j ,,,1, i7fo-ifs7 
 Eerintima, cumii (i,f Ricl.uid ].), il. 
 
 1230 
 Eertinjarius; fHe de Dim 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ririiitir, IiUt, Ii.id Cidiiiiie, ai.d 
 
 mill is; liiiils, it 14 
 1 iiislcid, li.Kl ; All 1 1 in, ifii 
 1 iiislMil, !(id J.; niiiic:r, 1841 
 liiisliid, Vii,,; L'lilyi.iiii., ifra 
 J eiih.ud.Iiid C. ; Simian, ifSs" 
 I I'H'. i-' "■; lull ml, iii'.3 
 riiHnt. (.ni.; Fii m r, 1E71 
 I eiiif, di. A. lie ; ti I'S , 1812-70 
 jiikilO ;liii.Is, 181 1, 18 = 8 
 ieildi;,! on. ('. ; iliiel, "1841. 
 J-'eil-eliy.c;.; Ant'ti a,l iivuid Islip, 
 
 'E74 
 Biil-e ly, I(id ; nin iiallv, 1717 
 I-'iileiy, Icid ; /iiciiui, N., if44 ; 
 
 1 :est, ifr4 ; Caicl la 
 I'll 1.1 J-, I.. H., Kr. II. lis,, ifcj.fn 
 
 lllMllllc, ,;f4.,t44; 1,'n i„',vilz, 
 
 e Willi n (ling) 
 Pel I, aid, (.li.idc, Ir. il.vsioli gist, 
 
 iEi:,-;8 " 
 
 Em aid, St., 1191.1153 
 Eiriiiid, f<. ; tiial, if =8 
 Bill aid. sir Tim, -is" riMitli list., 
 
 iEi5; l:(.\al Iistitiit 1 11, i7<g 
 riiiiiii, G. 1.., Hal. Mlist, iKE-iffo 
 Itiii, iiil f M.d raid Its of ; 'Fiai.ic, 
 
 if:c & if s-J, 1 sta.'sli aii( lis 
 riiiii gli II, I'lv. ,1. ; liials, if-3 
 J iiiv. Knit. ; ll a;s, jiiy 
 liny, G. ; Viitiiia, ,£75 
 1-iii.Mr, r. A., Ir. iuiM., i7(o-iff8 
 JJinlilot, r. Jl., l. ,Ei7; ai'elyl.iie, 
 
 dill lit (.as, iSf2 
 EiHliiir, {.111. ; n.aisl a', i7c-.-;git 
 EiiUol.'it. c. I., Ir. ileiUbf, 1-48- 
 
 if;2 ; d ll r lie ' 
 
 Bull, 111, i,v. F. I.; lifi-Unt, if;.. 
 Biilie, hdy G. C. ; loid tiiat cki m- 
 
 1 II la ill 
 Binviik. dnke of, d. 17-4; I.iii.din, 
 
 Aiii M ya, Niwiy 
 Biizeliiis.Jas., 17; s-iE^E ;(].,, iiiMiy, 
 
 silii ;i ni 
 Bisai.f, Jlis. A. ; dials, 1877 
 Efsiiiit, Waltir, I. i8-8; i.tvelist : 
 
 kill., lfi5 
 Pissd, F. ; slais 
 Eissuiir, sir H., ifij-tS; inn,! 
 
 still, sKi ni, stii iii-(iiii 
 Besti s ; Fiisia, 131 i.c. 
 Bed, .ajt. ; duel",' 1804 ; fcuiat, iCii 
 Eeiwiik, F.; trials, iSfp 
 Beildl, 1].. ; Gliiieistpr, 1E24 j 
 
 Billiill, (( n niai.der, niaiiii'(,o, iE£8 
 Bell.pll, sir H., solieiti rgin., 18=2 | 
 a11oiiny-{en., 1859(810 IfiMwy) , 
 Bel) .mcinrt ; lanariis, 1410 
 Belly, master; theaties, 
 
 iioseiiis 
 Betty, llios. Hiiiiy, 18:0-07 
 B111I6; Fianec, 1874 
 Benst, F. F. v., i£c<,-iE£6; Ausliin, 
 
 i£(6 
 Biviin, jrinee; Bieslau, 1757 
 EoMVk, T., i7Si-if28; wood en- 
 
 (:ravin(; 
 Bixley, Vansiltait, Ii rd ; Livcirtol 
 
 ai.iniiiislratiin, 1612 
 Beza, TlKodoie, lliiologian, icig. 
 
 ifc5 
 Bialol.izeski, alip. ; ro'and, i£6i 
 Biamoiii, C, </. 1875 ; (aiiia(;(.s 
 Biikirsletli, R.,li.."; liiiin, ]£ = 6 
 Biekiistelli, E. H., 1]. ; Fxeter 
 
 iffs 
 
 Bidder, Gioigp P., 1816-78; tlie 
 
 inliiilatii (; li v 
 Eiddiiljli, sir ii, ; CjIiiLs iE£,, 
 
 Giliiiillar, 1894 
 Bidwells and otli rs ; (rials, 1863 
 Biiiwdl, y. ; (clcilotiginiliy 
 Biila, W. M n. 11 nut, ififi 
 B'(! Smii ; gianls, liog 
 B 1 gey, loiil ; Gxtoid aen;. 1711 i 
 
 E. e, A. B., kilt. 1897 ; tniiiiels, 
 
 1897 ; 
 
 Bii,i.ey, rtv. Iliop., 1758-1874 
 
 i8c4 ; 
 
 Blieh, J. W. : Straltd. 1875 
 
 Biieli, S., 1E13-85; bililieal 
 
 Biieliall, J. H. ; Canada, 1E90 
 
 liiid, I. ; Ja] an 
 
 liiii'e, AV. : eaiion 
 
 Eiikliik, Dr. G., 1776. 1841; nitelia- 
 niis' iiistiuites 
 
 Bisioe, tai't. ; soullieiu ecntiiiiirt, 
 1832 
 
 Bisl.i ]i ; 1 nik'iic, 1831 
 
 Bislioj', A. ; doiriik, 1F57 
 
 Bisl.ii , sir 11., i;ff.if55 ; D'l.sii , 
 (Mil lit 1 1 Mills ; lie II. e 
 
 Bisl.i )), liv.i g ; 11 1 1 (111 iif.diig 
 
 Bifliiji, J. F. ; Ilalv, ii(2 
 
 Biin aiik, O. Mn, ;.. 1815 ; rf. i8c8 
 Inissia, i£fi-;6; Fii.iiie, iS;c'-3 
 ; Fiai.iii-Iuissii 11 Var, Ceiii.i.iy 
 / I' VI titf, lE J'aii li, lUo 
 
 Bliiik, lir. ; duel, 1E35 
 
 Black, Joe. ; 1 In n i; t, i;2£-59 ; n ag- 
 I iiisij, air, 1 alli 1 11 
 j Blaikull, Jlr. : (^miislai d, lEes 
 
 Bli.ikl nil. al [1. ; Vi ik, 1724 
 
 Blaill 111 11, ( 01 in, !i iii,,i.st;ie, 1 £13-16 
 
 B:aikie, 1 K f. Jl 1 n Mi dit, td.ola'i. 
 ific-ts ; ld:l 1 l,l(li, Celts 
 
 Eli.ds oi.e, sir v., 172--E0; I1.W 
 
 Eiiil VI 1 il,f-.A.:]i st-i'il letcneti.i} 
 
 B.'idis, Viii. ; iiii.iii (T 
 
 BUhl.e, Jims, iftr4; raiun.i'. 
 j liiilid Mails, iU"4-i'ft2 
 
 B:a:r, l.i:(li, i7i7-if<o; il.etoiie 
 J — Jl 1 11. dill 1 1 il gist, f/. 17C7 
 B'ake, in 11, It., i.(9.i(i;7; A'geis. 
 lij\er stiails, li'iiiaiil ide, fcai tn 
 linz 
 Bliikisliy, Bill. ; trials, if4i 
 ■ Bliii.e, l.diis, ifcii-fs; Fiii.ie, if4£ 
 Bliiiilaiil; laliiin, 1784-if 19 
 BIiii.i l.iiiil, 1 1 n ( n ; .Miieii'e, 1845 
 Eli III 1.111 ll, T. : I 11 1(1 lii.ilrg, iftr 
 Eiai ds f<il\(r Bill, U. f^tu1ls, i£78" 
 Blii.iiy, Jliss , Ira s, 1752 
 BIi 1 (.ni, l'iai.( e, i£;2.;9 
 Bli(l,, I a). lain; In id friit tict; 
 
 Aiivi 11 u. e 1 iiv, 1 01 1 ty 11 1 til y 
 Bli(li, (a].la.ii,!-. Jir. Villisiiy Ide: 
 
 liiais, if:5 
 Bli;'aid, sir IV.; I.i i.diii n sec. 
 Ell n field, il.ailis Jin es, Iji. ■ 
 
 tl.islir, if 14 ; lii.c'iii, 1E2B 
 Ell I, dill, 1814-17, Kill at; eiystal 
 
 inlaee, if 61 ; Nijaia, lE^g 
 ■'iliid, mi., (/. Kit; lilild.Vuwn 
 Bl((d, Jlr. ; ,iii Is, lE 2 
 Blunier, Jlis. ; {]ut/, iEiE-r4 
 BUin.liekl. B., ) 1 (t, i;(C.ii'23 
 Elml,(.r, nu.isliil, i'. 1E19; Jiiii- 
 
 \i.i:ei.=, 1 i(iiv, Ual. rl( o 
 Eh m, It., d.( t in lE^f. 
 Blwmnlidi, J. F. ; il.jsicl., 17 = 2. 
 
 1840 
 Bliinddl, lit lit. ; 01 el, 1E13 
 Bh nt, Villii d ; 1 (j| t, it82-3 
 Eial (111, All i.( (iii.g'ts 
 PpailiKii, (/. 61 ; liritain, leini 
 Eiaii n.i n, in]. lain ; 1 iiel, lEii 
 E(i((.ai|.:o, 1313-75; L'lei melon 
 EiKidil, Jol II. 1 iialapliits, 1534 
 B(.(ldiiig1( n ; 1r als, 1797 
 El dm, (ol.; Sanskrit, 1E52 
 Pdlliy, T. ; Eidleianl.li., i6c2 
 El d 111, J. F., lyi,(!ii!». II im. 
 Boeiliiiave, II., iind. wiit., 1CC8-175S 
 Eietliins. kiliid, 524 
 Eultd.eril.dttiliir); Diesdindiina, 
 
 ■7'9 
 Pogle V. I.t,WK n ; trials, 1841 
 Ei 1 n e, or Ed null, J., mybtic, 1612 
 Ed. (Una, king of, "loh Dim;' 
 
 lr((y, 1346 
 Eiiihaii. Mli-., Fr, ] ret, 16-.6-1711 
 Eois de d.ii.e J'dlli-. ; Uaids, i8h 
 Eolini, Jlr. ; till Is, 1839 
 Eol(k(\v, II. W. ; JliddlesVomigb 
 Bolddo, (1 |it. ; duel, 1842 
 Eoleslas ; 1 eland (kints), 592 
 
eh, J. W. ; MialtR. 1875 
 
 ill, H,, 1613-85: biblical 
 
 (iiiill, J. U. ; tanadn, lEgo 
 
 il, I. ; Jill nil 
 
 I'c, W. ; ( iiiKJii 
 
 kink, lir, C)., 1776. XP41 ; niK lia- 
 
 iii8' iubtinitis 
 
 'I lie, cni^t. ; bijUIIhiu tent iiii n't. 
 
 1 1)' ; 1 iiili'iit', 1831 
 
 h^^y, A. ; dpiriili, 1857 
 
 l.i'l , sir II., i;[f-it";5 ; nasii , 
 
 i.( jiiit ( ( 1 <ii1« ; 111 II. e 
 
 1.1 1', liv.i j; ; 11 (I jl,t nciliig 
 
 111 1', J. K. : lliily, il(2 
 
 11 link, O, M 11, ■;.. ,f,5 ; a. jEc8 ; 
 
 nii-i-41. i[fi;6; I-ii.Mc, i6;c-3 ; 
 
 'iiii.d'.I mi-sii II Vnr, Ctili.i.lj: 
 
 I. vl ili!-, it JJiiii li, i!^o 
 1 k, 1)1-. ; (li;(l, jfjj 
 
 ck, J(w. ; 1 lull i. t, i;2£-59 ; n ag- 
 
 is;ii, iiir, 1 iillc 1 11 
 
 I lull, Jlr. : Qvi 1 iislni 0, iff 8 
 
 iklimi. iilji. ; Yi ik, i;t4 
 
 I kl mil, (01111, !i i(i.,i.tt.ci', 1813-1 6 
 
 I kir, 1 11 f. .Il 1 11 !-'l\ I1II, Kl.li]l('l. 
 
 fici 5 ; I (1,1 1 i.ijli, Ci'ilB 
 
 I I'b die. sir W., tyj-io ; Ii.w 
 
 II VII iI,.'-.A.;l isli'll (tnill)l;lj 
 til s, V III. ; I lii.tii g 
 
 ill', Jini.-^, ifcf4; raiiiD.i'. 
 
 Iiiliil Slalts, iif4.i'ft2 
 
 'r, lil:(.li, j;i7-iUc'; ll.lltilif : 
 
 Jl 1 11, ilill I I .1 (:;st, (/, i;t7 
 ki', Mil. P., U(9.i(>;7; Ajjei.^. 
 tAir sliails, 1 ■ uini.u iili-, fciii tn 
 iiiz 
 
 ki.'^liy, FtH. ; li'nlR, if4i 
 I.I', 1.1 Uis, ibll-f2 ; 1-11 1,1 t', 1P4S 
 iiilaiil ; 1 nl!i 1 11, 1784-1? 19 
 
 l:llllll(i, I I U 1 11 ; Ulit'il'p, 1845 
 
 ml. mil, T. : 1 11 Id lii.iii.t:, i8tr 
 I tl.'- SilMi Dill, V. fetalis, 1E78" 
 ■ liy, Jlits , II a s, 1752 
 i.ui, Jiiii.i f, i8;i-;9 
 li, I ai-taiii ; liii il fn it titt ; 
 iviii u.c 1 i.y, ] 01 1 ty 11 1 til y 
 li, mi'laij, !-, Jii. ■flilkiiliy loif: 
 ia\i, i8;5 
 
 aiil, pii Vl'.; Ki i.tiiii 11 ur. 
 1 (it-Ill, H.ailis Jl n es--, 1\\ : 
 ii-lir, if:4 ; Iii.idi, 1E28 
 tiiii, ifi4-(7, 1(11 lilt; iiyfctal 
 Iiuc, iSti ; N'( tmn, 18 = 9 
 tl,ii'i.,i/. life; lili ttl,"titwn 
 ti, Jlr. ; iiii Is, li 2 
 iDir, Ills. ; (111!.-.; i£iE-r4 
 
 Il.lit-'tl, I)., 1 Itt, l;(C-li'23 
 
 I.IT, IIU.lsI 111, ('. 1819; Jllll- 
 
 ktrs, 1 ipiy. Wall rlio 
 
 11, H., ^l.l t ill i8<b 
 
 iiiiilitli, J. F. ; ilijsiol., i7;s- 
 
 to 
 
 lllll. lidlt. ; t"l (I, 1813 
 
 it, Villiiil ; 1 tMt, i£82-3 
 
 ilil, j\l 11.1 (111. us 
 
 liiiii, ('. ti ; lirilaiii, Imii 
 
 I II 1 11, lajliiiii ; I lu'l, lEii 
 
 aii'iii, 1313-75 ; L'tci imitn 
 
 iM, Jul 11, 1 ui.laiilists, 1524 
 
 liii(;li 11 ; ir a!s, 1797 
 
 II. 1 111.; S^iiiiskrit, 1832 
 
 ly, T. ; L'l (lltii.ii l.li,, ifc2 
 
 III. J. F., Iji.iialc 11 (III. 
 kii.-.vc, II., Uittl. wiit., ie(8-i73S 
 liius, killtti, 524 
 
 I l.tr (FtitK lifi); Dictdin (liil:» . 
 
 9 
 
 ; )•. I.1.WH n ; trials, 1841 
 
 IP, or Uil mill, J., iiiybtio, 1612 
 
 iiiia, kiiy of, "Ifh Dim;' 
 
 cy, 1346 
 
 .'ill. Nil-., Fr. ] wt, 1636-1711 
 
 (IcCI.ii.c, J'dilc. ; U-aids, i8h 
 
 II, Jlr. ; tiiil.--, 1639 
 
 <i w, II. W. ; Jlidtflesl'oniigb 
 
 III, 1 1 I't. ; llllt'l, 1842 
 
 las ; loli.iid (kilns), 992 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 liiddyii, enri of Wiltaliiro ; luliuiiiis- 
 
 traliiins, 1532 
 Diiliii^'liruki', loi-il; Oxfiinl inliiiinis. 
 
 Ir.itiiiii, 1711; ili-iaiii ; sfhisiii uct, 
 
 iidivar Ken,, 1783-1830 ; Culimibia 
 Unlluinl, Acta *iiii:ti)ruiii, 1643 
 l!imii|p;irto family ; Ijijiiapartc, 
 
 I'niiice, 1799 e<sc7. 
 Hiiiiaparti', i'.; France, 1870 ;-N'aiio- 
 
 Irani, Jcnime ; France, 1839-72 
 Hiinavcntiini, 1221-74; ODiirlavo 
 iiiiiil, K. A. ; Unit. Miiseiiiii, 1878 
 "lid, Jirof. ; pli„t..f;rai,l,y, 183/ 
 lliinclli ; electric li.uni, 1854 
 lliiiliciir, llusa, Fr. iiaiiiter, b 
 
 1255 
 
 ""'•'I'. -■'irtV., 1814-73; com. pleag, 
 
 de, Fr. Iiist. 
 
 I>. 
 
 UiinnecliDne, Eniile 
 
 1801-74 
 liiimicr, bishop iifLoniioii ; adiiiinia- 
 
 trntions, 1554 
 liiiiinet, 0., Fr. naturalist, 1720-01 
 IJ.innet-Duverilier; France, 1877 
 li'iiiiiycastle, J., iiiatlienmtician, d 
 
 1821 
 li'iiiplaiid. A., naturalist, i773-iS.;8 
 iontimanilotlicrs; Fiance, ,882 
 liMiweli, rev. J.; trials, i8(k> 
 
 IllJIlle, U. ; li)(ri|. 
 
 Hiiiiii. ciiloiiel ; America, 1754 
 hooscy: eopyrialit, 1854; Uunniow, 
 
 1876 
 liniitli, li. ; book-keepiiij,', 1780 
 kiiitli, Kdwin, Am. actor, iSji-q? 
 liootli, Wilkes, assassin; U. St.-ites 
 
 1865 ' 
 
 liipoth, W. ; salvatiim aniiy 
 IJipp, F., (icr. liiiKiii.st, I7'3i-i367 
 IJoreliKrevinl--, C. K., e.tploror, 
 
 1864 ; Aiit;irctic 
 
 H'irile, Andrew; .Merr\-andrew 
 
 liiirdcn, (Jail ; milk, meat 
 
 li.irclii ; mechanics, 1679 
 
 HiiiXia, C'iesar, kilied, 1307 
 
 lioruimlie, liriaii ; Ireland, 1014 
 
 inrmvlaski, ct. ; dwilf, I7M-,8i7 
 
 Hiirruinco.abp. Carlo, .538-84;. Milan 
 
 11 '""^ 
 iiirrijwes, major; trials, i333 
 
 Hiirton, sir A.; .Malta, 1878 
 
 liosciiii, Span, poet, about 1406 
 
 I, '=■** 
 o.seaweii, adm., 1711-60; La.'os 
 tiosiiuet, marshal, 1810-61 ; Inker- 
 
 niaiin, 1854 
 Hcssiiet, ,1., Fr. tliool., 1627-1,04 
 o-swell, sir A. ; duel, 1822 
 ioswell James, 1740-95, bii^raphv 
 liosu-oi-th, rev. Jo.s., Any.-Sax. 
 
 scholar, 1790-1876 
 iotlnvell, earlof; .Scotland. 1=67 
 iMicli, sir T. ; Forth ; Tav bridL'o 
 imichet, Anthony; illuminati 
 lioiicliier ; C'aiiterburv, abp 1454 
 liiiiimers, Fr. marshal ; 1644-171, 
 HciiKainville, d. 18. i ; circuiunavi- 
 
 Sauoii, New ilebriiles 
 lioiiille, maniuis de ; Kustatia. 178: 
 liuulauKer, yen. U., 1837-91 ; France, 
 
 1036-91 
 li"Ulby, .Mr. ; China, i860 
 
 "Ultoii, .Mat., d. 1809; HirmiuL'hani 
 lioiiltoii and others, trials. 1871 
 Uoulton ami Watt ; coininj,', 1788 
 U'luriiaki, yen., 1816-97 ; Franco- 
 
 I'russ. war, 1870-1 
 Bourbon, duke of; duels, 1778 
 iourKeois, sir F. ; Dulwich, i8n 
 loiir-eois, .M. ; France, 1895 
 i'li.rkc, sir H. : Victoria. tP.37 
 Uoiirke, hon. K. (aft. lord Goniie- 
 iiiara); .Madras, 1886-90 
 lurmont, marshal ; Algiers, 1830 
 Ui'urue, .'Sturges ; Canning ailmiiiis- 
 
 tratioii, 1827 
 llouslieltl, W. ; e.xecutious, 1856 
 
 1866 ; trials, 1871-72 
 I Rowdier, C. A. ; balloons, 1874 
 
 ilowen, .sir O. F. ; (Jneenalaiid, 1850 ; 
 Victoria, 1S73 " 
 
 Ilowen, Charles .S. C, 1836-04 ■ 
 appeals J v-f . 
 
 IJowcr, Mr, Elliott ; trials, 1852 
 
 Uower,(_;,; gas li-lit, 1884 
 
 [jowcs. Miss; .Stiathmore, 1766 
 
 "owicy, It. ; crystal palace, 1870 
 
 liowman. sir William, 1816-92 ; oph- 
 thalmia, Uiiyal Institution 
 
 Uowring, sir John, scholar, die 
 1752-1672 ; (J.inton, China, .Smm 
 
 iowstead. bishop: LichHeld, 1841 
 owycr, bp. ; Kiy, Chester, ,812 
 
 Uoxall, sir W. ; national gallery 
 
 !"vd, captain; .lucl, 1808 
 
 Uoydcll. alil., ,1. ,804; British In- 
 stitiition ; Sliak(!.speare'3 plays, 
 
 Uoyle, earl of Orrery ; orrery 
 Uoyle, H.ib., 1826-91 ; plio'spliorua, 
 
 Uoyal Society 
 Uoyle. Henry; Oodolpliin ailminis- 
 
 tration, 1702 
 Uoyle, sir Cuurtonay ; strikes, 1807 
 Hoytou, capt., lile-b.iat, &c., 1875 
 Hraddock, gen. ; Fort Duipiesne 
 Ural«/on, Im-.L (aft. earl of .Meath); 
 
 hospital .Saturday, 1874; play 
 
 Kr:-..iids 
 Uradbiiry, H. ; iiaturc-priiitinij 
 
 liriidlaugh, C. ; Northampton, 1874 
 trials, 1S77, et Keij. ; parliament, 
 I i83o-4; oaths, 1880-9; 1/. 1891 
 
 Ili'iidiey, admiral ; trials, 1814 
 : Uradley, U. (i.; Westminster (dean) 
 1884 ^ '' 
 
 ISradley, .fas., 1693-1762; aberration, 
 I astronomy, (irceiiwich 
 ! Brailwardinc, abp. ; Canterbury, 
 I , '349 
 
 : Hrady, cajit. ; China. 1874 
 iiraganza, .lohii of; Portugal, 1640 
 Hragg, g..n. ; United .States, 1862-3-76 
 liraliam. John, singer, 1774-1856 
 Hrahe, Tyclio, 1546-1601 ; astrouoiin- 
 
 globe 
 Uraidwood. ,Ias. ; (ires, k. 1861 
 liramah, J., 1749-, 814; hydrostatics, 
 
 pliiuiiiLt-niicliiMi., lock (ii<(((f/i(/,i) 
 liramwell, sir Frederick J.; Uoyal 
 
 liislitution, g.-is-cnginc 
 Urainwell, baron George ; judge, 
 
 1808-92 
 lirand, H. I!„ spe.iker, 1S72-S4 ; 
 
 viscf. Uami. Icii, i3,S4 
 lirau.le, W. T., cheliii.st, 178S-1866 ; 
 
 Uoyal and London Institutions 
 liraudretli. the I.iiddite ; Uerby 
 
 trials, i3i7 
 lirandt, count; Denmark, 1772 
 Uraiidt; cobalt, phosphorus, 1667 
 llrantome, I'., historian, 1527-1614 
 lirassey, lady, book (cheap); 1/, 1887 
 lirassey. Thus. ; rail, eiig., 1805-70 
 lirassey, Thos., hi. ; naval annual ; 
 
 Victoria, 1893 
 Urasidas ; killed, Ampliipolis, 422 
 
 B.C. 
 
 liraun, K. ; nephoseope, 1868 
 Ilreadalbane peerage ; trials, 1866-7 
 lircakspearc. .Viclnilas; pope, 1154 
 Hrcdcrode, II. de ; gueii.t, 156b 
 lircmer, sir Cordon ; Cliina, 1S40 
 Uremer, Fred., novelist, 1802-65 
 Drendou, St. ; Cloufert, 558 
 brcnnus ; Home, 390 u.c. 
 liierciiin, col. ; Bn.stol, 1832 
 Ureretoii eases ; railways, 1881-4 
 Uresson, count; suicide, 1847 
 lirett, J. \V. ; electricity (submarine 
 
 telegraph,. 1847 
 lirett, sir W. 11, .solic.-gen. 1868 ; 
 master of rolls, 1883 
 
 Urewster, sir David, u.it. plill., 1781- 
 I i863 ; kaleidoscope, Uritish auao- 
 ciation ; lithoseope 
 Uridgcs, Mr.; peciil. people 
 Uric, .Mr. ; duel, 1826 
 Ilridgenian, Laura, blind 
 liridgewater, earl ; admiralty, 1699 
 Uridgewatcr, diiko of, 1736-1803- 
 
 liri.lgewater Canal 
 Uridport, lord ; L'lJrient, 1795 
 Hrienue, .M. de ; notables, 1788 
 liriglit, corpulency, 1809 
 llriglit, John, 1311-3;; England; 
 Anti-corn-law league, Adullani, 
 agitators, peace congress ; Olad- 
 stone adm., 186-1, i83o 
 Bright, air Charles T. , eloctrician, 
 
 1832-88 
 Uriglit, T. ; stenography, 1538 
 Urindiey, Jus., 1710-72; tunnels, 
 
 liridgewater canal, liartou 
 liriuklett; trials, 1828 
 lirinviUiers, niadame de, executed, 
 
 1676; poisoning 
 lirislol, John, earl of ; admiuist- 1611 
 lirock, C. F. , lireworlta 
 Urodie, sir li. C, surgeon, 1783-1861; 
 —(.^011) chemist, 1817-80; graphite, 
 1802 ; o/.one 
 Hroglie, dui.'dc; France, 1873, 1879 
 liiokc, capl.iin ; C'licsapeake, 1813 
 lirome, .Vdamde; Uriel, 1337 
 I liroiide.N , sir Thomas ; uUminigtra- 
 
 'ions, 1579 
 ! lirougni.iri, A.,geol., 1770-1847 
 lirooke, sir James, 1803-68 ; Borneo 
 lir.itlier^, K., ,/. 1824 
 lirough. .M. A. ; trials, 1854 
 lir"ii,diam, II. , 1779-1868 ; chancellor, 
 cliaritie.s, impeachment, social 
 scienc.i 
 liniuglitiiii 1: Knight, trials, 1873 
 Brougliton, lord, 1786-1869; llussell 
 adm., 1846, 1851 
 I Brown, g.-n. ; Fragile, 1751 
 ' liiMwn, II,, tri.ils, 1858 
 I Brown, sir, lohn, 1316-96; iron, 1867 
 Brown, captain J, lllll ; United States, 
 ; „ '859 
 
 Brown, .Mrs. ; fountain, 1875 
 ■ Brown, It., ,;. 1630; Brownists, 
 imicpeudents 
 Brown, Bob., botanist, 1773-1838; 
 
 Browniau 
 Blown, Uobt., savant and traveller, 
 
 1842-95 
 Brown, W.,1783-1864; Liverpool, 1857 
 Brown-S....(uard, 1817-94 1 French 
 
 physiologist 
 Browne, American gen. ; Chippawa, 
 
 1S14 ; Fort Erie 
 Browne, cd. H., China, 1874 
 Browne, llannali ; trials, 1837 
 Browning, 11., poet, 1812-89 
 Browning; .Mrs. E., 1809-1361 
 Brownrigg, Eliz. ; trials, 1767 
 Brow;irigg, gen. ; Caiid.v, 1815 
 Briick, baron ; Lloyd's 
 Bruce, David; .Sco'tkind, king, 1328; 
 
 Xevill's cro.ss, 1346 
 Bruce, Edward ; Dun lalk, 1318 
 Bruce, 11. A. (aft. Id. Alierdare), 
 1815-95; Cladstime adm. 1868; 
 Niger, Welsh university, 1895 
 Bruce, .Michael; Lavalette, 1816 
 Bruce, Kobert, d. 1329; .Scotland, 
 
 king, 1306; Bannockburn, 1314 
 Bruce, com. ; Lagos, China, 1851 
 Brucher, Antnine ; coining, 1553 
 Briidenell ; trials, 1834 
 Briieys. admiral ; Nile, 17^3 
 Brugseli, lieinrich Karl, 1827-04; 
 
 Egypt 
 Brunck, anthology, 1772-6 
 Brunei, I. K., ■1769-1849; blocks, 
 
 steam, Thames tunnel 
 Brunei, I. K.,Jiin., 1806-59; steam 
 Brunetti, prof. ; burning dead, i8 
 
 if 
 
 
 fi 
 
|:L 
 
 1296 
 
 Bniiiii. (/. iioi; lli'iicilli'tiiii's, (..'liiir- 
 
 tlvlisr, ('..Ici^'lll', tlinilTV 
 
 Bnihswick, diiki' a!: Viihijv, 1792; 
 
 (iiiiilri^ UniH, 181 s 
 Driiiil, Davids tliisllcw 1, luxs. 
 
 uiid Tiiiil ; (,'iilci.stiTi'l, iSao 
 Brusli, a K ; clci'tric liwht, i378-9 
 Unitiis, l.iiiius Jmiiii.s; cniimila, 
 
 Hiiiiii', 509 11 r. 
 linilMs iii'iil l.'iisMiiiM : I'liiliii])!, 4a 11 c. 
 Uryiin (nr llrian) liiiriiiiiiln' ; liai'ii, 
 
 I'liHidii-r, livliiiiil, 1014 
 Bryiiiit, Will. C, Aiuuriuiin iKict, 1784- 
 
 1878 
 Bryci', Jaiiii's ; Ararat, Uiiitccl 
 
 States, i338 ; (ilailstuiie ailin. 1892 ; 
 
 Hiisi'hery aiini. 1894 
 IJlllili; o|iiTa-liiillsi\ iSjr 
 liiicc'liiicli, .liik(^ of; Orantoii 
 Bui'lian, caiitaiii ; N.-W. iiassagi,', 
 
 Biuliaii. M. ; Bucliaiiltea, 1779 
 Bucliaiian. J., 17U1-1868 ; iiius. U. 
 
 Htal.'s, ,856 
 Bucliaiiiin i: Tavlipr: trials, 1876 
 Bucliuiian, sir (icd., .M.I)., i3ti-<)5: 
 
 prevuntivo iiiediciin', tulii'i-cwlnsis 
 Bui'kliiirst, TliDiiias, liinl ; ailiiiiiii.s- 
 
 tratiniis, i5(|() 
 Buckliui-.st iio,!raf,'0 ; trials, 1876 
 Bui'kiiinhaiu. U. Villiers, iliikc (if; 
 
 uilmiiiistrations, 161';, 1621; dress: 
 
 killed, i6i8 
 Bu(!kiiif,'liaiii,dukenf;oalmliiiinistry, 
 
 1670; I'cel adiiiiiiistratidiis, 1841; 
 
 diiid, 1822 : — R.; IJisiaeli ailiii., 
 
 1868 ; Mailras, 1873 
 Buckinnham, inari(iiis iif; Ireland, 
 
 liird liiMilfiiaiit, 1787 
 BuckiiiKhanisliire, rarl (if; Liverpool 
 
 admiiiistraliiiii, 1812 
 Bucklaiid, K. ; (islierifs, 1863 
 Bucklaiid, rev. \V,, 1784-1856 ; neo- 
 
 l"Ky 
 Buckle, ir. T. ; liistoriaii, 1822-62 
 Buckle, capt., AiiKiat'ul, 1874 
 Buckiiill, sirJuliii C'lms., pliysiology, 
 
 1817-97 
 Biilaliiiacd ; curieatnres, 1330 
 Bullet ; France, 1873-6 
 Bufriin, G., 1707-88 ; b'eiiliigy, zoology, 
 
 « '7-»9 , 
 
 BiiKe.ind, marshal, 1784-1849 ; Mo- 
 
 1 CO, 1844 
 
 Biilkeley, liisliop ; Bangor, 1553 
 Bull, .1., "God save the King," 
 
 1606 
 Bull, G., Iii.ihop, 16)4-1710 
 Bulwer, sec l.iillui,,'/,!. 
 Buhver, sir II. K. ; Natal, 1875 
 Biinlinry, V II. (alt. sir), 1811-Q5 ; 
 
 geography 
 Bnnning, J. B. ; co,al-excliang(>, 1849 
 Bnnscn, liaron C. J. ; Germ. Iiiat. 
 
 and pliil., 1791-1860 
 Biinseii, li. ; voltaic pile, 1842; spec- 
 trum, i860 
 Biinyan, .)., 1628-88; Bedford, alle- 
 gory, iiilgrim's progress 
 Bnonarotti, Michael Aiigehi, 1474- 
 
 1564 
 Biirliage, .James ; drama 
 Bnrdean, Angiiste, statesman; 
 
 l-'iance, 1894 
 Biirdett, sir R, 1770-1844; d.iel, 
 1S07 ; riots, trial, 1S20. (See Onitts 
 Bnrdelt, Henry, K.C.B., 1897 lios- 
 
 jiiials, nurses, stocks 
 Burdock, .Mary Anne; trials, 1635 
 Biir.lwan, rajah of; Calcutta, 1878 
 liiirger, G. ; (ierni. poet, 1748-94 
 Burgers, T. I''. ; Transvaal, 1872 
 Burgess, liishop; Uivid's, St. 1823; 
 
 ^>alisliurv 
 Burgh, lliilicit de; Whiteliall 
 Ilurgoyiie, gen. ; Saratoga, 1777 ; .sir 
 J. P., 1782-1S71 ; eapt. H., Captain, 
 1870 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Burke, Kilniund, 1779-97 ; Hocking- 
 
 liani administrations, 1 782 ; Canada, 
 
 1791, ,ll|lliUS 
 Burke, sir J. B., 1815 9..; aniiorial 
 
 liearings, heraldry 
 Burke, li. ; Kcniaiis, 1867-8 
 Burke and Wills; Australia, 1860-3 
 Burleigh, lord ; administrations, 1558 
 Burlington, lid. carl of, 1695-1753: 
 
 Win. Devonshire, 183S 
 Burniann, I'., thesaurus 
 Burn, II. & others, trials, 1886 
 Burnal.y, col. y, ..\., killed 18S3 ; 
 
 Khiva ; Soudan, 
 Kdward, artist. 
 
 lialloiins, 1874 ; 
 
 1885 
 BuriiH-.roiies, sir 
 
 1833-98, arts 
 Biinn;s, Hir A., murdered; India, 
 
 1841 
 Burnet, lip. Oilliert, 1643-1715 
 Bnriicit, Mr.,(/. 1784; lluriieil |,ri/es 
 Burns, John; strikes, 1889 (.M.P. 
 
 1892) 
 Burns, K.,.Scot. luiet, 1759-96; Glas- 
 gow, 1896 
 Burnside, gen. A. ; U. States, 1862 
 Burr, cidoncl ; dud, 1804 
 lliirrows, gen. J. ; Alghaiiistan, 1880; 
 
 .Muiwand 
 Burton, K W. ; niitlonal gallery, 1874 
 Burton, Kobt. (^aiif. „/ Mduiiihuly), 
 
 1576-1640 : (luotatioiis 
 Burton, liiehd. K., sir, 1821-90; 
 
 Arabian Nights; Miliaii 
 Bury, liichard de; libraries, 1341 
 Bute, earl of, 171 voa; Bute adm., 
 
 maniuis of, Carditl 
 Butler, lip. S. ; Lichtield, 1840 i 
 
 Butler, t". A. Kenible, 1809-93 ; i 
 
 actress 
 
 Butler, lip. .)., l692-I7r.2 
 
 liutlcr, captain; .'Silist'ria, 1854 I 
 
 Butler, Sam. {Hiiilil,r,is), abt. i6i?-8o : 
 Butler, gen. 1). ; New Drleans, 1862 ; 
 
 ''■ 189.) 
 Butt, .Mr. ; trials, 1871 
 Butt, I., 1873-79; Ireland, home-rule, 
 
 1871-8 
 Buttevant; viscount, 1385 
 Button, sir Thomas; N.K. and W. 
 
 passage, 1612 
 Buxton, Mr. ; trials, 1829 
 Bu.xton, sir T. V., 1786-1845 ; jirisons, 
 
 1815 
 Buxton, K. N., metropolitan school 
 
 board, 1881 
 Byng, adm. J., exei\ 1757 ; Gibraltar, 
 
 Byng, 1757 
 Byron, eomiu. ; port Kginont, 1765 
 Byron, George, lord, poet, 1788-1824 ; 
 
 Greece, Missolonghi, swiiniiiing; 
 
 Byron national memorial, 1875 
 Bysae, Dr. ; music (festivals) 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian and John; Ame- 
 rica, 1497 
 
 Cabral, Alvarez de; Brazil, 1500 
 
 Cabrera, general ; Hamon, 1810-77 . 
 Spain, 1840 
 
 Cadell, Captain: Australia, 1867 
 
 Cadmus ; alphiiliet, Bieotia 
 
 Cadogan, earl; .Salisbury adm., i386, 
 ■895 
 
 Cadogan, captain; duels, 1809 
 
 Cadwallader; Britain, 678 
 
 Ca'cilins Isidorus; slavery in Rome, 
 
 12 B.C. 
 
 i Ca'dmon; Anglo-Saxons, 680 
 ! Ciesiir, Julius. 100-44 U.C.: R(mie, 
 Britain, calendar, ides, Dover, 
 ! Pharsalia, Rubicon, /ela 
 Ca'sar, Octavius, 63 n.(;.-i4 a.d. ; 
 Home, Actiuni, massacres, tri- 
 umvirate, I'hilippi, eiiipi'i'iir 
 Ciesalpinus; blood, cireulution, 1569 
 
 t'liglloHtro, (/. 1795; diamond neck- 
 
 lai^e 
 Cailletet, air, gasoB, 1877 ; hydroRen 
 Cairil, sir James, agriculturist, i8i£- 
 
 92 
 C'aird i\ Hyme; trials, 1887 
 Cairns, Hugh, earl, 1819-85, att.-gen. 
 
 1866, lord Chan. 1868-1874 
 Cairns, W. W. ; yuecnsliiinl, Soutli 
 
 Australia I 
 
 Calroli ministry, Italy, 1878, 1879-81 
 Caithnes.s, earl of; steam-earriage, 
 
 i860 
 Calas, J., judicially murdered, 1761 
 Caliler, sir liobt. ; naval liatt., 1805 
 l.'alderoii, 1',, Span, dramatist, 1601-87 
 Calderon, Peru, i83i 
 Calcpino; dictionaries, 1500 
 Calhoun, .Mr.; temperance aoc, 1818 
 Caligula; Rome, emperor, 37 
 Calippus; Calippic period, "330 ac. 
 Calixtns, po|ie; Calixtins, 1656 
 Calhighan, T. ; Kalklaiid isles, 1876 
 Calhiii ; trials, 1874, 1880 
 Callcott, J. W. ; music. 1766-1821 
 
 glee-dub 
 Callicrates ; ealllgrapliy 
 Callimuchus ; aliaeus, architeoture 
 
 Corinthian, 540 H.r. 
 Calliiiicus; Greek lire, wildtlre 
 Calli.sthenes; Clialdean, .Maeedoii 
 
 328 n.c. 
 C.'ilonne; notables, 1788 
 Calthorpe, Id.; Ijinningham, 1857 
 Calverly : mute, 1605 
 Calvert, I-'. Crace, i(. 1873 ; carbolii 
 
 acid 
 Calvert and Co.; porter, 1760 
 Calvin, John, 1509-64; Calvinism 
 C'anlllaeer(^s : di'-cctory, 1799 
 Cambridge, (o'oige, duke of, h. 1819 
 
 (!iiin..in-idiiel', 1856; army, 1872 
 Cambyscs ; Kgypt, Persia, 525 B.C. 
 Camden, lonl; ehaiicellor, Pcrceva: 
 
 ;idni . 1809; exclieouer, Irelaiiij 
 
 (lor.i-licnt.) 
 Camden, W., anti(|uary, 1551-1623 
 Camelford, lord; dud, 1804 
 Cameron, H. I.; trials, 1858 
 Caineron, V. I.,., 1844-94; Africa. 
 
 1872-1882 
 Cameron, consul; Abyssinia, 1863 
 Cainillns, Rome; 396 B.C. 
 Camoens, Port, poet, 1524-79 
 Camiibdl, liishop; Bangor, 1850 
 Campbells; disciples of ciirist 
 
 1812 
 Campbell, sirC; see CVi/</c 
 Campbell, John, lord 'i779(?)-i 
 
 attorney - general, king's bencl- 
 
 cdiancellor, Palmerston 
 Campbell, J. p., sunshine recorder 
 Campbell, Rev. J. ; trials, 1863 
 
 Campbcllites, 1831 
 Campbell, iiia.iiir; duel, trials. 1808 
 Canipbell, eapt.; marriages (forced; 
 
 1690 
 Campbell, Thos,, poet, 1777-1844 
 Cami'cr, Peter, 1722-89; facial angli 
 Campion; trials. 1857 
 Camiios, .M. Cartliagena, 1873 ; Spai. 
 
 1874, Cuba 
 Canaris ; Greece, 1863-4-77 
 Canaletti, Ven. painter, 1697-1768 
 Canby, gen.: killed, Modoc, 187J 
 Cunning, George, 1770-1827; Cm 
 
 ning, duel, 1809; grammaria 
 
 anti-iacobin 
 Canning, viscount, 1812-62; India 
 
 1855 
 Canova, A., sculptor, 1757-1822 
 CaMovasi!id(,'.astillo, .\ntoiiio, statj's 
 
 man, 1828-97 ; Spain, 1864-97 
 Canrobert, b'ran(;ois, 1809-95 ; Francf 
 
 189s 
 Cantillon ; wills (Na|ioleon's), 1821 
 Canton, ,1., tl. 1772: phosphorus 
 
 phosphorescence, iiKignetiaiu 
 
 Cariicgi 
 Carniit, 
 
 „ '753- 
 Cariir>t, 
 
 Pram 
 C;ir<ilin( 
 Carolim 
 
 denbii 
 
 tion 
 CarpiMil 
 
 181 3-i 
 Carpe'nt 
 
 1884 
 Carpeul 
 Carr, bi 
 Carr, Hi 
 Carrol, 
 Carroll, 
 
 Dodg.- 
 
 Wond 
 Carre; ( 
 Carstare 
 Carte, P 
 earlier; 
 Cartier. 
 Carteret 
 Carteret 
 C'ui'thagi 
 Curtwri^ 
 Carviliii: 
 Casati, ( 
 Ca.sella, 
 Cashin, 
 Caslimaii 
 Ciisiniir; 
 Oi^ilnir- 
 dent ; 
 Cassagna 
 Cassandi 
 Cassivela 
 Cassini, 
 Iiigna, 1 
 
.'iiKllMHtro, (/. 1795; ilianKiiiil ueck- 
 
 lace. 
 -'iiilli!tft, nir, Kiisiin, 1877 ; hydroRen 
 .'iiiid, sir JaiiitiH, iinriciilturlst, iSit- 
 
 1)2 
 
 -'uinl I'. Hyiiic ; triiilH, 1887 
 
 .'iiiriis, Ilii;,'li, ciui, 1819-35, att.-gt'ii 
 
 1866, I. Mil I'liiiii. .S68-iS;4 
 Iiiinis, W. W. ; yiii'ojisl.iiid, Hnutlj 
 
 AUHtriiliii 
 Iiilrull iniiii.Htry, Italy, 1878, iBjq-i 
 'iiithiii'ss, earl of; 8ti;aiM-ean-fa({e, 
 
 1860 
 'iil.'is, J., jiiiliiially liiuriliTed, 1761 
 'iililcr, sir lldlit.; 'liuviil liatt,, 1S03 
 iililcniii, 1', , Si«iM. ilrainutist, i6oi-87 
 lalilcrnn, I'l^ni, i83i 
 'ali'piiKi; ilictiiinaiics, 1500 
 'iillinnn, Mr.; tcijipirancu auc, 1818 
 'aliHulii; HiJini', iMi]|iiTiir, 37 
 illi|>piw ; Cali|.|iii' |iiniMl,"33o B.C. 
 alixlus, iiiipi'; CaiixliiH, 1656 
 alliiKliaij. T. ; I'alklanil ImIum, 1876 
 alliirj ; trials, 1874, 1880 
 allcntt, ,J. W. ; music, 1766-1821, 
 
 glet'-t'luW 
 
 allii'rati's ; calligraphy 
 
 alliiaai'lnis; aliaciis, ari'hitentun.', 
 
 Cnriiithian, 540 H.f. 
 alliiiiciis; (iri'ck liri', wildllro 
 allistlii'iii's; t'lialdeaii, Mai!ednii,| 
 
 328 11. c, 
 
 aliiiiiic; notalili'H, 1788 
 altli(Miii', I.I.: lliniiiiigliam, 1857 
 iilvcrly: mute, 1605 
 alvert, !•". Cnice, 1/. 1873; carbolii 
 
 acid 
 
 alvert and Co.; pnrter, 1760 
 idviii, ,)iilin, 1509-64: Calvinism 
 iimliaceres; lU'-eetory, ly^J<) 
 auiliridge, (icurge, duke of, li. 1819 
 
 ccMu.-iu-cliief, 1836: army, 1872 
 arulivses ; Kgyjit, Persia, 525 B.C. 
 aindi'U, hu'd; cliani'elliir, I'erceva! 
 
 adni , iSoq; oxclieciuer, Irehnw 
 
 (li>rildient.) 
 
 aniili'U, \V., anti(|uary, 1551-1623 
 auielfiird, Inrd; duel, 1S04 
 aTucrdU, 11. 1.; trials, 1858 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 1257 
 
 r-antor, Tliend, ; Cantor leriures, 
 
 1853 
 Canute; K;;-I,ind, 1017; Aliiev 
 Ca|ie Ti.wu, (irav, lip. i.f; Alric.i 
 
 itC'C; (,'liurcii ipf i:ji-l,iud 
 Capel, !(.; ailniirall. olticc, 1679 
 Capet fairjily ; Kraiice, ,,^7 
 
 Oipud'lslria unt ; (Jri'cee, i8ii 
 
 C'aprivi, (1. von, count,//. 1811 ; (Jtir- 
 
 uiauy, 1890-94 
 Caraealla; liouic, eiup. jn ; AIc- 
 
 nianid 
 Caraci'i, t,., |iainter, is^s-iOij; An., 
 
 Caraeeloli, adni., executed, Naples 
 
 >7<)9 
 Caraetai'us; llritaiii. so 
 Carallii, liishop; Thc.itin.'s, 15.., 
 
 Cas.sius, I'hiiiiipi, ,: ]• -. Chaml-T.s W. ()., (Isli, ,884 
 
 as auos; ISpaln, , Chandiersbishop I'e If borougli i»i 
 
 C s I re ; .l"'T"' ,'«"" 7' .„ , Cl,„n,l,ers'; eMey'elop,'dia, %Tsl*\ 
 C. :!■ '"",:,,""",'". «■"!' I'- C'l,and,cr, .Inurnal; H. ',802-7, 
 
 i;;^;.;'j;:";';j^ ..,,8, 2; dud, ,8^9; Clmml,e..i, Jol,n Uiay; Alwrdmin, 
 
 Caslnei-, II. V. iHilluni. aluniiniuiu Chanjliei-s. sir T. ■ 
 
 Caiesi.y, Uul,. ; •;uil|iow.||.l-, I(i05 
 
 Catcl, r .Sliaen, Iri.ils, ,87,. 
 I'allc'.irt, 1.1,: Co|ienli;i','en, ,807 
 
 ''■illi''arl, gi lal; K.dlVaria ; Inker- 
 
 Miann, ,8^) 
 fatlcMit, .Mrs. ; trials, iSyi 
 Citiiejilic; Ki.^land (ipiecl.s, Hen, 
 
 \,, VIII,, Charl-sII.) 
 (..'atheriiie ; Kussia, ,725; Odi'ssa • 
 
 ^ .Scl,aslnp„| 
 
 Clio (tlie eeusor): agrieiiltni-n, 149 
 
 Carapinos, .M,; Dodona 
 
 Car.iusius; llritain, 28(1 
 
 Cai-d.iu, .1,, 13., 1.76; algelirii 
 
 C.irdcn, .Ml-,; trials, ,854 
 
 Cardigan, lord; duel, ,840; trials, ; Calulus ; Cinihri. „„ n 
 
 rs, sir T. ; recorder, 1878 
 Cliaml.ris, sir Williani ; .Smiiersot. 
 
 llousc. ,77,; 
 
 (■|ianil..u'il.cointede,, 330-83; France, 
 
 iS?..-'.: Il.ig 
 (,liancel|n:-, K. ; north-east imssago 
 Cli.ingainier, gi-neral. 1793., 87-; : 
 
 I'r.-ince, ,8,1, ,873 
 riianning, W., i78o-,842 
 (■hantrelli-, K. M. : tri.-ils, 1878 
 Cli.intrey, I-',, si-iilnt., 
 
 lioy.d A(-adeiuy 
 
 1782-1841 ; 
 
 1841 ami 1863: Halakl.-iva, ,854 
 Cardrciss (-ase ; tri.ils, i36, 
 C'ardwell, Kdward, vis.-f., 1813-86 
 
 I'alnierslon adm., 1835-vj; Ulad- 
 
 stoiie adm. ,868; armv, ,872 
 Carey, l.isliop; «t. Asaph, iSju 
 Car.-y, .lanics ; Ireland, ,88 ( 
 
 C'arlet sircfuy; U. states, ,782 
 
 Carlinglord, lord; Ghnlstnuu ndni., 
 
 iSSo ' 
 
 Carlii-r, lli-c-aiiuiliilator 
 Carlile, 11.; atheist; trials, 
 
 183. 
 Carlisle, earl of; IrclamI, lonMic-n- 
 
 tenant, 1839 
 Carlos, dun ; Mpain, i3j (-75 
 Carlylc, Thos., pliil. ,.,,„! ],yt 
 
 i795-i83i; Carlvle 
 Carlylc, rev. W., ehui-ch armv 
 Carniarlheii, in.ir.inis of; adiuinis- 
 
 ti-aiioiis, 1689 
 Carnarvon, earl of; SaliHiiury adm., 
 Disraeli admin., 1874 
 
 i,,s,.i'u'^^ '''-''■'''"'">•'*'"'' ^'"""■■'' '■''■•(-"■»■. «823-8i; Franco. 
 !■ V, ,■*,;■ ,. IVussiaiMva,-. ,870.1 : .Vigiers, 1878 
 
 I.:'I"!'"^' .I,'""',- ','■ '■''''■ 47 ".'■. Chaplin, II. ; SalLshnry adm., 1885, 
 
 18S9, ,895, .-Vgrieulturn 
 
 , aim-o ,rt ; , |,,,t,i|„„, ,3,^. Chapman, Mr. ; arma.la sermon 
 
 as ,\ de ; stcain-eiignic, ,6,5 Chapii.-, .M. ; lelegraphs. ,792 
 
 Lautle,, sir !•., ,802-7, ; Uanges, Cliappell, Thos ; Janicss, St., Hall, 
 
 1859 
 
 ■ 354 
 
 siy. 
 
 Carnc^'ie, Amlrew; Kdinlinrgli. iS, 
 
 Cavagnarl, L. ; .\fghanistan, ,873-9 
 
 Cavaiguae, geni-r.-il ; l-'ianee, 1848 
 
 Cavalier, cami.sards 
 
 Cav.diere, Kinilio ill; opi-ra, i-eeita- 
 tive, ,600 
 
 Cave,.S., judg.'-adv ate,, 874; Kgvpt, 
 
 ^ 1875-6 
 
 Cavi-ndish, circnmnavigator, 1586; 
 " Whist" 
 
 <'av,-ndish, II., 1731-1810 ; liailorms, 
 cle.-irieity, chemistry, nitrogen, 
 liydrog.-n. water 
 
 t'.iv.-ndisli, .lohn di' ; iiidgos, 1382 
 
 C.ivcjMlish, Im-il Ki-edei-iek ; (llad- 
 -■*'' adm., i38u; mui- leied, Ire- 
 land, 18S2 
 
 Cavcndisii, lord .lohn; Portland ad- 
 ministration, ,78j 
 
 (■.■ivendisli, W. : Devonshire, ,618 
 
 Cariiol, I,,, I-'rcnch mathematician 
 
 90 C:ivill, .Mr. ; swimmin ' 
 
 1753-1823 
 
 V. I.., 1844-94; Afrieal Carnot, .M. .Sadi 
 
 1872-18S2 
 ameroii, consul; Ahyssinia, 1863 
 amillns. Home; 396 n.r. 
 aninens, Port, iioet, ,524-79 
 amphcll, lii.shop; liangor, 1859 
 am|il]clls; disciples of Christ 
 
 1812 
 
 ainpliell, sir C; sec Chtilc 
 amphcll, ,I(djii, lia-d 'i779(?)-i86i 
 
 attorney - gem-ral, kiiig's heuel' 
 
 cliaiiecllor, Palmerston 
 amphcll, J, p., sunshine recorder 
 amphcll, licv. J, ; ti-ials, 1863 
 
 Caniphcllitcs, 1831 
 amphcll, major; duel, trials, 180S 
 ainiihell, capt. ; marriages (forceil 
 
 1690 
 
 amphcll, Thos., poet, 1777-1844 
 am|per, Peter, 1722-89; facial angle 
 aiupion ; trials, 1857 
 ampos, .M, Carthagcna, 1873 ; Spai. 
 
 1874, Ciiha 
 
 aiiaris ; Crcci-e, ,863-4-77 
 analetti, Veii, painter, 1697-1768 
 iinhy, gen.; killed, Moihic, 187J 
 iinning, Ceorge, 1770-1S27; Cat 
 ning, duel, 1809; grammarians 
 anti-jacobin 
 
 inning, viscount, 1812-62; India 
 1855 
 
 inova, A,, sculptor, ,757-1822 
 iiiovasdi'l (Jastillo, .\nt,oiiio, stalf 
 man, 1828-97 ; Spain, 1864-97 
 inrobert, l''ram;ois, 1809-95 ; Pram 
 
 1895 
 
 intillon; wills (Napoleon's), ,821 
 mtcai, ,1,, il. 1772; phosplioru! 
 phosphorescence, magiietiaiu 
 
 6-94 
 
 ; pi-esiilcnt, 1837-94; 
 
 Cav.iiii-, I ■,,!,, ill,. ,|,., ,809-61 ; Sar- 
 dinia, Austria, llalv 
 
 Char.l and Ih-,mih.-,id, lieuts. ; Zulu- 
 land, 1879 
 (.'hares ; colossus. 288 11,1.', 
 Charicmagiie, 74->-8i4 ; academy, 
 
 coiivicis, Avars, li.iv.iria, Cliria- 
 
 ti.-mity, Prance, (iermanv, N'avarre 
 Charles Allicrt ; .Sardinia, '1S31 , No- 
 
 vara, i,S4i 
 Charles ; Piigland, Prance, Spain, 
 
 Savoy, (.iermany, Sweden, Sicily, 
 
 A'c, 
 Cli.-irles V, ; emperor, 1500-58; Spain, 
 
 Austria, (Icnnanv, Spires 
 ilrnles V. ; H.islill'e, ,169 
 rliarlcs VI. ; |iii-cpii.t, I ^l)o 
 ( li.irlcs .\ll., it,,-i..-i7,,s; Sweden, 
 
 Prcieri.-k^liaid 
 diaries the Itald, Poiiteiiaille 
 Charles the ll.ild ; l)m-gun,lv, 1468, 
 
 .V.-iliey, l.iejje 
 Cliarlcs, archduke, 177,-, 847; As- 
 
 periic, pekmuhl. K.ssliag 
 
 l-'ram 
 
 C.iroline; iiin-cn (h'oi-ge II.), parka 
 
 Caroline: ipu'cn (fi ■■^,. |v.), liran- 
 
 deiiiairg-honsc, delicate investiga- 
 tion 
 
 Carpenter, W. li., phvsiol,,^,ist, 
 ,813-85; deep sea 
 
 ^"lls"^""' ^- ""^''' ''1' '*'l'"'h i '>'-■■*'■'•. '''^''l''ii»';thcatr,-s(Adclplii), 
 
 Carpeiilei-, gen ; Preston, 1715 1 Celest^in ; popes, ,143 
 
 Carr, bishop; Worecster, ,83, i Ci-lman, Or; Ar'Witi 
 
 Can-, lowcll ; national gallery, ,824 ! 1890 
 
 Carrol, lulloons. ,878_ ' Celsus ; midwifery. Ac, 
 
 •-"."^ ^^i"-. »l"'i't H'2-9> : print- Chailcs of Aiijou ; .\aplesr,266 
 
 ,,'"," - ^ , , i'harlcs of l.oilaiiic ; l.issa. ,757 
 
 Ca ley, .sir G,; heat Charles of |I„l„.„.oil,.rn, prince (aft. 
 L.iyhis, .-laiiit; cncristic painting, king) of |{„umania, /,, ,8 w ; Danii- 
 
 17'iS hi:, I. i,i.h,.,l,..,10i,.. . 1)...,.... ■r.._i.;,.i. 
 
 17115 
 
 t'ccil. Will. (,ift. lord liurlcigh); 
 
 admiuistralious, ,531 
 Ci'ciops ; .Miiens, 1556 B.c, 
 
 ne republic, 
 
 ' iaiis 
 
 biaii iiriii.ipalities; liiisso-Tiirkish 
 
 war 11, 1877 
 Charles smart, prince; lu-eteiidor, 
 
 Culloilen, 1746 
 Charles, Kli/ahcth Rniidle, religious 
 
 novelist, eti-., 1828-96 
 
 Cliarlcswm-th, ,1, C, ; trials, 1861 ;— 
 Charleswoitli, Mr, and .Mrs, ; con- 
 
 valcsi-eiit, ,866 
 
 cimoii, Lewis (r.^v;'Ghas.I.utwidge^;,;:H^:l^H;;:in'(Uv;^e;)" ^'^i;'';"''' """™- '^"«'""'' ("^o- 
 
 ..?!i'^^'-:'':-';„.^33-;8''''" '■' Sn;;;^c;d:irrb':,i::^'i;is;;:"''-^ ^'^8.';"^d,^:;:;:;;;;;r "'■ ^'"- '"^^ 
 
 Cervantes, M, S,, 1547-1616: don Cliasse, gen. ; .Antwerp, 1832 
 
 yuixote Chateaubriand, viscount, French 
 
 tespe.lcs, C, M, de ; Cuba, 1S68 ; writer, 1768-1848 
 
 , Cctywiiyo (Zulu eliief) ■ Tnnsvaal, ; Chatham, earl of, 1708-78; N'eweas- 
 
 i /ululand, ,872-81, Ulumli tie a.lmiii,, ,737 ; Chatham admin., 
 
 , Uiabannes, eeiuclieurs, ,438 [ 1766; Wali-licrcn, ,809 
 
 C lac.M-nac ; plaiiels. 1S53 I Chatterton. '1'., poet, ,732-70 
 
 Uiadwiek sir I-;. ,800-90; ;;anitatimi Cham-er, C, ,328-1400: Canterbury 
 
 Cliallers, Alcxandei-, atatntoi-y ilcela- | talcs 
 
 ,'''■'• i'"' ■ ! Chaves, marq, of ; Portugal, 1826 
 
 Cli.illemcl - Lieour, M,, 1827-96; , Chcliiisf.,r I, ,1,; Derbv adm,, 1858: 
 
 Praiiee, ,893 i Zululaml, 1R79, ChiiMli 
 
 Challoncr, 1. ; alum, ifioS I Clierubiiii, music, i-.uiip ,760-1842 
 
 Carre; congelation, i860' 
 Carstai-es, rev. W. ; thumbacrew 
 Carte, D'Oyly ; Savoy 
 Cartier; Ami-rica, 1534 
 Carticr. Iticliard ; alcheinv, 1476 
 Carlci-et; circiimnavig.-itor, 1766 
 C.-irti-i-ct, lord; Walpoleadm., 17^, 
 Carthage, St.. l.ismore. 6(6 
 C.ii-twright, major; trials,' ,820 
 Carvilius, Spiirius; diviu-ccs, 234 b c 
 Casali, «. ; Africa, 189, 
 Casclla, L.; therniometei-, i86t 
 Cisliiii, .Miss; cpiackerv, 1830 
 Cashmali; Spalields, riot; 
 
 Casimir- Pohml "' '^'^ i Chahuer.s, !),-._ T„ ,780-1847 Clicshani, Sarah ; trials, ,8^, 
 
 t..isimir, loiaml I Clmmlici-lain,,Io.scpli.(;iadstnneadm, (" ■' ' 
 
 can P. P.: pr- ■ -- ,-• . ', .. - 
 
 lire rioters ; trials 
 
 n 
 
 m 
 
12/;h 
 
 Cljevalllfr, M., 18^6-79; Alln it 
 
 1875, I.iviMpdiil, ,«75 
 tlivunil. lv.ill,l„i»|,A,,,,,ff,.,gs<,; 
 riihilkrt, >;IW(hiic, AlLcit n.f.iiii, 
 
 Oilcliclcy, MnliliUlin|i; ( until l.iiiv 
 
 14141441 
 t " 'I''. II. I,. ; (lisM,|vjiinvi,.„„ 
 C iililciic : l'uiiiic(kiiiK«) 
 
 tlllldllS, 11. (■,,, lf;;7-^,(,,;„lluiK.IIV ; 
 
 Oliu.Hii IH' ii.liim., ,K,8, li-Ki., 1686 ; 
 (■rceiiw ill silii.iils, If 
 
 ClMlllllKWnllll, W., ||„.,,|., ,,,^.4. 
 e lllillulni, II. W. ; tt,.l^'l,ls. ,R77 
 C'lliiiini, K , i:y.,i2j: .iiiiii-iiis 
 (-lliilsilll. 1:., ilui'.l,., ,7l,,.^5 
 Chnlirirliy. sir ]{., ||i«l,p,i,. 
 Cliiiliiii.iiili-lrj-, ^,.,1, ; liiiisc'KiKinls, 
 
 Cliojiin, F., l'i)li»l, inns., i8io-4n 
 
 CIllPSlDcs I, ; IVl.sill. 5,1 
 
 C'liriNliiin : lll■llllllllk,"^lH■l■(l|.l| , ..g 
 
 C iriNlhii, IV. : (lir.sliiiii 11. ,624 
 
 flin.sliiin Ml. ; HiMiniiik, 177, • 
 
 (llili'iiliiiiv '" ' 
 
 tllliHiil', lill'-lnlt,.V|... ig,, 
 
 CliriMic, W. II. ; (,i,.,.|,wiili (nRtiii- 
 
 llnlMcl- li.vill) 
 
 Clinstiiiii ; fSwiilin. ,r,n ; Siiniii 
 1831 ■ ■ ' ' 
 
 C'liristiiic, JI., iHiiiN 
 
 CllliHlll|il (■ ; IliiMi, l^ll 
 
 CliriHtdiilici- ; Uniniiirk (kin(;s\ ,j^2 
 
 ainsl,,.,li,.|., i!„i,(, ,\,i,„||. ,,,,|.|,j. 
 
 "ilni., 1852 
 Clii.vsii.stipin : fiiilici-.s, 554-41,7 
 Uiiilil., >li-.,l,„-ks 
 Cliiiicli, ilraii, Cliiiiili (if Kngliiiiil, 
 
 ^ INDEX. 
 
 IIM'clul, CIlllnllllH; Kniiir. .■in|,.Tnl', 41 ; |I 
 
 (ilillis, -JI ,1 ; NiiLssiiM 
 
 C'luniliiiN, Aiip. , iliirniviri, 
 
 Ciikr, xir Kilw. 
 
 Illl'lll.l, I^CJJ 
 
 '55"-if>j< ; iiurliii 
 
 l.ilii'i'iii ; uhint 
 ;i"i'-'l<''t t.l.i,M Mr. ; iiuH, ,f,,,j 
 
 ■' Ci-I.Vll.ll, In-. ; ;;|,H, |;,y 
 
 I'll iM T, MmIiuj. ; Dunj,,.!-, St. AbiiiiIi, 
 
 i8i()-i8ij 
 Mi'isllii'hc'i. ; (ulniiMniii, 510 H (■ 
 •-'''■'"< '"11. >'., Vi: |i(.m.; Fraiic.., 
 
 lfc&2 '/ Hlf/, 
 
 C'li'iiien.H lii.iniiiiiis; ]ii,|pch, 66s;— 
 AI('Xiiiiiii'iiiii.s, 1/. iilit, i,^ 
 
 fiinil'lll; |„,|.,.s, ,,, ; VII. ; I iff, 
 
 I'liii liii's, lliiniiiiini.s, 1 J7S ; _. 
 
 \.i,l - ., vi. .U" • — V itiijiitl, il»;ill 
 
 \lll. ; inilrx ;- .\l\. (Uiii,Kaiidll), , Cullmil, iviii „ 
 
 . . -. licM*, 1656 
 
 j Liilrnsii, l.|i., 1814.81 ; clinrrli 1.1 
 t iMlKllllliI, i66( ; liiiiis, igtfc: Xlit;il 
 
 Cdlnldnc .Ninini'l T., i„„.t, t 
 I I77a-|!-J4 ; nii'lliiiil 
 t'lpli'liilKi', Nil' I., Ndlil'.-KiMl. ; Bit.. 
 t!i;".. i«7i. ii'lii. I'lius, 1871 
 kiiixN li.iiih, lEBo 
 li>li'.i, rii|it. lii«|„|., 1811 70 ; iiiiw 
 
 III ImikIiimiI, 1855.71. ; (;,i|ilili|i 
 I iiiil, .1. : I'inil s NiliiKil, 151.. 
 C I'liKiii, iiiliuiriii, killiil, iw 
 
 t lilllUil, ih\;ilf, 1871 
 
 t-'liiiiiliill, V. ■ s.iliiTs, 1711.64 
 C'liiiiiliill, 1,1. H., ,84,.,,,; >,„„.„, 
 
 CildllhH ";!"■ .'"Iw!;'"'^ "'""• '««5-6 ..•iMiti.i,; sir II. : Vnikluw,,, ,78, 
 1.1.11(11111, pi, . ||,,ij, ,,,,„. ^„„„.| t.|„„„„^ Uei.lliry ilc ; K.-iiilwmtli 
 
 1761) ; .Ic.siiil.H 
 (.llllKllt, JiI((|11('M; Krulil'P, irSol— 
 
 Jcsi'pli : l.hiiiiliKliiiicliliic, i8aj;— 
 
 •'nl!;ili ; liiiit\\ ilcly, it ti 
 
 L'lciiii nii, .M., niiisi(., ,/. 1832 I sdimtii 
 t ii (Hill Ills : i'S|i(irlii, 2{i't He. 
 
 *-'' Mlillliiill .lllll,l«in;li,., killcil 
 
 4-!.i H.r. : .\iii|iiii|ii ::s 
 
 l-'lci.),iiliii : i:p.\|.|, ,,,> JO ii.(.'. ,1 
 
 ('lcvclllllll,(ili,-,cl. /..,£, 7; |,|,..si(l,.nt 
 
 li,nMli^l:il(..,, ,8'4, ibga; t|,i,.„j,„ 
 
 ' llllnllH'. • lill. 1,1,1,1, i8-,6 
 
 t'lilli'iil, .1. : triiils, 1870 
 
 t'lilldid, l(,ii| ; Ji(,ii,„„ fallidlic,, 
 
 iS/();- sir Tim., iiilml, 167a 
 L' illiiiil, \v. '<.,niiitlii>iiiiit.; ilviiaiiiics 
 tliiitdii, 11. Kyiics, 1761-185^ ; cliid. 
 
 iiiiliiny 
 
 liiil. ; -iiiciilc, ,846 
 r. ; iiKiisviiul, Niitiil 
 
 Kiiliinld, GiK.tiL 
 C'ililici-, C, 1671-1757: i.(,ct-l.-iiiiv,,|(. 
 ticcKi, 11,6-4) 1' !■ ; Alliens, h( iiic 
 
 tatilmi', |iliili|,pi, s 
 Ciil (.S|iiiiiisli lii-i(i), (/, logg 
 Ciiniiliiii', iiiiiiiicr, vj4i,-ijlio 
 Cilnaiosji, inusici.-iM. i7!;4-iS( i 
 t'iuKin ; Kiiiyiii,.i|nii, ^i.f, m-. 
 Ciiiciniialns, ilicl.ilnr, 458 11 c 
 Ciiiiia, iiiiisiil, killed, 84 IK 
 CJaiiiiy, Dr. Held ; s.ilcty laiiii,, 
 
 Clanrnanl,. niar,,. „,■; ,,„s,„,„ster. ("inn,ar:7 trials, iS 10 
 
 1 1 -JO 
 L'live, li„l,t., |,,r,l 
 
 India, I'la.s.si •■ 
 Cli.iieiirry, li.rd. r. Piers; trials, 1807 
 t-l"se, .Mr ; duels, 1836 
 ( iolaire ; Fiance (kili^.s), 558 
 Cl.ivis (Clil.iilnwif;. I.iidwi;;, I.iiil,,- 
 Vlclls. I.i.iiis) ; Flilliei, 481 ; Niir- 
 iii.uidy, I'aris, Cl.ivis, Saliniie, 
 llenrde-lis, Alein.inni 
 L'liiiils, .\iiaeliiiisi 
 
 t-IiMlet ; KUS 
 
 1855 
 Cliipiiertoii, llngl,, traveller, 1-88- 
 
 1S27 
 flare, Jdliii, |,(„.t, 1793.186. 
 flare, carl (it ; duel, 1820 
 CIar(iidi.,ii, c.dl (,f, see Ihiile •— |.arl 
 
 df. <i. K. \iilieis, 18(^-7., ;-|rc. 
 
 liiml, Idid-lieiit.; Alierdceii, I'al. 
 
 inerstuii 
 tiark. F;i1wii. 1814-94; ciitiiiiecrs ' 
 Claik, sir,aii,es, ,,I,,s., ,788.1870 1 
 Clarke, Adam, tlicdl., ,760-16/—- 
 
 1S71 ; Fenians, 187. 
 fiiillerliiick, rev. ,1. ; trials, 1801 
 f yde, Idi'il, 1742-186;; India, 1857 
 fl.viiier; |iriiitiii^'-|iicss, 1814 
 
 fdllcv, sir ( 
 
 Ma.iiil 
 fdllie, Alex. , l.diidiiii, ,875 
 fdllnr, J. 1'., 17891884; MraksiiiMii. 
 
 1849 
 
 ti'lller, .)( K niv ; cccles.-liisi . 16c,. 
 17.6 ^ 
 
 fdllier, .sir 1;. P. ; „tt.-pi,., ,666 
 
 I'lllcli .M(.llk^w■(•ll, 1SE5 
 fi'llili;.s, .les.se ; Icsl i| lil'id,, l.iH 
 
 (dlliii-Wdiid, Inrd, i74»-if,i, ;'l-rafal 
 
 (;ar, 181 5 ; naval l.ailles, i8og 
 Ldlliiis, edvr. : llnliart rdwii, i8c4 
 < dliins, Win. W., i,„v. 1824-80 
 tdlliiisdii, sir II., ,8ii.8j ; Fraiikliii. 
 
 1850 
 fdlllleei, V. ; trials, 1S6, 
 tdlinan, li., ,/. 1794 ;-(J., jun., ,76: 
 
 lb 16 
 Cdli'lllh, aillii., Ion 
 fdjdiiiia liiiiiily liiiurisli, 1268-isss 
 
 . . Idnlllia, v., I te.ss, 141;,,., 547 
 
 17^5-74: Arcdt, fdlpiiy.s, a lal ; n.alinies, ,70, 
 
 •-■")'.'■ '"l: pistols. ,65, "' 
 
 I dliunlia, St., 521.97 ;. isles 
 
 f dluinlianiis, ,/. 614 nr ,,15 
 
 fdliiinliierc; ariiidrial l.eaViiit;s, 16'., 
 
 f "■lllllills, flir, 14,6 i.r .4.,2-l5of3; 
 
 Ainenca, llaliania, faraeeas 
 
 f liiistoplicr's, .Salvadiir, UoiiiiiiKu- 
 
 t-liieano, iSy; " ' 
 
 f dliiiiiliiis, iiartlidldi, -w ■ clinrts. 
 
 1489 
 fdhiiiiella, incdical Hiiter, alit, 46 
 
 l-'"l*ili' 1. Henry Edw., K.f.JI.Ci 
 
 1895 ; U;!ali(la 
 fdlville, sirf. ; fainbray, 1815 
 Cdlviii, sir A.; India 'and KmI'I 
 
 i'Xcr. 1794 
 
 '^l^'isn!'^;!;: "''-"^'^ '■■■"'»• i '^'i;i >;;:;;: «• ■■ --"' ■-"'■i.'p 
 
 Sam., ilieol.. ,r, 
 
 75.1729 ;— Edw. 1)., 
 
 traveller, 1768-1822 
 flarke, sir Aiidiew, 1S26-93 : Straits 
 
 1S74 ; lill.vsiei.Mis, 1888 
 Carkc, sir E. ; .si.l.-nen., ,886 
 flaikc, neii. ; lai.e, 1795 
 Clarke, Hyde; |,liilol,,f,.i,.,t and en- 
 ^ giiieer, 1815-95 
 Clarke, J. Algernon ; auloiiiatoii 
 Clarke, M. A. ; trials, ,814 
 Clarke, JI. f., /,. ,8,y; !s|,aksi,nire, 
 
 cdiicdidanee, 1S47 
 Clarksdii, TIk.s., 1760-1846; slave- I 
 trade, slaverv I 
 
 , --2-80; sdlicitdr- 
 ^leiiera, 1858 : attdriicy.ge„eral, 
 kiii'.'s lieiiel,, ,.1,. j,, Alabama 
 
 fdekelill, ,). ; .Sel.-linj; 
 
 fdikini;, Mr. ; liailodiis, ,857 
 fddriiit;tdn, admiral sir R ; Navn- 
 
 riiid, 1827 ; - sir W. J., ,804-64 ; 
 
 1-riiiica t f ' 
 
 fddrus : .Mlicns, 10928,0. 
 foe ; trial.s, 1876 
 
 live pliilosoiiliy " 
 fdiiiyii, Jlr. ; trials, 1830 
 f imelia, gen. ; Siiaili, ,fc68, 1874, Es- 
 
 tella 
 fundi;', I.duis ; Jariiac, ,560 
 fdiiHans; yiiiliei-dii, ,759 
 fdiifueiiis, 55,-477 B.C.; Cdiifucinn. 
 
 ism ; fliiiia 
 fdiigletnn, Idiil : suicide, 1842 
 fiiiigrevc, Ii.; iidsilivc |,lii|. 
 
 Claude Loir 
 
 painter, i6<;o.82 
 
 Claudidu, Latin poet, ,/. al.dut 
 408 
 
 ^"^^^ ' -«. .874; piii.icts, ,868. : f ;;;;;:;.;:.; «■; !!::;:::^rx^., 
 
 fdliii. Dr.,. 
 
 fdlidin, li. 
 
 ,64,-, 704 
 
 ciiii til 
 
 leory 
 
 fdiigreve, sir Wii 
 
 van, military engineer, ! Coi, 
 
 Works, ,8,4 
 
 1.1 1772., 828 
 
 tlr(. 
 
 1839 
 
 1795-1866; lunatics. 
 
 Cnlliil. 
 
 Cdlira 
 
 ('(ilira 
 
 gun 
 
 I'linre 
 
 Ciiiisli 
 
 C'liiisli 
 
 (.'mist; 
 
 Adri 
 
 llrit 
 
 Vorl 
 
 (.'imstji 
 
 t'linstii 
 
 L'liiista 
 
 (.'(iiitai 
 
 ,694 
 
 Cmiwa 
 
 1621 
 
 trati 
 
 L'ljdde, 
 
 Cddk, ' 
 
 lia, 
 
 Stiai 
 
 New 
 
 f.ilk 
 
 Port 
 
 Ci.dk, : 
 
 fii.ik, . 
 
 fiidke, 
 
 fdi.ke, 
 
 lnoke, 
 
 Cddke, 
 
 Ciidke, 
 
 Liiiipcr, 
 
 Cddper, 
 
 ■7Sf;-: 
 ('llii|ier, 
 Cdiiper 
 Codte, , 
 
 fariiii 
 Cnpe, -'i 
 
 Cli|ierili 
 
 iiiiaiv 
 (•ii|ile.st, 
 i.Mpley, 
 Liiraiii, 
 
 ling li 
 fiinlav, 
 ('(inler, 
 Oiiildva 
 liirelli, 
 Ciiriii ; 1 
 i-Hi-inlan 
 L'eriiiae; 
 (■erneill. 
 I'lirneliii 
 (.iinieliu 
 
 1867 
 
 (.'erileil. 
 
 liirnliill, 
 
 (.'"rnw.iil 
 
 i.'ei'iiwali 
 
 l.ielilie 
 
 L'"ni\v.ill 
 
 iiiir.'ilu 
 
 l.ire, Ir 
 
 palaiii 
 
 Lnrnwall 
 
 Ci'iielius 
 
 fiirreggid 
 
 t-"iTv; di 
 
 I'crry, II 
 
 1S67 
 Colt, H.; 
 L'nrte l{c, 
 passage 
 O.rtez, F. 
 I 'irvatc, '1 
 t'esiiid, 1. 
 i.M.sla. M. 
 
 flisler, I.. 
 
 C'ltteiilian 
 liigli, 18 
 
 Cottelldf, 
 
 Oittiiigtdi; 
 
 '635 
 Cotton, H. 
 Cotton, M. 
 
C<ikc, «ii- |;,|w., I55i.-i6j4; imrliu. 
 
 Iliillls, IS'U 
 t'l'll'i'lt, .1. H., ,f,,ij.Xf ■ ti,|,c.»(ry 
 1 hIIji.jiii', hir ,|,,|n, ; I ,ii,i„|„, ,8",8 
 l;'i'lnii^|,. Ml-, ; ,|,„.l,, ,p,,7 
 "'"liiilt, 'I'. !•;. : iiii|,i'iii,l iij.'.titille 
 
 I I' iiiiMlCi.s(|„,|i,,); |uiliiiimrit,i8f( 
 
 t'l'llMlllli, SI. ; Clojlic, till c'vlll. 
 
 t nil hiiiii, Mis, ; |||. !,■,.„„, ,,,jc, 
 •-■"liJiH.i. I, p., iti^.g,; ciiuri'li „i 
 
 IiiKliiiiil, iKfii: Iriiiin, i8t(. ; Xiit;il 
 ••'"lili'lt!''. Ni I T., liuft, 4c, 
 
 l77-'-l>'-j4 ; liii'tliiril 
 (.nlcllclgc, HH- I., Kiilic.-ncli. ; all.. 
 
 pll., 1S71, Cdln. lilcliH, i8ji 
 
 Kiuk'n I I'liiii, lefo 
 
 Li.li;s iii]it, Cowiirl-, 181170; lun \ 
 III l'.ll;;lilh.l, ib^yju ; (.■.i|i|(iill 
 "li't, .1. : IViiil's mIiiii.I, 15, a 
 -iillKlli, llillliilal, kllldl. HTW 
 . iilljiiil, ihMiir, 187) 
 ■I'lliiiil, niii ailiiil."; -iiliiilc, 1846 
 III ly. "ir (1. 1'. ; 'li-iiiihviiul, Niiti,! 
 Mii.liiliii 
 I'lilf, Alex. , l.i.liildll, 1E75 
 
 "III"', J. 1'., i7tVitF4;i>liukHi>wu 
 lK4<) 
 
 iillli I. .Ii 11 lll.\ ; (■iili..s..lii.s|., ,f,t 
 
 17^(1 
 
 ■i'IIk'i, i-ir It. V. : ,,lt..K(ii., lEC 
 
 I'lii'iii .Mi.|ik>\vrll, iSEs 
 olllli-.s, ,l,>sr ; icstiliitiipii l.jll 
 iilliiij;tti..iil, Iniil, i74t-ii-u, ; rrnnil- 
 
 Mill'. iS. 5 : iiaviil l.iuiics, I^■^,g 
 
 I'llllls, -MM-. ; I|,,l„|it ■Inwil, ,8c4 
 iilulis, Will. W,, iiiiv. i8-..4.t'g 
 ulliiisdii, >h Ii., ,8ii.^j ; riankliii 
 
 18511 
 
 illuici, V. : ti'iiil.H, 1861 
 
 ill""", li.. 1'. 17.^4 ;-ti..j"ii., 17C: 
 
 iliiiiili, iiiliii., U>)f 
 
 ■liiliMil rmuily Iti.uiisli, i2S8-is>-s 
 
 'I"""", v., I t,..ss, i4*'-i547 
 
 illiii.VS, il.llllHiil ; llillllliics, I7Q7 
 
 'il.i' n,l: i,ist„[». ,85) "' 
 
 lllUnlui, St., yj,.^j ;. is||..s 
 
 ilmiiliiiiiiis. ,/. 614 I. r 1.15 
 liiiiiliii'ic; iiniMiriiil lu.jiViiijjs, if,,, 
 luiiibu.s, I'lir. 14,0 (.!• i4.i-^.i5lV.; 
 AiiuTji.'i. IliiliMUi.-i, L'iiracTiis. 
 . in,sln|>ii,.i's, Siilvailor, Uoiiiin-,, 
 
 -liliilU'i. iSg.; 
 
 liHiitiiis, IJiuiluiliiii ,.«■ ; clinrts 
 4S9 
 
 '"""■llii. I liiiil wiitci-, alit. 46 
 
 Ivilc. cij. ll.'iiryEclw., K.t'.slci 
 Sys : U^ranila 
 
 Ivilli.', sill'. ; C'aiiilimv, 1815 
 Iviii, sir A.; Imlia anil K;..vii(, 
 
 vi", iniil. .S. ; amii'iit luiililiiiL-,- 
 ilaile iimr. 
 
 iil'i'. ().. 1788-1858; I'l-aiiidlii^v 
 iil« run ir, 1,1. ; Dlmrtpoit, 1826 
 lllllr.s I'll, dv, Fr. Ill.sl., i445-,5c<^ 
 iiliiiii'll, (•(limn. ; Aslnintcca, ib;j 
 iiinii'ii> ; Hdinc, ('iii)ii'r<ii, 180 
 nnciii . i.isii'in (iii|iiriir,s, 1057 
 '(intiis. ■Ircl.i/dii,!, ,ji.-4 
 "Iitiin, 1,1. A., 1,],.; Ely, ,885 
 lite, A . 1798-1857 ; calciidar, iiusi- 
 
 VC li|lil,,.s,,pliy 
 
 ii.vn, 111-. : iii'als, 1830 
 
 <lia, gen. ; Spain, ,tC8, 1874, Es 
 
 ■11a 
 
 (li;, I.iiiii.s ; Jiiinac, 1569 
 
 Nans; Qnilicn.n, 175,^ 
 
 fiii'iiis. 551—477 U-<^-; ConfuciBii. 
 
 Ill ; C lima 
 
 Ulctim. liinl ; .snicidt', 1842 
 
 f^ieVL', li.; po.sitive pliil. 
 
 tiicvc, \V., (Iraiimtist. 1670. i-,.-, 
 
 Ki'ivc, .sir Win., 1772-1828; tin- 
 
 OI'KS, 1S14 
 
 "lly. J., 1795-1866; lunatics, 
 
 39 
 
 ;;';||;;"^«;;iHii, v^, nc ; Ar^iims,,. 
 ("iim, ; UiM-iiiaiiy, ,.iiipn-,,|-, ,,, , 
 "S,V"-^ liHi.mn.v. ,..41 ,„.,. 
 
 Ciiiiiailiii; Niii.lcH, (Jcnnaiiv, 13O8 
 
 riiUHlaiiM; Ai|illlcla, ,4,, ' 
 CiiiHtniis, M. : Km nee, ,33,, 
 Oiiislaiitlii,. ; It ., ,.i„p., ,.j,. 
 
 ili.,'l',':''''> '""■"^■■i-^ liHiiii-'r; 
 
 v::'k!';;,.,tr;a!;;i" """""■• " • 
 
 •'""■"I""' II. ; Aiinilcia, ,40 
 
 (."iiHtantiiK, IV. ; ni,.iia.sli-ii,?s 
 Ciinshintin.s ; l(,iin,., ..nips ,,,, 
 ("iitanul (,l„^r,,.4 „i Wnii'r), ,04,. 
 
 C.iimay, sir |,;,|w. ; a,linini,,liati,iiis 
 
 1(121 ;K''i"Tal, Cliatliaiiiailniinls: 
 
 1 1 II til 111, 1766 
 
 t'liml", Hir.li.lin; limakwatcr, iBuo 
 
 t.iiik, capt .laiMcs, 1728-7,;: .Uistra- 
 
 "1, . t-iiiiks vnyiiKi's, lt,.liiin-'H 
 
 M.~iits l,.taiiyH,iy,|.'i..„i,.rvCa|7,., 
 N.>v l,.l,i,,i,.,. N,,, ;,,.,, ;|^,^.;,,.; 
 
 .illk IshllMl, ll|;,l„.i„., (,vvl,vh(.,., 
 
 I'irl .l,irks,,ii, s,„.i,.|v i,|,., 
 
 ^""^ ■;''■;': 'I'li'i-i'il ; tnals, 1841 
 
 link, ,J. R, iiiiir,|cir,l; Irials, iS,6 
 (iii.kii, sirt.c.i,,,. ; fliatliani ,766 
 
 «;i«ikc,W.,l(.A.,, 8,0-80 ' 
 liiiikc, Kli/. ; iriaK, ,8,^ 
 
 fiiiikcti,.,, l.v,.,l.,, „.,,„., ,755.,8„ 
 I "like, W. !■., cIcclrii-tclcK., ,8,7 
 
 V'lil'lT, .\stl;.y, sni'K 17M.,8.M 
 
 t.|||||ii'i, .). I'cninimc, Am. inivulisl 
 
 l7*>9-l851 
 l/ii'l'fi-, R i.liilaii.; New V„rk, i38i 
 liii'lHT; tnals, ,^,,;, ,g,, ■' 
 
 Ciiiiti', .sir Kvrc; In.lia, Ai I nU,- 
 
 tanialii-, CinMaliiiv, 1',.||,, .%•,,(■,, ' 
 
 O'lic, Wr.Iiiliii; I'lv^t ns "i,.. 
 
 tdpcrnnMis, Ni,.,, ,47,.,,.,. .[^t^.,,. 
 
 iii;;ii.v, atlrait s,,lar s,si,.in 
 
 (i>liCst,.M, liisl ; IJan.lair, ,827 
 
 •-"lili'V, •'., |«inl,r, i7:,8-i8i5 
 fiiruii ,.,ipt Tli„s , ,/. ,75,^ ,•„„„,. 
 
 Inigliiispilal, 17,,, 
 l'<,r,la,v, yiiarl,,!!,.; Kranri', ,79, 
 Liirilcr, William; trial.,, ,82s 
 Oi.-il|iya,g|.n,'ralil,'; (iranaila, 14,12; 
 liTcih, A., musician, 11^.5.-17 , 
 Oiri"; lilicrtiiM's, ,,.,3 ^-' ^'^ 
 I'lni'laniis; Hmii,', Viilsci, 490 ac 
 (.j.niiac; (.'aslicl, ,j,., 
 (;,inicill,., !■.; Kr. (Irani. ,M,.s. 
 Liinichiis; Spilzlii'iKcn, 15,,, 
 fiiniclins, 1>. v„ii; Ucr. iiaint., 1787. 
 (S67 ' ' 
 
 Oinicll, IO.;riinicll iiniv., ,S08 
 I'liniliili, llcniy; slicrili; ii8u 
 ••"i-iavall.lip.; Worcester, i.Su8 
 ("niwji lis ahi,.; Cantcrliiiiy, ,768; 
 _ l.lclillclil, 1781 
 
 Cnnvalli,, mar,|iiis, 1718-1805; a,l- 
 "'"•ill.v. Iiiilia. Am.nca, lianga- 
 l"ii-. Irclanil (ionMicnl.), Scriii-a- 
 iLilani 
 Cnrmvallis, K.; I|;,liiaN, .\.s 
 t'cncliiis; (llympia.ls. 770 1, ,. 
 ;:"mwi", .v., painter, i4„4.,:;34 
 'iii-i-.v; duel, 1800 -^^ 
 
 ^••■ijy, H.T. I,., ,803-83; admiraltv, 
 
 1867 
 Cut, H. ; iron, 1781 
 Ou-te Heal ; Aineri.a, norlli-wc.st 
 
 liassaKc, ,3(„ 
 Ciirtez, R, 1485-1554: Mcxi..,,, ,,21 
 i"i-,Vate, I'liomas; tork.s, ifoS 
 fiisuKi, 1.; Port Kerrajo. ,548 
 I'ista. M (aft. sir). ,8.0-84 ; miisician 
 icisier, li. ; print IN' 
 Citteiiliani, lord ; ' clianeellor, lord 
 
 'ii;;li, 1836 
 Ciilf.'i.ol, planets, ,9.j?, 
 t,ittiii«toii, lord ; a'ilinini.strations, 
 
 ■635 
 
 rl'""' S= C""""!"" Iil'i-n>y. ifioo 
 tottiiii, M. A.; lioLsoiiiiif,', ,873 I 
 
 IXDKX. 
 
 CottiMi, .iir Slaplctnii; Villa Kivilici, 
 181J ' 
 
 button, W. ,1. H. ; n„.y„r, i,„.,i, ,p 
 t-oulomli, L'., I736.ustf.: eleetricily. 
 
 ;;i"iiy,.t; China, ,-,; ■|Mii,, 
 
 tinnier, 1'. I,. ; paiiipldela 
 l-'oiirlanviiiix; i.|||,.r, ,7.-,^ 
 Ciiirleiiay. alip. I'aiilerliiirv, 1381 
 I'liiirtcnay; Tliomites, i,S|8 
 Ciinrtcn.iy, sir Wm.; Kxct,.,., ,46,^ 
 
 t'oiirtois, .\r. dc; i,„l|||„, ,(j,j 
 
 Coiirvoisier; tii.ils, 1840 
 L'oiisin, v., Kr. phllos , ,7,,.,Sf,7 
 Oaitts, liaioncssA. Ilimlctt, /,. ,814 ■ 
 rials, 1,847: 1 ■olnnil.ia market, 18c,,: 
 liielicster, 1K74: KdliiiinrKli, ,87,; 
 
 lliiwer.jiirl iniK, , i88u; elilldreii, 
 
 ibd4; Hallinioic 
 
 • ■(ivcniry: administrations, 1628-1673 
 .iivenlale. .Mi|(.„, /,. 1487:1111,1,,, ' 
 
 l-'iwan, .Mr.; li,,,,!,.,.,, ,1,',^ ^" 
 
 fi.Wen, ,;. .N,.w..,stle, 1871 ; d,.,,,,,. 
 
 ^ ,rati,' l,',lemls 
 
 • ■'owles, K. ; alnminiiim 
 I'owley, Aliraliam, poet, 1618-67 
 Limper, lord ; li„rf,,r,l, Ualiru.x, 
 
 1714 
 <o« per, earl; (lladstom, lulni., 1880 
 t-iiwper, h. ; pniiliiiK-niiicliine, ,8,, 
 I'.. A.; electric t,.le;.,apli, ,879 
 
 li'wpcr. Will, I t, ■7,,., 800 
 
 Lox, Waltir; tii.ils, 1811 
 l'o\on (family),.;,.,,.; ,|.i„|^ ,g 
 Liixwell, Mr. ; ball,„,i,s, ,8,,2-7, 
 'iiylc. Mr liernanl; ,l,iel, ,802 
 I ral,l«', (.(,■(,., |„„.t, 1754.18,2 
 Cral.trec, W. ; Viiiiis ^ ^ 
 l-'iii.uKs, .Mr ; SnmlerlaiKJ admin , 
 1718 
 
 riaik, ir,'liry, K.C.H. ,397(ediicatM.) 
 l,raiiipti,n. Mr; fnitcl siat,'s, ,85,, 
 l-^rane. sir l-Van,-i., ; lapi-siry, ,6,„ 
 
 •-'■'"'"■""k,^ 1: .Silisbnry a.lm., 
 
 1885, 1S86 
 Cianlii'M, l.ioiii'I, l,,r,i; a.lminislra- 
 
 tnnis. 1621 
 friiiim,-r, aivl,l,p., ,4S,j-i556; Cat,. 
 
 lerhury, a,liiimisirati,.ns, 1529- 
 
 lioiniiii's, mariMiloni 
 Craiiw,,illi, lonl;' .diaiicdlor, ,852 
 l-rassiis, .Maiviis, slain ; ovation, 53 
 
 vm 
 
 I Cromwell, (iliv,,., i59,)-i6j8;a.liiili,. 
 
 . siiati,,n,, i,,.,i : Aiiil„,viia, unllii- 
 
 , ITS, ei,mni„i»,aitl,, Isi.KlumI, 
 |iniKli,_,la, llii,„lalk, nm,.,.,'^ |,.„: 
 land, .Marstoh \r,„,r, Naseliv, Wor- 
 
 "Iir, .Manclcter. 187, 
 
 ; <-'|-,,imv,ll, ||„.l,ai,l:a,ln,inistmli(,iis 
 ■ 1,58; KiiKlaml 
 fioiiiH,.ll, •)•., l,,r,l Kssex; admliiis- 
 
 Hull iju; r,'«islci'.s 
 
 • ronlii, llr. ;iiiiir.l,, ; L-nile,l, states. 
 |S8.> ' 
 
 C'rookes, Will.: km. ,807, llialliiiin. 
 186,; .spintii.,li,,in, radi,,niet«r, 
 ll«it,iillieii.sc,,pe.,.lcmeiits.vacnun. 
 Lroslile, .sir I'Mwaol: Uials, ,7,jj 
 t'r,,ss, K.; Siinvvliarlciis, ,8,1 
 Cross, sir II. A,M,c„,,„t; r)i.,i„eli 
 ailmlnl.slratloii, ,8,-4; .SalfsLiury 
 'idiii, 18^5, i3.".i,, 1893 ' 
 
 , Crossley, !■•.; Halifax, 1857 
 I Cioiicli; trials, 1844 
 I row,e, Iv: nc,,ll,.s 
 I lowtlicr, liislcp; XiK,.,. 
 CroHtlier, liiiil.: ,|n,.i, ,3^ 
 U'lizlcr, cap!,: .\ -W. passa,,,., ,84. 
 Cniilc,,, Alex.:,„n,„,'lanc,r, 'i;,/' 
 I riiiksliank, (i., 17.^,2. ,878; woiil-eij. 
 
 /ravin;; 
 Clesias; likst., loSM.r. ; As.,yrl,i 
 ttesiluns, 140 ii.c. ; clock, (iiviin. 
 piiiiip " ' 
 
 '■iibitt. Mr.; treadmill, ,8,7; J.. 
 
 Ilia, ktriars, i.-,f,7 
 Ciilleii. I'aiil, cardinal j 1803-78 • 
 Hiililiii, 1678 J /" >■ 
 
 ;',"llcii, W., physician, i7,a.,v, 
 
 -iilnic.Scym.Mir. sir M.; S,„i„nur 
 
 l-"iii„iaii,l, ,liike ,,f; Chislerscvcn, 
 I ^^^,„l,■n.I•■,,nl,.n,,y,,743:L■nmlJeI■- 
 C||ml|crlal„l,j^.; e,micilies,,732.,8„ 
 
 '.""'l"'il''"ii.>^.; lliiiiiK'lit reading 
 I iimmiii/, tl,,r,l,,|i: ij,,,, 
 liiiiimiii-. ivv. Ilr'.l,,liii, ,810-81 
 (-iimmiiis, Dr. ; reformed ei,i.sc(>piil 
 "hiiridi 
 
 Cratiriis; Cninnon, 322 
 l.iawt,,r,l, earl of; biuiuehf, trials 
 1SS2 ' 
 
 ;Va\vf,,i,l, ,livoreeca,e; trials, ,886 
 I ra«(,,r,l, A. T. ; In.lia, ,889 
 rr.iwfiiiil, earl of; Hivehin, ,4,2 
 f lawley: trials, iS,.,.., ,80,: sled 
 < rei-hion, .Mamlell, li|,. . |i,.ter- 
 
 ,.'",','.""*-;l'.. '«'y' : ' il'Hi, i3(;6 I 
 
 I i-eilin, .Miss: trials, ,842 
 Cii'spi;4ny. .Mr.; dnel, 1828 \ 
 
 Cri'sswidl, siiC, 1794-1863 ;prol, ate, I 
 1857 ■ 
 
 I'resswidl r. Walioiid ; trials. 1877 
 Civswick, T.: paint.. ,81,-69 
 fiv\ye, hj,.: liaiiil„,r,„mli, ,778 
 Crielitoii, ,1,1s. (the ailmiralile), about 
 
 ■ 360-1583, la. : l.ondiiii, 1896 
 l.'rill,,!., ,lu,-,lc: liibrallar, ,78a 
 I'nspi, Kraiu'csc,,; Italy, 1887-05 
 
 Clistofalli, pi, f,,rtc ' ^^ 
 
 Cristovili-h ; liouimdia, iSf4 
 Croekatt /■. I)i,k: trials, 1818 
 
 Cr,i,'kett, Mc.,sis. ; l,.athcr-,'l.,tli 
 
 Criesiis; l,y,lia, jfe b.c. 
 
 Croft; imposlois, 1553 
 
 Crofl, sir liichard ; .siiii'i,lc, ,8iS 
 
 Crofts, Mr; dwarfs. ,05, 
 
 Crok,, abp.; lolami, ,oor 
 
 Crollills; eill,,liicl, i6.jS 
 
 Croly, (1,,,,.: p,„.(, ,780-1860 
 
 Cr,iniptoM, Sam., 1753-1827; cotton; 
 mull', 1779 
 
 "iiaril .Salil., 17S7-1865; steam 
 t^iiivi, lather; Italv. 1877; ,)csuits 
 » mill; ampliitlcatres, 76 n c 
 tiiiran, ,li,lui l'l,iii I,',sh omtor, 
 
 17.50-1817; illlil. ,7,,o 
 Ciii-nll, T. W. ; trials; ,887 
 < mil,-, sir lloii;i|,l, eii|,'iii.,(l.C.M.O. 
 
 1847 
 Cum,-, sir Philip; Turkey, 1E96-8 : 
 
 Italy, 1S93 ' 
 
 Ciii-sor, I'apirius; ,lial», 293 11 c 
 liirtiii., prof. |.;.; ulympieium, 1875: 
 
 pllll,,l,,;;V • 13- 
 
 Ciiitiiis, .Marriis, U„in,., 362 B.C. 
 
 ( iir/"ii,(l. X., India. ,898 
 
 ( "shing. v., fiiit,.,l states, ,878 
 
 I "sl,r, gen. ; Imlians, ,876 
 
 (III ibirt. St.. ,/. ,-,sO; ranli-rbury 
 
 t iilhbii-l ,-. Hi-ownc; t,-ials, ,829 
 
 C"vi,-i-. (;., naliirali.st, 1769-1832; 
 
 Ciiyp. A., paiiil,!-, 1606-67 
 
 C.\pi-iali. fathir. ,„. 258 
 
 ( >ria,ii,: Abr.-,hainii,.s 
 
 Cyril, lath,-!-, ,/. iSO 
 
 C.M-iis tlic (iri-ai, killed, 529 d.c. • 
 
 I ai-tiiaii.i. lyprn.s, Jernsaleiii, 
 
 Media, 1',-isia 
 Cyrils the yoiui.i;er; Ciiiiaxa, 401 B.c 
 Czcrm.iU, Dr ; laryiij,'o.sci)pe, 1861 
 
 D. 
 
 Pacier, iiiml., 1654-1720; Pelphin 
 Dure, helv Aimc; Kmmainirl lius- 
 
 pilal, ,594 
 llii-daliis; l.-ibyriiith, tools 
 li.iKiiliert ; llinis, St., 673 
 Ua-nerr,,, II,, 1789-1851; jihoto- 
 
 graphy 
 
 pj 
 
 il 
 
1^1 
 
 i! 
 
 1260 
 
 IJiilil, )ir"r.'««iir; iliili'iiiH 
 
 Va\i: lln: T. |i, ; |,|||,||,. H„r«lil|., 
 
 D'AiiiiilMri, Kr, yUW. ijij.Hy.nmiu- 
 
 tlr,. I'ril'yc|(i|»,-,||;| 
 
 JMilKlvii, ,1, A,; I'liKili., i8i«,.7Q 
 l>alliiMi»i,., iii;iri,iilx nf: Imliii («„v.. 
 
 tC'ii.), 1848; (ili«lHtu]if' n.liniiiUtra. 
 
 i8Sfi 
 ChIIIiiKit, W. 11; ;ihliiiiiliiili.«, KiKiii. 
 
 Ill HHHlMlcnillilM 
 
 Diilinim, A ; lri,iU. iHji 
 DiilliiiK, II. Hiihv.T, 111 : ia,.5-7j 
 l.):llr.vili|ili', sir llin ; rihllii, |8,.H 
 Diiltnij. Jiihn, (li.'iiiiNt, i7(,»i.i844; 
 
 nl'iiNlf tliioi-.v, i8ciS; liieli'iinilDuy, 
 
 ■ 71; I 
 DaniiiniiH, iMijic, ,f,ft; imiiilir, iTiiwii. 
 
 |iii|ii', tiiini 
 
 Dflllllliri, Mrcill'illiill 
 
 J)niiMiri, fatliiT ; li'jinwv 
 i)iirijii'iiH, Diiiiiicns' >tli'iii|it, 175^ 
 i)uiN|ili'r; riji'iiiiiiiiiv iKiilipi', i68cj 
 
 i)lllll|lliT, l,i«h.l|i; Kly, ,«„8 
 
 'Daiiiiviiiciiil, iiiiirsliiii; AIkIctm, Oui- 
 
 Htaiilla 1817 
 J)aiia, .),)«, DwiK'lil. iialiiialiHt, 1813- 
 
 Q5 ; Ullltid St;it«s, iK,,, 
 J)an,l, II. II. ; liiltril fSliili'S, 1876 
 I>anau«; (in'ci-r, 1485 nr. ? 
 Ouriliy. I'lii-I ,\r ; iiiliiiiiiislmlliind. 
 
 i'>7,i: |'h.v^^i(• ^'Midcii 
 DamiiTllcM ; incal-liili pldt, k,,,, 
 Daiilc.'in, I'hi'ss, I'lirjccrls 
 J)aiiii'l |.rii|.licHics. („,r, u,v. 
 Daiilfl, Miihi.; jMict-lamcMlc, irtin 
 iJanih'kiT, .1., s,ii||,t,,i', 1758. ,841 
 JJunrjciilHTt;, ni'ii,: olli'jiil/a, 1854 
 Oantc, AliKliiiTi, Italian jmi.i, wCs- 
 
 I. VI 
 Daiit.ai, (!., cxi'c. i7,,4; ,.|iilis, I-'ivii. 
 Uarlin.v.alip. iifl'nris: killcl, Kniijcc, 
 1871 
 
 DArlilay, iii.hl. (Hunji-v) vcllsl, 
 
 1752-1840 
 Pailiuii c. licisMiT: Irial.s, 1841 
 
 IJ'Ai II, M.; (Jil.iallar 
 
 Dar''aiiiiM, Troy 
 
 Uarwan, W., ,/. ,867: Irchiml, Diiblir] 
 
 cxliiliituiii, 1851 
 Darius : IVrsia, 521 11, c; (iri'i'cii 
 UarliiiK, Grace; I''iirfar«liiri', 1818 
 Diirliiin, Kir C; .laniaica, 1857- Viu- 
 
 tciria, 1863 ; il. 1870 
 Dariiics; Kraiu'i', 184(1 
 Daniu'st.'t«r,Jaim's,( )rii ulal .sulmlar; 
 
 Zi'ini-A\i'.sta 
 Daniii'V, liinl; .Scotlaiiil, 1565 
 DartiiMiiitli, curl ivf; Osf,,nl ailminis- 
 tratiiiii, 171 1 ; HiickinKliamailniiu., 
 1766 
 Darwin, Cliarlcs H., naliir.ilist, 1809. 
 
 82 ; ii,if;in, sin'cics, ili'vi'ln|.niiiit. 
 iDarwin, Krasiiius, naliiialist, 1711- 
 
 i8u2: lunar sipcietv 
 Da.spiit.sir (ii'orHfW'., Noj .,■ sclKjIar, 
 
 1817-96 ; Tiiiii's, Kilil.is 
 Da.shwiio.l, .sir Kr. ; Itiuc adin., 1762 
 aj'Aulji-in', Miirlo, ecclcsiastii-alliist., 
 
 1794-1872 
 Daulieny, C; 1795-1S67: atcMjiii- tlii>- 
 
 nry, 1850 
 IDuudfit, Alphonse, KrcMicli nuvclist, 
 
 1840-97 
 D'Ainlilfivt I'a.siiiiicr; France, 1875-6 
 fDaU'ili.sl], Dr.: brcail, 1856 
 Dann. ((iiiiit, (/. 1766, lloclikirclien, 
 
 TiirKitii 
 iDavcnanI, William; draina, iipcra. 
 
 1684 
 SJavcninnl, Mi»s; theatres, i,i(4 
 JDavcy, air U., siil. Ken., i836 
 Daviil ; .Jews. 1065 B.C. 
 Daviil, (iciirKc'; iiuiKistnra. me 
 J)*i;.i i. ; ;Sc-.ilialiii. 1 124; OiVilsle 
 C'lviil, ,1., painter, 1748-1825 
 Davidson, l{and.iHT.,l)|(.;|{ocliester, 
 1891 ; \Vinclie»t...i', 1895 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 I'avldaun Honmcl, U.D., bllilieal 
 
 elitle, 13-17-98 
 li.n leu, C. I<. pl;ono()orc. 
 Mavluii; trialH, 1800 
 Davlla, E. Cltnlfaii lilstnrlan, 1376- 
 mil 
 
 MaviM, .IctreiHrin. 1808.89; fede. 
 
 ratestatr's; I.'niti'd MUteii, i8(,i-86 
 l>a\ls, J. ; trials, 1887 
 Davis, Hir John K., illiiloiiiall»t. 
 
 i795.|Bc^>; t.liina, 1844 
 Davis; N,-\V. liUHMiiKc, 1585; iiilad- 
 
 rani, rhlini 
 Davis, .N ; ('arlhnKc, 1861, 1876 
 Davllt, .M.,anil Wils.ni; Iriald, 1870; 
 Fenian, 1H70, iSSi.irfyi; lielaml, 
 1882 ; luiilianienl, 1882-1891 
 DavrinsI, iiiarsliMl ; Krasiioi, Mo- 
 
 hih.w, .I.na, Kckniiihl, i8<«, 
 Davy, sii lliiin|ihiy, eheniisl, A-c., 
 1778-182.^; I'enzanrc, Uoval liislilii- 
 tion, harlMIn, elecliiiitv, i.deiinn, 
 iimwni'sliini, iMiiassiiiiii, Modiuni, 
 Mal'ely |ain|i, sti'iaitiniii 
 Davys, ho ; l'rtcrhoiiin«li, 1839 
 Dawes, ali|i. ; York, 1714 
 DawkliiH, capl. ; navy ol KuKdaml, 
 
 1875 
 Dawklns. W. II. ; caveK 
 Dawson, lient,; Al'rica, 1872 
 Dawsoii, .1. \V. ; KozoUn 
 Day (Kos.siilhs notes I'ase), trials, 
 
 181'io 
 Day. .Mr; Kalilop fair 
 , Dii/a, 11,, llolivia, i,S7<i 
 ■ Deaele r. H. Haling; trials, 1831 
 
 Deak, I'. ; Iliiiif^iry, 180575 
 I Deanc, ahji.; Canlcrhiiiy, 1501 
 \ Deane. adiiil.; naval hat'tles, 16.53 
 Dehain ; liarinoiMiiiii 
 Dc Italliin; dinls, 1811 
 Dc ItliKiiieivs. .\1. ; Kuyjit, 1879 
 Dc Ihnzza; France, 1882; t'onk'o, 
 
 1,^83 
 De Ih'oglie, France, 1879 
 Dc lliir-h, llnhert; Whitehall 
 De L'andolle, Annnsto I'., liolanlst, 
 i77«-i84i ; — .\l|ihon.sc, 1806-93; 
 holany 
 ' Dcca/es', due ; France, 1873-6 
 De (.'oiirey, h.iron ; |ieers, 1181 
 Decrais, Alliert .M,, France, 1893 
 Dee, Dr. .1,. tl. 11,08; astl-oloKV 
 Dccniiiit;, F. II.; .Melhourne,' 1892 
 llicir,,..i, |iedcstrianisio, 1861 
 D'Ktre. .^. ,,ei in-:.-lin.. 
 De Falliercs, .M.; France, 1883 
 Dc Foe, Daniel, i(')63-i73i ; Uoliiii»,iii 
 
 I'rnsoe, .Inan, platiuc 
 De Foi\, (iaston; ll.ivenna. 1512 
 De (i.Ls|iaris, A.; planets, 1849 
 De (ieiilis, mad., l746-i;5 ;,i 
 De (Jiers, ehanecllor, Hussin, 18S2 
 De (irasse, admiral: Chesapeake. 
 
 naval liattli's, Toh.i^ ., 17S1 
 De (ii'cy, earl; Ircl. ud, lord lieu 
 
 tenant, 1841 
 Dc (Jrcy, tiladstoiM' adni., 1868 
 
 De Uroof, V. ; li.ill is, 1874 
 
 De Haven, lieul.: Franklin, 1850 
 De ilorsey, a<lni., I'..rii, 1S77 
 Di'laliechc, sir II., 1796-1855; geology 
 De 1.1 line, adniiral; Ijapis, 1759 
 Delalontaine, .M., dccipinm 
 Delanilire, J., Fr. inatheinat., 174,;- 
 
 De la Hivn ; Swiss iiat. pliil., (/. 1873 
 
 Dc la lioche, I'aul, Fr. paint,, 1797- 
 1S56 
 
 Del,i UoncifereleXmirv.adin ;Fr;inee, 
 1875 
 
 De hi Hue; trials, 1845 
 
 De la Idle, Warren, physicist, 1815 
 -R , ,.!ive|o]ies ; electfic bat- 
 ten : ).hoto^'i-aphy, 1857; eclipse, 
 181.0; Itoyal lustitutiuii 
 
 De hi Vignc. C. ; I'arisieiiiio 
 
 Uii I'Epec, iililic, 1712-89; deaf 
 
 Di' l.csseps, F ; Miicz, 1857; I'anniin 
 
 1879 
 
 llellllr, ,1 , Fr. poi't, 1-181811 
 
 Deli^le; \,ni,s 
 
 De l.oiindiv,^ llcnrv; Imlilln, laoj 
 De .MeiiliMis, ehctiii. light, 1879 
 Dctnclrins; Athens, .Maceclon, lin 
 
 jioHtoi's, j'olaiid 
 Detiioci'ltus, alioiit 400 ii.c. ; ntoiiH 
 Dc Moivie; anniiities, 1724 
 De .Morgan, A., mathiiiiiit., 1806-71 
 
 alnianars, 1851; paiadoxcN, 1872 
 DelnoslhelieH, aliollt 382-322 Be 
 
 philipi' 
 
 peii.iyroii/c, M. ; aerophoie, 1875 
 "cnison, lieoige Anthony, arelid' 
 
 III 
 
 I'oii ; 1805 96; trials, 1H56 ; ami 
 eiilar confession, 1873, Cliiireh 1, 
 Fiiglalid, 1873 
 Di'iilson, hishop; MalUhurv, 1801 
 Deiilson, 1: I), (alt. lordOrluithoriif 
 
 hells, 1856 
 
 Dcni.soii, .1. F. ;H|icaker, 1857 
 tieiinian, lord, 1779-1854; iitt.-gcn 
 
 king's hi'iii'li 
 Denmark, priin'c (icorge, ai|iiilralt\ 
 ■ 7...., (|iie,ns(Anne) 
 j DcniM-r, .1 , I larioiiel, alioiit 1690 
 ; Dennis, \V. ; iik' engine 
 ] Dcijiiv, ,1.; tiials, 1K51 
 ^ Dcpretis, \. : Ital\,i8;6, 1884 
 ! De l^nilieey, Tllos,, essayist, 187; 
 
 I '859 
 
 Dcrhy, countess of; l.atliom-houst 
 
 1644 
 Dcrhy, earl of, races, 1779 
 ^ Dcrhy, Edward, earl of, 1; ,j.i8fj, 
 , Derliy admin,, 1,452, 185S, 1866 
 Dcrhy, .Mil of: Man, WIgiin, lli-rhv 
 Dcrhy, I'Mwaid Henry, call of, ,:ij 
 93 ; see Disraeli ailin. (Mtanhv 
 1S68, i-i'i ; Fdlidairgh, 1S74 ; llin, 
 sds eonleri'iicM', i8-'4 ; Tiirkn 
 1876; Merlin, 1876; Hiisso-Turkiv 
 war, II, 1877; Tnrkcv, 1870-- 
 (dadsionc adm., 1880 
 Derby, F. A., I'arl of, see Slitnlrji 
 De Koos, hull, e. Cuininlng; trial. 
 
 ■S37 
 Dc Kossi, cataeoni1i.< 
 De Hnytci', ailml,; Sheeriiims, i6(j 
 
 fh;ith:ini, 'I'c.xcl 
 Dervish lasha, Alhania, Dulclgiin 
 Dcrweiit water, earl id', excciiticiii 
 
 1716; Oiccnwic h 
 Dcs Cartes, l|i.|ie, 1596-1650; carlp 
 
 siaii, rainliow 
 Desnioulins, I'ainillc, exec, lyg, 
 
 chilis, 17,^.: 
 Ilesnoycrs. I.. ; charivari 
 Dcssaix, gciinal; .Marengo, 1800 
 Di.'ssaliiics; ILnti, 1803 
 De .Staiil. iiMdainc, 176O-1817 
 D'Fstaign, ..Mint; Heiieooleii, i7fc 
 
 (h'oigia 
 D'Fstcrie, Mr.; duels, 1815 
 D'Kstrecs, adml.; 'I'cxcl, 1673 
 D(^ Vcl-cs, e:irls of Oxford; Id. f. 
 
 ehamln'rlain. nianpiis, duke 
 Dcvigni', Men.; hillianls, 1571 
 Dcvilh', II. .St, I'.; aluminium, 185' 
 lil.itiniim, 1S59 
 
 Dev W. It., c,irl of; Disraeli, 165 
 
 Dcvonshiic, duke of; Devoiisliiica.1 
 
 ministiation, 1756 ; Cavendish c: 
 
 lege 
 
 Devonsliii'c, Spencor C, ft. 183 ;(» 
 
 Ihnlhniliiii) ; Halishiiry adiii.,' i;;i 
 
 Dewar, prof. ,1. ; gases ; lioyal Insi:' 
 
 tulloii, 1877; eli'incnts, lESo-i 
 
 oxy-i'ii; cold ; alcohid ; I'onli 
 
 air. hydi-ogeii 
 
 De WiiiipU'eii, gen.; !Se,lau, 1S70 
 
 Dc Winter, adm,; r;iiiiperdo-.-.-r,_ i;,j 
 
 lie WiiiloM, sir F. : Congo, 1" 
 
 Africa (liritisli ]■'..), 1890 
 Dc Witt: ch.iin sliot, 1666; (]»» 
 shiiiary) niiirdered, 1672; llagiio 
 
 lie V 
 lihiii 
 
 I'l 
 lliaz 
 
 II. 
 Ma/ 
 IH II 
 IHIkI 
 
 nihil 
 nil'.' 
 Hi.'k 
 
 In.'k 
 Iii.'k 
 
 Ilirk 
 
 Di.l.' 
 
 HI. Ill 
 
 Hah. 
 Iii.h. 
 Hi. hi 
 IH.'lc 
 Hm'sI 
 High; 
 Higgi 
 Hilk. 
 lelk. 
 ii.li 
 Hilki' 
 Hlll.ii 
 HiHoi 
 
 IliULSi 
 I ■]' 
 
 mat 
 ni.Mhi 
 
 IH.Hh, 
 
 Hinge 
 
 Hioiiy 
 
 eatii 
 
 Dionv 
 
 Hionv 
 
 Hi.'ph 
 
 |ii|i..i 
 
 Hir.k,' 
 
 Hisi'ii. 
 
 (.•arl 
 
 Il.rl 
 
 u.lm 
 
 |i,-.,| 
 
 Hitnia 
 
 Hiv.r, 
 
 Hixhhi 
 
 Dixon, 
 
 llioll 
 
 (.'(/.-. 
 
 Hixon, 
 
 III. ..I 
 
 l'i\on, 
 
 Hiiliell 
 
 Hi.liert 
 
 1849 
 
 Heikw 
 
 Hcihl, , 
 
 Held, 
 
 g.9y) 
 H.i.1.1, I 
 H.'il.ls, 
 Haho 
 H.i.hlri. 
 Hmlslei 
 H.i.ls..n 
 
 ■857; 
 
 lirett. 
 
 1680 
 Hill hear 
 Hdlhcn, 
 Hol.e, g 
 Huh i, c 
 H.iUingi 
 
 eld la 
 UoU.md 
 
 telesci 
 Iienii'iiii 
 I-i.aiiingi 
 l.>oniingi 
 
 Uiimnie 
 I'cniitia: 
 Donald 1 
 
|)i' l.i'»Hi'|H, K ; Mih'z, 1S57; Vnunn, 
 l'''llll''. •! , Kr. I t, i-,8-i:ji) 
 
 lli'llil,.; \,.|MH 
 
 111' l.iMiiidiVH, lliMirv; lllllilili, un-, 
 |)i' JliTil.MlH, i.lii'llii. IIkIiI, l8;ij 
 Di'riii'Irliis; ,\tli('ii<i, MariMlmi, In, 
 l"iiiliir«, ■'■iliiinl 
 
 Ki'ii litiM, Illicit 4<-Kj lie. ; ntiiiiu 
 
 |)i' Muini'; iiiiiiiiitli'H, 17^4 
 
 111' Miiiwiii, A., iniillii'iiiat., 1806-71 
 
 lllllullllliH, 1851 ; lilillnlliU'M, 187V 
 DcllliPStllrili'H, Illxillt iSj-ill B.C 
 
 l>llllllll>il'li 
 Itc'iiiiyiiiii/r, M, ; ih'ici|iliiiir, ifli^ 
 DiMilwiii, (IccirKC Aiitlioiiy, uiiliflu 
 
 c'"ll; 1805 g6 ; lriiil», iM«ft ; aiii 
 
 I'liliii' I'l'UHldii, 1H7J, L'lmi-i'li 1 
 
 Kll^ll>llll, 187 J 
 Iti'iilH.iii, l'i«lici|i; .MiilUliiii'V, 18.11 
 Hi'iilni.ii, 1:. II. (lift. iMnUlrliiithiiTi.r 
 I Ipc'IU, r85r, 
 
 I KiMlinHll, ,J. I-;. I H|i(.||kl.|-, 1S57 
 
 I lii'iiiiiiin, Idiii, 1771^-18541 alt.-Kiii 
 i klti^'H Ih'Iii'Ii 
 
 I Dciiiiiiirk, inliicc (Irni-Kc, mliiilnilti 
 ! i7o,r, (|iii-ciis (Ariiii') 
 
 I Ml' I', .1 , I larliiiii't, Mliiiiit 1690 
 
 lic'iiiiis, \V. ; Die .■iikIimi 
 
 Krllln, ,1,; lliiil... iH^i 
 
 hi'l'ivli,, .\. ; Ilal.v,'i876, 1884 
 l)i.' (iulhic.v, TliiPH., i'H«iyl«t, 1875 
 
 185.J 
 DcI'Ip.v, cninitcsn iif; Liilliniii-liiiiw 
 
 1644 
 I>itU\, curl (if, nici's, 1779 
 lliTliy. E'lwiinl, I'lirl nl', ,, ,;i86i) 
 
 liiTln iiilniiii., 1S52, 1858, 1866 
 lli'lliy, <'all cjI'; .Midi, WinMIl, llrlliV 
 Dfrliy, KilHitnl lli.'my, ciiil .if, I;'.' 
 
 ijj; mi' llisiiii'li ailm. (.Sliinlrv 
 
 18O8, 1871 ; KilinlmiK'li, 1874 : llrii.. 
 
 suIk ciiuri'ri'iii'c, i8-'4 ; Tiirli.i 
 
 1876; lliirlin, 1876; Kiissii-TinkU. 
 
 will-, II. 1H77; 'I'liiki'y, 1870-; 
 
 tiliulstil Illlll., l88u 
 
 lli'iby, I''. A., i'Mi-1 (>r, sre Sliinlpi/ 
 1)1' HiiiM, InnI, I', L'liiiiiiiiiijj; t'l'iak 
 
 ■\17 
 l)i' llcis.si. I'filaiiiiiilM 
 III' llii.sli'r. acliiil,; MhccriKWH, ifi- 
 
 Clialhalii, 'IVx,.! 
 iK'i'vi.^li iH.slia, Alliaiila, Dulclgn.. 
 Dcnvciitwiili'r, rail iif, cxcciitiinii 
 
 1716: (Irri'iiwich 
 Ill's Cai'tc'i. Hi'iii', 1596-1650; carl' 
 
 .siaii. raliiliiiw 
 Ik'sinipiilinH, L'liniillc, cxci'. 17^1 
 
 I'hilis. i7rtj 
 lli'siiiiyi'is, I,. ; I'liarivan 
 lii'sHiiix, ;;i'ii'Tal : .Miiri'iiH", 1800 
 lii'.ssaliiii's; llaMi, 1803 
 111' ISIaiJi, III I'laiiu', 1766-1817 
 
 irKstlli^MI, ''Hint; Hl'll lll'll, 17& 
 
 (ii'iii'^ia 
 li'l'lsli'i'ii', Mr.; ilui'ls, 1815 
 
 ll'K.stll'l'.s, .nllnl. ; Tl'Xl'l, 1673 
 
 III' Vi'iTs, I'lirls 111' Oxriiril; 111. f. 
 
 rliaiiiln'rhiin, iiianiiiis, ilukii 
 lli'Vii4iii', lll'll.; hillianls, 1571 
 Di'Mlli', II. Ml. ('.; aluiiiiniuiii, 185! 
 
 ]ilaliliMlil, i85<i 
 lii'Vnii, W. II., I'arl 111'; Disrai'li, 16'; 
 lli'vnii.^liiii', iliiki' of; l)i'Viiii.sliiri'a.' 
 
 iiiiiii.slratiiiii, 1756 ; OivcndiNli t 
 
 li'p' 
 l)i'Voii>.liiii'. Hpoiii'cr C, 6. 1833 (se 
 
 Il<ii1,,iiilnii); .SiiM.sliiiry ailiii., i:;; 
 lli'Wal, I'liil'. .1, ; jjasi's ; liiiyal liist 
 
 tntinii. 1S77; I'li'iiuuts, i£3oi 
 
 iixyi;i'ii; colli; alciitiol ; conlitt 
 
 air, liyilrup'ii 
 Do Wiiiiplli'ii, ;,'cii.; Sclaii, 187. 
 
 \}r WilltiT. .'Ulln ; ('.inilHTlili'V:,. , y 
 
 111' Wiiitoii, sir I''. : Ciiiigd, 'ili'i 
 
 Africa (Itrilish K.), i8go 
 lie Witt: iliaiii shut, 1666; (pit 
 
 .siiinary) iimnlcrcil, 1672; lliii^u 
 
 He Willi 
 
 r I ■,■■"• '","■"" • »in.-"rl,iim,ti,„ 
 
 '''i;;|;;;,i;,NM.h,,83e.,j;i„,Ha,,84,. 
 
 I'iaz, II., (llHciviTH l'n|ic iif (iiiiiil 
 
 lli'l'i', 14B7 
 "a/, I'. ; Mexico, ,8«,.84 
 t "rill,liiii,a.M;,,.ul|,t;rc, ,383 
 ""•'■• I74yihl4;l,allili|, 
 
 IHIilllailiH: |||ii|||<|h 
 
 !"''';>, W. T. ; Mcaiii, 1H7J 
 Hick. Mr.; hliilH, ,mn " 
 I'i'kcM-., llmK.,i,i,vcli.,t, ,«„..„ 
 ckiiiMiiii, c,i|,,,; iiiaU, m ' 
 
 'I';''" i"l.;hlalH, 18,9, 186, 
 
 1' 1'"' "•. I'lilliiM, ,7i -V4 ■* 
 
 luil'i; t arlliiiKi. ' ^' 
 
 !l|'';,i,' 'T' "■'••"',",'<liiH.«t'rci,t,|,c 
 
 Ml illHcli Kd,.; Ilalkan, 18..,, ' 
 
 "';•"'","■''' I"' "''-.-:i; I'lilli'lii^'v 
 in'sliai'li; |,iiis,l, aciil, ,7,., •" 
 
 \y'\. l':;KiHi|.i.Hilcr|,lii|, If,,, 
 
 |llHi:C«, I,.; ,i|,|i|.s, I,,, I 
 
 Ililkc, (', W.; All„i,.nnn 
 
 nli; 'X V- '■• ■«^'-' filMilHli'HC 
 
 „',"";''■'"■ '■"ir'niit .s 
 
 I kc, liiily; l.iiiiiint'ilciiil, ,8,4 
 
 ' l\<- l.iikiMiials, 18,"* 
 
 iilli'ii, Mr., Iiil.iiiil, ,fe„.,-,.,„.„ 
 |ii"»ilali'aiiili'llii.is; UMH.imi 
 
 Iii"'l'naii; llnni,., ,,,„,,, „s./li,,1. 
 mat III ' ^' ' 
 
 nii"iMti,,r,ii,i'i,ii,pn„, 6.,^ 
 
 };i:;u;'n:;:,^'M:i;!:;r;;-;--"'^^'"- 
 "n;in^;;;n;c '■'""'«'"'■""""" '■'■ 
 
 Dliaiysins llalicaniassns, fir „„.,t 
 /■ 30 II. f. I " . 
 
 Iiii.nvsii,s;Nici|y, ,,,,r,.^fi B,. 
 
 Iimi'liaiitus; iiijjclirii, ,7,, 
 
 nil'" nils ;si'lil|,|,„,., ,|„|,.,,|,, 
 links ll.:,;lii,Ms, i8,s 
 
 I'c'iI'i'li'Vi.'' ■7';(-!';4S;-IlcH|„,„i,i • 
 (1 1.1 Hcaciiiisiidil, ,876), ,8,4.81; 
 
 "'I'm I., 18(8, 1874 ; fiittni-e ■ 
 I'l'iil'Ic'Mtriliiii,. '^ '*■" • 
 
 pilliiar, f,;iliiaiiii, ,870 
 liver, .Iciiiiy; trials, 1740 
 
 iMxI.laiiis, Jl.; trials, 187; 
 
 llixnii, ili'iiwiiiii,, ,8„ ,.:i„.|i„„ 
 
 'ni;;'''!-f''^"'MlMVV'/;W,i 
 iituilli); trials, 1872 
 
 .i.'"i'l'lc):'-i^77'.'^''-^'*^ (Cleopatra's 
 
 i;'V",V^!''i' "■"ti'in, .874, i,,76 
 
 "■'■li.'Miilicy; p„el, , 824^7. 
 lii'liercii,, ,). w., „a,. ,,j',il.-'_ £,,_ 
 
 ,,'\w;ililii»iiin,i.l,il„.s. lamp ' 
 
 I'l-kwra, Mr.;p,.„i,yp„„,, ,Jj 
 lluilil, .Mr.;stciiiiicr, iS,, 
 lii'ild. Dr.; trials (cxcciicil f„, ,„,. 
 
 P'xl/ , U. I'. ; ciiiKianis 
 
 M'», Allreil A., .en., ,,. ,0,,. 
 llaliiiiiicy, lEnj-q ^ ' 
 
 li"lilri.l>;c,ri,iiip^ „,,.:, 
 "' slcy, H, ;„„„„„, ,,„,^,,.; 5 
 
 Deilsi'ii, Hir Jiiliii; aiiiniiaitv c,,„rt 
 
 f/^^'™i '8^5-97; tJlailstunea.liii., 
 
 Iiiilliear, prof,; tclcjiliotoyrHpliy 
 Iiilieii, alip.; Vnik, .fiu, " ' 
 
 li'iV.^.'1'ii.: Spain, 1868-9 
 jJ" <i, v., painter, ihi6-86 
 
 I III ',';!,'i ,'"'■■ '"'1'"' i"r»llilMlity, 
 
 I'lil catliiilics, 1871 
 niillonU, Jul,,,, ,7„6.6,. a,i,,„„„„i^. 
 
 lelcsc.ipcs, 17S3;„ptics 
 
 ciiieniclimo, Z., i,aiiiter, 1581-16,11 
 nominKnc, Jl. ; llavli, ,674 ^' 
 
 iiomint;,„z, I,. ; oirtliaecila, Spain, 
 
 Diminic, 8t.;Iii,minicans, 1.1, j 
 
 ii'niitiaii;Iii,i,„., ,.,„,, 8,' 5 ' 
 
 IioimMoftlielsK,8.ij„,.,„„ | 
 
 IVDHX. 
 
 K'lli, tii'iii^i. , ninslc(iiiiiHi!niii), (i.if 
 
 Donnlit 
 
 l«9t 
 
 aliUim, W. ,(. ; Imlloiir,, ,g,, 
 
 lllllllllM,! .,. 1... ,. ' "'3 
 
 I'JOI 
 
 ay; I'ici'iiii.jiv. 
 
 '7.) J 
 
 " los, Kianiniarlan, /I. „; " ■"I'li8,','"rm;,; ,""""""">■'"""" '«««, 
 
 I I' -' I'll. ""I'lillia , liisc, PC .870 Tml'cv ii, ■ '.'?■■ i ■'■"■'""' '^«3 • 
 
 . n.i.sic, i/iiS-ik'h' '"'" ,V ?.' ■ ;„."'.•.* ■ ".',""■ K"V'.«e..., 
 
 |;n|l'i'.|'lain;irii;u,';g4, 
 I'llllenn l'l.;ll|i,i|,„i„„. «,|„,. ,sgg 
 iBoii ; I aiiaila, 187. • ; Ki<>p' 
 
 '"i^!;;- ^- "■■ - -■'■ >">., f.'v^;!:!:";;?^,.,,., 
 
 i'i-'ii'';>;?:i:l:r:';;i' ^^^ j;;;;;^' {• ';■■ .7B5-.838;..ci„. 
 
 i;::!.^;':;::'":': ^f^'-^- «-- 't? '^' -i''-"(^ii)"^Kia„H. 
 
 "nMV,Kcn. A.; Wi.M'Mil i^, ,f', 
 
 Dontlas, Akers. ; Hallslmiy ailli, , 
 
 I '■"''? 
 
 limn as, carl rif; Uninllil,,,,, ,.„., 
 lii'Muliis, .Jana's; ||||t|»|| Ciluinliln, 
 
 ami iMnchsi, iK',,4.,,, 
 iMiiiiiis .1, H , IV. cliciiilst, ,s„,.84, 
 laiii'laynicilul, i86y;AII«'rtlllcUul, 
 
 aniliiir, 1834-96, ;,ii„* 
 
 : "'''";",""■''• «'■"'. '7_ii;-.82j; Jem- 
 niappcs, 179., 
 
 I miant, M..(iciiev»ci„ivcntion 
 
 [aiuvias. Will ;U|('.|l,iiiM, , .f^ 
 ll.iiiUlass, I'Viilk., iicKinalinlltionlsl, 
 
 i..:n;i;,:::,^s :t;::':i:';;:;„^*i;,vi ,i ^ {;i;r"'M..-.ic,iev«,'i„ivcnti,in 
 
 i;F-^:.;:i,^i;:,;/;^!r.6.:.74:;'';^;;;'i.^;r -^ 
 
 ";:^;l;o:::,';;i,--^ ' ^-^ \^'p^-^^^'^^iu....,c.. 
 
 t.) ! I'lllii li 
 lli'.Vll I', Wri;;lll:lll„|H, iSj, 
 
 linniiiis, Henry; I'ltl a.linlnistiatloiv 
 18114 
 
 ; ■ ■■ ">;iii . iiiais, iBsi 181,4 
 
 KICII, AtliellS 621 1,.,'.; liiwH, l,,.,,,,^ HuiiihiH, ^,|,„ . K,| 
 
 Hlake, lliiiici..., i,.,.|,6' All,,,,,!,. I I,,- II..,. .'.'"• "98 
 
 lirake l;i,ii,ci> 1 545-9'; ;"Ainimla; 
 •aili/,(iil,|i,iiiia,i|,„r|iai,i,|.|,,.|,|„; 
 liavi;;alnis, iMakc's ciniiiiiiiaviKa- 
 tli'll, lleplti.iil, Xcv All.ii.li 
 
 HiHiliel; i,pt,|.a, ,021; inicriwcdpc, 
 
 lllelllii.liiili.i. 
 
 Iiii'il Nil, It iiise : Hlavcr^•, L'.,s 
 
 lllelitelili, Kiissia. 1R78 
 
 lircyliiFc-a.s,- I: , ,894,1807-8 
 
 ;■-' ' Vi788.,s67;V.,Ii;g,i„ 
 II" i.nnes, ,79, 
 
 "11 u . iiials, i,sfi7 
 '" nil""!"!, al.ji.; York, 1761 
 
 '"II i"l. Amiiew ; liiiiiks, 1746 
 ' ' ' ' 'I. j^in.; C-liipj.iiwa, ib'i 
 
 iMmilas, liel.t..i,,|.; l'„.«|.„tf,,S38 
 lllliil.is, liiajni.; |,.i,||„^ ,j,,, J 
 
 'I"'', sir II.; Haliic, ,8,5 
 
 nhiee, vise; Killiecialikie, ,,,89 
 
 lMmili.nal,l,earl, , 775.186., (see CWA- 
 
 liniin,sirli«vii|,,i|.,..aiii|,,,,^85 8 
 nrin, .l.iliii, Zuluian.l, 1E79' ^^ 
 iniiii, llicl.anl; trials, ,847 
 
 NcSs""-''- '^"^ ■'""■>'"« "'i^-«' 
 llunstan, al.p. .,1 ,jBS: Caiiteil,„ry 
 
 959; ci'l-olii'tiiiii •'' 
 
 llupanlniip K A !>., Hslmp of 
 
 •iriiiii' 1802-78 ' 
 
 I'ni'etit Tlionars;Otala.lf,., ,84, 
 Illlll. lilt . ii...,i . ., _' ^j 
 
 .... j.. ... ....,,|.|.„„a, 1614 I'lipeiit lliiinars; Otalii'Kc 
 
 "'U.iut.; limcliKlit, aliiint [Mipi'iit, j:eii.; liaVler.goV 
 X;niU.n„.n,|, M,'., m.; trials, ,840 , lH^l'^^i t' u'ZiA, 
 
 ;F8^^'^ "■""■-<^' )^:'t:--['r-^'™-Ba^NMe. 
 
 I'lVln, ^iilin,,,iiet, ,63.-1701; pnct ilH-'.^. v/^V;"=« V'"«"'">« 
 
 jliysilalc, Ilr. ; aiiiiiialcnk'S 
 
 lllliil.is. canliiial, 1656-1723 
 
 Ilii Hi.i-|{i'yii,i,i,i|, Kinif, 1818-96 
 
 pliysii'luHist ami pinsicist 
 >nl«isii|, .M.;eli'etriri,iinp, ,8„ 
 I)iiHreil,|c Havs; l',„t 1 ntoi 
 
 Ml lam, ,I„sepli, »,'i,lpt„r, ,8," 
 """"'" •! of. .79^-.84o; U?ey 
 
 aiimn, ,83o;Caiia,la, ,838 ^ 
 Uuriitord, K. I., i,p, I cfiicliester, 
 
 1070 ' 
 
 liiiriic, iiiniKlial; iiautzeii, ,81, 
 Hnrmil; l.alloons, 1870.7; ^ 
 
 .......■,.,„„,„;,,,,, ,i,.|.t,,i iMirmif; ,a loons iS^r, ,. 
 
 I .r,.,i,.s,,St.;Cacrli'.„,l,lam|„ir,6i2 , bntn.cli'e,, K. J 1 T,',^ ,8.,- en 
 I lU'hesiie, Pere, sec V/,7ot-( ,i,„ ^j,; ' "'• >776-'847. en 
 
 lini'leic, Jl.; ''ninc^., ,g(,j., 
 tliii'iiit, j;eii., Knincc, ,878'; Kranco 
 
 t'crman war, 1871 
 Jlncrow; tlieatrcs, Astley's, ,82 = 
 Dmlle.y, carl „f Leicester; adiiiinis- 
 
 tratidiis, ,558 
 puilley, Illlll; lulniinistrat., ,,;, 
 Ti,,,li,.y,M,. i.. v..i..,„„„„f-,5 
 
 R"'','-''\-.-^!,' "'"""iKluiin, 1876 
 Unell, William; trials, ,740 
 Dnfaiiii', J. A. a„ France, ,876-0 • 
 
 Dwycr; trials, 1843 
 
 I'yie, Wiii.;puiiite.> 1806-64 
 
 ^^1885'"'' ^^'' "■' ^^^'"^""-y ^'i"'- 
 Dymoike family; cliampionsliip 
 Uysnrt peerage, trials, ,881 
 
 E. 
 
 Eadhalii ; convents, 630 
 Karle, gen.; Soudan, ,885 
 
 i;'i 
 
 V. 
 
 JIM 
 
1262 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Eaatlako, sir C, 1793-1865; Roval 
 Academy: National Oalli'iv, 1850; 
 — C. iiatiuiiai jtnliciT. 1878 
 Eatoi), Uiiniel; tri;iis,' 1796, 1812 
 Ebily t), Mi'Uinvjiii; triais, 1870 
 Bbiiry, lonl (lidlwrt OruHvenor), 
 
 phiiaiitliropist, iSui-gj 
 licl<art; iiiyatic, 1251-1329 
 EiMy, Mrs. ; iiiijid cure 
 Ellon, bp.; Man, 1847 
 Edgar; Knglaml, kiii^'S, 958 
 Edgar, rev. Mr.; tcnipcraiK'e, 1820 
 Edgeley.T.: trials, 1868 
 Edgewortli, Maria ; novols, 1767-1849 
 Edinburgli, dulie of, si'o Al/rol 
 Ellison, T. K. ; flectric iien, ic, 
 microphone, niiero-ta.sinieter, plio- 
 ii.pgrajili, teleiilione 
 Edmonds ; zooio^-y 
 Edriinnd: Engiaiid, 940, 1016 
 Ednainds, C'liristiana; poi.soning, 
 
 trials, 1872 
 Edniinids, -Mr.; patents 
 Edward the Confessor; Kngland, 
 
 kings, 1042: D.inegeld 
 Edward I.; KiiJand, kings, 1272; 
 
 hewes, Seollaiid, Wales " - 
 
 Edward 111,; Kngland, kings, 1327, 1 
 
 (Jressy, Sluys, garter i 
 
 Edward IV.; Kngland, kings, 1461 ; i 
 
 liarnet, 'fuwkesliiirv, 'I'owton 
 Edward VI.; Kngland, king.i, 1347; 
 
 Christ's hospital 
 Edward, niaek I'rinee, 1330-76; duke, 
 
 Cressy, Poitiers 
 Edwarde.!), lieiit.; India, 1848 
 Edwards, rev. T., i)iiliiie worship; 
 —Miss A. 1)., Nov., -;. 1392; Kgvpt 
 Rxploration Kuml 
 Edwanis, A. G., h]).; Asaph, St., 1889 
 Edwy; Kngland, 955 
 Egan, .Mr; trials, i"843 
 Egan, I'atriek ; (.'hili, 1S91 
 Egbert; Kngland, kings, 828 
 Egerton, sirThonias : ehaneellor, lord 
 , liiKli, 1596 
 
 Egerton, Mr. ; burnt, Dublin, i38o 
 Egg, Aug., jpainter, 1816-63 
 Eglinton, eari of; Ireland, lord-lieu- 
 
 tenaiit, 185-'; tournament 
 Egniont, lord; administrations, 1763 
 Egreniorit,e;irli)r; lirenvilie.'idrjiinis- 1 
 
 tration, 1762 
 Ehreiiberg, C, natundist, i79;-i876 
 Eiek, H.; trials, ,859 
 Eirinus, IJr., as]ih,ilt, 1712 
 Ekenhead, lieut.; swinnning 
 mill' ; wrecks. ,laii. 1895 
 Eleho, Id. (alt. earl oC Wemys.s), h 
 1818 Adiillam, 1866 ; cabs, volun 
 teers ; liberty and relorm, 1884 
 Elder, J(din ; (jiasgow, 18S3 
 Eldon, lord, 1751-1838; chancellor 
 
 1801 
 Eleanor; cross, ipieens (KdwanI I., 
 
 Hen. II. and III.) 
 Elgin, Lord; KIgin ni.irbles ; (/. 1841 ; 
 — .Iannis, lord, 1811-63; C'anad.i, 
 1846; China, 1857; Japan, I'aliuer- I 
 stim, Ijidia, i86t ;govr,-gen., 1861 
 Elgin, earl of ; Gladstone adin. i386 ; 
 
 India, 1893 
 Elgin, lord, V. Ferguson; trials, 1807 
 Elijah prophesies about 910 n.c. 
 Eliott, gen. ; Gibraltar, 1781 
 Eliott, sir Gilbert: North adminis- 
 tration, 1770 
 Elisha prophesies, 896 n.c. 
 Elizabeth,. piren, ish-iOoj; Kriglanil, 
 1558; [loorlaws, itiehnioiid, White- 
 hall 
 Elizabeth; England, queens (Kdward 
 
 IV. and Henry VII.) 
 Elirilieth; Kranee, trials, 17^4 
 KIkington; .li'ilding, electrotype 
 Bllenborough, lord; att.-ge'u., 1801 ; 
 king's bench, delicate investiga- 
 tion; lord (sou), 1790-1872; Wel- 
 
 lington admin., 1828; India, govr.- 
 gen., 1842, 1838, note ; Derby adni., 
 1858 
 Ellesniere, hud ; administrations, 
 ^ 1615; chancellors, Id., 1603 
 Ellice, K. : Melbourne administra- 
 tion, 18^4 
 Kllicott, C. ,1., bp.; Gloucester and 
 
 liristol, 1863 
 Klliot, captain : China, 1840 
 1 Eliiolson, Dr. J., 1785-1S68 
 
 Kills, Agar ; trials, i8;a 
 j KUia, sirll.,lib. Urit. .Mus., 1777-1869 
 \ Kills, .\. J., 1844.90; philol.; musical 
 I pitch 
 
 j Ellis. Wellbore; Grenville adndnis- 
 ! tration, 1770 
 
 Klphinstone, lord ;electri J light, 1879 
 i Kljdiinstom', admiral; Cape of Good 
 
 Hope, 1795; Saldanha 
 i Elsynge, \Vm. ; .Sion college, 1340 
 El.yot, sirT., "governour" 
 Klzevir family, jirinters, 1583-1680 
 Kmerson, K. W. ; essayist,poet, 1803-82 
 Knnn Hey (Dr. PMuard Schnitzer), 
 (ierman savant, 1840-92 ; Emin 
 pasha relief, Africa, German East: 
 .Soudan, 1886 
 Euinict, Hobert; rebellions, conspi- 
 racies, trials, 1803 ; jiress 
 Empedocles; suicide, nntr 
 Knckc, J. F., 1791-1865 ;eonn'ts, 1818 
 Knderb.v, Messrs, : southern conti- 
 nent, 1838 
 Engels, Fredk., socialist, 1820-05 
 Kngels, jjrof. ; lithofracteur, 1869 
 Knghien, dni' d', executed, 1804 
 Knuiiis, 239-169 n,c, ; stem)graphy 
 Knr,ight, rev. H. ; jiublie woi-slliii, 
 
 i38o 
 Kiitvos, .Joseph ; Hung. nov. 1813-71 
 Kpaminoridas, 371 B.C. ; Leuetra, 
 
 -Mantinea 
 Epirtetus, philosopher,/. 118 
 Kpicurus, 342-270 B.C. ; atoms; phi- 
 losophy 
 Kpipli.-iniiis, St. ; .abstinemic, heresy 
 Kr.isislratus ; anatoiu,y, ab. 309 B c 
 Krasmus, D., 1467-1536; Greek lan- 
 guage, Hotterdam 
 Kratosthenes; degree, 250 B.C. ; ar- 
 
 millary sphere 
 Kr.tosiratus (or Herostratus) llres 
 
 Diana's tem])le, 356 B,c. 
 Krechtlieus; Athens, 1383 B.C. 
 Kric; Denmark 
 
 Krichthiinius; Troy, 1449 B.C., ear 
 Ericsson, eajit. ; heat, 1853 
 Erie, sir W. ; comnnin pleas, 1859 
 Knneland, bp. of; I>rusda, 1871 
 Ernley, sir John ; administrations. 
 
 1685 
 Erroli, ,.ari of; constable of Hcot- 
 
 land, lord high ; 
 
 Krskine, loid ; chancellor, lord ; 
 
 Grenville alministration, 1806 
 Erskiue, g.'u. ; India, 1795 
 Ksd.iiie, K. ; trials, 1858 
 Ksmonde c.is' ; trials, i863 
 Ksp.irtero, .Marsli.d, Sp.ain, 1841-75; 
 
 liilb.i.i, 1836; '/, 1879 
 Esipiirol, K. ; lunatics, 1810 
 Ks.sex. earl of; administrations. 1332, 
 
 1379; -Newbury, 1643 
 Este, sir .\ugustus d' ; niarri.-ige act, 
 
 royal. 1844 
 Ethelbiu'l. 560, Canterbury 
 Etln^ldreda ; Ely, 673 
 Ktheire I, 979 ; coroiration. Danegeld 
 EtlcTscy, com, ; suicide, 1857 
 Ett.v, W. painter, 1787-134) 
 Eiicliid.is ; iJedestriaiiism 
 Euclid ; geometry, 300 B.C. 
 Eiigen ■, prince, 1663-1736 ; Belgrade, 
 
 Turiii, Zenta 
 Kugenie, empress; Franco, 1851: 
 
 -Vlarseilles, 1882 
 E igeuius ; pupes, Aipiiloia 
 
 Eulenburg, count, Prussia, 1873 
 Eulenstein, Jew's harp 
 ' Killer, K., 1707-83; acoustics 
 Euinenes; seven churches(Perganios); 
 
 parchment, 190 b.c. 
 Eiimol|ius ; Eleiisinian mysteries 
 Eupion gas co. ; trials, 1876 
 Euripides, 480-406 B,c, ; drama 
 Eurysthenes ; biarchy, 1102 B.C. 
 Euiystheus ; Mycenie, 12S9 B.C. 
 Eusden, L. : poet laureate, </. 1730 
 Eusebiiis, of Ciesarea, ab. 275-340 
 Eustachius ; thoracic duet, 1563 
 Eustoii divorce ease ; trials, 1884 
 Eutyehes, ,^. 447 
 Evander; Circensian games 
 Evans, general de Lacy; Britisli 
 legion, 1835; Spain, 1835 ; Irun, 
 Sebastian 
 Evans ; trials, 185S 
 Evans. J, ; man, 1S72 
 Evans, .M. (G. Eliot), novelist, 
 
 1820-80 
 Evans, W, E ; harnioniuni, 1841 
 Evelyn, J., 16201706; horticulture, 
 
 lime-tree, trees 
 Examiner, the; trials, 1812 
 Exmouth, lord ; Algiera, 1816 
 Eyre, E. J. ; .lamaica, 1864-7 
 Eyre, Jcdin ; transportation, 1771 
 Ezekiel prophesies about 595 B.C. 
 
 Faber, F. ; oratoriaiis, 1848 
 Fabius, yninlus ; painting, 291 B.c ; 
 
 — .Maxinnis; Allobroges, 121 B.c 
 Fibre, .M.; Fraiiee, 1883 
 ; Fahrenheit, G, 1)., 1686-1736; tlier- 
 • _ luomctcr, ab.iut 1726 
 Faidlierbc, gen. ; Frauco-Prnss. war, 
 
 1S71 ; St. Qiientm, 1871 
 Fairbairn, .Mr. ; tubular bridge, 1849 
 Fairfax, T. ; Nasebv, 1645 
 Fairiand, Miss ; trials, 1874 
 Faithfiill, Emily, philanthropist ami 
 
 author, 1835-95; printing, i860 
 Faick, Dr. ; steam-engine, 1779 
 Falconliriilge; London, 1471 
 Falconer, H. ; geologist, (/. 1865 
 I Falieri, .Marini ; N'enice, 1335 
 I Falk; I'russi.i, 1873; Germany, 1879 
 I Falkeiier, Edward, archi,, i8ii{?)-96 
 
 Falkland, vi.sct. ; Newbury, 1643 
 j F.ilstalf, sir John ; taverns 
 I Fancourl, .Samuel; circulating li- 
 I braries, 1740 
 Faraday, .Mich.iel, 1791-1867; lioval 
 liisiitution. chemistry, electrici'tv, 
 gas, m.igncfisiii, niagneto-electfi- 
 city, ice. Albeit medal, Faraday 
 Farewell, liiuit.. Natal, 1823 
 Farmer and Wallace, electric light. 
 
 1879 
 Faniuhar, George, dramatist, 1673- 
 
 1707 
 larr. Dr. W., 1807-83 ; animitie.s, 
 
 1S64 ; stalistics 
 Farragiit, 1)., 1361-79, admiral, 1866: 
 
 United Sl.-iles. 1864 
 Farr.ir, F. \. ; trials, 1868 
 Farrcll c, Gordons; trials, 1873 
 FaiTcn, Miss, actress, retires, 1797 
 ■•'arren, Miss Nellie, theatres, Ururv-- 
 
 laiip, i393 
 Farrcr ; trials, 1859 
 Fatima ; .M.ihometanism 
 F.iiilkncr, G. ; n.'wspapers, 1728 
 Faunlleroy, H. ; forgery, 1824 
 I'aure, Felix, b. i3m"; liresidcut, 
 
 France, 1893 
 Faure, Jules, (di'ctrie kiftery, iSSi 
 Faust or Fust, John ; printing, 1442 
 Fauatin [. ; llayti, 1849 
 Faustulus ; Allia, 770 u.c. 
 Faux. Guy ; gunpowder plot, 1605 
 Favre, Jules; France, 1870-2, (I. liSc 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Biilmrg, count, Prussia, 1873 
 
 enstein, Ji'w'a liurp 
 
 IT, L., 1707-81; acoustics 
 
 ieiie8;a>!veni'liurches(I'ergauios); 
 
 iiulinient, lyo B.C. 
 
 iDljiiis; Kli'iisiniim mysteries 
 
 ion gas <'o. ; tiials, 1876 
 
 ijiiilcs, 480-406 B.C. ; drama 
 
 t'stlR'ncs : liiari'liy, iir,2 b.c. 
 
 rstlieiis ; .Myi'i'iue, 1289 B.C. 
 
 len, L. ; |iiii't laureate, ((. 1730 
 
 !l)ins, of t'lvsarea, alj. 275-340 
 
 ;aeliins ; tlioraeie iUi(!t, 1563 
 
 ;on divorce case; trials, 1S84 
 
 •dies,/. 447 
 
 ider ; Circensian games 
 
 13, geni'ral dc Lacy ; Britisli 
 
 lion, 1835 ; Siiain, 1835 ; Irun, 
 
 bastiaii 
 
 is; trials, 1858 
 
 IS, J. ; man, 1872 
 
 s, Al. (U. lOliot), novelist, 
 
 !0-80 
 
 s. \V. E ; liarmonium, 184 1 
 ,'11, J., 1620-1706; liortieulture, 
 B-tree, trees 
 liner, the ; trials, 1812 
 lutli, lonl ; Algiers, 1816 
 R J. ; .laiiiuica, 1864-7 
 Joliii ; trausijortatioii, 1771 
 el proiiliesies about 595 B.C. 
 
 ■, V. ; oratoriaiis, 1848 
 
 s, yiiinlus ; painting, 291 B.C. ; 
 
 la.viniiis; Alloliroge.s, 121 B.C. 
 
 , .M.; Fnuice, 1883 
 
 nhcit, (J. 1)., 1686-1736; thci- 
 
 uciir, alinut 17J6 
 
 eiljc, gen. ; I-'ranco-Pruss. war, 
 
 I ; St. tjucnliu, 1871 
 
 urn, Mr. ; tulmlar bridge, 1840 
 
 X, T. ; Xasclpy, 1645 
 
 nd, Mi.s.s ; trials, 1S74 
 
 nil, Emily, iiliilantliropist auil 
 
 ior, i8,)5-95 : liriiiting, i860 
 llr. ; stcani-i'iigiiie, 1779 
 
 ibriil.i-'c; 1. Ion, 1471 
 
 iir, 11. ; geologist, (/. 1865 
 
 , .Marini ; Venice, 1331; 
 
 I'ru.ssi.i, 1873; Germany, 1879 
 
 ler, Kdward, arclii., i8ii(?)-96 
 
 nd, visct. ; Xcwljiiry, 1643 
 
 II', sir John ; taverns" 
 
 in, Samuel ; circulating li- 
 
 ics, 1740 
 
 y, .Michael, 1791-1867; IJoyal 
 
 Inlioii, (dicinistry, electrici'tv, 
 nia:,'nctMni, magiieto-elcetn- 
 ice, .\llicri medal, Faraday 
 
 'II, licuf., Xatal, 1823 
 
 • and Wallace, electric light. 
 
 ar, George, dramatist, 1678- 
 
 1r. W., 1807-83 ; annuities, 
 ; statistics 
 
 It, J)., 1 36 1 -79, admiral, 1866: 
 •d Slales, 1864 
 
 !■'. \. ; trials, 1868 
 
 e. Gordons ; trials, 1873 
 
 .Miss, actress, retires, 1797 
 
 .Miss Nellie, theatres, Uriiry- 
 1898 
 
 tri.ils, 1859 
 ; MahoMict.inisin 
 ■r, (i. ; iii.nvspaiicrs, 1728 
 roy, H. ; forgery, 1824 
 
 I'elix, b. iSn ; president, 
 •e, 1895 
 
 (iiles, dcctrie bittcr.v, iSSi 
 r Kiist, John; printing, 1442 
 
 I. ; llayii, 1849 
 us ; Alb.i, ;7,j H.c. 
 uy ; gunpowder plot, 1605 
 Uiles ; 1-Yancc, 1870-2, (/. i33o 
 
 Fawcett, col. ; duel, ,843 
 
 Fawcett, H., ,333-84 ; Oladstono 
 
 vr,ixha?l "■'"'"'■' '^^''•'•■''■'••"'''''■^'. 
 Piify.J.'j.; .Swilzerlaml, 1878 
 Fc IX, p,)iies, 26) .■( SM. 
 Fe ows, C. ; Lycia, ,840 
 felton a.ss,issinates Buckingham at 
 
 Portsmouth, ,6.8 
 Foiieloii, abp,, 1651-17,5 ; Camhray 
 fennmg, Eliza ; executions, 1815 '^ 
 Penwick, J. : exccuti,)iis, 1697 
 Feramoz ; Alghanistan, 187, 
 
 „',i"lj"'' • ■^"""•'■b ''^■'Plt's, P.irtu- 
 
 l-oiiiova, Uiilgaria 
 Ferdinand, Franz, arch.lnke, Austria 
 
 1893 ' 
 
 Fer.linarid of liriinswick, Minden 
 
 1759 
 Fergus ; Sc^otland, cnronation 
 Fcrgiis.m, J. ; plamas, ,854 
 Fergnsson, sir .1. ; |i„,„|,T,y 
 
 Salisbury 2Md adm. 
 Fergiiss.in, .taiiiiw, i3o8-86 : 
 
 teetiirc, ,374-76 
 Permit ; prob.ibilitv 
 
 Ferrand ; Era , ,8,4 
 
 ferre; h'n, , ,37, 
 
 Ferrers, carl; trials, 176a 
 
 t'"':i"''v"''v'-''^"-8^; vivisection 
 ".ri.v, ,). 1832-93; republican st.ites- 
 
 maii, Fraiii'c, ,870-9 > 
 Fossel ; gyroscope, ,8l, 
 Fes ing, c,d. ; Ashantecs, 1873 
 Festing, J. w., ,,,,.. y^,|,,,f,J g 
 1090 ' 
 
 pliilos., ,T. G., :762- 
 ■ «"n, ,797-1879 
 i9-'392: electric tele- 
 
 1263 
 
 , i83o; 
 archi- 
 
 Fiehte, Gi.rm. 
 
 1S14 ; Im. II 
 Field, (Jyriis, ,, 
 
 gr.iph. i363 
 Field, E,hvard ; air, ,89, 
 field, .(., no.aurne 
 Fielding. II., novelist 
 
 ni.igislratcs 
 Fieschi ; Franc,., ,3,5 
 figu.a-as; Spiiii, ,87, 
 Hgncroa; Spiin, ,863 
 Fillmore, .M. ; iJiiite.l .-States, 
 
 dent. 1S5,; ,/. ,37. 
 Fmch, a ; .-idiuiralt.v, i63o 
 finch, sir .Jolm : ehan.wllor. 
 
 ■707-54 
 
 presi- 
 
 lonl ; 
 
 adiuinistrations', ,640; Henea 
 
 ch.iiiitellor, ,67; 
 Finigiicrra ; engraving, ,460 
 Fnila.v, K H , s.d.-gen., iV- 
 Finnerty Peter; trials, ,3o8, ,8n 
 fnmis, r. ; in ivor, ,856 
 Hiiiiis c,l. ; 111 lia. ,357, «o(c 
 Firth, M., Slieilield, ,379 
 Fish, W. ; trials, execntion.s, 1876 
 i'isn..r, bp ; a Imiiiislrations, 1,09: 
 
 Sdisbury; executed, ,535 ^' 
 
 Fisher; dii,.|s, ,3u6 
 Fisk, J.uiies : New V.irk, 1871 
 Fi ^geriid, II. ; lifc.boat, ,856 
 Pi z,'erah . lord ; attainder, I798 
 ^■bc,.c,■,lld, lord, ,,. Mrs. Clarke; 
 tri.iis. 13,4 ' 
 
 FiU,'erald, lord; Wellington adminis- 
 
 tMtlOll, ,330 
 
 Fitzpitrick Grenville administra- 
 tion, ,3o6 
 Fitzp.itrick, Hugh ; trials. iSi, 
 Pitz-Uoy, |{., ,805-65; cirenmnavi- 
 gatioii, ,826 ; .Vew Zealand, ,843 ; 
 ni .t..orology ,857 ; son, vicc-adm.' 
 sirK-,bt.Onrie,iFitz-lloy,, 839-06 
 Fitz.vi.er,Hob.rtde;|),„„„;,w,"4: 
 Fitzivdham, eirl ; (Irenville admiii 
 iHi6; Ireland (lofd-lieut.); strikos| 
 
 '875 
 Plad. Mr. ; 
 FlaininiiH 
 Flaiimi, A. 
 Flaiiiiiio 'k 
 
 FlaUHtce I 
 
 ,\byminift, iSSo 
 Thrasyniene, 217 b c 
 1^. ; cryptography, 1875 
 ; rcbcllimis, 1497 
 J. ; Greenwich. 1745 
 
 luiagaii, Oath.; poisoning, 1884 
 
 Flavins ; Bcuiie, emperors Vespasian, 
 
 ritns, Uoinitian, 69-96 
 Plaxman, ,1 sculptor, ,754-'826 
 Heischer, K.; h.vdrosUitics 
 [< eiiss, diving, .safety lami) 
 HetcierofSaltonn,A .7«; ballads 
 Fetcicr, will forger: trials, 1844 
 Hetcher, .S. W., trials, ,881 
 !■ light and Kobsoii ; ap.illonicon, 
 
 IOI7 
 
 Flinders, captain, explores New Hoi- 
 
 laml, 1801 
 Floo.l, Mr. : absentees. 177. 
 Fl'iduet, M.; statesman, ,828-96 ■ 
 
 trance, 1883, ,338 
 FOrenee, Eliz. ; trials, ,822 
 P ores, gen. ; L'rugiiav, ,861-8 
 Forus, liom. hist.irian, rt. ,06 
 ''';'g'°^'''^F- P- A. von; Ger. mu,., ; 
 
 Pionrens M. J. P., phpos., ,7,^. 
 
 i867;-Onstave; France, 1870-1 > 
 foix, Gaston de; Kavenna, 13,2 
 f;)lengo, Th.'o. ; micaroiii 
 fnley, J. H., scnlij., i8i3-i836: Al- 
 
 bertmem., Faraday mem. 
 Fo kestone, bird ; arts, soe, of, ,7,4 
 Po kestoiie cKidsdale ; trials. .876 
 Follett, sir Wm. ; solieitor-gen. iit- 
 
 toriicy.gen., 1844 , 
 
 Polliott, bp, ; Uereforil, ,803 ' 
 
 Fonblanqne, E.lw. liarrington de ' 
 
 author, ,821-95 
 Fonseca, Deodoro da Marshall; ' 
 
 Urazil, 1889-92 
 Fontaine, M., electric light, 1877 
 Pontana, .Mars, ,6(6 " ' " i 
 Poote, Sam., comcdiiin, 1721-77 ' 
 
 {•ooteu. Haync; trials, ,8-24 
 Forbes, lor,l ; horse guards, ,702 
 Forbes, Edwd., naturalist, 1815-54 
 
 f:"i:'"^'', 'J ."^'tpiiiios., 1809-68 
 
 Ford, sir H. C. ; Spain, i383 
 
 : l-'ister, ab]i. ; Prmsia, 187:; 
 
 ' forster, Mr.; Pivst ,7," 
 
 ■ Forster, John ; South Kensington 
 
 ] Museum, ,876 
 
 I Forster, .M. ; planets, 1S60 
 Forster, W. E.; i3i8-36 Gladstone 
 adin., iS63, ,880; imperial fed.; 
 Ireland ; Education 
 Forsyth, sir I)., Ibirmah, ,87, 
 Forsyihe, [Jcv. M,., ; |i,.,..,.i,.,ns, ,807 
 fortesciie, lord; Ireland, lord-lieu- 
 
 tcli.iiit, i3i9 
 Forteseiie, G. S. ; Glad.stoiie, i863 
 forwood, S. (Southey) ; executions, 
 
 ; I 860 
 
 Poscaro, doge ; Venice, 1457 
 Joster John, essayist, 1770-1843 
 Fottrell, capt. ; duels, 18,7 
 Foiicanlt,J. 13. 1., ,8i,-63; pondu- 
 luin, sidcrostat 
 
 Fonhl'"'*'i''i'r'''*^i™""'''763-.820 
 foiild, Aehille, 1800-67; Franco 
 1861 ' 
 
 Foulis. R, & A., printers, 1740-6 
 Foiirdrinier, .M. ; pajicr, ,807 ' 
 Courier, C, ,1. i3j7; Fourierism 
 Fourtoii, M. de ; Prance, 1877 ■ 
 
 Powke, capt. ; exhibition, 1862; Al 
 
 liert hall 
 Powler, H. ; Gladstone adm., r,,.. 
 
 KoHebcryadm., 1894 
 Fowler, Mr, ; canoe, 1878 
 Pox Si Ilcii lerson ; crystal palace, 
 
 1,851 
 Fox, bishop of Wiuidiester; adminis- 
 
 trations, 1509 ; privy seal 
 Fox, Samuel ; umbrella 
 Pox, Gharles James, 1749-1806 ; duel, 
 1779 : Portland.'idmin., 1783; ladi^ 
 bill, pi-ople 
 Pox, .S. ; music ooUoge, 1889 
 hox, George, 1C24-90; iinakers 
 fox, Henry; Newcastle administra- 
 tion, 1757 
 Fox, sir Stephen; Chelsea, i6j3 
 
 F..X, St. O Lane; electricity (lamp- 
 lighting by,, gas ^ 
 foxc, John, inartyrologist, 15,7-87 
 franca, I>r., ,755.,8.,o'; Paraguay 
 fiancis, St., ,,82-1226; Cord"lie"8 
 francis [., emperor ; Germanv, 174, • 
 Austria, 1804 ..'/45. 
 Pr.incis I. ; Franco, ic,,. ,iii,.|n,,„ 
 eMth of g,dd. Mar^i^ui, 'l^lUlf; 
 
 Frania.; Joseidi ; Austria, ,848 • as- 
 sassinations, Hungary, ,3^3 
 : Francis; trials. ,842 * 
 
 Francis. John, Atheiuenin (journal) 
 fmncis, sir Philip, ,74o.,'i.8;ji. 
 
 :'""oumn?^'"''^'-'5«'-«"-"'^- 
 
 , Francisco d'Assisc ; Spain, ,846 
 franeko, A. ; orplian houses, 1698 
 
 ^'•"»kbM■t,h,nl,„. Alice Lowe'; trials, 
 1842, ,852 ' 
 
 Frankland.Edw. K.C.B. 1897 ; amvl 
 ethyl, inethvl, ,849 ^' ' ' 
 
 Fraiiklin, liei.jamin, 1706-90; elec- 
 tricity, ,752; lightning 
 franklin, sir Jidin; north-west pas- 
 sage, ,825; Franklin ^ 
 franks; suicide, trials, ,82, 
 I Frascri.. Uagley ; trials, ,844 
 : ''';',"".■■. ^ir Win., j. ,393, Edinburgh 
 
 University * 
 
 1 Frederick, trials, 1874 
 frederick, dukcof I'ork, 1762-1827; 
 
 I Fred,.ri,.k II. ; Corte Nuova, 12,7 
 
 fredcnck 11. the Great, •i7,i'86; 
 
 Prussia, ,740 f(s,.,,. / °" . 
 
 f rcjlerick ; Gcrm.an.v, Prussia, Uesse, 
 
 .Niircinberg, Palatinate, Prague 
 
 Hoehkirclien, Torgan ^ ' 
 
 Fre, crick III, ; Germany, ,888 
 
 Ficderic.k-yharles, prince of Prussia, 
 f Kinco-Prnss. war, ,870-, ; Metz, 
 
 K,'-'?i''.'.'''''^uroi''' '"''"™ ■■ Wales, ,7M 
 ficlenck William, I._lv.;PrJs.sia- 
 
 assassinations 
 Fiveling, .s.; Gren.ada, 187, 
 freeman, E. A., historian, ,323-92 • 
 
 conipiest, ,870-6 ^ ' • 
 
 Frelingiiuysen, Mr.; United States, 
 
 ''■'rS^s""'''' "'''■ '*^- "■ ■ 'li^-^'-'nters, 
 Prciiwnt, J. c, ,8,3.90; U. States. 
 
 Pi-cm.v, M. ; steel, ,361 
 f rench, c,d. ; trials, 1820 
 ; freiiey; trials, 1749 
 
 i '■'''trel "y "l''"''' '^'5-34; slave 
 
 I 1. ;■, /inzibar, ,872; cape, 1876 ; 
 
 IvaltiMria, ,878, celib.n.y ' ' 
 
 frcrc-Orban; statesman', ,3,2-96; 
 
 lielginm, ,363, ,878 
 
 ''■■".^ !'•<. «'"•! l^•lnigiu.^, an.alytical 
 
 clieinist, ,3,3-97 
 Frcwcii, alip. ; Vork, ,660 
 Fre.vciiiet, M. de, France, 1879 et sc,. 
 Frndiot, ophichti,!,. 
 Frith, W. P., painter, ;,. :3tq 
 Friv.dl, Win , iiost-olHce, ,63, 
 Probishcr, sir Martin, ,1. ,5,4; north- 
 
 west p,iss,lg|., ,576 
 
 Froggatt, E. ; trials, 1877-1879 
 froissart, historian, 1337-1410 » 
 
 Frost, .bdm, chartist ; .Vcwiiort, 1810 
 Frost, W. E. It. A., ,8.0-77 ' ^' 
 Froudc J. A., historian, 18,8-94 
 
 S.mth African confederatum, 187? 
 Prunieiitins; Abyi-iiiiht, 3,5 
 Fiiad Pasha, ,314-69; Uaniaseus, 
 
 Tiirki^y, 1860-9 
 Fuller, J. ; Hoyal Institution, ,833 
 Pnllorcase; India, 1876 
 Fulton, U., 1765-1815; steam-enRliic. 
 
 iSoj ' 
 
 if 
 
 III 
 
1204 
 
 I'lirlcy. Miiry: tiiuls, 1844 
 (■'liriMwix, in|.t. : Ailvcriliire Buy 
 Ni'W lliplliiiiil ; ri'liiriis, 1774 
 
 Kut'lii'MH, MiN, II.; I ■(.iiiiirii-f, 1876 
 
 f,ii""li. II., I'iii r, .741-1S..5 
 
 I'liMl ; luiiilinK, 144^ 
 
 O. 
 
 (IiiIh'Ii'MIz, II. r. vi.ii cIit; liiiiguii>;e, 
 
 (lllMr. >;i'li. ; .\Mli'licii, 1775 
 
 • IMJIIM, \V. ; hiirilllllllll |.llpcr, 1857 
 
 (iMliiNliiiriiiiKli, Tlioiiiiis, iKiiiiirr. i7->7- 
 
 (IicIIpii : lldiiii', I'liiji., fi8 
 
 Hull', liiillnnnM, niin|iiittilci', 1865 
 
 Uiili', Siinili, Mini Urcfiiiioiu: triiiU, 
 
 iH.i7 
 (lllli'll, 1 v,-j,Kt ; pliv.sic 
 (IhIkHI ll». «4 ; (lllin'l|iiilll» 
 
 Oiilll li (liilili'i, 1564-1642; neims- 
 
 •li'H. "Ill iiy, falliiiK' liodifs, 
 
 '"I'll ii' luivc, iiT, iiii|iiisiticpii, 
 
 pclMliiliiiii, pliiucls, smi, ti'lu- 
 
 HI'djil'M 
 
 (lilliliilicrll, l.iiigi, rardinal, able 
 illpliiiiiiillsl, i( 7 Jlav, i8y6 
 
 (lull, .1., i7sS-i8i8: ci'aiiidldgy 
 
 • iMllHKlicr, ,!.; trialH, 1883 
 
 (liillc, III'. ; Ni.|iltiiic, 1846 
 
 (iiilli'iiKH, AiiUiiiio, iHilitici.in and 
 niilliiM', iSki ,,5 
 
 Odillc'ii ; hiillciciis, 1755 
 
 (Illllll'IIIIH ; Hi, MIC. I'lllp. 2fx) 
 
 tiiilt, Alex. ; Caiinila, 189) 
 
 (JalliMi, I'', ; I'liiiiiKisitu iKiriraits, 1877 ; 
 lii'lrillty " 
 
 Oillviiiil, I.iiiiIh, 1717-98; clcfliii'ity, 
 
 171)1 ; Vnltllii' |ii|c 
 
 CiMlttiiy. riiil iif; Al iiza, 17.17 
 
 (liiiiiii, Viisrii .||,, (/. 1525 
 
 (iHliiiii'llii, I.. 18,18-82; Viaiife.:S7o-8i; 
 
 ii|i|"iitiiiiiHlH, scrntin 
 (JiiliiliiiT, Iniil ; Itasiiiii! Unads, 1809; 
 
 ('iilii'hliiiKi'ii 
 (liinilili'r (iiid lliMiililc, trials, 1869 
 (IiiIiiIpiIII, trhiis, 1878 
 (liiiiiMiM,, A,; lii,v. Inst. 1884 
 (iilliiKiM', ,1. ; (jlai'iiiriuiii, 1876 
 
 <Imi 1. Thuiiii' (ii' ; tiimii'Is, 1867 
 
 (iiiMMMIii'lil ; element XIV"., jiai.cs, i 
 
 1 7f,., ' 
 
 (lilliKi'liiliil ; iiiiiithocnrv 
 (liinliH'i', llnrfiiTt : auricultiire, iSoi ' 
 (liililiii'T, A.; Nntul, 1835 
 (liinlliiiT, li|,. ; ailiiiiiiislrations, 1529 
 <liirilllici'. liciit. Alan; iiii.s.siniis, 1850 
 Oiirlli'lil, (ii'ii. J. A., Uiiitfd States, 
 
 |KH,,.l 
 
 (liirlliiildi, ,lnni.|,ii, ,807-82; Italy, 
 >Kvj-7<>: HiilfiTiiio, iSii'ily, Naples, 
 Volfiiriiii; Kraiicu-rnissiaii war, : 
 1H7,. 
 
 (lariM'iln, ,M. ; linllooiis, 1802 
 
 (liiniet, ^- ■■■■ ■ ■ - 
 
 II Hci 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ir Tl 
 
 lus. 
 
 Koyal liLstitu- 
 
 (lai'i'clt Aiiilci'H(in,MrH. ; physic, 1865 ' 
 lliil'lirk, Hiivid, 1716-79; " theatres 
 
 (Uniry-iiMii'), Jiiliilecs 
 (liirrlNiPii, W. I,., 1804-79; shivery in 
 
 United HlatcH, i8ti 
 Onrind, A, ll,;Hi)val IiiHtituti.m, 1875 ' 
 (hirrnw, Win. ; ntt.-^;en., 1813 
 .Oiirlli, llr. ; Kit-Cat eliili, 1703 
 (iaxkell, MvN. K. V. novelist, 1811-65 
 (laXHendl, 1592-1655; atoms, sun, 
 
 wiiinil 
 (IllHtnii lie Koix : liaveiimi, 1512 
 (lali'H.Keii. ;MMratoga, 1777; Camden, 
 
 17H11 ' 
 
 (hiiiileli, lili. ; elkoii liasilike, 1649 
 (iaiidrii, M. ; Bapphirc, iSt,7 
 tiaiinl, ,lnlin ol, b. 1340; Ghent, i 
 
 l.nheaKliiic. 1 '62, wary 
 (launlim, 315 ii.r, ; eanstic i 
 
 Oavarni, l''rciit:h e.'iric. 1801-66 
 (i,-ivi-sliiii,.<, liflieaded, 1312; reliellioiis 
 tia.v, .Ichn, 1688-1752; tallies, operas 
 (iay-l,iissac, ,1., i77S-i8:;u ; lialliiiiiis 
 (lay, r, .1., lion siiiinin 
 lii'd, William ; sleivotvpe, 1730 
 (ielleki'ii. Dr. ; Prussia, 1888 
 (iellianl, gen. F.ilire ; llayli, 1858 
 (iidasiiis 1.; popi's 492; hreviarv, 
 pall : Candlemas 
 I tiillerl.C. R.lli'rm. falmlist, 1715-69 
 , (Jelliiis, Aldus, l,atiii niiscidlanv, rf. 
 j 117-iSo 
 
 ' Cielon : Sieily, 4S0 H.c, llimera 
 , Ucn^diis khan; Tarlary, 1206; Uun- 
 
 Wiry ; India 
 , Oeiiserie lands in Afriea, 429 
 j Geollioy, M. Ii.; ashestos 
 Georjie, liavid, il. 1536 ; familv oflove 
 Ge(,i^'e, SI. ; ;.,arter 
 George 1. — IV,, Enuland ; kinfe's, 
 
 assas.-iiiaiioiis 
 Georye I. V.; Hanover (kiu|;s) 
 Geor^'e I. ; a^'eession, 1714 
 Geoiw.' II. ; Uettinnen, 1743 
 Geiii);e, 11. ; i839-(j7 ; land nationali- 
 z.ilion, United Stales, 1886-7: New 
 i Vork, 1897 
 
 George, king, lionny 
 I Georgi ; dahlia. 1815 
 : (ieranib, baron; aliens, 1812 
 , Gerard, ,). ; jilivsie gjinleii, 1567 i 
 
 Gerbert, (I. UXJ3 ; arithnietie 
 Germaine, lord (ieorge Sackville ; 
 
 Jlinden, 1759 
 Gerstenzweig, general ; roland, m. 
 
 1 86 1 
 Gerviniis, G, G., Genu. hist. 1S05-71 
 Gesler; Swit/erland, i3oi5 
 CJeta ; Home, I'liip. 211 
 Gholiim llnssein, Afghanistan, 1878- 
 
 81 ; India, iSSi 
 Gibbins, .\li-., killed ; riots, 1831 
 Gibbon, Kdward, 1737-94 ; Gilibon 
 
 eomm., 1894 
 Gibbons, Grinling,seul]itor,i648-i72i 
 (iibbons, Orlando; miisie, 1583-1625 
 Gibbs, ,1.. arrhiteet, 1674-1754 
 Gibbs. sir V. ; attornev-gen., 1807 ; 
 eommon jihas, 1814 
 j Gibbs, \V. A, ; eorn, 1868; hav, 1875 
 I Gibbs, \V, ; Keble college, Christ's 
 I hospital, 1S77 
 
 Gibson,,!., sculptor, :79i-i866; Royal 
 ! academy 
 Gibson, T. ; concordance, 1535 
 Gibson, T. .\1., 1807-S4; I'almerston 
 
 aduiinistralion, 1859 
 Giers, de, 1820-95; statesman, 
 
 Hiissia 
 Giesmar. .general ; Praga, 1831 
 Gitliird, sir llardingc .S. ; solicitor- 
 general, 1875 ; chancellor, Ul., 
 Ilalsbiiry, 18S5 
 Giltard, Paul ; cannon, 1890 
 Gillen, liobi. ; statistics, ,894 ; 
 K.C.H., 1895 ^^ ' 
 
 Gillonl, lieut. ; Kihhirc, 1798 
 Gillonl, Ii. ; attorney-gen., 1819 
 Gilbird ; steam-in.jcctor 
 Gillord, Will., 1757.1826; Qu.irterly 
 
 Hcvicw, iSuy 
 Gilbert r. Knoch (Vail Mnll (1(U ) 
 
 trials, 1873 
 Gilbert, aridibp. ; York, 1757 
 Gilbert, sir Humphry, 1539-84; 
 
 .XcwI'onndlanil 
 Gilbert, Dr. J. H., knt. ; agriculture, 
 
 1843 
 Gilbert, Dr., 1540-1603; electricity, 
 
 1600; magnetism 
 Gilbert, gen. ; Kerozeshah, 1845 
 Oilhcrt, G. ; executions, 1862 
 Gilbert, W. G, ; operas, iSSi-gi 
 Gilchnsi, earl ^ot Angus), 1037 
 (iihdirist, steel -^^ 
 
 Gildas, historian, 516-570 
 Giil, v.; star 
 
 ' Gillani, li.l. ; trials, 1828 
 j Gilli'spic, (ol. ; Vellore, lEoii 
 Gillespie, geii. ; Kalllllga, duel, lyZK 
 Gillott.,1. ; sti'cd pens 
 Gillray, ,1. 1785-1H15 ; caricatures 
 Gimkcl, gen. ; Aughrim, 1691 
 Giiitl, Dr.; electric telegi-aph(diiidcx). 
 
 .i«53 
 Gioberii, Italian writer, 1801-52 
 Gioja, K. ; c.inipass, 1302 
 Giotto, jiainter. 1276-1336 
 Giudclli, l,,i^^ion music 
 Gladslone, rev. .Mr. ; trials, 1852 
 Gl,-idstonc,,l, H. ; eopper-zine couple, 
 1R72 ; physical society, 1874 ; edu- 
 cation society 
 Gladstone c. lliailstone ; trials, 1875 
 Gladstone, W. K. ; 1809-98, Gladstoi,,. 
 j adni. 1868, 1880, 1886, 1892; siis- 
 peiisi,ry act ; Kngland, 1877-8 ; 
 Dublin, 1878 ; parliament, 1S81 : 
 Kilmaiiiham ; Hyde park, 1S98 
 Gladstmic, iU'rberi ; Rosebery adin., 
 
 1894 
 Glaisher, ,1.; ineteorologv, 1850- 
 
 balloons. 1S62 
 Glanvillc. Ii. di', encyelopadia 
 Glas, capt., murdered ; trials, 1766 
 Gliis, ,(olin, 169S-1773 ; Glasites, 1727 
 Glasse, II.; cookery, 1747 
 Gleieheii, count, 1'833-gi ; England, 
 
 1877 ; I.einiiigen 
 Glciidowcr, Owen; Wales, i4(x> 
 Gli'iielg. lord (diaries Grant),./, 1866; 
 
 Widlington adm., 1828 
 Glcrawlcy, lord, v. Hurn ; trials, 1S20 
 Gloucester, duke of; marriage act, 
 
 1772 
 Glover, col. ; Ashnntees, 1874 
 Glover, E. A. ; trials, 1858 
 I Glover, sir II.; Lcowanl Isles 
 Gluck, (,'. ; nmsii'. 1714-87 
 Glyiiii, lion. Eihv. Carr, Peter- 
 borough, 1896 
 Goilfrey, .M. ; bank of England. 1694 
 Goill'rey of liouillon ; .Jcrusaleui, 
 
 1099 
 Godoy, Jl., ]irince of the peace; 
 
 Spain, 1806 ; (/. 1851 
 Godwin, sir G. ; Pegu, 1852 
 Godwin, Win., hist, and nov., 1756- 
 
 1836; ]Militics 
 Goethe, or Gotlie ; German miscel. 
 
 1749-1832 
 (Millart, .M.; ensilage 
 Gog and Magog; Guililhall 
 Gold, V. I. ; railways, 18S1 ; trials. 
 
 1881 
 Goldie, sir Geo. Taubman, Nigci 
 
 Coast, 1897 
 Goldoni, Cli., Ital. dramatist, 1707-93 
 Goldschinidt (.Icuny Liud), 1821-67; 
 
 2<iglilingale fund' 
 GoldschmiiK, 11., 1802-66: plaiii'ts, 
 
 1852 
 Gold'simds ; trials, 1873 
 Goldsmith, Oliver; poet.nUsce!. 1728- 
 
 74 
 Goncourt, naturalism 
 Gonsalvo de Cordova, gen., </. 1515; 
 
 Garigliano 
 Gonzales, F. O., Spain, 1879, Jlcxioo, 
 
 1880 
 Gooch, lady, trials, 1878 
 Good, Daniel ; trials, 1842 
 Goodenongh. lieut. ; massacres, 1875 
 Goodriidi, bji. ; administrations 
 
 ^ '55' 
 
 Goodwin, bji., II., Carlisle, 1870 
 
 Goodyear, C. ; caoutcdioue 
 
 Gordian ; Rome, emjierors 
 
 Gordon, col.; dmds, 1783 
 
 Gordmi, lord G,, d. 1793 ; riots, lilicl, 
 
 trials. 17S1. 17S8 
 Gordon, gen. diaries George ; China, 
 
 1S63 ; Egypt, t"74; Abyssinia; 
 
 liasiito, Congo, Khartoum, ,'<i)ii(lan, 
 
 1883-4 ; Gordon niemorial 
 
Ml, IM.; triiils, 1S28 
 
 M'ii', ' "1- ; Vrlifirr, lEoii 
 
 -iiii'. K"ii. ; Knlnii^'a, iliii'I, I78K 
 
 tt..). ; st,rl iii-ns 
 
 ly, -J. 1785-1K15 : I'.'iiiciitnn's 
 
 '<'!, Mi'ii. : Aii(;iiriiii, iftqi 
 
 , IJr.;eli'ctnclt'li'(,'nipli(iliii)li'x). 
 
 3 
 
 'rli, Itiili:i!i writer, 1801-52 
 
 , K. ; »''Hii]i!isH, 1302 
 
 1, jiiiiiitcr, i276-i!j6 
 
 >tti, l'il^^i(lll iiuisir 
 
 t<iMi', ri'V. .Mr. ; trials, 1S52 
 t'Mii',.1. II. ; ciiiiiu'r-ziiici-oiipli., 
 j; liliysical siii-ii'ty, 1S74; cdii. 
 nil siicii'ly 
 
 tniic c. (liailstmie ; trials, 1875 
 t<iiic,W. K. ; i8o<)-<)8, filail.st.i;,,- 
 I. 1868, 1880, 18S6, 1892 ; .siis- 
 snry act ; Kufjlaiid, 1877-8 ; 
 iliii, 1878 ; |iarlianii'nt, iSSi : 
 ii.-iinliiiiu ; Hyilc ]jaik, iS(j8 
 tunc, llcrbcri; Hd.-i'licry adiii., 
 
 I'r, .1. ; iiiete(inil()}:y, 1850 ; 
 Mills, iSCij 
 
 illi', ii. lie, piicyclopailia 
 •apt., iiumlercil ; trials, 1766 
 liilill, 1698-1773 ; Glasitrs, 1727 
 , Ii. : ciKikcry, 1747 
 ell, I'oiiiit, 1833-91 ; EiiHlaiiii, 
 ; I.iMiiiiiKi>n 
 
 nvcr, ( iHiMi : Wall's, i4(x> 
 ^', lnr<l(Cliarlc'.sUraiit), (/. 18C6; 
 iiiKtim ailin., 1828 
 Icy, Inril, !'. I!iirn ; trials, 1S20 
 stcr, iluke of; iiinrriaHc act, 
 
 , cnl. ; Aslmiitccs, 1874 
 , K. .\. ; trials, 1858 
 , sir II.; Lccwaril Isles 
 (.'. ; music, 1714-87 
 
 lion. Eilw. Carr, I'eter- 
 Ufjll, 1896 
 
 y, M. ; liank of Ent'laml, 1694 
 y of limiilloii ; Jcriisaleiii, 
 
 JI., liriiice of tlie jicace; 
 1, 1806 ; (/. 1S51 
 I, sir Ii. ; rcgu, 1852 
 1, Win., hist, ami nov., 1756- 
 ; luilitics 
 
 , or Uotlie ; German mi.scel. 
 1832 
 
 , Nl.; ensilage 
 il .MaKofc' ; Unilillnill 
 !•". I. ; railwa.vs, 1881 ; trials, 
 
 sir Geo. Taiibnian, Xigoi 
 , 1897 
 
 i, Cli., Ital. ilramatist, 1707-93 
 iiniilt (.Icnny LiiuO, 1821-67; 
 iiipilc funil 
 iniiilt, II, , 1802-66: lilanets, 
 
 nis ; trials, 1873 
 
 itii, Oliver; poet, iiiiscel. 1728- 
 
 rt, naturalism 
 
 (Ic Corilova, gen., d. 1515; 
 
 lianci 
 
 s, 1'". C.Siiain, 1879, Jlc.\ico, 
 
 lady, trials, 1878 
 
 laniel ; trials, 1842 
 
 ingli, lient. ; massacres, 1875 
 
 h, bji, ; administrations^ 
 
 ti, bp., H., Cnrligle, 1870 
 ir, C. ; eaoutidiouc 
 
 ; Home, ciiiiieror.s 
 
 col,; duels, 1783 
 
 lord G., tl. 1793 ; riots, libel, 
 
 1781, 17SR 
 
 Kcn. t.iiarles George ; Cliina, 
 
 '•■f-'yi't, i"74; Aliyssiiiia ; 
 
 o, Congo, Kliuitoum, (-01111011, 
 
 ; Gortlon memorial 
 
 trials, 
 
 , 1885 
 "854 ; 
 
 rx:'^^^U^8<;^"-='=^«'-«" 
 
 fe^;.;'';^^;i^:;'^-* 
 
 <»orl,,„u „. i,i^|,„,, ^,f y^^^^*/. 
 
 1^49 
 Oorst,K. a.;, Salisbury adi„, 
 
 Wilistna, Tehcrnayii 
 1793-1833 ; Viuniia .■onfcrcncu 
 rZ I' ;377-3; lliissia, 1356-83 
 
 il-ln.., ,S68; .:,'y|,t, 1876; Turkey, 
 i33o-i ; iiarliaiiK'nt, i33<; Sali^ 
 
 ^I'lii-y.'idni., 1887, ,3,c ■'■ '^ 
 
 /3oss ,. Wliitlakc, trials, 1870 
 (x.'ssott, sir W. ; trials. Is,/ 
 0'"-i"t, V. ; iLirliaiiiMit, ,33, 
 0')«sat, H. .i. ; ,ui-liun.nr„-333 
 
 l'ou«li,s,r I,.;,d,. 1772-86;; Ghim,, 
 1841; ndia, ,.346; (ioojerat, Sol 
 br.ion, Kcrozcsliah 
 
 Goillird; K,.,,,,.,,, ,jj 
 
 "i::;;^;ii;;;,^L3"^'"""^^^"" ■•'"•""- 
 
 « ml 1, J., ,804.31 ; hir.ls, „.y,ks on, 
 i8i.!-73: liiiiiiiuin--lpir,ls, iS6^ 
 
 suU'j;;,^'^"^-'''-37.;i^.ito,i 
 
 Gould, .Miss; trials, ,3,. 
 Ji-mld, iiiiirdeiv.r; tri,ils,',34o I 
 
 '.ill ■ '""'"■" « ""l'"!"-. I 
 
 '''i'l'^'fe '^Jiil^r-"'"''''^" ^-- ! 
 
 6; "irlay, (•.iptaiu ; duels. ,821 
 (jovcr. ivirl; Wiliuin-: 
 
 ■North .idiii., ,77., 
 G.iwor, F. .«.., tel. 
 
 IIsrDEX. 
 
 iS 
 
 ' . '742; 
 
 illoons. 
 
 ■slain, 
 
 '33; 
 
 '.inh: 
 
 (.1 
 
 Ouwr, .1., poet; .. 
 <ir,iceliiis, Tilicrius, 
 (.'■tills slain. ,21 n c 
 '•rily, Mr. ; ,i|„.|. /.j^^ 
 
 <fre'i. and Mi.h.nn inn, alizarine 
 ...■.evius, ,r. (J, an I (K ; thi.saiirus 
 '.Mltoii,dakeof; IJo-kin-lianiadni 
 i7"5: Grafton adiii., 1767 
 ilniiii, hp. : Chester, 13,3 
 
 ,..'.'.'" "'', .OlJiverlioiise, 1650-89 
 
 IvdlicciMnkie ^ ^ 
 
 ;i'ihi.ni, .V. ; planets, 1843 
 ■idiiiu, G. G. ; (Ireiia.Ia 
 
 ^ III in. gen. ; Hirossa, i3ii ; Se 
 
 I'islian, H'i\'en-.ip-/ n 
 
 Orihani, Mr. ; iici, luliini 
 
 ni:i;netisiii, i72-> 
 Gi-ihini, H. C., and others 
 
 i336 
 «iMli ini, Mr. ; duels, ,79, 
 'ir.iliiin, g,)n, ^i,. (j,,|.,,[,( 
 
 i-i-i.i ; Siiiidan, ,334 
 <liMh.iin, sir .lames, 1792-18 
 
 Grihiin, Thos., 1805-6,; mint, dif- 
 
 lu-iioii, uiai.vsis, atnnilysis 
 «iMin uont, due de, l)..ttin-en, 174, 
 i-r:inird .Vrthur, carl of; Kiliuiiu 
 
 Il 1111, 1675 
 liioiliy, niiriiiii,s of; Chatham iid^ 
 
 laini.s., 1766 
 Grint, .Vlh. ; Leicoster siiimro, 1874; 
 
 trial.H, ,875.6 ; p.iintin..r, ,37; ^* ' 
 Orant, ciipt. John; (iookorv 185, • 
 
 cottager's stove '' 
 
 Oriiit, sir Coloulioiin ; .lucl, ,3,, 
 (.rant,, lieiit. d. .J. Vf. ; Mmipur 
 GiMiit sir F., .800-73; li.iyal Academy, 
 
 «i-i"t. Ililwrt; ,istrnn. 13,4-92 
 <i™<t, (}. n. ; ealciilatin- iinohme, 
 , '874 
 '.rant, col, ,r, A ; Central Africa, 
 
 iS'jj ; Victoria .Vyanza 
 '•rant, aimGlentlg 
 
 '71s; 
 ; trials ; 
 
 R^'yi't, 
 ; Grey, 
 
 ■ *^s\",V5"iF'''''''"''.','^^8-35 : United 
 Mt.itcs, ,863-73 ; I'lttshnrg, 1862 
 
 Grantley, |.<, .V(„.ton, Id.; attorney! 
 Kcii., 1763 ■' 
 
 I Gmnville, earl, ,815.9, ; Russell, 
 l.ilniiu-ston adniiii., ,35, ; Glad^ 
 stone adm, ,368, ,83o, ,336 
 (rratiaii ; canons, n-a 
 Gr.itian, K.iiii., en, p. ,67.3, 
 Or.ittaii, II,.ii,.y, ,„,„,„, f,.,.,3 
 ^iluelliug, ,8oj, 1820 '^^'"''■'°- 
 
 Im'"' ''• ^'"""■^'' """■''■'''■ •"«• 
 
 Oratt'ini, Alps (tuimcl) 
 
 Gravel, '■^''"' '*'''''^- » wii't'jrre 173, 
 
 Uray Tli.miH, p.,.t, ,j,i^j, 
 Groathcil, .M,.. ; |if,..i,:,„/ „ 
 Ui-eatrix, Val. ; inMc.slors,','^' ' 
 
 Uieaves, lor.l ; sni -Lie ,3,3 
 I tJi-echi, prof ; llre-d.'t^tor 
 
 i ^Sut^, /Ir"' "'-'-■ ^"■'»" 
 
 ; Oreeley, lient,; V. K. ,b ■.yr. p^,,., 
 I '^'Xs "^''''"''''■'' ■786-1870; ballo.nis, 
 
 |»S;:r:^u^i,s:";s::;:sf'-^^" 
 
 I Green, ,j.; .serapliin.. 
 
 , Or.ien, Kverett-, Mrs., hist. ,818-95. 
 
 ; Gre ai.., g_.n,.,.,,i ; ,.;i.„ 1,,,,^ -^ 
 , Gieeuwell, caioii ; Hirrows ,3,, 
 GivcuuMo I, T. ; 111,., ,8Sj '^ 
 
 I Giv- lire, .M. ; nation il convention. 
 I 17)-' ' 
 
 ' ;;i'e..!iiT the Great ; ehintinr 
 
 i^n;i;;;:j:i^a"^[ak.!'?;r— ''• 
 
 Gregory .N.uimzen, Greek father, 
 
 326-390;' 
 Orcnfell, gen, sir F. ; .Soudan, ,333 
 Greuviile, George; Xcweastle ad- 
 
 niuiistratioi,, ,754; Greuviile ad- 
 
 luinistration, ,763 
 
 Greuviile lord; Grenvill, admin, 
 
 180O; deiiciteinvesiigaii,,,, 
 Greshaiiusir'l'.,./, 1579 ; Gpisham 
 Gievy, .lulin, 18,7-9', l''rauee, ,87,-3 
 Orivv Albeit II. G., earl, Ku'odesla 
 
 1896-7 ' 
 
 Grey, bp. ; Ilerefor.l, ,332 
 Grey, Gli irlos, earl, 1764-1845; Grey, 
 
 reform ■" 
 
 Grey, ILniry, c-irl, 18)2-94; Mol- 
 
 boiiriie a lininistration, ,8,, ; 
 
 lliissell adm,, 1846 " 
 
 Grey, lady ,Jaiie, exec. ,554; e,,,,. 
 laud, c|ueens " ^ 
 
 Grey, lord; I'.iiufret epistle, ,43, 
 
 ''7V '''n'^'-'"'-'" ■ "'"■■<"" '■'Imi'l.. 
 
 1346; I'almerston admin,, ,35, • 
 
 Gape 1856 '^ ' 
 
 Grey .Stephen; el,.ctrieity, ,720 
 .rieslucl,,,!., critic, 1745-1313 
 Grinnldi, ,losei.h, clown; retires ' 
 
 1828 ' j 
 
 Oriinm, Jacob ,733-1863; \Vill„,lm, ' 
 
 i7-«-t85.,; dic'tionary (Germ in); ; 
 
 Grimm s law ! 
 
 Griinthorpe, lord ; seo /!'.'','.'^/ 1 
 
 Grimwood R, and Mrs. ; .Mmip,,,. 1 
 Gr.ndall abp. ; York, 1570; Gauter- I 
 
 bur.v, liturgy 
 Gi;iiill,!ld, general; IJemerara, 1801; 
 
 lobago ^ ' 
 
 Griunell, .Mr. ; Kranklin expedition. ■ 
 
 ,850 ' I 
 
 (IriiHtead, Capt.; Trineess Alice 
 Grisi, inidame, <(. ,369 j 
 
 126« 
 
 Grissell.G. IO.,p,rliai t, ,379.30 
 
 Groeyu, Wm. ; Greek, ,490 ^ 
 Urogan, col., captured; (J. states, 
 
 Gronoviiis, J., thesaurus, 1637-1702 
 Gros, baron; Gliina, 1858 
 Grote, G., historian, 1794-1S61 
 
 'r';vl"''"Vi'3^^-'«+?' ■''"'•"oPl'y 
 
 Glove, sir G.; crystal pal,. ., ,8,;. 
 
 music (diet.), ,373 ' '*• 
 
 Grove sir W. U, nat. phil. ,t >lgo, 
 
 ". 151, -,6 ; voltaic liattery. 13T0' 
 
 : a;;t;::;:S;''*^^™''"'™'^''3^: 
 '«:•;:?:;;;, ^ii,:^r^^!;dS—«" 
 
 , ""''Ipli; Hiv.iria, Brunswick 
 Gaen.ik.., ()tto von, 16,2-1686; air, 
 
 el.ietririiy, ,(;„ M igdelmr« 
 Giiemi-Meneville, silk (ail.antino), 
 
 I Guernsey, W. II. ; trials, ,858 
 GM'^ciin, H. dn, ,;. ,,80 ' 
 ;"!"rf. ^ibp.; France, ,876 
 Guihord, J. ; Montreil, ,87, 
 Gnicciardiui, t.. hist,,, 1432-1,40 
 Giihlo, \r,.tino, H. ,op " 
 
 Gnelo, l{..,ii, piint,,,., ,575.,6,j 
 Gil: ir.l.eirlof; trials', Ss^ 
 GuiUeaim, .V. ; ,t,mi,ts " 
 Gnillermo; llivti, 1877 
 Guinness, sir U., ,793-868; Patrick, 
 
 'j'. . 1303 
 
 Guiscarl; .Viples, ,059; conspira- 
 
 'Ues, 1710 
 Gui.se, diik.^sof; Guise 
 
 '"shtl."' ,^; ■^•' '"'"■''"'' United 
 *'",8'''o' ''" ''^'"'374; France, ,840- 
 Gi'll,v, Wii, Curt; sp.iker, ,89, 
 Giiriiey, G. ; Hi- Ic light, ,84, '' 
 Gnriiey, .Messrs. ; trials, 1S69 
 Giriiey, UiH.i,.||; r,,,.irder ia-6 ,a 
 
 riis-ifi.ld. Dr. ; .\r,.i,.;,, ,8 « 
 
 Gustavns^.Vdolplius, killed, Liitzeii, 
 
 1632 ; S.ve leu, Munich 
 Gnstavus Vasa; Sweden, 152, 
 , uiistavusI.-IV. ; Hwedeu 
 
 , Giiter, „f Nuremberg; air, 1650 
 , ;>iM<u-;-ez,T., Peru, 1372 '^ 
 
 ! G.iy Faii.x ; giiupowder plot, ,60s 
 
 'fin. riios. ; Guy's hospital, 1721 
 
 , i.uvtou-.Morvcm; billoo s, 1784.94 
 
 , .iizmiu, Dominic d-; beads, ,202 
 
 iGwyniieN'ell; boll-ringing, 1637 
 G.iges; Lydia, 7,3 B.C. 
 GyhppiH, 413 H.c. ; Sicily 
 
 H. 
 
 Ilibikkuk, prophet, abt. 3j6 b c 
 ll.ichettc', Jeanne de la; lieauvals 
 1472 ' 
 
 !{'"'l"'''' h = .•?;""''ay schools, 1740 
 llicker, Mitilda, trials, 1879 * 
 Hiek..tt, Win, ; impo,stors, ,5,, 
 Ilii'kwortli. T, ; steam, ,825 
 
 ne',"i-'''"i'' "'"'^ "''• "■''''""' ('"i-J- 
 
 lleut.), 183,, 
 
 Itideu, .Seymour; biiri.als, 187? 
 II:i lley ; ipiidrant, 173, " 
 
 jlilnaii; Koine, emp.u-or, 117 
 I.eek.'l, prof.; development 
 lic^ker; iiugnetism, ,3 = , 
 
 .'h lit'l'l, i393 ' ' 
 
 Ilili.;, I'ersiaii poet, /I. ,4th century 
 Higgai prophedes about 630 B c 
 Higgart, David; tri.als, ,821 
 
 Ii-girtyandlIolloway;triaU, ,3o7 
 llaliueinann, Saiu., 1755-181, 
 hoiii Bopalhy "' '"« 
 
 4 M 
 
 ■III 
 
■-t^ 
 
 
 1266 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 llakluyt, U. ; gtng., i5,i;3-iCi6 
 Ilnkun ; It'claml 
 
 Half, Bir Maltliiw, .jiidgi', 1(09-76 
 Unli'.s, Stqihui, i>Iiil(isiiiiliir, 1677- 
 
 1761 
 IlalLvy, J. E. F., imis. coiiii'. 1709- 
 
 i!i62 
 Halifax, our; of r Halifax ailministra- 
 tioii, 1714 ; Halifax, (iriirgi' Savilc, 
 Iiiai(|i (if, triiiiii.ci-; see h'vi'd 
 Hall, A. istKiiiiiiiiy ; Mars, 1877 
 Hall ; SI am, 1840 
 Hall, sir U. ; licaltli, ruliiiiTKtoii ad- 
 
 iiiiniHtiatioii, 1&55 
 Hall, Jclm. ; Uiul 
 Hnll, siiC, vi((-( liaiicclldr, 1873 
 Hall, Slaisliall, ]ilijsiol., 1790-1857 
 Hall, licv. lu.licrt, i764-ii5ji 
 Hall, Sam., (/. 1862: lace 
 Hall r. irciMiilc : dials, 1E62 
 Hallniii, llciii-y, liist., 1778-1859 
 Hallcr, A. von ; ] liyKiol., 171.^-77 
 Halliy, l-',iliiiuii(l,aslioiiiJliifr; Ciucn- 
 
 wii-li, 1719 ; \ t'liiis 
 Halli'iaii, iJr.. liaiisiKiiU'd for foiying 
 
 a frank, 18, 
 HalsUny, Id. , SnlLsbmy ndiii., 1885, 
 
 1SE6, lEgs ; larl, lE^S, riiaiiccllur 
 Haiiidi I'aslia ; Turkey, 1878 
 Haniel, ,1. ; Mi lit Wane, 1820 
 Haniilear; C'arll.ag.-, 247-29 ii.c. 
 Haiiiillon; duel.'., 174S, 1804 
 Hamilton and Dongiaa laUfe ; Irials, 
 
 i7t-9 
 Hamilton, li]i. ; Salis'iiury, 1854 
 Hamilton, duke of; duelling, 1712 , 
 
 trials, 1813 
 Hamilton, !•'. \V., gnards 
 Haioilt.n, Id. (.eorge ; Sali.-lnry 
 
 adni., 1885, 18E6, 1895 
 Hamilton, .lan.es, niaKiHi.s of; ad- 
 ministrations, i(-^o 
 Hamilton, J. ; e( nrt ipf 1 ■ Hour 
 Hiiiinlton, .1. J.'.; vocalioii 
 Hamilton, Jlary ; trials, i-j6 
 Hamilton, sir \V. ; Hen 11 mk r.ni 
 
 Handll \V. H. : llgin n aililes 
 
 Hamilton, sir AV. ; (niatcii ions 
 Uandey, sir Idw. li. ; ttiatcgisi, 
 
 0»;e., 1824-03 
 Hammond, ilr. ; amliassai'ors, 1791 
 Hamiiden, liieliard ; admiiostiatioiis, 
 
 1 690 
 Hani]iden, Jolin, killed, i(,43 ; sliiji- 
 
 mone^", tlialgrove 
 Hanlaii', ]■,.; bi at lace, 1882 
 Haneock, T. ; eaouleliouc, 1E43 
 Handed! k ; trials, 1855 
 Handel, G. V., 1CS4-1759 ; Handel, 
 oiieia, (iraterii'S, Judas, .losliua, 
 Jlessiali, K'de Uritannia 
 Haiinen, sir James (aft. lord), 1821- 
 94; divorce et., 1(172; I'aiiiellites, 
 18E8; a]'i,eal ; Eidiring ti-traits 
 Haiinilial, fartliaginian, 247-183 n.f. : 
 Home, lii-rnard, iSagnntum, t^i'ain. 
 Canine, Lurtliage, Zama 
 Hans i^aclis, 1494-1578; minne- 
 singers 
 Han.soin, Joseidi ; crIjs 
 Hanson, ea]it. ; duels, 1776 
 Haiiway, Jonas, (/. 1786; marine 
 
 society ; umlirella 
 Hareonrt, lady ; fete de vcrtu 
 Hareourt, lord; Oxford ndniinistra- 
 
 tioii, 1711 
 Hereourt, sirW. Y., solicitor-geiieial, 
 1873; Gladstone admin., lEEo, 
 it92: London Iilnnicii..al liill ; 
 iioi-el eiy adni., 1E04 
 HRidicanuU' ; Kngland, 1039 
 Harding, inuf. , iilantts, i8oj 
 Haidiiige.s'r Henry (ntt. lotii), iS4fi; 
 
 India 
 Hardinge, Jlr. ; jimiiials, 1752 
 llaru'.vicke, earl of; relliam ^.umin., 
 1744; Dei l>y admin., 185a ; Iieliid 
 lorU-lieut.), i8ci 
 
 HaKly, Galliorne, vise. Cranlirook h. 
 1814; Disraeli administration, i8(J8 
 and 1874; Walisbury adm., 1885, i 
 
 1886 j 
 
 Hare. U. ; ljlow]ii]ie, 1802 
 Haigaii, AV. A.; trials, 1890 1 
 
 Haigreaves, K. ; Australia, 1851 j 
 
 llargreaves, J. ; cotton, 17O7 i 
 
 Ilariey, liobeit ; Godoliiliin adminis- I 
 Iration, 1702 ; Harleian lilirarv, see 
 
 (/.(/(./ 1/ i 
 
 Ilariey. MAX. : T(diag(), 1E75 
 Ilainioiliiiskill.-Hi]'l'arclius, Alliens, ^ 
 
 514 n.(. 
 I Ml ev, gen.; t iiited States, 1855 
 11; iol(i II. ; Hastings, 1066 
 liiiioiiii-id-Hasiliid. 1 iili)ili, 765-809 
 Hi i]iur, W. ; lledlord. 1561 
 IliMiington, J. ; oeeana, 1656; trials, 
 
 187K 
 Ilarnngtoii, earl of ; rdliam ailmin- 
 
 istiatiiMi, 1744 
 Iliiiriiit, T., algcliia, 1631 
 Harris, liiid : liomliiiy, iBEg 
 Harris, Mr., organs, 1682; clocks, 
 
 a] ]iles, lliixions, in'mhiluni 
 Harris, sii \V. S., 1792-1867; liglii- 
 
 ning C(in(lui tors, 1820-5,, | 
 
 Harris, sir Augustus, 1852-96, 
 
 theatres, <i] era 
 inniisiiii, 1). ; tnited Statis, 1888-92 ; 
 Hariison, \-.; inisitive ]diil. 
 Haiiison, gen. ; Lnited States, presi- 
 dent, 1841 
 Harri.son, J. ; iineuniaticloom, 1864; 
 
 Harrison, 1714 
 Harrison, ilr. ; cAngelation, 1857, 
 
 1873 
 Harrowliy, earl of; Pitt adminiatra- 
 tion, 18(4 (/ SII/. 
 i HairowliV, Dudley F., earl of; 
 
 Salishu'ry iiilni., iE8i; 
 I Iliir.sni't, areld,)!. ; York, 1628 
 1 Hart, Finest, midieal journalist, 
 , etc. ; iE,-6-c3 
 ! Hi.rliiii.er, J'r. ; duels, 1E20 
 
 Ilartington, n an|iiis of; Gladstone 
 , ailniinistiiitii n, 1868, 1880, & 1882 ; 
 Ue\(nisliire 
 Ilartlaiid, sir U. : Madras, 1771 
 llariniann, lliissiii, lEEo 
 Harvey, IS. Hagenal ; trials, 1798 
 Harvey, Dr. Williiiiii, 1578-1657 ; 
 Viloi il, analoiiiy, midwifery, gene- 
 latii'n 
 Ilaiwoi (1 ; 1 crter, 1730 
 llasdiulial; C'artliiige, Sjiain ; Jle- 
 
 taurus, 2t7 n.c. 
 llassall, A. II. ; food 
 llii.s..-iin iind Hiissi'.n, drama 
 Hastings, niaKjuis of; India, gov.- 
 
 gin. 1813 
 Hastings, \Varren, 1733-1818 ; India, 
 
 1772 ; Cliiiiiar, Hastings 
 Halilidl, Mr. ; duels, 1814 
 Hatlielil fres at C.eorge III. ; trials, 
 
 lEco 
 Hatlleld ; executions, 1803 
 llallierley, Id. eliaiicellor, 1E68 
 llatti'ii, sir (.liristojilier, (/. 1591 ; 
 eliaiicellor (lord liigli), master hi 
 cliaijcery 
 Hauglitcn, Siimnel, M.D., ]iliil060- 
 
 ]ilier, naturalist, etc. ; 182J-97 
 Hiiusiiiann, iEr9-9i ; Talis, France, 
 
 1870 
 Haily, I!., 1743-IC22 ; crystallogral'liy 
 Iliiii; , ^ . ; Mind school, 1804 
 Haveli'i k, sir Ileiirv, gen., 1795-1E57; 
 India, 1857 ; (awiii'oie ; S(iii, 
 majoi-gin. sir Henry Havelock- 
 Allan, M.P. ; 1830-07; India, 1E97 
 Ili.vvke. ndni. ; naval I'liltles. 1747 
 IlavvkesliUry, lord ; administrations, 
 
 1807 ; Amiiiis 
 Hawkeslcy. Thomas ; ei gincer, 1807- 
 
 93 
 Hawkey, lieut. ; duels, trials, 1846 
 
 Hawkins, I. ; jiini n 
 
 lliiwkins, sir .lolin, ('. iW3: Guinea 
 
 si ivc trade, 1562; jiotaloes 
 
 ;oliii( 111, Cliatiiain i*.- 
 
 lliiwlhoine, Nat., Auier. uoT. 1804-6.-. 
 Hay, lord Johu ; liritisU legion 
 
 1835 ; Scliastiiiu's. St. 
 IIa\dii, Joseiihlliist eonijiilfr »f tki.i- 
 
 hookl, (/. 1856 
 Ha.Min, Josiiih, mus. eomii. ; 1732- 
 
 1V09 ; ( iciition, Einiicror's hymn 
 Havdoii, lieni., iiainter, 1786-1846 
 Hayes, Mr. ; duels, 172S, 1806; trials 
 
 l'f02 
 
 Haves, sir H. B. ; trials, iSoo 
 Hayes, H. U., ; Vnitert Stales, 'lEyf 
 
 (/. 1693 
 Hiivman, Dr. H. ; IlugVy ; trials 
 
 1874, 1E92, 1893 
 Ila.Miiiii. gen ; Hungary, 1B49 
 IliiMcr, sirti. ; iiaiuter, i792-iE7J. 
 Iliijler, sir Win., »liili 
 llauvaid ; trials, 1821 
 
 llauv 1, AV. ; HoUiorn, 1E69 
 
 II. U. ; caricaluies 
 Head, sir Flam is ; Canada, 1836 
 Ileadlort, niaii|Uis of ; trials, 1805 
 Heain, north-west liiissage, 1769 
 Heath, anhl'V- I York. 1555 
 Heath. Vernon, landscnije ijhotf- 
 
 grajiher, 1820-95 
 Hcheiden, Dr. ; Huiiiano Society. 
 
 1774 
 Hehi It, J. R. (I'tre Biuliesne), exe- 
 cuted, 1704 
 Hi (tor of Troy, slain, 1183 B.C. (?) 
 JleeiiiiU, J. ; lioxing, itCo 
 Hegel, G., Jdiilesol'licr, 1770-183J 
 Ilelil ; aninial inagnetisin, 1774 
 Ileinc. H., Gdiiiiin I'oet, 1799-1856 
 Helena, St. ; cross. 328; Ileihlehej. 
 Ilclioili Ills,;/. ;...t ; 11 iiiiinces 
 llcliojjiil'iilus ; i\i me, (m]i. 218 
 llelliii^el, Heim.mn, agriculture 
 
 chimist, 1831-95 ; nitrogen} 
 Ilclndiollz, II., iiiiiv. genius, 1S21-C, 
 
 ii]hlliainH senile. 1851; aconstics 
 Hi misc. ('. 1164 : Aliehird 
 ' Heli'S, sir Artlinr, hist, and luiscel. 
 
 1811-75 
 Hi Ishiiii', eaiit ; duels, 1829 
 lliniiins, Jelicia, H'ct, 1794-1835 
 III 111 ke ; iilancts, 1845 ■ 
 
 llcnilirsin, sir F., j (dice, i£65-i5l( 
 
 A. ; jilovelhs 
 llcndeiMiii, T.; stais 
 Hnicage, E. ; Gladstone adm., i£tf 
 111 iigist ; liritain, 454 
 I Heiiliy, ierd (irenville adndn., i;( 
 I Hi nil y, Jos. ; Deihy adm., 1852 
 
 Hcnlev, orator, •'. 17=6 
 ; Hcnncssy.sirJ. 1'., 1832-91 ; Balinni; 
 i 1874 :' Diiihadi es, 1875-6, etc. 
 Mauritius, 1882 ; Irelanil, 1890 
 Iliiinis. Dr. ; duels, 1833 
 Henrietta; (|Ueens (Charles 1.) 
 i Hi my ; kings ; England, Eraiii 
 Giimaiiy, S]iain 
 Ihnn 1. ; Tinclichrav, iic6 
 111 my Y. ; Agincourt, 1415 ; Chi 
 liourg 
 i Iliniv YII. ; Iloswoith, 1465 
 I Henry Vlll. ; Fiigland, 1509; H 
 i dclin.ii r. Held, monasteries, sjiiii 
 i Henry II., France ; tournament 
 
 1 '559 . ,. 
 
 j Ileniy III., France; assassination 
 1 Iliniv IV. ; Fiiiiice, 1589; Naiil' 
 Havaillac, Yvris, assasBiiiation 
 i Hmiv. Joseiili, Am. nat. jiliil. 17c 
 i 1678' 
 
 Henry, Fanl and riosjier; plaiif 
 I i8''2-8 
 
 i Ileniy the I.ion ; Prunswick, 1139 
 1 III nsliaw, Mr. ; duels, 1820 
 1 lldity. Mr. ; Yiitoria, 1634 
 j Ilii'hiirn, insign ; trials, tSu 
 ! Ileiaclitus, idiilcsoiiher,/. 500 B.i 
 
iwklns, J. ; ]iiai» 
 
 iwkiiis, Kir .loliii, (/. isos: Kiiinen 
 kI ivc Iriiclc, 15O2; imtutoes- 
 Idlpiici'n, clmtiiiMii if'- 
 
 invUinnic, Niil., Amor. but. 1804-6,-. 
 iiy, Iciii .Inliu; UiitlsU Itnioii, 
 1835 ; .Si'liiistillli's, St. 
 iiMlii, J(isi'i.li|tii.<t ci.Bifiilfr »f tki.'- 
 lldipk], 1'. 1S56 
 
 iijilii, .liiKii'li, iiiiiK. comii. ; 1732- 
 iVciQ ; ( ii'iitiiui, Emiicicr's lijam 
 iiviliiii, liiii)., imiiitir, i7B6-ili46 
 [lies, Mr. ; diivls, 172S, 1S06; trials 
 I'poz 
 
 iixcs, sir H. 13. ; trials, lEco 
 iufs, li. b.,; t'liitfil !st»tes,'i87C . 
 ''. 1693 
 
 iijimiii, Dr. II.; lint^'j- ; trials 
 1S74, if??, iF'l3 
 iiuucii, ^111 ; llmit;:iry, 1E49 
 :i;lir, sir(i. ; vaiiifi'r, 1792-187!. 
 ,ij,t(r, sir Will., «liili 
 ii\ witril ; trials, 1821 
 ii'\«iiiiil, W. ; HiiUjinn, 1869 
 I. '13. ; ciiricatiiri.s 
 cad. sir I'riiiu is ; Caiiaila, 1836 
 cailfiTt, iriaii|iiis ot : trials, li-os 
 [earn, iicirtli-Hfst jiassage, 1769 
 Icatli, arilil.v- ; Vdili. 1555 
 liatli, Vrriidii, Iniiilscaiie jihotr- 
 t;ra]'lii'r, 1B20-95 
 
 Idicidiii, Dr. ; Ilmiiniie Sociptj, 
 177a 
 
 libcrt, J. li. (liic Duclu'sne), cxt 
 ciili'd, 1704 
 
 lictcr (if Tniv, slain, 1183 B.C. (?) 
 Icriuiii, .1. ; liit\iiii:, 1^60 
 Itm'l, <j., ]'liil('S(']'lit'r, 1770-1831 
 Iclil : animal iiuit:in'tisiii, 1774 
 IfiiM'. 11., iKiiiiiiii ]'Ot't. 171)9-1856 
 Icliiia, St. ; cn.ss. ,«(< : DcllilcliiJi. 
 Icliiiili Ills,/. -I,!: : 11 IlialMCS 
 liliiifjalmllis : ill nil', ilhli. 218 
 li'lliii^cl, lli'iiii.iiiii, a^'riculttiii^ 
 (•l.iiiiisi, 1S31-C.5 ; iiitrivenj 
 I( liiliiillz. II., n'liiv.nriiiiis, 1821-5, 
 iillilliiiliiii smiif, itsi; acimstics 
 liii.isr, (/. iifi4 ; Aliiliiril 
 hli'S, sir Artliiir, liist. and iiiiscil 
 
 li:lT-75 
 li ;^illal', cajit : dlli'ls, 1829 
 Imiaiis, }clii-iH, H'ct, 1794-1835 
 1(111 kf ; iiliiiu'ts, it45 
 lindiisiii, sir ]■:., jiilice, lEfig-iSf 
 
 A. : ]iidvirl s 
 Icnili'iMiii, '1'.; stars 
 IciiinHc, E. ; Gladstone adm., i£;f 
 lill(;ist ; liritaill. 454 
 Idili.v. liiril (ill nville adndii., i;(: 
 li iiliy, .los. ; lleiliv iidiii., 1852 
 .Unlfj, nrator, '/. 1756 
 ileniiissy.sii.l. 1'., 1E32-91; Boliam 
 
 1874;' liiiil'iidi e.s, 1875-6, etc 
 
 JUuiritiiis, i8e2 : Ireland, 1890 
 llililiis. Dr. ; duels, 1833 
 lldilietta ; (|neelis ((, lillries 1.) 
 llinn ; kinjjs ; Knulaiid, Frniii 
 
 til iiiiiiiiy, Sjiaiii 
 111 111 > I. : Tiiii iHliray, iit6 
 liinry V. ; A(;ine(iurt, 14151 Clif 
 
 liiiirp 
 III iii\ VII. ; lleswoitli, 1465 
 lldiry VIII. : Kn^land, 1509; a|. 
 
 ill lender, lield, iiiiiiiasteries, s]'iii 
 Henry II., I'laiiee ; teurnanieut 
 
 I^5Q 
 
 Iliniv lit., Franee ; assassinations 
 lliniN IV. ; Viiiiiee, 1589 ; Naiit 
 
 liiivaillae, Vvies, assassination 
 Iliiiiv, JoS(]ili, Am. nat. liliil. i;c 
 
 1878 
 Henry, Taiil and rrosjier; plaiui 
 
 lt7?-H 
 III niy 'li'' l-i"n '■ J'ninswiek, 1130 
 III iisliaw, Jlr. ; duels, 1820 
 llinty, Mr. ; Vietoria, 1E34 
 Jl(] laini, msitin ; trials, 1611 
 Ileiaelitus, iiliilosojilier, Jl. 500 B.i 
 
 Heraelius; eruss, 6,5 
 
 H^Hiert of ,^,;.,.„i„r lo^? ^-^^ 
 
 1648; (lelslii ^ 
 
 leel, l>,iliii,.,vslnii,idiniiis. 
 Herbert, W., trials, 18S0 
 Ijereiiles Tyrius ; i.iii|,le 
 
 "soT' ''' "■ '''""' '''"'"■■"'I'lu'r, >744- 
 
 Heikimier, n.;.iits, 1883-1396 
 
 .};ir"''"r",V^''"""'"">> "'■ntianv, , 
 i "Of Ale.wiidria.X 084.3,; b:'c. 
 ilemd ; Jews, 42 u.i: 
 Ileriiilian, hist., tf 173 
 Ijerodotiis, I, 48; H.,;. ; l,i..tnry 
 
 {;'■' ii'i"<i anatomy, 302 B.C. 
 
 Hero.stratiis (ires the teniide at 
 
 I'.l'he.sus, 3s6i.,c. ' 
 
 Ilemes, J C. ; IVel adi.i. ,834 
 Herring, a ip. : Canterl.urv, ,74, 
 lerriMf;, Miv : trials, ,yy '■*' 
 Herniiann, H. ; ilnieiiium 
 
 celloi-, Id., ,836, ,Sy2 
 Hersehel, .J. R, ,792., 3,,. ,,,tim.- 
 nieter, i.liotog,„|,l,v ' 
 
 ;'sT;'"''' ^^ '738-822; Saturn, 
 . IS 10 „„„y, teleseope, sum, Uraniis, 
 nelpidarliyj,,,,!,,,^!,; 
 
 Hertford earl „f; admii,i,st,„ti„„«, 
 
 1547; I'lilii'.v 
 Heitlord, ,i„„,|iiisof; his exeen.or^ 
 
 r. Suisse, trials, 1842 
 Hertz, ,I,i,iies ; ehenne l,i„ik, ,873 
 
 "weli^: !V- "•■""""""'""' ! 
 Hj™''l'o;n:;;;;ir'Di:;:""';i-?^^ i 
 
 ranaiiia ^■' ^ 
 
 IJesiod, (ireek jioet, fl. 850 n.c, 
 I'ss. Ken. ; Sollenno, ,85,; | 
 
 Ile«ett,adm.,,Si,-\V„i.;C»llt;o,,87, • i 
 
 I'-CT't, i882;,s„i;,l„„, ,884" ' '^' 
 ..,^t,.U,.ry,^,i„,,; i,.e,ai,d Oord I 
 
 jjeywiioil, .Mrs. ; Maiieliester, 187, 
 
 HiS;";k!;:!,^ar";i;;:«-"-.'883 
 
 llioks, eol.; Soudan,' 1883 
 Hiero, Syraeuse, 478-2,6 lui. 
 Ilii'ionyimis, .see ,/,■(■„«« ; f.:M]y, ,,6 
 llilary .; liynms, 43, 
 
 Ilill,lonl;eoii,i„andei-in-eliief, ,828 
 I ' iV r '7,t-t-.833;Siirreyehaiiel 
 oliiee '" ' 'T^y'S79: I'l'st. 
 
 "ill, I'll. H. ; Man 
 Ililh.boroiij,-!,, lord ; Xortli adminis- 
 
 u.llloii, ,770 
 Ililtoii, James ; ehrono'-rani 
 Ilnnl. J. H., astronomer, ,823-0= • 
 I'lanets, ,847 ; eomets ^ '^ ' 
 
 Hmi e.s, lient. ; duel, ,8,7 
 Hinds le,.; Nonvi.di, ,849 
 ilinriehs, jirofessor; atomic theory 
 1855 ■" 
 
 Iliiiiiarehus,/. ,62 B.a ; astronomy 
 Canary, eonstellation, decrees 
 latitude, longitude "ifc'"-". 
 
 lIil'IMas; o.straeism,5,o n r 
 
 su'iw.'iT™' ''■ ^" " ■ ■ : ''"•■'tO"'.v, 
 "'jews '""'°"' '^^'"''' ■ """■'*'''■ '887 ; 
 "Si' "•• "I'- "• '7«';«a,i. 
 Holiari, lord; Addington ndni., 
 
 Ilobart, Paslm; admiral, 1823-86 
 I 01 .enia, painter, yj. ,681 
 
 •1 , ,e,s, T., philo..: r5So-,6;9 
 Ilobhouse, sir J. (j. („ t, l„rd 
 roiighton), ,869; Melbotlrlie 
 
 ailm., 1834 
 lloehe gen. ; Dunkirk, 1793 
 Hochstade, C. von, Cologne, ,248 j 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 1267 
 
 Ijneker, murdeivr ; iiiiU, ,345 
 J oilel : lienniiny, I'nissia, 1878 
 
 l"gson,-el, : ll,.||..isle, ,76; 
 
 od;.'sou r (ii le; trials, ,83, 
 
 iio.ipiii, H„ughtoii Urian, oriental 
 
 seli.ilur, i8o.^j4 
 l]oli;r, .\im1ivw; Ty,-, |, jgag-io 
 lollmaiiii. .\., Kl;idd.3-,idatseh 
 Holiiiaiin, 111. A. W..,.,6.g2; ehemis- 
 try, anuiioiii,,, iiuijim., erilh, Fara- 
 day 
 Ilogarth, W,, niiiiter, ,fi97.,7fi4 
 ofiK. .I.im,.^, .-<,.. |„„i, 1772-1835 
 Ilolielilolie, ,,11,,,.,.; .\lsaee, ,885; 
 
 '.■■nilaliy, ,t,j4 
 Holbein, Hans, Ger. iiaint. 1498- 
 
 •543 
 iroleombe. lieiit. ; India, ,875 
 Holeiott, T., ,745.,8o9; melodrama. 
 
 '793 I 
 
 Ilolderiiessn, eariof; Dtyonshire nil- 
 j ministratioM. 1756 1 
 
 Hole, Jiimes, Vni-ks. philuntliroiiist, I 
 
 1 820-95 
 HoJKale, ab|i. ; y„rk, ,545 
 
 oii,slie,|,lj„i,,i,,|,i,t.;Tabout,58o 
 Holkar : India, ,804 
 HolldT, sir J.; .solieitor-uen., 1874- I 
 
 atl.-j;ell., ,875 ' '■•' I 
 
 "; • I"'"'' "■"'l'^' '797; Mel- ! 
 
 buiinieadlli., ,835,( si;j I 
 
 Hoiiand sir H., ,788-1873; ],res. ' 
 
 Hoy. Inst,, ,865-73 
 Iloliest murderers ; trials, iSsi I 
 
 o lues, adm. ; Cai.eCoa.st, 1663 
 I '■oii..-s.O.\V.,.\i,i. writer, .. 80^-94; 
 ; Lulled States, ,So4 "vyt. ^ 
 
 I "It, sirJ,,!,,,. ki„., |,^,,„.| jg I 
 
 Holt : trials, ,844 
 ll.iltz; ilriirieiiy, ,865 
 ji'lvyell, .Ml'. ; suttees, ,743 
 [("lyiiake; si'iiil.ni.su. 
 Home or Iliiine, 1). ; .si.irituali.sm ■ 
 
 trials, 1868 
 H"iiie, IJeut. ; tielhi, ,8-^ 
 Il"mi'-/,./( 962 nc. (aiuTu,,): poetry 
 
 I'i'fli. I'ariin; duels, ,So6 
 
 ""lie, Will., ,779-, 842; trials, 1817' 
 
 ainianaes ' 
 
 H"iiey,'iiid Francis; riots, 1821 
 lIoMiiriiis : M'est. empire, 395 
 Hood admiral; Madeira, 1807- 
 
 lollloii ' ' 
 
 Hood, Thomas, mniie writer, 1798- 
 
 1845; 'I'oni, sou, ,835-74 
 look, Tlieodore noyelist, ,788-1841 
 Hook, W, F.J. U„dean, hist., ,798- 
 
 1875 
 Hook,., H(di., ,f,;3-,702; air, boiling 
 
 eamera, clocks, geology, laechanies, 
 micro.si'ope, telegraphs 
 Honker, liiidi., theol., ,553-, 600 
 iiooker, W botanist, i785-,865 ;-J. 
 n.Csoii),/,. ,s,6;Ke\y, ,865;-Gen 
 K., L lilted Stau's, 1862-3 : Fre- 
 di'iicksliiirg 
 Hopkins, ini.ss KMice; white cross 
 
 army 
 Ijopki'iis, Matthew ; \vitehes, 164, 
 Hopkinsun, Dr. J., electrician i 
 1849; liillfd by fall ii: thu Alps' 
 27 Aug., ,898 
 Hopley, T. ; trials, i860 
 Horiiee,65-8 B.C., Latin poet ; Athens 
 satires ' 
 
 Horier, H. ; trials, 1853 
 Honiiisdas ; I'ersia 272 
 IJorn, count ; Nordiingen, 1634 
 Home, G.,l,p. ; Xoi'wir-h, ,79^: 
 Horne, ley. T. H., bibl. critiX; 1780- 
 
 1002 
 
 Horner, Fr. ; bullion. ,S,n 
 lioniiman, F.; Surrey Museum 
 Hornor, Mr. ; Colosseum, ,824 
 Horiisby, Dr. ; liad-liffe, obserya- 
 
 Horrebow ; astronomy, 1659 I 
 
 1641 ; 
 
 Horrorks or Horrox, Jei., il 
 
 iistrononiy, Venus 
 Ilorslall, Mr. : trials, ,8,. 
 loi'sfall, Messrs. . cannon, ,8,6 
 Ilorsley, bp. ; Asaph, St., ,8o'3 
 Horsiiian, Edwd., ,807-76 (sec. for 
 Ireland, ,855-.) ; Adiiliaiu, 1866 
 I Hose.i prophesies about 783 a C. 
 IJoste, capt. Will.; i.issa, ,3., 
 
 olham, i;.liii. ; i.„cal battles, 179, 
 Hotspur; Ottericirn, 13SS 
 Houl.h.n, sir J. ; bank of England, 
 
 Hoiidin, li. J. E., conliiror, 1815-71 • 
 (••('"iilidi'iic,.s,"pnb. ,859) 
 
 Jloiighton, ,r,,hn, executed, 1535- 
 I lialteriiouse ^''^ ' 
 
 Hoii.l:1iIoii. lord; ancient Imihlincs 
 
 Hoiigliloii,loril:OI,'idstoneadin,i8o-' 
 earl, ,695 ^- 
 
 H"ust"ii, .Mr. ; Parnellites, ,883 
 How W. Walsliam, bp. ; Wakelield, 
 l883 
 
 I Ho\yard, C. ; trials, ,876 
 
 1 Hinyard, ailiii. sir Ed\yard ; nayal 
 
 I battles, ,5,3 
 
 I Howard, John, 1726-90; prisons ,- 
 
 ! , I'otatoes;ljedford, ,894 
 
 i "Ward, l.ukc,./. ,86,, r|„uds 
 
 ; Inward, eol. J. E.; i|uii,inc 
 
 : H"»-ai'dofEllliigl,am, lorn; armaOa 
 
 1.588 
 I noward V. Oo.ssett ; trials, 1842 
 I Howards, ploughs 
 
 Howe, sir William; Long Island. ,776 
 I "l",',';.,',;^''''' '7S4i I'itt, 1783; ISre'st, 
 Howi'l Da ; Wales, 920 
 Howitt, Will., author, 1795-1879 
 ; Howley, Dr abp. ; Caiite.i'bnrv, 
 ■ 1S28 ; I.ambeth 
 1 Hoyle, W., drunkards 
 Ilulier, F., 1750-183,; bees 
 Hndsoii, sir James, iSio-i83s' 
 I 1863 ^ 
 
 : Hudson,. b'tficy, ,626; dw.arf 
 • Hudson, 11. ; Huilsons Bay 
 , Hiiceliiiaiin, (i. ; France, ,874 
 Hnggiiis, Will., K.C.IJ. ,897. , 
 
 truiii; sun (,'oi'ona), astronomy 
 ilughes, I). K. ; microiihonc; audio. 
 
 meter 
 Ilughes, sir ^. ; Tniieomalee, 1782 
 nnghe.s,J„p., Asaph, ,870 
 Hughes, T. 1823-96; socialism, 
 
 Ash., own, Hugby, New Rugby 
 inigo, \ictor, Fr. poet and novel 
 1802-85 ; France, ,876 ; literary 
 congress ' 
 
 Ungues, ni.id.; France, 18S4 
 Hiillah, J ,8,2-84; music, ,840 
 
 uinbertl.;ltal.y,,878;N«ple.s,i884 
 Hum bert gen. ; Killala, ,798 * 
 
 Huni>Kd,lt, A. de., (ier. phi!., 1769. 
 
 iS,i9 ; Andes ^ 
 
 Humboldt. W. de, Ger. lit., 1767. 
 
 1835 ' / 7 
 
 Huiiie l.ayid, lust., 1711-76 ;-Joa., 
 
 oliti,,,an, ,777-,355.s,,/„„^e 
 H.imphrcj, duke of Gloucester, rf 
 
 at Bury, ,447 
 Hungei-ford, sirT. ; speaker, ,377 
 Hunniades J. ; Hungary ,442 • 
 
 '1 iirkey, Varna ^^ ' 
 
 Hunt, .\lfred Wm., artist, ,830-96 
 
 "''''•i!;"'; '^^^'I' '825-7;; Dis?aell 
 
 adm nistrations, exclieq., ,863- 
 
 admiralty, 1874-7 
 Hunt, Henry, reformer ; trials, 1820; 
 
 Clerkenwell, Manchester 
 Hunt, J:ilin and Leiudi ; trials 10,1 
 
 pology •'"""'■"• ''• '869, anthr..: 
 Hunt, j, H. Leigh, essayist, 1784- 
 
 Huut, Wm Holm.tn, painter,?,. .327- 
 pre-Haphaelite • ^27, 
 
 Hunt, W. T. ; trials, 1875 
 
 4 M 2 
 
 Italy, 
 
 spec- 
 
 W' 
 
1268 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 IIiiiitiT, .[iilin, suryeoii, 1728-93 ; — 
 
 W., 1718-8) 
 niiiitiM', Uotit, liiX'coKmplii'r, 1824 97 
 HimtiM;;(l'Hi. rnnritt'fis of, 1707-91 ; 
 
 Clii'sl t, Whitclii'liliti'S 
 
 lllllllillKfonl. h],. ; UiTcl'nnl, 1802 
 Iliintly. ciii'l III ; lii'ccliiri, 1452 
 Iliintiiii, .IiH., fiu'gery; uxeciltions, 
 
 1828 
 Iliiril, 'lisluip ; WorcosttT, 1781 
 Hiiskissiiii, Win., 1770-1830; Wel- 
 lington iicliiiin., 1828; tivt'riioiil, 
 T830 
 TIiiss, .I0I111. linriit, 1415 ; Hii«sites 
 lluti'iiiiisnii, Amy; triuls, 1750 
 lliitiliiiisiiii, ,li)liii, 1/. 1737; Hiltdi- 
 
 ilisnliiillis 
 
 Iliitiliiiisiiii, iiinjor; Alexandrin, 1801 
 Ilutrliiiisiiii, J. H. ; Lttvalette's 
 
 I'SI'Mpi', 1815 
 
 IIuttMM, iilip. ; Canterlmn-, 1757 
 
 IIiill"ii, \V., //. 1815 ; K'-i'liiay 
 
 Iluxli'v, T, II., iiiitiinilist ; 1825-95; 
 atiiiwiii'si.-i, liatliyliius, liiiiloKy, 
 Dii'iiiin^'hain, 1874; genu, niiui- 
 nii«'i'a, ovstei's, liny. Sdr. jires. 
 i83i 
 
 TIiiy^;lii'n.s, il. 1695; aatmnomy, 
 ii|iti('s, iiciuliilnm 
 
 nyiii'iiitlii! (Lnys(in) father, Fraiu'C, 
 '1869 
 
 Ilvdi', cajit. ; Chili, 1874 
 
 ll.viU'.sii- Ivlwar.l (carl iif Clarendon), 
 160S-74 ; .idnunistralioii.s, 1660, 
 1685 ;'clianiM'lliir, lunl IiIkIi, 1660 
 
 Hyde, liUiireiu'u; administrations, 
 "i()89 it sill. 
 
 Ilyilcr .Mi, il. 1782; India, Arcot, 
 C.irnalic, .Myscu'e 
 
 IlyKimiH, iMipc, 139; martyr 
 
 lly]ialia, iiliilnsoiilier, m. 415 ; liydro- 
 niidi-r 
 
 ilypcridi's ; t'ranon, 322 B.C. 
 
 Ilyri'.uins, .Tolm, d. 106 n.c. ; Sa- 
 maritans 
 
 Hyslop and Donliani ; trials, 1877 
 
 I. 
 
 Iliraliim Pacdia, 1789-1848; Antiocli, 
 
 lieyrnnt, I'i'ypt. Givi'ee, .Syria, 
 Turkey, llamascns, Waliat)ees 
 iKlesias; Mexico, 1876-7; Peru, 
 
 1883-4 
 I^natief, M.; Rnssi," , resifjned, 1882 
 Ignatius, St., mart, 115; litnrfie.s, 
 
 250 
 Ihdiester, Id. ; Oxford nniv. ; Sla- 
 
 vonia. 1876 
 Iniiicy, major; duels, 1801 
 Inat'lins ; .\r^'o.s 
 Iiii'li'don, C, il. 1826 
 Inez de Castro ; Coimlira, 1355 
 Injrliam, sir J. T. ; mayi.strate, 1876 
 luf^le, I,., trials, 1880 
 Int;lclicld. eai,t.,aft. adm. sir, 1819- 
 
 94 ; Kraiikiin, 1S52 
 rnj,'lis. I'nI. ; .Mtmera, iSii 
 tniiram, ll.'riiert, 1?. iSfxi ; Illnst. 
 
 l,ondnii Xrw.s, 1842— W. J., iirint- 
 
 iii','mai'liine, 1877 
 Inman, W. ; steam, 1S50 
 nmoeent I.— XII. ; popes, 402 (>< .«(?. 
 InnoeiMit III., pope, 1198; transnl)- 
 
 st.inliatiim 
 Irenii'us. martyr, 202 
 IrviiiL'. E., 1792-1834 ; Irvingites, 
 
 trial, 1S32 ; unknown touHUes 
 Irviiif.', II., h. 1838 ; knt. 1895 ; 
 
 tlii'atres. iSq;; (I.yeeum), 1874 et 
 
 si'if. Shakespeare 
 Iryinjr, II. T. ; Antigua, 1S73; Lee- 
 
 waril Isles. 1873 
 Irvin;,', Washin^'ton, 1783-1859 
 I.sane, major ; tunnel {.Meraey 
 
 iHiibella ; salique law, Sjiain, 1469, 
 
 ■833 
 Isaial.. pro))hesies aliout 760 n.c. 
 (slip, ahp. ; Cunterlmry, 1349 
 Ismail pasha, 1830-95; Kgypt 
 Isoi'i-atis, (Jr. orator, 436-3^8 B.C. 
 Unrliide ; .Mexi.'ti, 1821-1865 
 Ivan; Uussia, 1462; ezars 
 
 JabloehkolT : eleetrieity (electric 
 
 candles) ; il. 1894 
 .lalilonskv ; assassin ; Russia, 1883 
 .laek, capl. ; Modoe, 1873 
 Jack.son, hp. ; Oxford, 1812; Lin- 
 
 colii, 1852: Lonihm, 1869-1885; 
 
 anrieular 1 onfession, 1873 
 .liU'kson, t;en. ; Liniteil Stati'S, 1829 
 .laekson, C. T. ; etlii'r, 1S46 
 .Jackson, ,1. U. ; printiu}; in colours, 
 
 1720 
 Jackson, Thos., "Stonewall," 1826- 
 
 63; Manassas, Uniti'd States, 1862; 
 
 ClianeelliM'sville, liiclimonil, 1875 
 .Tacdi.s.m, T. ; cxei-utions, 1861 
 .lackson, Win. I.. ; Irelaml, 1892 ; 
 
 Salislinry 2nil adm. 
 .Jaeoh, .Mr. A. . trials, 1891 
 ■lacidi, Dr. ; i;li'-' it's hospit.al, 1854 
 .Jai-cdii ; Baltic •nli', (dectrotype 
 .Jacobs, S. ; abstinence 
 .Jacipiard loom, 1S06 
 James ; Kiifjland, Scotland, Spain 
 
 (kind's); assassinaticms 
 James IV. ; Kloddcii, 1513 
 James, .>ir II., 1803-77; phntozin- 
 
 coyraphy, i860; (u'dnance survey 
 James, sir II. ; sid. -general, att.-Kcn., 
 
 1873, i88o;.Salisbury !idui.(l)aron), 
 
 1895 
 James, W. II., comp.anies, 1876 
 .Jameson, Xj. .S., Br.; Mashonaland, 
 
 1893-4 ; Transvaal, 1S95-6 ; Hho- 
 
 desia, 1896-7 
 Jamieson,G. ; volunteers (18th meet- 
 
 '"')• '^77 , 
 Jane, Kn^'land, (piccns, 1554; Sicily 
 Janisch, H. H. ; Helena, 1873 
 Jansen, C, 15S5-163S; Jansenism 
 Janssen, M. ; eidiiisc, i863 
 Janvier de la Motti' ; Krani'e, 1872 
 Jardine, sir Win., icituralist, 1800-74 
 Jarnae ; Jarnic ; Krance, 1874-5 
 Jason, arn.niaulic cxii. 
 .Tavne, F. J., bp.; (jhester, 1888 
 Jeans, J. S., sb^el 
 Jebb, Joshua, prison reformer, 1793- 
 
 1863 
 Jetfcott, sir .John W. ; duels, 1833 
 Jcllerson, Thos., 1743-1826; United 
 
 States, jM'csi.lent, 1801-8 
 Jclh'ry, Robert; .Sombrero, 1807 
 JetlVey. I-'i-ancis, critic, 1773-1850 ; 
 
 Kdinbnr;,'h review 
 Jeltrcys. (i.'or.:e (afb'rwards lord); 
 administrations, 1685: king'sbeneh, 
 chancidlor, lord hi(,'h, bloody as- 
 size ; ./. 1689 
 Jetlries, Dr. J., colour blindness 
 Jejcelili.iy ; liouibay, 1839; I'a-sees 
 Je'll.ichich ; lliin^'a'ry, Vienna, 1848 
 Jeukiu. F., ttdphera^'O 
 Jenkins e. Cook ; trials, 1875-6 
 Jenkins, ll.'ury ; loniicvity, </. 1670 
 Jcukinson, bp. ; David's, St., 1825 
 Jenks, games, 1884 
 Jcniier, V.., 1749-1823; v.iccination 
 Jennings, .Mr. ; tonl^incs, 1798 
 Jeremiah ])rophesies about 629 n.c. 
 Jerningham, Mrs. ; blne-stoi'kings, 
 
 jffvi 
 
 Jerome, St., h.atin fatlier, 345-420; 
 
 asei'iision, liturgies 
 Jeromi' ' f I'r.igue ; burnt, 1416 
 Jernd.l, Douglas, nnv. dram 1801- 
 
 1857 ; W. U., 1826-84 
 
 Jersey, countess of ; delicate iiivestl- 
 
 gatiini, 1806 
 Jervis, sir John, 1734-1823; CapeSt. 
 
 Vincent;— solicitor-gen ,ntt. -gen , 
 
 common pleas, iK 1856 
 Jervois, sir W. F. I). ; straits, and 
 
 South .\ustralia 
 Jessid, sir (ieo. 1824-83; nm.ster ,of 
 
 ndls, 1873 
 Jevons, W. Stanley ; polit. economy, 
 
 coal, ic. 1835-82 ; abecedariuni, 
 
 1874 ; method 
 JcKin of .\ri', burnt, 1431 ; Joan. 
 Joan ; (|ucens (Henry IV.), Naples 
 Joel jirophcsies about 800 B.C. 
 Johanni ; .Vbvssinia, 1872 
 J(din, St., '/. 100 ; baptism, accusers, 
 
 evangelists, gospels 
 John I.— XXIII. ; popes, 523 c( seij. 
 John of Austria; I.epaiito, 1571 
 J im, king; liohcmia, Portugal, 
 
 Spain, Fraiice, Poitiers 
 John, king; Kngland (1199). ''''i'rt'''' 
 
 of fori'Sts, magna cliarta, " IFt 
 Jidin of Levdcii ; analKiptists, 1534 
 Jolin the Fearless; liurgundy, 1404 
 Johnson, A. ; boats 
 J(dmsou, Anilrew, 1809-75; United 
 
 States, 1865-8 
 Johnson, Sam., 1709-84 ; dictionary, 
 
 liter;iry cluli. 1764 
 Johnson, c;ipt. ; trials, 1S46 
 Johnson, .Mr. ; swimming, 1872 
 Johnstcul, capt. ; steam, 1825 
 Johnston, gen. ; New Hoss, 1798 
 J(din.ston, Albt., k Pittsburg, 1862; 
 
 —Jos.. U. S., 1863 
 Johnston, Alex. K., geographer, i8o.(. 
 
 71 ; trials, 1875 ; Africa, 1878 
 Jolinston, II. ll.,K.C.li. 1896; Afrie.i 
 
 (Central) 
 Jolinston, Robert; trials, 1818 
 Johnston, sir John; marriages(forced), 
 
 1690 
 Johnston, W. ; Orangemen, i868 
 Joinville, Jean de, French histori.in. 
 
 1224-1318 
 Joinville, prince de, 6. 1818 ; Oce.aii 
 
 Monarch, 1848 
 .lokai, Moritz ; Hungary, 1894 
 Joinini, baron II., strategist; 1779. 
 
 iS6c) ; IJrussels ccnif , 1874 
 ilonah proohesies about 862 B.C. 
 Jones, colonel ; Dungan, 1647; Ratli- 
 
 niines 
 Jfuu's, H. Bence, 1813-73; Royal 
 
 Institution, i860; tluorescenee. 
 
 sitectrum 
 Jones, (iale ; trials, 181 1 
 Jones, sir Ilor.aee, 1819-1887; Billings. 
 
 gate, foreign cattle market, guilii- 
 
 hall 
 Jones, Inig . rchitect, 1572-1652; 
 
 Whitehall 
 Jones, .lane ; trials, 1842 
 Jones, J., South Kensington Museum 
 Jones, J, ; trials, 1870 
 Jcmes, J. W. ; Brit. Museum, i86f. 
 
 1878 
 Jones, Mr. ; riots, 1819 
 Jones, Owen, 1809-74, Alhamhra, 
 
 1842 ; Janu's'sdiall, St. 
 Jones, T. ; book-kcping, 1821 
 J. Hies, Mr. Todd ; ilnid, 1802 
 Jiuies, sir Will., 1746-94; Asiatic, 
 
 chess, Menu, Sanskrit 
 Jones 1: Stann ml, triiils, t88i 
 Jones, W. 1!. T., bp., Davids, St., 1871 
 Jonson, Ben, 1574-1637; poet-laur 
 Joipieinin, M. ; piccpiet, 1390 
 Jord;in, J. li., barometer; sunshine 
 Jonlan, .Mrs., "tress, d. 1816 
 Jordiin, R., g 1 
 Joscpli ; Germany, Namur, P.irli.,,. 
 Josi'phine, cmiu'ess, 1763-1314 
 
 l'"rimee, 1809 
 Joseidius, Jewish hist., 38-100 
 Jolh.am; fables, 1209 B.C. 
 
ersi'y, cnunteas of; delicate iuveatl- 
 
 t'Ht'iDll, 1806 
 
 srvis, Hir Jciliii, 1734-1823; Capeot. 
 Viii(!uiit;— aiilii'itor-Ki'ii ,att.-gen , 
 eoiniiiiiii pli'im, il. 1856 
 jrviiis, Hii- W. K. 1). ; straits, ami 
 Smitli Australia 
 
 Bssiil, sir (iuo. 1824-83; master, (if 
 r(jlls, 1873 
 
 liVDiis, W. .Stanley ; polit. economy, 
 coal, &c. 1835-82 ; abccedariuia, 
 1874 ; iiu-tlioil 
 
 Kill of Arc, Imrnt, 1431 ; .Joan. 
 >;in; ([lu'ciis (HiMiry IV.), Naples 
 ii'l |irci|iliisii'S alioiit 800 D.c. 
 iiliiinni ; Al)vssiiiia, 1872 
 ilm, Hi., ■/. 100; Imiitism, accusers, 
 I'VanKclists, liosiicis 
 ihn l.-XXIII. ; popes, 523 «« se^. 
 ilm of Austria ; l.cpaiito, 1371 
 iiii, kiiij,'; liolicuiia, I'cu-tugal, 
 Spain, Krancc, Poitiers 
 ilm, liin« ; Knulan.i (1199). charter 
 ul' forests, mie,'na cliarta, " H'c " 
 ihn of I.evclcTi ; analKiptists, 1534 
 >lin the Kearless ; liurj,'iin(ly, 1404 
 ihuson, A. ; lioitts 
 ihuson, Amlriiw, 1809-75; Unite-1 
 Stat<'S, 1865-8 
 
 ilinson, Wain., 1709-84 ; dictionary, 
 literary ehili, 1764 
 iliMSoii, capt. ; trials, 1846 
 ilinson, Mr. ; swiniinint;, 1872 
 )liiist<in, capt. ; steam, 1825 
 )liii9toii, (,'eii. ; New Hoss, 1798 
 ilinstou, Allit., /.■ rittsliurj,', 1862; 
 —Jos.. U. ?i., 1863 
 ihiiston, Alex. K., geographer, i8o,t- 
 71; trials, 1875; Alrica, 1B78 
 )hiistoii. 1{. II.,K.C;.li. 1896; Africi 
 (Central) 
 
 ilinston, Holiert ; trials, 1818 
 ihnstini,sirJolin;iiiarriagc9(forced), 
 1690 
 
 ilinstini, W. ; orangemon, 1868 
 linviUe, .Jean de, French historian. 
 1224-1318 
 
 liiiville, prince de, 6. 1818; Oce.aii 
 Monarch, 1848 
 
 )kai, .Moritz ; Hungary, 1894 
 )iuiiii, liaroii H., strategist; 1779. 
 1S61); Urnssels colli"., 1874 
 mail prooliesies about 862 B.C. 
 ines, colonel ; Uungaii, 1647; Uatli- 
 niiiies 
 
 mes, II. Benee, 1813-73; Hoyal 
 Institution, i86o; tliiorescenee, 
 sitcctruin 
 
 ines, Gale ; trials, 181 1 
 ines, sir Horace, 1819- 1 887 ; Billings, 
 gate, foreign cattle market, guild, 
 hall 
 
 mes, Iiiig . rchitect, 1572-1652; 
 Whitehall 
 
 mes, .lane ; trials, 1842 
 mes, J., South Kensington Mu.seuiii 
 iines, .T. : trials, 1870 
 mes, .1. W. ; Brit. Museum, i866- 
 1878 
 
 lines, Mr. ; riots, 1819 
 lines, Owen, 1809-74, Alhamhra. 
 1842 ; Jaiues's-hall, St. 
 ones, T. ; liook-kccping, 1821 
 ones, Mr. T<idd ; duel, 1802 
 ones, sir Win.. 1746-94; Asiatic. 
 chess. Menu, Sanskrit 
 ones I'. Staiinird, trials, 1881 
 ones, \V. n. l'., bp., Davids, St., 18-, 
 oiisoii. Bell, 1574-1637; poet-laur 
 oipieniiii. M. ; picipiet, 1390 
 oril.in, .1. B., barometer; snn.shine 
 ordan, .Mrs., "tress, d. 1816 
 ordan, R., g ; 
 
 osepli ; Uerniauy, Nanmr, rorliis,. 
 oscphiiie, empress, 1763-1814 
 France, 1809 
 oseplms, .Jewish hist., 38-100 
 olham ; fables, 1209 B.C. 
 
 Joubert.gen.; Novi, ,799; Transvaal 
 Joule,.), p., i8i3-8^,heat 
 
 .lourdan, marshal ; Cologne, Flouriis, 
 
 iittona. 181 i 
 Jovell.ir ; Spain, 1874-5 
 
 ■loviai:, H eiiips., 363 
 
 Jowett, Benjamin, ri.y,, scholar 
 
 1817-93; o.^lui.l, Platonic 
 
 Joyce, lamilyi ildr,], ,s^., 
 
 Juarez U, ; SU-xiru. 1S5S.72 
 
 . n. as .Macci,l,„.„s nihs, .68-:6o ii.c. 
 
 Judltll ; Abv.^sinia, </<,, 
 
 Jiigurtli,, ,/. „j^ „,, . x,„„i,li„, 
 
 Jngiirtliiiie war 
 Julian; itome, cmp., jfo ; ..diets. 
 
 Bans ' 
 
 JnlianusSalviiia; edicts 132 
 Julius V. bishop of U.\hird, trials, 
 
 Ju ins Cie.snr ; sec Cirs,,,: Julius 
 Jnlins, Mr. ; iliiels, 17,,, 
 
 Julius M. ; p„pes, ,303; H,„„e, 
 
 Bologna, l.aoco.in, camliray 
 Jullicn, .M., concerts, 1S50 
 ■Jung Baliadoor ; Nepaul, i8s7-6o 
 Junot, marshal, .77>i8.3; Cintra, 
 
 Vimiera, 1808 
 Jussieu, A. L. de ; Fr. botanist, 1748- 
 
 1836 " 
 
 .Iustin,emp. ; Home, 5,8 ami =65 
 Justin .Martvr. 164 
 Justin, St. ; lioclicster, 6i>4 
 Justinian: eastern empire, 5-7 
 Juvenal, ^9-128 ; satires 
 Juviguy, tiageolet 
 Jiixon, abp. ; administrations 1640- 
 
 Canterbury, 1660 ' 
 
 , Kel y, Ned, Victoria, ,coo 
 Kelly, sir Fitzroy, i7,,6-i88o; sol . 
 
 I l^;-i;eral,att.-geii.,cl,.l,,.,i,,i,,, 866-80 
 
 Kelvin, loiil, see 'lli.msui,. 
 
 Kenilile. Charles, actor 1775-18-4 
 I Kcinhl,., Frances Anii('.Mrs llutlcr) 
 actress, 1811-91 
 
 h'' ''■^:c.vaminers(,,rphn(s) 
 
 i V'"I'. al.p. ;C,iliterbi,iv. 1452 
 
 I V'l'd'e. John; wool, ,3;, 
 
 j Kciupenfchlt, adiii. ; linyal George 
 
 I t'l!!-o'lo.-'''' '^' '■'*'"'-t7>i iiiiilatioii, 
 Kenealy.'br. ;o,.;|,yli,,„„,„,„ 
 
 I ■074 
 
 i hciin.ily, ahlermaii ; trials, ,858 
 Keiincly, Mr. ; Franklin, 1831.53 
 
 K-elllledy, C. li. ; tniils, ,858 
 
 Iveiiiicly, .sir A. K. ; Il„njr Koug 
 1872 "' 
 
 Kent, Constance, |{,„„1 murder 
 
 Kelt, K,jw., hike of, ,767-1820 
 
 hen. do earl „f; treasurer, ,066 
 Ken ,(,.; knives (cleaner), ,844 
 Keiitig,.„i. St. ; Ghisgow, Asaph, 
 560-8- * ' 
 
 Keiij oii, lord ; attorney -general, 1782 
 Kings helicll 
 
 K. 
 
 Kabba Kega ; Kgy|it, 1872 
 Kalakaua, Sandwii^h Islamls 1874 
 Kiilkotr, X., journalist; Kussia 
 
 1887 
 
 Kalnoky, count G., 1832-98 ; Aiisiri 1 
 1881-95 ' 
 
 Kane, capt. ; .Samoan isles, iSSg 
 
 Kane, l)r, ; Franklin, 1843 
 
 Kant, Inimaii,, 1724-1804;' inetaphv- 
 siea 
 
 Karaiiian, Joseph ; Svria, 1866-7 
 
 Karslake, sir J,, 1821-81; att.-gcii 
 1867-74 ■' 
 
 Kiisiiary; humanitarians 
 
 Kassa; Abyssinia, 1S71 
 
 Kastenbein ; iiriiiling, 1S72 
 
 Kastner, F. ; pyrophoiie 
 
 Kauflliiaii, harmonica 
 
 Kimfiiianii,geii. ; Saniarcand, ,S68 • 
 Khiva, 1873 ; Khokand, 1875 ; ,/' 
 1882 /3 . '• 
 
 Kamiitz, prince W. A., Aiist. states- 
 man, 1711-94 
 [yiye, bishop; Bristol, 1820; Lincoln 
 Keiin, Charles, 1811-68; theatres 
 
 (I'nncesss) 
 Kean, Edimiiiil, actor, 1787-1833 
 Keane, lonl ; chiznee, 1839 
 Kearney, 1). ; Califoniia, '1878 
 Keats, John ; poet, 1796-1821 
 kcl.le rev John; poet, 1792-1866; 
 
 Kehic college 
 Keeiian ; trials, 1803 
 Keel f. Smith ; reverend, trials, 1876 
 Keith, George; eiirl-iiiarischal of 
 
 Scotland, Aberdeen, 1593 
 Keith, George ; ipiakers,' 1646 
 Kekule, Friedricli A., German cht 
 
 iiiiiit, 1829-96 
 Keller, L)r, ; lake dwellings, 1865 
 kelleriiian, gen, ; Valiiiy. 1-32 
 Kellet, caiit, ; Franklin^ 1848" 
 Kellogg ; United States, 1874 
 Kelly; trials, 1869, 1871 
 Kelly, Miss V. A,, actress, abt. 1700 
 1S82 ; trials, 1816 
 
 I^el'ler, J,, 1571-1630; oiities, plnnc- 
 liiry motions, lUj,, ■ rainbow, tides 
 \elills ' 
 
 Kep.pel, adm, ; llelleisle, fsliant, 
 trials, 17,,,, ; cMlitiun, i,.-,val battles 
 
 Keppel, cniiiniodoic; China, 1857 
 I Kenitry, y,.,,. ; Fiam.,.Priis.s. war 
 
 I Ibyo ' 
 
 I Kertonl, Mr., Victoria, 1875 
 Ken. ; davviim 
 Keshllb Sell, di'isin 
 Kettel, K. ; trials, 1872 
 Kettlewell, C. ; Bartholomew-s, St. 
 1881 ' 
 
 K.'ying ■ china. 1S42-58 
 hilligrcw. Thos, ; ilraiiia, 1662 
 Kiliiianio,.k, lead; rebellioii.s, trials 
 
 eXeclltiiiMs, 17.(6 ' 
 
 Kijwarby, ah)!. ; Caiiterbiirv, 1272 
 
 Kilwarden,hird; kings bench; trials, 
 1803 
 
 KimlH.rlcy, carl of, see Wr.dehmtse ■ 
 
 Gladstone aclni,, ,868, 1880, 18S6, 
 
 1892; Hoseliery adm,, ,894 
 
 King, Thos. ; veiitrilociuism, 1716 \ 
 
 King, .Mr. Loc'ke ; administrations 
 
 King, Or. ; Ciesarean oiieratioii i 
 
 King, K., bji. ; Lincoln, 1885 
 Kiiig,-col, :siiici,ie. 1850 ' 
 
 King C. ; trials, ,855 ; p.nis, ,860 
 Kinglake, Ur, ; trials. 1870 
 Kinglake, A, W, ; hist., ,812-qi 
 Kingsford, A. ; heriiictic soc 
 Kingslcy, Hec. c. ; novels, Ac, ,819- 
 
 75 ;so'ialisiii:~lleury,nov., 830-76 : 
 Kiiigslou.diiehess of; trials, ,776 i 
 Kiiig.st(m, Kvelyn, diikcof ; Wal pole 
 1721 ' ' 
 
 Kiiigzett. C. T. : .sanitas 
 Kiniiaiid, A. ; cabmen's rest, 1875 
 kiiitore, c.ail.if; Australia, ,891 
 Kirbyan.l Wade, cajits., shot, ,702 • 
 .ii.-ival batth's, ii„lr > 7 ■'' 
 
 Kircher; .Kolianharii, 1653; nliiloso- 
 
 pliers stone, trimipet 
 
 tni'm"^' "■ "■ ('^■■'4- '887); .spec 
 Kirkmaii ; pianoforte 
 Kirwaii, HichardB. ; trials, 1852 
 Kiss Karl, Ger. .sculptor, 1802-65 
 Kitchener, sir H. H. ; nia|or-gcn. 
 
 ijS^; Hoiidan, ,SS5 ,,( ,H,,. ; Egyjit, 
 
 1090-7 
 
 Klapka, general G., 1820-92 ; Komorn, 
 
 K eiii, h. ; histology, germ theory 
 K eist ; electricity, ,745; l.evd.n 
 Klojistock, F. T,, Genu, poet. 17^.. 
 . '803 
 
 Kliiber ; cryptographv 
 Kinety, g,.u, (Isiimil I'.ich.i), ,(, 1S65 ; 
 
 lliingary, Kirs 
 Knatchbiill, sir K. ; Peel admiiiislra- 
 , lions, uS(4-5 
 
 Kncller, sir Godfrey, painter, 164S- 
 ,. '7=.f 
 Knight, Chas,, 1791-1873 ; hist,, A,. . 
 
 dilliision soc,, ,827; Knglaiid 
 Knight, li, ; imigneiism, ,756 
 
 Knight, Mr, ; iiorth-wcst p.iss; 
 
 1602 ; South Sr:i biilible, briberv'- 
 tree chiiieh 
 Knight c, WolcotMiiahs, ,807 
 Kiiowles, James; Nineteenth Century 
 ^ Kiiowh's, J. .S.,diaiiiat., 1784-180.. 
 Kiiox, John, 1505-72; I'resbvterians, 
 c.iigregatioii, .|iieen, Scotland 
 , Knutsfoid, Id. (visi't, ,895) (IL T. 
 
 Holland) J.Salisbury adm., i885 
 I hmitzeii. Matthias; atheism, 1674 
 ' Koch, Hobt. 111-.; genu theory; vivi. 
 I _ section, tllherclilosis 
 ' Kock, Ch.irles I'aul de, Fr, novelist 
 1794-1871 
 Kollee Kalcilli ; Ashantees, 1874 
 Kohl, F, ; e.vecution, ,865 
 Koiuarolt; gfii. : liiissia, 1885 
 Koiiig, F ; jiriiitiiig inachine, 1814 
 Koiiig, .M. ; idioiioscoiie, tonometer, 
 ^ 1062 
 
 Koriier Th., Genu. ]inet, 1791-1813 
 Kortnght, C, ; IJemerara 
 Ko,scmsko; Poland, 1794; Cracow 
 Kossutli, L,, 1802-94; fliinyary, 1849- 
 
 94; LiiitMl states, 1851 
 Ko.ster, Laurence ; laiiiting, 1438 
 Kotze, .pidge ; Transvaal, 18^7-8 
 
 Kotzebue; 'th-wcst pas.sagc, 1815- 
 
 j Aug,, dramatist tt,ssiissiiiations, 
 , '819 
 Kouli Khau ; Moguls, India, Persia. 
 
 '7.30 
 Kriipotkine, prince, liiissia, 1878 : 
 
 1- ranee, i88j 
 Kreli ; Kaltriria, 1877 
 Kniger, !>,, Transvaal, 1879-93 f« ,«(/. 
 Kriii.|,, Alfred, 1810-1887 ;aiiinon, 
 
 steel, hsseil 
 Kiienen, jirof, ; Hibbert fund 
 Kiilliminii ; attcmiit to kill Bismarck 
 _ Prussia, 1874 
 Kiinekcl, J,, 1630-1703 ; plicwiiliorus 
 
 1070 
 Kiitusoff, gen. \L, 1745-1813; Bussia, 
 
 Bru-odiuo, Smolensko, 15,2 
 Kylil, P. ; nature-printing, 1833 
 
 L, 
 
 '^Fl'l^^isld.''- ^'- «""■• '"^-«-^ 
 
 Labordc, A. de, " Partant iiour la 
 
 Syne 
 Laliouehere, Henry, lor.l Tauntim ; 
 
 Hussidladministrition, ,346; p,,!. 
 
 inerston administration, 1855 
 Laliouehere, Henry; rn,(/t, trials, 
 
 1893 ; MiLshoiialaiid, 1894 
 Labourd,,iinaye;Touniav, 1792 
 La Briiyere, ■•■rencli essays, 1639-96 
 Lai'aita, sirJ.P.:Italy, ,895^^^ 
 La Uiaise, Perc, 1624-1709; cemetery 
 Laeon, V, S, ; seas " 
 
 Lacordaire, Pere H, I),, ,802-61 
 Lactaiitiiis, ,/, abt, 325; fathers 
 Lailislas; Bohemia, Hungary 
 Ladmiraiilt ; France, ,873 
 Laennei', H.. physician, ,7S[-,s..(; 
 Latarge, Ma.lamc ; trials, 1840 " 
 Lafayette, nian|, ; 1757-1834 ; United 
 . •;,'■;'''■''•, '777: trance, 1834 
 Lallttc ,^ ,844 ; wills (Napoleon's) 
 La Fontaine, j., Fr. fabulist, 1621-9 
 L.-.furge ; Tontine ^ 
 
 «, 
 
 '-95 
 
II 1 
 
 1270 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 LnKUVii, *('. ; i!xi!('uti(jn, ,856 
 
 J/igiiy, I'ircli', 171,; 
 
 !m UraiiKi', ,). I,., i7)6-i8ij; aioiin- 
 
 tics, asticpiiiiniy, 17I1U 
 LiiKrcu, IJoiiiluft lie ; L'aiiibuiliii, 
 
 1866-3 
 Lniny, HirJuini'S, Sii.'Z (.iiiial, 1383 
 LiiiiiK, Hiini., i8io-y7, 11y.1t. pal. 1852; 
 
 liKliii, 1861-2; I'iiilwii'vH, i8q7 
 Liiii'il, Mr. ; lliiki'iiliiail, Aluliuiiiii, 
 
 navy, 1870 
 Lako, K'l-ri. ; UliiirtiuiiT, 1805; Dullii, 
 
 Miici'lli's 
 I.akf, cajit. ; Hnrnliri'i-ii 
 
 Lalaiiil<', ,1., asliuii 
 Ijtlaniic ; aiiacn.s 
 Lally, KCM. TlMis. .|c 
 Jjiiiiarck, 1744-1829 
 La MariJiiira, ncii. .\ 
 
 iiaya, 1855 ; Italy, 
 Laiiiartiiic, A. ih 
 
 wi'iti'i- ; Kraiic;i 
 
 807 
 1732-1S07 
 
 ; liflicaik'.l, 
 
 h|U'CU'H 
 
 1766 
 
 ■her- 
 
 1804-78 ; Ti 
 1862 
 
 1792-1S69, 11lis(M!l, 
 1848 
 
 Laiiitt, t'., i77vi8j4 ; i'sh;ivs 
 I.iinil), 111-., killi'd,' 162S ; I'ints 
 Laiiiljallu, iPiiiiccssf dc ; Kraiico, 
 
 1792 
 Laiiiliur)', I't. ; Aiistfia, 1848 
 LaiiiliiM-t, Mr., il. 181.9; i-iM-|Milciicy 
 Laiiil.i'i-t (l.alliaiii), .1. ; trials, 1S55 
 Laijiliicilit, .Mr. ; iliii'ls, trials, 1830 
 I.amlitdii, Mr. ; iliu-ls. iHAt 
 Laiii'Miiiais, I'liv, F. It. dc, 1782- 
 
 1854 
 J.aiiiiraiidc, M. : cxtraditiciii, 1S66 
 Launii, call ; bi'lliti' 
 haiiKiricii'rc, hi'Ii., 1806-65; I-'fauci', 
 
 1851 ; liuiiii', i860 
 Laiii|iliinli, arclilip. ; Yurk, 1688 
 Laiiisiiii, Dr. (i. H. ; trial.s, 1882 
 LaiiL'a.stfr, capt. ; liaiilaiu, 1603 
 Laiieastcr, diiko of; Laiicasliire 
 Lancaster, .Jo.scph, 1771-1838; Lan- 
 
 caslcriaii schimls, ciliicatiini 
 Lander, Hicliard, iSo4-j4; Africa 
 Lane, K, \V., orientalist, 1801-76 
 Landsecr, sir Iv, jiaintcr, 1803-73 
 Lanfrane, arclilip. C'antcrlinry, 1070 
 Lanfrey, I'icrrc, V\: liist. 1828-77 
 Langalilialcle ; Cain' ; Natal, 1873 
 LanK«ra, udiii.; naval liattlcs, 1780 
 Lansdalc, Id.; master of rolls, 1836 
 Lan(,'dalc, sir M.; Xa.seby, 1645 
 LaiiKc, sir I). ; .Suez, 1.S58 
 LanKPWin, .sir IL N. ; Canada, 1891 
 Laiitiliain, alip. ; Canterbnrv, 1366 
 LauKicwiez, M.; Poland, 1863-5 
 Langley, Dr. liaxtcr ; recreative reli- 
 gionists ; artisans, trials, 1877 
 liUngley, jirof. a. V. ; li(doineter 
 Langton, alip. ; Canterbury, 1206 
 Langwortby, E. li. ; Uwens Co 
 
 18 
 
 kes' 
 
 lege, 
 
 Lankester, E. Uay ; spontaneons 
 generation, 1876-7 ; sjiiritnalisni 
 
 Lannes; niarshals, Aspernc, 1809 
 
 Lansdownc, inar(pi{s of, 1780-1863 ; 
 see I'ctti/, Slii'lhiintr; (ioderieh 
 adin. 1827; Uusselladin. 1846, 1851; 
 Al)crdcen adin. 1852; Paliiier.stoii 
 adni. 1855, '■! sn/. 
 
 Lanadowne, Henry Cliarle.s K. F., 
 niariiiiis of ; Canada, 1883 ; India, 
 i883; Kalislmry adni., 1893 
 
 Lanyon, sir W. ()., Ti'an.svaal, 1879 
 
 Laoniedon; Troy, 1260 n.c. 
 
 Laplace, 1". do; Fr. inatliemat, 1749- 
 1827 ; nobulai 
 
 Lartigue, M. ; raihva^ balance) 
 
 Lasker ; Germany, 1, , 
 
 Lassalle, Ferdinand ; .socialisnii 1863 
 
 Lateaii, L. ; abstinence 
 
 Latham, R. G. ; jiliilologist, 1812-88 
 
 Latbnn., .1. ; bir.is 
 
 Latimer, bp., Imrnt, 1553; pro- 
 testants 
 
 Latimer, viscount; adniini.strationa, 
 1672-3 I 
 
 Latorre, col. ; Uruguay, 1876 I 
 
 ■ 857 
 
 Bii-79; 
 
 massacres. 
 
 Lauil, William, abp., 1573.1645; t'an- 
 teibnry, acliniiiistratiiins, cliiirch 
 of England, 189, 
 I.iindcrdab', duke of; labal, 1670 
 Laura; I'ctrardi, 1327 
 Lanri'iit ; carbolic acid, 1846 
 
 Lauti , Fr. gcji,, 1/. 1528 
 
 Lav.ili'r, ,1., 1741-1801; iibysiogiiomy 
 La\i;;eric, cardinal, France, 1890-2 
 Lavoisier, A., 1-4 V94 ; carbon, liydro- 
 
 gcn, nitrii'acid, plilogislon, water 
 Law, bishop; Chester, Dath, 1824 
 Lawcs, 11., nnis. eonip. , i6<»)-62 
 l.awes, sir .lolin II.; agriculture, 1843 
 Lawless, .Mr.; riots, 1828 
 Lawrence, gen, l[.,iS,H)-57; India, 
 Lawrence, sir .1. (aft. Id.), 
 
 India, 1863 
 Lawrcni'e, sirT., painter, 1769-1830 
 Lawsoii, sir Wilfrid ; permissive bill 
 Layard, sir A. Henry, 1817-94 ; Xine- 
 I veh ; (il.-idstoMi-, 186S; Turkey, 1877 
 ! I.iiza:-cir, liussia, 1879 
 Lazzareiti, David; Italy, 1878 
 Leake, ailn: i^ 1720; admiralty, Gib- 
 raltar, Meditcrr.iuean, Minon-a 
 Le lU.inc, Nicliolas, 1733-1806; 
 
 alkalies 
 l.c CIcrc; critics, 1696 
 Lecky, li. .!., sunshine recorder 
 Lecfimtc, gi'u. ; Fraiic-c, 1S71, 1876 
 Lei'oi| dc iloisbiiudran ; g.illiuiu, 1875 
 Lednchowski. abp. ; I'jnssia, 1873-6 
 Ledru liollin, A. A., 1808-74; France, 
 
 184S, 1874 
 Lee, .Mexan.ler ;, tlu'atres (Drnry 
 
 Lane), 1S30 
 Lee, Ann, shakers 
 Lee. bp., J. D 
 
 Miu'monitcs 
 Lee lioo, prime; I'elew Islands, 1783 
 Lee, ('. (;.; l.ei'ward isles 
 l.ei', ,lo|jn ; triiils, 18S5 
 Luc, iib)., ; York, 1544 
 Lee, \V. ; stocking-frame, 1589 
 Lee, gen., Hobt., ,808-70; United 
 
 States, 1S02 
 Leech,, ,Iohn, 1S17-64; caricatures; 
 
 I'inn'h 
 Leeds, duke of; administrations, 1689 
 Leekc, II. ; Husllirc, 1S56 
 Leeuwcnl k, 1632-1723; animal- 
 cules, jiolyims 
 Lefevrc, C. Shaw (Id. Eversley) ; 
 
 speaker. 1839-57 
 Leb'vre, (i. .S.'; (il.'idstoneadm. 
 
 1892 ; Hoselicry adin., 1894 
 Lefroy, ul. Miipletiui, railways, 1881 
 Leggatt, B. ; burning, 1612 
 Lcgge, bishop; (Ixfonl, 1827 
 Legge, Augustus, bp.; l.ichlield, 1891 
 Lcgge, H. li., Newcastle adin., 175^ 
 Legge, James, |iiof. of Chinese, 
 
 ■S15-97 
 Le Gids, Haymond; Dublin, 1171 
 Leibnitz, Gottfried, 1646-1716; mathe- 
 matics, lluxions 
 Leicester, earl of; administrations, 
 
 1558 national associations 
 Leicester, carl of, v. Muriiing Ihmld ; 
 
 trials, 1809 
 Leighton, Fred. ; artist, 1830-96 ; 
 
 lioyal Academy, Englaml, 1896 
 Leightcm, ,1. ck A.; christmas cards ; 
 
 printing surface, ballot 
 Leighton, abp, Uolit., 1613-84 
 Leighton, O. C, 1827-95; I'rinting in 
 
 colours, 1849 
 Leitriin, earl of; inurd., Ireland, 
 
 1878 
 Le,lay; ]iolyglot, 1628-45 
 Lelewcl; I'olaiiil, 1863 
 Lely, air I'., painter, 1617-80 
 Le Maire; circumnavigator, 1615 
 Lemoinne, J. ; France, 1873-6 ;rf. 1892 
 Lemon, Mark, lumiorist, 1809-70 ; 
 
 Lennox, eol.; duels, 1789 
 
 1885, 
 
 Lennox, lord H. ; Dl.srai-.i adni., 
 
 1874-6 
 Lenoir; gas, 1861 
 
 Le .Notre; ,Iames's-park, St., 1668 
 Leo; pop(.s, 440 ; Kastern empire, 457 
 Leo IV.; Li'oiiine city 
 Leo X.; popes, 1513; indulgence* 
 Leo .Mil., b. i8iu; pope, 1878 
 Leon, Diego dc ; Spain, 1841 
 Leon, I'imcede; .\merica, 1512 
 Leniiarila of l*is;i; algebra, 1220 
 Leonardo da Vinci, painter, 1452-1519 
 Lcouidas; Theriintpybe, 480 n.c. 
 Leopardi, Italian oral. 1798-1837 
 Leopold, Germany; .Morgarlcn, 1315; 
 Scmpai-h. 1386; l!clgiuni, 1830; 
 Spain, France, 1870-84 
 I.eopohl, prince, 1853-84 ; England, 
 
 niil. ; .vlbaiiy, 1881 
 L'Epcc, alibe de, 1712-89, deaf 
 I Lejiiiliis; triumvir, 43 u.c. 
 \ Le I'iipie, .M.; duels, i8u8 
 [ Lepsins, K. li., 1810-84; Egypt 
 
 I.eldodc Tc.jailo; .Mcxi(;o, 1872 
 
 I Lci-othoili, liasuto 
 Le .S:ige, Frelicli novelist, 1668-1747 
 
 1 Leslie, c'. H., painter, 1794-1859 
 
 j Leslie, II. . music ; 1822-96 
 
 I Lesseps, Ferdinand .M., h. 1805.94; 
 Suez, 1852; C(aiiitli, 1881 ; I'anaiiMi 
 
 I Lessiiig, ti, E. , German pliilosoiiher, 
 1729-81 
 
 , Leslock, admiral ; Toulon, 1744 
 
 ■ L'Estrangc, sir It, ; m.'wspapers, i6(m 
 Letheby, Henry, M.U., el1e111i.1l, 
 
 1816-70 
 LettscMii, Dr. ; Hninanc soi-. . 1774 
 Lever, sir .\shton ; innseum 
 Lever, C. .1., Irish novelist, 1S09-72 
 
 ' l.cvcr.s S. li. ; trials, 186S, 1878 
 
 l.everrier, U., 1811-77 ; Neptune, 
 1846 
 
 I Levy, Lo(nii ; statistican, 1821-8S 
 wages 
 
 , Levy, .Mr. Lyiui ; monumrnt, 1810 
 
 I Lewes, Geo. Hen., philosi pher, ifcc. 
 
 I 1817-78 
 Lewis, .liilin Fred., It..\., 1805-76 
 
 . Lewis, Mr. ; theatres (Covent-garden) 
 
 i '773 
 
 I Li^wis, sir G. Cornewall, 1806-63 
 
 1 I'alinerston adin., 1853 
 Lewis r. Iliggins, trials, 1876 
 Lc'wis, li., b|).; Llandalf, 1883 
 Lewisliam, vi.sc. ; Addingtoii adni., 
 
 ! 1801 
 
 I Leyboiirne, William de; admiral, 129; 
 ! Liakiit, All ; India, 1871-2 
 Lilianiiis, Gr. orator, 314-390 
 Lick, .la.s. ; obser\'atorie8 
 l.iddell, Henry George, dean, il 
 
 98 ; clictionary, 1843 
 Lidderdale, Win, ; London, 1890 
 Liddoii, H. P., canon, 1829-90 
 Lidilon, lieut. ; north-west passage 
 
 1819 
 Lieber, T. ; Erastianisni, 1523-84 
 Liebig, J., 1803-73; acids, agriciil 
 
 tiirc, elieniistry, clilorofoni. 
 
 cldoral 
 Lielircicli, O. ; cliloral, 1869 
 Light, F. ; I'enaiig, 1786 
 Lightfoot, Jo.seph U., 1828-89, Bur 
 
 ham, 1879 
 Ligonier, lord ; Bute, 1762 
 Li Hung Chang, China, 1S67 e> so/. 
 Lilburne, eol. ; levellers, Wigan, idj 
 Lilly, Will., 1602-81 ; astrology, 164 
 Lily, George, ((. 1559; charts 
 Lily, Wm., giMininariaii, </. 1523 
 Lin ; China, 1840 
 Linaere, Dr., i(. 1524; gardeuiii 
 
 lectures, physicians 
 Lincoln, Abhi., 1809-65; Unit 
 
 States, 1860-5 
 Lincoln, bp. of; Canterbury, 1890.. 
 Lincoln, earl of; adniinistratiom 
 
 •759 
 
 Ij0(!ke 
 
 tesii 
 
 Locke 
 
 Locke 
 
 |ioel 
 
 L'ickh 
 
 iiOckM 
 
 .8,4 
 
 Lnekv 
 
 iL ickv 
 
 1866 
 
 nieti 
 
 Loftiii; 
 
 Loftus 
 
 Logeiri 
 
 Logier 
 
 Loiian 
 
 burn 
 
 liOiiiak 
 
 Loiabe 
 
 Loud, ' 
 
 Loiidoi 
 
 (iOiidiu 
 
 suich 
 
 iLoiidoi 
 
 Id. li, 
 
 Long, a 
 
 Long, J 
 
 Long, 
 
 1830- 
 Long, ^ 
 Loiigde 
 Lnngfcl 
 Lnugfoi 
 Loiigiii'i 
 LiJligley 
 LtnigiM 
 lialier 
 lioiigstr 
 U. Sti 
 Loiiiitei 
 
 L'llHiIlt 
 
I.enihix, lord II. ; DisriiL.i aJni., 
 1874-6 
 
 I.lilnil-; ),'aH, 1861 
 
 l.i' Niitii'; .iHiMcs'H-imi'k, HI., if)68 
 I.I'" ; i"i|iirt, 44u; FasU'rni'lu (lire, 457 
 I.C" IV.; 1,1'iPllilic cit.v 
 I.i'iiX.; |pii|pi'.i, 151 j; iiiiUilKi'iii'iy 
 I.cci Xlll., (;. i8iu; piipu, 1878 
 l.fiiM, llif;;(i lie; Sliilill, 1841 
 l.i'iiii, I'liiiii' ill': Aiiii'iica, 15U 
 I.fniiarilji lit* I'isii : nljit'liru, 1220 
 Li'unarild ila Viiiri, painter, 1452-1519 
 
 1 Iliilas; 'i'lHTllHiliyhl', 480 u.c. 
 
 I.ciiliai'ili, Italian mat. 1798-18J7 
 Lfiipiilil, (ii'niiaii.v : .MiiiKmti'n, 13151 
 
 .Si'iiipai'h, 1386; Hi'lHiiiiii, 1830; 
 
 Kpaill, Fianci.', i87'i-84 
 I.ciipiilil, piiiii'i', 185J-84; Kiiglaiid, 
 
 mil. ; Alban.v, i88i' 
 I/Kpii', alilii' 'ii'. 1712-89, deaf 
 l.rpiilll.s ; triiiinvif. 43 ».c. 
 J.I' i'iipil', M.;illll'ls, 1808 
 
 l.t'psiii.s, K. H., 1810-84 ; Kg,v|it 
 I.iTilii ill' 'rt'iailii; Mt'xici), 1872 
 l.i'rntliiidi, llasuto 
 I.I' Wani', l-'ii'lii'li iiDVi'list, 1668-1747 
 l.i'.'ilu', C. li., painti'i', 1794-1851^ 
 l.i'slii', H.. iiiiisii' ; 1822-96 
 I.f.ssi'ps, Kfiiiiiiaiiil M., ''. 1805-94; 
 
 Suez, 1852 ; Cnfiiitli, 1881 ; l'aTmiii;i 
 I.i'S.-iiiii,', ti. K., Ut'i'iuaii pliiliisiiplic). 
 
 1729-81 
 l.i'stuck, adiitii'itl : Toulon, 1744 
 l.'Ksli'annu.sir U. ; n(:wspaiii'i'.s, i6<i( 
 l.ctlnliy, lli'iify, .M.U., ('lii'ini.-.l 
 
 1816-70 
 I.i'ttsoin, Dr. : Ilnniain' .soi-.. 1774 
 l.i'Vfi', sir .\sliton ; ninsi'iiin 
 l.i'Vi r, (,'. .1., hi.sh novelist. 1809-72 
 l.i'Vi'rson, S. H. ; trials, 1SO8, 1878 
 l.fverrii'r, L'., 1811-77 ; Ni'iiUine 
 
 1846 
 Levy, hponi ; slatisticnn, 1821-8S 
 
 wages 
 Levy. .Mr. I.yon ; nioinininit, 1810 
 I.ewes, Ijeo, lien., pliilosi plier, A:e.. 
 
 1817-78 
 Lewis, .lolin Freil., 1{..\., 1805-76 
 Lewis, .Mr. ; theatres (Covent-gai'deii). 
 
 1773 
 Lewis, sir G. Cornewall, i8o6-6j 
 
 I'alinei'stoii ailiii. , 1855 
 Lewis I', lli^'gius, trials, 1876 
 Lewis, H , lip.; Llanilatl', 1883 
 l.ewisliain, vise. ; Aililingtoii adiii, 
 
 1801 
 Leylioiinie, William tie ; admiral, 129- 
 l.iaknt, AU ; India, 1871-2 
 l.ilianiiis, Gr. orator, 314-390 
 l.iek, ,Ias. ; obser^■aturiea 
 I.iddell, Henry George, dean, 18 
 
 98 ; dietiuiiary, 1843 
 Lidilerdale, Wm. ; London, 1890 
 Liildon, il. r., canon, 1829-90 
 Lidilon, lieut. ; noitli-west iiassagf 
 
 1819 
 Lielier, T. ; Krastianism, 1523-84 
 Lieliig, J., 1803-73; at'ids, agncul 
 
 tiu'e, L'lieinistrj', cliloroforii; 
 
 I'liloral 
 l.ielireieli, O. ; e.liloral, 1869 
 Light, V. ; I'enang, 1786 
 Lightfoot, Joseph 13., 1828-89, Diirl 
 
 iiani, 1879 
 Ligonier, lord; llnte, 1762 
 l.i Hung Chang, China, 186/ et scij 
 LillHirne, col. ; levellers, Wigan, 1651 
 Lilly, Will., 1602-81 ; astrology, 164] 
 Lily, George, (i. 1559; charts 
 Lily, \Vin., gr.aniinarian, ((. 1523 
 Lin ; China, 1840 
 Linacre, Dr., d. 1524 ; gardeniiij 
 
 lertnres, physieiaiiH 
 Lincoln, Aliiii., 1809-65; Unit! 
 
 States, 1860-5 
 Lincoln, bp. of; Canterbury, 1890- 
 Lincoln, earl of; administratioDi 
 
 1759 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 -Liver 
 iVfriea 
 i3 
 
 li-lucoln, K. T. ; United MUites, ,889 
 ^'iiiii. Dr. ; anendinii-ler. wind 
 i.ini|, .lenny (OoliUchiuiilt), ,820- 
 
 07 ; theatres 
 l.lnllel.l, U. c. ; Hving 
 'LiU'liev. .lohii; l,i,t., 17,9.1865; 
 
 liortii'ulture ' 
 
 .Limlsay, curl itf ; Kdgehill, 16., 
 J.iiiils«y, sir C. ; (Jrosvenor ^^.tllery 
 I.uiiJsa,v, sir,Jiiliu; Ma,|r.,s. 1,70' 
 *-nigari|, ,1., 177, .,s,, ; liisturian 
 J.iiihtligow, liird ; j;iiir.ls. loi^j 
 Linrie ;— Linn (LiiiiLens). (;. von, 
 1707.78; botany, Liniiiean, iooIol'v 
 -.hMiiill, .fohn; painter, 1792-1882 
 
 ' ^1. poet. n. lAfl n.i. 
 
 .I.ipiaiiili ; ll.ilaklav,,, Kiipatiiria, 1855 
 Lise, lord; ailiuinistntious. i-,44 
 LSI', sir G.; Coli'liester. 1J43 
 •Lsli), vi.si'L ; I'lirtsniuuth. 13,5 
 l^lHter, sir ,J. ; b,r„n, tigu^n-m 
 
 theory ; rii.val soeietv, 18 15 
 L'aton, ,)., aetor, ri.tii',;^. .^.^ 
 lilsit. I'. ; luiisie., 1811-36 
 
 '.ittli'.;..lin ; Itohiii II 1 
 
 .Littleton. Mr. ; Melliourne .olniinis- 
 trati.iii. ,S|, 
 
 »^ittre.M.(i. l-:.,,3,)i.3i; dietiniiaries, 
 liiiHitive pliilii.<iip|iv 
 
 *''™'l I.earlof, ,77j.,328 
 
 pixd ,idin., 1S12 
 J.ivingstone. II., i8i)-77; 
 
 ,1856; l•Millbll|'^.l,. ,g,a 
 .Livius. Titus, |{.,„Mn liist., il 
 l.izarra;;a. -en. ; .Sp,,:,,, is.- n 
 Llewelyn; Wales, ,,,, '^ 
 J.lo.Vil, bishop; IKt'oid. iSj7 
 LIo.vil, Citlierine ; ipmrkerv, i3ii 
 Wo. , W, : l'i.rllaiWv,,s,..,34s 
 f O.V,, (Jliironl; K^ivpt, ,ii, 
 Uo.vi, II. L., bp.;|Jan^-or, ,390 
 LI0.V1I, Will. W.;. scholar, iSu-o, 
 Lobanof, Alii.vis, inince, Utissian 
 
 statusinan, 1324-96 
 iioeh, sir 11. H.; Man, iS6j: Victoria, 
 
 iS84;Cai)e, 1839 (baron, 1895) 
 iLoeki!, J., 1632-1704; physics, car- 
 tesian, coin 
 Locke, W. ; ragged schools, 1844 
 Cocker, Fredk. (latterly Liinnion), 
 poet, i3ji-9^ " 
 
 J.ockhart, sir Win., Imlla, ,891 ,;( sci. 
 tokwood, R, 1846-97; soL-geii', 
 
 l.ock.vur, maior: duel, 13,7 
 
 ";'i'™\v'- •'''■ • ■"'•"■ "• '397 ; eclipse, 
 1866 ; .Vatiire, 1869; elements, 1S78; 
 meteors, astronomv, sun 
 ^.lifting, John ; thimble. 169 = 
 '.oltus. Id. A., N'ew S. Wales^ 
 J.iigeniaii ; ma.gnetisni, iS,, 
 logier, J. U. ; chirii|ilast 
 Lollard, Walter; Lollards, 
 
 ourned, 1322 
 Lomakine, gen., Hussi.a, 1879 
 l.oinhe. sir Thomas; silk, 1714 
 l.ond, T. ; piano, 1802 
 Lonilim duckconipanv; trials, i8u 
 l^onilmiilerry, lord ; see Castkmvih : 
 
 suicide, 1822 
 'Loiidoiiderry, maripiiaof; Ireland, 
 
 Id. Iieut., i836 
 ■J^ong, sir II. ; administrations. 1660 
 ^ong, .VisiicsTllney; trials, 1825 
 Long, St. John; ipiack, trials, 
 1830-1 ' 
 
 ■Long. Walter ; .Salislnirv adm., 189; 
 Longilen, ,1. II. ; Deia r.ini, 1874 
 LongfellinT, H.W. ; Am. poet, 1807-82 
 Longford p. I'lirdou ; trials, 1877 
 I.ongiu'is, Gr. philiH., killeil. 273 
 tongley, aliii. York, i860 ; Kipon 
 Lniigman, W. ; P.ml's, St., 1873 ; Pul>- 
 
 lishers" Circular 
 ILongstreet, geu. ; CUicaniauga, 1863: 
 U. States ■* 
 
 Loiiiiten, M. E. ; Kiiilaii I 
 l-'HHdale, bishoji; Liclilii-l.l, 1843 
 
 1271 
 
 879 
 
 1315 
 
 Lonsdale, e;irl of; dnelij, 170,; Derby 
 
 ailiniiiistr.ition, 1852 
 Lopez; (.'111,.,, i83u;"L'nili'ilHt,it.'s 
 Lopez, g,.|i. ; l>al'.l,'U:iy ; .Vipiiilabin, 
 1870 
 
 Lopez, sir .Manasseh ; (iramp , | 
 
 trials, 1819 
 [.oreiiz, ,1. !••. ; cryptogr,ipliy, i8.>5 
 Lllrme, I'liilibert de; roileries, iv'j 
 Lome, ininpiis i.r', Kugl.iml, ,.„,; 
 |87oi; p.saliiis, 18,-7; Canada, 1^78; 
 Liiited .«i| i(,-s, i8j2 
 Lorraine, cardinal ; ass;issination. 
 
 J588 
 L'lrr.iine, chas. of; Lis.sa, Moli.itz 
 i6<7 
 
 Lorraine, , hike of; Ci v, 1,46 
 
 Lorr.iine, Claude, |iaiiiter, 1600-82 
 Losing.i, II. ; Xonvii'h. ,091 
 Lolli.iiiv, eapl , C'Muo, ,895-6 
 '."Milan, maniuis of; .S:ilisbiirvadin. 
 
 1887 
 Loiibet, .\f.; France, 1892 
 Luidon,c. J., 1783-184); botany 
 .'iiigi, JiilintL, sculpt"!', 1804 '.'-76 
 L)ii,'lib"r"u;,rh; att.-geii., coalition 
 17. if 
 , Louis; France, kiii,:,'s ; .-Sp;!!!!, 1724; 
 
 I'ortugil 
 ■ Lmis 1. -IV. ; land.'r.ve. Hesse 
 L"Uis \l. ■ "Chnstian ; " lilmid 
 
 posts. ,470; Prove ■ 
 
 ' i'* .^11. ; tester, i^n 
 
 Louis .Mil. ; I.Miisd'iir. 1640 
 
 I. luis XIV. ; Dici-.b.nne, Nantes 
 
 16J3 
 Louis .VV; Fram'c, 1757; Damiens 
 _ Limis XVHI. ; Hartivell, ,807-14 ; 
 [ Franci! ' 
 
 Louis, king ; Hiiiu'arv, Uuda, 1526 
 
 L'Hiis, prince ore le ; Jarnae, 1560 
 
 Louis H"iia|i,irti' ; llnlland, i,s.,6 
 LiuisXaiioleon; II mapiirlc ; France, 
 
 1843-70; see Xiiinliuii III. 
 Louis .N'aiioleoii, France, tad; Zulu- 
 land, 1879 
 ! Louis Philippe; France, 1S30; assas- 
 sinations 
 Loiii.sa .Maria, infinta ; Sp;iin. 1S46 
 Louise, princess ; Kii„'land, c/id 
 Loui.se, .pieeli ; lielgiiiin, 1812 ; d. 
 1850 
 I Louth, lord; trials, 1811 
 1.0 itherboiirg, .Mi-. ; panorama 
 Lovat, lor! ; conspir.icy, trials, 1747 
 Lovell ; trials, 1S12 
 Lover. S:iin., h'isli nov., 1797-1868 
 ' Lovett. W. ; chartists 
 I Low;sir liobert;Chitral, 1893 
 Lowe, .Vliee ; trials, 1842 
 Lowe, H. (aft. viscount Sherbrooke), 
 1811-92; GladstoMc, i863 ; London 
 
 UIIIC. 
 
 Lowell, .]. Uiissi'll, Ainer. .sat. poet, 
 
 1819-gi 
 Ldwenthal, J. J. ; ehess, 1S76 
 Lower, .M. A., atitiiiuarv, 1813-76; 
 
 names t 
 
 Lowther. vise. ; Wellington adm > 
 1828 ' ' 
 
 Loyd ; see uiyr.iliine, 1 
 
 Loyola, Ignatius, 1491-1556; Jesuits, 
 , '534 
 
 Lubbock, sir J. W,,matlieiii;it,, iSoj- 
 63; — sir John. /,. i3j4; aiicii'i'it 1 
 monunii'iit-i, bank liolidavs, bees, ' 
 proportional representation, bio- 
 logy, prc-hi-itoric ; early closing; ' 
 shop I 
 
 Luby, Thos. ; Fenian, trials, 1863 I 
 Lucan, earl of; trials, 1856 
 
 Lucaii. M.A., I t, killc'l. 65 : Home, ' 
 
 j Coriiova 
 
 I Lucas, .Ml'. ; steel, 1804 ' 
 
 Luciai), Gr. s.itirist, about 120-2J0 
 ; I.uci.mi ; Hnnie, 1875 
 l.u -ilitis ; satire. 116 B.c. 
 L;i retii. ,/. 47 B.I. ; It, I,,,., spiniiiiii 
 
 LueretliH, Lat. phll. iioot, (J. S2 B.c, : 
 
 atoms 
 l.ii,'aid, capt. F. D., Uganda, 1)91 
 Lille ; trials, 1874 
 l.ully; nitric a-id, 1287: (music), 
 
 i'iH-72 
 Liiiiiby ; Atlniiiaslan creed, confos- 
 
 s s, 1S74 
 
 I.UIIlley c. (iy,, ; trials, 1854 
 
 Lums'leii, sir 1'. ; Afglianistati, 1834 ; 
 
 I'lissia, 1885 
 Lunardi, .M. ; billooiis, 1784 
 l.iishiiigtoii, S. ; a.lmiraltv court, 1818 
 Liisk, A. ; iiiavor. Id. 1873 
 l.nlatiMs; nav.il battles, 241 B.C. 
 Lutlcr, Martin. 14S3-1546; Ail,'us- 
 tms, Liither.inism, Dort, I'rotea- 
 taiiiisiii. .\ii,'sburg, Calvinlats, 
 Worms, Wittenlh'i'g 
 Liilher, U, ; ptini'ts, 1852 
 Liiviiii, li. dii'tlii'iiHciip,., ,876 
 i.u.\eniliiii'g. marsh.il: Kidhien, 169a 
 .ii\-iM""ri', liishop; Mristiil, 1807 
 Lyiiii'giis ; >Sp,irta, 884 ii.c. 
 L.vi'U, sir Charles, 1797-1873 ; geo- 
 
 l"-:y. Ill III 
 I.yell ,'. Kennedy ; trials, i336 
 I.yly, W, ; eii|,!iMism, 15^1 
 Lyiiall, TiiMinas ; trials, 1377 
 l.yilrll, llllll'.l,.!'; tri.ils, 1817 
 l.yii'llini'si, l,,i',i, 1772.1363; chancel, 
 lor : (;aiinin,' adm. 1827 ; Welling- 
 I'lnadni, i.SjH ; i-eel adm. ,18)4, 1841 
 Lynediieh, lonl ; U„'iosa. isTi ; Bor- 
 
 gen-op-Zooin, Seb.istian. .-St 
 Lynn Liip m, Klizabntli, novelist. 
 
 1822-9-; 
 
 Lyon, capt. ; north-west iiassagc, 
 
 1821 ;— general .\atlianiel, .Siiring- 
 
 lleld, 1861 ' * 
 
 Lyon, col. F., killed ; Shoeburyness, 
 
 1885 
 Lyon, John ; H.irrow school, 1571 
 L.yons, lord ; Paris, 1887 
 L.vons r. Thoiii is ; trials, 1369 
 L.v.san ler; .Spirta, 405 ii.r. 
 I.ysiniii'hus ; Ipsiis, 301 n.f. ; Corus 
 Lysi|ipus ; Lysistratus, seuliiture, 
 
 busts, 323 n.c. 
 Lyle. ILC. Mixwell, K.c.13., 1897, 
 
 aiiti.|uary 
 l.yttelton, l.iid ; chanci'llor. Id., 1641 
 Lyttim, K. liiilwer. Id., novelist and 
 
 poet, i8o;-7j ; guilds 
 Lyttoii, It. Ii.,liird, 1331-91; India, 
 1876; France, 1891 
 
 M. 
 
 Macadam, J. ; macadnmising, 1819 
 
 M.iearthy, sir CInirles ; Sierra Leone, 
 Ashalitees, 1824 
 
 .Macirtn.'v, earl; duel, 1786; China, 
 1793 ; India 
 
 M.ieanlay, T. li., hi., ,800-1859: Mel- 
 bourne adm., 13)7 
 
 Macbeth; Scotland, 1057 
 
 McCabe, abp., Ireland, 1379-80 ; car- 
 dinal, ,832 ; d. 1885 
 
 .MacCabc ; robbers, 1691 
 
 -McCarthy, Justin ; home rule, i83o ; 
 P.irnellites, 1890 
 
 .McHile, aliji., i79i-,38i 
 
 .MaeClellan, gen. George B., 1826-85; 
 United States, 1861-4 
 
 Macdeslleld, carl of; chancellor, loril 
 high, 17,8 
 
 MacCorinack; reaping machine, ,831 
 
 MaiMloiiald, marshal ; .'anna, Trebia, 
 
 .Macdonald, Jlr. ; .Times, 1854-80, 
 
 printing 
 Macdonald, e;ipt. ; Prussia, ,861 
 .Macd Jiiidil, sir J., 1815-9, ; Caiiuda. 
 
 '873 
 .M:icd jualds inass,aured ; Gleucoe, 169a 
 
I84I 
 
 1372 
 
 Mncdiiiiiifl, (iiiutiiiidijM 
 MarIi„H-,.|i, ^,,„, ,,. , j|„„„„„,„ ,86, 
 Miii<hitt, Mr.; ,i,i,,|, i7,,o 
 
 Jjlie™, Ki 11. ; .S|,„i||, ,883 
 
 Miichiiliin,., M. ; triiiiH, ,8.. 
 MailHinn.sliticdiKc 181 ,-87; r..Mil 
 
 Macyrfgor. J. ; |„|„k (HiiliHlj), ,840 ; 
 
 caiiiif, iscj ^•' 
 
 Machiiivilli, \ , ,460-1527 
 JIai'u.wicz, „I.Im-; I'dlmid, 1863 
 Wuik, t;cii. ; L'liM, iKus 
 JlBckay, uni. : KiMiicmnki^ lOfo 
 Mackaymiil Viii.>;liiiii; iii„l», ,8,0 
 Mackeiizk., Alex. ; faniKia, iSg, 
 Mackenzie, U.S. ; Africa (Diit.sl, K.) 
 
 1800 ' 
 
 Mackenzie, Heniy, novelist, 1745. 
 
 1 8) I 
 Maeldiizie, bp. C. F, : Africa, i860 
 M«ck.hzle, «ir Jli.nll ; (icriiiany, 
 
 1887-0. 
 Wackenzie, Win,; Africa (ljrili«li K.), 
 
 Jloikie, A. ; iirintiiij;, 1871 
 MarkiniKin, sir Win., iSavQ) ; Zanzi- 
 bar, Africa (liiilisli K.)' " 
 Macki'.itcisli, Nir,)anic», 1765-1872 
 Marklin, v., act(ir, il. 1707 
 
 Wacklin's liil,ii. ; 1 ks 
 
 MackoiKMliic, rev, M,-. ; Cliiuvli df 
 innlanil, 1867-76; trials, ,667 ■ 
 ritnalmls, iniMic woiship, liulv 
 cross 
 Macl.aclilan, Jessie ; trials, iS6j 
 MaolaKan, bj,, ; J,iel,neUI, ,i 
 
 York, abjp., ,69, 
 MHelagan, Dr. ; ^.(riii tliiMnv 
 Maclean, H. ; trials, 188^ " 
 Maeleiid, II. L). : trials, 1858 
 Macleuil, Mr. ; United .Stales, 18, 
 JIaelcod, Noiman, 1). 1),, iBii.-72 
 JIaeleod, Ur, ; gliieiarinin 
 Maclise, 1),, |iainter, 1811-70 
 M'flnre, eapt. ; Kiankliii, 1850 ; 
 
 nortli-west jpa.ssane 
 MaeMahon, niarslnil, 1808-93 ; Ma- 
 genta, 1859 ; Franco-l'iussian, 
 Bfdan, France, 1873-8 
 Macniillan, Alexaniler, eminent biib- 
 
 liilier, 1S18-96 
 WeMillan, J. ; trials, 1861 
 MaeNaniara, eaiit. ; duels, 1803 
 M'C'nlloeli, J. R., jiolit. eeon., 1780- 
 
 i86i 
 McCullocli, sir .Tas., Victoria, 1875-6 
 M'NeiU, sir.l, ; Si-bastoi.ol, 18,5 
 Mccarty, Ken. ; Knniskillen, 1689 
 McClintoek, caid. ; Franklin, iSsq 
 McGill, Mr, ; trials. 184.. 
 McKendrick, J. u. ; Hov. Inst., 
 
 i88:-4 
 McKenzie, Mr. ; iliiel, 1788 
 McKinley, William, j.resideni U. S. 
 
 1896 
 McXagliten, sir W., killed, 1841 
 McNanKliten, Mr, ; trials, 1761, 1S41 
 McSwiney, Mr,, Irel.ind, ,875 
 Macre.-uly, W, ; actor, 1791-187, 
 Wacreath, .Mr. ; trials, 184, 
 Macrobius ; Lat. writer, ./, 415 
 Madan, bp, ; J'l'tcibcirout^li, 1794 
 Madiai, the ; Tnseanv, 1852 
 Madison, James; United States i 
 
 (liresident), 1809 
 Mitcenas, i(. 8 ; iledications 
 Maikel, J. ; metronome, 1S15 
 Magee, J. ; trials, 1813 ; Gnatemala, 
 
 1874 
 Magee, W. C, b]i. ; Peterborough, 
 
 1868; York, abji,, 1S91 
 Magellan ; killed, 152, ; cireumnavi- 
 
 gation, l'hili|i|,:ne 
 Magnin. (), ; ]>ujt]>ets. iS-a 
 Magnus ; king, J.'orwiiv, SAveden 
 Maguire, eajit, ; Franklin, 1848 
 Magus, Simon ; Siinoniaiis, heretics 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ex. 
 
 1840-1884 
 
 1638-1715 
 681; Uer- 
 
 1628 
 
 Mahnmel, 570-633 ; Ilegira, 633 
 .MalioinetaniMri, Mecca, Medina, 
 lledcr, Tiiikc.v, Koi'tin 
 Mahciiiict II., ./,'i4Hi : eastern eiiijiire, 
 Tnrkev, Adiiaiiohle, Constantino- 
 ple. Albnnia 
 Midiony, F. (Front), il. ifi66 
 Maiuji'iiidi'S (.Mainioiin), Mu.ses, 
 
 .IcHisIc writer, il. r.'„S 
 Maine, sii' II. J, ,s, ; .jurist, 1822-88 
 .Maitland, ca|t, ; Fiance, 1815 
 Mailland, sii I'red, ; China, 1838 
 Mulinilie, b|., ; clicster, ik:jo 
 Ma,|cnilie. col, V, |),, ,810. 
 
 jihisives; h,C,H., iBgj 
 Ma,ior ; concliolo^^y, 1675 
 I Majorlan, i-ojoniilioii 
 j .Makait, ,1. ; painter, 
 ! Austria 
 
 I MakoiMo, Knllriiria, 1873 
 I Malacld prophesies about (97 B.C. 
 
 Malan, rev. S. C, 1812-94 : Indian 
 I institute, scholar 
 , Malcolm ; Scotland, kings, clanshii>s, 
 I AlijH-iek. I' iisinane 
 
 Malcolm, Jas, ; trials, 188, 
 ; Malcbranelie, N, ; philos, 
 I Malct, sir K. ; Fgyjit, : 
 
 many, 1884 
 j Malhcrbe ; Fr. poet, 1556 
 I .Malibrau, madaioe; singer, 1808-36 
 ; Malleson, col., (I, H., Indliin lilsto- 
 I rian, 1S25-98 
 Mallet, K, ; eartlniimkes, »el»nio- 
 
 meti'r, 1858 
 Malloiy, \V. H, ; screw-propeller. 
 1878 ' ' 
 
 Malmesbury, lord ; Derby ami Dis- 
 raeli adiMs, 1852, 1858, 1874 
 Midon ; lielginm, 1S71 ; 1884 
 .Malpighi, M, ; anatomist, 1628-04 
 .Mallby, bji. ; Ilnrham, 1836 
 JIallhns, T,, i766.if<;4, jioIit, econ. 
 .Manasseh, lien |sia. I ; Jews, 1657 
 Manby, c-ajit, ; lifi-ineserver, iSoq 
 JIance, 11., heliography 
 Manchester, lij). of, jmb. worshii) 
 
 rcg. act, 1883 
 Maneliester, ea'rlof ; adminis., 1620 
 Midi, hester will; trials, 1854 
 Manileville, vi.sct. ; ailministiiitions, 
 
 1620 
 Mams, killed, 274 ; Manielieaiis 
 Manfred, killed, 1266; Najiles 
 I Mann, Wiu., air (compressing), 1829 
 Manners, lord John, //, 1S18; Derby 
 adm,. 1S52, 185S, 1866; Disraeli 
 I administrations, 1868, 1874 ; Kc- 
 form, 1884 • Salisbury adm,, |88?, 
 i8S6(dukc lintland, 1888) 
 Manning, II,, cardinal, 1809-92 ; 
 
 aivhbishoi,, ,865; Westminster 
 Mannings; mnrderers, trials, 1849 
 
 I37» 
 
 •754 
 , 1756 
 
 Manny, sir W, ; cli.irter-honsi 
 .Mansel, bislio]. ; liristol, 1808 
 .Mansell, T, : executions, 1857 
 Manslleld, earl of; ,ilt.-cn. 
 lielions in law, king's licneh, 
 Manslield, Cli, ; benzole, 1849 
 Maiiteg,'iz/a. marchcse, Italy, 1876 
 Mantcll. li. A,, weald 
 -Manteulfel, gen,, Franco-Prns,s, war, 
 1870-1 
 
 .Mannd ; E.ister ipire, Trebizond 
 
 Manntins, see Ahlita 
 
 Manzoni, A,, Ital. iiov., 1784-1873 
 
 Majih'son, Mr,, natiomil oiieia house 
 
 ,.■875 
 
 Mar, earl of; Ilarlaw, 1411; Duin- 
 
 I'lain, 171J 
 Mar, earl of; trials, 1831 
 •Varat, stabbed; I'ranee, 1793 
 Marbeek, J,, eoncordanee. iseo ; 
 
 chanting " 
 
 Miir. e„u, gen., hilled, Altenkirclien, 
 
 1796 
 .Marcel, S,; eomniuneH. 1356 
 Mareellus ; Home, 212 ii.c. 
 
 March, H, ; vxecitliins, 1J77 
 March, lloger, earl of; rcbellinn. 
 
 KVjH 
 March, li, ; ropcinakliig, 1784 
 M.oehriionI ; trials, 1858 
 M.irci.in ; ,Miire,oniles, 140 
 Mar, ns Anielins; Ijomi', emp. iCi 
 .Marcus ( nilins ; Home, 1(12 ii.i , 
 Manlonins ; .Myialc, I'liilua. 497 n ■ 
 .Margaret ; Khgland, i|iicen of Kd 
 
 ward I, 
 Margaret of An.lon, KiiglamI (i|Uet u 
 
 of llinry Vi.), ,/. 1481; Tewkcs 
 
 bl,iy, 'lovHoii, Wakcliild 
 Margaiel (.f Nmway; Calimiv, 119 i 
 Mai(jai(l (;;.,V(iness of Hiu Nether 
 
 lands, US'/) ; beards 
 Margary, 111., kllli'd ; thiiia, 1875-7 
 Margiall ; beetroot, ,747 
 Maria da lilo.ia ; I'ortin;al, 1826 
 Muria I.ouisi, >/. iii47 ; France, i8i,j, 
 
 lilsl cuipil ; sills (Xapolc(.li's) 
 
 Maria TImiimi ; (oiuiany, 1711 
 Marie Antoiui'I'e ; Fniuce, 179, 
 
 cliiiniond ui-eklaee 
 Marifio, Ibryti, ijSu 
 Marnis, f(, 86 ii.i . ; ciijibji 
 Mario, 11. ; Mwliun singer, 1808 (?)-E' 
 Marins ; jiianoloile 
 , Markliam, ali|' York. 1776 
 
 Markham, ( li uieiits Itobt., K.C, I!. 
 I 1696 ; geography 
 ' Marks, 1, ; execntioji, 1877 
 
 Mailborongh, earl of; administra- 
 I tions, 1628 
 
 I Marlboiougli, duchess ol', Ireland 
 ' 1880 
 
 ! Marlborongh, duke of, i6.so-i7-.2 
 com. in-chief, marshals, lircnlieim 
 Doiiay, l.iege, l.isli', .Mali.laiinit 
 (indeiiarde. Itiimilies 
 
 Jol,u, fluke of; Deibj 
 Idsraeli adm,, i668. 
 
 I Marlborough, 
 I adm,, 18(7; 
 1878, gems 
 
 Marlowi', ( br. 
 
 Marmont, le; 
 
 ; dramatist, il. 15915 
 
 dial; Salauianea, i'Bi-j 
 
 Mar ti-1, ,), F,, Fr novel, 1723-90 
 
 Marol, Chincnt ; Fr, poet, 1495-1544 
 MaKdo, gen,, S|,ain, Vergavj, 1859 
 Marsden, Wm, ; cancer hospital ' 
 Maisb, b|p, ; l.landalf, 1816 
 Marsh, Calheviue, couvaicsi-ent iiistj- 
 
 tutiou, 1866 
 Marsh, professor ; Indians 
 Marshal. T, U, ; tiials, 1839 
 Marshall, .Mr, ; Culiloruia, 1847 
 Marsliall, capt,, na\al battles, 1778 
 Marsliall, John, physioi., 1618-91 ■ 
 
 U(jyal Institution 
 Murtel, Charles; France, 714 
 Maitel, Fruncc, 1879 
 Marten, .Maria ; trials, 1828 
 Marth ; planets, 1854 
 Jlartial ; epigrams,/, 100 
 .Martin, John, painter, 1790-1854 
 .Martiu, .Ion, ; York minster. 1S29 
 Martin, I., II, ; Fr. hi»t., 1810-188^ 
 .Martin ; popes, 640 i( m-/. 
 Martin, lid. ; auinials, 1822 
 .Martin, ivy. (;. ; sniidde, i860 
 
 .Martin v. M.-ick -hie, ChiircL cf 
 
 Fngland, 1867-76 
 Martin, sir 'I'lieodore, fi. 1816 ; Albert 
 Jlailin ease, liiitish .Museum, ifo4 
 Martiiieau, Harriet, hist, novelist. 
 
 (fce. , 1802-76 
 
 .Martyr, I'ltir, ref«nner, 1500-62 
 
 Marvell, And., -/, 1678; ballot 
 
 Marvin, c. ; trials, 1878 
 
 Marx, t'., socialists 
 
 Mary I,, 1516-58; Kuglasd (4Ueen)i, 
 
 '55.1 ; Calais 
 Ma»y II., 1662-94 ■■ Kngland Oiiiein), 
 
 1689 
 Mary, iiiicen of .Scots, 1542-87 - 
 
 Scotland, Carlisle, Kdinbmgji,' 
 
 sycamore, l.angside, LocLleveit 
 jE.eustle, Fotheringay 
 
H. ; RXn'iilliiiis, 1177 
 
 llnK^'l-, furl Df; rilifilllilr> 
 
 It. ; I'opr iiMiklii^r, 1784 
 
 il ; lii,il«. 1S58 
 
 11 I .M.iivi.iiiio, 14., 
 
 ' Alllllllln ; lililni., clill,, lOi 
 
 I I llllJIlK ; lliJiiH., ,|,j l>.{ . 
 iiild ; .Mynili', I'liitnii, 41,7 11 . 
 It : Kll^liilJll, l|llrlll ni K'l 
 
 It i'( Aiijim, Kiit-'liiuil (i|ii(i'.i 
 iiiiy \l.), ./, i4!(i; IVuk.v 
 'liiwlcii, Wiikilii'hl 
 
 II 111 Niiiwiiy ; CkIuiiiv, 1 id i 
 
 It (;.:iiMllli>» 111' ||j|. Nilfi,!' 
 
 , ssvi) : lit'iiiilH 
 
 V, ill., killi'tl ; CliiLii, 1B7S-7 
 
 »: Im.i, ■,.(.!, 1747 
 
 a iilii.iii ; l'iiitin;iil, 1826 
 
 .I'liisi, 'I. iS47 ; l-iHlMc, iSiij, 
 
 ;uiiiii . iKill.s (Xii|i,,|,.(iii'.s) 
 
 'ltiii>.. ; (hi uijiiiy . 171 1 
 
 Alll.iiu.l'c ; Kiuuic, i;^,) 
 
 ■ImI Uciklllri' 
 
 lliivll, itSt, 
 
 ''. hMi.i . ; (.'ijiil.ii 
 
 ii. ; lluiiiiii hinniT, i8c6(?)e3 
 
 ; phiunloilf 
 
 111, iil>|> Vnrk. 1776 
 
 IN, ( Il ail iil.s Unl.t., K.C.I!. 
 
 gtii;;llil.|iy 
 I. ; I'Xi'iiitiiiu, 1877 
 <iii};li, I'Mi'l III; iiilininistKi 
 
 1628 
 
 Ollgll, lllllllf."* Ill', licliiuil, 
 
 iiikIi, ilnki' (if, i65u-i7;2 
 ii-cliii f, uiar.^li»ls, lircnlifini, 
 , l.ii';;!', l.islc, JlaiiiliKiui.t, 
 iiir>l>', It.'iijiilirs 
 iiiicli, .liiliu, iluLc of; l)(.ilij 
 it(>7 : liisiai'li adiii., 1E68, 
 ;('iiis 
 
 ', t 111'. ; iliiiiiiatist, il. 159^, 
 t, iii.iri.liiil ; Saliiiiiaiii 11, 1B12 
 tcl, .1. I-'., Vr. iinvi'l. 1723-91,1 
 'lenient ; I''r. imet, T4c)5-i54<» 
 Ken., ^^ain, Vei>;uia, iSyj 
 , Will. ; tamer liij."Hiilal ' 
 i|i. ; I'laiiilall', 1816 
 :atlieviue, i-uuvalesveiit iiist;i 
 
 , I too 
 
 infe.s.Sdl' ; Illlliail.S 
 
 T. li. ; tjials, 1859 
 , .Ml'. ; ( iililmuia, 1847 
 , ea|it., iia\;,l liattles, 1778 
 , .liiliii, i.Uy.siul., iBiE-ij, • 
 Uistitiilion 
 .'liaile.s ; l.'iiiue*!, 714 
 'vuiiee, 1879 
 Maria : trniln, i8:8 
 jlauets, 1854 
 epif,'i'iiiiis,y/. 100 
 iiliii, Viiiiiter, 1790-1854 
 on. ; Vi.ik uiinstir, 1829 
 .. II. ; Vr. bijt., 1810-1883, 
 i»<\WK, 640 tt si'i- 
 (0. : auinialH, 1822 
 •V. (). ; siiiciUe, 18C0 
 . Jlaekdiiiieliie, C'liiircli cf 
 il, 1867-76 
 
 iiTlieHdiii-i., II. ,816 ; Allieii 
 Lse, liHtisli .Miisdiin, ifo4 
 1, llaiTii.t, List, iiijvelist. 
 )2-76 
 
 'eler, n'l'wriiM'r, %5do-62 
 Villi., 'I. 1678 : lialliit 
 ;. ; tvials, 1878 
 soi'iali.stK 
 
 1516-58; Euglajid (4^n•ell)^ 
 'alais 
 1662-94 ; KnglaiKl (i|iiecn), 
 
 letii (if .Seots, 1542-87; 
 1, Carlisle, Kdiiiliiirj,-!!, 
 ■e, I-ant;si(lu, Lo(;H(iV(;iL- 
 •'(itlieriugay 
 
 Miii-yliiiniiiKli, Irml ; ii(i.Htniaitl..|', 18 k 
 MiiHaiiiilldi .Nui,|,„, ,i,^j ■" 
 
 Ma»kelyiie,,l .S.,aMtni„„|(i„, ,87, , 
 .Ma»k(.|yiie,.S.,a»ti-.,iMi,M,.r,,7„.,i';,. I 
 • n;';nwieh, ,7(,5; alihiiiuic»,Meliie- 
 liallien, ViMiiH 
 .Mii.'<iill, .Ml'. ; L'. Stales, 1861 ! 
 
 MaNiinaml llanilin; Anieiieaii crKaii 1 
 
 ^'""'"1. •'""ial liliaii iHcs, fil,.. 
 
 iMliiKliaiM, 181.9-75 
 .Ma.s«eiia, Ken. : Zurieh, ,7,,,, . u. ! 
 
 nieida, llii.saed '"' 
 
 MaNsey, Kied. !(., ei,iiiieiit eni-ineer, 1 
 
 1812-97 
 ^\lMH,■y, w. : liiiii,,, ,865 
 .Maissilldii, ,). U. ; fY iireaclier, ,66,- 
 
 1742 ■^ ! 
 
 Ma.ssy ,.. Heailldit ; ti'luln, 1804 ' 
 
 MaMii|ilm, Ita.siiiii ' | 
 
 .Matliew, Tlicdlial-l, ,/. ,856; teiii. j 
 liei-aiice I 
 
 Mathews, CliHs. ; iietiir, 1776.181? • 
 (■tiilijr, J., i8o)-78 ' ■"' 
 
 .Matliias ; aiialia|/tists. 1514 
 Matilila; Kiifil.inil (,|iie.n ol' Wil- 
 
 lianil.),- lt,-,y(.„xlai.,.sl,v, lof,,. 
 Ma (a; Kii«laii,l(,|,„ en df ste|,l„.„) 
 Matilda (eiM|iirss): i:ii;;laiid, , , ,s 
 MatiMa: Deninaik, 1772; Zell 
 Matilda, eiiuiituss ; Caiidssa, ,077; 
 
 Italy " 
 
 Matthew, T.al.p,; Ymk, ,606 
 .Matthews, ailiii. ; 'rdiildn ,744 
 Matthews, 11. (vi.set. Maiid.ilt, ,8g,) • 
 
 Hiilisbiiryadni., 1886 
 Maud ; see Mi'libhi 
 Maule, Fdx(liiid I'anniure); |ti,ssell 
 
 adniiiiisli-atidii, 184', I 
 
 Maule, J. H., imiseeiildr 
 Maiinsell, liddksellei': nieal-tiil. iddt 
 
 1679 
 Mailli.sell, ea|.t. C. M. ; trials, 1874 I 
 Manportuis, 1' 1,. de, 1698-.759: i 
 latltiidi! ' I 
 
 MuiiriT .1. and (i. ((;en„aii ,.|itliii- ; 
 Shwt.s), killed ; liia/il, ,874 j 
 
 Muiiriee lev. K ||., ,,s„5-72 ; lird;„l , 
 elllirell,! Wiukillfi-nieii's cdlle.-e 
 1854 " ' ' 
 
 Maiiry, lieiit. M., 1806-73; .lea ' 
 
 Mausdhis, 377 „,r. ; niausdleiMii, 
 
 Wdiiders 
 .Maxentius ; iiiilietioii, 31^ 
 Maxim, Hiram Stcveiia ; eamidn, i 
 
 1S84 
 Muximilian ; (•iiip.vdrs, Ueniiaiiv 1 
 1493; Mexieu, 1S64-67; Ilavuria,' I 
 1806-48 I 
 
 .Ma.vimiii; Kdiiie, eiiiii. 235' jjiaiits 
 liiTseeutidiis '' 
 
 May, (1. A c. ; king's (iir (lueen's) 
 lielleh, 1877 ' 
 
 May, .S. K. ; paiiianient, 1886 
 Mayliriok, .Mrs. ; trials, 1889 
 Mayhew, II. (1812-1887); pimr 
 
 1851-2 
 Mavne, sir Uielid., 1796-186^ ; piiliee 
 
 1829 
 
 Mayii, earl df, h. ,822 ; Disi.ieli adni. ; 
 
 1868; a.s.sa.ssiiiateil, 187J; India 
 
 .\ii(laiiiaii ' ; 
 
 Mazarin, eardinal ; Kiaiiee, 1643 • ; 
 
 tontines : printiii},', 1450 ' ! 
 
 .Mazziiii, ,1., Ital. iiatn.it, 1808-72 ■ , 
 
 Home, 1831 ; triiinu irate, 1849 
 Mazziidii, K. ; eiigravin',', 1530 ! 
 
 Mea(l,lJr.l{ieli.,i(,7j-,754;ii,d,M,iati„„ ' 
 Mead, tu'd., gen., 1816-72 ; United i 
 States, 1^-13 I 
 
 Meagher; livlaiid, 1848 
 Meekleiilmrg, grand diikc, Fiaiii d- ' 
 
 Pruss. war, 1S70-1 
 Medail, M. ; Alps (tunnel), 1848 
 -Me.li.'.iii, CaMierIn*. ,le, .?. ,539 ; Bar 
 
 tholoniew, St. 
 Meiliiia-Sidiinia, duke of; armada 
 Meddii ; Athens, 1044 ha: 
 Mehemet AM ; Egypt, Syria 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 •Mi'heiiiel All ; liii»»(,.'|'iirklsh wai, 
 
 II., 1(177 
 Mehelnel Unehdl, •|'lukev, i.-ji 2 
 Melkle, .\ , Ihlcshillgniaehille, 177.1 
 Mi'lhac, llelili, diamalisl, 1. ,<, 97' 
 Meissdiiie,.,.).!.. |.;, . |.'n.ii,h painter, 
 
 l8l;.di ; {.niriee, ,>,,, 
 
 M.lane ithdii, Philip, ,497., 5,,.,; 
 
 ,,";l'"l' l.-ls, AllgHl.lllg edld'essidl, 
 
 Mi'las, gellinii ; .Man ii;;d, ,s.», 
 '^'','"' Ill', vise. mill,, 779-1849; Mel 
 
 I'l'llllle: lli.lls, ,,S|(, 
 MidikdII, I,. Aladia llagl, ; |{uss(i- 
 liiikish war, II., ,87,; Uiissia, 
 
 Melld, udni. ,1..; Hra/,il, ,891-4 
 .M.lldii, Miss (Hlleiwards dueli.'ss .if 
 
 SI. .\lli,ii,'s), Ihst appearance, 179, 
 
 .Meli.ni, M . .7>,?,.i,S,4'; e tri.^ilv ' 
 
 Mels.,n, 111. ,l,,hn llarrilt, seient'iMl, 
 
 1 "1 2 -1)8 
 Meiviil... I, lid ; iliip.vh linienl, |H,,6 
 .M.nalin.a,,di„it |,. K ; |,,dy, .^f.^ 
 
 .Meliaieler, ./, 291 lu , ; .in , 
 
 M.'lldeleeir, I-., .dements (l„.,tn.ite; 
 
 .Mem elssdhn, !••. Karthdhly, ,800-47 
 
 ■M iin ; Spain, , 1:74.3 "v ■»/ 
 
 .Meinliailiid ; Spain, ,8)5 
 
 Meii,l.,za, lV.li.. .le; IJiieii.iM Avi.s 
 
 127a 
 
 ..-5'-'' 
 
 .M.'iii.'r ; liiillddiis, 18-4 
 
 Mei...ii.g..ii,;r,il; Alexaii.lria. ,800 
 
 M.Ml.S.dllkdll, ,ii.i,„.... |,„|j, I 
 
 i'>p: Itiissia, Alma, Kusso-Turk- 
 
 isli War 
 .Merea.lier, M., t.deni.lldphdm. 
 M.^iraliir. (1,.,.., 15, ^,,9.,. ..i,,,^, 
 .M.'ive,l..s(,|ii....|i); Spain, 187K 
 lli'ij'ii'i', C. II.; Ii.ispltal .Salui.lav, 
 
 1874 
 Mi'ivi.T, Il.iii,,,.,-,, ,K4„.9.,; yi,„l„,(,^ 
 
 Menniee, Pidsiier, v,-. l,ist., , 803.7,, 
 
 .Mer.iva.ii.s;M.Tdvingiaiis,Fraiiee,447 
 
 .M.'seiitzoll, ^,.,1. ; as.saHsii,ati.,l, 
 
 ' Kiissia, 1878 ' 
 
 I .Mesiiirr, Kicl.'ri,' Ant.; mesnierism, 
 
 ■Metellus: Aeli.iia, ,47 1, ,■ ' 
 
 M.lllis; t.,|..s,,d|„.s, ,590.1609 
 .iieldii; giilili.|i iniinlii.r, 4)2 n r 
 Mellernieh, pi'iii,.,., Aii.st.st,it.,.siiiaii 
 
 1773-1359 
 M.'l/, M.,1..; r..fdrii,atdry, 18,9 
 Meux .and c,,.; p,i,.t,.r "^ 
 
 Me.ver, Il..lr, ; KiliiiiaX,ja,.d, ,889 
 Me.ver, II. v.iii, arelia^iipteivx, iSfii 
 Me.ver Siin.iii; S.iiurn, ,fx,8.9.,„ 
 Me,v..rlieer, ,). .M., u,.,.,„. j,,,,'^ 
 
 1864 "^ 
 
 Meyeistein, Iv ; printing (in eolimrsi 
 
 107(1 
 Miall, I-;., i3o9.8i ; iiiiiiediirdrmistb 
 Miiali. lii„pli,.si.,.salidut 750 n.c. 
 Ml lia.d Aiinei.i Unmiar.iti, Ital ai- 
 
 list, 1474 ,504 
 .Miii,a.,i; ,.,is|..rii empire, assassiiia- 
 
 tiiiiis, SiTvia, 1S60-8 
 .Miidiael, graii.l ,lnke ; liiisso-Tiirkisli 
 
 war. 1877 
 Mi.lia.dis, ,1, \V.,1iil,. ..,,iti.., ,,,^ 
 
 Mn-ian.l al.h,;. ;.,ld.alli,ili,.s, ,872 
 Mieh.l, Louise ; France, ,8Si 
 
 Mii'hel.'t,,).,Ki-. hist., 1798.1874 
 .Hid.ll.'s.-x, earl of; administrati.ins 
 1621 
 
 Miil.lletdM, Cdn.;(G,',v™), ,6S3.,75o 
 Middl.tdU, gen., Caiia.la, 1885 
 
 Ml.ldl.itd,,; N-.W. p.-..ss,-,g.., ,7^2 
 
 .Middletdii (,„■ M.vddeit.iii), .sir Ihndi 
 
 1565-1631; Xi.w liiver 
 MnhUetdii, .Idliii; ..d.mts, ,57s ' 
 
 .M.iMleton, rev. X. ; Jlanclicster, 
 
 1876 
 Mulhat Pasha Turkey, ,878-81, Syria 
 Mieei.slas; Poland, q()2 ' ' •" , 
 Mieroslawski, h.; Poland, ,863 j 
 
 Migmi, |.'iani;d|s, I'l. lii„t., ,7,^6- 
 
 lf::4 
 .Miuuel, .loin, ,,j,,^,.w,; l'.,rtiigal, ,824 
 Mil.in; s.nia 
 
 Mildniay, sir.). II , liials, 1814 
 Mililiii.iy, sir Wall.r; administra- 
 
 tliins, 1579 
 Mill. .Ia,,.,hi.st. df Ind., i77j-,8.)6 
 Mill, .l.iliii Miiiiit, i8o6-,b;j, Idgie • 
 
 p..litiealee,ai.in,v 
 Millais, ,1. K,, p,iiiit..r, /,. ,8^9; pre- 
 
 llaplii,, lit,,., 
 .Mill'i. lliiKl, ; gedld^y, suield.., ,856 
 .}lill.r ... Saldin.iiis; nials, ,8s;, 
 Milhi, W,; iiials, ,,K7o 
 Mills, sirChailis ; I ap.', 1895 
 ■Milniiii, II. II., 1791.1868; poet anil 
 
 hisl. 
 MIln.T, sir Alfreil, Cape «f Good 
 
 Hope, 1897 
 .MiliiM I, ; Servia, ,815 
 •Milli.ides; >lanitlidii, 4.)oi,.r. 
 Miiti.ii..lohii. i(.,,«-74; I'aia.lis.. I.dst,. 
 
 < ii|.'legale ; pri.NS, lilierty .if 
 Miiia, _.n., ./. i.-it,; Spain, 1835 
 .Mni,L;h..||i miidsliy ; Italy, 1871.6 
 
 •M s; Caiidia 
 
 Miiito, .'arl .if; liidi.i, g.iv.-gen., ,807 
 .Miranidii, n..n.; .M.'xie.i, iSjq; exe- 
 
 .■iil.'d. 1867 
 ■Mires, .M.; M..xi|..i, iS6« 
 ■Miisky, I.., Ijiis«ia, 1871) 
 Misti'i-, ,)dsi,ih; trials, ikji 
 .Milt.li..ll, sirC. ; .Natia, ibSo ; SI raits, 
 1S93 
 
 Sllt.di.-ll, sir P.; iiidi.,.pd|i..s vii'tual- 
 
 lei's, ,(12, 
 Miteh.'ll, I).; a.piariiiui, 1853 
 .Miteh.'ll. adiii. ; 11,11,11V liay, 1801-2 
 Mllehell, .1.; livlaiel, 1848.1874 
 Ml'i'hell. S. ;(.ilasgdw, ,874 
 Mill.nii.si, .Idlin; att.-geueriil, 18.0J 
 .s|i.-ak..r, ,80, ; \\., Inst, of (iiviice, 
 i744-'.'i27 
 .llill.ri.lai..s th.. ai'eat, ,3,-63 B.C.;. 
 Pont lis, .•dm..ts, el.etiiary, inas.sa- 
 .•res, dill. 'IIS 
 .}[itie.geii. 11.; Ilnenos .^vres, iP-,g.7e, 
 .Mollat..„hMlel; Wr.M-k.s, 1857 
 Miillal, lir. C. ; ftiiiiu.iiiiaplidiie 
 Mdllat, K.'v. H., 1790-1882 ; mission- 
 ary ; .Vl'ri.'a 
 Moliiin. Idiil; iln..ls, 1712 
 .Miiir, .-apt.; tii.ils, i«3p 
 Moira, .•ail i.f; ln,li,^ y,,v.^.|.u., 18,3, 
 Moir.isii, liasiito 
 Mole, .-.111111, ./. ,855 
 .MdlesWdrlh. sir Willi.iiii; Alx'i'ilueii 1 
 
 ailni., 183-^ 
 Molier.., Kr. i-diiii,. .Irani., 1622-7 V; 
 edinedie Kram;. 
 
 MdlilldS, l627-i;r, ; .p|i..tistS 
 
 Molt. ■no, .Mr. ; (,'ap... 1875 
 .Mdlik.., II..llnimli, strategist, 1800- 
 91 Pnini'd-Prussian war ; (.er- 
 inaiiy, 1E90 
 Molyneiix, .Mr: aliseutee, 1738 
 M.)iiiiii.s..n, llicdildi-, (Jenniuiy, 1S93; 
 .Mdinpi'ssdi,, (iil.-s; mouojMili'es, vi(>. 
 
 tilallers, ,621 
 Mdiiasteri.i, iiia.l. ; Pmnce, 1S23 
 
 •>' .'i«i, J. <-)., Spain, i87d 
 
 Mdii.k, vi.s(.t. C. S., 1819-94 ; Canada. 
 
 1861 
 .Mmierietl', caiit.; cannon, 1868 
 
 1872 
 Mdiid, Ln.lwig, chi-mist; Ilo«a In.. 
 
 slitutiiin, 1887-94 
 Moiig.', gas 
 
 M.ink, gen.Tal ; see Alht murk 
 .Monk, liishdp; Gloui..'st.'r, 1830 
 .Moiinioiitli, link., of, 1649-85: .Mon- 
 
 neiuth. Kotlnv..||, >i,;\^Vw,m- 
 Monro, James ; police, 1888 
 Jl.inroe Mr; United States, prest- 
 
 dent, 1817-2, 
 Mons.in, sir Edward; Austria. 
 1893 ; Franc..., 1896 
 
»loiiHtr,.|..t, K ,1,., fv„„,|, ,,!,„ 
 
 .. '■♦5' 
 
 Mh 
 
 '""Uii. li.nl 
 
 ■'i;'|lll«nf; M^.ll 
 
 4«lriiinlHt)' 
 
 M' 
 
 M"Iltll«ci, lii.ly M yy 
 1718 
 
 I'lllll, 
 
 MuiiMv, .;., ;,, 
 
 
 I'alf M ill ; 
 
 '4-43 
 
 tH.jt; H.Mi.| 
 
 iolM, 
 
 M'Tli-v, T; III 
 
 
 Mllllcy, 1,1. ; , 
 
 tIMIl, 
 
 M"i'iilhKi,'hi.M 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 <Jta'Nti»rif a<l 
 
 I'lV llillll, 
 
 ./ 
 
 irki4 
 
 MJ., i336 
 
 rlililslcjIHI llillll., i83« 
 
 il''i''; IH'ilH, iHio, 133c 
 
 prufeasi 
 
 I'l-; I'Mllli-lllMU-ull 
 
 vi'i'iVi'''''''''''' '"'•""■ '■'■'■''"<■ 
 
 Miir.it.iil, I,.; iiiHt., ,r,,.,„,, 
 
 Muiviii,,,,,, „i, nUJui"i, ,,,,. 
 
 Mill'. ..rh Mr,; «,„. , 
 
 M ■•■^-.'^ji. r..iliit...r. 1618.S, 
 
 J iii"i>, K : |i.Ki-.,i||,v, 1681 
 >'"■'■>>, II,: |,|.,|H, ,84,' 
 MiiiTOv, li|«l,.,|,: Kuvhr^, Nt„ ,8,„ 
 MiiiTu,v,..uH,,r;N,.,,,|,.,,,i, i'*" 
 Mmmy, |,„l,v Aii«. ; ii.arrluK,, i.'l, 
 
 MiinVi.v. .I,,i„„s, „,„i „, su(.li;,i„l 
 
 H''7; ii»».iniilii.ill..im 
 M111TO.V, ./..111. ; llKhMi. MSB 
 
 l;.,„illHt..„.,laut.„„-, ,3o7.y3 
 •M'H'my, Dr. J. |,. ; „!-,u.;;„.V.:,;, 
 
 .MiiHKiuv,., ,,l,,,: lioivlnr,!, ,3,, 
 »i'^A,,,)ani,ii,M, ,876;ym.;.„.,|,;,;,]; 
 
 MUHll.lt \|,..;h|,.„|, ,8<„ 
 
 M.viill, rliiiliurli 
 
 My.|,|,.|,,,,,, .,„. i,„^,|,, „,,. ,,„-,M/,,,„„ 
 
 fit's ■•''''''''''■'■'■■7J^-'8''i 'il^'^^li- 
 Mvni,,, «,Mil|it.ir,,/f, ^3o„.L., 
 •^IJtl.n,, KiMieral; Wiilun, ,645 
 
 N 
 
 N>[>iH: M|wi-lu, 20611.0. 
 J.'Uliiin.M, .nliiiiml; «lii„|„. ,g,, • 
 
 Jwl, II., liial.s, ,87, 
 
 V'hiMii |.n.|.li,.si,..s,il„,iit 7tiur 
 
 .^aiHiMi, l.r.; Ur,.,„,lai,;i ".vi'?," 
 Naiijn- 1.1 M,.nl,i,(„„; |„.,,,itlin.. 
 
 ^•ipi'T, KLii. sir C. ; Meeanei. ,8., 
 
 Ullltivl htatl'N. lS:,i " ' 
 
 N.'il'ii'r, .Mr. ; ,.„,„. ,« 
 
 >S.o-9o; Ali.v.ssii„a,,867- vC'' 
 MaK.lala.Ciiliraltar, ,876 *= ' 
 
 ■S22-9., Fran..,., ,861.76; Ii„||,.,.,r; 
 
 t);;rr'''i\'^''^v''^''^''''''''"'i't- 
 
 Wiii'iM.fi ''■■■''■'''■ '•""l'"liTati„n, 
 .Ki"ii.ifli„n,mr, iii,i.|..|s, ,i„tal,|,.s 
 
 m'.'i';"' '-^ri"' ■•■"'"■ '■■""•ain,'l 1 , ' 
 .Malta, Maiiii.|iikM,s. .St II,. .' 
 
 '^"npl.m,va,...i,ia>i„n;'L !!;,',;:;'; 
 •»|ii'. .Ariiila. .A.si.i.riM' \ii,.|.ui..,i, 
 Au^^-Hit/. li."ii...n • • ; • 
 
 •..■istiK'lii.ii,., Chiirli.nii 11. ' 
 
 ivk,ii„|,i, kssi,,;"';,^!,,, ';^;::;' 
 
 li'M.I. Ilaiiau, Italy ,1,. ,„ V 
 t-thi,.,-,., l,H|i.si,-, 'jVi "j,„|f 
 I;iitf.Mi, .Marnij.,, >,,',(''■ 
 Natiiinal ,.,ar.ir ' Vm,T ^^ 
 
 \uMiiiii, Wntfrloo, W„rtzl,„r„ ^ '• 
 Na|i<,lr„u li., kiiiBofHume; fiance 
 
i',T,;iMMlMptl«tH,ija4-j.l.nW. 
 
 HrHrili.u|i,iii,»uii 
 1^.1'uiililm, 1771. ,815; Kiiun. 
 
 'il. I-: hM..,(,j.,„^ 
 
 i».Mi, Mv ||„,|,.n,.k I., ,,,,j. 
 
 : W'li'w, llhi. .VHHMf. ' 
 
 ■ll. Ml,; K„H, ,7,;, 
 
 '. l.iv.., .S|MIIJ, ,S6V 1868 
 
 '■ ■■* . N|., |.;|||,|,M-. l6ia.3j 
 
 . 11 : |Ms|.,,Mhv. ,68, 
 
 . 11. : lii,il». 184, 
 
 . liUliH|i: l),ni,|'„, Ht., i8,„ 
 
 ■ '•.■"■l"C, NroiluM.l, ,,67 
 
 ■ l"'ly Aiih'. ; iiiiuTliiKM .a,.t, 
 
 - .'iinil's, ,.,i|l „f, Sl'ii||;||„1 
 
 iHHmnlii.iliiiiiH ' 
 
 •i"iii' : liKiiMi, .|HB 
 
 Nlr (;ii,H. Aii;{,, triivi.M"r 
 iiiill.Ht ;ii..l autii.ir, i3o7-a; ' 
 rir «;'■".; I'.rla.lni., ,a,, 
 Nir.(iii,„.«; ■I'amiK.Mni, ,',, 
 
 I'l'. J. II. ; (lictl.irmn.H, 
 
 <-M])t. ; wmhH ,33,, 
 I'll". 71a ' 
 
 ". ,il'l'-: IliTclnivl, 1817 
 ',. -ll'"iWl,U-,|;,|||,.l, iSo^.-, 
 
 JaiiiiiiiM, i876;yi„.,.||,si„|i,|^ 
 
 Mr.; Miv\, i8c» 
 
 llill, burglary; triiiN, ,38-, 
 
 ;•'. I'.. J. ; iiliijli«nni|iv, 
 
 iiliarli 
 
 II, "ii' IIiiKh, Hn,. Mi,l,ll,t,„i 
 
 •■■"''■""'•'■t.i7J4-i8ii;HUick. 
 
 iil|'"ii'. ,/f. 480 n.u. 
 fiicial; Walos, ,645 
 
 M.T.I,ls(n||; l,,j;;|,it|,„|, 
 
 '""■■'' ^ii' •'. ; l'..rrii-a| 
 '!"■ 'M. Viiittnt, lialiic,' 
 
 ■ ,"'''!';■. ^'i-'wineu, 1S43 
 
 iitc'.s, 185,-, *• • 
 : '■"ill, 1844 
 
 li., alt. l,„,|(„fM |„,,,) 
 
 Ali.v.s.si„ia, ,867; An.L-,.,. 
 
 Ijiln-altar, 1876 
 
 '••i--'nic, 1 784-, 860; son, 
 
 ™' , '861-76; J),„iaiiai'te 
 
 i7"9-i82i, Kniiico, iiliat- 
 
 "■'I'"'''' iilVileivitiuri 
 
 "I""";. iiiii'H.s, nntal.lM,' 
 pt, H.Hui, iMiiitaini'hlMau 
 ""'■I 11 !"•■■<, «t. ll,,|,.„a 
 ac'iiialhiri ; /,;., i„itll,.-<' 
 '111, •Aspcnic, .ViiiTsl.ailt 
 
 "■•llltZlMl, l!„|„,|i,|„ 
 
 '■ ' .li'ii-l.Tni, Divsilon, 
 
 Kssllllj;, |,:j.|,,||^ |.,,,i,.,|_ 
 
 '•;"i: ftiil.v, .(,.„„, i.^ 
 I.np.sic, Ijj,,,,., ,,,„|i 
 ■M.iiviiKii, M,.iit,.r(.au, 
 Kii.ii-'l, PiMtiisk, ,St 
 "I'l"", Til.,lt, T,„v,.s; 
 tei-liio, Wiirtzbiirf,' " 
 kingoflionie; Fraiiie, 
 
 Ni;i"'l.'"ii 1(1. ,8,^.7,; ,.,,„„„„ 
 
 f 1 111(1, ,S,,,|iil|. v„||, MSH,l»,l||,lll,,ll, 
 
 •^'11'"' '. Ii"l"'ilal ,,Vl,„v, 83,;, 
 
 Nuiv, ,.ai,t., .I,„|, „,„, ,8,,, ,„„.„,. 
 
 ■'"■',',:';• i,":" ''■"7".; Hull, ,,.. 
 
 N,lHh,,l„|,|,, ,7,j-,3 5. ,,,,,1^ 
 
 •Vii.li, ,,„.,,uvhll,.,.t, ,8 ,..ti' 
 .NiiHIl/vl I, , , ,,-i ,0, .' ^. 
 
 I..1. ■, T8,8;,f,',M,',"^'' '""""' I 
 
 NaHm>lh II,.,,, ;,si|j,.i,.|n. ,8,4 
 
 •V 111,., M.;K„V|,..,.,v|,f.,f, ,1 
 A,,,ivliii,; „ima|., ,_,,„,, 
 
 A,iiiv..aii,l,,t|i,.|,„,f,.|„|, ,, 
 
 ■^"'""■'''■i''ii''K>!ar; HmI,vI„,i, ,|,,,vs 
 605 11,. , Tvr,' ■ ■ 
 
 NV,'l„,; |.:;;y|,t, f„j I,,,, 
 
 i'i,:,„m',1.' '"'""• '■'*"• Allahal,,,,!, 
 
 Ni'il,!; l,.„,l,.V|„,|,„ , , „ 
 
 N..ll,rhos. ,„„.„...,„., „,,auft,.,, 
 
 ''n'a:;;;,.,.f.b,8"'"""^ ''''"^"'«- 
 
 NfNi'll, Killll. ; l,„ , ,gy, 
 
 ^'i^s'K''''''''''''''^ '''■■''■■"«• 
 
 .Vfin ; Hull,,., ,.||,|||.|,,,|. , , 
 
 Illiill, 17«M r,H,,j "■^MK.-, 
 
 N»ttl,<lbl,| .M,, ; ,H,,|,, ,3 
 .Ne»^.ll, H. .S. ; .,|.,„„.i,. /,.|,.«,,„,,,, 
 
 .Vfwnistlf, iiianiiiH „r Mi,si,„, 
 111""!-, 1644 ■,.,i>,,i|,. 
 
 -NWa.tl,., ,|„k„ „f; iv|l,;„„ „,,„ 
 
 K;'„:i;;r:^:;^'r "■""■• ■"4.■^•"■.■■ 
 
 X--...1., ,„„i; S,; „,„„„..,..|,„. 
 
 Xi'H-c,,i,„.|i, T.. stivini, 17, . 
 i''*;'''li"iii. W. II.; inals, ,,S44 
 NH_wii.Kt"n, II. ,|.'|,„.a I)av,.y)?l,.ialH, ■ 
 
 .NVwM.,,n, |.Ya,icl.s Wr„., s,.l,„|,„. ,„„, ' 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 .VIklta, .M,irit,Ti,'Hi 
 
 .Mil 
 
 Ih"". Mr.. |,ivhi,| 
 
 1 86, 1 
 
 'iiiiH ; ,\<i«vi 
 
 «yii 
 
 i,' iirrliimlino- 
 
 XiMlH't, Hlr.J,,! 
 
 Mx \ll, ; 
 
 X"i"l, II. .M. 
 1.147 •" 
 
 I ; ii,lv,„'ati'«, 1683 
 
 .V.iali, 
 
 X"alll, . .. 
 
 N'"l„'l, .Ml 
 1864, .1 
 Xi'lallii 
 
 V,'l,„i|„.,||,, 188 
 ,'l,,,t||,||y. ,3 
 
 ; ai-k, A.. 
 ». i,iar»l,ii| ; Ih'ihi 
 
 I^J 
 
 niii'iiia 
 
 iiKi'll, 17(1 
 
 '• 1-I90; iiltr„Klv,.in,i', ' I) 
 
 1270 
 
 <»'t"nM,'ll, llaiili'l, i77,.i847; ,lii„U, 
 itM : „Kital,,r». ,'iii.iii,.||iul|,,ii, 
 i'|,| ll. IriaU (i-iji, 1844), Irnlilll,!; 
 
 '>i,,ui„ll, .Mr M„iv'.iii; ,lu,.|». 181. 
 <)( .,i,,ii,i-. .\|,t|,i,i. . [inwn, rloU, 
 
 i'Kii,<. ''. ig)5 : I'lmrtlitl 
 
 IriaN 
 
 I »1 ■ 
 
 1778 
 
 .Ml.'llllltl', 1868 
 
 iililnllllK 
 
 N"l"l, I., a 1(, 
 .\,,i«Tt, y .V ; ., 
 NiiMliha, III'. , (i 
 
 ■|'"iiii"r, |{,i«iT; trInlH, 18., 
 •»l;,i|i',r. Hir .Ni,'li,ilu,i, UiHnIa, ij.^fi ; 
 
 |'"'tl',,|,'lllll, 187J Dit 
 
 Tiirki'y, 1*; 
 
 .Viihl. 
 .N,ii-,li 
 
 ,",^1 
 
 i'iiliii;( liiai'lilii 
 laiiy, 1878 
 
 iilf,, »,'iil|iu,|,, 'i3a,..7K, 
 
 IINKh'M, |.1'„I„,H,I|', 1|,.|'(| 
 
 11,1,1 
 
 11,1 
 
 il,|,i 
 
 lialiH; 11,11,1 
 
 17 ,1 , 
 
 I". 111,!,. , ('.•lllliThliiy. ,,4,., 8 
 
 all ,ir K 
 
 A'., 187. , 
 X"rl"lk, ,|,il(,. „|': a.hiiiiiistiall, 
 
 'Sf. I |,i,'; Uui 
 
 lllllilll, 18-1 ; Millsl.l 
 
 ll I'lmt, I (l'll,,iii 
 
 .I'lil : iif,i.Hiic,>r 
 I-; ltiily.4?''. ll'i'till 
 
 M|.,ili, 
 
 iiiiil'slial l,.,,|„,lil, 1808-67; 
 
 1841 
 
 II". ^ n|li,.i,i„'ll, .Mr. ; |i 
 
 ...111 , '...Hull,; ' o',K,;„;.,ir r w,;u;.;:r"R;';,im?o. 
 
 Illllll, .^ir II. I ,) 
 
 >,iriii:ili, .sir .1, , ii,.y,,r, i 
 
 '1,1 
 iiiiiaii'a, 188) 
 
 '895 
 
 I'irii.aii, Il,il„.|-i 
 
 .-t'l 
 
 18^8 
 IfMipii.n; I),.,, I. 
 
 Xiinii 
 
 mil. .jilNti,' 
 
 lll'lUIII'tMIII. 1576 
 
 0,'IK|,,I, II. ('. 
 
 ilV. iSin 
 
 187, 
 .^'iiiiiuiiliy aii,l 
 
 "f: H",|,ll|i|l r 
 
 NiM'iiiaiil 
 
 li'wl, liKlIn, I niwih,,!,,', (II 
 
 ! <'j,'li'. U,'„r 
 
 '^i;liiiiii, iliike j o"'l,.ih,,r| 
 
 '777-1851 ; el™. 
 iiaii,'l,'i'), .ViiHtria, 1875 
 
 ",v. II' ii.|„is 
 
 ■«'•: iliu'l. iSuj 
 
 ■II , Oi'iirnhi, i7j» 
 
 ,1797; ''.-8 ':ily. i36] ; 1 
 
 'I '■■ If .Mny 
 
 Oilri'l.v, Mr. ; ,liii.|,, ,803 
 
 : U; 
 
 llllll.). 18 
 
 /„alaii,l. 
 
 'niiaiiily n 
 
 ; yiii't iHlaml 
 
 ■74-' 
 
 1^. nHlorU- 1 o^l 
 
 Iffi 
 
 'I' lii)(ii 
 i-'i'ii. '"I'll '-111 ;ll,,r (liTlaiicI), 
 
 . iHlai I, .^„ ; ,N. ,<,,.j . „,„„„, ,.,|||,„|i,., ,y 
 >l,'l,,rla. ,jQ O'l ,11,., I,.. . , . ', ., J 
 
 79 
 
 N',,rlli. Iii.sl'i 
 
 •V"llll, |,,|',1; N 
 
 lish,,)^' V;.M,li,.Ht,.r, ,~8i 
 
 ,',,rl|,, 
 
 "ir I' : k 
 
 X"itl i.s.s M. 
 
 N"i-tl 
 
 iiiipl',1,, 11 
 
 ,|iii. 
 
 ii|i,i«' 
 ■V, iSHa 
 
 j6«3 
 
 triiiLs 
 
 IJI8 
 
 0'M:ill,,raM. Dr. 
 
 ()'K,'i.ii, ; tiial J 
 
 0'K,','II,, ,'. ( iill,,|i, trials, 1873 
 <> Ki'lly, .Mr. ; parliaiiimit, i83i 
 
 "k -. .. 
 ilkul,,,. .1 
 
 11 I'liimi, i8.. 
 
 iniiiisirati,,ii.s. k 
 
 iry. i.-arl cif; a, I- , ull,,,.-,.' M. ;'( 
 
 ■i|>aii, 1878 
 
 ilaiii't, i8oa 
 
 ,,rllil,i 
 
 "k. 1,1.. |,„| 
 
 ill. 1871!; earl nf, 
 
 I'I'l' I'll,', -.11.1. Iiiiriit 
 
 _a,ll,'iriilty, 183,,. iSH 
 '•lli'"li'. .sii' ,'Slal|ii'r,|, 
 
 '!■ ii'liii., iShf, ; KisraeM ail'n'i 
 iiiiiii'iit, i3Bi ;Siii,z. 
 
 1 1,1 
 
 8-87 
 
 8f>8.i874; I'irl . ,^. 
 
 "'\\: '•iirl,,ri,l,l,..sVlHli..>Sal 
 
 18 
 ailii 
 
 <ll,Kiiliiiri;. Ile'iit 
 iiieiely 
 
 141,1: l.'illai. 
 
 ■y. 1615-7/ : H,)yal 
 
 (n.eai-y, l„'.l,,<lrlaiii.siii, 1877 
 ollpliniit, Mar»i,,,.t ■■ 
 
 WiiM,,, 
 
 l|,lV,!list, II, 
 
 111, 1885, i3,Sh 
 
 isbury , dlipliani, sir'Wii, , a,|v 
 
 I'll >' iiii'l ,,ll.i'rM, trial.s 
 
 .\',,r(li 
 
 .V"rll, 
 liirl 
 
 iiiiir, 
 
 i87() 
 
 ^iival■,..--„v,■rM.s.-^|,;|i||, ,(,. 
 
 iiliv,'!': li'i.il 
 
 liiiiiil'i'ilaiiil, .M-,.|- 
 
 'y ii'liiiiiiisir.ili 
 
 'ii"ii, iliike III ; 
 
 nil. 
 
 X, i'*58. 1S61) 
 
 Aln,'rii,,n (;,,,i|,. 
 
 ,, 'ii'l,'rll. II. U. (liii,'iii.-it) 
 >> livaiii, l,|,. ; I, Ian, lair. 1841, 
 
 •43 
 
 1003-63 
 
 I rati 
 
 lilsia,'lia,liiiin 
 
 I'llivii'r. K. ; i 
 
 '11. ^■7.^: H,,yal lii.slitiitl 
 
 "■lllllilll" iLlllll, |l||,||,.y, ,|||k 
 
 is- U-L,)j;lilc,|i,sir .M. ; l'{ 
 
 a. Ill 
 
 Ililli^llMliiill 
 
 1! of: 
 
 1836 
 
 1870 
 
 iiuaii ,'atli,)li,.ij. 
 
 u\<m 
 
 llieulii^'iaii, ,-,,- , 
 
 Ni'U-iiiaii, eanliii.if .l,,|,i, n,.,.,... 
 
 .Vwsliaiii, li.; f,.,.,,„„, ,8*8, • "'-'■♦ 
 •Ninvtmi, .sir c. T., ar,.|,:r„l„«bt, 
 
 I8l6-y4 : lllail.s,,,l,.|i|„ *-'"' 
 
 .Ni'wt,,!,, .sir Isaa,-, 1(54.-, 7,7; „ir 
 
 "iii-'l, 1 1, .liaiii„i„V as ",,: 
 
 iiiiiii.v. i„yal H,„.i,.ty, |,v.|,.:,st, t , , 
 
 «ravilati„ii. m,,,.liaiii,.s' ' 
 
 Ney. marshal, i7(-,y.,8,,: |l,.|„i,.witz 
 
 ..'•'■/""■'■. y'ialr,-l),as.L-|,n..\,.y' 
 
 i|"';"-^"''i"lii«: lilirMii,..,. ,,,6 
 '^'" '•''"'•'• '■" rov^: fast. ,.,',,, ire, 
 
 XiVh'ilas I Kii.ssia, ,8^5.5- 
 Nic ll" as II., l{us,,ia, ,8n" 
 Xicliiilas v.; T,„|„..s I?.,..-. k(t 
 
 ''t;'!;;'i'r'«'i""''|"i<".iM-^"-Ti,rkisi. 
 
 w.n 1 1., 1877 
 Ni,-h,,|ls, ,.„„iiii. navv, 18S4 
 Nic ,., .s. ,„|. ; .v,.„. v„,|^ ,•»,-„. 
 >i'' ll" s. II , Maii,.|„.sl,.r, 1S75 
 
 J*lcll,ll.SIIII; I|.ia|s, iSi, ' 
 
 NiVliulir, H. H.; hist. ,77,,., s„ 
 Njner. 1'. ; ll,„ue. I'liip. ; killeil, ,„ 
 
 'rlliuiiil„il.ui,l, lliigl,, ,|„k,. 
 
 lr,-laii,| (l,.rl-|i,'.iit ) 
 
 0'.Mali,,iiv, K 
 "f ; Oiii.ir. r.iiii.l 
 
 ii. Spain. 1S71 
 
 N"illiniMln.rl, 
 
 Ma 
 \',rl. 
 
 aii,|. 
 
 irl (If; 
 
 !'lie.s 
 
 (Jlili.r 
 
 t'lii.ins, i,.J77 
 
 Ali..\an,lria. All 
 
 'II. .sir Kli,ti.|i 
 
 .N'"rt,,n. .Iiilri'v ,|,. 
 "rl,,ii ,■ l,i,',| M,,|i; 
 
 ■r; ntt.-Kcn., ,76^ Oni 
 
 Olt-nil 
 war. 1855 
 
 'ai-ha; i.'it.it , ^_, 
 
 ai. Iiwi.iir, ItussD-Tiirkiaii 
 
 .Mimii'iii.,,'!., 
 
 ■nli'r. 1298 " i U^.M 
 
 'iiian,,y. i-apt. ; Kranklin. iSso 
 
 liiiit'.. 1# .,....>. -' 
 
 .N,,slra,l 
 
 N"tt. 
 
 NottiiiKl 
 
 Ki'ii. : lihiiin,. 
 
 'iirii,'; trials, 
 . 1566 
 
 til . -. 
 N'"vali,-li 
 
 nil. eurl i)f 
 1(.34 
 
 i.S4a 
 
 1836 U'.Ni'il. ,.,. 1,1,1 
 ■598 
 
 ll'. H'iry ; L'arli 
 
 wali'r. 
 
 uiliiiinlHt ru- 
 
 in's. iiiar,inis,li,, Spain, ,8 
 
 .\l,-"li'a, i86« 
 ivelh), ,liis,.|,|i A 
 
 "»■, '577 
 lull ; niassacri', Klaitk- 
 
 O'N.'il. Miss daily U,.,.|,er), appears 
 
 "* ''■■' 'i.inlen. 1S14 ; ''■ '872 
 
 iikl Wliulley, U. U. ; trlaU 
 
 at l',.vi.|if 
 
 Oiisl, 
 
 '» . O. a 
 
 iSio-,6 
 N'liliar rai'l 
 
 1 iiiiisic piiblislii- 
 
 i37j 
 I'lislmv. sir U. ; Iliilir.ix ail 
 
 111. 
 
 ^'iiiiia IVinipiliiis; li, 
 >' c. : '■.il'iiilar 
 
 'la. Cairn, K^ypt, 1876-9 1 1. 
 
 . i,', .I'lhn ; painic., 1761-1807 
 'Pinau, p,.,.|,y;. ,7 
 
 «7t4 
 
 ine, killg.s, 715 
 
 N'liinit 
 
 N'luV'Z, A. ; r 
 
 a, 794 B.i'- 
 uraKiiay, ,535 
 
 ! Or 
 
 .)r,iiit;i., William, prill, ■,' ,,f; H„i;aiiil 
 Ma,'strl<'lil. revulnti,,n, 157.;; Kiigl 
 laii,l, 168,; ; a.ssassiualnins 
 
 I'; yiiatre lir.-is, 1815 
 
 •57 
 
 *)rl„lliana ; (:ir(.,i.ssia. 18,, 
 i»r,l, sir II. .St. u., Wett Australia, 
 'f>77 
 ( Orellaiia; .< 
 
 Oukl 
 
 li'.v, sir ( liarl,' 
 
 Oakl,.y, H. li 
 
 Ma,l 
 
 ! On.stes; .Mv. ,.,„•, „.,. 
 I Orllla. M. .1. : physii'l 
 
 iiiazoii, 1540 
 •"■I'lne, Sparta 
 
 trials. 1876 
 
 ra.s. 1792 i ()rf,,r,l, I'ar! Ill'; li.liMiial't 
 
 ,,,"'.li'ili Pi;"l'li''si,'sal„ait 
 Olii'iil-ull.ih, Kiinlist.in 
 Urii'i 
 Oltrii'i 
 
 87 B.C. 
 
 Ilrliilf. I'liiiii? ■ ,|iani,,n,ls 
 
 87-1853 
 1709 
 
 <lr -,1,1, .Mis 
 
 iinol. 
 
 1/72 
 
 l.ini,-ri,k. 
 
 Orinnii'l, .Jaini's. ,luke uT; Irelaml 
 
 l"ni.iieut 
 
 trials 
 
 Ireland, i836'c( seu. ; ', Orni,',ii,| 
 
 I 164 J it ..*,',/, 
 
 O'Hri 
 
 OHr 
 
 ien, W. .S. ; Iri.|an,|. 
 
 earl of; ,',iiubat, 1446 
 
 Ocli 
 
 ii'ii. Kiaiits. 1785 
 
 1846. 1848 
 
 liiis; I'er.si, 
 
 , 359 "■<■• 
 
 ' Onii,,],,!, maniuia of; Kathininos. 
 
 : Orr. Win. ; trial.s. 1797 
 Orrery, earl of; Orri'ry 
 
1276 
 
 Orrock ; tii;,], 
 Oi-sini, Ki.| 
 
 , K''ii. 
 
 lix, iSir).! 
 
 Oslmni, .SIhTiii-il 
 
 OsllOlMl 
 
 triiils 
 
 Osl, 
 
 •Mis. (Miss 
 
 ii'iif, sir Tlidiii,- 
 
 tioiis, 1672 
 
 7- 
 '"<■. T., [rcliiMcl(V 
 
 OsIk)1 
 Or.'ur; fSwn'l. 
 
 Os^uiloliy, All 
 l'"lls, ijyj 
 
 Osmiin Di^iiii ; 
 Osmuii Pacini, 1 
 
 war II,, 
 
 Osjiina : .N\ 
 
 Ossury, liml 
 
 
 I'.'lilisiT, si 
 
 ; FniiiiT, 1S5S 
 
 I'aliii, till' 
 
 iSfiu 
 
 I'altii, caiN 
 
 llklill, i8.;4 
 
 I'aliiiiM-, 1:1 
 
 !•;. !•'. Klliot), 
 
 I'ailiMT, J. 
 
 
 I'.ilim.f : , 
 
 s.- Mcliniiiistr.i- 
 
 I'alliitT, |>i 
 
 
 'Wl'l, I 
 
 ^nulJK) 
 
 I'allMiT, lii 
 i>..i ..< 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 1- IIm<;1i ; Usliaiit 
 
 , ■- - ■ - 1778 
 
 Ipni.ksclliT; tl-ialH, jSo6 
 linal, slinl : liniii,., ,848 
 
 "iii (sir,, :„,.,); l-toiit, li 
 
 111. is 
 
 iiiaii ciiaclifM, 1784 
 
 iSis : trials; 
 
 iS.sO 
 
 icil., ami ,,|lii-rs iiiunluii 
 
 SE-j 
 
 i.li'il 
 
 I'auls, St. 
 
 ri. .S-, //«, 
 
 imrplc 
 trials, 1S55 
 
 Mill lie 
 
 I I'alinir, S., 'I'iini.s (iii.|i.x) 
 
 master of tlic : l'aliMrist"'n, II 
 
 'l,.v 
 
 "ii'laii 
 
 I'al 
 
 iiiiTsliiii, lailv, ./, 
 
 877 
 
 iia, KiiSMi-Turkisli 1 I'aiiil 
 
 aiiikiiiicki', C. ,1,'; Mniiit 
 
 S69 
 
 1734-1S65 
 
 I'lir, 178,) 
 
 vw (ircjia.la, iS 
 
 major ; Hulgaria, 189 
 
 tea, ii,f,(i 
 
 >57 
 
 O-swell, W. C. ; My 
 Othmaii ; Turk 
 OtlM); I!.,„i,.. 
 
 ■ica, i8q3 
 i.-gS 
 
 I'ani/zi, sir AiiKmi 
 
 I SIMIIM, 1S5., 
 
 i I'liiii V. I(.ril ; liii; 
 
 I'anIi, I'asiai ; IJni 
 
 liritish Mu- 
 
 I'll ailiii 
 '53 
 
 Otto 
 
 936 : (, 
 
 rn'i',., 183J.6: 
 
 iiip.. 6q; ticnnaii.v, \ Papin ; st 
 
 ! Pa|i.;ic'luri, a.llil. ; lia;,', '1688 
 
 Otto M 
 
 K'ls (cMiKilH-)' 
 
 Ottcic 
 
 .Vlilii 
 
 OlKlilKlt, 
 
 tir; H"li,.inia, 
 
 180 
 
 . . -cani-i.nHiiii., if,8i 
 I Paiiiiii'aii ; Caiiaiia. 18(7 
 I PapiriiisLiirsiir; siiii-.iial, 293 B.t 
 
 I'llpll 
 
 Oudi 
 
 Oiitr 
 
 iiiaislial ; liiinie. 
 
 lini 
 
 y, I'afciiiu 
 ■1111, .sir Jaiiii. 
 
 1S49 
 
 Pat 
 
 ii, I). : trial 
 
 1S7U 
 
 ;aci'lsMs, 1493-1541 : ali'lifiny, jihy 
 
 Ouv 
 
 iiiiiicrali, Iiiilia 
 
 i'.v, V. 
 
 857 
 
 i-fi3 : -Vo. I P.- 
 
 Par.l(. 
 
 i.|.irisi 
 
 pii'siili'iil, Pith, 1879 
 
 iiri'Ja, a.liii. ; cinii, ,1,5 
 
 Ovcrfmry, .sir T 
 
 iintiiinarii's, 1876 
 
 Piiriiii, Ciiiis., Hal. |'«i|.t 
 
 Ovenlaiik , 
 Overciiil, G 
 
 OVlT.Stll 
 
 , I'l'isllMwl, 1613 
 
 s.-a.ssiii., Austria, iSSi 
 
 iiriicy, Ar Oi 
 .Inn,. 
 
 liiiancifr, 1796-1881 
 teiii, 1855 
 
 : trials, 1867 
 I.".vil, luril. 
 
 Pari 
 
 i''raiici' 
 Park. .Mm 
 I'ark 
 
 I if. 
 
 1 729-99 
 
 1838-94 ; Orl 
 
 „ ";73 
 Parker, Kmih 
 
 .'. 180 
 
 Afr 
 
 ■ira, Park 
 
 Ovid ; iKiol", a 
 Owili'ii, ,1, -s., iiiaviir 
 Owen, W. I). ; trials 
 
 is ami (itlR.r.s; trial, 
 iwiiiiniiiiK, 1875 
 
 iirkcr, adiii. ; I'nju.iilia.Ti 
 
 Owen, L)a 
 
 ■877-8 
 1858 
 
 scliool 
 
 iiif, aliiisliousi'S ; 0\v 
 
 I Parker, llr. ; temiil 
 I Parker, al " 
 1558: lit 
 
 iattliew 
 
 oil's I Parker ( 
 
 uryv. N 
 
 1, i8ui 
 Canterliurv 
 
 iik's Hei»d 
 
 0\i 
 
 Owen', Kieliard 
 
 lllUlilleer) ; trials 
 
 ■11, Uiiliert; sueiaPsts, 1834 
 
 '"K.v, 
 Briti.sh 
 
 pala.iiiit.il 
 iiiii.seuiii 
 
 804-92 
 
 ziiol.i 
 
 iiiito- i Parli 
 
 I'arker, eapt. ; liciii|<i,.| 
 I'lirker, .1. II., H 
 
 ■797 
 
 er, sir Puter ; lie 
 
 Parker, 'J'l 
 
 Jweii, sir P. C., 
 
 Iiird. 
 
 Iicimas, liird : 
 
 Keiisiiit;toii, 18 
 
 828-94: Smith i Parke 
 
 tiiin 1886 
 
 73; Cdliiiiial txliibi- 
 
 1718 
 sir Ila 
 
 fliaiieelliir 
 
 fliiiia, if6o-iS8'' 
 
 1S28-85 ; 
 
 iiiisul 
 
 0\V( 
 
 Oxeii.leii 
 
 , Owel 
 
 IS ecille^'e 
 
 Park. 
 
 II. 
 
 Oxf.iril, K.hvanl • 1 
 Oxford. 
 
 'IW : Si 1 rat, ,664 
 
 earl of 
 
 rial 
 
 .S..iitli Wall's. ,88 
 
 iii.v, 1815-96; Xew 
 
 ; Australasia 
 
 anna, priiieenr; AntH-erp, 1585 
 
 arinenio ; .Maei..lonia 
 
 •92; Oxford a.liii. 
 
 "l.'Ipliiii a.lm.. Painell, sir 'll 
 
 329 
 
 Oxt'onl, Jul 
 
 0x1 
 
 486 
 
 111, earl of: ye 
 
 ton); 
 
 aiii'iili 
 
 my (aft. lord Coiigle. 
 
 Pariiell, c. S.. iS 
 
 1^42 
 
 ley ; Brisbane, Queoiislaiid, ,823 ,87 
 
 :4*^-9i ; liiKnar, and 
 
 . -'. 1' y . ^'iHK'.i, (111. 
 
 itliers ; parliament (olistriietives) 
 
 Pneiolo; al>,'elira, 1 
 Pa.l.lon, lieiit, tjik 
 
 ■494 
 
 ' liiainl 
 ! Parr, Tie 
 i P.irrli.isiii 
 t Parr.it, 1) 
 
 7-81 ; Inline nili , 
 1 ; Irel.in.l, ,883,"^/ 
 
 Pariiellitr 
 
 trials, 
 »<■.;. ; Kil- 
 
 ls; 1483-1635? lonKevit\ 
 painliiiK;/. 397 b.i'. 
 
 I'ailerli 
 
 .111. 1 
 
 Paw, l-'loo,|, 
 
 PaKe, telepli 
 
 T • 
 
 V- "f : Prii 
 '•■■ystal j.al 
 
 :es Cerliere, 1800 
 
 P.irrv, !•; 
 
 .<7 
 
 i.ssia, ,874 
 1874 
 
 iWt, lor.l : .Inel.s, trial 
 
 Paget. 
 1844 
 PnK''t. 1 
 PC'.et, J 
 
 ord Wi 
 
 Is, 1809 
 , I'. Cardigan ; trial 
 
 •sir A. ; trials. 1808 
 
 parad.ixe 
 
 PaKet, air Will 
 
 . "347 
 
 a.li 
 
 Pari. 
 Ills 
 l.r. 
 
 r., Ararat 
 llortll-west ji 
 
 111s. lip. ; Pi.terl 
 
 p. .M.. 1 
 
 assage. 18,8 
 i-'l 
 
 'I'ollgll, ,8,3 
 
 irass, manganese. 
 
 ik-lane gliiist, iin 
 
 Parsons lainilv 
 
 post.irs, i76_. 
 I'aseal, n. ; ,r,.,K., ; aii, .„ 
 
 inai-hine, liaroniei,.rs, proliabilit 
 
 alenlat 
 
 iiig 
 
 ininistns 
 
 Pain, O. ; .Son.la 
 Paine, Tl 
 Pakingti 
 
 n, 18 
 
 lioiiias ; trials," , 
 
 IJ 
 
 ■ -792 
 111. sir Jiilm ; lierl 
 
 'Israeli adni. 
 
 IV ami 
 
 Palafo.x, , 
 Palaniede 
 
 gen. 
 
 di.- 
 Palest 
 
 ; Sarago 
 Iia.'k; 
 
 1809 
 amnion, liattle 
 
 liyilrostal.. .. 
 Pas.saglia, fatli.'r, 
 
 1862 
 Pas.s 
 
 1814-87; Italy, 
 
 Italv. 
 
 PaskieHiti'li ; Silislrii'i, ,854 
 
 Pasta, mad 
 I'asl ;r. Dr. I 
 tioii. 1S6, 
 
 pliiiliia ; va.'.iiiati 
 
 y.ii^alist, ,798-18(55 
 '.• ; 1822-95 ; fennenta- 
 geriii tlieoiy ; liydro- 
 
 lina, 1529-94 ; miisie; reipii 
 
 Patell. .M 
 Pate. Hi 
 
 111 
 
 1-. ; trials, i8..d 
 
 Palgrave, I'ni 
 sayLst, 1824-97 
 
 poet and 
 
 Pati 
 
 trials 
 
 1850 
 
 renins. Iioni. hist.'. </. 
 
 Pali 
 Pallailio. A 
 
 sa, ,1. : planets 
 
 Pallavie 
 Pallf.^i, Christ 
 1874 
 
 arehite.t. ,5 
 11", O., Italy, ,87s 
 
 ex. Iie.iuer (Ireland), 
 
 I Pateison, W. ; lianl 
 Patnioie. 
 Paton, .M 
 Patoii, III 
 Patri 
 
 31 
 
 1(194 : Darien 
 
 101.' CiMnlry, poet, ,823-96 
 ■ss, at Ilayinarket, 1822 
 
 r. ; pyroleter 
 
 Palliaer, capt , eaiinoi ,866 
 
 rati 
 
 Armagh, llulilin.isles, si 
 
 •iieinio, mm 
 
 Ar.lagh, 
 liamniek 
 1861, 1866, 
 
 Patten, |.,)|. John W. : Disraeli ndm 
 I'altison, ,1. c., .Melanesia, murdered, 
 
 1K71 
 I'aiil, St., iiiartvre.l, 65 
 Paul, see Siiipi 
 I'aul I. ; Uiissia, 1796 
 Paul II. : p.. pes, 1464 
 Paul, sir .1., (te. ; 
 
 frail. Inleiit trustees 
 
 Palllinils ; hells, 41)0 
 
 Pauil. .Mr. : din-ls. 18..7 
 I'anhiii.i Analeslii ; doge, 607 
 Paiilns, .Einiliiis ; t'aniiie, 2',() n.i . 
 Paiilns, .Mar.'iis; compass, 1260 
 Pauliis; Alirahauiites 
 Paunci.fote, sir Julian ; Uiiile.) 
 
 Slates, ,680 
 Pans iiiias ; Sparta, 480 Il.c. ; Plali.;i 
 
 .Maeeilon, 33(1 Kt;. 
 Pansias or Siuyon, 360-330 11. ■ 
 
 painting 
 Pavey, (i., trials, 1880 
 Pavia, gen. ; Spain, 1873-4 
 Pii.iton, sir Joseiili, 1S03-65 ; exliihi- 
 1 tion(iri85i ; crystal palace 
 I layn, James, novelist ami essavi.st 
 1830-98 ' ' 
 
 ' Payne, L., trials, 18V9 
 ', Payne, Mr. (}. ; (Inels, ,810 
 Payne, J. II. ; "honie" 
 I Pealio.ly. (i., i795-,869; Peaiio.lv 
 '; Peacf, C, trials, 1878 
 
 Peace, the jiriiicu of tlie ; hi„iiii 
 1806 ' 
 
 Pearce, i-c. ; gold r(>l)lier.v, 1857 
 Pears.iu, sir Charles J.] advocate 
 I , lord, 1891, 1895 ' 
 
 Pearson, col., Zululaml, ,879 
 I'enrsoii, John lAiughborougli, aiclii- 
 i tect, 1817-97 I 'I'ruro 
 ' Pea.se, W., lieiiwell 
 
 • I'l'aueillier ; motion 
 Peckhani, alip. ; Canterlinn-, ,270 
 
 I Pedro; Portugal, lirazil, 1822 
 Peek i: (Jurnev ; trials, 1871 
 
 • ^'"u'f-y »o-' '■'"'''• ,^^55; speaker 
 
 11. C, 1884-95 ; parliament, iSn; 
 Peel, capt. sir P. ; Iii.lia, 1858 
 Peel, col. ; West Australia, 18. S 
 Peel, sir Holiert; (cotton maiiuf. 
 I 175^1-1830;— (.si. 11) statesman, 1788- 
 I 1850; Peel adill. (see «..(,), ,814. 
 I 1841 ; acts of parliament, cons..rva- 
 I tive, corn I'ill, duels, iS,:; • in. 
 j come-,ix, tariff ;-(f,raH<;.s.,i,'),' dill- 
 . lomatist, Ac, 1822-95 
 j Pecle, James ; liook-keeping, ,,n, 
 I Peixoto, Pl.iriami; Hra/il, 189,..; 
 , Pelegriiii, II,.. ; Argentine repuhlie, 
 
 1B90 
 l I'elhani, ]I. ; Wilmington adni., 1742 ■ 
 i Pelham a.lm.. 1744 ' 
 
 I Pelham. J. T., lip. ; Uristol, ,£07 • 
 ; ^or^vicll, ,857 
 ; Pelham, sir W^ ; engineers, 1622 
 . Pelissier, due de Malaklioll ; 1701- 
 1R64 ; Algiers, Dahra 
 Pi'll, Mr. ; education, 1876 
 Pelletier ; i|iiiiiine, 1820 
 Pellew, sir K.l. ; naval lialtles, ,79, 
 Pelou/e, K J., 1807.1867; formic aeid 
 P.dtier, .M. ; liliel, trials. i8o( 
 Pelt/en, A. it L., mnrdeivrs ; IJel- 
 giiiiii, 1882 
 
 Pi'iii'iert sir Francis ; king's liencli 
 
 163 1 ' 
 
 Pemliroke, earl of; Godolphin a.lm. 
 1702 ; lord -lieutenant, l.in.iihi, 
 protectorates, Salishiirv, a.liiiir- 
 alty 
 Pcngi'lly, W. ; man ; Tonpriy 
 P.uiii, admiral ; Jamaica, 1655 
 Pciin, Win., 1644-17,8; P.Vinsvlva- 
 
 iiia, Philadelphia, Quaker 
 Pi'iiii.v, ca].taiii ; rniiiklin, i.\so 
 Peniiyciiiek, eul. John, engineer; 
 
 Jladras, 1895 
 Peiiry, John ; BrowiiUts 
 
('111. Jiiliii W. : IJisnieli iiiini. 
 II, J. C, Mulaiiesia, iimrilurL'il, 
 
 t., martyred, 65 
 
 '{• Snrpi 
 
 ; linssia, 1796 
 
 ; l«)|ii-s, 14(14 ; imrjilc 
 ■"!■ •!., A-c. ; trials, 1855 
 uli'iit trustees 
 s : hills, 4,,o 
 \r. : iliiels, i8u7 
 1 Aualeslo ; ilii;.-e, 6.17 
 -Klliilills ; L'.-lllliH-, 2'i(i ll.i . 
 -■^laieus ; iijiass, 1260 
 
 .Miniliaiiiites 
 lite, sir Julian ; L'liilecl 
 , 1S80 
 
 IS : Hiiarla,48o n.c, : I'liilii,!, 
 nil, :ij6 H.L'. 
 
 "t Sicyoii, 360-330 11 1 ■ 
 UK 
 
 )., trials, 18S0 
 ■II. ; «iiaiii, 1873-4 
 sir Jii.sei.li, i8r>V(35; I'Xliil.i- 
 
 1851 ; crystal juilaee 
 lines, novelist and e.ssavi.st 
 S ' ' 
 
 .., trials, i8>9 
 Ir. (i. ; duels, iSio 
 . II. ; "lionie" 
 
 ti., 1795-1869 ; Peaiiodv 
 
 , trials, 1878 
 
 lie jiriiiee of the ; b].,iii,, 
 
 ;i-. ; tiiiM rolilH-ry, 1S57 
 sir L'liaiies J., advueate, 
 
 391, 1895 
 
 eol., Ziiliiland, 1S79 
 
 .Jiiliii Louclilioroti^'li, arehi- 
 
 1 17-97 ; Triiro 
 
 ., Heiiwell 
 
 ■r ; iiiotidii 
 
 , alip. ; L'anlerliiirv, 1279 
 
 iirtUHal, lirazil, 1822 
 
 iiriiey : trials, 1871 
 
 \V.; vi.sct. T895; S|ieak.'r 
 
 084-95 ; iiarliaineiit, i.sqj 
 
 ■ sir R ; Iiiilia, 185S 
 
 ; West Aiistr.ilia, iSjS 
 Holiert; eotlon niainif., 
 
 :--(.«. a) statesman, 1788- 
 'eid ailm. (see ii„i,). ,8,4. 
 •t.s III liarliaiMeiit,ennserv,i. 
 rii I'ill, diiel.s, 1S15 • ill- 
 s, tarifr:-((/ma,;.s.„,),'dii,. 
 ;, iVe., 1822-95 
 
 les : liook-keeiiini;, ^..y 
 liiriaiio ; lirazil, iSyi'.^ 
 Ilr. ; ArnKiitihe iviMililii', 
 
 . : WilmiiiKtdii adm., 1742; 
 idiii., 1744 
 
 ■ T., Iiji. : IJristol, 1807 • 
 . 1857 
 
 r W. ; en^'iiieers, 1622 
 
 Ine de .Malakholl; 1754. 
 
 Kii'is, Dalira 
 
 edneatinii, 1876 
 
 iniiiiiie, 1820 
 
 Kd. : ii.ival liattles, 1795 
 
 .).. 1807-1867 ; I'nrmieadd 
 
 ; liliel, trials. 180) 
 
 . it L., iiiiirdeiirs ; liel- 
 
 is 
 
 .sir Francis ; kinj,''s Ih'IK'Ii, 
 
 carl of; Gcidol)iliin adm. 
 ird -lieiilen.iiit, l.iiiiiiln, 
 Ites, Walisliliry, adliiii-l 
 
 '. ; man ; Torquay 
 
 ■al : .lamaiea, 1(135 
 
 , 1644-1718 ; remisvlva- 
 
 deljihia, ynaker 
 
 aili ; Kranklili, 1K50 
 
 , col. .Jolin, eip;.'iiieer: 
 
 B95 
 
 1 ; llrownists 
 
 Penzajiee, lur,l (Wilde) : andies, ,876 
 imlilic worsliip ' 
 
 Pepe, (,'en. V. ; Naples, 1820 
 
 I cpin ; France, 752 ; F 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 p!;|;r-v^s;,[™fe-&s^,. 
 
 1277 
 
 I . ' " •'■'iii.iiui ; theatres. 
 
 iastapp.,,77, 
 
 Pcreire, .M.: credit mcdiilier 
 Icreyra; Urii-iiay, 1856 
 Icrirles; Athens, 469 u.c. 
 I cnl us : l,r.azcM hull, 570 b.c. 
 PcrkinWarheek; Warf.ei'k, ,402 
 cikin, W. II. ; aniline. ,857 *'' 
 
 iiHuwiik ^^iil"""*^' '="<'"-P'«t« 
 
 Pcrowne, J. .r. ,s., bp.,- Worcester, 
 1090 ' 
 
 Perreans ; forgery, trial.s, 1776 
 Pcrrin-, J,din ; ina.vor, 180/ 
 Pcrrotin: jilanets 
 Perry, .Mr, ; trials, i8ro 
 Perry, lieiit. ; tri.als, ,35, 
 
 Persano, adm. ;Ussa, Italy, ,866-7 
 Ii'isens; -yaeedon, ,78 ; Pydaa, /es 
 
 p.rsinf-'V'-"^r?-'= •'''•""■". <36o 
 1 eisiiis, 34-63 : satires 
 
 Pem^'ino, Paolo, Ital. painter, 1446. 
 
 Peter the Cruel ; Montiel, ,,6, 
 IVter the Great; 1672-17^,; Kussin 
 Dcptford, Petersburg,' NaVvapIr 
 tinva, wills ' " 
 
 Icters, 0. II. F., 18,3.90; pSts, 
 
 i8fl2rt.s7v/. ; astronomv 
 Petens, Dr. C. ; Zanzibar 
 
 Africa (Oermau K.), ,884 
 Petiim ; Port-au-Prince, ,806 
 
 ,,,■3 '7 -97 
 
 Ih.ieas; e.ist. eiMp.,f,o2 
 
 PI, ■ ' ,' V ' "I I-, '»2 
 
 Ih'. h;^^■"-"^'■^-7"•^■■).*'"i■ 
 I;ll||tiade.s, (;..r.;.Sa,nos 
 
 >r;';C,i,^;-'-.37„.c. 
 
 ;)"z^'. -U ; Pi;met.',8oi 
 
 ;&lla.!;:;;:'--,-„^ : 
 ^ ;te^;.:lu;/iS,nn-:s:: 
 
 ':S'k;:;.l,:,e^^;/^"«^<i-'tre. 
 
 P'^rce; United «t,it^.s, president, 
 jMcrreiinint, .Ml 
 
 ■igascir, 1885 
 United .States, ,876 
 
 exchequer, i 
 
 Piers, alip. ; \;]yk, ,53,, 
 I'l.Wt. David UiehaM; 
 
 ^'fil '■'• ■ "">i^'. I'i^ot diamond 
 
 Pi^ofi "M'r''?'"V ^''"t". '800 
 i_i,|'n. M,: ■ trials. 137, 
 
 }'"c"ck, adminil ; Cuba, 1762 
 I'lierio, (J. ■ Xanles ,0 '2 
 Po"soi V ., ' .' '350-59-60 
 
 ,".' l'*-||'.,-^";l>allooi,s,',832.,8 
 
 ^If";'"'!"^! ic;Fr;in?;;,,a3o 
 
 I •;ll^..l.i.s.;Lnited states, p'resiyent. 
 ^"[[cM, .T. (J. ; furniture, ,874 
 
 . ''"'l^;n;cj^,:Iie!^;rlri''^''^3-.87o; 
 1S44 >'^""'". exchequer, 1834. 
 
 Po'lviiiu''."'''"' "''■'^™ ■■"""" '=98 
 
 j".Ncarpm„.,y,,.,l. ,66 
 'ilv.lonis; lv,„,.„„„ 
 
 omare:()|,.,|,eite, ,7,, 
 I'-.;cy,^kil„d48B.J.?U„,„e,Spai„. 
 
 i:;ml,iI.M;.,.emvieli, ,8.r 
 
 ['111 1, (>. ; .acideinies 
 
 '■;;';;".s, C; Cudine f,„.k.,, 3„ 
 
 P""k.' K. : Hills, ,87, 
 '';""'. I'll. ; Jap:,,,, ;883 
 
 Pooe' ri's'''''''''''''r'''''''™'''''. '858 
 
 • ,: ! \' '"•icntllist, I8:i2-Q=- 
 
 s!at,5;'';862' • ^''"'^«*". United 
 
 Peto.sirS. .\t., 180,-89; di.Mvuna, ,85s 
 
 I el iMi-cl, ,304.74; Petrarch, sonnet" 
 
 liiiiu;iuism ■">.i..s, 
 
 Petre, sir Win ; administrations, ,547 
 I'eliomus; Kthiopia, 22 k c 
 
 Pelli'Irew T'"''"''/"f-**"'"^''">''-66 
 
 II iti-tiew, 1. ; iqiitaiilis, ,3,7 
 
 •;"■;:• ^:^''"-:«^'vnvillearifn., ,307 
 «•;".• '.^'3-87: U.i.v.ll Soc.ietv; 
 
 1660 statistics ; political econonn' 
 I'-zei, .r. A. ; P,.ni, ,86f-5 
 PIredrns writes fables 8 
 i'lialaris, brazen bull, 570 a c 
 Pliaramonil ; France, 4,8» ' ' 
 Pli.iraob; F.gypt, 1300 B.C. 
 Illiarii,ice3; Pmitiis, Capjwdocia 744 
 
 pike' V'' • '' ■"■'"■I'i!^'' 138, I ''';}:!;;;:"; '''\ ""»•« ; nuenos Ayres 
 
 1500; Peru, 
 
 riia.vre, col. ; India, 187. 
 I'liayre, .sir .\. P.; .Man.-itius, , 
 
 I Ic'ldou. H, 86,1 II r ■ ,..„■„ .. 
 
 coini'T' 
 
 874 
 silvei 
 
 H. 869 n.r 
 
 scales, weights 
 
 „<^'''i''i;; ^\<'"»). 1844, 1878 
 
 . icpoc, Mrs. ; trials, ,797' 
 
 ndws,./;. 43H.r. ; statues 
 Plillldor, coiieei-ts, .diess 
 riiilip; France, MacMo,,, .Spain 
 
 Hesse, Orleans, ,640 ' 
 
 riiilip Ni.ri, St. ; oratorios, ,55„ 
 J'lulip the (ioo,l; liurguudv? llol- 
 
 lllld, 14,9-67 
 IMiilip the (iivat, kille,! 336 n.r. • 
 
 M;ic,.do„, Ktolia, c;iee,.,ma.a, Li,: 
 
 cii, I hi'ssalv 
 I'liilip M. ; Sp.iiu. ,55,i 
 I'hihppa. Kngland. queen (K,!. 
 
 p;ll;'"fr''''''^i'"i'riitu;-g; 
 
 dpiy; Anvar, fables 
 
 I'cSrOrW?^-"'' "-^iOdes;- 
 I^Jn (lb. \Voleot),,738.,8,9; trials, 
 
 Pine, sir li. c. ; Xat.al .«„ 
 Pin^l. M. : I.ii.aUer,'V2 '3 
 
 into, .Serpa; Z.imbe.st ,889 
 Piiizon: Americ'i m ' 
 
 ,863 ■""'■'"■'• '^■' 1500 
 
 ^;te-;---[tim., 
 
 I ne s ' .'•'""P.'in.v, E., reform 
 Pi," 7' '7'i-;iiiciime-tax 
 I Ills ,■ po|,es, ,42,V.svv/. 
 
 I"'* l-V'. ; e, ssion, ,504 
 
 piuy;;r.''''''"'i'''-^: '346-78; 
 
 Piz, m • r """■ '■'""■'■Ption 
 J z.iiio; .\m,.|-|,.;|, ,,,, 
 
 ' laiiehe, ,1 li ,„ifi ,'00 . , 
 
 J||;;;;^.anatoniy:a!i?ilLh:s,'na,S: 
 Platts, ,rohn; executions, ,847 
 
 ' ''"I'l'i v., e l;s, ,38, 
 
 l'i|ipa.a(wife,,r\e,,,);,„.,.,(k^ 
 ;;.;scn,ia;,,.,by,.inth,5;o,r 
 I Prt'il'r'f 759- '8r,3; writing 
 l')rt,il, sir llerb.-rt (forald ,H-s„. . 
 Zanzibar ;U,a„da, ,89 '"^^^■9'>- 
 
 li'ljc'ls. bp. ; l,o„,lo„ 3 
 
 Piirtai,,,, bikeof Po/tl,.^ud adm.. 
 
 ; ,;?,^,'i;,/""-"l (lord-lientenantj; 
 
 Portni;,!, 
 
 . '554 
 
 »i"- Wm. ; king's bench, 
 
 323 
 
 P;;i;.m.|ii;e..iec,i,.,,,„,„„i^ 
 
 {.:.!I :i} ■.'ir- • i-'ritcrbury, ,737 
 
 1>,,. i ; ' ^'loeiOUrV, ,737 
 
 ," ;'i', I'Miii. ; M:ii,cliester,"33, 
 
 ; sp,,„t. genenition, ,85, 
 ■''• -M., Fr. uat. phif. 
 
 iilllllet, (J. 
 1791-1863 
 V. 
 
 ".;;-:; ;^.M,a,^. and P,^;.„9,„. 
 
 po^s;;'" "38. 
 
 ■III e, (i ,.le,.t,-ic batte V, ,B,5o 
 
 ::!:!''^;'';'i'''-'84B.,:.;,'i,';;™ 
 
 ( ■■ Is/ „ ■^'","' '3'9-98 ; scientist ; Power Fvu--:^ ■■-, ■"+■ 
 
 «;irdIII,); niirhai'n, ,,46 
 I " jpps. T. ; .Vewport, ,s\ 
 ) liilhinorc. s r U .[ ,-•. "o. 
 
 lilliinor 
 
 iilty 
 
 t'hill 
 
 . fe'ov 
 
 sir li. ,(. 
 Austi'i 
 
 873 
 
 :;;S;'-;i;;!;;,-?;,,-''-^.vcs,.- 
 
 -3.o:S5;adinl.!{.te:^l-.^i^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 p;;w;s:!;:s\;:i^,'ir.'-{'^34 
 648 
 
 836; coin 
 
 ips, .lolin, ,8 
 
 ilia, 17S8 
 
 llrit. Asso 
 
 !83i ; V 
 
 ■74 ; geologist 
 
 I Pliinket, 1). H, ; .^.^i 
 
 ,886 
 
 -llre-aunihilator, 1S49 
 
 'iivius, ,869 ; I Plnnkett, sir F 
 
 lislmry adm., r 
 
 Pra'i.i, M. ; Pen,, ,34.67 
 
 •:;si;n'm;;;'i;:r;8:r"'™' '^^^ 
 
 Pi'cimslaus ; Poland, ,09.' "'^' 3 
 t rcud.Mg.ist, gen. II. \.';'nni 
 
 1885 
 'reseoft, W 
 
 ■mall 
 
 Plut 
 
 iH'ch, ;(. 80 ; y 
 
 'rancia ; nolguim, 
 
 Preston, loi'.l 
 
 m-, hist., 
 
 graphy 
 
 ■893 Prestwieli, .si,. j 
 i3i2-g6 
 
 onspiraev. 
 
 1796-1859 
 1691 
 
 'oseph; geologist 
 
1278 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 I'rcli'iTcliT, (iM, 1688-1765 ; yniMiK, 
 17JU-8H; rivti'iiiliT, Kiilkirk, I'rcs- . 
 
 |ll|l|P|lll!<. t'lllldlll'll 
 
 I'lvtdiiiiH, Niitiil, 1838 ; Tniiisviial, 
 
 I'lvlKcli, 1'. ; i.licitn-^.ilvanciirriii.liy, 
 
 in lit 
 
 I'l'i'VuNl. nir(l ■HI'; l'l;ittslmi>', 1814 
 
 I'niiiii ; 'liny, li^a.) «.«'. 
 
 I'pli'i', Miliii. ; I'clroiumlovski, 1854 
 
 I'rici', lip. ; 11. l-'iTi! <Oinrcli 
 
 I'l'ln', .Mr.; ihiulH, 1816; nli'lii'iny ; 
 
 iiiiiiiiilii'M 
 I'llrliiiril, Dr., i785-iS48:ftliii"l()gy 
 I'rlilc, ('111. ; I'ridi-'s ]iurKi', 1648 
 t'rli'Xhiiilz, V. ; liyilrii|i:itliy. 1828 
 I'rli'Hlli'V, .liiHi'iih, 1713-1804: ciirtli- 
 
 uniikcH, cM.liuiiu'tcr, lunar Hiicii'ly, 
 
 llMnpll^^^;ll». "".iW". Il'.iiiriui', ciilour 
 
 liliiiiliii'^ti 
 I'riiii, avn. ,hiiin. 1814-70; Cnsti'l- 
 
 Ic.liiM, iJuail-id-riis, i860; Sii.-iiii, 
 
 Ili66-7J ; iissnKsiiiictiiiii.s, 1870 
 friiicr II. .1. ; iinii|ii'innne, 1845 
 I'rli.; .M., |""'l, if'64-i72i 
 I'i'iM lUiiiii ; t;iinstii'S, 304 
 I'lil.liMi-.l, |ir. !■;. \V. ; trials, oxn- 
 
 rlllinll. 1S65 
 
 I'riilii'il ; Iriiil^, 1824 
 I'roliiin ; llniiii', I'liip. 276 ; iiinssiicre 
 I'riicli'N ; liiiircliy, 1102 11. c. 
 i'riiniiiiiiK : Nai'oli'ii, 3fj6 
 rriicii|iiiis. I.at. liist. 500-565; Hus- 
 
 hilCH, I41I 
 
 I'riii'Icr. piii'ts; liryaii \V. i.P'n-y 
 
 Cipriiwiill), 1750-1874; Ailcliiiilf, 
 
 iliiiiK'ili'r. 18 55-64 
 I'l.ipirliiirt, l.iil. I'lu't, 26 B.C. 
 I'ri.iiillinn, 1'., siifliilist, 1809-65; 
 
 Miiuri'liy 
 t'rviiiii', W., IcKiil aiiti(|ii,iry, i6c«-('9 
 r«iiliiiiiiiMZar, U. ; l-'nrninsa, 1704 
 fnaiiiiiii'tii'liiis; I'tal't. 665 ii.c, 
 
 laliyrin'li, languages, siogu» 
 rHyi'l'iii ; aiitciiimtoii, 1S75 
 riiili'iiiv (aHtronoiiicr), i(. 161 
 IMoli'iiiv; Kg.vi't, '323 n.c, DiliUi, 
 
 Mi'iiliiagiiit, Ipsiis, iiluiros, iirith- 
 
 ipii'tii', araili'iiiic'3 
 rtiilciiiv Kpiplianes, 205 B.C.; Egypt, 
 lliwi'lta „ , , 
 
 I'lli'kcrlns,'. sir.Ioliii ; I'lianoi-Uor, lonl 
 
 liiKli. 1592 
 I'llgiii, A. W., 1811-52, dci-oriit. art; 
 
 I'l. W. ; trials, 1S74 
 I'liUnii, H. P., (liluttanti, 1861-70; 
 
 i'rlriin 
 rilllrn, capt. ; Vrankliii, 1852 
 I'uilliigcr, U. ; banks, ,jiiiiit stoi'k, 
 
 I'lillcncv, Mr. ; Ilalilax adm., 1714 
 I'llltiMicy, Kir .lames ; Fcrrol, 1800 
 I'linsliofi, II. ; giiniiowdcr, 1872 
 rurcrll, Hi'iiry ; inusii'., i658-i;5 
 I'lUcliiis, Ham. ; 1 577-1628 
 riiidiin, (Mil. ; Ashantfcs, 1826 
 riin'ruy ; diuds, 1788 ; trials. 1794 
 Viisi'y,' lir. 1:., 1800-82; I'lLsoyism; 
 
 Oxiiird niiiv. 
 I'Viit, 1''., Frani'i', i'' 
 I'yc, lliMiry ,1. ; pi" : ireate, 1790 
 I'Vc, J. ; Piigrnviir, (/. 1874 
 I'Vin, .1. ; piilitic'ian, (I. 1643 
 I'yiKi, T. 8.; Afghanistan, 1891 
 I'vrrliii ; si'tiplii's, 334 h.c. 
 I'yrrlius : Maicdon, 287 B.C. : Epiriis, 
 
 395-272 lie. ; Tari'utnm, Ascuhmi, 
 
 l'yttmgiira.4, /I. 555 B-C- ! aconstios, 
 iiKlriinimiy, I'optrnicns, Egypt, the 
 «l(ilic, harmiiiiic strings, shoes, 
 ■iilnr HVsti'iii. spheres 
 
 Queen v. Lords nf Treasury; trials, 
 
 1872 
 Quekett, prof.; histiilogy, 1S57 
 gueiitin, eol. ; duels, 1815; trials, 
 
 1814 
 Qnesnay, ieonomistes 
 Qiieved'ii, Spall, writer, i58o-:645 
 yiiinet, Edgar, Fr. phiUw., 1803-75 
 CJniiililia; liniiililians 
 ynintin; lihertiiii'S, 525 
 Qnintun, .1. W. ; Maiiipur 
 ynintus Kaliius, 291 B.C.; painting 
 yniros; New llelirides, 1606 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabelais, K., satirist, 14S3-1553 
 Kaeliel. madeiMiiiselle. i/. 1858 ;- -ma- 
 dame ; enamelliiii;; trials, 1868,1878 
 Haeiiie. .1 ; Er. draiiiat., 1639-99 
 liadi litre. Dr. John; liadelitle library, 
 
 Iladetsky, marshal, 1766-1858; Aus- 
 tria, I'li.stiizza, Niivara, Italy 
 
 liadetskv. gen., Hussii-Turki.sh war 
 II., 1878 
 
 Hadiiiir, earl of ; administrations, 1684 
 
 liae. Dr. Juliii, 1813-93 ; Franklin. 
 1848 
 
 liatlles, sir T. S. ; .lava 
 
 Haglaii, lord ; Uusso-Turkish war, 
 
 ■ 1857 , . 
 
 Ragiitski; Transylvania 
 Kaikes, Mr., 1781 ; Snnday-sehools. 
 
 ediieati'Mi, intaiitii ide 
 Raikes, H. ('. ; Salislmry adir.., iSSo 
 j Raleigh, sir Walter, 1552-1618; dre.ss, 
 I I'eiiiisvlvania, Trinidad, Virginia, 
 
 England 
 ; Ralston, \V. C. ; California, 1875 
 i Rameses; Egypt, 462 B.C.; muiiiinies 
 Ramirez II.; Simancas, 939 B.C. 
 Ram.s.'iy, U.ivid; ei.mliat, 1631 
 Raiiisa'v, sirCieiirge; duels, 1790 
 Ranisd'en, .lesse, 1735-1800; theado- 
 
 lite, 1787 
 Ranee; trappist, 1662 
 Raiidiilph, T. ; post-offlee, 1581 
 Raiidiilpli, bishop; liangor, London, 
 1809 
 
 ittiin (a siieculator) ; 
 
 1792 
 JIaida. 
 
 . 17' 
 
 Ranger, -M. 
 
 1863 
 
 veliieipedes, 1878 
 
 Ransome, flitcrcrs. 
 
 Qiinln, sir Rielmrd, 1816-98, physic 
 Qimrlleh, I).; books, 1862- ""o'li" 
 
 I Raukiii, .T 
 j Ransome 
 I ])loughs 
 
 i Raphael, 1483-1520; cartoons 
 i Raphael, .vlex.; Roman catholics, 1834 
 I Rapieir, electric light, 1878 
 Rarev, ,1. S.; hor.se, 1858 
 Rassam, IL ; Abyssinia, 1864 ; 
 Nineveh; Urit. Mns.; trials, 1893 
 Rathbone, Win. ; Liveriiool, 1877 
 Rattazzi, U., 180S-73; ItJily. 1862 
 Ranch. C; scnlptor, 1777-1857 
 Ranscher, card. ; A.istria if. 1875 
 Ravaehol, anarchist ; France, 1892 
 Rawdnn, lord ; Camden. 1781 
 Rawlinson, I'ol. sir 11., 1810-95; 
 
 Aasvria, Raliylon, Uehistnn, 1844 
 RawliiLson, sir Robert, sanitary 
 
 engineer, 1810-9S 
 Rawson, adm.. Oil Rivers, 1897 ; knt. 
 
 May, 1897 
 Ray, .John, naturalist, 1628-1705 ; 
 
 proverbs 
 Rav, Peter ; \oiunteei-a (19th meet- 
 ing), 1878 
 Raylierc; Hartholoinew s, iioo 
 Rayleigh, lords, 1879 ; Royal Institu- 
 tion, 1S87; argon and air, 1894 
 I Raymond, lord; attorney -general, 
 j 1725; king's bench 
 Ravneckers, L. ; fuel 
 Reiide, Clias. ; nov. 1814-84 
 I Reaumur,!'. 1757; light, stefl 
 ials 
 
 Legend 
 
 Golden [ Reay, Miss, killed; tii 
 
 I Reay, lord; combat, 1631 
 
 '779 
 
 Reay, lonl; B.nidiay, 18S4 ; London 
 
 University 
 Ridieiraites; triills. 1843 
 Redanies, 1).; execution. 1857 
 Uede, sir li. : Rede lecture 
 Redesdale, lord; att.-gell., 1800 
 
 parliament, 1S86 
 Redpalh. L.; trials, 1857 
 lieiUvoiid, T. ; analysis, 1874 
 
 Ri e, R.; bogs, 1849; congelation, 
 
 1S6S 
 Reed, Andrew, 1787-1862 ; orplinn, 
 
 idiots, incurables 
 Reed, sir C. ; metroiiolitai) school 
 
 linard, 1873-81 
 Reed, sir K. .1., navy, 1862-71 ; Chan- 
 nel tunnel, 1090 
 Reeves, .Mr. .lolin; li'vellers 
 Re^:iiier, gill. ; Kalitsch, 
 
 Ximera, 181 1 
 Ri'^ulns, 256 B.C.; Carthage 
 Reich, I'., and RicMitcr, T.; indium 
 
 1S6, 
 Reieh.irdt, Waeht 
 Reielieiib.ii'h, C, 1788-1869; paraf- 
 
 tine. iS?i ; odyl 
 Reichenstein ; lelluriuni, 1782 
 Ri iihst.idt, duke de, 1811-32 . France 
 
 (empire) 
 Reid, gen.: India, 1857 
 Reid, R. T. ; viviseetion ; solieitor- 
 
 geii., 1894 ; att.-gell. 1894 
 Reiiib.iuer; trials, 1829 
 Reinkeiis. old Calliolic bishop 
 
 rrussi.i, 1873 
 Reis P. ; telephnlie, 1861 
 lielly. .las.: Miiiversalists, 1760 
 Renibraiidt, Paul ; painter, 1608-69 
 Reinigiiis de Fe.icamp ; Lincoln . 
 
 1086 
 Remington, iype-writers 
 Remusat, C. de; France, 1871-3 
 Heiiiv, ^^t.: liheims 
 Reiiard, c.ipt. ; balloons, 1884 
 Reiiata, Maria; wilehcraft, i7.!9 
 Renaudot, .M.; newsimpers, 1631 , 
 
 France, iPqj 
 Rendel. ,1.; Ilolvhead, Portland 
 I Reiinell. major .lames ; geographer, 
 I 1742-1830 
 
 i Reiinie. .1. (1761-1S21), and sir .1.: 
 breakwater. 1S12; Waterloo-bridge, 
 Londou-bridgi' 
 Reptoii, lluiuphrv, landscape gar- 
 j dener, 17^2-1818 
 1 Reschid PaWia ; Turkey, 1853 
 Reiichliii..J.,reformer,i(. i522;TalmUil 
 Iteiiss; eiiirraving 
 Renter, ,1. lie; Persia, 1872 
 Reville, Mrs., Slough 
 Revnere, Riehard; sherilf, 1189 
 Reynolds, sir .loshua, 1723-92; royal 
 
 academv, 17^-8 
 Reynolds,' abp.; Canterbury, 1313 
 Re'vnolds, dipt.; trials, i8.to 
 Reynolds, Oeorge; duels, 1788 
 Re'vnolds, O. ; explosives 
 Reynolds, sir .Inhii Russell, M.D., 
 
 1828-96. plivsieinn 
 Reynolds, Samuel Harvey (rev 
 
 scholar, 1832-97 
 Rhodes, Cecil .lolin ; Cape of Oooit 
 
 Hope, i8c;o; Zambesi; Rhodesia 
 Rhodes, R. (1., audiphone 
 Rhodes, W. 1!., free hospital, life-boat 
 Riall, gen.; Chiiipawa. 1814 
 Ribot, M.; France, 1892-5 
 Rieard ; France, 1876 
 Rieasoli, H, ; Italy, 1861-7 
 Rice, Spring (lord Moiiteaglc); ad 
 
 ininislrations, 1834 
 Rich, Riehanl, lord ; elmncellor, lord 
 
 i'47 
 Richard 1., England, 1189; Acre 
 
 Aseahm, Ca'ur de Lion, DU'U « 
 
 111011 droit, laws, Oleroii, iiaTig.i 
 
 tioii laws 
 Riehard III., I'. 14S5; Bosworlli 
 
 Rich 
 
 Rich 
 
 Rich 
 
 Hio 
 
 hyi 
 
 Rich: 
 
 17S 
 
 Richi 
 
 Rii-iii 
 
 Richi 
 
 189 
 
 Rich, 
 
 162, 
 
 Riche 
 
 Richi 
 
 mil 
 
 due 
 
 ist r 
 
 Hieht 
 
 ifs 
 
 Riddi' 
 
 Ridel, 
 
 lord 
 
 Rider, 
 
 Ridge 
 
 Ridle\ 
 
 Ridle'i 
 
 i£o5 
 
 Ridi-di 
 
 act, 
 
 Riego 
 
 Riehl, 
 
 jUlhl 
 
 Riel, L 
 
 ih „,( 
 
 RU nzi 
 
 Rigl.v, 
 
 lord, 
 
 Rigg, 1 
 
 Hij;elii 
 
 Riguet 
 
 Riiiiici 
 
 Rijam, 
 
 adnii 
 
 of; t 
 
 1871, 
 
 Fo.<.'e 
 
 h'sako 
 
 Risk A 
 
 Histieh 
 
 Ritchie 
 
 1686, 
 
 Ritson, 
 
 Hitter, 
 
 Ritter, 
 
 Rivers, 
 
 Rivers, 
 
 Hivi^ie. 
 
 Hizzio, 
 
 Franc 
 
 Robert, 
 
 bray, 
 
 Robert 1 
 
 Roberts 
 
 Rfdieits 
 
 Roberts! 
 
 Afglia: 
 
 1866; 
 
 marsh 
 
 Robert s( 
 
 1806-cj 
 
 Rohertst 
 
 Robertsi 
 
 Roliertsi 
 
 itohertsd 
 
 Robert 8(1 
 
 Robespie 
 
 Fiance 
 
 R(diin II 
 
 anhcii 
 
 RidiiiLsor 
 
 iiobillHOJl 
 
 Rcbiiisoii 
 baioii 
 Ceylon 
 ZealuiK 
 Tians\j 
 
 Robinson 
 
,-, liiril; ISoiuliay. 18S4 ; Londim 
 
 iiivi'i-sity 
 
 •ci'Mitis; trillls. 1843 
 
 iiiiii's, It.; I'xciMilinii, ia57 
 
 V, sir U. ; lii'di- li'ctnvi! 
 
 ■siLili', lord; att.-Ki'ii-. "Suo 
 
 .rli^iiiii'iit, 1S86 
 
 pMlli. I,.; Iriiils. 1857 
 
 wiiinl, T. ; ini;ilv.sls, 1874 
 
 •c, H.; lioys, 1849; (•(iiigeliitiim. 
 
 Si 
 
 1, Aiiilrcw. 1787-1862 ; ori*an, 
 
 lots. iticiir:thU'S 
 
 i, sir (J. ; iiii'tr(>i"ilitun ai'lioo) 
 
 i.iril, 1873-81 
 
 il, sir K. .).,ii!ivy, 1862-71 ; Cliiin- 
 
 ■l tunnel, 1S90 
 
 VIS, Mr. .loliii: Ii'VolliTs, 1792 
 
 iiicr, j-'iii. ; Kiilitsch, Miiida, 
 
 inirra, 181 1 
 
 iiliis, 256 n.c. : CartliaKu 
 
 ■11, r.,"aiid Hiiditir, T.; indium 
 
 i63 
 
 rli;irdt, WacUt 
 
 ■liciiliaidi, ('., 1788-1869; paraf- 
 
 111'. iSii ; iidyl 
 
 idiiiisti-iii; tidliiriuiii, 1782 
 
 ilist.nlt.dulicMlc, 181 1-32, France 
 
 ■iiiliin) 
 
 d, i_'i'ii.; India, 1S57 
 
 (I, li. T. ; vivisi'itiiiii ; solicitor- 
 
 PH., 1894 ; iilt.-(,'cii. 1894 
 
 iiliaiii'r; tviids, 1829 
 
 111;. IIS, old Calliolic liisliop 
 
 'nissia, 1871 
 
 s, 1'. ; tcli'i'honc, 1861 
 
 ly. .las.; Miiivcrsalists, 1760 
 
 liliniidt, I'aiil : paiiitiT, 1608-69 
 
 iiifliiis de Ke.icaiiil' ; Lincoln. 
 
 086 
 
 Illusion, typc-wn'ti'i-s 
 
 iiusat, C. dc; rraiico, 1871-3 
 
 iiy, St.; lilii'iiiis 
 
 ii.'ird, c;ipt. ; balloons, 1884 
 
 iiafa, Maria; wihiicrat't, 17.(9 
 
 iiaiidot, .M.; iicwspiipcr.s, 1631 ; 
 
 •"ranci'. iScj! 
 
 iidcl. .1,; llolvlic.'id, I'ortlnnd 
 
 iiiM'll. iiia.ior James ; Keogniplier, 
 
 742-1830 
 
 iinie. .1. (1761-1821). and sir .1.; 
 
 ire;ikwater. 1812; Waterloo-bridge, 
 
 j)iidoll-lirid;;i' 
 
 pton. liunipliry, landscape ^nr- 
 
 lelier. i;:;2-i8i8 
 
 scliid I'aMia; Turkey, 1853 
 
 iiclilin..!.,ivl'cirincr,/(. i522;Talnind 
 
 iiss; ciiLTaviiis; 
 
 liter, .1. dc; Persia, 1872 
 
 villc, Mrs., Sloii^li 
 
 Vlieie, liieliard; slierill', 1189 
 
 yiiolds, sir .losliua, 1723-92; royal 
 
 iiMdemv. i7''8 
 
 ■ynolds, aliji, ; Caiiterlmry, 1313 
 
 'Vliolds. eapt.; trials, iS.fo 
 
 ■Vliolds, (leoiKe; duels, 1788 
 
 ■vlioMs, (I. ; e\]dosives 
 
 ■yiiolds, sir .loliii Russell, M.D., 
 
 1828-96. iilivsicinii 
 
 jynolds, .Saiiuiel Harvoy (rev.) 
 
 .scholar, 1832-07 
 
 lioiles. Cecil ,lolm ; Cape of Good 
 
 Hope, 181.0; Zambesi; Rliodesia 
 
 hodcs, K. (i., andiplioiie . 
 
 Iioilos. W. 1!., free liospitJil, life-boat 
 
 iall, ,t;en.; Cliippawa. 1814 
 
 ibot," .M.; France. 1892-5 
 
 icard ; fr.-iiiee. 1876 
 
 icasoli, H. ; Itidy, 1861-7 
 
 ice, Spvliid (lord Moiitenglc): nd 
 
 ministrations, 1834 
 
 icli, Itielianl, lord; clmncellor, lord 
 
 icha'rd I., Kiii-dand, 1189; Acre 
 Ascalon, Cicnr dc I.ion, IJien c 
 moil droit, laws, Oleron, iiaTiga 
 tioii laws 
 iiliaiil III., l: 1485; Boswortli 
 
 I c lar, , 11. ; Wales, ,888 
 I ic liards, Mlss ; pede.strianisni ,8,. 
 Hiclianison, B. Ward, M \ ' ,.],l^. 
 «iolo(,,.st; ,628-9(:' knt.,',693' 
 
 1703-1865; I-raiikliii 
 I ic .arilsoii, II. ; |iie.l,„ftt, ,852 
 
 1892 ' ^'"'"'^""•- I"wt lUe.mMirk, 
 Kicladicu, card,, is85.,642; Kmnee, 
 
 Ricjiclien ,ll,keof;Clo.st,.rseven,,7„ 
 I>.cl,ll,ol,,ld,,kcof;lioekil,;.hai',l,?^l! 
 
 sroi ,' 'l'■V";'"''^'"'■li"'l'"i"■ 
 liiildei,.!. Taul. (oiin.ui novel.,, 763- 
 
 {'i;!;{"'*i,C'',''-.''P-;><.ull,,vell 
 
 Ruler. William : st.ickiiics 
 Rn Igcway, C. dc, alistim^ice 
 J !' '% I'P.. lairnt, ,,5. 
 
 i'"9[' "'■' •'*'■ '*^'-' *^'li«l'">y "dm., 
 
 Rid.J,e,Rev.C.J.;p„,,|i,„.o,sliip 
 
 Ricld, Villicliii H. 'v,,,/ (-f 
 
 I..ddicista,HlI,isto,ia 'if, !;'"!'■''' 
 
 Ah!;;; ''''''''■"''■'■• I ''''"''". -■'''- 
 
 Ri!.l',v' fi' '"■ '354: liil.nne, Rome 
 
 I(to, rev A., teelmieal education 
 
 Hl|-<'ln, .M. ; eiimil !;,,,,,.( 
 
 ■iiKUct, Jl.; tunnels 
 
 ilu.nceini, Octavio, /,. ,c,, ; n,.era 
 
 liil'on, f,irl of, 1782-1859; Clodcri.l, 
 adniinistration, ,827 f- ,„„„|iiis 
 oi, liKimLsuniy; Gladstone .■uliii 
 1873 ,886, 1E92 ; Imlia, ,£fo . 
 Roseberyadm., ,er, ' "" ' 
 
 R.'sakniT, Hu.ssia, iPi'i 
 
 Riik Allah; trials. it68 
 
 Histicli, Servia, ifcfo 
 
 ^%IT' «^'- 'f- • , ■""li'^''>"y ad,,,., 
 :et6, 1895 ; local novel iiiiii'iit 
 
 R'^■'(v'*"';'*'''•'I''"'^' 779-1859 
 Kittcr, J. V.,ei,,,,,.|,.i,^._ ,8,2 ^^ 
 
 Rivers, carl, ,„. ,.,(,,,. p, i„fH,t 
 Rivers. Jr., K),ypt,-, 675 • 
 
 Rivieie, R. T. ; 'I, nijiiii,, 188, 
 R.".io, David, m. ,566; Sc-otland, 
 J' ranee ' 
 
 Rol.crt,,.l,ikeof Norniaiidv; Tii.clie- ' 
 ''lay, no6; .Scotland, '-,[.6 I 
 
 RohcitJi; ]alt;rinia,ecs, ,l6o j 
 
 lohert8,J).,R.A.,, 796:1664 
 Rol,erts,J. J.,l.ii„,,'ii; °°"' I 
 
 u',T' •?"■ ''"' '■'■ <"«• lo'-'l). ' 
 
 18E6, Jla/ra, India, ,89,; uri,]. 
 nmr...|,al, In l,„,,i, ,f^, ^^ ' , 
 
 Robertson, Daviil, naturalist, abtnl ' 
 
 ito6-cj6 
 Ihdiert.s'on, cajit.; trials, i86-> 
 
 obertson.J. P. I!. ;.«cotlnml, ,889 
 oberson, T. W.,,|,,,n,at:st, 1829-,^, , 
 
 ober son, I.r.Wm., hist.,, V21-9V ' 
 Robertson, W., trials, ,878 
 Robespi.'iTc, K M.; reign of terror, 
 
 Iiancc. ,793-4 ' 
 
 Robin llo.ii;- Robin Hood, robbers 
 
 nicheiy, ugp 
 Robinson ; sec Venlita 
 Robinson, Y.-. (ioderich, jir,(f 
 Rcbins,.ii, sir II, G. R., crratrd 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 1279 
 
 r" 1"^;:;;: ^i;-5^^x;sT'^i:r!;^;i: , "'i^/'- '^"" ■'■, washi„«.:„,. 
 
 adiMiiiisiraifoii, ,75, ij, ' .'' .vi, 
 
 Robinso,,, sir W. C.'P; Straits, 1877 i 1 h,;!' '!-}^!'T'"l '' ^""'"'"'' '^^^-Sa. 
 Ro^M^m, of Vork, murdered; nSl i ' ;^8;'i^:va!s:?i^;;?'U;8"'"-^"'"' 
 
 ' n:^:z'r^iZ • ^'r-'""' -- I ''-- ^--^^ -^^^ .^..0,, ; t,.... 
 
 Ro.'liaiiib,.;iii ■ v,„i-.,.,r.,. .-„. I„'°'t' 
 
 Rossi.niunt, Rome, ,848; ass,i..:sini>- 
 
 Rossilii. G.. lliu.s, ,;oi,M, ,,n, .f..,, 
 o.stop,.hi,l; Moscow. Vs,;"'"^' 
 ,, ,.,y, 11. C, Tay-br„lp, 
 
 ''"^-•Hl'^'^'■-i»' 0''"^-.). -^ 
 
 Ro.ldort, A. II. ; crvi.totiaiihv >8-fi l(,Ti'"'i .';''""';'''''l. Evelina hosp. ' 
 R'-k: Dm... .779-.P7. mar"'"-'' ^'';^:"^- ■''■''• '^40; deaf 'ami 
 
 li;;;i;;:^^v^'f!;::i,?^F^;"- ^« I f '? ^■•1-^ i.S^;' is6f -- 
 
 j|;;;|;;ji'j;';nb.ps,,ur,V ^.hh. .27s 11;;! ;;,;;,: j'^;'"^, „,,, 
 
 V 1' }:"iV" "''r^ "''■'■■ '''°' I'Miiti..;.,,- -'t"- '''"'■• '7.2-1778; 
 
 Ro, ien;'^*.,!;;;nl:'!;;;r-«" iJl::;;i;:;i:-'''-,^-^«.-«'^' 
 
 ......... .,,.c, lojr 
 
 ."■ laiiibiaii; Vorktown, 178 
 ...■ i.l.,.u.t. -en. ; I-iaiice, ,877 
 
 Rocdieloucauld, V. Ue la, jihil. ,630- 
 
 Roi-liester, earl of; administration 
 1670 
 
 Ro.d,u(d; J.; duel, 1835 ; Sebastopol 
 Ra'iiicr, li(;lit, ,'^76 ' 
 
 Roger; .Si.ily. Naples. ,,30 
 Rogers and otlicrs ; tiials, 18E2 
 Roger. s, J. K, x. ; v ages 
 Rogers, .lobii, biiint, ,55:; 
 Rogers, Kaill.,]M(t. ,763-',S:;s 
 Rogeis, lev. Will., i.liilanthroi.ist, 
 
 18,9-56; l.oiiiloi,. ,j.(^^ 
 Rog,,s Messrs. ; gaslights 
 Rogct, P. )1.,M.U, philologist, ,759. 
 
 Roggi Weill, ciicumiiavigator; Kaster 
 
 Island, 1722 
 Rogi.r, Ctaihs, ,1. ,88=,; lielgiiim, 
 
 i!:57 
 
 Rohan, card.; di;,n,ond ncklace, 
 1766 
 
 Roliin,(;has.,Fr. hist., ,66,-174, 
 Roll, sir..;att.-gci,.. Iff 6; Justice 
 
 ot a].] eal, ,867 
 Ib'main, M.; balloons, J-. ,785 
 R. inancs, Ge.agc .1., ph/siolopist, 
 
 184S-Q4; Royal Institution, Oxford 
 
 .SJiCCIIS ' 
 
 Romill.v, sir .Samncl; criminal law 
 
 snicidi-, ,8,8 
 R'niilly. sir ,7. (aft. Id.); ,802-74; 
 
 solicilo.-,g,n,. master ot the rolls 
 
 ,651 
 
 Romney, Geo.; j ainter, 1734-1F02 
 Romulus; Roine, 7538.0.; calendar. 
 
 Alba, arils] ices 
 Roniuius Augiistuliis; western < 
 
 ,, ' .time, 1887 
 
 owan, .\, II.; trial.s ,7n7 ,,.- 
 
 '"^^;""^ ■>■•"— ■i.-.lnrist. ,756. 
 
 if:^^rc^'rv;;,p^':;^!;;:'- -'° 
 li::xbmgi^';;;;,;l;';:,.-^' „ . 
 
 Roziir, M.; balloons, ,,f . 
 
 ul..n.s. P. p.; pai„ier.S1,77-,f,o 
 1" 'ciy c. Gi,,„„; trial. It',, ^ 
 Rubinstein, Anton c 7' ■ , 
 
 1E29.94 ^'- '"""'■cini. P 
 
 Rmduli Pasha ; rnrkcy, ,eC6-,, e> 
 
 Rmlbcek, 01.:thoiaei,,,lnet 
 Rudini. maii|iiis,|i; n,,,],. ,p„ „ , 
 
 Rni';''i:"v^''^"'"-^''"''-v ''■ 
 
 uhn.koill, iiMiueiio„,,„j| -g,, 
 «^.;";;'d. Jhiuamin ihf , p„„, 
 ;;::;;■;•„ ■T^^.Eh; R.yallnltitnr 
 
 f!"''f"-';;'''",''<^-"*-'.rafIei„e) ' 
 
 nio.il. \aseby, Newark 
 
 i'i'sh''l/,"T';''i^'^=''^'""-t'""'« 
 Rush, RIoomheld, murderer; triaLv 
 
 Romulus Augiistiilns; western cm- Ri si.worth F F . , • 
 «'";,;;l;j«.l;.-.^'783-ie73; electric tele- | Ma tlilil,'!"''"' "" "''''■. ''• "'9: 
 
 buion Rosmead, ,8c,6 ; ,824-97- 
 
 ./Icaland, ,878 ; Cai.e, ,8£o, ,895; 
 luins\nal, 1895-6 ^' 
 
 Robinson, James; ether, ,848 
 
 graph, ,823 
 Rouge, J.; k"imler-gartc:i, is,, 
 ontgen, ],rof., i.l.ologinpliv ,ig(, 
 I """'^'•;, sir G(.iig, ; Gibraltar, 1704; 
 t snnll, Aldem.y, Cadiz, tai.e la 
 Hogue, (ape .'it. Vincent, Vigo 
 Rojier, colonel; ilue's, ,788 
 Rosa (Rose), Carl; (.j.eru, ,889 
 R<i,sas; Rilelios Ayics, ,852 
 Roscoe, sir II. F., indigo"; technical 
 
 edneation ; atomic theoi-v 
 Ro.scoe. W.. hisl., ,75>,b,; 
 Rose, German cl» ni.,"Gu"stav, 1708- 
 
 1873; Ileiniicli, 179,-1864 
 
 Ro.sc sir Hugh: India", Calpec,i8,8 
 
 Rcsebcriy. countess of; trials, i6m 
 
 Ro.sel.ciy, carl of ; Gladstone adni., 
 
 iSEo, 18E6, 1892 ; Rcsebtrv adm 
 
 1E54 
 
 Roficncrans, gen.; Vnitcd.S., ,E6o 
 Ross, sir J.; Franklin, iiorih-w'cst 
 l.assagc, 184S 
 
 Ro^s, colonel ; duelling, ,8,7 ;Ilritish 
 niuseuni, 1876 
 
 ''l^n;!::,,ifj..?e8;tiS:nc'^^ 
 
 JSv^'^:rci^v?5i^;i-^-<;-): 
 
 ;ils,scl , (.. ; suiciiie, ,8,6 ^^ 
 
 .89V,. e:;"' """'■' »'■■••"«. -E9.. 
 
 R^-dl, ,idm. Edw.; i.„ uosne.. 
 
 "p':':,";,e:,m"**'^V^"'"".'Sc8.82; 
 
 :^s.;i,':;;-5^'-'""-'"th:n,;s^: 
 
 ^:ti;iv:i;,:';';;:;r'^""^'-^7'''^ 
 
 ''S;,^^;^'"'^-i''W.;Ger- 
 R';|SH1, lord w,. murdered ; t^al,., 
 
 Ruthe 
 
 , :^- 1857, 1861 
 
 '"'Old, J.jiettures 
 
1280 
 
 Wnth«rrnril, Wm.; Royal Institution 
 llutlivcn, Mr. : iliii'is, 1836 
 fHntlan.l, 'lul<o "f; Iivliind (Im-a 
 
 lioUllMlunt), 1784; SI!U .If'HIlW)-,- 
 
 RuvtiT, s(M! I)e Ituijler 
 Ilvilcr, li]!. ; (il(nici!sti'r, 1815 
 'Ryiler, sir Dndli^y, liinji'K bcneli, 
 
 Hvo^Miss ; waifs iind strays, 1897 
 Rvlo, John C, lip-; I,ivnrpool, 1880 
 RVrnCT-Joni's, A. M., ti'Miiioaiapli 
 Kyves, Mrs. ; trials, 1866 
 
 8. 
 
 :3(il)ini>. am. sir Raw., 1788-1883; 
 
 RiiViil Sui'ictv, 18'Ji; maKnetism 
 Sai'lK'Vi'n'l, Dr. ; lii^'li clmrcli, 1709 
 «acln-illi'. ior.l (.Wm-Jio ■ Min.iiMi, 1759 
 ■Sa'ili'ir, J.; snii'iUi', 1856 ;— Dr.; 
 
 HUicilll'. 1858 
 
 fSaiilor Mr. ; lialionns, 1812 
 Sadler Mr. ; Sadler's Widis, 1863 
 Sailler, sir Kallih; administrations, 
 
 540 
 had'vk ; Torl<cy, 1878 
 SalPird, Mr. ; iilancts, 1802 
 -Safvct Pasiia ; Turkey, 1877-8 
 SajiaroUi; Apostoli.-i, 1300 
 ■Sai^asta, Sp.aiii. 1871 ''' ■■"'';• 
 ■Sa''"t, Ken.: IIavli,i870 
 rSaiut-Hilaire, llartli dcnvv; states- 
 
 niin, savant and pliilosc.oher, 
 
 i3-)i-0i; aristntelian 
 St. •-n.iiid.rnir.Hliid: Husao- 1 11 -ki.sh 
 
 war, .Vlniii, 1854 
 ■St. Cliaro: ronror.lance, 1247 
 ■St Clair, llella ; iie.lestnanisir., 1876 
 St' Cvr, marsliiU ; Dresden, 1813 
 St (ieorse. Mr. ; trials, 1798 
 ■St' .lolm. .lolm de, ; treasurer 1217 
 St Jolni I,on','; qnaek, iSio 
 ■St' dolin, Uenrv, aft. lor.l Bolini,'- 
 
 iirnke; OxI'ord i\din., 1711 
 ■St. .Tolm, (>. : bene -nlenees 1613 
 •St. .lolm, William ; oUaw-ellor, 'old 
 
 ■St'"r:eon'ar'fu, lord, i73i-375 : "l''"'" 
 
 eellor, lord Ui-li, 1852 
 St. Mars, M. de ; iron nii^ik 
 ■St Ilnth general; An','tonn. 1691 
 It Vhieent, earl : admiralty, .3oi ; 
 
 Cape St. Vineeiit 
 ■S'lkvaMnni. Undlliism 
 alia, fieor^'O Aiv,mstns, lournalist, 
 
 etr,., 1828-95 
 ■■•Paladin, saltan, in'J-'").3 
 nannseus, l';;;yiit, Syria, 
 Salar .Tun;,', Hyderabail 
 rtaleedo, Ren. Onha, 1893 
 S'vle lady ■ Caliui, India, 1842 
 Sale' sir II diert ; Moodkee, 1845 
 Sal"ar, K., Coloniliia, 1871 
 Sali'slinrv, bishop of; assay 
 
 l;;l;:ix^;u;";;';re:rii^ff:i:.">i..i^- 
 
 .^.d^S'^'nor, ,604; coronets, 
 
 ^■vbsUnrv, Robert A. T.G Cecil, 
 
 ' , rmiU of; '-. 1830; Derby ad- 
 
 ■^JldnSions, ,832?.8,8 ; Disraeli 
 
 administration, 1874 ; l""J;V 
 
 ,977- n,.rli"eonfi'renee; e.mserva- 
 
 h" ' ,88. ; Hilisbnry adm., .883. 
 
 ,385,'.3Q5;!'t^int«si, x884 ; Brit. 
 
 Assoc., i3)4 . . , ,,„,. 
 
 Salisbury e. IViwson ; trials, May, 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hayti, 1865-70 
 .lews, i8j5 ; mayor ; 1 
 
 ; .\3eal0n, 
 , Aleppo 
 
 SalUeM : Delhi, 1837 
 
 SI, Denis de:eritics, reviews .63.5 
 
 salU,i,d, hist.,.;. :4 "■'■■; «•■'"■•'■ 
 
 tania, Catilme 
 Salmasius; antholoiV, 1606 
 aalmeron ; Spam, 1873 
 
 Hnlnavo, gen. 
 Salomons, D. 
 
 sir D. 
 Salt, Titns; 1803-76; iilpaea, 1852, ' 
 
 Dradfm^d ] 
 
 Salvator Kosa ; painter, 1615-1673 1 
 Salviati, Dr. ; mosaic, 1861 ; «lass , 
 .Salvii' Osliert, naturalist, 1835-98 ! 
 Salvino dculi Arinato ; spectacles 1 
 Salvias .litlianns : edicts, 112 
 Samiison, H. ; advertisemcMts, 1874 
 Saiiinel rules Israel, 1140 n.c. 
 Samn'^ison, sir ». ; teehiii"al ednoa- 
 
 tioll 
 Sanbullat ; Samaritan, 332 n.c. 
 Saiicho, kiiin ; I'nrtiiiiai, Spain, 970 \ 
 Sancroft, alip., (.'antcrlmry, 1678; 
 
 bisliops, Ungland 
 Sandeman, col. sir R. O. ; Deloo. 
 
 chistan 
 Sandeman, U. ; Glasites 
 Sandcrs.m, Dr..!. U.; Hrown Institute ; 
 Sanders, wili-for^'cr ; trials, T844 
 Sandilli ; Kall'raria, 1877-8 
 Sandcm, lord; Disraeli .■idmin., 1874, 
 
 1878 ; elcmen. education, 1876 ; .we 
 
 Ilarrowby 
 Saiiilwicli, earl of; administrations, 
 
 1660 ; nav:il battles, Solebay, Aix- 
 
 la-Cliapelle 
 Sandvs; ailministrations, 1742, 1767 
 Sandys, K'wiii, abp. York, 1377 
 ! Sant.'V Anna •' 1833-76 
 
 '■ Sipor ; Persia ..,^. 
 Sappho writes .:■; n,o. ; Sapphic 
 Sardaiiapains ; .Vssyria, 876 u.r. 
 Sarmieiito,col. D., Ar;;ciitiiie confed., 
 
 i863 
 Sarpi, Paul, 1532-1623; therniiime- 
 
 tcr, blood 
 Sassoon, sir .V, Hoinbay, 1879 
 Sassulitch, V. ; Russia, 1878 
 Saul, .lews, lo-jfi B.C. ; .Vmuionites 
 Saumirez, sir .lames : .Vl,'esiras, 1801 
 Saiimlers; trials, 1853 
 Saunders, com. ; Franklin, 1849 
 Saunders, sir Uliarles ; Chath.ani 
 
 .■iclininistration, 1766 
 Saiissure, i74>-i79q: liy,'rometer 
 Sauriii i'. Star ; trials, 1869 
 Sava>,'e, .Joliii ; 15 ibyji;,'tou'3 con- 
 spiracy, 1386 
 "^ava^'e, iilip. ; York, 1301 
 
 iva,'e. Rich., jioet, ■693?-i743 
 
 a-av W ; printin;; in colours, 
 
 I^il^ 2 
 
 Savary, trials, 1825 
 Sav.iry, capt. ; steain-0U','ine, 1698 
 Savai' Pasha, Turkey, i33o-i 
 SaV(maroia, .Icrome ; burnt, 1498 
 Savorv, sir V.'m. S., bart, P.RS; 
 surgeon, i326-95 
 ' Sawaril, .1. ; tri.als, 1857 
 Sawlre, sir William; burning alive, 
 
 1401 ; Lollards 
 S.wyer ; arithmetic, 1878 
 Saxe, count; K<mteiioy, 1745; ijaf- 
 
 feldt, 1747 ,.,. , 
 
 Si.iy, .I.vxn Bapti^tfi Leon, political 
 
 economist, 1826-96; France, 1873 
 
 et sen. 
 Say, T. ; Colorado beetle 
 Savee, A. II. ; Aecadians, Assyria, 
 
 1875 ; liilivlouia 
 Sayc and Sele, lord ; admiuisttations, 
 
 1660 
 Sayc', lord, beheaded, 1450; Cade 
 Sayi.'rs, T. : b )'i\wx. i860 
 Sc'aiiRcr, loseph .lustus, 13(0-1609 
 
 eminent sell ilir 
 Scanderbe;,' ; Allunia, 1443 
 Scanlan, Mr. ; trials, 1820 
 ■Scarlalli, I). ; spiiiiit 
 Sc.trron, Paul ; French 1: - , 
 
 i66') 
 Schainvl; Circassia, 1859 
 Schiirf, lJeor;?ft, K.C.U. ; Nat . .r- 
 
 trait Gallery 
 
 Scheelc, 1742-86; nitro;;en, oxygon, 
 priissic acid, tartaric acid, pl'.o- 
 to«rapliy, glycerine, chlorine 
 Schelfer, Ary ; painter, 1795-1858 
 Scheibler, M. ; toncmieter, 1834 
 Scheiner, Chr. ; heUometer, 1625 
 Scdieirck, «eii. ; United States, ^870, 
 
 1876 
 Scheutz ; calculatiiw niacliine, 1857 
 Scliiaparelli ; planets, 1861 ; comets, 
 
 1866 
 Schiir, Dr. ; vivisection 
 Seliilders, general ; Silistria, 1834 
 Schiller, F., Uer. poet, 1739-1805 
 Schimmi^l]ieniiiiick ; Holland, 1805 
 Schlenel, W., German writer, 1767- 
 
 i8(3 ; -F., 1772-1829 
 Selilcver ; volapilk 
 Seliliekmann, yeiieral ; Transvaal, 
 
 1876 
 Schlicmann, Dr., 1822-90; MyceuiC, 
 
 Trov, 1872 
 Sclimiilt ; or)4 ms, 1682 ; moon, 1874 ; 
 
 -sliot, Spain, 1874 
 Schii.idhorst, Mr., caucus, 1868-94 
 Scinellcr, Peter ; printing, 1452 
 Sehonbein, .M. ; i797-i868;i,'un cotton. 
 
 1840 ; ozone, 1846 
 Seliomljer;,', capt. ; naval battles, 
 
 1811 
 Sehomlier^,', duke of ; Boyne, Ireland, 
 
 Londonderry, Carrickter},'Us, i68p 
 Schoinliur;,'k, sir R. ; Victoria regia, 
 
 1838 
 Schopenhauer, A., pessimism 
 Schreiiier, Laily ; fans 
 Selirot(M'; pianot'orte, 1717 
 Schroiter; pliospliorus, 1843 
 Schouten ; Cape Horn, 1616 
 Schouvilolf, count, Russia, 1879 
 Sidiiiliert, F. P. ; Ger. mus., i797^ 
 
 1823 
 Schuiuinn, Robert ; Ger. mus., i3io^ 
 
 56 
 I Schw.ilic, sun 
 ' Schwann ; i:ell theory, 1839 
 Si^hw.irtz, C, missionary; Indi;i, 
 
 1798 
 Scliwartz, M. ; ;,'unpowdcr 
 Sciiwartzeiil)er„', prince of ; Dresden. 
 
 1813 
 Schw.itka, lleut., Franklin search 
 
 1879-81 
 Scliw.'rin, m'lrshal; Pr.ijuo, 1757 
 ! Scialoia. .V. ; N'apl!s, 1877 
 Seipio Africauus; liononr, Numantia, 
 
 Riiiii". /mil, 202 n.c. 
 Seindiah. Gwaliin- 
 Scolndeir, ;^'ii. ; Basso - Turkic 
 
 war, 1873 ; Russia, 1882 
 Scott; iluciliiii!, 1821, 1836 
 Scidt, Miss C. A., Girton college 
 Si;ott, Dred ; Uniteil States, 1857 
 .Scott, sir Fr.incis; Ashantoes 
 
 1893-6 
 
 Scott, 
 
 G. Gill) 'rt ; .architeel 
 
 1811-1878; Albin's; As.aph's ; mi 
 land 
 Sc)tt, R. II. ; meteorology. 1865 
 Scott W.ilter, 1771-1832; Waverley 
 Scott, gen. WinlleM, 1786-1866 
 
 ' .Mexico, 1847 ; United Statfi 
 
 I i36i-2 
 Scrilie, K., dramatist, d. 1861 (set. 8 
 
 ' Scudamore, lord ; apples 
 Scaburv, Samuel ; liishoprios, 1784 
 S'll'orl'li, earl of; thistle, 1687 
 Seal, .1. ; trials. 1838 
 
 I Seirle ; planets, 1838 
 
 j Sebistiaui. mirshil; Tal.avera, iSr, 
 Sebert; Westminster .Vbbey 
 Sebri'glit marriage ; tri.als, i336 
 >5,....,l,i, p,,.lr.> A., nat. phi!., iSiS ; 
 Seeker, abp. ; Canterbury, 1738 
 (ecricnjiii ; Transvaal, 1876-82 
 Seilgwii;k, Alam, d. 1873, geology 
 Seeli^y, sir .1. R. ; hist, and 
 1 3)4-95 ; " ''jCOo Homo" 
 
clipiilc, 1742-36 ■, nitro^'on, oxygen, 
 prussii! in:iil. Urtiiric ai'iil, plw- 
 tn^^niphy, glycoriiie, chlorine 
 
 i-lirfTcr, Arv ; iminter, 1795-1858 
 
 r'lrlbhT, M. ; tnlKlMlctcr, 1834 
 
 clii'iniT, t'lir. : holiinnutcr, 1625 
 I'll. 'nek, Ki'n. ; Unitcil Stiitea, ^870, 
 
 1876 
 
 ohcntz ; ciilcnliitins niaohino, 1857 
 cliiiipiirclli ; jpliinetH, iii6i ; eomots, 
 
 1866 
 
 cliitr, Dr. ; vivisection 
 I'liiMiTs, ijcni'ral ; Hilistria, 1854 
 rliillcr. I''., (ifr. |ioi;t, 1759-1805 
 (•liiiiiiai'l|MMiiiinrk ; Uiilliind, 1805 
 <-,lili':,nH, W., liernmn writer, 1767- 
 
 i3i5 ; -!■'., 1773-1829 
 ic'lilpyiT ; voliipilk 
 Icliliiikniann, gisneral ; Transv.iiil, 
 
 1876 
 k:lili(Miiaiin, Or., 1822-90; Myoeiuw, 
 
 Trnv, 1872 
 Icliiniilt; or^'ins, 1682 ; moon, 1874; 
 
 — sliot, H|i:iin, 1874 
 ielinailhorst, Mr., eaiiens, 1868-94 
 icliieir.'r, IV'ti'r; printing, 1452 
 i.-li.inlwin, M. ; i797-i868;},'un cotton. 
 
 1840 ; itzono, 1846 
 ir.lionibori,', capt. ; naval battles, 
 
 i3ii 
 i.'hoMilwrs;, duke of: Hiiyiie, Ireland, 
 
 r.iiiidiindi'rrv, Carrickl'ernns, 1689 
 Ji;liouin\ir^;k, sir H. ; Victoria regia, 
 
 1838 
 icliopimhaner, X., pessnnisni 
 jcliroil)er, Lady ; fans 
 ii'liroter ; pianofcn'ti', 1717 
 SrhpiUer; pliospliorns, 1845 
 iclioutiMi ; Uapc Horn, 1616 
 Scdionvalolf, count, Hnssia, 1879 
 Siduilicrt, F. P. ; Ger. inns., 1797- 
 
 1828 
 Schunnnn, Robert ;Ger. nins., tSio- 
 
 Sclnv.ibe, sun 
 
 Schwann ; c^cll theory, 1839 
 
 ScliHMrtz, C, missionary; India, 
 
 1793 
 Schwartz, M. ; gunpowder 
 Schwartzenberg, prince of ; Dresden, 
 
 1813 
 Seliw.itka, lieut., Franklin »ear<'li 
 
 1879-81 
 ^chwcrin, mirslial; Pr.agno, 1757 
 Scialoia, A. ; Xaplis, 1877 
 Scipio .Vfricanns : liononr, Nuniantia 
 
 Hoiu", Zinri, 202 B.C. 
 SiMUdiah, Gwalior 
 fSciibidcir, giiu. ; Russo - Tarkisli 
 
 war, 1878 ; llussla, 1882 
 S.'.itt; (IncllinL!, 1821, 1836 
 Scott, Miss C. .v., Girton college 
 Scott, Orcd ; United States, 1857 
 .Scott, sir Francis ; Ashantee' 
 
 1893-6 
 Scott, sir G. Gilbert; architci 
 
 1811-1878 ; .Vlbiu's; As.aph's ; m 
 
 land 
 Scott, R. II. ; meteorology, 1865 
 Scott Walter, 1771-1812; Waverley 
 Scott, gen. Winllcld, i736-i85i 
 
 .Mexico, 1847 ; United Stat 
 
 1861-2 
 Scribe, R, dramatist, d. i86i(!Bt. 8. 
 Seudainorc, lord ; apples 
 Si'ilinrv, Samuel ; bishoprics, 1781 
 S'lforth, carl of ; thistle, 1687 
 Seal, .1. ; trials, 1858 
 Se U'le ; iilancts, 1858 
 Sehtstiani, marshal; Talavcra, iSci 
 Seliert; Westminster .Vbboy 
 Sebright marriage • trials, i836 
 Sccchi, P.idM \,, uat. pliii., t3t3-7 
 Seeker, abp. ; Canterl)ury, 1758 
 (eco(wni ; Transvaal, 1876-82 
 Sedgwick, A lam, <l. 1873, geology 
 Seeley, sir J. R. ; hist, and 
 1834-95 ; " Kcoe Homo" 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ■S55 
 
 1512 
 
 .Inan I-' 
 
 suicide 
 
 rn.imliz, 
 iFio 
 
 1S62 
 
 1862 
 
 Sefton r. IliJiiwood ; trial 
 Hcranns, //. :,, 
 
 ^''jl',"""\ ''"iiieellor, 1,1. ^aft. carl) 
 (Roniclcll Palnici), ,8,3.93; sol . 
 gen., ,86,; att.-gcn., ,863; 1872-4 
 appeal: UladsKme adni.; ,S8o 
 S'eMen, ,7., 1584-1654 ; seas, jioct- 
 lam-cale > 1 ^ 
 
 Selcucus Nicntor ; Seloueidcs, Svria 
 onn^ns, Ipsns, 31, n c ' ' 
 
 Sclim : Tnrkcv, Svri.i 
 
 Selkiik, AlcNiinilcr 
 170S 
 
 .Sellis, the valet 
 
 Hclmei', M. ; Xorwa.v, 188,-4 
 
 Helwyn, sire. J,,insticc, hi:, ,S68 
 
 hemMimns , A: svria, "oo? 
 
 Heinnii's, capt,, ,.\lal 
 
 Hernplc: trials, ,795 
 
 Sen, Ijalpoi,, deism, ,86g 
 
 henaimlli; Maiiipur 
 
 Kencca pnttodcath, 65; Cordova 
 
 Hinnacdicnb; Assvria, 681 B c 
 
 Senclcklcr; litlKvrapliy, ,,,,f, 
 
 .Vrguis : i„ip,,s, nativity, 600 
 ticatioii ^ 
 
 Serrano, niiir.|nis ,1c ,a,i,l duke de la 
 lorrc, .Siwii,, 1S68 ,5,,8S2; 
 
 Scrnn: chciric lamp 
 Serturni'r, morphia, ,803 
 .Scrvetus, .Mi,|„„.l, l,„,.,it 
 l.nitanans. .< rians, bi I 
 
 Serviu,sTullins:,'„j,is,,-,ijsus.=Wur 
 Sesostris : lC„ypt, ,3,, „.e. ■' ' - 
 .>etalla : bnniiii;; gla.ssi's 
 Sevcrns : H„„„. ; ...np. ,93 ; Dritain, 
 
 lioman waDs, Memphis, -.o-, 
 He.Mus Ponipi'ius ; .Mvhc, 36 B r 
 Seymour, sir Ivli.-. ; .^p,.,,!;,.,-, 1678 
 heymour, sir M. ; (Jliina, 1856 
 Seyjiioure. !iutt<TW,.rlli ; trials 1862 
 beyiiioui-, E,lwar.l, .Inkcof S„i,ici-sci • 
 
 administraticms, 
 
 ailmiralty 
 Si^vmonr, lonl 
 
 12S1 
 
 Vnitcl States, ,83 i 
 
 Ih-itiilcy. 175,. 
 a,lministiali<in, 
 
 T. ; il. 
 
 IC9, ; 
 
 <ai.li. 
 
 pnn- 
 
 Alcoiea, 
 
 '553; 
 
 '547 : protc'tors 
 
 duels, 1835 
 tournament. 
 
 wjnmnr, lady; tournament, 1839 
 
 Seymour, adm. sir Frinl. Bcauchamp 
 
 1., 182,-95 (art. lord AlcestiT), 
 
 f.gypt, 1882 '' 
 
 Sforza, cai-dinal ; Nnple.i, ,877 
 blhidwcll, TinjiUiUi ; poet-laureate, ,1 
 1692 
 
 Shartesbnrj-,earlof;a,lministrati,i„s, 
 
 1672; (1801-1885) C'hichi>ster : eos- 
 
 terinongois, Shaftesbury estat*; • 
 
 and memoi'ials ' 
 
 Shaksprare, W., ,564-,6,6: Shak- 
 
 speare, drama, niulberrv-trco 
 hhalniane.ser; Assyria, 720 B c 
 Sluipira, M. ; bible, noir, ' ' 
 Sharp, A.; circle (squared), ,7,7 
 Shaip, archbp.; Scotland, ,679 
 Sharp, Granville; slavery, ,77 
 
 ■" " ' 1883 
 
 Sheri,|aii, gen. 
 
 iSSi, ,/. ,838 
 Sh,ri,|an, Hi,dini-,1 
 
 1S16 ; (Ir.iivill,, 
 
 e,PTiM',lv, tl,eati,s 
 ^'lieri.laii, I).'. ; |,i,.||s, ,R, 
 Shi'rm.in. t.'eu. Wnj. 
 
 t'uit,',! States, ,81',, 
 Sh,.rwa,.I, Wm. ; X„rwi,.h, ,869 
 Shichl, .Mr. ; (Ul on waters 
 Shillilieer, G., ,807-66; omnibuses, 
 
 ,829 
 Shlpl,.y; arts, .soe. <,f, ,7,, 
 Shirh.y,bi.sh„i,: Man, ,846 
 Slu.rt, bishop; Man, St \ 
 ,84, 
 
 Hhovcl, sirCloudeslcv; S.^illv ,-,,7 
 Mirapnel. b,imbs ' • • ' / 
 
 Shrewsbury p,-eragu cases; trials 
 1858, 1859 
 
 Shivwsbnry, ,luke ,,f; a.niinistra 
 ^ tmns, ,7,4 
 Shr,.wsbury, e:n-| cf; V„u>y, ,429 
 
 ( istdl.in. ,45:; ^ •* 
 
 Shiittl,.worth,sir L-. K. ; Gl.adstonc 
 
 adm., ,886 
 .Sib(,nr, ;ii,,,, . Vrance. ,S=;7 
 Sicar,|, abb,'. ; ,l,.ar.an,l ,lumb, ,742 
 hid.hms, .Sarah, actress; nnir,.,l 
 
 18,9 ' 
 
 Silm,,nth, H-nry A,Min-t,m vis- 
 eouiit, ./. ,844 ; Ad,lingt,m ailm., 
 I 1800; green bag, speaker 
 j Si,lnevsii-P,, 55^.86; Algernon, 
 
 I "fiiT-Ss: H.v,-I seplot 
 
 Snim^ns. sir U Wm., ,822-S-> ■ heat 
 
 I'yncmtcr. 1S7,; AIImmi' i'M,.,|ar 
 
 ih74; attracti,.,,, batl,(,ni,.t,.r, ,.!,■,■- 
 
 n,. bli.graph, heat, light, li-ht- 
 
 ^ housis, ,878 
 
 Sieucns, F. ; gla.ss, iSc-, 
 
 Si,M,icns, W,-na.r, eleetrieity, electric 
 
 railway, ,S3i 
 Sieyi'S, abbe ; directory, France, 1799 
 Sigismoiid ; Germany. Jiohemia, 
 Huiigary,Nir„,„,lis.|.„|an,l,l>,-nssia 
 Si Ills, Italieiis. p,.,t.al,„ut 25-99 
 Sillim. Mr. ; trials, ,863 
 Simi'.m thcStylite; abstinenee 
 Smimomls; llyinj^, ,6-,.. balloons, 
 
 1803 
 Simmons ; trials, ,8i^s 
 Simmons, sir,T. L. ■ Malta, ,884 
 Siiiinel, l.ambiTt ; <'nnspirncies, re- ' 
 belli, .11, ,486; stoke , 
 
 Simon Jl.-igus ; Simonians, 4, 
 Simon, Jiile.s,,/. ,896 ; Franco, ,870-7 
 
 Sim, til, list. T. 
 Since, tri.ils, 
 Sinirke, R. ; 
 
 182, 
 Smirk,', S. 
 
 S.'lllll, ll. 
 
 Smith, .\. 
 
 ei'oiniiiiv. 
 
 Smith, .\ir 
 
 : trial; 
 
 87tl 
 
 1 780-1 S67; 
 
 ;-9o 
 
 nethleln 
 
 :-77 
 
 mil, ,72 
 1776 
 
 li,'anm,int ; e.\el 
 tri.ils, 1 8,1 
 
 mith, Hi'iijamin f.,.inh ; nortn-west 
 pass.-i^;,.. 1871-82 
 
 ■.ipl. : duel, trials, ,8,o 
 iir C. Eiiai 
 
 >S39 
 
 post-o(ll,.o, 
 
 Ihilish Mil- 
 
 litiial 
 
 .,|U,r, 
 
 Siiiitl 
 Smitli 
 
 Mcriicci 
 Smith, ]•'. 
 
 l,^^6 
 Sliiilli, G|.,,. 
 
 Miisinm, 
 
 llittiti.s ; 
 Slllilli, G.'ii. 
 Siiiilh, cipI. 
 Smith, sir .1 
 
 Zanzibar, i-oo ; 
 
 P. ; screw pro|.i-ll,.i-, 
 
 ; Assyria, 1866-75: lirit. 
 '873 ; forks ; Xineveh ; 
 ■' 1876. 
 
 ifiu-95 : lihilantlir 
 !l,ilie,| : Sniiilan, ,81,. 
 . , 1: : b.itaiiist, 17,9-1821 
 
 his \vi,l,iw, I'leaMim.e, Ion 
 1S77 
 Smith, prof. W. I!,,i„.|.t 
 
 chiinl, of s..,,lhii,d 
 Smith, ,1. ; briherv. trials. 18^4 
 Smith, ,I,,s,.|.|i ; savin-shank 
 
 •b'sepli : .MoiiiM.ris, 1S23 
 .Madi.|eine ; trials, ,^57 
 -Miss r. earl Feri-ers; trial: 
 
 "11, 
 
 pie 
 
 vily, 
 
 five 
 
 Smi 
 Sniitli, 
 
 hi'iinVt, ,8,7. 
 1790-1S61 : 
 
 111 
 Iiclia, Aliwal, 
 
 477 
 
 , ■ -679 
 
 ,„ . . , slaver.v, 1772 
 
 Shaw, rev, .Mr. ; M,ad 
 
 ^liaw, sirJami.s; mavor, 1805 
 Sliaw, sir John; (iivenock 
 ^liaw, capt. ; fire briga,le 
 ^law, W., homc-ruh', ,879 
 ilieares, the .Mcssi-s. ; tri.'ify 
 >Iie,lilen V, Patrick 
 pshaiik 
 
 , 1798 
 . trials, i860 
 .., I o o,"-' "sti-'inomy, staiid- 
 •iid, 1855; Sheepshanks' dmiations, 
 1S57-8 
 
 ■icil, R. L.; mint, 1846 
 
 'licllmrne, earl of ; sli,.lbun,c ad- 
 ii.,nistrati(m, 1782; ,ln,.|, > .80 
 le ,hm, abp. ; Canterbnrv, ,661 
 
 lii'iiloii, William ; tapestry 
 '-'lle.V, Percy U., poet, ,792-,822 
 leplier, (.. Uennett; trials, ,870 
 
 "'ppard, ,Jack ; exei'utimi, ,724 ! 
 
 l.q.Mo„c, sir T., ,5,7-93; Trans- i 
 i.iai, 1876-7; Swazilaml, ,889 
 
 ' \fglianistan, ,863, ,879; j 
 
 ere All. 
 
 Camlahar 
 
 leie Ali, kills Id. Mayo, 1872 
 
 ilanuan, India ' 
 
 An- 
 
 Sjimouidcs ; letters, mnemonics 
 I B.C. 
 
 ! .Simidicius, .St. ; collar of S,S., 1407 
 I Simpson. Dr., aft. sir James, ,8ii-7o- 
 ! i'hl,>roiorm, ,847 ' 
 
 , Simp.sou, ti-avcller ; suicide, 1S40 
 Mms, G. R. ; LiMidon, ,883 
 Simlereomb; eoiisi,ii.a,.v, ,756 
 Singh: Aliwal, 1846; Piiiiiaiib 
 Sismonili, c, hist., 1773, ,842 
 Sisyiihus; Corinth, 1326 B.c\ 
 ' Sixtiis : po]iL's 
 Sixtus v., jioiH.; iiifenlict, 1588 
 Sk,.n.., J. H. ; Ilittites 
 Skipwith, Mr. ; trials, 1S72 
 Skob,'letl', gen., Russia, ,E«, ,Spiiova 
 Skrzyii..,.ki, gen. ; Praga, Wawz, ,8j, 
 .>.a,le, Dr. ; spiritualism, 1876-7 
 Slater; forgery case ; trials, ,888 
 S iilcll, Mr. ; Unitcl States, ,S6i | 
 
 S igo, maiipiisof; trials, ,3,2 
 Sloane, sir Hans, ,660-, 752 ; apotlie- ■ 
 cary, Jesuits' bark, liritish Mu- ' 
 scum, Chel.sea 
 Slo.iMe-i : trials. 185, 
 Smart, A. ; sui,.i,l,., ,g,,(5 
 Smart, sir G. T., nins., ,776-1867 
 Smart ; chinim.ys ,805 
 Siiieaton, -Mr. ;' tCldvstone, caral 
 ^ I7J9 
 Smeaton, sir John ; Wigan, 1643 
 
 Smith, 
 Smith, 
 Smith, 
 1S46 
 Smith, Dr. R. Angus 
 
 84 ; .'lii'. i8s8 
 
 Smith, Di-. Sniithwoijil 
 s.-iiiit.iry l,.gislation, ,832 
 sirsi.liii.y ; Ai'ir, ,799 
 ivv. Sy,|ii,.y, 176,1-1845 
 Miiith, ri-v. S. ; trials, 1858 
 Smith, Sam. Si,lii,.v ; trials ,^,-, 
 Smith, sir (,'. Karillev; evaici'li 
 
 alhani.e, 1845 
 Smith, sir Harry 
 Kallraria, 1850 ' 
 Smith. Mr. Thomas ; nstoms 
 Smith, •riiomas; lor,l mayor, ,809 
 
 Smith, \\m.;f;,.„h,^-y,,/. ,« ^ 
 
 j Smith, Dr. (aft, sir William), 18,3.03 • 
 
 ,' ^ 'liet arics, (|narterlv revii'w 
 
 Smith, W. H., 1825-91'; .ailmirallv 
 ! 1877; •Salisbury ailm. ,885, 18S6" 
 Smith I', eai-l Rrownluw ; trials 
 : '869 ' 
 
 I .Smith, and Markliam,enptains-diiels 
 trials, 1830 ' ' ' 
 
 , Smithsoii, j. ; Smitl; 
 ! tinn, 1846 
 
 .Smollett, Tobias, noveli.st 1 
 I Smyth (will I'ase) ; trial 
 j Smyth, \V. H., astron., 
 Snelliiis ; ojitii's, 1624 
 
 I Snider, Ji b, ,/. ,866 ; Ih.' arms 
 
 ; Snorri, Stiirleson ; Ie,.ian,l, killed 
 1241 ' 
 
 Snow, Dr. ; amyleiic, ,856 
 I Soames; c,.,.oa-iiiit tri'e oil, 1S29 
 ! .Soane, sir J., arcliif,.,.t, i7=j-i^,7 
 Sol,i,.ski, John : Poland, Cossacks, 
 
 Himgai-y, \ leniia 
 Soboleir 0., Jhilgaria, 1883 
 Soliri.ro, ..iro-glyi.eriii,., ,847 
 So,.iniis, Uclius (,/. ,562), ami Fans- 
 tns (.(. ,604); auti-triiiitarians. 
 arians, unit.-'- iii-; 
 Socrates, 469- : , , ■ . ; Athens, philo- 
 sophy 
 Soleil, saecdiarometi.r 
 Solomon ; Jerusalem, ,004 n c 
 Solon ; Athen.s, 594 „.,. ; |,,„.s, tax 
 Solovietr, A., Russia, 1879 
 Solyman ; Turkey, JJcl^:ia,l,-, Vienna 
 .. !529 
 •Solyman II. ; Hungarc Euda 
 
 hatz, 1526 
 Somers, lord ; administrations 
 
 corn 
 Somers, sir George ; Ii,.niiu,la. 
 4 N 
 
 hsimian Institn- 
 
 1721-71 
 
 ^5.^ 
 
 i-i86s 
 
 1690 ; 
 ', 1609 
 
mm 
 
 m\iiiiralty. 
 
 traiic.cly, 
 
 i st,iii:-\ 
 
 wnrtl 
 
 128-2 
 
 Soincraot tlio UupV. ik'cliireil freH, 
 
 1772 ; sliivi'O' '" Kii|,'lii»il 
 SuiiiiTsut, see tifym'iiir ■ 
 
 Soinw'villc, Mary, uiiitlKMiiat., cStc. 
 
 SoliC™ ' It. ; .iinr.l.'iv.\, Unmo, 1875 
 Hoi.liin, l.riii.TSs; lliniovn, ;C>59 
 Bopliia l),ir..tl.«,, '(. .71/- KuBlau.l 
 
 (<(IU'IM1«, Gen. I.) 
 SdlilinclfS, 495-4": 
 
 driinm 
 Sori'l. .\(;iics ; .ii'Wi'lli'iy, 1434 
 Soro, Zcmii; i'\\Aiiv, iS'G 
 HoKtnilus; jiliunis, 298 ii.r. 
 S„f,. lMT.liiiiiii«l 'I'- ; l.ouisiai.|i 1541 
 Hm>U, inurslml, .j'lQ-SS. : A ll'mMa, 
 
 Oin.rt". ortliis, I'yii'iHrs, lailn^. 
 
 Tmilnns.., Villa I'niiM'ii, l'""''" , 
 
 SoiitlM'V, Hub., 1774-1843; \>o'-i-lM- I 
 
 So'ii'tliwcll, W. ; l«ian<., 1S07 
 Hoyer, A. (iwM, (i. 185S 
 BimMini.-, Mr. : .livmK-liHl, . 787, 
 Kioirks li. Ill- ;.- ■ trials, 185? 
 ^!!^' ;.-,),.lm;m..r-making, 
 
 l)iirlfi>r.!, i-')>- , , 
 
 Sp«ki■.<•aI.t.^b■•'■'H■■■f'■"■''•'■''^3"■♦• 
 
 _lj ; Ldl.'ll.U, >i6& 
 
 SiiciM-iT, U.; fov'Mit);.-. ii?-i 
 slwiiccv liiii; ti.i>i>v;lli!iitint., i?o<>, 
 "'lf^.l.ur;iuV-I..VK'..K.l«u.u.a.ln. 
 
 tm. iStV', ib'JS, ,-:9'^; •'•'^l"';''; 
 
 Si.™n.?:'l...!„r , liliilos., ell.c., 
 
 1801 ; snrii<ii.:'y 
 BDi^ii .■!, Jlv. ; i-iiclrotyiw, 1837 
 Spcnn. Plii!. .).. Uieolofc'. i635-'705 ■ 
 
 8,^:^S^E., .55.^8; aUe^nry. 
 
 fai-rvMiU'CM, \.."'t-lainriiU', veisc 
 S!.^rt,'sirTli.is. ; Trinily-luaisi;, 151= 
 Sl.ii" Alexander tie ; spc^t^icle-*, 
 
 1285 _ , , „ 
 
 SniiiM-iS ,T. ; tnalH, 1570 
 8ru';.a,B..l.>,.'^r,-77;"ttosn. 
 
 Spoliv, 1.., '""''■ '■","'''■• ■''^-^''^^^ 
 SiKiUi'U .las. ; trials, 1857 
 
 1871, liritisli assu.iatioii, 1878, 
 Royal iiistitutiiiii. 1865, >873 • 
 Ro'val sdi'ii'ty. 1878 
 SpreiiKi'l, Oi'. ; air-punM'. ""'<= 
 
 1894 , , 
 
 BUekpole, cai.t ; duel, 
 Stackpoles, trials ; 1853 
 Ktjiel mad. ile, novelist, i(. 1817 
 aSfford al.p. ; Canterliury, i443 
 
 St'Sd vis.t.-,Otttes'8 plot .680 
 StaW, G. K. ; eliemist, .660-.743 : 
 
 Btalr. earl of; Ulem^oe, .692; Uet 
 
 tinmen. 1743 ,. , , . „ 
 Rfiitr- eleetrielit-'lit, 1848, 
 
 8a,n,n'loir,Ster,,n;li«lKaria. 
 S aid-errv. John ; Ktoii, 1448 
 Kt, iVii T ; pedestriaiiism, 1811 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Stanle>, lnsI.ol>, Xorwieli, 1837 
 Htanley, di^an A. P., 1815-81, Sun 
 
 A-;^^w., lord,/. .3.6; nerK^ 
 i366; Disraeli adiu., i368, sec 
 
 «t^de^ colonel F, A. ;l"r ■"•'":' 
 ,886 (Id. Sl-ailley ol I'lvstoli, 
 earl of Derby, i£',j); O"'"'"- 
 L'liv.-ut'n.t <f^^3 ^ ,. 
 
 Stanley: 11. -M. . ''• ■'4. : A "..a, 
 ,872-62; Conao; S,!iidan, ,3t7 • 
 
 Nile , , 
 
 lord ; set' Dri'i'l 
 lord, of .>.Vo:l"y; Aber- 
 PaliiierstoL id.n 
 sir.lolm; M iii. i4<:* „ 
 s'r W. ; eliaiaberliiin ; Bo8- 
 
 14 
 
 .-'9 
 
 1877 
 
 S14 
 
 1857 
 
 186-95 
 
 liistorinn) 
 
 /formerly lord M' '■ 
 
 ■S05-75 ■.■■»}*"!"'; .' 
 
 Staiiliope, eol ; tr ■ 
 Stnnliope, earl ; n. 
 Stmdiope, M^'"' 
 
 Slope: Ueut-,en.; Minorca, .7cS 
 ataiiislana ; I'oland, 1704 
 
 ■16 
 
 ■dm., J7>4 
 ,3.93; Sails 
 
 Ht;.nsleld.si,'lames,, 82.18, aft,. 1^1 
 of U^il ; tlladst.mc ii'iei., iS..i5 , 
 
 Stanton, Mr. ; veloeipcde, 1S74 
 Mtapleton, .1. ; trials, 1858 
 Htaplelon, Walter bp, ; L.Mdei 
 
 Stark ; el- etrie ti-le^iiapli, 1858 
 .<tatilis, Lat. poet,./*- 79 
 >.!atint..n, \.. H l'.,.cte. ; tiuds 
 Smnnton, Mr. : C'lnna. ,840 
 Htvad, W. T. ; trials i.:; 
 Stearns ; eleetri.' tele.-iapli 
 Steele, sir H., 167,-1729 : T.itlu, 
 
 S,'eet.-vtor,..liibs. Kit-cat elnV, 
 SUn'le Mr. ; nmrd(Ted, trials, 1807 
 Steell,'sir J. ; Seotland, 1870 
 St..en...l.el, Mat;nns ; ««•';;'';''•. '3\4 
 Stein, Germany, ,8x9 ; '■''■""r" •.,'^"' 
 1 Stediiit^ Willielm, 1336-97; i;"^'*'^' 
 
 St^Milio.'se^'j. ; dves, eli.uenal, 1853 
 !su.pl,en;,>op>'«.k>'^'^''''l. "»''«'''■»■' 
 lst??^i;M^'^lr'jamesF.;j.tclgo,.829- 
 
 i HtiidaMi, l.eslli' ; biography 
 I sieiibeiis, (i.; Hniies 
 slepbens,' Miss ; theatres, Covent- 
 
 L'arden, ,813-1882 
 ..tephens, rev. Mr. ; rials, ,839 
 ! ste .hens, Robert ; Bible, .551 . 
 I Stephenson. Geor-e .78.-1848 .rad 
 ways, Cliatnioss; steam, i8i4,New- 
 
 'stnifenkoMlobcrt, ,303-59 ;t..bnlar 
 i StI;fmS Sor,e M. K.. l^issiai, 
 
 »''^ir)i?==L^t;rJ!;:^"'in;;^Hst, 
 
 St^?idndd,T.,./. .549-. P^i'l"'" 
 vtesiehorus ; eliornses. 556 B.( . 
 lte«ns A. ; Welllnntou (.nouument) 
 
 Stevenson, Me.ssrs ; Gra.itm. 
 Stevenson, rev. Joseph, 
 
 seholar, 1806-95 , . 
 Stevenson, Hobt. Lonis 
 
 ,8m-94 '■ S'""'"" 
 Stewart, .lames, nianpiis: 
 
 Stewart, eapt. ; f™'"'"' 
 Stewart, eol.;S;iiida«,. 882 
 
 Stewart, e<d. ; Tnneomalee, .795 
 SH-wart, wn. ; Madras, 1783 
 Kfe ™ -t ten. H.; Soudnii, .884-5 
 Steva ;siVu.,-Vli!ha,iistan,.88o 
 
 Stovart', Dttgald, phd., .753-.8a8 
 Stewart, Dniiean ; La-sarean 
 Stewai'.s; trials, 1829 
 Stifeliiis; aljfebra, 1544 , 
 Stigand,abp.; Canterbury, ,052 
 
 StiV!iii«fleet. R; blue-st n-A 
 I ring, W.; Glasgow, ,7,v 
 Stirling, .'apt. " Atalanta , 
 Stoi-k, Thos. ; Simday-seb.. ,. , 
 Stork.lale; trials, ,826 
 Stoddart, Dr.; Times, ,Bt2 
 i stceekliu ; liouloi^ne, .878 
 
 Sbikes, E. S.; New York, 1872 
 Slokes;s!r>„.'-..,su|..Hhii.. recorder ; 
 
 Uoyal «e...i, ty. 1885 
 Stone, D. U. • miiy<»-. '''!'■ 'M 
 Stoi.f.u-.l. a.li.i. ; .\<-n: SiJ...i. t840 
 Stoliiee. ipadnMl'., ''■ 18.4 
 Storek; nn~b.pt'»ts, 1 52.1 ; levellers 
 Stork:-, sir U.: I miaii 1-i's, i8;..i , 
 aniiv .8t':v . , , c 
 
 Stormo.it. vis(.-.;r'.)rtliind .elm., 17-^.' 
 StTA.-. \'rs,Ilar.;c.tl^e..:.■er,Ame.'- 
 ,•an n:v. i8i.!-.)6: "Lnele lo'i.-; 
 Cabin,' Uniti^d Slati-s 
 Stralio, .e ;-. writes. .4 
 Straehan.a IniiralsirRleliard; Havre, 
 
 Walelieli-n, I'.Uyt) 
 Stradnarins; viol., i7c«--J2. 
 Stralba-d. lord, administrations, 1640, 
 belieadeil, ,'(. , 
 ! StralVord, ..-in; adniir-dly .-;,- _ 
 
 Str d -.n. sir G. C; Gol.l l.oa-t, 874 , 
 , Wind -v, Id isles, .K7C ; Oreuula, 
 ,877- Van Diimens land, >3:li 
 ^^t™; '.1, ».r:.|;u, i). ■>., hl>. : S'"l°' 
 
 and .Mail. i"mi 
 ,Si!-angt'ord. :i.vd; bribery. 1704 
 I sivatfopl, a.-,-.. Canterbury, .33j 
 : .sir'tfoT.l d- HedelilTe, lord, diplo- 
 matist, 1788-1880 
 Strani.h, eaiit.; Congo 
 Street, Geo. E., 1824-81; arehiteet,law 
 
 courts . 1 . i)„u 
 
 Strelulkoir, gen., assassinated , H-is- 
 
 sia, .832 1 , - , o , 
 
 ,-tricklaud, Hugh; n.at. hist,, 18..- 
 
 1 
 
 historical 
 
 novelist, 
 
 1476 
 1850 
 
 1 
 
 Siroh, A.; aeiinsties 
 
 SI I'oiiie.yer ; club-foot, 1831 
 
 ,-; T-oimbow; U-eland, 1176 
 
 >Tousberg, Dr. 11. U. ; Russia, .873- 
 
 .-; 1/. .884 
 S> : :iense..., count; Zell, .772 
 Slrutt, Edward; Aberdeen adm., 
 
 Struve, v., astron., 1793-1864 . 
 
 Str«l..cki, count ; Australia, 1838 , 
 
 iStlc^rge;.; United States, 
 
 i Stuart, gen.; CmWalore, ,783 
 
 Stuart, sir .John ; Maida, 1806 
 
 Stubbs, Wllllani, bp. ; Oxford, .883 
 
 Stukeley, Dr.; cartlnpuikea 
 
 ' Stnni, V-; trials, 18S2 
 
 Siiirmius; nia'.;iiet 
 
 Sliirt eapt.; South Austr.iha, 1830 
 
 Suehet, marshal; Valeiieia, 1812 
 
 Sudbury, abp.; c:""tcrbury, .375 
 
 1 sudeikin, lieut., muidered , Russia 
 
 ' iSS-^ 
 
 I Sue Eug., Fr. novelist, .804-57 
 I Suetonius, C.T.,Lat. hist., ..8 
 i Suetonius Paulinus; «™'"-,6; . 
 ' Sullblk, Thomas, earl of; adminis 
 trations, 1540 „ 
 
 Suir.-ein, Thos. : Tnneonialoo, .782 
 Sugden, sir Edward (att I'l'l &', 
 Leonards); chancellor, lord, 1852 
 ' Sugden ; trials, 1875 
 Suisse NieholiUi ; trials, 1842 , 
 
 Sulehnan Ta.sha, Russo-Turklsh.w.a. 
 11., 1877-8; Turkey, 1877 
 j Snloiman, Senova, lurkej, 1878 
 I Sullivan, sir A.; mus. com., b. 1842 
 
 ' Si'liiva.'; sir e!! chaneellor (Ireland) 
 
 iv^an, Mr.; Lima, 1857 
 
 .,a,wcius,''scn'i'iaT clvUlaw, codes 
 
 Sifni."-r; ar.^hbp., J I! . ijSo^'f^ 
 Chester, 1828; Cantorhury, .848 
 
 Sumner, bishop, C. U., i79o-i°74 
 I L andatr, .826 ; Winchester .827 
 I Sumner, C, .8.5-74 United State: 
 I ,856 
 
 Sun 
 If 
 
 Siii-,- 
 I'l 
 
 Sun 
 
 Sun 
 In; 
 
 Sll,-,,-! 
 II. I 
 
 Sli.s. 
 Suss 
 
 18. 
 
 eie 
 Slitl, 
 Snt.-i 
 
 Slid, 
 
 Sun, 
 
 Sun, 
 k' Suit. 
 Siltli 
 
 SllWM 
 
 -sal 
 litii 
 Slvaii 
 Swan 
 Sa\ 
 Swet. 
 Swey 
 Swift 
 
 Sen 
 SlVMl. 
 
 Swvii 
 .sydei 
 
 full- 
 
 .Syd.-ii 
 tnil 
 
 .'^.Vd.-ll 
 
 .Sydlie 
 
 loi-,l 
 
 Svdii.. 
 
 .Sykes 
 
 lierv 
 
 .Sylhi,' 
 
 11. f. 
 
 ■Sylves 
 
 Symiii 
 
 .syiiioii 
 
 Syiiii.ii 
 
 '•^yiige, 
 
 T.aalle, 
 iSvi- 
 T,nbak 
 Taiiiii-i 
 
 'aeitUh 
 62-11 
 
 'nine, 
 
 iSjS-i 
 
 ail, hi 
 
 _ terhu 
 
 riilbot, 
 
 'alliot, 
 
 dbot, 
 
 'Vpe, 
 
 alloiu-, 
 
 . ',854 
 iiilanl, 
 iilley, 
 lUevra 
 dlis, '] 
 alma, I 
 iiiicria 
 aiieied 
 iMiiii.r 
 llldeliil 
 lllkerv 
 tratioi 
 HUM-]-, 
 Mlia T 
 iuin 
 luiiii 
 -■loaca, 
 -auiii, 
 Vustra 
 Ian Di 
 
((.« E. S. ; N(!W York, 1872 
 
 ics. sir ii, .'",., ^ui:H!iii.' veeorder ; 
 
 „t, ii. 11. : mnyc-.r, liini, 1874 
 |.fnr-l. a.li.i. : Aciv, SuU.i. «840 
 
 rli>. sir 11,; I >mm\ 1-''S, 1651 , 
 
 niiv tBt'iS 
 
 rni"..'it- v'si-.; forllxliil ■Avx, 17-.1 
 
 ,„. \1is, !l;in:otll''<"...T, Ami' ■• 
 
 ,111 i.-v. i8i.i-9'i-. -'tia'li! loM, ■. 
 
 JiibiiK Uiiit.'il Stiitcs 
 
 iilin, .o ;., writes, 14 
 
 ■aHnin.H In.inil sir Ui.'liiinl; Havre, 
 
 lYilli'llil'ill, lK;)9 
 
 ■iidiianus; vicl., I7cc-.i2 
 
 iMllnr.l, l.ir.l.iKliiiiuistialiiJiis, 1640; 
 
 hilica'lf.l, \ Hi , 
 
 riill'nrii, i-an; iiiliiiir-lty, .;'- „ . 
 .,n.siv().C.;Gi.i.lO.'..:t, 874; 
 
 \Viml>v.u.l isl.H, 1876; Ure.aaa, 
 
 1877; '''an Diiuioiis Uiml, »sfi 
 ■u;',,;, N..rM:u. !). J., bi>. ; Hn.lor 
 
 !inil Mail. !''ui 
 
 •■aii"t"ri\. :i.v'i ; l)ril«'ry, 1704 
 •■att'ipl, a,.,,; CaiitiiVlmry 133^ 
 , tf.'vi a.'Hwklinu, lord, ail>lo- 
 lualist, 1788-1880 
 
 iviiM'li, I'ai't.; C'oiit;i) 
 
 Uv!.;,(i." K.;.824-8';"'^'''"''-'*>"''^ 
 courts , . , . i.„j 
 
 tivli.il<"ir, gen., assasamatcd , H-.is- 
 
 tricklan.l. Uu«li; n.it. liist., i8.i- 
 
 uSh, A.; acmistics 
 
 ■ troiiieycr; eluli-fiwit, 1831 
 : roiisiliow ; Irelanil, 1176 
 
 •nmslieVK, Dr. 11.11. ; Uu-i^'a, .375- 
 "•. ''■■S84 
 Jtiutt, EiUvarJ; Aber-leeu adm., 
 
 Striive, F., astrori., i79.3-'^'j:^ c a . 
 Strz.l-oki, fomit ; Australia, 1838 , 
 
 SS:'t;o;:f'gc;.; United SUtos, 
 
 Htua.'t, Ken.; Cuddaloro, 1783 
 Stuart, sir, l.ilm; Mauia, .806 
 Stubbs, William, bli. ; Oxford, .883 
 Stiikeley, Dr.; eartliciuakus 
 Stuin, K.; trials, 18S2 
 S'.uriiiius; iiia'.;iiet 
 Hlurt.eaiit.; «o,,tl. Australia .830 
 Suel.et.iuarsl.al; Val.Mi.-ia, ibi2 
 SudbuiT.abli.; Canterbury 1375 
 hu.leikiu, lieut., murdered , lUis.sia: 
 
 Su'\ fin-, Vr. novelist, 1804-37 
 Suetonius, C. T., Lat. lust., ..8 
 Suetonius I'auliuus; M™.'">.^f . 
 Sullblk, Thomas, earl ol; adminis- 
 
 tratioiis, 154° , , o„ 
 
 Huirrein, T>'"»- ^ T>-'m-""'i;'«-,' ■ f ^gt 
 Siwdeii, sir Edward (alt loid ht 
 
 ■ Leouirds); i;lianeellor, lord, 1852 
 Sugilen ; trials. 1875 
 SuFsse, Nieholas; trials, 1842 , 
 Suleinlai. Pasba, Kusso-Turkish .w.ar 
 
 j 11., .377-81 Tu'-key..377 
 
 i Suleiman, Seiiova, Turkey, 1878 
 
 ' Sullivan, sir A.; mus. cum., b. 1842 
 
 ^S.aKsi^K-chaneeUor (Ireland) 
 
 88 T 
 , ivan, Mr.; Lima, 1857 
 
 ■ J.,iiessimisiii 
 .,a.:.ems,Serviu8; civil law, codes 
 
 " "clilster, .828 ■ canterbury, .848 
 
 Sumner, bisliop, C. U-, 1790-18,4 
 
 I ^ L aiidaff, .326 ; Winebester .827 
 
 I Sumner, C, .8.5-74 United Statei 
 
 I 1856 
 
 «uiM,.Hand.en,l„r;ad,mr,istiMlio„s, 
 
 :^m;aMl,|,„„.|„|, ;,),„.,,.,„., ,„.,. 
 
 1 l,l,-.e\, ,^-7 . 
 
 I^u'i', Mrs, I r'aiils ,scl„,„| 
 «"iT.y, .-ail „(■; n,„i,|,,„ ,j„. 
 
 man catli. .lies, ,8-.n ^^ 
 
 ■•'"w.on a„d Dnluu: ,,Miady, 573 
 
 Nuso.'ll.; mysti,., .j^.g 
 *lss,.x-, .Vi.K. K,,,|./,|„k'e of. ,77,. 
 ■Stf; mairuiKe, ,7yj. l{„jal So- 
 
 ^»<h llallil, dlleli,..snf- t,i.,lo ,^, , 
 
 ;"|;r, .Mr., TMrl.,,v, ,68,' '■"'■' 
 
 ;;' er, ,.a|,t.; c-dironiia, ,847 
 
 J" ""■ ■il'l'; Caiil,Thiir-v, ,3u, 
 3". ""'.";• ■V.;s,M.ake,.. '.S,, ' 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 : Tas.so, ToMinato; It. |,„a, ■344.,,5; 
 Jerilsileii, |),.|iv,T,.d -^"^ 
 
 lale. Il.„.y; l,art ,J,s; National 
 
 <'.ili";y; l,airi!,..il,, i,,:,;,.,,, 
 |ib'. .N.iliiiiM, ./. ,7,3; |,„et.|,iiireate 
 l.iliaii, .iliout 170; a(iiiariaiiH, eiicn,- 
 
 tltl'S 
 
 T.itleisall, l{. : races, ,766 
 ,,""■•',. •'. : niystie, ,2,;o.,36, 
 laiitiilin:us, baioiie.s, novelist ; ,1. 
 
 log) 
 Tayerni,.,-, J. 1!. ; |.v. travell.T, ,605. 
 i-j; pearls, 16 n 
 .nv,.||, .),,!, II ; tii.iis, ,8 
 'aylor, a.; trials, 183. 
 'I'aylor, I.; alpliabet 
 I'aylor, Mis,; |,|,||,^ , . :, , 
 
 I'JSS 
 
 Tllendnsius; Ka.st,.,-,, ,.„||,., 
 
 A'I'olem, Ostr„^.,.i|„, „,a,.,a, re 
 
 I'iUilMISMI 
 
 T.ieo.|.i-:iii,s, tliey,,unKer;aeademie.s, 
 
 II I'I'illls; Antioell, ,.l,|.,„|„|„.v 
 
 ,''""l'lu:o.lUs, iial, ,.|,., „o-.,87l',.c. 
 iieo|,,,i;,|„is: |-:|,i„„.i, tlmei-al oni- 
 
 lioiis >|.aiia, isji-.r. 
 ,,ies,.us; .Mlinis, ,2,5 lu- 
 1 l||^slK,.,■, sir K : .soiieitor-H, ,„.|..,|, 
 
 'Mi: atl"niey....,.neral, elian.- 
 , l"i-;nii-h. iSj.S: in.ils, ,35,,;,/. ,^ji 
 ,. "•■■^iP'i-, Ken. : Kallraria, 1878 
 
 Tliespis ; drani.i, c:,!, n.,.. 
 Ilieveimt. .M,: ,.„|f,.,., ,65, 
 
 ■'avoy -' •■■,•,.••'"',• '-taller. 1.1. .\n-. an) Tliiiui-,., V' l- ' ' '^'J''^ 
 
 Swet,., H . ,,,,(,. , ,,, „ Di.siaeliadni., ,874 ° '' i, ""'"<• "-1. ; fr.ine,., ,87, ,^7 
 
 S«iii.llel„,i.s'l,'c. : u-.-Ms ,877 i Tehmiayeir; Turkey, .SyC, ■ ii„ssia, : "','.',',;';:;'*■, ;^'"'""'''". nins. co 
 
 ^^;p>!'i^,!^t .;33. m.,a,, j ^^;-:oo,i„t.ss; (e,„p....) ,..„.., I |l;;;;;;-:;;.;'r;'^;i;:';,:.r^Bi^ '-^ 
 '•n'dt::';^'"'^^""'""'"'^"""'"-- ''camS'"'""""^™^'" <■'■"■'>■. I Ti:"n;i:;:;;;Jir^.:,o';";'ir;;/;;;^r,, 
 
 jv.''i-be'!e;:;^,t,\C""'^"'^'^"'^'- ?;:a"r^ ""■";•-' 
 
 '''l""'. l-.'757i2j4;eliain-brid-'es 
 
 1S19 ° 
 
 Tell, Willi.-iMi ; Snitzi.i.iaiid 
 
 leiiipel ; plaJlets, iS6i 
 leinjile, K,l,n. ■ Lulldoil. if 
 
 •i.wiiiey, .si.|. Si,/,!,!/ 
 
 *.vkes and liuinboid, Messrs. ; U 
 bery, 1776 ' ' 
 
 .'^.vlla. or Snllii; K, 
 
 comp. ; 
 
 SC7 
 
 >e. 
 lead, 
 
 Sti-0, . <• " ■'"'"'• ■'■44-94 ;iieli:iliy 
 
 ntiails, (.anada, liii;:! 
 rioinpsoii, Mis.s; inal.s, ,32, 
 • lomp.siiM, ii,,ii,,r: suieide, ,832 
 
 I's's'"""' '^ "'''"": '"i-'l mayor. 
 
 ^ i< 1 oury, laoo 
 
 ['albot, Miss An-usta; trials, ,8=, 
 
 .:;;;;.K.s..b,,.. «„,,„,„„• 5. 
 
 ,' A, y l''"""a'''l>liy, eaio. 
 
 .nrom.l.sirT. .V.,poet,.iiidae;,7,jj. 
 
 ■ijjard, iiiaislial; lilenlieiin, 1704 
 ■illey, Will.; trials, ,87, '^ 
 
 iiijeyrand, , 754-1838; lieiievento 
 •I ns, iiics., iMusieian, (/. ,585 
 
 I'ait, lip, : Lo„d„n, ,856: abp. Can 
 terbury, ,868 
 
 -- . Janiae, 2,6 n.c. 
 , William, actor (theatre.^ 
 _^ Adelplii), ,8,,7 
 
 Teny ,.. liiighioii aciuariuiii eonn, 
 tn,ils, 1875 ' 
 
 Terry, .Mr.; boat (trievele) 
 lertiilhan writes, ,97: ^nis.s, Mon 
 ^ taiiists 
 
 Teiii.|.r ; Troy, ,502 D.t. 
 iVivlik, Kgypt, 1879.32 
 lexH-r, I-', ; drowiiiii^' 
 I'eynliaiM. lord ; trials, ,813 
 riiaekeiay, W. M., novelist, ,8,,- 
 lliakoiiilian, I'iji, ,859-74 
 
 .7.;" ■■•■ ■"oiiiiiiii ; appeal, ,8, 
 
 , li"n...n, sirl-:.; Turkey. 1^84 ' 
 lli'iioM, A. W., bp. ; ■Wnieficster, 
 
 -.. 844 
 iitesiiian. 
 
 ' Tliaies, .Mili.t.is;' ,.|ol,f.^ 640 I,.c. 
 
 inner. Dr., ab.stinenco 
 Mtia Topee ; India, ,85 
 '■i»;il.; iMllie, kili<;3;".-,iliyls 
 ri|Uiiiius I'riseu 
 
 •III 
 
 Vustralii 
 
 I'aii 
 
 ;j;iioipe, William de; bribery ,3,, 
 ,, ""lie .lohiiT.: lord „iay,-i.,VsV, 
 ., i""val,|sen, .Ml,., seiilp. , "I 
 llioiivi-iiel, K. A.. Vu stat"n, 
 
 1818-60 
 
 Tlirasyliiiliia ; Atlions, 403 b c 
 ,.iinp|;,<:. ; earriaKes, ,877 " 
 ,,'m-ydi.le.s, (ir. Iii.st.,,,70;;, nr. 
 
 >bnnow,l,,rd,-,.|ianeelir,,,'l,,|.d|,i.|,. 
 1/70 . ;;r(_',it seal ° * 
 
 .!.'"",'"••'■ ■ exeenlii.ns, ,S;.. 
 
 liiia, I-'r. actor, d. ,826 
 
 i3^.;'T:?'^,urt;:iST a:;: ; Ti^d-ii^s^V'-- --- ^^-•' 
 
 iiiilemns; Adamite | .'j'''',""^'i >■•"'' m ; "ots, 1709 I Thvi-, 'nV 1 
 
 iiikervill. iVi , ,»,,.l r 1 ■■ r'"-'J'm; liurmali, ,8i7-3s i | ■"''■ "" a"'rke 
 
 .ratio,'" '699 '■ ''"' "' '■ ••"'""""'■ V,""'"' ■■ •V«^"""'i'"^ -idex ' ^' .;'ri ^^ "-■ ■ ^■'l"'i. 
 
 - - '■ Themistoeles ; -Marathon, Salamis Tili o'*f 1 
 
 4S0B.C. ' ^ """■' libnm, Gracchus; ayrarian law 
 
 ' Theolialtl ; eivil law -- - '" "■'■■ 
 
 apri, Rome, 
 
 '^^i''^^^ri<^:!t.,,,., I £B ^i !>"-, , : ?:' n):;n;e!i'i,ri8-8! '- 
 
 Ilea, 588 n.c. " ' 1 , .' ' ; '"'"'^'b .736; S.imos, : Tiekuor u \,,,.,.i?i,^ 
 
 an \i,„i . ,1. ' l>eys, lathe . ~l ,' '.■ '-'■• Alin-,. in.st, ,70,-186, 
 
 , Iheodonc; Spain, Goths, 55, Ti - '. \f, . ■ , 
 
 ' "^ iii'he, Mr. ; trials, ,800 
 
1284 
 
 Tim.ni.s ; Annciihi, y, an. ; P„rifw 
 
 T,| '"li. .Mr ; st,T v,„, ' 
 
 lilliMscii, al,|,, ; Ciiiitcrl.un-, i6gi ; 
 
 Tillv: M.iKcliliiirt,'. 163,; riilntiiint^, 
 
 I.CM'll ' 
 
 Tin,...s innvsp,,,,,.,.; Times, trmls, ,7,;o 
 
 2,"""!' : ^Vnicllsr, ;,i H I 
 
 iMJiniii-,- si'i. T.imn-linii- 
 lin.hihiii.l Civci'dul,.: Hil.lc, ivfi 
 li|'l""> Nihil,: Anlicni, .Mii.ins. 
 
 hcnnHii|i,-itiiii], Mvsr.iv. i7Q2 
 lir.inl : Knii,,.,,, ,853. ,,, ,gy, 
 
 lissiiiiiliei'iin.liitliiT.s; li,ill..(,iis 187-- 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 '(livcr- 
 
 niioro- 
 
 ,. ^3 
 
 T.sza ; HuiiKiii'v, 1875-8 
 
 TituM. ,.aii,l,.,-, ,477.;57r, 
 
 lini-. Hoim., ,..niii. 7y: Ji.MisnIciii 
 
 lyre, iirrllcH 
 
 To,l,i ,-. I.yn,. ; tiiiils, ,87-, 
 1'MI|riiitH-, I.; ,M,i(li. ,g-:!o-S4; 1'"). 
 
 T<..il,.|„.„', p'M., 1818-84: Si-liastoliril ; 
 I rvn;,, ,877; lllls.s,l-Tlllki»ll Will' 
 II, ctr., ,877-8 
 
 Tnfls, M,iit: iiii|„.,st(if. ,726 
 
 1" ''r, :Mi'. : M., tr-iiils, ,853 
 
 1.' y. ItaiTby,!,.; .Sinnlriisko, ,812 
 
 TnllMl.i.-us: (V,„„,,„, .,47,,.,.. 
 
 Inmliiic, l,],, ; J,iii,.„ln, WiiK'heater. 
 
 1820 
 Tolst.iy count ; Kussin, ,882; (mini- 
 
 stiT) Russia, ,883-9 
 T'Mii Tlmiiil.; (1h',ii-|s, i84fi 
 
 l,PlM|.iol,, TImis. : i-|ncl<s 160- 
 
 Tui,,., Tli.M,l.al.l W. : „.i..,'|s. ,758 
 
 J"»f;"V •'' 1'. l"i.>l<sHi,.,., ,i:ij36 
 
 Tfiii 1, I,,inniifc; T.nitiiii.s 
 Tc«>I<,., ,1. I|,,|-,||.^ 1736-1812 ■ 
 
 SI"11S of I'lllli.y," ,786 
 Toi)l;«, W, ; prices 
 Tootli, rev. A. : |m1,lie worsi, 
 TfM.|.t,^ ndm., Spain. ,868-73 
 Toiv), M. -M.. c:.,l,„iil,i,, ,8," 
 Tiir]iey, trials, 1870 
 Tcirrencc, Mrs. ; trials, 1821 
 Tcirreiis, licut. : ,lii,.|, ,806 
 TcMTBs: AiLstralasin, 1606 
 Turncelli ; it, ,6.- . „|r 
 
 SCO[iCS 
 
 Torriiijttnn, Herliert. lonl : Walpole 
 
 adnnn ,727; Ceylon, 1851 
 Tnselli, ilivinK, 1871 
 Totila : Italy, 54: 
 Toi.r-eniir, t. S., 1818-83 ; Rus. nov.; 
 
 iiiliilists 
 Toussaint. 1704 ; Ilavti 
 Tower. .Mr ■ volnmccrs, ,803, .860 
 lownley, G. V. ; trials, ,863 
 Tmvnsliena lord; duel, ,773; Iro- 
 
 land 
 T(wnsliends ; noekin-Ii.nni, Cliat- 
 
 liaui, and Grafton admins., 176,., 
 
 '^™lmi,^^8"'"^^''''''-^«-«<^- 
 
 ^'i^ma,!Dacr "'"'■■''• "^"^"'^ 
 Tran^ott, H, ; I'oland, 1864 
 Trayei-s, Samuel; poor knights of 
 
 W mdsor 
 Ti-eliy, Gcor^'O : Waljinle, ,72, 
 Tresylian ; kind's licneli 
 Trevelvan, sir C. ; Maiiras, ,8,9-fio ' 
 Irevelyan sirG. O. ; l,„„s,d,old suf- I 
 irajtc ; (.lad.stone adm., 1880 ,386 • 
 1892; Ireland, 1882; Hcseljcrv 
 .I'Im., 1S94 
 Trevelyan. W. C. ; idmno^-rapliv 
 Tri'vetliick: steam engine, iSci ' 
 
 Trevor, sir J(,lin ; speaker, 1694 i 
 
 Tribe, A, ;eopiier-ziiic couple, 1872 
 Tri,'n„p,, Dinnlao.., -.tatcsnian, ifi„- 
 
 96 ; Greece, 1878 it ...v;. 
 Trochu.gen., 1815-96; Fr.ince, 1S70-1, 1 
 uelenee '1 
 
 Trollope, A.; nov., ft,.., ,8,5.83 
 |i" o]„., T A. : nov.. ,S,o.g2 
 Iroliopc .\rcssrs.; tapestry 
 liopMian. Friince, iSfirj 
 Tiiiiil.ridu ■. sirT. : wiecks. 1807 
 
 Trui'SiMi.'pn.p. of: trials. ,834 
 Truman, llanl.ur.v,\-Co.; p„,.|ei, ,8,= 
 Irnro, l„rd : cIian,-cllor, lord, 1.S50 
 liyui, sir (J,.,,,,,.,., 1832.93; navy, 
 
 '['sen;,', mari|uis, fliimi, iS7c)-8o 
 Incker, !■:. ; vine disease, ,841; 
 liickctt, ,apl. Ilarvey; diiel.1840 
 
 lidnill, K, v.. tiainilit' sid Is 
 
 null-, miii.lcivr; trials, i8n 
 
 Tiik,.. .l.-inics Hack, pliilanlliroiiist : 
 
 llVllllld, 1896 
 
 Tiike. W. ; liinatii'S 1700 
 Tull. William : poslm'' 
 Tnllorli. ,.,,| ; .>i,.l,aslupol. ,855 
 , 'idliis ll...iiliiis: Allia. salurnalin 
 Innstall. l.p. ; administrations, issn • 
 
 arithmeiic, jirivv seal 
 
 Topper, M. v., iSio-Sy; iirovi'rbs I 
 
 1 iiri'iiiic, niarslial, 1611-75 I 
 
 Tun,), nil, Dahoniev, 1876 
 
 TiiriihuU, W. li. : trials, 1861 I 
 
 luriier, Josi.ph .Mallonl William, : 
 
 painter, 1775-18^1 I 
 
 Tunicrelli, T., people's Irilmte I 
 
 TuiiiiM-, .Miss : trials, ,8.-7 j 
 
 ' Tinner. Ki.di.ird ; tecdotaller. ,83, j 
 
 liinier. rev. Syilni^y ; 1S14-70; rcfor- ' 
 
 matoryscdiools. 1849 
 Turner; trials. 1817 
 Turpin, (u-Tilpiii. l,p, ; write.s, 818 
 
 llllloii, hislinp: Kly, 1S45 
 
 liiss.'iud, .Mad. ; wa-Vwork 
 lusser: a^rienltnre, 1562 
 TweeilMioulli, loril : Koseliery ailni 
 
 1 wycross r. Grant ; trials, ,876 
 
 1 yee, .John : tall'ety, ,31,8 
 
 I Velio lir.alie, ,546-1601 ; astronomy 
 
 , latonieyear. -lolie 
 Tyler. John ; United States presi- 
 
 dent. 1841 ' 
 
 Tyler. Wat : kill.., I. ,38, 
 Tynan, V. .1.. "No. ,." ,ly„amite, 
 
 1896; Ireland, 1882, 1896 
 Tyndali', Win. ; martvreil. , = ,6 i 
 
 Tyndall, ,T., ,820-93; n,W. Inst 
 1853; inaKnetism. Mont IJhine ' 
 1.357 : ealoresceiie,., sound, dust' ' 
 Ni.i^'ara. United Slat(.s, ,872 j 
 spontaneous generation, mm! 
 theory 
 Tyreonnel, earl of ; Irelnnil, ^687 
 Tyrone; reliellion, ,590; Ireland 
 
 '598 
 Tysias. or Stesii.Iiorus ; choruses 
 cpithalamiuni, 536 u.r. ' 
 
 elMpirt 
 
 Vali'iiiia 
 
 17./6 
 Valeiiiia 
 Valentin 
 
 United 
 
 passajre 
 
 Uchatins, gen. von ; cannon, ,873 
 '. Ldine ; stiici-o-\vork, 1530 
 i Ufzul ; AfKlianistan, 1863 
 
 UKolinus, B. ; thesaurus 
 
 Ulfllas, lip. ; liilil,.. alioiit 373 
 
 Ulloa, Antonio; platinum. ,74, 
 
 Lillian (lawyer;; slain, 228 
 
 Ulysses ; Ho r 
 
 Union Hank ; trials, ,875 
 
 Upton, colonel ; Sebastoiiol, 1830 
 
 Urliaii ; jiopcs, 223 
 
 Urban II. ; communion, crusades 
 
 trlian VIII., pope, "Eminence," 
 
 1630 
 Urlcli, gen. ; Straslmrg, ,870 
 Ursula, St. ; Coloirne, Ursuline.s 
 ,,'537 
 
 Uriarte, H. ; Paraguay, ,877 
 Usher, obp. ; articles, ,6,4 
 Usher, H. T.;Labuan, 1875 
 
 V. 
 
 V.iillnnt, AuKUste; Knini.p, 1893.4 
 >idens I eastern empire, we'slcn. 
 
 lord; duel. 1798; trials, 
 
 ansi. : ^trials. 1,72 ' 
 
 _; . . It. : antii V, 14,0 
 
 \a i.nlim.in : wesp.in ,.n,pi,.,., ,15. 
 y-ileiian; pcrseeiitioi,.,. ..,57 
 \all.;i|.et, |.'oul.|Uesde: Malta. ,310 
 ^allhie, mailaine de la; miilwiferv. 
 
 1663 
 Valvei-de, (-en. ; Havti, 1858 
 \an Arleveide; Gla.nt, 1,79-83 
 , \aiil.ni;;li, .sir ,1. ; ,67.,-,7.,6, L'laren- 
 
 don pnntih-oflle,., opira 
 ! \an niiren M. (presi.h.nt) ■ 
 Slates, 18,7 
 Vane,. ,v siu'c ; trials, ,876 
 j Naiieouver ; north-west 
 \an,.oiivi.r, 1790 
 \.in ,1,. \yeyer, M. ; liel-inm, 1874 
 \an,,.r I,.y,|e„: |i,e ,„. ines, 1663 
 V'""'''I''.v.t; I'liissia, .862, ,874 
 ' ^"", '''•:■ ."'■>•',''■: I'l"'l'Wipliv, 1S76 
 1 \aii,erhilt, Mr.; Uiiit,.,l .stav,..s, ,883 
 I Viii. ersiiiissen, M. ; li,.|-ium, 1S86 
 \'nidyi.k. i.ainti.r, ,590-1641 
 >Mm., sir Henry; administrations, 
 I ,. "^4=' 
 
 I \aii|.s ; trials, 1876 
 I Van Kyck ; iiainting. ,365 
 j \.'in Horn; bui.,...iii,.cr. 1603 
 j \aiil.cy,l,.n: |.|wraviiigon woo.l, ,49, 
 ! V.|n Malum; el,-,.|ri,.itv. ,78, 
 \iin Mildert. bishoii; I.lan,l..rfr, Dm-- 
 h ini. 1826 
 : Van PraaKh, W.: il,.afan,l,lnmb. ,87, 
 \ansittart, Ni,.l,„|as ; Liverpool 
 J iidni., 1812 ' 
 
 Van Troiiip ; Hollaml, naval batth.s, 
 
 Pord.ind Isle, ,653 
 Van Voorst; bo.iksi.llcr, 18^4-94; 
 I Hritish nat, hist. ^^ 
 
 j Varlev, t;. P., ,828-83; Hcctricitv, 
 
 teli.pl, on,., ,870-7 
 I \arley, .Tolm ; water colour iiainter 
 . 177S-1S42 ' 
 
 I Varlev, t'ornelins ; nat. idi '., ,78,. 
 ,'873 
 
 \arol|., M. ; optic nerves, ,538 
 Varro; writes ",le He liusti,.a," 37 
 11.C. ; gramnmriaiis, illumiiiatea 
 bo,iks 
 Varus, Alfrenus ; civil law, 66 B c • 
 
 I'ode, ,lii;|.sl 
 
 Vasali.orDaii : Ru.ssia, ,270 
 
 \iittel, h. de, puliii,.ist, 1714.67 
 N.iuban, S., i633-,7o7; foititieations, 
 
 Cnerbourg 
 Vangban, sirThos. ; Pomfret, 1483 
 Vinghan, Mac.kay, &i'. ; trial, ,8,6 
 
 \aucni,.lin; chromium, L'liii.inuni,,7QS 
 \a<ix, Jane, Mrs. ; Vauxliall, ,6,3 
 \t'g,.i. G. de, 1503.36 ;-I,oi,e de, 
 
 1562-1635, po,.ts 
 Vela.s,,uez, painter, 1599-1660; Cuba, 
 
 •511 
 \ enables, Wra. ; lord mayor, 182? 
 \enni.r. T. : anabcptists; ,66, 
 \enii, J,, logic 
 Vergara, gen.; Xew Grenada 
 \ergeiines, M. de; notabli.s, 1788 
 \erlain,. Paul, Pn.ncli po,.t, ,844-95 
 \ermand,ns, count de; iron niaisk 
 \|.rniuyil,n, Cornelius: levels, ,62, 
 Vernet, C. ,1., 1714-89; A. C. H 
 
 I 1758-1836; J. K. Horace, i789-,86i 
 painters ' .'' 
 
 ; Vernon, a,lm.; giog, Portobello, ,73,, 
 \enmn, ahp,; V„ik, ,SoS 
 
 I \erres; Sicil.v, 70 u.c, 
 
 i Verroc.hio, Amirea ■ 'aster, ,466 
 Vesalins, 1514.64; .. ...omy, surg,.rv. 
 
Iniit, AiiKiistc; Fniiicp, 159.1-4 
 
 IIM ; IVIstlTll UMilriri. HuHtin. 
 
 mill, li.id; duel, 179S; tii.'ils, 
 
 llli.M'iniSf ; triillx. i,/2 
 It""'. II. ; HhlilllcillV, I410 
 llllHall ; WcstiTII IMMpilV, 364 
 ■iilll : |ilTSI'iMlli(i||,<, ..57 
 
 ivl, I''miiI,|1ic'siI,. I Miiltii, 1310 
 ■ii', iiiiiiliimo lie III ; iiiiilwlfeiy, 
 
 ■i-ili', Kfti. : Ilayti, i8.i;8 
 
 Vl'li'Viiii,. ; (iljiMlt, I l'7Q.S, 
 
 iii;;ii, sir .1. : Ut^i.-ijjh, cl.ireii- 
 I I'liiiliii^. iilMi'c, ,.|ii v,.| 
 lliinii M. (invsiilriit); L'liitcil 
 l''S, i«j7 
 
 ■ .V: SiiiT ; IrldLs, ,876 
 
 iiivrr ; nm-ih-wost imssaKC, 
 
 crinviT, t7go 
 
 '■ ^^V.v,.|.. .V. ; lli'luimn, 1874 
 
 I'l- !ll-.Vil|.|| ; lilT IMItilll'S, Ififil 
 I tHi'.v.II ; l'russi;i, .Sfij, ,874 
 
 "'■ ,^y''>'l'' ; I'' WMl.liy, ,876 
 
 rhilt, Mr.; riiit,,| sim, s, ,88:; 
 rsiiiissni, M. ; li,.|-iuiM, 1886 
 I'k, iPiiiiitiT, 1590-1641 
 »ii' Jlfiii-y ; iiiiniiiiistrntlons, 
 
 ; tn'iilH, ,876 
 i'l'k : iPiiinliiij;, t-^f,r, 
 'irn ; I>iii'i'mmi'it, 1603 
 .vcini; i'iinnivinj,'cinwiinil, 1497 
 iniin; cli.ctrii.iiv, 1785 
 liii-rt, liislidii; I.hiihl/irt', Diu-- 
 1826 
 
 aiiKli, V\'.:il(.iif(i!iil(lmiili. 1S71 
 iii't, Xiclidlas ; IJvcrimiil 
 , 1812 
 
 >iiili ; Ilcillaiid, iiiival battles, 
 anil Isle, ,65, 
 iiorst ; liiiilksi'ller, 1804-04 ; 
 
 I'. K, 1828-83 ; ••li'ctricitv, 
 I'll"', 1870-7 
 
 .Iiiliii; watiT coliiur ]Miiiti'r 
 1S42 
 
 t'Mnielin.s; nat. jili '., 173,. 
 
 Sr. ; ojitic nerves. 1533 
 writes "de Ho linstiea," 37 
 grammarians, illiiminatea 
 
 \lfremis ; civil law, 66 B c • 
 
 liL'esI 
 
 r Hill 1 ; Russia, 1270 
 iGiima; Cape, ,497; i„,iia 
 =:. lie, imlilieist, 1714-67 
 !S., 1633-1707; fiiititleations, 
 Mirs 
 
 , sirTlios. ; Pomfret, 1483 
 , Maekay, &e. ; trial, 1816 
 n;eliriiniiiini,L'Iiieinuiii,i7nS 
 lie, Mrs. ; Vaiixliall, 1613 
 
 ■ '•''■ 1503-36;— Lope lie, 
 35. I'i'i'ts 
 «. I'aiiiter, 1599-1660; Cuba. 
 
 Will. ; Ion! iiiavor, 1825 
 ". ; aiialii'ptists,' 1661 
 logie 
 
 ,'eii. ; N'ew Greiiaila 
 «. M. lie; notaliles, 178S 
 Paul, I-'rem-li pnet, 1844-95 
 MS, eoiintile; iron mask 
 ■n, Cornelins; levels, 1621 
 ■■';•.; 7 '4-89; A. C. H., 
 ;6; J. fc. Iliiraec, 1789- 1863; 
 
 lin.; King, Portolicllo, 17,,, 
 
 "T; Vnik, lEoS 
 
 eily, 70 B.C. 
 
 ), Anilrea • '.aster, 1466 
 
 514-64; - .-.omy, sur^-ery, 
 
 espaslaii; It.iin 
 
 tl, 
 
 eliip. 
 
 leiltres, L'nii.selini, 1||| 
 
 l'S| ills. .Villi 
 
 I'liilliit ; Kr 
 
 12s.) 
 
 Vli 
 
 '■'■ii-., 1493; AiiiHiiea W.iMf.'i 
 W.iMe^Jr 
 
 i86j'; I.alieet, 18 
 
 795- 
 
 188 
 
 j;i'lnr .VniaileiLs; .Sardinia. lO.j 
 
 I"r Kiiiiiianuel, i32o-;3; .S.iidiiiia, 
 , ■0(9: Italy, i8(>.j 
 iii'ir, iiiarslial; Talavera, ,3^.,- liar- 
 
 ve, earl ; trials, 1841 
 
 W.ild 
 
 eiiiar; Deiiiiiaik, 
 
 ip.; I'll lisle, i860 
 
 W.de 
 
 al.p. 
 
 ".57 
 
 C'aiiterliiiiy, 1398 
 
 Viet 
 Viet,, 
 
 'sa, Witepsk 
 
 lei'ip', prill,- 
 
 1' 'pe, i(.,3 
 ipieeii, h. 
 
 Will 
 
 trims, i7,yo; 1 
 
 111', r. i'lMi 
 
 .Ml 
 
 Vl,t 
 
 ■"ieiitlaiiil, Ireliiii,!, Iii,| 
 
 ■819; Kii;;I:iiiil. 
 
 ry, Ksiiaiti'i,,, iliiku of: 
 
 KiiHland; Wak., 
 Halluiil, Kdward; « 
 
 leit Kilwanl, iiniiee nf; 
 
 m'-'v'' ','";:'■►•"'• '7P-99; i;uitu,l 
 Wiisoii l(iKl,y; trial, ,^(,7 
 «iier,„„„. Mr.. p,,„r.s sehijid, .St. 
 Waterl.ii,,!, 1,1, ; .Mhanasiaii Crml. 
 ,,.'7-') 
 
 "alers. M. ; inranlieide. trialn, ,870 
 ».'l'il,.i,, ciiiis. ; iialiirali.st, i,l^ 
 
 184U-72 
 Vidil, liaroii de; tri 
 
 ViKiliiis 
 
 Vill 
 
 raileis; al),'el 
 l"'l"'. 5.17 
 
 laid, 1861 
 
 **liiiiii, Walk 
 W„ 
 
 1823-97 
 
 ;,'iieal.i,i;ist, I'te 
 
 '"■II, i5_,j 
 
 Walk. 
 
 iirs, iiiarslial; Malpla,|ii.-t, .„ 
 , ';i;''i've, 11,1111. ; Trafalgar, ,805 
 
 , 1709 
 
 Vili 
 
 Villi 
 
 aliillii 
 
 imirshal; Brussels. 
 
 1706 
 
 1695; 
 
 ■r. A, : I.lverpiMil, 1S77 
 ■I. Mr,; Vaiixliiill. e,,ii-;,.l/iti 
 1782 
 
 ■r,Ue,irge.I.,,n,liin,u.nv,li,iv 
 
 lUOi^ ' * 
 
 W'alki'r, Ken. ; tililaisters, Xieaia" 
 ,„''?,55 ; e.\ei'llle,l, i860 
 
 '^•enii,r; irial.s, 1802; ti.ir. 
 
 •rs, sirOeiir 
 
 ;e; admiiiistratiiiMs. 
 
 I'lill, .Mr. Harm,:,' ; t 
 
 rials 
 
 1833 
 
 Vil 
 Vi 
 
 iers, lip.; D'lrliiiMi, 180 
 
 iieeiit dePaiil 
 
 Vill,' 
 1,,,. 
 
 iiiritv 
 
 1576-1660; sisters iif 
 
 W.illi, 
 Wall,, 
 
 eoi,yiii;.'-miieliini.' 
 
 A. It. ;' ilevil 
 
 -. sir W. 
 kirk, t'liiiilmski 
 
 ■el,i),liiellt, 1870 
 
 nt,'H., R,,val I 
 
 W:i|l 
 
 Vill, 
 Vil 
 
 , 1857; l„l 
 
 nst. liliriry eatii- wiill 
 
 'Mlletll, 
 
 I). M.; M,il,.ka 
 
 '■111, <-'. W., eli.eir 
 
 ■le ili,l,.>; 
 
 'X, 1848 
 
 ■"J7 
 
 lie,', sir Hiehanl, pldlaii, 
 
 lin'lit. 
 
 1S79 
 
 !:;'i!'\.'";,''^''"'"'; •■^^^ypt. >m 
 
 Willi 
 
 Turk 
 
 lii'lliiia! 
 aei's ; trials. 1841 
 
 i8d9 ; ( 
 
 Vi 
 
 •ent, H. ; eliar 
 
 1897 
 
 lall, •list, 'ill, Albert 
 M,','klei,l,iir, 
 
 Keiieial, 1583 
 
 V 
 
 iiirnt, H 
 ..SS4 
 
 '■aril; knt. 1896; imli. 
 
 ■""■'■III, X. W. ; C'i 
 
 Villnv 
 
 Ken. 
 
 Vir 
 
 (e 
 
 riiss. war. 187 
 
 leeiliaii siieiety 
 l-'rali,'e iiii,l I.'i~;i|| 
 
 . 71 
 lirof. ; , level 
 
 M'liieiit, man ; 
 
 VirKil, Lat. 
 
 Vit 
 
 poet, 70-19 B.C. 
 
 Wall,- 
 Wall,' 
 W.ill, 
 Walli,. 
 
 Wa 
 Walli 
 
 Cii, 
 W.ill, 
 
 ; pi 
 
 , V,'l, 
 
 ■V, sir W. ■ 
 
 't. lfM5-37 
 ■ipi'.le 
 
 AliiliK,|,,|i, 1644 
 
 eiri'nniiiaviKator; ut^il.ejt 
 Ills. 1766 
 
 sir l'rij\o W. P 
 
 <ap,','ike 
 11 ; Fran 
 
 Vital, 
 
 ■!,'inia; kllle.l, 449 H.v 
 
 Walpiil,', ll,,n„. 
 
 Vit 
 
 lianiis; puj.e, 537 
 
 Wal 
 
 Viti 
 Vivi 
 
 elliiis, U 
 
 ■nviiis. abt. 
 
 27 H.c. 
 
 lip., 69 
 
 I" . 
 pi'l,', ail 
 
 >79i-'892 
 
 ' 1S75 
 '717-97 : letters 
 
 iir H,,b,.rt, 1676 . 
 sinkiiiK liiiiil 
 
 Vi.lta, Al 
 
 V,,|ta 
 Viiltairc, 
 
 I'.iiitli 
 
 trials, 1S42 
 
 •745-1826; electricity, 
 
 Wall 
 
 Dill. ^^^.„^ 
 
 Wal^h, alip. ; 'ParneMit, 
 
 ly a. Ill 
 
 SpelU'ei-Ibii-iiti,! 
 
 ■66 
 
 F. M. A. ,le 
 
 Wiilsl 
 1832 
 
 Mrs 
 
 .745 : Wal 
 1806-98 
 
 389 
 
 miir,|,'re,l, trial- 
 
 1694-1778 ; I Walsh, Xiel 
 
 liiila 
 
 Vim Kiielis, 'ill'.. ./. 18 
 
 sl"renelir<iin\- 
 Vim iler 'raiiii,' 
 
 priiitinu 
 
 V, 
 
 . Pr . 
 
 . 1870-1; Ciiuliiiii'rs. (irl 
 
 ,6; water-Klass, 
 ■ini'o- Prussian 
 
 Wal: 
 
 iilsiii,i;li,iin, l,,r,'l ; att 
 '■ iiieis' iiiibin, 1874 
 
 ■57' 
 
 Ian 
 
 liiitll 
 
 iiiGiebeii.Kcii. ;.Saiirl,rii','k 
 1 riissian war, 1870- 
 
 rleiins 
 Frail 
 
 ti'lllS, 1387 
 
 1766 
 iiliuinistra 
 
 W.ilt 
 
 Walt.'i, K 
 
 r, Aitliiir : T 
 
 mes. 1S94 
 
 Vun (, 
 
 Vnii Mold 
 
 ''■iHif; llyiiij;, 18 
 
 74 
 
 \, 
 
 m Moltke 
 
 probiplasin 
 
 Walt. 
 
 Till 
 
 e,mMnissi,inaire.- 
 
 'I', Jiiliii I., II. 
 
 1765 
 
 III,, IV. 
 
 ar, .Sedan, 1870 
 
 'ranco-Prussi: 
 
 Waltli.'i.r; b,ri,J:„i 
 
 '5-94 ; prilltin,:,', 1872 
 
 W.,1 
 
 Villi Miihler, I 
 Viai .'Swab; bl, 
 Vun Viiieke ; Pi 
 Viirtii 
 
 'riissia, ,s 
 wpi|,e 
 
 ;ern; Wale 
 
 447 
 
 i72 
 
 1874 
 
 W.ilt, 
 
 Itoii, liri 
 
 1076 
 
 Wal 
 
 111, Izaae, I 
 
 n, 16J0-61 ; pol.VKlot 
 
 W.irl 
 
 i3i 
 
 »-"rtli ; P'la 
 
 ;9J-iC:l3 : allKlil. 
 
 593- 
 'kliL' 
 
 ;ttl 
 
 'iirton, Eliot dost). 
 
 '3S1 
 -Viiiaznii, 
 
 \- 
 
 'ss, poet, 1751-1826 
 '.vsey, 
 
 War.l, .Mr. ; f. 
 
 establisliiiient liiiel 
 
 trials ,870 ; Voysey W 
 
 ^\'ai'l, !■:. M., H?. 
 
 U. 
 
 'i-gery, 1726 
 \., 1S16 
 
 ■79 
 
 Vyse, Mrs. A 
 
 trials, 1S62 
 
 ,',il.' 
 
 W 
 
 1: ,liikeor Vork 
 iir,ii,'y, .lain 
 
 uiuariuin, Wanl's 
 inipeai'limcnt, Wardle 
 
 trials 
 sliaki-i'f 
 
 A\addiiiKtoii. W. II.. 
 
 1826-94 : Fraiiei 
 "ii'le, Sir T. ; C 
 
 ari'iiiie, earl of; bmil 
 H'liaiii, abp. 
 
 nnliar. 
 
 st:itesinan 
 
 W 
 
 a,li 
 
 iiinislrations 
 
 Canterburv 
 
 1809 
 '95 
 
 877-5-9-93 
 
 iir:ii,Kt,iii, H. ; 
 
 15J9 
 
 ■503; 
 
 W 
 
 1111,1 s,'liola 
 
 -se ilijiloiiiatist W 
 
 '.iiKer, sir C. ; luliiiiialty, i 
 
 -95 ; fliiiia, 187, 
 
 W 
 
 ariier. .Mrs., ,/. ,s^., 
 ariier. .Messrs. ; bi-ll 
 
 ailiiai-iiini. 1850 
 
 tlieati't 
 i8!;6 
 
 ^Va,5l 
 
 W 
 
 nil, lieiit 
 
 n.-'iier, K. 
 riitiuc) 
 
 ■ 733 
 iotM-50; W aL'l 
 
 ;ii. ailiiiiral sir ,Jolm Corlase ; 
 
 naval battl 
 
 1S13-83 ; music (of till 
 
 Wan 
 
 '7.)S 
 
 sir Clias.'; ,s,ii,l,a,i, 18S6; 
 
 ,.■875 
 
 •right, Wliiteehaiiel ; 1 
 
 iianiilanil ; piilic 
 
 rials 
 
 Waitl 
 
 liniiiii.UolH'rt; l,ir,l niav 
 
 W 
 
 lii'd 
 J'ari-i'ii, fiaiii., nm-'eli'st, iS 
 iiiiiiiKlimKaiiK; triaU. 1806* 
 
 7-77 
 
 W:il 
 
 'lielisk, bank 
 
 i860 
 
 op, Geo. 
 
 aero-steani eii" 
 
 Wak,'lii.l,|,l';i 
 
 'p.; Caul, 
 
 ibiiry, ,71, 
 
 Wart.m. Tl 
 
 Wakelli'ld, I-:,l, 
 
 i/. ; saviii.i;s barn: 
 
 W 
 
 111. mas; p,,t.|.i„„„,ato 
 
 anvii'k. earl„f;Uaniei 
 
 Gibli 
 
 "uth Australia, trials', 18 
 
 111 ; mill -.a.-e.s 
 
 W'akeli'eld 
 
 460 
 
 St. Albaii 
 
 785 
 
 27 
 
 I'arwiek, John I) 
 nrnistratioiis. 
 
 ii'Uey, earl of ; ail- 
 
 J\atli,'ii, ,'apt. : trials, ,834 
 , \\ats,,n, ,„b„ii'ii|; Inilia. ■J7,6 
 
 ."'^ '- <-•■ : lilaiiets. ih" 
 
 "arson, r,'V. J. s. ; trials, ,87,; ,1. 
 
 W'Uson, bishop; U. iir, ,782; 
 
 , phloxisbm 
 
 W.-.ts,,,,, Tli,,s M.I)., ,7,,2-.882 
 
 « tson.sirWiM. ; ele,-t,-i,-ity, ,740; 
 
 liKlitiiiiiK,-,„„l„,-|,„-; trials, ,8,7 
 
 .ala„.ll„,wnie;„i..,K,7,;/" 
 
 »'itl, .l.is., 173.,., bl,;; lunar .s,«'ietv. 
 
 St, '.-111, I'liKiiie 
 
 ".illeiibaeh, Wilhelm, Ger. M'lmlar, 
 
 It 20 .^7 » 
 
 ^V.atl^eau, Ant.. Preneli paintiT, 1684- 
 
 Watts, II., ,815-84; eheniistry 
 "'IS, Isaa,', 1674-1746 ; hymns 
 ". is; ih,.atres.trial,s, ,850; suicide 
 "is, I, ; newsi,;ip,'rs, ,766 
 "alts, („'oiKe Fi-e,|,.,-ick, K.A. - 
 
 : '1. 1517 
 
 ' jy,'.ii-,', Mr ; trials, 1824 
 "eathi'i'sheil, abp. ; Canterbury, 
 1229 •" 
 
 Webb, eapt. ; swlnimiiiK, '875 
 
 W,'.'b,'-'r'''i'-' '"''■•'''■■• '7^''-'"7 
 "ebe , (ai'lv,,,,, ,78.,-,a..rt; music 
 
 i ,\.\V '"^ '''■• l'''-«i^'i-'*t''<, 'iiiilu- 
 lat,ii-y theory 
 
 Jv'l^'''' *-';• "ii'li'iioii'l luurder 
 ; .State's' ''' ''' "*5" = ^'"'^"^ 
 
 Webster, nr. ; trials, 1842 
 
 We ister, .sir Godfrey ; trials, ,79, 
 , Webster, Mr.; alniiiliiiiim 
 
 Webster, .sir H. K., alt.. Ken. ,885, 
 I i5a6, 1895 ; Parm-llites, ,888 • 
 , UehniiK .straits, 1893 
 
 Webst.-r, •!•. ; p:,i|,„.,., ,800-86 
 
 ■ ";;■-■:.;;■";;''■;''"''■"',• '"■^"■■'5 ^'■•■'rti'"'!- 
 
 ».iie, \\,',Ikwo,„1 (|i„r,'elaiii) 
 \ e,lKW,io,i, T. ; pliotoKraphy,',8o2 
 
 ,SS; """■'""■: l^"''^'' States, ,1. 
 Wi-kes, If., li.A., ,807-77 
 Wei.smaiin, lb. AiiKiist; heredity 
 "e . , Mr ; trapiiists ' 
 
 Wel|loli. Walter; alkalii's, 1877 
 
 ,' ,'S ,.,v, sir A. ; sri-ir,lln„;,U 
 " e IS ey, mai'ni.is : i,„|i,, 3 
 U e h's ,.y, .Mr l,o„. . ,,„,,|, ,llg 
 
 ";r!;;^:^8^"'-' '•• ^"-- ^»"«: 
 
 Wellesley r. PaKet ; trials, ,809; v. 
 
 MoriiinKtiai. trials, ,868 
 ^^^^.''.".^-■•""' ''like of, ,769-1852; 
 
 Wei niKton; comniamler-in-ehiel 
 I'lielliiiK, '824 ; duels, ,829 ; trials 
 
 In ^O ' 
 
 Well's, W. ; lU'W, ,8,4 
 
 W ,^'lls. I,,r , l,v,,ii ; Irclaiid(lordlieilt), 
 
 We.U, I hail s; ii-ials, 1893 
 Weltnunii, p.a.s,in,i,y, ,859 
 « em.vss, see Kklio 
 Weiihain ; hi'at 
 
 Weiisley,lale, lor,l ; 1,„-,1.,, nnte 
 "erilcrniann, eleetric liKht, 1878 
 Werner, A. G., ,750-18.7; geology. 
 '775 "'' 
 
 Weill,'!-, capt. ; S]iain. 187-, 
 «e.sk,-tt John; eomineree, eliambcrs 
 
 III, 1782 
 Wesle.v .1.. 1703-91 ; Wesleyaiis 
 West. Ueiij., 1738-1820; Koval Acade- 
 my, 1792 
 
1280 
 
 Wrstluio-, l„r,l,.|,„|„,,||,„.. i.„i„„,T.. i Wil.l 
 
 t'lri.i.l 
 
 WcHtlTl 
 
 m., i36i 
 
 III V. I.lil.lc 
 
 1873.80 
 
 '■"tt, a K., Ill 
 
 WuHt 
 
 l8y 
 
 Wi'Hlliinil, sir ,(a 
 '■7 
 
 triitl» 
 
 '"55 
 
 ,''"li''l, 172, 
 
 iimtljiirj, tic . f.f.iki.r : 
 
 Uiiiliiiii 
 
 I fill I 
 
 Wll.l, 
 
 iSrt 
 
 Wi:.|,.; i).. 
 
 "ir .lamcn ; 
 
 l',iiz 
 
 pnil.at 
 
 IIMt 
 
 « rntiit, Will, li 
 
 NVini'hi.sli.r, \v. 
 
 iiinrciuUi.r; ihliiiihiH- 
 
 1, >8g6 Wilh'i.lc, I 
 
 '■•■ir, aiillinr; trIaU 
 
 W'Htmapott, sir H., „,.,,|,., 
 
 1856; |{. I70f).i872 
 "■•Htiih.alli, |,,r,l; trials, ,t , 
 
 lli'ill.), 1790 
 ,V.''^'""' '■■i'-:i"''l''^in,.i,lsm. tV4-/ 
 
 ""^''"r^irltr"""""""'"^-*"- 
 WVtl„.r,.ll rev. Mr. : t I, Is, ,8,5 
 
 "■■yriinillh; .\„r,|| HVHt IHlSSilL-,. 
 ltd I J I *s I 
 
 W.'.Vhniiiili. visct, ; OnriiMi n.lni 
 
 '7'7 
 Whall.y willras.. ; dlils, ,885.4 
 
 Wlii.ri,;,,, ri„„„as, ,„Mr,l,Ms\,f. 
 Il.'iiilax ,1 liji,, 17,^ 
 
 W..i.;ly al.p. a, ,787.>86j rio;;!,., 
 
 WlieafHi,,,,.., sir 0., i8or.7s ; cryp. 
 
 tn-.,...|,.v: sfivns,.,,,,,., ,.i,,,.tHi.ity, 
 
 '"'""l'li"llc, t.-i, |,|„ 
 
 V.)v^<'\m; al. IVarcvy, Mrs.; trials, 
 
 Wt.ew..II, n,v.w.,,,l,i:,,s,,,,, 
 
 18M; intmiatiniml law '^' 
 
 Whisii.Tr. Kiisliin, trials, ,878; im. 
 
 prfs^innists ' "70. "11 
 
 WiiHtoM, W..thnoI.,,?, ,„, 
 WlntakiT. ,r.,sMp|, : l,„„ksdler, ,820- 
 
 95; iilinaiiack, ]S6q 
 ^^ iitlmad, .'Sairiurl ; .suicide. ,8,, 
 
 I, I'l;, "'"■I"'"-"""- sir a. Stewart; 
 
 l:m;.r'^s;6 ""■" ^""'■^■■' '«=3; 
 u-l''!";,1','"'-' '''"'^'W, ,386 ! 
 
 ilu- '•,"■• '7--'-7°; Whitollel.l. i 
 Wl,it,.li,,„l, ,J;i». ; M. ,„„v„r, ,838 ; 
 
 \nluiit<'('rs, ,83 1 
 
 Wl,'it',';i',',''"i;'' ^^'- ''■ ,V^5 ; pnet laureate ; 
 
 W "-'"■";!'- (•'•■'"terhury, ,583 
 J\nt.iuu, Walt, Aim. p.,..] ; , „, n, 
 
 w,ittaii;,.„i„.s, ;y;''"3 
 
 >\lMtti.-.-, J„l„, ti. ; ,v,„. ,„,,j^ ^g^^_ 
 
 Wl,lttiu;;(o„; ],„.,1 i,,,^., , i 
 
 1-eiiiliMiliall • ^ =' 
 
 Wl,ittle.s,.y, airhl,,,, : Canlu , ,.ry, 
 
 Whitwortli. Kir Jnsfti.l. tSoi-St ■ 
 ™n....,,,,l;n„.,Sl„„.l,uryuess,^8^,; 
 WIutworll,,,.a,.l: fivlMu.l, ,8,, 
 «lijte, iM.iJ. . (.,.„. ; Uc,i„,.i'a,-a, 
 
 1790 ' 
 
 Wiekens, sir J. ; vi,.,wl,a,„.ellor, 
 
 1071 ' 
 
 WicklKiiii; spo U;,hl,„„i. 
 AAi.;klifl,. (Wy.lill,.,. ,)„i,„, g 
 
 ttiikhlliti.s, ])il,|,. ' ■'^■"'/' 
 
 \\ irklow ,„.,.,-a,^,., , rials, ,07, 
 
 ,813 ' '.'■' 
 
 Vfr'"}' ''I- i R'"'liester, ,860 
 J^.1 "■'■[' ■"•I-'. I'P. ; ().vf,„-,l, ,846 
 
 V ; Clilchcsti.r, 
 
 7:) 
 
 Trurn, ,883 : 
 
 I Wilkes, eapl. ; cireuiunVvV- i"n. 
 
 .T^i8: liiit,.,! Slates, iS6, 
 
 , ' '. .Iiihu; N,,|.(|| Kriinn, nlie- 
 
 I ^■■^^- mints; iliiel, i;6j; trials, 
 
 W, klus, Ilr; \Va.lliaui, v.,-, ^ 
 
 W| kl,Hot,.C„tl„.,i„e; l,„ll,s, 18,.., 
 
 W lkins„„,sir,/„l,r, liaiMuer, nl-yp. 
 
 .■Viulri'w, Si. 
 Wilkin.siMi, Is. ; air (eoinpressliii;) 
 
 '7p7 
 William I., Kii',{lnnd, ,r^r.f lUtUv 
 
 Willi '''■•>'■""'"■•,■'' •• """''« 
 "illiaiM 11 1-1,1,.,; ,„,.; 
 
 William [I,.; Kujiiaml, ,689, rev„U|. 
 
 i"U. Il..yii,., KhKhieii, ./f ,„„iu. 
 
 ,,.';; "'''"'. -N'^w Fiuvst 
 
 «il 1.1.11 IV.; Kiiguml, kliiys. ,830; 
 
 ii'liiiiral ■" 
 
 Williaiii I.: eiupenir; Piussia, ,86, ; 
 
 (.eniiaiiv. ,870-88 ; assassinatlims 
 Wi lam n. : (ieriiiauy, ,883 
 » llmiu I .)V., sladtli.ililei's; H,,]. 
 
 lauil, ,t7().i795 
 William l.-lll.; Ili.lku.l, ,R,,.,t 
 Wlllmm, the I.imi, kin- Seuilaml 
 
 M 'llil- 
 elll 
 
 '1. I'.'iil "f ; (liiel. 
 ■'I. earl III' ; 
 i74.>; H'llli ii'lii 
 
 1829 
 
 WiimiimtDn 
 
 '71" 
 
 '■ail Ml'; ii-riniliui 
 
 W.nr|iil.s..j, 
 
 ,-;02, ,33,.i,„ 
 "iieMmnk, Kir rrain-is; a.lministra- 
 
 lem'-. 1(1)5 
 Wiii.lliam, ;;,n,.ral: lu.lla. ,8157 
 Win. ham, W. K; trials, m,.2 
 
 VUM ham, \v,M.:(li-,.nv a,|ni., ,806 
 
 « mllsiliKial/, prii ; V na. ,846 
 
 Win.s,,!'. , Iiarl.,tle; ti-ials. ,865 
 Winsaiihy; |.:,l,lystmie, ,696 
 Uin.s hw, !■;. 1), ; e.xtr,hliti„n, ,876 
 I JJjii-'l"«. I)i'. !••.; trials. iSe,' ' 
 
 Wintrr, T. ; IpD.vili- ^ 
 
 ' Winwnul, sir Halph: ndmiulsti-.a. 
 
 ii'tns. iijij 
 I Wiiizeiifern.le, -en. ; Kaliseh i8n 
 I Wise, I. -nf. ; l,all,,„ii.s, ,H,, -^ 
 
 «iHeniii ,. .•■iiMiiial .Mi.hnias. , 802.fi,- 
 oielesiaslieal lilies, papal aKVre.s- 
 niyn, Horn,., I.vlanil, ,.=8; West, 
 iiilhsti'r 
 Wls.smanii, eaj.t. ; Zanzibar, ,889 : 
 
 Arrlea((.er]i,aii K.), ,889 
 Withers, Dr. ; lil.e), ,780 
 «illierin-s, Thoma,; post-nfflee, 
 
 Will,eriii;<l„„ \v., painter, ,786-, 865 
 ^Vlt' ilig, Uieliai-,1 : 01«sti,:,l,un-, 
 
 WilliMiiis, |u-nf.; Imliauinst. 
 " illianis, Ann; trials, ,7=^ 
 "ill-IMS, Dr. Daniel; liiVarles, ,7,6 
 William.s, Davi.l, ,/. ,8,6; literary 
 fund •' 
 
 Williams, Mr. ; M.iuehostcr, ,882 
 Wil ams.,I„hn.dran; .adminis., ,62, 
 
 "llllalns; Sic I. ' iim 
 
 Williams. ii„j,.,.r, .\„i',.riea, ,635 
 \\i lain- ,.-en. W. R; Kai's, ,855 
 "illiaiiisu,,, sir JiMejih; administra. 
 
 tnms, ,(i29 
 Williaiiisnn, Win. CraHiinl; uatu. 
 
 rnlistaiMl l.,,tnni.st, ,8,0.95 
 Willoushl.y, sir Hugh; ,,,,,-tI,.east 
 I I.assaKe, ,553 
 flillolighl.y d- Eresliy, lord; eham- 
 
 Ijerlain, lonl gjvat, ,626 
 \\i l.m,L:hl,y, lient.; Delhi, ,85, 
 ; Wills, -en ; Preston, ,7,, 
 «i Mint, lieut. K. ; Ashiiidees, 1873 
 Wilimit. M. A., ti-ials, ,88, 
 Wilmin-toii, earl of; Wilmington 
 
 II '111., ,74.| 
 
 Wilson, eapt.: Pel. w iHlauds, ,783 
 Wilson, sir A.; t> ,i, ,857 
 WiNoM, sir Jane- iaasmu.s, ,8o9-?4 • 
 '.erdeen ; , ,ks (C'leo|mtl;.'« 
 
 u-i'' ?: 'T ■ ' -Tl'te.vpl. fund 
 
 ,\\''«"iMi ioiir l.liMdiiess 
 
 W.lMon, II. u.; .Sanskrit professor, 
 
 l8j2 ' 
 
 WiisT.n, sirC; Soudan, ,883 
 '\ilson,sii Daniel, :iiilii|uni-y, 1816. 
 
 92 
 Wilson, sir Roliert . I.av.ilofte, 18,? 
 W 1 son, jirof. .lohn, ,785-1854 
 Wi son, sir.lohn M., Ifai,,,,,,,.,,,! 
 Wilson, Mrs. ■• 
 
 1S62 
 Wilson, ea)i1 
 
 ,86?, »!'</ 
 Wilson, M, , nee. 
 Wilson, 1.1. , 
 
 Wilson, . 
 
 stateslli;! 
 
 Wilton, 
 
 lUiy, 
 after 
 
 C. ; J.. 
 W. 
 
 iig, trialu, 
 L'liited States, 
 
 .\nstialiau 
 
 .Wilberfi 
 
 ree, 
 
 Wini-h.'.^te 
 
 on-Tyne, ,882 
 
 p. IJ. li., .\ 
 
 In 
 
 .Sanu 
 
 d h. i 
 
 ,,.. , Iriiil.s, ., . , 
 
 Wnnsliurst, .James; elect ncitv, ,88 
 Wineliclsea, alip.; fanteiliiirv; ,203 
 
 Wiiiclicstc 
 
 Wihkind (.Saxon chief; 
 I WitiKdisi. ill, gen.; PolotsK, .Vitejisk, 
 
 Witts, 1)k; niassni-red ,^72 
 
 Wodchonsc. h,rd; |,,.|a„d (l,„..i. 
 ' llellt.), ,864 * 
 
 I Wo.lehoii.s,-, sir I>. ; Tlomliav, ,872 
 
 Wodehollse, eol. ; .><oudan, ,889 
 
 Woden ; Wednesday 
 . w")'''T'''V'^°°^ ' nluniinium, ,827 
 
 trials, ,807 
 W-(df, K. A. ; Homer 
 
 Wolfe, j..cn. ; yii,.| , ,„„ 
 
 WolM.r. ,J.; Moekliara%884: sir 
 
 II. I)., lourth parly; Tiirkev, 
 
 ,385 ; I'eisia; Spain 
 Wolllus : aiicMioinetei-, ,709 
 Woilastim, Will. ; ,766-18:. : cn-o- 
 
 plionis, eaniera, lilow-iepe, pal. 
 
 l.'idinm, rhodium, hvpsomcter 
 Wos.ley, sirChaHes. trials, ,820 
 Wel.seley, siraariiet(au. Id.)/,. ,8,- 
 
 Duo.,.;:.-s Day, ,870; A.-,h,-intec,' 
 
 1873; Amoalul, ,874 ; West Africa 
 
 1873; fyiaiis, ,878; .\atal; Ziihi! 
 
 land, i879;>;gypt, ,882; Tel-el- 
 
 kelm-, ,882; .Soudan, ,334 
 WoLsey, cardinal, ,47. -,330; adins 
 
 ism; llimiidon, Whitehall, Voi-k 
 \ Holverton, id.; (jladstonc ,,dni., 
 
 Womlnv, 11 ; zoology 
 
 Wood, sir Chai-les (aft. lor.l Halifax) ■ 
 
 Hus.sell adm., 1846; I'almei-sti'n' 
 
 ndni., ,855 
 Wo,,d,eol. sirKvelyn. Zululai, 1 ,1,,. 
 
 Egypt, J.. ;cuvaliv '^' 
 
 Wood 1: Cox ; races. ,383. 
 Wooil, Matthew; niavoisof 1,. ndon 
 
 i8»5 ' 
 
 Wood, sir W. P.,,juslire, elian. .■Il,,r, 
 
 Wood ; I'llinyra, ,751-53 
 
 W Ifoii, liji. J. li. ■ i.;|v 
 
 W;oodfal!. Ml-. ; tri.iK. jyi,' 
 Wnodniiir-.n ; riilin.; iiiaclnn. ^ 
 Wool,.,-, .\1, : triiils, ,8,7, ,835 
 Woolli.y. V trials, isoj 
 
 ewcastle- H'iin-heste 
 1834 
 
 11 
 
 i- lelielitown. 
 
 Wool 
 
 ii'-r. 
 
 eiii-y ; mayor, lord 
 
 ,813 I Woi-biii-ton ; trial 
 
 .tor, iS--: 
 
 Wore 
 
 ler, inai-riu; ,,f; steam tele 
 
 Ki-uph, ,663 
 
.'"•"''■''. W aliiiil«„r; u.llilllii;). 
 
 tll.ll^ 
 
 1554 
 
 liils''ii, rn\-\ .,{ ; Wlln.iiiulim 
 " . i74J; IImIIi ii,|ni , ,7.,,, 
 liilH,.,, ,,,|1 „f; ii-n,-ulliin', 
 2, 1851-98 
 'I'-iiik, »lr Fniiicis; a.liiilnlstrn. 
 
 !■>. I'M? 
 
 li'ii". --'111. ml ; rihliii, iS.i7 
 I'"". VV, K; triiilM, iHfn-j 
 lam.W,,,.; (;nrin||,.„,lin., 1806 
 ixflW'iilz, prliK',.; Vlrrrrm, 184S 
 T, < Imrlntif; trluls, iS6j 
 lllllry. MililyHtlill,', ift,6 
 "W, K Ir ; extniilitinii, ,876 
 II"-, Dr. K.; Iriiil«, 1S84 
 r, T. : Imxin;,' 
 |">1, sir Haliili; ,i,lr„ii,istra- 
 
 .H. 101 J 
 
 IiCcnHl,., ^r,.,,. . Kiilisrli, ,813 
 
 p "I. ; IpiilliHiiis, iHj\ 
 
 ""<■ ■■'iiMln.il N'ii'li.il.i.s, iSoj-rts; 
 
 I'siusliiMl lilies, |,;ip„| nfcVira. 
 
 ■ HiHii,., I.vlaiiil, ,.58; West. 
 
 sPt 
 
 i.'iiiii. rapt. ; Z/inzilmr, iSSq ; 
 
 I'ii (•"■nniin K.), iKi) 
 
 ™, lir, : liiici, ,78,^ 
 
 ■iiio''<. Tlioniiw ; iiimt-nllli'o, 
 
 ■iii><l"ii, \V,, painter, 1786-18(15 
 i«, Hichiinl ; (jliist(,:ilji!ry, 
 
 ii'l (S,ix,,n cliii.f;, ,;, ,1^,,^ 
 
 iiJ-t' in.yiMi.; rulutsK, iVitejisk, 
 
 I)e ; m.issniTC'il if,y, 
 'iiiHc, lord; IidlaiKi (Idi-,!. 
 ). 1364 
 
 ■use, sir V. : Hdiiilmv, 187a 
 iiisi;. I',,]. ; .x,,i„|aii, iaSg 
 I »filiiiisiiay 
 
 , K, iSoo 8 nliiiriiiiiiiiri, i8j7 
 '»■ ■ ' ■ I'uttT I'imlai'; 
 , 1807 
 
 . .\. ; Iliinier 
 ,'i'll. ; giii.li|,,., ,75, 
 l>r. J, ; Hiickliaia, 18S4 ; .sir 
 ),, liiurtli parlv; Tuikcv 
 I'lTsia ; Spain 
 : aiirrii.iincfcr, i;,*) 
 111, ^V|||. ; i7fto-i8i''! ; crj'fp- 
 s, I'linicra, tilmv-pip,., pal- 
 11, rliinliiini, livpsoijii-ter 
 V. sircharli's , tiiiiis, iSjo 
 v, «ir Uariiet (alt. 1.1.) h. iS--^- 
 ■■■-'^ Hay, 1870; .\,.|,Mnt;i;',' 
 •XiiKHiliil, 1S74 ; West .\IVifa 
 f.Vpni.s, ,878; .Vi.tal; Ziih,. 
 
 ■879 ; >:gypt, 1883 ; Td-ci- 
 
 1S82; Hdiiilaii, 1334 
 
 ivinliiKil, 1471-1330; ailins., 
 llaiii|.|i,ij, Wiiitvliall. Viirk 
 I", W. ; Ulailstiiiji. ,i(iiii., 
 
 II ; zoiilo^'v 
 
 r Cliarli.s (,irt. )„r,l Halifax) ■ 
 
 1 ailm., ,846; l'alnj|.r.stiiii 
 
 1855 
 
 1. nirKvelyii. /iilulan i, ,£7^; 
 
 'ioj; cavnirv 
 Cox ; race.s. i383. 
 attlii'W : iiiayor.si)r I,, iiiliin, 
 
 • Vf. P.Ju.sliii., (■lianr.-llnr, 
 
 <lm,vra, ,75,-53 
 , l>p. J. li. ; Klv, ; -^ 
 Mr. ; tri.iis, ,7^, 
 •111 ; riiliii;' inai-liiiH , 
 l|- ; trial.s, ,817, ,855 
 Mr : trial.s, 1S63 
 Th^.i.s.: .-:i".i!ptur, ,c-..6-sj 
 n ; Inalr, 1SE5. 
 , inariiui^ of; steam, tele- 
 663 
 
 Wnm.HtiT, IvlH-anl, ,.ar| „f; aili„«., 
 
 w:,;tu.,,.w,,,;,77,..H3„;, ,. 
 
 W.,n|,w.iril,, l.l»lw,ps;rhrl»ti.|il„.r 
 
 li'ls^v,;,:;!: ,^7, ^"""■^^ ■"'-'- 
 
 "•■ttiiN, sir Ivhvanl ; «ii^-ar, ,,46 
 
 .iuv,.r„,a,,,,s, painli.rH, ,6;o.83 
 
 ii.y.sirc. .■ Ki„/.sll„i„.|,, ,5^7 
 
 ttri'il,.. «,.„.; 11,,.,,,,, ,(, 573 
 
 ^^•■<^". «lr (■I,n,sii,|,|„.r,- arrl,it,,.t 
 ('in'rnXr',' '■'"■'■^""' "»«i-avl„« 
 \ValV,ro,''k '"""""»■'"• «'■ i''iuls. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Xrm.pl,,,,, ,. ,.„i,rl,.r», ri'tniat i.f 11,0 
 
 IllcllkS. 4,j, B.C. 
 
 Xlni.)ne,(,,ar.l., .43,.,3,7; polyglot 
 
 1287 
 
 Vimnu. Kilw., pn,.t, ,«8,.,7«5 
 
 ul!:jy ii:;,,;;;!"'"' -> ""'"• ""■'"■ 
 
 ^"Ic, slrll., .£jg.|i,j;„rl,;ntalHt 
 
 JVni,,.Malil,„«.: noyal Hnpl.ity 
 
 H>.,Uu.sl,.y, ,„rii;a.Ml.lilia,|„„s. 
 Wii'rm*.r, gcii, ; Cnsti^.llnno, ,706 
 
 'Slav'n^ii^i:;^;^^^^"'-''^'^^ 
 
 w&r,^;;;:in -r:^;^ "4 i 
 
 ttyk.'haiM, Wiiliain ,,r, ,3j,.,,„, . ' 
 
 iM.i.;,lim, .K,,,,.,|, w,,,,,,.iX'r'°5i 
 "Vlil, J. ; Kinl,,-, ,8s, 
 
 Kiiit'i'i;'" "'"^''•' :»"«""«. .496; 
 Wyni w": Canniii- ailm,, ,^,7 
 
 JVviill, "A., ninlallist, l7„ = -ti-, 
 
 "ys.., L. A. IJ, ; I'.uiama' ' 
 
 j Yiiknnl,, AfHliaiiistan, ,8^7.7,, KaHJ,. 
 
 I Vail', Elislin ; aiictimis, ,700 
 ; »arr.nv, .Mi^. ; spirit iiiotnr 
 
 1084-3 ; HiirM 
 Ji'ji, I' iMMiiissiniMir ; ('liinn, ,3-7 
 i,i'lvi'll..n, Mia.iiir; trials. ,Hf,, 
 > |in«.', . SI r( I,.,,, ;fii„,M,h. -„„,„„„,, 3 
 J'lii;,'!', iMiss C. ; iiaiih ., ' ■' 
 
 \iiii.in, nil. ; Pamirs, ,9, 
 l.iiik, liislmii; Kly, ,78, 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zaiiala ; .Spain, , -4 
 ^arliariiis ; p.i|,i,, 7,1 
 Zaicmiis ; Hiimptuaiy laws, 45,0 B.C. 
 /aniiiyski riinnl ; C.lamI, ,8ftj 
 /ank.itl: laitfiiia, ,876,/.,,,,. 
 ^'iMn itrh, V,: l(i„sla,,S78 
 fjazrl ; Ai|ii iriiini, ,877 
 /.•Hianali pr,,pl,,s|,,, „,„,,t ^„ 
 
 ^rpi;^;':y- ^^V «.c. :^a,tcn. 
 Zi'iiiiiiia: /'almvrn, ?»■ ; 
 /i-Miiin : .\rnicnia, 18 
 
 >iiik, liisl,,,,,; Kiy 1,8, I f;---" 111 : .Armenia, ,8 
 
 V"ik, ivirilinal ; .Si'ntfan.l, ,s„7 | /!!!;!?.',!',"' '"■"■''"•''''■■■' "'X, 6jo B.C. 
 
 ..V'lrk • ""a-S^?, /!ellaml, ,.,yl „f: ,Salisl„rry n,|„ 
 
 Vnrk Or„rjr,..Kr,.,|,.ri,.k, ,I„kn of, 
 
 Yuik,,lam,:.s,,luk.- '(aft.Ja.nosi, i 
 
 V ;: '"'■".I''' ,"^85). lelrny, ,67, ' ' 
 
 1 111 kc, Cliarlea, cliaiicdlor, lord lilith I 
 
 1770 " • 
 
 i!:m:'i,"':7^'""'' ""-«'•"•• ■*'"«•''' 
 
 V.'iki. .\lr.'u,.,ll„,„i. trial, ,705 
 "111..). A.,salm..nova 
 
 V 
 
 . - ■ •-., .,..,,,,.■,, <i>a 
 
 \llllMiC ; inilKlStlir.S, ,C,g2 
 
 ^iiiiii-, UriKliain, ,5^.1-77. Mcrmoii. 
 
 ^:--i.-', r™„.is; ,3,,-:.:..; a.s,.it, v;:unS ffi.; r^S^: \t?^ 
 
 ^'■'i''"'"'. '••yl "f: .Salisliury mliii.. 
 1836; In-lan.l, 1,1. li,.|,|., ,»V '"•' 
 
 /Hix,s,/t, 433.4,,, ,,,<■. ;pa'intin;; 
 / MiMc.mi.'iniphy.sifijjn.im.v, ,77,, 
 /ii/en,|.,rl ,7c.,-rt„; .Moravians 
 /lisk.i ; Hola.iMia, 14,7 
 /ill'; ivist.ri, ,.mpi|.,., ,034 
 /"la. I-,., naturalism 
 
 ;"""■'■ «.;.-<li;iin, 1872.3; ,1. ,3q, 
 
 Z'wimiis : ali'liT'iiiv, 410 
 /ukkertiirt, ,). ,s.,',.|"oss 
 Zi,,mj,acarn^,i(Carlis,): kill,.,!,, ear 
 
 Ziimiiie. M. ■ ,.iaimf„ne. ,766 
 /Surbaii,,, g,.ii. ; s,,ain, ,344' 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 •) 
 
 '^''^t'l'";' """-in™t:is,7,,w. 
 
 .3. AFRK 'a '!^ ', ' , ■•■'"""""0-1 . .Iniv, 
 
 I Iter tii7 V '"■''"''■" '"■ ""'•'l"i"ix 
 
 iiltir t lie,, years ,suTOss((,i expl.iralion in 
 
 Central Atrica U, lake Clia.l . ' , ",.Z" 
 
 li-'i HRmiiK.kii captures .Sikasso, ii,e 
 oaiulal ,,( K.iii.,|ii,,n, kinw Haiieml,.; „iel 
 maiivolli,sn,.,n|<i||,.,i,Maj.;|i,,,,.^v,,.,i,w 
 totally lieteats 1 1„. isolas atCavaliv, „ ,s,.,,t 
 
 t' ™l,. ""•" ,■.''"'■''—'*■'«'■'■ «'"»^t i-^ot,'.,-: 
 foiato expe.liii,,,,, ,|,„i,,,. ,„.,j,„., ;.^^,^,,.,^, 
 
 l>|«k jiini ami olliersleaves < ipo'io, 2 Anril 
 o.i.l.l a palaver with the XiLeiMeiV:; 
 la. lieen .s oppmj; traile, etc.), it Omuho- 
 
 •"slio ; on liiH refii.sai t„ t tl„. H,it "li 
 
 istownwassti.r 1 ami taken with s,,,,,, 
 
 l<«.s, tlieclii I al: , ,var.ls .smreii.lere.l ,„„1 
 agreeil I., ten,,,; rep.irte.l . . ,, m '. 
 T«-o expelilions l,y 'the H„v.| Ni,J,' ,.';;^,: 
 paiiys f,„-ces a;,'ain,st tli,. emi,s nt 1 uui 
 «..il Alleys t^.,..|ave.rai,lin^ve,-vs,e;;;^:sl 
 ■111: Uipai e,,! ,,i,,.,| ami (lest'n.ve.l ,, 
 .Mine; Aive.v,, . uiipie.l, enemvs los- 
 I'i'av.v, m, tirilish 1. ;|e.l . . 24,1,,,. 
 -\n etpeilitioniry l,„ee Inm, I a-ns,\,ii «; 
 
 "■■ii;;>-An,,il,l,att,i,.ksan,l,le.s,r„y;Si"'„na 
 '■' ' -l'''" to plinisli i.stile pliaey, etc. 
 
 of giawa to nv.ii.l capture; cnl ,,rtli' 
 W.ali..i i.siir; ; rej, ,rte'l . 7 »,", 
 
 i8g3 
 
 1399 
 
 r.ioK 
 33. 
 
 96 
 
 'oj 
 
 A?i:i'u!.",;.;7,;r::' ' ■' ""-''■: "» 
 
 40. AMUA.SSAL)OU,-S._\|, Jl,,,,,,.,'. l. '"^''l''';. 
 t;..'nrs,. ,„,,„.,, J;:, ,l,l'--.,';-,fvar 
 
 to J, m.lon, api,oi„te.l ,893, L-^lZ 
 
 '"' ^Vy^lr^^-?\ '"''■' of Jerome de.=,v 
 ny tire, ,1 deaths . 
 
 A 1 li'i /:''.',' ■' ''"•• ,'=■7' "' f"'""^ 
 ii.i i.iiu'i liU.-ehe,,, (a.'e.l ^o „,, rtilim, 
 
 ~Sk "'"■'%"'-■ '"^'^'ti""0'S«';^ 
 
 1 E'l-----v■i;-,^4- 
 nTA'nnT. -"-'^rt'-l "t l-a"«n ,e ',3 ke t 
 utrsoii „s..e.;.: ,1 (,.,,,„ ( ,,, frvsta! Pili.^. 
 and ivaehed ,, h, i..),| ,,.■ ,, .,. .i v . 
 
 "f.i;!^"[n';v-''' '^ •^"''""i''•''-■"'^• 
 {«;".;n;^:ll^:ya;em::nt:a;'hl:;^:;,!l^^• 
 '"»■".■lt,o„.s eoninuneins =7 July, a's p '.ctin" 
 
 i:,l 
 ■ft. 1E93 
 
 895 
 
I2HH 
 
 VMir. 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 iii"nc'tiirylmimMctl"fiii«lllifiMiiic'iit iiithiiiim 
 i'iij|i|jiitii'all.v ili'iili'il liy lliciii : ciihii ml- 
 ,|i.iiriicil ,lii J N..V.) ... 17 Min. i8o3 
 
 io.|. iiAi{|)Ai>(iK.s.-i)i,ii,iii. .\.,r rile, H|...,ikii 
 
 iif llh' liimsimr MHsi'iiilil.v, dim n|' \viiiim<I.h 
 iiiHInti'il liy all iiiiknuwii iiit»iul,iiit . 3 Haul. iSuS 
 
 Sec IIV,.( linlir.i. 
 
 118. ll.NTri.KS, -niiiilunimn, .>S()iiiliiit(^i((i/ ili/mr 
 
 ijllif Kliiiliffi) .... t Hi'pt. 1898 
 167. IIUITIMII rul.r.MlllA. (Iri'iit llri' iit .Nmv 
 
 WisliiiilisliT, tiiHll»:HiiliilM'hli'lcn» ; 11 Hflit. iByS 
 
 |83. CAI.IHiHMA. Srii' 1 11 flmi i,Mii-- 
 
 ili'ii'i' Ml Oakliiiiil ' Miming ii|i llii' iiiiip'i- 
 /iiii' nC the CiililiiiMia fiiw wmkn ; 6 di'iaily 
 kIicI'IIIs mill ncvenil wmiii'ii iiIhm kllliil ; 
 
 iB.liilv. i8g3 
 IQ5. CANAD.V I,.inl ll.Tscli.-li, sir WillvU 
 jjiiuii'i, nil- H. ('aTi»ii,.|it. ami »lr 1.. (1. 
 Havi.'S (Canada a|.|...iiil.'.l Hiilisli lii.t'll 
 i'..iMiMi.s«i..mTs l..r till, iiili'iiiatluiial (■..in- 
 iul»si..ii l.t'lHCfii rTiilcil .><tali.i.aiid('aiiiida, 
 39 .hint'. .Mr. ('Iia.< Kaiiliaiikx an.l I'l.ur 
 i.thi'iH a|.|...iiiti'.l I .S, I'l.iiiiiiiNHi.iiii'rH, 
 16 July ; iiii'i.t at liii.'h.'c 21 .Villi. i7 ,«../. ,, 
 
 Till' (.'ail III' Mint.. ii|i|...iiil.'.| I.. mii'i'itiI tlin 
 raid III' Al.c'idi'i'ii a.s i;..v.TMi.r-t;i'ii,, .Inly. 
 
 A piiTidtla' (itt.iwa and Ni.\v Vi.ik niilway 
 LrMgi' I'l'll, ,4 .l..|ill,,H . . . ft!Si.|,t. „ 
 
 A statiii' III' Haiiiiirl I'lianiplalli I'lmiidi'i' iil' 
 yiiL'liri. ill i6t,8 iiiiMMli'il llii'in liy Inril 
 
 AllHlll|.|.|l 21 Sl'jlt. „ 
 
 I9.> C'AXDIA.-.1/i«/h!( i-iirii'li CDiiiiiiittw "f till- 
 imtii.iial assi'iiildy, nndiT siii.crvisi.iii .if 
 thf a.liiiirals, (tan Ii-h on tin,. K'*^'''''*'iii(?iit, 
 Jnni. ; tin. imrt.. |initi.sls aiiain.sl tlio |iro- 
 vislDiiiil nijiiiii arranj,'i.il In tin' 4 piiwi'i* 
 (till' Cii'taii assdiiililvt.. t'luiTii tia. int«rl(ir 
 mid till, admirals till' coast tiiHTis) 6 .Inlv, 189I 
 Uiitiidi li.iDps attackid in (jindia liv .Malm- 
 liiiiiicdans and 'rmkisli trnnps .lisnallsllml 
 
 Willi Ilk- a.snreN taken liy the adiidial.H, 
 
 4 lii.iirs |i)jhlin(,', lii-iit. Hnl.t. llaldmiB iiml 
 12 liiiti.sli soldiers ami inaiiiics killed, 42 
 {6 nii.itally) woniiile.l, aliont s.x.. Christians 
 inas-iH-reil, sy ltaslii-li../oiiksKiid 4 Turkish 
 Holdieis killed; Mr. I,. A. Calocherlni., 
 llritl.sh vice-consul, ami Ins »ci vaiits, iiiiik- 
 sacred, the l.iwn looted and set liietiiby 
 Jlashi-Hozoiiks, 6 Hept. ; foreign coiisulalen 
 looted and lairni, 7 finpt. ; Kdle'iii |iasliii, 
 the HDVernoi-, lii.|.l ivsponsil.le for the 
 Iiins.saere liy Ids inaction (snccecie.l by col. 
 Chevkli, 27 Sept.); loieif.'ii I'eint.n lei'iieiils 
 laiiiled, martial law piiiidalnied y .Sejit. ,, 
 
 Two Itritish soldiers iimrd'.red liv liashi- 
 
 li'izoiiks ' loSejit. „ 
 
 Ailm. Noel, in II. M.S. Jim mir, arrives, 12 
 Sept.; British idtlmalnni: siiriender of 
 ringleaders, Tnikisli ilisarmamei.t, el,.., 
 ij Sept. ; demands aeceded to, reinloicii. 
 ments mrive. 14 Sqit. ; i.risoners tians- 
 ferred to Urilish warships, 16 l^ept. ; a 
 strini.'ent nltimatnni to he dcspatcheil to 
 the sultan l.y the four powers within 24 
 
 lllllll'S 27 Sl'llt. ,, 
 
 225. t'HEMISTHV.— Third inlenmtioiial eoiiKiess 
 of applied chemistry at Vienna, 28 .luly- 
 
 2 Ann. 1898 
 229. CHILI.— The Imundary i|nestion to be siili. 
 niitted to Urtisli ariiii-ation leported, ne- 
 gotiations proceedint; . . . Sept. 1898 
 236. ClllX.V.—.Snceessrnl steam navi^'iition of 
 the Yan),'lsze rapids, 750 miles, by .Mr. 
 
 Little May, 1S98 
 
 Prince Henry anil the nerinan sriuadron visits 
 Kiao.ehan, 5 .May ; received by the empeior 
 and empress at I'ekin . ' i^j-iB.May, ,, 
 Serious riots at Slia slii, .lapanese consnlat.' 
 and other olliees, \-e., desitroyeil, 9 .\|av ; 
 indeninity, etc., paid .' . 12 .liiiy, ,, 
 
 Tlie Yan;.'ts/e trade re;;iilat ions, di'awn up by 
 sir Hubert Hart, a;,'reoi| fo . ,, Mav. 
 
 Convention signed at I'ekin ieasiiij,' exten- 
 sion of bonmlaries to Honn-koii); . 9.I11111! „ 
 Rebellion in Kwaiifitimj,' ; a m.ijiisti-ate and 
 Ids wife killed ; reported , . 10 June, „ 
 
 toncessi.iii fur (iruinleential rallwai from 
 Ilmikaii 111 I'ekin sceuie.l by Kranco. 
 lli'lKian s)iii||cate ; ri'poite.l . i.^.luiii', lE.j, 
 
 Coiitni I .i;.|ie.l It I'ekin, aulhorl/int! the 
 Aii|;loltaliiin h>iidle.ite I.. Work coal and 
 Iron mines in Ilonan, etc., for ti. ,\eais, 
 
 21 .lime, ,, 
 
 Tyi'Iioon at I'ort Arthur, 1 to (.'liliieHe sailors 
 iliottiieil ; reported . . ,21 .liine, ,, 
 
 lllack Klax rising in KwaiiK-sl ; llritlHliconsiil 
 at Wu elmn teleu'm|ilis for KHiiboats, 28 
 .liine; a majjisti.ite an.l many ollleials 
 killed ; iilne t.nvns eapluieil, and tn.ops 
 deleated Ileal Wu ehau ; reported, u .liily ; 
 tnrllii.r cnllii ! . i.'poitc.l . , ig An;;. ,, 
 
 lliots III SliaiiLdi.ii . ..nceiniiii.; the s.ile l.y the 
 
 Klelii'li loral allthiirities .i| the Nlli(;.p.i 
 
 (,'nild eeinelery, Kreiieli iiiai iii.s and |.olii' . 
 lire on the mob, 14 natives killed, 16 July ; 
 provislouHJ ii^rHuiiieiit, ipiiet lestoieil, 
 
 iH.llllv, ,, 
 Cnnti'aet for Ilusslan loan for the I'ekin 
 
 Hall-Kan railway ratilleil . 12 An^. ,, 
 
 Lord I'liarles lleresroid piaves London for 
 
 China oil a eomniereial niissioii . 24 Aug. ,. 
 I.i lliinx I hang dismisseil Inua the Tsuiig-li- 
 
 Ynmen by decree .... 7 Sept. ,, 
 Heforms proKiessing ; re|Hiiteil Sept. ,, 
 
 Anieiiean and Kreneh niissionn attacked at 
 Ho-ehau, 50 inileH fioin C'huii(j-kliig ; re- 
 
 )Kirted .Sept. ,, 
 
 Hegency of the empress regtureil, flight of 
 Kang-Yu-Wel, reformer . . jj ^ept. „ 
 244. CHL'IIIII (IK K.Mil.ANH.- iSth riiiirrh 
 ' ..a ;,,.«,% at Ilra.llonl ; the bishop of KIpon, 
 
 prcsid.'iit 37-joSept. 189; 
 
 '357. CiiAL. — Kxplnsinii, Drniiiley pit, Ayr, 6 
 
 deaths 9 Sept. iSio 
 
 a66. ('( iMETS. — lie appeariiuee of Wolf » ooniet of 
 
 1^84, observed by .M. I'echule . 14 Sept. iS^i 
 384. COHEA.— I'hit against the government ills- 
 Lovercilat Seoul, olllulalsarrentcd; reported 
 
 11 July, 189S 
 Attempt to poison the emperor and crown 
 
 lai frustrated, ri'iiDrteil . . 16 Sept. ,, 
 
 J63, KtiVl'T. — l'rince Ahmed Hili-.|ilin scutenced 
 
 to 7 years' ini|irisoiiment lor .ittenipting to 
 
 iniir.ler prince Kiiad . . 29 June, 1898 
 
 Sir KIrt'in t'almer appuinled govornor of lliu 
 
 national bank of Kgyjit (caiiitHi to be 
 
 i,.K,o,.««,/.) II Jcly, ,, 
 
 404. EX KllTIi INS. — Private Kenny .Wilfrid 
 Kreiit/e , 27, a I'nissian, Iiiurderof private 
 
 (1 Iwiii ; Clonniel gaol . . 3 A|iril, i.ijj 
 
 Walter Horsford, 26, murder of .Mrs! Annie. 
 Holmes, widow, Ciiiubri.lge. See y'"i.<e«.i, 
 
 28 June. ,, 
 J.inics Watt, murder of wife; Norwich, 
 
 12 July, ,, 
 William Wilkes, innrderof wife; Chelmsford, 
 
 iS July „ 
 Tiioniiis .loiies, niuidei' of Mai'y Uruton ; 
 
 Carnal von . . . ' . j Aug. ,, 
 
 Ji.se|.li Lewis, miiiiler of Hubert Seott ; 
 
 Swansea 30 Aug. ,, 
 
 422. FISH. — hiternational maritime congress, 
 
 2 Sept. (I .<!./. iBp 
 459. FRANCE.- Legal proceedings respecting ,M. 
 
 Zola .... 2 Aiii'il-i8 July, 1893 
 He.signalion of .M. Meline's ministry, 15 
 .lime; several failures to lorni a cabinet; 
 new niiiiistiy ; pi-emierand minister of the 
 interior. .M. Hrisson ; foi-eigii atfaiis, .M. 
 Ueli-asse ; linance, .M. I'eyti-al ; .justice, .M. 
 Sari'ien ; c.lueation, M. Leon ilourgeois ; 
 war, .M. Cavaignac ; niarine, M. Loi kioy ; 
 colonies, ,M. 'I'lonillot ; eominerc, .M. 
 Maiue.ioiils; agriculture, -M. Viger ; public 
 works, .M. Tillaye . . . .28 June, 
 C'ul. I'leijiiart arrested for disclosing sUite 
 papers, 13 July; his trial postponed 
 
 21 Sept 
 
 "A Historv of the Dreyfii.'i Case," by cajd. 
 
 I'iiul -Mai'in. issued ' . . . .Inly. 
 
 Abyssinian envoys, with a letter and pres.-nts 
 
 to pi-.'S. Fail!', received by him at I'aiis, 
 
 8 July, 
 
(iiiiiiilifiilml riillttiu frniii 
 I'i'kiii Hi'riiiv>l liy Kriiiii'ii- 
 Icati' ; mmrtwl . n.lmii', iSy. 
 
 ll kl I'i'Kill, IIIIIIjoI'I/Iii^ till' 
 n> n<llr.lti< (o Wiil'k I'Dltl Itllil 
 
 II Miiiiiiii, I'd',, fur (» yi'iiiH, 
 
 ai .liihf. ,, 
 ■t Arlliiir, I JO {.'liliii'Kc Nuihii'H 
 'I'lii-il . . . jj.liiiM', ,, 
 IX in K u'iiii|t-«l ; lli'illiilii'Miisiil 
 
 Il'l<'l,'|'|l|,||» fill' ^llhllHlltK. jH 
 
 Ki->li'iti.' iiimI iiiiiiiy iiIIIi'ImIh 
 tnwim ni|iiiii'iil, iiiiil liiiii|is 
 Wii ulmii ; ri'iMii'li'il, I-J .Inly ; 
 
 I' ll'lHilll'.l . , Ig AlU. ,, 
 
 liil rMiii-i'l'Mi'lK tilt' h.llc )iy till' 
 
 aiilliiMitli'M "f till' Niii|4-iici 
 y, Ki'i'iu'ji nun iih'H uiid |i<ilic > 
 ill, 14 iiiillvi'ii killi'il, lb July ; 
 iKn'uniciit, i|iili't ri'Mtiiri-'i, 
 
 18. Inly, ,. 
 iiKnliin loiin I'nr tln' I'i'kiii 
 viiy mtilh'il . . ij AiiK. ,, 
 liTCkir'inl l"a\i"< Lotiiliin Ini- 
 
 lltlli'l'l'lfll IllisMinti . V4 Allk'. ,, 
 ilislllissi'il tlriLl tllO TmillKli- 
 ivr . . , 7Ml.l,t. „ 
 
 .NiMH ; i-i'iKiiti'il Mt'|it. ,, 
 
 Ki'i'iH-li iiiisNiniiN attJickcMl lit 
 iiiili'K rimn Clinng'kini; ; n-- 
 
 Wi'pt. „ 
 
 i'iii|iri'sH rotui'i'il, lliglit of 
 ri'fiinijiT . . jj ^iqit. ,, 
 KNiil.ANIl.— 18II1 rliiinlt 
 Milliii'il ; till' IiIhIiiiii III' l(l|»iii, 
 
 . 37-.V1 Mrpt. iBiyi 
 
 Himi, Drmiilt'y [ilt, Ayr, 6 
 
 . qSt'lit. lEci 
 
 |ilii'iiniiiii'of Wiilfs rciniut nf 
 liy M. I'l'diiilc . i4Hi'|it. i3(ji 
 iKiiiiist tliii K^^'t^ininuiit iIih- 
 iil,iiltlululitarrciitvil; ri'imiti'il 
 
 II July, i8i;3 
 <cin tlie iimiii'i'iir mill ciuwii 
 I'll, ri'iKji-ti'il . . 16 Sept. ,, 
 • Alinii'd Mili-il'lin wiiti'iii'i'il 
 irisiinnii'iit lni' .ilteniptin^; In 
 Kiiiul . . :jgJurit', iSi/j 
 
 r ii|iituliitc'il K"verni>r of llui 
 ; i)f K^yjil (I'lipital to bu 
 
 . II Ji.ly, ,, 
 — I'rivulii Ki'iiiiy • Wilfrfil 
 I'l'iK.iian, niunliM'iif luivatu 
 iiiii'l fiaitl . . 5 April, \.i y^ 
 
 . 26, iiiiiriU'r (if Mrsr AiiiiIh 
 V, Ciuiibriilge. ISt'o y'liimui-s, 
 
 aSJuni', ,, 
 iiiiili'r nf wlfii; Xnrwii-'li, 
 
 t-j July, ,, 
 iiinnli'riif wife ; Clii'liiiHl'iinl, 
 
 18 July „ 
 iiiiirili'r cif Mary Uiutiui ; 
 
 • J AU(,'. ,, 
 niiinli'r of ItoViert Seott ; 
 
 ■ 30 Auk. „ 
 Llioiial iiiaritiiiii! dingrtiss, 
 
 a Hi'pt. r( SI'/. tZp 
 ,1 priicei'iliiiHS re.spl'l'lill^! M. 
 
 2 April-i8 July, iSgl 
 Jl. Mpllnu's iiiiiiiHtry, 15 
 failures to lorni a I'ahinct ; 
 I'li'iiiii'r aii'l MiiiiistiT of the 
 itssnti ; foreign atfairs, M. 
 ici', .\1. I'l'ytriil ; jiistiee, SI. 
 lion, M. Li'oii IJourp'ois; 
 iiai' ; niarine, M. Loi kroy ; 
 Tniiiillot ; roninii'iei', M. 
 ;ricultiire, M. Vijjer ; pulilic 
 yi' . . . .28 .luiii', 
 rt'sti'il for (liseloHin;; stiite 
 ; Ills trial postponed 
 
 21 Sept 
 he Oreyfiis Casr/' liy rapt, 
 iieil . . . July, 
 .s, with a letter and jiresi'iits 
 ', reeeived by liiiii at I'aris, 
 
 BJuly, 
 
 VDDEMU. 
 
 I I'AliK 
 
 I'.'H') 
 
 'J<7 
 
 [lalhvav aeoiileiit near I.iiieiiv, .Vorniiii .|v 
 lodeallis 14 AiiV. 
 
 I.ll'llt,.eol. Henry, eldef of the / <ii;m,mi.m,' 
 
 'leparl Tit, after e..nfe«i.liiK 111 forKorv of 
 
 iloeiinieiils atjiiinit |ire\ fii,, u arrenteil 
 and eoniniits iiiii'ldi' 111 prison . n An^. 
 
 rropined revlKliiii ofthn Hrey fiiH rnie a;;r I 
 
 to; M. CavalKiiae, niinlileruf war, re«lt;iis, 
 
 .1 ^1''- ; "ni did liv «vii. /nrlinileii, 
 
 s .*'|il I he aii.l M. Tlllaye, l„,||i apiiii«t 
 revlt'i II of the HreytiM rane ; resijrn, mii'' 
 reeded by Ken. Cliaiioiie' (war) and M. 
 <lodin (piiblle Works), ,7 s.'pi. ; lensi.m 
 
 ''oniliiissioi els, ,.r Sept,,.r ...;. ; divi.led I 
 
 In opiliioli, the Ureyllis ease referred to I 
 
 the ('our de Cassiilloii , 27 M.'pt. 
 
 llllilarviiiaiio'UviTS.«ralid revlewat .Moiiliiis' " 
 pres, Kauro and the duke of (oniiaii^iit i 
 
 I»ri'sent ,(j Si'iit. 
 
 493' fiKHMANV.-On(rnKe ;ii the nermaii eni. " I 
 
 bassy, London. Hee /■,../,■, . I, ;.;,,„/„, ,)i„„,, 1898 "33 
 4.,7' (II-AIWTO.NK NATION AI, .MKMi I|1I.M,._ 
 .MeelliiKiit <iro!.M'iior lnnise, e\ei iiliveeom- 
 
 inittee lormed, 21 .luiie ; ; iiollier 11 tlnir, 
 
 tin! pfl' if Wales president, the diike of 
 
 Westiiiliister eh.'ilrnian, tl arl of ('lewe 
 
 lion. Irea-iirer, and eiplain Julm .Sineliiir 
 hon. see. of the ),'eneral . oniniitlie, 1 .lulv, i8n3 
 
 Jloiinnieiils lo be creeled in I Inn, Kdiii. 
 
 liiirKh, iMibliii, and a n. w librarv at I'lawar. 
 den, uii appeal to the piiblie deelded mi, 
 21 .Inly ; tot d 1 ifi^.l. ,,^<. ,.||,| ,,( . ^|,^, 
 
 Koiindatioii stoi f a new eloneli In the 
 
 Hawnrdeii district, to whleli .Mr. (Jladstone 
 had subserlbed i.ooo/., laid by Mid. (ilad. 
 
 stiinii 11 Sept 
 
 srp fiUKECK.- Timr of the kln« and iineeii lil " 
 the IVlopoiinesiis ; «aiiiily neeived at 
 Talraii, open an iiidushi.il e^llillilion, 31 
 May ; relnrn to Athens . :; .lune, iSo3 
 
 The forest .4 Zoiia, belw.en I'atms and 
 (Kiniuin, bniiit, eniirnions daiiiaL-e 21 ,Jnly 
 500. (JLAS(i()\V.-Mr. Wni. IIoidds«.,ith -Im-s " 
 S.fKxil. fur .seluiililiir research to ibe iiniver- 
 
 ..""*'. .■ ™ ,■,■•• ■ April, 189 
 Mr, Adam Teacher beipieallis ,.),ooo;. to 
 charities, and all his pictures, ete., to the 
 eily nf i;liisKow .... April 
 531. UK AT.— London, 87', 7 Sept.; 91'and 92°] " 
 
 549. Iini,r,ANI). — (,'oioimtion festivities, Krai'ni ' ^ 
 historical procession, iUniiiinalioiis, ele, 
 7 Sept. ; Heiiibrandt exhibition opened by 
 the ipieen. B Sept.; royal entry into The 
 llaKue, 9 Sejit. ; stales-Keneral opened by 
 the ipi I with 11 sjieech fruin the throne, 
 
 20 .Sept. 
 
 547. HOSI'ITALS,— Foundation titnne oftho ii'w 
 University CollcHo Hospital, to boeieeted 
 at the cost of sir J. l)l:iiidell-Maple, laid by 
 the prinee of Wales . . . 2, Ji ,g j 
 
 574. IMHA. — Iiiid«i't estimate, 1898-9, revenue, 
 99,085,400 rx. ; exiieiiditure, 98,i94,on<j rx. 
 Mr. K. S. Wilde, engineer, murdered by 
 
 iv;,im''",''t-""' "'"' -"^'-illi-Kast Land. 
 li'tUlllsM lloiiis, 7, Sent 
 
 .V.Hhward over the' Ureal lee.' ,3so ami 
 
 .^2,77. '■yli''»t.lLl'i'ary,.Vols.:Vul. 
 
 iMi'iVii'" .,..'l..».' n,; • "Utiiinn, 
 
 llnnui'"-. ". -~T'','' ^■"■"■'' .""^"i"i 
 
 iV 
 
 8.^, l'A;'Nrl^;i: TI,,. I.,;|.|ie.j„nes sal.: reall'^i "'' 
 nea ly 29,47,/. 8,<., " Love m,d llle I'IIkHiii,' 
 
 84..i-HiV.:vi-.^rNi.S''^:^;:;,fnaid:,aii,;.s^:^;!;:!Tf'^''^ 
 
 ""I' " slirKi'lils in II, e II. Hill, HI Ine 
 
 operations aKaiiisI Ihe .SpaiiianU e.ini.d 
 on everywheie noitii ••( .>i„i,ila, 4 Sepi 
 ln»iirKeiiiei.n,pi,.,t ,,| |,ii/,,n, ,,,,!,, • ' 
 lit.-. I 
 
 p.iniili 
 
 vaiiiale 
 
 • 14 '"^ept. 1393 
 It Malolns, 
 
 ''^AN1.:t.S 4„ and 4rfi, bv Dr. k:,^^'!; " 
 
 87,. i'..HVtiii^.:!!rw''"'.'".i';"'...:.. /'^•■■"■■^^8 
 
 prisoners, 9 Sepi, ; II ,ni"' 
 
 Manila, trade aelive . 
 All liisiirueiit congress meets 
 
 niiiu-.(iy, Men, l^nenino 
 
 10 Aiii;. 1898 
 
 le Castro pieliiie 
 877' I'n.ST <>KFICt;. K„,|y.|,„n|i,„„nnai'i.p,„.t 
 
 886. nf;i';Ns:-H,:,,,,,, •,,,.,,;,. eonimi;,h,Sl';';^r ■''' 
 
 II .Mareii ''"'""' "'''■■'■'""'' '"f >■'"'• 1 
 
 UAli:WAys^Wei,|,:nls.)--(',,uislon bet^ilwl "''^ 
 •Ml idiial express iind a ('ar(l)elatture and 
 llnd.soii railway), near fohui's, ,8 deatlis, 
 
 5 Sept. 1898 
 
 937- 
 
 li ..MII.LYS ACT.-The liomlHy so" v 
 
 ;''""'"'"'"■ !. ni'i"v,ineiitM-,|n.e|.inii: 
 
 n. aw, reiii,,,, „r ,„i,„„ ,.e;,„|,„i,,|„ 
 
 aholliiiui „i eniel |MiiiisiinieiitH, tcr in. 
 
 aiWirated Kssex hall, London, Lonl'ji,.. 
 
 KT'ssiV"*","" "''■!"■""■< '" tlieehair, , May, 
 
 KfN'S A.-Un.sso.J;,panese convention u- 
 
 ,,"1 ""Ktorea siK . 25 April, 
 
 J./.M07, isl class battleship, lauMchcd at 
 
 ■M. I eleishurK, the czar present . 19 Mav 
 
 Helaxalioii ot'i- •■■•■• ■■ ™ •• ly.-".!.!, 
 
 KiiMlandl 
 
 1893 
 1898 
 
 i8tj3 
 
 I'lilhnns in the N. (.'aehar hills . 12, inly 
 Fi-htini; between the Iribid forces of the 
 Nawab of Dir and the llajanrls in the 
 Jhandol valley ; 136 Ilajauris and ,i of ilm 
 Uir forces killed, 24 July ; ipiiet reported, 
 
 16 AUK. 
 
 Inilmn currency eoniniission : eviilence issued 
 
 as a blue book .... 25 .\UL^ 
 
 Inland ))ostaKe to be rediieeil from . 1 Oct.' " 
 
 774' NEW ZKALAXD.-Tlie earl of Hnnfurlvi 
 
 the governor, and rear-iidni. rearsmi vi.s'i: 
 
 l'n|ianui ; received w itii Kieat loyalty by a 
 
 large Maori (jatheriiiK, about , 26May, iSgS 
 
 I'arliament opened by the governor 24 June, 
 
 777- MOKH COAST. — lioiKU evacuated by the 
 
 French, reported . , . . , Sent iRnS 
 7S3. X.F. fi W,' PASSAGES. _ Here Tl'.'.Uir ^ 
 
 1.1 
 
 rner'.s Xiirin i'oii 
 
 ir exiiedilion in the 
 
 (lernian steamship Ildijohind leaves Herliii, 
 
 n. ,. ,. . . 30 Mav, 
 
 ihe Swedish expedition under ITerr Natliorst 
 
 KUcce.ssfully explores Kiiiy Charles Land, 
 
 Ihe tiirill of iSy, (hivouialiie i 
 
 liear-adni Stark iip'poliited c;,iiinianda'Ml"'it 
 I "It Arlhiir , . . , 
 
 Heath of Ken. Tchernaieir . " . ",, \c.' 
 
 • ireidaroiconiil Mui.aielfon beh.alf of the 
 
 e/ar proposiii^r „ eonfereiicD of the Powers 
 
 lor the preservation of Kenei'ai peai',. by 
 
 dLsarniainent, 24 Ant,-. ; .syinpalhetic replies, 
 
 Famine tliion-h bad harvests a'i'i'.'" 
 
 Ihe e/ar reviews the troops and the lilack siTi 
 
 ■S'lnadron at Si'bast.,i,ol . , s,.,„ 
 
 o^. SlEjtHA LKONK.-Tl'ie expedit m? h'fce 
 
 ictiuiisio I' |,,„tow,i litter, IcstroviiiKltowns 
 111 lhi> boinpeh and SheiiKeii distriets, 
 
 XiKua chief of Pan;.'nnia, ehareed wi'tli c!',l;',': 
 
 plicityiiilhe rebellion ; bronnht to Fr 
 
 town , , '^ , . 
 
 Itebels reimlsed with hiss at SonpM'owi'; 
 
 1017. HOUI)AN -The Khalifas army coiicentn'i'te,'i 
 atllMdnrnian . , '' , , ' 
 
 Ailvanjv ,,f ,|,e AiiKlo-F^-yptian birce" unii;.; ' 
 Sii 11 Kitchener and the llotilla of eu,,. 
 boats up the .Nile . . uVuL'-iSei 
 
 Ine battle of Onidunmm, j.w am -',,', o 
 "■'" ■ . . 2 Sit 
 
 Total defeat of the De'rMshes i5n,oci), alt,.,: 
 ilcpeiate resislanee, and tlij!lit of the 
 hhahla Abilnll.ihi (j,a,„l cliai-e of the 
 21st Ijincers, under col. Marlin, a.-ainst 
 enonnons o,hls, lieiit. It. (Jrentell and \\ 
 nieii killed ;capt.(;i,yCaldeeolt, the hol'i 
 lliiben Howard, Vo... correspondent, ami 
 23 others killed ; ,(,, wounded, some nior- 
 tally. IPervishloss, 10,800, and about 400 
 
 kilbd in the l. 
 
 own, be'ttcen 
 
 prisoners, about 130 Ku 
 
 3,000 
 
 ind 
 
 4,000 
 
 lel 
 
 Kliartnn 
 The Uritish 
 
 sed. The Sirdar Juyfiilly 
 
 ropeaii prisoneis 
 reei-i\i'il at 
 
 the palace at Kliart 
 
 iiid FKy]itinn flays hoisteil 
 
 3 •■'ept. 
 
 4 Sept. 
 
i^ "11 
 
 1290 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 1018 
 1030, 
 
 '037' 
 
 105-) 
 106 . 
 
 fo6i 
 
 1 06 1 
 
 ■ 136. 
 
 Kiini|.(.iiii coiii/mtiilBlioMK . . Si'pt iScjS 
 
 Jlostilitics Mvi'f, MKU'i- siinviiilcrs, S Si'pt ; 
 .Sir H. Kitc'liiMiT liii.ls inMjur.Miinli.iii'l and 
 
 11 I''rchc;. li.l, ,■ Ml l-il.slic"lll, Wliu l.llIM' i<, 
 
 retire willicmi omI.ts, ly ,S('|il. ; lie cs- 
 tiibli.-lies ^ra nisei I., at I'aslioila aihl S'.lial, 
 (uii! i-clurii.s iir(li) flmiiiaii . :.■.( Si'iit. ,, 
 
 C'nl, I'aiM.iis .ii'f.als tlic HiTVislius i joo 
 kill..|) ami capiiiivs (leilart-r, their last 
 stniii^:liip|il .j.^ si,,,,f 
 
 Miiinr-Keii. .K,i 11, Kilclnn.'r, K.r.li.fcreateii " 
 a |ie.T of U.K., alioni . . . .j6 Hept 
 , SOLTllA.Ml'ro.V.-'I'l.o Workmen's llmiie, 
 Alliert-ruad, ileslmye.l liy lire, one ileiilh, 
 
 .Sl'AI.V.-Tlic porU'S meets, 5 Sept. ;"^pea!'e ' ^ 
 liniliioril aildpteil 13 Sept. ; the coite.-j jiro- 
 rttylietl ...... rj Sent iSn9 
 
 SPUUTL-AI, C(iMIiATA.NTS.-,,,29 exile.s 
 laiei .at l,ariial<a, I'vi.rus, umler liritisli 
 
 iSIHIKLS. - .(4 stnki's in Au^., i3.j8. 
 
 SUN. — A line sun s|iiit, cnnnRelcd with 
 Aurora and ni:i^'iieti,.ilislnrkin(,'e,nppi-areil 
 Mareh ; another, with n train of small 
 sput.s, npp.-are.l .... ..Sept. 
 
 SU.NIIAV sriKKJLS. — Werhl'.s Sim.iav 
 sehoi.l ciiuveiitidii, ist held in U'lndnn", 
 lESq: iiidal ^'t. I. ouis, .Missouri, 1,-0 ; ; ^icl] 
 i,Sooilele;;,atespresenc, I.olldon, 12-1 S'lulv i2o3 
 
 SUXDKHUA,\|i.^^(ireat lire, beynn at Mr! 
 G. II. Holiiiiscui's, diaper, I-'aweett-st., 
 business inemises in liijjli-sl. and .lolm-st. 
 also desirnyed . . . i3, lo.Iidv ,■)„« 
 
 TUA.N-SVAAi, HKPUBLIC- The li^jveriV ^ 
 iiunt's reply to .Mr. ('hanilierlain'sde.spao'h 
 of i6Uet. 1S97, to theelleet that it eaniiot 
 ri'eo;;nise Ih-itish siizeraintv since the eon- 
 vention of 1SS4, but that it will aliide by 
 thestip.ilations ol '.hat convention, and re- 
 allirnis it.s riglit to arbitration, publi.slied 
 
 ,,. , . 24 .M«v, iSqS 
 
 Abens expiihsion ameiidt. bill [lassed i ; .lune 
 TKIAl.S.-.John Trodil, bootiiial<er, 1 harmed " 
 with attempting' to minder eoiiut .\iro. 
 Valley, of tie (oiiiian enibassv, and iioiiee- 
 eonstalile Wh.liiield byshooiin- ii,,ni ;it 
 Carlton Ifousi' teir.nc,' 15 .June; prisoner 
 eertilied tol„. a iimatie . . 22 .June, 1898 
 
 Wni. .Maiinsell Collins, 48. surj-.-'on, Rlnaived 
 with the willul nuinh..r of Kmily Kditli 
 Uzielli, 27.1une ; convieteil ofin.iiislaii},-liter, 
 senteneed to 7 years penal .-.ervimde, 2,lulv 
 The hypnotie will ease. Kilifi.sbilrv 'c' ' 
 Ho^^arll. The will of .Mrs. Howard (who 
 die 1 Uw. i!<j7), devisin- U) Dr. Kin-diuvv, 
 
 1147, 
 116S 
 
 "7S 
 
 1236. 
 
 her niedieal atlenilant and fr:eiMl (who had 
 ill her easeapplod hy)inotisiM up to 1804), 
 ler le^idii.iiy ,. slate (a v.i~t sum), was de- 
 el, iie.l lo be valid by the piobate e.iirt. 
 
 . TUliKKV -The Porto refuses eiim'pensatioi'i 
 lor losses siilbM-iil by liritisli, Kivneli ami 
 Italian sulijeets duriu;,' the m.issaeres in 
 Constaiitinuple . . . , is ,||,iv 
 
 UOANDA,-- Soiidanesoiebelstotallvdefealed 
 
 at .Mnili by lii.|il -col. Martvr, .i,> killed 
 
 .;4 taken prisonns .... 4 Auir 
 
 . LMTKII STATIOS - ;..v,-„r. The dal,. at tl7e 
 
 top „| ihe liisi eolumu si Id be iSq.S. not 
 
 iS8q. Controversv resiieetni;.' the eondiiet 
 
 ol thi^ war, Ljeli. .Miles publishes his state- 
 
 immt, eiit:ei,;in,^' the warniliee . 8 Sept 
 
 .Mr. Hay, U.S. ambassador, heaves London, 
 
 VEGKTARIAX SOCIKTV. - A nati'oual 
 
 coie.'i .ss ,aiid exhibition at the Memorial 
 
 ball, London .... ,0,,, Sent 
 
 WKST L\ III KS. -Terrible hiirrieane, tre- 
 
 meiidoiis r.iiii and tidal wa\i-. L,'reat loss of 
 
 •il ' destriietimi ofproperiv, thoii.saiicLs 
 
 homeless, at St. Vineent. liarb.idoes, Gua- 
 d.iloiip.. and SI. I.ueia . io-i-> Si.pt 
 
 Reliei- iiind opened at the Mansion House! 
 and at kiii;;slon, .laiuaiea. 17 .Sept. ; 3^0/ 
 Irom 111., uueenand 11-,;. from the prince 
 of W.ales, total, i6,c<xi/. . . 27 Sent 
 
 W|{K(;i<S. _ /.„ ;;,„„■„..„,„, l-'irnch liner, 
 bound from New Vork to Havre (,6a mies 
 N. ol her line course and -oini; at srreat 
 speed', sunk in collision, cbiriie' a dense 
 fog. withthec,,,,,,,,,.,,,,;,;,,, |j,.j(js|| l„irou.. 
 some 60 miles olf Sabl.. island Novii 
 Scotia: caiit lleloncle, 4,7 pa.ssenirers, 
 
 '^»'' ii5(ir tl lew drowneil; 165 .saved — 
 
 including- i woman, 104 of the crew, anil 
 61 passenfier.s • . , . , 4, Inly, 
 
 Kelii f fund started : soqA from prns Faiire! 
 io,f«xi./. from Havre. 10 .Iiilv; olllcial in. 
 ipury .at Halifax, N.iva Scotia, 12 .Jiilv ■ 
 capt. Hi'iiderson, of n,,. Cnmitrli/sid,;', 
 exoneraled from lilanie . . . 28 .Inly 
 
 A number of lishin-.bo.iis wrecked in the 
 Jialtie. about 120 de.atl.s . . 10 Sept 
 
 The Ithnihhfi. Ihitisli sti.,amer, sunk in col- 
 lision with the ('.(//((/(eii,/, Spanish steamer- 
 crew lost, except the captain and one sea- 
 luau 22 Sept 
 
 INDL.V.— Grey, Sir Geor.je. 181-2-gS, coloniai 
 governor. South Australia. 1839; .New Zea- 
 land, 1845 ; again, if6i ; Cape, 1856 ; buried 
 in St. Paul's .... 2(5 Sept. i 
 
 189S 
 
 189. 
 
 THE END 
 
 BI> DUIKV, AONliW t CO. LP., PlllNTF.R.S, LO.NtON '.HI, lo.NlllilUOE. 
 
all 1,'iTit iiiMl fi ■.ciid (will. Iiad 
 
 .■ili|i|iid livimoti^iii u|> to i2q4), 
 ly cslah' (:i v;i-,l slim), was de- 
 : valid iry tlic iiH,l,ati' c mrf , 
 ,, ,, M-igJnlv, 189s 
 
 111' Porto refnsHS coinin'iisatidii 
 illiMi'd liy liritisli, Kiviicli and ' 
 ii-rlH ihiriii;,' tlii' inassaciTs in 
 'I'l" .... i3 July, i8ij8 
 viiiiIani'soie1>i'lstiihillvdrfi«iti'd 
 • liriil .I'ol. Martvr, 4,., l<illi.d, 
 .^'",'!'''^ • • • • 4 Aiii,'. i8v8 
 \ilOs -/■;,,■,„■. Til,, dal,. at till. 
 ir.ll ci.luniii shiiiild 111' iSciS. nut 
 rovi'isv ivsiwrtiiiL' till- niiidnct 
 i-'i'ii. .Mill's piililislii's his siati.. 
 i/in.L.' till' war I'llli'i! . 8 Si|it, i?./; 
 i. Hinba.ssadiir. li'ivi'S t.oiiilMii, 
 
 N' SOCIKTV. _ ,V I'lat'^i'.ii'al " 
 ill I'Xliiliitiuii at till' Mi'iiiiirial 
 
 [', , • „■ • • '-'7 ^I'lil- iSyv 
 I'.N. — I'l'iTi'.li' luirricanc, tri'- 
 ill and tidal wavr. ^'i-i'at Iiiss (if 
 iiii'tinn iiri.riii.i'iiv, tliiin.sanil.s 
 St. ViiK'i'iit, liarliadiK's, Giia- 
 Sl. r.iK'ia . ,0-12 Si-pt. 1893 
 
 pi'iii'd at till' Mansion House, 
 stun, .laniaica. 17 SH|it. ; 250/. 
 U'l'n and i ,^/. iVoin tlii' jirinpii 
 tal, i6,c<x>/. . . 27 sii'pt ,, 
 
 /.'( ;,'..";■./..„/,,■. Ki'i'ijcli liii,.,', 
 
 Ni'w YiM'k to ll.'ivri' (,60 ini I'.s 
 ■111' ciiiiisi' and .u'liiii',' at L'l-i'al 
 ^ in collision, dni-iii^' a di"isi. 
 ■I'n.vMrliiih:,;-, Hiitisli lianin.. 
 lili's I, If Malili. island, Nova 
 't. jlidoiii'li., ,17 jiassi'Mizi'is, 
 111' I'l-i'W drmviii'd ; ,6:; savi'd — 
 wiilnaii, io4 ijf till' cri'H-. and 
 'i • • ■ . . .('Inly, 1891; 
 ii'ti'd ; 5oq/. ti'oni pi'es l-'anii.. 
 1 llavi'i'. 10 .tnlv; otllcial in. 
 ilila\, X,iv,'i Scotia, 12 July ; 
 ■i-sim, of tin. (■|■..m,(;•^/,,■/,i,',., 
 roiii I, lame . . . 2S .liilv „ 
 
 lisliin^'-liiMls wn-ckcd in tlic 
 t i2odi'ati,s . . ,,j Sept. ,, 
 
 iiritish sti'.'inici', sunk in col- 
 ic (''i/7,(;(i'«ii, Spanish sti-anu'i'; 
 copt the captain and nnc si-a- 
 
 2-2 Si'llt. ,, 
 
 V, Sir Gorir,'!', 1812-9S, colonial 
 nth Australia, 1839; .Vcw Zca- 
 fe'ain, i£6i ; Cape, 1856; luirii'd 
 
 2O Sept. I -,? 
 
 lU.MllilKOK.